{"id": "pubmed23n0019_0", "title": "[Murine hematopoietic stem cells after acute and chronic administration of vincristine].", "content": "The effects of vincristine on bone marrow hemopoietic stem cells were studied in mice. After the administration of a single dose of the drug there is a sharp decline in the content of CFUs. When the drug is given in small, weekly doses for 16 weeks, after an initial drop, the stem cell content rises at a normal level where it remains, although with wide oscillations. On the whole the effects of vincristine on b.m. CFUs are comparable with that observed after vinblastine administration.", "contents": "[Murine hematopoietic stem cells after acute and chronic administration of vincristine]. The effects of vincristine on bone marrow hemopoietic stem cells were studied in mice. After the administration of a single dose of the drug there is a sharp decline in the content of CFUs. When the drug is given in small, weekly doses for 16 weeks, after an initial drop, the stem cell content rises at a normal level where it remains, although with wide oscillations. On the whole the effects of vincristine on b.m. CFUs are comparable with that observed after vinblastine administration.", "PMID": 549589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1", "title": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the innervation of the lymph-vessel and blood-vessel wall. 1. Adrenergic innervation].", "content": "The adrenergic innervation of the lymph vascular wall was studied by means of the Falck fluorescence histochemical tecnique and electron microscopy with Tranzer and Richards' histochemical tecnique. The lymph vessels wall, compared with that of blood vessels, shows very few adrenergic nerve fibers located in the adventitia outside the smooth muscle cells. The possible role of the nervous system in the motor control of the lymph vessels is discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the innervation of the lymph-vessel and blood-vessel wall. 1. Adrenergic innervation]. The adrenergic innervation of the lymph vascular wall was studied by means of the Falck fluorescence histochemical tecnique and electron microscopy with Tranzer and Richards' histochemical tecnique. The lymph vessels wall, compared with that of blood vessels, shows very few adrenergic nerve fibers located in the adventitia outside the smooth muscle cells. The possible role of the nervous system in the motor control of the lymph vessels is discussed.", "PMID": 549590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2", "title": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the innervation of the lymph-vessel and blood-vessel wall. II. Cholinergic innervation].", "content": "Using the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) tecnique applied to light and electron microscopy, was observed that the lymph vascular wall shows very few and inconstant AChE-positive fibers. The cholinergic fibers run prevalently longitudinal in the perivascular connective tissue, only brief segments show a loose network. The results are discussed and compared with blood vessels innervation.", "contents": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the innervation of the lymph-vessel and blood-vessel wall. II. Cholinergic innervation]. Using the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) tecnique applied to light and electron microscopy, was observed that the lymph vascular wall shows very few and inconstant AChE-positive fibers. The cholinergic fibers run prevalently longitudinal in the perivascular connective tissue, only brief segments show a loose network. The results are discussed and compared with blood vessels innervation.", "PMID": 549591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3", "title": "[Effects of passive movement of the arm on respiration in humans].", "content": "Cyclic passive movements of the right arm at 1Hz induce an increase in pulmonary ventilation in man. This results from an increase in frequency of the respiratory cycles, mainly due to a shortening of the expiratory phase, and from an increase of the instantaneous flow. The delay between the beginning of the arm movements and the onset of the increase in flow is about 450msec.", "contents": "[Effects of passive movement of the arm on respiration in humans]. Cyclic passive movements of the right arm at 1Hz induce an increase in pulmonary ventilation in man. This results from an increase in frequency of the respiratory cycles, mainly due to a shortening of the expiratory phase, and from an increase of the instantaneous flow. The delay between the beginning of the arm movements and the onset of the increase in flow is about 450msec.", "PMID": 549592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4", "title": "Respiratory ventilation during muscular contraction in man.", "content": "Brief contraction of arm muscles affects respiratory ventilation either by increasing respiratory frequency or by increasing the instantaneous flow. Both these changes occur at a time subsequent to muscle contraction and can be attributed to a reflex mechanism originating from the muscles.", "contents": "Respiratory ventilation during muscular contraction in man. Brief contraction of arm muscles affects respiratory ventilation either by increasing respiratory frequency or by increasing the instantaneous flow. Both these changes occur at a time subsequent to muscle contraction and can be attributed to a reflex mechanism originating from the muscles.", "PMID": 549593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5", "title": "[Preliminary observations on the ultrastructure of the human laryngeal glands: the secreting cells].", "content": "The secretory portions of human laryngeal glands consist of seromucous and mucous cells. Seromucous cells contain granules either homogeneously dense or endowed with a bipartite structure, consisting of a clear peripheral halo and a central dense portion. In any case, however, they exhibit a morphological appearance different from that observed in seromucous granules of salivary glands. Mucous cells vary considerably according to the functional state.", "contents": "[Preliminary observations on the ultrastructure of the human laryngeal glands: the secreting cells]. The secretory portions of human laryngeal glands consist of seromucous and mucous cells. Seromucous cells contain granules either homogeneously dense or endowed with a bipartite structure, consisting of a clear peripheral halo and a central dense portion. In any case, however, they exhibit a morphological appearance different from that observed in seromucous granules of salivary glands. Mucous cells vary considerably according to the functional state.", "PMID": 549594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6", "title": "[Some cytological aspects of the epithelium of the striated ducts in the human parotid and submaxillary glands].", "content": "Some cytological features peculiar to striated ducts epithelium of normal parotid and submaxillary glands were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Interspersed among the clear cells, which comprise the great majority, dark cells have been encountered. Large lipoid bodies with histochemical reactions typical of lipofuscins were also observed. In three case only, polysome-lamella complexes consisting of concentric lamellar cylinders alternating with layers of polysomes were noted. This study indicates that some ultrastructural features, previously attributed to inflammatory diseases, may also occur in normal salivary glands.", "contents": "[Some cytological aspects of the epithelium of the striated ducts in the human parotid and submaxillary glands]. Some cytological features peculiar to striated ducts epithelium of normal parotid and submaxillary glands were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Interspersed among the clear cells, which comprise the great majority, dark cells have been encountered. Large lipoid bodies with histochemical reactions typical of lipofuscins were also observed. In three case only, polysome-lamella complexes consisting of concentric lamellar cylinders alternating with layers of polysomes were noted. This study indicates that some ultrastructural features, previously attributed to inflammatory diseases, may also occur in normal salivary glands.", "PMID": 549595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7", "title": "Electromagnetic properties of biological solutions. - II. Methodological considerations on microwave spectroscopy of human sera.", "content": "A wide-band analysis is proposed about the behaviour of the dielectric constant of human sera, using a proper mathematical model. Each serum is identified by two parameters. There is a good agreement between theoretical and experimental data.", "contents": "Electromagnetic properties of biological solutions. - II. Methodological considerations on microwave spectroscopy of human sera. A wide-band analysis is proposed about the behaviour of the dielectric constant of human sera, using a proper mathematical model. Each serum is identified by two parameters. There is a good agreement between theoretical and experimental data.", "PMID": 549597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8", "title": "CSF electrophoresis: an adaptation using cellogel RS for identification of protein banding.", "content": "A CSF electrophoresis on a particular gelatinized cellulose acetate (Cellogel RS) has been tested. The method allows the routine separation of many protein fractions in concentrated CSF in a very brief time and affords the recognition and quantification of oligoclonal banding, that is of extreme importance in the diagnosis of some neuropathies as multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "CSF electrophoresis: an adaptation using cellogel RS for identification of protein banding. A CSF electrophoresis on a particular gelatinized cellulose acetate (Cellogel RS) has been tested. The method allows the routine separation of many protein fractions in concentrated CSF in a very brief time and affords the recognition and quantification of oligoclonal banding, that is of extreme importance in the diagnosis of some neuropathies as multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 549599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9", "title": "[Spectral properties of perselenosulfide].", "content": "The riductive scission of a diselenide (selenocystamine) produced by disulfide gives the perselenosulfide, a new compound. Its formation kinetics, carried out a several pH values, were recorded spectrophotometrically at 375 nm. The lability of perselenosulfide bond by cianolysis has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Spectral properties of perselenosulfide]. The riductive scission of a diselenide (selenocystamine) produced by disulfide gives the perselenosulfide, a new compound. Its formation kinetics, carried out a several pH values, were recorded spectrophotometrically at 375 nm. The lability of perselenosulfide bond by cianolysis has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 549600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10", "title": "[Effect of phenethylbiguanide on the respiratory activity of liver mitochondria of rats treated with glucagon].", "content": "The effect of PEBG on respiration and oxidative phosphorilation (succinate as substrate) has been studied in liver mitochondria of rat treated with glucagon. The results obtained indicate that, while glucagon, as reported by others, induce a significant increase of respiration rate in state 3 (+ ADP), PEBG, at pharmachological dose, antagonizes this effect. The conclusion is that PEBG exertes its hypoglycemic activity by inhibiting the gluconeogenic reactions promoted by glucagon. This is strongly evident in diabetic or starwed conditions.", "contents": "[Effect of phenethylbiguanide on the respiratory activity of liver mitochondria of rats treated with glucagon]. The effect of PEBG on respiration and oxidative phosphorilation (succinate as substrate) has been studied in liver mitochondria of rat treated with glucagon. The results obtained indicate that, while glucagon, as reported by others, induce a significant increase of respiration rate in state 3 (+ ADP), PEBG, at pharmachological dose, antagonizes this effect. The conclusion is that PEBG exertes its hypoglycemic activity by inhibiting the gluconeogenic reactions promoted by glucagon. This is strongly evident in diabetic or starwed conditions.", "PMID": 549601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11", "title": "[Chronobiological aspects of TSH secretion in control subjects and in subjects with primary hypothyroidism].", "content": "The circadian rhythm in plasma TSH concentration was demonstrated in euthyroid subjects and in treated hypothyroid patients. Our results suggest that two hypothalamic areas, involved in TRH secretion, are responsables in basal as well impulsive pituitary TSH dismission.", "contents": "[Chronobiological aspects of TSH secretion in control subjects and in subjects with primary hypothyroidism]. The circadian rhythm in plasma TSH concentration was demonstrated in euthyroid subjects and in treated hypothyroid patients. Our results suggest that two hypothalamic areas, involved in TRH secretion, are responsables in basal as well impulsive pituitary TSH dismission.", "PMID": 549602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12", "title": "[Effect of hydration-dehydration treatment (presoaking) on the soluble DNA polymerase activity in wheat embryos].", "content": "The subcellular fraction of wheat embryos most rich in DNA-polymerase is the soluble fraction. After presoaking the DNA-polymerase activity localized in this fraction is particularly enhanced. In the present paper a preliminary study on some characteristics of the soluble DNA-polymerase of wheat embryos from seeds treated or not with presoaking is reported.", "contents": "[Effect of hydration-dehydration treatment (presoaking) on the soluble DNA polymerase activity in wheat embryos]. The subcellular fraction of wheat embryos most rich in DNA-polymerase is the soluble fraction. After presoaking the DNA-polymerase activity localized in this fraction is particularly enhanced. In the present paper a preliminary study on some characteristics of the soluble DNA-polymerase of wheat embryos from seeds treated or not with presoaking is reported.", "PMID": 549603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13", "title": "[Some photometric and fluorimetric characteristics of acridine orange and of its complexes with glycosaminoglycans: proposed method for their spectrophotofluorimetric evaluation. I. Spectrophotometric study].", "content": "In spite of the wide use of AO as basic fluorochrome in cytology, histology and histochemistry, however there still persist some queries on the meaning of fluorescence due to the encounter of a such molecule with anionic polymers. From the spectrophotometric data exposed in the present paper, AO is stressed as a metachromatic colouring and therefore, as such, may be used in histochemical investigation. Besides, because of the reliable identificaton of the single types of GAG, screening may be performed at different pH, since metachromasia appears at different pH for the three different types of GAG. A useful counterproof may be performed by means of selective elutions of the AO/GAG complexes, being solutions with increasing ionic power.", "contents": "[Some photometric and fluorimetric characteristics of acridine orange and of its complexes with glycosaminoglycans: proposed method for their spectrophotofluorimetric evaluation. I. Spectrophotometric study]. In spite of the wide use of AO as basic fluorochrome in cytology, histology and histochemistry, however there still persist some queries on the meaning of fluorescence due to the encounter of a such molecule with anionic polymers. From the spectrophotometric data exposed in the present paper, AO is stressed as a metachromatic colouring and therefore, as such, may be used in histochemical investigation. Besides, because of the reliable identificaton of the single types of GAG, screening may be performed at different pH, since metachromasia appears at different pH for the three different types of GAG. A useful counterproof may be performed by means of selective elutions of the AO/GAG complexes, being solutions with increasing ionic power.", "PMID": 549604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_14", "title": "[Some photometric and fluorimetric characteristics of acridine orange and its complexes with glycosaminoglycans: proposed method for their spectrophotofluorimetric evaluation. 2. Spectrophotofluorimetric study].", "content": "From the present spectrofluorimetric investigation of AO and its complexes with anionic polymers, derives the possibility of a direct quantitative evaluation of GAG as such, and not through the dosage of one of their molecular components. On the other hand, the method proposed is characterized by its simplicity and rapidity. Besides, the noticeable extent of the range in which there exists a correlation between the response intensity at =640 nm and the doses of GAG considered should be stressed.", "contents": "[Some photometric and fluorimetric characteristics of acridine orange and its complexes with glycosaminoglycans: proposed method for their spectrophotofluorimetric evaluation. 2. Spectrophotofluorimetric study]. From the present spectrofluorimetric investigation of AO and its complexes with anionic polymers, derives the possibility of a direct quantitative evaluation of GAG as such, and not through the dosage of one of their molecular components. On the other hand, the method proposed is characterized by its simplicity and rapidity. Besides, the noticeable extent of the range in which there exists a correlation between the response intensity at =640 nm and the doses of GAG considered should be stressed.", "PMID": 549605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_15", "title": "[Influence in vivo of sorbitol on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity].", "content": "Previous researches carried out on the metabolism of sorbitol in the rat showed the influence of this polyalcohol on the activity of some dehydrogenases NAD and NADP-dependent and on lacate/pyruvate, NADH/NAD and NADPH/NADP ratios. Since sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) is an enzyme with a great affinity for sorbitol, it seemed interesting to investigate the effect of a sorbitol-enriched diet on SDH activity in the rat liver after different periods of dietary treatment (20, 40, 60 days). SDH was assayed by a continuous optical test according to B\u00fccher et al. The data obtained show a repressive action on SDH activity by a sorbitol-enriched diet. In fact, whilst after 20 days of treatment SDH activity decreased of about 18% in respect of the controls, after 60 days a decrease of 80% was observed. This result is so interesting to stimulate other investigations in vitro on the kinetics of such metabolic reaction in the attempt to explain the relation between the enzyme and its substrate.", "contents": "[Influence in vivo of sorbitol on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity]. Previous researches carried out on the metabolism of sorbitol in the rat showed the influence of this polyalcohol on the activity of some dehydrogenases NAD and NADP-dependent and on lacate/pyruvate, NADH/NAD and NADPH/NADP ratios. Since sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) is an enzyme with a great affinity for sorbitol, it seemed interesting to investigate the effect of a sorbitol-enriched diet on SDH activity in the rat liver after different periods of dietary treatment (20, 40, 60 days). SDH was assayed by a continuous optical test according to B\u00fccher et al. The data obtained show a repressive action on SDH activity by a sorbitol-enriched diet. In fact, whilst after 20 days of treatment SDH activity decreased of about 18% in respect of the controls, after 60 days a decrease of 80% was observed. This result is so interesting to stimulate other investigations in vitro on the kinetics of such metabolic reaction in the attempt to explain the relation between the enzyme and its substrate.", "PMID": 549606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_16", "title": "Involvement of calcium ions in the properties of cardiolipin-associated erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Lipoprotein forms of acetylcholinesterase from bovine erythrocytes gave non-linear Arrhenius plots with a break at 20 degrees C and contained cardiolipin. The break in the Arrhenius plot was abolished by incubation of the enzyme in high salt (I = 1.8), but only in Ca2+ -chelating conditions. At I = 1.8 neither NaCl alone, CaCl2 nor sodium phosphate at acidic pH abolished the break. However, at this ionic strength either NaCl in 2 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.4) or sodium phosphate, pH 8, or 1.0 M Na2CO3/NaHCO3 (pH 8.5--10, were able to remove the break. The Arrhenius plot break was regenerated by the addition of Ca2+ to the high salt-treated enzyme with mild homogenization, but could not be regenerated in the presence of EDTA unless CaCl2 was added in excess of the EDTA. Conditions which abolished the break enabled endogenous cardiolipin to be removed from the enzyme by chloroform/methanol extraction Cardiolipin from acetylcholinesterase incubated in high salt in Ca2+ -chelating conditions was not accessible to digestion by phospholipase A2, and was not separated from the enzyme by flotation in a sucrose density gradient or by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Thus both Ca2+ and cardiolipin appear to be inaccessible, possibly by being tightly associated in the hydrophobic core of the enzyme by ionic and hydrophobic forces. Ca2+ may modulate the temperature dependence of acetylcholinesterase activity through a functionally linked ionic interaction with the enzyme-cardiolipin complex.", "contents": "Involvement of calcium ions in the properties of cardiolipin-associated erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Lipoprotein forms of acetylcholinesterase from bovine erythrocytes gave non-linear Arrhenius plots with a break at 20 degrees C and contained cardiolipin. The break in the Arrhenius plot was abolished by incubation of the enzyme in high salt (I = 1.8), but only in Ca2+ -chelating conditions. At I = 1.8 neither NaCl alone, CaCl2 nor sodium phosphate at acidic pH abolished the break. However, at this ionic strength either NaCl in 2 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.4) or sodium phosphate, pH 8, or 1.0 M Na2CO3/NaHCO3 (pH 8.5--10, were able to remove the break. The Arrhenius plot break was regenerated by the addition of Ca2+ to the high salt-treated enzyme with mild homogenization, but could not be regenerated in the presence of EDTA unless CaCl2 was added in excess of the EDTA. Conditions which abolished the break enabled endogenous cardiolipin to be removed from the enzyme by chloroform/methanol extraction Cardiolipin from acetylcholinesterase incubated in high salt in Ca2+ -chelating conditions was not accessible to digestion by phospholipase A2, and was not separated from the enzyme by flotation in a sucrose density gradient or by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Thus both Ca2+ and cardiolipin appear to be inaccessible, possibly by being tightly associated in the hydrophobic core of the enzyme by ionic and hydrophobic forces. Ca2+ may modulate the temperature dependence of acetylcholinesterase activity through a functionally linked ionic interaction with the enzyme-cardiolipin complex.", "PMID": 549628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_17", "title": "Studies on the turnover of proteins of the rat erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The membrane proteins of erythrocytes were labeled by injecting L-[14C]-leucine and later L-[3H]leucine into rats, the two injections being 31 days apart. Control animals received the two isotopic forms of L-leucine simultaneously. Deviations in labeling ratio from control patterns were found on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophorograms in restricted regions suggestive of turnover or loss of a few small proteins from the membrane between the 31 days. Most of the ghost proteins show no turnover.", "contents": "Studies on the turnover of proteins of the rat erythrocyte membrane. The membrane proteins of erythrocytes were labeled by injecting L-[14C]-leucine and later L-[3H]leucine into rats, the two injections being 31 days apart. Control animals received the two isotopic forms of L-leucine simultaneously. Deviations in labeling ratio from control patterns were found on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophorograms in restricted regions suggestive of turnover or loss of a few small proteins from the membrane between the 31 days. Most of the ghost proteins show no turnover.", "PMID": 549629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_18", "title": "Integral membrane protein interaction with Triton cytoskeletons of erythrocytes.", "content": "The organization of erythrocyte membrane lipids and proteins has been studied following the release of cytoplasmic components with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. After detergent extraction, a detergent-resistant complex called the erythrocyte cytoskeleton is separated from detergent, solubilized lipid and protein by sucrose buoyant density sedimentation. In cytoskeletons prepared under isotonic conditions all of the major erythrocyte membrane proteins are retained except for the integral protein, glycophorin, which is quantitatively solubilized and another integral glycoprotein, band 3, which is only 60% removed. When cytoskeletons are prepared in hypertonic KCl solutions, band 3 is fully solubilized along with bands 2.1 and 4.2 and several minor components. The resulting cytoskeletons have the same morphology as those prepared in isotonic buffer but they are composed of only three major peripheral proteins, spectrin, actin and band 4.1. We have designated this peripheral protein complex the 'shell' of the erythrocyte membrane, and have shown that the attachment of band 3 to the shell satisfies the criteria for a specific interaction. Although Triton did affect erythrocyte shape, cytoskeleton lipid content and the activity of membrane proteases, there was no indication that Triton altered the attachment of band 3 to the shell. We suggest that band 3 attaches to the shell as part of a ternary complex of bands 2.1, 3 and 4.2.", "contents": "Integral membrane protein interaction with Triton cytoskeletons of erythrocytes. The organization of erythrocyte membrane lipids and proteins has been studied following the release of cytoplasmic components with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. After detergent extraction, a detergent-resistant complex called the erythrocyte cytoskeleton is separated from detergent, solubilized lipid and protein by sucrose buoyant density sedimentation. In cytoskeletons prepared under isotonic conditions all of the major erythrocyte membrane proteins are retained except for the integral protein, glycophorin, which is quantitatively solubilized and another integral glycoprotein, band 3, which is only 60% removed. When cytoskeletons are prepared in hypertonic KCl solutions, band 3 is fully solubilized along with bands 2.1 and 4.2 and several minor components. The resulting cytoskeletons have the same morphology as those prepared in isotonic buffer but they are composed of only three major peripheral proteins, spectrin, actin and band 4.1. We have designated this peripheral protein complex the 'shell' of the erythrocyte membrane, and have shown that the attachment of band 3 to the shell satisfies the criteria for a specific interaction. Although Triton did affect erythrocyte shape, cytoskeleton lipid content and the activity of membrane proteases, there was no indication that Triton altered the attachment of band 3 to the shell. We suggest that band 3 attaches to the shell as part of a ternary complex of bands 2.1, 3 and 4.2.", "PMID": 549630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_19", "title": "Use of fully deuterated micelles for conformational studies of membrane proteins by high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "Micellar complexes of melittin with fully deuterated detergents have been studied by high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The synthesis of deuterated micelles is described and it is shown that the 1H NMR spectrum of micelle-bound melittin is well resolved and suitable for detailed analysis by conventional high-resolution NMR methods. A preliminary characterization of micelle-bound melittin shows that interaction with the micelle results in different conformational and dynamic features for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the melittin amino acid sequence. The present experiments on melittin and preliminary results with other polypeptides and proteins demonstrate that in favourable cases high-resolution 1H NMR studies of the complexes formed between membrane proteins and deuterated micelles provides a viable method for conformational studies of membrane-bound proteins.", "contents": "Use of fully deuterated micelles for conformational studies of membrane proteins by high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Micellar complexes of melittin with fully deuterated detergents have been studied by high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The synthesis of deuterated micelles is described and it is shown that the 1H NMR spectrum of micelle-bound melittin is well resolved and suitable for detailed analysis by conventional high-resolution NMR methods. A preliminary characterization of micelle-bound melittin shows that interaction with the micelle results in different conformational and dynamic features for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the melittin amino acid sequence. The present experiments on melittin and preliminary results with other polypeptides and proteins demonstrate that in favourable cases high-resolution 1H NMR studies of the complexes formed between membrane proteins and deuterated micelles provides a viable method for conformational studies of membrane-bound proteins.", "PMID": 549631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_20", "title": "Membrane components in the red cells of patients with sickle cell anemia. Relationship to cell aging and to irreversibility of sickling.", "content": "Cholesterol, phospholipid and sialic acid were measured in red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia to determine whether the cells had abnormal concentrations of these components and whether the amounts of these compounds differed in irreversibly sickled cells as compared to non-irreversibly sickled cells. Sickle cells had significantly higher levels of both lipids than similar populations of normal cells, however, comparisons to populations of young control cells showed that the differences were generally not significant. Sialic acid levels in sickle cells were not significantly different from normal cells. Irreversibly sickled cells had lower lipid and sialic acid concentrations than those not irreversibly sickled, but the differences were either not significant or did not occur when compared to young control cells. The studies show that the increased lipid concentrations in the membrane of sickle cells are not abnormal but are related to cell age and that the decrease in membrane components in irreversibly sickled cells is no greater than would be predicted for similarly aged populations of cells.", "contents": "Membrane components in the red cells of patients with sickle cell anemia. Relationship to cell aging and to irreversibility of sickling. Cholesterol, phospholipid and sialic acid were measured in red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia to determine whether the cells had abnormal concentrations of these components and whether the amounts of these compounds differed in irreversibly sickled cells as compared to non-irreversibly sickled cells. Sickle cells had significantly higher levels of both lipids than similar populations of normal cells, however, comparisons to populations of young control cells showed that the differences were generally not significant. Sialic acid levels in sickle cells were not significantly different from normal cells. Irreversibly sickled cells had lower lipid and sialic acid concentrations than those not irreversibly sickled, but the differences were either not significant or did not occur when compared to young control cells. The studies show that the increased lipid concentrations in the membrane of sickle cells are not abnormal but are related to cell age and that the decrease in membrane components in irreversibly sickled cells is no greater than would be predicted for similarly aged populations of cells.", "PMID": 549632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_21", "title": "Classification of microbial, plant and animal cytolysins based on their membrane-damaging effects of human fibroblasts.", "content": "38 cytolytic agents of mainly microbial origin were investigated with respect to membrane-damaging activity on human diploid fibroblasts. Increased plasma membrane permeability was measured as leakage of three defined cytoplasmic markers of various sizes: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, uridine nucleotides and ribosomal RNA. The relative leakages of these markers, caused by different concentrations of the various cytolysins, yielded a leakage pattern for each substance. Five distinct types of leakage patterns were obtained. These were transformed into numerical expressions by calculating the ratios between the amounts of cytolysin needed to release 50% of the nucleotide and ribosomal RNA markers and the amounts required to release 50% of the alpha-aminoisobutyric acid marker (ED50 ratios). A classification of the cytolysins into five groups was arrived at on the basis of the different types of leakage patterns with the aid of reference cytolysins with well-known mechanisms of membrane interaction. These groups comprised: (1) detergent-like agents, (2) agents interacting with only certain constituents of the cell membrane, (3) agents interacting with specific receptor molecules in the membrane, (4) agents inducing small functional holes of a definable size, and (5) agents inducing only a very limited increase in plasma membrane permeability. The system may be useful for characterization and differentiation of new cytolytic agents of various sources as it divides membrane-damaging agents into separate groups on the basis of their principal function on intact human cells.", "contents": "Classification of microbial, plant and animal cytolysins based on their membrane-damaging effects of human fibroblasts. 38 cytolytic agents of mainly microbial origin were investigated with respect to membrane-damaging activity on human diploid fibroblasts. Increased plasma membrane permeability was measured as leakage of three defined cytoplasmic markers of various sizes: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, uridine nucleotides and ribosomal RNA. The relative leakages of these markers, caused by different concentrations of the various cytolysins, yielded a leakage pattern for each substance. Five distinct types of leakage patterns were obtained. These were transformed into numerical expressions by calculating the ratios between the amounts of cytolysin needed to release 50% of the nucleotide and ribosomal RNA markers and the amounts required to release 50% of the alpha-aminoisobutyric acid marker (ED50 ratios). A classification of the cytolysins into five groups was arrived at on the basis of the different types of leakage patterns with the aid of reference cytolysins with well-known mechanisms of membrane interaction. These groups comprised: (1) detergent-like agents, (2) agents interacting with only certain constituents of the cell membrane, (3) agents interacting with specific receptor molecules in the membrane, (4) agents inducing small functional holes of a definable size, and (5) agents inducing only a very limited increase in plasma membrane permeability. The system may be useful for characterization and differentiation of new cytolytic agents of various sources as it divides membrane-damaging agents into separate groups on the basis of their principal function on intact human cells.", "PMID": 549633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_22", "title": "Examination of intramolecular heterogeneity of plasma membrane protein degradation in canine renal tubular epithelial cells and in rat liver.", "content": "We have examined the hypothesis that hydrophilic portions of membrane-bound proteins which lie on either side of the phospholipid bilayer may be degraded at a different rate than are the hydrophobic portions of membrane proteins which are within the bilayer. Plasma membrane fractions from cells of the Maden-Darby canine kidney cell line and rat liver were digested with papain and pronase to cleave a mixture of peptides which is enriched in hydrophilic amino acids. It is proposed that these peptides are derived from regions of membrane-bound proteins which lie outside the bilayer. The residual particulate protein is enriched in hydropholic amino acids and presumably contains the portion of membrane-bound proteins which are in direct contact with the bilayer. A double-isotope method was used to assess the relative degradation rates of these two protein fractions. There was no measurable difference in protein degradation rates between the two fractions and the initial plasma membranes. These results suggest that the intramolecular heterogeneity which results from insertion of membrane-bound proteins into a bilayer is not a factor in their degradation.", "contents": "Examination of intramolecular heterogeneity of plasma membrane protein degradation in canine renal tubular epithelial cells and in rat liver. We have examined the hypothesis that hydrophilic portions of membrane-bound proteins which lie on either side of the phospholipid bilayer may be degraded at a different rate than are the hydrophobic portions of membrane proteins which are within the bilayer. Plasma membrane fractions from cells of the Maden-Darby canine kidney cell line and rat liver were digested with papain and pronase to cleave a mixture of peptides which is enriched in hydrophilic amino acids. It is proposed that these peptides are derived from regions of membrane-bound proteins which lie outside the bilayer. The residual particulate protein is enriched in hydropholic amino acids and presumably contains the portion of membrane-bound proteins which are in direct contact with the bilayer. A double-isotope method was used to assess the relative degradation rates of these two protein fractions. There was no measurable difference in protein degradation rates between the two fractions and the initial plasma membranes. These results suggest that the intramolecular heterogeneity which results from insertion of membrane-bound proteins into a bilayer is not a factor in their degradation.", "PMID": 549634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_23", "title": "The use of octyl beta-D-glucoside as detergent for hog kidney brush border membrane.", "content": "Octyl beta-D-glucoside was synthetized from alpha-acetobromoglucose with an improved method yielding a very pure product with a sharp melting point (108-109 degrees C) and free of intermediate products as judged by IR and NMR spectra. The yield of the synthesis is 66% when referred to alpha-acetobromoglucose. The potency of this compound as a detergent on hog kidney brush border membranes was compared to the action of Triton X-100. Octyl glucoside preferentially extracts aminopeptidase M and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in a concentration-dependent manner. The more deeply imbedded membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, was relatively resistent to the action of octyl glucoside. In contrast, Triton X-100 extracted all membrane proteins to about the same extent. Additionally it was found that octyl glucoside can be removed from membrane extracts by Biobead SM 2. The capacity of the beads is about 170 mg detergent/g of dry Biobead SM 2. Thus octyl glucoside seems to be a useful tool for solubilization and purification of brush border membranes proteins.", "contents": "The use of octyl beta-D-glucoside as detergent for hog kidney brush border membrane. Octyl beta-D-glucoside was synthetized from alpha-acetobromoglucose with an improved method yielding a very pure product with a sharp melting point (108-109 degrees C) and free of intermediate products as judged by IR and NMR spectra. The yield of the synthesis is 66% when referred to alpha-acetobromoglucose. The potency of this compound as a detergent on hog kidney brush border membranes was compared to the action of Triton X-100. Octyl glucoside preferentially extracts aminopeptidase M and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in a concentration-dependent manner. The more deeply imbedded membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, was relatively resistent to the action of octyl glucoside. In contrast, Triton X-100 extracted all membrane proteins to about the same extent. Additionally it was found that octyl glucoside can be removed from membrane extracts by Biobead SM 2. The capacity of the beads is about 170 mg detergent/g of dry Biobead SM 2. Thus octyl glucoside seems to be a useful tool for solubilization and purification of brush border membranes proteins.", "PMID": 549635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_24", "title": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process. XL. Spectral and chemical analysis of metarhodopsin III in photoreceptor membrane suspensions.", "content": "The late photointermediates of rhodopsin photolysis have been analyzed spectrally and chemically in bovine rod outer segment membrane suspension at 25 degrees C and pH 6.5. The decay of metarhodopsin II follows two spectrally distinct routes, resulting 40 min after illumination in a stable mixture of photo-products with absorbance maxima around 380 and 452 nm, free retinal and metarhodopsin III, respectively. Chemical analysis shows that three different products are involved: free retinal (approx. 34%), protein-bound retinal (approx. 51%) and lipid-bound retinal (approx. 15%). The latter fraction consists of retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine exclusively. Photolysis of membranes reconstituted with various phospholipids gives a qualitatively normal spectral picture, but the production of metarhodopsin III  may vary with the phospholipid composition, i.e. with the percent of phosphatidylethanolamine present. Chemical analysis shows that with increasing phosphaatidylethanolamine content of the membrane, the retinylidene phosphatidylethanolamine fraction increases proportionally at the expense of free retinal, while the fraction of protein-bound retinal remains unaffected. The results indicate that under these conditions metarhodopsin III (defined as a long wavelength product of metarhodopsin II decay) is composed of two chemically distinct components: opsin-bound retinal and retinylidene phosphatidylethanolamine.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process. XL. Spectral and chemical analysis of metarhodopsin III in photoreceptor membrane suspensions. The late photointermediates of rhodopsin photolysis have been analyzed spectrally and chemically in bovine rod outer segment membrane suspension at 25 degrees C and pH 6.5. The decay of metarhodopsin II follows two spectrally distinct routes, resulting 40 min after illumination in a stable mixture of photo-products with absorbance maxima around 380 and 452 nm, free retinal and metarhodopsin III, respectively. Chemical analysis shows that three different products are involved: free retinal (approx. 34%), protein-bound retinal (approx. 51%) and lipid-bound retinal (approx. 15%). The latter fraction consists of retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine exclusively. Photolysis of membranes reconstituted with various phospholipids gives a qualitatively normal spectral picture, but the production of metarhodopsin III  may vary with the phospholipid composition, i.e. with the percent of phosphatidylethanolamine present. Chemical analysis shows that with increasing phosphaatidylethanolamine content of the membrane, the retinylidene phosphatidylethanolamine fraction increases proportionally at the expense of free retinal, while the fraction of protein-bound retinal remains unaffected. The results indicate that under these conditions metarhodopsin III (defined as a long wavelength product of metarhodopsin II decay) is composed of two chemically distinct components: opsin-bound retinal and retinylidene phosphatidylethanolamine.", "PMID": 549636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_25", "title": "Zero extracellular K+ and prostaglandin E release in the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "Prostaglandin E release rates from isolated strips of guinea-pig taenia coli increased during exposure to zero K+ bathing fluid, from control values of 0.78 +/- 0.11 ng/g per min to levels as high as 29.2 ng/per min. Release rates increased for 40-50 min and then remained constant or fell despite progressive increases in intracellular sodium [Nai+] or fall in intracellular potassium [Ki+]. Readmittance of K+ to the bathing solution resulted in rapid reversal of elevated prostaglandin E release rates. [Nai+] and [Ki+] were markedly more abnormal in strips exposed to zero K+ for 70-201 min compared to 30-min exposures. Upon the readdition of K+ after long zero K+ exposure, the rate of prostaglandin E release fell long before  [Nai+] and [Ki+] returned to control levels. After K+ was readded to the bathing solution, the ion concentration of tissues exposed to zero K+ for 30 min returned to normal much more quickly than did those of tissues exposed for the longer time periods, yet the exponential rate constants for fall of prostaglandin E release rate after K+ was added were not significantly different after short or long zero K+ exposure. Thus there was a dissociation between the return of [Nai+] and [Ki+] and the fall of prostaglandin E release rate to control levels. Ouabain augmented prostaglandin E release under conditions where [Ki+] could not fall. Addition of known neurotransmitters present in this tissue to the bathing fluid did not augment prostaglandin E release. Guinea-pig taenia coli strips that had been incubated with [3H]arachidonic acid, constantly released [3H]arachidonic acid and [3H]prostaglandin E and a prostaglandin which cochromatographed with prostaglandin E but could not be converted to prostaglandin B by alkali and was shown to be 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha. Release of [3H]arachidonic acid and [3H]prostaglandin E plus 6-[3H]ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha was increased when strips were exposed to zero K+. Data obtained in this study suggest the augmented prostaglandin E release seen during zero K+ or ouabain is related to increased availability of unbound arachidonic acid at the site of cyclooxygenase in the cell. Augmented prostaglandin E release is apparently not related to alterations in intracellular electrolyte concentrations or release of known neurotransmitters.", "contents": "Zero extracellular K+ and prostaglandin E release in the guinea-pig taenia coli. Prostaglandin E release rates from isolated strips of guinea-pig taenia coli increased during exposure to zero K+ bathing fluid, from control values of 0.78 +/- 0.11 ng/g per min to levels as high as 29.2 ng/per min. Release rates increased for 40-50 min and then remained constant or fell despite progressive increases in intracellular sodium [Nai+] or fall in intracellular potassium [Ki+]. Readmittance of K+ to the bathing solution resulted in rapid reversal of elevated prostaglandin E release rates. [Nai+] and [Ki+] were markedly more abnormal in strips exposed to zero K+ for 70-201 min compared to 30-min exposures. Upon the readdition of K+ after long zero K+ exposure, the rate of prostaglandin E release fell long before  [Nai+] and [Ki+] returned to control levels. After K+ was readded to the bathing solution, the ion concentration of tissues exposed to zero K+ for 30 min returned to normal much more quickly than did those of tissues exposed for the longer time periods, yet the exponential rate constants for fall of prostaglandin E release rate after K+ was added were not significantly different after short or long zero K+ exposure. Thus there was a dissociation between the return of [Nai+] and [Ki+] and the fall of prostaglandin E release rate to control levels. Ouabain augmented prostaglandin E release under conditions where [Ki+] could not fall. Addition of known neurotransmitters present in this tissue to the bathing fluid did not augment prostaglandin E release. Guinea-pig taenia coli strips that had been incubated with [3H]arachidonic acid, constantly released [3H]arachidonic acid and [3H]prostaglandin E and a prostaglandin which cochromatographed with prostaglandin E but could not be converted to prostaglandin B by alkali and was shown to be 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha. Release of [3H]arachidonic acid and [3H]prostaglandin E plus 6-[3H]ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha was increased when strips were exposed to zero K+. Data obtained in this study suggest the augmented prostaglandin E release seen during zero K+ or ouabain is related to increased availability of unbound arachidonic acid at the site of cyclooxygenase in the cell. Augmented prostaglandin E release is apparently not related to alterations in intracellular electrolyte concentrations or release of known neurotransmitters.", "PMID": 549638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_26", "title": "Properties of bilayer membranes in the phase transition or phase separation region.", "content": "The increase in passive permeability of bilayer membranes near the phase transition temperature is usually explained as caused by either the increase in the amount of 'boundary lipid' present in the membrane, or by the increase in lateral compressibility of the membrane. Since both the amount of 'boundary lipid' and the lateral compressibility show a similar anomaly near the transition temperature, it is difficult to distinguish experimentally between the two proposed mechanisms. We have examined some details of both of the proposed pictures. The fluid-solid boundary energy, neglected in previous work, has been computed as a function of the domain size. For a single component uncharged lipid bilayer, the results rule out the existence of even loosely defined solid domains in a fluid phase, or vice versa. Thermodynamic fluctuations, which are responsible for anomalous behaviour near the phase transition temperature, are not intense enough to approximate the formation of a domain of the opposite phase. Turning next to lateral compressibility of bilayer membranes we have considered two-component mixtures in the phase separation region. We present the first calculation of lateral compressibility for such systems. The behaviour shows interesting anomalies, which should correlate with existing and future data on transport across membranes.", "contents": "Properties of bilayer membranes in the phase transition or phase separation region. The increase in passive permeability of bilayer membranes near the phase transition temperature is usually explained as caused by either the increase in the amount of 'boundary lipid' present in the membrane, or by the increase in lateral compressibility of the membrane. Since both the amount of 'boundary lipid' and the lateral compressibility show a similar anomaly near the transition temperature, it is difficult to distinguish experimentally between the two proposed mechanisms. We have examined some details of both of the proposed pictures. The fluid-solid boundary energy, neglected in previous work, has been computed as a function of the domain size. For a single component uncharged lipid bilayer, the results rule out the existence of even loosely defined solid domains in a fluid phase, or vice versa. Thermodynamic fluctuations, which are responsible for anomalous behaviour near the phase transition temperature, are not intense enough to approximate the formation of a domain of the opposite phase. Turning next to lateral compressibility of bilayer membranes we have considered two-component mixtures in the phase separation region. We present the first calculation of lateral compressibility for such systems. The behaviour shows interesting anomalies, which should correlate with existing and future data on transport across membranes.", "PMID": 549639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_27", "title": "Inhibition of anion permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by 4-acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate.", "content": "The permeabilities of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle membrane for various ions and neutral molecules were measured by following the change in light scattering intensity due to the osmotic volume change of the vesicles. 4-Acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (SITS), which is a potent inhibitor for the anion permeability of red blood cells membrane, inhibited the permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum for anions such as Cl-, Pi and methanesulfonate, while it slightly increased that for cations and neutral molecules such as Na+, K+, choline and glycerol. Binding of 5 mumol SITS/g protein was necessary for the inhibition of anion permeability. These results suggest the existence of a similar anion transport system in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane as revealed in red blood cell membrane.", "contents": "Inhibition of anion permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by 4-acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate. The permeabilities of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle membrane for various ions and neutral molecules were measured by following the change in light scattering intensity due to the osmotic volume change of the vesicles. 4-Acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (SITS), which is a potent inhibitor for the anion permeability of red blood cells membrane, inhibited the permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum for anions such as Cl-, Pi and methanesulfonate, while it slightly increased that for cations and neutral molecules such as Na+, K+, choline and glycerol. Binding of 5 mumol SITS/g protein was necessary for the inhibition of anion permeability. These results suggest the existence of a similar anion transport system in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane as revealed in red blood cell membrane.", "PMID": 549640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_28", "title": "The interaction of n-octanol with black lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "The electrical capacities of black lipid films formed from monoolein + n-hexadecane and monoolein + squalane (or squalene) solutions have been measured in the presence of various concentrations of n-octanol. In addition, partition coefficients for n-octanol between n-hexadecane and 0.1 M NaCl, dielectric constants for octanol-hexadecane mixtures and the interfacial tension of films and film-forming lipid solutions against the aqueous phases have been determined. It is concluded that in \"solvent-free\" bilayers the octanol is unlikely to have changed the bilayer thickness by more than about 1 A. The bilayer tension, on the other hand, increases appreciably in the presence of octanol.", "contents": "The interaction of n-octanol with black lipid bilayer membranes. The electrical capacities of black lipid films formed from monoolein + n-hexadecane and monoolein + squalane (or squalene) solutions have been measured in the presence of various concentrations of n-octanol. In addition, partition coefficients for n-octanol between n-hexadecane and 0.1 M NaCl, dielectric constants for octanol-hexadecane mixtures and the interfacial tension of films and film-forming lipid solutions against the aqueous phases have been determined. It is concluded that in \"solvent-free\" bilayers the octanol is unlikely to have changed the bilayer thickness by more than about 1 A. The bilayer tension, on the other hand, increases appreciably in the presence of octanol.", "PMID": 549641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_29", "title": "A comparative study of the phase transitions of phospholipid bilayers and monolayers.", "content": "Phase transitions in bilayers and monolayers of various synthetic phospholipids with different chain lengths as well as different polar head groups were studied by differential scanning calorimetry or with the film balance technique, respectively. With the film balance, area versus temperature curves (isobars) were recorded at different surface pressures. The monolayer phase transition from the fluid-condensed to the fluid-expanded phase is shifted towards higher temperature when the lateral pressure in the monolayer is increased. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium pressure as well as the magnitude of the area change at the transition depends only on the nature of the phospholipid head group and not on the chain length of the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid. Phospholipids with strong intermolecular attractive interactions between the head groups show low values for dpi/dTm and for the area change, deltaf, whereas phospholipids with negatively charged head groups without intermolecular attractive forces exhibit higher values for dpi/dTm and deltaf. The shift of the monolayer phase transition temperature when increasing the chain length of the lipid is almost identical to the shift in Tm observed for the bilayer system of the same phospholipids. A comparison of monolayer and bilayer systems on the basis of the absolute value of the molecular area of the phospholipid in the bilayer gel phase and the change in area at the bilayer and monolayer transition leads to the following conclusions. The behaviour of the bilayer system is very similar to that of the respective monolayer system at a lateral pressure of approx. 30 dyne/cm, because at this pressure the absolute area and the area change in both systems are the same. Further support for this conclusion comes from the experimental finding that a lateral pressure of 30 dyne/cm the shift in Tm due to the increase in charge when the methyl ester of phosphatidic acid is investigated is the same for the bilayer and the monolayer system.", "contents": "A comparative study of the phase transitions of phospholipid bilayers and monolayers. Phase transitions in bilayers and monolayers of various synthetic phospholipids with different chain lengths as well as different polar head groups were studied by differential scanning calorimetry or with the film balance technique, respectively. With the film balance, area versus temperature curves (isobars) were recorded at different surface pressures. The monolayer phase transition from the fluid-condensed to the fluid-expanded phase is shifted towards higher temperature when the lateral pressure in the monolayer is increased. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium pressure as well as the magnitude of the area change at the transition depends only on the nature of the phospholipid head group and not on the chain length of the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid. Phospholipids with strong intermolecular attractive interactions between the head groups show low values for dpi/dTm and for the area change, deltaf, whereas phospholipids with negatively charged head groups without intermolecular attractive forces exhibit higher values for dpi/dTm and deltaf. The shift of the monolayer phase transition temperature when increasing the chain length of the lipid is almost identical to the shift in Tm observed for the bilayer system of the same phospholipids. A comparison of monolayer and bilayer systems on the basis of the absolute value of the molecular area of the phospholipid in the bilayer gel phase and the change in area at the bilayer and monolayer transition leads to the following conclusions. The behaviour of the bilayer system is very similar to that of the respective monolayer system at a lateral pressure of approx. 30 dyne/cm, because at this pressure the absolute area and the area change in both systems are the same. Further support for this conclusion comes from the experimental finding that a lateral pressure of 30 dyne/cm the shift in Tm due to the increase in charge when the methyl ester of phosphatidic acid is investigated is the same for the bilayer and the monolayer system.", "PMID": 549642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_30", "title": "Fusion of phosphatidylserine and mixed phosphatidylserine-phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Dependence on calcium concentration and temperature.", "content": "Dynamic light scattering has been used to study the temperature dependence of Ca2+-induced fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles and mixed vesicles containing phosphatidylserine and different phosphatidylcholines. The final vesicle size after Ca2+ and EDTA incubation serves as a measure of the extent of fusion. With phosphatidylserine vesicles, the extent of fusion shows a sharp maximum at an incubation temperature which depends on the Ca2+ concentration between 0.8 and 2 mM. The shift in the fusion peak temperature with Ca2+ concentration is similar to the typical shift in the phase transition temperature with divalent cation concentration in acidic phospholipids. The results suggest a direct correlation between the fusion peak temperature and the phase transition temperature in the presence of Ca2+ prior to fusion. With mixed vesicles containing up to 33% of a phosphatidylcholine in at least 2 mM Ca2+, the extent of fusion as a function of incubation temperature also shows a maximum. The fusion peak temperature is essentially independent of the quantity and type of phosphatidylcholine and the Ca2+ concentration, and identical to that with pure phosphatidylserine in excess Ca2+. The results imply that Ca2+- induced molecular segregation occurs first, and fusion subsequently takes place between pure phosphatidylserine domains.", "contents": "Fusion of phosphatidylserine and mixed phosphatidylserine-phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Dependence on calcium concentration and temperature. Dynamic light scattering has been used to study the temperature dependence of Ca2+-induced fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles and mixed vesicles containing phosphatidylserine and different phosphatidylcholines. The final vesicle size after Ca2+ and EDTA incubation serves as a measure of the extent of fusion. With phosphatidylserine vesicles, the extent of fusion shows a sharp maximum at an incubation temperature which depends on the Ca2+ concentration between 0.8 and 2 mM. The shift in the fusion peak temperature with Ca2+ concentration is similar to the typical shift in the phase transition temperature with divalent cation concentration in acidic phospholipids. The results suggest a direct correlation between the fusion peak temperature and the phase transition temperature in the presence of Ca2+ prior to fusion. With mixed vesicles containing up to 33% of a phosphatidylcholine in at least 2 mM Ca2+, the extent of fusion as a function of incubation temperature also shows a maximum. The fusion peak temperature is essentially independent of the quantity and type of phosphatidylcholine and the Ca2+ concentration, and identical to that with pure phosphatidylserine in excess Ca2+. The results imply that Ca2+- induced molecular segregation occurs first, and fusion subsequently takes place between pure phosphatidylserine domains.", "PMID": 549643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_31", "title": "The interaction of various lanthanide ions and some anions with phosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes. A 31P NMR study of the surface potential effects.", "content": "The interaction of various lanthanide ions with vesicles of phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk has been followed by 31P NMR at 30 degrees C. From known magnetic properties of these ions, separation of the paramagnetic shift into a pure contact and a pseudo-contact part was carried out. Binding curves for the contact contribution (F curves) were obtained from vesicles in solutions of sodium salts with monovalent anions over a wide concentration range. These curves should be insensitive to any conformational effects due to ion binding. Indication of a conformational change in the lipid head group at low ion binding was obtained by studying the ratio between the contact and the pseudo-contact contributions. Besides the adsorption of lanthanide ions, specific anion binding to the surface was introduced to account for the enhanced chemical shifts (Cl- <  Br- < NO3-). The results were analyzed in terms of the theory for the diffuse double layer (Gouy-Chapman-Grahame) with equilibrium conditions for the adsorbing cations and anions. Simulations of the titration curves furnished parameters for the ion-lipid interactions. The synergism between the cations and anions follows from the potential effects. Comparison of results with lanthanide ions and Ca2+ indicates that the anion adsorption probably depends on the nature of the adsorbed cation. Lanthanide ion binding to L-glycerophosphorylcholine is not influenced by sodium salts. The binding constant for this complex is weaker than with phosphatidylcholine. The chemical shifts for the lanthanide ion complexes with these two phosphorus compounds seem to be about the same.", "contents": "The interaction of various lanthanide ions and some anions with phosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes. A 31P NMR study of the surface potential effects. The interaction of various lanthanide ions with vesicles of phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk has been followed by 31P NMR at 30 degrees C. From known magnetic properties of these ions, separation of the paramagnetic shift into a pure contact and a pseudo-contact part was carried out. Binding curves for the contact contribution (F curves) were obtained from vesicles in solutions of sodium salts with monovalent anions over a wide concentration range. These curves should be insensitive to any conformational effects due to ion binding. Indication of a conformational change in the lipid head group at low ion binding was obtained by studying the ratio between the contact and the pseudo-contact contributions. Besides the adsorption of lanthanide ions, specific anion binding to the surface was introduced to account for the enhanced chemical shifts (Cl- <  Br- < NO3-). The results were analyzed in terms of the theory for the diffuse double layer (Gouy-Chapman-Grahame) with equilibrium conditions for the adsorbing cations and anions. Simulations of the titration curves furnished parameters for the ion-lipid interactions. The synergism between the cations and anions follows from the potential effects. Comparison of results with lanthanide ions and Ca2+ indicates that the anion adsorption probably depends on the nature of the adsorbed cation. Lanthanide ion binding to L-glycerophosphorylcholine is not influenced by sodium salts. The binding constant for this complex is weaker than with phosphatidylcholine. The chemical shifts for the lanthanide ion complexes with these two phosphorus compounds seem to be about the same.", "PMID": 549644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_32", "title": "Enzyme changes associated with mitoichondrial malic enzyme deficiency in mice.", "content": "A genetically determined absence of mitochondrial malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) in c3H/c6H mice is accompanied by a four-fold increase in liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a two-fold increase for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity. Smaller increases in the activity of serine dehydratase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase are observed while the level of glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity is reduced in the liver of deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the level of activity of total malic enzyme in the livers of mitochondrial malic enzyme-deficient mice is increased approximately 50% compared to littermate controls. No similar increase in soluble malic enzyme activity is observed in heart of kidney tissue of mutant mice and the levels of total malic enzyme in these tissues are in accord with expected levels of activity in mitochondrial malic enzyme-deficient mice. The divergence in levels of enzyme activity between mutant and wild-type mice begins at 19--21 days of age. Immunoinactivation experiments with monospecific antisera to the soluble malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase demonstrate that the activity increases represent increases in the amount of enzyme protein. The alterations are not consistent with a single hormonal response.", "contents": "Enzyme changes associated with mitoichondrial malic enzyme deficiency in mice. A genetically determined absence of mitochondrial malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) in c3H/c6H mice is accompanied by a four-fold increase in liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a two-fold increase for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity. Smaller increases in the activity of serine dehydratase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase are observed while the level of glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity is reduced in the liver of deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the level of activity of total malic enzyme in the livers of mitochondrial malic enzyme-deficient mice is increased approximately 50% compared to littermate controls. No similar increase in soluble malic enzyme activity is observed in heart of kidney tissue of mutant mice and the levels of total malic enzyme in these tissues are in accord with expected levels of activity in mitochondrial malic enzyme-deficient mice. The divergence in levels of enzyme activity between mutant and wild-type mice begins at 19--21 days of age. Immunoinactivation experiments with monospecific antisera to the soluble malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase demonstrate that the activity increases represent increases in the amount of enzyme protein. The alterations are not consistent with a single hormonal response.", "PMID": 549645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_33", "title": "Flavoprotein-linked substrate oxidation in preparations of hamster brown adipocytes. A discrimination between internally and externally oxidized substrates.", "content": "Noradrenaline-stimulated oxidative metabolism in isolated hamster brown fat cells is very reproducible between different cell preparations, 565 +/- 81 (S.D.) nmol O/min per 10(6) cells (n = 25). In contrast, the oxygen consumption rate induced by the addition of succinate or sn-glycerol 3-phosphate strongly varies between different cell preparation, although these substances have been reported to be potent substrates for isolated hamster brown fat cells. By filtration and by successive washings we demonstrate that the flavoprotein-linked substrate oxidation is mainly dependent on extracellular succinate and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate-oxidizing enzymes. These enzymes originate from damaged and broken cells and are present in different amounts in different cell preparations. In discriminating between intra- and extracellular succinate oxidation 5,5'- dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) is used as an inhibitor of the extracellular portion. This application of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) ought to be useful also in other cell or tissue preparations. Added succinate can, however, be oxidized by the intact brown adipocyte but at very low rate, probably as a result of a limited transport rate over the membrane(s). In the presence of noradrenaline, added succinate can potentiate the noradrenaline-inducible oxygen consumption by catalytically increasing the oxidative capacity of the citric acid cycle. Our conclusions is that the only effectors which significantly increase oxidative metabolism in intact isolated hamster brown fat cells are catecholamines and free fatty acids. Provided the cells are uncoupled, also pyruvate can function as substrate for these cells.", "contents": "Flavoprotein-linked substrate oxidation in preparations of hamster brown adipocytes. A discrimination between internally and externally oxidized substrates. Noradrenaline-stimulated oxidative metabolism in isolated hamster brown fat cells is very reproducible between different cell preparations, 565 +/- 81 (S.D.) nmol O/min per 10(6) cells (n = 25). In contrast, the oxygen consumption rate induced by the addition of succinate or sn-glycerol 3-phosphate strongly varies between different cell preparation, although these substances have been reported to be potent substrates for isolated hamster brown fat cells. By filtration and by successive washings we demonstrate that the flavoprotein-linked substrate oxidation is mainly dependent on extracellular succinate and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate-oxidizing enzymes. These enzymes originate from damaged and broken cells and are present in different amounts in different cell preparations. In discriminating between intra- and extracellular succinate oxidation 5,5'- dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) is used as an inhibitor of the extracellular portion. This application of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) ought to be useful also in other cell or tissue preparations. Added succinate can, however, be oxidized by the intact brown adipocyte but at very low rate, probably as a result of a limited transport rate over the membrane(s). In the presence of noradrenaline, added succinate can potentiate the noradrenaline-inducible oxygen consumption by catalytically increasing the oxidative capacity of the citric acid cycle. Our conclusions is that the only effectors which significantly increase oxidative metabolism in intact isolated hamster brown fat cells are catecholamines and free fatty acids. Provided the cells are uncoupled, also pyruvate can function as substrate for these cells.", "PMID": 549646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_34", "title": "The relationship between energy generation and cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction in the mitochondria from human term placenta.", "content": "1. The interrelationship between progesterone (from cholesterol) biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in human placental mitochondria was examined. 2. ADP and ATP stimulated the malate, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate-supported progesterone biosynthesis probably via the energy-dependent pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activation. The effect of ADP was abolished by rotenone and antimycin in the presence of malate or alpha-ketoglutarate. 3. In the non-energized state of mitochondria malate may supported progesterone biosynthesis by the malic enzyme-dependent pathway. 4. The inhibitory effects of antimycin or cyanide, and the stimulatory effect of rotenone on the succinate-supported progesterone biosynthesis indicate that the succinate to malate conversion is a necessary condition for the stimulation of progesterone biosynthesis from cholesterol. 5. alpha-Ketoglutarate plus malonate did support progesterone biosynthesis also in the presence of ADP or ATP and to a lesser degree in the presence of DNP and rotenone. Arsenate in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, malonate, dinitrophenol and rotenone did not affect significantly progesterone biosynthesis. These results indicate that NADPH may be generated also by a non-energy-dependent transhydrogenation in placental mitochondria.", "contents": "The relationship between energy generation and cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction in the mitochondria from human term placenta. 1. The interrelationship between progesterone (from cholesterol) biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in human placental mitochondria was examined. 2. ADP and ATP stimulated the malate, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate-supported progesterone biosynthesis probably via the energy-dependent pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activation. The effect of ADP was abolished by rotenone and antimycin in the presence of malate or alpha-ketoglutarate. 3. In the non-energized state of mitochondria malate may supported progesterone biosynthesis by the malic enzyme-dependent pathway. 4. The inhibitory effects of antimycin or cyanide, and the stimulatory effect of rotenone on the succinate-supported progesterone biosynthesis indicate that the succinate to malate conversion is a necessary condition for the stimulation of progesterone biosynthesis from cholesterol. 5. alpha-Ketoglutarate plus malonate did support progesterone biosynthesis also in the presence of ADP or ATP and to a lesser degree in the presence of DNP and rotenone. Arsenate in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, malonate, dinitrophenol and rotenone did not affect significantly progesterone biosynthesis. These results indicate that NADPH may be generated also by a non-energy-dependent transhydrogenation in placental mitochondria.", "PMID": 549647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_35", "title": "Endocytic vesicles in liver carry polymeric IgA from serum to bile.", "content": "The distributions both of endogenous IgA and of injected 125I-labelled IgA were determined amongst the components of a liver homogenate. Rate zonal sedimentation, under conditions where separation was principally determined by particle size, showed that IgA was tightly bound to material which sedimented in the size range of the larger endoplasmic reticulum fragments. Further fractionation of the components within this size range according to their densities, by isopycnic centrifugation, showed that the IgA was associated with small vesicles with a density range of 1.12--1.17 g/ml, quite distinct from endoplasmic reticulum fragments. We therefore conclude that the IgA is present in liver cells in a distinct class of vesicles, which are, presumably, responsible for the transport of IgA from blood to bile.", "contents": "Endocytic vesicles in liver carry polymeric IgA from serum to bile. The distributions both of endogenous IgA and of injected 125I-labelled IgA were determined amongst the components of a liver homogenate. Rate zonal sedimentation, under conditions where separation was principally determined by particle size, showed that IgA was tightly bound to material which sedimented in the size range of the larger endoplasmic reticulum fragments. Further fractionation of the components within this size range according to their densities, by isopycnic centrifugation, showed that the IgA was associated with small vesicles with a density range of 1.12--1.17 g/ml, quite distinct from endoplasmic reticulum fragments. We therefore conclude that the IgA is present in liver cells in a distinct class of vesicles, which are, presumably, responsible for the transport of IgA from blood to bile.", "PMID": 549648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_36", "title": "Characterization of glycopeptides isolated from membranes of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells.", "content": "From cells of a nullipotential line of embryonal carcinoma was isolated a membrane fraction enriched in the cell surface F9 antigen. More than 40% of the radioactive fucose and galactose incorporated by cells into nondialyzable material was recovered in this membrane preparation, corresponding to an approximately 10-fold purification of the labeled material. Extreme heterogeneity of membrane glycoproteins labeled with these sugars was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Glycopeptides prepared by extensive pronase digestion of membranes labeled with fucose or galactose showed properties similar to those already described for fucose-labeled glycopeptides from whole cells. Namely, large glycopeptides eluted near the excluded volume of Sephadex G-50 column were the predominant glycopeptide species, while complex glycopeptides of molecular weight around 2500 were minor components. Therefore, these large glycopeptides, characteristic of embryonal carcinoma cells, are derived mainly from a variety of glycoproteins closely associated with the membrane system, most probably cell-surface membrane of the cells. The large glycopeptides were also significantly labeled with glucosamine, but only slightly with mannose; major components of mannose-labeled glycopeptides from the membranes were high-mannose glycopeptides of low molecular weight. Several experiments excluded the possibility that the larg glycopeptides are mucopolysaccharides, glycolipids or mucin-type glycoproteins with short oligosaccharide chains.", "contents": "Characterization of glycopeptides isolated from membranes of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. From cells of a nullipotential line of embryonal carcinoma was isolated a membrane fraction enriched in the cell surface F9 antigen. More than 40% of the radioactive fucose and galactose incorporated by cells into nondialyzable material was recovered in this membrane preparation, corresponding to an approximately 10-fold purification of the labeled material. Extreme heterogeneity of membrane glycoproteins labeled with these sugars was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Glycopeptides prepared by extensive pronase digestion of membranes labeled with fucose or galactose showed properties similar to those already described for fucose-labeled glycopeptides from whole cells. Namely, large glycopeptides eluted near the excluded volume of Sephadex G-50 column were the predominant glycopeptide species, while complex glycopeptides of molecular weight around 2500 were minor components. Therefore, these large glycopeptides, characteristic of embryonal carcinoma cells, are derived mainly from a variety of glycoproteins closely associated with the membrane system, most probably cell-surface membrane of the cells. The large glycopeptides were also significantly labeled with glucosamine, but only slightly with mannose; major components of mannose-labeled glycopeptides from the membranes were high-mannose glycopeptides of low molecular weight. Several experiments excluded the possibility that the larg glycopeptides are mucopolysaccharides, glycolipids or mucin-type glycoproteins with short oligosaccharide chains.", "PMID": 549649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_37", "title": "Stereochemical structure recognized by the L-fucose-specific hemagglutinin produced by Streptomyces sp.", "content": "A hemagglutinin has been purified 4000-fold from the culture filtrate of a strain of Streptomyces by affinity chromatography. The purified preparation was judged to be homogeneous by gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 70 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It may exhibit its full hemagglutinating activity in the monomer form. This hemagglutinin strongly agglutinated human blood group O erythrocytes and was inhibited by L-fucose. It was, however, distinct from the known L-fucose-specific hemagglutinins; first, the hemagglutinating activity of the purified preparation was more than 100-times stronger than that of others; second, D-mannose was a potent inhibitor of this hemagglutinin besides L-fucose but not or scarcely inhibitory to others; and third, p-nitrophenyl-beta-L-fucoside was more inhibitory to this hemagglutinin than p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucoside as opposed to the case of others.", "contents": "Stereochemical structure recognized by the L-fucose-specific hemagglutinin produced by Streptomyces sp. A hemagglutinin has been purified 4000-fold from the culture filtrate of a strain of Streptomyces by affinity chromatography. The purified preparation was judged to be homogeneous by gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 70 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It may exhibit its full hemagglutinating activity in the monomer form. This hemagglutinin strongly agglutinated human blood group O erythrocytes and was inhibited by L-fucose. It was, however, distinct from the known L-fucose-specific hemagglutinins; first, the hemagglutinating activity of the purified preparation was more than 100-times stronger than that of others; second, D-mannose was a potent inhibitor of this hemagglutinin besides L-fucose but not or scarcely inhibitory to others; and third, p-nitrophenyl-beta-L-fucoside was more inhibitory to this hemagglutinin than p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucoside as opposed to the case of others.", "PMID": 549650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_38", "title": "The kinetics of myofibrillar protein breakdown in perfused rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Nt-Methylhistidine, a non-reutilised amino acid present in some myofibrillar proteins, was radioactively labelled in vivo with [Me-3H]methionine. The specific radioactivities of protein-bound methylhistidine and free methylhistidine in perfusate after perfusion of rat hind limbs taken from prelabelled rats was determined. The decrease in urinary methylhistidine activity with time was determined for rats similarly labelled. Comparison of the specific activities of free and bound methylhistidine and the non-linear semilogarithmic plot of urinary methylhistidine activity suggest that the myofibrillar protein catabolism, as indicated by methylhistidine release, may not be a simple exponential process. The possibility of non-random decay is discussed and an alternative model proposed.", "contents": "The kinetics of myofibrillar protein breakdown in perfused rat skeletal muscle. Nt-Methylhistidine, a non-reutilised amino acid present in some myofibrillar proteins, was radioactively labelled in vivo with [Me-3H]methionine. The specific radioactivities of protein-bound methylhistidine and free methylhistidine in perfusate after perfusion of rat hind limbs taken from prelabelled rats was determined. The decrease in urinary methylhistidine activity with time was determined for rats similarly labelled. Comparison of the specific activities of free and bound methylhistidine and the non-linear semilogarithmic plot of urinary methylhistidine activity suggest that the myofibrillar protein catabolism, as indicated by methylhistidine release, may not be a simple exponential process. The possibility of non-random decay is discussed and an alternative model proposed.", "PMID": 549651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_39", "title": "Vasopressin-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Reversibility of hormonal activation.", "content": "The reversibility of adenylate cyclase activation induced by vasopressin was studied by reducing the concentration of active peptide in contact with kidney medullo-papillary membranes. Reversibility of hormonal activation was only partial. The use of antagonists failed to demonstrate the reversibility of an adenylate cyclase activation induced by high affinity agonists. When antagonist was added after the agonist to membranes, a non-competitive inhibition was apparent. Active peptide was also eliminated from the incubation medium by treatment with agents capable of reducing the disulfide bridge of the hormonal molecule. Direct effects of reducers on adenylate cyclase activity were measured on enzyme activation induced by peptides lacking a disulfide bridge. There was no apparent correlation between the abilities of different reducers to inactivate free peptide in solution and their abilities to promote the reversibility of hormone-induced enzyme activation. Upon the addition of dithiothreitol, enzyme activity could be lowered to basal value and adenylate cyclase was again fully stimulatable. However, when dithiothreitol addition to stiumlated enzyme was combined with a 60-fold dilution of the incubation medium, no reversibility of hormonal activation occurred. These results illustrate that the processes involved in adenylate cyclase activation are only partially reversible.", "contents": "Vasopressin-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Reversibility of hormonal activation. The reversibility of adenylate cyclase activation induced by vasopressin was studied by reducing the concentration of active peptide in contact with kidney medullo-papillary membranes. Reversibility of hormonal activation was only partial. The use of antagonists failed to demonstrate the reversibility of an adenylate cyclase activation induced by high affinity agonists. When antagonist was added after the agonist to membranes, a non-competitive inhibition was apparent. Active peptide was also eliminated from the incubation medium by treatment with agents capable of reducing the disulfide bridge of the hormonal molecule. Direct effects of reducers on adenylate cyclase activity were measured on enzyme activation induced by peptides lacking a disulfide bridge. There was no apparent correlation between the abilities of different reducers to inactivate free peptide in solution and their abilities to promote the reversibility of hormone-induced enzyme activation. Upon the addition of dithiothreitol, enzyme activity could be lowered to basal value and adenylate cyclase was again fully stimulatable. However, when dithiothreitol addition to stiumlated enzyme was combined with a 60-fold dilution of the incubation medium, no reversibility of hormonal activation occurred. These results illustrate that the processes involved in adenylate cyclase activation are only partially reversible.", "PMID": 549652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_40", "title": "Mechanism of polycation stimulation of pinocytosis.", "content": "Synthetic polycations cause a stimulation in the rate of tissue accumulation of colloidal 198Au by the rat visceral yolk sac (at 17.5 days of gestation) and rat peritoneal macrophages cultured in vitro. The mechanism of stimulation has been elucidated in these two cell types by using a dual-substrate technique, and by examining the differential effects of poly(D-lysine) and poly(L-lysine) and of metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors. Polycations cause aggregation of colloidal 198Au in the culture medium and increase its affinity for the plasma membrane. In the rat peritoneal macrophage this polycation-colloidal gold complex is pinocytosed, thus enhancing the intracellular accumulation of the radio-labelled substrate. In contrast, the rat visceral yolk sac cannot internalize this complex, and so the substrate accumulates extracellularly. This mechanism of polycation modification affords the opportunity for differential uptake of a substrate into distinct cell types.", "contents": "Mechanism of polycation stimulation of pinocytosis. Synthetic polycations cause a stimulation in the rate of tissue accumulation of colloidal 198Au by the rat visceral yolk sac (at 17.5 days of gestation) and rat peritoneal macrophages cultured in vitro. The mechanism of stimulation has been elucidated in these two cell types by using a dual-substrate technique, and by examining the differential effects of poly(D-lysine) and poly(L-lysine) and of metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors. Polycations cause aggregation of colloidal 198Au in the culture medium and increase its affinity for the plasma membrane. In the rat peritoneal macrophage this polycation-colloidal gold complex is pinocytosed, thus enhancing the intracellular accumulation of the radio-labelled substrate. In contrast, the rat visceral yolk sac cannot internalize this complex, and so the substrate accumulates extracellularly. This mechanism of polycation modification affords the opportunity for differential uptake of a substrate into distinct cell types.", "PMID": 549653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_41", "title": "Dynamics of habituation in different cortical regions of the cat brain.", "content": "The dynamics of habituation in the rostral part of the parietal association region and also in the first and second somatosensory areas was studied by the evoked potentials (EP) method in cats anesthetized with chloralose (80-90 mg/kg) and immobilized with flaxedil. During repeated stimulation of the splanchnic nerve brief habituation of EP developed in the cortex. It corresponded in its basic features to habituation observed in other sensory systems. On comparison of the rates of development of habituation in the primary and secondary projection zones of the splanchnic nerve in the cortex differences were found: habituation developed more rapidly in the secondary projection zones. The functional importance of this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Dynamics of habituation in different cortical regions of the cat brain. The dynamics of habituation in the rostral part of the parietal association region and also in the first and second somatosensory areas was studied by the evoked potentials (EP) method in cats anesthetized with chloralose (80-90 mg/kg) and immobilized with flaxedil. During repeated stimulation of the splanchnic nerve brief habituation of EP developed in the cortex. It corresponded in its basic features to habituation observed in other sensory systems. On comparison of the rates of development of habituation in the primary and secondary projection zones of the splanchnic nerve in the cortex differences were found: habituation developed more rapidly in the secondary projection zones. The functional importance of this phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 549654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_42", "title": "Investigation of the type of induction of microsomal monooxygenases by polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "content": "The severity of the induced effect of the polycyclic hydrocarbon 3-methylcholanthrene on monooxygenase of the microsomal fraction of the liver as a function of the number of binding sites for this inducer in the active site of cytochrome P-450 was investigated. In vivo models, in which the primary bounding and metabolism of a polycyclic hydrocarbon in the microsomes is increased or sharply inhibited, are presented. It is concluded that in the mechanism of induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, the activation of synthesis of specific protein (cytochrome P-448) is accomplished not by the initial molecule of the inducer, but by products of its primary metabolism in the microsomes.", "contents": "Investigation of the type of induction of microsomal monooxygenases by polycyclic hydrocarbons. The severity of the induced effect of the polycyclic hydrocarbon 3-methylcholanthrene on monooxygenase of the microsomal fraction of the liver as a function of the number of binding sites for this inducer in the active site of cytochrome P-450 was investigated. In vivo models, in which the primary bounding and metabolism of a polycyclic hydrocarbon in the microsomes is increased or sharply inhibited, are presented. It is concluded that in the mechanism of induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, the activation of synthesis of specific protein (cytochrome P-448) is accomplished not by the initial molecule of the inducer, but by products of its primary metabolism in the microsomes.", "PMID": 549657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_43", "title": "Competition between species of the aestivo-autumnal group of birch pests for food in Transuralia.", "content": "The aestivo-autumnal group of birch pests includes 25 species belong to the Notodontidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae, and other families. The larvae of all its species hatch out in mid-July and feed until the end of August. On emerging from the eggs they spread from leaf to leaf, but as the food supply diminishes they crowd together and competition is intensified. The species structure of the group shows some variation over the territory, and only a few species dominate, different species in different places. It is suggested that improvement in the food supply leads to mass reproduction. Biochemical investigations confirmed this hypothesis: different species feeding on the same leaf assimilate different amino acids more completely, and their relative numbers on the leaves vary in different parts and at different times. The composition of secondary metabolites important for resistance of the plants also varies.", "contents": "Competition between species of the aestivo-autumnal group of birch pests for food in Transuralia. The aestivo-autumnal group of birch pests includes 25 species belong to the Notodontidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae, and other families. The larvae of all its species hatch out in mid-July and feed until the end of August. On emerging from the eggs they spread from leaf to leaf, but as the food supply diminishes they crowd together and competition is intensified. The species structure of the group shows some variation over the territory, and only a few species dominate, different species in different places. It is suggested that improvement in the food supply leads to mass reproduction. Biochemical investigations confirmed this hypothesis: different species feeding on the same leaf assimilate different amino acids more completely, and their relative numbers on the leaves vary in different parts and at different times. The composition of secondary metabolites important for resistance of the plants also varies.", "PMID": 549659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_44", "title": "Lipid composition of cells and its variation during degradation of a culture of Streptococcus diacetilactis.", "content": "The process of dying of a culture of Str. diacetilactis under conditions of prolonged culturing is accompanied by substantial changes in the composition of the cell lipids. In the lipids of young cells the basic components are mono- and diglucosyldiglycerides, as well as phospholipids--two glucophospholipids, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylglycerin; triglycerides and sterols are present in negligible amounts. As the Str. diacetilactis culture develops and undergoes degradation, an increase is observed in the total amount of extractable lipids. In this case the fraction of phospholipids increases (chiefly on account of cardiolipin), while the fraction of neutral glucolipids decreases. It was shown that in cell homogenates there is a negligible peroxidation of lipids, which is intensified as the culture dies off. There is a parallel acceleration of the uptake of O2 by cell suspensions from cultures of different ages. The detected changes in the lipids are correlated with the morphological and physiological indices of the state of the culture.", "contents": "Lipid composition of cells and its variation during degradation of a culture of Streptococcus diacetilactis. The process of dying of a culture of Str. diacetilactis under conditions of prolonged culturing is accompanied by substantial changes in the composition of the cell lipids. In the lipids of young cells the basic components are mono- and diglucosyldiglycerides, as well as phospholipids--two glucophospholipids, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylglycerin; triglycerides and sterols are present in negligible amounts. As the Str. diacetilactis culture develops and undergoes degradation, an increase is observed in the total amount of extractable lipids. In this case the fraction of phospholipids increases (chiefly on account of cardiolipin), while the fraction of neutral glucolipids decreases. It was shown that in cell homogenates there is a negligible peroxidation of lipids, which is intensified as the culture dies off. There is a parallel acceleration of the uptake of O2 by cell suspensions from cultures of different ages. The detected changes in the lipids are correlated with the morphological and physiological indices of the state of the culture.", "PMID": 549660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_45", "title": "Some general principles of tissue crushing and regeneration during sutureless anastomosis of hollow organs of the alimentary tract.", "content": "Tissues of the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract are crushed in order to create an anastomosis. The processes taking place in the tissues have been inadequately studied. A model of the tissue crushing process is suggested and the results of theory and experiments are compared. Dependence of the rejection time of the crushing influence on the crushing force was demonstrated experimentally. The relationship obtained can be explained on the grounds that migration of cell destruction products from the zone of crushing to the zones of healing stimulates adequate cellular immunologic processes. The views developed in this paper may prove useful for the elaboration of new surgical techniques.", "contents": "Some general principles of tissue crushing and regeneration during sutureless anastomosis of hollow organs of the alimentary tract. Tissues of the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract are crushed in order to create an anastomosis. The processes taking place in the tissues have been inadequately studied. A model of the tissue crushing process is suggested and the results of theory and experiments are compared. Dependence of the rejection time of the crushing influence on the crushing force was demonstrated experimentally. The relationship obtained can be explained on the grounds that migration of cell destruction products from the zone of crushing to the zones of healing stimulates adequate cellular immunologic processes. The views developed in this paper may prove useful for the elaboration of new surgical techniques.", "PMID": 549661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_46", "title": "Investigation of the interaction of trypsin with heparin.", "content": "The reversible inhibition of the enzymatic activity of trypsin by heparin was investigated. On the basis of an analysis of the Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon graphs, a noncompetitive nature of the inhibition of the BAPA amidase activity of trypsin by heparin was detected, and the values of Km and Ki were determined, equal to 3.1 . 10(-4) and 3.7-3.9 . 10(-7) M, respectively. A comparison of these values indicates a great affinity of heparin for the enzyme. It was shown that heparin inhibits the BAEE esterase activity of trypsin and at the same time has no inhibiting effect on acetyltrypsin. Considering that the acetylation of trypsin leads to selective blocking of the epsilon-amino groups, it was concluded that the epsilon-amino groups of the lysine residues of the trypsin molecule participate in the interaction with heparin.", "contents": "Investigation of the interaction of trypsin with heparin. The reversible inhibition of the enzymatic activity of trypsin by heparin was investigated. On the basis of an analysis of the Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon graphs, a noncompetitive nature of the inhibition of the BAPA amidase activity of trypsin by heparin was detected, and the values of Km and Ki were determined, equal to 3.1 . 10(-4) and 3.7-3.9 . 10(-7) M, respectively. A comparison of these values indicates a great affinity of heparin for the enzyme. It was shown that heparin inhibits the BAEE esterase activity of trypsin and at the same time has no inhibiting effect on acetyltrypsin. Considering that the acetylation of trypsin leads to selective blocking of the epsilon-amino groups, it was concluded that the epsilon-amino groups of the lysine residues of the trypsin molecule participate in the interaction with heparin.", "PMID": 549662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_47", "title": "Critical remarks on the theoretical bases of the biological effects of a magnetic field.", "content": "The article gives a critical analysis of the theoretical approach of the authors to the explanation of the biological effects of a magnetic field (MF), enlisting two hypotheses: the diffusely orienting influence of the MF on the association of diamagnetically anisotropic molecules of biopolymers in solutions and the kinetic influence of the MF on the biochemical reactions in which free radicals participate; typographical errors made in two articles, inaccuracies in formulas, and errors in calculations of the potential energy of deformation of the aromatic residue are corrected. The value of the energy of deformation of the anisotropic aromatic residue, equal to  6.4 . 10(-3) cal/mole, is small in comparison with the energy of deformation of the tetrahedral C-C bond angle and cannot be used as the basis for interpretation of the experimental data obtained. New approaches are outlined for the explanation of the possible diamagnetically anisotropic effect of the MF in specifically nonequilibrium, kinetic, and nonthermodynamic processes in which biopolymers participate. The hypotheses advanced to explain the biological effects of the MF cannot yet be considered entirely supported theoretically, and, consequently, they are in need of further theoretical investigation and experimental proof.", "contents": "Critical remarks on the theoretical bases of the biological effects of a magnetic field. The article gives a critical analysis of the theoretical approach of the authors to the explanation of the biological effects of a magnetic field (MF), enlisting two hypotheses: the diffusely orienting influence of the MF on the association of diamagnetically anisotropic molecules of biopolymers in solutions and the kinetic influence of the MF on the biochemical reactions in which free radicals participate; typographical errors made in two articles, inaccuracies in formulas, and errors in calculations of the potential energy of deformation of the aromatic residue are corrected. The value of the energy of deformation of the anisotropic aromatic residue, equal to  6.4 . 10(-3) cal/mole, is small in comparison with the energy of deformation of the tetrahedral C-C bond angle and cannot be used as the basis for interpretation of the experimental data obtained. New approaches are outlined for the explanation of the possible diamagnetically anisotropic effect of the MF in specifically nonequilibrium, kinetic, and nonthermodynamic processes in which biopolymers participate. The hypotheses advanced to explain the biological effects of the MF cannot yet be considered entirely supported theoretically, and, consequently, they are in need of further theoretical investigation and experimental proof.", "PMID": 549663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_48", "title": "Influence of infralow-frequency magnetic fields of high and ultrahigh intensity on the division of mammalian cells in vivo.", "content": "The influence of an infralow-frequency magnetic field (IMF) with intensity 3-127 k0e for 1 h on the mitotic activity, frequency of chromosome aberrations, and number of corneal epithelial cells of mice was studied. It was shown that the changes in mitotic activity that arise can be explained by a reversible inhibition of cell division at late stages of the mitotic cycle and synchronous entry into mitosis after the removal of this inhibition. The nature of the dependence of the effect on the intensity of the IMF is evidence of a difference in its molecular mechanisms in the region of high and ultrahigh intensities. As a result of the influence of an IMF of the intensity and duration used, no increase in the frequency of aberrant mitoses in corneal epithelial cells was detected. The number of cells in a standard visual field of the microscope also was practically unchanged.", "contents": "Influence of infralow-frequency magnetic fields of high and ultrahigh intensity on the division of mammalian cells in vivo. The influence of an infralow-frequency magnetic field (IMF) with intensity 3-127 k0e for 1 h on the mitotic activity, frequency of chromosome aberrations, and number of corneal epithelial cells of mice was studied. It was shown that the changes in mitotic activity that arise can be explained by a reversible inhibition of cell division at late stages of the mitotic cycle and synchronous entry into mitosis after the removal of this inhibition. The nature of the dependence of the effect on the intensity of the IMF is evidence of a difference in its molecular mechanisms in the region of high and ultrahigh intensities. As a result of the influence of an IMF of the intensity and duration used, no increase in the frequency of aberrant mitoses in corneal epithelial cells was detected. The number of cells in a standard visual field of the microscope also was practically unchanged.", "PMID": 549664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_49", "title": "Role of red and far-red light in frost resistance of yarovized winter wheat after thaw.", "content": "The short day in the thawing of hardened winter wheat, yarovized to a different degree, increased its frost resistance in comparison with uninterrupted illumination. Interruption of darkness of the short-day cycle by red light reduced frost resistance, far-red light had the opposite effect, but to a different degree, on the length of yarovization. Maximal resistance developed toward the end of the yarovization period. There were observed changes connected with the stabilization of the photoacceptor of the phytochrome system in the process of yarovization. The phytochrome complex participated in regulation of the movement and utilization of metabolites. There was revealed the variety specificity of winter wheat in relation to the investigated characters.", "contents": "Role of red and far-red light in frost resistance of yarovized winter wheat after thaw. The short day in the thawing of hardened winter wheat, yarovized to a different degree, increased its frost resistance in comparison with uninterrupted illumination. Interruption of darkness of the short-day cycle by red light reduced frost resistance, far-red light had the opposite effect, but to a different degree, on the length of yarovization. Maximal resistance developed toward the end of the yarovization period. There were observed changes connected with the stabilization of the photoacceptor of the phytochrome system in the process of yarovization. The phytochrome complex participated in regulation of the movement and utilization of metabolites. There was revealed the variety specificity of winter wheat in relation to the investigated characters.", "PMID": 549667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_50", "title": "Methods of chromatography and quantitative analysis of galacto- and phospholipids of plant leaves.", "content": "Data in the literature on chromatography of glycerolipids of plant leaves on columns of DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel, florisil, in a thin layer of silica gel, paper are generalized. Methods of obtaining chromatographically pure glycerolipids, their subfractionation, and the quantitative analysis of glycerolipids are described. Experimental data are presented on fractionation of lipids of potato leaves on columns of DEAE-cellulose, silica gel, on paper, and the quantitative determination of phospholipids. A method of rapid division of lipids into classes by means of their elution with silica gel KSC by different solvents is described.", "contents": "Methods of chromatography and quantitative analysis of galacto- and phospholipids of plant leaves. Data in the literature on chromatography of glycerolipids of plant leaves on columns of DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel, florisil, in a thin layer of silica gel, paper are generalized. Methods of obtaining chromatographically pure glycerolipids, their subfractionation, and the quantitative analysis of glycerolipids are described. Experimental data are presented on fractionation of lipids of potato leaves on columns of DEAE-cellulose, silica gel, on paper, and the quantitative determination of phospholipids. A method of rapid division of lipids into classes by means of their elution with silica gel KSC by different solvents is described.", "PMID": 549668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_51", "title": "Phage-like infectious virus of the green alga Chlorococcum.", "content": "A pure culture of the green eukaryotic alga Chlorococcum sp. and a virus infectious for it were isolated. Infection of the culture leads to the destruction of most of the cells, although complete destruction of the culture is not usually observed. The virus particles are similar in morphology to bacteriophage and consist of a hexagonal head 220 nm long and 180 nm wide and a tail which is inside the head in a majority of the particles, but which is on the outside in some. The virus is not adsorbed on the cell membranes, but evidently penetrates into the zoospores through the flagellar channels, where particles of it are regularly found. Destruction of the nucleus and membrane structures of the cytoplasm occurs during growth of the virus, but the chloroplasts and mitochondria are retained. The membranes of infected cells are partially destroyed and the virus particles are released into the medium. The virus is designated as PLVCH (L)--page-like virus of Chlorococcum.", "contents": "Phage-like infectious virus of the green alga Chlorococcum. A pure culture of the green eukaryotic alga Chlorococcum sp. and a virus infectious for it were isolated. Infection of the culture leads to the destruction of most of the cells, although complete destruction of the culture is not usually observed. The virus particles are similar in morphology to bacteriophage and consist of a hexagonal head 220 nm long and 180 nm wide and a tail which is inside the head in a majority of the particles, but which is on the outside in some. The virus is not adsorbed on the cell membranes, but evidently penetrates into the zoospores through the flagellar channels, where particles of it are regularly found. Destruction of the nucleus and membrane structures of the cytoplasm occurs during growth of the virus, but the chloroplasts and mitochondria are retained. The membranes of infected cells are partially destroyed and the virus particles are released into the medium. The virus is designated as PLVCH (L)--page-like virus of Chlorococcum.", "PMID": 549665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_52", "title": "Life forms of Pteridophyta, their origin and evolution.", "content": "The following separation of the main growth forms of Pteridophyta is proposed: thin-rhizomatous, creeping-rosetted, ascending-rosetted, vertical-rosetted, and arborescent. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. The most primitive growth form of Pteridophyta is acknowledged as the thin-rhizomatous. In the course of evolution toward polymerization and integration of fronds, the group of arborescent Pteridophyta were transformed into shoot plants, initially of the Cycas type. Water ferns (Salviniaceae) and seed ferns (Pteridospermae) are known as the arbitrary type of Lycopsida which did not reach the state of shot structure of the body. In this respect, Equisetales occupy an intermediate position. It may be assumed that in the evolution of plants, the change in their life forms was of paramount significance.", "contents": "Life forms of Pteridophyta, their origin and evolution. The following separation of the main growth forms of Pteridophyta is proposed: thin-rhizomatous, creeping-rosetted, ascending-rosetted, vertical-rosetted, and arborescent. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. The most primitive growth form of Pteridophyta is acknowledged as the thin-rhizomatous. In the course of evolution toward polymerization and integration of fronds, the group of arborescent Pteridophyta were transformed into shoot plants, initially of the Cycas type. Water ferns (Salviniaceae) and seed ferns (Pteridospermae) are known as the arbitrary type of Lycopsida which did not reach the state of shot structure of the body. In this respect, Equisetales occupy an intermediate position. It may be assumed that in the evolution of plants, the change in their life forms was of paramount significance.", "PMID": 549669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_53", "title": "Probability model of dibunol pharmakinetics.", "content": "A mathematical description of the inflow of dibunol from the site of administration and its distribution by organs and tissues in experimental animals and man are examined. Parameters quantitatively characterizing the behavior of the preparation in the organism were obtained. The mechanism of the accumulation of dibunol in the tissues and its subsequent transfer to the blood are described within the framework of the proposed model. The model of the pharmakinetics of dibunol makes possible a calculation of the concentration of the preparation in the tissues depending on the method of administration and special features of the medicinal form. In clinical practice when administered per os microcapsules, which provided maximum absorbability, proved to be the best medicinal form. Satisfactory agreement of the concentrations of the preparation actually observed in a human tumor with those calculated theoretically on the basis of the proposed model was observed.", "contents": "Probability model of dibunol pharmakinetics. A mathematical description of the inflow of dibunol from the site of administration and its distribution by organs and tissues in experimental animals and man are examined. Parameters quantitatively characterizing the behavior of the preparation in the organism were obtained. The mechanism of the accumulation of dibunol in the tissues and its subsequent transfer to the blood are described within the framework of the proposed model. The model of the pharmakinetics of dibunol makes possible a calculation of the concentration of the preparation in the tissues depending on the method of administration and special features of the medicinal form. In clinical practice when administered per os microcapsules, which provided maximum absorbability, proved to be the best medicinal form. Satisfactory agreement of the concentrations of the preparation actually observed in a human tumor with those calculated theoretically on the basis of the proposed model was observed.", "PMID": 549670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_54", "title": "Changes in dry weight of pyramidal cell nuclei in the motor cortex during local motor-food conditioning.", "content": "The formation of a local motor-food conditioned reflex in rats, consisting of pressing on a level with the unpreferred paw, in one session led to a decrease in dry weight of the large pyramidal cell nuclei in the area of representation of that paw in the motor cortex. Frequent repetition of the local motor-food conditioned reflex consisting of pressing on the level with the preferred paw was not accompanied by any such changes. It is suggested that changes in dry weight of the large pyramidal cell nuclei in the area of representation of the unpreferred paw are due to involvement of these neurons in the formation of the new motor coordination (the local conditioned reflex).", "contents": "Changes in dry weight of pyramidal cell nuclei in the motor cortex during local motor-food conditioning. The formation of a local motor-food conditioned reflex in rats, consisting of pressing on a level with the unpreferred paw, in one session led to a decrease in dry weight of the large pyramidal cell nuclei in the area of representation of that paw in the motor cortex. Frequent repetition of the local motor-food conditioned reflex consisting of pressing on the level with the preferred paw was not accompanied by any such changes. It is suggested that changes in dry weight of the large pyramidal cell nuclei in the area of representation of the unpreferred paw are due to involvement of these neurons in the formation of the new motor coordination (the local conditioned reflex).", "PMID": 549671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_55", "title": "Temporal organization of the thyroid gland in A/He mice (morphometric investigation).", "content": "Biological rhythms of structural elements of the thyroid gland of A/He mice were studied by morphometric methods followed by spectral amplitude and phase analysis on the Minsk-32 computer. The morphological data show that the activity of the organ is maximal at night. The biorhythms have a complex frequency spectrum, including intradian, circadian, and ultradian components.", "contents": "Temporal organization of the thyroid gland in A/He mice (morphometric investigation). Biological rhythms of structural elements of the thyroid gland of A/He mice were studied by morphometric methods followed by spectral amplitude and phase analysis on the Minsk-32 computer. The morphological data show that the activity of the organ is maximal at night. The biorhythms have a complex frequency spectrum, including intradian, circadian, and ultradian components.", "PMID": 549673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_56", "title": "Biological and immunological properties of crystalline proteins from B. thuringiensis var. galleriae and var. insectus.", "content": "The antigenic and toxic properties of the crystalline proteins from two varieties of B. thuringiensis (var. galleriae and var. insectus) were studied. Methods of double diffusion in agar and two-dimensional disc immunoelectrophoresis revealed four antigens in the crystalline protein from var. galleriae and three in that from var. insectus. A definite correlation was found between the toxicity of the crystalline protein and its capacity to interact with antiserum in a precipitation reaction in agar. It was established that the total protein content cannot be used as the criterion for an evaluation of the activity of preparations from B. thuringiensis. Immunodiffusion methods are recommended for an evaluation of the quality of these preparations.", "contents": "Biological and immunological properties of crystalline proteins from B. thuringiensis var. galleriae and var. insectus. The antigenic and toxic properties of the crystalline proteins from two varieties of B. thuringiensis (var. galleriae and var. insectus) were studied. Methods of double diffusion in agar and two-dimensional disc immunoelectrophoresis revealed four antigens in the crystalline protein from var. galleriae and three in that from var. insectus. A definite correlation was found between the toxicity of the crystalline protein and its capacity to interact with antiserum in a precipitation reaction in agar. It was established that the total protein content cannot be used as the criterion for an evaluation of the activity of preparations from B. thuringiensis. Immunodiffusion methods are recommended for an evaluation of the quality of these preparations.", "PMID": 549674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_57", "title": "Dynamics of production of extracellular polysaccharides by nodule bacteria.", "content": "The dynamics of the accumulation of the extracellular polysaccharides synthesized by nodule bacteria and the possibility of their assimilation by these bacteria as a source of carbon was studied. When nodule bacteria were cultured for 20 days in a medium containing glucose, an increase in the titer of the bacteria and the accumulation of extracellular polysaccharides was observed in the first three days. After this the titer of the nodule bacteria decreased with a decrease in the glucose in the medium, but the amount of extracellular polysaccharide synthesized did not increase. These data suggest that extracellular polysaccharides are not assimilated by nodule bacteria as a source of carbon and evidently are protective substances for the cells.", "contents": "Dynamics of production of extracellular polysaccharides by nodule bacteria. The dynamics of the accumulation of the extracellular polysaccharides synthesized by nodule bacteria and the possibility of their assimilation by these bacteria as a source of carbon was studied. When nodule bacteria were cultured for 20 days in a medium containing glucose, an increase in the titer of the bacteria and the accumulation of extracellular polysaccharides was observed in the first three days. After this the titer of the nodule bacteria decreased with a decrease in the glucose in the medium, but the amount of extracellular polysaccharide synthesized did not increase. These data suggest that extracellular polysaccharides are not assimilated by nodule bacteria as a source of carbon and evidently are protective substances for the cells.", "PMID": 549676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_58", "title": "Antioxidative activity of lipids in mice during aging and administration of an antioxidant with gerontological protective action.", "content": "Changes in the antioxidative activity (AOA) of the liver were studied during natural aging in noninbred and C3HA mice and during administration of the synthetic anti-oxidant 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine hydrochloride to the animals, and the effect of the doses of this compound on the level of AOA in the liver of animals aged 2 months also was investigated. Liver AOA in mice was found to decrease during aging; the decreae in animals with tumors was found to be two or three times slower than in animals without tumors. Administration of the compound after the age of 8 months led to a considerable increase in liver AOA, and this may evidently account for the considerable lengthening of the life of the experimental animals.", "contents": "Antioxidative activity of lipids in mice during aging and administration of an antioxidant with gerontological protective action. Changes in the antioxidative activity (AOA) of the liver were studied during natural aging in noninbred and C3HA mice and during administration of the synthetic anti-oxidant 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine hydrochloride to the animals, and the effect of the doses of this compound on the level of AOA in the liver of animals aged 2 months also was investigated. Liver AOA in mice was found to decrease during aging; the decreae in animals with tumors was found to be two or three times slower than in animals without tumors. Administration of the compound after the age of 8 months led to a considerable increase in liver AOA, and this may evidently account for the considerable lengthening of the life of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 549672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_59", "title": "Peculiarities of human sleep in the case of double alternation of \"sleep-waking\" cycles.", "content": "The dynamics of sleep was studied in seven healthy subjects in two schedules, differing in the magnitude of the sleep intervals and their distribution over the 24 hour period. The first series provided for the use of two four-hour sleep intervals, the second six- and two-hour intervals. The investigations showed that the transition to a new schedule was accompanied by substantial qualitative and quantitative sleep disturbances, followed by a restoration of sleep as the subjects adapted. Less pronounced sleep disorders and more rapid restoration were observed in the schedule with nonuniform distribution of the intervals; more pronounced sleep disorders and a slowed restoration of sleep were observed on the schedule with two four-hour intervals.", "contents": "Peculiarities of human sleep in the case of double alternation of \"sleep-waking\" cycles. The dynamics of sleep was studied in seven healthy subjects in two schedules, differing in the magnitude of the sleep intervals and their distribution over the 24 hour period. The first series provided for the use of two four-hour sleep intervals, the second six- and two-hour intervals. The investigations showed that the transition to a new schedule was accompanied by substantial qualitative and quantitative sleep disturbances, followed by a restoration of sleep as the subjects adapted. Less pronounced sleep disorders and more rapid restoration were observed in the schedule with nonuniform distribution of the intervals; more pronounced sleep disorders and a slowed restoration of sleep were observed on the schedule with two four-hour intervals.", "PMID": 549677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_60", "title": "Fine structure of vegetative mycelium and spores of Nocardia spp.", "content": "The fine structure of a fragmenting and sporulating mycelium of cultures of actinomycetes possessing biochemical properties characteristic of the genus Nocardia--a cell wall of type IV and lipid LCN a--was studied. It was found that fragmenting  hyphae are similar in structure to the vegetative hyphae of known actinomycetes. Sporulation takes place through the simultaneous division of a sporulating hypha by numerous septa. Spores differ from vegetative cells in the presence of a thickened electron-dense cell wall, dense internal contents, and the presence of vacuoles.", "contents": "Fine structure of vegetative mycelium and spores of Nocardia spp. The fine structure of a fragmenting and sporulating mycelium of cultures of actinomycetes possessing biochemical properties characteristic of the genus Nocardia--a cell wall of type IV and lipid LCN a--was studied. It was found that fragmenting  hyphae are similar in structure to the vegetative hyphae of known actinomycetes. Sporulation takes place through the simultaneous division of a sporulating hypha by numerous septa. Spores differ from vegetative cells in the presence of a thickened electron-dense cell wall, dense internal contents, and the presence of vacuoles.", "PMID": 549675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_61", "title": "Probability screening model.", "content": "A comparative analysis is given of various types of systems of selecting biologically active substances. A theoretical probability model of tests on chemical compounds for biological activity (screening) has been constructed which permits an evaluation of the efficacy of screening on the basis of fairly reasonable assumptions. It has been shown that this efficacy decreases in time with a fixed number of types of activity taken into consideration and rises sharply with an increase in the number of types of activity of chemical compounds taken into account in the tests.", "contents": "Probability screening model. A comparative analysis is given of various types of systems of selecting biologically active substances. A theoretical probability model of tests on chemical compounds for biological activity (screening) has been constructed which permits an evaluation of the efficacy of screening on the basis of fairly reasonable assumptions. It has been shown that this efficacy decreases in time with a fixed number of types of activity taken into consideration and rises sharply with an increase in the number of types of activity of chemical compounds taken into account in the tests.", "PMID": 549679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_62", "title": "Chemical structure and antifungal activity of a number of triterpenoids.", "content": "Antifungal activity was tested in 49 pentacyclic triterpenoids and their glycosides, of plant and semisynthetic origin. Several of these compounds inhibited the multiplication of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The highest antifungal activity was found in the triterpene glycosides oleanolic acid and hederagenin, which have a free carboxyl group at C 28(27). Triterpenes of the meristotropic acid, macedonic acid, and lupan types had no fungistatic activity at concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Chemical structure and antifungal activity of a number of triterpenoids. Antifungal activity was tested in 49 pentacyclic triterpenoids and their glycosides, of plant and semisynthetic origin. Several of these compounds inhibited the multiplication of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The highest antifungal activity was found in the triterpene glycosides oleanolic acid and hederagenin, which have a free carboxyl group at C 28(27). Triterpenes of the meristotropic acid, macedonic acid, and lupan types had no fungistatic activity at concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 549682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_63", "title": "Biological effects of radionuclides on plants.", "content": "On the basis of analysis of the literature and personal data, principles of dosimetry were determined and an analysis was given of biological effects of radionuclides on plants when administered aerially and by root. A comparison was made of radiosensitivity of barley and dependence of sensitivity on the growth phase of the plant at the time of irradiation with a standard LD50 and UD50. The possibility of using correlated paramaters of bioinformation, such as the sensitivity indicator of evaluation of biological effects caused by small radiation doses, is considered. On the basis of correlations of the data obtained a prognosis is made of the probability of losses in harvest of grains subjected to radionuclides at various periods of development.", "contents": "Biological effects of radionuclides on plants. On the basis of analysis of the literature and personal data, principles of dosimetry were determined and an analysis was given of biological effects of radionuclides on plants when administered aerially and by root. A comparison was made of radiosensitivity of barley and dependence of sensitivity on the growth phase of the plant at the time of irradiation with a standard LD50 and UD50. The possibility of using correlated paramaters of bioinformation, such as the sensitivity indicator of evaluation of biological effects caused by small radiation doses, is considered. On the basis of correlations of the data obtained a prognosis is made of the probability of losses in harvest of grains subjected to radionuclides at various periods of development.", "PMID": 549683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_64", "title": "Principles of classification of life forms of plants.", "content": "For classifying life forms of plants a proposal was made to use the principle of parallel divergence based on the hypothesis that life forms diverging to any degree preserve further the potential of evolving in a similar way, that is, in parallel series. Life forms of plants are divided into thirteen types corresponding to the nature of their basic metameres. Further, every type is divided into subtypes and sections according to the character of these metameres and then into smaller grades (classification units of the system of living forms corresponding to one trait and its evolutionary level) according to categories of traits: ramification, vegetative flexibility, rate of changes of metameres, types of habitat and environment. On the basis of the principle of parallel divergence scales of traits were constructed for each category. Corresponding to 26 paires of alternative traits 26 degrees of hierarchic classification were devised and within the limits of every type of life form there were 2(26) grades at the lowest rank. Separate systems were developed for single-celled and colonial forms.", "contents": "Principles of classification of life forms of plants. For classifying life forms of plants a proposal was made to use the principle of parallel divergence based on the hypothesis that life forms diverging to any degree preserve further the potential of evolving in a similar way, that is, in parallel series. Life forms of plants are divided into thirteen types corresponding to the nature of their basic metameres. Further, every type is divided into subtypes and sections according to the character of these metameres and then into smaller grades (classification units of the system of living forms corresponding to one trait and its evolutionary level) according to categories of traits: ramification, vegetative flexibility, rate of changes of metameres, types of habitat and environment. On the basis of the principle of parallel divergence scales of traits were constructed for each category. Corresponding to 26 paires of alternative traits 26 degrees of hierarchic classification were devised and within the limits of every type of life form there were 2(26) grades at the lowest rank. Separate systems were developed for single-celled and colonial forms.", "PMID": 549684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_65", "title": "Content of mitochondrial protein in the planarian Polycelis nigra during starvation and feeding.", "content": "To discover the possible mechanisms determining the level of energy metabolism during changes in the body size of animals, the content of mitochondrial protein was studied in planarians during starvation and feeding. In the course of starvation, the relative content of mitochondrial protein decreases, whereas during feeding it increases. Comparison of the experimental results with previous observations on respiration of planarians under similar conditions shows that changes in the level of respiration during starvation and feeding correlate with the content of mitochondrial protein. However, the degree of the functional load on the mitochondria must be taken into account under these circumstances.", "contents": "Content of mitochondrial protein in the planarian Polycelis nigra during starvation and feeding. To discover the possible mechanisms determining the level of energy metabolism during changes in the body size of animals, the content of mitochondrial protein was studied in planarians during starvation and feeding. In the course of starvation, the relative content of mitochondrial protein decreases, whereas during feeding it increases. Comparison of the experimental results with previous observations on respiration of planarians under similar conditions shows that changes in the level of respiration during starvation and feeding correlate with the content of mitochondrial protein. However, the degree of the functional load on the mitochondria must be taken into account under these circumstances.", "PMID": 549686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_66", "title": "Causes of the resistance of Chlorella strains to physical and chemical environmental factors.", "content": "Factors have been studied which are responsible for the resistance of cells of several strains of Chlorella to physical and chemical stresses; measurements have been made of the effects of UV and x irradiation, heat treatment, detergents, cadmium salts, and insecticides. Cells which were resistant to the effects of physical factors were also resistant to chemical intoxication. A positive correlation was found between the resistance of cells to the described factors and the level of endogenous thiols in the cells, as well as the free radical content. This in turn is due to an increased number of reaction centers in the electron-transport chain.", "contents": "Causes of the resistance of Chlorella strains to physical and chemical environmental factors. Factors have been studied which are responsible for the resistance of cells of several strains of Chlorella to physical and chemical stresses; measurements have been made of the effects of UV and x irradiation, heat treatment, detergents, cadmium salts, and insecticides. Cells which were resistant to the effects of physical factors were also resistant to chemical intoxication. A positive correlation was found between the resistance of cells to the described factors and the level of endogenous thiols in the cells, as well as the free radical content. This in turn is due to an increased number of reaction centers in the electron-transport chain.", "PMID": 549688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_67", "title": "Ecology of Zygnema stellinum Vauch. during desiccation of a shallow body of water.", "content": "the effect of desiccation on the green alga Zygnema, a typical aquatic form of the order Conjugatae, family Zygnemaceae, is investigated. The vegetative reproduction of Zygnema occurs with the separation of the filaments in two different ways. It is shown that changes take place in cell morphology during desiccation. After division most of the cells acquire the shape of a square. These are usually half as large as the vegetative cells prior to division. Also, the form and color of the chromatophores change; they become green-brown, i.e., Zygnema falls into a state of rest, since no cell division is observed. During this state of rest the filaments suffer the unfavorable conditions of summer drought. In the fall, at the end of August, with the shortening of the day and reduction of temperature, the alga develops parthenospores for overwintering.", "contents": "Ecology of Zygnema stellinum Vauch. during desiccation of a shallow body of water. the effect of desiccation on the green alga Zygnema, a typical aquatic form of the order Conjugatae, family Zygnemaceae, is investigated. The vegetative reproduction of Zygnema occurs with the separation of the filaments in two different ways. It is shown that changes take place in cell morphology during desiccation. After division most of the cells acquire the shape of a square. These are usually half as large as the vegetative cells prior to division. Also, the form and color of the chromatophores change; they become green-brown, i.e., Zygnema falls into a state of rest, since no cell division is observed. During this state of rest the filaments suffer the unfavorable conditions of summer drought. In the fall, at the end of August, with the shortening of the day and reduction of temperature, the alga develops parthenospores for overwintering.", "PMID": 549687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_68", "title": "Lipid peroxidation induced by cercosporin as a possible determinant of its toxicity.", "content": "The photodynamic action of cercosporin was assayed in various kinds of natural and artificial membranes. Cerosporin induces lipoperoxidation of liposomes, rat liver and pea internode mitochondria and microsomes, estimated both as malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and O2 consumption. Cercosporin-induced lipoperoxidation is inhibited by either singlet oxygen quenchers, free radical trapping agents or EDTA. Superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals (.OH) are not involved in the activity of cercosporin. In addition cercosporin, by chelating iron, lowers the lipoperoxidation induced by such a metal. Therefore cercosporin stimulates, through singlet oxygen production, the hydroperoxide formation but, at the same time, it inhibits the continuation of the iron-mediated free radical chain. The present results suggest that cellular lipid peroxidation has a certain relevance to toxic activity of cercosporin.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation induced by cercosporin as a possible determinant of its toxicity. The photodynamic action of cercosporin was assayed in various kinds of natural and artificial membranes. Cerosporin induces lipoperoxidation of liposomes, rat liver and pea internode mitochondria and microsomes, estimated both as malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and O2 consumption. Cercosporin-induced lipoperoxidation is inhibited by either singlet oxygen quenchers, free radical trapping agents or EDTA. Superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals (.OH) are not involved in the activity of cercosporin. In addition cercosporin, by chelating iron, lowers the lipoperoxidation induced by such a metal. Therefore cercosporin stimulates, through singlet oxygen production, the hydroperoxide formation but, at the same time, it inhibits the continuation of the iron-mediated free radical chain. The present results suggest that cellular lipid peroxidation has a certain relevance to toxic activity of cercosporin.", "PMID": 549738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_69", "title": "Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in rat fetal hepatocytes culture. Improved methodology and effect of substrate concentration.", "content": "The different characteristics of benzo[a[pyrene (BP) metabolism in primary fetal rat liver cell culture have been investigated. We have determined the extent of the in vivo [3H]BP metabolism by measuring all of the metabolites retained in the cell and excreted into the culture medium. The extent of the conjugation as well as the nature of the conjugates was established and the pattern of these metabolites analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fetal hepatocytes very actively metabolize BP and readily excrete in the culture medium all the produced metabolites in the form of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. The relative proportion of those compounds varies as a function of the substrate concentration added to the cell culture, the higher the BP concentration, the more glucuronide conjugates. The HPLC analysis of the metabolites shows that BP-1,6-quinone and -3,6-quinone are the major excreted products, indicating the probable existence of an active 6 hydroxylation reaction in the fetal hepatocytes. On the other hand, the pattern of the different metabolites is influenced by the BP concentration. At low BP doses (0.8 microM), the relative amount of polar metabolites is twice as high and that of primary phenols twice as low, when compared to those produced by cells treated with 80 microM BP. The AHH activity drastically modifies the overall rate of the BP metabolism but does not affect the qualitative pattern of the excreted metabolites. The overall metabolism of [3H]BP by the cell culture can easily be estimated by measuring the release of the tritiated water from the substrate into the culture medium.", "contents": "Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in rat fetal hepatocytes culture. Improved methodology and effect of substrate concentration. The different characteristics of benzo[a[pyrene (BP) metabolism in primary fetal rat liver cell culture have been investigated. We have determined the extent of the in vivo [3H]BP metabolism by measuring all of the metabolites retained in the cell and excreted into the culture medium. The extent of the conjugation as well as the nature of the conjugates was established and the pattern of these metabolites analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fetal hepatocytes very actively metabolize BP and readily excrete in the culture medium all the produced metabolites in the form of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. The relative proportion of those compounds varies as a function of the substrate concentration added to the cell culture, the higher the BP concentration, the more glucuronide conjugates. The HPLC analysis of the metabolites shows that BP-1,6-quinone and -3,6-quinone are the major excreted products, indicating the probable existence of an active 6 hydroxylation reaction in the fetal hepatocytes. On the other hand, the pattern of the different metabolites is influenced by the BP concentration. At low BP doses (0.8 microM), the relative amount of polar metabolites is twice as high and that of primary phenols twice as low, when compared to those produced by cells treated with 80 microM BP. The AHH activity drastically modifies the overall rate of the BP metabolism but does not affect the qualitative pattern of the excreted metabolites. The overall metabolism of [3H]BP by the cell culture can easily be estimated by measuring the release of the tritiated water from the substrate into the culture medium.", "PMID": 549739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_70", "title": "Unwinding of supercoiled Col E1-DNA after covalent binding of the ultimate carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene and its 7-iodo derivative.", "content": "The unwinding of superhelical Col E1-DNA was studied by means of gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy after covalent binding of N-acetoxy-N-2-[14C]acetylaminofluorene (N-Aco-[14C]AAF) and its 7-iodo derivative (N-Aco-[14C]AAIF). Studies with both compounds indicated that complete unwinding of the supercoiled DNA required the binding of hydrocarbon residue to about 3% of the bases. Thus the unwinding angle per residue of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and its 7-iodo derivative was of 22 degrees +/- 3 and 18 degrees +/- 3 respectively. Our results are in good agreement with those obtained by Drinkwater et al. [9]. Precedent studies from this laboratory have shown that N-Aco-AAF and its 7-iodo derivative induce different local conformation change in native DNA (insertion-denaturation model and outside binding model respectively). The unexpected ability of the 7-iodo derivative to unwind supercoiled DNA is discussed.", "contents": "Unwinding of supercoiled Col E1-DNA after covalent binding of the ultimate carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene and its 7-iodo derivative. The unwinding of superhelical Col E1-DNA was studied by means of gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy after covalent binding of N-acetoxy-N-2-[14C]acetylaminofluorene (N-Aco-[14C]AAF) and its 7-iodo derivative (N-Aco-[14C]AAIF). Studies with both compounds indicated that complete unwinding of the supercoiled DNA required the binding of hydrocarbon residue to about 3% of the bases. Thus the unwinding angle per residue of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and its 7-iodo derivative was of 22 degrees +/- 3 and 18 degrees +/- 3 respectively. Our results are in good agreement with those obtained by Drinkwater et al. [9]. Precedent studies from this laboratory have shown that N-Aco-AAF and its 7-iodo derivative induce different local conformation change in native DNA (insertion-denaturation model and outside binding model respectively). The unexpected ability of the 7-iodo derivative to unwind supercoiled DNA is discussed.", "PMID": 549740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_71", "title": "The metabolism of deuterated analogues of chlorambucil by the rat.", "content": "The antitumour agent chlorambucil (4[4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]-butyric acid) is converted by beta-oxidation in vivo into phenylacetic mustard (2[4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]acetic acid). This process may be disadvantageous from a therapeutic viewpoint since the metabolite has half the therapeutic index of the parent drug against the Walker 256 carcinoma in rats. In seeking to retard beta-oxidation, selectively deuterated analogues have been synthesised and administered to rats. Plasma levels of phenylacetic mustard after giving chlorambucil-beta-d2 were lower than those given by unlabelled drug, but the therapeutic activity was not significantly altered by deuteration. A dehydro derivative of chlorambucil was detected as an intermediate in the beta-oxidation pathway. The isotopic compositions of this metabolite, and of recovered chlorambucil, were measured in plasma samples taken after giving labelled chlorambucil (alpha-d2 and beta-d2 variants) to rats. Deuterium was almost totally lost from the alpha-d2 form and from its metabolite after 30 min and partially lost in 10 min. The beta-d2 variant and its dehydro-derivative retained the label. Possible mechanisms for deuteration loss are discussed. The design of novel analogues, based on these metabolic studies, is proposed.", "contents": "The metabolism of deuterated analogues of chlorambucil by the rat. The antitumour agent chlorambucil (4[4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]-butyric acid) is converted by beta-oxidation in vivo into phenylacetic mustard (2[4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]acetic acid). This process may be disadvantageous from a therapeutic viewpoint since the metabolite has half the therapeutic index of the parent drug against the Walker 256 carcinoma in rats. In seeking to retard beta-oxidation, selectively deuterated analogues have been synthesised and administered to rats. Plasma levels of phenylacetic mustard after giving chlorambucil-beta-d2 were lower than those given by unlabelled drug, but the therapeutic activity was not significantly altered by deuteration. A dehydro derivative of chlorambucil was detected as an intermediate in the beta-oxidation pathway. The isotopic compositions of this metabolite, and of recovered chlorambucil, were measured in plasma samples taken after giving labelled chlorambucil (alpha-d2 and beta-d2 variants) to rats. Deuterium was almost totally lost from the alpha-d2 form and from its metabolite after 30 min and partially lost in 10 min. The beta-d2 variant and its dehydro-derivative retained the label. Possible mechanisms for deuteration loss are discussed. The design of novel analogues, based on these metabolic studies, is proposed.", "PMID": 549741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_72", "title": "Neurochemical and behavioural effects of extended exposure to isopropanol vapour with simultaneous ethanol intake.", "content": "Exposure of male Wistar rats to 12.3 mumol/l (300 ppm) isopropanol vapour for 5-21 weeks, 5 days a week for 6 h daily with a simultaneous ethanol administration in drinking water (5% v/v) caused a significant increase in isopropanol removal as assessed by blood isopropanol and acetone determinations. Ethanol treatment caused a marked synergistic effect during early exposure. Neurochemical studies revealed decreased superoxide dismutase and azoreductase activities at the end of the exposure whereas increased protein degradation was found in glial cells isolated from ethanol-fed rats throughout the experiment. Analyses of spinal cord axon lipid composition showed increases in cholesterol content in relation to lipid phosphorus in animals exposed to isopropanol or to the isopropanol and ethanol combination. Behavioural tests indicated minor effects on emotional reactivity from the 10th week onwards with isopropanol exposure whereas caffeine-stimulated activity was augmented only in rats ingesting ethanol. Co-exposure to isopropanol vapour abolished the increased excitability. The data indicate that marked metabolic and functional adaptation towards the small-molecular-weight alcohols takes place at moderate dose levels.", "contents": "Neurochemical and behavioural effects of extended exposure to isopropanol vapour with simultaneous ethanol intake. Exposure of male Wistar rats to 12.3 mumol/l (300 ppm) isopropanol vapour for 5-21 weeks, 5 days a week for 6 h daily with a simultaneous ethanol administration in drinking water (5% v/v) caused a significant increase in isopropanol removal as assessed by blood isopropanol and acetone determinations. Ethanol treatment caused a marked synergistic effect during early exposure. Neurochemical studies revealed decreased superoxide dismutase and azoreductase activities at the end of the exposure whereas increased protein degradation was found in glial cells isolated from ethanol-fed rats throughout the experiment. Analyses of spinal cord axon lipid composition showed increases in cholesterol content in relation to lipid phosphorus in animals exposed to isopropanol or to the isopropanol and ethanol combination. Behavioural tests indicated minor effects on emotional reactivity from the 10th week onwards with isopropanol exposure whereas caffeine-stimulated activity was augmented only in rats ingesting ethanol. Co-exposure to isopropanol vapour abolished the increased excitability. The data indicate that marked metabolic and functional adaptation towards the small-molecular-weight alcohols takes place at moderate dose levels.", "PMID": 549742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_73", "title": "Fluorescence study of DNA alkylation by epoxides.", "content": "A simple fluorescence assay was devised to measure alkylation of guanine. The assay was tested with simple epoxides: propylene oxide, glycidol, epichlorohydrin, trichloropropylene oxide and styrene oxide, which are known to vary considerably in their mutagenic potency. The order of reactivity parallelled the mutagenic potency, trichloropropylene oxide being the most reactive alkylating agent. Each epoxide alkylated deoxyguanosine faster than single-stranded DNA, at equal concentrations of guanine. Single-stranded DNA was alkylated substantially faster than was double-stranded DNA. The reaction products with each substrate were analysed by thin-layer chromatography and exhibited similar Rf-values. It was concluded that polymers, particularly double-stranded DNA, reacted slower than deoxyguanosine due to the properties of polymers in solution rather than the unavailability of reactive sites for alkylation.", "contents": "Fluorescence study of DNA alkylation by epoxides. A simple fluorescence assay was devised to measure alkylation of guanine. The assay was tested with simple epoxides: propylene oxide, glycidol, epichlorohydrin, trichloropropylene oxide and styrene oxide, which are known to vary considerably in their mutagenic potency. The order of reactivity parallelled the mutagenic potency, trichloropropylene oxide being the most reactive alkylating agent. Each epoxide alkylated deoxyguanosine faster than single-stranded DNA, at equal concentrations of guanine. Single-stranded DNA was alkylated substantially faster than was double-stranded DNA. The reaction products with each substrate were analysed by thin-layer chromatography and exhibited similar Rf-values. It was concluded that polymers, particularly double-stranded DNA, reacted slower than deoxyguanosine due to the properties of polymers in solution rather than the unavailability of reactive sites for alkylation.", "PMID": 549743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_74", "title": "Magnesium ions affect the quantitative but not the qualitative microsome mediated binding of benzo[alpha]-pyrene to DNA.", "content": "Five distinct hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts are separated by high pressure liquid chromatography after reaction of benzo[alpha]pyrene with calf thymus DNA in the presence of liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene treated rats. The two major adducts co-chromatography with deoxyribonucleoside adducts obtained after hydrolysis of calf thymus DNA previously reacted with liver microsomal metabolically activated 9-hydroxy-benzo[alpha]pyrene or trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene. High magnesium ion concentrations in the microsomal incubations cause a significant decrease in the covalent binding of the hydrocarbon to DNA but do not affect the qualitative distribution of the individual benzo[alpha]pyrene-deoxyribonucleoside adducts.", "contents": "Magnesium ions affect the quantitative but not the qualitative microsome mediated binding of benzo[alpha]-pyrene to DNA. Five distinct hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts are separated by high pressure liquid chromatography after reaction of benzo[alpha]pyrene with calf thymus DNA in the presence of liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene treated rats. The two major adducts co-chromatography with deoxyribonucleoside adducts obtained after hydrolysis of calf thymus DNA previously reacted with liver microsomal metabolically activated 9-hydroxy-benzo[alpha]pyrene or trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene. High magnesium ion concentrations in the microsomal incubations cause a significant decrease in the covalent binding of the hydrocarbon to DNA but do not affect the qualitative distribution of the individual benzo[alpha]pyrene-deoxyribonucleoside adducts.", "PMID": 549744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_75", "title": "Binding mode of chemically activated semiquinone free radicals from quinone anticancer agents to DNA.", "content": "Chemical reduction of the highly active quinone-containing antitumor drugs, adriamycin and daunorubicin formed the same partially reduced free radical previously reported [9] by microsomal activation. In vitro incubation of the chemically activated free radical intermediates with DNA resulted in covalent binding of these drugs to DNA. The adriamycin semiquinone radical has a greater affinity for DNA and covalent complexes up to one adriamycin per 12 nucleotides were obtained. The daunorubicin semiquinone radical, on the other hand, showed a lesser binding affinity and gave rise to complexes in which one drug molecule was covalently bound per 135 nucleotides. The stronger covalent binding of adriamycin to DNA may account for more severe DNA damage induced by this drug.", "contents": "Binding mode of chemically activated semiquinone free radicals from quinone anticancer agents to DNA. Chemical reduction of the highly active quinone-containing antitumor drugs, adriamycin and daunorubicin formed the same partially reduced free radical previously reported [9] by microsomal activation. In vitro incubation of the chemically activated free radical intermediates with DNA resulted in covalent binding of these drugs to DNA. The adriamycin semiquinone radical has a greater affinity for DNA and covalent complexes up to one adriamycin per 12 nucleotides were obtained. The daunorubicin semiquinone radical, on the other hand, showed a lesser binding affinity and gave rise to complexes in which one drug molecule was covalently bound per 135 nucleotides. The stronger covalent binding of adriamycin to DNA may account for more severe DNA damage induced by this drug.", "PMID": 549745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_76", "title": "Metabolism and covalent binding of benzo[alpha]pyrene in human peripheral lung.", "content": "Short-term organ cultures of peripheral lung from lung cancer patients metabolise benzo[alpha]pyrene to ethylacetate-soluble metabolites, which covalently bind to tissue macromolecules. The nature and quantities of metabolites formed and the extent of covalent binding are dependent upon the time of incubation, the substrate concentration and interindividual variability in the metabolic activity of the lung. Individuals whose lungs rapidly metabolise the carcinogen exhibit more extensive further metabolism of primary metabolites and higher levels of covalent binding. Certain striking differences in the relative retention in the tissue or release into the extra-cellular medium of different metabolites have been found as illustrated by the observation that the ratio of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]-pyrene to 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene was always significantly higher in the tissue than in the extracellular medium.", "contents": "Metabolism and covalent binding of benzo[alpha]pyrene in human peripheral lung. Short-term organ cultures of peripheral lung from lung cancer patients metabolise benzo[alpha]pyrene to ethylacetate-soluble metabolites, which covalently bind to tissue macromolecules. The nature and quantities of metabolites formed and the extent of covalent binding are dependent upon the time of incubation, the substrate concentration and interindividual variability in the metabolic activity of the lung. Individuals whose lungs rapidly metabolise the carcinogen exhibit more extensive further metabolism of primary metabolites and higher levels of covalent binding. Certain striking differences in the relative retention in the tissue or release into the extra-cellular medium of different metabolites have been found as illustrated by the observation that the ratio of 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]-pyrene to 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene was always significantly higher in the tissue than in the extracellular medium.", "PMID": 549746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_77", "title": "Complex formation between selenium and methylmercury.", "content": "Methylmercury, after incubation at 3k7 degrees C and pH 7.0 with selenite in the presence of rat erythrocytes, can be extracted into benzene as an unstable 2 : 1 complex with selenium. The same complex, possibly bis-methylmercury selenide, is formed when methylmercury is treated with hydrogen selenide at pH 7.0 in the absence of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Complex formation between selenium and methylmercury. Methylmercury, after incubation at 3k7 degrees C and pH 7.0 with selenite in the presence of rat erythrocytes, can be extracted into benzene as an unstable 2 : 1 complex with selenium. The same complex, possibly bis-methylmercury selenide, is formed when methylmercury is treated with hydrogen selenide at pH 7.0 in the absence of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 549747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_78", "title": "[Echotomography in the diagnosis of abdominal masses].", "content": "The contribution of echotomography in the surgical approach to intra-abdominal masses is illustrated through description of several clinical observations. In order to effect frontal reconstruction of ultrasonic seriography, the authors used a manual-scanning B echotomograph probe working in the range of grays. This technic afforded detection of the intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal abdominal masses under investigation as well as precise definition of their location, size, and nature. Because of its rapidity and painlessness, echotomography should be adopted as firstchoice procedure for the diagnostic exploration of intraabdominal masses. Frontal reconstruction enables the surgeon to verify the topography of said masses with remarkable precision, and hence to plan surgery more intelligently.", "contents": "[Echotomography in the diagnosis of abdominal masses]. The contribution of echotomography in the surgical approach to intra-abdominal masses is illustrated through description of several clinical observations. In order to effect frontal reconstruction of ultrasonic seriography, the authors used a manual-scanning B echotomograph probe working in the range of grays. This technic afforded detection of the intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal abdominal masses under investigation as well as precise definition of their location, size, and nature. Because of its rapidity and painlessness, echotomography should be adopted as firstchoice procedure for the diagnostic exploration of intraabdominal masses. Frontal reconstruction enables the surgeon to verify the topography of said masses with remarkable precision, and hence to plan surgery more intelligently.", "PMID": 549748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_79", "title": "[Sequential scintiscanning with 99mTc-HIDA in the study of some aspects of post-operative dynamics of the proximal digestive tract].", "content": "The authors exploited the elective biliary excretion of 99mTc-HIDA at adequate concentrations to afford visibility of intestinal segments more directly wetted by bile in a study of sequential hepatobiliary scintigraphy designed to explore the parts of the duodenum and jejunum that are excluded to the transit of gastrointestinal contents in many surgical procedures involving the proximal digestive tract. They illustrate their case material with several representative examples; these are described in detail to show the validity, usefulness and versatility of the scintigraphic technic under discussion.", "contents": "[Sequential scintiscanning with 99mTc-HIDA in the study of some aspects of post-operative dynamics of the proximal digestive tract]. The authors exploited the elective biliary excretion of 99mTc-HIDA at adequate concentrations to afford visibility of intestinal segments more directly wetted by bile in a study of sequential hepatobiliary scintigraphy designed to explore the parts of the duodenum and jejunum that are excluded to the transit of gastrointestinal contents in many surgical procedures involving the proximal digestive tract. They illustrate their case material with several representative examples; these are described in detail to show the validity, usefulness and versatility of the scintigraphic technic under discussion.", "PMID": 549749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_80", "title": "[Pulmonary blastoma. (Personal case)].", "content": "The authors give a detailed description of one case of pulmonary blastoma recently come to their observation. Then, after a review of pertinent literature, they discuss the more interesting aspects of this pulmonary pathology, namely its rarity, uncertain histogenesis, difficult diagnosis, and above all baffling prognosis. They conclude with an appeal for further contributions on this interesting subject, in the hope of understanding it better through the study of an adequate number of cases.", "contents": "[Pulmonary blastoma. (Personal case)]. The authors give a detailed description of one case of pulmonary blastoma recently come to their observation. Then, after a review of pertinent literature, they discuss the more interesting aspects of this pulmonary pathology, namely its rarity, uncertain histogenesis, difficult diagnosis, and above all baffling prognosis. They conclude with an appeal for further contributions on this interesting subject, in the hope of understanding it better through the study of an adequate number of cases.", "PMID": 549750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_81", "title": "[Heterotopic pancreas in a gastric site].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of heterotopic pancreas tissue involving the stomach. After some general comments on the frequency and anatomopathological aspects of this disease, they discuss the clinical features and modern technics for the diagnosis of heterotopic pancreas tissue, with special emphasis on gastroscopic detection and execution of aimed biopsy specimen collection. Last, they discuss the indications for surgical treatment of the disease.", "contents": "[Heterotopic pancreas in a gastric site]. The authors describe two cases of heterotopic pancreas tissue involving the stomach. After some general comments on the frequency and anatomopathological aspects of this disease, they discuss the clinical features and modern technics for the diagnosis of heterotopic pancreas tissue, with special emphasis on gastroscopic detection and execution of aimed biopsy specimen collection. Last, they discuss the indications for surgical treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 549752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_82", "title": "[Advantages of the use of medium-length colonoscope in the diagnosis of colonic diseases].", "content": "On the basis of their own experience, totaling 540 examinations, the authors explain the advantages offered by the medium-length (100 cm) optical fibroscope in the diagnosis of colonic diseases. They claim that the instrument under discussion is the most complete, being at once sturdy and easy to use and affording, despite its limite length, exploration of the ascending colon in 53.3% of the cases--a procedure for which the indications are on the other hand fairly limited.", "contents": "[Advantages of the use of medium-length colonoscope in the diagnosis of colonic diseases]. On the basis of their own experience, totaling 540 examinations, the authors explain the advantages offered by the medium-length (100 cm) optical fibroscope in the diagnosis of colonic diseases. They claim that the instrument under discussion is the most complete, being at once sturdy and easy to use and affording, despite its limite length, exploration of the ascending colon in 53.3% of the cases--a procedure for which the indications are on the other hand fairly limited.", "PMID": 549754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_83", "title": "[A case of giant hamartochondroma of the lung].", "content": "The authors present a case of pulmonary hamartochondroma of exceptional size, of which they give a clinical descrition and explain the surgical treatment. Next, aloso in the light of recent literature on the subject, they review the possible causes of this disorder in terms of several histopathogenetic hypotheses, and they discuss problems of differential diagnosis as well as the histopathological aspects of this rare, benign tumor of the lung. They conclude that even though malignant transformation of hamartochondroma is exceptional, these tumors should always be removed surgically as soon as they are diagnosed or reasonably suspected.", "contents": "[A case of giant hamartochondroma of the lung]. The authors present a case of pulmonary hamartochondroma of exceptional size, of which they give a clinical descrition and explain the surgical treatment. Next, aloso in the light of recent literature on the subject, they review the possible causes of this disorder in terms of several histopathogenetic hypotheses, and they discuss problems of differential diagnosis as well as the histopathological aspects of this rare, benign tumor of the lung. They conclude that even though malignant transformation of hamartochondroma is exceptional, these tumors should always be removed surgically as soon as they are diagnosed or reasonably suspected.", "PMID": 549755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_84", "title": "[Local anesthesia: contraindications and complications].", "content": "The widespread use of local anesthetic agents in connection with minor office and emergency surgery prompted the authors to look into various aspects of this practice. Doubtless, these drugs are extremely handy and constitute a valuable aid in many situations; still, possible complications and contraindications must be clearly assessed. The authors conclude their discussion with an outline of essential things to do in the event of unexpected clinical mishaps.", "contents": "[Local anesthesia: contraindications and complications]. The widespread use of local anesthetic agents in connection with minor office and emergency surgery prompted the authors to look into various aspects of this practice. Doubtless, these drugs are extremely handy and constitute a valuable aid in many situations; still, possible complications and contraindications must be clearly assessed. The authors conclude their discussion with an outline of essential things to do in the event of unexpected clinical mishaps.", "PMID": 549756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_85", "title": "[Unusual compression of the ulnar nerve caused by a hematic cyst].", "content": "Among the various possible causes underlying compressive syndromes of the ulnar nerve at the wrist, classified as \"occupational neuritides\", we must number the presence of a hematic cyst in Guyon's canal. The authors describe the occurrence of a hematic cyst in the region of the pyramido-unciform joint, with prompt and complete restoration of ulnar nerve function after surgical removal of the cyst.", "contents": "[Unusual compression of the ulnar nerve caused by a hematic cyst]. Among the various possible causes underlying compressive syndromes of the ulnar nerve at the wrist, classified as \"occupational neuritides\", we must number the presence of a hematic cyst in Guyon's canal. The authors describe the occurrence of a hematic cyst in the region of the pyramido-unciform joint, with prompt and complete restoration of ulnar nerve function after surgical removal of the cyst.", "PMID": 549758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_86", "title": "Suppression of phosphorylcholine-specific IgE antibody formation in BALB/c mice by isologous anti-T 15 antiserum.", "content": "In order to study the regulation of IgE antibody formation, isologous anti-idiotypic antisera against the phosphoryl choline (PC)-specific BALB/c myeloma proteins T 15 and M 167 were passively administered to BALB/c in the course of an anti-PC IgE response. Isologous anti-T 15 antiserum had a long-lasting suppressive effect on the formation of IgE antibodies with PC specificity, whereas administration of anti-M 167 antiserum had no or only little effect, similar to that of normal BALB/c serum. This indicates that anti-PC IgE antibodies consist mainly of the T 15 idiotype or of cross-reacting idiotypes, and that IgE response is accessible to regulation with anti-idiotypic antibodies. This murine model may permit the study of regulation of an IgE response largely restricted to few defined idiotypes characterized as tumor proteins.", "contents": "Suppression of phosphorylcholine-specific IgE antibody formation in BALB/c mice by isologous anti-T 15 antiserum. In order to study the regulation of IgE antibody formation, isologous anti-idiotypic antisera against the phosphoryl choline (PC)-specific BALB/c myeloma proteins T 15 and M 167 were passively administered to BALB/c in the course of an anti-PC IgE response. Isologous anti-T 15 antiserum had a long-lasting suppressive effect on the formation of IgE antibodies with PC specificity, whereas administration of anti-M 167 antiserum had no or only little effect, similar to that of normal BALB/c serum. This indicates that anti-PC IgE antibodies consist mainly of the T 15 idiotype or of cross-reacting idiotypes, and that IgE response is accessible to regulation with anti-idiotypic antibodies. This murine model may permit the study of regulation of an IgE response largely restricted to few defined idiotypes characterized as tumor proteins.", "PMID": 549776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_87", "title": "Antibody response to embryonal carcinoma cells in syngeneic mice.", "content": "The immunoglobulin (Ig) classes and subclasses of the specific antibodies contained in antisera raised in male 129/Sv mice against cells of a syngeneic clonal line of embryonal carcinoma (F9) have been determined. Cytotoxic activity was found associated almost exclusively with anti-F9 IgM (micro kappa) antibodies. A large part of anti-F9 activity was found associated with IgG1 (gamma 1 kappa and presumably also gamma 1 lambda) antibodies, and was detectable only by direct immunofluorescence. Traces of specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies were also found. No IgG3 and IgA antibodies reacting with embryonal carcinoma cells were detectable under these conditions. The serum of F9 tumor-bearing animals had a very similar Ig composition. Furthermore, IgM and IgG1, but not IgG2 antibodies, were detected at the surface of in vivo growing F9 tumor cells.", "contents": "Antibody response to embryonal carcinoma cells in syngeneic mice. The immunoglobulin (Ig) classes and subclasses of the specific antibodies contained in antisera raised in male 129/Sv mice against cells of a syngeneic clonal line of embryonal carcinoma (F9) have been determined. Cytotoxic activity was found associated almost exclusively with anti-F9 IgM (micro kappa) antibodies. A large part of anti-F9 activity was found associated with IgG1 (gamma 1 kappa and presumably also gamma 1 lambda) antibodies, and was detectable only by direct immunofluorescence. Traces of specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies were also found. No IgG3 and IgA antibodies reacting with embryonal carcinoma cells were detectable under these conditions. The serum of F9 tumor-bearing animals had a very similar Ig composition. Furthermore, IgM and IgG1, but not IgG2 antibodies, were detected at the surface of in vivo growing F9 tumor cells.", "PMID": 549777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_88", "title": "Transferrin can replace serum for in vitro growth of mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes.", "content": "Activation of human T cells by mitogens was compared in cultures containing serum, human serum albumin or purified human transferrin as growth support. The mitogenic effect of the lectins leucoagglutinin, concanavalin A and Wistaria floribunda agglutinin was measured as incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the cellular DNA of the lymphocytes. Three different preparations of transferrin were all able to fully substitute serum or serum albumin as growth promotors, when present at concentrations of 10 microgram/ml or more. A small contamination of transferrin in the human serum albumin preparations used was shown to be responsible for their growth-supporting effect, while no need for the presence of albumin itself could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Transferrin can replace serum for in vitro growth of mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes. Activation of human T cells by mitogens was compared in cultures containing serum, human serum albumin or purified human transferrin as growth support. The mitogenic effect of the lectins leucoagglutinin, concanavalin A and Wistaria floribunda agglutinin was measured as incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the cellular DNA of the lymphocytes. Three different preparations of transferrin were all able to fully substitute serum or serum albumin as growth promotors, when present at concentrations of 10 microgram/ml or more. A small contamination of transferrin in the human serum albumin preparations used was shown to be responsible for their growth-supporting effect, while no need for the presence of albumin itself could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 549778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_89", "title": "IgG-binding sites on macrophage cell membrane. I. Identification of two distinct Fc receptors on mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Evidence is presented concerning the existence on mouse peritoneal macrophages of two separate and distinct Fc receptors, one for cytophilic monomeric IgG (mIgG) and the other for polymeric IgG. The latter Fc receptor recognizes both heat-aggregated IgG and antigen-complexed IgG. The major findings of our studies are: (a) the different susceptibility of the two Fc receptor types by pronase, trypsin or phospholipase C; (b) the independent modulation of these two binding sites on the cell membrane; (c) the inability of mIgG to inhibit the binding of particulate antigen-complexed IgG ligand; (d) the ability of mIgG molecules which are devoid of the cytophilic property to attach to the macrophage surface upon their polymerization induced by heating or antigen. The results are discussed in terms of \"cytophilic\" and \"opsonic\" Fc receptor types which may provide different functional abilities for normal macrophages.", "contents": "IgG-binding sites on macrophage cell membrane. I. Identification of two distinct Fc receptors on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Evidence is presented concerning the existence on mouse peritoneal macrophages of two separate and distinct Fc receptors, one for cytophilic monomeric IgG (mIgG) and the other for polymeric IgG. The latter Fc receptor recognizes both heat-aggregated IgG and antigen-complexed IgG. The major findings of our studies are: (a) the different susceptibility of the two Fc receptor types by pronase, trypsin or phospholipase C; (b) the independent modulation of these two binding sites on the cell membrane; (c) the inability of mIgG to inhibit the binding of particulate antigen-complexed IgG ligand; (d) the ability of mIgG molecules which are devoid of the cytophilic property to attach to the macrophage surface upon their polymerization induced by heating or antigen. The results are discussed in terms of \"cytophilic\" and \"opsonic\" Fc receptor types which may provide different functional abilities for normal macrophages.", "PMID": 549779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_90", "title": "IgG-binding sites on macrophage cell membrane. II. Mobility of Fc receptors induced by the interaction with their corresponding IgG ligands.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages were charged with IgG molecules in monomeric (mIgG), heat-aggregated (agIgG) or antigen-complexed (acIgG) form. Upon exposure to 37 degrees C, all bound IgG ligand types are redistributed on the cell surface due to the mobilization of their corresponding Fc receptor (FcR). The major findings regarding the fate of FcR on macrophages bearing IgG ligands are as follows: (a) the FcR involved in the binding of cytophilic molecules has a slow movement on the cell membrane and forms patches but never caps, while the opsonic type of FcR is rapidly capped; (b) the mobility of IgG-binding sites was temperature-dependent and was affected differently by sodium azide; this metabolic inhibitor enhances the disappearance of mIgG from the cell surface but decreases the capping and the disappearance of polymeric ligands; (c) both FcR types are probably ingested when complexed with specific ligand, and consequently, the rebinding of homologous IgG molecules is reduced, the clearing induced by agIgG or acIgG binding being much more extensive; and (d) cells cleared of their opsonic types of FcR are able to regenerate the receptor molecules with 8 h of incubation at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "IgG-binding sites on macrophage cell membrane. II. Mobility of Fc receptors induced by the interaction with their corresponding IgG ligands. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were charged with IgG molecules in monomeric (mIgG), heat-aggregated (agIgG) or antigen-complexed (acIgG) form. Upon exposure to 37 degrees C, all bound IgG ligand types are redistributed on the cell surface due to the mobilization of their corresponding Fc receptor (FcR). The major findings regarding the fate of FcR on macrophages bearing IgG ligands are as follows: (a) the FcR involved in the binding of cytophilic molecules has a slow movement on the cell membrane and forms patches but never caps, while the opsonic type of FcR is rapidly capped; (b) the mobility of IgG-binding sites was temperature-dependent and was affected differently by sodium azide; this metabolic inhibitor enhances the disappearance of mIgG from the cell surface but decreases the capping and the disappearance of polymeric ligands; (c) both FcR types are probably ingested when complexed with specific ligand, and consequently, the rebinding of homologous IgG molecules is reduced, the clearing induced by agIgG or acIgG binding being much more extensive; and (d) cells cleared of their opsonic types of FcR are able to regenerate the receptor molecules with 8 h of incubation at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 549780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_91", "title": "[Tienilic acid in the treatment of arterial hypertension and congestive cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "Tienilic acid (TA) is a common new diuretic agent with a potent uricosuric action. In a double-blind cross-over study its antihypertensive effect was compared to that of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). 20 patients with essential hypertension were studied: after I weeks of placebo wash-out 10 patients received TA (dose range 250-750 mg/die) and 10 HCT (dose range 50-150 mg/die), for 5 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly and equally reduced (p < 0.001) after the first week of treatment in both groups. While serum uric acid concentration increased after HCT, it was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) after TA treatment. Serum potassium was slightly reduced with both treatments.  Serum tryglicerides, unchanged after HCT, showed a slight tendency to reduction on TA treatment. Ten patients with congestive heart failure, on full digitalis treatment, were given TA (dose range 250-1000 mg/die): in each patient a prompt diuretic effect was observed, associated to a significant reduction of body weight and to a marked improvement of the clinical signs of heart failure. Therefore, TA is an effective diuretic agent which may be conveniently used in the treatment of arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure, as it induces a diuretic effect comparable to that obtained with HCT, reducing at the same time, serum uric acid levels.", "contents": "[Tienilic acid in the treatment of arterial hypertension and congestive cardiac insufficiency]. Tienilic acid (TA) is a common new diuretic agent with a potent uricosuric action. In a double-blind cross-over study its antihypertensive effect was compared to that of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). 20 patients with essential hypertension were studied: after I weeks of placebo wash-out 10 patients received TA (dose range 250-750 mg/die) and 10 HCT (dose range 50-150 mg/die), for 5 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly and equally reduced (p < 0.001) after the first week of treatment in both groups. While serum uric acid concentration increased after HCT, it was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) after TA treatment. Serum potassium was slightly reduced with both treatments.  Serum tryglicerides, unchanged after HCT, showed a slight tendency to reduction on TA treatment. Ten patients with congestive heart failure, on full digitalis treatment, were given TA (dose range 250-1000 mg/die): in each patient a prompt diuretic effect was observed, associated to a significant reduction of body weight and to a marked improvement of the clinical signs of heart failure. Therefore, TA is an effective diuretic agent which may be conveniently used in the treatment of arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure, as it induces a diuretic effect comparable to that obtained with HCT, reducing at the same time, serum uric acid levels.", "PMID": 549782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_92", "title": "[Short-term and median-term effects of tienilic acid in hypertension].", "content": "Fifty nine patients suffering from slight or moderate essential arterial hypertension underwent hypotensive treatment. After one week of wash-out, therapeutic administration of tienilic acid in doses of 500 mg per day was begun; in the third week we combined a non diuretic hypotensive drug (prazosin, propranolol, alfametil-dopa). At the beginning of the study all patients underwent an ECG, a clinical cardiological examiniation, funduscopy examination, funduscopy examination, a heart X - ray in 3 standard positions and a routine blood test which was repeated during and at the end of the treatment. The patients' blood pressure taken in an upright and supine position, showed statistically significant reductions for both systolic and diastolic values in all 3 groups, whereas the routine blood tests gave evidence of a marked reduction in the uriacid, triglycerides and potassium levels. In order to correct the latter we had to administer high oral doses of potassium, and in one case admittance to hospital was necessary since the potassium level was lower then 2.5 mEq/l.", "contents": "[Short-term and median-term effects of tienilic acid in hypertension]. Fifty nine patients suffering from slight or moderate essential arterial hypertension underwent hypotensive treatment. After one week of wash-out, therapeutic administration of tienilic acid in doses of 500 mg per day was begun; in the third week we combined a non diuretic hypotensive drug (prazosin, propranolol, alfametil-dopa). At the beginning of the study all patients underwent an ECG, a clinical cardiological examiniation, funduscopy examination, funduscopy examination, a heart X - ray in 3 standard positions and a routine blood test which was repeated during and at the end of the treatment. The patients' blood pressure taken in an upright and supine position, showed statistically significant reductions for both systolic and diastolic values in all 3 groups, whereas the routine blood tests gave evidence of a marked reduction in the uriacid, triglycerides and potassium levels. In order to correct the latter we had to administer high oral doses of potassium, and in one case admittance to hospital was necessary since the potassium level was lower then 2.5 mEq/l.", "PMID": 549783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_93", "title": "[Efficacy of prazosin in severe cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "A new oral vasodilator, prazosin, was evaluated in twenty patients with refractory congestive heart in a double blind non cross-over trial. Patients were divided into two groups. The first (group A) was treated by prazosin (40-50 microgram/Kg/pro die) for 20 days, the second was given placebo for the same period. Ventricular performance was assessed by measurement of the systolic time intervals, the peak time of the first derivative of the apexcardiogram (delta ACG), pressure-rate product and clinical evaluation. After ten days of prazosin left ventricular ejection time (LVET) increased (P < 0.01), pre-ejection period (PEP) and relation PEP/LVET were reduced (respectively: P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Similarly the peak of delta ACG and pressure-rate product decreased significantly (respectively: P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Symptomatology improved in NYHA functional class (3.7 to 2.4, P < 0.001). After twenty days of prazosin there was no further significant improvement in myocardial performance. No significant changes of clinical course and of the same parameters were observed in patients of group B. It is concluded that prazosin is effective in improving cardiac performance in refractory heart failure for its balanced dilator action on the arteriolar and venous vessels.", "contents": "[Efficacy of prazosin in severe cardiac insufficiency]. A new oral vasodilator, prazosin, was evaluated in twenty patients with refractory congestive heart in a double blind non cross-over trial. Patients were divided into two groups. The first (group A) was treated by prazosin (40-50 microgram/Kg/pro die) for 20 days, the second was given placebo for the same period. Ventricular performance was assessed by measurement of the systolic time intervals, the peak time of the first derivative of the apexcardiogram (delta ACG), pressure-rate product and clinical evaluation. After ten days of prazosin left ventricular ejection time (LVET) increased (P < 0.01), pre-ejection period (PEP) and relation PEP/LVET were reduced (respectively: P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Similarly the peak of delta ACG and pressure-rate product decreased significantly (respectively: P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Symptomatology improved in NYHA functional class (3.7 to 2.4, P < 0.001). After twenty days of prazosin there was no further significant improvement in myocardial performance. No significant changes of clinical course and of the same parameters were observed in patients of group B. It is concluded that prazosin is effective in improving cardiac performance in refractory heart failure for its balanced dilator action on the arteriolar and venous vessels.", "PMID": 549785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_94", "title": "[Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and angiotensin II blockade in calves (author's transl)].", "content": "The pulmonary vascular response to breathing low oxygen containing gas mixture was examined before and during Angiotensin II blockade in five open-chested newborn calves. Angiotensin II blockade was achieved by continuous infusion of Sar1-Ile5-Leu8-Angiotensin II (Saralasin), a competitive inhibitor of Angiotensin II. The hypoxic rise in pulmonary vascular resistance after blockade did not differ from that of control. It is concluded that Angiotensin II does not play a significant role in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the calf.", "contents": "[Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and angiotensin II blockade in calves (author's transl)]. The pulmonary vascular response to breathing low oxygen containing gas mixture was examined before and during Angiotensin II blockade in five open-chested newborn calves. Angiotensin II blockade was achieved by continuous infusion of Sar1-Ile5-Leu8-Angiotensin II (Saralasin), a competitive inhibitor of Angiotensin II. The hypoxic rise in pulmonary vascular resistance after blockade did not differ from that of control. It is concluded that Angiotensin II does not play a significant role in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the calf.", "PMID": 549786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_95", "title": "[Ventricular septal defect associated with aortic regurgitation. Results and surgical considerations in pediatric age group (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report their experience on the surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect and aortic regurgitation. Out of 13 patients operated upon, four required aortic valve replacement; five patients were treated with plasty of the aortic leaflets and four with the only patch closure of the V.S.D. There have not been reported hospital or late deaths. In one case, after the aortic plasty, the aortic regurgitation became severe; this patient had shown clinical signs of aortic regurgitation for more than five years before the operation. The Authors emphasize the surgical aggressiveness in this lesion when the aortic regurgitation has recently showed, whereas it is preferable to delay the operation when the aortic regurgitation has been present for more than five years.", "contents": "[Ventricular septal defect associated with aortic regurgitation. Results and surgical considerations in pediatric age group (author's transl)]. The Authors report their experience on the surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect and aortic regurgitation. Out of 13 patients operated upon, four required aortic valve replacement; five patients were treated with plasty of the aortic leaflets and four with the only patch closure of the V.S.D. There have not been reported hospital or late deaths. In one case, after the aortic plasty, the aortic regurgitation became severe; this patient had shown clinical signs of aortic regurgitation for more than five years before the operation. The Authors emphasize the surgical aggressiveness in this lesion when the aortic regurgitation has recently showed, whereas it is preferable to delay the operation when the aortic regurgitation has been present for more than five years.", "PMID": 549787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_96", "title": "[Aortic insufficiency associated with interventricular communication. Natural history, angiographic diagnosis and surgical approach].", "content": "Clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic data of 12 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) associated to aortic regurgitation (AR) have been analyzed. The trend of evolution of the AR has been evaluated and angiographic criteria to make a correct diagnosis have been pointed out. Nine patients have been followed up for a mean of 3.8 years. The severity of AR seemed to increase only in three cases: this demonstrates that AR associated to VSD is not always a progressive disease. The usefulness of various radiological views in evidencing the anatomy of both VSD and aortic valve has been discussed and findings of left ventriculogram and aortogram are detailedly described. The site of VSD and the type of lesion of the aortic valve may be crucial for indicating surgical intervention and its type. Indication for surgery is briefly discussed. Surgical technics are shortly summarized.", "contents": "[Aortic insufficiency associated with interventricular communication. Natural history, angiographic diagnosis and surgical approach]. Clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic data of 12 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) associated to aortic regurgitation (AR) have been analyzed. The trend of evolution of the AR has been evaluated and angiographic criteria to make a correct diagnosis have been pointed out. Nine patients have been followed up for a mean of 3.8 years. The severity of AR seemed to increase only in three cases: this demonstrates that AR associated to VSD is not always a progressive disease. The usefulness of various radiological views in evidencing the anatomy of both VSD and aortic valve has been discussed and findings of left ventriculogram and aortogram are detailedly described. The site of VSD and the type of lesion of the aortic valve may be crucial for indicating surgical intervention and its type. Indication for surgery is briefly discussed. Surgical technics are shortly summarized.", "PMID": 549788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_97", "title": "[Effects of acute infusion of verampil on the ST segment elevation measured with the Frank orthogonal leads in patients with acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The effect of verapamil on ST changes was evaluated in 10 selected patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the Coronary Care Unit within 8 hours after the onset of symptoms. To evaluate the extent of ischemia it has been used the magnitude and direction of the ST vector derived from X, Y and Z leads of the Frank vector system. After a control period of 2 hours, during which the changes of the ST vector magnitude were assessed, each patient received 0.1 mg/Kg verapamil intravenously, ST vector magnitude (STVM), ST azimuth (STAZ), ST elevation (STEL), heart rate, systemic blood pressure and pressure-rate product were assessed 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes after the administration of the drug. Verapamil produced a significant progressive decrease in STVM (from a mean of 254 +/- 44 muV at the end of the control period, to 139 +/- 25 muV after 2 hours; P < 0.01). Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly throughout the trial; the most significant decrease was registered immediately after the infusion of verapamil (from a mean of 134 +/- 3 mmHg to 121 +/- 3 mmHg; P < 0.001). Pressure-rate product declined slightly. No significant change in STVM was observed in 10 control patients with acute myocardial infarction examined over a 4 hours period. The apparent protective effect of verapamil in myocardial ischemia is discussed in relation to its calcium-antagonistic properties in excitable tissues.", "contents": "[Effects of acute infusion of verampil on the ST segment elevation measured with the Frank orthogonal leads in patients with acute myocardial infarct]. The effect of verapamil on ST changes was evaluated in 10 selected patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the Coronary Care Unit within 8 hours after the onset of symptoms. To evaluate the extent of ischemia it has been used the magnitude and direction of the ST vector derived from X, Y and Z leads of the Frank vector system. After a control period of 2 hours, during which the changes of the ST vector magnitude were assessed, each patient received 0.1 mg/Kg verapamil intravenously, ST vector magnitude (STVM), ST azimuth (STAZ), ST elevation (STEL), heart rate, systemic blood pressure and pressure-rate product were assessed 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes after the administration of the drug. Verapamil produced a significant progressive decrease in STVM (from a mean of 254 +/- 44 muV at the end of the control period, to 139 +/- 25 muV after 2 hours; P < 0.01). Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly throughout the trial; the most significant decrease was registered immediately after the infusion of verapamil (from a mean of 134 +/- 3 mmHg to 121 +/- 3 mmHg; P < 0.001). Pressure-rate product declined slightly. No significant change in STVM was observed in 10 control patients with acute myocardial infarction examined over a 4 hours period. The apparent protective effect of verapamil in myocardial ischemia is discussed in relation to its calcium-antagonistic properties in excitable tissues.", "PMID": 549789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_98", "title": "[Measurement of the stress deformation ratio in the left ventricle in systole].", "content": "Thirty-three subjects, fourteen of which with normal heart, ten with aortic insufficiency and nine with myocardiopathy, were studied by echocardiography and sfigmomanometric arterial pressure measurements. The ejection fraction EF, the left ventricular equatorial wall stress sigma, the corresponding left ventricular strain epsilon and the ratio E = sigma/epsilon have been determined for all subjects. The mean values of these quantities, at the onset of ventricular systole, for normal hearts are: EF = 0.67 +/- 0.05; sigma = (2.67 +/- 0.41) . 10(5) dine/cm2; E = (0.99 +/- 0.15) . 10(6) dine/cm2; for patients with aortic insufficiency: EF = 0.51 +/- 0.09; sigma = (2.74 +/- 1.10) . 10(5) dine/cm2; E = (1.51 +/- 0.69) . 10(6) dine/cm2; for patients with miocardiopathy: EF = 0.41 +/- 0.06; sigma = (4.36 +/- 2.08) . 10(5) dine/cm2; E = (3.20 +/- 1.19) . 10(6) dine/cm2. After a discussion on the significance of sigma and E parameters, it is inferred that E may be a useful measure of ventricular function. This parameter is different for distinct cardiac diseases and, within the limits of the same disease, probably will change according to seriousness.", "contents": "[Measurement of the stress deformation ratio in the left ventricle in systole]. Thirty-three subjects, fourteen of which with normal heart, ten with aortic insufficiency and nine with myocardiopathy, were studied by echocardiography and sfigmomanometric arterial pressure measurements. The ejection fraction EF, the left ventricular equatorial wall stress sigma, the corresponding left ventricular strain epsilon and the ratio E = sigma/epsilon have been determined for all subjects. The mean values of these quantities, at the onset of ventricular systole, for normal hearts are: EF = 0.67 +/- 0.05; sigma = (2.67 +/- 0.41) . 10(5) dine/cm2; E = (0.99 +/- 0.15) . 10(6) dine/cm2; for patients with aortic insufficiency: EF = 0.51 +/- 0.09; sigma = (2.74 +/- 1.10) . 10(5) dine/cm2; E = (1.51 +/- 0.69) . 10(6) dine/cm2; for patients with miocardiopathy: EF = 0.41 +/- 0.06; sigma = (4.36 +/- 2.08) . 10(5) dine/cm2; E = (3.20 +/- 1.19) . 10(6) dine/cm2. After a discussion on the significance of sigma and E parameters, it is inferred that E may be a useful measure of ventricular function. This parameter is different for distinct cardiac diseases and, within the limits of the same disease, probably will change according to seriousness.", "PMID": 549790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_99", "title": "[Hemodynamic observations in a group of hypertensive patients treated with tienilic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten patients suffering from slight or moderate essential arterial hypertension, undergoing treatment with tienilic acid at 500 mg per day, various hemodynamic parameters were assessed by means of ecocardiographic and policardiographic studies carried out before, during and at the end of treatment. In all cases a return to normal blood pressure values was achieved. No statistically significant changes in these parameters were observed, whereas the blood tests showed a reduction in the uric acid level and a moderate reduction in the potassium level.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic observations in a group of hypertensive patients treated with tienilic acid (author's transl)]. In ten patients suffering from slight or moderate essential arterial hypertension, undergoing treatment with tienilic acid at 500 mg per day, various hemodynamic parameters were assessed by means of ecocardiographic and policardiographic studies carried out before, during and at the end of treatment. In all cases a return to normal blood pressure values was achieved. No statistically significant changes in these parameters were observed, whereas the blood tests showed a reduction in the uric acid level and a moderate reduction in the potassium level.", "PMID": 549792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_100", "title": "[Cardiovascular complications of severe tetanus (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiovascular complications of severe tetanus are essentially represented by cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension. An excess of catecholamines is responsible for these complications. Tetanus toxin causes indeed a sympathetic overactivity which is due partly to a central stimulation and partly to a peripheral one. All that means the best treatment of cardiovascular complications of tetanus is represented by adrenergic blocking agent.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular complications of severe tetanus (author's transl)]. Cardiovascular complications of severe tetanus are essentially represented by cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension. An excess of catecholamines is responsible for these complications. Tetanus toxin causes indeed a sympathetic overactivity which is due partly to a central stimulation and partly to a peripheral one. All that means the best treatment of cardiovascular complications of tetanus is represented by adrenergic blocking agent.", "PMID": 549793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_101", "title": "[Physical work capacity of the patient with myocardial infarction submitted to intensive rehabilitative training (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have examined two homogeneous groups of patients with myocardial infarction; one underwent (61 patient) to a rehabilitating training, the other underwent (42 patient) to a domiciliary physical program. Patients have been considered by means of bicycle ergometer test at 2, 4, 12 and 24 months from myocardial infarction. They have been taken into consideration clinical and Ecg factors and also, as an index of physical work capacity was considered the complete work developed, the VO2 max/Kg per min., the product B.P. x H. R. and the pulse O2. The average value of parameters have been statistically compared by means of the t of Student, analysis of variation x2, and the test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov; moreover the correlation with linear coefficient has been studied. Afterwards the many-varied discriminating analysis and the test F di Snedelor have been carried out just for the index of functionality. From the statistical analysis of the data considered it results an increase of the functional capacity and its maintenance long after in the group that underwent to the rehabilitating training. However, two years after, this increase of capacity did not result greater than that obtained, in the same period of time, by the group of patients who underwent to a domiciliary physical rehabilitating program. These considerations point out the necessity of keeping physical exercise indefinitely or at least of repeating it periodically. In that event they suggest the right time to programme further cycles of training.", "contents": "[Physical work capacity of the patient with myocardial infarction submitted to intensive rehabilitative training (author's transl)]. The Authors have examined two homogeneous groups of patients with myocardial infarction; one underwent (61 patient) to a rehabilitating training, the other underwent (42 patient) to a domiciliary physical program. Patients have been considered by means of bicycle ergometer test at 2, 4, 12 and 24 months from myocardial infarction. They have been taken into consideration clinical and Ecg factors and also, as an index of physical work capacity was considered the complete work developed, the VO2 max/Kg per min., the product B.P. x H. R. and the pulse O2. The average value of parameters have been statistically compared by means of the t of Student, analysis of variation x2, and the test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov; moreover the correlation with linear coefficient has been studied. Afterwards the many-varied discriminating analysis and the test F di Snedelor have been carried out just for the index of functionality. From the statistical analysis of the data considered it results an increase of the functional capacity and its maintenance long after in the group that underwent to the rehabilitating training. However, two years after, this increase of capacity did not result greater than that obtained, in the same period of time, by the group of patients who underwent to a domiciliary physical rehabilitating program. These considerations point out the necessity of keeping physical exercise indefinitely or at least of repeating it periodically. In that event they suggest the right time to programme further cycles of training.", "PMID": 549794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_102", "title": "[Autoptic findings and anatomo-clinical correlations in subjects who died after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (author's transl)].", "content": "The postoperative course and the post-mortem findings of a group of 30 patients who died after repair of tetralogy of Fallot were reviewed. A residual ventricular septal defect was the most common finding at the autopsy (13 patients = 43%) while a severe residual obstruction to the right ventricular outflow was found in 5 patients (17%), miscellaneous lesions in 3 (10%) and no intracardiac defects in 9 (30%). Since a residual anatomic defect is frequently responsible for the hospital mortality, prompts hemodynamic evaluation and reoperation is recommended when the postoperative course is deteriorating.", "contents": "[Autoptic findings and anatomo-clinical correlations in subjects who died after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (author's transl)]. The postoperative course and the post-mortem findings of a group of 30 patients who died after repair of tetralogy of Fallot were reviewed. A residual ventricular septal defect was the most common finding at the autopsy (13 patients = 43%) while a severe residual obstruction to the right ventricular outflow was found in 5 patients (17%), miscellaneous lesions in 3 (10%) and no intracardiac defects in 9 (30%). Since a residual anatomic defect is frequently responsible for the hospital mortality, prompts hemodynamic evaluation and reoperation is recommended when the postoperative course is deteriorating.", "PMID": 549798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_103", "title": "[Routine clinical use of a new disposable bubble oxygenator: a comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "The new bubble Oxybel oxygenator (Bellco Laboratories) has been used for routine clinical perfusions in this Institution. A comparison has been made between two groups of 51 patients each, one group perfused with on Oxybel oxygenator (OXY) and the other with the Harvey H 1000 oxygenator (H-H). Among these patients a wide range of acquired and congenital cardiac lesions have been encountered. Both series were comparable for patients' age, sex distribution, body weight, procedures performed, perfusion time and preoperative values of hematocrit, serum creatinine, platelet count, plasma hemoglobin. The gas/blood flow ratio was 2.09 +/- 0.07 (+/- SE) for the H-H oxygenator and 1.38 +/- 0.06 for the OXY series (P < 0.001). Serum-creatinine 24-hrs postoperative values (mg/100 ml) were 1.58 +/- 0.17 for the H-H and 1.30 +/- 0.06 for the OXY series (NS); 48-hrs postoperative values were 1.28 +/- 0.11 for the H-H and 1.20 +/- 0.11 for the OXY (NS). The 60 minutes postoperative platelet count was 127.9 +/- 7 X 10(3) for the H-H and 120.9 +/- 6 X 10(3) for the OXY series (NS). Fourtyeight-hrs postoperative platelet count was 153.0 +/- 5 X 10(3) for the H-H and 151.8 +/- 6 X 10(3) for the OXY series (NS). Postoperative plasma hemoglobin values (mg/100 ml) were 91.55 +/- 7.18 for H-H and 117 +/- 17.8 for the OXY series (NS). Total postoperative bleeding was 1037.9 +/- 94 ml in the H-H and 1056.7 +/- 98.9 ml in the OXY series (NS). The more favorable gas/blood flow ratio observed with the Oxybel oxygenator did not affect clinical and haematologic results. These were comparable in both series.", "contents": "[Routine clinical use of a new disposable bubble oxygenator: a comparative study (author's transl)]. The new bubble Oxybel oxygenator (Bellco Laboratories) has been used for routine clinical perfusions in this Institution. A comparison has been made between two groups of 51 patients each, one group perfused with on Oxybel oxygenator (OXY) and the other with the Harvey H 1000 oxygenator (H-H). Among these patients a wide range of acquired and congenital cardiac lesions have been encountered. Both series were comparable for patients' age, sex distribution, body weight, procedures performed, perfusion time and preoperative values of hematocrit, serum creatinine, platelet count, plasma hemoglobin. The gas/blood flow ratio was 2.09 +/- 0.07 (+/- SE) for the H-H oxygenator and 1.38 +/- 0.06 for the OXY series (P < 0.001). Serum-creatinine 24-hrs postoperative values (mg/100 ml) were 1.58 +/- 0.17 for the H-H and 1.30 +/- 0.06 for the OXY series (NS); 48-hrs postoperative values were 1.28 +/- 0.11 for the H-H and 1.20 +/- 0.11 for the OXY (NS). The 60 minutes postoperative platelet count was 127.9 +/- 7 X 10(3) for the H-H and 120.9 +/- 6 X 10(3) for the OXY series (NS). Fourtyeight-hrs postoperative platelet count was 153.0 +/- 5 X 10(3) for the H-H and 151.8 +/- 6 X 10(3) for the OXY series (NS). Postoperative plasma hemoglobin values (mg/100 ml) were 91.55 +/- 7.18 for H-H and 117 +/- 17.8 for the OXY series (NS). Total postoperative bleeding was 1037.9 +/- 94 ml in the H-H and 1056.7 +/- 98.9 ml in the OXY series (NS). The more favorable gas/blood flow ratio observed with the Oxybel oxygenator did not affect clinical and haematologic results. These were comparable in both series.", "PMID": 549799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_104", "title": "[Short-term and average-term automatic control of re-entry arrhythmias].", "content": "The AA. described an external stimulator to be utilized instead of invasive pharmacological treatment, as a short and middle-time therapeutic approach to re-entry tachycardia, in Departments of cardiology. The device must be connected with an electrode placed in atrium or in coronary sinus or in ventricle, according to individual request. A frequency discriminant device recognizes tachycardia and activates automatic scanning stimulator, synchronized on R or P waves, with progressive 5 msec stop delay; tachycardia interruption zone is automatically individuated. Stimulation has an automatic stop when tachycardia is interrupted; in case of persistent tachycardia scanning-function cycle will star again automatically. The device, which can be programmed for a simple or a double impulse emission, is equipped with a demand stimulator working if post-tachycardia asystole is present. Frequency discriminant device activates the scanning function beyond a defined threshold which can be varied within a wide range of frequencies.", "contents": "[Short-term and average-term automatic control of re-entry arrhythmias]. The AA. described an external stimulator to be utilized instead of invasive pharmacological treatment, as a short and middle-time therapeutic approach to re-entry tachycardia, in Departments of cardiology. The device must be connected with an electrode placed in atrium or in coronary sinus or in ventricle, according to individual request. A frequency discriminant device recognizes tachycardia and activates automatic scanning stimulator, synchronized on R or P waves, with progressive 5 msec stop delay; tachycardia interruption zone is automatically individuated. Stimulation has an automatic stop when tachycardia is interrupted; in case of persistent tachycardia scanning-function cycle will star again automatically. The device, which can be programmed for a simple or a double impulse emission, is equipped with a demand stimulator working if post-tachycardia asystole is present. Frequency discriminant device activates the scanning function beyond a defined threshold which can be varied within a wide range of frequencies.", "PMID": 549800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_105", "title": "[Right ventricular infarction. Report of a case with chronic congestive failure (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of myocardial infarction with severe shock, marked systemic venous congestion and transient A-V block was observed in our Coronary Care Unit four years ago; signs of pulmonary venous congestion were absent. The patient, still alive, remains seriously incapacitated, with persistent signs of right ventricular failure. Recently, coronary angiography has shown total proximal obstruction of a \"dominant\" right coronary artery. The left coronary artery was free from significant obstructions. Right and left ventriculography have shown severe diffuse impairment of right ventricular contractility and akinesis of the left ventricular posterobasal segment. Echocardiography has demonstrated marked paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum. The scanty literature on this rare syndrome is reviewed; diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches and prognosis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Right ventricular infarction. Report of a case with chronic congestive failure (author's transl)]. A case of myocardial infarction with severe shock, marked systemic venous congestion and transient A-V block was observed in our Coronary Care Unit four years ago; signs of pulmonary venous congestion were absent. The patient, still alive, remains seriously incapacitated, with persistent signs of right ventricular failure. Recently, coronary angiography has shown total proximal obstruction of a \"dominant\" right coronary artery. The left coronary artery was free from significant obstructions. Right and left ventriculography have shown severe diffuse impairment of right ventricular contractility and akinesis of the left ventricular posterobasal segment. Echocardiography has demonstrated marked paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum. The scanty literature on this rare syndrome is reviewed; diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches and prognosis are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 549801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_106", "title": "[Familial long QT interval and sudden death (author's transl)].", "content": "A family in whom two brothers, a sister and the father presented a long QT interval is reported. The father died suddenly at the age of 37. The opportunity of a more careful research of the syndrome, now underdiagnosed, is underlined in view of the curability such disease.", "contents": "[Familial long QT interval and sudden death (author's transl)]. A family in whom two brothers, a sister and the father presented a long QT interval is reported. The father died suddenly at the age of 37. The opportunity of a more careful research of the syndrome, now underdiagnosed, is underlined in view of the curability such disease.", "PMID": 549802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_107", "title": "[Removal of an endocavitary electrode with cardiopulmonary bypass for septicemia associated with right atrial thrombosis. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis associated with a right atrial thrombosis around a pacemaker electrode is presented. Stuce the antibiotic therapy had proved uneffective, the electrode had to be removed with cardiopulmonary bypass; the infection was subsequently eliminated. When a foreign body cannot be removed by closed techniques, open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass may be necessary.", "contents": "[Removal of an endocavitary electrode with cardiopulmonary bypass for septicemia associated with right atrial thrombosis. Report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis associated with a right atrial thrombosis around a pacemaker electrode is presented. Stuce the antibiotic therapy had proved uneffective, the electrode had to be removed with cardiopulmonary bypass; the infection was subsequently eliminated. When a foreign body cannot be removed by closed techniques, open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass may be necessary.", "PMID": 549803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_108", "title": "[Psychological and occupational repercussions of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The AA. studied the psychological and working consequences of the myocardial infarction in a group of 147 patients outlived more than two years. 50% of them showed mood disturbances, 40% did not restarted of work and 20 worked again moderately. The interruption of the work had psychological reason in 32% of cases and economic reasons in 26%. The 38% of the subjects was pensioned and the 25% received a pension through work foult. According to the INPS data, in Italy, every year, 1000,000 pension claims, for arteriosclerotic cardiopathy or myocardial infarct are made. Pensions are granted in 99% of cases. The pension claims diminish from the North to the South of Italy and are lower among traders and farmers. The importance of psychological rehabilitation is confirmed by the resumption of work in 92% of the cases among the railway workers, that have a good medical assistance.", "contents": "[Psychological and occupational repercussions of myocardial infarct]. The AA. studied the psychological and working consequences of the myocardial infarction in a group of 147 patients outlived more than two years. 50% of them showed mood disturbances, 40% did not restarted of work and 20 worked again moderately. The interruption of the work had psychological reason in 32% of cases and economic reasons in 26%. The 38% of the subjects was pensioned and the 25% received a pension through work foult. According to the INPS data, in Italy, every year, 1000,000 pension claims, for arteriosclerotic cardiopathy or myocardial infarct are made. Pensions are granted in 99% of cases. The pension claims diminish from the North to the South of Italy and are lower among traders and farmers. The importance of psychological rehabilitation is confirmed by the resumption of work in 92% of the cases among the railway workers, that have a good medical assistance.", "PMID": 549804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_109", "title": "[Critical findings of captitate osteotomy in the treatment of lunatomalacia].", "content": "Five patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease had been treated by an osteotomy of the capitate (GRANER) with three poor results. In two cases necrosis of the capitate bone and resorption of the cancellous bone graft were obvious, perhaps due to damage of important vascular structures. Anatomical studies which have been carried out, showed that the main vessel of the capitate arises from the deep palmar arch and joints the bone on its ulnar-palmar and distal aspect. In order to achieve more satisfactory results with this operative procedure, the authors feel that it is important to protect the above mentioned vessel and indicate a more proximal osteotomy-site of the capitate bone.", "contents": "[Critical findings of captitate osteotomy in the treatment of lunatomalacia]. Five patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease had been treated by an osteotomy of the capitate (GRANER) with three poor results. In two cases necrosis of the capitate bone and resorption of the cancellous bone graft were obvious, perhaps due to damage of important vascular structures. Anatomical studies which have been carried out, showed that the main vessel of the capitate arises from the deep palmar arch and joints the bone on its ulnar-palmar and distal aspect. In order to achieve more satisfactory results with this operative procedure, the authors feel that it is important to protect the above mentioned vessel and indicate a more proximal osteotomy-site of the capitate bone.", "PMID": 549806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_110", "title": "[Kessler arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb in arthrosis and arthritis].", "content": "Early results of the KESSLER-Implant in 11 patients are presented. 7 patients suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, 1 from psoriatic arthropathy. For technical reasons this endoprosthesis seems to be especially suitable for patients with rheumatoid disease. By remodelling the articular surface of the trapezium corresponding to the implant, it is possible to reestablish stability even in cases with severe destruction and subluxation of the CM joint.", "contents": "[Kessler arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb in arthrosis and arthritis]. Early results of the KESSLER-Implant in 11 patients are presented. 7 patients suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, 1 from psoriatic arthropathy. For technical reasons this endoprosthesis seems to be especially suitable for patients with rheumatoid disease. By remodelling the articular surface of the trapezium corresponding to the implant, it is possible to reestablish stability even in cases with severe destruction and subluxation of the CM joint.", "PMID": 549807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_111", "title": "[Variant of the coracobrachialis muscle (accessory origin from the shoulder joint capsule)].", "content": "A description is presented of a supernumerary head of the coraco-brachialis muscle, which was found over the shoulder joint. Theanomalous muscle can be confused with the subscapularis muscle approaching from front to the shoulder.", "contents": "[Variant of the coracobrachialis muscle (accessory origin from the shoulder joint capsule)]. A description is presented of a supernumerary head of the coraco-brachialis muscle, which was found over the shoulder joint. Theanomalous muscle can be confused with the subscapularis muscle approaching from front to the shoulder.", "PMID": 549808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_112", "title": "[Misdiagnosis: Raynaud's disease].", "content": "Within a few hours a patient developed necrosis of two finger tips. A provisional diagnosis of Raynaud's disease was made and an arteriogram was performed. This showed considerable hypervascularisation of the affected fingers. After 48 hours, the typical clinical picture of an acute infection became evident. The differential diagnosis and pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Misdiagnosis: Raynaud's disease]. Within a few hours a patient developed necrosis of two finger tips. A provisional diagnosis of Raynaud's disease was made and an arteriogram was performed. This showed considerable hypervascularisation of the affected fingers. After 48 hours, the typical clinical picture of an acute infection became evident. The differential diagnosis and pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 549809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_113", "title": "[Results of 2-stage flexor tendon transplantation on zone 2].", "content": "For reconstruction of injuries of flexor tendons within zone 2, we used pedicled two-stage tendon grafts in about 50 cases. Proceeding from the concept that a pedicled tendon graft, at least partially vascularised, would tend less to adhesions, we combined the technique of PANEVA-HOLEVICH with the two-stage procedure. The results of 31 follow-up cases are reported and analysed by using the evaluation criteria of BUCK-GRAMCKO. Very good results were obtained in 17,4%, 30,4% were judged failures, good in 30,4% and satisfying results in 21,7%.", "contents": "[Results of 2-stage flexor tendon transplantation on zone 2]. For reconstruction of injuries of flexor tendons within zone 2, we used pedicled two-stage tendon grafts in about 50 cases. Proceeding from the concept that a pedicled tendon graft, at least partially vascularised, would tend less to adhesions, we combined the technique of PANEVA-HOLEVICH with the two-stage procedure. The results of 31 follow-up cases are reported and analysed by using the evaluation criteria of BUCK-GRAMCKO. Very good results were obtained in 17,4%, 30,4% were judged failures, good in 30,4% and satisfying results in 21,7%.", "PMID": 549811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_114", "title": "[Graphic demonstration of finger mobility in the grasping region].", "content": "To test the functional capacity of a finger, the documentation of its range of motion is of great importance. The capacity to grasp is determined by the flexion and extension ability of the finger joints. Dexterity is based on the mobility field of the finger end, within the grasping area. Both can be shown graphically. A table is described with which the mobility within the grasping area of each finger can be tested and documented without joint measuring. The advantage of this method is the easy handling and the graphic demonstration, allowing a very precise judgment of the functional capacity of a finger. The graphic demonstration is especially qualified for testing disabled fingers as well as showing progress during physiotherapy.", "contents": "[Graphic demonstration of finger mobility in the grasping region]. To test the functional capacity of a finger, the documentation of its range of motion is of great importance. The capacity to grasp is determined by the flexion and extension ability of the finger joints. Dexterity is based on the mobility field of the finger end, within the grasping area. Both can be shown graphically. A table is described with which the mobility within the grasping area of each finger can be tested and documented without joint measuring. The advantage of this method is the easy handling and the graphic demonstration, allowing a very precise judgment of the functional capacity of a finger. The graphic demonstration is especially qualified for testing disabled fingers as well as showing progress during physiotherapy.", "PMID": 549812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_115", "title": "[A new treatment method for hydrochloric acid burns of the hand].", "content": "The progression of hydrofluoric acid corrosion on the hands, which cannot be arrested by other means and leads to crippling or amputation, can be stopped by one single or several repeated intra-arterial perfusions of 10 ml 20% calcium-gluconate solution in 40 ml normal saline over 4 hours as close to the defect as possible via the brachial artery or one of the forearm arteries. In 4 patients, with corrosion of a severity judged to be between first and third degree, spontaneous healing resulted after this treatment. Based on our experience we advise the use of intra-arterial perfusion and show its advantages over subcutaneous injections or intravenous infusion of calcium.", "contents": "[A new treatment method for hydrochloric acid burns of the hand]. The progression of hydrofluoric acid corrosion on the hands, which cannot be arrested by other means and leads to crippling or amputation, can be stopped by one single or several repeated intra-arterial perfusions of 10 ml 20% calcium-gluconate solution in 40 ml normal saline over 4 hours as close to the defect as possible via the brachial artery or one of the forearm arteries. In 4 patients, with corrosion of a severity judged to be between first and third degree, spontaneous healing resulted after this treatment. Based on our experience we advise the use of intra-arterial perfusion and show its advantages over subcutaneous injections or intravenous infusion of calcium.", "PMID": 549813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_116", "title": "[Functional improvement in the treatment of large soft tissue defects of the thumb by a free tissue transplant].", "content": "The advantages of free transplantation used to cover defects of the thumb are demonstrated with the aid of a clinical example. A 27 years old patient had lost large parts of the covering soft tissue as well as the nerves and vessels on the flexor side of the distal phalanx of his left thumb. After a single wound toilet the thumb could hardly be used because of the reduced mechanical resistance to stress, the missing sensibility and a severely disturbed circulation. This kind of large soft tissue defect at a functionally important location can now be covered with a free composite tissue transplantation. We took a neurovascular flap out of this patient's forefoot and anastomosed it with the vessels and nerves of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. After an uncomplicated healing the covering soft tissue could be mechanically stressed and was well supplied with blood. Three month later a beginning sensibility can be proved. After 2 years the fully rehabilitated patient shows a good functional result with a two-point discrimination of 10 millimeters.", "contents": "[Functional improvement in the treatment of large soft tissue defects of the thumb by a free tissue transplant]. The advantages of free transplantation used to cover defects of the thumb are demonstrated with the aid of a clinical example. A 27 years old patient had lost large parts of the covering soft tissue as well as the nerves and vessels on the flexor side of the distal phalanx of his left thumb. After a single wound toilet the thumb could hardly be used because of the reduced mechanical resistance to stress, the missing sensibility and a severely disturbed circulation. This kind of large soft tissue defect at a functionally important location can now be covered with a free composite tissue transplantation. We took a neurovascular flap out of this patient's forefoot and anastomosed it with the vessels and nerves of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. After an uncomplicated healing the covering soft tissue could be mechanically stressed and was well supplied with blood. Three month later a beginning sensibility can be proved. After 2 years the fully rehabilitated patient shows a good functional result with a two-point discrimination of 10 millimeters.", "PMID": 549814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_117", "title": "A study on operative findings and pathogenic factors in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.", "content": "A study was made of operative findings obtained in 44 cases of ulnar nerve neuropathy at the elbow in an attempt to help elucidate the pathogenetic factors for the condition. Distinction must be made between Lig. epitrochleo-anconeum or a ligament-like thickening at the same site and the tendinous arch of M. flexor carpi ulnaris. These 2 sites constitute the entrapment points for the condition. A thick tendinous arch, Lig. epitrochleo-anconeum of M. anconeus epitrochlearis deters the ulnar nerve from being mobile, thereby contributing to the development of neuropathy with trauma acting as a precipitating factor. Dislocation of the ulnar nerve cannot be considered a factor of major etiologic significance. An important part is played by the tendinous arch in the pathogenesis of neuropathy, regardless of whether it is in association with ganglion, osteochondromatosis or osteoarthritis. In surgery for ulnar neuropathy decompression of the nerve is of primary necessity. Division of the tendinous arch is mandatory. Medial epicondylectomy may be added as required.", "contents": "A study on operative findings and pathogenic factors in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. A study was made of operative findings obtained in 44 cases of ulnar nerve neuropathy at the elbow in an attempt to help elucidate the pathogenetic factors for the condition. Distinction must be made between Lig. epitrochleo-anconeum or a ligament-like thickening at the same site and the tendinous arch of M. flexor carpi ulnaris. These 2 sites constitute the entrapment points for the condition. A thick tendinous arch, Lig. epitrochleo-anconeum of M. anconeus epitrochlearis deters the ulnar nerve from being mobile, thereby contributing to the development of neuropathy with trauma acting as a precipitating factor. Dislocation of the ulnar nerve cannot be considered a factor of major etiologic significance. An important part is played by the tendinous arch in the pathogenesis of neuropathy, regardless of whether it is in association with ganglion, osteochondromatosis or osteoarthritis. In surgery for ulnar neuropathy decompression of the nerve is of primary necessity. Division of the tendinous arch is mandatory. Medial epicondylectomy may be added as required.", "PMID": 549815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_118", "title": "Arthroscopic examination of the posteromedial compartment of the knee joint.", "content": "In a series of 356 arthroscopies of the knee joint 127 patients were explored by arthrotomy. A Storz arthroscope was introduced through the patellar tendon, and we alternated between the 30 degrees and 70 degrees optical systems in the same trocar sheath. The 30 degrees system was used for inspection of the superior, anterior, medial and lateral compartments, and to lead the tip of the instrument to the posterior part of the joint. The 70 degrees telescope was then used, providing a good view of the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterior horn of the menisci and their attachments. It also allowed direct inspection of the posterolateral and posteromedial compartments. No major diagnostic error was made by the arthroscopist in the 127 patients operated on as a result of the findings of endoscopic examination. Arthroscopy with the use of both 30 degrees and 70 degrees telescopes at the same session gives high diagnostic accuracy and detailed, exact pre-operative diagnosis.", "contents": "Arthroscopic examination of the posteromedial compartment of the knee joint. In a series of 356 arthroscopies of the knee joint 127 patients were explored by arthrotomy. A Storz arthroscope was introduced through the patellar tendon, and we alternated between the 30 degrees and 70 degrees optical systems in the same trocar sheath. The 30 degrees system was used for inspection of the superior, anterior, medial and lateral compartments, and to lead the tip of the instrument to the posterior part of the joint. The 70 degrees telescope was then used, providing a good view of the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterior horn of the menisci and their attachments. It also allowed direct inspection of the posterolateral and posteromedial compartments. No major diagnostic error was made by the arthroscopist in the 127 patients operated on as a result of the findings of endoscopic examination. Arthroscopy with the use of both 30 degrees and 70 degrees telescopes at the same session gives high diagnostic accuracy and detailed, exact pre-operative diagnosis.", "PMID": 549861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_119", "title": "Transcutaneous meniscectomy under arthroscopic control.", "content": "A technique of arthroscopic excision of a torn meniscus has evolved during two years' experience of therapeutic arthroscopy of the knee joint. The same method is used for both medial and lateral meniscus lesions under full visual control throughout the procedure, with a standard arthroscope inserted centrally through the patellar tendon. The first 18 consecutive patients thus treated have been followed up. Endoscopic operation was complemented by arthrotomy in three; in 15 no other treatment was given. The time in hospital, convalescence, sick leave, and knee function at follow-up were compared in these 15 patients with matched controls treated in the ordinary way by arthrotomy. Knee function did not differ between the groups, whereas all other variables showed better results after arthroscopic excision.", "contents": "Transcutaneous meniscectomy under arthroscopic control. A technique of arthroscopic excision of a torn meniscus has evolved during two years' experience of therapeutic arthroscopy of the knee joint. The same method is used for both medial and lateral meniscus lesions under full visual control throughout the procedure, with a standard arthroscope inserted centrally through the patellar tendon. The first 18 consecutive patients thus treated have been followed up. Endoscopic operation was complemented by arthrotomy in three; in 15 no other treatment was given. The time in hospital, convalescence, sick leave, and knee function at follow-up were compared in these 15 patients with matched controls treated in the ordinary way by arthrotomy. Knee function did not differ between the groups, whereas all other variables showed better results after arthroscopic excision.", "PMID": 549862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_120", "title": "[Rupture of the extensor apparatus of the knee; 45 cases].", "content": "The authors describe 45 cases of rupture of the extensor apparatus of the knee (excluding fracture of the patella). Some new ideas are put forward concerning the frequent cause by road accidents and the contribution of certain predisposing features which cause degenerative changes of the tendon. Operation was performed in all cases. The extensor apparatus was reconstructed by suture, cerclage or reinsertion, together with the use of procedures described by Mac Laughlin and Scuderi. The results are presented in detail. 90% are very good or good but complications during operation or in the post operative phase were frequent and occurred in 27% of the cases.", "contents": "[Rupture of the extensor apparatus of the knee; 45 cases]. The authors describe 45 cases of rupture of the extensor apparatus of the knee (excluding fracture of the patella). Some new ideas are put forward concerning the frequent cause by road accidents and the contribution of certain predisposing features which cause degenerative changes of the tendon. Operation was performed in all cases. The extensor apparatus was reconstructed by suture, cerclage or reinsertion, together with the use of procedures described by Mac Laughlin and Scuderi. The results are presented in detail. 90% are very good or good but complications during operation or in the post operative phase were frequent and occurred in 27% of the cases.", "PMID": 549863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_121", "title": "The effect of high tibial osteotomy on osteoarthritis of the knee. Clinical and histological observations.", "content": "High tibial osteotomies were performed on 136 osteoarthritic knees for correction of varus deformity. Before osteotomy all patients experienced moderate or severe pain, and the knees showed lateral thrust on weight-bearing. The patients were followed up for one to five years. Marked relief of pain was obtained in 112 knees, and the patients were satisfied with the result of operation in 122. These painless knees showed no lateral thrust, and in the majority the deformity had been adequately corrected, with post-operative femoro-tibial angles (standing) ranging from 165 degrees to 174 degrees. Four of 28 knees with femoro-tibial angles of 175 degrees to 179 degrees, when measured one year after operation, showed recurrence of varus deformity three years after osteotomy. Preoperative ranges of knee motion were well maintained after osteotomy even when arthrotomy had also been undertaken. Intra-articular assessment in two patients, several years after operation, showed that the most degenerated portions of the articular surface were completely covered by a fibrocartilagenous layer, with no bare bone. High tibial osteotomy is most effective in osteoarthritic knees with varus deformity, when correction is made to a femoro-tibial angle (standing) of 170 degrees (10 degrees valgus).", "contents": "The effect of high tibial osteotomy on osteoarthritis of the knee. Clinical and histological observations. High tibial osteotomies were performed on 136 osteoarthritic knees for correction of varus deformity. Before osteotomy all patients experienced moderate or severe pain, and the knees showed lateral thrust on weight-bearing. The patients were followed up for one to five years. Marked relief of pain was obtained in 112 knees, and the patients were satisfied with the result of operation in 122. These painless knees showed no lateral thrust, and in the majority the deformity had been adequately corrected, with post-operative femoro-tibial angles (standing) ranging from 165 degrees to 174 degrees. Four of 28 knees with femoro-tibial angles of 175 degrees to 179 degrees, when measured one year after operation, showed recurrence of varus deformity three years after osteotomy. Preoperative ranges of knee motion were well maintained after osteotomy even when arthrotomy had also been undertaken. Intra-articular assessment in two patients, several years after operation, showed that the most degenerated portions of the articular surface were completely covered by a fibrocartilagenous layer, with no bare bone. High tibial osteotomy is most effective in osteoarthritic knees with varus deformity, when correction is made to a femoro-tibial angle (standing) of 170 degrees (10 degrees valgus).", "PMID": 549864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_122", "title": "Biochemical and structural abnormalities of the connective tissue in Larsen's syndrome.", "content": "Skin, iliac crest cartilage and tendon of a patient affected with Larsen's syndrome were subjected to biochemical and ultrastructural investigation. A substantial increase in the ratio of glucosamine to galactosamine was found both in skin and cartilage. Ultrastructural abnormalities of collagen fibres and proteoglycan filaments were also found in Larsen's tissues. The significance of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical and structural abnormalities of the connective tissue in Larsen's syndrome. Skin, iliac crest cartilage and tendon of a patient affected with Larsen's syndrome were subjected to biochemical and ultrastructural investigation. A substantial increase in the ratio of glucosamine to galactosamine was found both in skin and cartilage. Ultrastructural abnormalities of collagen fibres and proteoglycan filaments were also found in Larsen's tissues. The significance of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 549865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_123", "title": "[A case of melorheostosis. Clinical, radiological, pathological and biomechanical details].", "content": "A patient with melorheostosis of the right lower limb is described with the clinical findings and radiographic appearances which include angiographs and microradiographs. Tissue was taken from the knee joint at the time of arthrodesis and examined by histological, histochemical and biomechanical techniques. It is concluded that the bone in melorheostosis is not different from normal bone.", "contents": "[A case of melorheostosis. Clinical, radiological, pathological and biomechanical details]. A patient with melorheostosis of the right lower limb is described with the clinical findings and radiographic appearances which include angiographs and microradiographs. Tissue was taken from the knee joint at the time of arthrodesis and examined by histological, histochemical and biomechanical techniques. It is concluded that the bone in melorheostosis is not different from normal bone.", "PMID": 549866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_124", "title": "Primary treatment of comminuted intertrochanteric fractures of the hip with a Leinbach prosthesis.", "content": "The authors present 43 cases of comminuted intertrochanteric fracture, treated by replacement with a Leinbach prosthesis. The average age of the patient was 81 years, the average time of operation was 70.8 min, and the average blood loss was 502 cc. 88% of the patients were walking within 4--10 days. One deep infection occurred requiring removal of the prosthesis five months later. Based on this experience, the authors recommend consideration of the use of a Leinbach prosthesis in the primary treatment of the elderly patient with a comminuted intertrochanteric fracture of the hip.", "contents": "Primary treatment of comminuted intertrochanteric fractures of the hip with a Leinbach prosthesis. The authors present 43 cases of comminuted intertrochanteric fracture, treated by replacement with a Leinbach prosthesis. The average age of the patient was 81 years, the average time of operation was 70.8 min, and the average blood loss was 502 cc. 88% of the patients were walking within 4--10 days. One deep infection occurred requiring removal of the prosthesis five months later. Based on this experience, the authors recommend consideration of the use of a Leinbach prosthesis in the primary treatment of the elderly patient with a comminuted intertrochanteric fracture of the hip.", "PMID": 549867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_125", "title": "The role of embolic fat in post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. An evaluation of the pulmonary haemodynamics and blood gas levels.", "content": "Pulmonary haemodynamic and arterial blood gas changes were measured in dogs subjected to either an intravenous injection of triolein or external trauma, which produced fractures of the ipsilateral femur, tibia and fibula. Musculoskeletal trauma resulted in pulmonary vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation, arterial hypoxia with a pulmonary shunt of 30% and a 20% decrease in systemic oxygen delivery. Lipid injection produced an increased pulmonary vascular resistance, but no significant hypoxia, pulmonary shunting or inadequate tissue oxygenation. We therefore suggest that pulmonary fat embolism does not account for the pulmonary insufficiency following musculoskeletal trauma.", "contents": "The role of embolic fat in post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. An evaluation of the pulmonary haemodynamics and blood gas levels. Pulmonary haemodynamic and arterial blood gas changes were measured in dogs subjected to either an intravenous injection of triolein or external trauma, which produced fractures of the ipsilateral femur, tibia and fibula. Musculoskeletal trauma resulted in pulmonary vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation, arterial hypoxia with a pulmonary shunt of 30% and a 20% decrease in systemic oxygen delivery. Lipid injection produced an increased pulmonary vascular resistance, but no significant hypoxia, pulmonary shunting or inadequate tissue oxygenation. We therefore suggest that pulmonary fat embolism does not account for the pulmonary insufficiency following musculoskeletal trauma.", "PMID": 549868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_126", "title": "Complications of the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip by the Pavlik harness.", "content": "The results of the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip using the Pavlik harness were satisfactory, but lateral displacement and deformity of the femoral head were sometimes observed after treatment. The causes of these complications are discussed and the measures taken to avoid them are discribed.", "contents": "Complications of the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip by the Pavlik harness. The results of the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip using the Pavlik harness were satisfactory, but lateral displacement and deformity of the femoral head were sometimes observed after treatment. The causes of these complications are discussed and the measures taken to avoid them are discribed.", "PMID": 549869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_127", "title": "Replacement arthroplasty using the Charnley prosthesis in old tuberculosis of the hip.", "content": "This report is based upon a retrospective study of a consecutive series of twenty patients who had tuberculosis of the hip in quiescent state. Two patients had only a short history but were included in this study. An interesting feature at the time of operation was that in many cases the bone showed old features of tuberculous disease despite the long history of quiescence. A modification of the Charnley technique is discussed. In addition, details of radiographic assessment before operation, antituberculous drug therapy and the use of Kanamycin in bone cement are given. The complications and results are recorded.", "contents": "Replacement arthroplasty using the Charnley prosthesis in old tuberculosis of the hip. This report is based upon a retrospective study of a consecutive series of twenty patients who had tuberculosis of the hip in quiescent state. Two patients had only a short history but were included in this study. An interesting feature at the time of operation was that in many cases the bone showed old features of tuberculous disease despite the long history of quiescence. A modification of the Charnley technique is discussed. In addition, details of radiographic assessment before operation, antituberculous drug therapy and the use of Kanamycin in bone cement are given. The complications and results are recorded.", "PMID": 549870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_128", "title": "An experimental analysis of injuries to the menisci of the knee joint.", "content": "Direct methods were used to determine the distribution of injuries to the menisci in formalin fixed knee joints, rotated under physiological pressures when extended and at different degrees of flexion. The position of the joint during rotation rather than the direction of rotation determined the distribution of injury between the menisci, whereas both direction of rotation and joint position determined the position of major types of lesion within the meniscus. Support is given for the view that the incidence of injury to the lateral meniscus is higher than generally accepted.", "contents": "An experimental analysis of injuries to the menisci of the knee joint. Direct methods were used to determine the distribution of injuries to the menisci in formalin fixed knee joints, rotated under physiological pressures when extended and at different degrees of flexion. The position of the joint during rotation rather than the direction of rotation determined the distribution of injury between the menisci, whereas both direction of rotation and joint position determined the position of major types of lesion within the meniscus. Support is given for the view that the incidence of injury to the lateral meniscus is higher than generally accepted.", "PMID": 549871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_129", "title": "Solvent effects on the time-dependent photoisomerization of methyl retinoate.", "content": "The photoisomerization of methyl all-trans-retinoate is dependent upon both solvent polarity and irradiation time. The all-trans-isomer isomerizes most rapidly in solvents of high polarity. Methyl 11-cis-retinoate is maximally produced after three hours in dimethyl sulfoxide, while it is not formed to an appreciable extent in heptane. Methyl 13-cis-retinoate forms maximally after two hours in heptane, then decrease in concentration by one-half to about the same level maximally formed in dimethyl sulfoxide. The solvent and time dependences of the other isomers are presented to allow selection of conditions for maximal production of desired isomers. The results for methyl retinoate appear applicable for retinoic acid.", "contents": "Solvent effects on the time-dependent photoisomerization of methyl retinoate. The photoisomerization of methyl all-trans-retinoate is dependent upon both solvent polarity and irradiation time. The all-trans-isomer isomerizes most rapidly in solvents of high polarity. Methyl 11-cis-retinoate is maximally produced after three hours in dimethyl sulfoxide, while it is not formed to an appreciable extent in heptane. Methyl 13-cis-retinoate forms maximally after two hours in heptane, then decrease in concentration by one-half to about the same level maximally formed in dimethyl sulfoxide. The solvent and time dependences of the other isomers are presented to allow selection of conditions for maximal production of desired isomers. The results for methyl retinoate appear applicable for retinoic acid.", "PMID": 549872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_130", "title": "Effect of lipid antioxidants on rat erythrocyte hemolysis.", "content": "Lipid antioxidants, DPPD, DAH, BHT, SQ, retinol and alpha-tocopherol were studied for their effects on normal rat erythrocytes. Retinol, BHT and SQ were found to induce hemolysis while DPPD, DAH and alpha-tocopherol were non-hemolytic. Further more the three antioxidants BHT, SQ and retinol showed a synergistic effect on the lysis. Retinol, BHT or SQ alone, and BHT or SQ along with retinol when administered to rats produced a marked modification of the erythrocyte membrane integrity, simultaneously lowering the levels of membrane bound enzymes--acetyl choline esterase and ATPase. It is concluded that the lipid antioxidants may therefore be classified on the basis of their lytic action in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of lipid antioxidants on rat erythrocyte hemolysis. Lipid antioxidants, DPPD, DAH, BHT, SQ, retinol and alpha-tocopherol were studied for their effects on normal rat erythrocytes. Retinol, BHT and SQ were found to induce hemolysis while DPPD, DAH and alpha-tocopherol were non-hemolytic. Further more the three antioxidants BHT, SQ and retinol showed a synergistic effect on the lysis. Retinol, BHT or SQ alone, and BHT or SQ along with retinol when administered to rats produced a marked modification of the erythrocyte membrane integrity, simultaneously lowering the levels of membrane bound enzymes--acetyl choline esterase and ATPase. It is concluded that the lipid antioxidants may therefore be classified on the basis of their lytic action in vitro.", "PMID": 549873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_131", "title": "Amino acid and glycosaminoglycan composition of epiphyseal cartilage of neonate and osteoporotic lambs.", "content": "The epiphyseal plates of neonate and healthy or osteoporotic 60-day-old lambs were analyzed chemically. Uronic acid was higher in 60-day-old healthy lamb than in neonates but galactosamine was higher in neonates than in 60-day-old healthy lambs. Fourteen of the 17 amino acids identified in the epiphyseal cartilage were higher or had a tendency to be higher in 60-day-old healthy lambs than in neonates. Lower levels of uronic acid were noted in 60-day-old osteoportic lambs than in healthy lambs of the same age.", "contents": "Amino acid and glycosaminoglycan composition of epiphyseal cartilage of neonate and osteoporotic lambs. The epiphyseal plates of neonate and healthy or osteoporotic 60-day-old lambs were analyzed chemically. Uronic acid was higher in 60-day-old healthy lamb than in neonates but galactosamine was higher in neonates than in 60-day-old healthy lambs. Fourteen of the 17 amino acids identified in the epiphyseal cartilage were higher or had a tendency to be higher in 60-day-old healthy lambs than in neonates. Lower levels of uronic acid were noted in 60-day-old osteoportic lambs than in healthy lambs of the same age.", "PMID": 549874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_132", "title": "Transfer of alpha-tocopherol from plasma to erythrocytes in vitamin E-deficient rats.", "content": "The transfer of alpha-tocopherol from plasma to erythrocytes was examined using labeled alpha-tocopherol in vitamin E-deficient rats and at the same time the appearance of resistance to dialuric acid-induced hemolysis in the erythrocytes was observed. It was noticed that the transfer took place in two sequential steps. The second step seemed to correlate the appearance of resistance to dialuric acid-induced hemolysis, d-alpha and d,l-alpha-Tocopherol were compared under the same in vitro experimental conditions and no difference between them was observed in the effect on the recovery of antihemolytic activity. The difference in physiological activity between d-alpha- and d,l-alpha-tocopherol may exist other than in the transfer step. The coexistence of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol quinone did not show any inhibiton for transfer of alpha-tocopherol from plasma to erythrocytes in vitamin E-deficient rats.", "contents": "Transfer of alpha-tocopherol from plasma to erythrocytes in vitamin E-deficient rats. The transfer of alpha-tocopherol from plasma to erythrocytes was examined using labeled alpha-tocopherol in vitamin E-deficient rats and at the same time the appearance of resistance to dialuric acid-induced hemolysis in the erythrocytes was observed. It was noticed that the transfer took place in two sequential steps. The second step seemed to correlate the appearance of resistance to dialuric acid-induced hemolysis, d-alpha and d,l-alpha-Tocopherol were compared under the same in vitro experimental conditions and no difference between them was observed in the effect on the recovery of antihemolytic activity. The difference in physiological activity between d-alpha- and d,l-alpha-tocopherol may exist other than in the transfer step. The coexistence of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol quinone did not show any inhibiton for transfer of alpha-tocopherol from plasma to erythrocytes in vitamin E-deficient rats.", "PMID": 549875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_133", "title": "Pyrithiamin shortens ethanol-induced narcosis and increases voluntary ethanol drinking in rats.", "content": "To investigate the role of thiamin deficiency in increasing voluntary ethanol intake in rats the effect of ethanol on the central nervous system was studied by measuring the duration of ethanol narcosis in pyrithiamin-treated rats. The duration of ethanol-induced narcosis was significantly shorter and blood ethanol concentration at the moment of righting reflex recovery was higher in pyrithiamin-treated rats than in controls. Thus, the shorter ethanol narcosis of pyrithiamin-treated rats was not a result of a change in ethanol metabolism but rather suggests changes in the central effects of ethanol. Treatment with thiamin increased the duration of ethanol narcosis to the initial level in rats pretreated with pyrithiamin. During the same pyrithiamin treatment as used for the narcosis test voluntary ethanol intake of rats was higher than during optimal treatment by thiamin. The results suggest that there might be a decrease in central sensitivity to ethanol in pyrithiamin treated rats, which may have a role in increasing their voluntary ethanol drinking.", "contents": "Pyrithiamin shortens ethanol-induced narcosis and increases voluntary ethanol drinking in rats. To investigate the role of thiamin deficiency in increasing voluntary ethanol intake in rats the effect of ethanol on the central nervous system was studied by measuring the duration of ethanol narcosis in pyrithiamin-treated rats. The duration of ethanol-induced narcosis was significantly shorter and blood ethanol concentration at the moment of righting reflex recovery was higher in pyrithiamin-treated rats than in controls. Thus, the shorter ethanol narcosis of pyrithiamin-treated rats was not a result of a change in ethanol metabolism but rather suggests changes in the central effects of ethanol. Treatment with thiamin increased the duration of ethanol narcosis to the initial level in rats pretreated with pyrithiamin. During the same pyrithiamin treatment as used for the narcosis test voluntary ethanol intake of rats was higher than during optimal treatment by thiamin. The results suggest that there might be a decrease in central sensitivity to ethanol in pyrithiamin treated rats, which may have a role in increasing their voluntary ethanol drinking.", "PMID": 549876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_134", "title": "Studies on folate metabolism in folic acid-deficient rats.", "content": "The distribution in liver of pteroylpolyglutamates and urinary excretion of folate metabolites was studied in folic acid deficient rats after injection of the vitamin, in order to evaluate the effect of folic acid deficiency on the conversion of the vitamin into actual coenzymic forms. Any significant difference neither in total activity nor in pteroylpolyglutamates of liver does not appear between deficient supplemented and unsupplemented animals. Also the urinary amounts of reduced metabolites in deficient rats do not increase after injection of folic acid. Therefore the inability of deficient rat liver to synthesize polyglutamates may be ascribed to the lower availability of tetrahydrofolates as they are the preferred substrates of pteroylpolyglutamate synthetase.", "contents": "Studies on folate metabolism in folic acid-deficient rats. The distribution in liver of pteroylpolyglutamates and urinary excretion of folate metabolites was studied in folic acid deficient rats after injection of the vitamin, in order to evaluate the effect of folic acid deficiency on the conversion of the vitamin into actual coenzymic forms. Any significant difference neither in total activity nor in pteroylpolyglutamates of liver does not appear between deficient supplemented and unsupplemented animals. Also the urinary amounts of reduced metabolites in deficient rats do not increase after injection of folic acid. Therefore the inability of deficient rat liver to synthesize polyglutamates may be ascribed to the lower availability of tetrahydrofolates as they are the preferred substrates of pteroylpolyglutamate synthetase.", "PMID": 549877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_135", "title": "Influence of dietary ascorbic acid on plasma lipid levels in the rainbow trout.", "content": "Rainbow trout maintained on ascorbic acid deficient and three grades of ascorbic acid supplemented diets (160--1280 mg ascorbic acid pr kg feed) for a period of 53 weeks, were studied for effects on plasma lipid levels. Fish fed the diet with no ascorbic acid manifested lethargy, lordosis, scoliosis, internal hemorrhages and low body weight. With regard to blood properties, ascorbic acid deficient fish had low hematocrit and high plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol but low level of free fatty acids. Plasma level of free fatty acids was low also in fish fed the diet containing the highest amount of ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Influence of dietary ascorbic acid on plasma lipid levels in the rainbow trout. Rainbow trout maintained on ascorbic acid deficient and three grades of ascorbic acid supplemented diets (160--1280 mg ascorbic acid pr kg feed) for a period of 53 weeks, were studied for effects on plasma lipid levels. Fish fed the diet with no ascorbic acid manifested lethargy, lordosis, scoliosis, internal hemorrhages and low body weight. With regard to blood properties, ascorbic acid deficient fish had low hematocrit and high plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol but low level of free fatty acids. Plasma level of free fatty acids was low also in fish fed the diet containing the highest amount of ascorbic acid.", "PMID": 549878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_136", "title": "Is plasma zinc a useful investigation?", "content": "Plasma zinc is totally protein bound and its concentration is markedly influenced by alteration in protein concentration. Venous occlusion such as is used prior to venepuncture causes a marked increase in plasma zinc concentration. The extent of this change exceeds the analytical variation for zinc determination and may cause difficulty in the interpretation of plasma values. Although in most individuals there is a close correlation between plasma zinc and total protein, collectively this is not so, thus adjusting zinc values for change in protein is inappropriate. For plasma zinc to be a useful investigation blood samples should be obtained without venous occlusion.", "contents": "Is plasma zinc a useful investigation? Plasma zinc is totally protein bound and its concentration is markedly influenced by alteration in protein concentration. Venous occlusion such as is used prior to venepuncture causes a marked increase in plasma zinc concentration. The extent of this change exceeds the analytical variation for zinc determination and may cause difficulty in the interpretation of plasma values. Although in most individuals there is a close correlation between plasma zinc and total protein, collectively this is not so, thus adjusting zinc values for change in protein is inappropriate. For plasma zinc to be a useful investigation blood samples should be obtained without venous occlusion.", "PMID": 549879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_137", "title": "Organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigment in brain tissues of mice fed large amounts of polyunsaturated fats in presence and absence of various antioxidants.", "content": "The amount of lipid soluble fluorescent pigment is compared in brain tissues of mice fed a diet containing 10% safflower oil with and without a supplement of antioxidants as Vitamin E, Ascorbyl-Palmitate and Sodium-Selenite. Addition of 0.2 g/kg Vitamin E to the diet gives a high raise in the mortality. The addition of 0.2 g/kg Vitamin E and 0.5 g/kg Ascorbyl-Palmitate leads to higher values of extractable lipid soluble fluorescent pigment in mice brain tissues.", "contents": "Organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigment in brain tissues of mice fed large amounts of polyunsaturated fats in presence and absence of various antioxidants. The amount of lipid soluble fluorescent pigment is compared in brain tissues of mice fed a diet containing 10% safflower oil with and without a supplement of antioxidants as Vitamin E, Ascorbyl-Palmitate and Sodium-Selenite. Addition of 0.2 g/kg Vitamin E to the diet gives a high raise in the mortality. The addition of 0.2 g/kg Vitamin E and 0.5 g/kg Ascorbyl-Palmitate leads to higher values of extractable lipid soluble fluorescent pigment in mice brain tissues.", "PMID": 549880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_138", "title": "[Training of general surgeons as perceived from private practice].", "content": "A recent Swiss opinion poll has revealed that the medical profession is still enjoying a high prestige. The large majority of the surgeons in free practice has an optimistic view of the future of private medicine. Abdominal and peripheral vascular surgery as well as the surgery of the extremities belong also in smaller hospitals. About 75% of the surgeons feel that 10 years of postgraduate training is sufficient. A theoretical final examination is rejected. For further professional training, lectures, various courses and congresses are very popular. Compulsory examinations by the Swiss Medical Association (FMH) are undesirable.", "contents": "[Training of general surgeons as perceived from private practice]. A recent Swiss opinion poll has revealed that the medical profession is still enjoying a high prestige. The large majority of the surgeons in free practice has an optimistic view of the future of private medicine. Abdominal and peripheral vascular surgery as well as the surgery of the extremities belong also in smaller hospitals. About 75% of the surgeons feel that 10 years of postgraduate training is sufficient. A theoretical final examination is rejected. For further professional training, lectures, various courses and congresses are very popular. Compulsory examinations by the Swiss Medical Association (FMH) are undesirable.", "PMID": 549883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_139", "title": "[French Switzerland commentaries and reflections on the education and activities of surgeons working in private clinics].", "content": "This complementary report discusses different points of view of the surgical education. Is his actual concept up to date? with or without final examination? with or without regular control of the theoretical and practical knowledges? what represents \"general surgery\"? which is the education and the activity of a surgeon working in private clinics?", "contents": "[French Switzerland commentaries and reflections on the education and activities of surgeons working in private clinics]. This complementary report discusses different points of view of the surgical education. Is his actual concept up to date? with or without final examination? with or without regular control of the theoretical and practical knowledges? what represents \"general surgery\"? which is the education and the activity of a surgeon working in private clinics?", "PMID": 549884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_140", "title": "[Surgery in the regional and district hospitals of German Switzerland].", "content": "The Regional Hospital is the hub in the surgical service for the broad population. According to its importance, it has furthermore an eminent role in instruction and postgraduate teaching. The requirements and profile for such competent medical chiefs are delineated. The broad surgical requirements, the executive duties in hospital administration, which are shared with the nursing and administration services, and the permanent personal education make it mandatory, that the position of the head surgeon be partitioned by two equally competent and polyvalent general surgeons. The ultimate responsibility for such adequate positioning rests with the political authority.", "contents": "[Surgery in the regional and district hospitals of German Switzerland]. The Regional Hospital is the hub in the surgical service for the broad population. According to its importance, it has furthermore an eminent role in instruction and postgraduate teaching. The requirements and profile for such competent medical chiefs are delineated. The broad surgical requirements, the executive duties in hospital administration, which are shared with the nursing and administration services, and the permanent personal education make it mandatory, that the position of the head surgeon be partitioned by two equally competent and polyvalent general surgeons. The ultimate responsibility for such adequate positioning rests with the political authority.", "PMID": 549885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_141", "title": "[Activities of the general surgeon in a non-university hospital].", "content": "There is little difference between the work of the general surgeon as the head of a provincial hospital (B2) or in a central non-university one (A2). The operative statistics of such a service show that the type of operations is varied and requires broad polyvalence. Surgical services in provincial hospitals should not be subdivided into several specialised department. There is a real need for general surgeons in our country. Their quality depends on a broad and adequate training including the majority of surgical specialities. Such an activity requires constant postgraduate training, analysis of the results and ability to self criticism. Frequent contacts should be encouraged with other colleagues and university hospitals. The head surgeon in a provincial hospital should be able to evaluate the majority of the cases which are submitted to him and to decide whether the patient will be operated by him personnally or by a specialized consultant, or whenever he should be transferred to a specialized unit. This type of work has certain advantages: the possibility of independent decisions, a broad ability in the different surgical fields, allowing an easy adaptation when unexpected situations happen during operation.", "contents": "[Activities of the general surgeon in a non-university hospital]. There is little difference between the work of the general surgeon as the head of a provincial hospital (B2) or in a central non-university one (A2). The operative statistics of such a service show that the type of operations is varied and requires broad polyvalence. Surgical services in provincial hospitals should not be subdivided into several specialised department. There is a real need for general surgeons in our country. Their quality depends on a broad and adequate training including the majority of surgical specialities. Such an activity requires constant postgraduate training, analysis of the results and ability to self criticism. Frequent contacts should be encouraged with other colleagues and university hospitals. The head surgeon in a provincial hospital should be able to evaluate the majority of the cases which are submitted to him and to decide whether the patient will be operated by him personnally or by a specialized consultant, or whenever he should be transferred to a specialized unit. This type of work has certain advantages: the possibility of independent decisions, a broad ability in the different surgical fields, allowing an easy adaptation when unexpected situations happen during operation.", "PMID": 549887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_142", "title": "[Training possibilities for surgical interns].", "content": "Two questionnaires were prepared and adressed to interns in all surgery clinics in Switzerland. They trend to determine opinions on the actual formation in surgery. The results appears that, if a good formation may be obtained, the \"postgraduate\" has to be considered nowadays as the forgotten child in the hospitals. Important effort must be envisaged, to ameliorate the structuration of the post-graduate teaching, between and in the hospitals, but also to determine ways to inspect his quality.", "contents": "[Training possibilities for surgical interns]. Two questionnaires were prepared and adressed to interns in all surgery clinics in Switzerland. They trend to determine opinions on the actual formation in surgery. The results appears that, if a good formation may be obtained, the \"postgraduate\" has to be considered nowadays as the forgotten child in the hospitals. Important effort must be envisaged, to ameliorate the structuration of the post-graduate teaching, between and in the hospitals, but also to determine ways to inspect his quality.", "PMID": 549888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_143", "title": "[Federation of Swiss Physicians and the training of general surgeons].", "content": "The author recommends the Residency Program of the Halsted type as developed by D.C. SABISTON in the Departement of Surgery at Duke University. A two-year training in the basic problems, knowledge, and attitudes, common to all surgical subspecialties, is of fundamental importance (Fig. 1). The goal of this type of training is the US-Board Certification.--The Swiss Medical Federation considers the following factors as essential in a surgical training programm: The training of the general surgeon should be geared to broad principles without early overspecialisation. The training should allow a certain flexibility for the teacher as well as the candidate. A sufficient operative experience is paramount as well as the habit of a continuous education all trough a life-long surgical career and an understanding for economy in surgical practice.--The training of an university--or a private--surgeon does not give rise to important problems, whereas the training of surgeons for the medium sized and small Swiss hospitals represents a difficult problem. A double training in \"visceral\" and \"orthopaedic\" surgery with an accent on one or the other seems necessary in order to have one chief surgeon take the place of another during vacation, week-ends and illness. Even if such a complete training seems desirable, it can be justly questioned if under the present circumstances (emergency transportation, regionalized hospital organization, specialized hospital consultants) it is still justified to aim at the training of a \"complete\" surgeon who elsewhere, in a university hospital or in private practice or for that matter in other countries, is no longer absolutely necessary.", "contents": "[Federation of Swiss Physicians and the training of general surgeons]. The author recommends the Residency Program of the Halsted type as developed by D.C. SABISTON in the Departement of Surgery at Duke University. A two-year training in the basic problems, knowledge, and attitudes, common to all surgical subspecialties, is of fundamental importance (Fig. 1). The goal of this type of training is the US-Board Certification.--The Swiss Medical Federation considers the following factors as essential in a surgical training programm: The training of the general surgeon should be geared to broad principles without early overspecialisation. The training should allow a certain flexibility for the teacher as well as the candidate. A sufficient operative experience is paramount as well as the habit of a continuous education all trough a life-long surgical career and an understanding for economy in surgical practice.--The training of an university--or a private--surgeon does not give rise to important problems, whereas the training of surgeons for the medium sized and small Swiss hospitals represents a difficult problem. A double training in \"visceral\" and \"orthopaedic\" surgery with an accent on one or the other seems necessary in order to have one chief surgeon take the place of another during vacation, week-ends and illness. Even if such a complete training seems desirable, it can be justly questioned if under the present circumstances (emergency transportation, regionalized hospital organization, specialized hospital consultants) it is still justified to aim at the training of a \"complete\" surgeon who elsewhere, in a university hospital or in private practice or for that matter in other countries, is no longer absolutely necessary.", "PMID": 549889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_144", "title": "[Dangers of thoracic drainage].", "content": "Three case histories are presented in order to demonstrate the hazards of apparently well-placed pleural chest tubes. In one instance of ruptured diaphragm the dislocated and distended stomach imitated a pneumothorax, thus inviting thoracic drainage; in two other cases the drainage of a massive hematothorax accelerated the oncome of hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "[Dangers of thoracic drainage]. Three case histories are presented in order to demonstrate the hazards of apparently well-placed pleural chest tubes. In one instance of ruptured diaphragm the dislocated and distended stomach imitated a pneumothorax, thus inviting thoracic drainage; in two other cases the drainage of a massive hematothorax accelerated the oncome of hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 549890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_145", "title": "[Drainage in surgery of the heart and great vessels].", "content": "Based upon some recent experience with pericardial drainage a comparison is established between the surgical procedure and the needle-punction; the best approach to the pericardium, depending on the nature of the effusion is described. In the second part, the value of various types of drainage used since 19 years in the cardiac surgery is reviewed on the basis of our own experience with more than 7000 cases.", "contents": "[Drainage in surgery of the heart and great vessels]. Based upon some recent experience with pericardial drainage a comparison is established between the surgical procedure and the needle-punction; the best approach to the pericardium, depending on the nature of the effusion is described. In the second part, the value of various types of drainage used since 19 years in the cardiac surgery is reviewed on the basis of our own experience with more than 7000 cases.", "PMID": 549891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_146", "title": "[Drainage and lavage in abdominal surgery: bacteriologic aspects].", "content": "The efficiency of draining a purulent collection in the thoracic or abdominal cavity is well known. The actuel knowledge about opsonisation and phagocytosis of pathogenic bacterias offer a new and attractive explanation for this phenomenon. The prophylactic drainage of an uninfected cavity on the other hand has the advantage of eliminating blood and other materials promoting infection. However, the drainage has the inherent risk of a foreign body, obstruction and introduction of an artificial fistula. Therefore it should be inserted for a period as short as possible.", "contents": "[Drainage and lavage in abdominal surgery: bacteriologic aspects]. The efficiency of draining a purulent collection in the thoracic or abdominal cavity is well known. The actuel knowledge about opsonisation and phagocytosis of pathogenic bacterias offer a new and attractive explanation for this phenomenon. The prophylactic drainage of an uninfected cavity on the other hand has the advantage of eliminating blood and other materials promoting infection. However, the drainage has the inherent risk of a foreign body, obstruction and introduction of an artificial fistula. Therefore it should be inserted for a period as short as possible.", "PMID": 549892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_147", "title": "[Acute necrotizing pancreatitis and post-operative irrigation-lavage].", "content": "A series of 62 operated cases of acute necroto-hemorrhagic pancreatitis is presented along with discussion of the four principle objectives of surgical treatment: exposure, evaluation and selective resection of the lesions followed by close observation. Based on peroperative determination of anatomic site and macroscopic character, a double codification for each lesion is proposed. This codification provides the surgeon an objective basis for his choice of the type of procedure to be done. The surgery itself has a dual purpose: to eradicate frank necrosis and to protect the remaining tissue from autodigestion by installing one or more drains for irrigation and lavage of the lesion site. In the case of stage 3 necrosis, the procedure must include a left pancreatectomy of varying extent.", "contents": "[Acute necrotizing pancreatitis and post-operative irrigation-lavage]. A series of 62 operated cases of acute necroto-hemorrhagic pancreatitis is presented along with discussion of the four principle objectives of surgical treatment: exposure, evaluation and selective resection of the lesions followed by close observation. Based on peroperative determination of anatomic site and macroscopic character, a double codification for each lesion is proposed. This codification provides the surgeon an objective basis for his choice of the type of procedure to be done. The surgery itself has a dual purpose: to eradicate frank necrosis and to protect the remaining tissue from autodigestion by installing one or more drains for irrigation and lavage of the lesion site. In the case of stage 3 necrosis, the procedure must include a left pancreatectomy of varying extent.", "PMID": 549893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_148", "title": "[Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis--extended abdominal drainage and perirenal drainage links].", "content": "Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis, when mainly situated in the body and tail of the pancreas, may be associated with abscess formation in the left perirenal region through the radix mesosoli transversi. Next to the extensive drainage of the abdomen and pancreas, we advise supplementary primary left perirenal-retroperitoneal drainage, considering how difficult it can be to loalize a secondary postoperative pancreatic abscess, especially when a computer-assisted tomography (CAT) is unavailable. In those cases in which the transverse colon had suffered circulatory damage from the acute pancreatitis, good results have been obtained with temporary coecostomy.", "contents": "[Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis--extended abdominal drainage and perirenal drainage links]. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis, when mainly situated in the body and tail of the pancreas, may be associated with abscess formation in the left perirenal region through the radix mesosoli transversi. Next to the extensive drainage of the abdomen and pancreas, we advise supplementary primary left perirenal-retroperitoneal drainage, considering how difficult it can be to loalize a secondary postoperative pancreatic abscess, especially when a computer-assisted tomography (CAT) is unavailable. In those cases in which the transverse colon had suffered circulatory damage from the acute pancreatitis, good results have been obtained with temporary coecostomy.", "PMID": 549894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_149", "title": "[Drainage following sigmoido-rectal surgery].", "content": "There is a great diversity of opinion concerning the management of wounds in rectal surgery. In resection of the rectum we recommend to use the soft Penrose drain, we put in several drains, if the operative field isn't completely clean, we rinse more thoroughly the wound per- and postoperatively in cases of massive bacterial and fecal contamination. Irrigation combined with suction drainage is only installed in presence of general peritonitis. In amputation of the rectum we have abandonned primary closure combined with suction drainage of the perineal wound, a loose bundle drainage neither delaying wound healing nor prolonging hospital stay. In cases of hemorrhage we plug the wound by a Mikulic tampon. If the pelvic floor cannot be closed, we place a plastic sheet on the abdominal side of the Mikulic tampon, this sheet serving as complementary draining system. The disadvantages of every draining system are overruled by their life saving capacities.", "contents": "[Drainage following sigmoido-rectal surgery]. There is a great diversity of opinion concerning the management of wounds in rectal surgery. In resection of the rectum we recommend to use the soft Penrose drain, we put in several drains, if the operative field isn't completely clean, we rinse more thoroughly the wound per- and postoperatively in cases of massive bacterial and fecal contamination. Irrigation combined with suction drainage is only installed in presence of general peritonitis. In amputation of the rectum we have abandonned primary closure combined with suction drainage of the perineal wound, a loose bundle drainage neither delaying wound healing nor prolonging hospital stay. In cases of hemorrhage we plug the wound by a Mikulic tampon. If the pelvic floor cannot be closed, we place a plastic sheet on the abdominal side of the Mikulic tampon, this sheet serving as complementary draining system. The disadvantages of every draining system are overruled by their life saving capacities.", "PMID": 549895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_150", "title": "[Transvaginal drainage in rectum amputations].", "content": "In cases of abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum, a monobloc excision of the posterior vaginal wall and the rectum is performed. The flaps thus formed are rotated and sutured to the side-walls of the cavity. The perineal fat is approximated and the skin sutured. The \"new vagina\" is packed. The vaginal epithelium covers in less than three weeks the posterior raw area reconstituting a normal vagina. The packing is irrigated daily with an antiseptic. Postoperative cares are more easier.", "contents": "[Transvaginal drainage in rectum amputations]. In cases of abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum, a monobloc excision of the posterior vaginal wall and the rectum is performed. The flaps thus formed are rotated and sutured to the side-walls of the cavity. The perineal fat is approximated and the skin sutured. The \"new vagina\" is packed. The vaginal epithelium covers in less than three weeks the posterior raw area reconstituting a normal vagina. The packing is irrigated daily with an antiseptic. Postoperative cares are more easier.", "PMID": 549896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_151", "title": "[Peritoneal drainage in emergency surgery of the appendix, colon and small intestine].", "content": "Retrospective study of patients who underwent as an emergency, a peritoneal drainage during laparotomy for peritonitis with perforated appendix (147 cases), or operation for lage bowel (68 cases) or small bowel (46 cases) pathology. The technique of drainage number of drains, duration of drainage, and length of stay in hospital are examined, as well as antibiotherapy. The conclusions do not allow us to attribute a harmful influence to peritoneal drainage, except perhaps that the duration of stay in hospital can be longer. The absence of a comparison group does not allow us to prove the utility of peritoneal drainage. The literature at our disposal is discussed, the majority of which is opposed to peritoneal drainage.", "contents": "[Peritoneal drainage in emergency surgery of the appendix, colon and small intestine]. Retrospective study of patients who underwent as an emergency, a peritoneal drainage during laparotomy for peritonitis with perforated appendix (147 cases), or operation for lage bowel (68 cases) or small bowel (46 cases) pathology. The technique of drainage number of drains, duration of drainage, and length of stay in hospital are examined, as well as antibiotherapy. The conclusions do not allow us to attribute a harmful influence to peritoneal drainage, except perhaps that the duration of stay in hospital can be longer. The absence of a comparison group does not allow us to prove the utility of peritoneal drainage. The literature at our disposal is discussed, the majority of which is opposed to peritoneal drainage.", "PMID": 549897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_152", "title": "[Should drainage be performed in perforated appendicitis?].", "content": "During a follow-up study we examined 85 patients (34 children) with perforated appendicitis. The operating procedure is shortly sketched. The very favourable early and late results of our patients confirm the findings of other authors [2, 4, 5] that an intraperitoneal drainage is unnecessary in patients with perforated appendicitis. We take a thick Penrose drain for any abscess within a capsule.", "contents": "[Should drainage be performed in perforated appendicitis?]. During a follow-up study we examined 85 patients (34 children) with perforated appendicitis. The operating procedure is shortly sketched. The very favourable early and late results of our patients confirm the findings of other authors [2, 4, 5] that an intraperitoneal drainage is unnecessary in patients with perforated appendicitis. We take a thick Penrose drain for any abscess within a capsule.", "PMID": 549898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_153", "title": "[Drainage following urological surgery].", "content": "Prolonged leakage of urine and infection are the most troublesome complications following surgical exposure of the lumen of the urinary tract. The available methods of wound and urinary drainage are discussed. Careful attention should be paid to the material from which the drain is manufactured, because of long periods of drainage in a closed system.", "contents": "[Drainage following urological surgery]. Prolonged leakage of urine and infection are the most troublesome complications following surgical exposure of the lumen of the urinary tract. The available methods of wound and urinary drainage are discussed. Careful attention should be paid to the material from which the drain is manufactured, because of long periods of drainage in a closed system.", "PMID": 549899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_154", "title": "[Drainage and lavage in abdominal trauma].", "content": "Peritoneal lavage is a reliable procedure in diagnosis of posttraumatic intra-abdominal bleeding. The method is extremely sensitive. If the return is found weakly positive, the lavage catheter should be left in position until the situation is cleared. Insufflation of air through the catheter may be used in diagnosis of a ruptured diaphragm. In the first days after trauma, peritoneal lavage may as well be helpful to detect secondary bleeding (for example in delayed rupture of the spleen) in unconscious patients or during mechanical ventilation. Postoperative drainage of the abdomen, too, is of considerable diagnostic value: for assessment of postoperative bleeding and in diagnosis of delayed intestinal perforation or insufficiency of a sutured bowel lesion. In pancreatic trauma, adequate drainage of pancreatic secretions prevents arterial arrosion or the formation of a pseudocyst. Determination of amylase in the drained fluid guides the further therapy: duration of total parenteral nutrition, suppression of pancreatic activity by drugs, removal o the drains. Tactics in draining the abdominal cavity after trauma should take into consideration an optimal removal of blood and secretions as well as the mentioned diagnostic value. In specially indicated cases the drainage system also should allow to perform peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "[Drainage and lavage in abdominal trauma]. Peritoneal lavage is a reliable procedure in diagnosis of posttraumatic intra-abdominal bleeding. The method is extremely sensitive. If the return is found weakly positive, the lavage catheter should be left in position until the situation is cleared. Insufflation of air through the catheter may be used in diagnosis of a ruptured diaphragm. In the first days after trauma, peritoneal lavage may as well be helpful to detect secondary bleeding (for example in delayed rupture of the spleen) in unconscious patients or during mechanical ventilation. Postoperative drainage of the abdomen, too, is of considerable diagnostic value: for assessment of postoperative bleeding and in diagnosis of delayed intestinal perforation or insufficiency of a sutured bowel lesion. In pancreatic trauma, adequate drainage of pancreatic secretions prevents arterial arrosion or the formation of a pseudocyst. Determination of amylase in the drained fluid guides the further therapy: duration of total parenteral nutrition, suppression of pancreatic activity by drugs, removal o the drains. Tactics in draining the abdominal cavity after trauma should take into consideration an optimal removal of blood and secretions as well as the mentioned diagnostic value. In specially indicated cases the drainage system also should allow to perform peritoneal dialysis.", "PMID": 549900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_155", "title": "[Indications and technic of subphrenic percutaneous drainage].", "content": "Introduction of percutaneous drainage (pcd) of subphrenic space in early subphrenic abscesses or fluid collections (e.g. bile) seems to be an alternative to common surgical treatment, if the indication is restricted to single contaminated abscesses. Septicemia, continued contamination, hematomas and multiple abscesses are contraindications. A modified angiocatheter is placed directly or by a Seldinger technique. Adjunct antibiotic treatment is important. The advantages of subphrenic pcd are: simple low risk procedure in local anesthesia, rapid improvement of associated respiratory symptoms, no further contamination of the abdomen. 4 of 6 patients were treated successfully by this procedure.", "contents": "[Indications and technic of subphrenic percutaneous drainage]. Introduction of percutaneous drainage (pcd) of subphrenic space in early subphrenic abscesses or fluid collections (e.g. bile) seems to be an alternative to common surgical treatment, if the indication is restricted to single contaminated abscesses. Septicemia, continued contamination, hematomas and multiple abscesses are contraindications. A modified angiocatheter is placed directly or by a Seldinger technique. Adjunct antibiotic treatment is important. The advantages of subphrenic pcd are: simple low risk procedure in local anesthesia, rapid improvement of associated respiratory symptoms, no further contamination of the abdomen. 4 of 6 patients were treated successfully by this procedure.", "PMID": 549902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_156", "title": "Perception of moving sounds: velocity discrimination.", "content": "Two experiments investigated auditory velocity perception. Exper. I compared auditory to visual velocity estimates. Five adults judged, in miles/hr, the motion of a sound source (a small loudspeaker) moving on a 1.88-m boom around S's head at each of 7 velocities from 15 to 360 degrees/sec. The sound source was either visible or not visible. Velocity judgments were shown in both modalities to be a power function of source velocity, with a slope of approximately 0.90. No significant difference was found between the auditory and visual functions. A control Exper. II determined with 14 naive adults that the similarities between the functions in each modality could not be attributed to either previous visual experience or proprioceptive feedback. Ss estimated the velocity of the visible moving loudspeaker while tracking the source with their eyes (N: 7) or while fixating on a small stationary light (N: 7). Eye motion was recorded from electrodes on the canthi. No significant differences were found between these conditions. The estimates were again shown to be a power function of source velocity (though slightly higher slopes of 0.99 for visual pursuit and 1.0 for visual fixation were obtained than in Exper. I). These experiments suggest a surprising degree of similarity in the perception of velocity in auditory and visual spatial functions.", "contents": "Perception of moving sounds: velocity discrimination. Two experiments investigated auditory velocity perception. Exper. I compared auditory to visual velocity estimates. Five adults judged, in miles/hr, the motion of a sound source (a small loudspeaker) moving on a 1.88-m boom around S's head at each of 7 velocities from 15 to 360 degrees/sec. The sound source was either visible or not visible. Velocity judgments were shown in both modalities to be a power function of source velocity, with a slope of approximately 0.90. No significant difference was found between the auditory and visual functions. A control Exper. II determined with 14 naive adults that the similarities between the functions in each modality could not be attributed to either previous visual experience or proprioceptive feedback. Ss estimated the velocity of the visible moving loudspeaker while tracking the source with their eyes (N: 7) or while fixating on a small stationary light (N: 7). Eye motion was recorded from electrodes on the canthi. No significant differences were found between these conditions. The estimates were again shown to be a power function of source velocity (though slightly higher slopes of 0.99 for visual pursuit and 1.0 for visual fixation were obtained than in Exper. I). These experiments suggest a surprising degree of similarity in the perception of velocity in auditory and visual spatial functions.", "PMID": 549903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_157", "title": "Sensitivity to the elements of pure-tone auditory dyads.", "content": "Judgments of 15 college students for the presence of one or two tones in a dyad were obtained while both the distance between frequencies (from 129--258 to 488--976 c/s) and the musical interval (from Octaves to Major Thirds) were independently changed. When the critical bands of the constituent tones mainly overlapped, the percentage of correct responses was high and depended primarily upon the distance between frequencies as opposed to the musical interval. Percentage of correct responses decreased with the size of the interval when there was no encroachment of critical bands. It was concluded that critical-band theory could readily explain the data: when critical bands overlap, Ss used the presence of \"roughness\" to judge that the stimulus contained two tones; when there was no critical band overlap, there was no roughness and Ss had to analyze the tones separately. This was more difficult than simply listening for roughness, and the percentage of errors increased in consequence.", "contents": "Sensitivity to the elements of pure-tone auditory dyads. Judgments of 15 college students for the presence of one or two tones in a dyad were obtained while both the distance between frequencies (from 129--258 to 488--976 c/s) and the musical interval (from Octaves to Major Thirds) were independently changed. When the critical bands of the constituent tones mainly overlapped, the percentage of correct responses was high and depended primarily upon the distance between frequencies as opposed to the musical interval. Percentage of correct responses decreased with the size of the interval when there was no encroachment of critical bands. It was concluded that critical-band theory could readily explain the data: when critical bands overlap, Ss used the presence of \"roughness\" to judge that the stimulus contained two tones; when there was no critical band overlap, there was no roughness and Ss had to analyze the tones separately. This was more difficult than simply listening for roughness, and the percentage of errors increased in consequence.", "PMID": 549904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_158", "title": "The effect of age in brief-tone audiometry.", "content": "The influence of age and sex on temporal intergration as it might be measured clinically was assessed in 50 normal-hearing Ss aged 6--24 yrs. A threshold-tracking paradigm was employed. Age did not systematically influence temporal integration. Variability of integration values among Ss of 6--7 yrs indicates that such children are capable of tracking threshold successfully in a brief-tone paradigm. Significant sex differences in integration slope were obtained across test frequency and age group.", "contents": "The effect of age in brief-tone audiometry. The influence of age and sex on temporal intergration as it might be measured clinically was assessed in 50 normal-hearing Ss aged 6--24 yrs. A threshold-tracking paradigm was employed. Age did not systematically influence temporal integration. Variability of integration values among Ss of 6--7 yrs indicates that such children are capable of tracking threshold successfully in a brief-tone paradigm. Significant sex differences in integration slope were obtained across test frequency and age group.", "PMID": 549905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_159", "title": "Congenital vs acquired deafness: differences in reading and mathematics levels.", "content": "Measures of reading ability and math skills were taken in 22 adults who were either congenitally deaf or had acquired deafness in the second or third year of life. Both groups were equivalent with respect to I.Q., education level and degree of loss. The following tests were administered: (1) the performance scale of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, (2) the math section of the Wide Range Achievement Test, (3) the Reading Comprehension subtest of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, and (4) the Raven Test of Progressive Matrices. There were no significant differences between the two groups on reading level, but a significantly higher math level was found in the congenital group. It was suggested that the pathology in the acquired group may have affected other neural centers in addition to the auditory, or that the acquired group may have been handicapped by the possibility of switching from one coding system (auditory) to another (visual), while in the congenital group the coding remained confined to the visual mode.", "contents": "Congenital vs acquired deafness: differences in reading and mathematics levels. Measures of reading ability and math skills were taken in 22 adults who were either congenitally deaf or had acquired deafness in the second or third year of life. Both groups were equivalent with respect to I.Q., education level and degree of loss. The following tests were administered: (1) the performance scale of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, (2) the math section of the Wide Range Achievement Test, (3) the Reading Comprehension subtest of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, and (4) the Raven Test of Progressive Matrices. There were no significant differences between the two groups on reading level, but a significantly higher math level was found in the congenital group. It was suggested that the pathology in the acquired group may have affected other neural centers in addition to the auditory, or that the acquired group may have been handicapped by the possibility of switching from one coding system (auditory) to another (visual), while in the congenital group the coding remained confined to the visual mode.", "PMID": 549906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_160", "title": "A study of five parameters of calorically-induced nystagmus in the clinical situation.", "content": "Latency, duration, and amplitude of response, frequency of nystagmic beats, and speed of the slow component of calorically-induced nystagmus were studied by ENG in 14 normal-hearing adults. Attention was directed toward differences as a function of stimulus temperature (30 degrees C vs 44 degrees C) and side of stimulation. Nystagmus amplitudes were significantly larger from R ear as compared to L ear irrigations, and from cool as compared to warm. Ssc's from cool irrigations were also significantly larger than from warm. A series of t-tests computed for correlated samples indicated that the R ear 30 degrees irrigation, which was the first stimulus for all Ss, was responsible for the significant differences. Implications of the need for research on caloric interstimulus intervals and vestibular response fatigue were presented, and a procedure outlined to avoid erroneous results in caloric testing.", "contents": "A study of five parameters of calorically-induced nystagmus in the clinical situation. Latency, duration, and amplitude of response, frequency of nystagmic beats, and speed of the slow component of calorically-induced nystagmus were studied by ENG in 14 normal-hearing adults. Attention was directed toward differences as a function of stimulus temperature (30 degrees C vs 44 degrees C) and side of stimulation. Nystagmus amplitudes were significantly larger from R ear as compared to L ear irrigations, and from cool as compared to warm. Ssc's from cool irrigations were also significantly larger than from warm. A series of t-tests computed for correlated samples indicated that the R ear 30 degrees irrigation, which was the first stimulus for all Ss, was responsible for the significant differences. Implications of the need for research on caloric interstimulus intervals and vestibular response fatigue were presented, and a procedure outlined to avoid erroneous results in caloric testing.", "PMID": 549907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_161", "title": "Microprocessor versus self-recording audiometry in industry.", "content": "Auditory thresholds of 46 industrial workers tested on both a self-recording audiometer and a microprocessor audiometer showed significant differences at 2, 3, 6, and 8 kc/s with the self-recording instrument measuring lower thresholds by from 2.3 to 6.7 db. Differences appear to be the result of the psychophysical methods used and the use of pulsing versus steady tones. The differences, though significant, should be of little consequence in a carefully administered industrial hearing conservation program.", "contents": "Microprocessor versus self-recording audiometry in industry. Auditory thresholds of 46 industrial workers tested on both a self-recording audiometer and a microprocessor audiometer showed significant differences at 2, 3, 6, and 8 kc/s with the self-recording instrument measuring lower thresholds by from 2.3 to 6.7 db. Differences appear to be the result of the psychophysical methods used and the use of pulsing versus steady tones. The differences, though significant, should be of little consequence in a carefully administered industrial hearing conservation program.", "PMID": 549908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_162", "title": "2AFC versus standard clinical measurement of high frequency auditory sensitivity (8--20 KC/S).", "content": "A two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) psychophysical method of assessment was employed to judge the validity of using a standard clinical test procedure for obtaining thresholds in the frequency region 8--20 kc/s. Close agreement was demonstrated between \"same-day\" thresholds obtained with a standard clinical test procedure and the 2AFC method, for 6 well trained normal-hearing adults. In addition, close agreement was shown between the 2AFC sensitivity measure and the mean of thresholds obtained at 4 separate times during this investigation with the standard method. The standard clinical test method demonstrated good between-test reliability. It is concluded that a standard clinical test technique is a valid and feasible clinical measurement procedure for this high frequency region.", "contents": "2AFC versus standard clinical measurement of high frequency auditory sensitivity (8--20 KC/S). A two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) psychophysical method of assessment was employed to judge the validity of using a standard clinical test procedure for obtaining thresholds in the frequency region 8--20 kc/s. Close agreement was demonstrated between \"same-day\" thresholds obtained with a standard clinical test procedure and the 2AFC method, for 6 well trained normal-hearing adults. In addition, close agreement was shown between the 2AFC sensitivity measure and the mean of thresholds obtained at 4 separate times during this investigation with the standard method. The standard clinical test method demonstrated good between-test reliability. It is concluded that a standard clinical test technique is a valid and feasible clinical measurement procedure for this high frequency region.", "PMID": 549909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_163", "title": "Preference for complexity in the auditory and visual modes.", "content": "The contribution of sex and age was determined in comparisons of complexity preference in the auditory and visual modes. Six tonal passages and 22 random polygons of varying complexity constituted the auditory and visual stimuli, respectively. Preferences for complexity were elicited from 30 M and 30 F Ss, all of similar socio-economic status, in each of the age groups 5 and 17 yrs. Preference for complexity was not correlated across auditory and visual modes for any age or sex group. It was interesting, however, that although for 5-yr-old boys there was anon-significant inverse relationship between modes, and for 17-yr-old youths there was a non-significant direct relationship, the difference between these two correlations was significant. There was a significant (p less than .001) increase in visual complexity preference with age, although no such effect was found for auditory complexity; preference in the auditory mode remained at a moderate level for all groups.", "contents": "Preference for complexity in the auditory and visual modes. The contribution of sex and age was determined in comparisons of complexity preference in the auditory and visual modes. Six tonal passages and 22 random polygons of varying complexity constituted the auditory and visual stimuli, respectively. Preferences for complexity were elicited from 30 M and 30 F Ss, all of similar socio-economic status, in each of the age groups 5 and 17 yrs. Preference for complexity was not correlated across auditory and visual modes for any age or sex group. It was interesting, however, that although for 5-yr-old boys there was anon-significant inverse relationship between modes, and for 17-yr-old youths there was a non-significant direct relationship, the difference between these two correlations was significant. There was a significant (p less than .001) increase in visual complexity preference with age, although no such effect was found for auditory complexity; preference in the auditory mode remained at a moderate level for all groups.", "PMID": 549910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_164", "title": "Age and sex differences on preferred listening rates for speech.", "content": "The preferred listening rate of speech was investigated in 30 men and 30 women aged 18--87 yrs. Ss were presented auditorially a reading of a standard prose passage and themselves adjusted a Varispeech I time compressor/expander to yield preferred listening rate. Differences in rate preference were significant for age but not for sex differences. Results support previous reports of auditory perceptual differences with increasing age and suggest that variability in previous reports of preferred listening rates may have been due in part to age differences of the Ss.", "contents": "Age and sex differences on preferred listening rates for speech. The preferred listening rate of speech was investigated in 30 men and 30 women aged 18--87 yrs. Ss were presented auditorially a reading of a standard prose passage and themselves adjusted a Varispeech I time compressor/expander to yield preferred listening rate. Differences in rate preference were significant for age but not for sex differences. Results support previous reports of auditory perceptual differences with increasing age and suggest that variability in previous reports of preferred listening rates may have been due in part to age differences of the Ss.", "PMID": 549911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_165", "title": "Influence of acoustic reflex on pure-tone thresholds in sensorineural patients.", "content": "Discrete-frequency Bekesy HTLs (.25, .5, 1, and 2 kc/s) of 12 sensorineural impaired Ss (8 bilateral, 4 unilateral) were compared under 3 conditions to determine the influence of the acoustic reflex (AR). The conditions were (1) tones in quiet, (2) tones with contralateral noise 20 db below the AR threshold for noise, and (3) tones with contralateral noise 10 db above AR threshold. The results revealed statistically and clinically significant threshold shifts due to the AR. Clinical implications were discussed.", "contents": "Influence of acoustic reflex on pure-tone thresholds in sensorineural patients. Discrete-frequency Bekesy HTLs (.25, .5, 1, and 2 kc/s) of 12 sensorineural impaired Ss (8 bilateral, 4 unilateral) were compared under 3 conditions to determine the influence of the acoustic reflex (AR). The conditions were (1) tones in quiet, (2) tones with contralateral noise 20 db below the AR threshold for noise, and (3) tones with contralateral noise 10 db above AR threshold. The results revealed statistically and clinically significant threshold shifts due to the AR. Clinical implications were discussed.", "PMID": 549912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_166", "title": "Reducing auditory feedback and the acquisition of motor response timing.", "content": "Three groups of subjects (n=10) attempted to move a lever 50 cm along a track in 1.50 sec under one of three auditory feedback conditions: Fully augmented increasing auditory feedback (FAF) in which a constant level of velocity-related auditory feedback was provided for all 25 learning trials, reducing auditory feedback (FAF) in which the level of feedback was progressively reduced over the learning trials, and no auditory feedback (NAF). All subjects performed 10 trials with no auditory feedback after a 10-min rest interval. The hypothesis that acquisition of the criterion task would be facilitated under RAF compared to FAF derived partial support. It was concluded that there is sufficient evidence to justify further investigation of reducing auditory feedback as a technique of motor skill acquisition.", "contents": "Reducing auditory feedback and the acquisition of motor response timing. Three groups of subjects (n=10) attempted to move a lever 50 cm along a track in 1.50 sec under one of three auditory feedback conditions: Fully augmented increasing auditory feedback (FAF) in which a constant level of velocity-related auditory feedback was provided for all 25 learning trials, reducing auditory feedback (FAF) in which the level of feedback was progressively reduced over the learning trials, and no auditory feedback (NAF). All subjects performed 10 trials with no auditory feedback after a 10-min rest interval. The hypothesis that acquisition of the criterion task would be facilitated under RAF compared to FAF derived partial support. It was concluded that there is sufficient evidence to justify further investigation of reducing auditory feedback as a technique of motor skill acquisition.", "PMID": 549941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_167", "title": "Prediction of serum testosterone before and after an exercise program using physiological and personality variables.", "content": "This study investigated the relationships between serum testosterone level and selected physiological and personality variables in 58 males (21-61 years) before and after a four month physical fitness program consisting of jogging, calisthenics, and recreational activities. Physical fitness scores were obtained for each subject using a regression equation. Serum testosterone was determined using a radioimmunoassay technique. The multiple correlation was used to determine the relationship between serum testosterone and 19 independent variables consisting of age, height, and weight, and percent lean body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, ten factors from the Cattell 16 PF and the three scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. A stepwise linear regression was used to identify the predictive power of each of the independent variables. The subjects improved significantly in physical fitness (p < 0.01). The multiple correlations both at the pre-test (R=0.77; R2=0.59) and post-test (R=0.67; R2=0.46) were significant at the 0.01 level. Neuroticism, factors dealing with emotional stability, aggression, and intelligence were powerful predictors initially. Similar results were obtained at the post-test except for the addition of percent lean as a powerful predictor and the absence of factors dealing with intelligence and aggression. The emergence of percent lean was seen to reflect changes in body composition associated with testosterone secretion. The absence of aggression at the post-test was interpreted in light of free catecholamine excretion associated with habitual exercise.", "contents": "Prediction of serum testosterone before and after an exercise program using physiological and personality variables. This study investigated the relationships between serum testosterone level and selected physiological and personality variables in 58 males (21-61 years) before and after a four month physical fitness program consisting of jogging, calisthenics, and recreational activities. Physical fitness scores were obtained for each subject using a regression equation. Serum testosterone was determined using a radioimmunoassay technique. The multiple correlation was used to determine the relationship between serum testosterone and 19 independent variables consisting of age, height, and weight, and percent lean body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, ten factors from the Cattell 16 PF and the three scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. A stepwise linear regression was used to identify the predictive power of each of the independent variables. The subjects improved significantly in physical fitness (p < 0.01). The multiple correlations both at the pre-test (R=0.77; R2=0.59) and post-test (R=0.67; R2=0.46) were significant at the 0.01 level. Neuroticism, factors dealing with emotional stability, aggression, and intelligence were powerful predictors initially. Similar results were obtained at the post-test except for the addition of percent lean as a powerful predictor and the absence of factors dealing with intelligence and aggression. The emergence of percent lean was seen to reflect changes in body composition associated with testosterone secretion. The absence of aggression at the post-test was interpreted in light of free catecholamine excretion associated with habitual exercise.", "PMID": 549942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_168", "title": "A predictive and descriptive model of interns' hospital selections.", "content": "This paper examines the differences among medical students who have chosen different types of hospitals for internship training. The criterion variable of a medical student electing to take internship training in a government, private, public, or university hospital is analyzed using admissions, medical training, and practice data as independent variables. Multiple discriminant analysis is employed to evaluate the profiles of physicians who have taken internship training in the different types of hospitals. Classification rates were found to be somewhat accurate. Computer graph plots of discriminant analysis mappings are used to depict differences among the hospital-based internship groups. The results of applying these techniques and methods are of value for more efficient hospital administration.", "contents": "A predictive and descriptive model of interns' hospital selections. This paper examines the differences among medical students who have chosen different types of hospitals for internship training. The criterion variable of a medical student electing to take internship training in a government, private, public, or university hospital is analyzed using admissions, medical training, and practice data as independent variables. Multiple discriminant analysis is employed to evaluate the profiles of physicians who have taken internship training in the different types of hospitals. Classification rates were found to be somewhat accurate. Computer graph plots of discriminant analysis mappings are used to depict differences among the hospital-based internship groups. The results of applying these techniques and methods are of value for more efficient hospital administration.", "PMID": 549955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_169", "title": "On-line computer management of cardiac surgical data.", "content": "The surgeon (or one of his assistants) enters, in a computer file, information on open-heart surgical procedures though a remote terminal located in the recovery room. Clinical and historical findings, complications occurring during the immediate postoperative period, and postmortem data when applicable are entered in the course of the hospital stay or after discharge. Relevant information entering the computer system in other hospital departments is automatically incorporated in the open-heart surgery file. A final multicopy operative report is printed in the recovery room shortly after the surgical procedure is completed. All information on patients in the file constitutes a permanent and dynamic data base that is accessible at any time from any remote terminal in the hospital computer system. This data base contains an average of 500 items of information per surgical procedure and is available via an on-line retrieval program for both quality control purposes and extrapolation of prognostic data on new patients.", "contents": "On-line computer management of cardiac surgical data. The surgeon (or one of his assistants) enters, in a computer file, information on open-heart surgical procedures though a remote terminal located in the recovery room. Clinical and historical findings, complications occurring during the immediate postoperative period, and postmortem data when applicable are entered in the course of the hospital stay or after discharge. Relevant information entering the computer system in other hospital departments is automatically incorporated in the open-heart surgery file. A final multicopy operative report is printed in the recovery room shortly after the surgical procedure is completed. All information on patients in the file constitutes a permanent and dynamic data base that is accessible at any time from any remote terminal in the hospital computer system. This data base contains an average of 500 items of information per surgical procedure and is available via an on-line retrieval program for both quality control purposes and extrapolation of prognostic data on new patients.", "PMID": 549956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_170", "title": "A hospital medication monitoring system.", "content": "Hospitals need to process large quantities of scattered information to properly screen medication orders. The data includes complex relationships involving drugs, diseases, and other drugs that determine whether a particular drug is contraindicated for a patient. Hospitals would therefore benefit from a flexible system for storing complex medical data relationships. We have used GPLAN, a CODASYL-like data management system, to construct a functioning model of a hospital pharmacy medication monitoring system. the patients' histories, drug-drug contraindications, disease-drug contraindications, and recommended dosages are stored in the data base in a network structure defined by the Data Description Language. Each drug order is checked for dose, allergies, current diseases, and current medications.", "contents": "A hospital medication monitoring system. Hospitals need to process large quantities of scattered information to properly screen medication orders. The data includes complex relationships involving drugs, diseases, and other drugs that determine whether a particular drug is contraindicated for a patient. Hospitals would therefore benefit from a flexible system for storing complex medical data relationships. We have used GPLAN, a CODASYL-like data management system, to construct a functioning model of a hospital pharmacy medication monitoring system. the patients' histories, drug-drug contraindications, disease-drug contraindications, and recommended dosages are stored in the data base in a network structure defined by the Data Description Language. Each drug order is checked for dose, allergies, current diseases, and current medications.", "PMID": 549957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_171", "title": "A note on computer graph plots of physician practice locations.", "content": "This note examines the distribution of a medical school's physician graduates among states. Computer graphy plots of this distribution are shown to be an alternative way of providing information to health care administration decision-makers concerned with physician practice location.", "contents": "A note on computer graph plots of physician practice locations. This note examines the distribution of a medical school's physician graduates among states. Computer graphy plots of this distribution are shown to be an alternative way of providing information to health care administration decision-makers concerned with physician practice location.", "PMID": 549958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_172", "title": "Determining clinical significance in repeated laboratory measurements. The \"Clinical Delta Range\".", "content": "A study of healthy subjects was conducted at the University of Florida wherein 52 routine clinical laboratory procedures were measured durng normal operation of the clinical laboratories. The goal of the study ws to quantify nonsignificant personal variation for a number of laboratory procedures referred to as a \"Clinical Delta Range,\" which results from taking several samples per day, several days during the week. Results of the statistical test of hypotheses are given together with summary statistics for the 52 different laboratory procedures. A discussion of the model and testing methods are provided. Further, examples are given to illustrate the methodology and certain limitations associated with the concept of a Clinical Delta Range.", "contents": "Determining clinical significance in repeated laboratory measurements. The \"Clinical Delta Range\". A study of healthy subjects was conducted at the University of Florida wherein 52 routine clinical laboratory procedures were measured durng normal operation of the clinical laboratories. The goal of the study ws to quantify nonsignificant personal variation for a number of laboratory procedures referred to as a \"Clinical Delta Range,\" which results from taking several samples per day, several days during the week. Results of the statistical test of hypotheses are given together with summary statistics for the 52 different laboratory procedures. A discussion of the model and testing methods are provided. Further, examples are given to illustrate the methodology and certain limitations associated with the concept of a Clinical Delta Range.", "PMID": 549959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_173", "title": "A proposal for laboratory data reporting.", "content": "Changes are proposed regarding the presentation of laboratory information. More definitive statements are required for reference limits, sampling variance (the Clinical Delta Range), and multivariate group analysis of large test batteries. To make this transition possible, laboratory reports should be classed so that the practicing physician has some measure of confidence in the product and its compatability with other sources. The proposal extends to the range of financial reimbursement and suggests that class standing be issued by an accrediting agency and support a structured level of payment.", "contents": "A proposal for laboratory data reporting. Changes are proposed regarding the presentation of laboratory information. More definitive statements are required for reference limits, sampling variance (the Clinical Delta Range), and multivariate group analysis of large test batteries. To make this transition possible, laboratory reports should be classed so that the practicing physician has some measure of confidence in the product and its compatability with other sources. The proposal extends to the range of financial reimbursement and suggests that class standing be issued by an accrediting agency and support a structured level of payment.", "PMID": 549960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_174", "title": "Uninterruptible power systems and other power protection equipment for electronic health care systems.", "content": "The increasing usage of electronic instruments in health care systems invariably leads to some level of dependence on them. In order to maximize the utility of these tools a high degree of reliability is essential. Many of the failures being experienced in systems where electronic instruments are being utilized may be attributed not to a failure of the instrument itself but rather to the poor quality of the commercial power to which they are attached. In order to reduce the effects of power fluctuations and outages, some type of power protection equipment must be installed between the commercial power system and the instrument. This article discusses the types of \"electronic noise\" present on commercial power lines and the various types of equipment used to reduce its effect on electronic instrumentation. In general, the Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is shown to be the most effective power buffering element for a health care environment. General terminology associated with specifications of a UPS is defined in the article and attached appendix.", "contents": "Uninterruptible power systems and other power protection equipment for electronic health care systems. The increasing usage of electronic instruments in health care systems invariably leads to some level of dependence on them. In order to maximize the utility of these tools a high degree of reliability is essential. Many of the failures being experienced in systems where electronic instruments are being utilized may be attributed not to a failure of the instrument itself but rather to the poor quality of the commercial power to which they are attached. In order to reduce the effects of power fluctuations and outages, some type of power protection equipment must be installed between the commercial power system and the instrument. This article discusses the types of \"electronic noise\" present on commercial power lines and the various types of equipment used to reduce its effect on electronic instrumentation. In general, the Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is shown to be the most effective power buffering element for a health care environment. General terminology associated with specifications of a UPS is defined in the article and attached appendix.", "PMID": 549961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_175", "title": "[A study on the physiological basis of training effect--with special reference to myoglobin. I. Isolation and properties of myoglobin from dog skeletal muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "Myoglobin (Mb) was isolated from canine skeletal muscle by a novel heat denaturation-gel filtration-ion exchange chromatography procedure. The purified major Mb was homogeneous by gel electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analysis, and the sedimentation coefficient at infinite dilution (S degrees 20, w) was 1.9 S. The molecular weight by sedimentation equilibrium was 1.72 X 10(4) and was essentially identical with the values by the iron analysis (1.80 X 10(4) and the amino acid composition (1.78 X 10(4). The spectroscopic properties of deoxy-, oxy-, carbonmonoxy- and met-derivatives of the Mb were determined in ultraviolet, Soret and visible regions. The pK' of acid-alkaline transition of the met-Mb was estimated as 8.80+/-0.04 (25 degrees) from the pH-dependent spectral change. The oxygen equilibrium studies revealed complete absence of such allosteric properties as heme-heme interaction, anion effect and the Bohr effect which were always present in normal mammalian hemoglobins. Oxygen tension for the half-oxygenation was 0.48 mmHg (20 degrees) and its temperature-dependent change gave the delta H degrees of -15.7 Kcal/mole.", "contents": "[A study on the physiological basis of training effect--with special reference to myoglobin. I. Isolation and properties of myoglobin from dog skeletal muscle (author's transl)]. Myoglobin (Mb) was isolated from canine skeletal muscle by a novel heat denaturation-gel filtration-ion exchange chromatography procedure. The purified major Mb was homogeneous by gel electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analysis, and the sedimentation coefficient at infinite dilution (S degrees 20, w) was 1.9 S. The molecular weight by sedimentation equilibrium was 1.72 X 10(4) and was essentially identical with the values by the iron analysis (1.80 X 10(4) and the amino acid composition (1.78 X 10(4). The spectroscopic properties of deoxy-, oxy-, carbonmonoxy- and met-derivatives of the Mb were determined in ultraviolet, Soret and visible regions. The pK' of acid-alkaline transition of the met-Mb was estimated as 8.80+/-0.04 (25 degrees) from the pH-dependent spectral change. The oxygen equilibrium studies revealed complete absence of such allosteric properties as heme-heme interaction, anion effect and the Bohr effect which were always present in normal mammalian hemoglobins. Oxygen tension for the half-oxygenation was 0.48 mmHg (20 degrees) and its temperature-dependent change gave the delta H degrees of -15.7 Kcal/mole.", "PMID": 549971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_176", "title": "Aminoglycosides, genes and regulation.", "content": "A major role has been played by aminoglycoside research in the development of fermentation science especially involving genetics and regulation. The first report of the use of an antibiotic to select high producers of that antibiotic was done with the streptomycin producer. Mutational biosynthesis of new antibiotics originated with studies on the neomycin producer. The first demonstration of the presence of genes coding for antibiotic inactivation in antibiotic producers was made with Streptomyces griseus, the producer of streptomycin. Induction of an enzyme involved in secondary metabolism was found first with mannosidostreptomycinase. The first example of a nonprecursor molecule which could induce an entire antibiotic biosynthetic pathway was A-Factor involved in streptomycin production. Glucose repression and amino acid repression of mannosidostreptomycinase were the first examples of carbon catabolite repression and nitrogen metabolite repression respectively of an enzyme involved in secondary metabolism. Data supporting the occurrence of nitrogen metabolite regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis were first gathered in the early days of development of the streptomycin fermentation when it was found that the slowly used soybean meal and proline were the best nitrogen sources for antibiotic production. Aminoglycoside research also provided the first explanation of a mechanism of phosphate control of antibiotic biosynthesis. The first indication that antibiotic formation is not obligatory for spore formation was provided by data on streptomycin production.", "contents": "Aminoglycosides, genes and regulation. A major role has been played by aminoglycoside research in the development of fermentation science especially involving genetics and regulation. The first report of the use of an antibiotic to select high producers of that antibiotic was done with the streptomycin producer. Mutational biosynthesis of new antibiotics originated with studies on the neomycin producer. The first demonstration of the presence of genes coding for antibiotic inactivation in antibiotic producers was made with Streptomyces griseus, the producer of streptomycin. Induction of an enzyme involved in secondary metabolism was found first with mannosidostreptomycinase. The first example of a nonprecursor molecule which could induce an entire antibiotic biosynthetic pathway was A-Factor involved in streptomycin production. Glucose repression and amino acid repression of mannosidostreptomycinase were the first examples of carbon catabolite repression and nitrogen metabolite repression respectively of an enzyme involved in secondary metabolism. Data supporting the occurrence of nitrogen metabolite regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis were first gathered in the early days of development of the streptomycin fermentation when it was found that the slowly used soybean meal and proline were the best nitrogen sources for antibiotic production. Aminoglycoside research also provided the first explanation of a mechanism of phosphate control of antibiotic biosynthesis. The first indication that antibiotic formation is not obligatory for spore formation was provided by data on streptomycin production.", "PMID": 549988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_177", "title": "Isolation and characterization of human placental chorionic villar extracellular matrix.", "content": "The cell-free extracellular matrix of human placental chorionic villi has been prepared by a procedure employing extraction of the terminal villar fragments with the detergents Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate. The isolated human placental extracellular matrix retains an intact, but collapsed, histoarchitecture, as observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It remains intact, in large part because of the presence of continuous sheets of villar basement membranes and associated interstitial collagen fibers and scattered patches of fibrin. The staining charcteristics and chemical composition of the isolated human placental extracellular matrlix are similar to those reported for basement membranes in several tissues and indicate the presence of collagen-like and glycoprotein components in this preparation. Gel electrophoresis of urea-SDS-mercaptoethanol extracts of the matrix showed that it consists of several polypeptide components of various molecuar weights, some of which are associated into high molecular weight complexes by disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of human placental chorionic villar extracellular matrix. The cell-free extracellular matrix of human placental chorionic villi has been prepared by a procedure employing extraction of the terminal villar fragments with the detergents Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate. The isolated human placental extracellular matrix retains an intact, but collapsed, histoarchitecture, as observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It remains intact, in large part because of the presence of continuous sheets of villar basement membranes and associated interstitial collagen fibers and scattered patches of fibrin. The staining charcteristics and chemical composition of the isolated human placental extracellular matrlix are similar to those reported for basement membranes in several tissues and indicate the presence of collagen-like and glycoprotein components in this preparation. Gel electrophoresis of urea-SDS-mercaptoethanol extracts of the matrix showed that it consists of several polypeptide components of various molecuar weights, some of which are associated into high molecular weight complexes by disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 550010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_178", "title": "Comparison of the structures of human fibronectin and plasma cold-insoluble globulin.", "content": "Human amniotic fluid fibronectin and plasma fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin) are indistinguishable both immunologically and by amino acid composition. Cyanogen bromide and tryptic peptides also suggest substantial structural homology. However, carbohydrate analysis has demonstrated additional saccharides in fibronectin and an overall increase in carbohydrate content relative to cold-insoluble globulin. Furthermore, limited proteolytic cleavage of the two proteins indicates differences in primary structure or in conformation. Using affinity-purified antibodies to cold-insoluble globulin, a glucosamine-labeled pronase-resistant component, probably proteoglycan, was found to coprecipitate with fibronectin, suggesting an association between these two macromolecules in the connective tissue matrix.", "contents": "Comparison of the structures of human fibronectin and plasma cold-insoluble globulin. Human amniotic fluid fibronectin and plasma fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin) are indistinguishable both immunologically and by amino acid composition. Cyanogen bromide and tryptic peptides also suggest substantial structural homology. However, carbohydrate analysis has demonstrated additional saccharides in fibronectin and an overall increase in carbohydrate content relative to cold-insoluble globulin. Furthermore, limited proteolytic cleavage of the two proteins indicates differences in primary structure or in conformation. Using affinity-purified antibodies to cold-insoluble globulin, a glucosamine-labeled pronase-resistant component, probably proteoglycan, was found to coprecipitate with fibronectin, suggesting an association between these two macromolecules in the connective tissue matrix.", "PMID": 550011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_179", "title": "[Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium].", "content": "By women in climacterium and postmenopause the authors found 30 adenomatous atypical hyperplasias out of a total of 909 active hyperplasias. They also detected 68 endometrial carcinomas and 65 other changes. Out of 30 patients with adenomatous atypical hyperplasia, 23 had been subjected to curettage earlier but at that time had revealed only milder forms of hyperplasia. Surgery was performed in 21 patients: in 15 patients the diagnosis based on the operative preparation agreed with that based on curettage findings, in 2 patients endometrial carcinoma and in 2 patients glandular hyperplasia were detected, while in 2 patients there was no functional endometrium. Out of 9 patients who for various reasons were not surgically treated and represented an unintentional prospective study, 5 subsequently developed endometrial carcinoma, 3 mild forms of hyperplasia, and 1 atrophia cystica. In the authors' opinion, the histogenesis of endometrial carcinoma in late postmenopause is still an open question.", "contents": "[Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium]. By women in climacterium and postmenopause the authors found 30 adenomatous atypical hyperplasias out of a total of 909 active hyperplasias. They also detected 68 endometrial carcinomas and 65 other changes. Out of 30 patients with adenomatous atypical hyperplasia, 23 had been subjected to curettage earlier but at that time had revealed only milder forms of hyperplasia. Surgery was performed in 21 patients: in 15 patients the diagnosis based on the operative preparation agreed with that based on curettage findings, in 2 patients endometrial carcinoma and in 2 patients glandular hyperplasia were detected, while in 2 patients there was no functional endometrium. Out of 9 patients who for various reasons were not surgically treated and represented an unintentional prospective study, 5 subsequently developed endometrial carcinoma, 3 mild forms of hyperplasia, and 1 atrophia cystica. In the authors' opinion, the histogenesis of endometrial carcinoma in late postmenopause is still an open question.", "PMID": 550012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_180", "title": "[Inversion of the uterus during cord traction].", "content": "Two cases of the uterine inversion during cord traction is described. Both women were primiparae, aged 26 and 19, respectively. Once there was a shorter umbilical cord and once the adherent placenta. In both cases the manual reposition of the uterus proved successful, but the patients were threatened by the shock, one of them even developed the heart arrest. The authors draw attention to the fact that the cord traction method in the third stage of labour could be exceptionally dangerous, in spite of its other advantages.", "contents": "[Inversion of the uterus during cord traction]. Two cases of the uterine inversion during cord traction is described. Both women were primiparae, aged 26 and 19, respectively. Once there was a shorter umbilical cord and once the adherent placenta. In both cases the manual reposition of the uterus proved successful, but the patients were threatened by the shock, one of them even developed the heart arrest. The authors draw attention to the fact that the cord traction method in the third stage of labour could be exceptionally dangerous, in spite of its other advantages.", "PMID": 550013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_181", "title": "[Dehiscence in episiotomies].", "content": "Among 3,977 episiotomies (51.80%) in 1977 there were 99 cases (2.48) of dehiscence and 21 of them (0.52%) had to be treated with secondary suture. Dehiscences were found to be more frequent in nulliparae than in multiparae. They were also more frequent in anaemic women. The labour lasted longer in the group of women where dehiscences had to be surgically treated than in the group where they were treated conservatively or where episiotomies were healed per primam. Vaginal examination were more frequent in the group of women where dehiscences in episiotomies were surgically treated than in other groups. A higher precentage of operative deliveries was found in the group of women with dehisced episiotomies. The author believes it possible to reduce the number of dehisced episiotomies using safer surgical methods (interrupted suture) and a better material (dexon) in treating episiotomies in primiparae, in cases of prolonged labour involving a great number of vaginal examinations, and in surgically completed deliveries. In the author's opinion, a strict prevention and treating of anaemia during pregnancy could also reduce the number of dehisced episiotomies.", "contents": "[Dehiscence in episiotomies]. Among 3,977 episiotomies (51.80%) in 1977 there were 99 cases (2.48) of dehiscence and 21 of them (0.52%) had to be treated with secondary suture. Dehiscences were found to be more frequent in nulliparae than in multiparae. They were also more frequent in anaemic women. The labour lasted longer in the group of women where dehiscences had to be surgically treated than in the group where they were treated conservatively or where episiotomies were healed per primam. Vaginal examination were more frequent in the group of women where dehiscences in episiotomies were surgically treated than in other groups. A higher precentage of operative deliveries was found in the group of women with dehisced episiotomies. The author believes it possible to reduce the number of dehisced episiotomies using safer surgical methods (interrupted suture) and a better material (dexon) in treating episiotomies in primiparae, in cases of prolonged labour involving a great number of vaginal examinations, and in surgically completed deliveries. In the author's opinion, a strict prevention and treating of anaemia during pregnancy could also reduce the number of dehisced episiotomies.", "PMID": 550014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_182", "title": "[Histopathological diagnosis and clinical significance of endometrial hyperplasia].", "content": "Histological analysis of 266 hyperplastic endometria obtained by curettage revealed the following forms of hyperplasia: simplex 29.3%, cystic 50%, adenomatous 18.4, and atypical 2.2% (according to the classification accepted by the authors). Mild forms of endometrial hyperplasia (simple and cystic) recede in most cases spontaneously or after therapy and rarely turn into endometrial adenocarcinoma, whereas severe forms of hyperplasia (adenomatous and atypical), unless treated, often turn into endometrial carcinoma. The etiology, some clinical manifestations, and therapy of this condition of the endometrium are reviewed.", "contents": "[Histopathological diagnosis and clinical significance of endometrial hyperplasia]. Histological analysis of 266 hyperplastic endometria obtained by curettage revealed the following forms of hyperplasia: simplex 29.3%, cystic 50%, adenomatous 18.4, and atypical 2.2% (according to the classification accepted by the authors). Mild forms of endometrial hyperplasia (simple and cystic) recede in most cases spontaneously or after therapy and rarely turn into endometrial adenocarcinoma, whereas severe forms of hyperplasia (adenomatous and atypical), unless treated, often turn into endometrial carcinoma. The etiology, some clinical manifestations, and therapy of this condition of the endometrium are reviewed.", "PMID": 550015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_183", "title": "[Structure, treatment and success of treatment in invasive carcinomas of the uterine cervix].", "content": "At the University Hospital Gynecological Department in Zagreb 1666 cancers of the uterine cervix were treated in the period of 4 years [1969--1972]. Among them were only 309 carcinomas in situ, the remaining 1357 were invasive. The distribution by stages was as follows: IA--75, IB--223, II--326, III--611, IV--122. Such unfavourable groups of cervical cancers proceed from the fact that cancer in situ and the early cancer stage I are often treated in other institutions; only the patients with advanced cancer, a poor general condition and those with various accompanying diseases are concentrated in the above quoted institution where there are technical possibilities and a team of surgeons and radiotherapists well educated in the treatment of cervical cancer. The authors present a five-year survival achieved by surgical, radiological, as well as by a combined method of treatment. The total cure rate for stage I was 87.6%, for stage II 64,4%, for stage III 34.4% and for stage  IV 6.6%.", "contents": "[Structure, treatment and success of treatment in invasive carcinomas of the uterine cervix]. At the University Hospital Gynecological Department in Zagreb 1666 cancers of the uterine cervix were treated in the period of 4 years [1969--1972]. Among them were only 309 carcinomas in situ, the remaining 1357 were invasive. The distribution by stages was as follows: IA--75, IB--223, II--326, III--611, IV--122. Such unfavourable groups of cervical cancers proceed from the fact that cancer in situ and the early cancer stage I are often treated in other institutions; only the patients with advanced cancer, a poor general condition and those with various accompanying diseases are concentrated in the above quoted institution where there are technical possibilities and a team of surgeons and radiotherapists well educated in the treatment of cervical cancer. The authors present a five-year survival achieved by surgical, radiological, as well as by a combined method of treatment. The total cure rate for stage I was 87.6%, for stage II 64,4%, for stage III 34.4% and for stage  IV 6.6%.", "PMID": 550016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_184", "title": "[The value of preoperative intracavitary radiation in uterine carcinoma].", "content": "The analysis comprised 240 uterine carcinomas: 145 carcinomas of the cervix and 95 carcinomas of the corpus uteri. Preoperatively 100 patients--57 with the carcinoma of the cervix and 43 with the carcinoma of the uterine body--were radiated with Co60 intracavitary. In the first stage of the carcinoma of the cervix a five-year survival in primarily operated patients amounted to 74.30% and in the group of preoperatively intracavitary radiated patients to 83%. In patients with the stage I carcinoma of the corpus uteri a five-year survival proved to be 69.57% if primarily operated and 93.75% if preoperatively radiated. Local relapses were recorded in 33 patients surgically treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix and in 9 patients surgically treated for the carcinoma of the uterine body. In both these localizations the relapses were more frequent in the group primarily operated patients: in patients with the primarily operated carcinoma of the cervix the relapses occurred in 20.69% and in preoperatively radiated patients in 3.4% of cases. The same observations were recorded in the carcinoma of the corpus uteri (11.51% : 6.97%). This means that the relapses were six times as frequent in patients with the primarily operated carcinoma of the uterine cervix and about 1.65 times as frequent in those with the primarily operated carcinoma of the corpus uteri as in intracavitary radiated patients.", "contents": "[The value of preoperative intracavitary radiation in uterine carcinoma]. The analysis comprised 240 uterine carcinomas: 145 carcinomas of the cervix and 95 carcinomas of the corpus uteri. Preoperatively 100 patients--57 with the carcinoma of the cervix and 43 with the carcinoma of the uterine body--were radiated with Co60 intracavitary. In the first stage of the carcinoma of the cervix a five-year survival in primarily operated patients amounted to 74.30% and in the group of preoperatively intracavitary radiated patients to 83%. In patients with the stage I carcinoma of the corpus uteri a five-year survival proved to be 69.57% if primarily operated and 93.75% if preoperatively radiated. Local relapses were recorded in 33 patients surgically treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix and in 9 patients surgically treated for the carcinoma of the uterine body. In both these localizations the relapses were more frequent in the group primarily operated patients: in patients with the primarily operated carcinoma of the cervix the relapses occurred in 20.69% and in preoperatively radiated patients in 3.4% of cases. The same observations were recorded in the carcinoma of the corpus uteri (11.51% : 6.97%). This means that the relapses were six times as frequent in patients with the primarily operated carcinoma of the uterine cervix and about 1.65 times as frequent in those with the primarily operated carcinoma of the corpus uteri as in intracavitary radiated patients.", "PMID": 550017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_185", "title": "[Menstrual cycle after artificial abortion].", "content": "In 84 women the establishment of the menstrual cycle after artificial abortion was observed by measuring basal temperature, examining the cervical mucus, and by cytologically analysing smears from the lateral vaginal fornix. Out of 3 women with the cycle up to 24 days before abortion, none had a cycle after abortion lasting less than 25 days. Of 31 women with the cycle exceeding 45 days before abortion, only 25 had such a long cycle after abortion. In the subsequent three cycles the menstruation appeared regularly, at the interval of 25--32 days, in 67 women. Before abortion such a cycle existed in 36 women. In most patients (56) the luteinic phase in the first cycle was shorter, it lasted 10 to 12 days.", "contents": "[Menstrual cycle after artificial abortion]. In 84 women the establishment of the menstrual cycle after artificial abortion was observed by measuring basal temperature, examining the cervical mucus, and by cytologically analysing smears from the lateral vaginal fornix. Out of 3 women with the cycle up to 24 days before abortion, none had a cycle after abortion lasting less than 25 days. Of 31 women with the cycle exceeding 45 days before abortion, only 25 had such a long cycle after abortion. In the subsequent three cycles the menstruation appeared regularly, at the interval of 25--32 days, in 67 women. Before abortion such a cycle existed in 36 women. In most patients (56) the luteinic phase in the first cycle was shorter, it lasted 10 to 12 days.", "PMID": 550018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_186", "title": "[Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix].", "content": "A melanoma of the uterine cervix, 4 mm in diameter, considered primary, in a 44-year-old pluripara is described. She was subjected to hysterectomy coupled with adnexectomy and also to BCG immunotherapy. A year following the beginning of the therapy she is without any symptom of the disease. The rarity of the tumour in this localization is pointed out, and a short review is given of the cases reported in the literature, including those of benign melanosis and \"blue nevus\". The histogenesis and cytologic diagnosis are discussed, as well as therapeutic possibilities. Emphasis is laid on the varying biological behaviour of the tumour which prevents the assessment of the therapy with regard to the possibility of a very late development of metastases.", "contents": "[Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix]. A melanoma of the uterine cervix, 4 mm in diameter, considered primary, in a 44-year-old pluripara is described. She was subjected to hysterectomy coupled with adnexectomy and also to BCG immunotherapy. A year following the beginning of the therapy she is without any symptom of the disease. The rarity of the tumour in this localization is pointed out, and a short review is given of the cases reported in the literature, including those of benign melanosis and \"blue nevus\". The histogenesis and cytologic diagnosis are discussed, as well as therapeutic possibilities. Emphasis is laid on the varying biological behaviour of the tumour which prevents the assessment of the therapy with regard to the possibility of a very late development of metastases.", "PMID": 550019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_187", "title": "[Uterine leiomyosarcoma].", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the uterus in a 46-year-old patient is described. The sarcoma developed within a leiomyoma and reached the weight of 9,000 g. The preoperative diagnosis was uncertain. During the operation the case was suspected of malignancy only histologically proved malignant. The patient died of metastases 70 days after hysterectomy coupled with bilateral adnexectomy, in spite of cytostatic treatment.", "contents": "[Uterine leiomyosarcoma]. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the uterus in a 46-year-old patient is described. The sarcoma developed within a leiomyoma and reached the weight of 9,000 g. The preoperative diagnosis was uncertain. During the operation the case was suspected of malignancy only histologically proved malignant. The patient died of metastases 70 days after hysterectomy coupled with bilateral adnexectomy, in spite of cytostatic treatment.", "PMID": 550020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_188", "title": "[Is it necessary to limit the use of the Copper-T-200 IUD to 3 years?].", "content": "The authors put forward their experience in the use of the intrauterine contraceptive device Copper-T-2--in 2026 women over a period of nine semesters. In that period, during a total exposure of 32519 months, 39 normal and 2 extrauterine pregnancies were recorded. What is to be pointed out is that in the first five semesters of the use of the device 35 pregnancies (85.36%) occurred, while in the last two semesters not a single pregnancy was recorded. According to their own indicators, the authors did not find any statistically significant advantages of the Copper-T-200 IUD in the prevention of pregnancy in relation to the behaviour and safety of the inert uterine device of the Beospir type. In view of these data and other positive properties of the Copper-T-200 IUD, they are inclined to think that the inserted Copper-T-200 IUD should be left in situ as long as its presence does not in any way disturb the health and general condition of the woman.", "contents": "[Is it necessary to limit the use of the Copper-T-200 IUD to 3 years?]. The authors put forward their experience in the use of the intrauterine contraceptive device Copper-T-2--in 2026 women over a period of nine semesters. In that period, during a total exposure of 32519 months, 39 normal and 2 extrauterine pregnancies were recorded. What is to be pointed out is that in the first five semesters of the use of the device 35 pregnancies (85.36%) occurred, while in the last two semesters not a single pregnancy was recorded. According to their own indicators, the authors did not find any statistically significant advantages of the Copper-T-200 IUD in the prevention of pregnancy in relation to the behaviour and safety of the inert uterine device of the Beospir type. In view of these data and other positive properties of the Copper-T-200 IUD, they are inclined to think that the inserted Copper-T-200 IUD should be left in situ as long as its presence does not in any way disturb the health and general condition of the woman.", "PMID": 550021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_189", "title": "[Uterine perforation in a legal abortion].", "content": "In the General Hospital Osijek, from 1974 to 1977, out of 15,716 legal abortions and 2323 abortions completed in the hospital, there were 16 perforations (0.08%) of most serious kind, two of them including injured intestines. The most serious complications followed abortions made in pregnancies exceeding 10 weeks.", "contents": "[Uterine perforation in a legal abortion]. In the General Hospital Osijek, from 1974 to 1977, out of 15,716 legal abortions and 2323 abortions completed in the hospital, there were 16 perforations (0.08%) of most serious kind, two of them including injured intestines. The most serious complications followed abortions made in pregnancies exceeding 10 weeks.", "PMID": 550022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_190", "title": "[A successfully completed abdominal pregnancy].", "content": "The first pregnancy of a 22-year-old woman with somewhat more pronounced and prolonged symptoms of emersis gravidarum was followed up in the outpatient unit and was considered normal. The woman was admitted to the maternity ward 38 days before the term of labour because of painful abdominal cramps, vomiting and weakness. In the course of the first 17 days in hospital, the pregnancy was maintained by the use of spasmolytics but at that time it became clear on the basis of the symptoms, gynecological findings, and the gravidogram, that the case related to abdominal pregnancy. On the 18th day of hospitalization, laparotomy ws performed and a live, female, prematurely born baby, 2,450 g/45 cm, without any deformity, was delivered. The pregnancy was abdominal, with the nidation of the placenta at the right uterine horn. The placenta was completely removed. The girl is now 6 years old and her psychophysical development is normal, corresponding to her age.", "contents": "[A successfully completed abdominal pregnancy]. The first pregnancy of a 22-year-old woman with somewhat more pronounced and prolonged symptoms of emersis gravidarum was followed up in the outpatient unit and was considered normal. The woman was admitted to the maternity ward 38 days before the term of labour because of painful abdominal cramps, vomiting and weakness. In the course of the first 17 days in hospital, the pregnancy was maintained by the use of spasmolytics but at that time it became clear on the basis of the symptoms, gynecological findings, and the gravidogram, that the case related to abdominal pregnancy. On the 18th day of hospitalization, laparotomy ws performed and a live, female, prematurely born baby, 2,450 g/45 cm, without any deformity, was delivered. The pregnancy was abdominal, with the nidation of the placenta at the right uterine horn. The placenta was completely removed. The girl is now 6 years old and her psychophysical development is normal, corresponding to her age.", "PMID": 550023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_191", "title": "[Obstetrical prospects of women with stillborn children].", "content": "The analysis of 59 women with still-born children in their case history has shown that in a woman with a still-born child the risk of the second still-born is three times higher and in the woman with two still-borns four times higher than in women having had no still-born child.", "contents": "[Obstetrical prospects of women with stillborn children]. The analysis of 59 women with still-born children in their case history has shown that in a woman with a still-born child the risk of the second still-born is three times higher and in the woman with two still-borns four times higher than in women having had no still-born child.", "PMID": 550024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_192", "title": "[Determination of trace elements in dietary fats and emulsifiers by non-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). 2. Determination of mercury in dietary fats and emulsifiers].", "content": "Of the trace elements, mercury holds an exceptional position as to its chemico-physical and toxic properties. In the light of the special analytical problem, the methods used (cold-steam AAS in combination with the addition method) are discussed. The experimental conditions required for the digestion and the cold-steam AAS of samples of emulsifiers and dietary fats are indicated. The accuracy and the reproducibility of the procedure are dealt with, and the amounts of mercury found in products of the oil and margarine industries are reported.", "contents": "[Determination of trace elements in dietary fats and emulsifiers by non-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). 2. Determination of mercury in dietary fats and emulsifiers]. Of the trace elements, mercury holds an exceptional position as to its chemico-physical and toxic properties. In the light of the special analytical problem, the methods used (cold-steam AAS in combination with the addition method) are discussed. The experimental conditions required for the digestion and the cold-steam AAS of samples of emulsifiers and dietary fats are indicated. The accuracy and the reproducibility of the procedure are dealt with, and the amounts of mercury found in products of the oil and margarine industries are reported.", "PMID": 550069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_193", "title": "[Methodological bases of the nutritional-physiological assessment of the per capita consumption of foods. 2. Nutritional-physiological assessment of the per capita consumption].", "content": "The different items of the per caput consumption (cf. Part I) are evaluated from the viewpoint of nutritional physiology, and the average energy and nutrient supply of the total population is calculated and compared with the recommended dietary allowances. The nutritional status of the population is globally assessed. A reduction in calorie and fat consumption seems desirable, which will be promoted by a better supply of calorie-reduced products. Further food modifications, e.g., in the form of protein, vitamin and mineral fortifications, are not necessary for the average population.", "contents": "[Methodological bases of the nutritional-physiological assessment of the per capita consumption of foods. 2. Nutritional-physiological assessment of the per capita consumption]. The different items of the per caput consumption (cf. Part I) are evaluated from the viewpoint of nutritional physiology, and the average energy and nutrient supply of the total population is calculated and compared with the recommended dietary allowances. The nutritional status of the population is globally assessed. A reduction in calorie and fat consumption seems desirable, which will be promoted by a better supply of calorie-reduced products. Further food modifications, e.g., in the form of protein, vitamin and mineral fortifications, are not necessary for the average population.", "PMID": 550070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_194", "title": "[Analytical methods for nitrate and nitrite determination in foods. 3. Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate and nitrite using sulphanilic acid/1-naphylamine, and of nitrite using resorcinol/zirconium (IV) oxychloride].", "content": "The Nitrate content of foods may be determined by means of azo-dye coupling after reduction of the nitrate with the aid of active cadmium produced in the sample solution. An easy method for determining nitrite consists in the colorimetric estimation of a coloured chelate formed from nitrite, resorcinol and zirconium(IV) oxychloride.", "contents": "[Analytical methods for nitrate and nitrite determination in foods. 3. Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate and nitrite using sulphanilic acid/1-naphylamine, and of nitrite using resorcinol/zirconium (IV) oxychloride]. The Nitrate content of foods may be determined by means of azo-dye coupling after reduction of the nitrate with the aid of active cadmium produced in the sample solution. An easy method for determining nitrite consists in the colorimetric estimation of a coloured chelate formed from nitrite, resorcinol and zirconium(IV) oxychloride.", "PMID": 550071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_195", "title": "Congenital cerebellar hypoplasia in newborn calves.", "content": "A sporadic outbreak of congential cerebellar ataxia (CCA) was seen in calves. The abnormality of this disorder of the central nervous system characteristic was cerebellar hypoplasia, which was observed in eight calves. The cerebellum was almost completely absent in some of these calves and approximately one-fifth of the normal size in some others. Six of the eight calves were also affected with hydrocephaly. The significant changes of the cerebellum were complete or partial destruction of the cortex, deficiency of granules and/or Purkinje cells, clumping of the remaining granule cells, and an irregular cavity formation in the terminal portion of the folium. The clinicopathological changes of CCA quite closely resembled those of the bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus infection.", "contents": "Congenital cerebellar hypoplasia in newborn calves. A sporadic outbreak of congential cerebellar ataxia (CCA) was seen in calves. The abnormality of this disorder of the central nervous system characteristic was cerebellar hypoplasia, which was observed in eight calves. The cerebellum was almost completely absent in some of these calves and approximately one-fifth of the normal size in some others. Six of the eight calves were also affected with hydrocephaly. The significant changes of the cerebellum were complete or partial destruction of the cortex, deficiency of granules and/or Purkinje cells, clumping of the remaining granule cells, and an irregular cavity formation in the terminal portion of the folium. The clinicopathological changes of CCA quite closely resembled those of the bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus infection.", "PMID": 550073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_196", "title": "Mouse strain identification by means of discriminant analysis using mandible measurements.", "content": "Mouse strains were identified by the aid of discriminant functions obtained from discriminant analysis of values measured at 13 sites of the mandible. They consisted of nine inbred strains of mice, AA, DDD, DDK, DDY, DSD, KK, NC, RR, and SS, and one mutant strain, NC-brp, maintained exactly in the National Institute of Animal Health, Minstry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. As a result, the probability of erroneous discrimination was 1 head/246 head, or 0.41%, for the males and 2 head/238 head, or 0.84%, for the females. Therefore, almost all the mouse strains were identified correctly. These results seemed to indicate that the strains of mice would be identified more correctly than before, if the present method by the aid of discriminant functions was applied in addition to the methods of identification based on the coat color, biochemical marker-genes, and histocompatibility genes.", "contents": "Mouse strain identification by means of discriminant analysis using mandible measurements. Mouse strains were identified by the aid of discriminant functions obtained from discriminant analysis of values measured at 13 sites of the mandible. They consisted of nine inbred strains of mice, AA, DDD, DDK, DDY, DSD, KK, NC, RR, and SS, and one mutant strain, NC-brp, maintained exactly in the National Institute of Animal Health, Minstry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. As a result, the probability of erroneous discrimination was 1 head/246 head, or 0.41%, for the males and 2 head/238 head, or 0.84%, for the females. Therefore, almost all the mouse strains were identified correctly. These results seemed to indicate that the strains of mice would be identified more correctly than before, if the present method by the aid of discriminant functions was applied in addition to the methods of identification based on the coat color, biochemical marker-genes, and histocompatibility genes.", "PMID": 550074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_197", "title": "[Entrapment neuropathies of the posterior interosseous nerve. Clinical findings and surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Radial nerve compression palsies at the elbow and forearm result in a lower radial nerve palsy whose clinical data are generally a hardly diagnosed dissociated radial palsy, or a rough paresis in the range of epicondylalgia. Apparently spontaneous non traumatic compressions are rare. They are essentially due to lipomas, to fibromas, or sometimes to synovial cysts of the elbow. In the course of rheumatoid arthritis, palsies must be isolated. Besides, there is an actual inflammatory canal syndrome of epicondylalgias range, in which radial nerve paresis must be investigated. Traumatic compressions are essentially due to Mongeggia fractures. Radial nerve injury at the elbow is explained by a real radial canal being, in which the nerve is entrapped and where it is especially fixed on a level of its entering the supinator brevis. Any addition of a pathological element in that area (traumatic or not, tumoral or inflammatory) will be able to involve a compression and a nerve stretching, on a level of the arch of Frohse, essentially. Surgical treatment in non traumatic compressions enables to give the etiological diagnosis and to warrant healing by opening the radial canal excising the added pathological element. To achieve a total surgical operation, in epicondylalgias, the surgeons will have to open this radial canal, as well. Traumatic compressions will be explored only in cases of non spontaneous recovery, after treating the osteoarticular injury.", "contents": "[Entrapment neuropathies of the posterior interosseous nerve. Clinical findings and surgical treatment (author's transl)]. Radial nerve compression palsies at the elbow and forearm result in a lower radial nerve palsy whose clinical data are generally a hardly diagnosed dissociated radial palsy, or a rough paresis in the range of epicondylalgia. Apparently spontaneous non traumatic compressions are rare. They are essentially due to lipomas, to fibromas, or sometimes to synovial cysts of the elbow. In the course of rheumatoid arthritis, palsies must be isolated. Besides, there is an actual inflammatory canal syndrome of epicondylalgias range, in which radial nerve paresis must be investigated. Traumatic compressions are essentially due to Mongeggia fractures. Radial nerve injury at the elbow is explained by a real radial canal being, in which the nerve is entrapped and where it is especially fixed on a level of its entering the supinator brevis. Any addition of a pathological element in that area (traumatic or not, tumoral or inflammatory) will be able to involve a compression and a nerve stretching, on a level of the arch of Frohse, essentially. Surgical treatment in non traumatic compressions enables to give the etiological diagnosis and to warrant healing by opening the radial canal excising the added pathological element. To achieve a total surgical operation, in epicondylalgias, the surgeons will have to open this radial canal, as well. Traumatic compressions will be explored only in cases of non spontaneous recovery, after treating the osteoarticular injury.", "PMID": 550086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_198", "title": "[Pre-operative non-shaving for neurosurgical operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their pre-operative technique for scalp attendance according to which they operated on more than 1000 cranial neurosurgical patients in three years without the classical complete hair shave. Major psychological advantages are obvious. Principle technical details are: as complete cleaning of scalp-grease as possible by repeated shampoos; in the operating room: shaving only a thin pathway along the skin incision drawn by the surgeon himself, and disinfection with tincture of iodine exclusively. During the same time, they observed a fall to 0,6% of surgical infections needing bone flap removal because of osteitis. Secondary but always transitory partial alopecia has been observed in three patients.", "contents": "[Pre-operative non-shaving for neurosurgical operations (author's transl)]. The authors report their pre-operative technique for scalp attendance according to which they operated on more than 1000 cranial neurosurgical patients in three years without the classical complete hair shave. Major psychological advantages are obvious. Principle technical details are: as complete cleaning of scalp-grease as possible by repeated shampoos; in the operating room: shaving only a thin pathway along the skin incision drawn by the surgeon himself, and disinfection with tincture of iodine exclusively. During the same time, they observed a fall to 0,6% of surgical infections needing bone flap removal because of osteitis. Secondary but always transitory partial alopecia has been observed in three patients.", "PMID": 550087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_199", "title": "[Gaseous myelography. Accidents and complications. Case reports].", "content": "Attention is called to the risks of gas myelography and two cases of complications are described. One of these, observed personally, was fatal and its possible pathogenetic mechanisms are illustrated. Stress is laid on certain rules and precautions that should be respected in radiological and anaesthesiological practice. Insufflation pressure and volumes of injected air deserve particular attention and scrupulous intraoperative control cut of vital parameters must be carried and appropriate attention paid to patient hydration during the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Gaseous myelography. Accidents and complications. Case reports]. Attention is called to the risks of gas myelography and two cases of complications are described. One of these, observed personally, was fatal and its possible pathogenetic mechanisms are illustrated. Stress is laid on certain rules and precautions that should be respected in radiological and anaesthesiological practice. Insufflation pressure and volumes of injected air deserve particular attention and scrupulous intraoperative control cut of vital parameters must be carried and appropriate attention paid to patient hydration during the postoperative period.", "PMID": 550097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_200", "title": "[Ketamine and analgesia during labor].", "content": "Ketamine, owing to the numerous contraindications in pregnant women, gives selective childbirth analgesis. The results obtained in 80 cases of analgesia (60 treated in dilatation period and 20 during expulsion) are reported. The drug's absolute non-toxicity (as observed in quoted experimental studies) together with the labour response and effects on the foetus and mother (tested in most cases with cardiotocography and haemogasanalysis) suggest that ketamine is useful in obstetric analgesia.", "contents": "[Ketamine and analgesia during labor]. Ketamine, owing to the numerous contraindications in pregnant women, gives selective childbirth analgesis. The results obtained in 80 cases of analgesia (60 treated in dilatation period and 20 during expulsion) are reported. The drug's absolute non-toxicity (as observed in quoted experimental studies) together with the labour response and effects on the foetus and mother (tested in most cases with cardiotocography and haemogasanalysis) suggest that ketamine is useful in obstetric analgesia.", "PMID": 550098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_201", "title": "[Measurement of compliance and resistance to respiratory airflow in the course of mechanical ventilation].", "content": "The importance in resuscitation treatment of the measurement of air ways flow resistance and compliance is stressed. In this regard, attention is paid to the possibility of utilizing the automatic respiratory (recording the mouth pressure curve) as an authentic measuring apparatus for these factors. Research into mechanical models and real patients also points to the possibility (seemingly not reported up to now) of measuring expiratory resistance independently and of highlighting air-trapping phenomena.", "contents": "[Measurement of compliance and resistance to respiratory airflow in the course of mechanical ventilation]. The importance in resuscitation treatment of the measurement of air ways flow resistance and compliance is stressed. In this regard, attention is paid to the possibility of utilizing the automatic respiratory (recording the mouth pressure curve) as an authentic measuring apparatus for these factors. Research into mechanical models and real patients also points to the possibility (seemingly not reported up to now) of measuring expiratory resistance independently and of highlighting air-trapping phenomena.", "PMID": 550099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_202", "title": "[Paraquat poisoning. Clinical and anatomo-pathological aspects].", "content": "Two cases of Paraquat poisoning of anticonservative origin are described. A brief account of the chemical composition and mechanism of action of Paraquat is followed by a discussion of the clinical and therapeutic features of the two cases. The anatomopathological findings obtained from lung specimens examined during necropsy are also described. Personal experience and the literature data are cited in an explanation of what is currently regarded as the most effective treatment protocol.", "contents": "[Paraquat poisoning. Clinical and anatomo-pathological aspects]. Two cases of Paraquat poisoning of anticonservative origin are described. A brief account of the chemical composition and mechanism of action of Paraquat is followed by a discussion of the clinical and therapeutic features of the two cases. The anatomopathological findings obtained from lung specimens examined during necropsy are also described. Personal experience and the literature data are cited in an explanation of what is currently regarded as the most effective treatment protocol.", "PMID": 550100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_203", "title": "[Problems in emergency surgery: rupture of the spleen in 2 stages. Apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "Six cases of delayed rupture of the spleen in two stages are described. One case of occult rupture is also presented. A picture of acute anaemia was observed in the five two-stage cases, whereas the occult rupture was diagnosed as organised splenic haematoma following computerised scintiscanning, arteriography and tomography. Splenectomy was performed in all cases, under emergency conditions in the first five, and of choice in the sixth. No post-operative complications were noted.", "contents": "[Problems in emergency surgery: rupture of the spleen in 2 stages. Apropos of 4 cases]. Six cases of delayed rupture of the spleen in two stages are described. One case of occult rupture is also presented. A picture of acute anaemia was observed in the five two-stage cases, whereas the occult rupture was diagnosed as organised splenic haematoma following computerised scintiscanning, arteriography and tomography. Splenectomy was performed in all cases, under emergency conditions in the first five, and of choice in the sixth. No post-operative complications were noted.", "PMID": 550101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_204", "title": "[Traumatic lesions of the liver. Our experience of 12 years. Clinical statistics of 118 cases].", "content": "118 cases of traumatic lesions of the liver have been reviewed. The patients were admitted to the First Aid and Emergency Surgery Division of Niguarda General Hospital between 1965 and 1976. The statistico-clinical data were elaborated in accordance with classical subdivisions of each disease form and compared and discussed, as far as possible, with similar data provided by the recent literature. Stress is laid on the increase in the number and gravity of cases in recent years, the prevalent localization of lesions in the right lobe, the importance of trauma pathogenesis for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and diagnostic difficulties. The importance of peritoneal probing and dialysis and of the examination for bile salts in the urine are underlined. As for treatment, the various surgical techniques are mentioned and discussed in relation to the characteristics of the traumatic lesion; the commonest technique was simple suture of the break in the liver parenchyma. Mortality was 33.05%. The cause of death in the 39 cases is mentioned.", "contents": "[Traumatic lesions of the liver. Our experience of 12 years. Clinical statistics of 118 cases]. 118 cases of traumatic lesions of the liver have been reviewed. The patients were admitted to the First Aid and Emergency Surgery Division of Niguarda General Hospital between 1965 and 1976. The statistico-clinical data were elaborated in accordance with classical subdivisions of each disease form and compared and discussed, as far as possible, with similar data provided by the recent literature. Stress is laid on the increase in the number and gravity of cases in recent years, the prevalent localization of lesions in the right lobe, the importance of trauma pathogenesis for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and diagnostic difficulties. The importance of peritoneal probing and dialysis and of the examination for bile salts in the urine are underlined. As for treatment, the various surgical techniques are mentioned and discussed in relation to the characteristics of the traumatic lesion; the commonest technique was simple suture of the break in the liver parenchyma. Mortality was 33.05%. The cause of death in the 39 cases is mentioned.", "PMID": 550102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_205", "title": "The effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection, and of oxamniquine, a new antischistosomal drug on some vitamins in the livers of hamsters.", "content": "The hepatic levels of thiamine, pantothenic acid and niacin in hamsters infected with S. mansoni were depressed, while the levels of riboflavin and pyridoxine remained unchanged. A single dose of oxamniquine, 10-50 mg/kg, brought the levels of thiamine, pantothenic acid and niacin to values not significantly different from those in non-infected controls, but lowered the concentrations of riboflavin and pyridoxine in infected hamsters.", "contents": "The effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection, and of oxamniquine, a new antischistosomal drug on some vitamins in the livers of hamsters. The hepatic levels of thiamine, pantothenic acid and niacin in hamsters infected with S. mansoni were depressed, while the levels of riboflavin and pyridoxine remained unchanged. A single dose of oxamniquine, 10-50 mg/kg, brought the levels of thiamine, pantothenic acid and niacin to values not significantly different from those in non-infected controls, but lowered the concentrations of riboflavin and pyridoxine in infected hamsters.", "PMID": 550116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_206", "title": "1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives with expected psychotropic activity.", "content": "By sulfuration of 4-methyl-1H-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepinone-2 (1) its 2-thione 2 was synthesized. From this compound 2-hydrazone 3 and s-triazole derivatives 4 and 5 were obtained. Screening revealed that only compound 2 showed strong inhibitory activity in the spontaneous motility test, weak synergism with hexobarbital, weak antinflammatory activity in the carrageenin test and strong analgesic activity in the hot plate test.", "contents": "1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives with expected psychotropic activity. By sulfuration of 4-methyl-1H-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepinone-2 (1) its 2-thione 2 was synthesized. From this compound 2-hydrazone 3 and s-triazole derivatives 4 and 5 were obtained. Screening revealed that only compound 2 showed strong inhibitory activity in the spontaneous motility test, weak synergism with hexobarbital, weak antinflammatory activity in the carrageenin test and strong analgesic activity in the hot plate test.", "PMID": 550117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_207", "title": "Biotransformation of some pyrazole derivatives to glutathione conjugates in rat liver subcellular fractions.", "content": "During incubation of antipyrine, but not amidopyrine, 4-aminoantipyrine and 4-leucylaminoantipyrine, with rat liver microsomaland cytosol fractions in the presence of NADPH-generating system a reactive metabolite, which binds with glutathione is formed. The chemical nature of the metabolically activated intermediate is not known; it is suggested that the putative reactive metabolite responsible for this binding could be an epoxide.", "contents": "Biotransformation of some pyrazole derivatives to glutathione conjugates in rat liver subcellular fractions. During incubation of antipyrine, but not amidopyrine, 4-aminoantipyrine and 4-leucylaminoantipyrine, with rat liver microsomaland cytosol fractions in the presence of NADPH-generating system a reactive metabolite, which binds with glutathione is formed. The chemical nature of the metabolically activated intermediate is not known; it is suggested that the putative reactive metabolite responsible for this binding could be an epoxide.", "PMID": 550118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_208", "title": "Synthesis of alpha-[7-methyl-9-methoxy-5-oxo-furo-[3,2-g] [1]-benzopyranoxy-4]-butyric and valeric acids and their aminoesters.", "content": "In the reaction of 4-desmethylkhelline with ethyl alpha-bromobutyrate or alpha-bromovalerate we obtained alpha-[7-methyl-9-methoxy-5-oxo-furo[3,2-g] [1] benzopyranoxy-4]-butyric 2 and valeric 3 acids and later their dialkylaminoethylesters as hydrochlorides (2b--2, 3b--3e). Compounds 2c, 2e, 2f (Table 1) and 3e (Table 2) show a weak hypotensic activity. Moreover compound 2f possesses an antriarrhythmic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha-[7-methyl-9-methoxy-5-oxo-furo-[3,2-g] [1]-benzopyranoxy-4]-butyric and valeric acids and their aminoesters. In the reaction of 4-desmethylkhelline with ethyl alpha-bromobutyrate or alpha-bromovalerate we obtained alpha-[7-methyl-9-methoxy-5-oxo-furo[3,2-g] [1] benzopyranoxy-4]-butyric 2 and valeric 3 acids and later their dialkylaminoethylesters as hydrochlorides (2b--2, 3b--3e). Compounds 2c, 2e, 2f (Table 1) and 3e (Table 2) show a weak hypotensic activity. Moreover compound 2f possesses an antriarrhythmic activity.", "PMID": 550119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_209", "title": "Testing of chemicals for carcinogenic activities and some problems related to the assessment of carcinogenic risks to men.", "content": "It is recognized that many human cancers are influenced by environmental factors. Therefore, testing of chemicals for carcinogenic activities represents an important part of comprehensive toxicological examinations. Procedures to be employed in bioassays for carcinogenicity will be discussed. Short-term tests should be utilized as screening methods to select suspected chemicals which should or must be further tested in long-term animal experiments. Animal tests can predict carcinogenicity in man. Any substance which is shown conclusively to cause tumors in animals should be considered carcinogenic and therefore a potential hazard for man, but tests on experimental animals cannot provide irrefutable proof of the safety or carcinogenicity of a substance for the human species. Therefore, some of the problems related to the assessment of carcinogenic risks by chemicals will be discussed.", "contents": "Testing of chemicals for carcinogenic activities and some problems related to the assessment of carcinogenic risks to men. It is recognized that many human cancers are influenced by environmental factors. Therefore, testing of chemicals for carcinogenic activities represents an important part of comprehensive toxicological examinations. Procedures to be employed in bioassays for carcinogenicity will be discussed. Short-term tests should be utilized as screening methods to select suspected chemicals which should or must be further tested in long-term animal experiments. Animal tests can predict carcinogenicity in man. Any substance which is shown conclusively to cause tumors in animals should be considered carcinogenic and therefore a potential hazard for man, but tests on experimental animals cannot provide irrefutable proof of the safety or carcinogenicity of a substance for the human species. Therefore, some of the problems related to the assessment of carcinogenic risks by chemicals will be discussed.", "PMID": 550120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_210", "title": "In vivo and in vitro inhibition of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in rat liver by actinomycin D and 7,8-benzoflavone.", "content": "Using the very well investigated and sensitive microsomal monooxynogenase aryl hydrocarbon hydrolase (AHH), we investigated the dose-response relations between an inducer, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), and an inhibitor of transcription, actinomycin D (ACT D), in 10 days old rats. An optimum pretreatment schedule proved to be a single dose of 1 to 40 mg/kg 3-MC ip combined with two administrations of 200 to 600 microgram/kg ACT D within 16 hr. With increasing doses of ACT D the inhibition of 3-MC-mediated AHH induction increased up to 88%. With 7,8-benzoflavone (ANF) as a relatively specific in vitro inhibitor of the cytochrome P-448 species no distinct influence on the constitutive AHH activity could be observed up to the 30th days of age. In 60 and 200 days old rats the inhibition reached a significant level of about 50%. After 3-MC induction a nearly uniform ANF-mediated inhibition by about 50% of the hepactic AHH activity was observed: in older animals the percentage became slightly higher. The investigation appears to confirm the change in cytochrome pattern,--especially as for the participation of cytochrome P-448,--according to the age and induction stimulus by 3-MC.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro inhibition of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in rat liver by actinomycin D and 7,8-benzoflavone. Using the very well investigated and sensitive microsomal monooxynogenase aryl hydrocarbon hydrolase (AHH), we investigated the dose-response relations between an inducer, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), and an inhibitor of transcription, actinomycin D (ACT D), in 10 days old rats. An optimum pretreatment schedule proved to be a single dose of 1 to 40 mg/kg 3-MC ip combined with two administrations of 200 to 600 microgram/kg ACT D within 16 hr. With increasing doses of ACT D the inhibition of 3-MC-mediated AHH induction increased up to 88%. With 7,8-benzoflavone (ANF) as a relatively specific in vitro inhibitor of the cytochrome P-448 species no distinct influence on the constitutive AHH activity could be observed up to the 30th days of age. In 60 and 200 days old rats the inhibition reached a significant level of about 50%. After 3-MC induction a nearly uniform ANF-mediated inhibition by about 50% of the hepactic AHH activity was observed: in older animals the percentage became slightly higher. The investigation appears to confirm the change in cytochrome pattern,--especially as for the participation of cytochrome P-448,--according to the age and induction stimulus by 3-MC.", "PMID": 550122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_211", "title": "Neoplastic transformation in vitro.", "content": "Oncogenic transformation of cultured cells is considered to be analogous to the induction of tumors in animals. Two properties of transformed cells: the capacity to grow in soft agar and morphological alterations were used as a basis for quantitative studies on the transforming properties of chemicals. The majority of experiments on chemical carcinogenesis were so far performed on murine, hamster and rat cell systems. The most pertinent questions to be resolved now are connected with malignant transformation of human cells.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation in vitro. Oncogenic transformation of cultured cells is considered to be analogous to the induction of tumors in animals. Two properties of transformed cells: the capacity to grow in soft agar and morphological alterations were used as a basis for quantitative studies on the transforming properties of chemicals. The majority of experiments on chemical carcinogenesis were so far performed on murine, hamster and rat cell systems. The most pertinent questions to be resolved now are connected with malignant transformation of human cells.", "PMID": 550121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_212", "title": "Mutagenic activity of isoniazid in the mouse.", "content": "Isoniazid was tested for genetic activity in the mammalian spot test by treating in utero mouse embryos, derived from the crosses C57 B1/6J X T-stock and NMRI X DBA/2, heterozygous for various loci affecting coat color. Induction of genetic changes is seen by expression of recessive alleles in colored spots within the fur of the adult animal in a non-agouti background. Injecting mothers with isoniazid (100 mg/kg ip), an expression of recessive loci was found in 7.41% of the F1 animals in the cross C57 B1/6J X T-stock, while in the NMRI X DBA/2 cross 2.92% animals with recessive spots were detected. The control frequencies were respectively 0 and 0.78% animals with recessive spots. The positive control substance, ethyl methanesulfonate (100 mg/kg ip), yielded 5.97% and 4.71% animals carrying a recessive spot in the fur, respectively. These studies clearly demonstrate for the first time the induction of genetic damage other than cytological damage in somatic cells of mice by isoniazid.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of isoniazid in the mouse. Isoniazid was tested for genetic activity in the mammalian spot test by treating in utero mouse embryos, derived from the crosses C57 B1/6J X T-stock and NMRI X DBA/2, heterozygous for various loci affecting coat color. Induction of genetic changes is seen by expression of recessive alleles in colored spots within the fur of the adult animal in a non-agouti background. Injecting mothers with isoniazid (100 mg/kg ip), an expression of recessive loci was found in 7.41% of the F1 animals in the cross C57 B1/6J X T-stock, while in the NMRI X DBA/2 cross 2.92% animals with recessive spots were detected. The control frequencies were respectively 0 and 0.78% animals with recessive spots. The positive control substance, ethyl methanesulfonate (100 mg/kg ip), yielded 5.97% and 4.71% animals carrying a recessive spot in the fur, respectively. These studies clearly demonstrate for the first time the induction of genetic damage other than cytological damage in somatic cells of mice by isoniazid.", "PMID": 550123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_213", "title": "[Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution with a diode as a temperature sensor].", "content": "An area integrator for the thermodilution curve in cardiac output measurement is described. A new temperature sensor is used, a diode with some advantages over the thermistor normally used. The main advantages are: easy calibration and replacement, and broad range of linearity. The cardiac output values obtained in dog with the integrator follow a linear relationship with those of the flowmeter. In simultaneous measurements the correlation is R = 0.96. Using a diode as temperature sensor a modification of the Steward Hamilton equation (used for thermistor) is necessary. With this new equation a monogram is performed to calculate the cardiac output from the area given by the numerical integrator.", "contents": "[Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution with a diode as a temperature sensor]. An area integrator for the thermodilution curve in cardiac output measurement is described. A new temperature sensor is used, a diode with some advantages over the thermistor normally used. The main advantages are: easy calibration and replacement, and broad range of linearity. The cardiac output values obtained in dog with the integrator follow a linear relationship with those of the flowmeter. In simultaneous measurements the correlation is R = 0.96. Using a diode as temperature sensor a modification of the Steward Hamilton equation (used for thermistor) is necessary. With this new equation a monogram is performed to calculate the cardiac output from the area given by the numerical integrator.", "PMID": 550124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_214", "title": "Methadone exposure in utero: developmental status at one and two years of age.", "content": "The developmental status of infants exposed to methadone in utero and non-drug exposed infants was assessed at one and two years of age. Fifty-three 12-month old infants (26 drug exposed and 27 controls) and forty-one 24-month old infants (17 drug exposed and 24 controls) were assessed with the Bayley Scale of Mental Development and a neurological exam. Neurologicals for all infants were normal. At twelve months of age the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) was within the normal range for both groups although the scores for the drug exposed group were significantly lower. There was no difference in the MDI between Family Center and control infants at 24-months of age. Differences were found, however, in the failure rates of specific items. The implications of these findings for delineating the effects of methadone exposure in utero are discussed.", "contents": "Methadone exposure in utero: developmental status at one and two years of age. The developmental status of infants exposed to methadone in utero and non-drug exposed infants was assessed at one and two years of age. Fifty-three 12-month old infants (26 drug exposed and 27 controls) and forty-one 24-month old infants (17 drug exposed and 24 controls) were assessed with the Bayley Scale of Mental Development and a neurological exam. Neurologicals for all infants were normal. At twelve months of age the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) was within the normal range for both groups although the scores for the drug exposed group were significantly lower. There was no difference in the MDI between Family Center and control infants at 24-months of age. Differences were found, however, in the failure rates of specific items. The implications of these findings for delineating the effects of methadone exposure in utero are discussed.", "PMID": 550129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_215", "title": "Protracted behavioral effects of neonatal morphine-pellet implantation in male rats.", "content": "Male rat pups (Charles Rivers CD albino strain) were implanted subcutaneously with a morphine (M), placebo (P), or no pellet (NP) on Day 5 or 11 of postnatal life. Body weights of both Day 5 and 11 drug-treated males were depressed below those of controls through Day 63 (p < 0.01). On Day 72, compared to P and NP controls, M-treated males showed impaired learning in a Lashley III maze. Day 5, but not Day 11 drug-treated animals showed greater activity-wheel behavior (p < 0.01) than controls on Days 85--86, and less suppression (p < 0.025) of a conditioned emotional response on Day 145. On Day 150, Day 5 M-treated animals showed a reduced steroid response (p < 0.05) to a challenge dose of M (18 mg/kg), suggesting protracted tolerance to the pituitary-adrenal activating effects of M. Members of each treatment group were successfully bred with females on Day 90; no group differences were found in litter size, sex ratios, or birth weights of the offspring. The results of this study indicate that early exposure to M causes long-term impairment of several behaviors in male rats.", "contents": "Protracted behavioral effects of neonatal morphine-pellet implantation in male rats. Male rat pups (Charles Rivers CD albino strain) were implanted subcutaneously with a morphine (M), placebo (P), or no pellet (NP) on Day 5 or 11 of postnatal life. Body weights of both Day 5 and 11 drug-treated males were depressed below those of controls through Day 63 (p < 0.01). On Day 72, compared to P and NP controls, M-treated males showed impaired learning in a Lashley III maze. Day 5, but not Day 11 drug-treated animals showed greater activity-wheel behavior (p < 0.01) than controls on Days 85--86, and less suppression (p < 0.025) of a conditioned emotional response on Day 145. On Day 150, Day 5 M-treated animals showed a reduced steroid response (p < 0.05) to a challenge dose of M (18 mg/kg), suggesting protracted tolerance to the pituitary-adrenal activating effects of M. Members of each treatment group were successfully bred with females on Day 90; no group differences were found in litter size, sex ratios, or birth weights of the offspring. The results of this study indicate that early exposure to M causes long-term impairment of several behaviors in male rats.", "PMID": 550132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_216", "title": "Children of methadone-treated women at five years of age.", "content": "Infants of methadone-treated and matched non-drug dependent women were found to differ in psychomotor development at one year of age. A follow-up of these groups at age five revealed no differences in cognitive or perceptual performance as assessed by the McCarthy Scales, although both groups performed below normative expectations. Groups did not differ in observed characteristics of home environments or patterns of child or caregiver behavior in a playroom observation, although children who had been transplacentally exposed to narcotics behaved less maturely and were more inappropriately active during psychological testing.", "contents": "Children of methadone-treated women at five years of age. Infants of methadone-treated and matched non-drug dependent women were found to differ in psychomotor development at one year of age. A follow-up of these groups at age five revealed no differences in cognitive or perceptual performance as assessed by the McCarthy Scales, although both groups performed below normative expectations. Groups did not differ in observed characteristics of home environments or patterns of child or caregiver behavior in a playroom observation, although children who had been transplacentally exposed to narcotics behaved less maturely and were more inappropriately active during psychological testing.", "PMID": 550133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_217", "title": "Offspring open field performance following maternal lead exposure: a question of dosage and nutritional status.", "content": "Although a number of experiments has revealed offspring hyperactivity following maternal lead (Pb) exposure, a consistent correlate has been reduced pup size. The present study was designed to measure exploratory behavior employing a range of Pb dosages that allowed for the comparison between Pb and control offspring both in the presence and the absence of weight differences. Female rats were exposed to one of four dosages (0, 400, 750 or 1000 mg/kg) of Pb acetate from 21--90 days of age, mated and then continued on treatment throughout gestation and nursing. Treatment was administered via a restricted water schedule. Open field testing began on Day 22 with the pups receiving 3 min trials for 10 consecutive nights. At 120 days of age, all pups were retested. Analysis indicated that only in the presence of reduced birth and/or weaning weights (Groups 750 and 1000) did offspring exhibit exploratory patterns that were significantly different from controls. These differences were absent at retest.", "contents": "Offspring open field performance following maternal lead exposure: a question of dosage and nutritional status. Although a number of experiments has revealed offspring hyperactivity following maternal lead (Pb) exposure, a consistent correlate has been reduced pup size. The present study was designed to measure exploratory behavior employing a range of Pb dosages that allowed for the comparison between Pb and control offspring both in the presence and the absence of weight differences. Female rats were exposed to one of four dosages (0, 400, 750 or 1000 mg/kg) of Pb acetate from 21--90 days of age, mated and then continued on treatment throughout gestation and nursing. Treatment was administered via a restricted water schedule. Open field testing began on Day 22 with the pups receiving 3 min trials for 10 consecutive nights. At 120 days of age, all pups were retested. Analysis indicated that only in the presence of reduced birth and/or weaning weights (Groups 750 and 1000) did offspring exhibit exploratory patterns that were significantly different from controls. These differences were absent at retest.", "PMID": 550134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_218", "title": "Methadone disposition during the perinatal period in humans.", "content": "To determine clinical and analytical feasibility of studies of narcotic disposition in the perinatal period, an initial prospective study of methadone disposition in one female, in chronic methadone treatment for heroin addiction, throughout pregnancy and in her neonate have been carried out. Two additional methadone-maintained patients were studied to determine the levels of methadone in simultaneously obtained specimens of plasma and breast milk. A progressive lowering of plasma levels of methadone during late pregnancy was observed. Measurable amounts of methadone were found in amniotic fluid, but without evidence of significant accumulation in this fluid. The apparent excretory half-life of methadone in the neonate was 32.5 hr. Amounts of methadone in breast milk were very small; the ratio of milk to plasma concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 1.2 over multiple time points following a daily oral dose of methadone. The total amounts of methadone which could be delivered to a neonate during the first month of life in breast milk from a mother maintained on moderate doses of methadone (e.g., 50 mg) are very small (less than 60 micrograms/d).", "contents": "Methadone disposition during the perinatal period in humans. To determine clinical and analytical feasibility of studies of narcotic disposition in the perinatal period, an initial prospective study of methadone disposition in one female, in chronic methadone treatment for heroin addiction, throughout pregnancy and in her neonate have been carried out. Two additional methadone-maintained patients were studied to determine the levels of methadone in simultaneously obtained specimens of plasma and breast milk. A progressive lowering of plasma levels of methadone during late pregnancy was observed. Measurable amounts of methadone were found in amniotic fluid, but without evidence of significant accumulation in this fluid. The apparent excretory half-life of methadone in the neonate was 32.5 hr. Amounts of methadone in breast milk were very small; the ratio of milk to plasma concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 1.2 over multiple time points following a daily oral dose of methadone. The total amounts of methadone which could be delivered to a neonate during the first month of life in breast milk from a mother maintained on moderate doses of methadone (e.g., 50 mg) are very small (less than 60 micrograms/d).", "PMID": 550136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_219", "title": "The prostaglandin antagonist polyphloretin phosphate behaves as a nonspecific inhibitor of rat hepatic adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The mechanism of the nonspecific inhibitory effects of the prostaglandin antagonist polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) was studied on a partially purified adenylate cyclase preparation from rat livers, PPP in concentrations above 100 micrograms/ml reduced the enzyme activity below basal values regardless of the stimulator used. The activity of adenylate cyclase in a persistent active state due to enzyme preincubation with guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) was inhibited 5-10 times more weakly. Kinetic studies indicate that PPP does not influence directly the catalytic site for ATP. PPP seems to produce permanent enzyme inhibition which is not antagonized by repeated washing ot the enzyme preparation. The reduced catalytic activity of adenylate cyclase retains after treatment with PPP the character of its responsiveness to the stimulators, which depends on the state of the enzyme before exposure to the inhibitor.", "contents": "The prostaglandin antagonist polyphloretin phosphate behaves as a nonspecific inhibitor of rat hepatic adenylate cyclase. The mechanism of the nonspecific inhibitory effects of the prostaglandin antagonist polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) was studied on a partially purified adenylate cyclase preparation from rat livers, PPP in concentrations above 100 micrograms/ml reduced the enzyme activity below basal values regardless of the stimulator used. The activity of adenylate cyclase in a persistent active state due to enzyme preincubation with guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) was inhibited 5-10 times more weakly. Kinetic studies indicate that PPP does not influence directly the catalytic site for ATP. PPP seems to produce permanent enzyme inhibition which is not antagonized by repeated washing ot the enzyme preparation. The reduced catalytic activity of adenylate cyclase retains after treatment with PPP the character of its responsiveness to the stimulators, which depends on the state of the enzyme before exposure to the inhibitor.", "PMID": 550137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_220", "title": "Alteration of specific binding of prostaglandin F2 alpha by hyperproliferative skin membrane fractions from essential fatty acid-deficient rats.", "content": "Specific binding of [3H] PGE2 and [3H] PGF2 alpha to smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) membranes prepared from rat skin at various stages of the development of essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficiency syndrome was demonstrated in these studies. The normal SER-binding capacity for [3H] PGE2 per mg of membrane protein was approximately two-fold that for [3H] PGF2 alpha in control rats fed a diet rich in essential fatty acids (EFA). Two weeks following the feeding of the animals with the EFA-deficient diet: histological evaluation revealed hyperplasia and acanthosis of the epidermal layer; a two-fold increase in labeling index (a marker for DNA synthesis) and no alteration in the SER-binding capacity for [3H] PGE2 or [3H] PGF2 alpha. By the 12th week however, labeling index had increased six-fold, accompanied by a five-fold increase in SER-binding capacity for [3H] PGF2 alpha. SER-binding for [3H] PGE2 was relatively unaltered. These results have demonstrated a relationship between marked alteration of skin SER-binding capacity for PGF2 alpha and the increase in epidermal hyperplasia and proliferation characteristic of the skin of the EFA-deficient rat. Refeeding of the animals with EFA-rich diet restored the epidermal proliferation and the SER-binding capacity to PGF2 alpha to normal conditions.", "contents": "Alteration of specific binding of prostaglandin F2 alpha by hyperproliferative skin membrane fractions from essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Specific binding of [3H] PGE2 and [3H] PGF2 alpha to smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) membranes prepared from rat skin at various stages of the development of essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficiency syndrome was demonstrated in these studies. The normal SER-binding capacity for [3H] PGE2 per mg of membrane protein was approximately two-fold that for [3H] PGF2 alpha in control rats fed a diet rich in essential fatty acids (EFA). Two weeks following the feeding of the animals with the EFA-deficient diet: histological evaluation revealed hyperplasia and acanthosis of the epidermal layer; a two-fold increase in labeling index (a marker for DNA synthesis) and no alteration in the SER-binding capacity for [3H] PGE2 or [3H] PGF2 alpha. By the 12th week however, labeling index had increased six-fold, accompanied by a five-fold increase in SER-binding capacity for [3H] PGF2 alpha. SER-binding for [3H] PGE2 was relatively unaltered. These results have demonstrated a relationship between marked alteration of skin SER-binding capacity for PGF2 alpha and the increase in epidermal hyperplasia and proliferation characteristic of the skin of the EFA-deficient rat. Refeeding of the animals with EFA-rich diet restored the epidermal proliferation and the SER-binding capacity to PGF2 alpha to normal conditions.", "PMID": 550138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_221", "title": "Opposite and mutually antagonistic effects on uterine contractility of two epimeric forms of a synthetic prostaglandin analog.", "content": "Comparisons were made of the ability of intravenous infusions of prostalene and PGF2 alpha to stimulate increases in uterine contractility in vivo in the 14 day pregnant hamster. Whereas PGF2 alpha gave a linear dose response over the range 0.25 to 6.25 microgram/min., to achieve 5 fold increase in uterine activity, prostalene induced a multiphasic dose response curve. Inhibition was observed at 0.01 microgram per min. followed by a shallow stimulatory dose response to 0.25 microgram/min. plateauing at 1.8 fold stimulation to at least 1.25 microgram per min. When the epimeric mixture was separated and the two 15 position epimers studied separately the reason for this atypical dose response curve became clear. The 15 alpha OH epimer induced a linear stimulatory dose response from 0.05 to 6.25 microgram per min. infusion rates to a 5 fold increase in uterine contractility. The 15 beta OH epimer, however, induced a linear inhibitory dose response over the range 0.4 to 50 ng/min. It was, therefore, apparent that the atypical dose response curve observed from the mixture was the resultant of two opposite and mutually antagonistic activities. The data suggests also that the inhibitory epimer is capable of antagonizing both endogenous and exogenous prostaglandin, probably by a mechanism of competitive inhibition.", "contents": "Opposite and mutually antagonistic effects on uterine contractility of two epimeric forms of a synthetic prostaglandin analog. Comparisons were made of the ability of intravenous infusions of prostalene and PGF2 alpha to stimulate increases in uterine contractility in vivo in the 14 day pregnant hamster. Whereas PGF2 alpha gave a linear dose response over the range 0.25 to 6.25 microgram/min., to achieve 5 fold increase in uterine activity, prostalene induced a multiphasic dose response curve. Inhibition was observed at 0.01 microgram per min. followed by a shallow stimulatory dose response to 0.25 microgram/min. plateauing at 1.8 fold stimulation to at least 1.25 microgram per min. When the epimeric mixture was separated and the two 15 position epimers studied separately the reason for this atypical dose response curve became clear. The 15 alpha OH epimer induced a linear stimulatory dose response from 0.05 to 6.25 microgram per min. infusion rates to a 5 fold increase in uterine contractility. The 15 beta OH epimer, however, induced a linear inhibitory dose response over the range 0.4 to 50 ng/min. It was, therefore, apparent that the atypical dose response curve observed from the mixture was the resultant of two opposite and mutually antagonistic activities. The data suggests also that the inhibitory epimer is capable of antagonizing both endogenous and exogenous prostaglandin, probably by a mechanism of competitive inhibition.", "PMID": 550139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_222", "title": "Dissociation between prostaglandin and malondialdehyde formation in exudate and increased levels of malondialdehyde in plasma and liver during granulomatous inflammation in the rat.", "content": "During kaolin-induced granuloma pouch inflammation in the rat the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the exudate, measured by the 2-thiobarbiturate method, steadily increased and this increase was correlated with the increase in granuloma weight. There was a complete lack of correlation between the concentrations of MDA and prostaglandin (PG)-like material in the inflammatory exudate. Whereas the concentration of PGs reached a maximum 1 day after the induction of inflammation and returned to control levels on day 4, the MDA concentration continuously increased from the initiation of inflammation up to day 16. During granuloma development the concentration of MDA in the plasma reached a maximum on day 2 in parallel with the concentration in the liver, then both plasma and liver MDA decreased to levels observed in control rats. Between day 2 and 8 of the inflammatory process homogenates of livers from inflamed rats showed an increased formation of MDA on incubation, the amount formed being maximal on day 4. The results of the present study are discussed in view of a possible involvement of lipid peroxidation in inflammation.", "contents": "Dissociation between prostaglandin and malondialdehyde formation in exudate and increased levels of malondialdehyde in plasma and liver during granulomatous inflammation in the rat. During kaolin-induced granuloma pouch inflammation in the rat the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the exudate, measured by the 2-thiobarbiturate method, steadily increased and this increase was correlated with the increase in granuloma weight. There was a complete lack of correlation between the concentrations of MDA and prostaglandin (PG)-like material in the inflammatory exudate. Whereas the concentration of PGs reached a maximum 1 day after the induction of inflammation and returned to control levels on day 4, the MDA concentration continuously increased from the initiation of inflammation up to day 16. During granuloma development the concentration of MDA in the plasma reached a maximum on day 2 in parallel with the concentration in the liver, then both plasma and liver MDA decreased to levels observed in control rats. Between day 2 and 8 of the inflammatory process homogenates of livers from inflamed rats showed an increased formation of MDA on incubation, the amount formed being maximal on day 4. The results of the present study are discussed in view of a possible involvement of lipid peroxidation in inflammation.", "PMID": 550140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_223", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on vascular reactivity to norepinephrine in isolated rat mesenteric artery, hind limb and splenic artery.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and indomethacin on the vascular reactivity to norepinephrine were tested in three different isolated rat vascular beds (mesenteric artery, hind limb and splenic artery) perfused with the Krebs bicarbonate solution. In these vascular beds PGE2 (0.1-64 ng/ml) or indomethacin (09.1-96 microgram/ml) in the perfusate did not change the basal pressure. In the mesenteric vascular bed and the hind limb, PGE2 dose-dependently potentiated the vascular response to norephinephrine, whereas PGE2 dose-dependently inhibited the vascular response to norepinephrine in the splenic artery. In these three vascular beds indomethacin in the perfusate dose-dependently attenuated the vascular response to norepinephrine. In the mesenteric artery and the hind limb PGE2 restored the effect of indomethacin, but in the splenic artery PGE2 did not restore the inhibitory effect of indomethacin. These results indicate that the modulating effect of exogenously administrated PGE2 on the vascular action to norepinephrine varies in different vascular beds. It is also suggested that the contribution of endogenous PGE2 synthesized in the vascular wall to the vascular reactivity to norepinephrine is, as well as the effect of exogenous PGE2, different in different vascular beds.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on vascular reactivity to norepinephrine in isolated rat mesenteric artery, hind limb and splenic artery. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and indomethacin on the vascular reactivity to norepinephrine were tested in three different isolated rat vascular beds (mesenteric artery, hind limb and splenic artery) perfused with the Krebs bicarbonate solution. In these vascular beds PGE2 (0.1-64 ng/ml) or indomethacin (09.1-96 microgram/ml) in the perfusate did not change the basal pressure. In the mesenteric vascular bed and the hind limb, PGE2 dose-dependently potentiated the vascular response to norephinephrine, whereas PGE2 dose-dependently inhibited the vascular response to norepinephrine in the splenic artery. In these three vascular beds indomethacin in the perfusate dose-dependently attenuated the vascular response to norepinephrine. In the mesenteric artery and the hind limb PGE2 restored the effect of indomethacin, but in the splenic artery PGE2 did not restore the inhibitory effect of indomethacin. These results indicate that the modulating effect of exogenously administrated PGE2 on the vascular action to norepinephrine varies in different vascular beds. It is also suggested that the contribution of endogenous PGE2 synthesized in the vascular wall to the vascular reactivity to norepinephrine is, as well as the effect of exogenous PGE2, different in different vascular beds.", "PMID": 550141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_224", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in sheep vesicular gland microsomes (SVGM) by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and vitamin E (VE).", "content": "Previous studies have shown that NBT and VE together are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation, secretion and PG synthesis. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of NBT to detect PG synthesis by SVGM. Aspirin pretreatment of SVGM decreased the amount of NBT reduced after addition of arachidonic acid, demonstrating that products generated by the cyclo-oxygenase were involved in NBT reduction. The influence of NBT and VE on PG synthesis by SVGM was then evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) production. NBT or VE alone had no significant effect, but together these agents were as effective as aspirin in preventing MDA formation. The effect of NBT and VE on 14C-arachidonic acid conversion was followed by thin layer chromatography and radioscanning. Again, NBT or VE alone were ineffective, whereas the combination was as effective as aspirin in preventing conversion of arachidonic acid. We speculate NBT and VE together inhibit pg synthesis by scavenging a free radical species of arachidonic acid generated in the initial step of fatty acid peroxidation.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in sheep vesicular gland microsomes (SVGM) by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and vitamin E (VE). Previous studies have shown that NBT and VE together are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation, secretion and PG synthesis. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of NBT to detect PG synthesis by SVGM. Aspirin pretreatment of SVGM decreased the amount of NBT reduced after addition of arachidonic acid, demonstrating that products generated by the cyclo-oxygenase were involved in NBT reduction. The influence of NBT and VE on PG synthesis by SVGM was then evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) production. NBT or VE alone had no significant effect, but together these agents were as effective as aspirin in preventing MDA formation. The effect of NBT and VE on 14C-arachidonic acid conversion was followed by thin layer chromatography and radioscanning. Again, NBT or VE alone were ineffective, whereas the combination was as effective as aspirin in preventing conversion of arachidonic acid. We speculate NBT and VE together inhibit pg synthesis by scavenging a free radical species of arachidonic acid generated in the initial step of fatty acid peroxidation.", "PMID": 550142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_225", "title": "Renal prostaglandins and sodium balance in normal man.", "content": "We investigated the relationship between urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) excretion and sodium and water balance. PGE excretion was measured in thirteen healthy male volunteers on the metabolic ward during conditions of high sodium (200 mmols/day) and low sodium diets (40 mmols/day) and during intravenous administration of saline and of dextrose and water, using each subject as his own control. PGE excretion was higher on the high sodium than on the low sodium diet (191 +/- 37 SE versus 98 +/- 41 ng/6h, p less than 0.01). Saline and dextrose and water infusions significantly increased PGE excretion while subjects were on low sodium diets (to 314 +/- 74 and 443 +/- 152 ng/6h, respectively, p less than 0.01). While on high sodium diets the increase in PGE excretion during infusions was not significant. To further evaluate the role of prostaglandin in sodium excretion the study was repeated with simultaneous administration of indomethacin or ibuprofen to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Sodium excretion from saline and dextrose and water infusions were unaltered. The data suggest that dietary content of sodium may alter PGE excretion, but that acute changes in PGE excretion during saline administration reflect water balance rather than sodium load.", "contents": "Renal prostaglandins and sodium balance in normal man. We investigated the relationship between urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) excretion and sodium and water balance. PGE excretion was measured in thirteen healthy male volunteers on the metabolic ward during conditions of high sodium (200 mmols/day) and low sodium diets (40 mmols/day) and during intravenous administration of saline and of dextrose and water, using each subject as his own control. PGE excretion was higher on the high sodium than on the low sodium diet (191 +/- 37 SE versus 98 +/- 41 ng/6h, p less than 0.01). Saline and dextrose and water infusions significantly increased PGE excretion while subjects were on low sodium diets (to 314 +/- 74 and 443 +/- 152 ng/6h, respectively, p less than 0.01). While on high sodium diets the increase in PGE excretion during infusions was not significant. To further evaluate the role of prostaglandin in sodium excretion the study was repeated with simultaneous administration of indomethacin or ibuprofen to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Sodium excretion from saline and dextrose and water infusions were unaltered. The data suggest that dietary content of sodium may alter PGE excretion, but that acute changes in PGE excretion during saline administration reflect water balance rather than sodium load.", "PMID": 550143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_226", "title": "Studies on the effects of altered timing of parturition in the rat.", "content": "Manipulation of the length of gestation with two different agents has been compared and contrasted in the rat. Single subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/rat of PGF 2 alpha on day 19 of gestation caused premature parturition of at least 24 hours in 55% of treated rats. Premature parturition was associated with perinatal death and cannibalism of delivered pups. Subcutaneous implantation of pellets of naproxen over days 20-23 of gestation prolonged gestation to 24 days and synchronized onset of parturition compared to placebo-treated controls. Post-mature onset of delivery, in contrast, was associated with increased birth weight of pups and a survival rate of 90%. Post-mature pup deaths were restricted to the last pups delivered, i.e. longest gestation. The potential utility of naproxen for manipulation of time of parturition in domestic animals is suggested.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of altered timing of parturition in the rat. Manipulation of the length of gestation with two different agents has been compared and contrasted in the rat. Single subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/rat of PGF 2 alpha on day 19 of gestation caused premature parturition of at least 24 hours in 55% of treated rats. Premature parturition was associated with perinatal death and cannibalism of delivered pups. Subcutaneous implantation of pellets of naproxen over days 20-23 of gestation prolonged gestation to 24 days and synchronized onset of parturition compared to placebo-treated controls. Post-mature onset of delivery, in contrast, was associated with increased birth weight of pups and a survival rate of 90%. Post-mature pup deaths were restricted to the last pups delivered, i.e. longest gestation. The potential utility of naproxen for manipulation of time of parturition in domestic animals is suggested.", "PMID": 550144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_227", "title": "Progesterone interferes with the actions of prostaglandin (PG) E1 but not those of PGE2 or PGF2 alpha in a rat vascular preparation.", "content": "In the mammary gland some actions of prolactin seem mediated by PGs. Progesterone blocks several of the mammary effects of prolactin. We therefore investigated the effects of 100 ng/ml progesterone (within the normal human plasma concentration in pregnancy) on the vascular effects of PGE2, PGEF2 alpha and PGE1. Progesterone had no effects on the responses to PGE2 and PGF2 alpha but significantly (p less than 0.01) attenuated the actions of low concentrations of PGE1. It may have enhanced the actions of high PGE1 concentrations. Progesterone appears able to block some effects of PGE1 and to imitate others.", "contents": "Progesterone interferes with the actions of prostaglandin (PG) E1 but not those of PGE2 or PGF2 alpha in a rat vascular preparation. In the mammary gland some actions of prolactin seem mediated by PGs. Progesterone blocks several of the mammary effects of prolactin. We therefore investigated the effects of 100 ng/ml progesterone (within the normal human plasma concentration in pregnancy) on the vascular effects of PGE2, PGEF2 alpha and PGE1. Progesterone had no effects on the responses to PGE2 and PGF2 alpha but significantly (p less than 0.01) attenuated the actions of low concentrations of PGE1. It may have enhanced the actions of high PGE1 concentrations. Progesterone appears able to block some effects of PGE1 and to imitate others.", "PMID": 550145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_228", "title": "Prostaglandins and drug induced agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and leukemia.", "content": "Drug like aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, chloroquine and quinine have been reported to induce agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and leukemia. These drugs are also known to interfere with the prostaglandin system at one point or another. Since prostaglandins are known to be involved in the maturation and differentiation of macrophage-granulocyte progenitor cells, in erythropoietin mediated erythropoiesis and in the functional capabilities of leukocytes, it is proposed here that these haematological abnormalities by these drugs could be due to their affect on the prostaglandin system.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and drug induced agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and leukemia. Drug like aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, chloroquine and quinine have been reported to induce agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and leukemia. These drugs are also known to interfere with the prostaglandin system at one point or another. Since prostaglandins are known to be involved in the maturation and differentiation of macrophage-granulocyte progenitor cells, in erythropoietin mediated erythropoiesis and in the functional capabilities of leukocytes, it is proposed here that these haematological abnormalities by these drugs could be due to their affect on the prostaglandin system.", "PMID": 550146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_229", "title": "Effects of naproxen on uterine contractility in vivo.", "content": "An in vivo technique for monitoring uterine contractility has been developed and used to assess the effects of naproxen on both spontaneous motility and that due to exogenous PGF2 alpha in the hamster and the rat. Naproxen has been shown to suppress uterine motility in both situations, in both species, whether administered by parenteral or oral routes. The hamster was shown to be approximately 10 X less sensitive to naproxen than is the rat (625 mg/kg vs 62.5 mg/kg) but conversely was 100 X more sensitive than rat to uterine contractive effects of PGF 2 alpha (10 ng vs 1000 ng).", "contents": "Effects of naproxen on uterine contractility in vivo. An in vivo technique for monitoring uterine contractility has been developed and used to assess the effects of naproxen on both spontaneous motility and that due to exogenous PGF2 alpha in the hamster and the rat. Naproxen has been shown to suppress uterine motility in both situations, in both species, whether administered by parenteral or oral routes. The hamster was shown to be approximately 10 X less sensitive to naproxen than is the rat (625 mg/kg vs 62.5 mg/kg) but conversely was 100 X more sensitive than rat to uterine contractive effects of PGF 2 alpha (10 ng vs 1000 ng).", "PMID": 550148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_230", "title": "Platelet hyporesponsiveness to epinephrine in carriers of Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "Platelet aggregation was investigated in the parents of 4 patients with Bartter's syndrome. Aggregation induced by ADP and ristocetin was normal. However, there was some depression of aggregation induced by collagen. All obligatory heterozygotes showed depressed aggregation in response to epinephrine.", "contents": "Platelet hyporesponsiveness to epinephrine in carriers of Bartter's syndrome. Platelet aggregation was investigated in the parents of 4 patients with Bartter's syndrome. Aggregation induced by ADP and ristocetin was normal. However, there was some depression of aggregation induced by collagen. All obligatory heterozygotes showed depressed aggregation in response to epinephrine.", "PMID": 550149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_231", "title": "Prolongation of gestation in the rat and hamster by naproxen.", "content": "Administration of naproxen by once or twice daily subcutaneous injection, or orally in the drinking water, was found not to routinely prevent parturition in either the rat or the hamster. However, the duration of labor was prolonged and associated with poor pup viability. The prolonged labor and fetal mortality were thought to be due to suppression of myometrial activity after onset of labor and caused by the episodic administration regimens. Thus fetal deaths could result from asphysia due to suppression of uterine contractions, after partial or total placental separation had occurred. Naproxen was, therefore, administered on a more continuous basis by subcutaneous implantation of pellets in rat and hamster, or orally every four hours in the rat. Either of these regimens was then able to postpone parturition beyond the range of deliveries in control animals. In such naproxen treated rats there was no sign of placetal detachment, even out to day 25 of pregnancy. Fetal viability was preserved and fetuses continued to gain weight. These observations are consistent with a true prolongation of gestation by naproxen rather than merely an interference with the process of labor.", "contents": "Prolongation of gestation in the rat and hamster by naproxen. Administration of naproxen by once or twice daily subcutaneous injection, or orally in the drinking water, was found not to routinely prevent parturition in either the rat or the hamster. However, the duration of labor was prolonged and associated with poor pup viability. The prolonged labor and fetal mortality were thought to be due to suppression of myometrial activity after onset of labor and caused by the episodic administration regimens. Thus fetal deaths could result from asphysia due to suppression of uterine contractions, after partial or total placental separation had occurred. Naproxen was, therefore, administered on a more continuous basis by subcutaneous implantation of pellets in rat and hamster, or orally every four hours in the rat. Either of these regimens was then able to postpone parturition beyond the range of deliveries in control animals. In such naproxen treated rats there was no sign of placetal detachment, even out to day 25 of pregnancy. Fetal viability was preserved and fetuses continued to gain weight. These observations are consistent with a true prolongation of gestation by naproxen rather than merely an interference with the process of labor.", "PMID": 550150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_232", "title": "Effect of indoprofen on prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 synthesis in the guinea pig lung.", "content": "Indoprofen has been studied in vitro as a possible selective inhibitor of thromboxane-synthetase in guinea pig lungs perfused with arachidonic acid. Indoprofen does not show selectivity of action since KB values for prostaglandin and TXA2 synthesis are not significantly different. Indoprofen might therefore act at the cyclooxygenase level as has already been demonstrated for indomethacin.", "contents": "Effect of indoprofen on prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 synthesis in the guinea pig lung. Indoprofen has been studied in vitro as a possible selective inhibitor of thromboxane-synthetase in guinea pig lungs perfused with arachidonic acid. Indoprofen does not show selectivity of action since KB values for prostaglandin and TXA2 synthesis are not significantly different. Indoprofen might therefore act at the cyclooxygenase level as has already been demonstrated for indomethacin.", "PMID": 550151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_233", "title": "Termination of pseudopregnancy in rats by silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube.", "content": "The efficacy of a one-end or both-end open Silastic-polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (Silastic-PVP) tube containing 600 microgram prostaglandin-F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and placed subcutaneously on day-6 of pseudopregnancy (PSP) in the induction of premature termination of PSP was compared. A both-end open Silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube was more efficacious in inducing an early termination of PSP with a mean duration of 7.8 days. By contrast, PSP females receiving a one-end open Silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube showed a mean duration of PSP of 9.9 days. The shortened duration of PSP in both these treatment groups was significantly different from the control value of 13.1 days. The significant drop in progesterone (delta 4P) but rise in 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-DHP) occurred 24 hr after treatment in PSP rats treated with both-end open Silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube, whereas similar changes in delta 4P and 20 alpha-DHP took place 48-72 hr after the deposition of a one-end open Silastic-PVP PGF2 alpha tube. It is concluded than an initial larger amount of circulating PGF2 alpha is needed to induce an early premature termination of PSP. The exposure of corpus luteum to a more sustained but lower level of PGF2 alpha leads to a slower response.", "contents": "Termination of pseudopregnancy in rats by silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube. The efficacy of a one-end or both-end open Silastic-polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (Silastic-PVP) tube containing 600 microgram prostaglandin-F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and placed subcutaneously on day-6 of pseudopregnancy (PSP) in the induction of premature termination of PSP was compared. A both-end open Silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube was more efficacious in inducing an early termination of PSP with a mean duration of 7.8 days. By contrast, PSP females receiving a one-end open Silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube showed a mean duration of PSP of 9.9 days. The shortened duration of PSP in both these treatment groups was significantly different from the control value of 13.1 days. The significant drop in progesterone (delta 4P) but rise in 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-DHP) occurred 24 hr after treatment in PSP rats treated with both-end open Silastic-PVP-PGF2 alpha tube, whereas similar changes in delta 4P and 20 alpha-DHP took place 48-72 hr after the deposition of a one-end open Silastic-PVP PGF2 alpha tube. It is concluded than an initial larger amount of circulating PGF2 alpha is needed to induce an early premature termination of PSP. The exposure of corpus luteum to a more sustained but lower level of PGF2 alpha leads to a slower response.", "PMID": 550154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_234", "title": "The concentrations of the prostaglandins E and F, 13 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F and thromboxane B2. In tissues obtained from women with and without pre-eclampsia.", "content": "The concentrations of prostaglandins E (PGE) and F (PGF), 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F (PGFM) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in tissues obtained from women with and without pre-eclampsia. The concentrations of PGE in the amnion, chorion, decidua and placenta obtained from subjects with pre-eclampsia were significantly lower than those from subjects without pre-eclampsia. The concentration of PGE in these tissues increased significantly with gestational age and correlated with urinary oestrogen excretion. PGF concentrations were lower in the amnion and placenta of the pre-eclamptics compared to those without pre-eclampsia. The concentrations of PGFM in the amnion, decidua, and myometrium were lower in the pre-eclamptics. No significant difference in the TXB2 concentrations between the two groups of subjects were found. It is suggested that the altered tissue concentrations of prostaglandins in pre-eclamptics are due to the effects of gestational age and oestrogens and may or may not be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "The concentrations of the prostaglandins E and F, 13 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F and thromboxane B2. In tissues obtained from women with and without pre-eclampsia. The concentrations of prostaglandins E (PGE) and F (PGF), 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F (PGFM) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in tissues obtained from women with and without pre-eclampsia. The concentrations of PGE in the amnion, chorion, decidua and placenta obtained from subjects with pre-eclampsia were significantly lower than those from subjects without pre-eclampsia. The concentration of PGE in these tissues increased significantly with gestational age and correlated with urinary oestrogen excretion. PGF concentrations were lower in the amnion and placenta of the pre-eclamptics compared to those without pre-eclampsia. The concentrations of PGFM in the amnion, decidua, and myometrium were lower in the pre-eclamptics. No significant difference in the TXB2 concentrations between the two groups of subjects were found. It is suggested that the altered tissue concentrations of prostaglandins in pre-eclamptics are due to the effects of gestational age and oestrogens and may or may not be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 550155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_235", "title": "The protective effects of dietary fish oil on focal cerebral infarction.", "content": "The protective effect of the (n-3) fatty acids in menhaden fish oil on acute cerebral ischemia was investigated in cats. Cerebral ischemia was produced by ligation of the left middle cerebral artery of cats fed either a basal diet of feline cat chow or the basal diet supplemented with 8% of the calories as menhaden oil for 18-24 days. Fatty acids esters of 20:5 (n-3) were increased and the 18:2 (n-6) decreased in the heart and liver of cats fed supplemental fish oil, but the brain lipid showed no effect of the diet. We found that the neurological deficit and the volume of brain infarction in the group treated with fish oil was less than that of the control group. The present findings suggest that moderate dietary supplements of fish oil may be beneficial in the prophylactic treatment of ischemic cerebral vascular disease.", "contents": "The protective effects of dietary fish oil on focal cerebral infarction. The protective effect of the (n-3) fatty acids in menhaden fish oil on acute cerebral ischemia was investigated in cats. Cerebral ischemia was produced by ligation of the left middle cerebral artery of cats fed either a basal diet of feline cat chow or the basal diet supplemented with 8% of the calories as menhaden oil for 18-24 days. Fatty acids esters of 20:5 (n-3) were increased and the 18:2 (n-6) decreased in the heart and liver of cats fed supplemental fish oil, but the brain lipid showed no effect of the diet. We found that the neurological deficit and the volume of brain infarction in the group treated with fish oil was less than that of the control group. The present findings suggest that moderate dietary supplements of fish oil may be beneficial in the prophylactic treatment of ischemic cerebral vascular disease.", "PMID": 550156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_236", "title": "Indomethacin and uterine evacuation of conceptus in rats: possible mode of action.", "content": "Indomethacin at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg from day 18 through day 20 of pregnancy was found to extend the duration of gestation for 2-3 days over the control value. Conversely, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg on day 18 of pregnancy induced premature parturition. PGF2 alpha given concurrently with indomethacin resulted in neutralisation of the drug action and the animals delivered viable pups as identically recorded in controls. Failure of indomethacin to extend the length of pseudopregnancy in either bilaterally hysterectomized or bilaterally decidualized pseudopregnant rats revealed that the lengthening of the duration of pregnancy caused by indomethacin is not due to an extension of luteal span, but results from relaxation of the uterine smooth musculature.", "contents": "Indomethacin and uterine evacuation of conceptus in rats: possible mode of action. Indomethacin at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg from day 18 through day 20 of pregnancy was found to extend the duration of gestation for 2-3 days over the control value. Conversely, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg on day 18 of pregnancy induced premature parturition. PGF2 alpha given concurrently with indomethacin resulted in neutralisation of the drug action and the animals delivered viable pups as identically recorded in controls. Failure of indomethacin to extend the length of pseudopregnancy in either bilaterally hysterectomized or bilaterally decidualized pseudopregnant rats revealed that the lengthening of the duration of pregnancy caused by indomethacin is not due to an extension of luteal span, but results from relaxation of the uterine smooth musculature.", "PMID": 550157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_237", "title": "Cigarette smoking, prostaglandins and reactive hyperemia.", "content": "The hypothesis was investigated that cigarette smoking obstructs the blood flow response that develops as a protection against tissue damage in an organ subjected to ischemia (reactive hyperemia). Forearm blood flow was recorded at rest and following forearm ischemia before and after cigarette smoking in healthy male and female volunteers. The experiments were also repeated after pre-treatment of the subjects with indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. Before pre-treatment with indomethacin, ischemia induced a reactive hyperemia amounting to 20 +/- 4 ml/100 ml tissue. This hyperemia was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced by cigarette smoking, to 12 +/- 3 ml/100 ml tissue. After indomethacin, which in itself lowered the reactive hyperemia to 8 +/- 2 ml/100 ml tissue, smoking did not elicit any effect. It is suggested that smoking counteracts reactive hyperemia in tissues by interfering with the same physiological mechanism as indomethacin, i.e. with the vascular formation of PG. The possible significance of this observation in relation to cigarette smoking and ischemic heart disease is stressed.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking, prostaglandins and reactive hyperemia. The hypothesis was investigated that cigarette smoking obstructs the blood flow response that develops as a protection against tissue damage in an organ subjected to ischemia (reactive hyperemia). Forearm blood flow was recorded at rest and following forearm ischemia before and after cigarette smoking in healthy male and female volunteers. The experiments were also repeated after pre-treatment of the subjects with indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. Before pre-treatment with indomethacin, ischemia induced a reactive hyperemia amounting to 20 +/- 4 ml/100 ml tissue. This hyperemia was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced by cigarette smoking, to 12 +/- 3 ml/100 ml tissue. After indomethacin, which in itself lowered the reactive hyperemia to 8 +/- 2 ml/100 ml tissue, smoking did not elicit any effect. It is suggested that smoking counteracts reactive hyperemia in tissues by interfering with the same physiological mechanism as indomethacin, i.e. with the vascular formation of PG. The possible significance of this observation in relation to cigarette smoking and ischemic heart disease is stressed.", "PMID": 550158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_238", "title": "Permissive effects on adipose tissue lipolysis of a plasmatic factor which inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "Plasma obtained from fasted rats provoked a dose-dependent stimulation of fat cell glycerol release  and was able to inhibit also generation of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha from arachidonate, in vitro, over a very similar range of doses. It is proposed, therefore, that a plasmatic fat-mobilizing factor may act as an endogenous inhibitor of adipose tissue prostaglandin biosynthesis, mediating in the acute (long-term not precluded) regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis. The proposed mechanism of permissive effects of the plasmatic factor in reducing the effects of endogenously-generated inhibitory prostaglandins may be implicated in the development of obesity by reduced availability of the factor and thus reduced ability to utilize fat stores.", "contents": "Permissive effects on adipose tissue lipolysis of a plasmatic factor which inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Plasma obtained from fasted rats provoked a dose-dependent stimulation of fat cell glycerol release  and was able to inhibit also generation of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha from arachidonate, in vitro, over a very similar range of doses. It is proposed, therefore, that a plasmatic fat-mobilizing factor may act as an endogenous inhibitor of adipose tissue prostaglandin biosynthesis, mediating in the acute (long-term not precluded) regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis. The proposed mechanism of permissive effects of the plasmatic factor in reducing the effects of endogenously-generated inhibitory prostaglandins may be implicated in the development of obesity by reduced availability of the factor and thus reduced ability to utilize fat stores.", "PMID": 550159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_239", "title": "The effects of PGF2 alpha on respiratory and cardiovascular variables in pig.", "content": "PGF2 alpha was injected into different parts of the circulatory system (intravenously by femoral and jugular veins, into the pulmonary artery, into the ascending or descending aorta and into the internal carotid artery at a level above the sinus and carotid body) of anaesthetized spontaneously breathing pigs. It caused changes in respiratory and cardiovascular variables. In vagosympathectomized animals the changes in pattern of breathing produced by PGF2 alpha were greatly reduced and total lung resistance was increased. This may indicates more than one site of action of PGF2 alpha, lung resistance being influenced by a direct action of PGF2 alpha and by an immediate reflex while the pattern of breathing being modulated by vagal efferents from the lungs.", "contents": "The effects of PGF2 alpha on respiratory and cardiovascular variables in pig. PGF2 alpha was injected into different parts of the circulatory system (intravenously by femoral and jugular veins, into the pulmonary artery, into the ascending or descending aorta and into the internal carotid artery at a level above the sinus and carotid body) of anaesthetized spontaneously breathing pigs. It caused changes in respiratory and cardiovascular variables. In vagosympathectomized animals the changes in pattern of breathing produced by PGF2 alpha were greatly reduced and total lung resistance was increased. This may indicates more than one site of action of PGF2 alpha, lung resistance being influenced by a direct action of PGF2 alpha and by an immediate reflex while the pattern of breathing being modulated by vagal efferents from the lungs.", "PMID": 550160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_240", "title": "Effect of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on in vitro platelet utilization of arachidonic acid.", "content": "The effect of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acids pre-incubated with human washed platelets was examined on the platelet utilization of (1-14C) arachidonic acid. The platelets were incubated with the radioactive arachidonic acid for periods of either 10 min or 30 sec. The following results were obtained. Conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 was increased during 10 min in the presence of oleic, alpha-linolenic and lauric acids. Increased conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to hydroxy fatty acids (HHT and HETE) was observed in the presence of stearic acid (10 min incubation) and lauric acid (30 sec incubation). Their synthesis, however, was decreased in presence of gamma-linolenic acid (10 min incubation). Endoperoxide generation from arachidonate was reduced by alpha-linolenic acid but increased by stearic acid. The conversion to PGE2 was not altered by these acids during 10 min incubation with arachidonic acid. However, in presence of gamma-linolenic, lauric and stearic acids conversion of arachidonic acid into PGE2 during 30 sec incubation was increased. Under these conditions, production of PGF2 alpha and PGD2 remained unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on in vitro platelet utilization of arachidonic acid. The effect of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acids pre-incubated with human washed platelets was examined on the platelet utilization of (1-14C) arachidonic acid. The platelets were incubated with the radioactive arachidonic acid for periods of either 10 min or 30 sec. The following results were obtained. Conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2 was increased during 10 min in the presence of oleic, alpha-linolenic and lauric acids. Increased conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to hydroxy fatty acids (HHT and HETE) was observed in the presence of stearic acid (10 min incubation) and lauric acid (30 sec incubation). Their synthesis, however, was decreased in presence of gamma-linolenic acid (10 min incubation). Endoperoxide generation from arachidonate was reduced by alpha-linolenic acid but increased by stearic acid. The conversion to PGE2 was not altered by these acids during 10 min incubation with arachidonic acid. However, in presence of gamma-linolenic, lauric and stearic acids conversion of arachidonic acid into PGE2 during 30 sec incubation was increased. Under these conditions, production of PGF2 alpha and PGD2 remained unchanged.", "PMID": 550161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_241", "title": "Qualitative study of prostaglandins in pregnant uterine tissues: effects of estradiol- 17 beta and betamethasone.", "content": "The presence of prostaglandins (PGs) E1 and F2 alpha in extracts of endometrial, myometrial and placental samples from 19 pregnant women at term, was investigated. The tissue samples were obtained from the following group of patients: untreated, A) with onset of labor, B) without onset of labor; pre-treated (without onset of labor); C) with betamethasone, D) with estradiol-17 beta. Thin-layer chromatography determinations demonstrated PGE1 presence in all tissue  samples from the four groups. On the other hand, PGF2 alpha was consistently found in placenta and endometrial samples from groups A, C, and D, but it was absent in those from group B. The results suggest a physiological role of PGF2 alpha in human parturition, and a possible influence of estrogens and corticosteroids on  the appearance of this prostaglandin.", "contents": "Qualitative study of prostaglandins in pregnant uterine tissues: effects of estradiol- 17 beta and betamethasone. The presence of prostaglandins (PGs) E1 and F2 alpha in extracts of endometrial, myometrial and placental samples from 19 pregnant women at term, was investigated. The tissue samples were obtained from the following group of patients: untreated, A) with onset of labor, B) without onset of labor; pre-treated (without onset of labor); C) with betamethasone, D) with estradiol-17 beta. Thin-layer chromatography determinations demonstrated PGE1 presence in all tissue  samples from the four groups. On the other hand, PGF2 alpha was consistently found in placenta and endometrial samples from groups A, C, and D, but it was absent in those from group B. The results suggest a physiological role of PGF2 alpha in human parturition, and a possible influence of estrogens and corticosteroids on  the appearance of this prostaglandin.", "PMID": 550162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_242", "title": "Increased sensitivity to prostaglandin E2 in old people.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 acts as a feedback inhibitor on the actions of many hormones and other stimuli. For example, mitogens will cause leukocytes to produce prostaglandin E2, and the prostaglandin E2 inhibits the proliferative response of the leukocytes to the mitogen. We have shown that lymphocytes from healthy subjects over age 70 are much more sensitive to inhibition by prostaglandin E2 than are lymphocytes from younger individuals. In this paper, I hypothesize that there is a generalized increase in sensitivity in all tissues in aging humans, and that this increased sensitivity accounts for many of the physiologic changes of aging.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity to prostaglandin E2 in old people. Prostaglandin E2 acts as a feedback inhibitor on the actions of many hormones and other stimuli. For example, mitogens will cause leukocytes to produce prostaglandin E2, and the prostaglandin E2 inhibits the proliferative response of the leukocytes to the mitogen. We have shown that lymphocytes from healthy subjects over age 70 are much more sensitive to inhibition by prostaglandin E2 than are lymphocytes from younger individuals. In this paper, I hypothesize that there is a generalized increase in sensitivity in all tissues in aging humans, and that this increased sensitivity accounts for many of the physiologic changes of aging.", "PMID": 550163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_243", "title": "The psychotherapy of the psychosomatic patient.", "content": "On the basis of a relatively restricted definition of psychotherapy, the authors describe some of the reasons why psychotherapy is rather seldom used for psychosomatic patients, on an individual or a group basis. Some details are then given about two other kinds of treatment which contain some elements of psychotherapy, and which have been developed in Lausanne as a consequence of the analysis of the early transactions between the psychosomatic patient and his attendants: (1) a bio-feedback method, whose technical aspect is used as a tool towards a more global approach, through encouraging insight and verbalization on the part of the patient; (2) an interdisciplinary approach by physiotherapists, psychiatrists and somaticians, working together in different modalities, adapted to the different cases.", "contents": "The psychotherapy of the psychosomatic patient. On the basis of a relatively restricted definition of psychotherapy, the authors describe some of the reasons why psychotherapy is rather seldom used for psychosomatic patients, on an individual or a group basis. Some details are then given about two other kinds of treatment which contain some elements of psychotherapy, and which have been developed in Lausanne as a consequence of the analysis of the early transactions between the psychosomatic patient and his attendants: (1) a bio-feedback method, whose technical aspect is used as a tool towards a more global approach, through encouraging insight and verbalization on the part of the patient; (2) an interdisciplinary approach by physiotherapists, psychiatrists and somaticians, working together in different modalities, adapted to the different cases.", "PMID": 550164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_244", "title": "Comments on theory and therapy of psychosomatic patients with a follow-up study.", "content": "Given the specific problems of the physically sick, the psychoanalytic therapy of psychosomatic patients normally calls for modification of treatment concepts that have proved viable for patients with mental disorders (neuroses) alone. The patients' difficulty in experiencing and expressing the experience of feelings as well as the fixation on one kind of physical complaint make it essential that the patient be unconditionally 'accepted' and offered translation aids so that within the patient-doctor relationship the 'mute' physical complaints can be assisted towards verbalisation and new emotional experiencing. The kind of special treatment forms indicated is determined by the extent of healthy personality elements. Here, in addition to nonverbal procedures, such techniques as combined inpatient--outpatient group psychotherapy, the subject of the present follow-up study, have proved to be helpful.", "contents": "Comments on theory and therapy of psychosomatic patients with a follow-up study. Given the specific problems of the physically sick, the psychoanalytic therapy of psychosomatic patients normally calls for modification of treatment concepts that have proved viable for patients with mental disorders (neuroses) alone. The patients' difficulty in experiencing and expressing the experience of feelings as well as the fixation on one kind of physical complaint make it essential that the patient be unconditionally 'accepted' and offered translation aids so that within the patient-doctor relationship the 'mute' physical complaints can be assisted towards verbalisation and new emotional experiencing. The kind of special treatment forms indicated is determined by the extent of healthy personality elements. Here, in addition to nonverbal procedures, such techniques as combined inpatient--outpatient group psychotherapy, the subject of the present follow-up study, have proved to be helpful.", "PMID": 550165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_245", "title": "Family dynamics and family psychotherapy of psychosomatic.", "content": "Family therapy of psychosomatic disorders is oftern difficult and comparable to the therapy of psychotic patients. Nonetheless, the results published today by authors such as Minuchin and Selvini and our own experiences are promising indeed. We have found that what seemed to be a deep-rooted psychic structure changed rapidly and enduringly if the relationship field changed. Amelioration of symptoms is in many cases easily attained if they are understood in their function within a relational system. Also, we regard the system or family approach as a chance for medical practice. The general practioner who usually deals with family systems has, in our view, an ideal position to bring about change if he uses his authority and trust properly. He has to obtain a positive, not pathology-oriented view and should use family and social resources in spite of engaging in an often fruitless and endless contact with the designated patient, which only serves to maintain and even to increase the homeostatic lock of the family system.", "contents": "Family dynamics and family psychotherapy of psychosomatic. Family therapy of psychosomatic disorders is oftern difficult and comparable to the therapy of psychotic patients. Nonetheless, the results published today by authors such as Minuchin and Selvini and our own experiences are promising indeed. We have found that what seemed to be a deep-rooted psychic structure changed rapidly and enduringly if the relationship field changed. Amelioration of symptoms is in many cases easily attained if they are understood in their function within a relational system. Also, we regard the system or family approach as a chance for medical practice. The general practioner who usually deals with family systems has, in our view, an ideal position to bring about change if he uses his authority and trust properly. He has to obtain a positive, not pathology-oriented view and should use family and social resources in spite of engaging in an often fruitless and endless contact with the designated patient, which only serves to maintain and even to increase the homeostatic lock of the family system.", "PMID": 550166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_246", "title": "Open-heart surgery from the psychological point of view and resulting therapeutic considerations.", "content": "A total of 168 patients underwent thorough psychological investigation before and after open-heart surgery. The pre-operative psychological status and the psychosocial situation of the patients were studied by means of questionnaires and semi-standardized interviews. The post-operative psychic status was documented daily on the first four post-operative days and once after discharge from the intensive care unit, by means of a slightly modified version of the AMP rating scale. We found significant correlations between psychosocial problems, the patients' ability to cope with their illness, the surgical stress and the environmental stress of the intense care unit, and post-operative psychic disturbances. The results lead to deliberations on therapeutic consequences.", "contents": "Open-heart surgery from the psychological point of view and resulting therapeutic considerations. A total of 168 patients underwent thorough psychological investigation before and after open-heart surgery. The pre-operative psychological status and the psychosocial situation of the patients were studied by means of questionnaires and semi-standardized interviews. The post-operative psychic status was documented daily on the first four post-operative days and once after discharge from the intensive care unit, by means of a slightly modified version of the AMP rating scale. We found significant correlations between psychosocial problems, the patients' ability to cope with their illness, the surgical stress and the environmental stress of the intense care unit, and post-operative psychic disturbances. The results lead to deliberations on therapeutic consequences.", "PMID": 550167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_247", "title": "Growth.", "content": "Freud's concepts on the innate and the experiential, applied as they were essentially to the psychic structure, are discussed because, as Winnicott (1952) indicates, 'the psyche grows out of the soma almost from birth' (see also Bion, 1962). The maternal function is basic to the growth in the first months and, to a lesser extent, is basic all through the growing process, which is particularly fast and demanding during the first three years. The fact tha the 'maternal function', essential for growth in the early stage, is comprised of events which the baby either experiences or is lacking, such as bodily early contacts, being held in the arms and the quality of holding, eye to eye communication on which baby's apperception develops is underlined. The quality of early physical care is to be seen, in the author's view, as the food on which basic individual growth takes place. Deviations and distortions of growth, where no genetic and/or organic explanation may be found, have to be studied in this light. This is particularly true with young babies, where maternal deprivation is a frequent cause of malnutrition.", "contents": "Growth. Freud's concepts on the innate and the experiential, applied as they were essentially to the psychic structure, are discussed because, as Winnicott (1952) indicates, 'the psyche grows out of the soma almost from birth' (see also Bion, 1962). The maternal function is basic to the growth in the first months and, to a lesser extent, is basic all through the growing process, which is particularly fast and demanding during the first three years. The fact tha the 'maternal function', essential for growth in the early stage, is comprised of events which the baby either experiences or is lacking, such as bodily early contacts, being held in the arms and the quality of holding, eye to eye communication on which baby's apperception develops is underlined. The quality of early physical care is to be seen, in the author's view, as the food on which basic individual growth takes place. Deviations and distortions of growth, where no genetic and/or organic explanation may be found, have to be studied in this light. This is particularly true with young babies, where maternal deprivation is a frequent cause of malnutrition.", "PMID": 550168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_248", "title": "Liaison psychiatry: a service for averting dehumanization of medicine. Recent psychosocial changes in medicine.", "content": "Recent technical advances of medical science have become responsible for the altered role of the physician and changes in the practice of medicine. As the practice has become hospital-centered, the importance of the individual physician and the prestige of the medical profession have markedly decreased. Dehumanization of medicine has been a natural outcome of these changes, for as the scientific approach to patient care increased the psychosocial support of the physician and significant others decreased. Liaison psychiatry, the therapeutic arm of psychosomatic medicine, utilizes the holistic principle which incorporates the psychosocial nuances of human behavior into the medical model. It is felt that this service must be utilized with increased frequency if further dehumanization of medical practice is to be prevented.", "contents": "Liaison psychiatry: a service for averting dehumanization of medicine. Recent psychosocial changes in medicine. Recent technical advances of medical science have become responsible for the altered role of the physician and changes in the practice of medicine. As the practice has become hospital-centered, the importance of the individual physician and the prestige of the medical profession have markedly decreased. Dehumanization of medicine has been a natural outcome of these changes, for as the scientific approach to patient care increased the psychosocial support of the physician and significant others decreased. Liaison psychiatry, the therapeutic arm of psychosomatic medicine, utilizes the holistic principle which incorporates the psychosocial nuances of human behavior into the medical model. It is felt that this service must be utilized with increased frequency if further dehumanization of medical practice is to be prevented.", "PMID": 550169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_249", "title": "Body awareness and personality.", "content": "The relation between personality characteristics and body awareness, defined as the attention paid to different body zones and measured by means of the Fisher Body Focus Questionnaire, is examined in two ways in groups of medical and dental students: (1) Our results replicate fairly well the relation, reported by Fisher, between back and head awareness and anal characteristics. (2) Exploration of the relations between body awareness and descriptive personality characteristics (neuroticism, extraversion, etc.) reveals differences between sexes: in women back awareness correlates positively with neuroticism and negatively with extraversion; in men higher awareness of the right side of the body is related to lower neuroticism but also to higher scores for test-taking attitude and social desirability. Some implications for our understanding of the position of the body and for psychosomatic research are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Body awareness and personality. The relation between personality characteristics and body awareness, defined as the attention paid to different body zones and measured by means of the Fisher Body Focus Questionnaire, is examined in two ways in groups of medical and dental students: (1) Our results replicate fairly well the relation, reported by Fisher, between back and head awareness and anal characteristics. (2) Exploration of the relations between body awareness and descriptive personality characteristics (neuroticism, extraversion, etc.) reveals differences between sexes: in women back awareness correlates positively with neuroticism and negatively with extraversion; in men higher awareness of the right side of the body is related to lower neuroticism but also to higher scores for test-taking attitude and social desirability. Some implications for our understanding of the position of the body and for psychosomatic research are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 550170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_250", "title": "Alexithymia: concept and measurement.", "content": "Alexithymia is a concept in need of validation and measurement. The paper summarizes alexithymia as it is understood clinically and describes questionnaires used to elicit information helpful in making the assessment of alexithymia characteristics. Problems in use and the need for further work on comparative clinical experience are discussed.", "contents": "Alexithymia: concept and measurement. Alexithymia is a concept in need of validation and measurement. The paper summarizes alexithymia as it is understood clinically and describes questionnaires used to elicit information helpful in making the assessment of alexithymia characteristics. Problems in use and the need for further work on comparative clinical experience are discussed.", "PMID": 550171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_251", "title": "Alexithymic feature in digestive diseases.", "content": "A comparative study was conducted on the psychological features of chronic pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis and the irritable colon syndrome by means of psychological tests and interviews. The patients with irritable colon syndrome were found to be the most neurotic of all, whereas those with the definite type of chronic pancreatitis and ulcerative colitis presented prominent alexithymic characteristics. About one half of the patients having peptic ulcer showed alexithymic features. Despite their neurotic tendencies shown on the psychological tests, the patients with the suspicious type of chronic pancreatitis were socially better adjusted than those with irritable colon syndrome. It was also noted that the concept of alexithymia needs to be elucidated by including such factors as over-adaptation to the environment, certain distorted life habits and lack of bodily sensations.", "contents": "Alexithymic feature in digestive diseases. A comparative study was conducted on the psychological features of chronic pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis and the irritable colon syndrome by means of psychological tests and interviews. The patients with irritable colon syndrome were found to be the most neurotic of all, whereas those with the definite type of chronic pancreatitis and ulcerative colitis presented prominent alexithymic characteristics. About one half of the patients having peptic ulcer showed alexithymic features. Despite their neurotic tendencies shown on the psychological tests, the patients with the suspicious type of chronic pancreatitis were socially better adjusted than those with irritable colon syndrome. It was also noted that the concept of alexithymia needs to be elucidated by including such factors as over-adaptation to the environment, certain distorted life habits and lack of bodily sensations.", "PMID": 550172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_252", "title": "The potential use of videotape in teaching psychosomatics.", "content": "Psychosomatists should admit that so far they have largely failed in communicating their knowledge and skills to those outside a limited circle. As a result many sick people suffer more than they need. Students of animal behaviour have made better use of sound and videotape to illustrate the normal and abnormal than students of human behaviour. Some of the reasons for this are examined. In teaching and learning psychosomatics the potential of videotape has yet to be realised. The article presents some such possibilities and is illustrated by edited versions of the author's experience over four years in a busy outpatient clinic of (1) characteristic life situations and attitudes in three disorders: Multiple Sclerosis, Migraine and auto immune disease, (2) the psychological management of an intractable case of Asthma over two years (approx. 32h of therapy).", "contents": "The potential use of videotape in teaching psychosomatics. Psychosomatists should admit that so far they have largely failed in communicating their knowledge and skills to those outside a limited circle. As a result many sick people suffer more than they need. Students of animal behaviour have made better use of sound and videotape to illustrate the normal and abnormal than students of human behaviour. Some of the reasons for this are examined. In teaching and learning psychosomatics the potential of videotape has yet to be realised. The article presents some such possibilities and is illustrated by edited versions of the author's experience over four years in a busy outpatient clinic of (1) characteristic life situations and attitudes in three disorders: Multiple Sclerosis, Migraine and auto immune disease, (2) the psychological management of an intractable case of Asthma over two years (approx. 32h of therapy).", "PMID": 550173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_253", "title": "The teaching of psychotherapy to medical students. An aspect of training in psychosomatic medicine.", "content": "Since so many patients have mingled with their illness psychological factors which require psychological help, the teaching of psychodynamic understanding of illness is very important. However, little (if any) systematic teaching of psychotherapeutic methods in the treatment of illness is given to medical students in most universities of Europe. This study is a joint ongoing project between the Psychosomatic Clinic of the University of Heidelberg and the Department of Psychological Medicine, University College Hospital, London. It looks at the establishment of psychotherapy supervision for medical students which has existed for several years at University College Hospital. However, many important local and national differences have become apparent, including the type of patient selected, the mode of selection, the way in which supervision groups are used by supervisors and students, and the status of such a scheme within the general curriculum of medical education. Many of the problems which have emerged during the course of this project, and some ways of solving them, are discussed. It is hoped that this project will be of use to other Centres which may be considering such a scheme as part of their own medical curriculum.", "contents": "The teaching of psychotherapy to medical students. An aspect of training in psychosomatic medicine. Since so many patients have mingled with their illness psychological factors which require psychological help, the teaching of psychodynamic understanding of illness is very important. However, little (if any) systematic teaching of psychotherapeutic methods in the treatment of illness is given to medical students in most universities of Europe. This study is a joint ongoing project between the Psychosomatic Clinic of the University of Heidelberg and the Department of Psychological Medicine, University College Hospital, London. It looks at the establishment of psychotherapy supervision for medical students which has existed for several years at University College Hospital. However, many important local and national differences have become apparent, including the type of patient selected, the mode of selection, the way in which supervision groups are used by supervisors and students, and the status of such a scheme within the general curriculum of medical education. Many of the problems which have emerged during the course of this project, and some ways of solving them, are discussed. It is hoped that this project will be of use to other Centres which may be considering such a scheme as part of their own medical curriculum.", "PMID": 550174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_254", "title": "Anorexia nervosa--two cases in discordant MZ twins.", "content": "Two female monozygous twin pairs discordant for anorexia nervosa are reported, and literature reports on 18 other monozygous pairs are reviewed. Four of the reported pairs are inadequately described and there is doubt about the diagnosis. When the 2 pairs reported here are included, 16 pairs remain: l (38%) were concordant and 10 discordant. Only 3 pairs fulfilled rigorous criteria for anorexia nervosa and zygosity and one of the pairs was concordant. The population prevalence is probably about 2 promille for hospitalized cases, and there is a 6% risk for female sibs of anorectic probands. Hence, if about 1/3 of monozygotic pairs are in fact concordant, a role of genetic factors in the etiology may be suggested.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa--two cases in discordant MZ twins. Two female monozygous twin pairs discordant for anorexia nervosa are reported, and literature reports on 18 other monozygous pairs are reviewed. Four of the reported pairs are inadequately described and there is doubt about the diagnosis. When the 2 pairs reported here are included, 16 pairs remain: l (38%) were concordant and 10 discordant. Only 3 pairs fulfilled rigorous criteria for anorexia nervosa and zygosity and one of the pairs was concordant. The population prevalence is probably about 2 promille for hospitalized cases, and there is a 6% risk for female sibs of anorectic probands. Hence, if about 1/3 of monozygotic pairs are in fact concordant, a role of genetic factors in the etiology may be suggested.", "PMID": 550176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_255", "title": "Psychophysiological study on fasting therapy.", "content": "The Tohoku University method of fasting therapy was performed on 380 patients. The clinical results revealed an efficacy rate of 87%. With regard to psychosomatic diseases, irritable colon syndrome, neurocirculatory asthenia, mild diabetes mellitus, obesity and borderline hypertension were good indications for this therapy. In order to clarify the therapeutic mechanism, several clinical examinations were administered before, during and after therapy. EEG data was analysed according to the power spectral method. The peak frequency decreased as fasting progressed, while it increased as re-fed continued. Percent energy of alpha waves after fasting therapy was significantly higher than that of the pre-fasting stage. The dexamethasone suppression rate of urine 17-OHCS after fasting therapy was significantly lower than that of the pre-fasting stage. It seems that ketone nutrition may work as a strong stressor in the brain cell, temporarily placing all biological mechanisms in a stress state and then activating the natural healing power inherent to the human body, thereby bringing about homeostasis.", "contents": "Psychophysiological study on fasting therapy. The Tohoku University method of fasting therapy was performed on 380 patients. The clinical results revealed an efficacy rate of 87%. With regard to psychosomatic diseases, irritable colon syndrome, neurocirculatory asthenia, mild diabetes mellitus, obesity and borderline hypertension were good indications for this therapy. In order to clarify the therapeutic mechanism, several clinical examinations were administered before, during and after therapy. EEG data was analysed according to the power spectral method. The peak frequency decreased as fasting progressed, while it increased as re-fed continued. Percent energy of alpha waves after fasting therapy was significantly higher than that of the pre-fasting stage. The dexamethasone suppression rate of urine 17-OHCS after fasting therapy was significantly lower than that of the pre-fasting stage. It seems that ketone nutrition may work as a strong stressor in the brain cell, temporarily placing all biological mechanisms in a stress state and then activating the natural healing power inherent to the human body, thereby bringing about homeostasis.", "PMID": 550177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_256", "title": "Psychodynamic approach to the most common psychiatric disorders in the elderly.", "content": "It should be emphasized that it was difficult for the author, if not impossible, to sort out any specific dynamic factor(s) or unconscious motive that could explain fully and appropriately the protean psychopathology of the patients seen and followed-up in his series. A multifactorial pathogenesis should be taken into consideration in such or similar cases. On the other hand, to make any attempt at an overall or generalized dynamic formulation in the elderly should, in the author's opinion, be out of the question.", "contents": "Psychodynamic approach to the most common psychiatric disorders in the elderly. It should be emphasized that it was difficult for the author, if not impossible, to sort out any specific dynamic factor(s) or unconscious motive that could explain fully and appropriately the protean psychopathology of the patients seen and followed-up in his series. A multifactorial pathogenesis should be taken into consideration in such or similar cases. On the other hand, to make any attempt at an overall or generalized dynamic formulation in the elderly should, in the author's opinion, be out of the question.", "PMID": 550178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_257", "title": "Ill health in two contrasting societies, particularly non-psychiatric morbidity among those with a psychiatric diagnosis.", "content": "An epidemiological study in two culturally contrasting north-norwegian societies indicates that persons with a psychiatric diagnosis are more prone to non-psychiatric illnesses than those without such diagnosis. The onset of the non-psychiatric ailments of these persons come mostly before the onset of their psychiatric conditions. These are cross-cultural findings.", "contents": "Ill health in two contrasting societies, particularly non-psychiatric morbidity among those with a psychiatric diagnosis. An epidemiological study in two culturally contrasting north-norwegian societies indicates that persons with a psychiatric diagnosis are more prone to non-psychiatric illnesses than those without such diagnosis. The onset of the non-psychiatric ailments of these persons come mostly before the onset of their psychiatric conditions. These are cross-cultural findings.", "PMID": 550179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_258", "title": "Symptom changes during the psychotherapy of patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Four patients with myasthenia gravis were treated psychotherapeutically: two who suffered from generalized myasthenia gravis were treated without additional medical treatment. During the course of the therapy a clear correspondence of the patients' behavior and the severity of symptoms could be observed. The symptoms would improve, or even disappear, depending on the developed 'ego-strength' and the possibility of being aggressive and creative during therapy and also depending on the degree to which the 'meaning' of the symptoms could be understood. There seems to be a possibility of influencing decisively the course of myasthenia gravis by psychotherapy.", "contents": "Symptom changes during the psychotherapy of patients with myasthenia gravis. Four patients with myasthenia gravis were treated psychotherapeutically: two who suffered from generalized myasthenia gravis were treated without additional medical treatment. During the course of the therapy a clear correspondence of the patients' behavior and the severity of symptoms could be observed. The symptoms would improve, or even disappear, depending on the developed 'ego-strength' and the possibility of being aggressive and creative during therapy and also depending on the degree to which the 'meaning' of the symptoms could be understood. There seems to be a possibility of influencing decisively the course of myasthenia gravis by psychotherapy.", "PMID": 550181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_259", "title": "Peptic ulcer in childhood. Psychological factors.", "content": "Thirty children (20 girls and 10 boys, aged 6-16 years) with primary peptic ulcers, matched in paris for age, sex and socio-economic standard to a group of 30 ulcer-free controls, were submitted to a structured psychiatric interview, a structured 'present psychiatric state' examination and to personality and intelligence tests. With one exception all patients suffered from duodenal ulcer; 3 male patients had personalities with psychopathic elements, 7 patients had nicknames, 5 suffered from psychiatric disorders, 3 had attempted suicide in the past, and 3 had had homosexual experiences. These parameters were negative in all controls. The patients had lower mean IQ, worse scholastic adaptation, more anxious and overprotective parents, higher frequency of faddiness in food and lower frequency of nail-biting than the controls. Psychotraumatic events had preceded the onset of ulcer symptomatology in 11 cases. The findings are discussed and the contribution of psychological factors in the pathogenesis of childhood peptic ulcer is stressed.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer in childhood. Psychological factors. Thirty children (20 girls and 10 boys, aged 6-16 years) with primary peptic ulcers, matched in paris for age, sex and socio-economic standard to a group of 30 ulcer-free controls, were submitted to a structured psychiatric interview, a structured 'present psychiatric state' examination and to personality and intelligence tests. With one exception all patients suffered from duodenal ulcer; 3 male patients had personalities with psychopathic elements, 7 patients had nicknames, 5 suffered from psychiatric disorders, 3 had attempted suicide in the past, and 3 had had homosexual experiences. These parameters were negative in all controls. The patients had lower mean IQ, worse scholastic adaptation, more anxious and overprotective parents, higher frequency of faddiness in food and lower frequency of nail-biting than the controls. Psychotraumatic events had preceded the onset of ulcer symptomatology in 11 cases. The findings are discussed and the contribution of psychological factors in the pathogenesis of childhood peptic ulcer is stressed.", "PMID": 550183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_260", "title": "The theory and therapy of hyperkineses (torticollis).", "content": "The paper presents the interaction approach in psychosomatics, as developed by the author. In this context the physical proceedings, which are oversome by the categories of the structure of space, differ from the psychic ones which are not of space but of time. The psyche itself is understood as an intentional experience, wherein the affects and unconscious proceedings are essential. Language has an important function. The psychosomatic disease is understood as a presentative symbolic event and as compensation for the loss of the cognitive ability to symbolize in the field of language. The problem of symbolization is illustrated by a case of spasmodic torticollis. The results of an examination of 81 patients are given, 23 of whom were treated psychoanalytically. The object relation, the regression to the pregenital level, the ego-regression in the form of the omnipotence of motion, and the inability for developing an own self are presented. An alternative technique of treatment is pointed out. Finally, the results of an examination of 26 cases of tic, including a case of generalized tic, are described.", "contents": "The theory and therapy of hyperkineses (torticollis). The paper presents the interaction approach in psychosomatics, as developed by the author. In this context the physical proceedings, which are oversome by the categories of the structure of space, differ from the psychic ones which are not of space but of time. The psyche itself is understood as an intentional experience, wherein the affects and unconscious proceedings are essential. Language has an important function. The psychosomatic disease is understood as a presentative symbolic event and as compensation for the loss of the cognitive ability to symbolize in the field of language. The problem of symbolization is illustrated by a case of spasmodic torticollis. The results of an examination of 81 patients are given, 23 of whom were treated psychoanalytically. The object relation, the regression to the pregenital level, the ego-regression in the form of the omnipotence of motion, and the inability for developing an own self are presented. An alternative technique of treatment is pointed out. Finally, the results of an examination of 26 cases of tic, including a case of generalized tic, are described.", "PMID": 550184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_261", "title": "The relationship between somatic growth and psychological development in Turkish adolescents.", "content": "The relationship between somatic and psychological development, such as intellectual capacity, introversion--extroversion, neuroticism and anxiety, has been investigated with the aid of 148 Turkish adolescents and preadolescents from a middle-level school in Istanbul. The results revealed no relationship between the rate of somatic growth and psychological development. The level of parental cultural environment seemed to have a certain influence upon the degree of intellectual capacity to the disadvantage of those originating from lower levels. The present findings obtained from this study lead to the conclusion that the variations of psychological characteristics in adolescents may not be accepted as only due to factors within the organism, such as the tempo and degree of somatic development independent of cultural, environmental effects, but that a more intensive investigation of also the external, social-environmental factors is necessary.", "contents": "The relationship between somatic growth and psychological development in Turkish adolescents. The relationship between somatic and psychological development, such as intellectual capacity, introversion--extroversion, neuroticism and anxiety, has been investigated with the aid of 148 Turkish adolescents and preadolescents from a middle-level school in Istanbul. The results revealed no relationship between the rate of somatic growth and psychological development. The level of parental cultural environment seemed to have a certain influence upon the degree of intellectual capacity to the disadvantage of those originating from lower levels. The present findings obtained from this study lead to the conclusion that the variations of psychological characteristics in adolescents may not be accepted as only due to factors within the organism, such as the tempo and degree of somatic development independent of cultural, environmental effects, but that a more intensive investigation of also the external, social-environmental factors is necessary.", "PMID": 550185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_262", "title": "Aspects of therapy in psychosomatic medicine.", "content": "An inquiry into the selection of patients at the Heidelberg Psychosomatic Clinic confirmed that in the process from diagnosis to psychotherapy the selection had the tendency to exclude more those patients without higher education, those aged over 30 years, and those transferred from other clinics. Patients with psychosomatic disorders or physical ailments are not subjected to this negative selection. However, they come less often to the clinic of their own accord, are usually less well-educated, have vague ideas about therapy or expect to have medicines prescribed, and generally are less aware than neurotics of having contact problems with others. After combined verbal and pre-verbal inpatient therapy and two years of outpatient group therapy, personality changes are apparent both in neurotics and psychosomatic patients. Studies with Giessen Tests show that changes are even greater in the psychosomatic group.", "contents": "Aspects of therapy in psychosomatic medicine. An inquiry into the selection of patients at the Heidelberg Psychosomatic Clinic confirmed that in the process from diagnosis to psychotherapy the selection had the tendency to exclude more those patients without higher education, those aged over 30 years, and those transferred from other clinics. Patients with psychosomatic disorders or physical ailments are not subjected to this negative selection. However, they come less often to the clinic of their own accord, are usually less well-educated, have vague ideas about therapy or expect to have medicines prescribed, and generally are less aware than neurotics of having contact problems with others. After combined verbal and pre-verbal inpatient therapy and two years of outpatient group therapy, personality changes are apparent both in neurotics and psychosomatic patients. Studies with Giessen Tests show that changes are even greater in the psychosomatic group.", "PMID": 550186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_263", "title": "The work physiology of fishing.", "content": "Circulatory strain, energy output and urinary catecholamine excretion were determined in 24 coastal, 6 trawler, 5 bank and 3 capelin fishermen. From these studies it is evident that fishing may represent hard physical work. However, if properly organized with job rotation and adequate creq numbers, it may, in some respects, be comparable with many occupations ashore. The introduction of mechanization and automation has led to increased tempo and greater stress. Consequently, the older fishermen, due to declining physical work capacity, may find it difficult to keep up with their younger colleagues. Yet, the official Norwegian statistics show that the percentage of older fishermen is increasing.", "contents": "The work physiology of fishing. Circulatory strain, energy output and urinary catecholamine excretion were determined in 24 coastal, 6 trawler, 5 bank and 3 capelin fishermen. From these studies it is evident that fishing may represent hard physical work. However, if properly organized with job rotation and adequate creq numbers, it may, in some respects, be comparable with many occupations ashore. The introduction of mechanization and automation has led to increased tempo and greater stress. Consequently, the older fishermen, due to declining physical work capacity, may find it difficult to keep up with their younger colleagues. Yet, the official Norwegian statistics show that the percentage of older fishermen is increasing.", "PMID": 550187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_264", "title": "Milieu and mental health in a Norwegian fishing community.", "content": "During 1970-1973 a comprehensive epidemiological investigation was carried out on the island of Vaer\u00f8y and R\u00f8st in Northern Norway; 1,700 people live in the area and fishing provides the main employment. The paper contains mainly a morbidity study, with special reference to factors in the local milieu influencing the morbidity pattern. A few of the major results concerning living conditions and mental health in this fishing population are presented.", "contents": "Milieu and mental health in a Norwegian fishing community. During 1970-1973 a comprehensive epidemiological investigation was carried out on the island of Vaer\u00f8y and R\u00f8st in Northern Norway; 1,700 people live in the area and fishing provides the main employment. The paper contains mainly a morbidity study, with special reference to factors in the local milieu influencing the morbidity pattern. A few of the major results concerning living conditions and mental health in this fishing population are presented.", "PMID": 550189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_265", "title": "The psychiatrist's role at a local hospital in the northern part of Norway and his cooperation with the primary health service in the area.", "content": "This paper describes a practical working situation for a psychiatrist situated in the northern part of Norway. The psychiatrist is attached to the local hospital on a part time basis and takes care of the psychiatric cases in the medical ward together with somatic cases. In addition, he works in a polyclinical setting in town, in close contact with several health and social services, and tries to be close to where the problems originate. The psychiatrist deals mainly with crisis interventions and has a social psychiatric approach.", "contents": "The psychiatrist's role at a local hospital in the northern part of Norway and his cooperation with the primary health service in the area. This paper describes a practical working situation for a psychiatrist situated in the northern part of Norway. The psychiatrist is attached to the local hospital on a part time basis and takes care of the psychiatric cases in the medical ward together with somatic cases. In addition, he works in a polyclinical setting in town, in close contact with several health and social services, and tries to be close to where the problems originate. The psychiatrist deals mainly with crisis interventions and has a social psychiatric approach.", "PMID": 550190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_266", "title": "[Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and radiologic findings of the chronic eosinophilic pneumonia are presented. A personal observation of one case is reported. This should be the first in the Italian roentgenologic literature. The importance of radiology in the diagnosis and in the evolution of the disease is stressed.", "contents": "[Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (author's transl)]. The clinical and radiologic findings of the chronic eosinophilic pneumonia are presented. A personal observation of one case is reported. This should be the first in the Italian roentgenologic literature. The importance of radiology in the diagnosis and in the evolution of the disease is stressed.", "PMID": 550192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_267", "title": "[Farmer's lung: comparison of the teleradiographic images and computerized tomographic (CT) images].", "content": "A critical and comparative analysis between chest radiograms and CT pictures in pulmonary fibrosis of various degree, occurring in farmer's lung, reveal that the latter are apt to give a somewhat more diversified informations about pulmonary changes as simple radiography. This would prove useful in evaluating the extension and distribution of anatomical changes due to fibrotic process, although as far not able to allow an earlier diagnosis.", "contents": "[Farmer's lung: comparison of the teleradiographic images and computerized tomographic (CT) images]. A critical and comparative analysis between chest radiograms and CT pictures in pulmonary fibrosis of various degree, occurring in farmer's lung, reveal that the latter are apt to give a somewhat more diversified informations about pulmonary changes as simple radiography. This would prove useful in evaluating the extension and distribution of anatomical changes due to fibrotic process, although as far not able to allow an earlier diagnosis.", "PMID": 550193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_268", "title": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax: an uncommon clinical first sign of the bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Seldom the bronchial carcinoma begins with spontaneous pneumothorax. About 20 cases are reported in the literature. A personal observation is described concerning a 63 year old patient with clinical symptoms of spontaneous pneumothorax. The histologic diagnosis was bronchial spinocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax: an uncommon clinical first sign of the bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. Seldom the bronchial carcinoma begins with spontaneous pneumothorax. About 20 cases are reported in the literature. A personal observation is described concerning a 63 year old patient with clinical symptoms of spontaneous pneumothorax. The histologic diagnosis was bronchial spinocellular carcinoma.", "PMID": 550194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_269", "title": "[Intraosseus lipoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of intraosseus lipoma of the rib is presented, when showed bone expansion and endothoracic tumour. Emphasis is put upon the arteriographic findings (\"angiolipoma\"). This case is perhaps the 31st in the literature, but sometimes these tumours are not diagnosed or not histologically classified.", "contents": "[Intraosseus lipoma (author's transl)]. A case of intraosseus lipoma of the rib is presented, when showed bone expansion and endothoracic tumour. Emphasis is put upon the arteriographic findings (\"angiolipoma\"). This case is perhaps the 31st in the literature, but sometimes these tumours are not diagnosed or not histologically classified.", "PMID": 550195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_270", "title": "[Incidence and evolution of soft tissues calcifications in patients in periodic hemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 92 patients' in hemodialysis the evolution of periarticular and vascular calcifications has been studied. A correlation exists between the incidence of arterial calcifications and the patients' age, while no direct correlation has been proved to exist with the duration of dialysis. In fact their annual average increase (8.4%) is similar to that of periarticular calcifications (12.2%).", "contents": "[Incidence and evolution of soft tissues calcifications in patients in periodic hemodialysis (author's transl)]. In a series of 92 patients' in hemodialysis the evolution of periarticular and vascular calcifications has been studied. A correlation exists between the incidence of arterial calcifications and the patients' age, while no direct correlation has been proved to exist with the duration of dialysis. In fact their annual average increase (8.4%) is similar to that of periarticular calcifications (12.2%).", "PMID": 550197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_271", "title": "[Scar cancer and rib fractures. Causality or coincidence?].", "content": "On consulting our archives in order to give a casuistic contribution to the scar-cancer theory, we have met with a new datum: in 60 patients affected with a lung carcinoma, 13 of these, i.e. 21.6%, had suffered with a previous thoracic trauma with or without rib fractures.", "contents": "[Scar cancer and rib fractures. Causality or coincidence?]. On consulting our archives in order to give a casuistic contribution to the scar-cancer theory, we have met with a new datum: in 60 patients affected with a lung carcinoma, 13 of these, i.e. 21.6%, had suffered with a previous thoracic trauma with or without rib fractures.", "PMID": 550198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_272", "title": "[Fissures in biliary calculi. Personal contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 70 patients suffering from biliary lithiasis, the roentgenologic findings of fissures in the calculi was observed in 5 cases examined by means of cholecystography and in 7 cases who underwent cholangiocholecystography. Fissures were demonstrated 11 times in calculi after surgery. The \"Mercedes-Benz\" sign was never observed at the abdominal examination without contrast medium. The presence of fissures may be an additional sign in the radiologic diagnosis of biliary calculi, but its value is not determinant.", "contents": "[Fissures in biliary calculi. Personal contribution (author's transl)]. In a series of 70 patients suffering from biliary lithiasis, the roentgenologic findings of fissures in the calculi was observed in 5 cases examined by means of cholecystography and in 7 cases who underwent cholangiocholecystography. Fissures were demonstrated 11 times in calculi after surgery. The \"Mercedes-Benz\" sign was never observed at the abdominal examination without contrast medium. The presence of fissures may be an additional sign in the radiologic diagnosis of biliary calculi, but its value is not determinant.", "PMID": 550199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_273", "title": "[Calcified meningiomas: anatomo-radiographic correlations and description of some clinical cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A review has been carried out of the literature concerning the frequency of calcifications in  meningiomas. Four cases of meningiomas with calcifications are presented with the description of the anatomo-radiologic findings. The preoperative diagnostic value of the calcifications is stressed. The mechanisms of calcium deposition in the neoplastic tissues are discussed.", "contents": "[Calcified meningiomas: anatomo-radiographic correlations and description of some clinical cases (author's transl)]. A review has been carried out of the literature concerning the frequency of calcifications in  meningiomas. Four cases of meningiomas with calcifications are presented with the description of the anatomo-radiologic findings. The preoperative diagnostic value of the calcifications is stressed. The mechanisms of calcium deposition in the neoplastic tissues are discussed.", "PMID": 550200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_274", "title": "[Hydrocephalus and craniodiaphyseal dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "One case is reported of dilatation of the lateral ventricles in a patient suffering from craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, with follow up of one year. The pathogenic hypothesis personally proposed are: a) partial and intermittent compression of the aqueduct by a dolico-mega basilar artery; b) \"cisternal hypofunction\".", "contents": "[Hydrocephalus and craniodiaphyseal dysplasia (author's transl)]. One case is reported of dilatation of the lateral ventricles in a patient suffering from craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, with follow up of one year. The pathogenic hypothesis personally proposed are: a) partial and intermittent compression of the aqueduct by a dolico-mega basilar artery; b) \"cisternal hypofunction\".", "PMID": 550201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_275", "title": "[Perspectives and limits of holographic applications in radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Some holographic techniques such as composite holograms, Fresnel's plate, holographic filters, may be employed in radiology in order to obtain three dimensional images. The basic elements of holography are summarized and the possible applications are discussed. A practical method is presented to prepare the Fresnel's plate.", "contents": "[Perspectives and limits of holographic applications in radiology (author's transl)]. Some holographic techniques such as composite holograms, Fresnel's plate, holographic filters, may be employed in radiology in order to obtain three dimensional images. The basic elements of holography are summarized and the possible applications are discussed. A practical method is presented to prepare the Fresnel's plate.", "PMID": 550202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_276", "title": "[Introduction to the use of 125 iodine in interstitial radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The 125-iodine is employed for definitive implantation in the treatment of some apical and non apical lung tumors, and in pancreas and prostate tumors. The results obtained by the  authors are not evaluable and the results of north-american literature are reported. The 125-iodine properties are original and allows a very important progress above all of the protection problems.", "contents": "[Introduction to the use of 125 iodine in interstitial radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The 125-iodine is employed for definitive implantation in the treatment of some apical and non apical lung tumors, and in pancreas and prostate tumors. The results obtained by the  authors are not evaluable and the results of north-american literature are reported. The 125-iodine properties are original and allows a very important progress above all of the protection problems.", "PMID": 550203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_277", "title": "Rheological and biochemical changes in open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation and moderate hypothermia.", "content": "The plasma enzymes, glucose, urea nitrogen, total and conjugated bilirubin, osmolality, acid--base balance and rheological data have been studied in a group of patients who underwent open heart surgery to replace the stenotic or insufficient aortic valve. The aim of this study was to assess our operative conditions and to compare results with those obtained by other authors.", "contents": "Rheological and biochemical changes in open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation and moderate hypothermia. The plasma enzymes, glucose, urea nitrogen, total and conjugated bilirubin, osmolality, acid--base balance and rheological data have been studied in a group of patients who underwent open heart surgery to replace the stenotic or insufficient aortic valve. The aim of this study was to assess our operative conditions and to compare results with those obtained by other authors.", "PMID": 550216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_278", "title": "Energy utilization and changes in some intermediates of glucose metabolism in normal and hypoxic rat brain after decapitation.", "content": "Energy metabolism was studied in the cerebral cortex of rats during and after hypoxia induced by breathing a gas mixture of 7% O2 in N2 for 2 h. Cortical energy stores (2ATP + ADP + phosphocreatine) remained unchanged after hypoxic treatment. Lactate rose over four-fold. Pyruvate, glucose and glucose 6-phosphate concentrations also increased significantly. Metabolic activity in the cortex expressed as the utilization of high-energy phosphates 5, 10 and 30 s after decapitation was decreased by 30% after hypoxia and remained lowered for 3 h during recovery. This was accompanied by elevated glucose consumption and lactate production, suggesting that the maintenance of the energy balance after hypoxia was partly due to activation of the glycolytic pathway. During the recovery period, these metabolic abnormalities returned towards control values, but, after 6 h of recovery the high-energy phosphate utilization increased transitorily above the control values.", "contents": "Energy utilization and changes in some intermediates of glucose metabolism in normal and hypoxic rat brain after decapitation. Energy metabolism was studied in the cerebral cortex of rats during and after hypoxia induced by breathing a gas mixture of 7% O2 in N2 for 2 h. Cortical energy stores (2ATP + ADP + phosphocreatine) remained unchanged after hypoxic treatment. Lactate rose over four-fold. Pyruvate, glucose and glucose 6-phosphate concentrations also increased significantly. Metabolic activity in the cortex expressed as the utilization of high-energy phosphates 5, 10 and 30 s after decapitation was decreased by 30% after hypoxia and remained lowered for 3 h during recovery. This was accompanied by elevated glucose consumption and lactate production, suggesting that the maintenance of the energy balance after hypoxia was partly due to activation of the glycolytic pathway. During the recovery period, these metabolic abnormalities returned towards control values, but, after 6 h of recovery the high-energy phosphate utilization increased transitorily above the control values.", "PMID": 550217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_279", "title": "The significane of measurement of osmolality in critically ill patients.", "content": "The plasma and urine osmolality and their ratios were measured in 774 patients in critical care. We found that changes in osmolality were related to the alterations of ratios of sodium ion, glucose, blood urea nitrogen and unknown metabolites, and this knowledge may be of therapeutic and prognostic value.", "contents": "The significane of measurement of osmolality in critically ill patients. The plasma and urine osmolality and their ratios were measured in 774 patients in critical care. We found that changes in osmolality were related to the alterations of ratios of sodium ion, glucose, blood urea nitrogen and unknown metabolites, and this knowledge may be of therapeutic and prognostic value.", "PMID": 550218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_280", "title": "Distribution of free amino acids in coma due to acute barbiturate poisoning in guinea pigs.", "content": "The cerebral protein and amino acid concentrations in guinea pigs coma due to barbiturate poisoning have been studies. Some significant alterations in systemic and central amino acid patterns have been found, giving rise to a hypothesis about the biochemical pathways involved in the coma. An attempt to correlate the amino acid changes and cerebral energetic 'need' is also reported.", "contents": "Distribution of free amino acids in coma due to acute barbiturate poisoning in guinea pigs. The cerebral protein and amino acid concentrations in guinea pigs coma due to barbiturate poisoning have been studies. Some significant alterations in systemic and central amino acid patterns have been found, giving rise to a hypothesis about the biochemical pathways involved in the coma. An attempt to correlate the amino acid changes and cerebral energetic 'need' is also reported.", "PMID": 550219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_281", "title": "Total hypothermic blood exchange in acute endotoxin shock.", "content": "It has been reported that total hypothermic blood exchange holds promise for the treatment of septic shock in animals. Since this procedure does not carry any mortality in out laboratory, we studied its effect in an acute septic shock model. After the intravenous injection of endotoxin (10 mg/kg) and blood transfusions into 33 dogs, severe haemoconcentration, tachypnoea, tachycardia, low cardiac output, metabolic acidosis and hyperpyrexia led uniformly to death within 5 h. All of these symptoms were prevented in five dogs by total hypothermic blood exchange, instituted 5 min after the endotoxin injection. Nevertheless, all of these treated animals died a delayed death. Since the endotoxin particles are rapidly phagocytosed by the reticulo-endothelial system, even very early total blood exchange cannot dislodge them from their intracellular site.", "contents": "Total hypothermic blood exchange in acute endotoxin shock. It has been reported that total hypothermic blood exchange holds promise for the treatment of septic shock in animals. Since this procedure does not carry any mortality in out laboratory, we studied its effect in an acute septic shock model. After the intravenous injection of endotoxin (10 mg/kg) and blood transfusions into 33 dogs, severe haemoconcentration, tachypnoea, tachycardia, low cardiac output, metabolic acidosis and hyperpyrexia led uniformly to death within 5 h. All of these symptoms were prevented in five dogs by total hypothermic blood exchange, instituted 5 min after the endotoxin injection. Nevertheless, all of these treated animals died a delayed death. Since the endotoxin particles are rapidly phagocytosed by the reticulo-endothelial system, even very early total blood exchange cannot dislodge them from their intracellular site.", "PMID": 550220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_282", "title": "Blood pressure changes in severely injured patients.", "content": "Sixty-five severely injured patients with hypertension on arrival at the Accident and Emergency Department were studied. Forty-eight had head injuries. In children there were significantly higher diastolic blood pressures in those admitted unconscious than in those conscious on admission. The possible cause of this is discussed. There was a fall in both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of all patients after treatment and rest for some hours.", "contents": "Blood pressure changes in severely injured patients. Sixty-five severely injured patients with hypertension on arrival at the Accident and Emergency Department were studied. Forty-eight had head injuries. In children there were significantly higher diastolic blood pressures in those admitted unconscious than in those conscious on admission. The possible cause of this is discussed. There was a fall in both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of all patients after treatment and rest for some hours.", "PMID": 550221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_283", "title": "[Effect of bromocriptine on secretion of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) in patients with Parkinson's disease].", "content": "The activity of DBH enzyme was measured in plasma of 7 non treated patients suffering from Parkinson's disease; a 10 mg dose of Bromocryptine was administered per os to these patients. Attained results were compared to the enzyme activity in a group of control of 7 healthy individuals. It was pointed out that in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease the decrease  of DBH level in plasma after the administration of Bromocryptine was of 32.6% +/- SE 4.4% while in the group of control the decrease was only of 15% +/- SE 4.9%. This decrease in the plasmatic level of the enzyme after the administration of Bromocryptine should be due to the marked antagonistic activity of Bromocryptine on pre-synaptic dopaminergic receptors. This should mean that peripheric pre-synaptic dopaminergic receptors are involved in the physiopathology of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "[Effect of bromocriptine on secretion of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) in patients with Parkinson's disease]. The activity of DBH enzyme was measured in plasma of 7 non treated patients suffering from Parkinson's disease; a 10 mg dose of Bromocryptine was administered per os to these patients. Attained results were compared to the enzyme activity in a group of control of 7 healthy individuals. It was pointed out that in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease the decrease  of DBH level in plasma after the administration of Bromocryptine was of 32.6% +/- SE 4.4% while in the group of control the decrease was only of 15% +/- SE 4.9%. This decrease in the plasmatic level of the enzyme after the administration of Bromocryptine should be due to the marked antagonistic activity of Bromocryptine on pre-synaptic dopaminergic receptors. This should mean that peripheric pre-synaptic dopaminergic receptors are involved in the physiopathology of Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 550290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_284", "title": "[The repetitive stimulation test in the diagnosis of neuromuscular fatigue syndromes. Critical review of the results in 62 cases].", "content": "The usefulness of the method of the repetitive stimulation of the peripheral nerves has been widely accepted since the original observations of Desmedt on patients with Myasthenia Gravis, and this test is now routinely performed in many EMG laboratories. On the other hand the technical difficulties and the variability of the results in the various syndromes of neuromuscular fatigability have put some criticism on the value of the test as a routine examination. The AA. make a critical review of the clinical history and of the EMG pattern of 62 patients, who underwent one or more tests of repetitive stimulation during a period of four years, under the suspicion of Myasthenia Gravis or myasthenic syndrome. The AA. give full details of the employed technique and analyze the results either of the 27 cases with Myasthenia Gravis, either of the 15 cases of Myasthenia Gravis with ocular involvement, either of the 16 cases with myasthenic syndrome and of the 4 cases of psychogenic fatigability. The only typical changes of the motor response are its post-tetanic decrease in the not-treated cases of diffuse form of Myasthenia Gravis and its facilitation in the myasthenic syndromes associated with bronchial carcinoma.", "contents": "[The repetitive stimulation test in the diagnosis of neuromuscular fatigue syndromes. Critical review of the results in 62 cases]. The usefulness of the method of the repetitive stimulation of the peripheral nerves has been widely accepted since the original observations of Desmedt on patients with Myasthenia Gravis, and this test is now routinely performed in many EMG laboratories. On the other hand the technical difficulties and the variability of the results in the various syndromes of neuromuscular fatigability have put some criticism on the value of the test as a routine examination. The AA. make a critical review of the clinical history and of the EMG pattern of 62 patients, who underwent one or more tests of repetitive stimulation during a period of four years, under the suspicion of Myasthenia Gravis or myasthenic syndrome. The AA. give full details of the employed technique and analyze the results either of the 27 cases with Myasthenia Gravis, either of the 15 cases of Myasthenia Gravis with ocular involvement, either of the 16 cases with myasthenic syndrome and of the 4 cases of psychogenic fatigability. The only typical changes of the motor response are its post-tetanic decrease in the not-treated cases of diffuse form of Myasthenia Gravis and its facilitation in the myasthenic syndromes associated with bronchial carcinoma.", "PMID": 550291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_285", "title": "Pancreatic pleural effusion with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A case report.", "content": "A case is discussed of a 30-year-old Black woman who developed a massive pseudocyst of the pancreas while under investigation in hospital for a left pleural effusion. An internal pancreatic fistula to the pleural space was demonstrated at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The patient recovered completely after distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy.", "contents": "Pancreatic pleural effusion with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A case report. A case is discussed of a 30-year-old Black woman who developed a massive pseudocyst of the pancreas while under investigation in hospital for a left pleural effusion. An internal pancreatic fistula to the pleural space was demonstrated at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The patient recovered completely after distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy.", "PMID": 550358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_286", "title": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part III. In vitro and in vivo stimulation of abnormal neutrophil motility by ascorbate.", "content": "Abnormal in vitro neutrophil motility was found in 10 patients with recurrent bacterial infection. The defect appeared to be primary in 3 patients, secondary to hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E in 2 patients and secondary to bacterial infection in 5 patients. In 7 patients impaired polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) motility was the only detectable abnormality; defective lymphocyte function was found in 2 patients and 1 had a total IgA deficiency. Increased random motility and migration to endotoxin-activated serum (EAS) and partially purified C5a was observed when patients' neutrophils were incubated with 5 x 10(-2)M calcium ascorbate or 10(-1)M sodium ascorbate in the presence of 5% autologous serum in vitro. Six of the patients, 4 children and 2 adults, were given oral ascorbate, 1 g daily for children and 3 g daily for adults, and tests of neutrophil migration were performed at monthly intervals thereafter. Improved neutrophil motility was observed in all patients and this correlated with clinical improvement in 5 of the 6.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part III. In vitro and in vivo stimulation of abnormal neutrophil motility by ascorbate. Abnormal in vitro neutrophil motility was found in 10 patients with recurrent bacterial infection. The defect appeared to be primary in 3 patients, secondary to hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E in 2 patients and secondary to bacterial infection in 5 patients. In 7 patients impaired polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) motility was the only detectable abnormality; defective lymphocyte function was found in 2 patients and 1 had a total IgA deficiency. Increased random motility and migration to endotoxin-activated serum (EAS) and partially purified C5a was observed when patients' neutrophils were incubated with 5 x 10(-2)M calcium ascorbate or 10(-1)M sodium ascorbate in the presence of 5% autologous serum in vitro. Six of the patients, 4 children and 2 adults, were given oral ascorbate, 1 g daily for children and 3 g daily for adults, and tests of neutrophil migration were performed at monthly intervals thereafter. Improved neutrophil motility was observed in all patients and this correlated with clinical improvement in 5 of the 6.", "PMID": 550365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_287", "title": "Bone disease in patients on maintenance haemodialysis using softened or de-ionized water.", "content": "A clinical, biochemical and radiological study was carried out in 28 patients on maintenance haemodialysis in order to assess the prevalence of bone disease, particularly with regard to osteomalacia and/or osteopenia. The patients were selected from dialysis units using softened or deionized water, and the aluminium levels measured in the different water supplies. The results showed that symptomatic osteomalacia/osteopenia occurs more frequently in the units using softened water, which has a higher aluminium content, than in the de-ionized water unit. The patients dialysed on softened water also have significantly higher serum calcium and phosphorus levels. It is suggested that in Johannesburg, water softening alone is inadequate, and that the high aluminium levels in our water may be responsible for accelerated osteomalacia/osteopenia.", "contents": "Bone disease in patients on maintenance haemodialysis using softened or de-ionized water. A clinical, biochemical and radiological study was carried out in 28 patients on maintenance haemodialysis in order to assess the prevalence of bone disease, particularly with regard to osteomalacia and/or osteopenia. The patients were selected from dialysis units using softened or deionized water, and the aluminium levels measured in the different water supplies. The results showed that symptomatic osteomalacia/osteopenia occurs more frequently in the units using softened water, which has a higher aluminium content, than in the de-ionized water unit. The patients dialysed on softened water also have significantly higher serum calcium and phosphorus levels. It is suggested that in Johannesburg, water softening alone is inadequate, and that the high aluminium levels in our water may be responsible for accelerated osteomalacia/osteopenia.", "PMID": 550366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_288", "title": "Chronic middle ear effusions (secretory otitis media).", "content": "Middle ear effusions are common in childhood and are a serious cause of disability and learning difficulty. The symptoms and signs tend to be obscure, but a high index of suspicion should be cultivated with primary care physicians, paediatricians, schoolteachers, and parents. Treatment is medical in the early stages, but a high proportion of patients require the surgical insertion of pressure equalization tubes. The condition tends to run a protracted course, but the eventual outlook is favourable.", "contents": "Chronic middle ear effusions (secretory otitis media). Middle ear effusions are common in childhood and are a serious cause of disability and learning difficulty. The symptoms and signs tend to be obscure, but a high index of suspicion should be cultivated with primary care physicians, paediatricians, schoolteachers, and parents. Treatment is medical in the early stages, but a high proportion of patients require the surgical insertion of pressure equalization tubes. The condition tends to run a protracted course, but the eventual outlook is favourable.", "PMID": 550367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_289", "title": "The elective period in the undergraduate medical curriculum.", "content": "Electric periods allow students in their clinical years a welcome opportunity to extend their medical experience in the field of their own choice. As a result of the experience with electives over the past few years, the Medical Faculty of the University of Cape Town believes that this is an exercise which is valuable to both the student and the faculty.", "contents": "The elective period in the undergraduate medical curriculum. Electric periods allow students in their clinical years a welcome opportunity to extend their medical experience in the field of their own choice. As a result of the experience with electives over the past few years, the Medical Faculty of the University of Cape Town believes that this is an exercise which is valuable to both the student and the faculty.", "PMID": 550368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_290", "title": "Leucodystrophy of late onset in two members of a family.", "content": "We report 2 cases of demyelinating disease of unusually late onset in a mother and her son. The late onset of symptoms, at the age of 63 years in the mother's case, is rare. The onset in the son was at the age of 35 years. The relatively few adult cases previously reported range in age from 25 to 65 years, but only 2 cases in persons over the age of 60 could be found in the literature. The clinical and neuropathological findings are described.", "contents": "Leucodystrophy of late onset in two members of a family. We report 2 cases of demyelinating disease of unusually late onset in a mother and her son. The late onset of symptoms, at the age of 63 years in the mother's case, is rare. The onset in the son was at the age of 35 years. The relatively few adult cases previously reported range in age from 25 to 65 years, but only 2 cases in persons over the age of 60 could be found in the literature. The clinical and neuropathological findings are described.", "PMID": 550369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_291", "title": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part IV. Increased neutrophil function and clinical improvement after oral ascorbate in 2 patients with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A brother and sister with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) of the autosomal recessive type, and with markedly defective neutrophil motility and elevated serum IgE levels, were treated with a single oral daily dose of 1 g ascorbate for 6 months. Neutrophil function and serum IgE levels were measured repeatedly at approximately monthly intervals. Both children also received prophylactic antibiotics which were always stopped 1 week prior to testing of immune function. Ascorbate treatment was accompanied by significantly increased neutrophil motility and post-phagocytic metabolic activity, and a reduction in serum IgE levels. Enhanced neutrophil function correlated with clinical improvement. Both children have remained free of infection since ascorbate was added to their regimen and have gained weight.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part IV. Increased neutrophil function and clinical improvement after oral ascorbate in 2 patients with chronic granulomatous disease. A brother and sister with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) of the autosomal recessive type, and with markedly defective neutrophil motility and elevated serum IgE levels, were treated with a single oral daily dose of 1 g ascorbate for 6 months. Neutrophil function and serum IgE levels were measured repeatedly at approximately monthly intervals. Both children also received prophylactic antibiotics which were always stopped 1 week prior to testing of immune function. Ascorbate treatment was accompanied by significantly increased neutrophil motility and post-phagocytic metabolic activity, and a reduction in serum IgE levels. Enhanced neutrophil function correlated with clinical improvement. Both children have remained free of infection since ascorbate was added to their regimen and have gained weight.", "PMID": 550375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_292", "title": "The effectiveness of salbutamol as a suppressant of established labour.", "content": "The effectiveness of beta 2-adrenergic stimulants as suppressants of active labour is well known. This study examines the effects of salbutamol upon established labour in 32 patients undergoing emergency caesarean section. Twenty-five (78,1%) of the patients studied showed a sustained and effective suppression of labour after a bolus intravenous injection of 250 micrograms salbutamol. In 6 of the 7 remaining patients the parameters of uterine activity were also dramatically decreased, but because uterine activity recurred, it had to be further suppressed with an intravenous infusion. There was only 1 refractory case. No serious maternal or fetal side-effects were noted, and patient acceptance was good.", "contents": "The effectiveness of salbutamol as a suppressant of established labour. The effectiveness of beta 2-adrenergic stimulants as suppressants of active labour is well known. This study examines the effects of salbutamol upon established labour in 32 patients undergoing emergency caesarean section. Twenty-five (78,1%) of the patients studied showed a sustained and effective suppression of labour after a bolus intravenous injection of 250 micrograms salbutamol. In 6 of the 7 remaining patients the parameters of uterine activity were also dramatically decreased, but because uterine activity recurred, it had to be further suppressed with an intravenous infusion. There was only 1 refractory case. No serious maternal or fetal side-effects were noted, and patient acceptance was good.", "PMID": 550376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_293", "title": "Chronic salpingo-o\u00f6phoritis with hydrosalpinx formation and ureteric obstruction: A case report.", "content": "An association between gynaecological lesions and dilatation of the upper urinary tract has frequently been described. Hydronephrosis as a result of pelvic inflammatory disease has, however, rarely been reported in the literature. The case presented here illustrates the importance of investigation by means of excretory urography in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease presenting with renal symptoms and signs.", "contents": "Chronic salpingo-o\u00f6phoritis with hydrosalpinx formation and ureteric obstruction: A case report. An association between gynaecological lesions and dilatation of the upper urinary tract has frequently been described. Hydronephrosis as a result of pelvic inflammatory disease has, however, rarely been reported in the literature. The case presented here illustrates the importance of investigation by means of excretory urography in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease presenting with renal symptoms and signs.", "PMID": 550377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_294", "title": "Therapeutic use of zoster-immune plasma: A report of 8 cases.", "content": "Varicella and herpes zoster can be serious or even fatal diseases in immunocompromised patients. However, they can be prevented or markedly attenuated by the administration of zoster-immune globulin (ZIG) or zoster-immune plasma (ZIP), but there is no established treatment once these disorders have occurred. Eight such patients were treated with ZIP, with promising results.", "contents": "Therapeutic use of zoster-immune plasma: A report of 8 cases. Varicella and herpes zoster can be serious or even fatal diseases in immunocompromised patients. However, they can be prevented or markedly attenuated by the administration of zoster-immune globulin (ZIG) or zoster-immune plasma (ZIP), but there is no established treatment once these disorders have occurred. Eight such patients were treated with ZIP, with promising results.", "PMID": 550378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_295", "title": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part V. Effects of ascorbate and calcium and sodium ascorbate on certain functions of human blood lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "The effects of ascorbate and calcium and sodium ascorbate at concentrations of 10(-8)M--10(-2)M on the following functions of human blood lymphocytes were investigated: mitogen-induced DNA synthesis and secreted and intracellular protein synthesis; migration towards a stimulus of endotoxin-activated serum; active E-rosette formation and lymphokine production. The mitogens used were concanavalin A (con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). No significant effects of ascorbate or its salts on lymphocyte mitogen-induced transformation, intracellular protein synthesis, motility and numbers of active E rosettes were found. However, increased incorporation of radiolabelled amino acids into secreted protein and increased production of leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) were observed at calcium and sodium ascorbate concentrations of 10(-6)M--10(-4)M.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part V. Effects of ascorbate and calcium and sodium ascorbate on certain functions of human blood lymphocytes in vitro. The effects of ascorbate and calcium and sodium ascorbate at concentrations of 10(-8)M--10(-2)M on the following functions of human blood lymphocytes were investigated: mitogen-induced DNA synthesis and secreted and intracellular protein synthesis; migration towards a stimulus of endotoxin-activated serum; active E-rosette formation and lymphokine production. The mitogens used were concanavalin A (con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). No significant effects of ascorbate or its salts on lymphocyte mitogen-induced transformation, intracellular protein synthesis, motility and numbers of active E rosettes were found. However, increased incorporation of radiolabelled amino acids into secreted protein and increased production of leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) were observed at calcium and sodium ascorbate concentrations of 10(-6)M--10(-4)M.", "PMID": 550386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_296", "title": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Part II. Sipple's syndrome.", "content": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type II is a genetically inherited disorder characterized by a combination of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, phaeochromocytomas and, more rarely, hyperparathyroidism. A subgroup of patients who do not have the same genetic inheritance pattern have in addition a Marfanoid habitus and multiple mucosal neuromas. The phaeochromocytomas cause paroxysmal hypertensive crises due to catecholamine surges, and are diagnosed most easily by elevated levels of urinary vanillylmandelic acid. Medullary carcinoma presents as a thyroid nodule and is often associated with flushing or diarrhoea. Measurement of plasma thyrocalcitonin levels permits diagnosis and detection of affected members of the family. It is unusual for hyperparathyroidism to be asymptomatic or to require treatment. Bilateral adrenalectomy should always be performed since both adrenals are involved, even if an overt tumour is only apparent in one. Total thyroidectomy for medullary carcinoma is indicated once the phaeochromocytomas have been removed. Affected families should be regularly screened to detect overt cases.", "contents": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Part II. Sipple's syndrome. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type II is a genetically inherited disorder characterized by a combination of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, phaeochromocytomas and, more rarely, hyperparathyroidism. A subgroup of patients who do not have the same genetic inheritance pattern have in addition a Marfanoid habitus and multiple mucosal neuromas. The phaeochromocytomas cause paroxysmal hypertensive crises due to catecholamine surges, and are diagnosed most easily by elevated levels of urinary vanillylmandelic acid. Medullary carcinoma presents as a thyroid nodule and is often associated with flushing or diarrhoea. Measurement of plasma thyrocalcitonin levels permits diagnosis and detection of affected members of the family. It is unusual for hyperparathyroidism to be asymptomatic or to require treatment. Bilateral adrenalectomy should always be performed since both adrenals are involved, even if an overt tumour is only apparent in one. Total thyroidectomy for medullary carcinoma is indicated once the phaeochromocytomas have been removed. Affected families should be regularly screened to detect overt cases.", "PMID": 550388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_297", "title": "Cervical spine fusion and the effects of injury.", "content": "Congenital or acquired cervical vertebral fusion is sometimes an incidental radiological finding. Such fusions decrease the normal range of spinal movement and predispose to trauma. An analysis of 200 patients with acute cervical spinal cord trauma has been made with reference to pre-existing vertebral fusion and the circumstances of injury. The analysis showed the patients to be particularly predisposed to hyperextension injury and the risk of spinal cord damage from minor trauma. Precautions which should be taken by these patients to avoid spinal injury are suggested.", "contents": "Cervical spine fusion and the effects of injury. Congenital or acquired cervical vertebral fusion is sometimes an incidental radiological finding. Such fusions decrease the normal range of spinal movement and predispose to trauma. An analysis of 200 patients with acute cervical spinal cord trauma has been made with reference to pre-existing vertebral fusion and the circumstances of injury. The analysis showed the patients to be particularly predisposed to hyperextension injury and the risk of spinal cord damage from minor trauma. Precautions which should be taken by these patients to avoid spinal injury are suggested.", "PMID": 550389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_298", "title": "Photosensitizers and radiosensitizers in dermatology and oncology.", "content": "Two therapeutic modalities are currently of great interest, namely photo- and radiosensitization. Whereas photosensitizers only function in combination with ultraviolet (UV) light, radiosensitizers act only in combination with ionizing radiation. Because of the small UV penetration, up to a maximum of 0,5 mm, photosensitization can take place only at the surface of the body, ie. the skin. Photosensitizers are applied in dermatology in order to optimize and improve the UV therapy of certain diseases (mainly psoriasis, mycosis fungoides and vitiligo). Radiosensitizers lead to an increase in sensitivity of the hypoxic and therefore radioresistant parts of tumours against X- and gamma-radiation. With sufficient concentration within the tumour, they can act where the radiation can reach, even in the deeper parts of the body. They represent a modern and useful aid to radiation oncology. Because of neurotoxic effects, however, their practical use is limited. A short review of the history, mechanisms of action, application and side-effects of these photo- and radiosensitizers is presented.", "contents": "Photosensitizers and radiosensitizers in dermatology and oncology. Two therapeutic modalities are currently of great interest, namely photo- and radiosensitization. Whereas photosensitizers only function in combination with ultraviolet (UV) light, radiosensitizers act only in combination with ionizing radiation. Because of the small UV penetration, up to a maximum of 0,5 mm, photosensitization can take place only at the surface of the body, ie. the skin. Photosensitizers are applied in dermatology in order to optimize and improve the UV therapy of certain diseases (mainly psoriasis, mycosis fungoides and vitiligo). Radiosensitizers lead to an increase in sensitivity of the hypoxic and therefore radioresistant parts of tumours against X- and gamma-radiation. With sufficient concentration within the tumour, they can act where the radiation can reach, even in the deeper parts of the body. They represent a modern and useful aid to radiation oncology. Because of neurotoxic effects, however, their practical use is limited. A short review of the history, mechanisms of action, application and side-effects of these photo- and radiosensitizers is presented.", "PMID": 550390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_299", "title": "Psychological factors in the health of South African blacks.", "content": "Aspects of mental disorder in developing communities are considered. The effects of changes precipitated by modern living conditions are expounded and these are related to the nature of, and impediments to, effective treatment strategies. An explosion in the need for treatment is predicted, and suggestions are made to handle the phenomenon.", "contents": "Psychological factors in the health of South African blacks. Aspects of mental disorder in developing communities are considered. The effects of changes precipitated by modern living conditions are expounded and these are related to the nature of, and impediments to, effective treatment strategies. An explosion in the need for treatment is predicted, and suggestions are made to handle the phenomenon.", "PMID": 550391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_300", "title": "Trends in maternal mortality in Cape Town, 1953-1977.", "content": "In the period 1953 - 1977 there were 223 maternal deaths among 291 800 patients delivered in hospitals under the aegis of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Cape Town. A sudden decrease in the maternal mortality rate to below 100/100,000 deliveries occurred in 1956, largely due to the greater use of the obstetric 'flying squad'. Since 1975 maternal mortality rates have been available for the various ethnic groups. For the period 1975 - 1977 the rates were 69/100,000 for Blacks, 40/100,000 for Coloureds and 27/100000 for Whites. Of the deaths, 48% occurred in women aged 21 - 30 years and 29% in those aged 35 years or more. While 28% of deaths were associated with the first pregnancy, grand multiparity (parity 5 or more) accounted for 39%. Nearly half of the patients who died were unbooked. The 7 commonest causes (grouped) of maternal deaths (obstetric as well as non-obstetric) were, in rank order: proteinuric hypertension, haemorrhage, cardiac disease, pulmonary embolism, sepsis, trauma and anaesthetic complications. Proteinuric hypertension is the most important obstetric problem in Cape Town, in terms of numbers of patients, maternal and perinatal deaths, and socio-economic implications for the community. Slightly more than 33% of the infants whose mothers died also succumbed. Major avoidable factors associated with maternal deaths were booking status, grand multiparity, cardiac disease and late or incorrect use of the 'flying squad'.", "contents": "Trends in maternal mortality in Cape Town, 1953-1977. In the period 1953 - 1977 there were 223 maternal deaths among 291 800 patients delivered in hospitals under the aegis of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Cape Town. A sudden decrease in the maternal mortality rate to below 100/100,000 deliveries occurred in 1956, largely due to the greater use of the obstetric 'flying squad'. Since 1975 maternal mortality rates have been available for the various ethnic groups. For the period 1975 - 1977 the rates were 69/100,000 for Blacks, 40/100,000 for Coloureds and 27/100000 for Whites. Of the deaths, 48% occurred in women aged 21 - 30 years and 29% in those aged 35 years or more. While 28% of deaths were associated with the first pregnancy, grand multiparity (parity 5 or more) accounted for 39%. Nearly half of the patients who died were unbooked. The 7 commonest causes (grouped) of maternal deaths (obstetric as well as non-obstetric) were, in rank order: proteinuric hypertension, haemorrhage, cardiac disease, pulmonary embolism, sepsis, trauma and anaesthetic complications. Proteinuric hypertension is the most important obstetric problem in Cape Town, in terms of numbers of patients, maternal and perinatal deaths, and socio-economic implications for the community. Slightly more than 33% of the infants whose mothers died also succumbed. Major avoidable factors associated with maternal deaths were booking status, grand multiparity, cardiac disease and late or incorrect use of the 'flying squad'.", "PMID": 550398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_301", "title": "Deaths in gynaecological wards at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, 1957 - 1977.", "content": "During the period 1957 - 1977 there were 421 deaths recorded in the gynaecological wards of Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. Nearly 50% of the patients were Coloureds, 25% were Whites, and 14% were Blacks; in 14% the ethnic group was not stated. Seventy-four per cent were more than 40 years and 25% were more than 70 years of age. The causes of death in order of frequency were: malignant disease of the cervix (30%), malignant disease of the ovary (17%), incomplete abortion (15%), non-gynaecological conditions (11%), malignant disease of the corpus uteri (8%), intra-abdominal malignancy (6%), pulmonary embolism (3%), sepsis not associated with abortion (3%), malignant disease of the vulva (2%), and other conditions (5%). The six commonest causes of death varied in the three ethnic groups.", "contents": "Deaths in gynaecological wards at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, 1957 - 1977. During the period 1957 - 1977 there were 421 deaths recorded in the gynaecological wards of Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. Nearly 50% of the patients were Coloureds, 25% were Whites, and 14% were Blacks; in 14% the ethnic group was not stated. Seventy-four per cent were more than 40 years and 25% were more than 70 years of age. The causes of death in order of frequency were: malignant disease of the cervix (30%), malignant disease of the ovary (17%), incomplete abortion (15%), non-gynaecological conditions (11%), malignant disease of the corpus uteri (8%), intra-abdominal malignancy (6%), pulmonary embolism (3%), sepsis not associated with abortion (3%), malignant disease of the vulva (2%), and other conditions (5%). The six commonest causes of death varied in the three ethnic groups.", "PMID": 550399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_302", "title": "Puerperal tubal ligation in Cape Town.", "content": "Major changes have occurred in the nature of the obstetric population under the care of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Cape Town between 1974 and 1978. In the Coloured group, a settled population, these changes were: a decrease in the number of teenage deliveries, a shift from the very young to the older teenage patient, and a decrease in the number of elderly obstetric patients and of grand multiparas. Puerperal sterilization virtually doubled during this period. Similar trends in Black and White patients must be interpreted with caution since the former constitutes a shifting population and the latter are not representative of White obstetric practice in Cape Town. Family planning education and the greater acceptance of voluntary sterilization have contributed to the declining numbers of socially and obstetrically disadvantaged patients.", "contents": "Puerperal tubal ligation in Cape Town. Major changes have occurred in the nature of the obstetric population under the care of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Cape Town between 1974 and 1978. In the Coloured group, a settled population, these changes were: a decrease in the number of teenage deliveries, a shift from the very young to the older teenage patient, and a decrease in the number of elderly obstetric patients and of grand multiparas. Puerperal sterilization virtually doubled during this period. Similar trends in Black and White patients must be interpreted with caution since the former constitutes a shifting population and the latter are not representative of White obstetric practice in Cape Town. Family planning education and the greater acceptance of voluntary sterilization have contributed to the declining numbers of socially and obstetrically disadvantaged patients.", "PMID": 550400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_303", "title": "Maternal size and fetal growth.", "content": "In a population characterized by short and underweight mothers, weight gain during the third trimester and post-delivery weight were found to be more important determinants of birth weight than was maternal height. These findings suggest that maternal energy stores during pregnancy, rather than genetic factors or childhood nutrition as reflected by height, influence fetal growth in undernourished communities.", "contents": "Maternal size and fetal growth. In a population characterized by short and underweight mothers, weight gain during the third trimester and post-delivery weight were found to be more important determinants of birth weight than was maternal height. These findings suggest that maternal energy stores during pregnancy, rather than genetic factors or childhood nutrition as reflected by height, influence fetal growth in undernourished communities.", "PMID": 550401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_304", "title": "Sperm antibodies in men with oligozoospermia and azoospermia.", "content": "Spermatozoal antibodies found in the sera of oligozoospermic and azoospermic men are often related to infertility or subfertility. In this study the sera of 36 such men were examined for the presence of sperm antibodies. During the routine analysis of the semen, note was taken of the type and degree of agglutination in the ejaculates. The semen and serum of 15 normozoospermic men were used as controls. The gelatin agglutination, micro-agglutination and tube-slide agglutination tests were compared. A correlation between the state of fertility and the presence of sperm antibodies was found. The presence of sperm antibodies is more likely to be a corollary than a cause of oligozoospermia or azoospermia.", "contents": "Sperm antibodies in men with oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Spermatozoal antibodies found in the sera of oligozoospermic and azoospermic men are often related to infertility or subfertility. In this study the sera of 36 such men were examined for the presence of sperm antibodies. During the routine analysis of the semen, note was taken of the type and degree of agglutination in the ejaculates. The semen and serum of 15 normozoospermic men were used as controls. The gelatin agglutination, micro-agglutination and tube-slide agglutination tests were compared. A correlation between the state of fertility and the presence of sperm antibodies was found. The presence of sperm antibodies is more likely to be a corollary than a cause of oligozoospermia or azoospermia.", "PMID": 550402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_305", "title": "Ovarian dysgerminoma with embryonal carcinoma: A case report.", "content": "The association of an ovarian dysgerminoma with embryonal carcinoma in a 19-year-old woman is described. This is a highly malignant combination resulting in very rapid tumour growth and dissemination. A case report is presented and the aetiology, malignant potential and subsequent management of this most unusual tumour are discussed.", "contents": "Ovarian dysgerminoma with embryonal carcinoma: A case report. The association of an ovarian dysgerminoma with embryonal carcinoma in a 19-year-old woman is described. This is a highly malignant combination resulting in very rapid tumour growth and dissemination. A case report is presented and the aetiology, malignant potential and subsequent management of this most unusual tumour are discussed.", "PMID": 550403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_306", "title": "Advanced extra-uterine pregnancy: A case report.", "content": "In most cases of advanced extra-uterine pregnancy the fetus is surrounded by fetal membranes and varying quantities of amniotic fluid. It is, however, possible that the fetus may survive outside the amniotic sac intra-abdominally for varying periods of time. A case of extra-uterine pregnancy is presented where a normal infant was delivered 65 hours after rupture of the membranes.", "contents": "Advanced extra-uterine pregnancy: A case report. In most cases of advanced extra-uterine pregnancy the fetus is surrounded by fetal membranes and varying quantities of amniotic fluid. It is, however, possible that the fetus may survive outside the amniotic sac intra-abdominally for varying periods of time. A case of extra-uterine pregnancy is presented where a normal infant was delivered 65 hours after rupture of the membranes.", "PMID": 550404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_307", "title": "Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in chidren.", "content": "Fibre-optic endoscopy of the upper gastro-intestinal tract has been successfully performed in 55 patients (60 examinations) with one complication related to general anaesthesia. Fifty-six of these examinations were performed under general anaesthesia in children ranging from 1 to 14 years. Four examinations were done without an anaesthetic. The instruments used were the Olympus GIF-K (forward oblique gastroscope) in the older children and the GIF-P2 (end-viewing paediatric gastroscope) in the younger patients. Indications for examination included gastro-intestinal bleeding, confirmation or exclusion of peptic ulceration as suspected on barium studies, persistent and recurrent vomiting, chronic abdominal pain, and the evaluation of gastro-oesophageal reflux. The need for careful selection of patients is emphasized since general anaesthesia is considered essential in the majority of chidren.", "contents": "Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in chidren. Fibre-optic endoscopy of the upper gastro-intestinal tract has been successfully performed in 55 patients (60 examinations) with one complication related to general anaesthesia. Fifty-six of these examinations were performed under general anaesthesia in children ranging from 1 to 14 years. Four examinations were done without an anaesthetic. The instruments used were the Olympus GIF-K (forward oblique gastroscope) in the older children and the GIF-P2 (end-viewing paediatric gastroscope) in the younger patients. Indications for examination included gastro-intestinal bleeding, confirmation or exclusion of peptic ulceration as suspected on barium studies, persistent and recurrent vomiting, chronic abdominal pain, and the evaluation of gastro-oesophageal reflux. The need for careful selection of patients is emphasized since general anaesthesia is considered essential in the majority of chidren.", "PMID": 550408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_308", "title": "Ascaris lumbricoides and allergic asthma: A new perspective.", "content": "Infestation of humans with the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides may induce high total serum IgE levels, but the influence of this immunogenic response on allergic asthma has not been defined. In this study, the specific antiparasitic IgE-mediated response as determined by skin-prick testing was related to the incidence of allergic asthma in Ascaris-infested patients. A limited number--17% of the non-allergic controls and 51% of the allergic asthmatics--had a clinically detectable immunogenic response to the parasite. The predicted incidence of asthma was significantly higher than the observed incidence in the subjects in whom the Ascaris skin test was positive. This was not found in subjects in whom the Ascaris skin test was negative. Inhalation of Ascaris antigen induced asthmatic reactions in 7 of 8 patients who were Ascaris-positive on skin testing, but not in the negative controls. The groups of patients who respond immunogenically to parasite infestation need to be defined, as they may be predisposed to allergic diseases such as asthma.", "contents": "Ascaris lumbricoides and allergic asthma: A new perspective. Infestation of humans with the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides may induce high total serum IgE levels, but the influence of this immunogenic response on allergic asthma has not been defined. In this study, the specific antiparasitic IgE-mediated response as determined by skin-prick testing was related to the incidence of allergic asthma in Ascaris-infested patients. A limited number--17% of the non-allergic controls and 51% of the allergic asthmatics--had a clinically detectable immunogenic response to the parasite. The predicted incidence of asthma was significantly higher than the observed incidence in the subjects in whom the Ascaris skin test was positive. This was not found in subjects in whom the Ascaris skin test was negative. Inhalation of Ascaris antigen induced asthmatic reactions in 7 of 8 patients who were Ascaris-positive on skin testing, but not in the negative controls. The groups of patients who respond immunogenically to parasite infestation need to be defined, as they may be predisposed to allergic diseases such as asthma.", "PMID": 550409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_309", "title": "A simple method of screening for multiple myeloma of the IgG-3 type.", "content": "A simple method for distinguishing IgG-3 myelomas from IgG myelomas of the other subclasses is described. The method relies on the increased molecular size of the IgG-3 molecule, and is far quicker than previously described chemical methods of subclass typing.", "contents": "A simple method of screening for multiple myeloma of the IgG-3 type. A simple method for distinguishing IgG-3 myelomas from IgG myelomas of the other subclasses is described. The method relies on the increased molecular size of the IgG-3 molecule, and is far quicker than previously described chemical methods of subclass typing.", "PMID": 550410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_310", "title": "Acid secretion in the bile duct-ligated pig.", "content": "Bile duct ligation is associated with severe gastric ulceration in the pig, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Gastric acid secretion was therefore studied before and after bile duct ligation in pigs with Heidenhain pouches. Basal pouch secretion and the response to submaximal pentagastrin stimulation incresed significantly 6--14 days after ligation of the common bile duct (P < 0,05). Bile duct ligation was not followed by gastric ulceration in the pigs in this study which had had, in effect, a 50--70% gastric resection in the course of fashioning the Heidenhain pouch. These observations suggest that oesophagogastric junction ulceration in pigs is associated with gastric acid hypersecretion.", "contents": "Acid secretion in the bile duct-ligated pig. Bile duct ligation is associated with severe gastric ulceration in the pig, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Gastric acid secretion was therefore studied before and after bile duct ligation in pigs with Heidenhain pouches. Basal pouch secretion and the response to submaximal pentagastrin stimulation incresed significantly 6--14 days after ligation of the common bile duct (P < 0,05). Bile duct ligation was not followed by gastric ulceration in the pigs in this study which had had, in effect, a 50--70% gastric resection in the course of fashioning the Heidenhain pouch. These observations suggest that oesophagogastric junction ulceration in pigs is associated with gastric acid hypersecretion.", "PMID": 550411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_311", "title": "Self-medication in a developing country.", "content": "An interracial study on self-medication, including over-the-counter medication, as assessed by medications kept in the home, was carried out among a group of White, Indian and Black patients of differing sociocultural backgrounds. Whites had the most medications in their homes followed by urban Blacks, Indians and rural Blacks. The White section of the population appears to be as 'drug-dependent' as their counterparts elsewhere; the chain of events leading to this situation appears to be: sophistication + drug availability + social pressures = drug-dependence.", "contents": "Self-medication in a developing country. An interracial study on self-medication, including over-the-counter medication, as assessed by medications kept in the home, was carried out among a group of White, Indian and Black patients of differing sociocultural backgrounds. Whites had the most medications in their homes followed by urban Blacks, Indians and rural Blacks. The White section of the population appears to be as 'drug-dependent' as their counterparts elsewhere; the chain of events leading to this situation appears to be: sophistication + drug availability + social pressures = drug-dependence.", "PMID": 550412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_312", "title": "The 'riding' ulcer: A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Hiatal hernia with ulceration at the level of the diaphragm is a well-recognized and not uncommon condition. These ulcers may be simple gastric ulcers in patients who coincidentally have a hiatal hernia, or they may be related to trauma of the stomach against the diaphragm. They are not always readily detected on barium study. The clinical and radiological features in 3 recent cases are described, together with a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "The 'riding' ulcer: A report of 3 cases. Hiatal hernia with ulceration at the level of the diaphragm is a well-recognized and not uncommon condition. These ulcers may be simple gastric ulcers in patients who coincidentally have a hiatal hernia, or they may be related to trauma of the stomach against the diaphragm. They are not always readily detected on barium study. The clinical and radiological features in 3 recent cases are described, together with a brief review of the literature.", "PMID": 550413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_313", "title": "The use of metrizamide for myelography.", "content": "Metrizamide (Amipaque; Winthrop) has provided consistently reliable diagnostic results in a small series of 150 myelograms. It is an acceptable diagnostic alternative to Dimer-X for myelography of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical segments. It is also safer but expensive, and its use requires modification of technique. The distressing headache which often follows lumbar puncture appears to be unavoidable.", "contents": "The use of metrizamide for myelography. Metrizamide (Amipaque; Winthrop) has provided consistently reliable diagnostic results in a small series of 150 myelograms. It is an acceptable diagnostic alternative to Dimer-X for myelography of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical segments. It is also safer but expensive, and its use requires modification of technique. The distressing headache which often follows lumbar puncture appears to be unavoidable.", "PMID": 550419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_314", "title": "Serum and salivary digoxin concentrations in children.", "content": "Serum and salivary digoxin concentrations were measured in 53 children and correlated with ECG variables and serum potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations. In 73% of patients cardiac failure was controlled, while only 7,5% of patients had serum digoxin concentrations within the 'therapeutic range'. It is proposed that the adult therapeutic range of 1-2 ng/ml is not applicable to children, who can be controlled at lower concentrations and/or that a significant proportion of the children studied no longer required maintenance digoxin therapy.", "contents": "Serum and salivary digoxin concentrations in children. Serum and salivary digoxin concentrations were measured in 53 children and correlated with ECG variables and serum potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations. In 73% of patients cardiac failure was controlled, while only 7,5% of patients had serum digoxin concentrations within the 'therapeutic range'. It is proposed that the adult therapeutic range of 1-2 ng/ml is not applicable to children, who can be controlled at lower concentrations and/or that a significant proportion of the children studied no longer required maintenance digoxin therapy.", "PMID": 550420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_315", "title": "Application of perfusion pressure measurement to problems of upper urinary tract dilatation in children.", "content": "A simplified technique of measuring perfusion pressure in the equivocally obstructed upper urinary tract of children is described. Twelve patients with dilated renal pelves or ureters encountered in an 18-month period have been investigated. The findings in the majority of cases were contrary to those anticipated from the radiological appearances. This test of obstruction has wide application in the management of paediatric urological problems.", "contents": "Application of perfusion pressure measurement to problems of upper urinary tract dilatation in children. A simplified technique of measuring perfusion pressure in the equivocally obstructed upper urinary tract of children is described. Twelve patients with dilated renal pelves or ureters encountered in an 18-month period have been investigated. The findings in the majority of cases were contrary to those anticipated from the radiological appearances. This test of obstruction has wide application in the management of paediatric urological problems.", "PMID": 550421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_316", "title": "A critical look at geriatrics in a teaching hospital: Part I. The situation.", "content": "A survey of the admission and discharge patterns of geriatric patients admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, during July and August 1978 was conducted. The findings highlight a lack of methodology in the economic use of beds, a lack of rehabilitation services and of follow-up services on discharge, and poor liaison regarding facilities outside the hospital setting.", "contents": "A critical look at geriatrics in a teaching hospital: Part I. The situation. A survey of the admission and discharge patterns of geriatric patients admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, during July and August 1978 was conducted. The findings highlight a lack of methodology in the economic use of beds, a lack of rehabilitation services and of follow-up services on discharge, and poor liaison regarding facilities outside the hospital setting.", "PMID": 550422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_317", "title": "Peri-umbilical cutaneous schistosomiasis: A case report.", "content": "A case of peri-umbilical cutaneous schistosomiasis is described. The patient exhibited the typical clinical features. Diagnosis as confirmed by simple examination of the skin scrapings.", "contents": "Peri-umbilical cutaneous schistosomiasis: A case report. A case of peri-umbilical cutaneous schistosomiasis is described. The patient exhibited the typical clinical features. Diagnosis as confirmed by simple examination of the skin scrapings.", "PMID": 550423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_318", "title": "Evaluation of driving skills after brief exposure to nitrous oxide.", "content": "The driving skills of 10 dental students were evaluated on three occasions on a driving simulator after exposure to air and 50% and 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Errors increased after exposure to nitrous oxide and were statistically significant during the middle of the test period. Driving after short exposure to nitrous oxide appears inadvisable.", "contents": "Evaluation of driving skills after brief exposure to nitrous oxide. The driving skills of 10 dental students were evaluated on three occasions on a driving simulator after exposure to air and 50% and 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Errors increased after exposure to nitrous oxide and were statistically significant during the middle of the test period. Driving after short exposure to nitrous oxide appears inadvisable.", "PMID": 550424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_319", "title": "A case for the traditional healer in South Africa.", "content": "It is argued that the traditional form of health care delivered by the traditional healers meets some important community-felt needs which modern or Western medicine does not meet. An attempt is made to demonstrate that some shortcomings in the available health care delivery system may be amenable to the use of indigenous healers as health assistants. A plea is made to recognize the 'cultural communication gap' as one of the most important constraining factors in health care delivery, and one which indicates a need for research into the concept of disease and health in both the rural and urban sectors, as well as for epidemiological studies into the determinant factors of disease causation and distribution, with special emphasis on cultural and social factors.", "contents": "A case for the traditional healer in South Africa. It is argued that the traditional form of health care delivered by the traditional healers meets some important community-felt needs which modern or Western medicine does not meet. An attempt is made to demonstrate that some shortcomings in the available health care delivery system may be amenable to the use of indigenous healers as health assistants. A plea is made to recognize the 'cultural communication gap' as one of the most important constraining factors in health care delivery, and one which indicates a need for research into the concept of disease and health in both the rural and urban sectors, as well as for epidemiological studies into the determinant factors of disease causation and distribution, with special emphasis on cultural and social factors.", "PMID": 550425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_320", "title": "Haemoglobin Miwate in Cape Town: A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two siblings had suffered from cyanosis since birth owing to the presence of Hb MIwate. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophoresis, spectroscopy and peptide analysis. The benign nature of this unusual condition is stressed.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Miwate in Cape Town: A report of 2 cases. Two siblings had suffered from cyanosis since birth owing to the presence of Hb MIwate. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophoresis, spectroscopy and peptide analysis. The benign nature of this unusual condition is stressed.", "PMID": 550426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_321", "title": "The action of tetanus toxin: a case report.", "content": "A case of neonatal tetanus in an infant with myelomeningocele is described, and the possible action of tetanus toxin is discussed.", "contents": "The action of tetanus toxin: a case report. A case of neonatal tetanus in an infant with myelomeningocele is described, and the possible action of tetanus toxin is discussed.", "PMID": 550427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_322", "title": "Clinical diagnostic criteria for primary anorexia nervosa: An analysis of 54 consecutive admissions.", "content": "Clinical data on 54 consecutive patients presenting with primary anorexia nervosa were analysed under three main headings--demographic and family composition, patient personality and attitudes, and quality of family interaction. Eleven characteristic features were determined. It is suggested that a definitive diagnosis of anorexia nervosa can be made on purely clinical grounds, and without recourse to expensive and time-consuming investigations, if these features are considered. These features are also valuable in predicting whether a stringently dieting girl is in the early stages of anorexia nervosa or is merely conforming to the current adolescent fad for thinness.", "contents": "Clinical diagnostic criteria for primary anorexia nervosa: An analysis of 54 consecutive admissions. Clinical data on 54 consecutive patients presenting with primary anorexia nervosa were analysed under three main headings--demographic and family composition, patient personality and attitudes, and quality of family interaction. Eleven characteristic features were determined. It is suggested that a definitive diagnosis of anorexia nervosa can be made on purely clinical grounds, and without recourse to expensive and time-consuming investigations, if these features are considered. These features are also valuable in predicting whether a stringently dieting girl is in the early stages of anorexia nervosa or is merely conforming to the current adolescent fad for thinness.", "PMID": 550430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_323", "title": "Lengthening of the Achilles tendon in cerebral paresis: Basic principles and follow-up study.", "content": "The treatment of children suffering from cerebral paresis differs widely from that of children with poliomyelitis, since we deal with active spastic muscles which are influenced by many factors. We discuss these factors and present the results in a series of patients who were operated on with these factors borne in mind.", "contents": "Lengthening of the Achilles tendon in cerebral paresis: Basic principles and follow-up study. The treatment of children suffering from cerebral paresis differs widely from that of children with poliomyelitis, since we deal with active spastic muscles which are influenced by many factors. We discuss these factors and present the results in a series of patients who were operated on with these factors borne in mind.", "PMID": 550431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_324", "title": "Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by human chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Human chondrosarcoma of low-grade malignancy was cultured in the presence of 35S-sulphate and 3H-glucosamine. The glycosaminoglycans isolated were fractionated on Ecteola cellulose and electrophoresed on cellulose acetate membranes before and after treatment with chondroitinase AC or Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The results demonstrated the in vitro synthesis of hyaluronate, chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. The presence of keratan sulphate of large average chain length (congruent to 15 monosaccharides) supports the contention that chain length of keratan sulphate is inversely proportional to the degree of malignancy.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by human chondrosarcoma. Human chondrosarcoma of low-grade malignancy was cultured in the presence of 35S-sulphate and 3H-glucosamine. The glycosaminoglycans isolated were fractionated on Ecteola cellulose and electrophoresed on cellulose acetate membranes before and after treatment with chondroitinase AC or Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The results demonstrated the in vitro synthesis of hyaluronate, chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. The presence of keratan sulphate of large average chain length (congruent to 15 monosaccharides) supports the contention that chain length of keratan sulphate is inversely proportional to the degree of malignancy.", "PMID": 550432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_325", "title": "Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the various population groups in the Republic of South Africa.", "content": "Cardiovascular mortality rates (MRs) for 1970 were calculated from Department of Statistics reports for the various populations of the RSA and showed that the MRs for chronic rheumatic heart disease were highest in Coloureds and lowest in Whites, the rates for Asians and Blacks being intermediate, and that a relatively high proportion of all cardiovascular deaths in the 15- 24-year group were due to this disease. It was also found that the pattern of cardiovascular diseases differed in the various population groups as follows: in White males the MRs for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) were high (4 times the rate for cerebrovascular disease (CVD). In White females the MRs for IHD and CVD were similar and accounted for most deaths from cardiovascular disease. The MRs for hypertensive disease were low in Whites. Asians in the older age groups had the highest MRs for IHD, CVD and hypertensive disease of all the population groups. The MRs for IHD of Asians in general exceeded those of Whites. Coloureds had high MRs for CVD, relatively high MRs for hypertensive disease and other forms of heart disease (mainly ill-defined heart disease) and relatively low MRs for IHD (compared with Asians and Whites). Blacks had high MRs for CVD and other forms of heart disease (mainly ill-defined heart disease), relatively high MRs for hypertensive disease and very low MRs for IHD. The MRs for cardiovascular diseases in Blacks are not reliable.", "contents": "Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the various population groups in the Republic of South Africa. Cardiovascular mortality rates (MRs) for 1970 were calculated from Department of Statistics reports for the various populations of the RSA and showed that the MRs for chronic rheumatic heart disease were highest in Coloureds and lowest in Whites, the rates for Asians and Blacks being intermediate, and that a relatively high proportion of all cardiovascular deaths in the 15- 24-year group were due to this disease. It was also found that the pattern of cardiovascular diseases differed in the various population groups as follows: in White males the MRs for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) were high (4 times the rate for cerebrovascular disease (CVD). In White females the MRs for IHD and CVD were similar and accounted for most deaths from cardiovascular disease. The MRs for hypertensive disease were low in Whites. Asians in the older age groups had the highest MRs for IHD, CVD and hypertensive disease of all the population groups. The MRs for IHD of Asians in general exceeded those of Whites. Coloureds had high MRs for CVD, relatively high MRs for hypertensive disease and other forms of heart disease (mainly ill-defined heart disease) and relatively low MRs for IHD (compared with Asians and Whites). Blacks had high MRs for CVD and other forms of heart disease (mainly ill-defined heart disease), relatively high MRs for hypertensive disease and very low MRs for IHD. The MRs for cardiovascular diseases in Blacks are not reliable.", "PMID": 550436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_326", "title": "Augmentation mammoplasty - a hazardous procedure.", "content": "A few of the early and late complications of augmentation mammoplasty are described. Although it is classified as a simple technical procedure, the long-term hazards should be taken into consideration before operating on a patient.", "contents": "Augmentation mammoplasty - a hazardous procedure. A few of the early and late complications of augmentation mammoplasty are described. Although it is classified as a simple technical procedure, the long-term hazards should be taken into consideration before operating on a patient.", "PMID": 550437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_327", "title": "A specific cardiac glycoside for cardiac failure and another for atrial fibrillation?", "content": "Ouabain produces a greater degree of prolongation of the P-R interval than digitoxin in rats when dosages which produce similar inotropic responses are used. When digitoxin is administered after pretreatment with propranolol, it produces prolongation of the P-R interval comparable to that produced by ouabain. Indications in the literature that these findings may apply to human beings suggest that in some situations atrial fibrillation may be better controlled with a hydrophilic digitalis preparation (e.g. ouabain), whereas cardiac failure with a tendency to atrioventricular block may be better controlled with a lipophilic preparation (e.g. digitoxin).", "contents": "A specific cardiac glycoside for cardiac failure and another for atrial fibrillation? Ouabain produces a greater degree of prolongation of the P-R interval than digitoxin in rats when dosages which produce similar inotropic responses are used. When digitoxin is administered after pretreatment with propranolol, it produces prolongation of the P-R interval comparable to that produced by ouabain. Indications in the literature that these findings may apply to human beings suggest that in some situations atrial fibrillation may be better controlled with a hydrophilic digitalis preparation (e.g. ouabain), whereas cardiac failure with a tendency to atrioventricular block may be better controlled with a lipophilic preparation (e.g. digitoxin).", "PMID": 550438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_328", "title": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus.", "content": "A survey of carcinoma of the oesophagus at Kalafong Hospital revealed a greater incidence of the disease in males, being highest in the age group 50 - 59 years, with the middle third of the oesophagus the most prevalent site and with oesophagotracheal or oesophagobronchial fistulae a common complication.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus. A survey of carcinoma of the oesophagus at Kalafong Hospital revealed a greater incidence of the disease in males, being highest in the age group 50 - 59 years, with the middle third of the oesophagus the most prevalent site and with oesophagotracheal or oesophagobronchial fistulae a common complication.", "PMID": 550439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_329", "title": "Doctor effectiveness: Transactional analysis as a means of assisting movement towards a holistic approach to medicine.", "content": "Transactional analysis (TA) is offered as one solution to the problems faced by doctors attempting to move away from the traditional Cartesian approach towards the holistic approach to medical practice. It can help to increase the doctor's understanding of, and insight into, the emotional and interactional components of his patients' problems.", "contents": "Doctor effectiveness: Transactional analysis as a means of assisting movement towards a holistic approach to medicine. Transactional analysis (TA) is offered as one solution to the problems faced by doctors attempting to move away from the traditional Cartesian approach towards the holistic approach to medical practice. It can help to increase the doctor's understanding of, and insight into, the emotional and interactional components of his patients' problems.", "PMID": 550440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_330", "title": "Sclerosing glomerulonephritis and malignant hypertension in a patient with congenital renal dysplasia: A case report.", "content": "A patient with a single functioning kidney presented with the nephrotic syndrome. On the basis of highly selective proteinuria, a diagnosis was made of lipoid nephrosis. Steroid therapy over a 2-year period did not control the disease. The patient eventually developed end-stage renal failure and malignant hypertension. Nephrectomy was performed to control the hypertension. Histological examination showed congenital dysplasia in one kidney and sclerosing glomerulonephritis, malignant nephrosclerosis, as well as dysplastic changes in the other.", "contents": "Sclerosing glomerulonephritis and malignant hypertension in a patient with congenital renal dysplasia: A case report. A patient with a single functioning kidney presented with the nephrotic syndrome. On the basis of highly selective proteinuria, a diagnosis was made of lipoid nephrosis. Steroid therapy over a 2-year period did not control the disease. The patient eventually developed end-stage renal failure and malignant hypertension. Nephrectomy was performed to control the hypertension. Histological examination showed congenital dysplasia in one kidney and sclerosing glomerulonephritis, malignant nephrosclerosis, as well as dysplastic changes in the other.", "PMID": 550441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_331", "title": "Incidence of preterm delivery in patients with previous preterm delivery and/or abortion.", "content": "Patients with a history of two or more pregnancies which ended spontaneously before 37 weeks' gestation had an increased risk of spontaneous labour and delivery in subsequent pregnancies. This risk was correlated with previous second trimester abortion and spontaneous preterm delivery but not with previous first trimester abortions. Patients with one or more pregnancies ending in spontaneous second trimester abortion or with preterm labour and delivery had a 38--43% risk of again delivering before term.", "contents": "Incidence of preterm delivery in patients with previous preterm delivery and/or abortion. Patients with a history of two or more pregnancies which ended spontaneously before 37 weeks' gestation had an increased risk of spontaneous labour and delivery in subsequent pregnancies. This risk was correlated with previous second trimester abortion and spontaneous preterm delivery but not with previous first trimester abortions. Patients with one or more pregnancies ending in spontaneous second trimester abortion or with preterm labour and delivery had a 38--43% risk of again delivering before term.", "PMID": 550442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_332", "title": "The significance of meconium staining of the liquor amnii during labour.", "content": "Labour, labour outcome and fetal outcome were compared in 200 patients with meconium-stained amniotic fluid and in 200 matched controls with clear liquor amnii. All patients were subjected to a standardized form of management. The caesarean section rate was higher in the meconium group because of a higher incidence of cephalopelvic disproportion and fetal distress. In distinguishing between thick and thin meconium, no differences in labour or fetal outcome were found. The finding of meconium in the latent phase of labour seemed to be more ominous than during the active phase of labour.", "contents": "The significance of meconium staining of the liquor amnii during labour. Labour, labour outcome and fetal outcome were compared in 200 patients with meconium-stained amniotic fluid and in 200 matched controls with clear liquor amnii. All patients were subjected to a standardized form of management. The caesarean section rate was higher in the meconium group because of a higher incidence of cephalopelvic disproportion and fetal distress. In distinguishing between thick and thin meconium, no differences in labour or fetal outcome were found. The finding of meconium in the latent phase of labour seemed to be more ominous than during the active phase of labour.", "PMID": 550443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_333", "title": "The incomplete cone in carcinoma in situ of the cervix: A prospective study in a developing country.", "content": "The diagnostic procedures and treatment of carcinoma in situ and severe dysplasia of the cervix are becoming more conservative. In a developing country special problems make such an approach more hazardous. During a 15-month period the diagnosis in 25 of 206 patients (12,1%) with a smear positive for carcinoma in situ could not be confirmed histologically at Tygerberg Hospital. A prospective study of 147 cases (71,4%) in which the diagnosis was confirmed revealed that they were mostly young patients of relatively high gravidity. The difficulty of assessing the completeness of a cervical cone and of evaluating a postconization smear is confirmed. The danger of a too conservative approach in our patients is confirmed by the fact that only 8,2% of patients came for regular follow-up examinations and that 34,7% did not return for follow-up smears. The high incidence of total hysterectomy (51,7%) as the definitive form of treatment is defended, and a more conservative future approach of confirming the diagnosis and reducing the incidence of cervical conization is suggested.", "contents": "The incomplete cone in carcinoma in situ of the cervix: A prospective study in a developing country. The diagnostic procedures and treatment of carcinoma in situ and severe dysplasia of the cervix are becoming more conservative. In a developing country special problems make such an approach more hazardous. During a 15-month period the diagnosis in 25 of 206 patients (12,1%) with a smear positive for carcinoma in situ could not be confirmed histologically at Tygerberg Hospital. A prospective study of 147 cases (71,4%) in which the diagnosis was confirmed revealed that they were mostly young patients of relatively high gravidity. The difficulty of assessing the completeness of a cervical cone and of evaluating a postconization smear is confirmed. The danger of a too conservative approach in our patients is confirmed by the fact that only 8,2% of patients came for regular follow-up examinations and that 34,7% did not return for follow-up smears. The high incidence of total hysterectomy (51,7%) as the definitive form of treatment is defended, and a more conservative future approach of confirming the diagnosis and reducing the incidence of cervical conization is suggested.", "PMID": 550444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_334", "title": "Contraction pattern variations in oesophagography.", "content": "In recent literature a pattern of transient transverse folds seen in oesophagography has been described as a new variant. It is suggested, however, that the pattern is part of a spectrum of oesophageal contractions that occurs with or without specific lesions, and that it is created by contraction of the transverse oblique muscles of the oesophagus.", "contents": "Contraction pattern variations in oesophagography. In recent literature a pattern of transient transverse folds seen in oesophagography has been described as a new variant. It is suggested, however, that the pattern is part of a spectrum of oesophageal contractions that occurs with or without specific lesions, and that it is created by contraction of the transverse oblique muscles of the oesophagus.", "PMID": 550450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_335", "title": "Medical student training in doctor-patient communication.", "content": "Basic theories on doctor-patient communication as taught in the course on human behaviour to third-year medical students at the University of Cape Town are outlined, and it is shown how these are understood and used by medical students early in their clinical training. It is on these foundations that the later training in psychiatric interviewing and therapeutic intervention is based. The goal is to train the doctors of tomorrow to care for patients with physical and psychological distress equally effectively.", "contents": "Medical student training in doctor-patient communication. Basic theories on doctor-patient communication as taught in the course on human behaviour to third-year medical students at the University of Cape Town are outlined, and it is shown how these are understood and used by medical students early in their clinical training. It is on these foundations that the later training in psychiatric interviewing and therapeutic intervention is based. The goal is to train the doctors of tomorrow to care for patients with physical and psychological distress equally effectively.", "PMID": 550451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_336", "title": "[Trancutaneous measurement of arterial oxygen tension during anesthesia].", "content": "The transcutaneous oxygen tension was measured in 29 anaesthetized patients by means of a TCM1 TC Oxygen Monitor (radiometer). The correlation coefficient between these transcutaneously determined values and the true PaO2 values was 0,81 as compared with 0,93 in a previous trial in which a Servomed Oxymonitor (Hellige) was used. The effect of diathermy on the TCM1 TC Oxygen Monitor was much less than that on the Hellige apparatus.", "contents": "[Trancutaneous measurement of arterial oxygen tension during anesthesia]. The transcutaneous oxygen tension was measured in 29 anaesthetized patients by means of a TCM1 TC Oxygen Monitor (radiometer). The correlation coefficient between these transcutaneously determined values and the true PaO2 values was 0,81 as compared with 0,93 in a previous trial in which a Servomed Oxymonitor (Hellige) was used. The effect of diathermy on the TCM1 TC Oxygen Monitor was much less than that on the Hellige apparatus.", "PMID": 550452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_337", "title": "Follow-up study of children admitted to a psychiatric day centre.", "content": "A follow-up study of the first 20 children admitted to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital Day Centre for emotionally disturbed children is described. The psychiatric status of the children and their families was evaluated at admission, discharge and follow-up. The results indicate that younger children benefit more than older ones from day hospital treatment, and that more attention must be paid to the psychiatric needs of the family as a whole.", "contents": "Follow-up study of children admitted to a psychiatric day centre. A follow-up study of the first 20 children admitted to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital Day Centre for emotionally disturbed children is described. The psychiatric status of the children and their families was evaluated at admission, discharge and follow-up. The results indicate that younger children benefit more than older ones from day hospital treatment, and that more attention must be paid to the psychiatric needs of the family as a whole.", "PMID": 550453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_338", "title": "An evaluation of the Ramco kit for serum ferritin assay.", "content": "The determination of serum ferritin levels may be of diagnostic importance in medicine. To establish whether values obtained using a commercially available kit (Ramco) were adequate for this purpose, a comparison was undertaken using a two-site immunoradiometric assay that had been developed and standardized in our laboratories. Over the range 6 micrograms/l to greater than 2 000 micrograms/l there was a correlation coefficient between the two methods of 0,8284 (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the Ramco kit is suitable for use in clinical practice.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Ramco kit for serum ferritin assay. The determination of serum ferritin levels may be of diagnostic importance in medicine. To establish whether values obtained using a commercially available kit (Ramco) were adequate for this purpose, a comparison was undertaken using a two-site immunoradiometric assay that had been developed and standardized in our laboratories. Over the range 6 micrograms/l to greater than 2 000 micrograms/l there was a correlation coefficient between the two methods of 0,8284 (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the Ramco kit is suitable for use in clinical practice.", "PMID": 550454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_339", "title": "The effect of portal arterialization on hyperglucagonaemia in the portacaval-shunted pig.", "content": "Hyperglucagonaemia after portacaval shunt may be the result of liver dysfunction because of devascularization, or portal diversion. In order to investigate the effects of devascularization, a comparison was made between a group of young pigs which had undergone a portacaval shunt (PCS) alone and a group in which the portal stump had been revascularized from the splenic artery (PCS-R). Plasma glucagon levels were elevated threefold within 4 days of the operation in PCS pigs and after 8 days in PCS-R pigs. Plasma insulin levels were higher in PCS animals on day 3, but thereafter there was no difference. These studies suggest that plasma glucagon levels rose, despite the improvement of liver function by portal arterialization, confirming the hypothesis that the hyperglucagonaemia which follows portacaval shunt is caused by hypersecretion.", "contents": "The effect of portal arterialization on hyperglucagonaemia in the portacaval-shunted pig. Hyperglucagonaemia after portacaval shunt may be the result of liver dysfunction because of devascularization, or portal diversion. In order to investigate the effects of devascularization, a comparison was made between a group of young pigs which had undergone a portacaval shunt (PCS) alone and a group in which the portal stump had been revascularized from the splenic artery (PCS-R). Plasma glucagon levels were elevated threefold within 4 days of the operation in PCS pigs and after 8 days in PCS-R pigs. Plasma insulin levels were higher in PCS animals on day 3, but thereafter there was no difference. These studies suggest that plasma glucagon levels rose, despite the improvement of liver function by portal arterialization, confirming the hypothesis that the hyperglucagonaemia which follows portacaval shunt is caused by hypersecretion.", "PMID": 550455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_340", "title": "Postmenopausal endometriosis: A case report.", "content": "A case of postmenopausal endometriosis is presented. Symptoms started 14 years after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-o\u00f6phorectomy for endometriosis following oestrogen administration. The disease had a protracted course and eventually responded well to radiotherapy. Certain aspects of postmenopausal endometriosis are discussed.", "contents": "Postmenopausal endometriosis: A case report. A case of postmenopausal endometriosis is presented. Symptoms started 14 years after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-o\u00f6phorectomy for endometriosis following oestrogen administration. The disease had a protracted course and eventually responded well to radiotherapy. Certain aspects of postmenopausal endometriosis are discussed.", "PMID": 550456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_341", "title": "Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats in chronic ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Holter studies were performed periodically over a period of up to 7 years (mean 33 months) in 175 post-myocardial infarction patients. According to the number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs), the patients were classified into two main groups: those with few VEBs, i.e. less than 8 per hour, and those with many, i.e. 8 or more per hour. By comparing the number of ectopic beats during the different monitoring sessions, it was found that individual patients tended to remain in their originally allocated groups. Patients with frequent VEBs were more likely to die suddenly, the difference being significant (P < 0,001). No association could be demonstrated between recurrent non-fatal myocardial infarction and ectopic beat frequency (P > 0,10).", "contents": "Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats in chronic ischaemic heart disease. Holter studies were performed periodically over a period of up to 7 years (mean 33 months) in 175 post-myocardial infarction patients. According to the number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs), the patients were classified into two main groups: those with few VEBs, i.e. less than 8 per hour, and those with many, i.e. 8 or more per hour. By comparing the number of ectopic beats during the different monitoring sessions, it was found that individual patients tended to remain in their originally allocated groups. Patients with frequent VEBs were more likely to die suddenly, the difference being significant (P < 0,001). No association could be demonstrated between recurrent non-fatal myocardial infarction and ectopic beat frequency (P > 0,10).", "PMID": 550461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_342", "title": "Mitochondrial function and free fatty acid levels in rats after portacaval shunt.", "content": "The effects of portacaval shunting on the oxidative phosphorylation process of mitochondria isolated from rat liver and skeletal muscle were evaluated and correlated with mitochondria free fatty acid (FFA) contents. ADP/O ratios, respiratory control index and QO2 values were significantly depressed in liver mitochondria from portacaval-shunted rats; these changes were associated with decreased mitochondrial FFA contents. The mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle was unaltered.", "contents": "Mitochondrial function and free fatty acid levels in rats after portacaval shunt. The effects of portacaval shunting on the oxidative phosphorylation process of mitochondria isolated from rat liver and skeletal muscle were evaluated and correlated with mitochondria free fatty acid (FFA) contents. ADP/O ratios, respiratory control index and QO2 values were significantly depressed in liver mitochondria from portacaval-shunted rats; these changes were associated with decreased mitochondrial FFA contents. The mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle was unaltered.", "PMID": 550462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_343", "title": "Drug-induced hyperpyrexia. A case report.", "content": "A patient who developed hyperpyrexia and heat stroke after taking overdoses of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, benzodiazepines and a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent is described. The possible mechanisms involved in drug-induced hyperpyrexia are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Drug-induced hyperpyrexia. A case report. A patient who developed hyperpyrexia and heat stroke after taking overdoses of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, benzodiazepines and a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent is described. The possible mechanisms involved in drug-induced hyperpyrexia are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 550464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_344", "title": "Asymptomatic arsine nephrotoxicity. A case report.", "content": "A completely asymptomatic patient with arsine nephrotoxicity is described. The light and electron microscopic appearances of the kidney biopsy specimen are documented. The pathogenesis of the lesions, the usual manifestations of arsine exposure, and how these differed from those seen in our patient, are discussed.", "contents": "Asymptomatic arsine nephrotoxicity. A case report. A completely asymptomatic patient with arsine nephrotoxicity is described. The light and electron microscopic appearances of the kidney biopsy specimen are documented. The pathogenesis of the lesions, the usual manifestations of arsine exposure, and how these differed from those seen in our patient, are discussed.", "PMID": 550465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_345", "title": "Some aspects of aminoglycoside antibiotic measurement.", "content": "More than 2 years of experience in assaying aminoglycoside antibiotic levels have proved that the appropriate acetyltransferase employed in conjunction with 14C-acetyl co-enzyme A provides rapid, reproducible results (CV = 4+). These results are available before the next administration is due, enabling the clinician to adjust the dose. This is especially indicated if there is impairment of renal function.", "contents": "Some aspects of aminoglycoside antibiotic measurement. More than 2 years of experience in assaying aminoglycoside antibiotic levels have proved that the appropriate acetyltransferase employed in conjunction with 14C-acetyl co-enzyme A provides rapid, reproducible results (CV = 4+). These results are available before the next administration is due, enabling the clinician to adjust the dose. This is especially indicated if there is impairment of renal function.", "PMID": 550471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_346", "title": "The role of the occupational health nurse in South Africa.", "content": "The improvement of the quality and quantity of occupational health care is a major issue in South Africa. The role of the nurse in the delivery of this care was examined at a workshop conference on 'The role of the occupational health nurse in South Africa'. In this article, the conclusions of the conference are reported, and the problems identified in developing the role of the nurse in this field are discussed.", "contents": "The role of the occupational health nurse in South Africa. The improvement of the quality and quantity of occupational health care is a major issue in South Africa. The role of the nurse in the delivery of this care was examined at a workshop conference on 'The role of the occupational health nurse in South Africa'. In this article, the conclusions of the conference are reported, and the problems identified in developing the role of the nurse in this field are discussed.", "PMID": 550472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_347", "title": "An opinion survey of tuberculosis case-finding procedures.", "content": "The number of new cases of tuberculosis officially reported each year does not necessarily reflect the true position in the Republic of South Africa. One of the factors contributing to this is defective case-finding, an area giving rise to great diversity of opinion. A survey of opinions on various means of case-finding and diagnosis reveals disagreement among tuberculosis physicians in South Africa.", "contents": "An opinion survey of tuberculosis case-finding procedures. The number of new cases of tuberculosis officially reported each year does not necessarily reflect the true position in the Republic of South Africa. One of the factors contributing to this is defective case-finding, an area giving rise to great diversity of opinion. A survey of opinions on various means of case-finding and diagnosis reveals disagreement among tuberculosis physicians in South Africa.", "PMID": 550473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_348", "title": "[An epidemiological study of peripheral blood studies].", "content": "A statistical random sample of 600 patients from the population referred to Tygerberg Hospital for peripheral blood investigations was analysed statistically with an IBM 370/158 computer. Suitable transformations were used for normalization of the data. The results of Coulter Model S investigations, platelet counts (coulter F), erythrocyte sedimentation rates, differential counts (with regard to neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts), age, race and sex of the patients, as well as possible associations between the day of the week and the haematological tests were investigated independently for each of the four race and sex groups, i.e. White men, White women, non-White men and non-White women. Machine sorting was used to obtain graphs representing the mean values of 12 haematological variables versus age in the four race and sex groups. Regression analysis between the different variables was done, and mean values are reported. Normal haematological limits (+/- 2 standard deviations) for the different age groups were used, and with machine processing the results were evaluated as low, normal or high in order to obtain a table for the visualization of a normal or abnormal distribution, skewness to the right or left, and percentages of abnormal values for each variable for each of the different age groups in the four race and sex groups. In this study we investigated a selected group of patients. No conclusions with regard to 'normal' values can be made, but, with the use of statistical computing of routine numerical data, an approach to epidemiology is demonstrated.", "contents": "[An epidemiological study of peripheral blood studies]. A statistical random sample of 600 patients from the population referred to Tygerberg Hospital for peripheral blood investigations was analysed statistically with an IBM 370/158 computer. Suitable transformations were used for normalization of the data. The results of Coulter Model S investigations, platelet counts (coulter F), erythrocyte sedimentation rates, differential counts (with regard to neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts), age, race and sex of the patients, as well as possible associations between the day of the week and the haematological tests were investigated independently for each of the four race and sex groups, i.e. White men, White women, non-White men and non-White women. Machine sorting was used to obtain graphs representing the mean values of 12 haematological variables versus age in the four race and sex groups. Regression analysis between the different variables was done, and mean values are reported. Normal haematological limits (+/- 2 standard deviations) for the different age groups were used, and with machine processing the results were evaluated as low, normal or high in order to obtain a table for the visualization of a normal or abnormal distribution, skewness to the right or left, and percentages of abnormal values for each variable for each of the different age groups in the four race and sex groups. In this study we investigated a selected group of patients. No conclusions with regard to 'normal' values can be made, but, with the use of statistical computing of routine numerical data, an approach to epidemiology is demonstrated.", "PMID": 550479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_349", "title": "Where have all the CVP catheters gone?", "content": "This article simply serves to illustrate how easily central venous catheters may be misplaced and to emphasize the need for radiological control of catheter placement.", "contents": "Where have all the CVP catheters gone? This article simply serves to illustrate how easily central venous catheters may be misplaced and to emphasize the need for radiological control of catheter placement.", "PMID": 550481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_350", "title": "Lymphatic abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: A case report.", "content": "Lymphatic abnormalities are not generally recognized as part of the Noonan syndrome. A child with this condition in whom unique and widespread lymphatic abnormalities were demonstrated by lymphography is described. Both T and B lymphocytes were detected in chylous fluid drained from the thorax. In addition, the child was found to have a protein-losing enteropathy and cardiovascular defects. The clinical spectrum of the Noonan syndrome may include animalies of the lymphatic system.", "contents": "Lymphatic abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: A case report. Lymphatic abnormalities are not generally recognized as part of the Noonan syndrome. A child with this condition in whom unique and widespread lymphatic abnormalities were demonstrated by lymphography is described. Both T and B lymphocytes were detected in chylous fluid drained from the thorax. In addition, the child was found to have a protein-losing enteropathy and cardiovascular defects. The clinical spectrum of the Noonan syndrome may include animalies of the lymphatic system.", "PMID": 550483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_351", "title": "Fundamental concepts in the management of congenital anorectal malformations.", "content": "Congenital anorectal deformities present a therapeutic challenge to the paediatric surgeon. The anomalies encountered range in complexity from the most simple to the most intricate. It is for this reason that three clear phases in management are defined and applied in every instance, i.e. absolute clarification of the anatomy of the defect, its appropriate operative correction, and, finally, a protracted postoperative period of care during which time voluntary stool control is acquired. Anal continence is the ultimate functional objective. The meticulous treatment required by the unfortunate baby born with this correctable abnormality is emphasized.", "contents": "Fundamental concepts in the management of congenital anorectal malformations. Congenital anorectal deformities present a therapeutic challenge to the paediatric surgeon. The anomalies encountered range in complexity from the most simple to the most intricate. It is for this reason that three clear phases in management are defined and applied in every instance, i.e. absolute clarification of the anatomy of the defect, its appropriate operative correction, and, finally, a protracted postoperative period of care during which time voluntary stool control is acquired. Anal continence is the ultimate functional objective. The meticulous treatment required by the unfortunate baby born with this correctable abnormality is emphasized.", "PMID": 550490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_352", "title": "Isoniazid pharmacokinetics in kwashiorkor.", "content": "Isoniazid plasma half-life and clearance rates were studied in children with kwashiorkor before and after nutritional rehabilitation. Isoniazid half-life rates fell and clearance increased with nutritional rehabilitation. The changes documented in this report are not an indication that isoniazid therapy should be altered in malnourished children, but may indicate that this should be done in malnourished adults.", "contents": "Isoniazid pharmacokinetics in kwashiorkor. Isoniazid plasma half-life and clearance rates were studied in children with kwashiorkor before and after nutritional rehabilitation. Isoniazid half-life rates fell and clearance increased with nutritional rehabilitation. The changes documented in this report are not an indication that isoniazid therapy should be altered in malnourished children, but may indicate that this should be done in malnourished adults.", "PMID": 550491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_353", "title": "Smoking and chronic respiratory symptoms in 11--15 year-old children.", "content": "A questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of smoking and chronic respiratory symptoms in 315 White and 290 Coloured children in the 11--15-year old group. The quantity and duration of smoking, reasons for starting the habit, and social influences were examined. Simple tests of ventilatory function were also done. This study highlights the early age of onset of smoking in South African children, as in other countries, and provides a data base on which anti-smoking programmes can be structured.", "contents": "Smoking and chronic respiratory symptoms in 11--15 year-old children. A questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of smoking and chronic respiratory symptoms in 315 White and 290 Coloured children in the 11--15-year old group. The quantity and duration of smoking, reasons for starting the habit, and social influences were examined. Simple tests of ventilatory function were also done. This study highlights the early age of onset of smoking in South African children, as in other countries, and provides a data base on which anti-smoking programmes can be structured.", "PMID": 550492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_354", "title": "The relationship between the general practitioner and the clinical psychologist.", "content": "There is a growing tendency among general practitioners to pay more attention to the psychological factors involved in patients presenting with physical symptoms. A working relationship between a general practitioner and a clinical psychologist is described, with specific reference to the role of the clinical psychologist. Procedures used by the latter and by the general practitioner to diagnose and treat 7 female and 5 male patients are discussed. We suggest that this programme can be valuable for psychosomatic and minor psychiatric problems in patients presenting with somatic symptoms.", "contents": "The relationship between the general practitioner and the clinical psychologist. There is a growing tendency among general practitioners to pay more attention to the psychological factors involved in patients presenting with physical symptoms. A working relationship between a general practitioner and a clinical psychologist is described, with specific reference to the role of the clinical psychologist. Procedures used by the latter and by the general practitioner to diagnose and treat 7 female and 5 male patients are discussed. We suggest that this programme can be valuable for psychosomatic and minor psychiatric problems in patients presenting with somatic symptoms.", "PMID": 550493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_355", "title": "'Why am I ill? Who made me ill?: the relevance of western psychiatry in Transkei.", "content": "Patients not only have to be treated for their illnesses, but also have to be told why they are ill. If these explanations are not given, they will go to tribal diviners to obtain the information. Practitioners who explain the causes of illnesses will have a greater number of satisfied patients.", "contents": "'Why am I ill? Who made me ill?: the relevance of western psychiatry in Transkei. Patients not only have to be treated for their illnesses, but also have to be told why they are ill. If these explanations are not given, they will go to tribal diviners to obtain the information. Practitioners who explain the causes of illnesses will have a greater number of satisfied patients.", "PMID": 550494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_356", "title": "The witchdoctor and the bowel.", "content": "Most urban Blacks consult witchdoctors for diverse reasons. The potent effects of their herbal medicines can result in damage to almost any part of the gastro-intestinal tract, and the outcome may be fatal. Diseases induced by witchdoctors therefore constitute an important facet of the disease spectrum of recently urbanized Blacks. Possible reasons for the strong influence of the witchdoctor are given. It is suggested that there should be a reappraisal of medical training in a Black society, so that cognizance can be taken of the important role played by witchdoctors.", "contents": "The witchdoctor and the bowel. Most urban Blacks consult witchdoctors for diverse reasons. The potent effects of their herbal medicines can result in damage to almost any part of the gastro-intestinal tract, and the outcome may be fatal. Diseases induced by witchdoctors therefore constitute an important facet of the disease spectrum of recently urbanized Blacks. Possible reasons for the strong influence of the witchdoctor are given. It is suggested that there should be a reappraisal of medical training in a Black society, so that cognizance can be taken of the important role played by witchdoctors.", "PMID": 550495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_357", "title": "The adoption of the 'at risk' baby.", "content": "The high incidence of cerebral palsy among adopted children in Cape Town has long been a cause for concern. Five such children from a recent series of 12, in which pre- and perinatal histories were known, were high-risk infants. All were thought to have been normal at the time of adoption. The need for expert medical examination before adoption is stressed, risks that adoptive parents must take are evaluated, and the psychological aspects of delaying adoption are also considered. Some suggestions are made for modifying the existing adoption procedures in this country.", "contents": "The adoption of the 'at risk' baby. The high incidence of cerebral palsy among adopted children in Cape Town has long been a cause for concern. Five such children from a recent series of 12, in which pre- and perinatal histories were known, were high-risk infants. All were thought to have been normal at the time of adoption. The need for expert medical examination before adoption is stressed, risks that adoptive parents must take are evaluated, and the psychological aspects of delaying adoption are also considered. Some suggestions are made for modifying the existing adoption procedures in this country.", "PMID": 550496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_358", "title": "[The pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis and its therapeutic consequences].", "content": "During the last 2 years we examined 186 patients with secondary and 42 patients with primary chronic pyelonephritis. In most cases the secondary pyelonephritis is the sequel of a urolithiasis, less frequently in congenital renal anomalies, adenomas of the prostatic gland and patients with superposed pyelonephritis in renal lesion on account of metabolic disturbances (diabetes, gout) or abuse of analgetics. The course of the disease as well as the results of the therapy show peculiarities in the two forms of pyelonephritis. Thus, for example, the recidivations are more frequently in the secondary pyelonephritis, in the urine culture other germs appear more frequently, and the disease shows a more rapid course. The bacterial sanation in patients with primary pyelonephritis remains stable in the course of one year, where as in the obstructive pyelonephritis (non-operated cases) in the same period all patients show recidivations. After operative treatment of the obstruction the conservative treatment leads to a bacterial sanation in about 70%. In patients with superposed pyelonephritis at first the basic disease is to be treated, i.e. the metabolic disturbances are to be compensated and at the same time an antibacterial therapy is to be performed.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of chronic pyelonephritis and its therapeutic consequences]. During the last 2 years we examined 186 patients with secondary and 42 patients with primary chronic pyelonephritis. In most cases the secondary pyelonephritis is the sequel of a urolithiasis, less frequently in congenital renal anomalies, adenomas of the prostatic gland and patients with superposed pyelonephritis in renal lesion on account of metabolic disturbances (diabetes, gout) or abuse of analgetics. The course of the disease as well as the results of the therapy show peculiarities in the two forms of pyelonephritis. Thus, for example, the recidivations are more frequently in the secondary pyelonephritis, in the urine culture other germs appear more frequently, and the disease shows a more rapid course. The bacterial sanation in patients with primary pyelonephritis remains stable in the course of one year, where as in the obstructive pyelonephritis (non-operated cases) in the same period all patients show recidivations. After operative treatment of the obstruction the conservative treatment leads to a bacterial sanation in about 70%. In patients with superposed pyelonephritis at first the basic disease is to be treated, i.e. the metabolic disturbances are to be compensated and at the same time an antibacterial therapy is to be performed.", "PMID": 550611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_359", "title": "[A new synthetic diet for acute and chronic advanced renal insufficiency].", "content": "Nefromin is a specific food poor in protein and rich in calories with addition of vitamins and some trace elements (iron, calcium salts). This food is determined for patients with acute and chronic renal insufficiency. It facilitates the diet therapy of the patients. As the only therapy it improves the general state of the disease of the patient with renal lesion. It lowers the creatinine level, allows a positive nitrogen balance and prevents acidosis.", "contents": "[A new synthetic diet for acute and chronic advanced renal insufficiency]. Nefromin is a specific food poor in protein and rich in calories with addition of vitamins and some trace elements (iron, calcium salts). This food is determined for patients with acute and chronic renal insufficiency. It facilitates the diet therapy of the patients. As the only therapy it improves the general state of the disease of the patient with renal lesion. It lowers the creatinine level, allows a positive nitrogen balance and prevents acidosis.", "PMID": 550612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_360", "title": "[Sarcoidosis--the current attitude to diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "Main elements of the diagnostics of sarcoidosis are clinical picure, thorax-roentgen and histologic findings, tuberculin- and kveim-test as well as behaviour of the findings under corticotherapy. Important for the diagnosis is the synopsis of several criteria. In the therapy are corticosteroids the remedy of choice. The judgment of the success of therapy is made difficult by a high number of cases with spontaneous healing and the intermittent course of sarcoidosis. While clinically relevant extra-thoracic manifestations always need a treatment, sarcoidosis in stage I and I-II, respectively, should receive corticosteroids only then, when the findings are progressive or when there is no tendency to regression during a period of observation of one year.", "contents": "[Sarcoidosis--the current attitude to diagnosis and therapy]. Main elements of the diagnostics of sarcoidosis are clinical picure, thorax-roentgen and histologic findings, tuberculin- and kveim-test as well as behaviour of the findings under corticotherapy. Important for the diagnosis is the synopsis of several criteria. In the therapy are corticosteroids the remedy of choice. The judgment of the success of therapy is made difficult by a high number of cases with spontaneous healing and the intermittent course of sarcoidosis. While clinically relevant extra-thoracic manifestations always need a treatment, sarcoidosis in stage I and I-II, respectively, should receive corticosteroids only then, when the findings are progressive or when there is no tendency to regression during a period of observation of one year.", "PMID": 550613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_361", "title": "[The effect of chronic renal insufficiency with and without dialysis therapy on the manganese content of various human organs].", "content": "On the basis of the organ values of nine decreased, formerly with Al (OH)3 treated patients with renal insufficiency without dialysis and 15 patients with dialysis their Mn-state was investigated in comparison to 60 control persons comparable as to age and sex. The dialysis patients for a considerable part died of the so-called dialysis encephalopathy three to five years after the beginning of the Al-treatment. In all investigated nine organs with the exception of the blood of the dialysed patients (liver, hair of the head, myocardium, brain, rib, lung and testicle) the Mn-content was, in comparison to the control persons, essentially, partly highly significantly reduced. These findings were discussed in various kinds of animals in connection with the skeletal and nervous disturbances conditioned by the Mn-deficiency. It may not be excluded that the Al-hydroxyde used for the phosphate binding protects also another essential trace elements and particularly Mn from resporption and has an antagonistic influence on the Mn-metabolism, respectively. Animal experiments must clarify the complex mentioned.", "contents": "[The effect of chronic renal insufficiency with and without dialysis therapy on the manganese content of various human organs]. On the basis of the organ values of nine decreased, formerly with Al (OH)3 treated patients with renal insufficiency without dialysis and 15 patients with dialysis their Mn-state was investigated in comparison to 60 control persons comparable as to age and sex. The dialysis patients for a considerable part died of the so-called dialysis encephalopathy three to five years after the beginning of the Al-treatment. In all investigated nine organs with the exception of the blood of the dialysed patients (liver, hair of the head, myocardium, brain, rib, lung and testicle) the Mn-content was, in comparison to the control persons, essentially, partly highly significantly reduced. These findings were discussed in various kinds of animals in connection with the skeletal and nervous disturbances conditioned by the Mn-deficiency. It may not be excluded that the Al-hydroxyde used for the phosphate binding protects also another essential trace elements and particularly Mn from resporption and has an antagonistic influence on the Mn-metabolism, respectively. Animal experiments must clarify the complex mentioned.", "PMID": 550617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_362", "title": "[Importance of skin contamination in blood culture readings].", "content": "The importance of the skin contamination for the results of blood cultures was emphasized by model examinations. In the method of blood taking without previous desinfection of the skin the quota of positive blood cultures increased by the twofold to threefold per culture and test person (5.7 to 18.8% and 11.3 to 26.3%, respectively). In large-volume blood takings the contamination rate becomes smaller with increasing blood volume. The rejecting of a first blood sample is to be recommended, when the possibility is given. With an increased quantity o blood per taking by blood bactericidia a decreased contamination rate is to be expected. By the results of the examinations the necessity of a consequent desinfection of the skin is to be emphasized, also when closed systems of blood cultures are used.", "contents": "[Importance of skin contamination in blood culture readings]. The importance of the skin contamination for the results of blood cultures was emphasized by model examinations. In the method of blood taking without previous desinfection of the skin the quota of positive blood cultures increased by the twofold to threefold per culture and test person (5.7 to 18.8% and 11.3 to 26.3%, respectively). In large-volume blood takings the contamination rate becomes smaller with increasing blood volume. The rejecting of a first blood sample is to be recommended, when the possibility is given. With an increased quantity o blood per taking by blood bactericidia a decreased contamination rate is to be expected. By the results of the examinations the necessity of a consequent desinfection of the skin is to be emphasized, also when closed systems of blood cultures are used.", "PMID": 550618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_363", "title": "[Cardiopulmonary function after segmental resection of the lung].", "content": "By the combination of radiocardiography, ergooxytensiometry and heart probing on 22 lobectomized, cone- and segment-resected patients, respectively could be established in comparison to control groups that also after parenchyma-saving lung resection a pulmonary load parenchyma-saving lung resection a pulmonary load hypertension develops in 15 patients. The sequel of this increase of pressure and resistance in the pulmonary circulation is a functional insufficiency of the heart in 11 cases which is to objectify by reduction of the stroke volume, increase of the end-diastolic and end-systolic volume and by reduction of the contractility of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Cardiopulmonary function after segmental resection of the lung]. By the combination of radiocardiography, ergooxytensiometry and heart probing on 22 lobectomized, cone- and segment-resected patients, respectively could be established in comparison to control groups that also after parenchyma-saving lung resection a pulmonary load parenchyma-saving lung resection a pulmonary load hypertension develops in 15 patients. The sequel of this increase of pressure and resistance in the pulmonary circulation is a functional insufficiency of the heart in 11 cases which is to objectify by reduction of the stroke volume, increase of the end-diastolic and end-systolic volume and by reduction of the contractility of the myocardium.", "PMID": 550619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_364", "title": "[House-dust allergy in bronchial asthma].", "content": "1. House dust allergy and house dust mite allergy are with 18.4 and 14.1% the most frequent causes of the atopic asthma also under our conditions. 2. In about 60% the house dust allergy is conditioned by a sensitization by constituents of mites (excretions). 3. The responsible antibodies may be established by means of the radio-allergo-sorbent-test. In about 50% results were found corresponding with the intracutaneous test. 4. In the restricted possibilities of the allergen carency the hyposensitization plays an important role. In critical choice of the patients in 50-60% a clinical improvement is to be achieved.", "contents": "[House-dust allergy in bronchial asthma]. 1. House dust allergy and house dust mite allergy are with 18.4 and 14.1% the most frequent causes of the atopic asthma also under our conditions. 2. In about 60% the house dust allergy is conditioned by a sensitization by constituents of mites (excretions). 3. The responsible antibodies may be established by means of the radio-allergo-sorbent-test. In about 50% results were found corresponding with the intracutaneous test. 4. In the restricted possibilities of the allergen carency the hyposensitization plays an important role. In critical choice of the patients in 50-60% a clinical improvement is to be achieved.", "PMID": 550620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_365", "title": "[Reaction performance, motor coordination performance and findings in hypertensive patients under diisopropylamine and reserpine therapy].", "content": "In 64 male hypertonics the reaction and coordination functions and the condition were standardized and compared before and after a four weeks ambulatory treatment with diisopropylamine (3 times 200 mg a day) and reserpine (3 times 0.25 mg a day). The two medicaments achieved good blood pressure reducing effects. Since in reserpine the therapeutic effect later appeared, fatigue and need for sleep were more frequent and continuous, in older patients still after a treatment of four weeks right and temporary reactions decreased, wrong reaction increased and the aim accelerated, is concluded that here in particular in the behaviour of older people more frequently a longer lasting disturbance is probable.", "contents": "[Reaction performance, motor coordination performance and findings in hypertensive patients under diisopropylamine and reserpine therapy]. In 64 male hypertonics the reaction and coordination functions and the condition were standardized and compared before and after a four weeks ambulatory treatment with diisopropylamine (3 times 200 mg a day) and reserpine (3 times 0.25 mg a day). The two medicaments achieved good blood pressure reducing effects. Since in reserpine the therapeutic effect later appeared, fatigue and need for sleep were more frequent and continuous, in older patients still after a treatment of four weeks right and temporary reactions decreased, wrong reaction increased and the aim accelerated, is concluded that here in particular in the behaviour of older people more frequently a longer lasting disturbance is probable.", "PMID": 550621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_366", "title": "[Drug follow-up therapy after resection of hyperthyroid struma].", "content": "By means of a hormone prophylaxis the number of recidivations after the operation of a hyperthyreotic struma could be decreased from 40% to 11%. Recidivations appeared exclusively in doses of equivalency below 50 microgram triiodine thyronine/die. Their number was four times larger, when the hormone prophylaxis was begun only weeks to months after operation. The tendency to neglect the prophylaxis which becomes clearer with the time renders a strong leading by the physician necessary.", "contents": "[Drug follow-up therapy after resection of hyperthyroid struma]. By means of a hormone prophylaxis the number of recidivations after the operation of a hyperthyreotic struma could be decreased from 40% to 11%. Recidivations appeared exclusively in doses of equivalency below 50 microgram triiodine thyronine/die. Their number was four times larger, when the hormone prophylaxis was begun only weeks to months after operation. The tendency to neglect the prophylaxis which becomes clearer with the time renders a strong leading by the physician necessary.", "PMID": 550622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_367", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of stomach cancer].", "content": "In a random test of 95 patients with carcinoma of the stomach who were gastroscopised during 1974 to 1977 a sex distribution of 2:1 for men to women was found. The male patients had more frequently an adenocarcinoma, the female patients more frequently a solid carcinoma. The patients with carcinoma of the stomach had more frequently a chronic atrophic gastritis than a control group of patients with functional gastropathy. The precanceroses, such as the atypical intestinal metaplasia were found only among the carriers of carcinomas, but in no case in the control group. The curative operability was given in the antrum carcinomas in 72%, in the corpus carcinomas only in 30% of the cases. Despite a higher age average the operability of women was more favourable than that of men in a not different distribution of the carcinomas to corpus and antrum. The necessary early recognition of the carcinomas for the improvement of the results of therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of stomach cancer]. In a random test of 95 patients with carcinoma of the stomach who were gastroscopised during 1974 to 1977 a sex distribution of 2:1 for men to women was found. The male patients had more frequently an adenocarcinoma, the female patients more frequently a solid carcinoma. The patients with carcinoma of the stomach had more frequently a chronic atrophic gastritis than a control group of patients with functional gastropathy. The precanceroses, such as the atypical intestinal metaplasia were found only among the carriers of carcinomas, but in no case in the control group. The curative operability was given in the antrum carcinomas in 72%, in the corpus carcinomas only in 30% of the cases. Despite a higher age average the operability of women was more favourable than that of men in a not different distribution of the carcinomas to corpus and antrum. The necessary early recognition of the carcinomas for the improvement of the results of therapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 550623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_368", "title": "[The concept of a dynamic group psychotherapy for patients with psychosomatic diseases].", "content": "From a 15-year experience with group psychotherapy in psychosomatic patients a plan of such a treatment is presented. In several points it deviates from the model of an intended dynamic group psychotherapy after H\u00f6ck. These deviations are based on the peculiarities which differentiate psychosomatic patients and neurotics. In particular these are bodily symptoms of the disease, which show lower abilities for the recognition and verbalisation of emotional courses, and the experiences to be freed as a patient from certain struggles. With the help of several graphs is tried to represent the connection of three phases of treatment and their corresponding points.", "contents": "[The concept of a dynamic group psychotherapy for patients with psychosomatic diseases]. From a 15-year experience with group psychotherapy in psychosomatic patients a plan of such a treatment is presented. In several points it deviates from the model of an intended dynamic group psychotherapy after H\u00f6ck. These deviations are based on the peculiarities which differentiate psychosomatic patients and neurotics. In particular these are bodily symptoms of the disease, which show lower abilities for the recognition and verbalisation of emotional courses, and the experiences to be freed as a patient from certain struggles. With the help of several graphs is tried to represent the connection of three phases of treatment and their corresponding points.", "PMID": 550624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_369", "title": "[Diagnosis of an organic disease in an accentuated personality].", "content": "In a female patient with Dunbar-syndrome the cause of the complaints is not recognized during 18 years. Therefore, the symptomatology of the stenosis of the truncus coeliacus is briefly outlined. The patient reacts more and more neurotic on the misunderstanding of organically conditioned complaints, so that at last a consilium of experienced specialists makes the diagnosis \"functional intestinal disturbances, hypchondriac depressive syndrome in accentuated personality\". Therefore functional disturbances are to be diagnosed only then (also in the psychopathologic behaviour of the patients!), when an organic disease is excluded. The difficulty to justify such a demand is great.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of an organic disease in an accentuated personality]. In a female patient with Dunbar-syndrome the cause of the complaints is not recognized during 18 years. Therefore, the symptomatology of the stenosis of the truncus coeliacus is briefly outlined. The patient reacts more and more neurotic on the misunderstanding of organically conditioned complaints, so that at last a consilium of experienced specialists makes the diagnosis \"functional intestinal disturbances, hypchondriac depressive syndrome in accentuated personality\". Therefore functional disturbances are to be diagnosed only then (also in the psychopathologic behaviour of the patients!), when an organic disease is excluded. The difficulty to justify such a demand is great.", "PMID": 550625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_370", "title": "[Potential for operative correction in progressive facial hemiatrophy].", "content": "In the years 1976--1978 we have treated in our hospital 5 patients with progressive hemifacial atrophie (Romberg's disease). To overcome the deformity we used two operations procedures. In three cases the atrophic area was filled out with Plastigel and the asthetic result was good. The advantage of this method can be seen in the simplicity of the operation procedure. Problematical is the mobility of this region of the body and occasionally the absence of subcutaneous tissue to cover the implant. 2 patients with hemifacial atrophy have been treated by a buried de-epithelized neck flap. After 3 operations we obtained a good result.", "contents": "[Potential for operative correction in progressive facial hemiatrophy]. In the years 1976--1978 we have treated in our hospital 5 patients with progressive hemifacial atrophie (Romberg's disease). To overcome the deformity we used two operations procedures. In three cases the atrophic area was filled out with Plastigel and the asthetic result was good. The advantage of this method can be seen in the simplicity of the operation procedure. Problematical is the mobility of this region of the body and occasionally the absence of subcutaneous tissue to cover the implant. 2 patients with hemifacial atrophy have been treated by a buried de-epithelized neck flap. After 3 operations we obtained a good result.", "PMID": 550626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_371", "title": "[Functional outcome after reimplantations in the hand and finger region].", "content": "Successful replantation of total amputated parts of the hand having been performed during a period of five years were investigated as a homogenous group. Long-term function of replanted parts was evaluated by objective criteria, as signs of use, trophique, vascularisation, mobility, sensibility and the integration of replants into general function of the hand, and on the other side by subjective criteria as usefulness in professional and private life, retrospective personal attitude to replantation and subjective complaints.", "contents": "[Functional outcome after reimplantations in the hand and finger region]. Successful replantation of total amputated parts of the hand having been performed during a period of five years were investigated as a homogenous group. Long-term function of replanted parts was evaluated by objective criteria, as signs of use, trophique, vascularisation, mobility, sensibility and the integration of replants into general function of the hand, and on the other side by subjective criteria as usefulness in professional and private life, retrospective personal attitude to replantation and subjective complaints.", "PMID": 550627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_372", "title": "[Late results after 86 thumb reimplantations].", "content": "The late results of replantation of thumbs have shown that with the microsurgery we could receive better results than with secondary reconstruction of a thumb.", "contents": "[Late results after 86 thumb reimplantations]. The late results of replantation of thumbs have shown that with the microsurgery we could receive better results than with secondary reconstruction of a thumb.", "PMID": 550628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_373", "title": "[Failure and complications of saddle-joint arthroplasty].", "content": "Two different or general types of arthroplasty for treatment of the saddle-joint-arthrosis are usual: particular bone-resection (base of first metacarpal or part of the trapezium) or complete resection of the trapezium, both combined with an interposition. The last one is essentially used in carpometacarpal arthroplasty. Two main groups are known: tendon-interposition and silastic prostheses. Most authors describe the dislocation of the first metacarpal, followed by pain and instability, in 20% of all cases. Neglecting of the ligament conditions seems to be the mainfault. In nearly all cases the ligaments can be found destroyed or elongated. Functional reconstruction is difficult or impossible, therefore a tendon-plasty should be done to restore the function of the ligaments. Some other mistakes and complications are reported. Planning a saddle-joint-arthroplasty they should be known as the best protection against bad results.", "contents": "[Failure and complications of saddle-joint arthroplasty]. Two different or general types of arthroplasty for treatment of the saddle-joint-arthrosis are usual: particular bone-resection (base of first metacarpal or part of the trapezium) or complete resection of the trapezium, both combined with an interposition. The last one is essentially used in carpometacarpal arthroplasty. Two main groups are known: tendon-interposition and silastic prostheses. Most authors describe the dislocation of the first metacarpal, followed by pain and instability, in 20% of all cases. Neglecting of the ligament conditions seems to be the mainfault. In nearly all cases the ligaments can be found destroyed or elongated. Functional reconstruction is difficult or impossible, therefore a tendon-plasty should be done to restore the function of the ligaments. Some other mistakes and complications are reported. Planning a saddle-joint-arthroplasty they should be known as the best protection against bad results.", "PMID": 550629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_374", "title": "[Pathologic phalangeal fracture in bone tuberculosis].", "content": "We amputated the ringfinger of a 75 years old patient under the diagnosis of a pathologic fracture of the proximal phalanx, based on the case-history and the X-ray-picture. Even knowing the X-ray-findings of the lung only the microscopic evidence confirmed the tuberculosis as the cause of the osteolysis.", "contents": "[Pathologic phalangeal fracture in bone tuberculosis]. We amputated the ringfinger of a 75 years old patient under the diagnosis of a pathologic fracture of the proximal phalanx, based on the case-history and the X-ray-picture. Even knowing the X-ray-findings of the lung only the microscopic evidence confirmed the tuberculosis as the cause of the osteolysis.", "PMID": 550630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_375", "title": "[The enlarged butterfly-flap operation].", "content": "On regard to the butterfly flap plasty of SHAW 1973, we developed a modified technique by enlarging this method. This method will deepen the interdigital fold without transplantation of skin. We have operated between 1976--1979 twenty two patients by this method with a rather good functional and aesthetic result.", "contents": "[The enlarged butterfly-flap operation]. On regard to the butterfly flap plasty of SHAW 1973, we developed a modified technique by enlarging this method. This method will deepen the interdigital fold without transplantation of skin. We have operated between 1976--1979 twenty two patients by this method with a rather good functional and aesthetic result.", "PMID": 550631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_376", "title": "[Some aspects of early education of handicapped children in Switzerland].", "content": "Early education for young handicapped children is an aid both for the children and their parents. It has been propagated for centuries, and due to a serious research-programme it has also been developed and institutionalized in Switzerland during the last twelve years. The whole of Switzerland is included in this programme. The results of the investigation presented hereby are as follows: 65% of the children are reached after their third year of age only, and only 80% are referred by doctors. Of the 1.2% severely handicapped the 4- to 6-year-old children are well represented, the 0- to 3-year-old children as well as the 2.8% slightly handicapped 0- to 6-)ear-old children are badly represented. Combined methods are proposed for improving the early detection of the Mentally Handicapped. The fact that early education for young Mentally Handicapped is necessary and important has been proved by thorough scientific research. The aim and method of early education for young mentally handicapped children (diagnosis, education, councellinf for parents) are sketchily represented. The principal aim is: improvement of the parental competence concerning the education of mentally handicapped children.", "contents": "[Some aspects of early education of handicapped children in Switzerland]. Early education for young handicapped children is an aid both for the children and their parents. It has been propagated for centuries, and due to a serious research-programme it has also been developed and institutionalized in Switzerland during the last twelve years. The whole of Switzerland is included in this programme. The results of the investigation presented hereby are as follows: 65% of the children are reached after their third year of age only, and only 80% are referred by doctors. Of the 1.2% severely handicapped the 4- to 6-year-old children are well represented, the 0- to 3-year-old children as well as the 2.8% slightly handicapped 0- to 6-)ear-old children are badly represented. Combined methods are proposed for improving the early detection of the Mentally Handicapped. The fact that early education for young Mentally Handicapped is necessary and important has been proved by thorough scientific research. The aim and method of early education for young mentally handicapped children (diagnosis, education, councellinf for parents) are sketchily represented. The principal aim is: improvement of the parental competence concerning the education of mentally handicapped children.", "PMID": 550632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_377", "title": "[Schooling of mentally handicapped children].", "content": "It is difficult to describe a living thing in such a way that it doesn't lose its life by the very description. The author tries to accomplish this by means of an unsystematic report of a case: Some fundamentals to the life in the special school for mentally handicapped in Biel are presented. Every human being is unique and can only be understood in his totality. His Ego is intact and can be addressed in every case. Therefore, categories appear as conventions rather than facts. They indicate the general rather than the unique and therefore, they are of secondary importance. Children in special schools have difficulties to adapt to the school. Therefore, their school has to adapt itself to them with much awareness and imagination. Language has a great potential to stimulate development; it plays an important part in the school. The teaching must be elementary and concrete, it must touch \"head, heart, and hand\" (Pestalozzi). The special school as a living space has to be rich and stimulating with respect to building, environment, and practical activities, because one has to bring the world to the child when his ability to reach the world is impaired. The situation for all children improves when the adults make efforts to develop forms of living together worthy of human beings. Too rigid rules paralyze the natural forces governing human interaction and make them useless.", "contents": "[Schooling of mentally handicapped children]. It is difficult to describe a living thing in such a way that it doesn't lose its life by the very description. The author tries to accomplish this by means of an unsystematic report of a case: Some fundamentals to the life in the special school for mentally handicapped in Biel are presented. Every human being is unique and can only be understood in his totality. His Ego is intact and can be addressed in every case. Therefore, categories appear as conventions rather than facts. They indicate the general rather than the unique and therefore, they are of secondary importance. Children in special schools have difficulties to adapt to the school. Therefore, their school has to adapt itself to them with much awareness and imagination. Language has a great potential to stimulate development; it plays an important part in the school. The teaching must be elementary and concrete, it must touch \"head, heart, and hand\" (Pestalozzi). The special school as a living space has to be rich and stimulating with respect to building, environment, and practical activities, because one has to bring the world to the child when his ability to reach the world is impaired. The situation for all children improves when the adults make efforts to develop forms of living together worthy of human beings. Too rigid rules paralyze the natural forces governing human interaction and make them useless.", "PMID": 550633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_378", "title": "[Timing in the treatment of multiple injuries].", "content": "Combined injuries occur in a great number. More than half of the deaths in accidents are caused by combined injuries. In more than 70 per cent of these, brain injury is the decisive lethal factor. Shock, respiratory disturbances, signs of fat embolism, coagulation disturbances have to be assessed first. The primary shock therapy begins with the filling up of the volume by colloid solutions. If internal bleedings are the cause of the shock, they must be treated first. Respiratory insufficiencies are mainly due to thorax injuries. Although systematic treatment cannot remove the fact of a fat embolism, it can keep its pathophysiological consequences within certain limits. Among the coagulation disturbances, special attention should be paid to the consumption coagulopathy. As regards the brain, attention should be paid to the increase in intracranial pressure as well as to increase in body temperature, decrease in oxygen saturation, and the like, the combination of which often has a deleterious effect. In the timing, the shock therapy is followed by an orientating examination (including state of consciousness, possible internal haemorrhages, bone fractures, etc.), provisional immobilisation, pain relieving and, when required, sedation. Intracranial complications must be looked for in all their phases. Osteosynthesis is not carried out as part of the primary treatment but usually only one week later. Open brain injuries have no priority but intracranial haematomas have an absolute priority. Surgical treatment of liquor fistulas should only be carried out in the acute phase when extensive impression fractures are present at the same time.", "contents": "[Timing in the treatment of multiple injuries]. Combined injuries occur in a great number. More than half of the deaths in accidents are caused by combined injuries. In more than 70 per cent of these, brain injury is the decisive lethal factor. Shock, respiratory disturbances, signs of fat embolism, coagulation disturbances have to be assessed first. The primary shock therapy begins with the filling up of the volume by colloid solutions. If internal bleedings are the cause of the shock, they must be treated first. Respiratory insufficiencies are mainly due to thorax injuries. Although systematic treatment cannot remove the fact of a fat embolism, it can keep its pathophysiological consequences within certain limits. Among the coagulation disturbances, special attention should be paid to the consumption coagulopathy. As regards the brain, attention should be paid to the increase in intracranial pressure as well as to increase in body temperature, decrease in oxygen saturation, and the like, the combination of which often has a deleterious effect. In the timing, the shock therapy is followed by an orientating examination (including state of consciousness, possible internal haemorrhages, bone fractures, etc.), provisional immobilisation, pain relieving and, when required, sedation. Intracranial complications must be looked for in all their phases. Osteosynthesis is not carried out as part of the primary treatment but usually only one week later. Open brain injuries have no priority but intracranial haematomas have an absolute priority. Surgical treatment of liquor fistulas should only be carried out in the acute phase when extensive impression fractures are present at the same time.", "PMID": 550645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_379", "title": "[Radionuclide angiography in the functional assessment of surgical extra- and intracranial vascular anastomoses].", "content": "Extra-intercranial arterial vascular anastomosing is a surgical form of treatment in selected patients with ischemic cerebral diseases. For the demarkation of the indication for an operation and for the objectification of the functional results cerebrovascular radionuclide angiography was carried out in seven patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency before and after the bypass operation. The non-invasive method only requires an intravenous bolar radionuclide application. It permits a well reproducible appraisal of the regional cerebral blood flow. The best functional results of the shunt operation were observed in the radionuclide angiogram of patients with pronounced focal perfusion reductions. Functionally unsatisfactory results were obtained with low-degree diffuse perfusion reductions of one hemisphere. The results permit to derive criteria for the surgical indication.", "contents": "[Radionuclide angiography in the functional assessment of surgical extra- and intracranial vascular anastomoses]. Extra-intercranial arterial vascular anastomosing is a surgical form of treatment in selected patients with ischemic cerebral diseases. For the demarkation of the indication for an operation and for the objectification of the functional results cerebrovascular radionuclide angiography was carried out in seven patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency before and after the bypass operation. The non-invasive method only requires an intravenous bolar radionuclide application. It permits a well reproducible appraisal of the regional cerebral blood flow. The best functional results of the shunt operation were observed in the radionuclide angiogram of patients with pronounced focal perfusion reductions. Functionally unsatisfactory results were obtained with low-degree diffuse perfusion reductions of one hemisphere. The results permit to derive criteria for the surgical indication.", "PMID": 550646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_380", "title": "[Microsurgical extirpation of extra-pial angiomas of the pons].", "content": "Some arteriovenous malformations that are apparently located in the pons are in reality located on its surface. Thus, their extrapial dissection is possible. This is carried out under the surgical microscope and by means of the microtechnique. To nine available descriptions, the results obtained in four of our own patients are added: Three angiomas were in an extrapial antero-lateral position, one angioma reaching into the cerebellar hemisphere and causing a cerebellar haematoma. The fourth angioma was in the Brachium pontis and reached to the Flocculus and Loculus quadrangularis inferior. The patients (2 females, 2 males) were subjected to a subtemporal-transtentorial operation, the brachium-pontis angioma was operated on occipitally. Complete restoration was reached after the operation and the former activites were taken up again. The diagnosis was based on series angiography and computer tomography. The afferent vessels stemmed from one or several cerebellar vessels. The removal of the angioma requires the most subtile preparation.", "contents": "[Microsurgical extirpation of extra-pial angiomas of the pons]. Some arteriovenous malformations that are apparently located in the pons are in reality located on its surface. Thus, their extrapial dissection is possible. This is carried out under the surgical microscope and by means of the microtechnique. To nine available descriptions, the results obtained in four of our own patients are added: Three angiomas were in an extrapial antero-lateral position, one angioma reaching into the cerebellar hemisphere and causing a cerebellar haematoma. The fourth angioma was in the Brachium pontis and reached to the Flocculus and Loculus quadrangularis inferior. The patients (2 females, 2 males) were subjected to a subtemporal-transtentorial operation, the brachium-pontis angioma was operated on occipitally. Complete restoration was reached after the operation and the former activites were taken up again. The diagnosis was based on series angiography and computer tomography. The afferent vessels stemmed from one or several cerebellar vessels. The removal of the angioma requires the most subtile preparation.", "PMID": 550647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_381", "title": "[Mucocele of the orbit].", "content": "3 patients with orbital mucocele are presented. In 2 cases antecedent factors were fractures through the frontal paranasal sinuses and in 1 case a carcinoma of the posterior ethmoid cells. Roentgenographic examination consisted in plain radiography and radiotomography of the skull as well as isotope scanning of the brain and skull. In one case computed axial tomography was used. In the detection of perforating lesions of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, computed axial tomography gave better results than radiotomography. Marginal sclerosis, described as typical radiographic sign of a frontal sinus mucocele by others, was seen only in 1 case.", "contents": "[Mucocele of the orbit]. 3 patients with orbital mucocele are presented. In 2 cases antecedent factors were fractures through the frontal paranasal sinuses and in 1 case a carcinoma of the posterior ethmoid cells. Roentgenographic examination consisted in plain radiography and radiotomography of the skull as well as isotope scanning of the brain and skull. In one case computed axial tomography was used. In the detection of perforating lesions of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, computed axial tomography gave better results than radiotomography. Marginal sclerosis, described as typical radiographic sign of a frontal sinus mucocele by others, was seen only in 1 case.", "PMID": 550648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_382", "title": "[Selective partial posterior radiculotomy in the therapy of spasticity].", "content": "Report on the immediate and late results obtained in the period from January 1973 to December 1976 in a series of 44 patients suffering from a spastic syndrome who were operated on by selective partial lumbar radiculotomy. The intervention which mainly consisted of a partial separation of the individual radiculae of the posterior lumbar and first sacral roots was followed by a distinct improvement of the clinical picture in 30 patients without observing aneurlogical, especially sensitive deficit or immediate or later complications. The indication for this intervention is established together with the other specialists concerned with the care and the rehabilitation of the patient. Only such patients are selected in whom the spasticity is not useful and who still can carry their body-weight. No operation is in particular carried out in the presence of considerable paresis of the extensors and in patients who have for a long time been able to walk and stand. Favourable results can be expected in para-tetraspasticity and in patients who, when standing with support, show equinism, hyperadduction or crossing of the legs, hyperextension and internal rotation.", "contents": "[Selective partial posterior radiculotomy in the therapy of spasticity]. Report on the immediate and late results obtained in the period from January 1973 to December 1976 in a series of 44 patients suffering from a spastic syndrome who were operated on by selective partial lumbar radiculotomy. The intervention which mainly consisted of a partial separation of the individual radiculae of the posterior lumbar and first sacral roots was followed by a distinct improvement of the clinical picture in 30 patients without observing aneurlogical, especially sensitive deficit or immediate or later complications. The indication for this intervention is established together with the other specialists concerned with the care and the rehabilitation of the patient. Only such patients are selected in whom the spasticity is not useful and who still can carry their body-weight. No operation is in particular carried out in the presence of considerable paresis of the extensors and in patients who have for a long time been able to walk and stand. Favourable results can be expected in para-tetraspasticity and in patients who, when standing with support, show equinism, hyperadduction or crossing of the legs, hyperextension and internal rotation.", "PMID": 550649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_383", "title": "[Pulsation echoencephalography--a bloodless method of measuring intracranial pressure].", "content": "By means of a special procedure an echo encephalograph can be modified in such a manner that changes in the amplitude of an echo peak can be detected and prepared for registration. In this iaay it is possible to single out the medium echo pulsations of the one-dimensional echo encephalography which have been known for a long time and prepare them for recording. In a number of zna persons without an indication of an increase in the intracranial pressure, medium echo pulkmon and ECG were simultaneously recorded. The quotient of the time T1 and R--T of the ECG was calculated 120 times and the respective mean value determined. The same measurements and calculations were then carried out for a total of 100 patients in whom clinical signs suggested an increase in the intracranial pressure (42 patients with extending processes in the supratentorial space, 16 patients with extending processes in the region of the posterior cranial fossa, 10 patients with hypophyseal adenomas, 10 patients with conditions after craniocerebral traumas, 5 patients with occlusions of the aqueductus, 7 patients with disturbances of the cerebrospinal fluid absorption and circulation and 10 patients with aneurysms). In all cases of clinically relevant signs of an increase in the intracranial presure the quotient of T1 and R--T was significantly higher than the calculated mean value. Variations of the pressure were rapidly detected. The results obtained were compared with those of other authors. Advantages and disadvantages of this method were discussed. The task was derived to compare the quotients found with the actual pressure values obtained by invasive methods in order to find out whether there are true correlations which might set the way for a non-bloody quantitative method.", "contents": "[Pulsation echoencephalography--a bloodless method of measuring intracranial pressure]. By means of a special procedure an echo encephalograph can be modified in such a manner that changes in the amplitude of an echo peak can be detected and prepared for registration. In this iaay it is possible to single out the medium echo pulsations of the one-dimensional echo encephalography which have been known for a long time and prepare them for recording. In a number of zna persons without an indication of an increase in the intracranial pressure, medium echo pulkmon and ECG were simultaneously recorded. The quotient of the time T1 and R--T of the ECG was calculated 120 times and the respective mean value determined. The same measurements and calculations were then carried out for a total of 100 patients in whom clinical signs suggested an increase in the intracranial pressure (42 patients with extending processes in the supratentorial space, 16 patients with extending processes in the region of the posterior cranial fossa, 10 patients with hypophyseal adenomas, 10 patients with conditions after craniocerebral traumas, 5 patients with occlusions of the aqueductus, 7 patients with disturbances of the cerebrospinal fluid absorption and circulation and 10 patients with aneurysms). In all cases of clinically relevant signs of an increase in the intracranial presure the quotient of T1 and R--T was significantly higher than the calculated mean value. Variations of the pressure were rapidly detected. The results obtained were compared with those of other authors. Advantages and disadvantages of this method were discussed. The task was derived to compare the quotients found with the actual pressure values obtained by invasive methods in order to find out whether there are true correlations which might set the way for a non-bloody quantitative method.", "PMID": 550650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_384", "title": "[Tasks and organization of the State Neurosurgical Scientific Institute, Budapest].", "content": "Structure and mode of operation of a neurosurgical central institute is demonstrated by the example of the Budapest clinic. In this clinic, which was founded by L. Zolt\u00e1n in 1954, there are 140 beds, 53 physicians, 167 nurses and medical-technical assistants as well as 136 other auxiliary and administrative personnel. There are three operating rooms in which all interventions of modern neurosurgery can be performed; the neuroradiological department uses all commonly used methods including computer tomography. There are separate wards for adults and children in both the intensive care and the normal wards. All principal consultants are members of the clinic; the operative work is done by 23 neurosurgeons. In recent years, quite a number of new operation techniques have been introduced into routine practice. Among these there are the transsphenoid interna anastomoses, the Janetta technique in trigeminus neuralgia, etc. Much value is attached to international contacts and all important international congresses are attended. Every year, one of two physicians stay at foreign special institutes over a prolonged period of time. In 1978 alone, the Budapest clinic was visited by 40 foreign scientists. Further information is acquired by the subscription to 53 home and foreign journals. The institute takes an active part in the postgraduate education of the Academy for Postgraduate Medical Education. In the field of research, six main directions are followed, where necessary in close co-operation with foreign establishments. In the last 25 years, 740 publications have been published. The Central Institute has an assisting and advisory function for the other neurosurgical establishments in Hungary.", "contents": "[Tasks and organization of the State Neurosurgical Scientific Institute, Budapest]. Structure and mode of operation of a neurosurgical central institute is demonstrated by the example of the Budapest clinic. In this clinic, which was founded by L. Zolt\u00e1n in 1954, there are 140 beds, 53 physicians, 167 nurses and medical-technical assistants as well as 136 other auxiliary and administrative personnel. There are three operating rooms in which all interventions of modern neurosurgery can be performed; the neuroradiological department uses all commonly used methods including computer tomography. There are separate wards for adults and children in both the intensive care and the normal wards. All principal consultants are members of the clinic; the operative work is done by 23 neurosurgeons. In recent years, quite a number of new operation techniques have been introduced into routine practice. Among these there are the transsphenoid interna anastomoses, the Janetta technique in trigeminus neuralgia, etc. Much value is attached to international contacts and all important international congresses are attended. Every year, one of two physicians stay at foreign special institutes over a prolonged period of time. In 1978 alone, the Budapest clinic was visited by 40 foreign scientists. Further information is acquired by the subscription to 53 home and foreign journals. The institute takes an active part in the postgraduate education of the Academy for Postgraduate Medical Education. In the field of research, six main directions are followed, where necessary in close co-operation with foreign establishments. In the last 25 years, 740 publications have been published. The Central Institute has an assisting and advisory function for the other neurosurgical establishments in Hungary.", "PMID": 550651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_385", "title": "[Operative therapy of malignant intracranial tumors by the CO2 laser. Initial results after vaporization of the tumors].", "content": "From the Clinic of Neurosurgery of the Kantonsspital Basle a report is given over a one year-experience with a CO2-Sharplan 791 Laser (Prod.: Laser Industrie Ltd., Israel). The excellent technical qualities, as described by other authors, have been confirmed. 11 patients with malignant glioma received all the same treatment (intratumoral partly resection and \"vaporisation\" of the tumor-bed with Laser-ray followed by radiotherapy with 6000 rad.). It showed that the post-operative course and the definite prognosis of the disease is not decisive different from the results of an operative treatment with conventional methods. Only 2 (18,1%) patients were in a satisfactory condition fourty weeks after operation and radiotherapy. 5 patients (45,4%) died in the first 10 months after operation and radiotherapy and 4 (36,3%) had a relapse 6 months after surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Operative therapy of malignant intracranial tumors by the CO2 laser. Initial results after vaporization of the tumors]. From the Clinic of Neurosurgery of the Kantonsspital Basle a report is given over a one year-experience with a CO2-Sharplan 791 Laser (Prod.: Laser Industrie Ltd., Israel). The excellent technical qualities, as described by other authors, have been confirmed. 11 patients with malignant glioma received all the same treatment (intratumoral partly resection and \"vaporisation\" of the tumor-bed with Laser-ray followed by radiotherapy with 6000 rad.). It showed that the post-operative course and the definite prognosis of the disease is not decisive different from the results of an operative treatment with conventional methods. Only 2 (18,1%) patients were in a satisfactory condition fourty weeks after operation and radiotherapy. 5 patients (45,4%) died in the first 10 months after operation and radiotherapy and 4 (36,3%) had a relapse 6 months after surgical intervention.", "PMID": 550652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_386", "title": "Electronic transmission between giant neurones identified in the CNS or Lymnaea stagnalis.", "content": "In the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis it was verified for two paired cells (A11--A11' and P1--A10) that the interneuronal connection is realized by electronic transmission. The evidences of electrical coupling: 1:1 synchronity of spontaneous activities; the delay of transmission is less than that in the case of a chemical synapse; any neurone can drive the firing of its own coupled pair; the transmission is bidirectional both for depolarization and hyperpolarization. The active and passive electrical constants of the electrical junctions were estimated. The coupling coefficients appeared to be relatively large. The coupling coefficient and the junctional resistance depend on the stimulating current to a high degree. The value of capacity of junction exceeds that of soma, or is equal to it, and is a function of the stimulating current, so the characteristics of the transmission are determined by a variable impedance, rather than by a simple ohmic resistance. The morphological properties of the junctions were examined with light microscope using intracellular CoCl2 staining. It is suggested that cell A11' may be derived from an anomalous duplication of cell A11. The morphological and functional differences between the two paired cells examined are reflected in the detailed properties of the junctions. These differences between the two paired cells examined are reflected in the detailed properties of the junctions. These differences may have a significance concerning the role of the paired cells in the neuronal network.", "contents": "Electronic transmission between giant neurones identified in the CNS or Lymnaea stagnalis. In the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis it was verified for two paired cells (A11--A11' and P1--A10) that the interneuronal connection is realized by electronic transmission. The evidences of electrical coupling: 1:1 synchronity of spontaneous activities; the delay of transmission is less than that in the case of a chemical synapse; any neurone can drive the firing of its own coupled pair; the transmission is bidirectional both for depolarization and hyperpolarization. The active and passive electrical constants of the electrical junctions were estimated. The coupling coefficients appeared to be relatively large. The coupling coefficient and the junctional resistance depend on the stimulating current to a high degree. The value of capacity of junction exceeds that of soma, or is equal to it, and is a function of the stimulating current, so the characteristics of the transmission are determined by a variable impedance, rather than by a simple ohmic resistance. The morphological properties of the junctions were examined with light microscope using intracellular CoCl2 staining. It is suggested that cell A11' may be derived from an anomalous duplication of cell A11. The morphological and functional differences between the two paired cells examined are reflected in the detailed properties of the junctions. These differences between the two paired cells examined are reflected in the detailed properties of the junctions. These differences may have a significance concerning the role of the paired cells in the neuronal network.", "PMID": 550653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_387", "title": "Fine structure of the pyloric region and hindgut of Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga) (Collembola).", "content": "The pyloric region in the alimentary tract of Tetrodontophora bielanensis consists of three parts, of which the first (P1) belongs to the midgut and the others (P2, P3) to the hindgut. Behind the pyloric region in the hindgut, sphincter (S), rectum (R1, R2) and rectal ampulla (AR) follow. Morphologically, the cells of part P1 differ in structure from the midgut epithelial cells described by Kazysztofowicz et al. [11], both by presence of microtubular bodies in an apical region and by the lack of the mitochondrial region. The cytoplasm of the cells of part P3 is filled with lysosome-like bodies with an unknown function. The authors suggest that they are connected with a secretion of the pheromons. The structure of rectum epithelial cells is typical of insects.", "contents": "Fine structure of the pyloric region and hindgut of Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga) (Collembola). The pyloric region in the alimentary tract of Tetrodontophora bielanensis consists of three parts, of which the first (P1) belongs to the midgut and the others (P2, P3) to the hindgut. Behind the pyloric region in the hindgut, sphincter (S), rectum (R1, R2) and rectal ampulla (AR) follow. Morphologically, the cells of part P1 differ in structure from the midgut epithelial cells described by Kazysztofowicz et al. [11], both by presence of microtubular bodies in an apical region and by the lack of the mitochondrial region. The cytoplasm of the cells of part P3 is filled with lysosome-like bodies with an unknown function. The authors suggest that they are connected with a secretion of the pheromons. The structure of rectum epithelial cells is typical of insects.", "PMID": 550654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_388", "title": "Correlation of sexual behaviour and ovarian processes in the paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis.", "content": "Changes in ovarian development were described during successive phases of reproductive behaviour defined from an ethological approach in paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis. We found this perannial breeder fish to show typical induced ovulation pattern and during the synchronization process each behavioural phase (or maintenance condition) can be characterized by a dominant cell type. Our preliminary results suggest, that M. opercularis is an excellant model animal for quantitative studies of the effects of behavioural and endocrine factors in reproductive synchronization.", "contents": "Correlation of sexual behaviour and ovarian processes in the paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis. Changes in ovarian development were described during successive phases of reproductive behaviour defined from an ethological approach in paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis. We found this perannial breeder fish to show typical induced ovulation pattern and during the synchronization process each behavioural phase (or maintenance condition) can be characterized by a dominant cell type. Our preliminary results suggest, that M. opercularis is an excellant model animal for quantitative studies of the effects of behavioural and endocrine factors in reproductive synchronization.", "PMID": 550655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_389", "title": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions VII. Ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Ultrastructural investigations were carried out parallel with biochemical measurements on the limb muscles of rabbits immobilized by putting in plaster. The cellular structure of normal and immobilized (1--6 weeks) m. soleus and m. gastrocnemius (red tonic and white tetanic, respectively) were compared. During immobilization significant changes occurred in the cellular structure of m. soleus, while little change was observed in the white fibres of m. gastrocnemius. The fibres of m. soleus decreased in diameter and fatty infiltration set in. The myofibrils decreased in amount and their structure was damaged and disorganized but did not disappear completely. Mitochondria showed little damage, like membraneous structures in general, in number. Loss of material seems to be by way of vesicles formed by the heavily invaginated plasma membrane and by the deflation of the numerous vesicles observed. The red fibres of m. gastrocnemius behaved like the fibres of m. soleus; in the white fibres some focal disorganization was observed near the Z line. The cystae of mitochondria and the SR appear to be dilated.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions VII. Ultrastructural observations. Ultrastructural investigations were carried out parallel with biochemical measurements on the limb muscles of rabbits immobilized by putting in plaster. The cellular structure of normal and immobilized (1--6 weeks) m. soleus and m. gastrocnemius (red tonic and white tetanic, respectively) were compared. During immobilization significant changes occurred in the cellular structure of m. soleus, while little change was observed in the white fibres of m. gastrocnemius. The fibres of m. soleus decreased in diameter and fatty infiltration set in. The myofibrils decreased in amount and their structure was damaged and disorganized but did not disappear completely. Mitochondria showed little damage, like membraneous structures in general, in number. Loss of material seems to be by way of vesicles formed by the heavily invaginated plasma membrane and by the deflation of the numerous vesicles observed. The red fibres of m. gastrocnemius behaved like the fibres of m. soleus; in the white fibres some focal disorganization was observed near the Z line. The cystae of mitochondria and the SR appear to be dilated.", "PMID": 550657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_390", "title": "Effect of cations on intestinal nutrient transport in two teleosts.", "content": "The uptake of sugar and amino acids was affected by the presence of cations in the filling solution in both the fishes, Ophiocephalus and Heteropneustes. Under low Na+ concentration, the rate of transport decreased while an increase in Na+ concentration brought about its corresponding increase in both the fishes. Li+ was able to substitute Na+ to some extent in the filling solution in the transport of xylose, glycine and leucine. The replacement of Na+ by Li+ was more successful in xylose transport, in contrast to the transport of glycine and leucine. On the other hand, K+ was not able to substitute Na+ in the transport process. K+ inhibited the transport of glycine but did not that of xylose and leucine.", "contents": "Effect of cations on intestinal nutrient transport in two teleosts. The uptake of sugar and amino acids was affected by the presence of cations in the filling solution in both the fishes, Ophiocephalus and Heteropneustes. Under low Na+ concentration, the rate of transport decreased while an increase in Na+ concentration brought about its corresponding increase in both the fishes. Li+ was able to substitute Na+ to some extent in the filling solution in the transport of xylose, glycine and leucine. The replacement of Na+ by Li+ was more successful in xylose transport, in contrast to the transport of glycine and leucine. On the other hand, K+ was not able to substitute Na+ in the transport process. K+ inhibited the transport of glycine but did not that of xylose and leucine.", "PMID": 550658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_391", "title": "Luminal chloroplast connections with endoplasmic reticulum-like cisterns and cell wall in Dryopteris filix-mas gametophytes.", "content": "In young gametophytes of the fern Dryopteris filix-mas the periplastid space of some chloroplasts was found to open directly into endoplasmic reticulum-like cisterns and into the cell wall. This phenomenon seemed to be dependent on illumination but not on the kind of the nutrient medium. Findings suggest that chloroplasts may produce and transport some constituents of the cell wall.", "contents": "Luminal chloroplast connections with endoplasmic reticulum-like cisterns and cell wall in Dryopteris filix-mas gametophytes. In young gametophytes of the fern Dryopteris filix-mas the periplastid space of some chloroplasts was found to open directly into endoplasmic reticulum-like cisterns and into the cell wall. This phenomenon seemed to be dependent on illumination but not on the kind of the nutrient medium. Findings suggest that chloroplasts may produce and transport some constituents of the cell wall.", "PMID": 550659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_392", "title": "Incorporation of labelled amino acids into the acoustic cortex of the cat.", "content": "Labelled amino acids, 14C-leucine, 3H-glycine, 14C-GABA, 14C-glutamic acid and 14C-aspartic acid were applied to the surface of the cat's auditory cortex in dried filter paper strips for 40 min. The distribution of the amino acids taken up by the cortex was examined by autoradiography.The right acoustic area was stimulated by 2 cps acoustic clicks, through an ear-phone. Leucine showed cellular localization which was considerably dispersed by cortical excitation. Glycine was concentrated in nerve cells, mainly in layers I-II, but excitation intensified and extended its incorporation. GABA was accumulated rather diffusely in layers I-II with scattered cellular labelling which was depressed by stimulation. Glutamic and aspartic acids did not show any characteristic distribution pattern. The authors emphasize that the incorporation of glycine seems to be a good indicator of neurons being in excitation. The localizations of GABA uptake shows close correlation with the site of its physiological action.", "contents": "Incorporation of labelled amino acids into the acoustic cortex of the cat. Labelled amino acids, 14C-leucine, 3H-glycine, 14C-GABA, 14C-glutamic acid and 14C-aspartic acid were applied to the surface of the cat's auditory cortex in dried filter paper strips for 40 min. The distribution of the amino acids taken up by the cortex was examined by autoradiography.The right acoustic area was stimulated by 2 cps acoustic clicks, through an ear-phone. Leucine showed cellular localization which was considerably dispersed by cortical excitation. Glycine was concentrated in nerve cells, mainly in layers I-II, but excitation intensified and extended its incorporation. GABA was accumulated rather diffusely in layers I-II with scattered cellular labelling which was depressed by stimulation. Glutamic and aspartic acids did not show any characteristic distribution pattern. The authors emphasize that the incorporation of glycine seems to be a good indicator of neurons being in excitation. The localizations of GABA uptake shows close correlation with the site of its physiological action.", "PMID": 550660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_393", "title": "Light and Electron microscopic autoradiography of 3H-dopamine uptake in the ganglia of the freshwater mussel, Anodonta cygnea L.", "content": "In the central nervous system of the freshwater mussel, Anodonta cygnea, uptake of 3H-dopamine has been investigated by light and electron microscopic autoradiography following in vitro incubation and topical application, respectively. The autoradiographic reaction observed over the ganglia can be taken as a morphological evidence of the existence of a specific uptake mechanism for dopamine. It has been found that labeled dopamine was taken up by the axon profiles and terminals, while perikarya remained free of activity, indicating a basic difference between the perkaryal and axonal membrane in respect of the 3H-dopamine uptake. According to the electron microscopic autoradiography, labeled terminals and axon profiles contained both normal and accentric dense-core vesicles and they proved to be similar to those seen after 3H-serotonin in vitro incubation. Therefore, it seems possible that certain Anodonta central neurons contain both dopamine and serotonin.", "contents": "Light and Electron microscopic autoradiography of 3H-dopamine uptake in the ganglia of the freshwater mussel, Anodonta cygnea L. In the central nervous system of the freshwater mussel, Anodonta cygnea, uptake of 3H-dopamine has been investigated by light and electron microscopic autoradiography following in vitro incubation and topical application, respectively. The autoradiographic reaction observed over the ganglia can be taken as a morphological evidence of the existence of a specific uptake mechanism for dopamine. It has been found that labeled dopamine was taken up by the axon profiles and terminals, while perikarya remained free of activity, indicating a basic difference between the perkaryal and axonal membrane in respect of the 3H-dopamine uptake. According to the electron microscopic autoradiography, labeled terminals and axon profiles contained both normal and accentric dense-core vesicles and they proved to be similar to those seen after 3H-serotonin in vitro incubation. Therefore, it seems possible that certain Anodonta central neurons contain both dopamine and serotonin.", "PMID": 550661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_394", "title": "Studies on cartilage formation XXL Activity of enzymes belonging to the pentose-phosphate cycle in the regenerating articular surface.", "content": "The distal articular surface of the femur was removed operatively in 36 dogs. In the regenerating chondrifying articular surface and in the granulation tissue adhering to the capsule glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were determined 7, 33 and 70 days after operation. In both tissues the activity of these enzymes characteristic of the pentose phosphate cycle ws the highest in the early postoperative stage. This initial increase in activity was followed by a marked reduction in the regenerating articular surface and by a moderate decrease in the tissue adhering to the capsule. For the loss in activity occurring in the chondrifying articular surface, the connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) are responsible. Cartilage precursors and young chondrocytes show a high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate activity. Presumably, in the given case of the functions of the pentose-phosphate cycle the NADPH generation and supply of building stones prevail. The activity of these enzymes ws determined in the articular cartilage and in the synovial membrane of the knee joint in further 18 dogs. The activity in the articular cartilage was very slight as compared to that in the synovial membrane.", "contents": "Studies on cartilage formation XXL Activity of enzymes belonging to the pentose-phosphate cycle in the regenerating articular surface. The distal articular surface of the femur was removed operatively in 36 dogs. In the regenerating chondrifying articular surface and in the granulation tissue adhering to the capsule glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were determined 7, 33 and 70 days after operation. In both tissues the activity of these enzymes characteristic of the pentose phosphate cycle ws the highest in the early postoperative stage. This initial increase in activity was followed by a marked reduction in the regenerating articular surface and by a moderate decrease in the tissue adhering to the capsule. For the loss in activity occurring in the chondrifying articular surface, the connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) are responsible. Cartilage precursors and young chondrocytes show a high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate activity. Presumably, in the given case of the functions of the pentose-phosphate cycle the NADPH generation and supply of building stones prevail. The activity of these enzymes ws determined in the articular cartilage and in the synovial membrane of the knee joint in further 18 dogs. The activity in the articular cartilage was very slight as compared to that in the synovial membrane.", "PMID": 550662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_395", "title": "Perichromatin granules in the liver nuclei after isolation of hnRNP (informofer) particles.", "content": "The influence of the extraction of hnRNP (informofer) particles on the ultrastructural appearance of the perichromatin granules was studied. The extraction of hnRNP particles was carried out by SAMARINA's procedure from the rat liver nuclear fraction. The extraction did not change the numbers and the general ultrastructural features of perichromatin granules. It is therefore unlikely that the perichromatin granules are the morphological representatives of storaged or transported hnRNA.", "contents": "Perichromatin granules in the liver nuclei after isolation of hnRNP (informofer) particles. The influence of the extraction of hnRNP (informofer) particles on the ultrastructural appearance of the perichromatin granules was studied. The extraction of hnRNP particles was carried out by SAMARINA's procedure from the rat liver nuclear fraction. The extraction did not change the numbers and the general ultrastructural features of perichromatin granules. It is therefore unlikely that the perichromatin granules are the morphological representatives of storaged or transported hnRNA.", "PMID": 550663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_396", "title": "Differences in uptake of labelled serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline by the CNS and other tissues in Anodontacygnea L., depending on the activity of the animal.", "content": "Among monoamines injected intracardially during activity, 3H-serotonin was taken up by the kidney, while 3H-dopamine and 3H-noradrenaline by the ganglia in the highest amount. The uptake of the labelled monoamines in the corresponding tissue was significantly lower during rest.", "contents": "Differences in uptake of labelled serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline by the CNS and other tissues in Anodontacygnea L., depending on the activity of the animal. Among monoamines injected intracardially during activity, 3H-serotonin was taken up by the kidney, while 3H-dopamine and 3H-noradrenaline by the ganglia in the highest amount. The uptake of the labelled monoamines in the corresponding tissue was significantly lower during rest.", "PMID": 550664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_397", "title": "Thymidine photoproducts of non-cyclobutane type as a crucial event in the conformation of UV-irradiated DNA.", "content": "The UV-light induced conformational effects in deoxyoligonucleotides and polynucleotides have been analyzed by CD measurements and isolation of the photoproducts. The results demonstrate that the essential photoproduct formed on irradiation of thymidylyl-thymidine at 254 nm is of non-cyclobutane type and may be correlated to the primary photoproduct formed in DNAs at low doses Formation of thymine dimers of cyclobutane-type structure appears to be a secondary product generated by treatment with formic acid.", "contents": "Thymidine photoproducts of non-cyclobutane type as a crucial event in the conformation of UV-irradiated DNA. The UV-light induced conformational effects in deoxyoligonucleotides and polynucleotides have been analyzed by CD measurements and isolation of the photoproducts. The results demonstrate that the essential photoproduct formed on irradiation of thymidylyl-thymidine at 254 nm is of non-cyclobutane type and may be correlated to the primary photoproduct formed in DNAs at low doses Formation of thymine dimers of cyclobutane-type structure appears to be a secondary product generated by treatment with formic acid.", "PMID": 550665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_398", "title": "The effect of environmental lighting on porphyrin hepatic metabolism in the rat.", "content": "It has been shown that light may stimulate hepatic porphyria in the rat. This is evidently due to a neuro-endocrine pathway involving retina, nerve pathways in the brain and including the sympathetic chain, the pineal gland and the gonads. This light effect in porphyria appears to be via a circadian rhythm in the liver.", "contents": "The effect of environmental lighting on porphyrin hepatic metabolism in the rat. It has been shown that light may stimulate hepatic porphyria in the rat. This is evidently due to a neuro-endocrine pathway involving retina, nerve pathways in the brain and including the sympathetic chain, the pineal gland and the gonads. This light effect in porphyria appears to be via a circadian rhythm in the liver.", "PMID": 550667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_399", "title": "[Pharmacological modification of evoked caudate nucleus potentials].", "content": "To stimulation of the Substantia nigra the nucleus caudatoputamen of the rat responds with the release of a short-latent sum action potential that may serve to characterize the interaction between the two nuclear areas. The partly conflicting results reported in the literature about drug effects on this potential prompted us to examine the effectiveness of dopaminergic and cholinergic substances or their antagonists following systematic administration. Chloropromazine increases the amplitude of the potential, while apomorphine has a distinct antagonistic effect. Interesting appear to be the analogical effects of Tricuran, arecoline and apomorphine, and the furtherance of the chloropromazine effect by arecoline.", "contents": "[Pharmacological modification of evoked caudate nucleus potentials]. To stimulation of the Substantia nigra the nucleus caudatoputamen of the rat responds with the release of a short-latent sum action potential that may serve to characterize the interaction between the two nuclear areas. The partly conflicting results reported in the literature about drug effects on this potential prompted us to examine the effectiveness of dopaminergic and cholinergic substances or their antagonists following systematic administration. Chloropromazine increases the amplitude of the potential, while apomorphine has a distinct antagonistic effect. Interesting appear to be the analogical effects of Tricuran, arecoline and apomorphine, and the furtherance of the chloropromazine effect by arecoline.", "PMID": 550668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_400", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of lithium in rats of various ages].", "content": "The kinetics of lithium in serum was determined in rats aged 5 to 240 days, after 2 days of pretreatment with 0.15 mval Li+/100 g and a load of 0.3 mval Li+/100 g body weight at the day of experiments. In rats age differences in distribution and elimination of lithium can be described by a two-compartment model. The kinetic parameters were calculated (half-life(serum), apparent volume of distribution, rate constants of distribution and elimination, total plasma clearance) and, additionally, age differences in renal elimination were determined (renal clearance, half-life (urine)). The ability to excrete lithium is not fully developed in 5-day-old rats: t1/2serum (23 h) and especially t1/2urine  (72 h) are much longer than in adult rats (t1/2serum = 12 h; t1/2urine = 6.4 h). The influence of administered lithium on the regulation of the electrolyte balance in the organism (sodium, potassium) occurred differently in dependence on age. Consequences of the investigations are discussed for the therapy with lithium in different age periods.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of lithium in rats of various ages]. The kinetics of lithium in serum was determined in rats aged 5 to 240 days, after 2 days of pretreatment with 0.15 mval Li+/100 g and a load of 0.3 mval Li+/100 g body weight at the day of experiments. In rats age differences in distribution and elimination of lithium can be described by a two-compartment model. The kinetic parameters were calculated (half-life(serum), apparent volume of distribution, rate constants of distribution and elimination, total plasma clearance) and, additionally, age differences in renal elimination were determined (renal clearance, half-life (urine)). The ability to excrete lithium is not fully developed in 5-day-old rats: t1/2serum (23 h) and especially t1/2urine  (72 h) are much longer than in adult rats (t1/2serum = 12 h; t1/2urine = 6.4 h). The influence of administered lithium on the regulation of the electrolyte balance in the organism (sodium, potassium) occurred differently in dependence on age. Consequences of the investigations are discussed for the therapy with lithium in different age periods.", "PMID": 550669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_401", "title": "Chemical modification studies on the D-galactopyranosyl binding lectin from the mistletoe Viscum album L.", "content": "The role of amino, sulfhydryl, disulfide, carboxyl, phenolic, imidazole and indole groups on the agglutination of human erythrocytes by the lectin from Viscum album has been determined using specific chemical modification techniques. The results indicate that tyrosine residues participate in the hemagglutination reaction. Subunits of the lectin possess only reduced hemagglutinating ability.", "contents": "Chemical modification studies on the D-galactopyranosyl binding lectin from the mistletoe Viscum album L. The role of amino, sulfhydryl, disulfide, carboxyl, phenolic, imidazole and indole groups on the agglutination of human erythrocytes by the lectin from Viscum album has been determined using specific chemical modification techniques. The results indicate that tyrosine residues participate in the hemagglutination reaction. Subunits of the lectin possess only reduced hemagglutinating ability.", "PMID": 550670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_402", "title": "Physiological effects of endogenous CCK on distal colon motility.", "content": "Distal colon motility was investigated in 14 normal subjects, before and after a cholecystokinetic test meal. Increases (4 cases) decreases (5 cases), and no changes (5 cases) of distal colon motility, were registered. Our results strongly suggest that the autonomic nervous system status interferes with the physiological action of CCK.", "contents": "Physiological effects of endogenous CCK on distal colon motility. Distal colon motility was investigated in 14 normal subjects, before and after a cholecystokinetic test meal. Increases (4 cases) decreases (5 cases), and no changes (5 cases) of distal colon motility, were registered. Our results strongly suggest that the autonomic nervous system status interferes with the physiological action of CCK.", "PMID": 550674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_403", "title": "[Primary gastric plasmacytoma. Presentation of a case].", "content": "A case of primary gastric plasmacytome is presented. The difficulties of the endoscopic diagnosis, including the citology and the biopsy, are emphasised.", "contents": "[Primary gastric plasmacytoma. Presentation of a case]. A case of primary gastric plasmacytome is presented. The difficulties of the endoscopic diagnosis, including the citology and the biopsy, are emphasised.", "PMID": 550676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_404", "title": "Red cell 2,3-DPG levels in diabetic vasculopathy.", "content": "RBC 2,3-DPG resulted statistically increased versus normal subjects in 22 insulin-dependent diabetics affected by arterial vasculopathy and in 19 vasculopathic non-diabetic patients. RBC 2,3-DPG, on the other hand, did not differ from the normal mean in 16 insulin-dependent diabetics without vascular involvement. The increase of RBC 2,3-DPG represents principally a consequence of the vasculopathy.", "contents": "Red cell 2,3-DPG levels in diabetic vasculopathy. RBC 2,3-DPG resulted statistically increased versus normal subjects in 22 insulin-dependent diabetics affected by arterial vasculopathy and in 19 vasculopathic non-diabetic patients. RBC 2,3-DPG, on the other hand, did not differ from the normal mean in 16 insulin-dependent diabetics without vascular involvement. The increase of RBC 2,3-DPG represents principally a consequence of the vasculopathy.", "PMID": 550673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_405", "title": "Effect of oleic acid on arginine-induced glucagon secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The isolated perfused rat pancreas was used to investigate the effect of oleic acid on glucagon secretion in response to 10 mmol/l arginine. In the absence of oleic acid and at 2.5 mmol/l calcium, arginine induced a biphasic glucagon secretion. At lower extracellular calcium concentration (1.0 mmol/l), the second phase of glucagon release was reduced, the first phase being unchanged. In the presence of 1,500 mumol/l oleic acid, the glucagon response to arginine was also biphasic, but second phase release was markedly inhibited, the first phase glucagon release being unchanged. Such an effect was not obtained when oleic acid concentration in the medium was 750 mumol/l. These results demonstrate that high concentrations of oleic acid inhibit glucagon secretion in response to arginine from the isolated perfused rat pancreas and support the concept that circulating free fatty acid levels are involved in the control of glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Effect of oleic acid on arginine-induced glucagon secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The isolated perfused rat pancreas was used to investigate the effect of oleic acid on glucagon secretion in response to 10 mmol/l arginine. In the absence of oleic acid and at 2.5 mmol/l calcium, arginine induced a biphasic glucagon secretion. At lower extracellular calcium concentration (1.0 mmol/l), the second phase of glucagon release was reduced, the first phase being unchanged. In the presence of 1,500 mumol/l oleic acid, the glucagon response to arginine was also biphasic, but second phase release was markedly inhibited, the first phase glucagon release being unchanged. Such an effect was not obtained when oleic acid concentration in the medium was 750 mumol/l. These results demonstrate that high concentrations of oleic acid inhibit glucagon secretion in response to arginine from the isolated perfused rat pancreas and support the concept that circulating free fatty acid levels are involved in the control of glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 550671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_406", "title": "Family history in classical juvenile onset diabetes in relation to severity of the disease.", "content": "A group of 100 patients with juvenile diabetes, age at onset 1-15 years (7.1 +/- 3.9), was studied with reference to family history of diabetes (FHD), HLA-types, symptoms at onset of diabetes, and occurrence of partial postinitial remission. No significant relations were seen between HLA-types and FHD. Nor was there any correlation between FHD and age at onset of diabetes, severity of th disease at onset, or occurrence of remission. Patients with a dominant type of inheritance were insulin-dependent to the same extent as those with less pronounced or no known FHD. According to previous results, it is concluded that all children and adolescents with a newly diagnosed diabetes should receive insulin treatment immediately to minimize further loss of B-cell function.", "contents": "Family history in classical juvenile onset diabetes in relation to severity of the disease. A group of 100 patients with juvenile diabetes, age at onset 1-15 years (7.1 +/- 3.9), was studied with reference to family history of diabetes (FHD), HLA-types, symptoms at onset of diabetes, and occurrence of partial postinitial remission. No significant relations were seen between HLA-types and FHD. Nor was there any correlation between FHD and age at onset of diabetes, severity of th disease at onset, or occurrence of remission. Patients with a dominant type of inheritance were insulin-dependent to the same extent as those with less pronounced or no known FHD. According to previous results, it is concluded that all children and adolescents with a newly diagnosed diabetes should receive insulin treatment immediately to minimize further loss of B-cell function.", "PMID": 550672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_407", "title": "Two types of epileptic cortical after-discharges evoked by the stimulation of the hippocampus and thalamic nuclei in rats.", "content": "Rhythmic cortical phenomena were evoked by stimulation of hippocampus and/or thalamus in rats. Electrical stimulation of thalamic nuclei (nc. ventralis dorsomedialis VDM and nc. lateralis anterior--LA) by single pulses elicited rhythmic after-discharge (\"spindle\") as a late component of the cortical response, whereas identical stimulation of hippocampus did not trigger such an activity. Rhythmic stimulation of thalamic nuclei elicited cortical incremental responses more often than stimulation of hippocampus. Epileptic self-sustained after-discharges (AD) occurred after the endo of rhythmic stimulation in 66% of hippocampal stimulations, in 35% of VDM stimulations and in 30% of LA stimulations. AD evoked by stimulation of the hippocampus (long duration discharges of slow serrated waves) differed characteristically from AD following stimulation of the VMD (short duration spike and wave complexes). Stimulation of the LA in half of the cases led to the \"hippocampal\" pattern of serrated wave after-discharges, in the remaining cases spike-and-wave complexes or a combined AD pattern was recorded.", "contents": "Two types of epileptic cortical after-discharges evoked by the stimulation of the hippocampus and thalamic nuclei in rats. Rhythmic cortical phenomena were evoked by stimulation of hippocampus and/or thalamus in rats. Electrical stimulation of thalamic nuclei (nc. ventralis dorsomedialis VDM and nc. lateralis anterior--LA) by single pulses elicited rhythmic after-discharge (\"spindle\") as a late component of the cortical response, whereas identical stimulation of hippocampus did not trigger such an activity. Rhythmic stimulation of thalamic nuclei elicited cortical incremental responses more often than stimulation of hippocampus. Epileptic self-sustained after-discharges (AD) occurred after the endo of rhythmic stimulation in 66% of hippocampal stimulations, in 35% of VDM stimulations and in 30% of LA stimulations. AD evoked by stimulation of the hippocampus (long duration discharges of slow serrated waves) differed characteristically from AD following stimulation of the VMD (short duration spike and wave complexes). Stimulation of the LA in half of the cases led to the \"hippocampal\" pattern of serrated wave after-discharges, in the remaining cases spike-and-wave complexes or a combined AD pattern was recorded.", "PMID": 550686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_408", "title": "Ontogenetic development of electrocorticogram in the rat.", "content": "Spontaneous electrocorticogram (ECoG) was recorded in frontal (sensorimotor) temporal (auditory) and occipital (visual) cortical regions of 86 male rats (immobilized with d-tubocurarine) aged from 3 days to adulthood. Activity which could be classified as ECoG was for the first time recorded in 5-day-old rats; it was formed by groups of slow waves with unstable frequency intermingled with periods of isoelectric line. Discontinuous ECoG activity was regularly registered even in 10-day-old rats, exceptionally in 12-day-old rats. During further maturation of the continuous ECoG an increase in frequency and an establishment of a basic rhythmic activity synchronous over both hemispheres took place, so that 25- and 30-day-old rats did not differ from the adult ones. Autocorrelagrams and power frequency spectra demonstrated a broad frequency range of the basic rhythm as well as delay in the development of occipital cortical areas in comparison to frontal areas.", "contents": "Ontogenetic development of electrocorticogram in the rat. Spontaneous electrocorticogram (ECoG) was recorded in frontal (sensorimotor) temporal (auditory) and occipital (visual) cortical regions of 86 male rats (immobilized with d-tubocurarine) aged from 3 days to adulthood. Activity which could be classified as ECoG was for the first time recorded in 5-day-old rats; it was formed by groups of slow waves with unstable frequency intermingled with periods of isoelectric line. Discontinuous ECoG activity was regularly registered even in 10-day-old rats, exceptionally in 12-day-old rats. During further maturation of the continuous ECoG an increase in frequency and an establishment of a basic rhythmic activity synchronous over both hemispheres took place, so that 25- and 30-day-old rats did not differ from the adult ones. Autocorrelagrams and power frequency spectra demonstrated a broad frequency range of the basic rhythm as well as delay in the development of occipital cortical areas in comparison to frontal areas.", "PMID": 550687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_409", "title": "[About the adjustment of filters and comparators for the automatic interval-analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The selective effect produced by an analog filter followed by a comparator, is represented in the voltage-frequency-plane by a frequency-dependent threshold of sensitivity and a scatter-diagramm, which is characterising the signal. The variation of the threshold, caused by differentiation of the signal, is described. Following this model it is discussed, how deviations of real circuits and real signals from certain assumptions influence the formation of intervals and the interval-histogram. It is stated, which values of the parameters of adjustment should be set, on the one hand, in order to minimize errors of the interval-length and maximize frequencies of intervals in the pass-band and, on the other hand, to provide for the chance of separating from the histogram such intervals which are inevitably subject to bigger faults.--Other criteria of optimization are pointed out. Technically caused limitations for the variation of parameters are mentioned. The application of the model, which is valid for analog signals in general, is demonstrated by two examples from the automatic analysis of EEG.", "contents": "[About the adjustment of filters and comparators for the automatic interval-analysis (author's transl)]. The selective effect produced by an analog filter followed by a comparator, is represented in the voltage-frequency-plane by a frequency-dependent threshold of sensitivity and a scatter-diagramm, which is characterising the signal. The variation of the threshold, caused by differentiation of the signal, is described. Following this model it is discussed, how deviations of real circuits and real signals from certain assumptions influence the formation of intervals and the interval-histogram. It is stated, which values of the parameters of adjustment should be set, on the one hand, in order to minimize errors of the interval-length and maximize frequencies of intervals in the pass-band and, on the other hand, to provide for the chance of separating from the histogram such intervals which are inevitably subject to bigger faults.--Other criteria of optimization are pointed out. Technically caused limitations for the variation of parameters are mentioned. The application of the model, which is valid for analog signals in general, is demonstrated by two examples from the automatic analysis of EEG.", "PMID": 550688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_410", "title": "A new and sensitive method for quantifying and comparing the biological potency of varius estrogens in man.", "content": "The serum level of an estrogen-inducible plasma protein was followed by a radioimmunoassay in groups of women during treatment with various estrogens. After an initial increase, the mean value for the serum concentration was stable. The plateau level after six months of treatment was taken as a parameter of estrogenic potency. Eleven different hormonal preparations were compared and an estrogen index was constructed.", "contents": "A new and sensitive method for quantifying and comparing the biological potency of varius estrogens in man. The serum level of an estrogen-inducible plasma protein was followed by a radioimmunoassay in groups of women during treatment with various estrogens. After an initial increase, the mean value for the serum concentration was stable. The plateau level after six months of treatment was taken as a parameter of estrogenic potency. Eleven different hormonal preparations were compared and an estrogen index was constructed.", "PMID": 550692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_411", "title": "Fertility following legally induced abortion.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to demonstrate if decreased fertility could be shown in women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by a legally induced abortion. In 7 270 pregnant women fertility was measured as the time elapsed from the couple started sexual intercourse without using contraception to the present pregnancy. This interval was called \"the latent period\" and fertility was defined as reduced if it was longer than one year. In women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by legally induced abortion subsequent decreased fertility could not be shown when compared with women whose previous pregnancy had ended in a live birth, the frequency of a latent period longer than one year not differing between these groups. When induced abortion had been complicated by pelvic inflammatory disease the frequency of a latent period more than one year was found to be higher than in women without this complication.", "contents": "Fertility following legally induced abortion. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate if decreased fertility could be shown in women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by a legally induced abortion. In 7 270 pregnant women fertility was measured as the time elapsed from the couple started sexual intercourse without using contraception to the present pregnancy. This interval was called \"the latent period\" and fertility was defined as reduced if it was longer than one year. In women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by legally induced abortion subsequent decreased fertility could not be shown when compared with women whose previous pregnancy had ended in a live birth, the frequency of a latent period longer than one year not differing between these groups. When induced abortion had been complicated by pelvic inflammatory disease the frequency of a latent period more than one year was found to be higher than in women without this complication.", "PMID": 550693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_412", "title": "Heterogeneous response of disseminated human ovarian cancers to cytostatics in vitro.", "content": "Cell suspensions from nine human ovarian primary cancers, their metastases and ascitic cells were treated in vitro with amethopterin and melphalan. Effects were measured by incorporation of H3-TdR or H3-UdR into the cells. There was significant heterogeneity of cytostatic effects on cells from the three sources in a given patient. Ascitic cells did nt represent a \"mean\" of the cancer cell clones. The implications of these findings should be considered if cytostatic in vitro prediction tests are used to guide cytostatic treatment of patients.", "contents": "Heterogeneous response of disseminated human ovarian cancers to cytostatics in vitro. Cell suspensions from nine human ovarian primary cancers, their metastases and ascitic cells were treated in vitro with amethopterin and melphalan. Effects were measured by incorporation of H3-TdR or H3-UdR into the cells. There was significant heterogeneity of cytostatic effects on cells from the three sources in a given patient. Ascitic cells did nt represent a \"mean\" of the cancer cell clones. The implications of these findings should be considered if cytostatic in vitro prediction tests are used to guide cytostatic treatment of patients.", "PMID": 550694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_413", "title": "Determination of myometrial tension during labor by combined microtransducer IUP-rcording and ultrasonic examination of the uterine cavity.", "content": "In twelve women, in whom labor was induced by oxytocin infusion, intra-uterine pressure (IUP) was recorded by micro-transducers, and simultaneously the diameter of the uterine cavity was estimated by means of ultrasound. Myometrial tension was calculated according to the law of Laplace. In the ten women who were delivered within eight hours after the start of induction, myometrial tension was clearly higher than in the two in whom induction failed. No technical problems were encountered during the registrations, which in some cases lasted for more than five hours. It is suggested that with the described technique, a more accurate determination of myometrial activity is possible than with the generally used methods for IUP recording. The technique might facilitate evaluation of drug effects on the uterus during labor, and improve the IUP-part of intrapartum clinical monitors.", "contents": "Determination of myometrial tension during labor by combined microtransducer IUP-rcording and ultrasonic examination of the uterine cavity. In twelve women, in whom labor was induced by oxytocin infusion, intra-uterine pressure (IUP) was recorded by micro-transducers, and simultaneously the diameter of the uterine cavity was estimated by means of ultrasound. Myometrial tension was calculated according to the law of Laplace. In the ten women who were delivered within eight hours after the start of induction, myometrial tension was clearly higher than in the two in whom induction failed. No technical problems were encountered during the registrations, which in some cases lasted for more than five hours. It is suggested that with the described technique, a more accurate determination of myometrial activity is possible than with the generally used methods for IUP recording. The technique might facilitate evaluation of drug effects on the uterus during labor, and improve the IUP-part of intrapartum clinical monitors.", "PMID": 550695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_414", "title": "Determination of tonicity in the non pregnant human uterus in vivo.", "content": "The method hysterometry has been designed for the study of the effect upon the uterine muscle of pharmacologically active agents. Hysterometry has earlier been used on the pregnant uterus and is now described for the non-pregnant situation. The capacity of the technique is exemplified with results achieved in a study of the effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and beta-receptor stimulating agents during dysmenorrhea.", "contents": "Determination of tonicity in the non pregnant human uterus in vivo. The method hysterometry has been designed for the study of the effect upon the uterine muscle of pharmacologically active agents. Hysterometry has earlier been used on the pregnant uterus and is now described for the non-pregnant situation. The capacity of the technique is exemplified with results achieved in a study of the effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and beta-receptor stimulating agents during dysmenorrhea.", "PMID": 550696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_415", "title": "Quinacrine hydrochloride. Review and mode of action of an antimalarial, used as an occlusive agent for transvaginal human sterilization.", "content": "Quinacrine hydrochloride, mainly used as an antimalarial, has been used as a nontoxic chemosterilant in a transvaginal procedure in the human female. Clinical experiments indicate that Quinacrine acts as a powerful obstructive agent exclusively on the epithelium of the intramural portion of the tube without alterating the histology of the endometrium. The precise mechanism of Quinacrine's obstructive action on the mucosa of the uterotubal junction is unknown. Its possible mode of action is binding to epithelial DNA thus forming a clot of granulomatous tissue, as Quinacrine is known to form adhesions when used in the control of neoplastic effusions. Zinc is known to inhibit Quinacrine-DNA binding. The human endometrium, rich in Zinc is unaffected by Quinacrine, whereas the tubal cornua, with little Zinc promote the obstruction by Quinacrine DNA bondage. The procedure is effective in 90 per cent of the cases with two instillations of Quinacrine. Further studies are essential to find agents that would potentiate the action of Quinacrine on the human Fallopian tube epithelium.", "contents": "Quinacrine hydrochloride. Review and mode of action of an antimalarial, used as an occlusive agent for transvaginal human sterilization. Quinacrine hydrochloride, mainly used as an antimalarial, has been used as a nontoxic chemosterilant in a transvaginal procedure in the human female. Clinical experiments indicate that Quinacrine acts as a powerful obstructive agent exclusively on the epithelium of the intramural portion of the tube without alterating the histology of the endometrium. The precise mechanism of Quinacrine's obstructive action on the mucosa of the uterotubal junction is unknown. Its possible mode of action is binding to epithelial DNA thus forming a clot of granulomatous tissue, as Quinacrine is known to form adhesions when used in the control of neoplastic effusions. Zinc is known to inhibit Quinacrine-DNA binding. The human endometrium, rich in Zinc is unaffected by Quinacrine, whereas the tubal cornua, with little Zinc promote the obstruction by Quinacrine DNA bondage. The procedure is effective in 90 per cent of the cases with two instillations of Quinacrine. Further studies are essential to find agents that would potentiate the action of Quinacrine on the human Fallopian tube epithelium.", "PMID": 550697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_416", "title": "Benign intracranial hypertension of uncertain origin.", "content": "Intracranial hypertension of uncertain origin is a distinct form of cerebral pseudotumour. Eleven such cases have been treated between 1965 and 1977. All of them recovered without any residual symptom in response to symptomatic treatment (lumbar puncture, dehydration, etc.). No late relapse occurred. Steroid therapy is considered unwarranted, even harmful.", "contents": "Benign intracranial hypertension of uncertain origin. Intracranial hypertension of uncertain origin is a distinct form of cerebral pseudotumour. Eleven such cases have been treated between 1965 and 1977. All of them recovered without any residual symptom in response to symptomatic treatment (lumbar puncture, dehydration, etc.). No late relapse occurred. Steroid therapy is considered unwarranted, even harmful.", "PMID": 550698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_417", "title": "Amniotic fluid creatinine and uric acid levels in high risk pregnancy.", "content": "Comparison of two methods of creatinine and uric acid assay in amniotic fluid showed that the two-point-reaction rate measurement of creatinine and the enzymatic assay of uric acid give more reliable results than the methods used previously. At the end of pregnancy, increased creatinine and uric acid levels were found. In cases of blood group incompatibility the values were mostly in the normal range, while in diabetic or toxaemic mothers higher, normal and lower values were equally found. It has been concluded that a single investigation does not suffice for the estimation of fetal maturity. Only repeated tests showing an increase in the creatinine and uric acid levels offer reliable information.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid creatinine and uric acid levels in high risk pregnancy. Comparison of two methods of creatinine and uric acid assay in amniotic fluid showed that the two-point-reaction rate measurement of creatinine and the enzymatic assay of uric acid give more reliable results than the methods used previously. At the end of pregnancy, increased creatinine and uric acid levels were found. In cases of blood group incompatibility the values were mostly in the normal range, while in diabetic or toxaemic mothers higher, normal and lower values were equally found. It has been concluded that a single investigation does not suffice for the estimation of fetal maturity. Only repeated tests showing an increase in the creatinine and uric acid levels offer reliable information.", "PMID": 550699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_418", "title": "Chronic repetitive supraventricular tachycardia in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Over a period of 7 years, 10 patients with chronic repetitive supraventricular tachycardia have been observed. The clinical features, therapeutic results and prognostic observations are reported. Since the cases of sustained type turn into repetitive type, it is emphasized that differentiation of the two forms is unnecessary.", "contents": "Chronic repetitive supraventricular tachycardia in infancy and childhood. Over a period of 7 years, 10 patients with chronic repetitive supraventricular tachycardia have been observed. The clinical features, therapeutic results and prognostic observations are reported. Since the cases of sustained type turn into repetitive type, it is emphasized that differentiation of the two forms is unnecessary.", "PMID": 550701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_419", "title": "Inheritance of childhood diabetes.", "content": "In the parents of 250 diabetic children the occurrence of juvenile and maturity onset diabetes was found to be more frequent than in the parents of 230 medical students. Assuming a multifactorial poligeneic heredity, the role of common genes predisposing to diabetes cannot be neglected in the manifestation of the two types of the disease. In the families where juvenile diabetes had occurred, the probability of occurrence of juvenile diabetes is considerably higher than that of maturity onset diabetes. This might be in connection with the fact that the provocative factors are different in juvenile and maturity onset diabetes.", "contents": "Inheritance of childhood diabetes. In the parents of 250 diabetic children the occurrence of juvenile and maturity onset diabetes was found to be more frequent than in the parents of 230 medical students. Assuming a multifactorial poligeneic heredity, the role of common genes predisposing to diabetes cannot be neglected in the manifestation of the two types of the disease. In the families where juvenile diabetes had occurred, the probability of occurrence of juvenile diabetes is considerably higher than that of maturity onset diabetes. This might be in connection with the fact that the provocative factors are different in juvenile and maturity onset diabetes.", "PMID": 550702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_420", "title": "The ultrastructure of human pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of 28 human pituitary adenomas was performed. Findings were correlated to the clinical history and light microscopic observations. As revealed by light and electron microscopy 15 adenomas were of the chromophobe type causing no endocrine dysfunction. In 8 cases acidophilic adenomas were associated with endocrine symptoms. In this group two adenomas were of the densely granulated type, whereas 6 of the sparsely granulated type. The latter showed marked ultrastructural signs of enhanced secretory activity. Five cases corresponding electronmicroscopically to sparsely granulated acidophilic adenomas but causing no endocrine symptoms constituted a separate group. They suggest the possibility of the production of abnormal proteins by this type of adenoma cells. Oncocyte cell-groups were seen in chromophobe adenomas. Morphometric data on granule size and distribution proved to be useful in the differentiation of chromophobe and acidophilic adenomas. Hypertrophic cell organelles, filamentous and tubular structures are interpreted as ultrastructural signs of cellular adaptation.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of human pituitary adenomas. Ultrastructural examination of 28 human pituitary adenomas was performed. Findings were correlated to the clinical history and light microscopic observations. As revealed by light and electron microscopy 15 adenomas were of the chromophobe type causing no endocrine dysfunction. In 8 cases acidophilic adenomas were associated with endocrine symptoms. In this group two adenomas were of the densely granulated type, whereas 6 of the sparsely granulated type. The latter showed marked ultrastructural signs of enhanced secretory activity. Five cases corresponding electronmicroscopically to sparsely granulated acidophilic adenomas but causing no endocrine symptoms constituted a separate group. They suggest the possibility of the production of abnormal proteins by this type of adenoma cells. Oncocyte cell-groups were seen in chromophobe adenomas. Morphometric data on granule size and distribution proved to be useful in the differentiation of chromophobe and acidophilic adenomas. Hypertrophic cell organelles, filamentous and tubular structures are interpreted as ultrastructural signs of cellular adaptation.", "PMID": 550705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_421", "title": "[A study on the tegument and sensory receptors of the scolex of a tetraphyllidean cestode plerocercoid, by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of bothridia and the myzorhynchus of a tetraphyllidean cestode plerocercoid is described. Two types of microtriches occur on the tegument of these organs. On the bothridium, the microtriches are lanceolated whereas on the mizorhynchus, they are filamentous. Uniciliated sensory receptors, which consist of a basal bulb contaning one or two electron-dense collars, are observed especially on the bothridia and myzorhynchus. A papilla is also described on the tegument. According to the present study, it is suggested that the rostellum of cyclophyllidean cestodes and the myzorhynchus of the tetraphyllideans are homologous. Moreover, the role in the attachment and sensory perception of the myzorhynchus is revealed.", "contents": "[A study on the tegument and sensory receptors of the scolex of a tetraphyllidean cestode plerocercoid, by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of bothridia and the myzorhynchus of a tetraphyllidean cestode plerocercoid is described. Two types of microtriches occur on the tegument of these organs. On the bothridium, the microtriches are lanceolated whereas on the mizorhynchus, they are filamentous. Uniciliated sensory receptors, which consist of a basal bulb contaning one or two electron-dense collars, are observed especially on the bothridia and myzorhynchus. A papilla is also described on the tegument. According to the present study, it is suggested that the rostellum of cyclophyllidean cestodes and the myzorhynchus of the tetraphyllideans are homologous. Moreover, the role in the attachment and sensory perception of the myzorhynchus is revealed.", "PMID": 550710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_422", "title": "Macropotrema, pertinax gen. et sp. nov. (Digenea: Paramphistomidae) from a wallaby, Macropus agilis, in northern Australia, and associated pathology.", "content": "Macropotrema pertinax gen. et sp. nov. (Digenea: Paramphistomidae) is described from the caecum of the macropodid marsupial Macropus agilis (Gould, 1842) from northern Australia. The new genus is characterised as follows: ventro-terminal acetabulum bearing many papillae; oral sucker with constriction and paired diverticula; oesophagus with muscular bulb; cirrus sac and genital sucker absent; testes symmetrical, unlobed, preovarian; Laurer's canal opening anterior to excretory pore. The genus is placed in the subfamily Pseudodiscinae N\u00e4smark, 1937. At the point where the worm attaches to the caecal wall of the host, the entire mucosa is destroyed and there is an inflammatory cell infiltration in the intact mucosa surrounding the attachment site.", "contents": "Macropotrema, pertinax gen. et sp. nov. (Digenea: Paramphistomidae) from a wallaby, Macropus agilis, in northern Australia, and associated pathology. Macropotrema pertinax gen. et sp. nov. (Digenea: Paramphistomidae) is described from the caecum of the macropodid marsupial Macropus agilis (Gould, 1842) from northern Australia. The new genus is characterised as follows: ventro-terminal acetabulum bearing many papillae; oral sucker with constriction and paired diverticula; oesophagus with muscular bulb; cirrus sac and genital sucker absent; testes symmetrical, unlobed, preovarian; Laurer's canal opening anterior to excretory pore. The genus is placed in the subfamily Pseudodiscinae N\u00e4smark, 1937. At the point where the worm attaches to the caecal wall of the host, the entire mucosa is destroyed and there is an inflammatory cell infiltration in the intact mucosa surrounding the attachment site.", "PMID": 550711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_423", "title": "[Life cycle of Gongylonema mucronatum Seurat, 1916, parasite of the African hedge-hog (author's transl)].", "content": "The Gongylonematid Nematode parasite of the Tunisian hedge-hog has been identified as Gongylonema mucronatum Seurat, 1916. The infective larva has been obtained from Locusta migratoria as intermediate host. The larval characters of this Gongylonema link it to the species G. pulchrum.", "contents": "[Life cycle of Gongylonema mucronatum Seurat, 1916, parasite of the African hedge-hog (author's transl)]. The Gongylonematid Nematode parasite of the Tunisian hedge-hog has been identified as Gongylonema mucronatum Seurat, 1916. The infective larva has been obtained from Locusta migratoria as intermediate host. The larval characters of this Gongylonema link it to the species G. pulchrum.", "PMID": 550715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_424", "title": "Daubaylia helicophilus n. sp. (Daubayliidae: Nematoda) a parasite of the snail, Gyraulus spirillus from Taiwan.", "content": "The nematode, Daubaylia helicophilus sp. n., is described from the snail, Gyraulus spirillus, originating from Taiwan. This species is distinguished from previously described members of the genus by the shape of the tail in both sexes, as well as the overall length and size and shape of the spicules and gubernaculum, respectively. Populations of infected snails have been maintained for a period of years and ingestion of the gravid female nematode seems to be at least one mode of infection. D. helicophilus will also infect other snails, experimentally, including the schistosome-bearing snail, Biomphalaria glabrata.", "contents": "Daubaylia helicophilus n. sp. (Daubayliidae: Nematoda) a parasite of the snail, Gyraulus spirillus from Taiwan. The nematode, Daubaylia helicophilus sp. n., is described from the snail, Gyraulus spirillus, originating from Taiwan. This species is distinguished from previously described members of the genus by the shape of the tail in both sexes, as well as the overall length and size and shape of the spicules and gubernaculum, respectively. Populations of infected snails have been maintained for a period of years and ingestion of the gravid female nematode seems to be at least one mode of infection. D. helicophilus will also infect other snails, experimentally, including the schistosome-bearing snail, Biomphalaria glabrata.", "PMID": 550713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_425", "title": "[Life cycle of Maupasina weissi Seurat, 1913, Subuluroidea Nematode, parasite of the elephant shrew (author's transl)].", "content": "The life cycle of Maupasina weissi Seurat, 1913, the parasite of the elephant shrew, has been experimentally obtained from the intermediate host Locusta migratoria. The biology of this Nematoda is considered as being more primitive than the Subuluridae: -- egg maturation in external environment is in fact necessary to the Maupasina larvae to penetrate into the insect, -- The different localizations of the infective larvae, such as mesenteron regeneration crypta, fat body, demonstrate that the parasite is not completely adaptated to its intermediate host, -- the ontogenesis of cephalic structures is characterized by an hypertrophy of the archaic structures mainly from cuticular origin.", "contents": "[Life cycle of Maupasina weissi Seurat, 1913, Subuluroidea Nematode, parasite of the elephant shrew (author's transl)]. The life cycle of Maupasina weissi Seurat, 1913, the parasite of the elephant shrew, has been experimentally obtained from the intermediate host Locusta migratoria. The biology of this Nematoda is considered as being more primitive than the Subuluridae: -- egg maturation in external environment is in fact necessary to the Maupasina larvae to penetrate into the insect, -- The different localizations of the infective larvae, such as mesenteron regeneration crypta, fat body, demonstrate that the parasite is not completely adaptated to its intermediate host, -- the ontogenesis of cephalic structures is characterized by an hypertrophy of the archaic structures mainly from cuticular origin.", "PMID": 550714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_426", "title": "[Annual activity of Sergentomyia hamoni (Abonnenc, 1958) Diptera, Phlebotomidae) from the People's Republic of Congo (author's Transl)].", "content": "Weekly collections made by hand in the Djoumouna forest, near Brazzaville, and the observation of development in laboratory of eggs laid by wild-caught females of Sergentomyia hamoni have allowed the authors to precise the phenology of the species, to report a diapause in the egg stage and to propose an interpretation of his annual activity cycle.", "contents": "[Annual activity of Sergentomyia hamoni (Abonnenc, 1958) Diptera, Phlebotomidae) from the People's Republic of Congo (author's Transl)]. Weekly collections made by hand in the Djoumouna forest, near Brazzaville, and the observation of development in laboratory of eggs laid by wild-caught females of Sergentomyia hamoni have allowed the authors to precise the phenology of the species, to report a diapause in the egg stage and to propose an interpretation of his annual activity cycle.", "PMID": 550717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_427", "title": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. -- 12. Horizontal dispersion of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921. Preliminary experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "By use of mark-release-recapture methods, evidence was obtained of the distance of the dispersion of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1021. Female flies, collected in a valley in the C\u00e9vennes mountains (at Roquedur, Gard), were marked with fluorescnt powders, released an then recaptured by searching with ultra-violet lamps. The majority of the flies recapture were among ones given a blood meal shortly before release. Recaptures were made from the second day after release. A number of females migrated with blood in the midgut; their ovaries were up to and including stage V. The distance between the extreme points of recapture was about 1 km, and the maximum recorded distance between points of release and recapture was 750 m. The epidemiological interest of these observations is that, at least in the C\u00e9vennes foci, the sandfly as well as the dog must now be considered as capable spreading the pathogenic agent of visceral leishmaniasis.", "contents": "[Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. -- 12. Horizontal dispersion of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921. Preliminary experiments (author's transl)]. By use of mark-release-recapture methods, evidence was obtained of the distance of the dispersion of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1021. Female flies, collected in a valley in the C\u00e9vennes mountains (at Roquedur, Gard), were marked with fluorescnt powders, released an then recaptured by searching with ultra-violet lamps. The majority of the flies recapture were among ones given a blood meal shortly before release. Recaptures were made from the second day after release. A number of females migrated with blood in the midgut; their ovaries were up to and including stage V. The distance between the extreme points of recapture was about 1 km, and the maximum recorded distance between points of release and recapture was 750 m. The epidemiological interest of these observations is that, at least in the C\u00e9vennes foci, the sandfly as well as the dog must now be considered as capable spreading the pathogenic agent of visceral leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 550718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_428", "title": "[Josefilaria mackerrasae gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) a parasite of the ghost bat Macroderma gigas Dobson (author's transl)].", "content": "Josefilaria mackerrasae n. gen., n. sp., a filarial of the ghost bat Macroderma gigas in Australia is described. This filarioid has affinities with the genus Litomosa, but it can be separated by a variety of both more highly evolved characters (buccal capsule reduced to a pre-oesophageal ring; external lateral papillae absent) and primitive characters (\"caudal alae\" of the male, long and divided oesophagus, vulva not far from the nerve ring, numerous caudal mucrons of the female).", "contents": "[Josefilaria mackerrasae gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) a parasite of the ghost bat Macroderma gigas Dobson (author's transl)]. Josefilaria mackerrasae n. gen., n. sp., a filarial of the ghost bat Macroderma gigas in Australia is described. This filarioid has affinities with the genus Litomosa, but it can be separated by a variety of both more highly evolved characters (buccal capsule reduced to a pre-oesophageal ring; external lateral papillae absent) and primitive characters (\"caudal alae\" of the male, long and divided oesophagus, vulva not far from the nerve ring, numerous caudal mucrons of the female).", "PMID": 550716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_429", "title": "[Influence of the injection of polyethyleneglycol 400 on the evolution of experimental candidosis of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors mention their work showing the influence of polyethyleneglycol 400 on the evolution of experimental candidosis in mice. The animals are infested by one single intra peritoneal injection of a determined number of cells of Candida albicans and then receive daily an injection of polyethyleneglycol 400 1/2 0,2 ml (Harmless dose for non infested animals). These animals die more quickly from Candida albicans septicaemia than others infested in same conditions but not treated by daily injections of polyethyleneglycol 400 1/2.", "contents": "[Influence of the injection of polyethyleneglycol 400 on the evolution of experimental candidosis of the mouse (author's transl)]. The authors mention their work showing the influence of polyethyleneglycol 400 on the evolution of experimental candidosis in mice. The animals are infested by one single intra peritoneal injection of a determined number of cells of Candida albicans and then receive daily an injection of polyethyleneglycol 400 1/2 0,2 ml (Harmless dose for non infested animals). These animals die more quickly from Candida albicans septicaemia than others infested in same conditions but not treated by daily injections of polyethyleneglycol 400 1/2.", "PMID": 550719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_430", "title": "[Further observations on healthy carriers of Salmonellae in the province of Ferrara (1976-1977),(author's transl)].", "content": "366 Salmonella strains (2.03%), belonging to 40 different serotypes, were isolated by Authors in 1976 from feces of healthy subjects, in the province of Ferrara; 262 strains (1.45%), belonging to 34 serotypes, were isolated in 1977. The Authors found no significant difference between isolations carried out in both sexes; highest frequencies of isolation were recorded in August, September and October. We have also reported the serotypes more frequently isolated by various Authors from sick and healthy men feces, from animal feces, from sewage and from surface waters.", "contents": "[Further observations on healthy carriers of Salmonellae in the province of Ferrara (1976-1977),(author's transl)]. 366 Salmonella strains (2.03%), belonging to 40 different serotypes, were isolated by Authors in 1976 from feces of healthy subjects, in the province of Ferrara; 262 strains (1.45%), belonging to 34 serotypes, were isolated in 1977. The Authors found no significant difference between isolations carried out in both sexes; highest frequencies of isolation were recorded in August, September and October. We have also reported the serotypes more frequently isolated by various Authors from sick and healthy men feces, from animal feces, from sewage and from surface waters.", "PMID": 550726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_431", "title": "[Salmonella isolated in the province of Macerata and their sensitivity to some common chemoantibiotics and to some of recent clinical introduction].", "content": "A study has been carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of a group of some 215 Salmonella strains identified in the triennium 1976-1978, in the district of Macerata (Italy), to 16 chemoantibiotics. The average percentage of sensitivity to chemoantibiotics, as a whole, vary from 100% (sisomycin) to 81% (furazolidone). The global sensitivity of different strains, of early diffusion and recent appearance in Italy, by MIC and MBC estimated, progressively increase as follow: A. wien, typhi, typhimurium, infantis, braenderup, paratyphi B, enteritidis, agona, panama.", "contents": "[Salmonella isolated in the province of Macerata and their sensitivity to some common chemoantibiotics and to some of recent clinical introduction]. A study has been carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of a group of some 215 Salmonella strains identified in the triennium 1976-1978, in the district of Macerata (Italy), to 16 chemoantibiotics. The average percentage of sensitivity to chemoantibiotics, as a whole, vary from 100% (sisomycin) to 81% (furazolidone). The global sensitivity of different strains, of early diffusion and recent appearance in Italy, by MIC and MBC estimated, progressively increase as follow: A. wien, typhi, typhimurium, infantis, braenderup, paratyphi B, enteritidis, agona, panama.", "PMID": 550727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_432", "title": "[Seropositivity to toxoplasma in 3,455 women. Its role in abortion and evaluation of some probable risk factors (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study on 3,455 women showed 60.8% of positive cases to Toxoplasma antibodies. The role in antibody occurrence of raw (or underdone) meat eating was statistically verified. Moreover the findings suggest that Toxoplasma infection may prove to be an significant aetiological factor for abortion.", "contents": "[Seropositivity to toxoplasma in 3,455 women. Its role in abortion and evaluation of some probable risk factors (author's transl)]. A retrospective study on 3,455 women showed 60.8% of positive cases to Toxoplasma antibodies. The role in antibody occurrence of raw (or underdone) meat eating was statistically verified. Moreover the findings suggest that Toxoplasma infection may prove to be an significant aetiological factor for abortion.", "PMID": 550725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_433", "title": "[Detection of Salmonella in the sea-water of Messina].", "content": "The AA. mede a research of Salmonellae in the sea water of the city of Messina (Italy), choosing 14 points near the sewage discharges. They used qualitative methods (Moore type buffers, inoculation of 50 ml of water in tetrationate 2 times concentrated) and quantitative methods (fractions of 100 ml of water in 10 parts and further inoculation in 10 tubes containing 20 ml of normal tetrationate each). The research conducted in June-July and November-December 1978 gave 50% positivity in the summer period and 100% in the winter period. They discuss the methods used and underline the difference of the two periods.", "contents": "[Detection of Salmonella in the sea-water of Messina]. The AA. mede a research of Salmonellae in the sea water of the city of Messina (Italy), choosing 14 points near the sewage discharges. They used qualitative methods (Moore type buffers, inoculation of 50 ml of water in tetrationate 2 times concentrated) and quantitative methods (fractions of 100 ml of water in 10 parts and further inoculation in 10 tubes containing 20 ml of normal tetrationate each). The research conducted in June-July and November-December 1978 gave 50% positivity in the summer period and 100% in the winter period. They discuss the methods used and underline the difference of the two periods.", "PMID": 550728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_434", "title": "Efferent projections of the area postrema demonstrated by autoradiography.", "content": "The efferents connections of the area postrema (AP) have been studied autoradiographically following iontophoretic injections of 3H-glycine or 3H-leucine into the area postrema. Precise control of the diffusion of the labelled amino acids injected iontophorectically into the AP was made using the technique of sectioning with a cryostat. AP projects to a great number of structures. Projections to nucleus tractus solitarius (NFS), dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus, nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, nucleus hypoglossal, the mesencephalic nucleus of V nerve, locus coeruleus and superior and inferior colliculi are shown bilaterally. The density of the efferents was greatest to the NFS and the LC. Corelations are suggested with functional mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation.", "contents": "Efferent projections of the area postrema demonstrated by autoradiography. The efferents connections of the area postrema (AP) have been studied autoradiographically following iontophoretic injections of 3H-glycine or 3H-leucine into the area postrema. Precise control of the diffusion of the labelled amino acids injected iontophorectically into the AP was made using the technique of sectioning with a cryostat. AP projects to a great number of structures. Projections to nucleus tractus solitarius (NFS), dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus, nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, nucleus hypoglossal, the mesencephalic nucleus of V nerve, locus coeruleus and superior and inferior colliculi are shown bilaterally. The density of the efferents was greatest to the NFS and the LC. Corelations are suggested with functional mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation.", "PMID": 550737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_435", "title": "[Detection of Salmonella carriers among the dogs of the province of Ferrara. Isolations in 1 year and antibiotic-resistance].", "content": "When fecal samples were examined from 2.138 dogs, 166 (7.16 per cent) yelded Salmonellae of 30 different serotypes. The most frequent serotypes found were S. saint paul, S. typhimurium, S. hadar, S. haifa, S. brandenburg, S. london, S. agona, S. enteritidis, A. meleagridis, S. bredeney, S. infantis, S. panama, S. reading. The antibiotic susceptibility tests against 11 drugs showed resistance to sulphonamides.", "contents": "[Detection of Salmonella carriers among the dogs of the province of Ferrara. Isolations in 1 year and antibiotic-resistance]. When fecal samples were examined from 2.138 dogs, 166 (7.16 per cent) yelded Salmonellae of 30 different serotypes. The most frequent serotypes found were S. saint paul, S. typhimurium, S. hadar, S. haifa, S. brandenburg, S. london, S. agona, S. enteritidis, A. meleagridis, S. bredeney, S. infantis, S. panama, S. reading. The antibiotic susceptibility tests against 11 drugs showed resistance to sulphonamides.", "PMID": 550729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_436", "title": "[Serological recognition of agglutinins against O and H antigens of various Salmonellae in \"normal\" adult subjects].", "content": "The distribution of Salmonella agglutinins among 390 normal sera from people living in the district of Pisa is described, and the relation of these findings with the Salmonella serotypes occurring in the same area is discussed. Clusters of agglutinins for several O and H antigens were found at or above a titre of 1:20, in many samples. In order to explain the significance of such antibodies and their origin an identical survey was carried out on some sera from patients with chronic liver disease, using the same antigens suspensions. The results from healthy persons compared with the increased antibody titres detected in liver patients support the hypothesis that the anti-Salmonella agglutinins may be originate by various antigenic stimuli which may be specific or most frequently non-specific, since it is well established the cross-reactivity between both the somatic and flagellar antigens of Salmonella and those of other organisms.", "contents": "[Serological recognition of agglutinins against O and H antigens of various Salmonellae in \"normal\" adult subjects]. The distribution of Salmonella agglutinins among 390 normal sera from people living in the district of Pisa is described, and the relation of these findings with the Salmonella serotypes occurring in the same area is discussed. Clusters of agglutinins for several O and H antigens were found at or above a titre of 1:20, in many samples. In order to explain the significance of such antibodies and their origin an identical survey was carried out on some sera from patients with chronic liver disease, using the same antigens suspensions. The results from healthy persons compared with the increased antibody titres detected in liver patients support the hypothesis that the anti-Salmonella agglutinins may be originate by various antigenic stimuli which may be specific or most frequently non-specific, since it is well established the cross-reactivity between both the somatic and flagellar antigens of Salmonella and those of other organisms.", "PMID": 550731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_437", "title": "Afferent and efferent connections of the area postrema demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase method.", "content": "The previous autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the arca postrema have been completed by using horseradish peroxidase (H.R.P.) as a marking agent. These two labelling techniques have made it possible to determine two categories of structures connected with A.P.: those with afferent connections (Nucleus ambiguus), or efferent connections (mesencephalic nucleus of V, Locus coeruleus, griseum centrale and inferior and superior colliculi) and those having both types of connections (Nucleus tractus solitarii (N.F.S.), Dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus, hypoglossal nucleus). The afferent and efferent pathways of the A.P. identified with H.R.P. coincide with the catecholaminergic pathways demonstrated in the rat by Lindvall and Bj\u00f6rklund (1974).", "contents": "Afferent and efferent connections of the area postrema demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase method. The previous autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the arca postrema have been completed by using horseradish peroxidase (H.R.P.) as a marking agent. These two labelling techniques have made it possible to determine two categories of structures connected with A.P.: those with afferent connections (Nucleus ambiguus), or efferent connections (mesencephalic nucleus of V, Locus coeruleus, griseum centrale and inferior and superior colliculi) and those having both types of connections (Nucleus tractus solitarii (N.F.S.), Dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus, hypoglossal nucleus). The afferent and efferent pathways of the A.P. identified with H.R.P. coincide with the catecholaminergic pathways demonstrated in the rat by Lindvall and Bj\u00f6rklund (1974).", "PMID": 550738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_438", "title": "[Samonella carriers among the personnel of the Umberto I Hospital in Frosinone].", "content": "The results from more than 8,000 stool cultures performed on the Hospital personnel during the last 4 years are reported. A total of 70 were positive and the strains more frequently isolated were S. wien, S. london and S. typhimurium. Epidemiological implications, control measures and care of exposed persons are presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Samonella carriers among the personnel of the Umberto I Hospital in Frosinone]. The results from more than 8,000 stool cultures performed on the Hospital personnel during the last 4 years are reported. A total of 70 were positive and the strains more frequently isolated were S. wien, S. london and S. typhimurium. Epidemiological implications, control measures and care of exposed persons are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 550732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_439", "title": "[Diffusion of intestinal parasitic diseases in some Milanese kindergartens].", "content": "During the months of October and November 1977, 560 children aged between three and five attending some kindergartens of Milan were studied to evaluate the diffusion of intestinal parasitic infections. Among a first group of 274 children, examination of the stool only with Ritchie's method was positive in 14.96% of subjects. When Scotch tape swab test for enterobiasis was also carried out, the diffusion of parasitic infections resulted higher (54.54% in a second group of 286 cases). These data were correlated to the same parameters (age and sex, place of origin and social status of the family, density of inhabitants, hygienic situation), obtaining almost corresponding values in the two groups. In particular, an increase of the incidence of parasitic infections with advancing age and a higher diffusion among members of immigrated italian families (especially if living in overcrowded houses at low hygienic conditions) were observed.", "contents": "[Diffusion of intestinal parasitic diseases in some Milanese kindergartens]. During the months of October and November 1977, 560 children aged between three and five attending some kindergartens of Milan were studied to evaluate the diffusion of intestinal parasitic infections. Among a first group of 274 children, examination of the stool only with Ritchie's method was positive in 14.96% of subjects. When Scotch tape swab test for enterobiasis was also carried out, the diffusion of parasitic infections resulted higher (54.54% in a second group of 286 cases). These data were correlated to the same parameters (age and sex, place of origin and social status of the family, density of inhabitants, hygienic situation), obtaining almost corresponding values in the two groups. In particular, an increase of the incidence of parasitic infections with advancing age and a higher diffusion among members of immigrated italian families (especially if living in overcrowded houses at low hygienic conditions) were observed.", "PMID": 550734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_440", "title": "[Nutritive value of lupine and its potential as human food].", "content": "The chemical composition and some indices of protein quality were measured in two species of sweet lupine Lupinus albus and Lupinus luteus grown at the Experimental Station in Gorbea, Chile: both samples showed a high protein content (39.5 and 44.6%). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was measured in the rat and found to be 0.48 and 0.71, respectively, as compared to 2.57 for casein. Supplementation with 0.3% DL-methionine increased significantly those values, thus indicating that lupine protein is deficient in said amino acid. In another experiment the effect of cooking-extrusion on lupine flour (L. albus) was investigated and the chemical composition, protein efficiency ratio, methionine supplementation and digestibility of the protein were measured. The chemical composition was not changed but PER increased from 0.50 for raw lupine to 0.76 for processed lupine (P less than 0.05). Both values increased significantly with the addition of 0.3% DL-methionine. The protein digestibility of the supplemented lupine was not affected by the cooking extrusion process (76.5 and 77.8%, respectively). Supplementation of wheat flour with 5, 10, 15 and 20% lupine flour increased the PER of wheat flour from 0.92, to 1.39 for wheat flour supplemented with 10% lupine flour, and to 1.60 for the 15% level of the supplement. These studies seem to support the conclusion that sweet lupine is an interesting protein resource for human nutrition.", "contents": "[Nutritive value of lupine and its potential as human food]. The chemical composition and some indices of protein quality were measured in two species of sweet lupine Lupinus albus and Lupinus luteus grown at the Experimental Station in Gorbea, Chile: both samples showed a high protein content (39.5 and 44.6%). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was measured in the rat and found to be 0.48 and 0.71, respectively, as compared to 2.57 for casein. Supplementation with 0.3% DL-methionine increased significantly those values, thus indicating that lupine protein is deficient in said amino acid. In another experiment the effect of cooking-extrusion on lupine flour (L. albus) was investigated and the chemical composition, protein efficiency ratio, methionine supplementation and digestibility of the protein were measured. The chemical composition was not changed but PER increased from 0.50 for raw lupine to 0.76 for processed lupine (P less than 0.05). Both values increased significantly with the addition of 0.3% DL-methionine. The protein digestibility of the supplemented lupine was not affected by the cooking extrusion process (76.5 and 77.8%, respectively). Supplementation of wheat flour with 5, 10, 15 and 20% lupine flour increased the PER of wheat flour from 0.92, to 1.39 for wheat flour supplemented with 10% lupine flour, and to 1.60 for the 15% level of the supplement. These studies seem to support the conclusion that sweet lupine is an interesting protein resource for human nutrition.", "PMID": 550741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_441", "title": "[Analysis of the application of methods recommended by FAO/WHO 1973 for determining the protein quality in Chilean food. Effect of the dietary protein concentration].", "content": "The 1973 FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements has recommended two methods to adjust the safe level of protein intake according to protein quality: chemical score and net protein utilization (NPU). However, the effect of protein concentration on protein utilization is not considered. The results of the present work, as well as those obtained by other investigators, show that there is an inverse relationship between protein concentration and protein utilization. The net protein utilization (NPU) at 10% of protein-calories or the chemical score adjusted by the nitrogen digestibility can be applied when results are to be projected to national average diets, which have values ranging between 9 and 13%. When it is necessary to evaluate the diet of specific relatively homogeneous population groups, the recommended method should use the NPU determined or calculated in each meal considering the level of protein concentration of the diet as eaten (NPU op). This method takes into account the amino acid complementation in each meal. The data on which these conclusions are based have been presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the application of methods recommended by FAO/WHO 1973 for determining the protein quality in Chilean food. Effect of the dietary protein concentration]. The 1973 FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements has recommended two methods to adjust the safe level of protein intake according to protein quality: chemical score and net protein utilization (NPU). However, the effect of protein concentration on protein utilization is not considered. The results of the present work, as well as those obtained by other investigators, show that there is an inverse relationship between protein concentration and protein utilization. The net protein utilization (NPU) at 10% of protein-calories or the chemical score adjusted by the nitrogen digestibility can be applied when results are to be projected to national average diets, which have values ranging between 9 and 13%. When it is necessary to evaluate the diet of specific relatively homogeneous population groups, the recommended method should use the NPU determined or calculated in each meal considering the level of protein concentration of the diet as eaten (NPU op). This method takes into account the amino acid complementation in each meal. The data on which these conclusions are based have been presented and discussed.", "PMID": 550742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_442", "title": "[The portal hypertension syndrome. Limitations of medical treatment and prevention of complications].", "content": "The aetiopathogenesis of portal hypertension and the hepatic and renal haemodynamics involved in the syndrome are reviewed. Medical treatment possibilities are then considered in the light of the mechanisms underlying the condition. Modalities of diuretic treatment and the possibilities of controlling it in order to prevent the onset of a hepato-renal syndrome are discussed, particular attention being paid to the role of volaemia.", "contents": "[The portal hypertension syndrome. Limitations of medical treatment and prevention of complications]. The aetiopathogenesis of portal hypertension and the hepatic and renal haemodynamics involved in the syndrome are reviewed. Medical treatment possibilities are then considered in the light of the mechanisms underlying the condition. Modalities of diuretic treatment and the possibilities of controlling it in order to prevent the onset of a hepato-renal syndrome are discussed, particular attention being paid to the role of volaemia.", "PMID": 550749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_443", "title": "[Evaluation of the liver cell clearance fraction before and after treatment with alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine in chronic hepatopathies].", "content": "The effectiveness of alpha-MPG management was evaluated in terms of changes in the liver cell depuration fraction in patients who presented reduced a levels. There was a marked improvement occasionally to the point of normalisation, in patients with toxic hepatosis. Variations were less significant in cirrhosis, especially in patients with a very low liver metabolism flow. No conclusions could be draw in the case of subjects with chronic heaptitis of various aetiology, since their DF was normal under basal conditions. It seems reasonable to suppose that further improvements are obtainable from prolonged administration of the drug.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the liver cell clearance fraction before and after treatment with alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine in chronic hepatopathies]. The effectiveness of alpha-MPG management was evaluated in terms of changes in the liver cell depuration fraction in patients who presented reduced a levels. There was a marked improvement occasionally to the point of normalisation, in patients with toxic hepatosis. Variations were less significant in cirrhosis, especially in patients with a very low liver metabolism flow. No conclusions could be draw in the case of subjects with chronic heaptitis of various aetiology, since their DF was normal under basal conditions. It seems reasonable to suppose that further improvements are obtainable from prolonged administration of the drug.", "PMID": 550750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_444", "title": "[Detection of HBsAg and the related antibody (HBsAb) with the radioimmunological method. Behavior of the HBeAg-HBcAb system in HBsAg-positive patients].", "content": "A radioimmunological assay was made of HBsAg and HBsAb in 183 patients during the course of acute viral hepatitis, 23 with prior HBsAg-positive hepatitis, 72 with chronic liver disease, 822 blood donors, 44 patients and 28 staff members from two dialysis centres, and the medical and paramedical staff of several high-risk departments. Microimmunodiffusion on agar was also used to determine HBeAg and HBeAb in the same 183 acute hepatitis patients, 37 HBsAg+ blood donors, 20 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, the patients of two haemodialysis centres and the staff of departments at high risk for hepatitis B. Attention is drawn to the marked incidence (5.5%) of chronic HBsAg carriers in the blood donors, and the considerable circulation of virus B in the population examined, HBsAb-positivity (27.6%) being also an expression of this. Stress is also laid on the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the study of the HBsAg-HBsAb system during acute and chronic hepatitis. The importance of serum hepatitis B markers in the transmission of this disease in dialysis centres and other high-risk departments and in its prevention is underscored. Lastly, emphasis is laid on the appreciable progress that analysis of the e-anti-e system offers in the prognostic assessment of type B hepatitis, attention being also drawn to the fact that the dynamics of this system is even more complex and interesting than had first been thought. An assessment of this kind is useful in the differentiation of \"contagious\" and \"non-contagious\" HBsAg carriers.", "contents": "[Detection of HBsAg and the related antibody (HBsAb) with the radioimmunological method. Behavior of the HBeAg-HBcAb system in HBsAg-positive patients]. A radioimmunological assay was made of HBsAg and HBsAb in 183 patients during the course of acute viral hepatitis, 23 with prior HBsAg-positive hepatitis, 72 with chronic liver disease, 822 blood donors, 44 patients and 28 staff members from two dialysis centres, and the medical and paramedical staff of several high-risk departments. Microimmunodiffusion on agar was also used to determine HBeAg and HBeAb in the same 183 acute hepatitis patients, 37 HBsAg+ blood donors, 20 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, the patients of two haemodialysis centres and the staff of departments at high risk for hepatitis B. Attention is drawn to the marked incidence (5.5%) of chronic HBsAg carriers in the blood donors, and the considerable circulation of virus B in the population examined, HBsAb-positivity (27.6%) being also an expression of this. Stress is also laid on the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the study of the HBsAg-HBsAb system during acute and chronic hepatitis. The importance of serum hepatitis B markers in the transmission of this disease in dialysis centres and other high-risk departments and in its prevention is underscored. Lastly, emphasis is laid on the appreciable progress that analysis of the e-anti-e system offers in the prognostic assessment of type B hepatitis, attention being also drawn to the fact that the dynamics of this system is even more complex and interesting than had first been thought. An assessment of this kind is useful in the differentiation of \"contagious\" and \"non-contagious\" HBsAg carriers.", "PMID": 550751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_445", "title": "[The study of sweat electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) in bent back].", "content": "The behaviour of electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) has been studied in a group of 30 patients 10 male and 20 female suffering from bent spine and aged between 10 and 15. The purpose was to highlight possible mucoviscidosis, including latent disease, in these subjects. The data excluded the presence of mucoviscidosis in all subjects examined.", "contents": "[The study of sweat electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) in bent back]. The behaviour of electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) has been studied in a group of 30 patients 10 male and 20 female suffering from bent spine and aged between 10 and 15. The purpose was to highlight possible mucoviscidosis, including latent disease, in these subjects. The data excluded the presence of mucoviscidosis in all subjects examined.", "PMID": 550753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_446", "title": "[Early factors of necrosis in acute hemorrhagic necrotic pancreatitis].", "content": "In 60 cases of acute pancreatitis it was noted that 10 developed towards the haemorrhagic necrotic form. All these cases were surgically verified. Stress is laid on the factors that appear earliest in the change-over from an oedematous to a necrotico-haemorrhagic form. These factors (shock, fever, leukocytosis, hypocalcaemia, hyperglycaemia, pain, etc.) are assessed in relation to the frequency of their appearance and of their importance and reliability. These parameters point to the change-over from a pancreatopathy of medical significance to one of surgical interest and also suggest the most suitable moment for carrying out the operation.", "contents": "[Early factors of necrosis in acute hemorrhagic necrotic pancreatitis]. In 60 cases of acute pancreatitis it was noted that 10 developed towards the haemorrhagic necrotic form. All these cases were surgically verified. Stress is laid on the factors that appear earliest in the change-over from an oedematous to a necrotico-haemorrhagic form. These factors (shock, fever, leukocytosis, hypocalcaemia, hyperglycaemia, pain, etc.) are assessed in relation to the frequency of their appearance and of their importance and reliability. These parameters point to the change-over from a pancreatopathy of medical significance to one of surgical interest and also suggest the most suitable moment for carrying out the operation.", "PMID": 550754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_447", "title": "[Methodological indications for the experimental study of the action of disinfectants on bacterial strains].", "content": "The most commonly used techniques for the experimental study of the action of disinfectants with respect to bacterial strains (M.I.C. and B.M.C. determination, phenol coefficient, well test, agar diffusion through plates test, transporter test, contact by suspension test) are reviewed. The methods used personally in numerous experiments, the modified contact test, is then described in detail.", "contents": "[Methodological indications for the experimental study of the action of disinfectants on bacterial strains]. The most commonly used techniques for the experimental study of the action of disinfectants with respect to bacterial strains (M.I.C. and B.M.C. determination, phenol coefficient, well test, agar diffusion through plates test, transporter test, contact by suspension test) are reviewed. The methods used personally in numerous experiments, the modified contact test, is then described in detail.", "PMID": 550757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_448", "title": "[Chlorhydropeptic inhibition with atropine during stimulation with pentagastrin. A possibility of selective evaluation of gastric secretive function].", "content": "Basal secretion and the acidity peak have been evaluated in ulcerous patients during pentagastrinic stimulation and during atropinic inhibition, on the basis of the observations of Schofield et al. and in relation to the need to achieve correct identification and quantification of hydrochloric acid gastric secretive function. The results obtained with this technique suggest the possibility of a selective evaluation of the secretive function of oxyntic cells. This is extremely interesting because it opens the way to the most suitable surgical techniques for the treatment of ulcers.", "contents": "[Chlorhydropeptic inhibition with atropine during stimulation with pentagastrin. A possibility of selective evaluation of gastric secretive function]. Basal secretion and the acidity peak have been evaluated in ulcerous patients during pentagastrinic stimulation and during atropinic inhibition, on the basis of the observations of Schofield et al. and in relation to the need to achieve correct identification and quantification of hydrochloric acid gastric secretive function. The results obtained with this technique suggest the possibility of a selective evaluation of the secretive function of oxyntic cells. This is extremely interesting because it opens the way to the most suitable surgical techniques for the treatment of ulcers.", "PMID": 550752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_449", "title": "[Alpha and beta natural agglutinin titers in neoplasms].", "content": "A serological analysis of alpha and beta agglutinin titres has been carried out in cancer patients. Statistics of the patients' blood groups were also taken. The study showed an increased agglutinin titre, the expression of the functioning of the organism's defensive powers. Only in the terminal stage of the neoplastic disease were antibody titres low, the sign of low antibody reactivity of the affected organism.", "contents": "[Alpha and beta natural agglutinin titers in neoplasms]. A serological analysis of alpha and beta agglutinin titres has been carried out in cancer patients. Statistics of the patients' blood groups were also taken. The study showed an increased agglutinin titre, the expression of the functioning of the organism's defensive powers. Only in the terminal stage of the neoplastic disease were antibody titres low, the sign of low antibody reactivity of the affected organism.", "PMID": 550755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_450", "title": "[Value and limitations of determination of total serum CPK in patients with complicated myocardial infarct. Case statistics for 1974-1977].", "content": "The Authors, starting from a casuistic formed over four years at the \"Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione dell'Ospedale Fatebenefrateli di Milano\" where there is no coronaric unit and that gathers patients with complicated myocardial infarction, considered the developing of the enzyme CPK in the various clinical phases of these patients. On the basis of these data, we confirm with other Authors have already observed: that is, the value of the total serum CPK isn't a prognostic index fit in the evaluation of the clinical developing of the person with myocardial infarction, especially if complicated.", "contents": "[Value and limitations of determination of total serum CPK in patients with complicated myocardial infarct. Case statistics for 1974-1977]. The Authors, starting from a casuistic formed over four years at the \"Servizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione dell'Ospedale Fatebenefrateli di Milano\" where there is no coronaric unit and that gathers patients with complicated myocardial infarction, considered the developing of the enzyme CPK in the various clinical phases of these patients. On the basis of these data, we confirm with other Authors have already observed: that is, the value of the total serum CPK isn't a prognostic index fit in the evaluation of the clinical developing of the person with myocardial infarction, especially if complicated.", "PMID": 550756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_451", "title": "[Clinico-experimental correlation of the hypolipemic effects of mepartricin].", "content": "Mepartricin (SPA-S-160) fat-lowering effect was evaluated in several groups of rats, normal or with experimental hyperlipidemia. The substance had a normalizing action on the lipid levels, and in particular on the cholesterol component. These findings, compared to those obtained in preliminary clinical studies, confirm a mechanism of action, common to some other polyenes, selecting as molecular target the interaction with the cholesterol component.", "contents": "[Clinico-experimental correlation of the hypolipemic effects of mepartricin]. Mepartricin (SPA-S-160) fat-lowering effect was evaluated in several groups of rats, normal or with experimental hyperlipidemia. The substance had a normalizing action on the lipid levels, and in particular on the cholesterol component. These findings, compared to those obtained in preliminary clinical studies, confirm a mechanism of action, common to some other polyenes, selecting as molecular target the interaction with the cholesterol component.", "PMID": 550761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_452", "title": "[A case of primary hyperaldosteronism. Case report].", "content": "The authors discuss a reported case of primary aldosteronism, which is relatively uncommon within hypertensive population. The diagnosis of primary aldosteronism must be suggested by the presence of the association of arterial hypertension and hypokaliemia, which nevertheless is not pathognomonic. It is emphasized the significance of the detection of this syndrome on account of the correction following surgical removal of the adenoma of the adrenal cortex. Two attacks of paroxismal hypertension, which are atypical in primary aldosteronism, had been observed in the reported case; however, apart from these exceptions, arterial hypertension has resulted generally constant and of moderate degree, as well as the majority of the others descriptions. The personal experience confirms the need to determine plasma levels of renin and aldosterone before the therapeutic or diagnostic use of spironolactone.", "contents": "[A case of primary hyperaldosteronism. Case report]. The authors discuss a reported case of primary aldosteronism, which is relatively uncommon within hypertensive population. The diagnosis of primary aldosteronism must be suggested by the presence of the association of arterial hypertension and hypokaliemia, which nevertheless is not pathognomonic. It is emphasized the significance of the detection of this syndrome on account of the correction following surgical removal of the adenoma of the adrenal cortex. Two attacks of paroxismal hypertension, which are atypical in primary aldosteronism, had been observed in the reported case; however, apart from these exceptions, arterial hypertension has resulted generally constant and of moderate degree, as well as the majority of the others descriptions. The personal experience confirms the need to determine plasma levels of renin and aldosterone before the therapeutic or diagnostic use of spironolactone.", "PMID": 550763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_453", "title": "[The use of different liver-protective substances in the course of antitubercular chemotherapy and their effectiveness in preventing and countering the appearance of metabolic and functional liver changes Clinico-statistical studies].", "content": "An open study was run on three groups of hospitalised 40 patients with medium to serious lung TB to evaluate the effectiveness of generic liver protector drugs, UDPG, and an association of UDPG-GSH in the prevention a nd hindrance of organic and metabolic-functional liver alterations in the course of chemotherapy. It was found that UDPG--particularly in association with GSH--gave highly significant results by comparison with generic protector drugs.", "contents": "[The use of different liver-protective substances in the course of antitubercular chemotherapy and their effectiveness in preventing and countering the appearance of metabolic and functional liver changes Clinico-statistical studies]. An open study was run on three groups of hospitalised 40 patients with medium to serious lung TB to evaluate the effectiveness of generic liver protector drugs, UDPG, and an association of UDPG-GSH in the prevention a nd hindrance of organic and metabolic-functional liver alterations in the course of chemotherapy. It was found that UDPG--particularly in association with GSH--gave highly significant results by comparison with generic protector drugs.", "PMID": 550759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_454", "title": "[Presentation of a case of severe abdominal infection caused by anaerobic bacteria].", "content": "The problem of surgical infections is discussed, special attention being paid to the commonest bacterial agents, particularly those extremely serious forms induced by gram negative and anaerobic microorganisms. After an introduction regarding isolation methods and respective therapeutic programmes, attention is turned to the case of a young woman observed after an operation for perforated appendicular abscess later complicated by stercoraceous peritonitis. After initial antibiotic treatment, which was without effect, an association comprising Clindamycin, penicillin and gentamycin was employed. In just a few days this led complete remission of symptoms.", "contents": "[Presentation of a case of severe abdominal infection caused by anaerobic bacteria]. The problem of surgical infections is discussed, special attention being paid to the commonest bacterial agents, particularly those extremely serious forms induced by gram negative and anaerobic microorganisms. After an introduction regarding isolation methods and respective therapeutic programmes, attention is turned to the case of a young woman observed after an operation for perforated appendicular abscess later complicated by stercoraceous peritonitis. After initial antibiotic treatment, which was without effect, an association comprising Clindamycin, penicillin and gentamycin was employed. In just a few days this led complete remission of symptoms.", "PMID": 550764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_455", "title": "[Radiologic results of an artificial pylorus performed primarily in patients with Billroth II gastric resection].", "content": "The authors describe the radiological results after primary execution of an \"artificial pylorus\". In 18 patients were done a troncular vagotomy, hemigastrectomy (Billroth II) and Braum jejunal anastomosis. In twelve of this patients an \"artificial pylorus\" were done on the efferent loop, 10 cm distant of the gastroenterostomy and before the jejunal Braun anastomosis. The technique, previously described, was a 3 cm circumferencial ressection of the longitudinal muscular layer and circular layer plicature. The cut edges were approached. A significant delay in gastrojejunal emptying was observed in patients with an \"artificial pylorus\" caused by the effective presence of a sphincter-like mechanism.", "contents": "[Radiologic results of an artificial pylorus performed primarily in patients with Billroth II gastric resection]. The authors describe the radiological results after primary execution of an \"artificial pylorus\". In 18 patients were done a troncular vagotomy, hemigastrectomy (Billroth II) and Braum jejunal anastomosis. In twelve of this patients an \"artificial pylorus\" were done on the efferent loop, 10 cm distant of the gastroenterostomy and before the jejunal Braun anastomosis. The technique, previously described, was a 3 cm circumferencial ressection of the longitudinal muscular layer and circular layer plicature. The cut edges were approached. A significant delay in gastrojejunal emptying was observed in patients with an \"artificial pylorus\" caused by the effective presence of a sphincter-like mechanism.", "PMID": 550788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_456", "title": "[Transparieto-hepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle. Experience in 100 cases].", "content": "One-hundred cases submitted to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with Chiba's needle were studied. Success rate was 93%, with 100% success in patients with dilated ducts and 78.8% in those with normal ducts. One false-positive result was noticed due to air injection into bile duct in the beginning of the procedure. Complications were seen in 8 cases, without fatalities ascribed to the PTC itself, nor emergency laparotomy was necessary in these cases.", "contents": "[Transparieto-hepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle. Experience in 100 cases]. One-hundred cases submitted to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with Chiba's needle were studied. Success rate was 93%, with 100% success in patients with dilated ducts and 78.8% in those with normal ducts. One false-positive result was noticed due to air injection into bile duct in the beginning of the procedure. Complications were seen in 8 cases, without fatalities ascribed to the PTC itself, nor emergency laparotomy was necessary in these cases.", "PMID": 550790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_457", "title": "[Mediterranean lymphoma in Peru. Its treatment with oral oxytetracycline].", "content": "A new Peruvian case of malabsorption associated with primary diffuse lymphoma of the small bowel and mesenteric lymph glands is reported, having found no alpha chains either in blood or in urine. Like in most of the 8 previous cases, medium oral doses of oxytetracycline supressed diarrhea, markedly atenuated steatorrhea, restored the sense of well-being to the patient, and significantly increased his body weight. Critic is made on the denominations \"mediterranean lymphoma\" and \"primary upper small intestinal lymphoma\" (\"PUSIL\") that have been inappropriately assigned to the condition.", "contents": "[Mediterranean lymphoma in Peru. Its treatment with oral oxytetracycline]. A new Peruvian case of malabsorption associated with primary diffuse lymphoma of the small bowel and mesenteric lymph glands is reported, having found no alpha chains either in blood or in urine. Like in most of the 8 previous cases, medium oral doses of oxytetracycline supressed diarrhea, markedly atenuated steatorrhea, restored the sense of well-being to the patient, and significantly increased his body weight. Critic is made on the denominations \"mediterranean lymphoma\" and \"primary upper small intestinal lymphoma\" (\"PUSIL\") that have been inappropriately assigned to the condition.", "PMID": 550791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_458", "title": "Endoscopic procedure hazard--vagovagal syncope with heart standstill due to ERCP.", "content": "One case of successful recovery after a heart standstill following ERCP, is presented and attention to the endoscopists is called to the possibility of this hazard which challenges us to have a resuscitation set available in the endoscopy room. We also examine some comments on the cardiac effects of gastrointestinal endoscopy, and on premedication, reviewing some literature on these matters. Four hundred and seven patients underwent ERCP at Hiroshima University Hospital. One patient suffered heart standstill at the end of the endoscopical procedure. She recovered after a mechanical maneuver for resuscitation.", "contents": "Endoscopic procedure hazard--vagovagal syncope with heart standstill due to ERCP. One case of successful recovery after a heart standstill following ERCP, is presented and attention to the endoscopists is called to the possibility of this hazard which challenges us to have a resuscitation set available in the endoscopy room. We also examine some comments on the cardiac effects of gastrointestinal endoscopy, and on premedication, reviewing some literature on these matters. Four hundred and seven patients underwent ERCP at Hiroshima University Hospital. One patient suffered heart standstill at the end of the endoscopical procedure. She recovered after a mechanical maneuver for resuscitation.", "PMID": 550792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_459", "title": "[Chronic digestive loss of plasma proteins evaluated with 51Cr-albumin in Billroth I and II gastrectomized patients].", "content": "The digestive clearance of albumin 51Cr was determined in patients submitted to gastrectomy due to peptic ulcer, 6 to 18 months after surgery. Patients were of both sexes, with ages varying from 24 to 70 years. Reconstruction after resection was according to Billroth I and II techniques (groups B and C). The group of control (group A) presented no digestive illness. Each group was represented by 10 individuals. The mean value and respective standard derivation for each group was respectively: Group A: 16,4 +/- 4,6; Group B: 22,0 +/- 8,1; Group C: 35,8 +/- 14,4. Comparing the mean values according to the Tukey test, significance was observed at the alpha = 0.05 level between A and C groups and B and C ones.", "contents": "[Chronic digestive loss of plasma proteins evaluated with 51Cr-albumin in Billroth I and II gastrectomized patients]. The digestive clearance of albumin 51Cr was determined in patients submitted to gastrectomy due to peptic ulcer, 6 to 18 months after surgery. Patients were of both sexes, with ages varying from 24 to 70 years. Reconstruction after resection was according to Billroth I and II techniques (groups B and C). The group of control (group A) presented no digestive illness. Each group was represented by 10 individuals. The mean value and respective standard derivation for each group was respectively: Group A: 16,4 +/- 4,6; Group B: 22,0 +/- 8,1; Group C: 35,8 +/- 14,4. Comparing the mean values according to the Tukey test, significance was observed at the alpha = 0.05 level between A and C groups and B and C ones.", "PMID": 550789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_460", "title": "Study of food habits, food practices and taboos in Bangladesh: their implications in nutrition education.", "content": "The paper reports the findings of a retrospective study conducted to determine the prevailing food habits, food taboos and practices among 381 mothers selected randomly from twelve villages situated in 4 administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Undesirable food taboos and practices, maldistribution of food, lack of understanding of the nutritional needs of the vulnerable groups and bad cooking practices were found to be widespread in rural Bangladesh. Nutritional and health implications of these are discussed and remedial measures suggested.", "contents": "Study of food habits, food practices and taboos in Bangladesh: their implications in nutrition education. The paper reports the findings of a retrospective study conducted to determine the prevailing food habits, food taboos and practices among 381 mothers selected randomly from twelve villages situated in 4 administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Undesirable food taboos and practices, maldistribution of food, lack of understanding of the nutritional needs of the vulnerable groups and bad cooking practices were found to be widespread in rural Bangladesh. Nutritional and health implications of these are discussed and remedial measures suggested.", "PMID": 550815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_461", "title": "Antifertility activity of a medicinal plant of the genus Andrografis wall (family Acanthaceae). Part II.", "content": "Six weeks old male and female mice belonging to Wister strain were put on diets supplemented to the extent of 0.75% by the powdered stem of A. peniculata Nees for one, two, three and four weeks and the effect on fertility and gestational period was observed. Significant reduction in fertility was observed after three and four weeks of feeding in the group containing the treated males and the untreated females. In the same group the gestation period was also prolonged after four weeks of feeding. There was virtually no change in fertility and gestational period in the treated females and the untreated males during any stage of the experiment.", "contents": "Antifertility activity of a medicinal plant of the genus Andrografis wall (family Acanthaceae). Part II. Six weeks old male and female mice belonging to Wister strain were put on diets supplemented to the extent of 0.75% by the powdered stem of A. peniculata Nees for one, two, three and four weeks and the effect on fertility and gestational period was observed. Significant reduction in fertility was observed after three and four weeks of feeding in the group containing the treated males and the untreated females. In the same group the gestation period was also prolonged after four weeks of feeding. There was virtually no change in fertility and gestational period in the treated females and the untreated males during any stage of the experiment.", "PMID": 550816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_462", "title": "Hypertension in Secretariate population of Bangladesh.", "content": "A total of 8,172 persons constituting 98.6% of the total Secretariate Population of Bangladesh were screened for elevated blood pressure. One thousand and ninety cases (13.3%) showed diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or above. Those with diastolic blood pressure of 95 or above constituted 3.7% of the population. More than two-thirds of the latter group (71.6%) remained undetected indicating that vast majority of our hypertensive population remains undiagnosed and untreated. It is recommended that the misconception regarding symptomatic hypertenson should be removed by adequate emphasis on the preventive value of the control of hypertension on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complication. A plea has also been made for a large-scale survey to determine the extent of the problem in Bangladesh.", "contents": "Hypertension in Secretariate population of Bangladesh. A total of 8,172 persons constituting 98.6% of the total Secretariate Population of Bangladesh were screened for elevated blood pressure. One thousand and ninety cases (13.3%) showed diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or above. Those with diastolic blood pressure of 95 or above constituted 3.7% of the population. More than two-thirds of the latter group (71.6%) remained undetected indicating that vast majority of our hypertensive population remains undiagnosed and untreated. It is recommended that the misconception regarding symptomatic hypertenson should be removed by adequate emphasis on the preventive value of the control of hypertension on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complication. A plea has also been made for a large-scale survey to determine the extent of the problem in Bangladesh.", "PMID": 550817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_463", "title": "Abnormalities of early conceptus: a morphological study of 500 cases.", "content": "Although MR and PT are post-conception family planning measures, a large number of women were found to be non-pregnant. In the absence of direct evidence, presence of necrosis in the placental tissue in 20.8% cases is regarded as suggestive of abnormal ova which might have ended in abortion.", "contents": "Abnormalities of early conceptus: a morphological study of 500 cases. Although MR and PT are post-conception family planning measures, a large number of women were found to be non-pregnant. In the absence of direct evidence, presence of necrosis in the placental tissue in 20.8% cases is regarded as suggestive of abnormal ova which might have ended in abortion.", "PMID": 550818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_464", "title": "Polyploidy in algae.", "content": "The green algae and the charophytes represent the most widely studied groups of algae in respect to their ploidy levels. In some genera increased size accompanies ploidy level changes as well as certain morphological modifications, but in other genera no evident obvious changes can be discerned. In the other major groups of algae, namely the Rhodophycophyta and Phaeophycophyta, few cases of polyploidy have been documented adequately. In the remaining groups, unusual nuclear phenomena and/or behavior have hampered studies and few species have adequately been studied in regard to their polidy levels.", "contents": "Polyploidy in algae. The green algae and the charophytes represent the most widely studied groups of algae in respect to their ploidy levels. In some genera increased size accompanies ploidy level changes as well as certain morphological modifications, but in other genera no evident obvious changes can be discerned. In the other major groups of algae, namely the Rhodophycophyta and Phaeophycophyta, few cases of polyploidy have been documented adequately. In the remaining groups, unusual nuclear phenomena and/or behavior have hampered studies and few species have adequately been studied in regard to their polidy levels.", "PMID": 550821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_465", "title": "Polyploidy in fungi.", "content": "There is evidence supporting a concept of polyploid evolution in a number of groups of fungi. These typically have dominant diploid phases in their life-histories. There are a number of reports of suspected polyploidy in other fungi, but these should be considered speculative at this time.", "contents": "Polyploidy in fungi. There is evidence supporting a concept of polyploid evolution in a number of groups of fungi. These typically have dominant diploid phases in their life-histories. There are a number of reports of suspected polyploidy in other fungi, but these should be considered speculative at this time.", "PMID": 550822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_466", "title": "Polyploidy in insect evolution.", "content": "Of all living organisms insects are the group with the highest number of existing species. It is, of course, true that a fraction of the total number of insects has been cytologically studied. Polyploid forms are rare exceptions among them. Polyploidy in insects is always associated with the parthenogenetic mode of reproduction. The cytologically verified cases are described. As for the geographic distribution of polyploid insects, they have successfully colonized vast land areas. Their distributions are, in general, northern and montane. The polyploid races are in general far more widespread than their diploid bisexual ancestors. The possible models of origin of polyploid insects are covered as well as data on their gaenetic variability. There are apparent environmental correlations in the distribution of certain forms. Most polyploid insects have life cycles extending over two (or more) years. They are also in general flightless forms. Hypotheses on the relation between heterozygosity in polyploids as well as the consequences of mutations in polyploid lineages are also presented.", "contents": "Polyploidy in insect evolution. Of all living organisms insects are the group with the highest number of existing species. It is, of course, true that a fraction of the total number of insects has been cytologically studied. Polyploid forms are rare exceptions among them. Polyploidy in insects is always associated with the parthenogenetic mode of reproduction. The cytologically verified cases are described. As for the geographic distribution of polyploid insects, they have successfully colonized vast land areas. Their distributions are, in general, northern and montane. The polyploid races are in general far more widespread than their diploid bisexual ancestors. The possible models of origin of polyploid insects are covered as well as data on their gaenetic variability. There are apparent environmental correlations in the distribution of certain forms. Most polyploid insects have life cycles extending over two (or more) years. They are also in general flightless forms. Hypotheses on the relation between heterozygosity in polyploids as well as the consequences of mutations in polyploid lineages are also presented.", "PMID": 550829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_467", "title": "Origins of polyploids.", "content": "1. Polyploidy is a conspicuous feature of chromosomal evolution in higher plants. It is common in many genera, and numerous species are characterized by diploid and polyploid races. 2. Polyploid evolution is a process not an event. 3. Polyploid may involve somatic chromsome doubling or sexual functioning of cytologically non-reduced gametes. 4. Spontaneous chromosome doubling, either in the zygote to produce a polyploid is plant or in apical meristem to produce a polyploid chimera, is a rare event. 5. The common mode of polyploidy is through the formation and sexual functioning of cytologically non-reduced gametes. Increased in chromosome number can occur in the first or later hybrid generations. 6. Polyploid via cytologically non-reduced gametes is commonly a two step process. A diploid (2n) female gamete is fertilized by a haploid (n) male gamete to produce a triploid (3x), which in turn produces cytologically non-reduced triploid (3n) female gametes that are fertilized by haploid (n) gametes of the diploid parents and result in tetraploid (4x) offspring. 7. Fertilization of a rare diploid (2n) female gamete by an equally rare diploid (2n) male gamete to directly produce a tetraploid (4x) is extremely rare but does occur. 8. Polyploidy is successful only if the new polyploids are able to complete with their parents. Success depends on availability of suitable habitals, as well as the ability to produce successful offspring. 9. The most successful polyploids combine the diploid genomes of cytogenetically allied, but differently adapted taxa. 10. Fertility is restored in polyploids  through cytological diploidization of the genomes or through gametophytic apomixis. 11. Reversible tetaploidy is part of polyploid evolution.", "contents": "Origins of polyploids. 1. Polyploidy is a conspicuous feature of chromosomal evolution in higher plants. It is common in many genera, and numerous species are characterized by diploid and polyploid races. 2. Polyploid evolution is a process not an event. 3. Polyploid may involve somatic chromsome doubling or sexual functioning of cytologically non-reduced gametes. 4. Spontaneous chromosome doubling, either in the zygote to produce a polyploid is plant or in apical meristem to produce a polyploid chimera, is a rare event. 5. The common mode of polyploidy is through the formation and sexual functioning of cytologically non-reduced gametes. Increased in chromosome number can occur in the first or later hybrid generations. 6. Polyploid via cytologically non-reduced gametes is commonly a two step process. A diploid (2n) female gamete is fertilized by a haploid (n) male gamete to produce a triploid (3x), which in turn produces cytologically non-reduced triploid (3n) female gametes that are fertilized by haploid (n) gametes of the diploid parents and result in tetraploid (4x) offspring. 7. Fertilization of a rare diploid (2n) female gamete by an equally rare diploid (2n) male gamete to directly produce a tetraploid (4x) is extremely rare but does occur. 8. Polyploidy is successful only if the new polyploids are able to complete with their parents. Success depends on availability of suitable habitals, as well as the ability to produce successful offspring. 9. The most successful polyploids combine the diploid genomes of cytogenetically allied, but differently adapted taxa. 10. Fertility is restored in polyploids  through cytological diploidization of the genomes or through gametophytic apomixis. 11. Reversible tetaploidy is part of polyploid evolution.", "PMID": 550830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_468", "title": "Polyploidy and domestication: the origin and survival of polyploids in cytotype mixtures.", "content": "The origin and survival of a polyploid in a mixture of this polyploid and its parent(s) is reviewed. With several examples a picture is drawn of the interference of cytotypes in a mixture of cytotypes. Some natural polyploids, both wild and domesticated, are very successful. They, like bread wheat and banana, largely replaced their parents. The same is true for some artificial polyploids like autotriploid hybride sugar beet in Europe and autotetraploid perennial ryegrass. But when grown together with their parents for several generations they will disappear from this misture. Although in South America under primitive conditions, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid potatoes are grown, elsewhere only the tetraploids have survived. Various causes are presented to explain why the diploids and triploids succumbed. Autotetraploids of maize, rye, barley, and rice cannot maintain themselves in diploid/tetraploid mixtures. The maintenance of diploid or tetraploid rye varieties is less difficult as both are \"self-cleaning\" with respect to the other. Only two haploid cultivars exist but they can only maintain themselves with the help of man. It is concluded that the survival chances of a polyploid after its origination is low. Firstly, under conditions of random sampling a rare type has a very small chance of occurring in the next generation. Furthermore, seedset of triploids and tetraploids is often low which limits their survival. In addition, in mixtures of cross-fertilizing diploid and autotetraploids the n gamete has an advantage over the 2n gamete. This limits the survival of the autotetraploids again. It is concluded that our knowledge of the the mutual interference of cytotypes in a cytotype mixture is quite limited. Much more research is needed and some proposals concerning this research are made.", "contents": "Polyploidy and domestication: the origin and survival of polyploids in cytotype mixtures. The origin and survival of a polyploid in a mixture of this polyploid and its parent(s) is reviewed. With several examples a picture is drawn of the interference of cytotypes in a mixture of cytotypes. Some natural polyploids, both wild and domesticated, are very successful. They, like bread wheat and banana, largely replaced their parents. The same is true for some artificial polyploids like autotriploid hybride sugar beet in Europe and autotetraploid perennial ryegrass. But when grown together with their parents for several generations they will disappear from this misture. Although in South America under primitive conditions, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid potatoes are grown, elsewhere only the tetraploids have survived. Various causes are presented to explain why the diploids and triploids succumbed. Autotetraploids of maize, rye, barley, and rice cannot maintain themselves in diploid/tetraploid mixtures. The maintenance of diploid or tetraploid rye varieties is less difficult as both are \"self-cleaning\" with respect to the other. Only two haploid cultivars exist but they can only maintain themselves with the help of man. It is concluded that the survival chances of a polyploid after its origination is low. Firstly, under conditions of random sampling a rare type has a very small chance of occurring in the next generation. Furthermore, seedset of triploids and tetraploids is often low which limits their survival. In addition, in mixtures of cross-fertilizing diploid and autotetraploids the n gamete has an advantage over the 2n gamete. This limits the survival of the autotetraploids again. It is concluded that our knowledge of the the mutual interference of cytotypes in a cytotype mixture is quite limited. Much more research is needed and some proposals concerning this research are made.", "PMID": 550834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_469", "title": "Uses of wheat aneuploids.", "content": "There is available in wheat a unique series of aneuploids ranging from all 21 possible monosomics to complex types that are simultaneously deficient for one chromosome and duplicate for another. Furthermore, lines with chromosomes from related alien species either added to or substituted for wheat chromosomes are in common cytological use. This contribution condiders the use of this range of material in studies designed to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of the species, in investigations of the genetics of a polyploid with cytological diploidization, and in potential breeding manipulations.", "contents": "Uses of wheat aneuploids. There is available in wheat a unique series of aneuploids ranging from all 21 possible monosomics to complex types that are simultaneously deficient for one chromosome and duplicate for another. Furthermore, lines with chromosomes from related alien species either added to or substituted for wheat chromosomes are in common cytological use. This contribution condiders the use of this range of material in studies designed to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of the species, in investigations of the genetics of a polyploid with cytological diploidization, and in potential breeding manipulations.", "PMID": 550836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_470", "title": "Physiology of polyploids.", "content": "Polyploidy, a multiplication of the whole chromosomal complement, is a very widespread phenomenon in higher plants. Natural polyploids have been suggested to be more successful than their diploid progenitors under certain conditions. This success may be due to \"balance hybridity,\" i.e., the combination of the advantage of hybridity together with the balancing of excessive segregation and sterility by chromosome doubling, and possibly also to the effect of genome multiplication per se. The latter effect can be studied independently of the effect of other genetic changes only in autopolyploid newly derived from single ancestral strains. The existing knowledge on the effect of genome multiplication on the physiology of the plant is fragmentary and based on too narrow a representation of plant types; much of the information available on the effect of genome multiplication pertains to the tomato. Various aspects of polyploidy are discussed according to levels of function and organization: gene action, cell characteristics, growth substance, water balance, ion balance, stability of phenotypic expression and the response of polyploid plants to stress. Future work on the physiology of autopolyploid plants should be directed towards: (1) the investigation of more representative experimental systems that should include genetically homogeneous and heterogeneous species of both wild and cultivated plants; and (2) diploid-polyploid comparisons on the level of isolated tissues and cells, in addition to the whole plant.", "contents": "Physiology of polyploids. Polyploidy, a multiplication of the whole chromosomal complement, is a very widespread phenomenon in higher plants. Natural polyploids have been suggested to be more successful than their diploid progenitors under certain conditions. This success may be due to \"balance hybridity,\" i.e., the combination of the advantage of hybridity together with the balancing of excessive segregation and sterility by chromosome doubling, and possibly also to the effect of genome multiplication per se. The latter effect can be studied independently of the effect of other genetic changes only in autopolyploid newly derived from single ancestral strains. The existing knowledge on the effect of genome multiplication on the physiology of the plant is fragmentary and based on too narrow a representation of plant types; much of the information available on the effect of genome multiplication pertains to the tomato. Various aspects of polyploidy are discussed according to levels of function and organization: gene action, cell characteristics, growth substance, water balance, ion balance, stability of phenotypic expression and the response of polyploid plants to stress. Future work on the physiology of autopolyploid plants should be directed towards: (1) the investigation of more representative experimental systems that should include genetically homogeneous and heterogeneous species of both wild and cultivated plants; and (2) diploid-polyploid comparisons on the level of isolated tissues and cells, in addition to the whole plant.", "PMID": 550845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_471", "title": "Studies on urea hydrolysis. Part 2. Effects of some heavy metals on urease activity.", "content": "The effect of some heavy metals on the urease activity was studied in a pure system using jack bean urease (JBU). While Mn showed no effect, copper reduced the enzyme activity more than did Zn or Fe at high concentrations (100 ppm). At a low concentration, iron reduced the enzyme activity more than at a high concentration. Inhibition of the urease activity was induced by less than 0.1 ppm Fe, 0.5 ppm Cu, and 10.0 ppm Zn. In the soil, these heavy metals inhibited the JBU in this order: Fe++ greater than Cu++ greater than Zn++. The possibility is discussed of using heavy metals to delay urea hydrolysis in soils.", "contents": "Studies on urea hydrolysis. Part 2. Effects of some heavy metals on urease activity. The effect of some heavy metals on the urease activity was studied in a pure system using jack bean urease (JBU). While Mn showed no effect, copper reduced the enzyme activity more than did Zn or Fe at high concentrations (100 ppm). At a low concentration, iron reduced the enzyme activity more than at a high concentration. Inhibition of the urease activity was induced by less than 0.1 ppm Fe, 0.5 ppm Cu, and 10.0 ppm Zn. In the soil, these heavy metals inhibited the JBU in this order: Fe++ greater than Cu++ greater than Zn++. The possibility is discussed of using heavy metals to delay urea hydrolysis in soils.", "PMID": 550859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_472", "title": "Incidence of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. in Zea mays L. in the rainforest zone of Nigeria.", "content": "45 seed samples from 7 states of the rainforest zone of Nigeria (Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Bendel, Anambra, Imo, and Cross River) were screened for phytopathogen incidence. Whereas Drechslera maydis was found in 30 and Cephalosporium maydis in 79% of the samples were infected by Fusarium moniliforme, with 70% of the samples showing heavy infection. In view of the widespread nature of this economically important fungus on maize in the main cultivation area of Nigeria, the necessity for routine laboratory seed health tests is clearly indicated.", "contents": "Incidence of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. in Zea mays L. in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. 45 seed samples from 7 states of the rainforest zone of Nigeria (Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Bendel, Anambra, Imo, and Cross River) were screened for phytopathogen incidence. Whereas Drechslera maydis was found in 30 and Cephalosporium maydis in 79% of the samples were infected by Fusarium moniliforme, with 70% of the samples showing heavy infection. In view of the widespread nature of this economically important fungus on maize in the main cultivation area of Nigeria, the necessity for routine laboratory seed health tests is clearly indicated.", "PMID": 550860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_473", "title": "Measurement of lung volumes from supine portable chest radiographs.", "content": "Lung volumes in supine nonambulatory patients are physiological parameters often difficult to measure with current techniques (plethysmograph, gas dilution). Existing radiographic methods for measuring lung volumes require standard upright chest radiographs. Accordingly, in 31 normal supine adults, we determined helium-dilution functional residual and total lung capacities and measured planimetric lung field areas (LFA) from corresponding portable anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Low radiation dose methods, which delivered less than 10% of that from standard portable X-ray technique, were utilized. Correlation between lung volume and radiographic LFA was highly significant (r = 0.96, SEE = 10.6%). Multiple-step regressions using height and chest diameter correction factors reduced variance, but weight and radiographic magnification factors did not. In 17 additional subjects studied for validation, the regression equations accurately predicted radiographic lung volume. Thus, this technique can provide accurate and rapid measurement of lung volume in studies involving supine patients.", "contents": "Measurement of lung volumes from supine portable chest radiographs. Lung volumes in supine nonambulatory patients are physiological parameters often difficult to measure with current techniques (plethysmograph, gas dilution). Existing radiographic methods for measuring lung volumes require standard upright chest radiographs. Accordingly, in 31 normal supine adults, we determined helium-dilution functional residual and total lung capacities and measured planimetric lung field areas (LFA) from corresponding portable anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Low radiation dose methods, which delivered less than 10% of that from standard portable X-ray technique, were utilized. Correlation between lung volume and radiographic LFA was highly significant (r = 0.96, SEE = 10.6%). Multiple-step regressions using height and chest diameter correction factors reduced variance, but weight and radiographic magnification factors did not. In 17 additional subjects studied for validation, the regression equations accurately predicted radiographic lung volume. Thus, this technique can provide accurate and rapid measurement of lung volume in studies involving supine patients.", "PMID": 550865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_474", "title": "Haemodynamic effect of the venom of Bitis Gabonica in the dog.", "content": "Intravenous injection of 0.125 mg/kg of venom of Bitis Gabonica in the anaesthetized dog produces an immediate but reversible decrease in total peripheral and coronary vascular resistance. Stroke volume show a transient increase followed by an irreversible reduction. A second dose of 0.25 mg/kg produces the same effect on total peripheral and coronary vascular resistance, but furtherly reduces the stroke volume. A third dose of 0.50 mg/kg kills the animal after an extreme reduction of the stroke volume. The progressive decrease of the stroke volume might be due to a failure of the ventricle to relax, whereas its transient increase immediately after the injection depends on the abrupt fall of the total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effect of the venom of Bitis Gabonica in the dog. Intravenous injection of 0.125 mg/kg of venom of Bitis Gabonica in the anaesthetized dog produces an immediate but reversible decrease in total peripheral and coronary vascular resistance. Stroke volume show a transient increase followed by an irreversible reduction. A second dose of 0.25 mg/kg produces the same effect on total peripheral and coronary vascular resistance, but furtherly reduces the stroke volume. A third dose of 0.50 mg/kg kills the animal after an extreme reduction of the stroke volume. The progressive decrease of the stroke volume might be due to a failure of the ventricle to relax, whereas its transient increase immediately after the injection depends on the abrupt fall of the total peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 550868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_475", "title": "Tryptophan metabolism in animals with dermatitis. I) In Rats.", "content": "Tryptophan metabolism \"via kynurenine\" after load of amino-acid has been studied in urine of rats before and after induction of experimental light-conditioned dermatitis with psoralen. Tryptophan load in animals during the acute phase of dermatitis (one day after induction) causes a markedly increased urinary excretion of total metabolites in comparison with that obtained before dermatitis. After six days of dermatitis, when the skin damage was in repair, the excretory values after tryptophan load in rats are only slightly increased indicating that the metabolic disturbance is correlated with the skin damage.", "contents": "Tryptophan metabolism in animals with dermatitis. I) In Rats. Tryptophan metabolism \"via kynurenine\" after load of amino-acid has been studied in urine of rats before and after induction of experimental light-conditioned dermatitis with psoralen. Tryptophan load in animals during the acute phase of dermatitis (one day after induction) causes a markedly increased urinary excretion of total metabolites in comparison with that obtained before dermatitis. After six days of dermatitis, when the skin damage was in repair, the excretory values after tryptophan load in rats are only slightly increased indicating that the metabolic disturbance is correlated with the skin damage.", "PMID": 550869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_476", "title": "Tryptophan metabolism in animals with dermatitis. II) In guinea pigs.", "content": "Tryptophan load in guinea pigs after induction of a photodermatitis from psoralen caused marked increase of urinary excretion of total metabolites \"via kynurenine\" in comparison with that obtained before dermatitis. Xanthurenic acid is the metabolite which showed the most increased levels in urine during dermatitis. This dermatitis from furocoumarin caused an alteration of tryptophan metabolism in guinea pigs as well as rats, but species differences in the excretion of metabolites after amino acid load are observed.", "contents": "Tryptophan metabolism in animals with dermatitis. II) In guinea pigs. Tryptophan load in guinea pigs after induction of a photodermatitis from psoralen caused marked increase of urinary excretion of total metabolites \"via kynurenine\" in comparison with that obtained before dermatitis. Xanthurenic acid is the metabolite which showed the most increased levels in urine during dermatitis. This dermatitis from furocoumarin caused an alteration of tryptophan metabolism in guinea pigs as well as rats, but species differences in the excretion of metabolites after amino acid load are observed.", "PMID": 550870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_477", "title": "[Evaluation of intestinal absorption of calcium by means of double-isotope methods and oral administration of the tracer].", "content": "The percent intestinal absorption of calcium was measured in normal volunteers and in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria employing the deconvolution method, the ratio of the two administered isotopes at equilibrium and the percent of dose present in plasma 2 hr after oral administration of the tracer. Comparison of results obtained showed that the technique based on the ratio between the two radioisotopes overestimates intestinal absorption by about 9% with respect to values calculated with the deconvolution method, but gives results comparable to those determined by oral administration of the isotope. The percent dose of the tracer 2 h after i.v. administration is closely correlated with the size of the miscible calcium pool. A less significant correlation exists between the size of the pool and percent of the dose 2 h after oral administration.", "contents": "[Evaluation of intestinal absorption of calcium by means of double-isotope methods and oral administration of the tracer]. The percent intestinal absorption of calcium was measured in normal volunteers and in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria employing the deconvolution method, the ratio of the two administered isotopes at equilibrium and the percent of dose present in plasma 2 hr after oral administration of the tracer. Comparison of results obtained showed that the technique based on the ratio between the two radioisotopes overestimates intestinal absorption by about 9% with respect to values calculated with the deconvolution method, but gives results comparable to those determined by oral administration of the isotope. The percent dose of the tracer 2 h after i.v. administration is closely correlated with the size of the miscible calcium pool. A less significant correlation exists between the size of the pool and percent of the dose 2 h after oral administration.", "PMID": 550871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_478", "title": "[Effects of surgery and anesthesia on serum immunoglobulins].", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins levels after surgery with and without anaesthesia are reported. No significant change was found after surgery without anaesthesia; significant changes of serum Ig (A,G,M) were observed in surgery with anaesthesia (60-180 m') group on day 1 following operation. This Ig decrease is probably due to a reduced immunologic response by long anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Effects of surgery and anesthesia on serum immunoglobulins]. Serum immunoglobulins levels after surgery with and without anaesthesia are reported. No significant change was found after surgery without anaesthesia; significant changes of serum Ig (A,G,M) were observed in surgery with anaesthesia (60-180 m') group on day 1 following operation. This Ig decrease is probably due to a reduced immunologic response by long anaesthesia.", "PMID": 550874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_479", "title": "[Visco-elastic characteristics of the rat aorta].", "content": "In order to estimate wave propagation \"in vitro\", aortic compliance has been studied by means of rings and stripes from 6 adult male Wistar rats. Lengthening and shortening maneuvres have been performed; the pulse transmission rate was evaluated by calculating the elastic modulus during the maneuvres. A Norepinephrine infusion has been done. Results obtained show that transmission rate is higher in shortening than in lengthening phases. Norepinephrine did not significantly affect the values. The rate values were not greatly different whether \"in vitro\" or \"in vivo\". By increasing specimen stress, the rate too was increased, but the amount was lower than \"in vivo\" values. Hence it was assumable that rate variations \"in vivo\", should be partially influenced by elastic modulus, and a vegetative intervention should be implied.", "contents": "[Visco-elastic characteristics of the rat aorta]. In order to estimate wave propagation \"in vitro\", aortic compliance has been studied by means of rings and stripes from 6 adult male Wistar rats. Lengthening and shortening maneuvres have been performed; the pulse transmission rate was evaluated by calculating the elastic modulus during the maneuvres. A Norepinephrine infusion has been done. Results obtained show that transmission rate is higher in shortening than in lengthening phases. Norepinephrine did not significantly affect the values. The rate values were not greatly different whether \"in vitro\" or \"in vivo\". By increasing specimen stress, the rate too was increased, but the amount was lower than \"in vivo\" values. Hence it was assumable that rate variations \"in vivo\", should be partially influenced by elastic modulus, and a vegetative intervention should be implied.", "PMID": 550875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_480", "title": "[Measurement of the velocity of the pulse wave].", "content": "Pulse wave transmission rate has been measured \"in vivo\" in 6 male anaesthetized Wistar rats, by means of cannulae, inserted both in carotid and femoral arteries. The measure has been done by calculating the time delay of several corresponding levels in the two pressure pulses: at the foot, during the ascending phase, at the peak. Three different intervention have been carried out: Ach, NA, blood transfusion. The transmission rate outcame higher at the pulse foot than at the peak, in control animals and in Ach and blood transfusion interventions. The NA intervention inverted this behaviour, where the increase in transmission rate did not correspond to the rate of pressure growing. The possible influences of a vegetative component on arterial viscoelastic behaviour are discussed.", "contents": "[Measurement of the velocity of the pulse wave]. Pulse wave transmission rate has been measured \"in vivo\" in 6 male anaesthetized Wistar rats, by means of cannulae, inserted both in carotid and femoral arteries. The measure has been done by calculating the time delay of several corresponding levels in the two pressure pulses: at the foot, during the ascending phase, at the peak. Three different intervention have been carried out: Ach, NA, blood transfusion. The transmission rate outcame higher at the pulse foot than at the peak, in control animals and in Ach and blood transfusion interventions. The NA intervention inverted this behaviour, where the increase in transmission rate did not correspond to the rate of pressure growing. The possible influences of a vegetative component on arterial viscoelastic behaviour are discussed.", "PMID": 550876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_481", "title": "[Effects of dopamine, noradrenaline and isoproterenol on pulmonary circulation in anesthetized dogs].", "content": "Experiments were performed on 19 anaesthetized open-chest dog instrumented with polyethylene catheters inserted: into the aorta, in pulmonary artery and in left atrium and with an electromagnetic flow-transducer placed around the ascending aorta in order to record : systemic arterial and pulmonary pressures, mean left auricular pressure and phasic aortic flow. Heart rate, stroke volume, total systemic and pulmonary resistance, cardiac work were moreover calculated. Each dog was given intravenously by slow infusione : Dopamine (micrograms 5--10--20/kg/min/ 5 min), Isoproterenol (microgram 0.125--0.25--0.5/kg/min/5 min) and Norepinephrine (microgram 0.25--0.5--1 /kg/min/5 min). Results obtained on systemic hemodynamics agree with those reported by many other investigators. On pulmonary circulation : Isoproterenol, at the tested doses, elicited vasodilator effects, Norepinephrine increased total pulmonary resistance but not pulmonary vascular resistance, while Dopamine did not modify or slightly reduced vascular pulmonary tone.", "contents": "[Effects of dopamine, noradrenaline and isoproterenol on pulmonary circulation in anesthetized dogs]. Experiments were performed on 19 anaesthetized open-chest dog instrumented with polyethylene catheters inserted: into the aorta, in pulmonary artery and in left atrium and with an electromagnetic flow-transducer placed around the ascending aorta in order to record : systemic arterial and pulmonary pressures, mean left auricular pressure and phasic aortic flow. Heart rate, stroke volume, total systemic and pulmonary resistance, cardiac work were moreover calculated. Each dog was given intravenously by slow infusione : Dopamine (micrograms 5--10--20/kg/min/ 5 min), Isoproterenol (microgram 0.125--0.25--0.5/kg/min/5 min) and Norepinephrine (microgram 0.25--0.5--1 /kg/min/5 min). Results obtained on systemic hemodynamics agree with those reported by many other investigators. On pulmonary circulation : Isoproterenol, at the tested doses, elicited vasodilator effects, Norepinephrine increased total pulmonary resistance but not pulmonary vascular resistance, while Dopamine did not modify or slightly reduced vascular pulmonary tone.", "PMID": 550877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_482", "title": "[Influence of serotonin on some serum enzyme activities in rats].", "content": "The serotonin injected intraperitoneally in rats (20 mg/Kg of body weight) modifies some seric enzymatic activities (LDH, alpha-HBDH and CPK) at different times from the injection (30, 60, 90 min.), acting probably on membrane permeability and on intracellular metabolism.", "contents": "[Influence of serotonin on some serum enzyme activities in rats]. The serotonin injected intraperitoneally in rats (20 mg/Kg of body weight) modifies some seric enzymatic activities (LDH, alpha-HBDH and CPK) at different times from the injection (30, 60, 90 min.), acting probably on membrane permeability and on intracellular metabolism.", "PMID": 550878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_483", "title": "[Oxygen consumption in organs of rats treated with serotonin].", "content": "The serotonin injected intraperitoneally in rats (20 mg/Kg of body weight) increases the oxygen utilization of slices of heart, liver and muscle with a maximum value after 60 min from the injection. The serotonin, probably, acts on intracellular metabolism increasing some enzymatic activities or metabolic pathways.", "contents": "[Oxygen consumption in organs of rats treated with serotonin]. The serotonin injected intraperitoneally in rats (20 mg/Kg of body weight) increases the oxygen utilization of slices of heart, liver and muscle with a maximum value after 60 min from the injection. The serotonin, probably, acts on intracellular metabolism increasing some enzymatic activities or metabolic pathways.", "PMID": 550879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_484", "title": "Molecular mechanism of general anesthesia: I. Fluorescence studies in mitochondrial membranes.", "content": "We have tested the working hypothesis that anesthetics, by labilizing lipid-protein interactions, induce conformational changes in membrane proteins involved in the transmission of neural impulses. In the first communication of this series we report that general anesthetics induce changes in the fluorescence of the probes ANS and NPN in model membranes, lipid vesicles and mitochondria. The changes observed concern the quantumyield but not the position of the emission maximum. Such changes may be interpreted as due to fluidization of the membrane core (NPN), accompanied by variable effects in the membrane surface(ANS).", "contents": "Molecular mechanism of general anesthesia: I. Fluorescence studies in mitochondrial membranes. We have tested the working hypothesis that anesthetics, by labilizing lipid-protein interactions, induce conformational changes in membrane proteins involved in the transmission of neural impulses. In the first communication of this series we report that general anesthetics induce changes in the fluorescence of the probes ANS and NPN in model membranes, lipid vesicles and mitochondria. The changes observed concern the quantumyield but not the position of the emission maximum. Such changes may be interpreted as due to fluidization of the membrane core (NPN), accompanied by variable effects in the membrane surface(ANS).", "PMID": 550880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_485", "title": "Molecular mechanism of general anesthesia: III. Kinetic studies on erythrocyte ghost acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "General anesthetics inhibit erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase. Release of the membrane-bound enzyme by sonication into a soluble form induces a loss of sensitivity to anesthetics. Reconstitution of the solubilized enzyme with phospholipids restores its inhibition by anesthetics. The results suggest that anesthetic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is mediated through the lipid bilayer.", "contents": "Molecular mechanism of general anesthesia: III. Kinetic studies on erythrocyte ghost acetylcholinesterase. General anesthetics inhibit erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase. Release of the membrane-bound enzyme by sonication into a soluble form induces a loss of sensitivity to anesthetics. Reconstitution of the solubilized enzyme with phospholipids restores its inhibition by anesthetics. The results suggest that anesthetic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is mediated through the lipid bilayer.", "PMID": 550881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_486", "title": "An improvement of the analytical description of temporal variations of plasma and total platelet activities, studied using 75Se-methionin as an in vivo tracer.", "content": "In this work we have re-examined our previous model for the analytical description of temporal variations of plasma and total platelet activities, introducing a mathematical simplification by means of elimination of a cumbersome and deforming parameter. We give here 1) interpolation formula 2) complete list of instructions of our program for computer data processing.", "contents": "An improvement of the analytical description of temporal variations of plasma and total platelet activities, studied using 75Se-methionin as an in vivo tracer. In this work we have re-examined our previous model for the analytical description of temporal variations of plasma and total platelet activities, introducing a mathematical simplification by means of elimination of a cumbersome and deforming parameter. We give here 1) interpolation formula 2) complete list of instructions of our program for computer data processing.", "PMID": 550882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_487", "title": "[In-vitro antimicrobial activity of 2 aminoglycoside antibiotics: tobramycin and gentamycin].", "content": "It has been determined the in vitro antibacterial activity of two antibiotics on 409 bacterial stocks isolated from several pathologic materials and composed by E.coli,Propeus,Salmonellae,Pseudomonas,Staphylococcus aureus. The Tobramicin has shown to have activity against all stocks of E.coli(82),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (62) and Salmonellae (21) and to have a better activity in comparison with Gentamicin also against Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "[In-vitro antimicrobial activity of 2 aminoglycoside antibiotics: tobramycin and gentamycin]. It has been determined the in vitro antibacterial activity of two antibiotics on 409 bacterial stocks isolated from several pathologic materials and composed by E.coli,Propeus,Salmonellae,Pseudomonas,Staphylococcus aureus. The Tobramicin has shown to have activity against all stocks of E.coli(82),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (62) and Salmonellae (21) and to have a better activity in comparison with Gentamicin also against Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus.", "PMID": 550883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_488", "title": "[Changes in osmotic resistance of erythrocytes of human blood caused by Vipera berus venom].", "content": "The effect of Berus viper's venom on the osmotic globular resistance of human blood, incubated for a period of 2 hours at 20 degrees C with amounts of venom in the range of 200 to 400 gamma/ml of blood, has been studied. The hemolytic effect occurs to a greater extent at NaCl concentrations higher than 0,60%.", "contents": "[Changes in osmotic resistance of erythrocytes of human blood caused by Vipera berus venom]. The effect of Berus viper's venom on the osmotic globular resistance of human blood, incubated for a period of 2 hours at 20 degrees C with amounts of venom in the range of 200 to 400 gamma/ml of blood, has been studied. The hemolytic effect occurs to a greater extent at NaCl concentrations higher than 0,60%.", "PMID": 550884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_489", "title": "[Vitamin C in the plasma and leukocytes of Italians in different periods of the year].", "content": "After briefly mentioning the factors which influence the vitamin C levels in tissues, the findings are reported of an investigation, conducted on 11 volunteers, in which some variations were revealed in vitamin C concentrations in the plasma and in the leukocytes of the subjects examined during a period of one year. The lowest levels were found in the months of March and December.", "contents": "[Vitamin C in the plasma and leukocytes of Italians in different periods of the year]. After briefly mentioning the factors which influence the vitamin C levels in tissues, the findings are reported of an investigation, conducted on 11 volunteers, in which some variations were revealed in vitamin C concentrations in the plasma and in the leukocytes of the subjects examined during a period of one year. The lowest levels were found in the months of March and December.", "PMID": 550885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_490", "title": "[Therapeutic action of vitamin C on cholesterol metabolism].", "content": "As a part of the research work on the role played by Vitamin C on lipidic metabolism, the effects on man were considered that result from the administration of high vitamin C doses, chiefly with reference to the serum levels of colesterol, of total lipids and of triglycerides. Our research was conducted on male subjects of 65-90 years, who were administered 3 g/day of vitamin C for three weeks. Our findings show that the administration of high vitamin C doses causes a statistically significant decrease in colesterol, in total lipids and in triglycerides, in all the subjects under consideration. This takes place not only when colesterol, total lipids and triglycerides present normal serum levels, but also when such levels show an increase. Conversely, vitamin C significantly increases, with treatment, in all subjects treated, both in plasma and in leukocytes.", "contents": "[Therapeutic action of vitamin C on cholesterol metabolism]. As a part of the research work on the role played by Vitamin C on lipidic metabolism, the effects on man were considered that result from the administration of high vitamin C doses, chiefly with reference to the serum levels of colesterol, of total lipids and of triglycerides. Our research was conducted on male subjects of 65-90 years, who were administered 3 g/day of vitamin C for three weeks. Our findings show that the administration of high vitamin C doses causes a statistically significant decrease in colesterol, in total lipids and in triglycerides, in all the subjects under consideration. This takes place not only when colesterol, total lipids and triglycerides present normal serum levels, but also when such levels show an increase. Conversely, vitamin C significantly increases, with treatment, in all subjects treated, both in plasma and in leukocytes.", "PMID": 550886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_491", "title": "Influence of phospholipids on the respiratory activity of embryonal heart cells cultured in vitro in presence of different ethanol concentrations.", "content": "The influence of phospholipids on respiratory activity of embryonal heart cells, trated with certainly harmful concentrations of ethanol, has been discussed. It has been concluded that when the cell is deeply impaired the administration of phospholipids does not seem to have positive effects. In this condition an irreversible morphological alteration has been induced.", "contents": "Influence of phospholipids on the respiratory activity of embryonal heart cells cultured in vitro in presence of different ethanol concentrations. The influence of phospholipids on respiratory activity of embryonal heart cells, trated with certainly harmful concentrations of ethanol, has been discussed. It has been concluded that when the cell is deeply impaired the administration of phospholipids does not seem to have positive effects. In this condition an irreversible morphological alteration has been induced.", "PMID": 550889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_492", "title": "[Histochemical demonstration of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in human bone marrow: apparent enzymatic induction after administration of folic acid antagonists].", "content": "Folate antagonists interfere to a varying extent with the histochemical demonstration of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Some aspects of this interaction are investigated in normal hemopoietic cells of patients following antitumor treatment with methotrexate. In this situation the histochemically detectable activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase exceeds the control levels (apparent enzymatic induction). A protection of the enzyme-metabolite complex from degradation and diffusion might be effective for the changes in reaction intensity.", "contents": "[Histochemical demonstration of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in human bone marrow: apparent enzymatic induction after administration of folic acid antagonists]. Folate antagonists interfere to a varying extent with the histochemical demonstration of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Some aspects of this interaction are investigated in normal hemopoietic cells of patients following antitumor treatment with methotrexate. In this situation the histochemically detectable activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase exceeds the control levels (apparent enzymatic induction). A protection of the enzyme-metabolite complex from degradation and diffusion might be effective for the changes in reaction intensity.", "PMID": 550890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_493", "title": "[Studies of the half-life of plasma parathyroid hormone: rate of disappearance of immunoreactive fragments of the hormone after surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma in primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "The disappearance rate of immunoreactive plasma parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was studied, employing two different antisera, following removal of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. One antisera contained antibodies against both the NH2 region and the COOH terminal of the molecule (antiserum 211/32, Wellcome Laboratories), the other contained antibodies against antigenic sites of the terminal COOH portion (Immuno Nuclear Corporation antiserum). The iPTH plasma level dropped in all patients following removal of the adenoma. The half-life was longer than that of the native hormone and shorter than that of the terminal fragment with both antisera, being 38.8 min for the 211/32 and 32.9 min for the I.N.C. antiserum. Whilst this finding might be expected for the 211/32 antiserum, on account of its characteristics, it is difficult to offer an explanation for the observed half-life of the I.N.C. anti serum which is specific for the terminal COOH region. These results appear to suggest that the terminal COOH fragment may be further metabolized and that its longer half-life, observed by other authors, is due to the antisera used recognizing the antigenic sites in a fragment smaller than the terminal COOH portion of the molecule, rather than to the effective half-life of the entire fragment.", "contents": "[Studies of the half-life of plasma parathyroid hormone: rate of disappearance of immunoreactive fragments of the hormone after surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma in primary hyperparathyroidism]. The disappearance rate of immunoreactive plasma parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was studied, employing two different antisera, following removal of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. One antisera contained antibodies against both the NH2 region and the COOH terminal of the molecule (antiserum 211/32, Wellcome Laboratories), the other contained antibodies against antigenic sites of the terminal COOH portion (Immuno Nuclear Corporation antiserum). The iPTH plasma level dropped in all patients following removal of the adenoma. The half-life was longer than that of the native hormone and shorter than that of the terminal fragment with both antisera, being 38.8 min for the 211/32 and 32.9 min for the I.N.C. antiserum. Whilst this finding might be expected for the 211/32 antiserum, on account of its characteristics, it is difficult to offer an explanation for the observed half-life of the I.N.C. anti serum which is specific for the terminal COOH region. These results appear to suggest that the terminal COOH fragment may be further metabolized and that its longer half-life, observed by other authors, is due to the antisera used recognizing the antigenic sites in a fragment smaller than the terminal COOH portion of the molecule, rather than to the effective half-life of the entire fragment.", "PMID": 550891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_494", "title": "[Values and limitations of the radioimmunological determination of plasma parathyroid hormone in the study of the functional activity of the parathyroid glands].", "content": "Aim of the present study was to establish the limits and difficulties prevailing in RIA of PTH due to different specificity of antisera. Studies were carried out on normal volunteers and 36 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) employing two different assay techniques a) 211/32 antiserum from Wellcome Lab. and b) Immuno Nuclear Corporation Kit. Plasma iPTH values were higher in most primary HPT patients than in normal subjects with both techniques. It is possible nevertheless to differentiate the primary HPT patients with normal plasma iPTH values from normal subjects by correlating plasma iPTH values with corresponding serum calcium values.", "contents": "[Values and limitations of the radioimmunological determination of plasma parathyroid hormone in the study of the functional activity of the parathyroid glands]. Aim of the present study was to establish the limits and difficulties prevailing in RIA of PTH due to different specificity of antisera. Studies were carried out on normal volunteers and 36 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) employing two different assay techniques a) 211/32 antiserum from Wellcome Lab. and b) Immuno Nuclear Corporation Kit. Plasma iPTH values were higher in most primary HPT patients than in normal subjects with both techniques. It is possible nevertheless to differentiate the primary HPT patients with normal plasma iPTH values from normal subjects by correlating plasma iPTH values with corresponding serum calcium values.", "PMID": 550892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_495", "title": "[Long-term treatment with lithium salts and cerebral electric activity. Experimental research].", "content": "An eeg study was carried out in rabbits to investigate the neurophysiological effects of chronic lithium clorure treatment. The Monnier and Gangloff's stereotaxic method was used for recording cortical and deep structure activity. Lithium clorure was administered i.p. at doses of 20 mg/Kg/die for 15-22 days (mean plasmatic levels: 0.04 mEq/l). The eeg changes consisted in synchronization of the cortical activity, slowing of the deep structure activity and increase of CAD spiking. The most interesting finding was the appearance of peculiar periodic spikes in the CAD and subcortical structures. A similar pattern has been previously described by us in rabbits treated with repeated ECT.", "contents": "[Long-term treatment with lithium salts and cerebral electric activity. Experimental research]. An eeg study was carried out in rabbits to investigate the neurophysiological effects of chronic lithium clorure treatment. The Monnier and Gangloff's stereotaxic method was used for recording cortical and deep structure activity. Lithium clorure was administered i.p. at doses of 20 mg/Kg/die for 15-22 days (mean plasmatic levels: 0.04 mEq/l). The eeg changes consisted in synchronization of the cortical activity, slowing of the deep structure activity and increase of CAD spiking. The most interesting finding was the appearance of peculiar periodic spikes in the CAD and subcortical structures. A similar pattern has been previously described by us in rabbits treated with repeated ECT.", "PMID": 550893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_496", "title": "[Effects of lidocaine, mepivacaine and prilocaine on the detrusor muscle of the rat urinary bladder].", "content": "Lidocaine, mepivacaine and prilocaine cause in rats an increase of the frequency of the spontaneous contractions and an increase of the tone on the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder. These effects are not antagonized by atropine and by fentola mine. On the contrary verapamil and papaverine antagonize these above effects.", "contents": "[Effects of lidocaine, mepivacaine and prilocaine on the detrusor muscle of the rat urinary bladder]. Lidocaine, mepivacaine and prilocaine cause in rats an increase of the frequency of the spontaneous contractions and an increase of the tone on the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder. These effects are not antagonized by atropine and by fentola mine. On the contrary verapamil and papaverine antagonize these above effects.", "PMID": 550894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_497", "title": "[Correlations between the processes of cell differentiation and development of blood vessels in the (chick embryo) adenohypohhysis].", "content": "Utilizing semi-thin and, respectively, thick sections after indian ink injections, we have analyzed morphohistogenesis and vessel development in the adenohypophysis of chick embryos from the 4th to the 19th incubation day. Our preliminary results indicate that a close correlation exists between cellular differentiation and vasculogenesis. Vessels begin to enter the gland only at the 6th day when the first endocellular granules become detectable, and, from the 10th day, they markedly increase in number and size, gradually acquiring a peculiar sinusoidal arrangement around cellular groups, as cell differentiation further progresses.", "contents": "[Correlations between the processes of cell differentiation and development of blood vessels in the (chick embryo) adenohypohhysis]. Utilizing semi-thin and, respectively, thick sections after indian ink injections, we have analyzed morphohistogenesis and vessel development in the adenohypophysis of chick embryos from the 4th to the 19th incubation day. Our preliminary results indicate that a close correlation exists between cellular differentiation and vasculogenesis. Vessels begin to enter the gland only at the 6th day when the first endocellular granules become detectable, and, from the 10th day, they markedly increase in number and size, gradually acquiring a peculiar sinusoidal arrangement around cellular groups, as cell differentiation further progresses.", "PMID": 550895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_498", "title": "[Study of the wave-form of the stapedial reflex in response to sonorous stimuli of different intensity].", "content": "The threshold of the acoustic reflex and its pattern in response to different intersity stimuli, was investigated by means of the signal-averaging technique in 10 normal ears. Trains of tone bursts between 100 and 0 dB HL were used. The frequencies tested were 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. In all subjects the pattern of the acoustic reflex for stimuli between 110 and 100 dB HL was biphasic, with an initial positive plateau followed by a longer negative one. For stimuli < 80 dB HL the pattern of the reflex was monophasic, characterized by a single positive peak (latency between 120 and 170 msec).", "contents": "[Study of the wave-form of the stapedial reflex in response to sonorous stimuli of different intensity]. The threshold of the acoustic reflex and its pattern in response to different intersity stimuli, was investigated by means of the signal-averaging technique in 10 normal ears. Trains of tone bursts between 100 and 0 dB HL were used. The frequencies tested were 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. In all subjects the pattern of the acoustic reflex for stimuli between 110 and 100 dB HL was biphasic, with an initial positive plateau followed by a longer negative one. For stimuli < 80 dB HL the pattern of the reflex was monophasic, characterized by a single positive peak (latency between 120 and 170 msec).", "PMID": 550896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_499", "title": "[Alpha-thalassemia in Puglia. II. Neonatal screening for Bart's hemoglobin].", "content": "550 blood specimens from the umbilical cord of newborn babies from Apulia have been screened in order to detect Hb Bart's. The electrophoresis of the haemoglobin by Cellogel (Tris Glycine pH 8.6) carried out on the 550 specimens have revealed in 43 variable quantities of Hb Bart's: 34 cases (6,18%) showed non measurable quota, whereas in the other 9 cases (1,63%) Hb Bart's varied from 2,19% to 26%. The haemoglobin biosynthesis \"in vitro\" of the baby presenting 26% of Hb Bart's has been reported.", "contents": "[Alpha-thalassemia in Puglia. II. Neonatal screening for Bart's hemoglobin]. 550 blood specimens from the umbilical cord of newborn babies from Apulia have been screened in order to detect Hb Bart's. The electrophoresis of the haemoglobin by Cellogel (Tris Glycine pH 8.6) carried out on the 550 specimens have revealed in 43 variable quantities of Hb Bart's: 34 cases (6,18%) showed non measurable quota, whereas in the other 9 cases (1,63%) Hb Bart's varied from 2,19% to 26%. The haemoglobin biosynthesis \"in vitro\" of the baby presenting 26% of Hb Bart's has been reported.", "PMID": 550897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_500", "title": "[Study in vitro of the biosynthesis of Hb in alpha-thalassemic subjects of Puglia].", "content": "An haematological study and haemoglobin biosynthesis in vitro carried out on the members of family from Ostuni (Apulia), three of which present Hb H in quantities varying from 26 to 28 and 29%, has been reported. On the basis of the haematological and biosynthetical data, the Authors think that the genetics of the alpha-thalassemia in the family under observation is similar to that observed in South East Asia according to the hypothesis of the existence of two alpha loci. The biosynthetical data fall into the values obtained by Kan and Coll. even if with slight differences.", "contents": "[Study in vitro of the biosynthesis of Hb in alpha-thalassemic subjects of Puglia]. An haematological study and haemoglobin biosynthesis in vitro carried out on the members of family from Ostuni (Apulia), three of which present Hb H in quantities varying from 26 to 28 and 29%, has been reported. On the basis of the haematological and biosynthetical data, the Authors think that the genetics of the alpha-thalassemia in the family under observation is similar to that observed in South East Asia according to the hypothesis of the existence of two alpha loci. The biosynthetical data fall into the values obtained by Kan and Coll. even if with slight differences.", "PMID": 550898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_501", "title": "Organization of the visceral afferent representation in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "In experiments on cats which had been narcotized with chloralose and immobilized with myo-relaxants, we have studied cerebral cortical responses to stimulation of the visceral system. A peculiarity of the visceral afferent representation is the fact that the convergence of visceral and dermomuscular impulses is achieved with predominance of somatic signals in the cortical zones of visceral representation, with the exception of the focus of maximal activity (FMA). A second peculiarity is the fact that the visceral afferent systems develop habituation to prolonged stimulation. The principles of this development are similar to the general principles described in the literature for other sensory systems.", "contents": "Organization of the visceral afferent representation in the cerebral cortex. In experiments on cats which had been narcotized with chloralose and immobilized with myo-relaxants, we have studied cerebral cortical responses to stimulation of the visceral system. A peculiarity of the visceral afferent representation is the fact that the convergence of visceral and dermomuscular impulses is achieved with predominance of somatic signals in the cortical zones of visceral representation, with the exception of the focus of maximal activity (FMA). A second peculiarity is the fact that the visceral afferent systems develop habituation to prolonged stimulation. The principles of this development are similar to the general principles described in the literature for other sensory systems.", "PMID": 550902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_502", "title": "Possible mechanism of the selectivity of the cytostatic action of antineoplastic preparations.", "content": "A model of the phenomenon of selectivity of antineoplastic phase-specific preparations in leukemia, based on the assumption that any proliferating cells are equally sensitive to the action of such preparations, is suggested. Therefore, selectivity, the concept and fundamental significance of which were formulated and substantiated by the authors earlier, can be expressed in terms of the proliferative pathways of the normal and leukemic populations, the ratio between which thus plays the deciding role in the selection of the optimum system of therapy. The concept of maximum selectivity, which is a convenient numerical characteristic of a preparation, was introduced. A comparative quantitative analysis was made of a number of antineoplastic preparations (vinblastine, vincristine, amethopterin, arabinosylcytosine, azaserine); it showed that the conclusions of the model do not contradict the experimental data.", "contents": "Possible mechanism of the selectivity of the cytostatic action of antineoplastic preparations. A model of the phenomenon of selectivity of antineoplastic phase-specific preparations in leukemia, based on the assumption that any proliferating cells are equally sensitive to the action of such preparations, is suggested. Therefore, selectivity, the concept and fundamental significance of which were formulated and substantiated by the authors earlier, can be expressed in terms of the proliferative pathways of the normal and leukemic populations, the ratio between which thus plays the deciding role in the selection of the optimum system of therapy. The concept of maximum selectivity, which is a convenient numerical characteristic of a preparation, was introduced. A comparative quantitative analysis was made of a number of antineoplastic preparations (vinblastine, vincristine, amethopterin, arabinosylcytosine, azaserine); it showed that the conclusions of the model do not contradict the experimental data.", "PMID": 550904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_503", "title": "Absorptive function of peripheral blood neutrophils in irradiated animals.", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rats, dogs, and monkeys, irradiated with x rays or the gamma rays of 60 Co, that a decrease in the indices of phagocytosis is observed only 3-4 weeks after irradiation. It is concluded that the absorptive function of mature neutrophils in radioresistant, and the cells whose maturation occurred after the influence of ionizing radiation are inadequate.", "contents": "Absorptive function of peripheral blood neutrophils in irradiated animals. It was shown in experiments on rats, dogs, and monkeys, irradiated with x rays or the gamma rays of 60 Co, that a decrease in the indices of phagocytosis is observed only 3-4 weeks after irradiation. It is concluded that the absorptive function of mature neutrophils in radioresistant, and the cells whose maturation occurred after the influence of ionizing radiation are inadequate.", "PMID": 550903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_504", "title": "Influence of ultralow temperatures on the translating activity of cell-free extracts of different origins.", "content": "The influence of various systems of freezing (-196 degrees C) and thawing on the protein-synthesizing activity of cell-free extracts from Krebs II ascites carcinoma of the rat liver and from wheat germ was studied. It was established that the biosynthesis of proteins, stimulated by exogenous templates, is decreased in the case of slow systems of freezing and warming of cell-free extracts from Krebs II ascites carcinoma. Similar results were obtained in an investigation of the endogenous protein-synthesizing activity of a cell-free extract from the rat liver and Krebs II ascites carcinoma. No significant decrease in the translating activity of the cell-free extract from wheat germ was observed in the investigated systems of freezing and warming. It was shown that the greatest sensitivity to the action of low temperatures is possessed by a cell-free extract from Krebs II ascites carcinoma.", "contents": "Influence of ultralow temperatures on the translating activity of cell-free extracts of different origins. The influence of various systems of freezing (-196 degrees C) and thawing on the protein-synthesizing activity of cell-free extracts from Krebs II ascites carcinoma of the rat liver and from wheat germ was studied. It was established that the biosynthesis of proteins, stimulated by exogenous templates, is decreased in the case of slow systems of freezing and warming of cell-free extracts from Krebs II ascites carcinoma. Similar results were obtained in an investigation of the endogenous protein-synthesizing activity of a cell-free extract from the rat liver and Krebs II ascites carcinoma. No significant decrease in the translating activity of the cell-free extract from wheat germ was observed in the investigated systems of freezing and warming. It was shown that the greatest sensitivity to the action of low temperatures is possessed by a cell-free extract from Krebs II ascites carcinoma.", "PMID": 550905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_505", "title": "The possibility of passive transport of histamine through biological membranes.", "content": "The possibility of transport of free and heparin-bound histamine along the concentration gradient through bimolecular lipid membranes (BLM) and the influence of various factors on it was studied. It was shown that histamine is capable of diffusing through BLM in the form of a singly charged cation. In contrast to histamine, neither heparin nor the histamine-heparin complex (HsHC) penetrates through BLM. It was established that the action of histamine-liberating factors -- increasing the ionic strength to 0.15 and the addition of trypsin to the solution -- on HsHC leads to the appearance of transport of histamine through the BLM as a result of an increase in the concentration of free histamine in solution.", "contents": "The possibility of passive transport of histamine through biological membranes. The possibility of transport of free and heparin-bound histamine along the concentration gradient through bimolecular lipid membranes (BLM) and the influence of various factors on it was studied. It was shown that histamine is capable of diffusing through BLM in the form of a singly charged cation. In contrast to histamine, neither heparin nor the histamine-heparin complex (HsHC) penetrates through BLM. It was established that the action of histamine-liberating factors -- increasing the ionic strength to 0.15 and the addition of trypsin to the solution -- on HsHC leads to the appearance of transport of histamine through the BLM as a result of an increase in the concentration of free histamine in solution.", "PMID": 550906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_506", "title": "The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in female rats with an anovulatory cycle.", "content": "An electron-microscopic study was made of the suprachiasmatic and acurate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the intermediate and anterior lobes of the hypophysis in infertile female rats, sterilized by one injection of testosterone propionate in the critical period of their sexual development. Deformed synapses were detected on the bodies of the neurocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the accumulation of secretory granules and synaptoid vesicles in the nerve terminals of the intermediate lobe, and an intensive formation of secretion by the prolactin-producing adenocytes of the hypophysis. The mechanism of the masculinizing effect of androgens at the level of the hypothalamus and the possibility of correction of the anovulatory cycle in sterile females are discussed.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in female rats with an anovulatory cycle. An electron-microscopic study was made of the suprachiasmatic and acurate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the intermediate and anterior lobes of the hypophysis in infertile female rats, sterilized by one injection of testosterone propionate in the critical period of their sexual development. Deformed synapses were detected on the bodies of the neurocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the accumulation of secretory granules and synaptoid vesicles in the nerve terminals of the intermediate lobe, and an intensive formation of secretion by the prolactin-producing adenocytes of the hypophysis. The mechanism of the masculinizing effect of androgens at the level of the hypothalamus and the possibility of correction of the anovulatory cycle in sterile females are discussed.", "PMID": 550908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_507", "title": "Study of the influence of certain antitumor preparations on the population of hematopoietic stem cells.", "content": "The influence of antitumor preparations 1,2-bisdiazoacetylethane (diazan) and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) on the inhibition of colony formation after sublethal irradiation and on migration after nonuniform irradiation of mice was investigated by methods of endogenous cloning of hematopoietic stem cells. It was shown that both preparations in the therapeutic doses used in experimental oncology (diazan 150 mg/kg, NMU 8 mg/kg) have no mitostatic effect on the hematopoietic stem cells, while NMU also does not influence their migration. Diazan somewhat stimulated the migration process.", "contents": "Study of the influence of certain antitumor preparations on the population of hematopoietic stem cells. The influence of antitumor preparations 1,2-bisdiazoacetylethane (diazan) and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) on the inhibition of colony formation after sublethal irradiation and on migration after nonuniform irradiation of mice was investigated by methods of endogenous cloning of hematopoietic stem cells. It was shown that both preparations in the therapeutic doses used in experimental oncology (diazan 150 mg/kg, NMU 8 mg/kg) have no mitostatic effect on the hematopoietic stem cells, while NMU also does not influence their migration. Diazan somewhat stimulated the migration process.", "PMID": 550907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_508", "title": "Topical timolol in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Timolol theraphy was started in 37 patients with open-angle glaucoma whose intraocular pressure was inadequately controlled with maximum medical theraphy or who were having side effects with conventional medication. The intraocular pressure was substantially reduced by timolol in most of the patients, and there were relatively few side effect. A slight decrease in the pulse rate occured in some patients. The pressure-lowering effect was additive to that of other medications the patients were receiving, and was particularly useful in 13 of the 16 patients whose intraocular pressure had previously been inadequately controlled by maximum medical theraphy. The pressure-lowering effect appeared to be well sustained in most patients, although the pressure rose slightly in some.", "contents": "Topical timolol in open-angle glaucoma. Timolol theraphy was started in 37 patients with open-angle glaucoma whose intraocular pressure was inadequately controlled with maximum medical theraphy or who were having side effects with conventional medication. The intraocular pressure was substantially reduced by timolol in most of the patients, and there were relatively few side effect. A slight decrease in the pulse rate occured in some patients. The pressure-lowering effect was additive to that of other medications the patients were receiving, and was particularly useful in 13 of the 16 patients whose intraocular pressure had previously been inadequately controlled by maximum medical theraphy. The pressure-lowering effect appeared to be well sustained in most patients, although the pressure rose slightly in some.", "PMID": 550914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_509", "title": "Amblyopia and the monofixation syndrome.", "content": "Children with a Monofixation syndrome often show a small angle constant esotropia with an overlying esophoria of variable and often large angle. Commonly the phoria is well controlled unless the child is very tired, or the eyes are dissociated. Treatment of a concomitant amblyopia by patching may result in an inability to control the phoria, with breakdown of the strabismic angle to a large esotropia. Illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Amblyopia and the monofixation syndrome. Children with a Monofixation syndrome often show a small angle constant esotropia with an overlying esophoria of variable and often large angle. Commonly the phoria is well controlled unless the child is very tired, or the eyes are dissociated. Treatment of a concomitant amblyopia by patching may result in an inability to control the phoria, with breakdown of the strabismic angle to a large esotropia. Illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 550915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_510", "title": "Prismotherapy in intermittent exotropia. A preliminary report.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with intermittent exotropia and suppression were prescribed prisms which neutralised their maximum deviation. Thirteen patients failed to wear their prisms properly and served as controls and none were cured. Eight of the 12 patients who wore their corrective prisms more than half the time they were awake were cured.", "contents": "Prismotherapy in intermittent exotropia. A preliminary report. Twenty-five patients with intermittent exotropia and suppression were prescribed prisms which neutralised their maximum deviation. Thirteen patients failed to wear their prisms properly and served as controls and none were cured. Eight of the 12 patients who wore their corrective prisms more than half the time they were awake were cured.", "PMID": 550916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_511", "title": "Vitreous and retinal surgery in pseudophakia.", "content": "We review scleral buckling and vitrectomy procedures in thirteen pseudophakic eyes. Pre-operative difficulties in visualizing the fundi were few. Despite operative complications due to the implant, 90% of the retinas were reattached. Late complications involving particularly the anterior segment in both the buckling and vitrectomy groups caused the poor visual results.", "contents": "Vitreous and retinal surgery in pseudophakia. We review scleral buckling and vitrectomy procedures in thirteen pseudophakic eyes. Pre-operative difficulties in visualizing the fundi were few. Despite operative complications due to the implant, 90% of the retinas were reattached. Late complications involving particularly the anterior segment in both the buckling and vitrectomy groups caused the poor visual results.", "PMID": 550917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_512", "title": "Retinal detachment and pseudophakia.", "content": "Retinal detachments occur in up to 3.6% of pseudophakic patients. The intraocular lens makes it hard to see the peripheral fundus but the small pupil ophthalmoscope is a valuable help. The functional and anatomic success rates after operation are about 5% less than those of patients with aphakic retinal detachments matched for age and sex. I present fifteen cases of pseudophakic detachment. Any manipulation likely to induce contact between lens and cornea such as collapse of the globe after drainage of fluid or gas injections should be avoided. Careful examination of the fundus before and after cataract extraction and careful selection of paients for lens implantation are the only means of reducing the incidence of retinal detachment.", "contents": "Retinal detachment and pseudophakia. Retinal detachments occur in up to 3.6% of pseudophakic patients. The intraocular lens makes it hard to see the peripheral fundus but the small pupil ophthalmoscope is a valuable help. The functional and anatomic success rates after operation are about 5% less than those of patients with aphakic retinal detachments matched for age and sex. I present fifteen cases of pseudophakic detachment. Any manipulation likely to induce contact between lens and cornea such as collapse of the globe after drainage of fluid or gas injections should be avoided. Careful examination of the fundus before and after cataract extraction and careful selection of paients for lens implantation are the only means of reducing the incidence of retinal detachment.", "PMID": 550918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_513", "title": "Seidel's test using 10% fluorescein.", "content": "A 10% solution of fluorescein applied topically shows a leak from the anterior chamber better than a 2% solution. Fluorescein changes color because it is diluted by the leaking aqueous and not because its pH is changed.", "contents": "Seidel's test using 10% fluorescein. A 10% solution of fluorescein applied topically shows a leak from the anterior chamber better than a 2% solution. Fluorescein changes color because it is diluted by the leaking aqueous and not because its pH is changed.", "PMID": 550919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_514", "title": "Evaluation of the Schirmer tear test.", "content": "We used the Schirmer filter paper test to measure tear production in 10 healthy women after instillation of local anesthetic drops at the same time of day for 30 or 31 consecutive days. We found that it was not a reliable indicator of tear production. The results varied widely even on the same subjects many of whom would, according to the standards for interpretation of the test, have been judged to produce an inadequate amount of tears.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Schirmer tear test. We used the Schirmer filter paper test to measure tear production in 10 healthy women after instillation of local anesthetic drops at the same time of day for 30 or 31 consecutive days. We found that it was not a reliable indicator of tear production. The results varied widely even on the same subjects many of whom would, according to the standards for interpretation of the test, have been judged to produce an inadequate amount of tears.", "PMID": 550920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_515", "title": "Eye enlargement in birds induced by dim light.", "content": "We here report changes in eye weight and other measurements, in chickens reared in dim light. These effects are distinguished from those seen in light-induced avian glaucoma (brought on by exposure to continuous light). We confirm and extend the results of Berkovitz and Harrison on the dim light effect, but we differ from Axmith and Morin, who were apparently unable to reproduce light-induced avian glaucoma. We cannot yet offer an explanation as to the mechanism(s) of eye damage in either light-induced avian glaucoma or dim light-induced macrophthalmos.", "contents": "Eye enlargement in birds induced by dim light. We here report changes in eye weight and other measurements, in chickens reared in dim light. These effects are distinguished from those seen in light-induced avian glaucoma (brought on by exposure to continuous light). We confirm and extend the results of Berkovitz and Harrison on the dim light effect, but we differ from Axmith and Morin, who were apparently unable to reproduce light-induced avian glaucoma. We cannot yet offer an explanation as to the mechanism(s) of eye damage in either light-induced avian glaucoma or dim light-induced macrophthalmos.", "PMID": 550921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_516", "title": "Biochemical analysis of the cornea stored in steroid medium.", "content": "We wished to measure changes in the tissue mass and the deoxyribonucleic acid and protein content of guinea pig corneas stored for up to 21 days in tissue culture medium with or without 1 microM hydrocortisone. Full-thickness discs 4 mm in diameter were cut from the corneas for measurement of the three variables. Whether the disc came from a steroid-treated cornea or not, and whether it came from a fresh cornea, hydrocortisone did not appear to have any adverse effect on the features studied.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of the cornea stored in steroid medium. We wished to measure changes in the tissue mass and the deoxyribonucleic acid and protein content of guinea pig corneas stored for up to 21 days in tissue culture medium with or without 1 microM hydrocortisone. Full-thickness discs 4 mm in diameter were cut from the corneas for measurement of the three variables. Whether the disc came from a steroid-treated cornea or not, and whether it came from a fresh cornea, hydrocortisone did not appear to have any adverse effect on the features studied.", "PMID": 550922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_517", "title": "Bilateral choroidal osteoma after nine years.", "content": "We describe bilateral choroidal osteoma in a young woman. Photographs showed enlargement of both tumors as we followed the progress of her disease for nine years before making the diagnosis.", "contents": "Bilateral choroidal osteoma after nine years. We describe bilateral choroidal osteoma in a young woman. Photographs showed enlargement of both tumors as we followed the progress of her disease for nine years before making the diagnosis.", "PMID": 550923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_518", "title": "Massive retinal gliosis simulating choroidal melanoma.", "content": "A pigmented fundus lesion in a 47-year-old woman gave a positive 32P test result and angiography showed a separate tumor circulation suggesting a diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. Examination after local resection of the tumor revealed massive retinal gliosis, a rare condition not normally considered in the differential diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. We review the clincial and histologic features that differentiate massive retinal gliosis from choroidal melanoma and astrocytic hamartoma.", "contents": "Massive retinal gliosis simulating choroidal melanoma. A pigmented fundus lesion in a 47-year-old woman gave a positive 32P test result and angiography showed a separate tumor circulation suggesting a diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. Examination after local resection of the tumor revealed massive retinal gliosis, a rare condition not normally considered in the differential diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. We review the clincial and histologic features that differentiate massive retinal gliosis from choroidal melanoma and astrocytic hamartoma.", "PMID": 550924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_519", "title": "Failed dacryocystorhinostomy in Paget's disease.", "content": "We describe a patient with bony closure of a DCR due to monostotic Paget's disease. The condition may exist without biochemical, radiological or radioisotope changes. The abnormal bone must be removed and a Jones glass tube placed in the rhinostomy.", "contents": "Failed dacryocystorhinostomy in Paget's disease. We describe a patient with bony closure of a DCR due to monostotic Paget's disease. The condition may exist without biochemical, radiological or radioisotope changes. The abnormal bone must be removed and a Jones glass tube placed in the rhinostomy.", "PMID": 550925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_520", "title": "Ultrasonography and computerized tomography in the diagnosis of unsuspected uveal melanoma with proptosis.", "content": "A man of 62 developed sudden proptosis of his blind right eye after a blow to the head. A posttraumatic carotico-cavernous fistula was diagnosed, but B-scan ultrasonography and computerized tomography showed a large choroidal malignant melanoma wit retrobulbar extension.", "contents": "Ultrasonography and computerized tomography in the diagnosis of unsuspected uveal melanoma with proptosis. A man of 62 developed sudden proptosis of his blind right eye after a blow to the head. A posttraumatic carotico-cavernous fistula was diagnosed, but B-scan ultrasonography and computerized tomography showed a large choroidal malignant melanoma wit retrobulbar extension.", "PMID": 550926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_521", "title": "The analysis of anisocoria. The use of photography in the clinical evaluation of unequal pupils.", "content": "Unequal pupils are common and can be difficult to sort out. A flow chart is presented to help in localizing the cause for anisocoria. Also, an inexpensive and simple camera is suggested for use in accurately measuring pupils.", "contents": "The analysis of anisocoria. The use of photography in the clinical evaluation of unequal pupils. Unequal pupils are common and can be difficult to sort out. A flow chart is presented to help in localizing the cause for anisocoria. Also, an inexpensive and simple camera is suggested for use in accurately measuring pupils.", "PMID": 550927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_522", "title": "Aspects of cuprogenic disorder in Wilson's Disease in India.", "content": "A brief account is given of some aspects of Wilson's disease in India, studied during the periods 1959 to 1967 and 1970 to 1978, with emphasis on disordered parameters of copper metabolism. Among the latter, serum copper oxidase (representing caeruloplasmin) was found to be the most constant laboratory evidence of Wilson's disease. It wad drastically lowered in all patients in both periods (25 and 44 patients respectively), when compared to its level in the parents and siblings of the patients, in other neurological patients and in normal subjects serving as controls. The other constantly involved parameter was direct-reacting serum copper which was highly significantly elevated in the patients compared to the other groups. Most of the patients presented with a predominantly neurological form of the disease, smaller groups presenting with predominantly osseomuscular or hepatic forms. The mean age of patients in both periods was approximately 13 years.", "contents": "Aspects of cuprogenic disorder in Wilson's Disease in India. A brief account is given of some aspects of Wilson's disease in India, studied during the periods 1959 to 1967 and 1970 to 1978, with emphasis on disordered parameters of copper metabolism. Among the latter, serum copper oxidase (representing caeruloplasmin) was found to be the most constant laboratory evidence of Wilson's disease. It wad drastically lowered in all patients in both periods (25 and 44 patients respectively), when compared to its level in the parents and siblings of the patients, in other neurological patients and in normal subjects serving as controls. The other constantly involved parameter was direct-reacting serum copper which was highly significantly elevated in the patients compared to the other groups. Most of the patients presented with a predominantly neurological form of the disease, smaller groups presenting with predominantly osseomuscular or hepatic forms. The mean age of patients in both periods was approximately 13 years.", "PMID": 550935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_523", "title": "The neurological aspects of atrial myxoma.", "content": "2 cases of left atrial myxoma are presented, with a review of the recent literature on the topic, in order to bring this rare condition to the attention of clinicians. Both cases presented to the Neurological Unit of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital during 1978. The cases helped to emphasise the role of echocardiography in the routine appraisal of the stroke patient, especially if there are multiple lesions or if the patient concerned is young. The second case raised interseting questions regarding electrocardiographic changes associated with altered states of consiousness. Until recently cardiac myxomas were usually a postmortem diagnosis, but now with the effective combination of echocardiography and cine-angiography, cases are being effectively diagnosed and treated. It is hoped that with an increased awareness of the condition, diagnosis will be made sooner and thus prevent more severe sequelae occuring.", "contents": "The neurological aspects of atrial myxoma. 2 cases of left atrial myxoma are presented, with a review of the recent literature on the topic, in order to bring this rare condition to the attention of clinicians. Both cases presented to the Neurological Unit of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital during 1978. The cases helped to emphasise the role of echocardiography in the routine appraisal of the stroke patient, especially if there are multiple lesions or if the patient concerned is young. The second case raised interseting questions regarding electrocardiographic changes associated with altered states of consiousness. Until recently cardiac myxomas were usually a postmortem diagnosis, but now with the effective combination of echocardiography and cine-angiography, cases are being effectively diagnosed and treated. It is hoped that with an increased awareness of the condition, diagnosis will be made sooner and thus prevent more severe sequelae occuring.", "PMID": 550936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_524", "title": "Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: a case report.", "content": "A 46-year-old female presented with a 1-week history of mental change, confusion and headaches. Investigations revealed evidence of sterile meningitis. CAT scanning of the brain demonstrated marked contrast enhancement around the ependyma, and later examinations showed extension of the process deep into the white matter, Cerebral biopsies were non-diagnostic and, despite ventricular drainage and treatment with antibiotics and high dose steriods, the patent died. At postmortem there was extensive tumour tissue distributed in a butterfly shape around the ventricles, and microscopy revealed typical apperances of primary CNS lymphoma. On the basis of the experience of this case and a review of recent literature, it is suggested that the CAT scan appearances of this tumour are quite typical, and that cranial irradiation may be justified in the absence of specific histological diagnosis.", "contents": "Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: a case report. A 46-year-old female presented with a 1-week history of mental change, confusion and headaches. Investigations revealed evidence of sterile meningitis. CAT scanning of the brain demonstrated marked contrast enhancement around the ependyma, and later examinations showed extension of the process deep into the white matter, Cerebral biopsies were non-diagnostic and, despite ventricular drainage and treatment with antibiotics and high dose steriods, the patent died. At postmortem there was extensive tumour tissue distributed in a butterfly shape around the ventricles, and microscopy revealed typical apperances of primary CNS lymphoma. On the basis of the experience of this case and a review of recent literature, it is suggested that the CAT scan appearances of this tumour are quite typical, and that cranial irradiation may be justified in the absence of specific histological diagnosis.", "PMID": 550937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_525", "title": "Idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus: the prognostic significane of ventricular size after shunting.", "content": "A description is given of the dramatic, sustained recovery of 3 demented and neurologically disable patients with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus after they underwent ventriculo-atrial shunting. In those patients there was no significant change in ventricular size after the ventriculo-atrial shunting. 1 of the patients also had cortical atrophy. Hypertensive vasculopathy and multiple infarcts may be the explanation in 2 of the patients. Reveiw of the literature results in the following conclusions: 1) the CAT scan alone, perhaps combined with intrathecal \"Amipaque' cisternography, provides the maximum information with the last trauma and may assist in the selection of patients for shunting. 2) Test removal of 20 to 30ml of CSF may be as satisfactory as pressure monitoring and infusion techniques in the prediction of successful shunting. The following do not have a reliable predictive value: a) The presence of cortical atrophy (shunting may sometimes be effective in mild to moderate cortical atrophy) b) The period of onset of symptoms c) The ventricular size before shunting and its alteration after shunting.", "contents": "Idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus: the prognostic significane of ventricular size after shunting. A description is given of the dramatic, sustained recovery of 3 demented and neurologically disable patients with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus after they underwent ventriculo-atrial shunting. In those patients there was no significant change in ventricular size after the ventriculo-atrial shunting. 1 of the patients also had cortical atrophy. Hypertensive vasculopathy and multiple infarcts may be the explanation in 2 of the patients. Reveiw of the literature results in the following conclusions: 1) the CAT scan alone, perhaps combined with intrathecal \"Amipaque' cisternography, provides the maximum information with the last trauma and may assist in the selection of patients for shunting. 2) Test removal of 20 to 30ml of CSF may be as satisfactory as pressure monitoring and infusion techniques in the prediction of successful shunting. The following do not have a reliable predictive value: a) The presence of cortical atrophy (shunting may sometimes be effective in mild to moderate cortical atrophy) b) The period of onset of symptoms c) The ventricular size before shunting and its alteration after shunting.", "PMID": 550938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_526", "title": "Factors likely to affect the development of multiple sclerosis in patients presenting with optic neuritis in a tropical and subtropical area.", "content": "The relationship between optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in a subtropical climate is examined. 105 cases of ON were followed for varying periods over 26 years. The factors studied included place of birth, sex, age at onset, presence of recurrent ON, the interval to the onset of MS, and HLA antigen typing. 55% of cases developed evidence of definite MS. The majority of cases who went on to develop MS had their onset of ON between 21 and 40 years of age. The subtropical climate did not cause any significant variation in incidence. However those case who had HLA Bw4 appear to be protected from developing MS.", "contents": "Factors likely to affect the development of multiple sclerosis in patients presenting with optic neuritis in a tropical and subtropical area. The relationship between optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in a subtropical climate is examined. 105 cases of ON were followed for varying periods over 26 years. The factors studied included place of birth, sex, age at onset, presence of recurrent ON, the interval to the onset of MS, and HLA antigen typing. 55% of cases developed evidence of definite MS. The majority of cases who went on to develop MS had their onset of ON between 21 and 40 years of age. The subtropical climate did not cause any significant variation in incidence. However those case who had HLA Bw4 appear to be protected from developing MS.", "PMID": 550939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_527", "title": "Antiopyrine half-life as a measure of hepatic enzyme induction: clinical applications in a chronic epileptic population.", "content": "Quantitation of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in epilepsy has a theoretical role in identifying patients at risk of metabolic bone disease, in assessing drug compliance and in predicting anticonvulsant dose/serum level relationships. The clinical usefulness of antipyrine half-life as a measure of enzyme induction in chronic epilepsy has been explored in this study. Mean antipyrine half-life in a control group (mean 10.7 hours SD 2.0) was significantly longer than in an epileptic group (mean 5.6 hours SD 2.3). Antipyrine t1/2 did not distinguish epileptics with osteomalacia from other epileptic patients and half-lives were similar in patients treated with phenytoin and a barbiturate to those in patients on phenytoin alone. No significant correlation was found between antipyrine half-life and phenytoin dose or between half-life and phenytoin level. In 5 patients with low serum levels of anticonvulsant, antipyrine kinetics suggested poor compliance in 3 and rapid hepatic phenytoin degradation in 2. This study suggests that measurement of antipyrine half-life may be useful in assessing drug compliance, but is not useful in predicting the onset of osteomalacia or dose/serum level relationships.", "contents": "Antiopyrine half-life as a measure of hepatic enzyme induction: clinical applications in a chronic epileptic population. Quantitation of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in epilepsy has a theoretical role in identifying patients at risk of metabolic bone disease, in assessing drug compliance and in predicting anticonvulsant dose/serum level relationships. The clinical usefulness of antipyrine half-life as a measure of enzyme induction in chronic epilepsy has been explored in this study. Mean antipyrine half-life in a control group (mean 10.7 hours SD 2.0) was significantly longer than in an epileptic group (mean 5.6 hours SD 2.3). Antipyrine t1/2 did not distinguish epileptics with osteomalacia from other epileptic patients and half-lives were similar in patients treated with phenytoin and a barbiturate to those in patients on phenytoin alone. No significant correlation was found between antipyrine half-life and phenytoin dose or between half-life and phenytoin level. In 5 patients with low serum levels of anticonvulsant, antipyrine kinetics suggested poor compliance in 3 and rapid hepatic phenytoin degradation in 2. This study suggests that measurement of antipyrine half-life may be useful in assessing drug compliance, but is not useful in predicting the onset of osteomalacia or dose/serum level relationships.", "PMID": 550940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_528", "title": "Urticaria pigmentosa---change in conscious state associated with rise in plasma histamine levels.", "content": "The case is described of a 42-year-old man with urticaria pigmentosa and documented systemic mastocytosis who had 2 episodes of loss of consciousness, headache, nasal stuffiness and faecal incontinence, following a swim in a river. Under controlled conditions the patient was subjected to immersion of the right hand to icewater for a period of 2 minutes, followed by 2 minutes of strenuous exercise. Similar symptoms involving change in conscious state were evoked with accompanying rises in plasma histamine levels. These findings suggest that histamine is at least one of the major mediators of the change in conscious state that is reported rarely in these patients and draws attention to the neurological facets of this rate disorder.", "contents": "Urticaria pigmentosa---change in conscious state associated with rise in plasma histamine levels. The case is described of a 42-year-old man with urticaria pigmentosa and documented systemic mastocytosis who had 2 episodes of loss of consciousness, headache, nasal stuffiness and faecal incontinence, following a swim in a river. Under controlled conditions the patient was subjected to immersion of the right hand to icewater for a period of 2 minutes, followed by 2 minutes of strenuous exercise. Similar symptoms involving change in conscious state were evoked with accompanying rises in plasma histamine levels. These findings suggest that histamine is at least one of the major mediators of the change in conscious state that is reported rarely in these patients and draws attention to the neurological facets of this rate disorder.", "PMID": 550941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_529", "title": "Ischaemic optic neuropathy.", "content": "Ischaemic optic neuropathy is a well recognised cause of sudden visual loss in middle and late life. It is characterised by painless visual impairment, pale swelling of the optic disc and nerve fibre bundle field defects. Although some cases are due to cranial arteritis, the majority of patients suffer from non-arteritic diseases, particularly hypertension. The present study consists of a reveiw of 22 cases of ischaemic optic neuropathy. Apart from cranial arteritis and vascular disease, migraine and trauma appear to have a causal relationship to the disorder.", "contents": "Ischaemic optic neuropathy. Ischaemic optic neuropathy is a well recognised cause of sudden visual loss in middle and late life. It is characterised by painless visual impairment, pale swelling of the optic disc and nerve fibre bundle field defects. Although some cases are due to cranial arteritis, the majority of patients suffer from non-arteritic diseases, particularly hypertension. The present study consists of a reveiw of 22 cases of ischaemic optic neuropathy. Apart from cranial arteritis and vascular disease, migraine and trauma appear to have a causal relationship to the disorder.", "PMID": 550942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_530", "title": "Observations on voluntary nystagmus.", "content": "Unitl recent times, reports concerning voluntary nystagmus have been dismissive, most observers regarding the phenomenon as a form of ocular acrobatics or an amusing party trick. The introduction of sophisticated recording apparatus coupled with renewed interest in ocular kinetics has resulted in a more analytical approach. Clinical and electro-oculographic study of the condition in 5 subjects was undertaken in an attempt to relate voluntary nystagmus to the known mechanisms of oscular movement control. The frequency of the movement varied from 15 to 23Hz and amplitude from 2 to 5 degrees. The wave form was similar to that seen in acquired pendular nystagmus. It was concluded that, depsite differences in frequency, the similarity in form of the movements of voluntary nystagmus and acquired pendular nystagmus suggested a possible identity in the mechanisms of the movements.", "contents": "Observations on voluntary nystagmus. Unitl recent times, reports concerning voluntary nystagmus have been dismissive, most observers regarding the phenomenon as a form of ocular acrobatics or an amusing party trick. The introduction of sophisticated recording apparatus coupled with renewed interest in ocular kinetics has resulted in a more analytical approach. Clinical and electro-oculographic study of the condition in 5 subjects was undertaken in an attempt to relate voluntary nystagmus to the known mechanisms of oscular movement control. The frequency of the movement varied from 15 to 23Hz and amplitude from 2 to 5 degrees. The wave form was similar to that seen in acquired pendular nystagmus. It was concluded that, depsite differences in frequency, the similarity in form of the movements of voluntary nystagmus and acquired pendular nystagmus suggested a possible identity in the mechanisms of the movements.", "PMID": 550944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_531", "title": "Troxidone (trimethadione) embryopathy: case report with reveiw of the literature.", "content": "It has long been known or suspected that phenytoin and probably phenobarbitone prescribed in pregnancy may lead to fetal malformations. The use of troxidone for epileptic women during pregnancy was reported in 1970 to lead to malformations. Over 50 instances of pregnancy in women taking troxidone have since been reported. In 8 of these the drug was used alone. 13 pregnancies resulted in abortion and 33 of the 40 survivors had a minor congenital anomaly, leading to death in 14. Complex congenital heart lesions with patent ductus, septal defects and aortic hypoplasia were apparent in half the survivors. Malformed or low-set ears were seen in nearly half the cases, palatal deformities were less common and evidence intrauterine growth retardation was frequently present. A 29-year-old mother taking troxidon and carbamazepine, and with a history of hypertension and proteinuria dating back to adolescence, delivered her first child prematurely. The child was small, showed deformed ears, displayed feeding problems and was found to be in cardiac failure with a systolic murmur and absent femoral pulses. Postnatal growth was retarded and after further cyanotic attacks a cardiac catheter study was performed. This showed a hypoplastic aortic arch with an anomolous origin of the left subclavian artery and patent ductus arteriosus, findings similar to those previously reported in neonates following maternal use of troxidone.", "contents": "Troxidone (trimethadione) embryopathy: case report with reveiw of the literature. It has long been known or suspected that phenytoin and probably phenobarbitone prescribed in pregnancy may lead to fetal malformations. The use of troxidone for epileptic women during pregnancy was reported in 1970 to lead to malformations. Over 50 instances of pregnancy in women taking troxidone have since been reported. In 8 of these the drug was used alone. 13 pregnancies resulted in abortion and 33 of the 40 survivors had a minor congenital anomaly, leading to death in 14. Complex congenital heart lesions with patent ductus, septal defects and aortic hypoplasia were apparent in half the survivors. Malformed or low-set ears were seen in nearly half the cases, palatal deformities were less common and evidence intrauterine growth retardation was frequently present. A 29-year-old mother taking troxidon and carbamazepine, and with a history of hypertension and proteinuria dating back to adolescence, delivered her first child prematurely. The child was small, showed deformed ears, displayed feeding problems and was found to be in cardiac failure with a systolic murmur and absent femoral pulses. Postnatal growth was retarded and after further cyanotic attacks a cardiac catheter study was performed. This showed a hypoplastic aortic arch with an anomolous origin of the left subclavian artery and patent ductus arteriosus, findings similar to those previously reported in neonates following maternal use of troxidone.", "PMID": 550945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_532", "title": "Two-dimensional echoencephalography in paediatric neurology.", "content": "Two-dimensional echoencephalography is a useful procedure in screening young infants for hydrocephalus and cerebral malformation. The procedure is noninvasive and easily repeated. The procedure is less reliable in detecting mass lesions except insofar as they disturb the anatomy of the ventricular system. The procedure can be considered as complementary to computerised axial tomography in the investigation of cerebral anatomy in paediatric neurology.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echoencephalography in paediatric neurology. Two-dimensional echoencephalography is a useful procedure in screening young infants for hydrocephalus and cerebral malformation. The procedure is noninvasive and easily repeated. The procedure is less reliable in detecting mass lesions except insofar as they disturb the anatomy of the ventricular system. The procedure can be considered as complementary to computerised axial tomography in the investigation of cerebral anatomy in paediatric neurology.", "PMID": 550946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_533", "title": "Carbamazepine in two pregnancies.", "content": "2 patients with epilepsy in pregnancy are described. Both received carbamazepine prior to conception, and during the greater portion of the first trimester. Both had partial and generalised epilepsy of late onset. Case 1 resulted in stillbirth at 25 weeks' gestation. The malformations included closely set eyes, atresia of multiple hollow viscera, and non-fusion of the mandible without hare lip or cleft palate. A possible interaction with a compound analgesic is discussed. Case 2 resulted in a normal baby. The literature, although favouring carbamazepine in pregnancy, is not yet sufficiently decisive to indicate a clear preference between no treatment and carbamazepine with carefully monitored serum levels for epilepsy in pregnancy. This study emphasises the need for continued pooling of data, and for added caution when there is a history of fetal malformation or obstetric problems. The teratogenicity of carbamazepine is neither confirmed nor denied by this limited study.", "contents": "Carbamazepine in two pregnancies. 2 patients with epilepsy in pregnancy are described. Both received carbamazepine prior to conception, and during the greater portion of the first trimester. Both had partial and generalised epilepsy of late onset. Case 1 resulted in stillbirth at 25 weeks' gestation. The malformations included closely set eyes, atresia of multiple hollow viscera, and non-fusion of the mandible without hare lip or cleft palate. A possible interaction with a compound analgesic is discussed. Case 2 resulted in a normal baby. The literature, although favouring carbamazepine in pregnancy, is not yet sufficiently decisive to indicate a clear preference between no treatment and carbamazepine with carefully monitored serum levels for epilepsy in pregnancy. This study emphasises the need for continued pooling of data, and for added caution when there is a history of fetal malformation or obstetric problems. The teratogenicity of carbamazepine is neither confirmed nor denied by this limited study.", "PMID": 550947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_534", "title": "Thoracic outlet syndrome secondary to childhood poliomyelitis.", "content": "2 women with acute anterior poliomyelitis affecting the upper limb girdles in early childhood later developed thoracic outlet syndromes, 1 of them bilaterally. It is thought that the poliomyelitis was a contributory factor in each case by allowing undue descent of the shoulder girdles, although cervical ribs were also present in the second case. This association had not been recorded previously. Both patients obtained substantial relief from anterior scalenotomy, indicating that previous involvement of the shoulder girdle by poliomyelitis does not negate the efficacy of this operative procedure.", "contents": "Thoracic outlet syndrome secondary to childhood poliomyelitis. 2 women with acute anterior poliomyelitis affecting the upper limb girdles in early childhood later developed thoracic outlet syndromes, 1 of them bilaterally. It is thought that the poliomyelitis was a contributory factor in each case by allowing undue descent of the shoulder girdles, although cervical ribs were also present in the second case. This association had not been recorded previously. Both patients obtained substantial relief from anterior scalenotomy, indicating that previous involvement of the shoulder girdle by poliomyelitis does not negate the efficacy of this operative procedure.", "PMID": 550948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_535", "title": "Idiopathic scoliosis, scheurmann's disease and myopathy: two case reports.", "content": "2 cases of back curvature considered to be due to myopathy, but without associated limb weakness, are described. 1 case presented as infantile kyphosis with subsequent progression to scoliosis. There were some associated myopathic clinical features, including recurrent herniae and hip and knee contractures. The second case presented as an otherwise classical instance of Scheurmann's disease. Paraspinal muscle in both cases showed nonspecific abnormalities consistent with varieties of minimal change myopathy. EMG examination of limb muscles revealed myopathic abnormalities. These cases support the hypothesis that myopathy may underly some cases of apparently idiopathic scoliosis or kyphosis.", "contents": "Idiopathic scoliosis, scheurmann's disease and myopathy: two case reports. 2 cases of back curvature considered to be due to myopathy, but without associated limb weakness, are described. 1 case presented as infantile kyphosis with subsequent progression to scoliosis. There were some associated myopathic clinical features, including recurrent herniae and hip and knee contractures. The second case presented as an otherwise classical instance of Scheurmann's disease. Paraspinal muscle in both cases showed nonspecific abnormalities consistent with varieties of minimal change myopathy. EMG examination of limb muscles revealed myopathic abnormalities. These cases support the hypothesis that myopathy may underly some cases of apparently idiopathic scoliosis or kyphosis.", "PMID": 550950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_536", "title": "Computerised tomography in the leucodystrophies.", "content": "11 patients with a diagnosis of leucodystrophy are reported. In 9 the CAT scan was abnormal and showed areas of markedly decreased density in the white matter. 3 of these patients had adrenoleucodystrophy. In 2, contrast enhancement at the anterior borders of the low density areas was present. The 2 negative scans were from children with metachromatic leucodystrophy; one had an atypical form of the disease and the other had the biochemical defect, but was still presymptomatic and had no neurological deficit.", "contents": "Computerised tomography in the leucodystrophies. 11 patients with a diagnosis of leucodystrophy are reported. In 9 the CAT scan was abnormal and showed areas of markedly decreased density in the white matter. 3 of these patients had adrenoleucodystrophy. In 2, contrast enhancement at the anterior borders of the low density areas was present. The 2 negative scans were from children with metachromatic leucodystrophy; one had an atypical form of the disease and the other had the biochemical defect, but was still presymptomatic and had no neurological deficit.", "PMID": 550951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_537", "title": "A retrospective study of carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "85 carotid endarterectomies were performed by the vascular unit at the Princess Alexandra Public Hospital between 1 July 1973 and 30 June 1978. The case histories of the patients undergoing the procedure were studied and the immediate mortality and morbidity associated with the procedure during the period were determined. 1 patient died following the procedure and 3.6% of operations resulted in a completed stroke. The indication for the operation, the referral source and the neurological condition of the patient undergoing the procedure were categorised in an attempt to determine the factors governing the selection of patients for this procedure. Excluding asymptomatic lesions, more than two-thirds of the operations were performed later than 2 weeks after the time of first referral to the hospital. Half the operations were performed after a delay of more than 1 month.", "contents": "A retrospective study of carotid endarterectomy. 85 carotid endarterectomies were performed by the vascular unit at the Princess Alexandra Public Hospital between 1 July 1973 and 30 June 1978. The case histories of the patients undergoing the procedure were studied and the immediate mortality and morbidity associated with the procedure during the period were determined. 1 patient died following the procedure and 3.6% of operations resulted in a completed stroke. The indication for the operation, the referral source and the neurological condition of the patient undergoing the procedure were categorised in an attempt to determine the factors governing the selection of patients for this procedure. Excluding asymptomatic lesions, more than two-thirds of the operations were performed later than 2 weeks after the time of first referral to the hospital. Half the operations were performed after a delay of more than 1 month.", "PMID": 550952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_538", "title": "Familial trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.", "content": "A family incorporating 2 interesting variants of trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia is presented. The familial occurrence of these cranial neuralgias spanning 3 generations is very unusual. In the case of glossopharyngeal neuralgia it has not been documented previously. Furthermore, the coincidence of trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia in the same person is quite exceptional, despite the anatomical contiguity of the sensory territories of the fifth and ninth cranial nerves. These features suggest firstly that there must be an important constitutional factor in the aetiology of the cranial neuralgia, and secondly that in many cases there is a centronuclear rather than cranial nerve ganglionic pathogenesis of the pain.", "contents": "Familial trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. A family incorporating 2 interesting variants of trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia is presented. The familial occurrence of these cranial neuralgias spanning 3 generations is very unusual. In the case of glossopharyngeal neuralgia it has not been documented previously. Furthermore, the coincidence of trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia in the same person is quite exceptional, despite the anatomical contiguity of the sensory territories of the fifth and ninth cranial nerves. These features suggest firstly that there must be an important constitutional factor in the aetiology of the cranial neuralgia, and secondly that in many cases there is a centronuclear rather than cranial nerve ganglionic pathogenesis of the pain.", "PMID": 550953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_539", "title": "Lipoma of the cauda equina: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Lipoma of the cauda equina is an uncommon condition, accounting for some 1% of spinal tumours. The literature is reviewed and the case is reported of a 41-year-old diabetic woman, who was seen in 1968 with a 37-year history of left foot deformity followed by left leg weakness and sensory loss resulting in a left below-knee amputation, with subsequent development of osteomyelitis and a chronic sinus, and of urinary incontinence and sensory loss in the right foot. A complete spinal block was evident below L3. Biopsy and limited removal of a portion of a lipoma of the cauda equina associated with considerable arachnoiditis was performed in 1967 and resulted in the disappearance of chronic back pain and cessation of faecal incontinence. There was partial restoration of bladder function and of perianal and left thigh sensation. This led to the patient being able to resume her household duties, and to visit friends and social functions after having been deprived of these pleasures for many years. Her condition has been well maintained since.", "contents": "Lipoma of the cauda equina: case report and review of the literature. Lipoma of the cauda equina is an uncommon condition, accounting for some 1% of spinal tumours. The literature is reviewed and the case is reported of a 41-year-old diabetic woman, who was seen in 1968 with a 37-year history of left foot deformity followed by left leg weakness and sensory loss resulting in a left below-knee amputation, with subsequent development of osteomyelitis and a chronic sinus, and of urinary incontinence and sensory loss in the right foot. A complete spinal block was evident below L3. Biopsy and limited removal of a portion of a lipoma of the cauda equina associated with considerable arachnoiditis was performed in 1967 and resulted in the disappearance of chronic back pain and cessation of faecal incontinence. There was partial restoration of bladder function and of perianal and left thigh sensation. This led to the patient being able to resume her household duties, and to visit friends and social functions after having been deprived of these pleasures for many years. Her condition has been well maintained since.", "PMID": 550954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_540", "title": "The stroke syndrome of long intraluminal clot with incomplete vessel obstruction.", "content": "A stroke syndrome is described in 3 patients where long intraluminal clot formation with incomplete vessel obstruction was seen angiographically. The vessel involved in 2 cases were carotid arteries and in the third a vertebral artery. The intervening phase of long clot formation may be a feature of many cases of complete vessel occlusion. The common features of the syndrome were vessel tenderness (carotidynia in 2 cases, and vertebral artery tenderness in the third), vascular headache, the presence of subintimal haemorrhage as an anchor point for the clot, and the recurrence of clinical events. Surgical removal of these clots were successfully undertaken in each case at the acute stage.", "contents": "The stroke syndrome of long intraluminal clot with incomplete vessel obstruction. A stroke syndrome is described in 3 patients where long intraluminal clot formation with incomplete vessel obstruction was seen angiographically. The vessel involved in 2 cases were carotid arteries and in the third a vertebral artery. The intervening phase of long clot formation may be a feature of many cases of complete vessel occlusion. The common features of the syndrome were vessel tenderness (carotidynia in 2 cases, and vertebral artery tenderness in the third), vascular headache, the presence of subintimal haemorrhage as an anchor point for the clot, and the recurrence of clinical events. Surgical removal of these clots were successfully undertaken in each case at the acute stage.", "PMID": 550955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_541", "title": "Neuromyotonia in the spinal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.", "content": "The term neuromyotonia has been applied to spontaneous activity of peripheral motor nerves which gives rise to pseudomyotonia, muscular fasciculations and myokymia. A family is described in which 8 members of 3 generations suffer from the spinal form of Charcto-Marie-Tooth disease (distal type of chronic spinal atrophy). 5 of the 8 members were examined and found to have myokymia, accentuated by voluntary muscle contraction. Pseudomyotonia was present in 2 patients and, in the 1 patient treated, was abolished by carbamazepine. The association between neuromyotonia and charcto-Marie-Tooth disease has been reported in only 7 patients before but may be more common than previously thought because muscle cramps are reported to be a feature of this disorder.", "contents": "Neuromyotonia in the spinal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The term neuromyotonia has been applied to spontaneous activity of peripheral motor nerves which gives rise to pseudomyotonia, muscular fasciculations and myokymia. A family is described in which 8 members of 3 generations suffer from the spinal form of Charcto-Marie-Tooth disease (distal type of chronic spinal atrophy). 5 of the 8 members were examined and found to have myokymia, accentuated by voluntary muscle contraction. Pseudomyotonia was present in 2 patients and, in the 1 patient treated, was abolished by carbamazepine. The association between neuromyotonia and charcto-Marie-Tooth disease has been reported in only 7 patients before but may be more common than previously thought because muscle cramps are reported to be a feature of this disorder.", "PMID": 550956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_542", "title": "Contribution of single motor units to the surface electromyogram.", "content": "McComas (1977) has published a method of estimating the number of motor units in human sketal muscle, based on peripheral nerve stimulation and recording of the surface electromyogram (EMG). One assumption of the method is that individual motor units, recruited by peripheral nerve stimulation just above threshold, give discrete observable increments to the surface EMG which are typical of motor units in the muscle. We have investigated this assumption in the thenar muscle. An EMG needle was inserted into the muscle and a series of individual motor units, activated voluntarily, was isolated. The discharge of these units was then used to trigger averaging of the concurrent surface EMG. Our results suggest that motor units activated by peripheral nerve stimulation close to threshold are not representative, in amplitude or timing, in their contribution to the surface EMG, of all motor units in the muscle.", "contents": "Contribution of single motor units to the surface electromyogram. McComas (1977) has published a method of estimating the number of motor units in human sketal muscle, based on peripheral nerve stimulation and recording of the surface electromyogram (EMG). One assumption of the method is that individual motor units, recruited by peripheral nerve stimulation just above threshold, give discrete observable increments to the surface EMG which are typical of motor units in the muscle. We have investigated this assumption in the thenar muscle. An EMG needle was inserted into the muscle and a series of individual motor units, activated voluntarily, was isolated. The discharge of these units was then used to trigger averaging of the concurrent surface EMG. Our results suggest that motor units activated by peripheral nerve stimulation close to threshold are not representative, in amplitude or timing, in their contribution to the surface EMG, of all motor units in the muscle.", "PMID": 550957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_543", "title": "The application of prolonged EEG telemetry and videotape recording to the study of seizures and related disorders.", "content": "The clinical application of prolonged monitoring by the combined EEG and videotape recording of patients was evaluted. This test was found to be useful in diagnosing epileptic seizures in patients in whom both the history and diurnal EEG studies were unhelpful, and it assisted with the accurate classification of seizure types. It enabled seizure focus lateralisation in medically intractable epileptic who were being evaluated for surgery, and it also provided an objective estimate of minor seizure frequency. Prolonged EEG telemetry and videotape recording was especially useful in assessing additional seizures that develop in known epileptics. In some patients with syncope and drop attacks this technique helped to exclude atonic epileptic seizures and intermittent cardiac tachy-brady-arrhythmia as the underlying cause. As a method for identifying sleep disorders it has greater merits than conventional methods of polygraphic recordings.", "contents": "The application of prolonged EEG telemetry and videotape recording to the study of seizures and related disorders. The clinical application of prolonged monitoring by the combined EEG and videotape recording of patients was evaluted. This test was found to be useful in diagnosing epileptic seizures in patients in whom both the history and diurnal EEG studies were unhelpful, and it assisted with the accurate classification of seizure types. It enabled seizure focus lateralisation in medically intractable epileptic who were being evaluated for surgery, and it also provided an objective estimate of minor seizure frequency. Prolonged EEG telemetry and videotape recording was especially useful in assessing additional seizures that develop in known epileptics. In some patients with syncope and drop attacks this technique helped to exclude atonic epileptic seizures and intermittent cardiac tachy-brady-arrhythmia as the underlying cause. As a method for identifying sleep disorders it has greater merits than conventional methods of polygraphic recordings.", "PMID": 550959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_544", "title": "Pathology and pathogenesis of chronic myelopathy in atlanto-axial dislocation, with operative or postoperative haematomyelia or other cord complications.", "content": "Pathological features are described, and clinico-pathological correlations are made, in 11 patients presenting the unusual combination of chronic compressive myelopathy of the upper cervical cord due to congenital atlanto-axial dislocation, and sudden haematomyelia and respiratory arrest developing at open surgery for release of pressure on the medullospinal tissues, or as a postoperative catstrophe. Necropsy and histological examination confirmed that the neuropathological substrate of intermittent or progressive quadriplegia and sensory changes (mainly deep sensory loss) was degeneration of the lateral and posterior columns. Loss of anterior horn cells of the lower cervical and upper dorsal cord led to weakness of hand and arm muscles. Acute paracentral haemorrhages occurring at the C1 to C2 or medullospinal level, in the territory of distribution of the sulcal branches of the spinal artery (due to sudden release of pressure at operation) were responsible for postoperative paralysis and sensory loss below C2 segment. In terms of the bony anomaly (dissected at necropsy), the cases fell into 2 sibgroups:  a) The majority with the odontoid attached to the body of the axis, but short and ill developed, at times accompanied by other bony anomalies and a poorly formed transverse ligament. This tended to produce a fixed type of dislocation with a higher level (medullospinal) and more severe compression of the CNS. b) Fewer cases with a well formed but detached odontoid, producing a less severe myelopathy at a lower level (C1-C2), and generally more readily reducible on extension.", "contents": "Pathology and pathogenesis of chronic myelopathy in atlanto-axial dislocation, with operative or postoperative haematomyelia or other cord complications. Pathological features are described, and clinico-pathological correlations are made, in 11 patients presenting the unusual combination of chronic compressive myelopathy of the upper cervical cord due to congenital atlanto-axial dislocation, and sudden haematomyelia and respiratory arrest developing at open surgery for release of pressure on the medullospinal tissues, or as a postoperative catstrophe. Necropsy and histological examination confirmed that the neuropathological substrate of intermittent or progressive quadriplegia and sensory changes (mainly deep sensory loss) was degeneration of the lateral and posterior columns. Loss of anterior horn cells of the lower cervical and upper dorsal cord led to weakness of hand and arm muscles. Acute paracentral haemorrhages occurring at the C1 to C2 or medullospinal level, in the territory of distribution of the sulcal branches of the spinal artery (due to sudden release of pressure at operation) were responsible for postoperative paralysis and sensory loss below C2 segment. In terms of the bony anomaly (dissected at necropsy), the cases fell into 2 sibgroups:  a) The majority with the odontoid attached to the body of the axis, but short and ill developed, at times accompanied by other bony anomalies and a poorly formed transverse ligament. This tended to produce a fixed type of dislocation with a higher level (medullospinal) and more severe compression of the CNS. b) Fewer cases with a well formed but detached odontoid, producing a less severe myelopathy at a lower level (C1-C2), and generally more readily reducible on extension.", "PMID": 550960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_545", "title": "The epoxide of carbamazepine.", "content": "Simultaneous steady-state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide have been measured by high pressure liquid chromatography in 101 epileptic children and adults taking the drug. There was either no statistically significant correlation, or only a very poor correlation, between drug dose and steady-state plasma levels of a) carbamazepine, b) its epoxide, and c) the sum of drug and epoxide. Plasma concentrations of carbamazepine correlated with those of it epoxide. Plasma carbamazepine levels were lower in patients taking phenytoin with carbamazepine than in patients taking carbamazepine alone. Plasma carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide levels were not definitely altered when carbamazepine and phenytoin were used together. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that phenytoin enhances the metabolism of carbamazepine to a metabolite other than its epoxide.", "contents": "The epoxide of carbamazepine. Simultaneous steady-state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide have been measured by high pressure liquid chromatography in 101 epileptic children and adults taking the drug. There was either no statistically significant correlation, or only a very poor correlation, between drug dose and steady-state plasma levels of a) carbamazepine, b) its epoxide, and c) the sum of drug and epoxide. Plasma concentrations of carbamazepine correlated with those of it epoxide. Plasma carbamazepine levels were lower in patients taking phenytoin with carbamazepine than in patients taking carbamazepine alone. Plasma carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide levels were not definitely altered when carbamazepine and phenytoin were used together. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that phenytoin enhances the metabolism of carbamazepine to a metabolite other than its epoxide.", "PMID": 550961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_546", "title": "Ultrastructure of nerve in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL).", "content": "Gross changes of myelinated fibres and Schwann cells at different degenerative stages were present in all five ENL nerve lesions. Besides these changes, infiltrating cells mainly macrophages, deposition of excessive collagen and perineurial vessel damage were also observed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of nerve in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Gross changes of myelinated fibres and Schwann cells at different degenerative stages were present in all five ENL nerve lesions. Besides these changes, infiltrating cells mainly macrophages, deposition of excessive collagen and perineurial vessel damage were also observed.", "PMID": 550966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_547", "title": "Ultrastructure of the haemocytes of Tetrodontophora bielanensis Waga (Collembola).", "content": "Five types of haemocytes: prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular haemocytes, spherule cells and phagocytes, have been distinguished on the basis of ultrastructural studies. Prohaemocytes are ovoid cells with a simple structural organization. Plasmatocytes are larger; their cytoplasm contains well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes. Granular haemocytes are the most numerous of the blood cells, characterized by the presence of electron-dense granules. The cytoplasm of spherule cells contains many spherules made up of filamentous material of medium electron density. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and mitochondria are also found in the cytoplasm. Phagocytes are the largest haemocytes. Their cytoplasm contains an abundance of lysosomes and myelin structures. In addition to haemocytes, cells intermediate between plasmatocytes and granular haemocytes have been observed, which indicates that the granular haemocytes are derived from plasmatocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the haemocytes of Tetrodontophora bielanensis Waga (Collembola). Five types of haemocytes: prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular haemocytes, spherule cells and phagocytes, have been distinguished on the basis of ultrastructural studies. Prohaemocytes are ovoid cells with a simple structural organization. Plasmatocytes are larger; their cytoplasm contains well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes. Granular haemocytes are the most numerous of the blood cells, characterized by the presence of electron-dense granules. The cytoplasm of spherule cells contains many spherules made up of filamentous material of medium electron density. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and mitochondria are also found in the cytoplasm. Phagocytes are the largest haemocytes. Their cytoplasm contains an abundance of lysosomes and myelin structures. In addition to haemocytes, cells intermediate between plasmatocytes and granular haemocytes have been observed, which indicates that the granular haemocytes are derived from plasmatocytes.", "PMID": 550967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_548", "title": "Ultrastructural study of yolk formation in Porcellio scaber Latr. (Isopoda).", "content": "Two types of yolk are formed in the developing oocytes of a terrestrial crustacean, Porcellio scaber. The intra-oocytic yolk, arises through autosynthesis, and the extra-oocytic yolk, is derived from micropinocytosis. the so-called disc shaped bodies, which occur in large numbers within the cisternae of a branched system of endoplasmic reticulum, are precursors of the intra-oocytic uolk. Dictyosomes are not involved in yolk formation in this species. Thus, the vitellogenesis of Porcellio scaber occurs in a manner analogues to that described in the aquatic crustaceans, which indicates that environmental factors have relatively little effect on this process.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of yolk formation in Porcellio scaber Latr. (Isopoda). Two types of yolk are formed in the developing oocytes of a terrestrial crustacean, Porcellio scaber. The intra-oocytic yolk, arises through autosynthesis, and the extra-oocytic yolk, is derived from micropinocytosis. the so-called disc shaped bodies, which occur in large numbers within the cisternae of a branched system of endoplasmic reticulum, are precursors of the intra-oocytic uolk. Dictyosomes are not involved in yolk formation in this species. Thus, the vitellogenesis of Porcellio scaber occurs in a manner analogues to that described in the aquatic crustaceans, which indicates that environmental factors have relatively little effect on this process.", "PMID": 550968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_549", "title": "Morphological definition of a case of 'usual' interstitial pneumonia.", "content": "A 61-year-old Caucasian female complained of shortness of breath, fever, and a period of rapid weight loss. After routine studies, the patient underwent an open lung biopsy in order to define the characteristics of the interstitial lung disease, and initiate appropriate therapeutic intervention. Typical fibrotic and cellular proliferation were evident in the parenchyma, as determined by standard light microscopy. However, in a correlated study using light microscopy of plastic embedded tissue, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a major proliferating cell type was identified as a type II pneumocyte. These cells were the predominant lining cells of the alveoli and clearly protruded into and limited available respiratory air spaces. The predominance of type II pneumocytes in the pathogenesis of certain respiratory diseases requires that a better explanation be sought for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Morphological definition of a case of 'usual' interstitial pneumonia. A 61-year-old Caucasian female complained of shortness of breath, fever, and a period of rapid weight loss. After routine studies, the patient underwent an open lung biopsy in order to define the characteristics of the interstitial lung disease, and initiate appropriate therapeutic intervention. Typical fibrotic and cellular proliferation were evident in the parenchyma, as determined by standard light microscopy. However, in a correlated study using light microscopy of plastic embedded tissue, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a major proliferating cell type was identified as a type II pneumocyte. These cells were the predominant lining cells of the alveoli and clearly protruded into and limited available respiratory air spaces. The predominance of type II pneumocytes in the pathogenesis of certain respiratory diseases requires that a better explanation be sought for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 550969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_550", "title": "[Investigation of the allergens of colophony and its derivatives used in the manufacture of sticking-plasters (author's transl)].", "content": "Colophony and its derivatives play an important part in intolerances to sticking-plasters. Gas chromatography revealed resinic acids (derivatives) in numerous products of that kind, even in the so-called \"hypoallergic\" ones. The profiles of the resinic acids contained in some sticking-plasters that are sold in several countries under identic names, are rather different. The results of physicochemical analysis of Elastoplaste, the normal French product, and of a \"hypoallergic\" product, coincide with the results of allergologic studies.", "contents": "[Investigation of the allergens of colophony and its derivatives used in the manufacture of sticking-plasters (author's transl)]. Colophony and its derivatives play an important part in intolerances to sticking-plasters. Gas chromatography revealed resinic acids (derivatives) in numerous products of that kind, even in the so-called \"hypoallergic\" ones. The profiles of the resinic acids contained in some sticking-plasters that are sold in several countries under identic names, are rather different. The results of physicochemical analysis of Elastoplaste, the normal French product, and of a \"hypoallergic\" product, coincide with the results of allergologic studies.", "PMID": 550991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_551", "title": "[Behaviour of the hepatic glutathione (GSH) in the rat in continuous administration of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (author's transl)].", "content": "Adult male Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 0.05% hexachlorobenzene (HCB) over a period of at least 90 days. At intervals group of 4 animals each were killed and the GSH- and cytochrom P-450-content, the 7-ethoxycoumarin-deethylation activity were measured in the liver. At the same time the urinary porphyrin excretion was determined. After ten days a massive induction of the microsomal mixed function monooxygenase system could be demonstrated, whereas the porphyria (e.g. an increased excretion of urinary porphyrins) became manifest after 56 days HCB-exposure. At the same time (56th day of experiment) the GSH content in the liver rapidly decreased. It is assumed that at the beginning of th HCB-feeding the microsomal mixed function monooxygenase are induced and the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is inhibited. This inhibition causes an accumulation of highly carboxylated porphyrins in the liver. Later on (around the 56th day of HCB exposure) a hepatic GSH decrease leads to an increase of heavy metal ions and to a disturbance of the heme biosynthesis that means the manifestation of the HCB-porphyria.", "contents": "[Behaviour of the hepatic glutathione (GSH) in the rat in continuous administration of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (author's transl)]. Adult male Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 0.05% hexachlorobenzene (HCB) over a period of at least 90 days. At intervals group of 4 animals each were killed and the GSH- and cytochrom P-450-content, the 7-ethoxycoumarin-deethylation activity were measured in the liver. At the same time the urinary porphyrin excretion was determined. After ten days a massive induction of the microsomal mixed function monooxygenase system could be demonstrated, whereas the porphyria (e.g. an increased excretion of urinary porphyrins) became manifest after 56 days HCB-exposure. At the same time (56th day of experiment) the GSH content in the liver rapidly decreased. It is assumed that at the beginning of th HCB-feeding the microsomal mixed function monooxygenase are induced and the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is inhibited. This inhibition causes an accumulation of highly carboxylated porphyrins in the liver. Later on (around the 56th day of HCB exposure) a hepatic GSH decrease leads to an increase of heavy metal ions and to a disturbance of the heme biosynthesis that means the manifestation of the HCB-porphyria.", "PMID": 550992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_552", "title": "[Therapy of morbus Bowen with 5-fluoro-uracil ointment (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of extensive Bowen's disease of the skin treated successfully with topical 5-fluor-uracil is described. the follow-up time at present is 18 months. The carcinoma in situ arose in a cicatricial area of the right lower leg after lewisite contamination in 1940.", "contents": "[Therapy of morbus Bowen with 5-fluoro-uracil ointment (author's transl)]. A case of extensive Bowen's disease of the skin treated successfully with topical 5-fluor-uracil is described. the follow-up time at present is 18 months. The carcinoma in situ arose in a cicatricial area of the right lower leg after lewisite contamination in 1940.", "PMID": 550993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_553", "title": "[A contribution to the generalization of the Gompertz function].", "content": "SCHARF (1976) discusses various growth models. For the Gompertz function the differential equation (Formula: see text) is used. In words: the difference between relative growth rate and relative growth acceleration is constant. On the other hand, according to WENK (1973), the differential equation (Formula: see text) applies to the Gompertz function. It can be shown mathematically that (Formula: see text) applies in general. From Eq. (2) one obtains without trouble (Formula: see text). Therefore, the property leading to the Gompertz function may be defined as follows; the logarithmic derivation of the relative growth rate is constant. Eq. (2) is applicable only in special cases. It can be extended by assuming that c is not constant, but a function of time. In this way, a great number of growth functions can be found, which have to be regarded as model-based extensions of the Gompertz function.", "contents": "[A contribution to the generalization of the Gompertz function]. SCHARF (1976) discusses various growth models. For the Gompertz function the differential equation (Formula: see text) is used. In words: the difference between relative growth rate and relative growth acceleration is constant. On the other hand, according to WENK (1973), the differential equation (Formula: see text) applies to the Gompertz function. It can be shown mathematically that (Formula: see text) applies in general. From Eq. (2) one obtains without trouble (Formula: see text). Therefore, the property leading to the Gompertz function may be defined as follows; the logarithmic derivation of the relative growth rate is constant. Eq. (2) is applicable only in special cases. It can be extended by assuming that c is not constant, but a function of time. In this way, a great number of growth functions can be found, which have to be regarded as model-based extensions of the Gompertz function.", "PMID": 550995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_554", "title": "[The fitting of an empirical, time-dependent direction component for vertical growth, represented by the example of the Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris L.)].", "content": "The object of this work is to offer to model of SLOBODA, who demanded 5 conditions on a model for the growth of trees. One equation satisfying this conditions is considered. The fitting is demonstrated by an example.", "contents": "[The fitting of an empirical, time-dependent direction component for vertical growth, represented by the example of the Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris L.)]. The object of this work is to offer to model of SLOBODA, who demanded 5 conditions on a model for the growth of trees. One equation satisfying this conditions is considered. The fitting is demonstrated by an example.", "PMID": 550996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_555", "title": "[The determination of the parameter of Bertalanffy's growth differential equations by means of nonlinear internal regression].", "content": "A short survey is given on various parameterized versions of the logistic law of growth and of Bertalanffy's growth differential equations. To examine the validity of these various growth expressions internal nonlinear regressions were performed, and the results of the calculations are presented. The body length growth of man within the embryonic development serves as examples of a growth process. The parameters in the differential equations will be adjusted to the course of the divided central differences calculated from means of measured values of this growth process.", "contents": "[The determination of the parameter of Bertalanffy's growth differential equations by means of nonlinear internal regression]. A short survey is given on various parameterized versions of the logistic law of growth and of Bertalanffy's growth differential equations. To examine the validity of these various growth expressions internal nonlinear regressions were performed, and the results of the calculations are presented. The body length growth of man within the embryonic development serves as examples of a growth process. The parameters in the differential equations will be adjusted to the course of the divided central differences calculated from means of measured values of this growth process.", "PMID": 550997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_556", "title": "[The fitting of various growth functions to the description of tree height growth].", "content": "Electronic computing renders possible new methods for determining parameters of functions of stochastic relations. PAUL (1975), for instance, published a FORTRAN-program for iterative non-linear regression for any function having an independent variable. Thus, optimum parameter values of a number of growth functions were determined on the basis of tree height development. Growth functions by RICHARDS (1959, according to v. BERTALANFFY 1941) and by SCHARF (1971) reach highest accuracy of fitting. If systems of growth curves are constructed, the elements of which differ by variation of a single parameter (e.g. height class fan), then the flexibility of multiparametric growth functions gets lost however.", "contents": "[The fitting of various growth functions to the description of tree height growth]. Electronic computing renders possible new methods for determining parameters of functions of stochastic relations. PAUL (1975), for instance, published a FORTRAN-program for iterative non-linear regression for any function having an independent variable. Thus, optimum parameter values of a number of growth functions were determined on the basis of tree height development. Growth functions by RICHARDS (1959, according to v. BERTALANFFY 1941) and by SCHARF (1971) reach highest accuracy of fitting. If systems of growth curves are constructed, the elements of which differ by variation of a single parameter (e.g. height class fan), then the flexibility of multiparametric growth functions gets lost however.", "PMID": 550998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_557", "title": "[The description of growth course using a generalized logistic growth function].", "content": "For a quantitative description of measured growth courses the generalized logistic function will be used which is derived on the basis of the well-known logistic function of VERHULST. Numerical properties of this expression and possibilities for its computerized adjustment to measured courses are discussed. Examples of growth processes and their mathematical description by adjusted generalized logistic functions demonstrate the effectiveness of an ALGOL-program system for nonlinear approximation which is specialized to this function type. Especially the numerical improvement of approximation quality is demonstrated for expressions containing an absolute term in form of an also adjustable parameter.", "contents": "[The description of growth course using a generalized logistic growth function]. For a quantitative description of measured growth courses the generalized logistic function will be used which is derived on the basis of the well-known logistic function of VERHULST. Numerical properties of this expression and possibilities for its computerized adjustment to measured courses are discussed. Examples of growth processes and their mathematical description by adjusted generalized logistic functions demonstrate the effectiveness of an ALGOL-program system for nonlinear approximation which is specialized to this function type. Especially the numerical improvement of approximation quality is demonstrated for expressions containing an absolute term in form of an also adjustable parameter.", "PMID": 550999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_558", "title": "[Mathematical models for calculating volume growth, represented by the yield tables for the principal wood-producing species of Czechoslovakia].", "content": "Methods for the construction of volume increment tables for stands on the basis of the volume mean stem are described. The volume increment of the stand (iv) is expressed by the equation (Formula: see text). The stem number of stands (N) is determined directly by 100% or representative enumeration. The mean annual increment (iv) is calculated with the aid of the regression function (Formula: see text) (v) being volume of mean stem and (t) age of stand. The relations (2) were derived for 5 tree species (spruce, fir, pine, beach, oak) from the data of the new Czechoslovak yields tables (1975). The mathematical model for the tree species spruce and pine was tested on the basis of empirical material collected by the Tharandt department of forest management an forest yield science (within the framework of joint research activities) and good results were obtained. The results should be regarded as provisional ones. Further tests are envisaged.", "contents": "[Mathematical models for calculating volume growth, represented by the yield tables for the principal wood-producing species of Czechoslovakia]. Methods for the construction of volume increment tables for stands on the basis of the volume mean stem are described. The volume increment of the stand (iv) is expressed by the equation (Formula: see text). The stem number of stands (N) is determined directly by 100% or representative enumeration. The mean annual increment (iv) is calculated with the aid of the regression function (Formula: see text) (v) being volume of mean stem and (t) age of stand. The relations (2) were derived for 5 tree species (spruce, fir, pine, beach, oak) from the data of the new Czechoslovak yields tables (1975). The mathematical model for the tree species spruce and pine was tested on the basis of empirical material collected by the Tharandt department of forest management an forest yield science (within the framework of joint research activities) and good results were obtained. The results should be regarded as provisional ones. Further tests are envisaged.", "PMID": 551000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_559", "title": "[The application of quantitative methods in experimental morphology].", "content": "Quantitative analysis has assumed great importance for describing and appraising evolutionary and involutionary processes. Measurements alone do not permit conclusions regarding the laws governing natural development. The elaboration of biologically meaningful mathematical models is necessary for such purposes. This paper shows how functions with a terms can be used to describe skull and body growth under normal and experimental conditions (frontal biped model in Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout as a biological model). A model consisting of a 2nd order homogenous linear differential equation with constant coefficients has proved to be biologically meaningful for describing skull length and breadth, and for the gross body weight. In order to study different growth rates in control and experimental animals we have calculated \"confidence intervals\" for the graphs of the special solutions of the general integral. This permits optimum validity although no mathematically precise interpretation can be given.", "contents": "[The application of quantitative methods in experimental morphology]. Quantitative analysis has assumed great importance for describing and appraising evolutionary and involutionary processes. Measurements alone do not permit conclusions regarding the laws governing natural development. The elaboration of biologically meaningful mathematical models is necessary for such purposes. This paper shows how functions with a terms can be used to describe skull and body growth under normal and experimental conditions (frontal biped model in Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout as a biological model). A model consisting of a 2nd order homogenous linear differential equation with constant coefficients has proved to be biologically meaningful for describing skull length and breadth, and for the gross body weight. In order to study different growth rates in control and experimental animals we have calculated \"confidence intervals\" for the graphs of the special solutions of the general integral. This permits optimum validity although no mathematically precise interpretation can be given.", "PMID": 551001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_560", "title": "[The application of a dynamic feedback control model to the estimation of the expenditure-dependent growth plateauing in forest stands].", "content": "In addition to the time-dependent description of growth an expenditure-dependent parameter is necessary, with the help of which it is possible to interpret quantitatively the expenditure of economically motivated silvicultural measures in forest stands. The solution of a differential equation contains the desired expenditure parameter, the time-dependent and site-index-dependent courses of pine stands are discussed in this paper as normal and additional expenditure for obtaining an additional increment by fertilisation.", "contents": "[The application of a dynamic feedback control model to the estimation of the expenditure-dependent growth plateauing in forest stands]. In addition to the time-dependent description of growth an expenditure-dependent parameter is necessary, with the help of which it is possible to interpret quantitatively the expenditure of economically motivated silvicultural measures in forest stands. The solution of a differential equation contains the desired expenditure parameter, the time-dependent and site-index-dependent courses of pine stands are discussed in this paper as normal and additional expenditure for obtaining an additional increment by fertilisation.", "PMID": 551002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_561", "title": "Angiopathic serum factor in perinephritic hypertensive dogs.", "content": "To investigate the role of circulating humoral substances in the pathogenesis of increased vascular wall water and sodium concentration in experimental hypertension, rabbit aortic media explants were cultured in tissue culture medium supplemented (10-20%) with serum obtained from the same dogs (n = 7): 1) before the induction of hypertension; 2) after wrapping one kidney in silk (two-kidney perinephritic hypertension, 2-KPHT); and 3) after contralateral nephrectomy (1-KPHT). Cultures also were run with serum of sham-wrapped and then unilaterally nephrectomized normotensive dogs (n = 4). After 3 weeks of culture, the explants were harvested, and their water, sodium and potassium concentration was measured. Compared to the composition of explants cultured in prehypertensive serum, the water concentration of explants cultured in 1-KPHT and the sodium concentration of explants cultured in 2-KPHT and 1-KPHT serum were increased (p < 0.05). The water and electrolyte content of explants cultured in sera of sham-operated normotensive control dogs was the same regardless of the type of serum used, pre- or post-sham surgery or post-nephrectomy. The effects of serum from hypertensive dogs were not explained by variations in serum creatinine, sodium and potassium levels or in plasma renin activities. The experiments provide evidence for the role of serum factor(s) in the pathogenesis of abnormal vascular wall water and sodium concentration in experimental hypertension.", "contents": "Angiopathic serum factor in perinephritic hypertensive dogs. To investigate the role of circulating humoral substances in the pathogenesis of increased vascular wall water and sodium concentration in experimental hypertension, rabbit aortic media explants were cultured in tissue culture medium supplemented (10-20%) with serum obtained from the same dogs (n = 7): 1) before the induction of hypertension; 2) after wrapping one kidney in silk (two-kidney perinephritic hypertension, 2-KPHT); and 3) after contralateral nephrectomy (1-KPHT). Cultures also were run with serum of sham-wrapped and then unilaterally nephrectomized normotensive dogs (n = 4). After 3 weeks of culture, the explants were harvested, and their water, sodium and potassium concentration was measured. Compared to the composition of explants cultured in prehypertensive serum, the water concentration of explants cultured in 1-KPHT and the sodium concentration of explants cultured in 2-KPHT and 1-KPHT serum were increased (p < 0.05). The water and electrolyte content of explants cultured in sera of sham-operated normotensive control dogs was the same regardless of the type of serum used, pre- or post-sham surgery or post-nephrectomy. The effects of serum from hypertensive dogs were not explained by variations in serum creatinine, sodium and potassium levels or in plasma renin activities. The experiments provide evidence for the role of serum factor(s) in the pathogenesis of abnormal vascular wall water and sodium concentration in experimental hypertension.", "PMID": 551073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_562", "title": "[Urinary tract infections in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTI) are only rarely an indication of the presence of the disease in childhood. Of decisive importance for the detection of UTI is an appropriate investigation to determine whether there is significant bacteriuria. Since in a significant proportion of cases of UTI in children there is underlying congenital anomaly or functional change in the urinary tract with stasis, and since surgical means of treatment are available today, diagnosis, i.e. at least radiological exploration, is essential. Approximately half the children with UTI are younger than one year at the time of diagnosis. In neonates, boys are more frequently affected than girls, whereas in older age-groups the incidence of significant bacteriuria (approximately 1.5%) and clinically relevant UTI or pyelonephritis is higher in females than in males. \"Idiopathic\" (\"non-urologically induced\") UTI is very seldom found in boys after infancy, and \"asymptomatic bacteriuria\" is largely confined to females. The \"urethral syndrome\" is probably caused by minor obstruction of the urethra and \"bladder-sphincter dyssynergy\". The fact that approximately nine of ten cases of UTI relapse in children are due to reinfection with a different pathogen has certain consequences for therapy. Prophylactic long-term medication is recommended during the phase after surgical correction of anomalies of the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infections in childhood (author's transl)]. The clinical symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTI) are only rarely an indication of the presence of the disease in childhood. Of decisive importance for the detection of UTI is an appropriate investigation to determine whether there is significant bacteriuria. Since in a significant proportion of cases of UTI in children there is underlying congenital anomaly or functional change in the urinary tract with stasis, and since surgical means of treatment are available today, diagnosis, i.e. at least radiological exploration, is essential. Approximately half the children with UTI are younger than one year at the time of diagnosis. In neonates, boys are more frequently affected than girls, whereas in older age-groups the incidence of significant bacteriuria (approximately 1.5%) and clinically relevant UTI or pyelonephritis is higher in females than in males. \"Idiopathic\" (\"non-urologically induced\") UTI is very seldom found in boys after infancy, and \"asymptomatic bacteriuria\" is largely confined to females. The \"urethral syndrome\" is probably caused by minor obstruction of the urethra and \"bladder-sphincter dyssynergy\". The fact that approximately nine of ten cases of UTI relapse in children are due to reinfection with a different pathogen has certain consequences for therapy. Prophylactic long-term medication is recommended during the phase after surgical correction of anomalies of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 551080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_563", "title": "[Chronic pyelonephritis in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of chronic pyelonephritis is often overestimated. Chronic pyelonephritis is probably always a secondary disease in cases with obstructive changes in the ureters or other primary renal damage. The influence of chronic infection on the progression of renal insufficiency is still not well understood today. Underlying disease and infection should always be taken into consideration in the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[Chronic pyelonephritis in adults (author's transl)]. The frequency of chronic pyelonephritis is often overestimated. Chronic pyelonephritis is probably always a secondary disease in cases with obstructive changes in the ureters or other primary renal damage. The influence of chronic infection on the progression of renal insufficiency is still not well understood today. Underlying disease and infection should always be taken into consideration in the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 551081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_564", "title": "[Therapy of chronic respiratory tract diseases (author's transpl)].", "content": "Except in the case of exogenous allergic asthma, the therapy of chronic respiratory tract diseases must be predominantly symptomatic due to the polyaetiology and inhomogeneity of these diseases. Effective treatment of the main pathophysiological symptoms is important for the course and prognosis of the disease. These symptoms usually consist of hypersecretion, infection and bronchial obstruction. With the exception of \"infective asthma\", bronchial infections are not present at the onset of the illness. Such infections usually result as complications of a disease from which the patient is already suffering, and are essentially the consequence of disruption of the automatic clearance mechanism of the bronchial system and impairment of immunological defence against infection. The best form of therapy is that which is specifically directed at the individual bronchial infection for a period of two weeks. Permanent antibiotic prophylaxis is to a large extent obsolete today. In addition to treatment of bronchial infection, the removal of bronchial obstruction is also very important. Modern bronchospasmolytics are now among the most effective agents, provided the obstruction is actually \"reversible\". A low dose of oral corticosteroids - administered with caution - is justified should it not be possible to reduce pulmonary resistance to below the \"dyspnoea threshold\" of the patient.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic respiratory tract diseases (author's transpl)]. Except in the case of exogenous allergic asthma, the therapy of chronic respiratory tract diseases must be predominantly symptomatic due to the polyaetiology and inhomogeneity of these diseases. Effective treatment of the main pathophysiological symptoms is important for the course and prognosis of the disease. These symptoms usually consist of hypersecretion, infection and bronchial obstruction. With the exception of \"infective asthma\", bronchial infections are not present at the onset of the illness. Such infections usually result as complications of a disease from which the patient is already suffering, and are essentially the consequence of disruption of the automatic clearance mechanism of the bronchial system and impairment of immunological defence against infection. The best form of therapy is that which is specifically directed at the individual bronchial infection for a period of two weeks. Permanent antibiotic prophylaxis is to a large extent obsolete today. In addition to treatment of bronchial infection, the removal of bronchial obstruction is also very important. Modern bronchospasmolytics are now among the most effective agents, provided the obstruction is actually \"reversible\". A low dose of oral corticosteroids - administered with caution - is justified should it not be possible to reduce pulmonary resistance to below the \"dyspnoea threshold\" of the patient.", "PMID": 551082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_565", "title": "[Hypersensitivity to antibiotics: Frequency, risks, cross-allergies (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper gives a systematic review of the clinical manifestations of allergic reactions and the underlying immunological mechanisms. Attention is drawn to the relatively high proportion of cases of anaphylactic shock and serum disease related to the total number of cases of allergic reaction, and to the diagnostic techniques available for detection of sensitization towards antibiotics. Structural allergenicity is mentioned, using penicillin allergy as an example. The frequency of allergy to several antibiotics and the frequency of cross-reaction between penicillins and cephalosporins reported in the literature are discussed critically.", "contents": "[Hypersensitivity to antibiotics: Frequency, risks, cross-allergies (author's transl)]. The present paper gives a systematic review of the clinical manifestations of allergic reactions and the underlying immunological mechanisms. Attention is drawn to the relatively high proportion of cases of anaphylactic shock and serum disease related to the total number of cases of allergic reaction, and to the diagnostic techniques available for detection of sensitization towards antibiotics. Structural allergenicity is mentioned, using penicillin allergy as an example. The frequency of allergy to several antibiotics and the frequency of cross-reaction between penicillins and cephalosporins reported in the literature are discussed critically.", "PMID": 551083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_566", "title": "[Humoral defence against infection (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of endogenous defence against infection for the success of antibiotic therapy is demonstrated using immune defect diseases as an example. The carriers of specific humoral defence against infection are the antibodies and the complement system. Acting either individually or in combination they result in neutralisation of toxins and viruses, an inflammatory reaction and the killing of pathogens. Humoral-cellular antibodies and the complement system play a role in phagocytosis, acting as phagocytosis-enhancing agents (opsonins). The possibility of interaction of antibiotic therapy and endogenous defence against infection is discussed.", "contents": "[Humoral defence against infection (author's transl)]. The importance of endogenous defence against infection for the success of antibiotic therapy is demonstrated using immune defect diseases as an example. The carriers of specific humoral defence against infection are the antibodies and the complement system. Acting either individually or in combination they result in neutralisation of toxins and viruses, an inflammatory reaction and the killing of pathogens. Humoral-cellular antibodies and the complement system play a role in phagocytosis, acting as phagocytosis-enhancing agents (opsonins). The possibility of interaction of antibiotic therapy and endogenous defence against infection is discussed.", "PMID": 551084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_567", "title": "[Cellular antibacterial immunity (author's transl)].", "content": "Facultatively intracellular bacteria (Mycobacteria, Brucellae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhi etc.) may not necessarily be killed after having being phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear leucocytes or macrophages, cellular immunity having first to be built up. This results in the formation of specifically committed T-lymphocytes, which in turn release lymphokines after restimulation by homologous antigen. Under the effect of lymphokines, mononuclear phagocytes are chemotactically attracted to the site of infection, granulomas are formed and macrophages within the granuloma are activated. The granuloma represents the tissue reaction within which the interaction between facultatively intracellular bacteria and defence factors takes place. The experimental details underlying this concept are reviewed.", "contents": "[Cellular antibacterial immunity (author's transl)]. Facultatively intracellular bacteria (Mycobacteria, Brucellae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhi etc.) may not necessarily be killed after having being phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear leucocytes or macrophages, cellular immunity having first to be built up. This results in the formation of specifically committed T-lymphocytes, which in turn release lymphokines after restimulation by homologous antigen. Under the effect of lymphokines, mononuclear phagocytes are chemotactically attracted to the site of infection, granulomas are formed and macrophages within the granuloma are activated. The granuloma represents the tissue reaction within which the interaction between facultatively intracellular bacteria and defence factors takes place. The experimental details underlying this concept are reviewed.", "PMID": 551085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_568", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and initial therapeutical experience (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve normal volunteers in the fasting state were given 1000 mg cefaclor, and the serum and urine concentrations over 8 h and 24 h respectively were measured. The average peak serum concentration was 34.6 +/- 7.8 mg/l, this value being reached after 65.2 +/- 11.1 min; the half-life was 42.5 +/- 8.3 min. In another six volunteers the absorption of 500 mg of 'cefaclor following administration in the fasting state and after a test breakfast was studied. The peak serum concentrations after administration in the fasting state were 16.1 +/- 3.2 mg/l, and after a meal 12.5 +/- 1.9 mg/l; the areas under the curve did not differ. The low recovery rate of cefaclor in urine observed in this series of investigations could be partly explained by the inactivation of the substance in urine. Cefaclor was administered therapeutically to 23 patients, most of whom were suffering from bronchopulmonary infections and chronic pyelonephritis. The results of therapy were good in four patients, satisfactory in 13 patients and unsatisfactory in three patients. Intolerance was rare.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and initial therapeutical experience (author's transl)]. Twelve normal volunteers in the fasting state were given 1000 mg cefaclor, and the serum and urine concentrations over 8 h and 24 h respectively were measured. The average peak serum concentration was 34.6 +/- 7.8 mg/l, this value being reached after 65.2 +/- 11.1 min; the half-life was 42.5 +/- 8.3 min. In another six volunteers the absorption of 500 mg of 'cefaclor following administration in the fasting state and after a test breakfast was studied. The peak serum concentrations after administration in the fasting state were 16.1 +/- 3.2 mg/l, and after a meal 12.5 +/- 1.9 mg/l; the areas under the curve did not differ. The low recovery rate of cefaclor in urine observed in this series of investigations could be partly explained by the inactivation of the substance in urine. Cefaclor was administered therapeutically to 23 patients, most of whom were suffering from bronchopulmonary infections and chronic pyelonephritis. The results of therapy were good in four patients, satisfactory in 13 patients and unsatisfactory in three patients. Intolerance was rare.", "PMID": 551086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_569", "title": "[Assay of cefaclor in serum and urine (including stability test) using high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Using high pressure liquid chromatography (reverse phase method) a study was made of the stability of cefaclor dissolved in sodium citrate buffer, normal serum and urine and stored for different periods of time at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. In sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.0) and in urine (pH 6.0) no appreciable loss of activity of cefaclor occurred at either 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C, even after longer periods of storage (up to 24 h). Serum containing cefaclor stored at 37 degrees C lost about 4% of the active cefaclor after 30 min, 13% after 1 h and 20% after 2 h; no cefaclor could be detected after 24 h. The loss was lower during storage of serum containing cefaclor at 4 degrees C, and after 24 h 60% of the initial concentration of active cefaclor was found. Using a lichrosorb-NH2 column, it could be demonstrated that after 24 h storage of serum containing cefaclor, only phenylglycine, but not amino-chloro-cephem-carboxylic acid or cefaclor was present. After oral administration of 1 g cefaclor, cefaclor was present in the serum and urine of adult volunteers and only small amounts of phenylglycine and amino-chloro-cephem-carboxylic acid.", "contents": "[Assay of cefaclor in serum and urine (including stability test) using high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. Using high pressure liquid chromatography (reverse phase method) a study was made of the stability of cefaclor dissolved in sodium citrate buffer, normal serum and urine and stored for different periods of time at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. In sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.0) and in urine (pH 6.0) no appreciable loss of activity of cefaclor occurred at either 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C, even after longer periods of storage (up to 24 h). Serum containing cefaclor stored at 37 degrees C lost about 4% of the active cefaclor after 30 min, 13% after 1 h and 20% after 2 h; no cefaclor could be detected after 24 h. The loss was lower during storage of serum containing cefaclor at 4 degrees C, and after 24 h 60% of the initial concentration of active cefaclor was found. Using a lichrosorb-NH2 column, it could be demonstrated that after 24 h storage of serum containing cefaclor, only phenylglycine, but not amino-chloro-cephem-carboxylic acid or cefaclor was present. After oral administration of 1 g cefaclor, cefaclor was present in the serum and urine of adult volunteers and only small amounts of phenylglycine and amino-chloro-cephem-carboxylic acid.", "PMID": 551087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_570", "title": "[Therapy of bronchitis and bronchopneumonia in adults with cefaclor (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-two patients with bronchopneumonia or bronchitis were treated with cefaclor. In 42 patients (= 68%), the therapy was clinically successful. Of the patients who did not respond to therapy, cefaclor-resistant bacteria were found in the sputum culture of seven. Of the remaining 13 patients, ten suffered a secondary infection with cefaclor-resistant bacteria, and in three patients the pathogen found before therapy persisted, although sensitive to cefaclor on testing. In seven patients therapy was clinically successful although cefaclor-resistant pathogens were present before the start of therapy. In the entire group of patients investigated no increase of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, urea or creatinine was observed. In two patients alkaline phosphatase and SGOT increased slightly; in three patients SGPT increased slightly. On the other hand, in several patients initially elevated SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased during therapy. Clinical side-effects were seen in two patients. In one patient with known penicillin allergy a pruritic exanthema developed; in the other patient, who had dermatitis herpetiformis, exacerbation of skin efflorescences occurred.", "contents": "[Therapy of bronchitis and bronchopneumonia in adults with cefaclor (author's transl)]. Sixty-two patients with bronchopneumonia or bronchitis were treated with cefaclor. In 42 patients (= 68%), the therapy was clinically successful. Of the patients who did not respond to therapy, cefaclor-resistant bacteria were found in the sputum culture of seven. Of the remaining 13 patients, ten suffered a secondary infection with cefaclor-resistant bacteria, and in three patients the pathogen found before therapy persisted, although sensitive to cefaclor on testing. In seven patients therapy was clinically successful although cefaclor-resistant pathogens were present before the start of therapy. In the entire group of patients investigated no increase of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, urea or creatinine was observed. In two patients alkaline phosphatase and SGOT increased slightly; in three patients SGPT increased slightly. On the other hand, in several patients initially elevated SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased during therapy. Clinical side-effects were seen in two patients. In one patient with known penicillin allergy a pruritic exanthema developed; in the other patient, who had dermatitis herpetiformis, exacerbation of skin efflorescences occurred.", "PMID": 551088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_571", "title": "[Experience with cefaclor in the treatment of ear, nose and throat infections. Indications for cefaclor therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of the new oral cephalosporin cefaclor was tested in 61 patients treated for a variety of moderate to severe ENT infections which were not expected to undergo a spontaneous remission without antibacterial therapy. The most frequently isolated pathogens were streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. The dosage consisted of 500 mg cefaclor three times daily, and the treatment lasted between 4 and 43 days (average 14 days). In 35 cases, some of whom had already been treated unsuccussfully with another antibiotic, the results were very good. In 22 patients locally applied medicaments or surgery contributed to the good result. In four patients an unequivocal evaluation was not possible or therapy was not successful. The frequently noted rapid response to treatment with cefaclor was impressive. No relapses were recorded. In pharmacokinetic studies a cefaclor concentration of 2.8 mcg/g was obtained in the tonsils 90 minutes after oral administration of 1000 mg. Clinical examinations in 61 patients and a complete range of laboratory tests in 47 patients did not reveal any case of allergic reaction. One patient only complained of nausea and diarrhoea. In two patients temporary low grade thrombopenia and thrombocytosis respectively were observed. In several patients a slight transitory rise in transaminases was seen. Cefaclor thus proved to be an effective and well-tolerated antibiotic. Its indications in the treatment of ENT infections are discussed.", "contents": "[Experience with cefaclor in the treatment of ear, nose and throat infections. Indications for cefaclor therapy (author's transl)]. The efficacy and tolerance of the new oral cephalosporin cefaclor was tested in 61 patients treated for a variety of moderate to severe ENT infections which were not expected to undergo a spontaneous remission without antibacterial therapy. The most frequently isolated pathogens were streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. The dosage consisted of 500 mg cefaclor three times daily, and the treatment lasted between 4 and 43 days (average 14 days). In 35 cases, some of whom had already been treated unsuccussfully with another antibiotic, the results were very good. In 22 patients locally applied medicaments or surgery contributed to the good result. In four patients an unequivocal evaluation was not possible or therapy was not successful. The frequently noted rapid response to treatment with cefaclor was impressive. No relapses were recorded. In pharmacokinetic studies a cefaclor concentration of 2.8 mcg/g was obtained in the tonsils 90 minutes after oral administration of 1000 mg. Clinical examinations in 61 patients and a complete range of laboratory tests in 47 patients did not reveal any case of allergic reaction. One patient only complained of nausea and diarrhoea. In two patients temporary low grade thrombopenia and thrombocytosis respectively were observed. In several patients a slight transitory rise in transaminases was seen. Cefaclor thus proved to be an effective and well-tolerated antibiotic. Its indications in the treatment of ENT infections are discussed.", "PMID": 551089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_572", "title": "[Cefaclor in dermatological therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty patients suffering from bacteriogenic skin diseases were given cefaclor, in most cases simultaneously with classical external dermatological therapy. The results of therapy were satisfactory in 29 of the 30 patients. Only in one relatively severe case of erysipelas did the disease continue to spread despite the daily doses of 3 x 500 mg of oral cefaclor prescribed by the dosage regimen. Side-effects observed consisted of diarrhoea in one patient, and a transient slight increase of SGOT or alkaline phosphatase in another six patients.", "contents": "[Cefaclor in dermatological therapy (author's transl)]. Thirty patients suffering from bacteriogenic skin diseases were given cefaclor, in most cases simultaneously with classical external dermatological therapy. The results of therapy were satisfactory in 29 of the 30 patients. Only in one relatively severe case of erysipelas did the disease continue to spread despite the daily doses of 3 x 500 mg of oral cefaclor prescribed by the dosage regimen. Side-effects observed consisted of diarrhoea in one patient, and a transient slight increase of SGOT or alkaline phosphatase in another six patients.", "PMID": 551090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_573", "title": "[Investigations on the excretion of cefaclor in human bile (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of cefaclor in serum and bile was determined for up to 360 minutes after a single oral dose of 1 g cefaclor in 18 patients with continuous T-drainage of the bile duct. The rate of absorption varied, there being marked differences in the time. The peak bile concentration of 12.1 mcg/ml was reached after 120 min; the peak serum concentration of 12.3 mcg/ml, on the other hand, was reached after only 90 min. There was no accumulation of cefaclor in the bile.", "contents": "[Investigations on the excretion of cefaclor in human bile (author's transl)]. The concentration of cefaclor in serum and bile was determined for up to 360 minutes after a single oral dose of 1 g cefaclor in 18 patients with continuous T-drainage of the bile duct. The rate of absorption varied, there being marked differences in the time. The peak bile concentration of 12.1 mcg/ml was reached after 120 min; the peak serum concentration of 12.3 mcg/ml, on the other hand, was reached after only 90 min. There was no accumulation of cefaclor in the bile.", "PMID": 551091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_574", "title": "Cefaclor: summary of clinical experience.", "content": "Cefaclor, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use, was studied by 62 clinical investigators in six countries in 1493 adult and paediatric patients. The pooled data reveal that satisfactory clinical responses were obtained in 80% of urinary tract infections, 87% of upper respiratory tract infections, 90% of cases of otitis media, 99% of lower respiratory tract infections, and 96% of skin and skin structure infections. Administration of this antibiotic was associated with a low incidence of adverse reactions including gastrointestinal (2.6%) and hypersensitivity (1.5%). Of particular clinical interest were the outstanding results obtained in the treatment of otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections.", "contents": "Cefaclor: summary of clinical experience. Cefaclor, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use, was studied by 62 clinical investigators in six countries in 1493 adult and paediatric patients. The pooled data reveal that satisfactory clinical responses were obtained in 80% of urinary tract infections, 87% of upper respiratory tract infections, 90% of cases of otitis media, 99% of lower respiratory tract infections, and 96% of skin and skin structure infections. Administration of this antibiotic was associated with a low incidence of adverse reactions including gastrointestinal (2.6%) and hypersensitivity (1.5%). Of particular clinical interest were the outstanding results obtained in the treatment of otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections.", "PMID": 551092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_575", "title": "Fate of the synthetic immunoadjuvant, muramyl dipeptide (14C-labelled) in the mouse.", "content": "Synthetic N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide or MDP) represents the smallest unit that can substitute for whole Mycobacteria in Freund's complete adjuvant. In this paper the fate of 14C-labelled (on the muramyl moiety) MDP is reported. Following intravenous or subcutaneous injection into mice, more than 50% of 14C-MDP was recovered in the urine after 30 min and more than 90% after 2 h. The labelled compound was found unchanged in the urine, as shown by detailed analyses. However, MDP was sequestered for a longer time at the site of injection when administered as a water-in-oil emulsion. Considering the relatively rapid elimination observed, it is suggested that the biological effects of MDP and related compounds, when administered in an aqueous medium, may be due to their activity at minute concentrations and/or an immediate action at the cellular level.", "contents": "Fate of the synthetic immunoadjuvant, muramyl dipeptide (14C-labelled) in the mouse. Synthetic N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide or MDP) represents the smallest unit that can substitute for whole Mycobacteria in Freund's complete adjuvant. In this paper the fate of 14C-labelled (on the muramyl moiety) MDP is reported. Following intravenous or subcutaneous injection into mice, more than 50% of 14C-MDP was recovered in the urine after 30 min and more than 90% after 2 h. The labelled compound was found unchanged in the urine, as shown by detailed analyses. However, MDP was sequestered for a longer time at the site of injection when administered as a water-in-oil emulsion. Considering the relatively rapid elimination observed, it is suggested that the biological effects of MDP and related compounds, when administered in an aqueous medium, may be due to their activity at minute concentrations and/or an immediate action at the cellular level.", "PMID": 551094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_576", "title": "Genetic and epigenetic control of levamisole-induced immunostimulation.", "content": "Antibody responses to a T-cell dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells, were evaluated in mice of various inbred strains, treated or untreated, with levamisole. These responses appear to be under polygenic control, not associated with the H-2 complex, and modified by a Y-linked component and epigenetic factors revealed by aging. Strain, sex, age and the dose of levamisole all in influenced in an interrelated manner the activity of levamisole. Effects varied from inhibited to unchanged or increased antibody-forming cell numbers, without a direct relationship between the genetic regulation of levamisole effectiveness and a genotypic capacity to respond to the antigenic signal. Therefore, a complex relationship between host, antigen and immunopotentiator appears to be responsible for modifying the production of suppressor or helper influences. The present findings may serve as a warning against the uncritical use of levamisole.", "contents": "Genetic and epigenetic control of levamisole-induced immunostimulation. Antibody responses to a T-cell dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells, were evaluated in mice of various inbred strains, treated or untreated, with levamisole. These responses appear to be under polygenic control, not associated with the H-2 complex, and modified by a Y-linked component and epigenetic factors revealed by aging. Strain, sex, age and the dose of levamisole all in influenced in an interrelated manner the activity of levamisole. Effects varied from inhibited to unchanged or increased antibody-forming cell numbers, without a direct relationship between the genetic regulation of levamisole effectiveness and a genotypic capacity to respond to the antigenic signal. Therefore, a complex relationship between host, antigen and immunopotentiator appears to be responsible for modifying the production of suppressor or helper influences. The present findings may serve as a warning against the uncritical use of levamisole.", "PMID": 551095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_577", "title": "Time in chemo-immunotherapy models: an absolute or a relative variable? Lessons from the levamisole experience.", "content": "An analysis is presented of the findings from the available studies in several cancer models, where 2.5-20 mg/kg levamisole was given in combination with different types of cytostatic drugs. It appears that in chemo-immunotherapy experiments it may be preferable to measure time variables (increase in life span, timing of chemotherapy and of immunotherapy) as a per cent of the median survival time of the untreated controls instead of using time as an absolute measure (in days). As regards the study of levamisole in chemo-imnmunotherapy models, the increase in life span by the cytostatic alone seems to be the most important variable studied here. An \"optimal\" protocol for the evaluation of levamisole is proposed based upon all the findings of this analysis.", "contents": "Time in chemo-immunotherapy models: an absolute or a relative variable? Lessons from the levamisole experience. An analysis is presented of the findings from the available studies in several cancer models, where 2.5-20 mg/kg levamisole was given in combination with different types of cytostatic drugs. It appears that in chemo-immunotherapy experiments it may be preferable to measure time variables (increase in life span, timing of chemotherapy and of immunotherapy) as a per cent of the median survival time of the untreated controls instead of using time as an absolute measure (in days). As regards the study of levamisole in chemo-imnmunotherapy models, the increase in life span by the cytostatic alone seems to be the most important variable studied here. An \"optimal\" protocol for the evaluation of levamisole is proposed based upon all the findings of this analysis.", "PMID": 551097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_578", "title": "Differential potencies of corticosterone and hydrocortisone in immune and immune-related processes in the mouse.", "content": "The effects of corticosterone and hydrocortisone on the thymus, the pituitary--adrenal axis, delayed hypersensitivity, the corticosterone plasma level and the numbers of circulating nucleated and monocytic cells were investigated in the mouse. Short-term effects within 48 h after one or two corticoid injections and late effects 7 days after a regimen of 4 corticoid injections were discerned. In short-term experiments hydrocortisone was more active than corticosterone upon the induction of leukopenia and monocytopenia and the inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity. However, regarding late effects and the short-term effect on adrenal weight, corticosterone far exceeded hydrocortisone in activity. Our results could be explained by assuming two feedback-inhibition systems for glycocorticoids. The first, likely to be responsible for the changes observed for the adrenal weight and the numbers of ciruclating white cells after a single glucocorticoid injection, was shown to be expressed in a soluble factor released in the blood stream tentatively designated \"glucocorticoid inhibiting factor. The factor was more readily induced by hydrocortisone but displayed a greater specificity in inhibiting effects of corticosterone. The second feedback-inhibition system, responsible for increased numbers of circulating monocytes paralleled by an enhanced delayed hypersensitivity response, was expressed in a decreased corticosterone plasma level, most probably secondary to a diminished release of ACTH from the pituitary gland. With the glucocorticoid doses we used the second feedback-inhibition system was only triggered by the more physiological hormone, corticosterone.", "contents": "Differential potencies of corticosterone and hydrocortisone in immune and immune-related processes in the mouse. The effects of corticosterone and hydrocortisone on the thymus, the pituitary--adrenal axis, delayed hypersensitivity, the corticosterone plasma level and the numbers of circulating nucleated and monocytic cells were investigated in the mouse. Short-term effects within 48 h after one or two corticoid injections and late effects 7 days after a regimen of 4 corticoid injections were discerned. In short-term experiments hydrocortisone was more active than corticosterone upon the induction of leukopenia and monocytopenia and the inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity. However, regarding late effects and the short-term effect on adrenal weight, corticosterone far exceeded hydrocortisone in activity. Our results could be explained by assuming two feedback-inhibition systems for glycocorticoids. The first, likely to be responsible for the changes observed for the adrenal weight and the numbers of ciruclating white cells after a single glucocorticoid injection, was shown to be expressed in a soluble factor released in the blood stream tentatively designated \"glucocorticoid inhibiting factor. The factor was more readily induced by hydrocortisone but displayed a greater specificity in inhibiting effects of corticosterone. The second feedback-inhibition system, responsible for increased numbers of circulating monocytes paralleled by an enhanced delayed hypersensitivity response, was expressed in a decreased corticosterone plasma level, most probably secondary to a diminished release of ACTH from the pituitary gland. With the glucocorticoid doses we used the second feedback-inhibition system was only triggered by the more physiological hormone, corticosterone.", "PMID": 551098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_579", "title": "Amphotericin B-induced immunosuppression in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "B16 melanoma-bearing mice had a reduced capacity to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and this response was further depressed when these mice were also treated with multiple daily doses of amphotericin B (AmB). Results from the present experiments, which were designed to simulate the clinical situation, indicate that patients receiving AmB may require frequent monitoring of immune functions during treatment.", "contents": "Amphotericin B-induced immunosuppression in tumor-bearing mice. B16 melanoma-bearing mice had a reduced capacity to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and this response was further depressed when these mice were also treated with multiple daily doses of amphotericin B (AmB). Results from the present experiments, which were designed to simulate the clinical situation, indicate that patients receiving AmB may require frequent monitoring of immune functions during treatment.", "PMID": 551100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_580", "title": "Estimation of polymerization efficiency in the formation of polyacrylamide gel, using continuous optical scanning during polymerization.", "content": "The Ferguson plot and 'quantitative' gel electrophoresis (based on the Ferguson plot) depend on a knowledge of accurate gel concentrations. The easiest way to estimate accuracy of gel concentrations, in terms of the degree of completion of the polymerization reaction which gives rise to a gel, is by spectrophometry. Making use of the apparatus for continuous optical scanning of polyacrylamide gels, the extent and rate of polymerization of cross-linked polyacrylamide were estimated by measuring the absorbance at 275 nm of the reaction mixture subsequent to free radical initiation of polymerization. Under appropriate conditions of monomer concentration, initiator levels and temperature, absorbance decreased monotonically after a lag period of 10 min, and after 20--30 min of reaction the absorbance reached a plateau value which provided a measure of polymerization efficiency. Application of a standard curve of absorbance vs. monomer concentration allowed one to quantitate concentrations of residual monomer throughout the course of polymerization. Under a set of arbitrary polymerization conditions (e.g. 6--20% total gel concentration), the reaction went to 63--96% completion. The rate of polymerization was approximately proportional to the square of the monomer concentration (2nd-order reaction kinetics). Absorbance decrease subsequent to the initiation of the polymerization reaction appeared suitable as a measure of efficiency of polymerization since: (a) absorbance spectra of monomers at 0.5 %T and residual monomers in a 10 %T gel, at a time when polymerization seemed terminated, coincided; (b) values of residual monomer obtained were reasonable (10--30%); (c) bimolecular reaction kinetics were found, in agreement with expectation; and (d) absorbance of incomplete polymerization mixtures, deficient in either initiators or monomers, was constant with time.", "contents": "Estimation of polymerization efficiency in the formation of polyacrylamide gel, using continuous optical scanning during polymerization. The Ferguson plot and 'quantitative' gel electrophoresis (based on the Ferguson plot) depend on a knowledge of accurate gel concentrations. The easiest way to estimate accuracy of gel concentrations, in terms of the degree of completion of the polymerization reaction which gives rise to a gel, is by spectrophometry. Making use of the apparatus for continuous optical scanning of polyacrylamide gels, the extent and rate of polymerization of cross-linked polyacrylamide were estimated by measuring the absorbance at 275 nm of the reaction mixture subsequent to free radical initiation of polymerization. Under appropriate conditions of monomer concentration, initiator levels and temperature, absorbance decreased monotonically after a lag period of 10 min, and after 20--30 min of reaction the absorbance reached a plateau value which provided a measure of polymerization efficiency. Application of a standard curve of absorbance vs. monomer concentration allowed one to quantitate concentrations of residual monomer throughout the course of polymerization. Under a set of arbitrary polymerization conditions (e.g. 6--20% total gel concentration), the reaction went to 63--96% completion. The rate of polymerization was approximately proportional to the square of the monomer concentration (2nd-order reaction kinetics). Absorbance decrease subsequent to the initiation of the polymerization reaction appeared suitable as a measure of efficiency of polymerization since: (a) absorbance spectra of monomers at 0.5 %T and residual monomers in a 10 %T gel, at a time when polymerization seemed terminated, coincided; (b) values of residual monomer obtained were reasonable (10--30%); (c) bimolecular reaction kinetics were found, in agreement with expectation; and (d) absorbance of incomplete polymerization mixtures, deficient in either initiators or monomers, was constant with time.", "PMID": 551105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_581", "title": "A simple Beckman DU accessory for location of proteins separated by isoelectric focusing in granulated gel layers: isolation of human serum very low density apolipoproteins C-II and C-III-1.", "content": "A simple, low-cost gel layer scanner has been developed for the Beckman DU spectrophotometer. The gel scanner makes it possible to localize zones precisely after preparative isoelectric focusing of proteins in 2-mm thick Sephadex G-200 layers. Using the scanner after isoelectric separation of a mixture of human serum apolipoproteins C-III-1 and C-II, pure proteis could easily be obtained.", "contents": "A simple Beckman DU accessory for location of proteins separated by isoelectric focusing in granulated gel layers: isolation of human serum very low density apolipoproteins C-II and C-III-1. A simple, low-cost gel layer scanner has been developed for the Beckman DU spectrophotometer. The gel scanner makes it possible to localize zones precisely after preparative isoelectric focusing of proteins in 2-mm thick Sephadex G-200 layers. Using the scanner after isoelectric separation of a mixture of human serum apolipoproteins C-III-1 and C-II, pure proteis could easily be obtained.", "PMID": 551106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_582", "title": "Deuterated iodoacetanilide: a covalent protein label for neutron scattering studies.", "content": "A simple preparation of a deuterated alkylating reagent is described. Its reaction with the beta 93-SH groups of hemoglobin was used to illustrate the preparation of a protein derivative which contains 5 covalently attached non-exchangeable deuterium atoms at a unique locus on each beta chain.", "contents": "Deuterated iodoacetanilide: a covalent protein label for neutron scattering studies. A simple preparation of a deuterated alkylating reagent is described. Its reaction with the beta 93-SH groups of hemoglobin was used to illustrate the preparation of a protein derivative which contains 5 covalently attached non-exchangeable deuterium atoms at a unique locus on each beta chain.", "PMID": 551107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_583", "title": "Recovery of volatile fatty acids from biological materials for direct analysis by gas chromatography.", "content": "A simple and efficient methodology for preparing aqueous extracts of volatile fatty acids from biological materials, for direct analysis by gas chromatography is described. Peak areas and responses relative to n-butyric acid were used to calculate concentrations of the individual acids. An example is given for analysis of the volatile fatty acids found in the blood of the lugworm Aerinocola marina.", "contents": "Recovery of volatile fatty acids from biological materials for direct analysis by gas chromatography. A simple and efficient methodology for preparing aqueous extracts of volatile fatty acids from biological materials, for direct analysis by gas chromatography is described. Peak areas and responses relative to n-butyric acid were used to calculate concentrations of the individual acids. An example is given for analysis of the volatile fatty acids found in the blood of the lugworm Aerinocola marina.", "PMID": 551108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_584", "title": "Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein. Changes during gestation, prenatal and postnatal development in rats.", "content": "During the perinatal period, calcium metabolism is stressed. As intestinal Ca-binding protein is considered as a molecular expression of the hormonal effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3), Ca-binding protin measurements may document the vitamin D roles during this period. We describe the variations of Ca-binding protein concentrations in the rat during the last 5 days of gestation, in the maternal duodenum, placentas, fetal membranes and fetal intestines. We also report intestinal Ca-binding protein changes from birth until weaning. The evolution of the maternal intestinal Ca-binding protein, which increases on day 19.5 of gestation, is consistent with that of calcium intestinal absorption and may be explained by increased 1,25(OH)2D3 production. Placental Ca-binding protein rises from day 17.5 until the end of gestation, and may be related to the profile of calcium transfer from mother to fetuses. It is noteworthy that the placental Ca-binding protein is predominantly found in the fetal part of the organ where materno-fetal exchanges occur. The yolk sac synthesizes substantial amounts of Ca-binding protein. In the fetal membranes, Ca-binding protein plateaus from day 17.5 until day 20.5 and decreases on day 21.5. The Ca-binding protein presence in the fetal placenta and in the yolk sac may suggest that these tissues are also targets for vitamin D. In the fetus the intestinal Ca-binding protein s is detected as early as day 17.5 of gestation and increases markedly during the last day of gestation. From birth and during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life, the intestinal Ca-binding protein concentration does not change. It undergoes a sharp rise just at the time of weaning. We have also shown that the specific distribution of Ca-binding protein along the intestine is acquired during intrauterine life and does not change with sucking or weaning. The two main changes of intestinal Ca-binding protein, observed just before birth and at weaning, may reflect the intestinal maturation and/or variations in vitamin D metabolism.", "contents": "Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein. Changes during gestation, prenatal and postnatal development in rats. During the perinatal period, calcium metabolism is stressed. As intestinal Ca-binding protein is considered as a molecular expression of the hormonal effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3), Ca-binding protin measurements may document the vitamin D roles during this period. We describe the variations of Ca-binding protein concentrations in the rat during the last 5 days of gestation, in the maternal duodenum, placentas, fetal membranes and fetal intestines. We also report intestinal Ca-binding protein changes from birth until weaning. The evolution of the maternal intestinal Ca-binding protein, which increases on day 19.5 of gestation, is consistent with that of calcium intestinal absorption and may be explained by increased 1,25(OH)2D3 production. Placental Ca-binding protein rises from day 17.5 until the end of gestation, and may be related to the profile of calcium transfer from mother to fetuses. It is noteworthy that the placental Ca-binding protein is predominantly found in the fetal part of the organ where materno-fetal exchanges occur. The yolk sac synthesizes substantial amounts of Ca-binding protein. In the fetal membranes, Ca-binding protein plateaus from day 17.5 until day 20.5 and decreases on day 21.5. The Ca-binding protein presence in the fetal placenta and in the yolk sac may suggest that these tissues are also targets for vitamin D. In the fetus the intestinal Ca-binding protein s is detected as early as day 17.5 of gestation and increases markedly during the last day of gestation. From birth and during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life, the intestinal Ca-binding protein concentration does not change. It undergoes a sharp rise just at the time of weaning. We have also shown that the specific distribution of Ca-binding protein along the intestine is acquired during intrauterine life and does not change with sucking or weaning. The two main changes of intestinal Ca-binding protein, observed just before birth and at weaning, may reflect the intestinal maturation and/or variations in vitamin D metabolism.", "PMID": 551109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_585", "title": "Ventilatory responses to hypoxaemia during sleep in the newborn.", "content": "Ventilatory responses to rapidly developing hypoxaemia during N2-rebreathing were compared for active and quite sleep in three newborn lambs and four puppies. In lambs, active sleep was associated with: (i) development of ribcage deflation during inspiration, which persisted during progressive hypoxaemia; (ii) depressed ventilatory response to hypoxaemia despite increments of respiratory rate; (iii) delayed arousal. In the puppies, inspiratory collapse of the ribcage did not occur in active sleep and the ventilatory responses during hypoxaemia were similar to those in quite sleep. While apparently defective when related to adults, these responses to hypoxaemia in the lamb are normal. This study illustrates the importance of considering behavioural state and species differences when studying the regulation of breathing, particularly during development.", "contents": "Ventilatory responses to hypoxaemia during sleep in the newborn. Ventilatory responses to rapidly developing hypoxaemia during N2-rebreathing were compared for active and quite sleep in three newborn lambs and four puppies. In lambs, active sleep was associated with: (i) development of ribcage deflation during inspiration, which persisted during progressive hypoxaemia; (ii) depressed ventilatory response to hypoxaemia despite increments of respiratory rate; (iii) delayed arousal. In the puppies, inspiratory collapse of the ribcage did not occur in active sleep and the ventilatory responses during hypoxaemia were similar to those in quite sleep. While apparently defective when related to adults, these responses to hypoxaemia in the lamb are normal. This study illustrates the importance of considering behavioural state and species differences when studying the regulation of breathing, particularly during development.", "PMID": 551110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_586", "title": "Responses of the uterine circulation to sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "content": "Pregnant and non-pregnant sheep uteri were perfused in situ with arterial blood at a constant flow rate. Unilateral stimulation (1-2 ma, u ms pulse) of the distal end of the severed sympathetic chain (L3-L4) at frequencies between 5 and 25 Hz produced a graded increase in uterine artery pressure in both horns. At 25 Hz, pressure in the horn ipsilateral to the stimulated sympathetic chain increased by 28 +/  2% in four pregnant animals and 32 +/ 5% in six non-pregnant ewes. The response of the contralateral horn was significantly smaller than that of the ipsilateral horn (P less than or equal to 0.05). The response was alpha-mediated since it was abolished by local injection of dibenzyline into the middle uterine artery. The responses of the pregnant and non-pregnant animals were similar, indicating that pregnancy did not alter the alpha-adrenergic responses of the uterine vasculature.", "contents": "Responses of the uterine circulation to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Pregnant and non-pregnant sheep uteri were perfused in situ with arterial blood at a constant flow rate. Unilateral stimulation (1-2 ma, u ms pulse) of the distal end of the severed sympathetic chain (L3-L4) at frequencies between 5 and 25 Hz produced a graded increase in uterine artery pressure in both horns. At 25 Hz, pressure in the horn ipsilateral to the stimulated sympathetic chain increased by 28 +/  2% in four pregnant animals and 32 +/ 5% in six non-pregnant ewes. The response of the contralateral horn was significantly smaller than that of the ipsilateral horn (P less than or equal to 0.05). The response was alpha-mediated since it was abolished by local injection of dibenzyline into the middle uterine artery. The responses of the pregnant and non-pregnant animals were similar, indicating that pregnancy did not alter the alpha-adrenergic responses of the uterine vasculature.", "PMID": 551111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_587", "title": "Placental transfer of glucose.", "content": "The rates of glucose transfer from maternal blood to pregnant uterus and from placenta to fetus were measured in eight sheep at spontaneously occurring glucose concentrations (control state) and while the fetus, the mother, or both were receiving a constant infusion of glucose. In addition two fetuses received insulin infusions. In the control state the net glucose flux from placenta to fetus was only 27 +/- 2.6% (SEM) of the net flux from the uterine circulation to the pregnant uterus. An empirical equation describing the relationship between placental glucose transfer and arterial plasma glucose concentrations was derived from the data and compared with equations constructed on the basis of methematical models of placental function. This analysis indicates that: (1) placental glucose transfer is mediated by carriers with Km approximately equal to 70 mg/dl; (2) the rate of glucose transfer from mother to fetus is limited primarily by the transport characteristics and glucose consumption rate of the placenta; (3) under normal conditions of placental perfusion, glucose transfer is approximately 15% less than it would be if placental blood flows were infinitely large.", "contents": "Placental transfer of glucose. The rates of glucose transfer from maternal blood to pregnant uterus and from placenta to fetus were measured in eight sheep at spontaneously occurring glucose concentrations (control state) and while the fetus, the mother, or both were receiving a constant infusion of glucose. In addition two fetuses received insulin infusions. In the control state the net glucose flux from placenta to fetus was only 27 +/- 2.6% (SEM) of the net flux from the uterine circulation to the pregnant uterus. An empirical equation describing the relationship between placental glucose transfer and arterial plasma glucose concentrations was derived from the data and compared with equations constructed on the basis of methematical models of placental function. This analysis indicates that: (1) placental glucose transfer is mediated by carriers with Km approximately equal to 70 mg/dl; (2) the rate of glucose transfer from mother to fetus is limited primarily by the transport characteristics and glucose consumption rate of the placenta; (3) under normal conditions of placental perfusion, glucose transfer is approximately 15% less than it would be if placental blood flows were infinitely large.", "PMID": 551112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_588", "title": "Fuel metabolism in fasted newborn rabbits.", "content": "Newborn rabbits delivered by Caesarean section at term were fasted for 72 h at 36 degrees C. Despite the abrupt interruption of maternal supply of energy substrates, glycaemia remains stable for 4 h after birth. This can be related to glucose production via rapid liver glycogenolysis; however, indirect evidence suggests that gluconeogenesis could also contribute to glucose production during this period. There is a selective decrease in the concentrations of gluconeogenic substrates and a suitable hormonal environment for gluconeogenesis as decreased insulin and increased glucagon concentration just after birth. The relative hypoglycaemia which develops after 6 h of life (2.6 mM at 72 h), despite high blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and ketone bodies is not due to a deficient gluconeogenesis per se, as injection of gluconeogenic substrates to 72 h fasted newborns produces a three-fold increase in plasma glucose concentration. It is suggested that this relative hypoglycaemia is secondary to limited gluconeogenic substrate availability in the form of low circulting concentrations of gluconeogenic amino acids.", "contents": "Fuel metabolism in fasted newborn rabbits. Newborn rabbits delivered by Caesarean section at term were fasted for 72 h at 36 degrees C. Despite the abrupt interruption of maternal supply of energy substrates, glycaemia remains stable for 4 h after birth. This can be related to glucose production via rapid liver glycogenolysis; however, indirect evidence suggests that gluconeogenesis could also contribute to glucose production during this period. There is a selective decrease in the concentrations of gluconeogenic substrates and a suitable hormonal environment for gluconeogenesis as decreased insulin and increased glucagon concentration just after birth. The relative hypoglycaemia which develops after 6 h of life (2.6 mM at 72 h), despite high blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and ketone bodies is not due to a deficient gluconeogenesis per se, as injection of gluconeogenic substrates to 72 h fasted newborns produces a three-fold increase in plasma glucose concentration. It is suggested that this relative hypoglycaemia is secondary to limited gluconeogenic substrate availability in the form of low circulting concentrations of gluconeogenic amino acids.", "PMID": 551113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_589", "title": "Effects of endogenous angiotensin II on the fetal circulation.", "content": "The role of endogenous angiotensin II in the regulation of the circulation was investigated by infusion of [sar1],[ala8]-angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, into fetal sheep with chronically-maintained intravascular catheters. The thesis considered was that angiotensin II may have a greater role in the fetus than in the adult since the autonomic nervous system does not develop fully until late in gestation. Fetal cardiac output and its distribution to various organs and actual blood flows to fetal tissues were determined by the radionuclide-labelled microsphere technique. Intravenous infusion of [sar1], [ala8]-angiotensin II at a rate of 13.95-42.15 microgram/min per kg fetal body weight increased plasma renin activity from a control value of 8.9 +/- 1.6 to 18.9 +/- 3.9 ng/ml per h (SEM). Mean arterial blood pressure fell significantly from a control level of 47 +/- 1.6 to 41 +/- 1.1 mmHg. Blood flow to the unbilical-placental circulation decreased from 239 +/- 27.0 to 198 +/- 20.2 ml/min per kg, but the calculated vascular resistance in the umbilical-placental circulation did not change. Although cardiac output did not change, blood flow to the peripheral circulation, which includes the fetal skin, muscle and and bone and constitutes 75 +/- 0.9% of the total fetal body weight, increased as did flow to the thyroid and adrenal circulations. Endogenous angiotensin II appears to be important in maintaining blood flow to the umbilical-placental circulation by maintaining fetal arterial blood pressure. Angiotensin II exerts this effect by mediating a tonic vasoconstriction primarily in the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Effects of endogenous angiotensin II on the fetal circulation. The role of endogenous angiotensin II in the regulation of the circulation was investigated by infusion of [sar1],[ala8]-angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, into fetal sheep with chronically-maintained intravascular catheters. The thesis considered was that angiotensin II may have a greater role in the fetus than in the adult since the autonomic nervous system does not develop fully until late in gestation. Fetal cardiac output and its distribution to various organs and actual blood flows to fetal tissues were determined by the radionuclide-labelled microsphere technique. Intravenous infusion of [sar1], [ala8]-angiotensin II at a rate of 13.95-42.15 microgram/min per kg fetal body weight increased plasma renin activity from a control value of 8.9 +/- 1.6 to 18.9 +/- 3.9 ng/ml per h (SEM). Mean arterial blood pressure fell significantly from a control level of 47 +/- 1.6 to 41 +/- 1.1 mmHg. Blood flow to the unbilical-placental circulation decreased from 239 +/- 27.0 to 198 +/- 20.2 ml/min per kg, but the calculated vascular resistance in the umbilical-placental circulation did not change. Although cardiac output did not change, blood flow to the peripheral circulation, which includes the fetal skin, muscle and and bone and constitutes 75 +/- 0.9% of the total fetal body weight, increased as did flow to the thyroid and adrenal circulations. Endogenous angiotensin II appears to be important in maintaining blood flow to the umbilical-placental circulation by maintaining fetal arterial blood pressure. Angiotensin II exerts this effect by mediating a tonic vasoconstriction primarily in the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 551114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_590", "title": "The postnatal development of the main olfactory bulb of the rat.", "content": "The postnatal development from birth to 1 year of the main olfactory bulb was examined quantitatively. The volume of the main olfactory bulb increased over seven-fold by day 30 and remained unchanged thereafter. During the same period the volume of the granular layer increased 18-fold and the mean areas of the olfactory glomeruli increased seven-fold. The mean areas of mitral cell perikarya doubled between the neonatal and juvenile periods. The total number of the mitral cells, however, declined during the first three postnatal weeks. In the internal granular layer of the main olfactory bulb, 89% of the granule cells were acquired postnatally. Much of the cellular gain occurred during the first 3 weeks, with the period of maximum acquisition between days 8 and 14. The number of subependymal cells, the precursors of granule cells, reached a peak at 12 days and gradually declined. But some primitive cells could still be found at one year of age and there was an increase in the total number of granule cells beyond day 30. The mean nuber of internal granular layer cells in a single main olfactory bulb of adult rats was about 5 X 10(6); the number of mitral cells about 4 X 10(4). In the animals injected with 3H-thymidine on day 20 and killed 2 h after injection a small but significant proportion of cells was labelled in the subependymal layer but few in the internal granular layer. In the animals killed 20 and 40 days after injection there was a 10--11-fold rise in the proportion of labelled internal granular layer cells. The proportion of labelled internal granular layer cells decreased in longer survival groups but the total number of labelled cells remained the same, even in year-old animals. However, the total number of internal granular layer cells in the sections examined increased with age.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the main olfactory bulb of the rat. The postnatal development from birth to 1 year of the main olfactory bulb was examined quantitatively. The volume of the main olfactory bulb increased over seven-fold by day 30 and remained unchanged thereafter. During the same period the volume of the granular layer increased 18-fold and the mean areas of the olfactory glomeruli increased seven-fold. The mean areas of mitral cell perikarya doubled between the neonatal and juvenile periods. The total number of the mitral cells, however, declined during the first three postnatal weeks. In the internal granular layer of the main olfactory bulb, 89% of the granule cells were acquired postnatally. Much of the cellular gain occurred during the first 3 weeks, with the period of maximum acquisition between days 8 and 14. The number of subependymal cells, the precursors of granule cells, reached a peak at 12 days and gradually declined. But some primitive cells could still be found at one year of age and there was an increase in the total number of granule cells beyond day 30. The mean nuber of internal granular layer cells in a single main olfactory bulb of adult rats was about 5 X 10(6); the number of mitral cells about 4 X 10(4). In the animals injected with 3H-thymidine on day 20 and killed 2 h after injection a small but significant proportion of cells was labelled in the subependymal layer but few in the internal granular layer. In the animals killed 20 and 40 days after injection there was a 10--11-fold rise in the proportion of labelled internal granular layer cells. The proportion of labelled internal granular layer cells decreased in longer survival groups but the total number of labelled cells remained the same, even in year-old animals. However, the total number of internal granular layer cells in the sections examined increased with age.", "PMID": 551115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_591", "title": "Consumption of carbohydrates, amino acids and oxygen across the intestinal circulation in the fetal sheep.", "content": "Since large volumes of nutrient rich amniotic fluid are swallowed by the fetus, it has been suggested that intestinal digestion and absorption contribute significantly to fetal nutrition. To see if nutrients are being gained across the intestine, we measured blood flow and intestinal arteriovenous concentration differences of glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, lactate, fructose and oxygen in eleven third trimester fetal sheep with chronically implanted vascular catheters. We found that in fetal blood circulating through the intestine nutrient concentration decreased significantly with arterio-venous concentration differences for glucose of 0.78 +/- 0.21 (SEM) mg/dl (P < 0.002), for alpha-amino nitrogen of 0.52 +/- 0.15 mg/dl (P < 0.005), for lactate of 0.68 +/- 0.24 mg/dl (P < 0.05) and for oxygen of 1.50 +/- 0.08 ml/dl (P < 0.001). Fructose concentration did not change. Blood flow to the fetal intestine averaged 89.92 +/- 7.16 ml/min and the intestine consumed 0.74 +/- 0.24 mg of glucose, 0.43 +/- 0.17 mg of alpha-amino nitrogen, 0.83 +/- 0.28 mg of lactate and 1.37 +/- 0.14 ml of oxygen per minute. Compared to previously published values for the umbilical uptake of nutrients the fetal intestine metabolizes about 4% of the glucose, 6% of the alpha-amino nitrogen, 13% of the lactate and 6% of the oxygen obtained across the umbilical circulation. Intestinal absorption does not appear to serve as a source of simple nutrients for the rest of the fetus, in fact intestinal metabolism extracts significant amounts of nutrients from fetal blood.", "contents": "Consumption of carbohydrates, amino acids and oxygen across the intestinal circulation in the fetal sheep. Since large volumes of nutrient rich amniotic fluid are swallowed by the fetus, it has been suggested that intestinal digestion and absorption contribute significantly to fetal nutrition. To see if nutrients are being gained across the intestine, we measured blood flow and intestinal arteriovenous concentration differences of glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, lactate, fructose and oxygen in eleven third trimester fetal sheep with chronically implanted vascular catheters. We found that in fetal blood circulating through the intestine nutrient concentration decreased significantly with arterio-venous concentration differences for glucose of 0.78 +/- 0.21 (SEM) mg/dl (P < 0.002), for alpha-amino nitrogen of 0.52 +/- 0.15 mg/dl (P < 0.005), for lactate of 0.68 +/- 0.24 mg/dl (P < 0.05) and for oxygen of 1.50 +/- 0.08 ml/dl (P < 0.001). Fructose concentration did not change. Blood flow to the fetal intestine averaged 89.92 +/- 7.16 ml/min and the intestine consumed 0.74 +/- 0.24 mg of glucose, 0.43 +/- 0.17 mg of alpha-amino nitrogen, 0.83 +/- 0.28 mg of lactate and 1.37 +/- 0.14 ml of oxygen per minute. Compared to previously published values for the umbilical uptake of nutrients the fetal intestine metabolizes about 4% of the glucose, 6% of the alpha-amino nitrogen, 13% of the lactate and 6% of the oxygen obtained across the umbilical circulation. Intestinal absorption does not appear to serve as a source of simple nutrients for the rest of the fetus, in fact intestinal metabolism extracts significant amounts of nutrients from fetal blood.", "PMID": 551116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_592", "title": "Glucose transfer across the intact guinea-pig placenta.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in anaesthetized pregnant guinea-pigs. Following the maternal injection of a bolus containing 14C-hexose and 3H2O, blood was sampled from the fetal umbilical vein during a single circulatory transit. A placental transfer index was calculated from the ratio of the tracers in the fetal whole blood divided by that in maternal plasma. The transfer index for D-glucose, 0.66 +/- 0.03 (SEM), greatly exceeded that for L-glucose, 0.013 +/- 0.004. Elevation of the maternal plasma D-glucose concentration, with unlabelled D-glucose, resulted in saturation of D-glucose transfer with an apparent Km of 1.2 x 10(-2) mol/l mean maternal plasma D-glucose. Phlorizin at maternal plasma concentrations of approximately 10(-3) mol/l inhibited D-glucose transfer by 40%. Phloretin did not affect D-glucose transfer at levels estimated to be 10(-4) mol/l. Specificity studies with substituted D-glucose analogues showed that alpha-methyl-D-glucoside is not transported by a facilitated pathway; 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose share the D-glucose carrier and D-galactose has a partial affinity for the D-glucose carrier.", "contents": "Glucose transfer across the intact guinea-pig placenta. Experiments were carried out in anaesthetized pregnant guinea-pigs. Following the maternal injection of a bolus containing 14C-hexose and 3H2O, blood was sampled from the fetal umbilical vein during a single circulatory transit. A placental transfer index was calculated from the ratio of the tracers in the fetal whole blood divided by that in maternal plasma. The transfer index for D-glucose, 0.66 +/- 0.03 (SEM), greatly exceeded that for L-glucose, 0.013 +/- 0.004. Elevation of the maternal plasma D-glucose concentration, with unlabelled D-glucose, resulted in saturation of D-glucose transfer with an apparent Km of 1.2 x 10(-2) mol/l mean maternal plasma D-glucose. Phlorizin at maternal plasma concentrations of approximately 10(-3) mol/l inhibited D-glucose transfer by 40%. Phloretin did not affect D-glucose transfer at levels estimated to be 10(-4) mol/l. Specificity studies with substituted D-glucose analogues showed that alpha-methyl-D-glucoside is not transported by a facilitated pathway; 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose share the D-glucose carrier and D-galactose has a partial affinity for the D-glucose carrier.", "PMID": 551117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_593", "title": "Placental transfer of dexamethasone in near-term sheep.", "content": "The placental transfer of 3H-dexamethasone was studied in six near-term sheep. The placental clearance of 3H-dexamethasone was 18.8 +/- 3.5 ml/min per kg of fetal weight. The clearance of dexamethasone by the fetal tissues was 9.3 +/- w.5 ml/min per kg. The maximum placental clearance was 285 +/- 24 ml/min and the degree of diffusion limitation to the placental transfer of dexamethasone was 78 +/- 4%. The placental transfer of dexamethasone is therefore limited primarily by the nature of the placental barrier.", "contents": "Placental transfer of dexamethasone in near-term sheep. The placental transfer of 3H-dexamethasone was studied in six near-term sheep. The placental clearance of 3H-dexamethasone was 18.8 +/- 3.5 ml/min per kg of fetal weight. The clearance of dexamethasone by the fetal tissues was 9.3 +/- w.5 ml/min per kg. The maximum placental clearance was 285 +/- 24 ml/min and the degree of diffusion limitation to the placental transfer of dexamethasone was 78 +/- 4%. The placental transfer of dexamethasone is therefore limited primarily by the nature of the placental barrier.", "PMID": 551118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_594", "title": "Demonstration of a quiescent period for feeding controls in the developing rat.", "content": "Feeding behaviour of rats during development was assessed by weighing pups before and after a 4 h feeding session. During the first postnatal week, fasted pups gained significantly more weight than fed pups. This difference disappeared during the second week, but reappeared during the third week and persisted through the fourth week. In another series, pups were weighed at 2 and 4 h after beginning feeding. This showed that fasted pups aged 6 days compensate by suckling longer than fed pups. At 10 and 14 days of age there were no differences between fed and fasted pups at either 2 or 4 h, but from 16 days onward, fasted pups had eaten significantly more than fed pups at both times. A control experiment showed that the lack of compensation by fasted pups aged 10-14 days did not reflect lack of availability of milk. Video-analysis of suckling behaviour at ages 6, 10 and 15 days provided further evidence for lack of feeding controls during the second postnatal week: at 6 and 15 days fasted pups spent more time actively sucking than did fed pups. Whereas at 10 days, there were no differences between fed and fasted pups. It is concluded that feeding controls are present during the first postnatal week, become quiescent during the second week and reappear during the third week.", "contents": "Demonstration of a quiescent period for feeding controls in the developing rat. Feeding behaviour of rats during development was assessed by weighing pups before and after a 4 h feeding session. During the first postnatal week, fasted pups gained significantly more weight than fed pups. This difference disappeared during the second week, but reappeared during the third week and persisted through the fourth week. In another series, pups were weighed at 2 and 4 h after beginning feeding. This showed that fasted pups aged 6 days compensate by suckling longer than fed pups. At 10 and 14 days of age there were no differences between fed and fasted pups at either 2 or 4 h, but from 16 days onward, fasted pups had eaten significantly more than fed pups at both times. A control experiment showed that the lack of compensation by fasted pups aged 10-14 days did not reflect lack of availability of milk. Video-analysis of suckling behaviour at ages 6, 10 and 15 days provided further evidence for lack of feeding controls during the second postnatal week: at 6 and 15 days fasted pups spent more time actively sucking than did fed pups. Whereas at 10 days, there were no differences between fed and fasted pups. It is concluded that feeding controls are present during the first postnatal week, become quiescent during the second week and reappear during the third week.", "PMID": 551119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_595", "title": "Stimulation of breathing movements in fetal sheep by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "We studied the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on fetal breathing movements on 17 occasions in 11 lambs (gestational age 125-141 days). We gave 12 h infusions of sodium mechlofenamate (8.6-22.2 mg.kg-1) in 13 studies and indomethacin (21.8-38.8 mg.kg-1) in four studies. Results were similar with both agents and did not correlate with drug dosage. There were no changes in fetal arterial blood pressure, pH or blood gas tensions. We assessed fetal breathing movements by measurements of tracheal pressure for a control period of 224 h prior to and 208 h during the infusion of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis; their administration caused a marked stimulation of fetal breathing movements judged from the following four variables: (1) incidence of fetal breathing movements increased from 38.4 to 69.2% of the time (P < 0.001); (2) average amplitude of change in tracheal pressure during fetal breathing movements increased from 4.1 to 6.0 torr (P < 0.01); (3) maximal amplitude of change in tracheal pressure during fetal breathing movements increased from 8.8 to 13.4 torr (P < 0.01); and (4) the duration of the longest continuous episode of fetal breathing movements increased from 37 to 229 min (P < 0.05). Two fetuses had electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings. In control periods, fetal breathing movements occurred only during low voltage, high frequency ECoG activity; however, during infusions of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, fetal breathing movements occurred also during high voltage, low frequency ECoG activity. We conclude that inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis stimulate fetal breathing movement in fetal sheep. These results suggest that a component of the prostaglandin system is a factor which inhibits breathing movements during fetal life.", "contents": "Stimulation of breathing movements in fetal sheep by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. We studied the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on fetal breathing movements on 17 occasions in 11 lambs (gestational age 125-141 days). We gave 12 h infusions of sodium mechlofenamate (8.6-22.2 mg.kg-1) in 13 studies and indomethacin (21.8-38.8 mg.kg-1) in four studies. Results were similar with both agents and did not correlate with drug dosage. There were no changes in fetal arterial blood pressure, pH or blood gas tensions. We assessed fetal breathing movements by measurements of tracheal pressure for a control period of 224 h prior to and 208 h during the infusion of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis; their administration caused a marked stimulation of fetal breathing movements judged from the following four variables: (1) incidence of fetal breathing movements increased from 38.4 to 69.2% of the time (P < 0.001); (2) average amplitude of change in tracheal pressure during fetal breathing movements increased from 4.1 to 6.0 torr (P < 0.01); (3) maximal amplitude of change in tracheal pressure during fetal breathing movements increased from 8.8 to 13.4 torr (P < 0.01); and (4) the duration of the longest continuous episode of fetal breathing movements increased from 37 to 229 min (P < 0.05). Two fetuses had electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings. In control periods, fetal breathing movements occurred only during low voltage, high frequency ECoG activity; however, during infusions of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, fetal breathing movements occurred also during high voltage, low frequency ECoG activity. We conclude that inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis stimulate fetal breathing movement in fetal sheep. These results suggest that a component of the prostaglandin system is a factor which inhibits breathing movements during fetal life.", "PMID": 551120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_596", "title": "Surgery of coexisting biliary malformations in choledochal cyst.", "content": "Five of 13 infants and children with a choledochal cyst had coexisting biliary malformations. The specific lesions were main hepatic duct cyst (2), common hepatic duct stenosis (1), left hepatic duct stenosis (1), and Caroli's disease (1). The malformations were corrected or partially corrected at the time of operative resection of the cyst. The lateral portion of either or both of the major hepatic ducts was incised to the liver hilus thereby dividing areas of stenosis or laying open cystic malformations. Biliary reconstruction was by Roux-en-Y jejunostomy to the fileted common hepatic bile duct. The opportunity to correct coexisting biliary malformations is another advantage of total excision of choledochal cysts.", "contents": "Surgery of coexisting biliary malformations in choledochal cyst. Five of 13 infants and children with a choledochal cyst had coexisting biliary malformations. The specific lesions were main hepatic duct cyst (2), common hepatic duct stenosis (1), left hepatic duct stenosis (1), and Caroli's disease (1). The malformations were corrected or partially corrected at the time of operative resection of the cyst. The lateral portion of either or both of the major hepatic ducts was incised to the liver hilus thereby dividing areas of stenosis or laying open cystic malformations. Biliary reconstruction was by Roux-en-Y jejunostomy to the fileted common hepatic bile duct. The opportunity to correct coexisting biliary malformations is another advantage of total excision of choledochal cysts.", "PMID": 551137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_597", "title": "The surgical management of the unusual forms of biliary atresia.", "content": "Of 50 infants undergoing laparotomy for biliary atresia during the last 9 yr at the Kobe Children's Hospital, 9 had variant forms, including (A) a gallbladder with a demonstrable connection with the intrahepatic biliary system, (B) a gallbladder with a connection with the extrahepatic biliary system and duodenum, and (C) a grossly visible subhepatic cyst. Three patients with form A underwent cholecystoduodenostomy. All these patients died of cholangitis and hepatic failure within 2 mo after operation. Two patients with form B were successfully treated by hepatic portocholecystostomy without any episodes of cholangitis. Two of the patients with form C, occurring in 1970, underwent an anastomosis between the subhepatic cyst and the duodenum. There was no bile excretion in these patients. The other two patients were treated subsequently by hepatic portoenterostomy with complete excision of the subhepatic cyst and excellent bile excretion was obtained. Infants with forms A and C should be treated by hepatic portoenterostomy instead of a direct anastomosis between the dilated portion of the extrahepatic biliary system and the alimentary tract. For patients with form B, hepatic portocholecystostomy seems to be the most suitable procedure relative to the prevention of postoperative cholangitis, which is the most serious complications in infants obtaining successful bile excretion.", "contents": "The surgical management of the unusual forms of biliary atresia. Of 50 infants undergoing laparotomy for biliary atresia during the last 9 yr at the Kobe Children's Hospital, 9 had variant forms, including (A) a gallbladder with a demonstrable connection with the intrahepatic biliary system, (B) a gallbladder with a connection with the extrahepatic biliary system and duodenum, and (C) a grossly visible subhepatic cyst. Three patients with form A underwent cholecystoduodenostomy. All these patients died of cholangitis and hepatic failure within 2 mo after operation. Two patients with form B were successfully treated by hepatic portocholecystostomy without any episodes of cholangitis. Two of the patients with form C, occurring in 1970, underwent an anastomosis between the subhepatic cyst and the duodenum. There was no bile excretion in these patients. The other two patients were treated subsequently by hepatic portoenterostomy with complete excision of the subhepatic cyst and excellent bile excretion was obtained. Infants with forms A and C should be treated by hepatic portoenterostomy instead of a direct anastomosis between the dilated portion of the extrahepatic biliary system and the alimentary tract. For patients with form B, hepatic portocholecystostomy seems to be the most suitable procedure relative to the prevention of postoperative cholangitis, which is the most serious complications in infants obtaining successful bile excretion.", "PMID": 551139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_598", "title": "Posttraumatic Budd-Chiari syndrome with late reversibility of hepatic venous obstruction.", "content": "A peritoneo-venous shunt was inserted in a 15-mo-old infant with Budd-Chiari syndrome following hepatic trauma. Ascites resolved and late renewed patency of the right hepatic vein was demonstrated.", "contents": "Posttraumatic Budd-Chiari syndrome with late reversibility of hepatic venous obstruction. A peritoneo-venous shunt was inserted in a 15-mo-old infant with Budd-Chiari syndrome following hepatic trauma. Ascites resolved and late renewed patency of the right hepatic vein was demonstrated.", "PMID": 551140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_599", "title": "Glucagon in experimental intussusception.", "content": "A standard type of ileocolic intussusception was produced in 69 puppies and the effect of glucagon on the hydrostatic reduction of the intussusceptions evaluated in a prospective, double-blind study. The reductions were attempted at intervals varying from 18 to 60 hr following the production of the intussusceptions. The overall reduction rate was 70% and there was no statistical difference in this rate between the animals receiving glucagon and those receiving placebos. None of the gangrenous intussusceptions were reducible with the hydrostatic pressure technique, irrespective of whether glucagon was used or not. A further evaluation was made of those animals in whom successful reductions were accomplished by the hydrostatic pressure method. Glucagon did result in significantly easier reductions, and an earlier return of normal vascular supply as measured by color and by arterial pulsations as compared to the control group.", "contents": "Glucagon in experimental intussusception. A standard type of ileocolic intussusception was produced in 69 puppies and the effect of glucagon on the hydrostatic reduction of the intussusceptions evaluated in a prospective, double-blind study. The reductions were attempted at intervals varying from 18 to 60 hr following the production of the intussusceptions. The overall reduction rate was 70% and there was no statistical difference in this rate between the animals receiving glucagon and those receiving placebos. None of the gangrenous intussusceptions were reducible with the hydrostatic pressure technique, irrespective of whether glucagon was used or not. A further evaluation was made of those animals in whom successful reductions were accomplished by the hydrostatic pressure method. Glucagon did result in significantly easier reductions, and an earlier return of normal vascular supply as measured by color and by arterial pulsations as compared to the control group.", "PMID": 551141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_600", "title": "Normal intestinal rotation with non-fixation: a cause of chronic abdominal pain.", "content": "The majority of clinically significant gastrointestinal rotational anomalies involve:(1) an arrest of rotation about the superior mesenteric vessels, (2) abnormal peritoneal bands, and (3) obstruction with or without volvulus. Between 1973 and 1978, six children had chronic intermittent volvulus secondary to a nonfixed but normally-rotated intestine; this is 10% of all infants and children treated for malrotation in our hospital during the same period. Barium studies showed normal duodenojejunal configuration and a colon that was normally situated on at least one study. All were labeled as functional complainers by their pediatricians. One died of a volvulus because her complaints were appreciated too late. At laparotomy, evidence of chronic intermittent volulus secondary to nonfixation from the ligament of Treitz to the transverse colon was found in all patients. A Ladd procedure with appendectomy was performed and immediate resolution of symptoms was noted in each surviving child. Children with a story of chronic abdominal pain deserve a carefully interpreted history and radiographic examination before being labeled as chronic complainers.", "contents": "Normal intestinal rotation with non-fixation: a cause of chronic abdominal pain. The majority of clinically significant gastrointestinal rotational anomalies involve:(1) an arrest of rotation about the superior mesenteric vessels, (2) abnormal peritoneal bands, and (3) obstruction with or without volvulus. Between 1973 and 1978, six children had chronic intermittent volvulus secondary to a nonfixed but normally-rotated intestine; this is 10% of all infants and children treated for malrotation in our hospital during the same period. Barium studies showed normal duodenojejunal configuration and a colon that was normally situated on at least one study. All were labeled as functional complainers by their pediatricians. One died of a volvulus because her complaints were appreciated too late. At laparotomy, evidence of chronic intermittent volulus secondary to nonfixation from the ligament of Treitz to the transverse colon was found in all patients. A Ladd procedure with appendectomy was performed and immediate resolution of symptoms was noted in each surviving child. Children with a story of chronic abdominal pain deserve a carefully interpreted history and radiographic examination before being labeled as chronic complainers.", "PMID": 551142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_601", "title": "An evaluation of the modified endorectal procedure for Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "During the past 4 yr, 60 patients with Hirschsprung's disease have been treated at our institution. Twenty-eight patients within this group have undergone a modified endorectal pull-through procedure. There are 18 males and 10 females in the series. There are 5 children with total colonic involvement, 3 patients with aganglionosis to the mid-transverse colon, and one child with Hirschsprung's disease extending to the distal jejunum. The associated anomalies have consisted of four cases of Down's syndrome, one of whom also has transposition of the great vessels. There has been no operative-related mortality or late mortality in our series. Two major complications (anastomotic leak following a colostomy closure and incorrect pathological diagnosis of aganglionic level) and five minor complications have occurred. The average follow-up period is 31.3 mo. The functional results postoperatively have been excellent. The 18 patients over the age of 3 yr are completely toilet-trained. The remaining patients are too young to be toilet-trained, but are continent in the sense that they do not soil between bowel movements. Because of the satisfying functional results in this series, we have now expanded our indications for this procedure to patients requiring total colectomy for ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis. During the past 2 yr, 8 patients with ulcerative colitis have undergone the endorectal pull-through together with a total colectomy.", "contents": "An evaluation of the modified endorectal procedure for Hirschsprung's disease. During the past 4 yr, 60 patients with Hirschsprung's disease have been treated at our institution. Twenty-eight patients within this group have undergone a modified endorectal pull-through procedure. There are 18 males and 10 females in the series. There are 5 children with total colonic involvement, 3 patients with aganglionosis to the mid-transverse colon, and one child with Hirschsprung's disease extending to the distal jejunum. The associated anomalies have consisted of four cases of Down's syndrome, one of whom also has transposition of the great vessels. There has been no operative-related mortality or late mortality in our series. Two major complications (anastomotic leak following a colostomy closure and incorrect pathological diagnosis of aganglionic level) and five minor complications have occurred. The average follow-up period is 31.3 mo. The functional results postoperatively have been excellent. The 18 patients over the age of 3 yr are completely toilet-trained. The remaining patients are too young to be toilet-trained, but are continent in the sense that they do not soil between bowel movements. Because of the satisfying functional results in this series, we have now expanded our indications for this procedure to patients requiring total colectomy for ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis. During the past 2 yr, 8 patients with ulcerative colitis have undergone the endorectal pull-through together with a total colectomy.", "PMID": 551143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_602", "title": "Hirschsprung's disease with skip area (segmental aganglionosis).", "content": "Hirschsprung's disease is characterized by a single aganglionic segment of colon extending distally to the anal margin. Well documented reports of segmental aganglionosis have been rare. We report a case of segmental aganglionosis in which there were two distinct aganglionic segments resected. The entire transverse colon between the two aganglionic segments was normally ganglionated, preserved, and utilized and functions in a normal fashion.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's disease with skip area (segmental aganglionosis). Hirschsprung's disease is characterized by a single aganglionic segment of colon extending distally to the anal margin. Well documented reports of segmental aganglionosis have been rare. We report a case of segmental aganglionosis in which there were two distinct aganglionic segments resected. The entire transverse colon between the two aganglionic segments was normally ganglionated, preserved, and utilized and functions in a normal fashion.", "PMID": 551144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_603", "title": "Acquired aganglionosis.", "content": "A documented case of acquired aganglionosis is presented in which transrectal biopsies taken 4 mo apart first showed the presence then subsequently the absence of ganglion cells. Colostomy followed by a Soave procedure was curative.", "contents": "Acquired aganglionosis. A documented case of acquired aganglionosis is presented in which transrectal biopsies taken 4 mo apart first showed the presence then subsequently the absence of ganglion cells. Colostomy followed by a Soave procedure was curative.", "PMID": 551145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_604", "title": "Surgical treatment of thymic cysts and neoplasms in children.", "content": "Based on experience with 17 patients and review of the literature, complete excision is possible for all benign thymic cysts and neoplasms. Recurrence is rare (2%). Most malignant thymomas in children are epithelial (73%). As with adults, prognosis depends on accurate surgical staging and aggressive surgical intervention. Even the largest tumors can be completely excised removing portions of lung, pleura, diaphragm, and pericardium in continuity as required. Cardiopulmonary bypass may be necessary when the innominate veins or the superior vena cava is involved. Irradiation is required for stage II and stage III lesions. Stage IV patients require irradiation and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of thymic cysts and neoplasms in children. Based on experience with 17 patients and review of the literature, complete excision is possible for all benign thymic cysts and neoplasms. Recurrence is rare (2%). Most malignant thymomas in children are epithelial (73%). As with adults, prognosis depends on accurate surgical staging and aggressive surgical intervention. Even the largest tumors can be completely excised removing portions of lung, pleura, diaphragm, and pericardium in continuity as required. Cardiopulmonary bypass may be necessary when the innominate veins or the superior vena cava is involved. Irradiation is required for stage II and stage III lesions. Stage IV patients require irradiation and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 551146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_605", "title": "Abdominoscrotal hydrocele. Case presentation and review of the literature.", "content": "Abdominoscrotal hydrocele has been known for over a century although it rarely has been reported in children. A review of the world literature revealed 84 such cases, only three cases in the pediatric age group. Our patient, a 5-mo old male, presented with abdominal and scrotal masses of 4 to 6 wk duration. The abdominal mass measured 12 x 8 cm. The scrotal mass, which clinically seemed to be a hydrocele, measured 3 x 5 cm. Both masses appeared cystic and communicated. Diagnostic work-up clearly established the diagnosis. Complete surgical excision was accomplished through an inguinal crease incision.", "contents": "Abdominoscrotal hydrocele. Case presentation and review of the literature. Abdominoscrotal hydrocele has been known for over a century although it rarely has been reported in children. A review of the world literature revealed 84 such cases, only three cases in the pediatric age group. Our patient, a 5-mo old male, presented with abdominal and scrotal masses of 4 to 6 wk duration. The abdominal mass measured 12 x 8 cm. The scrotal mass, which clinically seemed to be a hydrocele, measured 3 x 5 cm. Both masses appeared cystic and communicated. Diagnostic work-up clearly established the diagnosis. Complete surgical excision was accomplished through an inguinal crease incision.", "PMID": 551148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_606", "title": "Meconium ileus: laparotomy without resection, anastomosis, or enterostomy.", "content": "During the 14 yr from 1965 through 1978, 49 infants presented shortly after birth with intestinal obstruction due to impacted meconium. Three of these patients did not have fibrocystic disease. Eight patients were cured by a Gastrografin enema. There were 18 patients who had complications that included associated atresia, volvulus, and/or peritonitis. Various operations were done including resection with either primary anastomosis or enterostomy or varieties of the foregoing. Twenty-three babies had the simple uncomplicated form of meconium ileus. Eleven of these underwent resection and six patients died. Twelve patients were treated by laparotomy, ileotomy through a purse-string suture and prolonged irrigations using acetylcysteine. Of this group only one succumbed. This latter course of management is recommended for patients with simple uncomplicated meconium ileus as it involves no resection, no enterostomy, nor any primary anastomosis.", "contents": "Meconium ileus: laparotomy without resection, anastomosis, or enterostomy. During the 14 yr from 1965 through 1978, 49 infants presented shortly after birth with intestinal obstruction due to impacted meconium. Three of these patients did not have fibrocystic disease. Eight patients were cured by a Gastrografin enema. There were 18 patients who had complications that included associated atresia, volvulus, and/or peritonitis. Various operations were done including resection with either primary anastomosis or enterostomy or varieties of the foregoing. Twenty-three babies had the simple uncomplicated form of meconium ileus. Eleven of these underwent resection and six patients died. Twelve patients were treated by laparotomy, ileotomy through a purse-string suture and prolonged irrigations using acetylcysteine. Of this group only one succumbed. This latter course of management is recommended for patients with simple uncomplicated meconium ileus as it involves no resection, no enterostomy, nor any primary anastomosis.", "PMID": 551149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_607", "title": "A perspective for pediatric surgeons: chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction.", "content": "Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIIP) is a disorder of alimentary tract motility with onset of symptoms in adolescence or young adulthood, characterized by recurring attacks of abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, and constipation often leading to malnutrition and death. Starting with an adolescent patient, treated for a succession of life-threatening attacks of pseudoobstruction, the authors have identified CIIP in four generations of a Virginia family. Studies show characteristic dilation and diminished motility of the esophagus and intestine. Surgery's role in CIIP is palliative, and operation should only be offered when medical measures have failed to control symptoms.", "contents": "A perspective for pediatric surgeons: chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIIP) is a disorder of alimentary tract motility with onset of symptoms in adolescence or young adulthood, characterized by recurring attacks of abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, and constipation often leading to malnutrition and death. Starting with an adolescent patient, treated for a succession of life-threatening attacks of pseudoobstruction, the authors have identified CIIP in four generations of a Virginia family. Studies show characteristic dilation and diminished motility of the esophagus and intestine. Surgery's role in CIIP is palliative, and operation should only be offered when medical measures have failed to control symptoms.", "PMID": 551150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_608", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO2) measurements as an aid to fluid therapy in necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "Impaired peripheral perfusion is a major problem in necrotizing enterocolitis with delayed recognition and definite documentation being primary factors. While blood pressure and other clinical measurements may improperly estimate the severity of the problem, changes in transcutaneous oxygen measurements and their relationship to arterial oxygen (the tcPO2/PaO2 ratio) potentially afford a sensitive measurement of peripheral perfusion. Experience in our unit confirms a close relationship between tcPO2/ and PaO2 being 0.97 +/- 0.04 (SE). Ten infants with birth weights of 640 to 1380 g, who subsequently developed necrotizing enterocolitis, had strikingly lower ratios initially (0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.17, 0.21, 0.43, 0.44, 0.48, and 0.56). Use of the tcPO2/PaO2 ratio to monitor fluid therapy was related to outcome, suggesting that this ratio is important in managing necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO2) measurements as an aid to fluid therapy in necrotizing enterocolitis. Impaired peripheral perfusion is a major problem in necrotizing enterocolitis with delayed recognition and definite documentation being primary factors. While blood pressure and other clinical measurements may improperly estimate the severity of the problem, changes in transcutaneous oxygen measurements and their relationship to arterial oxygen (the tcPO2/PaO2 ratio) potentially afford a sensitive measurement of peripheral perfusion. Experience in our unit confirms a close relationship between tcPO2/ and PaO2 being 0.97 +/- 0.04 (SE). Ten infants with birth weights of 640 to 1380 g, who subsequently developed necrotizing enterocolitis, had strikingly lower ratios initially (0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.17, 0.21, 0.43, 0.44, 0.48, and 0.56). Use of the tcPO2/PaO2 ratio to monitor fluid therapy was related to outcome, suggesting that this ratio is important in managing necrotizing enterocolitis.", "PMID": 551151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_609", "title": "Obstruction of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava as a complication of giant omphalocele repair.", "content": "Obstruction of the inferior vena cava with resultant Budd-Chiari syndrome after giant omphalocele repair has not previously been reported. Such a case is presented. We hypothesize the mechanism of this blockage to be posterior displacement of the inferior vena cava during reduction of the viscera and closure of the anterior abdominal wall, thereby creating angulation and mechanical blockage of the inferior vena cava at the diaphragmatic hiatus.", "contents": "Obstruction of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava as a complication of giant omphalocele repair. Obstruction of the inferior vena cava with resultant Budd-Chiari syndrome after giant omphalocele repair has not previously been reported. Such a case is presented. We hypothesize the mechanism of this blockage to be posterior displacement of the inferior vena cava during reduction of the viscera and closure of the anterior abdominal wall, thereby creating angulation and mechanical blockage of the inferior vena cava at the diaphragmatic hiatus.", "PMID": 551152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_610", "title": "The umbilical polyp.", "content": "Anomalies of the omphalomesenteric duct (OMD) present a variety of surgical problems. The most readily apparent of these lesions is the umbilical polyp. One-third of patients explored at our hospital and 56% of patients reviewed had an additional OMD anomaly when explored for an umbilical polyp. The preferred treatment for this lesion should be a mini-laparotomy after the presence of intestinal mucosa at the umbilicus is confirmed.", "contents": "The umbilical polyp. Anomalies of the omphalomesenteric duct (OMD) present a variety of surgical problems. The most readily apparent of these lesions is the umbilical polyp. One-third of patients explored at our hospital and 56% of patients reviewed had an additional OMD anomaly when explored for an umbilical polyp. The preferred treatment for this lesion should be a mini-laparotomy after the presence of intestinal mucosa at the umbilicus is confirmed.", "PMID": 551153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_611", "title": "The effects of intrapleural pressure on respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "Newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia generally survive operative repair of the hernia but develop progressive respiratory insufficiency that proves fatal. One cause for the progressive respiratory insufficiency may be the overexpansion of the contralateral lung. It is postulated that the overexpansion occurs due to the empty space created by the lack of expansion of the hypoplastic lung on the side of the hernia. To test this theory, an animal experiment was devised to mimic the postoperative state in patients with diaphragmatic hernia. It was concluded that (1) A decrease in intrapleural pressure below normal in an empty hemithorax causes the opposite lung to overexpand into the empty hemithorax in neonatal Beagle puppies. (2) The overexpansion resulted in progressive respiratory insufficiency. (3) Increasing the intrapleural pressure by insufflation of air into the empty hemithorax stopped the overexpansion of the contralateral lung. (4) By not allowing the contralateral lung to overexpand, progressive respiratory insufficiency was prevented. (5) This may be a useful technique in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.", "contents": "The effects of intrapleural pressure on respiratory insufficiency. Newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia generally survive operative repair of the hernia but develop progressive respiratory insufficiency that proves fatal. One cause for the progressive respiratory insufficiency may be the overexpansion of the contralateral lung. It is postulated that the overexpansion occurs due to the empty space created by the lack of expansion of the hypoplastic lung on the side of the hernia. To test this theory, an animal experiment was devised to mimic the postoperative state in patients with diaphragmatic hernia. It was concluded that (1) A decrease in intrapleural pressure below normal in an empty hemithorax causes the opposite lung to overexpand into the empty hemithorax in neonatal Beagle puppies. (2) The overexpansion resulted in progressive respiratory insufficiency. (3) Increasing the intrapleural pressure by insufflation of air into the empty hemithorax stopped the overexpansion of the contralateral lung. (4) By not allowing the contralateral lung to overexpand, progressive respiratory insufficiency was prevented. (5) This may be a useful technique in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.", "PMID": 551155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_612", "title": "Respiratory paralysis to improve oxygenation and mortality in large newborn infants with respiratory distress.", "content": "The nonsynchronous respiratory efforts of neonates with surgically correctable disorders may inhibit effective mechanical ventilation. The records of 25 infants treated with metocurine for muscular paralysis to improve mechanical ventilation were reviewed. All patients were greater than 35 (37.6 +/- 2.1) weeks gestation and 2.27 (2.98 +/- .47) kg. All required ventilatory support with an FiO2 of 100%. The mortality rate of this group of infants was 20% as compared with 73% (p < .001) in a similar group of 26 infants managed without paralysis. In 10 of the 25 infants treated with metocurine, pre- and 1 hr postparalysis paO2 values were available. The mean paO2 prior to paralysis was 62 (45--111) mm Hg and the mean post-paralysis paO2 was 144 (75--227) mm Hg, representing at 132% increase in paO2 (p < .001). The mean dosage for metocurine was 3.5 (1.45--6.79) mg/kg/day; however, those requiring paralysis for greater than 7 days showed a dramatically increasing requirement. These preliminary data suggest that respiratory paralysis reduces right-to-left shunting, improves paO2 and decreases mortality in large infants with severe respiratory distress requiring ventilatory support.", "contents": "Respiratory paralysis to improve oxygenation and mortality in large newborn infants with respiratory distress. The nonsynchronous respiratory efforts of neonates with surgically correctable disorders may inhibit effective mechanical ventilation. The records of 25 infants treated with metocurine for muscular paralysis to improve mechanical ventilation were reviewed. All patients were greater than 35 (37.6 +/- 2.1) weeks gestation and 2.27 (2.98 +/- .47) kg. All required ventilatory support with an FiO2 of 100%. The mortality rate of this group of infants was 20% as compared with 73% (p < .001) in a similar group of 26 infants managed without paralysis. In 10 of the 25 infants treated with metocurine, pre- and 1 hr postparalysis paO2 values were available. The mean paO2 prior to paralysis was 62 (45--111) mm Hg and the mean post-paralysis paO2 was 144 (75--227) mm Hg, representing at 132% increase in paO2 (p < .001). The mean dosage for metocurine was 3.5 (1.45--6.79) mg/kg/day; however, those requiring paralysis for greater than 7 days showed a dramatically increasing requirement. These preliminary data suggest that respiratory paralysis reduces right-to-left shunting, improves paO2 and decreases mortality in large infants with severe respiratory distress requiring ventilatory support.", "PMID": 551156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_613", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in shock and resuscitation.", "content": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), arterial oxygen tension, pulse, blood pressure, cardiac output and base excess or deficit were serially measured in 18 piglets, 7 to 14 days of age, subjected to a 35% hemorrhage and reinfusion of shed blood. Eight of 18 pigs died. There is a strong correlation between TcPO2 and PaO2 during normal flow, but a marked discrepancy develops during hemorrhage. Cardiac output, base deficit, and TcPO2 all follow a similar pattern during hemorrhage, but TcPO2 decreases more rapidly and remains at a low level in the nonsurviving animals. TcPO2, therefore, appears to be a sensitive, noninvasive indicator of low flow and the adequacy of resuscitation.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in shock and resuscitation. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), arterial oxygen tension, pulse, blood pressure, cardiac output and base excess or deficit were serially measured in 18 piglets, 7 to 14 days of age, subjected to a 35% hemorrhage and reinfusion of shed blood. Eight of 18 pigs died. There is a strong correlation between TcPO2 and PaO2 during normal flow, but a marked discrepancy develops during hemorrhage. Cardiac output, base deficit, and TcPO2 all follow a similar pattern during hemorrhage, but TcPO2 decreases more rapidly and remains at a low level in the nonsurviving animals. TcPO2, therefore, appears to be a sensitive, noninvasive indicator of low flow and the adequacy of resuscitation.", "PMID": 551157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_614", "title": "Esophageal stenosis due to cartilaginous tracheobronchial remnants.", "content": "In cases of congenital esophageal stenosis, tracheobronchial remnants in the distal esophagus should be considered a possible diagnosis. The cause is thought to be esophageal sequestration of a tracheobronchial anlage before embryologic separation. Primary resection of the stenotic portion of the esophagus with re-anastomosis is recommended. Such a case is reported.", "contents": "Esophageal stenosis due to cartilaginous tracheobronchial remnants. In cases of congenital esophageal stenosis, tracheobronchial remnants in the distal esophagus should be considered a possible diagnosis. The cause is thought to be esophageal sequestration of a tracheobronchial anlage before embryologic separation. Primary resection of the stenotic portion of the esophagus with re-anastomosis is recommended. Such a case is reported.", "PMID": 551158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_615", "title": "The gracilis sling for fecal incontinence.", "content": "During the past 20 yr, we have transplanted the gracilis muscle to the perianal position for use as a sphincter to achieve continence in 7 completely incontinent children, ages 7 to 16 yr. Complete continence was achieved in three, three were improved and one transplant became infected and failed completely. The procedure has been performed as originally described by Pickrell. The bowel must be impeccably clean prior to the operation and the muscle must be sutured as tightly as possible about the anus. These two details, in addition to postoperative training, are essential for a successful result.", "contents": "The gracilis sling for fecal incontinence. During the past 20 yr, we have transplanted the gracilis muscle to the perianal position for use as a sphincter to achieve continence in 7 completely incontinent children, ages 7 to 16 yr. Complete continence was achieved in three, three were improved and one transplant became infected and failed completely. The procedure has been performed as originally described by Pickrell. The bowel must be impeccably clean prior to the operation and the muscle must be sutured as tightly as possible about the anus. These two details, in addition to postoperative training, are essential for a successful result.", "PMID": 551159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_616", "title": "An analysis of ultrasound scanning as a guide in determination of \"high\" or \"low\" imperforate anus.", "content": "The classic upside-down abdominal roentgenogram and the use of pelvic reference points have frequently been inaccurate in assessing the level of the distal pouch in patients with imperforate anus. The ultrasonic study described is different from that previously reported and allows more precise localization of the distal rectal pouch. A review of our experience allows us to make certain definitive statements about this diagnostic modality.", "contents": "An analysis of ultrasound scanning as a guide in determination of \"high\" or \"low\" imperforate anus. The classic upside-down abdominal roentgenogram and the use of pelvic reference points have frequently been inaccurate in assessing the level of the distal pouch in patients with imperforate anus. The ultrasonic study described is different from that previously reported and allows more precise localization of the distal rectal pouch. A review of our experience allows us to make certain definitive statements about this diagnostic modality.", "PMID": 551160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_617", "title": "Bile duct enlargement by infusion of L-proline: potential significance in biliary atresia.", "content": "The normal signals of control of bile duct morphogenesis and growth are unknown. Consequently, aberrant development is poorly understood, as for example in those infants with biliary atresia or hypoplasia. A previous report by Isseroff et al., showed that a possible mechanism for the common bile duct enlargement by the parasite Fasciola hepatica was excess L-proline secreted by this parasite. This suggested to us that L-proline might be a specific growth factor for bile duct epithelium, and therefore possibly useful in the understanding and treatment of biliary maldevelopment. We now report an experimental study demonstrating the effect of L-proline on the normal biliary tree of the mouse. We also present a summary to date of an ongoing clinical restrospective study. These experimental findings suggest: (1) there may be a specific requirement for L-proline during the rapid growth of the biliary tract during neonatal life; (2) bile duct hypoplasia and atresia may result from a defect in proline metabolism; (3) proline administration during the early phase of biliary atresia may possibly be therapeutic.", "contents": "Bile duct enlargement by infusion of L-proline: potential significance in biliary atresia. The normal signals of control of bile duct morphogenesis and growth are unknown. Consequently, aberrant development is poorly understood, as for example in those infants with biliary atresia or hypoplasia. A previous report by Isseroff et al., showed that a possible mechanism for the common bile duct enlargement by the parasite Fasciola hepatica was excess L-proline secreted by this parasite. This suggested to us that L-proline might be a specific growth factor for bile duct epithelium, and therefore possibly useful in the understanding and treatment of biliary maldevelopment. We now report an experimental study demonstrating the effect of L-proline on the normal biliary tree of the mouse. We also present a summary to date of an ongoing clinical restrospective study. These experimental findings suggest: (1) there may be a specific requirement for L-proline during the rapid growth of the biliary tract during neonatal life; (2) bile duct hypoplasia and atresia may result from a defect in proline metabolism; (3) proline administration during the early phase of biliary atresia may possibly be therapeutic.", "PMID": 551161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_618", "title": "Multiple genitourinary abnormalities in females with unilateral renal agenesis: three cases.", "content": "We have the means to identify over 75% of infants and children with unilateral renal agenesis. It has been established that all patients with unilateral renal agenesis must be followed closely because of problems with the remaining kidney and other anomalies. It is apparent from embryologic studies and numerous reports that up to 89% of females with unilateral renal agenesis are likely to have significant accompanying genitourinary abnormalities. Most of these patients' genital problems occur at the time of puberty or pregnancy. Because of our experience with three teenage females who had unilateral renal agenesis and subsequent serious problems, we wish to advocate a prepubertal aggressive investigation.", "contents": "Multiple genitourinary abnormalities in females with unilateral renal agenesis: three cases. We have the means to identify over 75% of infants and children with unilateral renal agenesis. It has been established that all patients with unilateral renal agenesis must be followed closely because of problems with the remaining kidney and other anomalies. It is apparent from embryologic studies and numerous reports that up to 89% of females with unilateral renal agenesis are likely to have significant accompanying genitourinary abnormalities. Most of these patients' genital problems occur at the time of puberty or pregnancy. Because of our experience with three teenage females who had unilateral renal agenesis and subsequent serious problems, we wish to advocate a prepubertal aggressive investigation.", "PMID": 551162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_619", "title": "Giant hydronephrosis in children.", "content": "Twenty pediatric patients with giant hydronephrosis were reviewed. This was defined as a kidney that occupied a hemiabdomen, met or crossed the midline, and was at least 5 vertebrae in length. The majority (16) were cases with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In 2 cases, the primary pathology was obstructive megaureter. In 2 cases, the infants had severe urethral valves with massive upper tract dilatation. In 6 patients with a normal contralateral kidney, nephrectomy was performed. In one patient with bilateral pathology, one nonfunctioning kidney was removed later. A reconstructive operation was undertaken in 14 of the 20 patients. There was one late death from septicemia in an infant male with urethral valves and bilateral dysplastic kidneys.", "contents": "Giant hydronephrosis in children. Twenty pediatric patients with giant hydronephrosis were reviewed. This was defined as a kidney that occupied a hemiabdomen, met or crossed the midline, and was at least 5 vertebrae in length. The majority (16) were cases with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In 2 cases, the primary pathology was obstructive megaureter. In 2 cases, the infants had severe urethral valves with massive upper tract dilatation. In 6 patients with a normal contralateral kidney, nephrectomy was performed. In one patient with bilateral pathology, one nonfunctioning kidney was removed later. A reconstructive operation was undertaken in 14 of the 20 patients. There was one late death from septicemia in an infant male with urethral valves and bilateral dysplastic kidneys.", "PMID": 551163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_620", "title": "The characterisation of Fc receptors on cells from the metrial gland of the pregnant rat uterus.", "content": "Using an EA rosetting technique on cells from the rat metrial gland at days 12--15 of pregnancy, approximately 30% of the cells were found to possess immunoglobulin (Fc) receptors. At dat 14 a comparison was made between cells from the metrial gland and cells from the peritoneal exudate; binding affinity of each for homologous and heterologous immunoglobulins was assessed by the resulting inhibition of rosette formation. Cells from the metrial gland were inhibited to a greater degree than cells from the peritoneal exudate by low concentrations of rabbit, human and rat immunoglobulin. The Fc receptors observed on cells from the metrial gland show some resemblance to those described by other workers on yolk sac cells and certain foetal placental cells, but their function is at present unknown.", "contents": "The characterisation of Fc receptors on cells from the metrial gland of the pregnant rat uterus. Using an EA rosetting technique on cells from the rat metrial gland at days 12--15 of pregnancy, approximately 30% of the cells were found to possess immunoglobulin (Fc) receptors. At dat 14 a comparison was made between cells from the metrial gland and cells from the peritoneal exudate; binding affinity of each for homologous and heterologous immunoglobulins was assessed by the resulting inhibition of rosette formation. Cells from the metrial gland were inhibited to a greater degree than cells from the peritoneal exudate by low concentrations of rabbit, human and rat immunoglobulin. The Fc receptors observed on cells from the metrial gland show some resemblance to those described by other workers on yolk sac cells and certain foetal placental cells, but their function is at present unknown.", "PMID": 551168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_621", "title": "Macrophage activity in mouse pregnancy.", "content": "Antigen handling and clearance by macrophages during mouse pregnancy has been examined by monitoring blood levels of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pryrrolidone (PVP) at different times following its intravenous injection into mated females. PVP clearance is significantly reduced between days 12 and 14 of pregnancy in both syngeneic and allogeneic matings. No significant differences were observed between virgin and mated females at earlier or later states of pregnancy. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of macrophages in the immunoregulatory processes involved in the maintenance of the foetus as an intrauterine allograft.", "contents": "Macrophage activity in mouse pregnancy. Antigen handling and clearance by macrophages during mouse pregnancy has been examined by monitoring blood levels of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pryrrolidone (PVP) at different times following its intravenous injection into mated females. PVP clearance is significantly reduced between days 12 and 14 of pregnancy in both syngeneic and allogeneic matings. No significant differences were observed between virgin and mated females at earlier or later states of pregnancy. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of macrophages in the immunoregulatory processes involved in the maintenance of the foetus as an intrauterine allograft.", "PMID": 551169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_622", "title": "Characterisation of the soluble fraction of human syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membrane-associated proteins.", "content": "Syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membrane (StMPM) preparations were obtained from human full-term placentae by previously published methods of cold saline extraction and phase centrifugation. Purity of these preparations was assessed by electron microscopy, enzyme analysis and hydroxyproline content. IgG, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, transferrin, ferritin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were consistently detected in the aqueous soluble fraction from sodium deoxycholate-solubilised StMPM preparations by antigenic or electrophoretic analysis, beta 2-Microglobulin was not detected in these preparations. Up to 21 discrete protein bands could be demonstrated by SDS--PAGE, and their molecular weights determined. Many of these components need to be further identified, including a glycoprotein of molecular weight 36 500 which was particularly prominent. The soluble fraction from StMPM preparations gave a single strong precipitin reaction in immunodiffusion against wheat germ agglutinin, but not against other lectins studied.", "contents": "Characterisation of the soluble fraction of human syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membrane-associated proteins. Syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membrane (StMPM) preparations were obtained from human full-term placentae by previously published methods of cold saline extraction and phase centrifugation. Purity of these preparations was assessed by electron microscopy, enzyme analysis and hydroxyproline content. IgG, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, transferrin, ferritin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were consistently detected in the aqueous soluble fraction from sodium deoxycholate-solubilised StMPM preparations by antigenic or electrophoretic analysis, beta 2-Microglobulin was not detected in these preparations. Up to 21 discrete protein bands could be demonstrated by SDS--PAGE, and their molecular weights determined. Many of these components need to be further identified, including a glycoprotein of molecular weight 36 500 which was particularly prominent. The soluble fraction from StMPM preparations gave a single strong precipitin reaction in immunodiffusion against wheat germ agglutinin, but not against other lectins studied.", "PMID": 551170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_623", "title": "Complement fixing activities of normal mammalian sera for homologous and heterologous sperm.", "content": "The species of the natural anti-sperm antibodies found in normal mammals have been assessed using complement fixation tests. Heated rabbit sera showed complement fixing activity with both rabbit and guinea pig sperm, indicating that rabbit natural anti-sperm antibodies do not show clear cut species specificity in these interactions. On average, rabbit sera reacted more strongly with rabbit sperm that with guinea pig sperm but the difference fell short of statistical significance (P < 0.05) and there was considerable variation between sera in their anti-sperm activities. There were, however, clear species differences between rabbit and guinea pig sera in that heated guinea pig sera showed significantly weaker anti-sperm activity than heated rabbit sera (P < 0.005). Mouse vas sperm showed greater complement fixing activities (in combination with mouse serum) than did epididymal sperm (P = 0.05). These results are discussed in relation to possible functions of natural anti-sperm antibodies.", "contents": "Complement fixing activities of normal mammalian sera for homologous and heterologous sperm. The species of the natural anti-sperm antibodies found in normal mammals have been assessed using complement fixation tests. Heated rabbit sera showed complement fixing activity with both rabbit and guinea pig sperm, indicating that rabbit natural anti-sperm antibodies do not show clear cut species specificity in these interactions. On average, rabbit sera reacted more strongly with rabbit sperm that with guinea pig sperm but the difference fell short of statistical significance (P < 0.05) and there was considerable variation between sera in their anti-sperm activities. There were, however, clear species differences between rabbit and guinea pig sera in that heated guinea pig sera showed significantly weaker anti-sperm activity than heated rabbit sera (P < 0.005). Mouse vas sperm showed greater complement fixing activities (in combination with mouse serum) than did epididymal sperm (P = 0.05). These results are discussed in relation to possible functions of natural anti-sperm antibodies.", "PMID": 551171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_624", "title": "In vitro studies in reproductive immunology. - 2. Demonstration of the inhibitory effect of male genital tract constituents on PHA-stimulated mitogenesis and E-rosette formation of human lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of male genital tract components (human spermatozoa, intact and chromatographed seminal plasma fractions) on in vitro cell-mediated immune reactions was examined. Their addition to PHA-containing lymphocyte cultures resulted in a marked degree of inhibition of DNA synthesis, the response varying with the fractions employed. The interference by such components with a terminal cell event during blast transformation was suggested by the failure of stimulated cultures to incorporate thymidine irrespective of the time during the incubation period at which the constituents were added. Seminal plasma and sperm extracts were also shown to inhibit T-cell associated E-rosette formation. The inhibitory properties of genital fractions remained unaltered after repetitive freeze-thaw cycling when tested in the transformation and E-rosette assays. Heating to 100 degrees C modified the response with some of the fractions.", "contents": "In vitro studies in reproductive immunology. - 2. Demonstration of the inhibitory effect of male genital tract constituents on PHA-stimulated mitogenesis and E-rosette formation of human lymphocytes. The effect of male genital tract components (human spermatozoa, intact and chromatographed seminal plasma fractions) on in vitro cell-mediated immune reactions was examined. Their addition to PHA-containing lymphocyte cultures resulted in a marked degree of inhibition of DNA synthesis, the response varying with the fractions employed. The interference by such components with a terminal cell event during blast transformation was suggested by the failure of stimulated cultures to incorporate thymidine irrespective of the time during the incubation period at which the constituents were added. Seminal plasma and sperm extracts were also shown to inhibit T-cell associated E-rosette formation. The inhibitory properties of genital fractions remained unaltered after repetitive freeze-thaw cycling when tested in the transformation and E-rosette assays. Heating to 100 degrees C modified the response with some of the fractions.", "PMID": 551172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_625", "title": "Specific assay for pregnancy-specific-beta 1-glycoprotein (Sp1-beta). Preparation of antiserum specific for SP1-beta by absorption with a crossreacting high molecular weight serum protein.", "content": "Two pregnancy-associated proteins reacting with antibody against pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PS beta G or SP1) were separated by means of ammonium sulphate precipitation, size chromatography and preparative zone electrophoresis. The antibody preparation was made monospecific to the beta-mobile protein by liquid phase cross-absorption of anti-SP1 immunoglobulin preparation with the isolated alpha2-mobile high molecular weight protein. The specificity of the absorbed antibody was tested in line immunoelectrophoresis, rocket immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Specific assay for pregnancy-specific-beta 1-glycoprotein (Sp1-beta). Preparation of antiserum specific for SP1-beta by absorption with a crossreacting high molecular weight serum protein. Two pregnancy-associated proteins reacting with antibody against pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PS beta G or SP1) were separated by means of ammonium sulphate precipitation, size chromatography and preparative zone electrophoresis. The antibody preparation was made monospecific to the beta-mobile protein by liquid phase cross-absorption of anti-SP1 immunoglobulin preparation with the isolated alpha2-mobile high molecular weight protein. The specificity of the absorbed antibody was tested in line immunoelectrophoresis, rocket immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 551173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_626", "title": "C1q-binding activity of serum from allogeneically and syngeneically pregnant mice.", "content": "C1q-binding activity of serum during allogeneic and syngeneic pregnancy in mice was measured using the direct [125I]C1q-binding assay. In both strains there was an initial tendency for levels to rise in very early pregnancy (Days 2 and 4) followed by a progressive fall in C1q binding to a level significantly lower than that found in non-pregnant animals. The changes were present in both syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies but the later changes were more pronounced in the latter. The presence of changes associated with syngeneic pregnancy suggests that these profiles are at least in part independent of genetic differences between mother and embryo.", "contents": "C1q-binding activity of serum from allogeneically and syngeneically pregnant mice. C1q-binding activity of serum during allogeneic and syngeneic pregnancy in mice was measured using the direct [125I]C1q-binding assay. In both strains there was an initial tendency for levels to rise in very early pregnancy (Days 2 and 4) followed by a progressive fall in C1q binding to a level significantly lower than that found in non-pregnant animals. The changes were present in both syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies but the later changes were more pronounced in the latter. The presence of changes associated with syngeneic pregnancy suggests that these profiles are at least in part independent of genetic differences between mother and embryo.", "PMID": 551174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_627", "title": "Isolation of a human spermatozoal hapten \"II2.2' and its reaction with naturally occurring human sperm-immobilizing sera from infertile patients.", "content": "An extract of human spermatozoa was prepared using Hyamine 2389 and Triton X-100. With gel and ion-exchange chromatography several fractions were obtained of which are reacted specifically with sperm-immobilizing antibodies of infertile females and males in an immune inhibition test. This fraction showed haptenic properties, ahd a molecular weight of 1600 and was excluded as an anticomplement factor. After conjugation with cytochrome c the hapten II2.2 formed precipitation reactions with 3 out of 4 sperm-immobilizing sera. The titer reduction in sperm-immobilizing sera after adsorption with II2.2 may represent an in vitro model for a possible treatment of infertility in cases of a humoral sensitization against spermatozoa. On the other hand, the hapten might easily be synthesized and could, after conjugation to an appropriate carrier, serve as a contraceptive vaccine.", "contents": "Isolation of a human spermatozoal hapten \"II2.2' and its reaction with naturally occurring human sperm-immobilizing sera from infertile patients. An extract of human spermatozoa was prepared using Hyamine 2389 and Triton X-100. With gel and ion-exchange chromatography several fractions were obtained of which are reacted specifically with sperm-immobilizing antibodies of infertile females and males in an immune inhibition test. This fraction showed haptenic properties, ahd a molecular weight of 1600 and was excluded as an anticomplement factor. After conjugation with cytochrome c the hapten II2.2 formed precipitation reactions with 3 out of 4 sperm-immobilizing sera. The titer reduction in sperm-immobilizing sera after adsorption with II2.2 may represent an in vitro model for a possible treatment of infertility in cases of a humoral sensitization against spermatozoa. On the other hand, the hapten might easily be synthesized and could, after conjugation to an appropriate carrier, serve as a contraceptive vaccine.", "PMID": 551175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_628", "title": "Immunological studies of the sperm-specific phosphoglycerate kinase-2 of mice.", "content": "Antiserum was prepared to 500-fold purified PGK-2A from mouse testes. Depsite the apparent high purity of the immunizing antigen, double diffusion analyses showed two precipitin lines, one of which can be shown to correspond to PGK-2. An immunoabsorbent column of liver homogenate coupled to cyanogen bromid-activated Sepharose was used to remove the contaminating antibody. Both immuno-inactivation and double diffusion analyses demonstrated that the PGK-2 antigen appeared in testes between days 30 and 34 of postnatal development. The antisera prepared against highly purified PGK-2A did not disclose any immunological differences between PGK-2A, PGK-2B, and PGK-2C either by double diffusion analyses or quantitative immunoprecipitation. Antisera to PGK-2 did not inhibit in vitro fertilization of zona-free hamsters ova by mouse spermatozoa.", "contents": "Immunological studies of the sperm-specific phosphoglycerate kinase-2 of mice. Antiserum was prepared to 500-fold purified PGK-2A from mouse testes. Depsite the apparent high purity of the immunizing antigen, double diffusion analyses showed two precipitin lines, one of which can be shown to correspond to PGK-2. An immunoabsorbent column of liver homogenate coupled to cyanogen bromid-activated Sepharose was used to remove the contaminating antibody. Both immuno-inactivation and double diffusion analyses demonstrated that the PGK-2 antigen appeared in testes between days 30 and 34 of postnatal development. The antisera prepared against highly purified PGK-2A did not disclose any immunological differences between PGK-2A, PGK-2B, and PGK-2C either by double diffusion analyses or quantitative immunoprecipitation. Antisera to PGK-2 did not inhibit in vitro fertilization of zona-free hamsters ova by mouse spermatozoa.", "PMID": 551176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_629", "title": "Resistance of female guinea pig fertility to efficient iso-immunization with spermatozoa autoantigens.", "content": "Virgin female guinea pigs received two courses of immunization with S, P or T spermatozoa autoantigens and Freund's complete adjuvant and were mated from 1 up to 18 weeks after the end of each course. The immunizations were efficient as judged by the titers of circulating antibodies to S, P or T, the existence of antibodies to the corresponding immunizing antigen in cervico-vaginal secretions and by cutaneous reactions of delayed hypersensitivity. In spite of this successful immunization, the fertility rate was 100% after the first course and only slightly decreased after the second one. The only significant events were a delay in the time of fertilization and a high rate of intrauterine death (as already observed following anti-S immunization). The absence of fertility impairment was not due to a lack of a relevant antigen in the injected preparations since immunizing female guinea pigs with either epididymal spermatozoa or crude water-soluble extract also did not decrease the fertility. The mechanisms responsible for such a resistance remain to be elucidated; they may involve spermatozoa coating substances, enhancing antibodies or sperm immunosuppressive factors.", "contents": "Resistance of female guinea pig fertility to efficient iso-immunization with spermatozoa autoantigens. Virgin female guinea pigs received two courses of immunization with S, P or T spermatozoa autoantigens and Freund's complete adjuvant and were mated from 1 up to 18 weeks after the end of each course. The immunizations were efficient as judged by the titers of circulating antibodies to S, P or T, the existence of antibodies to the corresponding immunizing antigen in cervico-vaginal secretions and by cutaneous reactions of delayed hypersensitivity. In spite of this successful immunization, the fertility rate was 100% after the first course and only slightly decreased after the second one. The only significant events were a delay in the time of fertilization and a high rate of intrauterine death (as already observed following anti-S immunization). The absence of fertility impairment was not due to a lack of a relevant antigen in the injected preparations since immunizing female guinea pigs with either epididymal spermatozoa or crude water-soluble extract also did not decrease the fertility. The mechanisms responsible for such a resistance remain to be elucidated; they may involve spermatozoa coating substances, enhancing antibodies or sperm immunosuppressive factors.", "PMID": 551177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_630", "title": "Immunogenicity of three C-terminal synthetic peptides of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and properties of the antibodies raised against 45-amino acid C-terminal peptide.", "content": "Immunological studies were carried out in rhesus monkeys and rabbits on three C-terminal synthetic peptides of beta-hCG (115-145; 111-145 and 101-145) after conjugating these to tetanus toxoid (TT). The immunogenicity of the peptide conjugates was comparatively poorer with reference to Pr-beta-hCG-TT conjugates at similar doses and immunization schedule. Amongst the three peptides, the best response was obtained with the 45-amino acid c-terminal peptide (45-CTP; 101-145). The anti-45-CTP recognized native hCG and was devoid of cross-reaction with hLH. hCG-induced testosterone production by mouse Leydig cells was inhibited by anti-45-CTP antiserum, although its neutralization capacity decreased more rapidly upon dilution than anti-beta-hCG sera of comparable titres. Immune complexes formed by the anti-45-CTP with hCG had a lower sedimentation value than those formed by anti-beta-hCG antisera with hCG, suggesting the presence of a limited number of immuno-determinant regions in the 45-amino acid C-terminal synthetic peptide.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of three C-terminal synthetic peptides of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and properties of the antibodies raised against 45-amino acid C-terminal peptide. Immunological studies were carried out in rhesus monkeys and rabbits on three C-terminal synthetic peptides of beta-hCG (115-145; 111-145 and 101-145) after conjugating these to tetanus toxoid (TT). The immunogenicity of the peptide conjugates was comparatively poorer with reference to Pr-beta-hCG-TT conjugates at similar doses and immunization schedule. Amongst the three peptides, the best response was obtained with the 45-amino acid c-terminal peptide (45-CTP; 101-145). The anti-45-CTP recognized native hCG and was devoid of cross-reaction with hLH. hCG-induced testosterone production by mouse Leydig cells was inhibited by anti-45-CTP antiserum, although its neutralization capacity decreased more rapidly upon dilution than anti-beta-hCG sera of comparable titres. Immune complexes formed by the anti-45-CTP with hCG had a lower sedimentation value than those formed by anti-beta-hCG antisera with hCG, suggesting the presence of a limited number of immuno-determinant regions in the 45-amino acid C-terminal synthetic peptide.", "PMID": 551178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_631", "title": "Electrical stunning of Karakul lambs.", "content": "An apparatus designed to electrically stun Karakul lambs prior to slaughter was tested for efficiency using the cardiac pain reflex and electrocorticograms to assess unconsciousness. The electrical shock delivered by the apparatus was found to produce unconsciousness, as opposerd to curarisation, of sufficient duration to allow for subsequent slaughter.", "contents": "Electrical stunning of Karakul lambs. An apparatus designed to electrically stun Karakul lambs prior to slaughter was tested for efficiency using the cardiac pain reflex and electrocorticograms to assess unconsciousness. The electrical shock delivered by the apparatus was found to produce unconsciousness, as opposerd to curarisation, of sufficient duration to allow for subsequent slaughter.", "PMID": 551179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_632", "title": "Dislocation of the elbow and its social consequences for an African elephant.", "content": "A dislocated elbow of a male elephant calf (Loxodonta africana) in the Addo Elephant National Park resulted in it being harassed by other elephants and consequently leaving its maternal herd at the age of 6 years, rather than the more usual age of 9-10 years. In the absence of large predators the elephant had survived for 9 years and had adapted its locomotion and intraspecific behaviour to its injury. The humeral joint of the affected forelimb was carried in partial extension while the cubital and carpal joints were permanently in partial flexion. Substantial secondary osteoarthritic changes, extensive fusion and compensatory remodelling of the humerus, radius and ulna had taken place together with compensatory development in the musculature. The planes of articulation of the limb bones had also been considerably rotated inward.", "contents": "Dislocation of the elbow and its social consequences for an African elephant. A dislocated elbow of a male elephant calf (Loxodonta africana) in the Addo Elephant National Park resulted in it being harassed by other elephants and consequently leaving its maternal herd at the age of 6 years, rather than the more usual age of 9-10 years. In the absence of large predators the elephant had survived for 9 years and had adapted its locomotion and intraspecific behaviour to its injury. The humeral joint of the affected forelimb was carried in partial extension while the cubital and carpal joints were permanently in partial flexion. Substantial secondary osteoarthritic changes, extensive fusion and compensatory remodelling of the humerus, radius and ulna had taken place together with compensatory development in the musculature. The planes of articulation of the limb bones had also been considerably rotated inward.", "PMID": 551180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_633", "title": "The seasonal incidence of helminth parasites of cattle in the Northern Transvaal Bushveld.", "content": "During a period of 14 months two tracer calves per month were slaughtered after one month's exposure to natural helminth infestation on a farm in the Northern Transvaal Bushveld. Total parasitic helminth burdens, which were never large, were determined in order to define their seasonal incidence. The gastro-intestinal parasites that were recovered were Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Trichostongylus spp. Of these Cooperia spp. were most prevalent, and the highest mean monthly burden attained was 1250 in November, 1976. Worm burdens were apparently positively correlated with rainfall, which during the survey period was lower than the average for the particular region. In addition to the more common gastro-intestinal nematodes, Thelazia rhodesii and Parafilaria bovicola were also encountered. Various techniques employed in conducting helminth surveys are discussed.", "contents": "The seasonal incidence of helminth parasites of cattle in the Northern Transvaal Bushveld. During a period of 14 months two tracer calves per month were slaughtered after one month's exposure to natural helminth infestation on a farm in the Northern Transvaal Bushveld. Total parasitic helminth burdens, which were never large, were determined in order to define their seasonal incidence. The gastro-intestinal parasites that were recovered were Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Trichostongylus spp. Of these Cooperia spp. were most prevalent, and the highest mean monthly burden attained was 1250 in November, 1976. Worm burdens were apparently positively correlated with rainfall, which during the survey period was lower than the average for the particular region. In addition to the more common gastro-intestinal nematodes, Thelazia rhodesii and Parafilaria bovicola were also encountered. Various techniques employed in conducting helminth surveys are discussed.", "PMID": 551181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_634", "title": "Enzootic icterus--a form of chronic copper poisoning.", "content": "The findings of a recent investigation into the epizootiology, course, symptomatology, gross pathology, chemical pathology and prevention of Enzootic Icterus are presented and the findings of previous investigations on these and other aspects are reevaluated. Enzootic Icterus and chronic copper poisoning are shown to be identical in all fundamental features. Both diseases are characterised by sudden onset, high mortality, icterus, anaemia, haemoglobinaemia, methaemoglobinaemia, haemoglobinuria and deeply pigmented kidneys. There are no described microscopic features on which the diseases can be differentiated. Very high levels of copper in the blood, liver and kidneys are found in both diseases. In the present work 36 liver specimens had a mean copper concentration of 701 microgram/g. Of 31 kidney specimens no values under 10 microgram/g were found while the mean was 107 microgram/g. Prevention of Enzootic Icterus by salts of molybdenum given orally confirms the identity. No close relationship with Geeldikkop is found other than the probability that the two diseases may act synergistically. Interpretation of existing knowledge of mineral levels of natural grazing in the enzootic region shows that the levels can account for the presence of chronic copper poisoning, although more investigation is required.", "contents": "Enzootic icterus--a form of chronic copper poisoning. The findings of a recent investigation into the epizootiology, course, symptomatology, gross pathology, chemical pathology and prevention of Enzootic Icterus are presented and the findings of previous investigations on these and other aspects are reevaluated. Enzootic Icterus and chronic copper poisoning are shown to be identical in all fundamental features. Both diseases are characterised by sudden onset, high mortality, icterus, anaemia, haemoglobinaemia, methaemoglobinaemia, haemoglobinuria and deeply pigmented kidneys. There are no described microscopic features on which the diseases can be differentiated. Very high levels of copper in the blood, liver and kidneys are found in both diseases. In the present work 36 liver specimens had a mean copper concentration of 701 microgram/g. Of 31 kidney specimens no values under 10 microgram/g were found while the mean was 107 microgram/g. Prevention of Enzootic Icterus by salts of molybdenum given orally confirms the identity. No close relationship with Geeldikkop is found other than the probability that the two diseases may act synergistically. Interpretation of existing knowledge of mineral levels of natural grazing in the enzootic region shows that the levels can account for the presence of chronic copper poisoning, although more investigation is required.", "PMID": 551182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_635", "title": "The anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole against gastrointestinal roundworms, tapeworms, lungworms and liverflukes in sheep.", "content": "Anthelmintic trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of albendazole against helmi of 2,5 to 3,8 mg/kg administered orally, resulted in a 98,8 to 100% reduction of adult parasites of the genera Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Gaigeria, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia, Marshallagia and Cooperia. Against the immature stages of these genera, except for Marshallagia and Cooperia, which were not tested, a dose level of 2,5 to 3,8 mg/kg was 83,9-100% effective. Albendazole at 2,5 mg/kg was 99,0% effective against adult stages of Dictyocaulus; its activity at a dose of 3,8 mg/kg against the immature stages of D. filaria was 89,3%. In sheep naturally infested with Moniezia, 100% elimination was obtained at a dose level of 2,5 mg/kg. Dose levels of 3,8 mg/kg and higher were more than 76% effective against adult Fasciola hepatica, while a dose of 4,8 mg/kg was 63% effective against adult Fasciola gigantica.", "contents": "The anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole against gastrointestinal roundworms, tapeworms, lungworms and liverflukes in sheep. Anthelmintic trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of albendazole against helmi of 2,5 to 3,8 mg/kg administered orally, resulted in a 98,8 to 100% reduction of adult parasites of the genera Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Gaigeria, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia, Marshallagia and Cooperia. Against the immature stages of these genera, except for Marshallagia and Cooperia, which were not tested, a dose level of 2,5 to 3,8 mg/kg was 83,9-100% effective. Albendazole at 2,5 mg/kg was 99,0% effective against adult stages of Dictyocaulus; its activity at a dose of 3,8 mg/kg against the immature stages of D. filaria was 89,3%. In sheep naturally infested with Moniezia, 100% elimination was obtained at a dose level of 2,5 mg/kg. Dose levels of 3,8 mg/kg and higher were more than 76% effective against adult Fasciola hepatica, while a dose of 4,8 mg/kg was 63% effective against adult Fasciola gigantica.", "PMID": 551183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_636", "title": "The safety of fenthion 29% m/v when applied topically to pregnant cows.", "content": "A pilot trial was conducted with fenthion 20% m/v to determine possible abortifacient or other toxic effects when applied to 4 1/2 month pregnant beef cows. No abortions or other clinical symptoms which could be attributed to the fenthion were observed after two topical applications, at a 3-week interval, of up to 5 times the therapeutic dose.", "contents": "The safety of fenthion 29% m/v when applied topically to pregnant cows. A pilot trial was conducted with fenthion 20% m/v to determine possible abortifacient or other toxic effects when applied to 4 1/2 month pregnant beef cows. No abortions or other clinical symptoms which could be attributed to the fenthion were observed after two topical applications, at a 3-week interval, of up to 5 times the therapeutic dose.", "PMID": 551185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_637", "title": "Bovine cerebral theileriosis (turning sickness) with spinal cord involvement.", "content": "A case of bovine cerebral theileriosis is described in which the principle lesions occurred in the spinal cord and its meninges. These were clogging of vessels with lymphocytes, many of which were parasitised by Theileria sp. schizonts (probably T. mutans), thrombosis and infarction of nervous tissue, and lymphocytic meningomyelitis. Rare cerebral meningeal vessels showed thrombosis. Clinically the animal showed posterior paresis.", "contents": "Bovine cerebral theileriosis (turning sickness) with spinal cord involvement. A case of bovine cerebral theileriosis is described in which the principle lesions occurred in the spinal cord and its meninges. These were clogging of vessels with lymphocytes, many of which were parasitised by Theileria sp. schizonts (probably T. mutans), thrombosis and infarction of nervous tissue, and lymphocytic meningomyelitis. Rare cerebral meningeal vessels showed thrombosis. Clinically the animal showed posterior paresis.", "PMID": 551186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_638", "title": "A previously unrecorded feeding site on cattle for the immature stages of the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini (Dug\u00e8s, 1844).", "content": "During the rainy season in the central valley of Cochahbamba, Bolivia, the larvae and nymphae of this tick were found feeding under the tails of dairy cattle as well as in their ears. The conditions that apparently favour the temporary infestation of this site on some cows are discussed briefly.", "contents": "A previously unrecorded feeding site on cattle for the immature stages of the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini (Dug\u00e8s, 1844). During the rainy season in the central valley of Cochahbamba, Bolivia, the larvae and nymphae of this tick were found feeding under the tails of dairy cattle as well as in their ears. The conditions that apparently favour the temporary infestation of this site on some cows are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 551188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_639", "title": "[Symptoms of rabies in pets and domestic animals in South Africa and South West Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "The most obvious symptoms of rabies in farm animals and pets in South Africa and South-West Africa are discussed in the light of information obtained during routine examination of specimens for the 10-year-period 1967--1976. More than 55% of the cases encountered were cattle in which the most obvious symptoms were salivation (92%), bellowing (69%), aggressiveness (47%), paresis or paralysis (30%) and straining (12%). Unlike cattle, the most obvious symptom in goats was aggressiveness (83%). Salivation was observed in ony 29% of goats but, like bellowing in cattle, bleating was very obvious in 72% of cases. Sheep were usually quiet, but 67% were aggressive. Salivation was observed in 30%, while 27% showed an abnormal sexual desire. The second highest incidence of rabies was recorded in dogs (20%). Aggressiveness was the most obvious symptom (71%) followed by salivation (48%), paresis and paralysis (28%) and barking (11%). With the exception of salivation and paresis, which were rarely encountered, aggressiveness was the only symptom observed in cats. Several cats were encountered with rabies-like symptoms due to organic phosphate poisoning. The most obvious symptoms in horses and donkeys were aggressiveness (77%), paresis or paralysis 33%), the chewing of foreign matter (33%) and salivation 22%). It is obvious that other conditions can easily be confused with rabies. Therefore every possible cause for rabies-like behaviour must be considered and eliminated to avoid unnecessary destruction of animals.", "contents": "[Symptoms of rabies in pets and domestic animals in South Africa and South West Africa (author's transl)]. The most obvious symptoms of rabies in farm animals and pets in South Africa and South-West Africa are discussed in the light of information obtained during routine examination of specimens for the 10-year-period 1967--1976. More than 55% of the cases encountered were cattle in which the most obvious symptoms were salivation (92%), bellowing (69%), aggressiveness (47%), paresis or paralysis (30%) and straining (12%). Unlike cattle, the most obvious symptom in goats was aggressiveness (83%). Salivation was observed in ony 29% of goats but, like bellowing in cattle, bleating was very obvious in 72% of cases. Sheep were usually quiet, but 67% were aggressive. Salivation was observed in 30%, while 27% showed an abnormal sexual desire. The second highest incidence of rabies was recorded in dogs (20%). Aggressiveness was the most obvious symptom (71%) followed by salivation (48%), paresis and paralysis (28%) and barking (11%). With the exception of salivation and paresis, which were rarely encountered, aggressiveness was the only symptom observed in cats. Several cats were encountered with rabies-like symptoms due to organic phosphate poisoning. The most obvious symptoms in horses and donkeys were aggressiveness (77%), paresis or paralysis 33%), the chewing of foreign matter (33%) and salivation 22%). It is obvious that other conditions can easily be confused with rabies. Therefore every possible cause for rabies-like behaviour must be considered and eliminated to avoid unnecessary destruction of animals.", "PMID": 551189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_640", "title": "The restraint of the Cape Hunting dog Lycaon pictus with phencyclidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride.", "content": "Phencyclidine HCl and ketamine HCl were used as immobilizing agents on six captive Cape Hunting dogs. Both drugs were suitable and three dogs immobilized with ketamine HCl at a dosage rate of 7 mg/kg had smoother and shorter recovery periods than the three animals immobilized with phencyclidine HCl.", "contents": "The restraint of the Cape Hunting dog Lycaon pictus with phencyclidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride. Phencyclidine HCl and ketamine HCl were used as immobilizing agents on six captive Cape Hunting dogs. Both drugs were suitable and three dogs immobilized with ketamine HCl at a dosage rate of 7 mg/kg had smoother and shorter recovery periods than the three animals immobilized with phencyclidine HCl.", "PMID": 551190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_641", "title": "Some aspects of feeding of brood gilts and sows.", "content": "The amounts of feed required during each of the reproductive phases are graphically illustrated and supported by specific recommendations where possible with discussion of the underlying rationale and of the often conflicting considerations. For flushing, an increase of 50 to 100% of energy requirements above maintenance level is recommended, supplied, for example, by one to two kg maize extra per day during the week before expected oestrus, in order to increase the ovulation rate. During pregnancy a constant feeding level is proposed 2.2 to 2.5 kg of feed with 8.8 MJ of nett energy/kg and 12% digestible crude protein being necessary. Two days before farrowing the feeding level must be lowered and steps taken to keep the gut contents to a minimum. During lactation the feed has to contain 8.8 MJ nett energy/kg and 14% digestible crude protein and the intake reduced by 10 to 20% in the case of early weaning. At weaning a fasting regime is suggested to effect physiological stress. The relation between feeding level during pregnancy and the mass gain of the sow asnd number of piglets born, as well as on the birth mass of the piglets, and the relation between N intake and N retention and litter mass oat birth are shown graphically.", "contents": "Some aspects of feeding of brood gilts and sows. The amounts of feed required during each of the reproductive phases are graphically illustrated and supported by specific recommendations where possible with discussion of the underlying rationale and of the often conflicting considerations. For flushing, an increase of 50 to 100% of energy requirements above maintenance level is recommended, supplied, for example, by one to two kg maize extra per day during the week before expected oestrus, in order to increase the ovulation rate. During pregnancy a constant feeding level is proposed 2.2 to 2.5 kg of feed with 8.8 MJ of nett energy/kg and 12% digestible crude protein being necessary. Two days before farrowing the feeding level must be lowered and steps taken to keep the gut contents to a minimum. During lactation the feed has to contain 8.8 MJ nett energy/kg and 14% digestible crude protein and the intake reduced by 10 to 20% in the case of early weaning. At weaning a fasting regime is suggested to effect physiological stress. The relation between feeding level during pregnancy and the mass gain of the sow asnd number of piglets born, as well as on the birth mass of the piglets, and the relation between N intake and N retention and litter mass oat birth are shown graphically.", "PMID": 551191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_642", "title": "Nutritional myopathy in a dog.", "content": "A case of cardiac myopathy resembling Selenium-Vitamin E Deficiency myopathy is described in a puppy. The left ventricular myocardium was extensively involved. The macroscopic and microscopic appearances are described. The literature on the subject is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Nutritional myopathy in a dog. A case of cardiac myopathy resembling Selenium-Vitamin E Deficiency myopathy is described in a puppy. The left ventricular myocardium was extensively involved. The macroscopic and microscopic appearances are described. The literature on the subject is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 551192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_643", "title": "Canine encephalitozoonosis in South Africa.", "content": "Clinical, clinicopathological macroscopical and histopathological findings, as well as electron microscopic and cultural confirmation, in twelve natural cases of canine encephalitozoonosis are described, eleven of these under one year of age. Nervous symptoms, including blindness, retarded growth rate and nephritis are prominent clinical signs. The macroscopic findings and histopathology proved of great help in the diagnosis of the disease even in chronic cases. The organism was cultured and some distinguishing electron microscopical features between Encephalitozoon and Nosema are discussed. A transmission experiment confirmed the diagnosis. The results are compared with the reported cases in dogs and Blue Foxes (Alopex lagopus).", "contents": "Canine encephalitozoonosis in South Africa. Clinical, clinicopathological macroscopical and histopathological findings, as well as electron microscopic and cultural confirmation, in twelve natural cases of canine encephalitozoonosis are described, eleven of these under one year of age. Nervous symptoms, including blindness, retarded growth rate and nephritis are prominent clinical signs. The macroscopic findings and histopathology proved of great help in the diagnosis of the disease even in chronic cases. The organism was cultured and some distinguishing electron microscopical features between Encephalitozoon and Nosema are discussed. A transmission experiment confirmed the diagnosis. The results are compared with the reported cases in dogs and Blue Foxes (Alopex lagopus).", "PMID": 551193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_644", "title": "[The effect of sodium hydroxide-treated roughages in horses: I. Treated lucerne hay as a constituent of a complete ration for foals (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of including sodium hydroxide-treated lucerne hay as a constituent in rations for horses was investigated by measuring its effect on the performance and certain bloodcomponents of growing foals. As no adverse effects were found it is concluded that further investigation is necessary to see whether the inclusion of low grade-treated roughages in the ration of horses would be of economic significance.", "contents": "[The effect of sodium hydroxide-treated roughages in horses: I. Treated lucerne hay as a constituent of a complete ration for foals (author's transl)]. The possibility of including sodium hydroxide-treated lucerne hay as a constituent in rations for horses was investigated by measuring its effect on the performance and certain bloodcomponents of growing foals. As no adverse effects were found it is concluded that further investigation is necessary to see whether the inclusion of low grade-treated roughages in the ration of horses would be of economic significance.", "PMID": 551194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_645", "title": "A specific form of abomasal phytobezoar in goats and sheep.", "content": "A specific form of phytobezoar in goats and sheep is described with regard to epizootology, symptomatology, gross pathology, and gross morphology of the bezoars. The probable mode of formation and control measures are also discussed.", "contents": "A specific form of abomasal phytobezoar in goats and sheep. A specific form of phytobezoar in goats and sheep is described with regard to epizootology, symptomatology, gross pathology, and gross morphology of the bezoars. The probable mode of formation and control measures are also discussed.", "PMID": 551195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_646", "title": "The use of a short and a long acting oxytetracycline for the treatment of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves.", "content": "Twenty splenectomized Afrikander/Simmentaler cross animals were used. Eight of these were naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale while 12 were infected artificially. When the packed cell volume was reduced to between 24% and 20% during the post splenectomy relapses or primary infections, six animals were treated with a single injection of 20 mg/kg of long acting oxytetracycline (LA) and seven animals were treated on two successive days with 10 mg/kg of short acting oxytetracycline (SA). The remaining seven animals served as untreated controls. Both drugs were effective in controlling A. marginale reactions. No deaths occurred in the group of animals treated with oxytetracycline LA and they showed a longer relapse interval and higher blood levels of oxytetracycline compared to those treated with oxytetracycline SA. A single death occurred in the latter group. Four deaths occurred in the control group which also had the shortest relapse interval.", "contents": "The use of a short and a long acting oxytetracycline for the treatment of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves. Twenty splenectomized Afrikander/Simmentaler cross animals were used. Eight of these were naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale while 12 were infected artificially. When the packed cell volume was reduced to between 24% and 20% during the post splenectomy relapses or primary infections, six animals were treated with a single injection of 20 mg/kg of long acting oxytetracycline (LA) and seven animals were treated on two successive days with 10 mg/kg of short acting oxytetracycline (SA). The remaining seven animals served as untreated controls. Both drugs were effective in controlling A. marginale reactions. No deaths occurred in the group of animals treated with oxytetracycline LA and they showed a longer relapse interval and higher blood levels of oxytetracycline compared to those treated with oxytetracycline SA. A single death occurred in the latter group. Four deaths occurred in the control group which also had the shortest relapse interval.", "PMID": 551196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_647", "title": "The effect of the dye-marking of mastitis remedies on the incidence of antibiotic residues in Pretoria's market milk supplies.", "content": "A 1973 survey on the incidence of inhibitory substances (mostly antiobiotic residues) in market milk supplied in Pretoria, on 3 195 herd milk samples, 65 tanker milk samples and 252 samples of pasteurised milk using the disc assay procedure with Bacillus stearothermophilus C 953 as test organism, revealed inhibitory substances equivalent to 0,005 IU penicillin/ml in 7.8% of the herd samples, 29,2% of the tanker samples and in 38.5% of the samples of pasteurised milk. In 38.9% of the positive herd milk samples and 73% of the samples of pasteurised milk, penicillin was indentified with the aid of the penicillinase test. Some of the pasteurised milk contained inhibitory substances equivalent to more than 1.0 IU penicillin/ml; in some of the herd milk samples this figure exceeded 5,0 IU penicillin/ml. A repeat survey was undertaken in 1977/78 to evaluate the effect of compulsory dye-marking of non-prescription mastitis remedies on the situation. In a total of 1 081 herd milk samples, 60 tanker milk samples and 112 samples of pasteurised milk, antibiotic residues were found in 2,13% of the herd milk, 11,7% of the tanker milk and 2,1% of the pasteurised milk samples, with a much lower average concentration of antibiotic residues. The compulsory dye-marking of mastitis remedies had a beneficial effect on the occurrence of antibiotic residues in milk but did not ensure their complete absence, presumably because dye-marking was not made compulsory in scheduled preparations.", "contents": "The effect of the dye-marking of mastitis remedies on the incidence of antibiotic residues in Pretoria's market milk supplies. A 1973 survey on the incidence of inhibitory substances (mostly antiobiotic residues) in market milk supplied in Pretoria, on 3 195 herd milk samples, 65 tanker milk samples and 252 samples of pasteurised milk using the disc assay procedure with Bacillus stearothermophilus C 953 as test organism, revealed inhibitory substances equivalent to 0,005 IU penicillin/ml in 7.8% of the herd samples, 29,2% of the tanker samples and in 38.5% of the samples of pasteurised milk. In 38.9% of the positive herd milk samples and 73% of the samples of pasteurised milk, penicillin was indentified with the aid of the penicillinase test. Some of the pasteurised milk contained inhibitory substances equivalent to more than 1.0 IU penicillin/ml; in some of the herd milk samples this figure exceeded 5,0 IU penicillin/ml. A repeat survey was undertaken in 1977/78 to evaluate the effect of compulsory dye-marking of non-prescription mastitis remedies on the situation. In a total of 1 081 herd milk samples, 60 tanker milk samples and 112 samples of pasteurised milk, antibiotic residues were found in 2,13% of the herd milk, 11,7% of the tanker milk and 2,1% of the pasteurised milk samples, with a much lower average concentration of antibiotic residues. The compulsory dye-marking of mastitis remedies had a beneficial effect on the occurrence of antibiotic residues in milk but did not ensure their complete absence, presumably because dye-marking was not made compulsory in scheduled preparations.", "PMID": 551198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_648", "title": "Rift Valley fever vaccine--antibody and immune response in cattle to a live and an inactivated vaccine.", "content": "In a study of the response in cattle to a live and an inactivated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine prepared from cell cultures infected with RVF virus, the effects of varying doses and combinations of these vaccines were compared. The antibody response to a primary injection of either vaccines was poor when measured by the serum virus neutralization test (SVN) and the haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) but a booster dose of inactivated vaccine evoked a good anamnestic response in cattle previously injected with either of these vaccines. Cattle vaccinated with the live vaccine but negative to the SVN or the HI for RVF were immune when challenged with a virulent RVF virus isolated from a cow during 1974.", "contents": "Rift Valley fever vaccine--antibody and immune response in cattle to a live and an inactivated vaccine. In a study of the response in cattle to a live and an inactivated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine prepared from cell cultures infected with RVF virus, the effects of varying doses and combinations of these vaccines were compared. The antibody response to a primary injection of either vaccines was poor when measured by the serum virus neutralization test (SVN) and the haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) but a booster dose of inactivated vaccine evoked a good anamnestic response in cattle previously injected with either of these vaccines. Cattle vaccinated with the live vaccine but negative to the SVN or the HI for RVF were immune when challenged with a virulent RVF virus isolated from a cow during 1974.", "PMID": 551199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_649", "title": "An outbreak of white muscle disease in lambs born of ewes on a zero grazing system in Natal.", "content": "White muscle disease appeared in lambs born of ewes in the zero grazing group during the course of a comparative fertility trial on ewes on various systems of husbandry. Analysis of the feed showed barely adequate selenium in the maize silage and a deficiency in the soil on which the high lysine maize was grown. Treatment of the lambs with a selenium/vitamin E injection rapidly controlled the condition. This deficiency may be more widespread than is presently realised.", "contents": "An outbreak of white muscle disease in lambs born of ewes on a zero grazing system in Natal. White muscle disease appeared in lambs born of ewes in the zero grazing group during the course of a comparative fertility trial on ewes on various systems of husbandry. Analysis of the feed showed barely adequate selenium in the maize silage and a deficiency in the soil on which the high lysine maize was grown. Treatment of the lambs with a selenium/vitamin E injection rapidly controlled the condition. This deficiency may be more widespread than is presently realised.", "PMID": 551200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_650", "title": "Canine encephalitozoonosis in kennels and the isolation of Encephalitozoon in tissue culture.", "content": "The protozoan Encephalitozoon was isolated in primary kidney cultures from dogs originating from three separate outbreaks of encephalitozoonosis in kennels. The disease was characterized by a fading syndrome in young puppies with nervous signs developing in some cases. It was not possible to reproduce the clinical disease with cultured organisms in either normal dogs or dogs immunosuppressed with methylprednisolone. The organisms were, however, reisolated in primary culture from two immunosuppressed dogs but not from other experimentally infected dogs. The freezing of Encephalitozoon organisms in liquid nitrogen is described.", "contents": "Canine encephalitozoonosis in kennels and the isolation of Encephalitozoon in tissue culture. The protozoan Encephalitozoon was isolated in primary kidney cultures from dogs originating from three separate outbreaks of encephalitozoonosis in kennels. The disease was characterized by a fading syndrome in young puppies with nervous signs developing in some cases. It was not possible to reproduce the clinical disease with cultured organisms in either normal dogs or dogs immunosuppressed with methylprednisolone. The organisms were, however, reisolated in primary culture from two immunosuppressed dogs but not from other experimentally infected dogs. The freezing of Encephalitozoon organisms in liquid nitrogen is described.", "PMID": 551201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_651", "title": "Cartilage healing and regeneration.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the healing and regeneration of articular cartilage following trauma. Surgically created superficial and depp lesions involving the articular surface of the femoral condyles were evaluated in 28 dogs at intervals of two four, eight and sixteen weeks. The general conclusion reached was that cartilage resonded to trauma either with fibrous tissue repair (undergoing metaplasia to fibro--cartilage) when the lesion was deep, or by limited cellular replacement before the superficial layers became reorganised into zones resembling the normal, if the lesions were superficial. This process tended to tail off before the defect was filled i.e. the regenerative process appeared to cease before the lesion was anatomically restored to normal.", "contents": "Cartilage healing and regeneration. A study was undertaken to investigate the healing and regeneration of articular cartilage following trauma. Surgically created superficial and depp lesions involving the articular surface of the femoral condyles were evaluated in 28 dogs at intervals of two four, eight and sixteen weeks. The general conclusion reached was that cartilage resonded to trauma either with fibrous tissue repair (undergoing metaplasia to fibro--cartilage) when the lesion was deep, or by limited cellular replacement before the superficial layers became reorganised into zones resembling the normal, if the lesions were superficial. This process tended to tail off before the defect was filled i.e. the regenerative process appeared to cease before the lesion was anatomically restored to normal.", "PMID": 551202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_652", "title": "Hand-rearing of Cape hunting dog Lycaon pictus pups.", "content": "Problems encountered in the hand-rearing of Cape hunting dogs are discussed. It is felt that these could be minimised by avoiding stress, by rearing pups as close to natural circumstances as in possible, by applying sound husbandry techniques and by keeping the pups together.", "contents": "Hand-rearing of Cape hunting dog Lycaon pictus pups. Problems encountered in the hand-rearing of Cape hunting dogs are discussed. It is felt that these could be minimised by avoiding stress, by rearing pups as close to natural circumstances as in possible, by applying sound husbandry techniques and by keeping the pups together.", "PMID": 551203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_653", "title": "Foreleg lameness in rapidly growing dogs.", "content": "Foreleg lameness caused by the interaction of diet and rapid growth rate is all too frequently encountered in the large and giant breeds of dogs. In this paper, the influence of rapid growth rate and growth hormone on bone formation is briefly considered. The importance causes of this problem are discussed. These are hypertrophic osteodystrophy, osteodystrophy II, retained enchondral cartilage cores, panosteitis an nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. Rickets and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy are also considered. Emphasis is placed on the aetiology, radiographic diagnosis and rational treatment. A case report of a 6-month-old Great Dane with osteodystrophy II and retained enchondral cartilage cores in the ulnar metaphyses is presented as an example of such a problem.", "contents": "Foreleg lameness in rapidly growing dogs. Foreleg lameness caused by the interaction of diet and rapid growth rate is all too frequently encountered in the large and giant breeds of dogs. In this paper, the influence of rapid growth rate and growth hormone on bone formation is briefly considered. The importance causes of this problem are discussed. These are hypertrophic osteodystrophy, osteodystrophy II, retained enchondral cartilage cores, panosteitis an nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. Rickets and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy are also considered. Emphasis is placed on the aetiology, radiographic diagnosis and rational treatment. A case report of a 6-month-old Great Dane with osteodystrophy II and retained enchondral cartilage cores in the ulnar metaphyses is presented as an example of such a problem.", "PMID": 551204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_654", "title": "Canine thoracolumbar disc disease.", "content": "The incidence, pathology and accurate localisation of canine intervertebral disc lesions are reviewed and the surgical technique for wide dorsal laminectomy is described.", "contents": "Canine thoracolumbar disc disease. The incidence, pathology and accurate localisation of canine intervertebral disc lesions are reviewed and the surgical technique for wide dorsal laminectomy is described.", "PMID": 551205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_655", "title": "Canine cervical intervertebral disc disease.", "content": "The incidence, diagnosis and surgical treatment of canine cervical disc lesions are described.", "contents": "Canine cervical intervertebral disc disease. The incidence, diagnosis and surgical treatment of canine cervical disc lesions are described.", "PMID": 551206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_656", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in a dog.", "content": "The clinical, clinical pathological and pathological findings of a dog showing progressive paralysis due to toxoplasmosis are described. Necropsy revealed polymyositis and a meningoencephalitis as well as a meningomyeloradiculitis. The differential diagnoses of the different forms of toxoplasmosis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in a dog. The clinical, clinical pathological and pathological findings of a dog showing progressive paralysis due to toxoplasmosis are described. Necropsy revealed polymyositis and a meningoencephalitis as well as a meningomyeloradiculitis. The differential diagnoses of the different forms of toxoplasmosis are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 551207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_657", "title": "[Feline hepatozoonosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The pressure of the gametes of the protozoon parasite Hepatazoon in the blood of a domestic cat is recorded for the first time in South Africa. Clinical symptoms which may have been associated with the infection are described. The animal recovered after treatment with primaquine and oxytetracycline.", "contents": "[Feline hepatozoonosis (author's transl)]. The pressure of the gametes of the protozoon parasite Hepatazoon in the blood of a domestic cat is recorded for the first time in South Africa. Clinical symptoms which may have been associated with the infection are described. The animal recovered after treatment with primaquine and oxytetracycline.", "PMID": 551208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_658", "title": "Determination of penicillin residues in milk - a comparison of two methods.", "content": "Two tests for penicillin residues in milk using the test organisms Sarcina lutea and Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis respectively are presented. The test methods are described, the results compared and the advantages of the latter test demonstrated.", "contents": "Determination of penicillin residues in milk - a comparison of two methods. Two tests for penicillin residues in milk using the test organisms Sarcina lutea and Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis respectively are presented. The test methods are described, the results compared and the advantages of the latter test demonstrated.", "PMID": 551209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_659", "title": "Corrosion of stainless steel surgical implants.", "content": "In the light of examination of a series of failed stainless steel implants, the paper suggests that much material currently used for orthopaedic prostheses is not of a sufficiently high metallurgical quality for its purpose.", "contents": "Corrosion of stainless steel surgical implants. In the light of examination of a series of failed stainless steel implants, the paper suggests that much material currently used for orthopaedic prostheses is not of a sufficiently high metallurgical quality for its purpose.", "PMID": 551212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_660", "title": "Time correction and two channel recording in 24 hour electrocardiographic analysis.", "content": "An improved technique for automatic monitoring and analysis of ECG recording is described. The system is based on standard commercial equipment but provides improved quantitative measurement of cardiac arrhythmias. This is done by using a simultaneous recording of a 100 Hz clock, which is used to correct for tape speed variations. Also increased immunity to artefacts is achieved by combining two ECG leads, coupled with signal analysis techniques. The problems arising from certain types of artefact are also discussed.", "contents": "Time correction and two channel recording in 24 hour electrocardiographic analysis. An improved technique for automatic monitoring and analysis of ECG recording is described. The system is based on standard commercial equipment but provides improved quantitative measurement of cardiac arrhythmias. This is done by using a simultaneous recording of a 100 Hz clock, which is used to correct for tape speed variations. Also increased immunity to artefacts is achieved by combining two ECG leads, coupled with signal analysis techniques. The problems arising from certain types of artefact are also discussed.", "PMID": 551213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_661", "title": "Position of bioengineering education in Hungary.", "content": "Medical electronic equipment has been produced in Hungary since the early forties. Industrial production of bioengineering started only in 1957. At the same time the bioengineering section of the Scientific Society of Measurement and Automation was founded. This Section was instrumental in recognizing the necessity for and establishing a structured education programme in bioengineering which started in the Postgraduate Institute for Engineers within Budapest Technical University. Later this was incorporated in the programme of the Technical University as an optional subject. Today there is also a specialised engineering course at the Technical University. There are significant developments in the bioengineering education of physicians and medical students. This paper deals with the possibility of classification bioengineering devices which has proved useful in education in Hungary.", "contents": "Position of bioengineering education in Hungary. Medical electronic equipment has been produced in Hungary since the early forties. Industrial production of bioengineering started only in 1957. At the same time the bioengineering section of the Scientific Society of Measurement and Automation was founded. This Section was instrumental in recognizing the necessity for and establishing a structured education programme in bioengineering which started in the Postgraduate Institute for Engineers within Budapest Technical University. Later this was incorporated in the programme of the Technical University as an optional subject. Today there is also a specialised engineering course at the Technical University. There are significant developments in the bioengineering education of physicians and medical students. This paper deals with the possibility of classification bioengineering devices which has proved useful in education in Hungary.", "PMID": 551214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_662", "title": "[Electromyographical studies on the effects of dorsal and truncal vagotomy upon the motility of abomasum in goats (author's transl)].", "content": "The vagus nerve was examined electromyographically for effect on the abomasal movement in adult female goats subjected to dorsal or truncal vagotomy. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. After dorsal vagotomy, the discharge interval prolonged slightly and the propagation velocity decreased. 2. After truncal vagotomy, the propagation velocity did not show a remarkable change except that the discharge interval showed a tendency to prolong slightly. 3. Neither dysrhythmia nor antiperistaltic discharge was seen after dorsal or truncal vagotomy. 4. The movement of the reticulum showed a tendency to be affected with temperature after dorsal vagotomy. It was not recorded after truncal vagotomy. The goats vagotomized dorsally showed an increase in body weight and decrease in volume of feces accompanied with repeated bloat. The goats vagotomized truncally died of acute frothy bloat 2-10 days after operation. Therefore, it was suggested that truncal vagotomy might have exerted a greater effection all the stomach of the ruminant than dorsal vagotomy, which reduced the movement of rumen more remarkably than the movement of the abomasum.", "contents": "[Electromyographical studies on the effects of dorsal and truncal vagotomy upon the motility of abomasum in goats (author's transl)]. The vagus nerve was examined electromyographically for effect on the abomasal movement in adult female goats subjected to dorsal or truncal vagotomy. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. After dorsal vagotomy, the discharge interval prolonged slightly and the propagation velocity decreased. 2. After truncal vagotomy, the propagation velocity did not show a remarkable change except that the discharge interval showed a tendency to prolong slightly. 3. Neither dysrhythmia nor antiperistaltic discharge was seen after dorsal or truncal vagotomy. 4. The movement of the reticulum showed a tendency to be affected with temperature after dorsal vagotomy. It was not recorded after truncal vagotomy. The goats vagotomized dorsally showed an increase in body weight and decrease in volume of feces accompanied with repeated bloat. The goats vagotomized truncally died of acute frothy bloat 2-10 days after operation. Therefore, it was suggested that truncal vagotomy might have exerted a greater effection all the stomach of the ruminant than dorsal vagotomy, which reduced the movement of rumen more remarkably than the movement of the abomasum.", "PMID": 551231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_663", "title": "[Electromyographic study of the canine stomach after transection and mucosal bridge anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to clarify the propagation mechanism of canine gastric electrical activity, the stomach was transected and reanastomosed at the middle antrum in 3 dogs and at the distal corpus in 3 dogs. Two bipolar electrodes were implanted in the pre- and postanastomosis stomach. Electromyographic recordings were performed intermittently for 8 to 13 weeks in fasting and after feeding. In one of the 6 dogs, 11 weeks after the initial surgery, one half of the anterior muscle wall of the greater curvature side was reapproximated. In fasting, the BER interval in the preanastomosis remained unchanged, but that in the postanastomosis became prolonged. After feeding, the BER interval in the postanastomosis was shortened and showed an advancement to close to that in the preanastomosis. 3 weeks after reapproximation of partial muscle wall, the BER interval in the postanastomosis recovered to the same BER interval as in the preanastomosis in fasting and after feeding stages. Dysrhythmia in the postanastomosis was of temporal occurrance. These results suggest that an inherent automatism in the gastric wall plays a role in the recovery of the BER interval and close muscle approximation is essential for propagation of gastric electrical activities.", "contents": "[Electromyographic study of the canine stomach after transection and mucosal bridge anastomosis (author's transl)]. In order to clarify the propagation mechanism of canine gastric electrical activity, the stomach was transected and reanastomosed at the middle antrum in 3 dogs and at the distal corpus in 3 dogs. Two bipolar electrodes were implanted in the pre- and postanastomosis stomach. Electromyographic recordings were performed intermittently for 8 to 13 weeks in fasting and after feeding. In one of the 6 dogs, 11 weeks after the initial surgery, one half of the anterior muscle wall of the greater curvature side was reapproximated. In fasting, the BER interval in the preanastomosis remained unchanged, but that in the postanastomosis became prolonged. After feeding, the BER interval in the postanastomosis was shortened and showed an advancement to close to that in the preanastomosis. 3 weeks after reapproximation of partial muscle wall, the BER interval in the postanastomosis recovered to the same BER interval as in the preanastomosis in fasting and after feeding stages. Dysrhythmia in the postanastomosis was of temporal occurrance. These results suggest that an inherent automatism in the gastric wall plays a role in the recovery of the BER interval and close muscle approximation is essential for propagation of gastric electrical activities.", "PMID": 551232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_664", "title": "[Electromyographic study on the propagation mechanism of canine gastric electrical activity (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to clarify the propagation mechanism of the canine gastric basic electrical rhythm (BER), a complete transection-reanastomosis was done in the lower corpus, corpus-antrum junction or middle pyloric antrum in each group of 3 dogs which had been equipped with 4 bipolar electrodes. At the time of the transection-reanastomosis, 4 pacing electrodes were also implanted. The BER frequency in the preanastomosis, 4 pacing electrodes were also implanted. The BER frequency in the preanastomosis remained unchanged regardless of the site of transection-reanastomosis, while that in the postanastomosis was markedly reduced, but gradually recovered to show the synchronization with the BER in the preanastomosis. Pacing of the gastric BER in the early stage (about 10 days post op.) when the synchronization was noted, was not established through anastomosis. However, pacing in the late stage (about 30 days post op.) was established through an astomosis. Dysrhythmia in the postanastomosis were observed to occur in high incidence in the early postoperative period, but subsequently declined to the same incidence as in the controls. Therefore, the synchronized phenomenon is due partly to the recovery of the inherent automatism of the gastric wall and due to subsequent propagation of the BER through anastomosis. Dysrhythmia in the postanastomosis were of temporal occurrence.", "contents": "[Electromyographic study on the propagation mechanism of canine gastric electrical activity (author's transl)]. In order to clarify the propagation mechanism of the canine gastric basic electrical rhythm (BER), a complete transection-reanastomosis was done in the lower corpus, corpus-antrum junction or middle pyloric antrum in each group of 3 dogs which had been equipped with 4 bipolar electrodes. At the time of the transection-reanastomosis, 4 pacing electrodes were also implanted. The BER frequency in the preanastomosis, 4 pacing electrodes were also implanted. The BER frequency in the preanastomosis remained unchanged regardless of the site of transection-reanastomosis, while that in the postanastomosis was markedly reduced, but gradually recovered to show the synchronization with the BER in the preanastomosis. Pacing of the gastric BER in the early stage (about 10 days post op.) when the synchronization was noted, was not established through anastomosis. However, pacing in the late stage (about 30 days post op.) was established through an astomosis. Dysrhythmia in the postanastomosis were observed to occur in high incidence in the early postoperative period, but subsequently declined to the same incidence as in the controls. Therefore, the synchronized phenomenon is due partly to the recovery of the inherent automatism of the gastric wall and due to subsequent propagation of the BER through anastomosis. Dysrhythmia in the postanastomosis were of temporal occurrence.", "PMID": 551233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_665", "title": "[The motility of the bile ducts in pigeons and the effects of some autonomic drugs on it (author's transl)].", "content": "The motility of the bile ducts of the pigeon and the effects of autonomic drugs on it were studied in vivo and in vitro. Peristalses which originated rhythmically at the hepatic end of the duct propagated to the duodenal end and excreted the bile into it. Antiperistalses did not occur in vivo. The intervals of peristalses of the duct in vivo changed variably while those of the spontaneous contractions in the isolated duct were fairly constant. No synchronization between the electrical activities recorded at the duodenal end of the duct and the duodenum close to the duct was observed. Cholinergic drugs increased motilities of the duct and duodenum. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine induced the excitation of the duct and isoprenaline slight inhibition. All of these sympathomimetic drugs inhibited duodenal motility. The excitatory effect was abolished by alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, and the inhibitory one was abolished by alpha- and/or beta- adrenergic blocking agents. These results suggest that the bile duct is functionally independent of the duodenum and responsibility of the adrenergic drugs are different between two organs.", "contents": "[The motility of the bile ducts in pigeons and the effects of some autonomic drugs on it (author's transl)]. The motility of the bile ducts of the pigeon and the effects of autonomic drugs on it were studied in vivo and in vitro. Peristalses which originated rhythmically at the hepatic end of the duct propagated to the duodenal end and excreted the bile into it. Antiperistalses did not occur in vivo. The intervals of peristalses of the duct in vivo changed variably while those of the spontaneous contractions in the isolated duct were fairly constant. No synchronization between the electrical activities recorded at the duodenal end of the duct and the duodenum close to the duct was observed. Cholinergic drugs increased motilities of the duct and duodenum. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine induced the excitation of the duct and isoprenaline slight inhibition. All of these sympathomimetic drugs inhibited duodenal motility. The excitatory effect was abolished by alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, and the inhibitory one was abolished by alpha- and/or beta- adrenergic blocking agents. These results suggest that the bile duct is functionally independent of the duodenum and responsibility of the adrenergic drugs are different between two organs.", "PMID": 551234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_666", "title": "Juvenile and late onset forms of depressive disorder: genetic and biological characterization of bipolar and unipolar illness-a review.", "content": "The age of onset of depressive illness may have an association with the genetic character and clinical course of the disorder. There are several genetic models of depressive disorder that are based on differences in age of onset. According to a multifactorial model, for example, a late onset would indicate a small genetic and greater environmental component. A correlation has been found between positive family histroy of affective illness and early age of the first episode. The presence or absence of a family history of affective illness has also been found to be distinguished by pharmacology, physiology, symptomatology, and severity. It is therefore recommended, for purposes of diagnosis and treatment, that a family history be gathered for patients with depressive illness.", "contents": "Juvenile and late onset forms of depressive disorder: genetic and biological characterization of bipolar and unipolar illness-a review. The age of onset of depressive illness may have an association with the genetic character and clinical course of the disorder. There are several genetic models of depressive disorder that are based on differences in age of onset. According to a multifactorial model, for example, a late onset would indicate a small genetic and greater environmental component. A correlation has been found between positive family histroy of affective illness and early age of the first episode. The presence or absence of a family history of affective illness has also been found to be distinguished by pharmacology, physiology, symptomatology, and severity. It is therefore recommended, for purposes of diagnosis and treatment, that a family history be gathered for patients with depressive illness.", "PMID": 551235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_667", "title": "Cytologic evaluation of hormonal dynamic in the postmenopause.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that the postmenopausal ovary retains some endocrine function and thus can contribute a certain extent to the persistence of the vaginal epithelium proliferation a long time after the cessation of menstruations. Vaginal cytology plays an important role in the assessment of the vaginal epithelium response to hormonal stimuli, though less accurate than the blood and the urine estimations. It was established that there was a good correlation between the vaginal cytology and the biochemical estimations [2]. The fact that vaginal cytology cannot distinguish the proliferative patterns induced by estrogens, progesterone and androgens is true. With this in mind we did a cytological study in postmenopausal women, using our classification for the cytological typing based on the depth of the epithelial atrophy. The findings are discussed with special reference to the ethnic origin, reproductive life and concurrent illnesses.", "contents": "Cytologic evaluation of hormonal dynamic in the postmenopause. There is increasing evidence that the postmenopausal ovary retains some endocrine function and thus can contribute a certain extent to the persistence of the vaginal epithelium proliferation a long time after the cessation of menstruations. Vaginal cytology plays an important role in the assessment of the vaginal epithelium response to hormonal stimuli, though less accurate than the blood and the urine estimations. It was established that there was a good correlation between the vaginal cytology and the biochemical estimations [2]. The fact that vaginal cytology cannot distinguish the proliferative patterns induced by estrogens, progesterone and androgens is true. With this in mind we did a cytological study in postmenopausal women, using our classification for the cytological typing based on the depth of the epithelial atrophy. The findings are discussed with special reference to the ethnic origin, reproductive life and concurrent illnesses.", "PMID": 551237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_668", "title": "Haemodynamic and hormonal effects of short-term oestradiol treatment in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Haemodynamic changes during a 3-wk treatment with oestradiol valerianate (2 mg/day orally) were studied in 12 postmenopausal women by isotope 113Inm radiocardiography. Systolic blood pressure measured in the supine position decreased during oestradiol treatment by 3% (P less than 0.05) and the diastolic blood pressure decreased by 4% (P less than 0.01). The heart rate decreased by 15% (P less than 0.001). Blood volume increased during oestrogen treatment by 5% (P less than 0.05) whereas cardiac output decreased by 9% (P less than 0.05). Stroke volume increased by 13% (P less than 0.001) due to concomitant decrease in heart rate. Changes in plasma oestrone and oestradiol concentrations during oestradiol valerianate substitution showed a positive correlation with the changes of blood volume.", "contents": "Haemodynamic and hormonal effects of short-term oestradiol treatment in postmenopausal women. Haemodynamic changes during a 3-wk treatment with oestradiol valerianate (2 mg/day orally) were studied in 12 postmenopausal women by isotope 113Inm radiocardiography. Systolic blood pressure measured in the supine position decreased during oestradiol treatment by 3% (P less than 0.05) and the diastolic blood pressure decreased by 4% (P less than 0.01). The heart rate decreased by 15% (P less than 0.001). Blood volume increased during oestrogen treatment by 5% (P less than 0.05) whereas cardiac output decreased by 9% (P less than 0.05). Stroke volume increased by 13% (P less than 0.001) due to concomitant decrease in heart rate. Changes in plasma oestrone and oestradiol concentrations during oestradiol valerianate substitution showed a positive correlation with the changes of blood volume.", "PMID": 551238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_669", "title": "Hysterography in evaluating the uterine cavity in patients with endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "In 49 patients with endometrial carcinoma hysterographic study was performed. This finding was correlated with fractional curettage, hysteroscopy and surgery. The best correlation was noted between hysterography and hysteroscopy. The flow into the tubes or abdominal cavity using low pressure was found in 20% of the cases. In our opinion hysterography is a useful aid when examining the uterine cavity and cervical canal, and, thus, important when planning treatment and determining clinical stage.", "contents": "Hysterography in evaluating the uterine cavity in patients with endometrial carcinoma. In 49 patients with endometrial carcinoma hysterographic study was performed. This finding was correlated with fractional curettage, hysteroscopy and surgery. The best correlation was noted between hysterography and hysteroscopy. The flow into the tubes or abdominal cavity using low pressure was found in 20% of the cases. In our opinion hysterography is a useful aid when examining the uterine cavity and cervical canal, and, thus, important when planning treatment and determining clinical stage.", "PMID": 551239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_670", "title": "Factors affecting adhesion of bacterial to a tooth in vitro.", "content": "The initial adhesion of oral bacteria to a tooth in vitro was examined. The organisms were grown in broth with and without sucrose, and suspensions made either in broth or a modified Ringer's solution. The tooth used was either dry or coated with natural or synthetic saliva. Adhesion was determined by counting organisms removed from the tooth surface by simple washing or by sonication. It was found that the firmest bonding occurred when a dry tooth was immersed in a suspension of bacteria in Ringer's solution; the prior growth of the organisms in the presence of sucrose did not affect adhesion. It was concluded that instantaneous irreversible adhesion of bacteria to a tooth occurs without the need for active metabolism, and that this process is inhibited by the presence of competing organic substances which probably produce a surface-conditioning film.", "contents": "Factors affecting adhesion of bacterial to a tooth in vitro. The initial adhesion of oral bacteria to a tooth in vitro was examined. The organisms were grown in broth with and without sucrose, and suspensions made either in broth or a modified Ringer's solution. The tooth used was either dry or coated with natural or synthetic saliva. Adhesion was determined by counting organisms removed from the tooth surface by simple washing or by sonication. It was found that the firmest bonding occurred when a dry tooth was immersed in a suspension of bacteria in Ringer's solution; the prior growth of the organisms in the presence of sucrose did not affect adhesion. It was concluded that instantaneous irreversible adhesion of bacteria to a tooth occurs without the need for active metabolism, and that this process is inhibited by the presence of competing organic substances which probably produce a surface-conditioning film.", "PMID": 551240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_671", "title": "Inhibitory activity of Streptococcus mitis against oral bacteria.", "content": "The antagonistic properties of three strains of Streptococcus mitis were investigated. They were found to inhibit a wide range of oral bacteria; Gram-positive and Gram-negative, facultative and anaerobic species being susceptible. The S. mitis strains were shown to be producing hydrogen peroxide, this being partially responsible for the aerobic inhibitory activity. A second inhibitory factor(s) was also produced, aerobically and anaerobically, although this could not be isolated. A limited characterization of this factor was undertaken using plate cultures.", "contents": "Inhibitory activity of Streptococcus mitis against oral bacteria. The antagonistic properties of three strains of Streptococcus mitis were investigated. They were found to inhibit a wide range of oral bacteria; Gram-positive and Gram-negative, facultative and anaerobic species being susceptible. The S. mitis strains were shown to be producing hydrogen peroxide, this being partially responsible for the aerobic inhibitory activity. A second inhibitory factor(s) was also produced, aerobically and anaerobically, although this could not be isolated. A limited characterization of this factor was undertaken using plate cultures.", "PMID": 551241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_672", "title": "Effect of storage on the integrity of purified feline calicivirus particles.", "content": "The effect of storage on the integrity and infectivity of purified feline calicivirus (FCV) particles at varying temperatures (-70 degrees C, -20 degrees C and 4 degrees C) was examined. The results showed that over a period of 8 weeks the purified virus was best preserved at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Effect of storage on the integrity of purified feline calicivirus particles. The effect of storage on the integrity and infectivity of purified feline calicivirus (FCV) particles at varying temperatures (-70 degrees C, -20 degrees C and 4 degrees C) was examined. The results showed that over a period of 8 weeks the purified virus was best preserved at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 551242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_673", "title": "An in vitro study of the exposure of mixed populations of normal oropharyngeal bacteria to cigarette smoke.", "content": "Mixed populations of freshly isolated oropharyngeal bacteria growing in dextrose broth at 37 degrees C were subjected to smoke from four cigarettes over a 3 h period. Each cigarette, a commercially available brand, contained 23.0 mg of tar and 1.4 mg of nicotine. At hourly intervals eight puffs of smoke from a cigarette were passed over a 1.0 ml suspension of bacteria dispersed in a thin layer in a sterile tissue culture flask. Normal filtered air was in contact with the suspension between smoke treatments. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a marked decrease in numbers of viable bacteria. Non-filter cigarette smoke had a greater detrimental effect than smoke from filter-tipped cigarettes. The predominant bacteria, non-haemolytic streptococci, and less numerous bacteria such as staphylocci, were equally sensitive to the toxic action of cigarette smoke.", "contents": "An in vitro study of the exposure of mixed populations of normal oropharyngeal bacteria to cigarette smoke. Mixed populations of freshly isolated oropharyngeal bacteria growing in dextrose broth at 37 degrees C were subjected to smoke from four cigarettes over a 3 h period. Each cigarette, a commercially available brand, contained 23.0 mg of tar and 1.4 mg of nicotine. At hourly intervals eight puffs of smoke from a cigarette were passed over a 1.0 ml suspension of bacteria dispersed in a thin layer in a sterile tissue culture flask. Normal filtered air was in contact with the suspension between smoke treatments. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a marked decrease in numbers of viable bacteria. Non-filter cigarette smoke had a greater detrimental effect than smoke from filter-tipped cigarettes. The predominant bacteria, non-haemolytic streptococci, and less numerous bacteria such as staphylocci, were equally sensitive to the toxic action of cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 551243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_674", "title": "On the organization and classification of the protozoon, Actinophrys sol Ehrenberg, 1830.", "content": "The organization of the heliozoon Actinophrys sol is described using light-microscopy, transmission and scanning electron-microscopy, freeze fracturing and X-ray microanalysis. The features of the trophic organism and its organelles are described in detail. The processes of encystment, autogamy and excystment are outlined. Encystment involves the production of siliceous scales which are destined to become one layer of a resting cyst with a multilayered cyst wall. Autogamy occurs before the resting cyst is formed. Cytoplasmic peculiarities of the trophic organism are almost entirely absent from the resting cyst but reappear upon excystment. The structural characteristics are used to assess the affinities of Actinophrys with other actinophryids, heliozoons, actinopods and sarcodina. It is concluded that the justification of the conventional classification of Heliozoa is questionable.", "contents": "On the organization and classification of the protozoon, Actinophrys sol Ehrenberg, 1830. The organization of the heliozoon Actinophrys sol is described using light-microscopy, transmission and scanning electron-microscopy, freeze fracturing and X-ray microanalysis. The features of the trophic organism and its organelles are described in detail. The processes of encystment, autogamy and excystment are outlined. Encystment involves the production of siliceous scales which are destined to become one layer of a resting cyst with a multilayered cyst wall. Autogamy occurs before the resting cyst is formed. Cytoplasmic peculiarities of the trophic organism are almost entirely absent from the resting cyst but reappear upon excystment. The structural characteristics are used to assess the affinities of Actinophrys with other actinophryids, heliozoons, actinopods and sarcodina. It is concluded that the justification of the conventional classification of Heliozoa is questionable.", "PMID": 551244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_675", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of a region of human mitochondrial DNA containing the precisely identified origin of replication.", "content": "A fragment of HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA containing the origin of replicaton has been sequenced. The precise position of the origin in this sequence has been identified by determining the nucleotide order in the 5'-end proximal portion of the heavy strand initiation fragment (7S DNA), and by aligning the two sequences.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of a region of human mitochondrial DNA containing the precisely identified origin of replication. A fragment of HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA containing the origin of replicaton has been sequenced. The precise position of the origin in this sequence has been identified by determining the nucleotide order in the 5'-end proximal portion of the heavy strand initiation fragment (7S DNA), and by aligning the two sequences.", "PMID": 551247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_676", "title": "A role for brown adipose tissue in diet-induced thermogenesis.", "content": "Measurement of energy balance during voluntary overeating in rats unequivocally establishes the quantitative importance of diet-induced thermogenesis in energy balance. Like cold-induced thermogenesis, this form of heat production involves changes in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and brown adipose tissue which suggest that this tissue may determine metabolic efficiency and resistance to obesity.", "contents": "A role for brown adipose tissue in diet-induced thermogenesis. Measurement of energy balance during voluntary overeating in rats unequivocally establishes the quantitative importance of diet-induced thermogenesis in energy balance. Like cold-induced thermogenesis, this form of heat production involves changes in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and brown adipose tissue which suggest that this tissue may determine metabolic efficiency and resistance to obesity.", "PMID": 551265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_677", "title": "Rabbit beta-globin mRNA production in mouse L cells transformed with cloned rabbit beta-globin chromosomal DNA.", "content": "Mouse thymidine kinase-negative L cells were transformed with a cloned rabbit chromosomal beta-globin gene linked to the clone thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. Most thymidine kinase-positive cell lines contained one or more copies of rabbit beta-globin DNA and produced up to 2,000 copies of rabbit beta-globin RNA per cell indistinguishable from its authentic counterpart. No mouse beta-globin mRNA was detected.", "contents": "Rabbit beta-globin mRNA production in mouse L cells transformed with cloned rabbit beta-globin chromosomal DNA. Mouse thymidine kinase-negative L cells were transformed with a cloned rabbit chromosomal beta-globin gene linked to the clone thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. Most thymidine kinase-positive cell lines contained one or more copies of rabbit beta-globin DNA and produced up to 2,000 copies of rabbit beta-globin RNA per cell indistinguishable from its authentic counterpart. No mouse beta-globin mRNA was detected.", "PMID": 551266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_678", "title": "Protein deprivation causes reversible impariment of mucosal immune response to cholera toxoid/toxin in rat gut.", "content": "Scretory antibodies may be the major defence against mucosal infections, especially those due to viruses and non-invasive pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and toxinogenic Escherichia coli. The high incidence of mucosal infections in malnourished protein-deficient children may result from defective antibody production, but evidence for this is conflicting. We report here that protein deficiency markedly impairs the mucosal immune reponse to cholera toxiod/toxin (CT), a protein antigen, in rats and that this impairment is rapidly reversed by refeeding.", "contents": "Protein deprivation causes reversible impariment of mucosal immune response to cholera toxoid/toxin in rat gut. Scretory antibodies may be the major defence against mucosal infections, especially those due to viruses and non-invasive pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and toxinogenic Escherichia coli. The high incidence of mucosal infections in malnourished protein-deficient children may result from defective antibody production, but evidence for this is conflicting. We report here that protein deficiency markedly impairs the mucosal immune reponse to cholera toxiod/toxin (CT), a protein antigen, in rats and that this impairment is rapidly reversed by refeeding.", "PMID": 551268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_679", "title": "GABA may be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system.", "content": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system of certain invertebrates and is thought to be a major transmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. In this report we present evidence that GABA may also be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral autonomic nervous system. We have used light and electron microscopic autoradiography to analyse high-affinity uptake of 3H-GABA into the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig taenia coli, both in situ and in a tissue culture preparation. In the isolated myenteric plexus, we have measured the specific activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15), the enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamic acid to GABA in GABAergic neurones, and assessed the ability of this tissue to accumulate 3H-GABA newly synthesised from 3H-glutamic acid. Furthermore, we have measured the levels of endogenous GABA in strips of taenia coli containing the myenteric plexus.", "contents": "GABA may be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system of certain invertebrates and is thought to be a major transmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. In this report we present evidence that GABA may also be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral autonomic nervous system. We have used light and electron microscopic autoradiography to analyse high-affinity uptake of 3H-GABA into the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig taenia coli, both in situ and in a tissue culture preparation. In the isolated myenteric plexus, we have measured the specific activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15), the enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamic acid to GABA in GABAergic neurones, and assessed the ability of this tissue to accumulate 3H-GABA newly synthesised from 3H-glutamic acid. Furthermore, we have measured the levels of endogenous GABA in strips of taenia coli containing the myenteric plexus.", "PMID": 551269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_680", "title": "Energy dependence and reversibility of membrane alterations induced by polyene macrolide antibiotics in Chlorella vulgaris.", "content": "The requirement of metabolic energy for the interaction of polyene macrolide antibiotics with eukaryotic organisms remains a controversial subject (for review see ref. 1) It has been claimed that the lethal binding of these antibiotics to the sterol target component of the hydrophobic core of the membrane, in accordance with the model of de Kruijff and Demel, is an energy-dependent process. When energy production is reduced by removal of all metabolisable substrates or by adding metabolic inhibitors, polyene binding and antifungal effects are also reduced. Metabolic energy may be required to maintain binding site accessibility or to move antibiotic molecules to the active site. The interaction is also restricted at low temperatures, possibly because of the reduced thermal mobilities of the groups concerned with antibiotic uptake. However, it should be emphasised that the interaction of polyene macrolides with artificial lipid membranes is a purely physicochemical process, although the type of permeability pathways induced are similar to those observed in natural membranes. Using Chlorella vulgaris as a model organism, we demonstrate here that the interaction of polyene macrolides with sensitive cells and the induction of lethal membrane permeability changes are energy-dependent processes or purely physicochemical phenomena, depending on the structure of the antibiotic used.", "contents": "Energy dependence and reversibility of membrane alterations induced by polyene macrolide antibiotics in Chlorella vulgaris. The requirement of metabolic energy for the interaction of polyene macrolide antibiotics with eukaryotic organisms remains a controversial subject (for review see ref. 1) It has been claimed that the lethal binding of these antibiotics to the sterol target component of the hydrophobic core of the membrane, in accordance with the model of de Kruijff and Demel, is an energy-dependent process. When energy production is reduced by removal of all metabolisable substrates or by adding metabolic inhibitors, polyene binding and antifungal effects are also reduced. Metabolic energy may be required to maintain binding site accessibility or to move antibiotic molecules to the active site. The interaction is also restricted at low temperatures, possibly because of the reduced thermal mobilities of the groups concerned with antibiotic uptake. However, it should be emphasised that the interaction of polyene macrolides with artificial lipid membranes is a purely physicochemical process, although the type of permeability pathways induced are similar to those observed in natural membranes. Using Chlorella vulgaris as a model organism, we demonstrate here that the interaction of polyene macrolides with sensitive cells and the induction of lethal membrane permeability changes are energy-dependent processes or purely physicochemical phenomena, depending on the structure of the antibiotic used.", "PMID": 551270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_681", "title": "An incipient 3(10) helix in Piv-Pro-Pro-Ala-NHMe as a model for peptide folding.", "content": "The molecular mechanism of helix nucleation in peptides and proteins is not yet understood and the question of whether sharp turns in the polypeptide backbone serve as nuclei for protein folding has evoked controversy. A recent study of the conformation of a tetrapeptide containing the stereochemically constrained residue alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, both in solution and the solid state, yielded a structure consisting of two consecutive beta-turns, leading to an incipient 3(10) helical conformation. :This led us to speculate that specific tri- and tetrapeptide sequences may indeed provide a helical twist to the amino-terminal segment of helical regions in proteins and provide a nucleation site for further propagation. The transformation from a 3(10) helical structure to an alpha-helix should be facile and requires only small changes in the phi and psi conformational angles and a rearrangement of the hydrogen bonding pattern. If such a mechanism is involved then it should be possible to isolate an incipient 3(10) helical conformation in a tripeptide amide or tetrapeptide sequence, based purely on the driving force derived from short-range interactions. We have synthesised and studied the model peptide pivaloyl-Pro-Pro-Ala-NHMe (compound I) and provide here spectroscopic evidence for a 3(10) helical conformation in compound I.", "contents": "An incipient 3(10) helix in Piv-Pro-Pro-Ala-NHMe as a model for peptide folding. The molecular mechanism of helix nucleation in peptides and proteins is not yet understood and the question of whether sharp turns in the polypeptide backbone serve as nuclei for protein folding has evoked controversy. A recent study of the conformation of a tetrapeptide containing the stereochemically constrained residue alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, both in solution and the solid state, yielded a structure consisting of two consecutive beta-turns, leading to an incipient 3(10) helical conformation. :This led us to speculate that specific tri- and tetrapeptide sequences may indeed provide a helical twist to the amino-terminal segment of helical regions in proteins and provide a nucleation site for further propagation. The transformation from a 3(10) helical structure to an alpha-helix should be facile and requires only small changes in the phi and psi conformational angles and a rearrangement of the hydrogen bonding pattern. If such a mechanism is involved then it should be possible to isolate an incipient 3(10) helical conformation in a tripeptide amide or tetrapeptide sequence, based purely on the driving force derived from short-range interactions. We have synthesised and studied the model peptide pivaloyl-Pro-Pro-Ala-NHMe (compound I) and provide here spectroscopic evidence for a 3(10) helical conformation in compound I.", "PMID": 551271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_682", "title": "Contact inhibition and malignancy.", "content": "The role of contact inhibition in influencing the behaviour of malignant cells is discussed in a review. Although tissue culture cannot simulate the immense complexity of the conditions in vivo, some of the distinctive features of malignant invasion can be conveniently observed with this technique. The evidence derived from this technique indicates that defective contact inhibition of movement of malignant cells does contribute to their invasiveness.", "contents": "Contact inhibition and malignancy. The role of contact inhibition in influencing the behaviour of malignant cells is discussed in a review. Although tissue culture cannot simulate the immense complexity of the conditions in vivo, some of the distinctive features of malignant invasion can be conveniently observed with this technique. The evidence derived from this technique indicates that defective contact inhibition of movement of malignant cells does contribute to their invasiveness.", "PMID": 551275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_683", "title": "Two-step binding of eukaryotic ribosomes to brome mosaic virus RNA3.", "content": "Although brome mosaic virus RNA3 has only one translatable cistron, it can bind two 80S ribosomes at initiation. One ribosome binds at the first AUG codon (base 92-94). The other binds nearer the 5' end at an entry or holding site. Disome formation is thus unrelated to a silent cistron approximately 1,000 bases downstream.", "contents": "Two-step binding of eukaryotic ribosomes to brome mosaic virus RNA3. Although brome mosaic virus RNA3 has only one translatable cistron, it can bind two 80S ribosomes at initiation. One ribosome binds at the first AUG codon (base 92-94). The other binds nearer the 5' end at an entry or holding site. Disome formation is thus unrelated to a silent cistron approximately 1,000 bases downstream.", "PMID": 551276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_684", "title": "Rapid deposition of subcutaneous areolar tissue in response to sexual stimulation in mice.", "content": "Many of the reproductive processes of house mice are regulated exteroceptively by social cues. Puberty in a female mouse, for example, is a labile event that can be accelerated markedly if the young female is housed with an adult male. The relevant male stimuli in this case are a combination of pheromonal and tactile cues. The female's responses to these cues include an immediate, sequential release of gonadotropic and ovarian hormones, which in turn evoke a series of predictable changes in most of the female's reproductive tissues and culminate in the pubertal ovulation. I report here an unexpected consequence of exposing a young female mouse to a male, namely an intense response of a non-reproductive tissue. Specifically, young female mice experience a rapid thickening of their subcutaneous areolar tissue when they are exposed to males. The proximal cause of this response seems to be largely, but not exclusively, an enhanced secretion of ovarian oestrogen.", "contents": "Rapid deposition of subcutaneous areolar tissue in response to sexual stimulation in mice. Many of the reproductive processes of house mice are regulated exteroceptively by social cues. Puberty in a female mouse, for example, is a labile event that can be accelerated markedly if the young female is housed with an adult male. The relevant male stimuli in this case are a combination of pheromonal and tactile cues. The female's responses to these cues include an immediate, sequential release of gonadotropic and ovarian hormones, which in turn evoke a series of predictable changes in most of the female's reproductive tissues and culminate in the pubertal ovulation. I report here an unexpected consequence of exposing a young female mouse to a male, namely an intense response of a non-reproductive tissue. Specifically, young female mice experience a rapid thickening of their subcutaneous areolar tissue when they are exposed to males. The proximal cause of this response seems to be largely, but not exclusively, an enhanced secretion of ovarian oestrogen.", "PMID": 551277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_685", "title": "Zoological origin of gonadotropin subunits and association kinetics.", "content": "Mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH) is an association of two dissimilar subunits, alpha and beta. In vitro studies, mainly using difference spectrophotometry, had shown that this phenomenon was slow, especially at low temperatures. If the situation was the same in poikiloterms, it would probably make gonadotropin (GTH) synthesis difficult for these animals in a cold environment. We have found that the formation of a teleost gonadotropin is in fact strikingly more rapid and less thermodependent than formation of mammalian LH. Also, studies with a fish-mammal hybrid molecule have allowed us to estimate the respective influence of the alpha and beta subunits in determining these differences.", "contents": "Zoological origin of gonadotropin subunits and association kinetics. Mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH) is an association of two dissimilar subunits, alpha and beta. In vitro studies, mainly using difference spectrophotometry, had shown that this phenomenon was slow, especially at low temperatures. If the situation was the same in poikiloterms, it would probably make gonadotropin (GTH) synthesis difficult for these animals in a cold environment. We have found that the formation of a teleost gonadotropin is in fact strikingly more rapid and less thermodependent than formation of mammalian LH. Also, studies with a fish-mammal hybrid molecule have allowed us to estimate the respective influence of the alpha and beta subunits in determining these differences.", "PMID": 551279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_686", "title": "Design, synthesis and characterisation of a 34-residue polypeptide that interacts with nucleic acids.", "content": "Based on secondary structure prediction rules and model building a neutral artificial 34-residue polypeptide with potential nucleic acid-binding activity was synthesised. This peptide and its covalent dimer showed strong interaction with cytidine phosphates and single-stranded DNA. The dimer had considerable ribonuclease activity with high preference for cleavage at the 3'-end of C.", "contents": "Design, synthesis and characterisation of a 34-residue polypeptide that interacts with nucleic acids. Based on secondary structure prediction rules and model building a neutral artificial 34-residue polypeptide with potential nucleic acid-binding activity was synthesised. This peptide and its covalent dimer showed strong interaction with cytidine phosphates and single-stranded DNA. The dimer had considerable ribonuclease activity with high preference for cleavage at the 3'-end of C.", "PMID": 551285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_687", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by native and desialised alpha-1 acid glycoprotein.", "content": "The alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid; AAG) is a normal constituent of human plasma (650+/-215 microgram ml(-1)) which increases in concentration as much as fivefold in associations with acute inflammation and cancer, and thus is recognized as an acute phase protein. AAG consists of a single polypeptide chain, has a molecular weight of 44,100, and contains approximately 45% carbohydrate including 12% sialic acid; it is the most negatively charged of the plasma proteins. Certain of the biological properties of AAG are related to its sialic acid content; thus, clearance and immunogenicity of AAG are markedly increased on desialisation. The biological functions of AAG are largely unknown. AAG has the ability to inhibit certain lymphocyte re-activities including blastogenesis in response to concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and allogeneic cells, and these inhibitory effects are enhanced in association with desialisation. In view of these observations, a report that unphysiologically large (5--15 mg ml(-1)) amounts of AAG inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by ADP and adrenaline, and evidence that a sialic acid-deficient species of AAG appears elevated in several chronic disease states, we compared the effects of AAG and its desialised counterpart (AAG-D) on platelet aggregation. We report that desialisation of AAG is associated with increased expression of activity inhibitory to the platelet aggregation otherwise observed on stimulation with ADP, collagen or thrombin.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by native and desialised alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. The alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid; AAG) is a normal constituent of human plasma (650+/-215 microgram ml(-1)) which increases in concentration as much as fivefold in associations with acute inflammation and cancer, and thus is recognized as an acute phase protein. AAG consists of a single polypeptide chain, has a molecular weight of 44,100, and contains approximately 45% carbohydrate including 12% sialic acid; it is the most negatively charged of the plasma proteins. Certain of the biological properties of AAG are related to its sialic acid content; thus, clearance and immunogenicity of AAG are markedly increased on desialisation. The biological functions of AAG are largely unknown. AAG has the ability to inhibit certain lymphocyte re-activities including blastogenesis in response to concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and allogeneic cells, and these inhibitory effects are enhanced in association with desialisation. In view of these observations, a report that unphysiologically large (5--15 mg ml(-1)) amounts of AAG inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by ADP and adrenaline, and evidence that a sialic acid-deficient species of AAG appears elevated in several chronic disease states, we compared the effects of AAG and its desialised counterpart (AAG-D) on platelet aggregation. We report that desialisation of AAG is associated with increased expression of activity inhibitory to the platelet aggregation otherwise observed on stimulation with ADP, collagen or thrombin.", "PMID": 551286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_688", "title": "Ca2+-induced fusion of phospholipid vesicles monitored by mixing of aqueous contents.", "content": "Ca2+ has a central role in various cellular phenomena involving membrane fusion. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Model membrane systems such as phospholipid vesicles have been used extensively to study the mechanism of membrane fusion at the molecular level. For example, phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles have been shown to undergo massive aggregation and structural rearrangements on additon of Ca2+, with eventual formation of large cochleate structures. Although these structures do not retain appreciable internal volume, their formation has been proposed to result from fusion of the initial vesicles. The significance of the PS--Ca2+ system as a model for biological membrane fusion has been questioned recently by Ginsberg. Based on the observation that divalent cations induce the release of contents from PS vesicles but fail to bring about the uptake of a marker from the medium, he proposes that the vesicles are ruptured completely during interaction with divalent cations and reassemble subsequently to form large non-vesicular structures. The present study demonstrates that the question raised by Ginsberg is not particularly relevant to the phenomenon concerned, and that his experimental observations do not allow the exclusive conclusion that Ca2+ induces lysis of PS vesicles rather than fusion.", "contents": "Ca2+-induced fusion of phospholipid vesicles monitored by mixing of aqueous contents. Ca2+ has a central role in various cellular phenomena involving membrane fusion. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Model membrane systems such as phospholipid vesicles have been used extensively to study the mechanism of membrane fusion at the molecular level. For example, phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles have been shown to undergo massive aggregation and structural rearrangements on additon of Ca2+, with eventual formation of large cochleate structures. Although these structures do not retain appreciable internal volume, their formation has been proposed to result from fusion of the initial vesicles. The significance of the PS--Ca2+ system as a model for biological membrane fusion has been questioned recently by Ginsberg. Based on the observation that divalent cations induce the release of contents from PS vesicles but fail to bring about the uptake of a marker from the medium, he proposes that the vesicles are ruptured completely during interaction with divalent cations and reassemble subsequently to form large non-vesicular structures. The present study demonstrates that the question raised by Ginsberg is not particularly relevant to the phenomenon concerned, and that his experimental observations do not allow the exclusive conclusion that Ca2+ induces lysis of PS vesicles rather than fusion.", "PMID": 551288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_689", "title": "Biological degradation of TCDD in rats.", "content": "Apart from its high toxicity, the chemical stability and persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the environment bring about additional hazards. However, until now there has been no evidence for degradation of this dioxin in biological systems, and it is considered unusual that a compound which is insusceptible to biological attack should be so extremely toxic. In in vitro studies with microsomal preparation from mouse, rat and rabbit liver, as well as in vivo, no metabolite of TCDD has been detected by several workers. Recent data, showing a lower toxicity of TCDD in rats after stimulation of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase, suggested possible metabolic transformation of this compound. In the present study, we used tritiated TCDD to search for metabolites in the bile of rats and found marked changes in lipophilicity and mobility in TLC of the excreted radioactivity. Treatment with diazomethane yielded at least two new compounds. These observations hinted at the formation of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the dioxin molecule.", "contents": "Biological degradation of TCDD in rats. Apart from its high toxicity, the chemical stability and persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the environment bring about additional hazards. However, until now there has been no evidence for degradation of this dioxin in biological systems, and it is considered unusual that a compound which is insusceptible to biological attack should be so extremely toxic. In in vitro studies with microsomal preparation from mouse, rat and rabbit liver, as well as in vivo, no metabolite of TCDD has been detected by several workers. Recent data, showing a lower toxicity of TCDD in rats after stimulation of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase, suggested possible metabolic transformation of this compound. In the present study, we used tritiated TCDD to search for metabolites in the bile of rats and found marked changes in lipophilicity and mobility in TLC of the excreted radioactivity. Treatment with diazomethane yielded at least two new compounds. These observations hinted at the formation of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the dioxin molecule.", "PMID": 551291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_690", "title": "Organization and sequence studies of the 17-piece chicken conalbumin gene.", "content": "The conalbumin gene has been cloned and shown to consist of at least 17 exons approximately 60-200 base pairs long. The DNA sequence upstream from the region coding for the 5' end of the mRNA shows similarities with sequences present in homologous positions in other genes. High and low frequency repetitive sequences are found both upstream from the conalbumin gene and within one intron.", "contents": "Organization and sequence studies of the 17-piece chicken conalbumin gene. The conalbumin gene has been cloned and shown to consist of at least 17 exons approximately 60-200 base pairs long. The DNA sequence upstream from the region coding for the 5' end of the mRNA shows similarities with sequences present in homologous positions in other genes. High and low frequency repetitive sequences are found both upstream from the conalbumin gene and within one intron.", "PMID": 551292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_691", "title": "Equilibrium: the intracellular distribution of steroid receptors.", "content": "Data are presented which suggest that there are unbound receptors for oestrogen in nuclei of the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. A new model for the distribution of unbound receptors is proposed in which unbound receptor is in equilibrium, partitioned between nucleus and cytoplasm according to the free water content of these intracellular compartments.", "contents": "Equilibrium: the intracellular distribution of steroid receptors. Data are presented which suggest that there are unbound receptors for oestrogen in nuclei of the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. A new model for the distribution of unbound receptors is proposed in which unbound receptor is in equilibrium, partitioned between nucleus and cytoplasm according to the free water content of these intracellular compartments.", "PMID": 551293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_692", "title": "Localisation of phencyclidine-induced changes in brain energy metabolism.", "content": "The abuse of phencyclidine [1(1-phencylohexyl)piperidine, PCP], commonly referred to as angel dust or hog, is rapidly reaching epidemic proportions. PCP users often appear violent and increases in PCP-implicated homicides and suicides have been reported. In animal studies PCP has been demonstrated in brain up to 48 h after administration, long after blood levels become undetectable. However, there is little further information on the distribution of PCP within the central nervous system with regard to the possible sites of action. Recently, Sokoloff and associates described a new technique which can be used to visualise possible sites of drug action. The technique is based on the premise that neuronal activity is closely related to energy metabolism. Therefore, by directly monitoring 2-deoxy-D-glucose consumption before and after a pharmacological stimulus, we can obtain autoradiographic evidence of changes in neuronal activity in discrete areas brain as a response to that stimulus. Using this procedure, we now report that PCP causes dramatic changes in glucose metabolism in very specific regions of the rat brain.", "contents": "Localisation of phencyclidine-induced changes in brain energy metabolism. The abuse of phencyclidine [1(1-phencylohexyl)piperidine, PCP], commonly referred to as angel dust or hog, is rapidly reaching epidemic proportions. PCP users often appear violent and increases in PCP-implicated homicides and suicides have been reported. In animal studies PCP has been demonstrated in brain up to 48 h after administration, long after blood levels become undetectable. However, there is little further information on the distribution of PCP within the central nervous system with regard to the possible sites of action. Recently, Sokoloff and associates described a new technique which can be used to visualise possible sites of drug action. The technique is based on the premise that neuronal activity is closely related to energy metabolism. Therefore, by directly monitoring 2-deoxy-D-glucose consumption before and after a pharmacological stimulus, we can obtain autoradiographic evidence of changes in neuronal activity in discrete areas brain as a response to that stimulus. Using this procedure, we now report that PCP causes dramatic changes in glucose metabolism in very specific regions of the rat brain.", "PMID": 551294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_693", "title": "Relationship between crystallin mRNA expression in retina cells and their capacity to re-differentiate into lens cells.", "content": "Differentiating vertebrate embryo tissues pass through a stage when they have the potential for several pathways of differentiation, some of them revealed only by experimental manoeuvres. As differentiation proceeds, the potential for alternative pathways becomes progressively restricted and is eventually lost. We have investigated the molecular basis for this phenomenon, using the chick embryo retina, which has a potential for differentiation into lens cells. This potential requires special conditions for its manifestation; it declines during development and is finally lost before hatching. Lens protein (crystallin) mRNA is expressed in early embryo retina: its levels decline in parallel with the decline in lens-forming potential. There is also evidence of an ontogenic change in post-transcriptional regulation. Such a relationship between heterologous mRNA and heterologous differentiation potential may be of general application.", "contents": "Relationship between crystallin mRNA expression in retina cells and their capacity to re-differentiate into lens cells. Differentiating vertebrate embryo tissues pass through a stage when they have the potential for several pathways of differentiation, some of them revealed only by experimental manoeuvres. As differentiation proceeds, the potential for alternative pathways becomes progressively restricted and is eventually lost. We have investigated the molecular basis for this phenomenon, using the chick embryo retina, which has a potential for differentiation into lens cells. This potential requires special conditions for its manifestation; it declines during development and is finally lost before hatching. Lens protein (crystallin) mRNA is expressed in early embryo retina: its levels decline in parallel with the decline in lens-forming potential. There is also evidence of an ontogenic change in post-transcriptional regulation. Such a relationship between heterologous mRNA and heterologous differentiation potential may be of general application.", "PMID": 551295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_694", "title": "Reproductive dysfunction in male rats following neonatal administration of monosodium L-glutamate.", "content": "Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered to neonatal rats according to an increasing dose schedule from days 2-11 after birth. Adult MSG-treated male rats showed reproductive deficits along with stunted body lengths and reduced testes weights. These results demonstrate that MSG is capable of producing reproductive deficits in the rat similar to those seen in the mouse. These results are discussed in light of the methodological differences between those studies reporting positive or negative findings on reproductive function in MSG-treated mice and rats.", "contents": "Reproductive dysfunction in male rats following neonatal administration of monosodium L-glutamate. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered to neonatal rats according to an increasing dose schedule from days 2-11 after birth. Adult MSG-treated male rats showed reproductive deficits along with stunted body lengths and reduced testes weights. These results demonstrate that MSG is capable of producing reproductive deficits in the rat similar to those seen in the mouse. These results are discussed in light of the methodological differences between those studies reporting positive or negative findings on reproductive function in MSG-treated mice and rats.", "PMID": 551297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_695", "title": "Hippocampal afterdischarges and their post-ictal sequelae in rats: effects of carbon monoxide hypoxia.", "content": "A series of experiments was performed to examine the utility of using the properties of artifically induced seizures as indices of the toxic effect of CO upon the CNS. The two behavioral seizure models tested, 6 Hz ECS and pentylenetetrazol, were unable to differentiate between exposed and unexposed animals, even at severe concentrations of CO (55% HbCO). On the other hand, the hippocampal afterdischarge (AD) proved to be at least as sensitive as the visual evoked potential method. There was a CO concentration-dependent shift in the AD type. CO increased the probability of occurrence of post-ictal depressions (PIDs) without rebound ADs, an event never seen in control animals. CO also decreased the spike frequency within ADs in a dose-dependent manner.", "contents": "Hippocampal afterdischarges and their post-ictal sequelae in rats: effects of carbon monoxide hypoxia. A series of experiments was performed to examine the utility of using the properties of artifically induced seizures as indices of the toxic effect of CO upon the CNS. The two behavioral seizure models tested, 6 Hz ECS and pentylenetetrazol, were unable to differentiate between exposed and unexposed animals, even at severe concentrations of CO (55% HbCO). On the other hand, the hippocampal afterdischarge (AD) proved to be at least as sensitive as the visual evoked potential method. There was a CO concentration-dependent shift in the AD type. CO increased the probability of occurrence of post-ictal depressions (PIDs) without rebound ADs, an event never seen in control animals. CO also decreased the spike frequency within ADs in a dose-dependent manner.", "PMID": 551298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_696", "title": "Effects of maternal absorption of phenobarbital upon rat offspring development and function.", "content": "Sixty Sprague-Dawley derived primaparous rats were administered Luminal (sodium phenobarbital) subcutaneously in doses of either 80 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, or 0 mg/kg (saline) on Days 9-21 of gestation. The two drug groups delivered litters significantly later with evidence of increased resorption at the higher dose. The higher dose offspring were lighter in weight at birth and at adulthood, but not at weaning. The lower drug dose offspring were developmentally accelerated compared with the other two groups. Acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) was negatively correlated with increased drug dose. In appetitive operant paradigms, saline offspring received more reinforcements on fixed ratio sequential schedules, and the lower drug dose offspring received significantly fewer reinforcements than either of the other two groups on an FR-concurrent schedule. Both groups of drug offspring were able to obtain their reinforcements with a lower expenditure of effort than the saline offspring. The higher drug dose offspring made significantly more incorrect (early and late) responses on a schedule which rewarded a delayed response (DRL).", "contents": "Effects of maternal absorption of phenobarbital upon rat offspring development and function. Sixty Sprague-Dawley derived primaparous rats were administered Luminal (sodium phenobarbital) subcutaneously in doses of either 80 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, or 0 mg/kg (saline) on Days 9-21 of gestation. The two drug groups delivered litters significantly later with evidence of increased resorption at the higher dose. The higher dose offspring were lighter in weight at birth and at adulthood, but not at weaning. The lower drug dose offspring were developmentally accelerated compared with the other two groups. Acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) was negatively correlated with increased drug dose. In appetitive operant paradigms, saline offspring received more reinforcements on fixed ratio sequential schedules, and the lower drug dose offspring received significantly fewer reinforcements than either of the other two groups on an FR-concurrent schedule. Both groups of drug offspring were able to obtain their reinforcements with a lower expenditure of effort than the saline offspring. The higher drug dose offspring made significantly more incorrect (early and late) responses on a schedule which rewarded a delayed response (DRL).", "PMID": 551302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_697", "title": "Hippocampal afterdischarges and their post-ictal sequelae in rats: a potential tool for assessment of CNS neurotoxicity.", "content": "Two types of AD and post-AD sequences are described. Type 1, which were most common (83%), are followed by a profound post-ictal depression (PID). PIDs can be quantitatively measured by integrating the EEG. The post-ictal EEG power normally returned to 75% of its prestimulation power within 4-5 min. PIDs are usually interrupted by a brief rebound AD, occurring about 1.5 min after the end of the AD. Wet dog shakes (WDSs) often punctuate the end of the AD and the end of the rebound AD. Type II ADs (12% of those recorded) do not have profound PID, but do have irregular post-ictal spikes which may persist for over 30 min. Type IIa ADs do not have the post-ictal spikes or the PID, and represented 5% of the ADs recorded. Females had higher AD thresholds than males, and had more Type IIa ADs than males during threshold testing. AD durations were longest in the subiculum and shortest in the area dentata. Correlations among the different measures of AD activity are discussed. With repeated elicitation, AD and PID durations increased. Stimuli 400% of threshold produced shorter ADs and longer PIDs than stimuli 115% of threshold. High intensity stimuli did not significantly alter frequency of WDSs or rebound AD characteristics. Increasing dosages of sodium pentobarbital decreased AD duration, increased threshold, decreased the probability of a Type I AD and produced depressions which were not accompanied by rebound ADs. At the highest (30 mg/kg) dosage of sodium pentobarbital, the spike frequency within the AD was decreased. When PIDs occurred, they were somewhat longer at higher dosages of sodium pentobarbital. The feasibility of the AD as an index of neurotoxicity is discussed, and it is concluded that it may provide a valuable mirror of dysfunction in the hippocampal formation. Further work must determine its sensitivity to toxicant-induced alterations.", "contents": "Hippocampal afterdischarges and their post-ictal sequelae in rats: a potential tool for assessment of CNS neurotoxicity. Two types of AD and post-AD sequences are described. Type 1, which were most common (83%), are followed by a profound post-ictal depression (PID). PIDs can be quantitatively measured by integrating the EEG. The post-ictal EEG power normally returned to 75% of its prestimulation power within 4-5 min. PIDs are usually interrupted by a brief rebound AD, occurring about 1.5 min after the end of the AD. Wet dog shakes (WDSs) often punctuate the end of the AD and the end of the rebound AD. Type II ADs (12% of those recorded) do not have profound PID, but do have irregular post-ictal spikes which may persist for over 30 min. Type IIa ADs do not have the post-ictal spikes or the PID, and represented 5% of the ADs recorded. Females had higher AD thresholds than males, and had more Type IIa ADs than males during threshold testing. AD durations were longest in the subiculum and shortest in the area dentata. Correlations among the different measures of AD activity are discussed. With repeated elicitation, AD and PID durations increased. Stimuli 400% of threshold produced shorter ADs and longer PIDs than stimuli 115% of threshold. High intensity stimuli did not significantly alter frequency of WDSs or rebound AD characteristics. Increasing dosages of sodium pentobarbital decreased AD duration, increased threshold, decreased the probability of a Type I AD and produced depressions which were not accompanied by rebound ADs. At the highest (30 mg/kg) dosage of sodium pentobarbital, the spike frequency within the AD was decreased. When PIDs occurred, they were somewhat longer at higher dosages of sodium pentobarbital. The feasibility of the AD as an index of neurotoxicity is discussed, and it is concluded that it may provide a valuable mirror of dysfunction in the hippocampal formation. Further work must determine its sensitivity to toxicant-induced alterations.", "PMID": 551303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_698", "title": "Effects of carbon disulfide on motor function and responsiveness to d-amphetamine in rats.", "content": "Male, albino rats of the Fisher strain were exposed to 2 mg carbon disulfide/l of air for 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Neurobehavioral effects were not observed after 3 weeks of dosing, but hindlimb extensor responses and performance on the inclined screen (motor coordination) were impaired after 6 weeks of exposure. Forelimb grip strength and exploratory locomotor activity were not affected. Three weeks after cessation of dosing, recovery of function was observed. Rats exposed to CS2 for 6 weeks were found to be stimulated less than air ventilated controls by 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. In addition, d-amphetamine-induced augmentation of an acoustic startle response was attenuated in CS2 exposed rats. These data suggest that repeated exposure to CS2 affects the availability of brain norepinephrine for release. Enhanced responsiveness to the stereotypic effects of a high dose of d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg) suggested changes in functioning of dopaminergic systems. Three weeks after cessation of dosing, there was no difference between groups in their response to d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Effects of carbon disulfide on motor function and responsiveness to d-amphetamine in rats. Male, albino rats of the Fisher strain were exposed to 2 mg carbon disulfide/l of air for 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Neurobehavioral effects were not observed after 3 weeks of dosing, but hindlimb extensor responses and performance on the inclined screen (motor coordination) were impaired after 6 weeks of exposure. Forelimb grip strength and exploratory locomotor activity were not affected. Three weeks after cessation of dosing, recovery of function was observed. Rats exposed to CS2 for 6 weeks were found to be stimulated less than air ventilated controls by 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. In addition, d-amphetamine-induced augmentation of an acoustic startle response was attenuated in CS2 exposed rats. These data suggest that repeated exposure to CS2 affects the availability of brain norepinephrine for release. Enhanced responsiveness to the stereotypic effects of a high dose of d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg) suggested changes in functioning of dopaminergic systems. Three weeks after cessation of dosing, there was no difference between groups in their response to d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 551304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_699", "title": "Analysis of nominal dose-effect data with an advanced programmable calculator.", "content": "A step by step procedure is described for programming the method of Bliss for analyzing nominal dose-effect data for use with an advanced programmable calculator. A comparison of the results using this method with the results of others shows a good correspondence.", "contents": "Analysis of nominal dose-effect data with an advanced programmable calculator. A step by step procedure is described for programming the method of Bliss for analyzing nominal dose-effect data for use with an advanced programmable calculator. A comparison of the results using this method with the results of others shows a good correspondence.", "PMID": 551306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_700", "title": "Behavioral effects of fetal and neonatal exposure to methadone in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-two pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on methadone hydrochloride solution (14 mg/kg/day, PO, ad lib) throughout gestation, or served as prenatal controls with equal intake of tap water. Within 48 hr of birth 129 pups were cross-fostered to dams of postnatal control or methadone (27 mg/kg/day, PO, ad lib) status. A significant increase in stillbirths occurred among prenatal methadone litters. Disturbed maternal behavior sometimes developed when a dam was switched from prenatal control to postnatal methadone or vice versa. Foster pups of such females showed long-lasting growth retardation and less emotionality in Open Field trials as adults. They were less active on Day 28 in a circular path test, but when tested after Day 65, they were more active. Pups exposed to methadone both pre- and post-natally were lest active in initial Open Field tests (both on Day 28 and after Day 65) of all treatment groups. No severe withdrawal symptoms were noted in pups at birth or weaning. The effect of methadone on growth, emotionality and activity level was mild compared to the effects of drug-induced maternal disorganization.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of fetal and neonatal exposure to methadone in the rat. Twenty-two pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on methadone hydrochloride solution (14 mg/kg/day, PO, ad lib) throughout gestation, or served as prenatal controls with equal intake of tap water. Within 48 hr of birth 129 pups were cross-fostered to dams of postnatal control or methadone (27 mg/kg/day, PO, ad lib) status. A significant increase in stillbirths occurred among prenatal methadone litters. Disturbed maternal behavior sometimes developed when a dam was switched from prenatal control to postnatal methadone or vice versa. Foster pups of such females showed long-lasting growth retardation and less emotionality in Open Field trials as adults. They were less active on Day 28 in a circular path test, but when tested after Day 65, they were more active. Pups exposed to methadone both pre- and post-natally were lest active in initial Open Field tests (both on Day 28 and after Day 65) of all treatment groups. No severe withdrawal symptoms were noted in pups at birth or weaning. The effect of methadone on growth, emotionality and activity level was mild compared to the effects of drug-induced maternal disorganization.", "PMID": 551308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_701", "title": "Effects of carbon monoxide on operant behavior of laboratory rats and baboons.", "content": "Carbon monoxide (CO) was evaluated for its effects on the operant behavior of laboratory rats and juvenile baboons. For the rat studies the procedures included a 2-min variable interval (2-min VI) or fixed interval (2-min FI) schedule of reinforcement, a 60:1 fixed ratio (FR) schedule and a multiple fixed ratio, fixed interval (FR:FI) schedule. Carbon monoxide concentrations of 50-200 ppm for 2-hr exposure periods produced minimal effects on VI rates. Response rates were increased for all animals somewhere in the concentration range of 25-200 ppm. Response rates were depressed at 500 ppm CO. Behavioral effects at 50 ppm CO were not correlated with blood CO levels. Data averaged for grops of three animals show FI rate increased slightly above controls at 50 and 100 ppm CO and decreased at 200 ppm. FR rate increased at 50 ppm and decreased at 100 and 200 ppm. For the baboon studies, a delayed match-to-sample discrimination task was used. The effects of CO (6 hr per day over a 5-day period) on the discrimination task was limited to an occasional mistake by an animal. CO did produce a slowing of the animals' response times as well as an increase of extra responses during the delay intervals. The changes in extra responses were dose related.", "contents": "Effects of carbon monoxide on operant behavior of laboratory rats and baboons. Carbon monoxide (CO) was evaluated for its effects on the operant behavior of laboratory rats and juvenile baboons. For the rat studies the procedures included a 2-min variable interval (2-min VI) or fixed interval (2-min FI) schedule of reinforcement, a 60:1 fixed ratio (FR) schedule and a multiple fixed ratio, fixed interval (FR:FI) schedule. Carbon monoxide concentrations of 50-200 ppm for 2-hr exposure periods produced minimal effects on VI rates. Response rates were increased for all animals somewhere in the concentration range of 25-200 ppm. Response rates were depressed at 500 ppm CO. Behavioral effects at 50 ppm CO were not correlated with blood CO levels. Data averaged for grops of three animals show FI rate increased slightly above controls at 50 and 100 ppm CO and decreased at 200 ppm. FR rate increased at 50 ppm and decreased at 100 and 200 ppm. For the baboon studies, a delayed match-to-sample discrimination task was used. The effects of CO (6 hr per day over a 5-day period) on the discrimination task was limited to an occasional mistake by an animal. CO did produce a slowing of the animals' response times as well as an increase of extra responses during the delay intervals. The changes in extra responses were dose related.", "PMID": 551309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_702", "title": "Influence of lactation on rate of disappearance of ethanol in the rat.", "content": "The rate of blood ethanol disappearance was significantly increased in lactating rats compared to virgin controls and parturient rats that had their offspring removed in birth. Liver but not kidney size was also increased in lactating rats.", "contents": "Influence of lactation on rate of disappearance of ethanol in the rat. The rate of blood ethanol disappearance was significantly increased in lactating rats compared to virgin controls and parturient rats that had their offspring removed in birth. Liver but not kidney size was also increased in lactating rats.", "PMID": 551310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_703", "title": "Magnesium deficiency: brain acetylcholine and motor activity.", "content": "Deprivation of magnesium ion in the diet caused a significant decrease in whole brain acetylcholine content. At the reginal level, the most pronounced effect was seen in the corpus striatum, diencephalon and cerebellum. The rate of depletion and recovery varied from region to region, and what appeared to be a return to normal acetylcholine in whole brain was the total of regions either higher or lower than control. The data presented here suggest that a positive relationship exists between the lowered cholinergic activity in the corpus striatum and increased nocturnal spontaneous motor activity.", "contents": "Magnesium deficiency: brain acetylcholine and motor activity. Deprivation of magnesium ion in the diet caused a significant decrease in whole brain acetylcholine content. At the reginal level, the most pronounced effect was seen in the corpus striatum, diencephalon and cerebellum. The rate of depletion and recovery varied from region to region, and what appeared to be a return to normal acetylcholine in whole brain was the total of regions either higher or lower than control. The data presented here suggest that a positive relationship exists between the lowered cholinergic activity in the corpus striatum and increased nocturnal spontaneous motor activity.", "PMID": 551311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_704", "title": "Postnatal behavioral changes in prenatally irradiated rats.", "content": "Rats were exposed on gestational day 15 to 125 r X-irradiation, a treatment known to severely alter brain morphology. At 4-6 weeks of age the behavior of these animals was studied using two methods: (1) measurement of circadian locomotor activity, (2) photographic analysis of behavioral acts. The circadian locomotor activity of irradiated rats was similar to that of controls tested individually or as groups in a residential unit. After morphine sulfate, 2 mg/kg, the increase in locomotor activity was greater for the irradiated than control groups. Successive frames of photographic film were analyzed to determine the frequency, duration, sequencing of behavioral acts. No significant differences were present in these parameters of behavioral acts of control and irradiated rats. After morphine, irradiated rats showed a greater increase than controls in frequency and initiations of some behavioral acts, and these acts were more randomly dispersed in the sequences of acts. In this experiment activity was little affected by an agent which severely alters brain morphology, but the latent behavioral effects of the permanent brain damage became manifest, when the testing situation included challenge with a low dose of a drug which caused hyperactivity.", "contents": "Postnatal behavioral changes in prenatally irradiated rats. Rats were exposed on gestational day 15 to 125 r X-irradiation, a treatment known to severely alter brain morphology. At 4-6 weeks of age the behavior of these animals was studied using two methods: (1) measurement of circadian locomotor activity, (2) photographic analysis of behavioral acts. The circadian locomotor activity of irradiated rats was similar to that of controls tested individually or as groups in a residential unit. After morphine sulfate, 2 mg/kg, the increase in locomotor activity was greater for the irradiated than control groups. Successive frames of photographic film were analyzed to determine the frequency, duration, sequencing of behavioral acts. No significant differences were present in these parameters of behavioral acts of control and irradiated rats. After morphine, irradiated rats showed a greater increase than controls in frequency and initiations of some behavioral acts, and these acts were more randomly dispersed in the sequences of acts. In this experiment activity was little affected by an agent which severely alters brain morphology, but the latent behavioral effects of the permanent brain damage became manifest, when the testing situation included challenge with a low dose of a drug which caused hyperactivity.", "PMID": 551312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_705", "title": "Behavioral teratology evaluation of trichloromethane in mice.", "content": "Trichloromethane (TCM) has been identified as an important contaminant of drinking water. TCM was evaluated for possible behavioral effects in the offspring of mice treated throughout the reproductive period. Male and female albino mice were gavaged with vehicle (Emulphor: saline) or 31.1 mg/kg/day for 21 days prior to mating, throughout mating (21 days or until a vaginal plug was detected) and the dam was continued with daily gavage throughout gestation and lactation. The pups were also gavaged daily with the same dose beginning on Day 7. Five TCM and five control litters were used for this study. On the day of birth each litter was reduced to 8 pups. For the next 15 days, 3 pups from each litter were randomly selected each day for evaluation on a battery of tests of neurobehavioral development. The scoring system for this test battery was developed for this study. On Day 17 motor performance for all pups was evaluated using the latency to right themselves on an inverted screen. On Days 22 and 23 they were evaluated on a one-trial passive avoidance learning task. No consistent significant differences were observed in any of the measures between TCM and vehicle treated groups.", "contents": "Behavioral teratology evaluation of trichloromethane in mice. Trichloromethane (TCM) has been identified as an important contaminant of drinking water. TCM was evaluated for possible behavioral effects in the offspring of mice treated throughout the reproductive period. Male and female albino mice were gavaged with vehicle (Emulphor: saline) or 31.1 mg/kg/day for 21 days prior to mating, throughout mating (21 days or until a vaginal plug was detected) and the dam was continued with daily gavage throughout gestation and lactation. The pups were also gavaged daily with the same dose beginning on Day 7. Five TCM and five control litters were used for this study. On the day of birth each litter was reduced to 8 pups. For the next 15 days, 3 pups from each litter were randomly selected each day for evaluation on a battery of tests of neurobehavioral development. The scoring system for this test battery was developed for this study. On Day 17 motor performance for all pups was evaluated using the latency to right themselves on an inverted screen. On Days 22 and 23 they were evaluated on a one-trial passive avoidance learning task. No consistent significant differences were observed in any of the measures between TCM and vehicle treated groups.", "PMID": 551313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_706", "title": "Effects of chronic lead ingestion on social development in infant rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The social behavior of infant rhesus monkeys during the first year of life was examined under a variety of lead (Pb) exposure conditions in four separate experiments. Daily ingestion of PB acetate in milk for one year elevated blood Pb levels to 30-100 microgram/dl, suppressed play, increased social clinging, and exacerbated the disruption of social behavior caused by changing the play environment midway through the year of observation. The presence of control monkeys in social test-groups reduced the magnitude of Pb-induced social behavior changes. In contrast to daily postnatal Pb exposure, chronic exposure to Pb during gestation had no measurable effect on postnatal social development, and acute, transient postnatal Pb exposure (producing blood Pb levels > 200 microgram/dl during month 2 of life) affected only the monkeys' response to the change in the plan environment. These data suggest that daily ingestion of Pb, and not a previously-acquired tissue burden, was responsible for the long-term changes in social development observed. The results are discussed in the general context of primate social development, which is thought to require adequate interactive play for appropriate social integration and reproductive behavior at maturity.", "contents": "Effects of chronic lead ingestion on social development in infant rhesus monkeys. The social behavior of infant rhesus monkeys during the first year of life was examined under a variety of lead (Pb) exposure conditions in four separate experiments. Daily ingestion of PB acetate in milk for one year elevated blood Pb levels to 30-100 microgram/dl, suppressed play, increased social clinging, and exacerbated the disruption of social behavior caused by changing the play environment midway through the year of observation. The presence of control monkeys in social test-groups reduced the magnitude of Pb-induced social behavior changes. In contrast to daily postnatal Pb exposure, chronic exposure to Pb during gestation had no measurable effect on postnatal social development, and acute, transient postnatal Pb exposure (producing blood Pb levels > 200 microgram/dl during month 2 of life) affected only the monkeys' response to the change in the plan environment. These data suggest that daily ingestion of Pb, and not a previously-acquired tissue burden, was responsible for the long-term changes in social development observed. The results are discussed in the general context of primate social development, which is thought to require adequate interactive play for appropriate social integration and reproductive behavior at maturity.", "PMID": 551314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_707", "title": "Postnatal effects of maternal nicotine exposure.", "content": "Rats were given dilute nicotine solutions as their only source of drinking water while control rats received distilled water. Two months after the start of treatment the rats were mated. At birth litters born to nicotine treated rats were either left with the dams until weaning (nicotine group) or cross-fostered to control dams (cross-fostered nicotine group). Both parents and offspring were tested when the pups were 60 to 80 days of age. The drug-treated adult rats showed a marked reduction in body weight gain during the period of drug treatment. The dams were more active during the day and exhibited a reduced plasma corticosterone response to stress. Male but not female offspring of nicotine treated rats were significantly lighter at birth than control males. Offspring in the nicotine group showed an increased spontaneous motor activity in the light which was not prevented by cross-fostering to control dams at birth. The results support the hypothesis that pre-natal exposure to nicotine causes significant changes in behavior in later life.", "contents": "Postnatal effects of maternal nicotine exposure. Rats were given dilute nicotine solutions as their only source of drinking water while control rats received distilled water. Two months after the start of treatment the rats were mated. At birth litters born to nicotine treated rats were either left with the dams until weaning (nicotine group) or cross-fostered to control dams (cross-fostered nicotine group). Both parents and offspring were tested when the pups were 60 to 80 days of age. The drug-treated adult rats showed a marked reduction in body weight gain during the period of drug treatment. The dams were more active during the day and exhibited a reduced plasma corticosterone response to stress. Male but not female offspring of nicotine treated rats were significantly lighter at birth than control males. Offspring in the nicotine group showed an increased spontaneous motor activity in the light which was not prevented by cross-fostering to control dams at birth. The results support the hypothesis that pre-natal exposure to nicotine causes significant changes in behavior in later life.", "PMID": 551315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_708", "title": "Behavioral deficits in adult rats following neonatal lead exposure.", "content": "Rats exposed to lead via the maternal milk were tested at maturity on three different visual discrimination tasks. Starting at parturition the dams were given either tap water, 0.20% sodium acetate, 0.02% lead acetate, or 0.20% lead acetate in the drinking water. At weaning, the pups from all the groups were placed on normal chow and tap water. At 20 days of age, the concentration of lead in the blood and brain of the high lead-exposed offspring was approximately 6 times that of controls (11 microgram% vs 66 microgram%). A significant deficit was found in the ability of the high lead-exposed group to acquire a simultaneous visual discrimination task conducted in an operant chamber. No significant differences were observed in the ability of lead-exposed rats to acquire either a successive visual discrimination task or a cued go/no-go discrimination. Thee results suggest that early lead exposure can affect certain behavioral processes and that the effects may persist even after the rat has reached maturity.", "contents": "Behavioral deficits in adult rats following neonatal lead exposure. Rats exposed to lead via the maternal milk were tested at maturity on three different visual discrimination tasks. Starting at parturition the dams were given either tap water, 0.20% sodium acetate, 0.02% lead acetate, or 0.20% lead acetate in the drinking water. At weaning, the pups from all the groups were placed on normal chow and tap water. At 20 days of age, the concentration of lead in the blood and brain of the high lead-exposed offspring was approximately 6 times that of controls (11 microgram% vs 66 microgram%). A significant deficit was found in the ability of the high lead-exposed group to acquire a simultaneous visual discrimination task conducted in an operant chamber. No significant differences were observed in the ability of lead-exposed rats to acquire either a successive visual discrimination task or a cued go/no-go discrimination. Thee results suggest that early lead exposure can affect certain behavioral processes and that the effects may persist even after the rat has reached maturity.", "PMID": 551316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_709", "title": "A method for the routine assessment of fore- and hindlimb grip strength of rats and mice.", "content": "A technique to measure the fore-and hindlimb grip strength of rats (adult and preweanling) and mice is described. the procedure utilizes inexpensive equipment, is rapid and efficient, and provides continuous level data. As a means of validating the sensitivity of the test, the effects of phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide on the grip strength of adult Fisher strain and Sprague-Dawley derived adult rats were investigated. Dose-related decreases in fore- and hindlimb grip scores were observed in both strain of rats. The interanimal variability in this test was less in Fisher rats than in Sprague-Dawleys. The technique appears to have a great deal of potential in studies concerning the neuromotor effects of environmental and psychopharmacological agents.", "contents": "A method for the routine assessment of fore- and hindlimb grip strength of rats and mice. A technique to measure the fore-and hindlimb grip strength of rats (adult and preweanling) and mice is described. the procedure utilizes inexpensive equipment, is rapid and efficient, and provides continuous level data. As a means of validating the sensitivity of the test, the effects of phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide on the grip strength of adult Fisher strain and Sprague-Dawley derived adult rats were investigated. Dose-related decreases in fore- and hindlimb grip scores were observed in both strain of rats. The interanimal variability in this test was less in Fisher rats than in Sprague-Dawleys. The technique appears to have a great deal of potential in studies concerning the neuromotor effects of environmental and psychopharmacological agents.", "PMID": 551317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_710", "title": "Management of congenital cataracts.", "content": "The management of congenital cataracts at the Wilmer Institute is presented, with emphasis on the need for careful preoperative assessment. The indications and techniques for surgery in uncomplicated cataracts are discussed, and the advantages of using vitrectomy instruments in complicated congenital cataracts, such as those associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, are described.", "contents": "Management of congenital cataracts. The management of congenital cataracts at the Wilmer Institute is presented, with emphasis on the need for careful preoperative assessment. The indications and techniques for surgery in uncomplicated cataracts are discussed, and the advantages of using vitrectomy instruments in complicated congenital cataracts, such as those associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, are described.", "PMID": 551342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_711", "title": "Late results of congenital cataract surgery.", "content": "Generally speaking, it can be said, when considering all operated bilateral congenital cataracts, that a visual acuity of over 20/100 is found in approximately 50% of patients. In this study, 230 eyes were followed; of these 100 (43%) had an acuity of 20/60 or better and 130 (57%) had 20/100 or less. In conclusion the functional prognosis is better for incomplete cataracts than for total congenital cataracts. The main reason for this is the fact that total cataracts are often associated with cerebroretinal lesions or anomalies. The patient's age at operation and the surgical technique chosen are secondary factors. When considered from the standpoint of visual acuity, the results of congenital cataract surgery are discouraging, at least in the eyes with complete cataract. The visual prognosis could be better for total congenital cataracts if we operate on them at birth or immediately after birth.", "contents": "Late results of congenital cataract surgery. Generally speaking, it can be said, when considering all operated bilateral congenital cataracts, that a visual acuity of over 20/100 is found in approximately 50% of patients. In this study, 230 eyes were followed; of these 100 (43%) had an acuity of 20/60 or better and 130 (57%) had 20/100 or less. In conclusion the functional prognosis is better for incomplete cataracts than for total congenital cataracts. The main reason for this is the fact that total cataracts are often associated with cerebroretinal lesions or anomalies. The patient's age at operation and the surgical technique chosen are secondary factors. When considered from the standpoint of visual acuity, the results of congenital cataract surgery are discouraging, at least in the eyes with complete cataract. The visual prognosis could be better for total congenital cataracts if we operate on them at birth or immediately after birth.", "PMID": 551343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_712", "title": "Use of silicone lenses in infants and children.", "content": "A contact lens made from silicone rubber has been fitted successfully for extended wear in children. The lens has been used primarily with aphakic children, but it has also been tolerated by children with anisometropia, high myopia, and keratoconus. The lens can be handled like a hard contact lens and can be fitted by a variety of methods. The eye shows excellent tolerance of the lens and complications or failures to wear the lens have been due primarily to discomfort. After about a year of wear the lens surface can no longer be cleaned.", "contents": "Use of silicone lenses in infants and children. A contact lens made from silicone rubber has been fitted successfully for extended wear in children. The lens has been used primarily with aphakic children, but it has also been tolerated by children with anisometropia, high myopia, and keratoconus. The lens can be handled like a hard contact lens and can be fitted by a variety of methods. The eye shows excellent tolerance of the lens and complications or failures to wear the lens have been due primarily to discomfort. After about a year of wear the lens surface can no longer be cleaned.", "PMID": 551344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_713", "title": "Applanation-Schi\u00f8tz disparity after retinal detachment surgery utilizing cryopexy.", "content": "Previous reports of applanation-Schi\u00f8tz disparity following retinal detachment surgery involved patients whose detachments were treated with diathermy and scleral buckling. In 73 patients with retinal detachments treated by cryopexy and scleral buckling, applanation and Schi\u00f8tz pressures were measured before and after surgery. In the postoperative period, applanation tension values were significantly higher than Schi\u00f8tz values in the operated eyes only; the mean disparity was 6 mm Hg, with a range of 0 to 14 mm Hg. Sex, age, surgical aphakia, and length of time after surgery did not influence the data. Placement of the buckle, rather than extent of cryopexy, appeared to be the main factor in producing this disparity. Ophthalmologists who utilize the Schi\u00f8tz tonometer should be aware of the various conditions, including retinal detachment surgery, which produce low ocular rigidity.", "contents": "Applanation-Schi\u00f8tz disparity after retinal detachment surgery utilizing cryopexy. Previous reports of applanation-Schi\u00f8tz disparity following retinal detachment surgery involved patients whose detachments were treated with diathermy and scleral buckling. In 73 patients with retinal detachments treated by cryopexy and scleral buckling, applanation and Schi\u00f8tz pressures were measured before and after surgery. In the postoperative period, applanation tension values were significantly higher than Schi\u00f8tz values in the operated eyes only; the mean disparity was 6 mm Hg, with a range of 0 to 14 mm Hg. Sex, age, surgical aphakia, and length of time after surgery did not influence the data. Placement of the buckle, rather than extent of cryopexy, appeared to be the main factor in producing this disparity. Ophthalmologists who utilize the Schi\u00f8tz tonometer should be aware of the various conditions, including retinal detachment surgery, which produce low ocular rigidity.", "PMID": 551345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_714", "title": "Glaucoma associated with precipitates on the trabecular meshwork.", "content": "Precipitates on the trabecular meshwork may be the only sign of ocular inflammation. Fourteen patients who had glaucoma associated with precipitates on the trabecular meshwork and minimal or no other signs of ocular inflammation did not respond to usual antiglaucoma therapy. Treatment with topical steroids eliminated the precipitates and lowered the intraocular pressure. Careful gonioscopy is the key to accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Glaucoma associated with precipitates on the trabecular meshwork. Precipitates on the trabecular meshwork may be the only sign of ocular inflammation. Fourteen patients who had glaucoma associated with precipitates on the trabecular meshwork and minimal or no other signs of ocular inflammation did not respond to usual antiglaucoma therapy. Treatment with topical steroids eliminated the precipitates and lowered the intraocular pressure. Careful gonioscopy is the key to accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 551346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_715", "title": "Natural history of senile disciform macular dystrophy.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with severe visual loss in one eye from disciform macular dystrophy were prospectively studied for the incidence of visual loss in the fellow eye. Four developed such loss in the second eye during a mean period of follow-up of 32 months from the time of onset of visual loss in the first eye, an annual incidence rate of 5.2%. The degree of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial and subretinal pigment epithelial pathology correlated positively with the incidence of visual loss in the fellow eye.", "contents": "Natural history of senile disciform macular dystrophy. Twenty-nine patients with severe visual loss in one eye from disciform macular dystrophy were prospectively studied for the incidence of visual loss in the fellow eye. Four developed such loss in the second eye during a mean period of follow-up of 32 months from the time of onset of visual loss in the first eye, an annual incidence rate of 5.2%. The degree of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial and subretinal pigment epithelial pathology correlated positively with the incidence of visual loss in the fellow eye.", "PMID": 551347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_716", "title": "The Schachar Lens: A two-year follow-up.", "content": "In the past two years, 216 implantations have been performed with a minimum of a three-month follow-up; visual acuity was better than 20/40 in 89% of cases.", "contents": "The Schachar Lens: A two-year follow-up. In the past two years, 216 implantations have been performed with a minimum of a three-month follow-up; visual acuity was better than 20/40 in 89% of cases.", "PMID": 551349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_717", "title": "Severe enophthalmos following irradiation of the anophthalmic socket: surgical approaches.", "content": "The combination of enucleation plus irradiation often leads to a significant orbital volume loss and severe enophthalmos. Surgery for enophthalmos correction involves the replacement of intraorbital volume with autogenous or alloplastic material, either subperiorbitally, or in the muscle cone. Subperiorbital implants technically are easiest to perform, but implant absorption, migration, and other complications can be cosmetically unacceptable. Alternatively, approaching the muscle cone through a lateral subperiorbital dissection avoids trauma to the irradiated conjunctiva; allows easy access to the muscle cone for implantation of silicone spheres glass beads, or RTV silicone; and provides an excellent cosmetic result.", "contents": "Severe enophthalmos following irradiation of the anophthalmic socket: surgical approaches. The combination of enucleation plus irradiation often leads to a significant orbital volume loss and severe enophthalmos. Surgery for enophthalmos correction involves the replacement of intraorbital volume with autogenous or alloplastic material, either subperiorbitally, or in the muscle cone. Subperiorbital implants technically are easiest to perform, but implant absorption, migration, and other complications can be cosmetically unacceptable. Alternatively, approaching the muscle cone through a lateral subperiorbital dissection avoids trauma to the irradiated conjunctiva; allows easy access to the muscle cone for implantation of silicone spheres glass beads, or RTV silicone; and provides an excellent cosmetic result.", "PMID": 551352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_718", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of lacrimal sac cysts.", "content": "A case of lacrimal sac cyst is presented. The presenting symptoms, work-up, and differential diagnosis are discussed. We advocate excision of the cyst as the treatment of choice in an attempt to preserve the functional anatomy of the patient's lacrimal system.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of lacrimal sac cysts. A case of lacrimal sac cyst is presented. The presenting symptoms, work-up, and differential diagnosis are discussed. We advocate excision of the cyst as the treatment of choice in an attempt to preserve the functional anatomy of the patient's lacrimal system.", "PMID": 551353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_719", "title": "Ultrasonically guided needle biopsy and cytologic diagnosis of solid intraocular tumors.", "content": "Six solid intraocular tumors were reliably diagnosed by needle biopsies and cytologic examination of the aspirates. All of the tumors had an unusual clinical or diagnostic feature that raised the possibility of a non-melanomatous tumor. Two intraocular lesions that were obscured by opaque media or a retinal detachment were successfully biopsied under B-scan ultrasonographic guidance of the needle. Cytodiagnosis of narrow spindle B, plump spindle B, and eipthelioid cell types, as well as one case of Coats' disease, was possible and correlated closely with the predominant cell types comprising the lesions discovered on histopathologic examination of the globes that were enucleated. The ocular tissues were not significantly disturbed and hemorrhage was not a serious problem. Details of the biopsy and cytologic techniques, the major clinical indications, for the procedure, and the authors' belief that the procedure is not likely to produce local seeding or extraocular metastasis in cases of melanoma are presented and discussed. Considerable profit may attend the use of this technique for the diagnosis of possible metastatic lesions and tumors of the ciliary body. The technique, however, should not be routinely employed and should be restricted to extremely difficult diagnostic problems.", "contents": "Ultrasonically guided needle biopsy and cytologic diagnosis of solid intraocular tumors. Six solid intraocular tumors were reliably diagnosed by needle biopsies and cytologic examination of the aspirates. All of the tumors had an unusual clinical or diagnostic feature that raised the possibility of a non-melanomatous tumor. Two intraocular lesions that were obscured by opaque media or a retinal detachment were successfully biopsied under B-scan ultrasonographic guidance of the needle. Cytodiagnosis of narrow spindle B, plump spindle B, and eipthelioid cell types, as well as one case of Coats' disease, was possible and correlated closely with the predominant cell types comprising the lesions discovered on histopathologic examination of the globes that were enucleated. The ocular tissues were not significantly disturbed and hemorrhage was not a serious problem. Details of the biopsy and cytologic techniques, the major clinical indications, for the procedure, and the authors' belief that the procedure is not likely to produce local seeding or extraocular metastasis in cases of melanoma are presented and discussed. Considerable profit may attend the use of this technique for the diagnosis of possible metastatic lesions and tumors of the ciliary body. The technique, however, should not be routinely employed and should be restricted to extremely difficult diagnostic problems.", "PMID": 551354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_720", "title": "Micromorphology of the skin (epidermis, dermis, subcutis) of the dog.", "content": "Grossly, the skin of the dog is characterized by varying thicknesses, density of the hair coat and the implantation angle of the hairs. Multiple folds varying in shape are formed by the epidermis and the papillary layer of the corium. The epidermis consists of a stratum profundum with a continuous layer of basal cells, a stratum spinosum consisting of 3-6 cell layers, a stratum superficiale with single granulosa and \"lucidum\" cells and a well-developed stratum corneum. The corium shows a narrow stratum papillare corli containing delicate fibres and a broad stratum reticulare corii with mainly coarse fibre bundles. The subcutis is divided into adipose and fibrous layers. The broad adipose layer displays breed and individual differences which vary with the region of the body. The fibrous layer corresponds to the connective tissue layer, formerly described as fascia trunci superficialis. The morphological and functional unity of the corium and subcutis is discussed.", "contents": "Micromorphology of the skin (epidermis, dermis, subcutis) of the dog. Grossly, the skin of the dog is characterized by varying thicknesses, density of the hair coat and the implantation angle of the hairs. Multiple folds varying in shape are formed by the epidermis and the papillary layer of the corium. The epidermis consists of a stratum profundum with a continuous layer of basal cells, a stratum spinosum consisting of 3-6 cell layers, a stratum superficiale with single granulosa and \"lucidum\" cells and a well-developed stratum corneum. The corium shows a narrow stratum papillare corli containing delicate fibres and a broad stratum reticulare corii with mainly coarse fibre bundles. The subcutis is divided into adipose and fibrous layers. The broad adipose layer displays breed and individual differences which vary with the region of the body. The fibrous layer corresponds to the connective tissue layer, formerly described as fascia trunci superficialis. The morphological and functional unity of the corium and subcutis is discussed.", "PMID": 551356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_721", "title": "The effect of temperature on the frons width in males of Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae).", "content": "Laboratory experiments established that males of Stomoxys calcitrans, raised at a high temperature (30 degrees C), had frons widths that were very significantly smaller (P=0,01) than those of males raised at a lower temperature (20 degrees C). Thus, although the frons width is apparently controlled genetically, it can also be influenced by temperature. It was also established that temperature acted on the fully-fed 3rd instar larva to affect the adult male frons width.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on the frons width in males of Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae). Laboratory experiments established that males of Stomoxys calcitrans, raised at a high temperature (30 degrees C), had frons widths that were very significantly smaller (P=0,01) than those of males raised at a lower temperature (20 degrees C). Thus, although the frons width is apparently controlled genetically, it can also be influenced by temperature. It was also established that temperature acted on the fully-fed 3rd instar larva to affect the adult male frons width.", "PMID": 551357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_722", "title": "Cooperia connochaeti sp. nov. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) from the blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823).", "content": "A new species of nematode. Cooperia connochaeti, was collected from cross-bred blue and black wildebeest at Krugersdorp (Transvaal), blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823) from the Kruger National Park (Transvaal) and Lake Xhau (Botswana), as well as from impala Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812) at Malelane (Transvaal) and Pafuri (Kruger National Park). These nematodes are smaller than Cooperia pectinata Ransom, 1907, and their spicules, which are bifid in the distal third, are shorter (145-166 micron) than those of C. pectinata (240-280 micron). In addition, the lateral branches of the dorsal ray of C. connochaeti are directed ventrally and slightly anteriorly, while those of C. pectinata are directed posteriorly.", "contents": "Cooperia connochaeti sp. nov. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) from the blue wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823). A new species of nematode. Cooperia connochaeti, was collected from cross-bred blue and black wildebeest at Krugersdorp (Transvaal), blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823) from the Kruger National Park (Transvaal) and Lake Xhau (Botswana), as well as from impala Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812) at Malelane (Transvaal) and Pafuri (Kruger National Park). These nematodes are smaller than Cooperia pectinata Ransom, 1907, and their spicules, which are bifid in the distal third, are shorter (145-166 micron) than those of C. pectinata (240-280 micron). In addition, the lateral branches of the dorsal ray of C. connochaeti are directed ventrally and slightly anteriorly, while those of C. pectinata are directed posteriorly.", "PMID": 551358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_723", "title": "Subcutaneous and pulmonary emphysema as complications of bovine ephemeral fever.", "content": "Subcutaneous and pulmonary emphysema was observed in some cattle on farms on which outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) occurred. BEF virus was isolated in baby hamsters from one of the cases and cattle were injected with blood from this animal. Although the experimental animals developed typical BEF symptoms, no signs of emphysema could be detected by clinical and pathological examinations. The histopathological changes in the skeletal muscle and synovial membranes of the natural case resembled those of BEF described by Basson, Pienaar & Van der Westhuizen (1970). The lumina of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in the lungs were obliterated by cellular debris and the muscular portion of some of these bronchioles was necrotic. The possible pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema is discussed.", "contents": "Subcutaneous and pulmonary emphysema as complications of bovine ephemeral fever. Subcutaneous and pulmonary emphysema was observed in some cattle on farms on which outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) occurred. BEF virus was isolated in baby hamsters from one of the cases and cattle were injected with blood from this animal. Although the experimental animals developed typical BEF symptoms, no signs of emphysema could be detected by clinical and pathological examinations. The histopathological changes in the skeletal muscle and synovial membranes of the natural case resembled those of BEF described by Basson, Pienaar & Van der Westhuizen (1970). The lumina of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in the lungs were obliterated by cellular debris and the muscular portion of some of these bronchioles was necrotic. The possible pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema is discussed.", "PMID": 551359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_724", "title": "Actinobacillus seminis infection in sheep in the Republic of South Africa. I. Identification of the problem.", "content": "A clinical palpation and semen smear examination of 647 rams submitted to the Regional Veterinary Laboratory during 1967 revealed that 42 (6,5%) of these animals had clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 6 (0,9%) showed other types of genital lesions and 98 (15,1%) suffered from subclinical genital infection. A. seminis and A. seminis-like organisms were isolated from semen specimens of 18 out of 35 rams with clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 25 out of 33 rams with subclinical infection and none out of 13 rams which showed no neutrophils in their semen. On 4 stud farms where Elberg Rev. 1 vaccine was meticulously applied and the complete absence of Brucella ovis infection was established, of a total of 327 rams examined, 10 (3,6%) were found to be clinically and 72 (22,0%) subclinically affected. A. seminis was isolated from 5 out of 6 of these rams with clinical lesions and 10 out of 15 of those which showed evidence of subclinical infection.", "contents": "Actinobacillus seminis infection in sheep in the Republic of South Africa. I. Identification of the problem. A clinical palpation and semen smear examination of 647 rams submitted to the Regional Veterinary Laboratory during 1967 revealed that 42 (6,5%) of these animals had clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 6 (0,9%) showed other types of genital lesions and 98 (15,1%) suffered from subclinical genital infection. A. seminis and A. seminis-like organisms were isolated from semen specimens of 18 out of 35 rams with clinical epididymitis or orchitis, 25 out of 33 rams with subclinical infection and none out of 13 rams which showed no neutrophils in their semen. On 4 stud farms where Elberg Rev. 1 vaccine was meticulously applied and the complete absence of Brucella ovis infection was established, of a total of 327 rams examined, 10 (3,6%) were found to be clinically and 72 (22,0%) subclinically affected. A. seminis was isolated from 5 out of 6 of these rams with clinical lesions and 10 out of 15 of those which showed evidence of subclinical infection.", "PMID": 551360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_725", "title": "Actinobacillus seminis infection in sheep in the Republic of South Africa. II. Incidence and geographical distribution.", "content": "To obtain information on the incidence and distribution of Actinobacillus seminis infection in the Republic of South Africa, a clinical and serological survey was carried out on 409 farms situated in 29 districts. All rams submitted for certification to the Regional Laboratory from 1/1/69 to 31/1/74 were included in a separate investigation. These particular rams represented different breeds and originated from farms in over 48 districts. Examinations were also carried out on all rams on 11 stud farms in the Middelburg and adjacent districts with a high incidence of epididymitis, despite regular immunization with Elberg Rev. 1 vaccine. These investigations confirmed that genital infection of rams still presents a major problem in the main sheep breeds and the main sheep farming areas of South Africa. A high incidence of infection with A. seminis, an organism which appear to be the most important one associated with genital infection in this country, was also established. Genital infection due to A. seminis is geographically also very widespread.", "contents": "Actinobacillus seminis infection in sheep in the Republic of South Africa. II. Incidence and geographical distribution. To obtain information on the incidence and distribution of Actinobacillus seminis infection in the Republic of South Africa, a clinical and serological survey was carried out on 409 farms situated in 29 districts. All rams submitted for certification to the Regional Laboratory from 1/1/69 to 31/1/74 were included in a separate investigation. These particular rams represented different breeds and originated from farms in over 48 districts. Examinations were also carried out on all rams on 11 stud farms in the Middelburg and adjacent districts with a high incidence of epididymitis, despite regular immunization with Elberg Rev. 1 vaccine. These investigations confirmed that genital infection of rams still presents a major problem in the main sheep breeds and the main sheep farming areas of South Africa. A high incidence of infection with A. seminis, an organism which appear to be the most important one associated with genital infection in this country, was also established. Genital infection due to A. seminis is geographically also very widespread.", "PMID": 551361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_726", "title": "African swine fever: pathogenicity and immunogenicity of two non-haemadsorbing viruses.", "content": "The virulence of 2 non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolates were compared with 2 haemodsorbing viruses. While 3 of these isolates usually produced acute death in pigs, 1 non-haemadsorbing virus caused either a fatal infection with an extended course, or few or no obvious signs of infection. Pigs that survived infection with the latter virus were resistant to the lethal effects of the other 3 strains as well as to a pool of 7 isolates made from Ornithodorus porcinus porcinus (senus Walton, 1964) and warthog obtained in the Northern Transvaal.", "contents": "African swine fever: pathogenicity and immunogenicity of two non-haemadsorbing viruses. The virulence of 2 non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolates were compared with 2 haemodsorbing viruses. While 3 of these isolates usually produced acute death in pigs, 1 non-haemadsorbing virus caused either a fatal infection with an extended course, or few or no obvious signs of infection. Pigs that survived infection with the latter virus were resistant to the lethal effects of the other 3 strains as well as to a pool of 7 isolates made from Ornithodorus porcinus porcinus (senus Walton, 1964) and warthog obtained in the Northern Transvaal.", "PMID": 551362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_727", "title": "The role played by wildlife in the epizootiology of rabies in South Africa and South-West Africa.", "content": "The role played by wildlife in the perpetuation of rabies is discussed in the light of information obtained during a routine examination of specimens at the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, during the 10-year period, 1967-1976. In the course of the investigation, 9 additional hosts of rabies were confirmed and 4 rabies areas identified. The chief disseminators in 2 of these areas were found to be the dog (Canis familiaris) and the black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas); in the third area, the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata), and in the fourth Genetta and Felis spp., including the domestic cat (Felis catis). It was noted that the domestic cat is of less importance in those areas where dogs and jackals are the chief disseminators.", "contents": "The role played by wildlife in the epizootiology of rabies in South Africa and South-West Africa. The role played by wildlife in the perpetuation of rabies is discussed in the light of information obtained during a routine examination of specimens at the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, during the 10-year period, 1967-1976. In the course of the investigation, 9 additional hosts of rabies were confirmed and 4 rabies areas identified. The chief disseminators in 2 of these areas were found to be the dog (Canis familiaris) and the black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas); in the third area, the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata), and in the fourth Genetta and Felis spp., including the domestic cat (Felis catis). It was noted that the domestic cat is of less importance in those areas where dogs and jackals are the chief disseminators.", "PMID": 551363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_728", "title": "Wesselsbron disease: a cause of congenital porencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in calves.", "content": "Fifteen pregnant cows were inoculated subcutaneously and intravenously between 101-147 days of gestation with the wild-type Wesselsbron disease virus. In addition, 2 foetuses were injected directly through the uterine wall after surgical exposure of the pregnant horn. The clinical symptoms, viraemia and serology in the cows are reported, as also the gross- and histopathology and the virological and serological results of the calves and foetuses. Abortion was not an important manifestation of experimental Wesselsbron disease in cows, as it occurred in 3 animals only. Apart from a short temperature reaction in some cows no other clinical symptoms were recorded. A viraemia was not always present in these cows and, when detected, was of low magnitude and short duration. One cow, in which the foetus was ioculated at 115 days of gestation, aborted at 231 days. The foetus showed marked porencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia.", "contents": "Wesselsbron disease: a cause of congenital porencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in calves. Fifteen pregnant cows were inoculated subcutaneously and intravenously between 101-147 days of gestation with the wild-type Wesselsbron disease virus. In addition, 2 foetuses were injected directly through the uterine wall after surgical exposure of the pregnant horn. The clinical symptoms, viraemia and serology in the cows are reported, as also the gross- and histopathology and the virological and serological results of the calves and foetuses. Abortion was not an important manifestation of experimental Wesselsbron disease in cows, as it occurred in 3 animals only. Apart from a short temperature reaction in some cows no other clinical symptoms were recorded. A viraemia was not always present in these cows and, when detected, was of low magnitude and short duration. One cow, in which the foetus was ioculated at 115 days of gestation, aborted at 231 days. The foetus showed marked porencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia.", "PMID": 551364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_729", "title": "The use of frequency diagrams in the survey of resistance to pesticides in ticks in Southern Africa.", "content": "A method whereby resistance data can be analysed by means of frequency distributions is described. This method established that Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. evertsi evertsi show either little or only developing resistance to the pesticides chlorfenvinphos and dioxathion. Boophilus spp., however, show more instances and higher levels of resistance to these 2 pesticides.", "contents": "The use of frequency diagrams in the survey of resistance to pesticides in ticks in Southern Africa. A method whereby resistance data can be analysed by means of frequency distributions is described. This method established that Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. evertsi evertsi show either little or only developing resistance to the pesticides chlorfenvinphos and dioxathion. Boophilus spp., however, show more instances and higher levels of resistance to these 2 pesticides.", "PMID": 551365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_730", "title": "Production and application of a live Salmonella gallinarum vaccine.", "content": "The production and application of a freeze-dried Salmonella gallinarum vaccine are described in this report. The vaccine is stable when kept at 4 degrees C and a single injection elicits a good immunity for 2 months, though its effect gradually diminishes. Immunity is neither enhanced nor depressed by repeated injections of the live vaccine, and no interference effect was observed in experimentally infected chickens. Furazolidone therapy jeopardizes the immunogenicity of a live vaccine, but its effect can be countered by the administration of either an inactivated or a live vaccine when medication is commenced and this is followed by the application of live vaccine 6 days after cessation of medication.", "contents": "Production and application of a live Salmonella gallinarum vaccine. The production and application of a freeze-dried Salmonella gallinarum vaccine are described in this report. The vaccine is stable when kept at 4 degrees C and a single injection elicits a good immunity for 2 months, though its effect gradually diminishes. Immunity is neither enhanced nor depressed by repeated injections of the live vaccine, and no interference effect was observed in experimentally infected chickens. Furazolidone therapy jeopardizes the immunogenicity of a live vaccine, but its effect can be countered by the administration of either an inactivated or a live vaccine when medication is commenced and this is followed by the application of live vaccine 6 days after cessation of medication.", "PMID": 551367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_731", "title": "Viruses isolated from Culicoides midges in South Africa during unsuccessful attempts to isolate bovine ephemeral fever virus.", "content": "Five viruses, unrelated to bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), were isolated from Culicoides biting-midges collected during the summer months of the years 1968-69 and 1969-70 near a cattle herd in which cases of BEF occurred and at an open horse stable at Onderstepoort. These viruses were investigated by means of serological, electron-microscopical and physicochemical tests. It was established that 2 isolates, Cul. 1/69 and Cul. 2/69, were related to each other and belonged to the Palyam subgroup of the genus Orbivirus, that isolate Cul. 3/69 belonged to the equine encephalosis subgroup of the genus Orbivirus, while Cul. 1/70 was related to Akabane virus, which belongs to the Simbu subgroup of the family Bunyaviridae. One isolate, Cul. 5/69, though prevalent in the cattle population, could not be identified at this point. A brief serological survey indicated that the cattle in the nearby herd possessed antibodies against all the isolates except Cul. 3/69. BEFV could not be isolated in mice or in cultured cells from the wild-caught Culicoides.", "contents": "Viruses isolated from Culicoides midges in South Africa during unsuccessful attempts to isolate bovine ephemeral fever virus. Five viruses, unrelated to bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), were isolated from Culicoides biting-midges collected during the summer months of the years 1968-69 and 1969-70 near a cattle herd in which cases of BEF occurred and at an open horse stable at Onderstepoort. These viruses were investigated by means of serological, electron-microscopical and physicochemical tests. It was established that 2 isolates, Cul. 1/69 and Cul. 2/69, were related to each other and belonged to the Palyam subgroup of the genus Orbivirus, that isolate Cul. 3/69 belonged to the equine encephalosis subgroup of the genus Orbivirus, while Cul. 1/70 was related to Akabane virus, which belongs to the Simbu subgroup of the family Bunyaviridae. One isolate, Cul. 5/69, though prevalent in the cattle population, could not be identified at this point. A brief serological survey indicated that the cattle in the nearby herd possessed antibodies against all the isolates except Cul. 3/69. BEFV could not be isolated in mice or in cultured cells from the wild-caught Culicoides.", "PMID": 551368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_732", "title": "Studies on Haemonchus contortus. II. The effect of abomasal nematodes on subsequent challenge with H. contortus.", "content": "Fifty-thousand infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei dosed to 7-9-month-old Merinos protected them against a subsequent challenge with 50 000 infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Protection varied with the period between an initial dosage of T. axei and challenge with H. contortus as follows: After 90 days it was more than 80% effective in more than 80% of sheep; at 119 and 180 days there was still a significant reduction in the numbers of H. contortus recovered (P < 0,05 and P < 0,001, respectively). Prior infestation with either Ostertagia circumcincta or with Haemonchus placei was ineffective against challenge with H. contortus.", "contents": "Studies on Haemonchus contortus. II. The effect of abomasal nematodes on subsequent challenge with H. contortus. Fifty-thousand infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei dosed to 7-9-month-old Merinos protected them against a subsequent challenge with 50 000 infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Protection varied with the period between an initial dosage of T. axei and challenge with H. contortus as follows: After 90 days it was more than 80% effective in more than 80% of sheep; at 119 and 180 days there was still a significant reduction in the numbers of H. contortus recovered (P < 0,05 and P < 0,001, respectively). Prior infestation with either Ostertagia circumcincta or with Haemonchus placei was ineffective against challenge with H. contortus.", "PMID": 551369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_733", "title": "The immune response of horses to tetanus toxoid.", "content": "An intramuscular injection of 8-16 Lf tetanus toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion protected adult horses against tetanus for at least 128 weeks. A booster dose of 8 Lf toxoid in aqueous solution protected them for a further period of at least 3 1/2 years. Colostral immunity protected foals for at least 10 weeks. An intramuscular injection of 8 Lf toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion given to foals from immune dams when they were 10-18 weeks old did not elicit any antibody response. They did respond, however, to a booster injection of 8 Lf toxoid in aqueous solution given 12 weeks after the first dose. New-born foals were shown to be inherently unable to respond to an injection of tetanus toxoid.", "contents": "The immune response of horses to tetanus toxoid. An intramuscular injection of 8-16 Lf tetanus toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion protected adult horses against tetanus for at least 128 weeks. A booster dose of 8 Lf toxoid in aqueous solution protected them for a further period of at least 3 1/2 years. Colostral immunity protected foals for at least 10 weeks. An intramuscular injection of 8 Lf toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion given to foals from immune dams when they were 10-18 weeks old did not elicit any antibody response. They did respond, however, to a booster injection of 8 Lf toxoid in aqueous solution given 12 weeks after the first dose. New-born foals were shown to be inherently unable to respond to an injection of tetanus toxoid.", "PMID": 551370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_734", "title": "The haemocytology and histology of the haemopoietic organs of South African fresh water fish. I. The haemopoietic organs of Clarias gariepinus and Sarotherodon mossambicus.", "content": "The haemopoietic organs of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and the Mozambique bream, Sarotherodon mossambicus, were studied. In both species the primary haemopoietic organs are the pronephros, the mesonephros and the spleen. The peritoneum and, particularly in catfish, the omentum are of secondary importance in haemopoiesis.", "contents": "The haemocytology and histology of the haemopoietic organs of South African fresh water fish. I. The haemopoietic organs of Clarias gariepinus and Sarotherodon mossambicus. The haemopoietic organs of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and the Mozambique bream, Sarotherodon mossambicus, were studied. In both species the primary haemopoietic organs are the pronephros, the mesonephros and the spleen. The peritoneum and, particularly in catfish, the omentum are of secondary importance in haemopoiesis.", "PMID": 551371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_735", "title": "Comparative efficacy of six Brucella vaccines in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Immunity assays in guinea-pigs based on spleen mass: body mass ratios showed that live vaccines were markedly more effective than inactivated oil adjuvant vaccines in providing protection against challenge with 5 000 virulent organisms.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of six Brucella vaccines in guinea-pigs. Immunity assays in guinea-pigs based on spleen mass: body mass ratios showed that live vaccines were markedly more effective than inactivated oil adjuvant vaccines in providing protection against challenge with 5 000 virulent organisms.", "PMID": 551372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_736", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy-aided observations on and therapy of teat canal infections.", "content": "An examination of teat canal swabs established that 51 teat canals out of 68 quarters of machine-milked cows were colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. Only 31 of these quarters yielded milk from which S. aureus could be cultured, and 6 out of the 31 produced milk containing somatic cell counts in excess of 500 000/ml. No inhibitory substances could be detected in milk samples 12 h after 10 mg of sodium cloxacillin had been deposited in the test canal on 1-4 successive occasions. Teat canal swabs and milk sample cultures of the same quarters became and remained bacteriologically negative for at least a week after the last treatment. Six quarters, which according to the International Dairy Federation criteria were suffering from subclinical mastitis, became negative after local teat canal therapy. Scanning electron micrographs of one infected teat canal revealed the presence of cocci in depressions and crevices on the epithelial surface, suggesting that such cocci are not always flushed out into milk samples. Teat canal therapy should make a marked contribution to the control of bovine mastitis.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy-aided observations on and therapy of teat canal infections. An examination of teat canal swabs established that 51 teat canals out of 68 quarters of machine-milked cows were colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. Only 31 of these quarters yielded milk from which S. aureus could be cultured, and 6 out of the 31 produced milk containing somatic cell counts in excess of 500 000/ml. No inhibitory substances could be detected in milk samples 12 h after 10 mg of sodium cloxacillin had been deposited in the test canal on 1-4 successive occasions. Teat canal swabs and milk sample cultures of the same quarters became and remained bacteriologically negative for at least a week after the last treatment. Six quarters, which according to the International Dairy Federation criteria were suffering from subclinical mastitis, became negative after local teat canal therapy. Scanning electron micrographs of one infected teat canal revealed the presence of cocci in depressions and crevices on the epithelial surface, suggesting that such cocci are not always flushed out into milk samples. Teat canal therapy should make a marked contribution to the control of bovine mastitis.", "PMID": 551373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_737", "title": "Expulsion of Nematospiroides dubius from the intestine of mice treated with immune serum.", "content": "This paper describes experiments which demonstrated that the survival of Nematospiroides dubius was severely impaired in mice treated with immune serum. CFLP donor mice were given a series of infections ranging from 25 to 200 infective larvae, at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. The mice were treated with anthelmintic on day 21 and/or day 28 to prevent the accumulation of lethal numbers of parasites in the intestine, and were bled between day 42 and day 49. Female NIH recipient mice were given a total of 2.0-2.5 ml of immune serum i/p., in several separate smaller doses at various times in relation to the day of infection. Between the administration of immune serum begun during the first 4 days of infection and the animals being killed within the next 3 weeks, the mice harboured fewer worms than control animals, the worms were stunted and their fecundity was greatly reduced. Furthermore, these worms were subsequently lost from the intestines of treated mice, during and after the fourth week of infecton. These effects on N. dubius were not observed when mice were given normal serum nor when immune serum was administered after day 6 of the infection. The delayed rejection of adult worms from mice treated with immune serum is of particular significance and suggests that immune serum contained factors which facilitated the expression of a second component in worm expulsion not nornally effective in a primary infection. The possible immunologcal mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed and related to the immunosuppression which N. dubius is known to induce in the host.", "contents": "Expulsion of Nematospiroides dubius from the intestine of mice treated with immune serum. This paper describes experiments which demonstrated that the survival of Nematospiroides dubius was severely impaired in mice treated with immune serum. CFLP donor mice were given a series of infections ranging from 25 to 200 infective larvae, at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. The mice were treated with anthelmintic on day 21 and/or day 28 to prevent the accumulation of lethal numbers of parasites in the intestine, and were bled between day 42 and day 49. Female NIH recipient mice were given a total of 2.0-2.5 ml of immune serum i/p., in several separate smaller doses at various times in relation to the day of infection. Between the administration of immune serum begun during the first 4 days of infection and the animals being killed within the next 3 weeks, the mice harboured fewer worms than control animals, the worms were stunted and their fecundity was greatly reduced. Furthermore, these worms were subsequently lost from the intestines of treated mice, during and after the fourth week of infecton. These effects on N. dubius were not observed when mice were given normal serum nor when immune serum was administered after day 6 of the infection. The delayed rejection of adult worms from mice treated with immune serum is of particular significance and suggests that immune serum contained factors which facilitated the expression of a second component in worm expulsion not nornally effective in a primary infection. The possible immunologcal mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed and related to the immunosuppression which N. dubius is known to induce in the host.", "PMID": 551374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_738", "title": "'Arc 5' antibodies in sera of sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis.", "content": "The 'arc 5' precipitin band, formed when test human serum is reacted against immunoelectophoresed hydatid cyst fluid antigen, has provided a positive diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection. These antibodies to 'arc 5' antigen have now been found in the sera of sheep. They appear 2 weeks after infection with Taenia ovis, after 3 weeks with T. hydatigena and after 16 weeks with E. granulosus. An antigen similar to the 'arc 5' antigen of E. granulosus cyst fluid was also demonstrated in cyst fluid from T. hydatigena, but it would not be positively identified in T. ovis cyst fluid. The presence of 'arc 5' in immunoelectrophoresis tests is not suitable for specific immunodiagnosis of E. granulosus infections in sheep in New Zealand. 'Arc 5' antibodies were only associated with living E. granulosus cysts and were not present if cysts were dead. The location of the cysts in either liver or lungs and the onset of brood capsule production did not influence the presence of 'arc 5' antibodies.", "contents": "'Arc 5' antibodies in sera of sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis. The 'arc 5' precipitin band, formed when test human serum is reacted against immunoelectophoresed hydatid cyst fluid antigen, has provided a positive diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection. These antibodies to 'arc 5' antigen have now been found in the sera of sheep. They appear 2 weeks after infection with Taenia ovis, after 3 weeks with T. hydatigena and after 16 weeks with E. granulosus. An antigen similar to the 'arc 5' antigen of E. granulosus cyst fluid was also demonstrated in cyst fluid from T. hydatigena, but it would not be positively identified in T. ovis cyst fluid. The presence of 'arc 5' in immunoelectrophoresis tests is not suitable for specific immunodiagnosis of E. granulosus infections in sheep in New Zealand. 'Arc 5' antibodies were only associated with living E. granulosus cysts and were not present if cysts were dead. The location of the cysts in either liver or lungs and the onset of brood capsule production did not influence the presence of 'arc 5' antibodies.", "PMID": 551375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_739", "title": "Effects of immune serum and cells on newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis.", "content": "Serum and cells, collected from mice immunized by infection either with newborn larvae (NBL) or per os with infective larvae of Trichinella spiralis, were passively transferred to mice which were challenged with NBL. Serum always gave very strong protection if given before challenge but not if given within 2 h after challenge. Cells from mice immunized with NBL also gave good protection, whereas those from mice immunized per os did not. If NBL were incubated in serum from immunized mice their infectivity was reduced, but if the serum was pre-absorbed with NBL this effect was lost. Such absorbed serum did not confer immunity on recipient mice.", "contents": "Effects of immune serum and cells on newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Serum and cells, collected from mice immunized by infection either with newborn larvae (NBL) or per os with infective larvae of Trichinella spiralis, were passively transferred to mice which were challenged with NBL. Serum always gave very strong protection if given before challenge but not if given within 2 h after challenge. Cells from mice immunized with NBL also gave good protection, whereas those from mice immunized per os did not. If NBL were incubated in serum from immunized mice their infectivity was reduced, but if the serum was pre-absorbed with NBL this effect was lost. Such absorbed serum did not confer immunity on recipient mice.", "PMID": 551376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_740", "title": "Failure of nude (athymic) rats to become resistant to reinfection with the intestinal coccidian parasite Eimeria nieschulzi or the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.", "content": "The course of each of three successive infections with Eimeria nieschulzi in nude (athymic) rats was the same as the primary infection in nu/+ animals, with the production of more oocysts. This indicates that resistance to reinfection with this parasite is mediated by T lymphocytes but that these cells do not control the duration of the life cycle, since oocyst production was not prolonged in the nu/nu rats. After the three infections with E. nieschulzi, the rats were exposed twice to the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and the nu/nu were completely susceptible even to the second infection. Egg production by both infections in the nu/nu animals was similar and continued at a high plateau level for 28 days before falling to a low level. It appears that the strain of N. brasiliensis used in this study is unable to sustain high egg production for more than 4 weeks in T cell deficient rats.", "contents": "Failure of nude (athymic) rats to become resistant to reinfection with the intestinal coccidian parasite Eimeria nieschulzi or the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The course of each of three successive infections with Eimeria nieschulzi in nude (athymic) rats was the same as the primary infection in nu/+ animals, with the production of more oocysts. This indicates that resistance to reinfection with this parasite is mediated by T lymphocytes but that these cells do not control the duration of the life cycle, since oocyst production was not prolonged in the nu/nu rats. After the three infections with E. nieschulzi, the rats were exposed twice to the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and the nu/nu were completely susceptible even to the second infection. Egg production by both infections in the nu/nu animals was similar and continued at a high plateau level for 28 days before falling to a low level. It appears that the strain of N. brasiliensis used in this study is unable to sustain high egg production for more than 4 weeks in T cell deficient rats.", "PMID": 551377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_741", "title": "Successful vaccination of cats against Brugia pahangi with larvae attenuated by irradiation with 10 krad cobalt 60.", "content": "Cats were vaccinated by the inoculation on 10 occasions of approximately 300 larvae of Brugia pahangi which had been irradiated with 10 krad cobalt 60. They were challenged on 3 occasions with normal larvae of either B. pahangior B. patei. The vaccinated cats were resistant to challenge as demonstrated by either longer pre-patent periods or failure to become microfilaraemic and by having fewer third, fourth or adult worms than normal controls. Although the vaccination procedure was unpractically heavy these results lend encouragement to the possibility of developing vaccines against filarial infections.", "contents": "Successful vaccination of cats against Brugia pahangi with larvae attenuated by irradiation with 10 krad cobalt 60. Cats were vaccinated by the inoculation on 10 occasions of approximately 300 larvae of Brugia pahangi which had been irradiated with 10 krad cobalt 60. They were challenged on 3 occasions with normal larvae of either B. pahangior B. patei. The vaccinated cats were resistant to challenge as demonstrated by either longer pre-patent periods or failure to become microfilaraemic and by having fewer third, fourth or adult worms than normal controls. Although the vaccination procedure was unpractically heavy these results lend encouragement to the possibility of developing vaccines against filarial infections.", "PMID": 551378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_742", "title": "A comparison between a new serological method, thin layer immunoassay (TIA), and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies in schistosomiasis.", "content": "A comparison has been made of a new serological method, thin layer immunoassay (TIA), and an established method, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in the detection and quantification of antibodies in schistosomiasis. Using sera from known S. haematobium and S. mansoni cases, the performance of the two tests was almost identical; 95.6% positive for TIA and 96.4% by ELISA. TIA however produced a small number of false positives with sera from other helminth infections whereas ELISA gave none. There was excellent correlation between the tests in the quantification of anti-S. haematobium antibodies, both in human cases and in infected baboons. TIA has the advantage of being extremely simple to perform, but has the disadvantage of requiring a higher concentration of antigens.", "contents": "A comparison between a new serological method, thin layer immunoassay (TIA), and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies in schistosomiasis. A comparison has been made of a new serological method, thin layer immunoassay (TIA), and an established method, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in the detection and quantification of antibodies in schistosomiasis. Using sera from known S. haematobium and S. mansoni cases, the performance of the two tests was almost identical; 95.6% positive for TIA and 96.4% by ELISA. TIA however produced a small number of false positives with sera from other helminth infections whereas ELISA gave none. There was excellent correlation between the tests in the quantification of anti-S. haematobium antibodies, both in human cases and in infected baboons. TIA has the advantage of being extremely simple to perform, but has the disadvantage of requiring a higher concentration of antigens.", "PMID": 551379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_743", "title": "Altered intestinal fluid movement in response to Trichinella spiralis in immunized rats.", "content": "Net intestinal fluid movement was measured in immunized and non-immunized rats infected with the enteric stages of the nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Animals were studied 30 min, 5 days and 30 days after receiving infective larvae. Net water movement across the mucosal surface of the gut was measured in vivo by perfusing a cannulated segment (approximately 30 cm) of proximal small intestine with an isotonic solution containing a nonabsorbable marker, 14C polyethylene glycol, at a rate of 0.5 ml/min. Uninfected rats showed net absorption of water, 25 microliter/h per cm of intestine. This response was unaltered when rats were infected (7 x 10(3) larvae/rat) and examined 30 minutes later. Five days after primary infection net tissue-to-lumen fluid movement, ie. net secretion, occurred at a rate of 45 microliter/h per cm. When rats were studied 30 days after primary infection, net absorption equivalent to the preinfection level was observed once again. Previously infected (immunized) rats, when challenged (secondary infection, 7 x 10(3) larvae/rat) and examined within 30 min showed a significant decrease in net absorption rate as compared with non-immunized rats. Absorption returned to the preinfection level at both 5 and 30 days post challenge. Results support the conclusion that T. spiralis caused a decrease in net lumen-to-tissue fluid movement during primary and secondary infections. The response was initiated faster in previously infected hosts. The rapid induction of net fluid movement in the direction of secretion upon secondary contact with the parasite is associated temporarily with prevention of worm establishment.", "contents": "Altered intestinal fluid movement in response to Trichinella spiralis in immunized rats. Net intestinal fluid movement was measured in immunized and non-immunized rats infected with the enteric stages of the nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Animals were studied 30 min, 5 days and 30 days after receiving infective larvae. Net water movement across the mucosal surface of the gut was measured in vivo by perfusing a cannulated segment (approximately 30 cm) of proximal small intestine with an isotonic solution containing a nonabsorbable marker, 14C polyethylene glycol, at a rate of 0.5 ml/min. Uninfected rats showed net absorption of water, 25 microliter/h per cm of intestine. This response was unaltered when rats were infected (7 x 10(3) larvae/rat) and examined 30 minutes later. Five days after primary infection net tissue-to-lumen fluid movement, ie. net secretion, occurred at a rate of 45 microliter/h per cm. When rats were studied 30 days after primary infection, net absorption equivalent to the preinfection level was observed once again. Previously infected (immunized) rats, when challenged (secondary infection, 7 x 10(3) larvae/rat) and examined within 30 min showed a significant decrease in net absorption rate as compared with non-immunized rats. Absorption returned to the preinfection level at both 5 and 30 days post challenge. Results support the conclusion that T. spiralis caused a decrease in net lumen-to-tissue fluid movement during primary and secondary infections. The response was initiated faster in previously infected hosts. The rapid induction of net fluid movement in the direction of secretion upon secondary contact with the parasite is associated temporarily with prevention of worm establishment.", "PMID": 551380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_744", "title": "The development of resistance in different inbred strains of mice to infection with Nematospiroides dubius.", "content": "Infection by the intestinal nematode parasite Nematospiroides dubius was studied in seven different inbred mouse strains. Although there was some minor variation in the susceptibility of the different strains to a primary infection there were marked differences in their ability to develop resistance to infection following repeated exposure to infective larvae. The strains of mice which developed the best resistance also expelled adult worms arising from the previous infections. The adult worms resulting from a primary infection were slowly eliminated in two inbred strains studied whereas no loss occurred from outbred LACA mice. Although males and females of two strains, C3H/HeJ and CBA/H were equally susceptible to a primary infection, the females developed better resistance than the male mice following two oral administrations of third stage larvae. Infected mice of every strain and both sexes contained high levels of IgG1 in the serum.", "contents": "The development of resistance in different inbred strains of mice to infection with Nematospiroides dubius. Infection by the intestinal nematode parasite Nematospiroides dubius was studied in seven different inbred mouse strains. Although there was some minor variation in the susceptibility of the different strains to a primary infection there were marked differences in their ability to develop resistance to infection following repeated exposure to infective larvae. The strains of mice which developed the best resistance also expelled adult worms arising from the previous infections. The adult worms resulting from a primary infection were slowly eliminated in two inbred strains studied whereas no loss occurred from outbred LACA mice. Although males and females of two strains, C3H/HeJ and CBA/H were equally susceptible to a primary infection, the females developed better resistance than the male mice following two oral administrations of third stage larvae. Infected mice of every strain and both sexes contained high levels of IgG1 in the serum.", "PMID": 551381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_745", "title": "Increased hepatotoxicity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were highly sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The hyper-reactive state of LPS coincided with the development around the parasite eggs of multiple granulomas in the liver. Elevated aspartate transaminase levels in blood and severe hypoglycaemia in LPS-challenged animals indicated extensive liver parenchymal cell damage. There was also a complete depletion of glycogen in hepatocytes of these animals. From this work and studies on other hepatitis models, it is suggested that individuals affected with granulomatous disorders may be at risk because of everyday exposure to LPS from the gut.", "contents": "Increased hepatotoxicity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were highly sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The hyper-reactive state of LPS coincided with the development around the parasite eggs of multiple granulomas in the liver. Elevated aspartate transaminase levels in blood and severe hypoglycaemia in LPS-challenged animals indicated extensive liver parenchymal cell damage. There was also a complete depletion of glycogen in hepatocytes of these animals. From this work and studies on other hepatitis models, it is suggested that individuals affected with granulomatous disorders may be at risk because of everyday exposure to LPS from the gut.", "PMID": 551382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_746", "title": "Murine Schistosomiasis mansoni: anti-schistosomula antibodies and the IgG subclasses involved in the complement- and eosinophil-mediated killing of schistosomula in vitro.", "content": "Protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography was used to isolate IgG subclasses from the serum of CBA mice chronically infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The subclasses were tested for the presence of two antibodies which are responsible for the death of young schistosomula in vitro; 'lethal antibody' (LA), which kills schistosomula in co-operation with complement and 'eosinophil adherence antibody' (EAA) which causes the death of schistosomula by promoting the adherence of eosinophils to the parasite. LA and EAA were detected only in the IgG fraction of the serum. LA was concentrated in the IgG2a fraction and EAA in the IgG1 fraction. The development of IgG subclasses specific for schistosomula was followed in mice exposed to twenty cercariae by the fluorescent antibody technique. IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies were detected 2 weeks after infection and their titres rose steadily to reach high levels by weeks 12 or 14. IgM antibody was not detected until week 6 and IgA until week 10; both were present at lower concentrations than the IgG1 antibodies.", "contents": "Murine Schistosomiasis mansoni: anti-schistosomula antibodies and the IgG subclasses involved in the complement- and eosinophil-mediated killing of schistosomula in vitro. Protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography was used to isolate IgG subclasses from the serum of CBA mice chronically infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The subclasses were tested for the presence of two antibodies which are responsible for the death of young schistosomula in vitro; 'lethal antibody' (LA), which kills schistosomula in co-operation with complement and 'eosinophil adherence antibody' (EAA) which causes the death of schistosomula by promoting the adherence of eosinophils to the parasite. LA and EAA were detected only in the IgG fraction of the serum. LA was concentrated in the IgG2a fraction and EAA in the IgG1 fraction. The development of IgG subclasses specific for schistosomula was followed in mice exposed to twenty cercariae by the fluorescent antibody technique. IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies were detected 2 weeks after infection and their titres rose steadily to reach high levels by weeks 12 or 14. IgM antibody was not detected until week 6 and IgA until week 10; both were present at lower concentrations than the IgG1 antibodies.", "PMID": 551383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_747", "title": "Malignant tumor of humerus with features of \"adamantinoma\" and Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "This female patient was born in 1935 and died in 1976 with a malignant bone tumor involving the proximal humerus following multiple local recurrences, axillary lymph node metastases, and pulmonary metastases. Histologically, over the course of time, there was an increase in features of an atypical Ewing's sarcoma, at the expense of findings of a typical, extra-cranial so-called adamantinoma. In contrast to another report, our case showed neither epithelial nor endothelial features on fine structural examination, but rather primitive mesenchymal cells, as is described for Ewing's sarcomas.", "contents": "Malignant tumor of humerus with features of \"adamantinoma\" and Ewing's sarcoma. This female patient was born in 1935 and died in 1976 with a malignant bone tumor involving the proximal humerus following multiple local recurrences, axillary lymph node metastases, and pulmonary metastases. Histologically, over the course of time, there was an increase in features of an atypical Ewing's sarcoma, at the expense of findings of a typical, extra-cranial so-called adamantinoma. In contrast to another report, our case showed neither epithelial nor endothelial features on fine structural examination, but rather primitive mesenchymal cells, as is described for Ewing's sarcomas.", "PMID": 551397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_748", "title": "Ameloblastic fibroma and its sarcomatous transformation.", "content": "A case of ameloblastic fibroma, and one of its more aggressive variety, the ameloblastic \"fibrosarcoma\", are presented. The clinical and morphologic differences are discussed. In our opinion, ameloblastic \"fibrosarcoma\" is a semimalignant tumor. Therefore we propose \"proliferating ameloblastic fibroma\" as a more appropriate designation.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibroma and its sarcomatous transformation. A case of ameloblastic fibroma, and one of its more aggressive variety, the ameloblastic \"fibrosarcoma\", are presented. The clinical and morphologic differences are discussed. In our opinion, ameloblastic \"fibrosarcoma\" is a semimalignant tumor. Therefore we propose \"proliferating ameloblastic fibroma\" as a more appropriate designation.", "PMID": 551398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_749", "title": "The importance of epidemiology in the study of causes of bone tumours.", "content": "Research into the causes of disease in human populations makes use of epidemiological methods for recognizing avoidable risk factors which may be active prior to the occurrence of malignant tumours. With the exception of the risks or irradiation, the aetiology of bone tumours remains unclear, and it is particularly striking that in the literature to date and in a survey of research currently in progress there are no epidemiological studies which involve other than radiation-exposed populations. This is the reason why it has only been possible to obtain initial suggestions of potential areas of risk from ecologic correlations based on the evaluation of mortality and morbidity rates with respect to environmental factors. Several results obtained from systematic comparisons of mortality in the countries of the world and two correlative relationships are reported, and the difficulties in interpreting the results are discussed. Population-based registration of bone tumours and case-control studies based on registries are recommended.", "contents": "The importance of epidemiology in the study of causes of bone tumours. Research into the causes of disease in human populations makes use of epidemiological methods for recognizing avoidable risk factors which may be active prior to the occurrence of malignant tumours. With the exception of the risks or irradiation, the aetiology of bone tumours remains unclear, and it is particularly striking that in the literature to date and in a survey of research currently in progress there are no epidemiological studies which involve other than radiation-exposed populations. This is the reason why it has only been possible to obtain initial suggestions of potential areas of risk from ecologic correlations based on the evaluation of mortality and morbidity rates with respect to environmental factors. Several results obtained from systematic comparisons of mortality in the countries of the world and two correlative relationships are reported, and the difficulties in interpreting the results are discussed. Population-based registration of bone tumours and case-control studies based on registries are recommended.", "PMID": 551401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_750", "title": "Experimental bone tumors as models of human bone tumors.", "content": "Experimental models of human bone tumors may be classified as causal, descriptive, and selective models. These models are useful for analyzing the morphology, biology, and therapy of human bone tumors. The application of these models, however, requires us to define clearly the questions to be answered and to consider the special features of experimental and human bone tumors. The suitability of experimental bone tumors as models can be determined only on the basis of a large amount of relevant experimental and clinical data.", "contents": "Experimental bone tumors as models of human bone tumors. Experimental models of human bone tumors may be classified as causal, descriptive, and selective models. These models are useful for analyzing the morphology, biology, and therapy of human bone tumors. The application of these models, however, requires us to define clearly the questions to be answered and to consider the special features of experimental and human bone tumors. The suitability of experimental bone tumors as models can be determined only on the basis of a large amount of relevant experimental and clinical data.", "PMID": 551402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_751", "title": "Ultrastructure of benign chondroblastoma.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of three chondroblastomas showed two main cell types, namely pale and dark cells. Multilobulate nuclei characteristic of typical neoplastic chondroblasts were found in both the cell types. Besides differences in cytoplasmic and nuclear density, the cells also differed in nuclear shape and in proportions of various cytoplasmic organelles. Small pale cells resembled prechondroblasts of embryonic cartilage. Large pale cells showed features of chondroblasts. From pale cells of the above type, smooth transitions were observed to the dark cells, possessing dense, less regularly shaped nuclei and typically a larger amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some of the dark cells may represent cells undergoing regressive alterations, but the majority of them seem to represent chondroblasts with imperfect maturation towards chondrocytes. Such findings suggest that benign chondroblastoma is composed of cartilaginous cells with various degrees of differentiation. The finding of occasional cilia is reported.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of benign chondroblastoma. Electron microscopic examination of three chondroblastomas showed two main cell types, namely pale and dark cells. Multilobulate nuclei characteristic of typical neoplastic chondroblasts were found in both the cell types. Besides differences in cytoplasmic and nuclear density, the cells also differed in nuclear shape and in proportions of various cytoplasmic organelles. Small pale cells resembled prechondroblasts of embryonic cartilage. Large pale cells showed features of chondroblasts. From pale cells of the above type, smooth transitions were observed to the dark cells, possessing dense, less regularly shaped nuclei and typically a larger amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some of the dark cells may represent cells undergoing regressive alterations, but the majority of them seem to represent chondroblasts with imperfect maturation towards chondrocytes. Such findings suggest that benign chondroblastoma is composed of cartilaginous cells with various degrees of differentiation. The finding of occasional cilia is reported.", "PMID": 551403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_752", "title": "Histomorphometric analysis of bone changes in surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism and nephrolithiasis--the importance of bone biopsy in diagnosis.", "content": "The morphologic changes in trabecular bone were studied in 60 patients with surgically proven hyperparathyroidism and in 69 patients with nephrolithiasis. The hyperparathyroid bone lesions showed substantial variation in their extent. Four, typical stages were defined. The structure of trabecular bone remained intact in most cases. Bone turnover is significantly higher in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Fifty percent of all patients with nephrolithiasis had bone changes similar to those found in the surgically proven hyperparathyroidism group. In 50% of so-called asymptomatic cases of hyperparathyroidism, the iliac crest biopsy is a useful supplement to clinical and hormonal data in deciding whether to operate on the parathyroid glands. In about 45% of cases, however, no definite diagnoses is possible. The determination of serum parathyroid hormone in primary hyperparathyroidism has a greater importance for diagnostic purposes than morphologic investigation of the bone biopsy.", "contents": "Histomorphometric analysis of bone changes in surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism and nephrolithiasis--the importance of bone biopsy in diagnosis. The morphologic changes in trabecular bone were studied in 60 patients with surgically proven hyperparathyroidism and in 69 patients with nephrolithiasis. The hyperparathyroid bone lesions showed substantial variation in their extent. Four, typical stages were defined. The structure of trabecular bone remained intact in most cases. Bone turnover is significantly higher in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Fifty percent of all patients with nephrolithiasis had bone changes similar to those found in the surgically proven hyperparathyroidism group. In 50% of so-called asymptomatic cases of hyperparathyroidism, the iliac crest biopsy is a useful supplement to clinical and hormonal data in deciding whether to operate on the parathyroid glands. In about 45% of cases, however, no definite diagnoses is possible. The determination of serum parathyroid hormone in primary hyperparathyroidism has a greater importance for diagnostic purposes than morphologic investigation of the bone biopsy.", "PMID": 551404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_753", "title": "The complement system in host defense and inflammation.", "content": "In this discussion I have reviewed the major role of complement in host defense and inflammation. In addition, I have discussed dificiency states. Although these are rare, their clinical signs and symptoms can be predicted, at least in part, on the basis of our current understanding of the biological activities of complement and the various pathways of complement activation. This is not to say that complement plays no role in a wide variety of other illnesses. However, when complement plays a role in an illness, often this is not because it is functioning in an aberrant fashion. The usual situation is that complement is being activated and is serving its normal function in causing inflammation and damage to tissues under abnormal circumstances. Thus, for example, circulating antigen complexes may be deposited in the kidney, activate complement, and mediate tissue inflammation. In this case, complement is functioning normally but is being activated under abnormal circumstances. The same type of analysis can be made for many diseases of many different organ systems. At present, we have no drugs that are effective in humans in controlling the activation of complement and complement-mediated inflammation. We have not yet even established whether local variations in the activity of complement may affect the course of a clinical infection, but there is certainly strongly suggestive evidence to support this idea. It should be clear that under certain circumstances complement may well be a major factor in controlling the course of an infection. The near future should bring a vast expansion in our understanding of how complement contributes to specific clinical illnesses and to the defense of the host against specific microorganisms.", "contents": "The complement system in host defense and inflammation. In this discussion I have reviewed the major role of complement in host defense and inflammation. In addition, I have discussed dificiency states. Although these are rare, their clinical signs and symptoms can be predicted, at least in part, on the basis of our current understanding of the biological activities of complement and the various pathways of complement activation. This is not to say that complement plays no role in a wide variety of other illnesses. However, when complement plays a role in an illness, often this is not because it is functioning in an aberrant fashion. The usual situation is that complement is being activated and is serving its normal function in causing inflammation and damage to tissues under abnormal circumstances. Thus, for example, circulating antigen complexes may be deposited in the kidney, activate complement, and mediate tissue inflammation. In this case, complement is functioning normally but is being activated under abnormal circumstances. The same type of analysis can be made for many diseases of many different organ systems. At present, we have no drugs that are effective in humans in controlling the activation of complement and complement-mediated inflammation. We have not yet even established whether local variations in the activity of complement may affect the course of a clinical infection, but there is certainly strongly suggestive evidence to support this idea. It should be clear that under certain circumstances complement may well be a major factor in controlling the course of an infection. The near future should bring a vast expansion in our understanding of how complement contributes to specific clinical illnesses and to the defense of the host against specific microorganisms.", "PMID": 551508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_754", "title": "Are we ready for a National Salmonella Control Program?", "content": "Control of contamination of meat and poultry with Salmonella is difficult because of the complexity of the paths of transmission of the organism, the large number of sources of the organism, and the large number of persons, groups, and agencies involved in the production of animal feed and food and in the regulation of these industries. Furthermore, there is a gap between the basic technology available to destroy or prevent contamination with Salmonella and the technology available that is acceptable, inexpensive, and applicable on a large scale. Support of research for the development of new technology amounts only to about $2.7 million. There are programs for the control of Salmonella in certain feeds and in the production, processing, further processing, and cooking of food. With current technology, an eradication program would likely cost far more to the consumer than could be justified by the benefits the consumer would derive from such eradication. Nevertheless, practical control of salmonella contamination can be achieved through progressive application of new technology developed through research.", "contents": "Are we ready for a National Salmonella Control Program? Control of contamination of meat and poultry with Salmonella is difficult because of the complexity of the paths of transmission of the organism, the large number of sources of the organism, and the large number of persons, groups, and agencies involved in the production of animal feed and food and in the regulation of these industries. Furthermore, there is a gap between the basic technology available to destroy or prevent contamination with Salmonella and the technology available that is acceptable, inexpensive, and applicable on a large scale. Support of research for the development of new technology amounts only to about $2.7 million. There are programs for the control of Salmonella in certain feeds and in the production, processing, further processing, and cooking of food. With current technology, an eradication program would likely cost far more to the consumer than could be justified by the benefits the consumer would derive from such eradication. Nevertheless, practical control of salmonella contamination can be achieved through progressive application of new technology developed through research.", "PMID": 551510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_755", "title": "Maxwell Finland lecture: the influenza viruses and the human respiratory tract.", "content": "This paper has reviewed evidence concerning the changes brought about in the structure and function of the lower airways by influenza virus infections. Disposal of inhaled bacteria is believed to be hindered by the mechanical damage to the epithelium of the respiratory tract caused by the virus infection, and phagocytosis is inhibited as well. Alteration in the ventilation, particularly of the peripheral small airways, which has been found in previously healthy persons during and after influenza, may add to the obstruction of the airways in those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema during influenza and may be important in the genesis of these disorders. The immunological defense of the respiratory tract against the influenza viruses has been discussed briefly with reference to the best available means of enhancing this defense, particularly in individuals with chronic pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Maxwell Finland lecture: the influenza viruses and the human respiratory tract. This paper has reviewed evidence concerning the changes brought about in the structure and function of the lower airways by influenza virus infections. Disposal of inhaled bacteria is believed to be hindered by the mechanical damage to the epithelium of the respiratory tract caused by the virus infection, and phagocytosis is inhibited as well. Alteration in the ventilation, particularly of the peripheral small airways, which has been found in previously healthy persons during and after influenza, may add to the obstruction of the airways in those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema during influenza and may be important in the genesis of these disorders. The immunological defense of the respiratory tract against the influenza viruses has been discussed briefly with reference to the best available means of enhancing this defense, particularly in individuals with chronic pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 551509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_756", "title": "Epidemiologic characteristics of infant botulism in the United States, 1975-1978.", "content": "Between January 1, 1975, and July 31, 1978, 81 cases (47 type A, 34 type B) of infant botulism were reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia. Most cases occurred in the western states, with the majority in California and Utah, where active surveillance is in progress. Most of the cases reported have occurred in the fall months, but this pattern may be attributable to a reporting artifact. The median age at onset of illness was 10 weeks, with a range of three to 35 weeks. The case-fatality ratio was 3.7% (3 of 81). CDC has developed a reporting form for case investigation and has encouraged private physicians and state and territorial epidemiologists and laboratory directors to keep active surveillance of cases of infant botulism. State health departments and CDC are available for consultation regarding suspected cases of the illness.", "contents": "Epidemiologic characteristics of infant botulism in the United States, 1975-1978. Between January 1, 1975, and July 31, 1978, 81 cases (47 type A, 34 type B) of infant botulism were reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia. Most cases occurred in the western states, with the majority in California and Utah, where active surveillance is in progress. Most of the cases reported have occurred in the fall months, but this pattern may be attributable to a reporting artifact. The median age at onset of illness was 10 weeks, with a range of three to 35 weeks. The case-fatality ratio was 3.7% (3 of 81). CDC has developed a reporting form for case investigation and has encouraged private physicians and state and territorial epidemiologists and laboratory directors to keep active surveillance of cases of infant botulism. State health departments and CDC are available for consultation regarding suspected cases of the illness.", "PMID": 551513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_757", "title": "The clinical spectrum of infant botulism.", "content": "Infant botulism is the systemic illness that results when spores of Clostridium botulinum germinate in the infant's intestine and then produce botulinal toxin in vivo. As with other infectious diseases, infant botulism has a spectrum of clinical severity that ranges from a mild, outpatient illness to fulminant, sudden death. Most cases reported to date have been recognized in infants so weak and hypotonic that their need for hospital care was unquestioned; yet even this group of patients displayed a wide range in severity of illness. The outpatients were initially considered to be cases of \"failure to thrive,\" while the fulminant cases were indistinguishable at autopsy from typical instances of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, crib death). This article discusses the observed spectrum of clinical severity, the management of the hospitalized patient, and the manner in which sudden death might result from production of butulinal toxin in the intestine.", "contents": "The clinical spectrum of infant botulism. Infant botulism is the systemic illness that results when spores of Clostridium botulinum germinate in the infant's intestine and then produce botulinal toxin in vivo. As with other infectious diseases, infant botulism has a spectrum of clinical severity that ranges from a mild, outpatient illness to fulminant, sudden death. Most cases reported to date have been recognized in infants so weak and hypotonic that their need for hospital care was unquestioned; yet even this group of patients displayed a wide range in severity of illness. The outpatients were initially considered to be cases of \"failure to thrive,\" while the fulminant cases were indistinguishable at autopsy from typical instances of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, crib death). This article discusses the observed spectrum of clinical severity, the management of the hospitalized patient, and the manner in which sudden death might result from production of butulinal toxin in the intestine.", "PMID": 551512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_758", "title": "Laboratory procedures for cases of suspected infant botulism.", "content": "The recent development and evaluation of procedures for examination of fecal specimens for botulinal toxin and Clostridium botulinum have provided the means by which infant botulism can be recognized. The toxicity for mice of fecal extracts containing botulinal toxin can be neutralized with specific botulinal antitoxin. The presence of C. botulinum in the feces is detected by demonstrating the presence of botulinal toxin in enrichment culture supernatant by means of toxicity tests in mice. C. botulinum is isolated by streaking enrichment cultures on egg yolk agar and picking typical lipase-positive colonies. The experience of both the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Botulism Laboratory and other laboratories has been that botulinal toxin and C. botulinum are rarely, if ever, found in the feces of humans (infants or older people) not afflicted with botulism. Results of the examination in the CDC laboratory of specimens from 24 babies with infant botulism are given.", "contents": "Laboratory procedures for cases of suspected infant botulism. The recent development and evaluation of procedures for examination of fecal specimens for botulinal toxin and Clostridium botulinum have provided the means by which infant botulism can be recognized. The toxicity for mice of fecal extracts containing botulinal toxin can be neutralized with specific botulinal antitoxin. The presence of C. botulinum in the feces is detected by demonstrating the presence of botulinal toxin in enrichment culture supernatant by means of toxicity tests in mice. C. botulinum is isolated by streaking enrichment cultures on egg yolk agar and picking typical lipase-positive colonies. The experience of both the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Botulism Laboratory and other laboratories has been that botulinal toxin and C. botulinum are rarely, if ever, found in the feces of humans (infants or older people) not afflicted with botulism. Results of the examination in the CDC laboratory of specimens from 24 babies with infant botulism are given.", "PMID": 551514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_759", "title": "Viridans streptococcal endocarditis: the role of various species, including pyridoxal-dependent streptococci.", "content": "The viridans streptococci are a heterogeneous group of organisms frequently associated with microbial endocarditis. Isolates from consecutive patients with endocarditis due to viridans streptococci who were seen at The New York Hospital from 1944 to 1955 and from 1970 to 1978 were speciated, and the relative frequencies and patterns of sus ceptibility to penicillin were determined. Vitamin B6-dependent streptococci, classified as Streptococcus mitior, accounted for 5%-6% of microbial endocarditis in both time periods. Since these nutritional variants require the active forms of vitamin B6 for growth in routein media, they can be responsible for culture-negative endocarditis. Media must be supplemented with either pyridoxal hydrochloride or pyridoxamine dihydrochloride (the active forms of vitamin B6) for isolation, identification, and subsequent testing of susceptibility to antimirobial agents. Pyridoxine hydrochloride does not support the growth of these organisms in vitro.", "contents": "Viridans streptococcal endocarditis: the role of various species, including pyridoxal-dependent streptococci. The viridans streptococci are a heterogeneous group of organisms frequently associated with microbial endocarditis. Isolates from consecutive patients with endocarditis due to viridans streptococci who were seen at The New York Hospital from 1944 to 1955 and from 1970 to 1978 were speciated, and the relative frequencies and patterns of sus ceptibility to penicillin were determined. Vitamin B6-dependent streptococci, classified as Streptococcus mitior, accounted for 5%-6% of microbial endocarditis in both time periods. Since these nutritional variants require the active forms of vitamin B6 for growth in routein media, they can be responsible for culture-negative endocarditis. Media must be supplemented with either pyridoxal hydrochloride or pyridoxamine dihydrochloride (the active forms of vitamin B6) for isolation, identification, and subsequent testing of susceptibility to antimirobial agents. Pyridoxine hydrochloride does not support the growth of these organisms in vitro.", "PMID": 551516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_760", "title": "Current experience of neural tube defects in the West of Scotland.", "content": "The experience at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children,Glasgow, of infants admitted due to a neural tube defect has been reviewed. Two hundred and seventy-one infants were admitted in the years 1972 to 1978. In 1972 amniocentesis and in 1975 serum AFP screening were commenced in the region. Analysis of the results in Glasgow shows the latter programme to have resulted in the termination of 78% of these pregnancies complicated by the fetus having anencephaly but only 19% of those with spina bifida cystica. Spina bifida patients are a continuing medical and social challenge for which continued resources must be deployed.", "contents": "Current experience of neural tube defects in the West of Scotland. The experience at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children,Glasgow, of infants admitted due to a neural tube defect has been reviewed. Two hundred and seventy-one infants were admitted in the years 1972 to 1978. In 1972 amniocentesis and in 1975 serum AFP screening were commenced in the region. Analysis of the results in Glasgow shows the latter programme to have resulted in the termination of 78% of these pregnancies complicated by the fetus having anencephaly but only 19% of those with spina bifida cystica. Spina bifida patients are a continuing medical and social challenge for which continued resources must be deployed.", "PMID": 551614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_761", "title": "Myelination of the corpus callosum. II. The effect of relief of hydrocephalus upon the processes of myelination.", "content": "A clinico-pathological study has been carried out on 32 brains of children with hydrocephalus in whom the hydrocephalus had been completely controlled by shunting. The cell and myelination activity of the corpus callosum in these children is within the normal range for children of the same age, which contrasts markedly with the findings in children in whom the hydrocephalus is in a progressive state.", "contents": "Myelination of the corpus callosum. II. The effect of relief of hydrocephalus upon the processes of myelination. A clinico-pathological study has been carried out on 32 brains of children with hydrocephalus in whom the hydrocephalus had been completely controlled by shunting. The cell and myelination activity of the corpus callosum in these children is within the normal range for children of the same age, which contrasts markedly with the findings in children in whom the hydrocephalus is in a progressive state.", "PMID": 551615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_762", "title": "The infundibulum of the hypophysis in hydrocephalus.", "content": "This study describes the normal gross anatomy of the infundibulum and compares it with those in untreated and treated hydrocephalus. The infundibular length is 2-8 mm long (mean 5 mm) and shows little or no increase in length after birth. In treated hydrocephalic brains it has a mean length of 4 mm and in the untreated cases a mean length of 2.4 mm. The normal anterior angle is 65 degrees-120 degrees (mean 90 degrees). The treated cases range between 40 degrees to 130 degrees (mean 81 degrees) whereas the range of the untreated cases is even wider at 0 degrees to 160 degrees (mean 88 degrees). There is no correlation in the hydrocephalic groups between the angle and the length, angle and cortical thickness or length and cortical thickness. The changes observed appear to depend on the stage and severity of the hydrocephalus the caudal and cranial displacement of the brain stem. In only two of the fifty hydrocephalic brains examined did the infundibulum have a \"normal\" length, thickness and angle. Histological and cytochemical examination of the hypothalamus, infundibulum and hypophysis is needed to correlate the clinical findings of frequent endocrine abnormalities with histological ones.", "contents": "The infundibulum of the hypophysis in hydrocephalus. This study describes the normal gross anatomy of the infundibulum and compares it with those in untreated and treated hydrocephalus. The infundibular length is 2-8 mm long (mean 5 mm) and shows little or no increase in length after birth. In treated hydrocephalic brains it has a mean length of 4 mm and in the untreated cases a mean length of 2.4 mm. The normal anterior angle is 65 degrees-120 degrees (mean 90 degrees). The treated cases range between 40 degrees to 130 degrees (mean 81 degrees) whereas the range of the untreated cases is even wider at 0 degrees to 160 degrees (mean 88 degrees). There is no correlation in the hydrocephalic groups between the angle and the length, angle and cortical thickness or length and cortical thickness. The changes observed appear to depend on the stage and severity of the hydrocephalus the caudal and cranial displacement of the brain stem. In only two of the fifty hydrocephalic brains examined did the infundibulum have a \"normal\" length, thickness and angle. Histological and cytochemical examination of the hypothalamus, infundibulum and hypophysis is needed to correlate the clinical findings of frequent endocrine abnormalities with histological ones.", "PMID": 551616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_763", "title": "The superior surface lesion of the cerebellum in children with myelomeningocele.", "content": "The lobular pattern of the superior surface of the cerebellum has been described in 100 children with myelomeningocele. There is a wide range of abnormality. The inferior displaced cerebellar segment shortens with age, but the superior surface deformity probably remains unchanged and is, therefore, useful in indicating the original extent of the caudal part of the defect in the older child. The most severe change showed the cerebellar h emispheres to be separated by a deep midline identation (split cerebellum); this was associated with hypoplasia of the superior vermis which supports an inception during the organogenetic period of development. Other cerebellums showed less severe deformities and their inception was comparatively later in development. Thus the degree of deformity of the cerebellum is probably related to its time of onset. Furthermore, the findings suggest that we are dealing with a secondary disturbance. It is evident that the cerebellar defect is not limited to its caudal aspect; this should increase the specificity of the hindbrain malformation is children with myelomeningocele.", "contents": "The superior surface lesion of the cerebellum in children with myelomeningocele. The lobular pattern of the superior surface of the cerebellum has been described in 100 children with myelomeningocele. There is a wide range of abnormality. The inferior displaced cerebellar segment shortens with age, but the superior surface deformity probably remains unchanged and is, therefore, useful in indicating the original extent of the caudal part of the defect in the older child. The most severe change showed the cerebellar h emispheres to be separated by a deep midline identation (split cerebellum); this was associated with hypoplasia of the superior vermis which supports an inception during the organogenetic period of development. Other cerebellums showed less severe deformities and their inception was comparatively later in development. Thus the degree of deformity of the cerebellum is probably related to its time of onset. Furthermore, the findings suggest that we are dealing with a secondary disturbance. It is evident that the cerebellar defect is not limited to its caudal aspect; this should increase the specificity of the hindbrain malformation is children with myelomeningocele.", "PMID": 551617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_764", "title": "A retrospective analysis of conservative versus active management in severe open myelomeningocele.", "content": "88 patients with thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele not operated upon in the 1976-1977 period were compared with 76 patients with the same condition operated upon in the 1964-1971 period. There was no significant difference in sex and hydrocephalus at birth in the two groups. Mortality was less in the surgically treated group only after the age of three months. Ventriculitis appeared to be related to the incidence of hydrocephalus in the surgically treated group. There was a reduced risk of developing progressive hydrocephalus after birth in the untreated group, and the neurological status of the survivors at one year was the same in both groups. Interpreting the results as indicating that early surgery increased the incidence of progressive hydrocephalus and ventriculitis, and might increase survival of more disabled infants, then non-surgical treatment is justified since survivors are no worse as a result of this non-active approach.", "contents": "A retrospective analysis of conservative versus active management in severe open myelomeningocele. 88 patients with thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele not operated upon in the 1976-1977 period were compared with 76 patients with the same condition operated upon in the 1964-1971 period. There was no significant difference in sex and hydrocephalus at birth in the two groups. Mortality was less in the surgically treated group only after the age of three months. Ventriculitis appeared to be related to the incidence of hydrocephalus in the surgically treated group. There was a reduced risk of developing progressive hydrocephalus after birth in the untreated group, and the neurological status of the survivors at one year was the same in both groups. Interpreting the results as indicating that early surgery increased the incidence of progressive hydrocephalus and ventriculitis, and might increase survival of more disabled infants, then non-surgical treatment is justified since survivors are no worse as a result of this non-active approach.", "PMID": 551618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_765", "title": "The prognosis of occipital encephalocele.", "content": "147 cases of occipital cranium bifidum have been followed: 32 had meningoceles and 115 encephaloceles. Females predominated (69%). 90% of the meningocele and 43% of the encephalocele patients survived. Of the former 48% are normal and 16% are both physically and mentally handicapped. Of the latter only 4% are normal and 26% are physically and mentally handicapped. Cerebral tissue in the sac and associated microcephaly are bad prognostic features.", "contents": "The prognosis of occipital encephalocele. 147 cases of occipital cranium bifidum have been followed: 32 had meningoceles and 115 encephaloceles. Females predominated (69%). 90% of the meningocele and 43% of the encephalocele patients survived. Of the former 48% are normal and 16% are both physically and mentally handicapped. Of the latter only 4% are normal and 26% are physically and mentally handicapped. Cerebral tissue in the sac and associated microcephaly are bad prognostic features.", "PMID": 551619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_766", "title": "Hydrocephalus associated with arterio-venous malformation - the vein of Galen aneurysm.", "content": "Aneurysm of the vein of Galen is a rare cause of hydrocephalus. It should be suspected clinically when there are dilated frontal veins, and/or an intra-cranial bruit. Nearly all cases present in infancy. CAT brain scans will demonstrate the vascular lesion and the degree of hydrocephalus. Arteriography is only thought to be necessary if ablative surgery is planned; embolisation treatment may be applicable. Four cases from the Sheffield Children's Hospital are reported in detail and the methods of diagnosis and possible treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus associated with arterio-venous malformation - the vein of Galen aneurysm. Aneurysm of the vein of Galen is a rare cause of hydrocephalus. It should be suspected clinically when there are dilated frontal veins, and/or an intra-cranial bruit. Nearly all cases present in infancy. CAT brain scans will demonstrate the vascular lesion and the degree of hydrocephalus. Arteriography is only thought to be necessary if ablative surgery is planned; embolisation treatment may be applicable. Four cases from the Sheffield Children's Hospital are reported in detail and the methods of diagnosis and possible treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 551620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_767", "title": "Nature and severity of hydrocephalus and its relation to later intellectual function.", "content": "In 102 cases of infantile hydrocephalus, treated within 365 days of birth, the possibilities of predicting later intelligence were investigated, largely by means of multiple regression methods. No significant effect of aetiology, date of shunting or severity (measured in various ways) could be demonstrated. Within the spina bifida group however the 3 cases of encephalocele had considerably lower IQ's. There was no effect of lesion level in the rest of this group. Educational level of the parents had a significant, but not very marked impact on the IQ's of their children. Most outstanding was the difference between non-communicating and communicating hydrocephalus: nearly 50% of the non-communicating cases were mentally retarded, while this percentage was 22 for the communicating ones.", "contents": "Nature and severity of hydrocephalus and its relation to later intellectual function. In 102 cases of infantile hydrocephalus, treated within 365 days of birth, the possibilities of predicting later intelligence were investigated, largely by means of multiple regression methods. No significant effect of aetiology, date of shunting or severity (measured in various ways) could be demonstrated. Within the spina bifida group however the 3 cases of encephalocele had considerably lower IQ's. There was no effect of lesion level in the rest of this group. Educational level of the parents had a significant, but not very marked impact on the IQ's of their children. Most outstanding was the difference between non-communicating and communicating hydrocephalus: nearly 50% of the non-communicating cases were mentally retarded, while this percentage was 22 for the communicating ones.", "PMID": 551621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_768", "title": "Residual shunt infection in a program aimed at its prevention.", "content": "Measures designed to prevent infection after cerebrospinal fluid shunts were described earlier. These include refinements in technique, postponement of operations when there is an actual or threatened leak of cerebrospinal fluid and the use of topical, systemic and intraventricular antibiotics. Six hundred and twenty-four operations in 404 patients, carried out after instituting these precautions were complicated by 13 new infections (2.1%) while in 5 instances (.8%) infection complicated a procedure conducted in the presence of a pre-existant but unrecognized infection. In almost every case the pathogenesis of new infection was clear. The circumstances suggest that some of the residual infections, both new and renewed, might by preventable.", "contents": "Residual shunt infection in a program aimed at its prevention. Measures designed to prevent infection after cerebrospinal fluid shunts were described earlier. These include refinements in technique, postponement of operations when there is an actual or threatened leak of cerebrospinal fluid and the use of topical, systemic and intraventricular antibiotics. Six hundred and twenty-four operations in 404 patients, carried out after instituting these precautions were complicated by 13 new infections (2.1%) while in 5 instances (.8%) infection complicated a procedure conducted in the presence of a pre-existant but unrecognized infection. In almost every case the pathogenesis of new infection was clear. The circumstances suggest that some of the residual infections, both new and renewed, might by preventable.", "PMID": 551622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_769", "title": "The aetiology and prevention of shunt nephritis.", "content": "The pathogenesis of shunt nephritis is reviewed and attention is drawn to the association between this disease and chronic shunt colonisation with delayed diagnosis. The results of applying a surveillance scheme, involving serological to patients having shunt surgery are reported. Ten cases of shunt nephritis occurred in a group of patients not followed by this method, whereas only one case occurred in the surveillance group.", "contents": "The aetiology and prevention of shunt nephritis. The pathogenesis of shunt nephritis is reviewed and attention is drawn to the association between this disease and chronic shunt colonisation with delayed diagnosis. The results of applying a surveillance scheme, involving serological to patients having shunt surgery are reported. Ten cases of shunt nephritis occurred in a group of patients not followed by this method, whereas only one case occurred in the surveillance group.", "PMID": 551623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_770", "title": "Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in children with myelomeningocele.", "content": "Evoked responses were obtained from electrical stimulation of dermatomes representing individual lumbar and sacral roots. Normal ranges of latency have been established for adults, but have not been extended to children at this time. DSSEPs can be utilized, however, to sequentially follow lumbo-sacral cord function in individual children at risk of progressive myelopathy.", "contents": "Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in children with myelomeningocele. Evoked responses were obtained from electrical stimulation of dermatomes representing individual lumbar and sacral roots. Normal ranges of latency have been established for adults, but have not been extended to children at this time. DSSEPs can be utilized, however, to sequentially follow lumbo-sacral cord function in individual children at risk of progressive myelopathy.", "PMID": 551624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_771", "title": "Vertebral body widths and heights in normal infants and in those with myelomeningocele.", "content": "Measurements were made of vertebral body widths and heights from post-mortem radiographs of 20 newborn children with myelomeningocele and 10 \"normal\" children. The only statistically significant difference was reduction of vertebral body widths at T11 in infants with myelomeningocele. There was no evidence of shortening of the lumbosacral region as proposed by previous workers.", "contents": "Vertebral body widths and heights in normal infants and in those with myelomeningocele. Measurements were made of vertebral body widths and heights from post-mortem radiographs of 20 newborn children with myelomeningocele and 10 \"normal\" children. The only statistically significant difference was reduction of vertebral body widths at T11 in infants with myelomeningocele. There was no evidence of shortening of the lumbosacral region as proposed by previous workers.", "PMID": 551625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_772", "title": "Kyphectomy in myelodysplasia.", "content": "The techniques used and results obtained in the surgical treatment of the kyphotic deformities of fourteen patients with paraplegia and myelomeningocele are presented. The best results were obtained by vertebral resection at the apex of the deformity, wiring together the facing vertebrae to promote interbody fusion, and correction and maintenance of the realignment with a Harrington distraction rod.", "contents": "Kyphectomy in myelodysplasia. The techniques used and results obtained in the surgical treatment of the kyphotic deformities of fourteen patients with paraplegia and myelomeningocele are presented. The best results were obtained by vertebral resection at the apex of the deformity, wiring together the facing vertebrae to promote interbody fusion, and correction and maintenance of the realignment with a Harrington distraction rod.", "PMID": 551626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_773", "title": "Intermittent Catheterisation of the bladder in patients with neuropathic incontinence of urine.", "content": "60 patients with neuropathic bladder are presented in whom intermittent catheterisation was attempted as a form of therapy for incontinence over an 18 months period. The treatment was successful in 70% of the patients who presented essentially in an unselected group. It is recommended that this type of treatment is eminently satisfactory for many forms of neuropathic incontinence of urine and patients should be screened and selected for their suitability for such treatment.", "contents": "Intermittent Catheterisation of the bladder in patients with neuropathic incontinence of urine. 60 patients with neuropathic bladder are presented in whom intermittent catheterisation was attempted as a form of therapy for incontinence over an 18 months period. The treatment was successful in 70% of the patients who presented essentially in an unselected group. It is recommended that this type of treatment is eminently satisfactory for many forms of neuropathic incontinence of urine and patients should be screened and selected for their suitability for such treatment.", "PMID": 551627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_774", "title": "[Experimental study on the possibility of tuberculosis transmission by coitus].", "content": "The following conslusion can be drawn from the results obtained: 1. A male guinea pig, in which tuberculosis of genitals was caused by BK-typus humanus, might infect a healthy female guinea pig in cohabitation. The experiments proved that the possibility of such infection was expressed as the ratio of 1:6. 2. On the basis of the results obtained, we feel entitled to draw our patients' attention to the possibility of infection resulting from sexual intercourse and the necessity of application of suitable contraceptives. It should also be noted that appropriate examination of the patients' present partners is indispensable.", "contents": "[Experimental study on the possibility of tuberculosis transmission by coitus]. The following conslusion can be drawn from the results obtained: 1. A male guinea pig, in which tuberculosis of genitals was caused by BK-typus humanus, might infect a healthy female guinea pig in cohabitation. The experiments proved that the possibility of such infection was expressed as the ratio of 1:6. 2. On the basis of the results obtained, we feel entitled to draw our patients' attention to the possibility of infection resulting from sexual intercourse and the necessity of application of suitable contraceptives. It should also be noted that appropriate examination of the patients' present partners is indispensable.", "PMID": 551628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_775", "title": "[Studies of the consecutive hydrolysis of dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamides by an aminopeptidase from Brassica napus].", "content": "The relatively alanine-specific amino peptidase from Brassica napus hydrolyzes dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamide according to a consecutive mechanism. Enzyme-kinetic studies of dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamides carried out by means of spectrometrical procedures of measurement are only possible when the increase in the concentration of the fission product p-aminoazobenzene is recorded. For assessing the kinetic parameters of the intermediary steps of the hydrolysis of dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamides a function is derived describing the dependence of the concentration of fission products of p-aminoazobenzene on reaction time. The satisfactory correspondence of the kinetic parameters calculated for the intermediary-originating substrate L-ala-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamide as substrate demonstrates the applicability of the procedure described in the present paper.", "contents": "[Studies of the consecutive hydrolysis of dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamides by an aminopeptidase from Brassica napus]. The relatively alanine-specific amino peptidase from Brassica napus hydrolyzes dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamide according to a consecutive mechanism. Enzyme-kinetic studies of dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamides carried out by means of spectrometrical procedures of measurement are only possible when the increase in the concentration of the fission product p-aminoazobenzene is recorded. For assessing the kinetic parameters of the intermediary steps of the hydrolysis of dipeptidyl-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamides a function is derived describing the dependence of the concentration of fission products of p-aminoazobenzene on reaction time. The satisfactory correspondence of the kinetic parameters calculated for the intermediary-originating substrate L-ala-4-(phenylazo)-phenylamide as substrate demonstrates the applicability of the procedure described in the present paper.", "PMID": 551630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_776", "title": "Pre-mRNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit.", "content": "Different fractions of cellular RNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit, extracted by the temperature fractionation method, were investigated by hybridization to globin cDNA. 97.4% of all globin sequences were found in the 4 degrees C franction (cytoplasmic RNA) 0.11% are in the 40 degrees / 50 degrees C fraction and 2.47% in the 65 degrees C and 85 degrees C franctions (pre-mRNA). This shows a substantial purification of the pre-mRNA fractions from cytoplasmic mRNA. 33% of the globin sequences in the 65 degrees C and 85 degrees C fractions are polyadenylated. The poly(A)+-RNA from the 65 degrees C and 85 degrees C fractions separated in a formamide sucrose gradient showed a clear hybridization to globin cDNA in the region between 9S and 28S and around 4S. In a control experiment in which RNA from baby hamster kidney cells (BHK) was mixed with globin mRNA and separated in the same manner hybridization was observed at the 9S position of the gradient only.", "contents": "Pre-mRNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit. Different fractions of cellular RNA from erythroid enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit, extracted by the temperature fractionation method, were investigated by hybridization to globin cDNA. 97.4% of all globin sequences were found in the 4 degrees C franction (cytoplasmic RNA) 0.11% are in the 40 degrees / 50 degrees C fraction and 2.47% in the 65 degrees C and 85 degrees C franctions (pre-mRNA). This shows a substantial purification of the pre-mRNA fractions from cytoplasmic mRNA. 33% of the globin sequences in the 65 degrees C and 85 degrees C fractions are polyadenylated. The poly(A)+-RNA from the 65 degrees C and 85 degrees C fractions separated in a formamide sucrose gradient showed a clear hybridization to globin cDNA in the region between 9S and 28S and around 4S. In a control experiment in which RNA from baby hamster kidney cells (BHK) was mixed with globin mRNA and separated in the same manner hybridization was observed at the 9S position of the gradient only.", "PMID": 551631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_777", "title": "[Studies of differences in protein accretion in mice by means of cell-free protein synthesis systems].", "content": "A comparison of the stimulating activity of the muscle cell sap fraction of mice of the 0th, 4th and 6th generations selected according to the protein content in their carcasses in the cell-free ribosomal and polysomal protein synthesis systems showed that both systems are applicable to detect differences in accretion of protein. These differences ar much more distinct in the cell-free polysomal system than in the ribosomal poly(U) system.", "contents": "[Studies of differences in protein accretion in mice by means of cell-free protein synthesis systems]. A comparison of the stimulating activity of the muscle cell sap fraction of mice of the 0th, 4th and 6th generations selected according to the protein content in their carcasses in the cell-free ribosomal and polysomal protein synthesis systems showed that both systems are applicable to detect differences in accretion of protein. These differences ar much more distinct in the cell-free polysomal system than in the ribosomal poly(U) system.", "PMID": 551632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_778", "title": "Effect of external sodium and calcium on calcium efflux in arteria carotis of cattle.", "content": "The dependence of the 45Ca-efflux from the smooth muscle cells of the arteria carotis of cattle on external sodium and calcium was studied. In the absence of external calcium the replacement of NaCl by sucrose leads to a decreased 45Ca-efflux rate, replacement by LiCl to an increased efflux rate. With regard to the presence of sodium and calcium in the external medium, the 45Ca-efflux rate decreases in the following order: Na + Ca less than less than Na + Ca-free less than Na-free (Na substituted by sucrose) + Ca-free. LiCl considerably stimulates the 45Ca-efflux rate in the presence of external calcium. An inhibition of the Na, K-ATPase activity lasting for more than 20 min leads to a decrease of the 45Ca-efflux rate. The results obtained suggest the existence of a Na-Ca-exchange in the arteria carotis of cattle.", "contents": "Effect of external sodium and calcium on calcium efflux in arteria carotis of cattle. The dependence of the 45Ca-efflux from the smooth muscle cells of the arteria carotis of cattle on external sodium and calcium was studied. In the absence of external calcium the replacement of NaCl by sucrose leads to a decreased 45Ca-efflux rate, replacement by LiCl to an increased efflux rate. With regard to the presence of sodium and calcium in the external medium, the 45Ca-efflux rate decreases in the following order: Na + Ca less than less than Na + Ca-free less than Na-free (Na substituted by sucrose) + Ca-free. LiCl considerably stimulates the 45Ca-efflux rate in the presence of external calcium. An inhibition of the Na, K-ATPase activity lasting for more than 20 min leads to a decrease of the 45Ca-efflux rate. The results obtained suggest the existence of a Na-Ca-exchange in the arteria carotis of cattle.", "PMID": 551633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_779", "title": "[Studies of the deformability of preserved red blood cells using a simple filtration method].", "content": "The applied method to measure the filtrability of red blood cells is accurate enough for the study of the effects of the conditions of storage on their deformability. In this work the standard deviation of the method, the mean biological deviation of the deformability of human red blood cells and their deformability in the course of storage in the ACD-AG-medium have been investigated. Considerable loss of deformability occurs towards the end of storage time of the cells, which is not reversible be restitution of ATP alone. The applicability of this method as a simple test of the vitatity of preserved erythrocytes if to be tested.", "contents": "[Studies of the deformability of preserved red blood cells using a simple filtration method]. The applied method to measure the filtrability of red blood cells is accurate enough for the study of the effects of the conditions of storage on their deformability. In this work the standard deviation of the method, the mean biological deviation of the deformability of human red blood cells and their deformability in the course of storage in the ACD-AG-medium have been investigated. Considerable loss of deformability occurs towards the end of storage time of the cells, which is not reversible be restitution of ATP alone. The applicability of this method as a simple test of the vitatity of preserved erythrocytes if to be tested.", "PMID": 551634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_780", "title": "Effect of repeated carbon monoxide intoxications on the myoglobin concentration in heart and skeletal muscle of rats.", "content": "A study was made to determine whether or not myoglobin plays a role in the adaptation response of an organism to chronic carbon monoxide exposure. Rats were injected subcutaneously with carbon monoxide (2.4 and 7.2 mmol CO/kg body weight, once daily on 5 days a week) 30times, 60times, or 107times. These exposure conditions resulted in carboxyhemoglobin concentrations of about 45 and 60%, respectively, as well as in an increase in both the hemoglobin concentration and the hematocrit. In skeletal muscle the myoglobin concentrations were not changed significantly, whereas the heart muscle showed an increase mean myoglobin concentration after the prolonged CO hypoxia (7.2 mmol CO/kg, 107times) by 54%.", "contents": "Effect of repeated carbon monoxide intoxications on the myoglobin concentration in heart and skeletal muscle of rats. A study was made to determine whether or not myoglobin plays a role in the adaptation response of an organism to chronic carbon monoxide exposure. Rats were injected subcutaneously with carbon monoxide (2.4 and 7.2 mmol CO/kg body weight, once daily on 5 days a week) 30times, 60times, or 107times. These exposure conditions resulted in carboxyhemoglobin concentrations of about 45 and 60%, respectively, as well as in an increase in both the hemoglobin concentration and the hematocrit. In skeletal muscle the myoglobin concentrations were not changed significantly, whereas the heart muscle showed an increase mean myoglobin concentration after the prolonged CO hypoxia (7.2 mmol CO/kg, 107times) by 54%.", "PMID": 551635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_781", "title": "[Methodical optimization of redioiodine uptake experiments in living rats].", "content": "The paper deals with the estimation of thyroidal uptake of 131I in living rats. The animals are fixed in a specially marked glass tube. This tube is discontinuously moved over a scintillation counter within a lead collimator. Counts of 131I are estimated segmentically. The highest counts ratio with the geometrical factor of the appropriate segment is used to calculate the thyroidal radioiodine uptake. Similar results, obtained with an 131I-source placed in various segments of the top side of glass tube, indicate that the uptake values obtained in this manner exact. Thyroidal uptake values, which were received on living rats with this method (in vivo) and compared with values obtained with the prepared and plated thyroid of the same rats (in vitro) show a very high correlation (r = 0,99; p greater than 0,001). In repeated estimations of the thyroidal 131I-uptake on one animal a variation coefficient of 1.5% (n = 13) was obtained. The advantage of this in vivo method is the possibility to determine the thyroidal activity at various times after 131I-application (2 phase test) and by repeated 131I-applications under different conditions (diet, age, for instance).", "contents": "[Methodical optimization of redioiodine uptake experiments in living rats]. The paper deals with the estimation of thyroidal uptake of 131I in living rats. The animals are fixed in a specially marked glass tube. This tube is discontinuously moved over a scintillation counter within a lead collimator. Counts of 131I are estimated segmentically. The highest counts ratio with the geometrical factor of the appropriate segment is used to calculate the thyroidal radioiodine uptake. Similar results, obtained with an 131I-source placed in various segments of the top side of glass tube, indicate that the uptake values obtained in this manner exact. Thyroidal uptake values, which were received on living rats with this method (in vivo) and compared with values obtained with the prepared and plated thyroid of the same rats (in vitro) show a very high correlation (r = 0,99; p greater than 0,001). In repeated estimations of the thyroidal 131I-uptake on one animal a variation coefficient of 1.5% (n = 13) was obtained. The advantage of this in vivo method is the possibility to determine the thyroidal activity at various times after 131I-application (2 phase test) and by repeated 131I-applications under different conditions (diet, age, for instance).", "PMID": 551638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_782", "title": "Neurophysiological aspects and learning processes in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Two groups of schizophrenic patients (acute and chronic subjects) were observed in order to study possible differences in neuropsychological performances and their relationship with symptomatology. 16 acute and 16 chronic patients, aged 18 to 35 years were tested with a battery of neuropsychological tests (Word Association Test, Serial Verbal Learning, Weigl's test, Simple Reaction Times, Choice Continuous Reaction Time). Clinical profiles were evaluated by means of MMPI and WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). Findings concerning cognitive processes show no significant differences between the two groups. Results suggest a correlation between clinical profiles and performances in acute patients, whereas in chronic subjects this correlation seems markedly reduced. Finally, chronicity (i.e. the length of illness) does not seem so be an important factor in determining consistent defects in neuropsychological performances.", "contents": "Neurophysiological aspects and learning processes in schizophrenic patients. Two groups of schizophrenic patients (acute and chronic subjects) were observed in order to study possible differences in neuropsychological performances and their relationship with symptomatology. 16 acute and 16 chronic patients, aged 18 to 35 years were tested with a battery of neuropsychological tests (Word Association Test, Serial Verbal Learning, Weigl's test, Simple Reaction Times, Choice Continuous Reaction Time). Clinical profiles were evaluated by means of MMPI and WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). Findings concerning cognitive processes show no significant differences between the two groups. Results suggest a correlation between clinical profiles and performances in acute patients, whereas in chronic subjects this correlation seems markedly reduced. Finally, chronicity (i.e. the length of illness) does not seem so be an important factor in determining consistent defects in neuropsychological performances.", "PMID": 551685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_783", "title": "Approximate tear volumes under flexible contact lenses.", "content": "The quantification of tear volume trapped under a flexible contact lens in situ is important for an understanding of both optical and physiological lens behavior. Mathematical treatment is used to calculate the flexed back radii of flexible contact lenses in situ from the various hypotheses available. For each hypothetical radius the tear volume under the lens is calculated. The method is limited in accuracy due to several underlying assumptions. Twelve lens situations are analyzed, and the results indicate a tear volume of the order of 10 microliters.", "contents": "Approximate tear volumes under flexible contact lenses. The quantification of tear volume trapped under a flexible contact lens in situ is important for an understanding of both optical and physiological lens behavior. Mathematical treatment is used to calculate the flexed back radii of flexible contact lenses in situ from the various hypotheses available. For each hypothetical radius the tear volume under the lens is calculated. The method is limited in accuracy due to several underlying assumptions. Twelve lens situations are analyzed, and the results indicate a tear volume of the order of 10 microliters.", "PMID": 551732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_784", "title": "The effect of fit and parameter changes on soft lens rotation.", "content": "An evaluation of the effect of changing the base curve, overall diameter and amount of prism incorporated in the lens, on the extent of blink-initiated rotation of prism-ballasted and truncated soft contact lenses was undertaken. Increasing the prism power and the base curve (while increasing lens diameter to maintain a constant fitting relationship to the cornea) are both ineffective in changing the amount of rotation. Only steepening the base curve reduces rotation, and this change should be made cautiously because steep lenses tend to rotate to off-axis positions.", "contents": "The effect of fit and parameter changes on soft lens rotation. An evaluation of the effect of changing the base curve, overall diameter and amount of prism incorporated in the lens, on the extent of blink-initiated rotation of prism-ballasted and truncated soft contact lenses was undertaken. Increasing the prism power and the base curve (while increasing lens diameter to maintain a constant fitting relationship to the cornea) are both ineffective in changing the amount of rotation. Only steepening the base curve reduces rotation, and this change should be made cautiously because steep lenses tend to rotate to off-axis positions.", "PMID": 551733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_785", "title": "A case of mucolipidosis II: biochemical, nutritional, and immunological studies.", "content": "A case of mucolipidosis II was studied biochemically, nutritionally and immunologically. A possible functional deficiency of T cells was observed, but discrepancy between B cells and immunoglobulin content was not reasonably explained at this moment. There was no basic nutritional problem in this case and it is more likely that his growth retardation was due to frequent episodes of severe respiratory infection because he received adequate calorie intake with low normal basal metabolic rate. Results of enzymatic assays were also presented.", "contents": "A case of mucolipidosis II: biochemical, nutritional, and immunological studies. A case of mucolipidosis II was studied biochemically, nutritionally and immunologically. A possible functional deficiency of T cells was observed, but discrepancy between B cells and immunoglobulin content was not reasonably explained at this moment. There was no basic nutritional problem in this case and it is more likely that his growth retardation was due to frequent episodes of severe respiratory infection because he received adequate calorie intake with low normal basal metabolic rate. Results of enzymatic assays were also presented.", "PMID": 551735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_786", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis: early neurologic manifestations and CT features in 18 patients.", "content": "Early clinical manifestations and radiologic features of tuberous sclerosis were studied in 18 consecutive patients encountered in the past two years, including two patients harboring an associated intraventricular tumor (giant-cell astrocytoma). Depigmented naevi rather than adenoma sebaceum, infantile spasms and intracranial calcifications were the cardinal early features in this present series, and CT scanning proved to be the single most useful diagnostic technique in the early detection of intracranial calcifications and therefore for the early diagnosis of this disorder. CT scanning was also useful in detecting the intraventricular tumors in the early stage before they became clinically manifest.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis: early neurologic manifestations and CT features in 18 patients. Early clinical manifestations and radiologic features of tuberous sclerosis were studied in 18 consecutive patients encountered in the past two years, including two patients harboring an associated intraventricular tumor (giant-cell astrocytoma). Depigmented naevi rather than adenoma sebaceum, infantile spasms and intracranial calcifications were the cardinal early features in this present series, and CT scanning proved to be the single most useful diagnostic technique in the early detection of intracranial calcifications and therefore for the early diagnosis of this disorder. CT scanning was also useful in detecting the intraventricular tumors in the early stage before they became clinically manifest.", "PMID": 551737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_787", "title": "Heart rate variability in full-term normal and abnormal newborn infants during sleep.", "content": "Heart rate variability was studied in normal and abnormal newborn infants during sleep in relation to the EEG background. The background EEGs of the full-term newborn infants were classified into normal, minimal depression, mild depression, moderate depression, burst-suppression and flat patterns in order of increasing severity. Nonsequential and sequential histograms were produced with the aid of a computer from some 500 consecutive RR intervals of the ECG recorded on a magnetic tape during polygraphic recordings. The seuential curves mainly showed fast oscillation during quiet sleep and slow oscillation during active sleep in normal infants. The infants who had moderately depresed EEGs presented pronounced oscillation. In those whose EEGs displayed burst-suppression and flat patterns, the sequential curves showed very little heart rate variability. They were often flat (fixed heart rate). Thus, heart rate variability was found to be one of the valuable parameters in evaluating abnormality of the CNS in newborn infants.", "contents": "Heart rate variability in full-term normal and abnormal newborn infants during sleep. Heart rate variability was studied in normal and abnormal newborn infants during sleep in relation to the EEG background. The background EEGs of the full-term newborn infants were classified into normal, minimal depression, mild depression, moderate depression, burst-suppression and flat patterns in order of increasing severity. Nonsequential and sequential histograms were produced with the aid of a computer from some 500 consecutive RR intervals of the ECG recorded on a magnetic tape during polygraphic recordings. The seuential curves mainly showed fast oscillation during quiet sleep and slow oscillation during active sleep in normal infants. The infants who had moderately depresed EEGs presented pronounced oscillation. In those whose EEGs displayed burst-suppression and flat patterns, the sequential curves showed very little heart rate variability. They were often flat (fixed heart rate). Thus, heart rate variability was found to be one of the valuable parameters in evaluating abnormality of the CNS in newborn infants.", "PMID": 551738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_788", "title": "A case of Ullrich's disease (Kongenitale, Atonisch-Sklerotische Muskeldystrophie).", "content": "An unique myopathy described by Ullrich in 1930 was reported in a 4-year-old Japanese boy. Major clinical findings included proximal joint contracture, muscle hypotonia, prominent calcaneus, high-arched palate, and normal intelli gence. Muscle biopsy showed rather small muscle fivers with variations in size and proliferation of connective tissue. A review of 15 cases in the literature revealed this type of myopathy as a distinctive entity to be classified as a myopathic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, rather than in the group of muscular dystrophies.", "contents": "A case of Ullrich's disease (Kongenitale, Atonisch-Sklerotische Muskeldystrophie). An unique myopathy described by Ullrich in 1930 was reported in a 4-year-old Japanese boy. Major clinical findings included proximal joint contracture, muscle hypotonia, prominent calcaneus, high-arched palate, and normal intelli gence. Muscle biopsy showed rather small muscle fivers with variations in size and proliferation of connective tissue. A review of 15 cases in the literature revealed this type of myopathy as a distinctive entity to be classified as a myopathic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, rather than in the group of muscular dystrophies.", "PMID": 551739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_789", "title": "Sleep and EEG features of newborns with 18 and 13 trisomy syndromes.", "content": "Serial polygraphic recordings of two to three hours duration were made in five full-term newborns with trisomy 18 and one full-term newborn with trisomy 13 syndrome. The newborns with 18 trisomy syndrome were poor sleepers with long periods of wakefulness and/or drowsiness. There were no consistent abnormalities in the sleep profile characteristic of 18 or 13 trisomy syndrome. These infants had some difficulty in organizing a stable sleep cycle especially during the immediate neonatal period. There was poor correlation between EEG patterns and states. After one to two weeks, cyclic organization of sleep showed some tendency towards normalization, although there were more trace alternant and fewer high voltage slow patterns in quiet sleep even around and after 44 weeks conceptional age. Other abnormal features of sleep often observed were an increase of indeterminate sleep, a decrease of quiet sleep, and an increase or decrease of active sleep in some records.", "contents": "Sleep and EEG features of newborns with 18 and 13 trisomy syndromes. Serial polygraphic recordings of two to three hours duration were made in five full-term newborns with trisomy 18 and one full-term newborn with trisomy 13 syndrome. The newborns with 18 trisomy syndrome were poor sleepers with long periods of wakefulness and/or drowsiness. There were no consistent abnormalities in the sleep profile characteristic of 18 or 13 trisomy syndrome. These infants had some difficulty in organizing a stable sleep cycle especially during the immediate neonatal period. There was poor correlation between EEG patterns and states. After one to two weeks, cyclic organization of sleep showed some tendency towards normalization, although there were more trace alternant and fewer high voltage slow patterns in quiet sleep even around and after 44 weeks conceptional age. Other abnormal features of sleep often observed were an increase of indeterminate sleep, a decrease of quiet sleep, and an increase or decrease of active sleep in some records.", "PMID": 551740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_790", "title": "[Histometric studies of functional assessment of the parathyroid glands in healthy and sick cattle].", "content": "--Weights and mean nuclear surfaces of external epithelial bodies were examined in 53 clinically intact young fattening bulls, 49 clinically intact dairy cows, 55 young fattening bulls slaughtered on account of emergency mainly for osteolamacia and rickets, and 50 cows that had died of various diseases. --Absolute parenchymal levels were found to increase along with growing age. --In young fattening bulls, epithelial bodies lost weight and nuclear surface along with severity of pathological bone changes. --Epithelial bodies in cows and young fattening bulls feeding primarily on silage were more active than those of animals feeding to a larger extent on meadow hay or kept grazing. --No signs of increased activity of epithelial bodies were recordable from animals with osteomalacia or those close to parturition. --All results so far derived from the above studies seem to suggest that, with the present regime of cattle feeding, calcium deficit or phosphate excess are not involved in the development of skeletal diseases. The findings so far obtained in the context of epithelial bodies have confirmed the contrary to the effect that calcium excess and phosphate deficit have remained to be the major causes of skeletal diseases.", "contents": "[Histometric studies of functional assessment of the parathyroid glands in healthy and sick cattle]. --Weights and mean nuclear surfaces of external epithelial bodies were examined in 53 clinically intact young fattening bulls, 49 clinically intact dairy cows, 55 young fattening bulls slaughtered on account of emergency mainly for osteolamacia and rickets, and 50 cows that had died of various diseases. --Absolute parenchymal levels were found to increase along with growing age. --In young fattening bulls, epithelial bodies lost weight and nuclear surface along with severity of pathological bone changes. --Epithelial bodies in cows and young fattening bulls feeding primarily on silage were more active than those of animals feeding to a larger extent on meadow hay or kept grazing. --No signs of increased activity of epithelial bodies were recordable from animals with osteomalacia or those close to parturition. --All results so far derived from the above studies seem to suggest that, with the present regime of cattle feeding, calcium deficit or phosphate excess are not involved in the development of skeletal diseases. The findings so far obtained in the context of epithelial bodies have confirmed the contrary to the effect that calcium excess and phosphate deficit have remained to be the major causes of skeletal diseases.", "PMID": 551748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_791", "title": "[Trials to improve weight development of suckling piglets by administration of substances with gestagenic activity to sows in puerperium].", "content": "The investigations reported in this paper were undertaken against the background of literature data on successful increase of milk yield of sows by offering them gestagens, between the eighth and 21st days of lactation, and on higher weight increases thus induced in piglets before weaning. Those results should be reproduced under conditions of industrialised production, with the view to reducing the percentage of weaned piglets below normal weight. However, the results published were not confirmed by three experimental approaches, using litters of different sizes as well as different megestrol acetate doses (20 mg and 30 mg per sow/die), between the eighth and 21st days of lactation. Involved in these experiments were 579 test animals and 582 controls.", "contents": "[Trials to improve weight development of suckling piglets by administration of substances with gestagenic activity to sows in puerperium]. The investigations reported in this paper were undertaken against the background of literature data on successful increase of milk yield of sows by offering them gestagens, between the eighth and 21st days of lactation, and on higher weight increases thus induced in piglets before weaning. Those results should be reproduced under conditions of industrialised production, with the view to reducing the percentage of weaned piglets below normal weight. However, the results published were not confirmed by three experimental approaches, using litters of different sizes as well as different megestrol acetate doses (20 mg and 30 mg per sow/die), between the eighth and 21st days of lactation. Involved in these experiments were 579 test animals and 582 controls.", "PMID": 551749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_792", "title": "[Histometric studies of thyroid glands of swine with treated and untreated strumata with special reference to the importance of morphological findings for the assessment of thyroid function].", "content": "Thyreocyte measurements were applied to 20 thyroids each of three groups of pigs for slaughter kept in the region of the Baltic coast. The first group consisted of clinically intact animals, the second of animals with untreated goiters, and the third of animals with goiters and potassium-iodine treatment. Hundred cells were measured in each of the animals, the magnification factor being 2,000. Mean values were calculated for each animal and group. The mean epithelial levels were 7.34 +/- 0.71 micrometer in Group 1, 13.77 +/- 1.97 micrometer in Group 2, and 4.25 +/- 0.52 micrometer in Group 3. The follicles recorded from the third group were one-a-half to three times as large as those recorded from the first. The mean thyroid weights were 11.8 +/- 5.0 g in the first group, 46.3 +/- 28.9 g in the second, and 23.5 +/- 7.9 g in the third. The relevance of such morphological findings to assessment of thyroid function is discussed. It is proposed to include such tests in any assessment of a problem situation in the context of thyroid function and in any evaluation of therapeutic success.", "contents": "[Histometric studies of thyroid glands of swine with treated and untreated strumata with special reference to the importance of morphological findings for the assessment of thyroid function]. Thyreocyte measurements were applied to 20 thyroids each of three groups of pigs for slaughter kept in the region of the Baltic coast. The first group consisted of clinically intact animals, the second of animals with untreated goiters, and the third of animals with goiters and potassium-iodine treatment. Hundred cells were measured in each of the animals, the magnification factor being 2,000. Mean values were calculated for each animal and group. The mean epithelial levels were 7.34 +/- 0.71 micrometer in Group 1, 13.77 +/- 1.97 micrometer in Group 2, and 4.25 +/- 0.52 micrometer in Group 3. The follicles recorded from the third group were one-a-half to three times as large as those recorded from the first. The mean thyroid weights were 11.8 +/- 5.0 g in the first group, 46.3 +/- 28.9 g in the second, and 23.5 +/- 7.9 g in the third. The relevance of such morphological findings to assessment of thyroid function is discussed. It is proposed to include such tests in any assessment of a problem situation in the context of thyroid function and in any evaluation of therapeutic success.", "PMID": 551750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_793", "title": "[Behavior of Mycoplasma strains in media with L-cystine].", "content": "Mycoplasma strains of all origins and species can grow on PPLO agar (pleuropneumonia-like organisms), if thallium and L-cystine are added. Brown-black is the coloration of the growing colonies, with the intensity of blackening varying by colony age. Blackening of the mycoplasma colonies is likely to facilitate germ counting, cloning, and evaluation of the growth inhibition test.", "contents": "[Behavior of Mycoplasma strains in media with L-cystine]. Mycoplasma strains of all origins and species can grow on PPLO agar (pleuropneumonia-like organisms), if thallium and L-cystine are added. Brown-black is the coloration of the growing colonies, with the intensity of blackening varying by colony age. Blackening of the mycoplasma colonies is likely to facilitate germ counting, cloning, and evaluation of the growth inhibition test.", "PMID": 551751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_794", "title": "[Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma to calves].", "content": "An account is given of the importance and position of enzootic pneumonia in the general complex of mycoplasmic infections of cattle stock. Intra-mammary inoculation proved to be an adequate approach to testing the pathogenicity of isolated strains. The changes thus identified may be used together with an evaluation diagram to reduce virulence.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma to calves]. An account is given of the importance and position of enzootic pneumonia in the general complex of mycoplasmic infections of cattle stock. Intra-mammary inoculation proved to be an adequate approach to testing the pathogenicity of isolated strains. The changes thus identified may be used together with an evaluation diagram to reduce virulence.", "PMID": 551752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_795", "title": "[Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle].", "content": "Reported in this paper are experiments from which the conclusion was drawn that Acheloplasma laidlawii could cause changes in the mammary gland under certain circumstances.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle]. Reported in this paper are experiments from which the conclusion was drawn that Acheloplasma laidlawii could cause changes in the mammary gland under certain circumstances.", "PMID": 551753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_796", "title": "[Clinical picture of experimental Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in cattle].", "content": "Experimental intracisternal infection, using mycoplasma bovis strains, proved to cause typical mastitis of grave severity. The clinical pattern was in conformity with published findings. Testing of mycoplasma strains for their pathogenicity to cattle udder during lactation was found to be an adequate approach to elucidating the importance of mycoplasma species isolated from cattle herds.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of experimental Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in cattle]. Experimental intracisternal infection, using mycoplasma bovis strains, proved to cause typical mastitis of grave severity. The clinical pattern was in conformity with published findings. Testing of mycoplasma strains for their pathogenicity to cattle udder during lactation was found to be an adequate approach to elucidating the importance of mycoplasma species isolated from cattle herds.", "PMID": 551754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_797", "title": "[Experience in identification and control of mycoplasma in dairy cattle stock under routine laboratory conditions].", "content": "Exacting demands have to be met by milk testing routine laboratories where mycoplasma species are to be cultured from milk samples. Cleanliness of sampling, immediate cold storage, and no-delay transport of the milk samples to the testing centre are of greatest importance to the informative value of all mycoplasma tests. In the summer season, it is recommended to freeze the milk samples immediately after sampling. Mycoplasma broth should not be inoculated to animals of the herd from which the samples had been taken. A modified mycoplasma culturing medium is described in this paper. It will enable wider introduction of mycoplasma diagnosis by more Regional Institutes of Veterinary Medicine. Also reported in this paper are diagnosis and successful control of enzootic mastitis caused by Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acheloplasma axanthum. Repeated bacteriological testing of milk and secretion of all cows in the herd helped in picking out all bacteriologically positive animals and isolating them from the negative individuals. All animals that had produced positive responses to bacteriological testing were killed, notwithstanding clinical udder and general milk findings. Definite success of any control action undertaken against mycoplasmic mastitis will depend strongly on no-delay bacteriological testing of milk and secretion samples from all cows of the given herd, as early as in the acute phase of mastitis caused by mycoplasma.", "contents": "[Experience in identification and control of mycoplasma in dairy cattle stock under routine laboratory conditions]. Exacting demands have to be met by milk testing routine laboratories where mycoplasma species are to be cultured from milk samples. Cleanliness of sampling, immediate cold storage, and no-delay transport of the milk samples to the testing centre are of greatest importance to the informative value of all mycoplasma tests. In the summer season, it is recommended to freeze the milk samples immediately after sampling. Mycoplasma broth should not be inoculated to animals of the herd from which the samples had been taken. A modified mycoplasma culturing medium is described in this paper. It will enable wider introduction of mycoplasma diagnosis by more Regional Institutes of Veterinary Medicine. Also reported in this paper are diagnosis and successful control of enzootic mastitis caused by Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acheloplasma axanthum. Repeated bacteriological testing of milk and secretion of all cows in the herd helped in picking out all bacteriologically positive animals and isolating them from the negative individuals. All animals that had produced positive responses to bacteriological testing were killed, notwithstanding clinical udder and general milk findings. Definite success of any control action undertaken against mycoplasmic mastitis will depend strongly on no-delay bacteriological testing of milk and secretion samples from all cows of the given herd, as early as in the acute phase of mastitis caused by mycoplasma.", "PMID": 551756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_798", "title": "[Experience regarding the suitability of liquid and solid PPLO culture media produced in GDR for mycoplasma cultivation].", "content": "Proper isolation of mycoplasma from milk or tissue was found to entail exacting demands on nutrient substrates. Several institutes of the GDR have jointly developed and tested a medium which consists exclusively of GDR-made substances. It is a culturing medium which is suitable for detection and identification of acholeplasma and mycoplasma species in milk and organ samples taken from cattle.", "contents": "[Experience regarding the suitability of liquid and solid PPLO culture media produced in GDR for mycoplasma cultivation]. Proper isolation of mycoplasma from milk or tissue was found to entail exacting demands on nutrient substrates. Several institutes of the GDR have jointly developed and tested a medium which consists exclusively of GDR-made substances. It is a culturing medium which is suitable for detection and identification of acholeplasma and mycoplasma species in milk and organ samples taken from cattle.", "PMID": 551757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_799", "title": "[Acholeplasma laidlawii--a pathogenic or apathogenic species?].", "content": "The question is discussed, whether Acholeplasma laidlawii is a pathogenic or apathogenic species. Studies have shown that it is a species of potential pathogenicity, however, with virulence properties differing greatly by strains. Nothing so far has become known of contributive factors which might be needed for an infectious disease to develop.", "contents": "[Acholeplasma laidlawii--a pathogenic or apathogenic species?]. The question is discussed, whether Acholeplasma laidlawii is a pathogenic or apathogenic species. Studies have shown that it is a species of potential pathogenicity, however, with virulence properties differing greatly by strains. Nothing so far has become known of contributive factors which might be needed for an infectious disease to develop.", "PMID": 551758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_800", "title": "Cochlear and fast electrical responses to frequency modulated tones: a frequency specific  stimulus.", "content": "Some characteristics of \"the fast response\" to frequency modulation were explored here by examining (1) CM and AP in animal experiment and (2) BER in human study. CM to frequency modulated tone showed frequency change and amplitude change, the latter of which is probably due to frequency characteristics of the sound conductive system of the ear. Compared with AP to tone burst, latency and amplitude of AP to FM tone depends less on stimulus intensity. AP to FM tone is suspected to be a result of new excitement of the restricted area stimulated by shifted frequency. The result of analysis on human BER is well consistent with the result of AP study in animal experiment, and latency curves of BER were to some extent linear to a log scale of shifted frequencies. Thus, FM tone is possibly a frequency specific stimulus.", "contents": "Cochlear and fast electrical responses to frequency modulated tones: a frequency specific  stimulus. Some characteristics of \"the fast response\" to frequency modulation were explored here by examining (1) CM and AP in animal experiment and (2) BER in human study. CM to frequency modulated tone showed frequency change and amplitude change, the latter of which is probably due to frequency characteristics of the sound conductive system of the ear. Compared with AP to tone burst, latency and amplitude of AP to FM tone depends less on stimulus intensity. AP to FM tone is suspected to be a result of new excitement of the restricted area stimulated by shifted frequency. The result of analysis on human BER is well consistent with the result of AP study in animal experiment, and latency curves of BER were to some extent linear to a log scale of shifted frequencies. Thus, FM tone is possibly a frequency specific stimulus.", "PMID": 551763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_801", "title": "Computer analyses of Rohrer's coefficients.", "content": "In the field of respiratory physiology computers have been used for theoretical and automatic analyses of the test results. The purpose of this paper is to clarify whether computers are available in measurement of the nasal resistance. The nasal cavities, simulated by an acryl resin model, were ventilated at various volumes and speeds. The pressure and flow changes were recorded by a data recorder and analyzed by a minicomputer according to the prescribed situations. Rohrer's formula P = K1V+K2V2 and its modification R = K1+K2V were used for calculation of K1 and K2. The calculated values differed significantly when sampling was made on a particular part of the respiratory excursion or sampling time was extraordinarily prolonged. They were also different from the ordinary values when too slow or too rapid ventilatory speed was applied. It was concluded that more than twenty samplings were necessary at regular intervals in a normal inspiratory or expiratory phase. Too slow and too rapid respiration should be avoided because of functional limitations of the measuring apparatus.", "contents": "Computer analyses of Rohrer's coefficients. In the field of respiratory physiology computers have been used for theoretical and automatic analyses of the test results. The purpose of this paper is to clarify whether computers are available in measurement of the nasal resistance. The nasal cavities, simulated by an acryl resin model, were ventilated at various volumes and speeds. The pressure and flow changes were recorded by a data recorder and analyzed by a minicomputer according to the prescribed situations. Rohrer's formula P = K1V+K2V2 and its modification R = K1+K2V were used for calculation of K1 and K2. The calculated values differed significantly when sampling was made on a particular part of the respiratory excursion or sampling time was extraordinarily prolonged. They were also different from the ordinary values when too slow or too rapid ventilatory speed was applied. It was concluded that more than twenty samplings were necessary at regular intervals in a normal inspiratory or expiratory phase. Too slow and too rapid respiration should be avoided because of functional limitations of the measuring apparatus.", "PMID": 551764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_802", "title": "Ventilatory function in laryngectomized patients.", "content": "It is established that maximum expiratory flow-volume curve coupled with closing volume curve may give important information on obstructive impairment in the laryngectomized patients. In the patients after laryngectomy, the pattern of the flow-volume curve was similar to that found in patients with chronic bronchitis. These abnormalities of the flow-volume curve which became convexity to the volume axis can be reversed at least partially by bronchodilator drug inhalation. It is concluded that the patients after laryngectomy have abnormalities of ventilation distribution despite relatively normal results of routine pulmonary function tests and respiratory resistance.", "contents": "Ventilatory function in laryngectomized patients. It is established that maximum expiratory flow-volume curve coupled with closing volume curve may give important information on obstructive impairment in the laryngectomized patients. In the patients after laryngectomy, the pattern of the flow-volume curve was similar to that found in patients with chronic bronchitis. These abnormalities of the flow-volume curve which became convexity to the volume axis can be reversed at least partially by bronchodilator drug inhalation. It is concluded that the patients after laryngectomy have abnormalities of ventilation distribution despite relatively normal results of routine pulmonary function tests and respiratory resistance.", "PMID": 551765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_803", "title": "Symptomatology of depressive disorders in Bangladesh.", "content": "Presenting symptomatology of 191 cases with depressive disorders has been presented and discussed. The selective nature of the sample has been pointed out. Predominant symptoms were both psychological and physical. Sleep disturbance, burning pain, anorexia and other gastro-intestinal symptoms occurred frequently. Palpitation and diminished libido were also common. Guilt feelings and ideas of worthlessness were frequent but retardation was not common. Suicidal feelings were expressed by large number of patients but actual suicidal attempts were low. Anxious personality was more prone to develop reactive depression. Physical symptoms were generally more complained by females but diminished libido was more often complained by males. Both physical and psychological symptons were present in the endogenous and the reactive groups. Overlaping nature of the symptoms has also point out.", "contents": "Symptomatology of depressive disorders in Bangladesh. Presenting symptomatology of 191 cases with depressive disorders has been presented and discussed. The selective nature of the sample has been pointed out. Predominant symptoms were both psychological and physical. Sleep disturbance, burning pain, anorexia and other gastro-intestinal symptoms occurred frequently. Palpitation and diminished libido were also common. Guilt feelings and ideas of worthlessness were frequent but retardation was not common. Suicidal feelings were expressed by large number of patients but actual suicidal attempts were low. Anxious personality was more prone to develop reactive depression. Physical symptoms were generally more complained by females but diminished libido was more often complained by males. Both physical and psychological symptons were present in the endogenous and the reactive groups. Overlaping nature of the symptoms has also point out.", "PMID": 551766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_804", "title": "[Experimental acute pancreatitis caused by papillary lesions in the rat].", "content": "The importance of the papillary structure in the control of biliary and pancreatic outflow induced the authors to investigate the effect of papillary damage, chemical and physical, on the pancreatic parenchyma of the rat. The results show that mild papillary lesions produce acute interstitial flogosis of the pancreas; in 16,6% of the investigated animals this inflammation develops with the clear findings of a lethal acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis. This model is like the aspects of the post-operative acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Experimental acute pancreatitis caused by papillary lesions in the rat]. The importance of the papillary structure in the control of biliary and pancreatic outflow induced the authors to investigate the effect of papillary damage, chemical and physical, on the pancreatic parenchyma of the rat. The results show that mild papillary lesions produce acute interstitial flogosis of the pancreas; in 16,6% of the investigated animals this inflammation develops with the clear findings of a lethal acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis. This model is like the aspects of the post-operative acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 551769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_805", "title": "[Concentrations of polyamines in maternal and umbilical-cord blood and in the amniotic fluid during normal human pregnancy and in feto-placental insufficiency].", "content": "Blood maternal polyamines during normal pregnancy exhibit an important augmentation around the 10th and the 34th-38th week, and a minor increase between the 20th-25th week of pregnancy. These peaks coincide with extremely important metabolic events in the feto-placental unit such as maximal growth rate in the placenta and fetus, respectively. The levels of polyamines measured from the 38th to 41th week in the blood of the umbilical cord are higher than in the blood of the mother. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are not detectable when measured in the non-hydrolized amniotic fluid during normal pregnancy, instead a band with a lower Rf than spermine is present. In case of feto-placental insufficiency polyamine concentration in maternal blood are well below the normal values, from the 34th to 38th week of pregnancy. Such a behaviour appears for umbilical cord blood at the 38th and 39th week. Also the unknown polyamine of the amniotic fluid undergoes evident modification in feto-placental insufficiency. These results show that blood polyamines of the mother are probably of fetal origin, and that modified pattern of maternal polyamines may indicate an insufficient body growth of the fetus.", "contents": "[Concentrations of polyamines in maternal and umbilical-cord blood and in the amniotic fluid during normal human pregnancy and in feto-placental insufficiency]. Blood maternal polyamines during normal pregnancy exhibit an important augmentation around the 10th and the 34th-38th week, and a minor increase between the 20th-25th week of pregnancy. These peaks coincide with extremely important metabolic events in the feto-placental unit such as maximal growth rate in the placenta and fetus, respectively. The levels of polyamines measured from the 38th to 41th week in the blood of the umbilical cord are higher than in the blood of the mother. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are not detectable when measured in the non-hydrolized amniotic fluid during normal pregnancy, instead a band with a lower Rf than spermine is present. In case of feto-placental insufficiency polyamine concentration in maternal blood are well below the normal values, from the 34th to 38th week of pregnancy. Such a behaviour appears for umbilical cord blood at the 38th and 39th week. Also the unknown polyamine of the amniotic fluid undergoes evident modification in feto-placental insufficiency. These results show that blood polyamines of the mother are probably of fetal origin, and that modified pattern of maternal polyamines may indicate an insufficient body growth of the fetus.", "PMID": 551770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_806", "title": "[Parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism: anatomo-surgical observations on experience in 16 treated cases].", "content": "The authors, on personal experience, based on parathyroidectomies for secondary hyperparathyroidism, relate the surgical anatomic findings after a brief discussion on indications. They relate beside some atypical seats of parathyroid glands, observed in 11 glands of the 59 removed. Finally they emphasize the importance of accuracy of surgical exploration because that cannot be helped by instrumental methods or by gross pathologic observation.", "contents": "[Parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism: anatomo-surgical observations on experience in 16 treated cases]. The authors, on personal experience, based on parathyroidectomies for secondary hyperparathyroidism, relate the surgical anatomic findings after a brief discussion on indications. They relate beside some atypical seats of parathyroid glands, observed in 11 glands of the 59 removed. Finally they emphasize the importance of accuracy of surgical exploration because that cannot be helped by instrumental methods or by gross pathologic observation.", "PMID": 551771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_807", "title": "[Plunging and intrathoracic goiters].", "content": "The authors report 21 cases of cervico-substernal and 9 cases of mediastino-cervical goiters. On the base of their experience they remark that the diagnosis of topographic mediastinal extent of goiter has never been a problem in the mean time that it remains difficult to recognize the possible tumoral nature of the lesion, also utilizing both thyroid angiography and superior caval phlebography. Removal of 27 of 30 goiters was effecuted by cervical approach alone. In two cases a thoraco-lateral approach was added to remove endothoracic neoplastic goiters and in the last case a partial sternotomy was necessary. The authors conclude that the occasional use of sternotomy is not the result of an aprioristic decision, but the consequence of a correct removal obtained through the cervicotomic approach, also for large mediastino-cervical goiters.", "contents": "[Plunging and intrathoracic goiters]. The authors report 21 cases of cervico-substernal and 9 cases of mediastino-cervical goiters. On the base of their experience they remark that the diagnosis of topographic mediastinal extent of goiter has never been a problem in the mean time that it remains difficult to recognize the possible tumoral nature of the lesion, also utilizing both thyroid angiography and superior caval phlebography. Removal of 27 of 30 goiters was effecuted by cervical approach alone. In two cases a thoraco-lateral approach was added to remove endothoracic neoplastic goiters and in the last case a partial sternotomy was necessary. The authors conclude that the occasional use of sternotomy is not the result of an aprioristic decision, but the consequence of a correct removal obtained through the cervicotomic approach, also for large mediastino-cervical goiters.", "PMID": 551772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_808", "title": "[Serial evaluation of blood polyamines in children treated with growth hormone].", "content": "Blood polyamines were evaluated in normal children of various ages (from infancy to adolescence). Polyamines show a distinctive pattern: maximal values were observed during infancy; they decrease during childhood and again increase at puberty. After i.m. injection of Human Growth Hormone (HGH), polyamine concentrations increase significantly in the first 60 minutes. Polyamines increase more in patients previously untreated or treated intermittently with HGH than in patients under continuous treatment. The results suggest that in humans as well as in animals, polyamines could be involved in the growth processes and that the effect of HGH probably consists in a stimulation of polyamine synthesis.", "contents": "[Serial evaluation of blood polyamines in children treated with growth hormone]. Blood polyamines were evaluated in normal children of various ages (from infancy to adolescence). Polyamines show a distinctive pattern: maximal values were observed during infancy; they decrease during childhood and again increase at puberty. After i.m. injection of Human Growth Hormone (HGH), polyamine concentrations increase significantly in the first 60 minutes. Polyamines increase more in patients previously untreated or treated intermittently with HGH than in patients under continuous treatment. The results suggest that in humans as well as in animals, polyamines could be involved in the growth processes and that the effect of HGH probably consists in a stimulation of polyamine synthesis.", "PMID": 551773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_809", "title": "[Comparison between lymphangiovenous and adeno-lymphovenous anastomoses in the rat with mesenteric lymphostasis].", "content": "A comparison between lymphangiovenous and lymphadeno-venous anastomoses has been realized in rats with mesenteric lymphostasis. The lymphangiovenous anastomoses have showed a better patency than lymphonode-venous shunt owing to technics and biologic problems. Their function was verified until 15th p.o. day, while all lymphonode venous shunt were closed at 10 th p.o.. The shunt occlusion may be related with lymphatic newborn vessels, which exclude the anastomoses from lymph flow.", "contents": "[Comparison between lymphangiovenous and adeno-lymphovenous anastomoses in the rat with mesenteric lymphostasis]. A comparison between lymphangiovenous and lymphadeno-venous anastomoses has been realized in rats with mesenteric lymphostasis. The lymphangiovenous anastomoses have showed a better patency than lymphonode-venous shunt owing to technics and biologic problems. Their function was verified until 15th p.o. day, while all lymphonode venous shunt were closed at 10 th p.o.. The shunt occlusion may be related with lymphatic newborn vessels, which exclude the anastomoses from lymph flow.", "PMID": 551774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_810", "title": "[Orthodontic treatment and prosthetic reconstruction in severe anodontia].", "content": "The authors describe a few cases of \"real anodontia\" treated with removable, removable-irremovable or fixed prosthesis in which a preprosthetic orthodontal treatment was needed. Various aspects of this are examined: indications, counter indications, treatment plan and coordination of orthodontics and prosthesis.", "contents": "[Orthodontic treatment and prosthetic reconstruction in severe anodontia]. The authors describe a few cases of \"real anodontia\" treated with removable, removable-irremovable or fixed prosthesis in which a preprosthetic orthodontal treatment was needed. Various aspects of this are examined: indications, counter indications, treatment plan and coordination of orthodontics and prosthesis.", "PMID": 551775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_811", "title": "[Need for participation of the legal physician in investigations on the spot].", "content": "The author points out the importance of the medico legal doctor's presence in the survey also in cases of mortal road accidents. In fact, only the previous knowledge of the problems and data concerning the case can consent the expert to give their value to general findings which thus become meaningful in order to solve the case. To this purpose he refers to a case he personally observed in which through the interpretation of a single skin and lower bone wound it was possible to identify the part of the vehicle which had produced it.", "contents": "[Need for participation of the legal physician in investigations on the spot]. The author points out the importance of the medico legal doctor's presence in the survey also in cases of mortal road accidents. In fact, only the previous knowledge of the problems and data concerning the case can consent the expert to give their value to general findings which thus become meaningful in order to solve the case. To this purpose he refers to a case he personally observed in which through the interpretation of a single skin and lower bone wound it was possible to identify the part of the vehicle which had produced it.", "PMID": 551776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_812", "title": "[Cimetidine and hyperprolactinemia].", "content": "Plasma TSH was determined in 12 normal subjects before and after administration of mg 400 of cimetidine i.v., an H2-receptor antagonist. TSH concentration remained unchanged. In 7 normal subjects, pretreated with bromocriptine; variation of plasma prolactin were studied before and after administration of mg 400 and 800 of cimetidine. Bromocriptine inhibited the increase of prolactin secretion, induced by cimetidine. It can be assumed that: a) cimetidine doesn't release hypothalamic TRH in portal vessels; b) that drug has no direct effect on pituitary cells; c) hypothalamic H2-receptor blockade by cimetidine decreases dopamine release from hypothalamus to pituitary gland.", "contents": "[Cimetidine and hyperprolactinemia]. Plasma TSH was determined in 12 normal subjects before and after administration of mg 400 of cimetidine i.v., an H2-receptor antagonist. TSH concentration remained unchanged. In 7 normal subjects, pretreated with bromocriptine; variation of plasma prolactin were studied before and after administration of mg 400 and 800 of cimetidine. Bromocriptine inhibited the increase of prolactin secretion, induced by cimetidine. It can be assumed that: a) cimetidine doesn't release hypothalamic TRH in portal vessels; b) that drug has no direct effect on pituitary cells; c) hypothalamic H2-receptor blockade by cimetidine decreases dopamine release from hypothalamus to pituitary gland.", "PMID": 551779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_813", "title": "Effects of octylguanidine on the electrical and mechanical events of xenopus heart.", "content": "The effects of octylguanide on the electrical and mechanical events of Xenopus heart perfused at the rate of 5 ml/m with oxigenated Ringer of ph 7,4 at 24 degrees C were studied. The early effects on the action potential resemble those of the tetrodotoxina, the later effects looks like instead as those observed with metabolic poisons. The cardiac preparations poisoned by octylguanidine still have a metabolic reserve available to furnish energy for the contractile process.", "contents": "Effects of octylguanidine on the electrical and mechanical events of xenopus heart. The effects of octylguanide on the electrical and mechanical events of Xenopus heart perfused at the rate of 5 ml/m with oxigenated Ringer of ph 7,4 at 24 degrees C were studied. The early effects on the action potential resemble those of the tetrodotoxina, the later effects looks like instead as those observed with metabolic poisons. The cardiac preparations poisoned by octylguanidine still have a metabolic reserve available to furnish energy for the contractile process.", "PMID": 551790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_814", "title": "Radiation methods in agriculture.", "content": "On the basis of fundamental investigations in radiobiology, numerous methods of using ionizing radiations in agricultural practice have been proposed. The current status of the problem, on the basis of basic, semi-production and industrial-scale tests of the suggested methods, is described. We conclude that there is now a satisfactory, economically viable radiation-biology technology. For wide introduction of this technology into agricultural practice, governmental decisions concerning the production of specialized equipment, training of service personnel and overall organization of the work under production conditions are required.", "contents": "Radiation methods in agriculture. On the basis of fundamental investigations in radiobiology, numerous methods of using ionizing radiations in agricultural practice have been proposed. The current status of the problem, on the basis of basic, semi-production and industrial-scale tests of the suggested methods, is described. We conclude that there is now a satisfactory, economically viable radiation-biology technology. For wide introduction of this technology into agricultural practice, governmental decisions concerning the production of specialized equipment, training of service personnel and overall organization of the work under production conditions are required.", "PMID": 551821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_815", "title": "Heat stress in microwave irradiation.", "content": "In experiments on 159 sexually mature dogs with an average weight of 6.5 + 0.71 kg, a study was made of the dynamics of physiological indices (rectal temperature, respiration and heart activity) of heat stress and various (%) effects of damage depending on power density (500, 300, 100 mV/cm2) and duration of microwave irradiation (2400 MHz). On the basis of the data obtained, it was established that the relationship between power density and duration of microwave irradiation with an equally probable (0.1%) effect of damage may be interpolated (100 < power density < 500) by an exponential equation of the type y = 1416 x-0.8156, where y = power density, mV/cm2, and x is the time of irradiation in minutes. The probability characteristic of adaptation possibilities of functionally critical values of damage not exceeding the indeterminate probability is obtained.", "contents": "Heat stress in microwave irradiation. In experiments on 159 sexually mature dogs with an average weight of 6.5 + 0.71 kg, a study was made of the dynamics of physiological indices (rectal temperature, respiration and heart activity) of heat stress and various (%) effects of damage depending on power density (500, 300, 100 mV/cm2) and duration of microwave irradiation (2400 MHz). On the basis of the data obtained, it was established that the relationship between power density and duration of microwave irradiation with an equally probable (0.1%) effect of damage may be interpolated (100 < power density < 500) by an exponential equation of the type y = 1416 x-0.8156, where y = power density, mV/cm2, and x is the time of irradiation in minutes. The probability characteristic of adaptation possibilities of functionally critical values of damage not exceeding the indeterminate probability is obtained.", "PMID": 551822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_816", "title": "Functional genetic damages and their possible role in the aging of eukaryote cells.", "content": "As a result of investigations of the functional acitivty of eukaryote cells damaged by ionizing radiation and alkylating mutagens under conditions of extreme loading, the authors have suggested that natural aging and aging accelerated by mutagens are based on a process of accumulation of functional genetic damages. The molecular nature of these damages differs from the mutational changes and repairable damages of DNA.", "contents": "Functional genetic damages and their possible role in the aging of eukaryote cells. As a result of investigations of the functional acitivty of eukaryote cells damaged by ionizing radiation and alkylating mutagens under conditions of extreme loading, the authors have suggested that natural aging and aging accelerated by mutagens are based on a process of accumulation of functional genetic damages. The molecular nature of these damages differs from the mutational changes and repairable damages of DNA.", "PMID": 551825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_817", "title": "Teaching \"street law\" to the criminally insane.", "content": "A course in \"Street Law\" was taught to forensic patients by law students, following a format used by Georgetown University Law Center. Although the course has been taught to high school students and inmates of correctional facilities, this was the first time it has been extended to mental patients found not guilty of crimes by reason of insanity. An outstanding feature of the course was marked enthusiasm shown by patients who, through long institutionalization, had become apathetic, indifferent, and despairing. Their readiness and ability to learn brought to mind a couple of old sayings often heard around mental hospitals, \"I may be crazy but I'm not stupid,\" and \"Sometimes you can't tell the patients from the staff.\" The staff of at least one ward has picked up \"teaching and learning to use as a central theme in treatment of patients, not abandoning traditional methods, but shifting the emphasis from therapy to teaching as a way of getting the patient's interest in his own rehabilitation. Judges, reviewing cases for release, have looked quizzical when the patients' active participation in a \"law course\" has been used as evidence of satisfactory progress.", "contents": "Teaching \"street law\" to the criminally insane. A course in \"Street Law\" was taught to forensic patients by law students, following a format used by Georgetown University Law Center. Although the course has been taught to high school students and inmates of correctional facilities, this was the first time it has been extended to mental patients found not guilty of crimes by reason of insanity. An outstanding feature of the course was marked enthusiasm shown by patients who, through long institutionalization, had become apathetic, indifferent, and despairing. Their readiness and ability to learn brought to mind a couple of old sayings often heard around mental hospitals, \"I may be crazy but I'm not stupid,\" and \"Sometimes you can't tell the patients from the staff.\" The staff of at least one ward has picked up \"teaching and learning to use as a central theme in treatment of patients, not abandoning traditional methods, but shifting the emphasis from therapy to teaching as a way of getting the patient's interest in his own rehabilitation. Judges, reviewing cases for release, have looked quizzical when the patients' active participation in a \"law course\" has been used as evidence of satisfactory progress.", "PMID": 551831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_818", "title": "Kinetics of survival of patients with inoperable lung cancer and assessment of the efficacy of treatment.", "content": "A general analysis of data on survival of patients with inoperable lung cancer obtained from 59 publications was undertaken by the linear regression method. It is suggested that the parameters reflecting the kinetics of survival of these patients be used as a \"historical control\" for assessment of the efficacy of new methods and treatment of lung cancer. It was shown with the aid of this control that antitumor chemotherapy increases the 6-month survival rate of patients with an immediate positive effect after chemotherapy.", "contents": "Kinetics of survival of patients with inoperable lung cancer and assessment of the efficacy of treatment. A general analysis of data on survival of patients with inoperable lung cancer obtained from 59 publications was undertaken by the linear regression method. It is suggested that the parameters reflecting the kinetics of survival of these patients be used as a \"historical control\" for assessment of the efficacy of new methods and treatment of lung cancer. It was shown with the aid of this control that antitumor chemotherapy increases the 6-month survival rate of patients with an immediate positive effect after chemotherapy.", "PMID": 551824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_819", "title": "Demonstration of the synthesis of hydrocarbons in animal tissues.", "content": "Incubation of tissue of homogenates of peripheral nerves, liver, and subcutaneous adipose tissue of rabbits with [1-14C]palmitic acid and intraperitoneal injection of this preparation into rats, in a dose of 20 muCi per 100 g of weight of the animals, permitted establishment of the presence of enzyme systems of biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the tissues of higher animals. Evidence of the biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the animal organism represents a new aspect of our knowledge of the metabolism of this class of compounds in animal tissues.", "contents": "Demonstration of the synthesis of hydrocarbons in animal tissues. Incubation of tissue of homogenates of peripheral nerves, liver, and subcutaneous adipose tissue of rabbits with [1-14C]palmitic acid and intraperitoneal injection of this preparation into rats, in a dose of 20 muCi per 100 g of weight of the animals, permitted establishment of the presence of enzyme systems of biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the tissues of higher animals. Evidence of the biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the animal organism represents a new aspect of our knowledge of the metabolism of this class of compounds in animal tissues.", "PMID": 551826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_820", "title": "Change in ATP and ADP content of fasting and feeding planarians (Polycelis nigra).", "content": "The ATP and ADP content of planarians subjected to starvation for two weeks followed by feeding for the same period was investigated. The ATP and ADP content during fasting increased and then, after feeding, returned to normal. The ATP/ADP ratio varied in the same way, which is consistent with the view that the adenylic nucleotide pool is implicated in the regulation of the energy metabolism of the organism.", "contents": "Change in ATP and ADP content of fasting and feeding planarians (Polycelis nigra). The ATP and ADP content of planarians subjected to starvation for two weeks followed by feeding for the same period was investigated. The ATP and ADP content during fasting increased and then, after feeding, returned to normal. The ATP/ADP ratio varied in the same way, which is consistent with the view that the adenylic nucleotide pool is implicated in the regulation of the energy metabolism of the organism.", "PMID": 551828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_821", "title": "Life span of lymphocytes in cattle in the norm and during lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Comparison was made of the rate of in vivo elimination from blood and organs of cattle of lymphocytes labeled with 3H-thymidine in the course of seven days in the norm and during lymphatic leukemia. Significant delay in the elimination of labeled lymphocytes, and especially of lymphocyte precursors, from the blood, spleen, and lymph glands of the animal was established in the stage of lymphatic leukemia that was examined.", "contents": "Life span of lymphocytes in cattle in the norm and during lymphatic leukemia. Comparison was made of the rate of in vivo elimination from blood and organs of cattle of lymphocytes labeled with 3H-thymidine in the course of seven days in the norm and during lymphatic leukemia. Significant delay in the elimination of labeled lymphocytes, and especially of lymphocyte precursors, from the blood, spleen, and lymph glands of the animal was established in the stage of lymphatic leukemia that was examined.", "PMID": 551827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_822", "title": "The anatomy of the brain of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Rhinic lobe (Rhinencephalon): The archicortex.", "content": "The hippocampal formation or archicortical division of the rhinecephalon of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, is described from the standpoint of its gross topographic relations and cytoarchitecture. A feature of the dolphin brain, which lacks olfactory bulbs and peduncles, is the striking reduction of the archicortical relative to the paleocortical formations. The small, poorly developed archicortex covered by massive epihippocampal portions of the hemispheres (parietal and temporal lobes), appears greatly reduced relative to the large, well developed olfactory lobes which are covered by small epistriatal portions of the hemispheres (orbital lobes). The archicortex exhibits three junctional zones with the paleocortex, two laterally in the unci and one anteriorly in the septal area. Despite the small size of the hippocampal formations, the general topographic disposition of its cytoarchitectonic areas and their cellular organization in Tursiops have many features that are similar to those in other placental mammals. The archicortex is subdivisible into four major sectors: temporal, retrosplenial, supracallosal and subcallosal. With the exception of the temporal sector, cytoarchitectonic areas of the other sectors are variously attenuated and poorly differentiated, particularly the dentate area and the hippocampal areas H5 and H4. Here, the dentate area and hippocampal areas H5 and H4 which are present along the paradentate bank of the hippocampal sulcus, extend to the level of the oblique sulcus of the parahippocampal gyrus and then disappear. Hippocampal areas H3, H2 and H1 are also clear in the floor and along the parahippocampal bank of the hippocampal sulcus in the temporal sector. These areas are less definable as they extend beyond the oblique sulcus into the retrosplenial sector and are difficult to recognize as distinct areas in the supracallosal and subcallosal sectors of the archicortex. The archicortex is demarcated bilaterally from limbic formations in the border of the hemisphere by segments of the rhinic cleft which are very clear. Equally clear is the cytoarchitectonic demarcation of the archicortex from the neocortex in the border (limbus) of each hemisphere, i.e., where the subiculum abuts against the presubiculum. The subicular area, best expressed in the temporal sector, extends anteriorly over the corpus callosum to the subcallosal gyrus and, throughout its extent from the uncal to the septal junction, is clearly demarcated from limbic neocortex by a transition zone characterized by archicortical cells merging with cells in the deep layer of the bordering neocortex. Overall, the archicortical formations of the dolphin and other whale brains we have examined exhibit many regional peculiarities that we have described, both grossly and architectonically, with emphasis on the comparative anatomical approach.", "contents": "The anatomy of the brain of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Rhinic lobe (Rhinencephalon): The archicortex. The hippocampal formation or archicortical division of the rhinecephalon of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, is described from the standpoint of its gross topographic relations and cytoarchitecture. A feature of the dolphin brain, which lacks olfactory bulbs and peduncles, is the striking reduction of the archicortical relative to the paleocortical formations. The small, poorly developed archicortex covered by massive epihippocampal portions of the hemispheres (parietal and temporal lobes), appears greatly reduced relative to the large, well developed olfactory lobes which are covered by small epistriatal portions of the hemispheres (orbital lobes). The archicortex exhibits three junctional zones with the paleocortex, two laterally in the unci and one anteriorly in the septal area. Despite the small size of the hippocampal formations, the general topographic disposition of its cytoarchitectonic areas and their cellular organization in Tursiops have many features that are similar to those in other placental mammals. The archicortex is subdivisible into four major sectors: temporal, retrosplenial, supracallosal and subcallosal. With the exception of the temporal sector, cytoarchitectonic areas of the other sectors are variously attenuated and poorly differentiated, particularly the dentate area and the hippocampal areas H5 and H4. Here, the dentate area and hippocampal areas H5 and H4 which are present along the paradentate bank of the hippocampal sulcus, extend to the level of the oblique sulcus of the parahippocampal gyrus and then disappear. Hippocampal areas H3, H2 and H1 are also clear in the floor and along the parahippocampal bank of the hippocampal sulcus in the temporal sector. These areas are less definable as they extend beyond the oblique sulcus into the retrosplenial sector and are difficult to recognize as distinct areas in the supracallosal and subcallosal sectors of the archicortex. The archicortex is demarcated bilaterally from limbic formations in the border of the hemisphere by segments of the rhinic cleft which are very clear. Equally clear is the cytoarchitectonic demarcation of the archicortex from the neocortex in the border (limbus) of each hemisphere, i.e., where the subiculum abuts against the presubiculum. The subicular area, best expressed in the temporal sector, extends anteriorly over the corpus callosum to the subcallosal gyrus and, throughout its extent from the uncal to the septal junction, is clearly demarcated from limbic neocortex by a transition zone characterized by archicortical cells merging with cells in the deep layer of the bordering neocortex. Overall, the archicortical formations of the dolphin and other whale brains we have examined exhibit many regional peculiarities that we have described, both grossly and architectonically, with emphasis on the comparative anatomical approach.", "PMID": 551842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_823", "title": "Validity of myocardial oxygen consumption parameters.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine any reported indices for estimating myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) under uniform experimental conditions at maximal variation of hemodynamics and MVO2. One hundred sixty-two steady states were analyzed in 10 closed-chest dog experiments. Myocardial blood flow was directly measured by a different pressure catheter in the coronary sinus. The indirect values of MVO2 calculated from 24 indices were compared with directly measured MVO2. Throughout a wide range of hemodynamic states, the best correlate with MVO2 was found to be the additive parameter Et (r = 0.96). Any indices that do not incorporate potentially important changes of MVO2 related to both myocardial contractility and ventricular dimensions show unsatisfactory correlations with MVO2 at extreme changes of hemodynamics. Tension-time index (TTI) correlates poorly with MVO2 (r = 0.63). This result is due to the neglect of contractility. Pressure-heart rate product (P X HR) correlates with MVO2 with r = 0.86. Better results for TTI and P X HR, as reported in previous works, are reproducible by dividing our data into two groups of different inotropic states. At normal and moderate inotropic stimulation the correlation for TTI rises to r = 0.96, and for P X HR to r = 0.91. This augmentation is to be referred to the close relationship (r = 0.92) of peak ventricular pressure to maximum rate of pressure rise in this group. The additive parameter E1 is the best, both at moderate (r = 0.97) and at maximal inotropic stimulation (r = 0.87), and is to be preferred for indirect estimation of MVO2. Results are discussed with regard to the clinical application of MVO2 indices.", "contents": "Validity of myocardial oxygen consumption parameters. The purpose of this study was to examine any reported indices for estimating myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) under uniform experimental conditions at maximal variation of hemodynamics and MVO2. One hundred sixty-two steady states were analyzed in 10 closed-chest dog experiments. Myocardial blood flow was directly measured by a different pressure catheter in the coronary sinus. The indirect values of MVO2 calculated from 24 indices were compared with directly measured MVO2. Throughout a wide range of hemodynamic states, the best correlate with MVO2 was found to be the additive parameter Et (r = 0.96). Any indices that do not incorporate potentially important changes of MVO2 related to both myocardial contractility and ventricular dimensions show unsatisfactory correlations with MVO2 at extreme changes of hemodynamics. Tension-time index (TTI) correlates poorly with MVO2 (r = 0.63). This result is due to the neglect of contractility. Pressure-heart rate product (P X HR) correlates with MVO2 with r = 0.86. Better results for TTI and P X HR, as reported in previous works, are reproducible by dividing our data into two groups of different inotropic states. At normal and moderate inotropic stimulation the correlation for TTI rises to r = 0.96, and for P X HR to r = 0.91. This augmentation is to be referred to the close relationship (r = 0.92) of peak ventricular pressure to maximum rate of pressure rise in this group. The additive parameter E1 is the best, both at moderate (r = 0.97) and at maximal inotropic stimulation (r = 0.87), and is to be preferred for indirect estimation of MVO2. Results are discussed with regard to the clinical application of MVO2 indices.", "PMID": 551843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_824", "title": "Cardiocirculatory adjustments during pregnancy -- an echocardiographic study.", "content": "Adaptation of the circulation to pregnancy occurs via a complicated series of changes not yet completely understood. To define pertinent alterations, echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular function were performed every 4 weeks in 13 normal pregnant women. Six weeks postpartum each women was reexamined; thus each woman served as her own nonpregnant control. Left ventricular dimensions, left venticular wall thickness, shortening fraction, and rate of change of these measurements were recorded. As expected, cardiac output was increased throughout pregnancy. Up to 20 weeks gestation this occurred via an increased heart rate. After 20 weeks gestation stroke volume increased significantly, with 20% at 20--26 weeks up to 30% at term (p < 0.01). With the end-diastolic wall thickness remaining equal, myocardial hypertrophy occurred. This was corroborated by an increase in end-systolic left ventricular wall thickness towards term: from 13.8 mm (S.D. +/- 1.73) in early pregnancy to 16.6 mm (S.D. +/- 1.62) at term, with end-systolic left ventricular dimension unchanged. It was concluded that during pregnancy the mechanism to produce a higher cardiac output shifts from an increase in cardiac frequency to elevation of stroke volume with concomitant myocardial hypertrophy. Due to changes in heart rate and afterload, no conclusions could be drawn regarding myocardial contractility.", "contents": "Cardiocirculatory adjustments during pregnancy -- an echocardiographic study. Adaptation of the circulation to pregnancy occurs via a complicated series of changes not yet completely understood. To define pertinent alterations, echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular function were performed every 4 weeks in 13 normal pregnant women. Six weeks postpartum each women was reexamined; thus each woman served as her own nonpregnant control. Left ventricular dimensions, left venticular wall thickness, shortening fraction, and rate of change of these measurements were recorded. As expected, cardiac output was increased throughout pregnancy. Up to 20 weeks gestation this occurred via an increased heart rate. After 20 weeks gestation stroke volume increased significantly, with 20% at 20--26 weeks up to 30% at term (p < 0.01). With the end-diastolic wall thickness remaining equal, myocardial hypertrophy occurred. This was corroborated by an increase in end-systolic left ventricular wall thickness towards term: from 13.8 mm (S.D. +/- 1.73) in early pregnancy to 16.6 mm (S.D. +/- 1.62) at term, with end-systolic left ventricular dimension unchanged. It was concluded that during pregnancy the mechanism to produce a higher cardiac output shifts from an increase in cardiac frequency to elevation of stroke volume with concomitant myocardial hypertrophy. Due to changes in heart rate and afterload, no conclusions could be drawn regarding myocardial contractility.", "PMID": 551844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_825", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of cardiac motion: comparison of the apexcardiogram and cardiokymorgram.", "content": "The apexcardiogram (ACG) and cardiokymogram (CKG) (displacement cardiogram) tracings were compared in 45 patients with a variety of cardiac diseases and in 16 normal subjects. The ACG and CKG were generally comparable in waveform and timing of standard tracing intervals; however, on a case by case comparison frequent discrepancies between the ACG and CKG were observed. In 13 patients where no ACG could be recorded, an interpretable CKG tracing was obtained. However, the CKG produced frequent artifacts, mirror images, was very sensitive to probe position, and was judged to be of limited advantage over the ACG.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of cardiac motion: comparison of the apexcardiogram and cardiokymorgram. The apexcardiogram (ACG) and cardiokymogram (CKG) (displacement cardiogram) tracings were compared in 45 patients with a variety of cardiac diseases and in 16 normal subjects. The ACG and CKG were generally comparable in waveform and timing of standard tracing intervals; however, on a case by case comparison frequent discrepancies between the ACG and CKG were observed. In 13 patients where no ACG could be recorded, an interpretable CKG tracing was obtained. However, the CKG produced frequent artifacts, mirror images, was very sensitive to probe position, and was judged to be of limited advantage over the ACG.", "PMID": 551845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_826", "title": "A comparison of mathematical models for estimating right ventricular volumes in animals and man.", "content": "Volume of 19 right ventricular canine casts and 11 right ventricular human casts were obtained by water displacement and compared to three different mathematical models for estimating right ventricular volumes by biplane cineangiography. In the canine studies, significant linear correlation coefficients were obtained using the longest measured length method (r = 0.92), the triangular modification of Simpson's rule (r = 0.93), and the elliptical modification of Simpson's rule (r = 0.93). The human studies resulted in similar significant correlation coefficients of 0.96, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. Although the highest correlation with the lowest standard error of estimate was obtained using the triangular model, all three mathematical models produced volume estimations that feel within acceptabe biological limits of accuracy.", "contents": "A comparison of mathematical models for estimating right ventricular volumes in animals and man. Volume of 19 right ventricular canine casts and 11 right ventricular human casts were obtained by water displacement and compared to three different mathematical models for estimating right ventricular volumes by biplane cineangiography. In the canine studies, significant linear correlation coefficients were obtained using the longest measured length method (r = 0.92), the triangular modification of Simpson's rule (r = 0.93), and the elliptical modification of Simpson's rule (r = 0.93). The human studies resulted in similar significant correlation coefficients of 0.96, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. Although the highest correlation with the lowest standard error of estimate was obtained using the triangular model, all three mathematical models produced volume estimations that feel within acceptabe biological limits of accuracy.", "PMID": 551846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_827", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping device for infants.", "content": "The miniature components of an intra-aortic balloon pumping system (IABP) have been successfully developed in this laboratory and have been effectively tested both in vitro and in 32 in vivo experiments using small animals weighing 3.5--18 kg. It is reasonable to assume that IABP can be successfully employed for clinical use in infants and small children.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping device for infants. The miniature components of an intra-aortic balloon pumping system (IABP) have been successfully developed in this laboratory and have been effectively tested both in vitro and in 32 in vivo experiments using small animals weighing 3.5--18 kg. It is reasonable to assume that IABP can be successfully employed for clinical use in infants and small children.", "PMID": 551847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_828", "title": "Isolated chronic tricuspid insufficiency due to closed chest trauma: report of a case with long-term follow-up.", "content": "A case of isolated chronic tricuspid insufficiency due to closed chest trauma is described in this report. Studies for carcinoid syndrome were negative. At surgery the posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve appeared to be torn and disrupted. The other leaflets were shortened and atrophic. The results of pre- and postoperative cardiac catheterization with long-term follow-up to the present, and the available literature on this rare entity has been briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Isolated chronic tricuspid insufficiency due to closed chest trauma: report of a case with long-term follow-up. A case of isolated chronic tricuspid insufficiency due to closed chest trauma is described in this report. Studies for carcinoid syndrome were negative. At surgery the posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve appeared to be torn and disrupted. The other leaflets were shortened and atrophic. The results of pre- and postoperative cardiac catheterization with long-term follow-up to the present, and the available literature on this rare entity has been briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 551848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_829", "title": "The effects of long term oral treatment with indapamide on the development of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats: vascular reactivity studies.", "content": "The onset of DOCA-salt hypertension in male Sprague-Dawley rats was prevented during 11 weeks of oral treatment with indapamide (0.5, or 10.0 mg/kg) or propranolol (60 mg/kg) administered in the diet. The body weights of the indapamide treated groups were significantly (P < 0.01) greater, at weeks 4, 5, 6, 7 and 11, while the body weights and food intake of the propranolol treated group were significantly (P < 0.05) lower at week 11, than the control group. A significant reduction in heart wet weight (P < 0.001) was measured in the indapamide treated animals only. No significant diuresis nor natriuresis was measured in any group during week 11 of treatment. When all groups were subjected to an increased salt load, four weeks after cessation of drug treatment only the indapamide (10 mg/kg) treated animals failed to show an increased blood pressure. Vascular reactivity studies carried out six weeks after termination of drug treatment, indicated a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in pressor activity elicited by electrical stimulation of the entire sympathetic outflow in indapamide (10 mg/kg) treated pithed rats. No significant difference in the pressor activity elicited by noradrenaline (5 x 10(-8) - 5 x 10(-6) g/kg, i.v.) or tyramine (10(-5) - 5 x 10(-5) g/kg i.v.) was observed in any treatment group. In conclusion, chronic oral treatment with indapamide or propranolol, prevented the onset of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats. A long lasting antihypertensive action of indapamide involving the sympathetic nervous system is also indicated.", "contents": "The effects of long term oral treatment with indapamide on the development of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats: vascular reactivity studies. The onset of DOCA-salt hypertension in male Sprague-Dawley rats was prevented during 11 weeks of oral treatment with indapamide (0.5, or 10.0 mg/kg) or propranolol (60 mg/kg) administered in the diet. The body weights of the indapamide treated groups were significantly (P < 0.01) greater, at weeks 4, 5, 6, 7 and 11, while the body weights and food intake of the propranolol treated group were significantly (P < 0.05) lower at week 11, than the control group. A significant reduction in heart wet weight (P < 0.001) was measured in the indapamide treated animals only. No significant diuresis nor natriuresis was measured in any group during week 11 of treatment. When all groups were subjected to an increased salt load, four weeks after cessation of drug treatment only the indapamide (10 mg/kg) treated animals failed to show an increased blood pressure. Vascular reactivity studies carried out six weeks after termination of drug treatment, indicated a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in pressor activity elicited by electrical stimulation of the entire sympathetic outflow in indapamide (10 mg/kg) treated pithed rats. No significant difference in the pressor activity elicited by noradrenaline (5 x 10(-8) - 5 x 10(-6) g/kg, i.v.) or tyramine (10(-5) - 5 x 10(-5) g/kg i.v.) was observed in any treatment group. In conclusion, chronic oral treatment with indapamide or propranolol, prevented the onset of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats. A long lasting antihypertensive action of indapamide involving the sympathetic nervous system is also indicated.", "PMID": 551896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_830", "title": "Differential development of salt-induced and renal hypertension in Dahl hypertension-sensitive rats after neonatal sympathectomy.", "content": "Rats with a genetic susceptibility to salt hypertension were given repeated neonatal injections of guanethidine. Vascular reactivity and tissue catecholamine concentrations indicated that a peripheral sympathectomy had been produced. Chemically sympathectomized rats had lower blood pressure than controls while fed a diet containing 0.4% NaCl. Furthermore, the dramatic rise in blood pressure exhibited by control rats fed a diet containing 8.0% NaCl was completely absent in sympathectomized rats similarly fed. The absence of salt-induced hypertension was observed regardless of whether the animals were anesthetized with ether or pentobarbital or had the blood pressures determined in an unanesthetized state. Finally, two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension did develop in sympathectomized rats, but to a level below intact rats similarly treated.", "contents": "Differential development of salt-induced and renal hypertension in Dahl hypertension-sensitive rats after neonatal sympathectomy. Rats with a genetic susceptibility to salt hypertension were given repeated neonatal injections of guanethidine. Vascular reactivity and tissue catecholamine concentrations indicated that a peripheral sympathectomy had been produced. Chemically sympathectomized rats had lower blood pressure than controls while fed a diet containing 0.4% NaCl. Furthermore, the dramatic rise in blood pressure exhibited by control rats fed a diet containing 8.0% NaCl was completely absent in sympathectomized rats similarly fed. The absence of salt-induced hypertension was observed regardless of whether the animals were anesthetized with ether or pentobarbital or had the blood pressures determined in an unanesthetized state. Finally, two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension did develop in sympathectomized rats, but to a level below intact rats similarly treated.", "PMID": 551897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_831", "title": "Sequential method for combined screening antihypertensive and diuretic agents in the same spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).", "content": "A combined method for detecting compounds with antihypertensive and diuretic activity simultaneously in the same spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat is described. The present method, utilizing the advantages of sequential probability test analysis, the spontaneously hypertensive rats and the direct measurement of arterial blood pressure, proves to be feasible and efficient in detecting both activities. This ia s 3-stage sequential test requires one to three rats per compound. One adult SH rat was dosed by gavage with compound at 100 mg/kg, p.o. and loaded with 0.9% NaCl at 25 ml/kg, p.o. at 0-hr. The rat was put in a metabolism cage. The 0-5 hr. urine was collected and urinary Na+, K+ and CL- were determined. A second identical dose was given without NaCl loading at 24-hr. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of conscious rats was measured directly by fermoral-iliac artery puncture at 28-hr. The criteria to accept, retest or reject a compound were based on the testing of known antihypertensives and diuretics. A 2nd and 3rd rat may be needed for a test compound depending on the outcome of the MABP and urinary electrolytes of the 1st rat. Based on MABP, guancydine, hydralazine, clonidine, reserpine, alpha-methyldopa, guanethidine and parglyine were accepted as active. Based on urinary sodium excretion, furosemide, quinethazone, acetazolamide, hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, triamterene and clonidine were accepted as active.", "contents": "Sequential method for combined screening antihypertensive and diuretic agents in the same spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). A combined method for detecting compounds with antihypertensive and diuretic activity simultaneously in the same spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat is described. The present method, utilizing the advantages of sequential probability test analysis, the spontaneously hypertensive rats and the direct measurement of arterial blood pressure, proves to be feasible and efficient in detecting both activities. This ia s 3-stage sequential test requires one to three rats per compound. One adult SH rat was dosed by gavage with compound at 100 mg/kg, p.o. and loaded with 0.9% NaCl at 25 ml/kg, p.o. at 0-hr. The rat was put in a metabolism cage. The 0-5 hr. urine was collected and urinary Na+, K+ and CL- were determined. A second identical dose was given without NaCl loading at 24-hr. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of conscious rats was measured directly by fermoral-iliac artery puncture at 28-hr. The criteria to accept, retest or reject a compound were based on the testing of known antihypertensives and diuretics. A 2nd and 3rd rat may be needed for a test compound depending on the outcome of the MABP and urinary electrolytes of the 1st rat. Based on MABP, guancydine, hydralazine, clonidine, reserpine, alpha-methyldopa, guanethidine and parglyine were accepted as active. Based on urinary sodium excretion, furosemide, quinethazone, acetazolamide, hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, triamterene and clonidine were accepted as active.", "PMID": 551899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_832", "title": "Long-term measurement of total exchangable sodium in one- and two-kidney Golblatt rats.", "content": "Total exchangeable sodium (Nae) was measured by wholebody counting of 22Na in 1- and 2-kidney Goldblatt rats before, and for 12 weeks after, renal artery clipping. In 1-kidney Goldblatt rats, Nae relative to body weight increased immediately after the clipping procedure and then fell though not to normal levels; from the 10th to the 12th week it again rose rapidly, probably secondary to vascular damage. In 2-kidney Goldblatt rats, Nae relative to body weight increased immediately after the clipping procedure but by the 5th day it was back to normal and remained normal thereafter. Consideration of the values for absolute Nae (i.e. expressed in mmol per rat) casts some doubt on the reality of the sodium 'retention', except in the 1-kidney Goldblatt rats in the later stages of their hypertension. Immediately after surgery temporary loss of weight (presumably mainly affecting fat stores and muscle) probably accounts for much of the rise in Nae relative to body weight.", "contents": "Long-term measurement of total exchangable sodium in one- and two-kidney Golblatt rats. Total exchangeable sodium (Nae) was measured by wholebody counting of 22Na in 1- and 2-kidney Goldblatt rats before, and for 12 weeks after, renal artery clipping. In 1-kidney Goldblatt rats, Nae relative to body weight increased immediately after the clipping procedure and then fell though not to normal levels; from the 10th to the 12th week it again rose rapidly, probably secondary to vascular damage. In 2-kidney Goldblatt rats, Nae relative to body weight increased immediately after the clipping procedure but by the 5th day it was back to normal and remained normal thereafter. Consideration of the values for absolute Nae (i.e. expressed in mmol per rat) casts some doubt on the reality of the sodium 'retention', except in the 1-kidney Goldblatt rats in the later stages of their hypertension. Immediately after surgery temporary loss of weight (presumably mainly affecting fat stores and muscle) probably accounts for much of the rise in Nae relative to body weight.", "PMID": 551900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_833", "title": "Antibiody-facilitated digestion and its implications for infant nutrition.", "content": "A model of digestion is proposed in which oligopeptides arriving at the small bowel epithelium are bound to secretory antibodies, which hold them in contact with proteases and thus facilitate their breakdown and utilization. \"Immunity\" and \"digestion\" are thus seen as two sides of the same coin. Absence of this pathway, predictably, would cause a degree of malabsorption, while partial deficiency (either quantitative or qualitative) would give rise to a coeliac-like illness. Breast-feeding with colostrum and then milk provides the infant gut with both immunity and \"digestivity\", and this could be adopted therapeutically for coeliac disease and other consequences of local immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Antibiody-facilitated digestion and its implications for infant nutrition. A model of digestion is proposed in which oligopeptides arriving at the small bowel epithelium are bound to secretory antibodies, which hold them in contact with proteases and thus facilitate their breakdown and utilization. \"Immunity\" and \"digestion\" are thus seen as two sides of the same coin. Absence of this pathway, predictably, would cause a degree of malabsorption, while partial deficiency (either quantitative or qualitative) would give rise to a coeliac-like illness. Breast-feeding with colostrum and then milk provides the infant gut with both immunity and \"digestivity\", and this could be adopted therapeutically for coeliac disease and other consequences of local immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 551918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_834", "title": "Paediatric preparation for multiple premature births.", "content": "We describe the managment of 2 sets of pre-term quadruplets born to 2 women pregnant concurrently following the induction of ovulation with gonadotrophin. Careful antenatal planning was necessary to provide for each of the 8 pre-term infants a standard of neonatal medical and nursing care comparable to that normally available for singleton pre-term infants.", "contents": "Paediatric preparation for multiple premature births. We describe the managment of 2 sets of pre-term quadruplets born to 2 women pregnant concurrently following the induction of ovulation with gonadotrophin. Careful antenatal planning was necessary to provide for each of the 8 pre-term infants a standard of neonatal medical and nursing care comparable to that normally available for singleton pre-term infants.", "PMID": 551920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_835", "title": "Hypertension during pregnancy, with and without specific hypotensive treatment. I. Perinatal factors and neonatal morbidity.", "content": "In a prospective study, women who were hypertensive before the 28th wk of gestation were randomly allocated into two groups: those who received specific hypotensive therapy (Ht) and those who did not (Hu). The outcome was compared with a random sample of the hospital population (S) ascertained after delivery. In both hypertensive groups there was a higher incidence of clinical signs of possible fetal distress and instrumental delivery. Although there was no difference between the groups in the distribution of birthweight above and below the mean for gestational age, the treated hypertensive group had an excess of infants with relatively smaller head circumferences for their gestational age compared with both the untreated hypertensive group and the hospital sample. Tube-feeding was also more frequent in the treated hypertensive group. In the untreated hypertensive group there were more infants whose neurological status was categorized as questionable or abnormal in the neonatal period, compared with the sample. The different problems encountered by infants in the two hypertensive groups emphasized the need for further study of these babies. Their development during the first year of life will be examined in a subsequent paper.", "contents": "Hypertension during pregnancy, with and without specific hypotensive treatment. I. Perinatal factors and neonatal morbidity. In a prospective study, women who were hypertensive before the 28th wk of gestation were randomly allocated into two groups: those who received specific hypotensive therapy (Ht) and those who did not (Hu). The outcome was compared with a random sample of the hospital population (S) ascertained after delivery. In both hypertensive groups there was a higher incidence of clinical signs of possible fetal distress and instrumental delivery. Although there was no difference between the groups in the distribution of birthweight above and below the mean for gestational age, the treated hypertensive group had an excess of infants with relatively smaller head circumferences for their gestational age compared with both the untreated hypertensive group and the hospital sample. Tube-feeding was also more frequent in the treated hypertensive group. In the untreated hypertensive group there were more infants whose neurological status was categorized as questionable or abnormal in the neonatal period, compared with the sample. The different problems encountered by infants in the two hypertensive groups emphasized the need for further study of these babies. Their development during the first year of life will be examined in a subsequent paper.", "PMID": 551921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_836", "title": "Hypertension during pregnancy, with and without specific hypotensive treatment. II. The growth and development of the infant in the first year of life.", "content": "The growth and development of three groups of infants were prospectively assessed from birth to 12 mth. In two groups the mothers had been hypertensive before the 28th wk of gestation; one group was randomly allocated to specific hypotensive therapy, the other group was allocated to no specific treatment. The third group was a sample of the hospital population. General health, and the incidence of sight and hearing problems did not differ. Infants in the treated hypertensive group had had more perinatal problems, and there was an excess of infants with relatively small heads for their gestational age at birth. At 6 mth their heads were still smaller than the hospital sample, but by the age of 1 yr the difference was no longer present. The neurological status of infants in the untreated hypertensive group was less favourable in the neonatal period, and there was still an excess of infants in this group rated questionable on neurological assessment at the age of 12 mth. In both hypertensive groups there was an excess of infants with delayed fine-motor function at 6 mth, and in the untreated group there was an excess with delayed gross-motor function at 12 mth compared with the hospital sample. Our varied findings draw attention to the dangers of assessing the effects of different pregnancy conditions in terms of neonatal mortality and morbidity alone. Our date indicate that follow-up should extend for longer than 12 mth when the effects of adverse pregnancy factors and their management are under consideration. Further evaluation will be made when these children are 4 yr old.", "contents": "Hypertension during pregnancy, with and without specific hypotensive treatment. II. The growth and development of the infant in the first year of life. The growth and development of three groups of infants were prospectively assessed from birth to 12 mth. In two groups the mothers had been hypertensive before the 28th wk of gestation; one group was randomly allocated to specific hypotensive therapy, the other group was allocated to no specific treatment. The third group was a sample of the hospital population. General health, and the incidence of sight and hearing problems did not differ. Infants in the treated hypertensive group had had more perinatal problems, and there was an excess of infants with relatively small heads for their gestational age at birth. At 6 mth their heads were still smaller than the hospital sample, but by the age of 1 yr the difference was no longer present. The neurological status of infants in the untreated hypertensive group was less favourable in the neonatal period, and there was still an excess of infants in this group rated questionable on neurological assessment at the age of 12 mth. In both hypertensive groups there was an excess of infants with delayed fine-motor function at 6 mth, and in the untreated group there was an excess with delayed gross-motor function at 12 mth compared with the hospital sample. Our varied findings draw attention to the dangers of assessing the effects of different pregnancy conditions in terms of neonatal mortality and morbidity alone. Our date indicate that follow-up should extend for longer than 12 mth when the effects of adverse pregnancy factors and their management are under consideration. Further evaluation will be made when these children are 4 yr old.", "PMID": 551922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_837", "title": "Acquisition of appetitional and palpebral conditioned reflexes by the same infants.", "content": "The establishment of appetitional and palpebral conditioned reflexes was compared in three groups of 26 infants, 3--150 days old. The age range within each group at the beginning of conditioning was 0--20 days for both methods. The parameters compared were the time to reach equal criteria for the establishment of the conditioned response, and the nature of acquisition. The main results are as follows: (1) appetitional CR was established more quickly than palpebral CR; (2) the relative rates of conditioning in both methods were correlated in the same infants (r = 0.84; P<0.001); (3) the course of conditioning was in striking agreement in infants of the same age, both premature and full-term, for the two applied methods, but different for groups of infants of different ages. The results indicate that two quite different methods yield a picture of differences in the functional capacity of the CNS which are in close agreement with those for age.", "contents": "Acquisition of appetitional and palpebral conditioned reflexes by the same infants. The establishment of appetitional and palpebral conditioned reflexes was compared in three groups of 26 infants, 3--150 days old. The age range within each group at the beginning of conditioning was 0--20 days for both methods. The parameters compared were the time to reach equal criteria for the establishment of the conditioned response, and the nature of acquisition. The main results are as follows: (1) appetitional CR was established more quickly than palpebral CR; (2) the relative rates of conditioning in both methods were correlated in the same infants (r = 0.84; P<0.001); (3) the course of conditioning was in striking agreement in infants of the same age, both premature and full-term, for the two applied methods, but different for groups of infants of different ages. The results indicate that two quite different methods yield a picture of differences in the functional capacity of the CNS which are in close agreement with those for age.", "PMID": 551924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_838", "title": "Sudden unexpected death in infants of narcotic-dependent mothers.", "content": "During the study years 1972--1974, 8 of 383 infants born to mothers with known narcotic dependency during pregnancy died unexpectedly within the first 4 mth of life; autopsies were compatible with the diagnosis of SIDS. This incidence of SIDS was 5.5 times that in our hospital populations (P < 0.001) and 8.7 times that of our borough within New York City (P < 0.001). Similar factors, such as sex ratio, age at time of death, and diurnal and seasonal variations suggest that narcotic-associated sudden death may be a relevant study model for sudden unexpected death in the general population. Intrauterine exposure to narcotics and its subsequent effect on central control of respiration in the young infant may be the underlying mechanism of drug related SIDS.", "contents": "Sudden unexpected death in infants of narcotic-dependent mothers. During the study years 1972--1974, 8 of 383 infants born to mothers with known narcotic dependency during pregnancy died unexpectedly within the first 4 mth of life; autopsies were compatible with the diagnosis of SIDS. This incidence of SIDS was 5.5 times that in our hospital populations (P < 0.001) and 8.7 times that of our borough within New York City (P < 0.001). Similar factors, such as sex ratio, age at time of death, and diurnal and seasonal variations suggest that narcotic-associated sudden death may be a relevant study model for sudden unexpected death in the general population. Intrauterine exposure to narcotics and its subsequent effect on central control of respiration in the young infant may be the underlying mechanism of drug related SIDS.", "PMID": 551926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_839", "title": "Induction of labour by different methods in primiparous women. I Some perinatal and postnatal problems.", "content": "A personal prospective study was made of some perinatal and postnatal problems associated with induction of labour by three different methods in primiparous women with unripe cervices. The methods of induction were: (A) amniotomy followed by intravenous oxytocin [49], (B) amniotomy followed by intravenous prostaglandin E2 [39], (C) prostaglandin E2 by the extra-amniotic route [42]. A spontaneous group (D) comprising 54 mother--infant pairs was also studied. Length of gestation was between 37 and 42 wk in all but 2 cases. There was no perinatal mortality, and no infant had hyaline membrane disease. A close association was found between method of delivery and method (or absence) or induction. The caesarean section rate was highest in group C and lowest in group D. The spontaneous vaginal delivery rate was lowest in group C and highest in group D. More infants in the three induction groups were admitted to the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) than in the spontaneous group. No significant associations were found between the severity of the conditions leading to induction and caesarean section rates, low Apgar scores, admissions to SCBU, or the favourability of the cervix before induction. Among those who intended to breast feed fewer infants in the spontaneous group changed from breast to bottle while in hospital and after discharge from hospital than in the combined induction groups. Success in breast-feeding was not significantly associated with method of delivery or whether the infant was admitted to SCBU or not.", "contents": "Induction of labour by different methods in primiparous women. I Some perinatal and postnatal problems. A personal prospective study was made of some perinatal and postnatal problems associated with induction of labour by three different methods in primiparous women with unripe cervices. The methods of induction were: (A) amniotomy followed by intravenous oxytocin [49], (B) amniotomy followed by intravenous prostaglandin E2 [39], (C) prostaglandin E2 by the extra-amniotic route [42]. A spontaneous group (D) comprising 54 mother--infant pairs was also studied. Length of gestation was between 37 and 42 wk in all but 2 cases. There was no perinatal mortality, and no infant had hyaline membrane disease. A close association was found between method of delivery and method (or absence) or induction. The caesarean section rate was highest in group C and lowest in group D. The spontaneous vaginal delivery rate was lowest in group C and highest in group D. More infants in the three induction groups were admitted to the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) than in the spontaneous group. No significant associations were found between the severity of the conditions leading to induction and caesarean section rates, low Apgar scores, admissions to SCBU, or the favourability of the cervix before induction. Among those who intended to breast feed fewer infants in the spontaneous group changed from breast to bottle while in hospital and after discharge from hospital than in the combined induction groups. Success in breast-feeding was not significantly associated with method of delivery or whether the infant was admitted to SCBU or not.", "PMID": 551927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_840", "title": "Induction of labour by different methods in primiparous women. II. Neuro-behavioural status of the infants.", "content": "The infants of primiparous women in whom labour had been induced by three different methods were studied, together with a fourth group (D) who had laboured spontaneously. The methods of induction were: amniotomy followed by intravenous oxytocin (A), amniotomy followed by intravenous prostaglandin E2 (B), and prostaglandin E2 by the extra-amniotic route (C). Neurological assessments were made on the first day after birth, 4 days later, and at the age of 2 mth. No significant associations were found between method of delivery and neurological scores at any age. On day 1 infants with a lower Apgar score at 1 min had a lower neurological score than those with a high Apgar score (P < 0.05). On day 5 infants with a high serum bilirubin level (> 207 mumol/l) had a lower mean neurological score than those with a lower recorded serum bilirubin level (P < 0.05). By the age of 2 mth this difference had increased still further (P > 0.001). No differences were found in the mean neurological scores of infants in the four groups during the neonatal period, but at the age of 2 mth the mean score for infants in group A was significantly lower than that for infants in group C (P > 0.05) and D (P > 0.01). Among those children seen again at the age of 18 mth fine-motor adaptive performance was poorer for infants in group A than in groups B (P > 0.05), C (P > 0.005) and D (P > 0.01).", "contents": "Induction of labour by different methods in primiparous women. II. Neuro-behavioural status of the infants. The infants of primiparous women in whom labour had been induced by three different methods were studied, together with a fourth group (D) who had laboured spontaneously. The methods of induction were: amniotomy followed by intravenous oxytocin (A), amniotomy followed by intravenous prostaglandin E2 (B), and prostaglandin E2 by the extra-amniotic route (C). Neurological assessments were made on the first day after birth, 4 days later, and at the age of 2 mth. No significant associations were found between method of delivery and neurological scores at any age. On day 1 infants with a lower Apgar score at 1 min had a lower neurological score than those with a high Apgar score (P < 0.05). On day 5 infants with a high serum bilirubin level (> 207 mumol/l) had a lower mean neurological score than those with a lower recorded serum bilirubin level (P < 0.05). By the age of 2 mth this difference had increased still further (P > 0.001). No differences were found in the mean neurological scores of infants in the four groups during the neonatal period, but at the age of 2 mth the mean score for infants in group A was significantly lower than that for infants in group C (P > 0.05) and D (P > 0.01). Among those children seen again at the age of 18 mth fine-motor adaptive performance was poorer for infants in group A than in groups B (P > 0.05), C (P > 0.005) and D (P > 0.01).", "PMID": 551928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_841", "title": "Swaddling, cradleboards and the development of children.", "content": "The cross-cultural and historical use of techniques of infant restraint, swaddling with or without the use of a board or cradle, are described. Such techniques were used very widely in temperate latitudes but have declined since the 18th century. Laboratory experiments indicate that swaddled babies sleep more, have reduced levels of motor activity in response to stimulation, fewer startles and lower heart-rate variability. No clear long-term effects of swaddling have been demonstrated. Results are reported of an ethological study of cradleboard use among Navajo Indians. Time on cradleboard declined from about 16 h a day in the first 3 mth to less than 9 h by the first birthday. The extent of cradleboard use was determined by both infant and parental actions. As compared with European infants, Navajo babies spend much more time in actual or potential social contact with adults. It is suggested that swaddling and cradleboard might be used in western cultures to reduce the social iolation of infants, to reduce parental child tension with 'sleep problem' babies and in various paediatric situations.", "contents": "Swaddling, cradleboards and the development of children. The cross-cultural and historical use of techniques of infant restraint, swaddling with or without the use of a board or cradle, are described. Such techniques were used very widely in temperate latitudes but have declined since the 18th century. Laboratory experiments indicate that swaddled babies sleep more, have reduced levels of motor activity in response to stimulation, fewer startles and lower heart-rate variability. No clear long-term effects of swaddling have been demonstrated. Results are reported of an ethological study of cradleboard use among Navajo Indians. Time on cradleboard declined from about 16 h a day in the first 3 mth to less than 9 h by the first birthday. The extent of cradleboard use was determined by both infant and parental actions. As compared with European infants, Navajo babies spend much more time in actual or potential social contact with adults. It is suggested that swaddling and cradleboard might be used in western cultures to reduce the social iolation of infants, to reduce parental child tension with 'sleep problem' babies and in various paediatric situations.", "PMID": 551929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_842", "title": "The effect of perinatal factors on cord thyroxine concentration.", "content": "Cord blood thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured in 4,068 infants from 28 wk gestation to term. Each chart was reviewed for the following factors: delivery by cesarean section, prolonged rupture of membranes, neonatal asphyxia, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, maternal diabetes mellitus and twinning. Each neonate was evaluated for the Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and low (SGA) or high (LGA) birthweight for gestational age. Within each gestational age group, the mean cord T4 value was similar except for a significantly lower mean cord T4 concentration for the term SGA subgroup. Thus, inclusion of the infant with a complicated neonatal course or the infant born to a high-risk mother in mass screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism using cord serum will not increase the number of false-positive T4 values.", "contents": "The effect of perinatal factors on cord thyroxine concentration. Cord blood thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured in 4,068 infants from 28 wk gestation to term. Each chart was reviewed for the following factors: delivery by cesarean section, prolonged rupture of membranes, neonatal asphyxia, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, maternal diabetes mellitus and twinning. Each neonate was evaluated for the Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and low (SGA) or high (LGA) birthweight for gestational age. Within each gestational age group, the mean cord T4 value was similar except for a significantly lower mean cord T4 concentration for the term SGA subgroup. Thus, inclusion of the infant with a complicated neonatal course or the infant born to a high-risk mother in mass screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism using cord serum will not increase the number of false-positive T4 values.", "PMID": 551930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_843", "title": "[Reflections on the problem of \"discreteness\" and \"steady state\" in living processes].", "content": "A survey is given over the different meaning of the dialectic pair of terms continuity and discontinuity in philosophy contrasting with sciences. In mathematics, the term continuum is defined by Cantor in set theory as the innumerable multitude of the real numbers especially in the interval [0, 1]. The discontinuum means in Cantor's definition the rational fractions in [0, 1] which in triadic development do not contain the figure 1 [written I). In a more general sense, continuum is used in the mechanics of continuous fluids and gases in physics as well as in physiology. Here, the use of this term neglects the reality of intermolecular spaces intentionally. To employ in the life sciences, the pair of terms steady state and discreteness is clearer. Processes of life mostly are steady in the sense of balanced proceedings but numbers of individuals, cells, molecules, sexes etc, are discrete only. For example, the difference or the dimorphism between males and females is a distinct one between two different conditions but cannot be projected on \"discontinuity\". Discreteness as a term comprehends Boole an variables as are male-female, living-dead, as well as crowds of measure points.", "contents": "[Reflections on the problem of \"discreteness\" and \"steady state\" in living processes]. A survey is given over the different meaning of the dialectic pair of terms continuity and discontinuity in philosophy contrasting with sciences. In mathematics, the term continuum is defined by Cantor in set theory as the innumerable multitude of the real numbers especially in the interval [0, 1]. The discontinuum means in Cantor's definition the rational fractions in [0, 1] which in triadic development do not contain the figure 1 [written I). In a more general sense, continuum is used in the mechanics of continuous fluids and gases in physics as well as in physiology. Here, the use of this term neglects the reality of intermolecular spaces intentionally. To employ in the life sciences, the pair of terms steady state and discreteness is clearer. Processes of life mostly are steady in the sense of balanced proceedings but numbers of individuals, cells, molecules, sexes etc, are discrete only. For example, the difference or the dimorphism between males and females is a distinct one between two different conditions but cannot be projected on \"discontinuity\". Discreteness as a term comprehends Boole an variables as are male-female, living-dead, as well as crowds of measure points.", "PMID": 551931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_844", "title": "[The initial stages of formation of the bone centers and the construction of the skeletal organs. The metamorphosing cartilage: Part I].", "content": "In connection with the investigation of the ossification center we discussed the significance of the several sites of osteogenesis. In consideration also of anthropometric relations during growth we got the impression that among others the relations to the muscle- and nerve-system are important for development of bones. The insertions of muscles at the diaphysis are in square dimensions respectively linear, in which regions a tendineous osteogenesis occurs, so that muscle and bones may grow together. The organ of growth for diaphysis is the epiphyseal disk und represents real a diaphyseal disk. Above the epiphyseal disk there remains a part, which acts firstly as growing cartilage. Close to it and partly connected with the epiphysis are apophysis, the points of circumscripted insertions of muscles. In this part a metamorphosis takes place, which in connection of the formation of the cavity of the ossification center formate later on the osseal basis of joint cartilage. With retardation and finally the stop of length growth in epiphysis and metaphysis a new area of bone formation is built up in which the ultimate spongiosa becomes formed. During the formation of the cavity of the ossification center dominate degenerative changings of the cells and intercellular-substances. The chondrocyts accumulate in first easily dissolving carbohydrates. The original meandering endoplasmatic reticulum transforms to small vesicular structures and are fragmentated. The partly roundish and bizarre shaped nuclei shows signs of pyknosis. The cells become a longish dense shape with enclosed vesicles and dense structures, there structural elements cannot be more diagnosed. The fibrills originally arranged in a cross-system decrease in diameter and run now almost parallel. Finally they disintegrate to fragments which are mixed with MPS-granules.", "contents": "[The initial stages of formation of the bone centers and the construction of the skeletal organs. The metamorphosing cartilage: Part I]. In connection with the investigation of the ossification center we discussed the significance of the several sites of osteogenesis. In consideration also of anthropometric relations during growth we got the impression that among others the relations to the muscle- and nerve-system are important for development of bones. The insertions of muscles at the diaphysis are in square dimensions respectively linear, in which regions a tendineous osteogenesis occurs, so that muscle and bones may grow together. The organ of growth for diaphysis is the epiphyseal disk und represents real a diaphyseal disk. Above the epiphyseal disk there remains a part, which acts firstly as growing cartilage. Close to it and partly connected with the epiphysis are apophysis, the points of circumscripted insertions of muscles. In this part a metamorphosis takes place, which in connection of the formation of the cavity of the ossification center formate later on the osseal basis of joint cartilage. With retardation and finally the stop of length growth in epiphysis and metaphysis a new area of bone formation is built up in which the ultimate spongiosa becomes formed. During the formation of the cavity of the ossification center dominate degenerative changings of the cells and intercellular-substances. The chondrocyts accumulate in first easily dissolving carbohydrates. The original meandering endoplasmatic reticulum transforms to small vesicular structures and are fragmentated. The partly roundish and bizarre shaped nuclei shows signs of pyknosis. The cells become a longish dense shape with enclosed vesicles and dense structures, there structural elements cannot be more diagnosed. The fibrills originally arranged in a cross-system decrease in diameter and run now almost parallel. Finally they disintegrate to fragments which are mixed with MPS-granules.", "PMID": 551932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_845", "title": "[A morphological and functional analysis of the extent of cartilage coverage in the human hip joint].", "content": "The extension and the shape of the cartilage surface of 30 human femora and acetabula were measured. The results were considered and discussed as the response of the articular cartilage to the specific stress on this joint. 3 kinds of cartilage distribution were found on the femoral head; these shapes were understood as the consequence of the position and the dwelling time of the actual cartilage stimulating area. The largest extention of the cartilage was found in the ventrolateral direction and the smallest in medial direction. The cartilage margin of the \"A\" type was regulary curved. The \"B\" type has an inlet towards the fovea capitis. This inlet reaches in the \"C\" type to the fovea as an area free of cartilage. The acetabula could not be divided into types with different cartilage distribution because of the great similarity in shape. Therefore we computed an average acetabulum. The largest extension of the facies lunata was found 15 degrees in front of the roof of the acetabulas as seen in x-ray pictures. The cornu anterius is always narrower than the cornu posterius. The outer margin of the osseous acetabulum does not reach the equator, it lies on a latitude of 11.5 degrees. The incisura acetabuli is inclined against the vertical line with 18.3 degrees. The width of the facies lunata can be considered as a result of mechanical stress. The different extensions of the cartilage of both joint components in ventro-lateral direction seems to be the consequence of different extensions of movement. The area of movement of the caput femoris is larger than the area of the acetabulum.", "contents": "[A morphological and functional analysis of the extent of cartilage coverage in the human hip joint]. The extension and the shape of the cartilage surface of 30 human femora and acetabula were measured. The results were considered and discussed as the response of the articular cartilage to the specific stress on this joint. 3 kinds of cartilage distribution were found on the femoral head; these shapes were understood as the consequence of the position and the dwelling time of the actual cartilage stimulating area. The largest extention of the cartilage was found in the ventrolateral direction and the smallest in medial direction. The cartilage margin of the \"A\" type was regulary curved. The \"B\" type has an inlet towards the fovea capitis. This inlet reaches in the \"C\" type to the fovea as an area free of cartilage. The acetabula could not be divided into types with different cartilage distribution because of the great similarity in shape. Therefore we computed an average acetabulum. The largest extension of the facies lunata was found 15 degrees in front of the roof of the acetabulas as seen in x-ray pictures. The cornu anterius is always narrower than the cornu posterius. The outer margin of the osseous acetabulum does not reach the equator, it lies on a latitude of 11.5 degrees. The incisura acetabuli is inclined against the vertical line with 18.3 degrees. The width of the facies lunata can be considered as a result of mechanical stress. The different extensions of the cartilage of both joint components in ventro-lateral direction seems to be the consequence of different extensions of movement. The area of movement of the caput femoris is larger than the area of the acetabulum.", "PMID": 551933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_846", "title": "A functional interpretation of the varanid dentition (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Varanidae).", "content": "A cin\u00e9radiographic analysis of the feeding movements in Varanus bengalensis produced the following results. The mouth is opened by raising the head (upper jaw) rather than by lowering the lower jaw. Starting from the resting position, the muzzle unit is elevated around 9 degrees relative to the rest of the skull during jaw opening; the quadrate swings anteriorly around 21 degrees. During jaw closure, the snout is depressed around 15 degrees relative to the rest of the skull, hence 6 degrees beyond the resting position. The quadrate swings backwards around 27 degrees. Amphikinesis is interpreted as allowing a stronger posterior recurvature of the maxillary teeth in Varanus. This increases the holding effect of the teeth without increasing their length, an adaptation of Varanus to capture relatively large prey. The formation of plicidentine (dentine infolding) in the teeth of Varanus increases the surface of attachment of the teeth on the supporting bone. Moreover, the dentine lamellae take up tensile and compressive stresses along their long axes upon axial or vertical loading of the teeth. The slope of pleurodonty is modelled so as to minimalize shear stress on the surface of ankylosis upon axial or vertical loading of the teeth.", "contents": "A functional interpretation of the varanid dentition (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Varanidae). A cin\u00e9radiographic analysis of the feeding movements in Varanus bengalensis produced the following results. The mouth is opened by raising the head (upper jaw) rather than by lowering the lower jaw. Starting from the resting position, the muzzle unit is elevated around 9 degrees relative to the rest of the skull during jaw opening; the quadrate swings anteriorly around 21 degrees. During jaw closure, the snout is depressed around 15 degrees relative to the rest of the skull, hence 6 degrees beyond the resting position. The quadrate swings backwards around 27 degrees. Amphikinesis is interpreted as allowing a stronger posterior recurvature of the maxillary teeth in Varanus. This increases the holding effect of the teeth without increasing their length, an adaptation of Varanus to capture relatively large prey. The formation of plicidentine (dentine infolding) in the teeth of Varanus increases the surface of attachment of the teeth on the supporting bone. Moreover, the dentine lamellae take up tensile and compressive stresses along their long axes upon axial or vertical loading of the teeth. The slope of pleurodonty is modelled so as to minimalize shear stress on the surface of ankylosis upon axial or vertical loading of the teeth.", "PMID": 551934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_847", "title": "[Morphologic evolution of the musculi extensores digitorum and abductor pollicis longus in man. Part I: Introduction, methodology, M. extensor digitorum].", "content": "The author discusses first of all the theoretical principles of the evolutionary myology and gives a detailed explanation on the 3 types of studies included in this complex method. The investigated material is distributed into 3 groups, which correspond to the above mentioned 3 types of studies: 1. The variations of the muscles, object of research, are studied on 200 upper limbs of adults and cn 100 limbs of human fetuses. The crown to heel length of the latter and the number of the studied limbs could be seen on the Table on page 823. 2. The comparative-anatomic research is performed on 122 limbs of animals. The different species of animals as well as the number of the examined limbs are given on the table on page 824. 3. The organogenetic material includes 18 upper limbs of human embryos and fetuses, the age of which could be seen on the table on page 825. After expressing his gratitute to all, who have assisted him in his work the author gives the already known literature data related to the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the muscles studied by him. His own investigations start with searching of m. extensor digitorum in man, as special attention is paid both to the muscles' bellies and their tendons and the connexus intertendinei.", "contents": "[Morphologic evolution of the musculi extensores digitorum and abductor pollicis longus in man. Part I: Introduction, methodology, M. extensor digitorum]. The author discusses first of all the theoretical principles of the evolutionary myology and gives a detailed explanation on the 3 types of studies included in this complex method. The investigated material is distributed into 3 groups, which correspond to the above mentioned 3 types of studies: 1. The variations of the muscles, object of research, are studied on 200 upper limbs of adults and cn 100 limbs of human fetuses. The crown to heel length of the latter and the number of the studied limbs could be seen on the Table on page 823. 2. The comparative-anatomic research is performed on 122 limbs of animals. The different species of animals as well as the number of the examined limbs are given on the table on page 824. 3. The organogenetic material includes 18 upper limbs of human embryos and fetuses, the age of which could be seen on the table on page 825. After expressing his gratitute to all, who have assisted him in his work the author gives the already known literature data related to the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the muscles studied by him. His own investigations start with searching of m. extensor digitorum in man, as special attention is paid both to the muscles' bellies and their tendons and the connexus intertendinei.", "PMID": 551935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_848", "title": "Information system, data bases, and on-line services of the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST).", "content": "The JICST information processing system consists of the data-base production system, authority file management system, bibliographic retrieval system, and printed issue compiling system. The bibliographic retrieval service based on the JICST On-line Information System (JOIS-I) has been available through leased line since 1976 and now also through dial-up line, which covers five data bases: the JICST bibliographic and on-going research information files, CA Condensates, MEDLARS, and TOXLINE files. The on-line output in Japanese kanji is also available. The newly revised JOIS-II system is now being developed.", "contents": "Information system, data bases, and on-line services of the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST). The JICST information processing system consists of the data-base production system, authority file management system, bibliographic retrieval system, and printed issue compiling system. The bibliographic retrieval service based on the JICST On-line Information System (JOIS-I) has been available through leased line since 1976 and now also through dial-up line, which covers five data bases: the JICST bibliographic and on-going research information files, CA Condensates, MEDLARS, and TOXLINE files. The on-line output in Japanese kanji is also available. The newly revised JOIS-II system is now being developed.", "PMID": 551969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_849", "title": "Health and safety information for regulatory purposes--an industrial point of view.", "content": "This article describes how one company (The Dow Chemical Company) is managing the issue of increasing demands by regulatory agencies for health and environmental information. Described are: an interdisciplinary organization linked by a resource and communication network; methods of evaluating information requests and establishing priorities for response; and problems in communicating with the regulators. The need for a responsive technical dialogue between government and industry is stressed.", "contents": "Health and safety information for regulatory purposes--an industrial point of view. This article describes how one company (The Dow Chemical Company) is managing the issue of increasing demands by regulatory agencies for health and environmental information. Described are: an interdisciplinary organization linked by a resource and communication network; methods of evaluating information requests and establishing priorities for response; and problems in communicating with the regulators. The need for a responsive technical dialogue between government and industry is stressed.", "PMID": 551970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_850", "title": "On-line storage and retrieval of chemical information. I. Structure entry.", "content": "An interactive program has been developed for entering, verifying, and storing chemical structures encoded in the Wiswesser Line Notation. The program calculates a molecular formula from the WLN for checking and then generates a bit string fragment code and connection table of the atoms in the structure. The encoding and entry of the WLN using a CRT has significantly improved the speed of the total compound registration process.", "contents": "On-line storage and retrieval of chemical information. I. Structure entry. An interactive program has been developed for entering, verifying, and storing chemical structures encoded in the Wiswesser Line Notation. The program calculates a molecular formula from the WLN for checking and then generates a bit string fragment code and connection table of the atoms in the structure. The encoding and entry of the WLN using a CRT has significantly improved the speed of the total compound registration process.", "PMID": 551972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_851", "title": "On-line storage and retrieval of chemical information. II. Substructure and biological activity searching.", "content": "An improved interactive system for searching substructure and biological activity data has been developed. Features of the system include a two-level substructure search (fragment screen and atom by atom) and an expanded biological activity data base. The system operates on a file of about 150 000 compounds.", "contents": "On-line storage and retrieval of chemical information. II. Substructure and biological activity searching. An improved interactive system for searching substructure and biological activity data has been developed. Features of the system include a two-level substructure search (fragment screen and atom by atom) and an expanded biological activity data base. The system operates on a file of about 150 000 compounds.", "PMID": 551973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_852", "title": "An evaluation of the leading patent equivalents services.", "content": "Patent equivalent services are useful tools for identifying patent families. A patent family consists of a group of patents in various countries which cover the same invention. The patent equivalents services provided by the three leading suppliers--Chemical Abstracts Service, Derwent Publications Ltd., and INPADOC--have been tested and evaluated for coverage, recall, and accuracy. Results are reported for a test sample consisting of 75 pharmaceutical patent families.", "contents": "An evaluation of the leading patent equivalents services. Patent equivalent services are useful tools for identifying patent families. A patent family consists of a group of patents in various countries which cover the same invention. The patent equivalents services provided by the three leading suppliers--Chemical Abstracts Service, Derwent Publications Ltd., and INPADOC--have been tested and evaluated for coverage, recall, and accuracy. Results are reported for a test sample consisting of 75 pharmaceutical patent families.", "PMID": 551974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_853", "title": "Human globin chain separation by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Human globin chain separation, a key procedure in the study of hemoglobinopathies, is routinely performed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. This method, though relatively easy and highly reliable, is expensive and time consuming. A new procedure, based on isoelectric focusing, is presented which allows the simultaneous separation of globin chains from multiple samples (at least 20 per gel slab). The method is rapid, inexpensive and can be easily carried out in clinical laboratories, and its high sensitivity allows the identification of radioactive bands even with minute amounts of labelled material. A new phenomenon, called the 'Nonidet P-40 effect', which greatly enhances the separation between gamma and beta chains by binding to these two chains and shifting their pI values in opposite directions, is described.", "contents": "Human globin chain separation by isoelectric focusing. Human globin chain separation, a key procedure in the study of hemoglobinopathies, is routinely performed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. This method, though relatively easy and highly reliable, is expensive and time consuming. A new procedure, based on isoelectric focusing, is presented which allows the simultaneous separation of globin chains from multiple samples (at least 20 per gel slab). The method is rapid, inexpensive and can be easily carried out in clinical laboratories, and its high sensitivity allows the identification of radioactive bands even with minute amounts of labelled material. A new phenomenon, called the 'Nonidet P-40 effect', which greatly enhances the separation between gamma and beta chains by binding to these two chains and shifting their pI values in opposite directions, is described.", "PMID": 551975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_854", "title": "Fluorography of tritium-labelled proteins in immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A method is described for detecting 3H-labelled proteins in immunoelectrophoretic systems performed on agarose gels. The method is based on the incorporation of a polyacrylamide gel into the agarose gel after the electrophoresis. This mixed gel has the characteristics of a polyacrylamide gel, making it possible to use fluorography as has been described for polyacrylamide gels. The applicability of the fluorography method is demonstrated by analyzing 3H-labelled human serum albumin and 3H-labelled pig intestinal brush border proteins by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Fluorography of tritium-labelled proteins in immunoelectrophoresis. A method is described for detecting 3H-labelled proteins in immunoelectrophoretic systems performed on agarose gels. The method is based on the incorporation of a polyacrylamide gel into the agarose gel after the electrophoresis. This mixed gel has the characteristics of a polyacrylamide gel, making it possible to use fluorography as has been described for polyacrylamide gels. The applicability of the fluorography method is demonstrated by analyzing 3H-labelled human serum albumin and 3H-labelled pig intestinal brush border proteins by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 551976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_855", "title": "Heart synchronized gamma - camera gating: displaying two heart cycles on one screen.", "content": "A method for the evaluation of the haemodynamic status of a patient with acute myocardial infarction is presented. Left ventricular ejection fraction has been considered to be an accurate indicator of haemodynamic status before and after therapy. A device for synchronising the R-wave, and controlling the recording oscilloscope during systole and diastole is described. The intention is to display both systole and diastole on one oscilloscope.", "contents": "Heart synchronized gamma - camera gating: displaying two heart cycles on one screen. A method for the evaluation of the haemodynamic status of a patient with acute myocardial infarction is presented. Left ventricular ejection fraction has been considered to be an accurate indicator of haemodynamic status before and after therapy. A device for synchronising the R-wave, and controlling the recording oscilloscope during systole and diastole is described. The intention is to display both systole and diastole on one oscilloscope.", "PMID": 551992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_856", "title": "Antagonistic maternal immune reactions (rejection and facilitation) to the embryo in the urodele amphibian Salamandra salamandra lin.", "content": "In vitro assays have been employed to demonstrate that pregnant salamanders mount an immune reaction against their embryos. Maternal spleen cells kill up to 85% of dissociated embryonic epidermal cells during a 48 h incubation period. The degree of killing depends upon the ratio of maternal to embryonic cells and on the number of embryos borne by the mother. The cytotoxicity shows considerable specificity for the embryos of a given mother although a weak degree of killing can occur with embryos from other mothers, presumably due to some form of cross-reactivity. The effect is inhibited by the addition of maternal serum to the cultures. The degree of protection is also a function of the number of embryos borne by the mother. Pre-incubation experiments indicate that the maternal serum has a protective action on the embryonic cells which is largely specific for the female's own embryos (and suggested to be antibody in nature) and an inhibitory action on the maternal spleen cells which occurs also with spleen cells of other females (and suggested to be either an immune complex or a nonimmunological substances). An increase in beta protein peaks is seen following electrophoresis of sera from pregnant (and also allografted) salamanders. These findings indicate that the pregnant salamander mounts a double immune reaction against her embryos, an aggressive (rejection) reaction and a protective (facilitation) reaction.", "contents": "Antagonistic maternal immune reactions (rejection and facilitation) to the embryo in the urodele amphibian Salamandra salamandra lin. In vitro assays have been employed to demonstrate that pregnant salamanders mount an immune reaction against their embryos. Maternal spleen cells kill up to 85% of dissociated embryonic epidermal cells during a 48 h incubation period. The degree of killing depends upon the ratio of maternal to embryonic cells and on the number of embryos borne by the mother. The cytotoxicity shows considerable specificity for the embryos of a given mother although a weak degree of killing can occur with embryos from other mothers, presumably due to some form of cross-reactivity. The effect is inhibited by the addition of maternal serum to the cultures. The degree of protection is also a function of the number of embryos borne by the mother. Pre-incubation experiments indicate that the maternal serum has a protective action on the embryonic cells which is largely specific for the female's own embryos (and suggested to be antibody in nature) and an inhibitory action on the maternal spleen cells which occurs also with spleen cells of other females (and suggested to be either an immune complex or a nonimmunological substances). An increase in beta protein peaks is seen following electrophoresis of sera from pregnant (and also allografted) salamanders. These findings indicate that the pregnant salamander mounts a double immune reaction against her embryos, an aggressive (rejection) reaction and a protective (facilitation) reaction.", "PMID": 551987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_857", "title": "A low cost portable enuresis alarm.", "content": "The enuresis alarm described is a portable device designed for 'toilet training' of mentally sub-normal children. It weighs 70 gm with battery, has dimensions of 90 x 60 x 30 mm and conforms to DHSS recommendations. The battery life is over 1000 hours (6 weeks) in continuous use. Total component cost is is pounds 6.20 (in 1978), construction is simple and the circuit may be used as a conventional nocturnal enuresis alarm.", "contents": "A low cost portable enuresis alarm. The enuresis alarm described is a portable device designed for 'toilet training' of mentally sub-normal children. It weighs 70 gm with battery, has dimensions of 90 x 60 x 30 mm and conforms to DHSS recommendations. The battery life is over 1000 hours (6 weeks) in continuous use. Total component cost is is pounds 6.20 (in 1978), construction is simple and the circuit may be used as a conventional nocturnal enuresis alarm.", "PMID": 551994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_858", "title": "[Evidence for the developmental theory of myopia. 1. The role of accommodation in the development of myopia].", "content": "The causal part of weakened accommodation in the formation of myopia is linked with the visual activity at near-distance. Feeble accommodation can be caused by a morphological deficiency of the ciliary muscle and its insufficient training, also by a reduced blood-supply of the eye and by the influence of general diseases on the ciliary muscle. For the first time the thought is expressed to prevent myopia and its progression by influencing the accommodative apparatus of the eye.", "contents": "[Evidence for the developmental theory of myopia. 1. The role of accommodation in the development of myopia]. The causal part of weakened accommodation in the formation of myopia is linked with the visual activity at near-distance. Feeble accommodation can be caused by a morphological deficiency of the ciliary muscle and its insufficient training, also by a reduced blood-supply of the eye and by the influence of general diseases on the ciliary muscle. For the first time the thought is expressed to prevent myopia and its progression by influencing the accommodative apparatus of the eye.", "PMID": 551996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_859", "title": "[Blood circulation of the optic nerve with respect to the development of glaucomatous papilla excavation].", "content": "Recent research findings in microvascular anatomy enable the authors to make as new suggestion regarding the arrangement of the intraorbital vasculature of the optic nerve. In anatomical specimens three separate zones can be identified, sharply delimited and each with its own source of blood supply. After briefly describing the vasculature of the distal segment (neck) of the optic nerve the authors report several new theories concerning the pathogenesis of glaucomatous cupping of the optic disk.", "contents": "[Blood circulation of the optic nerve with respect to the development of glaucomatous papilla excavation]. Recent research findings in microvascular anatomy enable the authors to make as new suggestion regarding the arrangement of the intraorbital vasculature of the optic nerve. In anatomical specimens three separate zones can be identified, sharply delimited and each with its own source of blood supply. After briefly describing the vasculature of the distal segment (neck) of the optic nerve the authors report several new theories concerning the pathogenesis of glaucomatous cupping of the optic disk.", "PMID": 551997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_860", "title": "[Various diagnostic methods in the examination of vascular exophthalmous].", "content": "The radiological examination results are reported form 13 cases of vascular exophthalmos in the presence of carotid-cavernous sinus fistels, carotid aneurysm and vascular malformations of the orbit. The results of the various methods of examination in the literature are discussed and proposals are suggested for a consequent diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "[Various diagnostic methods in the examination of vascular exophthalmous]. The radiological examination results are reported form 13 cases of vascular exophthalmos in the presence of carotid-cavernous sinus fistels, carotid aneurysm and vascular malformations of the orbit. The results of the various methods of examination in the literature are discussed and proposals are suggested for a consequent diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 551998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_861", "title": "[Prognosis of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids in relation to histologic differentiation and thoroughness of resection].", "content": "As life expectancy increases the diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the lids is assuming ever greater importance. While there is still some debate as to whether conservative or surgical treatment is preferable, the emphasis in conservative treatment varies. Our own view is based on an analysis of 531 surgically treated patients. For histologic differentiation we used the data of Lever (1958). Considering that our recidivity rate was only 6.2%, we recommend primary surgical treatment. After localization of the tumor the inner canthus in particular should be kept under observation for recurrences. Histologic differentiation showed the sclerodermiform basal cell carcinoma to be especially dangerous.", "contents": "[Prognosis of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids in relation to histologic differentiation and thoroughness of resection]. As life expectancy increases the diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the lids is assuming ever greater importance. While there is still some debate as to whether conservative or surgical treatment is preferable, the emphasis in conservative treatment varies. Our own view is based on an analysis of 531 surgically treated patients. For histologic differentiation we used the data of Lever (1958). Considering that our recidivity rate was only 6.2%, we recommend primary surgical treatment. After localization of the tumor the inner canthus in particular should be kept under observation for recurrences. Histologic differentiation showed the sclerodermiform basal cell carcinoma to be especially dangerous.", "PMID": 551999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_862", "title": "[Leiomyoma of the ciliary body - misdiagnosis leading to an unconventional but successful surgical approach].", "content": "Report on a leiomyoma of the ciliary body in a 12-year-old girl. The clinical findings were misinterpreted as a traumatic ciliary body cyst because of the associated iridodialysis, the fact that the tumor could be transilluminated, because it appeared cystic on ultrasonography, and because there was a history of severe cranial trauma. In the course of an attempt to puncture the presumed cyst a cherry-sized ciliary body tumor was revealed. It proved possible to shell this out without performing an iridocyclectomy. An elective enucleation would have been performed had the true diagnosis been known preoperatively. Due to the misdiagnosis and the resulting unconventional approach the eye was preserved with some residual functions. the histological picture was that of a leiomyoma, a tumor rarely found in the ciliary body. The histological and electronmicroscopic appearance are described and compared with the few cases previously reported.", "contents": "[Leiomyoma of the ciliary body - misdiagnosis leading to an unconventional but successful surgical approach]. Report on a leiomyoma of the ciliary body in a 12-year-old girl. The clinical findings were misinterpreted as a traumatic ciliary body cyst because of the associated iridodialysis, the fact that the tumor could be transilluminated, because it appeared cystic on ultrasonography, and because there was a history of severe cranial trauma. In the course of an attempt to puncture the presumed cyst a cherry-sized ciliary body tumor was revealed. It proved possible to shell this out without performing an iridocyclectomy. An elective enucleation would have been performed had the true diagnosis been known preoperatively. Due to the misdiagnosis and the resulting unconventional approach the eye was preserved with some residual functions. the histological picture was that of a leiomyoma, a tumor rarely found in the ciliary body. The histological and electronmicroscopic appearance are described and compared with the few cases previously reported.", "PMID": 552000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_863", "title": "[Prospects for surgical treatment of retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of experiences gathered in the surgical treatment of over 1500 cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a period of 12 years the authors believe that, despite advances in surgical technique and the prospects of further technical improvements outlined here our therapeutic capability will not be increased sufficiently to enable us to cure \"malignant\" detachments. Hence the authors think that there is a certain limit to the number of successful operations which will not be exceeded. This limit is 80-85% in unselected material and about 95% in cases with good prognosis.", "contents": "[Prospects for surgical treatment of retinal detachment (author's transl)]. In the light of experiences gathered in the surgical treatment of over 1500 cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a period of 12 years the authors believe that, despite advances in surgical technique and the prospects of further technical improvements outlined here our therapeutic capability will not be increased sufficiently to enable us to cure \"malignant\" detachments. Hence the authors think that there is a certain limit to the number of successful operations which will not be exceeded. This limit is 80-85% in unselected material and about 95% in cases with good prognosis.", "PMID": 552001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_864", "title": "[Dye-filling patterns in routine serial angiograms].", "content": "Rapid-sequence fluorescein angiograms of 127 healthy eyes with cilioretinal arteries were analyzed with regard to the time of dye entry into the central retinal artery, the cilioretinal artery and the choroid. In younger patients up to age 49) the cilioretinal artery filled simultaneously just as often as prior to the central retinal artery (42.9% and 41.4%, respectively); only rarely (15.7%) was a later filling noticed. In older persons (50 years of age and older) this filling pattern was reversed. The cilioretinal artery most frequently filled later than the central retinal artery (48.7%) and only rarely prior to it (15.8%). Similar results were obtained when comparing the filling time of the central retinal artery with the first choroidal fluorescein. With increasing age the circulation in the choroid and the cilioretinal arteries slows down in comparison to the central retinal artery, due to sclerotic vessel changes which have been shown to be much more pronounced in the choroidal vessels than in the retinal vessels. These findings are important for the understanding of age-related diseases of the optic nerve head, which derives almost all its blood supply from the choroidal circulation.", "contents": "[Dye-filling patterns in routine serial angiograms]. Rapid-sequence fluorescein angiograms of 127 healthy eyes with cilioretinal arteries were analyzed with regard to the time of dye entry into the central retinal artery, the cilioretinal artery and the choroid. In younger patients up to age 49) the cilioretinal artery filled simultaneously just as often as prior to the central retinal artery (42.9% and 41.4%, respectively); only rarely (15.7%) was a later filling noticed. In older persons (50 years of age and older) this filling pattern was reversed. The cilioretinal artery most frequently filled later than the central retinal artery (48.7%) and only rarely prior to it (15.8%). Similar results were obtained when comparing the filling time of the central retinal artery with the first choroidal fluorescein. With increasing age the circulation in the choroid and the cilioretinal arteries slows down in comparison to the central retinal artery, due to sclerotic vessel changes which have been shown to be much more pronounced in the choroidal vessels than in the retinal vessels. These findings are important for the understanding of age-related diseases of the optic nerve head, which derives almost all its blood supply from the choroidal circulation.", "PMID": 552002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_865", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin in the rabbit eye].", "content": "Following intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg Mezlocillin into rabbit eyes the concentrations measured in the aqueous humor were of low-grade therapeutic efficacy. In the vitreous, this dose and form of application had no therapeutic effect. The transfer concentration in the aqueous humor after subconjunctival application of 20 mg Mezlocillin was comparably low. High therapeutic levels in the aqueous humor and even, in isolated cases, traces of Mezlocillin in the vitreous were found after subconjunctival injection of 100 mg.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin in the rabbit eye]. Following intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg Mezlocillin into rabbit eyes the concentrations measured in the aqueous humor were of low-grade therapeutic efficacy. In the vitreous, this dose and form of application had no therapeutic effect. The transfer concentration in the aqueous humor after subconjunctival application of 20 mg Mezlocillin was comparably low. High therapeutic levels in the aqueous humor and even, in isolated cases, traces of Mezlocillin in the vitreous were found after subconjunctival injection of 100 mg.", "PMID": 552003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_866", "title": "[Absorption and distribution of cytoplasmic organ lysates (conjunctisan A eye drops) following intraconjunctival application (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption and transport pathways of Conjunctisan A were determined, and its mode of action clarified, by means of radioactive labeling. A dose of 0.5 ml of this drug, labeled with I131, was applied to the conjunctival sacs of rats and rabbits. After six hours there was highly significant enrichment in the ocular tissues. The highest degree of enrichment was found in the uvea, i.e., the ciliary body, choroid and retina. However, there was also moderate enrichment in the lens and the vitreous. It was proved immunologically that the radioactivity was identical with the original Conjunctisan A molecule. In particular, it as demonstrated that the enriched Conjunctisan A in the aqueous humor precipitates with the specific antibody.", "contents": "[Absorption and distribution of cytoplasmic organ lysates (conjunctisan A eye drops) following intraconjunctival application (author's transl)]. The absorption and transport pathways of Conjunctisan A were determined, and its mode of action clarified, by means of radioactive labeling. A dose of 0.5 ml of this drug, labeled with I131, was applied to the conjunctival sacs of rats and rabbits. After six hours there was highly significant enrichment in the ocular tissues. The highest degree of enrichment was found in the uvea, i.e., the ciliary body, choroid and retina. However, there was also moderate enrichment in the lens and the vitreous. It was proved immunologically that the radioactivity was identical with the original Conjunctisan A molecule. In particular, it as demonstrated that the enriched Conjunctisan A in the aqueous humor precipitates with the specific antibody.", "PMID": 552004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_867", "title": "[Conservative management of senile cataract with conjunctisan A eye drops].", "content": "It seems to be a generally held view that there is no way of treating senile cataract successfully. However, this view is contradicted by the results of a long-term study carried out on 192 eyes treated with Conjunctisan A. According to these results lens opacities in senile cataract can indeed be influenced by therapy. Conjunctisan is a new therapeutic principle which exploits the effect of watersoluble protoplasmic elements, in particular proteins, ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids, phospholipids, polysaccharides, lens-cell-specific nucleic acids and amino acid precursors from the lens, vitreous body, retina, optic nerve, cornea, conjunctiva and placenta. Over a period of observation of 5 years (1973-1978) Conjunctisan A eye drops were administered to the conjunctival sac twice or three times a day. Out of 192 eyes thus treated, lens opacification was halted in 36% and vision improved in 45%. These results concur with those of our earlier investigations on 74 eyes (1969-1973). It is also worth mentioning that opacification is slowed down much more than previously assumed on the basis of experience: this was demonstrated in a comparison with 75 cases of senile cataract that were not treated or treated only by conventional methods.", "contents": "[Conservative management of senile cataract with conjunctisan A eye drops]. It seems to be a generally held view that there is no way of treating senile cataract successfully. However, this view is contradicted by the results of a long-term study carried out on 192 eyes treated with Conjunctisan A. According to these results lens opacities in senile cataract can indeed be influenced by therapy. Conjunctisan is a new therapeutic principle which exploits the effect of watersoluble protoplasmic elements, in particular proteins, ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids, phospholipids, polysaccharides, lens-cell-specific nucleic acids and amino acid precursors from the lens, vitreous body, retina, optic nerve, cornea, conjunctiva and placenta. Over a period of observation of 5 years (1973-1978) Conjunctisan A eye drops were administered to the conjunctival sac twice or three times a day. Out of 192 eyes thus treated, lens opacification was halted in 36% and vision improved in 45%. These results concur with those of our earlier investigations on 74 eyes (1969-1973). It is also worth mentioning that opacification is slowed down much more than previously assumed on the basis of experience: this was demonstrated in a comparison with 75 cases of senile cataract that were not treated or treated only by conventional methods.", "PMID": 552005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_868", "title": "[Cataract extraction following glaucoma surgery].", "content": "This paper presents the results of cataract extraction in 124 patients who had previously undergone glaucoma surgery. The results were best when cataract extraction was combined with iridoplasty. With this method we were able to improve the patients' vision and preserve the filtration bleb. The technique of the operation is described.", "contents": "[Cataract extraction following glaucoma surgery]. This paper presents the results of cataract extraction in 124 patients who had previously undergone glaucoma surgery. The results were best when cataract extraction was combined with iridoplasty. With this method we were able to improve the patients' vision and preserve the filtration bleb. The technique of the operation is described.", "PMID": 552006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_869", "title": "[Results of aphakia correction with permanent silicone lenses].", "content": "Silicone contact lenses were fitted postoperatively to 114 aphakic eyes (55 children, 59 adults) and followed up for a maximum of 2 years. Provided they were fitted carefully the lenses were well tolerated for surprisingly long periods of time. Complications observed were superficial ulcer in 2 cases and circumscribed corneal infiltration in 3 cases and circumscribed corneal infiltration in 3 cases and circumscribed corneal infiltration in 3 cases. Corneal vascularization was not found. Postoperative vision was good, corneal astigmatism being reduced by 0.87 D on average. The main problems were deposition of organic material and in some cases poor hydrophilic properties of the lenses. Constant lens mobility is essential for long-term tolerance and avoidance of complications. At present it is recommended that the use of permanent-wear silicone lenses be restricted to special indications.", "contents": "[Results of aphakia correction with permanent silicone lenses]. Silicone contact lenses were fitted postoperatively to 114 aphakic eyes (55 children, 59 adults) and followed up for a maximum of 2 years. Provided they were fitted carefully the lenses were well tolerated for surprisingly long periods of time. Complications observed were superficial ulcer in 2 cases and circumscribed corneal infiltration in 3 cases and circumscribed corneal infiltration in 3 cases and circumscribed corneal infiltration in 3 cases. Corneal vascularization was not found. Postoperative vision was good, corneal astigmatism being reduced by 0.87 D on average. The main problems were deposition of organic material and in some cases poor hydrophilic properties of the lenses. Constant lens mobility is essential for long-term tolerance and avoidance of complications. At present it is recommended that the use of permanent-wear silicone lenses be restricted to special indications.", "PMID": 552007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_870", "title": "[Minor eye operations on infants under local anesthesia].", "content": "A procedure with local anesthesia is possible after premedication with Thalamonal and atropine in some special cases. The child is sufficiently sedated and remains co-operative. Four cases are reported in order to illustrate how such a procedure leads to satisfactory results.", "contents": "[Minor eye operations on infants under local anesthesia]. A procedure with local anesthesia is possible after premedication with Thalamonal and atropine in some special cases. The child is sufficiently sedated and remains co-operative. Four cases are reported in order to illustrate how such a procedure leads to satisfactory results.", "PMID": 552008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_871", "title": "[Pleomorphous adenoma of Moll's glands].", "content": "Description of a 70-year-old patient with a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the lower eyelid which originated form an adenoma of Moll's gland.", "contents": "[Pleomorphous adenoma of Moll's glands]. Description of a 70-year-old patient with a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the lower eyelid which originated form an adenoma of Moll's gland.", "PMID": 552009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_872", "title": "[Luetic papilledema].", "content": "Although luetic ocular changes are rarely seen today they should not be neglected in differential diagnosis. Luetic papilledema is extremely rare and neurologic symptoms may be minor. A clinically observed case is described.", "contents": "[Luetic papilledema]. Although luetic ocular changes are rarely seen today they should not be neglected in differential diagnosis. Luetic papilledema is extremely rare and neurologic symptoms may be minor. A clinically observed case is described.", "PMID": 552010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_873", "title": "[Macula hole as a retinal complication of congenital malformation of optic disk and coloboma choroideae in the same eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a 24-year-old woman with combined ocular malformation: bilateral pits in the optic disc and coloboma of choroidea. Complication: macula hole in the colobom-eye. -- Within 3 years preexistent myopia increased 2 dpt in all. Possibly combination of unphysiological retinal traction by coloboma on the one side and axial myopia on the other side is cause of macula hole.", "contents": "[Macula hole as a retinal complication of congenital malformation of optic disk and coloboma choroideae in the same eye (author's transl)]. Case report of a 24-year-old woman with combined ocular malformation: bilateral pits in the optic disc and coloboma of choroidea. Complication: macula hole in the colobom-eye. -- Within 3 years preexistent myopia increased 2 dpt in all. Possibly combination of unphysiological retinal traction by coloboma on the one side and axial myopia on the other side is cause of macula hole.", "PMID": 552011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_874", "title": "[The morning glory syndrome].", "content": "Two cases of hereditary Morning Glory Syndrome (MGS) with serious damage to the second eye are described. Besides MGS there is simultaneous shrinking of both kidneys, and chronic glomerulonephritis is suspected. A further member of the family suffers from a pseudoneuritis nervi optici, but not from kidney disease. Our findings are compared with cases of MGS which have already been described. The particular symptoms of MGS are compared with known anomalies. After analyzing the literature and our cases the following can be said of MGS: Refraction and sight can be normal. The size of the optic disk varies between too large and too small. Regarding the morphology, the prominent elevated annulus around the optic disk is possibly identical with that in the case of pseudoneuritis. The MGS can be hereditary, and there may be simultaneous, chronic and progressive kidney disease. The course of the kidney disease can have serious consequences for the patient.", "contents": "[The morning glory syndrome]. Two cases of hereditary Morning Glory Syndrome (MGS) with serious damage to the second eye are described. Besides MGS there is simultaneous shrinking of both kidneys, and chronic glomerulonephritis is suspected. A further member of the family suffers from a pseudoneuritis nervi optici, but not from kidney disease. Our findings are compared with cases of MGS which have already been described. The particular symptoms of MGS are compared with known anomalies. After analyzing the literature and our cases the following can be said of MGS: Refraction and sight can be normal. The size of the optic disk varies between too large and too small. Regarding the morphology, the prominent elevated annulus around the optic disk is possibly identical with that in the case of pseudoneuritis. The MGS can be hereditary, and there may be simultaneous, chronic and progressive kidney disease. The course of the kidney disease can have serious consequences for the patient.", "PMID": 552012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_875", "title": "[Endemic eye diseases in Samoa, 1910-1913].", "content": "In the years 1910/13 two endemic infections of the conjunctiva were found in Samoa in addition to ocular manifestations of filiariosis. One of these infections was obviously trachoma, the other an acute micrococcus catarrhalis conjunctivitis by diplococcus samoensis.", "contents": "[Endemic eye diseases in Samoa, 1910-1913]. In the years 1910/13 two endemic infections of the conjunctiva were found in Samoa in addition to ocular manifestations of filiariosis. One of these infections was obviously trachoma, the other an acute micrococcus catarrhalis conjunctivitis by diplococcus samoensis.", "PMID": 552013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_876", "title": "[A subjective contrast effect encountered daily by ophthalmologists].", "content": "After a brief review of psychophysical contrast effects an example of direct interest to ophthalmologists is illustrated.", "contents": "[A subjective contrast effect encountered daily by ophthalmologists]. After a brief review of psychophysical contrast effects an example of direct interest to ophthalmologists is illustrated.", "PMID": 552014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_877", "title": "[Cataract therapy: operation or not?].", "content": "Communication concerning an aid to vision for cataract patients who cannot undergo cataract surgery on schedule. Three possible ways of eliminating dazzling of the outer field are given. Experience has shown that a particularly simple and effective method is to stick black material or paper with an appropriate slit onto the lenses of reading glasses. This reduces the amount of stray light responsible for dazzling and thus improves visual acuity.", "contents": "[Cataract therapy: operation or not?]. Communication concerning an aid to vision for cataract patients who cannot undergo cataract surgery on schedule. Three possible ways of eliminating dazzling of the outer field are given. Experience has shown that a particularly simple and effective method is to stick black material or paper with an appropriate slit onto the lenses of reading glasses. This reduces the amount of stray light responsible for dazzling and thus improves visual acuity.", "PMID": 552015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_878", "title": "[Problems and developments in keratoprosthetics].", "content": "Problems and difficulties in Keratoprosthetics operations are described and methods of overcoming them discussed.", "contents": "[Problems and developments in keratoprosthetics]. Problems and difficulties in Keratoprosthetics operations are described and methods of overcoming them discussed.", "PMID": 552016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_879", "title": "[Total orbitoplasty].", "content": "In injuries, removal of tumours and infections of the orbit the exenteration of the orbit may become necessary, sometimes even with sacrificing the eyelids. After healing of the orbital disorder the task of the orbitoplasty consists in rebuilding an orbit fit for a prosthesis; when the eyelids have to be reconstructed too, we speak of a total orbitoplasty. Further difficulties arise for the plastic surgeon, when the disorders or/and their treatment are followed by an open communication with the nasal hole and its paranasal sinuses. Mennig has called this complicated form of orbital reconstruction as total orbitoplasty of rhinosurgical type; its additional task is to close the open communications of the nasal hole and its paranasal sinuses with the orbit. Two selected clinical examples of total orbitoplasty demonstrate the procedure in such cases. The first case shows a total orbitoplasty with reconstruction of the eyelids after an injury to the right half of the face caused by high-tension current. The second case illustrates the rhinosurgical type of total orbitoplasty (Mennig), with closure of the fistulas between the orbit and the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses as an additional reconstruction task.", "contents": "[Total orbitoplasty]. In injuries, removal of tumours and infections of the orbit the exenteration of the orbit may become necessary, sometimes even with sacrificing the eyelids. After healing of the orbital disorder the task of the orbitoplasty consists in rebuilding an orbit fit for a prosthesis; when the eyelids have to be reconstructed too, we speak of a total orbitoplasty. Further difficulties arise for the plastic surgeon, when the disorders or/and their treatment are followed by an open communication with the nasal hole and its paranasal sinuses. Mennig has called this complicated form of orbital reconstruction as total orbitoplasty of rhinosurgical type; its additional task is to close the open communications of the nasal hole and its paranasal sinuses with the orbit. Two selected clinical examples of total orbitoplasty demonstrate the procedure in such cases. The first case shows a total orbitoplasty with reconstruction of the eyelids after an injury to the right half of the face caused by high-tension current. The second case illustrates the rhinosurgical type of total orbitoplasty (Mennig), with closure of the fistulas between the orbit and the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses as an additional reconstruction task.", "PMID": 552017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_880", "title": "Dialysance of acetate and bicarbonate: effect of ultrafiltration.", "content": "The dialysance of acetate and bicarbonate measured using a 1.8 M2 hollow fiber artificial kidney was quantitated both in vivo and in vitro. The diffusional transfers of acetate and bicarbonate were similar as would be expected from their almost identical ionic weights. However, ultrafiltration increased bicarbonate loss and decreased acetate uptake and at a TMP of 300 mm Hg the dialysance of bicarbonate was significantly greater than the dialysance of acetate. Therefore, ultrafiltration reduces the transfer of net base to the patient which impairs the correction of acidosis, and may contribute to clinical problems associated with ultrafiltration during hemodialysis.", "contents": "Dialysance of acetate and bicarbonate: effect of ultrafiltration. The dialysance of acetate and bicarbonate measured using a 1.8 M2 hollow fiber artificial kidney was quantitated both in vivo and in vitro. The diffusional transfers of acetate and bicarbonate were similar as would be expected from their almost identical ionic weights. However, ultrafiltration increased bicarbonate loss and decreased acetate uptake and at a TMP of 300 mm Hg the dialysance of bicarbonate was significantly greater than the dialysance of acetate. Therefore, ultrafiltration reduces the transfer of net base to the patient which impairs the correction of acidosis, and may contribute to clinical problems associated with ultrafiltration during hemodialysis.", "PMID": 552031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_881", "title": "Leukocyte counts and arterial blood gases in nonrenal psoriatic patients treated with extracorporeal devices: Preliminary report.", "content": "Four psoriatic patients with normal renal function were treated with RP-6 dialyzers. There was a significant decrease in the leukocyte counts at 5 mins of hemofiltration and it remained the same without rebound leukocytosis at 60 mins. Leukopenia was not accompanied by changes in PaO2 or PaCO2 and thus not accompanied by hypoxemia. C3 values were also unchanged, although a tendency to decrease was noted. Leukopenia and hypoxemia may not be related.", "contents": "Leukocyte counts and arterial blood gases in nonrenal psoriatic patients treated with extracorporeal devices: Preliminary report. Four psoriatic patients with normal renal function were treated with RP-6 dialyzers. There was a significant decrease in the leukocyte counts at 5 mins of hemofiltration and it remained the same without rebound leukocytosis at 60 mins. Leukopenia was not accompanied by changes in PaO2 or PaCO2 and thus not accompanied by hypoxemia. C3 values were also unchanged, although a tendency to decrease was noted. Leukopenia and hypoxemia may not be related.", "PMID": 552036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_882", "title": "Characterization of erythroid inhibiting factors (EIF) in patients with anemia of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Using the fetal mouse liver cell culture technique for evaluation of erythroid colony formation (CFU-E) sera of 15 patients with CRF and 10 normal subjects were investigated. When sera were removed immediately prior to the onset of regular hemodialysis from patients in a severe uremic state, they produced a significant inhibition of CFU-E formation when tested in the fetal mouse liver cell culture. In contrast, when the same sera after 48 hrs of in vitro dialysis were tested, inhibition of CFU-E formation was reversed to a large part. Inhibition was reversed in the same manner when sera removed from the same patients after 16--20 wks of regular hemodialysis therapy were tested in the fetal mouse liver cell culture. Thus, the EIF present in the serum of patients were severe uremia can be removed by in vivo and in vitro dialysis.", "contents": "Characterization of erythroid inhibiting factors (EIF) in patients with anemia of chronic renal failure. Using the fetal mouse liver cell culture technique for evaluation of erythroid colony formation (CFU-E) sera of 15 patients with CRF and 10 normal subjects were investigated. When sera were removed immediately prior to the onset of regular hemodialysis from patients in a severe uremic state, they produced a significant inhibition of CFU-E formation when tested in the fetal mouse liver cell culture. In contrast, when the same sera after 48 hrs of in vitro dialysis were tested, inhibition of CFU-E formation was reversed to a large part. Inhibition was reversed in the same manner when sera removed from the same patients after 16--20 wks of regular hemodialysis therapy were tested in the fetal mouse liver cell culture. Thus, the EIF present in the serum of patients were severe uremia can be removed by in vivo and in vitro dialysis.", "PMID": 552040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_883", "title": "Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate levels in nonuremic patients treated with extracorporeal devices.", "content": "DEHP levels after treatment were studied in 6 nonuremic psoriatic patients undergoing extracorporeal therapy. Serum DEHP levels at the end of therapy of these patients were significantly lower than that of maintenance hemodialysis patients. DEHP and/or its metabolites were excreted by the normal kidneys, although the excretion of nonmetabolized DEHP by the kidneys was minimal. There was no correlation between serum DEHP levels of these nonuremic patients and the type of artificial kidney used or the mode of therapy employed.", "contents": "Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate levels in nonuremic patients treated with extracorporeal devices. DEHP levels after treatment were studied in 6 nonuremic psoriatic patients undergoing extracorporeal therapy. Serum DEHP levels at the end of therapy of these patients were significantly lower than that of maintenance hemodialysis patients. DEHP and/or its metabolites were excreted by the normal kidneys, although the excretion of nonmetabolized DEHP by the kidneys was minimal. There was no correlation between serum DEHP levels of these nonuremic patients and the type of artificial kidney used or the mode of therapy employed.", "PMID": 552041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_884", "title": "Water soluble vitamins in patients with chronic renal failure and effect of B6 administration of immunological activity.", "content": "Blood concentrations of water soluble vitamins were studied in 29 undialyzed and 35 dialyzed patients with CRF, and 36 healthy volunteers. Effects of B6 administration on immunological parameters were studied in dialyzed patients. In dialyzed patients, whole blood B1 decreased, while plasma B2, B6 and serum B12 and folic acid increased. In undialyzed patients with uremia, plasma B2, serum B12 and folic acid increased, while plasma C decreased in patients with moderate CRF. Oral administration of B6 for 4 wks was associated with improved tuberculin skin tests and PHA mitogen responses in dialyzed patients. Supplementation of B1 is required for patients with CRF while B6 and C may be considered.", "contents": "Water soluble vitamins in patients with chronic renal failure and effect of B6 administration of immunological activity. Blood concentrations of water soluble vitamins were studied in 29 undialyzed and 35 dialyzed patients with CRF, and 36 healthy volunteers. Effects of B6 administration on immunological parameters were studied in dialyzed patients. In dialyzed patients, whole blood B1 decreased, while plasma B2, B6 and serum B12 and folic acid increased. In undialyzed patients with uremia, plasma B2, serum B12 and folic acid increased, while plasma C decreased in patients with moderate CRF. Oral administration of B6 for 4 wks was associated with improved tuberculin skin tests and PHA mitogen responses in dialyzed patients. Supplementation of B1 is required for patients with CRF while B6 and C may be considered.", "PMID": 552042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_885", "title": "Subclavian cannula for temporary hemodialysis.", "content": "A new silastic and teflon cannula has been developed for temporary hemodialysis access. It is introduced through the subclavian vein by the Seldinger technique. The cannula which is quick and easy to insert, can be used repeatedly for weeks or months without limiting the patient's mobility and without the need for repeated vessel punctures. Complications are few and largely preventable. Since introduction of the subclavian hemodialysis cannula at the Toronto Western Hospital in September 1977 no patient with end-stage renal failure has required insertion of a silastic-teflon shunt or temporary peritoneal dialysis, nor has hemodialysis had to be postponed because of lack of an arteriovenous fistula.", "contents": "Subclavian cannula for temporary hemodialysis. A new silastic and teflon cannula has been developed for temporary hemodialysis access. It is introduced through the subclavian vein by the Seldinger technique. The cannula which is quick and easy to insert, can be used repeatedly for weeks or months without limiting the patient's mobility and without the need for repeated vessel punctures. Complications are few and largely preventable. Since introduction of the subclavian hemodialysis cannula at the Toronto Western Hospital in September 1977 no patient with end-stage renal failure has required insertion of a silastic-teflon shunt or temporary peritoneal dialysis, nor has hemodialysis had to be postponed because of lack of an arteriovenous fistula.", "PMID": 552046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_886", "title": "Hypercoagulability: a cause of vascular access failure.", "content": "In a group of 58 patients requiring tertiary vascular access procedures for maintenance of hemodialysis, 29 patients who thrombosed well-functioning fistulas were evaluated for both antithrombin deficiencies as well as platelet hyperaggreability. Thirteen of these 29 patients were found to have one or more coagulation defects. Following correction of the hypercoagulable state, tertiary vascular access procedures, using autologous tissues, were 100% successful in these 13 patients.", "contents": "Hypercoagulability: a cause of vascular access failure. In a group of 58 patients requiring tertiary vascular access procedures for maintenance of hemodialysis, 29 patients who thrombosed well-functioning fistulas were evaluated for both antithrombin deficiencies as well as platelet hyperaggreability. Thirteen of these 29 patients were found to have one or more coagulation defects. Following correction of the hypercoagulable state, tertiary vascular access procedures, using autologous tissues, were 100% successful in these 13 patients.", "PMID": 552047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_887", "title": "Ischemic heart disease in the hemodialysis population.", "content": "We conclude that the incidence of IHD in men undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease was not greater than that seem in a nondialysis population of men with similar risk factors. In contrast, we found the rate of IHD in women with end-stage renal disease to be accelerated when compared to similar nondialysis subjects. Our data also suggest that during the 6 yrs of hemodialysis, ischemic heart disease did not represent a major mortality risk in patients who had not had symptoms of IHD prior to therapy although it dose pose a significant mortality risk in patients with evidence of established coronary artery disease prior to the onset of dialysis.", "contents": "Ischemic heart disease in the hemodialysis population. We conclude that the incidence of IHD in men undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease was not greater than that seem in a nondialysis population of men with similar risk factors. In contrast, we found the rate of IHD in women with end-stage renal disease to be accelerated when compared to similar nondialysis subjects. Our data also suggest that during the 6 yrs of hemodialysis, ischemic heart disease did not represent a major mortality risk in patients who had not had symptoms of IHD prior to therapy although it dose pose a significant mortality risk in patients with evidence of established coronary artery disease prior to the onset of dialysis.", "PMID": 552051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_888", "title": "Evidence that acetate in dialysate does not stimulate lipid synthesis.", "content": "Concern has been expressed that the acetate (Ac) used in dialysate may stimulate lipid synthesis and accelerate atherosclerosis. Tolchin, et al(10) calculated the fractional generation of bicarbonate from Ac, in order to estimate the amount of Ac entering the citric acid cycle. However, these calculations were based upon the assumption that the bicarbonate space was 60% of body weight. These investigators estimated that 91-93% of Ac was metabolized to bicarbonate; they suggested that 7-9% Ac may have been used for lipid synthesis. In the present experiments, 6 hemodialysis patients were infused with 2 mmoles Na bicarbonate/kg to measure directly the bicarbonate space for each patient. The bicarbonate space was 44 +/- 2% of body weight. On a separate day, the same patients were infused with 2 mmoles Na Ac/kg. Using the measured bicarbonate space, the calculated fractional generation of bicarbonate from Ac was 98 +/- 4%. Rabbit experiments were also performed with an atherogenic diet, supplemented with 10% Ac, 10% bicarbonate, or 10% glucose. After 8 mos of dietary treatment, there was no difference in serum triglycerides, cholesterol, or extent of atherosclerosis between groups. The human and animal experiments both provide evidence that Ac in dialysate does not stimulate lipid synthesis.", "contents": "Evidence that acetate in dialysate does not stimulate lipid synthesis. Concern has been expressed that the acetate (Ac) used in dialysate may stimulate lipid synthesis and accelerate atherosclerosis. Tolchin, et al(10) calculated the fractional generation of bicarbonate from Ac, in order to estimate the amount of Ac entering the citric acid cycle. However, these calculations were based upon the assumption that the bicarbonate space was 60% of body weight. These investigators estimated that 91-93% of Ac was metabolized to bicarbonate; they suggested that 7-9% Ac may have been used for lipid synthesis. In the present experiments, 6 hemodialysis patients were infused with 2 mmoles Na bicarbonate/kg to measure directly the bicarbonate space for each patient. The bicarbonate space was 44 +/- 2% of body weight. On a separate day, the same patients were infused with 2 mmoles Na Ac/kg. Using the measured bicarbonate space, the calculated fractional generation of bicarbonate from Ac was 98 +/- 4%. Rabbit experiments were also performed with an atherogenic diet, supplemented with 10% Ac, 10% bicarbonate, or 10% glucose. After 8 mos of dietary treatment, there was no difference in serum triglycerides, cholesterol, or extent of atherosclerosis between groups. The human and animal experiments both provide evidence that Ac in dialysate does not stimulate lipid synthesis.", "PMID": 552058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_889", "title": "Effect of exercise on lipid metabolism and dietary intake in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "In conclusion, a 10 wk exercise conditioning program in stable chronic hemodialysis patients resulted in improved exercise endurance without apparent adverse effects on nutritional status or lipid metabolism. Changes were observed suggesting a beneficial effect on carbohydrate and bone metabolism. The exercise-induced rise in serum creatinine may reflect an increase in muscle mass.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on lipid metabolism and dietary intake in hemodialysis patients. In conclusion, a 10 wk exercise conditioning program in stable chronic hemodialysis patients resulted in improved exercise endurance without apparent adverse effects on nutritional status or lipid metabolism. Changes were observed suggesting a beneficial effect on carbohydrate and bone metabolism. The exercise-induced rise in serum creatinine may reflect an increase in muscle mass.", "PMID": 552059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_890", "title": "Effect of hemodialysis on myocardial function as assessed by postural stress testing.", "content": "Myocardial performance, measured by systolic time intervals during passive postural stress, was evaluated in patients with end-stage renal disease before and after a single hemodialysis and compared with that of normal volunteers. Predialysis, the patients displayed a sluggish hemodynamic response to sudden postural changes. With tilting to 90 degrees, the patients' heart rate did not increase adequately and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) decreased only slightly in comparison to that of controls. Postdialysis, however, the response to sudden postural change in terms of increases in heart rate, decreases in LVET and decreases in calculated ejection fraction, were indistinguishable from those of control subjects. Since pre-ejection periods were not different from those of controls at any time during the test, we were unable to demonstrate a definite abnormality of myocaridal function before or after dialysis. The marked hemodynamic improvement in response to upright tilting, noted postdialysis, can be best attributed to a dialysis-related reduction in cardiac preload.", "contents": "Effect of hemodialysis on myocardial function as assessed by postural stress testing. Myocardial performance, measured by systolic time intervals during passive postural stress, was evaluated in patients with end-stage renal disease before and after a single hemodialysis and compared with that of normal volunteers. Predialysis, the patients displayed a sluggish hemodynamic response to sudden postural changes. With tilting to 90 degrees, the patients' heart rate did not increase adequately and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) decreased only slightly in comparison to that of controls. Postdialysis, however, the response to sudden postural change in terms of increases in heart rate, decreases in LVET and decreases in calculated ejection fraction, were indistinguishable from those of control subjects. Since pre-ejection periods were not different from those of controls at any time during the test, we were unable to demonstrate a definite abnormality of myocaridal function before or after dialysis. The marked hemodynamic improvement in response to upright tilting, noted postdialysis, can be best attributed to a dialysis-related reduction in cardiac preload.", "PMID": 552060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_891", "title": "The production of prostaglandins in response to experimentally induced osteomyelitis in rabbits.", "content": "Osteomyelitis was induced in the tibiae of rabbits by injection of staphylococcus aureus and sodium tetradecylsulphate (STD); additional rabbits were injected with STD alone. Confirmation of osteomyelitis was based on positive culture of the same phage type bacteria from the tibiae and on the characteristic radiographical and histological appearance of osteomyelitis. Only tibiae which proved to be infected by the above criteria showed significantly increased in vitro release and content of Prostaglandin E and Prostaglandin F2 alpha compared with tibiae injected with STD (P less than 0.05). After two weeks infection, infected tibiae released nine times more Prostaglandin E and five times more Prostaglandin F2 alpha than tibiae injected with STD alone. After four weeks infection, infected tibiae released less Prostaglandin E (P less than 0.05) than after two weeks infection but the release of Prostaglandin F2 alpha was similar. The production of large amounts of prostaglandins by bones in response to infection may be the cause of the rapid bone resorption and sequester formation observed in osteomyelitis.", "contents": "The production of prostaglandins in response to experimentally induced osteomyelitis in rabbits. Osteomyelitis was induced in the tibiae of rabbits by injection of staphylococcus aureus and sodium tetradecylsulphate (STD); additional rabbits were injected with STD alone. Confirmation of osteomyelitis was based on positive culture of the same phage type bacteria from the tibiae and on the characteristic radiographical and histological appearance of osteomyelitis. Only tibiae which proved to be infected by the above criteria showed significantly increased in vitro release and content of Prostaglandin E and Prostaglandin F2 alpha compared with tibiae injected with STD (P less than 0.05). After two weeks infection, infected tibiae released nine times more Prostaglandin E and five times more Prostaglandin F2 alpha than tibiae injected with STD alone. After four weeks infection, infected tibiae released less Prostaglandin E (P less than 0.05) than after two weeks infection but the release of Prostaglandin F2 alpha was similar. The production of large amounts of prostaglandins by bones in response to infection may be the cause of the rapid bone resorption and sequester formation observed in osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 552091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_892", "title": "Effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis.", "content": "Oral administration of onion and garlic reportedly decreases platelet aggregation in both human and animal subjects. An oily chloroform extract of onion (Allium Cepa) was prepared and separated by column chromatography on silicic acid into six fractions by elution with solvents of increasing polarity. The least polar fraction contained most of the inhibitory activity towards platelet aggregation induced by either ADP or arachidonic acid. Further purification was afforded by thin-layer chromatography. The specific activity of this major active fraction (I50 per ml of PRP) was approximately 7 units per milligram. Platelets incubated in the presence of onion inhibitor and (1-14C)-arachidonic acid showed striking changes in the pattern of arachidonic acid metabolites formed. Thromboxane B2 synthesis was almost completely suppressed without significant decreases in total hydroxy fatty acid formation. It was concluded that the observed antiplatelet activity of onion relates to the presence of a non-polar, heat stable inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis. This appears to be the first demonstration of this type of inhibitor present in significant quantities in a common foodstuff.", "contents": "Effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis. Oral administration of onion and garlic reportedly decreases platelet aggregation in both human and animal subjects. An oily chloroform extract of onion (Allium Cepa) was prepared and separated by column chromatography on silicic acid into six fractions by elution with solvents of increasing polarity. The least polar fraction contained most of the inhibitory activity towards platelet aggregation induced by either ADP or arachidonic acid. Further purification was afforded by thin-layer chromatography. The specific activity of this major active fraction (I50 per ml of PRP) was approximately 7 units per milligram. Platelets incubated in the presence of onion inhibitor and (1-14C)-arachidonic acid showed striking changes in the pattern of arachidonic acid metabolites formed. Thromboxane B2 synthesis was almost completely suppressed without significant decreases in total hydroxy fatty acid formation. It was concluded that the observed antiplatelet activity of onion relates to the presence of a non-polar, heat stable inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis. This appears to be the first demonstration of this type of inhibitor present in significant quantities in a common foodstuff.", "PMID": 552092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_893", "title": "Inhibition of ovulation and fertilization by indomethacin and effect of prostaglandin-F2 alpha on early pregnancy in the rabbit.", "content": "Ovulation induced by HCG in rabbits was blocked by a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg/kg indomethacin given 6 h after the insemination and HCG treatment. In addition, a time-dependent inhibition in the fertilization rate after indomethacin treatment was also recorded. This suggests that indomethacin, when given at a critical time and at an appropriate dose level, not only blocks ovulation but also interferes with fertilization. Treatment with graded amounts of prostaglandin-F2 alpha incorporated in a Silastic-polyvinylpyrrolidone-gel (PVP) had marginal to no effect after intravaginal placement on 4- or 6-day pregnancy. However, 5 mg PGF 2 alpha/ Silastic-PVP tube when placed intravaginally on Day-7 of pregnancy resulted in termination of pregnancy in 66% of the treated does. This implies that young corpora lutea are resistant of PGF2 alpha treatment and that pregnancy at the time of ovo-implantation can be terminated by PGF2 alpha incorporated in a Silastic-PVP tube.", "contents": "Inhibition of ovulation and fertilization by indomethacin and effect of prostaglandin-F2 alpha on early pregnancy in the rabbit. Ovulation induced by HCG in rabbits was blocked by a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg/kg indomethacin given 6 h after the insemination and HCG treatment. In addition, a time-dependent inhibition in the fertilization rate after indomethacin treatment was also recorded. This suggests that indomethacin, when given at a critical time and at an appropriate dose level, not only blocks ovulation but also interferes with fertilization. Treatment with graded amounts of prostaglandin-F2 alpha incorporated in a Silastic-polyvinylpyrrolidone-gel (PVP) had marginal to no effect after intravaginal placement on 4- or 6-day pregnancy. However, 5 mg PGF 2 alpha/ Silastic-PVP tube when placed intravaginally on Day-7 of pregnancy resulted in termination of pregnancy in 66% of the treated does. This implies that young corpora lutea are resistant of PGF2 alpha treatment and that pregnancy at the time of ovo-implantation can be terminated by PGF2 alpha incorporated in a Silastic-PVP tube.", "PMID": 552093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_894", "title": "The synthesis of dimethylphosphonoprostaglandin analogs.", "content": "The synthesis of prostaglandin analogs incorporating the dimethylphosphono or dimethylphosphonomethyl moiety in place of the carboxylic acid moiety is described. These analogs exhibited only very low levels of smooth muscle activity during biological testing.", "contents": "The synthesis of dimethylphosphonoprostaglandin analogs. The synthesis of prostaglandin analogs incorporating the dimethylphosphono or dimethylphosphonomethyl moiety in place of the carboxylic acid moiety is described. These analogs exhibited only very low levels of smooth muscle activity during biological testing.", "PMID": 552094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_895", "title": "Relationship between concentration of prostaglandins E and F in the regulation of ovum transport in rabbits.", "content": "Prostaglandin E and F levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique in different parts of the rabbit fallopian tube treated with indomethacin and in untreated rabbit at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) administration. The results indicate a significant rise in the levels of PGE and fall in the levels of PGF throughout the isthmus at 48 hours and in the distal isthmus at 72 hours in the untreated rabbits. In the indomethacin treated rabbits, PGF levels were reduced relatively more than PGE levels in different parts of the rabbit fallopian tube at various time intervals after HCG administration. Prostaglandins E and F may have a role in regulating ovum transport.", "contents": "Relationship between concentration of prostaglandins E and F in the regulation of ovum transport in rabbits. Prostaglandin E and F levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique in different parts of the rabbit fallopian tube treated with indomethacin and in untreated rabbit at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) administration. The results indicate a significant rise in the levels of PGE and fall in the levels of PGF throughout the isthmus at 48 hours and in the distal isthmus at 72 hours in the untreated rabbits. In the indomethacin treated rabbits, PGF levels were reduced relatively more than PGE levels in different parts of the rabbit fallopian tube at various time intervals after HCG administration. Prostaglandins E and F may have a role in regulating ovum transport.", "PMID": 552095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_896", "title": "A new selective antagonist of prostaglandins: 20-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGF2 alpha.", "content": "20-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGF2 alpha has been assayed for antagonistic activity against PGF2 alpha and PGE2 on different smooth msucle preparations in vitro. This compound may be considered a selective and probably a competitive antagonist of PGF2 alpha on rat uterus in vitro.", "contents": "A new selective antagonist of prostaglandins: 20-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGF2 alpha. 20-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGF2 alpha has been assayed for antagonistic activity against PGF2 alpha and PGE2 on different smooth msucle preparations in vitro. This compound may be considered a selective and probably a competitive antagonist of PGF2 alpha on rat uterus in vitro.", "PMID": 552096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_897", "title": "Bronchodilator activity in vivo and in vitro of four 13,14-didehydro-PGE2 analogues.", "content": "The bronchodilator activity of four analogues of PGE2: 13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (I), 20-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (II), 16 S-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (III) and 16 R-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (IV) was studied in vivo and in vitro. The potency of III and IV when administered by aerosol to conscious guinea pigs was four times that of PGE2 in protecting against histamine-induced convulsion; I and II were less active. Compound III administered by aerosol to anaesthetized guinea pigs was six times more potent than PGE2 in protecting against i.v. histamine-induced increase of intractracheal pressure and the effect was longer-lasting. All the compounds caused relaxation of carbachol-induced tone in isolated guinea pig tracheal strips.", "contents": "Bronchodilator activity in vivo and in vitro of four 13,14-didehydro-PGE2 analogues. The bronchodilator activity of four analogues of PGE2: 13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (I), 20-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (II), 16 S-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (III) and 16 R-methyl-13,14-didehydro-PGE2 (IV) was studied in vivo and in vitro. The potency of III and IV when administered by aerosol to conscious guinea pigs was four times that of PGE2 in protecting against histamine-induced convulsion; I and II were less active. Compound III administered by aerosol to anaesthetized guinea pigs was six times more potent than PGE2 in protecting against i.v. histamine-induced increase of intractracheal pressure and the effect was longer-lasting. All the compounds caused relaxation of carbachol-induced tone in isolated guinea pig tracheal strips.", "PMID": 552097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_898", "title": "Urinary prostaglandins in kidney disease.", "content": "Substances having the chromatographic behaviour and the bioassay properties of prostaglandins (PGE and PGF) were detected in the urine of 30 patients with kidney disease and 15 healthy subjects. The mean urinary PGE and PGF values in 15 patients with chronic glomerular disease or nephrosclerosis were significantly lower than those of 15 patients with chronic pyelonephritis and other forms of chronic interstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, obstructive nephropathy or diuretic phase of acute renal failure, and of the mean PGE and PGF values found in the healthy subjects. It was suggested that in contrast to disease affecting primarily the renal medulla, chronic glomerular disease and nephrosclerosis are accompanied by a decrease of renal prostaglandin synthesis and/or release.", "contents": "Urinary prostaglandins in kidney disease. Substances having the chromatographic behaviour and the bioassay properties of prostaglandins (PGE and PGF) were detected in the urine of 30 patients with kidney disease and 15 healthy subjects. The mean urinary PGE and PGF values in 15 patients with chronic glomerular disease or nephrosclerosis were significantly lower than those of 15 patients with chronic pyelonephritis and other forms of chronic interstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, obstructive nephropathy or diuretic phase of acute renal failure, and of the mean PGE and PGF values found in the healthy subjects. It was suggested that in contrast to disease affecting primarily the renal medulla, chronic glomerular disease and nephrosclerosis are accompanied by a decrease of renal prostaglandin synthesis and/or release.", "PMID": 552098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_899", "title": "Differential regulation of the formation of prostaglandins and related substances from arachidonic acid and from dihomogammalinolenic acid. I. Effects of ethanol.", "content": "Ethanol, over the concentration range 33 to 300 mg/100 ml (7.2-65.2 x 10-3 M) caused a dose dependent and highly significant enhancement of conversion of 14C-dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) to prostaglandin (PG) El and to thromboxane (Tx) B1 by human platelets. Ethanol had no significant effect on conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to PGE2 and TxB2. This concentration range is the one involved in human alcoholic intoxication. The effect could be related to enhanced transport of DGLA to the active site of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme complex, to a modification of the enzyme complex which changes the way it metabolizes DGLA but not arachidonic acid or to two different enzymes. Whatever the mechanism it seems that it is possible to regulate selectively the formation of 1 and 2 series PGs probably at the cyclo-oxygenase level. The physiological and clinical implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Differential regulation of the formation of prostaglandins and related substances from arachidonic acid and from dihomogammalinolenic acid. I. Effects of ethanol. Ethanol, over the concentration range 33 to 300 mg/100 ml (7.2-65.2 x 10-3 M) caused a dose dependent and highly significant enhancement of conversion of 14C-dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) to prostaglandin (PG) El and to thromboxane (Tx) B1 by human platelets. Ethanol had no significant effect on conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to PGE2 and TxB2. This concentration range is the one involved in human alcoholic intoxication. The effect could be related to enhanced transport of DGLA to the active site of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme complex, to a modification of the enzyme complex which changes the way it metabolizes DGLA but not arachidonic acid or to two different enzymes. Whatever the mechanism it seems that it is possible to regulate selectively the formation of 1 and 2 series PGs probably at the cyclo-oxygenase level. The physiological and clinical implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 552099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_900", "title": "Differential regulation of the formation of prostaglandins and related substances from arachidonic acid and from dihomogammalinolenic acid. II. Effects of vitamin C.", "content": "Vitamin C over the concentration range 10 to 100 microgram/ml (5.7-57 x 10-5 M) caused a dose dependent and highly significant enhancement of conversion of 14C-dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) to prostaglandin (PG) E1 and to thromboxane (Tx) B1 by human platelets. Vitamin C had no effect on conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to PGE2 and TxB2. The concentration range is relevant to physiology: in some cells which concentrate the vitamin, such as polymorphonbuclear leucocytes and the adrenal cortex, vitamin C concentrations may be substantially higher than 100 microgram/ml. Vitamin C can therefore selectively enhance the formation of cyclo-oxygenase generated products from DGLA without changing formation of those from AA. This effect can account for a number of the known actions of vitamin C including its effect on the immune system. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Differential regulation of the formation of prostaglandins and related substances from arachidonic acid and from dihomogammalinolenic acid. II. Effects of vitamin C. Vitamin C over the concentration range 10 to 100 microgram/ml (5.7-57 x 10-5 M) caused a dose dependent and highly significant enhancement of conversion of 14C-dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) to prostaglandin (PG) E1 and to thromboxane (Tx) B1 by human platelets. Vitamin C had no effect on conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to PGE2 and TxB2. The concentration range is relevant to physiology: in some cells which concentrate the vitamin, such as polymorphonbuclear leucocytes and the adrenal cortex, vitamin C concentrations may be substantially higher than 100 microgram/ml. Vitamin C can therefore selectively enhance the formation of cyclo-oxygenase generated products from DGLA without changing formation of those from AA. This effect can account for a number of the known actions of vitamin C including its effect on the immune system. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 552100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_901", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on pulmonary hemodynamics and extravascular lung water in sheep after pulmonary microembolism.", "content": "Since the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the response of the lung to pulmonary microembolism is unclear, this study examined the effects of indomethacin (INDO), an inhibitor of PG synthesis, on pulmonary hemodynamics and lung fluid balance in normal sheep and in sheep subjected to pulmonary microembolism. Anesthetized, ventilated ewes were given either INDO (5 mg/kg in saline) or emboli (Sephadex G-25, 0.1 ml/kg in saline) via a cannulated jugular vein. Pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and left atrial (Pla) pressures were measured. The ratio of extravascular lung water content to dry weight of the blood-free lung (Qwl/dQl) was measured. Animals were given either INDO 1 hr prior to embolism (Group IV), emboli only (Group III), INDO only (Group II), or were saline controls (Group I). While INDO had little effect in normal animals, Ppa was significantly attenuated in those pretreated with INDO prior to embolism (Group IV) as compared to those embolized only (Group III), and while Qwl/dQl for Group III was significantly elevated compared to Group I, it was not in Group IV. Results suggest that INDO attenuates the pulmonary hypertension caused by microembolism via inhibition of a vasoconstrictor PG, which may in part mediate embolism-induced edemogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on pulmonary hemodynamics and extravascular lung water in sheep after pulmonary microembolism. Since the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the response of the lung to pulmonary microembolism is unclear, this study examined the effects of indomethacin (INDO), an inhibitor of PG synthesis, on pulmonary hemodynamics and lung fluid balance in normal sheep and in sheep subjected to pulmonary microembolism. Anesthetized, ventilated ewes were given either INDO (5 mg/kg in saline) or emboli (Sephadex G-25, 0.1 ml/kg in saline) via a cannulated jugular vein. Pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and left atrial (Pla) pressures were measured. The ratio of extravascular lung water content to dry weight of the blood-free lung (Qwl/dQl) was measured. Animals were given either INDO 1 hr prior to embolism (Group IV), emboli only (Group III), INDO only (Group II), or were saline controls (Group I). While INDO had little effect in normal animals, Ppa was significantly attenuated in those pretreated with INDO prior to embolism (Group IV) as compared to those embolized only (Group III), and while Qwl/dQl for Group III was significantly elevated compared to Group I, it was not in Group IV. Results suggest that INDO attenuates the pulmonary hypertension caused by microembolism via inhibition of a vasoconstrictor PG, which may in part mediate embolism-induced edemogenesis.", "PMID": 552101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_902", "title": "Protective effects of a novel thromboxane analog in lethal traumatic shock.", "content": "Pinane thromboxane A2 (PTA2) an analog of thromboxane A2 that inhibits the formation of thromboxanes as well as antagonizes their biological actions, at an infusion rate of 1.0 mumole . kg-1 . h-1, prolonged survival in traumatic shock in rats. PTA2 also prevented the accumulation of thromboxane B2, the lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, and the cardiotoxic peptide MDF in the circulating blood.", "contents": "Protective effects of a novel thromboxane analog in lethal traumatic shock. Pinane thromboxane A2 (PTA2) an analog of thromboxane A2 that inhibits the formation of thromboxanes as well as antagonizes their biological actions, at an infusion rate of 1.0 mumole . kg-1 . h-1, prolonged survival in traumatic shock in rats. PTA2 also prevented the accumulation of thromboxane B2, the lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, and the cardiotoxic peptide MDF in the circulating blood.", "PMID": 552102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_903", "title": "The influence of diazepam administration in rats bearing the R3230AC mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The growth of the R3230AC mammary carcinoma was studied in female Fisher 344 rats that were treated with diazepam. Diazepam at 250 micrograms/animal/day (2.5 mg/kg body weight) and 500 micrograms/day was administered for 4 weeks, starting 2 days before subcutaneous transplantation of uniform pieces of the tumour. Tumour size was significantly increased in the group receiving 250 micrograms but was below the levels observed in the saline treated controls in those given 500 micrograms diazepam. Plasma PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations were comparable in control and diazepam treated animals.", "contents": "The influence of diazepam administration in rats bearing the R3230AC mammary carcinoma. The growth of the R3230AC mammary carcinoma was studied in female Fisher 344 rats that were treated with diazepam. Diazepam at 250 micrograms/animal/day (2.5 mg/kg body weight) and 500 micrograms/day was administered for 4 weeks, starting 2 days before subcutaneous transplantation of uniform pieces of the tumour. Tumour size was significantly increased in the group receiving 250 micrograms but was below the levels observed in the saline treated controls in those given 500 micrograms diazepam. Plasma PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations were comparable in control and diazepam treated animals.", "PMID": 552103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_904", "title": "[Chronic idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis].", "content": "We present two cases of idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis. Morphological study disclosed the presence of fibrosis, granulomas and an inespecific inflamatory infiltration. Because this morfological pattern, the entity has been confused with Hodgkin's disease, tuberculosis, hystoplasmosis and silicosis. Idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis is probably a fibromatosis and the amount of inflammatory infiltration dependes of the clinical stage.", "contents": "[Chronic idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis]. We present two cases of idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis. Morphological study disclosed the presence of fibrosis, granulomas and an inespecific inflamatory infiltration. Because this morfological pattern, the entity has been confused with Hodgkin's disease, tuberculosis, hystoplasmosis and silicosis. Idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis is probably a fibromatosis and the amount of inflammatory infiltration dependes of the clinical stage.", "PMID": 552114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_905", "title": "[Communication between the right coronary artery and the right atrium. Apropos of 2 surgical cases].", "content": "Two cases of anomalous communication of the right coronary artery with the right atrium (the so-called coronary artery fistula) are presented. Both were young females in which a continuous murmur was heard during routine examination. The x-ray image was typical, with a huge bulge in the right border similar to that seen in cases of right atrium enlargement. The ECG was normal in both patients. The diagnosis was made during cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. A slight left-to-right shunt was present and the aneurismatic dilatation of right coronary artery and communication with the right atrium could be documented. In both cases a surgical closure of the defect was performed, both being well after two years and eight months respectively.", "contents": "[Communication between the right coronary artery and the right atrium. Apropos of 2 surgical cases]. Two cases of anomalous communication of the right coronary artery with the right atrium (the so-called coronary artery fistula) are presented. Both were young females in which a continuous murmur was heard during routine examination. The x-ray image was typical, with a huge bulge in the right border similar to that seen in cases of right atrium enlargement. The ECG was normal in both patients. The diagnosis was made during cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. A slight left-to-right shunt was present and the aneurismatic dilatation of right coronary artery and communication with the right atrium could be documented. In both cases a surgical closure of the defect was performed, both being well after two years and eight months respectively.", "PMID": 552122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_906", "title": "[Incidence of diabetic retinopathy].", "content": "The epidemiology of retinal microangiopathy in 410 diabetic patients is discussed. The correlations between age, duration of diabetes, treatment, artheriosclerotic disease, arterial hypertension and obesity was determined.", "contents": "[Incidence of diabetic retinopathy]. The epidemiology of retinal microangiopathy in 410 diabetic patients is discussed. The correlations between age, duration of diabetes, treatment, artheriosclerotic disease, arterial hypertension and obesity was determined.", "PMID": 552123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_907", "title": "[Hepatosplenic sarcoidosis. Apropos of a case].", "content": "We present a case of hepatosplenic sarcoidosis without associated pulmonary affection. We have also revised the literature in this respect with special emphasis on the etiopathogenic aspects. The evolution and treatment followed during the period two liver biopsies were performed. The good response to treatment with steroids, clinically and histopathologically, are commented on.", "contents": "[Hepatosplenic sarcoidosis. Apropos of a case]. We present a case of hepatosplenic sarcoidosis without associated pulmonary affection. We have also revised the literature in this respect with special emphasis on the etiopathogenic aspects. The evolution and treatment followed during the period two liver biopsies were performed. The good response to treatment with steroids, clinically and histopathologically, are commented on.", "PMID": 552124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_908", "title": "[Clinical course characteristics of polymyalgia arteritica. Study of 16 cases].", "content": "Clinical and biological characteristics are studied in 16 patients with polymyalgia arteritica. 12 of them were diagnosed by biopsy of the temporal artery and the other 4 because they presented clinical, biological data and a high response to corticosteroids. There were no differences according to sex. Most patients (75%) had symptoms since 1-6 months, headache being the most common (75%). Fever (56%), polymyalgia (50%), weight loss (37%), intermittent claudication, loss of vision and arthritis (12%) were the symptoms seen in these patients. ERS was high in all cases, hemoglobin was less than 8 g/100 ml in 8 cases and an increase of alfa-2-globuline was found in 8 patients. Temporal artery palpation was abnormal in 11 patients. Two of 5 patients who presented a normal arterial palpation had a positive biopsy. All patients received 6-metil-prednisolone. 3 are well after 3, 4 and 6 months therapy. 8 are also well but receiving small doses of steroids as treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical course characteristics of polymyalgia arteritica. Study of 16 cases]. Clinical and biological characteristics are studied in 16 patients with polymyalgia arteritica. 12 of them were diagnosed by biopsy of the temporal artery and the other 4 because they presented clinical, biological data and a high response to corticosteroids. There were no differences according to sex. Most patients (75%) had symptoms since 1-6 months, headache being the most common (75%). Fever (56%), polymyalgia (50%), weight loss (37%), intermittent claudication, loss of vision and arthritis (12%) were the symptoms seen in these patients. ERS was high in all cases, hemoglobin was less than 8 g/100 ml in 8 cases and an increase of alfa-2-globuline was found in 8 patients. Temporal artery palpation was abnormal in 11 patients. Two of 5 patients who presented a normal arterial palpation had a positive biopsy. All patients received 6-metil-prednisolone. 3 are well after 3, 4 and 6 months therapy. 8 are also well but receiving small doses of steroids as treatment.", "PMID": 552125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_909", "title": "[Neonatal convulsions of a familial character and with a benign prognosis. Nosological classification. Apropos of a new case].", "content": "A new familial observation (3 members affected) of neonatal seizures without C. N. S. nor methabolic disturbance and subsequent normal development is reported. Seven other observations have been published before. The characteristics of this syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[Neonatal convulsions of a familial character and with a benign prognosis. Nosological classification. Apropos of a new case]. A new familial observation (3 members affected) of neonatal seizures without C. N. S. nor methabolic disturbance and subsequent normal development is reported. Seven other observations have been published before. The characteristics of this syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 552130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_910", "title": "[Antitussive effect of amphetamine].", "content": "The effect of the amphetamine in coughing by trachial excitation and the delay of respiration by laryngial excitation is studied in experimental investigations in dogs, a very significant decrease of the two responses is produced in the dosis of 1 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Antitussive effect of amphetamine]. The effect of the amphetamine in coughing by trachial excitation and the delay of respiration by laryngial excitation is studied in experimental investigations in dogs, a very significant decrease of the two responses is produced in the dosis of 1 mg/kg.", "PMID": 552131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_911", "title": "[A new technical variation of the latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of human hydatidosis].", "content": "A new variant of the latex agglutination test using latex particles of 0,81 mu diameter is described. Hidatid cyst fluid antigen standardized by immunoelectrophoretic analysis was used. Fifty-one human sera from surgically confirmed hydatidosis and ninety control sera from non-hydatid diseases and healthy donors were studied. The method showed a sensibility of 86,2% and a global inespecificity of 1,1%. A human case of teniasis by Taenia saginata was positive. General considerations about the interpretation of results in human hydatid disease serology are made.", "contents": "[A new technical variation of the latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of human hydatidosis]. A new variant of the latex agglutination test using latex particles of 0,81 mu diameter is described. Hidatid cyst fluid antigen standardized by immunoelectrophoretic analysis was used. Fifty-one human sera from surgically confirmed hydatidosis and ninety control sera from non-hydatid diseases and healthy donors were studied. The method showed a sensibility of 86,2% and a global inespecificity of 1,1%. A human case of teniasis by Taenia saginata was positive. General considerations about the interpretation of results in human hydatid disease serology are made.", "PMID": 552132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_912", "title": "[A clinical report. Atypical subacute thyroiditis].", "content": "We present a patient 52 years old with a symtomatology of three month's evolution with: rapid weight loss, weakness in legs fasciculated tremor increased by any physical effort, nervousness and anxiety. The isotopic exploration of thyroid in basal conditions and after estimulation with TSH shows a very small captation of iodide. The determination of T 4 shows a notable increase (24 U. U. Normal range is 7,5 to 10,5 U. U.). The clinical symtomatology biochemical and gammagraphic datum support the diagnostic of subacute thyroiditis and also the posterior evolution of symtomatology in spite of the absence of odynophagia and the increase of syze of the thyroid. We comment on the particularity of this clinical entity that could be confused with thireotoxicosis because of its atypical character of presentation.", "contents": "[A clinical report. Atypical subacute thyroiditis]. We present a patient 52 years old with a symtomatology of three month's evolution with: rapid weight loss, weakness in legs fasciculated tremor increased by any physical effort, nervousness and anxiety. The isotopic exploration of thyroid in basal conditions and after estimulation with TSH shows a very small captation of iodide. The determination of T 4 shows a notable increase (24 U. U. Normal range is 7,5 to 10,5 U. U.). The clinical symtomatology biochemical and gammagraphic datum support the diagnostic of subacute thyroiditis and also the posterior evolution of symtomatology in spite of the absence of odynophagia and the increase of syze of the thyroid. We comment on the particularity of this clinical entity that could be confused with thireotoxicosis because of its atypical character of presentation.", "PMID": 552134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_913", "title": "[Role of humoral and cellular immunity in the evolution of hepatitis B].", "content": "An immunocellular and immunohumoral assay was made among a total of 75 individuals HBsAg positive, with different evolutive forms (acute hepatitis, active chronic hepatitis, persistent chronic hepatitis and asymptomatic carriers), comparing the results among the different groups and those obtained in 20 healthy persons used as control. First of all, the immunohumoral response was studied by determining the three main immunoglobulins in each group. Afterwards, the quantitative immunocellular response was analyzed by the porcentual recount of spontaneous E-rosettes with mutton's red cells. The qualitative immunocellular response against the proper HBsAg was determined by previous concentration and purification of HBsAg and by the test of inhibition factor of migration of periferic human leukocytes. Finally, results are statistically related in both immune activities in each group, as well as other non immunologic factors, trying to classify the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible of different evolutive forms in hepatitis B.", "contents": "[Role of humoral and cellular immunity in the evolution of hepatitis B]. An immunocellular and immunohumoral assay was made among a total of 75 individuals HBsAg positive, with different evolutive forms (acute hepatitis, active chronic hepatitis, persistent chronic hepatitis and asymptomatic carriers), comparing the results among the different groups and those obtained in 20 healthy persons used as control. First of all, the immunohumoral response was studied by determining the three main immunoglobulins in each group. Afterwards, the quantitative immunocellular response was analyzed by the porcentual recount of spontaneous E-rosettes with mutton's red cells. The qualitative immunocellular response against the proper HBsAg was determined by previous concentration and purification of HBsAg and by the test of inhibition factor of migration of periferic human leukocytes. Finally, results are statistically related in both immune activities in each group, as well as other non immunologic factors, trying to classify the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible of different evolutive forms in hepatitis B.", "PMID": 552142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_914", "title": "[Comparative studies on pirbuterol, salbutamol and a placebo administered as an aerosol in asthmatic patients].", "content": "In a single blind cross-over study 12 patients with asthma received in randomised order aerosols of pirbuterol 400 micrograms, salbutamol 200 micrograms or placebo. Only 9 patients met the criteria and were taken into account for the statistical analysis, namely a stable reversible broncho-obstruction. Pirbuterol and salbutamol did induce a considerable bronchodilation. Both drugs had a similar activity and few side effects.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on pirbuterol, salbutamol and a placebo administered as an aerosol in asthmatic patients]. In a single blind cross-over study 12 patients with asthma received in randomised order aerosols of pirbuterol 400 micrograms, salbutamol 200 micrograms or placebo. Only 9 patients met the criteria and were taken into account for the statistical analysis, namely a stable reversible broncho-obstruction. Pirbuterol and salbutamol did induce a considerable bronchodilation. Both drugs had a similar activity and few side effects.", "PMID": 552144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_915", "title": "Metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies on Bamifylline. A review.", "content": "The metabolic fate and pharmacokinetics of Bamifylline have been investigated by high performance liquid- and gas-chromatography techniques and radio-isotopic methods in several experiments following oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses of 300 mg, 600 mg and 900 mg of this drug. The 300 mg single- and multiple-dose experiments were performed by comparing Bamifylline with 200 mg of Theophylline within the confines of controlled double-blind randomized cross-over studies. Bamifylline is catabolized into several closely related compounds and into sulpho- and glucurono-conjugates of an hydroxylated derivative. Its metabolites are rapidly and extensively excreted via the kidneys and the liver. Only the unchanged Bamifylline has been recorded in the blood following administration of the radio-labelled parent compound. Bamifylline achieves peak plasma levels more rapidly than Theophylline. The half-time of Bamifylline plasma concentrations ranges from 1.5 hours to 2.0 hours, which is appreciably shorter than that of Theophylline which exceeds four hours. By further contrast the distribution volumes of Bamifylline are three to ten times larger than those of Theophylline. No evidence of cumulation has been found in blood following the repeated administration off doses as high as 900 mg administered at intervals of eight hours.", "contents": "Metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies on Bamifylline. A review. The metabolic fate and pharmacokinetics of Bamifylline have been investigated by high performance liquid- and gas-chromatography techniques and radio-isotopic methods in several experiments following oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses of 300 mg, 600 mg and 900 mg of this drug. The 300 mg single- and multiple-dose experiments were performed by comparing Bamifylline with 200 mg of Theophylline within the confines of controlled double-blind randomized cross-over studies. Bamifylline is catabolized into several closely related compounds and into sulpho- and glucurono-conjugates of an hydroxylated derivative. Its metabolites are rapidly and extensively excreted via the kidneys and the liver. Only the unchanged Bamifylline has been recorded in the blood following administration of the radio-labelled parent compound. Bamifylline achieves peak plasma levels more rapidly than Theophylline. The half-time of Bamifylline plasma concentrations ranges from 1.5 hours to 2.0 hours, which is appreciably shorter than that of Theophylline which exceeds four hours. By further contrast the distribution volumes of Bamifylline are three to ten times larger than those of Theophylline. No evidence of cumulation has been found in blood following the repeated administration off doses as high as 900 mg administered at intervals of eight hours.", "PMID": 552145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_916", "title": "[Ventilatory effect and side effects of oral bamifylline].", "content": "The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that 900 mg oral bamifylline, as a unique dose, should produce slight and temporarily bronchodilating effects. This phenomen may be discussed from the 30th minute after intake. It was significant after 2 hours and remained significant till the 4th hour. It is interesting to stress that this conclusion is in agreement with some isolated observations we could make before in our laboratory by means of injections or suppositories with the same product [9]. We did not observe facts suggesting a possible cumulative effect of the drug, when taken at a dosage of 3 times 900 mg regularly spread over the day. The drug seems to be perfectly tolerated. A 10 days' treatment with the above mentioned posology did not produce neither haematological, haepatic, renal, nor vascular side-effects which could be identified by the techniques classically used in these respective fields.", "contents": "[Ventilatory effect and side effects of oral bamifylline]. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that 900 mg oral bamifylline, as a unique dose, should produce slight and temporarily bronchodilating effects. This phenomen may be discussed from the 30th minute after intake. It was significant after 2 hours and remained significant till the 4th hour. It is interesting to stress that this conclusion is in agreement with some isolated observations we could make before in our laboratory by means of injections or suppositories with the same product [9]. We did not observe facts suggesting a possible cumulative effect of the drug, when taken at a dosage of 3 times 900 mg regularly spread over the day. The drug seems to be perfectly tolerated. A 10 days' treatment with the above mentioned posology did not produce neither haematological, haepatic, renal, nor vascular side-effects which could be identified by the techniques classically used in these respective fields.", "PMID": 552146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_917", "title": "Contribution to the standardization of pharmacodynamic tests in lung function.", "content": "By bringing the aerosols in a spirometrical bell from which a constant volume aerosol was thereafter inhaled by each subject through a bi-directional valve, we observed more consistent and reproducible ventilatory results than by giving the aerosols by means of a classical device via a face mask. Moreover the results were significantly higher with the first technique; this fact suggests that the quantity of inhaled broncho-active drug with suitable granulometry would have been on the average greater per minute with the first method.", "contents": "Contribution to the standardization of pharmacodynamic tests in lung function. By bringing the aerosols in a spirometrical bell from which a constant volume aerosol was thereafter inhaled by each subject through a bi-directional valve, we observed more consistent and reproducible ventilatory results than by giving the aerosols by means of a classical device via a face mask. Moreover the results were significantly higher with the first technique; this fact suggests that the quantity of inhaled broncho-active drug with suitable granulometry would have been on the average greater per minute with the first method.", "PMID": 552147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_918", "title": "[Computer-controlled ventilation at Waterschei in the Kempen coal mines].", "content": "The paper describes the research activities that have been accomplished in recent years in order to realise a computer controlled ventilation-system at Watershei Colliery (Kempense Steenkolenmijnen) in Belgium. Chapter I sums up the original objectives and describes some changes in the philosophy of this project, the objectives already reached, those nearly accomplished and some others that were abandoned. Chapter II contains relatively precise data concerning Waterschei Colliery; this is justified by the fact that local conditions obviously play an important role in the development of any such project. Chapter III and IV give extensive information about those parts of the research-project that have known a major development: i.e. the design, the installation and the remote control of the regulators, especially regulating doors, as well as the development of dialogue procedures between the regulators and the computer.", "contents": "[Computer-controlled ventilation at Waterschei in the Kempen coal mines]. The paper describes the research activities that have been accomplished in recent years in order to realise a computer controlled ventilation-system at Watershei Colliery (Kempense Steenkolenmijnen) in Belgium. Chapter I sums up the original objectives and describes some changes in the philosophy of this project, the objectives already reached, those nearly accomplished and some others that were abandoned. Chapter II contains relatively precise data concerning Waterschei Colliery; this is justified by the fact that local conditions obviously play an important role in the development of any such project. Chapter III and IV give extensive information about those parts of the research-project that have known a major development: i.e. the design, the installation and the remote control of the regulators, especially regulating doors, as well as the development of dialogue procedures between the regulators and the computer.", "PMID": 552148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_919", "title": "[Dust control in Belgian coal mines. Conditions at the beginning of 1979].", "content": "The present communication gives a general view of the methods of dust control in the Belgian coal mines at the beginning of 1979. The statistical data received from the mines are presented in tabular form. The length and the output of coal faces treated by the classical methods of pre-spraying of the wall, wet cutting and water infusion are given separately; in some cases two or more of these technics are used together on the same coal face. The number of stone drivages in which different methods of dust control are used, is also given.", "contents": "[Dust control in Belgian coal mines. Conditions at the beginning of 1979]. The present communication gives a general view of the methods of dust control in the Belgian coal mines at the beginning of 1979. The statistical data received from the mines are presented in tabular form. The length and the output of coal faces treated by the classical methods of pre-spraying of the wall, wet cutting and water infusion are given separately; in some cases two or more of these technics are used together on the same coal face. The number of stone drivages in which different methods of dust control are used, is also given.", "PMID": 552149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_920", "title": "Dust and non-specific respiratory disorders in foundry workers and coal miners in the Rhine-Ruhr area.", "content": "A review is given about various epidemiologic and pathologic studies in coal workers and foundry workers, regarding the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema in those workers in the Rhine-Ruhr-area. It is evident that these diseases are much more frequent in dust-exposed workers than in the other population.", "contents": "Dust and non-specific respiratory disorders in foundry workers and coal miners in the Rhine-Ruhr area. A review is given about various epidemiologic and pathologic studies in coal workers and foundry workers, regarding the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema in those workers in the Rhine-Ruhr-area. It is evident that these diseases are much more frequent in dust-exposed workers than in the other population.", "PMID": 552150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_921", "title": "Airborne coalmine dust and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was compared in a group of 970 coalminers and in 538 controls by means of a standardized questionnaire and of VC and FEV1 measurements. The coaldust present in the galleries had a low content of free silica and the dust levels were lower than the maximal permissible concentrations with reference to the US standards. The socio-economic characteristics, and mean height values were identical in both groups. The controls were somewhat older than concerning bronchitis symptoms were found in the non-smokers. The non-smokers exposed to coaldust showed higher prevalences of cough and FEV1 abnormalities than their matched controls. The unfavourable effect of exposure to coaldust on the bronchi was masked by cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Airborne coalmine dust and chronic bronchitis. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was compared in a group of 970 coalminers and in 538 controls by means of a standardized questionnaire and of VC and FEV1 measurements. The coaldust present in the galleries had a low content of free silica and the dust levels were lower than the maximal permissible concentrations with reference to the US standards. The socio-economic characteristics, and mean height values were identical in both groups. The controls were somewhat older than concerning bronchitis symptoms were found in the non-smokers. The non-smokers exposed to coaldust showed higher prevalences of cough and FEV1 abnormalities than their matched controls. The unfavourable effect of exposure to coaldust on the bronchi was masked by cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 552151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_922", "title": "Contribution to the natural history of chronic bronchitis in coal-miners.", "content": "Two epidemiological surveys were made by the same research team on the prevalence and the aetiological factors of chronic bronchitis symptoms in coalminers. The first study was made in a coalminers' community of Belgian Limburg, the other one in a representative sample of coalminers regularly at work. In both surveys an excess of dyspnea complaints was observed in comparison to the prevalence of this symptom in controls. These dyspnea complaints often presented themselves as isolated symptoms, without chronic cough or phlegm production. Dyspnea in excess could not be explained by massive fibrosis. The prevalence of the symptom was not linked, neither to the spirometric values, nor to the results of respiratory challenge tests with acetylcholine, tobacco use, or the length of exposure at the coalface. When dyspnea was associated with cough and phlegm production there was on the contrary a statistically significant relation with the spirometric values and the effect of acetylcholine. It seems therefore reasonable to explain at least partially the isolated dyspnea complaints in coalminers by specific mechanisms not related to bronchitis but resulting from the pathological lesions characteristic of simple pneumoconiosis. Complaints of cough and phlegm production appear as a rule later in the coalminer's life. In the groups taken into consideration in the study they were linked with cigarette smoking which appeared as the predominant aetiological factor for these complaints; in a subgroup a synergic action of coaldust, tobacco use and air pollution could be discussed in this respect. Notwithstanding the pathogenic independence of some dyspnea complaints versus cough and expectoration, it is quite clear that when productive bronchitis develops and causes broncho-obstruction, it may aggravate pre-existing dyspneic patterns.", "contents": "Contribution to the natural history of chronic bronchitis in coal-miners. Two epidemiological surveys were made by the same research team on the prevalence and the aetiological factors of chronic bronchitis symptoms in coalminers. The first study was made in a coalminers' community of Belgian Limburg, the other one in a representative sample of coalminers regularly at work. In both surveys an excess of dyspnea complaints was observed in comparison to the prevalence of this symptom in controls. These dyspnea complaints often presented themselves as isolated symptoms, without chronic cough or phlegm production. Dyspnea in excess could not be explained by massive fibrosis. The prevalence of the symptom was not linked, neither to the spirometric values, nor to the results of respiratory challenge tests with acetylcholine, tobacco use, or the length of exposure at the coalface. When dyspnea was associated with cough and phlegm production there was on the contrary a statistically significant relation with the spirometric values and the effect of acetylcholine. It seems therefore reasonable to explain at least partially the isolated dyspnea complaints in coalminers by specific mechanisms not related to bronchitis but resulting from the pathological lesions characteristic of simple pneumoconiosis. Complaints of cough and phlegm production appear as a rule later in the coalminer's life. In the groups taken into consideration in the study they were linked with cigarette smoking which appeared as the predominant aetiological factor for these complaints; in a subgroup a synergic action of coaldust, tobacco use and air pollution could be discussed in this respect. Notwithstanding the pathogenic independence of some dyspnea complaints versus cough and expectoration, it is quite clear that when productive bronchitis develops and causes broncho-obstruction, it may aggravate pre-existing dyspneic patterns.", "PMID": 552152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_923", "title": "[Current aspects of clinical bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular clinical pharmacology. Talampicillin in acute bronchopulmonary diseases in mine workers].", "content": "The results observed with talampicilline in our clinical study confirmed the observations made by others regarding the activity and the improved tolerance for this drug versus ampicilline. The use of a high daily dosage of 3 g per day was neither a cause of more frequent nor more severe side-effects than the usually smaller posology used in other studies published in the literature.", "contents": "[Current aspects of clinical bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular clinical pharmacology. Talampicillin in acute bronchopulmonary diseases in mine workers]. The results observed with talampicilline in our clinical study confirmed the observations made by others regarding the activity and the improved tolerance for this drug versus ampicilline. The use of a high daily dosage of 3 g per day was neither a cause of more frequent nor more severe side-effects than the usually smaller posology used in other studies published in the literature.", "PMID": 552153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_924", "title": "[Study in vitro of effects of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on human and rabbit blood (author's transl)].", "content": "Fixation of CO on human blood or rabbit blood in presence of NO in similar concentrations is diminished by the formation of methemoglobin and nitrite methemoglobin. NO is oxidised in nitrate. Furthermore, it appears that oxidation of nitrite in nitrate is realised by red-blood cells. Spectrography study of blood trated by NO indicates presence of methemoglobin, nitrite methemoglobin.", "contents": "[Study in vitro of effects of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on human and rabbit blood (author's transl)]. Fixation of CO on human blood or rabbit blood in presence of NO in similar concentrations is diminished by the formation of methemoglobin and nitrite methemoglobin. NO is oxidised in nitrate. Furthermore, it appears that oxidation of nitrite in nitrate is realised by red-blood cells. Spectrography study of blood trated by NO indicates presence of methemoglobin, nitrite methemoglobin.", "PMID": 552170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_925", "title": "[Arginine aspartate effects on acute human alcoholizing test (author's transl)].", "content": "One oral arginine aspartate administration (10g), 30 minutes after the beginning of acute human alcoholizing test (150 ml whisky 45 degrees, 67,5 g pure alcohol, mean load about 1 g/kg), provokes the following effects. Clinically, intensity and lasting alcohol manifestations are reduced. Alcoholemic absolute curve (g/l) does not vary: 1 h peak equal in the two treated and non treated groups, similar 6 h levels but a little lesser in the treated subjects, without significative difference. Alcohol space does not vary. Arginine aspartate provokes a significant increase between 1 h and 4 h of alcoholemic disparition slope, when rapported to body weight: mg/kg/h (p < 0,02), and ethyloxydation coefficient: mg/kg/h (p < 0,05).", "contents": "[Arginine aspartate effects on acute human alcoholizing test (author's transl)]. One oral arginine aspartate administration (10g), 30 minutes after the beginning of acute human alcoholizing test (150 ml whisky 45 degrees, 67,5 g pure alcohol, mean load about 1 g/kg), provokes the following effects. Clinically, intensity and lasting alcohol manifestations are reduced. Alcoholemic absolute curve (g/l) does not vary: 1 h peak equal in the two treated and non treated groups, similar 6 h levels but a little lesser in the treated subjects, without significative difference. Alcohol space does not vary. Arginine aspartate provokes a significant increase between 1 h and 4 h of alcoholemic disparition slope, when rapported to body weight: mg/kg/h (p < 0,02), and ethyloxydation coefficient: mg/kg/h (p < 0,05).", "PMID": 552171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_926", "title": "Thallium intoxication caused by a homoeopathic preparation.", "content": "A case of human thallotoxicosis caused by the taking of a homoeopathic preparation is reported. This preparation was taken accidentally by a patient who rapidly developed symptoms of thallotoxicosis. Treatment with Prussian blue resulted in rapid and total recorvery.", "contents": "Thallium intoxication caused by a homoeopathic preparation. A case of human thallotoxicosis caused by the taking of a homoeopathic preparation is reported. This preparation was taken accidentally by a patient who rapidly developed symptoms of thallotoxicosis. Treatment with Prussian blue resulted in rapid and total recorvery.", "PMID": 552172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_927", "title": "[Studies of the effect of tetrazine derivatives on the phanerogame germination and plantlet growth (author's transl)].", "content": "The 3,6-diethyl-hexahydro-s-tetrazine (I), the octahydro-s-tetrazino [1,2-a]-s-tetrazine (II) and their diacetylated or tetrabenzoylated derivatives were studied. (I) and (II) exhibited, on the Phanerogame germination and plantlet growth, in Petri box, an inhibitor effect, the intensity of which is of the same order as the one of 2,4 D (2.4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid).", "contents": "[Studies of the effect of tetrazine derivatives on the phanerogame germination and plantlet growth (author's transl)]. The 3,6-diethyl-hexahydro-s-tetrazine (I), the octahydro-s-tetrazino [1,2-a]-s-tetrazine (II) and their diacetylated or tetrabenzoylated derivatives were studied. (I) and (II) exhibited, on the Phanerogame germination and plantlet growth, in Petri box, an inhibitor effect, the intensity of which is of the same order as the one of 2,4 D (2.4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid).", "PMID": 552173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_928", "title": "The Jeremiah Metzger Lecture. The pathogenesis of fever in human subjects.", "content": "The pathogenesis of fever in man begins with the production of endogenous pyrogen by phagocytic leukocytes in response to exogenous pyrogens (toxic, immunologic or infectious agents). Endogenous pyrogen, a protein, is released from a variety of phagocytic leukocytes and enters the circulation after new messenger RNA and protein are synthesized. Fever is caused by an interaction of endogenous pyrogen with specialized receptors on or near thermosensitive neurons in the thermoregulatory center of the anterior hypothalamus. This interaction may cause local hypothalamic production of prostaglandins, monoamines and, possibly, cyclic AMP. From the anterior hypothalamus, information is transmitted through the posterior hypothalamus to the vasomotor center, which directs sympathetic-nerve fibers to constrict peripheral vessels and decrease heat dissipation.", "contents": "The Jeremiah Metzger Lecture. The pathogenesis of fever in human subjects. The pathogenesis of fever in man begins with the production of endogenous pyrogen by phagocytic leukocytes in response to exogenous pyrogens (toxic, immunologic or infectious agents). Endogenous pyrogen, a protein, is released from a variety of phagocytic leukocytes and enters the circulation after new messenger RNA and protein are synthesized. Fever is caused by an interaction of endogenous pyrogen with specialized receptors on or near thermosensitive neurons in the thermoregulatory center of the anterior hypothalamus. This interaction may cause local hypothalamic production of prostaglandins, monoamines and, possibly, cyclic AMP. From the anterior hypothalamus, information is transmitted through the posterior hypothalamus to the vasomotor center, which directs sympathetic-nerve fibers to constrict peripheral vessels and decrease heat dissipation.", "PMID": 552177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_929", "title": "[Considerations on a pathology of the diaphragm. 1st Report: the pathology of the diaphragm as a part of a pathology of respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "The first part of this paper deals with the idea of a \"pathology of the diaphragm\" and its special relations to the respiration on phylogenetical and ontogenetical base. A pathology of diaphragm does not exist until now. The diaphragm represents an important respiration organ in orthological and pathological conditions. The function of this organ is described and derivated from its specific anatomical structure and topographical site. In this conception the pathology of the diaphragm is a part of the complex pathology of the respiration. A systematic presentation of diaphragm diseases will follow in a second part of this paper.", "contents": "[Considerations on a pathology of the diaphragm. 1st Report: the pathology of the diaphragm as a part of a pathology of respiration (author's transl)]. The first part of this paper deals with the idea of a \"pathology of the diaphragm\" and its special relations to the respiration on phylogenetical and ontogenetical base. A pathology of diaphragm does not exist until now. The diaphragm represents an important respiration organ in orthological and pathological conditions. The function of this organ is described and derivated from its specific anatomical structure and topographical site. In this conception the pathology of the diaphragm is a part of the complex pathology of the respiration. A systematic presentation of diaphragm diseases will follow in a second part of this paper.", "PMID": 552194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_930", "title": "[Considerations to a pathology of the diaphragm. 2nd Report: systematy of the diseases of the diaphragm (author's transl)].", "content": "The second part of this paper contains a systematic presentation of diaphragm diseases and  puts it under discussion. Only the most frequent and most important diseases of the diaphragm are listed in this proposed system. In this relation problems of the nomenclature and classification of pathological diaphragm processes are discussed.", "contents": "[Considerations to a pathology of the diaphragm. 2nd Report: systematy of the diseases of the diaphragm (author's transl)]. The second part of this paper contains a systematic presentation of diaphragm diseases and  puts it under discussion. Only the most frequent and most important diseases of the diaphragm are listed in this proposed system. In this relation problems of the nomenclature and classification of pathological diaphragm processes are discussed.", "PMID": 552195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_931", "title": "[Enlargement of the lower mediastinum: pericardiac or extracardiac origin? (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiographic findings in 9 patients who suffered from a non-myocardiac enlargement of the lower anterior mediastinum are discussed. By means of several diagnostic procedures consisting of radiography, fluoroscopy, roentgen-kymography, angiocardiography and needle-biopsy under visible control it is often possible to distinguish between primary pericardiac lesions and growths of the mediastinum lying in close contact to the heart. In most cases, however, final histological diagnosis will only be reached by thoracotomy with removement of the tumor.", "contents": "[Enlargement of the lower mediastinum: pericardiac or extracardiac origin? (author's transl)]. The radiographic findings in 9 patients who suffered from a non-myocardiac enlargement of the lower anterior mediastinum are discussed. By means of several diagnostic procedures consisting of radiography, fluoroscopy, roentgen-kymography, angiocardiography and needle-biopsy under visible control it is often possible to distinguish between primary pericardiac lesions and growths of the mediastinum lying in close contact to the heart. In most cases, however, final histological diagnosis will only be reached by thoracotomy with removement of the tumor.", "PMID": 552196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_932", "title": "[Recommendations for performance and evaluation of the acetylcholine test as an ultrasonic aerosol method (author's transl)].", "content": "As a task in the research project Chronic Lung Diseases the method of testing bronchial reactivity by provocation with acetylcholine as an ultrasonic aerosol was developed. Indications for an uniform standardized application and policy are given.", "contents": "[Recommendations for performance and evaluation of the acetylcholine test as an ultrasonic aerosol method (author's transl)]. As a task in the research project Chronic Lung Diseases the method of testing bronchial reactivity by provocation with acetylcholine as an ultrasonic aerosol was developed. Indications for an uniform standardized application and policy are given.", "PMID": 552197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_933", "title": "[Fundamental investigations for the deposition of aerosols from radioactive solutions in the upper and lower airways (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of 99mtechnetium diphosphonate and a scintillation camera we measured the deposition of aerosols. During normal breathing rhythm and without leading the aerosol by valves the retention in the lower airways was on an average of 5.6%, that is 0.07 ml/min. By installation of suitable valves for in- and expiration and mouth tubes, deep and complete expiration with breath holding the retention of the aerosol increases to 17.3-13.8% (0.22-0.17 ml/min); with normal breathing the deposition was only 9%. In the upper airways we found the following deposition rates: Nose/hypopharynx (inhalation via mask) 2.6%; Mouth and pharynx (after rinsing) 1.6%; Larynx 0.1%. A considerable part remains in the inhalation system; by special variations we were able to reduce this portion of the aerosol. After inhaling electro-aerosols (4 kv) the deposition in the lungs was 5.6%; the more the charge was reduced the more the deposition of the aerosol in the lung increased.", "contents": "[Fundamental investigations for the deposition of aerosols from radioactive solutions in the upper and lower airways (author's transl)]. By means of 99mtechnetium diphosphonate and a scintillation camera we measured the deposition of aerosols. During normal breathing rhythm and without leading the aerosol by valves the retention in the lower airways was on an average of 5.6%, that is 0.07 ml/min. By installation of suitable valves for in- and expiration and mouth tubes, deep and complete expiration with breath holding the retention of the aerosol increases to 17.3-13.8% (0.22-0.17 ml/min); with normal breathing the deposition was only 9%. In the upper airways we found the following deposition rates: Nose/hypopharynx (inhalation via mask) 2.6%; Mouth and pharynx (after rinsing) 1.6%; Larynx 0.1%. A considerable part remains in the inhalation system; by special variations we were able to reduce this portion of the aerosol. After inhaling electro-aerosols (4 kv) the deposition in the lungs was 5.6%; the more the charge was reduced the more the deposition of the aerosol in the lung increased.", "PMID": 552198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_934", "title": "[Venous thrombosis during long-term corticoid therapy in chronic obstructive lung diseases].", "content": "Venous thrombosis is a serious disease. In the case of chronic obstructive lung diseases several causes of venous thrombosis coincide being polycythemia, thrombocythemia the patient's limitation of exercise and the low flow rate of the venous blood. The therapeutic administration of corticoids leads to polycythemia and thrombocythemia. The high risk of venous thrombosis must be always regarded in corticosteroid therapy of chronic obstructive lung disease. Preventive measures should be provided.", "contents": "[Venous thrombosis during long-term corticoid therapy in chronic obstructive lung diseases]. Venous thrombosis is a serious disease. In the case of chronic obstructive lung diseases several causes of venous thrombosis coincide being polycythemia, thrombocythemia the patient's limitation of exercise and the low flow rate of the venous blood. The therapeutic administration of corticoids leads to polycythemia and thrombocythemia. The high risk of venous thrombosis must be always regarded in corticosteroid therapy of chronic obstructive lung disease. Preventive measures should be provided.", "PMID": 552199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_935", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of hay fever in the clinic for lung diseases and tuberculosis].", "content": "In general the special diagnostics and therapy of hay-fever are done by the otorhinolaryngologist. Recently patients are often referred to the Chest Clinic for allergologic diagnostics and for classification of bronchial asthma simultaneously existing. The specialist in the Chest Clinic must be experienced also in the problems of allergic rhinitis, at least in a sufficient extent. Therefore, practical proposals for diagnostics, differential diagnosis and therapy of allergic rhinitis and especially of hay-fever are given in this paper considering recent literature and own experience in an allergologic consulting cabinet.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of hay fever in the clinic for lung diseases and tuberculosis]. In general the special diagnostics and therapy of hay-fever are done by the otorhinolaryngologist. Recently patients are often referred to the Chest Clinic for allergologic diagnostics and for classification of bronchial asthma simultaneously existing. The specialist in the Chest Clinic must be experienced also in the problems of allergic rhinitis, at least in a sufficient extent. Therefore, practical proposals for diagnostics, differential diagnosis and therapy of allergic rhinitis and especially of hay-fever are given in this paper considering recent literature and own experience in an allergologic consulting cabinet.", "PMID": 552200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_936", "title": "[Experimental findings after application of Kveim antigen. III. Sensitization of mice with living and killed strains of Mycobacterium avium (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice were infected with Mycobacterium avium (serotype I and serotype II). The application of kveim antigen or two kinds of lipid fractions of Mycobacterium avium (serotype I or II) is followed in all cases by typical tissue reactions resembling positive kveim tests. Control animals which only received kveim antigen or lipid fractions of mycobacterium I showed in all cases negative kveim reactions. Sensibilization of mice with killed kinds of Mycobacterium avium I or II leads after application of kveim antigen or lipid fractions (outside and inside lipids of Mycobacterium avium I and II) only in few cases to positive kveim reactions.", "contents": "[Experimental findings after application of Kveim antigen. III. Sensitization of mice with living and killed strains of Mycobacterium avium (author's transl)]. Mice were infected with Mycobacterium avium (serotype I and serotype II). The application of kveim antigen or two kinds of lipid fractions of Mycobacterium avium (serotype I or II) is followed in all cases by typical tissue reactions resembling positive kveim tests. Control animals which only received kveim antigen or lipid fractions of mycobacterium I showed in all cases negative kveim reactions. Sensibilization of mice with killed kinds of Mycobacterium avium I or II leads after application of kveim antigen or lipid fractions (outside and inside lipids of Mycobacterium avium I and II) only in few cases to positive kveim reactions.", "PMID": 552201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_937", "title": "[Therapy of sarcoidosis with old tuberculin, blood and BCG. Break in treatment during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient suffering from sarcoidosis stage II the treatment with Old Tuberculin, blood and BCG led to immediate but incomplete remission. With the withdrawal of therapy for safety reasons during pregnancy, a relapse in stage II was observed after delivery. Chest roentgenogramms deteriorated under observation. Thus, treatment was resumed and completed. Sarcoidosis was cured as measured by clinical and x-ray parameters and no relapse occurred under the following observation of more than 10 years. As the time course of disease in 4 other patients with pregnancies was comparable, these results lend further support to the benefit of our therapy and underline the urgent need of a controlled prospective study.", "contents": "[Therapy of sarcoidosis with old tuberculin, blood and BCG. Break in treatment during pregnancy (author's transl)]. In a patient suffering from sarcoidosis stage II the treatment with Old Tuberculin, blood and BCG led to immediate but incomplete remission. With the withdrawal of therapy for safety reasons during pregnancy, a relapse in stage II was observed after delivery. Chest roentgenogramms deteriorated under observation. Thus, treatment was resumed and completed. Sarcoidosis was cured as measured by clinical and x-ray parameters and no relapse occurred under the following observation of more than 10 years. As the time course of disease in 4 other patients with pregnancies was comparable, these results lend further support to the benefit of our therapy and underline the urgent need of a controlled prospective study.", "PMID": 552202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_938", "title": "A case of tuberous sclerosis with calcification of angiomatous change in the white matter.", "content": "A 5-year-old Japanese boy had had infantile spasms at 5 months of age, and had intractable seizures, adenoma sebaceum and prominent tramtrack-like calcification in the left occipital pole at five years. A neurosurgical operation was performed for the resection of the left occipital focus. Pathological examination showed patchy glial fiber nets on the cortical surface, scattered dysgenetic giant cells both in the cortex and white matter, and calcified angiomatosis in the white matter. These findings correspond to those of tuberous sclerosis and calcified angiomatosis in the white matter.", "contents": "A case of tuberous sclerosis with calcification of angiomatous change in the white matter. A 5-year-old Japanese boy had had infantile spasms at 5 months of age, and had intractable seizures, adenoma sebaceum and prominent tramtrack-like calcification in the left occipital pole at five years. A neurosurgical operation was performed for the resection of the left occipital focus. Pathological examination showed patchy glial fiber nets on the cortical surface, scattered dysgenetic giant cells both in the cortex and white matter, and calcified angiomatosis in the white matter. These findings correspond to those of tuberous sclerosis and calcified angiomatosis in the white matter.", "PMID": 552211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_939", "title": "Myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria in unconscious children.", "content": "Myoglobinemia and/or myoglobinuria was demonstrated in 12 of 17 unconscious children studied. Myoglobinemia was noted in patients with serum CPK levels above 200-250 units. Ten of the 12 patients in whom myoglobinemia was present had convulsions. Some degree of renal disturbance was noted in six of seven patients with myoglobinuria. Five patients, including four with renal disturbance, died. In unconscious children with myoglobinuria the possibility of a disturbance of renal function should always be considered.", "contents": "Myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria in unconscious children. Myoglobinemia and/or myoglobinuria was demonstrated in 12 of 17 unconscious children studied. Myoglobinemia was noted in patients with serum CPK levels above 200-250 units. Ten of the 12 patients in whom myoglobinemia was present had convulsions. Some degree of renal disturbance was noted in six of seven patients with myoglobinuria. Five patients, including four with renal disturbance, died. In unconscious children with myoglobinuria the possibility of a disturbance of renal function should always be considered.", "PMID": 552212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_940", "title": "Problems with the use of conventional anticonvulsant drugs in mentally retarded individuals.", "content": "Special problems in the use of anticonvulsant agents in the mentally retarded are reviewed. Effects of barbiturates on mental abilities and of phenytoin on facial appearance are especially undesirable side effects of these agents in mentally retarded individuals. Careful consideration should be given to selection of anticonvulsants that minimally interfere with the long-term rehabilitation of mentally retarded persons. The relationship of paroxysmal EEG abnormalities, episodic violence and hysteroepilepsy to epilepsy is discussed.", "contents": "Problems with the use of conventional anticonvulsant drugs in mentally retarded individuals. Special problems in the use of anticonvulsant agents in the mentally retarded are reviewed. Effects of barbiturates on mental abilities and of phenytoin on facial appearance are especially undesirable side effects of these agents in mentally retarded individuals. Careful consideration should be given to selection of anticonvulsants that minimally interfere with the long-term rehabilitation of mentally retarded persons. The relationship of paroxysmal EEG abnormalities, episodic violence and hysteroepilepsy to epilepsy is discussed.", "PMID": 552214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_941", "title": "Follow-up study of hypotonic forms of cerebral palsy.", "content": "In order to ascertain what can develop from cerebral infantile hypotonia, 98 infants suffering from hypotonic forms of cerebral palsy were reexamined after one year and some of them again after another year. It was presumed that hypotonia in infants with so-called hypotonic cerebral palsy is a sign which changes with time. In the ages between 2-4 years 50.2% of the hypotonias decreased and new syndromes appeared. In the ages up to 4-6 years, there was a decrease in 85.7% of hypotonias. The new syndromes were cerebellar in 56 cases, mental defectivity with developmental disintegration in 31 cases, and there were 26 without any cerebral symptomatology. Apart from these two main semeiological groups, there were spastic and dyskinetie syndromes, mostly combined with the cerebellar or mental group, and minor brain, mostly cerebellar, disturbances which developed out of infantile central hypotonias.", "contents": "Follow-up study of hypotonic forms of cerebral palsy. In order to ascertain what can develop from cerebral infantile hypotonia, 98 infants suffering from hypotonic forms of cerebral palsy were reexamined after one year and some of them again after another year. It was presumed that hypotonia in infants with so-called hypotonic cerebral palsy is a sign which changes with time. In the ages between 2-4 years 50.2% of the hypotonias decreased and new syndromes appeared. In the ages up to 4-6 years, there was a decrease in 85.7% of hypotonias. The new syndromes were cerebellar in 56 cases, mental defectivity with developmental disintegration in 31 cases, and there were 26 without any cerebral symptomatology. Apart from these two main semeiological groups, there were spastic and dyskinetie syndromes, mostly combined with the cerebellar or mental group, and minor brain, mostly cerebellar, disturbances which developed out of infantile central hypotonias.", "PMID": 552215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_942", "title": "Neurological complications of the ring (22) syndrome: a case report.", "content": "The first Japanese case of the ring (22) syndrome was described. The patient had diffuse neurological involvement of the central, peripheral nerves and muscles in addition to the phenotypical characteristics of this syndrome.", "contents": "Neurological complications of the ring (22) syndrome: a case report. The first Japanese case of the ring (22) syndrome was described. The patient had diffuse neurological involvement of the central, peripheral nerves and muscles in addition to the phenotypical characteristics of this syndrome.", "PMID": 552216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_943", "title": "[Physiological effects of diet enriched in essential fatty acids in young men].", "content": "The investigations were carried out on healthy young males aged 20-21 years. Those young men, whose previously different diets were determined by the dietary habits of their families, were selected and grouped under uniform conditions (feeding, housing, physical activity). After 4 months staying under these uniform conditions their diet was changed adding E.F.A. to their previous food rations. Food rations enriched with E.F.A. were given to these young males for 3 months. Then E.F.A. additions to the diet was stopped and the observed subjects received food rations, identical as during the initial 4-month period prior to E.F.A. enrichment, these rations were given during 5 months. Immediately after grouping these men were subjected to biochemical investigation of the serum and to anthropometric and general medical examinations (examination I). The subsequent examinations (II, III, IV) were carried out while the subjects were living under uniform conditions: II) after 4 months on the diet without E.F.A. enrichment, III) after 3 months on the diet enriched with E.F.A., and IV) after 5 months of diet without E.F.A. enrichment (after withdrawal of additional E.F.A.). The investigations were begun on 97 young males (examination I). The consecutive examinations (II, III, IV) were carried out on smaller groups of subjects for reasons on with the authors had no influence. During the experiment, 2-3 times in a month, sample of daily food rations given to the studied subjects and residual food on the plates were taken for analysis. This was done for determination of actual food intake. Through the whole period of the experiment the observed subjects were inquired about additional food consumed. The biochemical investigations of the nutritional state of these young subjects included hematological indices, serum proteins, selected biochemical components in the serum, activity of certain enzymes in the serum, serum lipid components and serum level of certain vitamins. The results of these investigations show the enrichment of diets during 3 months with vegetable fats (sunflower oil, margarine containing 40% of E.F.A.) for increasing the amount of E.F.A. in the whole daily food (together with additional food calculated on the basis of inquiry information) from 14.7 g to 27.7 g (3,2% kcal and 5,8% kcal respectively) has a favorable effect on selected serum lipids. The following changes appeared: decrease of total lipid level, total cholesterol level, cholesterol content of beta and prebeta-lipoproteins levels, free fatty acid level and the favorable changes in the composition of fatty acid in total lipid and selected lipid fractions in the serum. Food enrichment with E.F.A. led to rise the level of linoleic acid and total E.F.A. level and to fall the level of saturated fatty acids. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids changes favorably both in total serum lipids and in different lipid fraction...", "contents": "[Physiological effects of diet enriched in essential fatty acids in young men]. The investigations were carried out on healthy young males aged 20-21 years. Those young men, whose previously different diets were determined by the dietary habits of their families, were selected and grouped under uniform conditions (feeding, housing, physical activity). After 4 months staying under these uniform conditions their diet was changed adding E.F.A. to their previous food rations. Food rations enriched with E.F.A. were given to these young males for 3 months. Then E.F.A. additions to the diet was stopped and the observed subjects received food rations, identical as during the initial 4-month period prior to E.F.A. enrichment, these rations were given during 5 months. Immediately after grouping these men were subjected to biochemical investigation of the serum and to anthropometric and general medical examinations (examination I). The subsequent examinations (II, III, IV) were carried out while the subjects were living under uniform conditions: II) after 4 months on the diet without E.F.A. enrichment, III) after 3 months on the diet enriched with E.F.A., and IV) after 5 months of diet without E.F.A. enrichment (after withdrawal of additional E.F.A.). The investigations were begun on 97 young males (examination I). The consecutive examinations (II, III, IV) were carried out on smaller groups of subjects for reasons on with the authors had no influence. During the experiment, 2-3 times in a month, sample of daily food rations given to the studied subjects and residual food on the plates were taken for analysis. This was done for determination of actual food intake. Through the whole period of the experiment the observed subjects were inquired about additional food consumed. The biochemical investigations of the nutritional state of these young subjects included hematological indices, serum proteins, selected biochemical components in the serum, activity of certain enzymes in the serum, serum lipid components and serum level of certain vitamins. The results of these investigations show the enrichment of diets during 3 months with vegetable fats (sunflower oil, margarine containing 40% of E.F.A.) for increasing the amount of E.F.A. in the whole daily food (together with additional food calculated on the basis of inquiry information) from 14.7 g to 27.7 g (3,2% kcal and 5,8% kcal respectively) has a favorable effect on selected serum lipids. The following changes appeared: decrease of total lipid level, total cholesterol level, cholesterol content of beta and prebeta-lipoproteins levels, free fatty acid level and the favorable changes in the composition of fatty acid in total lipid and selected lipid fractions in the serum. Food enrichment with E.F.A. led to rise the level of linoleic acid and total E.F.A. level and to fall the level of saturated fatty acids. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids changes favorably both in total serum lipids and in different lipid fraction...", "PMID": 552217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_944", "title": "Morphometric study of the effect of hypervitaminosis A on the rat parotid gland.", "content": "Hypervitaminosis A induces the following changes in the rat parotid gland: smaller size acini with lower cells and a smaller number of cytoplasmic granules, decreased acidophilia, and smaller nuclei. The striated ducts show smaller, disorganized cells with smaller nuclei, as well as increased secretion in their lumina. These data were confirmed by morphometric techniques.", "contents": "Morphometric study of the effect of hypervitaminosis A on the rat parotid gland. Hypervitaminosis A induces the following changes in the rat parotid gland: smaller size acini with lower cells and a smaller number of cytoplasmic granules, decreased acidophilia, and smaller nuclei. The striated ducts show smaller, disorganized cells with smaller nuclei, as well as increased secretion in their lumina. These data were confirmed by morphometric techniques.", "PMID": 552218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_945", "title": "[Comparison of the mean-term physiological effects of cis or trans docosenoic acids in the rat. I. Digestibility of fatty acids. Effects on growth, organ weights and heart histology].", "content": "The mean-term physiological effects of brassidic acid (n-9, trans docosenoic acid) and of erucic acid (n-9, cis docosenoic acid) have been compared to those of their C 18 homologues, elaidic and oleic acid, in a 2(3) factorial experiment; the 3 tested factors are: 1) the chain length of the dietary monoenes (C 22:1 vs. C 18:1), 2) the geometrical configuration of their double bond (trans vs. cis) and 3) the dietary level of linoleic acid (30% vs. 1,7% of dietary fatty acids). Wistar weanling rats have been fed for 16 weeks semi-synthetic diets containing 15% of lipids by weight, in which the fatty acids under study (brassidic, erucic elaidic) ranged to 40%. Although caution has been taken to optimize the digestibility of brassidic acid (interesterification of the lipid mixture, reduced level of calcium in the diet, addition of monoglycerides), it remains lower that of erucic acid. However, because of different levels of food consumption, the absorbed amounts of the two isomers are about the same. With a high dietary supply of linoleic acid, the dietary monoenes (C 22:1 or C 18:1), cis or trans) do not induce great changes in the weight gain of the rats, when adjusted to food consumption; linoleic acid subdeficiency lowers this adjusted weight gain, except when the diet contains oleic acid as the only monoene. These effects do not parallel those observed on the absolute growth of the rats. The trans monoenes, and to a lesser extent, erucic acid, induce an increase of liver weight (adjusted to body weight). The light microscopic histological study of the heart does not reveal any difference between the brassidic acid fed-rats and those fed the C 18:1 monoenes (elaidic, oleic). In contrast, erucic acid induces definite lesions of the myocardium. The dietary level of linoleic acid has little influence on the incidence and the severity of the lesions. The effects of these dietary fatty acids on the lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of different organs will be reported in a second paper.", "contents": "[Comparison of the mean-term physiological effects of cis or trans docosenoic acids in the rat. I. Digestibility of fatty acids. Effects on growth, organ weights and heart histology]. The mean-term physiological effects of brassidic acid (n-9, trans docosenoic acid) and of erucic acid (n-9, cis docosenoic acid) have been compared to those of their C 18 homologues, elaidic and oleic acid, in a 2(3) factorial experiment; the 3 tested factors are: 1) the chain length of the dietary monoenes (C 22:1 vs. C 18:1), 2) the geometrical configuration of their double bond (trans vs. cis) and 3) the dietary level of linoleic acid (30% vs. 1,7% of dietary fatty acids). Wistar weanling rats have been fed for 16 weeks semi-synthetic diets containing 15% of lipids by weight, in which the fatty acids under study (brassidic, erucic elaidic) ranged to 40%. Although caution has been taken to optimize the digestibility of brassidic acid (interesterification of the lipid mixture, reduced level of calcium in the diet, addition of monoglycerides), it remains lower that of erucic acid. However, because of different levels of food consumption, the absorbed amounts of the two isomers are about the same. With a high dietary supply of linoleic acid, the dietary monoenes (C 22:1 or C 18:1), cis or trans) do not induce great changes in the weight gain of the rats, when adjusted to food consumption; linoleic acid subdeficiency lowers this adjusted weight gain, except when the diet contains oleic acid as the only monoene. These effects do not parallel those observed on the absolute growth of the rats. The trans monoenes, and to a lesser extent, erucic acid, induce an increase of liver weight (adjusted to body weight). The light microscopic histological study of the heart does not reveal any difference between the brassidic acid fed-rats and those fed the C 18:1 monoenes (elaidic, oleic). In contrast, erucic acid induces definite lesions of the myocardium. The dietary level of linoleic acid has little influence on the incidence and the severity of the lesions. The effects of these dietary fatty acids on the lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of different organs will be reported in a second paper.", "PMID": 552219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_946", "title": "[Comparison of mean-term physiological effects of cis and trans docosenoic acids in the rat. II. Effects on the lipids and fatty acids of plasma, adipose tissue, liver and heart].", "content": "The mean term effects (16 weeks) of brassidic acid (n-9 trans docosenoic acid) and erucic acid (n-9, cis docosenoic acid) on the lipids and fatty acids of different organs in the rat (plasma, adipose tissue, liver, heart) and compared to those of their C 18 homologues, elaidic and oleic acid, in a 2(3) factorial experiment; the three tested factors are: 1) the chain length of the dietary monoenes (C 22:1 vs. C 18:1), 2) the geometrical configuration of their double bond (trans vs. cis) and 3) the dietary levels (30% vs. 1,7% of dietary fatty acids). Experimental details have been reported previously [Astorg and Levillain, 1979]. With a low supply of linoleic acid, brassidic acid, brassidic acid induces a large increase of plasma triacylglycerols (TG), but this can be caused by a slow fat absorption. However, the plasma contents of cis and trans docosenoic acids do not differ greatly. Both docosenoic acids incorporate more into the lipids of heart and adipose tissue than into liver lipids, and, for each organ, more into TG than into phospholipids (PL). In heart and adipose tissue lipids, the percentage of brassidic acid is lower than that of erucic acid. In these 2 organs and in the liver, linoleic acid subdeficiency decreases the incorporation of both C 22:1 isomers into the lipids. Dietary brassidic acid is readily converted to other trans monoenes, mainly elaidic acid, which incorporates into organ lipids. The extent of this chain-shortening may be greater than that of erucic acid (to oleic acid), and this would explain the lower level of brassidic acid found in organ lipids. Last, dietary trans monoenes (brassidic and elaidic acids) induce, as compared to their cis isomers, slight but visible changes in the profile of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in organ lipids. These results are discussed and related to the fact that brassidic acid does not seem to have the heart pathogenic potency of erucic acid [see part 1 of this paper, Astorg and Levillain, 1979].", "contents": "[Comparison of mean-term physiological effects of cis and trans docosenoic acids in the rat. II. Effects on the lipids and fatty acids of plasma, adipose tissue, liver and heart]. The mean term effects (16 weeks) of brassidic acid (n-9 trans docosenoic acid) and erucic acid (n-9, cis docosenoic acid) on the lipids and fatty acids of different organs in the rat (plasma, adipose tissue, liver, heart) and compared to those of their C 18 homologues, elaidic and oleic acid, in a 2(3) factorial experiment; the three tested factors are: 1) the chain length of the dietary monoenes (C 22:1 vs. C 18:1), 2) the geometrical configuration of their double bond (trans vs. cis) and 3) the dietary levels (30% vs. 1,7% of dietary fatty acids). Experimental details have been reported previously [Astorg and Levillain, 1979]. With a low supply of linoleic acid, brassidic acid, brassidic acid induces a large increase of plasma triacylglycerols (TG), but this can be caused by a slow fat absorption. However, the plasma contents of cis and trans docosenoic acids do not differ greatly. Both docosenoic acids incorporate more into the lipids of heart and adipose tissue than into liver lipids, and, for each organ, more into TG than into phospholipids (PL). In heart and adipose tissue lipids, the percentage of brassidic acid is lower than that of erucic acid. In these 2 organs and in the liver, linoleic acid subdeficiency decreases the incorporation of both C 22:1 isomers into the lipids. Dietary brassidic acid is readily converted to other trans monoenes, mainly elaidic acid, which incorporates into organ lipids. The extent of this chain-shortening may be greater than that of erucic acid (to oleic acid), and this would explain the lower level of brassidic acid found in organ lipids. Last, dietary trans monoenes (brassidic and elaidic acids) induce, as compared to their cis isomers, slight but visible changes in the profile of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in organ lipids. These results are discussed and related to the fact that brassidic acid does not seem to have the heart pathogenic potency of erucic acid [see part 1 of this paper, Astorg and Levillain, 1979].", "PMID": 552220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_947", "title": "Characterization of enhancing factor (EF) prepared from spleen of mice immunized with tetanus toxoid.", "content": "In cultures of spleen cells from tetanus toxoid-primed mice a soluble, nonspecific material appeared, which enhanced antibody response in vivo. The active material was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex-G-150 and by affinity chromatography on Con-A lectin. According to the immunological and physiochemical investigation the active material does not contain carbohydrate and its molecular weight is in the 100 000 dalton range.", "contents": "Characterization of enhancing factor (EF) prepared from spleen of mice immunized with tetanus toxoid. In cultures of spleen cells from tetanus toxoid-primed mice a soluble, nonspecific material appeared, which enhanced antibody response in vivo. The active material was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex-G-150 and by affinity chromatography on Con-A lectin. According to the immunological and physiochemical investigation the active material does not contain carbohydrate and its molecular weight is in the 100 000 dalton range.", "PMID": 552221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_948", "title": "Plasma fractionation: production and properties of albumin.", "content": "The author reviews: 1. the present status of plasma fractionation with respect to the starting material, the quantitative relations of fractionation, how much plasma is fractionated and which fractions are prepared in different parts of the world; 2. the techniques applied in preparation of albumin and plasma protein fractions, with special regard to the cold-ethanol procedures and the new tendencies in the preparation of albumin; 3. the history of the albumin producton in Hungary and 4. his own experiences in fractionation of haemolytic plasma and in fractionation combined with heat-denaturation. A simple two-step modification of the cold-ethanol fractionation is described.", "contents": "Plasma fractionation: production and properties of albumin. The author reviews: 1. the present status of plasma fractionation with respect to the starting material, the quantitative relations of fractionation, how much plasma is fractionated and which fractions are prepared in different parts of the world; 2. the techniques applied in preparation of albumin and plasma protein fractions, with special regard to the cold-ethanol procedures and the new tendencies in the preparation of albumin; 3. the history of the albumin producton in Hungary and 4. his own experiences in fractionation of haemolytic plasma and in fractionation combined with heat-denaturation. A simple two-step modification of the cold-ethanol fractionation is described.", "PMID": 552222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_949", "title": "The control of immunobiological preparations in Hungary and its importance for national vaccination programmes.", "content": "In Hungary the control of immunobiological preparations has been regulated by legal orders since 1938. In the meantime the pertinent rules have been modifed several times, to keep them abreast with current development. The authority of state control has been vested into the Vaccine Control Department of the National Institute of Public Health (OKI), which in this capacity has maintained an intensive collaboration with the producer of immunobiological preparations, the HUMAN Institute of Serobacteriological Production and Research (HUMAN). As a result, several important vaccine preparations (pox, DPT, DT, tetanus, typhoid and BCG vaccines) employed in compulsory immunization programmes have been improved considerably in respect of safety and efficiency, on the basis of laboratory tests, controlled field trials and epidemiological observations, described in detail in this review.", "contents": "The control of immunobiological preparations in Hungary and its importance for national vaccination programmes. In Hungary the control of immunobiological preparations has been regulated by legal orders since 1938. In the meantime the pertinent rules have been modifed several times, to keep them abreast with current development. The authority of state control has been vested into the Vaccine Control Department of the National Institute of Public Health (OKI), which in this capacity has maintained an intensive collaboration with the producer of immunobiological preparations, the HUMAN Institute of Serobacteriological Production and Research (HUMAN). As a result, several important vaccine preparations (pox, DPT, DT, tetanus, typhoid and BCG vaccines) employed in compulsory immunization programmes have been improved considerably in respect of safety and efficiency, on the basis of laboratory tests, controlled field trials and epidemiological observations, described in detail in this review.", "PMID": 552223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_950", "title": "Biological standardization of potency testing of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines.", "content": "Active protection tests were introduced for the potency testing of the toxoid components of the DTP vaccine. The standardization of these tests is described, with special attention on WHO requirements. A freeze-dried, adsorbed DTP vaccine was prepared for use under tropical or subtropical conditions. The potency testing of the components of this vaccine is presented in this paper.", "contents": "Biological standardization of potency testing of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines. Active protection tests were introduced for the potency testing of the toxoid components of the DTP vaccine. The standardization of these tests is described, with special attention on WHO requirements. A freeze-dried, adsorbed DTP vaccine was prepared for use under tropical or subtropical conditions. The potency testing of the components of this vaccine is presented in this paper.", "PMID": 552225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_951", "title": "Hydrophobic interaction of extracellular protein A from Staphylococcus aureus with octyl-sepharose CL-4B.", "content": "Extracellular Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus was shown to bind to alkyl agarose adsorbents of different carbon chain length. Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B was chosen to purify the active material, as the strong interaction with this adsorbent allowed the separation of Protein A from the bulk of the contaminants. Protein A retained its ability to bind to IgG in the presence of up to 3.5 M ethylene glycol as demonstrated by hemagglutination. A theory on the possible involvement of hydrophobic interaction in the binding reaction of Protein A to IgG is advanced.", "contents": "Hydrophobic interaction of extracellular protein A from Staphylococcus aureus with octyl-sepharose CL-4B. Extracellular Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus was shown to bind to alkyl agarose adsorbents of different carbon chain length. Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B was chosen to purify the active material, as the strong interaction with this adsorbent allowed the separation of Protein A from the bulk of the contaminants. Protein A retained its ability to bind to IgG in the presence of up to 3.5 M ethylene glycol as demonstrated by hemagglutination. A theory on the possible involvement of hydrophobic interaction in the binding reaction of Protein A to IgG is advanced.", "PMID": 552226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_952", "title": "Fluctuations of the bile oxytetracyclin level on regional administration of the antibiotic.", "content": "The elimination of oxytetracyclin on regional administration was studied. The time course of the appearance of the antibiotic in different body fluids determined by a microbological assay method. On the data reported here it is assumed that regional antibiotic treatment can efficiently applied in bacterial cholangitis therapy.", "contents": "Fluctuations of the bile oxytetracyclin level on regional administration of the antibiotic. The elimination of oxytetracyclin on regional administration was studied. The time course of the appearance of the antibiotic in different body fluids determined by a microbological assay method. On the data reported here it is assumed that regional antibiotic treatment can efficiently applied in bacterial cholangitis therapy.", "PMID": 552227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_953", "title": "The natural killer activity (cytotoxicity) of lymphocytes.", "content": "The authors' own investigations into the spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) have been reviewed and discussed in th light of literary data. It is suggested that SLMC is a resultant of complex effects contributed by antibodies present in the human serum and those attached to the surface of lymphocytes as well as by spontaneous (sui generis) functions of effector cells. The lymphocytes eliciting SLMC belong to the \"O\" subpopulation, bear Fc receptors and are presumably, identical with \"K\" lymphocytes. In animal experiments, the authors have shown that the SLMC reaction directed againt a virus-induced tumour is under polygenetic control primarily governed by gene(s0 linked to the histocompatibility region. In man, similarly as in the mouse, SLMC was found to be a genetically-controlled lymphocyte function in which gene(s) linked to the HLA-A2 B12 or the HLA-A3 B7 haplotype may play a determining role. The authors' clinical observations indicate that LSMC represents an important part of the defense mechanism against malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Estimation and follow-up of SLMC may be useful in monitoring the clinical course.", "contents": "The natural killer activity (cytotoxicity) of lymphocytes. The authors' own investigations into the spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) have been reviewed and discussed in th light of literary data. It is suggested that SLMC is a resultant of complex effects contributed by antibodies present in the human serum and those attached to the surface of lymphocytes as well as by spontaneous (sui generis) functions of effector cells. The lymphocytes eliciting SLMC belong to the \"O\" subpopulation, bear Fc receptors and are presumably, identical with \"K\" lymphocytes. In animal experiments, the authors have shown that the SLMC reaction directed againt a virus-induced tumour is under polygenetic control primarily governed by gene(s0 linked to the histocompatibility region. In man, similarly as in the mouse, SLMC was found to be a genetically-controlled lymphocyte function in which gene(s) linked to the HLA-A2 B12 or the HLA-A3 B7 haplotype may play a determining role. The authors' clinical observations indicate that LSMC represents an important part of the defense mechanism against malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Estimation and follow-up of SLMC may be useful in monitoring the clinical course.", "PMID": 552228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_954", "title": "Mammalian hexokinases: a system for the study of co-operativity in monomeric enzymes.", "content": "Kinetic and structural studies have been carried out of two isoenzymes of hexokinase from the rat, hexokinase II and glucokinase. Although both enzymes are monomeric, hexokinase II has a molecular weight double that of glucokinase and resembles a dimer of glucokinase. The co-operativity of glucokinase, which is not observed for hexokinase II, appears to be kinetic in origin rather than the consequence of ineractions between distinct glucose-binding sites.", "contents": "Mammalian hexokinases: a system for the study of co-operativity in monomeric enzymes. Kinetic and structural studies have been carried out of two isoenzymes of hexokinase from the rat, hexokinase II and glucokinase. Although both enzymes are monomeric, hexokinase II has a molecular weight double that of glucokinase and resembles a dimer of glucokinase. The co-operativity of glucokinase, which is not observed for hexokinase II, appears to be kinetic in origin rather than the consequence of ineractions between distinct glucose-binding sites.", "PMID": 552244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_955", "title": "Studies on the effects of vinblastine and colchicine on Trypanosoma gambiense.", "content": "Vinblastine and colchicine induce the anucleate form of Trypanosoma gambiense. Light microscopic studies indicated that the anucleate form was not always produced as a result of inhibition of nuclear duplication, but was formed as a result of delay or inhibition of separation of the two nuclei after completion of nuclear division. Studies showed that vinblastine and colchicine caused disorder in arrangement of axonemal microtubules of the extracellular flagella and increased formation of both protofilaments and the axoneme composed of protofilaments in trypanosomes. Moreover, treatment with colchicine resulted in disintegration of previously existing pellicular microtubules and formation of cytoplasmic projections that appeared as protrusions from a small part of the surface membrane.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of vinblastine and colchicine on Trypanosoma gambiense. Vinblastine and colchicine induce the anucleate form of Trypanosoma gambiense. Light microscopic studies indicated that the anucleate form was not always produced as a result of inhibition of nuclear duplication, but was formed as a result of delay or inhibition of separation of the two nuclei after completion of nuclear division. Studies showed that vinblastine and colchicine caused disorder in arrangement of axonemal microtubules of the extracellular flagella and increased formation of both protofilaments and the axoneme composed of protofilaments in trypanosomes. Moreover, treatment with colchicine resulted in disintegration of previously existing pellicular microtubules and formation of cytoplasmic projections that appeared as protrusions from a small part of the surface membrane.", "PMID": 552245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_956", "title": "[Congenital hemolytic anemia].", "content": "The cases of 91 patients with congenital hemolytic anemia (H.a.) are reported. The causes of congenital H.a. and the laboratory test by which the diagnosis and precise subclassification of the disease were facilitated are indicated. Emphasis is placed on the therapeutic significance of splenectomy in those patients In whom laboratory tests with a radioactive marker [Cr 51]indicated that splenectomy could have a beneficial effect.", "contents": "[Congenital hemolytic anemia]. The cases of 91 patients with congenital hemolytic anemia (H.a.) are reported. The causes of congenital H.a. and the laboratory test by which the diagnosis and precise subclassification of the disease were facilitated are indicated. Emphasis is placed on the therapeutic significance of splenectomy in those patients In whom laboratory tests with a radioactive marker [Cr 51]indicated that splenectomy could have a beneficial effect.", "PMID": 552246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_957", "title": "[Toxic methemoglobinemia in newborns and infants].", "content": "It has been analised cases of toxic methemoglobinemia in newborns and sucklings on patients of children department city hospital Sombor in period from 1968 to 1979. In all patients methemoglobinemia was caused with wellwater containing nitrates. Originate of this state depends on: growth of child because in first few month of life they have immature methemoglobin reductase in erythrocyte, hypovitaminosis C and gastrointestinal disfunction. Diagnosis was based on anamnestical data that was used water from unhygenic well, on cyanosis of various intensity and that have disappeared during the treatment with vitamin C and not give any recurrence later. In last years number of such cases is decreasing because of better suply with proper drinking water. Further decrease can be achieved with health education and prophylactic peroral consumption of vitamin C in predisposing regions.", "contents": "[Toxic methemoglobinemia in newborns and infants]. It has been analised cases of toxic methemoglobinemia in newborns and sucklings on patients of children department city hospital Sombor in period from 1968 to 1979. In all patients methemoglobinemia was caused with wellwater containing nitrates. Originate of this state depends on: growth of child because in first few month of life they have immature methemoglobin reductase in erythrocyte, hypovitaminosis C and gastrointestinal disfunction. Diagnosis was based on anamnestical data that was used water from unhygenic well, on cyanosis of various intensity and that have disappeared during the treatment with vitamin C and not give any recurrence later. In last years number of such cases is decreasing because of better suply with proper drinking water. Further decrease can be achieved with health education and prophylactic peroral consumption of vitamin C in predisposing regions.", "PMID": 552247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_958", "title": "[A disseminated form of histiocytosis X in infants].", "content": "Over the last twelve years, only three cases of a dissiminated form of histiocytosis X, in infancy, have been treated at the Institute for Mother and Child Health Care in Novi Sad. The clinical picture exhibits a very characteristic, prolonged (from two to nine months) first stage of the illness. Its general symptoms are: fever, general decline of the infant, seborrheic dermatitis, coughing and recurrent purulent otitis. In the second stage the symptoms are even more pronounced but they depend on localization and the functional deterioration of the organs involved: the lungs, liver, pancreas, skin, bone marrow and lymph nodes. The article underlines the importance of hematological, cytological and histiopathological analyses in diagnosis, and it gives the results for the cases in question. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of a cytological analysis of the skin scarificate. Two of the patients in question were treated with antibiotics and corticosteroids, while the third received antibiotics, corticosteroids and cytostatics, yet the outcome of all three cases was fatal. This is attributed, in part, to the late beginning of treatment and, in part, to the early age of the patients.", "contents": "[A disseminated form of histiocytosis X in infants]. Over the last twelve years, only three cases of a dissiminated form of histiocytosis X, in infancy, have been treated at the Institute for Mother and Child Health Care in Novi Sad. The clinical picture exhibits a very characteristic, prolonged (from two to nine months) first stage of the illness. Its general symptoms are: fever, general decline of the infant, seborrheic dermatitis, coughing and recurrent purulent otitis. In the second stage the symptoms are even more pronounced but they depend on localization and the functional deterioration of the organs involved: the lungs, liver, pancreas, skin, bone marrow and lymph nodes. The article underlines the importance of hematological, cytological and histiopathological analyses in diagnosis, and it gives the results for the cases in question. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of a cytological analysis of the skin scarificate. Two of the patients in question were treated with antibiotics and corticosteroids, while the third received antibiotics, corticosteroids and cytostatics, yet the outcome of all three cases was fatal. This is attributed, in part, to the late beginning of treatment and, in part, to the early age of the patients.", "PMID": 552248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_959", "title": "[Factor VII deficit-hypoconvertinemia].", "content": "Congenital deficit of Factor VII is a rare deficit perceived within women and men. Clinicaly it is manifested with mild hemoragical diatesa and of laboratory tests: prolonged on stage prothrombin time, reduced activity of Factor VII and normal APTT. In this article we describe the family in which we have found two cases of congenital deficit of Factor VII, biochemical characteristics, differential laboratory diagnosis and correction of deficit in the case of bleeding.", "contents": "[Factor VII deficit-hypoconvertinemia]. Congenital deficit of Factor VII is a rare deficit perceived within women and men. Clinicaly it is manifested with mild hemoragical diatesa and of laboratory tests: prolonged on stage prothrombin time, reduced activity of Factor VII and normal APTT. In this article we describe the family in which we have found two cases of congenital deficit of Factor VII, biochemical characteristics, differential laboratory diagnosis and correction of deficit in the case of bleeding.", "PMID": 552249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_960", "title": "[Allergic reactions in cytostatic therapy].", "content": "The cytostatics used in treatment of malignant diseases may, similar to other drugs sensibilize the organism and cause various allergic manifestations. The authors present 6 children with malignant diseases in whom various allergic reactions, from urticaria to a severe form of Stivens-Johnson syndrome, were observed to appear during the treatment with cytostatics. All symptoms of allergy withdrew after the administration of antihistaminics. Difficulties in differential diagnosis of an allergy and tocsic effects of cytostatics are also pointed out.", "contents": "[Allergic reactions in cytostatic therapy]. The cytostatics used in treatment of malignant diseases may, similar to other drugs sensibilize the organism and cause various allergic manifestations. The authors present 6 children with malignant diseases in whom various allergic reactions, from urticaria to a severe form of Stivens-Johnson syndrome, were observed to appear during the treatment with cytostatics. All symptoms of allergy withdrew after the administration of antihistaminics. Difficulties in differential diagnosis of an allergy and tocsic effects of cytostatics are also pointed out.", "PMID": 552250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_961", "title": "[Actinomycin D: toxic effects with special reference to hepatic injury].", "content": "The action and toxic effects of Actinomycin D are discussed. Emphasized is the appearance of hepatic disfunction, that develops especially when the drug is applied during the first six months after hepatic irradiation. Two children with malignant tumor are demonstrated. In both a temporary hepatic lesion appeared after treatment with Actinomycin D.", "contents": "[Actinomycin D: toxic effects with special reference to hepatic injury]. The action and toxic effects of Actinomycin D are discussed. Emphasized is the appearance of hepatic disfunction, that develops especially when the drug is applied during the first six months after hepatic irradiation. Two children with malignant tumor are demonstrated. In both a temporary hepatic lesion appeared after treatment with Actinomycin D.", "PMID": 552251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_962", "title": "[Analysis of the use of blood and blood components at the Dr. O. Novosel Internal Medicine Clinic in Zagreb].", "content": "The use of blood and components was analysed during the period of two years in the Dept. of Med. \"O. Novosel\", Med. Fak. of Zagreb. The blood use factors were compared with those from other hospitals and hospital staff's transfusion practice was judged by them. The use of blood was higher than in the compared hospitals due to the extremly high use in the Dept. of Haematology. This department is highly specialised with predominancy of patients with haematologycal malignancies. The blood factors of other departaments compare well with these from other hospitals. Blood component therapy in an accepted principle and is fully practiced. 77% of all transfusons were given as PRC. Difficulity in management of haemotherapy is clearly seen by the fact that only 72% of reqested doses were supplied by Blood Transfusion Service. For each Rhesus positive received dose of blood it was neccessary to order 1,4 doses and for each A Rhesus negative dose, 2 doses. The worst situation was with B and AB Rhesus negative blood. For one received dose it was neccessary to order 2.9 and 2,8 doses respectively. Similar situation was with blood components. Only 64% of requested platelet concentrates and less than 42% of granulocyte concentrates were obtained. The shortage of blood and blood components is a serious hindrance to the optimal treatment of patients.", "contents": "[Analysis of the use of blood and blood components at the Dr. O. Novosel Internal Medicine Clinic in Zagreb]. The use of blood and components was analysed during the period of two years in the Dept. of Med. \"O. Novosel\", Med. Fak. of Zagreb. The blood use factors were compared with those from other hospitals and hospital staff's transfusion practice was judged by them. The use of blood was higher than in the compared hospitals due to the extremly high use in the Dept. of Haematology. This department is highly specialised with predominancy of patients with haematologycal malignancies. The blood factors of other departaments compare well with these from other hospitals. Blood component therapy in an accepted principle and is fully practiced. 77% of all transfusons were given as PRC. Difficulity in management of haemotherapy is clearly seen by the fact that only 72% of reqested doses were supplied by Blood Transfusion Service. For each Rhesus positive received dose of blood it was neccessary to order 1,4 doses and for each A Rhesus negative dose, 2 doses. The worst situation was with B and AB Rhesus negative blood. For one received dose it was neccessary to order 2.9 and 2,8 doses respectively. Similar situation was with blood components. Only 64% of requested platelet concentrates and less than 42% of granulocyte concentrates were obtained. The shortage of blood and blood components is a serious hindrance to the optimal treatment of patients.", "PMID": 552252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_963", "title": "Multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Reduced monoamine oxidase was found in the sera of fourty five schizophrenic patients with enzyme level (10 units), only five of these patients show enzyme level identical with minimum range of normal controls. Michaelis constants of schizophrenic patients show great difference from that of the normal controls. Our result suggests that schizophrenic patients possess a qualitatively different monoamine oxidase with an altered molecular structure. Four and five multiple forms were found in sera of normal human and schizophrenic patients respectively, using sepharose 6B, indicated that these different forms were of different molecular weight. Each multiple form is identified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis as they attached to different fraction of serum proteins.", "contents": "Multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in chronic schizophrenia. Reduced monoamine oxidase was found in the sera of fourty five schizophrenic patients with enzyme level (10 units), only five of these patients show enzyme level identical with minimum range of normal controls. Michaelis constants of schizophrenic patients show great difference from that of the normal controls. Our result suggests that schizophrenic patients possess a qualitatively different monoamine oxidase with an altered molecular structure. Four and five multiple forms were found in sera of normal human and schizophrenic patients respectively, using sepharose 6B, indicated that these different forms were of different molecular weight. Each multiple form is identified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis as they attached to different fraction of serum proteins.", "PMID": 552271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_964", "title": "\"In vivo\", testosterone propionate induced aberrations in Notopterus notopterus.", "content": "Germ cell chromosomes of N. notopterus responded ot the higher doses of testosterone propionate peculiarly. Emergence of anomalies like agglutination at terminal ends, clumping and precocious despiralization was evident. The stickiness, breaks, laggard and a few achromatic lesions also appeared. Effect up to 72 hrs stages was evincible and varying occurrences of chromosomal irregularities.", "contents": "\"In vivo\", testosterone propionate induced aberrations in Notopterus notopterus. Germ cell chromosomes of N. notopterus responded ot the higher doses of testosterone propionate peculiarly. Emergence of anomalies like agglutination at terminal ends, clumping and precocious despiralization was evident. The stickiness, breaks, laggard and a few achromatic lesions also appeared. Effect up to 72 hrs stages was evincible and varying occurrences of chromosomal irregularities.", "PMID": 552272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_965", "title": "Early stages of experimental atheromatosis.", "content": "In female Wistar rats, fed an atherogenic diet, the early changes of serum lipids and the deviation of the vasomotor response to adrenaline and acetylcholine were compared with morphological manifestations. It has been found that the first sign may be detected as the shift in serum lipoproteins and lipids just in a few days. Merging and decrease of alpha-lipoproteins and an increase of the beta-lipoprotein fraction proved as the most sensitive indicator. In the course of several weeks, an alteration of hemodynamic response to adrenaline and acetylcholine occured. The animals revealed a diminished depressoric response to acetylcholie, whereas their blood pressure response to adrenaline in the pressoric phase was decreased but the depressoric phase was markedly expressed. The morphological impairment of the vascular system followed with a delay of several months, although a lipoid infiltration of the liver appeared after 6 weeks of the atherogenic dietary regimen.", "contents": "Early stages of experimental atheromatosis. In female Wistar rats, fed an atherogenic diet, the early changes of serum lipids and the deviation of the vasomotor response to adrenaline and acetylcholine were compared with morphological manifestations. It has been found that the first sign may be detected as the shift in serum lipoproteins and lipids just in a few days. Merging and decrease of alpha-lipoproteins and an increase of the beta-lipoprotein fraction proved as the most sensitive indicator. In the course of several weeks, an alteration of hemodynamic response to adrenaline and acetylcholine occured. The animals revealed a diminished depressoric response to acetylcholie, whereas their blood pressure response to adrenaline in the pressoric phase was decreased but the depressoric phase was markedly expressed. The morphological impairment of the vascular system followed with a delay of several months, although a lipoid infiltration of the liver appeared after 6 weeks of the atherogenic dietary regimen.", "PMID": 552273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_966", "title": "The effect of toluene on the hematopoietic system in newt Triturus cristatus.", "content": "A macrocytic hypocromic anemia was observed in newts after toluene inhalation, with 2 concentrations, for 6 weeks. Anemia resulted associated with the used dose of toluene. Erythroblast counts, performed on blood smears and on spleen and heart imprints, showed an erythropoietic stimulus during the first weeks of treatment followed by a depressed erythrostimulating action. Differential count of erythroblasts indicated a slow maturation induced by toluene on erythroblasts. An aplasia of the spleen was suggested on the basis of the results from 6 week-treated animals. A reduction in white blood cell count, associated with increased neutrophils and lymphocytopenia, occurred only in the animals treated with the higher concentration of toluene, after 5 and 6 weeks of treatment. A decrease of phagocytic activity of neutrophils, obtained with the in vitro assays, appeared the most relevant finding at the level of lekocyte compartment.", "contents": "The effect of toluene on the hematopoietic system in newt Triturus cristatus. A macrocytic hypocromic anemia was observed in newts after toluene inhalation, with 2 concentrations, for 6 weeks. Anemia resulted associated with the used dose of toluene. Erythroblast counts, performed on blood smears and on spleen and heart imprints, showed an erythropoietic stimulus during the first weeks of treatment followed by a depressed erythrostimulating action. Differential count of erythroblasts indicated a slow maturation induced by toluene on erythroblasts. An aplasia of the spleen was suggested on the basis of the results from 6 week-treated animals. A reduction in white blood cell count, associated with increased neutrophils and lymphocytopenia, occurred only in the animals treated with the higher concentration of toluene, after 5 and 6 weeks of treatment. A decrease of phagocytic activity of neutrophils, obtained with the in vitro assays, appeared the most relevant finding at the level of lekocyte compartment.", "PMID": 552274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_967", "title": "The effects of solcoseryl on the growth and multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated \"in vitro\".", "content": "The action of Solcoseryl, a free protein extract of calf blood, was studied on chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. Solcoseryl stimulates the permitotic DNA synthesis and increases the number of mitoses.,", "contents": "The effects of solcoseryl on the growth and multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated \"in vitro\". The action of Solcoseryl, a free protein extract of calf blood, was studied on chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. Solcoseryl stimulates the permitotic DNA synthesis and increases the number of mitoses.,", "PMID": 552275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_968", "title": "Biology of Toxoplasma gondii, its survival in body tissues and liquids, risks for the pregnant woman.", "content": "After briefly outlining the biology of Toxoplasma gondii the authors discuss the resistance of the parasite in body liquids and tissues under certain environmental conditions. Parasite resistance and its consequent risk of human infection, particularly for the pregnant woman, is emphasized. Toxoplasma oocysts, the sexual expression of the parasite, and the cyst facilitate the diffusion of Toxoplasma, as they are much more resistant than the trophozoite.", "contents": "Biology of Toxoplasma gondii, its survival in body tissues and liquids, risks for the pregnant woman. After briefly outlining the biology of Toxoplasma gondii the authors discuss the resistance of the parasite in body liquids and tissues under certain environmental conditions. Parasite resistance and its consequent risk of human infection, particularly for the pregnant woman, is emphasized. Toxoplasma oocysts, the sexual expression of the parasite, and the cyst facilitate the diffusion of Toxoplasma, as they are much more resistant than the trophozoite.", "PMID": 552276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_969", "title": "Spleen lipids: effect of whole body gamma irradiation and radioprotective chemicals.", "content": "Effect of whole body gamma irradiation (1200 r) on spleen lipid metabolism of male and female rats 24 hrs and 48 hrs after irradiation and the effect of radioprotective chemicals vis. AET, serotonin, their mixture and cystamine on radiation induced changes in spleen lipid metabolism has been studied. In male rats both 24 and 48 hrs after irradiation a significant increase in spleen total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine was observed. Administration of AET before irradiation prevented the changes in spleen total lipids and cholesterol but not in phospholipids, which was prevented by prior administration of both serotonin and the mixture of serotonin and AET. In female rats 24 hrs after irradiation only spleen total lipids showed an increase which was prevented by prior administration of cystamine. In male rats, 24 hrs after irradiation the incorporation of NaH2 32PO4 (counts/min/ug PLP and counts/min/g spleen) into spleen total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was reduced and this was corrected by prior administration of AET. Serotonin and the mixture of serotonin + AET did not protect the specific activity of phosphatidy choline. In female rats irradiation increased the incorporation of NaH2 32PO4 into phosphatidylcholine, which was not prevented by prior administration of cystamine. The fatty acid composition of spleen lipid of female rats was profoundly altered 24 hrs after irradiation. Palmitic acid and oleic acid showed an increase whereas arachidonic and fatty acid above arachidonic acid showed an decrease, which were corrected by administration of cystamine before irradiation.", "contents": "Spleen lipids: effect of whole body gamma irradiation and radioprotective chemicals. Effect of whole body gamma irradiation (1200 r) on spleen lipid metabolism of male and female rats 24 hrs and 48 hrs after irradiation and the effect of radioprotective chemicals vis. AET, serotonin, their mixture and cystamine on radiation induced changes in spleen lipid metabolism has been studied. In male rats both 24 and 48 hrs after irradiation a significant increase in spleen total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine was observed. Administration of AET before irradiation prevented the changes in spleen total lipids and cholesterol but not in phospholipids, which was prevented by prior administration of both serotonin and the mixture of serotonin and AET. In female rats 24 hrs after irradiation only spleen total lipids showed an increase which was prevented by prior administration of cystamine. In male rats, 24 hrs after irradiation the incorporation of NaH2 32PO4 (counts/min/ug PLP and counts/min/g spleen) into spleen total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was reduced and this was corrected by prior administration of AET. Serotonin and the mixture of serotonin + AET did not protect the specific activity of phosphatidy choline. In female rats irradiation increased the incorporation of NaH2 32PO4 into phosphatidylcholine, which was not prevented by prior administration of cystamine. The fatty acid composition of spleen lipid of female rats was profoundly altered 24 hrs after irradiation. Palmitic acid and oleic acid showed an increase whereas arachidonic and fatty acid above arachidonic acid showed an decrease, which were corrected by administration of cystamine before irradiation.", "PMID": 552277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_970", "title": "Investigation of the muscle tissue biostructure by means of the pressing-out method. III. The water in the rabbit striated muscle tissue.", "content": "In the rabbit striated muscle tissue the free and biostructured water content have been investigated using the pressing-out method. The following percent values have been found: 20% bound water to cell colloids and different cell particles, 61% biostructure-integrated water and 19% free water.", "contents": "Investigation of the muscle tissue biostructure by means of the pressing-out method. III. The water in the rabbit striated muscle tissue. In the rabbit striated muscle tissue the free and biostructured water content have been investigated using the pressing-out method. The following percent values have been found: 20% bound water to cell colloids and different cell particles, 61% biostructure-integrated water and 19% free water.", "PMID": 552278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_971", "title": "Biomicroscopic observations on the regulation of the mesenteric arteriolo-venular anastomoses.", "content": "The behaviour of the arteriolo-venular anastomoses was investigated. Observations were completed by the electrical stimulation of the superior mesenteric artery. During stimulation a constriction was induced in the arterioles while the gauge of the anastomoses was almost unchanged. An interpretation of this observation is given.", "contents": "Biomicroscopic observations on the regulation of the mesenteric arteriolo-venular anastomoses. The behaviour of the arteriolo-venular anastomoses was investigated. Observations were completed by the electrical stimulation of the superior mesenteric artery. During stimulation a constriction was induced in the arterioles while the gauge of the anastomoses was almost unchanged. An interpretation of this observation is given.", "PMID": 552279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_972", "title": "Reduction of oral bioavailability of lignocaine by induction of first pass metabolism in epileptic patients.", "content": "1. The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine following single oral and intravenous doses have been investigated in six normal volunteers and in six patients receiving chronic antiepileptic drug therapy. 2. After intravenous administration, serum lignocaine levels declined biexponentially in all subjects. The serum clearance (mean +/- s.d.) was slightly higher in the patients (0.85 +/- 0.09 v 0.77 +/- 0.07 l/min) but the difference was not statistically significant. 3. Lignocaine bioavailability after oral administration was more than two-fold in the patients than in the normal subjects (0.15 +/- 0.06 v 0.37 +/- 0.09, P < 0.001). 4. It is suggested that the reduced bioavailability of lignocaine in the patients is a consequence of stimulation of hepatic first-pass metabolism by antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Reduction of oral bioavailability of lignocaine by induction of first pass metabolism in epileptic patients. 1. The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine following single oral and intravenous doses have been investigated in six normal volunteers and in six patients receiving chronic antiepileptic drug therapy. 2. After intravenous administration, serum lignocaine levels declined biexponentially in all subjects. The serum clearance (mean +/- s.d.) was slightly higher in the patients (0.85 +/- 0.09 v 0.77 +/- 0.07 l/min) but the difference was not statistically significant. 3. Lignocaine bioavailability after oral administration was more than two-fold in the patients than in the normal subjects (0.15 +/- 0.06 v 0.37 +/- 0.09, P < 0.001). 4. It is suggested that the reduced bioavailability of lignocaine in the patients is a consequence of stimulation of hepatic first-pass metabolism by antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 552293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_973", "title": "Effects of subjects' sex, and intake of tobacco, alcohol and oral contraceptives on plasma phenytoin levels.", "content": "1. Steady state plasma phenytoin levels in 210 epileptic patients were studied by computerized analysis of covariance to determine whether the subject's sex, alcohol intake, tobacco smoking or use of oral contraceptives influenced the relation between plasma drug level and drug dose. 2. Sex, tobacco smoking and alcohol usage had no statistically significant effect. There was a trend towards higher phenytoin levels relative to drug dose in oral contraceptive users. 3. This finding prompted an additional study of plasma phenytoin levels in 40 oral contraceptive users and 135 aged matched non-users. Analysis of covariance again showed higher plasma phenytoin levels relative to drug dose in users of oral contraceptives (P = 0.061). 4. This finding raised the possibility that the relation between plasma phenytoin level and drug dose differed between males and females who did not use oral contraceptives. However, when the relation between plasma phenytoin levels and drug dose was compared in 159 females who did not use oral contraceptives and 101 males (both groups aged 15 to 70 years) no statistically significant difference was found.", "contents": "Effects of subjects' sex, and intake of tobacco, alcohol and oral contraceptives on plasma phenytoin levels. 1. Steady state plasma phenytoin levels in 210 epileptic patients were studied by computerized analysis of covariance to determine whether the subject's sex, alcohol intake, tobacco smoking or use of oral contraceptives influenced the relation between plasma drug level and drug dose. 2. Sex, tobacco smoking and alcohol usage had no statistically significant effect. There was a trend towards higher phenytoin levels relative to drug dose in oral contraceptive users. 3. This finding prompted an additional study of plasma phenytoin levels in 40 oral contraceptive users and 135 aged matched non-users. Analysis of covariance again showed higher plasma phenytoin levels relative to drug dose in users of oral contraceptives (P = 0.061). 4. This finding raised the possibility that the relation between plasma phenytoin level and drug dose differed between males and females who did not use oral contraceptives. However, when the relation between plasma phenytoin levels and drug dose was compared in 159 females who did not use oral contraceptives and 101 males (both groups aged 15 to 70 years) no statistically significant difference was found.", "PMID": 552294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_974", "title": "Effect of increased bioavailability of phenytoin tablets on serum phenytoin concentration in epileptic out-patients.", "content": "1. The bioavailability of a brand of phenytoin tablets used in Finland was improved in 1976. In the present retrospective study serum concentrations of phenytoin, measured before and after the change of bioavailability, are compared in 50 epileptic out-patients, who for various reasons used exactly the same dose of phenytoin tablets and of other drugs despite the increased bioavailability of phenytoin. 2. The mean increase of serum phenytoin steady-state concentration was about 70% after the change of bioavailability but there were considerable interindividual differences in the response. The mean increase in serum phenytoin was only 28% in patients with serum phenytoin concentrations 5 microgram/ml or less but the mean increase was 100% in patients with serum phenytoin between 5 and 10 microgram/ml. In patients with serum phenytoin concentrations more than 10 microgram/ml the mean increase in concentration was 60-80% after the improvement of bioavailability. However, in these groups of patients some clinically manifested phenytoin intoxications enforced the patients to the control and to dose reduction obviously before the steady-state concentration of phenytoin was reached. 3. On the basis of our experiences and those reported in the literature some proposals are presented to be considered when the bioavailability of phenytoin or of another drug with a narrow therapeutic range and a dose-dependent kinetics has to be changed.", "contents": "Effect of increased bioavailability of phenytoin tablets on serum phenytoin concentration in epileptic out-patients. 1. The bioavailability of a brand of phenytoin tablets used in Finland was improved in 1976. In the present retrospective study serum concentrations of phenytoin, measured before and after the change of bioavailability, are compared in 50 epileptic out-patients, who for various reasons used exactly the same dose of phenytoin tablets and of other drugs despite the increased bioavailability of phenytoin. 2. The mean increase of serum phenytoin steady-state concentration was about 70% after the change of bioavailability but there were considerable interindividual differences in the response. The mean increase in serum phenytoin was only 28% in patients with serum phenytoin concentrations 5 microgram/ml or less but the mean increase was 100% in patients with serum phenytoin between 5 and 10 microgram/ml. In patients with serum phenytoin concentrations more than 10 microgram/ml the mean increase in concentration was 60-80% after the improvement of bioavailability. However, in these groups of patients some clinically manifested phenytoin intoxications enforced the patients to the control and to dose reduction obviously before the steady-state concentration of phenytoin was reached. 3. On the basis of our experiences and those reported in the literature some proposals are presented to be considered when the bioavailability of phenytoin or of another drug with a narrow therapeutic range and a dose-dependent kinetics has to be changed.", "PMID": 552295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_975", "title": "Plasma propranolol concentrations and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.", "content": "1. The plasma propranolol concentrations after a single oral dose of 40 mg were measured in 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compared with those of 16 patients with Crohn's disease from a previous study. Thirteen healthy volunteers were used as controls. 2. In both diseases some high and some low values occurred. This scatter did not correlate with any symptoms or biochemical or haematological data other than with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). 3. Both sets of patients were therefore separated into two groups depending on whether or not their ESRs were above or below 20 mm/l h. In both diseases the plasma propranolol concentrations of the patients with a raised ESR were significantly higher than the controls as well as those of the low ESR group. 4. In rheumatoid arthritis the plasma propranolol concentrations of the patients with a low ESR did not differ from those of the controls, but in Crohn's disease they remained significantly higher. 5. In one patient with Crohn's disease there was a dramatic rise in propranolol concentrations during an exacerbation (ESR 91 mm/l h) compared with those during a remission (ESR 20 mm/l h). 6. A difference in smoking habits did not seem to have been responsible for the difference in plasma propranolol concentrations.", "contents": "Plasma propranolol concentrations and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. 1. The plasma propranolol concentrations after a single oral dose of 40 mg were measured in 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compared with those of 16 patients with Crohn's disease from a previous study. Thirteen healthy volunteers were used as controls. 2. In both diseases some high and some low values occurred. This scatter did not correlate with any symptoms or biochemical or haematological data other than with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). 3. Both sets of patients were therefore separated into two groups depending on whether or not their ESRs were above or below 20 mm/l h. In both diseases the plasma propranolol concentrations of the patients with a raised ESR were significantly higher than the controls as well as those of the low ESR group. 4. In rheumatoid arthritis the plasma propranolol concentrations of the patients with a low ESR did not differ from those of the controls, but in Crohn's disease they remained significantly higher. 5. In one patient with Crohn's disease there was a dramatic rise in propranolol concentrations during an exacerbation (ESR 91 mm/l h) compared with those during a remission (ESR 20 mm/l h). 6. A difference in smoking habits did not seem to have been responsible for the difference in plasma propranolol concentrations.", "PMID": 552296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_976", "title": "Comparison of medigoxin and digoxin in the control of atrial fibrillation.", "content": "1 Medigoxin (Lanitop) 300 microgram/day and digoxin (Lanoxin) 500 microgram/day were compared in cross-over studies on healthy volunteers and on patients with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation. Serum glycoside concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and ventricular rates by ECG. The two regimens appeared to be therapeutically equivalent. 2 The mean serum glycoside concentration in the steady state and the rate at which this state was attained were similar with both drug regimens in the healthy volunteer group. The between-subject variation in serum glycoside concentration was not significantly less during medigoxin administration. 3 The renal clearance of serum glycoside was much lower during medigoxin administration both in healthy volunteers and in patients. This was not due to a difference in serum protein binding. The relatively small dosage requirement for medigoxin was attributed partly to a lower clearance rate and partly to more nearly complete absorption. 4 During the first 2 weeks of the patient study there was a substantial rise in mean serum glycoside concentration and a corresponding fall in ventricular rate. This was attributed to more consistent self-administration of digoxin. The subsequent change to medigoxin had no further effect on mean glycoside concentration, ventricular rate or frequency of ventricular ectopic beats. 5. An attempt to compare the onset of the ventricular rate response to a single oral dose of medigoxin with that to digoxin gave inconclusive results.", "contents": "Comparison of medigoxin and digoxin in the control of atrial fibrillation. 1 Medigoxin (Lanitop) 300 microgram/day and digoxin (Lanoxin) 500 microgram/day were compared in cross-over studies on healthy volunteers and on patients with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation. Serum glycoside concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and ventricular rates by ECG. The two regimens appeared to be therapeutically equivalent. 2 The mean serum glycoside concentration in the steady state and the rate at which this state was attained were similar with both drug regimens in the healthy volunteer group. The between-subject variation in serum glycoside concentration was not significantly less during medigoxin administration. 3 The renal clearance of serum glycoside was much lower during medigoxin administration both in healthy volunteers and in patients. This was not due to a difference in serum protein binding. The relatively small dosage requirement for medigoxin was attributed partly to a lower clearance rate and partly to more nearly complete absorption. 4 During the first 2 weeks of the patient study there was a substantial rise in mean serum glycoside concentration and a corresponding fall in ventricular rate. This was attributed to more consistent self-administration of digoxin. The subsequent change to medigoxin had no further effect on mean glycoside concentration, ventricular rate or frequency of ventricular ectopic beats. 5. An attempt to compare the onset of the ventricular rate response to a single oral dose of medigoxin with that to digoxin gave inconclusive results.", "PMID": 552298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_977", "title": "Glycolytic type I white muscle fibres lack butyrylcholinesterase activity at acetylcholinergic end plates.", "content": "Type I white fibres constitute the pale band of the pigeon serratus metapatagialis (SMP) muscle. The histochemical activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE) was studied in these unique muscle fibres. The muscle fibres possess low SDH but reciprocally high LDH activity. These tonic glycolytic fibres displayed high AChE activity at the myoneural junctions, but the latter lacked BuChE activity. Both AChE and BuChE activities were, however, present at the neuromuscular junctions of the twitch muscle fibres of the SMP muscle. Since BuChE is a precursor in AChE synthesis, the slow-tonic muscle fibres probably depend solely on the AChE transported axonally.", "contents": "Glycolytic type I white muscle fibres lack butyrylcholinesterase activity at acetylcholinergic end plates. Type I white fibres constitute the pale band of the pigeon serratus metapatagialis (SMP) muscle. The histochemical activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE) was studied in these unique muscle fibres. The muscle fibres possess low SDH but reciprocally high LDH activity. These tonic glycolytic fibres displayed high AChE activity at the myoneural junctions, but the latter lacked BuChE activity. Both AChE and BuChE activities were, however, present at the neuromuscular junctions of the twitch muscle fibres of the SMP muscle. Since BuChE is a precursor in AChE synthesis, the slow-tonic muscle fibres probably depend solely on the AChE transported axonally.", "PMID": 552306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_978", "title": "Light and electron microscopic investigation of in vitro starch synthesis in chromoplasts.", "content": "Chromoplasts having a globular inner structure in the petals of Forsythia suspensa can form starch grains in their stroma when incubated with glucose solution. The same result was obtained with chromoplasts, similar in structure, from Laburnum anagyroides and Ranunculus acer. Fibrillar chromoplasts in tepals of Lilium croceum are able to synthesize starch in vitro, not, however, from glucose but from glucose-1-phosphate. This starch differs from the above mentioned both in respect of electron microscopic structure and digestibility with alpha-amylase, a feature presumably caused by the relatively high activity of the branching (Q) enzyme. The substrate specificity of Lilium-starch synthesis can be explained by blocking of the phosphorylation of glucose in the cytoplasm, rather than by the selective permeability of the plasmalemma.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic investigation of in vitro starch synthesis in chromoplasts. Chromoplasts having a globular inner structure in the petals of Forsythia suspensa can form starch grains in their stroma when incubated with glucose solution. The same result was obtained with chromoplasts, similar in structure, from Laburnum anagyroides and Ranunculus acer. Fibrillar chromoplasts in tepals of Lilium croceum are able to synthesize starch in vitro, not, however, from glucose but from glucose-1-phosphate. This starch differs from the above mentioned both in respect of electron microscopic structure and digestibility with alpha-amylase, a feature presumably caused by the relatively high activity of the branching (Q) enzyme. The substrate specificity of Lilium-starch synthesis can be explained by blocking of the phosphorylation of glucose in the cytoplasm, rather than by the selective permeability of the plasmalemma.", "PMID": 552307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_979", "title": "Comparative levels of lysozyme activity in larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella after particulate and soluble materials injection.", "content": "Using an assay system for lysozyme activity determination in which haemolymph was compared in activity to known standards, the quantitative shifts in the lysozyme activity level of larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella, after particulate and soluble materials injection, were compared. The level of this activity in all injected larvae was higher fro that of pupae, but the immune response of pupae was more effective in all treatments when compared with activity in the non-injected controls. Furthermore, there was a significant higher level of lysozyme activity in pupae subjected to mechanical immunizing agents, except inversed pupae in  which alternation in activity was not significantly different from activity in the corresponding nonexposed insects. Although the exact role of lysozyme in insect immunity is still uncertain, it is possible that this lysosomal enzyme may degrade the cell wall of susceptible parasites prior to being phagocytosed, and thereby act as a nonspecific inducible humoral defence molecule.", "contents": "Comparative levels of lysozyme activity in larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella after particulate and soluble materials injection. Using an assay system for lysozyme activity determination in which haemolymph was compared in activity to known standards, the quantitative shifts in the lysozyme activity level of larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella, after particulate and soluble materials injection, were compared. The level of this activity in all injected larvae was higher fro that of pupae, but the immune response of pupae was more effective in all treatments when compared with activity in the non-injected controls. Furthermore, there was a significant higher level of lysozyme activity in pupae subjected to mechanical immunizing agents, except inversed pupae in  which alternation in activity was not significantly different from activity in the corresponding nonexposed insects. Although the exact role of lysozyme in insect immunity is still uncertain, it is possible that this lysosomal enzyme may degrade the cell wall of susceptible parasites prior to being phagocytosed, and thereby act as a nonspecific inducible humoral defence molecule.", "PMID": 552308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_980", "title": "Comparison of steady state phenytoin metabolism in alcoholic immediately after drinking ceases and three weeks later.", "content": "Chronic use of alcoholic beverages as found in American alcoholics changes the rate of phenytoin metabolism but the prevalence of this change is not known because too few patients have been studied and no observations exist on its persistence after drinking ceases. This study reports observations in four alcoholic patients.", "contents": "Comparison of steady state phenytoin metabolism in alcoholic immediately after drinking ceases and three weeks later. Chronic use of alcoholic beverages as found in American alcoholics changes the rate of phenytoin metabolism but the prevalence of this change is not known because too few patients have been studied and no observations exist on its persistence after drinking ceases. This study reports observations in four alcoholic patients.", "PMID": 552309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_981", "title": "Effects of cortical, hypothalamic, and hippocampal lesions on chronic alcohol intake and preference in rats.", "content": "The effects of cortical, hippocampal, and suprachiasmatic (hypothalamic) lesions on forced alcohol consumption, alcohol preference and the distribution of alcohol intake throughout the day were examined in rats. Controls included by hypothalamic sham-operated and unoperated groups. Baseline water intake during light and dark and initial alcohol preference (10% alcohol versus water) were determined. All animals then were placed on a forced alcohol consumption regimen consisting of ad lib lab-chow and 10% ethanol in water. On the sixth day of each week during the alcoholization regimen, light and dark phase alcohol intake was assessed and on the seventh day of each week, a 24-hr, two-bottle alcohol preference test (10% ethanol) was given. After nine weeks on the forced alcohol regimen, all animals were given a seven day \"withdrawal\" period consisting of access to plain water and to 10% alcohol in water. Throughout both the forced alcoholization and withdrawal periods, the lesioned groups, especially the cortically lesioned group, displayed a significantly greater preference for the 10% alcohol solution than any of the control groups. Control and lesion groups did not differ significantly in their preference for a 5% alcohol solution or for a quinine solution, suggesting that simple taste threshold changes probably would not account for these data. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that the brain lesions may have rendered the animals more sensitive to the \"addictive\" and/or reinforcing properties of ethanol.", "contents": "Effects of cortical, hypothalamic, and hippocampal lesions on chronic alcohol intake and preference in rats. The effects of cortical, hippocampal, and suprachiasmatic (hypothalamic) lesions on forced alcohol consumption, alcohol preference and the distribution of alcohol intake throughout the day were examined in rats. Controls included by hypothalamic sham-operated and unoperated groups. Baseline water intake during light and dark and initial alcohol preference (10% alcohol versus water) were determined. All animals then were placed on a forced alcohol consumption regimen consisting of ad lib lab-chow and 10% ethanol in water. On the sixth day of each week during the alcoholization regimen, light and dark phase alcohol intake was assessed and on the seventh day of each week, a 24-hr, two-bottle alcohol preference test (10% ethanol) was given. After nine weeks on the forced alcohol regimen, all animals were given a seven day \"withdrawal\" period consisting of access to plain water and to 10% alcohol in water. Throughout both the forced alcoholization and withdrawal periods, the lesioned groups, especially the cortically lesioned group, displayed a significantly greater preference for the 10% alcohol solution than any of the control groups. Control and lesion groups did not differ significantly in their preference for a 5% alcohol solution or for a quinine solution, suggesting that simple taste threshold changes probably would not account for these data. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that the brain lesions may have rendered the animals more sensitive to the \"addictive\" and/or reinforcing properties of ethanol.", "PMID": 552311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_982", "title": "Diagnosis of alcoholism: the Munich Alcoholism Test (MALT).", "content": "The purpose of our project was to develop and empirically test a diagnostic instrument which would permit sufficiently reliable differentiation between alcoholics and healthy as well as sick persons and which would also be easy and economical to administer. For this purpose, roughly 250 diagnostically relevant items were selected from the extensive literature on alcoholism and, with a total of 1335 patients (661 of these were alcoholics), were evaluated in three separate phases for their ability to differentiate. The best items were selected on the basis of various statistical criteria and then cross-validated. The result is the Munich Alcoholism Test (MAT) which consists of two complementary parts: a 7-item physician's assessment part and a 24-item self-assessment part. In a cross-validation study on 675 unselected in- and outpatients a validity of r = 0.94 was obtained. The reliability of the self-assessment part was r = 0.84.", "contents": "Diagnosis of alcoholism: the Munich Alcoholism Test (MALT). The purpose of our project was to develop and empirically test a diagnostic instrument which would permit sufficiently reliable differentiation between alcoholics and healthy as well as sick persons and which would also be easy and economical to administer. For this purpose, roughly 250 diagnostically relevant items were selected from the extensive literature on alcoholism and, with a total of 1335 patients (661 of these were alcoholics), were evaluated in three separate phases for their ability to differentiate. The best items were selected on the basis of various statistical criteria and then cross-validated. The result is the Munich Alcoholism Test (MAT) which consists of two complementary parts: a 7-item physician's assessment part and a 24-item self-assessment part. In a cross-validation study on 675 unselected in- and outpatients a validity of r = 0.94 was obtained. The reliability of the self-assessment part was r = 0.84.", "PMID": 552313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_983", "title": "Rate of alcoholism diagnoses in community mental health centers: the effect of the presence of an alcoholism treatment program.", "content": "In this study, it was hypothesized that community mental health centers (CMHCs) with distinct alcoholism treatment programs (ATPs) would diagnose alcohol problems at a greater frequency than would centers without ATPs. It was also hypothesized that psychoses, personality disorders, and transient situational disturbances would be diagnosed more frequently in CMHCs without ATPs. Yearly diagnostic admission data from nine of Nebraska's CMHCs (four with ATPs, five without) were used. It was found that CMHCs with ATPs diagnosed significantly more alcohol problems than did CMHCs without ATPs (23.5% vs 4.2%). In addition, it was found that CMHCs with ATPs diagnosed significantly lower totals of transient situational disturbances than did CMHCs without ATPs. No differences were found between CMHCs on totals of other diagnostic categories. Practical implications and several alternative explanations for the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Rate of alcoholism diagnoses in community mental health centers: the effect of the presence of an alcoholism treatment program. In this study, it was hypothesized that community mental health centers (CMHCs) with distinct alcoholism treatment programs (ATPs) would diagnose alcohol problems at a greater frequency than would centers without ATPs. It was also hypothesized that psychoses, personality disorders, and transient situational disturbances would be diagnosed more frequently in CMHCs without ATPs. Yearly diagnostic admission data from nine of Nebraska's CMHCs (four with ATPs, five without) were used. It was found that CMHCs with ATPs diagnosed significantly more alcohol problems than did CMHCs without ATPs (23.5% vs 4.2%). In addition, it was found that CMHCs with ATPs diagnosed significantly lower totals of transient situational disturbances than did CMHCs without ATPs. No differences were found between CMHCs on totals of other diagnostic categories. Practical implications and several alternative explanations for the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 552314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_984", "title": "Empirical correlates of self-report drinking measures.", "content": "Self-report questionnaires assessing various drinking behaviors and constructs were administered to subjects in two separate empirical studies of longitudinal drinking patterns. The results suggest that self-report measures of both specific and general drinking behavior accurately differentiate drinkers who vary in frequency and intensity of alcohol consumption.", "contents": "Empirical correlates of self-report drinking measures. Self-report questionnaires assessing various drinking behaviors and constructs were administered to subjects in two separate empirical studies of longitudinal drinking patterns. The results suggest that self-report measures of both specific and general drinking behavior accurately differentiate drinkers who vary in frequency and intensity of alcohol consumption.", "PMID": 552315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_985", "title": "Relationships of subclinical depression, psychopathy and hysteria to patterns of alcohol consumption and abuse in males and females.", "content": "Personality studies have consistently indicated a high prevalence of both psychopathy and depression among chronic alcoholics. This study examined the relationship of subclinical depression, psychopathy and hysteria (MMPI) to reported alcohol consumption and abuse (MAST scores) in a normal population of 18--21 year-olds. Both depression and psychopathy were positively related to frequency of consumption whereas hysteria was not. Separate analyses of the data were conducted by sex. Psychopathy and depression were positively related to consumption among males but not among females. Hysteria was positively related to consumption among females but not among males. Regarding abusive drinking, both depression and psychopathy were related to MAST scores among females whereas only psychopathy was among males. Hysteria was unrelated to MAST scores among both sexes. These results support the hypothesis that different psychological processes are involved in the drinking behavior of males and females. The results also underscore the importance of distinguishing simple consumption from abuse. Within the male and female groups, those personality variables related to consumption were not necessarily related to abuse and vice versa.", "contents": "Relationships of subclinical depression, psychopathy and hysteria to patterns of alcohol consumption and abuse in males and females. Personality studies have consistently indicated a high prevalence of both psychopathy and depression among chronic alcoholics. This study examined the relationship of subclinical depression, psychopathy and hysteria (MMPI) to reported alcohol consumption and abuse (MAST scores) in a normal population of 18--21 year-olds. Both depression and psychopathy were positively related to frequency of consumption whereas hysteria was not. Separate analyses of the data were conducted by sex. Psychopathy and depression were positively related to consumption among males but not among females. Hysteria was positively related to consumption among females but not among males. Regarding abusive drinking, both depression and psychopathy were related to MAST scores among females whereas only psychopathy was among males. Hysteria was unrelated to MAST scores among both sexes. These results support the hypothesis that different psychological processes are involved in the drinking behavior of males and females. The results also underscore the importance of distinguishing simple consumption from abuse. Within the male and female groups, those personality variables related to consumption were not necessarily related to abuse and vice versa.", "PMID": 552318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_986", "title": "Muscle tension and experienced control: effects of alcohol intake vs biofeedback on alcoholics and non-alcoholics.", "content": "Tension reduction has often been implicated as a central cause of excessive alcohol consumption among alcoholics, based on the premise that drinking reduces tension and reinforces subsequent overconsumption. Also, cognitive and personality variables clearly mediate the effects of alcohol. Drinking may be a means of increasing the degree of control experienced over internal and external sources of tension. Integrated frontalis EMG levels for a group of 74 alcoholic patients were significantly greater than for 74 non-alcoholics. During a period of alcohol consumption, significant change scores were found between alcoholic (N = 18) and non-alcoholic (N = 18) groups for both EMG and experienced control (EC). Significant changes were found within both groups on EMG but only for the alcoholic group on EC. During a biofeedback period, there were significant differences between alcoholic (N = 12) and non-alcoholic (N = 12) groups on both baseline measures, EMG and EC. Increases in EC were significantly related to decreases in EMG in both groups.", "contents": "Muscle tension and experienced control: effects of alcohol intake vs biofeedback on alcoholics and non-alcoholics. Tension reduction has often been implicated as a central cause of excessive alcohol consumption among alcoholics, based on the premise that drinking reduces tension and reinforces subsequent overconsumption. Also, cognitive and personality variables clearly mediate the effects of alcohol. Drinking may be a means of increasing the degree of control experienced over internal and external sources of tension. Integrated frontalis EMG levels for a group of 74 alcoholic patients were significantly greater than for 74 non-alcoholics. During a period of alcohol consumption, significant change scores were found between alcoholic (N = 18) and non-alcoholic (N = 18) groups for both EMG and experienced control (EC). Significant changes were found within both groups on EMG but only for the alcoholic group on EC. During a biofeedback period, there were significant differences between alcoholic (N = 12) and non-alcoholic (N = 12) groups on both baseline measures, EMG and EC. Increases in EC were significantly related to decreases in EMG in both groups.", "PMID": 552319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_987", "title": "Recovery of cognitive abilities in male alcoholics.", "content": "Recovery of cognitive functioning in male alcoholic patients during 3 months abstinence was assessed using a shortened version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Twenty-four alcoholic patients were tested after 2 to 3 weeks of sobriety and at 11 to 12 weeks post-drinking, while a second group of 24 alcoholic patients was tested only after 11 to 12 weeks of sobriety. A control group of 24 healthy males also received the WCST. After 3 weeks of sobriety, alcoholic patients completed significantly fewer categories and made more errors than control subjects. Alcoholic patients also made more perseverative response than did controls. At 12 weeks post-drinking, the performance of alcoholic subjects was intermediate to that of controls and to alcoholic patients tested following 3 weeks of abstinence and did not differ significantly from either group. The results suggest that following the acute withdrawal period alcoholic patients experience difficulties in conceptual abilities and in the capacity to shift cognitive sets when appropriate. After nearly 3 months of abstinence, partial but not complete recovery of these abilities is evident.", "contents": "Recovery of cognitive abilities in male alcoholics. Recovery of cognitive functioning in male alcoholic patients during 3 months abstinence was assessed using a shortened version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Twenty-four alcoholic patients were tested after 2 to 3 weeks of sobriety and at 11 to 12 weeks post-drinking, while a second group of 24 alcoholic patients was tested only after 11 to 12 weeks of sobriety. A control group of 24 healthy males also received the WCST. After 3 weeks of sobriety, alcoholic patients completed significantly fewer categories and made more errors than control subjects. Alcoholic patients also made more perseverative response than did controls. At 12 weeks post-drinking, the performance of alcoholic subjects was intermediate to that of controls and to alcoholic patients tested following 3 weeks of abstinence and did not differ significantly from either group. The results suggest that following the acute withdrawal period alcoholic patients experience difficulties in conceptual abilities and in the capacity to shift cognitive sets when appropriate. After nearly 3 months of abstinence, partial but not complete recovery of these abilities is evident.", "PMID": 552320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_988", "title": "Splitting as a defense mechanism in children of alcoholic parents.", "content": "This paper is an attempt to identify an antecedent of overt symptomatology in children of alcoholic parents. Through art and verbal productions, within the context of a structured learning experience, primitive ego defenses and severely impaired object relations can be detected. The concept of splitting vs. repression in object relations theory and its implications for the future functioning of the child is discussed. Clinical material illustrating differences between the child who utilizes mature ego defenses and the child who resorts to splitting is presented.", "contents": "Splitting as a defense mechanism in children of alcoholic parents. This paper is an attempt to identify an antecedent of overt symptomatology in children of alcoholic parents. Through art and verbal productions, within the context of a structured learning experience, primitive ego defenses and severely impaired object relations can be detected. The concept of splitting vs. repression in object relations theory and its implications for the future functioning of the child is discussed. Clinical material illustrating differences between the child who utilizes mature ego defenses and the child who resorts to splitting is presented.", "PMID": 552321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_989", "title": "Thought disorder in alcoholics.", "content": "Research on cognitive impairment in chronic alcoholics has generally focused on pathology associated with organic brain damage. On the other hand, deficits more typical of the functional psychoses have been less explored, due to the absence of appropriate tests. By using the Thought Disorder Rating Scale (TDRS) recently developed at our Center, however, we have tested chronic alcoholics for the presence of classical symptoms of thought disorder. This test is based on the assessment of the patient's verbal behavior by an experienced clinician. Twenty subjects free of psychosis, severe withdrawal symptoms, and medical illness were, after detoxification, administered a test battery which included the TDRS, the Bender-Gestalt Test, and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Five scored pathologically for thought disorder and of them four had abnormal Benders; whereas only two of 15 of those without thought disorder had abnormal Benders (t = 2.84, p < .01). Although SDS scores for both groups were in the depressed range, there was no significant difference between SDS means for the two groups. TDRS scores for these alcoholics are compared with those for other diagnosed groups, and implications for future investigation are discussed.", "contents": "Thought disorder in alcoholics. Research on cognitive impairment in chronic alcoholics has generally focused on pathology associated with organic brain damage. On the other hand, deficits more typical of the functional psychoses have been less explored, due to the absence of appropriate tests. By using the Thought Disorder Rating Scale (TDRS) recently developed at our Center, however, we have tested chronic alcoholics for the presence of classical symptoms of thought disorder. This test is based on the assessment of the patient's verbal behavior by an experienced clinician. Twenty subjects free of psychosis, severe withdrawal symptoms, and medical illness were, after detoxification, administered a test battery which included the TDRS, the Bender-Gestalt Test, and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Five scored pathologically for thought disorder and of them four had abnormal Benders; whereas only two of 15 of those without thought disorder had abnormal Benders (t = 2.84, p < .01). Although SDS scores for both groups were in the depressed range, there was no significant difference between SDS means for the two groups. TDRS scores for these alcoholics are compared with those for other diagnosed groups, and implications for future investigation are discussed.", "PMID": 552322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_990", "title": "Alcoholism-related content in the MMPI: item analysis of alcoholics vs. normal and general psychiatric populations.", "content": "An analysis of alcoholism-related content in the MMPI was undertaken using an alcoholic population, a psychiatric population and two normal populations. The alcoholic and psychiatric groups were drawn from facilities in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, and the normal populations were the Hathaway Adult Group and the Mayo Clinic nonpsychiatric patient group. A derivation study and a cross-validation resulted in the identification of three item pools: 1) that discriminate alcoholics from both normals and psychiatric patients, 2) items that discriminate alcoholics from normals only, 3) items that discriminate alcoholics from psychiatric patients only. Only seven items discriminate both male and female alcoholics from both normals and psychiatric patients. These items have substantial face validity. As the core of alcoholism-related content in the MMPI, they can serve as a stem for the development of scales with more specialized purposes.", "contents": "Alcoholism-related content in the MMPI: item analysis of alcoholics vs. normal and general psychiatric populations. An analysis of alcoholism-related content in the MMPI was undertaken using an alcoholic population, a psychiatric population and two normal populations. The alcoholic and psychiatric groups were drawn from facilities in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, and the normal populations were the Hathaway Adult Group and the Mayo Clinic nonpsychiatric patient group. A derivation study and a cross-validation resulted in the identification of three item pools: 1) that discriminate alcoholics from both normals and psychiatric patients, 2) items that discriminate alcoholics from normals only, 3) items that discriminate alcoholics from psychiatric patients only. Only seven items discriminate both male and female alcoholics from both normals and psychiatric patients. These items have substantial face validity. As the core of alcoholism-related content in the MMPI, they can serve as a stem for the development of scales with more specialized purposes.", "PMID": 552323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_991", "title": "Continuities in the olfactory deficits of chronic alcoholics and alcoholics with the Korsakoff syndrome.", "content": "Olfactory dysfunction, a finding prevalent among alcoholic Korsakoff patients, was investigated in long-term alcoholics with Korsakoff's Syndrome. The results demonstrate that alcoholics are impaired on odor quality discrimination but performed normally on complex hue discriminations. These findings support the hypothesis that chronic alcoholics and alcoholic Korsakoff patients represent two points on a single continuum of cognitive deterioration associated with alcohol abuse.", "contents": "Continuities in the olfactory deficits of chronic alcoholics and alcoholics with the Korsakoff syndrome. Olfactory dysfunction, a finding prevalent among alcoholic Korsakoff patients, was investigated in long-term alcoholics with Korsakoff's Syndrome. The results demonstrate that alcoholics are impaired on odor quality discrimination but performed normally on complex hue discriminations. These findings support the hypothesis that chronic alcoholics and alcoholic Korsakoff patients represent two points on a single continuum of cognitive deterioration associated with alcohol abuse.", "PMID": 552324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_992", "title": "Treatment outcome for alcoholics as a function of therapeutic effort.", "content": "The association between therapeutic effort measured in terms of reimbursements for services and several treatment outcome variables was examined. A sample of clients regarded as definitely alcoholic was grouped into five categories according to the amount of money reimbursed for treatment in a fee-for-service arrangement. A systematic positive relationship was found between the amount of treatment measured in dollars and therapeutic outcome measured by remission rate and income. The data suggest that there may be an optimal cutoff for resource investment, above which no further treatment gains are achieved. Such information can provide a basis for program management decisions and suggests important implications for assumptions regarding alcoholism.", "contents": "Treatment outcome for alcoholics as a function of therapeutic effort. The association between therapeutic effort measured in terms of reimbursements for services and several treatment outcome variables was examined. A sample of clients regarded as definitely alcoholic was grouped into five categories according to the amount of money reimbursed for treatment in a fee-for-service arrangement. A systematic positive relationship was found between the amount of treatment measured in dollars and therapeutic outcome measured by remission rate and income. The data suggest that there may be an optimal cutoff for resource investment, above which no further treatment gains are achieved. Such information can provide a basis for program management decisions and suggests important implications for assumptions regarding alcoholism.", "PMID": 552325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_993", "title": "A clinical-interactive approach to alcoholism treatment evaluation.", "content": "This presentation is concerned with a particular approach to empirical evaluation of psychologically-oriented alcoholism treatment which offers hope for results that are more relevant to clinical applications than has been the case with past empirical research. This particular approach has been termed, for want of a better term, a \"clinical-interactive\" one for two reasons. First, the psychological makeup of alcoholic patients and the experiential nature of the treatment process they undergo constitute much of the focus of investigation, providing more vivid conceptual bridges to clinical applications. Second, treatment is conceived of as a result of the interaction between the nature of the patient and the patient's experienced involvement in various aspects of the treatment process and openness to continued treatment involvement, rather than as categorically different formal treatment procedures. In what follows, the utility of this approach will be illustrated with respect to the sort of prediction models applicable to alcoholism treatment as explored in a pilot study.", "contents": "A clinical-interactive approach to alcoholism treatment evaluation. This presentation is concerned with a particular approach to empirical evaluation of psychologically-oriented alcoholism treatment which offers hope for results that are more relevant to clinical applications than has been the case with past empirical research. This particular approach has been termed, for want of a better term, a \"clinical-interactive\" one for two reasons. First, the psychological makeup of alcoholic patients and the experiential nature of the treatment process they undergo constitute much of the focus of investigation, providing more vivid conceptual bridges to clinical applications. Second, treatment is conceived of as a result of the interaction between the nature of the patient and the patient's experienced involvement in various aspects of the treatment process and openness to continued treatment involvement, rather than as categorically different formal treatment procedures. In what follows, the utility of this approach will be illustrated with respect to the sort of prediction models applicable to alcoholism treatment as explored in a pilot study.", "PMID": 552326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_994", "title": "Monitored Antabuse in the emergency room.", "content": "The Southern Tier Alcoholism Rehabilitation Service (STARS), a full-service treatment program, has for some time offered monitored antabuse to a few selected patients. This is given daily on an outpatient basis in the emergency room of the general hospital in which we are located. Over 100 patients have been served. This has been helpful for two kinds of patients: 1) those self-motivated voluntary patients making use of this on a short-term basis to extend structure, reassurance, support, and other rehabilitation services following a period of inpatient detoxification, or to get \"realigned\" following a brief slip, and 2) those poorly motivated patients using this on a long-term basis at the direction of the courts. About half of this latter group have been unsuccessful alumni of 30-day treatment programs outside the community. The program ensures a long-term (several months) period of sobriety in the patient's home setting, offering a chance to develop new life styles, support systems, and respect which can eventually become self-sustaining. It is unlikely that these changes would come about while the patient continued actively drinking. Specific procedures of administration, record keeping, confidentiality, and payment are discussed. The cost-effectiveness to motivated patients and cost-avoidance to taxpayers and third-party payers while providing effective therapy to long-term patients are significant advantages of the program.", "contents": "Monitored Antabuse in the emergency room. The Southern Tier Alcoholism Rehabilitation Service (STARS), a full-service treatment program, has for some time offered monitored antabuse to a few selected patients. This is given daily on an outpatient basis in the emergency room of the general hospital in which we are located. Over 100 patients have been served. This has been helpful for two kinds of patients: 1) those self-motivated voluntary patients making use of this on a short-term basis to extend structure, reassurance, support, and other rehabilitation services following a period of inpatient detoxification, or to get \"realigned\" following a brief slip, and 2) those poorly motivated patients using this on a long-term basis at the direction of the courts. About half of this latter group have been unsuccessful alumni of 30-day treatment programs outside the community. The program ensures a long-term (several months) period of sobriety in the patient's home setting, offering a chance to develop new life styles, support systems, and respect which can eventually become self-sustaining. It is unlikely that these changes would come about while the patient continued actively drinking. Specific procedures of administration, record keeping, confidentiality, and payment are discussed. The cost-effectiveness to motivated patients and cost-avoidance to taxpayers and third-party payers while providing effective therapy to long-term patients are significant advantages of the program.", "PMID": 552329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_995", "title": "The use of haloperidol to control agitation/violence during admission to an alcohol detoxification center.", "content": "In a consecutive 24 month experience at a medical, non-hospital, alcohol detoxification center operating under a Uniform Alcoholism Act, the R.N.'s option (in the standing orders) for use of haloperidol (5 mg I.M.) proved remarkably beneficial in the control of agitation combativeness, or violence exhibited on admission. There were 24 instances of use during 6,947 admissions and undesired side effects were rare even in patients receiving the drug on multiple admissions.", "contents": "The use of haloperidol to control agitation/violence during admission to an alcohol detoxification center. In a consecutive 24 month experience at a medical, non-hospital, alcohol detoxification center operating under a Uniform Alcoholism Act, the R.N.'s option (in the standing orders) for use of haloperidol (5 mg I.M.) proved remarkably beneficial in the control of agitation combativeness, or violence exhibited on admission. There were 24 instances of use during 6,947 admissions and undesired side effects were rare even in patients receiving the drug on multiple admissions.", "PMID": 552330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_996", "title": "Screening for alcohol problems among the unemployed.", "content": "Of 2,996 welfare recipients applying for CETA benefits at the Milwaukee office of Jewish Vocational Service between 3/1/78-9/30/78, a 10% sample (N = 309) was screened for assessment of alcohol problems. After obtaining voluntary informed consent from participants (6% declined), trained interviewers individually administered a 16-item alcoholism At-Risk Questionnaire (ARQ) based on observations by NCA's Criteria Committee; a standard form of the 25-item Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST); and a 35-item interview structured around a selectively modified version of NCA's Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism (CRIT). Analyses of data suggested that our ARQ was of little value in discriminating between problem drinkers and other persons, although significantly correlated with MAST and CRIT scores. Using a conventional scoring of the MAST, 53.6% of the sample appeared to have significant alcohol problems, while our CRIT identified only 31.9% as problem drinkers. By combining the MAST + CRIT in a unique scoring system, a more conservative estimate of 36.57% problem drinkers, with an estimated error rate of 1.63% false negatives and 23.45% false positives, was determined. Further modification of MAST + CRIT scoring led to a revised estimate of 25.41% problem drinkers with estimated false-positive and false-negative rates of 7.55% and 6.5% respectively. Implications for research and plans for further modifications of screening procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Screening for alcohol problems among the unemployed. Of 2,996 welfare recipients applying for CETA benefits at the Milwaukee office of Jewish Vocational Service between 3/1/78-9/30/78, a 10% sample (N = 309) was screened for assessment of alcohol problems. After obtaining voluntary informed consent from participants (6% declined), trained interviewers individually administered a 16-item alcoholism At-Risk Questionnaire (ARQ) based on observations by NCA's Criteria Committee; a standard form of the 25-item Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST); and a 35-item interview structured around a selectively modified version of NCA's Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism (CRIT). Analyses of data suggested that our ARQ was of little value in discriminating between problem drinkers and other persons, although significantly correlated with MAST and CRIT scores. Using a conventional scoring of the MAST, 53.6% of the sample appeared to have significant alcohol problems, while our CRIT identified only 31.9% as problem drinkers. By combining the MAST + CRIT in a unique scoring system, a more conservative estimate of 36.57% problem drinkers, with an estimated error rate of 1.63% false negatives and 23.45% false positives, was determined. Further modification of MAST + CRIT scoring led to a revised estimate of 25.41% problem drinkers with estimated false-positive and false-negative rates of 7.55% and 6.5% respectively. Implications for research and plans for further modifications of screening procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 552333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_997", "title": "Social activity and drinking patterns.", "content": "This paper reports data on the relationship between social activity and daily alcohol consumption in a random sample of adults in metropolitan Boston. The findings indicate that the frequency of going to bars and attending parties was significantly related to daily alcohol consumption.", "contents": "Social activity and drinking patterns. This paper reports data on the relationship between social activity and daily alcohol consumption in a random sample of adults in metropolitan Boston. The findings indicate that the frequency of going to bars and attending parties was significantly related to daily alcohol consumption.", "PMID": 552334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_998", "title": "The effect of ethanol consumption on trace elements in the fetal rat.", "content": "It is postulated that in the fetus trace element alternations secondary to maternal alcohol ingestion contribute to fetal alcohol syndrome. Female Charles River CD rats were given a semi-synthetic diet through two pregnancies. Half of the animals received 6% ethanol (v/v) in their drinking water. The animals were divided into the following groups: Control group received the diet ad lib, alcohol group received the diet and alcohol ad lib, pair fed group received a diet isocaloric with the alcohol group, and the alcohol + ZnMg group received the basal diet with added magnesium, zinc and alcohol. On the twenty-first day of gestation animals were sacrificed and iron, copper, zinc and magnesium measured in maternal and fetal tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated significantly reduced fetal zinc in the alcohol group while copper and iron levels were increased. In maternal tissues, only the femur was affected. Zinc and magnesium were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) while iron was increased (p < 0.01). The observed effects were not due to reduced food intake. The expected changes in tissue zinc and magnesium were prevented by diets fortified with these minerals. These results are consistant with our hypothesis that alcohol interferes with trace element metabolism during pregnancy and that diet can be manipulated to alter its effects.", "contents": "The effect of ethanol consumption on trace elements in the fetal rat. It is postulated that in the fetus trace element alternations secondary to maternal alcohol ingestion contribute to fetal alcohol syndrome. Female Charles River CD rats were given a semi-synthetic diet through two pregnancies. Half of the animals received 6% ethanol (v/v) in their drinking water. The animals were divided into the following groups: Control group received the diet ad lib, alcohol group received the diet and alcohol ad lib, pair fed group received a diet isocaloric with the alcohol group, and the alcohol + ZnMg group received the basal diet with added magnesium, zinc and alcohol. On the twenty-first day of gestation animals were sacrificed and iron, copper, zinc and magnesium measured in maternal and fetal tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated significantly reduced fetal zinc in the alcohol group while copper and iron levels were increased. In maternal tissues, only the femur was affected. Zinc and magnesium were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) while iron was increased (p < 0.01). The observed effects were not due to reduced food intake. The expected changes in tissue zinc and magnesium were prevented by diets fortified with these minerals. These results are consistant with our hypothesis that alcohol interferes with trace element metabolism during pregnancy and that diet can be manipulated to alter its effects.", "PMID": 552336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_999", "title": "An examination of male and female alcoholics' perceptions of their present and ideal family environments.", "content": "The impact of alcoholism on family life is of major interest to the alcohol field. A comparison between male and female alcoholics' perceptions of their present and ideal family lives was conducted through use of a self-report questionnaire. The data revealed no difference between them regarding their perceptions of their present lives, but significant differences in their perceptions of the ideal family environment. The generic impact of alcoholism and the changing sex roles of men and women are given as possible explanations for these results.", "contents": "An examination of male and female alcoholics' perceptions of their present and ideal family environments. The impact of alcoholism on family life is of major interest to the alcohol field. A comparison between male and female alcoholics' perceptions of their present and ideal family lives was conducted through use of a self-report questionnaire. The data revealed no difference between them regarding their perceptions of their present lives, but significant differences in their perceptions of the ideal family environment. The generic impact of alcoholism and the changing sex roles of men and women are given as possible explanations for these results.", "PMID": 552339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1000", "title": "Cirrhosis mortality among American Indian women: rates and ratios, 1975 and 1976.", "content": "National sex-specific cirrhosis mortality data for 1975 and 1976 are examined for American Indians, and comparisons are made with two other major racial groups. Females account for almost half of the total cirrhosis deaths among Indians, compared to about one-third of the deaths among each of the other two racial groups. The ratio of male to female death rate is about 2 to 1 for Whites and Blacks, and about 1 to 1 for American Indians. In 1975 one out of four deaths among Indian women of ages 35--44 was attributed to cirrhosis. The age-specific mortality rate for Indian women age 35--54 is about 103 per 100,000 in 1975 and about 128 per 100,000 in 1976, compared to about 37 per 100,000 for Black women and 15 per 100,000 for White women for these years. Rates for male Indians exceed those for female Indians and exceed those for White and Black males. Age-adjusted rates are also presented, and potential areas for future research are suggested.", "contents": "Cirrhosis mortality among American Indian women: rates and ratios, 1975 and 1976. National sex-specific cirrhosis mortality data for 1975 and 1976 are examined for American Indians, and comparisons are made with two other major racial groups. Females account for almost half of the total cirrhosis deaths among Indians, compared to about one-third of the deaths among each of the other two racial groups. The ratio of male to female death rate is about 2 to 1 for Whites and Blacks, and about 1 to 1 for American Indians. In 1975 one out of four deaths among Indian women of ages 35--44 was attributed to cirrhosis. The age-specific mortality rate for Indian women age 35--54 is about 103 per 100,000 in 1975 and about 128 per 100,000 in 1976, compared to about 37 per 100,000 for Black women and 15 per 100,000 for White women for these years. Rates for male Indians exceed those for female Indians and exceed those for White and Black males. Age-adjusted rates are also presented, and potential areas for future research are suggested.", "PMID": 552341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1001", "title": "Neuropsychological impairment in female alcoholics.", "content": "Cognitive performance of women alcoholics was assessed to determine whether level and pattern of impairment would be similar to that found in male alcoholics. Subjects were 25 female alcoholics enrolled in residential treatment and 25 female nonalcoholics equated on age, education and vocabulary. Both groups were screened for medical and drug problems before neuropsychological testing.", "contents": "Neuropsychological impairment in female alcoholics. Cognitive performance of women alcoholics was assessed to determine whether level and pattern of impairment would be similar to that found in male alcoholics. Subjects were 25 female alcoholics enrolled in residential treatment and 25 female nonalcoholics equated on age, education and vocabulary. Both groups were screened for medical and drug problems before neuropsychological testing.", "PMID": 552343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1002", "title": "Psychosocial differences between male and female alcoholics.", "content": "This study was designed to further explore and compare psychological characteristics in male and female alcoholics at an inpatient treatment program of an urban general hospital. In addition to comparing male and female variables, the study also sets out to determine whether there is any correlation between depression and female alcoholics.", "contents": "Psychosocial differences between male and female alcoholics. This study was designed to further explore and compare psychological characteristics in male and female alcoholics at an inpatient treatment program of an urban general hospital. In addition to comparing male and female variables, the study also sets out to determine whether there is any correlation between depression and female alcoholics.", "PMID": 552344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1003", "title": "Maternal heavy drinking related to delayed onset of daughters menstruation.", "content": "Maternal drinking during pregnancy was related to filial age at menarche. Daughters showed a trend to late menarche if their mothers drank heavily during pregnancy.", "contents": "Maternal heavy drinking related to delayed onset of daughters menstruation. Maternal drinking during pregnancy was related to filial age at menarche. Daughters showed a trend to late menarche if their mothers drank heavily during pregnancy.", "PMID": 552346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1004", "title": "Effect of ethanol on cholesteryl ester hydrolases in adrenal.", "content": "An assay of cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity of microsomes from guinea pig adrenal indicated maximal activity at pH at pH 4.0 and 5.5. When ethanol was added to the microsomes, these enzymes showed differences in response with increasing ethanol concentration. Rats administered 15% ethanol as drink for 4--5 months showed a small (20%) increase in cholesteryl ester hydrolase (pH 4.0) activity in adrenal as compared to controls. However, a 50% decrease in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity resulted when rats were administered ethanol by intragastric tubing technique (15 days) as compared to controls treated similarly with saline. The decrease in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was correlated with an increase in cholesteryl ester level in serum. In a different study, rats intubated with an acute dose of ethanol showed an increase in adrenal cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity as early as 1 hr after administration. This effect seemed to last for about 24 hr before activity returned to control level. It is concluded that different modes of ethanol administration to rats may elicit a change in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity in the adrenal. An increase in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity may be related to an increase in steroidogenic activity and activation of adrenocortical function.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on cholesteryl ester hydrolases in adrenal. An assay of cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity of microsomes from guinea pig adrenal indicated maximal activity at pH at pH 4.0 and 5.5. When ethanol was added to the microsomes, these enzymes showed differences in response with increasing ethanol concentration. Rats administered 15% ethanol as drink for 4--5 months showed a small (20%) increase in cholesteryl ester hydrolase (pH 4.0) activity in adrenal as compared to controls. However, a 50% decrease in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity resulted when rats were administered ethanol by intragastric tubing technique (15 days) as compared to controls treated similarly with saline. The decrease in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was correlated with an increase in cholesteryl ester level in serum. In a different study, rats intubated with an acute dose of ethanol showed an increase in adrenal cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity as early as 1 hr after administration. This effect seemed to last for about 24 hr before activity returned to control level. It is concluded that different modes of ethanol administration to rats may elicit a change in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity in the adrenal. An increase in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity may be related to an increase in steroidogenic activity and activation of adrenocortical function.", "PMID": 552349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1005", "title": "A comparison of the effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from various precursors by isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "A comparison of the actions of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from various precursors by isolated rate liver cells was made to evaluate the role of acetaldehyde in the effects of ethanol. Both ethanol and acetaldehyde stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, inhibited glucose production from glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol, and both had no effect with fructose. Ethanol, but not acetaldehyde, inhibited glucose production from lactate, dihydroxyacetone and alanine. The inhibitory effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde were prevented by methylene blue, an aritificial electron acceptor. The similarities in the actions of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from some substrates, e.g. pyruvate, glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol suggest that the metabolism of acetaldehyde may contribute to the effects of ethanol on gluconeogenesis from these substrates. Differences in the actions of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from other substrates reflect the different compartments, cytosol for ethanol, mitochondrial for acetaldehyde, in which these compounds are metabolized in the liver.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from various precursors by isolated rat liver cells. A comparison of the actions of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from various precursors by isolated rate liver cells was made to evaluate the role of acetaldehyde in the effects of ethanol. Both ethanol and acetaldehyde stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, inhibited glucose production from glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol, and both had no effect with fructose. Ethanol, but not acetaldehyde, inhibited glucose production from lactate, dihydroxyacetone and alanine. The inhibitory effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde were prevented by methylene blue, an aritificial electron acceptor. The similarities in the actions of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from some substrates, e.g. pyruvate, glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol suggest that the metabolism of acetaldehyde may contribute to the effects of ethanol on gluconeogenesis from these substrates. Differences in the actions of ethanol and acetaldehyde on glucose production from other substrates reflect the different compartments, cytosol for ethanol, mitochondrial for acetaldehyde, in which these compounds are metabolized in the liver.", "PMID": 552351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1006", "title": "Acute metabolic interaction of ethanol and drugs.", "content": "Addition of ethanol in vitro was found to inhibit the microsomal metabolism of a variety of drugs such as meprobamate, aminopyrine, pentobarbital and zoxazolamine. In all cases, a mixed type of inhibition was obtained. When the concentration of alcohols of different chain lengths required to inhibit 50% of the metabolism of drugs was plotted against their corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients (Po/w) it was found that the inhibitory potency of alcohols is linearly related to the partition coefficients, with a slope of 0.98. In vivo acute administration of ethanol also resulted in decreased whole body metabolism of meprobamate, aminopyrine, pentobarbital, zoxazolamine and aniline. In vitro addition of pentobarbital, phenobarbital and meprobamate had no significant effect on ethanol metabolism by liver slices. Acute pretreatment with these drugs also had no effect on the rate of ethanol metabolism in vivo as measured in the whole body or as estimated from the rate of decrease of blood ethanol concentration. It appears therefore that acute metabolic interaction of ethanol and drugs is a one sided phenomenon, i.e. ethanol inhibits drug metabolism, whereas drugs do not inhibit ethanol metabolism. Ethanol inhibition of drug metabolism in vitro appears to result from a modification of the lipophilic milieu that surrounds the cytochrome P-450 in the microsomal membrane. Interference with the hydrophobic sites may either directly or indirectly affect the catalytic activities of the microsomal enzyme.", "contents": "Acute metabolic interaction of ethanol and drugs. Addition of ethanol in vitro was found to inhibit the microsomal metabolism of a variety of drugs such as meprobamate, aminopyrine, pentobarbital and zoxazolamine. In all cases, a mixed type of inhibition was obtained. When the concentration of alcohols of different chain lengths required to inhibit 50% of the metabolism of drugs was plotted against their corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients (Po/w) it was found that the inhibitory potency of alcohols is linearly related to the partition coefficients, with a slope of 0.98. In vivo acute administration of ethanol also resulted in decreased whole body metabolism of meprobamate, aminopyrine, pentobarbital, zoxazolamine and aniline. In vitro addition of pentobarbital, phenobarbital and meprobamate had no significant effect on ethanol metabolism by liver slices. Acute pretreatment with these drugs also had no effect on the rate of ethanol metabolism in vivo as measured in the whole body or as estimated from the rate of decrease of blood ethanol concentration. It appears therefore that acute metabolic interaction of ethanol and drugs is a one sided phenomenon, i.e. ethanol inhibits drug metabolism, whereas drugs do not inhibit ethanol metabolism. Ethanol inhibition of drug metabolism in vitro appears to result from a modification of the lipophilic milieu that surrounds the cytochrome P-450 in the microsomal membrane. Interference with the hydrophobic sites may either directly or indirectly affect the catalytic activities of the microsomal enzyme.", "PMID": 552352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1007", "title": "Transport of small bowel contents after interposition of an antiperistaltic jejunal segment in the rat.", "content": "The effect of antiperistaltic jejunal segments on small bowel transport was studied with an experimental technique permitting quantitative studies of propulsive as well as non-propulsive intestinal motility. 79 rats were provided with a permanent duodenal catheter and at the same laparotomy an anti- or isoperistaltic bowel segment based on 1, 2 or 3 mesenteric end-arcades was inserted at the midpoint of the jejunum. The evaluation of intestinal motility 1 week later indicated that an antiperistaltic segment of the rat jejunum has to be made at least 6 cm long, i.e. based on 3 mesenteric end-arcades in order to retard the propulsion of luminal contents. Not even this relatively long antiperistaltic segment was found to influence propulsion through bowel segments proximal to it, and distally the propagation velocity was accelerated. This implied that the total small bowel transit was unaffected. The non-propulsive intestinal motility, i.e. the mixing of small bowel contents was increased by the long reversed loop. The possible beneficial effect of antiperistaltic jejunal segments in short bowel syndrome and post-vagotomy diarrhoea in man may thus be attributed not to a retardation of the propulsive intestinal motility but to an increase in the non-propulsive intestinal motility.", "contents": "Transport of small bowel contents after interposition of an antiperistaltic jejunal segment in the rat. The effect of antiperistaltic jejunal segments on small bowel transport was studied with an experimental technique permitting quantitative studies of propulsive as well as non-propulsive intestinal motility. 79 rats were provided with a permanent duodenal catheter and at the same laparotomy an anti- or isoperistaltic bowel segment based on 1, 2 or 3 mesenteric end-arcades was inserted at the midpoint of the jejunum. The evaluation of intestinal motility 1 week later indicated that an antiperistaltic segment of the rat jejunum has to be made at least 6 cm long, i.e. based on 3 mesenteric end-arcades in order to retard the propulsion of luminal contents. Not even this relatively long antiperistaltic segment was found to influence propulsion through bowel segments proximal to it, and distally the propagation velocity was accelerated. This implied that the total small bowel transit was unaffected. The non-propulsive intestinal motility, i.e. the mixing of small bowel contents was increased by the long reversed loop. The possible beneficial effect of antiperistaltic jejunal segments in short bowel syndrome and post-vagotomy diarrhoea in man may thus be attributed not to a retardation of the propulsive intestinal motility but to an increase in the non-propulsive intestinal motility.", "PMID": 552362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1008", "title": "Effects of bile acids on mucus secretion in the dog colon.", "content": "The effects of unconjugated bile acids on colonic mucus production have been studied in the dog. Isolated segments of both ascending and descending colon were simultaneously perfused with either chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic or cholic acid and the mucus production estimated from the total hexose output. Each bile acid produced a significant increase in mucus output in both the right and left colonic segments. There were no differences between the right and left colon in terms of mucus output for any of the bile acids studied. Deoxycholic had a greater effect than chenodeoxycholic which had a greater effect than cholic acid in colonic mucus production. Further, these effects on mucus secretion were completely reversible. In diarrhoea associated with disease or resection of the ileum, the effect of bile acids on mucus secretion may be as important as their effects on the inhibition of water and electrolyte absorption.", "contents": "Effects of bile acids on mucus secretion in the dog colon. The effects of unconjugated bile acids on colonic mucus production have been studied in the dog. Isolated segments of both ascending and descending colon were simultaneously perfused with either chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic or cholic acid and the mucus production estimated from the total hexose output. Each bile acid produced a significant increase in mucus output in both the right and left colonic segments. There were no differences between the right and left colon in terms of mucus output for any of the bile acids studied. Deoxycholic had a greater effect than chenodeoxycholic which had a greater effect than cholic acid in colonic mucus production. Further, these effects on mucus secretion were completely reversible. In diarrhoea associated with disease or resection of the ileum, the effect of bile acids on mucus secretion may be as important as their effects on the inhibition of water and electrolyte absorption.", "PMID": 552363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1009", "title": "Evaluation of the microsphere method for determination of cardiac output and flow distribution in the rat.", "content": "The radioactive microsphere technique was applied to determine simultaneous cardiac output and flow distribution in the rat. Left ventricular injections of large numbers of microspheres were given, without significant adverse effects, allowing determination of flow to organs and tissues with low perfusion rates. In order to determine coronary blood flow it was necessary to excise the inner lining of the left ventricle, thus eliminating activity from deposits of microspheres. Cardiac output determination showed less variation with the sampling catheter in the abdominal aorta than in the femoral artery. It is concluded that the microsphere method can be conveniently used for hemodynamic studies in the rat, and that the abdominal aorta is the preferred site for the placement of the reference catheter in the rat.", "contents": "Evaluation of the microsphere method for determination of cardiac output and flow distribution in the rat. The radioactive microsphere technique was applied to determine simultaneous cardiac output and flow distribution in the rat. Left ventricular injections of large numbers of microspheres were given, without significant adverse effects, allowing determination of flow to organs and tissues with low perfusion rates. In order to determine coronary blood flow it was necessary to excise the inner lining of the left ventricle, thus eliminating activity from deposits of microspheres. Cardiac output determination showed less variation with the sampling catheter in the abdominal aorta than in the femoral artery. It is concluded that the microsphere method can be conveniently used for hemodynamic studies in the rat, and that the abdominal aorta is the preferred site for the placement of the reference catheter in the rat.", "PMID": 552364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1010", "title": "Early identification of hearing impaired infants: Public Law 94-142 falls short.", "content": "Public Law (P.L.) 94-142, although greatly increasing the physician's role in delivery of services to handicapped children, falls short in meeting the needs of hearing impaired children from birth to 36 months in that it does not mandate referral services until age three years. The literature has shown that both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses cause delay in the development of normal speech and language. Further, those children identified and treated earlier demonstrate higher skill levels on speech and language tasks than those children identified late. The High Risk Register for hearing loss has been found a reliable means to identify such children. Given that the most critical period for learning language is from birth to three years and that at least two objective and reliable procedures for evaluating the hearing of infants and pre-school children, Impedance Audiometry and Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry, are becoming more readily available in the United States, it is no longer acceptable to support the \"wait and see\" approach in referring suspected hearing impaired children for auditory, speech, and language diagnostics and habilitative intervention.", "contents": "Early identification of hearing impaired infants: Public Law 94-142 falls short. Public Law (P.L.) 94-142, although greatly increasing the physician's role in delivery of services to handicapped children, falls short in meeting the needs of hearing impaired children from birth to 36 months in that it does not mandate referral services until age three years. The literature has shown that both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses cause delay in the development of normal speech and language. Further, those children identified and treated earlier demonstrate higher skill levels on speech and language tasks than those children identified late. The High Risk Register for hearing loss has been found a reliable means to identify such children. Given that the most critical period for learning language is from birth to three years and that at least two objective and reliable procedures for evaluating the hearing of infants and pre-school children, Impedance Audiometry and Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry, are becoming more readily available in the United States, it is no longer acceptable to support the \"wait and see\" approach in referring suspected hearing impaired children for auditory, speech, and language diagnostics and habilitative intervention.", "PMID": 552378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1011", "title": "Autosomal recessive non-syndromal progressive sensorineural deafness in childhood. A separate clinical and genetic entity.", "content": "In a family with 11 children, three sibs (two boys and a girl) show progressive sensorineural deafness, first noticed at ages 4, 7 and 11, respectively. The progression of deafness was registered in each of these sibs over a period ranging from 9 to 15 years. The speech perception has simultaneously diminished, as observed also in the case of recruitment. The parents and the other sibs in this family have normal hearing. The parents were demonstrably consanguineous, and autosomal recessive transmission is therefore postulated. A syndromal diagnosis could not be established because general physical, neurological ophthalmological and haematological examination as well as urinalysis revealed no associated characteristics. A syphilitic infection was therefore also excluded as a possible cause. Pendred's syndrome was excluded by means of a potassium perchlorate test. It is believed that these three sibs are suffering from autosomal recessive non-syndromal progressive sensorineural deafness - a type of deafness hardly mentioned in the literature. Several authors differentiate this type of deafness from autosomal recessive early-onset neural deafness.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive non-syndromal progressive sensorineural deafness in childhood. A separate clinical and genetic entity. In a family with 11 children, three sibs (two boys and a girl) show progressive sensorineural deafness, first noticed at ages 4, 7 and 11, respectively. The progression of deafness was registered in each of these sibs over a period ranging from 9 to 15 years. The speech perception has simultaneously diminished, as observed also in the case of recruitment. The parents and the other sibs in this family have normal hearing. The parents were demonstrably consanguineous, and autosomal recessive transmission is therefore postulated. A syndromal diagnosis could not be established because general physical, neurological ophthalmological and haematological examination as well as urinalysis revealed no associated characteristics. A syphilitic infection was therefore also excluded as a possible cause. Pendred's syndrome was excluded by means of a potassium perchlorate test. It is believed that these three sibs are suffering from autosomal recessive non-syndromal progressive sensorineural deafness - a type of deafness hardly mentioned in the literature. Several authors differentiate this type of deafness from autosomal recessive early-onset neural deafness.", "PMID": 552379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1012", "title": "The occurrence of negative middle ear pressure in children: an analysis of supposed associated factors.", "content": "This study analyzed the occurrence of negative middle ear pressure in various groups of children by comparing them with control groups. A screening procedure recording middle ear pressure and screening audiogram was performed several times throughout the year in an unselected group of 352 seven-year-old children. From about 4000 measurements of middle ear pressure an average value for each child was calculated. By applying thresholds of pathology of -160 mm H2( and -240 mm H2O, the occurrence of pathology in the different groups was analyzed. A medical history of each child was obtained by questionnaires answered by parents, giving information concerning allergy, previous adenoidectomy, previous exposure to respiratory tract infections and the social group of the family. A score of dental caries was obtained in each child. Furthermore, the relationship to antibiotic treatment and the child's use of swimming pools was analyzed, based on single measurements. The use of swimming pools seems to be beneficial to children suffering from a negative middle ear pressure. However, the other variables showed no relationship to negative middle ear pressure. It is concluded that other unknown factors must be involved in the development of negative middle ear pressure and chronic OME in children.", "contents": "The occurrence of negative middle ear pressure in children: an analysis of supposed associated factors. This study analyzed the occurrence of negative middle ear pressure in various groups of children by comparing them with control groups. A screening procedure recording middle ear pressure and screening audiogram was performed several times throughout the year in an unselected group of 352 seven-year-old children. From about 4000 measurements of middle ear pressure an average value for each child was calculated. By applying thresholds of pathology of -160 mm H2( and -240 mm H2O, the occurrence of pathology in the different groups was analyzed. A medical history of each child was obtained by questionnaires answered by parents, giving information concerning allergy, previous adenoidectomy, previous exposure to respiratory tract infections and the social group of the family. A score of dental caries was obtained in each child. Furthermore, the relationship to antibiotic treatment and the child's use of swimming pools was analyzed, based on single measurements. The use of swimming pools seems to be beneficial to children suffering from a negative middle ear pressure. However, the other variables showed no relationship to negative middle ear pressure. It is concluded that other unknown factors must be involved in the development of negative middle ear pressure and chronic OME in children.", "PMID": 552380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1013", "title": "Infiltration of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles in otitis media. An experimental study in the cat.", "content": "A longitudinal sequential study of otitis media was done in an experimental animal (cat) using eustachian tube obstruction. Fifty animals were used. Cellular infiltration of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles was studied in a continuum from day 1 to 6 months after inducing otitis media. We observed that there is infiltration of the connective tissue of both muscles in otitis media, and that the cellular changes follow the same pattern as that seen in the mucoperiostium and the round window of the middle ear, although to a lesser degree. In this first report of sequential changes in middle ear muscles in otitis media, clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Infiltration of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles in otitis media. An experimental study in the cat. A longitudinal sequential study of otitis media was done in an experimental animal (cat) using eustachian tube obstruction. Fifty animals were used. Cellular infiltration of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles was studied in a continuum from day 1 to 6 months after inducing otitis media. We observed that there is infiltration of the connective tissue of both muscles in otitis media, and that the cellular changes follow the same pattern as that seen in the mucoperiostium and the round window of the middle ear, although to a lesser degree. In this first report of sequential changes in middle ear muscles in otitis media, clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 552381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1014", "title": "Restricted nasal respiration, influence on facial growth.", "content": "Used as models on restricted nasal respiration, 11 individuals with a unilateral inborn occlusion of the nose were examined with regard to growth of the mid-facial skeleton. The preference to oral breathing, also a fairly constant feature in patients with chronic or allergic rhinitis with hyperplasia of the pharynx tonsil, appeared to result in a significant underdevelopment of the maxilla in the saggittal plane.", "contents": "Restricted nasal respiration, influence on facial growth. Used as models on restricted nasal respiration, 11 individuals with a unilateral inborn occlusion of the nose were examined with regard to growth of the mid-facial skeleton. The preference to oral breathing, also a fairly constant feature in patients with chronic or allergic rhinitis with hyperplasia of the pharynx tonsil, appeared to result in a significant underdevelopment of the maxilla in the saggittal plane.", "PMID": 552382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1015", "title": "Auditory brain stem responses of kernicterus infants.", "content": "Auditory brainstem evoked responses (ABRs) and behavioral audiometry in 25 infants with kernicterus were studied to determine the level of the lesion causing their hearing disorders. ABR thresholds, peak latencies of wave I and V, and interwave latency of wave V-I were measured; behavioral audiometric thresholds were determined through conditioned orientation reflex audiometry (COR). Eighty-eight per cent of infants with kernicterus who showed ABR threshold elevation with respect to age-matched normals, were found to show ABR abnormalities associated with peripheral hearing loss, and 84% of these were found to have COR threshold elevation. The ABR abnormalities were threshold elevation of wave V, prolonged latency of wave I and V, and the absence of ABRs. However, no brainstem lesion pattern was found in our cases. Our results suggested that at least some lesions which produce hearing disorders in kernicterus occur in the cochlea or auditory nerve.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem responses of kernicterus infants. Auditory brainstem evoked responses (ABRs) and behavioral audiometry in 25 infants with kernicterus were studied to determine the level of the lesion causing their hearing disorders. ABR thresholds, peak latencies of wave I and V, and interwave latency of wave V-I were measured; behavioral audiometric thresholds were determined through conditioned orientation reflex audiometry (COR). Eighty-eight per cent of infants with kernicterus who showed ABR threshold elevation with respect to age-matched normals, were found to show ABR abnormalities associated with peripheral hearing loss, and 84% of these were found to have COR threshold elevation. The ABR abnormalities were threshold elevation of wave V, prolonged latency of wave I and V, and the absence of ABRs. However, no brainstem lesion pattern was found in our cases. Our results suggested that at least some lesions which produce hearing disorders in kernicterus occur in the cochlea or auditory nerve.", "PMID": 552383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1016", "title": "Cross-peptide bond 13C--15N coupling constants by 13C and J cross-polarization 15N NMR.", "content": "Comparative 13C--15N coupling constants are reported for the linear dipeptide tBoc-L-[U-13C]Ala-[15N]GlyOMe and the corresponding cyclic diketopiperazine, both in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and, upon removal of the tBoc group, in water solutions. Spectra were obtained by 13C NMR and by the first application of J cross-polarization (JCP) 15N NMR, which greatly reduces the time required to accumulate 15N NMR spectra. In DMSO there was evidence for the formation of complexed species which were not present in water. The values obtained for the cross-peptide bond coupling constant 2J13C alpha--15N were consistently less (by 2.2 Hz in DMSO, 4.3 Hz in water) for the cyclic than for the linear peptide, which may be related to the cross-peptide bond conformation. The 15N resonance for the cyclic peptide was shifted only 2 ppm downfield from the linear peptide chemical shift value in both solvents.", "contents": "Cross-peptide bond 13C--15N coupling constants by 13C and J cross-polarization 15N NMR. Comparative 13C--15N coupling constants are reported for the linear dipeptide tBoc-L-[U-13C]Ala-[15N]GlyOMe and the corresponding cyclic diketopiperazine, both in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and, upon removal of the tBoc group, in water solutions. Spectra were obtained by 13C NMR and by the first application of J cross-polarization (JCP) 15N NMR, which greatly reduces the time required to accumulate 15N NMR spectra. In DMSO there was evidence for the formation of complexed species which were not present in water. The values obtained for the cross-peptide bond coupling constant 2J13C alpha--15N were consistently less (by 2.2 Hz in DMSO, 4.3 Hz in water) for the cyclic than for the linear peptide, which may be related to the cross-peptide bond conformation. The 15N resonance for the cyclic peptide was shifted only 2 ppm downfield from the linear peptide chemical shift value in both solvents.", "PMID": 552384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1017", "title": "A three-step method for isolating a few to several hundred milligrams of protein.", "content": "An operationally simple general protein isolation method was devised from three previously available separation tools, and was tested by application to two demanding fractionation problems and for yield. One test system was the isolation by gel electrofocusing of two model proteins with pI values of 4.6 and 4.8, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, with a load of 220 mg each. The other test was the isolation of 10 mg of human growth hormone isohormone B from a mixture of closely migrating other isohormones. The three-step procedure comprises of: (1) separation into zones of homogeneous protein by gel electrofocusing; (2) excision of the zones of homogeneous protein from the gel followed by concentration of the protein to a small volume of solution by means of Steady-State Stacking; (3) purification from polyacrylamide-like contaminants and non-volatile buffers by gel filtration followed by lyophilization. The average overall recovery was 70--80%.", "contents": "A three-step method for isolating a few to several hundred milligrams of protein. An operationally simple general protein isolation method was devised from three previously available separation tools, and was tested by application to two demanding fractionation problems and for yield. One test system was the isolation by gel electrofocusing of two model proteins with pI values of 4.6 and 4.8, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, with a load of 220 mg each. The other test was the isolation of 10 mg of human growth hormone isohormone B from a mixture of closely migrating other isohormones. The three-step procedure comprises of: (1) separation into zones of homogeneous protein by gel electrofocusing; (2) excision of the zones of homogeneous protein from the gel followed by concentration of the protein to a small volume of solution by means of Steady-State Stacking; (3) purification from polyacrylamide-like contaminants and non-volatile buffers by gel filtration followed by lyophilization. The average overall recovery was 70--80%.", "PMID": 552385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1018", "title": "Reaction electrophoresis.", "content": "The differential mobilities of compounds in an electric field are important analytical criteria and we can use them to bring electrophoretically pure components of a mixture medium on which they are separated. To this end, the compound undergoing reaction are brought into positions on the carrier to assure optimal contact between selected fractions, within a predetermined domain of time and distance. The appearance of a product defines their reactivities, and the product's continued migration on the same carrier can provide the first key to its identity as is demonstrated and discussed. The method is called reaction electrophoresis and it will be of particular use in studies with labile components. It is illustrated here with the coupling reaction of the sodium salt of 1,4-naphthol sulfonic acid and tetrazotized o-dianisidine.", "contents": "Reaction electrophoresis. The differential mobilities of compounds in an electric field are important analytical criteria and we can use them to bring electrophoretically pure components of a mixture medium on which they are separated. To this end, the compound undergoing reaction are brought into positions on the carrier to assure optimal contact between selected fractions, within a predetermined domain of time and distance. The appearance of a product defines their reactivities, and the product's continued migration on the same carrier can provide the first key to its identity as is demonstrated and discussed. The method is called reaction electrophoresis and it will be of particular use in studies with labile components. It is illustrated here with the coupling reaction of the sodium salt of 1,4-naphthol sulfonic acid and tetrazotized o-dianisidine.", "PMID": 552387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1019", "title": "Use of automated chromatography on the amino acid analyzer with lithium citrate buffers to separate nucleic acid bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their precursors.", "content": "A simple and sensitive method has been developed to separate nucleic acid bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their precursors by automated chromatography using the amino acid analyzer with lithium citrate buffers. The method is sensitive to a concentration of 5 nmol, linear in the range of 5--100 nmol, and resolves almost all the bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their precursors of physiologic importance.", "contents": "Use of automated chromatography on the amino acid analyzer with lithium citrate buffers to separate nucleic acid bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their precursors. A simple and sensitive method has been developed to separate nucleic acid bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their precursors by automated chromatography using the amino acid analyzer with lithium citrate buffers. The method is sensitive to a concentration of 5 nmol, linear in the range of 5--100 nmol, and resolves almost all the bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their precursors of physiologic importance.", "PMID": 552388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1020", "title": "Resolution of D- and L-galactose peracetates as their bis(ethyl L-lactate) acetals by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Reaction between ethyl L-lactate and each of a pair of sugar enantiomers, the peracetylated D-galactose and L-galactose diethyldithioacetals, produced two acyclic diasterioisomers. They could be separated by conventional gas-liquid chromatography. The corresponding fucose diastereomers were also separated. This process should make it possible to develop a general analytical method by which small amounts of enantiomeric sugars can be identified and their quantities measured.", "contents": "Resolution of D- and L-galactose peracetates as their bis(ethyl L-lactate) acetals by gas-liquid chromatography. Reaction between ethyl L-lactate and each of a pair of sugar enantiomers, the peracetylated D-galactose and L-galactose diethyldithioacetals, produced two acyclic diasterioisomers. They could be separated by conventional gas-liquid chromatography. The corresponding fucose diastereomers were also separated. This process should make it possible to develop a general analytical method by which small amounts of enantiomeric sugars can be identified and their quantities measured.", "PMID": 552389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1021", "title": "A new technique for desorbing substances tightly bound to affinity gels: flat-bed electrophoretic desorption in Sephadex via isoelectric focusing (FEDS-IEF).", "content": "In some cases, proteins and other molecules which are tightly bound to affinity gels can be recovered under mild conditions by electrophoresis. We have extended this technique by running electrophoretic desorption in flat-beds of Sephadex in the presence of ampholytes (FEDS-IEF). A number of advantages of this technique are noted: due to the geometry of the apparatus, high voltages can be used which result in short running times; there are no physical barriers to the migration of the protein and no abrupt conductivity drops; desorbed samples are easily located and recovered; and relatively large sample loads can be readily accommodated. Running times are very sensitive to the experimental conditions. Affinity gels should be applied as a narrow zone, distant from the anticipated banding position of the desorbed species. A wide ampholyte interval is generally recommended. The system appears to be gentle and flexible enough to allow investigators to optimize the conditions for desorption of various affinity gel systems.", "contents": "A new technique for desorbing substances tightly bound to affinity gels: flat-bed electrophoretic desorption in Sephadex via isoelectric focusing (FEDS-IEF). In some cases, proteins and other molecules which are tightly bound to affinity gels can be recovered under mild conditions by electrophoresis. We have extended this technique by running electrophoretic desorption in flat-beds of Sephadex in the presence of ampholytes (FEDS-IEF). A number of advantages of this technique are noted: due to the geometry of the apparatus, high voltages can be used which result in short running times; there are no physical barriers to the migration of the protein and no abrupt conductivity drops; desorbed samples are easily located and recovered; and relatively large sample loads can be readily accommodated. Running times are very sensitive to the experimental conditions. Affinity gels should be applied as a narrow zone, distant from the anticipated banding position of the desorbed species. A wide ampholyte interval is generally recommended. The system appears to be gentle and flexible enough to allow investigators to optimize the conditions for desorption of various affinity gel systems.", "PMID": 552390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1022", "title": "Improved separation of modified nucleosides from tRNA hydrolysates: the patterns of tRNA methylation in rat tissues.", "content": "A sensitive and reproducible method for the isolation of minor nucleosides derived from tRNA is described. The nucleosides obtained from enzymatic digestion of tRNA are separated into several groups using a QAE Sephadex column and increasing concentrations of boric acid in a step-wise manner. The nucleosides in each group are separated by isocratic elution from a preparative Partisil 10-SCX column and high-performance liquid chromatography at ambient temperature. With this method we have determined the patterns of tRNA methylation in vitro with extracts from rat bone, liver, kidney and adrenal glands. Although different tissues appear to contain the same tRNA methyltransferases, the patterns of methylated nucleosides are different.", "contents": "Improved separation of modified nucleosides from tRNA hydrolysates: the patterns of tRNA methylation in rat tissues. A sensitive and reproducible method for the isolation of minor nucleosides derived from tRNA is described. The nucleosides obtained from enzymatic digestion of tRNA are separated into several groups using a QAE Sephadex column and increasing concentrations of boric acid in a step-wise manner. The nucleosides in each group are separated by isocratic elution from a preparative Partisil 10-SCX column and high-performance liquid chromatography at ambient temperature. With this method we have determined the patterns of tRNA methylation in vitro with extracts from rat bone, liver, kidney and adrenal glands. Although different tissues appear to contain the same tRNA methyltransferases, the patterns of methylated nucleosides are different.", "PMID": 552391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1023", "title": "Direct analysis of continuous relaxation spectra.", "content": "The dynamic response of a complex biological or chemical system to a perturbation must often be described by an integral over an effectively continuous relaxation spectrum. Because of its well known instability to experimental error, the direct estimation of the spectrum is generally considered unfeasible. However, we show that good estimates can be obtained by constraining the spectrum to be the smoothest one that is consistent with the data. Also constraining the spectrum to be non-negative, if there is a priori knowledge of this, can further increase its accuracy. The method is completely automatic in that no initial estimates or assumptions about the functional form of the spectrum are necessary. Therefore models can be tested more rigorously and objectively since the functional form that they predict for the spectrum need not be assumed at the outset of the analysis as with parameter-fitting procedures. The method is illustrated on simulated data on the photodissociation of CO from heme proteins at low temperatures. The nonuniqueness of the solutions is discussed.", "contents": "Direct analysis of continuous relaxation spectra. The dynamic response of a complex biological or chemical system to a perturbation must often be described by an integral over an effectively continuous relaxation spectrum. Because of its well known instability to experimental error, the direct estimation of the spectrum is generally considered unfeasible. However, we show that good estimates can be obtained by constraining the spectrum to be the smoothest one that is consistent with the data. Also constraining the spectrum to be non-negative, if there is a priori knowledge of this, can further increase its accuracy. The method is completely automatic in that no initial estimates or assumptions about the functional form of the spectrum are necessary. Therefore models can be tested more rigorously and objectively since the functional form that they predict for the spectrum need not be assumed at the outset of the analysis as with parameter-fitting procedures. The method is illustrated on simulated data on the photodissociation of CO from heme proteins at low temperatures. The nonuniqueness of the solutions is discussed.", "PMID": 552393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1024", "title": "A new spectrophotometric cuvette holder for low temperature studies; its application to the study of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin oxidation rate.", "content": "A new spectrophotometric cuvette holder to be used for subzero temperature is described. The device is easily adaptable to a commercial spectrophotometer and it was checked down to --40 degrees C. Satisfactory mixing of the reactants contained in the cuvette at low temperatures is attained using a special stirrer and suitable solution volumes. The rate of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin oxidation by K3Fe(CN)6 at different subzero temperatures has been studied using this apparatus; the results are in agreement with the extrapolated data at room temperature.", "contents": "A new spectrophotometric cuvette holder for low temperature studies; its application to the study of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin oxidation rate. A new spectrophotometric cuvette holder to be used for subzero temperature is described. The device is easily adaptable to a commercial spectrophotometer and it was checked down to --40 degrees C. Satisfactory mixing of the reactants contained in the cuvette at low temperatures is attained using a special stirrer and suitable solution volumes. The rate of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin oxidation by K3Fe(CN)6 at different subzero temperatures has been studied using this apparatus; the results are in agreement with the extrapolated data at room temperature.", "PMID": 552394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1025", "title": "A simple method for elimination of RNAase contamination from DNAase preparations.", "content": "RNAase which usually contaminates commercial pancreatic DNAase preparations can be removed by affinity chromatography on agarose-coupled anti-RNAase antibodies. RNA treated with purified DNAase can be re-isolated intact, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. This method might be applicable to purification of other preparations which are used in RNA research, such as PNPase (polynucleotide phosphorylase) and specific antibodies for polysome immunoprecipitation. The non-specific binding of DNAase in our system is less than 5% and the loss of specific activity of DNAase I is less than 1%.", "contents": "A simple method for elimination of RNAase contamination from DNAase preparations. RNAase which usually contaminates commercial pancreatic DNAase preparations can be removed by affinity chromatography on agarose-coupled anti-RNAase antibodies. RNA treated with purified DNAase can be re-isolated intact, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. This method might be applicable to purification of other preparations which are used in RNA research, such as PNPase (polynucleotide phosphorylase) and specific antibodies for polysome immunoprecipitation. The non-specific binding of DNAase in our system is less than 5% and the loss of specific activity of DNAase I is less than 1%.", "PMID": 552395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1026", "title": "A rapid method for the separation of large and small thymocytes from rats and mice.", "content": "Thymocytes from rats and mice have been separated into large and small cell populations in high yield and purity by isopycnic centrifugation in a discontinuous (three-layered) gradient of Percoll. Cells are mixed with the middle layer and during low-speed centrifugation the small, denser cells sediment to the bottom interface whilst the large, less dense cells float to the top interface. Red blood cells, and small debris particles separate into the bottom and top layers respectively. Studies on the uptake of [3H]TdR show that the small cells are non-dividing while more than half of the large cells are capable of division.", "contents": "A rapid method for the separation of large and small thymocytes from rats and mice. Thymocytes from rats and mice have been separated into large and small cell populations in high yield and purity by isopycnic centrifugation in a discontinuous (three-layered) gradient of Percoll. Cells are mixed with the middle layer and during low-speed centrifugation the small, denser cells sediment to the bottom interface whilst the large, less dense cells float to the top interface. Red blood cells, and small debris particles separate into the bottom and top layers respectively. Studies on the uptake of [3H]TdR show that the small cells are non-dividing while more than half of the large cells are capable of division.", "PMID": 552396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1027", "title": "Iontophoretic application of idoxuridine for recurrent herpes labialis: report of preliminary clinical trials.", "content": "In clinical trials on six patients the antiviral drug idoxuridine (Stoxil) was applied by anodal (+) iontophoresis to 14 recurrent herpes labialis lesions. Results were characterized by immediate relief of discomfort and swelling, rapid appearance and coalescence of vesicles, minimal or no spread of the lesions, and accelerated healing with minimal or no scab. These encouraging trials indicate that a full-scale, double-blind, controlled clinical study should be carried out to determine whether iontophoresis is the optimal method of applying idoxuridine to the surface lesions caused by herpesvirus.", "contents": "Iontophoretic application of idoxuridine for recurrent herpes labialis: report of preliminary clinical trials. In clinical trials on six patients the antiviral drug idoxuridine (Stoxil) was applied by anodal (+) iontophoresis to 14 recurrent herpes labialis lesions. Results were characterized by immediate relief of discomfort and swelling, rapid appearance and coalescence of vesicles, minimal or no spread of the lesions, and accelerated healing with minimal or no scab. These encouraging trials indicate that a full-scale, double-blind, controlled clinical study should be carried out to determine whether iontophoresis is the optimal method of applying idoxuridine to the surface lesions caused by herpesvirus.", "PMID": 552584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1028", "title": "The placebo and its role in clinical pharmacology.", "content": "This paper reviews literature concerning the placebo with respect to its true meaning, and possible modes of action. It also considers the type of person most likely to respond to the placebo effect. These factors are then discussed with a particular emphasis being put on the significance of the placebo in clinical pharmacological studies.", "contents": "The placebo and its role in clinical pharmacology. This paper reviews literature concerning the placebo with respect to its true meaning, and possible modes of action. It also considers the type of person most likely to respond to the placebo effect. These factors are then discussed with a particular emphasis being put on the significance of the placebo in clinical pharmacological studies.", "PMID": 552586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1029", "title": "Simultaneous investigation of the cerebral circulation and cortical bioelectrical activity in dogs under the influence of piracetam.", "content": "By means of the methods of local cerebral rheoencephalography (REG) and electroencephalography (EEG) the effect of piracetam (1-acetamide-2-pyrrolidone, Pyramem) on cerebral circulation and brain bioelectrical activity was studied in acute experiments on dogs. The following REG parameters were assayed: anacrotic section of the curve and its relative part, amplitude and dicrotic index. The influence of the preparation on the spontaneous EEG was studied by means of surface electrodes, pH, pO2, and pCO2 were determined in blood samples from femoral artery and superior sagittal sinus and arterio-venous differences of O2 (AVD-O2) and CO2 (AVD-CO2) were calculated. The arterial pressure and ECG were followed continuously. The results showed that after piracetam administration (100 mg/kg i.v.) an improvement of the REG parameters is observed: increase of the amplitude and decrease of the values of the relative part and dicrotic index. The changes observed indicated cerebro-vascular resistance decrease and increase of the cerebral blood volume. The AVD-O2 increased and the negative AVD-CO2 decreased. The EEG data indicated an improvement in the functional state of the brain cortex. Suggestions as to mechanism of piracetam effect and the usefulness of the methods were made.", "contents": "Simultaneous investigation of the cerebral circulation and cortical bioelectrical activity in dogs under the influence of piracetam. By means of the methods of local cerebral rheoencephalography (REG) and electroencephalography (EEG) the effect of piracetam (1-acetamide-2-pyrrolidone, Pyramem) on cerebral circulation and brain bioelectrical activity was studied in acute experiments on dogs. The following REG parameters were assayed: anacrotic section of the curve and its relative part, amplitude and dicrotic index. The influence of the preparation on the spontaneous EEG was studied by means of surface electrodes, pH, pO2, and pCO2 were determined in blood samples from femoral artery and superior sagittal sinus and arterio-venous differences of O2 (AVD-O2) and CO2 (AVD-CO2) were calculated. The arterial pressure and ECG were followed continuously. The results showed that after piracetam administration (100 mg/kg i.v.) an improvement of the REG parameters is observed: increase of the amplitude and decrease of the values of the relative part and dicrotic index. The changes observed indicated cerebro-vascular resistance decrease and increase of the cerebral blood volume. The AVD-O2 increased and the negative AVD-CO2 decreased. The EEG data indicated an improvement in the functional state of the brain cortex. Suggestions as to mechanism of piracetam effect and the usefulness of the methods were made.", "PMID": 552587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1030", "title": "Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in human and rabbit red cells.", "content": "An improved spectrophotometric procedure for oxidized and reduced glutathione determination in erythrocytes is described. The method is based upon a reaction using Ellman's reagent. It gave recoveries of 99 and 90% for both GSH and GSSG. The use of oxidized glutathione as an internal standard makes it accurate for simultaneous assay. The method offers the advantage of not having to use alkylation products to prevent oxidation of GSH during protein precipitation. Data are presented to demonstrate reliability and simplicity of rapid estimation of GSH and GSSG.", "contents": "Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in human and rabbit red cells. An improved spectrophotometric procedure for oxidized and reduced glutathione determination in erythrocytes is described. The method is based upon a reaction using Ellman's reagent. It gave recoveries of 99 and 90% for both GSH and GSSG. The use of oxidized glutathione as an internal standard makes it accurate for simultaneous assay. The method offers the advantage of not having to use alkylation products to prevent oxidation of GSH during protein precipitation. Data are presented to demonstrate reliability and simplicity of rapid estimation of GSH and GSSG.", "PMID": 552590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1031", "title": "In vitro activity of netilmicin and cefotaxime compared to that of other aminoglycosides.", "content": "In vitro activity of netilmicin, cefotaxime, amikacin, dibekacin, gentamicin and tobramicin was compared against clinical isolates in Antibiotic Medium 3 at pH 7.1 and human plasma water at pH 7.8. Except against Pseudomonas aeruginosa the aminoglycosides were generally more active in plasma water than in broth. Against P. aeruginosa higher concentrations were required to inhibit or kill the strain in the plasma water. Cefotaxime was not tested against these organisms. Against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Proteus species cefotaxime was found to be more active than the aminoglucosides, both in broth and plasma water. Its activity against Staph. aureus was markedly less than that of the aminoglycosides. Tobramicin showed a higher activity in plasma water only against Proteus species.", "contents": "In vitro activity of netilmicin and cefotaxime compared to that of other aminoglycosides. In vitro activity of netilmicin, cefotaxime, amikacin, dibekacin, gentamicin and tobramicin was compared against clinical isolates in Antibiotic Medium 3 at pH 7.1 and human plasma water at pH 7.8. Except against Pseudomonas aeruginosa the aminoglycosides were generally more active in plasma water than in broth. Against P. aeruginosa higher concentrations were required to inhibit or kill the strain in the plasma water. Cefotaxime was not tested against these organisms. Against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Proteus species cefotaxime was found to be more active than the aminoglucosides, both in broth and plasma water. Its activity against Staph. aureus was markedly less than that of the aminoglycosides. Tobramicin showed a higher activity in plasma water only against Proteus species.", "PMID": 552591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1032", "title": "Influence of hepatic insufficiency in pharmacokinetics of drugs: example for an anthranilic diuretic.", "content": "Hepatic insufficiency is responsible for numerous modifications of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, because the liver is the most important organ for the transformation and, with the kidney, elimination of drugs. Pharmacokinetics of furosemide, an anthranilic diuretic, was compared in normal subjects and cirrhotics with hepatic insufficiency, after oral administration. In patients, we observed few modifications of the bioavailability. The total elimination of the drug was normal when the urinary excretion compensated a slight reduction in biliary secretion, but when this reduction was important the total clearance of furosemide decreased. In urine, the elimination time was lengthened, but the percentage of excretion was about the same as for normal subjects. The pharmacological effects were also modified for cirrhotics with decrease of sodium and water excretion, for the same blood concentration of drug as in controls. Also, we observed a shift between the salidiuretic effect and the blood concentration in patients, when there was an exact concordance of these times in control subjects. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: (1) modifications in hepatic metabolism or, (2) in drug protein binding.", "contents": "Influence of hepatic insufficiency in pharmacokinetics of drugs: example for an anthranilic diuretic. Hepatic insufficiency is responsible for numerous modifications of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, because the liver is the most important organ for the transformation and, with the kidney, elimination of drugs. Pharmacokinetics of furosemide, an anthranilic diuretic, was compared in normal subjects and cirrhotics with hepatic insufficiency, after oral administration. In patients, we observed few modifications of the bioavailability. The total elimination of the drug was normal when the urinary excretion compensated a slight reduction in biliary secretion, but when this reduction was important the total clearance of furosemide decreased. In urine, the elimination time was lengthened, but the percentage of excretion was about the same as for normal subjects. The pharmacological effects were also modified for cirrhotics with decrease of sodium and water excretion, for the same blood concentration of drug as in controls. Also, we observed a shift between the salidiuretic effect and the blood concentration in patients, when there was an exact concordance of these times in control subjects. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: (1) modifications in hepatic metabolism or, (2) in drug protein binding.", "PMID": 552592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1033", "title": "Pc 1 Duarte, a common polymorphism of a human brain protein, and its relationship to depressive disease and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Pc 1 Duarte, a common variant of a human brain-specific protein, is present in one-third of the control population and has a gene frequency of 0.17. There was a significantly increased frequency of mutant heterozygotes and homozygotes among individuals with depressive disease. This is consistent with a model in which Pc 1 Duarte is the major gene in depressive disease, acting in conjunction with an environmental threshold effect.", "contents": "Pc 1 Duarte, a common polymorphism of a human brain protein, and its relationship to depressive disease and multiple sclerosis. Pc 1 Duarte, a common variant of a human brain-specific protein, is present in one-third of the control population and has a gene frequency of 0.17. There was a significantly increased frequency of mutant heterozygotes and homozygotes among individuals with depressive disease. This is consistent with a model in which Pc 1 Duarte is the major gene in depressive disease, acting in conjunction with an environmental threshold effect.", "PMID": 552595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1034", "title": "Morphology and intracortical projections of functionally characterised neurones in the cat visual cortex.", "content": "The neuronal structure and connectivity underlying receptive field organisation of cells in the cat visual cortex have been investigated. Intracellular recordings were made using a micropipette filled with a histochemical marker, which was injected into the cells after their receptive fields had been characterised. This allowed visualisation of the dendritic and axonal arborisations of functionally identified neurones.", "contents": "Morphology and intracortical projections of functionally characterised neurones in the cat visual cortex. The neuronal structure and connectivity underlying receptive field organisation of cells in the cat visual cortex have been investigated. Intracellular recordings were made using a micropipette filled with a histochemical marker, which was injected into the cells after their receptive fields had been characterised. This allowed visualisation of the dendritic and axonal arborisations of functionally identified neurones.", "PMID": 552600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1035", "title": "Ocular findings in Bell's palsy.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with Bell's palsy underwent ophthalmic examination, including Schirmer testing, corneal sensitivity measurement, and electromyography. Sixteen patients returned for follow-up after one year. Sixty-one percent of the patients initially showed punctate fluorescein staining of the inferior cornea. Electromyographic studies demonstrate a high correlation between orbicularis function and the presence of corneal epithelial staining. Our results demonstrate a high frequency of minor corneal involvement in the acute phase of Bell's palsy. Healing of the epithelial defects follows improvement in orbicularis function.", "contents": "Ocular findings in Bell's palsy. Thirty-three patients with Bell's palsy underwent ophthalmic examination, including Schirmer testing, corneal sensitivity measurement, and electromyography. Sixteen patients returned for follow-up after one year. Sixty-one percent of the patients initially showed punctate fluorescein staining of the inferior cornea. Electromyographic studies demonstrate a high correlation between orbicularis function and the presence of corneal epithelial staining. Our results demonstrate a high frequency of minor corneal involvement in the acute phase of Bell's palsy. Healing of the epithelial defects follows improvement in orbicularis function.", "PMID": 552618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1036", "title": "Chalcosis: a study of natural history.", "content": "Ten patients harboring a small, intra-vitreal, copper foreign body in one eye for 4 months to 29 years have been studied clinically and electrophysiologically. Nine of the ten affected eyes had a visual acuity of 20/60 or better. Some asymmetry existed in the electrophysiologic responses of seven affected eyes as compared to the controls, but all of these responses were within the normal range. The electroretinogram was reduced in one eye but was consistent with vitreous opacification. Vitreous opacification and copper deposition in the macula were potentially serious sequelae observed in four eyes. Small, intraocular copper foreign bodies can be tolerated for long periods of time without retinal toxicity, but vitreous changes of maculopathy may necessitate intervention.", "contents": "Chalcosis: a study of natural history. Ten patients harboring a small, intra-vitreal, copper foreign body in one eye for 4 months to 29 years have been studied clinically and electrophysiologically. Nine of the ten affected eyes had a visual acuity of 20/60 or better. Some asymmetry existed in the electrophysiologic responses of seven affected eyes as compared to the controls, but all of these responses were within the normal range. The electroretinogram was reduced in one eye but was consistent with vitreous opacification. Vitreous opacification and copper deposition in the macula were potentially serious sequelae observed in four eyes. Small, intraocular copper foreign bodies can be tolerated for long periods of time without retinal toxicity, but vitreous changes of maculopathy may necessitate intervention.", "PMID": 552619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1037", "title": "Incidence of fluorescein angiographic subclinical macular edema following phacoemulsification of senile cataracts.", "content": "Fluorescein angiograms were performed in 90 patients the first and sixth week after removal of non-traumatic cataracts by phacoemulsification. The incidence of macular edema was found to be one half that reported in the literature for a comparable group of patients following intracapsular cataract extraction. The difference in incidence of macular edema between the phacoemulsification and the intracapsular groups seems dependent on the presence of the posterior capsule and perhaps the small size of the phacoincision. One of 21 maculas with angiographic evidence of edema developed clinical cystoid macular edema.", "contents": "Incidence of fluorescein angiographic subclinical macular edema following phacoemulsification of senile cataracts. Fluorescein angiograms were performed in 90 patients the first and sixth week after removal of non-traumatic cataracts by phacoemulsification. The incidence of macular edema was found to be one half that reported in the literature for a comparable group of patients following intracapsular cataract extraction. The difference in incidence of macular edema between the phacoemulsification and the intracapsular groups seems dependent on the presence of the posterior capsule and perhaps the small size of the phacoincision. One of 21 maculas with angiographic evidence of edema developed clinical cystoid macular edema.", "PMID": 552628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1038", "title": "Phacoemulsification and the retina: cystoid macular edema.", "content": "An on-going study of results and complications in a series of 1055 cataract extractions, done by Kelman phacoemulsification with up to five and one-half years' follow-up, showed that the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME) is significantly less when the posterior capsule is left intact. This applied to capsulotomy at the time of surgery or elective discission later, with or without vitreous disturbance. CME was suspected clinically and confirmed or denied, in most cases, by fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Phacoemulsification and the retina: cystoid macular edema. An on-going study of results and complications in a series of 1055 cataract extractions, done by Kelman phacoemulsification with up to five and one-half years' follow-up, showed that the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME) is significantly less when the posterior capsule is left intact. This applied to capsulotomy at the time of surgery or elective discission later, with or without vitreous disturbance. CME was suspected clinically and confirmed or denied, in most cases, by fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 552629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1039", "title": "Five years' follow-up in the surgical management of cataracts in high myopia treated with the Kelman phacoemulsification technique.", "content": "With the advent of phacoemulsification, much interest has again been rekindled in extracapsular cataract surgery and its effects on the vitreoretinopathies associated in high myopia. Since 1972, 278 patients with high myopia greater than --7.50 D, as as determined by axial length echography, have been operated on by the author. The five-year follow-up with statistical analysis of these cases is presented. Comments as to the merits of extracapsular versus intracapsular surgery in high myopia will be set forth.", "contents": "Five years' follow-up in the surgical management of cataracts in high myopia treated with the Kelman phacoemulsification technique. With the advent of phacoemulsification, much interest has again been rekindled in extracapsular cataract surgery and its effects on the vitreoretinopathies associated in high myopia. Since 1972, 278 patients with high myopia greater than --7.50 D, as as determined by axial length echography, have been operated on by the author. The five-year follow-up with statistical analysis of these cases is presented. Comments as to the merits of extracapsular versus intracapsular surgery in high myopia will be set forth.", "PMID": 552630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1040", "title": "Why use the operating microscope in orbital surgery?", "content": "We think the use of the operating microscope in deep orbital surgery is essential for a safer and more accurate removal of the tumors that occupy this difficult surgical location.", "contents": "Why use the operating microscope in orbital surgery? We think the use of the operating microscope in deep orbital surgery is essential for a safer and more accurate removal of the tumors that occupy this difficult surgical location.", "PMID": 552633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1041", "title": "An adapter to aid in slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the supine patient.", "content": "Slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the supine patient can be achieved with the use of the Zeiss 100/16 slit lamp and an adapter to hang it from the microscope stand. Coaxial, collimated illumination can be used for fundus biomicroscopy with the method described.", "contents": "An adapter to aid in slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the supine patient. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the supine patient can be achieved with the use of the Zeiss 100/16 slit lamp and an adapter to hang it from the microscope stand. Coaxial, collimated illumination can be used for fundus biomicroscopy with the method described.", "PMID": 552634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1042", "title": "Comparison of the bronchodilating action and of the tolerance of fenoterol and isoproterenol aerosols.", "content": "Fenoterol aerosol (400 micrograms) and isoproterenol aerosol (200 micrograms) were compared in a double blind cross-over trial in 59 patients with reversible broncho-obstruction. Measurements of VC, FEV1, respiratory impedance (ZR), blood pressure and pulse rate as records of subjective symptoms, r\u00e2les and side effects, were made over a period of 180 minutes. After fenoterol FEV1 increased significantly from the 15th minute till the first hour. After isoproterenol an increase of this parameter was obtained only at the 15th minute. The decrease in ZR was always larger with fenoterol than with isoproterenol. This difference was significant at the 2nd hour (P < .05) and at the 3rd hour (P < .01). In a group with severe obstruction the airway obstruction improved more with fenoterol than with isoproterenol (P < .01). The functional improvement induced by 400 micrograms fenoterol appeared to be more potent and of longer duration than the improvement caused by 200 micrograms isoproterenol. Moreover it appeared more rapidly after administration.", "contents": "Comparison of the bronchodilating action and of the tolerance of fenoterol and isoproterenol aerosols. Fenoterol aerosol (400 micrograms) and isoproterenol aerosol (200 micrograms) were compared in a double blind cross-over trial in 59 patients with reversible broncho-obstruction. Measurements of VC, FEV1, respiratory impedance (ZR), blood pressure and pulse rate as records of subjective symptoms, r\u00e2les and side effects, were made over a period of 180 minutes. After fenoterol FEV1 increased significantly from the 15th minute till the first hour. After isoproterenol an increase of this parameter was obtained only at the 15th minute. The decrease in ZR was always larger with fenoterol than with isoproterenol. This difference was significant at the 2nd hour (P < .05) and at the 3rd hour (P < .01). In a group with severe obstruction the airway obstruction improved more with fenoterol than with isoproterenol (P < .01). The functional improvement induced by 400 micrograms fenoterol appeared to be more potent and of longer duration than the improvement caused by 200 micrograms isoproterenol. Moreover it appeared more rapidly after administration.", "PMID": 552657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1043", "title": "[Double blind study of the effect of alveolar air distribution influenced by RG 033 in chronic bronchitis].", "content": "RG 033 is a compound consisting of betametasone in resinic microcapsules which allow a slow and continuous dialysis of the active drug through the membrane in the digestive tract. The drug was studied with regard to its effects on the distribution of alveolar air and its gastric tolerance. In a preliminary study the drug release from the capsules in the pH-conditions of the digestive tract was studied by means of a physico-chemical model. Two groups of 15 patients with broncho-obstruction reversed by salbutamol, a potent beta 2-sympathomimetic, were included in the trial. One group received 1 mg and the other 2 mg of the drug. An alternate scheme was used for the treatments. The functional methods used to assess the ventilatory results were chosen according to the conclusions of a previous comprehensive study by one of the authors [7] [8]. The ventilatory results of both dosages were quite similar. This observation suggests that a maximum effect on alveolar air distribution was obtained with 1 mg. No unfavourable side-effect on the gastric mucosa was observed.", "contents": "[Double blind study of the effect of alveolar air distribution influenced by RG 033 in chronic bronchitis]. RG 033 is a compound consisting of betametasone in resinic microcapsules which allow a slow and continuous dialysis of the active drug through the membrane in the digestive tract. The drug was studied with regard to its effects on the distribution of alveolar air and its gastric tolerance. In a preliminary study the drug release from the capsules in the pH-conditions of the digestive tract was studied by means of a physico-chemical model. Two groups of 15 patients with broncho-obstruction reversed by salbutamol, a potent beta 2-sympathomimetic, were included in the trial. One group received 1 mg and the other 2 mg of the drug. An alternate scheme was used for the treatments. The functional methods used to assess the ventilatory results were chosen according to the conclusions of a previous comprehensive study by one of the authors [7] [8]. The ventilatory results of both dosages were quite similar. This observation suggests that a maximum effect on alveolar air distribution was obtained with 1 mg. No unfavourable side-effect on the gastric mucosa was observed.", "PMID": 552658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1044", "title": "[Conclusions of an international symposium held at Aachen on 4 and 5 May about mucolytic agents, especially oral acetylcysteine].", "content": "The usefulness of mucolytics for clinical purposes remains controversial. Although many authors agree with the opinion that some of these drugs, above all aerosols of acetylcysteine at convenient dosages, provided they are associated with beta 2-sympathomimetics, may be useful in the treatment of bronchial obstruction due to inspissated mucus in excess in the lumens, many specialists remain reluctant concerning the activity of mucolytics given by mouth. It seemed therefore interesting to organize an international meeting on this topic. First of all, I would like to pay honour to the initiative of the Zambon Laboratories who organized this symposium. I would also like to express my gratitude for having been involved in the preparation of the programme of these days and having been asked to present the general conclusions of the meeting. The following pages are devoted to these conclusions. We shall repeatedly make reference to the works which were presented in extenso during the meeting. The general report of the symposium will shortly appear in a special supplement of the European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. It seems however useful to give at the end of our text the complete list of the presented lectures.", "contents": "[Conclusions of an international symposium held at Aachen on 4 and 5 May about mucolytic agents, especially oral acetylcysteine]. The usefulness of mucolytics for clinical purposes remains controversial. Although many authors agree with the opinion that some of these drugs, above all aerosols of acetylcysteine at convenient dosages, provided they are associated with beta 2-sympathomimetics, may be useful in the treatment of bronchial obstruction due to inspissated mucus in excess in the lumens, many specialists remain reluctant concerning the activity of mucolytics given by mouth. It seemed therefore interesting to organize an international meeting on this topic. First of all, I would like to pay honour to the initiative of the Zambon Laboratories who organized this symposium. I would also like to express my gratitude for having been involved in the preparation of the programme of these days and having been asked to present the general conclusions of the meeting. The following pages are devoted to these conclusions. We shall repeatedly make reference to the works which were presented in extenso during the meeting. The general report of the symposium will shortly appear in a special supplement of the European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. It seems however useful to give at the end of our text the complete list of the presented lectures.", "PMID": 552659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1045", "title": "[Case studies of left unilateral apraxia].", "content": "The authors report two cases of motor apraxia, agraphia and tactile anomia on the left side, associated with bilateral constructive apraxia. These cases are discussed in relation to their unusual etiology and in relation to possible pathogenetic hypothesis other than classical Liepmann's scheme.", "contents": "[Case studies of left unilateral apraxia]. The authors report two cases of motor apraxia, agraphia and tactile anomia on the left side, associated with bilateral constructive apraxia. These cases are discussed in relation to their unusual etiology and in relation to possible pathogenetic hypothesis other than classical Liepmann's scheme.", "PMID": 552660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1046", "title": "[Transverse myelopathy caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (LES)].", "content": "The authors have described a case of transverse myelopathy as a complication of L.E.S.; serological studies are reported. This case was considered very important because the damage of the spinal cord was the first symptom of mesenchymopathy.", "contents": "[Transverse myelopathy caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (LES)]. The authors have described a case of transverse myelopathy as a complication of L.E.S.; serological studies are reported. This case was considered very important because the damage of the spinal cord was the first symptom of mesenchymopathy.", "PMID": 552661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1047", "title": "[Use of coronal sections in computerized tomography].", "content": "The authors emphasize the use of coronal cut in CT in sellar and parasellar lesions; in tumors involving the tentorium; in differential diagnosis between meningiomas of falx and parasagittal ones and in those lesions with extension into paranasal sinus and face. The purpose of this method is to evaluate the exact relationship of these type of lesions with adjacent structures in a tridimensional view.", "contents": "[Use of coronal sections in computerized tomography]. The authors emphasize the use of coronal cut in CT in sellar and parasellar lesions; in tumors involving the tentorium; in differential diagnosis between meningiomas of falx and parasagittal ones and in those lesions with extension into paranasal sinus and face. The purpose of this method is to evaluate the exact relationship of these type of lesions with adjacent structures in a tridimensional view.", "PMID": 552662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1048", "title": "[Frequency of radiation-induced exchanges in easily identifiable monkey chromosomes].", "content": "Frequency of asymmetric exchanges of readily identifiable chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 ad 20 was studied in primary kidney cell cultures of monkeys. Macaca mulatta and Papio hamadryas irradiated with 200 R of X-rays at G0. The chromosomes studied enter asymmetric exchange in accordance with their lengths of mitosis. The frequency of exchanges is independent of the quantity of late-replicating heterochromation in chromosomes. The radiosensitivity of chromosomes was identical in the two monkey species.", "contents": "[Frequency of radiation-induced exchanges in easily identifiable monkey chromosomes]. Frequency of asymmetric exchanges of readily identifiable chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 ad 20 was studied in primary kidney cell cultures of monkeys. Macaca mulatta and Papio hamadryas irradiated with 200 R of X-rays at G0. The chromosomes studied enter asymmetric exchange in accordance with their lengths of mitosis. The frequency of exchanges is independent of the quantity of late-replicating heterochromation in chromosomes. The radiosensitivity of chromosomes was identical in the two monkey species.", "PMID": 552663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1049", "title": "Effect of breed-type on carcass weight and composition in sheep.", "content": "The relative rate of increase in the carcass and its tissues with increasing empty body weight (EBW) or carcass weight respectively, was studied in male sheep from the Dorset Horn (29), Hampshire (21) and Sudan Desert sheep (31). The rate at which the carcass, muscle and bone increased in weight was the same in all breeds but the Desert sheep deposited fat at a slower rate than the other 2 breeds. At an equally adjusted EBW the Desert sheep had lighter carcasses than the Dorset Horn or Hampshire sheep. Desert sheep had more bone than the other 2 breeds at an equally adjusted cold carcass weight or muscle plus bone weight. At an equally adjusted total carcass fat weight the Desert sheep had significant (P < 0.01) more intermuscular and internal fat but less subcutaneous fat than the other 2 breeds. Future improvement plans of the Desert sheep may be directed towards reducing bone and increasing muscle content of the carcass.", "contents": "Effect of breed-type on carcass weight and composition in sheep. The relative rate of increase in the carcass and its tissues with increasing empty body weight (EBW) or carcass weight respectively, was studied in male sheep from the Dorset Horn (29), Hampshire (21) and Sudan Desert sheep (31). The rate at which the carcass, muscle and bone increased in weight was the same in all breeds but the Desert sheep deposited fat at a slower rate than the other 2 breeds. At an equally adjusted EBW the Desert sheep had lighter carcasses than the Dorset Horn or Hampshire sheep. Desert sheep had more bone than the other 2 breeds at an equally adjusted cold carcass weight or muscle plus bone weight. At an equally adjusted total carcass fat weight the Desert sheep had significant (P < 0.01) more intermuscular and internal fat but less subcutaneous fat than the other 2 breeds. Future improvement plans of the Desert sheep may be directed towards reducing bone and increasing muscle content of the carcass.", "PMID": 552668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1050", "title": "A comparison of the Nigerian indigenous fowl with White Rock under conditions of disease and nutritional stress.", "content": "Equal numbers of day old White Rock and Nigerian indigenous male chicks were reared to 10 weeks of age under 4 variables consisting of 2 dietary regimes and 2 regimes of immunity (natural versus vaccinal) to Newcastle disease challenge. Although White Rock grew significantly faster, ate more food and tended to be more efficient in feed utilisation than the indigenous chicks, the mortality of the latter was significantly lower. Growth rate and feed intake were significantly greater, feed efficiency better and prechallenge mortality lower in birds fed on the higher crude protein diet. Prechallenge mortality was significantly lower in birds that had been vaccinated against Newcastle disease.", "contents": "A comparison of the Nigerian indigenous fowl with White Rock under conditions of disease and nutritional stress. Equal numbers of day old White Rock and Nigerian indigenous male chicks were reared to 10 weeks of age under 4 variables consisting of 2 dietary regimes and 2 regimes of immunity (natural versus vaccinal) to Newcastle disease challenge. Although White Rock grew significantly faster, ate more food and tended to be more efficient in feed utilisation than the indigenous chicks, the mortality of the latter was significantly lower. Growth rate and feed intake were significantly greater, feed efficiency better and prechallenge mortality lower in birds fed on the higher crude protein diet. Prechallenge mortality was significantly lower in birds that had been vaccinated against Newcastle disease.", "PMID": 552669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1051", "title": "[Glycosaminoglycan metabolic disorders in periosteal and endosteal osteogenic cells in phenol poisoning].", "content": "The analysis of 35S sulphate incorporation into the growing bone structures in the experiment with 2-3 week guinea pigs subjected to long-term phenol intoxication made it possible to conclude that 35S sulphate assimilation by the osteogenic cells of periost and endost is less intensive in the treated animals, particularly in those receiving a large dose of phenol, (40 mg/kg) than in the control ones. This testifies to the reduction of the biosynthesis rates of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the bone growth regions.", "contents": "[Glycosaminoglycan metabolic disorders in periosteal and endosteal osteogenic cells in phenol poisoning]. The analysis of 35S sulphate incorporation into the growing bone structures in the experiment with 2-3 week guinea pigs subjected to long-term phenol intoxication made it possible to conclude that 35S sulphate assimilation by the osteogenic cells of periost and endost is less intensive in the treated animals, particularly in those receiving a large dose of phenol, (40 mg/kg) than in the control ones. This testifies to the reduction of the biosynthesis rates of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the bone growth regions.", "PMID": 552664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1052", "title": "[Tetraploidy in the epithelial cells of monkey kidneys subjected to exposure to various radiation dosages in vitro and in vivo. III].", "content": "Tetraploidy was found in 3- and 5-day cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells irradiated with various X-ray doses at G0. At the G0 stage the portion of simple and complex tetraploid cells was determined in the monkey kidney epithelium after the whole body 60Co gamma-irradiation, 620-660 R.", "contents": "[Tetraploidy in the epithelial cells of monkey kidneys subjected to exposure to various radiation dosages in vitro and in vivo. III]. Tetraploidy was found in 3- and 5-day cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells irradiated with various X-ray doses at G0. At the G0 stage the portion of simple and complex tetraploid cells was determined in the monkey kidney epithelium after the whole body 60Co gamma-irradiation, 620-660 R.", "PMID": 552665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1053", "title": "Mortality, weight loss and anaemia in Bos taurus calves exposed to Boophilus microplus ticks in the tropics of Colombia.", "content": "One hundred and sixteen pure-bred Normandy calves previously immunised against babesiosis and anaplasmosis were transported to the Caribbean Coast of Colombia where they divided into 2 equal groups and placed in separate pastures. One group sustained heavy infestation with Boophilus microplus ticks. The second group became lightly infested. The heavily infested calves suffered average losses in body weight of 38 kg and a 48% decrease in mean packed cell volume. Twenty-three (40%) died 16 to 39 days following arrival from severe ixodiasis and babesiosis. Mortality did not occur nor were significant weight losses observed in the group of lightly infested calves.", "contents": "Mortality, weight loss and anaemia in Bos taurus calves exposed to Boophilus microplus ticks in the tropics of Colombia. One hundred and sixteen pure-bred Normandy calves previously immunised against babesiosis and anaplasmosis were transported to the Caribbean Coast of Colombia where they divided into 2 equal groups and placed in separate pastures. One group sustained heavy infestation with Boophilus microplus ticks. The second group became lightly infested. The heavily infested calves suffered average losses in body weight of 38 kg and a 48% decrease in mean packed cell volume. Twenty-three (40%) died 16 to 39 days following arrival from severe ixodiasis and babesiosis. Mortality did not occur nor were significant weight losses observed in the group of lightly infested calves.", "PMID": 552671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1054", "title": "Comparative efficacy of drugs in bovine anaplasmosis.", "content": "Calves experimentally infected with Anaplasma marginale were subjected to chemotherapeutic treatment in groups, each group receiving one drug only. Observations were made on clinical signs, haematological changes, parasitaemias and levels of antibodies as measured by the complement fixation test. The most effective treatment was with imidocarb; other drugs which were apparently effective were steclin, terramycin and aureomycin in that order, while chloroquin diphosphate and camoquin gave little indication of therapeutic value.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of drugs in bovine anaplasmosis. Calves experimentally infected with Anaplasma marginale were subjected to chemotherapeutic treatment in groups, each group receiving one drug only. Observations were made on clinical signs, haematological changes, parasitaemias and levels of antibodies as measured by the complement fixation test. The most effective treatment was with imidocarb; other drugs which were apparently effective were steclin, terramycin and aureomycin in that order, while chloroquin diphosphate and camoquin gave little indication of therapeutic value.", "PMID": 552672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1055", "title": "[Human acrocentric chromosomal associations in old age].", "content": "Associations of satellite chromosome fibres of acrocentric chromosomes of the DD, GG and DG types were studied in persons aged from 80 to 114 years. It was found that the value of P (probability of joining of satellite fibres of two chromosomes in a group) is considerably less than the corresponding value for persons aged from 20 to 48 years. It is supposed that the decrease of the frequency of association at senile age is caused by heterochromatization of satellite fibres in the 13th and 14 chromosome pairs.", "contents": "[Human acrocentric chromosomal associations in old age]. Associations of satellite chromosome fibres of acrocentric chromosomes of the DD, GG and DG types were studied in persons aged from 80 to 114 years. It was found that the value of P (probability of joining of satellite fibres of two chromosomes in a group) is considerably less than the corresponding value for persons aged from 20 to 48 years. It is supposed that the decrease of the frequency of association at senile age is caused by heterochromatization of satellite fibres in the 13th and 14 chromosome pairs.", "PMID": 552667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1056", "title": "[Cytological study of spontaneous embryonic mortality before implantation in mice of different genotypes].", "content": "Spontaneous preimplantation embryonic mortality was studied cytologically for mice of different strains and their combinations. It was found that this index was determined to a considerable extent by the genotype. Its level varied from 5 to 10% depending on the genotype. The stoppage of embryos' cleavage and, probably, their death occurs mostly at the stage of 2-12 blastomeres.", "contents": "[Cytological study of spontaneous embryonic mortality before implantation in mice of different genotypes]. Spontaneous preimplantation embryonic mortality was studied cytologically for mice of different strains and their combinations. It was found that this index was determined to a considerable extent by the genotype. Its level varied from 5 to 10% depending on the genotype. The stoppage of embryos' cleavage and, probably, their death occurs mostly at the stage of 2-12 blastomeres.", "PMID": 552666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1057", "title": "Adult body weight of indigenous and crossbred ewes under semi-arid conditions in India.", "content": "Data on adult body weight of ewes belonging to Nali, Chokla breeds and their crosses (F1) with Rambouillet and Soviet Merino raised under semi-arid conditions in India were analysed. The ewes belonged to 5 distinct age groups ranging from 16.5 to 64 months. Nali and Chokla were significant lighter than all the 4 crossbred groups. There were no significant differences in body weight between crossbred groups except in the case of Soviet Merino x Chokla group which was the lightest and differed significantly from all other groups. Rambouillet crosses were heavier than Merino crosses but the difference was statistically significant only on Rambouillet x Chokla and Merino x Chokla. The improvement in body weight in crossbreds over native sheep ranged between 9.3 and 21.88%. The increase in live weight was significant only up to 49 months.", "contents": "Adult body weight of indigenous and crossbred ewes under semi-arid conditions in India. Data on adult body weight of ewes belonging to Nali, Chokla breeds and their crosses (F1) with Rambouillet and Soviet Merino raised under semi-arid conditions in India were analysed. The ewes belonged to 5 distinct age groups ranging from 16.5 to 64 months. Nali and Chokla were significant lighter than all the 4 crossbred groups. There were no significant differences in body weight between crossbred groups except in the case of Soviet Merino x Chokla group which was the lightest and differed significantly from all other groups. Rambouillet crosses were heavier than Merino crosses but the difference was statistically significant only on Rambouillet x Chokla and Merino x Chokla. The improvement in body weight in crossbreds over native sheep ranged between 9.3 and 21.88%. The increase in live weight was significant only up to 49 months.", "PMID": 552673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1058", "title": "Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos plateau, Nigeria I. Herd structures and reproductive performance.", "content": "Some details are given of a 2 1/2 year study on traditionally managed settled White Fulani cattle herds on the Jos plateau in Nigeria. Observations are included on herd size, herd structure, seasonal calving and reproductive performance. The relationship between herd structure and reproductive performance is discussed.", "contents": "Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos plateau, Nigeria I. Herd structures and reproductive performance. Some details are given of a 2 1/2 year study on traditionally managed settled White Fulani cattle herds on the Jos plateau in Nigeria. Observations are included on herd size, herd structure, seasonal calving and reproductive performance. The relationship between herd structure and reproductive performance is discussed.", "PMID": 552674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1059", "title": "Effect of anthelmintic treatment on the performance of Awassi sheep in Iraq.", "content": "Studies are reported on the effect of anthelmintic treatment on the body weight gain and wool growth of ewes with subclinical helminth infections. The parasites involved were Fasciola gigantica and Ostertagia spp., together with some Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and Dictyocaulus filaria. In 1 group, 5 sheep, which were treated twice with tetramisole at an interval of 4 weeks to remove gastro-intestinal nematodes and lungworms, showed an increase of 41% in weight gain and 3.2% in wool growth compared with an untreated group. Another group, which was treated with both tetramisole and rafoxanide to remove nematode and fluke infections, had a 143% increase in weight gain and 81% in wool growth compared with the control.", "contents": "Effect of anthelmintic treatment on the performance of Awassi sheep in Iraq. Studies are reported on the effect of anthelmintic treatment on the body weight gain and wool growth of ewes with subclinical helminth infections. The parasites involved were Fasciola gigantica and Ostertagia spp., together with some Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and Dictyocaulus filaria. In 1 group, 5 sheep, which were treated twice with tetramisole at an interval of 4 weeks to remove gastro-intestinal nematodes and lungworms, showed an increase of 41% in weight gain and 3.2% in wool growth compared with an untreated group. Another group, which was treated with both tetramisole and rafoxanide to remove nematode and fluke infections, had a 143% increase in weight gain and 81% in wool growth compared with the control.", "PMID": 552676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1060", "title": "The epidemiology of fascioliasis in Malawi: I. The epidemiology in the intermediate host.", "content": "Fasciola gigantica Cobbold was studied in the intermediate host snail. On snail survey Lymnaea natalensis Krauss was the species found responsible for the transmission of Fasciola gigantica in Malawi. The ecology of this snail was studied at 5 different habitats spread throughout Malawi. The snail population was recorded high from April to October. The epidemiological cycle of Fasciola gigantica in the snail was determined and it was shown that snail infection was high in April and May and thus more metacercariae are released in August to October following such an infection. To complete the epidemiological picture studies reported separately were done involving the definitive host.", "contents": "The epidemiology of fascioliasis in Malawi: I. The epidemiology in the intermediate host. Fasciola gigantica Cobbold was studied in the intermediate host snail. On snail survey Lymnaea natalensis Krauss was the species found responsible for the transmission of Fasciola gigantica in Malawi. The ecology of this snail was studied at 5 different habitats spread throughout Malawi. The snail population was recorded high from April to October. The epidemiological cycle of Fasciola gigantica in the snail was determined and it was shown that snail infection was high in April and May and thus more metacercariae are released in August to October following such an infection. To complete the epidemiological picture studies reported separately were done involving the definitive host.", "PMID": 552677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1061", "title": "The association of aorto-iliac aneurysms with ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Aorto-iliac aneurysms may entrap the ureters in perianeurysmal fibrosis, causing medical ureteral deviation and/or obstruction. The latter has been described only in male patients; a further 5 cases due to iliac and 3 to aortic aneurysm are reported. The radiologic picture resembles retroperitoneal fibrosis; the correct diagnosis may be suggested when ureteral tethering or narrowing lies near arterial calcification. Sonography is usually the most appropriate investigation to confirm the diagnosis. When sonography shows an aortic aneurysm, the kidneys should be scanned to rule out hydronephrosis. Similarly, films of the kidneys should be obtained when an abdominal aneurysm is demonstrated by aortography.", "contents": "The association of aorto-iliac aneurysms with ureteral obstruction. Aorto-iliac aneurysms may entrap the ureters in perianeurysmal fibrosis, causing medical ureteral deviation and/or obstruction. The latter has been described only in male patients; a further 5 cases due to iliac and 3 to aortic aneurysm are reported. The radiologic picture resembles retroperitoneal fibrosis; the correct diagnosis may be suggested when ureteral tethering or narrowing lies near arterial calcification. Sonography is usually the most appropriate investigation to confirm the diagnosis. When sonography shows an aortic aneurysm, the kidneys should be scanned to rule out hydronephrosis. Similarly, films of the kidneys should be obtained when an abdominal aneurysm is demonstrated by aortography.", "PMID": 552678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1062", "title": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of ureteral obstruction secondary to aneurysmal disease.", "content": "Three cases of ureteral obstruction associated with aortoiliac aneurysms were studied with computed tomography. CT was able to document the presence of aneurysm and display the perianeurysmal, fibrotic, contrast-enhancing mass accounting for ureteral obstruction. The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis and evaluation of these cases is described.", "contents": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of ureteral obstruction secondary to aneurysmal disease. Three cases of ureteral obstruction associated with aortoiliac aneurysms were studied with computed tomography. CT was able to document the presence of aneurysm and display the perianeurysmal, fibrotic, contrast-enhancing mass accounting for ureteral obstruction. The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis and evaluation of these cases is described.", "PMID": 552679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1063", "title": "Vagal hypotension after percutaneous biopsy: possible confusion with hypovolemic shock.", "content": "Vagal hypotension can occur after percutaneous biopsy and be misdiagnosed as hypovolemia due to hemorrhage. Inappropriate exploratory surgery and death have resulted. Increased vagal tone or massive discharge is characterized by hypotension with bradycardia or lack of tachycardia and can occur after many stimuli including contrast medium injection, anxiety, and needle insertion. Vagal reactions can be mild and self-limited, but can also progress to cardiac arrest. Atropine 0.6 to 0.8 mg intramuscularly or intravenously in increments up to 3 mg has been recommended for prompt treatment. Volume expansion is adjunctive.", "contents": "Vagal hypotension after percutaneous biopsy: possible confusion with hypovolemic shock. Vagal hypotension can occur after percutaneous biopsy and be misdiagnosed as hypovolemia due to hemorrhage. Inappropriate exploratory surgery and death have resulted. Increased vagal tone or massive discharge is characterized by hypotension with bradycardia or lack of tachycardia and can occur after many stimuli including contrast medium injection, anxiety, and needle insertion. Vagal reactions can be mild and self-limited, but can also progress to cardiac arrest. Atropine 0.6 to 0.8 mg intramuscularly or intravenously in increments up to 3 mg has been recommended for prompt treatment. Volume expansion is adjunctive.", "PMID": 552680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1064", "title": "The value of the posterior oblique longitudinal scan in renal ultrasonography.", "content": "A new way of scanning the kidney by ultrasonography is the posterior oblique longitudinal scan. This provides new information about renal anatomy, especially the renal aspect of the parenchyma and the hilus in its vertical axis. It supplies useful diagnostic information particularly in pseudotumours, hydronephrosis, and lipomatosis.", "contents": "The value of the posterior oblique longitudinal scan in renal ultrasonography. A new way of scanning the kidney by ultrasonography is the posterior oblique longitudinal scan. This provides new information about renal anatomy, especially the renal aspect of the parenchyma and the hilus in its vertical axis. It supplies useful diagnostic information particularly in pseudotumours, hydronephrosis, and lipomatosis.", "PMID": 552681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1065", "title": "Percutaneous nephrostomy--indicational and technical considerations.", "content": "A series of 55 percutaneous nephrostomy patients is presented. Techniques and presently available catheter types are discussed as well as the specific problems arising when the procedure is used for urinary diversion in neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephrostomy--indicational and technical considerations. A series of 55 percutaneous nephrostomy patients is presented. Techniques and presently available catheter types are discussed as well as the specific problems arising when the procedure is used for urinary diversion in neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 552682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1066", "title": "Percutaneous transperitoneal fine needle biopsy of normal looking lymph nodes and small lesions at lymphography: a preliminary report.", "content": "Using percutaneous transperitoneal fluoroscopy-guided fine needle biopsy, it is possible to demonstrate metastases in normal looking lymph nodes and in small lesions at lymphography. The procedure may be used in staging of malignant disease in the genitourinary organs.", "contents": "Percutaneous transperitoneal fine needle biopsy of normal looking lymph nodes and small lesions at lymphography: a preliminary report. Using percutaneous transperitoneal fluoroscopy-guided fine needle biopsy, it is possible to demonstrate metastases in normal looking lymph nodes and in small lesions at lymphography. The procedure may be used in staging of malignant disease in the genitourinary organs.", "PMID": 552683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1067", "title": "Genitourinary malformation with calcified intraluminal meconium and pulmonary hypoplasia.", "content": "Calcified intraluminal meconium is a rare finding in newborn infants that is often associated with communication between the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Frequently such infants die because of respiratory problems. An illustrative case is presented, and pulmonary hypoplasia is suggested as an etiology of the respiratory difficulties observed.", "contents": "Genitourinary malformation with calcified intraluminal meconium and pulmonary hypoplasia. Calcified intraluminal meconium is a rare finding in newborn infants that is often associated with communication between the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Frequently such infants die because of respiratory problems. An illustrative case is presented, and pulmonary hypoplasia is suggested as an etiology of the respiratory difficulties observed.", "PMID": 552684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1068", "title": "Ultrasound demonstration of an infected urachal cyst.", "content": "A 5-year-old child presented with a recurrent infraumbilical abdominal mass. Clinical and sonographic diagnosis was consistent with an infected urachal cyst. The clinical features and sonographic differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasound demonstration of an infected urachal cyst. A 5-year-old child presented with a recurrent infraumbilical abdominal mass. Clinical and sonographic diagnosis was consistent with an infected urachal cyst. The clinical features and sonographic differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 552685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1069", "title": "Co-existent renal eosinophilic granuloma and renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Localized renal eosinophilic granuloma has not been previously reported. In this patient there was osseous eosinophilic granuloma and a 1 cm hypervascular renal lesion which pathologically proved to be coexistent renal adenocarcinoma and eosinophilic granuloma.", "contents": "Co-existent renal eosinophilic granuloma and renal adenocarcinoma. Localized renal eosinophilic granuloma has not been previously reported. In this patient there was osseous eosinophilic granuloma and a 1 cm hypervascular renal lesion which pathologically proved to be coexistent renal adenocarcinoma and eosinophilic granuloma.", "PMID": 552686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1070", "title": "Chronic nephritis in a pony.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of a case of chronic nephritis in a 17-year-old pony was described. Measurement of fluid intake and laboratory analysis of sequential blood and urine samples helped in establishing an accurate diagnosis. The case demonstrates that although chronic renal disease is not well documented in the horse it should nevertheless be considered in the differential diagnosis of conditions characterised by progressive loss of weight.", "contents": "Chronic nephritis in a pony. The clinical and pathological features of a case of chronic nephritis in a 17-year-old pony was described. Measurement of fluid intake and laboratory analysis of sequential blood and urine samples helped in establishing an accurate diagnosis. The case demonstrates that although chronic renal disease is not well documented in the horse it should nevertheless be considered in the differential diagnosis of conditions characterised by progressive loss of weight.", "PMID": 552693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1071", "title": "The epidemiology of echinococcus infection in Kaduna State, Nigeria.", "content": "Infection of dogs with Echinococcus gramulosus is recorded for the first time in Kaduna State. Observations on 330 dogs from different suburbs revealed an incidence of 1.2 per cent. Of slaughtered stock examined, hydatid cyst infections were found in sheep (7.1 per cent), goats (18.4 per cent), cattle (1.5 per cent), camels (70.9 per cent) and pigs (5 per cent).", "contents": "The epidemiology of echinococcus infection in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Infection of dogs with Echinococcus gramulosus is recorded for the first time in Kaduna State. Observations on 330 dogs from different suburbs revealed an incidence of 1.2 per cent. Of slaughtered stock examined, hydatid cyst infections were found in sheep (7.1 per cent), goats (18.4 per cent), cattle (1.5 per cent), camels (70.9 per cent) and pigs (5 per cent).", "PMID": 552694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1072", "title": "Porcine intestinal adenomatosis and its detection in a closed pig herd.", "content": "The weight gains of pigs in a hysterectomy-derived herd were evaluated using the cumulative sum technique. Representative animals growing poorly were selected by this method and a high proportion were found to be affected with porcine intestinal adenomatosis. Some possible effects of the condition on production in the herd were evaluated from these findings.", "contents": "Porcine intestinal adenomatosis and its detection in a closed pig herd. The weight gains of pigs in a hysterectomy-derived herd were evaluated using the cumulative sum technique. Representative animals growing poorly were selected by this method and a high proportion were found to be affected with porcine intestinal adenomatosis. Some possible effects of the condition on production in the herd were evaluated from these findings.", "PMID": 552701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1073", "title": "Water consumption in growing pheasants.", "content": "Daily water consumption in pheasants varied from 240 ml per kg at three weeks of age to 80 ml per kg at 12 weeks. Variations in temperatures within the range 10 to 25 degrees C exerted little influence on water intake. The amount of water consumed increased at a given age as dietary protein level increased. Only a small increase (14 per cent) in water intake accompanied a more than doubled increase in the normal dietary salt level. Total daily water intakes were similar in pheasants fed three times a day and in those fed ad libitum but their patterns of consumption throughout the day were widely different.", "contents": "Water consumption in growing pheasants. Daily water consumption in pheasants varied from 240 ml per kg at three weeks of age to 80 ml per kg at 12 weeks. Variations in temperatures within the range 10 to 25 degrees C exerted little influence on water intake. The amount of water consumed increased at a given age as dietary protein level increased. Only a small increase (14 per cent) in water intake accompanied a more than doubled increase in the normal dietary salt level. Total daily water intakes were similar in pheasants fed three times a day and in those fed ad libitum but their patterns of consumption throughout the day were widely different.", "PMID": 552702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1074", "title": "The prevalence of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei in colostrum deprived lambs.", "content": "The prevalence of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei in pre-colostral lambs in a flock of sheep infected with Johne's disease was investigated. Blood from 134 ewes and their 143 lambs were collected immediately after lambing. Double immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests were used to detect antibodies to M johnei. Four (3 per cent) of 135 lambs born to 127 ewes with serological evidence of exposure to M johnei had detectable antibodies in their sera. All lambs fed colostrum from serologically positive ewes had serum antibodies.", "contents": "The prevalence of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei in colostrum deprived lambs. The prevalence of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei in pre-colostral lambs in a flock of sheep infected with Johne's disease was investigated. Blood from 134 ewes and their 143 lambs were collected immediately after lambing. Double immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests were used to detect antibodies to M johnei. Four (3 per cent) of 135 lambs born to 127 ewes with serological evidence of exposure to M johnei had detectable antibodies in their sera. All lambs fed colostrum from serologically positive ewes had serum antibodies.", "PMID": 552705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1075", "title": "Sir William Weipers lecture. The limits to animal production.", "content": "The relationship between population and food supply was the subject of the 1979 Sir William Weipers lecture at the University of Glasgow on April 27 given by Sir Kenneth Blaxter of the Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen. He considered the limits to agricultural production generally and to animal production in particular. A shortened version of his lecture is printed below.", "contents": "Sir William Weipers lecture. The limits to animal production. The relationship between population and food supply was the subject of the 1979 Sir William Weipers lecture at the University of Glasgow on April 27 given by Sir Kenneth Blaxter of the Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen. He considered the limits to agricultural production generally and to animal production in particular. A shortened version of his lecture is printed below.", "PMID": 552712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1076", "title": "Hormone producing ovarian tumours in the dog.", "content": "In two cases of granulosa cell tumours of the ovary in bitches there was production of sex hormones by the neoplasm. Both tumours produced oestrogens but one also produced significant concentrations of progesterone. In both bitches, the presenting sign was abnormally prolonged oestrus activity. One dog also developed a haemorrhagic diathesis as a result of endogenous oestrogen toxicity.", "contents": "Hormone producing ovarian tumours in the dog. In two cases of granulosa cell tumours of the ovary in bitches there was production of sex hormones by the neoplasm. Both tumours produced oestrogens but one also produced significant concentrations of progesterone. In both bitches, the presenting sign was abnormally prolonged oestrus activity. One dog also developed a haemorrhagic diathesis as a result of endogenous oestrogen toxicity.", "PMID": 552713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1077", "title": "Horse markings: their importance to the integrity of racing and breeding.", "content": "The difficulties that arise in filling out marking certificates for thoroughbreds are described. The description given on the certificate has to be both written and graphic. A general guide to whorl location is given.", "contents": "Horse markings: their importance to the integrity of racing and breeding. The difficulties that arise in filling out marking certificates for thoroughbreds are described. The description given on the certificate has to be both written and graphic. A general guide to whorl location is given.", "PMID": 552715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1078", "title": "Treatment of sprained tendons in horses with carbon fibre implants.", "content": "A technique for implanting carbon fibre into sprained flexor tendons in horses is described. Insertion of the fibres through paravertebral needles which passed through the affected region of the tendon was considered to be preferable to direct implantation into the surgically opened tendon. The results of the eight cases treated to date are dealt with briefly, together with a discussion as to how this form of treatment could be further evaluated.", "contents": "Treatment of sprained tendons in horses with carbon fibre implants. A technique for implanting carbon fibre into sprained flexor tendons in horses is described. Insertion of the fibres through paravertebral needles which passed through the affected region of the tendon was considered to be preferable to direct implantation into the surgically opened tendon. The results of the eight cases treated to date are dealt with briefly, together with a discussion as to how this form of treatment could be further evaluated.", "PMID": 552716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1079", "title": "The non-diseased reactor: considerations on the interpretation of screening test results.", "content": "The mathematical relationships between the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests and the proportion of animals which are positive to the test, but which have no visible lesions (NVL) at subsequent examination or necropsy, are outlined briefly. NVL reactors may be defined as a proportion of the total number of reactors to the test (reactor NVL per cent) or of the total number of animals tested (herd NVL per cent). Neither the herd nor reactor NVL per cent can provide valid estimates of the efficacy of any particular test, unless the precise prevalence of disease in the tested herd is determined. However under conditions of low or moderate prevalence specificity is approximately equal in magnitude to 100-herd NVL per cent but sensitivity cannot be reliably estimated from either the herd or reactor NVL per cent.", "contents": "The non-diseased reactor: considerations on the interpretation of screening test results. The mathematical relationships between the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests and the proportion of animals which are positive to the test, but which have no visible lesions (NVL) at subsequent examination or necropsy, are outlined briefly. NVL reactors may be defined as a proportion of the total number of reactors to the test (reactor NVL per cent) or of the total number of animals tested (herd NVL per cent). Neither the herd nor reactor NVL per cent can provide valid estimates of the efficacy of any particular test, unless the precise prevalence of disease in the tested herd is determined. However under conditions of low or moderate prevalence specificity is approximately equal in magnitude to 100-herd NVL per cent but sensitivity cannot be reliably estimated from either the herd or reactor NVL per cent.", "PMID": 552718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1080", "title": "Phenotypic intersex (female pseudohermaphroditism) in a dachshund dog.", "content": "A male miniature rough-haired dachshund, presented with episodic haematuria, was found to be a female pseudohermaphrodite. A littermate also had an abnormality of the urogenital tract and their dam had received a progesterone implant during pregnancy. Chromosome analysis of the intersex revealed XX/XY mosaicism in certain tissues.", "contents": "Phenotypic intersex (female pseudohermaphroditism) in a dachshund dog. A male miniature rough-haired dachshund, presented with episodic haematuria, was found to be a female pseudohermaphrodite. A littermate also had an abnormality of the urogenital tract and their dam had received a progesterone implant during pregnancy. Chromosome analysis of the intersex revealed XX/XY mosaicism in certain tissues.", "PMID": 552719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1081", "title": "The epidemiological and economic importance of fly infestation of meat and milk producing animals in Europe.", "content": "The importance of fly infestation in the transmission of disease and in the loss of production through \"fly worry\" to meat and milk producing animals is reviewed. As well as being confirmed disseminators of certain enteric diseases of man, eg, cholera, salmonellosis and colienteritis, flies have also been implicated in the transmission of mastitis and certain ophthalmic infections, principally keratoconjunctivitis in cattle. \"Fly worry, particularly from biting flies such as Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans, has been shown to have an adverse effect on meat and milk production since fly control greatly increases yields.", "contents": "The epidemiological and economic importance of fly infestation of meat and milk producing animals in Europe. The importance of fly infestation in the transmission of disease and in the loss of production through \"fly worry\" to meat and milk producing animals is reviewed. As well as being confirmed disseminators of certain enteric diseases of man, eg, cholera, salmonellosis and colienteritis, flies have also been implicated in the transmission of mastitis and certain ophthalmic infections, principally keratoconjunctivitis in cattle. \"Fly worry, particularly from biting flies such as Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans, has been shown to have an adverse effect on meat and milk production since fly control greatly increases yields.", "PMID": 552724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1082", "title": "Urogenital defects in sheep.", "content": "The urogenital system was involved in 92 (22.9 per cent) of 401 malformed lambs examined over a three year period; genital 69 (six males: one female) and urinary 23 (three males: one female). Ten lambs had both genital and urinary defects. Sixty-eight (73.0 per cent) of the 92 lambs had defects of other organs, the most common being atresia ani, various skeletal and central nervous system defects, and arthrogryposis. The most common external defect of the male genital system was partial to complete cleft of the scrotum and the most common internal defect was cryptorchidism (six unilateral and 12 bilateral). Both penile agenesis and diphallia were observed twice. Defects of the female genital system included two uterine agenesis, four atresia vaginam, and one freemartin. Male pseudohermaphroditism was found in three lambs. The most common external urinary defect was male hypospadias and the most common internal defect was renal agenesis (12 unilateral and one bilateral). Other urinary defects were hydronephrosis (two unilateral and two bilateral), cystic kidneys (four unilateral and two bilateral), one bilateral polycystic kidneys, one patent urachus and six dysgenic kidneys.", "contents": "Urogenital defects in sheep. The urogenital system was involved in 92 (22.9 per cent) of 401 malformed lambs examined over a three year period; genital 69 (six males: one female) and urinary 23 (three males: one female). Ten lambs had both genital and urinary defects. Sixty-eight (73.0 per cent) of the 92 lambs had defects of other organs, the most common being atresia ani, various skeletal and central nervous system defects, and arthrogryposis. The most common external defect of the male genital system was partial to complete cleft of the scrotum and the most common internal defect was cryptorchidism (six unilateral and 12 bilateral). Both penile agenesis and diphallia were observed twice. Defects of the female genital system included two uterine agenesis, four atresia vaginam, and one freemartin. Male pseudohermaphroditism was found in three lambs. The most common external urinary defect was male hypospadias and the most common internal defect was renal agenesis (12 unilateral and one bilateral). Other urinary defects were hydronephrosis (two unilateral and two bilateral), cystic kidneys (four unilateral and two bilateral), one bilateral polycystic kidneys, one patent urachus and six dysgenic kidneys.", "PMID": 552725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1083", "title": "The aetiology of a keratoconjunctivitis occurring in goats in the Sudan.", "content": "An infectious keratoconjunctivitis occurring in goats in the Sudan is described. Experimental transmission using infective ocular discharges resulted in a conjunctivitis in young kids and a severe keratoconjunctivitis in an adult goat. A pleomorphic organism which resembled Rickettsia spp was found in conjunctival smears from naturally and experimentally infected animals. Neither Mycoplasma nor Chlamydia spp were isolated in microbiological cultures.", "contents": "The aetiology of a keratoconjunctivitis occurring in goats in the Sudan. An infectious keratoconjunctivitis occurring in goats in the Sudan is described. Experimental transmission using infective ocular discharges resulted in a conjunctivitis in young kids and a severe keratoconjunctivitis in an adult goat. A pleomorphic organism which resembled Rickettsia spp was found in conjunctival smears from naturally and experimentally infected animals. Neither Mycoplasma nor Chlamydia spp were isolated in microbiological cultures.", "PMID": 552726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1084", "title": "Suppurative pericarditis treated by pericardiotomy in a cow.", "content": "The successful treatment of a single case of traumatic reticulopericarditis is described. Under general anaesthesia the pericardial sac was approached by resection of the distal part of the fifth rib and allowed to drain directly to the exterior. The discussion reviews the surgical technique.", "contents": "Suppurative pericarditis treated by pericardiotomy in a cow. The successful treatment of a single case of traumatic reticulopericarditis is described. Under general anaesthesia the pericardial sac was approached by resection of the distal part of the fifth rib and allowed to drain directly to the exterior. The discussion reviews the surgical technique.", "PMID": 552727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1085", "title": "Extramural study experience and practical experience of final year veterinary students of nine European schools.", "content": "Arrangements for extramural education including \"seeing practice\" experience in nine European veterinary schools (Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Helsinki, Stockholm, Hannover, Ghent, Toulouse and Vienna) are described. Considerable differences existed between three UK schools, and between them and the Continental schools, where arrangements were usually voluntary. The amount of extramural experience in different types of work was quantified by student questionnaires. An average of 12 weeks' experience in farm practice was gained by 83 per cent of the 339 students, six weeks' small animal work by 48 per cent, four weeks in an abattoir by 43 per cent and other periods in specialised practices, laboratories and veterinary faculties. Practice abroad was experienced by 10 per cent. The total experience of different medical and surgical conditions varied considerably between schools as a result of disease eradication (eg, swine fever in UK), non-occurrence (canine leptospirosis in Sweden and Finland) or the availability of surgical or reproductive material, as well as on other factors.", "contents": "Extramural study experience and practical experience of final year veterinary students of nine European schools. Arrangements for extramural education including \"seeing practice\" experience in nine European veterinary schools (Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Helsinki, Stockholm, Hannover, Ghent, Toulouse and Vienna) are described. Considerable differences existed between three UK schools, and between them and the Continental schools, where arrangements were usually voluntary. The amount of extramural experience in different types of work was quantified by student questionnaires. An average of 12 weeks' experience in farm practice was gained by 83 per cent of the 339 students, six weeks' small animal work by 48 per cent, four weeks in an abattoir by 43 per cent and other periods in specialised practices, laboratories and veterinary faculties. Practice abroad was experienced by 10 per cent. The total experience of different medical and surgical conditions varied considerably between schools as a result of disease eradication (eg, swine fever in UK), non-occurrence (canine leptospirosis in Sweden and Finland) or the availability of surgical or reproductive material, as well as on other factors.", "PMID": 552728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1086", "title": "Field studies on enzootic abortion of ewes in south east Scotland.", "content": "Statistical data were collected from 20 sheep flocks in which enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) was diagnosed by examination of fetal material and maternal blood samples. The abortion rate in the 10,645 ewes in these flocks was 7.6 per cent. Thirteen of the flocks were fully vaccinated against EAE but the abortion rate in these was still in the order of 6.5 per cent. EAE was the major cause of the problem as ascertained from the laboratory examination of samples from a wide range of cases of abortion. There is therefore evidence that, in some flocks in south east Scotland, the efficacy of the vaccine against EAE is unsatisfactory. The reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Field studies on enzootic abortion of ewes in south east Scotland. Statistical data were collected from 20 sheep flocks in which enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) was diagnosed by examination of fetal material and maternal blood samples. The abortion rate in the 10,645 ewes in these flocks was 7.6 per cent. Thirteen of the flocks were fully vaccinated against EAE but the abortion rate in these was still in the order of 6.5 per cent. EAE was the major cause of the problem as ascertained from the laboratory examination of samples from a wide range of cases of abortion. There is therefore evidence that, in some flocks in south east Scotland, the efficacy of the vaccine against EAE is unsatisfactory. The reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 552732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1087", "title": "Equine parasite control using pyrantel embonate.", "content": "Over a period of several years the use of pyrantel embonate in the control of helminth infections on three equine establishments was monitored by the examination of faecal samples collected immediately before each anthelmintic treatment. With a monthly interval between treatments for three years the faecal egg output of the horses remained at a very low level. One one establishment this was maintained when the treatment interval was extended to one-and-a-half months after treating monthly for two years. If a treatment interval of one-and-a-half months was used continuously for a number of years there was a cumulative effect, and the benefits, in terms of reduced faecal egg output of the horses, were more apparent during the second year of the control programme.", "contents": "Equine parasite control using pyrantel embonate. Over a period of several years the use of pyrantel embonate in the control of helminth infections on three equine establishments was monitored by the examination of faecal samples collected immediately before each anthelmintic treatment. With a monthly interval between treatments for three years the faecal egg output of the horses remained at a very low level. One one establishment this was maintained when the treatment interval was extended to one-and-a-half months after treating monthly for two years. If a treatment interval of one-and-a-half months was used continuously for a number of years there was a cumulative effect, and the benefits, in terms of reduced faecal egg output of the horses, were more apparent during the second year of the control programme.", "PMID": 552733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1088", "title": "Clinical studies on tremorgenic mycotoxicoses in sheep.", "content": "The clinical responses of sheep dosed orally over seven to 14 weeks with the dried mycelium of a soil-borne mould containing the tremorgenic mycotoxin penitrem A are described. An initial tremoring response was gradually overshadowed by an incoordination syndrome similar to that seen in ryegrass staggers. In spite of protracted staggers symptomatology, correlated with in vitro changes in the release of neurotransmitter amino acids from corpus striatum nerve ending preparations, no histopathology was evident in the wide range of neural and other tissue studied. The biochemical nature of this reversible mycotoxicosis is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical studies on tremorgenic mycotoxicoses in sheep. The clinical responses of sheep dosed orally over seven to 14 weeks with the dried mycelium of a soil-borne mould containing the tremorgenic mycotoxin penitrem A are described. An initial tremoring response was gradually overshadowed by an incoordination syndrome similar to that seen in ryegrass staggers. In spite of protracted staggers symptomatology, correlated with in vitro changes in the release of neurotransmitter amino acids from corpus striatum nerve ending preparations, no histopathology was evident in the wide range of neural and other tissue studied. The biochemical nature of this reversible mycotoxicosis is discussed.", "PMID": 552734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1089", "title": "Membranous nephropathy in the cat: a clinical and pathological study.", "content": "A series of 13 cases of feline membranous nephropathy is presented. Two groups were distinguished clinically; eight cats had the nephrotic syndrome and five others were in renal failure but not nephrotic. The definitive diagnosis was based on histological, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural examinations of renal tissue obtained at renal biopsy or necropsy. Glomerular lesions were classified according to the degree of glomerular change into three distinct groups; mild, moderately severe and advanced. A relationship was established between the mild and moderately severe groups and cats with the nephrotic syndrome, and the advanced group and cats in renal failure. Diuretic therapy was satisfactory in initial control of oedema in the nephrotic cases. Monitoring of previously nephrotic cats for up to three years indicated that the disease is progressive, although in some cases it is sufficiently slow for a cat to live a relatively normal life without continuing treatment. The prognosis for cats presented in renal failure is hopeless.", "contents": "Membranous nephropathy in the cat: a clinical and pathological study. A series of 13 cases of feline membranous nephropathy is presented. Two groups were distinguished clinically; eight cats had the nephrotic syndrome and five others were in renal failure but not nephrotic. The definitive diagnosis was based on histological, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural examinations of renal tissue obtained at renal biopsy or necropsy. Glomerular lesions were classified according to the degree of glomerular change into three distinct groups; mild, moderately severe and advanced. A relationship was established between the mild and moderately severe groups and cats with the nephrotic syndrome, and the advanced group and cats in renal failure. Diuretic therapy was satisfactory in initial control of oedema in the nephrotic cases. Monitoring of previously nephrotic cats for up to three years indicated that the disease is progressive, although in some cases it is sufficiently slow for a cat to live a relatively normal life without continuing treatment. The prognosis for cats presented in renal failure is hopeless.", "PMID": 552741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1090", "title": "Pelvic urethrotomies in bulls.", "content": "Pelvic urethrotomies were attempted on 32 bulls (12 cattle and 20 buffaloes). Infra-anal urethrotomy was carried out under a tranquilliser, posterior epidural and supra-ischial blocks. Prebulbomuscular urethrotomy was performed under a tranquilliser, posterior epidural and pelvic plexus blocks. Cystoscopy and litholapaxy were attempted to make comparisons. The animals which had been operated on were maintained for one month during which postoperative signs were noted, and after they were killed post mortem, radiographic, macro- and microscopic findings were recorded. From the results it is concluded that infra-anal urethrotomy presents difficulties whereas prebulbomuscular urethrotomy, especially the closed technique, is suitable for cystoscopy, pelvic lithotomy and litholapaxy.", "contents": "Pelvic urethrotomies in bulls. Pelvic urethrotomies were attempted on 32 bulls (12 cattle and 20 buffaloes). Infra-anal urethrotomy was carried out under a tranquilliser, posterior epidural and supra-ischial blocks. Prebulbomuscular urethrotomy was performed under a tranquilliser, posterior epidural and pelvic plexus blocks. Cystoscopy and litholapaxy were attempted to make comparisons. The animals which had been operated on were maintained for one month during which postoperative signs were noted, and after they were killed post mortem, radiographic, macro- and microscopic findings were recorded. From the results it is concluded that infra-anal urethrotomy presents difficulties whereas prebulbomuscular urethrotomy, especially the closed technique, is suitable for cystoscopy, pelvic lithotomy and litholapaxy.", "PMID": 552747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1091", "title": "A semi-quantitative spot test for glutathione peroxidase in blood of cattle and sheep for the assessemt of biological selenium status.", "content": "A method is described for a simple semi-quantitative spot test for glutathione peroxidase in blood of cattle and sheep. The results can be used to place a group of samples from the same herd or flock into one of three blood selenium categories, ie, deficient, low marginal and marginal/adequate.", "contents": "A semi-quantitative spot test for glutathione peroxidase in blood of cattle and sheep for the assessemt of biological selenium status. A method is described for a simple semi-quantitative spot test for glutathione peroxidase in blood of cattle and sheep. The results can be used to place a group of samples from the same herd or flock into one of three blood selenium categories, ie, deficient, low marginal and marginal/adequate.", "PMID": 552749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1092", "title": "Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis. I. Comparative clinical study.", "content": "Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis have been referred to in succession as salpingiosis, diverticulosis, adenomyosis of the oviduct, endometrioid conditions, etc. This varied terminology underscores their etiopathogenetic and morphological substratum which is different from that of non specific tubal inflammation, but at the same time this variety of terms has always created confusion in interpretation and diagnosis. We have considered it necessary to carry out a comparative study of nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis in 42 cases of sterility operated during the last two years for tubal obstruction and in which histological examination has yielded evidence for the lesions of nodular salpingitis (NS) or endometriosis (EM) in at least one of the oviducts. As for the etiology of the two diseases, we have discussed the role plaid by inflammatory conditions, uterine trauma (curettage) and dystrophic disorders, as well as the importance of hyperandrogenism in NS. Taking into account the diffuse sclerogenic tendency of the tubal wall in NS and the concomitant inflammatory and dystrophic lesions in the peritubal tissues in EM, the postoperative outlook depends on early surgery, to be performed before tubal anatomy has been completely altered.", "contents": "Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis. I. Comparative clinical study. Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis have been referred to in succession as salpingiosis, diverticulosis, adenomyosis of the oviduct, endometrioid conditions, etc. This varied terminology underscores their etiopathogenetic and morphological substratum which is different from that of non specific tubal inflammation, but at the same time this variety of terms has always created confusion in interpretation and diagnosis. We have considered it necessary to carry out a comparative study of nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis in 42 cases of sterility operated during the last two years for tubal obstruction and in which histological examination has yielded evidence for the lesions of nodular salpingitis (NS) or endometriosis (EM) in at least one of the oviducts. As for the etiology of the two diseases, we have discussed the role plaid by inflammatory conditions, uterine trauma (curettage) and dystrophic disorders, as well as the importance of hyperandrogenism in NS. Taking into account the diffuse sclerogenic tendency of the tubal wall in NS and the concomitant inflammatory and dystrophic lesions in the peritubal tissues in EM, the postoperative outlook depends on early surgery, to be performed before tubal anatomy has been completely altered.", "PMID": 552766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1093", "title": "Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis. II. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis.", "content": "Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis are dystrophic disorders (salpingioses) the clinical importance of which is mainly due to their interference with female fertility. We have studied 42 cases of women operated for tubal sterility, viz. 23 cases of nodular salpingitis (NS), 17 of endometriosis (EM) and two cases in which both lesions were present. Pre-operative x-ray and celioscopic exploration was performed in order to assess the severity of the lesions and the outlook after tubal plastic surgery. X-ray examination reveals the diverticular nature of these lesions. Both diseases may be localized in any of the tubal segments. The postoperative prognosis depends on early surgery, site of the lesion and its nature.", "contents": "Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis. II. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Nodular salpingitis and tubal endometriosis are dystrophic disorders (salpingioses) the clinical importance of which is mainly due to their interference with female fertility. We have studied 42 cases of women operated for tubal sterility, viz. 23 cases of nodular salpingitis (NS), 17 of endometriosis (EM) and two cases in which both lesions were present. Pre-operative x-ray and celioscopic exploration was performed in order to assess the severity of the lesions and the outlook after tubal plastic surgery. X-ray examination reveals the diverticular nature of these lesions. Both diseases may be localized in any of the tubal segments. The postoperative prognosis depends on early surgery, site of the lesion and its nature.", "PMID": 552767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1094", "title": "Response of scrotal and non-scrotal vertebrate testis to the male antifertility agent alpha-chlorohydrin.", "content": "Effect of single oral dose (90 mg/kg body weight), multiple doses (90 mg/kg body weight for 7 days) or even higher doses (180-300 mg/kg body weight) of alpha-chlorohydrin on the testis-epididymis complex of dog, rat, cryptorchid rat, hedgehog, domestic fowl, lizard, frog, and toad has been studied. alpha-chlorohydrin treatment, at any dose, did not induce lesions in the testis-epididymis complex of dog and hedgehog having testis in scrotum and inguinal canal respectively. Abdominal testis of cryptorchid rat, domestic fowl, lizard, frog and toad also did not respond to alpha-chlorohydrin treatment. Lesions in normal rat testis-epididymis complex, after single oral dose of alpha-chlorohydrin, were quite prominent. Non-sensitivity of alpha-chlorohydrin to these animal species may be due to the absence of the pampiniform plexus complex in hedgehog and sub-mammalian animal species. Absence of conventional epididymis in the sub-mammalian animal species may be the additional reason of the non-sensitivity of the drug. Prominence of collateral blood vasculature in dog testis-epididymis complex and some alterations in the blood supply due to cryptorchidity in cryptorchid rat testis seems to be the reason of non-sensitivity of alpha-chlorohydrin to dog and cryptorchid rat testis. These observations confirm the hypothesis that the action of a single oral dose of alpha-chlorohydrin is associted with the blood vasculature of the testis-epididymis complex.", "contents": "Response of scrotal and non-scrotal vertebrate testis to the male antifertility agent alpha-chlorohydrin. Effect of single oral dose (90 mg/kg body weight), multiple doses (90 mg/kg body weight for 7 days) or even higher doses (180-300 mg/kg body weight) of alpha-chlorohydrin on the testis-epididymis complex of dog, rat, cryptorchid rat, hedgehog, domestic fowl, lizard, frog, and toad has been studied. alpha-chlorohydrin treatment, at any dose, did not induce lesions in the testis-epididymis complex of dog and hedgehog having testis in scrotum and inguinal canal respectively. Abdominal testis of cryptorchid rat, domestic fowl, lizard, frog and toad also did not respond to alpha-chlorohydrin treatment. Lesions in normal rat testis-epididymis complex, after single oral dose of alpha-chlorohydrin, were quite prominent. Non-sensitivity of alpha-chlorohydrin to these animal species may be due to the absence of the pampiniform plexus complex in hedgehog and sub-mammalian animal species. Absence of conventional epididymis in the sub-mammalian animal species may be the additional reason of the non-sensitivity of the drug. Prominence of collateral blood vasculature in dog testis-epididymis complex and some alterations in the blood supply due to cryptorchidity in cryptorchid rat testis seems to be the reason of non-sensitivity of alpha-chlorohydrin to dog and cryptorchid rat testis. These observations confirm the hypothesis that the action of a single oral dose of alpha-chlorohydrin is associted with the blood vasculature of the testis-epididymis complex.", "PMID": 552768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1095", "title": "The treatment with 2-brom-alfa ergocriptine in the syndrome amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "content": "In this study, the authors present the results obtained in thirteen cases with amenorrhea-galactorrhea treated with 2-brom-alfa-ergocriptine in which the menstruation has reoccurred in eleven patients, three of them becoming pregnant. The authors have accurately described the evolution of the three pregnancies, which were delivered at term and the children born were normal. The present study was elaborated in the Sterility Department of the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology \"Giulesti\", University School of Medicine, Bucharest. The study refers to the use of 2-brom-alfa-ergocriptine (Parlodel-Sandoz) in the treatment of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome associated with sterility.", "contents": "The treatment with 2-brom-alfa ergocriptine in the syndrome amenorrhea-galactorrhea. In this study, the authors present the results obtained in thirteen cases with amenorrhea-galactorrhea treated with 2-brom-alfa-ergocriptine in which the menstruation has reoccurred in eleven patients, three of them becoming pregnant. The authors have accurately described the evolution of the three pregnancies, which were delivered at term and the children born were normal. The present study was elaborated in the Sterility Department of the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology \"Giulesti\", University School of Medicine, Bucharest. The study refers to the use of 2-brom-alfa-ergocriptine (Parlodel-Sandoz) in the treatment of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome associated with sterility.", "PMID": 552769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1096", "title": "Hysteroscopy of contact and submucous myomas: differential diagnosis between various benignant clinical patterns.", "content": "The AA. report their experience on the use of the contact hysteroscopy in the differential diagnosis between several patterns of benignant endometrial pathology. They agree upon the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of this kind of instrumental investigation.", "contents": "Hysteroscopy of contact and submucous myomas: differential diagnosis between various benignant clinical patterns. The AA. report their experience on the use of the contact hysteroscopy in the differential diagnosis between several patterns of benignant endometrial pathology. They agree upon the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of this kind of instrumental investigation.", "PMID": 552770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1097", "title": "[The clinical significance of radioimmunologically determined serum bile acids as a new liver function test and the development of a new intravenous sulfolithoglycocholic acid (SLGC) stimulation test].", "content": "Cholylglycin (CG-) and SLCG levels were measured in patients with various biopsy-confirmed liver and bile disease. SLCG values were found to be more sensitive, and to distinguish clearly between steatosis hepatis and normals, as well as between cirrhosis hepatis, with and without, portal hypertension. Correlations between the common liver tests and the SLCG levels were poor, but a clear distinction was possible between the various histologically defined liver diseases. The paper concludes with a description of a new method of stimulating the SLCG values, intravenously. Using this method, it is possible to keep consumption of material and time and incommodities inflicted to the patient, as low as possible. Nevertheless staging of parenchymatous liver diseases, is feasible.", "contents": "[The clinical significance of radioimmunologically determined serum bile acids as a new liver function test and the development of a new intravenous sulfolithoglycocholic acid (SLGC) stimulation test]. Cholylglycin (CG-) and SLCG levels were measured in patients with various biopsy-confirmed liver and bile disease. SLCG values were found to be more sensitive, and to distinguish clearly between steatosis hepatis and normals, as well as between cirrhosis hepatis, with and without, portal hypertension. Correlations between the common liver tests and the SLCG levels were poor, but a clear distinction was possible between the various histologically defined liver diseases. The paper concludes with a description of a new method of stimulating the SLCG values, intravenously. Using this method, it is possible to keep consumption of material and time and incommodities inflicted to the patient, as low as possible. Nevertheless staging of parenchymatous liver diseases, is feasible.", "PMID": 552771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1098", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of the kidneys and the retroperitoneal space].", "content": "In addition to well known topics of nephrosonography, e. g. space occupying lesions, malformations, renal obstruction and transplantated kidneys, also lesser known topics such as nephrosonography in pregnancy and blunt renal trauma, and also sonographic findings in pathological changes of the retroperitoneum, are discussed. Consequently, the high diagnostic value of ultrasonography, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of the kidneys and the retroperitoneal space]. In addition to well known topics of nephrosonography, e. g. space occupying lesions, malformations, renal obstruction and transplantated kidneys, also lesser known topics such as nephrosonography in pregnancy and blunt renal trauma, and also sonographic findings in pathological changes of the retroperitoneum, are discussed. Consequently, the high diagnostic value of ultrasonography, is emphasized.", "PMID": 552772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1099", "title": "[Measuring nasal resistance using passive anterior rhinomanometry. Results in normal subjects, bronchially hyperreactive and manifestly obstructed patients].", "content": "The values of nasal resistance measured by passive, anterior rhinomanometry are reported. The results of measurements on a group of healthy probands correlate significantly with those gained by wholebody-plethysmography. Three of four patients with bronchial hyperreactivity, on acetylcholine, had an increase of nasal resistance after endonasal application of this agents. Ten patients with 'COLD' had normal nasal resistance values; no increase of the values could be demonstrated, after local acetylcholine application.", "contents": "[Measuring nasal resistance using passive anterior rhinomanometry. Results in normal subjects, bronchially hyperreactive and manifestly obstructed patients]. The values of nasal resistance measured by passive, anterior rhinomanometry are reported. The results of measurements on a group of healthy probands correlate significantly with those gained by wholebody-plethysmography. Three of four patients with bronchial hyperreactivity, on acetylcholine, had an increase of nasal resistance after endonasal application of this agents. Ten patients with 'COLD' had normal nasal resistance values; no increase of the values could be demonstrated, after local acetylcholine application.", "PMID": 552773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1100", "title": "[Successful nifedipine therapy in coronary spasm].", "content": "A 51 year old male, with typical \"Prinzmetal-Angina\", is presented. The ECG during the attacks exhibits ST-Elevation and concomitant ventricular ectopies. The coronary arteriography reveals a spasm in the normal left anterior descendens artery. The therapeutic combination of Nifedipine and Isosorbiddinitrat is effective and the patient has been free of pain since 9 months.", "contents": "[Successful nifedipine therapy in coronary spasm]. A 51 year old male, with typical \"Prinzmetal-Angina\", is presented. The ECG during the attacks exhibits ST-Elevation and concomitant ventricular ectopies. The coronary arteriography reveals a spasm in the normal left anterior descendens artery. The therapeutic combination of Nifedipine and Isosorbiddinitrat is effective and the patient has been free of pain since 9 months.", "PMID": 552774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1101", "title": "[The Le Veen peritoneo-jugular shunt and the testing of its function].", "content": "A radioisotope technique for testing the patency of, peritoneo-venous shunts of Le Veen, is reported and is demonstrated by discussing a case history. By now a total number of 16 patients have been tested, after implantation of such a shunt. The demonstrated radioisotope technique, which causes no complaints from the patient, is not only able to inform concerning the functional state of the Le Veen shunts, but also, in case of disturbances, is able to reveal the cause of the underlying malfunctions.", "contents": "[The Le Veen peritoneo-jugular shunt and the testing of its function]. A radioisotope technique for testing the patency of, peritoneo-venous shunts of Le Veen, is reported and is demonstrated by discussing a case history. By now a total number of 16 patients have been tested, after implantation of such a shunt. The demonstrated radioisotope technique, which causes no complaints from the patient, is not only able to inform concerning the functional state of the Le Veen shunts, but also, in case of disturbances, is able to reveal the cause of the underlying malfunctions.", "PMID": 552775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1102", "title": "[Oscillatory determination of functional residual capacity (FRC)].", "content": "The washing-in of a low density gas (80% He, 20% O2) into the lung is being eased by greater diffusibility and diminished work of breathing. Helium analysis was performed by means of the oscillation method with an equipment suitable for the assessment of resistance to breathing. The density of helium gas mixture is being compared to the density of ambient air.", "contents": "[Oscillatory determination of functional residual capacity (FRC)]. The washing-in of a low density gas (80% He, 20% O2) into the lung is being eased by greater diffusibility and diminished work of breathing. Helium analysis was performed by means of the oscillation method with an equipment suitable for the assessment of resistance to breathing. The density of helium gas mixture is being compared to the density of ambient air.", "PMID": 552776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1103", "title": "Comparative aspects of muscle fibre size and succinic dehydrogenase distribution in the longissimus dorsi muscle of several species of East African mammals.", "content": "The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme activity was investigated in frozen sections of longissimus dorsi muscle taken from several species of East African game animal (giraffe, hartebeest, wildebeest, oryx, gerenuk and dik-dik) as well as local zebu cattle. Muscle fibres were classified as red (high succinic dehydrogenase activity), white (low activity) or intermediate. The mean diameter and percentage distribution of each fibre type were noted as well as the overall mean muscle fibre diameter (MFD) for each species. The diameters of red muscle fibres were found to be between 54 and 62% of the diameters of the white muscle fibres for all species with MFD differences between species being up to over 100%. The variation in MFD was found to be significantly and positively correlated with live weight, when zebu values were omitted. It was found that the variation in MFD was significantly related to the diameter of muscle fibre types and not to the percent distribution of these fibre types.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of muscle fibre size and succinic dehydrogenase distribution in the longissimus dorsi muscle of several species of East African mammals. The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme activity was investigated in frozen sections of longissimus dorsi muscle taken from several species of East African game animal (giraffe, hartebeest, wildebeest, oryx, gerenuk and dik-dik) as well as local zebu cattle. Muscle fibres were classified as red (high succinic dehydrogenase activity), white (low activity) or intermediate. The mean diameter and percentage distribution of each fibre type were noted as well as the overall mean muscle fibre diameter (MFD) for each species. The diameters of red muscle fibres were found to be between 54 and 62% of the diameters of the white muscle fibres for all species with MFD differences between species being up to over 100%. The variation in MFD was found to be significantly and positively correlated with live weight, when zebu values were omitted. It was found that the variation in MFD was significantly related to the diameter of muscle fibre types and not to the percent distribution of these fibre types.", "PMID": 552778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1104", "title": "The fine structure of placental junctional zone cells during prolonged pregnancy in rats.", "content": "The electron microscope was used to examine the junctional zone of the chorioallantoic placentas of living rat young which had been experimentally retained in utero for as long as 4 days beyond delivery of their littermates. Junctional zone cells in such prolonged placentas were compared with corresponding cellular elements in term placentas. By the 1st day of the postterm period, placental glycogen cells in the junctional zone were depleted. Many trophoblast giant cells and trophospongial elements appeared fully viable throughout the entire 4-day period, however, Giant cells from placentas of prolonged pregnancy were indistinguishable from those in placentas at term. Both in term and in postterm placentas the trophospongial elements displayed a variation in the organization of the granular cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum within them. No variants appearing to prefigure involution were identified either in term or in prolonged placentas. However, more cells with vesiculate cisterns were seen in junctional zones from placentas which were retained beyond term. Intercellular relationships also were preserved both in term and in prolonged placentas, it is concluded that parturition is not dependent on their involution.", "contents": "The fine structure of placental junctional zone cells during prolonged pregnancy in rats. The electron microscope was used to examine the junctional zone of the chorioallantoic placentas of living rat young which had been experimentally retained in utero for as long as 4 days beyond delivery of their littermates. Junctional zone cells in such prolonged placentas were compared with corresponding cellular elements in term placentas. By the 1st day of the postterm period, placental glycogen cells in the junctional zone were depleted. Many trophoblast giant cells and trophospongial elements appeared fully viable throughout the entire 4-day period, however, Giant cells from placentas of prolonged pregnancy were indistinguishable from those in placentas at term. Both in term and in postterm placentas the trophospongial elements displayed a variation in the organization of the granular cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum within them. No variants appearing to prefigure involution were identified either in term or in prolonged placentas. However, more cells with vesiculate cisterns were seen in junctional zones from placentas which were retained beyond term. Intercellular relationships also were preserved both in term and in prolonged placentas, it is concluded that parturition is not dependent on their involution.", "PMID": 552779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1105", "title": "Correlative transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the initial mineralization of healing alveolar bone in rats.", "content": "Primary mineralization in healing sockets after extraction of molar teeth was studied in rats. The observations obtained by scanning electron microscopy were correlated by transmission electron microscopy. The process is characterized by abundance of extracellular matrix vesicles distributed between the forming cells and the calcifying fronts. The occurrence of osmiophilic material and solitary hydroxyapatitte crystals within the vesicles was followed by accumulation of hydroxyapatite crystals, disappearance of the vesicular membrane and formation of calcospherites that conglomerate into calcified fronts. The process described here in bone healing is essentially similar to primary mineralization in other normal and pathological calcified tissues.", "contents": "Correlative transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the initial mineralization of healing alveolar bone in rats. Primary mineralization in healing sockets after extraction of molar teeth was studied in rats. The observations obtained by scanning electron microscopy were correlated by transmission electron microscopy. The process is characterized by abundance of extracellular matrix vesicles distributed between the forming cells and the calcifying fronts. The occurrence of osmiophilic material and solitary hydroxyapatitte crystals within the vesicles was followed by accumulation of hydroxyapatite crystals, disappearance of the vesicular membrane and formation of calcospherites that conglomerate into calcified fronts. The process described here in bone healing is essentially similar to primary mineralization in other normal and pathological calcified tissues.", "PMID": 552780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1106", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of Merkel's nerve endings of the sinus hair of rats after denervation].", "content": "Merkel nerve endings of sinus hairs in the upper lip of the rat were observed after having cut the nervus infraorbitalis. The nerve terminal of the Merkel nerve ending has already been degenerated 24 hours after denervation and was phagocytised by neighbouring keratinocytes. The Merkel cells did not change in structure after having lost their nerve terminal even within 169 days after nerve crush. Their position in the stratum basale of the sinus hairs remained constant; the number, size and position of the osmiophilic granules in the cytoplasm of the Merkel cells did not change. These results may show, that Merkel cells are not modified keratinocytes. The possibilities of their origin are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of Merkel's nerve endings of the sinus hair of rats after denervation]. Merkel nerve endings of sinus hairs in the upper lip of the rat were observed after having cut the nervus infraorbitalis. The nerve terminal of the Merkel nerve ending has already been degenerated 24 hours after denervation and was phagocytised by neighbouring keratinocytes. The Merkel cells did not change in structure after having lost their nerve terminal even within 169 days after nerve crush. Their position in the stratum basale of the sinus hairs remained constant; the number, size and position of the osmiophilic granules in the cytoplasm of the Merkel cells did not change. These results may show, that Merkel cells are not modified keratinocytes. The possibilities of their origin are discussed.", "PMID": 552781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1107", "title": "Venous segments in the goat (Capra hircus) spleen.", "content": "46 goat spleens were studied to observe the venous segmentation in them by preparing the corrosion cast of the splenic vein and its intrasplenic tree. 56.5% of the specimens revealed the presence of two splenic venous segments - a right and a left one -, and 30.4% of cases showed the presence of three venous segments - a right, a left and a hilar one. The rest did not show any venous segmentations.", "contents": "Venous segments in the goat (Capra hircus) spleen. 46 goat spleens were studied to observe the venous segmentation in them by preparing the corrosion cast of the splenic vein and its intrasplenic tree. 56.5% of the specimens revealed the presence of two splenic venous segments - a right and a left one -, and 30.4% of cases showed the presence of three venous segments - a right, a left and a hilar one. The rest did not show any venous segmentations.", "PMID": 552782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1108", "title": "Comparative ultrastructural study of the optic nerves and visual cortices of young (2.5 months) and old (17 months) mice.", "content": "The aging optic nerves and visual cortices were studied in mice. Changes in the morphology of neuroglia were evident in the optic nerve but no difference in the numbers of neurotubules or myelin sheaths optic nerve fibers in the aged were observed. Large myelinated fibers, however, begun to degenerate. In the aging visual cortices, a higher proportion of dendrodendritic contacts were present and microglia cells were found to be active.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructural study of the optic nerves and visual cortices of young (2.5 months) and old (17 months) mice. The aging optic nerves and visual cortices were studied in mice. Changes in the morphology of neuroglia were evident in the optic nerve but no difference in the numbers of neurotubules or myelin sheaths optic nerve fibers in the aged were observed. Large myelinated fibers, however, begun to degenerate. In the aging visual cortices, a higher proportion of dendrodendritic contacts were present and microglia cells were found to be active.", "PMID": 552783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1109", "title": "Effects of in vivo single and multiple isoproterenol injections on subsequently explanted submandibular glands.", "content": "The present study reports on the effects of in vivo single and multiple isoproterenol (ISP) injections on the proliferative response of subsequently explanted mouse submandibular glands. Explants were cultured in Waymouth's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and were harvested after 1,2,4 or 6 days in culture. 24 h prior to harvest, the explants were fed medium containing [3H] thymidine. At the time of harvest, the explants were fixed in situ and processed for light-microscopic radioautography. The number of labeled nuclei and the total number of nuclei were counted, and labeling indices were calculated for the control and ISP-treated explant sectons. The results show that the ISP-treated explants had more cells actively synthesizing DNA than did the corresponding control explants after 1 day in culture. In addition, after 2 days in culture, the explants from mice that had received a single dose of ISP incorporated more [3H] thymidine than the corresponding control explants. These results suggest that the in vivo ISP stimulus initiated a hyperplastic response in vivo that was completed during the 1st or 2nd day in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of in vivo single and multiple isoproterenol injections on subsequently explanted submandibular glands. The present study reports on the effects of in vivo single and multiple isoproterenol (ISP) injections on the proliferative response of subsequently explanted mouse submandibular glands. Explants were cultured in Waymouth's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and were harvested after 1,2,4 or 6 days in culture. 24 h prior to harvest, the explants were fed medium containing [3H] thymidine. At the time of harvest, the explants were fixed in situ and processed for light-microscopic radioautography. The number of labeled nuclei and the total number of nuclei were counted, and labeling indices were calculated for the control and ISP-treated explant sectons. The results show that the ISP-treated explants had more cells actively synthesizing DNA than did the corresponding control explants after 1 day in culture. In addition, after 2 days in culture, the explants from mice that had received a single dose of ISP incorporated more [3H] thymidine than the corresponding control explants. These results suggest that the in vivo ISP stimulus initiated a hyperplastic response in vivo that was completed during the 1st or 2nd day in vitro.", "PMID": 552784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1110", "title": "Growth of the skull in the mutant dwarf mouse.", "content": "By following the development of individual mice from birth to 200 days of age, it was found that the skull of the homozygous mutant (dwdw) was 5% shorter than that of the normal phenotype at birth and some 30% shorter at 200 days of age. During post-natal growth of the skull, the cranium was least altered but the facial skeleton was greatly affected. The differences seen in different parts of the skull are attributed to the peak growth velocities of the various parts occurring at different times.", "contents": "Growth of the skull in the mutant dwarf mouse. By following the development of individual mice from birth to 200 days of age, it was found that the skull of the homozygous mutant (dwdw) was 5% shorter than that of the normal phenotype at birth and some 30% shorter at 200 days of age. During post-natal growth of the skull, the cranium was least altered but the facial skeleton was greatly affected. The differences seen in different parts of the skull are attributed to the peak growth velocities of the various parts occurring at different times.", "PMID": 552785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1111", "title": "Incidence of the metopic suture in adult Indian crania.", "content": "1,276 adult Indian skulls were examined for the incidence of the metopic suture. It was observed that metopism was present in 2.66% of the skulls and metopic sutures were present in 38.17% of the skulls. The metopic suture was present in the lower part of the frontal bone in various shapes in 35.27% of cases. The incidence in the upper, upper middle and lower middle parts of the frontal bone is 0.8% in each type. Besides the above-mentioned findings a peculiar type of shape was seen in 0.63 (inverted y) and a radiating type in 0.31% of the skulls.", "contents": "Incidence of the metopic suture in adult Indian crania. 1,276 adult Indian skulls were examined for the incidence of the metopic suture. It was observed that metopism was present in 2.66% of the skulls and metopic sutures were present in 38.17% of the skulls. The metopic suture was present in the lower part of the frontal bone in various shapes in 35.27% of cases. The incidence in the upper, upper middle and lower middle parts of the frontal bone is 0.8% in each type. Besides the above-mentioned findings a peculiar type of shape was seen in 0.63 (inverted y) and a radiating type in 0.31% of the skulls.", "PMID": 552786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1112", "title": "[Margins and torsion of the human fibula].", "content": "The borders and ridges of the fibula show a difficult aspect caused by the bone-forming musculature. These structures are an occasion for misunderstanding and mistaken denominations, which even had a noticeable effect on the PNA. Two thirds of all human fibulae exhibit a clearly prominent 'crista musculi tibialia posterioris', giving tendinuous attachment to the tibialis posterior muscle. In diagnosis of borders this crista may lead to errors, because it branches off from the interosseous border underneath the upper fourth of the fibula and reaches the medial crest in the middle of the bone. Most of the borders of the fibula show a twisted course corresponding to the direction of the shaping musculature and effecting a fictitious torsion of the shaft. The proper torsion of the fibula, however, is substantiated by the difference between the absolute torsion (= twist of the two ends of the bone) and the accompanying torsion (= twist enforced by the torsion of the tibia).", "contents": "[Margins and torsion of the human fibula]. The borders and ridges of the fibula show a difficult aspect caused by the bone-forming musculature. These structures are an occasion for misunderstanding and mistaken denominations, which even had a noticeable effect on the PNA. Two thirds of all human fibulae exhibit a clearly prominent 'crista musculi tibialia posterioris', giving tendinuous attachment to the tibialis posterior muscle. In diagnosis of borders this crista may lead to errors, because it branches off from the interosseous border underneath the upper fourth of the fibula and reaches the medial crest in the middle of the bone. Most of the borders of the fibula show a twisted course corresponding to the direction of the shaping musculature and effecting a fictitious torsion of the shaft. The proper torsion of the fibula, however, is substantiated by the difference between the absolute torsion (= twist of the two ends of the bone) and the accompanying torsion (= twist enforced by the torsion of the tibia).", "PMID": 552787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1113", "title": "Mast cells in the human brain.", "content": "Mast cells, as adjudged by the metachromatic staining of their cytoplasmic granules, were found in 79% of the 97 humans brains studied. They were most numerous and most consistently present in the infundibulum, pineal organ, area postrema and choroid plexuses. They were also numerous in the leptomeninges surrounmding the pineal organ and infundibulum. Occasional mast cells were also seen within the supraoptic crest, the subfornical organ, the ventricles and the leptomeninges at sites other than over the infundibulum and pineal organ. They were not detectable elsewhere in the brain or spinal cord. In the infundibulum, pineal organ, area postrema and telencephalic choroid plexuses mast cells were most numerous in young individuals (i.e., 0-19 years of age); thereafter, their numbers progressively decreased with aging. Elsewhere mast cell numbers remained about the same with aging. Except in the area postrema where mast cells were more numerous and more consistently present in males, sex-related differences in mast cell number or distribution were not detected. No differences in either the abundance, the distribution or the percentage of individuals possessing mast cells at any of these sites were apparent between 'normative' brains, lesioned brains ('stroke', lobotomy, etc.) or those from individuals with either congenital or acquired encephalopathies.", "contents": "Mast cells in the human brain. Mast cells, as adjudged by the metachromatic staining of their cytoplasmic granules, were found in 79% of the 97 humans brains studied. They were most numerous and most consistently present in the infundibulum, pineal organ, area postrema and choroid plexuses. They were also numerous in the leptomeninges surrounmding the pineal organ and infundibulum. Occasional mast cells were also seen within the supraoptic crest, the subfornical organ, the ventricles and the leptomeninges at sites other than over the infundibulum and pineal organ. They were not detectable elsewhere in the brain or spinal cord. In the infundibulum, pineal organ, area postrema and telencephalic choroid plexuses mast cells were most numerous in young individuals (i.e., 0-19 years of age); thereafter, their numbers progressively decreased with aging. Elsewhere mast cell numbers remained about the same with aging. Except in the area postrema where mast cells were more numerous and more consistently present in males, sex-related differences in mast cell number or distribution were not detected. No differences in either the abundance, the distribution or the percentage of individuals possessing mast cells at any of these sites were apparent between 'normative' brains, lesioned brains ('stroke', lobotomy, etc.) or those from individuals with either congenital or acquired encephalopathies.", "PMID": 552788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1114", "title": "Alterations of the internal elastic membrane in juvenile human arteries.", "content": "Quantitative changes in the internal elastic membrane (IEM) were studied in human arteries from different location in 31 males and 31 females, using an eight-criterion classification system. The IEM involvement shows a sex-dependent increase with age, and is more pronounced in arteries known to exhibit a more intensive atherosclerotic involvement. It seems that the IEM changes represent a true ageing phenomenon, which is sometimes influenced to a various degree by the atherosclerotic process.", "contents": "Alterations of the internal elastic membrane in juvenile human arteries. Quantitative changes in the internal elastic membrane (IEM) were studied in human arteries from different location in 31 males and 31 females, using an eight-criterion classification system. The IEM involvement shows a sex-dependent increase with age, and is more pronounced in arteries known to exhibit a more intensive atherosclerotic involvement. It seems that the IEM changes represent a true ageing phenomenon, which is sometimes influenced to a various degree by the atherosclerotic process.", "PMID": 552789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1115", "title": "Histochemistry of carbohydrates in the epithelium lining the bulbourethral gland of the rat.", "content": "The histochemistry of carbohydrates has been studied in the epithelium lining the bulbourethral gland of the rat by means of light- and electron-microscopic methods. The results obtained show that the cytoplasms of the epithelial cells contain neutral and acidic carbohydrates. The neutral carbohydrates exhibited positive reactions with periodic acid-Schiff and periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate, whereas the acidic carbohydrates reacted positively with alcian blue (AB; pH 1.0 and 2.5) and dialyzed iron. Most neutral carbohydrates were found to be glycoproteins localized within the secretory granules. The acidic carbohydrates consist of at least two types, AB (pH 1.0)-reactive sulfated and AB (pH 2.5)-reactive nonsulfated carbohydrates; most nonsulfated carbohydrates were determined to be sialic acid. The acidic carbohydrates were also localized within the secretory granules.", "contents": "Histochemistry of carbohydrates in the epithelium lining the bulbourethral gland of the rat. The histochemistry of carbohydrates has been studied in the epithelium lining the bulbourethral gland of the rat by means of light- and electron-microscopic methods. The results obtained show that the cytoplasms of the epithelial cells contain neutral and acidic carbohydrates. The neutral carbohydrates exhibited positive reactions with periodic acid-Schiff and periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate, whereas the acidic carbohydrates reacted positively with alcian blue (AB; pH 1.0 and 2.5) and dialyzed iron. Most neutral carbohydrates were found to be glycoproteins localized within the secretory granules. The acidic carbohydrates consist of at least two types, AB (pH 1.0)-reactive sulfated and AB (pH 2.5)-reactive nonsulfated carbohydrates; most nonsulfated carbohydrates were determined to be sialic acid. The acidic carbohydrates were also localized within the secretory granules.", "PMID": 552790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1116", "title": "Effect of exogenous glucocorticoids given during the terminal stages on the adrenocortical histology.", "content": "The adrenal histology of 107 adult autopsy cases hospitalized within 8 days before death was examined. Thirteen (21.7%) of 60 cases given glucocorticoids within 24 hr of death showed the zona reticularis and lower zona fasciculata composed of clear type cells, while only two (4.2%) of the remaining 47 cases without corticoid administration showed the same histology. The difference was significant (p < 0.05), and it was referred to the exogenous corticoids. Administration of adrenalin and/or noradrenalin did not significantly influence the adrenocortical histology. The effect of the corticoids depended partly on the diseases from which the patients suffered: the effect was not observed in cases of severe infection or myocardial infarction, but it was shown in cases of cerebral apoplexy and miscellaneous diseases. The above results, on the basis of clear/compact cell morphology, suggest that exogenous glucocorticoids occasionally suppress the pituitary release of ACTH under the stress of dying.", "contents": "Effect of exogenous glucocorticoids given during the terminal stages on the adrenocortical histology. The adrenal histology of 107 adult autopsy cases hospitalized within 8 days before death was examined. Thirteen (21.7%) of 60 cases given glucocorticoids within 24 hr of death showed the zona reticularis and lower zona fasciculata composed of clear type cells, while only two (4.2%) of the remaining 47 cases without corticoid administration showed the same histology. The difference was significant (p < 0.05), and it was referred to the exogenous corticoids. Administration of adrenalin and/or noradrenalin did not significantly influence the adrenocortical histology. The effect of the corticoids depended partly on the diseases from which the patients suffered: the effect was not observed in cases of severe infection or myocardial infarction, but it was shown in cases of cerebral apoplexy and miscellaneous diseases. The above results, on the basis of clear/compact cell morphology, suggest that exogenous glucocorticoids occasionally suppress the pituitary release of ACTH under the stress of dying.", "PMID": 552791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1117", "title": "Electron microscopic study on the proximal portions of the anterior cerebral arteries in rats with long-term hypertension.", "content": "Proximal portions of the anterior cerebral arteries in rats with long-term hypertension were electron microscopically studied. The abnormal substances such as granules, vesicles, vacuoles and other membranous structures, relatively homogeneous masses, and basement membrane-like substances were observed around the medial smooth muscle cells. Basement membrane-like substances were increased with advancing age and the majority of these substances are thought to be turned from the granulo-vesicles. Abnormal substances deposited in the media are thought to be \"hyalino-fibrous materials\". The majority of our materials had a clear-cut border between the media and the adventitia. The subendothelial spaces were slightly distended with fibrillar and/or finely granular substances with age, but neither cellular element nor fibrinoid substance was found in them.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study on the proximal portions of the anterior cerebral arteries in rats with long-term hypertension. Proximal portions of the anterior cerebral arteries in rats with long-term hypertension were electron microscopically studied. The abnormal substances such as granules, vesicles, vacuoles and other membranous structures, relatively homogeneous masses, and basement membrane-like substances were observed around the medial smooth muscle cells. Basement membrane-like substances were increased with advancing age and the majority of these substances are thought to be turned from the granulo-vesicles. Abnormal substances deposited in the media are thought to be \"hyalino-fibrous materials\". The majority of our materials had a clear-cut border between the media and the adventitia. The subendothelial spaces were slightly distended with fibrillar and/or finely granular substances with age, but neither cellular element nor fibrinoid substance was found in them.", "PMID": 552792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1118", "title": "Breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors--the relationship of prognosis to pathologic findings.", "content": "Three hundred and sixty cases of breast cancer were collected from among the 63,000 female members of the Radiation Effect Research Foundation (RERF) extended Life Span Study sample which includes atomic bomb exposed women and controls of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The relationship of these breast cancer cases to A-bomb radiation was sought, and in studying of 5-year survival, the following conclusions were obtained concerning its relationship to histopathological findings. The prognosis of the 50+ rad high dose group is the best, followed by the nonexposed group and the low dose group. The apparently better survival may be due to the fact that this group is heavily weighted in favor of those who were younger at the time of the bomb (ATB). There is no specificity of the histologic type of breast cancer in the survivors by dose. Nor is any significant difference observed in the distribution of tumor size and histological grade, though the survival rates of this series are worse than those of usual Japanese women with breast cancer. Cellular reaction is significantly marked in the stroma of carcinoma tissue in the high dose group. Immune reaction is considered to be strong in the affected site of breast cancer in the high dose group and this can be regarded as a finding suggestive of good prognosis. Further extended studies are therefore warranted.", "contents": "Breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors--the relationship of prognosis to pathologic findings. Three hundred and sixty cases of breast cancer were collected from among the 63,000 female members of the Radiation Effect Research Foundation (RERF) extended Life Span Study sample which includes atomic bomb exposed women and controls of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The relationship of these breast cancer cases to A-bomb radiation was sought, and in studying of 5-year survival, the following conclusions were obtained concerning its relationship to histopathological findings. The prognosis of the 50+ rad high dose group is the best, followed by the nonexposed group and the low dose group. The apparently better survival may be due to the fact that this group is heavily weighted in favor of those who were younger at the time of the bomb (ATB). There is no specificity of the histologic type of breast cancer in the survivors by dose. Nor is any significant difference observed in the distribution of tumor size and histological grade, though the survival rates of this series are worse than those of usual Japanese women with breast cancer. Cellular reaction is significantly marked in the stroma of carcinoma tissue in the high dose group. Immune reaction is considered to be strong in the affected site of breast cancer in the high dose group and this can be regarded as a finding suggestive of good prognosis. Further extended studies are therefore warranted.", "PMID": 552793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1119", "title": "Intrahepatic bile duct destruction in a patient with sarcoidosis and chronic intrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "An autopsy case of sarcoidosis with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis for 2 and a half years was presented. Generalized distribution of noncaseating epithelioid granulomas and positive Kveim test were consistent with sarcoidosis. Histological examination of the liver revealed extensive bile duct destruction similar to that seen in the liver of primary biliary cirrhosis. Destructive cholangitis found in the liver appeared to be responsible for long term intrahepatic cholestasis, and no sarcoid granulomas in the liver were found to destroy any bile duct. The possible relation in pathogenesis of the bile duct destruction between primary biliary cirrhosis and sarcoidosis was discussed.", "contents": "Intrahepatic bile duct destruction in a patient with sarcoidosis and chronic intrahepatic cholestasis. An autopsy case of sarcoidosis with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis for 2 and a half years was presented. Generalized distribution of noncaseating epithelioid granulomas and positive Kveim test were consistent with sarcoidosis. Histological examination of the liver revealed extensive bile duct destruction similar to that seen in the liver of primary biliary cirrhosis. Destructive cholangitis found in the liver appeared to be responsible for long term intrahepatic cholestasis, and no sarcoid granulomas in the liver were found to destroy any bile duct. The possible relation in pathogenesis of the bile duct destruction between primary biliary cirrhosis and sarcoidosis was discussed.", "PMID": 552794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1120", "title": "Lymphoma of the brain associated with polyposis of the colon--report of a case and review of Turcot's syndrome.", "content": "Pathological findings of a 15-year-old girl with polyposis of the colon who has subsequently developed primary lymphoma of the brain are reported. The authors consider this case to be a rare example of Turcot's syndrome although the histological typing of the brain tumor is not classical and familial background of the polyposis has not been demonstrated. Literatures on 14 previously reported cases of Turcot's syndrome are reviewed and clinical and pathological findings are summarized. The present case is the second report of Turcot's syndrome associated with lymphoma of the brain and is unique in regard to the age as cerebral lymphoma is extremely rare in the second decade.", "contents": "Lymphoma of the brain associated with polyposis of the colon--report of a case and review of Turcot's syndrome. Pathological findings of a 15-year-old girl with polyposis of the colon who has subsequently developed primary lymphoma of the brain are reported. The authors consider this case to be a rare example of Turcot's syndrome although the histological typing of the brain tumor is not classical and familial background of the polyposis has not been demonstrated. Literatures on 14 previously reported cases of Turcot's syndrome are reviewed and clinical and pathological findings are summarized. The present case is the second report of Turcot's syndrome associated with lymphoma of the brain and is unique in regard to the age as cerebral lymphoma is extremely rare in the second decade.", "PMID": 552795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1121", "title": "Melanosomes in the acinar cells of paranasal sinusal glands found in a case of nasal malignant melanoma.", "content": "Fine structures of melanosomes incidentally found in the secretory cells of the paranasal sinusal glands associated with nasal malignant melanoma are described and their origin is discussed. It is suggested that these melanosomes in the secretory cells are not de novo products but are ingested by cytocrine process.", "contents": "Melanosomes in the acinar cells of paranasal sinusal glands found in a case of nasal malignant melanoma. Fine structures of melanosomes incidentally found in the secretory cells of the paranasal sinusal glands associated with nasal malignant melanoma are described and their origin is discussed. It is suggested that these melanosomes in the secretory cells are not de novo products but are ingested by cytocrine process.", "PMID": 552796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1122", "title": "Carcinoma in heterotopic gastric pancreas.", "content": "A case of a 55-year-old Japanese female who died of adenocarcinoma originating from heterotopic gastric pancreas is presented. The autopsy revealed, extensive metastases of bones. Though careful examination was done, other primary focus except that of the stomach could not be detected. In review of literatures, 11 malignant tumors originating from heterotopic gastric pancreas could be found including our case.", "contents": "Carcinoma in heterotopic gastric pancreas. A case of a 55-year-old Japanese female who died of adenocarcinoma originating from heterotopic gastric pancreas is presented. The autopsy revealed, extensive metastases of bones. Though careful examination was done, other primary focus except that of the stomach could not be detected. In review of literatures, 11 malignant tumors originating from heterotopic gastric pancreas could be found including our case.", "PMID": 552797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1123", "title": "Acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis and bilateral renal cortical necrosis.", "content": "An autopsy case of a 69-year-old male with acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis complicated by bilateral renal cortical necrosis was presented. Autopsy revealed acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis, bilateral renal cortical necrosis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, involving the aortic and mitral valves, and some interesting vascular lesions, dissemination of fibrinoid change of arterioles and fibrin thrombus of small vessels in various organs; accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lumen of the smaller interlobular arteries and arterioles of the kidney with cellular infiltration and disintegration of the wall; severe disorganization of the wall with intraluminar and intramural fibrinous exudation in smaller branches of the hepatic artery; diminution and disarrangment of muscle fibers and patchy hyalinization in the media of the renal and interlobar arteries. The inter-relationship between acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis, bilateral renal cortical necrosis which may be regarded as a 'hallmark' of the generalized Shwartzman reaction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation was discussed.", "contents": "Acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis and bilateral renal cortical necrosis. An autopsy case of a 69-year-old male with acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis complicated by bilateral renal cortical necrosis was presented. Autopsy revealed acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis, bilateral renal cortical necrosis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, involving the aortic and mitral valves, and some interesting vascular lesions, dissemination of fibrinoid change of arterioles and fibrin thrombus of small vessels in various organs; accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lumen of the smaller interlobular arteries and arterioles of the kidney with cellular infiltration and disintegration of the wall; severe disorganization of the wall with intraluminar and intramural fibrinous exudation in smaller branches of the hepatic artery; diminution and disarrangment of muscle fibers and patchy hyalinization in the media of the renal and interlobar arteries. The inter-relationship between acute diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis, bilateral renal cortical necrosis which may be regarded as a 'hallmark' of the generalized Shwartzman reaction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation was discussed.", "PMID": 552798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1124", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma -- Case report and review of Japanese cases.", "content": "A case of Kaposi's sarcoma in a 60 year-old male was examined histologically and electron microscopically. Multiple hemorrhagic skin lesions were confined within the scalp. The major part of initial skin biopsies exhibited capillary hemangiomatous component, but examination of surgical materials confirmed its nature as hemorrhagic sarcoma. At autopsy, the skin lesions showed various histological pictures ranging from angiomatous or granulomatous to sarcomatous proliferation of spindle-shaped cells. Of intriguing findings were the bone marrow involvement and the pulmonary changes, the former consisting of typical sarcomatous lesion and the latter being characterized by purpuric appearance of the pleura responsible for the terminal pneumohemothorax. Electron microscopically, the tumor cells showed Weibel-Palade granules in the cytoplasm suggesting the endothelial nature. In this article, Japanese autopsy cases of Kaposi's sarcoma so far reported are summarized.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma -- Case report and review of Japanese cases. A case of Kaposi's sarcoma in a 60 year-old male was examined histologically and electron microscopically. Multiple hemorrhagic skin lesions were confined within the scalp. The major part of initial skin biopsies exhibited capillary hemangiomatous component, but examination of surgical materials confirmed its nature as hemorrhagic sarcoma. At autopsy, the skin lesions showed various histological pictures ranging from angiomatous or granulomatous to sarcomatous proliferation of spindle-shaped cells. Of intriguing findings were the bone marrow involvement and the pulmonary changes, the former consisting of typical sarcomatous lesion and the latter being characterized by purpuric appearance of the pleura responsible for the terminal pneumohemothorax. Electron microscopically, the tumor cells showed Weibel-Palade granules in the cytoplasm suggesting the endothelial nature. In this article, Japanese autopsy cases of Kaposi's sarcoma so far reported are summarized.", "PMID": 552799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1125", "title": "Benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus.", "content": "A characteristic nystagmus profile of benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus was determined from analyses of horizontal and vertical electro-oculographic recordings in 32 patients. The vertical component was upbeat in both eyes (fast phase toward the ground in the head-hanging position), whereas the horizontal component was dissociated with the ipsilateral eye beating away from the down ear and the contralateral eye beating toward the down ear. The amplitude of the vertical component was larger in the ipsilateral eye. This dissociated nystagmus profile is consistent with a burst of excitatory activity originating in the posterior canal of the ear that is undermost at the end of the positioning maneuver.", "contents": "Benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus. A characteristic nystagmus profile of benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus was determined from analyses of horizontal and vertical electro-oculographic recordings in 32 patients. The vertical component was upbeat in both eyes (fast phase toward the ground in the head-hanging position), whereas the horizontal component was dissociated with the ipsilateral eye beating away from the down ear and the contralateral eye beating toward the down ear. The amplitude of the vertical component was larger in the ipsilateral eye. This dissociated nystagmus profile is consistent with a burst of excitatory activity originating in the posterior canal of the ear that is undermost at the end of the positioning maneuver.", "PMID": 552801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1126", "title": "Immunodeficiency in pediatric otolaryngology.", "content": "The relationship between the individual's aerodigestive tract and the external environment is a delicate balance maintained by a competent immune system. An understanding of the immune system and the various immune defects thus enables the practitioner to diagnose and treat an otherwise unrecognized cause of recurrent respiratory and ear infections. In this article a review of the immune system is presented. The structure and function of cell mediated and humoral immunity as well as the corresponding deficiency states are discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on immunity as it relates to the air and food passages and the ear. All charts of patients with immune deficiency seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were reviewed. Thirty patients were found to be immunodeficient. Hypogammaglobulinemias accounted for 50.0 per cent, IgA deficiency accounted for 33.3 per cent, and chemotactic defects occurred in 13.3 per cent. All patients exhibited some type of otolaryngologic disease, characterized by frequent infections of the middle ear, upper respiratory tract, paranasal sinuses, or lungs. Because of this pattern of presentation, the otolaryngologist should be aware of these disorders and participate in their diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in pediatric otolaryngology. The relationship between the individual's aerodigestive tract and the external environment is a delicate balance maintained by a competent immune system. An understanding of the immune system and the various immune defects thus enables the practitioner to diagnose and treat an otherwise unrecognized cause of recurrent respiratory and ear infections. In this article a review of the immune system is presented. The structure and function of cell mediated and humoral immunity as well as the corresponding deficiency states are discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on immunity as it relates to the air and food passages and the ear. All charts of patients with immune deficiency seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were reviewed. Thirty patients were found to be immunodeficient. Hypogammaglobulinemias accounted for 50.0 per cent, IgA deficiency accounted for 33.3 per cent, and chemotactic defects occurred in 13.3 per cent. All patients exhibited some type of otolaryngologic disease, characterized by frequent infections of the middle ear, upper respiratory tract, paranasal sinuses, or lungs. Because of this pattern of presentation, the otolaryngologist should be aware of these disorders and participate in their diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 552802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1127", "title": "The stimulus controlled caloric tests: a reliability study.", "content": "Preliminary studies have shown that a new caloric testing method described by Proctor and Dix offers several advantages over conventional methods. However, it had not been established that the Proctor-Dix method would prove reliable and practical when routinely applied in a clinical setting. Therefore, we administered the test to 60 patients referred for evaluation of vestibular function and compared the test scores with results from the conventional Fitzgerald-Hallpike test applied during the same test session. The analysis was based on the average slow phase eye speed of nystagmus during the most intense 20 seconds of individual responses. A close agreement was found between \"right-left difference\" and \"directional preponderance\" scores when results of the Proctor-Dix and Fitzgerald-Hallpike tests were compared in the 54 patients who completed all steps in the experiment. Larger differences between the results of the two tests were confined to subjects who were \"normal\" or only slightly abnormal. Order effects and additional analysis of correlations are discussed. The present study demonstrates that reliable results, comparable to those obtained from conventional methods, can be obtained when the new Proctor-Dix test is applied in a clinical setting.", "contents": "The stimulus controlled caloric tests: a reliability study. Preliminary studies have shown that a new caloric testing method described by Proctor and Dix offers several advantages over conventional methods. However, it had not been established that the Proctor-Dix method would prove reliable and practical when routinely applied in a clinical setting. Therefore, we administered the test to 60 patients referred for evaluation of vestibular function and compared the test scores with results from the conventional Fitzgerald-Hallpike test applied during the same test session. The analysis was based on the average slow phase eye speed of nystagmus during the most intense 20 seconds of individual responses. A close agreement was found between \"right-left difference\" and \"directional preponderance\" scores when results of the Proctor-Dix and Fitzgerald-Hallpike tests were compared in the 54 patients who completed all steps in the experiment. Larger differences between the results of the two tests were confined to subjects who were \"normal\" or only slightly abnormal. Order effects and additional analysis of correlations are discussed. The present study demonstrates that reliable results, comparable to those obtained from conventional methods, can be obtained when the new Proctor-Dix test is applied in a clinical setting.", "PMID": 552803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1128", "title": "Management of the patient with an incompetent larynx.", "content": "Incompetency of the larynx may vary from minimal occasional aspiration of saliva with a somewhat annoying cough to severe and life threatening aspiration. Management of these problems remains a significant challenge to the ingenuity of the well trained otolaryngologist. A review of the anatomic and physiologic factors involved both in normal function of the larynx and in derangement resulting in varying degrees of laryngeal incompetency would seem worthwhile. Several procedures are available that may be useful individually or in combination in the management of these patients.", "contents": "Management of the patient with an incompetent larynx. Incompetency of the larynx may vary from minimal occasional aspiration of saliva with a somewhat annoying cough to severe and life threatening aspiration. Management of these problems remains a significant challenge to the ingenuity of the well trained otolaryngologist. A review of the anatomic and physiologic factors involved both in normal function of the larynx and in derangement resulting in varying degrees of laryngeal incompetency would seem worthwhile. Several procedures are available that may be useful individually or in combination in the management of these patients.", "PMID": 552804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1129", "title": "Aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses should not be considered an innocuous disease. In a review of 103 cases, other than in the Sudan, the mortality rate was 16 per cent. Intracranial extension of the fungus from the nose and sinuses carries a grave prognosis. Although aspergillosis occurs frequently in patients debilitated from other diseases, this is not always the case, and most deaths in the review series occurred in otherwise healthy individuals. The authors present eight cases of their own.", "contents": "Aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses should not be considered an innocuous disease. In a review of 103 cases, other than in the Sudan, the mortality rate was 16 per cent. Intracranial extension of the fungus from the nose and sinuses carries a grave prognosis. Although aspergillosis occurs frequently in patients debilitated from other diseases, this is not always the case, and most deaths in the review series occurred in otherwise healthy individuals. The authors present eight cases of their own.", "PMID": 552805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1130", "title": "Health care cost containment.", "content": "Upper respiratory infections make up 90 per cent of the practice of the general medical doctor during the winter months. The common cold and related complications lead the list of causes of acute morbidity during the cold weather. The medical expense resulting from these ailments is a substantial part of the cost of health care, which is in urgent need of containment. Man, migrating from the warm climates of his origin, quickly learned how to protect himself against the cold but is still very much remiss in compensating for the low humidity created by indoor heating. A viral etiology for the common cold has been established, but efforts to produce an effective vaccine have failed except in special circumstances. It has been shown, however, that the virus is destroyed in the presence of adequate humidification. Furthermore, maintenance of proper indoor humidity will not only improve health but will also act to make more acceptable the 65 degrees F. limit to indoor heating newly mandated by law as an energy conservation measure. A graphic representation and pertinent relative humidity tables are used to develop the subject.", "contents": "Health care cost containment. Upper respiratory infections make up 90 per cent of the practice of the general medical doctor during the winter months. The common cold and related complications lead the list of causes of acute morbidity during the cold weather. The medical expense resulting from these ailments is a substantial part of the cost of health care, which is in urgent need of containment. Man, migrating from the warm climates of his origin, quickly learned how to protect himself against the cold but is still very much remiss in compensating for the low humidity created by indoor heating. A viral etiology for the common cold has been established, but efforts to produce an effective vaccine have failed except in special circumstances. It has been shown, however, that the virus is destroyed in the presence of adequate humidification. Furthermore, maintenance of proper indoor humidity will not only improve health but will also act to make more acceptable the 65 degrees F. limit to indoor heating newly mandated by law as an energy conservation measure. A graphic representation and pertinent relative humidity tables are used to develop the subject.", "PMID": 552806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1131", "title": "A rational approach to the traveling wave phenomenon.", "content": "To aid comprehension of cochlear traveling waves, the present article will explain this complex phenomenon in terms of its underlying principles: (1) fluid mechanics, with particular reference to a tangible, analogous event, wave transformation on sloping beaches; (2) the central role of the cochlear stiffness gradient with respect to an energy exchange between travel speed and amplitude of cochlear waves, low pass filter action with distance, and impedance matching for the benefit of wave progression; (3) spatial domain and frequency domain considerations; (4) the solution to the classic dilemma between cochlear tuning and damping; and (5) the task of the helicotrema. I will not discuss the ultimate mechanical stimulation of cochlear hair cells that is mediated by shearing interactions between the tectorial membrane and the organ proper.", "contents": "A rational approach to the traveling wave phenomenon. To aid comprehension of cochlear traveling waves, the present article will explain this complex phenomenon in terms of its underlying principles: (1) fluid mechanics, with particular reference to a tangible, analogous event, wave transformation on sloping beaches; (2) the central role of the cochlear stiffness gradient with respect to an energy exchange between travel speed and amplitude of cochlear waves, low pass filter action with distance, and impedance matching for the benefit of wave progression; (3) spatial domain and frequency domain considerations; (4) the solution to the classic dilemma between cochlear tuning and damping; and (5) the task of the helicotrema. I will not discuss the ultimate mechanical stimulation of cochlear hair cells that is mediated by shearing interactions between the tectorial membrane and the organ proper.", "PMID": 552807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1132", "title": "Septal ultrastructure in Sirobasidium magnum and its taxonomic implications.", "content": "The parenthesomes of Sirobasidium magnum (Sirobasidiaceae) are composed of arrays of ampulliform vesicles from whose bases microfibrils connect to bands of striated material in the dolipore orifices. This septal morphology and the associated character of a yeast haplophase are comparable to that found in species of the Tremellaceae and Filobasidiaceae. The similarity of these basic characteristics in these three families supports their separation into the suborder Tremellineae (species of the Tremellales with regular dolipore/parenthesome septa and mycelial monokaryons are grouped in the suborder Exidiineae).", "contents": "Septal ultrastructure in Sirobasidium magnum and its taxonomic implications. The parenthesomes of Sirobasidium magnum (Sirobasidiaceae) are composed of arrays of ampulliform vesicles from whose bases microfibrils connect to bands of striated material in the dolipore orifices. This septal morphology and the associated character of a yeast haplophase are comparable to that found in species of the Tremellaceae and Filobasidiaceae. The similarity of these basic characteristics in these three families supports their separation into the suborder Tremellineae (species of the Tremellales with regular dolipore/parenthesome septa and mycelial monokaryons are grouped in the suborder Exidiineae).", "PMID": 552808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1133", "title": "Streptococcus mutans and dental caries in humans: a bacteriological and immunological study.", "content": "Plaque samples from caries-active subjects showed a higher incidence of S. mutans than plaque samples from caries-free subjects. This was especially evident in approximal incisor plaque. S. mutans serotype d was almost exclusively present in approximal plaque obtained from caries-active subjects. Tooth surfaces infected with S. mutans still harbored this micro-organism 10 months later, while uninfected tooth surfaces remained free of S. mutans. Caries development predominantly occurs on those tooth surfaces which harbor relatively high percentages of S. mutans (> 5%). It is unlikely that serum or saliva antibodies against S. mutans play a major role in the protection against dental caries in these caries-free subjects since subjects with the greatest number of decayed surfaces showed the highest antibody titre as measured by haemagglutination or by the enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA).", "contents": "Streptococcus mutans and dental caries in humans: a bacteriological and immunological study. Plaque samples from caries-active subjects showed a higher incidence of S. mutans than plaque samples from caries-free subjects. This was especially evident in approximal incisor plaque. S. mutans serotype d was almost exclusively present in approximal plaque obtained from caries-active subjects. Tooth surfaces infected with S. mutans still harbored this micro-organism 10 months later, while uninfected tooth surfaces remained free of S. mutans. Caries development predominantly occurs on those tooth surfaces which harbor relatively high percentages of S. mutans (> 5%). It is unlikely that serum or saliva antibodies against S. mutans play a major role in the protection against dental caries in these caries-free subjects since subjects with the greatest number of decayed surfaces showed the highest antibody titre as measured by haemagglutination or by the enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA).", "PMID": 552809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1134", "title": "Composition and ecology of the human intestinal flora.", "content": "Longitudinal quantitative cultures of fecal flora of 20 newborns, 4 older babies and 10 healthy adults were carried out to study the composition and development of the intestinal flora. In all newborns the same sequence of colonization was observed. The numbers of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria fluctuated and reached finally numbers of 10(10)/g wet weight. In adults the flora was in balance with 10(5)-10(7) aerobic and 10(10)-10(11) anaerobic bacteria/g wet weight. Interaction experiments in vitro showed growth inhibition of Bacteroides fragilis by all intestinal species isolated. Bifidobacteria were not inhibited. The assumption was made that this type of interaction could be one of the mechanisms involved in the intestinal micro-ecology. Three of the Bacteroides fragilis strains tested were able to grow on \"natural intestinal substrates\" as gastric mucin, glycogen and a variety of plant polysaccharides. Acetic, lactic, propionic and succinic acids were detected as fermentation products.", "contents": "Composition and ecology of the human intestinal flora. Longitudinal quantitative cultures of fecal flora of 20 newborns, 4 older babies and 10 healthy adults were carried out to study the composition and development of the intestinal flora. In all newborns the same sequence of colonization was observed. The numbers of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria fluctuated and reached finally numbers of 10(10)/g wet weight. In adults the flora was in balance with 10(5)-10(7) aerobic and 10(10)-10(11) anaerobic bacteria/g wet weight. Interaction experiments in vitro showed growth inhibition of Bacteroides fragilis by all intestinal species isolated. Bifidobacteria were not inhibited. The assumption was made that this type of interaction could be one of the mechanisms involved in the intestinal micro-ecology. Three of the Bacteroides fragilis strains tested were able to grow on \"natural intestinal substrates\" as gastric mucin, glycogen and a variety of plant polysaccharides. Acetic, lactic, propionic and succinic acids were detected as fermentation products.", "PMID": 552810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1135", "title": "Host-parasite relationship in staphylococcal infections: the role of the staphylococcal cell wall during the process of phagocytosis.", "content": "Evidence is presented that antibodies against staphylococcal peptidoglycan are important opsonins for phagocytosis of staphylococci. Cell wall protein A inhibits opsonization by IgG through its interaction with the Fc fragment of the IgG molecule and preventing therefore the binding between the Fc fragment and the Fc receptor of the cell membrane of the leukocyte. Extracellular protein A interferes with opsonization presumably through depletion of complement.", "contents": "Host-parasite relationship in staphylococcal infections: the role of the staphylococcal cell wall during the process of phagocytosis. Evidence is presented that antibodies against staphylococcal peptidoglycan are important opsonins for phagocytosis of staphylococci. Cell wall protein A inhibits opsonization by IgG through its interaction with the Fc fragment of the IgG molecule and preventing therefore the binding between the Fc fragment and the Fc receptor of the cell membrane of the leukocyte. Extracellular protein A interferes with opsonization presumably through depletion of complement.", "PMID": 552811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1136", "title": "Microaerophily.", "content": "Objections to previous definitions of \"anaerobiosis\" and \"micro-aerophily\" are discussed, and a new definition of \"micro-aerophily\" is proposed. A survey of physiological characteristics of the micro-aerophilic bacterium Campylobacter sputorum spp. bubulus is given, and the concept of \"micro-aerophily\" is illustrated by the results of a study on the oxygen metabolism and oxygen sensitivity of this bacterium.", "contents": "Microaerophily. Objections to previous definitions of \"anaerobiosis\" and \"micro-aerophily\" are discussed, and a new definition of \"micro-aerophily\" is proposed. A survey of physiological characteristics of the micro-aerophilic bacterium Campylobacter sputorum spp. bubulus is given, and the concept of \"micro-aerophily\" is illustrated by the results of a study on the oxygen metabolism and oxygen sensitivity of this bacterium.", "PMID": 552812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1137", "title": "Comparison of surfactant production from kerosene by four species of Corynebacterium.", "content": "Four species of Corynebacterium-C. fasciens, C. hydrocarboclastus, C. lepus and C. xerosis, were compared for growth and surfactant production from kerosene. Nitrate as sole nitrogen source resulted in a sharp peak in surfactant concentration during mid-exponential growth phase. Ammonium plus nitrate resulted in growth-associated surfactant production. Surfactant was produced at a concentration of 50-80 times the critical micelle concentration by these species; greatest concentrations were produced by C. lepus. All species were pleomorphic, with greatest cell length occurring in early exponential phase. C. hydrocarboclastus had distinctly longer cells (5 mu) than the other species (3 mu) when grown in shake-flask culture. Ammonium sulfate at concentrations greater than 0.1% (w/v) increased cell length in stationary phase.", "contents": "Comparison of surfactant production from kerosene by four species of Corynebacterium. Four species of Corynebacterium-C. fasciens, C. hydrocarboclastus, C. lepus and C. xerosis, were compared for growth and surfactant production from kerosene. Nitrate as sole nitrogen source resulted in a sharp peak in surfactant concentration during mid-exponential growth phase. Ammonium plus nitrate resulted in growth-associated surfactant production. Surfactant was produced at a concentration of 50-80 times the critical micelle concentration by these species; greatest concentrations were produced by C. lepus. All species were pleomorphic, with greatest cell length occurring in early exponential phase. C. hydrocarboclastus had distinctly longer cells (5 mu) than the other species (3 mu) when grown in shake-flask culture. Ammonium sulfate at concentrations greater than 0.1% (w/v) increased cell length in stationary phase.", "PMID": 552813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1138", "title": "Effect of growth condition on enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris.", "content": "The enzymes of the citric acid and glyoxylate cycles as well as RuBP4 carboxylase were measured in cell-free extracts from Rhodopseudomonas palustris after growth under chemoheterotrophic, photoheterotrophic and photolithotrophic conditions. Although the citric acid cycle was found to be complete under all growth conditions, significant differences in certain enzyme activities occurred as a function of the different energy sources applied. The glyoxylate cycle also was complete under all growth conditions with highest isocitrate lyase activity seen after photoheterotrophic growth on acetate. Photo- and chemoheterotrophic growth on malate reduced the isocitrate lyase. The activity was not repressed further by photolithotrophic growth on thiosulfate. RuBP carboxylase activity, present under photolithotrophic conditions, was repressed by chemoheterotrophic growth but was not decreased by the presence of organic substrates during photoheterotrophic growth.", "contents": "Effect of growth condition on enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The enzymes of the citric acid and glyoxylate cycles as well as RuBP4 carboxylase were measured in cell-free extracts from Rhodopseudomonas palustris after growth under chemoheterotrophic, photoheterotrophic and photolithotrophic conditions. Although the citric acid cycle was found to be complete under all growth conditions, significant differences in certain enzyme activities occurred as a function of the different energy sources applied. The glyoxylate cycle also was complete under all growth conditions with highest isocitrate lyase activity seen after photoheterotrophic growth on acetate. Photo- and chemoheterotrophic growth on malate reduced the isocitrate lyase. The activity was not repressed further by photolithotrophic growth on thiosulfate. RuBP carboxylase activity, present under photolithotrophic conditions, was repressed by chemoheterotrophic growth but was not decreased by the presence of organic substrates during photoheterotrophic growth.", "PMID": 552814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1139", "title": "Studies on Propionibacterium isolated from paddy soils.", "content": "The anaerobic bacteria occurring in paddy soils sampled from fields belonging to the Rice Research Station at Ohmagari in Akita Prefecture, Japan, were surveyed from May to November, 1974. Irregularly shaped rods predominated which were found to be gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, catalase-positive and not heat-resistant; populations were estimated at 10(5)--10(-7) cells/g dry soil throughout the entire survey period. On the basis of their morphological and physiological characteristics these bacteria were identified as Propionibacterium. Most strains belonged to P. lymphophilum and P. granulosum.", "contents": "Studies on Propionibacterium isolated from paddy soils. The anaerobic bacteria occurring in paddy soils sampled from fields belonging to the Rice Research Station at Ohmagari in Akita Prefecture, Japan, were surveyed from May to November, 1974. Irregularly shaped rods predominated which were found to be gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, catalase-positive and not heat-resistant; populations were estimated at 10(5)--10(-7) cells/g dry soil throughout the entire survey period. On the basis of their morphological and physiological characteristics these bacteria were identified as Propionibacterium. Most strains belonged to P. lymphophilum and P. granulosum.", "PMID": 552815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1140", "title": "Bacteriophage typing of Salmonella weltevreden.", "content": "Salmonella weltevreden has been found to be one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes isolated from diverse sources in India and has also been isolated in a number of other countries. A phage typing scheme was developed for this serotype using a set of six typing phages. These phages had been selected out of 146 phage strains isolated and purified from stool samples of man, laboratory animals and other animals, sewage and surface water sources, and the lytic mutants of temperate phages form S. weltevreden. The phage typing scheme was applied systematically to type the 946 strains from India isolated during 1958-1974 and 148 strains originating from Australia, Burma, England, Gan Island, Holland, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Thailand, The United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971. The scheme was particularly studied to evaluate its utility in mapping the epidemiologically related strains from various sources. The S. weltevreden strains could be classified into ten phage types. Phage types 2 and 7 were found exclusively amongst Indian strains, type 6 from Vietnam and type 8 from Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Phage types were found to be stable and consistent with the independent epidemiological data available.", "contents": "Bacteriophage typing of Salmonella weltevreden. Salmonella weltevreden has been found to be one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes isolated from diverse sources in India and has also been isolated in a number of other countries. A phage typing scheme was developed for this serotype using a set of six typing phages. These phages had been selected out of 146 phage strains isolated and purified from stool samples of man, laboratory animals and other animals, sewage and surface water sources, and the lytic mutants of temperate phages form S. weltevreden. The phage typing scheme was applied systematically to type the 946 strains from India isolated during 1958-1974 and 148 strains originating from Australia, Burma, England, Gan Island, Holland, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Thailand, The United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971. The scheme was particularly studied to evaluate its utility in mapping the epidemiologically related strains from various sources. The S. weltevreden strains could be classified into ten phage types. Phage types 2 and 7 were found exclusively amongst Indian strains, type 6 from Vietnam and type 8 from Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Phage types were found to be stable and consistent with the independent epidemiological data available.", "PMID": 552816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1141", "title": "The association of Mycobacterium flavum 301 with gram-negative bacteria: ultrastructural and biochemical evidence.", "content": "Morphological characteristics, respiratory quinones, biochemical activities, cell wall ultrastructure and DNA base composition of Mycobacterium flavum 301 were studied. On the basis of the composition of its cell wall, its respiratory quinone and ubiquinone, the organism was associated with gram-negative bacteria. The strain appears to represent a group of bacteria hitherto not described.", "contents": "The association of Mycobacterium flavum 301 with gram-negative bacteria: ultrastructural and biochemical evidence. Morphological characteristics, respiratory quinones, biochemical activities, cell wall ultrastructure and DNA base composition of Mycobacterium flavum 301 were studied. On the basis of the composition of its cell wall, its respiratory quinone and ubiquinone, the organism was associated with gram-negative bacteria. The strain appears to represent a group of bacteria hitherto not described.", "PMID": 552817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1142", "title": "The proteins of the cytoplasmic ribosomes of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "Two types of cytoplasmic ribosomes of Euglena gracilis have been found when the stability in vitro of the large subunit at 25 degrees C for 30 min has been considered. Sucrose density gradient analysis have revealed that the large subunit of ribosomes obtained from cells harvested in the stationary phase of growth was degraded when heated at 25 degrees C. The large subunit of ribosomes obtained from exponentially growing cells was stable in the same experimental conditions. Studies of the ribosomal RNAs have not explained this differential stability observed in vitro. In fact, after SDS-extraction, the largest RNA species always appears degraded in both types of ribosomes. Therefore, an explanation to this phenomenon have been searched for through the analysis of the ribosomal proteins. One and two dimensional gel electrophoresis techniques have been employed. At least one difference between the two ribosomal protein groups has been observed and this could be associated to the differential stability of the ribosomes. Approximately 72 proteins molecules have been found in Euglena's cytoplasmic ribosome. About 42 proteins belong to the large subunit and 30 to the small one.", "contents": "The proteins of the cytoplasmic ribosomes of Euglena gracilis. Two types of cytoplasmic ribosomes of Euglena gracilis have been found when the stability in vitro of the large subunit at 25 degrees C for 30 min has been considered. Sucrose density gradient analysis have revealed that the large subunit of ribosomes obtained from cells harvested in the stationary phase of growth was degraded when heated at 25 degrees C. The large subunit of ribosomes obtained from exponentially growing cells was stable in the same experimental conditions. Studies of the ribosomal RNAs have not explained this differential stability observed in vitro. In fact, after SDS-extraction, the largest RNA species always appears degraded in both types of ribosomes. Therefore, an explanation to this phenomenon have been searched for through the analysis of the ribosomal proteins. One and two dimensional gel electrophoresis techniques have been employed. At least one difference between the two ribosomal protein groups has been observed and this could be associated to the differential stability of the ribosomes. Approximately 72 proteins molecules have been found in Euglena's cytoplasmic ribosome. About 42 proteins belong to the large subunit and 30 to the small one.", "PMID": 552819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1143", "title": "[Serologic survey of human type A influenza virus infection following 10-year periods of prevalence of H3N2 strains].", "content": "Distribution of h.i.a. against A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1), A/PR/8/34 (H0N1), A/FM/1/47 (H1N1), A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2) influenza virus strains was determined in 553 serum samples, previously tested for A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus, collected in the late summer of 1977 in Milan and Bari. For all variants, distinctive antibody patterns were obtained which reflect periods of prevalence of these viruses in man. So, the peak of positivity and the higher h.i.a. levels were found for A/New Jersey/8/76 strain in subjects born between 1907 and 1916, in the case of A/PR/8/34 virus for the birth years 1927-36, ten years later (1937-46) for A/FM/1/47 strain and for A/Japan/305/57 and A/Hong Kong/1/68 variants respectively for the birth years 1947-56 and 1962-66. The presence of antibodies to influenza A viruses not supposed to have been current during the person's lifetime has been discussed.", "contents": "[Serologic survey of human type A influenza virus infection following 10-year periods of prevalence of H3N2 strains]. Distribution of h.i.a. against A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1), A/PR/8/34 (H0N1), A/FM/1/47 (H1N1), A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2) influenza virus strains was determined in 553 serum samples, previously tested for A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus, collected in the late summer of 1977 in Milan and Bari. For all variants, distinctive antibody patterns were obtained which reflect periods of prevalence of these viruses in man. So, the peak of positivity and the higher h.i.a. levels were found for A/New Jersey/8/76 strain in subjects born between 1907 and 1916, in the case of A/PR/8/34 virus for the birth years 1927-36, ten years later (1937-46) for A/FM/1/47 strain and for A/Japan/305/57 and A/Hong Kong/1/68 variants respectively for the birth years 1947-56 and 1962-66. The presence of antibodies to influenza A viruses not supposed to have been current during the person's lifetime has been discussed.", "PMID": 552822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1144", "title": "Evaluation of the use of \"thermoresistant\" antigen Patoc 1, in the diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis. Preliminary report.", "content": "The macroagglutination test, according Mailloux, was investigated for its feasibility in the rapid diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis. Suspected sera examinated by Mailloux test, were also examinated by Complement Fixation and Microagglutination; the results suggest that: Mailloux macroagglutination is the serological test of choice, for screening of animal and human sera, mostly if it is not needed to know the infecting serovar.", "contents": "Evaluation of the use of \"thermoresistant\" antigen Patoc 1, in the diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis. Preliminary report. The macroagglutination test, according Mailloux, was investigated for its feasibility in the rapid diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis. Suspected sera examinated by Mailloux test, were also examinated by Complement Fixation and Microagglutination; the results suggest that: Mailloux macroagglutination is the serological test of choice, for screening of animal and human sera, mostly if it is not needed to know the infecting serovar.", "PMID": 552823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1145", "title": "[Serum complement in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing periodic hemodialysis].", "content": "Assessment of Clq, Cls, C4, C3, C3a, C5, C9, C3PA, C1INH fractions and CH50 activity of serum complement was performed in 24 patients with renal failure undergoing periodic haemodialysis. Alternate pathway activation was found together with high levels of non involved fractions. Mechanisms and biological implications are discussed.", "contents": "[Serum complement in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing periodic hemodialysis]. Assessment of Clq, Cls, C4, C3, C3a, C5, C9, C3PA, C1INH fractions and CH50 activity of serum complement was performed in 24 patients with renal failure undergoing periodic haemodialysis. Alternate pathway activation was found together with high levels of non involved fractions. Mechanisms and biological implications are discussed.", "PMID": 552824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1146", "title": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis B.", "content": "Vertical transmission from mother to fetus and from mother to newborn infant of HBV plays a major role in maintaining the hepatitis B endemic condition. After a review of the literature on the subject the Authors outline the data of three years of investigations performed on a sample of 5345 pregnant women, puerperae and their respective infants. These data point out: - the high rate, statistically significant, of HBsAg-positive women (2.63%), among those hospitalized for threatened abortion or abortion in progress; - the high positivity rate (16.39%) of cord blood samples of infants born to carrier mothers; - the constant negativity of cord blood in these infants during the first week of age; - the follow-up of 37 children from carrier mothers (controlled at 1, 2, 3, 6 months and 1 and 2 years of age) substantiates the constant negativity for HBsAg in European children.", "contents": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis B. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus and from mother to newborn infant of HBV plays a major role in maintaining the hepatitis B endemic condition. After a review of the literature on the subject the Authors outline the data of three years of investigations performed on a sample of 5345 pregnant women, puerperae and their respective infants. These data point out: - the high rate, statistically significant, of HBsAg-positive women (2.63%), among those hospitalized for threatened abortion or abortion in progress; - the high positivity rate (16.39%) of cord blood samples of infants born to carrier mothers; - the constant negativity of cord blood in these infants during the first week of age; - the follow-up of 37 children from carrier mothers (controlled at 1, 2, 3, 6 months and 1 and 2 years of age) substantiates the constant negativity for HBsAg in European children.", "PMID": 552825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1147", "title": "[Hepatitis and drug addiction: clinical and immunological studies].", "content": "The association drug addiction-hepatitis has so increased in recent years to represent a social epidemiological and clinical problem all over the world. Although the clinical picture of hepatitis is already well defined in drug-abusers, it remains to be completely understood the mechanism responsible for the significant incidence of progression from acute to chronic hepatitis in this population. The viral infection, the drug itself, the drug contaminants, the immunological defects (cellular and/or humoral) may be considered as possible contributing factors to this event. For this reason the Authors have performed an immunological study either in a group of drug-abusers with acute and chronic hepatitis, or in a group of 82 \"asymptomatic\" drug addicts without a history of liver diseases. The results of this study are the following: - In all the drug-addicts considered there is a common contact with virus B. - There are significant alternations of the cellular and humoral immunity in drug-addicts with acute and chronic hepatitis. - In the \"asymptomatic\" group the humoral immunity is slightly altered (hyper IgM, circulating immunocomplexes), while normal the cellular response. All these findings are critically evaluated also in respect with the new immunopathological mechanisms of hepatitis B.", "contents": "[Hepatitis and drug addiction: clinical and immunological studies]. The association drug addiction-hepatitis has so increased in recent years to represent a social epidemiological and clinical problem all over the world. Although the clinical picture of hepatitis is already well defined in drug-abusers, it remains to be completely understood the mechanism responsible for the significant incidence of progression from acute to chronic hepatitis in this population. The viral infection, the drug itself, the drug contaminants, the immunological defects (cellular and/or humoral) may be considered as possible contributing factors to this event. For this reason the Authors have performed an immunological study either in a group of drug-abusers with acute and chronic hepatitis, or in a group of 82 \"asymptomatic\" drug addicts without a history of liver diseases. The results of this study are the following: - In all the drug-addicts considered there is a common contact with virus B. - There are significant alternations of the cellular and humoral immunity in drug-addicts with acute and chronic hepatitis. - In the \"asymptomatic\" group the humoral immunity is slightly altered (hyper IgM, circulating immunocomplexes), while normal the cellular response. All these findings are critically evaluated also in respect with the new immunopathological mechanisms of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 552826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1148", "title": "[Detection of paraproteinemia in blood donors. Results of systematic analysis of 3800 donors in Trieste].", "content": "A systematic analysis of plasma protein pattern performed by agarose gel electrophoresis has detected paraproteinemia in 13 out of 3800 blood donors in the district of Trieste. The variations in the incidence of monoclonal gammopathies in surveys of blood donors could be related not only with geographical origin and the age and sex distribution of the population studied but also with the sensitivity of the screening technique employed. The physiopathological and clinical implications of the detection of paraproteins favour the inclusion of the screening plasma electrophoretic analysis among the laboratory investigations for blood donors.", "contents": "[Detection of paraproteinemia in blood donors. Results of systematic analysis of 3800 donors in Trieste]. A systematic analysis of plasma protein pattern performed by agarose gel electrophoresis has detected paraproteinemia in 13 out of 3800 blood donors in the district of Trieste. The variations in the incidence of monoclonal gammopathies in surveys of blood donors could be related not only with geographical origin and the age and sex distribution of the population studied but also with the sensitivity of the screening technique employed. The physiopathological and clinical implications of the detection of paraproteins favour the inclusion of the screening plasma electrophoretic analysis among the laboratory investigations for blood donors.", "PMID": 552827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1149", "title": "[Drug-induced fixed exanthema: immuno-allergologic study of 37 patients].", "content": "The Authors performed ona group a patients suffering from drug exanthema a thorough clinico-anamnestic and allergo-immunological investigation (skin reactions, patch-tests, Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner passive transport, in vitro lymphocyte blastization, total serum IgE radioimmunoassay). The results obtained do not support an immunoallergical pathogenesis of this syndrome. The possible alternative hypotheses and the future perspectives of study are discussed.", "contents": "[Drug-induced fixed exanthema: immuno-allergologic study of 37 patients]. The Authors performed ona group a patients suffering from drug exanthema a thorough clinico-anamnestic and allergo-immunological investigation (skin reactions, patch-tests, Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner passive transport, in vitro lymphocyte blastization, total serum IgE radioimmunoassay). The results obtained do not support an immunoallergical pathogenesis of this syndrome. The possible alternative hypotheses and the future perspectives of study are discussed.", "PMID": 552828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1150", "title": "[Activity of coagulation factors in liver coma caused by viral hepatitis].", "content": "Coagulation studies were performed on 8 patients with acute liver failure from viral hepatitis. Four died and four recovered. At the time of development of coma, levels of clotting factors resulted markedly reduced in all cases and were not of value as a prognostic index. Subsequent serial determinations (every 8 hours) during the evolution of coma showed that prothrombin activity and levels of factor I, II, V and X were not correlated with clinical conditions, most probably owing to the influence of the administration of blood and blood components. Of all coagulation tests, the assay of factor VII, which has the shortest half-life, appeared the most reliable index of hepatic synthetic function at a particular point in time.", "contents": "[Activity of coagulation factors in liver coma caused by viral hepatitis]. Coagulation studies were performed on 8 patients with acute liver failure from viral hepatitis. Four died and four recovered. At the time of development of coma, levels of clotting factors resulted markedly reduced in all cases and were not of value as a prognostic index. Subsequent serial determinations (every 8 hours) during the evolution of coma showed that prothrombin activity and levels of factor I, II, V and X were not correlated with clinical conditions, most probably owing to the influence of the administration of blood and blood components. Of all coagulation tests, the assay of factor VII, which has the shortest half-life, appeared the most reliable index of hepatic synthetic function at a particular point in time.", "PMID": 552833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1151", "title": "Genetic control of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. I. Resistance or susceptibility among different mouse strains.", "content": "Susceptibility of different strains of mice to infection with Trichomonas vaginalis was determined. Striking strain differences in susceptibility to T. vaginalis inoculum were observed in different mouse strains suggesting that susceptibility is under control of genes mapping mainly outside the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Genetic control of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. I. Resistance or susceptibility among different mouse strains. Susceptibility of different strains of mice to infection with Trichomonas vaginalis was determined. Striking strain differences in susceptibility to T. vaginalis inoculum were observed in different mouse strains suggesting that susceptibility is under control of genes mapping mainly outside the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 552834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1152", "title": "Radioimmunoassay detection of HBsAg in hemoderivatives.", "content": "The aim of the present paper is that of developing a technique which exploiting a commercial RIA Kit (Ausria II - Abbott) could be employed for the detection of HBsAg also in products different from serum or plasma, such as hemoderivates, even when as negative control is employed the kit, made up of a pool of HBsAg and HBsAb negative plasma. In order to lower the probability of false positive and false negatives the Authors employed, in parallel with the normal Abbott technique, a modified technique, which involves the presaturation of the polystyrene beads with human serum albumin solution. This technique showed to increase the sensitivity relevant to the kit itself. The technique with successive contacts employed by the Authors allowed the carrying out of the confirmation test for those blood derivatives also, which tend to clot, both due to the treatments and for the addition of the reagents employed in the confirmation test. In order the get a better garantee in classifying as \"non-reactive\" a sample the Authors expect it to be timely to carry out, in addition to the direct test, a confirmation test. Samples with titrated HBsAg additions and showing C/N > 1.5 in the direct test, turned out reactive to the confirmation test. Recovery tests show, even considering the variability of the sensitivity of the kit, according to the batch and the date of use, an indication of the sensitivity of the RIA method for HBsAg detection in hemoderivatives.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay detection of HBsAg in hemoderivatives. The aim of the present paper is that of developing a technique which exploiting a commercial RIA Kit (Ausria II - Abbott) could be employed for the detection of HBsAg also in products different from serum or plasma, such as hemoderivates, even when as negative control is employed the kit, made up of a pool of HBsAg and HBsAb negative plasma. In order to lower the probability of false positive and false negatives the Authors employed, in parallel with the normal Abbott technique, a modified technique, which involves the presaturation of the polystyrene beads with human serum albumin solution. This technique showed to increase the sensitivity relevant to the kit itself. The technique with successive contacts employed by the Authors allowed the carrying out of the confirmation test for those blood derivatives also, which tend to clot, both due to the treatments and for the addition of the reagents employed in the confirmation test. In order the get a better garantee in classifying as \"non-reactive\" a sample the Authors expect it to be timely to carry out, in addition to the direct test, a confirmation test. Samples with titrated HBsAg additions and showing C/N > 1.5 in the direct test, turned out reactive to the confirmation test. Recovery tests show, even considering the variability of the sensitivity of the kit, according to the batch and the date of use, an indication of the sensitivity of the RIA method for HBsAg detection in hemoderivatives.", "PMID": 552835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1153", "title": "Human lymphocyte surface markers after allogeneic activation: increase of Fc receptors-bearing cells.", "content": "The behaviour of human lymphocyte surface markers was investigated after in vitro alloactivation. Evidence was obtained that the expression of surface receptors is modified during mixed lymphocyte culture. In vitro allogeneic stimuli are able to induce a very significant increase of Fc receptors bearing cells: the biological significance of these data is discussed.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte surface markers after allogeneic activation: increase of Fc receptors-bearing cells. The behaviour of human lymphocyte surface markers was investigated after in vitro alloactivation. Evidence was obtained that the expression of surface receptors is modified during mixed lymphocyte culture. In vitro allogeneic stimuli are able to induce a very significant increase of Fc receptors bearing cells: the biological significance of these data is discussed.", "PMID": 552836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1154", "title": "[Recent trends in the serologic diagnosis of pertussis].", "content": "Anti-whooping cough agglutinin titrations were performed in various groups of children by employing a special antigen and a microtechnique. Moderate agglutinating titers were detected in the first trimester of life and were interpreted as transmitted from the mother. Rare and moderate titers were observed in a group of children of school age, randomly selected and non institutionalized, while, on the contrary, an analogous institutionalized group showed more frequent and higher rate of antibodies. In clinically diagnosed whooping cough titers resulted high when the disease turned out to have set in more than three week earlier. Anti-whooping cough vaccination determined agglutinating titers mainly moderate and not long-lasting.", "contents": "[Recent trends in the serologic diagnosis of pertussis]. Anti-whooping cough agglutinin titrations were performed in various groups of children by employing a special antigen and a microtechnique. Moderate agglutinating titers were detected in the first trimester of life and were interpreted as transmitted from the mother. Rare and moderate titers were observed in a group of children of school age, randomly selected and non institutionalized, while, on the contrary, an analogous institutionalized group showed more frequent and higher rate of antibodies. In clinically diagnosed whooping cough titers resulted high when the disease turned out to have set in more than three week earlier. Anti-whooping cough vaccination determined agglutinating titers mainly moderate and not long-lasting.", "PMID": 552837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1155", "title": "IgE synthesis in aging. Enhancement of IgE production in subjects with autoantibodies.", "content": "Serum IgE levels were measured in two groups of healthy elderly subjects: a first group of 18 with circulating autoantibodies (sign of a probable deficit of suppressor T lymphocytes) and a second group of 15 without circulating autoantibodies. The IgE levels in the first group (average 1032 U/ml) resulted significantly higher than those in the second group (average 103 U/ml), P less than 0.05. This result can be related to a deficit of suppressor T lymphocytes functionality, present in these subjects, which would cause, besides the appearance of autoantibodies, also an increase of serum IgE levels. Moreover, this phenomenon seems to confirm that in man, too, as in experimental animals, IgE synthesis is under the control of suppressor T lymphocytes specific for IgE. From a clinical viewpoint, the two populations studied do not differentiate and no symptoms of atopy were observed in subjects with high IgE levels.", "contents": "IgE synthesis in aging. Enhancement of IgE production in subjects with autoantibodies. Serum IgE levels were measured in two groups of healthy elderly subjects: a first group of 18 with circulating autoantibodies (sign of a probable deficit of suppressor T lymphocytes) and a second group of 15 without circulating autoantibodies. The IgE levels in the first group (average 1032 U/ml) resulted significantly higher than those in the second group (average 103 U/ml), P less than 0.05. This result can be related to a deficit of suppressor T lymphocytes functionality, present in these subjects, which would cause, besides the appearance of autoantibodies, also an increase of serum IgE levels. Moreover, this phenomenon seems to confirm that in man, too, as in experimental animals, IgE synthesis is under the control of suppressor T lymphocytes specific for IgE. From a clinical viewpoint, the two populations studied do not differentiate and no symptoms of atopy were observed in subjects with high IgE levels.", "PMID": 552838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1156", "title": "[Direct skin tests in the prevention of allergic reactions in surgical patients (500 cases)].", "content": "The methodology used to diagnose drug allergy in 500 surgical patients is described. After an introduction in which the choice of this method is justified, the used methods are shown in detail with the tested active pharmacological principles (it is a group of drugs for pre, intra and post-surgery use). The tested patients have been clinically watched during all their stay in hospital. The results achieved are shown, as well as the good mutual relation between anamnesis and clinical progress with the answers obtained from the tests. The detailed analysis of skin-reactions showed that positive answers against penicillin (in more than 37% of the tested cases) clearly prevailed over other drugs (petidinum about 12%; propanididum about 10%) etc. Skin-test positivity against prometazinum (6%) is stressed as being quite considerable, considering its prevalent anthistaminic pharmacological effect. The work ends showing how this method, if correctly used, can give good results which can be compared with the results achieved by other more sophisticated methodologies. The kind of test is recommended to be adopted by other hospitals to reduce the incidence of immunological pathogenesis diseases which is more and more frequent.", "contents": "[Direct skin tests in the prevention of allergic reactions in surgical patients (500 cases)]. The methodology used to diagnose drug allergy in 500 surgical patients is described. After an introduction in which the choice of this method is justified, the used methods are shown in detail with the tested active pharmacological principles (it is a group of drugs for pre, intra and post-surgery use). The tested patients have been clinically watched during all their stay in hospital. The results achieved are shown, as well as the good mutual relation between anamnesis and clinical progress with the answers obtained from the tests. The detailed analysis of skin-reactions showed that positive answers against penicillin (in more than 37% of the tested cases) clearly prevailed over other drugs (petidinum about 12%; propanididum about 10%) etc. Skin-test positivity against prometazinum (6%) is stressed as being quite considerable, considering its prevalent anthistaminic pharmacological effect. The work ends showing how this method, if correctly used, can give good results which can be compared with the results achieved by other more sophisticated methodologies. The kind of test is recommended to be adopted by other hospitals to reduce the incidence of immunological pathogenesis diseases which is more and more frequent.", "PMID": 552839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1157", "title": "[Cellular immunity in patients with Hodgkin's disease: modification induced by incubating lymphocytes with fetal calf serum and Hodgkin's serum].", "content": "The capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from fifteen patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease to form E-rosettes with sheep erytrocytes and to respond to PHA stimulation was found to be impaired in 47% of patients. When peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated overnight in culture medium containing 20% fetal calf serum, E-RFC levels and the capacity to respond to PHA returned to normal. These functions were resuppressed by additional incubation with Hodgkin's disease serum but not from normal serum. The Hodgkin's disease serum inhibited normal peripheral blood lymphocytes to form E-rosettes and to respond to PHA.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in patients with Hodgkin's disease: modification induced by incubating lymphocytes with fetal calf serum and Hodgkin's serum]. The capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from fifteen patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease to form E-rosettes with sheep erytrocytes and to respond to PHA stimulation was found to be impaired in 47% of patients. When peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated overnight in culture medium containing 20% fetal calf serum, E-RFC levels and the capacity to respond to PHA returned to normal. These functions were resuppressed by additional incubation with Hodgkin's disease serum but not from normal serum. The Hodgkin's disease serum inhibited normal peripheral blood lymphocytes to form E-rosettes and to respond to PHA.", "PMID": 552840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1158", "title": "[The ipsilateral optic tracts in the rat. - I) Area of retinal origin].", "content": "An attempt was made to sever the optic chiasma in the mid-sagittal plane in 12 rats. This was successful in 8 animals. The area of retina giving rise to the uncrossed fibres was determined from the position of undegenerated retinal ganglion cells in each eye following section of the chiasma. The ganglion cells giving rise to the uncrossed optic fibres occupy about 40 degrees of the temporal retina, corresponding to the the binocular overlap in the visual field.", "contents": "[The ipsilateral optic tracts in the rat. - I) Area of retinal origin]. An attempt was made to sever the optic chiasma in the mid-sagittal plane in 12 rats. This was successful in 8 animals. The area of retina giving rise to the uncrossed fibres was determined from the position of undegenerated retinal ganglion cells in each eye following section of the chiasma. The ganglion cells giving rise to the uncrossed optic fibres occupy about 40 degrees of the temporal retina, corresponding to the the binocular overlap in the visual field.", "PMID": 552841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1159", "title": "[The ipsilateral optic tracts in the rat. - II) Their role in visual discrimination].", "content": "Rats with compete section of the optic chiasma were able to relearn an intensity discrimination and to learn or relearn an orientation discrimination. The results unequivocally demonstrate that the uncrossed optic fibres can mediate two kinds of visual discrimination.", "contents": "[The ipsilateral optic tracts in the rat. - II) Their role in visual discrimination]. Rats with compete section of the optic chiasma were able to relearn an intensity discrimination and to learn or relearn an orientation discrimination. The results unequivocally demonstrate that the uncrossed optic fibres can mediate two kinds of visual discrimination.", "PMID": 552842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1160", "title": "[Dopamine hydro-natriuresis. - II) Interactions of dopamine and expansion of extracellular liquid volume].", "content": "We have observed that in the presence of salt retention (DOCA pretreatment) dopamine (DA) promoted a hydro-natriuretic effect; in contrast in salt depletion (natriuretic pretreatment) the changes in sodium tubular reabsorption and in urinary flow were non significant. The present study was designed to identify the possible mechanisms underlying the hydro-natriuretic effect. DA was infused at a subpressor rate (0,1 microgram/kg . min) during induced hypotonic polyuria. 19 healthy human subjects at different degree of salt retention were studied. The results demonstrate that the tubular inhibitory effects produced by DA on the % sodium reabsorptions (total as % of sodium filtered load, anisosmotic as % of sodium distal load) are the higher the lower are the control values of these reabsorptions. Hence DA appears to act by enhancing the inhibitory tubular response elicited by salt retention. Moreover these inhibitory effects are positively related with the simultaneous DA-induced haemodynamic effects. This suggests that the decrease in sodium reabsorptions during DA infusion is haemodynamically mediated.", "contents": "[Dopamine hydro-natriuresis. - II) Interactions of dopamine and expansion of extracellular liquid volume]. We have observed that in the presence of salt retention (DOCA pretreatment) dopamine (DA) promoted a hydro-natriuretic effect; in contrast in salt depletion (natriuretic pretreatment) the changes in sodium tubular reabsorption and in urinary flow were non significant. The present study was designed to identify the possible mechanisms underlying the hydro-natriuretic effect. DA was infused at a subpressor rate (0,1 microgram/kg . min) during induced hypotonic polyuria. 19 healthy human subjects at different degree of salt retention were studied. The results demonstrate that the tubular inhibitory effects produced by DA on the % sodium reabsorptions (total as % of sodium filtered load, anisosmotic as % of sodium distal load) are the higher the lower are the control values of these reabsorptions. Hence DA appears to act by enhancing the inhibitory tubular response elicited by salt retention. Moreover these inhibitory effects are positively related with the simultaneous DA-induced haemodynamic effects. This suggests that the decrease in sodium reabsorptions during DA infusion is haemodynamically mediated.", "PMID": 552844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1161", "title": "[The action of melatonin (MLT) on platelet metabolism in vitro.-II-].", "content": "Melatonin induces an apparent platelets emission by rat's megakaryocytes in vitro.", "contents": "[The action of melatonin (MLT) on platelet metabolism in vitro.-II-]. Melatonin induces an apparent platelets emission by rat's megakaryocytes in vitro.", "PMID": 552846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1162", "title": "[Sulpiride and the effect of dopamine on the kidney in human salt retention].", "content": "Experiments were performed to investigate the renal interaction between dopamine (DA) and sulpiride (S), an antagonistic drug for the central dopaminic receptors. DA was infused at a subpressor rate (0,1 microgram/kg . min) during induced hypotonic polyuria. In 8 healthy subjects in a condition of salt retention (DOCA pretreatment) two successive studies were carried out in the presence and in the absence of S. The drug treatment was started two days before the experiment. BOth the renal response to hydration and the renal effects of DA are modified by S treatment. 1) S enhances the hydro-saluretic effect produced by hydration. 2) During the early period of DA infusion, S counteracts the increase DA-induced in renal plasma flow. However the inhibitory tubular effects and the increase in the hydro-saluresis produced by DA are not significantly different from those observed in the absence of the drug.", "contents": "[Sulpiride and the effect of dopamine on the kidney in human salt retention]. Experiments were performed to investigate the renal interaction between dopamine (DA) and sulpiride (S), an antagonistic drug for the central dopaminic receptors. DA was infused at a subpressor rate (0,1 microgram/kg . min) during induced hypotonic polyuria. In 8 healthy subjects in a condition of salt retention (DOCA pretreatment) two successive studies were carried out in the presence and in the absence of S. The drug treatment was started two days before the experiment. BOth the renal response to hydration and the renal effects of DA are modified by S treatment. 1) S enhances the hydro-saluretic effect produced by hydration. 2) During the early period of DA infusion, S counteracts the increase DA-induced in renal plasma flow. However the inhibitory tubular effects and the increase in the hydro-saluresis produced by DA are not significantly different from those observed in the absence of the drug.", "PMID": 552845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1163", "title": "[The effect of ADP on platelet metabolism in vitro.-III-].", "content": "ADP induces an apparent platelets protrusion by rat's megakaryocytes in vitro.", "contents": "[The effect of ADP on platelet metabolism in vitro.-III-]. ADP induces an apparent platelets protrusion by rat's megakaryocytes in vitro.", "PMID": 552847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1164", "title": "[Effect of surgical stress on TSH and on the extra-thyroid metabolism of T4 (preliminary experiment)].", "content": "The effect of the surgery on the TSH and on the extra thyroid T4 metabolism was studied in thirty euthyroid patients. The TSH showed a light increase thirty minutes after the skin cut. There were no remarkable changes of T4 serum levels, while the serum triiodothyronine concentration fell during and after the operation, with a concomitant rise in reverse triiodothyronine.", "contents": "[Effect of surgical stress on TSH and on the extra-thyroid metabolism of T4 (preliminary experiment)]. The effect of the surgery on the TSH and on the extra thyroid T4 metabolism was studied in thirty euthyroid patients. The TSH showed a light increase thirty minutes after the skin cut. There were no remarkable changes of T4 serum levels, while the serum triiodothyronine concentration fell during and after the operation, with a concomitant rise in reverse triiodothyronine.", "PMID": 552848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1165", "title": "[Influence of allopurinol on the half-life of tolbutamide and rifamycin-SV in blood of healthy volunteers].", "content": "The influence of treatment with allopurinol (5 mg/kg/die for 15 days) on T/2 of tolbutamide and rifomycin-SV intravenously administered, has been studied in 10 healthy volunteers. We have observed reduction of T/2 of tolbutamide and, on the contrary, prolongation of T/2 of rifamycin-SV. Tolbutamide behaviour was unexpected, considering that other Authors had previously found inhibition of metabolic degradation of other drugs metabolized by the microsomal enzymes. We conclude that data concerning the influence of a drug (in our case, allopurinol) on the metabolism of another drug cannot always authorize general deduction and previsions regarding the metabolic interferences on the pharmacokinetics of other substances.", "contents": "[Influence of allopurinol on the half-life of tolbutamide and rifamycin-SV in blood of healthy volunteers]. The influence of treatment with allopurinol (5 mg/kg/die for 15 days) on T/2 of tolbutamide and rifomycin-SV intravenously administered, has been studied in 10 healthy volunteers. We have observed reduction of T/2 of tolbutamide and, on the contrary, prolongation of T/2 of rifamycin-SV. Tolbutamide behaviour was unexpected, considering that other Authors had previously found inhibition of metabolic degradation of other drugs metabolized by the microsomal enzymes. We conclude that data concerning the influence of a drug (in our case, allopurinol) on the metabolism of another drug cannot always authorize general deduction and previsions regarding the metabolic interferences on the pharmacokinetics of other substances.", "PMID": 552849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1166", "title": "[The trace elements iron, copper and zinc in Tanzanian women during pregnancy. Comparative study with a group of Italians].", "content": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed in an evaluation of zinc, copper and iron of 57 Tanzanian women during the various phases of pregnancy, till the delivery. The result are compared with those found in a group of Italian women of same age during the same periods of pregnancy. No significant statistic differences seem to exist between the two groups.", "contents": "[The trace elements iron, copper and zinc in Tanzanian women during pregnancy. Comparative study with a group of Italians]. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed in an evaluation of zinc, copper and iron of 57 Tanzanian women during the various phases of pregnancy, till the delivery. The result are compared with those found in a group of Italian women of same age during the same periods of pregnancy. No significant statistic differences seem to exist between the two groups.", "PMID": 552850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1167", "title": "[Further investigations on the protective effect of cadmium acetate in bromotrichloromethane poisoning].", "content": "The rats were pretreated with cadmium acetate (20 mg/Kg.ip) and subsequently challenged with a dose of bromotrichloromethane (2,6 mmoles/Kg.po), the haloalkane produced no change on liver polyribosomes, as evidenced by disaggregation of sedimentation profile. Cadmium acetate failed to protect against CBrCl3-induced lipid peroxidation, as measured by malonaldehyde production of liver homogenate.", "contents": "[Further investigations on the protective effect of cadmium acetate in bromotrichloromethane poisoning]. The rats were pretreated with cadmium acetate (20 mg/Kg.ip) and subsequently challenged with a dose of bromotrichloromethane (2,6 mmoles/Kg.po), the haloalkane produced no change on liver polyribosomes, as evidenced by disaggregation of sedimentation profile. Cadmium acetate failed to protect against CBrCl3-induced lipid peroxidation, as measured by malonaldehyde production of liver homogenate.", "PMID": 552851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1168", "title": "Effects of the inhibition of aromatic aminoacids decarboxylase on prolactin secretion in humans.", "content": "Carbidopa, at the dose of 250 mg. and benserazide at the dose of 125 mg, given orally in a single dose to healthy women aged between 23 - 26 years enhance significantly serum prolactin. The effect is not shared by two other inhibitors of AADC, namely alpha-methyl DOPA (500 mg) and fentiazac (400 mg). The effect of benserazide is suppressed by bromocriptine (2.5 mg) and blunted by 1-DOPA (400 mg) given orally simultaneusly.", "contents": "Effects of the inhibition of aromatic aminoacids decarboxylase on prolactin secretion in humans. Carbidopa, at the dose of 250 mg. and benserazide at the dose of 125 mg, given orally in a single dose to healthy women aged between 23 - 26 years enhance significantly serum prolactin. The effect is not shared by two other inhibitors of AADC, namely alpha-methyl DOPA (500 mg) and fentiazac (400 mg). The effect of benserazide is suppressed by bromocriptine (2.5 mg) and blunted by 1-DOPA (400 mg) given orally simultaneusly.", "PMID": 552852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1169", "title": "Dose and sex related effects of benserazide on prolactin secretion.", "content": "Benserazide, given orally at various doses ranging from 10 to 125 mg. to healthy women aged 21 to 33 years induces a dose related increase of prolactin titres in serum. When 125 mg are administered the percent increase of the hormone is larger in women than in men.", "contents": "Dose and sex related effects of benserazide on prolactin secretion. Benserazide, given orally at various doses ranging from 10 to 125 mg. to healthy women aged 21 to 33 years induces a dose related increase of prolactin titres in serum. When 125 mg are administered the percent increase of the hormone is larger in women than in men.", "PMID": 552853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1170", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of Sertoli cells in infancy.", "content": "In the present study some aspects of Sertoli cells of testicular-biopsy specimens of children from 0 to 8 years old are examined. We can distinguish two main morphological situations. In the first one, Sertoli cells with monomorphic aspect can be seen; in the second can be shown Sertoli cells with various aspects. In this polimorphic situation we can distinguish three Sertoli cell types differing in cellular shape, cytoplasme electron-density and amount of RER and Golgi complex.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of Sertoli cells in infancy. In the present study some aspects of Sertoli cells of testicular-biopsy specimens of children from 0 to 8 years old are examined. We can distinguish two main morphological situations. In the first one, Sertoli cells with monomorphic aspect can be seen; in the second can be shown Sertoli cells with various aspects. In this polimorphic situation we can distinguish three Sertoli cell types differing in cellular shape, cytoplasme electron-density and amount of RER and Golgi complex.", "PMID": 552854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1171", "title": "Effect of elaboration of a local motor-food conditioned reflex and reconditioning its effector component on the protein content in neurons of the motor cortex of rats.", "content": "Elaboration in rats of a local motor-food conditioned reflex in the form of pressing a lever by a preferred foot was accompanied by an increase of the protein content in interneurons in the absence of a change of this index in large and medium pyramidal neurons in the V layer of the motor cortex in the projection of the preferred foot in comparison with the symmetric point of the opposite hemisphere. Reconditioning of the conditioned reflex, i.e., its accomplishment by the nonpreferred foot, was accompanied by a decrease of the protein content in large pyramidal neurons of the V layer of the motor cortex in the absence of changes in the dry mass of interneurons in the projection of the nonpreferred foot in comparison with the projection of the preferred foot. Pyramidal neurons of the III layer reacted by an insignificant change in the protein content both in the case of elaborating the conditioned reflex and reconditioning of its effector component. It is suggested that the pyramidal neurons of the III layer, large pyramidal neurons and interneurons of the V layer of the motor cortex are involved in metabolic provision of elaboration of the local motor-food conditioned reflex and in the formation of new motor coordination at different stages of these processes.", "contents": "Effect of elaboration of a local motor-food conditioned reflex and reconditioning its effector component on the protein content in neurons of the motor cortex of rats. Elaboration in rats of a local motor-food conditioned reflex in the form of pressing a lever by a preferred foot was accompanied by an increase of the protein content in interneurons in the absence of a change of this index in large and medium pyramidal neurons in the V layer of the motor cortex in the projection of the preferred foot in comparison with the symmetric point of the opposite hemisphere. Reconditioning of the conditioned reflex, i.e., its accomplishment by the nonpreferred foot, was accompanied by a decrease of the protein content in large pyramidal neurons of the V layer of the motor cortex in the absence of changes in the dry mass of interneurons in the projection of the nonpreferred foot in comparison with the projection of the preferred foot. Pyramidal neurons of the III layer reacted by an insignificant change in the protein content both in the case of elaborating the conditioned reflex and reconditioning of its effector component. It is suggested that the pyramidal neurons of the III layer, large pyramidal neurons and interneurons of the V layer of the motor cortex are involved in metabolic provision of elaboration of the local motor-food conditioned reflex and in the formation of new motor coordination at different stages of these processes.", "PMID": 552855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1172", "title": "Criteria for selection of physiologically active substances (pharmacometry under screening conditions).", "content": "The problem of quantitative evaluation of the pharmacological influence of physiologically active substances with receptor action on the organism under conditions of screening is discussed. A vector-significant criterion, based on a functional multiparameter method (FMM), is suggested as the basic characteristic of effectiveness of action. This criterion permits an evaluation of the latitude of the permissible physiological effect, the threshold of subtoxicity, and the selectivity of the action of the substance according to the dominant activity.", "contents": "Criteria for selection of physiologically active substances (pharmacometry under screening conditions). The problem of quantitative evaluation of the pharmacological influence of physiologically active substances with receptor action on the organism under conditions of screening is discussed. A vector-significant criterion, based on a functional multiparameter method (FMM), is suggested as the basic characteristic of effectiveness of action. This criterion permits an evaluation of the latitude of the permissible physiological effect, the threshold of subtoxicity, and the selectivity of the action of the substance according to the dominant activity.", "PMID": 552856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1173", "title": "Disposition of 5-fluorouracil during chronic hepatic arterial infusion to patients with carcinoma in the liver and effect on circulating platelets.", "content": "5-Fluorouracil was administered by continuous hepatic intra-arterial infusion to eight patients with the diagnosis of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metastases. Its elimination characteristics were investigated to see if they correlated with therapeutic effect or reduced clinical toxicity when the drug was given by this route. Urinary excretion of drug and metabolites was similar to findings after intravenous bolus doses. Disposition changes could not be correlated with therapeutic effect or clinical toxicity. A dose-related biphasic effect of 5-fluorouracil was found on circulating platelets. Doses greater than 6 mg kg-1 d-1 decreased the number of circulating platelets, while doses less than that resulted in an increase in circulating platelets. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism of the effect of 5-fluorouracil on platelets.", "contents": "Disposition of 5-fluorouracil during chronic hepatic arterial infusion to patients with carcinoma in the liver and effect on circulating platelets. 5-Fluorouracil was administered by continuous hepatic intra-arterial infusion to eight patients with the diagnosis of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metastases. Its elimination characteristics were investigated to see if they correlated with therapeutic effect or reduced clinical toxicity when the drug was given by this route. Urinary excretion of drug and metabolites was similar to findings after intravenous bolus doses. Disposition changes could not be correlated with therapeutic effect or clinical toxicity. A dose-related biphasic effect of 5-fluorouracil was found on circulating platelets. Doses greater than 6 mg kg-1 d-1 decreased the number of circulating platelets, while doses less than that resulted in an increase in circulating platelets. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism of the effect of 5-fluorouracil on platelets.", "PMID": 552857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1174", "title": "Simultaneous determination of methenamine and formaldehyde in the urine of humans after methenamine administration.", "content": "Methenamine (hexamethylenetetramine) and its hydrolysis product formaldehyde are determined in the presence of each other in urine by a spectrophotometric method. Formaldehyde is assayed by a colour reaction with tryptophan, sulphuric acid and ferric chloride after precipitating methenamine by three treatments with mercuric chloride. Methenamine is indirectly analysed by hydrolysis to formaldehyde with dilute hydrochloric acid. Formaldehyde levels as low as 5.0 micrograms ml-1 in the presence of methenamine concentrations as high as 2.5 mg ml-1 can be assayed. Of practical significance is the feature that urine may be stored up to 1 weeks for analysis, by appropriate dilution and freezing, without excessive loss of methenamine or formaldehyde. The method was applied to the dtermination of the bioavailability of methenamine hippurate in ten human volunteers.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of methenamine and formaldehyde in the urine of humans after methenamine administration. Methenamine (hexamethylenetetramine) and its hydrolysis product formaldehyde are determined in the presence of each other in urine by a spectrophotometric method. Formaldehyde is assayed by a colour reaction with tryptophan, sulphuric acid and ferric chloride after precipitating methenamine by three treatments with mercuric chloride. Methenamine is indirectly analysed by hydrolysis to formaldehyde with dilute hydrochloric acid. Formaldehyde levels as low as 5.0 micrograms ml-1 in the presence of methenamine concentrations as high as 2.5 mg ml-1 can be assayed. Of practical significance is the feature that urine may be stored up to 1 weeks for analysis, by appropriate dilution and freezing, without excessive loss of methenamine or formaldehyde. The method was applied to the dtermination of the bioavailability of methenamine hippurate in ten human volunteers.", "PMID": 552858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1175", "title": "Comparison of two dissolution apparatuses with correlation of in vitro-in vivo data for prednisone and prednisolone tablets.", "content": "Dissolution profiles in 0.1N hydrochloric acid using both the paddle stirrer apparatus and the spin filter apparatus were obtained for prednisone tablets made by seven different manufacturers and prednisolone tablets made by eight different manufacturers. Dissolution parameters were correlated with results obtained in three human bioavailability trials which were previously reported. Also, results obtained in one apparatus were correlated with those obtained in the other apparatus. Such correlations may be useful in the setting of in vitro dissolution rate specifications for commerical prednisone and prednisolone tablets.", "contents": "Comparison of two dissolution apparatuses with correlation of in vitro-in vivo data for prednisone and prednisolone tablets. Dissolution profiles in 0.1N hydrochloric acid using both the paddle stirrer apparatus and the spin filter apparatus were obtained for prednisone tablets made by seven different manufacturers and prednisolone tablets made by eight different manufacturers. Dissolution parameters were correlated with results obtained in three human bioavailability trials which were previously reported. Also, results obtained in one apparatus were correlated with those obtained in the other apparatus. Such correlations may be useful in the setting of in vitro dissolution rate specifications for commerical prednisone and prednisolone tablets.", "PMID": 552859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1176", "title": "Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of dihydralazine after single oral doses to human subjects.", "content": "After single oral doses of 20 mg of a suspension of dihydralazine sulphate to human subjects, the peak of mean plasma concentrations of dihydralazine of 47.0 ng ml-1 +/- 11.0 standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 7) was reached at 1 h. Mean concentrations declined biphasically with apparent half-lives of 0.57 and 4.96 h respectively. Dihydralazine was partly converted to hydralazine. The peak of mean plasma concentrations of the latter drug of 3.9 ng ml-1 +/- 1.7 S.D. (n = 7) occurred at 1-2 h after dosing with dihydralazine sulphate and declined to 1.5 ng ml-1 +/- 1.5 S.D. at 6 h. Of the seven subjects studied, three were classified as fast and four as slow acetylators. Mean clearances appeared to be slightly more rapid in fast acetylators (1.63 l min-1 +/- 0.32 S.D.) when compared to slow acetylators (1.31 l min-1 +/- 0.31 S.D.) but this difference and differences in plasma concentrations and in areas under the plasma drug concentration-time curves were not significant (p > 0.1).", "contents": "Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of dihydralazine after single oral doses to human subjects. After single oral doses of 20 mg of a suspension of dihydralazine sulphate to human subjects, the peak of mean plasma concentrations of dihydralazine of 47.0 ng ml-1 +/- 11.0 standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 7) was reached at 1 h. Mean concentrations declined biphasically with apparent half-lives of 0.57 and 4.96 h respectively. Dihydralazine was partly converted to hydralazine. The peak of mean plasma concentrations of the latter drug of 3.9 ng ml-1 +/- 1.7 S.D. (n = 7) occurred at 1-2 h after dosing with dihydralazine sulphate and declined to 1.5 ng ml-1 +/- 1.5 S.D. at 6 h. Of the seven subjects studied, three were classified as fast and four as slow acetylators. Mean clearances appeared to be slightly more rapid in fast acetylators (1.63 l min-1 +/- 0.32 S.D.) when compared to slow acetylators (1.31 l min-1 +/- 0.31 S.D.) but this difference and differences in plasma concentrations and in areas under the plasma drug concentration-time curves were not significant (p > 0.1).", "PMID": 552862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1177", "title": "The renal clearance of disopyramide after bolus intravenous injection.", "content": "Following bolus intravenous injection of disopyramide in eight normal volunteers the renal clearance of the drug appeared to fall with time. In the first two hours after injection renal clearance had a mean value of 89.0 ml min-1 and fell to 29.4 ml min-1 between 48 and 72 h. In a separate study disopyramide was given by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 8 h following a loading dose of the drug. Renal clearance of disopyramide was thus estimated hourly over three narrow serum concentration ranges in a single volunteer. The estimate of renal clearance of the drug over the first hour following the start of these infusions was considerably in excess of values obtained later in the experiments. The change in disopyramide renal clearance following bolus injection is partially time-dependent. There are, however, fallacies in calculating short-term clearance values after bolus drug injection from the venous concentration-time curve and these may partially explain the change in renal clearance of disopyramide with time.", "contents": "The renal clearance of disopyramide after bolus intravenous injection. Following bolus intravenous injection of disopyramide in eight normal volunteers the renal clearance of the drug appeared to fall with time. In the first two hours after injection renal clearance had a mean value of 89.0 ml min-1 and fell to 29.4 ml min-1 between 48 and 72 h. In a separate study disopyramide was given by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 8 h following a loading dose of the drug. Renal clearance of disopyramide was thus estimated hourly over three narrow serum concentration ranges in a single volunteer. The estimate of renal clearance of the drug over the first hour following the start of these infusions was considerably in excess of values obtained later in the experiments. The change in disopyramide renal clearance following bolus injection is partially time-dependent. There are, however, fallacies in calculating short-term clearance values after bolus drug injection from the venous concentration-time curve and these may partially explain the change in renal clearance of disopyramide with time.", "PMID": 552861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1178", "title": "Animal model for investigation of fluphenazine kinetics after administration of long-acting esters.", "content": "A model was developed for studying fluphenazine availability and disposition. Rats were given doses of radioactively labelled esters of fluphenazine by intramuscular injection. Radioactivity excreted in urine, faeces, and expired air was assessed for fluphenazine esters, fluphenazine, and CO2 content. Levels of fluphenazine and its esters were measured in plasma, brain, and muscle (injected and non-injected samples). The data mimicked those obtained in other studies involving the same material given to human subjects, and posed new questions concerning the factors controlling fluphenazine availability when given as 'long-acting' intramuscular injections.", "contents": "Animal model for investigation of fluphenazine kinetics after administration of long-acting esters. A model was developed for studying fluphenazine availability and disposition. Rats were given doses of radioactively labelled esters of fluphenazine by intramuscular injection. Radioactivity excreted in urine, faeces, and expired air was assessed for fluphenazine esters, fluphenazine, and CO2 content. Levels of fluphenazine and its esters were measured in plasma, brain, and muscle (injected and non-injected samples). The data mimicked those obtained in other studies involving the same material given to human subjects, and posed new questions concerning the factors controlling fluphenazine availability when given as 'long-acting' intramuscular injections.", "PMID": 552863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1179", "title": "No neoplastic alteration of metabolically competent rat liver cells in vitro by chemical carcinogens: 3-methylcholanthrene, dimethylnitrosamine and Natulan.", "content": "Epithelial rat liver cell line RL-19 was checked for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was found at the rate of about 14.5 pmoles 3-hydroxy-benzopyrene per min per mg protein. This activity was not inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene or by phenobarbital and was independent of the subculture level. From the 45th up to the 59th subculture the mean demethylase activity was about 1.08 nmoles HCHO per min per mg protein, but was decreased to 0.64 nmoles HCHO per min per mg protein at the 131st subculture. RL-19 cells were treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (0.5-1.0 microgram/ml), dimethylnitrosamine (100-400 micrograms/ml), or Natulan (50 micrograms/ml), respectively, for 7 to 10 days. During a 6 months subsequent cultivation no neoplastic changes were observed as revealed by morphological investigation, soft agar assay, and transplantation. It is suggested that metabolic competence for carcinogen activation is only one prerequisite for neoplastic alteration in vitro, and that RL-19 cells are refractory to the action of carcinogens in spite of their metabolic capacity.", "contents": "No neoplastic alteration of metabolically competent rat liver cells in vitro by chemical carcinogens: 3-methylcholanthrene, dimethylnitrosamine and Natulan. Epithelial rat liver cell line RL-19 was checked for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was found at the rate of about 14.5 pmoles 3-hydroxy-benzopyrene per min per mg protein. This activity was not inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene or by phenobarbital and was independent of the subculture level. From the 45th up to the 59th subculture the mean demethylase activity was about 1.08 nmoles HCHO per min per mg protein, but was decreased to 0.64 nmoles HCHO per min per mg protein at the 131st subculture. RL-19 cells were treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (0.5-1.0 microgram/ml), dimethylnitrosamine (100-400 micrograms/ml), or Natulan (50 micrograms/ml), respectively, for 7 to 10 days. During a 6 months subsequent cultivation no neoplastic changes were observed as revealed by morphological investigation, soft agar assay, and transplantation. It is suggested that metabolic competence for carcinogen activation is only one prerequisite for neoplastic alteration in vitro, and that RL-19 cells are refractory to the action of carcinogens in spite of their metabolic capacity.", "PMID": 552895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1180", "title": "Evidence of epoxide hydrase activity in human intestinal microflora.", "content": "Cholesterol-5 alpha, 6 alpha-epoxide has been implicated as an etiologic agent in  human colon cancer. The epoxide is metabolized by human intestinal microflora to a product which was characterized by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography as well as combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographic properties are identical with authentic cholestan-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol, and these results suggest that microbial epoxide hydrase activity is present in the human colon.", "contents": "Evidence of epoxide hydrase activity in human intestinal microflora. Cholesterol-5 alpha, 6 alpha-epoxide has been implicated as an etiologic agent in  human colon cancer. The epoxide is metabolized by human intestinal microflora to a product which was characterized by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography as well as combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographic properties are identical with authentic cholestan-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol, and these results suggest that microbial epoxide hydrase activity is present in the human colon.", "PMID": 552896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1181", "title": "Metabolism of N-nitroso-2-oxopropylpropylamine by rat liver: formation of products resulting from both oxidation and reduction.", "content": "Metabolism of N-nitroso-2-oxopropylpropylamine (NOPPA) with either a microsomal preparation or the soluble enzyme fraction from rat liver yielded N-nitroso-2-hydroxypropylpropylamine (NHPPA). We have also identified and quantified propionaldehyde, n-propanol and isopropanol following incubation of NOPPA with the microsomal fraction.", "contents": "Metabolism of N-nitroso-2-oxopropylpropylamine by rat liver: formation of products resulting from both oxidation and reduction. Metabolism of N-nitroso-2-oxopropylpropylamine (NOPPA) with either a microsomal preparation or the soluble enzyme fraction from rat liver yielded N-nitroso-2-hydroxypropylpropylamine (NHPPA). We have also identified and quantified propionaldehyde, n-propanol and isopropanol following incubation of NOPPA with the microsomal fraction.", "PMID": 552897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1182", "title": "Potentiation by clofibrate of in-vivo tumor inhibition by hydrazine sulfate and cytotoxic agents, in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma.", "content": "Clofibrate as a sole agent was found to have statistically perceptible antitumor effects against the in vivo growth of Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma in rats. Clofibrate was also found to potentiate the antitumor effect of hydrazine sulfate, cytotoxic drugs and the combination of hydrazine sulfate + cytotoxic drug. The results suggest that substances which might directly or indirectly interfere with host lipogenesis and/or lipolysis, may also have adjunctal antitumor potential.", "contents": "Potentiation by clofibrate of in-vivo tumor inhibition by hydrazine sulfate and cytotoxic agents, in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Clofibrate as a sole agent was found to have statistically perceptible antitumor effects against the in vivo growth of Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma in rats. Clofibrate was also found to potentiate the antitumor effect of hydrazine sulfate, cytotoxic drugs and the combination of hydrazine sulfate + cytotoxic drug. The results suggest that substances which might directly or indirectly interfere with host lipogenesis and/or lipolysis, may also have adjunctal antitumor potential.", "PMID": 552898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1183", "title": "Immunoelectrophoresis of ligandin.", "content": "Procedures are described that facilitate the immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the carcinogen-binding protein ligandin. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis is performed at pH 4.9 in agarose gel containing carbamylated antiserum thereby promoting more rapid migration of ligandin, pI 9.0, into the gel. This method is used as a basis for quantitative crossed immunoelectrophoresis using either electrophoresis or isoelectrofocusing of ligandin in the first dimension.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoresis of ligandin. Procedures are described that facilitate the immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the carcinogen-binding protein ligandin. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis is performed at pH 4.9 in agarose gel containing carbamylated antiserum thereby promoting more rapid migration of ligandin, pI 9.0, into the gel. This method is used as a basis for quantitative crossed immunoelectrophoresis using either electrophoresis or isoelectrofocusing of ligandin in the first dimension.", "PMID": 552900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1184", "title": "Polypeptides that inhibit human breast cancer cell division.", "content": "Medium sized (10-15 amino acids) polypeptides isolated from normal human urine inhibit the growth of five established cell lines of human mammary cancer. Cytostatic and cytotoxic effects are dose dependent and reversible at lower doses. Evidence suggests a block to cell division in S phase.", "contents": "Polypeptides that inhibit human breast cancer cell division. Medium sized (10-15 amino acids) polypeptides isolated from normal human urine inhibit the growth of five established cell lines of human mammary cancer. Cytostatic and cytotoxic effects are dose dependent and reversible at lower doses. Evidence suggests a block to cell division in S phase.", "PMID": 552902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1185", "title": "Binding of the Cain quinolinium, NSC 113089, to rat tissue lipid extracts.", "content": "The binding characteristics of the cancer chemotherapeutic Cain's quinolinium 6-amino-1-ethyl-4-[p-[[p-[(1-ethylpyridinium-4-yl) amino] phenyl] carbamoyl]-anilino]-quinolinium dibromide (NSC 113089) to lipid extracts from rat kidney, liver, heart and skeletal muscle has been studied. Such binding is saturable with an apparent KD congruent to 1.6 microM. Drug binding to the lipid extracts is displaceable by spermine, spermidine, calcium ions and protons. Spermine is the best displacing agent, achieving half drug displacement from the lipid extracts at approximately 6.3 microM regardless of tissue. The inability of the displacing agents to displace all the NSC 113089 bound to the lipid extracts as well as differences in the amount of agent bound to as compared to amount of drug displaced from the lipid extracts indicate that a number of drug binding sites may be present in the lipid extracts. The similarities of drug binding by rat tissue lipids to similar lipids extracted from normal animal and tumor tissues is discussed.", "contents": "Binding of the Cain quinolinium, NSC 113089, to rat tissue lipid extracts. The binding characteristics of the cancer chemotherapeutic Cain's quinolinium 6-amino-1-ethyl-4-[p-[[p-[(1-ethylpyridinium-4-yl) amino] phenyl] carbamoyl]-anilino]-quinolinium dibromide (NSC 113089) to lipid extracts from rat kidney, liver, heart and skeletal muscle has been studied. Such binding is saturable with an apparent KD congruent to 1.6 microM. Drug binding to the lipid extracts is displaceable by spermine, spermidine, calcium ions and protons. Spermine is the best displacing agent, achieving half drug displacement from the lipid extracts at approximately 6.3 microM regardless of tissue. The inability of the displacing agents to displace all the NSC 113089 bound to the lipid extracts as well as differences in the amount of agent bound to as compared to amount of drug displaced from the lipid extracts indicate that a number of drug binding sites may be present in the lipid extracts. The similarities of drug binding by rat tissue lipids to similar lipids extracted from normal animal and tumor tissues is discussed.", "PMID": 552904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1186", "title": "Differential sensitivity of tumor cells to externally generated hydrogen peroxide. Role of glutathione and related enzymes.", "content": "(1) Oxygen uptake and lactate production of different strains of ascites tumor cells were assayed after exposure to an extracellular photochemical system known to produce reactive oxygen derivatives. The various cells tested showed differential sensitivity to the treatment, ranging from nearly full inactivation of Ehrlich cells to nearly full resistance of Yoshida cells. (2) Glucose plus succinate added after the treatment reestablished basal oxygen uptake capacity suggesting that the cell membrane was the primary site of damage. This was confirmed by dye-permeabilization and protein leakage in sensitive cells. (3) H2O2 was shown to be the only relevant oxygen derivative in the production of cell damage: catalase was the only externally added agent that protected sensitive cells, and H2O2 (congruent to 10(-3) M) had the same effects as the photochemical treatment. (4) While the absence of catalase is a feature common to all tumors tested, sensitivity to H2O2 appears to be related to cellular levels of glutathione peroxidase and of its subsidiary enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and glutathione synthetase.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity of tumor cells to externally generated hydrogen peroxide. Role of glutathione and related enzymes. (1) Oxygen uptake and lactate production of different strains of ascites tumor cells were assayed after exposure to an extracellular photochemical system known to produce reactive oxygen derivatives. The various cells tested showed differential sensitivity to the treatment, ranging from nearly full inactivation of Ehrlich cells to nearly full resistance of Yoshida cells. (2) Glucose plus succinate added after the treatment reestablished basal oxygen uptake capacity suggesting that the cell membrane was the primary site of damage. This was confirmed by dye-permeabilization and protein leakage in sensitive cells. (3) H2O2 was shown to be the only relevant oxygen derivative in the production of cell damage: catalase was the only externally added agent that protected sensitive cells, and H2O2 (congruent to 10(-3) M) had the same effects as the photochemical treatment. (4) While the absence of catalase is a feature common to all tumors tested, sensitivity to H2O2 appears to be related to cellular levels of glutathione peroxidase and of its subsidiary enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and glutathione synthetase.", "PMID": 552903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1187", "title": "A theory of cancer induction by parametric excitation.", "content": "The theory of cancer induction of ultimate carcinogens by parametric excitation is presented. Attention is drawn to the requirement of an energy transfer in perturbing DNA. The concept of energy transfer by resonance is rejected in favor of energy transfer by parametric excitation of which resonance is a special case. The result, reported here, is a remarkable agreement between the Raman vibrational bands of these ultimate carcinogens, various hypochromic bands of DNA and the predictions of parametric excitation theory. This result suggests that the peculiar relation of an ultimate carcinogen and DNA results in parametrically induced energy transfer in the vibrational mode. The problem, then, of cancer induction becomes one of analytical mechanics.", "contents": "A theory of cancer induction by parametric excitation. The theory of cancer induction of ultimate carcinogens by parametric excitation is presented. Attention is drawn to the requirement of an energy transfer in perturbing DNA. The concept of energy transfer by resonance is rejected in favor of energy transfer by parametric excitation of which resonance is a special case. The result, reported here, is a remarkable agreement between the Raman vibrational bands of these ultimate carcinogens, various hypochromic bands of DNA and the predictions of parametric excitation theory. This result suggests that the peculiar relation of an ultimate carcinogen and DNA results in parametrically induced energy transfer in the vibrational mode. The problem, then, of cancer induction becomes one of analytical mechanics.", "PMID": 552905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1188", "title": "Neutral lipids in DNA, histone and nonhistone fractions of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell chromatin.", "content": "Lipid content and composition of DNA, histone and nonhistone proteins of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell chromatin were investigated. All fractions contained varying amounts of lipids, mostly neutral lipids, with different quantitative distribution. The DNA fraction was characterized by elevated total cholesterol level (37%); the histone fraction by high glycerol ester content (62%); and the nonhistone protein fraction by high percentage of glycerol ethers (22%). The results suggest that neutral lipids are integral parts of tumor cell nucleoproteins.", "contents": "Neutral lipids in DNA, histone and nonhistone fractions of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell chromatin. Lipid content and composition of DNA, histone and nonhistone proteins of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell chromatin were investigated. All fractions contained varying amounts of lipids, mostly neutral lipids, with different quantitative distribution. The DNA fraction was characterized by elevated total cholesterol level (37%); the histone fraction by high glycerol ester content (62%); and the nonhistone protein fraction by high percentage of glycerol ethers (22%). The results suggest that neutral lipids are integral parts of tumor cell nucleoproteins.", "PMID": 552906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1189", "title": "Abnormal protein synthesis in malignant melanoma cells.", "content": "Abnormal proteins in neoplastic cells are present in a variety of animal tumor systems. Our laboratory has isolated several of these abnormal proteins from murine malignant melanoma by preparative gel electrophoresis; these proteins are similar in many respects to analogous proteins found in normal tissues. Examination of these proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, carboxy and amino terminal analysis and peptide mapping after cyanogen bromide cleavage, supports the theory that these abnormal proteins are the result of deleted sequences in the peptide chain during the attempted synthesis of normal proteins in neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "Abnormal protein synthesis in malignant melanoma cells. Abnormal proteins in neoplastic cells are present in a variety of animal tumor systems. Our laboratory has isolated several of these abnormal proteins from murine malignant melanoma by preparative gel electrophoresis; these proteins are similar in many respects to analogous proteins found in normal tissues. Examination of these proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, carboxy and amino terminal analysis and peptide mapping after cyanogen bromide cleavage, supports the theory that these abnormal proteins are the result of deleted sequences in the peptide chain during the attempted synthesis of normal proteins in neoplastic tissue.", "PMID": 552907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1190", "title": "Bioassay for thymic extracts: guinea pig spleen lymphocytes-rabbit red blood cells rosette method.", "content": "An assay is described for assessing the potency of thymic extracts by the capacity of guinea pig spleen lymphocytes to form rosettes with rabbit red blood cells. Its sensitivity and reproducibility have been evaluated by statistical analysis of the data obtained testing different batches of the calf thymus extract TP-1.", "contents": "Bioassay for thymic extracts: guinea pig spleen lymphocytes-rabbit red blood cells rosette method. An assay is described for assessing the potency of thymic extracts by the capacity of guinea pig spleen lymphocytes to form rosettes with rabbit red blood cells. Its sensitivity and reproducibility have been evaluated by statistical analysis of the data obtained testing different batches of the calf thymus extract TP-1.", "PMID": 552908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1191", "title": "Free radical activation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by methemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "We have shown that N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, a metabolite of 2-acetylaminofluorene, is converted via a nitroxide free radical into N-acetylaminofluorene and 2-nitrosofluorene by H2O2 in the presence of methemoglobin. Utilizing optical methods, we have demonstrated that the rate of 2-nitrosofluorene production parallels that of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene oxidation. This evidence is consistent with a model whereby two molecules of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene yield two nitroxide free radicals which then dismutate to form one molecule of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and one molecule of 2-nitrosofluorene. The Km of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene for this reaction is 114 microM with a Vmax of 50 microM/min.", "contents": "Free radical activation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by methemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide. We have shown that N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, a metabolite of 2-acetylaminofluorene, is converted via a nitroxide free radical into N-acetylaminofluorene and 2-nitrosofluorene by H2O2 in the presence of methemoglobin. Utilizing optical methods, we have demonstrated that the rate of 2-nitrosofluorene production parallels that of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene oxidation. This evidence is consistent with a model whereby two molecules of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene yield two nitroxide free radicals which then dismutate to form one molecule of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and one molecule of 2-nitrosofluorene. The Km of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene for this reaction is 114 microM with a Vmax of 50 microM/min.", "PMID": 552909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1192", "title": "Correlation of mixed-function oxidase activity with ultrastructural changes in the liver of a marine fish.", "content": "Specimens of mullet (Mugil cephalus), a marine fish, were given single doses of 3-methylcholanthrene intraperitoneally and the activity of the microsomal mixed-function oxygenase system in the liver was measured by the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene. The enzyme system was found to be inducible with concomitant ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes. The specific activity and the metabolic profile approximate those of the rat.", "contents": "Correlation of mixed-function oxidase activity with ultrastructural changes in the liver of a marine fish. Specimens of mullet (Mugil cephalus), a marine fish, were given single doses of 3-methylcholanthrene intraperitoneally and the activity of the microsomal mixed-function oxygenase system in the liver was measured by the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene. The enzyme system was found to be inducible with concomitant ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes. The specific activity and the metabolic profile approximate those of the rat.", "PMID": 552910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1193", "title": "Regional chemotherapy by isolation-perfusion.", "content": "For 20 years, regional chemotherapy by isolation-perfusion has been employed for limb and selected pelvic lesions using high doses of drugs without systemic side effects. When used prophylactically, it is combined with local excision of the lesion and primary closure reducing the number of skin grafts and recurrence rate for local or intransit disease. Overall survival rate is better than for patients treated by surgery, and perfusion patients also do better with secondary therapy. For advanced melanoma patients with intransit metastasis, a 50% five-year survival may be less than expected. For patients with soft tissue sarcomas < 5 cm in diameter, the five-year survival is just under 80% and just over 40% for those > 5 cm. Complications may occur in 10% of patients treated by prophylactic perfusion, and the rate increases as the dosage and number of drugs are increased, up to a 37% complication rate for patients with advanced disease in a limb.", "contents": "Regional chemotherapy by isolation-perfusion. For 20 years, regional chemotherapy by isolation-perfusion has been employed for limb and selected pelvic lesions using high doses of drugs without systemic side effects. When used prophylactically, it is combined with local excision of the lesion and primary closure reducing the number of skin grafts and recurrence rate for local or intransit disease. Overall survival rate is better than for patients treated by surgery, and perfusion patients also do better with secondary therapy. For advanced melanoma patients with intransit metastasis, a 50% five-year survival may be less than expected. For patients with soft tissue sarcomas < 5 cm in diameter, the five-year survival is just under 80% and just over 40% for those > 5 cm. Complications may occur in 10% of patients treated by prophylactic perfusion, and the rate increases as the dosage and number of drugs are increased, up to a 37% complication rate for patients with advanced disease in a limb.", "PMID": 553035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1194", "title": "Evaluation of ten-year survival after operation for upper- and mid-thoracic esophageal cancer.", "content": "From 1946 to 1976, we studied 1,329 cases of radical resection of upper and mid-thoracic esophageal cancer, a cancer whose prognosis is especially poor. Of these, 7 patients lived longer than 20 years, and 58 longer than 10 years. There were 137 patients who lived for more than 5 years. We particularly examined the ones who lived longer than 10 years, and from the findings of histological and pathological specimens we judged the malignancy grade according to the classification of histological malignancy which we had proposed earlier (cellular atypism, structural atypism, and infiltration). Malignancy grade was demonstrated to be closely associated with the prognosis and survival time.", "contents": "Evaluation of ten-year survival after operation for upper- and mid-thoracic esophageal cancer. From 1946 to 1976, we studied 1,329 cases of radical resection of upper and mid-thoracic esophageal cancer, a cancer whose prognosis is especially poor. Of these, 7 patients lived longer than 20 years, and 58 longer than 10 years. There were 137 patients who lived for more than 5 years. We particularly examined the ones who lived longer than 10 years, and from the findings of histological and pathological specimens we judged the malignancy grade according to the classification of histological malignancy which we had proposed earlier (cellular atypism, structural atypism, and infiltration). Malignancy grade was demonstrated to be closely associated with the prognosis and survival time.", "PMID": 553036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1195", "title": "Characteristics of malignant phenotypes in familial polyposis.", "content": "Numerous clinical syndromes associated with multiple polypoid lesions of the gastrointestinal tract have been described. These syndromes generally have two striking characteristics: 1) Most of them are familial with the disease being inherited as a mendelian autosomal dominant trait, and 2) most of the affected patients have moderate to marked propensity to develop gastrointestinal carcinoma, usually of the large bowel. Whereas previously many of these syndromes were thought to be well-defined entities, it now appears that there is overlap between certain of them such that they appear more similar than different. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of the various gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes and the methods of diagnosis and treatment are reviewed in this manuscript.", "contents": "Characteristics of malignant phenotypes in familial polyposis. Numerous clinical syndromes associated with multiple polypoid lesions of the gastrointestinal tract have been described. These syndromes generally have two striking characteristics: 1) Most of them are familial with the disease being inherited as a mendelian autosomal dominant trait, and 2) most of the affected patients have moderate to marked propensity to develop gastrointestinal carcinoma, usually of the large bowel. Whereas previously many of these syndromes were thought to be well-defined entities, it now appears that there is overlap between certain of them such that they appear more similar than different. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of the various gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes and the methods of diagnosis and treatment are reviewed in this manuscript.", "PMID": 553038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1196", "title": "Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head: a review.", "content": "The melanocytoma of the optic disc is a deeply-pigmented tumor located on the optic nerve head. In contrast to malignant melanoma, it appears to occur in equal frequency in whites and non-whites. Histologically, it consists of deeply-pigmented plump nervus cells with benign characteristics. No treatment is usually necessary and the prognosis is excellent.", "contents": "Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head: a review. The melanocytoma of the optic disc is a deeply-pigmented tumor located on the optic nerve head. In contrast to malignant melanoma, it appears to occur in equal frequency in whites and non-whites. Histologically, it consists of deeply-pigmented plump nervus cells with benign characteristics. No treatment is usually necessary and the prognosis is excellent.", "PMID": 553040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1197", "title": "On the effects of different laser energy sources upon the iris of the pigmented and the albino rabbit.", "content": "The irides of pigmented and albino rabbits have been irradiated by a) a CW argon laser beam (exposure duration up to 1 s), b) a 1 ms pulses Nd:YAG laser and c) a 30 ns pulses Q-switched ruby laser. The immediate and long-term pathologies were analysed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy over a period of 13 months. At both the gross and ultrastructural levels, damage configuration may differ considerably, depending on the three modes of irradiation. For each source there are both thermal and mechanical damage components and the significance of mechanical effects increases with decreasing pulse duration for a constant pulse energy. In the argon experiments, tissue destruction is predominantly a consequence of heat, resulting from conduction and convection. The subsequent regeneration of tissue after such heat-induced trauma is fast. The effects of the Nd:YAG laser, at the irradiance levels used in the present study, are again predominantly of a thermal nature and are caused by heating and local evaporation. The pigmented and the nonpigmented iris epithelium are destroyed and widespread decay of the stroma occurs over some months. Such damage never results in full repair. The most prominent feature of Q-switched ruby laser irradiations is their independence of the iris pigment content. In contrast, at the energy levels studied, the argon laser is entirely ineffective, whilst the effect of the Nd:YAG laser is much reduced in the absence of pigment. The consequences of these findings for the clinical applications of such lasers are discussed.", "contents": "On the effects of different laser energy sources upon the iris of the pigmented and the albino rabbit. The irides of pigmented and albino rabbits have been irradiated by a) a CW argon laser beam (exposure duration up to 1 s), b) a 1 ms pulses Nd:YAG laser and c) a 30 ns pulses Q-switched ruby laser. The immediate and long-term pathologies were analysed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy over a period of 13 months. At both the gross and ultrastructural levels, damage configuration may differ considerably, depending on the three modes of irradiation. For each source there are both thermal and mechanical damage components and the significance of mechanical effects increases with decreasing pulse duration for a constant pulse energy. In the argon experiments, tissue destruction is predominantly a consequence of heat, resulting from conduction and convection. The subsequent regeneration of tissue after such heat-induced trauma is fast. The effects of the Nd:YAG laser, at the irradiance levels used in the present study, are again predominantly of a thermal nature and are caused by heating and local evaporation. The pigmented and the nonpigmented iris epithelium are destroyed and widespread decay of the stroma occurs over some months. Such damage never results in full repair. The most prominent feature of Q-switched ruby laser irradiations is their independence of the iris pigment content. In contrast, at the energy levels studied, the argon laser is entirely ineffective, whilst the effect of the Nd:YAG laser is much reduced in the absence of pigment. The consequences of these findings for the clinical applications of such lasers are discussed.", "PMID": 553041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1198", "title": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with reticular pigmentary dystrophy and ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase deficiency.", "content": "A 10 year old white girl is presented with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (atrofia gyrata). She also showed reticular pigmentations at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium temporal to both maculas. A generalized hyperornithinaemia was demonstrated in this patient and cultured fibroblasts established the underlying ornithine-keto-acid-transaminase (OKT) deficiency for the first time. Pharmacologic doses of vitamin B6 nor restriction of dietary protein resulted in a significant decrease of the serum ornithine concentration. It is probable that hyperornithinaemia in itself is not the cause of the gyrate atrophy.", "contents": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with reticular pigmentary dystrophy and ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase deficiency. A 10 year old white girl is presented with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (atrofia gyrata). She also showed reticular pigmentations at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium temporal to both maculas. A generalized hyperornithinaemia was demonstrated in this patient and cultured fibroblasts established the underlying ornithine-keto-acid-transaminase (OKT) deficiency for the first time. Pharmacologic doses of vitamin B6 nor restriction of dietary protein resulted in a significant decrease of the serum ornithine concentration. It is probable that hyperornithinaemia in itself is not the cause of the gyrate atrophy.", "PMID": 553042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1199", "title": "Results of pars plana vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma.", "content": "Thirty-four severely injured eyes were operated with pars plana vitrectomy. The nine cases with involvement exclusively of the anterior segment alone were operated with success in all cases. However, the injuries of the posterior segment still reflect significant problems in that only 50 percent obtained successful visual results. This reflects, in great part, the degree of severity of the initial damage. The theoretical rationale for pars plana vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma is discussed. Because of the many variables from patient to patient and injury to injury, conflicting clinical impressions as to appropriate management prevail. In the abscence of a definitive clinical trial or suitable experimental model, our guidelines for the role and proper timing of pars plana vitrectomy for penetrating ocular trauma are presented.", "contents": "Results of pars plana vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma. Thirty-four severely injured eyes were operated with pars plana vitrectomy. The nine cases with involvement exclusively of the anterior segment alone were operated with success in all cases. However, the injuries of the posterior segment still reflect significant problems in that only 50 percent obtained successful visual results. This reflects, in great part, the degree of severity of the initial damage. The theoretical rationale for pars plana vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma is discussed. Because of the many variables from patient to patient and injury to injury, conflicting clinical impressions as to appropriate management prevail. In the abscence of a definitive clinical trial or suitable experimental model, our guidelines for the role and proper timing of pars plana vitrectomy for penetrating ocular trauma are presented.", "PMID": 553043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1200", "title": "Further evidence for the fusional nature of the compensation (or 'eating up') of prisms in concomitant strabismus.", "content": "The fusional nature of the phenomenon of prism compensation in strabismus was studied. At first a general survey was performed on the characteristics of anomalous fusional movements (a.f.m.). The influence of different kinds of stimuli (foveal and peripheral fusionable targets, non-fusionable targets) on a.f.m. was considered, and finally the effect of a sensorial obstacle to fusion was investiaged. It is concluded that 'eating up' the prisms is definitely a phenomenon of fusional nature, although it has special features which are interpreted as a consequence of the initial pathological condition. In this way the puzzling prism compensation also in subjects with normal retinal correspondence may be explained.", "contents": "Further evidence for the fusional nature of the compensation (or 'eating up') of prisms in concomitant strabismus. The fusional nature of the phenomenon of prism compensation in strabismus was studied. At first a general survey was performed on the characteristics of anomalous fusional movements (a.f.m.). The influence of different kinds of stimuli (foveal and peripheral fusionable targets, non-fusionable targets) on a.f.m. was considered, and finally the effect of a sensorial obstacle to fusion was investiaged. It is concluded that 'eating up' the prisms is definitely a phenomenon of fusional nature, although it has special features which are interpreted as a consequence of the initial pathological condition. In this way the puzzling prism compensation also in subjects with normal retinal correspondence may be explained.", "PMID": 553044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1201", "title": "'Rebound-saccade' in the prism cover test.", "content": "If the fixing eye of a squinting patient is covered, a saccade to take up fixation follows which corresponds to the eccentricity of the image on the retina of the squinting eye. However, in some strabismus patients one finds a saccade even though the image on the retina of the squinting eye has already been deflected onto the fovea centrailis with the aid of prisms. This saccade brings the eye into the primary postion and displaces the image of the fixation target to a peripheral retinal point, so that the image must be recentred onto the fovea by a second saccade. We propose to call this movement to and fro a 'rebound-saccade'. This phenomenon indicates that, in patients with alternating strabismus, extraretinal information determined by the angle of squint influences rapid alternation of fixation between the right and left eyes. The rebound-saccade cannot be explained by anomalous retinal correspondence.", "contents": "'Rebound-saccade' in the prism cover test. If the fixing eye of a squinting patient is covered, a saccade to take up fixation follows which corresponds to the eccentricity of the image on the retina of the squinting eye. However, in some strabismus patients one finds a saccade even though the image on the retina of the squinting eye has already been deflected onto the fovea centrailis with the aid of prisms. This saccade brings the eye into the primary postion and displaces the image of the fixation target to a peripheral retinal point, so that the image must be recentred onto the fovea by a second saccade. We propose to call this movement to and fro a 'rebound-saccade'. This phenomenon indicates that, in patients with alternating strabismus, extraretinal information determined by the angle of squint influences rapid alternation of fixation between the right and left eyes. The rebound-saccade cannot be explained by anomalous retinal correspondence.", "PMID": 553045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1202", "title": "Ischemic optic neuropathy.", "content": "Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), based on vascular anatomy of the optic nerve, pathogenesis and clinical picture, consists of two distinct entities: anterior (AION) and posterior (PION) ischemic optic neuropathies. AION is due to interference with posterior ciliary artery supply to the optic nerve head and retrolaminar part of the optic nerve; it initially presents with visual loss and optic disc edema which progresses to optic atrophy in a month or two. PION is due to occlusion of nutrient arteries to the posterior part of the optic nerve; in this condition during the initial stages the optic disc is normal in spite of marked visual loss, but the atrophy develops later on. Their pathogeneses, causes, clinical pictures, diagnosis and management are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Ischemic optic neuropathy. Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), based on vascular anatomy of the optic nerve, pathogenesis and clinical picture, consists of two distinct entities: anterior (AION) and posterior (PION) ischemic optic neuropathies. AION is due to interference with posterior ciliary artery supply to the optic nerve head and retrolaminar part of the optic nerve; it initially presents with visual loss and optic disc edema which progresses to optic atrophy in a month or two. PION is due to occlusion of nutrient arteries to the posterior part of the optic nerve; in this condition during the initial stages the optic disc is normal in spite of marked visual loss, but the atrophy develops later on. Their pathogeneses, causes, clinical pictures, diagnosis and management are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 553046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1203", "title": "Guidelines in the management of penetrating ocular trauma with emphasis on the role and timing of pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "The principles and guidelines in the management of penetrating ocular injury are detailed. In the absence of definitive clinical trial or an experimental model, the rationale for pars plana vitrectomy has been presented. In addition, our recommendations as to the appropriate role and timing of pars plana vitrectomy are included.", "contents": "Guidelines in the management of penetrating ocular trauma with emphasis on the role and timing of pars plana vitrectomy. The principles and guidelines in the management of penetrating ocular injury are detailed. In the absence of definitive clinical trial or an experimental model, the rationale for pars plana vitrectomy has been presented. In addition, our recommendations as to the appropriate role and timing of pars plana vitrectomy are included.", "PMID": 553047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1204", "title": "New observations concerning choroidal osteomas.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in fifteen patients with nineteen eyes containing choroidal osteomas are summarized. The first case of the disease in a male patient is reported as well as the development of a second tumor in the previously uninvolved eye of an adult patient and the marked enlargement of the tumor in another. The possible etiology of the choroidal osteomas is discussed.", "contents": "New observations concerning choroidal osteomas. The clinical and laboratory findings in fifteen patients with nineteen eyes containing choroidal osteomas are summarized. The first case of the disease in a male patient is reported as well as the development of a second tumor in the previously uninvolved eye of an adult patient and the marked enlargement of the tumor in another. The possible etiology of the choroidal osteomas is discussed.", "PMID": 553048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1205", "title": "Measurement of visual resolution at high luminance levels in patients with possible demyelinating disease.", "content": "An interferometric acuity device (Takata) has been used to study visual resolution in individuals with possible demyelinating disease. The instrument employed provides a large field with a continuous range of grid or fringe frequencies and a relatively intense (10(5) mean photopic trolands) stimulus. After a brief period of time with eyes closed, resolution thresholds of patient are repeatedly determined during a five minute period. In all individuals suspected of having a demyelinating disease tested to date, a fall off in resolution capability has been found in time when using this intense stimulus display. This occurs whether eye signs have been present, are present or have not yet been observed. Normal observers do not exhibit comparable decrements. The fall off in resolution capability may or may not occur at lower stimulus levels, and is often not revealed when testing routine Snellen acuity. Outer and inner retinal pathology (division based on vascular support) do not cause a comparable fall off in resolution in time. The interferometric acuity test is a non-invasive, easily applied test.", "contents": "Measurement of visual resolution at high luminance levels in patients with possible demyelinating disease. An interferometric acuity device (Takata) has been used to study visual resolution in individuals with possible demyelinating disease. The instrument employed provides a large field with a continuous range of grid or fringe frequencies and a relatively intense (10(5) mean photopic trolands) stimulus. After a brief period of time with eyes closed, resolution thresholds of patient are repeatedly determined during a five minute period. In all individuals suspected of having a demyelinating disease tested to date, a fall off in resolution capability has been found in time when using this intense stimulus display. This occurs whether eye signs have been present, are present or have not yet been observed. Normal observers do not exhibit comparable decrements. The fall off in resolution capability may or may not occur at lower stimulus levels, and is often not revealed when testing routine Snellen acuity. Outer and inner retinal pathology (division based on vascular support) do not cause a comparable fall off in resolution in time. The interferometric acuity test is a non-invasive, easily applied test.", "PMID": 553049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1206", "title": "Four year follow-up of a glaucoma operation. Prospective study of the double flap Scheie.", "content": "This paper presents the four-year follow-up results of a prospective study on the results of the Double Flap Scheie. The study was started in 1971 and the pre- and post-operative evaluation was carried out according to carefully selected criteria. Admitted were only open angle glaucoma patients. Diurnal IOP-curves, static perimetry, evaluation of lens and optic disc in mydriasis were included in the complete pre- and post-operative examination. In the Douible Flap Scheie a conjunctival and scleral flap are made followed by a cornea-scleral cauterization and incision after which a peripheral iridectomy is made. 51 eyes of 48 patients were operated. After 4 years 42 eyes of 37 patients could still be examined. The mean IOP was reduced from 33.0 to 17.3 mm without additional therapy. This is a mean percentage reduction of 48.5%. 75% of the mean IOP was under 21 mm; with additional therapie 91% was under 21 mm. Diurnal variation decreased from 7 to 4 mm. 48% of the eyes showed a decreased visual acuity of which 38% was caused by cataract. 52% showed visual field deterioration of which one third was attributed to cataract. In 24% the visual field deterioration was considered clinically important. There was no clear relation between IOP level and visual field deterioration.", "contents": "Four year follow-up of a glaucoma operation. Prospective study of the double flap Scheie. This paper presents the four-year follow-up results of a prospective study on the results of the Double Flap Scheie. The study was started in 1971 and the pre- and post-operative evaluation was carried out according to carefully selected criteria. Admitted were only open angle glaucoma patients. Diurnal IOP-curves, static perimetry, evaluation of lens and optic disc in mydriasis were included in the complete pre- and post-operative examination. In the Douible Flap Scheie a conjunctival and scleral flap are made followed by a cornea-scleral cauterization and incision after which a peripheral iridectomy is made. 51 eyes of 48 patients were operated. After 4 years 42 eyes of 37 patients could still be examined. The mean IOP was reduced from 33.0 to 17.3 mm without additional therapy. This is a mean percentage reduction of 48.5%. 75% of the mean IOP was under 21 mm; with additional therapie 91% was under 21 mm. Diurnal variation decreased from 7 to 4 mm. 48% of the eyes showed a decreased visual acuity of which 38% was caused by cataract. 52% showed visual field deterioration of which one third was attributed to cataract. In 24% the visual field deterioration was considered clinically important. There was no clear relation between IOP level and visual field deterioration.", "PMID": 553051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1207", "title": "Intraocular pressure in retinal detachment.", "content": "Relative hypotony in the affected eye was present in 40% of patients with uncomplicated unilateral retinal detachments. The average pressure asymmetry was only 1.3 mm Hg, but in one out of every four patients the difference was 3 mm Hg or more. In a control group, such a difference occured in only one out of every twenty patients. Relative hypotony persisted for longer than six months after scleral buckling operation, occuring even in patients that did not exhibit hypotony preoperatively.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure in retinal detachment. Relative hypotony in the affected eye was present in 40% of patients with uncomplicated unilateral retinal detachments. The average pressure asymmetry was only 1.3 mm Hg, but in one out of every four patients the difference was 3 mm Hg or more. In a control group, such a difference occured in only one out of every twenty patients. Relative hypotony persisted for longer than six months after scleral buckling operation, occuring even in patients that did not exhibit hypotony preoperatively.", "PMID": 553052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1208", "title": "Double optic pit with wedge-shaped choroidal dystrophy.", "content": "A case of double optic pit is presented with minimal macular involvement but with an extensive wedge-shaped area of choroidal dystrophy in the nasal fundus. This wedge-shaped area of dystrophy is ophthalmoscopically and fluoroangiographically similar to the lesions of choroidal infarction. As however, it is situated near the nasal pit it might be the result of an unnoticed serous detachement related to the presence of the pit.", "contents": "Double optic pit with wedge-shaped choroidal dystrophy. A case of double optic pit is presented with minimal macular involvement but with an extensive wedge-shaped area of choroidal dystrophy in the nasal fundus. This wedge-shaped area of dystrophy is ophthalmoscopically and fluoroangiographically similar to the lesions of choroidal infarction. As however, it is situated near the nasal pit it might be the result of an unnoticed serous detachement related to the presence of the pit.", "PMID": 553053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1209", "title": "The psychopathology of feeling and thinking in a schizophrenic.", "content": "This paper describes the process and technique of brief analytic psychotherapy with a 22-year-old schizophrenic man who was treated twice weekly for ten months and then followed up for two years. During therapy, re-integration occurred in his affective and cognitive processes. Despite his subjective experience of loss of the capacity for thought and for verbal and non-verbal communication, he had an unusual ability for conveying the stages by which he moved from total confusion and thought disorder to normal intellectual functioning, and for understanding the connections between his various experiences. Four phases of therapy are defined: a phase of disintegration and undifferentiation lasting six weeks, a phase of depression lasting for five weeks, a phase of multiple feelings lasting for fourt thought disorder to normal intellectual functioning, and for understanding the connections between his various experiences. Four phases of therapy are defined: a phase of disintegration and undifferentiation lasting six weeks, a phase of depression lasting for five weeks, a phase of multiple feelings lasting for fourt thought disorder to normal intellectual functioning, and for understanding the connections between his various experiences. Four phases of therapy are defined: a phase of disintegration and undifferentiation lasting six weeks, a phase of depression lasting for five weeks, a phase of multiple feelings lasting for fourteen weeks, and a phase of self-sustained development, starting in the twenty-fifth week and continuing beyond the end of therapy. The patient identified two major types of divisions between thinking, feeling and acting parts of himself and between masculine and feminine parts. Insight into these divisions helped him to understand disorders in his perception of time, and in thinking, remembering and using words and other symbols. His descriptions are presented here in the hope that they may throw light on the difficulties of similar, but less articulate, patients.", "contents": "The psychopathology of feeling and thinking in a schizophrenic. This paper describes the process and technique of brief analytic psychotherapy with a 22-year-old schizophrenic man who was treated twice weekly for ten months and then followed up for two years. During therapy, re-integration occurred in his affective and cognitive processes. Despite his subjective experience of loss of the capacity for thought and for verbal and non-verbal communication, he had an unusual ability for conveying the stages by which he moved from total confusion and thought disorder to normal intellectual functioning, and for understanding the connections between his various experiences. Four phases of therapy are defined: a phase of disintegration and undifferentiation lasting six weeks, a phase of depression lasting for five weeks, a phase of multiple feelings lasting for fourt thought disorder to normal intellectual functioning, and for understanding the connections between his various experiences. Four phases of therapy are defined: a phase of disintegration and undifferentiation lasting six weeks, a phase of depression lasting for five weeks, a phase of multiple feelings lasting for fourt thought disorder to normal intellectual functioning, and for understanding the connections between his various experiences. Four phases of therapy are defined: a phase of disintegration and undifferentiation lasting six weeks, a phase of depression lasting for five weeks, a phase of multiple feelings lasting for fourteen weeks, and a phase of self-sustained development, starting in the twenty-fifth week and continuing beyond the end of therapy. The patient identified two major types of divisions between thinking, feeling and acting parts of himself and between masculine and feminine parts. Insight into these divisions helped him to understand disorders in his perception of time, and in thinking, remembering and using words and other symbols. His descriptions are presented here in the hope that they may throw light on the difficulties of similar, but less articulate, patients.", "PMID": 553056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1210", "title": "Oedipal conflicts in narcissistic personality disorders.", "content": "A premise of this paper is that a number of male patients we refer to as 'narcissistic characters' suffer intense guilt. This derives from the fact that their oedipal experiences come closer to actualizing what Freud (1916) characterized as 'the two great criminal intentions of killing the father and having sexual relations with the mother' (p.333). Case material is presented to delineate these disturbances. Process material is examined to highlight problems of technique common to these patients.", "contents": "Oedipal conflicts in narcissistic personality disorders. A premise of this paper is that a number of male patients we refer to as 'narcissistic characters' suffer intense guilt. This derives from the fact that their oedipal experiences come closer to actualizing what Freud (1916) characterized as 'the two great criminal intentions of killing the father and having sexual relations with the mother' (p.333). Case material is presented to delineate these disturbances. Process material is examined to highlight problems of technique common to these patients.", "PMID": 553057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1211", "title": "Defensive and arrested developmental aspects of death anxiety, hypochondriasis and depersonalization.", "content": "The theoretical distinction between psychopathology based on intrapsychic conflict and psychopathology rooted in a developmental arrest is applied to an analysis of death anxiety, hypochondriasis and depersonalization. The defensive functions of these states are contrasted with instances in which they are symptomatic of interferences with the consolidation of a structurally cohesive and temporally stable self representation. Clinical material is presented to demonstrate that, in their arrested developmental aspects, death anxiety, hypochondriasis and depersonalization are closely related to one another along a continuum of narcissistic decompensation and signal varying degrees or stages of self-fragmentation.", "contents": "Defensive and arrested developmental aspects of death anxiety, hypochondriasis and depersonalization. The theoretical distinction between psychopathology based on intrapsychic conflict and psychopathology rooted in a developmental arrest is applied to an analysis of death anxiety, hypochondriasis and depersonalization. The defensive functions of these states are contrasted with instances in which they are symptomatic of interferences with the consolidation of a structurally cohesive and temporally stable self representation. Clinical material is presented to demonstrate that, in their arrested developmental aspects, death anxiety, hypochondriasis and depersonalization are closely related to one another along a continuum of narcissistic decompensation and signal varying degrees or stages of self-fragmentation.", "PMID": 553058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1212", "title": "Dimensions of a single word-association in the analyst's reverie.", "content": "The reverie, an apparently random series of events occurring in the analyst's consciousness when his attention is evenly suspended, is examined through the expansion of one of its elements, a single word-association. When this expansion is compared with other data in the analysis, the reverie appears to be both continuous and self similar.", "contents": "Dimensions of a single word-association in the analyst's reverie. The reverie, an apparently random series of events occurring in the analyst's consciousness when his attention is evenly suspended, is examined through the expansion of one of its elements, a single word-association. When this expansion is compared with other data in the analysis, the reverie appears to be both continuous and self similar.", "PMID": 553059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1213", "title": "On the pathology of the separation-individuation process as manifested in later clinical work: an attempt at delineation.", "content": "In this paper, through clinical example, I have attempted to illustrate and to delineate aspects of the pathology of the separation-individuation process as they are manifested in later clinical work. I have distinguished between pathology of the relation to the differentiated other and the undifferentiated other, the latter being the primary phenomena with roots in the separation-individuation process; and I have attempted to show that the confusion between these two rests on a focus on surface presentations rather than in-depth understanding. A further distinction was drawn within the pathology of the relation to the differentiated other; some clinical phenomena there can be seen as tied to the differentiation process itself, and are thus also linked to separation-individuation. Finally, the relevance of the concepts of separation-individuation to depersonalization/derealization, to 'as if' character, and to folie \u00e0 deux was discussed.", "contents": "On the pathology of the separation-individuation process as manifested in later clinical work: an attempt at delineation. In this paper, through clinical example, I have attempted to illustrate and to delineate aspects of the pathology of the separation-individuation process as they are manifested in later clinical work. I have distinguished between pathology of the relation to the differentiated other and the undifferentiated other, the latter being the primary phenomena with roots in the separation-individuation process; and I have attempted to show that the confusion between these two rests on a focus on surface presentations rather than in-depth understanding. A further distinction was drawn within the pathology of the relation to the differentiated other; some clinical phenomena there can be seen as tied to the differentiation process itself, and are thus also linked to separation-individuation. Finally, the relevance of the concepts of separation-individuation to depersonalization/derealization, to 'as if' character, and to folie \u00e0 deux was discussed.", "PMID": 553060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1214", "title": "The development of time sense--from birth to object constancy.", "content": "This paper represents an attempt to delineate the developmental line of time sense from birth to object constancy, concentrating on those maturational and environmental factors which determine psychotemporal adaptation in infancy and early childhood. Observational data and clinical vignettes are used to support theoretical formulations. Time sense is understood as a subjective, dynamic emergence which evolves throughout the life cycle. Psychoanalysis has paid little attention to the theory of time, and much needs to be accomplished to formulate the developmental line of time for the remainder of the life cycle.", "contents": "The development of time sense--from birth to object constancy. This paper represents an attempt to delineate the developmental line of time sense from birth to object constancy, concentrating on those maturational and environmental factors which determine psychotemporal adaptation in infancy and early childhood. Observational data and clinical vignettes are used to support theoretical formulations. Time sense is understood as a subjective, dynamic emergence which evolves throughout the life cycle. Psychoanalysis has paid little attention to the theory of time, and much needs to be accomplished to formulate the developmental line of time for the remainder of the life cycle.", "PMID": 553061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1215", "title": "The analysis of a male patient by a female analyst: the problem of the negative Oedipal transference.", "content": "The clinical work in this paper is focused on the analysis of the negative oedipal phase of a male patient with a female analyst. Determinants of this phase are discussed. Theoretical questions are raised and propositions advanced. Transference phenomena are differentiated from the transference neurosis and the types of transferences formed according to the sex of the analyst are discussed. It is proposed that patients develop maternal transferences to analysts of both sexes, but that such transferences are limited to pre-oedipal phases for patients with male analysts. During the analysis of the oedipal phase, both positive and negative, the patient's transference is to the analyst according to the analyst's sex. A true paternal transference neurosis to a female analyst ordinarily does not occur.", "contents": "The analysis of a male patient by a female analyst: the problem of the negative Oedipal transference. The clinical work in this paper is focused on the analysis of the negative oedipal phase of a male patient with a female analyst. Determinants of this phase are discussed. Theoretical questions are raised and propositions advanced. Transference phenomena are differentiated from the transference neurosis and the types of transferences formed according to the sex of the analyst are discussed. It is proposed that patients develop maternal transferences to analysts of both sexes, but that such transferences are limited to pre-oedipal phases for patients with male analysts. During the analysis of the oedipal phase, both positive and negative, the patient's transference is to the analyst according to the analyst's sex. A true paternal transference neurosis to a female analyst ordinarily does not occur.", "PMID": 553062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1216", "title": "Rehabilitation of the disabled: the role of social networks in the recovery process.", "content": "This study examines the role of formal and informal intervention systems utilized by the chronically disabled in the process of rehabilitation and recovery. In addition to formal community resources (agents and agencies), the disabled tend to rely on informal social networks (family and peers) as sources of support in the recovery process. The findings presented in this paper focus on the extent to which formal interventions and informal resources are supportive for the disabled and the effect of these support systems on outcome. The analysis is based on empirical data derived from a survey of 950 chronically disabled adults interviewed in a metropolitan community in the U.S.A. Among other findings, the evidence suggests that informal social networks play an important role in the rehabilitation of the disabled. Reliance on informal resources is enhanced in the absence of formal rehabilitation intervention, suggesting alternative modes of social support are actively sought and utilized by the disabled. Furthermore, lay-initiative may constitute another effective resource in the process of recovery. These findings suggest that informal resources are effectively utilized by the disabled, but are not usually identified as part of the formal intervention system in the community.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the disabled: the role of social networks in the recovery process. This study examines the role of formal and informal intervention systems utilized by the chronically disabled in the process of rehabilitation and recovery. In addition to formal community resources (agents and agencies), the disabled tend to rely on informal social networks (family and peers) as sources of support in the recovery process. The findings presented in this paper focus on the extent to which formal interventions and informal resources are supportive for the disabled and the effect of these support systems on outcome. The analysis is based on empirical data derived from a survey of 950 chronically disabled adults interviewed in a metropolitan community in the U.S.A. Among other findings, the evidence suggests that informal social networks play an important role in the rehabilitation of the disabled. Reliance on informal resources is enhanced in the absence of formal rehabilitation intervention, suggesting alternative modes of social support are actively sought and utilized by the disabled. Furthermore, lay-initiative may constitute another effective resource in the process of recovery. These findings suggest that informal resources are effectively utilized by the disabled, but are not usually identified as part of the formal intervention system in the community.", "PMID": 553064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1217", "title": "Patterns of work--rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Fifty rheumatoid adults successfully competing in full time competitive work were interviewed to determine the factors which distinguish this group and enable their continuing work, which included physical and social barriers and aids to working full time. The data indicate that as a whole they had significant disease, most falling in functional class 2 and 3 (ARA). As a group they were well educated with occupations mirroring their educational attainments. Almost all had inside jobs and most had worked for long times in their occupations. The majority did not change occupations after disease onset and many had been in their jobs for years, often in the same firm. Promotions were few. They had stable marriage patterns. Patients were motivated for work and did what was necessary to get to work despite their disease. These workers had a low level of absenteeism, enjoyed their jobs and felt that personal desire was the most important factor in keeping at work. From consideration of the disease itself, in addition to upper and lower extremity problems, morning stiffness, fatigue and public transport difficulties were highlighted and focus attention on the need to better control these features of the disease and environment.", "contents": "Patterns of work--rheumatoid arthritis. Fifty rheumatoid adults successfully competing in full time competitive work were interviewed to determine the factors which distinguish this group and enable their continuing work, which included physical and social barriers and aids to working full time. The data indicate that as a whole they had significant disease, most falling in functional class 2 and 3 (ARA). As a group they were well educated with occupations mirroring their educational attainments. Almost all had inside jobs and most had worked for long times in their occupations. The majority did not change occupations after disease onset and many had been in their jobs for years, often in the same firm. Promotions were few. They had stable marriage patterns. Patients were motivated for work and did what was necessary to get to work despite their disease. These workers had a low level of absenteeism, enjoyed their jobs and felt that personal desire was the most important factor in keeping at work. From consideration of the disease itself, in addition to upper and lower extremity problems, morning stiffness, fatigue and public transport difficulties were highlighted and focus attention on the need to better control these features of the disease and environment.", "PMID": 553067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1218", "title": "Early diagnosis and long term management of obstetric paralysis.", "content": "The muscles of the arms of 45 infants with obstetric injury of the brachial plexus were studied electromyographically. Classical clinical examiniation and routine electromyography were unsatisfactory, but studies of temporary unconditioned motor reflexes with kinesiological electromyography proved more helpful in establishing the site and extent of the lesion. In addition to their diagnostic value, these reflexes rhythmically repeated appear to play a useful therapeutic role in 96 children followed up on a long term basis.", "contents": "Early diagnosis and long term management of obstetric paralysis. The muscles of the arms of 45 infants with obstetric injury of the brachial plexus were studied electromyographically. Classical clinical examiniation and routine electromyography were unsatisfactory, but studies of temporary unconditioned motor reflexes with kinesiological electromyography proved more helpful in establishing the site and extent of the lesion. In addition to their diagnostic value, these reflexes rhythmically repeated appear to play a useful therapeutic role in 96 children followed up on a long term basis.", "PMID": 553068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1219", "title": "A case of melanodermia in a patient with Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "The authors describe a case of melanodermia in a patient with Cushing's Syndrome. Examination of the etiopathogenetic factors lead to a diagnosis of probable ACTH secreting extra-hypophyseal neoplasia.", "contents": "A case of melanodermia in a patient with Cushing's syndrome. The authors describe a case of melanodermia in a patient with Cushing's Syndrome. Examination of the etiopathogenetic factors lead to a diagnosis of probable ACTH secreting extra-hypophyseal neoplasia.", "PMID": 553073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1220", "title": "A case of multiple sensitization to three halogeno-substituted mono-nitrobenzenes.", "content": "A case of occupational contact dermatitis in a female chemical pharmaceutical laboratory researcher is described. The allergological investigation revealed a state of sensitization to three mono-nitrobenzenes with halogen substitutions in the nucleus or a side chain. Problems related to sensitization to these substances and to possible cross-allergy with DNCB are discussed.", "contents": "A case of multiple sensitization to three halogeno-substituted mono-nitrobenzenes. A case of occupational contact dermatitis in a female chemical pharmaceutical laboratory researcher is described. The allergological investigation revealed a state of sensitization to three mono-nitrobenzenes with halogen substitutions in the nucleus or a side chain. Problems related to sensitization to these substances and to possible cross-allergy with DNCB are discussed.", "PMID": 553074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1221", "title": "Immunologic cross-reaction between enterobacterial common antigen and rat tissue.", "content": "Livers, sera, and erythrocytes of MAXX, BN, and Wistar rats were examined for an antigen (CRA) that cross-reacts with enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). Extracts of these tissues were tested for their capacity to reduce anti-ECA titers. By this parameter, CRA was present in certain, although not all, extracts of rat tissue. None of the extracts modified red blood cells (RBC) for agglutination by anti-ECA antisera, nor did MAXX liver extracts engender anti-ECA activity in rabbits. It was speculated that a repressor is present in rat tissue that affects both antigenicity and immunogenicity of CRA. To test this concept, extracts of mixtures of enterobacterial suspensions and liver homogenates were prepared. ECA in the presence of tissue did not modify RBC for anti-ECA activity as did ECA alone, nor did enterobacteria-liver extracts significantly reduce anti-ECA titers. Administration of ethanol-soluble fractions of enterobacteria-liver mixtures to rabbits did not elicit an anti-ECA antibody response as did ECA alone. The finding of CRA in certain rat tissues, sera, and erythrocytes may account, in part, for rats being refractory to immunization with ECA. It is proposed that repressors may mask or abrogate the expression of CRA in animal tissue.", "contents": "Immunologic cross-reaction between enterobacterial common antigen and rat tissue. Livers, sera, and erythrocytes of MAXX, BN, and Wistar rats were examined for an antigen (CRA) that cross-reacts with enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). Extracts of these tissues were tested for their capacity to reduce anti-ECA titers. By this parameter, CRA was present in certain, although not all, extracts of rat tissue. None of the extracts modified red blood cells (RBC) for agglutination by anti-ECA antisera, nor did MAXX liver extracts engender anti-ECA activity in rabbits. It was speculated that a repressor is present in rat tissue that affects both antigenicity and immunogenicity of CRA. To test this concept, extracts of mixtures of enterobacterial suspensions and liver homogenates were prepared. ECA in the presence of tissue did not modify RBC for anti-ECA activity as did ECA alone, nor did enterobacteria-liver extracts significantly reduce anti-ECA titers. Administration of ethanol-soluble fractions of enterobacteria-liver mixtures to rabbits did not elicit an anti-ECA antibody response as did ECA alone. The finding of CRA in certain rat tissues, sera, and erythrocytes may account, in part, for rats being refractory to immunization with ECA. It is proposed that repressors may mask or abrogate the expression of CRA in animal tissue.", "PMID": 553080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1222", "title": "Erosive lichen planus and cirrhotic hepatitis.", "content": "Five out of seven patients with erosive lichen planus were found to have cirrhotic liver complications. In 2 patients active chronic hepatitis was proven by means of laparoscopy and liver biopsy.", "contents": "Erosive lichen planus and cirrhotic hepatitis. Five out of seven patients with erosive lichen planus were found to have cirrhotic liver complications. In 2 patients active chronic hepatitis was proven by means of laparoscopy and liver biopsy.", "PMID": 553075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1223", "title": "Spectral properties and relative quantum yields of new fluorescent stains.", "content": "Excitation and emission spectra were obtained for thirty-two new fluorescent stains that resist fading when exposed to light. Quantum yields were determined for the fourteen stains that showed the greatest fluorescent intensity. Optimal microscopic excitatory and barrier filters, determined by the experimental results, were used to examine tissues stained with some of these dyes. Cellular detail was evident and there was no fading after several hours of examination.", "contents": "Spectral properties and relative quantum yields of new fluorescent stains. Excitation and emission spectra were obtained for thirty-two new fluorescent stains that resist fading when exposed to light. Quantum yields were determined for the fourteen stains that showed the greatest fluorescent intensity. Optimal microscopic excitatory and barrier filters, determined by the experimental results, were used to examine tissues stained with some of these dyes. Cellular detail was evident and there was no fading after several hours of examination.", "PMID": 553081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1224", "title": "Catabolism of ornithine in chicken liver.", "content": "It is shown that most ornithine in a chicken liver homogenate is decarboxylated in the particulate fraction. This fraction, however, requires the cytosol for complete activity. The dialyzed supernatant does not activate decarboxylation of ornithine, while the supernatant is more effective when previously inactivated at 100 degrees C. The supernatant can be substituted by the intermediates of the citric acid cycle (oxaloacetate, citrate, succinate, malate), by pyruvate, and partially by ADP as well. Rotenone blocks decarboxylation suggesting that this occurs through the pathway ornithine leads to glutamic semialdehyde leads to glutamate leads to alpha-ketoglutarate, which in turn is decarboxylated. The activating metabolites would thus have a role in reoxidizing NADH, and the ketoacids also in supplying the acceptor for transamination of glutamate, and indirectly for ornithine transamination. Pyruvate and oxaloacetate do not transaminate with ornithine. Insulin promotes a marked increase of cytosol ornithine decarboxylase activity, but has little effect on decarboxylation by the particulate cellular fraction.", "contents": "Catabolism of ornithine in chicken liver. It is shown that most ornithine in a chicken liver homogenate is decarboxylated in the particulate fraction. This fraction, however, requires the cytosol for complete activity. The dialyzed supernatant does not activate decarboxylation of ornithine, while the supernatant is more effective when previously inactivated at 100 degrees C. The supernatant can be substituted by the intermediates of the citric acid cycle (oxaloacetate, citrate, succinate, malate), by pyruvate, and partially by ADP as well. Rotenone blocks decarboxylation suggesting that this occurs through the pathway ornithine leads to glutamic semialdehyde leads to glutamate leads to alpha-ketoglutarate, which in turn is decarboxylated. The activating metabolites would thus have a role in reoxidizing NADH, and the ketoacids also in supplying the acceptor for transamination of glutamate, and indirectly for ornithine transamination. Pyruvate and oxaloacetate do not transaminate with ornithine. Insulin promotes a marked increase of cytosol ornithine decarboxylase activity, but has little effect on decarboxylation by the particulate cellular fraction.", "PMID": 553076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1225", "title": "Effect of niridazole and niridazole immunoregulatory factor (NIF) on cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "It has been suggested that the suppression of cell-mediated immune phenomena following niridazole administration is most likely due to a niridazole metabolite rather than the parent drug. This hypothesis was tested using two inbred strains of mice that manifest different rates of microsomal niridazole oxidation and reduction. DBA/2J mice were found to metabolize niridazole at a rate approximately 3-fold greater than C57BL/6J mice under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Niridazole was found to be more potent with respect to suppression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in the former than in the latter. An immunosuppressive component was isolated from the urine fraction obtained from niridazole-treated rats. This component was found to be chromatographically pure; have a simple UV absorbance spectrum containing no 360 nm absorbing material characteristic of niridazole; to show no strain difference with respect to potency or efficacy in the ear-swelling assay for cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity; and to be 10(7) times more potent than niridazole with respect to the suppression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Effect of niridazole and niridazole immunoregulatory factor (NIF) on cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in mice. It has been suggested that the suppression of cell-mediated immune phenomena following niridazole administration is most likely due to a niridazole metabolite rather than the parent drug. This hypothesis was tested using two inbred strains of mice that manifest different rates of microsomal niridazole oxidation and reduction. DBA/2J mice were found to metabolize niridazole at a rate approximately 3-fold greater than C57BL/6J mice under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Niridazole was found to be more potent with respect to suppression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in the former than in the latter. An immunosuppressive component was isolated from the urine fraction obtained from niridazole-treated rats. This component was found to be chromatographically pure; have a simple UV absorbance spectrum containing no 360 nm absorbing material characteristic of niridazole; to show no strain difference with respect to potency or efficacy in the ear-swelling assay for cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity; and to be 10(7) times more potent than niridazole with respect to the suppression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 553082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1226", "title": "Synthesis and chromatographic properties of Se-carboxymethyl-selenohomocysteamine (2-carboxymethyl, 3-aminopropyl selenide).", "content": "Details are reported for the synthesis of Se-carboxymethylselenohomocysteamine from selenohomocysteamine and monochloroacetic acid. Data on its behaviour on paper and ion-exchange chromatography are also reported, which allow its identification.", "contents": "Synthesis and chromatographic properties of Se-carboxymethyl-selenohomocysteamine (2-carboxymethyl, 3-aminopropyl selenide). Details are reported for the synthesis of Se-carboxymethylselenohomocysteamine from selenohomocysteamine and monochloroacetic acid. Data on its behaviour on paper and ion-exchange chromatography are also reported, which allow its identification.", "PMID": 553077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1227", "title": "The ratio glycerophospholipids/free cholesterol of human serum: a possible parameter of asymmetric fluidity of lipoprotein molecules.", "content": "The ratio glycerophospholipids/free cholesterol in serum is proposed as a parameter sufficiently easy to be used in routine clinical work. The possible importance of this ratio in the regulation of blood lipoprotein concentration is discussed and special attention has been paid to the asymmetry of the PC and free cholesterol association in the secretion, interconversion and removal of lipoproteins from blood. Many proposals are offered as a working hypothesis for studying the factors involved in the regulation of blood lipoprotein concentration.", "contents": "The ratio glycerophospholipids/free cholesterol of human serum: a possible parameter of asymmetric fluidity of lipoprotein molecules. The ratio glycerophospholipids/free cholesterol in serum is proposed as a parameter sufficiently easy to be used in routine clinical work. The possible importance of this ratio in the regulation of blood lipoprotein concentration is discussed and special attention has been paid to the asymmetry of the PC and free cholesterol association in the secretion, interconversion and removal of lipoproteins from blood. Many proposals are offered as a working hypothesis for studying the factors involved in the regulation of blood lipoprotein concentration.", "PMID": 553078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1228", "title": "Involvement of CDP-choline in phospholipid metabolism of brain tissue in vitro.", "content": "The ability of phosphorylcholine and CDP-choline to act as lipid precursors was tested in chick brain microsomes (plus supernatant). CDP-choline was, in every case, a much better precursor of choline glycerophospholipids than phosphorylcholine. The cytidylyltransferase reaction which forms CDP-choline appears, therefore, as the limiting step of the metabolic pathway which introduces phosphorylcholine into lipids. This reaction can be stimulated by the addition of phospholipids to the incubation mixture. Choline lysoglycerophospholipids are the most active in this connection.", "contents": "Involvement of CDP-choline in phospholipid metabolism of brain tissue in vitro. The ability of phosphorylcholine and CDP-choline to act as lipid precursors was tested in chick brain microsomes (plus supernatant). CDP-choline was, in every case, a much better precursor of choline glycerophospholipids than phosphorylcholine. The cytidylyltransferase reaction which forms CDP-choline appears, therefore, as the limiting step of the metabolic pathway which introduces phosphorylcholine into lipids. This reaction can be stimulated by the addition of phospholipids to the incubation mixture. Choline lysoglycerophospholipids are the most active in this connection.", "PMID": 553079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1229", "title": "Separate medullary pathways mediatiating reflex vagal bradycardia to stimulation of buffer nerves in the cat.", "content": "In this investigation of medullary pathways mediating reflex vagal bradycardia to stimulation of buffer nerves, four series of experiments were done in 37 cats anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. In the first series using animals in which the contralateral vagus was sectioned and the spinal cord was transected at C2, simultaneous stimulation of the aortic depressor (ADN) and carotid sinus (CSN) nerves elicited a bradycardia of magnitude not significantly different from the algebraic sum of the responses elicited by stimulation of the two buffer nerves separately, suggesting the existence of two separate central pathways mediating vagal bradycardia. In the second series, in spinal unilaterally vagotomized animals, lesions of the nucleus ambiguus (AMB) selectively attenuated the ADN reflex vagal bradycardia but not the CSN response; on the other hand, lesions of the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) attenuated the reflex vagal bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the CSN, but did not alter the ADN response. In the third series of experiments, 153 spontaneously firing single units in the region of the AMB and 98 in the region of the ECN were tested for responses to ADN and CSN stimulation. In the AMB 42% of the responsive units were excited only by stimulation of the ADN, 25% were activated only by stimulation of the CSN and 33% were activated by stimulation of both buffer nerves. Of the single units in the ECN region 85% were excited only by stimulation of the CSN, 15% during stimulation of both the CSN and ADN and none responded to stimulation of only the ADN. In the final series, electrical stimulation of the ECN evoked antidromic compound action potentials in the CSN but not in the ADN. Electrical stimulation of the AMB did not evoke antidromic activity in either the CSN or ADN. These studies provide evidence for the existence of two separate medullary pathways mediating the vagal reflex bradycardia to stimulation of the ADN and CSN.", "contents": "Separate medullary pathways mediatiating reflex vagal bradycardia to stimulation of buffer nerves in the cat. In this investigation of medullary pathways mediating reflex vagal bradycardia to stimulation of buffer nerves, four series of experiments were done in 37 cats anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. In the first series using animals in which the contralateral vagus was sectioned and the spinal cord was transected at C2, simultaneous stimulation of the aortic depressor (ADN) and carotid sinus (CSN) nerves elicited a bradycardia of magnitude not significantly different from the algebraic sum of the responses elicited by stimulation of the two buffer nerves separately, suggesting the existence of two separate central pathways mediating vagal bradycardia. In the second series, in spinal unilaterally vagotomized animals, lesions of the nucleus ambiguus (AMB) selectively attenuated the ADN reflex vagal bradycardia but not the CSN response; on the other hand, lesions of the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) attenuated the reflex vagal bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the CSN, but did not alter the ADN response. In the third series of experiments, 153 spontaneously firing single units in the region of the AMB and 98 in the region of the ECN were tested for responses to ADN and CSN stimulation. In the AMB 42% of the responsive units were excited only by stimulation of the ADN, 25% were activated only by stimulation of the CSN and 33% were activated by stimulation of both buffer nerves. Of the single units in the ECN region 85% were excited only by stimulation of the CSN, 15% during stimulation of both the CSN and ADN and none responded to stimulation of only the ADN. In the final series, electrical stimulation of the ECN evoked antidromic compound action potentials in the CSN but not in the ADN. Electrical stimulation of the AMB did not evoke antidromic activity in either the CSN or ADN. These studies provide evidence for the existence of two separate medullary pathways mediating the vagal reflex bradycardia to stimulation of the ADN and CSN.", "PMID": 553084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1230", "title": "Reciprocal and non-reciprocal action of the vagal and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart.", "content": "Simultaneous recordings were made from vagal and sympathetic fibers innervating the heart in dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Reciprocal relationship between the two autonomic nerves was clearly seen in the baroreceptor reflex. Stimulation of chemoreceptors, however, evoked non-reciprocal responses of the two nerves; at the onset of the chemoreceptor reflex cardiac vagal and sympathetic discharges both increased, then, as baroreceptors became excited due to a pressor response, sympathetic nerve activity suddenly decreased while vagal discharges remained high, indicating the appearance of the reciprocal action typifying the baroreceptor reflex. Decrease in ventilatory volume and a slight increase in end-expired CO2 level augmented greatly both vagal and sympathetic discharges. As the phrenic-locked activity of the two nerves (i.e. the activity in vagus nerve occurs only in the absence of phrenic bursts while sympathetic discharges increase with phrenic bursts) increased, the alternate discharges between the two nerves became more conspicuous and the heart rate fluctuated with the respiratory (phrenic) rhythm. Thus, strong reciprocity between vagus and sympathetic can result in an oscillatory heart rate. When ventilatory volume was increased, both nerve activities decreased below control level. Mild hypoxia had similar effects to hypercapnia though changes in nerve activity were greater. When coactivation of vagal and sympathetic nerve was produced in reflex action, changes in vagal discharges occurred earlier and faster than in the sympathetic fibers. The magnitude of change in vagus activity was also far greater. The elimination of afferents in the vagi, the aortic and sinus nerves reduced cardiac vagal activity greatly. However, discharges were still present and occurred between phrenic bursts, indicating that the vagal \"tone\" is maintained centrally as well as peripherally by input from receptors in the cardiovascular system. The physiological significance of reciprocal and non-reciprocal control of vagal and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart was discussed.", "contents": "Reciprocal and non-reciprocal action of the vagal and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart. Simultaneous recordings were made from vagal and sympathetic fibers innervating the heart in dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Reciprocal relationship between the two autonomic nerves was clearly seen in the baroreceptor reflex. Stimulation of chemoreceptors, however, evoked non-reciprocal responses of the two nerves; at the onset of the chemoreceptor reflex cardiac vagal and sympathetic discharges both increased, then, as baroreceptors became excited due to a pressor response, sympathetic nerve activity suddenly decreased while vagal discharges remained high, indicating the appearance of the reciprocal action typifying the baroreceptor reflex. Decrease in ventilatory volume and a slight increase in end-expired CO2 level augmented greatly both vagal and sympathetic discharges. As the phrenic-locked activity of the two nerves (i.e. the activity in vagus nerve occurs only in the absence of phrenic bursts while sympathetic discharges increase with phrenic bursts) increased, the alternate discharges between the two nerves became more conspicuous and the heart rate fluctuated with the respiratory (phrenic) rhythm. Thus, strong reciprocity between vagus and sympathetic can result in an oscillatory heart rate. When ventilatory volume was increased, both nerve activities decreased below control level. Mild hypoxia had similar effects to hypercapnia though changes in nerve activity were greater. When coactivation of vagal and sympathetic nerve was produced in reflex action, changes in vagal discharges occurred earlier and faster than in the sympathetic fibers. The magnitude of change in vagus activity was also far greater. The elimination of afferents in the vagi, the aortic and sinus nerves reduced cardiac vagal activity greatly. However, discharges were still present and occurred between phrenic bursts, indicating that the vagal \"tone\" is maintained centrally as well as peripherally by input from receptors in the cardiovascular system. The physiological significance of reciprocal and non-reciprocal control of vagal and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart was discussed.", "PMID": 553085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1231", "title": "Experimental autonomic neuropathy: ultrastructure and immunohistochemical study of a disorder of reflex vasomotor function.", "content": "Vasomotor function in ear vessels of rabbits was tested in animals with experimental autonomic neuropathy (EAUN), experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), and controls. Reflex vasodilatation was impaired in animals with EAUN but not in EAN or control rabbits. Ultrastructural examination of paravertebral sympathetic chain, perivascular nerves, and perivascular tissue showed similar changes in all animals differing in degree only. Occasional lymphocytes were seen in paravertebral chains of controls but large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages occurred in EAUN and EAN. No active destruction of myelinated or unmyelinated fibers could be seen. Perivascular nerves showed similar cellular infiltrates and basophils were found in perivascular spaces of ear vessels which were most abundant in animals with EAUN. Fibre-size spectra analysis of unmyelinated fibres in the paravertebral sympathetic chain showed a shift to the left suggesting regeneration of unmyelinated axons in both EAN and EAUN. No specific immunofluorescence against neuronal components could be demonstrated in sensitized animals. It is concluded that the functional disturbance of reflex vasomotion in EAUN is not accompanied by specific ultrastructural lesions nor could neuronal components be immunologically implicated in the disorder. Regeneration of unmyelinated axons and recovery of function after some weeks together with abundance of basophils in perivascular tissue of sensitized animals, suggests that a localized inflammation may have occurred, the basophils interfacing between foreign antigens, the serum cascade systems, and other inflammatory cells. The usefulness of EAUN as a model for acute pandysautonomia in man remains to be determined.", "contents": "Experimental autonomic neuropathy: ultrastructure and immunohistochemical study of a disorder of reflex vasomotor function. Vasomotor function in ear vessels of rabbits was tested in animals with experimental autonomic neuropathy (EAUN), experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), and controls. Reflex vasodilatation was impaired in animals with EAUN but not in EAN or control rabbits. Ultrastructural examination of paravertebral sympathetic chain, perivascular nerves, and perivascular tissue showed similar changes in all animals differing in degree only. Occasional lymphocytes were seen in paravertebral chains of controls but large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages occurred in EAUN and EAN. No active destruction of myelinated or unmyelinated fibers could be seen. Perivascular nerves showed similar cellular infiltrates and basophils were found in perivascular spaces of ear vessels which were most abundant in animals with EAUN. Fibre-size spectra analysis of unmyelinated fibres in the paravertebral sympathetic chain showed a shift to the left suggesting regeneration of unmyelinated axons in both EAN and EAUN. No specific immunofluorescence against neuronal components could be demonstrated in sensitized animals. It is concluded that the functional disturbance of reflex vasomotion in EAUN is not accompanied by specific ultrastructural lesions nor could neuronal components be immunologically implicated in the disorder. Regeneration of unmyelinated axons and recovery of function after some weeks together with abundance of basophils in perivascular tissue of sensitized animals, suggests that a localized inflammation may have occurred, the basophils interfacing between foreign antigens, the serum cascade systems, and other inflammatory cells. The usefulness of EAUN as a model for acute pandysautonomia in man remains to be determined.", "PMID": 553086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1232", "title": "Intersegmental connections and interactions of myelinated somatic and visceral afferents with sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the unanesthetized spinal cat.", "content": "The aim of this study was to obtain a measure of the interactions through exclusively spinal circuits, of myelinated afferents with sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Experiments were performed on 16 unanesthetized cats rendered insensitive by bilateral vertebral and carotid occlusion, whose spinal cords had been transected at C1 6-12 h before recording. The evoked responses of 68 tonically active sympathetic preganglionic neurons were recorded from filaments dissected from the cervical sympathetic trunk. Excitation, inhibition and excitation-inhibition sequences were evoked by electrical stimulation of radial, femoral and pelvic nerve afferents. Inhibition was most often observed during pelvic nerve stimulation. Ninety percent of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons tested responded to radial, 77% to femoral and 85% to pelvic nerve stimulation. These differences in percentage of units responding to the three nerves were statistically insignificant. Thus, in the acute spinal cat, the fraction of tonically active sympathetic preganglionic neurons whose activity can be influenced by myelinated afferents is independent of the length of the intraspinal pathway which conveys the input. A main difference between the long pathway (mediating the responses to femoral or pelvic nerve) and the short pathway (mediating the responses to radial nerve) seems to be the efficacy of their connections. While single shocks reliably evoked responses from the radial nerve, trains (200 Hz, 20 msec) were usually necessary to elicit responses from femoral or pelvic nerve, indicating a requirement for summation in the long pathway.", "contents": "Intersegmental connections and interactions of myelinated somatic and visceral afferents with sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the unanesthetized spinal cat. The aim of this study was to obtain a measure of the interactions through exclusively spinal circuits, of myelinated afferents with sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Experiments were performed on 16 unanesthetized cats rendered insensitive by bilateral vertebral and carotid occlusion, whose spinal cords had been transected at C1 6-12 h before recording. The evoked responses of 68 tonically active sympathetic preganglionic neurons were recorded from filaments dissected from the cervical sympathetic trunk. Excitation, inhibition and excitation-inhibition sequences were evoked by electrical stimulation of radial, femoral and pelvic nerve afferents. Inhibition was most often observed during pelvic nerve stimulation. Ninety percent of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons tested responded to radial, 77% to femoral and 85% to pelvic nerve stimulation. These differences in percentage of units responding to the three nerves were statistically insignificant. Thus, in the acute spinal cat, the fraction of tonically active sympathetic preganglionic neurons whose activity can be influenced by myelinated afferents is independent of the length of the intraspinal pathway which conveys the input. A main difference between the long pathway (mediating the responses to femoral or pelvic nerve) and the short pathway (mediating the responses to radial nerve) seems to be the efficacy of their connections. While single shocks reliably evoked responses from the radial nerve, trains (200 Hz, 20 msec) were usually necessary to elicit responses from femoral or pelvic nerve, indicating a requirement for summation in the long pathway.", "PMID": 553087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1233", "title": "The orthograde labeling of postganglionic sympathetic cardiac nerves in the dog and cat as demonstrated by autoradiography.", "content": "Previous functional and anatomical techniques have characterized the cardiac nerves and plexuses. They cannot, however, determine the course of fibers arising from a specific ganglion. This study has found that the intraaxonal orthograde labeling of axons can be used to determine the course of postganglionic sympathetic cardiac fibers in the dog and cat. The canine left caudal cervical ganglion and the feline right stellate ganglion were exposed through appropriate thoracotomies. Each ganglion received multiple injections of tritiated leucine (500 muCi/animal). Following a 3--14-day survival period the anesthetized animals were sacrificed by vascular perfusion. The injected ganglia, extracardiac nerves and selected portions of the heart were processed for autoradiography. Autoradiographs from the dog demonstrated labeled postganglionic sympathetic nerves in the extracardiac plexus, left atrial epicardium and the epicardium beneath the coronary sulcus. Labeled nerves in the cat heart were found within the epicardial layers and associated with blood vessels in the left ventricular myocardium. Neither myelinated fibers traveling through the injection site nor intrinsic cardiac ganglion cells were labeled, although the latter were often closely approximated to heavily labeled fibers.", "contents": "The orthograde labeling of postganglionic sympathetic cardiac nerves in the dog and cat as demonstrated by autoradiography. Previous functional and anatomical techniques have characterized the cardiac nerves and plexuses. They cannot, however, determine the course of fibers arising from a specific ganglion. This study has found that the intraaxonal orthograde labeling of axons can be used to determine the course of postganglionic sympathetic cardiac fibers in the dog and cat. The canine left caudal cervical ganglion and the feline right stellate ganglion were exposed through appropriate thoracotomies. Each ganglion received multiple injections of tritiated leucine (500 muCi/animal). Following a 3--14-day survival period the anesthetized animals were sacrificed by vascular perfusion. The injected ganglia, extracardiac nerves and selected portions of the heart were processed for autoradiography. Autoradiographs from the dog demonstrated labeled postganglionic sympathetic nerves in the extracardiac plexus, left atrial epicardium and the epicardium beneath the coronary sulcus. Labeled nerves in the cat heart were found within the epicardial layers and associated with blood vessels in the left ventricular myocardium. Neither myelinated fibers traveling through the injection site nor intrinsic cardiac ganglion cells were labeled, although the latter were often closely approximated to heavily labeled fibers.", "PMID": 553088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1234", "title": "The effect of long-term castration on the histochemically demonstrable catecholamines in the hypogastric ganglion of the rat.", "content": "The effect of long-term castration on the hypogastric ganglion of the rat was studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method. After castration the fluorescence intensity was lower and the size of the adrenergic neurons was smaller than in normal or in testosterone-treated castrated rats. The fluorescence profile of the ganglia of castrated rats differed from the profiles of control or testosterone-treated castrated rats. Vacuolated neurons were seen in the hypogastric ganglion of controls but not in the ganglia of castrated animals. After long-term castration the size of the ventral prostate was drastically reduced. The density of adrenergic nerves was similar in castrated, normal and testosterone-treated castrated rats. It is concluded that long-term castration has an effect on adrenergic neurons by decreasing the FIF and by producing other morphological changes. The effect can be reversed by testosterone treatment.", "contents": "The effect of long-term castration on the histochemically demonstrable catecholamines in the hypogastric ganglion of the rat. The effect of long-term castration on the hypogastric ganglion of the rat was studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method. After castration the fluorescence intensity was lower and the size of the adrenergic neurons was smaller than in normal or in testosterone-treated castrated rats. The fluorescence profile of the ganglia of castrated rats differed from the profiles of control or testosterone-treated castrated rats. Vacuolated neurons were seen in the hypogastric ganglion of controls but not in the ganglia of castrated animals. After long-term castration the size of the ventral prostate was drastically reduced. The density of adrenergic nerves was similar in castrated, normal and testosterone-treated castrated rats. It is concluded that long-term castration has an effect on adrenergic neurons by decreasing the FIF and by producing other morphological changes. The effect can be reversed by testosterone treatment.", "PMID": 553089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1235", "title": "Conduction velocity in spinal descending pathways of baro- and chemoreceptor reflex.", "content": "Activity in the white rami T3 and L2 or 3 has been recorded and averaged with respect to excitation of the carotid sinus baroreceptor afferents produced by the pulsatile blood pressure (baroreceptor reflex) and with respect to brief trains of electrical stimuli exciting low threshold chemoreceptor afferents in the left carotid sinus nerve (chemoreceptor reflex). Experiments were performed on chloralose anaesthetized cats with both vago-depressor nerves cut. From the latency difference between the onset of the responses at the thoracic and their arrival at the lumbar level the spinal conduction velocity for the pathway of each reflex has been calculated. The baroreceptor reflex pathway has slower spinal conduction velocity 3.3 +/- 0.7 m/sec than the chemoreceptor pathway 5.5 +/- 0.9 m/sec. These results indicate that there are separate descending spinal pathways for the two types of reflexes.", "contents": "Conduction velocity in spinal descending pathways of baro- and chemoreceptor reflex. Activity in the white rami T3 and L2 or 3 has been recorded and averaged with respect to excitation of the carotid sinus baroreceptor afferents produced by the pulsatile blood pressure (baroreceptor reflex) and with respect to brief trains of electrical stimuli exciting low threshold chemoreceptor afferents in the left carotid sinus nerve (chemoreceptor reflex). Experiments were performed on chloralose anaesthetized cats with both vago-depressor nerves cut. From the latency difference between the onset of the responses at the thoracic and their arrival at the lumbar level the spinal conduction velocity for the pathway of each reflex has been calculated. The baroreceptor reflex pathway has slower spinal conduction velocity 3.3 +/- 0.7 m/sec than the chemoreceptor pathway 5.5 +/- 0.9 m/sec. These results indicate that there are separate descending spinal pathways for the two types of reflexes.", "PMID": 553090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1236", "title": "Relative contributions of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors to the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex of the conscious rabbit.", "content": "Conscious rabbits with previously implanted perivascular balloons for altering blood pressure were studied before and 6 days after: (i) sham-operation (n = 6); (ii) section of carotid sinus nerves alone (n = 7); (iii) section of aortic nerves alone (n = 5); and (iv) combined sino-aortic denervation (n = 5). Sigmoid mean arterial pressure (MAP)-heart period (HP) baroreflex curves were derived and were characterized by: (i) the HP range (HPR) between upper and lower plateau levels; (ii) the median blood pressure (BP50); and (iii) the average gain (G). Resting MAP and HP and the 3 baroreflex parameters were not altered significantly 6 days after sham-operation. After section of the carotid sinus nerves alone resting MAP and BP50 rose by 18 +/- 2.6 mm Hg, resting HP fell by 31 +/- 4.2 msec, whilst HPR and G fell to about 45% and 20 % respectively of initial preoperative control. After cutting the aortic nerves alone there was a similar fall in resting HP as after carotid denervation. However, the rises in resting MAP and BP50 were only about half of those observed after carotid denervation (P < 0.05) and the changes in HPR and G to 65% and 58% of control respectively were also less marked (P \u00bf 0.01). The aortic baroreceptor zone also exerted smaller effects on the sympathetic efferent component of the baroreflex HP response. Despite the different effects exerted by each zone on the reflex parameters there was little difference in threshold pressure for producing cardiac slowing. After combined sino-aortic denervation there was a similar rise in resting MAP (19 mm Hg) as after carotid sinus denervation alone, but there was more marked tachycardia, with a fall in resting HP of 82 msec (P < 0.001) and both resting and baroreflex-mediated vagal tones were completely abolished. The small residual pressure-determined HP changes of about 8 msec were entirely sympathetic and probably mediated through cardiopulmonary baroreceptors.", "contents": "Relative contributions of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors to the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex of the conscious rabbit. Conscious rabbits with previously implanted perivascular balloons for altering blood pressure were studied before and 6 days after: (i) sham-operation (n = 6); (ii) section of carotid sinus nerves alone (n = 7); (iii) section of aortic nerves alone (n = 5); and (iv) combined sino-aortic denervation (n = 5). Sigmoid mean arterial pressure (MAP)-heart period (HP) baroreflex curves were derived and were characterized by: (i) the HP range (HPR) between upper and lower plateau levels; (ii) the median blood pressure (BP50); and (iii) the average gain (G). Resting MAP and HP and the 3 baroreflex parameters were not altered significantly 6 days after sham-operation. After section of the carotid sinus nerves alone resting MAP and BP50 rose by 18 +/- 2.6 mm Hg, resting HP fell by 31 +/- 4.2 msec, whilst HPR and G fell to about 45% and 20 % respectively of initial preoperative control. After cutting the aortic nerves alone there was a similar fall in resting HP as after carotid denervation. However, the rises in resting MAP and BP50 were only about half of those observed after carotid denervation (P < 0.05) and the changes in HPR and G to 65% and 58% of control respectively were also less marked (P \u00bf 0.01). The aortic baroreceptor zone also exerted smaller effects on the sympathetic efferent component of the baroreflex HP response. Despite the different effects exerted by each zone on the reflex parameters there was little difference in threshold pressure for producing cardiac slowing. After combined sino-aortic denervation there was a similar rise in resting MAP (19 mm Hg) as after carotid sinus denervation alone, but there was more marked tachycardia, with a fall in resting HP of 82 msec (P < 0.001) and both resting and baroreflex-mediated vagal tones were completely abolished. The small residual pressure-determined HP changes of about 8 msec were entirely sympathetic and probably mediated through cardiopulmonary baroreceptors.", "PMID": 553091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1237", "title": "Visualization of intrarenal catecholamine-containing elements: fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy.", "content": "Fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy were used to study catecholamine-containing elements in rat and cat kidneys. There were fluorescent nerve plexuses associated with the arterial system of the renal cortex from which nerves extended into the medulla forming dense networks in the vascular bundles of the outer part of the medulla. Also, there were small cells found singly and in clusters which emitted the blue fluorescence characteristic of catecholamine-containing cells. These cells were associated with the periarterial nerve plexuses and were frequently encountered in the cat medullary vascular bundles. Electron microscopy of the cat renal medulla revealed processes with the structure of typical adrenergic terminals and other processes that resemble small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cell processes.", "contents": "Visualization of intrarenal catecholamine-containing elements: fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. Fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy were used to study catecholamine-containing elements in rat and cat kidneys. There were fluorescent nerve plexuses associated with the arterial system of the renal cortex from which nerves extended into the medulla forming dense networks in the vascular bundles of the outer part of the medulla. Also, there were small cells found singly and in clusters which emitted the blue fluorescence characteristic of catecholamine-containing cells. These cells were associated with the periarterial nerve plexuses and were frequently encountered in the cat medullary vascular bundles. Electron microscopy of the cat renal medulla revealed processes with the structure of typical adrenergic terminals and other processes that resemble small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cell processes.", "PMID": 553092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1238", "title": "Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies of hepatic portal osmo- and sodium-receptive afferent projections within the brain.", "content": "Previous investigations concerning the function of hepatic sodium and osmoreceptors indicated that the activation of these chemoreceptive structures significantly affected physiological and behavioral mechanisms related to water and electrolyte homeostasis. Though anatomical studies predicted that such information should follow the previously described gustatory afferent pathy, until recently, the precise course taken by higher order hepatic afferents was unknown. The studies described herein verify anatomical predictions with regard to the central course of vagal-visceral afferents, as hepatically activated neurons were localized to two areas known to relay gustatory input. Further, horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies verified that a path between the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial nucleus and the ventrobasal complex certainly exists. In the light of recent findings regarding projections from the ventrobasal complex to the supraoptic nuclei, from the parabrachial nucleus to the supraoptic nuclei and from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei it seems likely that the viscero-gustatory path which carries hepatic afferent information is the pathway responsible for the physiological and perhaps the behavioral consequences of hepatic sodium or osmotic stimulation.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies of hepatic portal osmo- and sodium-receptive afferent projections within the brain. Previous investigations concerning the function of hepatic sodium and osmoreceptors indicated that the activation of these chemoreceptive structures significantly affected physiological and behavioral mechanisms related to water and electrolyte homeostasis. Though anatomical studies predicted that such information should follow the previously described gustatory afferent pathy, until recently, the precise course taken by higher order hepatic afferents was unknown. The studies described herein verify anatomical predictions with regard to the central course of vagal-visceral afferents, as hepatically activated neurons were localized to two areas known to relay gustatory input. Further, horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies verified that a path between the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial nucleus and the ventrobasal complex certainly exists. In the light of recent findings regarding projections from the ventrobasal complex to the supraoptic nuclei, from the parabrachial nucleus to the supraoptic nuclei and from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei it seems likely that the viscero-gustatory path which carries hepatic afferent information is the pathway responsible for the physiological and perhaps the behavioral consequences of hepatic sodium or osmotic stimulation.", "PMID": 553093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1239", "title": "Cells of origin of motor axons in the subdiaphragmatic vagus of the rat.", "content": "The central cell groups that give rise to the motor axons that travel in the subdiaphragmatic vagus were re-examined in the rat by transecting the dorsal or ventral vagus near the stomach and incubating the nerve stump in crystalline horseradish peroxidase (HRP). An exceedingly large percentage of cells was labeled throughout the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (mX), with labeled cells extending even beyond the rostro-caudal limits of the nucleus usually assigned on the basis of cytoarchitecture alone. Different patterns of cell-labeling could be correlated with one or the other of the two vagal branches. Incubation of the ventral branch labeled cells only in the left mX, while incubation of the dorsal branch labeled cells on both sides, although more extensively on the right. HRP-positive somata were also observed bilaterally in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) after incubation of either branch of the subdiaphragmatic vagus; this finding is in contrast to previous accounts in which motor fibers from NA were considered to project only to cervical and thoracic structures. These results suggest that mX and NA are responsible for a substantial component of abdominal innervation in the rat.", "contents": "Cells of origin of motor axons in the subdiaphragmatic vagus of the rat. The central cell groups that give rise to the motor axons that travel in the subdiaphragmatic vagus were re-examined in the rat by transecting the dorsal or ventral vagus near the stomach and incubating the nerve stump in crystalline horseradish peroxidase (HRP). An exceedingly large percentage of cells was labeled throughout the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (mX), with labeled cells extending even beyond the rostro-caudal limits of the nucleus usually assigned on the basis of cytoarchitecture alone. Different patterns of cell-labeling could be correlated with one or the other of the two vagal branches. Incubation of the ventral branch labeled cells only in the left mX, while incubation of the dorsal branch labeled cells on both sides, although more extensively on the right. HRP-positive somata were also observed bilaterally in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) after incubation of either branch of the subdiaphragmatic vagus; this finding is in contrast to previous accounts in which motor fibers from NA were considered to project only to cervical and thoracic structures. These results suggest that mX and NA are responsible for a substantial component of abdominal innervation in the rat.", "PMID": 553094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1240", "title": "Chemotherapeutic alteration of small intestinal morphology and function: a progress report.", "content": "Nine patients with malignancy requiring chemotherapy were evaluated before, during, and in the recovery phase of their antineoplastic regimen with selected absorptive studies and jejunal biopsies. Depression of the crypt mitoses occurred without change in the indices of absorption. The mitotic indices returned to pretreatment counts on the recovery phase biopsies. Even after prolonged therapy, restudy in three of the patients failed to demonstrate clinical malabsorption. We conclude that chemotherapy-related malabsorption does not contribute to overall malnutrition of cancer patients during the first months of treatment.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic alteration of small intestinal morphology and function: a progress report. Nine patients with malignancy requiring chemotherapy were evaluated before, during, and in the recovery phase of their antineoplastic regimen with selected absorptive studies and jejunal biopsies. Depression of the crypt mitoses occurred without change in the indices of absorption. The mitotic indices returned to pretreatment counts on the recovery phase biopsies. Even after prolonged therapy, restudy in three of the patients failed to demonstrate clinical malabsorption. We conclude that chemotherapy-related malabsorption does not contribute to overall malnutrition of cancer patients during the first months of treatment.", "PMID": 553095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1241", "title": "The outlook after total colectomy in patients with Crohn's colitis and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The postoperative recurrence rates for Crohn's colitis (CC) and ulcerative colitis (UC) have varied markedly in different medical centers. We have reviewed the reasons for this variation and present our own series of patients in a manner which allows comparison with previous studies. In our study: 1) Patients with CC had an overall recurrence rate of 38% after total colectomy. By actuarial statistics, this recurrence rate computes to 48% by 12 years after operation. 2) Patients with ileal disease, even if totally removed at operation, had a recurrence rate of 48% whereas those with no obvious ileal involvement had a recurrence rate of 18%. 3) When nonspecific criteria are used for recurrence, which we call \"complication,\" as has been the case in several previous studies of CC, even patients with UC had a complication rate of 33%. Such complications both in UC and CC represent postoperative occurrence rather than ileal recurrence of the inflammatory process. 4) Patients with CC develop more postoperative complications than patients with UC, but for most of the time they were asymptomatic. In this series there were no patients with disease originally or almost entirely limited to the colon who became \"intestinal cripples\" as a result of recurrent disease. 5) Patients with short preoperative intervals had the highest recurrence rate, whereas patients with disease of the terminal ileum had the highest postoperative complication rate. 6) Patients with \"superficial\" CC had a low recurrence rate, probably because of a shorter follow-up than the other patients. There were no true recurrences in patients with UC.", "contents": "The outlook after total colectomy in patients with Crohn's colitis and ulcerative colitis. The postoperative recurrence rates for Crohn's colitis (CC) and ulcerative colitis (UC) have varied markedly in different medical centers. We have reviewed the reasons for this variation and present our own series of patients in a manner which allows comparison with previous studies. In our study: 1) Patients with CC had an overall recurrence rate of 38% after total colectomy. By actuarial statistics, this recurrence rate computes to 48% by 12 years after operation. 2) Patients with ileal disease, even if totally removed at operation, had a recurrence rate of 48% whereas those with no obvious ileal involvement had a recurrence rate of 18%. 3) When nonspecific criteria are used for recurrence, which we call \"complication,\" as has been the case in several previous studies of CC, even patients with UC had a complication rate of 33%. Such complications both in UC and CC represent postoperative occurrence rather than ileal recurrence of the inflammatory process. 4) Patients with CC develop more postoperative complications than patients with UC, but for most of the time they were asymptomatic. In this series there were no patients with disease originally or almost entirely limited to the colon who became \"intestinal cripples\" as a result of recurrent disease. 5) Patients with short preoperative intervals had the highest recurrence rate, whereas patients with disease of the terminal ileum had the highest postoperative complication rate. 6) Patients with \"superficial\" CC had a low recurrence rate, probably because of a shorter follow-up than the other patients. There were no true recurrences in patients with UC.", "PMID": 553096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1242", "title": "Herpesvirus hominis (type 1) proctitis.", "content": "Herpes proctitis from Herpesvirus hominis type 1 is probably an underrecognized cause of rectal pain and inflammation. Extreme anal pain and a purulent rectal discharge in a heterosexual man led to the appropriate diagnosis. Clinicians should be more aware of herpes as a cause of proctitis.", "contents": "Herpesvirus hominis (type 1) proctitis. Herpes proctitis from Herpesvirus hominis type 1 is probably an underrecognized cause of rectal pain and inflammation. Extreme anal pain and a purulent rectal discharge in a heterosexual man led to the appropriate diagnosis. Clinicians should be more aware of herpes as a cause of proctitis.", "PMID": 553097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1243", "title": "Comparison of the Menghini, Klatskin and Tru-Cut needles in diagnosing cirrhosis.", "content": "The Menghini, Klatskin and Tru-cut needles were used to obtain multiple biopsies from cirrhotic livers at autopsy. Comparison of specimens showed that Tru-Cut biopsies were the longest and least fragmented, produced the greatest diagnostic accuracy and fewest false negative diagnoses of cirrhosis. Pending further evaluation of its safety, the Tru-Cut needle seems the instrument of choice for the biopsy diagnosis of cirrhosis.", "contents": "Comparison of the Menghini, Klatskin and Tru-Cut needles in diagnosing cirrhosis. The Menghini, Klatskin and Tru-cut needles were used to obtain multiple biopsies from cirrhotic livers at autopsy. Comparison of specimens showed that Tru-Cut biopsies were the longest and least fragmented, produced the greatest diagnostic accuracy and fewest false negative diagnoses of cirrhosis. Pending further evaluation of its safety, the Tru-Cut needle seems the instrument of choice for the biopsy diagnosis of cirrhosis.", "PMID": 553098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1244", "title": "Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis.", "content": "Histoplasma capsulatum involves some part of the gastrointestinal tract in 75% of patients with disseminated disease, but clinically obvious gastrointestinal involvement is infrequent. Symptoms include crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, nasopharyngeal ulcers, and rectal ulcers. Granulomatous constrictive lesions may simulate either carcinoma anywhere in the gut or less commonly Crohn's disease. We describe a patient and discuss gastrointestinal histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis. Histoplasma capsulatum involves some part of the gastrointestinal tract in 75% of patients with disseminated disease, but clinically obvious gastrointestinal involvement is infrequent. Symptoms include crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, nasopharyngeal ulcers, and rectal ulcers. Granulomatous constrictive lesions may simulate either carcinoma anywhere in the gut or less commonly Crohn's disease. We describe a patient and discuss gastrointestinal histoplasmosis.", "PMID": 553099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1245", "title": "Small intestinal changes in enterocolitis complicating Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "Hirschsprung's disease is one of the more common causes of childhood bowel obstruction. The disease can cause enterocolitis which, untreated, may result in considerable mortality. We describe our evaluation of two infants who suffered from intractable diarrhea of infancy secondary to Hirschsprung's disease. We found that mucosal damage to the small bowel and disaccharidase deficiency are among the most important mechanisms producing this complications. Therefore, management of enterocolitis including parenteral alimentation should proceed as soon as the complication is observed.", "contents": "Small intestinal changes in enterocolitis complicating Hirschsprung's disease. Hirschsprung's disease is one of the more common causes of childhood bowel obstruction. The disease can cause enterocolitis which, untreated, may result in considerable mortality. We describe our evaluation of two infants who suffered from intractable diarrhea of infancy secondary to Hirschsprung's disease. We found that mucosal damage to the small bowel and disaccharidase deficiency are among the most important mechanisms producing this complications. Therefore, management of enterocolitis including parenteral alimentation should proceed as soon as the complication is observed.", "PMID": 553100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1246", "title": "Nonspecific ulcers of the colon: a case presentation of ulceration of the transverse colon.", "content": "This paper describes a patient with nonspecific discrete ulcer of the transverse colon. The lesion was responsible for diarrhea which was cured by conservative resection. These uncommon ulcers, which mimic carcinoma radiographically and were previously thought to be uniformly fatal, may occasionally heal spontaneously. The patient has taken several drugs, some of which may have played a role in the pathogenesis of the ulcer, but the etiology of nonspecific colon ulcer remains uncertain.", "contents": "Nonspecific ulcers of the colon: a case presentation of ulceration of the transverse colon. This paper describes a patient with nonspecific discrete ulcer of the transverse colon. The lesion was responsible for diarrhea which was cured by conservative resection. These uncommon ulcers, which mimic carcinoma radiographically and were previously thought to be uniformly fatal, may occasionally heal spontaneously. The patient has taken several drugs, some of which may have played a role in the pathogenesis of the ulcer, but the etiology of nonspecific colon ulcer remains uncertain.", "PMID": 553101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1247", "title": "Radiographically guided needle biopsy of abdominal neoplasms--who, how, where, why?", "content": "Radiographically guided percutaneous needle biopsy is a safe, accurate, well-tolerated alternative to laparotomy for confirmation of advanced abdominal malignancy. Here we describe the indications and methodology for its performance. Eighty-two percent of 66 patients with proven abdominal neoplasms were successfully biopsied with a fine-caliber needle using a variety of guidance methods. Cross-sectional techniques, such as ultrasound and computed body tomography (CBT), provide the preferred monitoring techniques because of their excellent soft-tissue resolution and the capacity to determine tumor depth accurately. The ability of CBT to define the exact position of the biopsy needle tip in a mass makes it the preferable guide for biopsing of small, solid lesions.", "contents": "Radiographically guided needle biopsy of abdominal neoplasms--who, how, where, why? Radiographically guided percutaneous needle biopsy is a safe, accurate, well-tolerated alternative to laparotomy for confirmation of advanced abdominal malignancy. Here we describe the indications and methodology for its performance. Eighty-two percent of 66 patients with proven abdominal neoplasms were successfully biopsied with a fine-caliber needle using a variety of guidance methods. Cross-sectional techniques, such as ultrasound and computed body tomography (CBT), provide the preferred monitoring techniques because of their excellent soft-tissue resolution and the capacity to determine tumor depth accurately. The ability of CBT to define the exact position of the biopsy needle tip in a mass makes it the preferable guide for biopsing of small, solid lesions.", "PMID": 553105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1248", "title": "Cytostatic effect of spleen cells of cyclophosphamide-treated mice on tumor cells.", "content": "Spleen cells of mice receiving an i.p. injection of a sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) have the ability to inhibit tumor growth in vitro. This effect is dose dependent and is maximal at the peak of the spleen regeneration which follows the phase of atrophy due to CY toxicity. This cytostasis is neither tumor-specific nor strain-restricted and the cells responsible for this inhibition of tumor cell multiplication have the characteristics of macrophages: they lack the Thy 1-2 antigenic marker, appear in CY treated nude mice, stick on plastic vessels, and are retained by adherence columns (nylon wool or Sephadex G10); their activity is greatly reduced when a specific macrohpage toxic reagent such as carrageenan is added to the cultures. The effector cells are similar to those which are able to suppress the response of normal splenocytes to T and B mitogens, and which appear in the same conditions of induction, after CY injection.", "contents": "Cytostatic effect of spleen cells of cyclophosphamide-treated mice on tumor cells. Spleen cells of mice receiving an i.p. injection of a sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) have the ability to inhibit tumor growth in vitro. This effect is dose dependent and is maximal at the peak of the spleen regeneration which follows the phase of atrophy due to CY toxicity. This cytostasis is neither tumor-specific nor strain-restricted and the cells responsible for this inhibition of tumor cell multiplication have the characteristics of macrophages: they lack the Thy 1-2 antigenic marker, appear in CY treated nude mice, stick on plastic vessels, and are retained by adherence columns (nylon wool or Sephadex G10); their activity is greatly reduced when a specific macrohpage toxic reagent such as carrageenan is added to the cultures. The effector cells are similar to those which are able to suppress the response of normal splenocytes to T and B mitogens, and which appear in the same conditions of induction, after CY injection.", "PMID": 553107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1249", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 or E2 on the in vitro blastogenic response of lymphocytes from normal and tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "The in vitro effect of exogenously added prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 over concentrations ranges of from 1 X 10(-4) to 1 X 10(-9) M were studied in order to determine their effect on the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation of thymic and splenic T and B cells from normal and tumor-bearing CD2F1 mice. It was found that PGE1 generally caused greater inhibition of blastogenesis than did PGE2 when reacted with splenic lymphocytes from normal mice. Indeed, PGE2 was found to be stimulatory for both Con A- and LPS-sensitive normal splenic lymphocytes. Both PGE1 and PGE2 caused potent inhibition of Con A- and PHA-sensitive splenic lymphocytes from the tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, PGE2 was found to stimulate the LPS-reactive lymphocytes from the tumored mice. PGE1 and PGE2 both inhibited the Con A- and PHA-reactive thymic lymphocytes from normal mice at the lower concentrations studied, i.e., 10(-4) to 10(-6) M. Thereafter, at concentration ranges of from 10(-7) to 10(-9) M both PGE1 and PGE2 were both found to be stimulatory. Finally, both PGE1 and PGE2 at all concentrations studied, strongly inhibited the thymic lymphocytes from tumored mice.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 or E2 on the in vitro blastogenic response of lymphocytes from normal and tumor-bearing mice. The in vitro effect of exogenously added prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 over concentrations ranges of from 1 X 10(-4) to 1 X 10(-9) M were studied in order to determine their effect on the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation of thymic and splenic T and B cells from normal and tumor-bearing CD2F1 mice. It was found that PGE1 generally caused greater inhibition of blastogenesis than did PGE2 when reacted with splenic lymphocytes from normal mice. Indeed, PGE2 was found to be stimulatory for both Con A- and LPS-sensitive normal splenic lymphocytes. Both PGE1 and PGE2 caused potent inhibition of Con A- and PHA-sensitive splenic lymphocytes from the tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, PGE2 was found to stimulate the LPS-reactive lymphocytes from the tumored mice. PGE1 and PGE2 both inhibited the Con A- and PHA-reactive thymic lymphocytes from normal mice at the lower concentrations studied, i.e., 10(-4) to 10(-6) M. Thereafter, at concentration ranges of from 10(-7) to 10(-9) M both PGE1 and PGE2 were both found to be stimulatory. Finally, both PGE1 and PGE2 at all concentrations studied, strongly inhibited the thymic lymphocytes from tumored mice.", "PMID": 553108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1250", "title": "Effect of macrophage activation by immunoadjuvants on serum levels of lysosomal hydrolases in mice.", "content": "The effect of pyran copolymer, injected into mice bearing the M109 Madison lung carcinoma, on serum concentrations of lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta, D-glucosaminidase was studied and compared with that of other immunoadjuvants. Increases in lysozyme levels ranging from 50 to 100% were observed after injection of pyran, BCG and Bru-Pel; increases in the levels of the other enzymes were less consistent. Other immunoadjuvants were less effective in raising serum concentrations of lysosomal enzymes. The findings were correlated with the results of previous studies on macrophage activation and antineoplastic action produced by these immunoadjuvants and suggest that serum levels of lysozyme can serve as indices of these effects.", "contents": "Effect of macrophage activation by immunoadjuvants on serum levels of lysosomal hydrolases in mice. The effect of pyran copolymer, injected into mice bearing the M109 Madison lung carcinoma, on serum concentrations of lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta, D-glucosaminidase was studied and compared with that of other immunoadjuvants. Increases in lysozyme levels ranging from 50 to 100% were observed after injection of pyran, BCG and Bru-Pel; increases in the levels of the other enzymes were less consistent. Other immunoadjuvants were less effective in raising serum concentrations of lysosomal enzymes. The findings were correlated with the results of previous studies on macrophage activation and antineoplastic action produced by these immunoadjuvants and suggest that serum levels of lysozyme can serve as indices of these effects.", "PMID": 553109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1251", "title": "Action of levamisole on E-rosette forming cells and serum adenosine deaminase in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The interaction of levamisole and/or adenosine in vitro on E-rosette forming cells (RFC) of healthy subjects and on low RFC of patients affected with various diseases was investigated. Levamisole did not enhance normal RFC. The drug enhanced low RFC in some patients (responders) but not in others (non-responders). Adenosine inhibited normal and low RFC and this inhibition could be reversed by levamisole. Further, levamisole 150 mg 2 days a week was given to 12 Hodgkin's disease (HD) responders for 2 weeks, then 150 mg 1 day weekly for 2 1/2 months. After one week of treatment RFC increased and the enhancement could be maintained during the whole treatment period. Lastly levamisole in vitro and in vivo diminished serum adenosine deaminase activity in normal subjects and HD patients.", "contents": "Action of levamisole on E-rosette forming cells and serum adenosine deaminase in Hodgkin's disease. The interaction of levamisole and/or adenosine in vitro on E-rosette forming cells (RFC) of healthy subjects and on low RFC of patients affected with various diseases was investigated. Levamisole did not enhance normal RFC. The drug enhanced low RFC in some patients (responders) but not in others (non-responders). Adenosine inhibited normal and low RFC and this inhibition could be reversed by levamisole. Further, levamisole 150 mg 2 days a week was given to 12 Hodgkin's disease (HD) responders for 2 weeks, then 150 mg 1 day weekly for 2 1/2 months. After one week of treatment RFC increased and the enhancement could be maintained during the whole treatment period. Lastly levamisole in vitro and in vivo diminished serum adenosine deaminase activity in normal subjects and HD patients.", "PMID": 553110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1252", "title": "Immunokinetics of a single dose of levamisole.", "content": "Ten patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis and a low number of E-rosette forming lymphocytes were given single doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg of levamisole. Levamisole produced a dose-related sustained increase in E-rosette forming cells. A single dose of 150 mg restored the number of E-rosette forming cells to normal within 24 hours and this effect lasted 6 to 7 days. These immunokinetic data provide a rational basis for the once-a-week administration of levamisole.", "contents": "Immunokinetics of a single dose of levamisole. Ten patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis and a low number of E-rosette forming lymphocytes were given single doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg of levamisole. Levamisole produced a dose-related sustained increase in E-rosette forming cells. A single dose of 150 mg restored the number of E-rosette forming cells to normal within 24 hours and this effect lasted 6 to 7 days. These immunokinetic data provide a rational basis for the once-a-week administration of levamisole.", "PMID": 553111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1253", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on hemic precursor cells in mouse bone marrow and spleen.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide severely inhibits the function of various hemic precursor cells in mice. In these studies we compared the effects of Cy on early B-lymphocytic precursor cells in mouse bone marrow to those effects on bone marrow myeloid precursor cells and splenic lymphoid precursor cells. These studies demonstrated that: 1) Pre-ARC in the bone marrow were extremely sensitive to even low doses of Cy (50 mg/kg) with virtually no renewal of this precursor population 11 days after injection of 200 mg/kg. 2) The sensitivity of pre-ARC to Cy along with the lack of their renewal was exemplified by the virtual absence of functional ARC in the spleen when assessed 11 days after injection of 200 mg/kg of Cy. 3) A rapid multiphasic renewal pattern was observed for myelocytic progenitor cells. 4) In general, LPS responsive cells were suppressed to a greater extent than were Con A responsive cells, especially with lower doses of Cy.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on hemic precursor cells in mouse bone marrow and spleen. Cyclophosphamide severely inhibits the function of various hemic precursor cells in mice. In these studies we compared the effects of Cy on early B-lymphocytic precursor cells in mouse bone marrow to those effects on bone marrow myeloid precursor cells and splenic lymphoid precursor cells. These studies demonstrated that: 1) Pre-ARC in the bone marrow were extremely sensitive to even low doses of Cy (50 mg/kg) with virtually no renewal of this precursor population 11 days after injection of 200 mg/kg. 2) The sensitivity of pre-ARC to Cy along with the lack of their renewal was exemplified by the virtual absence of functional ARC in the spleen when assessed 11 days after injection of 200 mg/kg of Cy. 3) A rapid multiphasic renewal pattern was observed for myelocytic progenitor cells. 4) In general, LPS responsive cells were suppressed to a greater extent than were Con A responsive cells, especially with lower doses of Cy.", "PMID": 553112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1254", "title": "MER-BCG (NSC-143769): immunogenicity and toxicity of single and repeated intradermal injections in dogs.", "content": "Intradermal injections of MER-BCG 0.1 mg or 0.2 mg at each of 10 multiple sites, led to local granuloma formation. The nodules reached approximately 10 mm in diameter, ulcerated and were accompanied by granulomatous changes in the regional lymph nodes. Six or twelve successive treatments (each including 10 injections) at 4 week intervals produced the same histopathological lesions but no changes in hematological and blood chemical parameters or general morphology and no changes in general condition with exception of occasional weight loss in a few animals. Injection with 0.01 or 0.001 mg/site produced similar, though less severe, skin lesions but no changes in the draining lymph nodes. The immunogenicity of MER-BCG was characterized by granuloma formation, a positive skin response to old tuberculin, and a positive lymphocyte transformation to PPD tuberculin, thus indicating stimulation of cell-mediated immune responses. However, there was a decreased responsiveness to PHA and PPD with continuing treatment with MER-BCG. The decreased responsiveness and accumulation of numerous depots of antigen would suggest an \"immunologic paralysis\" contraindicating the administration of excessive amounts of MER-BCG during immunotherapy. A specific humoral response to the administration of MER-BCG was not detected, but an MER-BCG dose independent decrease in albumin associated with a non-specific, dose related elevation in serum IgG was observed.", "contents": "MER-BCG (NSC-143769): immunogenicity and toxicity of single and repeated intradermal injections in dogs. Intradermal injections of MER-BCG 0.1 mg or 0.2 mg at each of 10 multiple sites, led to local granuloma formation. The nodules reached approximately 10 mm in diameter, ulcerated and were accompanied by granulomatous changes in the regional lymph nodes. Six or twelve successive treatments (each including 10 injections) at 4 week intervals produced the same histopathological lesions but no changes in hematological and blood chemical parameters or general morphology and no changes in general condition with exception of occasional weight loss in a few animals. Injection with 0.01 or 0.001 mg/site produced similar, though less severe, skin lesions but no changes in the draining lymph nodes. The immunogenicity of MER-BCG was characterized by granuloma formation, a positive skin response to old tuberculin, and a positive lymphocyte transformation to PPD tuberculin, thus indicating stimulation of cell-mediated immune responses. However, there was a decreased responsiveness to PHA and PPD with continuing treatment with MER-BCG. The decreased responsiveness and accumulation of numerous depots of antigen would suggest an \"immunologic paralysis\" contraindicating the administration of excessive amounts of MER-BCG during immunotherapy. A specific humoral response to the administration of MER-BCG was not detected, but an MER-BCG dose independent decrease in albumin associated with a non-specific, dose related elevation in serum IgG was observed.", "PMID": 553113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1255", "title": "Tissue distribution as a factor in species susceptibility to toxicity and hazard assessment. Example: methylmercury.", "content": "Data on the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of methylmercury(MeHg) in cats and humans were utilized as an example of how such data can assist in extrapolating toxicity data between animal species. These data demonstrate that the whole-body half-time for clearance of MeHg was the same for cats (76.2 +/- 1.6 days) and humans (78 +/- 5 days) and that the concentration of MeHg in the brain at comparable signs of toxicity were the same (10 ppm) in the two species. However, the blood:brain ratio of MeHg concentration was 10 times as high in cats (1:1) as humans (1:10). From these data it was hypothesised that the no-effect level of methylmercury intake in cats should be 10 times that for humans. This hypothesis was verified from data o MeHg toxicity in cats and humans which demonstrated that ataxia developed in cats at a minimum dose of 46 microgram MeHg/kg body wt/day with blood MeHg levels of 6 to 8 ppm; humans developed ataxia with blood MeHg levels of 0.6 to 0.8 ppm and an estimated intake of 4 microgram MeHg/kg body wt/day.", "contents": "Tissue distribution as a factor in species susceptibility to toxicity and hazard assessment. Example: methylmercury. Data on the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of methylmercury(MeHg) in cats and humans were utilized as an example of how such data can assist in extrapolating toxicity data between animal species. These data demonstrate that the whole-body half-time for clearance of MeHg was the same for cats (76.2 +/- 1.6 days) and humans (78 +/- 5 days) and that the concentration of MeHg in the brain at comparable signs of toxicity were the same (10 ppm) in the two species. However, the blood:brain ratio of MeHg concentration was 10 times as high in cats (1:1) as humans (1:10). From these data it was hypothesised that the no-effect level of methylmercury intake in cats should be 10 times that for humans. This hypothesis was verified from data o MeHg toxicity in cats and humans which demonstrated that ataxia developed in cats at a minimum dose of 46 microgram MeHg/kg body wt/day with blood MeHg levels of 6 to 8 ppm; humans developed ataxia with blood MeHg levels of 0.6 to 0.8 ppm and an estimated intake of 4 microgram MeHg/kg body wt/day.", "PMID": 553127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1256", "title": "The importance of non-linear (dose-dependent) pharmacokinetics in hazard assessment.", "content": "The chronic toxicity of chemicals is evaluated most frequently in animal species and these results subsequently applied to assessing exposure hazards to man. Initial studies are designed to elucidate target organ effects and to characterize the type of toxicity; therefore, administration of high doses of the test material has been the accepted practice. Inherent in this approach is the assumption that few chemicals are capable of saturating the various biochemical and/or transport processes which determine their fate in the body. However, more recently it has become apparent that the biotransformation, excretion, and protein binding of many chemicals are capacity-limited processes. Since the approach in toxicity testing has been to administer large doses of a test chemical, the probability of encountering saturable processes in animal toxicity tests is high. Deviation from linear, dose-independent to non-linear, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics precludes extrapolating the same toxicity from high to low doses. Toxicity at high doses may be due to saturated detoxification or excretion mechanisms which when fully operative at lower doses do not result in the same toxic response. Therefore, knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of a chemical is essential in evaluating the results of animal toxicity tests. More important, in a prospective sense, is the use of pharmacokinetic data to assist in dose selection for chronic toxicity studies. In both cases, the maximum information is obtained from a well defined dose-response relationship. Therefore, massive doses which result in non-linear pharmacokinetics should be avoided unless those occur at dose levels approximating those experienced in actual conditions of human exposure. If these principles are followed, better judgment could be exercised in using animal data to assess the hazard of exposure in man.", "contents": "The importance of non-linear (dose-dependent) pharmacokinetics in hazard assessment. The chronic toxicity of chemicals is evaluated most frequently in animal species and these results subsequently applied to assessing exposure hazards to man. Initial studies are designed to elucidate target organ effects and to characterize the type of toxicity; therefore, administration of high doses of the test material has been the accepted practice. Inherent in this approach is the assumption that few chemicals are capable of saturating the various biochemical and/or transport processes which determine their fate in the body. However, more recently it has become apparent that the biotransformation, excretion, and protein binding of many chemicals are capacity-limited processes. Since the approach in toxicity testing has been to administer large doses of a test chemical, the probability of encountering saturable processes in animal toxicity tests is high. Deviation from linear, dose-independent to non-linear, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics precludes extrapolating the same toxicity from high to low doses. Toxicity at high doses may be due to saturated detoxification or excretion mechanisms which when fully operative at lower doses do not result in the same toxic response. Therefore, knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of a chemical is essential in evaluating the results of animal toxicity tests. More important, in a prospective sense, is the use of pharmacokinetic data to assist in dose selection for chronic toxicity studies. In both cases, the maximum information is obtained from a well defined dose-response relationship. Therefore, massive doses which result in non-linear pharmacokinetics should be avoided unless those occur at dose levels approximating those experienced in actual conditions of human exposure. If these principles are followed, better judgment could be exercised in using animal data to assess the hazard of exposure in man.", "PMID": 553128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1257", "title": "Metabolism of chlorinated alkenes and alkanes as related to toxicity.", "content": "The chlorine substitution in aliphatic compounds results, by its electron attracting effect, in a destabilization in alkanes and a stabilization in alkenes. Thus, with alkanes the main pathways of metabolic transformation to reactive intermediates are radical formation by C-C break or dechlorination, or dehydrochlorination. In alkenes, the stability of the molecule increases with the number of chlorine substitutions. In the series of chlorinated ethylenes, the first step of metabolic transformation is the oxidation to electrophilic oxiranes which may be hydrolized enzymatically or non-enzymatically, react with cellular nucleophiles, or rearrange to either chlorinated aldehydes or acyl chlorides. With tetra-, 1,2-cis- and trans-di-, 1,1-di-, and monochloroethylene, the metabolites identified in in vivo experiments are identical with the thermal rearrangement products of the respective oxiranes. An important exception is found with trichloroethylene, where the thermal rearrangement product is dichloroacetyl chloride; the metabolites in vivo, however, are entirely derived from trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral). The reason for this peculiar behavior is most probably a Lewis acid catalysis by the oxidizing enzyme system. Mutagenic and carcinogenic activities in the series of chlorinated ethylenes are determined by the stability of their oxiranes, which is higher in symmetrical than in unsymmetrical chlorine substitution: the relatively unstable and unsymmetric oxiranes of trichloroethylene, 1, 1,-dichloro-, and monochloroethylene are mutagenic in the Ames test; the more stable symmetric oxiranes of tetra-, 1,2-cis- and trans-dichloroethylenes are inactive.", "contents": "Metabolism of chlorinated alkenes and alkanes as related to toxicity. The chlorine substitution in aliphatic compounds results, by its electron attracting effect, in a destabilization in alkanes and a stabilization in alkenes. Thus, with alkanes the main pathways of metabolic transformation to reactive intermediates are radical formation by C-C break or dechlorination, or dehydrochlorination. In alkenes, the stability of the molecule increases with the number of chlorine substitutions. In the series of chlorinated ethylenes, the first step of metabolic transformation is the oxidation to electrophilic oxiranes which may be hydrolized enzymatically or non-enzymatically, react with cellular nucleophiles, or rearrange to either chlorinated aldehydes or acyl chlorides. With tetra-, 1,2-cis- and trans-di-, 1,1-di-, and monochloroethylene, the metabolites identified in in vivo experiments are identical with the thermal rearrangement products of the respective oxiranes. An important exception is found with trichloroethylene, where the thermal rearrangement product is dichloroacetyl chloride; the metabolites in vivo, however, are entirely derived from trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral). The reason for this peculiar behavior is most probably a Lewis acid catalysis by the oxidizing enzyme system. Mutagenic and carcinogenic activities in the series of chlorinated ethylenes are determined by the stability of their oxiranes, which is higher in symmetrical than in unsymmetrical chlorine substitution: the relatively unstable and unsymmetric oxiranes of trichloroethylene, 1, 1,-dichloro-, and monochloroethylene are mutagenic in the Ames test; the more stable symmetric oxiranes of tetra-, 1,2-cis- and trans-dichloroethylenes are inactive.", "PMID": 553126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1258", "title": "Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity guidelines.", "content": "For the foreseeable future toxicologists will continue to rely on animal bioassays as the main predictive tools for safety evaluation. While their predictive value is good, there are serious limitations which must be recognized in applying the test results to assess human risk. These limitations are of especially great concern for chronic toxicity tests. During the past decade numerous protocols and guidelines for chronic toxicity and carcinogenesis tests have been developed by national and international organizations. These have been reviewed with two aspects in mind: the potential for standardization and the assessment of issues of greatest concern. Of the major design aspects, animal models, route of exposure, dose selection, pathology, and reporting requirements are the most controversial. While a degree of standardization of protocols has many advantages, complete standardization is not considered desirable as test objectives may differ, and overly rigid protocols would likely stifle development of improved methodology. One of the greatest dilemmas facing government health agencies is the extent of pathology to require in routine bioassays. A thorough microscopic examination is obviously desirable; however, the increased requirements for testing chemicals using the extensive pathology protocols now in existence has created a demand exceeding available scientific manpower.", "contents": "Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity guidelines. For the foreseeable future toxicologists will continue to rely on animal bioassays as the main predictive tools for safety evaluation. While their predictive value is good, there are serious limitations which must be recognized in applying the test results to assess human risk. These limitations are of especially great concern for chronic toxicity tests. During the past decade numerous protocols and guidelines for chronic toxicity and carcinogenesis tests have been developed by national and international organizations. These have been reviewed with two aspects in mind: the potential for standardization and the assessment of issues of greatest concern. Of the major design aspects, animal models, route of exposure, dose selection, pathology, and reporting requirements are the most controversial. While a degree of standardization of protocols has many advantages, complete standardization is not considered desirable as test objectives may differ, and overly rigid protocols would likely stifle development of improved methodology. One of the greatest dilemmas facing government health agencies is the extent of pathology to require in routine bioassays. A thorough microscopic examination is obviously desirable; however, the increased requirements for testing chemicals using the extensive pathology protocols now in existence has created a demand exceeding available scientific manpower.", "PMID": 553129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1259", "title": "Considerations in chronic toxicity testing: the chemical, the dose, the design.", "content": "Rodent bioassay systems are widely used to detect those environmental substances most likely to be carcinogenic. Experience with these systems has revealed several shortcomings of an operational nature which may complicate evaluation and interpretation of the results. Paramount among these are purity of the test chemical, dose selection, and experimental design. Special attention must be given to potential impurities in test substances which may be responsible wholly or in part for the production of toxic effects. Proposals for handling this problem are discussed. It is recommended that test chemicals be studied carefully in the proposed animal species using pharmacokinetic procedures, so that doses may be selected that will not jeopardize the outcome of the test nor overload metabolic detoxification systems. Whether or not a bigenerational exposure is required to adequately evaluate the carcinogenicity of the test substance will depend upon its use pattern and pharmacokinetic and metabolic behavior in the mother and fetus.", "contents": "Considerations in chronic toxicity testing: the chemical, the dose, the design. Rodent bioassay systems are widely used to detect those environmental substances most likely to be carcinogenic. Experience with these systems has revealed several shortcomings of an operational nature which may complicate evaluation and interpretation of the results. Paramount among these are purity of the test chemical, dose selection, and experimental design. Special attention must be given to potential impurities in test substances which may be responsible wholly or in part for the production of toxic effects. Proposals for handling this problem are discussed. It is recommended that test chemicals be studied carefully in the proposed animal species using pharmacokinetic procedures, so that doses may be selected that will not jeopardize the outcome of the test nor overload metabolic detoxification systems. Whether or not a bigenerational exposure is required to adequately evaluate the carcinogenicity of the test substance will depend upon its use pattern and pharmacokinetic and metabolic behavior in the mother and fetus.", "PMID": 553130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1260", "title": "Monitoring animal health during chronic toxicity studies.", "content": "Adequate and appropriate appraisal of the health of the animals in toxicity studies is required to differentiate between toxic manifestations attributable to the test material and non-treatment-related disease. The appraisal will help to ensure that each animal remains on test for as long as reasonably possible and that useful tissue samples are obtained from each animal. Attainment of this objective requires highly motivated personnel who have undergone a specific and continuous training program. The establishment of protocols and procedures for daily and weekly monitoring of the animals, and an efficient and relevant system for data collection, recording, and storage is also required. Various laboratory and clinical procedures are described which may be used either on a routine basis or as diagnostic tools. By following the described procedures it has been possible to reduce the loss of animal tissues due to autolysis to less than 1% during chronic feeding studies.", "contents": "Monitoring animal health during chronic toxicity studies. Adequate and appropriate appraisal of the health of the animals in toxicity studies is required to differentiate between toxic manifestations attributable to the test material and non-treatment-related disease. The appraisal will help to ensure that each animal remains on test for as long as reasonably possible and that useful tissue samples are obtained from each animal. Attainment of this objective requires highly motivated personnel who have undergone a specific and continuous training program. The establishment of protocols and procedures for daily and weekly monitoring of the animals, and an efficient and relevant system for data collection, recording, and storage is also required. Various laboratory and clinical procedures are described which may be used either on a routine basis or as diagnostic tools. By following the described procedures it has been possible to reduce the loss of animal tissues due to autolysis to less than 1% during chronic feeding studies.", "PMID": 553132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1261", "title": "The effect of dose on cancer latency period.", "content": "A number of animal carcinogenesis experiments have demonstrated that the time from initial exposure to first detection of tumors increases with decreasing dose. This observation has led to some speculation that at very low doses tumors would take so long to develop that life would end before tumors appeared. We show that the apparent increase in tumor development time can be easily seen as nothing more than a manifestation of the mathematical fact that decreasing the incidence necessarily increases the first time-to-tumor. No physical increase in tumor growth time need be postulated to explain the observations. Existing methods of low-dose risk extrapolation implicitly account for the increase in time-to-tumor statistics insofar as they account for the decrease in tumor incidence.", "contents": "The effect of dose on cancer latency period. A number of animal carcinogenesis experiments have demonstrated that the time from initial exposure to first detection of tumors increases with decreasing dose. This observation has led to some speculation that at very low doses tumors would take so long to develop that life would end before tumors appeared. We show that the apparent increase in tumor development time can be easily seen as nothing more than a manifestation of the mathematical fact that decreasing the incidence necessarily increases the first time-to-tumor. No physical increase in tumor growth time need be postulated to explain the observations. Existing methods of low-dose risk extrapolation implicitly account for the increase in time-to-tumor statistics insofar as they account for the decrease in tumor incidence.", "PMID": 553134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1262", "title": "Bayesian analysis of a dose-response experiment with serial sacrifices.", "content": "This paper presents analysis and comments which are believed to be appropriate for certain carcinogenesis studies where sacrifices are performed throughout the experiment. Estimates of the risk probability for each dose level and sacrifice time are found utilizing the sample likelihood as the posterior density. The dose-response relationship is investigated with these estimates as the response. In order to test if the dose is effective and to check the appropriateness of the time-to-incidence model a Bayesian multiple comparisons technique is introduced.", "contents": "Bayesian analysis of a dose-response experiment with serial sacrifices. This paper presents analysis and comments which are believed to be appropriate for certain carcinogenesis studies where sacrifices are performed throughout the experiment. Estimates of the risk probability for each dose level and sacrifice time are found utilizing the sample likelihood as the posterior density. The dose-response relationship is investigated with these estimates as the response. In order to test if the dose is effective and to check the appropriateness of the time-to-incidence model a Bayesian multiple comparisons technique is introduced.", "PMID": 553135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1263", "title": "An unbalanced experimental design for dose response studies.", "content": "Sixty sets of real data for 15 different pesticides from both sexes of Balb/C mice in two different experimental designs were generated at NCTR. The quantal responses for the dose groups in this data ranged from 1% to 90%. It was shown that the data could be represented equally well by a probit or logit transformation. It was further shown that the investment in terms of 7 times as many animals would greatly increase the confidence in estimating the parameters of the model and in predicting the dose at the low end of the dose response. Most important, it was shown that the estimation of a safe dose for a specified risk was greatly influenced by the choice of experimental design and method of extrapolation. It might be worth the investment in better experimental design to both the consumer and to the chemical industry if higher safe doses could be established which would allow the chemical to better accomplish its purpose and yet improve the assurance of the safety of the consumer.", "contents": "An unbalanced experimental design for dose response studies. Sixty sets of real data for 15 different pesticides from both sexes of Balb/C mice in two different experimental designs were generated at NCTR. The quantal responses for the dose groups in this data ranged from 1% to 90%. It was shown that the data could be represented equally well by a probit or logit transformation. It was further shown that the investment in terms of 7 times as many animals would greatly increase the confidence in estimating the parameters of the model and in predicting the dose at the low end of the dose response. Most important, it was shown that the estimation of a safe dose for a specified risk was greatly influenced by the choice of experimental design and method of extrapolation. It might be worth the investment in better experimental design to both the consumer and to the chemical industry if higher safe doses could be established which would allow the chemical to better accomplish its purpose and yet improve the assurance of the safety of the consumer.", "PMID": 553136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1264", "title": "Relationships between laboratory and human studies.", "content": "The problems encountered in trans-species extrapolation of the results of chemical carcinogenesis experiments to man are considered from the viewpoints of experimental techniques for establishing chemicals as carcinogens and the effect of modifying factors therein. Extrapolations from the effects of high doses of carcinogens in experimental animals to low doses in man present problems which are beyond the reach of present epidemiological and experimental methodology. The author prefers a pragmatic approach to the latter problems rather than the use of largely unsupported mathematical methodology.", "contents": "Relationships between laboratory and human studies. The problems encountered in trans-species extrapolation of the results of chemical carcinogenesis experiments to man are considered from the viewpoints of experimental techniques for establishing chemicals as carcinogens and the effect of modifying factors therein. Extrapolations from the effects of high doses of carcinogens in experimental animals to low doses in man present problems which are beyond the reach of present epidemiological and experimental methodology. The author prefers a pragmatic approach to the latter problems rather than the use of largely unsupported mathematical methodology.", "PMID": 553139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1265", "title": "Predictive value of cancer statistics.", "content": "The value of routinely collected cancer statistics for hypothesis generation and for risk prediction is examined in relation to age, place, migration, time, anatomical sub-site, morphology, and occupation. Current descriptive epidemiological data of this nature reflect the carcinogenic exposures of the past 40 years, and are thus useful for generating hypotheses. While they do not permit prediction of risk associated with a new substance entering the environment, once etiology for a given cancer is known, the likely course of events unless preventive action is taken can be forecast on the basis of existing statistics.", "contents": "Predictive value of cancer statistics. The value of routinely collected cancer statistics for hypothesis generation and for risk prediction is examined in relation to age, place, migration, time, anatomical sub-site, morphology, and occupation. Current descriptive epidemiological data of this nature reflect the carcinogenic exposures of the past 40 years, and are thus useful for generating hypotheses. While they do not permit prediction of risk associated with a new substance entering the environment, once etiology for a given cancer is known, the likely course of events unless preventive action is taken can be forecast on the basis of existing statistics.", "PMID": 553137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1266", "title": "Axonal-ependymal associations during early regeneration of the transected spinal cord in Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "content": "The nature and organization of the cellular substrate supporting axonal outgrowth during early regeneration of the spinal cord following transection and/or segment removal were examined in Xenopus tadpoles. Longitudinal axonal compartments, formed by radial ependymal processes in unoperated spinal cords, were maintained within the rostral and caudal stumps throughout the early post-operative period. The first neuritic sprouts to appear near the cut ends of the cord were frequently associated with these processes. Between 5 and 7 days after transection either single or multiple cellular aggregates, which consisted primarily of ependyma, began occupying the lesion zone and were encompassed by numerous small fibres. Ependymal processes subsequently extended among the neurites within the lesion gap and re-established longitudinal axonal channels and a surrounding glia limitans. A concurrent outgrowth of fibres and ependyma from the rostral and caudal stumps was also initiated by 5-7 days following resection of the cord. Axons were seen further within the ablation gap at 10 and 12 days either coursing along the surfaces of the emerging ependyma or organized into small fascicles by the radial processes of these cells. Intermediate stages of axonal fasciculation by the underlying ependyma were also seen. In contrast with previous reports, axonal elongation beyond the cut ends of the cord did not consistently entail the formation of pre-existing ependymal channels. These observations provide additional evidence emphasizing the importance of the ependymal cell surface during axonal outgrowth in the regenerating spinal cord. Guided neuritic elongation, however, does not appear to be dependent upon the prior establishment of a specific type of cytoarchitecture.", "contents": "Axonal-ependymal associations during early regeneration of the transected spinal cord in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The nature and organization of the cellular substrate supporting axonal outgrowth during early regeneration of the spinal cord following transection and/or segment removal were examined in Xenopus tadpoles. Longitudinal axonal compartments, formed by radial ependymal processes in unoperated spinal cords, were maintained within the rostral and caudal stumps throughout the early post-operative period. The first neuritic sprouts to appear near the cut ends of the cord were frequently associated with these processes. Between 5 and 7 days after transection either single or multiple cellular aggregates, which consisted primarily of ependyma, began occupying the lesion zone and were encompassed by numerous small fibres. Ependymal processes subsequently extended among the neurites within the lesion gap and re-established longitudinal axonal channels and a surrounding glia limitans. A concurrent outgrowth of fibres and ependyma from the rostral and caudal stumps was also initiated by 5-7 days following resection of the cord. Axons were seen further within the ablation gap at 10 and 12 days either coursing along the surfaces of the emerging ependyma or organized into small fascicles by the radial processes of these cells. Intermediate stages of axonal fasciculation by the underlying ependyma were also seen. In contrast with previous reports, axonal elongation beyond the cut ends of the cord did not consistently entail the formation of pre-existing ependymal channels. These observations provide additional evidence emphasizing the importance of the ependymal cell surface during axonal outgrowth in the regenerating spinal cord. Guided neuritic elongation, however, does not appear to be dependent upon the prior establishment of a specific type of cytoarchitecture.", "PMID": 553146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1267", "title": "Induction and maintenance of free postsynaptic membrane thickenings in the adult superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of adult rats was exposed to GABA, either by long lasting microapplication (implantation of glass bulbs for 1-24 days) or in short term experiments (external application up to 6 h). Autoradiography showed that [3H] GABA accumulated selectively in satellite cells. The GABA produced the following effects: (1) Specialized membrane thickenings--similar in fine structural appearance to those seen as postsynaptic membrane thickenings at Gray type I synapses--were formed at the extrasynaptic dendritic surface of principal ganglion cells. (2) Morphometry revealed that the surface to volume ratio of dendrites increased significantly corresponding to an enlargement of their extrasynaptic surface as a result of the formation of spine-like projections. (3) Electrophysiology confirmed that, at least after short term application, the action potentials induced by preganglionic stimulation were heavily suppressed. These results suggest that, in the course of depressed ganglionic activity, so-called free postsynaptic membrane thickenings are generated and maintained in the SCG of adult rats even in the absence of significant axonal degeneration. The discussion focuses on two points: (1) possible similarities between the conditions of neurons after denervation and under the influence of GABA; (2) a possible role of GABA and other substances with inhibitory action in synaptogenesis.", "contents": "Induction and maintenance of free postsynaptic membrane thickenings in the adult superior cervical ganglion. The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of adult rats was exposed to GABA, either by long lasting microapplication (implantation of glass bulbs for 1-24 days) or in short term experiments (external application up to 6 h). Autoradiography showed that [3H] GABA accumulated selectively in satellite cells. The GABA produced the following effects: (1) Specialized membrane thickenings--similar in fine structural appearance to those seen as postsynaptic membrane thickenings at Gray type I synapses--were formed at the extrasynaptic dendritic surface of principal ganglion cells. (2) Morphometry revealed that the surface to volume ratio of dendrites increased significantly corresponding to an enlargement of their extrasynaptic surface as a result of the formation of spine-like projections. (3) Electrophysiology confirmed that, at least after short term application, the action potentials induced by preganglionic stimulation were heavily suppressed. These results suggest that, in the course of depressed ganglionic activity, so-called free postsynaptic membrane thickenings are generated and maintained in the SCG of adult rats even in the absence of significant axonal degeneration. The discussion focuses on two points: (1) possible similarities between the conditions of neurons after denervation and under the influence of GABA; (2) a possible role of GABA and other substances with inhibitory action in synaptogenesis.", "PMID": 553147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1268", "title": "The septum of the lateral axon of the earthworm: a thin section and freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Septa occur between the axonal segments in the lateral giant septate axon of the nerve cord of the earthworm. This septum is demonstrated here to be permeable to fluorescein and to exhibit a negligible time delay for impulse transmission. Periodic anastomoses between the two lateral axons of the nerve cord are revealed by fluorescein. The permeability of the septum is correlated with the demonstration that nexuses occur along the septum. In thin sections, the nexuses may appear as long septilaminar or pentalaminar membrane appositions, but most frequently appear as a series of short or punctate membrane appositions. In freeze-fracture replicas, the nexuses appear as particles 10-12 nm in diameter on the PF face and as pits on the EF face. The particles and pits are arranged in plaques, in anastomosing strands, or most frequently in small plaques with strands of particles or pits emerging from the periphery. In addition to the nexuses, a junction characterized by the presence of 31 nm diameter hemispherical densities on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the septal membranes is revealed in thin sections. The densities are paired on the adjacent septal membranes, and most frequently are shown by optical diffraction to be arranged on the membrane surfaces in hexagonal or rhomboidal lattices with a centre-to-centre spacing of 34.8 nm. In freeze-fracture replicas, an array of particles and pits with a similar lattice symmetry and spacing to the arrays of hemispherical densities is demonstrated.", "contents": "The septum of the lateral axon of the earthworm: a thin section and freeze-fracture study. Septa occur between the axonal segments in the lateral giant septate axon of the nerve cord of the earthworm. This septum is demonstrated here to be permeable to fluorescein and to exhibit a negligible time delay for impulse transmission. Periodic anastomoses between the two lateral axons of the nerve cord are revealed by fluorescein. The permeability of the septum is correlated with the demonstration that nexuses occur along the septum. In thin sections, the nexuses may appear as long septilaminar or pentalaminar membrane appositions, but most frequently appear as a series of short or punctate membrane appositions. In freeze-fracture replicas, the nexuses appear as particles 10-12 nm in diameter on the PF face and as pits on the EF face. The particles and pits are arranged in plaques, in anastomosing strands, or most frequently in small plaques with strands of particles or pits emerging from the periphery. In addition to the nexuses, a junction characterized by the presence of 31 nm diameter hemispherical densities on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the septal membranes is revealed in thin sections. The densities are paired on the adjacent septal membranes, and most frequently are shown by optical diffraction to be arranged on the membrane surfaces in hexagonal or rhomboidal lattices with a centre-to-centre spacing of 34.8 nm. In freeze-fracture replicas, an array of particles and pits with a similar lattice symmetry and spacing to the arrays of hemispherical densities is demonstrated.", "PMID": 553148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1269", "title": "Strength and weaknesses of microbial test results for predicting human response.", "content": "Concern over the mutagenic activity of environmental chemicals is widespread as a result of exploratory work during the past ten years. Mutagens seem to exist in just about every category of chemicals in our environment, and many of these chemicals have been shown to have widespread human exposure. Probably the best example in recent times is the food additive AF-2, (2-[2-furyl]-3-[5-nitro-2-furyl]acrylamide) which was used as a food preservative in Japan for about ten years starting in the mid-60's. It was used to preserve soybean curd, fish, and meat sausage and many other foods which were considered staples in the diet of every person living in Japan during that period. In 1973, AF-2 was found by Japanese scientists to be mutagenic in newly developed microbial tests for mutagenicity as well as in mammalian cells in culture (de Serres, 1974, 1976). Subsequently, AF-2 was found to be mutagenic in numerous other assay systems by scientists in other parts of the world. There was great concern over potential mutagenic effects of AF-2 on the Japanese population early in 1974 as a result of the test data on mutagenicity from experiments on these laboratory organisms. However, it was not until AF-2 was found to produce cancer in the fore-stomach in mice (Sano et al., 1977) in August of 1974 that the use of AF-2 was finally banned by the Japanese Ministry of Health.", "contents": "Strength and weaknesses of microbial test results for predicting human response. Concern over the mutagenic activity of environmental chemicals is widespread as a result of exploratory work during the past ten years. Mutagens seem to exist in just about every category of chemicals in our environment, and many of these chemicals have been shown to have widespread human exposure. Probably the best example in recent times is the food additive AF-2, (2-[2-furyl]-3-[5-nitro-2-furyl]acrylamide) which was used as a food preservative in Japan for about ten years starting in the mid-60's. It was used to preserve soybean curd, fish, and meat sausage and many other foods which were considered staples in the diet of every person living in Japan during that period. In 1973, AF-2 was found by Japanese scientists to be mutagenic in newly developed microbial tests for mutagenicity as well as in mammalian cells in culture (de Serres, 1974, 1976). Subsequently, AF-2 was found to be mutagenic in numerous other assay systems by scientists in other parts of the world. There was great concern over potential mutagenic effects of AF-2 on the Japanese population early in 1974 as a result of the test data on mutagenicity from experiments on these laboratory organisms. However, it was not until AF-2 was found to produce cancer in the fore-stomach in mice (Sano et al., 1977) in August of 1974 that the use of AF-2 was finally banned by the Japanese Ministry of Health.", "PMID": 553142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1270", "title": "Double-walled coated vesicle formation: evidence for massive and transient conjugate internalization of plasma membranes during cerebellar development.", "content": "A massive and transient increase in the formation of double-walled coated vesicles (DWCVs) from surface membranes during late cerebellar development is reported here. These structures are characterized by an outer vesicle (65 nm in diameter), bearing a 15 nm thick spiny coat, containing an inner vesicle (30 nm in diameter). DWCVs occur free in the cytoplasm or attached to the plasma membranes. In the latter case, the membrane of the outer vesicle can be seen to be an invagination of the plasmalemma of the parent cell process while the membrane of the inner vesicle is an evagination of the plasmalemma of the adjacent cell process. DWCVs were observed in a variety of cellular elements in the granular and molecular layers of immature mouse cerebellum, including axons, dendrites, glia and cell bodies. Morphometric analysis revealed that the number of DWCVs in cerebellar mossy terminals became elevated between 16 and 37 days of age and reached a peak 45--50 times higher at 20 days than at either 10 or 70 days of age. The data suggest that a massive conjugate internalization of apposed plasma membranes occurs during late postnatal development which may serve to remodel neural membranes.", "contents": "Double-walled coated vesicle formation: evidence for massive and transient conjugate internalization of plasma membranes during cerebellar development. A massive and transient increase in the formation of double-walled coated vesicles (DWCVs) from surface membranes during late cerebellar development is reported here. These structures are characterized by an outer vesicle (65 nm in diameter), bearing a 15 nm thick spiny coat, containing an inner vesicle (30 nm in diameter). DWCVs occur free in the cytoplasm or attached to the plasma membranes. In the latter case, the membrane of the outer vesicle can be seen to be an invagination of the plasmalemma of the parent cell process while the membrane of the inner vesicle is an evagination of the plasmalemma of the adjacent cell process. DWCVs were observed in a variety of cellular elements in the granular and molecular layers of immature mouse cerebellum, including axons, dendrites, glia and cell bodies. Morphometric analysis revealed that the number of DWCVs in cerebellar mossy terminals became elevated between 16 and 37 days of age and reached a peak 45--50 times higher at 20 days than at either 10 or 70 days of age. The data suggest that a massive conjugate internalization of apposed plasma membranes occurs during late postnatal development which may serve to remodel neural membranes.", "PMID": 553149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1271", "title": "Some genetic considerations for the design of better mammalian assay systems for the detection of chemical mutagens and carcinogens.", "content": "Fuller utilization of the potential for genetic manipulation of the laboratory animal populations producing test animals should aid in the development of more sensitive, relevant, and economic toxicologic assay systems for the generation of dose response data at environmental exposure levels. One example of such genetic manipulation is the incorporation, in laboratory mouse populations of any desired genetic structure, of dominant visible mutations which enhance tumor formation. Thus, two different levels of inherent susceptibility to tumor formation can be incorporated and visually identified in the same test population. Another example is the manipulation of the genetic structure of a laboratory animal population in order to generate F-1 hybrids, hybrid crosses, or minimally inbred stocks from the same gene pool. Which of these genetic structures is most suitable in any particular case depends on the purpose for which the assay data are to be used. In making a choice, the desired degree of genetic heterogeneity of the population and the phenotypic variability of the toxicologic responses to be assayed must be considered.", "contents": "Some genetic considerations for the design of better mammalian assay systems for the detection of chemical mutagens and carcinogens. Fuller utilization of the potential for genetic manipulation of the laboratory animal populations producing test animals should aid in the development of more sensitive, relevant, and economic toxicologic assay systems for the generation of dose response data at environmental exposure levels. One example of such genetic manipulation is the incorporation, in laboratory mouse populations of any desired genetic structure, of dominant visible mutations which enhance tumor formation. Thus, two different levels of inherent susceptibility to tumor formation can be incorporated and visually identified in the same test population. Another example is the manipulation of the genetic structure of a laboratory animal population in order to generate F-1 hybrids, hybrid crosses, or minimally inbred stocks from the same gene pool. Which of these genetic structures is most suitable in any particular case depends on the purpose for which the assay data are to be used. In making a choice, the desired degree of genetic heterogeneity of the population and the phenotypic variability of the toxicologic responses to be assayed must be considered.", "PMID": 553144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1272", "title": "The incidence and variety of Golgi tendon organs in extraocular muscles of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Golgi tendon organs of distal tendons of rectus muscles were traced in serial transverse sections using a light microscope and their identity confirmed with an electron microscope. One or two tendon organs were present in eight of ten muscles taken from four adult rhesus monkeys and none were present in the other two. Tendon organs were unusually small averaging 270 micrometers in length and 36 micrometers in maximum width; three of them were bifid at one or both ends and the remainder were fusiform. Some lay wholly within tendon without direct attachment of muscle fibres and in the others the tip of a single felderstruktur (slow, non-twitch) muscle fibre entered the tendon organ capsule proximally and occupied the full width. Nerve terminals of most tendon organs compared with those found in other muscles with similar organelles and variety of shape. In three tendon organs with inserted muscle fibres, however, terminals with regular profiles, larger aggregations of clear vesicles and fewer mitochondria were present. The latter type of terminal and the encapsulated filderstruktur muscle fibres are features shared by the large numbers of myotendinous cylinders present in extraocular muscles and it is argued that tendon organs and myotendinous cylinders might be of common origin. If this is the case, then the overwhelming majority of myotendinous cylinders suggests that tendon organs may be an aberrant development in extraocular muscles and of little significance in the total sensory output.", "contents": "The incidence and variety of Golgi tendon organs in extraocular muscles of the rhesus monkey. Golgi tendon organs of distal tendons of rectus muscles were traced in serial transverse sections using a light microscope and their identity confirmed with an electron microscope. One or two tendon organs were present in eight of ten muscles taken from four adult rhesus monkeys and none were present in the other two. Tendon organs were unusually small averaging 270 micrometers in length and 36 micrometers in maximum width; three of them were bifid at one or both ends and the remainder were fusiform. Some lay wholly within tendon without direct attachment of muscle fibres and in the others the tip of a single felderstruktur (slow, non-twitch) muscle fibre entered the tendon organ capsule proximally and occupied the full width. Nerve terminals of most tendon organs compared with those found in other muscles with similar organelles and variety of shape. In three tendon organs with inserted muscle fibres, however, terminals with regular profiles, larger aggregations of clear vesicles and fewer mitochondria were present. The latter type of terminal and the encapsulated filderstruktur muscle fibres are features shared by the large numbers of myotendinous cylinders present in extraocular muscles and it is argued that tendon organs and myotendinous cylinders might be of common origin. If this is the case, then the overwhelming majority of myotendinous cylinders suggests that tendon organs may be an aberrant development in extraocular muscles and of little significance in the total sensory output.", "PMID": 553150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1273", "title": "Mutation assay in diploid human lymphoblasts: methodological aspects.", "content": "The protocol for a recently developed quantitative assay for mutation at the hgprt locus of human lymphoblasts is presented. Practical problems affecting ease of performance and reliability are discussed with the aim of making the assay available for assessment and possible use in other laboratories.", "contents": "Mutation assay in diploid human lymphoblasts: methodological aspects. The protocol for a recently developed quantitative assay for mutation at the hgprt locus of human lymphoblasts is presented. Practical problems affecting ease of performance and reliability are discussed with the aim of making the assay available for assessment and possible use in other laboratories.", "PMID": 553145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1274", "title": "Aberrant axon-Schwann cell junctions in dystrophic mouse nerves.", "content": "'Amyelinated' axons in the spinal roots of dystrophic mouse nerves lack typical nodal and paranodal membrane specializations. However, at the periphery of the amyelinated bundles some of the naked axons form aberrant junctions with Schwann cells belonging to neighbouring myelinated axons. These junctions are characterized by a narrow intercellular cleft containing regularly-spaced densities that closely resemble the 'transverse bands' found at paranodal axoglial junctions with respect to both configuration and spacing. In addition, the Schwann cells sometimes extend fingerlike projections towards amyelinated axons in regions where the axolemma has a dense cytoplasmic undercoating. Such regions resemble nodes of Ranvier, where Schwann cell processes interlace over the axolemma. Freeze-fracture replicas show no typical nodal or paranodal membrane specializations in the amyelinated fibres where they are apposed to each other. However, isolated paracrystalline patches of membrane occur corresponding to the aberrant junctions between amyelinated axons and Schwann cells at the periphery of the bundles. The observations show that structural differentiation of the axolemma occurs only where axons are in intimate contact with myelinating cells and does not develop independently in the amyelinated regions. Sodium channels, which are normally concentrated in the specialized nodal membrane, are, therefore, probably distributed uniformly along the amyelinated axon segments that show no sign of such regional differentiation. In addition, it is shown that Schwann cells are capable of forming specialized junctions with more than one axon at the same time.", "contents": "Aberrant axon-Schwann cell junctions in dystrophic mouse nerves. 'Amyelinated' axons in the spinal roots of dystrophic mouse nerves lack typical nodal and paranodal membrane specializations. However, at the periphery of the amyelinated bundles some of the naked axons form aberrant junctions with Schwann cells belonging to neighbouring myelinated axons. These junctions are characterized by a narrow intercellular cleft containing regularly-spaced densities that closely resemble the 'transverse bands' found at paranodal axoglial junctions with respect to both configuration and spacing. In addition, the Schwann cells sometimes extend fingerlike projections towards amyelinated axons in regions where the axolemma has a dense cytoplasmic undercoating. Such regions resemble nodes of Ranvier, where Schwann cell processes interlace over the axolemma. Freeze-fracture replicas show no typical nodal or paranodal membrane specializations in the amyelinated fibres where they are apposed to each other. However, isolated paracrystalline patches of membrane occur corresponding to the aberrant junctions between amyelinated axons and Schwann cells at the periphery of the bundles. The observations show that structural differentiation of the axolemma occurs only where axons are in intimate contact with myelinating cells and does not develop independently in the amyelinated regions. Sodium channels, which are normally concentrated in the specialized nodal membrane, are, therefore, probably distributed uniformly along the amyelinated axon segments that show no sign of such regional differentiation. In addition, it is shown that Schwann cells are capable of forming specialized junctions with more than one axon at the same time.", "PMID": 553151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1275", "title": "Is there a voltage-dependent Cl conductance or do Cl ions modify other conductances in crab muscle fibre?", "content": "1. The electrical activity of crab muscle fibre disappeared in Cl-deficient solutions when Cl was substituted by an impermeant anion. 2. Under voltage-clamp conditions, the above solutions abolished Ca-inward current and altered K-outward currents. 3. In 84 mEq-Cl solutions, (Cl substituted by methane sulfonate or proprionate) it is chiefly in gCa-availability that was modified. Half-availability was shifted by 50 to 70 mV in a hyperpolarizing direction while the slope factor was noticeably increased. Similar effects, but of less amplitude, were observed when decreasing the external Cl concentration to 255 mEq. 4. Ca- and slow K-activation variables were shifted by 17 mV and 20 mV respectively in a hyperpolarizing direction by the Cl-poor (84 mEq) solution. Cl-deficiency was even more efficient on the fast outward current than on the Ca current; the former current could be significantly reprimed only if the Cl-concentration was reduced by about 10 per cent. 5. In Cl-deficient solution, electrical activity could be restored by injecting hyperpolarizing currents in order to reprime the Ca-conductance. 6. It is suggested that Cl-ions bind to positive charges on both sides of the membrane. When substituted by impermeant anions, the local anion concentration decreases at the internal surface of the membrane, thus reducing the strength of the effective field of the membrane.", "contents": "Is there a voltage-dependent Cl conductance or do Cl ions modify other conductances in crab muscle fibre? 1. The electrical activity of crab muscle fibre disappeared in Cl-deficient solutions when Cl was substituted by an impermeant anion. 2. Under voltage-clamp conditions, the above solutions abolished Ca-inward current and altered K-outward currents. 3. In 84 mEq-Cl solutions, (Cl substituted by methane sulfonate or proprionate) it is chiefly in gCa-availability that was modified. Half-availability was shifted by 50 to 70 mV in a hyperpolarizing direction while the slope factor was noticeably increased. Similar effects, but of less amplitude, were observed when decreasing the external Cl concentration to 255 mEq. 4. Ca- and slow K-activation variables were shifted by 17 mV and 20 mV respectively in a hyperpolarizing direction by the Cl-poor (84 mEq) solution. Cl-deficiency was even more efficient on the fast outward current than on the Ca current; the former current could be significantly reprimed only if the Cl-concentration was reduced by about 10 per cent. 5. In Cl-deficient solution, electrical activity could be restored by injecting hyperpolarizing currents in order to reprime the Ca-conductance. 6. It is suggested that Cl-ions bind to positive charges on both sides of the membrane. When substituted by impermeant anions, the local anion concentration decreases at the internal surface of the membrane, thus reducing the strength of the effective field of the membrane.", "PMID": 553159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1276", "title": "Postnatal development of vagal control of breathing in the kitten.", "content": "At birth, the number of vagal myelinated fibers represents about 10% of the corresponding adult value. Their diameters range between 1 micron and 5 micron. The conduction velocities, calculated from the bimodal vagus nerve action potential, are 20 m.sec--1 (range 16--30 m.sec--1) and 6 m.sec--1 (range 1--10 m.sec--1) respectively. The discharge patterns of the vagal afferent units are similar to those described in adult cat for the various pulmonary mecano receptors. The proportion (9%) of low threshold broncho-pulmonary stretch receptors is smaller than that given by Paintal (1973) for the adult cat (50%). Nevertheless, the inhibitory action of the pulmonary stretch receptors is very potent at birth. Various experimental procedures (bivagotomy, vagal stimulation and lung deflation) which reinforce the central inspiratory activity in the adult cat provoke essentially a lengthening of expiration in the newborn. The predominance of expiratory activity can be seen as part of the general motor behaviour which in the newborn is essentially characterized by activation of flexor muscles.", "contents": "Postnatal development of vagal control of breathing in the kitten. At birth, the number of vagal myelinated fibers represents about 10% of the corresponding adult value. Their diameters range between 1 micron and 5 micron. The conduction velocities, calculated from the bimodal vagus nerve action potential, are 20 m.sec--1 (range 16--30 m.sec--1) and 6 m.sec--1 (range 1--10 m.sec--1) respectively. The discharge patterns of the vagal afferent units are similar to those described in adult cat for the various pulmonary mecano receptors. The proportion (9%) of low threshold broncho-pulmonary stretch receptors is smaller than that given by Paintal (1973) for the adult cat (50%). Nevertheless, the inhibitory action of the pulmonary stretch receptors is very potent at birth. Various experimental procedures (bivagotomy, vagal stimulation and lung deflation) which reinforce the central inspiratory activity in the adult cat provoke essentially a lengthening of expiration in the newborn. The predominance of expiratory activity can be seen as part of the general motor behaviour which in the newborn is essentially characterized by activation of flexor muscles.", "PMID": 553161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1277", "title": "[High phosphatidylcholine weights compared to lysophosphatidylcholine weights, in micellar intestinal contents, in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Casein hydrolysat, lactose and lipids (100 mg of fatty acids) were introduced in the stomach of rats by a gastric tube: either pure tri-oleoylglycerol, or phospholipids, or phosphatidylcholines, or the mixture 9/1 to fatty acid weight of tri-oleoylglycerol-phospholipids or phosphatidylcholines. The rats were killed 2 h later. The intraluminal intestinal lipids of the oil and micellar phases were separated after microfiltration (Millipore filters) in preference to the filtration by gel chromatography on polyacrylamide agarose, as an hydrolysis of intraluminal phospholipid occurred after the column elution. 1. After a quantitative recovery of the intestinal lipids (no separation of the oil and micellar phases), a strong hydrolysis of the tri-oleoyglycerol was observed; in opposition, large amounts of intact phospholipids appeared. 2. After isolation of the micellar phases, no triglycerides were recovered, but fatty acids and partial glycerides from the hydrolysed tri-oleoylglycerol and dietary phosphatidylcholines and small quantities of lyso-phosphatidylcholines (hydrolysed forms) were present. 3. After ingestion of the tri-oleoylglycerol as lipid dietary source, the intestinal micellar phases contained endogenous phosphatidylcholines and a few amounts of lysophosphatidylcholines, which had mainly bile origin, since the fatty acid composition of these micellar phosphatidylcholines approached the bile phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition. The micellar lysophosphatidylcholine masses represented one-fourth of the micellar phosphatidylcholine masses. 4. In these experiments the phosphatidylcholine lysophosphatidylcholine ratio was always high: this means that small quantities of exogenous and endogenous lysophosphatidylcholines appeared in the micellar phases.", "contents": "[High phosphatidylcholine weights compared to lysophosphatidylcholine weights, in micellar intestinal contents, in the rat (author's transl)]. Casein hydrolysat, lactose and lipids (100 mg of fatty acids) were introduced in the stomach of rats by a gastric tube: either pure tri-oleoylglycerol, or phospholipids, or phosphatidylcholines, or the mixture 9/1 to fatty acid weight of tri-oleoylglycerol-phospholipids or phosphatidylcholines. The rats were killed 2 h later. The intraluminal intestinal lipids of the oil and micellar phases were separated after microfiltration (Millipore filters) in preference to the filtration by gel chromatography on polyacrylamide agarose, as an hydrolysis of intraluminal phospholipid occurred after the column elution. 1. After a quantitative recovery of the intestinal lipids (no separation of the oil and micellar phases), a strong hydrolysis of the tri-oleoyglycerol was observed; in opposition, large amounts of intact phospholipids appeared. 2. After isolation of the micellar phases, no triglycerides were recovered, but fatty acids and partial glycerides from the hydrolysed tri-oleoylglycerol and dietary phosphatidylcholines and small quantities of lyso-phosphatidylcholines (hydrolysed forms) were present. 3. After ingestion of the tri-oleoylglycerol as lipid dietary source, the intestinal micellar phases contained endogenous phosphatidylcholines and a few amounts of lysophosphatidylcholines, which had mainly bile origin, since the fatty acid composition of these micellar phosphatidylcholines approached the bile phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition. The micellar lysophosphatidylcholine masses represented one-fourth of the micellar phosphatidylcholine masses. 4. In these experiments the phosphatidylcholine lysophosphatidylcholine ratio was always high: this means that small quantities of exogenous and endogenous lysophosphatidylcholines appeared in the micellar phases.", "PMID": 553162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1278", "title": "Olfactory receptor cell activity under electrical polarization of the nasal mucosa in the frog. I. Spontaneous activity.", "content": "The electrical activity of single olfactory receptor cells was studied under electrical polarization of the olfactory epithelium in the frog. 1. The spontaneous discharge frequency varied as a linear function of the polarizing current in the range 1--20 X 10(--6)A. 2. Surface positive polarizations caused the spike activity to increase; surface-negative polarizations suppressed the activity. 3. Partial accommodation to the current was observed. 4. After-effects of short duration occurred: Rebound suppression after positive polarization, rebound excitation after negative polarization. 5. A high percentage of receptor units found in the frog's mucosa displayed no spontaneous activity.", "contents": "Olfactory receptor cell activity under electrical polarization of the nasal mucosa in the frog. I. Spontaneous activity. The electrical activity of single olfactory receptor cells was studied under electrical polarization of the olfactory epithelium in the frog. 1. The spontaneous discharge frequency varied as a linear function of the polarizing current in the range 1--20 X 10(--6)A. 2. Surface positive polarizations caused the spike activity to increase; surface-negative polarizations suppressed the activity. 3. Partial accommodation to the current was observed. 4. After-effects of short duration occurred: Rebound suppression after positive polarization, rebound excitation after negative polarization. 5. A high percentage of receptor units found in the frog's mucosa displayed no spontaneous activity.", "PMID": 553163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1279", "title": "Olfactory receptor cell activity under electrical polarization of the nasal mucosa in the frog. II. Responses to odour stimulation.", "content": "The interactions between electrical polarizations of the olfactory epithelium and odour stimulations were investigated at the level of the extracellular spike activity of the receptor cells in the frog. 1. In most cases, surface positive polarizations enhanced the excitatory olfactory responses, negative polarizations suppressed these responses; both interactive effects were graded. 2. The response of receptor cells to electrical polarization was markedly reduced or suppressed for several seconds following olfactory stimulation. This effect and the time course of the recovery period depended on the nature and the concentration of the olfactory stimulus. 3. The decrease in electrical excitability seemed to be independent of whether the recorded neuron had responded or not to the prior olfactory stimulation. 4. It is suggested that the olfactory stimulation caused the total constant current to change its distribution in the different cell pathways. Changes in conductance induced by olfactory stimuli could implicate the supporting cells. 5. The experimental findings are discussed with reference to a model of receptor cell function that assumes a deep, axo-somatic localization of the action potential trigger-zone.", "contents": "Olfactory receptor cell activity under electrical polarization of the nasal mucosa in the frog. II. Responses to odour stimulation. The interactions between electrical polarizations of the olfactory epithelium and odour stimulations were investigated at the level of the extracellular spike activity of the receptor cells in the frog. 1. In most cases, surface positive polarizations enhanced the excitatory olfactory responses, negative polarizations suppressed these responses; both interactive effects were graded. 2. The response of receptor cells to electrical polarization was markedly reduced or suppressed for several seconds following olfactory stimulation. This effect and the time course of the recovery period depended on the nature and the concentration of the olfactory stimulus. 3. The decrease in electrical excitability seemed to be independent of whether the recorded neuron had responded or not to the prior olfactory stimulation. 4. It is suggested that the olfactory stimulation caused the total constant current to change its distribution in the different cell pathways. Changes in conductance induced by olfactory stimuli could implicate the supporting cells. 5. The experimental findings are discussed with reference to a model of receptor cell function that assumes a deep, axo-somatic localization of the action potential trigger-zone.", "PMID": 553164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1280", "title": "Spontaneous activity of olfactory bulb neurons in awake rabbits, with some observations on the effects of pentobarbital anaesthesia.", "content": "A specially adapted microelectrode driver device has been used to record the spontaneous activity of neurons in the olfactory bulb of awake rabbits. Several parameters of this activity were studied in 78 neurons of conscious animals. A second experiment was performed to investigate anaesthetic-induced modifications of the spike discharge initially recorded in awake animals. 1. In unanaesthetized animals, the interspike interval distribution of all cells was found to be stable over short as well as long periods of time. 2. A periodical change in firing probability, correlated with respiratory activity, was observed in a high percentage of neurons. During inspiration, the discharge was markedly increased (\"well synchronized\" neurons, n = 2), slightly increased (\"poorly synchronized\" neurons, n = 15); or unchanged (\"not synchronized\" neurons, n = 8). 3. The passage from the awake to the anaesthetized state resulted in more regular cell activity with sudden changes from one steady firing level to another, without affecting the cell classification. As anaesthesia wore off, the cell units recovered the characteristic discharge pattern initially observed.", "contents": "Spontaneous activity of olfactory bulb neurons in awake rabbits, with some observations on the effects of pentobarbital anaesthesia. A specially adapted microelectrode driver device has been used to record the spontaneous activity of neurons in the olfactory bulb of awake rabbits. Several parameters of this activity were studied in 78 neurons of conscious animals. A second experiment was performed to investigate anaesthetic-induced modifications of the spike discharge initially recorded in awake animals. 1. In unanaesthetized animals, the interspike interval distribution of all cells was found to be stable over short as well as long periods of time. 2. A periodical change in firing probability, correlated with respiratory activity, was observed in a high percentage of neurons. During inspiration, the discharge was markedly increased (\"well synchronized\" neurons, n = 2), slightly increased (\"poorly synchronized\" neurons, n = 15); or unchanged (\"not synchronized\" neurons, n = 8). 3. The passage from the awake to the anaesthetized state resulted in more regular cell activity with sudden changes from one steady firing level to another, without affecting the cell classification. As anaesthesia wore off, the cell units recovered the characteristic discharge pattern initially observed.", "PMID": 553165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1281", "title": "Home or hospital? Terminal care as seen by surviving spouses.", "content": "Among 276 married patients with cancer under the age of 65 who died in two South London boroughs during the period 1967 to 1971, 41 were still under active treatment at the time of death. I studied the remaining 85 per cent who experienced some form of terminal care, and in particular compared reports by the surviving spouses of 65 patients whose care was home-centred and 100 hospital-centred patients.Although home-centred care was most often chosen for patients who were said to have had little severe pain before the period of terminal care, during that period there was a sharp increase in reports of pain, much of it severe and unrelieved. Hospital-centred patients were said to have had much less pain and more confusion during the final phase of care and were more likely to have been confined to bed than those at home. The amount of anxiety reported by the patient's spouse was not markedly different under the two patterns of care, nor did the pattern of care influence subsequent adjustment to bereavement.Qualitative differences between the two groups are considered and it is concluded that although home-centred care can be successful it is often associated with unnecessary suffering. Implications for the home care of the terminally ill are discussed.", "contents": "Home or hospital? Terminal care as seen by surviving spouses. Among 276 married patients with cancer under the age of 65 who died in two South London boroughs during the period 1967 to 1971, 41 were still under active treatment at the time of death. I studied the remaining 85 per cent who experienced some form of terminal care, and in particular compared reports by the surviving spouses of 65 patients whose care was home-centred and 100 hospital-centred patients.Although home-centred care was most often chosen for patients who were said to have had little severe pain before the period of terminal care, during that period there was a sharp increase in reports of pain, much of it severe and unrelieved. Hospital-centred patients were said to have had much less pain and more confusion during the final phase of care and were more likely to have been confined to bed than those at home. The amount of anxiety reported by the patient's spouse was not markedly different under the two patterns of care, nor did the pattern of care influence subsequent adjustment to bereavement.Qualitative differences between the two groups are considered and it is concluded that although home-centred care can be successful it is often associated with unnecessary suffering. Implications for the home care of the terminally ill are discussed.", "PMID": 553166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1282", "title": "Use and wastage of prescribed medicines in the home.", "content": "A survey of prescribed medicines was carried out in 192 homes, broadly representative of households in England and Wales. The average home had 3.2 containers of such medicines; 56 per cent were in current use, 16 per cent in occasional use, and 28 per cent were never used. One fifth of all oral antibiotics found in the study were wasted. A rough estimate suggests that pound23 million of prescription products (5.6 per cent of the total) are wasted annually in England and Wales.", "contents": "Use and wastage of prescribed medicines in the home. A survey of prescribed medicines was carried out in 192 homes, broadly representative of households in England and Wales. The average home had 3.2 containers of such medicines; 56 per cent were in current use, 16 per cent in occasional use, and 28 per cent were never used. One fifth of all oral antibiotics found in the study were wasted. A rough estimate suggests that pound23 million of prescription products (5.6 per cent of the total) are wasted annually in England and Wales.", "PMID": 553167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1283", "title": "Domestic accidents: their cause and prevention.", "content": "The study of domestic accidents, which includes accidents in and around the home and in institutions, is of increasing importance. The mortality statistics are shown in Table 1. In 1974, 18,335 people died from accidents in the UK (RoSPA, 1974) equivalent to the population of a reasonably sized town. Accidents form one of the four main causes of death in this country and have become relatively more common in recent years. Analysis of the causes of home accidents make it possible to plan ways of preventing them. General practitioners and their colleagues in the primary health care team have the principal responsibility.", "contents": "Domestic accidents: their cause and prevention. The study of domestic accidents, which includes accidents in and around the home and in institutions, is of increasing importance. The mortality statistics are shown in Table 1. In 1974, 18,335 people died from accidents in the UK (RoSPA, 1974) equivalent to the population of a reasonably sized town. Accidents form one of the four main causes of death in this country and have become relatively more common in recent years. Analysis of the causes of home accidents make it possible to plan ways of preventing them. General practitioners and their colleagues in the primary health care team have the principal responsibility.", "PMID": 553168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1284", "title": "The recognition of family and social problems by general practitioners: towards developing a taxonomy.", "content": "A short feasibility study to investigate the recognition rate and precision of family problems by general practitioners is described. The need for such work in preparing a taxonomy of family and social problems, and the difficulties involved are discussed. Further support by general practitioners is invited.", "contents": "The recognition of family and social problems by general practitioners: towards developing a taxonomy. A short feasibility study to investigate the recognition rate and precision of family problems by general practitioners is described. The need for such work in preparing a taxonomy of family and social problems, and the difficulties involved are discussed. Further support by general practitioners is invited.", "PMID": 553169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1285", "title": "The management of vaginal discharge in general practice.", "content": "A group of general practitioners in active practice were asked to report how they preferred to manage the symptoms of vaginal discharge presented by a woman in her twenties. Subsequently the same practitioners reported their management of such patients in their practice.A shortfall was found for all practitioners between their declared intention and their actual practice.This method of analysis offers a way of working towards a consensus in clinical care and also of auditing medical performance in general practice.", "contents": "The management of vaginal discharge in general practice. A group of general practitioners in active practice were asked to report how they preferred to manage the symptoms of vaginal discharge presented by a woman in her twenties. Subsequently the same practitioners reported their management of such patients in their practice.A shortfall was found for all practitioners between their declared intention and their actual practice.This method of analysis offers a way of working towards a consensus in clinical care and also of auditing medical performance in general practice.", "PMID": 553172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1286", "title": "The prevalence and clinical diagnosis of vaginal candidosis in non-pregnant patients with vaginal discharge and pruritus vulvae.", "content": "Two hundred and thirteen nonpregnant female patients complaining of vaginal discharge or pruritus vulvae were recruited to the study by 45 general practitioners in the Yorkshire region. Of these patients, 102 (48 per cent) were found to have demonstrable vaginal mycosis on an initial swab and a further 10 to be swab positive after one week of placebo treatment. The total prevalence in this population of women consulting their practitioner was thus 52.6 per cent.Analysis of symptomatology and of physical findings showed that a clinical diagnosis of vaginal mycosis cannot be made with acceptable reliability.The occurrence of spontaneous swab conversion is noted, and its possible origins are discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence and clinical diagnosis of vaginal candidosis in non-pregnant patients with vaginal discharge and pruritus vulvae. Two hundred and thirteen nonpregnant female patients complaining of vaginal discharge or pruritus vulvae were recruited to the study by 45 general practitioners in the Yorkshire region. Of these patients, 102 (48 per cent) were found to have demonstrable vaginal mycosis on an initial swab and a further 10 to be swab positive after one week of placebo treatment. The total prevalence in this population of women consulting their practitioner was thus 52.6 per cent.Analysis of symptomatology and of physical findings showed that a clinical diagnosis of vaginal mycosis cannot be made with acceptable reliability.The occurrence of spontaneous swab conversion is noted, and its possible origins are discussed.", "PMID": 553173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1287", "title": "Diagnostic delay in neoplastic disease.", "content": "It may be possible to measure quality of care in general practice by selecting a single criterion of care such as the delay in the recognition of neoplastic disease. Seven general practitioners reported on 55 new cases and the results are analysed according to age, sex, and diagnostic category. An attempt is made to quantify ;quality' by comparing the theoretical ;ideal' delay (retrospectively assessed) with the ;actual' delay. The wider implications of the study are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic delay in neoplastic disease. It may be possible to measure quality of care in general practice by selecting a single criterion of care such as the delay in the recognition of neoplastic disease. Seven general practitioners reported on 55 new cases and the results are analysed according to age, sex, and diagnostic category. An attempt is made to quantify ;quality' by comparing the theoretical ;ideal' delay (retrospectively assessed) with the ;actual' delay. The wider implications of the study are discussed.", "PMID": 553174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1288", "title": "Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-two children (57 boys and 105 girls), aged between three and 15 years and suffering from recurrent abdominal pain, were seen in general practice in Thamesmead during a seven-year period. Only five were found to have possible organic causes for the pain. Comparison with a control group showed that the close relatives of children with pain consulted doctors more often, had had more abdominal complaints and operations, a higher rate of psychiatric illness and referral, and more known marital problems. Relations between mothers and children with recurrent pain were often unstable and inconsistent. The clinical picture was unhelpful and investigation unproductive.Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood is often a reflection of family disorder, and assessment of the state of the family should precede decisions on management.", "contents": "Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. One hundred and sixty-two children (57 boys and 105 girls), aged between three and 15 years and suffering from recurrent abdominal pain, were seen in general practice in Thamesmead during a seven-year period. Only five were found to have possible organic causes for the pain. Comparison with a control group showed that the close relatives of children with pain consulted doctors more often, had had more abdominal complaints and operations, a higher rate of psychiatric illness and referral, and more known marital problems. Relations between mothers and children with recurrent pain were often unstable and inconsistent. The clinical picture was unhelpful and investigation unproductive.Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood is often a reflection of family disorder, and assessment of the state of the family should precede decisions on management.", "PMID": 553175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1289", "title": "A coronary screening programme in general practice.", "content": "All male patients between the ages of 37 and 43 were selected from an age-sex register and invited to attend the surgery for coronary screening, which included medical history, family history, occupation, smoking habits, blood pressure, examination of the urine, measurement of weight and height, the taking of an electrocardiogram and chest x-ray, plus fasting blood levels of cholesterol, sugar, triglycerides, lipid electrophoresis, urea, and full blood picture. Sixty-four per cent responded to the invitation and of those, avoidable risk factors were found in 52 per cent.Forty per cent of those reporting had not previously had their blood pressure recorded. Fifty-eight per cent had not had their urine examined, and 71 per cent had never had a chest x-ray.Twenty per cent were found to have atypical electrocardiograms (mainly T-wave changes and ectopics) and 20 per cent had sufficiently elevated plasma lipids to justify further electrophoresis. Forty-four per cent of patients admitted to smoking more than 10 cigarettes daily.Follow-up of the smokers one year later showed that 27 per cent had stopped smoking completely, 12 per cent had reduced their smoking by more than half, 54 per cent had not changed their smoking habits at all, five per cent had given up smoking but started again, and two per cent had either moved away or could not be traced.I believe such a programme can readily be undertaken in the average general practice and can yield much useful information, such that it is possible to influence patients' smoking habits by advice.", "contents": "A coronary screening programme in general practice. All male patients between the ages of 37 and 43 were selected from an age-sex register and invited to attend the surgery for coronary screening, which included medical history, family history, occupation, smoking habits, blood pressure, examination of the urine, measurement of weight and height, the taking of an electrocardiogram and chest x-ray, plus fasting blood levels of cholesterol, sugar, triglycerides, lipid electrophoresis, urea, and full blood picture. Sixty-four per cent responded to the invitation and of those, avoidable risk factors were found in 52 per cent.Forty per cent of those reporting had not previously had their blood pressure recorded. Fifty-eight per cent had not had their urine examined, and 71 per cent had never had a chest x-ray.Twenty per cent were found to have atypical electrocardiograms (mainly T-wave changes and ectopics) and 20 per cent had sufficiently elevated plasma lipids to justify further electrophoresis. Forty-four per cent of patients admitted to smoking more than 10 cigarettes daily.Follow-up of the smokers one year later showed that 27 per cent had stopped smoking completely, 12 per cent had reduced their smoking by more than half, 54 per cent had not changed their smoking habits at all, five per cent had given up smoking but started again, and two per cent had either moved away or could not be traced.I believe such a programme can readily be undertaken in the average general practice and can yield much useful information, such that it is possible to influence patients' smoking habits by advice.", "PMID": 553176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1290", "title": "Survival medicine in North Devon.", "content": "Last winter, heavy snow and gale force winds isolated a small North Devon village from the outside world for seven days. This paper describes one general practitioner's experience in helping to maintain community morale and health.", "contents": "Survival medicine in North Devon. Last winter, heavy snow and gale force winds isolated a small North Devon village from the outside world for seven days. This paper describes one general practitioner's experience in helping to maintain community morale and health.", "PMID": 553177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1291", "title": "A follow-up survey of patients with dyspepsia in one general practice.", "content": "Eighty-three patients who had been investigated by cholecystogram, barium meal and fibreoptic endoscopy more than two years previously were interviewed to enquire into their reactions to the investigations carried out, their present symptoms, and their present smoking and alcohol consumption. Comparisons were made with previously recorded observations. Those who still complained of severe dyspepsia were asked to attend for a repeat endoscopy. Sixty-three per cent of patients were asymptomatic; 13 per cent had recurrent dyspepsia, and 24 per cent had persistent dyspepsia. Thirty-nine per cent of smokers were found to have stopped altogether following medical advice.Both radiological and endoscopic methods of investigation proved acceptable. A majority of patients preferred endoscopy to barium meal.", "contents": "A follow-up survey of patients with dyspepsia in one general practice. Eighty-three patients who had been investigated by cholecystogram, barium meal and fibreoptic endoscopy more than two years previously were interviewed to enquire into their reactions to the investigations carried out, their present symptoms, and their present smoking and alcohol consumption. Comparisons were made with previously recorded observations. Those who still complained of severe dyspepsia were asked to attend for a repeat endoscopy. Sixty-three per cent of patients were asymptomatic; 13 per cent had recurrent dyspepsia, and 24 per cent had persistent dyspepsia. Thirty-nine per cent of smokers were found to have stopped altogether following medical advice.Both radiological and endoscopic methods of investigation proved acceptable. A majority of patients preferred endoscopy to barium meal.", "PMID": 553178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1292", "title": "Familial Bell's palsy.", "content": "Six attacks of Bell's palsy occurring in five members of one family are described.", "contents": "Familial Bell's palsy. Six attacks of Bell's palsy occurring in five members of one family are described.", "PMID": 553179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1293", "title": "Assessing release courses in vocational training.", "content": "A series of visits to selected vocational training schemes revealed a wide variation in attendance by trainees, content of release courses, use of teaching methods, and participation in planning by trainees. The principal criticism made by ex-trainees was the absence of enough teaching on practice management.I suggest that it is important to clarify as soon as possible the division of teaching responsibilities between training practices and release courses.", "contents": "Assessing release courses in vocational training. A series of visits to selected vocational training schemes revealed a wide variation in attendance by trainees, content of release courses, use of teaching methods, and participation in planning by trainees. The principal criticism made by ex-trainees was the absence of enough teaching on practice management.I suggest that it is important to clarify as soon as possible the division of teaching responsibilities between training practices and release courses.", "PMID": 553180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1294", "title": "Clinical experience of a trainee in general practice.", "content": "A survey of one year's trainee clinical experience in a semi-rural teaching practice is reported.The trainee saw significantly more acute minor illness and significantly less chronic illness than a principal in general practice. He also saw less life-threatening illness, psychiatry, obstetrics, and gynaecology.The balance of clinical experience gained in the trainee year is questioned. Careful monitoring, and perhaps control of the trainee workload by trainer and trainee, could provide a more balanced clinical experience of general practice.", "contents": "Clinical experience of a trainee in general practice. A survey of one year's trainee clinical experience in a semi-rural teaching practice is reported.The trainee saw significantly more acute minor illness and significantly less chronic illness than a principal in general practice. He also saw less life-threatening illness, psychiatry, obstetrics, and gynaecology.The balance of clinical experience gained in the trainee year is questioned. Careful monitoring, and perhaps control of the trainee workload by trainer and trainee, could provide a more balanced clinical experience of general practice.", "PMID": 553181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1295", "title": "A comparison of trainee and trainer clinical experience.", "content": "The results are presented of a survey comparing patients seen in the surgery by trainer and trainee during a six-month attachment.STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE SHOWN AS FOLLOWS: the trainee saw a younger group of patients, a higher proportion of whom were male; the trainee saw fewer musculoskeletal disorders, fewer gynaecological disorders, and gave less contraceptive care. He saw more acute respiratory tract infections. Despite there being no direction of trainee workload, some of the difference in clinical workload significantly altered over a six-month period. However, trainee and trainer experience of many clinical conditions was not significantly different.We suggest that trainees and trainers should agree at the start of a traineeship on the aspects of clinical care in which experience should be obtained. Regular monitoring of the trainee's clinical workload would then enable deficiencies to be identified and corrected by direction of appropriate patients to the trainee.", "contents": "A comparison of trainee and trainer clinical experience. The results are presented of a survey comparing patients seen in the surgery by trainer and trainee during a six-month attachment.STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE SHOWN AS FOLLOWS: the trainee saw a younger group of patients, a higher proportion of whom were male; the trainee saw fewer musculoskeletal disorders, fewer gynaecological disorders, and gave less contraceptive care. He saw more acute respiratory tract infections. Despite there being no direction of trainee workload, some of the difference in clinical workload significantly altered over a six-month period. However, trainee and trainer experience of many clinical conditions was not significantly different.We suggest that trainees and trainers should agree at the start of a traineeship on the aspects of clinical care in which experience should be obtained. Regular monitoring of the trainee's clinical workload would then enable deficiencies to be identified and corrected by direction of appropriate patients to the trainee.", "PMID": 553182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1296", "title": "Learning general practice--the experience of one trainee.", "content": "I report my experiences in learning general practice as a vocational trainee with 12 months divided between two general practices at the end of a three-year course. A parallel between developmental milestones and a trainee's educational development is drawn and the reasons which brought patients to me as a trainee are analysed.I suggest the trainee year should be a dynamic time of learning and that trainees should be in an educational environment including progressively less authority. The trainer/trainee relationship, like the doctor/patient relationship, is all important.", "contents": "Learning general practice--the experience of one trainee. I report my experiences in learning general practice as a vocational trainee with 12 months divided between two general practices at the end of a three-year course. A parallel between developmental milestones and a trainee's educational development is drawn and the reasons which brought patients to me as a trainee are analysed.I suggest the trainee year should be a dynamic time of learning and that trainees should be in an educational environment including progressively less authority. The trainer/trainee relationship, like the doctor/patient relationship, is all important.", "PMID": 553183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1297", "title": "Electrocardiogram of the reindeer, Rangifer tarandus tarandus.", "content": "Electrocardiograms were recorded for 50 Finnish reindeer of age 1 day to 9 years, using standard and unipolar extremity leads in the frontal plane. The range of heart rate was 40-250 beats per minute. Atrial and ventricular depolarization times were 5-10 ms shorter in newborn calves than in other reindeer, and showed only minor variance with respect to heart rate. The duration of depolarization was dependant on heart rate, and was more rapid in young calves. A-V conduction time decreased with increasing heart rate. The mode of the QRS vector was 280-290 degrees, and the mode of the T vector 200-230 degrees in the older animals, but 100-120 degrees in young calves. The main deflection in the QRS complex was S in the leads II, III and aVF.R was dominant in aVL and I.", "contents": "Electrocardiogram of the reindeer, Rangifer tarandus tarandus. Electrocardiograms were recorded for 50 Finnish reindeer of age 1 day to 9 years, using standard and unipolar extremity leads in the frontal plane. The range of heart rate was 40-250 beats per minute. Atrial and ventricular depolarization times were 5-10 ms shorter in newborn calves than in other reindeer, and showed only minor variance with respect to heart rate. The duration of depolarization was dependant on heart rate, and was more rapid in young calves. A-V conduction time decreased with increasing heart rate. The mode of the QRS vector was 280-290 degrees, and the mode of the T vector 200-230 degrees in the older animals, but 100-120 degrees in young calves. The main deflection in the QRS complex was S in the leads II, III and aVF.R was dominant in aVL and I.", "PMID": 553184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1298", "title": "Transmission of Spironucleus and Giardia spp. and some nonpathogenic intestinal protozoa from infested hamsters to mice.", "content": "Intestinal protoza belonging to the genera Spironucleus (Hexamita), Giardia, Trichomonas and Entamoeba, carried by conventional hamsters, were successfully transmitted to and established in protozoa-free sucking or newly-weaned specified-pathogen-free inbred mice by exposure of the mice to hamster intestinal contents.", "contents": "Transmission of Spironucleus and Giardia spp. and some nonpathogenic intestinal protozoa from infested hamsters to mice. Intestinal protoza belonging to the genera Spironucleus (Hexamita), Giardia, Trichomonas and Entamoeba, carried by conventional hamsters, were successfully transmitted to and established in protozoa-free sucking or newly-weaned specified-pathogen-free inbred mice by exposure of the mice to hamster intestinal contents.", "PMID": 553186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1299", "title": "Simple focus assay for Encephalitozoon cuniculi.", "content": "In this is vitro infectivity assay for Encephalitozoon cuniculi, lesions due to the organism appeared as macroscopically distinct foci. The number of such foci was used as a direct measure of the number of infectious units in the original sample. The expected correlation between focus-forming units and 50% infectious doses was observed in limit dilution experiments.", "contents": "Simple focus assay for Encephalitozoon cuniculi. In this is vitro infectivity assay for Encephalitozoon cuniculi, lesions due to the organism appeared as macroscopically distinct foci. The number of such foci was used as a direct measure of the number of infectious units in the original sample. The expected correlation between focus-forming units and 50% infectious doses was observed in limit dilution experiments.", "PMID": 553187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1300", "title": "India-ink immunoreaction for encephalitozoonosis: phototechnique.", "content": "We present photographs of an immunoreaction which has to be viewed as a vet preparation under highpower oil-immersion microscopy. The difficulties of varying focal plane and constant movement of the specimen were overcome by the use of electronic flash.", "contents": "India-ink immunoreaction for encephalitozoonosis: phototechnique. We present photographs of an immunoreaction which has to be viewed as a vet preparation under highpower oil-immersion microscopy. The difficulties of varying focal plane and constant movement of the specimen were overcome by the use of electronic flash.", "PMID": 553188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1301", "title": "Ultrastructural features of spironucleosis (hexamitiasis) in x-irradiated rat small intestine.", "content": "An alteration in the host response to the intestinal protozoan Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris was noted in x-irradiated rat small intestine. When few were present in the crypt lumina, the intestinal microvillar border was normal. However, when larger numbers were present, the microvilli were greatly reduced in numbers or entirely absent in some regions. The organism was identified in the base of the crypt lumen, in apical portions of mucous cells, and near the basement membrane. Spironucleus enclosed by digestive vacuoles occasionally appeared to be in the process of being extruded through the basement membrane. Not all intracellular protozoa were surrounded by such digestive vacuoles. Spironucleus was never seen in association with the digestive vacuoles of Paneth cells. Since it has been suggested that Paneth cells have a role as a fixed phagocyte, ingesting protozoa and other microorganisms, the results presented here suggest that this function may have been impaired in irradiated animals.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of spironucleosis (hexamitiasis) in x-irradiated rat small intestine. An alteration in the host response to the intestinal protozoan Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris was noted in x-irradiated rat small intestine. When few were present in the crypt lumina, the intestinal microvillar border was normal. However, when larger numbers were present, the microvilli were greatly reduced in numbers or entirely absent in some regions. The organism was identified in the base of the crypt lumen, in apical portions of mucous cells, and near the basement membrane. Spironucleus enclosed by digestive vacuoles occasionally appeared to be in the process of being extruded through the basement membrane. Not all intracellular protozoa were surrounded by such digestive vacuoles. Spironucleus was never seen in association with the digestive vacuoles of Paneth cells. Since it has been suggested that Paneth cells have a role as a fixed phagocyte, ingesting protozoa and other microorganisms, the results presented here suggest that this function may have been impaired in irradiated animals.", "PMID": 553189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1302", "title": "Diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis: a simple method for collection of rabbit blood.", "content": "The blood was collected on filter paper, dried, put into an envelope and posted to the laboratory. One drop of blood extracted with 1 ml PBS was satisfactory for detecting natural cases of encephalitozoonosis by the india-ink immunoreaction.", "contents": "Diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis: a simple method for collection of rabbit blood. The blood was collected on filter paper, dried, put into an envelope and posted to the laboratory. One drop of blood extracted with 1 ml PBS was satisfactory for detecting natural cases of encephalitozoonosis by the india-ink immunoreaction.", "PMID": 553190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1303", "title": "Warfarin-resistance genotype determination in the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus.", "content": "The 2-stage determination is based on changes in blood coaggulation activity brought about both by the administration of warfarin in conjunction with vitamin K1 epoxide and by feeding a vitamin K-free diet for 4 days. When it was applied to laboratory-bred rats of known warfarin-resistance genotype, 35/35 homozygous susceptible, 44/44 homozygous resistant and 131/133 heterozygous rats were correctly classified. This method was equally effective in identifying the genotype of wild rats carrying the warfarin-resistance gene, Rw2. The procedure is rapid and accurate.", "contents": "Warfarin-resistance genotype determination in the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus. The 2-stage determination is based on changes in blood coaggulation activity brought about both by the administration of warfarin in conjunction with vitamin K1 epoxide and by feeding a vitamin K-free diet for 4 days. When it was applied to laboratory-bred rats of known warfarin-resistance genotype, 35/35 homozygous susceptible, 44/44 homozygous resistant and 131/133 heterozygous rats were correctly classified. This method was equally effective in identifying the genotype of wild rats carrying the warfarin-resistance gene, Rw2. The procedure is rapid and accurate.", "PMID": 553191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1304", "title": "Some aspects of the physiology and anatomy of the cardiovascular system of the ferret, Mustela putorius furo.", "content": "The resting heart rate was monitored in 50 urethane-anaesthetized (387 +/- 54 beats/min) and 4 conscious (341 +/- 39 beats/min) ferrets. The arterial blood pressure in the anaesthetized animals was 140/110 +/- 35/31 mmHg. The circulatory responses to vagal stimulation, carotid artery occlusion and a variety of humoral agents were examined. The vagal innervation of the heart and of the distribution of the great vessels are described.", "contents": "Some aspects of the physiology and anatomy of the cardiovascular system of the ferret, Mustela putorius furo. The resting heart rate was monitored in 50 urethane-anaesthetized (387 +/- 54 beats/min) and 4 conscious (341 +/- 39 beats/min) ferrets. The arterial blood pressure in the anaesthetized animals was 140/110 +/- 35/31 mmHg. The circulatory responses to vagal stimulation, carotid artery occlusion and a variety of humoral agents were examined. The vagal innervation of the heart and of the distribution of the great vessels are described.", "PMID": 553192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1305", "title": "Myopathy and steatitis in the common guppy, Poecilia (Lebistes) reticulata (Peters).", "content": "There was 1% mortality among female guppies just imported from Southeast Asia. Moribund fish showed discoloration, lethargy and kyphosis. Microscopically, myopathy and steatitis were observed, together with an extensive ceroid storage. These findings are indicative of vitamin E deficiency, and illustrate the risk of using fish of unknown origin in toxicological studies.", "contents": "Myopathy and steatitis in the common guppy, Poecilia (Lebistes) reticulata (Peters). There was 1% mortality among female guppies just imported from Southeast Asia. Moribund fish showed discoloration, lethargy and kyphosis. Microscopically, myopathy and steatitis were observed, together with an extensive ceroid storage. These findings are indicative of vitamin E deficiency, and illustrate the risk of using fish of unknown origin in toxicological studies.", "PMID": 553194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1306", "title": "Evaluation of room cleaning procedures in a laboratory animal facility.", "content": "Animal room cleaning procedures were developed that could be used routinely and economically in this animal facility. Bacterial samples from the floors of rooms housing rabbits, rats and mice provided a useful way to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures, and to determine the in-use effectiveness of disinfectant solutions.", "contents": "Evaluation of room cleaning procedures in a laboratory animal facility. Animal room cleaning procedures were developed that could be used routinely and economically in this animal facility. Bacterial samples from the floors of rooms housing rabbits, rats and mice provided a useful way to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures, and to determine the in-use effectiveness of disinfectant solutions.", "PMID": 553197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1307", "title": "The influence of Bacillus piliformis (Tyzzer) infections on the reliability of pharmacokinetic experiments in mice.", "content": "The half-lives of warfarin and trimethoprim were significantly longer in mice acutely infected with Bacillus piloformis and in mice which ad clinically recovered from previous experimental infection with the organism. The volume of distribution of trimethoprim but not of warfarin was significantly greater in infected mice than in controls. Body clearances of warfarin was significantly reduced in both disease states. For trimethoprim this parameter was only reduced in the acute state of the disease. The importance of careful control of Tyzzer's disease in laboratory animals for use in pharmacological research is stressed.", "contents": "The influence of Bacillus piliformis (Tyzzer) infections on the reliability of pharmacokinetic experiments in mice. The half-lives of warfarin and trimethoprim were significantly longer in mice acutely infected with Bacillus piloformis and in mice which ad clinically recovered from previous experimental infection with the organism. The volume of distribution of trimethoprim but not of warfarin was significantly greater in infected mice than in controls. Body clearances of warfarin was significantly reduced in both disease states. For trimethoprim this parameter was only reduced in the acute state of the disease. The importance of careful control of Tyzzer's disease in laboratory animals for use in pharmacological research is stressed.", "PMID": 553198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1308", "title": "A barrier cabinet for mice based on the Houghton chicken isolator.", "content": "Nuclei of a disease-free foundation stock of mice housed in a barrier unit and a barrier cabinet constructed from resin-bonded glass-fibre were compared over a period of 7 years. The cabinet was found to be a satisfactory alternative to a flexible-film isolator and was thought to be preferable. A description is given of the cabinet, the method of sterilization and the breeding schedules for 2 generations adopted to make the maximum use of the 10-month life of the high-efficiency filter employed. Throughout many cycles of this duration the degree of cleanliness was of a high order. A major contribution towards this was the collection of excreta on a tray lined with both absorbent and grease-proof paper, and the removal from the cabinet of dirt boxes when weaners were issued in them at the age of 5 weeks. These boxes were replaced in the cabinet by clean, sterile ones.", "contents": "A barrier cabinet for mice based on the Houghton chicken isolator. Nuclei of a disease-free foundation stock of mice housed in a barrier unit and a barrier cabinet constructed from resin-bonded glass-fibre were compared over a period of 7 years. The cabinet was found to be a satisfactory alternative to a flexible-film isolator and was thought to be preferable. A description is given of the cabinet, the method of sterilization and the breeding schedules for 2 generations adopted to make the maximum use of the 10-month life of the high-efficiency filter employed. Throughout many cycles of this duration the degree of cleanliness was of a high order. A major contribution towards this was the collection of excreta on a tray lined with both absorbent and grease-proof paper, and the removal from the cabinet of dirt boxes when weaners were issued in them at the age of 5 weeks. These boxes were replaced in the cabinet by clean, sterile ones.", "PMID": 553199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1309", "title": "Breeding performance of a captive colony of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "For most of the 18 years recorded, fewer than 50% of the adult females gave birth in any one year. The colony, of 6 social groups, showed a clear-cut breeding season. Female parity and dominance had no effect on breeding rate, though 1st infants were born earlier in the year than 2nd-born ones. Only when females gave birth in successive years were the months of giving birth correlated. Mothers and daughters may tend to give birth closer in time within a breeding season than do other females.", "contents": "Breeding performance of a captive colony of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). For most of the 18 years recorded, fewer than 50% of the adult females gave birth in any one year. The colony, of 6 social groups, showed a clear-cut breeding season. Female parity and dominance had no effect on breeding rate, though 1st infants were born earlier in the year than 2nd-born ones. Only when females gave birth in successive years were the months of giving birth correlated. Mothers and daughters may tend to give birth closer in time within a breeding season than do other females.", "PMID": 553200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1310", "title": "Exteroceptive factors, sexual maturation and reproduction in the female rat.", "content": "Keeping a sexually mature male with a weanling female rat advanced neither the time of vaginal opening nor that of 1st oestrus. In 2 of 3 experiments females kept singly after weanling reached sexual maturity significantly earlier than did grouped females. The reproductive performance of females mated at 1st oestrus was not significantly different from that of older primiparae. 26 rats gave birth to an average of 9.3 young at 59.5 days of age, and 22 of them reared 96% of the young to weaning.", "contents": "Exteroceptive factors, sexual maturation and reproduction in the female rat. Keeping a sexually mature male with a weanling female rat advanced neither the time of vaginal opening nor that of 1st oestrus. In 2 of 3 experiments females kept singly after weanling reached sexual maturity significantly earlier than did grouped females. The reproductive performance of females mated at 1st oestrus was not significantly different from that of older primiparae. 26 rats gave birth to an average of 9.3 young at 59.5 days of age, and 22 of them reared 96% of the young to weaning.", "PMID": 553201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1311", "title": "[Benign mesenchymal tumors of the uterus].", "content": "Benign mesenchymal tumours of the uterus are discussed. The results are compared with those of other authors and respective epidemiological findings are put forward. Clinical and histological characteristics of uterine myomas and adenomyomas are described in more detail. Irregular bleeding is most frequent among clinical symptoms; it is caused by the persistence of the proliferative endometrium. The secretory conversion of the ectopic endometrium in adenomyoma appears in the glandular epithelium only, while the stromal response to progesteron activity seems inadequate. Maturation of the ectopic and the uterine endometrium is discordant. The cause is the retardation of both the proliferative and secretory phases in the ectopic endometrium. After secretory conversion of the ectopic endometrium the exhaustion and destruction of glands appears. The regeneration of the ectopic endometrium fails to occur because of the absence of the basal layer in the ectopic endometrium. Therefore the authors suppose that the regression of the ectopic endometrium in adenomyomas might be the result of ovulatory cycles.", "contents": "[Benign mesenchymal tumors of the uterus]. Benign mesenchymal tumours of the uterus are discussed. The results are compared with those of other authors and respective epidemiological findings are put forward. Clinical and histological characteristics of uterine myomas and adenomyomas are described in more detail. Irregular bleeding is most frequent among clinical symptoms; it is caused by the persistence of the proliferative endometrium. The secretory conversion of the ectopic endometrium in adenomyoma appears in the glandular epithelium only, while the stromal response to progesteron activity seems inadequate. Maturation of the ectopic and the uterine endometrium is discordant. The cause is the retardation of both the proliferative and secretory phases in the ectopic endometrium. After secretory conversion of the ectopic endometrium the exhaustion and destruction of glands appears. The regeneration of the ectopic endometrium fails to occur because of the absence of the basal layer in the ectopic endometrium. Therefore the authors suppose that the regression of the ectopic endometrium in adenomyomas might be the result of ovulatory cycles.", "PMID": 553204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1312", "title": "[Dynamics in the 3d stage of labor observed by ultrasound].", "content": "In two groups, with 50 pregnant women each, changes in the third stage of labour were followed up by a real-time scanner. In the experimental group the umbilical cord on the mother's side as not tied up, while in the control external uterine wall to the chorionic line in the separated placenta immediately before a cord traction intervention amounted to 5.45 cm, while in the control group, under the same conditions, it amounted to 8.61 cm and was caused by the intensified development of the retroplacental hematoma. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). In the way presented, along with the shortening of the third stage of labour, the authors prevent the development of anemia in parturients.", "contents": "[Dynamics in the 3d stage of labor observed by ultrasound]. In two groups, with 50 pregnant women each, changes in the third stage of labour were followed up by a real-time scanner. In the experimental group the umbilical cord on the mother's side as not tied up, while in the control external uterine wall to the chorionic line in the separated placenta immediately before a cord traction intervention amounted to 5.45 cm, while in the control group, under the same conditions, it amounted to 8.61 cm and was caused by the intensified development of the retroplacental hematoma. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). In the way presented, along with the shortening of the third stage of labour, the authors prevent the development of anemia in parturients.", "PMID": 553205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1313", "title": "[A case of bilateral gonadoblastoma].", "content": "A case of a patient with bilateral ovarian tumours is described. She was operated on and hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was applied. Histological diagnosis of both tumours was gonadoblastoma. The patient has had an orderly menstrual cycle during her life and fertility was proved by two deliveries. No karyogram was performed. There have been no pathological disorders observed in the patient so far.", "contents": "[A case of bilateral gonadoblastoma]. A case of a patient with bilateral ovarian tumours is described. She was operated on and hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was applied. Histological diagnosis of both tumours was gonadoblastoma. The patient has had an orderly menstrual cycle during her life and fertility was proved by two deliveries. No karyogram was performed. There have been no pathological disorders observed in the patient so far.", "PMID": 553206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1314", "title": "[A neurogenic cyst of the ovary].", "content": "A case of a bilateral adult cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 45-year-old woman is reported. The cyst of the right ovary was a typical \"ovarian dermoid\". The cyst of the left ovary consisted of adult neurogenic tissue, with islands of the ependyma on the surface. The tissues of the endodermal and mesodermal origin were also present in small quantities. It is evident from the literature that \"neurogenic cysts\" are much larger than \"dermoid cysts\", and they are reported only in preburtal girls. In the case presented the \"neurogenic cyst\" was not substantially larger than the \"dermoid cyst\" in the contralateral ovary. The the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of a \"neurogenic cyst\" of the ovary in the reproductive life reported so far.", "contents": "[A neurogenic cyst of the ovary]. A case of a bilateral adult cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 45-year-old woman is reported. The cyst of the right ovary was a typical \"ovarian dermoid\". The cyst of the left ovary consisted of adult neurogenic tissue, with islands of the ependyma on the surface. The tissues of the endodermal and mesodermal origin were also present in small quantities. It is evident from the literature that \"neurogenic cysts\" are much larger than \"dermoid cysts\", and they are reported only in preburtal girls. In the case presented the \"neurogenic cyst\" was not substantially larger than the \"dermoid cyst\" in the contralateral ovary. The the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of a \"neurogenic cyst\" of the ovary in the reproductive life reported so far.", "PMID": 553207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1315", "title": "[Gestational characteristics in women with breast cancer].", "content": "In a survey of 250 women with breast cancer and 250 healthy women from a matched control group (matching in age, nationality, and residence) no significant difference was found between the diseased and the healthy women in the average number of pregnant women and the average duration of pregnancy. In the group of the diseased there were significantly more women with 1--2 pregnancies, i.e. below modal values in the healthy women (P < 0.10), and also a higher number of women with more frequent pregnancies. No significant difference was found in the number of nulliparas, but in the diseased both a larger and a smaller number of births in relation to the modal values of both groups (2 births) were characteristic, There was no significant difference in the distribution of the first delivery according to the women's age. The diseased had significantly fewer artificial abortuses (P < 0.001). There were more healthy women with 1--5 abortuses (P < 0.001) while the number of women with 5 and over 5 abortuses was the same in both groups. The number of women with spontaneous abortus proved significantly higher in the diseased than in the group of healthy women (P < 0.10). No evidence was obtained concerning the protective role of breast feeding which lasted longer in the diseased, both in the period of intensive breast breeding and following this period.", "contents": "[Gestational characteristics in women with breast cancer]. In a survey of 250 women with breast cancer and 250 healthy women from a matched control group (matching in age, nationality, and residence) no significant difference was found between the diseased and the healthy women in the average number of pregnant women and the average duration of pregnancy. In the group of the diseased there were significantly more women with 1--2 pregnancies, i.e. below modal values in the healthy women (P < 0.10), and also a higher number of women with more frequent pregnancies. No significant difference was found in the number of nulliparas, but in the diseased both a larger and a smaller number of births in relation to the modal values of both groups (2 births) were characteristic, There was no significant difference in the distribution of the first delivery according to the women's age. The diseased had significantly fewer artificial abortuses (P < 0.001). There were more healthy women with 1--5 abortuses (P < 0.001) while the number of women with 5 and over 5 abortuses was the same in both groups. The number of women with spontaneous abortus proved significantly higher in the diseased than in the group of healthy women (P < 0.10). No evidence was obtained concerning the protective role of breast feeding which lasted longer in the diseased, both in the period of intensive breast breeding and following this period.", "PMID": 553202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1316", "title": "[Congenital anomalies of the uterus. (Pregnancy, delivery, and the newborn].", "content": "A total of 123 women with congenital anomalies of the uterus were analysed. It has been found that earlier pregnancies terminated with abortus in a high percentage (68.09%). In the course of the last pregnancy and the first in primiparas, 39.02% of women developed one or more complications. The delivery itself was completed by cesarean section in 75.6% of parturients. In the course of labour, complications appeared in 44.71% of women; most frequently there was a premature rupture of the bag of waters and the adhered placenta. The abnormal position of the fetus was found in 54.47%, it was mostly the pelvic presentation. A comparison between the perinatal mortality in earlier deliveries and the last one has shown that there is a significant association between the use of cesarean section and perinatal mortality. In earlier deliveries the perinatal mortality rate was 48.78% and in the last pregnancy 8%. There were 19.2% before-term babies. By Apgar score 1--8, 55.73% of newborns were assessed. The babies were often hypotrophic in relation to their gestation age. A high percentage of congenital anomalies in newborns (16.8%), mostly joint deformations, was established. It is concluded that uterine congenital anomalies exert an unfavourable effect on pregnancy. They put both mother and child at risk. The risk could be diminished by a timely detection of uterine anomalies, by the appropriate therapy, and by the use of cesarean section.", "contents": "[Congenital anomalies of the uterus. (Pregnancy, delivery, and the newborn]. A total of 123 women with congenital anomalies of the uterus were analysed. It has been found that earlier pregnancies terminated with abortus in a high percentage (68.09%). In the course of the last pregnancy and the first in primiparas, 39.02% of women developed one or more complications. The delivery itself was completed by cesarean section in 75.6% of parturients. In the course of labour, complications appeared in 44.71% of women; most frequently there was a premature rupture of the bag of waters and the adhered placenta. The abnormal position of the fetus was found in 54.47%, it was mostly the pelvic presentation. A comparison between the perinatal mortality in earlier deliveries and the last one has shown that there is a significant association between the use of cesarean section and perinatal mortality. In earlier deliveries the perinatal mortality rate was 48.78% and in the last pregnancy 8%. There were 19.2% before-term babies. By Apgar score 1--8, 55.73% of newborns were assessed. The babies were often hypotrophic in relation to their gestation age. A high percentage of congenital anomalies in newborns (16.8%), mostly joint deformations, was established. It is concluded that uterine congenital anomalies exert an unfavourable effect on pregnancy. They put both mother and child at risk. The risk could be diminished by a timely detection of uterine anomalies, by the appropriate therapy, and by the use of cesarean section.", "PMID": 553203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1317", "title": "[Premature deliveries at the Gynecology-Obstetrical Department in Titovo Uzice from 1974 to 1979].", "content": "In the course of four years there were 7099 deliveries, 399 of them (5.63%) premature, at the Gynecology-Obstetric Department in Titovo Uzice. The mortality rate in premature children was high (19.72%), representing a persistent medical, social, and economic problem, and one of the most urgent tasks facing the health service is therefore the reduction of premature deliveries. This could be done by an early detection and treatment of conditions likely to cause premature deliveries. The use of tocolytics and corticosteroids, both for preventive and therapeutic purposes, is recommended. It is pointed out that a special obstetric problem is to avoid birth injuries in prematures.", "contents": "[Premature deliveries at the Gynecology-Obstetrical Department in Titovo Uzice from 1974 to 1979]. In the course of four years there were 7099 deliveries, 399 of them (5.63%) premature, at the Gynecology-Obstetric Department in Titovo Uzice. The mortality rate in premature children was high (19.72%), representing a persistent medical, social, and economic problem, and one of the most urgent tasks facing the health service is therefore the reduction of premature deliveries. This could be done by an early detection and treatment of conditions likely to cause premature deliveries. The use of tocolytics and corticosteroids, both for preventive and therapeutic purposes, is recommended. It is pointed out that a special obstetric problem is to avoid birth injuries in prematures.", "PMID": 553209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1318", "title": "[Diagnostic evaluation of stress incontinence].", "content": "Diagnostic evaluation of stress incontinence is the summary score of the disease presented in percents. On this basis the classification of the disease has been made. The classification, unlike other classifications, includes all parameters, not only the degree of incontinence. The author investigates the role of every diagnostic parameter and makes comparison between them. The percentage range of every parameter in the diagnostic index of the disease is as follows: anamnesis 0--10%, age 0--5%, constitution 0--5% metabolic diseases 0--3%, clinical valuation of the hormonal hypotrophy of the tissue 0--5%, gynecological examination 0--7%, urethrocystoscopy 0--15%, urethrocystography 0--12%, cystometry and sphyncterometry 0--7%, difference between measures of the pressure in the urinary bladder and the urethra 0--16%, uroinfection 0--15%. According to this evaluation, the complexity of the first stage of disease could reach the score of 15--30%, the second stage 31--55%, and the third stage 56--100%. It was deducible mathematically but more upon the authentication in practice. The examination covered 667 female patients.", "contents": "[Diagnostic evaluation of stress incontinence]. Diagnostic evaluation of stress incontinence is the summary score of the disease presented in percents. On this basis the classification of the disease has been made. The classification, unlike other classifications, includes all parameters, not only the degree of incontinence. The author investigates the role of every diagnostic parameter and makes comparison between them. The percentage range of every parameter in the diagnostic index of the disease is as follows: anamnesis 0--10%, age 0--5%, constitution 0--5% metabolic diseases 0--3%, clinical valuation of the hormonal hypotrophy of the tissue 0--5%, gynecological examination 0--7%, urethrocystoscopy 0--15%, urethrocystography 0--12%, cystometry and sphyncterometry 0--7%, difference between measures of the pressure in the urinary bladder and the urethra 0--16%, uroinfection 0--15%. According to this evaluation, the complexity of the first stage of disease could reach the score of 15--30%, the second stage 31--55%, and the third stage 56--100%. It was deducible mathematically but more upon the authentication in practice. The examination covered 667 female patients.", "PMID": 553210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1319", "title": "[A full-term abdominal pregnancy. (A case report)].", "content": "A case of mature ectopic abdominal pregnancy diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound is described. Up to the establishment of the diagnosis the case was treated as a normal pregnancy. The foetus died 3 weeks before the term of delivery. The patient was discharged in a good condition 25 days after operation.", "contents": "[A full-term abdominal pregnancy. (A case report)]. A case of mature ectopic abdominal pregnancy diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound is described. Up to the establishment of the diagnosis the case was treated as a normal pregnancy. The foetus died 3 weeks before the term of delivery. The patient was discharged in a good condition 25 days after operation.", "PMID": 553208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1320", "title": "[Characteristics of pregnant women, labor, and the newborn at the Skopje Clinic from 1978 to 1979].", "content": "An analysis was made of the first computer data received from the IFRP (International Fertility Research Program) within the framework of the International Study \"Maternity Record\" -- \"Maternity Monitoring Care'. The main findings are the following: The women who were confined at the Skopje University Hospital during 1978--1979 were young, in their twenties. Women over thirty were confined very rarely. Most of the women surveyed had about 12 years of education. Pregnant women had artificial abortions very rarely (1:5.7 in favor of terminating pregnancy). Preventive work on contraception should include women at the time of delivery. Pregnant women in Skopje come to the Consulting Centers for a check-up mostly five times. The higher the parity, the less frequent the visits. More than half of pregnant women during the antenatal period had no complaints. Younger pregnant women had fewer difficulties and complications. The values of haemoglobin under 10 g% were very often in primiparas and over 12 g% in multiparas. The birthweight of women smoker's babies proved lower than that of women non-smokers' babies. In two thirds of women the delivery was induced by drugs and amniotomy. The delivery mostly lasted between 7--12 h, regardless of parity. Prolonged deliveries were the more frequent the younger the women. Primiparas gave birth to babies with a lower birthweight than multiparas. Almost all women (92.4%) were previously using no contraceptive devices. The main method of protection was coitus interruptus.", "contents": "[Characteristics of pregnant women, labor, and the newborn at the Skopje Clinic from 1978 to 1979]. An analysis was made of the first computer data received from the IFRP (International Fertility Research Program) within the framework of the International Study \"Maternity Record\" -- \"Maternity Monitoring Care'. The main findings are the following: The women who were confined at the Skopje University Hospital during 1978--1979 were young, in their twenties. Women over thirty were confined very rarely. Most of the women surveyed had about 12 years of education. Pregnant women had artificial abortions very rarely (1:5.7 in favor of terminating pregnancy). Preventive work on contraception should include women at the time of delivery. Pregnant women in Skopje come to the Consulting Centers for a check-up mostly five times. The higher the parity, the less frequent the visits. More than half of pregnant women during the antenatal period had no complaints. Younger pregnant women had fewer difficulties and complications. The values of haemoglobin under 10 g% were very often in primiparas and over 12 g% in multiparas. The birthweight of women smoker's babies proved lower than that of women non-smokers' babies. In two thirds of women the delivery was induced by drugs and amniotomy. The delivery mostly lasted between 7--12 h, regardless of parity. Prolonged deliveries were the more frequent the younger the women. Primiparas gave birth to babies with a lower birthweight than multiparas. Almost all women (92.4%) were previously using no contraceptive devices. The main method of protection was coitus interruptus.", "PMID": 553211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1321", "title": "Alcohol-induced alterations in hippocampal afterdischarges and afterdischarge thresholds: dose-reponse studies.", "content": "The hippocampal afterdischarge (AD) has been suggested as an index of toxicant-induced CNS change [1]. The present experiments report raised AD thresholds, decreased AD durations, shorter post-stimulation latencies to AD onset, decreased numbers of AD spike complexes and increased numbers of spikes/complex following alcohol administration. Results are discussed in light of single-unit data concerning alcohol effects upon hippocampal cells, and the biphasic effects of alcohol upon behavior.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced alterations in hippocampal afterdischarges and afterdischarge thresholds: dose-reponse studies. The hippocampal afterdischarge (AD) has been suggested as an index of toxicant-induced CNS change [1]. The present experiments report raised AD thresholds, decreased AD durations, shorter post-stimulation latencies to AD onset, decreased numbers of AD spike complexes and increased numbers of spikes/complex following alcohol administration. Results are discussed in light of single-unit data concerning alcohol effects upon hippocampal cells, and the biphasic effects of alcohol upon behavior.", "PMID": 553239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1322", "title": "Altered saccharin preference during chronic dietary administration of lead in adult rats.", "content": "Procedural variables are crucial in using taste aversion as a measure of lead toxicity. Rats were given saccharin and water to drink while ingesting a diet containing lead acetate (PbAc). Rats showed high preference for saccharin (over water) before lead was introduced. Saccharian preference fell during PbAc ingestion and rose when PbAc was removed from the diet suggesting that saccharin preference may correlate with the physiologic action of the toxicant. When saccharin was introduced simultaneously with PbAc aversion was almost total, but recovered with continuous PbAc exposure. When saccharin was introduced after the start of PbAc exposure saccharin aversion diminished with the duration of presaccharin PbAc exposure.", "contents": "Altered saccharin preference during chronic dietary administration of lead in adult rats. Procedural variables are crucial in using taste aversion as a measure of lead toxicity. Rats were given saccharin and water to drink while ingesting a diet containing lead acetate (PbAc). Rats showed high preference for saccharin (over water) before lead was introduced. Saccharian preference fell during PbAc ingestion and rose when PbAc was removed from the diet suggesting that saccharin preference may correlate with the physiologic action of the toxicant. When saccharin was introduced simultaneously with PbAc aversion was almost total, but recovered with continuous PbAc exposure. When saccharin was introduced after the start of PbAc exposure saccharin aversion diminished with the duration of presaccharin PbAc exposure.", "PMID": 553240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1323", "title": "Effects of selenium, alone and in combination with silver or arsenic, in rats.", "content": "In two experiments, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered elemental selenium (Se; 10 ppm), silver (Ag; 1000 ppm) and arsenic (As; 50 ppm), either alone or in combination (Ag+Se or As+Se). Administration was via drinking water. Body weight, fluid intake, and food consumption were monitored weekly and measures of forelimb and handlimb strength were taken. Se depressed body weights in both experiments, as did As+Se. Food consumption relative to body weight tended to be increased by Se alone; none of the other treatments affected body weight, except for As+Se. Water consumption was depressed in all cases, which was attributed to a palatability effect. Limb strength was not affected by any treatment. The addition of Ag to the drinking water containing Se appeared to reduce the toxic effect of Se. However, As appeared to interact in a potentiating fashion with Se. There was 1 death in the Se alone group, none in the As group, but 7 out of 10 animals receiving As+Se had died by the end of the 18 week dosing period.", "contents": "Effects of selenium, alone and in combination with silver or arsenic, in rats. In two experiments, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered elemental selenium (Se; 10 ppm), silver (Ag; 1000 ppm) and arsenic (As; 50 ppm), either alone or in combination (Ag+Se or As+Se). Administration was via drinking water. Body weight, fluid intake, and food consumption were monitored weekly and measures of forelimb and handlimb strength were taken. Se depressed body weights in both experiments, as did As+Se. Food consumption relative to body weight tended to be increased by Se alone; none of the other treatments affected body weight, except for As+Se. Water consumption was depressed in all cases, which was attributed to a palatability effect. Limb strength was not affected by any treatment. The addition of Ag to the drinking water containing Se appeared to reduce the toxic effect of Se. However, As appeared to interact in a potentiating fashion with Se. There was 1 death in the Se alone group, none in the As group, but 7 out of 10 animals receiving As+Se had died by the end of the 18 week dosing period.", "PMID": 553241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1324", "title": "Behavioral teratology of marihuana extract in rats.", "content": "Prenatal exposure of rats to marihuana extract impaired Rotarod performance in female offspring but did not affect inclined plane, spontaneous alternation, learning/memory, or open-field performance.", "contents": "Behavioral teratology of marihuana extract in rats. Prenatal exposure of rats to marihuana extract impaired Rotarod performance in female offspring but did not affect inclined plane, spontaneous alternation, learning/memory, or open-field performance.", "PMID": 553242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1325", "title": "[Contamination of the operating room with anesthetic gases and vapors. Analytical methods].", "content": "An approach for the measurement of the contamination of the operating room air is presented. The measurements were performed in three operating rooms used for general surgery, partly in model experiments and partly while anesthesia was in progress. During anesthesia, the measurements were taken when oxygen 3 l/min containing ethrane 1.0--1.5% was passed into a semi-closed circle and the exhaled gas vented directly to the environmental air with no scavenging system in use. The daily exposure of operating room personnel was determined by adsorption of ethrane on glass tubes containing activated charcoal. The ethrane was subsequently desorbed in toluol and quantified by gas chromatography. The concentration of contaminant was found to be significantly greater in the anesthesiologist's position than in the areas of surgeon and circulating nurse. Some pitfalls in sampling, standardization, and analysis are indicated. Attention is drawn to the numerous factors influencing the extent of contamination.", "contents": "[Contamination of the operating room with anesthetic gases and vapors. Analytical methods]. An approach for the measurement of the contamination of the operating room air is presented. The measurements were performed in three operating rooms used for general surgery, partly in model experiments and partly while anesthesia was in progress. During anesthesia, the measurements were taken when oxygen 3 l/min containing ethrane 1.0--1.5% was passed into a semi-closed circle and the exhaled gas vented directly to the environmental air with no scavenging system in use. The daily exposure of operating room personnel was determined by adsorption of ethrane on glass tubes containing activated charcoal. The ethrane was subsequently desorbed in toluol and quantified by gas chromatography. The concentration of contaminant was found to be significantly greater in the anesthesiologist's position than in the areas of surgeon and circulating nurse. Some pitfalls in sampling, standardization, and analysis are indicated. Attention is drawn to the numerous factors influencing the extent of contamination.", "PMID": 553246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1326", "title": "[Elimination of anesthetic gases and vapors from operating rooms. System for passive conveyance of gases to the outside].", "content": "Mathematical calculations were employed in an assessment of the resistances associated with a passive outward conveyance system for the removal of anesthetic gases and fumes from operating theatres. It was found that the magnitude of such resistances was not enough to interfere with the patient's respiratory dynamics.", "contents": "[Elimination of anesthetic gases and vapors from operating rooms. System for passive conveyance of gases to the outside]. Mathematical calculations were employed in an assessment of the resistances associated with a passive outward conveyance system for the removal of anesthetic gases and fumes from operating theatres. It was found that the magnitude of such resistances was not enough to interfere with the patient's respiratory dynamics.", "PMID": 553247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1327", "title": "[Risk and choice of anesthetics for patients with previous malignant hyperthermia syndrome].", "content": "Two cases of m.h. are reported. Various parameters--age of patients, predisposing situation and diseases, family history and enzyme changes, use of certain anaesthetics and myorelaxant--are examined and evaluated. Alternative anaesthesia techniques are suggested for patients presenting a family history of m.h. or who have manifested the syndrome on other occasions and who have to undergo further surgery.", "contents": "[Risk and choice of anesthetics for patients with previous malignant hyperthermia syndrome]. Two cases of m.h. are reported. Various parameters--age of patients, predisposing situation and diseases, family history and enzyme changes, use of certain anaesthetics and myorelaxant--are examined and evaluated. Alternative anaesthesia techniques are suggested for patients presenting a family history of m.h. or who have manifested the syndrome on other occasions and who have to undergo further surgery.", "PMID": 553248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1328", "title": "[Anesthesiological problems in cardiopathic patients. Clinical updating].", "content": "The activity of a drug is completely defined by experimentation and the results of clinical experiments. Specifically, the use of anaesthetic drugs in cardiopaths must meet certain requirements: no toxicity, no rises in cardiac rhythm. A slight hypotensive action can be tolerated because this is not related to cardiac hypoxia and thus places the myocardium in a more favourable situation.", "contents": "[Anesthesiological problems in cardiopathic patients. Clinical updating]. The activity of a drug is completely defined by experimentation and the results of clinical experiments. Specifically, the use of anaesthetic drugs in cardiopaths must meet certain requirements: no toxicity, no rises in cardiac rhythm. A slight hypotensive action can be tolerated because this is not related to cardiac hypoxia and thus places the myocardium in a more favourable situation.", "PMID": 553249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1329", "title": "[Thrombosis of the right internal jugular vein caused by a catheter in the subclavian vein. A complication precluding the insertion of a ventriculo-atrial cerebrospinal fluid shunt].", "content": "The Authors describe a case of right internal jugular vein thrombosis caused by a catheter in the subclavian vein which occurred in a four-month-old baby with chronic subdural hematomas. They emphasize that this thrombotic complication precludes the insertion of a ventriculo-cardiac shunt and point out the opportunity to prefer left subclavian cannulation in those patients who probably will need a ventriculo-cardiac shunt.", "contents": "[Thrombosis of the right internal jugular vein caused by a catheter in the subclavian vein. A complication precluding the insertion of a ventriculo-atrial cerebrospinal fluid shunt]. The Authors describe a case of right internal jugular vein thrombosis caused by a catheter in the subclavian vein which occurred in a four-month-old baby with chronic subdural hematomas. They emphasize that this thrombotic complication precludes the insertion of a ventriculo-cardiac shunt and point out the opportunity to prefer left subclavian cannulation in those patients who probably will need a ventriculo-cardiac shunt.", "PMID": 553251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1330", "title": "[Risks caused by chronic contact with volatile anesthetics. Working hypothesis for anesthetists].", "content": "Numerous researches concern the risk that operating-theatre personnel and especially anaesthetists expose themselves in contact with anaesthetics gases. Epidemiological and experimental studies have been made in the last years. Some proposals are explained to reduce the risk. This work takes into consideration also operating-theatre injury considered highly stressing place.", "contents": "[Risks caused by chronic contact with volatile anesthetics. Working hypothesis for anesthetists]. Numerous researches concern the risk that operating-theatre personnel and especially anaesthetists expose themselves in contact with anaesthetics gases. Epidemiological and experimental studies have been made in the last years. Some proposals are explained to reduce the risk. This work takes into consideration also operating-theatre injury considered highly stressing place.", "PMID": 553253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1331", "title": "[The anesthesia outpatient department. A structure in keeping with the Health Service Reform].", "content": "Attention is drawn to the pressing need to establish out-patient departments for anaesthesia and anaesthesiological treatment within anaesthesia, resuscitation and intensive therapy services. In addition to offering specialist services, such as anaesthesiological therapy, and such services as may be in keeping with the local situation, such departments should be engaged in research, and towards the provision of preoperative anaesthesiological management prior to admission, on behalf of patients undergoing surgery of choice, so as to cut down the overlong period of preoperative stay. An assessment is made of the economic and social benefits of such departments, particularly in the light of the experience gained from similar structures that have long been in use in other countries.", "contents": "[The anesthesia outpatient department. A structure in keeping with the Health Service Reform]. Attention is drawn to the pressing need to establish out-patient departments for anaesthesia and anaesthesiological treatment within anaesthesia, resuscitation and intensive therapy services. In addition to offering specialist services, such as anaesthesiological therapy, and such services as may be in keeping with the local situation, such departments should be engaged in research, and towards the provision of preoperative anaesthesiological management prior to admission, on behalf of patients undergoing surgery of choice, so as to cut down the overlong period of preoperative stay. An assessment is made of the economic and social benefits of such departments, particularly in the light of the experience gained from similar structures that have long been in use in other countries.", "PMID": 553254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1332", "title": "The ocular findings in infantile spasms.", "content": "The results of this study suggest that a careful ophthalmoscopic examination of children with infantile spasms will help to establish an etiologic diagnosis in at least 20% of cases. The two clinical entities identifiable by this examination are tuberous sclerosis and Aicardi's syndrome. It is emphasized that the retinal hamartomas of tuberous sclerosis seen in infancy are flat, semitransparent, and small. The mulberry-like lesion is distinctly unusual in this age group. The essential ocular feature of Aicardi's syndrome is a chorioretinopathy of the posterior pole. This may be accompanied by microphthalmus, persistent pupillary remnant, and colobomas of the optic nerve and choroid. Diagnosis of either of these two entities is helpful in establishing the prognosis for a child with infantile spasms since both of these disorders usually lead to severe neurologic handicap and premature death. Moreover, genetic counseling is essential for the family suffering with this tragic disorder. Tuberous sclerosis is inherited as an irregular dominant trait. The genetic interpretation of sporadic cases, which are in the majority, is difficult due to the presence of unrecognized incomplete or \"fruste\" forms within families. On the other hand, Aicardi's syndrome has never been reported to be familial and future pregnancies can be undertaken without fear of producing another child with infantile spasms.", "contents": "The ocular findings in infantile spasms. The results of this study suggest that a careful ophthalmoscopic examination of children with infantile spasms will help to establish an etiologic diagnosis in at least 20% of cases. The two clinical entities identifiable by this examination are tuberous sclerosis and Aicardi's syndrome. It is emphasized that the retinal hamartomas of tuberous sclerosis seen in infancy are flat, semitransparent, and small. The mulberry-like lesion is distinctly unusual in this age group. The essential ocular feature of Aicardi's syndrome is a chorioretinopathy of the posterior pole. This may be accompanied by microphthalmus, persistent pupillary remnant, and colobomas of the optic nerve and choroid. Diagnosis of either of these two entities is helpful in establishing the prognosis for a child with infantile spasms since both of these disorders usually lead to severe neurologic handicap and premature death. Moreover, genetic counseling is essential for the family suffering with this tragic disorder. Tuberous sclerosis is inherited as an irregular dominant trait. The genetic interpretation of sporadic cases, which are in the majority, is difficult due to the presence of unrecognized incomplete or \"fruste\" forms within families. On the other hand, Aicardi's syndrome has never been reported to be familial and future pregnancies can be undertaken without fear of producing another child with infantile spasms.", "PMID": 553255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1333", "title": "The histology of human glaucoma cupping and optic nerve damage: clinicopathologic correlation in 21 eyes.", "content": "We have examined by light and electron microscopy the retina, optic nervehead, and optic nerves of 21 human eyes from glaucoma patients in whom clinical information was available for comparison. In several cases it was possible to correlate the degree and distribution of optic nerve damage with the clinical appearance of the optic disc and visual field studies. There was no selective loss of astrocytes of the optic nervehead in early glaucoma cupping. Acquired increases in optic disc cup size prior to detectable visual field loss probably represent loss of ganglion cell axonal fibers which is not yet significant enough to produce field defects. It is unlikely that the mechanism of axonal damage in chronic human glaucoma involves early loss of astrocytic glial cells at the optic nervehead. At the level of the retrobulbar optic nerve, the ganglion cell axonal fibers of the superior and inferior quadrants seem to be lost earlier than the fibers of the nasal and temporal nerve periphery. Since the superior and inferior poles of the optic nerve may contain the fibers of arcuate area ganglion cells, these data confirm the presumption from visual field testing that arcuate area ganglion cell fibers are selectively more susceptible to damage in chronic glaucoma.", "contents": "The histology of human glaucoma cupping and optic nerve damage: clinicopathologic correlation in 21 eyes. We have examined by light and electron microscopy the retina, optic nervehead, and optic nerves of 21 human eyes from glaucoma patients in whom clinical information was available for comparison. In several cases it was possible to correlate the degree and distribution of optic nerve damage with the clinical appearance of the optic disc and visual field studies. There was no selective loss of astrocytes of the optic nervehead in early glaucoma cupping. Acquired increases in optic disc cup size prior to detectable visual field loss probably represent loss of ganglion cell axonal fibers which is not yet significant enough to produce field defects. It is unlikely that the mechanism of axonal damage in chronic human glaucoma involves early loss of astrocytic glial cells at the optic nervehead. At the level of the retrobulbar optic nerve, the ganglion cell axonal fibers of the superior and inferior quadrants seem to be lost earlier than the fibers of the nasal and temporal nerve periphery. Since the superior and inferior poles of the optic nerve may contain the fibers of arcuate area ganglion cells, these data confirm the presumption from visual field testing that arcuate area ganglion cell fibers are selectively more susceptible to damage in chronic glaucoma.", "PMID": 553256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1334", "title": "Cherry-red spot-myoclonus syndrome.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman had typical clinical and biochemical findings of the cherry-red spot-myoclonus syndrome. She had 20/50 acuity in each eye, flutter-like ocular oscillations, rebound nystagmus, and transient vertical dissociation. Cherry-red maculas and optic atrophy were present. Although electroretinographic signals were normal, visual evoked potentials were almost absent. Levels of neuraminidase were significantly reduced in cultured ebroblasts from the patient and her parents, while lysosomal inclusions probably containing oligosaccharides were found in her conjunctival fibroblasts.", "contents": "Cherry-red spot-myoclonus syndrome. A 21-year-old woman had typical clinical and biochemical findings of the cherry-red spot-myoclonus syndrome. She had 20/50 acuity in each eye, flutter-like ocular oscillations, rebound nystagmus, and transient vertical dissociation. Cherry-red maculas and optic atrophy were present. Although electroretinographic signals were normal, visual evoked potentials were almost absent. Levels of neuraminidase were significantly reduced in cultured ebroblasts from the patient and her parents, while lysosomal inclusions probably containing oligosaccharides were found in her conjunctival fibroblasts.", "PMID": 553258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1335", "title": "Peripheral nasal field defects in glaucoma.", "content": "One hundred fifty-one eyes of 101 consecutive patients with chronic open-angle and low tension glaucoma showed typical visual field changes. Sixty of the eyes had a nasal step, either alone or in combination with other defects. In 17 of these eyes, it was possible to demonstrate an isolated scotoma in the nasal periphery. It was concluded that the peripheral nasal step is a nerve fiber bundle defect that in its earliest phase produces a scotoma. In this sense, it behaves similar to the more central defects, rather than simply as a depression of isopters nasally.", "contents": "Peripheral nasal field defects in glaucoma. One hundred fifty-one eyes of 101 consecutive patients with chronic open-angle and low tension glaucoma showed typical visual field changes. Sixty of the eyes had a nasal step, either alone or in combination with other defects. In 17 of these eyes, it was possible to demonstrate an isolated scotoma in the nasal periphery. It was concluded that the peripheral nasal step is a nerve fiber bundle defect that in its earliest phase produces a scotoma. In this sense, it behaves similar to the more central defects, rather than simply as a depression of isopters nasally.", "PMID": 553259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1336", "title": "Sicca complex and cholangiostatic jaundice in two members of a family probably caused by thiabendazole.", "content": "An entire family (father, mother, and three daughters) were given thiabendazole because one of the children had acquired pinworm infestation. The mother and one daughter (non-infected) developed a sicca complex (keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia) accompanied by cholangiostatic jaundice. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease and presents many immune mechanism aberrancies. An association between autoimmune liver disease and sicca complex has been reported. Labeled mitochondrial antibodies bound to the parotid duct have been noted in patients with autoimmune cholangiostatic jaundice and such antibodies may be similar to the antibody against salivary duct found in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. It is suggested that in these two patients, thiabendazole may have acted as a hapten and by binding to the body protein induced the production of autoantibodies which may have acted against the biliary epithelium, the salivary duct epithelium, and the lacrimal gland ducts.", "contents": "Sicca complex and cholangiostatic jaundice in two members of a family probably caused by thiabendazole. An entire family (father, mother, and three daughters) were given thiabendazole because one of the children had acquired pinworm infestation. The mother and one daughter (non-infected) developed a sicca complex (keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia) accompanied by cholangiostatic jaundice. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease and presents many immune mechanism aberrancies. An association between autoimmune liver disease and sicca complex has been reported. Labeled mitochondrial antibodies bound to the parotid duct have been noted in patients with autoimmune cholangiostatic jaundice and such antibodies may be similar to the antibody against salivary duct found in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. It is suggested that in these two patients, thiabendazole may have acted as a hapten and by binding to the body protein induced the production of autoantibodies which may have acted against the biliary epithelium, the salivary duct epithelium, and the lacrimal gland ducts.", "PMID": 553260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1337", "title": "The clinical characteristics of presumed choroidal nevi observed in green light.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with presumed choroidal nevi were examined and photographed in both white and green light. Twenty-one lesions disappeared or became markedly attenuated when viewed with green light. The remaining 11 lesions did not disappear when viewed with green light. Many of these nevi demonstrated visual field defects and fluorescein angiographic abnormalities. The clinical applications of green light ophthalmoscopy and photography are discussed.", "contents": "The clinical characteristics of presumed choroidal nevi observed in green light. Thirty-two patients with presumed choroidal nevi were examined and photographed in both white and green light. Twenty-one lesions disappeared or became markedly attenuated when viewed with green light. The remaining 11 lesions did not disappear when viewed with green light. Many of these nevi demonstrated visual field defects and fluorescein angiographic abnormalities. The clinical applications of green light ophthalmoscopy and photography are discussed.", "PMID": 553261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1338", "title": "[Echinococcus granulosus infection in urban areas].", "content": "In a previous survey, carried out in 100 dogs in Rome by Tassi and Widenhorn (1977), two animals, which always lived in the urban area, were found infected by Echinococcus granulosus. An urban infection was therefore hypothized. During a following experiment 6 three-month old Beagle dogs were fed for nine months with raw meat sold in the butcheries of Rome as \"food for pets\". Two dogs of the same breed and origin were fed for the same period with canned food and were kept as control animals. At the end of the experiment three of the six dogs were found infected by E. granulosus, while the renmant three and the two controls resulted negative. An additional similar trial was carried out in Bologna. Three dogs were fed for seven months with the same kind of raw meat sold in three butcheries of Bologna, and a fourth dog was kept as control. At the end of the seven months also one of the three dogs was found infected by E. granulosus. These results seem to confirm the hypothesis of an urban infection by E. granulosus in dogs. Various possibilities of contamination of raw meat sold in butcheries as food for animals are discussed.", "contents": "[Echinococcus granulosus infection in urban areas]. In a previous survey, carried out in 100 dogs in Rome by Tassi and Widenhorn (1977), two animals, which always lived in the urban area, were found infected by Echinococcus granulosus. An urban infection was therefore hypothized. During a following experiment 6 three-month old Beagle dogs were fed for nine months with raw meat sold in the butcheries of Rome as \"food for pets\". Two dogs of the same breed and origin were fed for the same period with canned food and were kept as control animals. At the end of the experiment three of the six dogs were found infected by E. granulosus, while the renmant three and the two controls resulted negative. An additional similar trial was carried out in Bologna. Three dogs were fed for seven months with the same kind of raw meat sold in three butcheries of Bologna, and a fourth dog was kept as control. At the end of the seven months also one of the three dogs was found infected by E. granulosus. These results seem to confirm the hypothesis of an urban infection by E. granulosus in dogs. Various possibilities of contamination of raw meat sold in butcheries as food for animals are discussed.", "PMID": 553262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1339", "title": "[Introduction to the study of Sciomyzidae (Diptera Acalyptera) in Italy].", "content": "A list is given of Sciomyzidae recorded from Italy (Tab. 1). It results from literature and from our collections (species with one asterisk in tab. 1) that there 70 species in Italy. On the other hand some of these (three asterisks in tab 1) are records of old Authors. Some dubious records (in the opinion of Verbeke and Knutson, 1967) are signed with two asterisks in tab 1. Pherbellia annulipes (fig. 1) and Limnia paludicola (fig. 2) seem new records for Italian fauna. The species listed in Tab. 1 have the next types of geographical distribution: central-south-European (30%), European (17,14%), central north-European (15,7%), oloartic (14,2%), west-mediterraneous (8,5%), Eurasiatic (5,7%), borealpine (2,8%). Observations are also reported on preferential habitat of Sciomyzidae collected in some \"natural damp places\" (see figg. 3-4).", "contents": "[Introduction to the study of Sciomyzidae (Diptera Acalyptera) in Italy]. A list is given of Sciomyzidae recorded from Italy (Tab. 1). It results from literature and from our collections (species with one asterisk in tab. 1) that there 70 species in Italy. On the other hand some of these (three asterisks in tab 1) are records of old Authors. Some dubious records (in the opinion of Verbeke and Knutson, 1967) are signed with two asterisks in tab 1. Pherbellia annulipes (fig. 1) and Limnia paludicola (fig. 2) seem new records for Italian fauna. The species listed in Tab. 1 have the next types of geographical distribution: central-south-European (30%), European (17,14%), central north-European (15,7%), oloartic (14,2%), west-mediterraneous (8,5%), Eurasiatic (5,7%), borealpine (2,8%). Observations are also reported on preferential habitat of Sciomyzidae collected in some \"natural damp places\" (see figg. 3-4).", "PMID": 553263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1340", "title": "[Infestation of roe deer by Cephenemyia stimulator (Clark) (Diptera, Oestridae) in Trent province].", "content": "Cephenemya stimulator (Clark) (Diptera Oestridae) is first recorded in Italy parasiting roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Diagnosis was made by examination of II-III instar larvae (fig. 1-2) from roe deers killed in Trient province. In these last years in the Trentin region, there was an increasing of roe deers number (actually about 20.000); at the same time growed roe deers infestation by C. stimulator (Tab. 1). Females of C. stimulator probably attack young roe-deers lying down on field-pastures near forest (fig. 3). From examination of killed roe-deers (Tab. 2) there is evidence of debilitation status of infested specimens. Location and dislocations of parasitising larvae in the head cavity was that shown in fig. 4 and 5.", "contents": "[Infestation of roe deer by Cephenemyia stimulator (Clark) (Diptera, Oestridae) in Trent province]. Cephenemya stimulator (Clark) (Diptera Oestridae) is first recorded in Italy parasiting roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Diagnosis was made by examination of II-III instar larvae (fig. 1-2) from roe deers killed in Trient province. In these last years in the Trentin region, there was an increasing of roe deers number (actually about 20.000); at the same time growed roe deers infestation by C. stimulator (Tab. 1). Females of C. stimulator probably attack young roe-deers lying down on field-pastures near forest (fig. 3). From examination of killed roe-deers (Tab. 2) there is evidence of debilitation status of infested specimens. Location and dislocations of parasitising larvae in the head cavity was that shown in fig. 4 and 5.", "PMID": 553265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1341", "title": "[E antigen (HBeAG) and surface antigen (HBsAg) in bladder schistosomiasis].", "content": "The problem of the relationship between surface B antigen and schistosomiasis or other parasitic infections which are transmitted though the skin is not still resolved. Serum samples from 54 Somalian patients infected by Schistosoma haematobium were tested for the presence of the surface B antigen (HBsAg) and the e-antigen (HBeAg). The HbsAg was found in 14.8 per cent of these patients, while among controls (47 cases) the frequency was of 34.0 p]er cent; no e-antigen was found among the patients and controls, the prevalence of anti-HBs antibodies was of 57.4 per cent among the patients with urinary schistosomiasis and of 44.6 per cent among the controls; a low rate of anti-e antibodies was found in the patients (7.4%) and in the controls (10.6%). These observation seem to indicate that the problem of an increased frequency of hepatitis B virus markers among patients with urinary schistosomiasis needs for further investigation.", "contents": "[E antigen (HBeAG) and surface antigen (HBsAg) in bladder schistosomiasis]. The problem of the relationship between surface B antigen and schistosomiasis or other parasitic infections which are transmitted though the skin is not still resolved. Serum samples from 54 Somalian patients infected by Schistosoma haematobium were tested for the presence of the surface B antigen (HBsAg) and the e-antigen (HBeAg). The HbsAg was found in 14.8 per cent of these patients, while among controls (47 cases) the frequency was of 34.0 p]er cent; no e-antigen was found among the patients and controls, the prevalence of anti-HBs antibodies was of 57.4 per cent among the patients with urinary schistosomiasis and of 44.6 per cent among the controls; a low rate of anti-e antibodies was found in the patients (7.4%) and in the controls (10.6%). These observation seem to indicate that the problem of an increased frequency of hepatitis B virus markers among patients with urinary schistosomiasis needs for further investigation.", "PMID": 553266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1342", "title": "[Parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the Tirino River. II. Host-parasite interactions of helminth species].", "content": "The hundred and sixteen brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) which were examined for helminth parasites were captured in the River Tirino, (L'Acquila - Italy). Six parasite species (Phyllodistomum simile, Crowcrocaecum testiobliquum, Crepidostomum metoecus, Cyathocephalus truncatus, Truttaedacnitis truttae and Dentitruncus truttae) were recovered. Ecological studies on each helminth species recovered have been carried out analysing the following aspects; the preference of each parasite species for certain microhabitats in the host; the incidence and intensity of each parasitic infection according to sex, age and season.", "contents": "[Parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the Tirino River. II. Host-parasite interactions of helminth species]. The hundred and sixteen brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) which were examined for helminth parasites were captured in the River Tirino, (L'Acquila - Italy). Six parasite species (Phyllodistomum simile, Crowcrocaecum testiobliquum, Crepidostomum metoecus, Cyathocephalus truncatus, Truttaedacnitis truttae and Dentitruncus truttae) were recovered. Ecological studies on each helminth species recovered have been carried out analysing the following aspects; the preference of each parasite species for certain microhabitats in the host; the incidence and intensity of each parasitic infection according to sex, age and season.", "PMID": 553267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1343", "title": "[Parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the Titino River. Part III. Histological observations of parasites of the intestinal tract].", "content": "During researches on helminth parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the River Tirino (L'Aquila - Italy) histological studies of the intestinal tract of brown trout infected by the following species: Crowcrocaecum testiobliquum (Wisnewski, 1932) Skrjabin e Koval, 1956; Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781);o Truttaedacnitis truttae (Fabricius, 1794) Petter, 1974 and Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 have been carried out. The attachment of the single species and the histological changes in the host gut due to parasite species have been described.", "contents": "[Parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the Titino River. Part III. Histological observations of parasites of the intestinal tract]. During researches on helminth parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the River Tirino (L'Aquila - Italy) histological studies of the intestinal tract of brown trout infected by the following species: Crowcrocaecum testiobliquum (Wisnewski, 1932) Skrjabin e Koval, 1956; Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781);o Truttaedacnitis truttae (Fabricius, 1794) Petter, 1974 and Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 have been carried out. The attachment of the single species and the histological changes in the host gut due to parasite species have been described.", "PMID": 553268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1344", "title": "[Parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the Tirino River. Part IV. Intermediate hosts of Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781) and Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955].", "content": "During studies on helminth parasites of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from the river Tirino (L'Aquila - Italy), the intermediate hosts of Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781) and Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 have been searched for. A total of 15,444 amphipoda belonging to the following 3 species: Echinogammarus roco Karman, 1973, Echinogammarus tibaldii Pinkster and Stock, 1970, and Gammarus italicus Goedmakers and Pinkster, 1977, have been dissected. E. roco, E. tibaldii and G. italicus were found infected with procercoid of Cyathocephalus truncatus (new hosts record and first procercoid record in Italy). E. roco, E. tibaldii and G. italicus were found infected with acanthella and cystacanth of Dentitruncus truttae (first record of intermediate hosts). Accordingly the ecology of the cestod C. truncatus and of the acanthocephalan D. truttae in their intermediate hosts has been studied considering principally the incidence and the seasonal occurence of the parasites.", "contents": "[Parasites of Salmo trutta L. from the Tirino River. Part IV. Intermediate hosts of Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781) and Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955]. During studies on helminth parasites of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from the river Tirino (L'Aquila - Italy), the intermediate hosts of Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781) and Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 have been searched for. A total of 15,444 amphipoda belonging to the following 3 species: Echinogammarus roco Karman, 1973, Echinogammarus tibaldii Pinkster and Stock, 1970, and Gammarus italicus Goedmakers and Pinkster, 1977, have been dissected. E. roco, E. tibaldii and G. italicus were found infected with procercoid of Cyathocephalus truncatus (new hosts record and first procercoid record in Italy). E. roco, E. tibaldii and G. italicus were found infected with acanthella and cystacanth of Dentitruncus truttae (first record of intermediate hosts). Accordingly the ecology of the cestod C. truncatus and of the acanthocephalan D. truttae in their intermediate hosts has been studied considering principally the incidence and the seasonal occurence of the parasites.", "PMID": 553269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1345", "title": "[Experimental infection of horses with Trichina larvae].", "content": "The occurrence of a trichinellosis epidemic in the province of Reggio Emilia in 1975, the source of which was attributed to horse meat, led the authors to use this animal for experimental infections. By using the trichina strain isolated from the above outbreak, 4 horses were infected orally. All 4 animals became infected. The most affected muscles were the lingual, masticatory and neck ones. Meat from the 4 horses was subsequently fed to laboratory animals (rats, mice, guineapigs) and other domestic species (cats, dogs, pigs) and further infections were obtained. An attempt to infect also a sheep was successful.", "contents": "[Experimental infection of horses with Trichina larvae]. The occurrence of a trichinellosis epidemic in the province of Reggio Emilia in 1975, the source of which was attributed to horse meat, led the authors to use this animal for experimental infections. By using the trichina strain isolated from the above outbreak, 4 horses were infected orally. All 4 animals became infected. The most affected muscles were the lingual, masticatory and neck ones. Meat from the 4 horses was subsequently fed to laboratory animals (rats, mice, guineapigs) and other domestic species (cats, dogs, pigs) and further infections were obtained. An attempt to infect also a sheep was successful.", "PMID": 553270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1346", "title": "[Some coccidia from the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex Nubiana Cuvier, 1825)].", "content": "The authors describe three coccidian species (eimeria arloingi, E. ninakohylakimovae, E. parva) found in the faeces of some Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana) in the \"Hai-Bar Wildlife Reserve\", Israel. The results of the study represent the first finding of coccidia in C. ibex nubiana.", "contents": "[Some coccidia from the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex Nubiana Cuvier, 1825)]. The authors describe three coccidian species (eimeria arloingi, E. ninakohylakimovae, E. parva) found in the faeces of some Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana) in the \"Hai-Bar Wildlife Reserve\", Israel. The results of the study represent the first finding of coccidia in C. ibex nubiana.", "PMID": 553271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1347", "title": "[Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844 in Italy].", "content": "The authors provide here the data concerning the first italian finding of tick Hemaphysalis concinna (Ixodidae). Two males of this species--which has a large geographic diffusion--were actually caught for the first time in Italy, in July 1977. They were found on the ground of the Castel Porziano estate (Rome) at sealevel, in two different grassy places. The authors describe their morphological characters and provide some essential data on the environment of Castel Porziano.", "contents": "[Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844 in Italy]. The authors provide here the data concerning the first italian finding of tick Hemaphysalis concinna (Ixodidae). Two males of this species--which has a large geographic diffusion--were actually caught for the first time in Italy, in July 1977. They were found on the ground of the Castel Porziano estate (Rome) at sealevel, in two different grassy places. The authors describe their morphological characters and provide some essential data on the environment of Castel Porziano.", "PMID": 553272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1348", "title": "[Isolation of Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley, 1965 in a dog in Italy].", "content": "Adult females of Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley, 1965 were found in a dog parasitized by Otodectes cynotis, whose owners exhibited skin eruptions. C. yasguri is reported for the first time in the dog in Italy; the pathogenicity of this mite for both the dog and man has already been established by other authors.", "contents": "[Isolation of Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley, 1965 in a dog in Italy]. Adult females of Cheyletiella yasguri Smiley, 1965 were found in a dog parasitized by Otodectes cynotis, whose owners exhibited skin eruptions. C. yasguri is reported for the first time in the dog in Italy; the pathogenicity of this mite for both the dog and man has already been established by other authors.", "PMID": 553273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1349", "title": "[Parasite contamination from feces of dogs and cats in soil and sand-boxes in public parks and schools in Bologna].", "content": "In Bologna (Italy), about 1/10 (public parks) and 1/5 (schools of soil samples from sand-boxes and 1/5 (public parks) and 1/10 (schools) op soil samples from the surroundings were found positive for dog and/or cat parasites. The finding of Toxocara sp. eggs in about 1/20 of soil samples from public parks and schools is especially important due to the possibility of human infection. Conspicuous was also the parasitic contamination of the faeces collected from green arcas: 48% of the samples resulted positive.", "contents": "[Parasite contamination from feces of dogs and cats in soil and sand-boxes in public parks and schools in Bologna]. In Bologna (Italy), about 1/10 (public parks) and 1/5 (schools of soil samples from sand-boxes and 1/5 (public parks) and 1/10 (schools) op soil samples from the surroundings were found positive for dog and/or cat parasites. The finding of Toxocara sp. eggs in about 1/20 of soil samples from public parks and schools is especially important due to the possibility of human infection. Conspicuous was also the parasitic contamination of the faeces collected from green arcas: 48% of the samples resulted positive.", "PMID": 553274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1350", "title": "[The occurrence of hepatic trematodes in sheep from Emilia-Romagna].", "content": "In the present investigations, 563 samples of ovine faeces from 32 flocks of Emilia-Romagna have been examined for the presence of hepatic trematodes eggs. All flocks proved positive for Dicrocoelium dendriticum and 16 for Fasciola hepatica; 511 (90,76%) out of 563 animals proved positive, with 507 (90,05%) for D. dendriticum and 50 (8,88%) for F. hepatica, 46 of these last ones were positive for both parasites.", "contents": "[The occurrence of hepatic trematodes in sheep from Emilia-Romagna]. In the present investigations, 563 samples of ovine faeces from 32 flocks of Emilia-Romagna have been examined for the presence of hepatic trematodes eggs. All flocks proved positive for Dicrocoelium dendriticum and 16 for Fasciola hepatica; 511 (90,76%) out of 563 animals proved positive, with 507 (90,05%) for D. dendriticum and 50 (8,88%) for F. hepatica, 46 of these last ones were positive for both parasites.", "PMID": 553275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1351", "title": "[The occurrence of broncho-pulmonary nematodes in sheep from Emilia-Romagna].", "content": "In the present investigations 510 sheep have been examined for the presence of lungworm larvae: 342 (67,05%) of them proved positive. The identification of the parasites demonstrated the presence of Dyctiocaulus filaria in 18,62% of the examined animals, Muellerius capillaris in 50%, Cystocaulus ocreatus in 26,86% and Protostrongylus spp. in 12,35%. All positive flocks were positive for two or more genera of lungworms.", "contents": "[The occurrence of broncho-pulmonary nematodes in sheep from Emilia-Romagna]. In the present investigations 510 sheep have been examined for the presence of lungworm larvae: 342 (67,05%) of them proved positive. The identification of the parasites demonstrated the presence of Dyctiocaulus filaria in 18,62% of the examined animals, Muellerius capillaris in 50%, Cystocaulus ocreatus in 26,86% and Protostrongylus spp. in 12,35%. All positive flocks were positive for two or more genera of lungworms.", "PMID": 553276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1352", "title": "[Dissemination of Fasciola Hepatica in cattle of Novara Province].", "content": "The diffusion of F. hepatica in the cattle of the Novara Province was studied by means of a necroscopic survey on 2184 regularly slaughtered animals and a copro-microscopic survey on 5063 feaces samples picked up from 162 breedings farms. The 28.40% of the slaughtered animals resulted infected with F. hepatica. The parasite also resulted present in 52.74% of the examined breeding farms. A large diffusion of Paramphistomum sp. was shown, too. The diffusion areas of these Trematodes may be seen in the figures 1, 3, 6 and 7.", "contents": "[Dissemination of Fasciola Hepatica in cattle of Novara Province]. The diffusion of F. hepatica in the cattle of the Novara Province was studied by means of a necroscopic survey on 2184 regularly slaughtered animals and a copro-microscopic survey on 5063 feaces samples picked up from 162 breedings farms. The 28.40% of the slaughtered animals resulted infected with F. hepatica. The parasite also resulted present in 52.74% of the examined breeding farms. A large diffusion of Paramphistomum sp. was shown, too. The diffusion areas of these Trematodes may be seen in the figures 1, 3, 6 and 7.", "PMID": 553277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1353", "title": "[Effect of mating on the maturation of ovarian follicles in Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel].", "content": "Blood fed virgin females of Anopheles atroparvus did not develop ovarian follicles to maturation. In these females, the ovaries were characterized by small follicular size and little yolk deposition. Only the ovaries of blood fed mated females completed development. Thus, the mating permits the complete maturation of the eggs in these mosquitoes.", "contents": "[Effect of mating on the maturation of ovarian follicles in Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel]. Blood fed virgin females of Anopheles atroparvus did not develop ovarian follicles to maturation. In these females, the ovaries were characterized by small follicular size and little yolk deposition. Only the ovaries of blood fed mated females completed development. Thus, the mating permits the complete maturation of the eggs in these mosquitoes.", "PMID": 553278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1354", "title": "Genetic distance between two sibling species of the Aedes mariae complex (Diptera, Culicidae).", "content": "Two sibling species of the mariae complex of the Aedes genus have been studied: Ae. mariae and Ae. zammitii. Thee mosquitoes are allopatric and show similar adaptations to rocky mediterranean coasts. The isolating mechanisms between the two species are well studied. A partial sterility of hybrid F1, limited to males, has been found with laboratory cross experiments. Strong pre-mating isolating mechanisms were shown in nature by means of release experiments, the frequency of hybrids never exceeding 2% without evidence of introgression. We analyzed genetic variation at 26 enzyme loci in a population of each species: 35% of loci were polymorphic, with an observed mean heterozygosity of 0.07 in Ae. mariae and 0.06 in Ae. zammitii; 6 loci allow discrimination between the two species at a probability of at least .99. Nei's measures of genetic identity and genetic distance are respectively I = 0.6096 and D = 0.2828. The distribution of genetic identities relative to loci is strongly bimodal, reflecting a different contribution of highly variable and fast evolving loci on one side and conservative and slowly evolving loci on the other. We consider, on the base of various experimental data (see Powell, 1975), in the first class (\"fast evolving\" loci) both variable substrate and regulatory enzymes, in the second (\"slow evolving\" loci) non regulatory enzymes. Values of genetic distance calculated separately for the \"fast\" (54% of the loci studied) and \"slow\" (46%) evolving loci are respectively Df = 0.41 and Ds = 0.03, showing that the main contribution to genetic distance in the first period of divergence is due to fast evolving loci, whose rate of evolution is about ten times more rapid with respect to slow evolving loci.", "contents": "Genetic distance between two sibling species of the Aedes mariae complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Two sibling species of the mariae complex of the Aedes genus have been studied: Ae. mariae and Ae. zammitii. Thee mosquitoes are allopatric and show similar adaptations to rocky mediterranean coasts. The isolating mechanisms between the two species are well studied. A partial sterility of hybrid F1, limited to males, has been found with laboratory cross experiments. Strong pre-mating isolating mechanisms were shown in nature by means of release experiments, the frequency of hybrids never exceeding 2% without evidence of introgression. We analyzed genetic variation at 26 enzyme loci in a population of each species: 35% of loci were polymorphic, with an observed mean heterozygosity of 0.07 in Ae. mariae and 0.06 in Ae. zammitii; 6 loci allow discrimination between the two species at a probability of at least .99. Nei's measures of genetic identity and genetic distance are respectively I = 0.6096 and D = 0.2828. The distribution of genetic identities relative to loci is strongly bimodal, reflecting a different contribution of highly variable and fast evolving loci on one side and conservative and slowly evolving loci on the other. We consider, on the base of various experimental data (see Powell, 1975), in the first class (\"fast evolving\" loci) both variable substrate and regulatory enzymes, in the second (\"slow evolving\" loci) non regulatory enzymes. Values of genetic distance calculated separately for the \"fast\" (54% of the loci studied) and \"slow\" (46%) evolving loci are respectively Df = 0.41 and Ds = 0.03, showing that the main contribution to genetic distance in the first period of divergence is due to fast evolving loci, whose rate of evolution is about ten times more rapid with respect to slow evolving loci.", "PMID": 553279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1355", "title": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase in Aedes aegypti: formal genetics, preliminary linkage data and study of natural populations.", "content": "Two loci for isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh-1 ad Idh-2) are described in Ae. aegypti, both polymorphic with two codominant alleles. Crosses made to test linkage relationships of Idh-1 indicate that this locus is independent from sex (chromosome 1) and from Sod-1 and Hk-1 loci (chromosome 3), while it is linked to Pgm on the second chromosome. Average percent of recombination is 11.37, but significant differences have been found among strains. Data on genetic variability of Idh-1 and Idh-2 in three domestic african field populations are presented.", "contents": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase in Aedes aegypti: formal genetics, preliminary linkage data and study of natural populations. Two loci for isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh-1 ad Idh-2) are described in Ae. aegypti, both polymorphic with two codominant alleles. Crosses made to test linkage relationships of Idh-1 indicate that this locus is independent from sex (chromosome 1) and from Sod-1 and Hk-1 loci (chromosome 3), while it is linked to Pgm on the second chromosome. Average percent of recombination is 11.37, but significant differences have been found among strains. Data on genetic variability of Idh-1 and Idh-2 in three domestic african field populations are presented.", "PMID": 553280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1356", "title": "[Effect of an anticoagulant rodenticide on the female albino rat with offspring].", "content": "Lactating female albino rats have been treated with coumatetralyl rodenticide, having anticoagulant activity. The letal effect on mothers was of 40% (using a maximum concentration of toxic substance) while it was of 54% in offsprings. Among the probable causes of death in offsprings, the authors suggest the hypothesis that an interference in the relationship mother-offsprings is due to the influence of coumatetralyl on parental behavior.", "contents": "[Effect of an anticoagulant rodenticide on the female albino rat with offspring]. Lactating female albino rats have been treated with coumatetralyl rodenticide, having anticoagulant activity. The letal effect on mothers was of 40% (using a maximum concentration of toxic substance) while it was of 54% in offsprings. Among the probable causes of death in offsprings, the authors suggest the hypothesis that an interference in the relationship mother-offsprings is due to the influence of coumatetralyl on parental behavior.", "PMID": 553281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1357", "title": "[Double heterozygote Hb C/Hb O Arab in a family of the Maghreb (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on five generations of the Maghrebian family representing two double heterozygous subjects Hb C/Hb O Arab. Review of literature concerning Hb O Arab; identification and screening techniques; historic and genetic implications.", "contents": "[Double heterozygote Hb C/Hb O Arab in a family of the Maghreb (author's transl)]. Studies on five generations of the Maghrebian family representing two double heterozygous subjects Hb C/Hb O Arab. Review of literature concerning Hb O Arab; identification and screening techniques; historic and genetic implications.", "PMID": 553283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1358", "title": "Cardiac performance in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Blood loss of sufficient magnitude to over-ride compensatory mechanisms and result in a lowering of arterial pressure will ultimately lead to irreversible circulatory collapse. Identification of the organ or tissues which may trigger a terminal cascade remains controversial. The weight of evidence supports the view that cardiac performance deteriorates with prolonged oligemic hypotension, although this may not be the initiating or sole reason for irreversible failure of the circulation. Controversy regarding the heart as an important target organ is no doubt in part due to the multiplicity of preparations and protocols, and variety of methods used to characterize cardiac function. We have used ventricular function curves to calibrate LV performance in terms of pump function, while arterial pressure remains at a pre-determined level. With this approach, a progressive decline in stroke volume for a given LV end diastolic pressure is consistently observed in hemorrhagic shock (AP, 30 mmHg). If arterial pressure is briefly re-elevated at 30 minute intervals, permanent deterioration is prevented. However, if the hypotension is sustained for 2 hours, LV performance remains depressed following pressure re-elevation. Among the mechanisms responsible for deterioration of performance, coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) exerts a pivotal role. Thus, no LV depression occurs after 2 hours of shock provided CPP is maintained at normotensive levels. But if myocardial O2 availability falls below 10 ml/min/100 gm of heart, both O2 uptake and extraction decline and this is uniformly accompanied by cardiac failure. This likely reflects mitochondrial damage and impaired aerobic metabolism. These changes are potentiated by the appearance of metabolic acidosis and failure of sympathetic neurohumoral activity. Both factors directly reduce myocardial contractility, but assume much greater importance during shock. While E. coli endotoxin has been shown to reduce cardiac performance, the relative importance of bacterial products which may enter the circulation during hemorrhagic shock in uncertain. Reduced O2 availability, metabolic acidosis and adrenergic failure appear the major determinants of diminished cardiac performance and thereby may contribute to irreversible collapse of circulatory function.", "contents": "Cardiac performance in hemorrhagic shock. Blood loss of sufficient magnitude to over-ride compensatory mechanisms and result in a lowering of arterial pressure will ultimately lead to irreversible circulatory collapse. Identification of the organ or tissues which may trigger a terminal cascade remains controversial. The weight of evidence supports the view that cardiac performance deteriorates with prolonged oligemic hypotension, although this may not be the initiating or sole reason for irreversible failure of the circulation. Controversy regarding the heart as an important target organ is no doubt in part due to the multiplicity of preparations and protocols, and variety of methods used to characterize cardiac function. We have used ventricular function curves to calibrate LV performance in terms of pump function, while arterial pressure remains at a pre-determined level. With this approach, a progressive decline in stroke volume for a given LV end diastolic pressure is consistently observed in hemorrhagic shock (AP, 30 mmHg). If arterial pressure is briefly re-elevated at 30 minute intervals, permanent deterioration is prevented. However, if the hypotension is sustained for 2 hours, LV performance remains depressed following pressure re-elevation. Among the mechanisms responsible for deterioration of performance, coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) exerts a pivotal role. Thus, no LV depression occurs after 2 hours of shock provided CPP is maintained at normotensive levels. But if myocardial O2 availability falls below 10 ml/min/100 gm of heart, both O2 uptake and extraction decline and this is uniformly accompanied by cardiac failure. This likely reflects mitochondrial damage and impaired aerobic metabolism. These changes are potentiated by the appearance of metabolic acidosis and failure of sympathetic neurohumoral activity. Both factors directly reduce myocardial contractility, but assume much greater importance during shock. While E. coli endotoxin has been shown to reduce cardiac performance, the relative importance of bacterial products which may enter the circulation during hemorrhagic shock in uncertain. Reduced O2 availability, metabolic acidosis and adrenergic failure appear the major determinants of diminished cardiac performance and thereby may contribute to irreversible collapse of circulatory function.", "PMID": 553306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1359", "title": "Pulmonary circulatory adaptation to acute atelectasis in man.", "content": "Pulmonary functional veno-arterial shunt determinations were made breathing 100% oxygen in thirty consecutive patients during thoracotomy with one-lung anesthesia. Initially, with both lungs ventilated (FiO2 100%), the mean shunt value was 18.1 +/- 1.2% (S.D.). With the collapse of one lung by deflation and surgical pneumothorax, the shunt rose to 36.0 +/- 1.5%. With time the value fell: 36.0 +/- 1.5% at five minutes, 30.3 +/- 1.4% at fifteen minutes, 30.3 +/- 1.4% at thirty minutes, 28.1 +/- 1.4% at sixty minutes, and 24.6 +/- 2.8% after two hours. This trend was significant at a p value of less than 0.001. This study for the first time documents in man the phenomenon of pulmonary circulatory adaptation to acute atelectasis.", "contents": "Pulmonary circulatory adaptation to acute atelectasis in man. Pulmonary functional veno-arterial shunt determinations were made breathing 100% oxygen in thirty consecutive patients during thoracotomy with one-lung anesthesia. Initially, with both lungs ventilated (FiO2 100%), the mean shunt value was 18.1 +/- 1.2% (S.D.). With the collapse of one lung by deflation and surgical pneumothorax, the shunt rose to 36.0 +/- 1.5%. With time the value fell: 36.0 +/- 1.5% at five minutes, 30.3 +/- 1.4% at fifteen minutes, 30.3 +/- 1.4% at thirty minutes, 28.1 +/- 1.4% at sixty minutes, and 24.6 +/- 2.8% after two hours. This trend was significant at a p value of less than 0.001. This study for the first time documents in man the phenomenon of pulmonary circulatory adaptation to acute atelectasis.", "PMID": 553311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1360", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans: potential determinants in cardiac morphogenesis.", "content": "Treatment of the embryonic heart shortly after looping with 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) primarily inhibited the secretion of hyaluronate by the myocardium, an event accompanied by delayed and reduced formation of AV cushion cells (valvular and septal primordia). Sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis (primarily chondroitin-6-sulfate and heparan sulfate) was not significantly reduced until after cushion cell formation, an event accompanied by their altered migratory behavior. Results thus support a causal relationship between the morphogenesis of cushion tissue and extracellular glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans: potential determinants in cardiac morphogenesis. Treatment of the embryonic heart shortly after looping with 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) primarily inhibited the secretion of hyaluronate by the myocardium, an event accompanied by delayed and reduced formation of AV cushion cells (valvular and septal primordia). Sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis (primarily chondroitin-6-sulfate and heparan sulfate) was not significantly reduced until after cushion cell formation, an event accompanied by their altered migratory behavior. Results thus support a causal relationship between the morphogenesis of cushion tissue and extracellular glycosaminoglycans.", "PMID": 553313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1361", "title": "Effects of hyaluronic acid on cardiac cushion tissue cells in collagen matrix cultures.", "content": "To initiate the experimental exploration of the role of extracellular macromolecules in influencing developmental events in the heart, a 3-dimensional substrate culture model of the developing cardiac cushion was devised. One cardiac jelly component, hyaluronic acid, was tested for its effects on morphology and migratory capacity of cushion tissue cells within the collagen matrix substrate. Hyaluronate treatment resulted in: (1) an increase in the number and extent of filopodia, reflected as an increase in cell surface area, and (2) an increase in migratory capacity, reflected as an increase in maximum depth to which cells migrate through the collagen lattice. These results suggest one major role for hyaluronate in the early cardiac cushion is the promotion of a high level of motility capability in the newly seeded cushion tissue cells, required for the key event of cell migration across the developing cushion.", "contents": "Effects of hyaluronic acid on cardiac cushion tissue cells in collagen matrix cultures. To initiate the experimental exploration of the role of extracellular macromolecules in influencing developmental events in the heart, a 3-dimensional substrate culture model of the developing cardiac cushion was devised. One cardiac jelly component, hyaluronic acid, was tested for its effects on morphology and migratory capacity of cushion tissue cells within the collagen matrix substrate. Hyaluronate treatment resulted in: (1) an increase in the number and extent of filopodia, reflected as an increase in cell surface area, and (2) an increase in migratory capacity, reflected as an increase in maximum depth to which cells migrate through the collagen lattice. These results suggest one major role for hyaluronate in the early cardiac cushion is the promotion of a high level of motility capability in the newly seeded cushion tissue cells, required for the key event of cell migration across the developing cushion.", "PMID": 553314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1362", "title": "Matrical ordering in the morphogenesis of tunica media.", "content": "The cells which will form the smooth muscle tunica media are derived embryologically from the cardiac mesenchyme referred to as endocardial cushion tissue. These progenitor smooth muscle cells, however, are derived primarily from aortic arch mesenchyme as opposed to the endocardium in the prevalvular areas. The matrical microenvironments of these cells begin to change at approximately 5 days of development when the progenitor smooth muscle cells acquire a more fibrillar matrix. The prospective adventitia and valvular areas still maintain an environment rich in hyaluronate and proteoglycans. By Day 6, the 110Ao microfibril, characteristic of smooth muscle cells, appears in the matrix well in advance of the amorphous elastin component seen at Days 8 and 9. The orientation of the collagenous microfibrils and elastic microfibrils is non-random with respect to the layers of cells, and this precludes a simple substrate alignment model in establishing the characteristic laminarity of this tissue.", "contents": "Matrical ordering in the morphogenesis of tunica media. The cells which will form the smooth muscle tunica media are derived embryologically from the cardiac mesenchyme referred to as endocardial cushion tissue. These progenitor smooth muscle cells, however, are derived primarily from aortic arch mesenchyme as opposed to the endocardium in the prevalvular areas. The matrical microenvironments of these cells begin to change at approximately 5 days of development when the progenitor smooth muscle cells acquire a more fibrillar matrix. The prospective adventitia and valvular areas still maintain an environment rich in hyaluronate and proteoglycans. By Day 6, the 110Ao microfibril, characteristic of smooth muscle cells, appears in the matrix well in advance of the amorphous elastin component seen at Days 8 and 9. The orientation of the collagenous microfibrils and elastic microfibrils is non-random with respect to the layers of cells, and this precludes a simple substrate alignment model in establishing the characteristic laminarity of this tissue.", "PMID": 553315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1363", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of connective tissue repair after myocardial injury.", "content": "Myocardial infarcts were artificially induced in a series of dogs by ligation of the circumflex coronary artery. Infarcted areas were studied by transmission electron microscopy at varying times between 3 1/2 days to 126 days post-ligation. A granulation phase was demonstrated up to 13 days post-ligation, but fibrin and inflammatory cells were not usually seen after that. The fibroblasts showed increased rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles up to 30 days. Beyond that they reverted to a more quiescent morphology. Myofibroblasts were abundant at 13 days but were not found beyond 30 days. Many microvessels were occluded by excessive numbers of endothelial cells from 22 to 30 days. Beyond this period they, again, became patent. Many similarities exist between the healing stages of myocardial infarctions of dogs and deep injury to the body surface in man. It is suggested that animals form the equivalent of hypertrophic scar or keloid, but resolution of hypertrophy, or the self-limiting process, is much more rapid and efficient in animals than in man.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of connective tissue repair after myocardial injury. Myocardial infarcts were artificially induced in a series of dogs by ligation of the circumflex coronary artery. Infarcted areas were studied by transmission electron microscopy at varying times between 3 1/2 days to 126 days post-ligation. A granulation phase was demonstrated up to 13 days post-ligation, but fibrin and inflammatory cells were not usually seen after that. The fibroblasts showed increased rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles up to 30 days. Beyond that they reverted to a more quiescent morphology. Myofibroblasts were abundant at 13 days but were not found beyond 30 days. Many microvessels were occluded by excessive numbers of endothelial cells from 22 to 30 days. Beyond this period they, again, became patent. Many similarities exist between the healing stages of myocardial infarctions of dogs and deep injury to the body surface in man. It is suggested that animals form the equivalent of hypertrophic scar or keloid, but resolution of hypertrophy, or the self-limiting process, is much more rapid and efficient in animals than in man.", "PMID": 553318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1364", "title": "Morphological factors of clinical significance in myocardial infarction - a review.", "content": "The foregoing consideration of myocardial infarction has centered largely on a correlation of morphological events and their possible clinical significance. It is hoped that some contribution has been offered to the better understanding of this important entity.", "contents": "Morphological factors of clinical significance in myocardial infarction - a review. The foregoing consideration of myocardial infarction has centered largely on a correlation of morphological events and their possible clinical significance. It is hoped that some contribution has been offered to the better understanding of this important entity.", "PMID": 553319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1365", "title": "Energy metabolism in the ischemic heart.", "content": "A reduction in myocardial oxygen supply during ischemia, not only leads to reduced aerobic ATP production but does not stimulate glycolytic ATP synthesis. The residual aerobically synthesized ATP comes primarily from continued inefficient (i.e., compared to glucose in terms of moles of ATP produced per mole of O2 consumed) oxidation of fatty acids. This leads to elevated tissue levels of long chain fatty acyl-CoA and fatty acyl-carnitine. Both are potentially cell damaging metabolic intermediates. Restriction of glycolysis is due to inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by accumulated metabolites, such as H+, lactate and NADH. The reduced production of ATP leads to decreased levels of high energy phosphate stores which in turn may impair myocardial mechanical function.", "contents": "Energy metabolism in the ischemic heart. A reduction in myocardial oxygen supply during ischemia, not only leads to reduced aerobic ATP production but does not stimulate glycolytic ATP synthesis. The residual aerobically synthesized ATP comes primarily from continued inefficient (i.e., compared to glucose in terms of moles of ATP produced per mole of O2 consumed) oxidation of fatty acids. This leads to elevated tissue levels of long chain fatty acyl-CoA and fatty acyl-carnitine. Both are potentially cell damaging metabolic intermediates. Restriction of glycolysis is due to inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by accumulated metabolites, such as H+, lactate and NADH. The reduced production of ATP leads to decreased levels of high energy phosphate stores which in turn may impair myocardial mechanical function.", "PMID": 553321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1366", "title": "Control of carnitine-related metabolism during myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Induction of ischemia in the open-chest dog or isolated rat heart caused a series of critical changes in carnitine-related metabolism. As a result of these metabolic changes, the LCACA/carnitine ratio rapidly increased which, in turn, may have reduced the activity of mitochondrial ANT and a number of other enzyme systems necessary for normal heart function. Carnitine administration apparently reversed these carnitine-linked metabolic changes and protected the ischemic myocardium. Possible mechanisms for the protective action of carnitine were discussed.", "contents": "Control of carnitine-related metabolism during myocardial ischemia. Induction of ischemia in the open-chest dog or isolated rat heart caused a series of critical changes in carnitine-related metabolism. As a result of these metabolic changes, the LCACA/carnitine ratio rapidly increased which, in turn, may have reduced the activity of mitochondrial ANT and a number of other enzyme systems necessary for normal heart function. Carnitine administration apparently reversed these carnitine-linked metabolic changes and protected the ischemic myocardium. Possible mechanisms for the protective action of carnitine were discussed.", "PMID": 553322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1367", "title": "Myocardial triacylglycerol metabolism in ischemia.", "content": "The utilization of transmural myocardial triacylglycerols, phospholipids and tissue free fatty acids was studied in dogs with and without left circumflex coronary artery occlusion for time intervals up to 4 hours. Results from 14C-labeling experiments reflected a continuous and dynamic turnover of transmural triacylglycerol fatty acids, phospholipid fatty acids and tissue free fatty acids in control dogs with patent coronary arteries. Coronary artery ligation resulted in markedly diminished glycerolipid utilization. However, 14C-labeled free fatty acid utilization continued in the ischemic state. No net changes in chemically determined total triacylglycerols were observed in any region through 2 hours of occlusion, but a substantial increase was observed transmurally after 4 hours. Certain mechanisms involved in the observed ischemia-induced alterations of myocardial lipid metabolism are discussed within the context of the current literature.", "contents": "Myocardial triacylglycerol metabolism in ischemia. The utilization of transmural myocardial triacylglycerols, phospholipids and tissue free fatty acids was studied in dogs with and without left circumflex coronary artery occlusion for time intervals up to 4 hours. Results from 14C-labeling experiments reflected a continuous and dynamic turnover of transmural triacylglycerol fatty acids, phospholipid fatty acids and tissue free fatty acids in control dogs with patent coronary arteries. Coronary artery ligation resulted in markedly diminished glycerolipid utilization. However, 14C-labeled free fatty acid utilization continued in the ischemic state. No net changes in chemically determined total triacylglycerols were observed in any region through 2 hours of occlusion, but a substantial increase was observed transmurally after 4 hours. Certain mechanisms involved in the observed ischemia-induced alterations of myocardial lipid metabolism are discussed within the context of the current literature.", "PMID": 553324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1368", "title": "Role of mitochondria in heart cell function.", "content": "Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation constitutes the primary energy (ATP) supply in the myocardial cell. The principle substrates utilized in AtP synthesis are free fatty acids which must be converted to acylCoA esters prior to transport into the mitochondrial inner compartment. Although heart mitochondria are capable of rapidly accumulating significant amounts of calcium, their role in myocardial calcium metabolism is probably that of a \"cytosolic buffer or reservoir\" system. Energy-linked calcium transport and ATP synthesis compete for essentially the same \"high-energy pool\" in mitochondria. The integrated control of these processes remain to be elucidated. The acylCoA transferases, adenine translocase, CPK-MB enzyme system, Pi-OH exchanger and calcium influx and efflux channels located in the mitochondrial inner membrane all represent potential control points in the regulation of functional activity. Alterations in mitochondrial functions due to cardiac disease will not be fully understood until the fundamental mechanisms governing these processes in the normal myocardial cell are understood.", "contents": "Role of mitochondria in heart cell function. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation constitutes the primary energy (ATP) supply in the myocardial cell. The principle substrates utilized in AtP synthesis are free fatty acids which must be converted to acylCoA esters prior to transport into the mitochondrial inner compartment. Although heart mitochondria are capable of rapidly accumulating significant amounts of calcium, their role in myocardial calcium metabolism is probably that of a \"cytosolic buffer or reservoir\" system. Energy-linked calcium transport and ATP synthesis compete for essentially the same \"high-energy pool\" in mitochondria. The integrated control of these processes remain to be elucidated. The acylCoA transferases, adenine translocase, CPK-MB enzyme system, Pi-OH exchanger and calcium influx and efflux channels located in the mitochondrial inner membrane all represent potential control points in the regulation of functional activity. Alterations in mitochondrial functions due to cardiac disease will not be fully understood until the fundamental mechanisms governing these processes in the normal myocardial cell are understood.", "PMID": 553325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1369", "title": "Determination of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin and studies relating to the disposition of phenytoin in man.", "content": "A gas chromatographic on-column methylation technique was developed for the routine laboratory determination of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH), the principal urinary product of phenytoin )PHT) metabolism in man. 5-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-(p-tolyl)hydantoin (HMPPH), a new internal standard, was synthesized and evaluated against 5-phenyl--5-(p-tolyl)hydantoin (MPPH), the compound normally used as the internal standard in p-HPPH assays. HMPPH withstood the challenges of intralaboratory quality control checks and tests of precision of p-HPPH values at times when MPPH provided erratic and unreliable values. Both an enzyme and acid treatment of urine were studied for the purpose of hydrolysis of p-HPPH-glucuronide, the form in which p-HPPH is excreted in urine. The use of both treatments in studies of three different patient urines pointed to the conclusion that acid-catalyzed decomposition of PHT dihydrodiol, a minor urinary metabolite of PHT in man, was unimportant from the analytical point of view, contributing little if anything to total urinary p-HPPH content. Some aspects of PHT disposition, as evidenced by studies of PHT plasma levels and p-HPPH urinary outputs in individual patients, are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin and studies relating to the disposition of phenytoin in man. A gas chromatographic on-column methylation technique was developed for the routine laboratory determination of 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH), the principal urinary product of phenytoin )PHT) metabolism in man. 5-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-(p-tolyl)hydantoin (HMPPH), a new internal standard, was synthesized and evaluated against 5-phenyl--5-(p-tolyl)hydantoin (MPPH), the compound normally used as the internal standard in p-HPPH assays. HMPPH withstood the challenges of intralaboratory quality control checks and tests of precision of p-HPPH values at times when MPPH provided erratic and unreliable values. Both an enzyme and acid treatment of urine were studied for the purpose of hydrolysis of p-HPPH-glucuronide, the form in which p-HPPH is excreted in urine. The use of both treatments in studies of three different patient urines pointed to the conclusion that acid-catalyzed decomposition of PHT dihydrodiol, a minor urinary metabolite of PHT in man, was unimportant from the analytical point of view, contributing little if anything to total urinary p-HPPH content. Some aspects of PHT disposition, as evidenced by studies of PHT plasma levels and p-HPPH urinary outputs in individual patients, are discussed.", "PMID": 553326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1370", "title": "Mephobarbital and phenobarbital plasma concentrations in epileptic patients treated with mephobarbital.", "content": "Plasma mephobarbital and phenobarbital concentrations were determined in 11 epileptic patients receiving mephobarbital alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. The analysis was carried out by a selective ion monitoring (SIM) mass fragmentography technique following formation of N-propyl derivatives of both drugs. The plasma concentrations of phenobarbital ranged from 4 to 32 micrograms/ml and those of mephobarbital from 0.2 to 1.7 micrograms/ml. Differences in the metabolism rates of the drugs accounted for the plasma concentration differences; mephobarbital is metabolized more rapidly than phenobarbital. Phenobarbital concentrations obtained by SIM mass fragmentography were similar to those obtained by gas-liquid chromatographic on-column methylation, which quantitates only \"total phenobarbital\" (mephobarbital plus phenobarbital).", "contents": "Mephobarbital and phenobarbital plasma concentrations in epileptic patients treated with mephobarbital. Plasma mephobarbital and phenobarbital concentrations were determined in 11 epileptic patients receiving mephobarbital alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. The analysis was carried out by a selective ion monitoring (SIM) mass fragmentography technique following formation of N-propyl derivatives of both drugs. The plasma concentrations of phenobarbital ranged from 4 to 32 micrograms/ml and those of mephobarbital from 0.2 to 1.7 micrograms/ml. Differences in the metabolism rates of the drugs accounted for the plasma concentration differences; mephobarbital is metabolized more rapidly than phenobarbital. Phenobarbital concentrations obtained by SIM mass fragmentography were similar to those obtained by gas-liquid chromatographic on-column methylation, which quantitates only \"total phenobarbital\" (mephobarbital plus phenobarbital).", "PMID": 553327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1371", "title": "Salicylate treatment of epidemic Kawasaki disease in New York City.", "content": "Kawasaki disease, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, thought to be rare in the continental United States, occurred in epidemic form in New York City and adjacent New York and New Jersey in November-December, 1977. Aspirin and corticosteroids, reported to be ineffective treatment, were found to completely control the illness in affected children, provided adequate doses to achieve therapeutic blood levels were administered. Patients were found to malabsorb aspirin (and perhaps also to destroy it) and so required extraordinarily high doses during the acute phase; during recovery, doses had to be lowered to the usual range to avoid toxicity. The need for hospitalization and morbidity were reduced and, hopefully, mortality will also be reduced. The importance of not judging a drug ineffective in a disease without demonstrating adequate serum levels was again shown.", "contents": "Salicylate treatment of epidemic Kawasaki disease in New York City. Kawasaki disease, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, thought to be rare in the continental United States, occurred in epidemic form in New York City and adjacent New York and New Jersey in November-December, 1977. Aspirin and corticosteroids, reported to be ineffective treatment, were found to completely control the illness in affected children, provided adequate doses to achieve therapeutic blood levels were administered. Patients were found to malabsorb aspirin (and perhaps also to destroy it) and so required extraordinarily high doses during the acute phase; during recovery, doses had to be lowered to the usual range to avoid toxicity. The need for hospitalization and morbidity were reduced and, hopefully, mortality will also be reduced. The importance of not judging a drug ineffective in a disease without demonstrating adequate serum levels was again shown.", "PMID": 553328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1372", "title": "Haloperidol plasma level monitoring in pediatric patients.", "content": "Plasma levels of haloperidol were monitored in children and teenagers suffering from psychotic episodes and/or abnormal movements (tics and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome). Steady-state concentrations of haloperidol ranged from 0.7 to 19 ng/ml without any apparent relationship with the administered dose (15--285 micrograms/kg/day) and a 15-fold variability was observed for the same daily dosage. On the contrary, a significant (p < 0.02) relationship was found between the age of the patients and the plasma concentrations to dose ratios, lower values being present in younger patients. Side effects too appeared to be related to plasma levels, with a significant increase (p < 0.01) in incidence for concentrations over 6 ng/ml. In most of the cases suffering from tics and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, a positive response was associated with plasma levels of 1--4 ng/ml, while no relationship could be established for the psychotic group. The relevance of monitoring plasma drug levels when prescribing haloperidol in pediatrics is discussed.", "contents": "Haloperidol plasma level monitoring in pediatric patients. Plasma levels of haloperidol were monitored in children and teenagers suffering from psychotic episodes and/or abnormal movements (tics and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome). Steady-state concentrations of haloperidol ranged from 0.7 to 19 ng/ml without any apparent relationship with the administered dose (15--285 micrograms/kg/day) and a 15-fold variability was observed for the same daily dosage. On the contrary, a significant (p < 0.02) relationship was found between the age of the patients and the plasma concentrations to dose ratios, lower values being present in younger patients. Side effects too appeared to be related to plasma levels, with a significant increase (p < 0.01) in incidence for concentrations over 6 ng/ml. In most of the cases suffering from tics and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, a positive response was associated with plasma levels of 1--4 ng/ml, while no relationship could be established for the psychotic group. The relevance of monitoring plasma drug levels when prescribing haloperidol in pediatrics is discussed.", "PMID": 553330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1373", "title": "Thyroid replacement therapy: a rational approach to laboratory monitoring.", "content": "A brief summary of the diagnostic laboratory criteria for primary hypothyroidism and the practical aspects of the pharmacology of thyroid hormone therapy are presented. A minimal testing protocol for the adequacy of replacement therapy is advocated based on classic studies of restored thyroid function.", "contents": "Thyroid replacement therapy: a rational approach to laboratory monitoring. A brief summary of the diagnostic laboratory criteria for primary hypothyroidism and the practical aspects of the pharmacology of thyroid hormone therapy are presented. A minimal testing protocol for the adequacy of replacement therapy is advocated based on classic studies of restored thyroid function.", "PMID": 553331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1374", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic assay of vancomycin in serum.", "content": "A liquid chromatographic procedure is described for rapid and accurate quantitation of vancomycin in serum. Vancomycin is extracted from serum by using a CM-Sephadex column and is measured by reversed-phase chromatography with detection by UV absorption. Ristocetin is used as an internal standard. Concentration and instrument response are linearly related in the range of therapeutically useful concentrations. Results correlate well with those obtained by bioassay. The between-day coefficient of variation (n = 8) was less than 4%. Recovery of vancomycin from serum is nearly complete, and no substances that interfere with the procedure have been detected in clinical specimens.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic assay of vancomycin in serum. A liquid chromatographic procedure is described for rapid and accurate quantitation of vancomycin in serum. Vancomycin is extracted from serum by using a CM-Sephadex column and is measured by reversed-phase chromatography with detection by UV absorption. Ristocetin is used as an internal standard. Concentration and instrument response are linearly related in the range of therapeutically useful concentrations. Results correlate well with those obtained by bioassay. The between-day coefficient of variation (n = 8) was less than 4%. Recovery of vancomycin from serum is nearly complete, and no substances that interfere with the procedure have been detected in clinical specimens.", "PMID": 553332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1375", "title": "Stability of pulmonary function during periodic intravenous bolus aminophylline therapy.", "content": "Peak expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 sec, and midmaximal expiratory flow were measured immediately before and 1 hr after a scheduled intravenous maintenance dose of aminophylline in 12 recently hospitalized asthmatic patients. Serum theophylline concentrations were also determined. No significant improvement was noted in any of these pulmonary function tests despite a significant increase in serum theophylline concentration (10.5 +/- 5.2 to 18.2 +/- 6.3 micrograms/ml, p < 0.001). These results were consistent with previously developed pharmacologic response theory.", "contents": "Stability of pulmonary function during periodic intravenous bolus aminophylline therapy. Peak expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 sec, and midmaximal expiratory flow were measured immediately before and 1 hr after a scheduled intravenous maintenance dose of aminophylline in 12 recently hospitalized asthmatic patients. Serum theophylline concentrations were also determined. No significant improvement was noted in any of these pulmonary function tests despite a significant increase in serum theophylline concentration (10.5 +/- 5.2 to 18.2 +/- 6.3 micrograms/ml, p < 0.001). These results were consistent with previously developed pharmacologic response theory.", "PMID": 553333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1376", "title": "Phenytoin: EEG effects and plasma levels in volunteers.", "content": "The electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral effects of oral doses of phenytoin from 100 mg to 1 g in normal male volunteers were measured. The electroencephalogram exhibited decreases in power in the slow frequencies and increases in the fast frequencies, accompanied by an increase in mean frequency. These changes are similar to those seen with psychostimulants. They occurred at average plasma levels of 8 micrograms/ml and above. The time course and the intensity of EEG effects parallel plasma levels. Drug-related EEG changes were bilaterally symmetric. EEG changes at plasma levels of 8--12 micrograms/ml were not associated with behavioral toxic signs. These findings suggest that future psychiatric studies of phenytoin as a psychostimulant should include monitoring for plasma levels, with a minimum of 8 micrograms/ml as a guide to clinical efficacy.", "contents": "Phenytoin: EEG effects and plasma levels in volunteers. The electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral effects of oral doses of phenytoin from 100 mg to 1 g in normal male volunteers were measured. The electroencephalogram exhibited decreases in power in the slow frequencies and increases in the fast frequencies, accompanied by an increase in mean frequency. These changes are similar to those seen with psychostimulants. They occurred at average plasma levels of 8 micrograms/ml and above. The time course and the intensity of EEG effects parallel plasma levels. Drug-related EEG changes were bilaterally symmetric. EEG changes at plasma levels of 8--12 micrograms/ml were not associated with behavioral toxic signs. These findings suggest that future psychiatric studies of phenytoin as a psychostimulant should include monitoring for plasma levels, with a minimum of 8 micrograms/ml as a guide to clinical efficacy.", "PMID": 553334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1377", "title": "Blood flow to the kidney via the gonadal-renal capsular artery.", "content": "The gonadal artery is an important collateral pathway of blood flow to the kidney. Collateral routes may be from the gonadal artery to the inferior capsular artery (gonadal-renal capsular artery) or to the periureteric arteries. These pathways develop in cases of renal artery stenosis, or when a vascular renal tumor increases the kidneys need for blood. We present five cases in which the gonadal artery served as a source of blood supply to the kidney.", "contents": "Blood flow to the kidney via the gonadal-renal capsular artery. The gonadal artery is an important collateral pathway of blood flow to the kidney. Collateral routes may be from the gonadal artery to the inferior capsular artery (gonadal-renal capsular artery) or to the periureteric arteries. These pathways develop in cases of renal artery stenosis, or when a vascular renal tumor increases the kidneys need for blood. We present five cases in which the gonadal artery served as a source of blood supply to the kidney.", "PMID": 553360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1378", "title": "Computed tomography and ultrasonography in the evaluation of mesonephric duct anomalies.", "content": "Three cases involving developmental anomalies of mesonephric duct derivatives were examined by computed tomography and ultrasonography. Cases included an ectopic ureter inserting into a cystic seminal vesicle, an ectopic ureterocele, and agenesis of the seminal vesicle and vas deferens. Computed tomography and ultrasonography were valuable noninvasive methods, supplementing standard radiographic techniques, for evaluating these anomalies.", "contents": "Computed tomography and ultrasonography in the evaluation of mesonephric duct anomalies. Three cases involving developmental anomalies of mesonephric duct derivatives were examined by computed tomography and ultrasonography. Cases included an ectopic ureter inserting into a cystic seminal vesicle, an ectopic ureterocele, and agenesis of the seminal vesicle and vas deferens. Computed tomography and ultrasonography were valuable noninvasive methods, supplementing standard radiographic techniques, for evaluating these anomalies.", "PMID": 553362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1379", "title": "Computed tomography staging of renal carcinoma.", "content": "The ability of fast thire-and fourth-generation scanning devices to supply images of sufficient quality to delineate the kidney, its vascular supply, and surrounding fascial envelope has provided a modality which permits preoperative staging of tumors of the kidney with an accuracy of about 90% in limited series of 20 specimen cases. The unreliability of bolus injection to evaluate tumor extension to the renal vein accounted for two errors.", "contents": "Computed tomography staging of renal carcinoma. The ability of fast thire-and fourth-generation scanning devices to supply images of sufficient quality to delineate the kidney, its vascular supply, and surrounding fascial envelope has provided a modality which permits preoperative staging of tumors of the kidney with an accuracy of about 90% in limited series of 20 specimen cases. The unreliability of bolus injection to evaluate tumor extension to the renal vein accounted for two errors.", "PMID": 553363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1380", "title": "Traumatic strictures of the prostatomembranous urethra in children: radiologic evaluation before and after urethral reconstruction.", "content": "Impassible strictures of the posterior urethra are frequent sequelae of injuries of the prostatomembranous urethra. To select the appropriate type of urethral reconstructive procedure, the surgeon must know the length of the stricture, whether local complications are present, and whether the anterior urethra is strictured or bound down by fibrosis. The authors describe the radiographic techniques they use to plan urethral reconstruction and evaluate the operative result. The principles of the one-stage transperineal and combined transpubic-transperineal repairs and the two-stage Turner-Warwick scrotal skin inlay urethroplasty are presented to enable radiologists and urologists to interpret contrast studies of the lower urinary tract in patients who have undergone these operation.", "contents": "Traumatic strictures of the prostatomembranous urethra in children: radiologic evaluation before and after urethral reconstruction. Impassible strictures of the posterior urethra are frequent sequelae of injuries of the prostatomembranous urethra. To select the appropriate type of urethral reconstructive procedure, the surgeon must know the length of the stricture, whether local complications are present, and whether the anterior urethra is strictured or bound down by fibrosis. The authors describe the radiographic techniques they use to plan urethral reconstruction and evaluate the operative result. The principles of the one-stage transperineal and combined transpubic-transperineal repairs and the two-stage Turner-Warwick scrotal skin inlay urethroplasty are presented to enable radiologists and urologists to interpret contrast studies of the lower urinary tract in patients who have undergone these operation.", "PMID": 553364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1381", "title": "Rectourethral fistula on the urethrogram.", "content": "Radiologic demonstration of a rectourethral fistula is of importance in the evaluation of the male neonate with imperforate anus. After pull-through operation a remnant of the fistula may remain as a small unimportant sinus tract or may cause problems.", "contents": "Rectourethral fistula on the urethrogram. Radiologic demonstration of a rectourethral fistula is of importance in the evaluation of the male neonate with imperforate anus. After pull-through operation a remnant of the fistula may remain as a small unimportant sinus tract or may cause problems.", "PMID": 553365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1382", "title": "Recurrent transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal conduit.", "content": "A patient with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma involving an ileal conduit is reported. This case is unusual for the following reasons: the malignancy was located in an area where there was no transitional epithelium; a \"napkin ring\" deformity was present; there was a 6-year interval between the initial cystectomy and the recurrence of the malignancy.", "contents": "Recurrent transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal conduit. A patient with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma involving an ileal conduit is reported. This case is unusual for the following reasons: the malignancy was located in an area where there was no transitional epithelium; a \"napkin ring\" deformity was present; there was a 6-year interval between the initial cystectomy and the recurrence of the malignancy.", "PMID": 553366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1383", "title": "\"Bell-shaped ureter,\" a radiographic sign of antegrade intussusception.", "content": "A unique case of a hitherto unreported antegrade intussusception of the ureter secondary to a lead pedunculated polypoid transitional cell tumor is presented. Radiological documentation and surgical verification are illustrated. An attempted explanation of the peculiar radiographic appearance proximal to and within the intussusception is given. The potential aid in preoperative recognition of such an entity is proposed.", "contents": "\"Bell-shaped ureter,\" a radiographic sign of antegrade intussusception. A unique case of a hitherto unreported antegrade intussusception of the ureter secondary to a lead pedunculated polypoid transitional cell tumor is presented. Radiological documentation and surgical verification are illustrated. An attempted explanation of the peculiar radiographic appearance proximal to and within the intussusception is given. The potential aid in preoperative recognition of such an entity is proposed.", "PMID": 553367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1384", "title": "Ureteral involvement by metastatic disease.", "content": "Ureteral obstruction secondary to metastases from distant primary tumors may be studied by urography, pyelography, venography and lymphagiography. An added dimension to the study of this disease process is obtained by the use of sonography and computed tomography since these techniques are better able to demonstrate the extent of the disease in the retroperitoneum.", "contents": "Ureteral involvement by metastatic disease. Ureteral obstruction secondary to metastases from distant primary tumors may be studied by urography, pyelography, venography and lymphagiography. An added dimension to the study of this disease process is obtained by the use of sonography and computed tomography since these techniques are better able to demonstrate the extent of the disease in the retroperitoneum.", "PMID": 553368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1385", "title": "99mTc-DTPA renal scanning as a confirmatory study in the diagnosis of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage.", "content": "99mTc-DTPA renal scanning offers a method for demonstrating adrenal hemorrhage as a cause of flank mass in the neonate and for assessing renal function. The hemorrhagic adrenal appears as a tracer-free area over the flattened and displaced kidney. The method is low in radiation and is not hampered by obscuring bowel contents.", "contents": "99mTc-DTPA renal scanning as a confirmatory study in the diagnosis of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage. 99mTc-DTPA renal scanning offers a method for demonstrating adrenal hemorrhage as a cause of flank mass in the neonate and for assessing renal function. The hemorrhagic adrenal appears as a tracer-free area over the flattened and displaced kidney. The method is low in radiation and is not hampered by obscuring bowel contents.", "PMID": 553369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1386", "title": "An unusual vascular impression on the renal pelvis.", "content": "In a female patient who presented with the complaint of dysuria, angiography was required to distinguish a vascular impression on the renal pelvis from a possible tumor or calculus. Neither intravenous urography nor retrograde pyelogram clarified the smooth filling defect sufficiently to rule out the possibility of a urothelial tumor.", "contents": "An unusual vascular impression on the renal pelvis. In a female patient who presented with the complaint of dysuria, angiography was required to distinguish a vascular impression on the renal pelvis from a possible tumor or calculus. Neither intravenous urography nor retrograde pyelogram clarified the smooth filling defect sufficiently to rule out the possibility of a urothelial tumor.", "PMID": 553370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1387", "title": "The striated nephrogram in renal contusion.", "content": "The striated nephrogram following renal trauma is reported for the first time. Previously, the striated parenchymal pattern has been oted in obstruction and in a small number of cases of hypotension. Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria, and renal vein thrombosis.", "contents": "The striated nephrogram in renal contusion. The striated nephrogram following renal trauma is reported for the first time. Previously, the striated parenchymal pattern has been oted in obstruction and in a small number of cases of hypotension. Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria, and renal vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 553371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1388", "title": "Barium enema as an adjunct to the urogram when the left kidney is not seen.", "content": "The barium enema is a useful adjunct to urography when the left kidney is not seen. When the anatomic splenic flexure of the colon is in normal position, a non-visualized kidney is present in the renal fossa.", "contents": "Barium enema as an adjunct to the urogram when the left kidney is not seen. The barium enema is a useful adjunct to urography when the left kidney is not seen. When the anatomic splenic flexure of the colon is in normal position, a non-visualized kidney is present in the renal fossa.", "PMID": 553372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1389", "title": "Congenital giant hydroureteronephrosis.", "content": "Four patients with giant hydroureteronephrosis are reported to emphasize the massive proportions attained by a dilated ureter. Ureteral obstruction was congenital in each case; duplication with ectopic insertion was present in three of the four patients. In three patients the massively dilated ureter caused partial obstruction of the contralateral ureter. If ultrasound and/or computed tomography demonstrate a huge, septate, cystic structure crossing the midline, massive megaureter should be suspected. Antegrade puncture can be used to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Congenital giant hydroureteronephrosis. Four patients with giant hydroureteronephrosis are reported to emphasize the massive proportions attained by a dilated ureter. Ureteral obstruction was congenital in each case; duplication with ectopic insertion was present in three of the four patients. In three patients the massively dilated ureter caused partial obstruction of the contralateral ureter. If ultrasound and/or computed tomography demonstrate a huge, septate, cystic structure crossing the midline, massive megaureter should be suspected. Antegrade puncture can be used to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 553373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1390", "title": "The \"stipple sign\" - urographic harbinger of transitional cell neoplasms.", "content": "The trapping of contrast material within the interstices of a papillary growth produces a stippled appearance when viewed end on. Since the majority of transitional cell neoplasms have a papillary configuration, the stipple sign is highly suggestive of the presence of this lesion.", "contents": "The \"stipple sign\" - urographic harbinger of transitional cell neoplasms. The trapping of contrast material within the interstices of a papillary growth produces a stippled appearance when viewed end on. Since the majority of transitional cell neoplasms have a papillary configuration, the stipple sign is highly suggestive of the presence of this lesion.", "PMID": 553374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1391", "title": "Renal vascular changes as reflected by angiography.", "content": "Gray-scale ultrasonography and whole-body CT have narrowed the indications for renal angiography. However, as illustrated here, there remain a number of vascular disorders for which angiography still provides the only means of establishing a correct diagnosis. Some of these cases may also be treated by transcatheter embolization in connection with angiography.", "contents": "Renal vascular changes as reflected by angiography. Gray-scale ultrasonography and whole-body CT have narrowed the indications for renal angiography. However, as illustrated here, there remain a number of vascular disorders for which angiography still provides the only means of establishing a correct diagnosis. Some of these cases may also be treated by transcatheter embolization in connection with angiography.", "PMID": 553375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1392", "title": "Multilocular renal cysts.", "content": "Multilocular renal cysts are benign lesions with an unknown histogenesis. We report 3 children and summarize information currently known about these lesions. Capsular veins were seen in two patients during the early phases of intravenous urography. Intravenous urography with sonography and arteriography may suggest the diagnosis prior to surgery.", "contents": "Multilocular renal cysts. Multilocular renal cysts are benign lesions with an unknown histogenesis. We report 3 children and summarize information currently known about these lesions. Capsular veins were seen in two patients during the early phases of intravenous urography. Intravenous urography with sonography and arteriography may suggest the diagnosis prior to surgery.", "PMID": 553376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1393", "title": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis: optimal diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis is presented in which computerized tomography (CT) both confirmed the diagnosis and demonstrated extension of the gas to the region of the adrenal glands and inferior cava. The etiology and pathogenesis of emphysematous pyelonephritis is discussed. Radiologic evaluation of this disease should be prompt and noninvasive. Plain films establish the diagnosis, isotope scanning assesses function of the opposite kidney, and CT demonstrates the full extent of the pathological process and confirms the diagnosis. Aggressive treatment is recommended.", "contents": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis: optimal diagnosis and treatment. A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis is presented in which computerized tomography (CT) both confirmed the diagnosis and demonstrated extension of the gas to the region of the adrenal glands and inferior cava. The etiology and pathogenesis of emphysematous pyelonephritis is discussed. Radiologic evaluation of this disease should be prompt and noninvasive. Plain films establish the diagnosis, isotope scanning assesses function of the opposite kidney, and CT demonstrates the full extent of the pathological process and confirms the diagnosis. Aggressive treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 553377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1394", "title": "Nonobstructing radiopaque ureteral calculi.", "content": "Twenty-two unilateral nonobstructing radiopaque ureteral calculi were found on excretory urography in 21 patients over a 6-year period. The calculi were frequently (12/22) not associated with pain at the time of urography. Of the 21 patients, 19 had intrarenal pelvis configuration which may limit the potential dilatation of the collecting system. Twelve calculi eventually passed spontaneously and two were removed surgically. Three remained in the ureter for prolonged periods (up to 18 months), still nonobstructing. The majority (13/22) of the calculi were in the distal third of the ureter.", "contents": "Nonobstructing radiopaque ureteral calculi. Twenty-two unilateral nonobstructing radiopaque ureteral calculi were found on excretory urography in 21 patients over a 6-year period. The calculi were frequently (12/22) not associated with pain at the time of urography. Of the 21 patients, 19 had intrarenal pelvis configuration which may limit the potential dilatation of the collecting system. Twelve calculi eventually passed spontaneously and two were removed surgically. Three remained in the ureter for prolonged periods (up to 18 months), still nonobstructing. The majority (13/22) of the calculi were in the distal third of the ureter.", "PMID": 553378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1395", "title": "Changes in membrane fluidity of mast cells, induced by antigen-anaphylactic antibody reaction.", "content": "Binding of IgE to rat mast cell receptors caused a distinct decrease of membrane fluidity. The antigen-IgE antibody reaction was followed by rapid changes in membrane fluidity of sensitized mast cells. In the earliest phase of the antigen-antibody reaction membrane fluidity decreased, however, this decrease was followed by a quick increase 10 min. later.", "contents": "Changes in membrane fluidity of mast cells, induced by antigen-anaphylactic antibody reaction. Binding of IgE to rat mast cell receptors caused a distinct decrease of membrane fluidity. The antigen-IgE antibody reaction was followed by rapid changes in membrane fluidity of sensitized mast cells. In the earliest phase of the antigen-antibody reaction membrane fluidity decreased, however, this decrease was followed by a quick increase 10 min. later.", "PMID": 553440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1396", "title": "Yellow mutations alter chloroplast ribosomal proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardii.", "content": "Ribosomes and ribosomal proteins from wild-type and three yellow mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardii were analyzed and compared by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis. Mixotrophycally grown mutants differ from wild-type cells in lowered chlorophyll content. Analytical ultracentrifugation analysis of cell extracts showed a reduced amount of 70S ribosomes and an increased level of 50S subunits in mutants y-27 and y-28. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated considerable alterations in the protein composition of 70S ribosomes of the mutants. Two proteins of 70S ribosomes were altered in the y-27 and y-28 mutants. Two proteins were absent from the electrophoretograms of the yellow-76 mutant and seven proteins were present in lowered concentrations. The mutations are inherited in a non-Mendelian manner. The protein alterations in 70S ribosome are most probably localized in the chloroplast DNA.", "contents": "Yellow mutations alter chloroplast ribosomal proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Ribosomes and ribosomal proteins from wild-type and three yellow mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardii were analyzed and compared by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis. Mixotrophycally grown mutants differ from wild-type cells in lowered chlorophyll content. Analytical ultracentrifugation analysis of cell extracts showed a reduced amount of 70S ribosomes and an increased level of 50S subunits in mutants y-27 and y-28. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated considerable alterations in the protein composition of 70S ribosomes of the mutants. Two proteins of 70S ribosomes were altered in the y-27 and y-28 mutants. Two proteins were absent from the electrophoretograms of the yellow-76 mutant and seven proteins were present in lowered concentrations. The mutations are inherited in a non-Mendelian manner. The protein alterations in 70S ribosome are most probably localized in the chloroplast DNA.", "PMID": 553441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1397", "title": "Valyl-tRNA synthetase from chick embryo brain. Properties of the sulfhydryl groups.", "content": "The number of thiol groups in valyl-tRNA synthetase [L-valine tRNA ligase (AMP) E.C.6.1.1.9] isolated from chick embryo brain was determined. Titration with 5.5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic) acid showed 11 free SH groups calculated on the basis of a molecular weight of 110000 daltons. In 8M urea reaction with DTNB revealed 1 additional SH-group. Binding of substrates to the active site of the molecule decreased the number of titratable SH-groups. The modification of enzyme activity was studied by the use of thiol reagents: metal ions Ag+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and pCMB. The ATP-PPi exchange activity of valyl-tRNA synthetase was significantly less inhibited by metal ions than the aminoacylation activity. SH-groups essential for tRNA acylation were not required for the activation of valine. After gamma irradiation of valyl-tRNA synthetase the number of SH-groups diminished parallel with the decrease in enzyme activity.", "contents": "Valyl-tRNA synthetase from chick embryo brain. Properties of the sulfhydryl groups. The number of thiol groups in valyl-tRNA synthetase [L-valine tRNA ligase (AMP) E.C.6.1.1.9] isolated from chick embryo brain was determined. Titration with 5.5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic) acid showed 11 free SH groups calculated on the basis of a molecular weight of 110000 daltons. In 8M urea reaction with DTNB revealed 1 additional SH-group. Binding of substrates to the active site of the molecule decreased the number of titratable SH-groups. The modification of enzyme activity was studied by the use of thiol reagents: metal ions Ag+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and pCMB. The ATP-PPi exchange activity of valyl-tRNA synthetase was significantly less inhibited by metal ions than the aminoacylation activity. SH-groups essential for tRNA acylation were not required for the activation of valine. After gamma irradiation of valyl-tRNA synthetase the number of SH-groups diminished parallel with the decrease in enzyme activity.", "PMID": 553442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1398", "title": "X-ray microanalytical studies on native myofibrils and mitochondria isolated by microdissection from honey-bee flight muscle.", "content": "The distribution of elements was studied by means of energy dispersive X ray microanalysis in the honey-bee flight muscle. Semi-quantitative analysis of bulk muscle specimen, isolated mitochondria and isolated myofibrils either in resting or stretched state was performed. High K peak was observed in the spectra of bulk muscle specimen resembling the spectra of myofibrils and high P peak resembling the spectra of mitochondria. In the myofibrils no substantial difference was found between the spectra of A bands and Z lines, but they contained much higher K peak than the spectra of I bands.", "contents": "X-ray microanalytical studies on native myofibrils and mitochondria isolated by microdissection from honey-bee flight muscle. The distribution of elements was studied by means of energy dispersive X ray microanalysis in the honey-bee flight muscle. Semi-quantitative analysis of bulk muscle specimen, isolated mitochondria and isolated myofibrils either in resting or stretched state was performed. High K peak was observed in the spectra of bulk muscle specimen resembling the spectra of myofibrils and high P peak resembling the spectra of mitochondria. In the myofibrils no substantial difference was found between the spectra of A bands and Z lines, but they contained much higher K peak than the spectra of I bands.", "PMID": 553443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1399", "title": "The passive electrical characteristics of giant neurones identified in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis.", "content": "The passive electrical characteristics of four giant neurones in the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis were studied. The parameters were calculated on the basis of potential transients evoked by hyperpolarizing square impulses. The examined neurones can be classified in two groups, which show significant differences considering the time constant and membrane resistance. This classification is in correlation with the functional properties of the cells. The differences in the passive electrical characteristics of the giant neurones were compared to some data obtained by using voltage clamp method. The role of these parameters in the generation of the single spike and the rhythmic discharge is discussed.", "contents": "The passive electrical characteristics of giant neurones identified in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis. The passive electrical characteristics of four giant neurones in the CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis were studied. The parameters were calculated on the basis of potential transients evoked by hyperpolarizing square impulses. The examined neurones can be classified in two groups, which show significant differences considering the time constant and membrane resistance. This classification is in correlation with the functional properties of the cells. The differences in the passive electrical characteristics of the giant neurones were compared to some data obtained by using voltage clamp method. The role of these parameters in the generation of the single spike and the rhythmic discharge is discussed.", "PMID": 553444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1400", "title": "Absorption and fluorescence of fluram-labelled lysozyme and peroxidase solutions.", "content": "The absorption spectra of fluram, lysozyme, horse-radish peroxidase, and mixtures of lysozyme + fluram and peroxidase + fluram and the fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra of the mixtures in 0.05 M phosphate buffer with 1 per cent dioxane are determined. Due to formation of a protein-fluram compound, the absorption spectra of the mixtures are not algebraic sums of the components. From the fluorescence intensities the number of bonding sites is found 6 in both cases. The fluorescence spectrum of the peroxidase-fluram compound has maxima at 305, 350, 400, 450 nm due to peroxidase and at 480 nm originating from fluram. In mixtures of 10(-5) M lysozyme + 10(-4) M fluram, 3/4 of the excitation energy is transferred from lysozyme to fluram within the compound under 280 nm excitation. Under similar conditions 4/5 of the excitation energy is transferred from peroxidase to fluram.", "contents": "Absorption and fluorescence of fluram-labelled lysozyme and peroxidase solutions. The absorption spectra of fluram, lysozyme, horse-radish peroxidase, and mixtures of lysozyme + fluram and peroxidase + fluram and the fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra of the mixtures in 0.05 M phosphate buffer with 1 per cent dioxane are determined. Due to formation of a protein-fluram compound, the absorption spectra of the mixtures are not algebraic sums of the components. From the fluorescence intensities the number of bonding sites is found 6 in both cases. The fluorescence spectrum of the peroxidase-fluram compound has maxima at 305, 350, 400, 450 nm due to peroxidase and at 480 nm originating from fluram. In mixtures of 10(-5) M lysozyme + 10(-4) M fluram, 3/4 of the excitation energy is transferred from lysozyme to fluram within the compound under 280 nm excitation. Under similar conditions 4/5 of the excitation energy is transferred from peroxidase to fluram.", "PMID": 553445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1401", "title": "Computed tomography of cerebral palsy: evaluation of brain damage by volume index of CSF space.", "content": "Between 1976 and 1978, we examined 110 Japanese children with cerebral palsy using a CT 1000 and a CT 1010 (EMI). In 92% of all patients, there were abnormal findings. Cortical atrophy was seen in 51%, ventricular dilatation in 86%, localized low density areas in 22%, brain anomalies in 10% and asymmetry of cerebral hemisphere in 31%. In spastic hemiplegia, the characteristic CT revealed asymmetrical ventricular dilatation without cortical atrophy and localized low density areas in the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the palsy. In spastic tetraplegia, CT revealed moderate to marked diffuse cerebral atrophy or brain anomalies. In athetosis, CT revealed normal or slight cerebral atrophy. In 60 cases where a CT 1010 was used, we calculated the volume index of CSF space by computer, Eclipse S/200, and analyzed the relationship between the clinical features of cerebral palsy and the volume index of CSF space.", "contents": "Computed tomography of cerebral palsy: evaluation of brain damage by volume index of CSF space. Between 1976 and 1978, we examined 110 Japanese children with cerebral palsy using a CT 1000 and a CT 1010 (EMI). In 92% of all patients, there were abnormal findings. Cortical atrophy was seen in 51%, ventricular dilatation in 86%, localized low density areas in 22%, brain anomalies in 10% and asymmetry of cerebral hemisphere in 31%. In spastic hemiplegia, the characteristic CT revealed asymmetrical ventricular dilatation without cortical atrophy and localized low density areas in the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the palsy. In spastic tetraplegia, CT revealed moderate to marked diffuse cerebral atrophy or brain anomalies. In athetosis, CT revealed normal or slight cerebral atrophy. In 60 cases where a CT 1010 was used, we calculated the volume index of CSF space by computer, Eclipse S/200, and analyzed the relationship between the clinical features of cerebral palsy and the volume index of CSF space.", "PMID": 553448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1402", "title": "Old subependymal necrosis and hemorrhage in the prematurely born infants.", "content": "Old subependymal hemorrhage (SEH) and old subependymal necrosis (SEN) were found in 18 (23%) and 14 (19%) cases respectively out of a total of 78 prematurely born infants who survived more than 3 weeks. Most of the lesions were recognized in the region of th stria terminalis. A nonhemorrhagic infarct (SEN) might occur at the stria terminalis in the perinatal period of the premature infant, following focal ischemia or hypoxia, and on occasion predispose to the production of subependymal hemorrhage in impaired cerebral vascular autoregulation.", "contents": "Old subependymal necrosis and hemorrhage in the prematurely born infants. Old subependymal hemorrhage (SEH) and old subependymal necrosis (SEN) were found in 18 (23%) and 14 (19%) cases respectively out of a total of 78 prematurely born infants who survived more than 3 weeks. Most of the lesions were recognized in the region of th stria terminalis. A nonhemorrhagic infarct (SEN) might occur at the stria terminalis in the perinatal period of the premature infant, following focal ischemia or hypoxia, and on occasion predispose to the production of subependymal hemorrhage in impaired cerebral vascular autoregulation.", "PMID": 553449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1403", "title": "Cockayne syndrome: report of two siblings and review of literature in Japan.", "content": "Typical Cockayne syndrome was seen in a boy and his younger sister and these two cases are reported here, and reported cases of the syndrome in Japan are summarized. Both cases (an 11-year-old boy and a 7-year-old girl) had dwarfism, a senile face, retinitis pigmentosa, photosensitivity, and mental retardation. Calcium deposition in the basal ganglia was seen by CT scan. In both cases nerve conduction velocities were reduced suggesting peripheral neuropathy, but segmental demyelination on sural nerve biopsy was not demonstrated. Twenty seven cases of the syndrome has now been reported in Japan in 21 families (including the above two cases), consisting of 14 males and 12 females (the sex of one case was unknown): consanguineous marriage was confirmed in 14 families. Eleven cases in five families were siblings. The estimated ages of onset were from 1 month to 3 years, and in most cases photosensitivity was the initial symptom. Clinical manifestations were mental retardation in 25 cases (93%), dwarfism in 24 cases (89%), photosensitivity in 23 cases (85%), articular contracture in 22 cases (81%), sunken eyes in 20 cases (74%), retinitis pigmentosa in 17 cases (63%), deafness in 16 cases (59%), and intracranial calcification in 14 cases (51%). Intracranial calcification will be more often detected in future following the development of CT scanning.", "contents": "Cockayne syndrome: report of two siblings and review of literature in Japan. Typical Cockayne syndrome was seen in a boy and his younger sister and these two cases are reported here, and reported cases of the syndrome in Japan are summarized. Both cases (an 11-year-old boy and a 7-year-old girl) had dwarfism, a senile face, retinitis pigmentosa, photosensitivity, and mental retardation. Calcium deposition in the basal ganglia was seen by CT scan. In both cases nerve conduction velocities were reduced suggesting peripheral neuropathy, but segmental demyelination on sural nerve biopsy was not demonstrated. Twenty seven cases of the syndrome has now been reported in Japan in 21 families (including the above two cases), consisting of 14 males and 12 females (the sex of one case was unknown): consanguineous marriage was confirmed in 14 families. Eleven cases in five families were siblings. The estimated ages of onset were from 1 month to 3 years, and in most cases photosensitivity was the initial symptom. Clinical manifestations were mental retardation in 25 cases (93%), dwarfism in 24 cases (89%), photosensitivity in 23 cases (85%), articular contracture in 22 cases (81%), sunken eyes in 20 cases (74%), retinitis pigmentosa in 17 cases (63%), deafness in 16 cases (59%), and intracranial calcification in 14 cases (51%). Intracranial calcification will be more often detected in future following the development of CT scanning.", "PMID": 553450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1404", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti achromians as part of a neurocutaneous syndrome: a case report.", "content": "A case of incontinentia pigmenti achromians associated with mental retardation, epilepsy, short stature and ocular anomalies was reported. A study of this case together with a review of the 38 cases in the literature revealed that this entity has been associated with central nervous system involvements at a high frequency. It is necessary, therefore, to consider incontinentia pigmenti achromians as a neurocutaneous syndrome from the viewpoint of pediatric neurology.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti achromians as part of a neurocutaneous syndrome: a case report. A case of incontinentia pigmenti achromians associated with mental retardation, epilepsy, short stature and ocular anomalies was reported. A study of this case together with a review of the 38 cases in the literature revealed that this entity has been associated with central nervous system involvements at a high frequency. It is necessary, therefore, to consider incontinentia pigmenti achromians as a neurocutaneous syndrome from the viewpoint of pediatric neurology.", "PMID": 553451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1405", "title": "Running and laughing fits as the sequelae of the neonatal hyperviscosity syndrome.", "content": "A 5-year-old Japanese male with intractable running and laughing fits was reported to have had status epilepticus from 18 hours after birth. This intractable convulsions were thought to be due to hyperviscosity syndrome induced by neonatal idiopathic polycythemia. A phlebotomy ended the convulsions in the neonatal period, but the EEG continued to display right temporal spikes afterwards. He suffered from running and laughing fits 3 to 5 times daily from the age of 2 years up to 4 years 8 months. EEG revealed generalized dysrhythmia and poly-spikes and waves, mainly in the right side. Computerized tomography showed dilatation of all the ventricles plus multiple low density areas in the right temporal lobe. This case of running and laughing fits was presumed to be one of the temporal lobe epilepsy induced by the hyperviscosity syndrome brought on by neonatal polycythemia.", "contents": "Running and laughing fits as the sequelae of the neonatal hyperviscosity syndrome. A 5-year-old Japanese male with intractable running and laughing fits was reported to have had status epilepticus from 18 hours after birth. This intractable convulsions were thought to be due to hyperviscosity syndrome induced by neonatal idiopathic polycythemia. A phlebotomy ended the convulsions in the neonatal period, but the EEG continued to display right temporal spikes afterwards. He suffered from running and laughing fits 3 to 5 times daily from the age of 2 years up to 4 years 8 months. EEG revealed generalized dysrhythmia and poly-spikes and waves, mainly in the right side. Computerized tomography showed dilatation of all the ventricles plus multiple low density areas in the right temporal lobe. This case of running and laughing fits was presumed to be one of the temporal lobe epilepsy induced by the hyperviscosity syndrome brought on by neonatal polycythemia.", "PMID": 553452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1406", "title": "Convulsions from excessive dosage of nalidixic acid: a case report.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl who developed convulsions after an accidental ingestion of excessive dosage (50 mg/kg) of nalidixic acid, while treated with the drug (50 mg/kg/day) over 30 days for a urinary tract infection, was reported. Thirty minutes after ingestion, vomiting, tonic-clonic seizures, and abnormal movements were supervened. After ninety minutes, the serum levels of nalidixic acid and hydroxynalidixic acid were 146.1 and 48.9 microgram/ml, respectively. In controls, the mean levels of nalidixic acid and hydroxynalidixic acid were 7.8 +/- 6.8 (SD) and 3.02 +/- 2.6 microgram/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Convulsions from excessive dosage of nalidixic acid: a case report. A 4-year-old girl who developed convulsions after an accidental ingestion of excessive dosage (50 mg/kg) of nalidixic acid, while treated with the drug (50 mg/kg/day) over 30 days for a urinary tract infection, was reported. Thirty minutes after ingestion, vomiting, tonic-clonic seizures, and abnormal movements were supervened. After ninety minutes, the serum levels of nalidixic acid and hydroxynalidixic acid were 146.1 and 48.9 microgram/ml, respectively. In controls, the mean levels of nalidixic acid and hydroxynalidixic acid were 7.8 +/- 6.8 (SD) and 3.02 +/- 2.6 microgram/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 553453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1407", "title": "Antibiotic sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Antibiotic sensitivity tests on most anaerobic organisms isolated from a given patient are seldom of use to that individual. This is because both isolation and sensitivity testing of this group of bacteria take so long. It is thus vital that the microbiologist should be able to supply to the clinician the cumulated results of past experience, ideally his own, but if not, then the experience of others, taking into account geographical variations whenever possible. Because of the possibility of geographical variation, it is important that every institution should carry out sensitivity testing on easily isolated and rapidly growing bacteria. Bacteroides fragilis is probably the most common of these, and because it is among the more resistant anaerobes and is present in the majority of anaerobic infections, it is often used as an \"indicator\" both of the diagnosis and of the likely response to a given drug regimen.", "contents": "Antibiotic sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria. Antibiotic sensitivity tests on most anaerobic organisms isolated from a given patient are seldom of use to that individual. This is because both isolation and sensitivity testing of this group of bacteria take so long. It is thus vital that the microbiologist should be able to supply to the clinician the cumulated results of past experience, ideally his own, but if not, then the experience of others, taking into account geographical variations whenever possible. Because of the possibility of geographical variation, it is important that every institution should carry out sensitivity testing on easily isolated and rapidly growing bacteria. Bacteroides fragilis is probably the most common of these, and because it is among the more resistant anaerobes and is present in the majority of anaerobic infections, it is often used as an \"indicator\" both of the diagnosis and of the likely response to a given drug regimen.", "PMID": 553477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1408", "title": "[Applications of gas chromatography in the diagnosis of anaerobic infections].", "content": "The isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria by biochemical tests take long time, so it is very useful the gas-chromatography to detect the volatile fatty acids produced from their metabolism. This technique can give rapidly a presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic infection so that it is possible to start immediately a correct antibiotic therapy. In this study we have examined many samples of pus and exudate, and the results have been compared with those obtained from the culture. We have found a good correlation between the detection by gas-chromatography of isobutyric and butyric acids and the isolation in the culture of anaerobic flora, and particularly of Bacteroides fragilis when the gas-chromatography detected isobutyric, butyric and succinic acids.", "contents": "[Applications of gas chromatography in the diagnosis of anaerobic infections]. The isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria by biochemical tests take long time, so it is very useful the gas-chromatography to detect the volatile fatty acids produced from their metabolism. This technique can give rapidly a presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic infection so that it is possible to start immediately a correct antibiotic therapy. In this study we have examined many samples of pus and exudate, and the results have been compared with those obtained from the culture. We have found a good correlation between the detection by gas-chromatography of isobutyric and butyric acids and the isolation in the culture of anaerobic flora, and particularly of Bacteroides fragilis when the gas-chromatography detected isobutyric, butyric and succinic acids.", "PMID": 553479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1409", "title": "[Approaches to antibiotic therapy in anaerobic infections].", "content": "After a short introduction pointing out the difficulties faced by an italian clinician when he has to apply a correct aetiologic therapy to the non-sporing anaerobe infections, difficulties which are especially due to the lack of an efficient microbiologic support, the A. examines the main infections caused by these bacteria and shows the treatment for each case according to the more recent literature and to his own experience.", "contents": "[Approaches to antibiotic therapy in anaerobic infections]. After a short introduction pointing out the difficulties faced by an italian clinician when he has to apply a correct aetiologic therapy to the non-sporing anaerobe infections, difficulties which are especially due to the lack of an efficient microbiologic support, the A. examines the main infections caused by these bacteria and shows the treatment for each case according to the more recent literature and to his own experience.", "PMID": 553478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1410", "title": "[7-Alpha dehydroxylation of bile acids by O2-intolerant anaerobic intestinal microorganisms].", "content": "The 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids by mice intestinal microorganisms was studied. When all techniques, from autopsy of the animals to final incubation, are performed in oxygen-free environment, it has been found that anaerobic O2 non tolerant microorganisms might be considered the main responsible for these transformations.", "contents": "[7-Alpha dehydroxylation of bile acids by O2-intolerant anaerobic intestinal microorganisms]. The 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids by mice intestinal microorganisms was studied. When all techniques, from autopsy of the animals to final incubation, are performed in oxygen-free environment, it has been found that anaerobic O2 non tolerant microorganisms might be considered the main responsible for these transformations.", "PMID": 553480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1411", "title": "Abnormal intestinal flora.", "content": "The normal small intestine in man usually harbours a sparse microflora consisting of Gram-positive microorganisms derived from the oro-pharynx. The concentrations in the upper jejunum are approximately 10(3)-10(4) organisms/ml, whereas in the ileum the concentrations may be higher and faecal type organisms may also be present, such as Enterobacteria, Bifidobacteria, and Bacteroides in concentrations of 10(5)-10(6) organisms per ml of intestinal aspirate [24, 25]. This situation is well maintained unless the integrity of the small intestine is deranged. There are however, certain conditions in which bacterial proliferation in the lumen of the small intestine may occur and give rise to various metabolic abnormalities [2]. In this paper I would like to list some of these conditions, then describe the type of microflora which colonizes the small intestine, and finally discuss a few aspects of the metabolic consequences of these bacteria.", "contents": "Abnormal intestinal flora. The normal small intestine in man usually harbours a sparse microflora consisting of Gram-positive microorganisms derived from the oro-pharynx. The concentrations in the upper jejunum are approximately 10(3)-10(4) organisms/ml, whereas in the ileum the concentrations may be higher and faecal type organisms may also be present, such as Enterobacteria, Bifidobacteria, and Bacteroides in concentrations of 10(5)-10(6) organisms per ml of intestinal aspirate [24, 25]. This situation is well maintained unless the integrity of the small intestine is deranged. There are however, certain conditions in which bacterial proliferation in the lumen of the small intestine may occur and give rise to various metabolic abnormalities [2]. In this paper I would like to list some of these conditions, then describe the type of microflora which colonizes the small intestine, and finally discuss a few aspects of the metabolic consequences of these bacteria.", "PMID": 553481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1412", "title": "Intestinal bacteria and cancer.", "content": "Epidemiology indicates that diet plays an important part in the causation of colorectal cancer. We have postulated that this is because the diet determines the amount of substrate available for microbial metabolism to carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic products. We have studied a wide range of possible substrates and the evidence to date indicates that the most likely ones are the bile acids. Much more work is necessary before we can confirm or refute this postulated association.", "contents": "Intestinal bacteria and cancer. Epidemiology indicates that diet plays an important part in the causation of colorectal cancer. We have postulated that this is because the diet determines the amount of substrate available for microbial metabolism to carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic products. We have studied a wide range of possible substrates and the evidence to date indicates that the most likely ones are the bile acids. Much more work is necessary before we can confirm or refute this postulated association.", "PMID": 553482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1413", "title": "[Anaerobic infections in surgery].", "content": "In the past few years the incidence of anaerobes in the aetiology of surgical infections has definitely increased due to a distinct increase in anaerobic flora and to the noticeable improvement in isolation and culture techniques which have drastically decreased the incidence of so-called \"sterile pus\". The development of the toxi-infective shock due to Gram negative anaerobes, presents the most serious clinical problems, being the shock with the highest mortality rate. A paradigmatic example of shock due to surgical infections is the shock complicating peritonitis. A correct postoperative behaviour includes peritoneal lavage through drainages placed during surgery. The AA. personal experience with 50 hospitalized patients treated surgically and with cefoxitin, a new cephamycin semisynthetic antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamases, is reported.", "contents": "[Anaerobic infections in surgery]. In the past few years the incidence of anaerobes in the aetiology of surgical infections has definitely increased due to a distinct increase in anaerobic flora and to the noticeable improvement in isolation and culture techniques which have drastically decreased the incidence of so-called \"sterile pus\". The development of the toxi-infective shock due to Gram negative anaerobes, presents the most serious clinical problems, being the shock with the highest mortality rate. A paradigmatic example of shock due to surgical infections is the shock complicating peritonitis. A correct postoperative behaviour includes peritoneal lavage through drainages placed during surgery. The AA. personal experience with 50 hospitalized patients treated surgically and with cefoxitin, a new cephamycin semisynthetic antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamases, is reported.", "PMID": 553483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1414", "title": "Cytologic and genetic features of mammalian cultured cells adapted to hypertonic medium.", "content": "The response to changes in the osmotic pressure and the capability to adapt to raised tonicity of culture medium, obtained by increasing the NaCl molarity (0.137M), varies among different Mammalian cell lines. Cells cultured in permissive hypertonic medium become resistant to more drastic hypertonic solutions, which are incompatible with cell survival, in the absence of any pretreatment. When cells grown in hypertonic medium are fed again with normal medium, they do not maintain their greater resistance acquired by adaptation; this points to a reversible physiological process rather than to a stable regulatory change at a genetic level. Cells of the EUE line (human embryonic epithelium), grown in medium containing a doubled NaCl concentration (0.274M), show a growth rate slower than cells cultured in a isotonic medium, whereas the plating efficiency is apparently unaffected. The chromosome number distribution in EUE cells cultured in hypertonic medium shows a significant increase in the frequency of cells with a double chromosomal set (20% in treated cells versus 1.5% in control cells). The induction of polyploidy in hypertonic media can be a useful tool in experiments of genetic analysis based on chromosome segregation via tetraploidy. Furthermore the osmotic adaptation of cells in vitro can provide a useful selective system for the isolation of cellular hybrids.", "contents": "Cytologic and genetic features of mammalian cultured cells adapted to hypertonic medium. The response to changes in the osmotic pressure and the capability to adapt to raised tonicity of culture medium, obtained by increasing the NaCl molarity (0.137M), varies among different Mammalian cell lines. Cells cultured in permissive hypertonic medium become resistant to more drastic hypertonic solutions, which are incompatible with cell survival, in the absence of any pretreatment. When cells grown in hypertonic medium are fed again with normal medium, they do not maintain their greater resistance acquired by adaptation; this points to a reversible physiological process rather than to a stable regulatory change at a genetic level. Cells of the EUE line (human embryonic epithelium), grown in medium containing a doubled NaCl concentration (0.274M), show a growth rate slower than cells cultured in a isotonic medium, whereas the plating efficiency is apparently unaffected. The chromosome number distribution in EUE cells cultured in hypertonic medium shows a significant increase in the frequency of cells with a double chromosomal set (20% in treated cells versus 1.5% in control cells). The induction of polyploidy in hypertonic media can be a useful tool in experiments of genetic analysis based on chromosome segregation via tetraploidy. Furthermore the osmotic adaptation of cells in vitro can provide a useful selective system for the isolation of cellular hybrids.", "PMID": 553505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1415", "title": "[Chemotherapy and mutagenesis. A study of chromosome aberrations as a test for mutagenesis after the use of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside].", "content": "Determination of chromosomal aberration in the lymphocyte cell culture of the peripheral blood in 50 children with malignant and nonmalignant diseases was the test applied in the investigation of the adverse effects of the cytostatic therapy on the human genome. The study included the cytostatic drugs cyclophosphamide, methotrexat and cytosine arabinoside which are used in the treatment for the autoimmune diseases, in organ and bone marrow transplantations and in malignant diseases. It was confirmed that these cytostatics could be the cause of considerable structural aberrations in chromosomes, particularly so when high dosages and long application are involved. Therefore it is understandable that these drugs as mutagens can be the cause of the secondary cancer in patients treated with cytostatic therapy and also of the congenital malformations in children by mothers treated with these medications.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy and mutagenesis. A study of chromosome aberrations as a test for mutagenesis after the use of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside]. Determination of chromosomal aberration in the lymphocyte cell culture of the peripheral blood in 50 children with malignant and nonmalignant diseases was the test applied in the investigation of the adverse effects of the cytostatic therapy on the human genome. The study included the cytostatic drugs cyclophosphamide, methotrexat and cytosine arabinoside which are used in the treatment for the autoimmune diseases, in organ and bone marrow transplantations and in malignant diseases. It was confirmed that these cytostatics could be the cause of considerable structural aberrations in chromosomes, particularly so when high dosages and long application are involved. Therefore it is understandable that these drugs as mutagens can be the cause of the secondary cancer in patients treated with cytostatic therapy and also of the congenital malformations in children by mothers treated with these medications.", "PMID": 553507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1416", "title": "[Pelger-Huet anomaly].", "content": "A homozygot carrier of a congenital nuclear anomaly of blood cells/Pelger-Huet's anomaly: abnormal segmentation of granulocytic leukocytes) is described. The morphologic analysis of blood samples in 4 family members showed similar Pelger-Huet's anomalies. The phagocytic activity, the \"killing test\" and the inhibition test of leucocyte migration of the patients neutrophils were in normal ranges.", "contents": "[Pelger-Huet anomaly]. A homozygot carrier of a congenital nuclear anomaly of blood cells/Pelger-Huet's anomaly: abnormal segmentation of granulocytic leukocytes) is described. The morphologic analysis of blood samples in 4 family members showed similar Pelger-Huet's anomalies. The phagocytic activity, the \"killing test\" and the inhibition test of leucocyte migration of the patients neutrophils were in normal ranges.", "PMID": 553508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1417", "title": "[The significance of the degree of circulatory disorders in hematologic findings and organ injuries in neonates and infants].", "content": "The paper describes various forms of shock which arise in pediatric casuistics as well as pathophysiological changes by which these states are accompanied. The main changes take place in microcirculation. The level and the volume of the lesion of cellular tissue structures depend on the athiology, duration and intensity of noxae. The paper gives clinical haemathological and coagulational parameters necessary to a physician for the evaluation of the state of shock of the diseased. It further points out the meaning of intensity of disturbances within circulation, their dependence and repercutions on haemodynamic,  haemothological and coagulational findings, especially in early infancy. To enable the application of quick and afficient therapy upon which the result of treatment depends, the papern deals in detail with development of DIC during the Itates of shock, with importance of wound and of quick and precise laborathory detection and differential diagnostics, and with the circumstances which make these phenomena difficult in early infancy. In the treatment of DIC priority is given to intravenous application of AT-III complex human, concentrated and purified, activated in vitro with heparin. Finally there is a description of examinations of pathological-anatomical-hysthological findings of obduced new-borns and infants ill with irreversible shock accompanied by DIC, whose organs show some particular features in relation to adults.", "contents": "[The significance of the degree of circulatory disorders in hematologic findings and organ injuries in neonates and infants]. The paper describes various forms of shock which arise in pediatric casuistics as well as pathophysiological changes by which these states are accompanied. The main changes take place in microcirculation. The level and the volume of the lesion of cellular tissue structures depend on the athiology, duration and intensity of noxae. The paper gives clinical haemathological and coagulational parameters necessary to a physician for the evaluation of the state of shock of the diseased. It further points out the meaning of intensity of disturbances within circulation, their dependence and repercutions on haemodynamic,  haemothological and coagulational findings, especially in early infancy. To enable the application of quick and afficient therapy upon which the result of treatment depends, the papern deals in detail with development of DIC during the Itates of shock, with importance of wound and of quick and precise laborathory detection and differential diagnostics, and with the circumstances which make these phenomena difficult in early infancy. In the treatment of DIC priority is given to intravenous application of AT-III complex human, concentrated and purified, activated in vitro with heparin. Finally there is a description of examinations of pathological-anatomical-hysthological findings of obduced new-borns and infants ill with irreversible shock accompanied by DIC, whose organs show some particular features in relation to adults.", "PMID": 553509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1418", "title": "[Chromosome abnormalities in malignant lymphoma].", "content": "Analysis of the karyotype from bone marrow tissue and lymphocyte culture of the peripheral blood was performed in 25 children either with Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkins' lymphoma prior to any treatment. numeric aberrations were confirmed in 40% of the patients; in these the hyperdiploid number of chromosomes ranged from 52 to 94, while 24% of the cases had cells with 47 chromosomes of which the surplus chromosome corresponded to those of the group C and, in one case, of the group G. The occurence of cells with abnormal chromosome sets confirmed presence of clonal evolution. This was also a poor prognostic sign. By using cytogenetic of high accuracy and by studying further the chromosome abnormalities, problems concerning the importance of these abnormalities in the etiology and epidemiology of these diseases might be solved.", "contents": "[Chromosome abnormalities in malignant lymphoma]. Analysis of the karyotype from bone marrow tissue and lymphocyte culture of the peripheral blood was performed in 25 children either with Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkins' lymphoma prior to any treatment. numeric aberrations were confirmed in 40% of the patients; in these the hyperdiploid number of chromosomes ranged from 52 to 94, while 24% of the cases had cells with 47 chromosomes of which the surplus chromosome corresponded to those of the group C and, in one case, of the group G. The occurence of cells with abnormal chromosome sets confirmed presence of clonal evolution. This was also a poor prognostic sign. By using cytogenetic of high accuracy and by studying further the chromosome abnormalities, problems concerning the importance of these abnormalities in the etiology and epidemiology of these diseases might be solved.", "PMID": 553510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1419", "title": "[The frequency of infant anemia].", "content": "In the group of 391 examined children in the third trimester of their life the mean values have been established for the principal hematological parameters of the red family (hemoglobin = 11,52 +/- 0,87 g/100 ml, hematocrit = 36,12 +/- +/- 3,12%), as well as anemia frequency which is 29,06% if the lower lewel of the normal hemoglobin value is 11 g/100 ml for that period of infants' life. These investigations have been stated statistically significant lower hemoglobin values and a higher anemia frequency in group of infants with low weight at birth (17,5 of anemic children were prematurely born, and 55,38% weighted under 3.250 g. at their birth), than in the group of infants with non-adequate nutrition, and among infants with frequent infections. The prophylactic measures were suggested to decrease frequency of sideropenic anemia - the most widely spread type of anemia in early life of children.", "contents": "[The frequency of infant anemia]. In the group of 391 examined children in the third trimester of their life the mean values have been established for the principal hematological parameters of the red family (hemoglobin = 11,52 +/- 0,87 g/100 ml, hematocrit = 36,12 +/- +/- 3,12%), as well as anemia frequency which is 29,06% if the lower lewel of the normal hemoglobin value is 11 g/100 ml for that period of infants' life. These investigations have been stated statistically significant lower hemoglobin values and a higher anemia frequency in group of infants with low weight at birth (17,5 of anemic children were prematurely born, and 55,38% weighted under 3.250 g. at their birth), than in the group of infants with non-adequate nutrition, and among infants with frequent infections. The prophylactic measures were suggested to decrease frequency of sideropenic anemia - the most widely spread type of anemia in early life of children.", "PMID": 553511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1420", "title": "[Staphylococcal adherence to oral mucosal cells].", "content": "The ability of Staphylococcus to adhere to human oral epithelial cells was studied. S. aureus and S. epidermidis showed remarkable attachment to cheek mucosal cells, comparable to adherence to nasal mucosal cells observed by other Authors. The same bacteria lowered consistently their ability to adhere when were previously cultured in human saliva.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal adherence to oral mucosal cells]. The ability of Staphylococcus to adhere to human oral epithelial cells was studied. S. aureus and S. epidermidis showed remarkable attachment to cheek mucosal cells, comparable to adherence to nasal mucosal cells observed by other Authors. The same bacteria lowered consistently their ability to adhere when were previously cultured in human saliva.", "PMID": 553512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1421", "title": "[Bacterial antagonism of oral secretions towards staphylococci].", "content": "Bacterial antagonism may be one of the mechanism which regulates the bacterial flora of the pharynx. We have investigated the bacterial antagonism exerted in oral secretion by alpha-hemolytic streptococci against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. We cultured viridans streptococci and staphylococci in human saliva and we noted a bactericidal activity towards staphylococci. Such activity, referable to the salivary system (peroxidase-thiocyanate) activated by hydrogen peroxide produced by streptococci, was greater on S. epidermidis. The remarkable sensitivity of S. epidermidis could explain the rare presence of this species in pharynx and oral cavity.", "contents": "[Bacterial antagonism of oral secretions towards staphylococci]. Bacterial antagonism may be one of the mechanism which regulates the bacterial flora of the pharynx. We have investigated the bacterial antagonism exerted in oral secretion by alpha-hemolytic streptococci against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. We cultured viridans streptococci and staphylococci in human saliva and we noted a bactericidal activity towards staphylococci. Such activity, referable to the salivary system (peroxidase-thiocyanate) activated by hydrogen peroxide produced by streptococci, was greater on S. epidermidis. The remarkable sensitivity of S. epidermidis could explain the rare presence of this species in pharynx and oral cavity.", "PMID": 553513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1422", "title": "[Preferential staphylococcal colonizing site in the upper airway].", "content": "150 healthy individuals and 162 tonsillopathic patients were investigated for the presence of Staphylococcus species in the upper respiratory tract. S. epidermidis was isolated from the throat in a very small percentage of all the people examined. A great number of healthy individuals (40%) and of patients (70%) were colonized by S. aureus either in the nose or in the throat; 30% of the carriers harboured S. aureus exclusively in the tonsils and in the pharynx.", "contents": "[Preferential staphylococcal colonizing site in the upper airway]. 150 healthy individuals and 162 tonsillopathic patients were investigated for the presence of Staphylococcus species in the upper respiratory tract. S. epidermidis was isolated from the throat in a very small percentage of all the people examined. A great number of healthy individuals (40%) and of patients (70%) were colonized by S. aureus either in the nose or in the throat; 30% of the carriers harboured S. aureus exclusively in the tonsils and in the pharynx.", "PMID": 553514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1423", "title": "Study of chemotaxis by a modified method of migration under agarose gel.", "content": "In this paper the standardization of a method for studying chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells under agarose gel in vitro on 20 adult normal subjects is reported. An original method of reading is emphasized in which the maximum migration distance and the number of migrated cells are held in consideration.", "contents": "Study of chemotaxis by a modified method of migration under agarose gel. In this paper the standardization of a method for studying chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells under agarose gel in vitro on 20 adult normal subjects is reported. An original method of reading is emphasized in which the maximum migration distance and the number of migrated cells are held in consideration.", "PMID": 553515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1424", "title": "Antilymphocyte globulin and adrenal steroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: short report based on seven cases.", "content": "A therapeutic trial of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) combined with dexamethasone was carried out in 7 patients with chronic, relapsing multiple sclerosis. ALG was given intravenously in daily doses of 0.25-0.5 g on the weekdays over 1 to 2 months. Total doses of ALG ranged from 12.5 to 17.7 g. Follow-up made after 1 year showed that 2 had no deterioration and 2 became worse in \"tolerant\" group, and 2 showed no deterioration and 1 revealed fatal progression in \"non-tolerant\" group. The treatment proved to be toxic in 3 patients. This pilot study suggests that ALG enhances anti-inflammatory activity of adrenal steroids in some patients, but does not seem to change natural course of the disease.", "contents": "Antilymphocyte globulin and adrenal steroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: short report based on seven cases. A therapeutic trial of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) combined with dexamethasone was carried out in 7 patients with chronic, relapsing multiple sclerosis. ALG was given intravenously in daily doses of 0.25-0.5 g on the weekdays over 1 to 2 months. Total doses of ALG ranged from 12.5 to 17.7 g. Follow-up made after 1 year showed that 2 had no deterioration and 2 became worse in \"tolerant\" group, and 2 showed no deterioration and 1 revealed fatal progression in \"non-tolerant\" group. The treatment proved to be toxic in 3 patients. This pilot study suggests that ALG enhances anti-inflammatory activity of adrenal steroids in some patients, but does not seem to change natural course of the disease.", "PMID": 553516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1425", "title": "[Respiratory infection epidemic during the winter of 1979 in Umbria].", "content": "The AA, report the results of virological and serological investigations performed during an epidemic of acute respiratory diseases in Umbria. The epidemic was associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus; other virus infections were sporadic.", "contents": "[Respiratory infection epidemic during the winter of 1979 in Umbria]. The AA, report the results of virological and serological investigations performed during an epidemic of acute respiratory diseases in Umbria. The epidemic was associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus; other virus infections were sporadic.", "PMID": 553517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1426", "title": "[Use of staphylococcal protein A for the detection of rubella virus IgM antibodies].", "content": "The ability of Staphylococcus aureus protein A to bind human serum immunoglobulin of different classes and the conditions which allow a selective reduction of IgG in comparison to other immunoglobulin classes were preliminarly studied. Working under standardized conditions, a recovery of 3.5% of the initial value for IgG, of 40-50% for IgM and of 70-75% for IgA was obtained. Rubella HI antibodies, before and after staphylococcus treatment, were titred in 88 sera collected from adult women at different times from hexantema and in 210 sera of 109 subjects exposed to eventual contamination. The results were compared with the ones obtained by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by titration of rubella HI antibodies in the fractions. The tests proved that HI antibodies titration, before and after serum treatment with staphylococcal protein A, can be used, as presumptive test, for the research of rubella specific IgM antibodies. In fact, all the sera, on which the presence of rubella IgM antibodies was proved by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, were also positive after staphylococcus treatment. In 15% of sera resulting positive for HI rubella antibodies after staphylococcus treatment, usually at low titer, the presence of specific IgM antibodies was not detected by serum fractionation on sucrose density gradient (\"false positive\" cases). The results of serological diagnosis, carried out by using treatment with staphylococcal protein A and serum fractionation on sucrose density gradient, matched the clinical-epidemiological data. Twenty-seven women, out of 28 examined during the first three months of pregnancy and for whom serological diagnosis of a \"recent\" rubella virus infection was negative, had normal children at normal time. Therefore only in one case a spontaneous abortion occurred for uncertain causes. Rubella virus was isolated from the embryo of a woman who interrupted pregnancy because asymptomatic rubella virus infection was serologically diagnosed in the second month.", "contents": "[Use of staphylococcal protein A for the detection of rubella virus IgM antibodies]. The ability of Staphylococcus aureus protein A to bind human serum immunoglobulin of different classes and the conditions which allow a selective reduction of IgG in comparison to other immunoglobulin classes were preliminarly studied. Working under standardized conditions, a recovery of 3.5% of the initial value for IgG, of 40-50% for IgM and of 70-75% for IgA was obtained. Rubella HI antibodies, before and after staphylococcus treatment, were titred in 88 sera collected from adult women at different times from hexantema and in 210 sera of 109 subjects exposed to eventual contamination. The results were compared with the ones obtained by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by titration of rubella HI antibodies in the fractions. The tests proved that HI antibodies titration, before and after serum treatment with staphylococcal protein A, can be used, as presumptive test, for the research of rubella specific IgM antibodies. In fact, all the sera, on which the presence of rubella IgM antibodies was proved by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, were also positive after staphylococcus treatment. In 15% of sera resulting positive for HI rubella antibodies after staphylococcus treatment, usually at low titer, the presence of specific IgM antibodies was not detected by serum fractionation on sucrose density gradient (\"false positive\" cases). The results of serological diagnosis, carried out by using treatment with staphylococcal protein A and serum fractionation on sucrose density gradient, matched the clinical-epidemiological data. Twenty-seven women, out of 28 examined during the first three months of pregnancy and for whom serological diagnosis of a \"recent\" rubella virus infection was negative, had normal children at normal time. Therefore only in one case a spontaneous abortion occurred for uncertain causes. Rubella virus was isolated from the embryo of a woman who interrupted pregnancy because asymptomatic rubella virus infection was serologically diagnosed in the second month.", "PMID": 553518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1427", "title": "[Preliminary observations on the detection of endotoxins in drinking water].", "content": "3 samples of water of the Po river at different steps of the treatment of purification were examined with LAL test. 32 ng/ml of endotoxin were detected in potable water.", "contents": "[Preliminary observations on the detection of endotoxins in drinking water]. 3 samples of water of the Po river at different steps of the treatment of purification were examined with LAL test. 32 ng/ml of endotoxin were detected in potable water.", "PMID": 553519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1428", "title": "[Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from drinking water and human feces].", "content": "Twelve strains of Yersinia enterocolitica (46.15%) were isolated from 26 water samples of the Po river (1.3-1.5 1), 3 strains (16.67%) were isolated from 18 water samples of the Reno river (500 ml) and 1 strain (2%) was isolated from 50 fecal specimens of healthy adult subjects. It is suggested that further studies are needed in order to determine the occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Italy.", "contents": "[Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from drinking water and human feces]. Twelve strains of Yersinia enterocolitica (46.15%) were isolated from 26 water samples of the Po river (1.3-1.5 1), 3 strains (16.67%) were isolated from 18 water samples of the Reno river (500 ml) and 1 strain (2%) was isolated from 50 fecal specimens of healthy adult subjects. It is suggested that further studies are needed in order to determine the occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Italy.", "PMID": 553520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1429", "title": "[The replication cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci: ultrastructural analysis].", "content": "An ultrastructural comparative analysis is reported on the replication cycle of six strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, recently isolated, and Chlamydia psittaci strain 6BC, grown in cell cultures. Important morphological distinctions of the bacterial walls are documented. In Chlamydia trachomatis the cell wall seems more rigid. This causes, during the morphogenesis of the elementary body, its separation from the cell membrane with formation of an electron transparent space, which is not demonstrable in Chlamydia psittaci. As a result of this process, the appearance of \"ghosts\" and \"mini reticular bodies\" is documented. Budding and multiple fission are suggested as possible mechanisms of replication of Chlamydia trachomatis, in coexistence or/as alternative to binary fission.", "contents": "[The replication cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci: ultrastructural analysis]. An ultrastructural comparative analysis is reported on the replication cycle of six strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, recently isolated, and Chlamydia psittaci strain 6BC, grown in cell cultures. Important morphological distinctions of the bacterial walls are documented. In Chlamydia trachomatis the cell wall seems more rigid. This causes, during the morphogenesis of the elementary body, its separation from the cell membrane with formation of an electron transparent space, which is not demonstrable in Chlamydia psittaci. As a result of this process, the appearance of \"ghosts\" and \"mini reticular bodies\" is documented. Budding and multiple fission are suggested as possible mechanisms of replication of Chlamydia trachomatis, in coexistence or/as alternative to binary fission.", "PMID": 553521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1430", "title": "[Antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis and in the healthy Italian population].", "content": "The Authors report the results of a study on the prevalence of serum antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis among patients with non-gonococcal urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and diagnosed on the basis of the isolation of the microorganism in cell cultures, among patients with non-gonococcal urethritis of unknown etiology and in groups of healthy population, in Italy. The search for antibodies was performed both with complement-fixation tests in micro-titer system, using an antigen prepared from chicken embryo yolk sacs infected with the 6BC strain of Chlamydia psittaci, and with indirect immunofluorescence tests. The indirect immunofluorescence tests were carried out using as antigen the whole chlamydial inclusion developed in IUDR pre-treated McCoy cell cultures, grown on coverslips, and infected with the BU/434 strain of the LGV2 immunotype of Chlamydia trachomatis. The immunofluorescence tests proved to be much more sensitive than the complement fixation tests in detecting the presence of anti-chlamydial antibody both in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis and in the healthy population groups. The percentage of subjects possessing anti-chlamydial antibodies among the healthy population suggests a diffuse circulation of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The possibility of employing the serological data in the diagnosis of the etiology of non-gonococcal urethritis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis and in the healthy Italian population]. The Authors report the results of a study on the prevalence of serum antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis among patients with non-gonococcal urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and diagnosed on the basis of the isolation of the microorganism in cell cultures, among patients with non-gonococcal urethritis of unknown etiology and in groups of healthy population, in Italy. The search for antibodies was performed both with complement-fixation tests in micro-titer system, using an antigen prepared from chicken embryo yolk sacs infected with the 6BC strain of Chlamydia psittaci, and with indirect immunofluorescence tests. The indirect immunofluorescence tests were carried out using as antigen the whole chlamydial inclusion developed in IUDR pre-treated McCoy cell cultures, grown on coverslips, and infected with the BU/434 strain of the LGV2 immunotype of Chlamydia trachomatis. The immunofluorescence tests proved to be much more sensitive than the complement fixation tests in detecting the presence of anti-chlamydial antibody both in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis and in the healthy population groups. The percentage of subjects possessing anti-chlamydial antibodies among the healthy population suggests a diffuse circulation of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The possibility of employing the serological data in the diagnosis of the etiology of non-gonococcal urethritis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 553522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1431", "title": "Mouse rosette forming cells and surface immunoglobulins in human lymphoid cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal subjects were studied for mouse rosette-forming cells (MRFC) and their relationship to surface immunoglobulins (SIg). The majority of MRFC expressed both SIgM and SIgD, although some dissociation between population showing SIgM+/MRFC- and SIgM-/MRFC+ could be seen. A similar pattern of association was found in human derived cultured cells of B lineage, but no simple correlation and the number of SIgM+ cells could be established. Increased percentages of MRFC were detected in two foetal livers but greater dissociation of MRFC and SIgM was shown. This heterogeneity of MRFC may be explained by a selective expression of this surface marker in the early stages of B lymphocyte differentiation.", "contents": "Mouse rosette forming cells and surface immunoglobulins in human lymphoid cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal subjects were studied for mouse rosette-forming cells (MRFC) and their relationship to surface immunoglobulins (SIg). The majority of MRFC expressed both SIgM and SIgD, although some dissociation between population showing SIgM+/MRFC- and SIgM-/MRFC+ could be seen. A similar pattern of association was found in human derived cultured cells of B lineage, but no simple correlation and the number of SIgM+ cells could be established. Increased percentages of MRFC were detected in two foetal livers but greater dissociation of MRFC and SIgM was shown. This heterogeneity of MRFC may be explained by a selective expression of this surface marker in the early stages of B lymphocyte differentiation.", "PMID": 553523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1432", "title": "[Cutaneous mycobacteriosis of aquaria. A disease transmitted from fish to man].", "content": "The Authors refer about one case of cutaneous infection from Mycobacterium marinum transmitted to man from tropical fishes of a fish tank. The Authors describe the lesions produced by mycobacterium in man and in fish, as well as the relevant hystological findings and the microbiological enquiries carried out for isolation and typing. The possibility of direct transmission of a tubercular infection from fish to man has been demonstrated. The Authors think it to be useful a careful sanitary control on the ichthyc fauna destined to domestic fish tanks.", "contents": "[Cutaneous mycobacteriosis of aquaria. A disease transmitted from fish to man]. The Authors refer about one case of cutaneous infection from Mycobacterium marinum transmitted to man from tropical fishes of a fish tank. The Authors describe the lesions produced by mycobacterium in man and in fish, as well as the relevant hystological findings and the microbiological enquiries carried out for isolation and typing. The possibility of direct transmission of a tubercular infection from fish to man has been demonstrated. The Authors think it to be useful a careful sanitary control on the ichthyc fauna destined to domestic fish tanks.", "PMID": 553524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1433", "title": "[Distribution of anti-HAV in a population sample from Puglia].", "content": "To investigate the prevalence and distribution of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), we tested by solid phase radioimmunoassay method 461 sera of selected people of Bari, according to age. In addiction, sera from cord blood of 11 newborns and their mothers at delivery were also investigated for anti-HAV. Taken together 64.4 per cent of subjects tested were found to be anti-HAV positive. The rate of antibody detection was strongly correlated with age. The prevalence were 4.5 per cent from 6 months to 3 years but gradually increased throughout childhood (from 35.6 to 80 per cent). Anti-HAV was detected in all cord blood samples from newborns whose mothers carried anti-HAV. These data suggest that circulation of hepatitis A virus in our area is very high, so that serological evidence of infection become evident in the majority of individuals during infancy.", "contents": "[Distribution of anti-HAV in a population sample from Puglia]. To investigate the prevalence and distribution of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), we tested by solid phase radioimmunoassay method 461 sera of selected people of Bari, according to age. In addiction, sera from cord blood of 11 newborns and their mothers at delivery were also investigated for anti-HAV. Taken together 64.4 per cent of subjects tested were found to be anti-HAV positive. The rate of antibody detection was strongly correlated with age. The prevalence were 4.5 per cent from 6 months to 3 years but gradually increased throughout childhood (from 35.6 to 80 per cent). Anti-HAV was detected in all cord blood samples from newborns whose mothers carried anti-HAV. These data suggest that circulation of hepatitis A virus in our area is very high, so that serological evidence of infection become evident in the majority of individuals during infancy.", "PMID": 553531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1434", "title": "[Serodiagnosis of acute hepatitis A].", "content": "Hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) was detected by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) method in sera from 10 patients with acute icteric hepatitis. Anti-HAV was detectable in many subjects very early before the onset of jaundice, but the diagnosis of type A hepatitis in all patients was confirmed by the demonstration of seroconversion during convalescence. Since the initial antibody detected by RIA is predominantly IgM, while IgG specific anti-HAV appears later reaching peak levels within 1 to 2 months, we treated serum specimens of these patients with 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) in order to differentiate acute-from convalescent-phase hepatitis A sera. Inactivation of IgM fraction with 2ME produced a significant reduction of anti-HAV titer only in acute-phase sera, so that this procedure may be used for early diagnosis of acute type A hepatitis.", "contents": "[Serodiagnosis of acute hepatitis A]. Hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) was detected by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) method in sera from 10 patients with acute icteric hepatitis. Anti-HAV was detectable in many subjects very early before the onset of jaundice, but the diagnosis of type A hepatitis in all patients was confirmed by the demonstration of seroconversion during convalescence. Since the initial antibody detected by RIA is predominantly IgM, while IgG specific anti-HAV appears later reaching peak levels within 1 to 2 months, we treated serum specimens of these patients with 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) in order to differentiate acute-from convalescent-phase hepatitis A sera. Inactivation of IgM fraction with 2ME produced a significant reduction of anti-HAV titer only in acute-phase sera, so that this procedure may be used for early diagnosis of acute type A hepatitis.", "PMID": 553532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1435", "title": "Release of dopamine in the ventral tegmental area of rat.", "content": "In this preliminary report we showed that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the major metabolite of dopamine (DA), is present in the ventral tegmental area. This finding indicates that in the ventral tegmental area, which contains the cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons of the mesocortical and mesolimbic DA systems, DA may be released by a mechanism similar to that operating in the nerve endings. However, haloperidol, which increases DOPAC levels in the substantia nigra, failed to do so in the ventral tegmental area. The results support the contention that DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area have distinctive features from nigral DA neurones.", "contents": "Release of dopamine in the ventral tegmental area of rat. In this preliminary report we showed that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the major metabolite of dopamine (DA), is present in the ventral tegmental area. This finding indicates that in the ventral tegmental area, which contains the cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons of the mesocortical and mesolimbic DA systems, DA may be released by a mechanism similar to that operating in the nerve endings. However, haloperidol, which increases DOPAC levels in the substantia nigra, failed to do so in the ventral tegmental area. The results support the contention that DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area have distinctive features from nigral DA neurones.", "PMID": 553533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1436", "title": "[Oxidative deamination of beta-methylaspartic acid].", "content": "beta-methyl-aspartic acid is a substrate for beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase. The first product of a typical oxidative deamination, undergoes further spontaneous process of decarboxylation which gives as product, the alpha-keto-butyric acid.", "contents": "[Oxidative deamination of beta-methylaspartic acid]. beta-methyl-aspartic acid is a substrate for beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase. The first product of a typical oxidative deamination, undergoes further spontaneous process of decarboxylation which gives as product, the alpha-keto-butyric acid.", "PMID": 553534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1437", "title": "[Influence of a high protein diet on the urinary and fecal excretion of calcium in albino rats].", "content": "Albino rats (Sprague-Dawley) of mean weight 100 g were divided into four groups and given for 7 days a balanced diet. They were then placed in metabolic cages for fifteen days and fed diets containing different quantities of casein: 18% (D18), 36% (D36), 50% (D50) and 72% (D72). The levels of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity, total proteins and urea were determined. The urinary and fecal excretion of calcium were determined on specimens of urine and stool collected every two days. The metabolic balance of nitrogen was also estimated. The results show there is not a linear relationship between a high protein diet and plasma protein levels, but a progressive body calcium loss was observed with the increase of casein in the diet, which confirms what other workers have already suggested.", "contents": "[Influence of a high protein diet on the urinary and fecal excretion of calcium in albino rats]. Albino rats (Sprague-Dawley) of mean weight 100 g were divided into four groups and given for 7 days a balanced diet. They were then placed in metabolic cages for fifteen days and fed diets containing different quantities of casein: 18% (D18), 36% (D36), 50% (D50) and 72% (D72). The levels of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity, total proteins and urea were determined. The urinary and fecal excretion of calcium were determined on specimens of urine and stool collected every two days. The metabolic balance of nitrogen was also estimated. The results show there is not a linear relationship between a high protein diet and plasma protein levels, but a progressive body calcium loss was observed with the increase of casein in the diet, which confirms what other workers have already suggested.", "PMID": 553535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1438", "title": "Labelled trigeminal ganglion cells after injection of horseradish peroxidase in the extraocular muscles and IIIrd nerve of the lamb.", "content": "After injection of HRP in the oculomotor nerve labelled cells were found in the dorsal most part of the ophthalmo-maxillary area of the semilunar ganglion. Below this area a labelled cellular pool was detected following the injection of the enzyme in the extrinsic eye muscles. A clear somatotopic arrangement of these muscles was noticeable.", "contents": "Labelled trigeminal ganglion cells after injection of horseradish peroxidase in the extraocular muscles and IIIrd nerve of the lamb. After injection of HRP in the oculomotor nerve labelled cells were found in the dorsal most part of the ophthalmo-maxillary area of the semilunar ganglion. Below this area a labelled cellular pool was detected following the injection of the enzyme in the extrinsic eye muscles. A clear somatotopic arrangement of these muscles was noticeable.", "PMID": 553536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1439", "title": "[Cadmium binding and zinc variations in Mytilus galloprovincialis].", "content": "The accumulation of Cadmium in Mytilus galloprovincialis during a 18 days exposure period was studied. Cadmium content of the mantle, viscera, gills increased throughout the time. The study of the distribution of Cd in homogenates of mussels chronically intoxicated has shown that the metal is principally bound to low mol. wt. proteins similar to metallothioneins. Mytilus galloprovincialis metallothioneins are also comparable to the vertebrate proteins, suggesting a biological function ubiquitous in the living world.", "contents": "[Cadmium binding and zinc variations in Mytilus galloprovincialis]. The accumulation of Cadmium in Mytilus galloprovincialis during a 18 days exposure period was studied. Cadmium content of the mantle, viscera, gills increased throughout the time. The study of the distribution of Cd in homogenates of mussels chronically intoxicated has shown that the metal is principally bound to low mol. wt. proteins similar to metallothioneins. Mytilus galloprovincialis metallothioneins are also comparable to the vertebrate proteins, suggesting a biological function ubiquitous in the living world.", "PMID": 553537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1440", "title": "Effect of diaphragmatic respiration on some cardiorespiratory parameters during rehabilitation in bronchopneumopathic patients.", "content": "The effect of diaphragmatic respiration in broncopneumopathic patients has been investigated. By using a computerized method of analysis, VO2, VCO2, VE, VA and several other respiratory and metabolic parameters have been investigated. The results obtained in these patients, at rest, have shown that particularly in supine position the abdominal respiration improves the CO2 output by increasing VCO2 and reducing VO2. The reduction in the breathing rate, reduces VD and increases VA, in this way the efficiency of ventilation increases accordingly. The increase of CO2 output at the same metabolic rate is discussed in light of the fact that diaphragmatic respiration seems to improve the VA/Q ratio.", "contents": "Effect of diaphragmatic respiration on some cardiorespiratory parameters during rehabilitation in bronchopneumopathic patients. The effect of diaphragmatic respiration in broncopneumopathic patients has been investigated. By using a computerized method of analysis, VO2, VCO2, VE, VA and several other respiratory and metabolic parameters have been investigated. The results obtained in these patients, at rest, have shown that particularly in supine position the abdominal respiration improves the CO2 output by increasing VCO2 and reducing VO2. The reduction in the breathing rate, reduces VD and increases VA, in this way the efficiency of ventilation increases accordingly. The increase of CO2 output at the same metabolic rate is discussed in light of the fact that diaphragmatic respiration seems to improve the VA/Q ratio.", "PMID": 553538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1441", "title": "[Histological alterations of the visual organ following high grade barometric depression limited to the cranium].", "content": "The Authors describe the histologic report of the eye and the first part of optic nerve of young goats and rabbits exposed to high grade barometric depression (850/cm2) limited to cranium.", "contents": "[Histological alterations of the visual organ following high grade barometric depression limited to the cranium]. The Authors describe the histologic report of the eye and the first part of optic nerve of young goats and rabbits exposed to high grade barometric depression (850/cm2) limited to cranium.", "PMID": 553539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1442", "title": "[Contribution to the knowledge of the biology of Cyclostomes: activity of aldolase in Lampetra planeri (Bloch) during its biological cycle].", "content": "It has been ascertained that in the Lampetra planeri (Bloch) the muscle and liver aldolase level in the last larval period in which lipids are accumulated strongly increases; this may be due to an increased synthesis or diminished degradation of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Contribution to the knowledge of the biology of Cyclostomes: activity of aldolase in Lampetra planeri (Bloch) during its biological cycle]. It has been ascertained that in the Lampetra planeri (Bloch) the muscle and liver aldolase level in the last larval period in which lipids are accumulated strongly increases; this may be due to an increased synthesis or diminished degradation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 553540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1443", "title": "[Response of isolated segments of hepatic arteries to serotonin in the presence of methergoline].", "content": "The effect of metergoline (an anti 5-HT drug) on strips of calf hepatic arteries was investigated. Metergoline prevents or antagonizes the contraction induced by 5-Hydroxytryptamine. The inhibitory effect is dose-dependent.", "contents": "[Response of isolated segments of hepatic arteries to serotonin in the presence of methergoline]. The effect of metergoline (an anti 5-HT drug) on strips of calf hepatic arteries was investigated. Metergoline prevents or antagonizes the contraction induced by 5-Hydroxytryptamine. The inhibitory effect is dose-dependent.", "PMID": 553541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1444", "title": "[Degradation products of fibrinogen in synovial fluid].", "content": "The fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products were measured in 24 synovial fluids sampled from patients with knee joint effusion. It has been observed that they are increased in synovial fluid involved in inflammatory processes. Their presence and concentration seem to be related to the control of local inflammation.", "contents": "[Degradation products of fibrinogen in synovial fluid]. The fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products were measured in 24 synovial fluids sampled from patients with knee joint effusion. It has been observed that they are increased in synovial fluid involved in inflammatory processes. Their presence and concentration seem to be related to the control of local inflammation.", "PMID": 553542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1445", "title": "[Values of plasma testosterone in infancy and adolescence].", "content": "We have performed a research to establish the normal values of the plasmatic testosterone among 111 pupils, of both sexes, from 7 to 16 years attending our provincial schools. As we expected, the greatest increase of the plasmatic testosterone, in comparison with the previous ages, has been found in the group of the 13 years old females of the same age is more restrained, even if it's significative. By this way we could know the physiological values of the plasmatic testosterone in the children and adolescents of our population.", "contents": "[Values of plasma testosterone in infancy and adolescence]. We have performed a research to establish the normal values of the plasmatic testosterone among 111 pupils, of both sexes, from 7 to 16 years attending our provincial schools. As we expected, the greatest increase of the plasmatic testosterone, in comparison with the previous ages, has been found in the group of the 13 years old females of the same age is more restrained, even if it's significative. By this way we could know the physiological values of the plasmatic testosterone in the children and adolescents of our population.", "PMID": 553543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1446", "title": "[Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy and its treatment with clotrimazole].", "content": "The Writers have carried out a study on 624 pregnant women pointing out that the incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis is notably increased (35,5%) during pregnancy with a slight difference in the three three-monthly periods of pregnancy. Controls on 195 women after treatment with clotrimazole showed an average percentage of recovery of 83% with a maximum of 87% in the second three-monthly period.", "contents": "[Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy and its treatment with clotrimazole]. The Writers have carried out a study on 624 pregnant women pointing out that the incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis is notably increased (35,5%) during pregnancy with a slight difference in the three three-monthly periods of pregnancy. Controls on 195 women after treatment with clotrimazole showed an average percentage of recovery of 83% with a maximum of 87% in the second three-monthly period.", "PMID": 553544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1447", "title": "Partition of CoQ-homologs in lipid membranes.", "content": "After studies on incorporation of Coenzyme-Q-homologs into mitochondrial membranes, we have undertaken the same investigation on phospholipid vesicles in order to know the behavior of different Ubiquinones in the biphasic system lipid membrane/H2O. Using concentrations of egg lecithin corresponding to the phospholipid content of 1 mg mitochondrial protein, it was found that some homologs are partitioned in lipid vesicles nearly the same as they are incorporated by mitochondria, while others behave differently. On the basis of the results it is possible to calculate approximately partition coefficients for each Q-homolog. This work shows that also membrane structure, besides the partition membrane/water, affects the incorporation of Ubiquinones.", "contents": "Partition of CoQ-homologs in lipid membranes. After studies on incorporation of Coenzyme-Q-homologs into mitochondrial membranes, we have undertaken the same investigation on phospholipid vesicles in order to know the behavior of different Ubiquinones in the biphasic system lipid membrane/H2O. Using concentrations of egg lecithin corresponding to the phospholipid content of 1 mg mitochondrial protein, it was found that some homologs are partitioned in lipid vesicles nearly the same as they are incorporated by mitochondria, while others behave differently. On the basis of the results it is possible to calculate approximately partition coefficients for each Q-homolog. This work shows that also membrane structure, besides the partition membrane/water, affects the incorporation of Ubiquinones.", "PMID": 553545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1448", "title": "Studies on incorporation of CoQ-homologs in mitochondrial membranes.", "content": "In this work we have made a systematic study on the incorporation of different homologs of Coenzyme Q in mitochondrial membranes. We have used a diluted mitochondrial suspension constituting a biphasic system membrane/H2O in which exogenous Q will be distributed depending on its water solubility and on its affinity to the mitochondrial membrane. It was found that Ubiquinones are incorporated into mitochondria in different extents ranging from zero (Q1) to 10 fold (Q10) the concentration of endogenous Q per mg of mitochondrial protein. In Q-depleted mitochondria the extents of incorporation are greater for all the quinones. This study points out that there is a reflection between the isoprenoid units of each Q-homolog and its incorporation into mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Studies on incorporation of CoQ-homologs in mitochondrial membranes. In this work we have made a systematic study on the incorporation of different homologs of Coenzyme Q in mitochondrial membranes. We have used a diluted mitochondrial suspension constituting a biphasic system membrane/H2O in which exogenous Q will be distributed depending on its water solubility and on its affinity to the mitochondrial membrane. It was found that Ubiquinones are incorporated into mitochondria in different extents ranging from zero (Q1) to 10 fold (Q10) the concentration of endogenous Q per mg of mitochondrial protein. In Q-depleted mitochondria the extents of incorporation are greater for all the quinones. This study points out that there is a reflection between the isoprenoid units of each Q-homolog and its incorporation into mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 553546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1449", "title": "[Obtaining ribosome crystals in homogenates].", "content": "Chick embryos are homogenized in order to analyse ribosome crystallization. Ribosome crystallization has been induced by hypothermic treatment in chick embryos homogenate. Tetramers and crystals were produced by gradually inducing the temperature over a span of 10 h to 4 degrees C. It has been observed that the concentration of KCl in the buffer is a critical point. It is suggested that the nuclear fraction is engaged in ribosome crystallization.", "contents": "[Obtaining ribosome crystals in homogenates]. Chick embryos are homogenized in order to analyse ribosome crystallization. Ribosome crystallization has been induced by hypothermic treatment in chick embryos homogenate. Tetramers and crystals were produced by gradually inducing the temperature over a span of 10 h to 4 degrees C. It has been observed that the concentration of KCl in the buffer is a critical point. It is suggested that the nuclear fraction is engaged in ribosome crystallization.", "PMID": 553547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1450", "title": "[Chromatography of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100. I) Solubilization of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100].", "content": "In their study of the chemical and physical characteristics of membrane protein, the Authors have directed their attention to Triton-X 100. The hypothesis is that this detergent would have two antagonistic effects: on the one hand it would delimit the membrane fostering the formation of unstable complexes, on the other it would establish unstable intermediate complexes fostering the formation of soluble proteic complexes.", "contents": "[Chromatography of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100. I) Solubilization of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100]. In their study of the chemical and physical characteristics of membrane protein, the Authors have directed their attention to Triton-X 100. The hypothesis is that this detergent would have two antagonistic effects: on the one hand it would delimit the membrane fostering the formation of unstable complexes, on the other it would establish unstable intermediate complexes fostering the formation of soluble proteic complexes.", "PMID": 553548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1451", "title": "[Chromatography of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100. II) Affinity chromatography of membrane proteins on Con-A linked to Sepharose in Triton-X 100].", "content": "The Authors have made chromatographs using Con-A Sefaroso columns, varying the percent of Triton-X 100 and the proteic concentration. With proteic concentrations varying from 0.4 to 4mg/ml and in solutions containing 0.5 to 1% of Triton-X 100 with the pH value remaining constant at 8 - solubilization of membrane protein does occur.", "contents": "[Chromatography of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100. II) Affinity chromatography of membrane proteins on Con-A linked to Sepharose in Triton-X 100]. The Authors have made chromatographs using Con-A Sefaroso columns, varying the percent of Triton-X 100 and the proteic concentration. With proteic concentrations varying from 0.4 to 4mg/ml and in solutions containing 0.5 to 1% of Triton-X 100 with the pH value remaining constant at 8 - solubilization of membrane protein does occur.", "PMID": 553549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1452", "title": "[Chromatography of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100. III) Ion exchange chromatography of Con-A positive and negative membrane proteins. Methods].", "content": "The Authors describe the method they have elaborated to adapt chromatographic techniques to separate membrane protein according to their electric charge.", "contents": "[Chromatography of membrane proteins in Triton-X 100. III) Ion exchange chromatography of Con-A positive and negative membrane proteins. Methods]. The Authors describe the method they have elaborated to adapt chromatographic techniques to separate membrane protein according to their electric charge.", "PMID": 553550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1453", "title": "[Unusual fatty acids in turkeys fed a diet containing \"Toprina\". II. Composition of the higher fatty acids of the liver, brain and adipose tissue].", "content": "Total lipids (TL), phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL were estimated in adipose tissue, liver and brain of turkeys, males and females, fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 15% of Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial metod (\"Toprina\"). TL and PL were also valued in \"Toprina\" and diets. It was observed that: a) PL increased in diets, adipose tissue and liver, not in brain; b) with increasing concentrations of dietary yeasts fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 increased, 17:1 and 17:2 typical of product appeared and increased in adipose tissue and liver only, not in brain.", "contents": "[Unusual fatty acids in turkeys fed a diet containing \"Toprina\". II. Composition of the higher fatty acids of the liver, brain and adipose tissue]. Total lipids (TL), phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL were estimated in adipose tissue, liver and brain of turkeys, males and females, fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 15% of Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial metod (\"Toprina\"). TL and PL were also valued in \"Toprina\" and diets. It was observed that: a) PL increased in diets, adipose tissue and liver, not in brain; b) with increasing concentrations of dietary yeasts fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 increased, 17:1 and 17:2 typical of product appeared and increased in adipose tissue and liver only, not in brain.", "PMID": 553551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1454", "title": "[Unusual fatty acids in turkeys fed a diet containing \"Toprina\". III. Composition of higher fatty acids in the heart and skeletal muscle].", "content": "Total lipids (TL), phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL were estimated in breast, leg and cardiac muscles of turkeys, males and females, fede diets containing 0%, 10% and 15% of Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method (\"Toprina\"). LT and PL were also valued in \"Toprina\" and diets. With increasing concentration of dietary yeasts it was observed that: a) Pl increased in diets, breast and leg muscles; b) fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in the tissues.", "contents": "[Unusual fatty acids in turkeys fed a diet containing \"Toprina\". III. Composition of higher fatty acids in the heart and skeletal muscle]. Total lipids (TL), phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL were estimated in breast, leg and cardiac muscles of turkeys, males and females, fede diets containing 0%, 10% and 15% of Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method (\"Toprina\"). LT and PL were also valued in \"Toprina\" and diets. With increasing concentration of dietary yeasts it was observed that: a) Pl increased in diets, breast and leg muscles; b) fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in the tissues.", "PMID": 553552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1455", "title": "[Recognition of spikes in multiunit tracings. I. Method description].", "content": "A simple procedure is presented for performing an automatic analysis of a multiunit recording from brain neuronal cells. By using a small computer, an analog to digital conversion is made and then the different spikes are recognized and characterized by means of their temporal abscissa (time of occurrence), amplitude, duration and type. Spikes due to different cells can be identified on the basis of these parameters.", "contents": "[Recognition of spikes in multiunit tracings. I. Method description]. A simple procedure is presented for performing an automatic analysis of a multiunit recording from brain neuronal cells. By using a small computer, an analog to digital conversion is made and then the different spikes are recognized and characterized by means of their temporal abscissa (time of occurrence), amplitude, duration and type. Spikes due to different cells can be identified on the basis of these parameters.", "PMID": 553553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1456", "title": "[Recognition of spikes in multiunit tracings. II. Method application].", "content": "The procedure for spike recognition shown in the previous note is here applied to the identification of the different spikes that are present in a multiunit recording obtained by means of an extracellular microelectrode. The different parameters are listed for each recognized spike.", "contents": "[Recognition of spikes in multiunit tracings. II. Method application]. The procedure for spike recognition shown in the previous note is here applied to the identification of the different spikes that are present in a multiunit recording obtained by means of an extracellular microelectrode. The different parameters are listed for each recognized spike.", "PMID": 553554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1457", "title": "[Correlation between red cell 2,3-DPG and serum levels of thyroid hormones in newborn infants].", "content": "The correlation between red cell 2,3-DPG and serum levels of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) has been evaluated in full-term newborns, 1 to 4 days old. A direct effect of thyroxine (T4) on the post-natal increase of red cell 2,3-DPG was excluded because no significant correlation was found between the rise of 2,3-DPG concentration and serum T4 level.", "contents": "[Correlation between red cell 2,3-DPG and serum levels of thyroid hormones in newborn infants]. The correlation between red cell 2,3-DPG and serum levels of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) has been evaluated in full-term newborns, 1 to 4 days old. A direct effect of thyroxine (T4) on the post-natal increase of red cell 2,3-DPG was excluded because no significant correlation was found between the rise of 2,3-DPG concentration and serum T4 level.", "PMID": 553555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1458", "title": "[Variations of chlorides and bicarbonates in pancreatic juice in response to increasing doses of secretin and cholecystokinin].", "content": "Sequential changes in chloride and bicarbonate concentrations in pancreatic juice were evaluated after gradually increased doses of: 1) synthetic secretin in men 2) natural secretin in dogs 3) natural CCK in dogs. The results suggest that the increase in bicarbonate concentration is accompanied by a proportional chloride concentration decrease. The total anionic concentration is constant and it is not affected by different hormonal stimulation.", "contents": "[Variations of chlorides and bicarbonates in pancreatic juice in response to increasing doses of secretin and cholecystokinin]. Sequential changes in chloride and bicarbonate concentrations in pancreatic juice were evaluated after gradually increased doses of: 1) synthetic secretin in men 2) natural secretin in dogs 3) natural CCK in dogs. The results suggest that the increase in bicarbonate concentration is accompanied by a proportional chloride concentration decrease. The total anionic concentration is constant and it is not affected by different hormonal stimulation.", "PMID": 553557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1459", "title": "[Gas-chromatographic determination of levamisole residues in sheep flesh].", "content": "The Authors carried out a research on the residues of Levamisole, a well known antihelmintic drug, in the muscles, livers, kidneys and blood from sheep treated with therapeutical doses. The results suggest that highest levamisole concentrations in the organs have been detected between the second and the third day (3.25 ppm in muscles; 1.40 ppm in livers; 0.22 ppm in kidneys). Remarkable residues have already been verified in blood during the first determination (4 h after the treatment) but these have been rapidly eliminated. Besides, a gradual diminution of the residues was observed until the seventh day from the treatment.", "contents": "[Gas-chromatographic determination of levamisole residues in sheep flesh]. The Authors carried out a research on the residues of Levamisole, a well known antihelmintic drug, in the muscles, livers, kidneys and blood from sheep treated with therapeutical doses. The results suggest that highest levamisole concentrations in the organs have been detected between the second and the third day (3.25 ppm in muscles; 1.40 ppm in livers; 0.22 ppm in kidneys). Remarkable residues have already been verified in blood during the first determination (4 h after the treatment) but these have been rapidly eliminated. Besides, a gradual diminution of the residues was observed until the seventh day from the treatment.", "PMID": 553558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1460", "title": "[Action of a new compound, derived from NEM and DTE, on anionic translocation in mitochondria].", "content": "The activity of translocating system which mediates the transport of Pi and citric cycle intermediates in mitochondria, has been determined with the multi-layer centrifugation technique. Contrary to all expectation it has been found that NEM, which binds tightly to SH groups, and DTE which reacting with disulphides increases the number of thiol groups of mitochondrial membrane, both inhibited the Pi leads to OH- and increased the initial rate of succinate leads to Pi exchange diffusion reactions. Identical results were obtained when mitochondria were preincubated with both NEM and DTE. The possibility that in these last conditions the effect on the translocator could be not determined by NEM and DTE per se but by a compound derived from their interaction, has been tested. Indeed solutions of NEM and DTE added in the concentration ratio of 2 to 1 and in absence of mitochondria, promoted the formation of a new compound, indicated as DTS, evidentiable by following the disappearance of both the absorbance of NEM at 302 nm and the free SH groups of DTE. Succinate leads to Pi and Pi leads to OH- exchange reactions were respectively stimulated and inhibited by DTS with a behaviour comparable to that observed in presence of NEM and/or DTE. The results are interpreted as a further and decisive support to the hypothesis that SH groups cannot be considered as functional active sites of the translocating system.", "contents": "[Action of a new compound, derived from NEM and DTE, on anionic translocation in mitochondria]. The activity of translocating system which mediates the transport of Pi and citric cycle intermediates in mitochondria, has been determined with the multi-layer centrifugation technique. Contrary to all expectation it has been found that NEM, which binds tightly to SH groups, and DTE which reacting with disulphides increases the number of thiol groups of mitochondrial membrane, both inhibited the Pi leads to OH- and increased the initial rate of succinate leads to Pi exchange diffusion reactions. Identical results were obtained when mitochondria were preincubated with both NEM and DTE. The possibility that in these last conditions the effect on the translocator could be not determined by NEM and DTE per se but by a compound derived from their interaction, has been tested. Indeed solutions of NEM and DTE added in the concentration ratio of 2 to 1 and in absence of mitochondria, promoted the formation of a new compound, indicated as DTS, evidentiable by following the disappearance of both the absorbance of NEM at 302 nm and the free SH groups of DTE. Succinate leads to Pi and Pi leads to OH- exchange reactions were respectively stimulated and inhibited by DTS with a behaviour comparable to that observed in presence of NEM and/or DTE. The results are interpreted as a further and decisive support to the hypothesis that SH groups cannot be considered as functional active sites of the translocating system.", "PMID": 553559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1461", "title": "[The content of reduced glutathione in rat liver after poisoning with white phosphorus].", "content": "The content of hepatic GSH was evaluated in rats after poisoning with white phosphorus. In addition, liver damage following the administration of the hepatotoxin was assessed by determining hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Experiments in parallel were carried out in an attempt to evaluate the enhanced susceptibility of hepatic tissue to peroxidative decomposition of unsaturated lipids 'in vitro', as measured by the production of TBA-reacting substances. Our data indicate that only in the early stage of intoxication is it possible to detect a slight decrease of GSH content in the liver, while during the subsequent stages the concentration of GSH was unaffected. At 6 hours of intoxication the level of hepatic triglycerides was significantly increased. Pretreatment with GSH was followed by an amelioration of fatty infiltration, but the content of hepatic GSH was unchanged. The production of TBA-reacting products was found enhanced only at 6 hours of intoxication. These results are discussed in relation to the role of lipid peroxidation in liver injury by white phosphorus.", "contents": "[The content of reduced glutathione in rat liver after poisoning with white phosphorus]. The content of hepatic GSH was evaluated in rats after poisoning with white phosphorus. In addition, liver damage following the administration of the hepatotoxin was assessed by determining hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Experiments in parallel were carried out in an attempt to evaluate the enhanced susceptibility of hepatic tissue to peroxidative decomposition of unsaturated lipids 'in vitro', as measured by the production of TBA-reacting substances. Our data indicate that only in the early stage of intoxication is it possible to detect a slight decrease of GSH content in the liver, while during the subsequent stages the concentration of GSH was unaffected. At 6 hours of intoxication the level of hepatic triglycerides was significantly increased. Pretreatment with GSH was followed by an amelioration of fatty infiltration, but the content of hepatic GSH was unchanged. The production of TBA-reacting products was found enhanced only at 6 hours of intoxication. These results are discussed in relation to the role of lipid peroxidation in liver injury by white phosphorus.", "PMID": 553560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1462", "title": "Changes induced by fasting and cycloheximide in the vacuolar apparatus of rat hepatocytes. A morphometric investigation.", "content": "An increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles and in the size of the dense and residual bodies was observed in the hepatocytes of rats fasted for 24 hours; moreover, the number of dense bodies was reduced. These data suggest that the previously reported acceleration in cell protein degradation caused by fasting can be accounted for by enhanced autography. The treatment with cycloheximide, which was previously found to prevent this proteolytic response, also prevents the appearance of signs of enhanced autophagic activity.", "contents": "Changes induced by fasting and cycloheximide in the vacuolar apparatus of rat hepatocytes. A morphometric investigation. An increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles and in the size of the dense and residual bodies was observed in the hepatocytes of rats fasted for 24 hours; moreover, the number of dense bodies was reduced. These data suggest that the previously reported acceleration in cell protein degradation caused by fasting can be accounted for by enhanced autography. The treatment with cycloheximide, which was previously found to prevent this proteolytic response, also prevents the appearance of signs of enhanced autophagic activity.", "PMID": 553561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1463", "title": "Effect of methyl glyoxal on enzyme release and on protein synthesis and secretion by isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "The experiments reported in this paper were designed to study some aspects of protein metabolism in isolated rat liver cells treated with methyl glyoxal. Concentrations of this drug not inducing cell damage were able to decrease hepatocyte protein synthesis and secretion. The results obtained using liver cells whose protein was prelabelled suggest that the alpha-ketoaldehyde acts not only through an impairment of protein synthesis but also affecting the secretion pathway itself.", "contents": "Effect of methyl glyoxal on enzyme release and on protein synthesis and secretion by isolated hepatocytes. The experiments reported in this paper were designed to study some aspects of protein metabolism in isolated rat liver cells treated with methyl glyoxal. Concentrations of this drug not inducing cell damage were able to decrease hepatocyte protein synthesis and secretion. The results obtained using liver cells whose protein was prelabelled suggest that the alpha-ketoaldehyde acts not only through an impairment of protein synthesis but also affecting the secretion pathway itself.", "PMID": 553562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1464", "title": "[Modifications of platelet function induced by ASA. I. Effects on aggregation].", "content": "The inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. induced by a single dose of 1g'per os or e.v. of ASA, has been studied in normal subjects by the method of Born. The results suggest the possibility of pharmacological effect control in thrombotic prevention.", "contents": "[Modifications of platelet function induced by ASA. I. Effects on aggregation]. The inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. induced by a single dose of 1g'per os or e.v. of ASA, has been studied in normal subjects by the method of Born. The results suggest the possibility of pharmacological effect control in thrombotic prevention.", "PMID": 553563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1465", "title": "Ultrastructure of neuromelanin granules in dog substantia nigra at different ages.", "content": "The Authors study through ultrastructural observations the sequence of processes concerning the appearance and the depositing of the neuromelanic pigment in the neurons of dog mesencephalic substantia nigra nucleus at different ages. The results are as follows: in the one year old dog, in a low percentage of lysosome-like oval organelles, few masses, strongly electron-dense, appear on the matrix. In the five year old dog, these masses are deposited and increased in quantity inside many more organelles. In the specimens extracted from older dogs, these organelles, characterized moreover by the presence of lipidic globules, merging in groups, became larger and more irregular. The Authors discuss the results obtained with the ultrastructural observation, compared with those obtained with the optical methods.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of neuromelanin granules in dog substantia nigra at different ages. The Authors study through ultrastructural observations the sequence of processes concerning the appearance and the depositing of the neuromelanic pigment in the neurons of dog mesencephalic substantia nigra nucleus at different ages. The results are as follows: in the one year old dog, in a low percentage of lysosome-like oval organelles, few masses, strongly electron-dense, appear on the matrix. In the five year old dog, these masses are deposited and increased in quantity inside many more organelles. In the specimens extracted from older dogs, these organelles, characterized moreover by the presence of lipidic globules, merging in groups, became larger and more irregular. The Authors discuss the results obtained with the ultrastructural observation, compared with those obtained with the optical methods.", "PMID": 553564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1466", "title": "Fine structure of the paraventricular magnocellular neurons in the domestic fowl.", "content": "The morphology of the PVN of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) was studied by the Golgi method and the electron microscope. The magnocellular neurons of the PVN are periventricularly scattered, in the region caudal to the anterior commissure, and they are situated in small clusters. Their ultrastructural features are the presence of a large amount of cytoplasm containing also few dense-core vesicles (1100--1500 A in diameter). In the neuropil axosomatic and axodendritic synapses are seen. Some of these show also dense-core vesicles (600--900 A).", "contents": "Fine structure of the paraventricular magnocellular neurons in the domestic fowl. The morphology of the PVN of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) was studied by the Golgi method and the electron microscope. The magnocellular neurons of the PVN are periventricularly scattered, in the region caudal to the anterior commissure, and they are situated in small clusters. Their ultrastructural features are the presence of a large amount of cytoplasm containing also few dense-core vesicles (1100--1500 A in diameter). In the neuropil axosomatic and axodendritic synapses are seen. Some of these show also dense-core vesicles (600--900 A).", "PMID": 553565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1467", "title": "[Variations in human blood osmotic globular resistance by the action of Vipera berus venom in different experimental conditions. I. Hemolytic effect].", "content": "The effect of Berus Viper's venom on human blood globular resistance with changing incubation conditions has been studied. Particularly venom's concentration (from 200 to 400 microgram/ml of blood), temperature (from 20 degrees C to 37 degrees C) and time (from 1/2h to 2h) have been changed. Time and temperature are important factors in haemolytic process development, instead venom's concentration behave like a factor not significantly haemolysis modifying.", "contents": "[Variations in human blood osmotic globular resistance by the action of Vipera berus venom in different experimental conditions. I. Hemolytic effect]. The effect of Berus Viper's venom on human blood globular resistance with changing incubation conditions has been studied. Particularly venom's concentration (from 200 to 400 microgram/ml of blood), temperature (from 20 degrees C to 37 degrees C) and time (from 1/2h to 2h) have been changed. Time and temperature are important factors in haemolytic process development, instead venom's concentration behave like a factor not significantly haemolysis modifying.", "PMID": 553566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1468", "title": "[Variations in human blood osmotic globular resistance by the action of Vipera berus venom in different experimental conditions. II. Antihemolytic effect].", "content": "Human blood hemolysis in NaCl 0,42% solution at 20 degrees C with different amounts of Berus Viper's venom in the range of 100 to 2000 microgram/ml of blood, has been studied. At these conditions venom's antihemolytic considerable action has been found.", "contents": "[Variations in human blood osmotic globular resistance by the action of Vipera berus venom in different experimental conditions. II. Antihemolytic effect]. Human blood hemolysis in NaCl 0,42% solution at 20 degrees C with different amounts of Berus Viper's venom in the range of 100 to 2000 microgram/ml of blood, has been studied. At these conditions venom's antihemolytic considerable action has been found.", "PMID": 553567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1469", "title": "[Echocardiographic calculation of left ventricle ejection volume. 1) Preliminary note: comparison  of diverse formula].", "content": "Four different formulae to calculate left ventricular ejection volume were examined in the present study. Formulae show a different degree of reliability and, however, their use prove to be limited if heart rate factor is not considered. These results emphasized the great importance of determining left ventricular ejection volume in terms of cardiac output.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic calculation of left ventricle ejection volume. 1) Preliminary note: comparison  of diverse formula]. Four different formulae to calculate left ventricular ejection volume were examined in the present study. Formulae show a different degree of reliability and, however, their use prove to be limited if heart rate factor is not considered. These results emphasized the great importance of determining left ventricular ejection volume in terms of cardiac output.", "PMID": 553568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1470", "title": "[Echocardiographic calculation of left ventricle ejection volume. 2) Proposal of a new equation].", "content": "A new formula is proposed to calculate left ventricular ejection volume. It has been originated directly from Yeh equation, introducing two important factors: 1) left ventricular and diastolic diameter 2) ejection time adjusted according to heart rate. This new formula prove to give satisfactory results both as to stroke volume and cardiac output, thus allowing its possible clinical application.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic calculation of left ventricle ejection volume. 2) Proposal of a new equation]. A new formula is proposed to calculate left ventricular ejection volume. It has been originated directly from Yeh equation, introducing two important factors: 1) left ventricular and diastolic diameter 2) ejection time adjusted according to heart rate. This new formula prove to give satisfactory results both as to stroke volume and cardiac output, thus allowing its possible clinical application.", "PMID": 553569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1471", "title": "[Behavior of plasma cortisol in the course of testing with lysine-8-vasopressin and with lysine-8-vasopressin + resperine in normal subjects].", "content": "Eight normal subjects were tested with LVP before and after treatment with Reserpine. The results show that Reserpine inhibits the cortisolemic response to the LVP test. This effect can most likely be attributed to the depletion of catecholamines induced by these drugs on the CNS and, in particular, in the Hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Behavior of plasma cortisol in the course of testing with lysine-8-vasopressin and with lysine-8-vasopressin + resperine in normal subjects]. Eight normal subjects were tested with LVP before and after treatment with Reserpine. The results show that Reserpine inhibits the cortisolemic response to the LVP test. This effect can most likely be attributed to the depletion of catecholamines induced by these drugs on the CNS and, in particular, in the Hypothalamus.", "PMID": 553570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1472", "title": "[Influence of haloperidol on blood cortisol response to lysine-8-vasopressin in normal subjects].", "content": "The investigations were done on ten normal subjects. The LVP test was performed before and after intravenous-infusion of Haloperidol (Img). The results show that haloperidol eliminates the cortisolemic response during stimulation with LVP; that is most likely, in relation to the specific blocking effect of this drug on dopaminergic receptors in the hypothalamus and on the hypothalamo-diencephalic pathways.", "contents": "[Influence of haloperidol on blood cortisol response to lysine-8-vasopressin in normal subjects]. The investigations were done on ten normal subjects. The LVP test was performed before and after intravenous-infusion of Haloperidol (Img). The results show that haloperidol eliminates the cortisolemic response during stimulation with LVP; that is most likely, in relation to the specific blocking effect of this drug on dopaminergic receptors in the hypothalamus and on the hypothalamo-diencephalic pathways.", "PMID": 553571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1473", "title": "Activation of pyramidal neurons by intrinsic longitudinal connections in the hippocampus.", "content": "In the guinea pig, EPSPs and population spikes were found to be generated in the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons of middle and ventral hippocampus, in response to dorsal hippocampal commissure (PSD) stimulation, without any involvement of dentate gyrus granule cells of corresponding segments. These long-latency synaptic effects were evoked only by repetitive (0.2-2.0 c/sec) PSD stimulation and showed increasing latency in ventral direction. A cross section between dorsal and middle hippocampus was followed by the disappearance of the responses ventrally to the section. The results show that the postsynaptic discharge of dorsal pyramidal neurons is transferred to more ventral hippocampal segments by an intrahippocampal longitudinal association system.", "contents": "Activation of pyramidal neurons by intrinsic longitudinal connections in the hippocampus. In the guinea pig, EPSPs and population spikes were found to be generated in the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons of middle and ventral hippocampus, in response to dorsal hippocampal commissure (PSD) stimulation, without any involvement of dentate gyrus granule cells of corresponding segments. These long-latency synaptic effects were evoked only by repetitive (0.2-2.0 c/sec) PSD stimulation and showed increasing latency in ventral direction. A cross section between dorsal and middle hippocampus was followed by the disappearance of the responses ventrally to the section. The results show that the postsynaptic discharge of dorsal pyramidal neurons is transferred to more ventral hippocampal segments by an intrahippocampal longitudinal association system.", "PMID": 553572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1474", "title": "Field potentials evoked in the subiculum following postsynaptic discharge of hippocampal pyramidal neurons.", "content": "Evoked potentials, represented by population spikes and slow waves, have been recorded from the subiculum, along its whole dorso-ventral extent, following postsynaptic activation and discharge of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. These potentials can be associated with synaptic excitatory effects generated on radially oriented neurons by hippocampal impulses reaching the subiculum at any dorso-ventral level, according to a segmental organization.", "contents": "Field potentials evoked in the subiculum following postsynaptic discharge of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Evoked potentials, represented by population spikes and slow waves, have been recorded from the subiculum, along its whole dorso-ventral extent, following postsynaptic activation and discharge of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. These potentials can be associated with synaptic excitatory effects generated on radially oriented neurons by hippocampal impulses reaching the subiculum at any dorso-ventral level, according to a segmental organization.", "PMID": 553573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1475", "title": "Selective activation of field CA1-CA2 by perforant neurons discharging in response to hippocampal efferent volleys.", "content": "A long lasting evoked response, generated in the hippocampal field CA1-CA2 following postsynaptic sequential discharge of hippocampal pyramids and entorhinal neurons, has been analyzed by multiple simultaneous surface and depth recordings in the guinea pig dorsal hippocampal region. Results obtained suggest that it can be associated with postsynaptic excitatory potentials evoked in the distal portion of the apical dendrites of field CA1-CA2 pyramids by perforant neurons selectively discharged by impulses of hippocampal origin.", "contents": "Selective activation of field CA1-CA2 by perforant neurons discharging in response to hippocampal efferent volleys. A long lasting evoked response, generated in the hippocampal field CA1-CA2 following postsynaptic sequential discharge of hippocampal pyramids and entorhinal neurons, has been analyzed by multiple simultaneous surface and depth recordings in the guinea pig dorsal hippocampal region. Results obtained suggest that it can be associated with postsynaptic excitatory potentials evoked in the distal portion of the apical dendrites of field CA1-CA2 pyramids by perforant neurons selectively discharged by impulses of hippocampal origin.", "PMID": 553574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1476", "title": "[Effect of pretreatment with metoclopramide on plasma prolactin response to methergoline].", "content": "The Authors examined 20 voluntary women without endocrine diseases. The women took 4 mg of metergoline orally and 30-60-90-120-180-240 minutes after the medicament was given the serum prolactin levels were tested. After 3 weeks, 14 among 20 subjects repeated the test assuming during the 3 days before 50 mg of metoclopramide orally once a day. The Authors found a remarkable decline of prolactin serum levels after metergoline administration in all subjects. After metoclopramide administration prolactin serum levels increased meaningly. Metergoline administration gave again considerable fall of prolactin serum levels in the 14 subjects. From the data the Authors affirm that metergoline inhibits prolactin secretion with an antiserotonine action", "contents": "[Effect of pretreatment with metoclopramide on plasma prolactin response to methergoline]. The Authors examined 20 voluntary women without endocrine diseases. The women took 4 mg of metergoline orally and 30-60-90-120-180-240 minutes after the medicament was given the serum prolactin levels were tested. After 3 weeks, 14 among 20 subjects repeated the test assuming during the 3 days before 50 mg of metoclopramide orally once a day. The Authors found a remarkable decline of prolactin serum levels after metergoline administration in all subjects. After metoclopramide administration prolactin serum levels increased meaningly. Metergoline administration gave again considerable fall of prolactin serum levels in the 14 subjects. From the data the Authors affirm that metergoline inhibits prolactin secretion with an antiserotonine action", "PMID": 553575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1477", "title": "[Effect of diet with different protein content on rats during gestation: repercussion on pregnancy development and litter size. Preliminary note].", "content": "Pregnant rats, Wistar strain, were treated from day 11 of gestation with synthetic diets containing different amounts of protein. The Group of rats fed a severely deficient protein diet (4% of casein, 2% of lactalbumin) showed reduced hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein and an expressive increase of gamma globulins compared with rats treated with normal or elevated protein levels. Weight gain during pregnancy was higher for rats which received a larger amount of protein; on the contrary those that were subjected to malnutrition had no weight gain and bore prematurely with high percent of foetal mortality.", "contents": "[Effect of diet with different protein content on rats during gestation: repercussion on pregnancy development and litter size. Preliminary note]. Pregnant rats, Wistar strain, were treated from day 11 of gestation with synthetic diets containing different amounts of protein. The Group of rats fed a severely deficient protein diet (4% of casein, 2% of lactalbumin) showed reduced hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein and an expressive increase of gamma globulins compared with rats treated with normal or elevated protein levels. Weight gain during pregnancy was higher for rats which received a larger amount of protein; on the contrary those that were subjected to malnutrition had no weight gain and bore prematurely with high percent of foetal mortality.", "PMID": 553576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1478", "title": "[Thyroid function and lipid metabolism in rats treated with lithium and cholesterol deficient Nath diet].", "content": "The administration of drinking-water, added with LiCl (20mg Li+/l) to rats fed on \"atherogenic\" diet without cholesterol (casein 20% hydrogenated coconut oil 25%, sucrose 49.1%) for 90 days, elicits an expressive diminution of haematic lipids (triglycerides, free fatty acids, total cholesterol) and hepatic cholesterol. The serum dosages of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 show that the Li+ concentration used in the experiment do not inhibit the glandular functions.", "contents": "[Thyroid function and lipid metabolism in rats treated with lithium and cholesterol deficient Nath diet]. The administration of drinking-water, added with LiCl (20mg Li+/l) to rats fed on \"atherogenic\" diet without cholesterol (casein 20% hydrogenated coconut oil 25%, sucrose 49.1%) for 90 days, elicits an expressive diminution of haematic lipids (triglycerides, free fatty acids, total cholesterol) and hepatic cholesterol. The serum dosages of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 show that the Li+ concentration used in the experiment do not inhibit the glandular functions.", "PMID": 553577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1479", "title": "[Sugar mixtures and differential absorption during muscular exertion in the athlete].", "content": "The AA. reports the possibility to prepare special sugar mixtures at various degree of complexity (mono-di-oligo-polisaccharides). These have high solubility and neutral taste. These supply to athletes disposable amounts of glucose for muscular contraction during the play time.", "contents": "[Sugar mixtures and differential absorption during muscular exertion in the athlete]. The AA. reports the possibility to prepare special sugar mixtures at various degree of complexity (mono-di-oligo-polisaccharides). These have high solubility and neutral taste. These supply to athletes disposable amounts of glucose for muscular contraction during the play time.", "PMID": 553578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1480", "title": "[Evaluation of platelet aggregation index (IAP) in athletes practicing rowing after administration of anti-inflammatory agents].", "content": "The AA. measured the Platelets Aggregation Index (I.A.P.) in two groups of oarsmen: the first treated with an anti-inflammatory drug and the second (control) without any drug. They found a statistically significant difference of the I.A.P. in the two groups.", "contents": "[Evaluation of platelet aggregation index (IAP) in athletes practicing rowing after administration of anti-inflammatory agents]. The AA. measured the Platelets Aggregation Index (I.A.P.) in two groups of oarsmen: the first treated with an anti-inflammatory drug and the second (control) without any drug. They found a statistically significant difference of the I.A.P. in the two groups.", "PMID": 553579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1481", "title": "[Thrombelastographic pattern in chronic bronchopneumonia patients placed on oxygen therapy].", "content": "The thromboelastographic pattern in chronic obstructive lung disease as compared to normal group during O2 administration was evaluated. The results stressed that the basal hypocoagulability of pathological subjects had become normal after O2 administration. No significant change in the group of normal subjects was observed.", "contents": "[Thrombelastographic pattern in chronic bronchopneumonia patients placed on oxygen therapy]. The thromboelastographic pattern in chronic obstructive lung disease as compared to normal group during O2 administration was evaluated. The results stressed that the basal hypocoagulability of pathological subjects had become normal after O2 administration. No significant change in the group of normal subjects was observed.", "PMID": 553580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1482", "title": "[Estrogen receptors in rabbit thymus].", "content": "The estrogen receptors presence or absence in the thymus gland represents the basic element to assert or to exclude any estrogenic action in the thymus. Now we have measured the presence of cytoplasmatic estrogen receptors in the female rabbits thymus, using some methods (sucrose gradient, protamine sulphate, dextran-coated charcoal). Finally, we have investigated, using the sucrose gradient assay, the nuclear ER presence in 1000g thymic pellet. The results exclude high levels of estrogen-binding proteins while don't suggest their total absence in the female rabbit thymus.", "contents": "[Estrogen receptors in rabbit thymus]. The estrogen receptors presence or absence in the thymus gland represents the basic element to assert or to exclude any estrogenic action in the thymus. Now we have measured the presence of cytoplasmatic estrogen receptors in the female rabbits thymus, using some methods (sucrose gradient, protamine sulphate, dextran-coated charcoal). Finally, we have investigated, using the sucrose gradient assay, the nuclear ER presence in 1000g thymic pellet. The results exclude high levels of estrogen-binding proteins while don't suggest their total absence in the female rabbit thymus.", "PMID": 553581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1483", "title": "[Effects of low frequency vibrations on the human spine].", "content": "There is a general agreement in literature about effects of low frequency vibrations on spine in tractor drivers. Tractor drivers are exposed to noxious vibrations transmitted mostly by the seat. Spine generally presents a picture of degenerative lesions with higher incidence than in control groups. A statistical relation to the precocity of tractor driving can be shown.", "contents": "[Effects of low frequency vibrations on the human spine]. There is a general agreement in literature about effects of low frequency vibrations on spine in tractor drivers. Tractor drivers are exposed to noxious vibrations transmitted mostly by the seat. Spine generally presents a picture of degenerative lesions with higher incidence than in control groups. A statistical relation to the precocity of tractor driving can be shown.", "PMID": 553582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1484", "title": "[Measurement of cytoplasmic receptors specific for steroid hormones. IV) Glucocorticoid receptor].", "content": "Binding of 3H-cortisol (3H-C) and 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DX), a fluorinated glucocorticoid which does not bind to Corticosteroid Binding Globulin (CBG), was investigated in two different target tissues, human breast cancer and human leukemic lymphocytes, using a modified DCC assay method. Maximal binding to cytosol occurred, when increasing concentrations of 3H-C or 3H-DX were incubated in the presence or in the absence of an excess of cold cortisol or dexamethasone, at 0 degrees C for 1 hr or 4 hr, respectively. A 50 sec exposure to DCC was sufficient to separate bound from free labelled steroid. Data presented suggest that two different classes of glucocorticoid exist, which are differently distributed in target tissues, and may be identified on the basis of affinity for the tracer, binding specificity and thermolability.", "contents": "[Measurement of cytoplasmic receptors specific for steroid hormones. IV) Glucocorticoid receptor]. Binding of 3H-cortisol (3H-C) and 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DX), a fluorinated glucocorticoid which does not bind to Corticosteroid Binding Globulin (CBG), was investigated in two different target tissues, human breast cancer and human leukemic lymphocytes, using a modified DCC assay method. Maximal binding to cytosol occurred, when increasing concentrations of 3H-C or 3H-DX were incubated in the presence or in the absence of an excess of cold cortisol or dexamethasone, at 0 degrees C for 1 hr or 4 hr, respectively. A 50 sec exposure to DCC was sufficient to separate bound from free labelled steroid. Data presented suggest that two different classes of glucocorticoid exist, which are differently distributed in target tissues, and may be identified on the basis of affinity for the tracer, binding specificity and thermolability.", "PMID": 553583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1485", "title": "[Biohydrogenation of erucic acid (22:1 n-9 cis) in artificial rumen. I). Effect of octadecapolyenoic fatty acids and the incubation period].", "content": "Normally dietary octadecapolyenoic fatty acids are anaerobically hydrogenated in ruminants, both \"in vivo\" in the rumen and \"in vitro\" with ruminal content. Here it has been investigated in artificial rumen the process concerning the erucic acid (22:1 n-9 cis) compared with and in presence of C 18 polyunsaturated acids at various incubation times. The results have shown that C 18 polyunsaturated acids hydrogenation with conversion into hydrogenation intermediates and stearic acid does always occur in contrast with erucic acid where it is never revealable, unrelated to the incubations conditions applied.", "contents": "[Biohydrogenation of erucic acid (22:1 n-9 cis) in artificial rumen. I). Effect of octadecapolyenoic fatty acids and the incubation period]. Normally dietary octadecapolyenoic fatty acids are anaerobically hydrogenated in ruminants, both \"in vivo\" in the rumen and \"in vitro\" with ruminal content. Here it has been investigated in artificial rumen the process concerning the erucic acid (22:1 n-9 cis) compared with and in presence of C 18 polyunsaturated acids at various incubation times. The results have shown that C 18 polyunsaturated acids hydrogenation with conversion into hydrogenation intermediates and stearic acid does always occur in contrast with erucic acid where it is never revealable, unrelated to the incubations conditions applied.", "PMID": 553585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1486", "title": "[Effects of prolonged fasting and vagotomy on the ultrastructure of contractile myocardium in pigeons].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in pigeon heart following long fasting and vagotomy are reported. In the fasting pigeons several fat droplets surrounding the adjacent nearest mitochondria represent the most important finding. Conversely, in the fasting and vagotomized pigeons the mean finding is a large decrease of fat droplets. Ultrastructural findings appear related with biochemical changes by different experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Effects of prolonged fasting and vagotomy on the ultrastructure of contractile myocardium in pigeons]. Ultrastructural changes in pigeon heart following long fasting and vagotomy are reported. In the fasting pigeons several fat droplets surrounding the adjacent nearest mitochondria represent the most important finding. Conversely, in the fasting and vagotomized pigeons the mean finding is a large decrease of fat droplets. Ultrastructural findings appear related with biochemical changes by different experimental conditions.", "PMID": 553586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1487", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy of the inner surface of small intestine in chick embryos].", "content": "The inner surface of the midgut of chicken embryos ageing between seven and fifteen days incubation has been examined by scanning electron microscope. In this period the surface of the mucous membrane undergoes significant morphological changes; in fact, while at seven days incubation it appears to be smooth and regular, in the following days it begins to show longitudinal folds increasingly higher, more numerous and complicated. Since eleven days incubation some folds take a zigzag appearance that progressively becomes more evident and extends to all the folds. In the mean time, the enterocytes undergo a gradual specialization and represent the only type of epithelial cells in this stage of development. Their apex until seven days incubation is dome-shaped, provided with short microvilli and separated from the surrounding cells by deep circular grooves. About thirteen days the apex appears to be less swollen, with longer and more numerous microvilli and bounded by microplicae arranged in an hexagonal disposition.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy of the inner surface of small intestine in chick embryos]. The inner surface of the midgut of chicken embryos ageing between seven and fifteen days incubation has been examined by scanning electron microscope. In this period the surface of the mucous membrane undergoes significant morphological changes; in fact, while at seven days incubation it appears to be smooth and regular, in the following days it begins to show longitudinal folds increasingly higher, more numerous and complicated. Since eleven days incubation some folds take a zigzag appearance that progressively becomes more evident and extends to all the folds. In the mean time, the enterocytes undergo a gradual specialization and represent the only type of epithelial cells in this stage of development. Their apex until seven days incubation is dome-shaped, provided with short microvilli and separated from the surrounding cells by deep circular grooves. About thirteen days the apex appears to be less swollen, with longer and more numerous microvilli and bounded by microplicae arranged in an hexagonal disposition.", "PMID": 553587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1488", "title": "[Ultrastructural observations on choroid melanoma].", "content": "Twelve melanoblastomas of the choroid of different histological types have been studied in the semi-thin sections and at transmission electron microscope. There have been also observed at scanning electron microscope. The ultrastructural findings show some differences in the main cellular types as observed at light microscope by Callender (spindle-shaped cells A and B and epithelioid). In the epithelioid and spindle-shaped B cells a higher number of ribosomes and of mitochondria and large, polymorphous, often multiple nucleoli with reticular structure are observed. There findings may be related to a greater metabolic activity and anaplastic tendency of these cells. Moreover in spindle B - and epithelioid - cell types atypical melanogenesis and nuclear bodies are particularly evident. Scanning electron microscope show well developed cytoplasmic extensions in spindle cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural observations on choroid melanoma]. Twelve melanoblastomas of the choroid of different histological types have been studied in the semi-thin sections and at transmission electron microscope. There have been also observed at scanning electron microscope. The ultrastructural findings show some differences in the main cellular types as observed at light microscope by Callender (spindle-shaped cells A and B and epithelioid). In the epithelioid and spindle-shaped B cells a higher number of ribosomes and of mitochondria and large, polymorphous, often multiple nucleoli with reticular structure are observed. There findings may be related to a greater metabolic activity and anaplastic tendency of these cells. Moreover in spindle B - and epithelioid - cell types atypical melanogenesis and nuclear bodies are particularly evident. Scanning electron microscope show well developed cytoplasmic extensions in spindle cells.", "PMID": 553588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1489", "title": "[Evaluation of monoamine oxidase in the serum (SMAO) of clinically healthy volunteers].", "content": "Linearity of response \"day-to-day\" and \"within-day\" variation of a simple method for serum monoaminoxidase (SMAO) activity have been evaluated. SMAO determination in 209 clinically healthy subjects was performed to find out the \"reference values\" for the method.", "contents": "[Evaluation of monoamine oxidase in the serum (SMAO) of clinically healthy volunteers]. Linearity of response \"day-to-day\" and \"within-day\" variation of a simple method for serum monoaminoxidase (SMAO) activity have been evaluated. SMAO determination in 209 clinically healthy subjects was performed to find out the \"reference values\" for the method.", "PMID": 553589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1490", "title": "[Activity of serum monoamine oxidase (SMAO) in patients with connective tissue diseases : preliminary results].", "content": "Serum monoaminoxidase activity (SMAO) has been determined in patients with different connective tissue diseases. Preliminary results show a constant and significative increase sclerosis.", "contents": "[Activity of serum monoamine oxidase (SMAO) in patients with connective tissue diseases : preliminary results]. Serum monoaminoxidase activity (SMAO) has been determined in patients with different connective tissue diseases. Preliminary results show a constant and significative increase sclerosis.", "PMID": 553590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1491", "title": "[Metabolism of thyroxine in acute viral hepatitis].", "content": "Aim of this report was to define the correlation between hepatic acute damage and thyroxine metabolism. We have studied plasma levels of T4, T3, rT3 and TSH in 18 adult male subjects with acute viral hepatitis. No significant variation of T4, T3 and TSH plasma levels was found in different phases of disease. However, plasma rT3 levels were clearly elevated in 72% of patients in the first 7 days (mean 440 pg/ml vs 198 pg/ml of normal controls) and in 17% of cases in the second 10 days of disease (mean 269 pg/ml). Plasma rT3 concentration was always normal in the subsequent phases of disease. Our results indicate a diversion of peripheral thyroxine metabolism in the early stages of acute hepatitis.", "contents": "[Metabolism of thyroxine in acute viral hepatitis]. Aim of this report was to define the correlation between hepatic acute damage and thyroxine metabolism. We have studied plasma levels of T4, T3, rT3 and TSH in 18 adult male subjects with acute viral hepatitis. No significant variation of T4, T3 and TSH plasma levels was found in different phases of disease. However, plasma rT3 levels were clearly elevated in 72% of patients in the first 7 days (mean 440 pg/ml vs 198 pg/ml of normal controls) and in 17% of cases in the second 10 days of disease (mean 269 pg/ml). Plasma rT3 concentration was always normal in the subsequent phases of disease. Our results indicate a diversion of peripheral thyroxine metabolism in the early stages of acute hepatitis.", "PMID": 553591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1492", "title": "[Effect of the simultaneous action of melatonin and ADP in megakaryocytes in vitro. -IV-].", "content": "Simultaneous addition of ADP plus Melatonin induces apparent emission of platelets by rat's megacariocyte in vitro.", "contents": "[Effect of the simultaneous action of melatonin and ADP in megakaryocytes in vitro. -IV-]. Simultaneous addition of ADP plus Melatonin induces apparent emission of platelets by rat's megacariocyte in vitro.", "PMID": 553592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1493", "title": "[Determination of taste threshold].", "content": "A linear inverse relation links the HCl solution molarity to both the absolute HCl solution intake, and the ratio of the HCl solution to the total fluid intake. The last algebraic relation allows the taste threshold to be estimated.", "contents": "[Determination of taste threshold]. A linear inverse relation links the HCl solution molarity to both the absolute HCl solution intake, and the ratio of the HCl solution to the total fluid intake. The last algebraic relation allows the taste threshold to be estimated.", "PMID": 553593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1494", "title": "[Peripheral and central factors which modify the taste threshold].", "content": "Several anatomical, physiological and behavioral factors have part in changing the values of the detection threshold, among which the reflexly secreted oral fluid. The HCl molar concentration appears to be a hyperbolic function of preference (= taste solution/water ratio); the empirical formula of the function makes the HCl molar concentration to be known, at which the same voll. of water and taste solution are drunk, i.e. the taste threshold.", "contents": "[Peripheral and central factors which modify the taste threshold]. Several anatomical, physiological and behavioral factors have part in changing the values of the detection threshold, among which the reflexly secreted oral fluid. The HCl molar concentration appears to be a hyperbolic function of preference (= taste solution/water ratio); the empirical formula of the function makes the HCl molar concentration to be known, at which the same voll. of water and taste solution are drunk, i.e. the taste threshold.", "PMID": 553594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1495", "title": "[Lymphocytotoxicity in alcoholic hepatitis: evalutation of effector cells].", "content": "Alcohol induced liver damage has been recently suggested to occur in some cases as a consequence of a true autoimmune reaction. However the nature of the effector cells is still debated. Microlymphocytotoxicity \"in vitro\" test against rabbit hepatocytes has been performed in 29 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 8 with acute alcoholic hepatitis. The diagnosis has been done on clinical and histological grounds. The mean cytotoxicity index (CI) of subjects with alcoholic cirrhosis was 15.12 +/- 14.18 and with acute alcoholic hepatitis 62.49 +/- 16.33 (normal range: 0 -37.90). To further characterize the effector cells in our system, the test has been performed again either using T-enriched fractions of peripheral lymphocytes or after pronase-induced digestion of SmIg of total lymphocytes in 5 patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis and high CI. In both instances a disappearance of citotoxic activity has been observed. These data suggest: a) autoimmune reaction can occur only in patients with acute alcoholic liver damage; b) non T-cells are responsible for cytotoxicity; c) the immune reaction appears to be of cell-mediated antibody-dependent type.", "contents": "[Lymphocytotoxicity in alcoholic hepatitis: evalutation of effector cells]. Alcohol induced liver damage has been recently suggested to occur in some cases as a consequence of a true autoimmune reaction. However the nature of the effector cells is still debated. Microlymphocytotoxicity \"in vitro\" test against rabbit hepatocytes has been performed in 29 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 8 with acute alcoholic hepatitis. The diagnosis has been done on clinical and histological grounds. The mean cytotoxicity index (CI) of subjects with alcoholic cirrhosis was 15.12 +/- 14.18 and with acute alcoholic hepatitis 62.49 +/- 16.33 (normal range: 0 -37.90). To further characterize the effector cells in our system, the test has been performed again either using T-enriched fractions of peripheral lymphocytes or after pronase-induced digestion of SmIg of total lymphocytes in 5 patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis and high CI. In both instances a disappearance of citotoxic activity has been observed. These data suggest: a) autoimmune reaction can occur only in patients with acute alcoholic liver damage; b) non T-cells are responsible for cytotoxicity; c) the immune reaction appears to be of cell-mediated antibody-dependent type.", "PMID": 553595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1496", "title": "[Appraisal of the protein efficiency ratio of diverse protein concentrates].", "content": "In this report the biological value of new protein concentrates has been estimated. In growing rats the protein efficiency ratio, together with the load of liver and serum cholesterol, lipids and proteins, has been determined. It has been concluded that all the protein samples have a nutritional value at least like the older products made with proteins of milk.", "contents": "[Appraisal of the protein efficiency ratio of diverse protein concentrates]. In this report the biological value of new protein concentrates has been estimated. In growing rats the protein efficiency ratio, together with the load of liver and serum cholesterol, lipids and proteins, has been determined. It has been concluded that all the protein samples have a nutritional value at least like the older products made with proteins of milk.", "PMID": 553596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1497", "title": "Effect of ethanol on respiratory activity of embryonal tissues.", "content": "By estimating the respiratory activity of various chicken embryonal organs we have noted that it was the highest for the kidney tissues and lower and lower for liver, brain and heart tissues. After the addition of ethanol to the culture medium we may conclude that ethanol 2,5% does not substantially alter the cellular respiratory activity, whereas ethanol 5% remarkably appears to inhibit it. In fact for this last condition the heart and kidney fragments, when are transplanted after 48 hours in \"pendent drop\", result rarely surviving.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on respiratory activity of embryonal tissues. By estimating the respiratory activity of various chicken embryonal organs we have noted that it was the highest for the kidney tissues and lower and lower for liver, brain and heart tissues. After the addition of ethanol to the culture medium we may conclude that ethanol 2,5% does not substantially alter the cellular respiratory activity, whereas ethanol 5% remarkably appears to inhibit it. In fact for this last condition the heart and kidney fragments, when are transplanted after 48 hours in \"pendent drop\", result rarely surviving.", "PMID": 553597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1498", "title": "[Effect of different oxygen pressure levels on the transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in myocardial cell cultures].", "content": "The activity of aminoacid transport, as measured by alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake, has been studied in confluent myocardial cell cultures exposed to different oxygen tensions. The results obtained indicate that the rate of cellular uptake and accumulation of the inert aminoacid increase with time as the fraction of oxygen is reduced. When alpha-aminoisobutyrate was added in presence of all other aminoacids of the medium, the effect of oxygen was also evident, suggesting a mechanism which overcomes the competitive action of the other aminoacids assigned to the same transport system of alpha-aminoisobutyrate (A system). The modulation of aminoacid transport activity may represent one of the possible mechanisms by which environmental oxygen affect the rate of cellular protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of different oxygen pressure levels on the transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in myocardial cell cultures]. The activity of aminoacid transport, as measured by alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake, has been studied in confluent myocardial cell cultures exposed to different oxygen tensions. The results obtained indicate that the rate of cellular uptake and accumulation of the inert aminoacid increase with time as the fraction of oxygen is reduced. When alpha-aminoisobutyrate was added in presence of all other aminoacids of the medium, the effect of oxygen was also evident, suggesting a mechanism which overcomes the competitive action of the other aminoacids assigned to the same transport system of alpha-aminoisobutyrate (A system). The modulation of aminoacid transport activity may represent one of the possible mechanisms by which environmental oxygen affect the rate of cellular protein synthesis.", "PMID": 553598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1499", "title": "[Research in experimental electrocardiography. I: action of DCA-ajmaline on the electrocardiogram of the rat].", "content": "In the course of their experiments, the Authors did not observe any modifications in the rat electrocardiogram, induced by a 2,5 mg DCA-ajmaline intravenous injection, nor, in particular, any negative bathmotropic action due to it.", "contents": "[Research in experimental electrocardiography. I: action of DCA-ajmaline on the electrocardiogram of the rat]. In the course of their experiments, the Authors did not observe any modifications in the rat electrocardiogram, induced by a 2,5 mg DCA-ajmaline intravenous injection, nor, in particular, any negative bathmotropic action due to it.", "PMID": 553599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1500", "title": "[Interference of some detergent micelles with the titration of protein].", "content": "We have examined the possible interferences with spectrophotometric protein determination of some detergents commonly used for the solubilization of membrane proteins. The results show that some mixtures of Triton X100 with SDS or DOC, at given concentrations, interfere with BSA determination by the method of Lowry.", "contents": "[Interference of some detergent micelles with the titration of protein]. We have examined the possible interferences with spectrophotometric protein determination of some detergents commonly used for the solubilization of membrane proteins. The results show that some mixtures of Triton X100 with SDS or DOC, at given concentrations, interfere with BSA determination by the method of Lowry.", "PMID": 553600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1501", "title": "[Plasma membrane lipid composition in liver regeneration: degree of fatty acid desaturation].", "content": "In the context of the biochemical characterization of the plasma membrane during liver regeneration, the fatty acid composition of phospholipids has been determined. Experiments were carried out on liver plasma membrane phospholipid extracts obtained from livers of laparatomized or partially hepatectomized rats 1.5, 4, 15 and 24 h after surgery. The results show no significant change in fatty acid composition and insaturation degree at any time after partial hepatectomy. The results are discussed in view of the lower cholesterol/phospholipid ratio observed in regenerating liver plasma membrane.", "contents": "[Plasma membrane lipid composition in liver regeneration: degree of fatty acid desaturation]. In the context of the biochemical characterization of the plasma membrane during liver regeneration, the fatty acid composition of phospholipids has been determined. Experiments were carried out on liver plasma membrane phospholipid extracts obtained from livers of laparatomized or partially hepatectomized rats 1.5, 4, 15 and 24 h after surgery. The results show no significant change in fatty acid composition and insaturation degree at any time after partial hepatectomy. The results are discussed in view of the lower cholesterol/phospholipid ratio observed in regenerating liver plasma membrane.", "PMID": 553601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1502", "title": "[Uptake of L-(+)lactate by cell membrane (luminal and contraluminal) isolated from rat small intestine microvilli].", "content": "L-lactate uptake was measured in vesicles formed by intestinal brush border and baso-lateral membranes, using a rapid filtration technique. In the presence of a Na+ gradient directed into the vesicle, L-lactate can be transiently accumulated in brush border vesicles, but not in baso-lateral ones. The transient L-lactate accumulation does not occur in the presence of a KCl gradient. alpha-cyanocinammic acid strongly inhibits L-lactate uptake in brush border vesicles, but not in baso-lateral ones. These results support the existence of a carrier mediated, Na+ dependent, transport of L-lactate across the brush border membrane.", "contents": "[Uptake of L-(+)lactate by cell membrane (luminal and contraluminal) isolated from rat small intestine microvilli]. L-lactate uptake was measured in vesicles formed by intestinal brush border and baso-lateral membranes, using a rapid filtration technique. In the presence of a Na+ gradient directed into the vesicle, L-lactate can be transiently accumulated in brush border vesicles, but not in baso-lateral ones. The transient L-lactate accumulation does not occur in the presence of a KCl gradient. alpha-cyanocinammic acid strongly inhibits L-lactate uptake in brush border vesicles, but not in baso-lateral ones. These results support the existence of a carrier mediated, Na+ dependent, transport of L-lactate across the brush border membrane.", "PMID": 553602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1503", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of the degree of bone tissue deposition in sponge-like skeletal segments submitted to a physiological overload].", "content": "In a 14-month old dog, injected twice with Alizarian red 27 and 7 days before sacrifice, both the distribution of the osteogenic areas and the rate of new bone tissue formation have been studied in the distal metaphysis of the right radius submitted to mechanical overloading by removing a piece of the ulnar shaft. The normally loaded left radius was used as a control. Following a four-month overloading, the bone tissue deposition rate appeared markedly reduced in the more peripherally located \"tubular\" spongiosa which underwent in parallel conspicuous structural changes. No alterations in the reconstruction rate and in the microscopical structure as compared to the control radius were observed instead in the deep-seated \"laminar\" spongiosa. The present, as well as previous findings, seem to support the view that (1) the two types of trabecular bone, i.e. the \"tubular\" and the \"laminar\" spongiosa, are subjected to quantitatively diverse loading, and (2) mechanical factors play a significant role in the control of the topographic distribution of bone tissue reconstruction.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of the degree of bone tissue deposition in sponge-like skeletal segments submitted to a physiological overload]. In a 14-month old dog, injected twice with Alizarian red 27 and 7 days before sacrifice, both the distribution of the osteogenic areas and the rate of new bone tissue formation have been studied in the distal metaphysis of the right radius submitted to mechanical overloading by removing a piece of the ulnar shaft. The normally loaded left radius was used as a control. Following a four-month overloading, the bone tissue deposition rate appeared markedly reduced in the more peripherally located \"tubular\" spongiosa which underwent in parallel conspicuous structural changes. No alterations in the reconstruction rate and in the microscopical structure as compared to the control radius were observed instead in the deep-seated \"laminar\" spongiosa. The present, as well as previous findings, seem to support the view that (1) the two types of trabecular bone, i.e. the \"tubular\" and the \"laminar\" spongiosa, are subjected to quantitatively diverse loading, and (2) mechanical factors play a significant role in the control of the topographic distribution of bone tissue reconstruction.", "PMID": 553603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1504", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of the degree of bone tissue deposition in sponge-like skeletal segments experimentally subjected to mechanical stress].", "content": "A 12-month old dog was sacrificed 4 months after fixation of the left anterior limb, in a cutaneous pouch, to the thoracic wall, and division of the ipsilateral brachial plexus; 27 and 7 days before sacrifice, Alizarin red (20 mg/Kg) was injected intravenously. Rarefaction of spongy bone and increase in the rate of osteogenic activity were recorded from the sections of the distal end of the unloaded left radius compared to the corresponding part of the control bone. The events mentioned appeared more marked in the \"tubular\" than in the \"lamellar\" spongiosa. These findings seem to offer new evidence supporting the suggestion that in adult life bone tissue reconstruction rate is relatively higher in the areas of spongy bone comparatively less involved in the mechanical resistance.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of the degree of bone tissue deposition in sponge-like skeletal segments experimentally subjected to mechanical stress]. A 12-month old dog was sacrificed 4 months after fixation of the left anterior limb, in a cutaneous pouch, to the thoracic wall, and division of the ipsilateral brachial plexus; 27 and 7 days before sacrifice, Alizarin red (20 mg/Kg) was injected intravenously. Rarefaction of spongy bone and increase in the rate of osteogenic activity were recorded from the sections of the distal end of the unloaded left radius compared to the corresponding part of the control bone. The events mentioned appeared more marked in the \"tubular\" than in the \"lamellar\" spongiosa. These findings seem to offer new evidence supporting the suggestion that in adult life bone tissue reconstruction rate is relatively higher in the areas of spongy bone comparatively less involved in the mechanical resistance.", "PMID": 553604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1505", "title": "[Determination of the K+/Na+ ratio in experimental drowning in sea water].", "content": "Potassium and sodium content in lung, heart and liver of sea water-drowned mice was measured flame-photometrically after destruction of tissue through nitric-percloric acid. It was found that the ratio of K+/Na+ content in the lung and even in the heart was significantly lower in the drowned group than in the control one; the liver did not show any significant eletrolyte change after drowning. The results are the basis of a test applicable to humans.", "contents": "[Determination of the K+/Na+ ratio in experimental drowning in sea water]. Potassium and sodium content in lung, heart and liver of sea water-drowned mice was measured flame-photometrically after destruction of tissue through nitric-percloric acid. It was found that the ratio of K+/Na+ content in the lung and even in the heart was significantly lower in the drowned group than in the control one; the liver did not show any significant eletrolyte change after drowning. The results are the basis of a test applicable to humans.", "PMID": 553605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1506", "title": "[The effect of sodium dantrolene on the detrusor urinae muscle of the bladder isolated from guinea pigs].", "content": "The effects of dantrolene sodium were evaluated in vitro using the guinea pig detrusor muscle preparation. Dantrolene reversibly decreased the strength of the responses of the detrusor to acetylcholine and histamine. The drug seems to depress the detrusor muscle of the bladder as it does others smooth muscles.", "contents": "[The effect of sodium dantrolene on the detrusor urinae muscle of the bladder isolated from guinea pigs]. The effects of dantrolene sodium were evaluated in vitro using the guinea pig detrusor muscle preparation. Dantrolene reversibly decreased the strength of the responses of the detrusor to acetylcholine and histamine. The drug seems to depress the detrusor muscle of the bladder as it does others smooth muscles.", "PMID": 553606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1507", "title": "[Thea value and limits to kinetic analysis of human serum Ig. Preliminary note].", "content": "We have considered accuracy and sensitivity of a new kinetic method called \"Fixed time\", in order to determine human Ig. The method based on velocity of the reaction, considers the increase in turbidness, which is due to immune-complex formation during a constant and predetermined period of time from the start of the reaction to when equilibrium is achieved. Experience with testing times demonstrates that the best results were obtained by introducing a variant to the method adopted up to now. According to that method, velocity reaction was usually estimated in a period of time comprised between the 1st and the 6th minute, while turbidness is now estimated after 15\" (first time) and after 3'15\" (final time) from the beginning of the reaction.", "contents": "[Thea value and limits to kinetic analysis of human serum Ig. Preliminary note]. We have considered accuracy and sensitivity of a new kinetic method called \"Fixed time\", in order to determine human Ig. The method based on velocity of the reaction, considers the increase in turbidness, which is due to immune-complex formation during a constant and predetermined period of time from the start of the reaction to when equilibrium is achieved. Experience with testing times demonstrates that the best results were obtained by introducing a variant to the method adopted up to now. According to that method, velocity reaction was usually estimated in a period of time comprised between the 1st and the 6th minute, while turbidness is now estimated after 15\" (first time) and after 3'15\" (final time) from the beginning of the reaction.", "PMID": 553607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1508", "title": "[Preliminary study of the physical chemistry and catalytic properties of glutathione-S-transferase from human placenta].", "content": "Glutathione-S-transferase activity has been identified in the cytosol of human placenta. The specific activity measured is about 50% of that found in human liver. While some kinetic data have a close correspondence with those attributed to transferases of other sources, the molecular weight (60.000 daltons) and electric properties of this protein are unusual. The inhibitory effect of several non-substrate compounds suggests that also the placental Glutathione-S-transferase may play some role in detoxication of exogenous substances.", "contents": "[Preliminary study of the physical chemistry and catalytic properties of glutathione-S-transferase from human placenta]. Glutathione-S-transferase activity has been identified in the cytosol of human placenta. The specific activity measured is about 50% of that found in human liver. While some kinetic data have a close correspondence with those attributed to transferases of other sources, the molecular weight (60.000 daltons) and electric properties of this protein are unusual. The inhibitory effect of several non-substrate compounds suggests that also the placental Glutathione-S-transferase may play some role in detoxication of exogenous substances.", "PMID": 553608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1509", "title": "A three channel radio-controlled brain-stimulator for unrestrained animals.", "content": "We have developed a project for biological radio-controlled electrostimulation, consisting in a three channel telestimulator, which has been used in our laboratories on animals unrestrained and complete freedom of movements. The system has been tested and used in many experiments which excellent results.", "contents": "A three channel radio-controlled brain-stimulator for unrestrained animals. We have developed a project for biological radio-controlled electrostimulation, consisting in a three channel telestimulator, which has been used in our laboratories on animals unrestrained and complete freedom of movements. The system has been tested and used in many experiments which excellent results.", "PMID": 553609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1510", "title": "A study of the parameters of electric stimulation on the dorsal hippocampus for the \"after discharge\", carried out with the aid of a current-operated telestimulator, in the rabbit supplied with permanent electrodes.", "content": "Our purpose in this work has been to carry out experiment of electric stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus, by measuring exactly the quantity of stimulating current, expressed in mA, in order to ascertain the actual quantities of electric charges, expressed in microcoulombs and conveyed to the examined structure and able to cause \"an after discharge\". the optimum stimulation frequency involving supply of the lowest quantity of electric charges and such frequency is more or less equal to the frequency of discharge of the paroxysmal bioelectric activity (about 20 c/sec). The optimum length of the train of stimulation is very short, but non shorter than 1 sec; consequently the length of the train of stimuli of 2, 5 sec, corresponding to a current intensity inferior to 1 mA and to a sufficiently low quantity fo charges, is to be regarded as the optimum length. The optimum length of the single stimulus is very short too, but it cannot be too short, since, also in this case, the intensity of current necessary to reach the threshold for the \"after discharge\" would reach such values as to cause lesions in the stimulated structure; consequently the length of the single stimulus corresponding to 0, 4 msec is to be considered as to optimum length.", "contents": "A study of the parameters of electric stimulation on the dorsal hippocampus for the \"after discharge\", carried out with the aid of a current-operated telestimulator, in the rabbit supplied with permanent electrodes. Our purpose in this work has been to carry out experiment of electric stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus, by measuring exactly the quantity of stimulating current, expressed in mA, in order to ascertain the actual quantities of electric charges, expressed in microcoulombs and conveyed to the examined structure and able to cause \"an after discharge\". the optimum stimulation frequency involving supply of the lowest quantity of electric charges and such frequency is more or less equal to the frequency of discharge of the paroxysmal bioelectric activity (about 20 c/sec). The optimum length of the train of stimulation is very short, but non shorter than 1 sec; consequently the length of the train of stimuli of 2, 5 sec, corresponding to a current intensity inferior to 1 mA and to a sufficiently low quantity fo charges, is to be regarded as the optimum length. The optimum length of the single stimulus is very short too, but it cannot be too short, since, also in this case, the intensity of current necessary to reach the threshold for the \"after discharge\" would reach such values as to cause lesions in the stimulated structure; consequently the length of the single stimulus corresponding to 0, 4 msec is to be considered as to optimum length.", "PMID": 553610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1511", "title": "Effects of the removal of olfactory bulbs on the appearance and then on the latency of the \"mouse-killing reaction\" in the rat of the Wistar SM strain.", "content": "The 20% of male 5-6 month-old Wistar rats SM prove to be natural killers. A four-month long insulation of \"surely non-killer\" rats has not allowed to notice a mouse-killing behaviour in any animal. The total bilateral removal of olfactory bulbs in \"non-killer rats\" causes a \"mouse-killing behaviour\" in all the animal 24 hours after the operation, but with a latency of response that has proved different in the various rats. Precisely, while 24 hours and 15 days after the bulb operation the rats can be distinguished into \"rapid killers\" and \"slow killers\", after 30 days all the animals become \"rapid killers\" with a remarkably shortened period of mouse-killing latency (1 - 60 seconds).", "contents": "Effects of the removal of olfactory bulbs on the appearance and then on the latency of the \"mouse-killing reaction\" in the rat of the Wistar SM strain. The 20% of male 5-6 month-old Wistar rats SM prove to be natural killers. A four-month long insulation of \"surely non-killer\" rats has not allowed to notice a mouse-killing behaviour in any animal. The total bilateral removal of olfactory bulbs in \"non-killer rats\" causes a \"mouse-killing behaviour\" in all the animal 24 hours after the operation, but with a latency of response that has proved different in the various rats. Precisely, while 24 hours and 15 days after the bulb operation the rats can be distinguished into \"rapid killers\" and \"slow killers\", after 30 days all the animals become \"rapid killers\" with a remarkably shortened period of mouse-killing latency (1 - 60 seconds).", "PMID": 553611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1512", "title": "Function of the anal sphincters following anterior resections of rectum.", "content": "The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the function of the anal sphincter following anterior resections of the rectum. Our data have shown that the anorectal reflex did not depend on the presence of the rectal mucosa. The external anal sphincter contraction involves a reflex which is initiated by stretch receptors in the levator ani muscle. The internal anal sphincter relaxation is likely a local reflex involving nerve pathways not yet completely defined.", "contents": "Function of the anal sphincters following anterior resections of rectum. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the function of the anal sphincter following anterior resections of the rectum. Our data have shown that the anorectal reflex did not depend on the presence of the rectal mucosa. The external anal sphincter contraction involves a reflex which is initiated by stretch receptors in the levator ani muscle. The internal anal sphincter relaxation is likely a local reflex involving nerve pathways not yet completely defined.", "PMID": 553612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1513", "title": "Rectoanal reflex in healthy subject.", "content": "The present work was performed in order to examine the rectoanal reflex in healthy subject. Our findings suggest that the fecal continence is sustained by both the anal sphincters. The maximal anal pressure at rest is governed by activity of the internal sphincter while the external anal sphincter promptly contracts when the rectum is distended.", "contents": "Rectoanal reflex in healthy subject. The present work was performed in order to examine the rectoanal reflex in healthy subject. Our findings suggest that the fecal continence is sustained by both the anal sphincters. The maximal anal pressure at rest is governed by activity of the internal sphincter while the external anal sphincter promptly contracts when the rectum is distended.", "PMID": 553613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1514", "title": "Function of the anal sphincters following pull-through operations without anal eversion.", "content": "It has been investigated the function of the anal sphincters following Bacon type pull-through operation. Our data have shown a significant decrease of the anal resting pressure after pull-through excision signifying an impairment in the internal sphincter function. But the tonic external sphincter contraction induced by stimulation can maintain continence.", "contents": "Function of the anal sphincters following pull-through operations without anal eversion. It has been investigated the function of the anal sphincters following Bacon type pull-through operation. Our data have shown a significant decrease of the anal resting pressure after pull-through excision signifying an impairment in the internal sphincter function. But the tonic external sphincter contraction induced by stimulation can maintain continence.", "PMID": 553614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1515", "title": "[Report on dietary medium chain fatty acids (MCT) and chicken growth].", "content": "From the results, obtained from the comparison between diet containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and the growth of chicks, emerged the importance of the qualitative composition of the diet; most of all it became evident the influence that MCT exert on the amount of energy rendered per ration consumed. Less body growth is obtained due to the adapting, probably temporary, of oxidative metabolism to the increased quantity of medium chain fatty acid consumption.", "contents": "[Report on dietary medium chain fatty acids (MCT) and chicken growth]. From the results, obtained from the comparison between diet containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and the growth of chicks, emerged the importance of the qualitative composition of the diet; most of all it became evident the influence that MCT exert on the amount of energy rendered per ration consumed. Less body growth is obtained due to the adapting, probably temporary, of oxidative metabolism to the increased quantity of medium chain fatty acid consumption.", "PMID": 553615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1516", "title": "[Eledoisin stimulation of salivary secretion in dogs].", "content": "Eledoisin, administered to dogs by intra-carotid route, potently stimulated salivary secretion. The effect was not due to stimulation of cholinergic, adrenergic, histaminergic or 5-hydroxytryptaminergic receptors but was direct on salivary glands.", "contents": "[Eledoisin stimulation of salivary secretion in dogs]. Eledoisin, administered to dogs by intra-carotid route, potently stimulated salivary secretion. The effect was not due to stimulation of cholinergic, adrenergic, histaminergic or 5-hydroxytryptaminergic receptors but was direct on salivary glands.", "PMID": 553616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1517", "title": "[Lacrimatory effect of eledoisin in dogs].", "content": "Eledoisin, administered to dogs by conjunctival route, potently stimulated lacrimal secretion. The effect did not depend on activation of adrenergic, histaminergic or 5-hydroxytryptaminergic receptor and was only in part due to stimulation of cholinergic receptors.", "contents": "[Lacrimatory effect of eledoisin in dogs]. Eledoisin, administered to dogs by conjunctival route, potently stimulated lacrimal secretion. The effect did not depend on activation of adrenergic, histaminergic or 5-hydroxytryptaminergic receptor and was only in part due to stimulation of cholinergic receptors.", "PMID": 553617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1518", "title": "[Effect of eledoisin on the process of corneal repair in rabbits].", "content": "Eledoisin cured corneal lesions produced in the rabbit by cocaine but failed to heal those produced by sodium hydroxide. The effect was probably due to accelerated epithelial proliferation.", "contents": "[Effect of eledoisin on the process of corneal repair in rabbits]. Eledoisin cured corneal lesions produced in the rabbit by cocaine but failed to heal those produced by sodium hydroxide. The effect was probably due to accelerated epithelial proliferation.", "PMID": 553618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1519", "title": "Respiratory illness, maternal smoking habit and lung function in children.", "content": "Two hundred and fourteen children aged 7-11 years had tests of lung function performed. Mothers were asked about their past and current smoking habits and whether their children had ever had pneumonia or severe bronchitis. The findings suggest a relationship between early childhood bronchitis or pneumonia and impairment of lung function in later childhood and also suggest that maternal smoking habit may contribute directly to impairment of lung function in children.", "contents": "Respiratory illness, maternal smoking habit and lung function in children. Two hundred and fourteen children aged 7-11 years had tests of lung function performed. Mothers were asked about their past and current smoking habits and whether their children had ever had pneumonia or severe bronchitis. The findings suggest a relationship between early childhood bronchitis or pneumonia and impairment of lung function in later childhood and also suggest that maternal smoking habit may contribute directly to impairment of lung function in children.", "PMID": 553655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1520", "title": "Interpretation of blood gas analysis by physicians in a community teaching hospital.", "content": "Forty-two interns and residents on the staff of a community teaching hospital were questioned to assess their understanding of blood gas abnormalities. Misunderstandings were such that 24% of the residents and interns might have given inadequate care had their interpretations dictated practice. Few therapeutic misadventures in fact occurred, largely because of supervision. Even without supervision, it is unlikely that much harm would have come about, partly because pattern recognition and rules of thumb provided adequate guidance and partly because no notice was taken of the results of the blood gas analysis anyway. Those who wish to promote rational practice should direct their educational efforts to improved understanding of the mechanisms of hypoxaemia and of the chemical, physiological and pathophysiological interactions of PCO2, bicarbonate and pH in the various acid-base disorders.", "contents": "Interpretation of blood gas analysis by physicians in a community teaching hospital. Forty-two interns and residents on the staff of a community teaching hospital were questioned to assess their understanding of blood gas abnormalities. Misunderstandings were such that 24% of the residents and interns might have given inadequate care had their interpretations dictated practice. Few therapeutic misadventures in fact occurred, largely because of supervision. Even without supervision, it is unlikely that much harm would have come about, partly because pattern recognition and rules of thumb provided adequate guidance and partly because no notice was taken of the results of the blood gas analysis anyway. Those who wish to promote rational practice should direct their educational efforts to improved understanding of the mechanisms of hypoxaemia and of the chemical, physiological and pathophysiological interactions of PCO2, bicarbonate and pH in the various acid-base disorders.", "PMID": 553656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1521", "title": "The role of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in asbestosis.", "content": "Histocompatibility antigens on the A, B and C loci have been studied in 172 asbestos workers, 92 of whom had radiographic evidence of asbestosis and 80 of whom had normal radiographs. Within each population, 77 were selected who matched for age, sex, duration from first exposure, duration of exposure and approximate heaviness of exposure. Results were also compared with 174 normal unexposed volunteers. No differences of statistical significance were found in the frequency of histocompatibility antigens tested when the matched or the total population of asbestos workers with and without asbestosis were compared. There was, however, a consistent trend of increase in B27 amongst those with asbestosis (11%) and this reached conventional significance (P < 0.05) when the 92 asbestotics were compared with the whole group having normal radiographs (asbestos workers 5.0% and volunteers 5.2%). Amongst the group having asbestosis, those with HLA-B27 had a significantly shorter exposure to the dust (13.5 years) compared with those without asbestosis (22.3 years), although the mean radiographic profusion score for the two categories was similar. No statistical differences could be found when B5, B8 and B12 were analysed in a similar way, but there was a trend suggesting that B5 was less frequent amongst a small group of cases showing radiographic progression over a three-year follow-up, compatible with the suggestion that this antigen might be linked with with some protective effect.", "contents": "The role of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in asbestosis. Histocompatibility antigens on the A, B and C loci have been studied in 172 asbestos workers, 92 of whom had radiographic evidence of asbestosis and 80 of whom had normal radiographs. Within each population, 77 were selected who matched for age, sex, duration from first exposure, duration of exposure and approximate heaviness of exposure. Results were also compared with 174 normal unexposed volunteers. No differences of statistical significance were found in the frequency of histocompatibility antigens tested when the matched or the total population of asbestos workers with and without asbestosis were compared. There was, however, a consistent trend of increase in B27 amongst those with asbestosis (11%) and this reached conventional significance (P < 0.05) when the 92 asbestotics were compared with the whole group having normal radiographs (asbestos workers 5.0% and volunteers 5.2%). Amongst the group having asbestosis, those with HLA-B27 had a significantly shorter exposure to the dust (13.5 years) compared with those without asbestosis (22.3 years), although the mean radiographic profusion score for the two categories was similar. No statistical differences could be found when B5, B8 and B12 were analysed in a similar way, but there was a trend suggesting that B5 was less frequent amongst a small group of cases showing radiographic progression over a three-year follow-up, compatible with the suggestion that this antigen might be linked with with some protective effect.", "PMID": 553658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1522", "title": "HLA-B18 antigens and protection from pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos workers.", "content": "HLA antigens were identified in 64 patients with radiographic asbestosis and 37 matched controls with equivalent asbestos exposure but no radiographic pulmonary fibrosis. A high prevalence of HLA-B18, B27 and Cw2 was found in the controls. This result might indicate that the possessors of these HLA antigens are thus protected from the development of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis from asbestos exposure. Signs of susceptibility were not demonstrated. The radiographic severity and progression of asbestosis were not associated with any of the HLA antigens tested.", "contents": "HLA-B18 antigens and protection from pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos workers. HLA antigens were identified in 64 patients with radiographic asbestosis and 37 matched controls with equivalent asbestos exposure but no radiographic pulmonary fibrosis. A high prevalence of HLA-B18, B27 and Cw2 was found in the controls. This result might indicate that the possessors of these HLA antigens are thus protected from the development of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis from asbestos exposure. Signs of susceptibility were not demonstrated. The radiographic severity and progression of asbestosis were not associated with any of the HLA antigens tested.", "PMID": 553659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1523", "title": "Needle biopsy of the pleura in Nigeria.", "content": "The results of needle biopsy of the pleura carried out on 200 patients are presented. Biopsy was diagnostic in 60% of tuberculous pleural effusions and in 74% of cases of malignant effusions. The histological appearance of chronic fibrosis was seen in 34%, of which half were subsequently found to have tuberculosis.", "contents": "Needle biopsy of the pleura in Nigeria. The results of needle biopsy of the pleura carried out on 200 patients are presented. Biopsy was diagnostic in 60% of tuberculous pleural effusions and in 74% of cases of malignant effusions. The histological appearance of chronic fibrosis was seen in 34%, of which half were subsequently found to have tuberculosis.", "PMID": 553660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1524", "title": "A survey of the long-term effects of talc and kaolin pleurodesis. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association and the Medical Research Council Pneumoconiosis Unit.", "content": "Of 210 patients who underwent pleurodesis with iodized talc or kaolin 14 to 40 years previously, all but 11 were traced. There was no increased incidence of lung cancer and no case of mesothelioma.", "contents": "A survey of the long-term effects of talc and kaolin pleurodesis. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association and the Medical Research Council Pneumoconiosis Unit. Of 210 patients who underwent pleurodesis with iodized talc or kaolin 14 to 40 years previously, all but 11 were traced. There was no increased incidence of lung cancer and no case of mesothelioma.", "PMID": 553661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1525", "title": "Ultrastructural study of pulmonary plasma cell granuloma--report of a case.", "content": "Electron microscopy of a tumour diagnosed as a pulmonary plasma cell granuloma showed that the tumour was composed of plasma cells, fibroblasts, histiocytes and other inflammatory cells. The plasma cells were mature, with abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Fibroblasts contained multiple lipid droplets and intracytoplasmic inclusions. The relationship between plasma cell granuloma and lesions believed to be related is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of pulmonary plasma cell granuloma--report of a case. Electron microscopy of a tumour diagnosed as a pulmonary plasma cell granuloma showed that the tumour was composed of plasma cells, fibroblasts, histiocytes and other inflammatory cells. The plasma cells were mature, with abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Fibroblasts contained multiple lipid droplets and intracytoplasmic inclusions. The relationship between plasma cell granuloma and lesions believed to be related is discussed.", "PMID": 553662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1526", "title": "The bronchodilator effects of chlorpheniramine in childhood asthma.", "content": "Significant improvement in lung function has been demonstrated following the inhalation of chlorpheniramine. The doses which were used caused local irritation and are probably unsuitable for routine clinical use. Nevertheless, we believe that antihistamines deserve further investigation in the treatment of childhood asthma.", "contents": "The bronchodilator effects of chlorpheniramine in childhood asthma. Significant improvement in lung function has been demonstrated following the inhalation of chlorpheniramine. The doses which were used caused local irritation and are probably unsuitable for routine clinical use. Nevertheless, we believe that antihistamines deserve further investigation in the treatment of childhood asthma.", "PMID": 553663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1527", "title": "Thoracic complications of amoebic liver abscess.", "content": "We report the cases of 170 patients with thoracic complications from amoebic hepatic abscess. The clinical, radiological and therapeutic features of the condition are discussed. Mortality is high, especially where poverty has already impaired health.", "contents": "Thoracic complications of amoebic liver abscess. We report the cases of 170 patients with thoracic complications from amoebic hepatic abscess. The clinical, radiological and therapeutic features of the condition are discussed. Mortality is high, especially where poverty has already impaired health.", "PMID": 553664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1528", "title": "Surgical repair of tracheobronchial compression by tuberculous lymph nodes.", "content": "We describe a patient with a tuberculous lymph node pressing on the trachea and right lobe of the bronchus who was managed with resection of the node and Dacron patch closure of a defect in the tracheobronchial tree.", "contents": "Surgical repair of tracheobronchial compression by tuberculous lymph nodes. We describe a patient with a tuberculous lymph node pressing on the trachea and right lobe of the bronchus who was managed with resection of the node and Dacron patch closure of a defect in the tracheobronchial tree.", "PMID": 553665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1529", "title": "Pulmonary telangiectasia.", "content": "Two patients with pulmonary telangiectasia are described. One of these is by far the oldest yet reported. The diagnosis and prognosis of this condition are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary telangiectasia. Two patients with pulmonary telangiectasia are described. One of these is by far the oldest yet reported. The diagnosis and prognosis of this condition are discussed.", "PMID": 553666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1530", "title": "Chronic pleurisy in systemic lupus erythematosus treated with pleurectomy.", "content": "Pleural involvement, clinically and radiologically, is common in systemic lupus erythematosus but it is usually transient and rarely presents a management problem. In the two cases described here unremitting pleural pain was the dominant symptom. After failure of conservative treatment pleurectomy was performed in both cases with symptomatic relief.", "contents": "Chronic pleurisy in systemic lupus erythematosus treated with pleurectomy. Pleural involvement, clinically and radiologically, is common in systemic lupus erythematosus but it is usually transient and rarely presents a management problem. In the two cases described here unremitting pleural pain was the dominant symptom. After failure of conservative treatment pleurectomy was performed in both cases with symptomatic relief.", "PMID": 553667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1531", "title": "[Ultrastructure of Sertoli cells of the human testis in agenesis of the vas deferens].", "content": "Ten testicular biopsies from adult males with agenesis of the vas deferens have been investigated with light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural study of SERTOLI cells has demonstrated that: (a) the junctions between SERTOLI cells and between SERTOLI and germinal cells retain their normal ultrastructural features. (b) Lanthanum permeates SERTOLI cells tight junctions, but its diffusion towards the adluminal compartment is prevented. (c) SERTOLI cells present unusual amounts of cytoplasmic inclusions, especially lipofuscin granules. A relationship between these inclusions and phagocytosis has not been demonstrated. (d) \"Dark\" SERTOLI cells which show alterations of their typical junctional complex have been frequently observed, although their frequency varies among the different patients. The results are discussed in relation to diagnostic significance of the ultrastructural study of testicular biopsies.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of Sertoli cells of the human testis in agenesis of the vas deferens]. Ten testicular biopsies from adult males with agenesis of the vas deferens have been investigated with light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural study of SERTOLI cells has demonstrated that: (a) the junctions between SERTOLI cells and between SERTOLI and germinal cells retain their normal ultrastructural features. (b) Lanthanum permeates SERTOLI cells tight junctions, but its diffusion towards the adluminal compartment is prevented. (c) SERTOLI cells present unusual amounts of cytoplasmic inclusions, especially lipofuscin granules. A relationship between these inclusions and phagocytosis has not been demonstrated. (d) \"Dark\" SERTOLI cells which show alterations of their typical junctional complex have been frequently observed, although their frequency varies among the different patients. The results are discussed in relation to diagnostic significance of the ultrastructural study of testicular biopsies.", "PMID": 553669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1532", "title": "[The inner surface of chick embryo small intestine by scanning electron microscope].", "content": "The inner surface of the midgut of chick embryos aged seven to fifteen days of incubation has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. At this period, the surface of the mucous membrane undergoes significant morphological changes; in fact, while at seven days of incubation it appears to be smooth and regular, in the following days it begins to show longitudinal folds increasingly higher, more numerous and complicated. After eleven days of incubation some folds take a zig-zag appearance that progressively becomes more evident and extends to all the folds. In the mean time, the enterocytes undergo a gradual differentiation and represent the only type of epithelial cells at this stage of development. Their apex until seven days of incubation is dome-shaped, provided with short microvilli and separated from the surrounding cells by deep circular grooves. At about thirteen days the apex appears to be less swollen, with longer and more numerous microvilli and delimited by microplicae arranged in a hexagonal disposition.", "contents": "[The inner surface of chick embryo small intestine by scanning electron microscope]. The inner surface of the midgut of chick embryos aged seven to fifteen days of incubation has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. At this period, the surface of the mucous membrane undergoes significant morphological changes; in fact, while at seven days of incubation it appears to be smooth and regular, in the following days it begins to show longitudinal folds increasingly higher, more numerous and complicated. After eleven days of incubation some folds take a zig-zag appearance that progressively becomes more evident and extends to all the folds. In the mean time, the enterocytes undergo a gradual differentiation and represent the only type of epithelial cells at this stage of development. Their apex until seven days of incubation is dome-shaped, provided with short microvilli and separated from the surrounding cells by deep circular grooves. At about thirteen days the apex appears to be less swollen, with longer and more numerous microvilli and delimited by microplicae arranged in a hexagonal disposition.", "PMID": 553670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1533", "title": "[Electrical study and functional approach to the peroneal muscles].", "content": "After an attempt to systematize and to give a terminology to the movement of the foot, the authors have studied the role of the muscle peroneus longus and muscle peroneus brevis. This work includes a brief anatomical reminder, and an analysis of electrostimulation and of electromyography. It appears to them that:--the muscles peroneus longus and peroneus brevis have no motor action on the talocrural articulation, but they are synergic with foot flexor muscles as well as with foot extensors, giving lateral stability to this articulation, avoiding varus deviation on a weight bearing limb;--the muscle peroneus longus deepens the plantar arch, enabling impulsion to stance when walking, avoiding weight bearing of the foot on its lateral side. Lastly, the authors think that plastic operations using the muscle peroneus brevis, for rupture of the Achille's tendon, that are performed on an athlete, are not prejudicial to the lateral stability of the foot since a quite inactive muscle is involved.", "contents": "[Electrical study and functional approach to the peroneal muscles]. After an attempt to systematize and to give a terminology to the movement of the foot, the authors have studied the role of the muscle peroneus longus and muscle peroneus brevis. This work includes a brief anatomical reminder, and an analysis of electrostimulation and of electromyography. It appears to them that:--the muscles peroneus longus and peroneus brevis have no motor action on the talocrural articulation, but they are synergic with foot flexor muscles as well as with foot extensors, giving lateral stability to this articulation, avoiding varus deviation on a weight bearing limb;--the muscle peroneus longus deepens the plantar arch, enabling impulsion to stance when walking, avoiding weight bearing of the foot on its lateral side. Lastly, the authors think that plastic operations using the muscle peroneus brevis, for rupture of the Achille's tendon, that are performed on an athlete, are not prejudicial to the lateral stability of the foot since a quite inactive muscle is involved.", "PMID": 553671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1534", "title": "[Anatomical study and systematization of veins in the foot].", "content": "From the dissection and the injection of the foot veins on 70 anatomical pieces, the authors have found the 4 systems usually described:--Lejar's plantar venous rete;--the supra-fascial dorsal venous rete;--the dorsal veins of the foot;--the median and lateral plantar veins. All these systems communicate largely with one another and are practically without any valvula. Among the most interesting systems, one should notice the closely woven plantar rete predominating at the level of the anterior and posterior weight-bearing points, and the importance of the muscular plantar veins close to the weight-bearing points. From those anatomical data 3 conclusions follow: 1) the major importance of the superficial venous drainage in comparison with the deep one, which makes one think of the preponderant role of that system as venous motor at the level the weight-bearing points, while walking; 2) the easy opacification of all those systems in phlebography; 3) the uselessness of any complementary surgical action i the submalleolar regions during the cure of varices.", "contents": "[Anatomical study and systematization of veins in the foot]. From the dissection and the injection of the foot veins on 70 anatomical pieces, the authors have found the 4 systems usually described:--Lejar's plantar venous rete;--the supra-fascial dorsal venous rete;--the dorsal veins of the foot;--the median and lateral plantar veins. All these systems communicate largely with one another and are practically without any valvula. Among the most interesting systems, one should notice the closely woven plantar rete predominating at the level of the anterior and posterior weight-bearing points, and the importance of the muscular plantar veins close to the weight-bearing points. From those anatomical data 3 conclusions follow: 1) the major importance of the superficial venous drainage in comparison with the deep one, which makes one think of the preponderant role of that system as venous motor at the level the weight-bearing points, while walking; 2) the easy opacification of all those systems in phlebography; 3) the uselessness of any complementary surgical action i the submalleolar regions during the cure of varices.", "PMID": 553672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1535", "title": "[The dichotomous distribution of the renal calices].", "content": "The analysis of the caliceal cavities of 30 pairs of Kidneys shows a dichotomous distribution of two types: cranio-caudal for the major calices, ventro-dorsal for the minor ones. The dichotomous organization does not result from the initial division of the ureteral bud: but it should depend upon the renal arteries growth commanding a new caliceal pattern during the morphogenesis of the Kidney.", "contents": "[The dichotomous distribution of the renal calices]. The analysis of the caliceal cavities of 30 pairs of Kidneys shows a dichotomous distribution of two types: cranio-caudal for the major calices, ventro-dorsal for the minor ones. The dichotomous organization does not result from the initial division of the ureteral bud: but it should depend upon the renal arteries growth commanding a new caliceal pattern during the morphogenesis of the Kidney.", "PMID": 553673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1536", "title": "[Mesoscopic anatomy of the peribuccal facial muscles].", "content": "In 16 human face dissections under the operative microscope, the authors recall the classical anatomy of perioral muscles. Instead of the 3 muscles around the nostrils, they prefer to discern two layers: deep and superficial. The subnasal region can similarly be dissociated. Resuming the commissural node study they insist upon the peculiar role of the platysma muscle and its expansions, and upon the tight imbrication of buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles.", "contents": "[Mesoscopic anatomy of the peribuccal facial muscles]. In 16 human face dissections under the operative microscope, the authors recall the classical anatomy of perioral muscles. Instead of the 3 muscles around the nostrils, they prefer to discern two layers: deep and superficial. The subnasal region can similarly be dissociated. Resuming the commissural node study they insist upon the peculiar role of the platysma muscle and its expansions, and upon the tight imbrication of buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles.", "PMID": 553674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1537", "title": "[Functional anatomy of the pisiform bone].", "content": "The pisiform is the only moving structure of the canalis carpi. In the power grip, it undergoes a posterior and medial movement, limited by the pisohamate ligament. This motion is indispensable for a good prehension. The strength of the pisohamate ligament effectively balances the dislocation tendency the flexors carpi ulnaris exert on the pisiform.", "contents": "[Functional anatomy of the pisiform bone]. The pisiform is the only moving structure of the canalis carpi. In the power grip, it undergoes a posterior and medial movement, limited by the pisohamate ligament. This motion is indispensable for a good prehension. The strength of the pisohamate ligament effectively balances the dislocation tendency the flexors carpi ulnaris exert on the pisiform.", "PMID": 553675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1538", "title": "[Use of the urocytogram in sexual ambiguities before puberty].", "content": "The cellular material studied in the urinary sediment mainly obtained from exfoliated cells of the bladder trigone was submitted to hormonal stimulation. The urocytogram has proved a useful and even necessary examination to establish the hormonal check-up of a child suffering from early puberty. This simple, painless method, without any psychological consequences is also indicated in pediatric gynecology, and in certain sexual ambiguity cases. This examination, undergone by a child premature or not, contributes to the early diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In the course of childhood, it helps to investigate pseudohermaphroditisms and various malformations. This examination has proved an important help in the diagnosis of all the cases of sexual ambiguity.", "contents": "[Use of the urocytogram in sexual ambiguities before puberty]. The cellular material studied in the urinary sediment mainly obtained from exfoliated cells of the bladder trigone was submitted to hormonal stimulation. The urocytogram has proved a useful and even necessary examination to establish the hormonal check-up of a child suffering from early puberty. This simple, painless method, without any psychological consequences is also indicated in pediatric gynecology, and in certain sexual ambiguity cases. This examination, undergone by a child premature or not, contributes to the early diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In the course of childhood, it helps to investigate pseudohermaphroditisms and various malformations. This examination has proved an important help in the diagnosis of all the cases of sexual ambiguity.", "PMID": 553676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1539", "title": "[Dimensions of the aortic ring. Anatomic and surgical study of 2 series of patients].", "content": "Both surgical (236 aortic valve replacements) and anatomical (62 dissections) studies have defined the aortic annulus diameter. Measurements (23.5 mm for women; 26 mm for men) are more considerable than established values. Furthermore, surgical study allows the authors to compare these results to several variables, more especially corporeal surface and stature: the height's increase perhaps explains the large sizes discovered.", "contents": "[Dimensions of the aortic ring. Anatomic and surgical study of 2 series of patients]. Both surgical (236 aortic valve replacements) and anatomical (62 dissections) studies have defined the aortic annulus diameter. Measurements (23.5 mm for women; 26 mm for men) are more considerable than established values. Furthermore, surgical study allows the authors to compare these results to several variables, more especially corporeal surface and stature: the height's increase perhaps explains the large sizes discovered.", "PMID": 553677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1540", "title": "[Agenesis of the left pericardium. Apropos of 3 anatomo-surgical observations].", "content": "After a short review of the history and the frequency of this malformation, the authors report three cases of pericardial defect: two cases of partial defect, and a case of complete absence (these three patients have been operated); these observations allow the authors to insist on the difference between the complete absence (often very well tolerated) and the partial defect, which exposes to left atrial appendage's incarceration (and sometimes sudden death). The classification based on the extension of the lesions is then considered, and the usual aspect of each type is described. The embryologic findings can explain the higher frequency of left pericardial defects.", "contents": "[Agenesis of the left pericardium. Apropos of 3 anatomo-surgical observations]. After a short review of the history and the frequency of this malformation, the authors report three cases of pericardial defect: two cases of partial defect, and a case of complete absence (these three patients have been operated); these observations allow the authors to insist on the difference between the complete absence (often very well tolerated) and the partial defect, which exposes to left atrial appendage's incarceration (and sometimes sudden death). The classification based on the extension of the lesions is then considered, and the usual aspect of each type is described. The embryologic findings can explain the higher frequency of left pericardial defects.", "PMID": 553678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1541", "title": "[Our experience with methods of studying the visceral lymphatic vessels].", "content": "The authors relate their experience on the investigation of the visceral lymphatic vessels. Their experience concerns the lung, the pancreas and essentially the stomach. This work has been carried out as well on the corpse using the technique of Papamiltiades as on the living. On the corps, only descriptive and topographic results may be taken into account; actually, to consider drainage in such a case seems to be a misinterpretation considering absence of lymphatic circulation and the importance of technique on the results. Only confrontation with results in vivo allows an interpretation.", "contents": "[Our experience with methods of studying the visceral lymphatic vessels]. The authors relate their experience on the investigation of the visceral lymphatic vessels. Their experience concerns the lung, the pancreas and essentially the stomach. This work has been carried out as well on the corpse using the technique of Papamiltiades as on the living. On the corps, only descriptive and topographic results may be taken into account; actually, to consider drainage in such a case seems to be a misinterpretation considering absence of lymphatic circulation and the importance of technique on the results. Only confrontation with results in vivo allows an interpretation.", "PMID": 553679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1542", "title": "[Topographic correlations between the Chinese craniopuncture zones and the cerebral gyri].", "content": "Scalp acupuncture being a new chinese therapy in some nervous diseases, the authors establish here topographic relations between its areas and cerebral gyri. These areas are bordered by two main lines: the first is a medial antero-posterior line, the second is a transversal line joining the middle of the brow to the external occipital tuberosity. Brain extraction was possible after congelation. The sulci were injected by three different methods (aluminium wire, red lead and thick barium). Radiological research showed a close relationship between stimulation areas used in scalp acupuncture and neurological knowledge.", "contents": "[Topographic correlations between the Chinese craniopuncture zones and the cerebral gyri]. Scalp acupuncture being a new chinese therapy in some nervous diseases, the authors establish here topographic relations between its areas and cerebral gyri. These areas are bordered by two main lines: the first is a medial antero-posterior line, the second is a transversal line joining the middle of the brow to the external occipital tuberosity. Brain extraction was possible after congelation. The sulci were injected by three different methods (aluminium wire, red lead and thick barium). Radiological research showed a close relationship between stimulation areas used in scalp acupuncture and neurological knowledge.", "PMID": 553680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1543", "title": "[Morphologic and biometric data on the constitution of the brachial plexus in man].", "content": "The authors relate the results of the examination of 172 human brachial plexuses from 89 leukoderma subjects native from the Parisian area. The origin of the plexus, with a participation of the fourth cervical nerve root in 41 p.c. of the plexuses, and its distribution, with three primary trunks in 90 p.c. of the plexuses were correctly described by classic authors. The secondary ventro medial trunk receives fibers from the middle primary trunk in 10 p.c. of the plexuses. The biometric study shows that the seventh cervical root is the largest on both sides and that secondary trunks are longer than the primary.", "contents": "[Morphologic and biometric data on the constitution of the brachial plexus in man]. The authors relate the results of the examination of 172 human brachial plexuses from 89 leukoderma subjects native from the Parisian area. The origin of the plexus, with a participation of the fourth cervical nerve root in 41 p.c. of the plexuses, and its distribution, with three primary trunks in 90 p.c. of the plexuses were correctly described by classic authors. The secondary ventro medial trunk receives fibers from the middle primary trunk in 10 p.c. of the plexuses. The biometric study shows that the seventh cervical root is the largest on both sides and that secondary trunks are longer than the primary.", "PMID": 553681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1544", "title": "[Effect of the spatial environment on the mitotic activity, size and protein content of Paramecium tetraurelia].", "content": "Cell proliferation, cell volume, protein components of paramecia and chemical analysis of culture medium were studied in Paramecium tetraurelia cultures placed in space environment. The space flight resulted in a marked stimulation of cell proliferation, an increase of cell volume, a decrease of mean protein components and changes of electrolytes in the culture medium.", "contents": "[Effect of the spatial environment on the mitotic activity, size and protein content of Paramecium tetraurelia]. Cell proliferation, cell volume, protein components of paramecia and chemical analysis of culture medium were studied in Paramecium tetraurelia cultures placed in space environment. The space flight resulted in a marked stimulation of cell proliferation, an increase of cell volume, a decrease of mean protein components and changes of electrolytes in the culture medium.", "PMID": 553682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1545", "title": "[Morphometry of the femoral head in the rabbit. Surface appearance of the acetabulum after femoral prosthesis].", "content": "An anatomical study has been achieved on 42 upper extremities of adult rabbit's thigh bones. Three types of prostheses have been perfected in order to analyse the reactions of the cartilage and of the subchondral bone when confronted with these implants. The animals were sacrificed at different intervals. The state of the acetabulum surface has been studied according to macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Three methods converge and agree in showing an arthrosis type of reaction with regard to the non operated controlateral articulation.", "contents": "[Morphometry of the femoral head in the rabbit. Surface appearance of the acetabulum after femoral prosthesis]. An anatomical study has been achieved on 42 upper extremities of adult rabbit's thigh bones. Three types of prostheses have been perfected in order to analyse the reactions of the cartilage and of the subchondral bone when confronted with these implants. The animals were sacrificed at different intervals. The state of the acetabulum surface has been studied according to macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Three methods converge and agree in showing an arthrosis type of reaction with regard to the non operated controlateral articulation.", "PMID": 553683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1546", "title": "The flow volume curve: normal standards in young subjects.", "content": "During epidemiological survey, satisfactory flow-volume data were obtained from 438 young Italian Boy-Scouts. Data from 302 non-smoking subjects (170 males and 132 females, ranging in age from 10 to 20 years) free of symptoms or history of cardiorespiratory disease were used in determining \"normal\" prediction equations and nomograms for peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal expiratory flow at 75 percent (V 75%), 50 percent (V 50%), 25 percent (V 25%) of the forced vital capacity. The flow-volume curve showed for the same height and age evident intersubject variability. The prediction equations and nomograms give mean values but no information on scatter.", "contents": "The flow volume curve: normal standards in young subjects. During epidemiological survey, satisfactory flow-volume data were obtained from 438 young Italian Boy-Scouts. Data from 302 non-smoking subjects (170 males and 132 females, ranging in age from 10 to 20 years) free of symptoms or history of cardiorespiratory disease were used in determining \"normal\" prediction equations and nomograms for peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal expiratory flow at 75 percent (V 75%), 50 percent (V 50%), 25 percent (V 25%) of the forced vital capacity. The flow-volume curve showed for the same height and age evident intersubject variability. The prediction equations and nomograms give mean values but no information on scatter.", "PMID": 553711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1547", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic considerations on bochdalek's congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe 5 cases of Bochdalek's posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia in terms of their clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. They also explain their criteria in the choice of surgical approaches and describe reconstruction methods used in the repair of large hernias. Finally, they propose a special schedule of postoperative management to be used in connection with neonatal surgery, where surgical mortality is still high.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic considerations on bochdalek's congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)]. The Authors describe 5 cases of Bochdalek's posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia in terms of their clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. They also explain their criteria in the choice of surgical approaches and describe reconstruction methods used in the repair of large hernias. Finally, they propose a special schedule of postoperative management to be used in connection with neonatal surgery, where surgical mortality is still high.", "PMID": 553721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1548", "title": "[The diaphragmatic relaxatio (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors briefly describe two cases of diaphragmatic relaxatio that they have seen and studied; then they make a revision of the literature about this uncommon disease. They speak about embryogenesis of the diaphragm and about nosology, etiopathogenesis, frequency (ages and sex) and phatological anatomy of this disease. In conclusion the Authors discuss in detail signs and symptoms, diagnosis and surgical treatment of diaphragmatic relaxatio.", "contents": "[The diaphragmatic relaxatio (author's transl)]. The Authors briefly describe two cases of diaphragmatic relaxatio that they have seen and studied; then they make a revision of the literature about this uncommon disease. They speak about embryogenesis of the diaphragm and about nosology, etiopathogenesis, frequency (ages and sex) and phatological anatomy of this disease. In conclusion the Authors discuss in detail signs and symptoms, diagnosis and surgical treatment of diaphragmatic relaxatio.", "PMID": 553722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1549", "title": "[Gastroduodenal perforation due to peptic ulcers: a statistical contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors offer a review of their ten-year (1968-1978) experiences at the First Institute of Clinical Surgery, University of Catania. In particular, they report on the low morbidity (12.9%) and mortality (4.5%) observed in a series of 240 patients with gastric or duodenal perforation due to peptic ulcers treated surgically by simple suture of the perforation.", "contents": "[Gastroduodenal perforation due to peptic ulcers: a statistical contribution (author's transl)]. The authors offer a review of their ten-year (1968-1978) experiences at the First Institute of Clinical Surgery, University of Catania. In particular, they report on the low morbidity (12.9%) and mortality (4.5%) observed in a series of 240 patients with gastric or duodenal perforation due to peptic ulcers treated surgically by simple suture of the perforation.", "PMID": 553723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1550", "title": "[Enterovesical fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors get a starting point from describing a case with undecided etio-pathogenesis, to focalize the entero-vesical fistulas that represent the most frequent variety of entero-urinary fistulas. Particularly they stop a little on manifold aspects of etio-pathogenetic and classificative order, refer anamnestic, clinical, instrumental and radiological data which allow to get an undoubted diagnosis, emphasize the high rates of complete recoveries in relation to the timely application of adequate surgery.", "contents": "[Enterovesical fistula (author's transl)]. The authors get a starting point from describing a case with undecided etio-pathogenesis, to focalize the entero-vesical fistulas that represent the most frequent variety of entero-urinary fistulas. Particularly they stop a little on manifold aspects of etio-pathogenetic and classificative order, refer anamnestic, clinical, instrumental and radiological data which allow to get an undoubted diagnosis, emphasize the high rates of complete recoveries in relation to the timely application of adequate surgery.", "PMID": 553724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1551", "title": "[Penetrating heart wounds: four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe four cases of penetrating heart wounds: two from slash and puncture injuries and two from gunshot. Hearth lesions involved the left ventricle and pericardium in two cases, the right ventricle in one case, and only the diaphragmatic pericardium in one case. After a review of the literature, the authors discuss clinical and diagnostic problems relative to penetrating chest wounds and particularly those of the heart, stressing the need for very prompt diagnosis; as for actual treatment, they conclude that this can be carried out without any special problems in any Department of general emergency surgery.", "contents": "[Penetrating heart wounds: four cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe four cases of penetrating heart wounds: two from slash and puncture injuries and two from gunshot. Hearth lesions involved the left ventricle and pericardium in two cases, the right ventricle in one case, and only the diaphragmatic pericardium in one case. After a review of the literature, the authors discuss clinical and diagnostic problems relative to penetrating chest wounds and particularly those of the heart, stressing the need for very prompt diagnosis; as for actual treatment, they conclude that this can be carried out without any special problems in any Department of general emergency surgery.", "PMID": 553725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1552", "title": "[Complications of primitive tumors of the small gut: personal observations in nine cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 9 cases of primitive tumors of the small gut (3 adenocarcinomas, 2 lymphosarcomas, 1 fibroma, 1 angioma, and 2 leiomyosarcomas, one being the cause of active hemorrhage). In all cases the tumors were diagnosed only at operation, which was invariably necessitated by complications. Seven patients underwent emergency surgery for intestinal obstruction; one underwent an exploratory laparotomy for recurrent intestinal bleeding caused by an angioma of the ileum; and the last of this series (exceptional enough to warrant separate reporting elsewhere) was operated upon as an emergency case when the tumor, precisely a leiomyosarcoma, was perforated and actively bleeding.", "contents": "[Complications of primitive tumors of the small gut: personal observations in nine cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe 9 cases of primitive tumors of the small gut (3 adenocarcinomas, 2 lymphosarcomas, 1 fibroma, 1 angioma, and 2 leiomyosarcomas, one being the cause of active hemorrhage). In all cases the tumors were diagnosed only at operation, which was invariably necessitated by complications. Seven patients underwent emergency surgery for intestinal obstruction; one underwent an exploratory laparotomy for recurrent intestinal bleeding caused by an angioma of the ileum; and the last of this series (exceptional enough to warrant separate reporting elsewhere) was operated upon as an emergency case when the tumor, precisely a leiomyosarcoma, was perforated and actively bleeding.", "PMID": 553726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1553", "title": "[Intestinal obstruction and incomplete obstruction from mesenteric cyst formation in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of three cases of their own observation, of children with mesenteric cysts causing complete or incomplete intestinal obstruction, the authors review the existing literature on the subject, discuss the etiology, clinical aspects, and therapeutic methods for the correction of such pathology, and conclude by calling attention to mesenteric cysts as possible causes of intestinal transit disorders in the pediatric age group.", "contents": "[Intestinal obstruction and incomplete obstruction from mesenteric cyst formation in children (author's transl)]. In the light of three cases of their own observation, of children with mesenteric cysts causing complete or incomplete intestinal obstruction, the authors review the existing literature on the subject, discuss the etiology, clinical aspects, and therapeutic methods for the correction of such pathology, and conclude by calling attention to mesenteric cysts as possible causes of intestinal transit disorders in the pediatric age group.", "PMID": 553727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1554", "title": "[Elastic ligature in the treatment of hemorrhoids (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience with 57 patients suffering from first, second, and third-degree hemorrhoids. Elastic ligature of internal hemorrhoid nodules was done ambulatorily with good results and no important complications. From these results, and considering the ease of the procedure, the authors agree with other experts that this method of treating hemorrhoids may become more and more popular.", "contents": "[Elastic ligature in the treatment of hemorrhoids (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience with 57 patients suffering from first, second, and third-degree hemorrhoids. Elastic ligature of internal hemorrhoid nodules was done ambulatorily with good results and no important complications. From these results, and considering the ease of the procedure, the authors agree with other experts that this method of treating hemorrhoids may become more and more popular.", "PMID": 553728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1555", "title": "[Transverse colon atresia. Case presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report about a case of colonic atresia localized on the transverse colon a few cms after the right flexure curd by one time resection and end-to-end anastomosis. The pathology of the lesion is atypical since features of Bland-Sutton and Louw's classification types II and III were mixed together at the atresia site while the radiological features were those typical of type II.", "contents": "[Transverse colon atresia. Case presentation (author's transl)]. The Authors report about a case of colonic atresia localized on the transverse colon a few cms after the right flexure curd by one time resection and end-to-end anastomosis. The pathology of the lesion is atypical since features of Bland-Sutton and Louw's classification types II and III were mixed together at the atresia site while the radiological features were those typical of type II.", "PMID": 553729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1556", "title": "[Criteria of choice and long-term results of surgery for plain goiter (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors review their criteria of choice in 95 operations for plain goiter. The explain the parameters used in the evaluation of the various surgical procedures represented in this series, and give an account of long-term results in patients completing the followup period.", "contents": "[Criteria of choice and long-term results of surgery for plain goiter (author's transl)]. The Authors review their criteria of choice in 95 operations for plain goiter. The explain the parameters used in the evaluation of the various surgical procedures represented in this series, and give an account of long-term results in patients completing the followup period.", "PMID": 553730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1557", "title": "[Peripheral vascular trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review several existing classifications of traumatic events affecting the peripheral blood vessels; after discussing the symptoms of such events and diagnostic guidelines, they outline therapeutic approaches and emphasize above all the need for prompt surgery with the least possible delay after the injury. They review of cases of their own observation, and conclude by highlighting the basic concepts of modern surgery in this field of pathology.", "contents": "[Peripheral vascular trauma (author's transl)]. The authors review several existing classifications of traumatic events affecting the peripheral blood vessels; after discussing the symptoms of such events and diagnostic guidelines, they outline therapeutic approaches and emphasize above all the need for prompt surgery with the least possible delay after the injury. They review of cases of their own observation, and conclude by highlighting the basic concepts of modern surgery in this field of pathology.", "PMID": 553731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1558", "title": "[Assay of antithrombin III and soluble fibrin complexes in the study of blood thrombophilia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors conducted a series of experiments concerning the condition of hypercoagulability of patients with a history of thrombosis, in view of determining whether or not the risk of thrombosis could be assessed by laboratory tests. To that end they assayed antithrombin iii activity and soluble fibrin complexes in their test subjects. Antithrombin activity was assayed by a chromogenic method; soluble fibrin complexes by the hemoagglutination test. The activity of antithrombon III was significantly reduced in patients with venous thrombosis, not so in arterial thrombosis. Testing for soluble fibrin complexes was invariably unrewarding, probably because the thrombosis episodes under investigation were of too long standing.", "contents": "[Assay of antithrombin III and soluble fibrin complexes in the study of blood thrombophilia (author's transl)]. The authors conducted a series of experiments concerning the condition of hypercoagulability of patients with a history of thrombosis, in view of determining whether or not the risk of thrombosis could be assessed by laboratory tests. To that end they assayed antithrombin iii activity and soluble fibrin complexes in their test subjects. Antithrombin activity was assayed by a chromogenic method; soluble fibrin complexes by the hemoagglutination test. The activity of antithrombon III was significantly reduced in patients with venous thrombosis, not so in arterial thrombosis. Testing for soluble fibrin complexes was invariably unrewarding, probably because the thrombosis episodes under investigation were of too long standing.", "PMID": 553732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1559", "title": "[Pre- and post-operative evaluation of biologic parameters in patients with scoliosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors had studied biological parameters of respiratory and muscle function in patients effected by scoliosis before and after surgical treatment according to Harrington method, in order to evaluate a correlation with the anatomical deviations. The study has been led by spirometric and electromyographic tests, which have show a real correspondence between the anatomical situation and the considered parameters before and after surgical treatment, and emphasizing an improvement of respiratory and muscle function.", "contents": "[Pre- and post-operative evaluation of biologic parameters in patients with scoliosis (author's transl)]. The authors had studied biological parameters of respiratory and muscle function in patients effected by scoliosis before and after surgical treatment according to Harrington method, in order to evaluate a correlation with the anatomical deviations. The study has been led by spirometric and electromyographic tests, which have show a real correspondence between the anatomical situation and the considered parameters before and after surgical treatment, and emphasizing an improvement of respiratory and muscle function.", "PMID": 553733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1560", "title": "[Intrafascicular neurolysis in carpal tunnel syndrome recurrences].", "content": "The authors view intrafascicular neurolysis of the median nerve as the only therapeutic solution for recurrencies of the carpal canal syndrome. The procedure should be carried out as early as as possible in order to obtain not only the control of pain but also the restoration of good trophic conditions of the tenar eminence.", "contents": "[Intrafascicular neurolysis in carpal tunnel syndrome recurrences]. The authors view intrafascicular neurolysis of the median nerve as the only therapeutic solution for recurrencies of the carpal canal syndrome. The procedure should be carried out as early as as possible in order to obtain not only the control of pain but also the restoration of good trophic conditions of the tenar eminence.", "PMID": 553735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1561", "title": "[Reasons for treatment failures in carpal scaphoid fractures].", "content": "Are taken into examination the principal causes of mechanical, biological, anatomical order, of incorrect treatment to whom to give the evolution in pseudoarthrosis of scaphoid fractures and of unsuccess for their bloody treatment. Cases of insuccesses is presented for whom is tried to give to each one of them an etiopathogenetical explanation and the most recent techniques adopted are shown.", "contents": "[Reasons for treatment failures in carpal scaphoid fractures]. Are taken into examination the principal causes of mechanical, biological, anatomical order, of incorrect treatment to whom to give the evolution in pseudoarthrosis of scaphoid fractures and of unsuccess for their bloody treatment. Cases of insuccesses is presented for whom is tried to give to each one of them an etiopathogenetical explanation and the most recent techniques adopted are shown.", "PMID": 553736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1562", "title": "[Indications for and the validity of the traditional electrodiagnostic and electromyographic examinations in orthopedics and traumatology].", "content": "Electrodiagnosis and E.M.G. are two neurophysiological primers able to study muscle and nerve problems related to the electroanalisis. This two primers are dissected in this text either in relation to their use or to their opportuneness for the diagnosis of some important disease of orthopedic interest.", "contents": "[Indications for and the validity of the traditional electrodiagnostic and electromyographic examinations in orthopedics and traumatology]. Electrodiagnosis and E.M.G. are two neurophysiological primers able to study muscle and nerve problems related to the electroanalisis. This two primers are dissected in this text either in relation to their use or to their opportuneness for the diagnosis of some important disease of orthopedic interest.", "PMID": 553737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1563", "title": "[Unusual trauma of atlas. (Jefferson's double fracture with a fracture of right lateral mass). Clinical note (author's transl)].", "content": "Reporting a study of theirs about a Jefferson bilateral fracture combined with a dislocated fracture of the atlas vertebra on its right side, the Authors inquire into the traumathology of the cervical spine giving account of the result study.", "contents": "[Unusual trauma of atlas. (Jefferson's double fracture with a fracture of right lateral mass). Clinical note (author's transl)]. Reporting a study of theirs about a Jefferson bilateral fracture combined with a dislocated fracture of the atlas vertebra on its right side, the Authors inquire into the traumathology of the cervical spine giving account of the result study.", "PMID": 553738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1564", "title": "[Medical and surgical problems of old patients in orthopedics (author's transl)].", "content": "The world-wide medical researches are agreed to point up the importance of all the problems concerning the old age. Considering that, the authors of the text deal with the new therapeutic methods for the old, according to their peculiar orthopaedic studies.", "contents": "[Medical and surgical problems of old patients in orthopedics (author's transl)]. The world-wide medical researches are agreed to point up the importance of all the problems concerning the old age. Considering that, the authors of the text deal with the new therapeutic methods for the old, according to their peculiar orthopaedic studies.", "PMID": 553739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1565", "title": "[Considerations on the treatment of fractures of the proximal end of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the treatment of fractures of the proximal end of the tibia with special attention to the relative merits and limitations of nonsurgical versus surgical procedures. In this respect the clinical material accumulated at the Istituto Ortopedico G. Pini of Milan affords a fruitful comparison of the two therapeutic approaches. More precisely, while the differences are not so dramatic as to favor one approach over the other in all cases, it appears evident that surgical aggression by suitable methods and in properly selected cases affords markedly shorter periods of immobilization and more rapid functional recovery.", "contents": "[Considerations on the treatment of fractures of the proximal end of the tibia (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the treatment of fractures of the proximal end of the tibia with special attention to the relative merits and limitations of nonsurgical versus surgical procedures. In this respect the clinical material accumulated at the Istituto Ortopedico G. Pini of Milan affords a fruitful comparison of the two therapeutic approaches. More precisely, while the differences are not so dramatic as to favor one approach over the other in all cases, it appears evident that surgical aggression by suitable methods and in properly selected cases affords markedly shorter periods of immobilization and more rapid functional recovery.", "PMID": 553740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1566", "title": "[Clinical statistical remarks about osteoarticular tuberculosis in some hospitals in Milan from 1975 to 1978 (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have examined some patients (164 at all) accepted with specific osteoarthritis, among 7 Milan's hospitals. They have inferred clinical evaluations in connection to articular locations, their frequency and their development, to the connection with social and economic condition and to the management.", "contents": "[Clinical statistical remarks about osteoarticular tuberculosis in some hospitals in Milan from 1975 to 1978 (author's transl)]. The Authors have examined some patients (164 at all) accepted with specific osteoarthritis, among 7 Milan's hospitals. They have inferred clinical evaluations in connection to articular locations, their frequency and their development, to the connection with social and economic condition and to the management.", "PMID": 553741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1567", "title": "[Particular aspects of painful symptomatology in orthopedic-traumatologic pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Medicine and surgery are able to resolve almost the whole painful symptomatology now, but they are not allowed to understand and explain the original essence of the pain itself. In this work the authors aim to emphasize the physio-pathological features of the pain considering such a problem as a psychosomatic question.", "contents": "[Particular aspects of painful symptomatology in orthopedic-traumatologic pathology (author's transl)]. Medicine and surgery are able to resolve almost the whole painful symptomatology now, but they are not allowed to understand and explain the original essence of the pain itself. In this work the authors aim to emphasize the physio-pathological features of the pain considering such a problem as a psychosomatic question.", "PMID": 553743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1568", "title": "[Treatment of delayed or defective consolidation in posttraumatic double fractures].", "content": "The authors have analyzed a numerous case material of leg and antebrachium open fractures slowly evoluted or bad stiffened. After a classification of the various types of slow and defective knitting, according to their mechanical and biological etiology. The authors have examined the specific surgical cares, with particular attention about external fixator Hoffman-Vidal, Judet.", "contents": "[Treatment of delayed or defective consolidation in posttraumatic double fractures]. The authors have analyzed a numerous case material of leg and antebrachium open fractures slowly evoluted or bad stiffened. After a classification of the various types of slow and defective knitting, according to their mechanical and biological etiology. The authors have examined the specific surgical cares, with particular attention about external fixator Hoffman-Vidal, Judet.", "PMID": 553744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1569", "title": "[Problems in fractures of the tibial plateau].", "content": "Subject of the work is the fracture of the tibial condyle. Their classification is based on two main principles: their site and their pathologic anatomy. Many and different theories about their treatment are carefully analized after.", "contents": "[Problems in fractures of the tibial plateau]. Subject of the work is the fracture of the tibial condyle. Their classification is based on two main principles: their site and their pathologic anatomy. Many and different theories about their treatment are carefully analized after.", "PMID": 553745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1570", "title": "[Carpal tunnel syndrome: the causes of recurrence].", "content": "The authors discuss the possible causes of recurrency in patients with the carpal canal syndrome treated surgically by splitting of the transverse carpal ligament. With reference to possible technical errors in the surgical procedure, they explain the correct way to obviate not only the extrinsic compression of the nerve but also the intrinsic pressure exerted upon the axons.", "contents": "[Carpal tunnel syndrome: the causes of recurrence]. The authors discuss the possible causes of recurrency in patients with the carpal canal syndrome treated surgically by splitting of the transverse carpal ligament. With reference to possible technical errors in the surgical procedure, they explain the correct way to obviate not only the extrinsic compression of the nerve but also the intrinsic pressure exerted upon the axons.", "PMID": 553746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1571", "title": "[Lesions of the extensor apparatus of the distal phalanx of fingers in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss their experience in the treatment of lesions of the extensor apparatus of the distal phalanx of fingers in children. The discussion touches upon diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the problem and includes a detailed description of the surgical procedure adopted by the authors, which proves adequate to obviate the well-known morphological and functional alterations often following such lesions.", "contents": "[Lesions of the extensor apparatus of the distal phalanx of fingers in children (author's transl)]. The authors discuss their experience in the treatment of lesions of the extensor apparatus of the distal phalanx of fingers in children. The discussion touches upon diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the problem and includes a detailed description of the surgical procedure adopted by the authors, which proves adequate to obviate the well-known morphological and functional alterations often following such lesions.", "PMID": 553749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1572", "title": "[Neurogenic arthropathies].", "content": "Are taken in examination the various causes of the neurogenic arthropathy. Are described the three main diseases which provoke a neurogenic arthropathy, that is the tabes, the hydrosyringomyelia, the diabetic neuritis. Are described arthropathy above all on the shoulder, on the Knee, and on the Foot. Are described five points for the precocious diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Neurogenic arthropathies]. Are taken in examination the various causes of the neurogenic arthropathy. Are described the three main diseases which provoke a neurogenic arthropathy, that is the tabes, the hydrosyringomyelia, the diabetic neuritis. Are described arthropathy above all on the shoulder, on the Knee, and on the Foot. Are described five points for the precocious diagnosis of the disease.", "PMID": 553750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1573", "title": "[General considerations and modern views on the surgical treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint in a synthetic review of methods so far proposed and tried out; the they offer a critical description of the method currently representing the best one available according to their experience made at Milan's Istituto Ortopedico G. Pini.", "contents": "[General considerations and modern views on the surgical treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint in a synthetic review of methods so far proposed and tried out; the they offer a critical description of the method currently representing the best one available according to their experience made at Milan's Istituto Ortopedico G. Pini.", "PMID": 553751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1574", "title": "The estimation of mutation rates when premeiotic events are involved.", "content": "When mutation or recombination events occur premeiotically, the distribution of exceptional individuals among the offspring will be \"clustered\" as opposed to binomial. Even though the exact nature of the clustering is usually unknown, unbiased methods for measuring mutation rate and determining the precision of these measurements are given to replace a biased method now frequently used. When clustering is pronounced, the unweighted average mutation rate is found to be a more efficient estimator than the usual average weighted by family size. Methods of statistical inference and optimal experimental design in the absence of specific knowledge of the mechanism of clustering are also discussed.", "contents": "The estimation of mutation rates when premeiotic events are involved. When mutation or recombination events occur premeiotically, the distribution of exceptional individuals among the offspring will be \"clustered\" as opposed to binomial. Even though the exact nature of the clustering is usually unknown, unbiased methods for measuring mutation rate and determining the precision of these measurements are given to replace a biased method now frequently used. When clustering is pronounced, the unweighted average mutation rate is found to be a more efficient estimator than the usual average weighted by family size. Methods of statistical inference and optimal experimental design in the absence of specific knowledge of the mechanism of clustering are also discussed.", "PMID": 553801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1575", "title": "Mutagens in a river heavily polluted with paper recycling wastes: results of field and laboratory mutagen assays.", "content": "Paper recycling industries generate considerable quantities of waterborne wastes, and thus water pollution constitutes the greatest environmental problem associated with this industrial activity [Hunt and Franklin, 1973]. Generally the impact of this water pollution is considered in terms of aesthetic blight and deterioration of water quality. We present data that document another aspect of this pollution, the environmental contamination of an aquatic ecosystem with mutagenic materials. A natural population of the fern Osmunda regalis growing in a river heavily polluted with paper recycling wastes had a high incidence of chromosome mutations. This population was monitored for four years for the frequency of two-break chromosome mutations. These mutations were postzygotic in origin and suggested the presence of mutagens in the river water. The fern population is downstream from the outfalls of a paper recycling mill, which was discharging 13.3 X 10(6) liters of untreated paper recycling waste per day. In 1977 a waste-water-treatment facility was constructed to remove the solid waste previously discharged into the river. This facility generates 69,300 kg of solid waste daily, which is taken to a landfill. Periodic samples of this solid waste were collected from the waste-treatment facility in the summer of 1978, extracted with various solvents, and the extracts tested for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test [Ames et al, 1975]. A majority of the solid waste samples contained mutagenic materials, but in all cases S-9 activation was required for mutagenic activity. The samples also were assayed with the soybean mitotic crossing-over assay [Vig, 1975]. Four out of six samples were positive. These results document the presence of mutagens in the solid waste generated by a paper recycling industry and the genetic impact of these mutagens on the local biota.", "contents": "Mutagens in a river heavily polluted with paper recycling wastes: results of field and laboratory mutagen assays. Paper recycling industries generate considerable quantities of waterborne wastes, and thus water pollution constitutes the greatest environmental problem associated with this industrial activity [Hunt and Franklin, 1973]. Generally the impact of this water pollution is considered in terms of aesthetic blight and deterioration of water quality. We present data that document another aspect of this pollution, the environmental contamination of an aquatic ecosystem with mutagenic materials. A natural population of the fern Osmunda regalis growing in a river heavily polluted with paper recycling wastes had a high incidence of chromosome mutations. This population was monitored for four years for the frequency of two-break chromosome mutations. These mutations were postzygotic in origin and suggested the presence of mutagens in the river water. The fern population is downstream from the outfalls of a paper recycling mill, which was discharging 13.3 X 10(6) liters of untreated paper recycling waste per day. In 1977 a waste-water-treatment facility was constructed to remove the solid waste previously discharged into the river. This facility generates 69,300 kg of solid waste daily, which is taken to a landfill. Periodic samples of this solid waste were collected from the waste-treatment facility in the summer of 1978, extracted with various solvents, and the extracts tested for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test [Ames et al, 1975]. A majority of the solid waste samples contained mutagenic materials, but in all cases S-9 activation was required for mutagenic activity. The samples also were assayed with the soybean mitotic crossing-over assay [Vig, 1975]. Four out of six samples were positive. These results document the presence of mutagens in the solid waste generated by a paper recycling industry and the genetic impact of these mutagens on the local biota.", "PMID": 553803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1576", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of busulfan in vivo on bone marrow cells and oocytes of adult mice and liver cells of transplacentally exposed embryos.", "content": "Adult female mice were twice treated orally with 15, 30, or 60 mg busulfan per kg of body weight. In bone marrow, a dose-dependent linear increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed. Similar to the effects of other alkylating agents, busulfan induced all types of aberrations, including exchanges. In metaphase II oocytes, only a few chromosome aberrations were observed. An intervening round of DNA-replication seems to be necessary to translate busulfan-induced lesions in oocytes into chromosome aberrations. In embryonic liver cells of transplacentally exposed mice, chromosome aberrations were induced.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of busulfan in vivo on bone marrow cells and oocytes of adult mice and liver cells of transplacentally exposed embryos. Adult female mice were twice treated orally with 15, 30, or 60 mg busulfan per kg of body weight. In bone marrow, a dose-dependent linear increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed. Similar to the effects of other alkylating agents, busulfan induced all types of aberrations, including exchanges. In metaphase II oocytes, only a few chromosome aberrations were observed. An intervening round of DNA-replication seems to be necessary to translate busulfan-induced lesions in oocytes into chromosome aberrations. In embryonic liver cells of transplacentally exposed mice, chromosome aberrations were induced.", "PMID": 553804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1577", "title": "Cytogenetic investigation on leukocytes of workers exposed to metallic mercury.", "content": "A cytogenetic analysis was performed in 28 mercury-exposed subjects as well as eight control subjects from the same chloralkali plant and in 12 healthy controls from the \"general population.\" No chromosomal effects could be demonstrated in the mercury-exposed population in comparison with both control groups. Also no effect of smoking was observed. From the study it seems obvious that mercury, although it is capable of producing chromosomal damage even at low exposure levels, will not be harmful in this respect when adequate protection measures are taken.", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigation on leukocytes of workers exposed to metallic mercury. A cytogenetic analysis was performed in 28 mercury-exposed subjects as well as eight control subjects from the same chloralkali plant and in 12 healthy controls from the \"general population.\" No chromosomal effects could be demonstrated in the mercury-exposed population in comparison with both control groups. Also no effect of smoking was observed. From the study it seems obvious that mercury, although it is capable of producing chromosomal damage even at low exposure levels, will not be harmful in this respect when adequate protection measures are taken.", "PMID": 553805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1578", "title": "Prevention of the mutagenic activation of an antischistosomal isothiocyanate in primates by an antibiotic.", "content": "Administration of 4 nitro-4' isothiocyano-diphenylamine (CGP 4540, amoscanate) to two nonhuman primates, Macaca mulatta and Cebus apella, resulted in the appearance of mutagenic material in the urines of these animals. Mutagenic metabolites of this drug could also be detected in the urines when the drug was administered to primates infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. As observed previously in mice, the mutagenic activation of amoscanate can be prevented in primates by coadministration of a single oral dose of erythromycin with no concomitant reduction in antischistosomal activity. The protective effect of erythromycin was confirmed in several crossover experiments. This dissociation of mutagenic from chemotherapeutic effects provides an opportunity to reduce serious potential long-term risks of this antischistosomal drug.", "contents": "Prevention of the mutagenic activation of an antischistosomal isothiocyanate in primates by an antibiotic. Administration of 4 nitro-4' isothiocyano-diphenylamine (CGP 4540, amoscanate) to two nonhuman primates, Macaca mulatta and Cebus apella, resulted in the appearance of mutagenic material in the urines of these animals. Mutagenic metabolites of this drug could also be detected in the urines when the drug was administered to primates infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. As observed previously in mice, the mutagenic activation of amoscanate can be prevented in primates by coadministration of a single oral dose of erythromycin with no concomitant reduction in antischistosomal activity. The protective effect of erythromycin was confirmed in several crossover experiments. This dissociation of mutagenic from chemotherapeutic effects provides an opportunity to reduce serious potential long-term risks of this antischistosomal drug.", "PMID": 553807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1579", "title": "Ethylene oxide: evidence of human chromosomal effects.", "content": "Ethylene oxide is a known mutagen as indicated by short-term testing in vitro and in vivo. Occupational exposure can occur during ethylene oxide gas sterilization of materials for hospital and other use. To study the problem in a hospital sterilization facility where occupational exposure was suspected, epidemiologic, analytic and bioassay tools were employed. All persons whose work activities involved some aspect of the sterilization process were considered exposed to the gas. Within this group of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, chronic and incidental exposure was documented by clinical history. Sister chromatid exchanges were studied in lymphocytes cultured from exposed individuals as well as comparable controls. Four chronically exposed persons who reported upper respiratory and neurologic symptoms were studied in some detail. This group showed significantly increased sister chromatid exchange at three weeks and again at eight weeks after the last known exposure. Another group of eight persons with fewer complaints studied as late as the ninth week showed significantly increased exchanges. Incidental exposure may also increase sister chromatid exchange. The measured maximum concentration of ethylene oxide in the sterilizer room was 36 ppm (within standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration).", "contents": "Ethylene oxide: evidence of human chromosomal effects. Ethylene oxide is a known mutagen as indicated by short-term testing in vitro and in vivo. Occupational exposure can occur during ethylene oxide gas sterilization of materials for hospital and other use. To study the problem in a hospital sterilization facility where occupational exposure was suspected, epidemiologic, analytic and bioassay tools were employed. All persons whose work activities involved some aspect of the sterilization process were considered exposed to the gas. Within this group of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, chronic and incidental exposure was documented by clinical history. Sister chromatid exchanges were studied in lymphocytes cultured from exposed individuals as well as comparable controls. Four chronically exposed persons who reported upper respiratory and neurologic symptoms were studied in some detail. This group showed significantly increased sister chromatid exchange at three weeks and again at eight weeks after the last known exposure. Another group of eight persons with fewer complaints studied as late as the ninth week showed significantly increased exchanges. Incidental exposure may also increase sister chromatid exchange. The measured maximum concentration of ethylene oxide in the sterilizer room was 36 ppm (within standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration).", "PMID": 553808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1580", "title": "The effect of 2,4-diaminotoluene and isomers of dinitrotoluene on unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The important industrial chemicals 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) are hepatocarcinogens in rats. Technical grade DNT contains approximately 76% 2,4-DNT, 19% 2,6-DNT, and lesser amounts of the other isomers. The ability of 2,4-DAT, technical grade 2,4-DNT, and the purified isomers 2,3-DNT, 2,4-DNT, 2,5-DNT, 2,6-DNT, 3,4-DNT and 3,5-DNT to damage the DNA of primary rat hepatocytes was examined. Male Fischer-344 rats were perfused in situ, single cell suspensions were obtained after liver dissociation, and cultures of these cells were treated in the presence of 3H-thymidine. Autoradiography was employed to visualize label incorporation following repair of DNA. At the nontoxic (as judged by cell morphology) doses of 1 x 10(-4) M and below, only 2,4-DAT induced a significant response (ie an average greater than 5 grains net/nucleus). The activity seen with 2,4-DAT suggests that damage to the DNA of the hepatocytes may play a role in its carcinogenic activity and is consistent with the proposal that the induction of DNA repair in primary hepatocytes is of value in predicting the activity of aromatic amino compounds. However, the carcinogenic activity of the dinitrotoluenes was not reflected as DNA repair in the isolated hepatocyte, indicating that additional factors involving the whole animal also play a role in the mechanism of action of DNT.", "contents": "The effect of 2,4-diaminotoluene and isomers of dinitrotoluene on unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes. The important industrial chemicals 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) are hepatocarcinogens in rats. Technical grade DNT contains approximately 76% 2,4-DNT, 19% 2,6-DNT, and lesser amounts of the other isomers. The ability of 2,4-DAT, technical grade 2,4-DNT, and the purified isomers 2,3-DNT, 2,4-DNT, 2,5-DNT, 2,6-DNT, 3,4-DNT and 3,5-DNT to damage the DNA of primary rat hepatocytes was examined. Male Fischer-344 rats were perfused in situ, single cell suspensions were obtained after liver dissociation, and cultures of these cells were treated in the presence of 3H-thymidine. Autoradiography was employed to visualize label incorporation following repair of DNA. At the nontoxic (as judged by cell morphology) doses of 1 x 10(-4) M and below, only 2,4-DAT induced a significant response (ie an average greater than 5 grains net/nucleus). The activity seen with 2,4-DAT suggests that damage to the DNA of the hepatocytes may play a role in its carcinogenic activity and is consistent with the proposal that the induction of DNA repair in primary hepatocytes is of value in predicting the activity of aromatic amino compounds. However, the carcinogenic activity of the dinitrotoluenes was not reflected as DNA repair in the isolated hepatocyte, indicating that additional factors involving the whole animal also play a role in the mechanism of action of DNT.", "PMID": 553809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1581", "title": "QSAR of the inhibition of glyoxalase by S-substituted glutathiones.", "content": "A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) has been formulated for the inhibition of glyoxalase I from yeast by 37 S-substituted glutathiones: log 1/C = 1.23 pi' + 1.20 MR4 - 0.67 I1 - 0.14 pi'2 + 1.85 C in this expression is the molar concentration of inhibitor producing 50% inhibition, pi' is the usual hydrophobic parameter modified for certain substituents, MR4 is the molar refractivity of certain p-phenyl substituents, and I1 is an indicator variable for those congeners with an acetylated alpha-amino group. This equation should be of help in the design of more effective inhibitors which may be of value in cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "QSAR of the inhibition of glyoxalase by S-substituted glutathiones. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) has been formulated for the inhibition of glyoxalase I from yeast by 37 S-substituted glutathiones: log 1/C = 1.23 pi' + 1.20 MR4 - 0.67 I1 - 0.14 pi'2 + 1.85 C in this expression is the molar concentration of inhibitor producing 50% inhibition, pi' is the usual hydrophobic parameter modified for certain substituents, MR4 is the molar refractivity of certain p-phenyl substituents, and I1 is an indicator variable for those congeners with an acetylated alpha-amino group. This equation should be of help in the design of more effective inhibitors which may be of value in cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 553818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1582", "title": "[N-Alkyl-2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)ethylamines. Synthesis and effect on gastric secretion].", "content": "Synthesis of some 5-methylhistamines alkylated on the amino group (form. I) together with a new method (C) of obtaining them via 5-methylhistaminol, are described. Both the agonistic and antagonistic pharmacological activities of these methylhistamines were studied in vivo on gastric secretion of different animal species (conscious dogs and cats and anaesthetized rats). The potency of the compounds, as far as the H2-receptor stimulant effect is concerned, was very remarkable in the first members of the series and decreased by increasing the degree of substitution. Independently from their \"potency\" some members of the series showed an \"efficacy\" which was actually greater than that of histamine. All the compounds tested were completely devoid of any antagonistic activity against gastric hypersecretion induced by histamine.", "contents": "[N-Alkyl-2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)ethylamines. Synthesis and effect on gastric secretion]. Synthesis of some 5-methylhistamines alkylated on the amino group (form. I) together with a new method (C) of obtaining them via 5-methylhistaminol, are described. Both the agonistic and antagonistic pharmacological activities of these methylhistamines were studied in vivo on gastric secretion of different animal species (conscious dogs and cats and anaesthetized rats). The potency of the compounds, as far as the H2-receptor stimulant effect is concerned, was very remarkable in the first members of the series and decreased by increasing the degree of substitution. Independently from their \"potency\" some members of the series showed an \"efficacy\" which was actually greater than that of histamine. All the compounds tested were completely devoid of any antagonistic activity against gastric hypersecretion induced by histamine.", "PMID": 553819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1583", "title": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on pyran derivatives. XII. Bis-(beta-chloroethyl)amino-substituted chromones and benzochromones].", "content": "By the reaction of phenols or naphthols with N,N-bis-(beta-methoxyethyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride the preparation of bis-(beta-methoxyethyl)amino substituted chromones or benzochromones was achieved. Treatment of these compounds with hydriodic acid at 95 degrees and then with thionyl chloride gave rise to the formation of the corresponding bis-(beta-chloroethyl)amino derivatives. When beta-naphthols reacted with N-ethoxycarbonylacetylmorpholine 1-oxo-3-morpholino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans were obtained. These compounds as well as the corresponding 3-bis-(beta-methoxyethyl)amino derivatives afforded 1-oxo-3-bis-(beta-iodoethyl)amino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans by treatment with hydriodic acid at reflux. The latter compounds were also easily transformed into 3-bis-(beta-chloroethyl)amino derivatives by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride in N,N-dimethylformamide. Pharmacological screening of some of the compounds described indicated no tumor-inhibiting activity.", "contents": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on pyran derivatives. XII. Bis-(beta-chloroethyl)amino-substituted chromones and benzochromones]. By the reaction of phenols or naphthols with N,N-bis-(beta-methoxyethyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride the preparation of bis-(beta-methoxyethyl)amino substituted chromones or benzochromones was achieved. Treatment of these compounds with hydriodic acid at 95 degrees and then with thionyl chloride gave rise to the formation of the corresponding bis-(beta-chloroethyl)amino derivatives. When beta-naphthols reacted with N-ethoxycarbonylacetylmorpholine 1-oxo-3-morpholino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans were obtained. These compounds as well as the corresponding 3-bis-(beta-methoxyethyl)amino derivatives afforded 1-oxo-3-bis-(beta-iodoethyl)amino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans by treatment with hydriodic acid at reflux. The latter compounds were also easily transformed into 3-bis-(beta-chloroethyl)amino derivatives by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride in N,N-dimethylformamide. Pharmacological screening of some of the compounds described indicated no tumor-inhibiting activity.", "PMID": 553820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1584", "title": "[1,5-Benzodiazepines. III. Synthesis of 2,4-bisdialkylamino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepines].", "content": "Treatment of 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkylamino-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines with phosphorus pentasulfide afforded 2-thio derivatives which in turn gave the corresponding methylmercapto derivatives by reaction with sodium hydride and methyl iodide. By treating these compounds with dialkylamines the formation of 2,4-bisdialkylamino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepines was achieved. Pharmacological screening of some of the products indicated that the introduction of a second dialkylamino substituent into the 1,5-benzodiazepine molecule gave the compounds CNS excitant properties, while the initial monodialkylamino derivatives containing sulfur showed a CNS depressant activity.", "contents": "[1,5-Benzodiazepines. III. Synthesis of 2,4-bisdialkylamino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepines]. Treatment of 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkylamino-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines with phosphorus pentasulfide afforded 2-thio derivatives which in turn gave the corresponding methylmercapto derivatives by reaction with sodium hydride and methyl iodide. By treating these compounds with dialkylamines the formation of 2,4-bisdialkylamino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepines was achieved. Pharmacological screening of some of the products indicated that the introduction of a second dialkylamino substituent into the 1,5-benzodiazepine molecule gave the compounds CNS excitant properties, while the initial monodialkylamino derivatives containing sulfur showed a CNS depressant activity.", "PMID": 553821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1585", "title": "[Unexpected anti-inflammatory activity of rigid structures derived from 6-arylpyridazinone antihypertensive agents. II. Synthesis and activity of 5H-indeno(1,2-c)pyridazine and 5H-indeno(1,2-c)pyridazin-3-one].", "content": "The synthesis of 5H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridazine (V) and of some derivatives were reported. The compounds synthesised generally retained the antiinflammatory activity exhibited by the 4,4a-dihydro derivatives of this class, previously tested. Moreover (V) showed analgesic and antipyretic properties higher than those of acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "[Unexpected anti-inflammatory activity of rigid structures derived from 6-arylpyridazinone antihypertensive agents. II. Synthesis and activity of 5H-indeno(1,2-c)pyridazine and 5H-indeno(1,2-c)pyridazin-3-one]. The synthesis of 5H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridazine (V) and of some derivatives were reported. The compounds synthesised generally retained the antiinflammatory activity exhibited by the 4,4a-dihydro derivatives of this class, previously tested. Moreover (V) showed analgesic and antipyretic properties higher than those of acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 553822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1586", "title": "[Antimicrobial effect of derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-1,1-dioxide. VII].", "content": "Series of alkyl derivatives of the following have been prepared: 5,7-dichloro- [compounds (II leads to V)], 6-methyl- [compounds (VI leads to IX)] and 6-methoxy-3-mercapto-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide [compounds (X leads to XIII)]. The products were tested for antimicrobial activity. Studies were also made of the corresponding 3-mercapto precursors (XIV, XV, XVI) and the relative 3-picolinium salts (XVII, XVIII, XIX) and also of the 3-picolinium salts of 6-chloro-, 7-chloro- and 6,7-dichloro-3-mercapto-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (XX, XXI, XXII). Some of the 3-alkylmercapto compounds, and especially the 5,7-dichloro derivative, inhibited various strains of Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, while the same substances proved much less effective against the genera Streptococcus and Diplococcus. Antimicrobial activity appeared to be influenced by the length of the alkyl chain as well as by the nature and position of the substituents on the benzene ring. The compounds proved inactive against the Gram-negative schizomycetes (Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersinia, Providencia) and against yeasts (Candida) with the exception of compound (V) which showed slight bacteriostatic action against three strains of Candida albicans.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial effect of derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-1,1-dioxide. VII]. Series of alkyl derivatives of the following have been prepared: 5,7-dichloro- [compounds (II leads to V)], 6-methyl- [compounds (VI leads to IX)] and 6-methoxy-3-mercapto-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide [compounds (X leads to XIII)]. The products were tested for antimicrobial activity. Studies were also made of the corresponding 3-mercapto precursors (XIV, XV, XVI) and the relative 3-picolinium salts (XVII, XVIII, XIX) and also of the 3-picolinium salts of 6-chloro-, 7-chloro- and 6,7-dichloro-3-mercapto-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (XX, XXI, XXII). Some of the 3-alkylmercapto compounds, and especially the 5,7-dichloro derivative, inhibited various strains of Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, while the same substances proved much less effective against the genera Streptococcus and Diplococcus. Antimicrobial activity appeared to be influenced by the length of the alkyl chain as well as by the nature and position of the substituents on the benzene ring. The compounds proved inactive against the Gram-negative schizomycetes (Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersinia, Providencia) and against yeasts (Candida) with the exception of compound (V) which showed slight bacteriostatic action against three strains of Candida albicans.", "PMID": 553823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1587", "title": "Synthesis of 7-acylamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acids and corresponding pivaloyloxymethyl esters. Chemical and microbiological properties.", "content": "A series of 7-acylamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acids and analogous pivaloyloxymethyl esters have been prepared and tested in vitro for antibacterial activity. Those acids which exhibited a significant in vitro activity, were also studied in vivo and compared with the corresponding esters. Experiments performed on laboratory animals showed that, after oral administration, the esters were absorbed more efficiently than the corresponding acids.", "contents": "Synthesis of 7-acylamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acids and corresponding pivaloyloxymethyl esters. Chemical and microbiological properties. A series of 7-acylamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acids and analogous pivaloyloxymethyl esters have been prepared and tested in vitro for antibacterial activity. Those acids which exhibited a significant in vitro activity, were also studied in vivo and compared with the corresponding esters. Experiments performed on laboratory animals showed that, after oral administration, the esters were absorbed more efficiently than the corresponding acids.", "PMID": 553824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1588", "title": "The anticonvulsant and CNS activity of N-butyryl-N-butylurea in mice.", "content": "As a further extension of our studies related to CNS activity of substituted butylureas, a number of derivatives of butylurea were synthesized. Among these a derivative of n-butylurea, N-butyryl-N-butylurea (NBNB) was prepared by acylation of n-butylurea with butyryl chloride in pyridine. The compound was found to possess considerable sedative-hypnotic action. Sleeping time of pentobarbital and barbital was significantly potentiated by NBNB. The compound also exhibited moderate anti-tremorine action and produced significant reduction in the activity ratio for Treadmill experiments. Significant anticonvulsive activity of NBNB was observed against strychnine, pentetrazole and supramaximal electroshock-induced convulsions. In addition to protection against tonic convulsions, the animals were also protected against strychnine and pentetrazole lethality.", "contents": "The anticonvulsant and CNS activity of N-butyryl-N-butylurea in mice. As a further extension of our studies related to CNS activity of substituted butylureas, a number of derivatives of butylurea were synthesized. Among these a derivative of n-butylurea, N-butyryl-N-butylurea (NBNB) was prepared by acylation of n-butylurea with butyryl chloride in pyridine. The compound was found to possess considerable sedative-hypnotic action. Sleeping time of pentobarbital and barbital was significantly potentiated by NBNB. The compound also exhibited moderate anti-tremorine action and produced significant reduction in the activity ratio for Treadmill experiments. Significant anticonvulsive activity of NBNB was observed against strychnine, pentetrazole and supramaximal electroshock-induced convulsions. In addition to protection against tonic convulsions, the animals were also protected against strychnine and pentetrazole lethality.", "PMID": 553825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1589", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of derivatives of exo-trimethylenenorbornane. II.", "content": "By reaction of secondary amines with 3-hydroxymethylene-exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-one, synthesized from exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-one and sodium/ethyl formate, a series of N,N-disubstituted 3-aminomethylene-exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ones has been obtained. These compounds gave N,N-disubstituted 3-aminomethyl-exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ones by LiAlH4 or catalytic reduction. Starting from the same alpha-hydroxymethyleneketone, pyrazole derivatives (V) and (VI) have been also synthesized; the former showed anticonvulsant activity in mice.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of derivatives of exo-trimethylenenorbornane. II. By reaction of secondary amines with 3-hydroxymethylene-exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-one, synthesized from exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-one and sodium/ethyl formate, a series of N,N-disubstituted 3-aminomethylene-exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ones has been obtained. These compounds gave N,N-disubstituted 3-aminomethyl-exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ones by LiAlH4 or catalytic reduction. Starting from the same alpha-hydroxymethyleneketone, pyrazole derivatives (V) and (VI) have been also synthesized; the former showed anticonvulsant activity in mice.", "PMID": 553826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1590", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of derivatives of exo-trimethylenenorbornane. III.", "content": "Two synthetic routes to (exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ylidene)acetonitrile starting from exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-one are described. From the above-mentioned nitrile, 2-(exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ylidene)ethanamine and 2-(exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-yl)ethanamine, as well as N,N-dimethyl and N,N-diethyl derivatives of the latter, were prepared.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of derivatives of exo-trimethylenenorbornane. III. Two synthetic routes to (exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ylidene)acetonitrile starting from exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-one are described. From the above-mentioned nitrile, 2-(exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-ylidene)ethanamine and 2-(exo-5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-yl)ethanamine, as well as N,N-dimethyl and N,N-diethyl derivatives of the latter, were prepared.", "PMID": 553827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1591", "title": "[Bile acid derivatives with antimicrobial activity].", "content": "A series of condensation products of cholic and dehydrocholic acids with (L)-aminoacids was prepared and tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. The derivatives of cholic acid with basic aminoacids showed significant activity, especially marked when (L)-arginine was the condensed aminoacid.", "contents": "[Bile acid derivatives with antimicrobial activity]. A series of condensation products of cholic and dehydrocholic acids with (L)-aminoacids was prepared and tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. The derivatives of cholic acid with basic aminoacids showed significant activity, especially marked when (L)-arginine was the condensed aminoacid.", "PMID": 553828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1592", "title": "[Synthesis and biological activity of 7-(2-nitroimidazoles and 7-(2-aminoimidazole) methyleneamino cephalosporin and their derivatives].", "content": "The synthesis of 7-[[(1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methylene]amino] and 7-[[(2-amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyle-ne]amino]cephalosporanic acids and of some derivatives is described. Their physico-chemical characteristics are reported. The compounds show no appreciable antibacterial activity in vitro. They show no synergy with cephaloridine against Enterobacter cloacae 214 (producer of class I beta-lactamase) and therefore have no anti-beta-lactamase activity.", "contents": "[Synthesis and biological activity of 7-(2-nitroimidazoles and 7-(2-aminoimidazole) methyleneamino cephalosporin and their derivatives]. The synthesis of 7-[[(1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methylene]amino] and 7-[[(2-amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyle-ne]amino]cephalosporanic acids and of some derivatives is described. Their physico-chemical characteristics are reported. The compounds show no appreciable antibacterial activity in vitro. They show no synergy with cephaloridine against Enterobacter cloacae 214 (producer of class I beta-lactamase) and therefore have no anti-beta-lactamase activity.", "PMID": 553829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1593", "title": "Study on compounds with potential antitumor activity. III. Hydrazone derivatives of 5-substituted 2-chloro-3-formyl-6-methylindole.", "content": "The synthesis of 5-methoxy- (IX) and 5-hydroxy- (X) 2-chloro-3-formyl-6-methylindole is reported: three hydrazonic derivatives were prepared from each compound. Preliminary results on the activity of the six derivatives against P388 leukemia in mice are reported.", "contents": "Study on compounds with potential antitumor activity. III. Hydrazone derivatives of 5-substituted 2-chloro-3-formyl-6-methylindole. The synthesis of 5-methoxy- (IX) and 5-hydroxy- (X) 2-chloro-3-formyl-6-methylindole is reported: three hydrazonic derivatives were prepared from each compound. Preliminary results on the activity of the six derivatives against P388 leukemia in mice are reported.", "PMID": 553830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1594", "title": "Synthesis and neuropharmacology of cyclobutanecarbonylureas.", "content": "Ten urea derivatives of cyclobutanecarboxylic acid were synthesized and examined for general CNS depressant properties, barbiturate potentiation, myorelaxant, antitremorine and anticonvulsant potencies. Water solubility seems to play an important part in the activity of these compounds. However, lipid solubility also plays a part as activity determinant. 1-Cyclo-butanecarbonyl-3-ethylthiourea appears to be the most active CNS depressant, whereas the parent compound, cyclobutanecarbonylurea, is the most active barbiturate potentiator. Cyclobutanecarbonylurea, 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-n-butylurea and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-(2,4-xylyl)urea appear to be the most active myorelaxants, while 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-n-butylurea and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-(1-adamantyl)urea are the most active against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions. Cyclobutanecarbonylurea, 1-cyclobutane-carbonyl-3-n-butylurea, 1-cyclobutancarbonyl-3-cyanoacetylurea, 1-cyclobuta-necarbonyl-3-(1-adamantyl)urea and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-(2,4-xylyl)urea are also slightly active oxotremorine antagonists. None of the compounds possess significant analgesic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and neuropharmacology of cyclobutanecarbonylureas. Ten urea derivatives of cyclobutanecarboxylic acid were synthesized and examined for general CNS depressant properties, barbiturate potentiation, myorelaxant, antitremorine and anticonvulsant potencies. Water solubility seems to play an important part in the activity of these compounds. However, lipid solubility also plays a part as activity determinant. 1-Cyclo-butanecarbonyl-3-ethylthiourea appears to be the most active CNS depressant, whereas the parent compound, cyclobutanecarbonylurea, is the most active barbiturate potentiator. Cyclobutanecarbonylurea, 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-n-butylurea and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-(2,4-xylyl)urea appear to be the most active myorelaxants, while 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-n-butylurea and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-(1-adamantyl)urea are the most active against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions. Cyclobutanecarbonylurea, 1-cyclobutane-carbonyl-3-n-butylurea, 1-cyclobutancarbonyl-3-cyanoacetylurea, 1-cyclobuta-necarbonyl-3-(1-adamantyl)urea and 1-cyclobutanecarbonyl-3-(2,4-xylyl)urea are also slightly active oxotremorine antagonists. None of the compounds possess significant analgesic activity.", "PMID": 553831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1595", "title": "[3-Hydrazinepyridazine derivatives. III. Synthesis and anti-hypertensive activity of new 3-(2-acylhydrazine)-pyridazine-6-alkylamino substitutes].", "content": "The synthesis of 2-(6-dialkylamino-3-pyridazinyl)hydrazinecarboxylates (II) and hydrazides (V) from the corresponding 3-chloro-6-dialkylaminopyridazines (I) is described. The 6-substituted derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine-3-ones (III) and 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b)pyridazines (VI) were obtained by thermal cyclization of (II) and (V), respectively. The new acyl derivatives were evaluated together with todralazine and budralazine as antihypertensive agents in comparison with propildazine and hydralazine. The ethoxycarbonyl compound [(II g), ISF 2469] exhibits good antihypertensive activity particularly via oral administration. Its interesting pharmacodynamic properties, including slow onset and long-lasting action, qualify it for further pharmacological and clinical studies.", "contents": "[3-Hydrazinepyridazine derivatives. III. Synthesis and anti-hypertensive activity of new 3-(2-acylhydrazine)-pyridazine-6-alkylamino substitutes]. The synthesis of 2-(6-dialkylamino-3-pyridazinyl)hydrazinecarboxylates (II) and hydrazides (V) from the corresponding 3-chloro-6-dialkylaminopyridazines (I) is described. The 6-substituted derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine-3-ones (III) and 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b)pyridazines (VI) were obtained by thermal cyclization of (II) and (V), respectively. The new acyl derivatives were evaluated together with todralazine and budralazine as antihypertensive agents in comparison with propildazine and hydralazine. The ethoxycarbonyl compound [(II g), ISF 2469] exhibits good antihypertensive activity particularly via oral administration. Its interesting pharmacodynamic properties, including slow onset and long-lasting action, qualify it for further pharmacological and clinical studies.", "PMID": 553832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1596", "title": "Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of some pyrrolo(1H,3H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones and pyrrolo(1H,6H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones.", "content": "The unequivocal synthesis of some terms belonging to the two isomeric classes of the pyrrolo(1H,3H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones and of the pyrrolo(1H,6H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones is reported. Some of these compounds are active in inhibiting the development of the carrageenin edema, of the granuloma cotton pellet and of the adjuvant arthritis in the rat when administered orally.", "contents": "Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of some pyrrolo(1H,3H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones and pyrrolo(1H,6H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones. The unequivocal synthesis of some terms belonging to the two isomeric classes of the pyrrolo(1H,3H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones and of the pyrrolo(1H,6H)[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-ones is reported. Some of these compounds are active in inhibiting the development of the carrageenin edema, of the granuloma cotton pellet and of the adjuvant arthritis in the rat when administered orally.", "PMID": 553833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1597", "title": "Derivatives of 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol with antiarrhythmic and other activities. I.", "content": "A synthesis of esters from 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol lithium slat and acyl chlorides is described. A number of these compounds showed strong antiarrhythmic, local anesthetic and hypotensive activities.", "contents": "Derivatives of 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol with antiarrhythmic and other activities. I. A synthesis of esters from 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol lithium slat and acyl chlorides is described. A number of these compounds showed strong antiarrhythmic, local anesthetic and hypotensive activities.", "PMID": 553834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1598", "title": "Studies on the inhibitory effects of zinc heptanoate on microorganisms.", "content": "Inhibitory effect of zinc heptanoate was observed on different cultures of bacteria and fungi. Growth of all the bacteria was inhibited by the compound. Greatest inhibition was seen in the case of Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and E. coli whereas least inhibition was found in the case of Staphylococcus aureus. In triethanolamine: water (1:1) solution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was least for Klebsiella pneumoniae (800 p.p.m.) while in the case of Staph. aureus and Bacillus subtilis it was 200 p.p.m. Among yeasts and fungi greatest inhibition was found with Trichophyton schoenleini, T. rubrum, T. gourvili, Microsporum adouini, M. vanbreuseghemi and least in the case of Candida albicans. In triethanolamine: water (1:1) solution the MIC for T. schoenleini and T. gourvili and T. violaceum was as low as 900 p.p.m. whereas in the case of Aspergillus oryzae it was highest--3500 p.p.m. The effect of the compound on glucose consumption of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis was also seen.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibitory effects of zinc heptanoate on microorganisms. Inhibitory effect of zinc heptanoate was observed on different cultures of bacteria and fungi. Growth of all the bacteria was inhibited by the compound. Greatest inhibition was seen in the case of Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and E. coli whereas least inhibition was found in the case of Staphylococcus aureus. In triethanolamine: water (1:1) solution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was least for Klebsiella pneumoniae (800 p.p.m.) while in the case of Staph. aureus and Bacillus subtilis it was 200 p.p.m. Among yeasts and fungi greatest inhibition was found with Trichophyton schoenleini, T. rubrum, T. gourvili, Microsporum adouini, M. vanbreuseghemi and least in the case of Candida albicans. In triethanolamine: water (1:1) solution the MIC for T. schoenleini and T. gourvili and T. violaceum was as low as 900 p.p.m. whereas in the case of Aspergillus oryzae it was highest--3500 p.p.m. The effect of the compound on glucose consumption of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis was also seen.", "PMID": 553835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1599", "title": "[Genetic control of spontaneous resistance to murine adenocarcinoma (ADK-lt)].", "content": "The genetic control of spontaneous resistance by virgin mice towards a mammary adenocarcinoma of BALB/c mice origin was studied in F1 hybrid mice produced by crossing BALB/c females with males of different haplotype from BALB, A, or B10 strain. The findings obtained show that the intensity of natural resistance in vivo is not under an unigenic control but is the result of multiple interactions among genes located both inside or outside the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "[Genetic control of spontaneous resistance to murine adenocarcinoma (ADK-lt)]. The genetic control of spontaneous resistance by virgin mice towards a mammary adenocarcinoma of BALB/c mice origin was studied in F1 hybrid mice produced by crossing BALB/c females with males of different haplotype from BALB, A, or B10 strain. The findings obtained show that the intensity of natural resistance in vivo is not under an unigenic control but is the result of multiple interactions among genes located both inside or outside the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 553836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1600", "title": "[Candida albicans infection: in vitro immunity aspects].", "content": "The authors have investigated the chemotactic ability of C. albicans toward macrophages and polymorphonuclears. Experiments, carried out by modified Boyden chamber, lead to isolate a chemotactic agent, considered either a moderate cytotaxin, or an excellent cytotaxigen.", "contents": "[Candida albicans infection: in vitro immunity aspects]. The authors have investigated the chemotactic ability of C. albicans toward macrophages and polymorphonuclears. Experiments, carried out by modified Boyden chamber, lead to isolate a chemotactic agent, considered either a moderate cytotaxin, or an excellent cytotaxigen.", "PMID": 553837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1601", "title": "[VCG analysis of the delta wave in WPW syndrome: its relevance for localization of pre-excitation areas (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrocardiograms of 27 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (12 A Rosenbaum and 15 B Rosenbaum type) were studied. Planimetrically it was determined mean polarity of the delta were on both frontal (DI and DIII bipolar leads) and horizontal (V1 and V3 precordial leads) planes. In order to identify anatomical site of pre-excitation, all data were statistically analyzed. It was allowed to distinguish 5 delta wave groups and 5 relative anatomical sites of pre-excitation: posterior paraseptal, left ventricle free wall, right ventricle free wall, left ventricle posterior wall and dorsal portion of the interventricular septum.", "contents": "[VCG analysis of the delta wave in WPW syndrome: its relevance for localization of pre-excitation areas (author's transl)]. Electrocardiograms of 27 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (12 A Rosenbaum and 15 B Rosenbaum type) were studied. Planimetrically it was determined mean polarity of the delta were on both frontal (DI and DIII bipolar leads) and horizontal (V1 and V3 precordial leads) planes. In order to identify anatomical site of pre-excitation, all data were statistically analyzed. It was allowed to distinguish 5 delta wave groups and 5 relative anatomical sites of pre-excitation: posterior paraseptal, left ventricle free wall, right ventricle free wall, left ventricle posterior wall and dorsal portion of the interventricular septum.", "PMID": 553844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1602", "title": "[Anti-toxoplasma antibody titers and immunoglobulins].", "content": "285 sera from parturient patients have been tested for the presence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies by the direct Agglutination test and for Immunoglobulins by the immunochemical turbidimetric determination. 17 sera showed a significant increase in the titre of anti-toxoplasma antibodies; 5 of these 17 presented a simultaneous IgM level increase, subsequently confirmed by a 2 Mercaptoethanol pretreatment, this fact suggesting the presence of active infectious disease. The authors think it can be useful in the diagnostic assessment of active toxoplasmic infectious disease the simultaneous screening of sera by the two described methods: the direct Agglutination test and the immunochemical turbidimetric determination.", "contents": "[Anti-toxoplasma antibody titers and immunoglobulins]. 285 sera from parturient patients have been tested for the presence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies by the direct Agglutination test and for Immunoglobulins by the immunochemical turbidimetric determination. 17 sera showed a significant increase in the titre of anti-toxoplasma antibodies; 5 of these 17 presented a simultaneous IgM level increase, subsequently confirmed by a 2 Mercaptoethanol pretreatment, this fact suggesting the presence of active infectious disease. The authors think it can be useful in the diagnostic assessment of active toxoplasmic infectious disease the simultaneous screening of sera by the two described methods: the direct Agglutination test and the immunochemical turbidimetric determination.", "PMID": 553839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1603", "title": "[Echocardiographic aspects of prosthetic porcine valves. Observations on 125 personal cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiograms were performed on 111 prosthetic porcine valves in mitral position and 25 in aortic position. Satisfactory tracings were obtained in 68% of the mitral and in 80% of the aortic prosthesis. The characteristic appearance of the porcine prosthesis consists of two lines parallel to each other which represent the stent; the valve cusps reflect much thinner echoes with a box-like pattern similar to that of the normal aortic valve. The distance between the cusps varied from 12 to 17 for the mitral prosthesis and from 11 to 15 for the aortic prosthesis. The range of these values as well as the range of other parameters which were measured varies widely. We suggest therefore that a post-operative echocardiogram should be performed to get a baseline pattern useful for comparison with following controls.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic aspects of prosthetic porcine valves. Observations on 125 personal cases (author's transl)]. Echocardiograms were performed on 111 prosthetic porcine valves in mitral position and 25 in aortic position. Satisfactory tracings were obtained in 68% of the mitral and in 80% of the aortic prosthesis. The characteristic appearance of the porcine prosthesis consists of two lines parallel to each other which represent the stent; the valve cusps reflect much thinner echoes with a box-like pattern similar to that of the normal aortic valve. The distance between the cusps varied from 12 to 17 for the mitral prosthesis and from 11 to 15 for the aortic prosthesis. The range of these values as well as the range of other parameters which were measured varies widely. We suggest therefore that a post-operative echocardiogram should be performed to get a baseline pattern useful for comparison with following controls.", "PMID": 553845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1604", "title": "[Salmonellae isolated in Gela in 1976/78 and their antibiotic sensitivity].", "content": "Authors take into account the Salmonellae isolated at Gela in the microbiology's laboratory that is connected at the Division of infectious diseases of The Hospital V. Em. III of Gela, during period of two years. They notice how S. Wien is most diffuse and it presents some characteristic like the S. Wien isolated in Algeria. They suppose, so, the possibility that S. Wien is arrived to Gela from Algeria, because of the intense trade exchanges that this town has with North Africa. They argue, for an efficacious work of prophylaxis of the Salmonellosis, that in all hospitals rise some Microbiology's laboratories and that they can arrive, always, at the serologic classification of the Salmonellae.", "contents": "[Salmonellae isolated in Gela in 1976/78 and their antibiotic sensitivity]. Authors take into account the Salmonellae isolated at Gela in the microbiology's laboratory that is connected at the Division of infectious diseases of The Hospital V. Em. III of Gela, during period of two years. They notice how S. Wien is most diffuse and it presents some characteristic like the S. Wien isolated in Algeria. They suppose, so, the possibility that S. Wien is arrived to Gela from Algeria, because of the intense trade exchanges that this town has with North Africa. They argue, for an efficacious work of prophylaxis of the Salmonellosis, that in all hospitals rise some Microbiology's laboratories and that they can arrive, always, at the serologic classification of the Salmonellae.", "PMID": 553838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1605", "title": "[Echocardiographic study of bioprostheses in the mitral position (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen patients, with a Hancock heterograft in the mitral position, were analyzed by means of phonocardiography and echocardiography. Phonocardiography examination failed to show any pathologic data; by echocardiography the Authors succeeded in pointing out one case of malfunctioning prosthesis (verified by autopsy) and two cases suspected of malfunctioning prosthesis. The AA. conclude by confirming validity and perspectives of echocardiography in this field, to get even beginning deteriorations of bioprosthesis function.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic study of bioprostheses in the mitral position (author's transl)]. Eighteen patients, with a Hancock heterograft in the mitral position, were analyzed by means of phonocardiography and echocardiography. Phonocardiography examination failed to show any pathologic data; by echocardiography the Authors succeeded in pointing out one case of malfunctioning prosthesis (verified by autopsy) and two cases suspected of malfunctioning prosthesis. The AA. conclude by confirming validity and perspectives of echocardiography in this field, to get even beginning deteriorations of bioprosthesis function.", "PMID": 553846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1606", "title": "[Polygraphic indices of wearers of Hancock bioprostheses normally functioning in the aortic position].", "content": "A phonomecanocardiographic study in 33 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with a glutaraldehyde-preserved Hancock bioprosthesis, has been carried out 6 to 42 months after surgery. All xenografts were considered well functioning on the basis of clinical, electrocardiographic and radiographic evaluation. Typical phonocardiographic features of a well functioning porcine heterograft in aortic position were considered 1) an opening snap of variable intensity recorded in about 50% of the patients; 2) a normal closing sound; 3) a protosystolic ejection murmur which was always present and whose intensity was inversely related to the prosthesis size; and 4) the absence of a diastolic murmur. The anatomical and functional characteristics of the aortic valve of the pig are suggested to explain both the absence of a diastolic murmur and the pattern of the closing sound, which is undistinguishable from that of a normal aortic valve. Moreover, the reduced pliability of the right coronary cusp of the porcine valve, due to the muscular shelf at its base, with consequent limitation of the effective prosthetic orifice and relative stenosis of the device correlates well with both the opening snap and the sytolic ejection murmur.", "contents": "[Polygraphic indices of wearers of Hancock bioprostheses normally functioning in the aortic position]. A phonomecanocardiographic study in 33 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with a glutaraldehyde-preserved Hancock bioprosthesis, has been carried out 6 to 42 months after surgery. All xenografts were considered well functioning on the basis of clinical, electrocardiographic and radiographic evaluation. Typical phonocardiographic features of a well functioning porcine heterograft in aortic position were considered 1) an opening snap of variable intensity recorded in about 50% of the patients; 2) a normal closing sound; 3) a protosystolic ejection murmur which was always present and whose intensity was inversely related to the prosthesis size; and 4) the absence of a diastolic murmur. The anatomical and functional characteristics of the aortic valve of the pig are suggested to explain both the absence of a diastolic murmur and the pattern of the closing sound, which is undistinguishable from that of a normal aortic valve. Moreover, the reduced pliability of the right coronary cusp of the porcine valve, due to the muscular shelf at its base, with consequent limitation of the effective prosthetic orifice and relative stenosis of the device correlates well with both the opening snap and the sytolic ejection murmur.", "PMID": 553847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1607", "title": "[Left ventricular volume measurement; the accuracy of the measurement].", "content": "Volume angiography is a widely diffused technique in hemodynamic laboratories despite several factors which limit the validity of the method. We have evaluated three of these factors: a) indefiniteness in the identification of the contour of the left ventricular cavity on the projected image; b) indefiniteness due to the reproducibility in tracing the contour of the left ventricular cavity by the same operator; c) indefiniteness related to the geometrical assumption (ellipsoid of revolution). The indefiniteness, given as per cent variation from the mean value, has been determined  for the diastolic as well as systolic phase. The maximal possible indefiniteness, for diastole and systole, in contours identification in 15 cases has been found to be +/- 11.3% and +/- 24% of the mean volume. Intra observer reproducibility evaluated outlining 30 times the left ventricular contour has been equal to a mean difference from the mean volume of +/- 1.2% for diastole and +/- 4% for systole. The mean difference of the mean volume calculated with the area-lenght method (ellipsoid geometry) from the volume calculated with the Simpson rule has been, on 15 cases, equal to 4% in diastole and 11% in systole. This high level of indefiniteness, mainly for the systolic phase, must be considered before giving a value excessively precise to the volume data obtained with angiography. On the other hand, the method retains an orientative meaning extremely useful in clinical evaluation.", "contents": "[Left ventricular volume measurement; the accuracy of the measurement]. Volume angiography is a widely diffused technique in hemodynamic laboratories despite several factors which limit the validity of the method. We have evaluated three of these factors: a) indefiniteness in the identification of the contour of the left ventricular cavity on the projected image; b) indefiniteness due to the reproducibility in tracing the contour of the left ventricular cavity by the same operator; c) indefiniteness related to the geometrical assumption (ellipsoid of revolution). The indefiniteness, given as per cent variation from the mean value, has been determined  for the diastolic as well as systolic phase. The maximal possible indefiniteness, for diastole and systole, in contours identification in 15 cases has been found to be +/- 11.3% and +/- 24% of the mean volume. Intra observer reproducibility evaluated outlining 30 times the left ventricular contour has been equal to a mean difference from the mean volume of +/- 1.2% for diastole and +/- 4% for systole. The mean difference of the mean volume calculated with the area-lenght method (ellipsoid geometry) from the volume calculated with the Simpson rule has been, on 15 cases, equal to 4% in diastole and 11% in systole. This high level of indefiniteness, mainly for the systolic phase, must be considered before giving a value excessively precise to the volume data obtained with angiography. On the other hand, the method retains an orientative meaning extremely useful in clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 553848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1608", "title": "[Echocardiographic size of the left atrium and pulmonary \"capillary\" pressure in different cardiopathies].", "content": "In order to investigate the relationship between left atrial pressure and volume, left atrial echograms and mean pulmonary wedge pressure were obtained on 64 patients with various cardiac diseases. A statistically significant relationship was found in the whole group (r = 0.67, p < 0.01), but there was a considerable degree of dispersion around the regression line. A good correlation was present in 6 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (r = 0.97, p < 0.01) and in 13 patients with long standing mitral valve disease (r = 0.85, p < 0.01). There was no correlation in coronary artery disease patients.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic size of the left atrium and pulmonary \"capillary\" pressure in different cardiopathies]. In order to investigate the relationship between left atrial pressure and volume, left atrial echograms and mean pulmonary wedge pressure were obtained on 64 patients with various cardiac diseases. A statistically significant relationship was found in the whole group (r = 0.67, p < 0.01), but there was a considerable degree of dispersion around the regression line. A good correlation was present in 6 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (r = 0.97, p < 0.01) and in 13 patients with long standing mitral valve disease (r = 0.85, p < 0.01). There was no correlation in coronary artery disease patients.", "PMID": 553849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1609", "title": "[Cefamandole: in vitro and in vivo activity].", "content": "Among the cephalosporin antibiotics, a relatively new derivative of Cefamandole has been studied, the sodium salt of its formyl ester, Cefamandole nafate. It has shown a broad spectrum of antibiotic activity against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria (127 strains); the susceptibility was good even with beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. Good protective doses (PD50) were found after mice infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella wien. The pharmacokinetics of Cefamandole carried out comparatively in 5 human volunteers and in laboratory animals exhibited high levels, especially in the urines.", "contents": "[Cefamandole: in vitro and in vivo activity]. Among the cephalosporin antibiotics, a relatively new derivative of Cefamandole has been studied, the sodium salt of its formyl ester, Cefamandole nafate. It has shown a broad spectrum of antibiotic activity against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria (127 strains); the susceptibility was good even with beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. Good protective doses (PD50) were found after mice infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella wien. The pharmacokinetics of Cefamandole carried out comparatively in 5 human volunteers and in laboratory animals exhibited high levels, especially in the urines.", "PMID": 553842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1610", "title": "[Balloon catheter atrial septostomy via the umbilical vein].", "content": "The feasibility of atrial septostomy through the ombelical vein is discussed. The advantages and the pitfalls of this technique are examined. On the basis of our experience with 8 cases thus treated in the last year, it is concluded that a careful use of this technique in patients under six days of age is indicated.", "contents": "[Balloon catheter atrial septostomy via the umbilical vein]. The feasibility of atrial septostomy through the ombelical vein is discussed. The advantages and the pitfalls of this technique are examined. On the basis of our experience with 8 cases thus treated in the last year, it is concluded that a careful use of this technique in patients under six days of age is indicated.", "PMID": 553853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1611", "title": "[Iatrogenic ostial stenosis of the left coronary artery. Report of a case with Starr-Edwards aortic prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 41 years-old-man, who had undergone surgical intervention ten years previously for aortic valve replacement in ECC with the coronary perfusion technique, is reported. This patient was studied because of the appearance of angina pectoris three months after the intervention and its progressive development. Selective left coronary angiography showed an ostial subocclusive stenosis; the run-off from the right coronary artery provided distal blood supply to the left coronary artery. A venous bypass was implanted between the aorta and the left anterior descending branch; the prosthesis was substituted because it was altered and caused hemolysis' problems. In accordance with most Authors late ostial coronary stenosis is a complication of the coronary perfusion technique, which is adopted for myocardial protection during surgical interventions for aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic ostial stenosis of the left coronary artery. Report of a case with Starr-Edwards aortic prosthesis (author's transl)]. A case of a 41 years-old-man, who had undergone surgical intervention ten years previously for aortic valve replacement in ECC with the coronary perfusion technique, is reported. This patient was studied because of the appearance of angina pectoris three months after the intervention and its progressive development. Selective left coronary angiography showed an ostial subocclusive stenosis; the run-off from the right coronary artery provided distal blood supply to the left coronary artery. A venous bypass was implanted between the aorta and the left anterior descending branch; the prosthesis was substituted because it was altered and caused hemolysis' problems. In accordance with most Authors late ostial coronary stenosis is a complication of the coronary perfusion technique, which is adopted for myocardial protection during surgical interventions for aortic valve replacement.", "PMID": 553854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1612", "title": "Congenital elevation of the scapula (a review of 69 cases).", "content": "The author have reviewed sixty nine cases of congenital elevation of scapula on whom scapuloplexy was performed. The degree of elevation was classified according to Rigault's criteria (1976). This operation gave excellent or good results in 68 per cent of cases, the improvement being slightly better from the aesthetic than from the functional point of view. The factors adversely influencing the results were: the degree of elevation, scoliosis, \"pagoda\" deformity, and insufficient surgical lowering. Osteotomy of the clavicle is necessary in the presence of neurological complications. In cases with scoliosis or \"pagoda\" deformity of the scapula it is desirable also to resect the supero-medial angle. The operation should be carried out before the patient reaches the age of ten years.", "contents": "Congenital elevation of the scapula (a review of 69 cases). The author have reviewed sixty nine cases of congenital elevation of scapula on whom scapuloplexy was performed. The degree of elevation was classified according to Rigault's criteria (1976). This operation gave excellent or good results in 68 per cent of cases, the improvement being slightly better from the aesthetic than from the functional point of view. The factors adversely influencing the results were: the degree of elevation, scoliosis, \"pagoda\" deformity, and insufficient surgical lowering. Osteotomy of the clavicle is necessary in the presence of neurological complications. In cases with scoliosis or \"pagoda\" deformity of the scapula it is desirable also to resect the supero-medial angle. The operation should be carried out before the patient reaches the age of ten years.", "PMID": 553855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1613", "title": "Long stem femoral components for total hip replacement.", "content": "Certain special problems in reconstruction of the arthritis hip in the adult require the use of a femoral component that has a long stem. A long stem component is essential if a major defect exists in the cortex of the proximal portion of the femur. Examples of such defects are windows cut in the femur to remove cement or to remove a broken femoral stem. Another example is the hole made by penetration of a femoral stem through the cortex. Standard long stem components are used for these cases. A new device in the long stem family, called the calcar replacement long stem component, is designed to restore leg length in those cases in which the femoral calcar has been removed or resorbed. It is also being used in certain cases of heterotopic ossification. In certain cases of primary or secondary malignant disease the entire proximal portion of the femur is excised and the proximal femoral replacement long stem component is inserted. The use of these long stem femoral components is illustrated and the limitations and pitfalls are discussed.", "contents": "Long stem femoral components for total hip replacement. Certain special problems in reconstruction of the arthritis hip in the adult require the use of a femoral component that has a long stem. A long stem component is essential if a major defect exists in the cortex of the proximal portion of the femur. Examples of such defects are windows cut in the femur to remove cement or to remove a broken femoral stem. Another example is the hole made by penetration of a femoral stem through the cortex. Standard long stem components are used for these cases. A new device in the long stem family, called the calcar replacement long stem component, is designed to restore leg length in those cases in which the femoral calcar has been removed or resorbed. It is also being used in certain cases of heterotopic ossification. In certain cases of primary or secondary malignant disease the entire proximal portion of the femur is excised and the proximal femoral replacement long stem component is inserted. The use of these long stem femoral components is illustrated and the limitations and pitfalls are discussed.", "PMID": 553856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1614", "title": "Syndesmomyolysis in early osteoarthrosis of the knee.", "content": "The authors present a new operative procedure for the early stages of osteoarthrosis of the knee associated with varus or valgus axial deviations. This is based on biomechanical considerations related to the articular equilibrium of the knee, and on pathogenetic interpretations of arthrotic disease in this particular joint. After reviewing the capsular, muscular and ligamentous systems of the medial and lateral compartments of the knee, they consider the active forces capable of opposing the eccentric thrusts of load and gravity in disequilibrium due to axial deviation. Clinical investigations have been carried out which reveal that under these pathological conditions, cicatricial retraction occurs on the concave side and stretching on the convex side of the axial deviation. For the former they have devised the operation of \"syndesmomyolysis\", which must be preceded by preoperative muscular reinforcement on the convex side. The objective of this procedure is to restore the equilibrium of the forces acting on the articular axis.", "contents": "Syndesmomyolysis in early osteoarthrosis of the knee. The authors present a new operative procedure for the early stages of osteoarthrosis of the knee associated with varus or valgus axial deviations. This is based on biomechanical considerations related to the articular equilibrium of the knee, and on pathogenetic interpretations of arthrotic disease in this particular joint. After reviewing the capsular, muscular and ligamentous systems of the medial and lateral compartments of the knee, they consider the active forces capable of opposing the eccentric thrusts of load and gravity in disequilibrium due to axial deviation. Clinical investigations have been carried out which reveal that under these pathological conditions, cicatricial retraction occurs on the concave side and stretching on the convex side of the axial deviation. For the former they have devised the operation of \"syndesmomyolysis\", which must be preceded by preoperative muscular reinforcement on the convex side. The objective of this procedure is to restore the equilibrium of the forces acting on the articular axis.", "PMID": 553857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1615", "title": "Grice-Green's extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis. 1. Notes on the operative technique.", "content": "Although Grice's operation has been used all over the world, no systematic account of it has been found in the literature (including publications dealing with technique), which presents it in terms related to the basic \"classical\" principles on which the operation was conceived. The present description of the authors' special technique is presented with these basic principles in mind. If executed with precision, it appears to be reliable and to conform to these basic requirements. The various stages are illustrated and a typical case is shown which supports the validity of the concept.", "contents": "Grice-Green's extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis. 1. Notes on the operative technique. Although Grice's operation has been used all over the world, no systematic account of it has been found in the literature (including publications dealing with technique), which presents it in terms related to the basic \"classical\" principles on which the operation was conceived. The present description of the authors' special technique is presented with these basic principles in mind. If executed with precision, it appears to be reliable and to conform to these basic requirements. The various stages are illustrated and a typical case is shown which supports the validity of the concept.", "PMID": 553858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1616", "title": "Interilioabdominal amputation.", "content": "Thirty two consecutive cases of interilioabdominal amputation are reported. They were performed for malignant tumours of the hip and the proximal end of the femur and thigh. This operation is rather more frequently indicated than disarticulation of the hip and involves less trauma.", "contents": "Interilioabdominal amputation. Thirty two consecutive cases of interilioabdominal amputation are reported. They were performed for malignant tumours of the hip and the proximal end of the femur and thigh. This operation is rather more frequently indicated than disarticulation of the hip and involves less trauma.", "PMID": 553859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1617", "title": "Lumbar spondylolisthesis. Surgical reduction and stabilization by Harrington's technique.", "content": "The author discusses the reduction and stabilization of lumbar spondylolisthesis by the posterior route according to Harrington's technique based on ten years experience since his first communication. The case histories, technique, and results are reported in eighteen cases treated during the ten years 1968-1977 at the Istituto Ortopedico Toscano, Florence, with some illustrative examples.", "contents": "Lumbar spondylolisthesis. Surgical reduction and stabilization by Harrington's technique. The author discusses the reduction and stabilization of lumbar spondylolisthesis by the posterior route according to Harrington's technique based on ten years experience since his first communication. The case histories, technique, and results are reported in eighteen cases treated during the ten years 1968-1977 at the Istituto Ortopedico Toscano, Florence, with some illustrative examples.", "PMID": 553860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1618", "title": "Plasmocytoma (a study of 222 cases).", "content": "In a review of 222 cases of plasmocytoma, the author demonstrates that solitary plasmocytoma is not rare and has a different localization in bone as compared with the multiple type. The prognosis is influenced by the number of lesions, the level of the anemia, calcemia and hypoalbuminaemia, and the type and level of the paraproteins. In solitary plasmocytoma, the prognosis is also conditioned by the sex of the patient and the site of the primary localization. Proteinaemia was increased in only 40 per cent of cases and electrophoresis was negative in 20 per cent. The treatment of choice for plasmocytoma is radiotherapy associated with Malphalan.", "contents": "Plasmocytoma (a study of 222 cases). In a review of 222 cases of plasmocytoma, the author demonstrates that solitary plasmocytoma is not rare and has a different localization in bone as compared with the multiple type. The prognosis is influenced by the number of lesions, the level of the anemia, calcemia and hypoalbuminaemia, and the type and level of the paraproteins. In solitary plasmocytoma, the prognosis is also conditioned by the sex of the patient and the site of the primary localization. Proteinaemia was increased in only 40 per cent of cases and electrophoresis was negative in 20 per cent. The treatment of choice for plasmocytoma is radiotherapy associated with Malphalan.", "PMID": 553861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1619", "title": "Chondromas and chondromatosis (a study of 265 cases, 200 with long term follow up).", "content": "265 cases of solitary chondroma, multiple chondromas and chondromatosis were analysed. Two hundred cases had a long term follow up of 1-50 years (average ten years). Recurrence after surgical removal is rare. It is exceptional for malignancy to develop in chondromas of the hand. Malignant degeneration (chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, etc.) was found in 12 per cent of the solitary chondromas and in 32 per cent of the multiple chondromas and chondromatosis involving the bones elsewhere than in the hand. The first of these figures is probably excessive, since many of the solitary chondromas elsewhere than in the hand remain asymptomatic and unrecognised; but the second figure is probably too low, since the risk of sarcomatous degeneration remains present throughout the patient's life.", "contents": "Chondromas and chondromatosis (a study of 265 cases, 200 with long term follow up). 265 cases of solitary chondroma, multiple chondromas and chondromatosis were analysed. Two hundred cases had a long term follow up of 1-50 years (average ten years). Recurrence after surgical removal is rare. It is exceptional for malignancy to develop in chondromas of the hand. Malignant degeneration (chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, etc.) was found in 12 per cent of the solitary chondromas and in 32 per cent of the multiple chondromas and chondromatosis involving the bones elsewhere than in the hand. The first of these figures is probably excessive, since many of the solitary chondromas elsewhere than in the hand remain asymptomatic and unrecognised; but the second figure is probably too low, since the risk of sarcomatous degeneration remains present throughout the patient's life.", "PMID": 553862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1620", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma with diffuse involvement of the bone marrow (report of two cases).", "content": "The author reports two cases of Ewing's sarcoma with diffuse neoplastic invasion of the bone marrow causing panmyelopoietic failure. This condition must be differentiated from the medullary aplasia which may occur as a complication of treatment of antitumoral chemotherapy in patients affected by Ewing's sarcoma.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma with diffuse involvement of the bone marrow (report of two cases). The author reports two cases of Ewing's sarcoma with diffuse neoplastic invasion of the bone marrow causing panmyelopoietic failure. This condition must be differentiated from the medullary aplasia which may occur as a complication of treatment of antitumoral chemotherapy in patients affected by Ewing's sarcoma.", "PMID": 553863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1621", "title": "Osteoblastoma associated with osteomalacia (presentation of a case and review of the literature).", "content": "An exceptional case is presented in which osteoblastoma was associated with osteomalacia. The clinical and pathogenetic aspects are discussed in the light of a review of the literature.", "contents": "Osteoblastoma associated with osteomalacia (presentation of a case and review of the literature). An exceptional case is presented in which osteoblastoma was associated with osteomalacia. The clinical and pathogenetic aspects are discussed in the light of a review of the literature.", "PMID": 553864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1622", "title": "Surgery of liver tumors.", "content": "Hepatic neoplasms, primary and metastatic, are best treated with surgery. The present report summarizes the results of various surgical procedures used during the last eight years in the management of 310 patients with liver neoplasms. Exploratory laparotomy was the ultimate diagnostic test, determining resectability of the lesion. Percutaneous liver biopsy was discouraged and was used only in the presence of obvious distant metastasis. Primary and metastatic neoplasms confined to the liver were managed with lobectomy, hepatic trisegmentectomy, or left lateral segmentectomy whether they were solitary or multifocal; the choice of procedure depended on their location. Tumors invading major vascular structures were resected using a new method of hepatic isolation/hypothermic perfusion. Neoplasms involving the entire liver were managed with intrahepatic infusion chemotherapy administered directly into the hepatic circulation through percutaneous catheters. Selected individuals with unresectable lesions were treated with vascular isolation and perfusion of the liver with chemotherapeutic agents. Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by malignant obstruction of hepatic outflow was managed either with isolation/hypothermic perfusion and resection or with hepatic artery ligation and infusion of chemotherapeutic agents. Total hepatectomy with orthotopic liver transplantation was reserved for a few highly selected individuals. The results obtained with these procedures were encouraging. Major hepatic resection was performed with a 9% operative mortality and resulted in an 81% 3-year actuarial survival if the disease was limited to the liver. Palliative major resection in a 31% 3-year actuarial survival. Intrahepatic infusion of chemotherapeutic agents was effective when the dosage was adequate and proved superior to peripheral intravenous treatment. Isolation perfusion of the liver permitted resection of lesions which could not have been managed by conventional procedures. The effectiveness of isolation chemotherapy perfusion of the liver was tempered by leakage of Actinomycin-D into the systemic circulation. The results is this series of patients encourage the judicious use of these procedures in the management of the patient with liver cancer. A pessimistic attitude often based on preoperative evaluation alone without the benefit of exploratory laparotomy ought to be discouraged.", "contents": "Surgery of liver tumors. Hepatic neoplasms, primary and metastatic, are best treated with surgery. The present report summarizes the results of various surgical procedures used during the last eight years in the management of 310 patients with liver neoplasms. Exploratory laparotomy was the ultimate diagnostic test, determining resectability of the lesion. Percutaneous liver biopsy was discouraged and was used only in the presence of obvious distant metastasis. Primary and metastatic neoplasms confined to the liver were managed with lobectomy, hepatic trisegmentectomy, or left lateral segmentectomy whether they were solitary or multifocal; the choice of procedure depended on their location. Tumors invading major vascular structures were resected using a new method of hepatic isolation/hypothermic perfusion. Neoplasms involving the entire liver were managed with intrahepatic infusion chemotherapy administered directly into the hepatic circulation through percutaneous catheters. Selected individuals with unresectable lesions were treated with vascular isolation and perfusion of the liver with chemotherapeutic agents. Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by malignant obstruction of hepatic outflow was managed either with isolation/hypothermic perfusion and resection or with hepatic artery ligation and infusion of chemotherapeutic agents. Total hepatectomy with orthotopic liver transplantation was reserved for a few highly selected individuals. The results obtained with these procedures were encouraging. Major hepatic resection was performed with a 9% operative mortality and resulted in an 81% 3-year actuarial survival if the disease was limited to the liver. Palliative major resection in a 31% 3-year actuarial survival. Intrahepatic infusion of chemotherapeutic agents was effective when the dosage was adequate and proved superior to peripheral intravenous treatment. Isolation perfusion of the liver permitted resection of lesions which could not have been managed by conventional procedures. The effectiveness of isolation chemotherapy perfusion of the liver was tempered by leakage of Actinomycin-D into the systemic circulation. The results is this series of patients encourage the judicious use of these procedures in the management of the patient with liver cancer. A pessimistic attitude often based on preoperative evaluation alone without the benefit of exploratory laparotomy ought to be discouraged.", "PMID": 553869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1623", "title": "Increased resistance and impaired maximal vasodilation in normotensive vascular beds of rats with coarctation hypertension.", "content": "To study the resistance of normotensive vascular beds in coarctation hypertension, we measured perfusion pressures of pump-perfused (blood), innervated, isolated hindlimbs of 12 rats (Group A) with 4 weeks of hypertension due to partial contriction of the abdominal aorta above the renal arteries, and of three control groups: 11 normotensive rats (Group B) with aorta sham-constricted, nine normotensive rats (Group C) with slight (5%) hindquarters atrophy due to partial constriction of the abdominal aorta below the renal arteries, and six rats with two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension (Group D). After aortic constriction, measured femoral arterial pressures in Group A rats remained normotensive. In hypertensive rats of Groups A and D, compared to normotensive Group B or C rats, hindlimb pressure-flow curves were displaced toward the pressure axis (p < 0.05). Compared to normotensive rats, drop in hindlimb resistance after acute local nerve section was increased in rats with coarctation hypertension. Residual resistance after maximal vasodilation with intraarterial sodium nitroprusside remained elevated in hypertensive rats of Groups A and D (p < 0.05), as compared to normotensive Group B or C rats; compared to Group B rats, this residual resistance in the coarcted rats of Group A was increased by 9%. Thus, in normotensive vascular beds of rats with chronic hypertension caused by aortic coarctation, resistance is elevated. The neurogenic component contributes to this high resistance, and structural vascular changes, indicated by impaired maximal vasodilation, may also contribute to the elevated resistance. It is most unlikely that these resistance changes are attributable to elevated hindlimb intravascular pressures.", "contents": "Increased resistance and impaired maximal vasodilation in normotensive vascular beds of rats with coarctation hypertension. To study the resistance of normotensive vascular beds in coarctation hypertension, we measured perfusion pressures of pump-perfused (blood), innervated, isolated hindlimbs of 12 rats (Group A) with 4 weeks of hypertension due to partial contriction of the abdominal aorta above the renal arteries, and of three control groups: 11 normotensive rats (Group B) with aorta sham-constricted, nine normotensive rats (Group C) with slight (5%) hindquarters atrophy due to partial constriction of the abdominal aorta below the renal arteries, and six rats with two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension (Group D). After aortic constriction, measured femoral arterial pressures in Group A rats remained normotensive. In hypertensive rats of Groups A and D, compared to normotensive Group B or C rats, hindlimb pressure-flow curves were displaced toward the pressure axis (p < 0.05). Compared to normotensive rats, drop in hindlimb resistance after acute local nerve section was increased in rats with coarctation hypertension. Residual resistance after maximal vasodilation with intraarterial sodium nitroprusside remained elevated in hypertensive rats of Groups A and D (p < 0.05), as compared to normotensive Group B or C rats; compared to Group B rats, this residual resistance in the coarcted rats of Group A was increased by 9%. Thus, in normotensive vascular beds of rats with chronic hypertension caused by aortic coarctation, resistance is elevated. The neurogenic component contributes to this high resistance, and structural vascular changes, indicated by impaired maximal vasodilation, may also contribute to the elevated resistance. It is most unlikely that these resistance changes are attributable to elevated hindlimb intravascular pressures.", "PMID": 553866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1624", "title": "Essential hypertension: an approach to clinical data by the use of models.", "content": "A new approach, based on animal circulatory models, was proposed for the study of clinical data in hypertension. Clinical data were identified with steady states in models. From the study of models, possible impairments, susceptible to account for the observed derivations of steady states in men, were analyzed. To be specific, the 1967-Guyton-Coleman model was confronted with a set of data on essential hypertension. The approach afforded a physiological interpretation for statistical results performed on clinical data.", "contents": "Essential hypertension: an approach to clinical data by the use of models. A new approach, based on animal circulatory models, was proposed for the study of clinical data in hypertension. Clinical data were identified with steady states in models. From the study of models, possible impairments, susceptible to account for the observed derivations of steady states in men, were analyzed. To be specific, the 1967-Guyton-Coleman model was confronted with a set of data on essential hypertension. The approach afforded a physiological interpretation for statistical results performed on clinical data.", "PMID": 553867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1625", "title": "High dosage tobramycin treatment of children with cystic fibrosis. Bacteriological effect and clinical ototoxicity.", "content": "The bacteriological effect of chemotherapy against mucoid strains of Pseudominas aeruginosa in the lower respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis is reported. A comparison of the effect of high doses of tobramycin (10 mg/kg/24 h) given alone or in combination with carbenicillin showed a significant difference in favour of the combination therapy. In 74.5% of the initially successful courses the patients were recolonized within one month. Fifty-three patients were examined by audiometric and vestibular tests. Only in one patient was it possible to register a transient, high tone hearing impairment at 8000 Hz bilaterally, that might be attributed to the tobramycin treatment. It is concluded that high dose tobramycin treatment in children and adolescents with normal kidney function implies only a minimal clinical risk of adverse ototoxic effects, even after repeated courses of treatment. No nephrotoxic side-effects were found in this material.", "contents": "High dosage tobramycin treatment of children with cystic fibrosis. Bacteriological effect and clinical ototoxicity. The bacteriological effect of chemotherapy against mucoid strains of Pseudominas aeruginosa in the lower respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis is reported. A comparison of the effect of high doses of tobramycin (10 mg/kg/24 h) given alone or in combination with carbenicillin showed a significant difference in favour of the combination therapy. In 74.5% of the initially successful courses the patients were recolonized within one month. Fifty-three patients were examined by audiometric and vestibular tests. Only in one patient was it possible to register a transient, high tone hearing impairment at 8000 Hz bilaterally, that might be attributed to the tobramycin treatment. It is concluded that high dose tobramycin treatment in children and adolescents with normal kidney function implies only a minimal clinical risk of adverse ototoxic effects, even after repeated courses of treatment. No nephrotoxic side-effects were found in this material.", "PMID": 553884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1626", "title": "Audiometric evaluation of infants 12-18 months of age.", "content": "Behavioral observation audiometry in conjunction with acoustic impedance studies have infrequently been evaluated in the 12-18 month infant population. Seventy-three infants from the neonatal registry had audiological evaluations performed consisting of speech detection and hearing threshold levels, as well as acoustic impedance studies. Complete audiometric results were obtained from 75% (55) of infants during the initial audiologic evaluation; 73% (53) provided binaural tympanograms. Only 50% of the patients cooperated for all four frequencies attempted on acoustic reflex studies with a 4% incidence of absent reflexes. Impedance studies confirmed audiometric findings in 77% of the infants evaluated.", "contents": "Audiometric evaluation of infants 12-18 months of age. Behavioral observation audiometry in conjunction with acoustic impedance studies have infrequently been evaluated in the 12-18 month infant population. Seventy-three infants from the neonatal registry had audiological evaluations performed consisting of speech detection and hearing threshold levels, as well as acoustic impedance studies. Complete audiometric results were obtained from 75% (55) of infants during the initial audiologic evaluation; 73% (53) provided binaural tympanograms. Only 50% of the patients cooperated for all four frequencies attempted on acoustic reflex studies with a 4% incidence of absent reflexes. Impedance studies confirmed audiometric findings in 77% of the infants evaluated.", "PMID": 553885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1627", "title": "Congenital laryngeal defects.", "content": "Embryologic disorders of the larynx are rare. The main symptoms are stridor and hoarseness, symptoms which in the newborn always necessitate further investigation. Both the laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft and the congenital laryngeal web are discussed in relation to the embryologic development of the larynx and to diagnosis and therapy. The use of the operating microscope is stressed.", "contents": "Congenital laryngeal defects. Embryologic disorders of the larynx are rare. The main symptoms are stridor and hoarseness, symptoms which in the newborn always necessitate further investigation. Both the laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft and the congenital laryngeal web are discussed in relation to the embryologic development of the larynx and to diagnosis and therapy. The use of the operating microscope is stressed.", "PMID": 553886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1628", "title": "Woakes' syndrome: the problems of infantile nasal polyps.", "content": "Usually, nasal polyposis in early childhood (children aged less than 5 years) is caused by cystic fibrosis of Kartagener's syndrome. In later age groups, recurrent sinus infections, allergy and ASA disease (asthma, aspirin intolerance and nasal polyps) have to be taken into consideration. Four cases of early childhood polyposis are reported which fit into none of these etiological groups. This newly defined Woakes' syndrome comprises recurrent nasal polyposis with broadening of the nose, frontal sinus aplasia, bronchiectasis, and dyscrinia (production of highly viscous mucus). The disease seems to be hereditary. The possible origins of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Woakes' syndrome: the problems of infantile nasal polyps. Usually, nasal polyposis in early childhood (children aged less than 5 years) is caused by cystic fibrosis of Kartagener's syndrome. In later age groups, recurrent sinus infections, allergy and ASA disease (asthma, aspirin intolerance and nasal polyps) have to be taken into consideration. Four cases of early childhood polyposis are reported which fit into none of these etiological groups. This newly defined Woakes' syndrome comprises recurrent nasal polyposis with broadening of the nose, frontal sinus aplasia, bronchiectasis, and dyscrinia (production of highly viscous mucus). The disease seems to be hereditary. The possible origins of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 553887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1629", "title": "Effect of middle-ear dysfunction and disease on hearing and language in high-risks infants.", "content": "The effect of middle-ear dysfunction and disease on hearing and language development at one year of age was evaluated for 143 high-risk infants. These infants were categorized as normal or abnormal based on otologic history, otoscopic examinations, and on tympanometric examinations. Language was significantly related to gestational age, being delayed by approximately the amount of prematurity. Language scores were therefore adjusted for gestational age. Speech-detection threshold was not related to gestational age, and was used as the measure of hearing. Hearing levels were negatively correlated with adjusted language quotients. Infants with abnormal otologic histories reported were not different from infants with normal histories in either hearing or language development. Infants with bilateral otoscopic abnormalities had significantly higher speech-detection thresholds, but did not differ in language development from those with bilaterally normal otoscopy. Infants who were abnormal bilaterally by tympanometric examination had significantly higher speech-detection thresholds as well as significantly delayed language development. A significant effect on both hearing and language was found among those infants bilaterally abnormal by tympanometry for whom evidence of middle-ear disease was not visualized by otoscopic examination. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of middle-ear dysfunction and disease on hearing and language in high-risks infants. The effect of middle-ear dysfunction and disease on hearing and language development at one year of age was evaluated for 143 high-risk infants. These infants were categorized as normal or abnormal based on otologic history, otoscopic examinations, and on tympanometric examinations. Language was significantly related to gestational age, being delayed by approximately the amount of prematurity. Language scores were therefore adjusted for gestational age. Speech-detection threshold was not related to gestational age, and was used as the measure of hearing. Hearing levels were negatively correlated with adjusted language quotients. Infants with abnormal otologic histories reported were not different from infants with normal histories in either hearing or language development. Infants with bilateral otoscopic abnormalities had significantly higher speech-detection thresholds, but did not differ in language development from those with bilaterally normal otoscopy. Infants who were abnormal bilaterally by tympanometric examination had significantly higher speech-detection thresholds as well as significantly delayed language development. A significant effect on both hearing and language was found among those infants bilaterally abnormal by tympanometry for whom evidence of middle-ear disease was not visualized by otoscopic examination. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 553890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1630", "title": "The effects of chronic middle ear effusion on speech and language development -- a descriptive study.", "content": "In this study, the speech and language skills of children with histories of chronic middle ear effusion were analyzed. Forty-seven children between the ages of one year eleven months and five years five months were given a battery of speech and language tests in the course of a diagnostic evaluation. All the children had been referred to speech pathology by a physician because of a suspected communication disorder. All subjects had histories of three or more episodes of middle era effusion, with the first episode occurring prior to 18 months of age. All medical records were checked and in-depth case histories were obtained in order to rule out other possible complicating factors that might have contributed to a speech and language delay. The results of this study revealed essentially age-appropriate receptive language skills in this group of children. Expressive language and articulatory skills were significantly below chronological age level expectation, indicating the possible serious effects of chronic middle ear effusion on speech and language development.", "contents": "The effects of chronic middle ear effusion on speech and language development -- a descriptive study. In this study, the speech and language skills of children with histories of chronic middle ear effusion were analyzed. Forty-seven children between the ages of one year eleven months and five years five months were given a battery of speech and language tests in the course of a diagnostic evaluation. All the children had been referred to speech pathology by a physician because of a suspected communication disorder. All subjects had histories of three or more episodes of middle era effusion, with the first episode occurring prior to 18 months of age. All medical records were checked and in-depth case histories were obtained in order to rule out other possible complicating factors that might have contributed to a speech and language delay. The results of this study revealed essentially age-appropriate receptive language skills in this group of children. Expressive language and articulatory skills were significantly below chronological age level expectation, indicating the possible serious effects of chronic middle ear effusion on speech and language development.", "PMID": 553891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1631", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis in childhood. A clinical report based on 3 cases.", "content": "Wegener's granulomatosis is a very rare disease in children; only 10 cases have been reported in the literature. The present report describes 3 cases where Wegener's granulomatosis developed at an early stage, beginning with upper respiratory tract symptoms. All the 3 children have been successfully treated with a combination of azathioprine and corticosteroids.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis in childhood. A clinical report based on 3 cases. Wegener's granulomatosis is a very rare disease in children; only 10 cases have been reported in the literature. The present report describes 3 cases where Wegener's granulomatosis developed at an early stage, beginning with upper respiratory tract symptoms. All the 3 children have been successfully treated with a combination of azathioprine and corticosteroids.", "PMID": 553892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1632", "title": "The effect of early onset of otitis media on educational achievement.", "content": "One hundred and forty-four patients from three different pediatric practices were compared using the Science Research Associates (SRA) tests for academic achievement. First, the patients were divided into those who had had three or more attacks of otitis media and those who had had no attacks of otitis media during the first 18 months of life as recorded by their pediatricians. Matched pairs by sex, birth date, occupation of father, school attended and year of testing were made for comparison purposes. Using the one-tailed t-test, a significant difference in the composite score was found favoring the group with no recorded otitis media in the first 18 months of life. All patients were treated with antibiotics.", "contents": "The effect of early onset of otitis media on educational achievement. One hundred and forty-four patients from three different pediatric practices were compared using the Science Research Associates (SRA) tests for academic achievement. First, the patients were divided into those who had had three or more attacks of otitis media and those who had had no attacks of otitis media during the first 18 months of life as recorded by their pediatricians. Matched pairs by sex, birth date, occupation of father, school attended and year of testing were made for comparison purposes. Using the one-tailed t-test, a significant difference in the composite score was found favoring the group with no recorded otitis media in the first 18 months of life. All patients were treated with antibiotics.", "PMID": 553893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1633", "title": "The evolution of the vestibular apparatus according to the age of the infant.", "content": "In 56 full-tem A.G.A. infants and in 27 infants of a minimal age of 15 days with a neurological \"risk\" (full-term small for gestational age, S.G.A.), the nystagmic response to vestibular stimulation (rotatory and torsion swing test) was examined. A delay in the appearance of a response to the labyrinthic stimulus and a persistence of the prevalence of the slow phase of the nystagmus appeared clearly higher in the \"risk\" infants. The statistical difference of the response between the two groups was highly significant. This allowed us to conclude that the vestibular test appears to the one of the most useful in evaluating the sensorial maturation of S.G.A. infants.", "contents": "The evolution of the vestibular apparatus according to the age of the infant. In 56 full-tem A.G.A. infants and in 27 infants of a minimal age of 15 days with a neurological \"risk\" (full-term small for gestational age, S.G.A.), the nystagmic response to vestibular stimulation (rotatory and torsion swing test) was examined. A delay in the appearance of a response to the labyrinthic stimulus and a persistence of the prevalence of the slow phase of the nystagmus appeared clearly higher in the \"risk\" infants. The statistical difference of the response between the two groups was highly significant. This allowed us to conclude that the vestibular test appears to the one of the most useful in evaluating the sensorial maturation of S.G.A. infants.", "PMID": 553894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1634", "title": "Intractable paroxysmal sneezing: a conversion reaction of adolescence.", "content": "A case of recurrent paroxysmal sneezing in an adolescent girl is reported with a review of the literature. The mechanisms of sneezing are described. Most cases appear to have a psychogenic etiology. We postulate that this is a conversion symptom in which the patient received secondary gain and probably represents a pre-oedipal conflict.", "contents": "Intractable paroxysmal sneezing: a conversion reaction of adolescence. A case of recurrent paroxysmal sneezing in an adolescent girl is reported with a review of the literature. The mechanisms of sneezing are described. Most cases appear to have a psychogenic etiology. We postulate that this is a conversion symptom in which the patient received secondary gain and probably represents a pre-oedipal conflict.", "PMID": 553895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1635", "title": "Surgical treatment of late radiodermatitis (a four year experience with 53 cases).", "content": "The authors report their experience with the surgical treatment of 57 radiation lesions (53 patients). The clinical and pathological findings in late radiodermatitis are reported and proper surgical techniques are discussed in view of the various reconstructive difficulties encountered.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of late radiodermatitis (a four year experience with 53 cases). The authors report their experience with the surgical treatment of 57 radiation lesions (53 patients). The clinical and pathological findings in late radiodermatitis are reported and proper surgical techniques are discussed in view of the various reconstructive difficulties encountered.", "PMID": 553897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1636", "title": "Comparison between lymphographic findings and clinical follow-up in malignant melanoma.", "content": "The clinical developments in 23 patients with stage I melanoma of the lower limbs were followed over a 2 year period. The subjects were divided into two groups based on lymphographic findings (14 negative, 9 positive or dubious). All underwent excision of the primary tumor, but none underwent prophylactic lymphadenectomy. At the end of the 2 year period there were no significant differences in the clinical developments in the two groups.", "contents": "Comparison between lymphographic findings and clinical follow-up in malignant melanoma. The clinical developments in 23 patients with stage I melanoma of the lower limbs were followed over a 2 year period. The subjects were divided into two groups based on lymphographic findings (14 negative, 9 positive or dubious). All underwent excision of the primary tumor, but none underwent prophylactic lymphadenectomy. At the end of the 2 year period there were no significant differences in the clinical developments in the two groups.", "PMID": 553898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1637", "title": "A simple method for quantitative estimation of collagen type III to type I ratio in soft tissues.", "content": "In the present paper a relatively rapid and simple method for estimating the ratio of collagen type III to type I in soft tissues is proposed. The ratio Gly/Ala is determined in pure collagen samples obtained from pepsin digests of the tissues. Since this ratio varies linearly depending on the composition of the mixtures of the two collagen types, it is shown that the percentage content of the two collagen types is easily calculated.", "contents": "A simple method for quantitative estimation of collagen type III to type I ratio in soft tissues. In the present paper a relatively rapid and simple method for estimating the ratio of collagen type III to type I in soft tissues is proposed. The ratio Gly/Ala is determined in pure collagen samples obtained from pepsin digests of the tissues. Since this ratio varies linearly depending on the composition of the mixtures of the two collagen types, it is shown that the percentage content of the two collagen types is easily calculated.", "PMID": 553900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1638", "title": "Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysyl glycosides in adjuvant-induced arthritis.", "content": "The effect of adjuvant-induced arthritis on the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysyl glycosides (glc-gal-hyl and gal-hyl) was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats up to 70 days after the injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. In comparison with control animals the total urinary hydroxyproline is significantly increased in the arthritic rats at one day after injection, returns to normal level at one week and is further significantly increased between the 2nd to 7th week. The excretion of total glycosides in urine parallels the excretion of total hydroxyproline. However, the low ratio of glc-gal-hyl/gal-hyl provides circumstantial evidence in favour of the hypothesis of bone collagen degradation in the acute stage of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats (between 2 and 3 weeks), while high absolute values but normal ratios of glc-gal-hyl/gal-hyl suggest degradation of both bone and skin collagen in equal amounts between the 4th and 7th week. No significant differences are found between control and arthritic groups in the later part of the experiment.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysyl glycosides in adjuvant-induced arthritis. The effect of adjuvant-induced arthritis on the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysyl glycosides (glc-gal-hyl and gal-hyl) was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats up to 70 days after the injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. In comparison with control animals the total urinary hydroxyproline is significantly increased in the arthritic rats at one day after injection, returns to normal level at one week and is further significantly increased between the 2nd to 7th week. The excretion of total glycosides in urine parallels the excretion of total hydroxyproline. However, the low ratio of glc-gal-hyl/gal-hyl provides circumstantial evidence in favour of the hypothesis of bone collagen degradation in the acute stage of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats (between 2 and 3 weeks), while high absolute values but normal ratios of glc-gal-hyl/gal-hyl suggest degradation of both bone and skin collagen in equal amounts between the 4th and 7th week. No significant differences are found between control and arthritic groups in the later part of the experiment.", "PMID": 553901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1639", "title": "Phospholipid composition of photosynthetic membranes of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "The phospholipids and the fatty acids present in membranes of cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, grown photosynthetically in anaerobiosis, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The three phospholipids detected, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, contained about 80% of a single monounsaturated C18 fatty acid, cis-vaccenic acid. These membranes offer therefore a naturally occurring model system endowed with an extremely simplified phospholipid complement. The data indicate moreover that the biosynthetic pathway of unsaturated fatty acids present in these facultative aerobic bacteria proceeds only via the 3-hydroxydecanoyl acyl carrier protein dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.60).", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of photosynthetic membranes of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The phospholipids and the fatty acids present in membranes of cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, grown photosynthetically in anaerobiosis, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The three phospholipids detected, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, contained about 80% of a single monounsaturated C18 fatty acid, cis-vaccenic acid. These membranes offer therefore a naturally occurring model system endowed with an extremely simplified phospholipid complement. The data indicate moreover that the biosynthetic pathway of unsaturated fatty acids present in these facultative aerobic bacteria proceeds only via the 3-hydroxydecanoyl acyl carrier protein dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.60).", "PMID": 553902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1640", "title": "Survival and quality of recovery of patients with pertrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "The authors have reviewed two consecutive groups of 100 patients with pertrochanteric fractures of the femur. The first were treated conservatively and the second surgically. The subsequent results were subjected to statistical analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between the mortality rates in relation to treatment in the two groups but not in relation to age. A history of previous pathological disorders was found to exert a negative influence only in the conservatively treated cases. Fifty four per cent of the cases treated conservatively and 70 per cent of those treated by operation were able to lead completely independent lives. This was unfavourably affected by the age and preoperative pathological state of the patients only in the cases treated conservatively.", "contents": "Survival and quality of recovery of patients with pertrochanteric fractures of the femur. The authors have reviewed two consecutive groups of 100 patients with pertrochanteric fractures of the femur. The first were treated conservatively and the second surgically. The subsequent results were subjected to statistical analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between the mortality rates in relation to treatment in the two groups but not in relation to age. A history of previous pathological disorders was found to exert a negative influence only in the conservatively treated cases. Fifty four per cent of the cases treated conservatively and 70 per cent of those treated by operation were able to lead completely independent lives. This was unfavourably affected by the age and preoperative pathological state of the patients only in the cases treated conservatively.", "PMID": 553906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1641", "title": "Femoro-patellar arthrosis. Pathogenesis and surgical treatment.", "content": "The writers examine the anatomical and functional basis of pain in the knee due to imbalance of femoro-patellar pressures which cause arthrotic changes in the patella. The symptoms of this knee condition require very accurate assessment in view of its complex pathogenesis in order to arrive at the correct surgical treatment.", "contents": "Femoro-patellar arthrosis. Pathogenesis and surgical treatment. The writers examine the anatomical and functional basis of pain in the knee due to imbalance of femoro-patellar pressures which cause arthrotic changes in the patella. The symptoms of this knee condition require very accurate assessment in view of its complex pathogenesis in order to arrive at the correct surgical treatment.", "PMID": 553907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1642", "title": "High tibial osteotomy for arthrosis of the knee: general considerations and surgical technique.", "content": "High osteotomy of the tibia is now internationally recognised as the treatment of choice in most cases of osteoarthrosis of the knee in which surgery is indicated. It has been favourably reviewed in the recent specialist literature. The author describes two techniques in current use at the Orthopaedic Clinic at Trieste which have proved both reliable and rewarding.", "contents": "High tibial osteotomy for arthrosis of the knee: general considerations and surgical technique. High osteotomy of the tibia is now internationally recognised as the treatment of choice in most cases of osteoarthrosis of the knee in which surgery is indicated. It has been favourably reviewed in the recent specialist literature. The author describes two techniques in current use at the Orthopaedic Clinic at Trieste which have proved both reliable and rewarding.", "PMID": 553908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1643", "title": "Minor changes in the sodium dodecyl sulphate-gel electrophoresis periodic acid-Schiff-staining profiles of erythrocyte membranes in beta-thalassemia major.", "content": "The sialic acid content of the human erythrocyte membrane is higher in homozygous beta-thalassemia than in heterozygous and healthy donors. Analysis of the difference by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate and PAS staining failed to reveal significant variations in mobility and relative staining intensity of the main glycoprotein components, PAS-1, PAS-2 and PAS-3. The minor, although highly significant, changes which were recognized in the PAS pattern of beta-thalassemia patients compared with normal controls concerned the PAS-4 region and a shoulder trailing band PAS-2, which both increased in staining intensity relatively to the main sialocomponent PAS-1. Moreover, the shoulder was found to be more prominent in profiles from erythrocytes of blood group 0, in both normal and thalassemic subjects. The experimental data are discussed in the light of the presence of blood group ABH specific macroglycolipids in human erythrocytes (Dejter-Juszynski et al. 1978).", "contents": "Minor changes in the sodium dodecyl sulphate-gel electrophoresis periodic acid-Schiff-staining profiles of erythrocyte membranes in beta-thalassemia major. The sialic acid content of the human erythrocyte membrane is higher in homozygous beta-thalassemia than in heterozygous and healthy donors. Analysis of the difference by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate and PAS staining failed to reveal significant variations in mobility and relative staining intensity of the main glycoprotein components, PAS-1, PAS-2 and PAS-3. The minor, although highly significant, changes which were recognized in the PAS pattern of beta-thalassemia patients compared with normal controls concerned the PAS-4 region and a shoulder trailing band PAS-2, which both increased in staining intensity relatively to the main sialocomponent PAS-1. Moreover, the shoulder was found to be more prominent in profiles from erythrocytes of blood group 0, in both normal and thalassemic subjects. The experimental data are discussed in the light of the presence of blood group ABH specific macroglycolipids in human erythrocytes (Dejter-Juszynski et al. 1978).", "PMID": 553903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1644", "title": "Total prostheses without cement in osteoarthritis of the hip joint. (2nd paper). (24 cases: Mittelmeier's arthroprosthesis).", "content": "In this second paper on total prostheses of the hip without cement, we analyse the results of twenty four cases (one of them bilateral) in which Mittelmeier's prosthesis without cement was used. The results are considered encouraging. The indications are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of this type of arthroprosthesis are assessed.", "contents": "Total prostheses without cement in osteoarthritis of the hip joint. (2nd paper). (24 cases: Mittelmeier's arthroprosthesis). In this second paper on total prostheses of the hip without cement, we analyse the results of twenty four cases (one of them bilateral) in which Mittelmeier's prosthesis without cement was used. The results are considered encouraging. The indications are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of this type of arthroprosthesis are assessed.", "PMID": 553909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1645", "title": "Functional state of rat liver RNA polymerase IA and IB.", "content": "Phosphocellulose chromatography has been employed to characterize RNA polymerase I present in two different functional states in rat liver cells. The actively transcribing enzyme solubilized from nuclei appears to belong both to the IA and IB classes, whereas the non-transcribing enzyme present in the cytoplasmic fraction has been found to belong only to the IA class. Indirect and direct evidence indicates, however, that in isolated nuclei only the IB form is to be regarded as the physiological form of the enzyme, the IA form arising as a procedural artefact during the extraction process. It may, therefore, be concluded that rat liver IA and IB RNA polymerase are to be strictly regarded as the non-transcribing and transcribing form of the enzyme, respectively.", "contents": "Functional state of rat liver RNA polymerase IA and IB. Phosphocellulose chromatography has been employed to characterize RNA polymerase I present in two different functional states in rat liver cells. The actively transcribing enzyme solubilized from nuclei appears to belong both to the IA and IB classes, whereas the non-transcribing enzyme present in the cytoplasmic fraction has been found to belong only to the IA class. Indirect and direct evidence indicates, however, that in isolated nuclei only the IB form is to be regarded as the physiological form of the enzyme, the IA form arising as a procedural artefact during the extraction process. It may, therefore, be concluded that rat liver IA and IB RNA polymerase are to be strictly regarded as the non-transcribing and transcribing form of the enzyme, respectively.", "PMID": 553904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1646", "title": "The treatment of trochanteric fractures of the neck of the femur by Ender's nail.", "content": "The authors report the clinical and radiographic results obtained in the treatment of 138 patients with pertrochanteric fractures of the neck of the femur by Ender's elastic nail. This extremely simple method of treatment, which is within the scope of all surgeons, permits early recovery of function in the elderly patient and, even more important, early mobilisation in the upright stance, thereby preventing many of the surgical complications that can affect elderly patients.", "contents": "The treatment of trochanteric fractures of the neck of the femur by Ender's nail. The authors report the clinical and radiographic results obtained in the treatment of 138 patients with pertrochanteric fractures of the neck of the femur by Ender's elastic nail. This extremely simple method of treatment, which is within the scope of all surgeons, permits early recovery of function in the elderly patient and, even more important, early mobilisation in the upright stance, thereby preventing many of the surgical complications that can affect elderly patients.", "PMID": 553910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1647", "title": "The primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart: peptides obtained by cleavage with thermolysin and chymotrypsin.", "content": "The production, purification and analysis of peptide derived by digestion of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase with thermolysin and chymotrypsin are described. Despite the complexity of the peptide mixture obtained and the relative shortness of the fragments produced, these digests proved to be very useful for the completion of the primary structure determination of the enzyme. In fact, information for 87% of the total structure was contributed by thermolytic peptides, and for 89% by the chymotryptic ones. Moreover some of these peptides were essential for elucidating controversial points of the sequence.", "contents": "The primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart: peptides obtained by cleavage with thermolysin and chymotrypsin. The production, purification and analysis of peptide derived by digestion of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase with thermolysin and chymotrypsin are described. Despite the complexity of the peptide mixture obtained and the relative shortness of the fragments produced, these digests proved to be very useful for the completion of the primary structure determination of the enzyme. In fact, information for 87% of the total structure was contributed by thermolytic peptides, and for 89% by the chymotryptic ones. Moreover some of these peptides were essential for elucidating controversial points of the sequence.", "PMID": 553905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1648", "title": "Eosinophil granuloma of the scapula.", "content": "The writers present a case of eosinophil granuloma of the scapula. This is extremely rare at this site. They describe the clinical course, the unusual radiographic appearances, and the complete functional recovery following local resection.", "contents": "Eosinophil granuloma of the scapula. The writers present a case of eosinophil granuloma of the scapula. This is extremely rare at this site. They describe the clinical course, the unusual radiographic appearances, and the complete functional recovery following local resection.", "PMID": 553911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1649", "title": "The surgical treatment of lumbo-sacral coccygeal agenesis.", "content": "Vertebro-pelvic instability and deformities of the lower limbs are the main therapeutic problems in lumbo-sacral agenesis. The first of these can be solved conservatively with the aid of an orthopaedic corset; patients treated in this way have never reported visceral compression disturbances. In regard to the deformities of the lower limbs it is possible and preferable to perform corrective surgery rather than amputation. However, this is complicated by the possibility of ischaemic attacks as a result of stretching of the neurovascular bundle. Surgical treatment should be commenced at an early stage and be performed in the following order: knees, hips, feet. If the deformity is not long-established, extension of the knees can be achieved by simple posterior capsulotomy and tenotomy of the flexors followed by slow, gradual trans-skeletal traction applied over a period of approximately one month. Relapses, however, must be treated by double osteotomy (supracondylar of the femur and metaphyseal of the tibia) with removal of anterior wedges. Flexion relapses of the knees are common and require further surgery. Correction of the hip deformities is easy and we have never observed relapses of this deformity. When the deformities have been corrected and static function restored to the lower limbs, the patients can walk with elbow crutches and orthopaedic calipers by oscillating the trunk.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of lumbo-sacral coccygeal agenesis. Vertebro-pelvic instability and deformities of the lower limbs are the main therapeutic problems in lumbo-sacral agenesis. The first of these can be solved conservatively with the aid of an orthopaedic corset; patients treated in this way have never reported visceral compression disturbances. In regard to the deformities of the lower limbs it is possible and preferable to perform corrective surgery rather than amputation. However, this is complicated by the possibility of ischaemic attacks as a result of stretching of the neurovascular bundle. Surgical treatment should be commenced at an early stage and be performed in the following order: knees, hips, feet. If the deformity is not long-established, extension of the knees can be achieved by simple posterior capsulotomy and tenotomy of the flexors followed by slow, gradual trans-skeletal traction applied over a period of approximately one month. Relapses, however, must be treated by double osteotomy (supracondylar of the femur and metaphyseal of the tibia) with removal of anterior wedges. Flexion relapses of the knees are common and require further surgery. Correction of the hip deformities is easy and we have never observed relapses of this deformity. When the deformities have been corrected and static function restored to the lower limbs, the patients can walk with elbow crutches and orthopaedic calipers by oscillating the trunk.", "PMID": 553912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1650", "title": "A new type of distractor for the surgical correction of scoliosis and spondylolisthesis.", "content": "A distractor for the surgical correction of scoliosis is described. It comprises a threaded rod that runs inside a cannula. The distraction is achieved with special distraction forceps. Fixation is then secured by screwing a nut along the rod until it is in contact with the opening of the cannula. This distractor is not as simple as the Harrington device but it has a number of advantages. It is easier to apply in difficult surgical situations. The fixation mechanism is infallible. The lengthening is achieved more gradually. Slackening and removal are simple and always possible, and it is never necessary to section the rod with cutting shears.", "contents": "A new type of distractor for the surgical correction of scoliosis and spondylolisthesis. A distractor for the surgical correction of scoliosis is described. It comprises a threaded rod that runs inside a cannula. The distraction is achieved with special distraction forceps. Fixation is then secured by screwing a nut along the rod until it is in contact with the opening of the cannula. This distractor is not as simple as the Harrington device but it has a number of advantages. It is easier to apply in difficult surgical situations. The fixation mechanism is infallible. The lengthening is achieved more gradually. Slackening and removal are simple and always possible, and it is never necessary to section the rod with cutting shears.", "PMID": 553913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1651", "title": "Rigid fixation and early weight bearing in the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "The authors review eighty cases of pertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures of the femur treated surgically with the vitallium Jewett nail-plate between May 1975 and November 1977. They draw attention to the possibility offered by this fixation device of starting weight bearing at an early stage, a factor that is unanimously regarded as essential for rapid recovery in the elderly fracture patient. In fact, fifty-six patients commenced independent walking with some support within two weeks of operation. The fairly low incidence of complications (six in eighty operations), and the relative simplicity of the surgical technique, support the Jewett nail-plate as a suitable device for rigid fixation of trochanteric fractures of the neck of the femur.", "contents": "Rigid fixation and early weight bearing in the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures of the femur. The authors review eighty cases of pertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures of the femur treated surgically with the vitallium Jewett nail-plate between May 1975 and November 1977. They draw attention to the possibility offered by this fixation device of starting weight bearing at an early stage, a factor that is unanimously regarded as essential for rapid recovery in the elderly fracture patient. In fact, fifty-six patients commenced independent walking with some support within two weeks of operation. The fairly low incidence of complications (six in eighty operations), and the relative simplicity of the surgical technique, support the Jewett nail-plate as a suitable device for rigid fixation of trochanteric fractures of the neck of the femur.", "PMID": 553914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1652", "title": "External fixation devices in fractures of the leg.", "content": "External fixation devices, of which there are many types, represent a new and extremely effective method of fixation in fractures of the leg. These are extremely common, frequently severe and often complicated by a variety of other lesions. The usefulness of this method lies in the fact that they can be applied immediately with minimal additional trauma, and the fracture can be immobilised whilst leaving the damaged area uncovered and thus available to carry out repairs and reconstruction of the soft tissues. Mobilisation of the patient is not impeded, and they can be replaced by other more traditional methods as and when these may become more appropriate. The author presents his own views based on some ten years experience with external fixation devices in traumatology, with special reference to fractures of the tibia.", "contents": "External fixation devices in fractures of the leg. External fixation devices, of which there are many types, represent a new and extremely effective method of fixation in fractures of the leg. These are extremely common, frequently severe and often complicated by a variety of other lesions. The usefulness of this method lies in the fact that they can be applied immediately with minimal additional trauma, and the fracture can be immobilised whilst leaving the damaged area uncovered and thus available to carry out repairs and reconstruction of the soft tissues. Mobilisation of the patient is not impeded, and they can be replaced by other more traditional methods as and when these may become more appropriate. The author presents his own views based on some ten years experience with external fixation devices in traumatology, with special reference to fractures of the tibia.", "PMID": 553915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1653", "title": "Fat embolism as a cause of idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur. Review of forty five cases of post traumatic fat embolism.", "content": "It has been postulated in recent years that idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur may possibly be caused by arteriolar obstruction by fat emboli emanating from a fatty liver, which would act as a reservoir, due to various causes such as alcoholism and prolonged steroid therapy. A similar situation has been found in human pathology in post traumatic fat embolism. The writers have reviewed forty five cases of post traumatic fat embolism which had passed the pulmonary filter. All the cases were reviewed after a minimum of two years, since this is considered the minimum time within which necrosis can manifest itself radiologically. In none of these cases was there any evidence of necrosis of the head of the femur. These findings, supported by other critical considerations. do not lend support to the theory of fat embolism as a case of idiopathic bone necrosis.", "contents": "Fat embolism as a cause of idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur. Review of forty five cases of post traumatic fat embolism. It has been postulated in recent years that idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur may possibly be caused by arteriolar obstruction by fat emboli emanating from a fatty liver, which would act as a reservoir, due to various causes such as alcoholism and prolonged steroid therapy. A similar situation has been found in human pathology in post traumatic fat embolism. The writers have reviewed forty five cases of post traumatic fat embolism which had passed the pulmonary filter. All the cases were reviewed after a minimum of two years, since this is considered the minimum time within which necrosis can manifest itself radiologically. In none of these cases was there any evidence of necrosis of the head of the femur. These findings, supported by other critical considerations. do not lend support to the theory of fat embolism as a case of idiopathic bone necrosis.", "PMID": 553916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1654", "title": "Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas.", "content": "The authors report twenty five cases of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, illustrating the principal clinical, radiographic and histological features. The prognosis is particularly grave in this neoplasm: the only correct therapy is radical removal of the tumour by amputation or disarticulation.", "contents": "Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. The authors report twenty five cases of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, illustrating the principal clinical, radiographic and histological features. The prognosis is particularly grave in this neoplasm: the only correct therapy is radical removal of the tumour by amputation or disarticulation.", "PMID": 553917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1655", "title": "Histiocytic fibroma of bone (a study of 170 cases).", "content": "This study is based on 170 cases of histiocytic fibroma of bone. This is a metaphyseal hamartoma composed of histio-fibroblasts; it is completely benign, and affects children and adolescents. Because of their benign nature and characteristic radiographic appearance, which is almost always diagnostic, these tumours do not require surgery, except in rare forms that give rise to symptoms, or in which tthe radiographic appearances are atypical and clarification of the diagnosis is called for.", "contents": "Histiocytic fibroma of bone (a study of 170 cases). This study is based on 170 cases of histiocytic fibroma of bone. This is a metaphyseal hamartoma composed of histio-fibroblasts; it is completely benign, and affects children and adolescents. Because of their benign nature and characteristic radiographic appearance, which is almost always diagnostic, these tumours do not require surgery, except in rare forms that give rise to symptoms, or in which tthe radiographic appearances are atypical and clarification of the diagnosis is called for.", "PMID": 553918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1656", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials (S.E.P.) in slow pathological compression of the spinal cord.", "content": "Somatosensory evoked potentials (S.E.P.) were used to examine twelve patients who had slow compressive lesions of the spinal cord (ten cases of spondylotic myelopathy, one neurinoma, one metastasis of a vertebral body). 73 per cent of the recordings were found to be abnormally reduced in amplitude, and/or showed prolonged latency times aa regards the primary and secondary complex. Patients with a clinical lesion of the dorsal column showed a clear reduction in amplitude in the recordings (sometimes coupled with slowed latency), especially in the primary complex. Patients with symptoms indicative of an injury to the ventrolateral region of the spinal cord showed tracings with alterations most of all related to the secondary complex. In 76 per cent of cases, the somatosensory evoked potentials were in accordance with the level of the compression, the degree of invalidity, and the clinical picture.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials (S.E.P.) in slow pathological compression of the spinal cord. Somatosensory evoked potentials (S.E.P.) were used to examine twelve patients who had slow compressive lesions of the spinal cord (ten cases of spondylotic myelopathy, one neurinoma, one metastasis of a vertebral body). 73 per cent of the recordings were found to be abnormally reduced in amplitude, and/or showed prolonged latency times aa regards the primary and secondary complex. Patients with a clinical lesion of the dorsal column showed a clear reduction in amplitude in the recordings (sometimes coupled with slowed latency), especially in the primary complex. Patients with symptoms indicative of an injury to the ventrolateral region of the spinal cord showed tracings with alterations most of all related to the secondary complex. In 76 per cent of cases, the somatosensory evoked potentials were in accordance with the level of the compression, the degree of invalidity, and the clinical picture.", "PMID": 553919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1657", "title": "Microprocessor, self-recording and manual audiometry.", "content": "AC HTLs were measured on 12 normal-hearing young adults by (a) standardized manual, (b) self-recording (Bekesy), and (c) microprocessor audiometry stimulating standard manual procedure, to determine how threshold measurements would be affected by the 3 methods of testing when utilized in industrial hearing conservation programs for compliance with federal agency recommendations. Self-recording audiometry resulted in mean thresholds lower than standard manual audiometry by from 1-9 db; microprocessor audiometry resulted in thresholds higher than standard manual audiometry by from 0.2-4.4 db except at 4 kc/s where the microprocessor mean threshold was 3.8 db lower. Thus microprocessor audiometry more closely approximated audiometry by standard manual procedure. All 3 methods required 7-8 min per S for a 7-frequency audiogram on both ears.", "contents": "Microprocessor, self-recording and manual audiometry. AC HTLs were measured on 12 normal-hearing young adults by (a) standardized manual, (b) self-recording (Bekesy), and (c) microprocessor audiometry stimulating standard manual procedure, to determine how threshold measurements would be affected by the 3 methods of testing when utilized in industrial hearing conservation programs for compliance with federal agency recommendations. Self-recording audiometry resulted in mean thresholds lower than standard manual audiometry by from 1-9 db; microprocessor audiometry resulted in thresholds higher than standard manual audiometry by from 0.2-4.4 db except at 4 kc/s where the microprocessor mean threshold was 3.8 db lower. Thus microprocessor audiometry more closely approximated audiometry by standard manual procedure. All 3 methods required 7-8 min per S for a 7-frequency audiogram on both ears.", "PMID": 553920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1658", "title": "A comparison of clinical behavioral audiometry and autoregression analysis of EEG and heart rate in hearing-impaired children.", "content": "Autoregressive analysis, a statistical technique for detecting changes in electroencephalic (EEG) and heart rate (HR) data was compared with clinical behavioral audiometric results on 10 hearing-impaired children in schools for the hard of hearing and deaf. EEG and HR data were collected in a screening paradigm involving tones of .5, 1, and 4 kc/s at 80 db SPL in a free field. An index of reliability, or acceptable level of agreement, was set at 70%. This criterion was met 5 out of 6 times. For the EEG, agreements exceeded 70% at 1 and at 4 kc/s, and for HR at all 3 frequencies. Results suggest that the autoregressive approach yields data very similar to behavioral audiometry in this population. Continued exploration of autoregressive analysis of electrophysiologic indices in determining reactivity to tones is warranted, particularly since the statistical method can be used with younger infants.", "contents": "A comparison of clinical behavioral audiometry and autoregression analysis of EEG and heart rate in hearing-impaired children. Autoregressive analysis, a statistical technique for detecting changes in electroencephalic (EEG) and heart rate (HR) data was compared with clinical behavioral audiometric results on 10 hearing-impaired children in schools for the hard of hearing and deaf. EEG and HR data were collected in a screening paradigm involving tones of .5, 1, and 4 kc/s at 80 db SPL in a free field. An index of reliability, or acceptable level of agreement, was set at 70%. This criterion was met 5 out of 6 times. For the EEG, agreements exceeded 70% at 1 and at 4 kc/s, and for HR at all 3 frequencies. Results suggest that the autoregressive approach yields data very similar to behavioral audiometry in this population. Continued exploration of autoregressive analysis of electrophysiologic indices in determining reactivity to tones is warranted, particularly since the statistical method can be used with younger infants.", "PMID": 553921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1659", "title": "Some published data on auditory localization reanalyzed within the framework of a model proposed by Searle, Braida, Davis, and Colburn.", "content": "The model for auditory localization proposed by Searle et al (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1976, 60, 1164-1175) was predicated on several assumptions and on data from restricted sound source loci. For example, only those studies were included using frontal-median plane sources and Ss with restrained head movements. The authors noted, however, that the model's generality needed to be tested by use of paradigms that gathered data from positions all around the S, and with data in which variables other than those accounted for by the model were utilized. Two studies (Gatehouse and Cox, J. Audit. Res., 1972, 12, 179-183, Gatehouse, J. Audit. Res., 1976, 16, 265-273) had required Ss to identify the position of a loudspeaker in both azimuth and elevation stimultaneously from a matrix of as many as 60 loci, but data had been reported only in per cent correct. The present paper offers a reanalysis of these data using average error in the spherical coordinates system of the model. Average-error analysis proved to be a relatively powerful tool, confirming the model to that extent. For example, a significant superiority of binaural over monaural performance in vertical plane localization was extracted from the data. Again, it could be shown that broadband noise, as compared with pure tones, provides useful binaural information in both the horizontal and vertical planes. Use of the model in studies of complex localization tasks may answer some unresolved issues and inconsistencies found in the general localization literature.", "contents": "Some published data on auditory localization reanalyzed within the framework of a model proposed by Searle, Braida, Davis, and Colburn. The model for auditory localization proposed by Searle et al (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1976, 60, 1164-1175) was predicated on several assumptions and on data from restricted sound source loci. For example, only those studies were included using frontal-median plane sources and Ss with restrained head movements. The authors noted, however, that the model's generality needed to be tested by use of paradigms that gathered data from positions all around the S, and with data in which variables other than those accounted for by the model were utilized. Two studies (Gatehouse and Cox, J. Audit. Res., 1972, 12, 179-183, Gatehouse, J. Audit. Res., 1976, 16, 265-273) had required Ss to identify the position of a loudspeaker in both azimuth and elevation stimultaneously from a matrix of as many as 60 loci, but data had been reported only in per cent correct. The present paper offers a reanalysis of these data using average error in the spherical coordinates system of the model. Average-error analysis proved to be a relatively powerful tool, confirming the model to that extent. For example, a significant superiority of binaural over monaural performance in vertical plane localization was extracted from the data. Again, it could be shown that broadband noise, as compared with pure tones, provides useful binaural information in both the horizontal and vertical planes. Use of the model in studies of complex localization tasks may answer some unresolved issues and inconsistencies found in the general localization literature.", "PMID": 553922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1660", "title": "Reflex modulation and loudness recruitment.", "content": "Eyeblink reflexes to airpuffs to the orbit are inhibited by preliminary tones even of low intensity, and the amount of inhibition  or \"reflex modulation\" (RM) is correlated with tone loudness. Brief pure tones were presented 100 msec prior to an airpuff to the eye and eyeblink amplitude was recorded in 7 normal-hearing adults. Tones of several levels were either in quiet or in a white noise of 73.5 dbC. As tones increased in intensity, RM increased faster to stimulation in the masked than in the unmasked ear, simulating the classical \"pseudo-recruitment\" in the noise-masked ear. In addition, very rapid growth of RM was found at 4 kc/s in a patient with sensorineural impairment of 70 db at that frequency as compared with the RM from a frequency with normal HTL. These data confirm the potential of RM in the objective quantification of loudness recruitment.", "contents": "Reflex modulation and loudness recruitment. Eyeblink reflexes to airpuffs to the orbit are inhibited by preliminary tones even of low intensity, and the amount of inhibition  or \"reflex modulation\" (RM) is correlated with tone loudness. Brief pure tones were presented 100 msec prior to an airpuff to the eye and eyeblink amplitude was recorded in 7 normal-hearing adults. Tones of several levels were either in quiet or in a white noise of 73.5 dbC. As tones increased in intensity, RM increased faster to stimulation in the masked than in the unmasked ear, simulating the classical \"pseudo-recruitment\" in the noise-masked ear. In addition, very rapid growth of RM was found at 4 kc/s in a patient with sensorineural impairment of 70 db at that frequency as compared with the RM from a frequency with normal HTL. These data confirm the potential of RM in the objective quantification of loudness recruitment.", "PMID": 553924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1661", "title": "The Preyer reflex audiogram of several rodents, and its relation to the \"absolute\" audiogram in the rat.", "content": "Careful examination under a hand lens of the Preyer reflex in 7b mice, 4 voles, and 10 rats established thresholds from 4 up to 60 kc/s using an ionophone loudspeaker. Thresholds wre reliable, and the location of prounced species-specific sensitivity peaks agreed with those establised in the literature by conditioning and by electrophysiologic techniques. It would appear that such peaks coincide with frequency peaks in the vocalizations of these species. In 3 of the rats, conditioned (lever-pressing) audiograms were collected. These exhibited relatively greater sensitivity below 20 kc/s than has previously been reported, declining from 20 to 4 kc/s at only about 3 db/octave. From maximum at 20 kc/s to 40 kc/s sensitivity declined at about 12 db/octave, and from 40-60 kc/s at about 46 db/octave. At 4 and 10 kc/s the difference between the Preyer and the conditioned thresholds was constant (the Preyer about 80 db less sensitive), but at 20 kc/s and above, the reflex threshold appeared relatively and progressively higher. While the Preyer reflex is thus not necessarily a good predictor of the conditioned-response audiogram, it may come to be a useful index of loudness sensitivity.", "contents": "The Preyer reflex audiogram of several rodents, and its relation to the \"absolute\" audiogram in the rat. Careful examination under a hand lens of the Preyer reflex in 7b mice, 4 voles, and 10 rats established thresholds from 4 up to 60 kc/s using an ionophone loudspeaker. Thresholds wre reliable, and the location of prounced species-specific sensitivity peaks agreed with those establised in the literature by conditioning and by electrophysiologic techniques. It would appear that such peaks coincide with frequency peaks in the vocalizations of these species. In 3 of the rats, conditioned (lever-pressing) audiograms were collected. These exhibited relatively greater sensitivity below 20 kc/s than has previously been reported, declining from 20 to 4 kc/s at only about 3 db/octave. From maximum at 20 kc/s to 40 kc/s sensitivity declined at about 12 db/octave, and from 40-60 kc/s at about 46 db/octave. At 4 and 10 kc/s the difference between the Preyer and the conditioned thresholds was constant (the Preyer about 80 db less sensitive), but at 20 kc/s and above, the reflex threshold appeared relatively and progressively higher. While the Preyer reflex is thus not necessarily a good predictor of the conditioned-response audiogram, it may come to be a useful index of loudness sensitivity.", "PMID": 553926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1662", "title": "[OEstradiol and progesterone steroid hormone receptors in cancer of the endometrium. The significance of the progesterone receptor (author's transl)].", "content": "It would seem that the satisfactory way for the clinician to orientate the treatment by hormones in cancers of the endometrium lies in the presence at the same time of oestrogen and progesterone receptors and in particular of the latter. This applies when treating cancers of the endometrium with hormones in a way that is directed by chemical determination of hormone susceptibility.", "contents": "[OEstradiol and progesterone steroid hormone receptors in cancer of the endometrium. The significance of the progesterone receptor (author's transl)]. It would seem that the satisfactory way for the clinician to orientate the treatment by hormones in cancers of the endometrium lies in the presence at the same time of oestrogen and progesterone receptors and in particular of the latter. This applies when treating cancers of the endometrium with hormones in a way that is directed by chemical determination of hormone susceptibility.", "PMID": 553927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1663", "title": "[Screening for fetal growth abnormalities by measuring the skull and thoracic perimeters using real-time ultra-sound (author's transl)].", "content": "The object of this work is to demonstrate a new rapid method of working out the thoracic and skull perimeters iK the fetus using real time ultra-sound. Normal growth curves have been established as a result of 1955 measurements of the perimeters of the thorax and 729 measurements of the perimeters of the skull in 1344 patients pregnant with a single fetus. the gestational age had been checked by an ultra-sound examination between the 12th and the 20th week of the pregnancy. 43 newborn were light in weight below the 10th percentile on Lubchenco's curve. An analysis of these results shows that the diagnosis of growth abnormalities is made most efficiently by using the perimeter of the thorax. It is suggested that systematic and repeated use of this measurement in the third trimester of pregnancy is of value.", "contents": "[Screening for fetal growth abnormalities by measuring the skull and thoracic perimeters using real-time ultra-sound (author's transl)]. The object of this work is to demonstrate a new rapid method of working out the thoracic and skull perimeters iK the fetus using real time ultra-sound. Normal growth curves have been established as a result of 1955 measurements of the perimeters of the thorax and 729 measurements of the perimeters of the skull in 1344 patients pregnant with a single fetus. the gestational age had been checked by an ultra-sound examination between the 12th and the 20th week of the pregnancy. 43 newborn were light in weight below the 10th percentile on Lubchenco's curve. An analysis of these results shows that the diagnosis of growth abnormalities is made most efficiently by using the perimeter of the thorax. It is suggested that systematic and repeated use of this measurement in the third trimester of pregnancy is of value.", "PMID": 553929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1664", "title": "[An allometric study of the relative growth of the head and the body of the fetus and of the new born (author's transl)].", "content": "An allometric study of the relative growth of the head and the body of the fetus and of the newborn shows that there is a more rapid growth of the head in relationship to the length of the fetus before the 30th week of pregnancy and then there is a slowing down between the 30th and the 40th weeks, followed by a re-acceleration after birth for full term infants. This phenomenon is not shown in premature babies born before the 30th week of pregnancy who continue their head growth with the same speed after birth and slow down only for a short time near their theoretical term. These results led to a hypothesis being formed that cephalic growth is slowed down in the uterus because of steric (molecular) congestion, a slow-down that is slightly demonstrated in breech presentations and much later in very premature babies. This opens the way to a discussion on the final results of this phenomenon on the brain.", "contents": "[An allometric study of the relative growth of the head and the body of the fetus and of the new born (author's transl)]. An allometric study of the relative growth of the head and the body of the fetus and of the newborn shows that there is a more rapid growth of the head in relationship to the length of the fetus before the 30th week of pregnancy and then there is a slowing down between the 30th and the 40th weeks, followed by a re-acceleration after birth for full term infants. This phenomenon is not shown in premature babies born before the 30th week of pregnancy who continue their head growth with the same speed after birth and slow down only for a short time near their theoretical term. These results led to a hypothesis being formed that cephalic growth is slowed down in the uterus because of steric (molecular) congestion, a slow-down that is slightly demonstrated in breech presentations and much later in very premature babies. This opens the way to a discussion on the final results of this phenomenon on the brain.", "PMID": 553930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1665", "title": "[The obstetrical future of women who have been operated on for uterine synechiae. 107 cases operated on (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors undertake to show that the obstetric future of women who have been operated on for uterine synechiae is not as poor as would appear from previous publications. 59 p. 100 of 75 women who wanted to become pregnant did so and 46 p. 100 went on to have at least one living child. If one only takes into account those women who were able to be followed up, 71 p. 100 became pregnant and 55 p. 100 had pregnancies with a viable child. When women with only uterine synechiae and without an associated lesion were considered, 81 p. 100 of them became pregnant and 67 p. 100 had a viable child. From this it is important to screen for an associated lesion by laparoscopy. The authors also write about the value of hysteroscopy carried out to find synechiae more easily and to control the treatment.", "contents": "[The obstetrical future of women who have been operated on for uterine synechiae. 107 cases operated on (author's transl)]. The authors undertake to show that the obstetric future of women who have been operated on for uterine synechiae is not as poor as would appear from previous publications. 59 p. 100 of 75 women who wanted to become pregnant did so and 46 p. 100 went on to have at least one living child. If one only takes into account those women who were able to be followed up, 71 p. 100 became pregnant and 55 p. 100 had pregnancies with a viable child. When women with only uterine synechiae and without an associated lesion were considered, 81 p. 100 of them became pregnant and 67 p. 100 had a viable child. From this it is important to screen for an associated lesion by laparoscopy. The authors also write about the value of hysteroscopy carried out to find synechiae more easily and to control the treatment.", "PMID": 553931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1666", "title": "[\"In utero\" diagnosis of congenital fragilitas ossium (osteogenesis imperfecta) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of congenital fragilitas ossium diagnosed \"in utero\". The radiography of the fetus in the uterus showed bony abnormalities suggestive of Porak and Durante's disease. This early diagnosis is often useful because it will help to prevent trauma before and during delivery which is a principal cause of fetal death.", "contents": "[\"In utero\" diagnosis of congenital fragilitas ossium (osteogenesis imperfecta) (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of congenital fragilitas ossium diagnosed \"in utero\". The radiography of the fetus in the uterus showed bony abnormalities suggestive of Porak and Durante's disease. This early diagnosis is often useful because it will help to prevent trauma before and during delivery which is a principal cause of fetal death.", "PMID": 553932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1667", "title": "[The induction of labour by acupunctural electrostimulation. A new technique and one that is thirty centuries old; a preliminary study (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients had their labours induced by acupunctural electrostimulation. This method was successful in starting labour each time. Eight women delivered normally vaginally. One had a caesarean and had uterine contractions without dilatation of the cervix. Electrostimulation has also allowed us to perform acceleration of labour.", "contents": "[The induction of labour by acupunctural electrostimulation. A new technique and one that is thirty centuries old; a preliminary study (author's transl)]. Ten patients had their labours induced by acupunctural electrostimulation. This method was successful in starting labour each time. Eight women delivered normally vaginally. One had a caesarean and had uterine contractions without dilatation of the cervix. Electrostimulation has also allowed us to perform acceleration of labour.", "PMID": 553934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1668", "title": "[Listeria infection of a twin pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A Listeria infection of a twin pregnancy had induced a partus immaturus at 23 weeks. One foetus died in utero of a widespread foeto-placental granulomatosis, while the other one, dying sub-partu, showed only retroplacental abcesses. The unequal extent of the infection in the two placentas -- of diamniotic, dichorionic type -- is interpreted as different stages of the same disease; it could be due to a different resistance to the germ between the two dizygotic foetuses.", "contents": "[Listeria infection of a twin pregnancy (author's transl)]. A Listeria infection of a twin pregnancy had induced a partus immaturus at 23 weeks. One foetus died in utero of a widespread foeto-placental granulomatosis, while the other one, dying sub-partu, showed only retroplacental abcesses. The unequal extent of the infection in the two placentas -- of diamniotic, dichorionic type -- is interpreted as different stages of the same disease; it could be due to a different resistance to the germ between the two dizygotic foetuses.", "PMID": 553933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1669", "title": "The transfer of fatty acids across the sheep placenta.", "content": "Maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids and the profile of their fatty acids were measured in three catheterized and unanaesthetized sheep. Fetal concentrations of all three lipid fractions were low and did not correlate with maternal concentrations. There were no measurable umbilical venous-arterial differences. Linoleic acid concentrations were low in both mother and fetus. The fatty acid composition of fetal adipose tissue, liver, lung and cerebellum of five animals was analysed. Again linoleic acid levels were very low, but phospholipids contained 2-8% arachidonic acid. [14C] linoleic acid and [3H] palmitic acid were infused intravenously into three ewes. Only trace amounts of labelled fatty acids were found in fetal plasma and these were confined to the free fatty acids. 14C-label was incorporated into fetal tissue lipids, but most of this probably was due to fetal lipid synthesis from [14C] acetate or other water-soluble products of maternal [14C] linoleic acid catabolism. It is concluded that only trace amounts of fatty acids cross the sheep placenta. They are derived mainly from the maternal plasma free fatty acids and might just be sufficient to be the source of the small amounts of essential fatty acids found in the lamb fetus, but are insignificant in terms of energy supply or lipid storage.", "contents": "The transfer of fatty acids across the sheep placenta. Maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids and the profile of their fatty acids were measured in three catheterized and unanaesthetized sheep. Fetal concentrations of all three lipid fractions were low and did not correlate with maternal concentrations. There were no measurable umbilical venous-arterial differences. Linoleic acid concentrations were low in both mother and fetus. The fatty acid composition of fetal adipose tissue, liver, lung and cerebellum of five animals was analysed. Again linoleic acid levels were very low, but phospholipids contained 2-8% arachidonic acid. [14C] linoleic acid and [3H] palmitic acid were infused intravenously into three ewes. Only trace amounts of labelled fatty acids were found in fetal plasma and these were confined to the free fatty acids. 14C-label was incorporated into fetal tissue lipids, but most of this probably was due to fetal lipid synthesis from [14C] acetate or other water-soluble products of maternal [14C] linoleic acid catabolism. It is concluded that only trace amounts of fatty acids cross the sheep placenta. They are derived mainly from the maternal plasma free fatty acids and might just be sufficient to be the source of the small amounts of essential fatty acids found in the lamb fetus, but are insignificant in terms of energy supply or lipid storage.", "PMID": 553935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1670", "title": "Diffusion permeability and ultrafiltration-reflection-coefficients of Narand Cl- in the near-term placenta of the sheep.", "content": "Experiments were performed on unanaesthetized ewes in the last third of pregnancy. Fetuses and ewes had indwelling vascular catheters. In some of the experiments fetal urine was drained to the exterior by means of an indwelling vesicular catheter. Placental diffusion permeabilities were measured with 22Na+ and 36Cl- injected into eight fetuses. Volumes of distribution of Na+ and Cl- in the conceptus were Na+: 548 +/- 24, Cl-: 760 +/- 51 (ml/kg fetal wt +/- SEM). Diffusion permeabilities were Na+: 5.2 X 10(-3) +/- 0.3 X 10(-3), Cl-: 9.8 X 10(-3) +/- 0.9 X 10(-3) (ml.s-1.kg-1 +/- SEM). Ultrafiltration-reflection-coefficients of Na+ and Cl- in the placental exchange barrier were measured 17 times in seven fetuses with vesicular catheters. The transplacental e.m.f. was estimated from these results, on the assumption that the individual reflection-coefficients of Na+ should correlate with those of Cl-. The best estimate was -1.0 mV (fetus negative), and the best estimates of the placental reflection-coefficients were Na+: 0.83 and Cl-: 0.79. There was a reliable negative correlation (P < 0.01) between the calculated reflection-coefficients and the osmolality of the urine secreted by the fetus. This suggested that the concentration of vasopressin in fetal plasma affects the membrane characteristics of the placenta. The mean total osmotic force across the placental barrier of the sheep in these experiments was calculated to be 260 Pa (2 mmHg).", "contents": "Diffusion permeability and ultrafiltration-reflection-coefficients of Narand Cl- in the near-term placenta of the sheep. Experiments were performed on unanaesthetized ewes in the last third of pregnancy. Fetuses and ewes had indwelling vascular catheters. In some of the experiments fetal urine was drained to the exterior by means of an indwelling vesicular catheter. Placental diffusion permeabilities were measured with 22Na+ and 36Cl- injected into eight fetuses. Volumes of distribution of Na+ and Cl- in the conceptus were Na+: 548 +/- 24, Cl-: 760 +/- 51 (ml/kg fetal wt +/- SEM). Diffusion permeabilities were Na+: 5.2 X 10(-3) +/- 0.3 X 10(-3), Cl-: 9.8 X 10(-3) +/- 0.9 X 10(-3) (ml.s-1.kg-1 +/- SEM). Ultrafiltration-reflection-coefficients of Na+ and Cl- in the placental exchange barrier were measured 17 times in seven fetuses with vesicular catheters. The transplacental e.m.f. was estimated from these results, on the assumption that the individual reflection-coefficients of Na+ should correlate with those of Cl-. The best estimate was -1.0 mV (fetus negative), and the best estimates of the placental reflection-coefficients were Na+: 0.83 and Cl-: 0.79. There was a reliable negative correlation (P < 0.01) between the calculated reflection-coefficients and the osmolality of the urine secreted by the fetus. This suggested that the concentration of vasopressin in fetal plasma affects the membrane characteristics of the placenta. The mean total osmotic force across the placental barrier of the sheep in these experiments was calculated to be 260 Pa (2 mmHg).", "PMID": 553936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1671", "title": "Changes in the yield, and carbohydrate, lipid and protein content of milk during lactation in the rat.", "content": "The milk yield and composition was studied during the first three lactations of a group of rats. Milk yield increased steadily throughout the three lactations, but was somewhat lower during the first than subsequent lactations. Protein concentration was similar during all three lactations and varied little with stage of lactation. In contrast the lactose concentration, which was reasonably constant for the first 8 days post partum, increased thereafter two-fold by the end of the period studied in all three lactations. However, the N-acetyl-neuraminyl lactose concentration showed somewhat reciprocal changes. Considerable variations in the triacylglycerol concentration was found during the first lactation but few changes were observed during subsequent lactations. The free fatty acid concentration was at all times low and showed no significant changes during or between lactations. At most stages of lactation in raw milk, the major fatty acids are palmitate, oleate and linoleate. However, as lactation progresses there is an increase in the proportion of medium-chain saturated fatty acids and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of long chain unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Clearly the composition of milk is not invariable but changes both during and between lactations. Such changes may be expected to have some influence on the metabolism of the offspring.", "contents": "Changes in the yield, and carbohydrate, lipid and protein content of milk during lactation in the rat. The milk yield and composition was studied during the first three lactations of a group of rats. Milk yield increased steadily throughout the three lactations, but was somewhat lower during the first than subsequent lactations. Protein concentration was similar during all three lactations and varied little with stage of lactation. In contrast the lactose concentration, which was reasonably constant for the first 8 days post partum, increased thereafter two-fold by the end of the period studied in all three lactations. However, the N-acetyl-neuraminyl lactose concentration showed somewhat reciprocal changes. Considerable variations in the triacylglycerol concentration was found during the first lactation but few changes were observed during subsequent lactations. The free fatty acid concentration was at all times low and showed no significant changes during or between lactations. At most stages of lactation in raw milk, the major fatty acids are palmitate, oleate and linoleate. However, as lactation progresses there is an increase in the proportion of medium-chain saturated fatty acids and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of long chain unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Clearly the composition of milk is not invariable but changes both during and between lactations. Such changes may be expected to have some influence on the metabolism of the offspring.", "PMID": 553937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1672", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme transitions during skeletal differentiation in the mouse embryo.", "content": "(1) In the mouse embryo there are changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme pattern during the differentiation of cartilage and bone. (2) The specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase rises during chondrogenesis and falls during osteogenesis. (3) Identical isoenzyme transitions occur in parallel in both tissues: undifferentiated limb bud mesenchyme contains isoenzymes 1-5 whereas in both the cartilaginous and bony portions of a long bone developing from the mesenchyme, there is a progressive shift towards a predominance of the 'anaerobic' isoenzymes 4 and 5.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme transitions during skeletal differentiation in the mouse embryo. (1) In the mouse embryo there are changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme pattern during the differentiation of cartilage and bone. (2) The specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase rises during chondrogenesis and falls during osteogenesis. (3) Identical isoenzyme transitions occur in parallel in both tissues: undifferentiated limb bud mesenchyme contains isoenzymes 1-5 whereas in both the cartilaginous and bony portions of a long bone developing from the mesenchyme, there is a progressive shift towards a predominance of the 'anaerobic' isoenzymes 4 and 5.", "PMID": 553938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1673", "title": "On the presence of a ductus venosus in the fetal pig in late gestation.", "content": "Evidence is presented to show that there is a functional bypass in the liver of the fetal piglet between the umbilical vein and the posterior vena cava. Injections of labelled microspheres (14 micrometer) into the umbilical vein in six fetuses in late gestation resulted in the appearance of radioactivity in the arterial blood and throughout the tissues of all piglets. About 60% of the umbilical venous blood bypassed the liver whereas in a fetal foal, injection in a similar manner, no evidence for a shunt was found. Radiographic studies confirmed the presence of a large vascular connection, equivalent to the ductus venosus, between the umbilical vein and posterior vena cava in the fetal piglet.", "contents": "On the presence of a ductus venosus in the fetal pig in late gestation. Evidence is presented to show that there is a functional bypass in the liver of the fetal piglet between the umbilical vein and the posterior vena cava. Injections of labelled microspheres (14 micrometer) into the umbilical vein in six fetuses in late gestation resulted in the appearance of radioactivity in the arterial blood and throughout the tissues of all piglets. About 60% of the umbilical venous blood bypassed the liver whereas in a fetal foal, injection in a similar manner, no evidence for a shunt was found. Radiographic studies confirmed the presence of a large vascular connection, equivalent to the ductus venosus, between the umbilical vein and posterior vena cava in the fetal piglet.", "PMID": 553939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1674", "title": "Postnatal amino acid uptake by the rat small intestine. Energetics of membrane transport systems for amino acids in the developing jejunum.", "content": "The energetics of amino acid uptake by the developing small intestine was investigated in vitro. L-valine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, L-lysine and L-arginine were all actively transported by the newborn rat jejunum. Metabolic inhibitors (e.g. 2,4-dinitrophenol) significantly reduced uptake of all amino acids but uptake against a concentration gradient was not totally abolished. Uptake of all amino acids was reduced at low[Na+]. Inhibition of transport of neutral amino acids by reduced luminal [Na+] was greater than that of basic amino acids, and the tissue was barely able to concentrate the neutral amino acids. [Na+] affected the Michaelis constant (Km) of neutral transport systems for their substrates; for the basic amino acids Km values were unaffected by the presence or absence of Na+. Ouabain significantly inhibited neutral amino acid uptake but had no effect on L-lysine or L-arginine uptake. These results are discussed in terms of the Na+ gradient hypothesis for amino acid transport, and the site of energy input to active transport. The role of glycolysis in providing energy for intestinal transport in the neonatal rat and the efficiency of Na+ dependent and independent transport mechanisms are considered. It is concluded that the energetics of amino acid transport systems in neonatal and adult rats are essentially similar.", "contents": "Postnatal amino acid uptake by the rat small intestine. Energetics of membrane transport systems for amino acids in the developing jejunum. The energetics of amino acid uptake by the developing small intestine was investigated in vitro. L-valine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, L-lysine and L-arginine were all actively transported by the newborn rat jejunum. Metabolic inhibitors (e.g. 2,4-dinitrophenol) significantly reduced uptake of all amino acids but uptake against a concentration gradient was not totally abolished. Uptake of all amino acids was reduced at low[Na+]. Inhibition of transport of neutral amino acids by reduced luminal [Na+] was greater than that of basic amino acids, and the tissue was barely able to concentrate the neutral amino acids. [Na+] affected the Michaelis constant (Km) of neutral transport systems for their substrates; for the basic amino acids Km values were unaffected by the presence or absence of Na+. Ouabain significantly inhibited neutral amino acid uptake but had no effect on L-lysine or L-arginine uptake. These results are discussed in terms of the Na+ gradient hypothesis for amino acid transport, and the site of energy input to active transport. The role of glycolysis in providing energy for intestinal transport in the neonatal rat and the efficiency of Na+ dependent and independent transport mechanisms are considered. It is concluded that the energetics of amino acid transport systems in neonatal and adult rats are essentially similar.", "PMID": 553940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1675", "title": "Uterine uptake of amino acids and placental glutamine--glutamate balance in the pregnant ewe.", "content": "The uterine uptake of amino acids was studied in 10 pregnant sheep with gestational ages of 114-146 days. After recovery from surgery, arterial and uterine venous samples were drawn simultaneously via indwelling catheters and analysed for amino acid and oxygen content. In seven ewes, amino acid concentrations were measured by a chromatographic technique. In four ewes, glutamate and glutamine arterio-venous differences across the uterine and umbilical circulations were measured by an enzymatic method. The uptake of neutral and basic amino acids was 66 mumol/mmol O2 and 17.3 mumol/mmol O2, respectively. Comparison of uterine and umbilical uptake shows that the bulk of the neutral and basic amino acids taken up by the pregnant uterus are transferred to the fetus. there was no significant uptake of acidic amino acids (i.e. glutamate, aspartate and taurine). glutamate was delivered from the fetus to the placenta but excretion of glutamate into the uterine circulation was negligible. Glutamine and asparagine were delivered to the fetus in amount which were two to three times larger than the placental uptake of glutamate and aspartate. Therefore placental conversion of exogenous glutamate and aspartate to glutamine and asparagine cannot account entirely for the fetal uptake of these amino acids.", "contents": "Uterine uptake of amino acids and placental glutamine--glutamate balance in the pregnant ewe. The uterine uptake of amino acids was studied in 10 pregnant sheep with gestational ages of 114-146 days. After recovery from surgery, arterial and uterine venous samples were drawn simultaneously via indwelling catheters and analysed for amino acid and oxygen content. In seven ewes, amino acid concentrations were measured by a chromatographic technique. In four ewes, glutamate and glutamine arterio-venous differences across the uterine and umbilical circulations were measured by an enzymatic method. The uptake of neutral and basic amino acids was 66 mumol/mmol O2 and 17.3 mumol/mmol O2, respectively. Comparison of uterine and umbilical uptake shows that the bulk of the neutral and basic amino acids taken up by the pregnant uterus are transferred to the fetus. there was no significant uptake of acidic amino acids (i.e. glutamate, aspartate and taurine). glutamate was delivered from the fetus to the placenta but excretion of glutamate into the uterine circulation was negligible. Glutamine and asparagine were delivered to the fetus in amount which were two to three times larger than the placental uptake of glutamate and aspartate. Therefore placental conversion of exogenous glutamate and aspartate to glutamine and asparagine cannot account entirely for the fetal uptake of these amino acids.", "PMID": 553941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1676", "title": "Cretinism in Angora goats.", "content": "An outbreak of goitre and hypothyroidism in newborn Angora kids is described. the does had been grazing on lucerne from the time of mating and received a free-choice lick, which included iodine. Investigations revealed that the condition was iodine-responsive, and was probably caused by a goitrogen like thiocyanate.", "contents": "Cretinism in Angora goats. An outbreak of goitre and hypothyroidism in newborn Angora kids is described. the does had been grazing on lucerne from the time of mating and received a free-choice lick, which included iodine. Investigations revealed that the condition was iodine-responsive, and was probably caused by a goitrogen like thiocyanate.", "PMID": 553957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1677", "title": "The use of doxycycline in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis.", "content": "The use of doxycycline in the treatment of twenty dogs with canine ehrlichiosis is described. The drug was found to be effective even in cases which did not respond to treatment with oxytetracycline.", "contents": "The use of doxycycline in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis. The use of doxycycline in the treatment of twenty dogs with canine ehrlichiosis is described. The drug was found to be effective even in cases which did not respond to treatment with oxytetracycline.", "PMID": 553959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1678", "title": "The transmission of canine ehrlichiosis to the Wild Dog Lycaon pictus (Temminck) and Black-backed Jackal Canis mesomelas Schreber.", "content": "Canine ehrlichiosis was successfully transmitted from the domestic dog to three Wild Dogs Lycaon pictus and three Black-backed Jackals Canis mesomelas. Wild Dogs showed symptoms of anorexia and depression as well as anaemia, leucopaenia and mild thrombocytopaenia. Black-backed Jackals were asymptomatic. Morulae of Ehrlichicia canis were found in peripheral blood smears from all experimental animals. The disease was also successfully transmitted from Black-backed Jackal to the domestic dog.", "contents": "The transmission of canine ehrlichiosis to the Wild Dog Lycaon pictus (Temminck) and Black-backed Jackal Canis mesomelas Schreber. Canine ehrlichiosis was successfully transmitted from the domestic dog to three Wild Dogs Lycaon pictus and three Black-backed Jackals Canis mesomelas. Wild Dogs showed symptoms of anorexia and depression as well as anaemia, leucopaenia and mild thrombocytopaenia. Black-backed Jackals were asymptomatic. Morulae of Ehrlichicia canis were found in peripheral blood smears from all experimental animals. The disease was also successfully transmitted from Black-backed Jackal to the domestic dog.", "PMID": 553960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1679", "title": "Parvovirus as a cause of enteritis and myocarditis in puppies.", "content": "A gastro-enteritis syndrome mimicking feline panleukopaenia was diagnosed in young dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Parvovirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy in the faeces of these animals. In addition an acutely fatal, acute to sub-acute non-purulent interstitial myocarditis occurred in pups in the same area. Histopathologically large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in the myocardium of these cases. The two syndromes generally occurred separately, but in two cases were found in the same individuals. The literature on the subject is briefly reviewed and the clinical and pathological findings in these outbreaks are reported.", "contents": "Parvovirus as a cause of enteritis and myocarditis in puppies. A gastro-enteritis syndrome mimicking feline panleukopaenia was diagnosed in young dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Parvovirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy in the faeces of these animals. In addition an acutely fatal, acute to sub-acute non-purulent interstitial myocarditis occurred in pups in the same area. Histopathologically large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in the myocardium of these cases. The two syndromes generally occurred separately, but in two cases were found in the same individuals. The literature on the subject is briefly reviewed and the clinical and pathological findings in these outbreaks are reported.", "PMID": 553961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1680", "title": "Anthelmintic efficiency of fenbendazole in equines.", "content": "A single oral dose of fenbendazole (FBZ) at 10 mg/kg body mass was given to 5 donkeys. A further 5 donkeys were dosed with a medicated lick (1 mg FBZ/g lick) until the oral consumption was 10 mg/kg body mass. In both trials FBZ was highly effective against adults of the following genera: Cyathostomum, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Cylicodontophorus, Poteriostomum, Cabellonema, Craterostomum and Triodontophorus; similarly high efficiency was obtained against the following species: Habronema majus, Habronema musca, Strongylus vulgaris and Oxyuris equi and worms identified as belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae. These results were confirmed in horses and in addition FBZ at 10 mg/kg was highly effective against Gyalocephalus capitatus, Oesophagodontos robustus and Parascaris equorum.", "contents": "Anthelmintic efficiency of fenbendazole in equines. A single oral dose of fenbendazole (FBZ) at 10 mg/kg body mass was given to 5 donkeys. A further 5 donkeys were dosed with a medicated lick (1 mg FBZ/g lick) until the oral consumption was 10 mg/kg body mass. In both trials FBZ was highly effective against adults of the following genera: Cyathostomum, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Cylicodontophorus, Poteriostomum, Cabellonema, Craterostomum and Triodontophorus; similarly high efficiency was obtained against the following species: Habronema majus, Habronema musca, Strongylus vulgaris and Oxyuris equi and worms identified as belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae. These results were confirmed in horses and in addition FBZ at 10 mg/kg was highly effective against Gyalocephalus capitatus, Oesophagodontos robustus and Parascaris equorum.", "PMID": 553963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1681", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a complication of Babesia canis infection in the dog.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation is described as a complication of Babesia canis infection in the dog. B. canis infection in the dog is characterized as a mild (uncomplicated) or severe (complicated) disease. The clinical, coagulation and haematological, pathological and histopathological findings of the severe disease are described. Thrombocytopenia is reported as occurring in both the mild and severe forms of B. canis infection in the dog.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a complication of Babesia canis infection in the dog. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is described as a complication of Babesia canis infection in the dog. B. canis infection in the dog is characterized as a mild (uncomplicated) or severe (complicated) disease. The clinical, coagulation and haematological, pathological and histopathological findings of the severe disease are described. Thrombocytopenia is reported as occurring in both the mild and severe forms of B. canis infection in the dog.", "PMID": 553964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1682", "title": "Tick infestations and tick-borne diseases in Zimbabwe Rhodesia.", "content": "The distribution of tick species in Zimbabwe Rhodesia is significantly influenced by land utilization practices. The most commonly occurring species in the over-grazed tribal areas is Boophilus decoloratus. By contrast, well-managed commercial farms and ranches support a wide range of tick species, the most important of which is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Until recently tick-borne diseases of cattle were efficiently controlled through dipping. The low incidence of disease was an important factor contributing to over-grazing in tribal areas. Between 1973 and 1978 political unrest resulted in a collapse of the dipping service in tribal areas. Populations of B. decoloratus built up and outbreaks of babesiosis and anaplasmosis occurred, normally between one and three years after the cessation of dipping. Reduced grazing pressure after the initial disease waves resulted in increased grass cover, allowing species such as R. appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum to become re-established. Outbreaks of theileriosis and heartwater usually followed, decimating the already depleted herds. The heavy cattle mortality resulted from lack of immunity to tick-borne diseases, as a result of efficient disease control through dipping in previous years.", "contents": "Tick infestations and tick-borne diseases in Zimbabwe Rhodesia. The distribution of tick species in Zimbabwe Rhodesia is significantly influenced by land utilization practices. The most commonly occurring species in the over-grazed tribal areas is Boophilus decoloratus. By contrast, well-managed commercial farms and ranches support a wide range of tick species, the most important of which is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Until recently tick-borne diseases of cattle were efficiently controlled through dipping. The low incidence of disease was an important factor contributing to over-grazing in tribal areas. Between 1973 and 1978 political unrest resulted in a collapse of the dipping service in tribal areas. Populations of B. decoloratus built up and outbreaks of babesiosis and anaplasmosis occurred, normally between one and three years after the cessation of dipping. Reduced grazing pressure after the initial disease waves resulted in increased grass cover, allowing species such as R. appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum to become re-established. Outbreaks of theileriosis and heartwater usually followed, decimating the already depleted herds. The heavy cattle mortality resulted from lack of immunity to tick-borne diseases, as a result of efficient disease control through dipping in previous years.", "PMID": 553966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1683", "title": "Observations on the pathogenesis of anaplasmosis in cattle with particular reference to nutrition, breed and age.", "content": "Experiments are described to examine the pathogenesis of anaplasmosis in Bos indicus cattle with particular emphasis on nutrition, breed and age. The disease seemed to be less severe in animals under a poor plane of nutrition. Breed was shown to have little effect and there was an age resistance. Natural transmission in Bos indicus calves occurred with ease in endemic areas. This indicated that the introduction of Bos indicus cattle should not adversely affect enzootic stability.", "contents": "Observations on the pathogenesis of anaplasmosis in cattle with particular reference to nutrition, breed and age. Experiments are described to examine the pathogenesis of anaplasmosis in Bos indicus cattle with particular emphasis on nutrition, breed and age. The disease seemed to be less severe in animals under a poor plane of nutrition. Breed was shown to have little effect and there was an age resistance. Natural transmission in Bos indicus calves occurred with ease in endemic areas. This indicated that the introduction of Bos indicus cattle should not adversely affect enzootic stability.", "PMID": 553967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1684", "title": "Ixodicidal resistance in Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) in the Republic of South Africa and Transkei.", "content": "A series of in vitro trials using unfed larvae and fully fed adult ticks confirmed ixodicidal resistance in the one-host Pantropical Blue Tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Fifty-seven of 64 field isolates were resistant to arsenic; 10 of 56 were resistant to toxaphene; 1 of 5 were resistant to lindane; 3 of 5 were resistant to dieldrin; 3 of 19 were resistant to DDT and 8 of 55 were resistant to the organophosphorus ixodicide, dioxathion. One of the field isolates resistant to dioxathion was also highly resistant to the carbamate, carbaryl, and to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos and diazinon. A second was resistant to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos, diazinon, carbophenothion, dicrotophos, ethion, fenitrothion and quintiofos. Low levels of resistance, less than 3X, were shown to chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos. No resistance was shown to chlorpyrifos, bromophos ethyl or the diamidine ixodicide, amitraz. In hand-spraying trials no variation in the susceptibility of an organophosphorus resistant strain or the susceptible laboratory strain to amitraz was observed. This is the first recorded resistance to ixodicides by B. microplus in Africa.", "contents": "Ixodicidal resistance in Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) in the Republic of South Africa and Transkei. A series of in vitro trials using unfed larvae and fully fed adult ticks confirmed ixodicidal resistance in the one-host Pantropical Blue Tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Fifty-seven of 64 field isolates were resistant to arsenic; 10 of 56 were resistant to toxaphene; 1 of 5 were resistant to lindane; 3 of 5 were resistant to dieldrin; 3 of 19 were resistant to DDT and 8 of 55 were resistant to the organophosphorus ixodicide, dioxathion. One of the field isolates resistant to dioxathion was also highly resistant to the carbamate, carbaryl, and to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos and diazinon. A second was resistant to the organophosphorus ixodicides benoxophos, diazinon, carbophenothion, dicrotophos, ethion, fenitrothion and quintiofos. Low levels of resistance, less than 3X, were shown to chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos. No resistance was shown to chlorpyrifos, bromophos ethyl or the diamidine ixodicide, amitraz. In hand-spraying trials no variation in the susceptibility of an organophosphorus resistant strain or the susceptible laboratory strain to amitraz was observed. This is the first recorded resistance to ixodicides by B. microplus in Africa.", "PMID": 553968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1685", "title": "Some aspects of the epidemiology of equine babesiosis.", "content": "The sex, coat colour, age, province and month of occurrence of every case of babesiosis was recorded in a horse population of 5856 in South Africa and Rhodesia. A total of 115 cases were recorded during the period 1973-01-01 to 1973-12-31. Chisquared tests were used to evaluate the significance of frequencies. Significant biases in the distribution of cases of babesiosis were found with regard to season (P < 0,05), sex (P < 0,001) and coat colour (P < 0.01).", "contents": "Some aspects of the epidemiology of equine babesiosis. The sex, coat colour, age, province and month of occurrence of every case of babesiosis was recorded in a horse population of 5856 in South Africa and Rhodesia. A total of 115 cases were recorded during the period 1973-01-01 to 1973-12-31. Chisquared tests were used to evaluate the significance of frequencies. Significant biases in the distribution of cases of babesiosis were found with regard to season (P < 0,05), sex (P < 0,001) and coat colour (P < 0.01).", "PMID": 553969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1686", "title": "Experimental therapy of theileriosis.", "content": "A tissue culture method was used to screen compounds for activity against Theileria parva, and demonstrated that the hydroxy-alkylated naphthoquinones, 'menoctone' and 993C were highly active, with ED50 values around 0,005 mg/l. When injected into cattle artificially infected the T. parva, menoctone cured all of 7 cattle at a total dosage of 10 mg/kg injected intravenously (i.v.). A further trial showed that injection of menoctone, 10 mg/kg, as a single dose gby the intramuscular (i.m.) route was more effective than when a similar dose was given by the i.v. route. Titration of serum from these cattle in the in vitro system showed that inhibitory levels of drug persisted for three days after i.v. injection and six days when menoctone was injected i.m. The minimum effective dose level of 993C was 20 mg/kg i.m. either as a single dose, or as two doses of 10 mg/kg with an interval of 48 hours.", "contents": "Experimental therapy of theileriosis. A tissue culture method was used to screen compounds for activity against Theileria parva, and demonstrated that the hydroxy-alkylated naphthoquinones, 'menoctone' and 993C were highly active, with ED50 values around 0,005 mg/l. When injected into cattle artificially infected the T. parva, menoctone cured all of 7 cattle at a total dosage of 10 mg/kg injected intravenously (i.v.). A further trial showed that injection of menoctone, 10 mg/kg, as a single dose gby the intramuscular (i.m.) route was more effective than when a similar dose was given by the i.v. route. Titration of serum from these cattle in the in vitro system showed that inhibitory levels of drug persisted for three days after i.v. injection and six days when menoctone was injected i.m. The minimum effective dose level of 993C was 20 mg/kg i.m. either as a single dose, or as two doses of 10 mg/kg with an interval of 48 hours.", "PMID": 553970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1687", "title": "Field experience with heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium) in cattle.", "content": "Observations are reported on 2743 animals immunised against heartwater since 1958. The methods of immunisation and control of reactions are discussed. This procedure is not without risk and 0,83% of the animals died in spite of treatment. Bos indicus breeds appear to have a greater resistance to heartwater and are relatively easy to immunise. Of the Box taurus breeds the South Devon, the Jersey and the Charolais seem to be particularly susceptible. Older animals and pregnant cows are considered to be in the high risk category.", "contents": "Field experience with heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium) in cattle. Observations are reported on 2743 animals immunised against heartwater since 1958. The methods of immunisation and control of reactions are discussed. This procedure is not without risk and 0,83% of the animals died in spite of treatment. Bos indicus breeds appear to have a greater resistance to heartwater and are relatively easy to immunise. Of the Box taurus breeds the South Devon, the Jersey and the Charolais seem to be particularly susceptible. Older animals and pregnant cows are considered to be in the high risk category.", "PMID": 553971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1688", "title": "Preliminary observations on the combined use of imidocarb and Babesia blood vaccine in cattle.", "content": "Imidocarb was used by three different methods to control reactions in cattle induced by a Babesia blood vaccine produced in South Africa. Simultaneous administration of 0,15 mg/kg imidocarb and Babesia bovis vaccine gave satisfactory control. When the vaccine was given seven days prior to the imidocarb treatment a dose between 0,15 mg/kg and 0,6 mg/kg imidocarb was required for effective control. A combined B. bovis and Babesia bigemina vaccine given at 21 and again 61 days after a 3 mg/kg imidocarb treatment allowed the development of an adequate premunity to both these parasites.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the combined use of imidocarb and Babesia blood vaccine in cattle. Imidocarb was used by three different methods to control reactions in cattle induced by a Babesia blood vaccine produced in South Africa. Simultaneous administration of 0,15 mg/kg imidocarb and Babesia bovis vaccine gave satisfactory control. When the vaccine was given seven days prior to the imidocarb treatment a dose between 0,15 mg/kg and 0,6 mg/kg imidocarb was required for effective control. A combined B. bovis and Babesia bigemina vaccine given at 21 and again 61 days after a 3 mg/kg imidocarb treatment allowed the development of an adequate premunity to both these parasites.", "PMID": 553972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1689", "title": "Investigations on the natural and acquired resistance of cattle to artificial infection with Cowdria ruminantium.", "content": "Sixty cattle, artificially immunized against C. ruminantium, were challenged 3, 6, 12 and 24 months later. Levels of conglutinin were determined in pre-immunization serum samples. There appeared to be a relationship between the pre-infection levels of conglutinin and the susceptibility of the animals to heartwater: At the time of immunization 31 out of 60 cattle (51,6%) with levels in the low-titre range (1:100-1:160) showed a typical febrile response, whereas 29 (48,4%) with conglutinin levels in the high-titre range (1:320 and higher) were either fully or partially resistant. Except for 2 animals that developed mild febrile reactions when they were challenged 2 years after artificial immunization, all the cattle were fully resistant to challenge with C. ruminantium infected sheep blood. It can be concluded that in this experiment cattle retained their immunity to heartwater for at least 2 years in the absence of reinfection.", "contents": "Investigations on the natural and acquired resistance of cattle to artificial infection with Cowdria ruminantium. Sixty cattle, artificially immunized against C. ruminantium, were challenged 3, 6, 12 and 24 months later. Levels of conglutinin were determined in pre-immunization serum samples. There appeared to be a relationship between the pre-infection levels of conglutinin and the susceptibility of the animals to heartwater: At the time of immunization 31 out of 60 cattle (51,6%) with levels in the low-titre range (1:100-1:160) showed a typical febrile response, whereas 29 (48,4%) with conglutinin levels in the high-titre range (1:320 and higher) were either fully or partially resistant. Except for 2 animals that developed mild febrile reactions when they were challenged 2 years after artificial immunization, all the cattle were fully resistant to challenge with C. ruminantium infected sheep blood. It can be concluded that in this experiment cattle retained their immunity to heartwater for at least 2 years in the absence of reinfection.", "PMID": 553974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1690", "title": "Bovine babesiosis: steps towards an irradiated vaccine.", "content": "A series of experiments leading towards the field trial of an irradiated blood-derived vaccine against Babesia divergens, common cause of redwater in cattle in Europe, is described. Initially a number of isolates of B. divergens were made from the blood of sick animals in a variety of localities in the british Isles. These isolates were cryopreserved and then characterised by inoculation into groups of spenectomised Friesian calves, whose reactions were statistically analysed. Attempts were made to prepare a vaccine against B. divergens infection using diluted infected blood, but when these failed it was found that irradiation of infected blood within the range of 24 to 32 kilorads and its intravenous inoculation into calves produced the required immune response without pathogenic effects. An irradiated blood-derived vaccine produced by the irradiation of infected blood at 25 or 30 kilorads was used in a field trial in Ireland, and vaccinated calves were protected against a field challenge which caused redwater in 10 control cattle, six of which had severe reactions.", "contents": "Bovine babesiosis: steps towards an irradiated vaccine. A series of experiments leading towards the field trial of an irradiated blood-derived vaccine against Babesia divergens, common cause of redwater in cattle in Europe, is described. Initially a number of isolates of B. divergens were made from the blood of sick animals in a variety of localities in the british Isles. These isolates were cryopreserved and then characterised by inoculation into groups of spenectomised Friesian calves, whose reactions were statistically analysed. Attempts were made to prepare a vaccine against B. divergens infection using diluted infected blood, but when these failed it was found that irradiation of infected blood within the range of 24 to 32 kilorads and its intravenous inoculation into calves produced the required immune response without pathogenic effects. An irradiated blood-derived vaccine produced by the irradiation of infected blood at 25 or 30 kilorads was used in a field trial in Ireland, and vaccinated calves were protected against a field challenge which caused redwater in 10 control cattle, six of which had severe reactions.", "PMID": 553975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1691", "title": "Therapeutic implications of Babesia canis infection in dogs.", "content": "The therapeutic regime used in the treatment of dogs with Babesia canis infection differed between dogs with mild (uncomplicated) and severe (complicated) disease. In addition to the treatment given to dogs with mild disease, the dogs with severe disease received intravenous fluids, heparin and blood transfusion together with other supportive measures. Mortalities occurred only in the group with severe disease and were attributed to disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Therapeutic implications of Babesia canis infection in dogs. The therapeutic regime used in the treatment of dogs with Babesia canis infection differed between dogs with mild (uncomplicated) and severe (complicated) disease. In addition to the treatment given to dogs with mild disease, the dogs with severe disease received intravenous fluids, heparin and blood transfusion together with other supportive measures. Mortalities occurred only in the group with severe disease and were attributed to disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 553976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1692", "title": "Epidemiology and control of anaplasmosis in Australia.", "content": "Anaplasmosis occurs in those areas of northern and eastern Australia infested by the cattle tick Boophilus microplus but it has been studied intensively only in Queensland. Anaplasmosis is predominantly a disease of autumn and winter and of cattle greater than 1 year of age. The complement fixation test has been used in serological surveys of the tick-infested areas of the state. Both clinical and subclinical infections occur only in tick-infested areas and they are both more frequent in Bos taurus than in Bos indicus cattle probably due to the greater susceptibility of the former to ticks. Prevalence of infection is significantly greater in cattle exposed to heavy tick infestations than it is in cattle exposed to light tick infestations. B. microplus is considered to be the main vector with transmission being effected by transtadial and intrastadial but not transovarial means. Transtadial transmission by Rhipicephalus sanguineus has been demonstrated but attempts to demonstrate transmission by Haemaphysalis longicornis were unsuccessful. Vaccination with Anaplasma centrale is employed either as a routine preventative measure in young cattle or in the face of an outbreak. Attempts to attenuate a strain of A. marginale by adapting it to sheep were unsuccessful. Oxytetracycline and imidocarb have been used successfully to control the clinical disease.", "contents": "Epidemiology and control of anaplasmosis in Australia. Anaplasmosis occurs in those areas of northern and eastern Australia infested by the cattle tick Boophilus microplus but it has been studied intensively only in Queensland. Anaplasmosis is predominantly a disease of autumn and winter and of cattle greater than 1 year of age. The complement fixation test has been used in serological surveys of the tick-infested areas of the state. Both clinical and subclinical infections occur only in tick-infested areas and they are both more frequent in Bos taurus than in Bos indicus cattle probably due to the greater susceptibility of the former to ticks. Prevalence of infection is significantly greater in cattle exposed to heavy tick infestations than it is in cattle exposed to light tick infestations. B. microplus is considered to be the main vector with transmission being effected by transtadial and intrastadial but not transovarial means. Transtadial transmission by Rhipicephalus sanguineus has been demonstrated but attempts to demonstrate transmission by Haemaphysalis longicornis were unsuccessful. Vaccination with Anaplasma centrale is employed either as a routine preventative measure in young cattle or in the face of an outbreak. Attempts to attenuate a strain of A. marginale by adapting it to sheep were unsuccessful. Oxytetracycline and imidocarb have been used successfully to control the clinical disease.", "PMID": 553977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1693", "title": "The preservation of surface-associated micro-organisms prepared for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become a popular means of studying micro-organisms which associate with surfaces. However, as yet no detailed examination has been made of the influence of specimen preparation on the number of organisms finally seen on the SEM screen. In this investigation critical assessment is made of the influence of a wide range or preparative factors on the preservation of filamentous bacteria associated with the epithelial surfaces of rat intestine. Organisms were quantitated using a rigorous counting method (transect line analysis); statistical testing of these counts enabled the comparison of different preparative factors. The composition of the fixative was found to significantly influence the number of organisms preserved; of the fifteen fixatives studied, Karnovsky's fixative with ruthenium red best preserved surface-associated organisms. The influence of other factors on the number and appearance of preserved organisms was also examined. These factors included the washing of specimens prior to fixation, the storage of fixed specimens, and the handling and storage of critical point dried specimens. The results are discussed with reference to the optimal methods for preparing specimens for SEM.", "contents": "The preservation of surface-associated micro-organisms prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become a popular means of studying micro-organisms which associate with surfaces. However, as yet no detailed examination has been made of the influence of specimen preparation on the number of organisms finally seen on the SEM screen. In this investigation critical assessment is made of the influence of a wide range or preparative factors on the preservation of filamentous bacteria associated with the epithelial surfaces of rat intestine. Organisms were quantitated using a rigorous counting method (transect line analysis); statistical testing of these counts enabled the comparison of different preparative factors. The composition of the fixative was found to significantly influence the number of organisms preserved; of the fifteen fixatives studied, Karnovsky's fixative with ruthenium red best preserved surface-associated organisms. The influence of other factors on the number and appearance of preserved organisms was also examined. These factors included the washing of specimens prior to fixation, the storage of fixed specimens, and the handling and storage of critical point dried specimens. The results are discussed with reference to the optimal methods for preparing specimens for SEM.", "PMID": 553978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1694", "title": "A device for the reproducible spreading of cryoultramicrotome sections.", "content": "A device has been designed and constructed to electrically heat frozen sucrose solution droplets within the cryochamber of a cryomicrotome. This ensures that the solution liquefies to spread the sections before they melt and collapse, and allows many more sections to be cut continuously.", "contents": "A device for the reproducible spreading of cryoultramicrotome sections. A device has been designed and constructed to electrically heat frozen sucrose solution droplets within the cryochamber of a cryomicrotome. This ensures that the solution liquefies to spread the sections before they melt and collapse, and allows many more sections to be cut continuously.", "PMID": 553979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1695", "title": "A tilt-stage designed for light microscopic stereoscopy.", "content": "This contribution describes in detail the construction and utilization of a reasonable priced, fully adjustable, tilt-stage for light microscopic stereoscopy of neurons tissue prepared by modified Golgi methods.", "contents": "A tilt-stage designed for light microscopic stereoscopy. This contribution describes in detail the construction and utilization of a reasonable priced, fully adjustable, tilt-stage for light microscopic stereoscopy of neurons tissue prepared by modified Golgi methods.", "PMID": 553980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1696", "title": "[Parasitosis and zoonosis in mice and rats caught in and around Beytepe Village (author's transl)].", "content": "This helmintho-zoonotic investigation has been made on 106 mice and rats from different species caught in and around of Beytepe Village, these animals are reservoirs for a number of zoonotic parasites and most of these parasites are causative agents of zoonosis in man. The parasites found and their prevalences are; Sphacia obvelata: 42.4%, Sphacia muris: 28.3%, Aspicularis tetraptera: 14.1%, Ascaris lumbricoides (Pseudo.) 2.8%, Gongylonema neoplasticum: 1.8% Trichuris muris: 6.6%, Capillaria gastrica: 2.8%, Taenia pisiformis(lar.) 3.7%, Taenia taeniformis (1.) 3.7%, Hymenolepis nana: 5.6% Hymenolepis diminuta 3.7%.", "contents": "[Parasitosis and zoonosis in mice and rats caught in and around Beytepe Village (author's transl)]. This helmintho-zoonotic investigation has been made on 106 mice and rats from different species caught in and around of Beytepe Village, these animals are reservoirs for a number of zoonotic parasites and most of these parasites are causative agents of zoonosis in man. The parasites found and their prevalences are; Sphacia obvelata: 42.4%, Sphacia muris: 28.3%, Aspicularis tetraptera: 14.1%, Ascaris lumbricoides (Pseudo.) 2.8%, Gongylonema neoplasticum: 1.8% Trichuris muris: 6.6%, Capillaria gastrica: 2.8%, Taenia pisiformis(lar.) 3.7%, Taenia taeniformis (1.) 3.7%, Hymenolepis nana: 5.6% Hymenolepis diminuta 3.7%.", "PMID": 553997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1697", "title": "[Studies on atopic allergic dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "Atopic eczema cases due to S. aureus, the results of immunodiffision analyses of serum samples from the patients, the staphylococcal antibodies before and after the immunisation with different staphylococcal vaccines are discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on atopic allergic dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus antigens (author's transl)]. Atopic eczema cases due to S. aureus, the results of immunodiffision analyses of serum samples from the patients, the staphylococcal antibodies before and after the immunisation with different staphylococcal vaccines are discussed.", "PMID": 553998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1698", "title": "[The effects of cockroach antigen in allergic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study the skin test with cockroach antigen was employed to 125 allergic patients and 100 normal individuals. 36% of the allergic patients and 13% of the other group gave positive skin reaction. In 45 patients with positive skin tests to cockroach antigen sensitivity to house-dust antigen was also determined. The results of tests with these two antigens were compared.", "contents": "[The effects of cockroach antigen in allergic patients (author's transl)]. In this study the skin test with cockroach antigen was employed to 125 allergic patients and 100 normal individuals. 36% of the allergic patients and 13% of the other group gave positive skin reaction. In 45 patients with positive skin tests to cockroach antigen sensitivity to house-dust antigen was also determined. The results of tests with these two antigens were compared.", "PMID": 553999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1699", "title": "[Antigenic relationships between S. cholerae-suis 211, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 1350, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 5210, and S. thompson strains (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper a common antigenic factor between S. cholerae-suis 211, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 1350, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 5210 was shown by absorption and agglutination tests. This common antigenic factor was not present in S. thompson.", "contents": "[Antigenic relationships between S. cholerae-suis 211, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 1350, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 5210, and S. thompson strains (author's transl)]. In this paper a common antigenic factor between S. cholerae-suis 211, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 1350, S. cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf 5210 was shown by absorption and agglutination tests. This common antigenic factor was not present in S. thompson.", "PMID": 554000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1700", "title": "Science as creative activity.", "content": "Science in the evolutionary world system. Science as group activity. Creativity as natural phenomenon. Psycho-socio-historical account of scientific work. Creative changes in physics: examples. Abstraction. Epistemological consequences. Methodology, formal and information. Pattern recognition of meaning instead of space-time determination of events.", "contents": "Science as creative activity. Science in the evolutionary world system. Science as group activity. Creativity as natural phenomenon. Psycho-socio-historical account of scientific work. Creative changes in physics: examples. Abstraction. Epistemological consequences. Methodology, formal and information. Pattern recognition of meaning instead of space-time determination of events.", "PMID": 553995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1701", "title": "[The increase of resistant enteric bacteria and the role of R plasmids (author's transl)].", "content": "As elsewhere in the world, the number of resistant enteric bacteria is rapidly increasing in this country. In a survey made in 1977 on about 40,000 strains of enteric bacteria in Clinical Pathology Laboratory of Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey, 70% to 97% of enteric bacteria were shown to be resistant to conventional antimicrobic agents. Also the rates of multiple-resistant strains of enteric bacteria are increasing quite rapidly. In most of these strains this increase proved to depend on the presence of R plasmids. In this paper, these and related facts were summarized and some precautions were suggested to lessen the increase of resistant strains in this country.", "contents": "[The increase of resistant enteric bacteria and the role of R plasmids (author's transl)]. As elsewhere in the world, the number of resistant enteric bacteria is rapidly increasing in this country. In a survey made in 1977 on about 40,000 strains of enteric bacteria in Clinical Pathology Laboratory of Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey, 70% to 97% of enteric bacteria were shown to be resistant to conventional antimicrobic agents. Also the rates of multiple-resistant strains of enteric bacteria are increasing quite rapidly. In most of these strains this increase proved to depend on the presence of R plasmids. In this paper, these and related facts were summarized and some precautions were suggested to lessen the increase of resistant strains in this country.", "PMID": 554001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1702", "title": "[Legionnaires' disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemic of respiratory disease (Legionnaires' disease) occurred after the American Legion convention between 21-24 July 1976 in Philadelphia, USA, similar epidemics occurred previously with unknown etiology in the USA and in England with similar clinical symptoms and pathological findings of the disease, the isolated etiological agent, its morphology culture, pathological findings in laboratory animals, serological and immunofluorescent test, the proposed term for the causative organism (Legionella pneumophila) at the International Symposium on Legionnaires Disease held at the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, on November 13th-15th, 1978 are reviewed.", "contents": "[Legionnaires' disease (author's transl)]. The epidemic of respiratory disease (Legionnaires' disease) occurred after the American Legion convention between 21-24 July 1976 in Philadelphia, USA, similar epidemics occurred previously with unknown etiology in the USA and in England with similar clinical symptoms and pathological findings of the disease, the isolated etiological agent, its morphology culture, pathological findings in laboratory animals, serological and immunofluorescent test, the proposed term for the causative organism (Legionella pneumophila) at the International Symposium on Legionnaires Disease held at the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, on November 13th-15th, 1978 are reviewed.", "PMID": 554002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1703", "title": "[Yeasts of Kloeckera genus, their serological specification and diagnosis of some strains (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study, agglutinating sera against K. africana, K. corticis, K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var lafarii are prepared. Cross agglutination and absorption tests are carried out with these four Kloeckera strains and an antigenic relationship is shown (see table I). There were no antigenic relationship between K. apicuata var. apis and these four Kloeckera strains. Also, in this paper, previous studies, like using Salmonella 0 : 6(2) agglutinating serum for serological differential diagnosis between K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var. lafarii and antigenic relationship between K. africana and Salmonella 0 : II and E. coli 0 : 75 antigens were also mentioned.", "contents": "[Yeasts of Kloeckera genus, their serological specification and diagnosis of some strains (author's transl)]. In this study, agglutinating sera against K. africana, K. corticis, K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var lafarii are prepared. Cross agglutination and absorption tests are carried out with these four Kloeckera strains and an antigenic relationship is shown (see table I). There were no antigenic relationship between K. apicuata var. apis and these four Kloeckera strains. Also, in this paper, previous studies, like using Salmonella 0 : 6(2) agglutinating serum for serological differential diagnosis between K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var. lafarii and antigenic relationship between K. africana and Salmonella 0 : II and E. coli 0 : 75 antigens were also mentioned.", "PMID": 554003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1704", "title": "[Aflatoxin B1 in flours (author's transl)].", "content": "Inadequate storage conditions may cause growth of fungi on foodstuffs. Most well known fungi are Aspergillus species, which produce a number of toxins known as aflatoxins, destructive to human health. Several health organisations consider these aflatoxins and their metabolites as toxic and cancerogenic and state limitations on their amount in foodstuffs. In ninety three flour samples screened for aflatoxins, three were found to contain aflatoxin B1 over the limits or very close to it.", "contents": "[Aflatoxin B1 in flours (author's transl)]. Inadequate storage conditions may cause growth of fungi on foodstuffs. Most well known fungi are Aspergillus species, which produce a number of toxins known as aflatoxins, destructive to human health. Several health organisations consider these aflatoxins and their metabolites as toxic and cancerogenic and state limitations on their amount in foodstuffs. In ninety three flour samples screened for aflatoxins, three were found to contain aflatoxin B1 over the limits or very close to it.", "PMID": 554004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1705", "title": "[Enteritis cases caused by S. newport (author's transl)].", "content": "S. newport serotypes are isolated from stool specimens of four patients. S. Newport as a cause of enteritis is reported for the first time in this country.", "contents": "[Enteritis cases caused by S. newport (author's transl)]. S. newport serotypes are isolated from stool specimens of four patients. S. Newport as a cause of enteritis is reported for the first time in this country.", "PMID": 554005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1706", "title": "[Effects of S. aureus antigens in allergic dermatitis, immunological aspects, and the results of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of S. aureus dermatitis of 4 years duration is discussed. The case was analysed immunologically by means of various Staphylococcal antigens including protein A which can sensitize human skin. The case was treated with Staphylococcal vaccine and drugs, combined with local corticosteroid application, and she recovered in a short time.", "contents": "[Effects of S. aureus antigens in allergic dermatitis, immunological aspects, and the results of treatment (author's transl)]. A case of S. aureus dermatitis of 4 years duration is discussed. The case was analysed immunologically by means of various Staphylococcal antigens including protein A which can sensitize human skin. The case was treated with Staphylococcal vaccine and drugs, combined with local corticosteroid application, and she recovered in a short time.", "PMID": 554006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1707", "title": "[Food poisoning caused by S. san-diego (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper, a S. san-diego food poisoning outbreak of 24 people who ate the same food is presented. This is the first report of a S. san-diego food poisoning outbreak in Turkey.", "contents": "[Food poisoning caused by S. san-diego (author's transl)]. In this paper, a S. san-diego food poisoning outbreak of 24 people who ate the same food is presented. This is the first report of a S. san-diego food poisoning outbreak in Turkey.", "PMID": 554007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1708", "title": "[An Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain isolated from pleural empyema (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolation of an Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain from a 32 year old man with pleural empyema, and its biochemical characteristics are reported.", "contents": "[An Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain isolated from pleural empyema (author's transl)]. The isolation of an Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain from a 32 year old man with pleural empyema, and its biochemical characteristics are reported.", "PMID": 554008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1709", "title": "[A case of subacute endocarditis caused by C. endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Corynebacterium endocarditis isolated from the blood culture obtained in fever period of a patient who had endocarditis and hospitalized in cardiology department of Ankara University Medical School. Good result is obtained by penicillin therapy. Other cases in literature are discussed.", "contents": "[A case of subacute endocarditis caused by C. endocarditis (author's transl)]. Corynebacterium endocarditis isolated from the blood culture obtained in fever period of a patient who had endocarditis and hospitalized in cardiology department of Ankara University Medical School. Good result is obtained by penicillin therapy. Other cases in literature are discussed.", "PMID": 554009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1710", "title": "[A case of purpura fulminans associated with miliary tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A fatal case of Purpura fulminans associated with miliary tuberculosis is presented. To our best knowledge, this is the first case of this type reported.", "contents": "[A case of purpura fulminans associated with miliary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. A fatal case of Purpura fulminans associated with miliary tuberculosis is presented. To our best knowledge, this is the first case of this type reported.", "PMID": 554010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1711", "title": "[Demodectic mange in a dog in Beytepe University campus (author's transl)].", "content": "Scabies (mange) is a skin disease of men and animals caused by microscopical acarids. There are mainly three species in Turkey, namely Demodex folliculorum, Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and Pyemones ventricosus. They are easily transmissible from animals to men and from men to animals. These parasites may cause inflammation, thickening, scabrous and severe itching. Serious infectious and parasitic diseases are transmitted from dogs to men. We present a case of Demodectic mange in a dog in Beytepe University Campus.", "contents": "[Demodectic mange in a dog in Beytepe University campus (author's transl)]. Scabies (mange) is a skin disease of men and animals caused by microscopical acarids. There are mainly three species in Turkey, namely Demodex folliculorum, Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and Pyemones ventricosus. They are easily transmissible from animals to men and from men to animals. These parasites may cause inflammation, thickening, scabrous and severe itching. Serious infectious and parasitic diseases are transmitted from dogs to men. We present a case of Demodectic mange in a dog in Beytepe University Campus.", "PMID": 554011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1712", "title": "[Ocular toxoplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease characterised by inflammation of posterior part of uvea. It can be either congenital or acquired. However, ocular toxoplasmosis is mostly congenital. The frequency of ocular involvement is 1/4 in ratio after invasion of central nervous system. Ocular and serological findings must be considered together for diagnosis. Pyrimethamine and sulphonamides are effective in the treatment of acute cases; however, they have no effect on chronic cases. It is not advised to use corticosteroids alone, but they may be used together with their depo-forms and other antimicrobial drugs. In addition, physical methods such as, laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy can be employed when drug treatment is not effective.", "contents": "[Ocular toxoplasmosis (author's transl)]. Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease characterised by inflammation of posterior part of uvea. It can be either congenital or acquired. However, ocular toxoplasmosis is mostly congenital. The frequency of ocular involvement is 1/4 in ratio after invasion of central nervous system. Ocular and serological findings must be considered together for diagnosis. Pyrimethamine and sulphonamides are effective in the treatment of acute cases; however, they have no effect on chronic cases. It is not advised to use corticosteroids alone, but they may be used together with their depo-forms and other antimicrobial drugs. In addition, physical methods such as, laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy can be employed when drug treatment is not effective.", "PMID": 554012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1713", "title": "[Aging and immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "In this article the changes of immune responsiveness in aging are discussed. It was seen that especially the constitutional and functional changes of thymus in aging caused a decrease in cellular immune response. The relationships of these changes are discussed as a possible factor in infections, autoimmunity and neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "[Aging and immune response (author's transl)]. In this article the changes of immune responsiveness in aging are discussed. It was seen that especially the constitutional and functional changes of thymus in aging caused a decrease in cellular immune response. The relationships of these changes are discussed as a possible factor in infections, autoimmunity and neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 554013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1714", "title": "[Acute tubular necrosis in acute alcoholic hepatitis with cardiac beriberi (author's transl)].", "content": "In one case of fulminant hepatic failure by acute alcoholic hepatitis, renal failure seemed to be related to active renal vasoconstriction by systemic endotoxemia due to impaired hepatic clearance of toxins, associated with or complicated by a located intravascular coagulation with acute tubular necrosis. The associated thiamin deficiency may have accentuated this renal vasoconstriction.", "contents": "[Acute tubular necrosis in acute alcoholic hepatitis with cardiac beriberi (author's transl)]. In one case of fulminant hepatic failure by acute alcoholic hepatitis, renal failure seemed to be related to active renal vasoconstriction by systemic endotoxemia due to impaired hepatic clearance of toxins, associated with or complicated by a located intravascular coagulation with acute tubular necrosis. The associated thiamin deficiency may have accentuated this renal vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 554056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1715", "title": "[The diagnosis of haemoperitoneum by \"minimal\" abdominal tap (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple diagnostic procedure in haemoperitoneum, using a single drop of fluid collected by abdominal tap and placed on a glass slide, is described. It is possible in this way to demonstrate the presence of minimal bloody effusions and to radically decrease the number of false negative results of paracentesis. Taps considered to be blood-free thus fall within the category of positive results. The actual procedure is improved since it is no longer necessary to collect a relatively large volume in order to ensure the diagnosis of haemoperitoneum. Furthermore, more complicated methods using catheters, with or without lavage, may be avoided.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of haemoperitoneum by \"minimal\" abdominal tap (author's transl)]. A simple diagnostic procedure in haemoperitoneum, using a single drop of fluid collected by abdominal tap and placed on a glass slide, is described. It is possible in this way to demonstrate the presence of minimal bloody effusions and to radically decrease the number of false negative results of paracentesis. Taps considered to be blood-free thus fall within the category of positive results. The actual procedure is improved since it is no longer necessary to collect a relatively large volume in order to ensure the diagnosis of haemoperitoneum. Furthermore, more complicated methods using catheters, with or without lavage, may be avoided.", "PMID": 554057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1716", "title": "[Raynaud's syndrome: study of fingertip blood flow by plethysmography with venous occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The fingertip blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in a room at 22 degrees C, in 52 patients with Raynaud's syndrome and 24 healthy controls. In severe Raynaud's syndroms (24 cases incuding: scleroderma: 7 cases, thromboangitis: 5 cases, disabling syndrom without known etiology: 12 cases), the flow was significantly lower than in moderate Raynaud's syndroms (19 cases including 10 primary and 9 secondary syndroms) i.d. 7.5 +/- 7.3 ml versus 25 +/- 15 ml (p < 0.001). Controls had significantly higher flow (35 +/- 12.3 ml) than moderate Raynaud's syndroms (p < 0.05). Raynaud's syndroms with permanent acrocyanosis had a low flow (8.7 +/- 5.3 ml) not different from severe syndroms.", "contents": "[Raynaud's syndrome: study of fingertip blood flow by plethysmography with venous occlusion (author's transl)]. The fingertip blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in a room at 22 degrees C, in 52 patients with Raynaud's syndrome and 24 healthy controls. In severe Raynaud's syndroms (24 cases incuding: scleroderma: 7 cases, thromboangitis: 5 cases, disabling syndrom without known etiology: 12 cases), the flow was significantly lower than in moderate Raynaud's syndroms (19 cases including 10 primary and 9 secondary syndroms) i.d. 7.5 +/- 7.3 ml versus 25 +/- 15 ml (p < 0.001). Controls had significantly higher flow (35 +/- 12.3 ml) than moderate Raynaud's syndroms (p < 0.05). Raynaud's syndroms with permanent acrocyanosis had a low flow (8.7 +/- 5.3 ml) not different from severe syndroms.", "PMID": 554069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1717", "title": "[Polycythemias of young subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 12 years, 86 apparently primary polycythemias have been observed in subjects less than 40 years old. In twelve of them a non-suspected cause has been found (seven abnormalities of the hemoglobin function). In 43 cases, all males, the erythrocytosis (red cell volume more than 36 ml/kg) was pure and stable, without any complication; this \"benign erythrocytosis\" probably depicts extreme values of the normal distribution of the red cell mass. In 31 cases, the disease had criteria similar to those of polycythemia vera observed in older patients; in 12 of these cases, severe thrombo-embolic complications have been observed at the very beginning of the disease; however no further complication has been seen, when the patients were actively treated (phlebotomies or 32P); at the present time, no one of these cases did show transformation into acute leukemia, but the long-term prognosis (beyond 15 years) cannot yet been precisely drawn.", "contents": "[Polycythemias of young subjects (author's transl)]. During the last 12 years, 86 apparently primary polycythemias have been observed in subjects less than 40 years old. In twelve of them a non-suspected cause has been found (seven abnormalities of the hemoglobin function). In 43 cases, all males, the erythrocytosis (red cell volume more than 36 ml/kg) was pure and stable, without any complication; this \"benign erythrocytosis\" probably depicts extreme values of the normal distribution of the red cell mass. In 31 cases, the disease had criteria similar to those of polycythemia vera observed in older patients; in 12 of these cases, severe thrombo-embolic complications have been observed at the very beginning of the disease; however no further complication has been seen, when the patients were actively treated (phlebotomies or 32P); at the present time, no one of these cases did show transformation into acute leukemia, but the long-term prognosis (beyond 15 years) cannot yet been precisely drawn.", "PMID": 554080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1718", "title": "[The sectorisation of pancreatic pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of dilatation of the Wirsung duct distal to an isthmic calculus, the marked dilatation of the cephalic portion of the duct contrasting with the sub-normal calibre of the corporeo-caudal duct in a case of pancreatic lithiasis, are all against the pathogenic hypothesis of a retrodilatation proximal to an obstruction, a supposition which is apparently satisfactory but not always confirmed by the facts. Thus duct distension would not seem to be a purely mechanical phenomenon. The confusing topography of sectorial dilatation of the Wirsung duct in chronic pancreatitis may be explained by a process affecting in isolation or predominantly one or another embryonic sector. The paradox of the association of cephalic dilatation of the duct with stenosis of the intrapancreatic common bile duct offers further support for this hypothesis.", "contents": "[The sectorisation of pancreatic pathology (author's transl)]. The existence of dilatation of the Wirsung duct distal to an isthmic calculus, the marked dilatation of the cephalic portion of the duct contrasting with the sub-normal calibre of the corporeo-caudal duct in a case of pancreatic lithiasis, are all against the pathogenic hypothesis of a retrodilatation proximal to an obstruction, a supposition which is apparently satisfactory but not always confirmed by the facts. Thus duct distension would not seem to be a purely mechanical phenomenon. The confusing topography of sectorial dilatation of the Wirsung duct in chronic pancreatitis may be explained by a process affecting in isolation or predominantly one or another embryonic sector. The paradox of the association of cephalic dilatation of the duct with stenosis of the intrapancreatic common bile duct offers further support for this hypothesis.", "PMID": 554081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1719", "title": "[Thyroid carcinoma. Indications and results of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Frozen section histological study of all cold nodules requiring total extracapsular lobectomy is absolutely essential during surgery. Whilst total thyroidectomy for intracapsular carcinomas is most often proposed in extracapsular carcinomas, the authors deliberately leave a small part of the gland in contact with the parathyroids. The need for recurrent laryngeal lymph node dissection is accepted, as is the principle of jugulo-carotid dissection.", "contents": "[Thyroid carcinoma. Indications and results of treatment (author's transl)]. Frozen section histological study of all cold nodules requiring total extracapsular lobectomy is absolutely essential during surgery. Whilst total thyroidectomy for intracapsular carcinomas is most often proposed in extracapsular carcinomas, the authors deliberately leave a small part of the gland in contact with the parathyroids. The need for recurrent laryngeal lymph node dissection is accepted, as is the principle of jugulo-carotid dissection.", "PMID": 554082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1720", "title": "[Carcinoma of the kidney in the adult: results of current treatment. 120 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Extended radical nephrectomy with truly primary ligation of the renal pedicle and lymph node dissection ensures an overall 5 year survival of 65% in patients treated surgically at all stages combined together. At stages I and II, the 5 year survival in 84%. At stage III, venous and/or local lymph node involvement reduces the 5 year survival rate to 53%.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the kidney in the adult: results of current treatment. 120 cases (author's transl)]. Extended radical nephrectomy with truly primary ligation of the renal pedicle and lymph node dissection ensures an overall 5 year survival of 65% in patients treated surgically at all stages combined together. At stages I and II, the 5 year survival in 84%. At stage III, venous and/or local lymph node involvement reduces the 5 year survival rate to 53%.", "PMID": 554090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1721", "title": "[The contribution of gallbladders' infusion tomography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection of opacification of the wall of the gallbladder after the intravenous injection of hydrosoluble iodinated contrast medium (gallbladder parietography) was sought in 82 patients suspected of suffering from acute cholecystitis. In 35 cases, the examination was negative and operation or the clinical course made it possible to eliminate the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. In 47 cases, it was positive. The diagnosis was confirmed in 39 cases out of 40 patients undergoing surgery. The appearance of the opacification makes it possible to distinguish two types of positive gallbladder parietography: -- with a thin wall and gallbladder of normal size, corresponding to moderate inflammatory lesions; -- with a thickened wall associated with a large gallbladder corresponding to major inflammatory lesions. The examination is simple, reliable, may be carried out as an emergency and combined with intravenous urography. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis may be made in difficult causes, and appropriate therapeutic steps taken.", "contents": "[The contribution of gallbladders' infusion tomography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (author's transl)]. The detection of opacification of the wall of the gallbladder after the intravenous injection of hydrosoluble iodinated contrast medium (gallbladder parietography) was sought in 82 patients suspected of suffering from acute cholecystitis. In 35 cases, the examination was negative and operation or the clinical course made it possible to eliminate the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. In 47 cases, it was positive. The diagnosis was confirmed in 39 cases out of 40 patients undergoing surgery. The appearance of the opacification makes it possible to distinguish two types of positive gallbladder parietography: -- with a thin wall and gallbladder of normal size, corresponding to moderate inflammatory lesions; -- with a thickened wall associated with a large gallbladder corresponding to major inflammatory lesions. The examination is simple, reliable, may be carried out as an emergency and combined with intravenous urography. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis may be made in difficult causes, and appropriate therapeutic steps taken.", "PMID": 554091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1722", "title": "[Polyradiculopathy associated with bullous pemphigoid (author's transl)].", "content": "A sensorio-motor polyradiculopathy of subacute onset and a bullous pemphigoid form of herpetiform dermatitis (D\u00fchring-Brocq disease) developed simultaneously in a 71-year-old man. Both conditions regressed under the influence of prednisone and azathioprine. The immediate cortico-dependence of the skin condition should be noted. Death occurred 9 months later, related to diffuse pulmonary aspergillosis. A paraneoplastic aetiology was sought unsuccessfully.", "contents": "[Polyradiculopathy associated with bullous pemphigoid (author's transl)]. A sensorio-motor polyradiculopathy of subacute onset and a bullous pemphigoid form of herpetiform dermatitis (D\u00fchring-Brocq disease) developed simultaneously in a 71-year-old man. Both conditions regressed under the influence of prednisone and azathioprine. The immediate cortico-dependence of the skin condition should be noted. Death occurred 9 months later, related to diffuse pulmonary aspergillosis. A paraneoplastic aetiology was sought unsuccessfully.", "PMID": 554092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1723", "title": "[Fractures of the head and tuberosities of the humerus: treatment of malposition (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractures of the head and tuberosities of the humerus combine \"horizontalisation\" with impaction of the head of the humerus into the cortical funnel of the upper metaphysis which then forms a \"buffer\" with a sub-acromial \"camshaft effect\". In addition, there may be a subjacent metaphyseal comminution or even a split in the head. These various factors render surgical treatment difficult, when it is sought to restore normal anatomical conditions by osteosynthesis, with uncertain anatomical and functional results because of the double risk of early separation of the fragments and of secondary necrosis. There exists the possibility of operation vis a transdeltoid approach which combines resection of the cortical cuff and lateral transposition with bringing down of the capsulo-tendinous layer. This simple technique has the advantage of almost invariably offering a satisfactory functional result.", "contents": "[Fractures of the head and tuberosities of the humerus: treatment of malposition (author's transl)]. Fractures of the head and tuberosities of the humerus combine \"horizontalisation\" with impaction of the head of the humerus into the cortical funnel of the upper metaphysis which then forms a \"buffer\" with a sub-acromial \"camshaft effect\". In addition, there may be a subjacent metaphyseal comminution or even a split in the head. These various factors render surgical treatment difficult, when it is sought to restore normal anatomical conditions by osteosynthesis, with uncertain anatomical and functional results because of the double risk of early separation of the fragments and of secondary necrosis. There exists the possibility of operation vis a transdeltoid approach which combines resection of the cortical cuff and lateral transposition with bringing down of the capsulo-tendinous layer. This simple technique has the advantage of almost invariably offering a satisfactory functional result.", "PMID": 554094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1724", "title": "[Endoscopic sphincterotomy. 362 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to its diagnostic value, endoscopic catheterisation of the papilla may be used for the therapeutic purpose of diathermy incision of the papilla and of the intraduodenal portion of the common bile duct. Endoscopic sphincterotomy of this type has been essentially used in choletithiasis and in particular for residual lithiasis. These indications may be widened to include benign stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi, tumours of the ampulla of Vater or even acute pancreatitis. In a total of 362 cases, sphincterotomy was successful in 347 patients, it being possible to remove the calculi present in 279 of the 309 patients treated with success for lithiasis of the common bile duct. Complications occur in approximately 10% of cases, being fatal in 1.4% of cases. These are essentially related to bleeding. Retrospective comparison of mortality after surgical operation and after endoscopic sphincterotomy is in favour of the latter, provided the technique employed is perfect and the indication clearly defined. Performed without general anaesthesia, endoscopic sphincterotomy is above all indicated in the elderly and/or those with other major pathology who can be successfully treated with reduced risk in 93% of cases, as shown by the 140 personal cases of the authors cured between 6 and 36 months ago.", "contents": "[Endoscopic sphincterotomy. 362 cases (author's transl)]. In addition to its diagnostic value, endoscopic catheterisation of the papilla may be used for the therapeutic purpose of diathermy incision of the papilla and of the intraduodenal portion of the common bile duct. Endoscopic sphincterotomy of this type has been essentially used in choletithiasis and in particular for residual lithiasis. These indications may be widened to include benign stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi, tumours of the ampulla of Vater or even acute pancreatitis. In a total of 362 cases, sphincterotomy was successful in 347 patients, it being possible to remove the calculi present in 279 of the 309 patients treated with success for lithiasis of the common bile duct. Complications occur in approximately 10% of cases, being fatal in 1.4% of cases. These are essentially related to bleeding. Retrospective comparison of mortality after surgical operation and after endoscopic sphincterotomy is in favour of the latter, provided the technique employed is perfect and the indication clearly defined. Performed without general anaesthesia, endoscopic sphincterotomy is above all indicated in the elderly and/or those with other major pathology who can be successfully treated with reduced risk in 93% of cases, as shown by the 140 personal cases of the authors cured between 6 and 36 months ago.", "PMID": 554101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1725", "title": "[\"Low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome\": \"thyroxine (T4) euthyroidism\" evidence (author's transl)].", "content": "As first described in serious systemic illnesses isolated decreased T3 plasma concentration was related to impaired peripheral conversion of T4, to T3 with preferential production of reverse T3 (rT3). A \"low T3 syndrome\" was seen in 47 out of 109 patients with extra-thyroidal diseases. Metabolic state, TSH and TSH responses to TRH were normal despite of low T3 concentration. Euthyroidism seems mainly due to T4 itself in these patients.", "contents": "[\"Low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome\": \"thyroxine (T4) euthyroidism\" evidence (author's transl)]. As first described in serious systemic illnesses isolated decreased T3 plasma concentration was related to impaired peripheral conversion of T4, to T3 with preferential production of reverse T3 (rT3). A \"low T3 syndrome\" was seen in 47 out of 109 patients with extra-thyroidal diseases. Metabolic state, TSH and TSH responses to TRH were normal despite of low T3 concentration. Euthyroidism seems mainly due to T4 itself in these patients.", "PMID": 554102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1726", "title": "[Demonstration by iron overloading study and HLA genotyping of recessive transmission of idiopathic haemochromatosis in two pseudodominant pedigrees (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied iron overloading and HLA genotype in two families with overt forms of idiopathic haemochromatosis in two successive generations. In each family the spouse of the patient with overt haemochromatosis in the first generation had clinical and laboratory signs of moderate iron overload and a HLA haplotype A3, B14 and A3, B7 respectively--which is frequently associated with the haemochromatosis gene. This specific HLA haplotype had been transmitted to the second generation patient with overt disease, which thus could be considered as having received a haemochromatosis gene from each parent. Although the finding of cases of overt disease in successive generation firstly suggests a dominant transmission the genetical analysis of these families lead to further strong argument in favour of recessive inheritance of idiopathic haemochromatosis.", "contents": "[Demonstration by iron overloading study and HLA genotyping of recessive transmission of idiopathic haemochromatosis in two pseudodominant pedigrees (author's transl)]. We studied iron overloading and HLA genotype in two families with overt forms of idiopathic haemochromatosis in two successive generations. In each family the spouse of the patient with overt haemochromatosis in the first generation had clinical and laboratory signs of moderate iron overload and a HLA haplotype A3, B14 and A3, B7 respectively--which is frequently associated with the haemochromatosis gene. This specific HLA haplotype had been transmitted to the second generation patient with overt disease, which thus could be considered as having received a haemochromatosis gene from each parent. Although the finding of cases of overt disease in successive generation firstly suggests a dominant transmission the genetical analysis of these families lead to further strong argument in favour of recessive inheritance of idiopathic haemochromatosis.", "PMID": 554103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1727", "title": "[Exposure of the extracranial portion of the vertebral artery. Anatomical study--Surgical value (author's transl)].", "content": "Exposure of the vertebral artery, in particular in its extracranial course, may be of surgical value. The treatment of lesions affecting this entire artery must be discussed in the context of the revascularisation of the vessels supplying the brain. The anatomical study forms defines the features of this surgical approach. Selective vertebral arteriography and the assessment of tolerance of vertebral clamping are the main features of pre-operative evaluation.", "contents": "[Exposure of the extracranial portion of the vertebral artery. Anatomical study--Surgical value (author's transl)]. Exposure of the vertebral artery, in particular in its extracranial course, may be of surgical value. The treatment of lesions affecting this entire artery must be discussed in the context of the revascularisation of the vessels supplying the brain. The anatomical study forms defines the features of this surgical approach. Selective vertebral arteriography and the assessment of tolerance of vertebral clamping are the main features of pre-operative evaluation.", "PMID": 554104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1728", "title": "[Particles. Aerosols. Dust (author's transl)].", "content": "After a few definitions and generalities about aerosols, the main physical properties of aerosols are reviewed: sedimentation, diffusion, coagulation, optical and electrical properties. The properties of atmospheric aerosol are also summarized.", "contents": "[Particles. Aerosols. Dust (author's transl)]. After a few definitions and generalities about aerosols, the main physical properties of aerosols are reviewed: sedimentation, diffusion, coagulation, optical and electrical properties. The properties of atmospheric aerosol are also summarized.", "PMID": 554139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1729", "title": "[Meteorology and aerosols (author's transl)].", "content": "Aeorosols play a part in meteorology by the radiation and condensation phenomena but weather conditions: solar radiation, humidity, precipitations, electrical fields, stability have an important influence on the nature, the concentration and the size of aerosols; these conditions can change the effects of aerosols on human health.", "contents": "[Meteorology and aerosols (author's transl)]. Aeorosols play a part in meteorology by the radiation and condensation phenomena but weather conditions: solar radiation, humidity, precipitations, electrical fields, stability have an important influence on the nature, the concentration and the size of aerosols; these conditions can change the effects of aerosols on human health.", "PMID": 554140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1730", "title": "[Medical aerosols devices. Technical questions and regulations (author's transl)].", "content": "In today's practice, the medical aerosols are most often composed of soluble and hygroscopic particles emitted by the evaporation of a primary aerosol of solution droplets. The instruments on the one hand and the formula of the aerosoltherapeutical solution on the other should be worked out so that the fixation of aerosol in the lung be most efficient. The main data in view of this improvement are studied: --the curve of fixation of aerosols of sodium chloride in lung and the recall of the standard curve for insoluble and inert particles; --the characteristics of medical aerosol devices subjected to approbation or still unregulated (spray can). The calculation of the doses determined in standard conditions are illustrated together with the parameters which can make them vary.", "contents": "[Medical aerosols devices. Technical questions and regulations (author's transl)]. In today's practice, the medical aerosols are most often composed of soluble and hygroscopic particles emitted by the evaporation of a primary aerosol of solution droplets. The instruments on the one hand and the formula of the aerosoltherapeutical solution on the other should be worked out so that the fixation of aerosol in the lung be most efficient. The main data in view of this improvement are studied: --the curve of fixation of aerosols of sodium chloride in lung and the recall of the standard curve for insoluble and inert particles; --the characteristics of medical aerosol devices subjected to approbation or still unregulated (spray can). The calculation of the doses determined in standard conditions are illustrated together with the parameters which can make them vary.", "PMID": 554141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1731", "title": "[Physical conditions favouring the trapping of submicron particles in the upper airways (author's transl)].", "content": "The present communication is based on the hypothesis that temperature gradients can exist in the upper airways, even in the trachea. Membranes lining these passages remaining physiologically humid, a mechanism of formation and growth of micron sized droplets can take place, exactly similar to the basic mechanism of the counting chamber of cloud condensation nuclei. Therefore through the catching of droplets by vibrating cilia, it can contribute to the protection of the deep respiratory system. A careful investigation of the regions where thermal gradients can occur, should enable to confirm the reality of this process, at least for some respiratory modes.", "contents": "[Physical conditions favouring the trapping of submicron particles in the upper airways (author's transl)]. The present communication is based on the hypothesis that temperature gradients can exist in the upper airways, even in the trachea. Membranes lining these passages remaining physiologically humid, a mechanism of formation and growth of micron sized droplets can take place, exactly similar to the basic mechanism of the counting chamber of cloud condensation nuclei. Therefore through the catching of droplets by vibrating cilia, it can contribute to the protection of the deep respiratory system. A careful investigation of the regions where thermal gradients can occur, should enable to confirm the reality of this process, at least for some respiratory modes.", "PMID": 554142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1732", "title": "[Diffusion and retention of therapeutical aerosols in upper airways (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors make a brief synthesis of the present data on the penetration and retention of therapeutical aerosols in upper airways. They analyze the mechanisms involved during the penetration of aerosols in the regions of the upper airways which are not swept by the inspiratory airflow, particularly in the accessory cavities of nasal fossa, sinus and Eustachian tube. Experimental results reveal that diffusion of aerosols can be improved at this level either by sound vibrations, or by combining vibrations to intermittent overpressures.", "contents": "[Diffusion and retention of therapeutical aerosols in upper airways (author's transl)]. The authors make a brief synthesis of the present data on the penetration and retention of therapeutical aerosols in upper airways. They analyze the mechanisms involved during the penetration of aerosols in the regions of the upper airways which are not swept by the inspiratory airflow, particularly in the accessory cavities of nasal fossa, sinus and Eustachian tube. Experimental results reveal that diffusion of aerosols can be improved at this level either by sound vibrations, or by combining vibrations to intermittent overpressures.", "PMID": 554143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1733", "title": "[Intrapulmonary deposition of inframicron particles during inspiratory apnea (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental approach of the intrapulmonary deposition of particles with a diameter below 1 micron, suspended in the surrounding atmosphere, was done on two normal subjects during inspiratory apnea with a Whitby impactor. The first results seem to agree with those of literature and confirm the importance of pulmonary morphometric factors in the deposition processes. Numerous methodological problems remain, but it appears that the technique would be useful to evaluate the likelyhood of deposition of submicron particles which are presently known to be pathogenic.", "contents": "[Intrapulmonary deposition of inframicron particles during inspiratory apnea (author's transl)]. An experimental approach of the intrapulmonary deposition of particles with a diameter below 1 micron, suspended in the surrounding atmosphere, was done on two normal subjects during inspiratory apnea with a Whitby impactor. The first results seem to agree with those of literature and confirm the importance of pulmonary morphometric factors in the deposition processes. Numerous methodological problems remain, but it appears that the technique would be useful to evaluate the likelyhood of deposition of submicron particles which are presently known to be pathogenic.", "PMID": 554144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1734", "title": "[Tracheo-bronchial and pulmonary depositions as measured by radioactive tracers. Study on healthy and pathological subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The result of a study done on 52 subjects including a thorough ventilatory functional test and the radioisotopic measurement of inhaled particles deposition, by working out the TB/P ratio, revealed that: 1. giving aerosol needs an exacting technique when used for quantitative aims; 2. ratio TB/P is increased in patients with chronic broncho-pulmonary diseases, because of a predominantly tracheo-bronchial deposition of particles; 3. in patients with a satisfactory ventilatory function the TB/P ratio is increased; on the other hand in patients with ventilatory disorders, the ratio is normal. The repartition of particles deposition between the compartments TB and B depends therefore not only on factors involving ventilatory functional values but also on the physiopathological factors not included in them.", "contents": "[Tracheo-bronchial and pulmonary depositions as measured by radioactive tracers. Study on healthy and pathological subjects (author's transl)]. The result of a study done on 52 subjects including a thorough ventilatory functional test and the radioisotopic measurement of inhaled particles deposition, by working out the TB/P ratio, revealed that: 1. giving aerosol needs an exacting technique when used for quantitative aims; 2. ratio TB/P is increased in patients with chronic broncho-pulmonary diseases, because of a predominantly tracheo-bronchial deposition of particles; 3. in patients with a satisfactory ventilatory function the TB/P ratio is increased; on the other hand in patients with ventilatory disorders, the ratio is normal. The repartition of particles deposition between the compartments TB and B depends therefore not only on factors involving ventilatory functional values but also on the physiopathological factors not included in them.", "PMID": 554145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1735", "title": "[Abnormalities in bronchial permeability after induction of a chronic SO2 bronchopathy in rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Our aim was to study the effects of a chronic exposure to SO2 on the permeability of bronchial epithelium in the rat, in vivo and in vitro, in relation with a marker (ferritin). The anatomical lesions observed in light and electron microscopy considerably increased the passage of ferritin both in vivo and in vitro through the epithelium of trachea and primary bronchi. This increase was still found although more discrete three months after the end of exposure while the histological appearance returned to normal. Those results showed that SO2 induces in upper airways functional abnormalities persisting beyond the necessary lapse of time for the repairing of histological lesions which could therefore intervene in the pathogeny of chronic bronchopathies.", "contents": "[Abnormalities in bronchial permeability after induction of a chronic SO2 bronchopathy in rat (author's transl)]. Our aim was to study the effects of a chronic exposure to SO2 on the permeability of bronchial epithelium in the rat, in vivo and in vitro, in relation with a marker (ferritin). The anatomical lesions observed in light and electron microscopy considerably increased the passage of ferritin both in vivo and in vitro through the epithelium of trachea and primary bronchi. This increase was still found although more discrete three months after the end of exposure while the histological appearance returned to normal. Those results showed that SO2 induces in upper airways functional abnormalities persisting beyond the necessary lapse of time for the repairing of histological lesions which could therefore intervene in the pathogeny of chronic bronchopathies.", "PMID": 554146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1736", "title": "[Penetration of solid particles in the respiratory system. Secondary immunity reactions to the inhalation of a dry aerosol (author's transl)].", "content": "Deposition in the respiratory system of an inhaled dry particle depends on many factors, particularly its aerodynamic diameter. The quantity deposited in each compartment of the respiratory tract can be approximately determined by mathematical laws, but ther are still controversies about large size particles. Thus pollens have been found by the authors beyond the larynx deep in the lung. The bronchopulmonary system is divided in two parts, anatomically and immunologically different. The local response, closely related to the antigen, depends also on the intimate contact between particles and the immunity defense system of the individual. Liberation and solubility of some antigenic fractions, perhaps enzymatic, would help their intra-epithelial penetration and contact with the secretory immunity system. The additional intervention of an extraepithelial response has been observed in bronchi after instillation of pollen in the rat. There is in the sensitized animal an intense cellular reaction amidst the mucous of bronchial lumen with macrophages adhering to pollen granules and forming rosettes.", "contents": "[Penetration of solid particles in the respiratory system. Secondary immunity reactions to the inhalation of a dry aerosol (author's transl)]. Deposition in the respiratory system of an inhaled dry particle depends on many factors, particularly its aerodynamic diameter. The quantity deposited in each compartment of the respiratory tract can be approximately determined by mathematical laws, but ther are still controversies about large size particles. Thus pollens have been found by the authors beyond the larynx deep in the lung. The bronchopulmonary system is divided in two parts, anatomically and immunologically different. The local response, closely related to the antigen, depends also on the intimate contact between particles and the immunity defense system of the individual. Liberation and solubility of some antigenic fractions, perhaps enzymatic, would help their intra-epithelial penetration and contact with the secretory immunity system. The additional intervention of an extraepithelial response has been observed in bronchi after instillation of pollen in the rat. There is in the sensitized animal an intense cellular reaction amidst the mucous of bronchial lumen with macrophages adhering to pollen granules and forming rosettes.", "PMID": 554147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1737", "title": "[A way of evaluating the tolerance of respiratory mucosa to thermal spring water (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutical solutions for respiratory mucosa such as some thermal spring water must be perfectly tolerated and it is presently accepted that one of the best criteria of tolerance is the maintenance of a normal ciliary function. The photo-oscillographic techniques developed by the authors enabled the measurement of the physiological frequency of ciliary beat in vitro, and of the effect, either stimulant or inhibiting, of the thermal spring water. The measurement is done either in liquid phase by immersion of a fragment of ciliated mucosa, or in gas phase by aerosolization. At the same time it is possible to control in man the effects of thermal spring aerosols on the mucocilliary drainage by a simple technique.", "contents": "[A way of evaluating the tolerance of respiratory mucosa to thermal spring water (author's transl)]. The therapeutical solutions for respiratory mucosa such as some thermal spring water must be perfectly tolerated and it is presently accepted that one of the best criteria of tolerance is the maintenance of a normal ciliary function. The photo-oscillographic techniques developed by the authors enabled the measurement of the physiological frequency of ciliary beat in vitro, and of the effect, either stimulant or inhibiting, of the thermal spring water. The measurement is done either in liquid phase by immersion of a fragment of ciliated mucosa, or in gas phase by aerosolization. At the same time it is possible to control in man the effects of thermal spring aerosols on the mucocilliary drainage by a simple technique.", "PMID": 554148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1738", "title": "[Lipids and phospholipids in the fluid of broncho-alveolar lavage. Value for the study of alveolar penetration of corticosteroids by aerosol (author's transl)].", "content": "Broncho-alveolar lavages from 13 control subjects have been studied for the following parameters : phospholipids, free fatty acids, total last parameter, through the depolarisation of Diphenylhexatriene, is independent of the recovered volume. An identical study has been performed for two bronchiolo-alveolar cancers. A treatment with hydrocortisone-containing aerosol has been associated with an increase in phospholipid amount and a drastic decrease in microviscosity. This observation suggests that the synthesis of tensio-active phospholipids is dependant of corticoids by an enzymatic induction. The effect of therapeutics given in aerosol can be monitored by the biochemical and physical modification in broncho-alveolar fluids thus obtained.", "contents": "[Lipids and phospholipids in the fluid of broncho-alveolar lavage. Value for the study of alveolar penetration of corticosteroids by aerosol (author's transl)]. Broncho-alveolar lavages from 13 control subjects have been studied for the following parameters : phospholipids, free fatty acids, total last parameter, through the depolarisation of Diphenylhexatriene, is independent of the recovered volume. An identical study has been performed for two bronchiolo-alveolar cancers. A treatment with hydrocortisone-containing aerosol has been associated with an increase in phospholipid amount and a drastic decrease in microviscosity. This observation suggests that the synthesis of tensio-active phospholipids is dependant of corticoids by an enzymatic induction. The effect of therapeutics given in aerosol can be monitored by the biochemical and physical modification in broncho-alveolar fluids thus obtained.", "PMID": 554149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1739", "title": "[Inhalation therapy with sulfurous water in aged patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Inhalation therapy with sulfurous waters for obstructive chronic bronchopulmonary diseases is advocated.", "contents": "[Inhalation therapy with sulfurous water in aged patients (author's transl)]. Inhalation therapy with sulfurous waters for obstructive chronic bronchopulmonary diseases is advocated.", "PMID": 554150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1740", "title": "[Preliminary study on the use of manosonic aerosols at La Bourboule thermal springs (author's transl)].", "content": "A preliminary study of 119 observations yielded the first conclusions on the use of a new technique in thermal practice : the manosonic aerosol at La Bourboule. The best indications seem to be for sinusitis with cephalagia, allergic or not, and for the ear, hypoacusis, either by erous otitis or by repetitive otitis as well as tubal catarrh. Positive results are observed in about 75 % of cases. The limits and precautions in the use of this technique are also reported.", "contents": "[Preliminary study on the use of manosonic aerosols at La Bourboule thermal springs (author's transl)]. A preliminary study of 119 observations yielded the first conclusions on the use of a new technique in thermal practice : the manosonic aerosol at La Bourboule. The best indications seem to be for sinusitis with cephalagia, allergic or not, and for the ear, hypoacusis, either by erous otitis or by repetitive otitis as well as tubal catarrh. Positive results are observed in about 75 % of cases. The limits and precautions in the use of this technique are also reported.", "PMID": 554151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1741", "title": "[Determination of plasma chromium in pregnant women at term and in the umbilical cord blood].", "content": "Plasma chrome concentrations were determined in pregnant women, in the funiculus blood of their children and in a population of a children within the first year age. Plasma chrome concentrations tend to significantly decrease during pregnancy, pointing out the effect of pregnancy on chrome metabolism. No significant variations were found in plasma chrome values both of mother blood and foetus blood. In newborn babies, plasma chrome concentrations tend to significantly increase within the first year of age.", "contents": "[Determination of plasma chromium in pregnant women at term and in the umbilical cord blood]. Plasma chrome concentrations were determined in pregnant women, in the funiculus blood of their children and in a population of a children within the first year age. Plasma chrome concentrations tend to significantly decrease during pregnancy, pointing out the effect of pregnancy on chrome metabolism. No significant variations were found in plasma chrome values both of mother blood and foetus blood. In newborn babies, plasma chrome concentrations tend to significantly increase within the first year of age.", "PMID": 554157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1742", "title": "[Oestrogen receptors determination in human breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. refer about the assessment of a charcoal-dextran method for the determination of oestrogens receptors in human breast cancer. Corrections for low affinity binding components are performed measuring bound 3H-17 beta estradiol in the absence and presence of non-radioactive 17 beta estradiol or diethylstilbestrol; the method has been previously studied on samples from pregnant rabbit uterus and then applied on human mammary tumors. Results achieved with the routine-utilisation of the present method are reported.", "contents": "[Oestrogen receptors determination in human breast cancer (author's transl)]. The AA. refer about the assessment of a charcoal-dextran method for the determination of oestrogens receptors in human breast cancer. Corrections for low affinity binding components are performed measuring bound 3H-17 beta estradiol in the absence and presence of non-radioactive 17 beta estradiol or diethylstilbestrol; the method has been previously studied on samples from pregnant rabbit uterus and then applied on human mammary tumors. Results achieved with the routine-utilisation of the present method are reported.", "PMID": 554158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1743", "title": "[An application of the dispersion theory in haematology (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study concerning dispersion theory has been carried out of patients affected by bronchiogenic cancer and normal subjects about neutrophil granulocytes frequencies. The results of this study can be drawn as follows: the patients affected by bronchiogenic cancer show the coefficient of divergence significantly higher than 1. Therefore we should think they have perhaps a quicker granulocytopoietic biorhythm than normal subjects. However the question is still debatable although the results are very suggestive.", "contents": "[An application of the dispersion theory in haematology (author's transl)]. A comparative study concerning dispersion theory has been carried out of patients affected by bronchiogenic cancer and normal subjects about neutrophil granulocytes frequencies. The results of this study can be drawn as follows: the patients affected by bronchiogenic cancer show the coefficient of divergence significantly higher than 1. Therefore we should think they have perhaps a quicker granulocytopoietic biorhythm than normal subjects. However the question is still debatable although the results are very suggestive.", "PMID": 554160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1744", "title": "[Adaptation to hypoxia in liver cirrhosis: the role of 2,3-DPG (author's transl)].", "content": "By observing a group of 20 patients with liver cirrhosis, we have clarified some features concerning the tissue hypoxia, which is often present in such a disease. By determining the levels of the haemoglobin and of the intraerythrocytic 2,3-DPG, and by evaluating the acid-base state of such patients, we have emphasized the increased output of the 2,3-DPG as mechanism of adaptation to hypoxia associated with hepatic cirrhosis, both in subjects with anemia and alkalosis and in subjects without anemia but with alkalosis.", "contents": "[Adaptation to hypoxia in liver cirrhosis: the role of 2,3-DPG (author's transl)]. By observing a group of 20 patients with liver cirrhosis, we have clarified some features concerning the tissue hypoxia, which is often present in such a disease. By determining the levels of the haemoglobin and of the intraerythrocytic 2,3-DPG, and by evaluating the acid-base state of such patients, we have emphasized the increased output of the 2,3-DPG as mechanism of adaptation to hypoxia associated with hepatic cirrhosis, both in subjects with anemia and alkalosis and in subjects without anemia but with alkalosis.", "PMID": 554161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1745", "title": "[The post-transfusional toxoplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The sera of 85 patients suffering from Cooley anemia, 100 normal children of the same group of age, and 550 blood donors have been tested for the presence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence test. The sera of 10 thalassemic patients gave positive reactions at a dilution reaging from 1/64 to 1/2048; in 2 sera a positive reaction was obtained with specific anti-IgM antibodies, indicating an active infection. In the control group, only 2 positive sera have been found. In donors group, instead, 5 sera were positive, and in 2 cases IgM antibodies were detectable. The analysis of data confirms, although indirectly, that heavily transfused patients are at a particular risk to acquire the infection from Toxoplasma Gondii.", "contents": "[The post-transfusional toxoplasmosis (author's transl)]. The sera of 85 patients suffering from Cooley anemia, 100 normal children of the same group of age, and 550 blood donors have been tested for the presence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence test. The sera of 10 thalassemic patients gave positive reactions at a dilution reaging from 1/64 to 1/2048; in 2 sera a positive reaction was obtained with specific anti-IgM antibodies, indicating an active infection. In the control group, only 2 positive sera have been found. In donors group, instead, 5 sera were positive, and in 2 cases IgM antibodies were detectable. The analysis of data confirms, although indirectly, that heavily transfused patients are at a particular risk to acquire the infection from Toxoplasma Gondii.", "PMID": 554162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1746", "title": "[Behavior of plasma NEFA in functional tests of carbohydrate metabolism].", "content": "Variations of plasma NEFA levels during oral glucose tolerance tests and after intravenous tolbutamide administration have been determined in normal subjects and in diabetic patients. The results are discussed on the bases of actual knowledges on glucose and lipid metabolisms.", "contents": "[Behavior of plasma NEFA in functional tests of carbohydrate metabolism]. Variations of plasma NEFA levels during oral glucose tolerance tests and after intravenous tolbutamide administration have been determined in normal subjects and in diabetic patients. The results are discussed on the bases of actual knowledges on glucose and lipid metabolisms.", "PMID": 554163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1747", "title": "[Normal values and diagnostic reliability of laboratory tests].", "content": "After an introduction on various aspects marking the reliability of analytical data, the AA. discuss the diagnostic value of laboratory tests dwelling upon three important moments regarding the necessity to examine closely the nature of biologic parameters and their nosological meaning, their statistical distribution in a population and some concepts of Normality that may be found in Clinical Chemistry.", "contents": "[Normal values and diagnostic reliability of laboratory tests]. After an introduction on various aspects marking the reliability of analytical data, the AA. discuss the diagnostic value of laboratory tests dwelling upon three important moments regarding the necessity to examine closely the nature of biologic parameters and their nosological meaning, their statistical distribution in a population and some concepts of Normality that may be found in Clinical Chemistry.", "PMID": 554164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1748", "title": "[Contribution of the laboratory to identification of drug addicts in psychiatric practice].", "content": "The AA. describe a thin-layer chromatographic method in which two elution systems are used in order to identify some drugs of addiction previously extracted from urines belonging to patients suspected to be addicts. They also studied the possible interferences due to drugs, particularly to psychotropic drugs, in psychiatric patients. The AA. noticed enough validity in identifying such drugs of addiction and a frequent possibility to exclude doubts derived from interfering substances. Some interferences seem to indicate the necessity of further careful studies.", "contents": "[Contribution of the laboratory to identification of drug addicts in psychiatric practice]. The AA. describe a thin-layer chromatographic method in which two elution systems are used in order to identify some drugs of addiction previously extracted from urines belonging to patients suspected to be addicts. They also studied the possible interferences due to drugs, particularly to psychotropic drugs, in psychiatric patients. The AA. noticed enough validity in identifying such drugs of addiction and a frequent possibility to exclude doubts derived from interfering substances. Some interferences seem to indicate the necessity of further careful studies.", "PMID": 554167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1749", "title": "Dental pantomography. The orthopantomograph: a method of patient positioning.", "content": "The shape of the \"in-focus\" zone or focal trough given by the Orthopantomograph machine is shown. The anterior part of this zone is only 6 mm in thickness. The roots of the incisor teeth should, if possible, be placed accurately in this zone and a method of achieving this is suggested.", "contents": "Dental pantomography. The orthopantomograph: a method of patient positioning. The shape of the \"in-focus\" zone or focal trough given by the Orthopantomograph machine is shown. The anterior part of this zone is only 6 mm in thickness. The roots of the incisor teeth should, if possible, be placed accurately in this zone and a method of achieving this is suggested.", "PMID": 554170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1750", "title": "The Nicholas Research Award for Radiographers 1977: anatomical and radiological registration in whole body computed tomography.", "content": "Accurate registration of a section 13 mm in depth in different patients or reregistration in the same patient during whole body computed tomography is a significant problem. The method described here attempts to overcome some of these difficulties. The feasibility of using the EMI Scanner X-ray tube and a pair of Kodak Lanex intensifying screens in a vacuum pack cassette has been examined. A registration system which as an accuracy to within 1 pixel has been described. This technique has its major application in the registration and recognition of the axial skeleton, on fixed bony structures. The registration of soft tissue structures, subject to greater physiological variation poses problems which are the subject of further investigation.", "contents": "The Nicholas Research Award for Radiographers 1977: anatomical and radiological registration in whole body computed tomography. Accurate registration of a section 13 mm in depth in different patients or reregistration in the same patient during whole body computed tomography is a significant problem. The method described here attempts to overcome some of these difficulties. The feasibility of using the EMI Scanner X-ray tube and a pair of Kodak Lanex intensifying screens in a vacuum pack cassette has been examined. A registration system which as an accuracy to within 1 pixel has been described. This technique has its major application in the registration and recognition of the axial skeleton, on fixed bony structures. The registration of soft tissue structures, subject to greater physiological variation poses problems which are the subject of further investigation.", "PMID": 554171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1751", "title": "[Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in sea water samples (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical values of trace elements in sea water samples have been fluctuated according to the sampling locations, the analytical procedures and so on. It is very important in marine chemistry to elucidate the cause of such concentration variations. This report is the analytical results of the samples obtained in the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Sea of Japan, by means of neutron activation analysis. As the preconcentration, APDC-chelate extraction and freeze-drying were adopted. The specimens obtained by this extraction from 500 or 800 ml samples were irradiated by KUR reactor for 1 min, 1 hr to 10 hrs and the gamma-ray spectrometry with a Ge(Li) detector was used for the determination of V, Mn, Cu, Zn, U, Fe, Co, Ni, Ag, Sb and Au. By about 80 hrs irradiation of the specimens obtained by freeze-drying from 20 ml samples and their gamma-ray spectrometry, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb and Cs were determined. The former procedure gives concentrations of elements in species reactable with APDC, but the latter method shows entire concentrations of the elements in the sea water samples. Some considerations on the analytical values and the comparisons of the both methods are described.", "contents": "[Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in sea water samples (author's transl)]. Analytical values of trace elements in sea water samples have been fluctuated according to the sampling locations, the analytical procedures and so on. It is very important in marine chemistry to elucidate the cause of such concentration variations. This report is the analytical results of the samples obtained in the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Sea of Japan, by means of neutron activation analysis. As the preconcentration, APDC-chelate extraction and freeze-drying were adopted. The specimens obtained by this extraction from 500 or 800 ml samples were irradiated by KUR reactor for 1 min, 1 hr to 10 hrs and the gamma-ray spectrometry with a Ge(Li) detector was used for the determination of V, Mn, Cu, Zn, U, Fe, Co, Ni, Ag, Sb and Au. By about 80 hrs irradiation of the specimens obtained by freeze-drying from 20 ml samples and their gamma-ray spectrometry, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb and Cs were determined. The former procedure gives concentrations of elements in species reactable with APDC, but the latter method shows entire concentrations of the elements in the sea water samples. Some considerations on the analytical values and the comparisons of the both methods are described.", "PMID": 554172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1752", "title": "[99mTc-2-mercaptopropionylglycine: different biliary excretion behavior in different animal species (author's transl)].", "content": "Labeling of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG) with 99mTc, was studied and its chemical characteristics were examined. Further, biliary excretion behavior of this complex was comparatively estimated in mice, rats, and rabbits. 99mTc-2-MPG was rapidly excreted in large quantities into the bile in mice and rats: within 1 hr after injection, 51% of the injected dose was recovered from the bile in rats. On the other hand, the ligand exchange reaction between this complex and penicillamine indicates that a low hydrolyzed 99mTc species is coordinated with 2-MPG. These results suggest that a low hydrolyzed 99mTc is an effective feature in biliary excretion behavior of 99mTc compounds. Another interesting in vivo behavior of 99mTc-2-MPG is the difference observed in mice and rabbits: in mice, very high 99mTc activity is concentrated in the gallbladder and the clearance from tissues other than the gallbladder is rapid, whereas in rabbits, although a rapid and high excretion into the gallbladder is observed, a considerable high 99mTc activity is retained in the liver and the kidney. One reasons for this different in vivo behavior is the low stability of this complex at high dilution: a big animal has the large dilution volume which lead to higher decomposition estimated by the higher liver and kidney retention or the lower bile excretion. In conclusion, studies carried on 99mTc-2-MPG showed a good biliary excretion behavior but an in vivo unstableness in big animals.", "contents": "[99mTc-2-mercaptopropionylglycine: different biliary excretion behavior in different animal species (author's transl)]. Labeling of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG) with 99mTc, was studied and its chemical characteristics were examined. Further, biliary excretion behavior of this complex was comparatively estimated in mice, rats, and rabbits. 99mTc-2-MPG was rapidly excreted in large quantities into the bile in mice and rats: within 1 hr after injection, 51% of the injected dose was recovered from the bile in rats. On the other hand, the ligand exchange reaction between this complex and penicillamine indicates that a low hydrolyzed 99mTc species is coordinated with 2-MPG. These results suggest that a low hydrolyzed 99mTc is an effective feature in biliary excretion behavior of 99mTc compounds. Another interesting in vivo behavior of 99mTc-2-MPG is the difference observed in mice and rabbits: in mice, very high 99mTc activity is concentrated in the gallbladder and the clearance from tissues other than the gallbladder is rapid, whereas in rabbits, although a rapid and high excretion into the gallbladder is observed, a considerable high 99mTc activity is retained in the liver and the kidney. One reasons for this different in vivo behavior is the low stability of this complex at high dilution: a big animal has the large dilution volume which lead to higher decomposition estimated by the higher liver and kidney retention or the lower bile excretion. In conclusion, studies carried on 99mTc-2-MPG showed a good biliary excretion behavior but an in vivo unstableness in big animals.", "PMID": 554173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1753", "title": "[Imaging of the bronchial blood flow usingg RI-angiography--study on its procedure and application of dual radioisotope technique (author's transl)].", "content": "RI-angiography with 99mTcO4- was carried out using a scintillation camera with a digital minicomputer for the purpose of imaging of bronchial blood flow in various lung diseases, and as application of dual radioisotope techniques, other imagings such as tumor imaging with 197HgCl2 or 67Ga-citrate and/or perfusion imaging with 99mTc-MAA, were performed simultaneously in patients remaining the same position, too. The image as a iso-count map extracted out of the image of 197HgCl2, 67Ga-citrate or 99mTc-MAA, was superimposed to the brightness image of RI-anigogram (aortic phase). By these procedures, the image of bronchial blood flow were obtained in some patients with lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung abscess, and chronic bronchitis. The dual radioisotope techniques using RI-angiography and the other imaging were useful to make isotope diagnosis of lung diseases more reliable, and the image superimposition methods using RI-angiogram and the image of tumor or perfusion, were useful to improve anatomic orientation of the former.", "contents": "[Imaging of the bronchial blood flow usingg RI-angiography--study on its procedure and application of dual radioisotope technique (author's transl)]. RI-angiography with 99mTcO4- was carried out using a scintillation camera with a digital minicomputer for the purpose of imaging of bronchial blood flow in various lung diseases, and as application of dual radioisotope techniques, other imagings such as tumor imaging with 197HgCl2 or 67Ga-citrate and/or perfusion imaging with 99mTc-MAA, were performed simultaneously in patients remaining the same position, too. The image as a iso-count map extracted out of the image of 197HgCl2, 67Ga-citrate or 99mTc-MAA, was superimposed to the brightness image of RI-anigogram (aortic phase). By these procedures, the image of bronchial blood flow were obtained in some patients with lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung abscess, and chronic bronchitis. The dual radioisotope techniques using RI-angiography and the other imaging were useful to make isotope diagnosis of lung diseases more reliable, and the image superimposition methods using RI-angiogram and the image of tumor or perfusion, were useful to improve anatomic orientation of the former.", "PMID": 554174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1754", "title": "[Plain abdominal film in neoplasms of the large bowel. - A comparative study with a population of normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study was performed between plain abdominal films of 110 patients with neoplasms of the large bowel and 52 normal subjects for control. In neoplasms of the right colon the failed spontaneous visualization of caecum and ascendent colon or the direct recognization of lume's deformation allow us to suspect such a lesions in about 90% of the cases. Neoplasms of the other tracts of the large bowel may be suspected only when plain abdominal film demonstrates direct evidence of an obstruction: in about 25% of the cases.", "contents": "[Plain abdominal film in neoplasms of the large bowel. - A comparative study with a population of normal subjects (author's transl)]. A comparative study was performed between plain abdominal films of 110 patients with neoplasms of the large bowel and 52 normal subjects for control. In neoplasms of the right colon the failed spontaneous visualization of caecum and ascendent colon or the direct recognization of lume's deformation allow us to suspect such a lesions in about 90% of the cases. Neoplasms of the other tracts of the large bowel may be suspected only when plain abdominal film demonstrates direct evidence of an obstruction: in about 25% of the cases.", "PMID": 554185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1755", "title": "[The role of computed axial tomography in pancreatic emergencies (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of CT in acute diseases of the pancreas is discussed, in the light of personal experience (25 cases). In acute pancreatitis (22 cases), CT was useful in particular for: differential diagnosis between the necrotic-hemorrhagic type and the edematous type; detection of extra-pancreatic collections and evaluation of their extent; post-operative follow-up of necrotic-hemorrhagic pancreatitis. In the other more rare empergencies (3 cases), CT could recognize respectively the rupture of an infected pseudo-cyst, and intra-cystic hemorrhage, a mediastinitis due to the spread of ascitic fluid containing pancreatic enzymes into the mediastinum. CT always provided diagnostic information which the other radiological techniques did not provide; therefore in acute diseases of the pancreas CT is the method of choice.", "contents": "[The role of computed axial tomography in pancreatic emergencies (author's transl)]. The role of CT in acute diseases of the pancreas is discussed, in the light of personal experience (25 cases). In acute pancreatitis (22 cases), CT was useful in particular for: differential diagnosis between the necrotic-hemorrhagic type and the edematous type; detection of extra-pancreatic collections and evaluation of their extent; post-operative follow-up of necrotic-hemorrhagic pancreatitis. In the other more rare empergencies (3 cases), CT could recognize respectively the rupture of an infected pseudo-cyst, and intra-cystic hemorrhage, a mediastinitis due to the spread of ascitic fluid containing pancreatic enzymes into the mediastinum. CT always provided diagnostic information which the other radiological techniques did not provide; therefore in acute diseases of the pancreas CT is the method of choice.", "PMID": 554186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1756", "title": "[Echographic evaluation of nontraumatic abdominal emergencies (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors illustrate the diagnostic possibilities of echography in the evaluation of the nontraumatic abdominal emergencies. They first refer about the methods of investigation and the scanning techniques. Then they illustrate the value of echography in the evaluation of the acute cholecystitis and pancreatitis pointing out the sensitivity of this procedure to the detection of the spread of the infections to the peritoneum and to the retroperitoneal spaces. The authors also present the echographic findings in the acute pathology of the retroperitoneum and of the female pelvic organs. Finally they emphasize the diagnostic value of ultrasounds in the search of the abdominal causes of the acute anemia and of the fever of unknown origin and as a preliminary investigation in case of actue renal failure.", "contents": "[Echographic evaluation of nontraumatic abdominal emergencies (author's transl)]. The authors illustrate the diagnostic possibilities of echography in the evaluation of the nontraumatic abdominal emergencies. They first refer about the methods of investigation and the scanning techniques. Then they illustrate the value of echography in the evaluation of the acute cholecystitis and pancreatitis pointing out the sensitivity of this procedure to the detection of the spread of the infections to the peritoneum and to the retroperitoneal spaces. The authors also present the echographic findings in the acute pathology of the retroperitoneum and of the female pelvic organs. Finally they emphasize the diagnostic value of ultrasounds in the search of the abdominal causes of the acute anemia and of the fever of unknown origin and as a preliminary investigation in case of actue renal failure.", "PMID": 554187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1757", "title": "[Echo-angiocardiographic correlations in congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiographic findings satisfactorily compared with angiocardiographic data in six infants affected by congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve. Peculiar echocardiographic features were as follows: a) mitral stenosis: reduced E-F slope of the anterior mitral leaflet, paradoxical diastolic movement of the posterior leaflet, enlargement of the left atrium; b) \"parachute mitral valve\": small, dysmorphic, stiff mitral valve, with an extra echo projecting between those of the two leaflets; c) \"cor triatriatum\": enlarged left atrium whose cavity is divided in two portions by an extra echo; d) \"hypoplastic left heart syndrome\": the mitral leaflets are thin, short. The ventricular cavity and the diameter of the aorta are small; the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery are on the contrary markedly dilated.", "contents": "[Echo-angiocardiographic correlations in congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve (author's transl)]. Echocardiographic findings satisfactorily compared with angiocardiographic data in six infants affected by congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve. Peculiar echocardiographic features were as follows: a) mitral stenosis: reduced E-F slope of the anterior mitral leaflet, paradoxical diastolic movement of the posterior leaflet, enlargement of the left atrium; b) \"parachute mitral valve\": small, dysmorphic, stiff mitral valve, with an extra echo projecting between those of the two leaflets; c) \"cor triatriatum\": enlarged left atrium whose cavity is divided in two portions by an extra echo; d) \"hypoplastic left heart syndrome\": the mitral leaflets are thin, short. The ventricular cavity and the diameter of the aorta are small; the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery are on the contrary markedly dilated.", "PMID": 554188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1758", "title": "[Evaluation of the chest roentgenograms of 90 workers employed in the production of silicon-alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "The chest X-rays (double exposed; focus 0.6 X 0.6 mm2; grid 10:1 ratio; FFD 2.0 m) of 90 workers employed in the production of silicon-alloys were classified according to ILO U/C 1971: 14 have been considered \"border line\" and 14 showed definite pathologic findings. Among the last, 10 concerned subjects who had never previously been exposed to ther dusts.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the chest roentgenograms of 90 workers employed in the production of silicon-alloys (author's transl)]. The chest X-rays (double exposed; focus 0.6 X 0.6 mm2; grid 10:1 ratio; FFD 2.0 m) of 90 workers employed in the production of silicon-alloys were classified according to ILO U/C 1971: 14 have been considered \"border line\" and 14 showed definite pathologic findings. Among the last, 10 concerned subjects who had never previously been exposed to ther dusts.", "PMID": 554189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1759", "title": "[Conventional and computerized tomographic study of blow-out fractures of the orbit (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of blow-out fractures of the orbit studied by conventional and computerized tomography and stress the opportunities and limits of the procedures.", "contents": "[Conventional and computerized tomographic study of blow-out fractures of the orbit (author's transl)]. The authors describe two cases of blow-out fractures of the orbit studied by conventional and computerized tomography and stress the opportunities and limits of the procedures.", "PMID": 554190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1760", "title": "[Considerations about a case of a large neuroma of the acoustic nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, referring to a personal case of a giant acoustic neuroma, stress how the diagnosis of neuroma of the VIII nerve is late discovery. Actually traditional radiological methods and CT would allow the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma in a very early stage with easier possibilities of surgical treatment and less neurological collateral effects.", "contents": "[Considerations about a case of a large neuroma of the acoustic nerve (author's transl)]. The authors, referring to a personal case of a giant acoustic neuroma, stress how the diagnosis of neuroma of the VIII nerve is late discovery. Actually traditional radiological methods and CT would allow the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma in a very early stage with easier possibilities of surgical treatment and less neurological collateral effects.", "PMID": 554191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1761", "title": "[Sphenoidal pneumosinus dilatans: a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Pneumosinus dilatans is an abnormal dilatation of a paranasal cavity containing air only. The case described here can be added to the 51 cases in the literature. Various pathogenetic theories have been proposed: mucocele, intrasinus hypertension, inflammation, endocrine disorder. The authors suggest that this pathological form is the result of overextension of a normal process in the morphogenesis of the sinuses. The symptomatology depends on the location and on the rate of onset of the dilatation.", "contents": "[Sphenoidal pneumosinus dilatans: a case report (author's transl)]. Pneumosinus dilatans is an abnormal dilatation of a paranasal cavity containing air only. The case described here can be added to the 51 cases in the literature. Various pathogenetic theories have been proposed: mucocele, intrasinus hypertension, inflammation, endocrine disorder. The authors suggest that this pathological form is the result of overextension of a normal process in the morphogenesis of the sinuses. The symptomatology depends on the location and on the rate of onset of the dilatation.", "PMID": 554192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1762", "title": "[A program for optimizing radiation beam parameters in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A very large-use optimization technique for radiation treatment planning is presented. Very few input data are sufficient to enable the program to work out an optimized dose distribution; optimization is obtained by modifying the intersection point of beams and the size, the wedge and the time of each beam. The technique may be extended to moving beam teletherapy. A memorized collection of typical geometric arrangements allows a good saving in operator's time especially during data preparation.", "contents": "[A program for optimizing radiation beam parameters in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. A very large-use optimization technique for radiation treatment planning is presented. Very few input data are sufficient to enable the program to work out an optimized dose distribution; optimization is obtained by modifying the intersection point of beams and the size, the wedge and the time of each beam. The technique may be extended to moving beam teletherapy. A memorized collection of typical geometric arrangements allows a good saving in operator's time especially during data preparation.", "PMID": 554193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1763", "title": "[Mammary focal scleroelastotic lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "Mammary focal scleroelastotic lesions are a newly recognized entity, with mammographic and macroscopic features simulating an infiltrating carcinoma but with benign microscopic features. The authors report two cases of this mammary lesion.", "contents": "[Mammary focal scleroelastotic lesion (author's transl)]. Mammary focal scleroelastotic lesions are a newly recognized entity, with mammographic and macroscopic features simulating an infiltrating carcinoma but with benign microscopic features. The authors report two cases of this mammary lesion.", "PMID": 554196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1764", "title": "[Neuroblastoma: radiological findings in 124 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "All the pertinent radiographs of 124 patients with histologically proven neuroblastoma were evaluated. The radiological features of the primary tumor and radiographic characteristics of metastases were also analyzed. Finally the value of radiological investigations to define the diffusion of the disease in comparison with laboratory and clinical findings were considered.", "contents": "[Neuroblastoma: radiological findings in 124 cases (author's transl)]. All the pertinent radiographs of 124 patients with histologically proven neuroblastoma were evaluated. The radiological features of the primary tumor and radiographic characteristics of metastases were also analyzed. Finally the value of radiological investigations to define the diffusion of the disease in comparison with laboratory and clinical findings were considered.", "PMID": 554197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1765", "title": "[Selective catheterization of cervical and mediastinic veins by subclavian approach (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the selective catheterization of the veins of the neck and mediastinum via the subclavian vein. Benefits and complications of the technique are discussed. The subclavian approach is very helpfull and technique of choice when the femoral route is not available.", "contents": "[Selective catheterization of cervical and mediastinic veins by subclavian approach (author's transl)]. The authors present the selective catheterization of the veins of the neck and mediastinum via the subclavian vein. Benefits and complications of the technique are discussed. The subclavian approach is very helpfull and technique of choice when the femoral route is not available.", "PMID": 554198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1766", "title": "[Role of phlebography in the radiodiagnosis of aneurysms of the limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "Three observations of peripheral aneurysms complicated by venous compression or thrombosis are reported. The clinical and angiographic patterns referred to popliteal, femoral and subclavian localization suggest the role of phlebography in all cases of aneurysms of the limbs.", "contents": "[Role of phlebography in the radiodiagnosis of aneurysms of the limbs (author's transl)]. Three observations of peripheral aneurysms complicated by venous compression or thrombosis are reported. The clinical and angiographic patterns referred to popliteal, femoral and subclavian localization suggest the role of phlebography in all cases of aneurysms of the limbs.", "PMID": 554199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1767", "title": "[Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia with atypical vertebral changes in a case of anorchism (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of metaphyseal chondrodysplasia with testicular dysgenesis, hair aplasia, hormonal and somatic features partially indicative of Noonan's syndrome, followed from 6 to 14 years, is described. The associated vertebral changes can be referred to same chondrodysplasic process; persistence of intermediate cartilage and precocious discal damage contribute in vertebral morphogenesis.", "contents": "[Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia with atypical vertebral changes in a case of anorchism (author's transl)]. A case of metaphyseal chondrodysplasia with testicular dysgenesis, hair aplasia, hormonal and somatic features partially indicative of Noonan's syndrome, followed from 6 to 14 years, is described. The associated vertebral changes can be referred to same chondrodysplasic process; persistence of intermediate cartilage and precocious discal damage contribute in vertebral morphogenesis.", "PMID": 554200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1768", "title": "[Skeletal changes in Wolf's syndrome (4p--) and in Klinefelter quadrisomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical-genetic research is at present foundamental to the diagnosis of diseases caused by cromosome abnormalities. Radiologic investigation is necessary to complete the diagnosis evincing morphologic and skeletric changes peculiar to each disease.", "contents": "[Skeletal changes in Wolf's syndrome (4p--) and in Klinefelter quadrisomy (author's transl)]. Clinical-genetic research is at present foundamental to the diagnosis of diseases caused by cromosome abnormalities. Radiologic investigation is necessary to complete the diagnosis evincing morphologic and skeletric changes peculiar to each disease.", "PMID": 554201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1769", "title": "[Routine double contrast examination of the stomach: results and considerations on personal experience (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are presented on the double contrast investigation of the stomach performed during routine hospital activity. Purposes of the work are to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the method and to suggest the location of the diagnostic investigation. 602 consecutive patients were examined and 188 out of these underwent endoscopy. The diagnostic accuracy of the method was evaluated at gastroscopic control. Moreover the cost of the method was considered, in order to evaluate the possible routine application of the method in the hospitals.", "contents": "[Routine double contrast examination of the stomach: results and considerations on personal experience (author's transl)]. The results are presented on the double contrast investigation of the stomach performed during routine hospital activity. Purposes of the work are to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the method and to suggest the location of the diagnostic investigation. 602 consecutive patients were examined and 188 out of these underwent endoscopy. The diagnostic accuracy of the method was evaluated at gastroscopic control. Moreover the cost of the method was considered, in order to evaluate the possible routine application of the method in the hospitals.", "PMID": 554212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1770", "title": "[Role of angiography in studying posttraumatic abdominal masses in pediatric patients].", "content": "In infancy and neonatal period, post-traumatic space-occupying masses often can be associated to malignant, clinically not identified, lesions. Radiodiagnostic non-invasive techniques cannot, in many cases, demonstrate extension, nature and localization of such a lesion, when angiography, in personal experience, shows quite even malignancy and extension without false negatives, and is essential, in our opinion, for evaluation of therapeutic policy and follow-up.", "contents": "[Role of angiography in studying posttraumatic abdominal masses in pediatric patients]. In infancy and neonatal period, post-traumatic space-occupying masses often can be associated to malignant, clinically not identified, lesions. Radiodiagnostic non-invasive techniques cannot, in many cases, demonstrate extension, nature and localization of such a lesion, when angiography, in personal experience, shows quite even malignancy and extension without false negatives, and is essential, in our opinion, for evaluation of therapeutic policy and follow-up.", "PMID": 554213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1771", "title": "[Unilateral alveolar effusions (author's transl)].", "content": "The unilateral alveolar effusions can be divided into two groups: those which take place in an already diseased lung (ipsilateral), and those which take place in the healthy one (contralateral). Starting from the most recent literature, the causes of the two different radiological features are discussed. Some cases of alveolar effusions, both ipsilateral and contralateral, are reported.", "contents": "[Unilateral alveolar effusions (author's transl)]. The unilateral alveolar effusions can be divided into two groups: those which take place in an already diseased lung (ipsilateral), and those which take place in the healthy one (contralateral). Starting from the most recent literature, the causes of the two different radiological features are discussed. Some cases of alveolar effusions, both ipsilateral and contralateral, are reported.", "PMID": 554214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1772", "title": "[Xeroradiographic diagnosis of bone tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The value and drawbacks of xeroradiography were evaluated on 130 patients with benign and malignant bone tumors, 93 of which (72%) were submitted to histological control. Xeroradiography was compared to standard film radiography in 115 cases (88%). In 57 cases (50%), xeroradiography appeared to be more effective than film radiography; it was less effective in 17 cases (15%) and the two techniques were substantially equivalent in the remaining 41 (35%). The best results of xeroradiography were found in malignant tumors, in particular in the presence of an extraosseous spread of the lesion, and it was highly effective in Ewing's sarcoma. According to the sites examined, xeroradiography was more effective in the skeleton of the extremities, while the examination of the trunk and the head were frequently unsatisfactory due to the low sensitivity of this technique. Xeroradiography is held to be an useful second-line examination, to be performed in neoplastic lesions of the limb bones, for the search of small trabecular irregularities, of periosteal reactions or of extraosseous spread of the tumor.", "contents": "[Xeroradiographic diagnosis of bone tumours (author's transl)]. The value and drawbacks of xeroradiography were evaluated on 130 patients with benign and malignant bone tumors, 93 of which (72%) were submitted to histological control. Xeroradiography was compared to standard film radiography in 115 cases (88%). In 57 cases (50%), xeroradiography appeared to be more effective than film radiography; it was less effective in 17 cases (15%) and the two techniques were substantially equivalent in the remaining 41 (35%). The best results of xeroradiography were found in malignant tumors, in particular in the presence of an extraosseous spread of the lesion, and it was highly effective in Ewing's sarcoma. According to the sites examined, xeroradiography was more effective in the skeleton of the extremities, while the examination of the trunk and the head were frequently unsatisfactory due to the low sensitivity of this technique. Xeroradiography is held to be an useful second-line examination, to be performed in neoplastic lesions of the limb bones, for the search of small trabecular irregularities, of periosteal reactions or of extraosseous spread of the tumor.", "PMID": 554215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1773", "title": "[Bone lesions in vibration induced disease: radiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors examined 52 miners affected by Raynaud's phenomenon caused by vibrating instruments, mainly checking the involvement of the osteoarticular system. They found, in the articulation of the upper limbs, in addition to generic signs of arthrosis, zones of bone reabsorption (vacuoles), especially as regard the wrist and hands, and irregularities of the tufts. The authors consider these lesions as important feature of the technopathy.", "contents": "[Bone lesions in vibration induced disease: radiological study (author's transl)]. The authors examined 52 miners affected by Raynaud's phenomenon caused by vibrating instruments, mainly checking the involvement of the osteoarticular system. They found, in the articulation of the upper limbs, in addition to generic signs of arthrosis, zones of bone reabsorption (vacuoles), especially as regard the wrist and hands, and irregularities of the tufts. The authors consider these lesions as important feature of the technopathy.", "PMID": 554216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1774", "title": "[Stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal and dolichophalangy in a case of dyschondrosteosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of dyschondrosteosis in a 13 years old boy, with multiple epiphyseal changes, atypical Madelung's deformity, stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal and dolichophalangy is described. Skeletal changes show manifold characters of resemblance with those encountered in Turner's syndrome. An osteogenetic defect affecting chiefly mesenchymal cells surrounding the epiphyseal plate is supposed. Stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal is not previously reported.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal and dolichophalangy in a case of dyschondrosteosis (author's transl)]. A case of dyschondrosteosis in a 13 years old boy, with multiple epiphyseal changes, atypical Madelung's deformity, stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal and dolichophalangy is described. Skeletal changes show manifold characters of resemblance with those encountered in Turner's syndrome. An osteogenetic defect affecting chiefly mesenchymal cells surrounding the epiphyseal plate is supposed. Stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal is not previously reported.", "PMID": 554217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1775", "title": "[Evaluation by EMI CT 5005 Scanner of bone mineral contents variations. A proposed skeletal index for clinical use (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of subjects, ranging from 20 to 40 years of age the first and from 65 to 85 years the second, have been submitted to bone density measurements by EMI CT 5005 All-Purpose Scanner (140 kV; 28 mAs) and the average values compared. The difference between the average values of the two groups has been taken as a scale of points to evaluate the mineral contents of bone. By the group of older subjects the loss in trabecular bone (lumbar spine L2/L3) proved to be 59.51 EMI units, corresponding to the 47.6% of the mineral contents (p = < 0.01); the loss in compact bone (femur) was 6.6 EMI units corresponding to 5.28% of the mineral contents (p = < 5). The trabecular bone and compact bone average values added together give a whole-skeleton mineral contents index. This index applied to the group of older subjects showed a diminution of 65.81 EMI units indicating a 52.6% loss of mineral contents. Repeated measurements taken at a distance of time proved the method to be fairly reliable with acceptable degree of accuracy (+/- 5%). A tentative approach to clinical use of the skeletal index gave satisfying results.", "contents": "[Evaluation by EMI CT 5005 Scanner of bone mineral contents variations. A proposed skeletal index for clinical use (author's transl)]. Two groups of subjects, ranging from 20 to 40 years of age the first and from 65 to 85 years the second, have been submitted to bone density measurements by EMI CT 5005 All-Purpose Scanner (140 kV; 28 mAs) and the average values compared. The difference between the average values of the two groups has been taken as a scale of points to evaluate the mineral contents of bone. By the group of older subjects the loss in trabecular bone (lumbar spine L2/L3) proved to be 59.51 EMI units, corresponding to the 47.6% of the mineral contents (p = < 0.01); the loss in compact bone (femur) was 6.6 EMI units corresponding to 5.28% of the mineral contents (p = < 5). The trabecular bone and compact bone average values added together give a whole-skeleton mineral contents index. This index applied to the group of older subjects showed a diminution of 65.81 EMI units indicating a 52.6% loss of mineral contents. Repeated measurements taken at a distance of time proved the method to be fairly reliable with acceptable degree of accuracy (+/- 5%). A tentative approach to clinical use of the skeletal index gave satisfying results.", "PMID": 554233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1776", "title": "[Percutaneous biopsy of the lungs: 136 biopsies in 80 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyze their experience on 136 percutaneous biopsies of the lung performed on 80 patients during 3 years. Indications are given with particular reference to the technique, to the type of the needles used and the expedients adopted in order to reduce the complications. Patients to be subjected to biopsy should be correctly and carefully selected. To this purpose, the authors present a protocol used for the patients affected by localized or diffused, single or multiple pulmonary lesions. Percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung assumes a precise role in the numerous diagnostic studies on these patients. The technique is considered in some cases essential to the right management of the patient. In other cases, instead, it is considered superfluous or too risky for the presence of contraindications. As demonstrated by authors' experience, supported by others, the method has appeared easy to perform and apt to provide good diagnostic results.", "contents": "[Percutaneous biopsy of the lungs: 136 biopsies in 80 patients (author's transl)]. The authors analyze their experience on 136 percutaneous biopsies of the lung performed on 80 patients during 3 years. Indications are given with particular reference to the technique, to the type of the needles used and the expedients adopted in order to reduce the complications. Patients to be subjected to biopsy should be correctly and carefully selected. To this purpose, the authors present a protocol used for the patients affected by localized or diffused, single or multiple pulmonary lesions. Percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung assumes a precise role in the numerous diagnostic studies on these patients. The technique is considered in some cases essential to the right management of the patient. In other cases, instead, it is considered superfluous or too risky for the presence of contraindications. As demonstrated by authors' experience, supported by others, the method has appeared easy to perform and apt to provide good diagnostic results.", "PMID": 554234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1777", "title": "[Radiological examination of corpora cavernosa in the lesions of the penis (author's transl)].", "content": "Corpus cavernosography is described and some technical processes to improve the morphological response and to reduce local accidents are discussed. Considering several lesions of the penis, the usefulness of cavernosography is emphasized in order to programme a timely and adequate therapy. A series of cases is reported.", "contents": "[Radiological examination of corpora cavernosa in the lesions of the penis (author's transl)]. Corpus cavernosography is described and some technical processes to improve the morphological response and to reduce local accidents are discussed. Considering several lesions of the penis, the usefulness of cavernosography is emphasized in order to programme a timely and adequate therapy. A series of cases is reported.", "PMID": 554235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1778", "title": "[Computed tomography in subarachnoidal hemorrhage provoked by multiple aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) scans have been made on 8 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and multiple aneurysms. This technique is useful to show the distribution of blood, to predict the location of the ruptured aneurysms, to avoid the lumbar puncture and at last to give valuable informations on the changes of the brain parenchima in the patient's clinical evolution.", "contents": "[Computed tomography in subarachnoidal hemorrhage provoked by multiple aneurysms (author's transl)]. Computed tomography (CT) scans have been made on 8 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and multiple aneurysms. This technique is useful to show the distribution of blood, to predict the location of the ruptured aneurysms, to avoid the lumbar puncture and at last to give valuable informations on the changes of the brain parenchima in the patient's clinical evolution.", "PMID": 554237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1779", "title": "[The water test in the demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux and of an unsuspected reflux esophagitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Further report on the importance of routine \"water test\" in the demonstration of an unsuspected gastroesophageal reflux and possible associated reflux esophagitis. Analysis based on 24,106 consecutive and unselected gastrointestinal tract examinations and description of the technique.", "contents": "[The water test in the demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux and of an unsuspected reflux esophagitis (author's transl)]. Further report on the importance of routine \"water test\" in the demonstration of an unsuspected gastroesophageal reflux and possible associated reflux esophagitis. Analysis based on 24,106 consecutive and unselected gastrointestinal tract examinations and description of the technique.", "PMID": 554243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1780", "title": "[A rare complication of metastatic peri-articular calcifications in chronic uremia: articular bone erosions (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare complication was observed of the peri-articular metastatic calcifications in patients in periodic hemodialysis, suffering from chronic uremia: the subcondral bone erosions adjacent to the calcifications. Three cases are described. A discussion follows concerning the pathogenesis of the lesion, which has not yet been reported in literature, as far as known by the authors.", "contents": "[A rare complication of metastatic peri-articular calcifications in chronic uremia: articular bone erosions (author's transl)]. A rare complication was observed of the peri-articular metastatic calcifications in patients in periodic hemodialysis, suffering from chronic uremia: the subcondral bone erosions adjacent to the calcifications. Three cases are described. A discussion follows concerning the pathogenesis of the lesion, which has not yet been reported in literature, as far as known by the authors.", "PMID": 554244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1781", "title": "[Pharmacoradiology of the urinary bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "A complete urodynamic evaluation is possible only on the basis of multichannel recordings (pressure gradients, flow rate and outflow resistance, electromiography) and X-ray. The pharmacoradiology of the urinary bladder (experimental or therapeutic employment of cholinergic and adrenergic drugs) requires the knowledge of urodynamic parameters and neurophysiology of the micturition.", "contents": "[Pharmacoradiology of the urinary bladder (author's transl)]. A complete urodynamic evaluation is possible only on the basis of multichannel recordings (pressure gradients, flow rate and outflow resistance, electromiography) and X-ray. The pharmacoradiology of the urinary bladder (experimental or therapeutic employment of cholinergic and adrenergic drugs) requires the knowledge of urodynamic parameters and neurophysiology of the micturition.", "PMID": 554236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1782", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of malignant breast calcifications. (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have taken into consideration the different features of malignant breast tumor calcification. Frequent, rare and extremely rare radiological pictures will be shown and a differential diagnosis with benign micro-calcifications will be considered. A correct mammographic and xerographic technical performance is absolutely necessary to enhance the images of the smallest micro-calcifications. At last we assess the importance of a radiographic control of the surgical blocks, after conservative surgery of the breast, to assure a complete removal of microcalcifications.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of malignant breast calcifications. (author's transl)]. The authors have taken into consideration the different features of malignant breast tumor calcification. Frequent, rare and extremely rare radiological pictures will be shown and a differential diagnosis with benign micro-calcifications will be considered. A correct mammographic and xerographic technical performance is absolutely necessary to enhance the images of the smallest micro-calcifications. At last we assess the importance of a radiographic control of the surgical blocks, after conservative surgery of the breast, to assure a complete removal of microcalcifications.", "PMID": 554245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1783", "title": "[Ecographic studies of 72 aneurysms of the abdominal aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, studying 72 abdominal aortic aneurysms by ultrasounds, show the main diagnostic problems of this pathology. These aneurysms are divided into two classes: the silent and the acute ones; the second group includes the atherosclerotic aneurysms in rupture and the dissecting aneurysms. Ecography is considered as a preliminar test in the evaluation of the aneurysms of the first group, allowing, in case of good results, the surgical operation without other invasive tests. Ultrasounds can also reduce problems of differential diagnosis. In case of non dissecting acute aneurysms, ecography leads to a quick diagnosis, allowing sudden surgery. In case of dissecting aneurysms, angiography remains the best examination, except those rare cases with atypical symptoms.", "contents": "[Ecographic studies of 72 aneurysms of the abdominal aorta (author's transl)]. The authors, studying 72 abdominal aortic aneurysms by ultrasounds, show the main diagnostic problems of this pathology. These aneurysms are divided into two classes: the silent and the acute ones; the second group includes the atherosclerotic aneurysms in rupture and the dissecting aneurysms. Ecography is considered as a preliminar test in the evaluation of the aneurysms of the first group, allowing, in case of good results, the surgical operation without other invasive tests. Ultrasounds can also reduce problems of differential diagnosis. In case of non dissecting acute aneurysms, ecography leads to a quick diagnosis, allowing sudden surgery. In case of dissecting aneurysms, angiography remains the best examination, except those rare cases with atypical symptoms.", "PMID": 554240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1784", "title": "[Lumbar phlebography: anatomy and technique (author's transl)].", "content": "This article describes the normal radiological anatomy of the epidural veins whose understanding is necessary for the correct interpretation of venographic studies. Three ways of achieving adequate visualization of the epidural venous plexus are described. Experience with 80 cases is reported; a comparison has been made among the degree of visualization of the epidural venous plexus, the length of time, the cost and the amount of radiation received by the operator and patients during the performance of each technique. Preference is expressed for simultaneous injection of contrast media via two needles introduced into right and left femoral veins.", "contents": "[Lumbar phlebography: anatomy and technique (author's transl)]. This article describes the normal radiological anatomy of the epidural veins whose understanding is necessary for the correct interpretation of venographic studies. Three ways of achieving adequate visualization of the epidural venous plexus are described. Experience with 80 cases is reported; a comparison has been made among the degree of visualization of the epidural venous plexus, the length of time, the cost and the amount of radiation received by the operator and patients during the performance of each technique. Preference is expressed for simultaneous injection of contrast media via two needles introduced into right and left femoral veins.", "PMID": 554246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1785", "title": "[A contribution for the radiological study in the open hydatic cysts of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "An observation of an open hydatic cyst of the kidney led the author to discuss, on the basis of pathologic correlation, about the possibilities and limits in the radiological study of renal hydatidosis, in general, and of open forms, in particular. Since pielography is still the only research in a position to show very suggesting radiological findings for the diagnosis of this form of hydatidosis, whose personal case is almost a paradigmatic example, the author emphasizes the need to apply it in these occurrences.", "contents": "[A contribution for the radiological study in the open hydatic cysts of the kidney (author's transl)]. An observation of an open hydatic cyst of the kidney led the author to discuss, on the basis of pathologic correlation, about the possibilities and limits in the radiological study of renal hydatidosis, in general, and of open forms, in particular. Since pielography is still the only research in a position to show very suggesting radiological findings for the diagnosis of this form of hydatidosis, whose personal case is almost a paradigmatic example, the author emphasizes the need to apply it in these occurrences.", "PMID": 554247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1786", "title": "[Chromosome aberrations in subject occupationally exposed to radiation. Statistical analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The percentage of subjects affected by different chromosomes aberrations, does not differ in subjects occupationally exposed to radiations and in controls. On the other hand the higher percentage of aberrations in the total number of cells in radioexposed subjects is highly significant. Severe limitations employing the cariotipic investigation for insurance finalities are prospected.", "contents": "[Chromosome aberrations in subject occupationally exposed to radiation. Statistical analysis (author's transl)]. The percentage of subjects affected by different chromosomes aberrations, does not differ in subjects occupationally exposed to radiations and in controls. On the other hand the higher percentage of aberrations in the total number of cells in radioexposed subjects is highly significant. Severe limitations employing the cariotipic investigation for insurance finalities are prospected.", "PMID": 554241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1787", "title": "[The echotomographic patterns of the normal liver. (A comparison between real-time and gray-scale images) (author's transl)].", "content": "The echotomographic anatomy of the right hypocondrium and of the epigastrium is considered, with special regard to the many anatomical structures which can be evaluated in the different scanning planes. This anatomic study has been accomplished by means of real-time and manual gray-scale scanners. Echotomograms obtained with both types of equipment are presented. A special emphasis has been given to the topographical relationships between parenchymal and vascular structures.", "contents": "[The echotomographic patterns of the normal liver. (A comparison between real-time and gray-scale images) (author's transl)]. The echotomographic anatomy of the right hypocondrium and of the epigastrium is considered, with special regard to the many anatomical structures which can be evaluated in the different scanning planes. This anatomic study has been accomplished by means of real-time and manual gray-scale scanners. Echotomograms obtained with both types of equipment are presented. A special emphasis has been given to the topographical relationships between parenchymal and vascular structures.", "PMID": 554239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1788", "title": "[Investigation on the renal clearance of metylglucamine diatrizoate and of sodium and metylglucamine diatrizoate (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 patients the kinetics has been studied of two contrast media labelled with 131I, and namely of MGM diatrizoate and of diatrizoate of sodium and MGM. The clearance was determined both at basal concentrations and in double concentration by means of external counting. The results were statistically studied by means of the linear regression method. The authors conclude that the MGM diatrizoate is exclusively eliminated through the glomeruli both in basal and double concentration. The diatrizoate of sodium and MGM is eliminated in low concentration through the glomeruli, while in double concentration it is partially eliminated through the tubuli.", "contents": "[Investigation on the renal clearance of metylglucamine diatrizoate and of sodium and metylglucamine diatrizoate (author's transl)]. In 14 patients the kinetics has been studied of two contrast media labelled with 131I, and namely of MGM diatrizoate and of diatrizoate of sodium and MGM. The clearance was determined both at basal concentrations and in double concentration by means of external counting. The results were statistically studied by means of the linear regression method. The authors conclude that the MGM diatrizoate is exclusively eliminated through the glomeruli both in basal and double concentration. The diatrizoate of sodium and MGM is eliminated in low concentration through the glomeruli, while in double concentration it is partially eliminated through the tubuli.", "PMID": 554248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1789", "title": "[The dynamic ecology of virus-vector system (author's transl)].", "content": "The phenomenon of arbovirus transmission by their vectors is based upon the constitution of virus-vector systems, not only at the species level, but also at an infra-specific level. The study of such systems leads to consider some particular aspects of their ecology which can have important epidemiological consequences (selection of viral clones by the vector, transovarial and sexual transmissions). Finely the authors approach the question of evolution of virus-vector systems, which appear as adaptative, functional and temporary associations.", "contents": "[The dynamic ecology of virus-vector system (author's transl)]. The phenomenon of arbovirus transmission by their vectors is based upon the constitution of virus-vector systems, not only at the species level, but also at an infra-specific level. The study of such systems leads to consider some particular aspects of their ecology which can have important epidemiological consequences (selection of viral clones by the vector, transovarial and sexual transmissions). Finely the authors approach the question of evolution of virus-vector systems, which appear as adaptative, functional and temporary associations.", "PMID": 554287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1790", "title": "[Geographical pathology and the working environment (author's transl)].", "content": "The geographical, or, more generally, the topographical approach to health and disease has common and important applications in occupational health studies. Analysis of disease occurrence (prevalence and incidence) by area may be carried out at three levels of observation: within the working environment, when different areas usually correspond to different exposures to potentially noxious agents; in the locality where the working environment is situated, which may be affected, for example, by routine industrial discharges or by pollution following accidents; and in the region which includes the locality. Epidemiological tools for the spatial investigation of disease occurrence at each of these levels are reviewed and exemplified, and possible sources of confounding and bias (positive and negative) are emphasized. Attention is particularly drawn to \"false negative\" results arising in occupational studies because of dilution of an excess risk limited to only some of the workers operating in a defined area.", "contents": "[Geographical pathology and the working environment (author's transl)]. The geographical, or, more generally, the topographical approach to health and disease has common and important applications in occupational health studies. Analysis of disease occurrence (prevalence and incidence) by area may be carried out at three levels of observation: within the working environment, when different areas usually correspond to different exposures to potentially noxious agents; in the locality where the working environment is situated, which may be affected, for example, by routine industrial discharges or by pollution following accidents; and in the region which includes the locality. Epidemiological tools for the spatial investigation of disease occurrence at each of these levels are reviewed and exemplified, and possible sources of confounding and bias (positive and negative) are emphasized. Attention is particularly drawn to \"false negative\" results arising in occupational studies because of dilution of an excess risk limited to only some of the workers operating in a defined area.", "PMID": 554288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1791", "title": "[Geographic pathology of cardiovascular diseases in Belgium (author's transl)].", "content": "The association in many populations of the fat content of the diet and frequency of ischemic heart disease is mentioned. The author gives a summary of papers showing on one hand, a high correlation between the content of the diet in saturated fatty acids and ischemic heart disease morbidity and mortality rates, and, on the other hand, the protective effect of a change towards more polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. Several teams of Belgian researchers have recently published new facts on this matter. In the Northern Flemish speaking part of the country, saturated fatty acids have been partially replaced by polyunsaturated fatty acids from vegetable sources. This change has been followed by a general decrease of ischemic heart disease incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. In the Southern French speaking part of the country, the alimentary changes have not occurred so far; the ischemic heart disease morbidity and mortality rates stand higher.", "contents": "[Geographic pathology of cardiovascular diseases in Belgium (author's transl)]. The association in many populations of the fat content of the diet and frequency of ischemic heart disease is mentioned. The author gives a summary of papers showing on one hand, a high correlation between the content of the diet in saturated fatty acids and ischemic heart disease morbidity and mortality rates, and, on the other hand, the protective effect of a change towards more polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. Several teams of Belgian researchers have recently published new facts on this matter. In the Northern Flemish speaking part of the country, saturated fatty acids have been partially replaced by polyunsaturated fatty acids from vegetable sources. This change has been followed by a general decrease of ischemic heart disease incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. In the Southern French speaking part of the country, the alimentary changes have not occurred so far; the ischemic heart disease morbidity and mortality rates stand higher.", "PMID": 554289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1792", "title": "[Relationship of sodium intake and arterial hypertension. Contribution of geographical epidemiology (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In 28 populations over the world, are available both mean daily sodium intake and trend of the means of blood pressure in adulthood (in order to compute the slope of linear regression of pressure over age). In both sexes, the sodium intake is very significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic slopes, with systolic and diastolic pressures at age 50, and with systolic pressure at age 20. 2. In limited geographic areas, hypertension appears to be always more prevalent in the communities having the larger sodium intake. 3. Low salt intake communities are always primitive. The positive trend of blood pressure with larger salt intake might be also attributed to acculturation process, body weight increase, and diminution of potassium intake. 4. The data now available lead to advise, as soon as possible in life, a prevention of hypertension based upon reduction of sodium intake and increase of vegetable potassium intake.", "contents": "[Relationship of sodium intake and arterial hypertension. Contribution of geographical epidemiology (author's transl)]. 1. In 28 populations over the world, are available both mean daily sodium intake and trend of the means of blood pressure in adulthood (in order to compute the slope of linear regression of pressure over age). In both sexes, the sodium intake is very significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic slopes, with systolic and diastolic pressures at age 50, and with systolic pressure at age 20. 2. In limited geographic areas, hypertension appears to be always more prevalent in the communities having the larger sodium intake. 3. Low salt intake communities are always primitive. The positive trend of blood pressure with larger salt intake might be also attributed to acculturation process, body weight increase, and diminution of potassium intake. 4. The data now available lead to advise, as soon as possible in life, a prevention of hypertension based upon reduction of sodium intake and increase of vegetable potassium intake.", "PMID": 554290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1793", "title": "[Geochemistry and cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiovascular diseases are often found to be associated with certain physicochemical characteristics of the environment - namely, the hardness of the water and the types of rock and soil underlying the area. Areas supplied with soft water usually have higher cardiovascular death rates than do areas supplied with hard water. Evidence linking cardiovascular diseases with the geochemistry of rocks and soils is more limited. The nature of these associations is still speculative but it is possible that certain trace elements are involved, some being beneficial and others harmful. Further epidemiological studies to identify these various trace elements are desirable.", "contents": "[Geochemistry and cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)]. Cardiovascular diseases are often found to be associated with certain physicochemical characteristics of the environment - namely, the hardness of the water and the types of rock and soil underlying the area. Areas supplied with soft water usually have higher cardiovascular death rates than do areas supplied with hard water. Evidence linking cardiovascular diseases with the geochemistry of rocks and soils is more limited. The nature of these associations is still speculative but it is possible that certain trace elements are involved, some being beneficial and others harmful. Further epidemiological studies to identify these various trace elements are desirable.", "PMID": 554291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1794", "title": "[Geographic pathology and digestive tract cancers. Present status and prospects (author's transl)].", "content": "Geographic pathology has largely contributed to our knowledge of the epidemiology of digestive tract cancers. The characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of oesophagus, stomach, colon and rectum cancers are described. The paper further discusses how more detailed breakdowns in geographic pathology might suggest new working hypotheses; this is illustrated by examples taken from recent literature.", "contents": "[Geographic pathology and digestive tract cancers. Present status and prospects (author's transl)]. Geographic pathology has largely contributed to our knowledge of the epidemiology of digestive tract cancers. The characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of oesophagus, stomach, colon and rectum cancers are described. The paper further discusses how more detailed breakdowns in geographic pathology might suggest new working hypotheses; this is illustrated by examples taken from recent literature.", "PMID": 554292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1795", "title": "[Sudan-savanna and rain-forest onchocerciasis in West Africa: an epidemiological problem (author's transl)].", "content": "A Sudan-savanna and a rain forest onchocerciasis have been described in West Africa. These two patterns of onchocerciasis have in common many epidemiological features but in hyperendemic areas there is a very essential difference between the two. In savanna the prevalence of serious ocular lesions and blindness due to onchocerciasis are much higher than in forest. Therefore attempting to explain these differences five groups of factors (or working hypothesis) are reviewed: --factors related to the vectors; --onchocerca-simulium couples; --different Onchocerca volvulus strains; --factors related to the human-host; --other varied factors: nutritional factors, concomitant ocular infections, luminousness of savanna, periods of transmission... A critical examination of these hypothesis brings to the conclusion that according to our present knowledge the main difference between savanna and rain-forest onchocerciasis may be due to degrees in pathogenicity of different strains of O. volvulus but these hypothesis have not been proved formally. More the part of concomitant factors (co-factors), themselves related to bioclimactic zones must not be ruled out.", "contents": "[Sudan-savanna and rain-forest onchocerciasis in West Africa: an epidemiological problem (author's transl)]. A Sudan-savanna and a rain forest onchocerciasis have been described in West Africa. These two patterns of onchocerciasis have in common many epidemiological features but in hyperendemic areas there is a very essential difference between the two. In savanna the prevalence of serious ocular lesions and blindness due to onchocerciasis are much higher than in forest. Therefore attempting to explain these differences five groups of factors (or working hypothesis) are reviewed: --factors related to the vectors; --onchocerca-simulium couples; --different Onchocerca volvulus strains; --factors related to the human-host; --other varied factors: nutritional factors, concomitant ocular infections, luminousness of savanna, periods of transmission... A critical examination of these hypothesis brings to the conclusion that according to our present knowledge the main difference between savanna and rain-forest onchocerciasis may be due to degrees in pathogenicity of different strains of O. volvulus but these hypothesis have not been proved formally. More the part of concomitant factors (co-factors), themselves related to bioclimactic zones must not be ruled out.", "PMID": 554294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1796", "title": "[Geographic distribution in some latin countries of cancers of the alimentary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Geographic distribution in some latin countries of cancers of the alimentary tract. A comparison of alimentary tract cancer incidence rates has been undertaken from the results of 5 latin cancer registries. The most striking features are the high incidence rates for gastric cancers in the provinces of Zaragoza and Piemont, for colorectal cancers in the canton of Geneva, and in the countries of C\u00f4te-d'Or and Bas-Rhin. Tumour localization in the large bowel differs significantly between Geneva and the French counties. The canton of Geneva has the highest rate for cancer of the pancreas, French countries for cancer of the oesophagus in males. Sex ratio for primary cancer of the liver differs considerably from one region to another.", "contents": "[Geographic distribution in some latin countries of cancers of the alimentary tract (author's transl)]. Geographic distribution in some latin countries of cancers of the alimentary tract. A comparison of alimentary tract cancer incidence rates has been undertaken from the results of 5 latin cancer registries. The most striking features are the high incidence rates for gastric cancers in the provinces of Zaragoza and Piemont, for colorectal cancers in the canton of Geneva, and in the countries of C\u00f4te-d'Or and Bas-Rhin. Tumour localization in the large bowel differs significantly between Geneva and the French counties. The canton of Geneva has the highest rate for cancer of the pancreas, French countries for cancer of the oesophagus in males. Sex ratio for primary cancer of the liver differs considerably from one region to another.", "PMID": 554295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1797", "title": "[Relationship between attention and mu rhythms in the cat and the monkey (author's transl)].", "content": "Recording from the cat and monkey parietal cortex reveals the existence of three categories of spontaneous rhythmic activities, with different frequencies, that have the same reactivity and localization as the mu rhythm in man. Each of these rhythms corresponds to a different level of attention and can be preferentially determined through placing the subject in a given situation. The fastest rhythms are observed when the subject displays an attentive behaviour toward a significant target, while those of intermediate frequency are seen during a period of expectancy (like watching a mouse-hole). The slowest rhythms occur when the subject does not show interest to its surrounding. A hypothesis is proposed that mu rhythms are involved in the neurophysiological mechanisms of attention.", "contents": "[Relationship between attention and mu rhythms in the cat and the monkey (author's transl)]. Recording from the cat and monkey parietal cortex reveals the existence of three categories of spontaneous rhythmic activities, with different frequencies, that have the same reactivity and localization as the mu rhythm in man. Each of these rhythms corresponds to a different level of attention and can be preferentially determined through placing the subject in a given situation. The fastest rhythms are observed when the subject displays an attentive behaviour toward a significant target, while those of intermediate frequency are seen during a period of expectancy (like watching a mouse-hole). The slowest rhythms occur when the subject does not show interest to its surrounding. A hypothesis is proposed that mu rhythms are involved in the neurophysiological mechanisms of attention.", "PMID": 554298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1798", "title": "[Methodological aspects of a renewed study of ascending activation of mesencephalic reticular origin (author's transl)].", "content": "The phenomena of activation of the thalamocortical systems at the cellular level consist of an increase in the level of spontaneous discharges from thalamo- and corticifugal neurones, an increase in their reactivity to antidromic volleys, and inhibitory processes with rapid development. All these events occur on a base of EEG desynchronization, can be provoked by electrical stimulation of the reticular formation, but are also observed during active behaviocal states: waking periods and desynchronized sleep. After a brief analysis of the contradictions arising from studies on the ascending reticular system using the conventional methods of stimulation-lesion, the results of micro-injections of kainic acid into the mesencephalic reticular formation, compound which excites and then destroys intrinsic neurones without affecting passing fibres, are presented. The qualities necessary for conducting a study at the unitary level are the physiological identification of reticular neurones with rostral projection, and the analysis of their activity to test two hypotheses: that these neurones maintain the tonic phenomena of thalamocortical activation, and that precursor alterations in their activity could be the basis for transitions between synchronized sleep and the waking state. The data resulting from the unitary analysis of the mesencephalic reticular neurones physiologically identified in the behaving animal will be presented to support these hypotheses.", "contents": "[Methodological aspects of a renewed study of ascending activation of mesencephalic reticular origin (author's transl)]. The phenomena of activation of the thalamocortical systems at the cellular level consist of an increase in the level of spontaneous discharges from thalamo- and corticifugal neurones, an increase in their reactivity to antidromic volleys, and inhibitory processes with rapid development. All these events occur on a base of EEG desynchronization, can be provoked by electrical stimulation of the reticular formation, but are also observed during active behaviocal states: waking periods and desynchronized sleep. After a brief analysis of the contradictions arising from studies on the ascending reticular system using the conventional methods of stimulation-lesion, the results of micro-injections of kainic acid into the mesencephalic reticular formation, compound which excites and then destroys intrinsic neurones without affecting passing fibres, are presented. The qualities necessary for conducting a study at the unitary level are the physiological identification of reticular neurones with rostral projection, and the analysis of their activity to test two hypotheses: that these neurones maintain the tonic phenomena of thalamocortical activation, and that precursor alterations in their activity could be the basis for transitions between synchronized sleep and the waking state. The data resulting from the unitary analysis of the mesencephalic reticular neurones physiologically identified in the behaving animal will be presented to support these hypotheses.", "PMID": 554296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1799", "title": "[Research into the electrophysiological effects of nicotine and their interpretation as arousal or sedation mechanisms (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of nicotine on the nervous system during rapid smoking of two calibrated cigarettes was measured in twenty subjects: light, medium, heavy and non-smokers, across the changes of a number of electrophysiological variables and in different situations. Although some systems are consistently activated: with rapid EEG rhythms and EDG, others depending upon sub-grouping are activated or, conversely, are depressed or sedated (alpha and theta rhythm enhancement), the passive situations selected being opposed to the active situations. Attempts to explain this phenomenon seem to be dependent on the hypothesis that combination of environmental constraints and certain personalities or constitutions leads smokers who implicitly seek a sedative effect in smoking to administer themselves with a relatively low dose of nicotine by virtue of the varied modulations in their manner of smoking: the effective volume of puffs and the interval between puffs, whilst those who wish to stimulate themselves or arouse their cerebral cortex automatically take a considerably higher dose.", "contents": "[Research into the electrophysiological effects of nicotine and their interpretation as arousal or sedation mechanisms (author's transl)]. The effect of nicotine on the nervous system during rapid smoking of two calibrated cigarettes was measured in twenty subjects: light, medium, heavy and non-smokers, across the changes of a number of electrophysiological variables and in different situations. Although some systems are consistently activated: with rapid EEG rhythms and EDG, others depending upon sub-grouping are activated or, conversely, are depressed or sedated (alpha and theta rhythm enhancement), the passive situations selected being opposed to the active situations. Attempts to explain this phenomenon seem to be dependent on the hypothesis that combination of environmental constraints and certain personalities or constitutions leads smokers who implicitly seek a sedative effect in smoking to administer themselves with a relatively low dose of nicotine by virtue of the varied modulations in their manner of smoking: the effective volume of puffs and the interval between puffs, whilst those who wish to stimulate themselves or arouse their cerebral cortex automatically take a considerably higher dose.", "PMID": 554300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1800", "title": "[Voluntary synchronization and desynchronization of alpha rhythm by retroaction of EEG rhythms. Preliminary study (author's transl)].", "content": "Research was carried out on twenty subjects on the volontary control of alpha rythm by retroaction. Retroaction was provided in real time as a sound indicating the presence of alpha bursts or the intervals between bursts when reaching a pre-selected amplitude threshold, in such a way as to ensure that the alpha Index of the control situation (LB) reached about 50% of its total length. There are five situations per session: the initial state or base line (LB), relaxation with eyes closed (DF) and eyes open (DO), concentration with eyes closed (CF)and eyes open (CO), each situation being subdivided into 4 one-minute sequences. Subjects are informed about the alpha Index achieved at the end of each sequence, thus creating a periodic reinforcement. From the outset, three subjects showed an evident ability to increase or decrease at will the alpha occurrence rate, which gradually improved as the sequences progressed. Three other subjects showed that the same ability but to a lesser extent. Subjects confirmed that the feedback signal helped them to determine the most effective strategy for voluntary control, thus indicating that training is possible and that it is greatly facilitated by feedback, at least in the early stages. A detailed analysis of the recordings has made it possible for us to formulate hypotheses about the most important aspects of this control.", "contents": "[Voluntary synchronization and desynchronization of alpha rhythm by retroaction of EEG rhythms. Preliminary study (author's transl)]. Research was carried out on twenty subjects on the volontary control of alpha rythm by retroaction. Retroaction was provided in real time as a sound indicating the presence of alpha bursts or the intervals between bursts when reaching a pre-selected amplitude threshold, in such a way as to ensure that the alpha Index of the control situation (LB) reached about 50% of its total length. There are five situations per session: the initial state or base line (LB), relaxation with eyes closed (DF) and eyes open (DO), concentration with eyes closed (CF)and eyes open (CO), each situation being subdivided into 4 one-minute sequences. Subjects are informed about the alpha Index achieved at the end of each sequence, thus creating a periodic reinforcement. From the outset, three subjects showed an evident ability to increase or decrease at will the alpha occurrence rate, which gradually improved as the sequences progressed. Three other subjects showed that the same ability but to a lesser extent. Subjects confirmed that the feedback signal helped them to determine the most effective strategy for voluntary control, thus indicating that training is possible and that it is greatly facilitated by feedback, at least in the early stages. A detailed analysis of the recordings has made it possible for us to formulate hypotheses about the most important aspects of this control.", "PMID": 554299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1801", "title": "[Hippocampal EEG in dog, cat and man (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative neurophysiological study of the reactivity of hippocampal EEG in dog, cat and human (an epileptic patient with chronically indwelling electrodes) was carried out. In all 3 species the same type of qualitative changes in hippocampal spectral parameters in the theta frequency band (peak frequency, peak amplitude and rhythmicity) in relation to behavioural tasks was encountered. These results were obtained by means of computing triggered averages of spectral parameters in relation to behavioural events. Both in dog and in cat it was found that transitions in behaviour from a low intensity (e.g. sitting) to a high intensity (e.g. walking) motor activity were accompanied by an increase in the value of the afore mentioned spectral parameters. In man a similar relation between such a transition in gross motor behaviour and hippocampal EEG was, however, not observed. The highest frequencies in the theta band appeared in man to be related to \"verbal behaviour and writing\". In all 3 species the following generalization appeared to hold; when the same behavioural state occurs at different levels of intensity, a higher intensity of the behaviour--as measured in terms of its motor components--is related to higher values for the spectral parameters of the hippocampal EEG.", "contents": "[Hippocampal EEG in dog, cat and man (author's transl)]. A comparative neurophysiological study of the reactivity of hippocampal EEG in dog, cat and human (an epileptic patient with chronically indwelling electrodes) was carried out. In all 3 species the same type of qualitative changes in hippocampal spectral parameters in the theta frequency band (peak frequency, peak amplitude and rhythmicity) in relation to behavioural tasks was encountered. These results were obtained by means of computing triggered averages of spectral parameters in relation to behavioural events. Both in dog and in cat it was found that transitions in behaviour from a low intensity (e.g. sitting) to a high intensity (e.g. walking) motor activity were accompanied by an increase in the value of the afore mentioned spectral parameters. In man a similar relation between such a transition in gross motor behaviour and hippocampal EEG was, however, not observed. The highest frequencies in the theta band appeared in man to be related to \"verbal behaviour and writing\". In all 3 species the following generalization appeared to hold; when the same behavioural state occurs at different levels of intensity, a higher intensity of the behaviour--as measured in terms of its motor components--is related to higher values for the spectral parameters of the hippocampal EEG.", "PMID": 554297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1802", "title": "[Emotional and attentive interferences and slow cerebral potentials (CNV-P 300) (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was conducted to establish possible correlations between electrophysiological indices and performance under neutral situations and those involving completing a double task of increasing complexity, by studying CNV and P 300 in young healthy men. The results demonstrated that: 1. After habituation, the CNV amplitudes were not related to performance. A significant correlation was noted only during the most complex tasks. 2. The CNV appears to depend mainly on endogenous factors, that is to say the aptitude and readiness of an individual to treat the information, rather than on the performance resulting from this treatment. 3. The amplitude of the P 300 is related to performance, as a function of detection rate and the complexity of the tasks. The functional duality of the CNV and the differences between it and the P 300 have been emphasized. The indices obtained from slow potentials appear to be of value for an evaluation of behaviour. Rather than analyzing the characteristics of the potentials in a supposedly \"neutral\" situation it would appear preferable to establish, from the indices, profiles of individual reactivity and adaptation to different experimental situations.", "contents": "[Emotional and attentive interferences and slow cerebral potentials (CNV-P 300) (author's transl)]. A study was conducted to establish possible correlations between electrophysiological indices and performance under neutral situations and those involving completing a double task of increasing complexity, by studying CNV and P 300 in young healthy men. The results demonstrated that: 1. After habituation, the CNV amplitudes were not related to performance. A significant correlation was noted only during the most complex tasks. 2. The CNV appears to depend mainly on endogenous factors, that is to say the aptitude and readiness of an individual to treat the information, rather than on the performance resulting from this treatment. 3. The amplitude of the P 300 is related to performance, as a function of detection rate and the complexity of the tasks. The functional duality of the CNV and the differences between it and the P 300 have been emphasized. The indices obtained from slow potentials appear to be of value for an evaluation of behaviour. Rather than analyzing the characteristics of the potentials in a supposedly \"neutral\" situation it would appear preferable to establish, from the indices, profiles of individual reactivity and adaptation to different experimental situations.", "PMID": 554304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1803", "title": "[Comparative study of the CNV and the quantitative EEG during a simple motor task (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate CNV amplitude variability and its degree of covariance with the spontaneous EEG (quantified by FFT algorithm) and the reaction time. 14 healthy male subjects made from atypical for one hour, and they had to keep their eyes closed. Recordings were during this period. CNV experimental paradigm was performed (S1--S2 = 1500 msec). The major findings of this study were that: 1) the CNV amplitude progressively decreased during the first part of the test (habituation) and then tended to stabilize. While not correlated with the vigilance index of spontaneous EEG (alpha/theta + delta index) the CNV amplitude was significantly related to the alpha reactivity index (% alpha of spontaneous EEG--% alpha of the S1--S2 EEG), 2) the CNV slope (calculated by drawing two points situated at 600 msec and 1400 msec after S1) showed significant relationship to both these EEG indices and the reaction time. These data are discussed in terms of Cooper's distinction between \"scopeutic\" and \"categoric\" processes (1978) and in terms of the Tecce model of the CNV (1972).", "contents": "[Comparative study of the CNV and the quantitative EEG during a simple motor task (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CNV amplitude variability and its degree of covariance with the spontaneous EEG (quantified by FFT algorithm) and the reaction time. 14 healthy male subjects made from atypical for one hour, and they had to keep their eyes closed. Recordings were during this period. CNV experimental paradigm was performed (S1--S2 = 1500 msec). The major findings of this study were that: 1) the CNV amplitude progressively decreased during the first part of the test (habituation) and then tended to stabilize. While not correlated with the vigilance index of spontaneous EEG (alpha/theta + delta index) the CNV amplitude was significantly related to the alpha reactivity index (% alpha of spontaneous EEG--% alpha of the S1--S2 EEG), 2) the CNV slope (calculated by drawing two points situated at 600 msec and 1400 msec after S1) showed significant relationship to both these EEG indices and the reaction time. These data are discussed in terms of Cooper's distinction between \"scopeutic\" and \"categoric\" processes (1978) and in terms of the Tecce model of the CNV (1972).", "PMID": 554303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1804", "title": "[Synchronization of various physiological parameters during the waking state in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Various physiological parameters (EEG, EKG, EOG, EMG), and behavioural activities were measured during 8 working hours in 40 subjects divided into 4 groups according to their age and occupation (35 and 50 years, specially skilled workmen and university workers). Several moments of synchronization between the different parameters were defined; they were characterized by reduction or suppression of the theta index, an increase in the alpha index, an increase in number of blinkings, a drop in muscle tone, and variations in heart rate, accompanied by modifications in work activity. The variation observed during these synchronized moments is an overall change in all the parameters and is not systematically related to just one of them. The synchronized moments last for about 8 minutes and are more frequent and better individualized in university personnel than in workmen. The average interval between them is 93 minutes with large intra and inter-variability between individuals. They are longer in 50-year-old subjects whatever the type of activity. The authors compare these moments of synchronization with ultradian rhythms described by other authors.", "contents": "[Synchronization of various physiological parameters during the waking state in man (author's transl)]. Various physiological parameters (EEG, EKG, EOG, EMG), and behavioural activities were measured during 8 working hours in 40 subjects divided into 4 groups according to their age and occupation (35 and 50 years, specially skilled workmen and university workers). Several moments of synchronization between the different parameters were defined; they were characterized by reduction or suppression of the theta index, an increase in the alpha index, an increase in number of blinkings, a drop in muscle tone, and variations in heart rate, accompanied by modifications in work activity. The variation observed during these synchronized moments is an overall change in all the parameters and is not systematically related to just one of them. The synchronized moments last for about 8 minutes and are more frequent and better individualized in university personnel than in workmen. The average interval between them is 93 minutes with large intra and inter-variability between individuals. They are longer in 50-year-old subjects whatever the type of activity. The authors compare these moments of synchronization with ultradian rhythms described by other authors.", "PMID": 554301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1805", "title": "[Measurement of the excitability of reticulo-cortical and reticulo-thalamo-cortical system during different states of wakefulness and sleep in the rat: technique, results and application (author's transl)].", "content": "The measurement of excitability of reticulo-cortical and reticulo-thalamo-cortical system (RtCS) is realized in rats during the careless waking state, during slow-wave sleep and during paradoxical sleep and the ratio existing between these different levels of excitability is calculated. During the inattentive waking state, the excitability of RtCS is slightly higher than during the slow-wave sleep. During the slow-wave sleep, the excitability of RtCS is higher than during the paradoxical sleep. The calculation of the ratio and the relation existing between the three principal levels of excitability of RtCS allows to define the \"constant of excitability\" which can be utilized in the experimental investigations of the central nervous system. In discussion, the principal interpretations of the results are given.", "contents": "[Measurement of the excitability of reticulo-cortical and reticulo-thalamo-cortical system during different states of wakefulness and sleep in the rat: technique, results and application (author's transl)]. The measurement of excitability of reticulo-cortical and reticulo-thalamo-cortical system (RtCS) is realized in rats during the careless waking state, during slow-wave sleep and during paradoxical sleep and the ratio existing between these different levels of excitability is calculated. During the inattentive waking state, the excitability of RtCS is slightly higher than during the slow-wave sleep. During the slow-wave sleep, the excitability of RtCS is higher than during the paradoxical sleep. The calculation of the ratio and the relation existing between the three principal levels of excitability of RtCS allows to define the \"constant of excitability\" which can be utilized in the experimental investigations of the central nervous system. In discussion, the principal interpretations of the results are given.", "PMID": 554305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1806", "title": "[Eye blink: electrophysiological behavioral index (author's transl)].", "content": "Eye movements of 15 subjects were recorded through EEG derivation (nasion to first quarter of mid-line) during 17 different precisely controlled psychophysiological situations of 2'30 each. These situation were supposed to trigger the various sensory modalities--visual, auditory, gustato--olfactory, and subjects having to be either passive or active. The relationship between the Number of Eye Blinks per minute (NEB) and each psychophysiological situation were studied. An average oculographic profile was obtained across situations.--The average value of NEP was approximately 25/mn.--In order to control serial effects the situation order was reversed for 7 of the 15 subjects: no serial effect was noticed.--As regards the influence of the various sensory modalities, it appeared that blinking rate was minimal during visual situations, and maximal during tactile, olfactory and taste situations.--The changes in blinking rate were discussed in terms of visual and oculor factors, variations in selective attention or cognitive process and also in terms of emotional factors as they appear in some stressing situations in which the task demand was particularly important.", "contents": "[Eye blink: electrophysiological behavioral index (author's transl)]. Eye movements of 15 subjects were recorded through EEG derivation (nasion to first quarter of mid-line) during 17 different precisely controlled psychophysiological situations of 2'30 each. These situation were supposed to trigger the various sensory modalities--visual, auditory, gustato--olfactory, and subjects having to be either passive or active. The relationship between the Number of Eye Blinks per minute (NEB) and each psychophysiological situation were studied. An average oculographic profile was obtained across situations.--The average value of NEP was approximately 25/mn.--In order to control serial effects the situation order was reversed for 7 of the 15 subjects: no serial effect was noticed.--As regards the influence of the various sensory modalities, it appeared that blinking rate was minimal during visual situations, and maximal during tactile, olfactory and taste situations.--The changes in blinking rate were discussed in terms of visual and oculor factors, variations in selective attention or cognitive process and also in terms of emotional factors as they appear in some stressing situations in which the task demand was particularly important.", "PMID": 554302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1807", "title": "[Electrocardiogram in pulmonary embolism].", "content": "The Authors are examining the electrogenetic and vectorial alterations during pulmonary embolism and the consequent more frequent electrocardiographic patterns according to the literature data. The analysis of the electrocardiograms of 37 patients with proved pulmonary embolism confirms that ECG is not of absolute diagnostic value but may be extremely useful especially if subsequent records are compared.", "contents": "[Electrocardiogram in pulmonary embolism]. The Authors are examining the electrogenetic and vectorial alterations during pulmonary embolism and the consequent more frequent electrocardiographic patterns according to the literature data. The analysis of the electrocardiograms of 37 patients with proved pulmonary embolism confirms that ECG is not of absolute diagnostic value but may be extremely useful especially if subsequent records are compared.", "PMID": 554355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1808", "title": "[Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the province of Venezia (author's transl)].", "content": "In the province of Venice province on \"prevalence day\" (31 December 1974), the crude prevalence rate of multiple sclerosis was 20.44 cases/100,000 inhabitants (170 patients in a population of 831,657). The prevalence rate for men was 15.24/100,000 and for women was 25,41/100.000. In the city of Venice and in the near lagoon islands the MS prevalence rate was higher then that in the rest of the province, but there was no significant difference of age of onset, duration of the disease, initial symptoms and degree of disability between the two groups of cases. These results were compared with similar studies in other areas at the same latitude.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the province of Venezia (author's transl)]. In the province of Venice province on \"prevalence day\" (31 December 1974), the crude prevalence rate of multiple sclerosis was 20.44 cases/100,000 inhabitants (170 patients in a population of 831,657). The prevalence rate for men was 15.24/100,000 and for women was 25,41/100.000. In the city of Venice and in the near lagoon islands the MS prevalence rate was higher then that in the rest of the province, but there was no significant difference of age of onset, duration of the disease, initial symptoms and degree of disability between the two groups of cases. These results were compared with similar studies in other areas at the same latitude.", "PMID": 554352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1809", "title": "[Structural modifications of the sciatic nerve in rats on different fat diets (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of dietary lipid components on fatty acids content of the sciatic nerve was studied in rats. Rats of both sexes were divided into three groups according to diet: 1. standard diet; 2. standard diet enriched with various seed oils; 3. colza oil-enriched diet. Six animals from each group (3 males  and 3 females) were killed after 15, 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively, of controlled feedings. Their sciatic nerves were immediately removed and freeze-dried. Lipid extracts were prepared from each sample gas chromatography tests were made on the esterified fats. The results obtained show that there is a change in the fatty acids of the sciatic nerve lipids in rats on low fat diets, while the amount of phospholipids remains the same.", "contents": "[Structural modifications of the sciatic nerve in rats on different fat diets (author's transl)]. The influence of dietary lipid components on fatty acids content of the sciatic nerve was studied in rats. Rats of both sexes were divided into three groups according to diet: 1. standard diet; 2. standard diet enriched with various seed oils; 3. colza oil-enriched diet. Six animals from each group (3 males  and 3 females) were killed after 15, 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively, of controlled feedings. Their sciatic nerves were immediately removed and freeze-dried. Lipid extracts were prepared from each sample gas chromatography tests were made on the esterified fats. The results obtained show that there is a change in the fatty acids of the sciatic nerve lipids in rats on low fat diets, while the amount of phospholipids remains the same.", "PMID": 554353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1810", "title": "[Current potential of fiberscopy in the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary lesions].", "content": "The Authors relate the results of their casuistics of bronchial endoscopies. Out of 3438 endoscopies, 1237 were bronchial biopsies and 496 lung biopsies. According to the results obtained the Authors have concluded that this method represents an important progress in thoracic endoscopy. It can be also widely applied for the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary diseases.", "contents": "[Current potential of fiberscopy in the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary lesions]. The Authors relate the results of their casuistics of bronchial endoscopies. Out of 3438 endoscopies, 1237 were bronchial biopsies and 496 lung biopsies. According to the results obtained the Authors have concluded that this method represents an important progress in thoracic endoscopy. It can be also widely applied for the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary diseases.", "PMID": 554360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1811", "title": "[Characteristics of pulmonary perfusion behavior in bronchial asthma].", "content": "Tuelwe patients with asthma were studied by scintigraphic, and isotopoangiocardiographic technics under acute attack. No regionals differences in the pulmonary blood-flow distribution were observed. The results are help ful in the knowledge of ventilation/perfusion relationships and alterations of blood gases produced from asthma attack.", "contents": "[Characteristics of pulmonary perfusion behavior in bronchial asthma]. Tuelwe patients with asthma were studied by scintigraphic, and isotopoangiocardiographic technics under acute attack. No regionals differences in the pulmonary blood-flow distribution were observed. The results are help ful in the knowledge of ventilation/perfusion relationships and alterations of blood gases produced from asthma attack.", "PMID": 554361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1812", "title": "[Lung blood perfusion changes following tubercular processes cured by antibiotic drug therapy].", "content": "This is a studym ade by pulmonary perfusional scintigraphy and angiopneumography on 60 patients suffering from tuberculosis of the lung; they were cured by chemoantibiotic treatment. They were recent tubercular diseases with limited extension (nodular infiltrations, former phthisiogenic lobitises, nodular and miliarich disseminations), so their outcomes were extremely modest or not worthy on radiologic plane. The results acquired with these methods firmly showed a larger ematoperfusive injury as to the affected area.", "contents": "[Lung blood perfusion changes following tubercular processes cured by antibiotic drug therapy]. This is a studym ade by pulmonary perfusional scintigraphy and angiopneumography on 60 patients suffering from tuberculosis of the lung; they were cured by chemoantibiotic treatment. They were recent tubercular diseases with limited extension (nodular infiltrations, former phthisiogenic lobitises, nodular and miliarich disseminations), so their outcomes were extremely modest or not worthy on radiologic plane. The results acquired with these methods firmly showed a larger ematoperfusive injury as to the affected area.", "PMID": 554362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1813", "title": "Renal clubbing and scarring in adults: a retrospective study of 110 cases.", "content": "A urographic pattern of renal clubbing and scarring was found in 182 scarred kidneys of 110 adult patients. Homolateral vesicoureteric reflux was demonstrated by reliable techniques in 90/135 scarred kidneys. Urinary tract infections occurred in 75 patients. Hypertension developed in 20 patients with normal renal function and was not related to the extent of scarring. Chronic renal failure occurred in 30 patients with diffuse bilateral scarring. Four patients showed histologic changes of chronic pyelonephritis. Two hypertensive patients had a typical histologic pattern of Ask-Upmark kidney (segmental hypoplasia). Development of renal scars in adulthood was demonstrated in 2 cases.", "contents": "Renal clubbing and scarring in adults: a retrospective study of 110 cases. A urographic pattern of renal clubbing and scarring was found in 182 scarred kidneys of 110 adult patients. Homolateral vesicoureteric reflux was demonstrated by reliable techniques in 90/135 scarred kidneys. Urinary tract infections occurred in 75 patients. Hypertension developed in 20 patients with normal renal function and was not related to the extent of scarring. Chronic renal failure occurred in 30 patients with diffuse bilateral scarring. Four patients showed histologic changes of chronic pyelonephritis. Two hypertensive patients had a typical histologic pattern of Ask-Upmark kidney (segmental hypoplasia). Development of renal scars in adulthood was demonstrated in 2 cases.", "PMID": 554364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1814", "title": "Sonographic evaluation of renal masses: correlations with angiography.", "content": "The value of sonography in the diagnosis of renal masses in a series of 119 consecutive histologically confirmed cases is presented. Sonography correctly identified 92% of the cystic and 90% of the solid renal masses. Causes of incorrect diagnoses included lesions smaller than 2 cm, masses in the left upper pole, diffusely infiltrating urothelial tumors, echogenic fatty lesions (early in our experience), and acute abscesses and hematomas. Angiography in the same series of cases correctly diagnosed 80% of the cystic and 88% of the solid renal masses. Avascular lesions were the main cause for equivocal or incorrect angiographic diagnoses. We conclude that sonography is more definitive than angiography in the diagnosis of avascular masses, while angiography excels when the lesion is vascular or small. Combining the sonographic and angiographic findings allowed accurate diagnosis in over 99% of the cases.", "contents": "Sonographic evaluation of renal masses: correlations with angiography. The value of sonography in the diagnosis of renal masses in a series of 119 consecutive histologically confirmed cases is presented. Sonography correctly identified 92% of the cystic and 90% of the solid renal masses. Causes of incorrect diagnoses included lesions smaller than 2 cm, masses in the left upper pole, diffusely infiltrating urothelial tumors, echogenic fatty lesions (early in our experience), and acute abscesses and hematomas. Angiography in the same series of cases correctly diagnosed 80% of the cystic and 88% of the solid renal masses. Avascular lesions were the main cause for equivocal or incorrect angiographic diagnoses. We conclude that sonography is more definitive than angiography in the diagnosis of avascular masses, while angiography excels when the lesion is vascular or small. Combining the sonographic and angiographic findings allowed accurate diagnosis in over 99% of the cases.", "PMID": 554365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1815", "title": "Diuresis urography in equivocal pelvi-ureteric obstruction.", "content": "In 43 patients with equivocal pelvi-ureteric obstruction, conventional urography was supplemented with diuresis urography. After peroral hydration with 0.5 liters fluid, a large volume of urographic contrast medium was administered and increased diuresis provoked by intravenous injection of furosemide. A relative obstruction of flow was then accentuated by increased dilatation of the renal pelvis. The technique deserves a wider use in the radiologic investigation of patients with equivocal obstruction at the pelvi-ureteric junction.", "contents": "Diuresis urography in equivocal pelvi-ureteric obstruction. In 43 patients with equivocal pelvi-ureteric obstruction, conventional urography was supplemented with diuresis urography. After peroral hydration with 0.5 liters fluid, a large volume of urographic contrast medium was administered and increased diuresis provoked by intravenous injection of furosemide. A relative obstruction of flow was then accentuated by increased dilatation of the renal pelvis. The technique deserves a wider use in the radiologic investigation of patients with equivocal obstruction at the pelvi-ureteric junction.", "PMID": 554366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1816", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the scrotum.", "content": "Ultrasonography has proved to be a highly useful method for detecting testicular lesions, correlating them with clinical findings, and indicating whether scrotal masses are caused by fluid or by solid tissue. It has not been possible, however, to distinguish spermatic cord torsion from epididymitis.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the scrotum. Ultrasonography has proved to be a highly useful method for detecting testicular lesions, correlating them with clinical findings, and indicating whether scrotal masses are caused by fluid or by solid tissue. It has not been possible, however, to distinguish spermatic cord torsion from epididymitis.", "PMID": 554367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1817", "title": "Transcatheter embolization of traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "An iatrogenic renal arteriovenous fistula was treated by transcatheter embolization with particles of absorbable gelatin sponge. Recurrent massive hematuria was successfully controlled. The procedure was easily accomplished with minimal loss of renal parenchyma. Surgery, which usually requires partial or total nephrectomy, was avoided.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization of traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula. An iatrogenic renal arteriovenous fistula was treated by transcatheter embolization with particles of absorbable gelatin sponge. Recurrent massive hematuria was successfully controlled. The procedure was easily accomplished with minimal loss of renal parenchyma. Surgery, which usually requires partial or total nephrectomy, was avoided.", "PMID": 554369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1818", "title": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of renal cell carcinoma in a pelvic kidney.", "content": "Renal cell carcinoma in pelvic kidneys is a surprisingly rare entity. This case report describes the first instance in which the tumor was delineated ultrasonographically. No clear rationale for this apparently lower incidence can be determined.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of renal cell carcinoma in a pelvic kidney. Renal cell carcinoma in pelvic kidneys is a surprisingly rare entity. This case report describes the first instance in which the tumor was delineated ultrasonographically. No clear rationale for this apparently lower incidence can be determined.", "PMID": 554368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1819", "title": "[The effect of ischemia on ascites secretion in the perfused rat liver].", "content": "The ascites fluid secreted by the isolated perfused liver was studied in rats. The quantity of fluid appearing on the surface of the isolated perfused liver was independent of the pressure in the portal vein and could be raised by the amount of fluid flowing through the liver. Irrespective of the flow conditions, the ischaemic liver will produce more ascites than the intact liver und similar conditions. A rise of hepatic oncotic pressure will not reduce ascites production by the ischaemic liver. With respect to osmolarity there is no difference between the perfusing fluid and ascites. As regards the quantity of bilirubin secreted with ascites no significant difference was found between the control and the ischaemic group. The pertaining literature and the theories of ascites formation are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of ischemia on ascites secretion in the perfused rat liver]. The ascites fluid secreted by the isolated perfused liver was studied in rats. The quantity of fluid appearing on the surface of the isolated perfused liver was independent of the pressure in the portal vein and could be raised by the amount of fluid flowing through the liver. Irrespective of the flow conditions, the ischaemic liver will produce more ascites than the intact liver und similar conditions. A rise of hepatic oncotic pressure will not reduce ascites production by the ischaemic liver. With respect to osmolarity there is no difference between the perfusing fluid and ascites. As regards the quantity of bilirubin secreted with ascites no significant difference was found between the control and the ischaemic group. The pertaining literature and the theories of ascites formation are discussed.", "PMID": 554376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1820", "title": "[The modified Denis prostatectomy].", "content": "The favourable experience gained with the so-called modified Denis-type method is described. It is stressed that the method has all the advantages which are ensured by the Hencz-type haemostatic thread. In addition, the patient is spared many unpleasantness and post-operative complaints. Post-operative treatment is easier since a separate flow from the loge and from the bladder is provided for. The results of different methods are compared on the basis of 150 prostatectomies performed in the Department of the authors.", "contents": "[The modified Denis prostatectomy]. The favourable experience gained with the so-called modified Denis-type method is described. It is stressed that the method has all the advantages which are ensured by the Hencz-type haemostatic thread. In addition, the patient is spared many unpleasantness and post-operative complaints. Post-operative treatment is easier since a separate flow from the loge and from the bladder is provided for. The results of different methods are compared on the basis of 150 prostatectomies performed in the Department of the authors.", "PMID": 554377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1821", "title": "[Surgical treatment of induration in penis plastica].", "content": "In the past 5 years the authors have removed the scar tissue in the case of the induration of the penis plastica of 43 patients by their special surgical method. Operation had to be repeated in the case of 5 patients. Twenty-five patients were cured, 15 improved and 3 remained unchanged after operation. The method, if applied with the necessary skill, is a recommendable method for the treatment of the induration of penis plastica. If, after operation the restoration of the function is not perfect, the application of supplementary conservative therapy is justified.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of induration in penis plastica]. In the past 5 years the authors have removed the scar tissue in the case of the induration of the penis plastica of 43 patients by their special surgical method. Operation had to be repeated in the case of 5 patients. Twenty-five patients were cured, 15 improved and 3 remained unchanged after operation. The method, if applied with the necessary skill, is a recommendable method for the treatment of the induration of penis plastica. If, after operation the restoration of the function is not perfect, the application of supplementary conservative therapy is justified.", "PMID": 554378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1822", "title": "Transcatheter gelfoam embolization in intractable prostatic bleeding.", "content": "The authors describe a case in which protracted bleeding after a transurethral prostatic resection could not be controlled with repeated fulguration and resection. Hemostasis was obtained with transcatheter arterial Gelfoam embolization of both hypogastric arteries.", "contents": "Transcatheter gelfoam embolization in intractable prostatic bleeding. The authors describe a case in which protracted bleeding after a transurethral prostatic resection could not be controlled with repeated fulguration and resection. Hemostasis was obtained with transcatheter arterial Gelfoam embolization of both hypogastric arteries.", "PMID": 554370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1823", "title": "[Condyloma acuminata].", "content": "A review of the clinical features and therapeutic possibilities of condyloma acuminatum is presented on the ground of the ten-year experience of the authors. A giant condyloma simplex with benign clinical behaviour and typical histologic pattern and a case of epithelioma starting from a condyloma simplex and leading to the amputation of the penis are described.", "contents": "[Condyloma acuminata]. A review of the clinical features and therapeutic possibilities of condyloma acuminatum is presented on the ground of the ten-year experience of the authors. A giant condyloma simplex with benign clinical behaviour and typical histologic pattern and a case of epithelioma starting from a condyloma simplex and leading to the amputation of the penis are described.", "PMID": 554379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1824", "title": "[Urologic diseases in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen].", "content": "The urological diseases which alone or intercurrent with surgical and gynaecologic ailments cause most of the problems in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen are reviewed. The necessity of a cooperation between the urologist, surgeon and gynaecologist and the importance of intra-operative diagnosis are stressed.", "contents": "[Urologic diseases in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen]. The urological diseases which alone or intercurrent with surgical and gynaecologic ailments cause most of the problems in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen are reviewed. The necessity of a cooperation between the urologist, surgeon and gynaecologist and the importance of intra-operative diagnosis are stressed.", "PMID": 554380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1825", "title": "Ultrasonographic features of pelvic lipomatosis.", "content": "The authors describe the diagnostic ultrasound findings of pelvic lipomatosis in a patient presenting with lower extremity thrombophlebitis. In this condition, ultrasound shows the full urinary bladder to assume a tubular or \"cigar\" shape and to \"float\" in the pelvic fat with failure to distend normally to the pelvic side walls. Confirmatory computed tomography discloses normal muscular and osseous anatomy but an increase in radiolucent fat surrounding the pelvic viscera. Clinical and radiographic findings are reviewed, and a differential diagnosis is presented.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic features of pelvic lipomatosis. The authors describe the diagnostic ultrasound findings of pelvic lipomatosis in a patient presenting with lower extremity thrombophlebitis. In this condition, ultrasound shows the full urinary bladder to assume a tubular or \"cigar\" shape and to \"float\" in the pelvic fat with failure to distend normally to the pelvic side walls. Confirmatory computed tomography discloses normal muscular and osseous anatomy but an increase in radiolucent fat surrounding the pelvic viscera. Clinical and radiographic findings are reviewed, and a differential diagnosis is presented.", "PMID": 554371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1826", "title": "Changes in connective tissue metabolism due to bone fractures in children aged 10--14 years. III. Urinary hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan excretion following bone fractures treated in different ways.", "content": "Urinary hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan excretion was studied in the course of fracture healing in twenty 10--14-year-old children with fracture of the femur or of the tibia and fibula. In 11 children reduction and plaster cast were used, in 5 osteosynthesis, and in 4 extension of 6--21 days duration combined with immobilization by plaster cast. In the state of resorption, an increase was observed in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and total glycosaminoglycans and in the six glycosaminoglycan fractions studied. As a result of the soft tissue damage accompanying the fracture, the excretion of hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, and dermatan sulphate showed the most marked increase. No statistically significant relationship could be demonstrated between the mode of treatment and the amounts of urinary hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan, but the stage of resorption was prolonged in the case of treatment with traction. At the beginning of regeneration, a decrease in hydroxyproline excretion and then an increase corresponding to the intensive synthesis of collagen were demonstrated. Glycosaminoglycan excretion during the development of fibrous callus was considerably below the control value. Excretion of the metabolites decreased markedly in the five operated patients. in the case of extension, the stage of regeneration prolonged by 4 to 10 days. In the stage of calcification, urinary hydroxyproline excretion was increased while the excretion of glycosaminoglycan and its fractions was the same as in the controls except in the patients treated with traction. No statistically significant relationship was found between the urinary amounts of hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan and the mode of treatment. In the case of traction, fracture repair and the formation of connective tissue callus were prolonged.", "contents": "Changes in connective tissue metabolism due to bone fractures in children aged 10--14 years. III. Urinary hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan excretion following bone fractures treated in different ways. Urinary hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan excretion was studied in the course of fracture healing in twenty 10--14-year-old children with fracture of the femur or of the tibia and fibula. In 11 children reduction and plaster cast were used, in 5 osteosynthesis, and in 4 extension of 6--21 days duration combined with immobilization by plaster cast. In the state of resorption, an increase was observed in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and total glycosaminoglycans and in the six glycosaminoglycan fractions studied. As a result of the soft tissue damage accompanying the fracture, the excretion of hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, and dermatan sulphate showed the most marked increase. No statistically significant relationship could be demonstrated between the mode of treatment and the amounts of urinary hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan, but the stage of resorption was prolonged in the case of treatment with traction. At the beginning of regeneration, a decrease in hydroxyproline excretion and then an increase corresponding to the intensive synthesis of collagen were demonstrated. Glycosaminoglycan excretion during the development of fibrous callus was considerably below the control value. Excretion of the metabolites decreased markedly in the five operated patients. in the case of extension, the stage of regeneration prolonged by 4 to 10 days. In the stage of calcification, urinary hydroxyproline excretion was increased while the excretion of glycosaminoglycan and its fractions was the same as in the controls except in the patients treated with traction. No statistically significant relationship was found between the urinary amounts of hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan and the mode of treatment. In the case of traction, fracture repair and the formation of connective tissue callus were prolonged.", "PMID": 554383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1827", "title": "[Experimental studies on the development of human skull fractures].", "content": "Pressure tests were performed on certain well-defined points in the median-sagittal plane of soft part covered skulls of 40 human corpses. It was found that the elastic behaviour of the skull obeys Hooke's law, thus the modulus of elasticity is the Ist differential quotient in the stress-strain diagram. Beside the vectorial nature of the compression force the point of application is also of decisive importance. The globe-ellipsoid theories do not correspond to the structure of human skulls. Autopsy revealed over 50% more confirmed fractures than the X-ray pictures. This contradiction in the diagnosis of fractures on the human skull can be reduced by series of X-ray pictures. The lines of the fractures run to the most part along the Benninghoff--Goerttler pillars of strength. Additional biostatic parameters (maximum load before breaking, coefficient of elasticity, stress, elongation etc.) were also obtained which permit an insight into the specific mechanic structure of the human skull and its load-bearing ability.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the development of human skull fractures]. Pressure tests were performed on certain well-defined points in the median-sagittal plane of soft part covered skulls of 40 human corpses. It was found that the elastic behaviour of the skull obeys Hooke's law, thus the modulus of elasticity is the Ist differential quotient in the stress-strain diagram. Beside the vectorial nature of the compression force the point of application is also of decisive importance. The globe-ellipsoid theories do not correspond to the structure of human skulls. Autopsy revealed over 50% more confirmed fractures than the X-ray pictures. This contradiction in the diagnosis of fractures on the human skull can be reduced by series of X-ray pictures. The lines of the fractures run to the most part along the Benninghoff--Goerttler pillars of strength. Additional biostatic parameters (maximum load before breaking, coefficient of elasticity, stress, elongation etc.) were also obtained which permit an insight into the specific mechanic structure of the human skull and its load-bearing ability.", "PMID": 554384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1828", "title": "Interposition of the gall bladder: a rare congenital malformation of the extrahepatic bile ducts.", "content": "A rare congenital malformation of the extrahepatic bile duct is presented: in an elderly female patient the cystic duct was missing and intra-operative cholangiography revealed a gall bladder wedged between the common duct and the hepatic duct. The situation was solved by syphonoplasty and T-tube drainage. Five similar cases have only been published in the literature. The importance of intra-operative radiomanometry during of the bile duct is stressed.", "contents": "Interposition of the gall bladder: a rare congenital malformation of the extrahepatic bile ducts. A rare congenital malformation of the extrahepatic bile duct is presented: in an elderly female patient the cystic duct was missing and intra-operative cholangiography revealed a gall bladder wedged between the common duct and the hepatic duct. The situation was solved by syphonoplasty and T-tube drainage. Five similar cases have only been published in the literature. The importance of intra-operative radiomanometry during of the bile duct is stressed.", "PMID": 554385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1829", "title": "[Late results of reconstructive peripheral vascular surgery of the lower limbs].", "content": "The late results of the first 30 crural bypass operations are presented. The longest follow-up period was 6, the shortest 1 year. At the time of check-ups 14 of the bypasses were penetrable, and 16 were occluded. On 9 of the latter 16 amputation of the thigh had to be performed. Flow conditions and the problems of indication and contra-indication are discussed.", "contents": "[Late results of reconstructive peripheral vascular surgery of the lower limbs]. The late results of the first 30 crural bypass operations are presented. The longest follow-up period was 6, the shortest 1 year. At the time of check-ups 14 of the bypasses were penetrable, and 16 were occluded. On 9 of the latter 16 amputation of the thigh had to be performed. Flow conditions and the problems of indication and contra-indication are discussed.", "PMID": 554386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1830", "title": "Treatment of testicular tumours.", "content": "The changes in the treatment of testicular tumours are reviewed. The currently accepted methods of treatment, the indications for postoperative irradiation, retroperitoneal removal of the lymph nodes and the administration of cytostatics are discussed on the basis of the authors' experience and of published data.", "contents": "Treatment of testicular tumours. The changes in the treatment of testicular tumours are reviewed. The currently accepted methods of treatment, the indications for postoperative irradiation, retroperitoneal removal of the lymph nodes and the administration of cytostatics are discussed on the basis of the authors' experience and of published data.", "PMID": 554387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1831", "title": "[Treatment of urinary tract infections after prostatectomy].", "content": "Patients subjected to transvesical prostatectomy were given before and after the operation Nebcin (Tobramycin) intramuscularly in daily doses of 160 mg for 8 days to prevent infections of the urinary tract which develop almost without fail after operations of this type. The urine of the patients participating in the trials was sterile before operation. Two hours before the operation the patient was given his full daily dose and the serum and urine levels, as well as the concentration of the antibiotic in the tissue were determined. The removed organs were processed under aseptic conditions. Bacteriological assay ensured the measurement of the biologically effective quantity of the drug, in contrast to chemical methods. The 18-hour slanting agar culture of the strain of the species susceptible to the antibiotic under investigation was used. The optical density of the suspension of the culture washed with physiological saline was photonephelometrically adjusted to that of a standard barium sulphate suspension. Compared to the controls the results indicate that the pre- and postoperatively administered antibiotic has a favourable effect on the healing of the wound, and on the progress of the postoperative phase.", "contents": "[Treatment of urinary tract infections after prostatectomy]. Patients subjected to transvesical prostatectomy were given before and after the operation Nebcin (Tobramycin) intramuscularly in daily doses of 160 mg for 8 days to prevent infections of the urinary tract which develop almost without fail after operations of this type. The urine of the patients participating in the trials was sterile before operation. Two hours before the operation the patient was given his full daily dose and the serum and urine levels, as well as the concentration of the antibiotic in the tissue were determined. The removed organs were processed under aseptic conditions. Bacteriological assay ensured the measurement of the biologically effective quantity of the drug, in contrast to chemical methods. The 18-hour slanting agar culture of the strain of the species susceptible to the antibiotic under investigation was used. The optical density of the suspension of the culture washed with physiological saline was photonephelometrically adjusted to that of a standard barium sulphate suspension. Compared to the controls the results indicate that the pre- and postoperatively administered antibiotic has a favourable effect on the healing of the wound, and on the progress of the postoperative phase.", "PMID": 554388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1832", "title": "Loading bearing of the lumbar vertebral arch.", "content": "The load bearing capacity of the lumbar vertebral arches was studied by comparing vertebrae united with screws with those without screws. Load bearing of vertebral arches was about doubled when reinforced by compression screws and reconstructed by good callus formation. This has been confirmed by the postoperative improvement of the load bearing capacity which after complete healing permitted full loading.", "contents": "Loading bearing of the lumbar vertebral arch. The load bearing capacity of the lumbar vertebral arches was studied by comparing vertebrae united with screws with those without screws. Load bearing of vertebral arches was about doubled when reinforced by compression screws and reconstructed by good callus formation. This has been confirmed by the postoperative improvement of the load bearing capacity which after complete healing permitted full loading.", "PMID": 554390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1833", "title": "Application of His bundle recording in different rhythm disturbances of the heart.", "content": "The new intracardiac electrophysiological method: His bundle electrocardiography, combined with the electrophysiological examination used in routine clinical practice, has considerably improved our knowledge of the cardiac dysrhythmias. It helps to localize the focus of the atypical junctional and other supraventricular premature beats complicated with either organic or functional intraventricular conduction disturbance. The various forms of paroxysmal tachycardias can be differentiated more exactly from each other. In pre-excitation syndrome, it has become possible to detect the abnormal pathway and to screen the patients susceptible to life-threatening arrhythmias. By means of this the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome and estimation of its severity can be made more exactly. In addition to the diagnosis, the electrophysiological examinations connected with pharmacological tests give valuable information whether medical or pacemaker therapy should be applied. Six cases of various forms of cardiac dysrhythmias are presented to demonstrate the superiority of this method.", "contents": "Application of His bundle recording in different rhythm disturbances of the heart. The new intracardiac electrophysiological method: His bundle electrocardiography, combined with the electrophysiological examination used in routine clinical practice, has considerably improved our knowledge of the cardiac dysrhythmias. It helps to localize the focus of the atypical junctional and other supraventricular premature beats complicated with either organic or functional intraventricular conduction disturbance. The various forms of paroxysmal tachycardias can be differentiated more exactly from each other. In pre-excitation syndrome, it has become possible to detect the abnormal pathway and to screen the patients susceptible to life-threatening arrhythmias. By means of this the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome and estimation of its severity can be made more exactly. In addition to the diagnosis, the electrophysiological examinations connected with pharmacological tests give valuable information whether medical or pacemaker therapy should be applied. Six cases of various forms of cardiac dysrhythmias are presented to demonstrate the superiority of this method.", "PMID": 554411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1834", "title": "A Roentgen-anatomic study of the relationships between conduction defects and coronary disease.", "content": "Intraventricular conduction defects of various types were correlated to the extent of coronary disease and to the parameters reflecting the function of the left ventricle in 125 patients who had been subjected to coronary arteriography. In the patients with conduction disturbances, coronary disease was found to be more extensive and the proportion of abnormal parameters of left ventricular function higher than in those with normal conduction. The relationship of the various conduction defects with the lesions of the individual coronary branches and with the parameters of left ventricular function are discussed in detail.", "contents": "A Roentgen-anatomic study of the relationships between conduction defects and coronary disease. Intraventricular conduction defects of various types were correlated to the extent of coronary disease and to the parameters reflecting the function of the left ventricle in 125 patients who had been subjected to coronary arteriography. In the patients with conduction disturbances, coronary disease was found to be more extensive and the proportion of abnormal parameters of left ventricular function higher than in those with normal conduction. The relationship of the various conduction defects with the lesions of the individual coronary branches and with the parameters of left ventricular function are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 554412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1835", "title": "Significance of premature contractions of WPW type in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Observations in 220 patients with myocardial infarction of an intensive care unit are reported. The distinctive features of premature ventricular contractions of WPW type are described. Production of premature contractions of this type in the acute stage of myocardial infarction is regarded as a premonitory sign of rhythm disorders of considerable significance. The electrophysiological and electropathological background of rhythm disorders is analyzed in close detail, particular consideration is being given to the implications of premature contractions of WPW type. Increasing electric inhomogeneity in the acute phase of myocardial infarction is illustrated by intracavitary electrocardiograms. A relationship has been found between the protracted repolarization of the hypoxic ventricular areas and the appearance of T-U complexes. Two distinct groups of premature ventricular contractions of WPW type with reference to the conductive system are described. The origin of the delta waves in the WPW syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Significance of premature contractions of WPW type in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Observations in 220 patients with myocardial infarction of an intensive care unit are reported. The distinctive features of premature ventricular contractions of WPW type are described. Production of premature contractions of this type in the acute stage of myocardial infarction is regarded as a premonitory sign of rhythm disorders of considerable significance. The electrophysiological and electropathological background of rhythm disorders is analyzed in close detail, particular consideration is being given to the implications of premature contractions of WPW type. Increasing electric inhomogeneity in the acute phase of myocardial infarction is illustrated by intracavitary electrocardiograms. A relationship has been found between the protracted repolarization of the hypoxic ventricular areas and the appearance of T-U complexes. Two distinct groups of premature ventricular contractions of WPW type with reference to the conductive system are described. The origin of the delta waves in the WPW syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 554413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1836", "title": "Brachial plexus lesions in hemiplegics.", "content": "Nine hemiplegic patients with muscular atrophy in the paralysed upper limb have been subjected to a clinical and electrophysiological investigation. In all but one case with circumscribed muscular atrophy in the shoulder girdle or the small hand muscles electromyography showed evidence for denervation. The findings are consistent with traction neuropathy on the brachial plexus and its branches in spastic or hypermobile shoulder joints.", "contents": "Brachial plexus lesions in hemiplegics. Nine hemiplegic patients with muscular atrophy in the paralysed upper limb have been subjected to a clinical and electrophysiological investigation. In all but one case with circumscribed muscular atrophy in the shoulder girdle or the small hand muscles electromyography showed evidence for denervation. The findings are consistent with traction neuropathy on the brachial plexus and its branches in spastic or hypermobile shoulder joints.", "PMID": 554414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1837", "title": "Study of two cases of aphasia by infarction of the left thalamus, without cortical lesion.", "content": "Two patients suffering from a left thalamus infarct were studied over a long period. The precise location of the lesion has been demonstrated by the C.T. scan. In spite of the absence of any cortical lesion, both presented with aphasia and other neuropsychological disorders (left-right confusion, dyscalculia and possible finger agnosia). Their speech disorders although different, had several features in common. The observations were compared with the other cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Study of two cases of aphasia by infarction of the left thalamus, without cortical lesion. Two patients suffering from a left thalamus infarct were studied over a long period. The precise location of the lesion has been demonstrated by the C.T. scan. In spite of the absence of any cortical lesion, both presented with aphasia and other neuropsychological disorders (left-right confusion, dyscalculia and possible finger agnosia). Their speech disorders although different, had several features in common. The observations were compared with the other cases reported in the literature.", "PMID": 554415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1838", "title": "Diabetic encephalopathy. Does it exist?", "content": "A case of a diabetic aged 65 years with an insidious progressive cerebral disorder with ataxia, tremor, general rigidity and mental deterioration is reported. Pathological examination revealed multiple small infarcts in the pons, the basal ganglia and medulla oblongata, corresponding to the lacunar state. The parenchymal lesions were associated with changes in the small arteries consistent with diabetic angiopathy. Since the patient was normotensive, the pathogenetic role of hemodynamic abnormalities in relation with diabetes is suggested.", "contents": "Diabetic encephalopathy. Does it exist? A case of a diabetic aged 65 years with an insidious progressive cerebral disorder with ataxia, tremor, general rigidity and mental deterioration is reported. Pathological examination revealed multiple small infarcts in the pons, the basal ganglia and medulla oblongata, corresponding to the lacunar state. The parenchymal lesions were associated with changes in the small arteries consistent with diabetic angiopathy. Since the patient was normotensive, the pathogenetic role of hemodynamic abnormalities in relation with diabetes is suggested.", "PMID": 554416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1839", "title": "[The large somatosensory evoked responses (author's transl)].", "content": "Giant cerebral evoked potentials have been observed in a case of brain stem tumor and in hydrocephaly. The mechanism of the amplitude augmentation has been discussed.", "contents": "[The large somatosensory evoked responses (author's transl)]. Giant cerebral evoked potentials have been observed in a case of brain stem tumor and in hydrocephaly. The mechanism of the amplitude augmentation has been discussed.", "PMID": 554417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1840", "title": "[Interest of auditory brainstem responses in clinical diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The auditory brainstem response yields information on both the neurological and the audiological status of infants and adults. These early waves have particular properties as: non-habituation, absence of modification between sleep, awake state or under high doses of barbiturates. We have developed a procedure for extracting each type of information by measuring the latencies of wave I (auditory nerve) and wave V (inferior colliculus), then the speed of conduction between these two waves.", "contents": "[Interest of auditory brainstem responses in clinical diagnosis (author's transl)]. The auditory brainstem response yields information on both the neurological and the audiological status of infants and adults. These early waves have particular properties as: non-habituation, absence of modification between sleep, awake state or under high doses of barbiturates. We have developed a procedure for extracting each type of information by measuring the latencies of wave I (auditory nerve) and wave V (inferior colliculus), then the speed of conduction between these two waves.", "PMID": 554418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1841", "title": "Inverted caloric nystagmus by warm air stimulation.", "content": "The rather frequent appearance of an inverted nystagmus, when stimulating with warm air for caloric testing, is emphasized. It is clearly demonstrated that this nystagmus is a real caloric one, but beating in the opposed direction. Its occurrence in many cases, especially when an active middle ear pathology is present, diminishes the reliability of this air stimulation technique, as it is especially indicated in these cases.", "contents": "Inverted caloric nystagmus by warm air stimulation. The rather frequent appearance of an inverted nystagmus, when stimulating with warm air for caloric testing, is emphasized. It is clearly demonstrated that this nystagmus is a real caloric one, but beating in the opposed direction. Its occurrence in many cases, especially when an active middle ear pathology is present, diminishes the reliability of this air stimulation technique, as it is especially indicated in these cases.", "PMID": 554421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1842", "title": "An unusual case of stapes fixation.", "content": "A case of fixed columella stapes is described by a patient of 39 years with bilateral conductive hearing loss, a mitral valve pathology, bat ears, clinodactyly and hallux valgus. This complex of anomalies can be considered a hazardous association or an incomplete form of the Forney-Robinson-Pascoe syndrome. Stapedectomy with interposition of a vein graft and a teflon piston gave a total closure of the air-bone gap.", "contents": "An unusual case of stapes fixation. A case of fixed columella stapes is described by a patient of 39 years with bilateral conductive hearing loss, a mitral valve pathology, bat ears, clinodactyly and hallux valgus. This complex of anomalies can be considered a hazardous association or an incomplete form of the Forney-Robinson-Pascoe syndrome. Stapedectomy with interposition of a vein graft and a teflon piston gave a total closure of the air-bone gap.", "PMID": 554423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1843", "title": "[Orbital involvement in acute sinusitis in children].", "content": "We review the literature on orbital involvement in acute sinusitis in children. Because of the potential severity of the disease which may be life threatening a vigorous treatment is required. Hemophilus Influenzae is a major cause of orbital cellulitis followed by Staphylococcus Aureus and group A streptococcus. Because of the emergence of Ampicillin-Resistant H. Influenzae strains in Belgium, chloramphenicol should be included in the initial therapy in combination with a penicillinase resistant semisynthetic penicillin. Therapy is adjusted as soon as the results of bacterial culture are known. Surgical establishment of sinus or abscess drainage is required if the child is severely ill or failed to respond to medical treatment. A treatment protocol is proposed.", "contents": "[Orbital involvement in acute sinusitis in children]. We review the literature on orbital involvement in acute sinusitis in children. Because of the potential severity of the disease which may be life threatening a vigorous treatment is required. Hemophilus Influenzae is a major cause of orbital cellulitis followed by Staphylococcus Aureus and group A streptococcus. Because of the emergence of Ampicillin-Resistant H. Influenzae strains in Belgium, chloramphenicol should be included in the initial therapy in combination with a penicillinase resistant semisynthetic penicillin. Therapy is adjusted as soon as the results of bacterial culture are known. Surgical establishment of sinus or abscess drainage is required if the child is severely ill or failed to respond to medical treatment. A treatment protocol is proposed.", "PMID": 554424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1844", "title": "[Comparative study on peroperative bleeding time in tonsillectomy performed according to 2 methods: Sluder's and Popper's].", "content": "The authors tried to find out of there was a difference in bleeding time during tonsillectomy by using the Popper and Sluder guillotine. They took three groups of children: one where the tonsils have been removed with both of the guillotines, then a group where only a Sluder was used, and the third group where only the Popper was used. After study of the results, one could only find out that there was no difference between the two instruments. But the authors proposed a tonsillectomy in children only by dissection.", "contents": "[Comparative study on peroperative bleeding time in tonsillectomy performed according to 2 methods: Sluder's and Popper's]. The authors tried to find out of there was a difference in bleeding time during tonsillectomy by using the Popper and Sluder guillotine. They took three groups of children: one where the tonsils have been removed with both of the guillotines, then a group where only a Sluder was used, and the third group where only the Popper was used. After study of the results, one could only find out that there was no difference between the two instruments. But the authors proposed a tonsillectomy in children only by dissection.", "PMID": 554430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1845", "title": "Effect of a \"minimal natriuretic and diuretic\" dose of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the intratubular and peritubular pressures in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "A \"minimal natriuretic and diuretic\" dose (3.4--4.2 ng/min/kg) of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) as previously estimated was infused into the aorta in anaesthetized rats. During the PGE1 infusion parameters for renal haemodynamics, Na+ and water excretion, intra- and peritubular pressures were studied (\"electronic servo nulling device\"). During the solvent period parameters for the infused left kidney did not differ from those on the control side. Diuresis and Na+ excretion were increased significantly due to PGE1 infusion in both series of investigations. Cortical blood flow (radio isotope labelled microsphere technique) and glomerular filtration (inulin clearance) did not change significantly. Oncotic pressure in the afferent arteriole was not affected by PGE1, whereas it was reduced significantly in the efferent arteriole (control, 22.9 +/- 1.7; PGE1, 19.2 +/- 0.9 mmHg). Transit times to the early and late distal tubules were not affected by PGE1. There were no changes in the hydrostatic pressure in the proximal tubule and efferent arteriole, whereas the peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure was significantly increased (control, 9.6 +/- 0.3; PGE1, 11.2 +/- 0.2 mmHg). The present results indicate that PGE1 is capable of enhancing Na+ and water excretion without affecting RBF and GFR, and peritubular physical factors might play an auxiliary role in this effect.", "contents": "Effect of a \"minimal natriuretic and diuretic\" dose of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the intratubular and peritubular pressures in anaesthetized rats. A \"minimal natriuretic and diuretic\" dose (3.4--4.2 ng/min/kg) of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) as previously estimated was infused into the aorta in anaesthetized rats. During the PGE1 infusion parameters for renal haemodynamics, Na+ and water excretion, intra- and peritubular pressures were studied (\"electronic servo nulling device\"). During the solvent period parameters for the infused left kidney did not differ from those on the control side. Diuresis and Na+ excretion were increased significantly due to PGE1 infusion in both series of investigations. Cortical blood flow (radio isotope labelled microsphere technique) and glomerular filtration (inulin clearance) did not change significantly. Oncotic pressure in the afferent arteriole was not affected by PGE1, whereas it was reduced significantly in the efferent arteriole (control, 22.9 +/- 1.7; PGE1, 19.2 +/- 0.9 mmHg). Transit times to the early and late distal tubules were not affected by PGE1. There were no changes in the hydrostatic pressure in the proximal tubule and efferent arteriole, whereas the peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure was significantly increased (control, 9.6 +/- 0.3; PGE1, 11.2 +/- 0.2 mmHg). The present results indicate that PGE1 is capable of enhancing Na+ and water excretion without affecting RBF and GFR, and peritubular physical factors might play an auxiliary role in this effect.", "PMID": 554438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1846", "title": "Spatial interactions and stimulus-response relations of unit responses evoked by somato-sensory stimuli in the feline caudal medullary reticular formation.", "content": "Responses of neurons in the bulbar reticular area to separate and simultaneous stimulation of the forelimbs were recorded extracellularly in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. On increasing the stimulus intensity the number of spikes per response increased while the initial latency and interspike intervals decreased in accordance with the functional property of the neuron. Responses evoked by simultaneous stimulation displayed more spikes and a shorter latency than those evoked by separate stimuli of corresponding intensities. The differences in the responses evoked simultaneously and the sums of responses evoked separately showed characteristic distributions as a function of the latter. Three types of distribution were distinguished. The results indicate that stimulus-response relations play a determining role in the mechanism of spatial integration.", "contents": "Spatial interactions and stimulus-response relations of unit responses evoked by somato-sensory stimuli in the feline caudal medullary reticular formation. Responses of neurons in the bulbar reticular area to separate and simultaneous stimulation of the forelimbs were recorded extracellularly in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. On increasing the stimulus intensity the number of spikes per response increased while the initial latency and interspike intervals decreased in accordance with the functional property of the neuron. Responses evoked by simultaneous stimulation displayed more spikes and a shorter latency than those evoked by separate stimuli of corresponding intensities. The differences in the responses evoked simultaneously and the sums of responses evoked separately showed characteristic distributions as a function of the latter. Three types of distribution were distinguished. The results indicate that stimulus-response relations play a determining role in the mechanism of spatial integration.", "PMID": 554439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1847", "title": "Changes in hypothalamic noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels during the development of warm- and cold-adaptation in the rat.", "content": "Hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) as well as plasma corticosterone levels were studied in male rats after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of exposure to 4--7 or 30--31 degrees C. An increase of the NA concentration and a decrease of the 5-HT level was observed after the first week in both cold and warm environment together with an increase of plasma corticosterone levels in both groups. NA, 5-HT and plasma corticosterone levels returned to normal in cold-exposed animals by the 6th week whereas in warm-acclimated rats NA and corticosterone levels regained their initial values and 5-HT concentrations remained low. Changes by the end of the first week of exposure may result from the thermal stress. The low 5-HT levels of warm-adapted animals at the end of the 6th week were probably secondary to the process of adaptation.", "contents": "Changes in hypothalamic noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels during the development of warm- and cold-adaptation in the rat. Hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) as well as plasma corticosterone levels were studied in male rats after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of exposure to 4--7 or 30--31 degrees C. An increase of the NA concentration and a decrease of the 5-HT level was observed after the first week in both cold and warm environment together with an increase of plasma corticosterone levels in both groups. NA, 5-HT and plasma corticosterone levels returned to normal in cold-exposed animals by the 6th week whereas in warm-acclimated rats NA and corticosterone levels regained their initial values and 5-HT concentrations remained low. Changes by the end of the first week of exposure may result from the thermal stress. The low 5-HT levels of warm-adapted animals at the end of the 6th week were probably secondary to the process of adaptation.", "PMID": 554440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1848", "title": "The influence of sialoadenectomy, thymectomy and starvation on liver glycogen in the rat.", "content": "Hepatic glycogen was assayed in young and adult rats subjected to sialoadenectomy and/or thymectomy and starvation. Sialoadenectomy in young, but not in adult rats caused the rats to stop feeding. In young, but not in adult sialoadenectomized and starved rats the glycogen level was notably higher than in unoperated and starved rats, indicating active participation of salivary glucagon in immature animals in hepatic glycogenolysis under conditions of starvation. Simultaneous sialoadenectomy and thymectomy caused glycogen depletion in the liver of young rats in spite of the absence of the salivary glands. Acceleration of glycogenolysis in these rats was not due to thymectomy, being probably a result of excessive secretion of adrenal catecholamines.", "contents": "The influence of sialoadenectomy, thymectomy and starvation on liver glycogen in the rat. Hepatic glycogen was assayed in young and adult rats subjected to sialoadenectomy and/or thymectomy and starvation. Sialoadenectomy in young, but not in adult rats caused the rats to stop feeding. In young, but not in adult sialoadenectomized and starved rats the glycogen level was notably higher than in unoperated and starved rats, indicating active participation of salivary glucagon in immature animals in hepatic glycogenolysis under conditions of starvation. Simultaneous sialoadenectomy and thymectomy caused glycogen depletion in the liver of young rats in spite of the absence of the salivary glands. Acceleration of glycogenolysis in these rats was not due to thymectomy, being probably a result of excessive secretion of adrenal catecholamines.", "PMID": 554441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1849", "title": "[Misadventures of modern psychotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Various forms of modern psychotherapy come from psychoanalysis because of its rational approach of psychological phenomenon and its manipulation for therapy. The problems of modern psychotherapy deal with the changes and problems of psychoanalysis. One can say that some evolution in the frame of psychoanalysis constitutes a regression if the rational is abandoned for a mystical perception of personality. Furthermore, the development of brief psychotherapy is due to social and economic pressure, but also to the acceleration of psychological time and the increase of avidity in the personality of people, and through the exacerbation of phallico-narcissistic traits of psychotherapists.", "contents": "[Misadventures of modern psychotherapy (author's transl)]. Various forms of modern psychotherapy come from psychoanalysis because of its rational approach of psychological phenomenon and its manipulation for therapy. The problems of modern psychotherapy deal with the changes and problems of psychoanalysis. One can say that some evolution in the frame of psychoanalysis constitutes a regression if the rational is abandoned for a mystical perception of personality. Furthermore, the development of brief psychotherapy is due to social and economic pressure, but also to the acceleration of psychological time and the increase of avidity in the personality of people, and through the exacerbation of phallico-narcissistic traits of psychotherapists.", "PMID": 554442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1850", "title": "[Image of body and family body (author's transl)].", "content": "In a difficult and delicate clinic for adolescents, the author attempts to demonstrate, from new concepts such as \"Family Body\", the importance to reevaluate classic psychiatric nosography, to differently formulate etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of the adolescent crisis. The adolescent in crisis, as a symptom offered by the family, can be heard as a metaphore in the familial communication, as a symptom of the \"Family Body\": uncomfortable position and very fructuous, because in between epistemological approaches, the psychoanalytic approach and the systemic approach.", "contents": "[Image of body and family body (author's transl)]. In a difficult and delicate clinic for adolescents, the author attempts to demonstrate, from new concepts such as \"Family Body\", the importance to reevaluate classic psychiatric nosography, to differently formulate etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of the adolescent crisis. The adolescent in crisis, as a symptom offered by the family, can be heard as a metaphore in the familial communication, as a symptom of the \"Family Body\": uncomfortable position and very fructuous, because in between epistemological approaches, the psychoanalytic approach and the systemic approach.", "PMID": 554443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1851", "title": "[Hospitalisation profile in a psychiatric service within a general hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The first part of the study indicates that this small unit has a rapid turnover, that the population is young and that there are fresh cases. The main reason for admission in males are first alcoholism and secondly schizophrenia, and for women first depression and neurotic  troubles and secondly endogenous depressions. The second part of this study deals with length of stays and shows that it behaves like random variables of Pascal, with a mean stay of 34 days and a peak within the three first days of hospitalisation.", "contents": "[Hospitalisation profile in a psychiatric service within a general hospital (author's transl)]. The first part of the study indicates that this small unit has a rapid turnover, that the population is young and that there are fresh cases. The main reason for admission in males are first alcoholism and secondly schizophrenia, and for women first depression and neurotic  troubles and secondly endogenous depressions. The second part of this study deals with length of stays and shows that it behaves like random variables of Pascal, with a mean stay of 34 days and a peak within the three first days of hospitalisation.", "PMID": 554445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1852", "title": "Influence of estrogens on tuberoinfundibular and striatal dopaminergic systems in the rat.", "content": "As assessed by changes of prolactin secretion in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture, estrogens can exert a potent antidopaminergic activity at the pituitary level. Androgens and progestins can reverse the effect of estrogens. An interaction of sex steroids at the hypothalamic level on dopamine release and at the pituitary level on dopamine action could also be demonstrated in vivo. Moreover, estrogens exert a similar antidopaminergic activity at the striatal level on dopaminergic agent-induced acetylcholine accumulation. The observation of a modulation by estrogens of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and tardive dyskinesias suggests the implication of sex steroids in neurology, psychiatry and behavior.", "contents": "Influence of estrogens on tuberoinfundibular and striatal dopaminergic systems in the rat. As assessed by changes of prolactin secretion in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture, estrogens can exert a potent antidopaminergic activity at the pituitary level. Androgens and progestins can reverse the effect of estrogens. An interaction of sex steroids at the hypothalamic level on dopamine release and at the pituitary level on dopamine action could also be demonstrated in vivo. Moreover, estrogens exert a similar antidopaminergic activity at the striatal level on dopaminergic agent-induced acetylcholine accumulation. The observation of a modulation by estrogens of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and tardive dyskinesias suggests the implication of sex steroids in neurology, psychiatry and behavior.", "PMID": 554444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1853", "title": "A controlled double-blind study of haloperidol versus thioridazine in the treatment of restless mentally subnormal patients. Serum levels and clinical effects.", "content": "A randomized cross-over trial was conducted in 30 restless mentally subnormal patients by increasing the dosage of haloperidol from 10 to 60 mg and of thioridazine from 100 to 600 mg daily. The effects of drug holidays and serum drug levels were also examined. Mesoridazine had 5-6 times higher serum levels than the parent compound and relatively high serum levels are achieved already with moderate doses. The observed differences between haloperidol and thioridazine treatment were surprisingly few. Serum cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) at the end of the thioridazine administration. Drug holidays may benefit may patients.", "contents": "A controlled double-blind study of haloperidol versus thioridazine in the treatment of restless mentally subnormal patients. Serum levels and clinical effects. A randomized cross-over trial was conducted in 30 restless mentally subnormal patients by increasing the dosage of haloperidol from 10 to 60 mg and of thioridazine from 100 to 600 mg daily. The effects of drug holidays and serum drug levels were also examined. Mesoridazine had 5-6 times higher serum levels than the parent compound and relatively high serum levels are achieved already with moderate doses. The observed differences between haloperidol and thioridazine treatment were surprisingly few. Serum cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) at the end of the thioridazine administration. Drug holidays may benefit may patients.", "PMID": 554446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1854", "title": "Medical and nursing needs of elderly patients admitted to acute medical beds.", "content": "The medical and nursing needs of elderly patients admitted to acute medical wards were examined. About one third of these patients received only care which could have been delivered at home.", "contents": "Medical and nursing needs of elderly patients admitted to acute medical beds. The medical and nursing needs of elderly patients admitted to acute medical wards were examined. About one third of these patients received only care which could have been delivered at home.", "PMID": 554451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1855", "title": "The domiciliary assessment visit in hospital geriatric practice: pressures and dicisions on needs for admission.", "content": "In a sample of 230 cases, requests for admission to a hospital geriatric unit were assessed, in the patients' homes, by a physician and his associate. The physician recorded his opinion of the strength of 14 factors influencing his decisions and also of total admission pressure. Each case was affected by an average of five different factors. Medical factors were most commonly noted: chronic physical illness in 94% of patients, chronic mental illness in 70%; but acute physical illness in only 34%. Difficult nursing was recorded in 76% of cases: other social factors were noted less frequently and related mainly to problems of support. The analysis suggested the importance of the chronic physical illness, difficult nursing, an short-term advantage factors in their contribution to a decision on the need for admission. The chronic mental factor appeared to affect the decision independently of the other factors. It was considered that half the patients were very strongly in need of admission; but a third gave no, or weak, admission pressure, were too ill to be moved, or refused to leave home.", "contents": "The domiciliary assessment visit in hospital geriatric practice: pressures and dicisions on needs for admission. In a sample of 230 cases, requests for admission to a hospital geriatric unit were assessed, in the patients' homes, by a physician and his associate. The physician recorded his opinion of the strength of 14 factors influencing his decisions and also of total admission pressure. Each case was affected by an average of five different factors. Medical factors were most commonly noted: chronic physical illness in 94% of patients, chronic mental illness in 70%; but acute physical illness in only 34%. Difficult nursing was recorded in 76% of cases: other social factors were noted less frequently and related mainly to problems of support. The analysis suggested the importance of the chronic physical illness, difficult nursing, an short-term advantage factors in their contribution to a decision on the need for admission. The chronic mental factor appeared to affect the decision independently of the other factors. It was considered that half the patients were very strongly in need of admission; but a third gave no, or weak, admission pressure, were too ill to be moved, or refused to leave home.", "PMID": 554452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1856", "title": "Longitudinal studies of vision in older people.", "content": "Visual acuity was measured an cataract recorded in a simple random sample of 215 men and 272 women aged 63-90 years in Edinburgh. One year and five years later the observations were repeated in 113 men and 148 women surviving and available from the original sample. This paper deals with survivors only. Worsening of visual acuity occurred over five years in 12% of men and 14% of women. Improvement was noted in 15% of men and 10% of women. The proportion of those with worsening of visual acuity increased significantly with increasing age at entry to the study. Assessments made by subjects of visual change in five years proved inaccurate when checked by measurement. Prevalence of cataract rose from 15% at the original examination to between 36% and 46% after five years. Increases in prevalence of cataract were greated in older subjects. If cataract was present at any examination, visual acuity worsened in five years in 24% of subjects compared with 11% without cataract at any examination. The proportion of persons with cataract and vision worse than 6/12 was 76% of 37 persons at the original examination and 66% of 105 after five years. Corresponding figures in those without cataract were 37% of 223 and 36% of 155. The actual number with poorer vision associated with cataract more than doubled in five years.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of vision in older people. Visual acuity was measured an cataract recorded in a simple random sample of 215 men and 272 women aged 63-90 years in Edinburgh. One year and five years later the observations were repeated in 113 men and 148 women surviving and available from the original sample. This paper deals with survivors only. Worsening of visual acuity occurred over five years in 12% of men and 14% of women. Improvement was noted in 15% of men and 10% of women. The proportion of those with worsening of visual acuity increased significantly with increasing age at entry to the study. Assessments made by subjects of visual change in five years proved inaccurate when checked by measurement. Prevalence of cataract rose from 15% at the original examination to between 36% and 46% after five years. Increases in prevalence of cataract were greated in older subjects. If cataract was present at any examination, visual acuity worsened in five years in 24% of subjects compared with 11% without cataract at any examination. The proportion of persons with cataract and vision worse than 6/12 was 76% of 37 persons at the original examination and 66% of 105 after five years. Corresponding figures in those without cataract were 37% of 223 and 36% of 155. The actual number with poorer vision associated with cataract more than doubled in five years.", "PMID": 554453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1857", "title": "Quality of life after stroke: a three-year follow-up.", "content": "Forty-five people who had suffered a stroke three years previously were interviewed, as were their close relatives and friends. Changes in their lives which they attributed to stroke were explored, and information was gathered about health and social care resources they had used or needed. It was evident that stroke had devastated many peoples' lives: they ceased work prematurely, their interpersonal relations had deteriorated and over 70% viewed their future with uncertainty or gloom. Physical disability in itself was less important than peoples' response to their disability; inappropriate and dysfunctional responses were present in over half. In spite of adequate medical care, 40% of subjects would have been assisted by social work assessment, counseling and direction to appropriate community services.", "contents": "Quality of life after stroke: a three-year follow-up. Forty-five people who had suffered a stroke three years previously were interviewed, as were their close relatives and friends. Changes in their lives which they attributed to stroke were explored, and information was gathered about health and social care resources they had used or needed. It was evident that stroke had devastated many peoples' lives: they ceased work prematurely, their interpersonal relations had deteriorated and over 70% viewed their future with uncertainty or gloom. Physical disability in itself was less important than peoples' response to their disability; inappropriate and dysfunctional responses were present in over half. In spite of adequate medical care, 40% of subjects would have been assisted by social work assessment, counseling and direction to appropriate community services.", "PMID": 554454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1858", "title": "Pimozide in the treatment of some \"social maladjustments\" in \"personality disorders\".", "content": "Forty patients with some \"social maladjustments\" or disturbed interpersonal relationship under 2 mg pimozide (Orap: a 24 h long-acting neuroleptic) for six to twelve months. Concomitant but complementary medication was kept unchanged. Control was based on: long-term investigation (1/2 - 1 year), quantification, use of two scales. Statistical evaluation of the changes in \"cardinal symptoms\" showed a significant improvement in tension, disorders of sleep, intellectual disturbances, cardiovascular symptoms and gastrointestinal complaints. More detailed analysis of the other 27-item rating scale revealed a dramatic improvement in anxiety and paranoidism. The overall appreciation shows that: 25 patients responded well or very well to pimozide, eight did moderately, seven poorly. Neurasthenia and related states with predominant asthenia turned out to be no indication for pimozide treatment. Except for some cases of increased fatigue, tolerance was exceptionally good. The trial showed that extra patience is required from the therapist as a clinical onset of one to two months is not uncommon.", "contents": "Pimozide in the treatment of some \"social maladjustments\" in \"personality disorders\". Forty patients with some \"social maladjustments\" or disturbed interpersonal relationship under 2 mg pimozide (Orap: a 24 h long-acting neuroleptic) for six to twelve months. Concomitant but complementary medication was kept unchanged. Control was based on: long-term investigation (1/2 - 1 year), quantification, use of two scales. Statistical evaluation of the changes in \"cardinal symptoms\" showed a significant improvement in tension, disorders of sleep, intellectual disturbances, cardiovascular symptoms and gastrointestinal complaints. More detailed analysis of the other 27-item rating scale revealed a dramatic improvement in anxiety and paranoidism. The overall appreciation shows that: 25 patients responded well or very well to pimozide, eight did moderately, seven poorly. Neurasthenia and related states with predominant asthenia turned out to be no indication for pimozide treatment. Except for some cases of increased fatigue, tolerance was exceptionally good. The trial showed that extra patience is required from the therapist as a clinical onset of one to two months is not uncommon.", "PMID": 554447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1859", "title": "Dysrhythmias in apparently healthy elderly subjects.", "content": "Using 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias was investigated in 50 apparently healthy elderly subjects aged over 60 years. There was a high incidence of both ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats, supraventricular tachycardia and sinus arrest. First- and second-degree block were also noted. The incidence of dysrhythmias bore no obvious relationship to age over 60, sex, blood presssure, cigarette smoking, caffeine and theophylline ingestion or resting 12-lead ECG abnormalities.", "contents": "Dysrhythmias in apparently healthy elderly subjects. Using 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias was investigated in 50 apparently healthy elderly subjects aged over 60 years. There was a high incidence of both ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats, supraventricular tachycardia and sinus arrest. First- and second-degree block were also noted. The incidence of dysrhythmias bore no obvious relationship to age over 60, sex, blood presssure, cigarette smoking, caffeine and theophylline ingestion or resting 12-lead ECG abnormalities.", "PMID": 554455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1860", "title": "Treatment of Parkinsonian syndrome with dexetimide.", "content": "In an open study, 60 Parkinson patients with varying aetiology were submitted to a treatment with the long-acting antiparkinsonian drug dexetimide and L-Dopa. Rigor, tremor and akinesia were favourably influenced. An advantage over other antiparkinsonian agents is its long duration of action and the possibility of a simple dosage. Further investigations concerning its long-term effect and elucidation of its interactions with different drugs commonly administered in parkinsonian disorders seem desirable.", "contents": "Treatment of Parkinsonian syndrome with dexetimide. In an open study, 60 Parkinson patients with varying aetiology were submitted to a treatment with the long-acting antiparkinsonian drug dexetimide and L-Dopa. Rigor, tremor and akinesia were favourably influenced. An advantage over other antiparkinsonian agents is its long duration of action and the possibility of a simple dosage. Further investigations concerning its long-term effect and elucidation of its interactions with different drugs commonly administered in parkinsonian disorders seem desirable.", "PMID": 554448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1861", "title": "Potassium depletion in aged patients: an evaluation through red-blood-cell potassium determination.", "content": "Depletion of potassium is common in old people and is due to abnormal urinary excretion (misuse of diuretics, chronic pyelonephritis), to increased faecal elimination (misuse of laxatives, chronic diarrhoea) or to inadequate dietary intake. In a series of 90 elderly patients whose potassium status was investigated, the main manifestations of potassium deplition were weakness, increased sensitivity to digitials, impaired glucose tolerance and mental confusion. Potassium depletion can be most easily demonstrated by measurement of red-cell potassium levels; this method provides a valuable indication of the intracellular potassium content.", "contents": "Potassium depletion in aged patients: an evaluation through red-blood-cell potassium determination. Depletion of potassium is common in old people and is due to abnormal urinary excretion (misuse of diuretics, chronic pyelonephritis), to increased faecal elimination (misuse of laxatives, chronic diarrhoea) or to inadequate dietary intake. In a series of 90 elderly patients whose potassium status was investigated, the main manifestations of potassium deplition were weakness, increased sensitivity to digitials, impaired glucose tolerance and mental confusion. Potassium depletion can be most easily demonstrated by measurement of red-cell potassium levels; this method provides a valuable indication of the intracellular potassium content.", "PMID": 554456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1862", "title": "The fenestration operation in 1979.", "content": "While it is rarely indicated today, fenestration of the horizontal semicircular canal has left its mark in otologic history. A significant number of patients with fenestrated ears are alive today requiring continued care. A review of both the technique of fenestration as well as the particular postoperative problems is presented to familiarize younger otologists involved in their management.", "contents": "The fenestration operation in 1979. While it is rarely indicated today, fenestration of the horizontal semicircular canal has left its mark in otologic history. A significant number of patients with fenestrated ears are alive today requiring continued care. A review of both the technique of fenestration as well as the particular postoperative problems is presented to familiarize younger otologists involved in their management.", "PMID": 554464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1863", "title": "Performance intensity functions in cochlear and eighth nerve disorders.", "content": "In this report, performance intensity functions for monosyllabic materials (PI-PB) were obtained on two groups of subject: 20 patients with eighth nerve pathology and 15 individuals with Meniere's disease. The subjects with retrocochlear involvement exhibited marked deterioration in word recognition as the speech intensity was increased beyond the level required for a maximum discrimination score. Such a dramatic breakdown, referred to as the \"rollover effect,\" was not seen to occur among the subjects with cochlear disorders. Hence, the PI-PB function appears to be a valuable tool for use in the special test battery.", "contents": "Performance intensity functions in cochlear and eighth nerve disorders. In this report, performance intensity functions for monosyllabic materials (PI-PB) were obtained on two groups of subject: 20 patients with eighth nerve pathology and 15 individuals with Meniere's disease. The subjects with retrocochlear involvement exhibited marked deterioration in word recognition as the speech intensity was increased beyond the level required for a maximum discrimination score. Such a dramatic breakdown, referred to as the \"rollover effect,\" was not seen to occur among the subjects with cochlear disorders. Hence, the PI-PB function appears to be a valuable tool for use in the special test battery.", "PMID": 554465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1864", "title": "Acoustic neuroma or vascular loop?", "content": "Five patients with signs and symptoms of acoustic neuroma had a filling defect on positive contrast posterior fossa myelography. At surgical exploration they were found to have a vascular loop accounting for the space occupying lesion.", "contents": "Acoustic neuroma or vascular loop? Five patients with signs and symptoms of acoustic neuroma had a filling defect on positive contrast posterior fossa myelography. At surgical exploration they were found to have a vascular loop accounting for the space occupying lesion.", "PMID": 554466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1865", "title": "Histopathology of Endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt surgery for Meniere's disease.", "content": "The histopathological findings in the temporal bones of three patients who underwent endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt operation for Meniere's disease are reported. The postoperative follow-up period varied from three to five years. Two patients had a successful operation; the third was unsuccessful. The continuity between th mesothelial lining of the endolymphatic sac and the subarachnoid space was demonstrated in one case; no definite conclusions could be made for the other two cases. Although failure of shunt surgery was presumably due to fibrosis in the shunt area in the reported case, the human endolymphatic sac seemed to be more resistant to surgical trauma than the sac of the experimental animals.", "contents": "Histopathology of Endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt surgery for Meniere's disease. The histopathological findings in the temporal bones of three patients who underwent endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt operation for Meniere's disease are reported. The postoperative follow-up period varied from three to five years. Two patients had a successful operation; the third was unsuccessful. The continuity between th mesothelial lining of the endolymphatic sac and the subarachnoid space was demonstrated in one case; no definite conclusions could be made for the other two cases. Although failure of shunt surgery was presumably due to fibrosis in the shunt area in the reported case, the human endolymphatic sac seemed to be more resistant to surgical trauma than the sac of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 554467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1866", "title": "Intact canal wall mastoidectomy.", "content": "A series of 70 cholesteatoma patients is reported. The incidence of recurrent and residual cholesteatoma following intact canal wall mastoidectomy (ICWM) is 22%. Revision surgery is discussed, and data are presented to support performing ICWM as a revision procedure. The place of ICWM in chronic ear surgery is discussed.", "contents": "Intact canal wall mastoidectomy. A series of 70 cholesteatoma patients is reported. The incidence of recurrent and residual cholesteatoma following intact canal wall mastoidectomy (ICWM) is 22%. Revision surgery is discussed, and data are presented to support performing ICWM as a revision procedure. The place of ICWM in chronic ear surgery is discussed.", "PMID": 554468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1867", "title": "Monothermal upright-inverted caloric test.", "content": "This study evaluates the diagnostic sensitivity of a simple method of producing bidirectional cupular deviation using a monothermal stimulus. This stimulus has the advantage of conservation of time and increased patient comfort and acceptance (two caloric irrigations instead of four). Each patient was seated with his head extended 60 degrees during the caloric irrigation. Eighty seconds after the onset of irrigation, the patient placed his head forward, thereby causing both an ampullopetal and ampullofugal flow of endolymph. Right/left difference and directional preponderance were computed for both monothermal warm and monothermal cold irrigations and compared to the traditional bithermal caloric results. This study comprised a control group of 13 normal patients and 144 dizzy patients. False positive (abnormal monothermal but normal bithermal) and false negative (normal monothermal but abnormal bithermal) tests occurred in 45 percent and 50 percent of examinations, respectively. Inaccurate measurement of the weak slow phase velocity that usually accompanies the inverted position was a probable cause of the poor correlation between test results since a separate analysis of electronystagmograms with more intense nystagmus in the inverted position resulted in an improved correlation. Further evaluation of this technique should include methods that result in more accurate measurement of slow phase velocity.", "contents": "Monothermal upright-inverted caloric test. This study evaluates the diagnostic sensitivity of a simple method of producing bidirectional cupular deviation using a monothermal stimulus. This stimulus has the advantage of conservation of time and increased patient comfort and acceptance (two caloric irrigations instead of four). Each patient was seated with his head extended 60 degrees during the caloric irrigation. Eighty seconds after the onset of irrigation, the patient placed his head forward, thereby causing both an ampullopetal and ampullofugal flow of endolymph. Right/left difference and directional preponderance were computed for both monothermal warm and monothermal cold irrigations and compared to the traditional bithermal caloric results. This study comprised a control group of 13 normal patients and 144 dizzy patients. False positive (abnormal monothermal but normal bithermal) and false negative (normal monothermal but abnormal bithermal) tests occurred in 45 percent and 50 percent of examinations, respectively. Inaccurate measurement of the weak slow phase velocity that usually accompanies the inverted position was a probable cause of the poor correlation between test results since a separate analysis of electronystagmograms with more intense nystagmus in the inverted position resulted in an improved correlation. Further evaluation of this technique should include methods that result in more accurate measurement of slow phase velocity.", "PMID": 554470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1868", "title": "Speech intelligibility in stapedectomized individuals.", "content": "We assessed the types of speech errors made in relation to the acoustic reflex. Ten subjects with unilateral stapedectomies were presented with consonant-vowel nonsense syllables in low pass noise at 70, 95, and 110 dB SPL in each ear. Hearing sensitivity for all subjects was normal or near-normal bilaterally. In the operated ear, speech intelligibility was significantly poorer than in the unoperated ear at all intensity levels. A distinctive feature analysis supported this finding. The data suggest that word discrimination testing in quiet does not adequately reveal the success of stapedectomy surgery. The distinctive feature analysis indicated that rather than consider the acoustic reflex as limiting the forward spread of masking into high frequencies, it would be better to describe it as a general aural overload regulator.", "contents": "Speech intelligibility in stapedectomized individuals. We assessed the types of speech errors made in relation to the acoustic reflex. Ten subjects with unilateral stapedectomies were presented with consonant-vowel nonsense syllables in low pass noise at 70, 95, and 110 dB SPL in each ear. Hearing sensitivity for all subjects was normal or near-normal bilaterally. In the operated ear, speech intelligibility was significantly poorer than in the unoperated ear at all intensity levels. A distinctive feature analysis supported this finding. The data suggest that word discrimination testing in quiet does not adequately reveal the success of stapedectomy surgery. The distinctive feature analysis indicated that rather than consider the acoustic reflex as limiting the forward spread of masking into high frequencies, it would be better to describe it as a general aural overload regulator.", "PMID": 554471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1869", "title": "Cholesteatoma and the middle ear cleft: a review of pathogenesis.", "content": "The advent of antibiotics has not reduced the incidence of cholesteatoma resulting from chronic otitis media. This incidence remains high due to continued Eustachian tube problems and to other poorly understood mechanisms. Because the otologist will continue to encounter cholesteatoma in clinical practice, he should be prepared to judge the extent and severity of disease and its potential for complications based on the initial office examination. This judgment is best accomplished through an understanding of the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear cleft--the compartments which encourage growth of cholesteatoma and the membranes which limit its growth. This paper reviews the anatomy and embryology of the compartments of the middle ear cleft in an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma and its potential for complication.", "contents": "Cholesteatoma and the middle ear cleft: a review of pathogenesis. The advent of antibiotics has not reduced the incidence of cholesteatoma resulting from chronic otitis media. This incidence remains high due to continued Eustachian tube problems and to other poorly understood mechanisms. Because the otologist will continue to encounter cholesteatoma in clinical practice, he should be prepared to judge the extent and severity of disease and its potential for complications based on the initial office examination. This judgment is best accomplished through an understanding of the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear cleft--the compartments which encourage growth of cholesteatoma and the membranes which limit its growth. This paper reviews the anatomy and embryology of the compartments of the middle ear cleft in an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma and its potential for complication.", "PMID": 554472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1870", "title": "Round window ultrasonic irradiation: conservative surgery for Meniere's disease.", "content": "Ultrasonic irradiation of the labyrinth through the round window approach is a minimally destructive method of surgical management for Meniere's disease. Results of 48 procedures, followed from six months to eight years, are reported. Relief from vertiginous symptoms was obtained in 70 percent of the patients. Hearing was improved in 14 percent; hearing was also significantly worse in 14 percent. These findings resulted in an overall 56 percent of the patients falling into American Academy of Otolaryngology control classes A or B. No significant postoperative complications were observed. Results are difficult to classify on a cause-and-effect basis due to the remissions and exacerbations characteristic of Meniere's disease. Ultrasonic irradiation using the round window approach does not involve the potential risks of such surgical procedures as labyrinthectomy, vestibular neurectomy, and endolymphatic sac procedures. The primary disadvantage of this procedure is securing and servicing the instrumentation. Due to its conservative nature, ultrasonic irradiation through the round window is an attractive surgical consideration until such time when the pathologic processes in Meniere's disease are better understood.", "contents": "Round window ultrasonic irradiation: conservative surgery for Meniere's disease. Ultrasonic irradiation of the labyrinth through the round window approach is a minimally destructive method of surgical management for Meniere's disease. Results of 48 procedures, followed from six months to eight years, are reported. Relief from vertiginous symptoms was obtained in 70 percent of the patients. Hearing was improved in 14 percent; hearing was also significantly worse in 14 percent. These findings resulted in an overall 56 percent of the patients falling into American Academy of Otolaryngology control classes A or B. No significant postoperative complications were observed. Results are difficult to classify on a cause-and-effect basis due to the remissions and exacerbations characteristic of Meniere's disease. Ultrasonic irradiation using the round window approach does not involve the potential risks of such surgical procedures as labyrinthectomy, vestibular neurectomy, and endolymphatic sac procedures. The primary disadvantage of this procedure is securing and servicing the instrumentation. Due to its conservative nature, ultrasonic irradiation through the round window is an attractive surgical consideration until such time when the pathologic processes in Meniere's disease are better understood.", "PMID": 554474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1871", "title": "Acoustic neuroma removal: a comparative study of translabyrinthine and suboccipital approaches.", "content": "A comparative study of the suboccipital and translabyrinthine approaches for acoustic neuroma removal in 91 cases using a otologic-neurosurgical team is presented. Fifty of these cases involved the suboccipital route using microsurgical techniques; the remaining cases involved the standard otologic routes. The same neurosurgeon participated in all 91 cases. Two otologists participated in the study. The results of our series of cases indicate that the suboccipital route is the procedure of choice for acoustic neuroma removal.", "contents": "Acoustic neuroma removal: a comparative study of translabyrinthine and suboccipital approaches. A comparative study of the suboccipital and translabyrinthine approaches for acoustic neuroma removal in 91 cases using a otologic-neurosurgical team is presented. Fifty of these cases involved the suboccipital route using microsurgical techniques; the remaining cases involved the standard otologic routes. The same neurosurgeon participated in all 91 cases. Two otologists participated in the study. The results of our series of cases indicate that the suboccipital route is the procedure of choice for acoustic neuroma removal.", "PMID": 554475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1872", "title": "[Reye's syndrome. Report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of Reye's syndrome aged 11 and 13 are reported, confirmed by hepatic biopsy. The favorable outcome observed in the second case seems to be more related with supportive therapy than exsanguinotransfusion and peritoneal dialysis. The physiopathology of this syndrome is not quite clear, but probably in relation with a diffuse mitochondrial insult. Early diagnosis and supportive therapy are important for a favorable outcome.", "contents": "[Reye's syndrome. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of Reye's syndrome aged 11 and 13 are reported, confirmed by hepatic biopsy. The favorable outcome observed in the second case seems to be more related with supportive therapy than exsanguinotransfusion and peritoneal dialysis. The physiopathology of this syndrome is not quite clear, but probably in relation with a diffuse mitochondrial insult. Early diagnosis and supportive therapy are important for a favorable outcome.", "PMID": 554476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1873", "title": "[Neuro-sedation and cranial C.-T. scan in infants and children (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-four infants and children under 14 years of age had a neuro-sedation, for a cranial C.-T. Scan. This entirely painless procedure requires complete immobility of the patient. We used two sorts of methods: for infants under eight months of age, a premedication followed by a feeding-bottle is sufficient. For children over eight months of age, intravenous administration of gamma-hydroxy-butyrate at 30 to 50 mg/kg induces light but sufficient sleep in obtaining a useful scan. Within the group of 24 infants we obtained 14 good results, 8 mild ones and 2 failures. Within the 40 children over eight months of age, 28 procedures were good, 10 children had to undergo more anesthesia during the examination and twice the exploration was impossible.", "contents": "[Neuro-sedation and cranial C.-T. scan in infants and children (author's transl)]. Sixty-four infants and children under 14 years of age had a neuro-sedation, for a cranial C.-T. Scan. This entirely painless procedure requires complete immobility of the patient. We used two sorts of methods: for infants under eight months of age, a premedication followed by a feeding-bottle is sufficient. For children over eight months of age, intravenous administration of gamma-hydroxy-butyrate at 30 to 50 mg/kg induces light but sufficient sleep in obtaining a useful scan. Within the group of 24 infants we obtained 14 good results, 8 mild ones and 2 failures. Within the 40 children over eight months of age, 28 procedures were good, 10 children had to undergo more anesthesia during the examination and twice the exploration was impossible.", "PMID": 554477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1874", "title": "[Ketamine anesthesia for definitive implantation of a cardiac pace maker (author's transl)].", "content": "An hemodynamic study has been performed in eight patients (age 68 +/- 7) suffering from complete atrioventricular block. They had to undergo the definitive implantation of a cardiac pace maker under general anesthesia. The fixed cardiac frequency may help to understand the effect of the anesthetic agent used on the cardiac muscle function. Ketamine is the only agent used directly at an initial intravenous dose of 3 mg.kg-1 followed by a perfusion in a constant rate of 0.20 mg.kg-1. min-1. Hemodynamic data (arterial pressure, pulmonary pressures, thermodilution cardiac output) are performed before induction, then every 5 minutes after induction for a 20 minute period. The absence of respiratory depression (PaCO2: 38 +/- 3 mm Hg) shows that hemodynamic changes are entirely due to ketamine. The peak of these changes takes place after 5 minutes (significant rise (p < 0.05) in systemic and pulmonary resistances, in systemic arterial pressure and in pulmonary arterial pressure). Stroke index decreases moderately. After 20 minutes all the parameters have returned to control values. Use of ketamine is not desirable for two reasons: 1 degree The rise of the afterload may alter the hemodynamic state which can be previously deteriorated in patients suffering from atrio-ventricular block. 2 degree Post-anesthetic agitation can displace the right ventricular electrode.", "contents": "[Ketamine anesthesia for definitive implantation of a cardiac pace maker (author's transl)]. An hemodynamic study has been performed in eight patients (age 68 +/- 7) suffering from complete atrioventricular block. They had to undergo the definitive implantation of a cardiac pace maker under general anesthesia. The fixed cardiac frequency may help to understand the effect of the anesthetic agent used on the cardiac muscle function. Ketamine is the only agent used directly at an initial intravenous dose of 3 mg.kg-1 followed by a perfusion in a constant rate of 0.20 mg.kg-1. min-1. Hemodynamic data (arterial pressure, pulmonary pressures, thermodilution cardiac output) are performed before induction, then every 5 minutes after induction for a 20 minute period. The absence of respiratory depression (PaCO2: 38 +/- 3 mm Hg) shows that hemodynamic changes are entirely due to ketamine. The peak of these changes takes place after 5 minutes (significant rise (p < 0.05) in systemic and pulmonary resistances, in systemic arterial pressure and in pulmonary arterial pressure). Stroke index decreases moderately. After 20 minutes all the parameters have returned to control values. Use of ketamine is not desirable for two reasons: 1 degree The rise of the afterload may alter the hemodynamic state which can be previously deteriorated in patients suffering from atrio-ventricular block. 2 degree Post-anesthetic agitation can displace the right ventricular electrode.", "PMID": 554478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1875", "title": "[Stabilisation of total hip arthroplasty. Hemodynamic and gasometric disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "This work aims at studying the operative complications of the stabilisation of total hip arthroplasties with the help of 11 hemodynamic studies, 19 functional records of the epinephrines and 25 surveys of the impact of the stabilisation on arterial blood gas. 1) Within the few minutes following the implantation of bone cement one may remark: -- a drop in the average arterial pressure, -- greater lowering of the stroke index after a femoral implantation than after a cotylo\u00efdal implantation, -- a constant and massive rise of pulmonary resistances which appears mainly after a femoral stabilisation. 2) The hemodynamic disturbances are accompanied by neither a significant rise nor a significant fall of the plasmatic and urinary levels of the epinephrines. 3) There appears with the insertion a massive hypoxemia which can be prevented by the inhalation of pure oxygen.", "contents": "[Stabilisation of total hip arthroplasty. Hemodynamic and gasometric disturbances (author's transl)]. This work aims at studying the operative complications of the stabilisation of total hip arthroplasties with the help of 11 hemodynamic studies, 19 functional records of the epinephrines and 25 surveys of the impact of the stabilisation on arterial blood gas. 1) Within the few minutes following the implantation of bone cement one may remark: -- a drop in the average arterial pressure, -- greater lowering of the stroke index after a femoral implantation than after a cotylo\u00efdal implantation, -- a constant and massive rise of pulmonary resistances which appears mainly after a femoral stabilisation. 2) The hemodynamic disturbances are accompanied by neither a significant rise nor a significant fall of the plasmatic and urinary levels of the epinephrines. 3) There appears with the insertion a massive hypoxemia which can be prevented by the inhalation of pure oxygen.", "PMID": 554479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1876", "title": "[Translumbar intra-aortography. Hemodynamic consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemodynamic consequences of the translumbar intra-aortic injection of 80 ml of contrast media were studied in 28 patients, in whom cardiac output was determined using thermodilution. These measurements revealed that the vasoplegia produced by the intra-aortic injection of contrast media is of smaller amplitude and longer duration than that evidenced during regional flow determinations. Moreover, the decrease in vascular peripheral resistances and the increase in cardiac output, accompanied by bradycardia, persist for several minutes. These phenomenons are related to an increase in ventricular filling, resulting from the expansion of the intravascular compartment secondary to plasma hyperosmolality.", "contents": "[Translumbar intra-aortography. Hemodynamic consequences (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic consequences of the translumbar intra-aortic injection of 80 ml of contrast media were studied in 28 patients, in whom cardiac output was determined using thermodilution. These measurements revealed that the vasoplegia produced by the intra-aortic injection of contrast media is of smaller amplitude and longer duration than that evidenced during regional flow determinations. Moreover, the decrease in vascular peripheral resistances and the increase in cardiac output, accompanied by bradycardia, persist for several minutes. These phenomenons are related to an increase in ventricular filling, resulting from the expansion of the intravascular compartment secondary to plasma hyperosmolality.", "PMID": 554480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1877", "title": "[Fatal pancytopenia associated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of fatal pancytopenia associated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy in a patient with folic acid deficiency. The mechanism is a matter of speculation, but the most attractive view is that the inhibiting effect of trimethoprim on dehydrofolate reductase can involve pancytopenia in patients with folic acid deficiency.", "contents": "[Fatal pancytopenia associated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of fatal pancytopenia associated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy in a patient with folic acid deficiency. The mechanism is a matter of speculation, but the most attractive view is that the inhibiting effect of trimethoprim on dehydrofolate reductase can involve pancytopenia in patients with folic acid deficiency.", "PMID": 554481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1878", "title": "[Central vein catheters. Four unusual accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "Malpositioning of the tip of a central vein catheter is an accident whose frequency depends in part upon the puncture site. Certain dispositions are especially rare; the authors thus describe. Knotting in the left innominate vein after left internal jugular vein puncture. Catheterisation of the left internal mammary vein from the left subclavian vein. Intertion of a catheter in a pulmonary vein from the femoral route through a septal defect. And finally a thoracic aorta catheterisation by an unnoticed puncture of the left subclavian artery. The diagnostic steps and the conditions necessary to avoid the complications inherent to these malpositions are thereafter discussed.", "contents": "[Central vein catheters. Four unusual accidents (author's transl)]. Malpositioning of the tip of a central vein catheter is an accident whose frequency depends in part upon the puncture site. Certain dispositions are especially rare; the authors thus describe. Knotting in the left innominate vein after left internal jugular vein puncture. Catheterisation of the left internal mammary vein from the left subclavian vein. Intertion of a catheter in a pulmonary vein from the femoral route through a septal defect. And finally a thoracic aorta catheterisation by an unnoticed puncture of the left subclavian artery. The diagnostic steps and the conditions necessary to avoid the complications inherent to these malpositions are thereafter discussed.", "PMID": 554482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1879", "title": "[Septicaemias observed in intensive care. Causes (author's transl)].", "content": "For four years, the authors have been making researches to know how can happen cases of septicaemias observed in intensive care. They have noticed the frequency of staphylococci in septicaemias caused by catheters and of gram -- in septicaemias caused by urinary infection. From those observations, they have come to some practical conclusions. They worry about the high number of secondary septicaemia having their origin in little resuscitation operations.", "contents": "[Septicaemias observed in intensive care. Causes (author's transl)]. For four years, the authors have been making researches to know how can happen cases of septicaemias observed in intensive care. They have noticed the frequency of staphylococci in septicaemias caused by catheters and of gram -- in septicaemias caused by urinary infection. From those observations, they have come to some practical conclusions. They worry about the high number of secondary septicaemia having their origin in little resuscitation operations.", "PMID": 554483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1880", "title": "[New measurements of noise from road traffic in Rome carried out during 24 hours (author's transl)].", "content": "A new series of noise measurements in 10 points of the central zone in Rome, corresponding to residential areas with commercial activity, to parks, to hospitals, and to a subway, have been carried out. Investigation has been protracted during 24 hours and each measure has lasted 20 minutes. For the survey a mobile acoustic unity of the Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Department of Sanitary Engineering, of Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 has been employed. The unity is fitted with instruments for statistical analysis of noise in connection with a minicomputer. The used program has allowed to calculate L1, L10, L50, L90, standard deviation, Leq, LNP, TNI. On the basis of such measurements Leq 24, Ldn, CNEL, have been calculated. Collected data have been compared with limits of stated rules and with noise levels measured in other seven Italian towns.", "contents": "[New measurements of noise from road traffic in Rome carried out during 24 hours (author's transl)]. A new series of noise measurements in 10 points of the central zone in Rome, corresponding to residential areas with commercial activity, to parks, to hospitals, and to a subway, have been carried out. Investigation has been protracted during 24 hours and each measure has lasted 20 minutes. For the survey a mobile acoustic unity of the Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Department of Sanitary Engineering, of Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 has been employed. The unity is fitted with instruments for statistical analysis of noise in connection with a minicomputer. The used program has allowed to calculate L1, L10, L50, L90, standard deviation, Leq, LNP, TNI. On the basis of such measurements Leq 24, Ldn, CNEL, have been calculated. Collected data have been compared with limits of stated rules and with noise levels measured in other seven Italian towns.", "PMID": 554484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1881", "title": "[Characterization of an analytical method, comparison between two methods and electronic elaboration of data (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental scheme for the evaluation of two parameters of validity of an analytical method, precision and accuracy, has been reported. Particular emphasis has been given to the problem of comparison between two methods. In the description a validity limit of the scheme has been given and certain critical points, commonly encountered in the measurement of the above mentioned parameters during the preparatory as well as the experimental phase, has been underlined. Further, with the help of tables and graphs, an example for electronic elaboration of the data obtained during the course of standardization of an automatic method for the determination of uric acid in serum according to the above scheme, has been given.", "contents": "[Characterization of an analytical method, comparison between two methods and electronic elaboration of data (author's transl)]. An experimental scheme for the evaluation of two parameters of validity of an analytical method, precision and accuracy, has been reported. Particular emphasis has been given to the problem of comparison between two methods. In the description a validity limit of the scheme has been given and certain critical points, commonly encountered in the measurement of the above mentioned parameters during the preparatory as well as the experimental phase, has been underlined. Further, with the help of tables and graphs, an example for electronic elaboration of the data obtained during the course of standardization of an automatic method for the determination of uric acid in serum according to the above scheme, has been given.", "PMID": 554485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1882", "title": "[Automatic determination of triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose and serum uric acid in the screening for preventive medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "A centrifuge speed analyzer, used for triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose and serum uric acid determinations, was tested as to linearity, precision, steadiness and accuracy requirements. The results were compared to those obtained by other techniques. Automatic techniques were proved to comply with reliability and practicability requirements, necessary during the screenings for preventive medicine. The centrifuge speed analyzer seems to be particularly fit for the primary prevention trials of coronary heart disease, since the follow-up studies require repeated laboratory examinations.", "contents": "[Automatic determination of triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose and serum uric acid in the screening for preventive medicine (author's transl)]. A centrifuge speed analyzer, used for triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose and serum uric acid determinations, was tested as to linearity, precision, steadiness and accuracy requirements. The results were compared to those obtained by other techniques. Automatic techniques were proved to comply with reliability and practicability requirements, necessary during the screenings for preventive medicine. The centrifuge speed analyzer seems to be particularly fit for the primary prevention trials of coronary heart disease, since the follow-up studies require repeated laboratory examinations.", "PMID": 554486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1883", "title": "[Evaluation of smoke consumption by the determination of serum thiocyanate (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of Butts and Coll. for determination of serum thiocyanate--parameter correlated to smoke assumption--has been modified in order to improve sensibility and has been characterized as regards precision and accuracy. The improved method has been successively utilized for determination of serum thiocyanate of 493 subjects during a screening for prevention from coronary heart disease. A linear correlation (r = 0,916) between the number of smoked cigarettes and serum thiocyanate has been found. Assuming 40 mumol/l as a cut-off point to distinguish cigarette smokers and non smokers, 1,8% false positive and 5% false negative resulted.", "contents": "[Evaluation of smoke consumption by the determination of serum thiocyanate (author's transl)]. The method of Butts and Coll. for determination of serum thiocyanate--parameter correlated to smoke assumption--has been modified in order to improve sensibility and has been characterized as regards precision and accuracy. The improved method has been successively utilized for determination of serum thiocyanate of 493 subjects during a screening for prevention from coronary heart disease. A linear correlation (r = 0,916) between the number of smoked cigarettes and serum thiocyanate has been found. Assuming 40 mumol/l as a cut-off point to distinguish cigarette smokers and non smokers, 1,8% false positive and 5% false negative resulted.", "PMID": 554487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1884", "title": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b: phenotype recognition; neurological features and their pathological basis.", "content": "Sixteen patients affected with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b (MEN 2b), were evaluated by clinical, neurological, nerve conduction and electromyographic, and postmortem examinations. Eight of the 11 patients examined clinically had symptoms: 5, neurogenic constipation; 1, failing vision due to hypertrophied corneal nerves; 1, neuromuscular symptoms and pes cavus; and 1, facial disfigurement. Expression of the dominantly inherited MEN 2b gene is more variable than previously known. When neuromuscular findings are present alone, the features may be those of peroneal muscular atrophy. Because 10 of the 11 patients had sufficiently full expression of the dominantly inherited gene--\"Marfanlike\" body build, full and fleshy lips, whitish yellow nodules (neuromas) on the tip and edges of the tongue, pes cavus, or peroneal muscular atrophy--the presence of MEN 2b was recognized and a search for the usually associated medullary thyroid carcinoma was instigated. In addition to the recognized involvement of autonomic nerves, we have confirmed that somatic motor and senory neurons may be involved. Findings at postmortem evaluation indicate that symptoms can be attributed to neuroma formation: a characteristic adventitious plaque of tissue composed of hyperplastic, interlacing bands of Schwann cells and myelinated fibers overlay the posterior columns of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b: phenotype recognition; neurological features and their pathological basis. Sixteen patients affected with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b (MEN 2b), were evaluated by clinical, neurological, nerve conduction and electromyographic, and postmortem examinations. Eight of the 11 patients examined clinically had symptoms: 5, neurogenic constipation; 1, failing vision due to hypertrophied corneal nerves; 1, neuromuscular symptoms and pes cavus; and 1, facial disfigurement. Expression of the dominantly inherited MEN 2b gene is more variable than previously known. When neuromuscular findings are present alone, the features may be those of peroneal muscular atrophy. Because 10 of the 11 patients had sufficiently full expression of the dominantly inherited gene--\"Marfanlike\" body build, full and fleshy lips, whitish yellow nodules (neuromas) on the tip and edges of the tongue, pes cavus, or peroneal muscular atrophy--the presence of MEN 2b was recognized and a search for the usually associated medullary thyroid carcinoma was instigated. In addition to the recognized involvement of autonomic nerves, we have confirmed that somatic motor and senory neurons may be involved. Findings at postmortem evaluation indicate that symptoms can be attributed to neuroma formation: a characteristic adventitious plaque of tissue composed of hyperplastic, interlacing bands of Schwann cells and myelinated fibers overlay the posterior columns of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 554522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1885", "title": "Extraocular muscle biopsy in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "A quantitatives assessment of the pathological changes in extraocular muscle is presented in 8 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). Serial cross-sections of extraocular muscle were stained with a battery of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques and compared with 36 normal extraocular muscles and 1 muscle from a patient who had longstanding third nerve plasy with anomalous reinnervation. Several of the patients had a striking increase in the number of ragged-red fibers in extraocular muscle, particularly if frequent ragged-red fibers also were found on limb muscle biopsy. One patients demonstrated extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in a small percentage of fibers, although this finding was not present in the reinnervated muscle. Numerous darkly staining central regions were noted in the ocular muscle fibers of a patient with Stephens syndrome (CPEO, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar disease) and in the reinnervated muscle. A patient with myotubular myopathy had single central nuclei in both limb and ocular muscle. All patients demonstrated in their extraocular muscles variation in both the size and distribution of each of the three histochemical fiber types. Extraocular muscle biopsy proved to be a safe, reliable technique. As a similar quantitative analysis is applied to the study of further patients, a better understanding of the pathogenesis of CPEO should be possible.", "contents": "Extraocular muscle biopsy in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. A quantitatives assessment of the pathological changes in extraocular muscle is presented in 8 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). Serial cross-sections of extraocular muscle were stained with a battery of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques and compared with 36 normal extraocular muscles and 1 muscle from a patient who had longstanding third nerve plasy with anomalous reinnervation. Several of the patients had a striking increase in the number of ragged-red fibers in extraocular muscle, particularly if frequent ragged-red fibers also were found on limb muscle biopsy. One patients demonstrated extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in a small percentage of fibers, although this finding was not present in the reinnervated muscle. Numerous darkly staining central regions were noted in the ocular muscle fibers of a patient with Stephens syndrome (CPEO, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar disease) and in the reinnervated muscle. A patient with myotubular myopathy had single central nuclei in both limb and ocular muscle. All patients demonstrated in their extraocular muscles variation in both the size and distribution of each of the three histochemical fiber types. Extraocular muscle biopsy proved to be a safe, reliable technique. As a similar quantitative analysis is applied to the study of further patients, a better understanding of the pathogenesis of CPEO should be possible.", "PMID": 554523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1886", "title": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: a study of the frequency of associated malformations.", "content": "Review of 11 cases of agenesis of the corpus callosum studied at our institution revealed a high incidence of associated anomalies. None patients had associated malformations of the central nervous system, 6 involving the pyramidal system. Eight cases were associated with malformations in the rest of the body. Review of completely examined cases from the literature yielded 47 examples of associated malformations. These were varied and without consistent pattern, with the possible exception of facial abnormalities.", "contents": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: a study of the frequency of associated malformations. Review of 11 cases of agenesis of the corpus callosum studied at our institution revealed a high incidence of associated anomalies. None patients had associated malformations of the central nervous system, 6 involving the pyramidal system. Eight cases were associated with malformations in the rest of the body. Review of completely examined cases from the literature yielded 47 examples of associated malformations. These were varied and without consistent pattern, with the possible exception of facial abnormalities.", "PMID": 554524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1887", "title": "Dementia in Parkinson Disease.", "content": "In 520 patients with parkinsonism seen over eight years, 168 (32%) had moderate to marked dementia. Although the demented patients were older than the nondemented patients (70.4 versus 65.5 years), the incidence of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) was tenfold higher than among controls (similarly aged spouses of PD patients), and dementia is held to be related more to the disease than to age. Demented patients, in addition to being older, developed PD later, were more severely involved in a shorter time, and responded less well to levodopa. It is suggested that PD with dementia may represent a different disorder from PD without dementia.", "contents": "Dementia in Parkinson Disease. In 520 patients with parkinsonism seen over eight years, 168 (32%) had moderate to marked dementia. Although the demented patients were older than the nondemented patients (70.4 versus 65.5 years), the incidence of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) was tenfold higher than among controls (similarly aged spouses of PD patients), and dementia is held to be related more to the disease than to age. Demented patients, in addition to being older, developed PD later, were more severely involved in a shorter time, and responded less well to levodopa. It is suggested that PD with dementia may represent a different disorder from PD without dementia.", "PMID": 554525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1888", "title": "Midbrain asterixis.", "content": "Asterixis is usually a manifestation of metabolic encephalopathy. It was the only skeletal motor sign in a patient with ophthalmoplegia caused by midbrain infarction; no metabolic abnormality was present. The asterixis was accompanied by signs of damage to the mesencephalic reticular formation. We propose that episodic lapses of postural control by the reticular formation are responsible for midbrain asterixis and suggest that this asterixis is a segmental form of drop attack.", "contents": "Midbrain asterixis. Asterixis is usually a manifestation of metabolic encephalopathy. It was the only skeletal motor sign in a patient with ophthalmoplegia caused by midbrain infarction; no metabolic abnormality was present. The asterixis was accompanied by signs of damage to the mesencephalic reticular formation. We propose that episodic lapses of postural control by the reticular formation are responsible for midbrain asterixis and suggest that this asterixis is a segmental form of drop attack.", "PMID": 554526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1889", "title": "DNA base compositions and photoreactivation capabilities of six Hansenula species.", "content": "The DNA base compositions and photoreactivable sectors of six species of Hansenula were determined. The G+C ratios revealed two groups; the first had values of 38 to 44% and the second had lower values of 32-36%. Hansenula muscicola could not repair the UV-induced damage; whereas, H. dryadoides, H. lynferdii, H. ofunaensis, H. philodendra, and H. syndowiorum could do so.", "contents": "DNA base compositions and photoreactivation capabilities of six Hansenula species. The DNA base compositions and photoreactivable sectors of six species of Hansenula were determined. The G+C ratios revealed two groups; the first had values of 38 to 44% and the second had lower values of 32-36%. Hansenula muscicola could not repair the UV-induced damage; whereas, H. dryadoides, H. lynferdii, H. ofunaensis, H. philodendra, and H. syndowiorum could do so.", "PMID": 554532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1890", "title": "Temperature sensitivity of flocculation induction, conjugation and sporulation in fission yeast.", "content": "Homothallic cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, anaerobically grown to stationary phase in broth at 32 degrees C, were induced by aeration to flocculate. Flocculation was followed by copulation, conjugation, zygote formation, meiosis and sporulation. Cultures grown to stationary phase at 32 degrees C and then aerated at 37 degrees C did not sporulate. Grown to stationary phase at 37 degrees C, cultures were not immediately inducible when aerated at 32 degrees C. To identify which events in the developmental sequence were thermosensitive, we grew and induced cultures at 32 degrees C and then shifted them at various times to 37 degrees C. We observed the following events to be thermosensitive: development of respiratory sufficiency, readiness (inducibility of a culture within 1 h), flocculation induction, copulation, conjugation and early sporulation (including meiosis). Respiration, flocculation and spore maturation were thermoresistant. Conjugation-induced lysis and postdevelopmental deflocculation were enhanced at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature sensitivity of flocculation induction, conjugation and sporulation in fission yeast. Homothallic cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, anaerobically grown to stationary phase in broth at 32 degrees C, were induced by aeration to flocculate. Flocculation was followed by copulation, conjugation, zygote formation, meiosis and sporulation. Cultures grown to stationary phase at 32 degrees C and then aerated at 37 degrees C did not sporulate. Grown to stationary phase at 37 degrees C, cultures were not immediately inducible when aerated at 32 degrees C. To identify which events in the developmental sequence were thermosensitive, we grew and induced cultures at 32 degrees C and then shifted them at various times to 37 degrees C. We observed the following events to be thermosensitive: development of respiratory sufficiency, readiness (inducibility of a culture within 1 h), flocculation induction, copulation, conjugation and early sporulation (including meiosis). Respiration, flocculation and spore maturation were thermoresistant. Conjugation-induced lysis and postdevelopmental deflocculation were enhanced at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 554533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1891", "title": "A comparative study of carotenoids of Aschersonia aleyroides and Aspergillus giganteus.", "content": "The orange-red sporodochium of Aschersonia aleyroides contains six caortenes with beta-carotene (87%) as the major pigment. In old cultures there is a decrease in total carotenoids, the disappearance of two trans-carotenes and the appearance of two cis-carotenes. In the case of Aspergillus giganteus and its mutant A. giganteus mut. alba the major carotene is also beta-carotene (80%) with six other carotenoids, including possibly the acid pigment aspserxanthin. Until now this latter pigment has only been detected in Aspergillus and therefore it can be regarded as a criterion to discriminate between Apergillus and other fungi. Aschersonia and Aspergillus seem not to be closely related on the basis of pigment patterns, which is in agreement with distinct morphological differences.", "contents": "A comparative study of carotenoids of Aschersonia aleyroides and Aspergillus giganteus. The orange-red sporodochium of Aschersonia aleyroides contains six caortenes with beta-carotene (87%) as the major pigment. In old cultures there is a decrease in total carotenoids, the disappearance of two trans-carotenes and the appearance of two cis-carotenes. In the case of Aspergillus giganteus and its mutant A. giganteus mut. alba the major carotene is also beta-carotene (80%) with six other carotenoids, including possibly the acid pigment aspserxanthin. Until now this latter pigment has only been detected in Aspergillus and therefore it can be regarded as a criterion to discriminate between Apergillus and other fungi. Aschersonia and Aspergillus seem not to be closely related on the basis of pigment patterns, which is in agreement with distinct morphological differences.", "PMID": 554534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1892", "title": "Clavispora, a new yeast genus of the Saccharomycetales.", "content": "In Candida lusitaniae van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa (1959), strains of opposite sex have been found. Cells of the opposite mating types conjugate and form asci with one to four clavate spores. These are easily liberated from the ascus. The type strain of Candida obtusa (Dietrichson) van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa ex van Uden et Buckley (1970) also produces ascospores after mating with one of the strains of Candida lusitaniae. As clavate ascospores are unknown in yeasts, a new genus, Clavispora, is proposed with Clavispora lusitaniae spec. nov. as type species.", "contents": "Clavispora, a new yeast genus of the Saccharomycetales. In Candida lusitaniae van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa (1959), strains of opposite sex have been found. Cells of the opposite mating types conjugate and form asci with one to four clavate spores. These are easily liberated from the ascus. The type strain of Candida obtusa (Dietrichson) van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa ex van Uden et Buckley (1970) also produces ascospores after mating with one of the strains of Candida lusitaniae. As clavate ascospores are unknown in yeasts, a new genus, Clavispora, is proposed with Clavispora lusitaniae spec. nov. as type species.", "PMID": 554535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1893", "title": "Influence of parathormone on C cells, parathyroid glands, serum calcium and serum phosphate levels in the house shrew, Suncus murinus.", "content": "A chronic hypercalcaemia was induced in Suncus murinus by the daily subcutaneous injections of parathormone for 15 days. Serum calcium increased 4 hours after the first injection (+ 0.88 mg/100 ml), it reached its highest value on day 10 (+ 2.18 mg/100 ml), and then decreased slightly at the end of the experiment (day 15). The serum phosphate level in treated animals showed a progressive fall throughout the experiment. Serial sections of thyroid-parathyroid complex were subjected to selective staining for C cells identification. The chronic hypercalcaemia increased the number of C cells. This was supported by the presence of mitotic figures. Degranulation of the secretory material was observed as the result of the chronic hypercalcaemia; degenerative changes were found in some C cells. The chronic hypercalcaemia also inhibited the activity of parathyroid \"Chief-Cells\" which ultimately degenerated.", "contents": "Influence of parathormone on C cells, parathyroid glands, serum calcium and serum phosphate levels in the house shrew, Suncus murinus. A chronic hypercalcaemia was induced in Suncus murinus by the daily subcutaneous injections of parathormone for 15 days. Serum calcium increased 4 hours after the first injection (+ 0.88 mg/100 ml), it reached its highest value on day 10 (+ 2.18 mg/100 ml), and then decreased slightly at the end of the experiment (day 15). The serum phosphate level in treated animals showed a progressive fall throughout the experiment. Serial sections of thyroid-parathyroid complex were subjected to selective staining for C cells identification. The chronic hypercalcaemia increased the number of C cells. This was supported by the presence of mitotic figures. Degranulation of the secretory material was observed as the result of the chronic hypercalcaemia; degenerative changes were found in some C cells. The chronic hypercalcaemia also inhibited the activity of parathyroid \"Chief-Cells\" which ultimately degenerated.", "PMID": 554538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1894", "title": "[Localization of the haemopoietic tissue of polychaete annelids. I. Site of haemoglobin (erythrocruorin) synthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "An iron rich tissue with an important pseudo-peroxidase activity and which specifically incorporates 55Fe and 3H delta aminolevulinic acid is localized around some vessels of the investigated Annelids : parapodial vessels of Nephthys, chloragogen coeca of Arenicola. This tissue which can be considered as haemopoietic has been studied at the EM level : it is characterized by numerous dense inclusions with pseudo-peroxidase activity and well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.", "contents": "[Localization of the haemopoietic tissue of polychaete annelids. I. Site of haemoglobin (erythrocruorin) synthesis (author's transl)]. An iron rich tissue with an important pseudo-peroxidase activity and which specifically incorporates 55Fe and 3H delta aminolevulinic acid is localized around some vessels of the investigated Annelids : parapodial vessels of Nephthys, chloragogen coeca of Arenicola. This tissue which can be considered as haemopoietic has been studied at the EM level : it is characterized by numerous dense inclusions with pseudo-peroxidase activity and well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.", "PMID": 554539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1895", "title": "[Localization of the haemopoietic tissue of polychaete annelids. II. Site of chlorocruorin synthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The perivasal tissue of some blood vessels (antero-lateral vessels of Pomatoceros triqueter, ventral and lateral vessels of Sabella pavonina) shows a remarkable quantity of iron and pseudo-peroxidase activity. At the EM level, this tissue is characterized by numerous dense DAB positive inclusions and well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Its function in chlorocruorin synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Localization of the haemopoietic tissue of polychaete annelids. II. Site of chlorocruorin synthesis (author's transl)]. The perivasal tissue of some blood vessels (antero-lateral vessels of Pomatoceros triqueter, ventral and lateral vessels of Sabella pavonina) shows a remarkable quantity of iron and pseudo-peroxidase activity. At the EM level, this tissue is characterized by numerous dense DAB positive inclusions and well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Its function in chlorocruorin synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 554540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1896", "title": "[Origin of cutaneous smooth muscles in birds (author's transl)].", "content": "The origin of smooth muscles in the skin of bird embryos has been analyzed in heterospecific quail/chick recombinants. The somitic mesoderm of the wing level of 2-day chick embryos was replaced by homotopic or heterotopic somitic mesoderm from quail embryos. The cellular constitution of tissues was observed in twelve recombinant embryos at 17 or 18 days of incubation. Results show that feather smooth muscles and vascular smooth muscles have the same origin as the cutaneous mesenchyme in which they differentiate. They are of somatopleural origin in the wing integument and of somitic (dermatomal) origin in the dorsal integument. This study further reveals that the muscular and connective tissue wall of blood vessels does not have the same embryonic origin as the endothelium. It is suggested that the latter originates from the primitive aorta.", "contents": "[Origin of cutaneous smooth muscles in birds (author's transl)]. The origin of smooth muscles in the skin of bird embryos has been analyzed in heterospecific quail/chick recombinants. The somitic mesoderm of the wing level of 2-day chick embryos was replaced by homotopic or heterotopic somitic mesoderm from quail embryos. The cellular constitution of tissues was observed in twelve recombinant embryos at 17 or 18 days of incubation. Results show that feather smooth muscles and vascular smooth muscles have the same origin as the cutaneous mesenchyme in which they differentiate. They are of somatopleural origin in the wing integument and of somitic (dermatomal) origin in the dorsal integument. This study further reveals that the muscular and connective tissue wall of blood vessels does not have the same embryonic origin as the endothelium. It is suggested that the latter originates from the primitive aorta.", "PMID": 554541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1897", "title": "[Organization and differentiation of the segmentary plate in common toad embryo Bufo bufo L., following heat shock (author's transl)].", "content": "A heat shock greatly disturbs the shaping and the growth of embryos with 4 or 5 somites. One part of a segmentary plate with a size including four control somites stays inorganized, whereas posterior segmentation gets on normally. The differentiation of the unsegmented somitic block (fusing myoblasts, myogenesis) is the same as the one of the previous somites; the dermatome and the sclerotome issued from the unsegmented block are not cut up. Ultrastructural observations of treated segmentary plates show that the somitic block undergoes important changes. The non-segmented somitic mesoderm of the control animals obtains a loose aspect; its constitutive cells separated by lacunae are brought into contact by the means of filopods and junctions. 18 hours after the heat shock, the cells of the unsegmented block keep close to each other and are tightened together by many \"pseudo-desmosomes\", the intercellular spaces are reduced to small meatus. The nuclei of the somitic cells are clear and provided with a restricted amount of chromatine spots; dark granular nuclear like chromatin material is thrown out of the nucleus. In embryos fixed 40 hours after heat shock, several large plurinucleated cells, are formed in the non-segmented somitic block. Inside these plurinucleated cells, there is synthesis of myofilaments and differentiation of myofibrilles. Numerous intercellular lacunae are formed, some yet apparent \"pseudo-desmosomes\" form \"pinchings\" between the membranes of muscular cells and therefore confine series of intercellular lacunae.", "contents": "[Organization and differentiation of the segmentary plate in common toad embryo Bufo bufo L., following heat shock (author's transl)]. A heat shock greatly disturbs the shaping and the growth of embryos with 4 or 5 somites. One part of a segmentary plate with a size including four control somites stays inorganized, whereas posterior segmentation gets on normally. The differentiation of the unsegmented somitic block (fusing myoblasts, myogenesis) is the same as the one of the previous somites; the dermatome and the sclerotome issued from the unsegmented block are not cut up. Ultrastructural observations of treated segmentary plates show that the somitic block undergoes important changes. The non-segmented somitic mesoderm of the control animals obtains a loose aspect; its constitutive cells separated by lacunae are brought into contact by the means of filopods and junctions. 18 hours after the heat shock, the cells of the unsegmented block keep close to each other and are tightened together by many \"pseudo-desmosomes\", the intercellular spaces are reduced to small meatus. The nuclei of the somitic cells are clear and provided with a restricted amount of chromatine spots; dark granular nuclear like chromatin material is thrown out of the nucleus. In embryos fixed 40 hours after heat shock, several large plurinucleated cells, are formed in the non-segmented somitic block. Inside these plurinucleated cells, there is synthesis of myofilaments and differentiation of myofibrilles. Numerous intercellular lacunae are formed, some yet apparent \"pseudo-desmosomes\" form \"pinchings\" between the membranes of muscular cells and therefore confine series of intercellular lacunae.", "PMID": 554542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1898", "title": "[Bacteriology of urinary infections in paraplegics (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. report the results of 300 urine cultures carried out on paraplegics hospitalized in the Centro Paraplegici of Ostia since 1970 to the end of 1977. All the patients were catheterized. They found infections in the 73 to 92% of the examined cases in the different years. The most frequently isolated bacterial species in the years 1970, 1971, and 1972 were Escherichia, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus, whereas were Proteus, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Psuedomonas in the following years. They believe that these findings are correlated with the more and more frequent use of large spectrum antibiotics, that are able to control the infections supported by Escherichia and by Gram-positive and make easy the establishement of bacterial species much more resistant against their action.", "contents": "[Bacteriology of urinary infections in paraplegics (author's transl)]. The AA. report the results of 300 urine cultures carried out on paraplegics hospitalized in the Centro Paraplegici of Ostia since 1970 to the end of 1977. All the patients were catheterized. They found infections in the 73 to 92% of the examined cases in the different years. The most frequently isolated bacterial species in the years 1970, 1971, and 1972 were Escherichia, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus, whereas were Proteus, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Psuedomonas in the following years. They believe that these findings are correlated with the more and more frequent use of large spectrum antibiotics, that are able to control the infections supported by Escherichia and by Gram-positive and make easy the establishement of bacterial species much more resistant against their action.", "PMID": 554546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1899", "title": "[Rubella antibody in a sample of Foggia (Italy) population (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have found the following distribution of haemoagglutination inhibiting rubella antibodies in the women of about 18 years of Foggia: 13.9% negative serum (titer larger than or equal to 1:8) in a sample of 620 subjects. The seropositivity is similar to that in other regions of Italy. The Authors would suggest the adoption of antirubella vaccination at least for immunologically unprotected fertile women where the embryo is at risk when illness is contracted in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Rubella antibody in a sample of Foggia (Italy) population (author's transl)]. The Authors have found the following distribution of haemoagglutination inhibiting rubella antibodies in the women of about 18 years of Foggia: 13.9% negative serum (titer larger than or equal to 1:8) in a sample of 620 subjects. The seropositivity is similar to that in other regions of Italy. The Authors would suggest the adoption of antirubella vaccination at least for immunologically unprotected fertile women where the embryo is at risk when illness is contracted in pregnancy.", "PMID": 554544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1900", "title": "[Epidemiology of infectious diseases in the region Lombardy (1974-1978) (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. acting as members of Regional Health Assessor in Lombardy, have exposed the data of infectious diseases declared during the last five years (1974-1978) in comparison with the data of the single provinces.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of infectious diseases in the region Lombardy (1974-1978) (author's transl)]. The AA. acting as members of Regional Health Assessor in Lombardy, have exposed the data of infectious diseases declared during the last five years (1974-1978) in comparison with the data of the single provinces.", "PMID": 554548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1901", "title": "[Sensitivity and specificity of the RAST (radioallergosorbent test) in biological diagnosis of the hydatidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for specific IgE antibodies to Echinococcus granulosus was compared with other immunological methods in regard to sensitivity, specificity and its use as a diagnostic aid for hydatid disease. Sera used were from patients with active hydatidosis proved surgically, from persons operated for hydatidosis during the previous 2-10 years and from patients with other parasitic diseases or healthy subjects. Results with enzyme-immuno assay (ELISA), indirect haemagglutination (IHA), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and skin test were compared with those with RAST. The percentage of positive RAST reactions (81.2%) among the patients with active hydatidosis was slightly lower than the percentage of positive ELISA (90.6%), IHA (90.6%) and skin test (87.5%) and was superior to CIEP (75%). Among the patients with previous hydatidosis, the RAST was negative in 90% of case, whereas other serological tests were positive in a considerable proportion of cases (ELISA test, 80%; IHA test, 40%; CIEP test, 40%; skin test, 60%). A high percentage (50%) of false positive RAST reactions have been observed in sera from patients infested with other parasites. Results indicated that the RAST for IgE antibodies not be used as the only method for diagnosis of hydatidosis, but it may be employed, if serological data obtained before surgery are available for comparison, for evaluate the results of surgery and to clarify the prognosis.", "contents": "[Sensitivity and specificity of the RAST (radioallergosorbent test) in biological diagnosis of the hydatidosis (author's transl)]. The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for specific IgE antibodies to Echinococcus granulosus was compared with other immunological methods in regard to sensitivity, specificity and its use as a diagnostic aid for hydatid disease. Sera used were from patients with active hydatidosis proved surgically, from persons operated for hydatidosis during the previous 2-10 years and from patients with other parasitic diseases or healthy subjects. Results with enzyme-immuno assay (ELISA), indirect haemagglutination (IHA), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and skin test were compared with those with RAST. The percentage of positive RAST reactions (81.2%) among the patients with active hydatidosis was slightly lower than the percentage of positive ELISA (90.6%), IHA (90.6%) and skin test (87.5%) and was superior to CIEP (75%). Among the patients with previous hydatidosis, the RAST was negative in 90% of case, whereas other serological tests were positive in a considerable proportion of cases (ELISA test, 80%; IHA test, 40%; CIEP test, 40%; skin test, 60%). A high percentage (50%) of false positive RAST reactions have been observed in sera from patients infested with other parasites. Results indicated that the RAST for IgE antibodies not be used as the only method for diagnosis of hydatidosis, but it may be employed, if serological data obtained before surgery are available for comparison, for evaluate the results of surgery and to clarify the prognosis.", "PMID": 554551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1902", "title": "[New classification of bacterium (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author proposes a new classification of bacterium. It has been drawn up with the acquisitions of these last years regarding morfological, physiological and ecological characteristics and genetics of bacterium. It is also based on a new biological concept of the species, which is valid both for the \"procarioti\" and for the \"eucarioti\". Such a new concept, in time, makes a really new natural classification of the bacterium possible. Therefore the classification proposed here does not want to be nor must it be considered complete. It has been formed to be dynamic, capable that is of being modified as knowledge progresses.", "contents": "[New classification of bacterium (author's transl)]. The Author proposes a new classification of bacterium. It has been drawn up with the acquisitions of these last years regarding morfological, physiological and ecological characteristics and genetics of bacterium. It is also based on a new biological concept of the species, which is valid both for the \"procarioti\" and for the \"eucarioti\". Such a new concept, in time, makes a really new natural classification of the bacterium possible. Therefore the classification proposed here does not want to be nor must it be considered complete. It has been formed to be dynamic, capable that is of being modified as knowledge progresses.", "PMID": 554549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1903", "title": "[Present issues in antiviral vaccines (author's tranls)].", "content": "The conditions are examined, which advise the adoption or discontinuance of a vaccination. In Italy, anti-polio vaccination is compulsory and ought to be enforced also in the future. On the contrary, the vaccination against variola has to be discontinued. Specific vaccines may prevent measles and rubella and their efficacy, expecially in the case of measles, is well ascertained. A vaccine against hepatitis B virus is desirable. Controversial issues on antirabies and anti-influenza vaccines are mentioned and discussed.", "contents": "[Present issues in antiviral vaccines (author's tranls)]. The conditions are examined, which advise the adoption or discontinuance of a vaccination. In Italy, anti-polio vaccination is compulsory and ought to be enforced also in the future. On the contrary, the vaccination against variola has to be discontinued. Specific vaccines may prevent measles and rubella and their efficacy, expecially in the case of measles, is well ascertained. A vaccine against hepatitis B virus is desirable. Controversial issues on antirabies and anti-influenza vaccines are mentioned and discussed.", "PMID": 554552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1904", "title": "[Vaccination against influenza (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author refers to the problems of vaccination against influenza with regards to the most recent epidemiological and clinical acquisitions.", "contents": "[Vaccination against influenza (author's transl)]. The Author refers to the problems of vaccination against influenza with regards to the most recent epidemiological and clinical acquisitions.", "PMID": 554553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1905", "title": "[Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the dog. Initial data on the presence of receptors for human and canine red blood cells].", "content": "The authors studied red cells from men and various animals for their capacity to mind to canine peripherical blood lymphocytes and form spontaneous rosettes.", "contents": "[Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the dog. Initial data on the presence of receptors for human and canine red blood cells]. The authors studied red cells from men and various animals for their capacity to mind to canine peripherical blood lymphocytes and form spontaneous rosettes.", "PMID": 554558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1906", "title": "[Bacterial pollution in the coastal waters of the suburbs north and south of Tunis].", "content": "The inshore waters of Northern and Southern suburbs of Tunis are chiefly polluted aroud urban cities. The pollution increases with temperature, men (touristes and bathers), the actions of wind and currentology.", "contents": "[Bacterial pollution in the coastal waters of the suburbs north and south of Tunis]. The inshore waters of Northern and Southern suburbs of Tunis are chiefly polluted aroud urban cities. The pollution increases with temperature, men (touristes and bathers), the actions of wind and currentology.", "PMID": 554559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1907", "title": "[The actual aspects of measles vaccinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a brief introduction to measles epidemiological aspects and complications, the Authors expound on the essential characteristics of various types of vaccinations. They then synthesize the effects, indications, contraindications and duration of the immunization in relation to measles vaccinations.", "contents": "[The actual aspects of measles vaccinations (author's transl)]. Following a brief introduction to measles epidemiological aspects and complications, the Authors expound on the essential characteristics of various types of vaccinations. They then synthesize the effects, indications, contraindications and duration of the immunization in relation to measles vaccinations.", "PMID": 554554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1908", "title": "[Clinical contribution to differential diagnosis and possible pathomorphosis of the jaundice in virus hepatitis and other pathological conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Some difficulties in differential diagnosis and the probable influence on transformation of thalassemia minor paths, are described in a patient, after outbreak of a non-B acute virus hepatitis.", "contents": "[Clinical contribution to differential diagnosis and possible pathomorphosis of the jaundice in virus hepatitis and other pathological conditions (author's transl)]. Some difficulties in differential diagnosis and the probable influence on transformation of thalassemia minor paths, are described in a patient, after outbreak of a non-B acute virus hepatitis.", "PMID": 554550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1909", "title": "[Rubella vaccines (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short report about clinical features of teratogenic effect of rubella virus, the pecularities of several vaccines are reported. Vaccine efficacy and reactions, and rubella vaccine programmes are examined. The immune responses induced by rubella vaccines are described and particularly about the duration of humoral and cellular factors. The AA. discuss about the possibility to use a killed vaccine or a vaccine without teratogenic effect or the experience to give vaccine intranasally.", "contents": "[Rubella vaccines (author's transl)]. After a short report about clinical features of teratogenic effect of rubella virus, the pecularities of several vaccines are reported. Vaccine efficacy and reactions, and rubella vaccine programmes are examined. The immune responses induced by rubella vaccines are described and particularly about the duration of humoral and cellular factors. The AA. discuss about the possibility to use a killed vaccine or a vaccine without teratogenic effect or the experience to give vaccine intranasally.", "PMID": 554555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1910", "title": "[Mollusks in the Bou Grara Sea (southern, Tunisia): initial biometric data on Cerastoderma glaucum Poir\u00eat, 1789 (Bivalvia, Eulamellibranchia, Cardiae)].", "content": "The statistical study of Cerastoderma glaucum in the little harbour of Bou Grara points out the presence of 21 ribs on the valves, a mean growth of 19,3 mm for the first year of life and a mean longevity of two years; the formation of rest rings is made at summer period. The dynamical study of the population shows its large homeostasy.", "contents": "[Mollusks in the Bou Grara Sea (southern, Tunisia): initial biometric data on Cerastoderma glaucum Poir\u00eat, 1789 (Bivalvia, Eulamellibranchia, Cardiae)]. The statistical study of Cerastoderma glaucum in the little harbour of Bou Grara points out the presence of 21 ribs on the valves, a mean growth of 19,3 mm for the first year of life and a mean longevity of two years; the formation of rest rings is made at summer period. The dynamical study of the population shows its large homeostasy.", "PMID": 554560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1911", "title": "[Biology of the Rajidae from Tunisian coasts. XX. Raja clavata Linne, 1758. Weight of the body, liver and gonads. Liver and gonadal ratio. Coefficients of condition].", "content": "The body and liver growth-weight rate is faster in the subadults ones that in the youngs and the adults whatever the sex, as gonads growth-weight rate in the males and nidamental glands in the females; ovaries growth-weight rate is, at the contrary more important in the adults ones. In all individuals during growth or along the year, the variation of cubic and relative of condition ane subjected to liver, gonads and ponderal changes. The part of ecological factors and diet are not to be important but seems more difficult to point out.", "contents": "[Biology of the Rajidae from Tunisian coasts. XX. Raja clavata Linne, 1758. Weight of the body, liver and gonads. Liver and gonadal ratio. Coefficients of condition]. The body and liver growth-weight rate is faster in the subadults ones that in the youngs and the adults whatever the sex, as gonads growth-weight rate in the males and nidamental glands in the females; ovaries growth-weight rate is, at the contrary more important in the adults ones. In all individuals during growth or along the year, the variation of cubic and relative of condition ane subjected to liver, gonads and ponderal changes. The part of ecological factors and diet are not to be important but seems more difficult to point out.", "PMID": 554561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1912", "title": "[Smallpox vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author examines the reasons that have led to the discontinuance of the routine vaccination against smallpox in Italy. The epidemiology of smallpox and deaths from vaccination complications observed in Italy during the period 1952-1972 are examined.", "contents": "[Smallpox vaccination (author's transl)]. The Author examines the reasons that have led to the discontinuance of the routine vaccination against smallpox in Italy. The epidemiology of smallpox and deaths from vaccination complications observed in Italy during the period 1952-1972 are examined.", "PMID": 554556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1913", "title": "[A new serotype of Salmonella: \"Salmonella pisa (16:i:l,w)\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A new Salmonella serotype with the antigenic formula 16:i:l,w and named S. pisa is described. The strain was recovered from the feces of a healthy person who had suffered enteritis during a previous sojourn in Ghana. The W.H.O. Salmonella Centre of Paris confirmed the antigenic structure and agreed with this designation.", "contents": "[A new serotype of Salmonella: \"Salmonella pisa (16:i:l,w)\" (author's transl)]. A new Salmonella serotype with the antigenic formula 16:i:l,w and named S. pisa is described. The strain was recovered from the feces of a healthy person who had suffered enteritis during a previous sojourn in Ghana. The W.H.O. Salmonella Centre of Paris confirmed the antigenic structure and agreed with this designation.", "PMID": 554557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1914", "title": "Microelectrophoretic application of metabolic modifiers of the phosphofructokinase-hexosediphosphatase-system onto various types of bulbar respiratory neurons.", "content": "Three metabolic modifiers of the PFK-HDPase system were applied to bulbar respiratory neurons and, for comparison, also to unspecific cells. F-6-P did not alter the spike density of the majority of the respiratory and about half of the unspecific neurons. When responding, IE units were activated and unspecific cells were inhibited. Citrate did not alter the spike density of about half of all neurons tested. When responding, excitation prevailed in IE and E units, while unspecific cells were inhibited. AMP did not alter the spike density of the majority of the respiratory and about half of the unspecific cells. When responding, I neurons were activated, inhibition preponderated in IE units and both effects occurred in unspecific cells. The large number of zero effects suggests that the activity of only part of the cells is governed by the PFK-HDPase system.", "contents": "Microelectrophoretic application of metabolic modifiers of the phosphofructokinase-hexosediphosphatase-system onto various types of bulbar respiratory neurons. Three metabolic modifiers of the PFK-HDPase system were applied to bulbar respiratory neurons and, for comparison, also to unspecific cells. F-6-P did not alter the spike density of the majority of the respiratory and about half of the unspecific neurons. When responding, IE units were activated and unspecific cells were inhibited. Citrate did not alter the spike density of about half of all neurons tested. When responding, excitation prevailed in IE and E units, while unspecific cells were inhibited. AMP did not alter the spike density of the majority of the respiratory and about half of the unspecific cells. When responding, I neurons were activated, inhibition preponderated in IE units and both effects occurred in unspecific cells. The large number of zero effects suggests that the activity of only part of the cells is governed by the PFK-HDPase system.", "PMID": 554567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1915", "title": "The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). VII.--Afferents from the spinal cord.", "content": "Lesions of different parts of the spinal cord at different levels in the hen have been made and the resulting degeneration in the vestibular complex has been studied in silver impregnated sections. Spinovestibular fibres originate from cervical as well as lumbosacral levels of the cord and run in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus. The spinovestibular fibres from all levels of the spinal cord terminate ipsilaterally in the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, the medial nucleus and rostrally in the descending nucleus. The spinovestibular fibres terminating in the above nuclei are few in number while spinovestibular fibres terminating bilaterally in the caudal part of the descending nucleus are much more abundant. In a few cases HRP injections in the vestibular complex resulted in labelled cells in upper cervical segments of the spinal cord localized in lamina VII. The findings are discussed in the light of data concerning the spinovestibular pathway in mammals.", "contents": "The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). VII.--Afferents from the spinal cord. Lesions of different parts of the spinal cord at different levels in the hen have been made and the resulting degeneration in the vestibular complex has been studied in silver impregnated sections. Spinovestibular fibres originate from cervical as well as lumbosacral levels of the cord and run in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus. The spinovestibular fibres from all levels of the spinal cord terminate ipsilaterally in the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, the medial nucleus and rostrally in the descending nucleus. The spinovestibular fibres terminating in the above nuclei are few in number while spinovestibular fibres terminating bilaterally in the caudal part of the descending nucleus are much more abundant. In a few cases HRP injections in the vestibular complex resulted in labelled cells in upper cervical segments of the spinal cord localized in lamina VII. The findings are discussed in the light of data concerning the spinovestibular pathway in mammals.", "PMID": 554568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1916", "title": "Somatotopic organization of second order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception.", "content": "Unit activity was recorded extracellularly from lamb's nucleus principalis and pars oralis of trigeminal nuclear complex following moderate manual stretching of individual extraocular muscles. The oral portion of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the main sensory nucleus have been investigated by systematic exploration of the second-order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception. Such responses were somatotopically organized. In particular, each single extraocular muscle was represented along the main dorso-ventral axis in this manner: superior oblique and superior rectus in a dorsal layer; inferior rectus and inferior oblique in an intermediate layer, while the medial rectus and the lateral rectus were represented more ventrally. In a few experiments this representation was not observed, due to intermingling of the units. The topographic organization of eye muscle proprioception in the trigeminal nuclear complex described above closely corresponds to that reported by previous authors in the Gasser ganglion.", "contents": "Somatotopic organization of second order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception. Unit activity was recorded extracellularly from lamb's nucleus principalis and pars oralis of trigeminal nuclear complex following moderate manual stretching of individual extraocular muscles. The oral portion of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the main sensory nucleus have been investigated by systematic exploration of the second-order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception. Such responses were somatotopically organized. In particular, each single extraocular muscle was represented along the main dorso-ventral axis in this manner: superior oblique and superior rectus in a dorsal layer; inferior rectus and inferior oblique in an intermediate layer, while the medial rectus and the lateral rectus were represented more ventrally. In a few experiments this representation was not observed, due to intermingling of the units. The topographic organization of eye muscle proprioception in the trigeminal nuclear complex described above closely corresponds to that reported by previous authors in the Gasser ganglion.", "PMID": 554569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1917", "title": "[Effect of (Na)e concentration on action potentials of myocardial fibers of Pseudemys].", "content": "The occurrence, in the myocardial fibers of several vertebrates, of two components, a fast and a slow one, in the depolarizing phase of the action potential, as shown by several workers, has been tested on freshwater turtle myocardium. In order to test the dependence of the fast component on external sodium concentrations, the maximum rate of depolarization and the level of the notch between the two phases were analyzed in hyposodic solutions. No dependence was found between the height of the overshoot of the action potential and [Na]e, either in atrial or in ventricular fibers. Instead, the maximum depolarization rate and the level of the notch between the two phases showed a linear dependence on the logarithm of [Na]e. These findings support the hypothesis that the fast component is sodium-dependent, while the slow one, responsible for the reaching of the overshoot peak, does not depend on [Na]e and has a more positive equilibrium potential.", "contents": "[Effect of (Na)e concentration on action potentials of myocardial fibers of Pseudemys]. The occurrence, in the myocardial fibers of several vertebrates, of two components, a fast and a slow one, in the depolarizing phase of the action potential, as shown by several workers, has been tested on freshwater turtle myocardium. In order to test the dependence of the fast component on external sodium concentrations, the maximum rate of depolarization and the level of the notch between the two phases were analyzed in hyposodic solutions. No dependence was found between the height of the overshoot of the action potential and [Na]e, either in atrial or in ventricular fibers. Instead, the maximum depolarization rate and the level of the notch between the two phases showed a linear dependence on the logarithm of [Na]e. These findings support the hypothesis that the fast component is sodium-dependent, while the slow one, responsible for the reaching of the overshoot peak, does not depend on [Na]e and has a more positive equilibrium potential.", "PMID": 554583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1918", "title": "[Electrophysiologic relations in the lateral geniculate body].", "content": "Responses were evoked in the lateral geniculate body (L.G.B.) of \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats by single-shock stimulation of either the geniculate body or the optic tract of the other side. Responses to optic tract stimulation were modified following excitability changes in the contralateral L.G.B. due to topical application of strychnine and KCl. Laminar stimulation and recording in different layers (A, A1, and B) suggested the existence of a certain homotopic organization of L.G.B. interconnections. The activity evoked in the L.G.B. was found to be abolished by electrocoagulation of the posterior commissure and intermediate gray matter. These results point to the presence of a transthalamic pathway which might mediate L.G.B. activity to the contralateral visual cortex.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic relations in the lateral geniculate body]. Responses were evoked in the lateral geniculate body (L.G.B.) of \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats by single-shock stimulation of either the geniculate body or the optic tract of the other side. Responses to optic tract stimulation were modified following excitability changes in the contralateral L.G.B. due to topical application of strychnine and KCl. Laminar stimulation and recording in different layers (A, A1, and B) suggested the existence of a certain homotopic organization of L.G.B. interconnections. The activity evoked in the L.G.B. was found to be abolished by electrocoagulation of the posterior commissure and intermediate gray matter. These results point to the presence of a transthalamic pathway which might mediate L.G.B. activity to the contralateral visual cortex.", "PMID": 554584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1919", "title": "Actions and interactions of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on sinus node potassium movements.", "content": "The influence of norepinephrine and/or acetylcholine on K uptake of the guinea pig sinus node was investigated. Both \"high\" (10(-6) M) and \"low\" (10(-9) M) mediator concentrations were employed. The following results were obtained: 1) high concentration of norepinephrine increased K uptake; 2) high concentration of acetylcholine had a similar effect; 3) simultaneous exposure to both mediators did not lead to summation of the effects; 4) low concentration of norepinephrine depressed K uptake; 5) high concentration of acetylcholine overcame the inhibitory effect of the small concentration of norepinephrine; 6) 2-deoxy-D-glucose did not abolish the stimulating effect of acetylcholine on potassium uptake; and 7) strophanthidin abolished the stimulatory effect of norepinephrine, but not that of acetylcholine. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) both neuromediators in suitable concentrations increase K uptake in the sinus node; 2) the mechanism of such an increase is different, norepinephrine increasing the active and acetylcholine increasing the passive potassium transport; 3) a low concentration of norepinephrine depresses K uptake; and 4) when the two mediators are administered together, acetylcholine suppresses the action of norepinephrine on K transport.", "contents": "Actions and interactions of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on sinus node potassium movements. The influence of norepinephrine and/or acetylcholine on K uptake of the guinea pig sinus node was investigated. Both \"high\" (10(-6) M) and \"low\" (10(-9) M) mediator concentrations were employed. The following results were obtained: 1) high concentration of norepinephrine increased K uptake; 2) high concentration of acetylcholine had a similar effect; 3) simultaneous exposure to both mediators did not lead to summation of the effects; 4) low concentration of norepinephrine depressed K uptake; 5) high concentration of acetylcholine overcame the inhibitory effect of the small concentration of norepinephrine; 6) 2-deoxy-D-glucose did not abolish the stimulating effect of acetylcholine on potassium uptake; and 7) strophanthidin abolished the stimulatory effect of norepinephrine, but not that of acetylcholine. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) both neuromediators in suitable concentrations increase K uptake in the sinus node; 2) the mechanism of such an increase is different, norepinephrine increasing the active and acetylcholine increasing the passive potassium transport; 3) a low concentration of norepinephrine depresses K uptake; and 4) when the two mediators are administered together, acetylcholine suppresses the action of norepinephrine on K transport.", "PMID": 554585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1920", "title": "[Effect of glycerol formal on the embryonic development of the rat].", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect on embryonic development of a solvent commonly used in pharmacological investigations, glycerol formal was administered to pregnant rats from days 6 through 15 of gestation at the daily doses of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 ml/Kg i.m. Glycerol formal did not induce systemic toxicity in the mothers, but showed an embryotoxic and teratogenic activity on the products of conception.", "contents": "[Effect of glycerol formal on the embryonic development of the rat]. In order to evaluate the effect on embryonic development of a solvent commonly used in pharmacological investigations, glycerol formal was administered to pregnant rats from days 6 through 15 of gestation at the daily doses of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 ml/Kg i.m. Glycerol formal did not induce systemic toxicity in the mothers, but showed an embryotoxic and teratogenic activity on the products of conception.", "PMID": 554586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1921", "title": "[Histones from chick embryo, chick and chicken liver nuclei].", "content": "Histones were prepared and purified from chick embryo, chick and chicken liver nuclei. The comparative analysis of these histone preparations, fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicates that histone fractions of chick embryo, chick and chicken livers are respectively identical and they comigrate with calf thymus histones.", "contents": "[Histones from chick embryo, chick and chicken liver nuclei]. Histones were prepared and purified from chick embryo, chick and chicken liver nuclei. The comparative analysis of these histone preparations, fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicates that histone fractions of chick embryo, chick and chicken livers are respectively identical and they comigrate with calf thymus histones.", "PMID": 554587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1922", "title": "False positive results in V D R L slide test following smallpox immunization.", "content": "A study is conducted on the incidence of false positive results in the serological test for syphilis in 300 military recruits following smallpox immunization. It is found that 3.7% of individuals developed false reactivity in the V D R L Slide test. The false reactivity appeared two to four weeks following immunization, and disappeared from two to eight weeks later. All reactive sera were negative in the FTA-ABS test.", "contents": "False positive results in V D R L slide test following smallpox immunization. A study is conducted on the incidence of false positive results in the serological test for syphilis in 300 military recruits following smallpox immunization. It is found that 3.7% of individuals developed false reactivity in the V D R L Slide test. The false reactivity appeared two to four weeks following immunization, and disappeared from two to eight weeks later. All reactive sera were negative in the FTA-ABS test.", "PMID": 554603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1923", "title": "[Isolation of Salmonella from marine shellfish].", "content": "The present paper reports the isolation of Salmonella from oysters and clams encountered in the marine waters of Santos and destined to the human consumption. The results obtained showed the characterization of 41 (59,43%) strains of Salmonella arizonae and 28 (40,57%) of Salmonella typhimurium, by its cultural biochemical and serological properties. The drug resistance of Salmonella to several antibiotics was also investigated by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration in serial agar plate dilutions of the therapeutic agents.", "contents": "[Isolation of Salmonella from marine shellfish]. The present paper reports the isolation of Salmonella from oysters and clams encountered in the marine waters of Santos and destined to the human consumption. The results obtained showed the characterization of 41 (59,43%) strains of Salmonella arizonae and 28 (40,57%) of Salmonella typhimurium, by its cultural biochemical and serological properties. The drug resistance of Salmonella to several antibiotics was also investigated by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration in serial agar plate dilutions of the therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 554598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1924", "title": "[Prevalence of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbald, 1884) Railiet & Henry 1907, in Pantaneira breed horses of the region of Pocone, MT].", "content": "The authors sacrificed fifty-five horses originated from the \"Pantanal\", lowlands in the State of Mato Grosso in two different periods, droughty period and flooded and they described for the first time the Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in Mato Grosso. Relationship between droughty and flooded periods proved not to occur.", "contents": "[Prevalence of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbald, 1884) Railiet & Henry 1907, in Pantaneira breed horses of the region of Pocone, MT]. The authors sacrificed fifty-five horses originated from the \"Pantanal\", lowlands in the State of Mato Grosso in two different periods, droughty period and flooded and they described for the first time the Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in Mato Grosso. Relationship between droughty and flooded periods proved not to occur.", "PMID": 554599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1925", "title": "[Comparative study of the susceptibility of suckling and adult mice used for the isolation of rabies virus from the saliva of dogs with natural rabies].", "content": "Forty two saliva samples from rabid dogs were examined by intracerebral inoculation of weanling and suckling mice. Although rabies virus assay were successful in all of the samples in both groups of mice used, a significant higher death proportion (p < 0.01) were observed in the suckling mice group.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the susceptibility of suckling and adult mice used for the isolation of rabies virus from the saliva of dogs with natural rabies]. Forty two saliva samples from rabid dogs were examined by intracerebral inoculation of weanling and suckling mice. Although rabies virus assay were successful in all of the samples in both groups of mice used, a significant higher death proportion (p < 0.01) were observed in the suckling mice group.", "PMID": 554601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1926", "title": "[On laryngectomy reconstructive according to Labayle (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors bring out the results of 8 patients on laryngectomy reconstructive according to Labayle. The Authors think that this type of operation with the precise indication will be positive without fail regarding the function of formation and deglutition. The don't think to express their opinion with regarding the neoplastic disease, because the time is relatively short from the time of operation.", "contents": "[On laryngectomy reconstructive according to Labayle (author's transl)]. The Authors bring out the results of 8 patients on laryngectomy reconstructive according to Labayle. The Authors think that this type of operation with the precise indication will be positive without fail regarding the function of formation and deglutition. The don't think to express their opinion with regarding the neoplastic disease, because the time is relatively short from the time of operation.", "PMID": 554610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1927", "title": "[Biochemicals and ultrastructural aspects of cardiac microcirculation after experimental treatment of SAM (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors in an experimental model have studied the SAM'S pharmacodynamic process. Various group fo rabbit treated for a pathophysiological screening have been monitored. After discussion of data they conclude that the absence of injury of SAM is revealed by ultramicroscopic screening of morphometabolic areas. A pathologic deviation of biochemical data is also demonstrated.", "contents": "[Biochemicals and ultrastructural aspects of cardiac microcirculation after experimental treatment of SAM (author's transl)]. The Authors in an experimental model have studied the SAM'S pharmacodynamic process. Various group fo rabbit treated for a pathophysiological screening have been monitored. After discussion of data they conclude that the absence of injury of SAM is revealed by ultramicroscopic screening of morphometabolic areas. A pathologic deviation of biochemical data is also demonstrated.", "PMID": 554611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1928", "title": "[On a muscular dystony case from manganism. Therapeutic clinic considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "It is described a muscular dystony case of manganism, treated with good results in two following phases with haloperidol and diazepam and then with L-Dopa + benserazide. On the basis of clinical and laboratory results, it makes way the hypothese that the haloperidol had developed his therapeutic action with chelation mechanism.", "contents": "[On a muscular dystony case from manganism. Therapeutic clinic considerations (author's transl)]. It is described a muscular dystony case of manganism, treated with good results in two following phases with haloperidol and diazepam and then with L-Dopa + benserazide. On the basis of clinical and laboratory results, it makes way the hypothese that the haloperidol had developed his therapeutic action with chelation mechanism.", "PMID": 554612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1929", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of poor intrauterine fetal growth (P.I.F.G): reliabilities and limits of biparietal diameter (B.P.D.) and anteroposterior diameter of the abdomen (A.P.A.D.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors review the diagnosis reliabilities of ultrasonic determinations (B.P.D. and A.P.A.D.) used for P.I.F.G. detection. The one that appears to be the most reliable is A.P.A.O. that allows a diagnosis of 80% of cases, even if B.P.D. is normal.", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of poor intrauterine fetal growth (P.I.F.G): reliabilities and limits of biparietal diameter (B.P.D.) and anteroposterior diameter of the abdomen (A.P.A.D.) (author's transl)]. The Authors review the diagnosis reliabilities of ultrasonic determinations (B.P.D. and A.P.A.D.) used for P.I.F.G. detection. The one that appears to be the most reliable is A.P.A.O. that allows a diagnosis of 80% of cases, even if B.P.D. is normal.", "PMID": 554613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1930", "title": "[Doppler observations in migraine patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have subjected 14 migraine patients to Doppler ultrasonic technique. Examinations have been performed on both common carotid arteries, either in headache phase or in pain-free periods. Results in each case suggest variable hemodynamic patterns during migraine attacks. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Doppler observations in migraine patients (author's transl)]. The Authors have subjected 14 migraine patients to Doppler ultrasonic technique. Examinations have been performed on both common carotid arteries, either in headache phase or in pain-free periods. Results in each case suggest variable hemodynamic patterns during migraine attacks. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 554614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1931", "title": "[Biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of cardiac microcirculation after experimental treatment of 3GS (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of 3GS has been studied monitoring various groups of treated rabbits. After discussion of data the Authors conclude that the compound has no toxicity. This is demonstrated by electron microscopy of morphometabolic areas. Further more an improvement of biochemical data are revealed.", "contents": "[Biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of cardiac microcirculation after experimental treatment of 3GS (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of 3GS has been studied monitoring various groups of treated rabbits. After discussion of data the Authors conclude that the compound has no toxicity. This is demonstrated by electron microscopy of morphometabolic areas. Further more an improvement of biochemical data are revealed.", "PMID": 554615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1932", "title": "[Man's therapeutics prospectives: the cimetidine in the peptic ulcer treatment (author's tran'sl)].", "content": "The Authors have studied the clinical employment of cimetidine. After the discussion of data is demonstrated the rapidity and helpfulness of this therapy in order to the other specific drugs.", "contents": "[Man's therapeutics prospectives: the cimetidine in the peptic ulcer treatment (author's tran'sl)]. The Authors have studied the clinical employment of cimetidine. After the discussion of data is demonstrated the rapidity and helpfulness of this therapy in order to the other specific drugs.", "PMID": 554616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1933", "title": "[Observations on an unusual case of motor preservation (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe an unusual motor preservation case, induced by right basal ganglia lesion and with not previously reported characteristics. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Observations on an unusual case of motor preservation (author's transl)]. The Authors describe an unusual motor preservation case, induced by right basal ganglia lesion and with not previously reported characteristics. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 554617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1934", "title": "Complement fixation reaction in toxoplasmosis.", "content": "In toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis the complement fixation reaction (CF) is barely sensitive and specific and supplies results below the general standard levels of this technique. The reasons for this deficiency are discussed and detected in the preparation modalities of the toxoplasma antigens. Two diagnostic antigens are prepared and evaluated; the former, a suspension of whole toxoplasma (WT) the latter a total extract of toxoplasma (TET). The antigens are characterized by the preparative process, culture host and the extractive technique with a modified ultrasonic disintegrator. The antigens are used in the CF reaction, performed with the modified LBCF method, with a 100% hemolysis reading (H 100). The LBCF-H 100 reaction with WT and TET antigens is evaluated parellely to the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IF) and dye test (DT) on 2514 human sera from cases os suspected toxoplasmosis and pregnant women. The analysis of the serological results pointed out that the LBCF-H 100 reaction performed with WT antigen, shows a sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of the DT. The LBCF-H 100 reaction with TET antigen extends the range of the antibodies detectable with WT antigen. The optimal serological combination to identify the highest number of seropositive cases of toxplasma infection is given by LBCF-TET and IF reactions.", "contents": "Complement fixation reaction in toxoplasmosis. In toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis the complement fixation reaction (CF) is barely sensitive and specific and supplies results below the general standard levels of this technique. The reasons for this deficiency are discussed and detected in the preparation modalities of the toxoplasma antigens. Two diagnostic antigens are prepared and evaluated; the former, a suspension of whole toxoplasma (WT) the latter a total extract of toxoplasma (TET). The antigens are characterized by the preparative process, culture host and the extractive technique with a modified ultrasonic disintegrator. The antigens are used in the CF reaction, performed with the modified LBCF method, with a 100% hemolysis reading (H 100). The LBCF-H 100 reaction with WT and TET antigens is evaluated parellely to the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IF) and dye test (DT) on 2514 human sera from cases os suspected toxoplasmosis and pregnant women. The analysis of the serological results pointed out that the LBCF-H 100 reaction performed with WT antigen, shows a sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of the DT. The LBCF-H 100 reaction with TET antigen extends the range of the antibodies detectable with WT antigen. The optimal serological combination to identify the highest number of seropositive cases of toxplasma infection is given by LBCF-TET and IF reactions.", "PMID": 554618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1935", "title": "[Effect of tetanus toxin on rat liver].", "content": "The effects of tetanus toxin on the rat liver, employing as parameters the DNA and protein contents, have been studied. In the animals treated with tetanus toxin the DNA and the total liver proteins appear to be increased in a statistically significant way to comparison with the controls.", "contents": "[Effect of tetanus toxin on rat liver]. The effects of tetanus toxin on the rat liver, employing as parameters the DNA and protein contents, have been studied. In the animals treated with tetanus toxin the DNA and the total liver proteins appear to be increased in a statistically significant way to comparison with the controls.", "PMID": 554619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1936", "title": "[Influenza in Umbria from September 1977 to May 1978].", "content": "From September 1977 through May 1978 a research project was conducted to determine the presence of Haemagglutination Inhibiting Antibodies (H.I.A.) on three influenza viruses: A/Victoria/3/75, A/URSS/90/77 and B/Hong Kong/8/73. Participating in the project were 1066 persons residing in the region of Umbria, Italy, ages ranging from 0- - 60. The results obtained showed the possibility of diffusion in Umbria of all three of the strains studied due to the low protective levels found in the participating subjects. In fact, the protective levels (> 1:40) are present only in a small percentage of subjects (31% protected against A/Victoria/3/75; 1% protected against A/URSS/90/77 and 10% protected against B/Honk Kong/8/73). An influenza strain of type A, related to A/URSS/90/77 was isolated in Perugia (Umbria) in March of 1978.", "contents": "[Influenza in Umbria from September 1977 to May 1978]. From September 1977 through May 1978 a research project was conducted to determine the presence of Haemagglutination Inhibiting Antibodies (H.I.A.) on three influenza viruses: A/Victoria/3/75, A/URSS/90/77 and B/Hong Kong/8/73. Participating in the project were 1066 persons residing in the region of Umbria, Italy, ages ranging from 0- - 60. The results obtained showed the possibility of diffusion in Umbria of all three of the strains studied due to the low protective levels found in the participating subjects. In fact, the protective levels (> 1:40) are present only in a small percentage of subjects (31% protected against A/Victoria/3/75; 1% protected against A/URSS/90/77 and 10% protected against B/Honk Kong/8/73). An influenza strain of type A, related to A/URSS/90/77 was isolated in Perugia (Umbria) in March of 1978.", "PMID": 554621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1937", "title": "[Visual evoked potential in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "Visual Evoked Responses (VER) by binocular flash stimulation were carried out in 30 cases of \"definite\" (15 cases-Group I) and of \"probable\" (15 cases-Group II) Multiple Sclerosis (MS). VER were recorded bilaterally by reference occiput-mastoid. Averaging of 50 responses (time base 200-500-1000 msec) was considered; measures were made by registration on X-Y Plotter. Abnormal VER by increased latencies of III and/or IV peak (Ciganek) were present uni- or bilaterally in most of the subjects (73,3% of the I Group; 66,6% of the II Group). Percentage of abnormal VER is quite higher than clinical involvement of visual pathways; it is present in 3 out of 5 patients also, in whom clinical findings were confined to spinal cord. The results are discussed with reference to the previous literature. Recording of VER seems useful in detecting involvement of visual pathways without clinical evidence.", "contents": "[Visual evoked potential in multiple sclerosis]. Visual Evoked Responses (VER) by binocular flash stimulation were carried out in 30 cases of \"definite\" (15 cases-Group I) and of \"probable\" (15 cases-Group II) Multiple Sclerosis (MS). VER were recorded bilaterally by reference occiput-mastoid. Averaging of 50 responses (time base 200-500-1000 msec) was considered; measures were made by registration on X-Y Plotter. Abnormal VER by increased latencies of III and/or IV peak (Ciganek) were present uni- or bilaterally in most of the subjects (73,3% of the I Group; 66,6% of the II Group). Percentage of abnormal VER is quite higher than clinical involvement of visual pathways; it is present in 3 out of 5 patients also, in whom clinical findings were confined to spinal cord. The results are discussed with reference to the previous literature. Recording of VER seems useful in detecting involvement of visual pathways without clinical evidence.", "PMID": 554627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1938", "title": "[Thermal tachypnea in pigs].", "content": "In anaesthetised and tracheotomised pig, the reflex of panting has been evaluated. The thermal tachypnea showed two phases: initially respiratory frequency increases likely to body temperature but at 41,4 degrees C is observed apnea. When temperature rose above 42 degrees C the respiratory frequency further increased the changes in blood CO2, O2 and pH were not significant. During apnea is present a slight alkalosis.", "contents": "[Thermal tachypnea in pigs]. In anaesthetised and tracheotomised pig, the reflex of panting has been evaluated. The thermal tachypnea showed two phases: initially respiratory frequency increases likely to body temperature but at 41,4 degrees C is observed apnea. When temperature rose above 42 degrees C the respiratory frequency further increased the changes in blood CO2, O2 and pH were not significant. During apnea is present a slight alkalosis.", "PMID": 554628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1939", "title": "[Respiratory work in panting in swine].", "content": "The dynamic work of breathing (Wdyn) has been measured during thermal tachypnea in pig anaesthetized and tracheotomized. During euthermia Wdin(cm H2O/R1/min-1) increases with ventilation (L.P.S.) according to Wdyn = 1,09 V2 + 1,33 V3; when body temperature rose above 39 degrees C for a given ventilation Wdyn decreases. In all animals has been observed a change of airways size and probably of respiratory tract of Weibel.", "contents": "[Respiratory work in panting in swine]. The dynamic work of breathing (Wdyn) has been measured during thermal tachypnea in pig anaesthetized and tracheotomized. During euthermia Wdin(cm H2O/R1/min-1) increases with ventilation (L.P.S.) according to Wdyn = 1,09 V2 + 1,33 V3; when body temperature rose above 39 degrees C for a given ventilation Wdyn decreases. In all animals has been observed a change of airways size and probably of respiratory tract of Weibel.", "PMID": 554629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1940", "title": "[Effects of partial denervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors and other membrane properties in innervated and paralyzed fibers of rat skeletal muscle].", "content": "The origin of the membrane changes induced in skeletal muscle by denervation has been investigated by examining partially denervated rat hindlimb muscles rendered inactive for 2-3 days by a chronic conduction block in the sciatic nerve. Extra-junctional sensitivity to acetylcholine and spike resistance to tetrodotoxin developed to the same extent in the denervated and the adjacent innervated but inactive fibres. On the other hand, impulse-blocked fibres of control muscles not containing denervated fibres showed, at this early time, little membrane changes. These results are interpreted as indicating that the response of muscle to denervation is due to the combined action of inactivity and products of nerve degeneration.", "contents": "[Effects of partial denervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors and other membrane properties in innervated and paralyzed fibers of rat skeletal muscle]. The origin of the membrane changes induced in skeletal muscle by denervation has been investigated by examining partially denervated rat hindlimb muscles rendered inactive for 2-3 days by a chronic conduction block in the sciatic nerve. Extra-junctional sensitivity to acetylcholine and spike resistance to tetrodotoxin developed to the same extent in the denervated and the adjacent innervated but inactive fibres. On the other hand, impulse-blocked fibres of control muscles not containing denervated fibres showed, at this early time, little membrane changes. These results are interpreted as indicating that the response of muscle to denervation is due to the combined action of inactivity and products of nerve degeneration.", "PMID": 554630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1941", "title": "[Degeneration of the afferent fibers simulating the effects of motor denervation on skeletal muscle].", "content": "Degeneration of afferent nerve fibres was induced in rats in order to observe its effects on the properties of the extra-junctional membrane of soleus muscle fibres. In one approach, removal of dorsal root ganglia L4 and L5 was accomplished in preparations with intact or impulse-blocked (with tetrodotoxin containing cuffs around the sciatic nerve) efferent innervation. Spike resistance to tetrodotoxin developed in the inactive deafferented preparations earlier and to a greater extent than in control, that is only impulse-blocked, preparations. In another series of experiments, efferent denervation alone proved to be less effective than the association of efferent and afferent denervation. On the other hand, section of the afferent fibres central to the dorsal root ganglia was without effect. These results are consistent with the interpretation that products of nerve degeneration contribute together with inactivity to the development of the extrajunctional membrane changes observed in skeletal muscle after denervation.", "contents": "[Degeneration of the afferent fibers simulating the effects of motor denervation on skeletal muscle]. Degeneration of afferent nerve fibres was induced in rats in order to observe its effects on the properties of the extra-junctional membrane of soleus muscle fibres. In one approach, removal of dorsal root ganglia L4 and L5 was accomplished in preparations with intact or impulse-blocked (with tetrodotoxin containing cuffs around the sciatic nerve) efferent innervation. Spike resistance to tetrodotoxin developed in the inactive deafferented preparations earlier and to a greater extent than in control, that is only impulse-blocked, preparations. In another series of experiments, efferent denervation alone proved to be less effective than the association of efferent and afferent denervation. On the other hand, section of the afferent fibres central to the dorsal root ganglia was without effect. These results are consistent with the interpretation that products of nerve degeneration contribute together with inactivity to the development of the extrajunctional membrane changes observed in skeletal muscle after denervation.", "PMID": 554631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1942", "title": "Different changes of glycogen content in rat muscle denervated by different procedures.", "content": "Glycogen levels in the extensor digitorum longus of the rat undergo different changes after cutting the sciatic nerve compared with the destruction of the lumbosacral spinal cord. The differences most probably are due to early changes of the endocrine (adrenal and pancreatic) function after the latter type of denervation.", "contents": "Different changes of glycogen content in rat muscle denervated by different procedures. Glycogen levels in the extensor digitorum longus of the rat undergo different changes after cutting the sciatic nerve compared with the destruction of the lumbosacral spinal cord. The differences most probably are due to early changes of the endocrine (adrenal and pancreatic) function after the latter type of denervation.", "PMID": 554632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1943", "title": "Behavior of the oculomotor neurons discharge during sinusoidal lateral tilt in the rabbit.", "content": "The characteristics of the control exerted by macular and ampullar vestibular receptors on oculomotor neurons (OMN) have been investigated by submitting unanesthetized, enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 rabbits to sinusoidal lateral tilts of varying frequencies (0.013-0.2 Hz). The phase of the response exhibited a progressive shift towards head velocity with increasing frequencies of tilt. The sensitivity of the OMN significantly increased at frequencies above 0.025 Hz, corresponding to peak accelerations suprathreshold for canals related vestibular neurons. The convergent action of macular and ampullar vestibular receptors in the control of vertical eye movements is discussed in relation with stimulus frequency.", "contents": "Behavior of the oculomotor neurons discharge during sinusoidal lateral tilt in the rabbit. The characteristics of the control exerted by macular and ampullar vestibular receptors on oculomotor neurons (OMN) have been investigated by submitting unanesthetized, enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 rabbits to sinusoidal lateral tilts of varying frequencies (0.013-0.2 Hz). The phase of the response exhibited a progressive shift towards head velocity with increasing frequencies of tilt. The sensitivity of the OMN significantly increased at frequencies above 0.025 Hz, corresponding to peak accelerations suprathreshold for canals related vestibular neurons. The convergent action of macular and ampullar vestibular receptors in the control of vertical eye movements is discussed in relation with stimulus frequency.", "PMID": 554633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1944", "title": "[Somatotopic organization of the vestibulospinal tract in the toad].", "content": "The origin of the vestibulospinal projection in the toad has been investigated by using the method of the retrograde axonal transport of HRP injected at various levels of the spinal cord. The vestibulospinal projection, in this species, was found to be somatotopically organized, since neurons projecting to the cervical segments of the spinal cord were located within the rostromedial part of the ventral vestibular nucleus and those neurons projecting to the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord were located within the caudolateral part of that nucleus. This pattern of organization of the vestibulospinal projection in amphibia is similar to that described in mammals and birds.", "contents": "[Somatotopic organization of the vestibulospinal tract in the toad]. The origin of the vestibulospinal projection in the toad has been investigated by using the method of the retrograde axonal transport of HRP injected at various levels of the spinal cord. The vestibulospinal projection, in this species, was found to be somatotopically organized, since neurons projecting to the cervical segments of the spinal cord were located within the rostromedial part of the ventral vestibular nucleus and those neurons projecting to the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord were located within the caudolateral part of that nucleus. This pattern of organization of the vestibulospinal projection in amphibia is similar to that described in mammals and birds.", "PMID": 554634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1945", "title": "[Changes of postural tonus produced by unilateral deafferentation of the musculature of the neck in pigeons].", "content": "In intact or decerebrate pigeons, unilateral functional deafferentation of the dorsal neck muscles of one side produced a postural asymmetry, characterized by an increase in flexor tonus of the ipsilateral wing and leg and an increase in extensor tonus of the contralateral limbs. This postural asymmetry was just opposite in sign to that described recently in cats, where unilateral section of the cervical dorsal roots C1-C3 produced ipsilateral hypertonia and contralateral hypotonia of the limb extensors. The striking increase in flexor tonus of the wing following deafferentation of the ipsilateral neck extensors contrasts with the decrease in flexor tonus of the wing which occurs after deafferentation of the ipsilateral leg extensors. It appears, therefore, that the proprioceptive input from the neck and that from the leg extensors exert an antagonistic influence on the flexor tonus of the ipsilateral wing.", "contents": "[Changes of postural tonus produced by unilateral deafferentation of the musculature of the neck in pigeons]. In intact or decerebrate pigeons, unilateral functional deafferentation of the dorsal neck muscles of one side produced a postural asymmetry, characterized by an increase in flexor tonus of the ipsilateral wing and leg and an increase in extensor tonus of the contralateral limbs. This postural asymmetry was just opposite in sign to that described recently in cats, where unilateral section of the cervical dorsal roots C1-C3 produced ipsilateral hypertonia and contralateral hypotonia of the limb extensors. The striking increase in flexor tonus of the wing following deafferentation of the ipsilateral neck extensors contrasts with the decrease in flexor tonus of the wing which occurs after deafferentation of the ipsilateral leg extensors. It appears, therefore, that the proprioceptive input from the neck and that from the leg extensors exert an antagonistic influence on the flexor tonus of the ipsilateral wing.", "PMID": 554635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1946", "title": "[Experimental models of immunochemotherapeutic synergism: study of the influence of the treatment schedule].", "content": "Graded doses of LSTPA or L1210 leukemia cells were injected ip or iv into fully compatible hosts or mice incompatible for Multiple Minor Histocompatibility Loci (MMHL). Three days later the animals were treated with single doses of BCNU, NM, DTIC and VCR. The results showed that NM and VCR could synergize with the weak anti-tumor immune responses of MMHL-histocompatible mice only upon ip injection of the tumor. If the same tumor has been injected iv, only BCNU could synergize with the host's antitumor response. On DTIC treatment, no synergistic effects were detectable for either route of tumor's challenge.", "contents": "[Experimental models of immunochemotherapeutic synergism: study of the influence of the treatment schedule]. Graded doses of LSTPA or L1210 leukemia cells were injected ip or iv into fully compatible hosts or mice incompatible for Multiple Minor Histocompatibility Loci (MMHL). Three days later the animals were treated with single doses of BCNU, NM, DTIC and VCR. The results showed that NM and VCR could synergize with the weak anti-tumor immune responses of MMHL-histocompatible mice only upon ip injection of the tumor. If the same tumor has been injected iv, only BCNU could synergize with the host's antitumor response. On DTIC treatment, no synergistic effects were detectable for either route of tumor's challenge.", "PMID": 554636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1947", "title": "[Body temperature during fasting in chickens of various ages and body weight].", "content": "Chickens of different ages will be submitted to periods of non-eating of 2 to 10 days. The non-eating causes a constant lowering of the body temperature which, in the 10 days old chickens, is 4-5 times higher than in the 3 months old ages. To an higher diminishing of the temperature it corresponds an higher loss percentage of weight. In normal conditions the temperature tends to increase from morning to evening, while during the non-eating period it diminishes. With repeated non-eating periods the colling increases. The difference between young and old animals would depend on differences in quantity of their basal metabolism (lower in the old aged) and on the different availability of energetic material in reserve (higher percentage in the old aged).", "contents": "[Body temperature during fasting in chickens of various ages and body weight]. Chickens of different ages will be submitted to periods of non-eating of 2 to 10 days. The non-eating causes a constant lowering of the body temperature which, in the 10 days old chickens, is 4-5 times higher than in the 3 months old ages. To an higher diminishing of the temperature it corresponds an higher loss percentage of weight. In normal conditions the temperature tends to increase from morning to evening, while during the non-eating period it diminishes. With repeated non-eating periods the colling increases. The difference between young and old animals would depend on differences in quantity of their basal metabolism (lower in the old aged) and on the different availability of energetic material in reserve (higher percentage in the old aged).", "PMID": 554637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1948", "title": "Preparation and analysis of new sulfonium derivatives from S-adenosyl(5')-3-methylthiopropylamine.", "content": "The paper reports the preparation and the chromatographic separation of new deaminated analogs of S-adenosyl(5')-3-methylthiopropylamine, i.e. S-adenosyl(5')-3-methylthiopropanol and S-inosyl(5')(-3-methylthiopropanol. These compounds can be used as specific inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. It is also reported the characterization of new sulfonium compounds by U.V. spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, high voltage electrophoresis, hydrolysis to known fragments.", "contents": "Preparation and analysis of new sulfonium derivatives from S-adenosyl(5')-3-methylthiopropylamine. The paper reports the preparation and the chromatographic separation of new deaminated analogs of S-adenosyl(5')-3-methylthiopropylamine, i.e. S-adenosyl(5')-3-methylthiopropanol and S-inosyl(5')(-3-methylthiopropanol. These compounds can be used as specific inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. It is also reported the characterization of new sulfonium compounds by U.V. spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, high voltage electrophoresis, hydrolysis to known fragments.", "PMID": 554638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1949", "title": "[Anionic detergents in Mytilus Galloprovincialis of the gulf of Naples].", "content": "The authors have investigated on the anionics detergents rate inside the Mytilus Galloprovincialis, used as animal-monitor of the environment state of a certain part of the Gulf of Naples. The data concerning 14 zones in which were drown mussels cultivated in the Gulf of Naples resumed in a specific list, shown an high concentration of above detergents.", "contents": "[Anionic detergents in Mytilus Galloprovincialis of the gulf of Naples]. The authors have investigated on the anionics detergents rate inside the Mytilus Galloprovincialis, used as animal-monitor of the environment state of a certain part of the Gulf of Naples. The data concerning 14 zones in which were drown mussels cultivated in the Gulf of Naples resumed in a specific list, shown an high concentration of above detergents.", "PMID": 554639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1950", "title": "[Effect of ethylmaleimide on the transport of Ca+ and K+ ions across mitochondrial membranes].", "content": "As already reported, it has been found that the gradient of protons, set up across the inner membrane during the Ca2+ uptake by rat liver mitochondria, can be completely reversed by the addition of NEM. Identical results have been obtained by following the energy dependent K+ uptake. In these last conditions, the rate of H+ efflux supported by succinate oxidation is greatly enhanced only when NEM is added after rotenone. It is proposed that the increased rate other than to the inhibition of Pi uptake, as suggested by Reynafarje and Lehninger, could also be ascribed to a further decrease in the energetic level of the membrane as well as to an increased rate of succinate-Pi exchange diffusion reaction induced by NEM. A possible direct effect of NEM on succinate oxidation has been also considered to account for the inhibition observed when it is added before rotenone.", "contents": "[Effect of ethylmaleimide on the transport of Ca+ and K+ ions across mitochondrial membranes]. As already reported, it has been found that the gradient of protons, set up across the inner membrane during the Ca2+ uptake by rat liver mitochondria, can be completely reversed by the addition of NEM. Identical results have been obtained by following the energy dependent K+ uptake. In these last conditions, the rate of H+ efflux supported by succinate oxidation is greatly enhanced only when NEM is added after rotenone. It is proposed that the increased rate other than to the inhibition of Pi uptake, as suggested by Reynafarje and Lehninger, could also be ascribed to a further decrease in the energetic level of the membrane as well as to an increased rate of succinate-Pi exchange diffusion reaction induced by NEM. A possible direct effect of NEM on succinate oxidation has been also considered to account for the inhibition observed when it is added before rotenone.", "PMID": 554640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1951", "title": "[Histochemical investigation on the mechanism of action of a synthetic mucolytic compound (Na 872 Cl): preliminary results].", "content": "A histochemical study about mucolytic capacity of Na872Cl compound revealed its action upon epitelial mucins of mouse colonic and tracheal mucosa but the results depend on the chemical type of fixative employed (formalin or acetone fixed sections); the mode of action especially regarding the influence of fixatives and the nature of sensitive substrates are discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemical investigation on the mechanism of action of a synthetic mucolytic compound (Na 872 Cl): preliminary results]. A histochemical study about mucolytic capacity of Na872Cl compound revealed its action upon epitelial mucins of mouse colonic and tracheal mucosa but the results depend on the chemical type of fixative employed (formalin or acetone fixed sections); the mode of action especially regarding the influence of fixatives and the nature of sensitive substrates are discussed.", "PMID": 554641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1952", "title": "[The double effect of myocardial stimulation].", "content": "The stimulus generated at the sinus node induces on the heart working cells a stronger contraction at higher frequences. The purpose of the present report is to investigate whether the two effects a) exicitation-contraction coupling and b) contraction strength are independent. Instead of the pace-maker it has been used a rectangular waves generator; the pulses are applied to isolated guinea-pig auricle or rat right ventricle. The AA. show a stronger twitch of cell when the membrane is depolarized without contraction. This phenomenon can be obtained as follows: by applying peculiar conditions of high frequency train pulses (so that they are not capable of eliciting contraction) or depolarizing the membrane with high KO concentration. The AA. believe that the stronger contraction of the muscle cell is due to the depolarization generated by the stimulus and it is not connected to the contraction. The potentiating factor is independent by cAMP and cytoplasmic Ca++. This factor is antagonized by propranolol.", "contents": "[The double effect of myocardial stimulation]. The stimulus generated at the sinus node induces on the heart working cells a stronger contraction at higher frequences. The purpose of the present report is to investigate whether the two effects a) exicitation-contraction coupling and b) contraction strength are independent. Instead of the pace-maker it has been used a rectangular waves generator; the pulses are applied to isolated guinea-pig auricle or rat right ventricle. The AA. show a stronger twitch of cell when the membrane is depolarized without contraction. This phenomenon can be obtained as follows: by applying peculiar conditions of high frequency train pulses (so that they are not capable of eliciting contraction) or depolarizing the membrane with high KO concentration. The AA. believe that the stronger contraction of the muscle cell is due to the depolarization generated by the stimulus and it is not connected to the contraction. The potentiating factor is independent by cAMP and cytoplasmic Ca++. This factor is antagonized by propranolol.", "PMID": 554642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1953", "title": "[Antithrombin III assay using a chromogenic substrate in newborns].", "content": "The assay of antithrombin III activity (AT-III) was performed by chromogenic synthetic substrate in 42 full-term newborns, 1 to 7 days aged. AT-III levels were lower than normal adults in the first day of life and lessened again in the 3rd day. After this period the levels of AT-III rose slowly and in the 7th day were about half the concentration of adults.", "contents": "[Antithrombin III assay using a chromogenic substrate in newborns]. The assay of antithrombin III activity (AT-III) was performed by chromogenic synthetic substrate in 42 full-term newborns, 1 to 7 days aged. AT-III levels were lower than normal adults in the first day of life and lessened again in the 3rd day. After this period the levels of AT-III rose slowly and in the 7th day were about half the concentration of adults.", "PMID": 554643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1954", "title": "[Structural modifications of medullary bone osteoclasts during a hypocalcemic diet].", "content": "The medullary bone of laying hens after seven days of hypocalcaemic diet has been investigated with the aim of analyzing the fate of osteoclasts, very numerous in the first days of the diet and after substituted on the trabecular surfaces by active osteoblasts. The first observations show that there is a marked change in the osteoclasts ultrastructure. Large amount of endoplasmic granular reticulum in regular rows are accumulated at the cell periphery. Cytoplasmatic blebs, microvilli and laminae ondulantes are visible on the cell surfaces. Mononuclear cells with variable amount of cytoplasm rich in organuli are detached from osteoclasts. The ultrastructure and the fate of this elements are discussed.", "contents": "[Structural modifications of medullary bone osteoclasts during a hypocalcemic diet]. The medullary bone of laying hens after seven days of hypocalcaemic diet has been investigated with the aim of analyzing the fate of osteoclasts, very numerous in the first days of the diet and after substituted on the trabecular surfaces by active osteoblasts. The first observations show that there is a marked change in the osteoclasts ultrastructure. Large amount of endoplasmic granular reticulum in regular rows are accumulated at the cell periphery. Cytoplasmatic blebs, microvilli and laminae ondulantes are visible on the cell surfaces. Mononuclear cells with variable amount of cytoplasm rich in organuli are detached from osteoclasts. The ultrastructure and the fate of this elements are discussed.", "PMID": 554644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1955", "title": "[Derivation of a velocity equation for a reaction model witwh two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase].", "content": "The authors suggest a kinetic model with two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase; it is suitable to study particular enzyme forms that show a kinetic pattern which cannot be explained by the model with a single binding site of Krupka and Laidler. The velocity equation was obtained using the algorithm of King and Altman and carrying out elementary calculations.", "contents": "[Derivation of a velocity equation for a reaction model witwh two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase]. The authors suggest a kinetic model with two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase; it is suitable to study particular enzyme forms that show a kinetic pattern which cannot be explained by the model with a single binding site of Krupka and Laidler. The velocity equation was obtained using the algorithm of King and Altman and carrying out elementary calculations.", "PMID": 554645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1956", "title": "[Kinetic analysis of a reaction model with two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase].", "content": "After having suggested a kinetic model with two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase, the authors obtained the various function of [I] (1/vi; (vo/vi-1)/[I]; 1/Vi; Ki/Vi) starting from the velocity equation. An analytical study was then carried out showing the theoretical shape of such functions at different values of the kinetic parameters.", "contents": "[Kinetic analysis of a reaction model with two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase]. After having suggested a kinetic model with two binding sites for acetylcholinesterase, the authors obtained the various function of [I] (1/vi; (vo/vi-1)/[I]; 1/Vi; Ki/Vi) starting from the velocity equation. An analytical study was then carried out showing the theoretical shape of such functions at different values of the kinetic parameters.", "PMID": 554646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1957", "title": "[Effects of graded doses of copper complexes with L-aminoacids on gastric acid secretion in the rat].", "content": "Gastric acid responses to intragastric administration of graded doses (14-30-45 mg/Kg) of copper (II) complexes with aminoacids (two simple complexes, Cu-Trp2 and Cu-Phe2, and on mixed complex, Cu-Trp-Phe) were investigated in Shay rats. The results (% inhibition of H+ mEq/4h) shown that graded doses of copper complexes caused a progressive inhibition on gastric acid secretion, and that percentage inhibition values were, for all complexes, in linear correlation with employed doses. A possible mechanism by which copper complexes affect gastric acid secretion is discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of graded doses of copper complexes with L-aminoacids on gastric acid secretion in the rat]. Gastric acid responses to intragastric administration of graded doses (14-30-45 mg/Kg) of copper (II) complexes with aminoacids (two simple complexes, Cu-Trp2 and Cu-Phe2, and on mixed complex, Cu-Trp-Phe) were investigated in Shay rats. The results (% inhibition of H+ mEq/4h) shown that graded doses of copper complexes caused a progressive inhibition on gastric acid secretion, and that percentage inhibition values were, for all complexes, in linear correlation with employed doses. A possible mechanism by which copper complexes affect gastric acid secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 554647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1958", "title": "[Conditioning system for training cats to execute a typical prehension movement].", "content": "This report describes a conditioning system for training cats to carry-out typical prehension's movements which exhibit the highest degree of reproducibility. It is composed of the following: a) a cage which is furnished with a particular foot-board to check the starting position of the front legs; b) an electropneumatic machine for transporting a bit of food; c) an electronic device for controlling and randomizing the time of nourishment.", "contents": "[Conditioning system for training cats to execute a typical prehension movement]. This report describes a conditioning system for training cats to carry-out typical prehension's movements which exhibit the highest degree of reproducibility. It is composed of the following: a) a cage which is furnished with a particular foot-board to check the starting position of the front legs; b) an electropneumatic machine for transporting a bit of food; c) an electronic device for controlling and randomizing the time of nourishment.", "PMID": 554648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1959", "title": "[Electronic circuit for the control of current intensity of stimulating impulses at high isolation].", "content": "A small electronic apparatus is described, in which the pulses of current can be regulated from 0 at 10 mA. This apparatus permits the utilization of conventional tension stimulators.", "contents": "[Electronic circuit for the control of current intensity of stimulating impulses at high isolation]. A small electronic apparatus is described, in which the pulses of current can be regulated from 0 at 10 mA. This apparatus permits the utilization of conventional tension stimulators.", "PMID": 554649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1960", "title": "[Semiautomatic regulator for the preparation of microelectrodes for electrophysiology].", "content": "This paper describes an electronic device for making metallic microelectrodes to be used for electrophysiological experiments. These microelectrodes are endowed with a small tissue-electrode capacity and a high mechanical strength. The same microelectrodes are applicable for derivation of spikes as in the case of microstimulation of nervous structures during repeated penetrations.", "contents": "[Semiautomatic regulator for the preparation of microelectrodes for electrophysiology]. This paper describes an electronic device for making metallic microelectrodes to be used for electrophysiological experiments. These microelectrodes are endowed with a small tissue-electrode capacity and a high mechanical strength. The same microelectrodes are applicable for derivation of spikes as in the case of microstimulation of nervous structures during repeated penetrations.", "PMID": 554650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1961", "title": "[Removable electromagnetic transducer for the study of cardiac minute volume in the conscious dog].", "content": "The study aimed at evaluating the reliability of a new type of aortic flow probes to be used in conscious dogs and easy to be removed without a second surgical intervention, 48-72 hours after they have been implanted. The probes, which have been made in the Department of Human Physiology of the University of Turin, are light and thin enough to be cronically implanted around the aorta without removing the fat which surrounds the artery, and to be taken away without injuring the tissues. The records obtained 24 and 48 hours after they have been positioned, demonstrate the reliability of the probes. Histological examination of the aorta has not evidenced any tissue reaction.", "contents": "[Removable electromagnetic transducer for the study of cardiac minute volume in the conscious dog]. The study aimed at evaluating the reliability of a new type of aortic flow probes to be used in conscious dogs and easy to be removed without a second surgical intervention, 48-72 hours after they have been implanted. The probes, which have been made in the Department of Human Physiology of the University of Turin, are light and thin enough to be cronically implanted around the aorta without removing the fat which surrounds the artery, and to be taken away without injuring the tissues. The records obtained 24 and 48 hours after they have been positioned, demonstrate the reliability of the probes. Histological examination of the aorta has not evidenced any tissue reaction.", "PMID": 554651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1962", "title": "The synergism acetylcholine-eserine in the epinephrine induced ventricular automaticity.", "content": "Heart ventricular strips of the rat in Krebs solution were used to test the synergism acetylcholine-eserine. Ventricular automaticity induced by epinephrine 1 10(-6) is inhibited by acetylcholine (a 50% reduction of the automatism is observed with acetylcholine 1,23 10(-8) while four different concentrations of eserine cause an evident potentiation of the effect of acetylcholine (with eserine a 10(-5) the ED50 of acetylcholine is 2,57 10(-14)). It is concluded that the synergism eserine-acetylcholine is a synergism with potentiation and the acetylcholine introduced in the Krebs solution interacts with receptors different from those activated by the acetylcholine which accumulates when cholinesterase is inhibited by eserine.", "contents": "The synergism acetylcholine-eserine in the epinephrine induced ventricular automaticity. Heart ventricular strips of the rat in Krebs solution were used to test the synergism acetylcholine-eserine. Ventricular automaticity induced by epinephrine 1 10(-6) is inhibited by acetylcholine (a 50% reduction of the automatism is observed with acetylcholine 1,23 10(-8) while four different concentrations of eserine cause an evident potentiation of the effect of acetylcholine (with eserine a 10(-5) the ED50 of acetylcholine is 2,57 10(-14)). It is concluded that the synergism eserine-acetylcholine is a synergism with potentiation and the acetylcholine introduced in the Krebs solution interacts with receptors different from those activated by the acetylcholine which accumulates when cholinesterase is inhibited by eserine.", "PMID": 554652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1963", "title": "Acetylcholine distribution in the spinal cord of the rat.", "content": "Spinal cord of male albino rats is cut in four parts: the cervical enlargement (C2-C8) the thoracic cord (T1-T10) the lumbar enlargement (T11-L3) and the sacral extremity (L4-S4). A considerable increase in the acetylcholine levels from the cervical (0,80 g/g +/- 0,15 st.err.) to the sacral section (2,67 g/g +/- 0,48 st.err.) has been observed. It is concluded that the increase of acetylcholine levels in the lower part of spinal cord is the consequence of the relative increase of gray matter at this level.", "contents": "Acetylcholine distribution in the spinal cord of the rat. Spinal cord of male albino rats is cut in four parts: the cervical enlargement (C2-C8) the thoracic cord (T1-T10) the lumbar enlargement (T11-L3) and the sacral extremity (L4-S4). A considerable increase in the acetylcholine levels from the cervical (0,80 g/g +/- 0,15 st.err.) to the sacral section (2,67 g/g +/- 0,48 st.err.) has been observed. It is concluded that the increase of acetylcholine levels in the lower part of spinal cord is the consequence of the relative increase of gray matter at this level.", "PMID": 554653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1964", "title": "The \"grasping reflex\" in rats with altered thyroid activity.", "content": "The \"grasping reflex\" test was performed in adult rats with altered thyroid function. Any modification of the thyroid activity (hyper or hypothyroidism) caused a prolongation of the grasping time. Our data indicate that the condition of hypo or hyperthyroidism induces behavioural modifications in the adult rats.", "contents": "The \"grasping reflex\" in rats with altered thyroid activity. The \"grasping reflex\" test was performed in adult rats with altered thyroid function. Any modification of the thyroid activity (hyper or hypothyroidism) caused a prolongation of the grasping time. Our data indicate that the condition of hypo or hyperthyroidism induces behavioural modifications in the adult rats.", "PMID": 554654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1965", "title": "[Aspects of the decrease of some enzyme activities in erythrocytes of subjects with beta-thalassemia].", "content": "G6PD, GSH-Px and 6PGD activity was found to be elevated in beta-thalassemia heterozygous erythrocytes. Estimates of the activities of the three enzymes in red cell fractions of differing mean age separated by centrifugation through a density gradient of Ficoll-Triosil layers, showed that the rate of in vivo decline was normal for G6PD and GSH-Px, and decreased for 6PGD. The increased enzyme activity results from increased rate of synthesis for G6PD and GSH-Px, and from higher in vivo stability for 6PGD.", "contents": "[Aspects of the decrease of some enzyme activities in erythrocytes of subjects with beta-thalassemia]. G6PD, GSH-Px and 6PGD activity was found to be elevated in beta-thalassemia heterozygous erythrocytes. Estimates of the activities of the three enzymes in red cell fractions of differing mean age separated by centrifugation through a density gradient of Ficoll-Triosil layers, showed that the rate of in vivo decline was normal for G6PD and GSH-Px, and decreased for 6PGD. The increased enzyme activity results from increased rate of synthesis for G6PD and GSH-Px, and from higher in vivo stability for 6PGD.", "PMID": 554655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1966", "title": "The treatment of sarcoidosis by levamisole.", "content": "Five patients with persistent or progressive pulmonary shadowing due to sarcoidosis were treated with 150 mg levamisole daily and one patient with 150 mg twice weekly. Only the latter patient completed a 12-week course without unwanted side-effects. One of the remaining five patients on full dose completed the course but all experienced symptoms (nausea, malaise, influenza-like syndrome or arthralgia and skin rash) severe enough to cause five to stop the drug. Haematology and biochemistry, however, remained normal, with the exception of transient rise in transaminases in one patient. Radiology, pulmonary function and numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes (E-rosettes) were unchanged, but three patients developed increased intensity of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin tests using PPD, Candida and Trichophyton antigens; two of these patients also developed increased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by mitogen and PPD antigen and the other developed a 'serum sickness' syndrome with evidence of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "The treatment of sarcoidosis by levamisole. Five patients with persistent or progressive pulmonary shadowing due to sarcoidosis were treated with 150 mg levamisole daily and one patient with 150 mg twice weekly. Only the latter patient completed a 12-week course without unwanted side-effects. One of the remaining five patients on full dose completed the course but all experienced symptoms (nausea, malaise, influenza-like syndrome or arthralgia and skin rash) severe enough to cause five to stop the drug. Haematology and biochemistry, however, remained normal, with the exception of transient rise in transaminases in one patient. Radiology, pulmonary function and numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes (E-rosettes) were unchanged, but three patients developed increased intensity of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin tests using PPD, Candida and Trichophyton antigens; two of these patients also developed increased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by mitogen and PPD antigen and the other developed a 'serum sickness' syndrome with evidence of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 554668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1967", "title": "Papilloedema and optic atrophy in chronic hypercapnia.", "content": "Two patients are described with hypercapnia of 10 and 13 years duration. Both patients had papilloedema at different stages of their illness and one patient developed optic atrophy. Whether such changes are due to local retinal vascular changes, general change in cerebral vasculature or the result of raised intracranial pressure is unknown. A combination of all seems likely. Computerized axial tomography brain scan on Case 2 was compatible with cerebral oedema and the development of optic atrophy (Case 1) suggests cerebral oedema and consequent raised intracranial pressure as the major factor in the development of papilloedema in hypercapnic patients. Skull radiographic changes have not previously been reported in hypercapnia. The duration of the papilloedema is critical in the development of atrophy.", "contents": "Papilloedema and optic atrophy in chronic hypercapnia. Two patients are described with hypercapnia of 10 and 13 years duration. Both patients had papilloedema at different stages of their illness and one patient developed optic atrophy. Whether such changes are due to local retinal vascular changes, general change in cerebral vasculature or the result of raised intracranial pressure is unknown. A combination of all seems likely. Computerized axial tomography brain scan on Case 2 was compatible with cerebral oedema and the development of optic atrophy (Case 1) suggests cerebral oedema and consequent raised intracranial pressure as the major factor in the development of papilloedema in hypercapnic patients. Skull radiographic changes have not previously been reported in hypercapnia. The duration of the papilloedema is critical in the development of atrophy.", "PMID": 554669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1968", "title": "Hydatid disease presenting as tension pneumothorax.", "content": "The case of stockfarmer with hydatid disease which presented as a left tension pneumothorax is described. The diagnosis was not made until the patient underwent a thoracotomy for a complicating empyema.", "contents": "Hydatid disease presenting as tension pneumothorax. The case of stockfarmer with hydatid disease which presented as a left tension pneumothorax is described. The diagnosis was not made until the patient underwent a thoracotomy for a complicating empyema.", "PMID": 554670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1969", "title": "[Labelling index in breast cancer and in upper respiratory and digestive tract cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The labelling index (LI) of 96 breast adenocarcinomas and of 43 upper respiratory and digestive tract cancers has been measured. For the two histological groups, the distribution of individual values is found to be log-normal, with a mean value depending on the tumour type. Our data have been compared with other authors results. The dispersion of individual values within a same histological type suggests that the LI is interesting as an individual value depending on the patient and his own cancer. For breast adenocarcinomas the LI values obtained have been separated in two groups depending upon the patient age, the age of 53 has been chosen to separate premenopausal from post-menopausal patients. A test of significance showed that the two corresponding log-normal distributions were different, even at the 0.01 level of significance, a mean LI value thus characterizing each distribution.", "contents": "[Labelling index in breast cancer and in upper respiratory and digestive tract cancer (author's transl)]. The labelling index (LI) of 96 breast adenocarcinomas and of 43 upper respiratory and digestive tract cancers has been measured. For the two histological groups, the distribution of individual values is found to be log-normal, with a mean value depending on the tumour type. Our data have been compared with other authors results. The dispersion of individual values within a same histological type suggests that the LI is interesting as an individual value depending on the patient and his own cancer. For breast adenocarcinomas the LI values obtained have been separated in two groups depending upon the patient age, the age of 53 has been chosen to separate premenopausal from post-menopausal patients. A test of significance showed that the two corresponding log-normal distributions were different, even at the 0.01 level of significance, a mean LI value thus characterizing each distribution.", "PMID": 554672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1970", "title": "[Effectiveness of VM 26, mitomycine C and methotrexate in advanced breast cancer refractory to a four drug combination (author's transl)].", "content": "56 patients with advanced breast carcinoma, primarily or secondarily resistant to a four drug combination including Adriamycine, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide and 5 Fluoro-Uracile, entered a phase II trial using association of VM 26, Mitomycine C and Methotrexate. The tolerance was generally good, but 17 clinical manifestations of toxicity were observed out of 216 cycles of treatment (7,8%). THese mucosal and haematologic disorders have incitated to secondarily reduce of 20 per cent the current doses of Methotrexate. 28 patients out of 53 (53%) have objectively responded to treatment and in 16 of them, major responses (C.R + P.R. > 50%) were observed (30%). The median of survival responders was 11 months. The critical analysis of responses by site showed 53 per cent of objective regression of lung metastasis which appears higher than the incidence of response observed after treatment with drug combination including Adriamycine.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of VM 26, mitomycine C and methotrexate in advanced breast cancer refractory to a four drug combination (author's transl)]. 56 patients with advanced breast carcinoma, primarily or secondarily resistant to a four drug combination including Adriamycine, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide and 5 Fluoro-Uracile, entered a phase II trial using association of VM 26, Mitomycine C and Methotrexate. The tolerance was generally good, but 17 clinical manifestations of toxicity were observed out of 216 cycles of treatment (7,8%). THese mucosal and haematologic disorders have incitated to secondarily reduce of 20 per cent the current doses of Methotrexate. 28 patients out of 53 (53%) have objectively responded to treatment and in 16 of them, major responses (C.R + P.R. > 50%) were observed (30%). The median of survival responders was 11 months. The critical analysis of responses by site showed 53 per cent of objective regression of lung metastasis which appears higher than the incidence of response observed after treatment with drug combination including Adriamycine.", "PMID": 554673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1971", "title": "[Preoperative irradiation in the treatment of rectal carcinoma: study of results of 116 cases at five years (author's transl)].", "content": "Pilot study of combined radiosurgical treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. 116 patients underwent surgical excision of a carcinoma of the rectum after concentrated preoperative irradiation giving 40 grays in 18 sessions over the pelvic tumour volume. The operation in 79 cases consisted of abdomino-perineal excision and in 37 cases of anterior resection. The node involvement noticed on the resected volume is of 16,4 per cent. The operative mortality is of 7,7 per cent and the complications due to radiotherapy itself mainly a delay in cicatrisation. Survival rate at five years is of 60 per cent. Preoperative irradiation seems to be realy a benefit in the treatment of rectal carcinoma.", "contents": "[Preoperative irradiation in the treatment of rectal carcinoma: study of results of 116 cases at five years (author's transl)]. Pilot study of combined radiosurgical treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. 116 patients underwent surgical excision of a carcinoma of the rectum after concentrated preoperative irradiation giving 40 grays in 18 sessions over the pelvic tumour volume. The operation in 79 cases consisted of abdomino-perineal excision and in 37 cases of anterior resection. The node involvement noticed on the resected volume is of 16,4 per cent. The operative mortality is of 7,7 per cent and the complications due to radiotherapy itself mainly a delay in cicatrisation. Survival rate at five years is of 60 per cent. Preoperative irradiation seems to be realy a benefit in the treatment of rectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 554674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1972", "title": "Antitumor activity of alkylesters of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil-5'-phosphate against murine lymphoma L5178Y resistant to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil.", "content": "A 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil-resistant clone, designated L5178Y/FUR, was established in this experiment. This is one of the colonies derived from a subculture which acquired resistance to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil by passaging the L5178Y cells through four sucessive episodes of culture in Fischers' medium containing 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil; each analog treatment was followed by recovery intervals. In this subline, IC99 values for 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil was 0.57 muM, which was 24 times as great as in the parent line (0.0024 muM), and this subline showed a cross resistance to 5-fluorouracil. New alkylesters of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil 5'-phosphate (FUMP-alkylesters) were synthesized and their antitumor activity was examined against 1-beta-D-5-fluorouracil-sensitive and -resistant L5178Y sublines. Only hexadecylester of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil 5'-phosphate was effective, not only to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil line but also to 1-beta-D-ribofuranolsyl-5-fluorouracil-resistant subline. Other compounds showed cross resistant in the 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil-resistant cells.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of alkylesters of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil-5'-phosphate against murine lymphoma L5178Y resistant to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil. A 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil-resistant clone, designated L5178Y/FUR, was established in this experiment. This is one of the colonies derived from a subculture which acquired resistance to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil by passaging the L5178Y cells through four sucessive episodes of culture in Fischers' medium containing 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil; each analog treatment was followed by recovery intervals. In this subline, IC99 values for 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil was 0.57 muM, which was 24 times as great as in the parent line (0.0024 muM), and this subline showed a cross resistance to 5-fluorouracil. New alkylesters of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil 5'-phosphate (FUMP-alkylesters) were synthesized and their antitumor activity was examined against 1-beta-D-5-fluorouracil-sensitive and -resistant L5178Y sublines. Only hexadecylester of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil 5'-phosphate was effective, not only to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil line but also to 1-beta-D-ribofuranolsyl-5-fluorouracil-resistant subline. Other compounds showed cross resistant in the 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-5-fluorouracil-resistant cells.", "PMID": 554675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1973", "title": "[Anatomical extension of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Invasive epithelioma of the uterine cervix spreads in two different ways. Locally, tumour involves progressively upon neighbouring structures (vagina parametrium, uterine corpus, bladder, rectum). Regionally, lymphatic dissemination occur preociously moving towards the nodes of the pelvic wall. Local extension can be appreciated by clinical examination which determines the clinical staging of cervical cancer. It does not take sufficiently into account the volume of the tumour which is a principal factor in lymphatic dissemination. Nodal metastases essentially localise in the external iliac chain (obturateur group), from there spreading to the common iliac or latero aortic nodes which may, under exceptionnal circumstances be involved primarily. The incidence of latero-aortic metastases has recently been high-lighted by pre-treatment staging laparotomy. Besides lymphatic metastases, systematic metastases via a venous spread are rare. They indicate a late diagnosis or therapy failure with pelvic relapse. The therapeutic effort in cancer of the uterine cervix, at the present time, ought to be found on loco-regional treatment using either radiotherapy or surgery.", "contents": "[Anatomical extension of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. Invasive epithelioma of the uterine cervix spreads in two different ways. Locally, tumour involves progressively upon neighbouring structures (vagina parametrium, uterine corpus, bladder, rectum). Regionally, lymphatic dissemination occur preociously moving towards the nodes of the pelvic wall. Local extension can be appreciated by clinical examination which determines the clinical staging of cervical cancer. It does not take sufficiently into account the volume of the tumour which is a principal factor in lymphatic dissemination. Nodal metastases essentially localise in the external iliac chain (obturateur group), from there spreading to the common iliac or latero aortic nodes which may, under exceptionnal circumstances be involved primarily. The incidence of latero-aortic metastases has recently been high-lighted by pre-treatment staging laparotomy. Besides lymphatic metastases, systematic metastases via a venous spread are rare. They indicate a late diagnosis or therapy failure with pelvic relapse. The therapeutic effort in cancer of the uterine cervix, at the present time, ought to be found on loco-regional treatment using either radiotherapy or surgery.", "PMID": 554677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1974", "title": "[Lymphographic evaluation of cervico-uterine carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Bilateral pedial lymphography is a technique which has already been long employed and which had aroused great hopes in the detection of metastatic node involvement. The method has nevertheless failed to form an invariable part of the pretherapeutic assessment of cervico-uterine carcinomas. This attitude may be easily explained by the difficulties encountered in the interpretation of lymphographies as indicated in the first publications. New data nevertheless have made it possible to refine the method. Whilst false negatives remain inevitable in almost half the cases with histological evidence of involvement, false positives may be reduced to a minimum by very strict criteria of interpretation. Lymphography, a harmless technique, can then provide valuable information which enables the surgeon to confirm the success of his lymph node dissection and the radiotherapist to define areas requiring treatment. It is of major prognostic value. It may be used to guide transparietal lymph node biopsies and secondary detect lumbo-aortic nodes.", "contents": "[Lymphographic evaluation of cervico-uterine carcinoma (author's transl)]. Bilateral pedial lymphography is a technique which has already been long employed and which had aroused great hopes in the detection of metastatic node involvement. The method has nevertheless failed to form an invariable part of the pretherapeutic assessment of cervico-uterine carcinomas. This attitude may be easily explained by the difficulties encountered in the interpretation of lymphographies as indicated in the first publications. New data nevertheless have made it possible to refine the method. Whilst false negatives remain inevitable in almost half the cases with histological evidence of involvement, false positives may be reduced to a minimum by very strict criteria of interpretation. Lymphography, a harmless technique, can then provide valuable information which enables the surgeon to confirm the success of his lymph node dissection and the radiotherapist to define areas requiring treatment. It is of major prognostic value. It may be used to guide transparietal lymph node biopsies and secondary detect lumbo-aortic nodes.", "PMID": 554678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1975", "title": "[The value of tomodensitometry in the treatment of carcinoma of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors performed pelvic and lumbo-aortic tomodensitometry (TDM) in 67 patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Localisation of the cervix is aided by the insertion of a vaginal marker and by opacification of the bladder and rectum. The density and appearance of tumour tissue are identical to those of normal uterine muscle. Under such conditions, TDM is of no use in seeing partial or total involvement of the cervix without any increase in cervical size. TDM gives a clear picture of hypertrophic neoplastic cervices and may be used to obtain exact measurements. TDM offers valuable information in cases of spread to the parametrium, lymphadenopathy or visceral metastases. During radium therapy, TDM shows the relationships between the radioactive sources and the centri-pelvic tumour. It facilitates the drawing of isodose curves. TDM is not a method suitable for the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix. It adds very useful complementary information to clinical examination and classical investigation.", "contents": "[The value of tomodensitometry in the treatment of carcinoma of the uterus (author's transl)]. The authors performed pelvic and lumbo-aortic tomodensitometry (TDM) in 67 patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Localisation of the cervix is aided by the insertion of a vaginal marker and by opacification of the bladder and rectum. The density and appearance of tumour tissue are identical to those of normal uterine muscle. Under such conditions, TDM is of no use in seeing partial or total involvement of the cervix without any increase in cervical size. TDM gives a clear picture of hypertrophic neoplastic cervices and may be used to obtain exact measurements. TDM offers valuable information in cases of spread to the parametrium, lymphadenopathy or visceral metastases. During radium therapy, TDM shows the relationships between the radioactive sources and the centri-pelvic tumour. It facilitates the drawing of isodose curves. TDM is not a method suitable for the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix. It adds very useful complementary information to clinical examination and classical investigation.", "PMID": 554679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1976", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse 123 cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiotherapy, with CEA radio-immuno-assay performed before treatment then each time patients are seen in follow-up. The CEA level is positive in 35 per cent of the cases with a mean value of 21 per cent for stage I, 36 per cent for stage II and 48 per cent for stage III. CEA level become negative at the end of the treatment (80%) or after (100%) when there is a complete disappearance of the tumour. The persistence of a positive level is well correlated with the abscence of sterilization, and reappearance of CEA evokes a recurrence. Preliminary results do not seem to show a prognosis value of pre-therapeutic level of CEA according to survival rate at 2 years.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. The authors analyse 123 cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiotherapy, with CEA radio-immuno-assay performed before treatment then each time patients are seen in follow-up. The CEA level is positive in 35 per cent of the cases with a mean value of 21 per cent for stage I, 36 per cent for stage II and 48 per cent for stage III. CEA level become negative at the end of the treatment (80%) or after (100%) when there is a complete disappearance of the tumour. The persistence of a positive level is well correlated with the abscence of sterilization, and reappearance of CEA evokes a recurrence. Preliminary results do not seem to show a prognosis value of pre-therapeutic level of CEA according to survival rate at 2 years.", "PMID": 554680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1977", "title": "[Carcinoma of the cervix. Stages I and 2 proximal. Treatment by radiotherapy alone (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoma of the cervix stages 1 and 2 (1b and 2a) can be treated either with physical agents exclusively, or by surgery or by combining the two methods. No randomized trial has been performed until now, and to assess the different techniques, the different results found in literature must be used. We analyse here the results of the C.R.L.C. of Montpellier. The improvement of the results over last years' survey, can be judged after the use of external radiotherapy, which started in 1967. The doses must be given according to the size as well as the stage of the lesion. A thourough study of relevant literature confirms the fact that results are as good when only physical agents are used than with other techniques. Local recurrence are exceptional at stage T1, and no more than 4 to 5 per cent at stage T2 (proximal parametrium included. Whem comparing the side-effects and complications to those in other methods (but which are very rare after radio-therapy, at an early stage), the quality of the results may be seen. Actually, side-effects which occur at more advanced stages should not have an influence on the choice of the therapy in the early stages. We can conclude that there is a link between the course of the carcinoma and the chosen therapy starting from early forms to more advanced stages, and that physical agents can in every circumstance be used with benefit.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the cervix. Stages I and 2 proximal. Treatment by radiotherapy alone (author's transl)]. Carcinoma of the cervix stages 1 and 2 (1b and 2a) can be treated either with physical agents exclusively, or by surgery or by combining the two methods. No randomized trial has been performed until now, and to assess the different techniques, the different results found in literature must be used. We analyse here the results of the C.R.L.C. of Montpellier. The improvement of the results over last years' survey, can be judged after the use of external radiotherapy, which started in 1967. The doses must be given according to the size as well as the stage of the lesion. A thourough study of relevant literature confirms the fact that results are as good when only physical agents are used than with other techniques. Local recurrence are exceptional at stage T1, and no more than 4 to 5 per cent at stage T2 (proximal parametrium included. Whem comparing the side-effects and complications to those in other methods (but which are very rare after radio-therapy, at an early stage), the quality of the results may be seen. Actually, side-effects which occur at more advanced stages should not have an influence on the choice of the therapy in the early stages. We can conclude that there is a link between the course of the carcinoma and the chosen therapy starting from early forms to more advanced stages, and that physical agents can in every circumstance be used with benefit.", "PMID": 554681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1978", "title": "[Exclusive radiotherapy of late stage II and stage III carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Results and therapeutic complications for 393 cases treated at the Institut Curie (author's transl)].", "content": "Late stage II and stage III uterine cervix cancers are actual pelvic tumours and their treatment requires high doses. Therefore there is a risk of complications for the neighbouring structures. External and intracavitary irradiation are associated, the latter in a second time. For 141 late stage II and 252 stage III cases treated at the Institut Curie from 1963 to 1971 included, the respective actuarial survival are: 61 and 43 per cent at 5 years; 55 and 35 per cent at 10 years; and 55 and 30 per cent at 15 years. There is a significantly statistical difference between unilateral and bilateral stage III cancers actuarial survival: at 5 years, 52 and 34 per cent; at 10 years, 45 and 29 per cent; at 15 years, 37 and 25 per cent. Likewise, the survival for stage III cases with an abnormal urogram is distinctly poorer than for cases with a normal urogram: 48 and 18 per cent at 5 years; 41 and 13 per cent at 10 years; 38 and 8 per cent at 15 years. The crude cure rate for all the cases remains almost unchanged from the seventh year on. Failures due to cancer are mostly pelvic evolutions or recurrences, excepted a few isolated metastases (about 15 per cent of the overall failures). The majority of the failures occur during the first three years. The treatment complications are mostly moderate (4/5 are mere sequelae); rectum and bladder are the most exposed to the risk; only 5 per cent of the cured patients had severe complications.", "contents": "[Exclusive radiotherapy of late stage II and stage III carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Results and therapeutic complications for 393 cases treated at the Institut Curie (author's transl)]. Late stage II and stage III uterine cervix cancers are actual pelvic tumours and their treatment requires high doses. Therefore there is a risk of complications for the neighbouring structures. External and intracavitary irradiation are associated, the latter in a second time. For 141 late stage II and 252 stage III cases treated at the Institut Curie from 1963 to 1971 included, the respective actuarial survival are: 61 and 43 per cent at 5 years; 55 and 35 per cent at 10 years; and 55 and 30 per cent at 15 years. There is a significantly statistical difference between unilateral and bilateral stage III cancers actuarial survival: at 5 years, 52 and 34 per cent; at 10 years, 45 and 29 per cent; at 15 years, 37 and 25 per cent. Likewise, the survival for stage III cases with an abnormal urogram is distinctly poorer than for cases with a normal urogram: 48 and 18 per cent at 5 years; 41 and 13 per cent at 10 years; 38 and 8 per cent at 15 years. The crude cure rate for all the cases remains almost unchanged from the seventh year on. Failures due to cancer are mostly pelvic evolutions or recurrences, excepted a few isolated metastases (about 15 per cent of the overall failures). The majority of the failures occur during the first three years. The treatment complications are mostly moderate (4/5 are mere sequelae); rectum and bladder are the most exposed to the risk; only 5 per cent of the cured patients had severe complications.", "PMID": 554682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1979", "title": "[Results of radiotherapy of 406 carcinomas of the cervix (T2 distal and T3). Comparison between classical irradiation in one phase and split-course irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1963 and 1971, a total of 406 inoperable cases of cervical cancer were treated by high-dose radiotherapy at the Centre Ren\u00e9-Huguenin. Most of the patients (243) were irradiated by continuous therapy. In the other group (163) there was a 3-week interval in the middle of the treatment. The five-year survival rates (direct method) were respectively 60 and 39 per cent for the patients staged as T2 and T3. Local cure rates were 85 per cent for T2 and 65 per cent for T3. Unfortunately a high rate of complications was noted (12%), 4 per cent of which were fatal. Classical radiotherapy proved to be more beneficial than \"split-course\" technique considering survival rates. Yet, the rate of local cure is identical in both procedures, and the large rate of death in \"split-course\" seems to be irrespective of the method. Nevertheless, we have abandoned the \"split-course\" because the incidence of sequelae had not improved and in as much as the total dose had been reduced, the continuation of such therapy was less justified.", "contents": "[Results of radiotherapy of 406 carcinomas of the cervix (T2 distal and T3). Comparison between classical irradiation in one phase and split-course irradiation (author's transl)]. Between 1963 and 1971, a total of 406 inoperable cases of cervical cancer were treated by high-dose radiotherapy at the Centre Ren\u00e9-Huguenin. Most of the patients (243) were irradiated by continuous therapy. In the other group (163) there was a 3-week interval in the middle of the treatment. The five-year survival rates (direct method) were respectively 60 and 39 per cent for the patients staged as T2 and T3. Local cure rates were 85 per cent for T2 and 65 per cent for T3. Unfortunately a high rate of complications was noted (12%), 4 per cent of which were fatal. Classical radiotherapy proved to be more beneficial than \"split-course\" technique considering survival rates. Yet, the rate of local cure is identical in both procedures, and the large rate of death in \"split-course\" seems to be irrespective of the method. Nevertheless, we have abandoned the \"split-course\" because the incidence of sequelae had not improved and in as much as the total dose had been reduced, the continuation of such therapy was less justified.", "PMID": 554683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1980", "title": "[Radiation therapy for stage IV carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty four cases of stage IVa carcinoma of the cervix and treated with radiotherapy were collected between 1971 and 1977. Overall actuarial survival was 16 per cent at 3 years and almost all the deaths occurred before that time. Amongst the factors studied, the initial size of the pelvis tumour and lumbo-aortic lymphography findings were the determing factors in the prognosis. To a lesser extent, the age of the patient, tumour differentiation and the amount of irradiation modified the prognosis. It was thus possible to define, within the stage IVa category, several prognostic groups, the determination of which has therapeutic consequences.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy for stage IV carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)]. Fifty four cases of stage IVa carcinoma of the cervix and treated with radiotherapy were collected between 1971 and 1977. Overall actuarial survival was 16 per cent at 3 years and almost all the deaths occurred before that time. Amongst the factors studied, the initial size of the pelvis tumour and lumbo-aortic lymphography findings were the determing factors in the prognosis. To a lesser extent, the age of the patient, tumour differentiation and the amount of irradiation modified the prognosis. It was thus possible to define, within the stage IVa category, several prognostic groups, the determination of which has therapeutic consequences.", "PMID": 554684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1981", "title": "Predominant parameters in the planning of radiation therapy of carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "The radiobiological parameters at the basis of radiation are: randomness of cell killing by irradiation, hypoxia and reoxygenation, does response curves, relationship of histology and radiosensitivity, doses necessary to control sub-clinical disease and gross tumor, and the rationale for combining irradiation and surgery. The volume of cancer is the determining factor in treatment planning. Since there is no correlation between the volume of the tumor and 1971 FIGO staging, staging should not be used in treatment planning but instead the volume and extent of the tumor. For the \"barrel-shaped\" lesions originating in the endocervix, a simple extrafascial hysterectomy is very effective after somewhat diminished irradiation. Great interest has been given to irradiating not only the pelvic wall but also the common iliac and/or paraaortic lymphatics. Since the volume of tissues irradiated to high doses of external irradiation is a limiting factor, with fields extended to L4 or T12, the total external irradiation dose cannot exceed 4,500 rad.", "contents": "Predominant parameters in the planning of radiation therapy of carcinoma of the cervix. The radiobiological parameters at the basis of radiation are: randomness of cell killing by irradiation, hypoxia and reoxygenation, does response curves, relationship of histology and radiosensitivity, doses necessary to control sub-clinical disease and gross tumor, and the rationale for combining irradiation and surgery. The volume of cancer is the determining factor in treatment planning. Since there is no correlation between the volume of the tumor and 1971 FIGO staging, staging should not be used in treatment planning but instead the volume and extent of the tumor. For the \"barrel-shaped\" lesions originating in the endocervix, a simple extrafascial hysterectomy is very effective after somewhat diminished irradiation. Great interest has been given to irradiating not only the pelvic wall but also the common iliac and/or paraaortic lymphatics. Since the volume of tissues irradiated to high doses of external irradiation is a limiting factor, with fields extended to L4 or T12, the total external irradiation dose cannot exceed 4,500 rad.", "PMID": 554685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1982", "title": "[Estimation of survival rates: technics used (author's transl)].", "content": "The direct method and life-table methods (actuarial and Kaplan-Meier) for estimating survival rates are described here. The difference between direct method and lifetable method is the use of information about the patients who are still alive. Practical examples of calculation are given with recommandations for graphical displays.", "contents": "[Estimation of survival rates: technics used (author's transl)]. The direct method and life-table methods (actuarial and Kaplan-Meier) for estimating survival rates are described here. The difference between direct method and lifetable method is the use of information about the patients who are still alive. Practical examples of calculation are given with recommandations for graphical displays.", "PMID": 554686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1983", "title": "The response of the lower extremity to impact forces. II. Computerized mechanical impedance measurements.", "content": "The preferred method for the noninvasive assessment of the mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system is the measurement of mechanical impedance by means of an instrumented impact hammer and accelerometer. When coupled to an interactive computer system, this is shown to be a powerful tool in the quantitation of mechanical parameters associated with various orthopaedic conditions. The technique of measurement and the interpretation of results is discussed with reference to a model based on elastic rebound.", "contents": "The response of the lower extremity to impact forces. II. Computerized mechanical impedance measurements. The preferred method for the noninvasive assessment of the mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system is the measurement of mechanical impedance by means of an instrumented impact hammer and accelerometer. When coupled to an interactive computer system, this is shown to be a powerful tool in the quantitation of mechanical parameters associated with various orthopaedic conditions. The technique of measurement and the interpretation of results is discussed with reference to a model based on elastic rebound.", "PMID": 554701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1984", "title": "Loosening and infection in the post-implantation hip--diagnostic screening with radionuclides.", "content": "Loosening and infection are the most common complications of the Charnley Low Friction Arthroplasty (CLFA). A non-invasive diagnostic approach to the symptomatic patient consists of plain radiographs of the hips and nuclear imaging with a bone seeking isotope compound. Nuclear imaging is a more sensitive indicator of post-implantation complications than plain radiography, though both complement each other. Bone scintigraphy may be positive when radiographs are normal. In no patient with loosening or infection was the nuclear study normal. In the presence of a normal nuclear image and normal radiographs, there is a small probability that either complication is present.", "contents": "Loosening and infection in the post-implantation hip--diagnostic screening with radionuclides. Loosening and infection are the most common complications of the Charnley Low Friction Arthroplasty (CLFA). A non-invasive diagnostic approach to the symptomatic patient consists of plain radiographs of the hips and nuclear imaging with a bone seeking isotope compound. Nuclear imaging is a more sensitive indicator of post-implantation complications than plain radiography, though both complement each other. Bone scintigraphy may be positive when radiographs are normal. In no patient with loosening or infection was the nuclear study normal. In the presence of a normal nuclear image and normal radiographs, there is a small probability that either complication is present.", "PMID": 554703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1985", "title": "Properties and applications of acrylic bone cement.", "content": "Mechanical properties of acrylic cement and its interface characteristics with cancellous bone have been described. Applications and techniques for optimal use of the cement in joint replacement, treatment of pathologic fractures, and implant revision procedures are presented.", "contents": "Properties and applications of acrylic bone cement. Mechanical properties of acrylic cement and its interface characteristics with cancellous bone have been described. Applications and techniques for optimal use of the cement in joint replacement, treatment of pathologic fractures, and implant revision procedures are presented.", "PMID": 554705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1986", "title": "Chondromalacia as a separate entity: new perspectives on osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Cartilage fibrillation does not necessarily progress. There appears to be different mechanical factors involved in the initiation and the progression of cartilage changes in osteoarthrosis. This means there is some rationale behind what we see clinically happening after successful osteotomy or other operations that lower the stress on degenerating joints, and it means that if we can do something about the level of stress and, therefore, the level of bone remodeling in patients with fibrillation, we may be able to keep that cartilage from further degenerating.", "contents": "Chondromalacia as a separate entity: new perspectives on osteoarthrosis. Cartilage fibrillation does not necessarily progress. There appears to be different mechanical factors involved in the initiation and the progression of cartilage changes in osteoarthrosis. This means there is some rationale behind what we see clinically happening after successful osteotomy or other operations that lower the stress on degenerating joints, and it means that if we can do something about the level of stress and, therefore, the level of bone remodeling in patients with fibrillation, we may be able to keep that cartilage from further degenerating.", "PMID": 554706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1987", "title": "Effect of refractive error in visual tests with sinusoidal gratings.", "content": "While sinusoidal grating stimuli are finding increasing application in clinical tests for visual disturbance, the possible effects on the test results of simple defocus of the retinal image, due to refractive or accommodative error, are not always acknowledged. Theoretical considerations and experimental measurements emphasize that the degradation in visual performance due to such defocus effects is minimal when the eye pupil is small and the spatial frequency of the grating test objects is low.", "contents": "Effect of refractive error in visual tests with sinusoidal gratings. While sinusoidal grating stimuli are finding increasing application in clinical tests for visual disturbance, the possible effects on the test results of simple defocus of the retinal image, due to refractive or accommodative error, are not always acknowledged. Theoretical considerations and experimental measurements emphasize that the degradation in visual performance due to such defocus effects is minimal when the eye pupil is small and the spatial frequency of the grating test objects is low.", "PMID": 554724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1988", "title": "A possible physiological basis for ocular dominance.", "content": "An experiment is undertaken to investigate the relationship between \"sighting\" and motor dominance. A review of recent work on the neurophysiology of vision is carried out and an attempt to explain ocular dominance using this is made.", "contents": "A possible physiological basis for ocular dominance. An experiment is undertaken to investigate the relationship between \"sighting\" and motor dominance. A review of recent work on the neurophysiology of vision is carried out and an attempt to explain ocular dominance using this is made.", "PMID": 554725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1989", "title": "Use of light intensifiers in improving acuity in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "An English Electric Valve Co. P8073 light intensifier was set up with a viewing system to assess the performance of retinitis pigmentosa sufferers at low luminance levels. Six subjects had their acuity measured at different luminance levels using a light intensifier initially and subsequently using direct vision. All subjects showed an improvement in acuity using the intensifier compared with direct vision at levels of illumination ranging from 0.25 cd m-2 to 20 cd m-2.", "contents": "Use of light intensifiers in improving acuity in retinitis pigmentosa. An English Electric Valve Co. P8073 light intensifier was set up with a viewing system to assess the performance of retinitis pigmentosa sufferers at low luminance levels. Six subjects had their acuity measured at different luminance levels using a light intensifier initially and subsequently using direct vision. All subjects showed an improvement in acuity using the intensifier compared with direct vision at levels of illumination ranging from 0.25 cd m-2 to 20 cd m-2.", "PMID": 554726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1990", "title": "After-image transfer--evaluation of short-term treatment.", "content": "The records of treatment by the after-image transfer method of 21 children, mainly with strabismus amblyopia, were examined to evaluate the acuity improvement in the short term. There was no significant improvement in 15 cases. In several other patients, an immediate response to the after-image method occurred, but these patients' binocular vision and acuity had deteriorated following previous improvement achieved by other orthoptic methods.", "contents": "After-image transfer--evaluation of short-term treatment. The records of treatment by the after-image transfer method of 21 children, mainly with strabismus amblyopia, were examined to evaluate the acuity improvement in the short term. There was no significant improvement in 15 cases. In several other patients, an immediate response to the after-image method occurred, but these patients' binocular vision and acuity had deteriorated following previous improvement achieved by other orthoptic methods.", "PMID": 554727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1991", "title": "Evaluation of a CCTV device for partial sight.", "content": "Closed circuit TV has proved to be a valuable aid for many patients with partial sight and a new device for magnification of printed material has been developed. This is in the form of a small camera, guided over the page by the subject's hand and incorporating a roller drive for a scanning mechanism. The scanning head fits into the hand easily; it is linked to an electronic TV receiver in the form of a mosaic. Tracking the scanner manually operates a flow of the display to the left, with new material emerging from the right of the screen. The present paper outlines an evaluation of the device under different conditions with patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of a CCTV device for partial sight. Closed circuit TV has proved to be a valuable aid for many patients with partial sight and a new device for magnification of printed material has been developed. This is in the form of a small camera, guided over the page by the subject's hand and incorporating a roller drive for a scanning mechanism. The scanning head fits into the hand easily; it is linked to an electronic TV receiver in the form of a mosaic. Tracking the scanner manually operates a flow of the display to the left, with new material emerging from the right of the screen. The present paper outlines an evaluation of the device under different conditions with patients.", "PMID": 554728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1992", "title": "Modern trends in perimetry.", "content": "In this review of perimetry the subject is treated in two main sections. Part I discusses developments, particularly during the last thirty years, in classical clinical perimetry including the topics of kinetic and static perimetry, the use of multiple stimuli and the role of automation and objective techniques. Part II describes the development of various special techniques designed for more specific information about visual function. These include reference to the importance of controlling target illuminance, the value of spatial and temporal summation in perimetry and the use of coloured targets. The paper concludes by emphasizing the clinical value of routine field screening and the urgent need for standardization in perimetry.", "contents": "Modern trends in perimetry. In this review of perimetry the subject is treated in two main sections. Part I discusses developments, particularly during the last thirty years, in classical clinical perimetry including the topics of kinetic and static perimetry, the use of multiple stimuli and the role of automation and objective techniques. Part II describes the development of various special techniques designed for more specific information about visual function. These include reference to the importance of controlling target illuminance, the value of spatial and temporal summation in perimetry and the use of coloured targets. The paper concludes by emphasizing the clinical value of routine field screening and the urgent need for standardization in perimetry.", "PMID": 554729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1993", "title": "Changes in the position of the binoculus with unequal retinal illuminance.", "content": "An investigation was carried out into the effect of a monocular neutral density filter on the position of the binoculus. Two experiments were used, and it is postulated that the difference in the results obtained is due to the presence of a motor component in one of the experiments.", "contents": "Changes in the position of the binoculus with unequal retinal illuminance. An investigation was carried out into the effect of a monocular neutral density filter on the position of the binoculus. Two experiments were used, and it is postulated that the difference in the results obtained is due to the presence of a motor component in one of the experiments.", "PMID": 554732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1994", "title": "The foveal reflex in amblyopia.", "content": "The relative brightness of the foveal reflex between amblyopic eyes and their fellows was examined. Differences in reflex appearances were found in some patients but not in others. Equal appearance of the foveal reflexes does not eliminate the possibility of amblyopia, nor is there a difference in appearance related to the degree of amblyopia.", "contents": "The foveal reflex in amblyopia. The relative brightness of the foveal reflex between amblyopic eyes and their fellows was examined. Differences in reflex appearances were found in some patients but not in others. Equal appearance of the foveal reflexes does not eliminate the possibility of amblyopia, nor is there a difference in appearance related to the degree of amblyopia.", "PMID": 554733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1995", "title": "[Tc99m pertechnetate in the study of gastric function].", "content": "The authors explored the gastric function of 20 volunteers by classical methods and by the assessment of gastric 99Tc pertechnetate clearance. From a comparison of results obtained with the various methods they come to the conclusion that the pertechnetate clearance method is dependable, easy to perform, and noninvasive; accordingly, they recommend its use as the method of choice for monitoring the treatment of duodenal ulcers and evaluating its results.", "contents": "[Tc99m pertechnetate in the study of gastric function]. The authors explored the gastric function of 20 volunteers by classical methods and by the assessment of gastric 99Tc pertechnetate clearance. From a comparison of results obtained with the various methods they come to the conclusion that the pertechnetate clearance method is dependable, easy to perform, and noninvasive; accordingly, they recommend its use as the method of choice for monitoring the treatment of duodenal ulcers and evaluating its results.", "PMID": 554749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1996", "title": "[The role of supraduodenal choledocho-duodenostomy in non-neoplastic obstructive pathology of the principal bile duct].", "content": "The authors review the indications of their 146 cases of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy (SDC) from 1970 to 1977. The conditions for which the procedure was carried out were dilatation of the choledochus (100%), multiple calculosis (83%), and primitive or secondary stenosing odditis (17%). After a detailed discussion of these indications, the authors report their immediate and long-term results, which were good in 96% of the patients. In the matter of surgical technic the authors give preference to laterolateral SDC, stressing that effective anastomosis requires a choledochal diameter of at least 10 or 12 mm. In good accord with data published from other sources, the authors' data suggest further restriction of direct procedures (in view of the associated risk of acute pancreatitis) in favor of SDC. The authors also review the objections to, and complications of, this surgical procedure, and conclude that these are never so important as to discourage the procedure when definitely indicated.", "contents": "[The role of supraduodenal choledocho-duodenostomy in non-neoplastic obstructive pathology of the principal bile duct]. The authors review the indications of their 146 cases of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy (SDC) from 1970 to 1977. The conditions for which the procedure was carried out were dilatation of the choledochus (100%), multiple calculosis (83%), and primitive or secondary stenosing odditis (17%). After a detailed discussion of these indications, the authors report their immediate and long-term results, which were good in 96% of the patients. In the matter of surgical technic the authors give preference to laterolateral SDC, stressing that effective anastomosis requires a choledochal diameter of at least 10 or 12 mm. In good accord with data published from other sources, the authors' data suggest further restriction of direct procedures (in view of the associated risk of acute pancreatitis) in favor of SDC. The authors also review the objections to, and complications of, this surgical procedure, and conclude that these are never so important as to discourage the procedure when definitely indicated.", "PMID": 554750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1997", "title": "[Internal biliary drainage in benign diseases of the extrahepatic bile ducts].", "content": "Through analysis of a fairly large series of cases treated by internal biliary drainage for non-neoplastic disorders of the terminal choledochus and papilla (72 cases of choledochal anastomosis, mostly to the duodenum; 238 cases of surgery of the Oddi sphincter), the authors present a remarkable accurate picture of the indications for this kind of surgery and of the immediate and long-term results obtained with it. Their collected observations also provide an opportunity for comparison with published reports from other quarters; in particular, the authors offer a detailed discussion of the relative advantages and limitations of the two main procedures in this category, namely papillosphincterotomy and choledocoduodenal derivation. From their own experience and in good agreement with current dominant opinion, they conclude by recommending the last-named procedure as the most rewarding, provided that the indications be correct and the operation be done with the necessary technical accuracy.", "contents": "[Internal biliary drainage in benign diseases of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. Through analysis of a fairly large series of cases treated by internal biliary drainage for non-neoplastic disorders of the terminal choledochus and papilla (72 cases of choledochal anastomosis, mostly to the duodenum; 238 cases of surgery of the Oddi sphincter), the authors present a remarkable accurate picture of the indications for this kind of surgery and of the immediate and long-term results obtained with it. Their collected observations also provide an opportunity for comparison with published reports from other quarters; in particular, the authors offer a detailed discussion of the relative advantages and limitations of the two main procedures in this category, namely papillosphincterotomy and choledocoduodenal derivation. From their own experience and in good agreement with current dominant opinion, they conclude by recommending the last-named procedure as the most rewarding, provided that the indications be correct and the operation be done with the necessary technical accuracy.", "PMID": 554751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1998", "title": "[Intraoperative evaluation of the high pressure zone in anti-reflux plastic operations].", "content": "It has been done a manometric intraoperating study on 18 patients (7 acalasical megaoesophagi, 6 herniae of hiatus, 5 duodenal ulcers) who had undergone an operation of modified Dor's anti-reflux plastics. After Haller H.P.Z. pressure has gone down of 13 mmHg, and has gone up again of 5,5 mmHg after modified Dor; after plastics H.P.Z. average intraoperating pressure has been of 18 mmHg. The posterior plastics of hiatus and the reconstruction of His' angle for hernia of hiatus modify scarcely H.P.Z. pressure. During a superselective vagotomy we have recorded a modest reduction of H.P.Z. pressure, of which average intraoperating values after vagotomy and anti-reflux plastics have been of 16,5 mmHg. At a distance of 30 months from the operation it has been done a follow up on 70% of patients that had undergone an operation of anti-reflux  plastics and also 18 patients that had had en intraoperating inspection. However it has been, a degradation of manometric values, the results have been satisfactory over 90% of cases. The authors insist on the utility of intraoperating manometry for a valuation of the completenes and the efficacy of the operation.", "contents": "[Intraoperative evaluation of the high pressure zone in anti-reflux plastic operations]. It has been done a manometric intraoperating study on 18 patients (7 acalasical megaoesophagi, 6 herniae of hiatus, 5 duodenal ulcers) who had undergone an operation of modified Dor's anti-reflux plastics. After Haller H.P.Z. pressure has gone down of 13 mmHg, and has gone up again of 5,5 mmHg after modified Dor; after plastics H.P.Z. average intraoperating pressure has been of 18 mmHg. The posterior plastics of hiatus and the reconstruction of His' angle for hernia of hiatus modify scarcely H.P.Z. pressure. During a superselective vagotomy we have recorded a modest reduction of H.P.Z. pressure, of which average intraoperating values after vagotomy and anti-reflux plastics have been of 16,5 mmHg. At a distance of 30 months from the operation it has been done a follow up on 70% of patients that had undergone an operation of anti-reflux  plastics and also 18 patients that had had en intraoperating inspection. However it has been, a degradation of manometric values, the results have been satisfactory over 90% of cases. The authors insist on the utility of intraoperating manometry for a valuation of the completenes and the efficacy of the operation.", "PMID": 554752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_1999", "title": "[So-called cystic stump syndrome].", "content": "After outlining and discussing the etiology and pathophysiology of the postcholecystectomy syndrome, the authors describe their own series of 35 cases, therapeutic policies, and results obtained. In the discussion they suggest that the so-called cystic stump syndrome has probably been overplayed, since in the authors' own series of cases there was a high incidence of associated pathology.", "contents": "[So-called cystic stump syndrome]. After outlining and discussing the etiology and pathophysiology of the postcholecystectomy syndrome, the authors describe their own series of 35 cases, therapeutic policies, and results obtained. In the discussion they suggest that the so-called cystic stump syndrome has probably been overplayed, since in the authors' own series of cases there was a high incidence of associated pathology.", "PMID": 554754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2000", "title": "[Circular myotomy in the reconstructive therapy of esophageal atresia. Experimental study in the rabbit].", "content": "The authors report their experimental results in 22 rabbits subjected to circular myotomy of the esophagus, with radiological followup and final autopsy verification. This relatively simple surgical procedure may prove valuable for the correction of neonatal atresia of the esophagus; in particular, when done upon the cranial stump, it affords primary anastomosis of the viscus without undue tension even in cases of faulty esophageal continuity involving a length of several centimeters.", "contents": "[Circular myotomy in the reconstructive therapy of esophageal atresia. Experimental study in the rabbit]. The authors report their experimental results in 22 rabbits subjected to circular myotomy of the esophagus, with radiological followup and final autopsy verification. This relatively simple surgical procedure may prove valuable for the correction of neonatal atresia of the esophagus; in particular, when done upon the cranial stump, it affords primary anastomosis of the viscus without undue tension even in cases of faulty esophageal continuity involving a length of several centimeters.", "PMID": 554755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2001", "title": "[Intestinal infarction caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis during contraceptive treatment].", "content": "The authors treat a case of mesenterial venous thrombosis that they have observed in a young woman during oral contraceptive treatment with estrogens. In the anamnesis the patient hadn't any unhealthy precedent that could be ascribed to vascular alteration and of hemocoagulation. Analysing the observations of some anglo-saxon authors and recent studies about the rol of plaques, the authors establish a casual relation between the use of oral contraceptives and endothelial lesions of vascular bottom, and they outline the utility, like a new screening, of antithrombin III dosage.", "contents": "[Intestinal infarction caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis during contraceptive treatment]. The authors treat a case of mesenterial venous thrombosis that they have observed in a young woman during oral contraceptive treatment with estrogens. In the anamnesis the patient hadn't any unhealthy precedent that could be ascribed to vascular alteration and of hemocoagulation. Analysing the observations of some anglo-saxon authors and recent studies about the rol of plaques, the authors establish a casual relation between the use of oral contraceptives and endothelial lesions of vascular bottom, and they outline the utility, like a new screening, of antithrombin III dosage.", "PMID": 554758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2002", "title": "[A case of duodenal schwannoma (clinical study)].", "content": "Taking a case of duodenal schwannoma, that they had observed, as a starting point, on the base of their experience and the data of literature, the authors discuss the epidemiological, of classification and anatomo-pathological aspects of this rare neoplastic form. They particularly outline the clinical aspect, the diagnostic pre-operating iter and the correct and radical surgical behaviour that must be practiced during laparatomy.", "contents": "[A case of duodenal schwannoma (clinical study)]. Taking a case of duodenal schwannoma, that they had observed, as a starting point, on the base of their experience and the data of literature, the authors discuss the epidemiological, of classification and anatomo-pathological aspects of this rare neoplastic form. They particularly outline the clinical aspect, the diagnostic pre-operating iter and the correct and radical surgical behaviour that must be practiced during laparatomy.", "PMID": 554761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2003", "title": "[Anesthesia in particular cases of acute abdomen (volvulus of the intestine)].", "content": "Description of a total of 236 cases of intestinal volvulus of which, 141 cases concerning the small intestine, 2 of the transverse, 13 of the caecum and 80 of the sigmoid. Detailed discussions are made on each type of volvulus, the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, while particular extensions is given to the description of the results obtained that are compared with the data found from the examination of the literature. A separate treatment is reserved to the anaesthesia in the cases of intestinal acute volvulus and particularly to some technical measures to which is to be submitted the patient who suffers from mechanical occlusion with serious intestinal ache.", "contents": "[Anesthesia in particular cases of acute abdomen (volvulus of the intestine)]. Description of a total of 236 cases of intestinal volvulus of which, 141 cases concerning the small intestine, 2 of the transverse, 13 of the caecum and 80 of the sigmoid. Detailed discussions are made on each type of volvulus, the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, while particular extensions is given to the description of the results obtained that are compared with the data found from the examination of the literature. A separate treatment is reserved to the anaesthesia in the cases of intestinal acute volvulus and particularly to some technical measures to which is to be submitted the patient who suffers from mechanical occlusion with serious intestinal ache.", "PMID": 554763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2004", "title": "[Acute abdominal symptoms caused by segmental enteritis].", "content": "The clinical and anatomo-pathological patterns of Crohn's ileitis are reported and the various etiopathogenetic hypotheses are briefly considered. The acute forms of Crohn's ileitis are then described: appendicular, peritonitic, occlusive and toxic forms. The study is based on 68 personal cases.", "contents": "[Acute abdominal symptoms caused by segmental enteritis]. The clinical and anatomo-pathological patterns of Crohn's ileitis are reported and the various etiopathogenetic hypotheses are briefly considered. The acute forms of Crohn's ileitis are then described: appendicular, peritonitic, occlusive and toxic forms. The study is based on 68 personal cases.", "PMID": 554764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2005", "title": "[One of the aspects of precancerous gastropathy; chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia].", "content": "Functionally, cronic, athrophic gastritis is associated with a disturbance of gastric mucosal resistance. Alteration of the gastric mucosal barrier is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the cancer of the stomach, particularly in presence of a special histological picture of mucosal intestinalisation.", "contents": "[One of the aspects of precancerous gastropathy; chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia]. Functionally, cronic, athrophic gastritis is associated with a disturbance of gastric mucosal resistance. Alteration of the gastric mucosal barrier is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the cancer of the stomach, particularly in presence of a special histological picture of mucosal intestinalisation.", "PMID": 554765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2006", "title": "[Lipoid pulmonary granuloma in Parkinson's disease. Presentation of clinical case].", "content": "The authors describe one case of lipoid granuloma of the lung in a patient with PARKINSON'S disease. The cause of this pulmonary sequel is probably to be found in the alteration of the mechanism of deglutition, typical of PARKINSON'S disease, with aspiration bronchopneumonia and subsequent evolution to granuloma formation. In the case presented (a man of 64) the X-ray picture resembled the irregular mass opacities and bronchial amputations characteristically associated with cancer of the lung. As the actual anatomical extent of the process exceeded the limits indicated by radiological examination, the whole left lung was removed at surgery; histological studies, however, revealed the essentially benign nature of the lesion. The patient was discharged in due course of time as surgically cured. There was no major deterioration of his neurological status either at discharge time or at later rechecks.", "contents": "[Lipoid pulmonary granuloma in Parkinson's disease. Presentation of clinical case]. The authors describe one case of lipoid granuloma of the lung in a patient with PARKINSON'S disease. The cause of this pulmonary sequel is probably to be found in the alteration of the mechanism of deglutition, typical of PARKINSON'S disease, with aspiration bronchopneumonia and subsequent evolution to granuloma formation. In the case presented (a man of 64) the X-ray picture resembled the irregular mass opacities and bronchial amputations characteristically associated with cancer of the lung. As the actual anatomical extent of the process exceeded the limits indicated by radiological examination, the whole left lung was removed at surgery; histological studies, however, revealed the essentially benign nature of the lesion. The patient was discharged in due course of time as surgically cured. There was no major deterioration of his neurological status either at discharge time or at later rechecks.", "PMID": 554766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2007", "title": "[Irrigation of colostomized patients].", "content": "After a brief recall of the main problems of post-colostomy patients, the authors describe the method of colonic irrigation, which affords the complete discharge of fecal matter and continence over the ensuing 24 hours. The authors give an account of the results obtained with this methodology at the Stoma Center of Catania; and they conclude that the method in question, applied correctly and appropriate cases, seems to represent the treatment of first choice for the postoperative management of colostomy cases.", "contents": "[Irrigation of colostomized patients]. After a brief recall of the main problems of post-colostomy patients, the authors describe the method of colonic irrigation, which affords the complete discharge of fecal matter and continence over the ensuing 24 hours. The authors give an account of the results obtained with this methodology at the Stoma Center of Catania; and they conclude that the method in question, applied correctly and appropriate cases, seems to represent the treatment of first choice for the postoperative management of colostomy cases.", "PMID": 554767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2008", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical considerations on surgery of the deep lobe of the parotid gland].", "content": "In the light of their first-hand experience in actual clinical cases, the authors review the problems of surgical anatomy of the deep lobe of the parotid gland in malignancy. After discussing certain differences between normal and surgical anatomy of the region, they explore therapeutic possibilities and conclude that also in malignancies involving only the deep lobe of the gland the treatment of first choice is still total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical considerations on surgery of the deep lobe of the parotid gland]. In the light of their first-hand experience in actual clinical cases, the authors review the problems of surgical anatomy of the deep lobe of the parotid gland in malignancy. After discussing certain differences between normal and surgical anatomy of the region, they explore therapeutic possibilities and conclude that also in malignancies involving only the deep lobe of the gland the treatment of first choice is still total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve.", "PMID": 554768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2009", "title": "[Internal abdominal hernia caused by anomaly of the falciform ligament (a case report)].", "content": "The authors describe a truly uncommon case of internal abdominal hernia attributable to malformation of the falciform ligament. The patient, a man aged 26, had complained in the past of cramping pain in the epigastric region, usually occurring after meals and sometimes ending with vomiting of ingested food; but all diagnostic methods and procedures had consistently ruled out any extant pathology of the stomach, duodenum, biliary tract, or pancreas. Present hospitalization was justified by a clinical picture suggesting peritonitis from perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer. At operation the authors found a strangulated loop of small intestine following left-to-right migration through a hole in the falciform ligament of the liver. In the authors' interpretation the background cause of the trouble was incomplete development of the falciform ligament, and the immediate cause of the acute episode was abnormal motility and exaggerated peristalsis of the ileum, possibly due to the presence of a diverticulum; the latter two conditions are invoked as a possible explanation for the repeated episodes of abdominal pain in the patient's history.", "contents": "[Internal abdominal hernia caused by anomaly of the falciform ligament (a case report)]. The authors describe a truly uncommon case of internal abdominal hernia attributable to malformation of the falciform ligament. The patient, a man aged 26, had complained in the past of cramping pain in the epigastric region, usually occurring after meals and sometimes ending with vomiting of ingested food; but all diagnostic methods and procedures had consistently ruled out any extant pathology of the stomach, duodenum, biliary tract, or pancreas. Present hospitalization was justified by a clinical picture suggesting peritonitis from perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer. At operation the authors found a strangulated loop of small intestine following left-to-right migration through a hole in the falciform ligament of the liver. In the authors' interpretation the background cause of the trouble was incomplete development of the falciform ligament, and the immediate cause of the acute episode was abnormal motility and exaggerated peristalsis of the ileum, possibly due to the presence of a diverticulum; the latter two conditions are invoked as a possible explanation for the repeated episodes of abdominal pain in the patient's history.", "PMID": 554770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2010", "title": "[Unusual case of pericecal internal hernia of the retrocecal fossa].", "content": "Prompted by actual observation of one case, the authors call attention to this rare form of pericecal hernia. After a brief recall of pertinent anatomical features, they emphasize the rarity of this of hernia and the difficulty of diagnosing it preoperatively on the basis of clinical semiotics and radiological findings. In the last part of their paper the authors review the possible complications of this disorders and discuss therapeutic methods for its correction.", "contents": "[Unusual case of pericecal internal hernia of the retrocecal fossa]. Prompted by actual observation of one case, the authors call attention to this rare form of pericecal hernia. After a brief recall of pertinent anatomical features, they emphasize the rarity of this of hernia and the difficulty of diagnosing it preoperatively on the basis of clinical semiotics and radiological findings. In the last part of their paper the authors review the possible complications of this disorders and discuss therapeutic methods for its correction.", "PMID": 554771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2011", "title": "[Necrotizing amoebic colitis (a propos of 12 cases observed in Dakar)].", "content": "Twelve cases of necrotizing amoebic colitis recorded in Dakar Hospital Principal are studied. The authors draw basis rules for an early surgical indication giving opportunity to detect not too extensive lesions and implement intensive care which may prove effective. Prognosis is still unfavourable with a death rate of two thirds.", "contents": "[Necrotizing amoebic colitis (a propos of 12 cases observed in Dakar)]. Twelve cases of necrotizing amoebic colitis recorded in Dakar Hospital Principal are studied. The authors draw basis rules for an early surgical indication giving opportunity to detect not too extensive lesions and implement intensive care which may prove effective. Prognosis is still unfavourable with a death rate of two thirds.", "PMID": 554773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2012", "title": "[Dengue at Reunion: isolation of a strain at the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar].", "content": "During the dengue outbreak which occurred in Reunion Island, one dengue type 2 strain was isolated at Institute Pasteur in Madagascar.", "contents": "[Dengue at Reunion: isolation of a strain at the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar]. During the dengue outbreak which occurred in Reunion Island, one dengue type 2 strain was isolated at Institute Pasteur in Madagascar.", "PMID": 554772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2013", "title": "[A left pseudo-pleurisy syndrome manifesting as a liver abscess complicating malignant localized amebic colitis].", "content": "The authors report on a case of localised bipolar malignant colic amebiasis in a 34 year old man, as a complication of undiagnosed benin colic amebiasis; the initial signs consisted of left basi-thoracic symptoms for which a sub phrenic abcess secondary to rupture of two abcesses of the left lobe of the liver was responsible. The surgical intervention consisted of a right hemicolectomy without anastomosis with a double derivation by ileostomy colostomy and drainage of the abcesses. The evolution was rapidly fatal by an irreversible state of shock.", "contents": "[A left pseudo-pleurisy syndrome manifesting as a liver abscess complicating malignant localized amebic colitis]. The authors report on a case of localised bipolar malignant colic amebiasis in a 34 year old man, as a complication of undiagnosed benin colic amebiasis; the initial signs consisted of left basi-thoracic symptoms for which a sub phrenic abcess secondary to rupture of two abcesses of the left lobe of the liver was responsible. The surgical intervention consisted of a right hemicolectomy without anastomosis with a double derivation by ileostomy colostomy and drainage of the abcesses. The evolution was rapidly fatal by an irreversible state of shock.", "PMID": 554774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2014", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi-Arabia: an overview.", "content": "Taking advantage of an investigation on cutaneous leishmaniosis in Saudi Arabia, the authors present an overview of the situation in three main foci: those of Riyadh and El-Khardj, El Hassa and Bisha. They present a list of the twelve species of phlebotomine sandflies found in the country and out of which predominates Phlebotomos papatasi, the possible vector of the disease in these foci.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi-Arabia: an overview. Taking advantage of an investigation on cutaneous leishmaniosis in Saudi Arabia, the authors present an overview of the situation in three main foci: those of Riyadh and El-Khardj, El Hassa and Bisha. They present a list of the twelve species of phlebotomine sandflies found in the country and out of which predominates Phlebotomos papatasi, the possible vector of the disease in these foci.", "PMID": 554775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2015", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Mali. Epidemiology and pathological aspects].", "content": "I,858 semi quantitative G6PD determinations were done in Mali (mostly in the Point G Hospital, in Bamako). 15.7% of the men and 4.5% of the women had a G6PD deficiency. The age did not affect the incidence of the disease. G6PD deficiency was more frequent among the Sonrais than among the other ethnic groups tested. It did not occur more frequently among subjects having the sickling trait of AC hemoglobinopathy but no G6PD was found among subjects having a major hemoglobinopathy (SS or SC). Severe hemolytic anemia was rather infrequent among adults subjects. Hemolysis was induced by drugs--such as dapsone or niridazole--but it was usually mild and time-limited.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Mali. Epidemiology and pathological aspects]. I,858 semi quantitative G6PD determinations were done in Mali (mostly in the Point G Hospital, in Bamako). 15.7% of the men and 4.5% of the women had a G6PD deficiency. The age did not affect the incidence of the disease. G6PD deficiency was more frequent among the Sonrais than among the other ethnic groups tested. It did not occur more frequently among subjects having the sickling trait of AC hemoglobinopathy but no G6PD was found among subjects having a major hemoglobinopathy (SS or SC). Severe hemolytic anemia was rather infrequent among adults subjects. Hemolysis was induced by drugs--such as dapsone or niridazole--but it was usually mild and time-limited.", "PMID": 554777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2016", "title": "[Eosinophilia in Europeans returning from tropical countries (apropos of 36 cases)].", "content": "The etiological investigation of hypereosinophilia in 36 Europeans having returned from tropical zones permitted, by direct and indirect paraclinical tests, the diagnosis of helminthiasis in 26 cases (72.2%). The parasites in cause were bilharziosis, filariosis, strongyloidiasis, ankylostomiasis and liver flukes. Certain subjects were polyparasited. The investigation remained negative for 6 patients (16.6%), even though a parasitism was strongly suspected in at least 5 cases. In the other cases (11.1%) the etiological investigation remained doubtful with the exception of a case of non parasitic eosinophilia (polymyositis). There still remains much progress to make in rendering the actual serological tests more specific, more constant and presenting less cross reactions.", "contents": "[Eosinophilia in Europeans returning from tropical countries (apropos of 36 cases)]. The etiological investigation of hypereosinophilia in 36 Europeans having returned from tropical zones permitted, by direct and indirect paraclinical tests, the diagnosis of helminthiasis in 26 cases (72.2%). The parasites in cause were bilharziosis, filariosis, strongyloidiasis, ankylostomiasis and liver flukes. Certain subjects were polyparasited. The investigation remained negative for 6 patients (16.6%), even though a parasitism was strongly suspected in at least 5 cases. In the other cases (11.1%) the etiological investigation remained doubtful with the exception of a case of non parasitic eosinophilia (polymyositis). There still remains much progress to make in rendering the actual serological tests more specific, more constant and presenting less cross reactions.", "PMID": 554778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2017", "title": "[Ecology of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Thies region (Senegal, West Africa). 2. Epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of the human disease].", "content": "During their epidemiological survey of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, the authors study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of 60 proven human cases observed in the studied area (Thies region). The disease can occur at any age but is more frequently seen in the pre-adolescent (10-15 years), adolescent (15-20 years) and adult (20-40 years) age classes. During the year, 76.5% of the lesions appear between july and the end of november. The spontaneous evolution of the disease seems to have a one year duration. Less than 10 lesions are observed in the majority of the cases (91.5%). The lesions are mainly located on upper and/or lower limbs and are generally of humid ulcerated type, often covered by a deep scar; a lymphatic nodular dissemination from a lesion occurs in 25% of the cases.", "contents": "[Ecology of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Thies region (Senegal, West Africa). 2. Epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of the human disease]. During their epidemiological survey of a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, the authors study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of 60 proven human cases observed in the studied area (Thies region). The disease can occur at any age but is more frequently seen in the pre-adolescent (10-15 years), adolescent (15-20 years) and adult (20-40 years) age classes. During the year, 76.5% of the lesions appear between july and the end of november. The spontaneous evolution of the disease seems to have a one year duration. Less than 10 lesions are observed in the majority of the cases (91.5%). The lesions are mainly located on upper and/or lower limbs and are generally of humid ulcerated type, often covered by a deep scar; a lymphatic nodular dissemination from a lesion occurs in 25% of the cases.", "PMID": 554776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2018", "title": "Diabetic truncal mononeuropathy--a new clinical syndrome.", "content": "Although diabetic mononeuropathy affecting the cranial and peripheral nerves is well recognized, there is little known or documented about diabetic mononeuropathy affecting the thoracic nerves, i.e., the truncal nerves. This series of 40 cases attests to its frequency; equal sex distribution; significance in differential diagnosis including coronary artery disease, intra-abdominal surgical diseases such as gallbladder pathology and appendicitis, pleurisy, and neoplasms. Truncal mononeuropathy has characteristics that differ from those of other diabetic mononeuropathies in that it is primarily sensory and typically not a first manifestation of clinical diabetes, whereas the other forms of diabetic mononeuropathy are primarily motor in effect and not infrequently may be the initial clinical presenting manifestation of diabetes. Finally, diabetic truncal mononeuropathy has a good prognosis.", "contents": "Diabetic truncal mononeuropathy--a new clinical syndrome. Although diabetic mononeuropathy affecting the cranial and peripheral nerves is well recognized, there is little known or documented about diabetic mononeuropathy affecting the thoracic nerves, i.e., the truncal nerves. This series of 40 cases attests to its frequency; equal sex distribution; significance in differential diagnosis including coronary artery disease, intra-abdominal surgical diseases such as gallbladder pathology and appendicitis, pleurisy, and neoplasms. Truncal mononeuropathy has characteristics that differ from those of other diabetic mononeuropathies in that it is primarily sensory and typically not a first manifestation of clinical diabetes, whereas the other forms of diabetic mononeuropathy are primarily motor in effect and not infrequently may be the initial clinical presenting manifestation of diabetes. Finally, diabetic truncal mononeuropathy has a good prognosis.", "PMID": 554781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2019", "title": "[Pathology  in Malagasy lemurs and their relation to human pathology].", "content": "From researches conducted in Institute Pasteur in Madagascar and from bibliographical work, the authors try to draw up a general picture of the pathology of lemurs. Several aspects are developed (bacteriology, hematology, mycology, parasitology, virology), especially those which could be interesting for human pathology, for instance the relationships between lemurs and viruses because of the arbovirus programme in progress in Institute Pasteur. The authors emphasize on the possible use of lemurs, the only non human primate in Madagascar, as laboratory animals in order to develop colonies and, then, to promote their conservation.", "contents": "[Pathology  in Malagasy lemurs and their relation to human pathology]. From researches conducted in Institute Pasteur in Madagascar and from bibliographical work, the authors try to draw up a general picture of the pathology of lemurs. Several aspects are developed (bacteriology, hematology, mycology, parasitology, virology), especially those which could be interesting for human pathology, for instance the relationships between lemurs and viruses because of the arbovirus programme in progress in Institute Pasteur. The authors emphasize on the possible use of lemurs, the only non human primate in Madagascar, as laboratory animals in order to develop colonies and, then, to promote their conservation.", "PMID": 554779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2020", "title": "Noneffect of oral urinary copper ascorbic acid on reduction glucose test.", "content": "References and texts in the fields of diabetes and clinical chemistry commonly report that ascorbic acid when given orally or parenterally gives a false-positive reaction to the copper reduction glucose test (Clinitest). This impression is based on a study in which ascorbic acid (250 mg./dl.) was added to urine in vitro, with a resultant positive-test reading in the absence of glucose. Ascorbic acid is a reducing agent, and theoretically it could interfere with the copper reduction method of glucose detection. In the current study 10 nondiabetic men were ingesting 4 and 6 gm. ascorbic acid per day. A total of 360 glucose detection tests with the copper reduction method were undertaken. In no instance was there a positive reaction to the glucose test.", "contents": "Noneffect of oral urinary copper ascorbic acid on reduction glucose test. References and texts in the fields of diabetes and clinical chemistry commonly report that ascorbic acid when given orally or parenterally gives a false-positive reaction to the copper reduction glucose test (Clinitest). This impression is based on a study in which ascorbic acid (250 mg./dl.) was added to urine in vitro, with a resultant positive-test reading in the absence of glucose. Ascorbic acid is a reducing agent, and theoretically it could interfere with the copper reduction method of glucose detection. In the current study 10 nondiabetic men were ingesting 4 and 6 gm. ascorbic acid per day. A total of 360 glucose detection tests with the copper reduction method were undertaken. In no instance was there a positive reaction to the glucose test.", "PMID": 554783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2021", "title": "Noneffect of methyldopa on urine glucose tests.", "content": "Methyldopa has been reported to cause a false-positive urine glucose test by the copper reduction method (Clinitest). We investigated the effect of methyldopa on urine glucose tests in 30 patients by comparing commonly used glucose oxidase methods to Clinitest. The results of our study indicate that methyldopa does not interfere with the copper reduction method for urine glucose determination.", "contents": "Noneffect of methyldopa on urine glucose tests. Methyldopa has been reported to cause a false-positive urine glucose test by the copper reduction method (Clinitest). We investigated the effect of methyldopa on urine glucose tests in 30 patients by comparing commonly used glucose oxidase methods to Clinitest. The results of our study indicate that methyldopa does not interfere with the copper reduction method for urine glucose determination.", "PMID": 554784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2022", "title": "[1,2,3-triazole derivatives of arylalkanoic acids].", "content": "A series of several 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, by reaction of p-azidophenylacetic and 2-(p-azidophenyl)propionic acids with active methylene compounds, was synthesized. Some of the derivatives obtained were subjected to pharmacological study and among these compounds (II m) showed an analgesic activity 2.5 times greater than phenylbutazone.", "contents": "[1,2,3-triazole derivatives of arylalkanoic acids]. A series of several 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, by reaction of p-azidophenylacetic and 2-(p-azidophenyl)propionic acids with active methylene compounds, was synthesized. Some of the derivatives obtained were subjected to pharmacological study and among these compounds (II m) showed an analgesic activity 2.5 times greater than phenylbutazone.", "PMID": 554790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2023", "title": "Schmidt's syndrome in a child with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Schmidt's syndrome (thyroid and adrenal insufficiency) and concurrent diabetes mellitus represent an intriguing multiple endocrinopathy in children. This report describes an eleven-year-old girl with diabetes of eight years' duration presenting in adrenal crisis. Serum thyroxine was undetectable, and antibodies to both thyroglobulin and adrenal tissue were found in high titer. The child's condition stabilized with hormonal replacement therapy, except for persistent growth failure. Approximately two years later she succumbed during a rapidly fulminant episode of ketoacidosis. The natural history of her illness supports recent speculation based on serologic data that juvenile diabetes mellitus may be an immunologic disorder in some children.", "contents": "Schmidt's syndrome in a child with diabetes mellitus. Schmidt's syndrome (thyroid and adrenal insufficiency) and concurrent diabetes mellitus represent an intriguing multiple endocrinopathy in children. This report describes an eleven-year-old girl with diabetes of eight years' duration presenting in adrenal crisis. Serum thyroxine was undetectable, and antibodies to both thyroglobulin and adrenal tissue were found in high titer. The child's condition stabilized with hormonal replacement therapy, except for persistent growth failure. Approximately two years later she succumbed during a rapidly fulminant episode of ketoacidosis. The natural history of her illness supports recent speculation based on serologic data that juvenile diabetes mellitus may be an immunologic disorder in some children.", "PMID": 554785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2024", "title": "Derivatives of 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol with antiarrhythmic and other activities. II.", "content": "Cyanoethylation of 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol, followed by LiAlH4 reduction and reaction with acyl chlorides, gave a series of amides derived from 5-endo-(3-aminopropoxy)-1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The syntheses of N-methyl, N,N-dimethyl and N,N-dipropargyl derivatives of the afore mentioned amine, as well as of 5-endo-methylcarbamoyloxy- and 5-endo-phenylcarbamoyloxy-1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, are also described. Strong antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic activity was observed in two amides; an urethane showed antiarrhythmic activity only.", "contents": "Derivatives of 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol with antiarrhythmic and other activities. II. Cyanoethylation of 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-endo-ol, followed by LiAlH4 reduction and reaction with acyl chlorides, gave a series of amides derived from 5-endo-(3-aminopropoxy)-1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The syntheses of N-methyl, N,N-dimethyl and N,N-dipropargyl derivatives of the afore mentioned amine, as well as of 5-endo-methylcarbamoyloxy- and 5-endo-phenylcarbamoyloxy-1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, are also described. Strong antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic activity was observed in two amides; an urethane showed antiarrhythmic activity only.", "PMID": 554791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2025", "title": "Policy statement on materials for testing glucose in the urine. The Committee on Materials and Therapeutic Agents, American Diabetes Association.", "content": "Semiquantitative methods for measurement of glucose in the urine are useful for monitoring glucose homeostasis in subjects with diabetes mellitus where quantitative blood and urine glucose measurements are not available. The use of a \"plus\" scale for glucose measurement is confusing because the same plus values are assigned to different quantities of glucose with different methods. The two-drop Clinitest method is the most quantifiable and readable test for urine sugar, particularly if there is high sugar spill. Therefore, it is the most useful method for monitoring insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes. Its major disadvantages are its potential toxicity, the cumbersome methodology, the cost, and the possibility of interference from other reducing substances. The enzyme \"dipstick\" methods are most sensitive for detecting the presence of glucose. Among the available \"dipstick\" methods, Diastix is the most quantifiable and readable. These methods are inhibited by the presence of ketones and a number of other substances. Tes-Tape is the least expensive and, where there are inhibiting substances, the most useful, because it can be read at the liquid front where the glucose reaction is chromatographically separated. Clinistix and Chemstrip are essentially screening methods for the presence of glucose and not useful for quantification. Basing therapy on these and other plus values is irrational and should be discontinued.", "contents": "Policy statement on materials for testing glucose in the urine. The Committee on Materials and Therapeutic Agents, American Diabetes Association. Semiquantitative methods for measurement of glucose in the urine are useful for monitoring glucose homeostasis in subjects with diabetes mellitus where quantitative blood and urine glucose measurements are not available. The use of a \"plus\" scale for glucose measurement is confusing because the same plus values are assigned to different quantities of glucose with different methods. The two-drop Clinitest method is the most quantifiable and readable test for urine sugar, particularly if there is high sugar spill. Therefore, it is the most useful method for monitoring insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes. Its major disadvantages are its potential toxicity, the cumbersome methodology, the cost, and the possibility of interference from other reducing substances. The enzyme \"dipstick\" methods are most sensitive for detecting the presence of glucose. Among the available \"dipstick\" methods, Diastix is the most quantifiable and readable. These methods are inhibited by the presence of ketones and a number of other substances. Tes-Tape is the least expensive and, where there are inhibiting substances, the most useful, because it can be read at the liquid front where the glucose reaction is chromatographically separated. Clinistix and Chemstrip are essentially screening methods for the presence of glucose and not useful for quantification. Basing therapy on these and other plus values is irrational and should be discontinued.", "PMID": 554786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2026", "title": "Self-esteem and depression in adolescent diabetic girls.", "content": "This investigation was designed to examine self-esteem and depression in diabetic adolescent girls. One hundred nondiabetic girls age 12-16 and 105 diabetic girls age 12-16 were administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results indicated no significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic girls in self-esteem scores. Diabetic girls showed significantly more depression than nondiabetic girls. Close examination of results revealed that, in fact, diabetic and nondiabetic adolescent girls were very similar. A major finding was that depression in the diabetic group was expressed primarily through physiologic symptoms of depression as seen in the vital depression scores, rather than through the pessimism, indecision-inhibition, or self-debasement measures of depression. Results were interpreted to mean that diabetic girls did not manifest deeper depression than nondiabetic girls but, rather, a greater awareness of their physiologic status. Diabetes emerged as a focus for the expression of normal adolescent conflicts. The importance of integrating developmental issues into the treatment plans for diabetic patients is emphasized.", "contents": "Self-esteem and depression in adolescent diabetic girls. This investigation was designed to examine self-esteem and depression in diabetic adolescent girls. One hundred nondiabetic girls age 12-16 and 105 diabetic girls age 12-16 were administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results indicated no significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic girls in self-esteem scores. Diabetic girls showed significantly more depression than nondiabetic girls. Close examination of results revealed that, in fact, diabetic and nondiabetic adolescent girls were very similar. A major finding was that depression in the diabetic group was expressed primarily through physiologic symptoms of depression as seen in the vital depression scores, rather than through the pessimism, indecision-inhibition, or self-debasement measures of depression. Results were interpreted to mean that diabetic girls did not manifest deeper depression than nondiabetic girls but, rather, a greater awareness of their physiologic status. Diabetes emerged as a focus for the expression of normal adolescent conflicts. The importance of integrating developmental issues into the treatment plans for diabetic patients is emphasized.", "PMID": 554782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2027", "title": "[Synthesis and antimycotic activity of 3-methylamino derivatives of various 2-mercapto-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles].", "content": "In continuation of previous work designed to obtain derivatives of 2-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazole of possible biological interest, the Mannich bases (III - XXX) were prepared. The compounds prepared bear at position 5, with respect to the oxadiazole nucleus, 3,4,5-trimethoxy and 3,4-dihydroxymethylenephenyl radicals which have proved of interest in other series of derivatives. The antimycotic activity of the compounds is reported.", "contents": "[Synthesis and antimycotic activity of 3-methylamino derivatives of various 2-mercapto-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles]. In continuation of previous work designed to obtain derivatives of 2-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazole of possible biological interest, the Mannich bases (III - XXX) were prepared. The compounds prepared bear at position 5, with respect to the oxadiazole nucleus, 3,4,5-trimethoxy and 3,4-dihydroxymethylenephenyl radicals which have proved of interest in other series of derivatives. The antimycotic activity of the compounds is reported.", "PMID": 554792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2028", "title": "Physicochemical parameters in biological correlation analysis: meaning and limits.", "content": "Correlation analysis assumes that the physicochemical factors governing the transport, metabolism and drug-receptor interaction can be factored into hydrophobic-lipophilic component, polarizability and dispersion forces, electronic and steric effects and into indeterminate factors. Using computerized regression analysis, a generalized equation can be formulated to correlate the biological response of a set of compounds with their chemical structures in terms of physicochemical parameters of substituents. In order to explore the scope of each defined physicochemical parameter, correlations between biological effects and some combination of substituent indices are discussed.", "contents": "Physicochemical parameters in biological correlation analysis: meaning and limits. Correlation analysis assumes that the physicochemical factors governing the transport, metabolism and drug-receptor interaction can be factored into hydrophobic-lipophilic component, polarizability and dispersion forces, electronic and steric effects and into indeterminate factors. Using computerized regression analysis, a generalized equation can be formulated to correlate the biological response of a set of compounds with their chemical structures in terms of physicochemical parameters of substituents. In order to explore the scope of each defined physicochemical parameter, correlations between biological effects and some combination of substituent indices are discussed.", "PMID": 554793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2029", "title": "Benserazide induces migraine attacks. Irrelevance of concomitant hyperprolactinemia.", "content": "Migrainous women underwent acute administration of sulpiride (25 mg i.v.) and benserazide (125 mg per os), both drugs increasing prolactin secretion. A similar increase in prolactin levels was found following the administration of the two drugs. A typical migraine attack was observed only in the 4 women given benserazide. These data, though being preliminary, stress the scarce or irrelevant role of prolactin in the pathogenesis of the migraine attack.", "contents": "Benserazide induces migraine attacks. Irrelevance of concomitant hyperprolactinemia. Migrainous women underwent acute administration of sulpiride (25 mg i.v.) and benserazide (125 mg per os), both drugs increasing prolactin secretion. A similar increase in prolactin levels was found following the administration of the two drugs. A typical migraine attack was observed only in the 4 women given benserazide. These data, though being preliminary, stress the scarce or irrelevant role of prolactin in the pathogenesis of the migraine attack.", "PMID": 554794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2030", "title": "Interaction between DNA and some congeners of tilorone.", "content": "Four compounds having a molecular structure analogous to that of tilorone and tilorone itself, taken as a reference compound, were examined for complex formation ability with DNA. While the association constants of the various complexes were almost the same, the r values in saturation conditions (that is the highest number of molecules bound per nucleotide of DNA) increased with the size of the planar moiety or with the length of the two basic side chains of the molecules. Concerning the structure of the complexes, it was evidenced by means of flow dichroism measurements that the non-covalent binding to DNA occurs via an intercalative mode. Moreover, it was observed that by decreasing the ionic strength, the affinity of the drugs for the macromolecule increases, indicating that in complex formation, electrostatic forces exerted between the DNA phosphate residues and the positively charged nitrogen of the side chains of the drugs are involved. It seems also possible that, in this condition, and in the presence of high concentrations of the drug, a secondary binding consisting only of electrostatic interactions outside of the helix takes place. In connection with the complexing ability with DNA, the examined compounds proved able to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A correlation was found between complexing ability and inhibitory activity on nucleic acid synthesis.", "contents": "Interaction between DNA and some congeners of tilorone. Four compounds having a molecular structure analogous to that of tilorone and tilorone itself, taken as a reference compound, were examined for complex formation ability with DNA. While the association constants of the various complexes were almost the same, the r values in saturation conditions (that is the highest number of molecules bound per nucleotide of DNA) increased with the size of the planar moiety or with the length of the two basic side chains of the molecules. Concerning the structure of the complexes, it was evidenced by means of flow dichroism measurements that the non-covalent binding to DNA occurs via an intercalative mode. Moreover, it was observed that by decreasing the ionic strength, the affinity of the drugs for the macromolecule increases, indicating that in complex formation, electrostatic forces exerted between the DNA phosphate residues and the positively charged nitrogen of the side chains of the drugs are involved. It seems also possible that, in this condition, and in the presence of high concentrations of the drug, a secondary binding consisting only of electrostatic interactions outside of the helix takes place. In connection with the complexing ability with DNA, the examined compounds proved able to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A correlation was found between complexing ability and inhibitory activity on nucleic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 554795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2031", "title": "Bis-basic derivatives of planar heterocyclic compounds.", "content": "Four compounds derived from the furocoumarin, benzodipyrone and benzodifuran nucleus respectively, have been synthesized. They have molecular structures analogous to that of tilorone, namely an aromatic tricyclic moiety and two basic chains linked to the nucleus through ester or amido groups. Like tilorone, the new compounds efficiently from complexes with DNA, consisting in an intercalation of the planar aromatic moiety between two base pairs and an electrostatic interaction of the positively charged nitrogen atoms of the side chains with the phosphate groups of the macromolecule. When tested for their capacity to stimulate interferon production in mice, the compounds showed different activities; in particular the diethylamino ethyl ester of bis-benzodifuranic acid (III) proved to be twice as active as tilorone, assayed in the same experimental conditions for comparison purposes.", "contents": "Bis-basic derivatives of planar heterocyclic compounds. Four compounds derived from the furocoumarin, benzodipyrone and benzodifuran nucleus respectively, have been synthesized. They have molecular structures analogous to that of tilorone, namely an aromatic tricyclic moiety and two basic chains linked to the nucleus through ester or amido groups. Like tilorone, the new compounds efficiently from complexes with DNA, consisting in an intercalation of the planar aromatic moiety between two base pairs and an electrostatic interaction of the positively charged nitrogen atoms of the side chains with the phosphate groups of the macromolecule. When tested for their capacity to stimulate interferon production in mice, the compounds showed different activities; in particular the diethylamino ethyl ester of bis-benzodifuranic acid (III) proved to be twice as active as tilorone, assayed in the same experimental conditions for comparison purposes.", "PMID": 554796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2032", "title": "Research on durene derivatives. Note I - hypertensive activity of 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)imidazoline and related compounds.", "content": "A series of substituted 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)imidazolines and related compounds have been synthesized to study the steric and hydrophobic effects on the vasoactivity of the introduction of four methyl groups on the phenyl moiety. The 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)imidazoline (I) showed a high hypertensive activity, whereas the 2-benzylimidazoline possesses an adrenolytic activity. The 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenoxy)methylimidazoline (XVII) retained the hypertensive activity, whereas the corresponding thioether (XIX) was inactive. Some structure-activity relationships with regard to the presence of substituents in the 4-position of the phenyl moiety and on the benzylic CH2 are reported.", "contents": "Research on durene derivatives. Note I - hypertensive activity of 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)imidazoline and related compounds. A series of substituted 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)imidazolines and related compounds have been synthesized to study the steric and hydrophobic effects on the vasoactivity of the introduction of four methyl groups on the phenyl moiety. The 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)imidazoline (I) showed a high hypertensive activity, whereas the 2-benzylimidazoline possesses an adrenolytic activity. The 2-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenoxy)methylimidazoline (XVII) retained the hypertensive activity, whereas the corresponding thioether (XIX) was inactive. Some structure-activity relationships with regard to the presence of substituents in the 4-position of the phenyl moiety and on the benzylic CH2 are reported.", "PMID": 554797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2033", "title": "[Preparation and antifungal activity of carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of thiophenols].", "content": "A series of N-substituted carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of thiophenols [substances (I leads to XLII)] was prepared and tested for in vitro antifungal activity. The substances were obtained by condensation of thiophenols with suitable isocyanates and isothiocyanates. The antifungal activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results obtained, given in the Table I, show that the carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of the thiophenols examined have marked antifungal activity. The results give some information on structure-activity relationships and also show that in general the derivatives of dithiocarbamic acid are more active than the bioisosteric derivatives of thiocarbamic acid. Of the compounds examined the most active were esters of N-benzyl and N-allyldithiocarbamic acid.", "contents": "[Preparation and antifungal activity of carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of thiophenols]. A series of N-substituted carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of thiophenols [substances (I leads to XLII)] was prepared and tested for in vitro antifungal activity. The substances were obtained by condensation of thiophenols with suitable isocyanates and isothiocyanates. The antifungal activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results obtained, given in the Table I, show that the carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of the thiophenols examined have marked antifungal activity. The results give some information on structure-activity relationships and also show that in general the derivatives of dithiocarbamic acid are more active than the bioisosteric derivatives of thiocarbamic acid. Of the compounds examined the most active were esters of N-benzyl and N-allyldithiocarbamic acid.", "PMID": 554798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2034", "title": "C-Alkylpiperazines. IX (1) - reversion of N1 and N4-substituents and its influence on the pharmacological activity in 2-methylpiperazine derivatives.", "content": "The synthesis of N1-(2'-pyridyl)-N4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-ethyl)-2-methylpiperazine is reported. This compound was found definitely less active as an adrenolytic and vasodilator than the previously tested isomer in which the position of N1 and N4 substituents is reverted.", "contents": "C-Alkylpiperazines. IX (1) - reversion of N1 and N4-substituents and its influence on the pharmacological activity in 2-methylpiperazine derivatives. The synthesis of N1-(2'-pyridyl)-N4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-ethyl)-2-methylpiperazine is reported. This compound was found definitely less active as an adrenolytic and vasodilator than the previously tested isomer in which the position of N1 and N4 substituents is reverted.", "PMID": 554799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2035", "title": "[Comparison of two point discrimination on the thumb and the big toe].", "content": "The functional value of operations for the replacement of thumbs by autotransplantation of the great toe depends on the recovery of sensibility. The two-point-discrimination of 107 thumbs compared to 121 great toes in persons aged between 10 and 70 years was examined. The thumb had age-independent mean value of 4,5 mm while that of the great toe decreased from 9,1 to 16,0 mm.", "contents": "[Comparison of two point discrimination on the thumb and the big toe]. The functional value of operations for the replacement of thumbs by autotransplantation of the great toe depends on the recovery of sensibility. The two-point-discrimination of 107 thumbs compared to 121 great toes in persons aged between 10 and 70 years was examined. The thumb had age-independent mean value of 4,5 mm while that of the great toe decreased from 9,1 to 16,0 mm.", "PMID": 554831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2036", "title": "[Microvascular thumb replacement surgery following traumatic amputation].", "content": "The possibilities of thumb restoration are improved by the availability of microsurgical techniques. As a secondary rehabilitation procedure the auto-transplantation of great toes and fingers is described. The indications for planning of the operation are demonstrated by case-examples.", "contents": "[Microvascular thumb replacement surgery following traumatic amputation]. The possibilities of thumb restoration are improved by the availability of microsurgical techniques. As a secondary rehabilitation procedure the auto-transplantation of great toes and fingers is described. The indications for planning of the operation are demonstrated by case-examples.", "PMID": 554832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2037", "title": "[Local therapy in a case of intravenous mercury injection].", "content": "Intravenous injection of metallic mercury is very rare. It may induce pulmonary and renal complications. Locally serious abscess formation may occur. Radical dissection and excision of affected venous system may result in a satisfactory outcome.", "contents": "[Local therapy in a case of intravenous mercury injection]. Intravenous injection of metallic mercury is very rare. It may induce pulmonary and renal complications. Locally serious abscess formation may occur. Radical dissection and excision of affected venous system may result in a satisfactory outcome.", "PMID": 554834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2038", "title": "[The distraction method in reconstructive surgery of the thumb and fingers].", "content": "The distraction method proves successful in reconstructive surgery of the hand: 1. For reconstruction of the thumb and fingers after amputation. 2. For elongation of a hypoplastic thumb or finger. 3. In cases of congenital deformities of the hand including correction of contractures, dislocation, and clinodactyly. 4. For reduction of old dislocations of finger joints.", "contents": "[The distraction method in reconstructive surgery of the thumb and fingers]. The distraction method proves successful in reconstructive surgery of the hand: 1. For reconstruction of the thumb and fingers after amputation. 2. For elongation of a hypoplastic thumb or finger. 3. In cases of congenital deformities of the hand including correction of contractures, dislocation, and clinodactyly. 4. For reduction of old dislocations of finger joints.", "PMID": 554835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2039", "title": "[Functional and cosmetic results in thumb replacement surgery].", "content": "The operations to replace the thumb have been proved in thalidomide embryopathy both functionally and cosmetically. The best results are achieved in the pollicisation of dolichophalangeal triphalangeal thumbs. Simultaneously existing radial club hand impairs the operative results considerably.", "contents": "[Functional and cosmetic results in thumb replacement surgery]. The operations to replace the thumb have been proved in thalidomide embryopathy both functionally and cosmetically. The best results are achieved in the pollicisation of dolichophalangeal triphalangeal thumbs. Simultaneously existing radial club hand impairs the operative results considerably.", "PMID": 554836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2040", "title": "[Contribution to camptodactyly].", "content": "Camptodactyly occurs relatively often but it rarely needs therapy. For decades the genesis of camptodactyly was not clear until it was discovered that the deformations causing the contraction of the PIP joint are to be found in the area of the dorsal aponeurosis (MILLESI) and of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (WILHELM, KLEINSCHMIDT). At the M\u00fcnster University anomalies of the lumbricals were found, on occasion of exploration of the palm, but not in all cases. Probably there exist several types of camptodactyly with different defects. The necessity for exploration of the palm is confirmed.", "contents": "[Contribution to camptodactyly]. Camptodactyly occurs relatively often but it rarely needs therapy. For decades the genesis of camptodactyly was not clear until it was discovered that the deformations causing the contraction of the PIP joint are to be found in the area of the dorsal aponeurosis (MILLESI) and of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (WILHELM, KLEINSCHMIDT). At the M\u00fcnster University anomalies of the lumbricals were found, on occasion of exploration of the palm, but not in all cases. Probably there exist several types of camptodactyly with different defects. The necessity for exploration of the palm is confirmed.", "PMID": 554837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2041", "title": "[Contribution to camptodactyly].", "content": "A case of camptodactyly of three fingers in the left and four fingers in the right hand in a 20 year old patient is described. His mother showed the same appearances with great changes in the skeleton. This case emphasizes that an early operation is justified for the prevention of skeletal deformities.", "contents": "[Contribution to camptodactyly]. A case of camptodactyly of three fingers in the left and four fingers in the right hand in a 20 year old patient is described. His mother showed the same appearances with great changes in the skeleton. This case emphasizes that an early operation is justified for the prevention of skeletal deformities.", "PMID": 554838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2042", "title": "[An unusual cause of carpal tunnel syndrome].", "content": "One year after rupture of the 5th flexor profundus tendon, a 45-year-old man showed signs of carpal tunnel syndrome. At surgery the proximal stump of the 5th flexor profundus tendon was found in the carpal tunnel. Due to an anomalous origin of the 4th lumbrical muscle from the profundus tendon of the 4th finger the proximal stump of the 5th flexor profundus tendon had withdrawn far proximally and in this way produced a carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "[An unusual cause of carpal tunnel syndrome]. One year after rupture of the 5th flexor profundus tendon, a 45-year-old man showed signs of carpal tunnel syndrome. At surgery the proximal stump of the 5th flexor profundus tendon was found in the carpal tunnel. Due to an anomalous origin of the 4th lumbrical muscle from the profundus tendon of the 4th finger the proximal stump of the 5th flexor profundus tendon had withdrawn far proximally and in this way produced a carpal tunnel syndrome.", "PMID": 554839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2043", "title": "[Unusual causes of the carpal tunnel syndrome].", "content": "In 193 cases of carpal tunnel exploration, carried out because of compression of the medium nerve, we have encountered 15 unusual findings (7.8%). This emphasizes the necessity for thorough exploration of the carpal tunnel. Four unusual disease processes are described, which led to a median compression syndrome: Tuberculous tenosynovitis, lipomatous hyperplasia, chondroma of a superficial flexor tendon and monofascicular neurinoma of the median nerve.", "contents": "[Unusual causes of the carpal tunnel syndrome]. In 193 cases of carpal tunnel exploration, carried out because of compression of the medium nerve, we have encountered 15 unusual findings (7.8%). This emphasizes the necessity for thorough exploration of the carpal tunnel. Four unusual disease processes are described, which led to a median compression syndrome: Tuberculous tenosynovitis, lipomatous hyperplasia, chondroma of a superficial flexor tendon and monofascicular neurinoma of the median nerve.", "PMID": 554840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2044", "title": "[An anatomical variation as an unusual cause of the ulnaris compression syndrome].", "content": "An anatomic variant was the cause of a compression syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. It was an accessory muscle of the M. palmaris longus that initially created difficulties in diagnosis. By excision of the muscle the symptoms were relieved.", "contents": "[An anatomical variation as an unusual cause of the ulnaris compression syndrome]. An anatomic variant was the cause of a compression syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. It was an accessory muscle of the M. palmaris longus that initially created difficulties in diagnosis. By excision of the muscle the symptoms were relieved.", "PMID": 554841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2045", "title": "[Trophic significance of sensory innervation of the skeletal muscles--an experimental study on the m. sternomastoideus of the rat].", "content": "In this study the morphological changes of the sternomastoid muscle of the rat caused respectively by division of sensory afferents, the motor efferents and by total denervation of the muscle are investigated one, two, three and four months after surgery using sections from the middle part of the muscle stained by Sudan-Black-B, Succinodehydrogenase- and ATP-ase-reagent. Small quantitative changes, as shown in curves of distribution of the sizes of muscle fibers, and a remarkable increase in the density of mitochondria in the middle sized muscle fibers after division of the sensory fibres are reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Trophic significance of sensory innervation of the skeletal muscles--an experimental study on the m. sternomastoideus of the rat]. In this study the morphological changes of the sternomastoid muscle of the rat caused respectively by division of sensory afferents, the motor efferents and by total denervation of the muscle are investigated one, two, three and four months after surgery using sections from the middle part of the muscle stained by Sudan-Black-B, Succinodehydrogenase- and ATP-ase-reagent. Small quantitative changes, as shown in curves of distribution of the sizes of muscle fibers, and a remarkable increase in the density of mitochondria in the middle sized muscle fibers after division of the sensory fibres are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 554842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2046", "title": "[Multiple enchondromas of both hands with ulna hypoplasia and radius dysplasia on the left].", "content": "A 33 year old patient with multiple enchondromas of both hands, ulna hypoplasia and radial dysplasia is described. In addition, a deformity of ulna and radius was present on the left side. The first signs of the disease appeared in 1949. The diagnosis, made by biopsy and X-ray was the indication for surgery. The result was very satisfactory. The differences of this undescribed syndrome from Morbus Ollier disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Multiple enchondromas of both hands with ulna hypoplasia and radius dysplasia on the left]. A 33 year old patient with multiple enchondromas of both hands, ulna hypoplasia and radial dysplasia is described. In addition, a deformity of ulna and radius was present on the left side. The first signs of the disease appeared in 1949. The diagnosis, made by biopsy and X-ray was the indication for surgery. The result was very satisfactory. The differences of this undescribed syndrome from Morbus Ollier disease are discussed.", "PMID": 554843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2047", "title": "[Anomalies of the upper arm--tuberculosis cutis luposa of the hand].", "content": "An anomaly of the right pectoralis major muscle is reported. Two muscle bundles are demarcated from the pars abdominalis. Some fibres of these bundles radiate into the distal part of the normal insertion on the humerus; most fibres, however, insert into an accessory tendon which attaches to the medial humeral epicondyle. The medial intermuscular septum is fixed to this tendon. The septum is traversed by filaments of the triceps muscle. Fibres of the triceps muscle also surround the ulnar nerve and the ulnar collateral blood vessels before they pass through the medial part of the septum. These findings are discussed under functional aspects. Catamnestically a tuberculosis cutis luposa exists on the right hand. A patho-causal connection between the anomaly and the tuberculosis of the skin cannot be excluded, because this may arise easier in an area of disturbed blood supply.", "contents": "[Anomalies of the upper arm--tuberculosis cutis luposa of the hand]. An anomaly of the right pectoralis major muscle is reported. Two muscle bundles are demarcated from the pars abdominalis. Some fibres of these bundles radiate into the distal part of the normal insertion on the humerus; most fibres, however, insert into an accessory tendon which attaches to the medial humeral epicondyle. The medial intermuscular septum is fixed to this tendon. The septum is traversed by filaments of the triceps muscle. Fibres of the triceps muscle also surround the ulnar nerve and the ulnar collateral blood vessels before they pass through the medial part of the septum. These findings are discussed under functional aspects. Catamnestically a tuberculosis cutis luposa exists on the right hand. A patho-causal connection between the anomaly and the tuberculosis of the skin cannot be excluded, because this may arise easier in an area of disturbed blood supply.", "PMID": 554844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2048", "title": "The role of muscle reeducation in dynamic tendon transfer surgery of the hand.", "content": "Tendon transfers are used commonly to improve function following damage to major nerve trunks. For the transfer to function dynamically and in harmony with other active hand muscles, proper integration of the action of the transfer into the available hand movements is essential. This concept is discussed together with the rationale and methods of pre and postoperative training that contribute immensely to the success of such operative procedures.", "contents": "The role of muscle reeducation in dynamic tendon transfer surgery of the hand. Tendon transfers are used commonly to improve function following damage to major nerve trunks. For the transfer to function dynamically and in harmony with other active hand muscles, proper integration of the action of the transfer into the available hand movements is essential. This concept is discussed together with the rationale and methods of pre and postoperative training that contribute immensely to the success of such operative procedures.", "PMID": 554845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2049", "title": "[Behavior of the long extensor tendon of the thumb in experiments].", "content": "Experimental studies on the long extensor tendon of the thumb have shown that experimental rupture of the tendon occurs in the same region as in clinical cases. The application of a new plastic imprint method has demonstrated an area of smallest diameter in the tendon. This part is nearly identical with the usual site of the rupture, which can, therefore, be simulated in experiments.", "contents": "[Behavior of the long extensor tendon of the thumb in experiments]. Experimental studies on the long extensor tendon of the thumb have shown that experimental rupture of the tendon occurs in the same region as in clinical cases. The application of a new plastic imprint method has demonstrated an area of smallest diameter in the tendon. This part is nearly identical with the usual site of the rupture, which can, therefore, be simulated in experiments.", "PMID": 554846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2050", "title": "[Large cyst of the ulnar head and simultaneous lunatomalacia].", "content": "The correlations between symptoms at the distal end of the ulna and lunatomalacia are discussed by demonstration of a case with large subchondral bone cyst within the head of the ulna and simultaneous lunatomalacia. The possible common factors with regard to the etiology are discussed.", "contents": "[Large cyst of the ulnar head and simultaneous lunatomalacia]. The correlations between symptoms at the distal end of the ulna and lunatomalacia are discussed by demonstration of a case with large subchondral bone cyst within the head of the ulna and simultaneous lunatomalacia. The possible common factors with regard to the etiology are discussed.", "PMID": 554847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2051", "title": "[Results of the surgical treatment of bridge callus through silastic membrane interposition].", "content": "A report on 5 cases with successful treatment of a posttraumatic synostosis of radius and ulna by resection and interposition of a silastic-membrane is presented. This membrane has to ensheath one of the forearm bones for at least half of its circumference and it is fixed partially with Dexon sutures. During operation it is necessary to confirm this fixation of the membrane, which must be unchanged after rotation of the forearm. The range of movement reached 4 years after operation was about 120 degrees (100-130 degrees) on an average. A better result can only be expected by an osteotomy of the radius and correction of its position.", "contents": "[Results of the surgical treatment of bridge callus through silastic membrane interposition]. A report on 5 cases with successful treatment of a posttraumatic synostosis of radius and ulna by resection and interposition of a silastic-membrane is presented. This membrane has to ensheath one of the forearm bones for at least half of its circumference and it is fixed partially with Dexon sutures. During operation it is necessary to confirm this fixation of the membrane, which must be unchanged after rotation of the forearm. The range of movement reached 4 years after operation was about 120 degrees (100-130 degrees) on an average. A better result can only be expected by an osteotomy of the radius and correction of its position.", "PMID": 554848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2052", "title": "[Corrective osteotomy in malalignment of healed fractures of the metacarpal and phalangeal bones].", "content": "As a result of improper immobilization in extension following phalangeal and metacarpal fractures, rotation and deviation deformities can occur. The functional disturbance and aesthetic deformities can be corrected with an osteotomy through the proximal phalanx of the metacarpal. The technique and results of this correction osteotomy are described. Prevention of these malunions by proper positioning at the time of primary treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "[Corrective osteotomy in malalignment of healed fractures of the metacarpal and phalangeal bones]. As a result of improper immobilization in extension following phalangeal and metacarpal fractures, rotation and deviation deformities can occur. The functional disturbance and aesthetic deformities can be corrected with an osteotomy through the proximal phalanx of the metacarpal. The technique and results of this correction osteotomy are described. Prevention of these malunions by proper positioning at the time of primary treatment is emphasized.", "PMID": 554849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2053", "title": "[Treatment of the swan neck deformity].", "content": "The pathogenesis and the anatomic causes for the swan neck deformity are reviewed. Many different soft tissue operations can succeed in preventing catastrophic loss of function if the deformity is treated while still in stage 1 or 2. In the later stages (3 and 4) restoration of finger is often not possible as a result of joint stiffness and irreversible joint changes. In this case, arthroplasty and arthrodesis should be considered.", "contents": "[Treatment of the swan neck deformity]. The pathogenesis and the anatomic causes for the swan neck deformity are reviewed. Many different soft tissue operations can succeed in preventing catastrophic loss of function if the deformity is treated while still in stage 1 or 2. In the later stages (3 and 4) restoration of finger is often not possible as a result of joint stiffness and irreversible joint changes. In this case, arthroplasty and arthrodesis should be considered.", "PMID": 554850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2054", "title": "[A case report: pseudarthrosis of the os lunato-triquetrum?].", "content": "The reported case is in its development, diagnostic, course, and legal aspect so extraordinary, that an explicit report is justified. The patient complained of pain in his right wrist region some days following an unusual work with a drilling machine for eight days. The X-rays six months later showed an irregular joint space between the lunate and triquetrum bone, while on his left wrist a synostosis between these bones was found. These changes seemed to be suspicious for a pseudarthrosis of a congenital synostosis, but this diagnosis led to a six years' controversy in several legal procedures. The different interpretations (judgements) by the attending doctors, specialists, and judicial experts, show again the importance of an exact early documentation with sufficient primary X-rays, eventually with comparison of the other hand. During treatment, nothing should be left undone which could support or refute especially an unusual diagnosis.", "contents": "[A case report: pseudarthrosis of the os lunato-triquetrum?]. The reported case is in its development, diagnostic, course, and legal aspect so extraordinary, that an explicit report is justified. The patient complained of pain in his right wrist region some days following an unusual work with a drilling machine for eight days. The X-rays six months later showed an irregular joint space between the lunate and triquetrum bone, while on his left wrist a synostosis between these bones was found. These changes seemed to be suspicious for a pseudarthrosis of a congenital synostosis, but this diagnosis led to a six years' controversy in several legal procedures. The different interpretations (judgements) by the attending doctors, specialists, and judicial experts, show again the importance of an exact early documentation with sufficient primary X-rays, eventually with comparison of the other hand. During treatment, nothing should be left undone which could support or refute especially an unusual diagnosis.", "PMID": 554851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2055", "title": "[Total ulnar nerve paralysis in epiphysiolysis of the radius].", "content": "Closed epiphysiolysis of the distal radius was followed by a complete sensomotor paralysis of the ulnar nerve revealed on removing the cast. The cause of paralysis was entrapment of the nerve and flexor carpi ulnaris in the fracture. After release of the incarceration and microsurgical extraneural and intraneural neurolysis very good rehabilitation of nervous function resulted. To exclude nerve injury the importance of exact detailed examination of recently injured persons is re-emphasized.", "contents": "[Total ulnar nerve paralysis in epiphysiolysis of the radius]. Closed epiphysiolysis of the distal radius was followed by a complete sensomotor paralysis of the ulnar nerve revealed on removing the cast. The cause of paralysis was entrapment of the nerve and flexor carpi ulnaris in the fracture. After release of the incarceration and microsurgical extraneural and intraneural neurolysis very good rehabilitation of nervous function resulted. To exclude nerve injury the importance of exact detailed examination of recently injured persons is re-emphasized.", "PMID": 554853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2056", "title": "[Can pathological changes in the upper arm and axilla prevent a successful axillary plexus block? A case report].", "content": "Even if one can find in the literature many contra indications to nerve blocks, this case with a pseudarthrosis of the humerus and severe scars in the axilla shows that non-inflammatory pathologic-anatomical changes need not prevent a brachial plexus block. Prerequisites are the ability to palpate the axillary artery and a reliable technique.", "contents": "[Can pathological changes in the upper arm and axilla prevent a successful axillary plexus block? A case report]. Even if one can find in the literature many contra indications to nerve blocks, this case with a pseudarthrosis of the humerus and severe scars in the axilla shows that non-inflammatory pathologic-anatomical changes need not prevent a brachial plexus block. Prerequisites are the ability to palpate the axillary artery and a reliable technique.", "PMID": 554854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2057", "title": "[Case report of a giant cell tumor of the second metacarpal bone and implantation of a cement prosthesis].", "content": "Report on a 15 year old girl with a giant cell tumor of the second metacarpal bone. The resected bone was replaced by a special model made of Sulfix A in combination with a St. Georg-MP-joint endoprosthesis. The result was very satisfactory from the functional standpoint as well as from the aesthetic one.", "contents": "[Case report of a giant cell tumor of the second metacarpal bone and implantation of a cement prosthesis]. Report on a 15 year old girl with a giant cell tumor of the second metacarpal bone. The resected bone was replaced by a special model made of Sulfix A in combination with a St. Georg-MP-joint endoprosthesis. The result was very satisfactory from the functional standpoint as well as from the aesthetic one.", "PMID": 554855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2058", "title": "[Management of patients after pacemaker implanation (author's transl)].", "content": "Although pacemaker therapy is characterized by a high degree of reliability, follow-up of pacemaker patients is necessary to provide early detection of pacemaker failure and optimal setting of programable pacemakers as well as to render adequate treatment of underlying disease. The most common cause of pacemaker failure is battery depletion. In spite of the available data on the mean life-expectancy of the various batteries, the individual time of depletion cannot be predicted with accuracy. Furthermore, a defect in the electronic circuitry and/or electrode may still be rarely encountered even though technical standards are high and, occasionally, threshold elevation or lead dislocation may occur in spite of conscientious implantation technique. For patients with programable pacemakers, follow-up monitoring also enables adjustment for optimal pacemaker function. Thus, through lowering of the current or narrowing of the pulse width, the life of the battery can be prolonged or, on incrementation of these 2 parameters, an increasing threshold can be compensated for within certain limits. More important, however, is the possibility of inductive pacemaker rate changes through external programing to yield the most favorable pulse interval with respect to the underlying disease. Since, in addition to impairment of the cardiac conduction system, other disease processes are frequently presented--approximately one in three patients has coronary artery disease and almost half of the patients have congestive heart failure--follow-up visits not only serve the purpose of monitoring pacemaker function but also provide an opportunity to insure an optimal clinical condition of the patient. Accurate interpretation of pacemaker function prerequisites knowledge of the type of stimulation (fixed rate, synchronized, hysteresis, magnet rate, interference frequencies), of the battery (mercury-zinc, lihium, nickel-cadmium, isotope), of the programability (rate, current, pulse width) as well as the location of impulse capture and detection and through ascertainment of secured position of the lead and generator. While the pacemaker rate enables interpretation of the state of charge of the battery, evaluation of capture and tracing threshold permit assessment of the presence of a threshold elevation, lead dislocation, an electrode fracture or a defect in the electronic circuity. Stimulation of extracardiac muscle areas may be indicative of improper positioning and inadequate isolation of the generator, lead dislocation or lead perforation.", "contents": "[Management of patients after pacemaker implanation (author's transl)]. Although pacemaker therapy is characterized by a high degree of reliability, follow-up of pacemaker patients is necessary to provide early detection of pacemaker failure and optimal setting of programable pacemakers as well as to render adequate treatment of underlying disease. The most common cause of pacemaker failure is battery depletion. In spite of the available data on the mean life-expectancy of the various batteries, the individual time of depletion cannot be predicted with accuracy. Furthermore, a defect in the electronic circuitry and/or electrode may still be rarely encountered even though technical standards are high and, occasionally, threshold elevation or lead dislocation may occur in spite of conscientious implantation technique. For patients with programable pacemakers, follow-up monitoring also enables adjustment for optimal pacemaker function. Thus, through lowering of the current or narrowing of the pulse width, the life of the battery can be prolonged or, on incrementation of these 2 parameters, an increasing threshold can be compensated for within certain limits. More important, however, is the possibility of inductive pacemaker rate changes through external programing to yield the most favorable pulse interval with respect to the underlying disease. Since, in addition to impairment of the cardiac conduction system, other disease processes are frequently presented--approximately one in three patients has coronary artery disease and almost half of the patients have congestive heart failure--follow-up visits not only serve the purpose of monitoring pacemaker function but also provide an opportunity to insure an optimal clinical condition of the patient. Accurate interpretation of pacemaker function prerequisites knowledge of the type of stimulation (fixed rate, synchronized, hysteresis, magnet rate, interference frequencies), of the battery (mercury-zinc, lihium, nickel-cadmium, isotope), of the programability (rate, current, pulse width) as well as the location of impulse capture and detection and through ascertainment of secured position of the lead and generator. While the pacemaker rate enables interpretation of the state of charge of the battery, evaluation of capture and tracing threshold permit assessment of the presence of a threshold elevation, lead dislocation, an electrode fracture or a defect in the electronic circuity. Stimulation of extracardiac muscle areas may be indicative of improper positioning and inadequate isolation of the generator, lead dislocation or lead perforation.", "PMID": 554856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2059", "title": "[Incomplete lead fracture as a cause of bradyarrhythmia in patients with artificial pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "The fracture of a permanent cardiac pacing lead may be complete or incomplete. In the first case, the function of the pacemaker system will completely cease. An incomplete fracture, however, is defined as a capillary interruption of the wire and will lead to a loose connexion between both parts of the electrode. This, in turn, may result in sudden changes of the electrical resistance of the lead and, therefore, in alterations of the electrode voltage during the second part of the biphasic current wave delivered by the pacemaker; this voltage change--in the 10-mV-range--will inhibit a blocking demand pacemaker with an intermittent, irregular increase of the pacemaker escape interval as the corresponding ECG finding. Usually, this \"oversensing\" phenomenon can be eliminated by turning the pacemaker function to the fixed rate mode with a test magnet applied. -- Although this malfunction is more often seen with bipolar pacemaker systems and with epicardial wires, it may also occur in a unipolar, transvenous system. -- Among 2100 patients, we have seen this malfunction in 6 cases in whom other, even more rare causes--such as a defect of the electronic circuit of the pulse generator, muscle potentials, etc.--could be ruled out. The x-ray findings revealed no evidence of a lead fracture in any case. The diagnosis was established on the ECG, the examination of the surgically removed electrode in 2 cases, and the finding, that only the implantation of a new lead abolished the malfunction, whereas the implantation of a new pacemaker alone ws ineffective.", "contents": "[Incomplete lead fracture as a cause of bradyarrhythmia in patients with artificial pacemakers (author's transl)]. The fracture of a permanent cardiac pacing lead may be complete or incomplete. In the first case, the function of the pacemaker system will completely cease. An incomplete fracture, however, is defined as a capillary interruption of the wire and will lead to a loose connexion between both parts of the electrode. This, in turn, may result in sudden changes of the electrical resistance of the lead and, therefore, in alterations of the electrode voltage during the second part of the biphasic current wave delivered by the pacemaker; this voltage change--in the 10-mV-range--will inhibit a blocking demand pacemaker with an intermittent, irregular increase of the pacemaker escape interval as the corresponding ECG finding. Usually, this \"oversensing\" phenomenon can be eliminated by turning the pacemaker function to the fixed rate mode with a test magnet applied. -- Although this malfunction is more often seen with bipolar pacemaker systems and with epicardial wires, it may also occur in a unipolar, transvenous system. -- Among 2100 patients, we have seen this malfunction in 6 cases in whom other, even more rare causes--such as a defect of the electronic circuit of the pulse generator, muscle potentials, etc.--could be ruled out. The x-ray findings revealed no evidence of a lead fracture in any case. The diagnosis was established on the ECG, the examination of the surgically removed electrode in 2 cases, and the finding, that only the implantation of a new lead abolished the malfunction, whereas the implantation of a new pacemaker alone ws ineffective.", "PMID": 554857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2060", "title": "[External interference of cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "The pacemaker patient is faced with potential origins of interference to the pacemaker function in his daily life, at his working place and during medical-therapeutic interventions. Technical faults in the electronic circuit induced by external sources can be neglected. Malfunctions of synchronized cardiac pacemakers may occur in the presence of electrical signals similar to the intracardiac ECG (e.g. nerve stimulators) or by the influence of high energy electrical field (e.g. pulsed electromagnetic fields). Technical improvements like metalshielding of the unit, electronic filtering components and automatic conversion to fixed rate stimulation increase the reliability to a high degree.", "contents": "[External interference of cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)]. The pacemaker patient is faced with potential origins of interference to the pacemaker function in his daily life, at his working place and during medical-therapeutic interventions. Technical faults in the electronic circuit induced by external sources can be neglected. Malfunctions of synchronized cardiac pacemakers may occur in the presence of electrical signals similar to the intracardiac ECG (e.g. nerve stimulators) or by the influence of high energy electrical field (e.g. pulsed electromagnetic fields). Technical improvements like metalshielding of the unit, electronic filtering components and automatic conversion to fixed rate stimulation increase the reliability to a high degree.", "PMID": 554858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2061", "title": "[Pacemaker therapy in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Since April 1974 until January 1978 permanent pacemakers were implanted in 21 children. The patient age at the time of operation averaged 4.5 years; the youngest patient was 3 months old. Indications for pacemaker implantation were: congenital total a-v block (TAVB) (n = 4), sick syndrom (S-S-S) (n = 4), postoperative TAVB (n = 13). Cardiac failure was present in all patients despite optimal medical treatment. Pacemakers were implanted under general anesthesia and intubation. The stimulation electrodes were positioned by the transvenous route in 16 subjects and by direct fixation upon the ventricle and the atrium in 5 patients. 5 children obtained an atrial triggered, 14 patients R-inhibited demand pacemaker and 2 subjects an asynchronous pacemaker. After a mean observation time of 16.4 months mean pacemaker function is normal in 14 patients. 6 children died 1 to 33 months after implantation despite functioning pacemakers because of congestive heart failure. Pacemaker malfunction was observed in 4 patients. The type of malfunction induced: failure of the impulse generator (n = 2), dislodgement of the electrode (n = 2), threshold increase (n = 1). In 5 children generators were changed 9 to 36 months (m = 23 plus or minus 10) after implantation because of battery depletion. The use of the pacemakers in small children is connected with several specific problems: 1. Application of large generators is hazardous because of impending perforation and secondary infection. 2. Until now miniaturization of pacemakers decreases function time and therefore implies frequent surgical intervention. 3. Stretching and dislodgement of transvenous electrodes may occur due to growth of the child. 4. Threshold increase may limit the life-span of myocardial electrodes. 5. Physiological changes in natural frequency requires changes in stimulation rate. 6. To guarantee normal physical activity demand related adaptation of heart rate is necessary. Because of these reasons a pacemaker system for children should have the following criteria: low weight, small wolume, high energy capacity, atrial or programmable stimulation, a thin elastic perhaps coiled electrode.", "contents": "[Pacemaker therapy in infants (author's transl)]. Since April 1974 until January 1978 permanent pacemakers were implanted in 21 children. The patient age at the time of operation averaged 4.5 years; the youngest patient was 3 months old. Indications for pacemaker implantation were: congenital total a-v block (TAVB) (n = 4), sick syndrom (S-S-S) (n = 4), postoperative TAVB (n = 13). Cardiac failure was present in all patients despite optimal medical treatment. Pacemakers were implanted under general anesthesia and intubation. The stimulation electrodes were positioned by the transvenous route in 16 subjects and by direct fixation upon the ventricle and the atrium in 5 patients. 5 children obtained an atrial triggered, 14 patients R-inhibited demand pacemaker and 2 subjects an asynchronous pacemaker. After a mean observation time of 16.4 months mean pacemaker function is normal in 14 patients. 6 children died 1 to 33 months after implantation despite functioning pacemakers because of congestive heart failure. Pacemaker malfunction was observed in 4 patients. The type of malfunction induced: failure of the impulse generator (n = 2), dislodgement of the electrode (n = 2), threshold increase (n = 1). In 5 children generators were changed 9 to 36 months (m = 23 plus or minus 10) after implantation because of battery depletion. The use of the pacemakers in small children is connected with several specific problems: 1. Application of large generators is hazardous because of impending perforation and secondary infection. 2. Until now miniaturization of pacemakers decreases function time and therefore implies frequent surgical intervention. 3. Stretching and dislodgement of transvenous electrodes may occur due to growth of the child. 4. Threshold increase may limit the life-span of myocardial electrodes. 5. Physiological changes in natural frequency requires changes in stimulation rate. 6. To guarantee normal physical activity demand related adaptation of heart rate is necessary. Because of these reasons a pacemaker system for children should have the following criteria: low weight, small wolume, high energy capacity, atrial or programmable stimulation, a thin elastic perhaps coiled electrode.", "PMID": 554859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2062", "title": "[V.A.T.E.R. association and its limits].", "content": "Comparative investigation of 92 cases of V.A.T.E.R. syndrome (4 personal cases) and 62 cases of caudal regression (Duhamel syndrome) (2 personal cases) are performed. There is much analogy between these two entities. Initial impairment would be an early dysfunction of mesoderm setting up located on esophagus in V.A.T.E.R. syndrome and on kidneys in Duhamel syndrome. Etiopathogenic factors remain unknown. Genetic counseling is good. Detection of only one mesodermal malformation leads to inquire other unnoticed anomalies (kidneys, heart, spine, alimentary duct).", "contents": "[V.A.T.E.R. association and its limits]. Comparative investigation of 92 cases of V.A.T.E.R. syndrome (4 personal cases) and 62 cases of caudal regression (Duhamel syndrome) (2 personal cases) are performed. There is much analogy between these two entities. Initial impairment would be an early dysfunction of mesoderm setting up located on esophagus in V.A.T.E.R. syndrome and on kidneys in Duhamel syndrome. Etiopathogenic factors remain unknown. Genetic counseling is good. Detection of only one mesodermal malformation leads to inquire other unnoticed anomalies (kidneys, heart, spine, alimentary duct).", "PMID": 554862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2063", "title": "Hereditary factors in stammering.", "content": "A pedigree from Hazaribagh District of Bihar (india) with 12 stammerers spread over five generations was analysed for the mode of inheritance of stuttering. A predisposition seems to be a prerequisite for its occurrence. The relative roles of heredity an environment in the expression of stammering were evaluated. Transmission appears to be by a dominant autosomal. Variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance as well as partial sex-limitation as other causes have also been considered.", "contents": "Hereditary factors in stammering. A pedigree from Hazaribagh District of Bihar (india) with 12 stammerers spread over five generations was analysed for the mode of inheritance of stuttering. A predisposition seems to be a prerequisite for its occurrence. The relative roles of heredity an environment in the expression of stammering were evaluated. Transmission appears to be by a dominant autosomal. Variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance as well as partial sex-limitation as other causes have also been considered.", "PMID": 554863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2064", "title": "[Septo-optic dysplasia: clinical study and elements of genetic counseling].", "content": "The authors report two cases of optic hypoplasia associated with neurological abnormalities and discuss the anatomical, pathophysiological and genetic aspects of the \"Septo-Optic Dysplasia\". This syndrome is not a homogeneous condition. Available data suggest that the septo-optic dysplasia occurs as a consequence of an embryofoetopathy and not of a genetically determined failure of development. The genetic counselling is described.", "contents": "[Septo-optic dysplasia: clinical study and elements of genetic counseling]. The authors report two cases of optic hypoplasia associated with neurological abnormalities and discuss the anatomical, pathophysiological and genetic aspects of the \"Septo-Optic Dysplasia\". This syndrome is not a homogeneous condition. Available data suggest that the septo-optic dysplasia occurs as a consequence of an embryofoetopathy and not of a genetically determined failure of development. The genetic counselling is described.", "PMID": 554864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2065", "title": "[Society of Nephrology, Computer Technology Commission. Dialysis computer program. VI. - Survival and risk factors].", "content": "The sixth report of the \"Diaphane Dialyse Informatique\" Program concerns 2,518 adult patients (age 15 and over) treated by chronic hemodialysis or hemofiltration in 33 French dialysis centres between June 1972 and December 1978. 1) The number of centers participating to the program is progressively increasing. Overall duration of follow-up represents 4,192 patient-years, allowing precise evolutive studies of terminal renal failure treated by hemodialysis. 2) Mean age at start of treatment continues to increase. Among 709 patients who started treatment in 1977-1978, 8,8 p. 100 of men and 11 p. 100 of women were over 69 years old. 3) Patients with diabetic nephropathy represent 4,4 p. 100 of all patients dialyzed between 1972 and 1978 and 5,9 p. 100 of the patients starting treatment in 1977-1978. 4) The percentage of patients temporarily treated by peritoneal dialysis before hemodialysis decreases from 32,9 p. 100 in 1973-1974 to 15,9 p. 100 in 1977-1978. 5) In 1978, 65,3 p. 100 of patients are dialyzed 3 times a week with a mean weekly duration of 14,0 h for male and 12,9 for female. 73 p. 100 of the patients are dialyzed during the night. 6) Disposable parallel plate hemodialyzers (71,8 per cent of dialysis sessions in 1978) and hollow fiber hemodialyzers (11,6 per cent) progressively replace disposable coil dialyzers and non disposable Kiil dialyzers. 7) Transient hypotensive episodes during dialysis sessions remain the most frequent complications (21,7 per cent of sessions in 1978). Transient hypotensive episodes are more frequently observed with coils than with parallel plate hemodialyzers or with hollow fiber dialyzers. 8) Mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) +/- SD is 101,9 +/- 21,7 mmHg at start of dialysis and 81,4 +/- 11,8 mmHg when dialysed. During the course of treatment 28,7 per cent of the patients receive long term antihypertensive treatment. In spite of dialysis and antihypertensive treatments 11 per cent of all patients followed up maintain DBP greater than or equal to 95 mmHg. 9) Viral hepatitis remain the most prominent infectious problem with 30 per cent of patients being chronic Hbs antigen carriers. 10) Annual death rate calculated in the 2,518 patients dialyzed between 1972 and 1978 (78/1000) is 12 times superior to the death rate of the French population, adjusted for sex and age to the dialysis population. 43,1 per cent of deaths are of cardiovascular origin. Risk factors for overall mortality are age, sex (male), existence of a vascular or diabetic nephropathy, twice weekly dialysis strategy, elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure during the course of dialysis treatment, hypocholesterolemia and to a lesser extent hypotriglyceridemia. On the contrary, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia do not appear as risk factors for overall mortality or cardiovascular mortality. These results plead for a perfect control of hypertension and to the extension of thrice weekly dialysis for the whole population of patients treated by maintenance hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Society of Nephrology, Computer Technology Commission. Dialysis computer program. VI. - Survival and risk factors]. The sixth report of the \"Diaphane Dialyse Informatique\" Program concerns 2,518 adult patients (age 15 and over) treated by chronic hemodialysis or hemofiltration in 33 French dialysis centres between June 1972 and December 1978. 1) The number of centers participating to the program is progressively increasing. Overall duration of follow-up represents 4,192 patient-years, allowing precise evolutive studies of terminal renal failure treated by hemodialysis. 2) Mean age at start of treatment continues to increase. Among 709 patients who started treatment in 1977-1978, 8,8 p. 100 of men and 11 p. 100 of women were over 69 years old. 3) Patients with diabetic nephropathy represent 4,4 p. 100 of all patients dialyzed between 1972 and 1978 and 5,9 p. 100 of the patients starting treatment in 1977-1978. 4) The percentage of patients temporarily treated by peritoneal dialysis before hemodialysis decreases from 32,9 p. 100 in 1973-1974 to 15,9 p. 100 in 1977-1978. 5) In 1978, 65,3 p. 100 of patients are dialyzed 3 times a week with a mean weekly duration of 14,0 h for male and 12,9 for female. 73 p. 100 of the patients are dialyzed during the night. 6) Disposable parallel plate hemodialyzers (71,8 per cent of dialysis sessions in 1978) and hollow fiber hemodialyzers (11,6 per cent) progressively replace disposable coil dialyzers and non disposable Kiil dialyzers. 7) Transient hypotensive episodes during dialysis sessions remain the most frequent complications (21,7 per cent of sessions in 1978). Transient hypotensive episodes are more frequently observed with coils than with parallel plate hemodialyzers or with hollow fiber dialyzers. 8) Mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) +/- SD is 101,9 +/- 21,7 mmHg at start of dialysis and 81,4 +/- 11,8 mmHg when dialysed. During the course of treatment 28,7 per cent of the patients receive long term antihypertensive treatment. In spite of dialysis and antihypertensive treatments 11 per cent of all patients followed up maintain DBP greater than or equal to 95 mmHg. 9) Viral hepatitis remain the most prominent infectious problem with 30 per cent of patients being chronic Hbs antigen carriers. 10) Annual death rate calculated in the 2,518 patients dialyzed between 1972 and 1978 (78/1000) is 12 times superior to the death rate of the French population, adjusted for sex and age to the dialysis population. 43,1 per cent of deaths are of cardiovascular origin. Risk factors for overall mortality are age, sex (male), existence of a vascular or diabetic nephropathy, twice weekly dialysis strategy, elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure during the course of dialysis treatment, hypocholesterolemia and to a lesser extent hypotriglyceridemia. On the contrary, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia do not appear as risk factors for overall mortality or cardiovascular mortality. These results plead for a perfect control of hypertension and to the extension of thrice weekly dialysis for the whole population of patients treated by maintenance hemodialysis.", "PMID": 554877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2066", "title": "[Use of the DIAPHANE information system for the monitoring of patients treated by home hemodialysis].", "content": "Data of the DIAPHANE Dialyse-Informatique system of the Society of Nephrology have been collected by patients just on a home dialysis program after training in the hemodialysis Unit of the Hospital of Montreuil. 35 patients have been using the computerized records since January 1978. A critical analysis of the first year has been made and results obtained have been compared with those obtained during the same period in patients dialysed in the Hospital. Results show that home dialysis patients are well able to fill in the computerized medical record concerning the dialysis session follow-up, and that the quality of the recorded information is similar to that recorded in hospital by nurses. Nevertheless few simplifications of home dialysis data sheet are considered. Computerized treatment of data collected on home dialysis program should allow useful comparisons required to improve the quality of care and expansion of this dialysis method.", "contents": "[Use of the DIAPHANE information system for the monitoring of patients treated by home hemodialysis]. Data of the DIAPHANE Dialyse-Informatique system of the Society of Nephrology have been collected by patients just on a home dialysis program after training in the hemodialysis Unit of the Hospital of Montreuil. 35 patients have been using the computerized records since January 1978. A critical analysis of the first year has been made and results obtained have been compared with those obtained during the same period in patients dialysed in the Hospital. Results show that home dialysis patients are well able to fill in the computerized medical record concerning the dialysis session follow-up, and that the quality of the recorded information is similar to that recorded in hospital by nurses. Nevertheless few simplifications of home dialysis data sheet are considered. Computerized treatment of data collected on home dialysis program should allow useful comparisons required to improve the quality of care and expansion of this dialysis method.", "PMID": 554878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2067", "title": "Influence of anthocyanoside treatment on the cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in the rabbit.", "content": "We have studied the effect of treatment with anthocyanosides from Vaccinium myrtillis on cholesterol-induced atheroma of rabbits. We have found that the drug did not modify the serum cholesterol levels, but decreased the proliferation of the intima the extracellular matrix production the calcium and lipid deposition in the aorta, and the DNA and lipid contents. The alterations in the biochemical composition of the isolated brain microvessels were also diminished. The following mechanism may explain the protective action of the treatment: the collagen of the vessel walls participates in the control of vascular permeability. This permeability is increased by a cholesterol-rich diet. The protective drug interacts with collagen, increasing its cross-links, thus diminishing the permeability in small, as well as in large blood vessels.", "contents": "Influence of anthocyanoside treatment on the cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in the rabbit. We have studied the effect of treatment with anthocyanosides from Vaccinium myrtillis on cholesterol-induced atheroma of rabbits. We have found that the drug did not modify the serum cholesterol levels, but decreased the proliferation of the intima the extracellular matrix production the calcium and lipid deposition in the aorta, and the DNA and lipid contents. The alterations in the biochemical composition of the isolated brain microvessels were also diminished. The following mechanism may explain the protective action of the treatment: the collagen of the vessel walls participates in the control of vascular permeability. This permeability is increased by a cholesterol-rich diet. The protective drug interacts with collagen, increasing its cross-links, thus diminishing the permeability in small, as well as in large blood vessels.", "PMID": 554974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2068", "title": "Comparative effects of metformin and phenformin on the progression and regression of cholesterol induced athreosclerosis in rabbits.", "content": "This work was undertaken to determine the comparative effects of metformin and phenformin on the development and the regression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits: 1. Both compounds reduced very significantly the elevated lipid content of plasma induced by a high cholesterol diet, they limited and sometimes suppressed the appearance of lipid deposits in the liver. Only metformin prevented the development of aortic and coronary lesions. 2. In rabbits fed a cholesterol enriched diet for a period of 2 months, followed by a normal diet during 12 months, both compounds accelerated the sponanteous regression of hyperlipidemia and of the excess lipids in the liver, observed in the corresponding controls. Only metformin promoted a marked elimination of arterial lipids and displayed a protective action against coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Comparative effects of metformin and phenformin on the progression and regression of cholesterol induced athreosclerosis in rabbits. This work was undertaken to determine the comparative effects of metformin and phenformin on the development and the regression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits: 1. Both compounds reduced very significantly the elevated lipid content of plasma induced by a high cholesterol diet, they limited and sometimes suppressed the appearance of lipid deposits in the liver. Only metformin prevented the development of aortic and coronary lesions. 2. In rabbits fed a cholesterol enriched diet for a period of 2 months, followed by a normal diet during 12 months, both compounds accelerated the sponanteous regression of hyperlipidemia and of the excess lipids in the liver, observed in the corresponding controls. Only metformin promoted a marked elimination of arterial lipids and displayed a protective action against coronary atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 554975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2069", "title": "Cholesterol ester degradation by transacylation with lysolecithin and hydrolysis in the arterial wall.", "content": "Transacylation with lysolecithin of cholesterol oleate > linolenate > linoleate > palmitate > stearate, along with different hydrolysis of these esters, and acyl transfer from lecithin on cholesterol in appropriate two-substrate reactions mixtures with enzyme extract from pig aorta and cofactors, have been demonstrated. The results are discussed according to the acylenzyme theory of substrate decomposition and in relation to the metabolism of lipids in the arterial wall.", "contents": "Cholesterol ester degradation by transacylation with lysolecithin and hydrolysis in the arterial wall. Transacylation with lysolecithin of cholesterol oleate > linolenate > linoleate > palmitate > stearate, along with different hydrolysis of these esters, and acyl transfer from lecithin on cholesterol in appropriate two-substrate reactions mixtures with enzyme extract from pig aorta and cofactors, have been demonstrated. The results are discussed according to the acylenzyme theory of substrate decomposition and in relation to the metabolism of lipids in the arterial wall.", "PMID": 554976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2070", "title": "Morphological and biochemical changes in propylthiouracil-diet induced coronary atherosclerosis under a regression regimen.", "content": "Many of the morphologic and biochemical features of porcine coronary atherosclerosis produced by high cholesterol, high fat diet and propoylthiouracil returned to control values after cessation of the atherogenic regimen. These include disappearance of foam cells and a decrease in lipid content, DNA concentration, and DNA and protein synthesis. The morpholigic and biochemical features of te atherosclerotic lesions described herein were similar to those produced in swine and other species by a variety of inciting agents during both the progression and regression phase of the disease. These results indicate that the porcine propylthiouracil-diet model may be useful for the study of coronary lesions. Second, the similarities of response of arterial tissue in several experimental animals suggest the possibility that human coronary lesions by analogy may regress under therapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical changes in propylthiouracil-diet induced coronary atherosclerosis under a regression regimen. Many of the morphologic and biochemical features of porcine coronary atherosclerosis produced by high cholesterol, high fat diet and propoylthiouracil returned to control values after cessation of the atherogenic regimen. These include disappearance of foam cells and a decrease in lipid content, DNA concentration, and DNA and protein synthesis. The morpholigic and biochemical features of te atherosclerotic lesions described herein were similar to those produced in swine and other species by a variety of inciting agents during both the progression and regression phase of the disease. These results indicate that the porcine propylthiouracil-diet model may be useful for the study of coronary lesions. Second, the similarities of response of arterial tissue in several experimental animals suggest the possibility that human coronary lesions by analogy may regress under therapeutic regimens.", "PMID": 554977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2071", "title": "[Main parasitological problems of Italian fish farms].", "content": "The speaker commented on the chief problems of parasitology found in Italian fresh water fish farms (troutfarming) and warm water pond farms (eel-, catfish-, cyprinids-, lagoo-fishfarmings). He discussed the most common fish losses connected in Italy with the diseases due to protozoans, worms, and crustaceans. The not yet solved and serious uncertainities which need priority in the research are, according to the speaker, the control of the amebiasis of hatchery rainbow trout, the incysted icthyophtiriasis of various fresh water fishes, the rainbow trout myxosomiasis (Whirling disease), and the argulosis of eel reared in brackish water lagoons. He concluded by emphasizing the need of a larger interest by Italian scientists on parasitic diseases of farmed fish. Without knowing and controlling them, it will be hard to program viable acquaculture industries.", "contents": "[Main parasitological problems of Italian fish farms]. The speaker commented on the chief problems of parasitology found in Italian fresh water fish farms (troutfarming) and warm water pond farms (eel-, catfish-, cyprinids-, lagoo-fishfarmings). He discussed the most common fish losses connected in Italy with the diseases due to protozoans, worms, and crustaceans. The not yet solved and serious uncertainities which need priority in the research are, according to the speaker, the control of the amebiasis of hatchery rainbow trout, the incysted icthyophtiriasis of various fresh water fishes, the rainbow trout myxosomiasis (Whirling disease), and the argulosis of eel reared in brackish water lagoons. He concluded by emphasizing the need of a larger interest by Italian scientists on parasitic diseases of farmed fish. Without knowing and controlling them, it will be hard to program viable acquaculture industries.", "PMID": 554979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2072", "title": "[Relation between blood serum levels of various micro- and macroelements in cattle kept under different living conditions].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the content of micro and macroelements in the fodder and cattle blood serums. Haematocrit and haemoglobulin were estimated in full blood. The results underwent statistical analysis and arithmetical means, standard deviation, essential differences and correlations were calculated among the studied features. There was a low content of calcium and magnesium in the fodder. Decreased levels of copper and magnesium were found in the blood serum. Depending on the keeping of cattle and season of the year essential differences and correlations were noted among the studied features.", "contents": "[Relation between blood serum levels of various micro- and macroelements in cattle kept under different living conditions]. Studies were carried out on the content of micro and macroelements in the fodder and cattle blood serums. Haematocrit and haemoglobulin were estimated in full blood. The results underwent statistical analysis and arithmetical means, standard deviation, essential differences and correlations were calculated among the studied features. There was a low content of calcium and magnesium in the fodder. Decreased levels of copper and magnesium were found in the blood serum. Depending on the keeping of cattle and season of the year essential differences and correlations were noted among the studied features.", "PMID": 554981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2073", "title": "[Relation between ATP and the sum of ATP + ADP levels in rat muscle and liver and NH4Cl levels in fodder].", "content": "The experiment was carried out on 85 female breed Wistar rats divided into five groups. All groups of animals except 1 got NH4Cl in the feed in increasing amounts: 2-nd group 1%, 3-rd 2%, 4-th 4% and 5-th group 8%. After two weeks the animals were killed and then the slides of muscles and liver were taken. The levels of ATP, ADP and sum of ATP and ADP in the tissues were marked. In both tissues it was shown that there was an increase of ATP level in the case of higher level of NH4Cl up to 2% and a decrease in cases of lower concentration. Probably the decrease was caused by augmented hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, which is confirmed by the increase of ADP level. We could suppose, that small amounts of NH4Cl (1--2%) accelerate the synthesis of ATP in muscles and liver. The disposal of ADP levels by augmented concentration NH4Cl in fodder is different in both tissues. In the case of muscles there was a decrease of their level to 3-rd group (2% NH4Cl) and an increase to 5-th group. We could presume that further rise of level depends on the penetration of ADP from mitochondria to cytoplasma. The disposal of ADP level in liver is similar to the disposal of ATP. We can see a rise to 3-rd group and a fall to 4-th group. This decrease probably is connected with the production of phosphocreatine needed as a source of energy for the work of muscles.", "contents": "[Relation between ATP and the sum of ATP + ADP levels in rat muscle and liver and NH4Cl levels in fodder]. The experiment was carried out on 85 female breed Wistar rats divided into five groups. All groups of animals except 1 got NH4Cl in the feed in increasing amounts: 2-nd group 1%, 3-rd 2%, 4-th 4% and 5-th group 8%. After two weeks the animals were killed and then the slides of muscles and liver were taken. The levels of ATP, ADP and sum of ATP and ADP in the tissues were marked. In both tissues it was shown that there was an increase of ATP level in the case of higher level of NH4Cl up to 2% and a decrease in cases of lower concentration. Probably the decrease was caused by augmented hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, which is confirmed by the increase of ADP level. We could suppose, that small amounts of NH4Cl (1--2%) accelerate the synthesis of ATP in muscles and liver. The disposal of ADP levels by augmented concentration NH4Cl in fodder is different in both tissues. In the case of muscles there was a decrease of their level to 3-rd group (2% NH4Cl) and an increase to 5-th group. We could presume that further rise of level depends on the penetration of ADP from mitochondria to cytoplasma. The disposal of ADP level in liver is similar to the disposal of ATP. We can see a rise to 3-rd group and a fall to 4-th group. This decrease probably is connected with the production of phosphocreatine needed as a source of energy for the work of muscles.", "PMID": 554982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2074", "title": "[Structure and topography of the nucleus intermediomedialis in the equine spinal cord].", "content": "In this paper, structure and position of the centers of the parasympathetic nervous system in the horse spinal cord were presented. Studies were carried out on 2 horse spinal cordis. After sampling, the material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin and cut into 15 micron thick sections. The sections were stained according to Nissl's method. Every third section was studied. Nucleus intermediomedialis in the horse spinal cord is an intermittent tract of nervous cells passing from the I cervical neuromere to the V sacral segment. The cells of this nucleus form round, horizontally--oval concentrations on the transversal sections or its cells are situated loosely in the pars intermedia of the spinal cord grey substance in a small distance from the central canal. Nucleus intermediomedialis is constructed of round, oval, spindle-shaped, small cells of average size along its whole length. This nucleus is best developed in the sacral segment, a little weaker in the cervical and lumbar parts and the weakest in the thoracic part of the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Structure and topography of the nucleus intermediomedialis in the equine spinal cord]. In this paper, structure and position of the centers of the parasympathetic nervous system in the horse spinal cord were presented. Studies were carried out on 2 horse spinal cordis. After sampling, the material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin and cut into 15 micron thick sections. The sections were stained according to Nissl's method. Every third section was studied. Nucleus intermediomedialis in the horse spinal cord is an intermittent tract of nervous cells passing from the I cervical neuromere to the V sacral segment. The cells of this nucleus form round, horizontally--oval concentrations on the transversal sections or its cells are situated loosely in the pars intermedia of the spinal cord grey substance in a small distance from the central canal. Nucleus intermediomedialis is constructed of round, oval, spindle-shaped, small cells of average size along its whole length. This nucleus is best developed in the sacral segment, a little weaker in the cervical and lumbar parts and the weakest in the thoracic part of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 554983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2075", "title": "[Antigenic and allergenic properties of various atypical Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium avium. II. Skin reactions to homologous and heterologous PPD preparations in artificially sensitized guinea pigs].", "content": "Albino guinea-pigs were artificially sensitized to M. kansasi, scotochromogenic bacilli of Nicolas strain, M. fortuitum and M. avium and after 4 to 10 weeks 4,20 and 100 homological and heterologous units of PPD preparations were injected intradermally. It was shown that the studied bacilli had sensitizing properties too and PPD preparations obtained from them differ in biological activity and specificity. Sensitine made from M. kansasi was characterized by the greatest sensitizing strength. Bacilli of Nicolas strain had weak sensitizing properties and sensitine obtained from them was fairly active but poorly specific. A certain correlation was found between the degree of antigen relationship of bacilli determined with the help of the immunoelectrophoresis reaction and the intensity of cross allergic reactions occurring in sensitized animals. No connection was found, however, between the bacilli sensitizing capability and activity of PPD preparations obtained from them.", "contents": "[Antigenic and allergenic properties of various atypical Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium avium. II. Skin reactions to homologous and heterologous PPD preparations in artificially sensitized guinea pigs]. Albino guinea-pigs were artificially sensitized to M. kansasi, scotochromogenic bacilli of Nicolas strain, M. fortuitum and M. avium and after 4 to 10 weeks 4,20 and 100 homological and heterologous units of PPD preparations were injected intradermally. It was shown that the studied bacilli had sensitizing properties too and PPD preparations obtained from them differ in biological activity and specificity. Sensitine made from M. kansasi was characterized by the greatest sensitizing strength. Bacilli of Nicolas strain had weak sensitizing properties and sensitine obtained from them was fairly active but poorly specific. A certain correlation was found between the degree of antigen relationship of bacilli determined with the help of the immunoelectrophoresis reaction and the intensity of cross allergic reactions occurring in sensitized animals. No connection was found, however, between the bacilli sensitizing capability and activity of PPD preparations obtained from them.", "PMID": 554984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2076", "title": "[Bovine tuberculosis control in L\u00f3d\u017a Province and its results].", "content": "In the years 1964--1969 the L\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship has been involved in the fight against the cattle tuberculosis in result of which all socialized farms have been liberated from this disease. Also, a percentage of cattle specific tuberculin reactions in individual farms has been diminished to 0.20% and the cases of tuberculosis after slaughter to 0.83%. The action had also some influence on the increase of the cattle stock. The loss has been diminished because of the sequesters of internal organs and the loss of the meat value of the animals submitted to slaughter. The fight against the tuberculosis had also an influence on the diminution of the number of the pigs and sheep infected with this disease. The course of the fight against the cattle tuberculosis conducted on the territory of the L\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship was dependent in some degree on its geographical place. In the administrative districts adjacent to the areas on which a great percentage of the tuberculosis was stated the course of the liquidation of this disease was slower than on the remaining terrains. Also, the action ran slower in the regions characterized by the majority of the ploughland in relation to the meadows and pastures and there where an intensive cow-shed rearing was carried out. The L\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship rivers, being many a time sewer ditches, did not cause the increase of the cattle morbidity. It was stated, that in the administrative districts, where the average of the animals condensation was small, the percentage of the infections with the tuberculosis at the beginning of the fighting against it was also low, however at a greater condensation of cow-shed rooms the number of infected head increased respectively. A considerable expansion of tuberculosis over the hens and also a frequent amounting to about 71% use of the cow-sheds as common rooms for the cattle, pigs and poultry caused the occurrence of cattle unspecific tuberculin reactions and led to the infections of the pigs with this disease.", "contents": "[Bovine tuberculosis control in L\u00f3d\u017a Province and its results]. In the years 1964--1969 the L\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship has been involved in the fight against the cattle tuberculosis in result of which all socialized farms have been liberated from this disease. Also, a percentage of cattle specific tuberculin reactions in individual farms has been diminished to 0.20% and the cases of tuberculosis after slaughter to 0.83%. The action had also some influence on the increase of the cattle stock. The loss has been diminished because of the sequesters of internal organs and the loss of the meat value of the animals submitted to slaughter. The fight against the tuberculosis had also an influence on the diminution of the number of the pigs and sheep infected with this disease. The course of the fight against the cattle tuberculosis conducted on the territory of the L\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship was dependent in some degree on its geographical place. In the administrative districts adjacent to the areas on which a great percentage of the tuberculosis was stated the course of the liquidation of this disease was slower than on the remaining terrains. Also, the action ran slower in the regions characterized by the majority of the ploughland in relation to the meadows and pastures and there where an intensive cow-shed rearing was carried out. The L\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship rivers, being many a time sewer ditches, did not cause the increase of the cattle morbidity. It was stated, that in the administrative districts, where the average of the animals condensation was small, the percentage of the infections with the tuberculosis at the beginning of the fighting against it was also low, however at a greater condensation of cow-shed rooms the number of infected head increased respectively. A considerable expansion of tuberculosis over the hens and also a frequent amounting to about 71% use of the cow-sheds as common rooms for the cattle, pigs and poultry caused the occurrence of cattle unspecific tuberculin reactions and led to the infections of the pigs with this disease.", "PMID": 554985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2077", "title": "[Histoenzymatic reactions in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen and hepatocytes in acute Morfamquat dichloride poisoning].", "content": "Histoenzymatic changes in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system of liver and spleen and in hepatocytes were studied in the course of acute poisoning with Morfamquat dichloride, without and under the screen of vitamin E (to mice tissue restrictive respiration compound). This herbicide was given to mice in single, intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg b.w. The choice of the enzymes was based on the so-called markers of the lysosomes structures of a cell (acid phosphatase-APh-EC. 3.1.3.2. and beta-glucuronidase-beta-GU-EC. 3.2.1.31) and Golgi apparatus (thiamin pyrophosphatase-TPP-EC. 3.5.99.2) It was stated that Morfamquat dichloride caused clear stimulation in the reticuloendothelial system of the organism, with occurrence of the high activity of APh and beta-GU in the lysosome and phagolysosome structures, growth of the lysosome membranes permeability and passing their content to cytoplasm. Furthermore, the increased activity of TPP-ase in Golgi apparatus hepatocytes of animals liver may point to disturbances of the pirogroniam decarboxylation and also to disturbances of the pentose-phosphate cycle. The application of vitamin E to mice for 5 days before the poisoning, protects animals distinctly against the toxic activity of the herbicide.", "contents": "[Histoenzymatic reactions in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen and hepatocytes in acute Morfamquat dichloride poisoning]. Histoenzymatic changes in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system of liver and spleen and in hepatocytes were studied in the course of acute poisoning with Morfamquat dichloride, without and under the screen of vitamin E (to mice tissue restrictive respiration compound). This herbicide was given to mice in single, intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg b.w. The choice of the enzymes was based on the so-called markers of the lysosomes structures of a cell (acid phosphatase-APh-EC. 3.1.3.2. and beta-glucuronidase-beta-GU-EC. 3.2.1.31) and Golgi apparatus (thiamin pyrophosphatase-TPP-EC. 3.5.99.2) It was stated that Morfamquat dichloride caused clear stimulation in the reticuloendothelial system of the organism, with occurrence of the high activity of APh and beta-GU in the lysosome and phagolysosome structures, growth of the lysosome membranes permeability and passing their content to cytoplasm. Furthermore, the increased activity of TPP-ase in Golgi apparatus hepatocytes of animals liver may point to disturbances of the pirogroniam decarboxylation and also to disturbances of the pentose-phosphate cycle. The application of vitamin E to mice for 5 days before the poisoning, protects animals distinctly against the toxic activity of the herbicide.", "PMID": 554986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2078", "title": "[Effect of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IDU) on Newcastle disease virus replication in cell cultures].", "content": "In chick embryo fibroblasts and in mouse fibroblasts of established L line, grown in the presence of IDU, the multiplication of Newcastle Disease virus was better and the CPE more distinct than in control cell cultures. In calf kidney cells only the CPE was enhanced. The most pronounced influence of IDU on virus multiplication was found after adding the analogue in maximum tolerated dose to the medium at the moment of cell culture preparation. The growth curve of virus in chick embryo fibroblasts grown in the presence of IDU shows the most distinct influence of this analogue with regard to LaSota strain. Already two days after inoculation with a smaller dose the titer was 2 log higher than in control cultures and the maximum difference of 3 log was found on the 5th day. In reference to Roakin strain the influence of IDU was weaker--maximum difference of 1,2 log on the fifth day after inoculation. Also the difference between the titers of virus in L cells grown in the presence of IDU and in the control ones, inoculated with LaSota strain was greater (about 1,5 lg during 2-8 days) than in the case of Roakin strain. In chick embryos treated with IDU intraallantoically at 24 and 48 hours before the inoculation with LaSota strain (only this was used) the enhancement of virus multiplication was much poorer than in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Effect of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IDU) on Newcastle disease virus replication in cell cultures]. In chick embryo fibroblasts and in mouse fibroblasts of established L line, grown in the presence of IDU, the multiplication of Newcastle Disease virus was better and the CPE more distinct than in control cell cultures. In calf kidney cells only the CPE was enhanced. The most pronounced influence of IDU on virus multiplication was found after adding the analogue in maximum tolerated dose to the medium at the moment of cell culture preparation. The growth curve of virus in chick embryo fibroblasts grown in the presence of IDU shows the most distinct influence of this analogue with regard to LaSota strain. Already two days after inoculation with a smaller dose the titer was 2 log higher than in control cultures and the maximum difference of 3 log was found on the 5th day. In reference to Roakin strain the influence of IDU was weaker--maximum difference of 1,2 log on the fifth day after inoculation. Also the difference between the titers of virus in L cells grown in the presence of IDU and in the control ones, inoculated with LaSota strain was greater (about 1,5 lg during 2-8 days) than in the case of Roakin strain. In chick embryos treated with IDU intraallantoically at 24 and 48 hours before the inoculation with LaSota strain (only this was used) the enhancement of virus multiplication was much poorer than in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "PMID": 554987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2079", "title": "[Antigenic and allergenic properties of various atypical Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium avium. I. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of antigens in water extracts].", "content": "4 strains of acid-resistant bacilli were examined: M. kansasi, scotochromogenic bacilli of Nicolas strain, M. fortuitum and M. avium D4. Water extracts prepared from these strains according to Whiteside and Baker method were used as antigens in the immunoelectrophoresis reaction and were also used to obtain specific serums on rabbits which were hyperimmunized according to Tuboly's method. In the immunoelectrophoresis reaction water extracts were examined against nonsaturated serums, as well as cross-saturated extracts of the investigated bacilli. It was found that M. kansasi and M. avium possessed 9 antigen components each and bacilli of scotochromogenic strain Nicolas and M. fortuitum 5 each. The degree of antigen relationship between the examined bacilli was expressed with 1-4 common antigen components.", "contents": "[Antigenic and allergenic properties of various atypical Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium avium. I. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of antigens in water extracts]. 4 strains of acid-resistant bacilli were examined: M. kansasi, scotochromogenic bacilli of Nicolas strain, M. fortuitum and M. avium D4. Water extracts prepared from these strains according to Whiteside and Baker method were used as antigens in the immunoelectrophoresis reaction and were also used to obtain specific serums on rabbits which were hyperimmunized according to Tuboly's method. In the immunoelectrophoresis reaction water extracts were examined against nonsaturated serums, as well as cross-saturated extracts of the investigated bacilli. It was found that M. kansasi and M. avium possessed 9 antigen components each and bacilli of scotochromogenic strain Nicolas and M. fortuitum 5 each. The degree of antigen relationship between the examined bacilli was expressed with 1-4 common antigen components.", "PMID": 554988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2080", "title": "[Sulfobromophthalein kinetics in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. studied sulfobromophthalein kinetics in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis by compartmental analysis and by mathematical resolution of disappearance plasmatic curve of BSF. The comparison between the two methods gave some interesting clues for understanding BSF metabolism in alcoholic cirrhosis. From obtained data it seems that BSF clearance in these patients, besides on hepatic uptake, like normal subjects, largerly depends on intact secretory function of the liver.", "contents": "[Sulfobromophthalein kinetics in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (author's transl)]. The AA. studied sulfobromophthalein kinetics in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis by compartmental analysis and by mathematical resolution of disappearance plasmatic curve of BSF. The comparison between the two methods gave some interesting clues for understanding BSF metabolism in alcoholic cirrhosis. From obtained data it seems that BSF clearance in these patients, besides on hepatic uptake, like normal subjects, largerly depends on intact secretory function of the liver.", "PMID": 554996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2081", "title": "[Advantages and limitations of the nephelometric method in the diagnosis of hyperlipoidemia in the diabetic (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA., in a comparative study of the nephelometric and electrophoretic methods in the typification of hyperlipoidemia in diabetics, demonstrate close concordance between the two methods as regards Type IV and Type V hyperlipoidemia, with the difference that the nephelometric method often reveals in increase in chylomicrons with an individuation in excess. The nephelometric technique also reveals an increase in M particles in hypertriglyceridemic patients even in cases in which the electrophoretic prebetalipoproteins appear normal. This method, thanks to its simplicity and reliability, therefore appears useful in mass screening for prebeta-VLDL hyperlipoidemia in diabetics.", "contents": "[Advantages and limitations of the nephelometric method in the diagnosis of hyperlipoidemia in the diabetic (author's transl)]. The AA., in a comparative study of the nephelometric and electrophoretic methods in the typification of hyperlipoidemia in diabetics, demonstrate close concordance between the two methods as regards Type IV and Type V hyperlipoidemia, with the difference that the nephelometric method often reveals in increase in chylomicrons with an individuation in excess. The nephelometric technique also reveals an increase in M particles in hypertriglyceridemic patients even in cases in which the electrophoretic prebetalipoproteins appear normal. This method, thanks to its simplicity and reliability, therefore appears useful in mass screening for prebeta-VLDL hyperlipoidemia in diabetics.", "PMID": 554997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2082", "title": "[Screening of the G-6-PD deficiency in a sample of the Abruzzi population (author's transl)].", "content": "The modified Beutler test has afterwards been employed for a screening research on 393 living in the Abruzzi subjects: none of them appeared to be affected by the G-6-PD defect.", "contents": "[Screening of the G-6-PD deficiency in a sample of the Abruzzi population (author's transl)]. The modified Beutler test has afterwards been employed for a screening research on 393 living in the Abruzzi subjects: none of them appeared to be affected by the G-6-PD defect.", "PMID": 554998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2083", "title": "[Interest of helium-oxygen flow volume and isoflow volume curves in chronic obstructive lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "We have compared changes in maximal flows induced by breathing gases of different density in 54 patients suffering from emphysema and chronic bronchitis. We considered as positive responders those subjects displaying an increase by at least 20% of maximal expiratory flows while breathing gases of lower density. Such a response was demonstrated in 21 cases, the remainder (33 cases) being non-responders. Hence, in such patients, airways obstruction may primarily be localised in central or peripheral airways. There was no correlation between the nature of this response and the clinical diagnosis, but non-responders, in general, were those in whom respiratory insufficiency was more severe. There seemed to be no additional information gained by measuring isoflow-volume (iso V vol.) in comparison with measuring differences in maximal flows at 50% of vital capacity.", "contents": "[Interest of helium-oxygen flow volume and isoflow volume curves in chronic obstructive lung disease (author's transl)]. We have compared changes in maximal flows induced by breathing gases of different density in 54 patients suffering from emphysema and chronic bronchitis. We considered as positive responders those subjects displaying an increase by at least 20% of maximal expiratory flows while breathing gases of lower density. Such a response was demonstrated in 21 cases, the remainder (33 cases) being non-responders. Hence, in such patients, airways obstruction may primarily be localised in central or peripheral airways. There was no correlation between the nature of this response and the clinical diagnosis, but non-responders, in general, were those in whom respiratory insufficiency was more severe. There seemed to be no additional information gained by measuring isoflow-volume (iso V vol.) in comparison with measuring differences in maximal flows at 50% of vital capacity.", "PMID": 555009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2084", "title": "[Thoracoscopy in pleural mesothelioma. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic interest (author's transl)].", "content": "Thoracoscopy with a single opening was carried out under general anesthesia with a cold light thoracoscope of 7 mm in diameter. Biopsies were taken under visual control for optical and electron microscopic examination. In a series of 40 mesotheliomas, 30 patients with pleural effusion underwent 36 thoracoscopies. In 29 patients the macroscopic lesions were compatible with the diagnosis of mesothelioma. The most specific aspects consisted in white-yellowish nodules, almost translucent, arising from the parietal pleura (9 patients). Another typical pattern, a dense pleural thickening, was found in 10 patients. In the remaining patients, the lesions observed were less specific. The biopsy was positive in 35/36 thoracoscopies (97%). A talc poudrage was carried out in 10 patients: their mean survival was 458 days. In ten matched mesothelioma patients who underwent pleurectomy the mean survival was only 395 days. In 12 patients at an early stage, the visceral pleura was not involved by the tumor: their mean survival was 636 days. In 11 patients both parietal and visceral pleura were involved by the tumor: their mean survival was 138 days: (p less than 0,001). It is concluded that in mesothelioma pleural effusions, thoracoscopy is a safe and efficient procedure in order to reach a precise diagnosis, prognosis and efficient palliative treatment of the effusion.", "contents": "[Thoracoscopy in pleural mesothelioma. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic interest (author's transl)]. Thoracoscopy with a single opening was carried out under general anesthesia with a cold light thoracoscope of 7 mm in diameter. Biopsies were taken under visual control for optical and electron microscopic examination. In a series of 40 mesotheliomas, 30 patients with pleural effusion underwent 36 thoracoscopies. In 29 patients the macroscopic lesions were compatible with the diagnosis of mesothelioma. The most specific aspects consisted in white-yellowish nodules, almost translucent, arising from the parietal pleura (9 patients). Another typical pattern, a dense pleural thickening, was found in 10 patients. In the remaining patients, the lesions observed were less specific. The biopsy was positive in 35/36 thoracoscopies (97%). A talc poudrage was carried out in 10 patients: their mean survival was 458 days. In ten matched mesothelioma patients who underwent pleurectomy the mean survival was only 395 days. In 12 patients at an early stage, the visceral pleura was not involved by the tumor: their mean survival was 636 days. In 11 patients both parietal and visceral pleura were involved by the tumor: their mean survival was 138 days: (p less than 0,001). It is concluded that in mesothelioma pleural effusions, thoracoscopy is a safe and efficient procedure in order to reach a precise diagnosis, prognosis and efficient palliative treatment of the effusion.", "PMID": 555011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2085", "title": "[Use of the ILO/UC International classification of radiographs of pneumoconioses in 302 subjects exposed to asbestos (author's transl)].", "content": "The object of the ILO/UC International Classification of Pneumoconioses and the general instructions for its use in asbestos respiratory diseases have been set forth. The ILO 1979 classification has been used in four groups of asbestos exposed subjects : two groups were hospitalized and two groups were at work. All the subjects have been investigated by a hospitalized and two groups were at work. All the subjects have been investigated by a standardized questionnaire on occupational history, PA and lateral chest X-rays and, for most them, by ferruginous bodies counting either in sputum or in bronchoalveolar lavage. The most frequent radiological signs were parenchymal fibrosis, pleural thickening, pleural calcification and diaphragmatic straightness. The fibrosis and the diaphragmatic straightness were related to the length of the exposure. Up to 20-29 years since the onset of exposure, the frequency of radiological signs was : diaphragmatic straightness more frequent than fibrosis which was more frequent than pleural thickening, which was more frequent than calcification. But the frequency of only two signs, pleural straightness and fibrosis, appeared significant after 10 years of exposure. The value of these four radiological signs as biological indicators of asbestos exposure is discussed.", "contents": "[Use of the ILO/UC International classification of radiographs of pneumoconioses in 302 subjects exposed to asbestos (author's transl)]. The object of the ILO/UC International Classification of Pneumoconioses and the general instructions for its use in asbestos respiratory diseases have been set forth. The ILO 1979 classification has been used in four groups of asbestos exposed subjects : two groups were hospitalized and two groups were at work. All the subjects have been investigated by a hospitalized and two groups were at work. All the subjects have been investigated by a standardized questionnaire on occupational history, PA and lateral chest X-rays and, for most them, by ferruginous bodies counting either in sputum or in bronchoalveolar lavage. The most frequent radiological signs were parenchymal fibrosis, pleural thickening, pleural calcification and diaphragmatic straightness. The fibrosis and the diaphragmatic straightness were related to the length of the exposure. Up to 20-29 years since the onset of exposure, the frequency of radiological signs was : diaphragmatic straightness more frequent than fibrosis which was more frequent than pleural thickening, which was more frequent than calcification. But the frequency of only two signs, pleural straightness and fibrosis, appeared significant after 10 years of exposure. The value of these four radiological signs as biological indicators of asbestos exposure is discussed.", "PMID": 555012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2086", "title": "[Behaviour of asbestos fibres in the respiratory system as revealed by animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "By comparing the evolution of chrysotile and amosite fibres in rat lungs, more rapid clearance was found in the case of chrysotile. The rate of chrysotile clearance is strongly influenced by the size factor. The two varieties of asbestos also differ in their chemical behaviour in the lung. The evolution of chrysotile fibers in vivo is characterized by progressive decrease in magnesium content, while silicium retained in the fibre skeleton is practically not eliminated. Transport of fibers from the lungs to the lymph-nodes, the parietal pleura and the diaphragm also differs with the two asbestos varieties. From fibre counts with the electron microscope, chrysotile was more rapidly eliminated from the lungs than amosite. The concentration is higher with amosite in the lymph-nodes, and with chrysotile in the diaphragm. This last result confirms observations made on human lungs.", "contents": "[Behaviour of asbestos fibres in the respiratory system as revealed by animal experiments (author's transl)]. By comparing the evolution of chrysotile and amosite fibres in rat lungs, more rapid clearance was found in the case of chrysotile. The rate of chrysotile clearance is strongly influenced by the size factor. The two varieties of asbestos also differ in their chemical behaviour in the lung. The evolution of chrysotile fibers in vivo is characterized by progressive decrease in magnesium content, while silicium retained in the fibre skeleton is practically not eliminated. Transport of fibers from the lungs to the lymph-nodes, the parietal pleura and the diaphragm also differs with the two asbestos varieties. From fibre counts with the electron microscope, chrysotile was more rapidly eliminated from the lungs than amosite. The concentration is higher with amosite in the lymph-nodes, and with chrysotile in the diaphragm. This last result confirms observations made on human lungs.", "PMID": 555013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2087", "title": "[Correlations between chest X-rays, clinical data, and lung function tests (flow-volume curve) in asbestos workers (author's transl)].", "content": "This study concern 61 asbestos workers, exposed to very dusty conditions, but exposure is stopped for 4 years. Flow-volume curve shows a decrease in flow, at low-volume, particularly in old subjects, with a great dust index. In 13 subjects (21%), with normal chest radiographs, we observe a decrease in flow. This is interpreted as an airway obstruction, and it is an early effect of asbestos exposure. This obstruction concerns the small airways because the Vmax is density independent in the last portion of the VC. Flow-volume curve breathing helium oxygen mixture is not more sensitive, than breathing air. So, this test seems sufficient, to monitor the exposed workers, in epidemiological studies, and prevent repeated chest X-ray examinations which may be dangerous.", "contents": "[Correlations between chest X-rays, clinical data, and lung function tests (flow-volume curve) in asbestos workers (author's transl)]. This study concern 61 asbestos workers, exposed to very dusty conditions, but exposure is stopped for 4 years. Flow-volume curve shows a decrease in flow, at low-volume, particularly in old subjects, with a great dust index. In 13 subjects (21%), with normal chest radiographs, we observe a decrease in flow. This is interpreted as an airway obstruction, and it is an early effect of asbestos exposure. This obstruction concerns the small airways because the Vmax is density independent in the last portion of the VC. Flow-volume curve breathing helium oxygen mixture is not more sensitive, than breathing air. So, this test seems sufficient, to monitor the exposed workers, in epidemiological studies, and prevent repeated chest X-ray examinations which may be dangerous.", "PMID": 555014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2088", "title": "[Modalities and interest of preoperative staging in primary lung cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the extension of primitive lung cancer involves, on one hand, the determination of the locoregional extension concerning the tumator and adenopathies, and on the other hand, the determination of the metastatic extension. A careful clinical examination determines the need for complementary examinations providing decisive information for or against interventions. Systematic lung endoscopy should consist of staged biopsies. Mediastinoscopy estimates the locoregional extension in a more satisfactory manner than angiography or lung scintigraphies. The search for bone or cerebral metastasis is often negative in the absence of clinical symptomology in spite of the recent contribution of tomodensitometry. The detection of abdominal metastasis by biological examination, scintigraphies or contrast X-rays is liable to interpretational errors in one-third of the cases. It is for this reason that we preconize laparotomy before lung exeresis. In our series, among 175 laparotomies, 35 revealed abdominal metastasis whose discovery enables us to avoid useless, if not harmful, thoracic surgery.", "contents": "[Modalities and interest of preoperative staging in primary lung cancer (author's transl)]. The study of the extension of primitive lung cancer involves, on one hand, the determination of the locoregional extension concerning the tumator and adenopathies, and on the other hand, the determination of the metastatic extension. A careful clinical examination determines the need for complementary examinations providing decisive information for or against interventions. Systematic lung endoscopy should consist of staged biopsies. Mediastinoscopy estimates the locoregional extension in a more satisfactory manner than angiography or lung scintigraphies. The search for bone or cerebral metastasis is often negative in the absence of clinical symptomology in spite of the recent contribution of tomodensitometry. The detection of abdominal metastasis by biological examination, scintigraphies or contrast X-rays is liable to interpretational errors in one-third of the cases. It is for this reason that we preconize laparotomy before lung exeresis. In our series, among 175 laparotomies, 35 revealed abdominal metastasis whose discovery enables us to avoid useless, if not harmful, thoracic surgery.", "PMID": 555015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2089", "title": "[Radiotherapy of localized inoperable bronchial squamous cell carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors have shown that in some favorable cases radiotherapy of localized bronchial carcinoma could give very good results. The study on the cases from 1960 to 1969 shows that authors have 8% of three years survival upon 105 patients who have been treated by 50 Grays or more in 5 weeks. The survival was better for the small cancers T2 than for the large ones. The study on the cases from 1970 to 1977 shows that to obtain 101 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (T2,4 -N0,2 -M0) authors were obliged to study 564 cases. The three years survival was 3,1% for carcinoma receiving more than 40 Grays/4 weeks. The survival is better for small cancer and for the cases without radiological mediastinal nodes. In conclusion, radiotherapy is the best treatment after surgery, limited disease can be cure, and iterative radiotherapy increases our results.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of localized inoperable bronchial squamous cell carcinoma (author's transl)]. Authors have shown that in some favorable cases radiotherapy of localized bronchial carcinoma could give very good results. The study on the cases from 1960 to 1969 shows that authors have 8% of three years survival upon 105 patients who have been treated by 50 Grays or more in 5 weeks. The survival was better for the small cancers T2 than for the large ones. The study on the cases from 1970 to 1977 shows that to obtain 101 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (T2,4 -N0,2 -M0) authors were obliged to study 564 cases. The three years survival was 3,1% for carcinoma receiving more than 40 Grays/4 weeks. The survival is better for small cancer and for the cases without radiological mediastinal nodes. In conclusion, radiotherapy is the best treatment after surgery, limited disease can be cure, and iterative radiotherapy increases our results.", "PMID": 555016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2090", "title": "[Supranuclear lateral gaze palsy of pontine origin. Report of 2 clinicopathologic cases with electrooculographic and electromyographic data].", "content": "Electro-oculographic, electromyographic and pathological findings in two cases of supranuclear lateral gaze palsy of pontine origin have allowed us to define the clinical and physiopathologic features of the Pontine Reticular Formation (PRF) syndrome, and to formulate hypothesis about the terminal portion of the Occipito-Pontine Tract (OPT) involved in horizontal pursuit eye movements. The unilateral PRF syndrome is characterized by abnormal eye movements in the direction of the lesion. In the ipsilateral hemifield of movement there is paralysis of all movements from midline to extreme ipsilateral side, except oculo-cephalic reflex which remains intact (dissociated palsy); in the contralateral hemifield all saccades from extreme contralateral side to midline are suppressed, and this constitutes a specific abnormality of the PRF syndrome: quick phase of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus are absent, while voluntary gaze is preserved but remarkably slow. It is suggested that this last fact is due to simple disfacilitation arising from undamaged PRF. Electromyographic findings suggest that the division between excitatory and inhibitory fibers of descending supranuclear oculomotor tracts ending in the abducens nuclei probably occurs in the lower pans. Anatomopathologic findings in the two cases show that the OPT runs in front of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus or in the lateral tegmentum and that it decussates, at least once, below the upper pons.", "contents": "[Supranuclear lateral gaze palsy of pontine origin. Report of 2 clinicopathologic cases with electrooculographic and electromyographic data]. Electro-oculographic, electromyographic and pathological findings in two cases of supranuclear lateral gaze palsy of pontine origin have allowed us to define the clinical and physiopathologic features of the Pontine Reticular Formation (PRF) syndrome, and to formulate hypothesis about the terminal portion of the Occipito-Pontine Tract (OPT) involved in horizontal pursuit eye movements. The unilateral PRF syndrome is characterized by abnormal eye movements in the direction of the lesion. In the ipsilateral hemifield of movement there is paralysis of all movements from midline to extreme ipsilateral side, except oculo-cephalic reflex which remains intact (dissociated palsy); in the contralateral hemifield all saccades from extreme contralateral side to midline are suppressed, and this constitutes a specific abnormality of the PRF syndrome: quick phase of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus are absent, while voluntary gaze is preserved but remarkably slow. It is suggested that this last fact is due to simple disfacilitation arising from undamaged PRF. Electromyographic findings suggest that the division between excitatory and inhibitory fibers of descending supranuclear oculomotor tracts ending in the abducens nuclei probably occurs in the lower pans. Anatomopathologic findings in the two cases show that the OPT runs in front of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus or in the lateral tegmentum and that it decussates, at least once, below the upper pons.", "PMID": 555017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2091", "title": "[Hemorrhage of the head of the left caudate nucleus: disorganization of speech and graphic expression, and disturbances in gestures (author's transl)].", "content": "A 72 year-old woman was found to have hemorrhage limited to the head of the left caudate nucleus. Clinical symptomatology consisted of disturbances in oral, written, and graphic expression. There were no difficulties in comprehension, dysarthria, or phonemic paraphrasing, but speech and graphic expression were incoherent. Perseverance of ideas, semantic inconsistencies, inability to keep a stable objective during speech and graphic activity, are the principal characteristics of a disorder which is related to a prelinguistic stage, and illustrate the role of the caudate nucleus in the selection processes which are a preliminary step for speech organization.", "contents": "[Hemorrhage of the head of the left caudate nucleus: disorganization of speech and graphic expression, and disturbances in gestures (author's transl)]. A 72 year-old woman was found to have hemorrhage limited to the head of the left caudate nucleus. Clinical symptomatology consisted of disturbances in oral, written, and graphic expression. There were no difficulties in comprehension, dysarthria, or phonemic paraphrasing, but speech and graphic expression were incoherent. Perseverance of ideas, semantic inconsistencies, inability to keep a stable objective during speech and graphic activity, are the principal characteristics of a disorder which is related to a prelinguistic stage, and illustrate the role of the caudate nucleus in the selection processes which are a preliminary step for speech organization.", "PMID": 555018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2092", "title": "[Contribution to anatomical and clinical studies of avoidance phenomena (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 5 cases of avoiding phenomenon of the hand from parietal lesions. Four of these patients were operated for intractable epilepsy, from a parietal cortectomy that implicated a certain amount of white matter. The avoiding phenomena observed are analyzed as elementary motor perturbations rather than a disturbance of motor comportment. The authors distinguish two types of avoiding phenomena: 1--Avoiding phenomenon of dystonic type occurs during any motor activity and persists during all its development. It is probably related to the removal of the cortex of the post-central gyrus and of the anterior part of the superior parietal lobule; 2--The initial avoiding phenomenon is brief and occurs only at the beginning of the movements which implicate solely the upper limb; it seems related to the removal of the internal part of the superior parietal lobule that corresponds approximately to areas 5 and 7 from Brodmann. Some hypotheses are discussed concerning the possible physio-pathological mechanisms of these disturbances.", "contents": "[Contribution to anatomical and clinical studies of avoidance phenomena (author's transl)]. The authors report 5 cases of avoiding phenomenon of the hand from parietal lesions. Four of these patients were operated for intractable epilepsy, from a parietal cortectomy that implicated a certain amount of white matter. The avoiding phenomena observed are analyzed as elementary motor perturbations rather than a disturbance of motor comportment. The authors distinguish two types of avoiding phenomena: 1--Avoiding phenomenon of dystonic type occurs during any motor activity and persists during all its development. It is probably related to the removal of the cortex of the post-central gyrus and of the anterior part of the superior parietal lobule; 2--The initial avoiding phenomenon is brief and occurs only at the beginning of the movements which implicate solely the upper limb; it seems related to the removal of the internal part of the superior parietal lobule that corresponds approximately to areas 5 and 7 from Brodmann. Some hypotheses are discussed concerning the possible physio-pathological mechanisms of these disturbances.", "PMID": 555019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2093", "title": "[Motoneural organisation of the anterior horn with respect to the peripheral nerves in the rat (as studied by the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase)(author's transl)].", "content": "The motoneuronal organisation of the anterior horn with respect to the peripheral nerves, is still imprecise due to methodological problems. The chromatolytic and Golgi methods have furnished some fruitful but incomplete data. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase permits to obtain both the topography of cells and their dendritic tree. With such a method we studied the cervical enlargment of the rat's spinal cord. Each nerve is in relation with a column of motoneurons whose both the metameric extension and the exact topography in the anterior horn have been defined. An histogram of the cell volumes has been performed for some nerves. These data permit to discuss the possible significance of the topographical separation of the cells related to the girdle with those in relation with the distal part of the upper limb. The histogram shows that the small cells, claimed to be gamma motoneurons, are much more numerous than generally supposed. The significance of the dendritic tree, which seemed oriented selectively in the cranio-caudal axis, is discussed.", "contents": "[Motoneural organisation of the anterior horn with respect to the peripheral nerves in the rat (as studied by the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase)(author's transl)]. The motoneuronal organisation of the anterior horn with respect to the peripheral nerves, is still imprecise due to methodological problems. The chromatolytic and Golgi methods have furnished some fruitful but incomplete data. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase permits to obtain both the topography of cells and their dendritic tree. With such a method we studied the cervical enlargment of the rat's spinal cord. Each nerve is in relation with a column of motoneurons whose both the metameric extension and the exact topography in the anterior horn have been defined. An histogram of the cell volumes has been performed for some nerves. These data permit to discuss the possible significance of the topographical separation of the cells related to the girdle with those in relation with the distal part of the upper limb. The histogram shows that the small cells, claimed to be gamma motoneurons, are much more numerous than generally supposed. The significance of the dendritic tree, which seemed oriented selectively in the cranio-caudal axis, is discussed.", "PMID": 555020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2094", "title": "[Chronic distal spinal amyotrophy or spinal forms of Charcot-Marie disease. A report on six sporadic adult cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a personal series of 6 cases, and about 20 cases reported in the published literature, the authors describe the principal characteristics of chronic distal amyotrophy of spinal origin: early onset or in young adults, initial disorder in lower limbs, especially anterolateral region of the legs, with secondary lesions in small muscles of the hands, absence of sensory disturbance, usually very slow progression, electrophysiological appearance of chronic denervation with normal conduction velocities, and neurogenic muscle lesions with unaffected peripheral nerve. These forms can be compared to the \"spinal\" forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and appear to be degenerative in origin even though proof by autopsy is lacking. In spite of their common characteristics, however, their genetic heterogenicity has to be noted: sporadic cases are seen most frequently but some cases are related to recessive autosomic transmission and others to dominant autosomic transmission. From the clinical point of view, some cases are distinctive in that there is early or predominant atrophy in the lower limbs, while others have lesions in muscles of bulbar innervation, which is against their origin from spinal amyotrophy. Finally, electrical signs at a distance from the atrophied muscles suggest extension of the pathological process. In spite of these comments, the authors suggest that the clinical concept of the distal form of spinal amyotrophy should be retained together with the proximal and scapuloperoneal forms.", "contents": "[Chronic distal spinal amyotrophy or spinal forms of Charcot-Marie disease. A report on six sporadic adult cases (author's transl)]. Based on a personal series of 6 cases, and about 20 cases reported in the published literature, the authors describe the principal characteristics of chronic distal amyotrophy of spinal origin: early onset or in young adults, initial disorder in lower limbs, especially anterolateral region of the legs, with secondary lesions in small muscles of the hands, absence of sensory disturbance, usually very slow progression, electrophysiological appearance of chronic denervation with normal conduction velocities, and neurogenic muscle lesions with unaffected peripheral nerve. These forms can be compared to the \"spinal\" forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and appear to be degenerative in origin even though proof by autopsy is lacking. In spite of their common characteristics, however, their genetic heterogenicity has to be noted: sporadic cases are seen most frequently but some cases are related to recessive autosomic transmission and others to dominant autosomic transmission. From the clinical point of view, some cases are distinctive in that there is early or predominant atrophy in the lower limbs, while others have lesions in muscles of bulbar innervation, which is against their origin from spinal amyotrophy. Finally, electrical signs at a distance from the atrophied muscles suggest extension of the pathological process. In spite of these comments, the authors suggest that the clinical concept of the distal form of spinal amyotrophy should be retained together with the proximal and scapuloperoneal forms.", "PMID": 555021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2095", "title": "[Morvan's fibrillary chorea].", "content": "Two cases of Morvan's chorea are reported. One of the patients presented the characteristic of having had two attacks, the first after organic mercury preparations, and the second after gold salts for inflammatory rheumatism. The second case had facial fibrillations only, and this was followed by a regressive polyradiculoneuritis one month later. This latter case raises certain diagnostic problems. The existence of a particular type of immuno-allergic tendency could be validly related to a triggering effect of various etiological agents (metals such as mercury or gold salts, or infective agents). The absence of hypotonia, and a regressive course appear to be the characteristics that distinguish fibrillary chorea from the continuous activity syndrome of the muscle fibers described by Isaacs.", "contents": "[Morvan's fibrillary chorea]. Two cases of Morvan's chorea are reported. One of the patients presented the characteristic of having had two attacks, the first after organic mercury preparations, and the second after gold salts for inflammatory rheumatism. The second case had facial fibrillations only, and this was followed by a regressive polyradiculoneuritis one month later. This latter case raises certain diagnostic problems. The existence of a particular type of immuno-allergic tendency could be validly related to a triggering effect of various etiological agents (metals such as mercury or gold salts, or infective agents). The absence of hypotonia, and a regressive course appear to be the characteristics that distinguish fibrillary chorea from the continuous activity syndrome of the muscle fibers described by Isaacs.", "PMID": 555022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2096", "title": "Renal amyloidosis and schistosomiasis.", "content": "A retrospective study of 60 renal biopsies obtained from nephrotic subjects with schistosomiasis showed amyloid deposits in 10 cases. Distribution was usually segmental, mainly mesangial and overlapped with the conventional mesangio-proliferative lesions of schistosomiasis. The invariable clinical presentation was proteinuria with generalized oedema of insidious onset and a slowly progressive or intermittent course. Differences from conventional schistosomal nephropathy are described. Response to anti-schistosomal treatment was very poor. Repeat renal biopsies showed no regression of the lesions. The possible links between schistosomiasis and amyloidosis are discussed and causes of amyloid deposition suggested.", "contents": "Renal amyloidosis and schistosomiasis. A retrospective study of 60 renal biopsies obtained from nephrotic subjects with schistosomiasis showed amyloid deposits in 10 cases. Distribution was usually segmental, mainly mesangial and overlapped with the conventional mesangio-proliferative lesions of schistosomiasis. The invariable clinical presentation was proteinuria with generalized oedema of insidious onset and a slowly progressive or intermittent course. Differences from conventional schistosomal nephropathy are described. Response to anti-schistosomal treatment was very poor. Repeat renal biopsies showed no regression of the lesions. The possible links between schistosomiasis and amyloidosis are discussed and causes of amyloid deposition suggested.", "PMID": 555061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2097", "title": "Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Rhodesia, and its control by winter application of molluscicide.", "content": "Surveys of snails occurring at water contact points used by rural people in Rhodesia show that transmission of Schistosoma haematobium is very high during the spring and early summer seasons. Although infected snails are found in all seasons, fewest occur in winter and during the heavy rains. It is suggested that the bionomics of this parasite depends on pre-rain transmission because destruction of infected snails during winter reduces the reservoir of infection in the area and also the level of parasitaemia in local schoolchildren.", "contents": "Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Rhodesia, and its control by winter application of molluscicide. Surveys of snails occurring at water contact points used by rural people in Rhodesia show that transmission of Schistosoma haematobium is very high during the spring and early summer seasons. Although infected snails are found in all seasons, fewest occur in winter and during the heavy rains. It is suggested that the bionomics of this parasite depends on pre-rain transmission because destruction of infected snails during winter reduces the reservoir of infection in the area and also the level of parasitaemia in local schoolchildren.", "PMID": 555062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2098", "title": "Differential distribution of peridomestic Aedes mosquitoes on Grand Bahama Island.", "content": "Aedes aegypti, on Grand Bahama Island, is restricted to certain western towns, whereas A. bahamensis is more generally distributed. During 14 years of observation, the range of A. Aegypti has extended 8 km and now includes the major tourist centre. Relocation of discarded automobile tires is an important mechanism for such spread. We suggest that the presence of A. bahamensis restrains colonization by A. aegypti, and thereby helps to protect human populations from A. aegypti-borne disease.", "contents": "Differential distribution of peridomestic Aedes mosquitoes on Grand Bahama Island. Aedes aegypti, on Grand Bahama Island, is restricted to certain western towns, whereas A. bahamensis is more generally distributed. During 14 years of observation, the range of A. Aegypti has extended 8 km and now includes the major tourist centre. Relocation of discarded automobile tires is an important mechanism for such spread. We suggest that the presence of A. bahamensis restrains colonization by A. aegypti, and thereby helps to protect human populations from A. aegypti-borne disease.", "PMID": 555063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2099", "title": "A field trial of a vaccine against American dermal leishmaniasis.", "content": "A field trial was carried out in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) of a vaccine containing killed promastigotes of five stocks of Leishmania. Tests with Montenegro antigen showed that a high proportion of the vaccinated persons became positive within three months, but circulating antibodies were not detected. A proportion of those vaccinated continued to give positive Montenegro reactions for up to three years. Lymphocyte sensitivity tests carried out, on a small sample, three years after vaccination were positive and gave no evidence of immunological depression. No cases of cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in the trial area during the three years of observations.", "contents": "A field trial of a vaccine against American dermal leishmaniasis. A field trial was carried out in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) of a vaccine containing killed promastigotes of five stocks of Leishmania. Tests with Montenegro antigen showed that a high proportion of the vaccinated persons became positive within three months, but circulating antibodies were not detected. A proportion of those vaccinated continued to give positive Montenegro reactions for up to three years. Lymphocyte sensitivity tests carried out, on a small sample, three years after vaccination were positive and gave no evidence of immunological depression. No cases of cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in the trial area during the three years of observations.", "PMID": 555064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2100", "title": "Nifurtimox in the treatment of South American leishmaniasis.", "content": "A trial of Nifurtimox (Lampit) in 26 patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is reported. 13 patients with cutaneous lesions and 13 patients with mucosal disease were treated with a daily oral divided dose of 10 mg/kg body-weight for 30 days. 46% of the cutaneous cases and only 15% of the mucosal cases apparently responded to this regimen during at least one year of follow up. The difficulties of assessing cure in this disease are briefly discussed. We consider that Nifurtimox remains an investigational drug. While possibly exhibiting some anti-leishmanial activity it cannot be recommended for routine use in either form of the disease.", "contents": "Nifurtimox in the treatment of South American leishmaniasis. A trial of Nifurtimox (Lampit) in 26 patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is reported. 13 patients with cutaneous lesions and 13 patients with mucosal disease were treated with a daily oral divided dose of 10 mg/kg body-weight for 30 days. 46% of the cutaneous cases and only 15% of the mucosal cases apparently responded to this regimen during at least one year of follow up. The difficulties of assessing cure in this disease are briefly discussed. We consider that Nifurtimox remains an investigational drug. While possibly exhibiting some anti-leishmanial activity it cannot be recommended for routine use in either form of the disease.", "PMID": 555065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2101", "title": "M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of heart diseases in Africans.", "content": "The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of M-mode echocardiography as a non-invasive diagnostic tool when facilities for cardiac catheterization were not available. We used this technique to study 275 patients whose clinical diagnosis included hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, peripartum cardiac failure, pericardial disease and some forms of congenital heart disease. Characteristic echocardiographic patterns made specific cardiac diagnoses possible and allowed a distinction to be made between clinically similar conditions. It is concluded that echocardiography is very useful in the African setting because it is safe and repeatable.", "contents": "M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of heart diseases in Africans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of M-mode echocardiography as a non-invasive diagnostic tool when facilities for cardiac catheterization were not available. We used this technique to study 275 patients whose clinical diagnosis included hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, peripartum cardiac failure, pericardial disease and some forms of congenital heart disease. Characteristic echocardiographic patterns made specific cardiac diagnoses possible and allowed a distinction to be made between clinically similar conditions. It is concluded that echocardiography is very useful in the African setting because it is safe and repeatable.", "PMID": 555066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2102", "title": "Investigation of Coxiella burneti infection as a possible cause of chronic liver disease in man.", "content": "The possible role of Coxiella burneti as a cause of chronic liver disease in man was investigated in Cyprus. Serology, using the complement fixation test and phase 1 and phase 2 antigens, was performed on 16 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and two patients with chronic active hepatitis. Antibody studies were also done on 106 adult Cypriot villagers and on 13 shepherds from flocks infected with C. burneti, to provide a base line for comparative purposes. No evidence was found to implicate the organism as a cause of chronic liver disease. As the number of patients investigated was small it was not possible to exclude C. burneti as an occasional pathogen, and guiding principles were formulated for future investigations.", "contents": "Investigation of Coxiella burneti infection as a possible cause of chronic liver disease in man. The possible role of Coxiella burneti as a cause of chronic liver disease in man was investigated in Cyprus. Serology, using the complement fixation test and phase 1 and phase 2 antigens, was performed on 16 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and two patients with chronic active hepatitis. Antibody studies were also done on 106 adult Cypriot villagers and on 13 shepherds from flocks infected with C. burneti, to provide a base line for comparative purposes. No evidence was found to implicate the organism as a cause of chronic liver disease. As the number of patients investigated was small it was not possible to exclude C. burneti as an occasional pathogen, and guiding principles were formulated for future investigations.", "PMID": 555068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2103", "title": "Studies on multiple feeding by Anopheles gambiae s.l. in a Sudan savanna area of north Nigeria.", "content": "The detection of haptoglobins in Anopheles gambiae s.l. has been used to obtain an estimate of the incidence of multiple feeding for the village of Barmawa, Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria. The results indicated that the incidence of multiple feeding was approximately 10% but problems were encountered by the high incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia in the population. In four villages in Garki District the incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia varied between 65 and 76% while in young children and personnel under constant malaria chemoprophylaxis it was less than 30%. A strong correlation between ahaptoglobinaemia and malaria infections was seen. The results show evidence of selection of hosts by mosquitoes at Barmawa although this does not necessarily imply a preference per se. The results provide evidence of movement of blood-fed mosquitoes, between houses and from houses to resting sites.", "contents": "Studies on multiple feeding by Anopheles gambiae s.l. in a Sudan savanna area of north Nigeria. The detection of haptoglobins in Anopheles gambiae s.l. has been used to obtain an estimate of the incidence of multiple feeding for the village of Barmawa, Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria. The results indicated that the incidence of multiple feeding was approximately 10% but problems were encountered by the high incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia in the population. In four villages in Garki District the incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia varied between 65 and 76% while in young children and personnel under constant malaria chemoprophylaxis it was less than 30%. A strong correlation between ahaptoglobinaemia and malaria infections was seen. The results show evidence of selection of hosts by mosquitoes at Barmawa although this does not necessarily imply a preference per se. The results provide evidence of movement of blood-fed mosquitoes, between houses and from houses to resting sites.", "PMID": 555069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2104", "title": "Investigation of Nigerians with diffuse radiographic pulmonary shadowing.", "content": "During a five-year period, 45 Nigerians with radiographic appearances of diffuse pulmonary infiltration with at least six sputum specimens negative on culture for tubercule bacilli were investigated at University College Hospital, Ibadan. The value of pulmonary function studies and open or closed lung biopsy in discovering the cause of diffuse lung disease was examined. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis was the most common cause (13 cases). Other diagnoses included malignant disease (11 cases), sarcoidosis (three cases), progressive systemic sclerosis (three cases), miliary and non-caseating tuberculosis (three cases) and pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (one case): this last is believed to be the first case diagnosed in Africa South of the Sahara. This study emphasizes the fact that, even in developing countries where tuberculosis is highly prevalent, there are other causes of diffuse pulmonary infiltration.", "contents": "Investigation of Nigerians with diffuse radiographic pulmonary shadowing. During a five-year period, 45 Nigerians with radiographic appearances of diffuse pulmonary infiltration with at least six sputum specimens negative on culture for tubercule bacilli were investigated at University College Hospital, Ibadan. The value of pulmonary function studies and open or closed lung biopsy in discovering the cause of diffuse lung disease was examined. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis was the most common cause (13 cases). Other diagnoses included malignant disease (11 cases), sarcoidosis (three cases), progressive systemic sclerosis (three cases), miliary and non-caseating tuberculosis (three cases) and pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (one case): this last is believed to be the first case diagnosed in Africa South of the Sahara. This study emphasizes the fact that, even in developing countries where tuberculosis is highly prevalent, there are other causes of diffuse pulmonary infiltration.", "PMID": 555070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2105", "title": "Genetic and linkage analyses of dieldrin resistance in Anopheles culicifacies Giles.", "content": "Genetic analysis indicates that dieldrin resistance in laboratory colonies of Anopheles culicifacies is under the control of codominant alleles of a locus in linkage group 3 (chromosome 3), approximately 31 map units from Acph (acid phosphatase).", "contents": "Genetic and linkage analyses of dieldrin resistance in Anopheles culicifacies Giles. Genetic analysis indicates that dieldrin resistance in laboratory colonies of Anopheles culicifacies is under the control of codominant alleles of a locus in linkage group 3 (chromosome 3), approximately 31 map units from Acph (acid phosphatase).", "PMID": 555071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2106", "title": "Phenylbutazone toxicity in ponies.", "content": "The oral administration of phenylbutazone at a dose rate of approximately 10 mg per kg per day for seven to 14 days resulted in the development of signs of toxicity in seven of eight ponies treated. Clinical signs included anorexia, depression and abdominal oedema. Blood biochemical determinations showed a decrease in total plasma protein and calcium concentrations with an increase in urea concentration. These changes were considered indicative of water retention. Three of the ponies died during treatment following the development of shock. Shock was considered to arise from the submucosal oedema of the large intestine observed on necropsy. Oral ulceration was also found in these animals. In two ponies intravenous administration of phenylbutazone (4.0 mg per kg) for seven days was studied. In one of these ponies a marked decrease in total plasma protein concentration occurred.", "contents": "Phenylbutazone toxicity in ponies. The oral administration of phenylbutazone at a dose rate of approximately 10 mg per kg per day for seven to 14 days resulted in the development of signs of toxicity in seven of eight ponies treated. Clinical signs included anorexia, depression and abdominal oedema. Blood biochemical determinations showed a decrease in total plasma protein and calcium concentrations with an increase in urea concentration. These changes were considered indicative of water retention. Three of the ponies died during treatment following the development of shock. Shock was considered to arise from the submucosal oedema of the large intestine observed on necropsy. Oral ulceration was also found in these animals. In two ponies intravenous administration of phenylbutazone (4.0 mg per kg) for seven days was studied. In one of these ponies a marked decrease in total plasma protein concentration occurred.", "PMID": 555115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2107", "title": "Bovine ostertagiasis: a changing epidemiological pattern?", "content": "An unusual epidemiological pattern in bovine ostertagiasis is described in which clinical ostertagiasis occurred in calves grazed on a silage aftermath from late July. The calves were treated with the anthelmintic levamisole prior to grazing the aftermath and the latter had not been grazed since the previous autumn. Analysis of the herbage larval counts suggests that delayed emergence of overwintered Ostertagia ostertagi L3 from the soil was the most likely source of the infection.", "contents": "Bovine ostertagiasis: a changing epidemiological pattern? An unusual epidemiological pattern in bovine ostertagiasis is described in which clinical ostertagiasis occurred in calves grazed on a silage aftermath from late July. The calves were treated with the anthelmintic levamisole prior to grazing the aftermath and the latter had not been grazed since the previous autumn. Analysis of the herbage larval counts suggests that delayed emergence of overwintered Ostertagia ostertagi L3 from the soil was the most likely source of the infection.", "PMID": 555116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2108", "title": "Canine bordetellosis: chemotherapy using a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination.", "content": "Respiratory disease was induced in young dogs by exposure to an aerosol of Bordetella bronchiseptica. The affected dogs were then treated with a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination by daily subcutaneous injection for five days. There was marked improvement in the clinical, bacteriological and pathological features of the respiratory disease during and immediately after the treatment period but treated dogs relapsed a few days after chemotherapy was stopped. The use of a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination over a longer period of time may be of value in the treatment of dogs with respiratory disease associated with B bronchiseptica.", "contents": "Canine bordetellosis: chemotherapy using a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination. Respiratory disease was induced in young dogs by exposure to an aerosol of Bordetella bronchiseptica. The affected dogs were then treated with a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination by daily subcutaneous injection for five days. There was marked improvement in the clinical, bacteriological and pathological features of the respiratory disease during and immediately after the treatment period but treated dogs relapsed a few days after chemotherapy was stopped. The use of a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination over a longer period of time may be of value in the treatment of dogs with respiratory disease associated with B bronchiseptica.", "PMID": 555120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2109", "title": "A prediction model for bovine ostertagiasis.", "content": "A mathematical model based on development and mortality rates, and incorporating data on the infectivity, fecundity and migratory behaviour of Ostertagia ostertagi, was used to predict the level of pasture contamination and the occurrence of clinical ostertagiasis in grazing calves during 1975 and 1976. A comparison of the predicted and observed events showed a good correlation.", "contents": "A prediction model for bovine ostertagiasis. A mathematical model based on development and mortality rates, and incorporating data on the infectivity, fecundity and migratory behaviour of Ostertagia ostertagi, was used to predict the level of pasture contamination and the occurrence of clinical ostertagiasis in grazing calves during 1975 and 1976. A comparison of the predicted and observed events showed a good correlation.", "PMID": 555121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2110", "title": "Cephaloridine and the rat kidney lysosomes stability in vitro.", "content": "Two methods employing lysosomal enzyme release and light scattering measurements have shown that Cephaloridine Stabilises rat kidney lysosomes in vitro against beta-Progesterone and lysolecithin, the two well known agents to labilise lysosomal membranes. Treatment of the isolated lysosomes suspended in 0.25 M-sucrose-EDTA (0.34 mM) pH 7.4 with cephaloridine (100mcM) at 37 degrees C for 10 min. and subsequent incubation of the mixture with progesterone (0.25mM) at the same temperature for varying periods of time up to 50 min. resulted in no significant changes from the normal values in the release of acid phosphatase activity obtained from the supernatant fraction after centrifugation of the incubated mixture at 33,000g. for 5 min. at 4 degrees C. When lysosomes were mixed with cephaloridine before treatment with progesterone or lysolecithin, and then subjected to light scattering measurements, lysosomal swelling was considerably decreased, indicating that cephaloridine could exert a stabilising effect on rat kidney lysosomal membrane and thereby limit the release of lysosomal acid hydrolases.", "contents": "Cephaloridine and the rat kidney lysosomes stability in vitro. Two methods employing lysosomal enzyme release and light scattering measurements have shown that Cephaloridine Stabilises rat kidney lysosomes in vitro against beta-Progesterone and lysolecithin, the two well known agents to labilise lysosomal membranes. Treatment of the isolated lysosomes suspended in 0.25 M-sucrose-EDTA (0.34 mM) pH 7.4 with cephaloridine (100mcM) at 37 degrees C for 10 min. and subsequent incubation of the mixture with progesterone (0.25mM) at the same temperature for varying periods of time up to 50 min. resulted in no significant changes from the normal values in the release of acid phosphatase activity obtained from the supernatant fraction after centrifugation of the incubated mixture at 33,000g. for 5 min. at 4 degrees C. When lysosomes were mixed with cephaloridine before treatment with progesterone or lysolecithin, and then subjected to light scattering measurements, lysosomal swelling was considerably decreased, indicating that cephaloridine could exert a stabilising effect on rat kidney lysosomal membrane and thereby limit the release of lysosomal acid hydrolases.", "PMID": 555127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2111", "title": "Effects of dopaminoceptor agonists and antagonists on the rat vas deferens \"in vitro\".", "content": "Dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine, amantadine and apomorphine produced concentration-related contractions of the rat vas deferens \"in vitro\". pD2 values of 5.35 +/- 0.12, 5.20 +/- 0.08, 4.50 +/- 0.06, and 4.50 +/- 0.10 were obtained for dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine and apomorphine respectively. Phentolamine, haloperidol and pimozide blocked the effects of dopamine, tyramine, amantadine and apomorphine, however, noradrenaline-induced contractions were resistant to pimozide. Guanethidine (4 micrograms/ml) induced supersensitivity towards noradrenaline, almost abolished the effect of tyramine, but did not influence the effects of dopamine, amantadine and apomorphine at this concentration. These results confirm earlier reports that there are distinct dopaminoceptors in the rat vas deferens in addition to the conventional noradrenoceptors.", "contents": "Effects of dopaminoceptor agonists and antagonists on the rat vas deferens \"in vitro\". Dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine, amantadine and apomorphine produced concentration-related contractions of the rat vas deferens \"in vitro\". pD2 values of 5.35 +/- 0.12, 5.20 +/- 0.08, 4.50 +/- 0.06, and 4.50 +/- 0.10 were obtained for dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine and apomorphine respectively. Phentolamine, haloperidol and pimozide blocked the effects of dopamine, tyramine, amantadine and apomorphine, however, noradrenaline-induced contractions were resistant to pimozide. Guanethidine (4 micrograms/ml) induced supersensitivity towards noradrenaline, almost abolished the effect of tyramine, but did not influence the effects of dopamine, amantadine and apomorphine at this concentration. These results confirm earlier reports that there are distinct dopaminoceptors in the rat vas deferens in addition to the conventional noradrenoceptors.", "PMID": 555128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2112", "title": "Biochemical frontiers of fibrosis: concepts and perspectives.", "content": "The inhibition of Fibrotic lesion are classified into two: specific and nonspecific inhibition. The specific inhibition is based on the chemistry and metabolism of collagen, whereas the nonspecific inhibition is viewed from the point of the fibro-proliferative inflammation preceding fibroblasts activation. A brief account is given on existing as well as perspective methods to present a frame work for a concept on pharmacology of fibrosis.", "contents": "Biochemical frontiers of fibrosis: concepts and perspectives. The inhibition of Fibrotic lesion are classified into two: specific and nonspecific inhibition. The specific inhibition is based on the chemistry and metabolism of collagen, whereas the nonspecific inhibition is viewed from the point of the fibro-proliferative inflammation preceding fibroblasts activation. A brief account is given on existing as well as perspective methods to present a frame work for a concept on pharmacology of fibrosis.", "PMID": 555129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2113", "title": "Studies on the effects of variation in the quantities of the constituents of cow's urine concoction on its acute toxicity in mice.", "content": "Cow's urine concoction of different compositions were prepared by varying the quantities of the active materials: tobacco leaves (nicotiana tobaccum): leaves of occimum viride; rock salt and juice of citrus medica. These modified concoctions were tested for their acute toxic effects in mice by observing how many died as a result of their administration. Log.dose/response curves were plotted and from these curves, the L.D.50 values were obtained and the potency ratios calculated. It was shown that increasing the quantity of tobacco leaves resulted in increasing toxic effect whilst increasing the quantities of leaves of the occimum viride, rock salt and juice of citrus medica caused progressive decrease in the toxic effect of the concoction. The reason for the latter effect is obscure.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of variation in the quantities of the constituents of cow's urine concoction on its acute toxicity in mice. Cow's urine concoction of different compositions were prepared by varying the quantities of the active materials: tobacco leaves (nicotiana tobaccum): leaves of occimum viride; rock salt and juice of citrus medica. These modified concoctions were tested for their acute toxic effects in mice by observing how many died as a result of their administration. Log.dose/response curves were plotted and from these curves, the L.D.50 values were obtained and the potency ratios calculated. It was shown that increasing the quantity of tobacco leaves resulted in increasing toxic effect whilst increasing the quantities of leaves of the occimum viride, rock salt and juice of citrus medica caused progressive decrease in the toxic effect of the concoction. The reason for the latter effect is obscure.", "PMID": 555130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2114", "title": "Partial purification and characterisation of bat liver ribonuclease. Hydrolysis of purine and pyrimidine polynucleotides by bat liver RNase.", "content": "A ribonuclease has been extracted from bat liver and purified. From polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was found that there is only one molecular weight unit in this enzyme and this has a molecular weight of about 28,000. This enzyme was found to hydrolyse both purine and pyrimidine polynucleotides (e.g. polyadenylic acid and polycytidylic acid respectively). Hydrolysis of polyadenylic acid was found to be faster than that of polycytidylic acid.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterisation of bat liver ribonuclease. Hydrolysis of purine and pyrimidine polynucleotides by bat liver RNase. A ribonuclease has been extracted from bat liver and purified. From polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was found that there is only one molecular weight unit in this enzyme and this has a molecular weight of about 28,000. This enzyme was found to hydrolyse both purine and pyrimidine polynucleotides (e.g. polyadenylic acid and polycytidylic acid respectively). Hydrolysis of polyadenylic acid was found to be faster than that of polycytidylic acid.", "PMID": 555131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2115", "title": "Acute poisoning in Nigerians: a review of cases managed over a five-year period (1968-1972) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "A review was carried out on patients with acute drug poisoning managed over a five-year period, between 1968 and 1972 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Of the 139 cases, 23 were admitted for in-patient management while the rest were managed in the Emergency Department of the hospital as out-patients. The pattern of poisoning, clinical presentation and management were discussed, as well as suggestions for a more efficient management of similar cases, in the future.", "contents": "Acute poisoning in Nigerians: a review of cases managed over a five-year period (1968-1972) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A review was carried out on patients with acute drug poisoning managed over a five-year period, between 1968 and 1972 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Of the 139 cases, 23 were admitted for in-patient management while the rest were managed in the Emergency Department of the hospital as out-patients. The pattern of poisoning, clinical presentation and management were discussed, as well as suggestions for a more efficient management of similar cases, in the future.", "PMID": 555132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2116", "title": "In contact with traditional medicine.", "content": "Nigerian traditional medical practice was a part of the empirical world traditional medicine. However, it is still with us after over 500 years of contacts with modern medical practice. It is the only form of medical are available to the majority of the Nigerian population and is also the first line of defence against disease in a great proportion of people even amongst the enlightened city dwellers and the elites. Although the Nigerian traditional healers including the herbalists are general practitioners, the more successful ones do specialise. Some of the traditional herbal treatments for common diseases as well as preventive medical practice are examined. Recommendations for future improvements in the systems are made.", "contents": "In contact with traditional medicine. Nigerian traditional medical practice was a part of the empirical world traditional medicine. However, it is still with us after over 500 years of contacts with modern medical practice. It is the only form of medical are available to the majority of the Nigerian population and is also the first line of defence against disease in a great proportion of people even amongst the enlightened city dwellers and the elites. Although the Nigerian traditional healers including the herbalists are general practitioners, the more successful ones do specialise. Some of the traditional herbal treatments for common diseases as well as preventive medical practice are examined. Recommendations for future improvements in the systems are made.", "PMID": 555133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2117", "title": "[Youth and old age (author's transl)].", "content": "Gerohygiene as standard branch of socialist gerontology is faced with the short, medium and long-term preparation for an active old age. The foundations for a healthy ageing and a positive attitude towards old age must be laid as early as in childhood and youth. Investigations on juveniles indicate the ideological barriers that have to be overcome yet. Wrong attitudes of young people about old age might be overcome by means of improved contacts between young and old as well as by extending the competence of the respective role of generation. Theses for a further approach to the subject presented demand for the aspects of aid and care not to be overemphasized but to stimulate an activity-promoting behaviour up to the high age by understanding and loving affection on both sides. The development of self-confidence and personality of young and old people is promoted substantially by mutual fruitful relations.", "contents": "[Youth and old age (author's transl)]. Gerohygiene as standard branch of socialist gerontology is faced with the short, medium and long-term preparation for an active old age. The foundations for a healthy ageing and a positive attitude towards old age must be laid as early as in childhood and youth. Investigations on juveniles indicate the ideological barriers that have to be overcome yet. Wrong attitudes of young people about old age might be overcome by means of improved contacts between young and old as well as by extending the competence of the respective role of generation. Theses for a further approach to the subject presented demand for the aspects of aid and care not to be overemphasized but to stimulate an activity-promoting behaviour up to the high age by understanding and loving affection on both sides. The development of self-confidence and personality of young and old people is promoted substantially by mutual fruitful relations.", "PMID": 555135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2118", "title": "[Longitudinal studies of the human aging process (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper shows the objectives and organization of longitudinal studies in gerontological research in Leipzig and Kiew.", "contents": "[Longitudinal studies of the human aging process (author's transl)]. The paper shows the objectives and organization of longitudinal studies in gerontological research in Leipzig and Kiew.", "PMID": 555136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2119", "title": "[Possibilities of osteosynthesis and alloplasty of the hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors give a survey of possible methods of osteosynthesis and alloplasty of the hip joint, given due consideration to gerontological aspects.", "contents": "[Possibilities of osteosynthesis and alloplasty of the hip joint (author's transl)]. The authors give a survey of possible methods of osteosynthesis and alloplasty of the hip joint, given due consideration to gerontological aspects.", "PMID": 555137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2120", "title": "Gerontological aspects of degenerative changes of the shoulder-joint. (Radiological and clinical studies).", "content": "In a series of radiological studies of both shoulder joint of 505 aged persons considering themselves healthy, the authors have systematized and statistically analysed the changes detected. Based on an increasing frequency as a function of age, on the identical ratio of occurrence by sexes and sides, on simultaneous occurrence, and on the identity of bilateral phenomena, the authors interpret these radiological changes as the consequence of a primary degenerative process. In the course of detailed clinical examinations and tests made in 100 cases taken at random, the authors have found no evaluable number and degree of limitations of motion, nor any evaluable difference in respect of the right and left shoulder joint of males and females.", "contents": "Gerontological aspects of degenerative changes of the shoulder-joint. (Radiological and clinical studies). In a series of radiological studies of both shoulder joint of 505 aged persons considering themselves healthy, the authors have systematized and statistically analysed the changes detected. Based on an increasing frequency as a function of age, on the identical ratio of occurrence by sexes and sides, on simultaneous occurrence, and on the identity of bilateral phenomena, the authors interpret these radiological changes as the consequence of a primary degenerative process. In the course of detailed clinical examinations and tests made in 100 cases taken at random, the authors have found no evaluable number and degree of limitations of motion, nor any evaluable difference in respect of the right and left shoulder joint of males and females.", "PMID": 555138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2121", "title": "[Health-resort therapy and its importance for geriatric prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on the influence of a single or repeated health-resort therapy in geriatric sanatoria on the subjective condition, the state of health, and the biochemical parameters.", "contents": "[Health-resort therapy and its importance for geriatric prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The authors report on the influence of a single or repeated health-resort therapy in geriatric sanatoria on the subjective condition, the state of health, and the biochemical parameters.", "PMID": 555139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2122", "title": "Looks and old age.", "content": "In geriatric examinations, the old patients' looks should be observed. Based on the observation of 100 old subjects (aged 65 to 92), the author classifies the old people into 4 categories of looks. 1. Cheerful-eyed 2. Sad-eyed 3. People with fixed (lifeless) gaze 4. Wicked (aggressive) looking people. Category I can be treated easily; category 2 will co-operate in anti-depression therapy; category 3 exhibits mainly Parkinson's disease, in need of anti-sclerotic treatment. In the case of people with fixed gaze, the side-effects of drugs should also be suspected. Subjects in category 4 are difficult to treat. They do not co-operate with the physician. The administration of psychopharmacas, sedation and anti-sclerotic treatment are recommended.", "contents": "Looks and old age. In geriatric examinations, the old patients' looks should be observed. Based on the observation of 100 old subjects (aged 65 to 92), the author classifies the old people into 4 categories of looks. 1. Cheerful-eyed 2. Sad-eyed 3. People with fixed (lifeless) gaze 4. Wicked (aggressive) looking people. Category I can be treated easily; category 2 will co-operate in anti-depression therapy; category 3 exhibits mainly Parkinson's disease, in need of anti-sclerotic treatment. In the case of people with fixed gaze, the side-effects of drugs should also be suspected. Subjects in category 4 are difficult to treat. They do not co-operate with the physician. The administration of psychopharmacas, sedation and anti-sclerotic treatment are recommended.", "PMID": 555140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2123", "title": "[Gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in geriatric patients--experience, results and indications (author's transl)].", "content": "From the viewpoint of a district hospital in which fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper digestive tract has been carried out since 1970, experiences and results to more than 1900 endoscopic examinations of the upper gastro-intestinal tract are communicated with forty per cent of the examined patients being older than 40 years. According to our experiences we see, when observing the indications and contra-indications, no age limit for such a method of examination. This endoscopic examination presents in our view a valuable enrichment of the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of medical care of elderly citizens.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in geriatric patients--experience, results and indications (author's transl)]. From the viewpoint of a district hospital in which fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper digestive tract has been carried out since 1970, experiences and results to more than 1900 endoscopic examinations of the upper gastro-intestinal tract are communicated with forty per cent of the examined patients being older than 40 years. According to our experiences we see, when observing the indications and contra-indications, no age limit for such a method of examination. This endoscopic examination presents in our view a valuable enrichment of the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of medical care of elderly citizens.", "PMID": 555141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2124", "title": "[Prophylaxis of suicide in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on sociopsychiatric care of old alone living peoples during Christmas-time and the end of year. This help of living was given under the primary aspects of suicide prevention. Nevertheless the conception of the arrangement is important for geropsychiatric prevention at all. The author gives informations about effects of this type of care. After the two weeks living in the hospital and getting special care the most of the old people looks from an active point of view to their biological and social conditions of aging, and better than before they can manage their life.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of suicide in old age (author's transl)]. The author reports on sociopsychiatric care of old alone living peoples during Christmas-time and the end of year. This help of living was given under the primary aspects of suicide prevention. Nevertheless the conception of the arrangement is important for geropsychiatric prevention at all. The author gives informations about effects of this type of care. After the two weeks living in the hospital and getting special care the most of the old people looks from an active point of view to their biological and social conditions of aging, and better than before they can manage their life.", "PMID": 555142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2125", "title": "[Arteriitis temporalis--a major disease developing in advance age (author's transl)].", "content": "Arteriitis temporalis, a disease that was largely unknown in the early fifties, has gained importance in recent years. In the past ten years 32 patients suffering from arteriitis temporalis were diagnosed and treated both in the eye hospital and in the rheumatic-cardiological hospital of the Berlin-Buch Municipal Hospital. The following clinical findings were essential for the diagnosis: advanced or old age of the patient, massive headache in the temporal and/or occipital regions, myalgia primarily in the shoulders and the neck that responded relatively poorly to treatment, reduced eyesight, loss of weight and decrease in vitality. Extremely high BSR, an increased amount of alpha-2 and an increased level of alkaline phosphatase were most important among the laboratory findings. Corticosteroids have proved to be the medicine of choice for treating this condition.", "contents": "[Arteriitis temporalis--a major disease developing in advance age (author's transl)]. Arteriitis temporalis, a disease that was largely unknown in the early fifties, has gained importance in recent years. In the past ten years 32 patients suffering from arteriitis temporalis were diagnosed and treated both in the eye hospital and in the rheumatic-cardiological hospital of the Berlin-Buch Municipal Hospital. The following clinical findings were essential for the diagnosis: advanced or old age of the patient, massive headache in the temporal and/or occipital regions, myalgia primarily in the shoulders and the neck that responded relatively poorly to treatment, reduced eyesight, loss of weight and decrease in vitality. Extremely high BSR, an increased amount of alpha-2 and an increased level of alkaline phosphatase were most important among the laboratory findings. Corticosteroids have proved to be the medicine of choice for treating this condition.", "PMID": 555143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2126", "title": "[Gynaecology and geriatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt has been made to illustrate several findings on the ageing process which is different for the two sexes. During our investigations we got the impression that even the tiniest cells of males and females are different from the chemical, structural and functional point of view and that men and women must, therefore, also exhibit different pathological developments. Men are ill in a different way from women (B\u00fcrger). With the onset of the menopause, the sexually different biomorphosis disappears which was always demonstrable in earlier periods of life. This fact can best be demonstrated by analyzing cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "[Gynaecology and geriatrics (author's transl)]. An attempt has been made to illustrate several findings on the ageing process which is different for the two sexes. During our investigations we got the impression that even the tiniest cells of males and females are different from the chemical, structural and functional point of view and that men and women must, therefore, also exhibit different pathological developments. Men are ill in a different way from women (B\u00fcrger). With the onset of the menopause, the sexually different biomorphosis disappears which was always demonstrable in earlier periods of life. This fact can best be demonstrated by analyzing cardiovascular diseases.", "PMID": 555144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2127", "title": "Death of fit elderly people.", "content": "The author describes the way of death of 40 fit old subjects. 13 died in heart thrombosis, 11 in brain catastrophe, 11 in generalized cancer, 5 in other diseases (3 in pulmonary embolia, 1 in uraemia, 1 after an ileus operation). The death occurred after different periods of time ranging from an instant to about 6 weeks after a cachexy. Of the 40 cases observed, 22 were physicians who died in fit condition amid their activities. They missed the curing of their preliminary complaints, dissimulated to themselves. The author calls the attention of physicians with geriatric outlook to take the not complaining, dissimulation fit old patients into geriatric care. Under such conditions the decrease could have been delayed with a probability as a result of diagnosis, therapy and care.", "contents": "Death of fit elderly people. The author describes the way of death of 40 fit old subjects. 13 died in heart thrombosis, 11 in brain catastrophe, 11 in generalized cancer, 5 in other diseases (3 in pulmonary embolia, 1 in uraemia, 1 after an ileus operation). The death occurred after different periods of time ranging from an instant to about 6 weeks after a cachexy. Of the 40 cases observed, 22 were physicians who died in fit condition amid their activities. They missed the curing of their preliminary complaints, dissimulated to themselves. The author calls the attention of physicians with geriatric outlook to take the not complaining, dissimulation fit old patients into geriatric care. Under such conditions the decrease could have been delayed with a probability as a result of diagnosis, therapy and care.", "PMID": 555145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2128", "title": "Spontaneous and chemically-induced transformation of mouse fibroblasts in culture. Biochemical aspects of the transformed cells.", "content": "Fibroblast cultures were established from the lung tissue of CBA T6T6 mouse embryos. Lines characterized by infinite growth transformation (MFL) were used as untreated controls till the 21st and 29th passages, respectively. After that period, an unrestrained growth transformation developed spontaneously. The cell line was then designated as STMFL. At the 8th passage of an MFL, 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment was performed. The treatment resulted in a cell line (MCMFL) characterized also by unrestrained growth transformation. The nuclear protein pattern obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed differences between STFL and MCMFL. The activity of two microsomal enzymes - aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethylmorphin demethylase - measured in the exponential growth stage of the cultures showed a decrease in the case of STMFL, compared to the MFL, and practically disappeared in the case of MCMFL.", "contents": "Spontaneous and chemically-induced transformation of mouse fibroblasts in culture. Biochemical aspects of the transformed cells. Fibroblast cultures were established from the lung tissue of CBA T6T6 mouse embryos. Lines characterized by infinite growth transformation (MFL) were used as untreated controls till the 21st and 29th passages, respectively. After that period, an unrestrained growth transformation developed spontaneously. The cell line was then designated as STMFL. At the 8th passage of an MFL, 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment was performed. The treatment resulted in a cell line (MCMFL) characterized also by unrestrained growth transformation. The nuclear protein pattern obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed differences between STFL and MCMFL. The activity of two microsomal enzymes - aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethylmorphin demethylase - measured in the exponential growth stage of the cultures showed a decrease in the case of STMFL, compared to the MFL, and practically disappeared in the case of MCMFL.", "PMID": 555169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2129", "title": "Ultrastructure of the bimodal pacemaker neuron in the central nervous system of Helix pomatia L.", "content": "Fine structure of the identified (RPal) giant neuron of Helix pomatia has been investigated after isolation. The following findings have been established: 1. The cytoplasm of the RPal neuron is electron-microscopically characterized by a strongly invaginated nuclear envelope, a highly-developed rER system, a large number of free ribosomes and by 110-250 nm-sized neurosecretory-like granules with finely-granulated inner content. 2. The fine-structural arrangement of the cytoplasm exhibited a seasonal variation, viz. in winter it was found to be layered, while in spring it showed a homogeneous structure. 3. On the cell surface free axon profiles containing vesicles were sometimes found, which might be afferent connections to the cell body.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the bimodal pacemaker neuron in the central nervous system of Helix pomatia L. Fine structure of the identified (RPal) giant neuron of Helix pomatia has been investigated after isolation. The following findings have been established: 1. The cytoplasm of the RPal neuron is electron-microscopically characterized by a strongly invaginated nuclear envelope, a highly-developed rER system, a large number of free ribosomes and by 110-250 nm-sized neurosecretory-like granules with finely-granulated inner content. 2. The fine-structural arrangement of the cytoplasm exhibited a seasonal variation, viz. in winter it was found to be layered, while in spring it showed a homogeneous structure. 3. On the cell surface free axon profiles containing vesicles were sometimes found, which might be afferent connections to the cell body.", "PMID": 555170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2130", "title": "Gene mutation and sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The mutation in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase gene and the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) were comparatively studied treating Chinese hamster ovary cells with the mutagens ethylmethanesulphonate. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Mitomycin C and X-ray. All the agents exerted strong mutagenic effects and showed a dose-dependent relationship for the induction of SCEs.", "contents": "Gene mutation and sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster cells. The mutation in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase gene and the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) were comparatively studied treating Chinese hamster ovary cells with the mutagens ethylmethanesulphonate. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Mitomycin C and X-ray. All the agents exerted strong mutagenic effects and showed a dose-dependent relationship for the induction of SCEs.", "PMID": 555171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2131", "title": "Studies on the neuroendocrine system of the mangohopper, Idiocerus atkinsoni Leth. (Homoptera : Jassidae).", "content": "The neuroendocrine system of the homopteran, Idiocerus atkinsoni has been described, employing a neurosecretory stain. Two groups of medial neurosecretory cells (NSC) of one tinctorial type are present in the pars intercerebralis of the brain. Processes believed to be dendrites of the neurosecretory neurons lie superficially underneath the neurilemma and enclose neurosecretory material (NSM). Both the nervi corporis cardiaci, NCCI and NCCII, are branched. The branches of the former join to form an oesophageal nerve that runs on the oesophageal surface and terminates on the midgut, and those of the latter, innervate the oesophageal dilator muscles. Besides being present in the dendrite-like processes and NSC, the NSM is also seen in the NCCI, anterior part of the aorta and oesophageal nerve but not in the NCCII, corpora cardiaca (CC) and the corpus allatum (CA). It is suggested that the release of NSM into the circulation in this insect occurs through two main routes: the dendrites and the aorta. The evolution of the aorta as an exclusive neurohaemal organ in Hemiptera is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the neuroendocrine system of the mangohopper, Idiocerus atkinsoni Leth. (Homoptera : Jassidae). The neuroendocrine system of the homopteran, Idiocerus atkinsoni has been described, employing a neurosecretory stain. Two groups of medial neurosecretory cells (NSC) of one tinctorial type are present in the pars intercerebralis of the brain. Processes believed to be dendrites of the neurosecretory neurons lie superficially underneath the neurilemma and enclose neurosecretory material (NSM). Both the nervi corporis cardiaci, NCCI and NCCII, are branched. The branches of the former join to form an oesophageal nerve that runs on the oesophageal surface and terminates on the midgut, and those of the latter, innervate the oesophageal dilator muscles. Besides being present in the dendrite-like processes and NSC, the NSM is also seen in the NCCI, anterior part of the aorta and oesophageal nerve but not in the NCCII, corpora cardiaca (CC) and the corpus allatum (CA). It is suggested that the release of NSM into the circulation in this insect occurs through two main routes: the dendrites and the aorta. The evolution of the aorta as an exclusive neurohaemal organ in Hemiptera is discussed.", "PMID": 555172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2132", "title": "Role of the arterial bronchial system in the pathomechanism of the shock lung.", "content": "Experimental results suggested that in normovolaemia 0.5% of the total pulmonary circulation flows through the bronchial arteries. In haemorrhagic shock bronchial flow dropped to 0.04% of the total pulmonary circulation and ceased completely below 40 mmHg. The authors claim that a hypoperfusion of both circulatory systems (pulmonary and bronchial) is an important pathogenetic factor in the first step of the development of the shock lung. A two-hour abolishment of the nutritive circulation of the lung caused already hypotension, hypoxaemia and metabolic acidosis. Tissue hypoxia was confirmed by the rise in the enzymatic activity of the lung tissue. An abolishment of bronchial circulation in the described manner was enough to induce the development of the shock lung, as confirmed by the visible changes (changed colour, greater weight, development of congestive atelectasis and oedema) of the lung and by the haemodynamic and respiratory changes. Here too the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance is attributed an important role due perhaps in the beginning to an enhancement of the sympathetic tone and later to hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. If the effect of haemorrhage alone is compared to the effect of simultaneous haemorrhage and elimination of the bronchial artery, it appears that the functional lesion of the lung becomes considerably more pronounced with the abolishment of the nutritive circulation. Severe hypoxia and metabolic acidosis cause an extreme rise of the pulmonary vascular resistance. The severity of metabolic acidosis, the degree to which pulmonary vascular resistance has increased and its duration seem decisive from the aspect of both the development and outcome of the shock lung.", "contents": "Role of the arterial bronchial system in the pathomechanism of the shock lung. Experimental results suggested that in normovolaemia 0.5% of the total pulmonary circulation flows through the bronchial arteries. In haemorrhagic shock bronchial flow dropped to 0.04% of the total pulmonary circulation and ceased completely below 40 mmHg. The authors claim that a hypoperfusion of both circulatory systems (pulmonary and bronchial) is an important pathogenetic factor in the first step of the development of the shock lung. A two-hour abolishment of the nutritive circulation of the lung caused already hypotension, hypoxaemia and metabolic acidosis. Tissue hypoxia was confirmed by the rise in the enzymatic activity of the lung tissue. An abolishment of bronchial circulation in the described manner was enough to induce the development of the shock lung, as confirmed by the visible changes (changed colour, greater weight, development of congestive atelectasis and oedema) of the lung and by the haemodynamic and respiratory changes. Here too the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance is attributed an important role due perhaps in the beginning to an enhancement of the sympathetic tone and later to hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. If the effect of haemorrhage alone is compared to the effect of simultaneous haemorrhage and elimination of the bronchial artery, it appears that the functional lesion of the lung becomes considerably more pronounced with the abolishment of the nutritive circulation. Severe hypoxia and metabolic acidosis cause an extreme rise of the pulmonary vascular resistance. The severity of metabolic acidosis, the degree to which pulmonary vascular resistance has increased and its duration seem decisive from the aspect of both the development and outcome of the shock lung.", "PMID": 555174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2133", "title": "Structure of functioning saphenous venous grafts.", "content": "The changes developing in functioning saphenous vein transplants were studied by light and electron microscopy in three human cases. The degenerative signs appearing in the smooth muscle cells of the graft, as well as the glycogen accumulation and the changes of the cell organelles are discussed. Beside the thick elastic fibres visible under the light microscope in the graft functioning for 22 months the electron microscope revealed as a characteristic lesion the development of elastic fibres among the young collagenous fibres. It is emphasized that degenerated, sclerotic and varicose veins should not be used as grafts since no good results can be expected from them.", "contents": "Structure of functioning saphenous venous grafts. The changes developing in functioning saphenous vein transplants were studied by light and electron microscopy in three human cases. The degenerative signs appearing in the smooth muscle cells of the graft, as well as the glycogen accumulation and the changes of the cell organelles are discussed. Beside the thick elastic fibres visible under the light microscope in the graft functioning for 22 months the electron microscope revealed as a characteristic lesion the development of elastic fibres among the young collagenous fibres. It is emphasized that degenerated, sclerotic and varicose veins should not be used as grafts since no good results can be expected from them.", "PMID": 555175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2134", "title": "The ratio of body haematocrit to venous haematocrit in open heart surgery and estimation of the blood volume in the large and small vessels.", "content": "Double tracer blood volume technique revealed in open heart surgery patients a wide variability of Fcells-value in about 11 per cent of cases investigated, from the \"normal\" 0.91 value. The possible calculational error of blood volume measurements by single-isotopic--haematocrit methods in the normal or subnormal LVH-ranges point to the superiority of plasma volume determinations in the calculation of the total blood volume. The calculation of the volume of the blood-component actually not-labelled during single-isotopic--haematocrit procedures can be so highly inaccurate because of the hidden deviation of Fcells-value, that such misleading arithmetics has no real value and therefore should be omitted. Estimation of the large vessel and small vessel volumes and haematocrits in patients showed a rough 70 per cent---30 per cent distribution of the circulating blood volume between large and small vessels and an LVH tosmall vessel haematocrit ratio of 2:1 to 2:1.5. This offers a possibility to divide the circulating blood volume into a haemodynamically active (large vessel area) and a metabolically active (small vessel area) part, which can have important diagnostic and prognostic implications.", "contents": "The ratio of body haematocrit to venous haematocrit in open heart surgery and estimation of the blood volume in the large and small vessels. Double tracer blood volume technique revealed in open heart surgery patients a wide variability of Fcells-value in about 11 per cent of cases investigated, from the \"normal\" 0.91 value. The possible calculational error of blood volume measurements by single-isotopic--haematocrit methods in the normal or subnormal LVH-ranges point to the superiority of plasma volume determinations in the calculation of the total blood volume. The calculation of the volume of the blood-component actually not-labelled during single-isotopic--haematocrit procedures can be so highly inaccurate because of the hidden deviation of Fcells-value, that such misleading arithmetics has no real value and therefore should be omitted. Estimation of the large vessel and small vessel volumes and haematocrits in patients showed a rough 70 per cent---30 per cent distribution of the circulating blood volume between large and small vessels and an LVH tosmall vessel haematocrit ratio of 2:1 to 2:1.5. This offers a possibility to divide the circulating blood volume into a haemodynamically active (large vessel area) and a metabolically active (small vessel area) part, which can have important diagnostic and prognostic implications.", "PMID": 555176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2135", "title": "Consequences of experimental mitral insufficiency induced by chordotomy.", "content": "In mitral insufficiency induced by chordotomy in dogs beside the common diagnostic data the values for tissue perfusion indicative of myocardial microcirculation have been studied. Unexpectedly, a decrease of subendocardial circulation was found; this reduced circulation manifested itself with alterations such as changes in mitochondrial structure, increased quantity of subsarcolemic sarcoplasma, and degenerative symptoms.", "contents": "Consequences of experimental mitral insufficiency induced by chordotomy. In mitral insufficiency induced by chordotomy in dogs beside the common diagnostic data the values for tissue perfusion indicative of myocardial microcirculation have been studied. Unexpectedly, a decrease of subendocardial circulation was found; this reduced circulation manifested itself with alterations such as changes in mitochondrial structure, increased quantity of subsarcolemic sarcoplasma, and degenerative symptoms.", "PMID": 555177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2136", "title": "[Muscle layers of the stomach].", "content": "The arrangement of the gastric muscles of men, dogs and cats was studied from the aspect of functional anatomy. The stomach is divided into 8 segments on the basis of its vascularisation, musculature, structure and function. The muscular structures of the walls of the different segments are different. It was found that the sphincter of the pylorus is formed by the outer longitudinal muscle. The internal oblique muscle separates the sac and the tube system, while the circular musculature contributes mainly to the transport of nutrition.", "contents": "[Muscle layers of the stomach]. The arrangement of the gastric muscles of men, dogs and cats was studied from the aspect of functional anatomy. The stomach is divided into 8 segments on the basis of its vascularisation, musculature, structure and function. The muscular structures of the walls of the different segments are different. It was found that the sphincter of the pylorus is formed by the outer longitudinal muscle. The internal oblique muscle separates the sac and the tube system, while the circular musculature contributes mainly to the transport of nutrition.", "PMID": 555178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2137", "title": "[Theoretical and practical aspects of ileogastric reflexes].", "content": "Pathologic manifestations of the ileo-gastric reflex are infrequent. In the case of terminal intestinal angulation the pathologic reflex-situation can cause misleading gastric symptoms, which earlier have been supposed to be of reflectory origin but have not been investigated experimentally. On the basis of experience gained with patients suffering from terminal intestinal angulation it has been demonstrated in animal experiments that impulses generated by the strain of the wall of the terminal intestine acts on the stomach like a sympathetic stimulation. This reflex relationship is decisively of a nervous type. The anatomy of the reflex path has also been clarified. Animal experiments support the possibility of a reflex are acting via the coeliac ganglion and that the effect of the viscero-visceral reflex takes place through that reflex are on gastric acid secretion and on the blood content of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Theoretical and practical aspects of ileogastric reflexes]. Pathologic manifestations of the ileo-gastric reflex are infrequent. In the case of terminal intestinal angulation the pathologic reflex-situation can cause misleading gastric symptoms, which earlier have been supposed to be of reflectory origin but have not been investigated experimentally. On the basis of experience gained with patients suffering from terminal intestinal angulation it has been demonstrated in animal experiments that impulses generated by the strain of the wall of the terminal intestine acts on the stomach like a sympathetic stimulation. This reflex relationship is decisively of a nervous type. The anatomy of the reflex path has also been clarified. Animal experiments support the possibility of a reflex are acting via the coeliac ganglion and that the effect of the viscero-visceral reflex takes place through that reflex are on gastric acid secretion and on the blood content of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 555179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2138", "title": "[Complications of aortoiliac surgery and their postoperative therapy].", "content": "Experience in early postoperative treatment of 249 patients who had been subjected to aortoiliacal vascular surgery is reported. The therapeutic principles are outlined and the complications are reviewed. For the prevention of infectious complications the patients are given antibiotic protection, are fed parenterally till passage starts and, to avoid threatening postoperative hypoxaemia in the case of more severe respiratory disorders, prophylactic respiratory therapy is applied, and small doses of heparin are administered to prevent thrombosis. Taking into consideration the high incidence of complications and the advanced age of the patients, it is important to keep these in the intensive ward during the early postoperative period.", "contents": "[Complications of aortoiliac surgery and their postoperative therapy]. Experience in early postoperative treatment of 249 patients who had been subjected to aortoiliacal vascular surgery is reported. The therapeutic principles are outlined and the complications are reviewed. For the prevention of infectious complications the patients are given antibiotic protection, are fed parenterally till passage starts and, to avoid threatening postoperative hypoxaemia in the case of more severe respiratory disorders, prophylactic respiratory therapy is applied, and small doses of heparin are administered to prevent thrombosis. Taking into consideration the high incidence of complications and the advanced age of the patients, it is important to keep these in the intensive ward during the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 555180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2139", "title": "[Postoperative changes in free fatty acid levels in serum].", "content": "The serum free fatty acid levels were stuied under the influence of various operations. During surgery, the FFA level rose significantly in patients with arteriosclerosis and cholelithiasis, and also in obese ones, and decreased in hyperfunctional struma patients. Individual fatty acids too showed characteristic changes in these diseases. Under the influence of surgery, saturated fatty acid levels too rose significantly in arteriosclerotic patients.", "contents": "[Postoperative changes in free fatty acid levels in serum]. The serum free fatty acid levels were stuied under the influence of various operations. During surgery, the FFA level rose significantly in patients with arteriosclerosis and cholelithiasis, and also in obese ones, and decreased in hyperfunctional struma patients. Individual fatty acids too showed characteristic changes in these diseases. Under the influence of surgery, saturated fatty acid levels too rose significantly in arteriosclerotic patients.", "PMID": 555181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2140", "title": "[Leiomyoma of the female urethra].", "content": "A case of leiomyoma of the female urethra is reported. The tumour of unusual location and histology may raise diagnostic problems.", "contents": "[Leiomyoma of the female urethra]. A case of leiomyoma of the female urethra is reported. The tumour of unusual location and histology may raise diagnostic problems.", "PMID": 555182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2141", "title": "Cystic adventitial degeneration.", "content": "A case of cystic adventitial degeneration operated upon successfully is described. The literature, and the clinical features of the disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Cystic adventitial degeneration. A case of cystic adventitial degeneration operated upon successfully is described. The literature, and the clinical features of the disease are reviewed.", "PMID": 555183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2142", "title": "[Prevention of suture insufficiency using seromuscular gastric wall patch].", "content": "Seromuscular patches were prepared from the wall of the resected stomach of 20 dogs. The patches were used in the form of allogeneic and autologous grafts fixed with Histoacryl adhesive to cover gastric and intestinal sutures and gastric perforations. The aim was a hermetic closure of the wound and the prevention of suture insufficiency. In the 7 to 90 days follow-up period a perfect organization was observed in all the cases. On the basis of the favourable experimental results the clinical application of autologous seromuscular patches is suggested.", "contents": "[Prevention of suture insufficiency using seromuscular gastric wall patch]. Seromuscular patches were prepared from the wall of the resected stomach of 20 dogs. The patches were used in the form of allogeneic and autologous grafts fixed with Histoacryl adhesive to cover gastric and intestinal sutures and gastric perforations. The aim was a hermetic closure of the wound and the prevention of suture insufficiency. In the 7 to 90 days follow-up period a perfect organization was observed in all the cases. On the basis of the favourable experimental results the clinical application of autologous seromuscular patches is suggested.", "PMID": 555184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2143", "title": "[Covering the resected surface of parenchymatous organs with histoacryl-N-blue tissue adhesive and a seromuscular patch from the gastric wall].", "content": "Seromuscular patches were prepared from the gastric wall of 20 experimental dogs and used in the form of autologous or allogenic transplants for the covering of the resection surface of parenchymal organs (liver, spleen, pancreas). The patches were fixed by means of the tissue adhesive Histoacryl-N-Blue; the aim was to achieve haemostasis and to prevent running of the secretion. In the 1 to 90 days follow-up period the patches completely organized and in none of the cases did haemorrhage occur. On the basis of the good experimental results the authors suggest the possibility of the clinical application of autologous patches.", "contents": "[Covering the resected surface of parenchymatous organs with histoacryl-N-blue tissue adhesive and a seromuscular patch from the gastric wall]. Seromuscular patches were prepared from the gastric wall of 20 experimental dogs and used in the form of autologous or allogenic transplants for the covering of the resection surface of parenchymal organs (liver, spleen, pancreas). The patches were fixed by means of the tissue adhesive Histoacryl-N-Blue; the aim was to achieve haemostasis and to prevent running of the secretion. In the 1 to 90 days follow-up period the patches completely organized and in none of the cases did haemorrhage occur. On the basis of the good experimental results the authors suggest the possibility of the clinical application of autologous patches.", "PMID": 555185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2144", "title": "Angiography of the bronchial and pulmonary arteries in chronic non-specific lung diseases.", "content": "Examination of the bronchial artery system by means of contrast materials and pneumo-angiography has made it possible to determine the extent of the pathological process and to provide an answer to some of the problems raised by chronic non-specific diseases. When free passage is disturbed in the bronchi and alveolar ventilation is abolished, arterial blood will reach through the arterio-arterial anastomosis the branches of the pulmonary arteries, followed by a local hypertension in the affected region and a high oxygen saturation in the terminal branches of the pulmonary artery. In the case of bronchiectasis, the capillary circulation in the bronchial wall decreases because of the extension of the bronchial system which leads to the development of sclerosis and thus to a deterioration of the drainage function of the bronchus.", "contents": "Angiography of the bronchial and pulmonary arteries in chronic non-specific lung diseases. Examination of the bronchial artery system by means of contrast materials and pneumo-angiography has made it possible to determine the extent of the pathological process and to provide an answer to some of the problems raised by chronic non-specific diseases. When free passage is disturbed in the bronchi and alveolar ventilation is abolished, arterial blood will reach through the arterio-arterial anastomosis the branches of the pulmonary arteries, followed by a local hypertension in the affected region and a high oxygen saturation in the terminal branches of the pulmonary artery. In the case of bronchiectasis, the capillary circulation in the bronchial wall decreases because of the extension of the bronchial system which leads to the development of sclerosis and thus to a deterioration of the drainage function of the bronchus.", "PMID": 555186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2145", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of certain gynecological tumors].", "content": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of gynaecologic conditions is discussed. The method allows to distinguish cystic tumours from solid tumours, and to determine the size and origin of the growth, and to differentiate tumours of the uterus from ovarian tumours, ovarian cysts and ascites. Ultrasonic examinations were performed in 108 patients and the results are compared with the clinical and surgical findings. The method facts to distinguish malignant and benign tumours, but may still provide useful information also in this respect.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of certain gynecological tumors]. Ultrasonic diagnosis of gynaecologic conditions is discussed. The method allows to distinguish cystic tumours from solid tumours, and to determine the size and origin of the growth, and to differentiate tumours of the uterus from ovarian tumours, ovarian cysts and ascites. Ultrasonic examinations were performed in 108 patients and the results are compared with the clinical and surgical findings. The method facts to distinguish malignant and benign tumours, but may still provide useful information also in this respect.", "PMID": 555187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2146", "title": "Surgery of megaureter.", "content": "A modification of the operation for megaureter is described. The dilated lower ureter segment is folded and reimplanted submucosally.", "contents": "Surgery of megaureter. A modification of the operation for megaureter is described. The dilated lower ureter segment is folded and reimplanted submucosally.", "PMID": 555188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2147", "title": "Treatment of posttraumatic deformities in the radiocarpal joint in children.", "content": "Experience with treatment of 1885 children with fracture of the forearm bones is reported. Almost 1/3 (28.1%) were patients with epi-osteoepiphysiolysis of the distal end of the radius. In the majority, the method of treatment was conservative: closed manual reposition and immobilization with plaster cast during 3-4 weeks. Closed one-stage reposition is effective only during the first hours of 2-3 days after the trauma. The deformity following an inveterate epi-osteoepiphysiolysis must be corrected surgically before the physiological closure of the growth zones. The pathogenetic problems of posttraumatic deformities in the radiocarpal articulation are discussed and attention is focussed on the \"admissible\" types of displacement of the epiphysis (meta-epiphysis). The method of bloodless correction of deformities by means of distraction apparatuses is described. The technique was performed in 41 children with good results.", "contents": "Treatment of posttraumatic deformities in the radiocarpal joint in children. Experience with treatment of 1885 children with fracture of the forearm bones is reported. Almost 1/3 (28.1%) were patients with epi-osteoepiphysiolysis of the distal end of the radius. In the majority, the method of treatment was conservative: closed manual reposition and immobilization with plaster cast during 3-4 weeks. Closed one-stage reposition is effective only during the first hours of 2-3 days after the trauma. The deformity following an inveterate epi-osteoepiphysiolysis must be corrected surgically before the physiological closure of the growth zones. The pathogenetic problems of posttraumatic deformities in the radiocarpal articulation are discussed and attention is focussed on the \"admissible\" types of displacement of the epiphysis (meta-epiphysis). The method of bloodless correction of deformities by means of distraction apparatuses is described. The technique was performed in 41 children with good results.", "PMID": 555189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2148", "title": "[Shortcomings and hazards of the Schede-type of vertical suspension].", "content": "Because of the results of a large number of long-term check-ups the adhesive tape--extension treatment recommended for fractures of the femur in early infancy has been much criticized in the past two decades. Allergy to the adhesive tape, skin necrosis and mainly abnormal position of the foot on recovery made it necessary to modify the procedure and to discuss the over-estimation of treatments of this type. One hundred and thirteen patients were followed up for a long time (maximum 17 years) after the application of the Schede-type suspension and in none of the cases was a malformed position of the foot with grave consequences or interfering with development observed. No case has been reported in the literature in which death could be attributed to the adhesive tape-extension, while surgical intervention might have a fatal outcome in some rare cases. The authors see no indication for rejecting entirely the Schede-type suspension.", "contents": "[Shortcomings and hazards of the Schede-type of vertical suspension]. Because of the results of a large number of long-term check-ups the adhesive tape--extension treatment recommended for fractures of the femur in early infancy has been much criticized in the past two decades. Allergy to the adhesive tape, skin necrosis and mainly abnormal position of the foot on recovery made it necessary to modify the procedure and to discuss the over-estimation of treatments of this type. One hundred and thirteen patients were followed up for a long time (maximum 17 years) after the application of the Schede-type suspension and in none of the cases was a malformed position of the foot with grave consequences or interfering with development observed. No case has been reported in the literature in which death could be attributed to the adhesive tape-extension, while surgical intervention might have a fatal outcome in some rare cases. The authors see no indication for rejecting entirely the Schede-type suspension.", "PMID": 555190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2149", "title": "Therapeutic use of ultrasound in urology.", "content": "After a brief historical review, experience with ultrasonic treatment is described. Since therapy performed by means of the moving head technique had beneficial effect on chronic prostatitis, plastic induration of the penis and the accompanying sexual potency disturbance, the method is recommended for use.", "contents": "Therapeutic use of ultrasound in urology. After a brief historical review, experience with ultrasonic treatment is described. Since therapy performed by means of the moving head technique had beneficial effect on chronic prostatitis, plastic induration of the penis and the accompanying sexual potency disturbance, the method is recommended for use.", "PMID": 555191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2150", "title": "[Transurethral cryocaustic therapy of the prostate].", "content": "In nearly one year 64 transurethral cryocaustics were performed because of adenoma of the bladder neck (36 cases) and carcinoma of the prostate (28 cases). Essentially, the authors' method consists in freezing the necessary quantity of tissue and then \"exploding\" the destroyed cells by sudden heating. In contrast to other authors, the catheter is kept in the patient for 8 days. All of the patients belonged into the high risk group with complete retention. In the case of adenoma the results were good in 66%, fair in 22% and unsuccessful in 3% of the patients, while in 82% of the prostate carcinoma patients the results were good, 14% urinated with moderate residues and the operation was practically unsuccessful in 4%. Success meant an abolishment of the residue and a disappearance or moderation of pyuria. So far no complications have been encountered, but complications are believed to be unavoidable later. Cryocaustics is recommended in the case of patients with serious circulatory insufficiency or when, because of contra-indicated anaesthesia, no radical operation can be performed.", "contents": "[Transurethral cryocaustic therapy of the prostate]. In nearly one year 64 transurethral cryocaustics were performed because of adenoma of the bladder neck (36 cases) and carcinoma of the prostate (28 cases). Essentially, the authors' method consists in freezing the necessary quantity of tissue and then \"exploding\" the destroyed cells by sudden heating. In contrast to other authors, the catheter is kept in the patient for 8 days. All of the patients belonged into the high risk group with complete retention. In the case of adenoma the results were good in 66%, fair in 22% and unsuccessful in 3% of the patients, while in 82% of the prostate carcinoma patients the results were good, 14% urinated with moderate residues and the operation was practically unsuccessful in 4%. Success meant an abolishment of the residue and a disappearance or moderation of pyuria. So far no complications have been encountered, but complications are believed to be unavoidable later. Cryocaustics is recommended in the case of patients with serious circulatory insufficiency or when, because of contra-indicated anaesthesia, no radical operation can be performed.", "PMID": 555192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2151", "title": "[Rapidly growing carcinoma of the penis].", "content": "After a brief review of the cancer of the penis the case of a 24-year-old man is described. After five months of the rapidly progressing cancer of the penis no radical operation could be performed in the intact tissue. The importance of biopsy is stressed which has to be repeated, occasionally involving the preparation of series of slides.", "contents": "[Rapidly growing carcinoma of the penis]. After a brief review of the cancer of the penis the case of a 24-year-old man is described. After five months of the rapidly progressing cancer of the penis no radical operation could be performed in the intact tissue. The importance of biopsy is stressed which has to be repeated, occasionally involving the preparation of series of slides.", "PMID": 555193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2152", "title": "The rate of accidental injuries in childhood morbidity and lethality.", "content": "At the Department of Paediatric Surgery in Bratislava are treated all the childhood accidents occurring in the town and its suburbs which have approximately 400,000 inhabitants of which 130,000 are children. In the past 46 years, the number of accidents has greatly increased in spite of a decrease in the number of children and while among the causes of death, accidents occupied the 4th place in 1933, now they are at the leading place, being responsible for almost half of all the deaths under 10 years of age.", "contents": "The rate of accidental injuries in childhood morbidity and lethality. At the Department of Paediatric Surgery in Bratislava are treated all the childhood accidents occurring in the town and its suburbs which have approximately 400,000 inhabitants of which 130,000 are children. In the past 46 years, the number of accidents has greatly increased in spite of a decrease in the number of children and while among the causes of death, accidents occupied the 4th place in 1933, now they are at the leading place, being responsible for almost half of all the deaths under 10 years of age.", "PMID": 555194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2153", "title": "The etiology of human dizygotic twinning with special reference to spontaneous abortions.", "content": "The comparison of 622 twin and 622 singleton births allowed us to confirm the association of dizygotic twinning with maternal age, parity, and maternal weight and height, as well as the occurrence of unlike-sex twins in the mother's family. It was also shown that none of these associations, except for maternal height, can be explained by the others. Dizygotic twinning was also found to be negatively correlated with previous use of oral contraceptives and with irregularity of menstrual cycle. Finally, the relationship between spontaneous abortion in previous pregnancies and maternal exposure to medical irradiation was investigated.", "contents": "The etiology of human dizygotic twinning with special reference to spontaneous abortions. The comparison of 622 twin and 622 singleton births allowed us to confirm the association of dizygotic twinning with maternal age, parity, and maternal weight and height, as well as the occurrence of unlike-sex twins in the mother's family. It was also shown that none of these associations, except for maternal height, can be explained by the others. Dizygotic twinning was also found to be negatively correlated with previous use of oral contraceptives and with irregularity of menstrual cycle. Finally, the relationship between spontaneous abortion in previous pregnancies and maternal exposure to medical irradiation was investigated.", "PMID": 555196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2154", "title": "The intrauterine growth of the biparietal diameter of twins.", "content": "A series of 978 repeated ultrasonic measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) assessed the growth of 119 twin pairs during the second half of pregnancy. The mean BPD values for each gestational week were close to the mean values for singletons. From the 32nd week, the BPD growth curves for twins deviated from that for singletons. The second twins' growth curve ran consistently below that of the first and fell away more from the 32nd week on. In 80% of the measurements, the first twin (defined as the twin in, or close to, the pelvic inlet) was the one with the largest BPD. The intrapair difference in BPD had no correlation to the intrapair difference in body length, head circumference, or birth weight. In 91 of the 119 twin pairs, zygosity was settled by sex, histological examination of placenta, or blood grouping. The longitudinally compiled BPD growth curves (678 BPD determinations) showed the curve for dizygotic twins consistently running above that of the monozygotic twins. The BPD differences between the first and the second twin remained also within mono- and dizygotic groups of twins.", "contents": "The intrauterine growth of the biparietal diameter of twins. A series of 978 repeated ultrasonic measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) assessed the growth of 119 twin pairs during the second half of pregnancy. The mean BPD values for each gestational week were close to the mean values for singletons. From the 32nd week, the BPD growth curves for twins deviated from that for singletons. The second twins' growth curve ran consistently below that of the first and fell away more from the 32nd week on. In 80% of the measurements, the first twin (defined as the twin in, or close to, the pelvic inlet) was the one with the largest BPD. The intrapair difference in BPD had no correlation to the intrapair difference in body length, head circumference, or birth weight. In 91 of the 119 twin pairs, zygosity was settled by sex, histological examination of placenta, or blood grouping. The longitudinally compiled BPD growth curves (678 BPD determinations) showed the curve for dizygotic twins consistently running above that of the monozygotic twins. The BPD differences between the first and the second twin remained also within mono- and dizygotic groups of twins.", "PMID": 555197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2155", "title": "Anaemia in twin pregnancy.", "content": "A total of 123 twin pregnancies were studied, 68 by records analysis only, and 55 by serial haematological assessment in detail. The incidence of low haemoglobin levels is found to be greater than in singleton pregnancy; evidence of iron and folic acid deficiency is common in sternal marrow aspirates but not in peripheral blood films. Routine haematinic prophylaxis in twin pregnancy is not advocated.", "contents": "Anaemia in twin pregnancy. A total of 123 twin pregnancies were studied, 68 by records analysis only, and 55 by serial haematological assessment in detail. The incidence of low haemoglobin levels is found to be greater than in singleton pregnancy; evidence of iron and folic acid deficiency is common in sternal marrow aspirates but not in peripheral blood films. Routine haematinic prophylaxis in twin pregnancy is not advocated.", "PMID": 555198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2156", "title": "Glucose tolerance in twin pregnancy.", "content": "The hypothesis of a slower rate of glucose disappearance after intravenous glucose injection has been tested and proved in a sample of 54 women with twin pregnancies. Different standards for glucose tolerance being therefore required for these women, care should be taken before labelling them as diabetic.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in twin pregnancy. The hypothesis of a slower rate of glucose disappearance after intravenous glucose injection has been tested and proved in a sample of 54 women with twin pregnancies. Different standards for glucose tolerance being therefore required for these women, care should be taken before labelling them as diabetic.", "PMID": 555199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2157", "title": "Nutrition in twin pregnancy.", "content": "The urinary nitrogen output appears to be related to both protein and energy intake, so that women having heavier babies probably eat more, although this may simply mean that they are larger women. Women with twin pregnancies have been found to have a lesser urinary nitrogen output, but it seems unlikely that this be due to lower intakes. They might simply utilize their diet more efficiently--a hypothesis that is now being tested.", "contents": "Nutrition in twin pregnancy. The urinary nitrogen output appears to be related to both protein and energy intake, so that women having heavier babies probably eat more, although this may simply mean that they are larger women. Women with twin pregnancies have been found to have a lesser urinary nitrogen output, but it seems unlikely that this be due to lower intakes. They might simply utilize their diet more efficiently--a hypothesis that is now being tested.", "PMID": 555200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2158", "title": "Foetal twin ultrasound biometry.", "content": "Biparietal diameter growth differs considerably in the twin gestation compared to the singleton gestation; thus the use of a specific standard is recommended. A shift toward lower values is noticed in monochorial twins. In the case of the abdominal diameter growth, instead, no significant difference is found between twins and singletons.", "contents": "Foetal twin ultrasound biometry. Biparietal diameter growth differs considerably in the twin gestation compared to the singleton gestation; thus the use of a specific standard is recommended. A shift toward lower values is noticed in monochorial twins. In the case of the abdominal diameter growth, instead, no significant difference is found between twins and singletons.", "PMID": 555201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2159", "title": "Oxytocin treatment in twin pregnancy labour.", "content": "A continuous series of 483 twin deliveries was studied. In 30% of cases, intravenous oxytocic treatment was given for labour induction or to accelerate the first stage. In 13% of twin deliveries this treatment was applied only after the first twin's birth. In the group perfused during cervix dilatation, foetal mortality rate was significantly lower than in the nontreated group. In order to understand the reason(s) for this difference, the following factors were studied in relation to oxytocic treatment: parity, obstetrical complications, second stage duration, abnormal presentations, obstetrical maneuvers, and birth weight. Contrasting with mortality data, Apgar scores of first twins were significantly lower in the oxytocin-treated group. In summary, several variables indirectly linked to oxytocic treatment could have favoured or hampered foetal outcome in the treated group. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain if the use of oxytocics is helpful in twin pregnancy management. In the majority of cases, however, it may at least be considered harmless.", "contents": "Oxytocin treatment in twin pregnancy labour. A continuous series of 483 twin deliveries was studied. In 30% of cases, intravenous oxytocic treatment was given for labour induction or to accelerate the first stage. In 13% of twin deliveries this treatment was applied only after the first twin's birth. In the group perfused during cervix dilatation, foetal mortality rate was significantly lower than in the nontreated group. In order to understand the reason(s) for this difference, the following factors were studied in relation to oxytocic treatment: parity, obstetrical complications, second stage duration, abnormal presentations, obstetrical maneuvers, and birth weight. Contrasting with mortality data, Apgar scores of first twins were significantly lower in the oxytocin-treated group. In summary, several variables indirectly linked to oxytocic treatment could have favoured or hampered foetal outcome in the treated group. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain if the use of oxytocics is helpful in twin pregnancy management. In the majority of cases, however, it may at least be considered harmless.", "PMID": 555202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2160", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of twin pregnancy.", "content": "Early detection is a prerequisite for the active management of twin pregnancy. Detection rate was not, or was only slightly, increased by improved anamnesis or more alert physical examination. General placental lactogen screening selected 95% of the twins but implied a subsequent ultrasonic screening examination of 16% of the pregnant population for the definitive diagnosis. A general screening programme with ultrasound detected 90% of the twin pregnancies (methodological error 1.7%; not participating 8%) in the mid-trimester. Extensive restriction of maternal physical activity from the 29th to the 36th gestational week by bed rest in hospital reduced perinatal mortality to the level of singletons and also decreased the incidence of neurological and mental handicap among the surviving twins. For the supervision of twin pregnancy, urinary estriol estimates predict birth weight rather than fetal distress. Monitoring with repeated ultrasonic biparietal diameter measurements seem limited in value; even large intertwin BPD differences are not indicators of fetal distress in the smallest twin. The decrease of perinatal mortality and morbidity among twins subjected to special antenatal supervision suggests that large gains can be made by early detection and antenatal hospitalization. The earlier finding that impairment of the intrauterine supply line is closely associated with neurological sequelae gives added importance to the reduction of CNS handicap and of growth-retarded fetuses observed during such a programme.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of twin pregnancy. Early detection is a prerequisite for the active management of twin pregnancy. Detection rate was not, or was only slightly, increased by improved anamnesis or more alert physical examination. General placental lactogen screening selected 95% of the twins but implied a subsequent ultrasonic screening examination of 16% of the pregnant population for the definitive diagnosis. A general screening programme with ultrasound detected 90% of the twin pregnancies (methodological error 1.7%; not participating 8%) in the mid-trimester. Extensive restriction of maternal physical activity from the 29th to the 36th gestational week by bed rest in hospital reduced perinatal mortality to the level of singletons and also decreased the incidence of neurological and mental handicap among the surviving twins. For the supervision of twin pregnancy, urinary estriol estimates predict birth weight rather than fetal distress. Monitoring with repeated ultrasonic biparietal diameter measurements seem limited in value; even large intertwin BPD differences are not indicators of fetal distress in the smallest twin. The decrease of perinatal mortality and morbidity among twins subjected to special antenatal supervision suggests that large gains can be made by early detection and antenatal hospitalization. The earlier finding that impairment of the intrauterine supply line is closely associated with neurological sequelae gives added importance to the reduction of CNS handicap and of growth-retarded fetuses observed during such a programme.", "PMID": 555203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2161", "title": "Towards a normalization of the outcome of twin pregnancy.", "content": "During 1973/1978, more than 90% of the pregnant women in Malm\u00f6, Sweden, were examined by ultrasound to improve the early diagnosis of twin pregnancy. This screening programme detected 90% of the twin pregnancies delivered during this period, 105 were subjected to a preventive treatment with bed rest in hospital, usually from the 29th to the 37th week (mean: 55 days). This study evaluates the outcome of these pregnancies, compared with those not treated with bed rest and with all twin pairs born a decade earlier (1963/1965). All twins of this group born up to 1 May 1977 were also monitored by regular postpartum check-ups until at least 18 months of age. Perinatal mortality was reduced to 0.5% in the group with bed rest, but remained as high (8%) as ten years earlier in the group without bed rest. The bed rest group, compared with the group without bed rest and the group of twins born 1963/1965, also showed a significantly reduced frequency of deliveries before the 37th week; also, the incidence of twins born light-for-gestational age and with birth weight below 1500 g was reduced. The incidence of twins born with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and late development was 3% in 1973/1977 and 8.1% in 1963/1965. The reduction of mortality and morbidity of twins paralleled the improved obstetric and neonatal care. The fact that perinatal mortality and preterm delivery were reduced only among twins subjected to special antenatal supervision suggests that large gains are to be made by early detection and antenatal hospitalization. The lower CNS morbidity provides evidence of the quality improvement among the twin survivers.", "contents": "Towards a normalization of the outcome of twin pregnancy. During 1973/1978, more than 90% of the pregnant women in Malm\u00f6, Sweden, were examined by ultrasound to improve the early diagnosis of twin pregnancy. This screening programme detected 90% of the twin pregnancies delivered during this period, 105 were subjected to a preventive treatment with bed rest in hospital, usually from the 29th to the 37th week (mean: 55 days). This study evaluates the outcome of these pregnancies, compared with those not treated with bed rest and with all twin pairs born a decade earlier (1963/1965). All twins of this group born up to 1 May 1977 were also monitored by regular postpartum check-ups until at least 18 months of age. Perinatal mortality was reduced to 0.5% in the group with bed rest, but remained as high (8%) as ten years earlier in the group without bed rest. The bed rest group, compared with the group without bed rest and the group of twins born 1963/1965, also showed a significantly reduced frequency of deliveries before the 37th week; also, the incidence of twins born light-for-gestational age and with birth weight below 1500 g was reduced. The incidence of twins born with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and late development was 3% in 1973/1977 and 8.1% in 1963/1965. The reduction of mortality and morbidity of twins paralleled the improved obstetric and neonatal care. The fact that perinatal mortality and preterm delivery were reduced only among twins subjected to special antenatal supervision suggests that large gains are to be made by early detection and antenatal hospitalization. The lower CNS morbidity provides evidence of the quality improvement among the twin survivers.", "PMID": 555204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2162", "title": "The Northwestern University Multihospital Twin Study. II. Mortality of first versus second twins.", "content": "The results of a multihospital study involving a total of 588 twin pairs born in Chicago in 1970-1975 are reported, with special respect to differences in mortality between first and second twins by time as well as by cause of death. Mortality was higher in second than in first twins and most commonly occurred after delivery and was the result of immaturity and of respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "The Northwestern University Multihospital Twin Study. II. Mortality of first versus second twins. The results of a multihospital study involving a total of 588 twin pairs born in Chicago in 1970-1975 are reported, with special respect to differences in mortality between first and second twins by time as well as by cause of death. Mortality was higher in second than in first twins and most commonly occurred after delivery and was the result of immaturity and of respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 555205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2163", "title": "The effect of zygosity on the birth weight of twins in Aberdeen and northeast Scotland.", "content": "Birth weight data for 356 pairs of newborn twins of known zygosity and placentation are presented. The combined weights of dizygotic twins are heavier than those of monozygotic twins. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the association between increased maternal height and dizygotic twinning.", "contents": "The effect of zygosity on the birth weight of twins in Aberdeen and northeast Scotland. Birth weight data for 356 pairs of newborn twins of known zygosity and placentation are presented. The combined weights of dizygotic twins are heavier than those of monozygotic twins. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the association between increased maternal height and dizygotic twinning.", "PMID": 555206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2164", "title": "Delivery of twin pregnancy.", "content": "Preliminary observations fail to indicate a higher risk to the twin babies as a result of labor induction or Cesarian section, so that a systematic clinical trial will now be possible.", "contents": "Delivery of twin pregnancy. Preliminary observations fail to indicate a higher risk to the twin babies as a result of labor induction or Cesarian section, so that a systematic clinical trial will now be possible.", "PMID": 555207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2165", "title": "Perinatal mortality in twins.", "content": "A study of perinatal mortality in twins has been carried out concurrently in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Aberdeen, Scotland. In both areas perinatal mortality rates have been found to be four times higher in twins than in singletons, reaching up to 310 per 1000 in the monochorionic group in Ibadan. Moreover, rates have been found to increase considerably with maternal age and parity.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality in twins. A study of perinatal mortality in twins has been carried out concurrently in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Aberdeen, Scotland. In both areas perinatal mortality rates have been found to be four times higher in twins than in singletons, reaching up to 310 per 1000 in the monochorionic group in Ibadan. Moreover, rates have been found to increase considerably with maternal age and parity.", "PMID": 555208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2166", "title": "The Aberdeen Obstetric Data Bank.", "content": "An obstetric-neonatal-gynecological data bank has been developed for the Aberdeen District in Scotland and is now fully computerized. Within it, a twin register including over 550 pairs of known placentation and zygosity has developed.", "contents": "The Aberdeen Obstetric Data Bank. An obstetric-neonatal-gynecological data bank has been developed for the Aberdeen District in Scotland and is now fully computerized. Within it, a twin register including over 550 pairs of known placentation and zygosity has developed.", "PMID": 555209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2167", "title": "EEC Concerted Action Project--European Congenital Anomalies and Twins (Eurocat).", "content": "The European Economic Community (EEC) is promoting a network of locally funded centers in the nine EEC countries, surveying a total of approximately 140,800 births per year for selected congenital malformations and multiple births. The objectives and aims of the study are explained and some of the methods to set guidelines detailed.", "contents": "EEC Concerted Action Project--European Congenital Anomalies and Twins (Eurocat). The European Economic Community (EEC) is promoting a network of locally funded centers in the nine EEC countries, surveying a total of approximately 140,800 births per year for selected congenital malformations and multiple births. The objectives and aims of the study are explained and some of the methods to set guidelines detailed.", "PMID": 555210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2168", "title": "[Congenital hemolytic anemias].", "content": "During the last years our knowledge of the structural composition of erythrocyte membranes has markedly increased. It is the aim of this review to discuss hereditary changes of the erythrocyte membrane of pathophysiological significance on the basis of these recent biochemical findings. The report particularly deals with structural proteins, such as spectrin, and its possible significance for corpuscular deformation (e. g. spherocytosis). In addition, the importance of hemoglobinopathies and hereditary enzymatic defects for the development of hemolysis is discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital hemolytic anemias]. During the last years our knowledge of the structural composition of erythrocyte membranes has markedly increased. It is the aim of this review to discuss hereditary changes of the erythrocyte membrane of pathophysiological significance on the basis of these recent biochemical findings. The report particularly deals with structural proteins, such as spectrin, and its possible significance for corpuscular deformation (e. g. spherocytosis). In addition, the importance of hemoglobinopathies and hereditary enzymatic defects for the development of hemolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 555211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2169", "title": "[Accompanying hemolysis in lymphoproliferative diseases].", "content": "149 patients with non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) were observed at the III. Medical Department of the Hanusch Hospital during 1972--1978. 15 out of 106 patients with low malignant NHL had autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA). None of the patients with high malignant NHL showed evidence of hemolysis. In 10 cases AHA was diagnosed together with the lymphoproliferative disease. In 4 cases diagnosis of AHA and NHL was established at the same time and in only 1 patient diagnosis of AHA preceded the lymphatic disease. All patients had distinct signs of hemolysis with moderate to severe anemia. 4 patients with immunocytic lymphomas had IgM paraproteins and an elevation of gamma-globulins, all other patients had mild to severe hypogammaglobulinemia. Therapy in all cases consisted of corticosteroids and cytostatics (Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide). In none of our cases splenectomy was performed. AHA seems to be a bad prognostic factor in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Survival time in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and AHA was 18 months shorter than in all other patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "[Accompanying hemolysis in lymphoproliferative diseases]. 149 patients with non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) were observed at the III. Medical Department of the Hanusch Hospital during 1972--1978. 15 out of 106 patients with low malignant NHL had autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA). None of the patients with high malignant NHL showed evidence of hemolysis. In 10 cases AHA was diagnosed together with the lymphoproliferative disease. In 4 cases diagnosis of AHA and NHL was established at the same time and in only 1 patient diagnosis of AHA preceded the lymphatic disease. All patients had distinct signs of hemolysis with moderate to severe anemia. 4 patients with immunocytic lymphomas had IgM paraproteins and an elevation of gamma-globulins, all other patients had mild to severe hypogammaglobulinemia. Therapy in all cases consisted of corticosteroids and cytostatics (Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide). In none of our cases splenectomy was performed. AHA seems to be a bad prognostic factor in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Survival time in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and AHA was 18 months shorter than in all other patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 555212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2170", "title": "[Hemolytic anemia in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "In 12 of 128 patients with Hodgkin's disease (10%) haemolytic anaemia could be observed. In 3 of 12 patients an (auto-)immunological etiology of haemolysis was proven by the positive antiglobulin-test. In the rest of patients (9 of 12) the haemolytic syndrome could be explained by the concomitant enlargement of the spleen. In addition to high-dose prednisolone, splenectomy is the method of choice for the treatment of the haemolytic syndrome (4 of 6 patients). If adequate treatment of Hodgkin's disease is provided, the disease (2--37 months) will not be influenced by haemolytic anaemia.", "contents": "[Hemolytic anemia in Hodgkin's disease]. In 12 of 128 patients with Hodgkin's disease (10%) haemolytic anaemia could be observed. In 3 of 12 patients an (auto-)immunological etiology of haemolysis was proven by the positive antiglobulin-test. In the rest of patients (9 of 12) the haemolytic syndrome could be explained by the concomitant enlargement of the spleen. In addition to high-dose prednisolone, splenectomy is the method of choice for the treatment of the haemolytic syndrome (4 of 6 patients). If adequate treatment of Hodgkin's disease is provided, the disease (2--37 months) will not be influenced by haemolytic anaemia.", "PMID": 555213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2171", "title": "[Acute hemolysis in polycythemia vera].", "content": "The clinical course of fulminant haemolysis in a 54 year old patient with polycythaemia vera is described. Haemolysis was due to a complement-activating cold-autoantibody of the IgM class. A pathogenetic association between polycythaemia vera as a myeloproliferative disorder and autoimmune-haemolysis is discussed.", "contents": "[Acute hemolysis in polycythemia vera]. The clinical course of fulminant haemolysis in a 54 year old patient with polycythaemia vera is described. Haemolysis was due to a complement-activating cold-autoantibody of the IgM class. A pathogenetic association between polycythaemia vera as a myeloproliferative disorder and autoimmune-haemolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 555214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2172", "title": "[Serious hemolytic anemia after mitral valvuloplasty].", "content": "A patient with mitral insufficiency is described who developed severe hemolytic anemia six months after mitral valvuloplasty. Various laboratory tests suggested that the cause of the hemolysis was mechanical. A second heart operation was therefore performed which revealed intact valve function. With respect to the mechanical cause of hemolysis a bioprosthesis was implanted, but the patient died shortly after this operation. Since similar cases are not reported in the literature the authors invite for discussion of this case.", "contents": "[Serious hemolytic anemia after mitral valvuloplasty]. A patient with mitral insufficiency is described who developed severe hemolytic anemia six months after mitral valvuloplasty. Various laboratory tests suggested that the cause of the hemolysis was mechanical. A second heart operation was therefore performed which revealed intact valve function. With respect to the mechanical cause of hemolysis a bioprosthesis was implanted, but the patient died shortly after this operation. Since similar cases are not reported in the literature the authors invite for discussion of this case.", "PMID": 555215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2173", "title": "[Heterozygous beta-thalassemia in a large German family].", "content": "This report deals with a large German family in which 12 carriers of the trait had the characteristic hematologic abnormalities of thalassemia minor. Among these are increased red cell count, decreased hemoglobin content, microcytosis and marked hypochromia in the presence of normal or increased serum iron levels. Thalassemia should always be considered if these hematologic abnormalities are found. It probably occurs more often in central Europe than thought of hitherto.", "contents": "[Heterozygous beta-thalassemia in a large German family]. This report deals with a large German family in which 12 carriers of the trait had the characteristic hematologic abnormalities of thalassemia minor. Among these are increased red cell count, decreased hemoglobin content, microcytosis and marked hypochromia in the presence of normal or increased serum iron levels. Thalassemia should always be considered if these hematologic abnormalities are found. It probably occurs more often in central Europe than thought of hitherto.", "PMID": 555216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2174", "title": "[The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as a rare cause of hemolytic anemia].", "content": "The Lesch Nyhan Syndrome is a rare cause of hemolytic anemia. By electron microscopy, platelets of a patient with this disorder lacked a marginal bundle nearly completely--and had morphologically an abnormal structure. This may be a hint with respect to the pathogenesis of this unresolved syndrome.", "contents": "[The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as a rare cause of hemolytic anemia]. The Lesch Nyhan Syndrome is a rare cause of hemolytic anemia. By electron microscopy, platelets of a patient with this disorder lacked a marginal bundle nearly completely--and had morphologically an abnormal structure. This may be a hint with respect to the pathogenesis of this unresolved syndrome.", "PMID": 555217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2175", "title": "[The radioactive antiglobulin (Coombs') test].", "content": "Weak red cell sensitization by hemolyzing antibodies may not be detected by the standard antiglobulin test. For the diagnosis of certain immune hemolytic anemias more sensitive methods are needed. Anti-IgG was purified as F(ab)2 by pepsin digestion and labelled with 125 I using the chloramine T method. 15 X 10(7) cells were washed and suspended in 0.1 ml of 6% albumin in saline. After incubation with 0.1 ml of 125 I-anti-IgG F(ab')2 for 30 minutes, the cells were washed and the uptake of radioactivity was counted using a gamma-counter. Standard cells were coated with a known concentration of an IgG anti-D preparation in the range of 50--1000 molecules per red cell. The sensitivity for the detection of red cell sensitization was at least 50 molecules per red cell. Because of varying binding ratios between the labelled anti-IgG reagent and different red cell antibodies the determination of the exact number of IgG molecules on the red cells is difficult. However, this very sensitive and reproducible method shows practical advantages in comparison with a complement fixation antibody consumption method with which corresponding results were obtained. Beside the evaluation of antiglobulin test negative autoimmune hemolytic anemias, this method may be applied for the determination of the specificity of weak red cell alloantibodies not detectable by standard blood bank procedures.", "contents": "[The radioactive antiglobulin (Coombs') test]. Weak red cell sensitization by hemolyzing antibodies may not be detected by the standard antiglobulin test. For the diagnosis of certain immune hemolytic anemias more sensitive methods are needed. Anti-IgG was purified as F(ab)2 by pepsin digestion and labelled with 125 I using the chloramine T method. 15 X 10(7) cells were washed and suspended in 0.1 ml of 6% albumin in saline. After incubation with 0.1 ml of 125 I-anti-IgG F(ab')2 for 30 minutes, the cells were washed and the uptake of radioactivity was counted using a gamma-counter. Standard cells were coated with a known concentration of an IgG anti-D preparation in the range of 50--1000 molecules per red cell. The sensitivity for the detection of red cell sensitization was at least 50 molecules per red cell. Because of varying binding ratios between the labelled anti-IgG reagent and different red cell antibodies the determination of the exact number of IgG molecules on the red cells is difficult. However, this very sensitive and reproducible method shows practical advantages in comparison with a complement fixation antibody consumption method with which corresponding results were obtained. Beside the evaluation of antiglobulin test negative autoimmune hemolytic anemias, this method may be applied for the determination of the specificity of weak red cell alloantibodies not detectable by standard blood bank procedures.", "PMID": 555218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2176", "title": "[Clinical and laboratory chemical examination in the diagnostic demarkation of chronic lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "In its conventional meaning, chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) describes a variety of clinical and prognostical aspects. Since it was found using immunohistological methods that a remarkable number of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (immunocytoma) were initially considered to belong to the CLL-group according to cell morphology, cell count and clinical status, the purpose of this study was to set up clinical and laboratory parameters separating CLL and immunocytoma. This was accomplished by categorizing 71 patients of preliminary CLL by age, sex, distribution of B and T lymphocytes, cell morphology, symptoms at the time of diagnosis, clinical course, electrophoresis and quantitative immunoglobulines. According to these features, the sample of patients was divided into three groups: Group 1: chronic lymphatic leukemia probable. Group 2: immunocytoma probable. Group 3: clear-cut separation is not possible. In these patients a lymphnode extirpation and a fluorescent examination of surface immunoglobulines should be performed.", "contents": "[Clinical and laboratory chemical examination in the diagnostic demarkation of chronic lymphatic leukemia]. In its conventional meaning, chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) describes a variety of clinical and prognostical aspects. Since it was found using immunohistological methods that a remarkable number of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (immunocytoma) were initially considered to belong to the CLL-group according to cell morphology, cell count and clinical status, the purpose of this study was to set up clinical and laboratory parameters separating CLL and immunocytoma. This was accomplished by categorizing 71 patients of preliminary CLL by age, sex, distribution of B and T lymphocytes, cell morphology, symptoms at the time of diagnosis, clinical course, electrophoresis and quantitative immunoglobulines. According to these features, the sample of patients was divided into three groups: Group 1: chronic lymphatic leukemia probable. Group 2: immunocytoma probable. Group 3: clear-cut separation is not possible. In these patients a lymphnode extirpation and a fluorescent examination of surface immunoglobulines should be performed.", "PMID": 555219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2177", "title": "[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis primarily affecting the skeletal muscles].", "content": "The authors report on a woman (34 years old) which was affected by lymphomatoid granulomatosis. During the first periods of the disease the granulomatous lesions were confined to the muscles of the upper extremities. High fever, progressive development of new muscular lesions and later of lesions in the pharynx, larynx, and the lungs characterized the clinical course. Therapeutic approaches included glucocorticoids, chemotherapy, irradiation, plasmapheresis, but induced no relevant beneficial effect. Based on laboratory and experimental data as well as on data from the literature the authors discuss the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this disorder.", "contents": "[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis primarily affecting the skeletal muscles]. The authors report on a woman (34 years old) which was affected by lymphomatoid granulomatosis. During the first periods of the disease the granulomatous lesions were confined to the muscles of the upper extremities. High fever, progressive development of new muscular lesions and later of lesions in the pharynx, larynx, and the lungs characterized the clinical course. Therapeutic approaches included glucocorticoids, chemotherapy, irradiation, plasmapheresis, but induced no relevant beneficial effect. Based on laboratory and experimental data as well as on data from the literature the authors discuss the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this disorder.", "PMID": 555221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2178", "title": "[Local angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (lymphogranulomatosis X). The position of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy within the malignant lymphomas].", "content": "Three cases with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy are reported. Two patients presented with a localized manifestation in the area of an unspecific focus. The third patient presented with the classic clinical picture. A hypothesis is set up for the aetiology, pathogenesis and for the differences in the clinical course of the illness.", "contents": "[Local angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (lymphogranulomatosis X). The position of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy within the malignant lymphomas]. Three cases with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy are reported. Two patients presented with a localized manifestation in the area of an unspecific focus. The third patient presented with the classic clinical picture. A hypothesis is set up for the aetiology, pathogenesis and for the differences in the clinical course of the illness.", "PMID": 555220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2179", "title": "[Monocyte cytotoxicity in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "Monocyte mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was determined in 23 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 29 normal healthy controls. ADCC activity of monocytes was found to be significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in patients when compared to the controls. No significant difference was observed in the number of non specific esterase positive-monocytes in both groups of individuals, investigated. Thus increased ADCC activity of monocytes in Hodgkin's disease in this particular ADCC system is due to an increased lytic capacity of monocytes.", "contents": "[Monocyte cytotoxicity in Hodgkin's disease]. Monocyte mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was determined in 23 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 29 normal healthy controls. ADCC activity of monocytes was found to be significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in patients when compared to the controls. No significant difference was observed in the number of non specific esterase positive-monocytes in both groups of individuals, investigated. Thus increased ADCC activity of monocytes in Hodgkin's disease in this particular ADCC system is due to an increased lytic capacity of monocytes.", "PMID": 555222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2180", "title": "[Disturbances in granulocyte chemotaxis in patients with multiple myeloma].", "content": "a) Leukocyte chemotactic activity, b) cytotaxic activity of patients' sera and c) influence of patients' sera on chemotactic activity of control leukocytes was studied in 18 patients with multiple myeloma, one patient with monoclonal IgE-gammopathy of undetermined significance and 32 controls. Chemotactic activity of patient leukocytes against Zymosan-activated normal serum and against Casein was reduced significantly. In addition, in 66% of the patients a chemotaxis inhibiting serum factor was observed. The Zymosan-induced generation of cytotaxic factors did not differ in patients or control sera. These data show that leukocyte inherent defects as well as serum factors give rise to reduced leukocyte chemotactic activity in patients with multiple myeloma. This impairment is likely to contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections in that disorder.", "contents": "[Disturbances in granulocyte chemotaxis in patients with multiple myeloma]. a) Leukocyte chemotactic activity, b) cytotaxic activity of patients' sera and c) influence of patients' sera on chemotactic activity of control leukocytes was studied in 18 patients with multiple myeloma, one patient with monoclonal IgE-gammopathy of undetermined significance and 32 controls. Chemotactic activity of patient leukocytes against Zymosan-activated normal serum and against Casein was reduced significantly. In addition, in 66% of the patients a chemotaxis inhibiting serum factor was observed. The Zymosan-induced generation of cytotaxic factors did not differ in patients or control sera. These data show that leukocyte inherent defects as well as serum factors give rise to reduced leukocyte chemotactic activity in patients with multiple myeloma. This impairment is likely to contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections in that disorder.", "PMID": 555223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2181", "title": "[New aspects in the clinical course determination and therapy in multiple myeloma].", "content": "Multiple myeloma can be regarded as model disease for quantification of tumor mass, investigation of tumor cell kinetics and of tumor response to therapy. The quantification of the tumor cell number allows evaluation of prognosis and monitoring of disease as well as of therapy induced responses. Treatment of multiple myeloma is primarily based on the alkylating drugs cyclophosphamide and melphalan. In recent years other cytostatic substances, also effective in the treatment of this disorder have been introduced. However, the sensitivity determination of the individual myeloma stem cells seems to be the only possible method which possibly increases the response rate significantly. In accordance with these considerations we have, in preliminary clinical investigations, observed a good correlation between the in vitro determined cytostatic drug sensitivity and the in vivo response to therapy. Further progress in the treatment of multiple myeloma is to be expected with the introduction of interferon into the therapeutic regimen. Administration of this glycoprotein has resulted in significant reduction of tumor mass in more than half of all patients treated up to this time.", "contents": "[New aspects in the clinical course determination and therapy in multiple myeloma]. Multiple myeloma can be regarded as model disease for quantification of tumor mass, investigation of tumor cell kinetics and of tumor response to therapy. The quantification of the tumor cell number allows evaluation of prognosis and monitoring of disease as well as of therapy induced responses. Treatment of multiple myeloma is primarily based on the alkylating drugs cyclophosphamide and melphalan. In recent years other cytostatic substances, also effective in the treatment of this disorder have been introduced. However, the sensitivity determination of the individual myeloma stem cells seems to be the only possible method which possibly increases the response rate significantly. In accordance with these considerations we have, in preliminary clinical investigations, observed a good correlation between the in vitro determined cytostatic drug sensitivity and the in vivo response to therapy. Further progress in the treatment of multiple myeloma is to be expected with the introduction of interferon into the therapeutic regimen. Administration of this glycoprotein has resulted in significant reduction of tumor mass in more than half of all patients treated up to this time.", "PMID": 555224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2182", "title": "[Methods to monitor TCDD presence in atmospheric particulate in the Seveso area (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical monitoring of atmospheric dust in the seveso area (Milan, Italy) was carried out in order to evaluate the magnitude of TCDD transmigration via air streams. Two sampling techniques were utilized: i) dust-jars and ii) high-volume air samplers. Experimental evidences have shown that dust-jars and high-volume samplers are suitable to monitoring of dust-borne TCDD: however, while the former are quite reliable and easy to use, the latter can only be employed provided the carrier dust complies with some specific requirements. Dust contamination above sensitivity threshold was occasionally detected when specimens were collected near to mainly contaminated area (\"A\" area): however, only the atmospheric dust gathered in zone A1 was consistently found to contain TCDD.", "contents": "[Methods to monitor TCDD presence in atmospheric particulate in the Seveso area (author's transl)]. Analytical monitoring of atmospheric dust in the seveso area (Milan, Italy) was carried out in order to evaluate the magnitude of TCDD transmigration via air streams. Two sampling techniques were utilized: i) dust-jars and ii) high-volume air samplers. Experimental evidences have shown that dust-jars and high-volume samplers are suitable to monitoring of dust-borne TCDD: however, while the former are quite reliable and easy to use, the latter can only be employed provided the carrier dust complies with some specific requirements. Dust contamination above sensitivity threshold was occasionally detected when specimens were collected near to mainly contaminated area (\"A\" area): however, only the atmospheric dust gathered in zone A1 was consistently found to contain TCDD.", "PMID": 555258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2183", "title": "[Determination of total bromine content in imported cereals and in other foodstuffs (author's transl)].", "content": "Samples of raw cereals imported in Italy and of other foodstuffs that can be treated with bromine-containing fumigants were analysed for the total bromide content. The analysis were carried out by X-ray fluorescence-spectrometry. Results obtained in 145 samples of raw cereals and in 50 samples of other foodstuffs are reported along with some considerations.", "contents": "[Determination of total bromine content in imported cereals and in other foodstuffs (author's transl)]. Samples of raw cereals imported in Italy and of other foodstuffs that can be treated with bromine-containing fumigants were analysed for the total bromide content. The analysis were carried out by X-ray fluorescence-spectrometry. Results obtained in 145 samples of raw cereals and in 50 samples of other foodstuffs are reported along with some considerations.", "PMID": 555259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2184", "title": "[Rickettsies and pararickettsies. Technique and results of microagglutination. Importance of reactivation (author's transl)].", "content": "After briefly summarizing the chacteristics of all infections caused by rickettsies and pararickettsies, which are the same depending on the same properties of these pathogen agents, the Author describes the microagglutination technique which is the elective method of serodiagnosis, briefly referring the genesis. The Author reports in conclusion the considerations deriving from the results, stressing the importance of reactivation in all cases resulting negative.", "contents": "[Rickettsies and pararickettsies. Technique and results of microagglutination. Importance of reactivation (author's transl)]. After briefly summarizing the chacteristics of all infections caused by rickettsies and pararickettsies, which are the same depending on the same properties of these pathogen agents, the Author describes the microagglutination technique which is the elective method of serodiagnosis, briefly referring the genesis. The Author reports in conclusion the considerations deriving from the results, stressing the importance of reactivation in all cases resulting negative.", "PMID": 555260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2185", "title": "[Ergonomics in the industrial environment and ergonomic community activities of the European Coal and Steel Community].", "content": "The author stresses the permanent evolution of the working conditions in the industry. He pays a particular attention to the changes which were experienced in this regard since two decades in the coal mines. The ergonomist tries to give an impartial answer to the new problems by means of a scientific approach in order to help those who are responsible for the social and technical progress. The author reminds the principles of this approach. He analyses the definition of ergonomics and shows how this discipline may be applied in the coal mines. He reminds the important role played in this regard by the ECCS, and the realizations which could be performed in the coal industry as well. A comment on the objectives and means of the 4th research ergonomic programme of the European Communities is presented.", "contents": "[Ergonomics in the industrial environment and ergonomic community activities of the European Coal and Steel Community]. The author stresses the permanent evolution of the working conditions in the industry. He pays a particular attention to the changes which were experienced in this regard since two decades in the coal mines. The ergonomist tries to give an impartial answer to the new problems by means of a scientific approach in order to help those who are responsible for the social and technical progress. The author reminds the principles of this approach. He analyses the definition of ergonomics and shows how this discipline may be applied in the coal mines. He reminds the important role played in this regard by the ECCS, and the realizations which could be performed in the coal industry as well. A comment on the objectives and means of the 4th research ergonomic programme of the European Communities is presented.", "PMID": 555273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2186", "title": "Prevalence and etiology of chronic cough without sputum production in coal miners.", "content": "Chronic cough in the sense of the international definition was found in 50.5% of a group of 970 coal-miners at work without pneumoconiosis. In 14.7% of these subjects the cough was without phlegm production. Non productive cough is therefore not a rare event and this symptom may not be neglected in the natural history of chronic bronchitis in coal-miners. The changes in lung function are similar whether the cough is productive or not. In both cases endoscopic and histological features are suggestive of an established chronic inflammatory process. Allergy is not more frequent in subjects with dry cough than in those with productive cough.", "contents": "Prevalence and etiology of chronic cough without sputum production in coal miners. Chronic cough in the sense of the international definition was found in 50.5% of a group of 970 coal-miners at work without pneumoconiosis. In 14.7% of these subjects the cough was without phlegm production. Non productive cough is therefore not a rare event and this symptom may not be neglected in the natural history of chronic bronchitis in coal-miners. The changes in lung function are similar whether the cough is productive or not. In both cases endoscopic and histological features are suggestive of an established chronic inflammatory process. Allergy is not more frequent in subjects with dry cough than in those with productive cough.", "PMID": 555274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2187", "title": "[26 years of research in pneumoconiosis in the field of British coal mines. Contribution of that research to the epidemiology of pulmonary disorders in miners].", "content": "Events leading to the start of the Pneumoconiosis Field Research in 1953 are reviewed. Research methods are outlined, progress is described, and the main results are summarised. Three medical surveys were conducted at approximately five-year intervals in 24 coal mines. A further two quinquennial surveys took place at 10 of them, thus completing 20 years' observations. Individual miners' exposures to dust have been measured throughout the periods of study and earlier exposures have been estimated. The dust exposure have been expressed as cumulative timeweighted mass concentrations of dust in the respirable range. Correlations have been demonstrated between this index of exposure and (a) risks of developing various degrees of simple pneumoconiosis, (b) the occurrence of chronic bronchitis symptoms, (c) level of breathing capacity, and (d) among miners with no pneumoconiosis, mortality attributed to respiratory diseases generally, chronic bronchitis and emphysema in particular, and to cancers of the digestive organs. Exposures to quartz amounting to less than about 10 per cent of mixed coal mine dust do not generally affect the probability of developing simple pneumoconiosis. But there is evidence that some miners may show unusual radiological changes over ten years when exposed to dust with a relatively high quartz content. Current work includes continuation of mortality studies and follow-up surveys of miners no longer working at the research collieries. The inter-disciplinary nature of the research team is emphasized and there are suggestions for further work on unresolved problems.", "contents": "[26 years of research in pneumoconiosis in the field of British coal mines. Contribution of that research to the epidemiology of pulmonary disorders in miners]. Events leading to the start of the Pneumoconiosis Field Research in 1953 are reviewed. Research methods are outlined, progress is described, and the main results are summarised. Three medical surveys were conducted at approximately five-year intervals in 24 coal mines. A further two quinquennial surveys took place at 10 of them, thus completing 20 years' observations. Individual miners' exposures to dust have been measured throughout the periods of study and earlier exposures have been estimated. The dust exposure have been expressed as cumulative timeweighted mass concentrations of dust in the respirable range. Correlations have been demonstrated between this index of exposure and (a) risks of developing various degrees of simple pneumoconiosis, (b) the occurrence of chronic bronchitis symptoms, (c) level of breathing capacity, and (d) among miners with no pneumoconiosis, mortality attributed to respiratory diseases generally, chronic bronchitis and emphysema in particular, and to cancers of the digestive organs. Exposures to quartz amounting to less than about 10 per cent of mixed coal mine dust do not generally affect the probability of developing simple pneumoconiosis. But there is evidence that some miners may show unusual radiological changes over ten years when exposed to dust with a relatively high quartz content. Current work includes continuation of mortality studies and follow-up surveys of miners no longer working at the research collieries. The inter-disciplinary nature of the research team is emphasized and there are suggestions for further work on unresolved problems.", "PMID": 555275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2188", "title": "[Outbreak of equine influenza caused by a new strain of equine Myxovirus subtype 2. I. Etiology].", "content": "During an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. This strain, A/Equine/Algiers/72, bears an important antigenic drift from the prototype strain A/Equine/Miami/1/63, but is closely related to a strain isolated in 1971 in Japan (A/Equine/Sachiyama/1971).", "contents": "[Outbreak of equine influenza caused by a new strain of equine Myxovirus subtype 2. I. Etiology]. During an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. This strain, A/Equine/Algiers/72, bears an important antigenic drift from the prototype strain A/Equine/Miami/1/63, but is closely related to a strain isolated in 1971 in Japan (A/Equine/Sachiyama/1971).", "PMID": 555280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2189", "title": "[Outbreak of equine influenza by a new strain of Myxovirus type 2. II. Epizootiology].", "content": "During an epizootic of equine acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. Sera examination by hemagglutinin inhibition test and complement fixation test confirmed the etiology of the disease. The first and second outbreak of the disease remained localised. The third outbreak spread within few months to all parts of the country. Horses vaccinated with a commercial equine influenza vaccine remained healthy.", "contents": "[Outbreak of equine influenza by a new strain of Myxovirus type 2. II. Epizootiology]. During an epizootic of equine acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. Sera examination by hemagglutinin inhibition test and complement fixation test confirmed the etiology of the disease. The first and second outbreak of the disease remained localised. The third outbreak spread within few months to all parts of the country. Horses vaccinated with a commercial equine influenza vaccine remained healthy.", "PMID": 555281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2190", "title": "[Note on the quality control of microscopists].", "content": "The decentralisation of the microscopic diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is a valid policy for large countries with developing economies. But one must be assured that the work of the microscopists is reliable and uniform. To this end, a technique for the control of microscopists was tested; it consisted of a second reading of the examined smears in the peripheral centers.", "contents": "[Note on the quality control of microscopists]. The decentralisation of the microscopic diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is a valid policy for large countries with developing economies. But one must be assured that the work of the microscopists is reliable and uniform. To this end, a technique for the control of microscopists was tested; it consisted of a second reading of the examined smears in the peripheral centers.", "PMID": 555282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2191", "title": "[A new case of gynandromorphism in Sergentomyia minuta parroti (Adler and Theodor, 1927) (Diptera, Psychodidae)].", "content": "The authors report in Algeria a case of gynandromorphism in the species Sergentomyia minuta parroti. To our knowledge, this might represent the fifth world case described in the subfamily Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae).", "contents": "[A new case of gynandromorphism in Sergentomyia minuta parroti (Adler and Theodor, 1927) (Diptera, Psychodidae)]. The authors report in Algeria a case of gynandromorphism in the species Sergentomyia minuta parroti. To our knowledge, this might represent the fifth world case described in the subfamily Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae).", "PMID": 555283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2192", "title": "[Immune response obtained in children vaccinated against measles in Algeria].", "content": "The sero-conversion rate in 92 children (6 to 13 months old) vaccinated against measles was found to be 64,11%. The results obtained are discussed by the authors. Based on the local epidemiological picture, they recommend the best age for vaccination against this disease in Algeria.", "contents": "[Immune response obtained in children vaccinated against measles in Algeria]. The sero-conversion rate in 92 children (6 to 13 months old) vaccinated against measles was found to be 64,11%. The results obtained are discussed by the authors. Based on the local epidemiological picture, they recommend the best age for vaccination against this disease in Algeria.", "PMID": 555284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2193", "title": "[Surveillance of drug resistance in pathogenic enterobacteria in Algeria. I. Study of the resistance of major and minor Salmonella species to antibiotics in 1973-1974].", "content": "901 Salmonella strains were examined in our laboratory between October 1973 and August 1974 for their sensitivity to antibiotics. The aim of this study was, on the one hand to detect the possible emergence of drug resistance in strains of Salmonella responsible for typhoid and paratyphoid fevers; on the other hand to follow up, as closely as possible, the occurrence of drug resistance in strains of other Salmonella serotypes isolated in infant and child populations; and, in addition, to awaken practitioners to the problems inherent to the widespread use of antibiotics in these diseases. The 752 typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli strains were found to be drug sensitive with the exception of one Salmonella typhi isolate bearing a R-plasmid coding for resistance to six antibiotics. 91% of the other Salmonella serotypes strains showed resistance to 3 - 7 antibiotics including a number of the latest in use. These data are discussed and a case is made for standardization in the treatment of typhoid fever and review of the use of antibiotics against salmonelloses in infants and young children.", "contents": "[Surveillance of drug resistance in pathogenic enterobacteria in Algeria. I. Study of the resistance of major and minor Salmonella species to antibiotics in 1973-1974]. 901 Salmonella strains were examined in our laboratory between October 1973 and August 1974 for their sensitivity to antibiotics. The aim of this study was, on the one hand to detect the possible emergence of drug resistance in strains of Salmonella responsible for typhoid and paratyphoid fevers; on the other hand to follow up, as closely as possible, the occurrence of drug resistance in strains of other Salmonella serotypes isolated in infant and child populations; and, in addition, to awaken practitioners to the problems inherent to the widespread use of antibiotics in these diseases. The 752 typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli strains were found to be drug sensitive with the exception of one Salmonella typhi isolate bearing a R-plasmid coding for resistance to six antibiotics. 91% of the other Salmonella serotypes strains showed resistance to 3 - 7 antibiotics including a number of the latest in use. These data are discussed and a case is made for standardization in the treatment of typhoid fever and review of the use of antibiotics against salmonelloses in infants and young children.", "PMID": 555285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2194", "title": "[Bacteriological aspects of extrarespiratory tuberculosis].", "content": "775 strains of extrapulmonary tubercle bacilli isolated during four years (1968-1972) were studied. Our results enabled us to confirm the paucibacillary nature of these tuberculous sites and the variety of their resistance to antibiotics. The comparison between the levels and types of primary resistance in pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis enabled us to better understand the transmission mechanisms of the tubercle bacilli in the community and its progress in the infected organism.", "contents": "[Bacteriological aspects of extrarespiratory tuberculosis]. 775 strains of extrapulmonary tubercle bacilli isolated during four years (1968-1972) were studied. Our results enabled us to confirm the paucibacillary nature of these tuberculous sites and the variety of their resistance to antibiotics. The comparison between the levels and types of primary resistance in pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis enabled us to better understand the transmission mechanisms of the tubercle bacilli in the community and its progress in the infected organism.", "PMID": 555286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2195", "title": "[Survey of Salmonella in animals].", "content": "In order to study the incidence of Salmonella in animals and to determine their role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Algeria, a search for Salmonella was carried out in 1 795 animals of various zoological groups and species. The samples examined were either intestinal or vesicular or from the viscera or mesenteric ganglions. 118 animals were found to be Salmonella carriers. The rate of infestation varied from one species to another. Several different serotypes varying from one zoological group to another and from one species to another were isolated. Although some of the Salmonella serotypes isolated have been found in man, the rate of infested animals suggests that animals play a limited role in the etiology of salmonellosis in Algeria.", "contents": "[Survey of Salmonella in animals]. In order to study the incidence of Salmonella in animals and to determine their role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Algeria, a search for Salmonella was carried out in 1 795 animals of various zoological groups and species. The samples examined were either intestinal or vesicular or from the viscera or mesenteric ganglions. 118 animals were found to be Salmonella carriers. The rate of infestation varied from one species to another. Several different serotypes varying from one zoological group to another and from one species to another were isolated. Although some of the Salmonella serotypes isolated have been found in man, the rate of infested animals suggests that animals play a limited role in the etiology of salmonellosis in Algeria.", "PMID": 555287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2196", "title": "[Prospective survey on the organization and supervision of the bacteriological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a screening system in Algeria].", "content": "A prospective investigation was conducted in the western region of Algiers in 1974 in order to compare the effectiveness of the different methods of bacteriological diagnosis, the operational efficiency of its centralisation or decentralisation, and to evaluate the various methods of supervision. The results obtained favored the decentralisation of the microscopy centers at the peripheral level with permanent supervision by a regional or central laboratory.", "contents": "[Prospective survey on the organization and supervision of the bacteriological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a screening system in Algeria]. A prospective investigation was conducted in the western region of Algiers in 1974 in order to compare the effectiveness of the different methods of bacteriological diagnosis, the operational efficiency of its centralisation or decentralisation, and to evaluate the various methods of supervision. The results obtained favored the decentralisation of the microscopy centers at the peripheral level with permanent supervision by a regional or central laboratory.", "PMID": 555288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2197", "title": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 3. Systematic screening of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Biskra area].", "content": "In the Biskra area which is a historical focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, the authors have carried out a systematic survey of the disease among the school age population (age interval: 6-15 years of age). The incidence of the disease found through the detection of suspect cutaneous leishmaniasis scars rose to 32.4%. The incidence brought about by intradermal skin-testing (to Leishmanin) was 76.9%. The comparative value of the two systematic survey methods is discussed with reference to the situation of other endemic foci.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 3. Systematic screening of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Biskra area]. In the Biskra area which is a historical focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, the authors have carried out a systematic survey of the disease among the school age population (age interval: 6-15 years of age). The incidence of the disease found through the detection of suspect cutaneous leishmaniasis scars rose to 32.4%. The incidence brought about by intradermal skin-testing (to Leishmanin) was 76.9%. The comparative value of the two systematic survey methods is discussed with reference to the situation of other endemic foci.", "PMID": 555289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2198", "title": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 4. The phlebotomi (Diptera, Psychodidae) of tje Aur\u00e8s region].", "content": "Following their epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis in Algeria, the authors report the results of an entomological survey in the Aur\u00e8s region. They point out the presence in this region of three common vectors of leishmaniasis: two species (Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti) for the cutaneous form, and a third one (P. perniciosus) for the visceral form. Thus, the Aur\u00e8s region appears to be a potential focus of leishmaniasis.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 4. The phlebotomi (Diptera, Psychodidae) of tje Aur\u00e8s region]. Following their epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis in Algeria, the authors report the results of an entomological survey in the Aur\u00e8s region. They point out the presence in this region of three common vectors of leishmaniasis: two species (Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti) for the cutaneous form, and a third one (P. perniciosus) for the visceral form. Thus, the Aur\u00e8s region appears to be a potential focus of leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 555290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2199", "title": "[Intestinal parasitic diseases of children. I. Results of a fecal survey carried out in the region of Gabes].", "content": "A faecal investigation in schools of Gab\u00e8s, points out that children's parasitism reaches 86,23%. Ascaridiosis is the most frequent intestinal parasitosis.", "contents": "[Intestinal parasitic diseases of children. I. Results of a fecal survey carried out in the region of Gabes]. A faecal investigation in schools of Gab\u00e8s, points out that children's parasitism reaches 86,23%. Ascaridiosis is the most frequent intestinal parasitosis.", "PMID": 555291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2200", "title": "[Venereal undifferentiated hematosarcoma of Canidae (Sticker's sarcoma): trial of a single electron therapy treatment].", "content": "After symptology's description of \"Sticker sarcoma\" the author gives a light on the origin of this n\u00e9oplasm. He then indicates a new modality of treatment by electrontherapy in one time only, and proposes to give up histopathologic denomination \"Reticulo Sarcoma\" and replace it with \"Sticker sarcoma\" \" Veneral non diff\u00e9rentiated hematasarcoma\" \"Sticker sarcoma\"", "contents": "[Venereal undifferentiated hematosarcoma of Canidae (Sticker's sarcoma): trial of a single electron therapy treatment]. After symptology's description of \"Sticker sarcoma\" the author gives a light on the origin of this n\u00e9oplasm. He then indicates a new modality of treatment by electrontherapy in one time only, and proposes to give up histopathologic denomination \"Reticulo Sarcoma\" and replace it with \"Sticker sarcoma\" \" Veneral non diff\u00e9rentiated hematasarcoma\" \"Sticker sarcoma\"", "PMID": 555292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2201", "title": "[The Limulus test in studies of pyrogenicity. Applications in radiopharmacy].", "content": "Preparation, standardization and use of the Limulus test, in relation to the official Rabbit test. Applications of the Limulus test to radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "[The Limulus test in studies of pyrogenicity. Applications in radiopharmacy]. Preparation, standardization and use of the Limulus test, in relation to the official Rabbit test. Applications of the Limulus test to radiopharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 555293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2202", "title": "[Diet of two selachians common to the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia): Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linn\u00e8, 1758) and Rhinobatos cemiculus (Geoffroy Sainte-Hilarie, 1817)].", "content": "Rhinobatos rhinobatos and Rh. cemiculus are two digging species with a malacophagic and, accessorly ichthyophagic diet. Rh. rhinobatos' main prey is Hermione hystrix. Rh. cemiculus' one is Citharus macrolepidotus. This study points out that it exists few seasonal changes about the diet of these Selacians.", "contents": "[Diet of two selachians common to the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia): Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linn\u00e8, 1758) and Rhinobatos cemiculus (Geoffroy Sainte-Hilarie, 1817)]. Rhinobatos rhinobatos and Rh. cemiculus are two digging species with a malacophagic and, accessorly ichthyophagic diet. Rh. rhinobatos' main prey is Hermione hystrix. Rh. cemiculus' one is Citharus macrolepidotus. This study points out that it exists few seasonal changes about the diet of these Selacians.", "PMID": 555294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2203", "title": "[Toxicity of several pesticides used in Tunisia, for Aphanius fasciatus Nardo, 1827 (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae.)].", "content": "The acute toxicity of some pesticides used in Tunisia is determined for the species Aphanius fasciatus (Pisces - Cyprinodontidae). Bioassays conducted at temperature (19-20 degrees C) and salinity (37-38%) have allowed to calculate the CL50 48 h and 96 h. The classification of these pesticides, based on the CL50 96 h, and according to their toxicity for the test species, shows that the organic phosphorus (Murphotox, Bazudin, Dursban, Zithiol, Lebaycid, Imidan, Oleoparathion, Folimat; Nuvan, Actellic, Carbicron, Nexion, Dimecron, Roxion) have all the degrees of toxicity, but the majority are among the most toxic; the carbamates (Betanal, Dimetilan, Baygon), are generally less toxic than the organic phosphorus tested, except Nexion which is less toxic than the Betanal and Roxion less toxic than the three carbamates tested; the herbicides (2,4-D, Basagran, Printan) have a very low toxicity, and are less toxic than the insecticides tested, except Betanal and Suffix of which the toxicity is higher than some insecticides (Nexion, Dimecron, Baygon, Dimetilan, Roxion); Calixin (Fongicide) is more toxic than the herbicides tested but it is generally less toxic than the insecticides used. At higher temperature (28-29 degrees C) A. fasciatus is more sensible to organic phosphorus (Dursban, Folimat) than to carbamate (Betanal). The variation change of salinity (from 37 to 6.5 %) don't modify the sensibility of the test species face to face of three pesticides: Dursban, Folimat (organic phosphorus insecticide) and Betanal (carbamate herbicide). A. fasciatus is suitable for acute and chronic bioassays.", "contents": "[Toxicity of several pesticides used in Tunisia, for Aphanius fasciatus Nardo, 1827 (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae.)]. The acute toxicity of some pesticides used in Tunisia is determined for the species Aphanius fasciatus (Pisces - Cyprinodontidae). Bioassays conducted at temperature (19-20 degrees C) and salinity (37-38%) have allowed to calculate the CL50 48 h and 96 h. The classification of these pesticides, based on the CL50 96 h, and according to their toxicity for the test species, shows that the organic phosphorus (Murphotox, Bazudin, Dursban, Zithiol, Lebaycid, Imidan, Oleoparathion, Folimat; Nuvan, Actellic, Carbicron, Nexion, Dimecron, Roxion) have all the degrees of toxicity, but the majority are among the most toxic; the carbamates (Betanal, Dimetilan, Baygon), are generally less toxic than the organic phosphorus tested, except Nexion which is less toxic than the Betanal and Roxion less toxic than the three carbamates tested; the herbicides (2,4-D, Basagran, Printan) have a very low toxicity, and are less toxic than the insecticides tested, except Betanal and Suffix of which the toxicity is higher than some insecticides (Nexion, Dimecron, Baygon, Dimetilan, Roxion); Calixin (Fongicide) is more toxic than the herbicides tested but it is generally less toxic than the insecticides used. At higher temperature (28-29 degrees C) A. fasciatus is more sensible to organic phosphorus (Dursban, Folimat) than to carbamate (Betanal). The variation change of salinity (from 37 to 6.5 %) don't modify the sensibility of the test species face to face of three pesticides: Dursban, Folimat (organic phosphorus insecticide) and Betanal (carbamate herbicide). A. fasciatus is suitable for acute and chronic bioassays.", "PMID": 555295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2204", "title": "[A case of hermaphroditism in Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linn\u00e9, 1758) (Pisces, Scyliorhinidae): morphological and histological study].", "content": "The authors describe an hermaphrodite Scyliorhinus stellaris with both complete but juvenile male and female genital apparatus.", "contents": "[A case of hermaphroditism in Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linn\u00e9, 1758) (Pisces, Scyliorhinidae): morphological and histological study]. The authors describe an hermaphrodite Scyliorhinus stellaris with both complete but juvenile male and female genital apparatus.", "PMID": 555296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2205", "title": "[Laboratory diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease and amniotic fluid inhalation. A study of 100 neonates with respiratory distress].", "content": "The aim of this study of 100 newborns with respiratory distress in the first 24 hours was to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of sequential L/S ratio testing of the fluid retrieved through tracheal suctioning in identifying hyaline membrane disease and that of calculating the urinary meconial index (UMI) for the first mictions in identifying amniotic fluid aspiration. The L/S ratio was found to be low (< 2) during the first 3 days in 90% of the cases of hyaline membrane disease; this good correlation shows that the technique employed here can reliably be used to diagnose clinically and radiologically atypical forms of this disease (12%). The UMI was found to be abnormally elevated (> 1) in all the cases of severe meconial aspiration. This result implies that minor or atypical cases or those in which another disorder is associated can be diagnosed by the test. It is therefore proposed that the concurrent use of these two tests would improve the accuracy of the etiological diagnosis of respiratory distress in newborns.", "contents": "[Laboratory diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease and amniotic fluid inhalation. A study of 100 neonates with respiratory distress]. The aim of this study of 100 newborns with respiratory distress in the first 24 hours was to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of sequential L/S ratio testing of the fluid retrieved through tracheal suctioning in identifying hyaline membrane disease and that of calculating the urinary meconial index (UMI) for the first mictions in identifying amniotic fluid aspiration. The L/S ratio was found to be low (< 2) during the first 3 days in 90% of the cases of hyaline membrane disease; this good correlation shows that the technique employed here can reliably be used to diagnose clinically and radiologically atypical forms of this disease (12%). The UMI was found to be abnormally elevated (> 1) in all the cases of severe meconial aspiration. This result implies that minor or atypical cases or those in which another disorder is associated can be diagnosed by the test. It is therefore proposed that the concurrent use of these two tests would improve the accuracy of the etiological diagnosis of respiratory distress in newborns.", "PMID": 555310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2206", "title": "[Umbilical artery catheterization by cut-down study in 34 newborn infants].", "content": "In some newborns with vital distress, conventional umbilical artery catheterization cannot be performed: in our series, this occurred in 34 out of 248 attempts. In 28 of these 34 infants, catheterization succeeded when hypogastric cut-down of an artery was carried out. Two of the 6 failures were due to a minor complication at the time of the cut-down, while two others occurred in infants presenting a single umbilical artery. The usual cuse of failure of conventional catheterization is probably laceration of the artery wall and ensuing subintimal fistulas and perforation.", "contents": "[Umbilical artery catheterization by cut-down study in 34 newborn infants]. In some newborns with vital distress, conventional umbilical artery catheterization cannot be performed: in our series, this occurred in 34 out of 248 attempts. In 28 of these 34 infants, catheterization succeeded when hypogastric cut-down of an artery was carried out. Two of the 6 failures were due to a minor complication at the time of the cut-down, while two others occurred in infants presenting a single umbilical artery. The usual cuse of failure of conventional catheterization is probably laceration of the artery wall and ensuing subintimal fistulas and perforation.", "PMID": 555311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2207", "title": "[The results of screening for deafness in 17,329 neonates].", "content": "The authors described the results of systematic screening of the sensorimotor responses of 17,329 neonates. The epidemiology of deafness at this age is shown. In routine situations, provided there is excellent anamnesis, the screening of newborn need only be done in neonates at high risk.", "contents": "[The results of screening for deafness in 17,329 neonates]. The authors described the results of systematic screening of the sensorimotor responses of 17,329 neonates. The epidemiology of deafness at this age is shown. In routine situations, provided there is excellent anamnesis, the screening of newborn need only be done in neonates at high risk.", "PMID": 555312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2208", "title": "[The role of plasma ferritin determination in screening for iron deficiency. Apropos of a study in 2 groups of children of different socioeconomic background].", "content": "A study of 72 children, aged between 6 and 24 months who came from socio-economic background has shown: plasma ferritin levels decrease gradually between 3 weeks and 6 months of age. Between 6 months and two years, levels reach a plateau but the values are lower than those of adults. The mean ferritin level is lower at any given age in children with iron deficiency but plasma ferritin levels may be in the normal range although there is obvious iron deficiency. By contrast the saturation of siderophillin can be used to determine inadequate supplies of iron to the marrow. The frequency of iron dificiency in infants under 1 year was similar in the two socio-economic groups. However between 1 and 2 years no iron deficiency was detected in the children under regular supervision but all the infants who were socially disadvantaged became iron-deficient demonstrating the need for regular iron supplements.", "contents": "[The role of plasma ferritin determination in screening for iron deficiency. Apropos of a study in 2 groups of children of different socioeconomic background]. A study of 72 children, aged between 6 and 24 months who came from socio-economic background has shown: plasma ferritin levels decrease gradually between 3 weeks and 6 months of age. Between 6 months and two years, levels reach a plateau but the values are lower than those of adults. The mean ferritin level is lower at any given age in children with iron deficiency but plasma ferritin levels may be in the normal range although there is obvious iron deficiency. By contrast the saturation of siderophillin can be used to determine inadequate supplies of iron to the marrow. The frequency of iron dificiency in infants under 1 year was similar in the two socio-economic groups. However between 1 and 2 years no iron deficiency was detected in the children under regular supervision but all the infants who were socially disadvantaged became iron-deficient demonstrating the need for regular iron supplements.", "PMID": 555313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2209", "title": "[Nephrotic syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency and recurrent thrombosis. The value of vitamin K antagonists].", "content": "In a 7 year-old girl presenting with nephrotic syndrome and repeated episodes of thrombosis, a decrease in antithrombin III and in vitro inactivity of heparin were observed. Treatment by vitamin K antagonists prevented further thromboembolic episodes.", "contents": "[Nephrotic syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency and recurrent thrombosis. The value of vitamin K antagonists]. In a 7 year-old girl presenting with nephrotic syndrome and repeated episodes of thrombosis, a decrease in antithrombin III and in vitro inactivity of heparin were observed. Treatment by vitamin K antagonists prevented further thromboembolic episodes.", "PMID": 555314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2210", "title": "[Respiratory symptoms in school-age children, in 7 areas of France].", "content": "A study of respiratory symptoms in 6918 schoolchildren aged 6-10 years was carried out in 1975, in 7 French areas having different pollution levels. The proportion of children with respiratory symptoms (cough and/or wheezing), dyspnoea, colds and colds \"going to the chest\" was higher in Paris than in the other areas. The frequency was related to age, allergy and some socio-economic factors. After adjustment for these factors the difference in the respiratory symptoms between those in Paris and elsewhere was still statistically significant. According to 1974 average pollution data, air was more polluted in Paris than in the other areas, particularly for black smoke.", "contents": "[Respiratory symptoms in school-age children, in 7 areas of France]. A study of respiratory symptoms in 6918 schoolchildren aged 6-10 years was carried out in 1975, in 7 French areas having different pollution levels. The proportion of children with respiratory symptoms (cough and/or wheezing), dyspnoea, colds and colds \"going to the chest\" was higher in Paris than in the other areas. The frequency was related to age, allergy and some socio-economic factors. After adjustment for these factors the difference in the respiratory symptoms between those in Paris and elsewhere was still statistically significant. According to 1974 average pollution data, air was more polluted in Paris than in the other areas, particularly for black smoke.", "PMID": 555316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2211", "title": "[Circadian variations in rat serum and urinary calcium and phosphorus. Reflections on the Ca/PO4 ratio].", "content": "Daily variations of serum and urine calcium and phosphate were determined in young and adult rats of both sexes. The animals were maintained in natural conditions of illumination and feeding ad libitum. The twenty-four hour rhythm of the serum levels and urinary excretion of these electrolytes in male rats is confirmed. This rhythm is markedly modified in young females and less in adult females. Evidence for a circadian rhythm of the Ca/PO4 ratio appears in all groups of rats. The rhythms of serum and urine Ca/PO4 rations are similar in all experimental groups.", "contents": "[Circadian variations in rat serum and urinary calcium and phosphorus. Reflections on the Ca/PO4 ratio]. Daily variations of serum and urine calcium and phosphate were determined in young and adult rats of both sexes. The animals were maintained in natural conditions of illumination and feeding ad libitum. The twenty-four hour rhythm of the serum levels and urinary excretion of these electrolytes in male rats is confirmed. This rhythm is markedly modified in young females and less in adult females. Evidence for a circadian rhythm of the Ca/PO4 ratio appears in all groups of rats. The rhythms of serum and urine Ca/PO4 rations are similar in all experimental groups.", "PMID": 555322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2212", "title": "The effects of noradrenaline, applied by microelectrophoresis on different cells of the rabbit's atrial pacemaker.", "content": "Noradrenaline has been applied by microelectrophoresis to a small portion of the atrial pacemaker area in the rabbit's heart in order to study the local effects of this chemical transmitter separately from the ones deriving from other parts of the pacemaker area. In a first group of cells, whose action potential and location assimilate them to true pacemaker cells, noradrenaline caused a reduction in cycle length and an increase in the steepness of slow diastolic depolarization. In a second group of cells similar to latent pacemaker cells, noradrenaline caused no change in cycle length, the outstanding effect being an increase in the steepness of the slow diastolic depolarization which afterwards changed into a subthreshold oscillation. A third type of cells showed intermediate characteristics between the two previous groups. These results suggest that: a) the chronotropic effect of noradrenaline on the heart atrial pacemaker seems to be due to changes in the steepness of slow diastolic depolarization which can assume, in some instances, the shape of subthreshold oscillations; the effects on the other parameters in our preparation seem to be either less constant or less significant; b) the different effects which are obtained on various kinds of cells seem to be the result of a different degree of sensitivity to noradrenaline and to the more or less premature activation of mechanisms antagonizing the action of noradrenaline. The results are discussed on the basis of a model of spontaneous atrial pacemaking which has been recently proposed.", "contents": "The effects of noradrenaline, applied by microelectrophoresis on different cells of the rabbit's atrial pacemaker. Noradrenaline has been applied by microelectrophoresis to a small portion of the atrial pacemaker area in the rabbit's heart in order to study the local effects of this chemical transmitter separately from the ones deriving from other parts of the pacemaker area. In a first group of cells, whose action potential and location assimilate them to true pacemaker cells, noradrenaline caused a reduction in cycle length and an increase in the steepness of slow diastolic depolarization. In a second group of cells similar to latent pacemaker cells, noradrenaline caused no change in cycle length, the outstanding effect being an increase in the steepness of the slow diastolic depolarization which afterwards changed into a subthreshold oscillation. A third type of cells showed intermediate characteristics between the two previous groups. These results suggest that: a) the chronotropic effect of noradrenaline on the heart atrial pacemaker seems to be due to changes in the steepness of slow diastolic depolarization which can assume, in some instances, the shape of subthreshold oscillations; the effects on the other parameters in our preparation seem to be either less constant or less significant; b) the different effects which are obtained on various kinds of cells seem to be the result of a different degree of sensitivity to noradrenaline and to the more or less premature activation of mechanisms antagonizing the action of noradrenaline. The results are discussed on the basis of a model of spontaneous atrial pacemaking which has been recently proposed.", "PMID": 555324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2213", "title": "Combined effects of tenotomy and denervation on the dynamic properties of soleus muscle of the rat.", "content": "Isometric contraction time (CT), half relaxation time (1/2 RT), tetanus fusion frequency (TFF) and tetanus: twitch ratio (T : t ratio) were measured in the denervated (D) and tenotomized-denervated (TD) Soleus muscle of the rat. In D muscle there was an apparent speeding effect at the 2nd day after denervation, with a significant decrease of CT, which was followed by the usual slowing process of denervated muscle. In TD muscle, denervation was performed a week after tenotomy. Tenotomy \"per se\" was ineffective in modifying dynamic properties of muscle, but it accentuated the early shortening of CT caused by denervation, while reducing and delaying the subsequent slowing process. The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that muscle disuse has a speeding effect which counteracts the slowing effect of denervation, and/or that tenotomy modifies the effects of denervation by changing the pattern of fibrillation development.", "contents": "Combined effects of tenotomy and denervation on the dynamic properties of soleus muscle of the rat. Isometric contraction time (CT), half relaxation time (1/2 RT), tetanus fusion frequency (TFF) and tetanus: twitch ratio (T : t ratio) were measured in the denervated (D) and tenotomized-denervated (TD) Soleus muscle of the rat. In D muscle there was an apparent speeding effect at the 2nd day after denervation, with a significant decrease of CT, which was followed by the usual slowing process of denervated muscle. In TD muscle, denervation was performed a week after tenotomy. Tenotomy \"per se\" was ineffective in modifying dynamic properties of muscle, but it accentuated the early shortening of CT caused by denervation, while reducing and delaying the subsequent slowing process. The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that muscle disuse has a speeding effect which counteracts the slowing effect of denervation, and/or that tenotomy modifies the effects of denervation by changing the pattern of fibrillation development.", "PMID": 555325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2214", "title": "Histological changes in Xenopus laevis Daudin specimens kept under dry conditions, then moved back to their natural aquatic environment. I. Pituitary, thyroid and testis.", "content": "The histofunctional picture of the hypophysis, thyroid and testis was studied in Xenopus laevis specimens 1) kept in their natural aquatic environment; 2) gradually exposed to dehydration conditions under which they were kept one week; and 3) returned from the dry environment to water for 24 hr or 7 days. Of particular interest are the changes displayed in the hypophysis by type II acidophils, i.e. presumably prolactin producing cells. In the pituitary of \"dry\" animals and of those 24 hr after their replacement in water these cells appear numerous, large-sized and heavily stained whereas they are small and slightly stainable in the pituitary of control animals or of \"dry\" ones 7 days after their replacement in water. On the basis of these results it is surmised that prolactin is continuously synthesized and released into the circulation in Xenopus specimens kept or replaced in water, thereby contributing to the animals adaptation to the aquatic environment, whereas in those kept under waterless condition prolactin synthesis is not discontinued, but its release into the bloodstream declines or is abolished. In the testis of the animals kept in dry conditions or 24 hr after replacement in water, the germ cells do not seem to have undergone substantial changes, while the sudanophilic material, which can be detected in interstitial tissues in the animals kept in water, is lacking. In all groups the thyroid histofunctional pattern suggests an intense activity, particularly in control animals or in \"dry\" specimens 7 days after replacement into water.", "contents": "Histological changes in Xenopus laevis Daudin specimens kept under dry conditions, then moved back to their natural aquatic environment. I. Pituitary, thyroid and testis. The histofunctional picture of the hypophysis, thyroid and testis was studied in Xenopus laevis specimens 1) kept in their natural aquatic environment; 2) gradually exposed to dehydration conditions under which they were kept one week; and 3) returned from the dry environment to water for 24 hr or 7 days. Of particular interest are the changes displayed in the hypophysis by type II acidophils, i.e. presumably prolactin producing cells. In the pituitary of \"dry\" animals and of those 24 hr after their replacement in water these cells appear numerous, large-sized and heavily stained whereas they are small and slightly stainable in the pituitary of control animals or of \"dry\" ones 7 days after their replacement in water. On the basis of these results it is surmised that prolactin is continuously synthesized and released into the circulation in Xenopus specimens kept or replaced in water, thereby contributing to the animals adaptation to the aquatic environment, whereas in those kept under waterless condition prolactin synthesis is not discontinued, but its release into the bloodstream declines or is abolished. In the testis of the animals kept in dry conditions or 24 hr after replacement in water, the germ cells do not seem to have undergone substantial changes, while the sudanophilic material, which can be detected in interstitial tissues in the animals kept in water, is lacking. In all groups the thyroid histofunctional pattern suggests an intense activity, particularly in control animals or in \"dry\" specimens 7 days after replacement into water.", "PMID": 555326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2215", "title": "[Dopamine, catecholamine receptors, and neurohumoral regulation of renal function].", "content": "Were studied in healthy human subjects under conditions of hydro-saline retention the intrarenal mechanism underlying the hydronatriuretic effect of Dopamine (DA) and the changes in DA renal effects induced by Sulpiride (S). DA was infused i.v. in a subpressor dose (0,1 microgram/kg . min) during induced hypotonic polyuria. In each experiment four clearance periods of 15 min were performed; DA was administered during the second and third clearance periods. The glomerular filtration rate and renal effective plasma flow were estimated as endogenous creatinine and PAH clearances, respectively. Tubular sodium and potassium reabsorptions were also determined. 1) In the state of hydro-saline retention, renal arteriolar (mainly preglomerular) vasodilation was produced by DA. Moreover, both sodium isosmotic reabsorption as a percentage of sodium filtered load and sodium anisosmotic reabsorption as a percentage of sodium distal load were inhibited. These tubular inhibitions were found to be correlated with the haemodynamic effects of DA. 2) Sulpiride treatment (4,4 mg/kg . day given orally for two days prior to the experiment and 100 mg i.m. 40 min before DA infusion) caused (a) an increase in the hydro-natriuretic response to hydration during control clearance and (b) a decrease in DA haemodynamic effects. An interpretation is proposed accounting for these DA effects as well as for dependence of DA renal effects on the extracellular fluid volume.", "contents": "[Dopamine, catecholamine receptors, and neurohumoral regulation of renal function]. Were studied in healthy human subjects under conditions of hydro-saline retention the intrarenal mechanism underlying the hydronatriuretic effect of Dopamine (DA) and the changes in DA renal effects induced by Sulpiride (S). DA was infused i.v. in a subpressor dose (0,1 microgram/kg . min) during induced hypotonic polyuria. In each experiment four clearance periods of 15 min were performed; DA was administered during the second and third clearance periods. The glomerular filtration rate and renal effective plasma flow were estimated as endogenous creatinine and PAH clearances, respectively. Tubular sodium and potassium reabsorptions were also determined. 1) In the state of hydro-saline retention, renal arteriolar (mainly preglomerular) vasodilation was produced by DA. Moreover, both sodium isosmotic reabsorption as a percentage of sodium filtered load and sodium anisosmotic reabsorption as a percentage of sodium distal load were inhibited. These tubular inhibitions were found to be correlated with the haemodynamic effects of DA. 2) Sulpiride treatment (4,4 mg/kg . day given orally for two days prior to the experiment and 100 mg i.m. 40 min before DA infusion) caused (a) an increase in the hydro-natriuretic response to hydration during control clearance and (b) a decrease in DA haemodynamic effects. An interpretation is proposed accounting for these DA effects as well as for dependence of DA renal effects on the extracellular fluid volume.", "PMID": 555327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2216", "title": "[Climatic factors influencing the performance of cattle and buffalos in Egypt].", "content": "Previous analogous investigations of climatic factors influencing the performance of cattle in Syria were continued for Egypt between August 1975 and July 1977. Temperature and humidity data were recorded and related to standard physiological compatibility ranges for cattle and buffalos, respectively. The values found for the two test years largely agreed. 23.3% of the average temperatures of the two years were above the 0 to 24 degrees C temperature range, which is physiologically compatible. Only 28.8% of the total hours were within the optimum temperature range for cattle and buffalos. The values of the relative humidity in the first year were up to 38.5% within the optimum compatibility range, whereas 11.0% were within the too dry and 50.5% within the too moist range. The percentage increased when the animals were in direct sunshine, which reduced their performance.", "contents": "[Climatic factors influencing the performance of cattle and buffalos in Egypt]. Previous analogous investigations of climatic factors influencing the performance of cattle in Syria were continued for Egypt between August 1975 and July 1977. Temperature and humidity data were recorded and related to standard physiological compatibility ranges for cattle and buffalos, respectively. The values found for the two test years largely agreed. 23.3% of the average temperatures of the two years were above the 0 to 24 degrees C temperature range, which is physiologically compatible. Only 28.8% of the total hours were within the optimum temperature range for cattle and buffalos. The values of the relative humidity in the first year were up to 38.5% within the optimum compatibility range, whereas 11.0% were within the too dry and 50.5% within the too moist range. The percentage increased when the animals were in direct sunshine, which reduced their performance.", "PMID": 555338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2217", "title": "[Experimental data on the development of the primordia of the long bones of chick embryo extremities].", "content": "By means of various kinds of recombination of the two halves of the chick limb buds transected at the presumptive zeugopod mid-length a continuity was established between the opposite portions of the mesenchymal precursors of heterologous shaft bones of the zeugopod. In later development, both proximal and distal components of the recombined skeletal pieces consistently showed variously marked differences in size and shape in comparison with the corresponding parts of the control bones. Reciprocally, from the opposite portions of the presumptive territory of each zeugopodal bone separated the one from the other so that they could not contact and fuse, hypoplasic pieces developed which failed to attain the size and shape typical of the control segments. Those observations seem to show that morphogenetic interactions reciprocally exerted between the various parts of the presumptive territory of each shaft bone are mandatory to ensure the normal development of these skeletal pieces.", "contents": "[Experimental data on the development of the primordia of the long bones of chick embryo extremities]. By means of various kinds of recombination of the two halves of the chick limb buds transected at the presumptive zeugopod mid-length a continuity was established between the opposite portions of the mesenchymal precursors of heterologous shaft bones of the zeugopod. In later development, both proximal and distal components of the recombined skeletal pieces consistently showed variously marked differences in size and shape in comparison with the corresponding parts of the control bones. Reciprocally, from the opposite portions of the presumptive territory of each zeugopodal bone separated the one from the other so that they could not contact and fuse, hypoplasic pieces developed which failed to attain the size and shape typical of the control segments. Those observations seem to show that morphogenetic interactions reciprocally exerted between the various parts of the presumptive territory of each shaft bone are mandatory to ensure the normal development of these skeletal pieces.", "PMID": 555343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2218", "title": "[Dendroarchitectonic study of the neurons of the corpus quadrigeminum superius in man].", "content": "Two different functional zones may be described in the superior colliculus. The superficial layers receive retinal and cortical fibers, the deep layers are a multimodal center and are implied in the oculo-motor control mechanisms. The aim of the present study has been to use network analysis in order to quantify the cell types of the deep layers of the superior colliculus in Man. 50 Golgi impregnated cell have been drawn in the three plans of space. Topological analysis permits to emphasize the existence of two different cell types: collaterally-branched cells or CB cells, and dichotomously-branched cells or DR cells. Quantitative analysis of the dendritic arcs has shown the spatial orientation of the dendritic tree. The proximal dendrites of DR cells are in the horizontal plane, the terminal dendrites are in the vertico-frontal plane. This difference seems to be due to different functional afferences.", "contents": "[Dendroarchitectonic study of the neurons of the corpus quadrigeminum superius in man]. Two different functional zones may be described in the superior colliculus. The superficial layers receive retinal and cortical fibers, the deep layers are a multimodal center and are implied in the oculo-motor control mechanisms. The aim of the present study has been to use network analysis in order to quantify the cell types of the deep layers of the superior colliculus in Man. 50 Golgi impregnated cell have been drawn in the three plans of space. Topological analysis permits to emphasize the existence of two different cell types: collaterally-branched cells or CB cells, and dichotomously-branched cells or DR cells. Quantitative analysis of the dendritic arcs has shown the spatial orientation of the dendritic tree. The proximal dendrites of DR cells are in the horizontal plane, the terminal dendrites are in the vertico-frontal plane. This difference seems to be due to different functional afferences.", "PMID": 555344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2219", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of the left colon in the fetus].", "content": "Study on the left colonic arteries in 15 human fetuses (195 to 360 mm VC). The arterial system was injected 9 times with a mixture of gelatin and Indian ink, 6 times with red coloured stratyl. The left hemicolectomic resections are treated with the Spalteholtz method. The arterial axes are constant: left colic artery, the middle colic artery, the middle branch of the left colic artery, the sigmo\u00efd arteries. A paracolic arch, often branched, was always found, an intermesenteric arcade was sometimes present (20%). Straight arteries became more numerous with function and age. Histologic study showed two types of muscular penetration by these arteries.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of the left colon in the fetus]. Study on the left colonic arteries in 15 human fetuses (195 to 360 mm VC). The arterial system was injected 9 times with a mixture of gelatin and Indian ink, 6 times with red coloured stratyl. The left hemicolectomic resections are treated with the Spalteholtz method. The arterial axes are constant: left colic artery, the middle colic artery, the middle branch of the left colic artery, the sigmo\u00efd arteries. A paracolic arch, often branched, was always found, an intermesenteric arcade was sometimes present (20%). Straight arteries became more numerous with function and age. Histologic study showed two types of muscular penetration by these arteries.", "PMID": 555345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2220", "title": "[Remnants of the thyroglossal duct. A histological study].", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to find out the frequency of thyroglossal duct remnants and to specify the relationship between this tract the hyo\u00efd bone. The remnants having undergone cystic pathology refer to tracks edged with an epithelial lining which can be various, associated or isolated, types. Thyro\u00efd follicles may be annexed to this track, in or out of its cystic part. The systematic study of 23 hyo\u00efdal and sub hyo\u00efdal regions of adults exempt of any pathologic remnants allows one to find tracks in 13 cases, that is in every other case. This frequency is higher than the one normally described. These remnants always refer to some thyro\u00efd follicle islands and rarely to an epithelial track. Furthermore, we can sometimes observe the frankly intra hyo\u00efdal situation of the thyroid tissue. This last location is discussed according to embryologic data.", "contents": "[Remnants of the thyroglossal duct. A histological study]. This study was undertaken in order to find out the frequency of thyroglossal duct remnants and to specify the relationship between this tract the hyo\u00efd bone. The remnants having undergone cystic pathology refer to tracks edged with an epithelial lining which can be various, associated or isolated, types. Thyro\u00efd follicles may be annexed to this track, in or out of its cystic part. The systematic study of 23 hyo\u00efdal and sub hyo\u00efdal regions of adults exempt of any pathologic remnants allows one to find tracks in 13 cases, that is in every other case. This frequency is higher than the one normally described. These remnants always refer to some thyro\u00efd follicle islands and rarely to an epithelial track. Furthermore, we can sometimes observe the frankly intra hyo\u00efdal situation of the thyroid tissue. This last location is discussed according to embryologic data.", "PMID": 555346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2221", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the olfactory placode in the chick embryo].", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the nasal placode of chick embryos between the stages 16 to 24 of Hamburger-Hamilton was made. The study describes the disposition of the constituent elements as well as their characteristics.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the olfactory placode in the chick embryo]. An ultrastructural study of the nasal placode of chick embryos between the stages 16 to 24 of Hamburger-Hamilton was made. The study describes the disposition of the constituent elements as well as their characteristics.", "PMID": 555347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2222", "title": "Photoperiodic control of rat pineal serotonin N-acetyl-transferase activity.", "content": "Adult male albino rats were acclimated to constant light (light:dark-LD-24:0) or to darkness interrupted with brief periods of light at 6 h intervals (LD 1/4:5 3/4 X 4) concurrently with rats maintained in a LD 14:10 photoperiodic cycle. The activity and rhythmicity of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) was examined at regular intervals for 24 hours in rats maintained in the experimental photoperiods and compared to pineal NAT activity and rhythmicity in rats maintained in the LD 14:10 photoperiod. The results indicate that constant light is capable of depressing nocturnal levels of rat pineal NAT and obliterating the pineal NAT rhythm. Likewise, rats subjected to darkness interrupted with brief periods of light at 6 h intervals experienced a similar response in pineal NAT activity to animals subjected to constant light, i.e., pineal NAT activity was persistently low and the rhythmicity was obliterated. The results are discussed relative to the hypothesis that the pineal NAT activity responds to an endogenous rhythm in photoperiodic time measurement. The evidence herein suggests that the time of occurrence of environmental light in the photoperiod is more important in determining pineal NAT activity and/or rhythmicity than is the total amount of darkness or the dark to light ratio to which animals may be subjected.", "contents": "Photoperiodic control of rat pineal serotonin N-acetyl-transferase activity. Adult male albino rats were acclimated to constant light (light:dark-LD-24:0) or to darkness interrupted with brief periods of light at 6 h intervals (LD 1/4:5 3/4 X 4) concurrently with rats maintained in a LD 14:10 photoperiodic cycle. The activity and rhythmicity of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) was examined at regular intervals for 24 hours in rats maintained in the experimental photoperiods and compared to pineal NAT activity and rhythmicity in rats maintained in the LD 14:10 photoperiod. The results indicate that constant light is capable of depressing nocturnal levels of rat pineal NAT and obliterating the pineal NAT rhythm. Likewise, rats subjected to darkness interrupted with brief periods of light at 6 h intervals experienced a similar response in pineal NAT activity to animals subjected to constant light, i.e., pineal NAT activity was persistently low and the rhythmicity was obliterated. The results are discussed relative to the hypothesis that the pineal NAT activity responds to an endogenous rhythm in photoperiodic time measurement. The evidence herein suggests that the time of occurrence of environmental light in the photoperiod is more important in determining pineal NAT activity and/or rhythmicity than is the total amount of darkness or the dark to light ratio to which animals may be subjected.", "PMID": 555459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2223", "title": "A study of free-running rhythms in sheep.", "content": "Free-running rhythms for eating, drinking, standing and walking activities were studied in two experiments with four cross-bred rams. In the first experiment the rhythms were entrained to a LD (12:12) (300:0) regimen. Following a change to continuous dim light (less than 2 lux) there was a suggestion of free-running activity for about three days in some of the variables. By the fourth day, however, the previously entrained rhythms had been damped out and were replaced by random patterns of activity in all variables. In the second experiment, two entraining agents were used: LD (12:12) (300:0) and restriction of feed to the light period only. There was again some indication of free-running activity for the first few days of continuous dim light (less than 2 lux) but by the fourth day only random patterns of activity were evident.", "contents": "A study of free-running rhythms in sheep. Free-running rhythms for eating, drinking, standing and walking activities were studied in two experiments with four cross-bred rams. In the first experiment the rhythms were entrained to a LD (12:12) (300:0) regimen. Following a change to continuous dim light (less than 2 lux) there was a suggestion of free-running activity for about three days in some of the variables. By the fourth day, however, the previously entrained rhythms had been damped out and were replaced by random patterns of activity in all variables. In the second experiment, two entraining agents were used: LD (12:12) (300:0) and restriction of feed to the light period only. There was again some indication of free-running activity for the first few days of continuous dim light (less than 2 lux) but by the fourth day only random patterns of activity were evident.", "PMID": 555460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2224", "title": "Oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials of mitochondrial flavoproteins and their intramitochondrial localization.", "content": "Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric substrate couple titrations and potentiometric spectrophotometric titrations were used to determine the oxidation-reduction potentials of components showing absorbance or fluorescence at the wavelengths attributable to the flavoproteins of mitochondria fractionated using digitonin together with sonication. A pure mitoplast fraction devoid of cytochrome b5 contamination could be obtained using 230 micrograms digitonin/mg of mitochondrial protein. The digitonin-soluble fraction contained a species having Em7.4 = -123 mV and probably represents the outer membrane flavoproteins. The inner membrane-matrix fraction, treated with ultrasound, provided evidence of a flavoprotein species with redox potential (Em7.4 = -302 mV) in the matrix fraction. The -302 mV component is probably lipoamide dehydrogenase. A high redox potential species with Em7.4 = +19 mV in titrations with the succinate fumarate couple was located in the inner membrane vesicles and is probably identical with succinate dehydrogenase. The electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) was isolated from bovine heart mitochondria and its Em7.4 = -74 mV determined. The component in the matrix fraction with an apparent Em7.4 = -56 mV probably represents ETF, and that in the inner membrane fraction with an apparent Em7.4 = -43 mV the NADH dehydrogenase flavoprotein. A component in an apparently low concentration with Em7.4 = +30 mV was detected in the inner membrane fraction. This probably represents the ETF-dehydrogenase flavoprotein. The origin of the flavoprotein fluorescence of mitochondria and intact tissues is discussed.", "contents": "Oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials of mitochondrial flavoproteins and their intramitochondrial localization. Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric substrate couple titrations and potentiometric spectrophotometric titrations were used to determine the oxidation-reduction potentials of components showing absorbance or fluorescence at the wavelengths attributable to the flavoproteins of mitochondria fractionated using digitonin together with sonication. A pure mitoplast fraction devoid of cytochrome b5 contamination could be obtained using 230 micrograms digitonin/mg of mitochondrial protein. The digitonin-soluble fraction contained a species having Em7.4 = -123 mV and probably represents the outer membrane flavoproteins. The inner membrane-matrix fraction, treated with ultrasound, provided evidence of a flavoprotein species with redox potential (Em7.4 = -302 mV) in the matrix fraction. The -302 mV component is probably lipoamide dehydrogenase. A high redox potential species with Em7.4 = +19 mV in titrations with the succinate fumarate couple was located in the inner membrane vesicles and is probably identical with succinate dehydrogenase. The electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) was isolated from bovine heart mitochondria and its Em7.4 = -74 mV determined. The component in the matrix fraction with an apparent Em7.4 = -56 mV probably represents ETF, and that in the inner membrane fraction with an apparent Em7.4 = -43 mV the NADH dehydrogenase flavoprotein. A component in an apparently low concentration with Em7.4 = +30 mV was detected in the inner membrane fraction. This probably represents the ETF-dehydrogenase flavoprotein. The origin of the flavoprotein fluorescence of mitochondria and intact tissues is discussed.", "PMID": 555461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2225", "title": "Bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) study of antigen-antibody interactions.", "content": "Previous work of del Castillo and co-workers has shown that bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) can be used as transducers for detection of antigen-antibody reactions. The present experiments extend the previous work by incorporating complement into the BLM system. The results indicate that the antigen-antibody complex or the complement has no ability to affect the BLM system separately, but when carefully combined they will destabilize the BLM as a tool for investigating immunological reactions is suggested.", "contents": "Bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) study of antigen-antibody interactions. Previous work of del Castillo and co-workers has shown that bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) can be used as transducers for detection of antigen-antibody reactions. The present experiments extend the previous work by incorporating complement into the BLM system. The results indicate that the antigen-antibody complex or the complement has no ability to affect the BLM system separately, but when carefully combined they will destabilize the BLM as a tool for investigating immunological reactions is suggested.", "PMID": 555462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2226", "title": "Concentration quenching in chlorophyll-alpha and relation to functional charge transfer in vivo.", "content": "Chlorophyll-alpha in ordinary solvents exhibits concentration quenching. Dimeric chlorophyll is reasonably well confirmed as the quenching species, by a critical reanalysis of available data on concentration dependence and on spectral features, in ordinary solvents, and in several analogous quenching environments. This quenching in the dimer in vitro is somewhat less firmly analyzed as due to a new fast internal conversion. Much peripheral evidence supports transient charge transfer as the cause of internal conversion. The same evidence points to a strong similarity to functional charge transfer in vivo. I suggest that inability to extract P680 may be due to its conversion to a form resembling P700 by addition of water. A number of straightforward experiments are suggested to test these proposals. In particular, it is desirable to test for the existence of a vibronic perturbation (from a higher npi* state) in the dimer, as an alternative to charge transfer for explaining the \"observed\" internal conversion. Such a vibronic cause would raise interesting problems for phototrap function in vivo.", "contents": "Concentration quenching in chlorophyll-alpha and relation to functional charge transfer in vivo. Chlorophyll-alpha in ordinary solvents exhibits concentration quenching. Dimeric chlorophyll is reasonably well confirmed as the quenching species, by a critical reanalysis of available data on concentration dependence and on spectral features, in ordinary solvents, and in several analogous quenching environments. This quenching in the dimer in vitro is somewhat less firmly analyzed as due to a new fast internal conversion. Much peripheral evidence supports transient charge transfer as the cause of internal conversion. The same evidence points to a strong similarity to functional charge transfer in vivo. I suggest that inability to extract P680 may be due to its conversion to a form resembling P700 by addition of water. A number of straightforward experiments are suggested to test these proposals. In particular, it is desirable to test for the existence of a vibronic perturbation (from a higher npi* state) in the dimer, as an alternative to charge transfer for explaining the \"observed\" internal conversion. Such a vibronic cause would raise interesting problems for phototrap function in vivo.", "PMID": 555463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2227", "title": "Prenatal effects of 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and phenoxyacetic acid in mice.", "content": "The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and two structurally related compounds, phenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, were suspended in a 1:1 solution of honey:water and administered by gavage to pregnant mice on one of gestation days 8-15 (copulation plug day = day 1) or on three consecutive days (7-9, 10-12, or 13-15). Doses were 800-900 mg/kg for single and 250-300 mg/kg/day for multiple treatments. With the exception of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol treatment on day 14, only 2,4,5-T treatment significantly increased prenatal mortality, and only 2,4,5-T was associated with decreased fetal weight when comparisons were made with the solvent controls. Although low incidences were seen in all treatment groups, only 2,4,5-T significantly increased cleft palate or other gross malformations. Significant skeletal, visceral or histopathological defects were not observed. These results indicate that both the carboxyl group and chlorination of the aromatic ring are essential for an unambiguous teratogenic response.", "contents": "Prenatal effects of 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and phenoxyacetic acid in mice. The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and two structurally related compounds, phenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, were suspended in a 1:1 solution of honey:water and administered by gavage to pregnant mice on one of gestation days 8-15 (copulation plug day = day 1) or on three consecutive days (7-9, 10-12, or 13-15). Doses were 800-900 mg/kg for single and 250-300 mg/kg/day for multiple treatments. With the exception of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol treatment on day 14, only 2,4,5-T treatment significantly increased prenatal mortality, and only 2,4,5-T was associated with decreased fetal weight when comparisons were made with the solvent controls. Although low incidences were seen in all treatment groups, only 2,4,5-T significantly increased cleft palate or other gross malformations. Significant skeletal, visceral or histopathological defects were not observed. These results indicate that both the carboxyl group and chlorination of the aromatic ring are essential for an unambiguous teratogenic response.", "PMID": 555465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2228", "title": "Embryotoxicity of inhaled sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide in mice and rabbits.", "content": "The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was evaluated in CF-1 and New Zealand rabbits exposed to SO2 alone or in combination with carbon monoxide (CO). The animals inhaled filtered room air (controls), SO2 (mice, 25 ppm; rabbits, 70 ppm), or SO2 plus CO (250 ppm) for 7 hr/day from days 6 through 15 (mice) and from days 6 through 18 (rabbits) of gestation. In both species, inhalation of SO2 resulted in slight toxicity in the dams and an increased incidence of minor skeletal variants among their offspring; exposure to the combination did not potentiate the increased incidence of these variants. A teratogenic effect was not discerned in either mice or rabbits exposed to SO2 alone or in combination with carbon monoxide, but the fetuses of mice exposed to the combination were significantly smaller than those exposed only to SO2.", "contents": "Embryotoxicity of inhaled sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide in mice and rabbits. The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was evaluated in CF-1 and New Zealand rabbits exposed to SO2 alone or in combination with carbon monoxide (CO). The animals inhaled filtered room air (controls), SO2 (mice, 25 ppm; rabbits, 70 ppm), or SO2 plus CO (250 ppm) for 7 hr/day from days 6 through 15 (mice) and from days 6 through 18 (rabbits) of gestation. In both species, inhalation of SO2 resulted in slight toxicity in the dams and an increased incidence of minor skeletal variants among their offspring; exposure to the combination did not potentiate the increased incidence of these variants. A teratogenic effect was not discerned in either mice or rabbits exposed to SO2 alone or in combination with carbon monoxide, but the fetuses of mice exposed to the combination were significantly smaller than those exposed only to SO2.", "PMID": 555466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2229", "title": "Embryotoxicity of inhaled sulfuric acid aerosol in mice and rabbits.", "content": "The effect of inhaled sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on embryonal and fetal development was assessed in CF-1 mice and in New Zealand white rabbits. Both species were exposed for 7 hr/day to 0, 5, or 20 mg H2SO4/m3 during the period of major organogenesis (mice, days 6 through 15 of gestation; rabbits, days 6 through 18 of gestation). Little evidence of toxicity was seen in the fetuses of mice or rabbits exposed to H2SO4. Slight maternal toxicity was seen at 20 mg H2SO4/m3 in both species. Teratogenicity was not observed in either mice or rabbits exposed to H2SO4.", "contents": "Embryotoxicity of inhaled sulfuric acid aerosol in mice and rabbits. The effect of inhaled sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on embryonal and fetal development was assessed in CF-1 mice and in New Zealand white rabbits. Both species were exposed for 7 hr/day to 0, 5, or 20 mg H2SO4/m3 during the period of major organogenesis (mice, days 6 through 15 of gestation; rabbits, days 6 through 18 of gestation). Little evidence of toxicity was seen in the fetuses of mice or rabbits exposed to H2SO4. Slight maternal toxicity was seen at 20 mg H2SO4/m3 in both species. Teratogenicity was not observed in either mice or rabbits exposed to H2SO4.", "PMID": 555467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2230", "title": "Quantitative histological changes produced in the tracheal mucosa of young chickens by the inhalation of sulfur dioxide in low concentrations.", "content": "Chickens were exposed to SO2 in relatively low concentrations (3.4 to 18.5 parts per million (ppm)) for 1 to 14 days. A portion of their tracheas was embedded in water-soluble methacrylate, cut at 2 micrometer and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Wright's stain, methyl green-pyronin, Alcian blue - periodic and Schiff, and for acid phosphatase. An increase was found in (a) the mucosa to wall ratio; (b) the number of mucosal cells in mitosis; (c) the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils in the epithelium and lamina propria; and (d) the number of these infiltrating cells which contained acid phosphatase. The number of mucus- and seromucus- secreting cells and vasoamine-containing cells were sometimes increased, but not consistently. The percentage of cells containing sialidase-sensitive sialomucins was elevated, and percentage of cells containing neutral mucins was reduced. These changes were only partly related to the SO2 concentration and the duration of SO2 exposure, in that increasing amounts of SO2 did not always cause increasing changes in the mucin composition. Evidently, the altered mucins sometimes protected against further mucin modification.", "contents": "Quantitative histological changes produced in the tracheal mucosa of young chickens by the inhalation of sulfur dioxide in low concentrations. Chickens were exposed to SO2 in relatively low concentrations (3.4 to 18.5 parts per million (ppm)) for 1 to 14 days. A portion of their tracheas was embedded in water-soluble methacrylate, cut at 2 micrometer and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Wright's stain, methyl green-pyronin, Alcian blue - periodic and Schiff, and for acid phosphatase. An increase was found in (a) the mucosa to wall ratio; (b) the number of mucosal cells in mitosis; (c) the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils in the epithelium and lamina propria; and (d) the number of these infiltrating cells which contained acid phosphatase. The number of mucus- and seromucus- secreting cells and vasoamine-containing cells were sometimes increased, but not consistently. The percentage of cells containing sialidase-sensitive sialomucins was elevated, and percentage of cells containing neutral mucins was reduced. These changes were only partly related to the SO2 concentration and the duration of SO2 exposure, in that increasing amounts of SO2 did not always cause increasing changes in the mucin composition. Evidently, the altered mucins sometimes protected against further mucin modification.", "PMID": 555468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2231", "title": "Metabolism and distribution of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in pregnant mice.", "content": "Pregnant mice were treated with a single oral dose of [carboxy-14C]2,4,5-T (100 mg/kg; 1.22 mu Ci/mg) on day 12 of gestation and sacrificed after 0.25, 0.5, 2 and 24 hours. Maternal blood, embryos, placentas and yolk sacs were analyzed by solvent extraction, TLC, and countercurrent distribution. Expressed as percentage of the administered dose/g tissue, the unchanged 2,4,5-T found in maternal blood, placentas, yolk sacs, and embryos was 3, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.2%, respectively, after 0.25 hours, and 4, 2, 2, and 0.5%, respectively, after 24 hours. No major metabolites of 2,4,5-T were detected. Urine and feces were also collected and analyzed. Radioactivity was largely eliminated in the urine, 69-78% of the administered dose in 7 days. Feces contained 5-9% of the dose. In the urine unchanged 2,4,5-T accounted for 35-44% of the dose, and 22-23% as very polar material. Unchanged 2,4,5-T in the feces was 3-5% and 1-2% as polar material. 2,4,5-T administered to pregnant mice is largely distributed and eliminated as 2,4,5-T and very polar material.", "contents": "Metabolism and distribution of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in pregnant mice. Pregnant mice were treated with a single oral dose of [carboxy-14C]2,4,5-T (100 mg/kg; 1.22 mu Ci/mg) on day 12 of gestation and sacrificed after 0.25, 0.5, 2 and 24 hours. Maternal blood, embryos, placentas and yolk sacs were analyzed by solvent extraction, TLC, and countercurrent distribution. Expressed as percentage of the administered dose/g tissue, the unchanged 2,4,5-T found in maternal blood, placentas, yolk sacs, and embryos was 3, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.2%, respectively, after 0.25 hours, and 4, 2, 2, and 0.5%, respectively, after 24 hours. No major metabolites of 2,4,5-T were detected. Urine and feces were also collected and analyzed. Radioactivity was largely eliminated in the urine, 69-78% of the administered dose in 7 days. Feces contained 5-9% of the dose. In the urine unchanged 2,4,5-T accounted for 35-44% of the dose, and 22-23% as very polar material. Unchanged 2,4,5-T in the feces was 3-5% and 1-2% as polar material. 2,4,5-T administered to pregnant mice is largely distributed and eliminated as 2,4,5-T and very polar material.", "PMID": 555469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2232", "title": "Enrichment of albumin and IgG in the airway secretions of dogs breathing ozone.", "content": "A study was undertaken of the acute effect of the inhalation of ozone (1.0-1.5 ppm) on the concentration of proteins in the airway secretions harvested from the trachea of intact anesthetized dogs. Secretions were first collected during a control day during which room air was breathed. The dogs breathed ozone (1.0-1.5 ppm) on a second day. This protocol permitted each dog to serve as its own control. During the inhalation of ozone the concentration of total aqueous-soluble proteins, as well as of albumin and IgG were not significantly effected. However, when expressed as a percentage of total protein, both albumin and IgG were significantly enriched in the secretions. The quantitative changes of certain proteins in airway secretions may be an important reflection of the pulmonary response to ozone.", "contents": "Enrichment of albumin and IgG in the airway secretions of dogs breathing ozone. A study was undertaken of the acute effect of the inhalation of ozone (1.0-1.5 ppm) on the concentration of proteins in the airway secretions harvested from the trachea of intact anesthetized dogs. Secretions were first collected during a control day during which room air was breathed. The dogs breathed ozone (1.0-1.5 ppm) on a second day. This protocol permitted each dog to serve as its own control. During the inhalation of ozone the concentration of total aqueous-soluble proteins, as well as of albumin and IgG were not significantly effected. However, when expressed as a percentage of total protein, both albumin and IgG were significantly enriched in the secretions. The quantitative changes of certain proteins in airway secretions may be an important reflection of the pulmonary response to ozone.", "PMID": 555470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2233", "title": "Studies on heat tolerance at rest and orthostatic heat tolerance in a hot environment.", "content": "Twelve young male Japanese were exposed to a hot environment in summer, and changes in systolic blood pressure induced by changing the position from recumbent to sitting were observed. Sweating was induced in a climatic chamber at 30 degree C with 70% relative humidity by immersing both legs up to the knees into a water bath of 42 degree C for 90 min after sitting on a chair at rest for 30 min in the chamber. The mean values of rise in rectal temperature, body weight loss and mean sodium concentration in sweat were 0.62 degree C, 0.67 kg and 46 mEq/l, respectively. The mean values of fall in systolic blood pressure associated with changing posture and its recovery time were 13.7 mm Hg and 77.5 sec, respectively. Heat tolerance at rest was assessed by a numerical heat tolerance index involving relative water loss, relative rise in rectal temperature, and relative salt loss. Values of relative water loss, relative rise in rectal temperature, and the numerical heat tolerance index correlated closely to those of fall in systolic blood pressure and its recovery time.", "contents": "Studies on heat tolerance at rest and orthostatic heat tolerance in a hot environment. Twelve young male Japanese were exposed to a hot environment in summer, and changes in systolic blood pressure induced by changing the position from recumbent to sitting were observed. Sweating was induced in a climatic chamber at 30 degree C with 70% relative humidity by immersing both legs up to the knees into a water bath of 42 degree C for 90 min after sitting on a chair at rest for 30 min in the chamber. The mean values of rise in rectal temperature, body weight loss and mean sodium concentration in sweat were 0.62 degree C, 0.67 kg and 46 mEq/l, respectively. The mean values of fall in systolic blood pressure associated with changing posture and its recovery time were 13.7 mm Hg and 77.5 sec, respectively. Heat tolerance at rest was assessed by a numerical heat tolerance index involving relative water loss, relative rise in rectal temperature, and relative salt loss. Values of relative water loss, relative rise in rectal temperature, and the numerical heat tolerance index correlated closely to those of fall in systolic blood pressure and its recovery time.", "PMID": 555471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2234", "title": "Correlation between heat tolerance during exercise and maximum aerobic work capacity.", "content": "Observation of the physiological responses during exercise in a hot environment and measurement of maximal work capacity were made on eight young male subjects, ages 20--22. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer at a constant work load of 450 kg . m/min at a cycling rate of 50 rpm for 30 min in a climatic chamber at 30 degree C with 70% relative humidity. The maximum work capacity was measured by bicycle ergometer exercise. Heat tolerance during exercise was assessed by the magnitude of physiological strain expressed by the combination of relative rise in rectal temperature, relative water loss and relative salt loss. Heat load during exercise was calculated using metabolic rates at rest and during exercise, assuming heat loss through the respiratory tract to be 10 percent of metabolic rate. Fairly good correlations were found between the ratio of work done to maximum work capacity and rise in rectal temperature, ratio of body weight loss to body weight and heat tolerance during exercise. Close correlations were found among relative heat load during exercise and rise in rectal temperature, relative body weight loss and heat tolerance. Heat tolerance during exercise in a hot environment correlated well to capacity of heat dissipation and maximum work capacity.", "contents": "Correlation between heat tolerance during exercise and maximum aerobic work capacity. Observation of the physiological responses during exercise in a hot environment and measurement of maximal work capacity were made on eight young male subjects, ages 20--22. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer at a constant work load of 450 kg . m/min at a cycling rate of 50 rpm for 30 min in a climatic chamber at 30 degree C with 70% relative humidity. The maximum work capacity was measured by bicycle ergometer exercise. Heat tolerance during exercise was assessed by the magnitude of physiological strain expressed by the combination of relative rise in rectal temperature, relative water loss and relative salt loss. Heat load during exercise was calculated using metabolic rates at rest and during exercise, assuming heat loss through the respiratory tract to be 10 percent of metabolic rate. Fairly good correlations were found between the ratio of work done to maximum work capacity and rise in rectal temperature, ratio of body weight loss to body weight and heat tolerance during exercise. Close correlations were found among relative heat load during exercise and rise in rectal temperature, relative body weight loss and heat tolerance. Heat tolerance during exercise in a hot environment correlated well to capacity of heat dissipation and maximum work capacity.", "PMID": 555472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2235", "title": "Migratory history as a factor influencing dietary habit.", "content": "A traditional concept of staple food is present in the dietary habits of Japanese, and the prominent role of rice as a staple food has changed since the end of World War II. The influence of migration on staple food patterns was studied using Hayashi's method of multivariate analysis for the quantification of qualitative data. The result of the study suggested that migration clearly influences the choice of a staple food, and that the influence of migration is more conspicuous in comparatively younger generations.", "contents": "Migratory history as a factor influencing dietary habit. A traditional concept of staple food is present in the dietary habits of Japanese, and the prominent role of rice as a staple food has changed since the end of World War II. The influence of migration on staple food patterns was studied using Hayashi's method of multivariate analysis for the quantification of qualitative data. The result of the study suggested that migration clearly influences the choice of a staple food, and that the influence of migration is more conspicuous in comparatively younger generations.", "PMID": 555473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2236", "title": "Physiological reaction of women during exercise and recovery, in a comfortable environment and a hot environment.", "content": "Physiological reaction and oxygen intake during exercise and recovery were measured in fourteen young female Japanese during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle at 25 degree C with 50% relative humidity and at 35 degree C with 50% relative humidity. Subjects, clad in bathing suits only, performed a bicycle ergometer exercise at a constant work load of 600 kg . m/min at a cycling rate of 50 rpm for 20 min and recovered while remaining on the bicycle ergometer for 40 min. The mean values of sweat volume and skin temperature were significantly greater at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C. It has been shown that heart rate and rectal temperature during exercise were slightly higher at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C, while those during recovery were significantly higher at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C. Oxygen intake, oxygen debt, and the fall in diastolic blood pressure after exercise were considerably greater at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C. The increase in oxygen intake in a hot environment might result from an increased metabolism due to higher body temperature and increased energy requirement for heat dissipation such as profuse sweating, higher heart rate, and increased ventilatory volume. The increase in oxygen debt in a hot environment might reflect the increased metabolism caused by higher body temperature and the increased production of lactic acid in the working muscle as a result of an insufficient blood supply to the muscle. The increases in sweat volume, oxygen intake during exercise, and oxygen debt in women in a hot environment were considerably smaller than corresponding values for men. The smaller increase in sweat volume in women in a hot environment could reflect a smaller oxygen intake and a more marked dilation of skin vessels in women than in men.", "contents": "Physiological reaction of women during exercise and recovery, in a comfortable environment and a hot environment. Physiological reaction and oxygen intake during exercise and recovery were measured in fourteen young female Japanese during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle at 25 degree C with 50% relative humidity and at 35 degree C with 50% relative humidity. Subjects, clad in bathing suits only, performed a bicycle ergometer exercise at a constant work load of 600 kg . m/min at a cycling rate of 50 rpm for 20 min and recovered while remaining on the bicycle ergometer for 40 min. The mean values of sweat volume and skin temperature were significantly greater at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C. It has been shown that heart rate and rectal temperature during exercise were slightly higher at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C, while those during recovery were significantly higher at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C. Oxygen intake, oxygen debt, and the fall in diastolic blood pressure after exercise were considerably greater at 35 degree C than at 25 degree C. The increase in oxygen intake in a hot environment might result from an increased metabolism due to higher body temperature and increased energy requirement for heat dissipation such as profuse sweating, higher heart rate, and increased ventilatory volume. The increase in oxygen debt in a hot environment might reflect the increased metabolism caused by higher body temperature and the increased production of lactic acid in the working muscle as a result of an insufficient blood supply to the muscle. The increases in sweat volume, oxygen intake during exercise, and oxygen debt in women in a hot environment were considerably smaller than corresponding values for men. The smaller increase in sweat volume in women in a hot environment could reflect a smaller oxygen intake and a more marked dilation of skin vessels in women than in men.", "PMID": 555474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2237", "title": "The lower and upper critical temperatures in male Japanese.", "content": "Critical temperatures were determined by a new estimating system called the polynomial equation method. Its consists of polynomial regression equations of metabolic rate on ambient and body temperatures and conversion equations enable to convert metabolic rate value into temperature value. Nine young adult males were tested using the system. Metabolic rate was calculated indirectly with a reference to protein metabolism and the critical temperatures were determined as follows; the lower critical air temperature to be 26.2 C, the upper critical air temperature to be 47.0 degrees C, the lower and upper mean skin temperature to be 29.2 degrees C and 36.5 degrees C, and the lower and upper critical rectal temperature to be 35.5 degrees C and 37.9 degrees C, respectively. The polynomial equation method has an advantage over the intersect method since it allows estimation of several kinds of critical temperature.", "contents": "The lower and upper critical temperatures in male Japanese. Critical temperatures were determined by a new estimating system called the polynomial equation method. Its consists of polynomial regression equations of metabolic rate on ambient and body temperatures and conversion equations enable to convert metabolic rate value into temperature value. Nine young adult males were tested using the system. Metabolic rate was calculated indirectly with a reference to protein metabolism and the critical temperatures were determined as follows; the lower critical air temperature to be 26.2 C, the upper critical air temperature to be 47.0 degrees C, the lower and upper mean skin temperature to be 29.2 degrees C and 36.5 degrees C, and the lower and upper critical rectal temperature to be 35.5 degrees C and 37.9 degrees C, respectively. The polynomial equation method has an advantage over the intersect method since it allows estimation of several kinds of critical temperature.", "PMID": 555475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2238", "title": "Effect of prolonged running on physiological responses to subsequent exercise.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses for submaximal and maximal exercise performed several days preceding (pre-test) and 45 min after (post-test) 21 miles of high intensity (70% VO2 max) treadmill running. Seven aerobically trained subjects' oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen, and blood lactate concentration were determined for exercise during the pre- and post-test sessions. No differences were found for submaximal oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, pulmonary ventilation and ventilatory equivalent of oxygen between the pre- and post-test values. Generally, submaximal heart rate responses were higher, and respiratory exchange ratio values were lower during the post-test. Reductions of maximal work time (12%), maximal oxygen uptake (6%) and maximal blood lactate concentration (47%) were found during the post-test. Thermal stress and glycogen depletion are possible mechanisms which may be responsible for these observed differences.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged running on physiological responses to subsequent exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses for submaximal and maximal exercise performed several days preceding (pre-test) and 45 min after (post-test) 21 miles of high intensity (70% VO2 max) treadmill running. Seven aerobically trained subjects' oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen, and blood lactate concentration were determined for exercise during the pre- and post-test sessions. No differences were found for submaximal oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, pulmonary ventilation and ventilatory equivalent of oxygen between the pre- and post-test values. Generally, submaximal heart rate responses were higher, and respiratory exchange ratio values were lower during the post-test. Reductions of maximal work time (12%), maximal oxygen uptake (6%) and maximal blood lactate concentration (47%) were found during the post-test. Thermal stress and glycogen depletion are possible mechanisms which may be responsible for these observed differences.", "PMID": 555476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2239", "title": "Experiment studies on sweating for exercise prescription: total body sweat rate in relation to work load in physically trained adult males.", "content": "This study was designed to examine whether or not the total body sweat rate can be used as a practical index for prescribing exercise. The sweat rate was experimentally studied in relation to factors such as intensity of exercise, the secretory capacity of sweating mechanism, and body temperature. After determining the maximum sweating rate on the whole body surface, regarded as the secretory capacity of the sweating mechanism, each physically trained subject was made to pedal a bicycle ergometer for 60 min at each of several kinds of mechanical work rates under fixed hot climatic conditions in summer. Total body sweat rate, rectal temperature, and RMR were measured during the experiment. The sweat secreting index (SSI), which is ratio of total body sweat rate to maximum sweat rate, was calculated, and was presumed to indicate the functioning rate of sweat secretory capacity. The total body sweat rate responded to factors such as RMR, SSI, and rectal temperature with a high correlation coefficient. From these results it was concluded that the total body sweat rate can be used as a practical index for prescribing exercise.", "contents": "Experiment studies on sweating for exercise prescription: total body sweat rate in relation to work load in physically trained adult males. This study was designed to examine whether or not the total body sweat rate can be used as a practical index for prescribing exercise. The sweat rate was experimentally studied in relation to factors such as intensity of exercise, the secretory capacity of sweating mechanism, and body temperature. After determining the maximum sweating rate on the whole body surface, regarded as the secretory capacity of the sweating mechanism, each physically trained subject was made to pedal a bicycle ergometer for 60 min at each of several kinds of mechanical work rates under fixed hot climatic conditions in summer. Total body sweat rate, rectal temperature, and RMR were measured during the experiment. The sweat secreting index (SSI), which is ratio of total body sweat rate to maximum sweat rate, was calculated, and was presumed to indicate the functioning rate of sweat secretory capacity. The total body sweat rate responded to factors such as RMR, SSI, and rectal temperature with a high correlation coefficient. From these results it was concluded that the total body sweat rate can be used as a practical index for prescribing exercise.", "PMID": 555477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2240", "title": "Breast self-examinations: who does them and why.", "content": "In a population of 158 women with a breast concern, two-thirds examined their own breasts. Most examiners (80%) practiced breast self-examination at least once a month, and over 60% had been regular examiners for more than 2 years. No significant difference in frequency of breast self-examination was found between women who had been examiners for longer and shorter time periods. Examiners had two main reasons for beginning and continuing breast self-examination: (1) an awareness that it is desirable to detect breast cancer early and (2) an awareness that they themselves could get breast cancer, while nonexaminers tended to deny this possibility. Therefore, to become examiners, nonexaminers may need to be convinced not only that early detection is effective but also that they too are at risk of breast cancer. The importance of informing, but not alarming, women about their breast cancer risk is discussed.", "contents": "Breast self-examinations: who does them and why. In a population of 158 women with a breast concern, two-thirds examined their own breasts. Most examiners (80%) practiced breast self-examination at least once a month, and over 60% had been regular examiners for more than 2 years. No significant difference in frequency of breast self-examination was found between women who had been examiners for longer and shorter time periods. Examiners had two main reasons for beginning and continuing breast self-examination: (1) an awareness that it is desirable to detect breast cancer early and (2) an awareness that they themselves could get breast cancer, while nonexaminers tended to deny this possibility. Therefore, to become examiners, nonexaminers may need to be convinced not only that early detection is effective but also that they too are at risk of breast cancer. The importance of informing, but not alarming, women about their breast cancer risk is discussed.", "PMID": 555478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2241", "title": "Changes in body image and other psychological factors after intestinal bypass surgery for massive obesity.", "content": "A group of massively obese persons (predominantly women) was evaluated 6 months prior to intestinal bypass surgery and again while in the hospital awaiting surgery. A second follow-up group of massively obese persons was evaluated on the same measures in-hospital prior to surgery and then assessed periodically over the subsequent 1-year period. The 6-months-before-surgery group showed a general decline in concern with physical symptoms, anxiety, and social introversion at the in-hospital evaluation. The surgery follow-up group exhibited an increasing improvement, as weight loss progressed, in body image, feelings of physical and sexual attractiveness, and evaluation of one's personality. An improvement in mood also was seen. Body size estimation showed a realistic adjustment with weight loss. Both groups scored higher than average on a measure of the addictive personality. Follow-up of the nonresponders indicated that a substantial proportion of those persons had psychological or severe physical problems subsequent to surgery.", "contents": "Changes in body image and other psychological factors after intestinal bypass surgery for massive obesity. A group of massively obese persons (predominantly women) was evaluated 6 months prior to intestinal bypass surgery and again while in the hospital awaiting surgery. A second follow-up group of massively obese persons was evaluated on the same measures in-hospital prior to surgery and then assessed periodically over the subsequent 1-year period. The 6-months-before-surgery group showed a general decline in concern with physical symptoms, anxiety, and social introversion at the in-hospital evaluation. The surgery follow-up group exhibited an increasing improvement, as weight loss progressed, in body image, feelings of physical and sexual attractiveness, and evaluation of one's personality. An improvement in mood also was seen. Body size estimation showed a realistic adjustment with weight loss. Both groups scored higher than average on a measure of the addictive personality. Follow-up of the nonresponders indicated that a substantial proportion of those persons had psychological or severe physical problems subsequent to surgery.", "PMID": 555479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2242", "title": "Behavioral treatment of presleep tension and intrusive cognitions in patients with severe predormital insomnia.", "content": "Behavioral approaches to the treatment of predormital insomnia have assumed that hyperarousal is the underlying cause; thus presleep tension has been the most common target treated. A second indicator, presleep intrusive cognitions, has only recently been examined as a target for treatment. In the present study, 20 subjects were randomly assigned to three groups which focused on the treatment of either (1) presleep tension alone, (2) presleep tension and intrusive cognitions, of (3) perception of sleep. Four subjects acted as controls. The findings indicated that reductions in both presleep tension and intrusive cognitions were followed by a significantly greater reduction in latency to sleep onset and daytime impairment than reductions in presleep tension alone. The results obtained from modifying the individual's perception of sleep were not significantly different from those obtained from reductions in presleep tension alone. A 6 weeks follow-up revealed no change in the relative status of the three treatment groups.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of presleep tension and intrusive cognitions in patients with severe predormital insomnia. Behavioral approaches to the treatment of predormital insomnia have assumed that hyperarousal is the underlying cause; thus presleep tension has been the most common target treated. A second indicator, presleep intrusive cognitions, has only recently been examined as a target for treatment. In the present study, 20 subjects were randomly assigned to three groups which focused on the treatment of either (1) presleep tension alone, (2) presleep tension and intrusive cognitions, of (3) perception of sleep. Four subjects acted as controls. The findings indicated that reductions in both presleep tension and intrusive cognitions were followed by a significantly greater reduction in latency to sleep onset and daytime impairment than reductions in presleep tension alone. The results obtained from modifying the individual's perception of sleep were not significantly different from those obtained from reductions in presleep tension alone. A 6 weeks follow-up revealed no change in the relative status of the three treatment groups.", "PMID": 555480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2243", "title": "The structured interview and questionnaire methods of assessing coronary-prone behavior in male and female college students.", "content": "Several self-report measures of type A behavior were compared with the Rosenman and Friedman structured interview method of assessment in male and female college students. The student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey was found to correlate relatively weakly with the interview for both males and females, while scales derived from the Gough and Thurstone inventories showed moderate correlations with interview typing for both sexes. A brief scale derived from a recent reanalysis of the Framingham study correlated with the interview appreciably greater for females than for males. In all, these data suggest the need for caution in using only paper-and-pencil tests to assess type A behavior.", "contents": "The structured interview and questionnaire methods of assessing coronary-prone behavior in male and female college students. Several self-report measures of type A behavior were compared with the Rosenman and Friedman structured interview method of assessment in male and female college students. The student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey was found to correlate relatively weakly with the interview for both males and females, while scales derived from the Gough and Thurstone inventories showed moderate correlations with interview typing for both sexes. A brief scale derived from a recent reanalysis of the Framingham study correlated with the interview appreciably greater for females than for males. In all, these data suggest the need for caution in using only paper-and-pencil tests to assess type A behavior.", "PMID": 555481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2244", "title": "Signouts against medical advice from a coronary care unit.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients who were admitted to a Coronary Care Unit (CCU) but who subsequently discharged themselves against medical advice (AMA) were matched with a group of control patients who were admitted to the same unit but who remained in the hospital for the entire course of their treatment. The two groups were then compared on the basis of sociodemographic, medical, behavioral, and psychiatric variables. Results were that the AMA group differed significantly from the control group in a number of factors including age, number of previous AMA signouts, severity of medical problems, and self-reports of alcoholism and emotional difficulties. The relationship of these findings to the AMA behavior is discussed and intervention strategies are suggested.", "contents": "Signouts against medical advice from a coronary care unit. Twenty-nine patients who were admitted to a Coronary Care Unit (CCU) but who subsequently discharged themselves against medical advice (AMA) were matched with a group of control patients who were admitted to the same unit but who remained in the hospital for the entire course of their treatment. The two groups were then compared on the basis of sociodemographic, medical, behavioral, and psychiatric variables. Results were that the AMA group differed significantly from the control group in a number of factors including age, number of previous AMA signouts, severity of medical problems, and self-reports of alcoholism and emotional difficulties. The relationship of these findings to the AMA behavior is discussed and intervention strategies are suggested.", "PMID": 555482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2245", "title": "Effects of different cognitive strategies on chronic pain experience.", "content": "The present research sought to examine the importance of cognitive factors in the experience and treatment of chronic pain. An attempt was made to explore possible mediational influences by testing the effectiveness of several cognitive strategies. Experimental conditions were manipulated to examine the influence of three types of cognitive strategies: (1) reinterpreting the pain stimuli, (2) diverting one's attention from it, and (3) concentrating on the sensation itself. Dependent measures such as subjective indices of pain, behavioral observations, and an unobtrusive measure of pain behavior were obtained in an attempt to explore the experience of pain. Results demonstrated that, within a physical rehabilitation hospital setting, patients with a history of persistent pain showed a significant change in their ratings of the quality and intensity of this experience, and in their behavior, through the use of reinterpretive cognitive instructions.", "contents": "Effects of different cognitive strategies on chronic pain experience. The present research sought to examine the importance of cognitive factors in the experience and treatment of chronic pain. An attempt was made to explore possible mediational influences by testing the effectiveness of several cognitive strategies. Experimental conditions were manipulated to examine the influence of three types of cognitive strategies: (1) reinterpreting the pain stimuli, (2) diverting one's attention from it, and (3) concentrating on the sensation itself. Dependent measures such as subjective indices of pain, behavioral observations, and an unobtrusive measure of pain behavior were obtained in an attempt to explore the experience of pain. Results demonstrated that, within a physical rehabilitation hospital setting, patients with a history of persistent pain showed a significant change in their ratings of the quality and intensity of this experience, and in their behavior, through the use of reinterpretive cognitive instructions.", "PMID": 555483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2246", "title": "Associative learning, habit, and health behavior.", "content": "Habit is defined as a firmly established behavior pattern marked by increasing automaticity, decreasing awareness, and partial independence from reinforcement. Reinforcement is viewed as of primary importance in the acquisition of behavior, whereas principles of associative learning enter to complement reinforcement in the maintenance of behavior. Habit is seen as a mechanism for short-circuiting the reinforcement process to avoid its overload and for providing the organism with speed and stability of response instead of the variability offered by reinforcement. The implications of this definition of habit for acquisition and alteration of health behavior are discussed; examples include smoking, obesity, alcoholism, and coronary-prone (type A) behavior.", "contents": "Associative learning, habit, and health behavior. Habit is defined as a firmly established behavior pattern marked by increasing automaticity, decreasing awareness, and partial independence from reinforcement. Reinforcement is viewed as of primary importance in the acquisition of behavior, whereas principles of associative learning enter to complement reinforcement in the maintenance of behavior. Habit is seen as a mechanism for short-circuiting the reinforcement process to avoid its overload and for providing the organism with speed and stability of response instead of the variability offered by reinforcement. The implications of this definition of habit for acquisition and alteration of health behavior are discussed; examples include smoking, obesity, alcoholism, and coronary-prone (type A) behavior.", "PMID": 555484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2247", "title": "Seeking reassuring or threatening information about environmental cancer.", "content": "This study examined information seeking as a potentially adaptive response to a new environmental health threat. College students in a state with a particularly high cancer rate were offered an opportunity to obtain either a reassuring or a threatening informational message concerning the cancer rate. Interview were later conducted with students who had and had not requested a message (N = 502). The results suggested that unconcern rather than defensiveness was the principal reason for not seeking information. Although a majority of both information seekers and nonseekers preferred the threatening message, the choice of message did depend on an individual's beliefs concerning the seriousness of the cancer threat. Most respondents selected the message which supported their own view of the issue. A preliminary model proposed to explain the data emphasized the ambiguity and controversy surrounding most environmental and health warnings.", "contents": "Seeking reassuring or threatening information about environmental cancer. This study examined information seeking as a potentially adaptive response to a new environmental health threat. College students in a state with a particularly high cancer rate were offered an opportunity to obtain either a reassuring or a threatening informational message concerning the cancer rate. Interview were later conducted with students who had and had not requested a message (N = 502). The results suggested that unconcern rather than defensiveness was the principal reason for not seeking information. Although a majority of both information seekers and nonseekers preferred the threatening message, the choice of message did depend on an individual's beliefs concerning the seriousness of the cancer threat. Most respondents selected the message which supported their own view of the issue. A preliminary model proposed to explain the data emphasized the ambiguity and controversy surrounding most environmental and health warnings.", "PMID": 555485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2248", "title": "Symptom disclosure to male and female physicians: effects of sex, physical attractiveness, and symptom type.", "content": "Seventy-five subjects (50 male and 25 female) rated their willingness to disclose symptoms of a personal nature, general nature, and mental illness nature to male and female physicians whose photographs had been pretested as being either physically attractive or physically unattractive. Increased willingness to disclose was related to (1) the more physically attractive physicians, (2) general as compared to personal and mental symptoms, (3) same-sex match-ups between patient and physician, especially when (4) disclosing personal or mental illness symptoms or concerns. The sex of the physician per se had no influence on patient's willingness to disclose symptoms. Implications are drawn concerning the patient's assignment to or choice of physician based on sex. Patient education and training in symptom disclosure as well as physician's skill building in facilitating symptom disclosure are also indicated.", "contents": "Symptom disclosure to male and female physicians: effects of sex, physical attractiveness, and symptom type. Seventy-five subjects (50 male and 25 female) rated their willingness to disclose symptoms of a personal nature, general nature, and mental illness nature to male and female physicians whose photographs had been pretested as being either physically attractive or physically unattractive. Increased willingness to disclose was related to (1) the more physically attractive physicians, (2) general as compared to personal and mental symptoms, (3) same-sex match-ups between patient and physician, especially when (4) disclosing personal or mental illness symptoms or concerns. The sex of the physician per se had no influence on patient's willingness to disclose symptoms. Implications are drawn concerning the patient's assignment to or choice of physician based on sex. Patient education and training in symptom disclosure as well as physician's skill building in facilitating symptom disclosure are also indicated.", "PMID": 555486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2249", "title": "Generalizability and durability of treatment effects in an intervention program for coronary-prone (Type A) managers.", "content": "To test the reliability and durability of positive treatment effects obtained in a type A intervention project for healthy managers, the analysis was extended to data available from a third treatment group (a special behavior therapy group for participants eliminated from the main sample because of manifestations of clinical CHD) and to measures obtained 6 months following the end of treatment. Immediately after treatment all three groups showed a similar pattern of improvement, although the two behavior therapy groups did show a greater decrease in serum cholesterol levels. Six months after treatment the sample as a whole showed good maintenance of treatment effects, but the differences between groups had become somewhat sharper, with the special behavior therapy group faring best, the regular behavior therapy group intermediate, and the psychotherapy group worst. The logical consistency of these findings increases our confidence in the initial treatment results, as well as permitting cautious optimism concerning the possibility of developing effective intervention programs for coronary-type (type A) behavior.", "contents": "Generalizability and durability of treatment effects in an intervention program for coronary-prone (Type A) managers. To test the reliability and durability of positive treatment effects obtained in a type A intervention project for healthy managers, the analysis was extended to data available from a third treatment group (a special behavior therapy group for participants eliminated from the main sample because of manifestations of clinical CHD) and to measures obtained 6 months following the end of treatment. Immediately after treatment all three groups showed a similar pattern of improvement, although the two behavior therapy groups did show a greater decrease in serum cholesterol levels. Six months after treatment the sample as a whole showed good maintenance of treatment effects, but the differences between groups had become somewhat sharper, with the special behavior therapy group faring best, the regular behavior therapy group intermediate, and the psychotherapy group worst. The logical consistency of these findings increases our confidence in the initial treatment results, as well as permitting cautious optimism concerning the possibility of developing effective intervention programs for coronary-type (type A) behavior.", "PMID": 555487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2250", "title": "[The effects of sphincteroplasty on manometric profile of common bile duct and the duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "A simultaneous manometric monitoring of the common bile duct (CBD) and the duodenum were performed 2 weeks after choledocholithotomy on 15 patients whose common bile ducts were explored without sphincteroplasty and 30 patients with sphincteroplasty. These manometric studies were carried out by open-tip catheters intubated into the CBD and duodenum through the T-tube at the operation. In patients without sphincteroplasty, no effects of the duodenal pressure on a CBD pressure profile were recognized, while a synchronized pressure profile of the CBD and the duodenum was obtained in patients with sphincteroplasty. By stimulation with morphine (Morphine sulfate; 0.17 mg/Kg iv bolus), waxing and waning of the pressured in the CBD without sphincteroplasty were observed with 20 cmH2O in maximum at about 13 minutes after injection. However, in the CBD with sphincteroplasty, scale-over increase of the pressure curve was seen immediately after duodenal contraction caused by morphine stimulation. A direct infusion of 5 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloride to the duodenum causes hyperperistalsis of the duodenum, which made a synchronized pressure profile in the CBD with sphincteroplasty but made no remarkable change in a pressure profile of the CBD without sphincteroplasty. These findings conclude that the sphincter of Oddi plays an important role as a \"pressure barrier\" between the CBD and the duodenum, and that with the destruction of this sphincter by sphincteroplasty, a pressure profile of the CBD becomes close to that of the duodenum. This simultaneous manometric study of the CBD and the duodenum might be one of most valuable methods for evaluation of completeness of the sphincteroplasty.", "contents": "[The effects of sphincteroplasty on manometric profile of common bile duct and the duodenum (author's transl)]. A simultaneous manometric monitoring of the common bile duct (CBD) and the duodenum were performed 2 weeks after choledocholithotomy on 15 patients whose common bile ducts were explored without sphincteroplasty and 30 patients with sphincteroplasty. These manometric studies were carried out by open-tip catheters intubated into the CBD and duodenum through the T-tube at the operation. In patients without sphincteroplasty, no effects of the duodenal pressure on a CBD pressure profile were recognized, while a synchronized pressure profile of the CBD and the duodenum was obtained in patients with sphincteroplasty. By stimulation with morphine (Morphine sulfate; 0.17 mg/Kg iv bolus), waxing and waning of the pressured in the CBD without sphincteroplasty were observed with 20 cmH2O in maximum at about 13 minutes after injection. However, in the CBD with sphincteroplasty, scale-over increase of the pressure curve was seen immediately after duodenal contraction caused by morphine stimulation. A direct infusion of 5 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloride to the duodenum causes hyperperistalsis of the duodenum, which made a synchronized pressure profile in the CBD with sphincteroplasty but made no remarkable change in a pressure profile of the CBD without sphincteroplasty. These findings conclude that the sphincter of Oddi plays an important role as a \"pressure barrier\" between the CBD and the duodenum, and that with the destruction of this sphincter by sphincteroplasty, a pressure profile of the CBD becomes close to that of the duodenum. This simultaneous manometric study of the CBD and the duodenum might be one of most valuable methods for evaluation of completeness of the sphincteroplasty.", "PMID": 555488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2251", "title": "[Effects of domperidone on gastrointestinal and gallbladder motility and gastric emptying (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of domperidone on gastric emptying and gastric, duodenal and gallbladder motility were investigated. Intravenous injection of domperidone 2 mg/kg produced an acceleration of gastric motility without increase in the tone while a marked increase in the amplitude of peristaltic waves with a slight decrease in frequency was observed. Domperidone also produced an acceleration of duodenal and gallbladder motility. Domperidone produced an acceleration of transit of stomach contents in some cases, while in others gastric emptying was inhibited. This difference of the effect may be due to the previous tone of the pylorus. The excitatory action of domperidone on gastrointestinal motility was suppressed to some degree after cervical vagotomy or vagus cooling and markedly inhibited by atropine. Tetrodotoxin reduced the excitatory effect of domperidone but did not abolish. Therefore, it is presumed that domperidone stimulates, at least in part, the gastrointestinal muscle itself as well as cholinergic neurons in the gastrointestinal wall or cholinergic receptors of the gastrointestinal muscle and that domperidone may also have a central nervous system stimulant action. On the other hand, domperidone appears to act directly on the gallbladder muscle.", "contents": "[Effects of domperidone on gastrointestinal and gallbladder motility and gastric emptying (author's transl)]. Effects of domperidone on gastric emptying and gastric, duodenal and gallbladder motility were investigated. Intravenous injection of domperidone 2 mg/kg produced an acceleration of gastric motility without increase in the tone while a marked increase in the amplitude of peristaltic waves with a slight decrease in frequency was observed. Domperidone also produced an acceleration of duodenal and gallbladder motility. Domperidone produced an acceleration of transit of stomach contents in some cases, while in others gastric emptying was inhibited. This difference of the effect may be due to the previous tone of the pylorus. The excitatory action of domperidone on gastrointestinal motility was suppressed to some degree after cervical vagotomy or vagus cooling and markedly inhibited by atropine. Tetrodotoxin reduced the excitatory effect of domperidone but did not abolish. Therefore, it is presumed that domperidone stimulates, at least in part, the gastrointestinal muscle itself as well as cholinergic neurons in the gastrointestinal wall or cholinergic receptors of the gastrointestinal muscle and that domperidone may also have a central nervous system stimulant action. On the other hand, domperidone appears to act directly on the gallbladder muscle.", "PMID": 555490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2252", "title": "[Oral propagation of the circular muscle contraction induced by local distension of the isolated guinea pig ileum (author's transl)].", "content": "The local distension of the intestinal wall was carried out by inflating a thin rubber balloon which had been fixed in the lumen and the contractions of the circular muscle were recorded at the points of 5 mm (PO1) and 20 mm (PO2) oral to the fixed balloon. The contractions elicited by local distension was blocked by tetrodotoxin and atropine, or removing longitudinal muscle, with the myenteric plexus adhering to it, from the intestine at the distending region. When 2 to 3 mm length of longitudinal muscle was stripped off around the intestine between PO1 and PO2, the contraction initiated at PO1 never reached to PO2. That is, the oral contraction did not propagate beyond the myenteric plexus-free region of the segment. When drugs were applied exclusively to the region around PO2, tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, but not atropine, abolished the contraction at PO2, while the contraction at PO1 was clearly observed. It is likely that the contraction observed at the point of PO2 was evoked by non-cholinergic nervous mechanisms.", "contents": "[Oral propagation of the circular muscle contraction induced by local distension of the isolated guinea pig ileum (author's transl)]. The local distension of the intestinal wall was carried out by inflating a thin rubber balloon which had been fixed in the lumen and the contractions of the circular muscle were recorded at the points of 5 mm (PO1) and 20 mm (PO2) oral to the fixed balloon. The contractions elicited by local distension was blocked by tetrodotoxin and atropine, or removing longitudinal muscle, with the myenteric plexus adhering to it, from the intestine at the distending region. When 2 to 3 mm length of longitudinal muscle was stripped off around the intestine between PO1 and PO2, the contraction initiated at PO1 never reached to PO2. That is, the oral contraction did not propagate beyond the myenteric plexus-free region of the segment. When drugs were applied exclusively to the region around PO2, tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, but not atropine, abolished the contraction at PO2, while the contraction at PO1 was clearly observed. It is likely that the contraction observed at the point of PO2 was evoked by non-cholinergic nervous mechanisms.", "PMID": 555491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2253", "title": "[Influence of cimetidine on neuro-humoral excitatory responses of gastric secretion and motility in dogs (author's transl].", "content": "The influence of intravenous administration of cimetidine on excitatory response of gastric secretion and motility of innervated or denervated pouches caused by electrical stimulation of vagal and splanchnic nerves and administration of tetragastrin or histamine respectively were investigated. Dogs were anesthetized with nembutal, and also immobilized with gallamine tricthiodide. The following results were obtained. (1) Administration of cimetidine inhibited the augmentation of gastric juice and acid output from the innervated corpus pouch by vagal and splanchnic nerve stimulation and vestibulo-gastric excitatory reflexes of gastric secretory functions via the vagal or splanchnic nerve. (2) Augmentation of gastric acid output from the denervated corpus pouch caused by electrical stimulation of vagal and splanchnic nerves was inhibited by administration of cimetidine. (3) Administration of cimetidine inhibited the augmentation of acid output from denervated corpus pouch caused by injection of tetragastrin or histamine. (4) The excitatory responses of gastric motility caused by nerve stimulation and administration of tetragastrin or histamine could not be effected by cimetidine. (5) No changes were observed in the gastric venous blood flow by continuous intravenous injection of cimetidine, but by rapid injection both the flow was augmented and the systemic blood pressure decreased transiently. These results indicate that histamine stimulates gastric secretory cells directly.", "contents": "[Influence of cimetidine on neuro-humoral excitatory responses of gastric secretion and motility in dogs (author's transl]. The influence of intravenous administration of cimetidine on excitatory response of gastric secretion and motility of innervated or denervated pouches caused by electrical stimulation of vagal and splanchnic nerves and administration of tetragastrin or histamine respectively were investigated. Dogs were anesthetized with nembutal, and also immobilized with gallamine tricthiodide. The following results were obtained. (1) Administration of cimetidine inhibited the augmentation of gastric juice and acid output from the innervated corpus pouch by vagal and splanchnic nerve stimulation and vestibulo-gastric excitatory reflexes of gastric secretory functions via the vagal or splanchnic nerve. (2) Augmentation of gastric acid output from the denervated corpus pouch caused by electrical stimulation of vagal and splanchnic nerves was inhibited by administration of cimetidine. (3) Administration of cimetidine inhibited the augmentation of acid output from denervated corpus pouch caused by injection of tetragastrin or histamine. (4) The excitatory responses of gastric motility caused by nerve stimulation and administration of tetragastrin or histamine could not be effected by cimetidine. (5) No changes were observed in the gastric venous blood flow by continuous intravenous injection of cimetidine, but by rapid injection both the flow was augmented and the systemic blood pressure decreased transiently. These results indicate that histamine stimulates gastric secretory cells directly.", "PMID": 555492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2254", "title": "[An experimental study on electric stimulation through the vagus on canine stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of the vagus in gastric motility was studied by means of electric vagal stimulation in 44 dogs. Firstly the optimal electric current for vagus was examined, and then the stomach contraction at stimulation was recorded by strain gages. The effect of various agents at stimulation was observed too. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Optimal electric stimulus (duration=5 sec.) 1) frequency; 10 Hz or 50 approximately 60 Hz 2) voltage; 10 approximately 20 V or 30 approximately 50 V 3) width; 1 approximately 10 msec. 2. The canine stomach was proved the contraction gradient for electrical stimulus. 3. The central nerve system appeared to have an inhibitory effect on the vagus. 4. Stimulus for the single body branch could not evoke the contraction. 5. Antral branch stimulation evoked contraction of not only the antrum but also that of the body. 6. The pyloric branch did not play any significant role under the above mentioned stimulus. 7. The conduction of the neural stimulation was completely blocked by regional infiltration of xylocaine. 8. Reserpine and neostigmine increased excitability of the stomach. Gastric movement at stimulation was abolished on atropinization. These results indicate that the antral branch function favorably for the stomach body contraction. From the view point of enhancing the gastric motor (drainage) function, preserving the antral branch of the vagus is considered to support the advantage of selective proximal vagotomy technique.", "contents": "[An experimental study on electric stimulation through the vagus on canine stomach (author's transl)]. The role of the vagus in gastric motility was studied by means of electric vagal stimulation in 44 dogs. Firstly the optimal electric current for vagus was examined, and then the stomach contraction at stimulation was recorded by strain gages. The effect of various agents at stimulation was observed too. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Optimal electric stimulus (duration=5 sec.) 1) frequency; 10 Hz or 50 approximately 60 Hz 2) voltage; 10 approximately 20 V or 30 approximately 50 V 3) width; 1 approximately 10 msec. 2. The canine stomach was proved the contraction gradient for electrical stimulus. 3. The central nerve system appeared to have an inhibitory effect on the vagus. 4. Stimulus for the single body branch could not evoke the contraction. 5. Antral branch stimulation evoked contraction of not only the antrum but also that of the body. 6. The pyloric branch did not play any significant role under the above mentioned stimulus. 7. The conduction of the neural stimulation was completely blocked by regional infiltration of xylocaine. 8. Reserpine and neostigmine increased excitability of the stomach. Gastric movement at stimulation was abolished on atropinization. These results indicate that the antral branch function favorably for the stomach body contraction. From the view point of enhancing the gastric motor (drainage) function, preserving the antral branch of the vagus is considered to support the advantage of selective proximal vagotomy technique.", "PMID": 555493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2255", "title": "Israeli culture and the emergence of community mental health practices: the case of the West Jerusalem Mental Health Center.", "content": "The action assumptions which characterize and differentiate cultures affect the creation and functioning of their institutions. Using this analytic framework, the development of a community mental health center in Israel reflects a culture which contains both pioneering and bureaucratic action assumptions. The effects of these assumptions on staff interventions in community problems are traced. Finally, various dimensions of the emerging definition of community mental health practice in Israel are discussed and their problematic features identified.", "contents": "Israeli culture and the emergence of community mental health practices: the case of the West Jerusalem Mental Health Center. The action assumptions which characterize and differentiate cultures affect the creation and functioning of their institutions. Using this analytic framework, the development of a community mental health center in Israel reflects a culture which contains both pioneering and bureaucratic action assumptions. The effects of these assumptions on staff interventions in community problems are traced. Finally, various dimensions of the emerging definition of community mental health practice in Israel are discussed and their problematic features identified.", "PMID": 555497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2256", "title": "On the transaction of social change processes and the perception of self in relation to others: a study of Greek preadolescents.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perception of self and others on the one hand, and milieu complexity on the other. The basic assumption was that comparison of TAT records of two groups of preadolescents living in an urban-industrialized and rural-traditional milieu, respectively, would reveal more interpersonal and intrapersonal conflict in the first group. The TAT stories were analyzed by story sequence analysis. 16 judges rated the sequence on the basis of a number of scales referring to several variables. The criteria developed for the rating were formulated on the basis of five working hypotheses which concerned degree of syntonicity between personal goals and family expectations, perception of human relationships, possibility assumptions as well as degree of involvement in active effort, etc. All hypotheses were supported.", "contents": "On the transaction of social change processes and the perception of self in relation to others: a study of Greek preadolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perception of self and others on the one hand, and milieu complexity on the other. The basic assumption was that comparison of TAT records of two groups of preadolescents living in an urban-industrialized and rural-traditional milieu, respectively, would reveal more interpersonal and intrapersonal conflict in the first group. The TAT stories were analyzed by story sequence analysis. 16 judges rated the sequence on the basis of a number of scales referring to several variables. The criteria developed for the rating were formulated on the basis of five working hypotheses which concerned degree of syntonicity between personal goals and family expectations, perception of human relationships, possibility assumptions as well as degree of involvement in active effort, etc. All hypotheses were supported.", "PMID": 555499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2257", "title": "Mental illness, loneliness and helplessness: a challenge for research and therapy.", "content": "The purpose of this article is: (1) To discuss the complex relationship between mental illness and the related factors of loneliness and helplessness, in a specific attempt to show why people with mental and/or emotional difficulties have a greater propensity for problems in these areas: (2) To challenge therapists, counselors, pastors, and community health professionals to become more holistic in their orientation towards their patients by giving special emphasis to interpersonal needs and personal responsibility over outcomes.", "contents": "Mental illness, loneliness and helplessness: a challenge for research and therapy. The purpose of this article is: (1) To discuss the complex relationship between mental illness and the related factors of loneliness and helplessness, in a specific attempt to show why people with mental and/or emotional difficulties have a greater propensity for problems in these areas: (2) To challenge therapists, counselors, pastors, and community health professionals to become more holistic in their orientation towards their patients by giving special emphasis to interpersonal needs and personal responsibility over outcomes.", "PMID": 555500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2258", "title": "An experimental program for the promotion of gifted children in elementary schools.", "content": "Jerusalem school posychologists helped to formulate principles for the specialized care of gifted pupils in four elementary schools. For reasons of public policy and because of educational and social psychological considerations, no separate classes were created. Instead, special teachers were assigned to provide individual and group guidance for gifted children at various grade levels, without isolating these children from their normal classroom environment. A number of activity patterns emerged during the first year of the program. An initial appraisal indicated that the project led to a more flexible attitude in the schooling organization of the general student body. A number of problems were observed.", "contents": "An experimental program for the promotion of gifted children in elementary schools. Jerusalem school posychologists helped to formulate principles for the specialized care of gifted pupils in four elementary schools. For reasons of public policy and because of educational and social psychological considerations, no separate classes were created. Instead, special teachers were assigned to provide individual and group guidance for gifted children at various grade levels, without isolating these children from their normal classroom environment. A number of activity patterns emerged during the first year of the program. An initial appraisal indicated that the project led to a more flexible attitude in the schooling organization of the general student body. A number of problems were observed.", "PMID": 555501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2259", "title": "The Yaffo Community Mental Health Center.", "content": "The Yaffo Mental Health Center was intended as a model for the implementation of the Israel national program for community psychiatry. The principles governing the function of the community mental health center are set out and the various component (if integrated) service structures are described.", "contents": "The Yaffo Community Mental Health Center. The Yaffo Mental Health Center was intended as a model for the implementation of the Israel national program for community psychiatry. The principles governing the function of the community mental health center are set out and the various component (if integrated) service structures are described.", "PMID": 555502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2260", "title": "Children's needs and parents' rights: legal and psychological dilemmas.", "content": "Young children deprived of parenting are being kept in bondage of organizational structures and exposed to temporary placements and re-placements. While lip service is paid by society to being committed to the 'best interest of the child', legal and psychological dilemmas are discussed in relation to this aspect.", "contents": "Children's needs and parents' rights: legal and psychological dilemmas. Young children deprived of parenting are being kept in bondage of organizational structures and exposed to temporary placements and re-placements. While lip service is paid by society to being committed to the 'best interest of the child', legal and psychological dilemmas are discussed in relation to this aspect.", "PMID": 555503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2261", "title": "A report of juvenile delinquency over a two year period in Benin City.", "content": "From April 1969 to March 1971, 535 juvenile offenders were arraigned before a juvenile court in Benin City, Nigeria. Of these 282 (52.71%) were males while the rest 253 (47.29%) were females. Their ages ranged between 6 and 17 years. The majority of offenders in the study were in the 12--16 year age group. The most common offences for which the offenders were arraigned were hawking, stealing and assault, in order of frequency of occurrence. While male offenders were more often encountered in stealing and assault, females featured more in hawking. The juvenile delinquency rate in the population is 53:10,000.", "contents": "A report of juvenile delinquency over a two year period in Benin City. From April 1969 to March 1971, 535 juvenile offenders were arraigned before a juvenile court in Benin City, Nigeria. Of these 282 (52.71%) were males while the rest 253 (47.29%) were females. Their ages ranged between 6 and 17 years. The majority of offenders in the study were in the 12--16 year age group. The most common offences for which the offenders were arraigned were hawking, stealing and assault, in order of frequency of occurrence. While male offenders were more often encountered in stealing and assault, females featured more in hawking. The juvenile delinquency rate in the population is 53:10,000.", "PMID": 555504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2262", "title": "Training teachers as facilitators of mental health: 'Psychotherapy of the Role'.", "content": "This paper describes an attempt to stimulate positive mental health in the classroom. It was carried out by a group of psychologists who experimented with mental health consultation ideas and techniques and developed a model of working with groups of teachers. This model focuses on discussion topics chosen by the teachers (such as envy). The psychologist provides relevant psychological knowledge. Teachers discuss the issues experientially, clarifying their feelings and often uncovering disruptive personal biases in their work. An attempt is made to understand the point of view of teacher and child, both developmentally and interpersonally. Practical implications for the classroom are discussed. In evaluating the project teachers expressed satisfaction with the groups and reported improvement in their ability to cope with the emotional problems of their students. The authors call this approach 'Psychotherapy of the Role'.", "contents": "Training teachers as facilitators of mental health: 'Psychotherapy of the Role'. This paper describes an attempt to stimulate positive mental health in the classroom. It was carried out by a group of psychologists who experimented with mental health consultation ideas and techniques and developed a model of working with groups of teachers. This model focuses on discussion topics chosen by the teachers (such as envy). The psychologist provides relevant psychological knowledge. Teachers discuss the issues experientially, clarifying their feelings and often uncovering disruptive personal biases in their work. An attempt is made to understand the point of view of teacher and child, both developmentally and interpersonally. Practical implications for the classroom are discussed. In evaluating the project teachers expressed satisfaction with the groups and reported improvement in their ability to cope with the emotional problems of their students. The authors call this approach 'Psychotherapy of the Role'.", "PMID": 555505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2263", "title": "[Surgical treatment of experimental liver injuries in dogs with special evaluation of Polish-made cyanoacrylic glue. I. Clinical observations, morphological and biochemical studies of blood and autopsy studies].", "content": "Liver wounds were experimentally induced in dogs. The wounds were dressed with catgut suture, suture and fibrinous sponge and ester n-butyl alfa-cyanoacrylic acid in aerosol form obtained laboratorially at the Institute of Organic Chemistry--Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The basis for evaluation were clinical observations of the operated animals, morphological and biochemical examination of blood and dissection. It was found that the best results were achieved with the surgical glue. Application of this monomer in aerosol form to join and dress liver wounds helps to close them tightly in a short time and obtain full hemostasis and stop bile leaking.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of experimental liver injuries in dogs with special evaluation of Polish-made cyanoacrylic glue. I. Clinical observations, morphological and biochemical studies of blood and autopsy studies]. Liver wounds were experimentally induced in dogs. The wounds were dressed with catgut suture, suture and fibrinous sponge and ester n-butyl alfa-cyanoacrylic acid in aerosol form obtained laboratorially at the Institute of Organic Chemistry--Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The basis for evaluation were clinical observations of the operated animals, morphological and biochemical examination of blood and dissection. It was found that the best results were achieved with the surgical glue. Application of this monomer in aerosol form to join and dress liver wounds helps to close them tightly in a short time and obtain full hemostasis and stop bile leaking.", "PMID": 555508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2264", "title": "[Surgical treatment of experimental liver injuries in dogs with special evaluation of Polish-made cyanoacrylic glue. II. Histological and histochemical studies].", "content": "Liver wounds were experimentally induced in dogs. The wounds were dressed with catgut suture, suture and fibrinous sponge and ester n-butyl alfa-cyanoacrylic acid obtained laboratorially at the Institute of Organic Chemistry -- Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The basis for evaluation were histological, histochemical and histoenzymatic examinations of the operated liver. It was found that during the process of healing of wound dressed with the glue there were weaker inflammatory reactions and destruction of tissues was smaller than that in the case of surgical suture.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of experimental liver injuries in dogs with special evaluation of Polish-made cyanoacrylic glue. II. Histological and histochemical studies]. Liver wounds were experimentally induced in dogs. The wounds were dressed with catgut suture, suture and fibrinous sponge and ester n-butyl alfa-cyanoacrylic acid obtained laboratorially at the Institute of Organic Chemistry -- Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The basis for evaluation were histological, histochemical and histoenzymatic examinations of the operated liver. It was found that during the process of healing of wound dressed with the glue there were weaker inflammatory reactions and destruction of tissues was smaller than that in the case of surgical suture.", "PMID": 555509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2265", "title": "[Monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity in the pig's digestive tract in ontogenesis].", "content": "To obtain information about the regulating nervous mechanisms of the pig alimentary canal the activity of monoaminooxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in duodenum, jejunum and colon was studied during the embryonal and postnatal growth. The activity of monoaminooxidase was measured manometrically according to the method prepared by Kolb and that of acetylcholinesterase colorimetrically according to Hestrin's method. It was found that the activity of MAO and AChE in different parts of the pig alimentary canal was considerably differentiated during ontogenesis. Presence of these enzymes was already shown in the embryonal period. However, their activity was poor and almost on the same level in all the examined parts of intestines. Rapid increase of activity of both enzymes was immediately after pigs birth at the time between parturition and fifth day of postnatal life. In the later period of life (6-11 days after birth) there was a decrease of activity of both MAO and AChE only in duodenum. But in jejunum and colon there was a further, slight though, increase of the activity of both enzymes. Comparing the activity of MAO and AChE in the individual parts of the mature pig intestine with the embryonal and postnatal periods, it was found that in spite of the considerable increase of activity of both enzymes after birth, their level was smaller than that in the mature animals.", "contents": "[Monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity in the pig's digestive tract in ontogenesis]. To obtain information about the regulating nervous mechanisms of the pig alimentary canal the activity of monoaminooxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in duodenum, jejunum and colon was studied during the embryonal and postnatal growth. The activity of monoaminooxidase was measured manometrically according to the method prepared by Kolb and that of acetylcholinesterase colorimetrically according to Hestrin's method. It was found that the activity of MAO and AChE in different parts of the pig alimentary canal was considerably differentiated during ontogenesis. Presence of these enzymes was already shown in the embryonal period. However, their activity was poor and almost on the same level in all the examined parts of intestines. Rapid increase of activity of both enzymes was immediately after pigs birth at the time between parturition and fifth day of postnatal life. In the later period of life (6-11 days after birth) there was a decrease of activity of both MAO and AChE only in duodenum. But in jejunum and colon there was a further, slight though, increase of the activity of both enzymes. Comparing the activity of MAO and AChE in the individual parts of the mature pig intestine with the embryonal and postnatal periods, it was found that in spite of the considerable increase of activity of both enzymes after birth, their level was smaller than that in the mature animals.", "PMID": 555510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2266", "title": "[Effect of vitamins B and C on the intestinal motor activity of rabbits in long-term experiments].", "content": "In 3 rabbits in chronic experiments motor activity of the innervated and vascularized pouch of jejunum was frequently registered under the influence of vitamins C, B1, B6 and folic acid before and after the blockade of cholinergic or adrenergic receptors. Vitamins B1, B6 and C decreased the motor activity of intestines but B2 and folic acid increased it. Decreased motor activity of intestines under the effect of vitamin C is probably connected with the stimulation of adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic and cholinergic receptors did not participate in the motor activity of intestines occurring under the influence of group B vitamin. In chronic experiments the intestines excitability to group B vitamin and to that of vitamin C does not differ much.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamins B and C on the intestinal motor activity of rabbits in long-term experiments]. In 3 rabbits in chronic experiments motor activity of the innervated and vascularized pouch of jejunum was frequently registered under the influence of vitamins C, B1, B6 and folic acid before and after the blockade of cholinergic or adrenergic receptors. Vitamins B1, B6 and C decreased the motor activity of intestines but B2 and folic acid increased it. Decreased motor activity of intestines under the effect of vitamin C is probably connected with the stimulation of adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic and cholinergic receptors did not participate in the motor activity of intestines occurring under the influence of group B vitamin. In chronic experiments the intestines excitability to group B vitamin and to that of vitamin C does not differ much.", "PMID": 555511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2267", "title": "[Effect of intra-duodenal administration of HCl and NaHCO3 on the secretion and content of sodium, potassium and calcium in the pancreatic juice and bile of sheep].", "content": "The experiments were carried out on 3 sheep with a Harrison type cannula inserted into the funds of the gall-bladder enabling to obtain bile and with a Herrera type cannula fixed in the duodenum enabling to sample pancreatic juice. Administration of 3 mEq HCl in 50 ml of solution to the duodenum increased the volume of secreted bile from 6,04 ml to 8,11 ml/15 min with no essential changes in the volume of pancreatic juice. Administration of 15 mEq NaHCO3 in 50 ml of solution decreased the volume of secreted bile from 6.73 ml to 4,15 ml/15 min and decreased pancreatic juice from 5,46 ml to 4.72 ml/15 min. Intravenous administration of secret increased the volume of both pancreatic juice and bile. Administration of HCl and NaHCO3 solution to the duodenum did not cause changes in the concentration and secretion of sodium, potassium and calcium in pancreatic juice and bile. The results point to the predominance of the secretory function of bile over pancreatic juice in sheep after stimulation of the duodenum with the investigated substances.", "contents": "[Effect of intra-duodenal administration of HCl and NaHCO3 on the secretion and content of sodium, potassium and calcium in the pancreatic juice and bile of sheep]. The experiments were carried out on 3 sheep with a Harrison type cannula inserted into the funds of the gall-bladder enabling to obtain bile and with a Herrera type cannula fixed in the duodenum enabling to sample pancreatic juice. Administration of 3 mEq HCl in 50 ml of solution to the duodenum increased the volume of secreted bile from 6,04 ml to 8,11 ml/15 min with no essential changes in the volume of pancreatic juice. Administration of 15 mEq NaHCO3 in 50 ml of solution decreased the volume of secreted bile from 6.73 ml to 4,15 ml/15 min and decreased pancreatic juice from 5,46 ml to 4.72 ml/15 min. Intravenous administration of secret increased the volume of both pancreatic juice and bile. Administration of HCl and NaHCO3 solution to the duodenum did not cause changes in the concentration and secretion of sodium, potassium and calcium in pancreatic juice and bile. The results point to the predominance of the secretory function of bile over pancreatic juice in sheep after stimulation of the duodenum with the investigated substances.", "PMID": 555512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2268", "title": "[Experimental studies on the parasympathetic nervous system of the trachea].", "content": "3 sheep of approximately 4 years of age were used in the experiments. In 2 sheep in the cervical part of trachea all the nervous branches reaching this organ were cut and the remaining sheep was control. The animals were alive for 21 days. The following material was sampled for investigations: medulla oblongata, cervical part of spinal cord, bilateral spinal ganglions from C1 to C8, bilateral nodus ganglion and zygomatic ganglion and left and right parts of the cervical vagus nerve. The material was fixed and cut into 15 micron sections and stained according to the modified method of Nissl. The experiments evoked vast regressive changes in the nervous cells of both central and peripheral nervous system which helped to determine the source of outlet of fibers innervating this organ. In this paper the sources of outlet for the parasympathetic nervous fibers were presented. It was found that parasympathetic nervous centers connected with trachea were located in 1/3 of the central part of nucleus parasympathicus, anterior to obex, so in this part of nucleus which is the main source of outlet for the esophageal dorsal trunk and the ventral vagus nerve.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the parasympathetic nervous system of the trachea]. 3 sheep of approximately 4 years of age were used in the experiments. In 2 sheep in the cervical part of trachea all the nervous branches reaching this organ were cut and the remaining sheep was control. The animals were alive for 21 days. The following material was sampled for investigations: medulla oblongata, cervical part of spinal cord, bilateral spinal ganglions from C1 to C8, bilateral nodus ganglion and zygomatic ganglion and left and right parts of the cervical vagus nerve. The material was fixed and cut into 15 micron sections and stained according to the modified method of Nissl. The experiments evoked vast regressive changes in the nervous cells of both central and peripheral nervous system which helped to determine the source of outlet of fibers innervating this organ. In this paper the sources of outlet for the parasympathetic nervous fibers were presented. It was found that parasympathetic nervous centers connected with trachea were located in 1/3 of the central part of nucleus parasympathicus, anterior to obex, so in this part of nucleus which is the main source of outlet for the esophageal dorsal trunk and the ventral vagus nerve.", "PMID": 555513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2269", "title": "Connections of the sympathetic trunk with the adrenal-ovarian plexus in the hen.", "content": "The bilateral connections between the sympathetic trunk and the adrenal-ovarian plexus were studied in the bodies of 25 two-year-old Leghorn hens. Individual differences in the body in all the specimens examined.", "contents": "Connections of the sympathetic trunk with the adrenal-ovarian plexus in the hen. The bilateral connections between the sympathetic trunk and the adrenal-ovarian plexus were studied in the bodies of 25 two-year-old Leghorn hens. Individual differences in the body in all the specimens examined.", "PMID": 555514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2270", "title": "[Histological picture of young and mature nerve cells in the sympathetic ganglia of coypu (Myocastor coypus Mol.)].", "content": "The histological picture of the ganglion of the coypus sympathetic trunk was presented in the work. Quantitative studies of sympathicoblasts, young and immature sympathicocytes, and other intermediate cell division forms; binucleolated, binucleated and twin cells were also included in the paper. Beside young cells, the histological picture of mature nerve cells was studied and described.", "contents": "[Histological picture of young and mature nerve cells in the sympathetic ganglia of coypu (Myocastor coypus Mol.)]. The histological picture of the ganglion of the coypus sympathetic trunk was presented in the work. Quantitative studies of sympathicoblasts, young and immature sympathicocytes, and other intermediate cell division forms; binucleolated, binucleated and twin cells were also included in the paper. Beside young cells, the histological picture of mature nerve cells was studied and described.", "PMID": 555515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2271", "title": "[Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of phenylmercuric acetate and methylmercuric chloride in hamsters, rats and rabbits].", "content": "Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of phenyl mercury acetate and methyl mercury chloride were studied on 66 pregnant females of golden hamster, 86 rats, and 62 rabbits. The mercury compounds were given by the stomach tube from the 5th to 12th days of pregnancy once or three times in single doses ranged from 1-6 to 1-2 DL50. The obtained results indicated to the embryotoxic effects of phenyl mercury acetate. This compound induced resorptions, dead foetuses, retardation of the development, diminished cranial ossification, edemata of the body, haematomas and open eyes. The methyl mercury chloride proved to be embryotoxic and teratogenic. The compound produced similar embryotoxic lesions as did phenyl mercury acetate and induced developmental malformations of the foetus (e.g.: encephalocele and hernia spinalis).", "contents": "[Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of phenylmercuric acetate and methylmercuric chloride in hamsters, rats and rabbits]. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of phenyl mercury acetate and methyl mercury chloride were studied on 66 pregnant females of golden hamster, 86 rats, and 62 rabbits. The mercury compounds were given by the stomach tube from the 5th to 12th days of pregnancy once or three times in single doses ranged from 1-6 to 1-2 DL50. The obtained results indicated to the embryotoxic effects of phenyl mercury acetate. This compound induced resorptions, dead foetuses, retardation of the development, diminished cranial ossification, edemata of the body, haematomas and open eyes. The methyl mercury chloride proved to be embryotoxic and teratogenic. The compound produced similar embryotoxic lesions as did phenyl mercury acetate and induced developmental malformations of the foetus (e.g.: encephalocele and hernia spinalis).", "PMID": 555516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2272", "title": "[Mechanisms of action of chemoantibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "An useful drug for infectious diseases should have a selective antimicrobial activity and no action on animal cell. The general target, besides some very restricted process like in M. tuberculosis, are: 1) purine synthesis, 2) DNA replication, 3) protein synthesis, 4) cell-wall synthesis, 5) cytoplasmic membrane. On purine synthesis are active the sulphamidic on DNA replication nalidixic acid on Gram-negative bacteria, and griseophulvin on dermatophites. Many drugs have their target in the sequential stages of protein synthesis, among these the aminoglycosides are mainly bactericidal. The antibiotics which block the building of cell-wall are the best, according the target does not exist in animal cell; among them, penicillins and cephalosporins are bactericidal. On contrary cytoplasmic membrane, which is similar to the animal cell membrane has to be evaluated as a bad target. Polimyxins on bacteria, polyene antibiotics on fungi, have this target and are bactericidal, but their use is restricted for toxicity. Antibiotics must be selected in therapy according to their mechanism of action and to the immunological state of the patient. Some bactericidal antibiotics have to be reserved for immuno suppressed people.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of action of chemoantibiotics (author's transl)]. An useful drug for infectious diseases should have a selective antimicrobial activity and no action on animal cell. The general target, besides some very restricted process like in M. tuberculosis, are: 1) purine synthesis, 2) DNA replication, 3) protein synthesis, 4) cell-wall synthesis, 5) cytoplasmic membrane. On purine synthesis are active the sulphamidic on DNA replication nalidixic acid on Gram-negative bacteria, and griseophulvin on dermatophites. Many drugs have their target in the sequential stages of protein synthesis, among these the aminoglycosides are mainly bactericidal. The antibiotics which block the building of cell-wall are the best, according the target does not exist in animal cell; among them, penicillins and cephalosporins are bactericidal. On contrary cytoplasmic membrane, which is similar to the animal cell membrane has to be evaluated as a bad target. Polimyxins on bacteria, polyene antibiotics on fungi, have this target and are bactericidal, but their use is restricted for toxicity. Antibiotics must be selected in therapy according to their mechanism of action and to the immunological state of the patient. Some bactericidal antibiotics have to be reserved for immuno suppressed people.", "PMID": 555522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2273", "title": "[Bacteriological sensitivity \"in vitro\" and therapeutic response (author's transl)].", "content": "After some general considerations on the validity of antibiograms as a therapeutic guide, three methods are described and analyzed. Bacterial chemosensitivity to antimicrobic drugs were tested by the following methods: diffusion, dilution and automized methods. Only when transferred into routine laboratory methods that would reveal the results of chemosensitivity in quantitative values will a valid guide to antimicrobic chemotherapy be possible. Expressing chemosensitive bacteria directly in values of minimum inhibiting concentrations would evaluate the pharmokinetic action of single chemotherapeutical agents in relation to infective organ or apparatus pathologies which limits the practical significance of posology. Unfortunately, the collaboration between the clinical bacteriologist and the chemoterapist is still a long way off because of technical and laboratory difficulties delineating the pharmokinetic aspects in the use of the many chemoterapeutical agents in man.", "contents": "[Bacteriological sensitivity \"in vitro\" and therapeutic response (author's transl)]. After some general considerations on the validity of antibiograms as a therapeutic guide, three methods are described and analyzed. Bacterial chemosensitivity to antimicrobic drugs were tested by the following methods: diffusion, dilution and automized methods. Only when transferred into routine laboratory methods that would reveal the results of chemosensitivity in quantitative values will a valid guide to antimicrobic chemotherapy be possible. Expressing chemosensitive bacteria directly in values of minimum inhibiting concentrations would evaluate the pharmokinetic action of single chemotherapeutical agents in relation to infective organ or apparatus pathologies which limits the practical significance of posology. Unfortunately, the collaboration between the clinical bacteriologist and the chemoterapist is still a long way off because of technical and laboratory difficulties delineating the pharmokinetic aspects in the use of the many chemoterapeutical agents in man.", "PMID": 555523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2274", "title": "[A survey of Italian hospitals on the frequency of the resistance of bacterial strains (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. delineate the limitations and practical difficulties encountered during a survey of the chemoantibiotic resistance of bacteria. Data was collected from 12 Italian Hospitals, and 5,702 bacterial strains were confronted with 8 chemoantibiotics. The AA. suggest a model trough which data could be collected and computerized so as to set a correct policy for the use of antibiotics in Hospitals.", "contents": "[A survey of Italian hospitals on the frequency of the resistance of bacterial strains (author's transl)]. The AA. delineate the limitations and practical difficulties encountered during a survey of the chemoantibiotic resistance of bacteria. Data was collected from 12 Italian Hospitals, and 5,702 bacterial strains were confronted with 8 chemoantibiotics. The AA. suggest a model trough which data could be collected and computerized so as to set a correct policy for the use of antibiotics in Hospitals.", "PMID": 555524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2275", "title": "[Surveillance of cephalosporins therapy in therapeutic practice of 15 Italian hospitals (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective review and evaluation of systemic cephalosporin therapy in 15 hospitals of various italian Regions was conducted. In any hospital the Pharmacy Service has examined a random sample of medical records of hospitalized patients exposed to cephalosporin therapy over a twelve month period (January-December 1976). In the years 1974-1976 were also examined the consumption and cost for Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Cephalosporins. A standard protocol and methodology for homogeneous collection of data was developed. On the base of collected data, the patterns of choice, the rational and irrational use, the role of cephalosporins in hospital practice are discussed.", "contents": "[Surveillance of cephalosporins therapy in therapeutic practice of 15 Italian hospitals (author's transl)]. A retrospective review and evaluation of systemic cephalosporin therapy in 15 hospitals of various italian Regions was conducted. In any hospital the Pharmacy Service has examined a random sample of medical records of hospitalized patients exposed to cephalosporin therapy over a twelve month period (January-December 1976). In the years 1974-1976 were also examined the consumption and cost for Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Cephalosporins. A standard protocol and methodology for homogeneous collection of data was developed. On the base of collected data, the patterns of choice, the rational and irrational use, the role of cephalosporins in hospital practice are discussed.", "PMID": 555525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2276", "title": "[Prevention of bacterial resistance to antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Even though genetically determined, bacterial resistance to antibiotics are perpetuated only when a continual selection is present. Bacterial resistance caused by use of antibiotics is evident in the hospital setting. Since it has been demonstrated in the absence of section bacteria tend to return to a sensitive phenotype, the A. suggests that only with the rational use of antibiotics is the prevention of bacterial resistance possible.", "contents": "[Prevention of bacterial resistance to antibiotics (author's transl)]. Even though genetically determined, bacterial resistance to antibiotics are perpetuated only when a continual selection is present. Bacterial resistance caused by use of antibiotics is evident in the hospital setting. Since it has been demonstrated in the absence of section bacteria tend to return to a sensitive phenotype, the A. suggests that only with the rational use of antibiotics is the prevention of bacterial resistance possible.", "PMID": 555526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2277", "title": "[Practical meaning of the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (author's transl)].", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) are the parameters generally used for evaluation of the activity of antibacterial agents. Particular care must be taken for the control of experimental conditions in which the MICs and the MBCs are determined (medium, inoculum, incubation, etc.) in order to obtain informations able to help in the choice and management of the dosage regimen of an antibacterial agent. The significance of MIC and MBC is discussed in connection with blood and tissue levels attainable during therapy and with the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug.", "contents": "[Practical meaning of the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (author's transl)]. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) are the parameters generally used for evaluation of the activity of antibacterial agents. Particular care must be taken for the control of experimental conditions in which the MICs and the MBCs are determined (medium, inoculum, incubation, etc.) in order to obtain informations able to help in the choice and management of the dosage regimen of an antibacterial agent. The significance of MIC and MBC is discussed in connection with blood and tissue levels attainable during therapy and with the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug.", "PMID": 555528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2278", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation methods of the chemoantibiotic associations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the introductory part a new classification of joint drug actions is submitted, according which three fundamental types are distincted, named respectively interference, cooperation and true interaction. In its turn, interaction is subdivided in three classes (uni-effectual, bis-ineffectual, bis-effectual) in the last of which is placed the most relevant of the interactions, that is synergism, subclassified, at its turn, as additive, super and infra-additive. The second part is devoted to the classification of the bacteriological techniques hitherto proposed in order to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the antibacterial interaction of chemoantibiotics. The third part is devoted to the classification and critical analysis of biometrical techniques hitherto applied to above quoted bacteriological techniques in order to obtain a quantitative evaluation of interaction. Criticism versus isobolic model is pointed out. In the final part a new procedure, named isoeffectual, is proposed. According to such a procedure a close grid of single and joint concentrations of a couple of chemoantibiotics, broad enough in order to cover the whole of the effects to be explored, is tested in vitro adopting the one-center agar diffusion test or a liquid medium. The experimental data so obtained are related in a planar diagram to the log of the sum obtained by adding to the concentrations of the first the concentrations of the second agent, converted into equi-effectual concentrations of the first. By this way a series of curvilinear regressions is obtained, which may be all explained by a mathematical formula according which the data may be submitted to statistical analysis and elaborated in order to draw the parameters able to define quantitatively the interaction. The model so applied is discussed as a general model for joint drug action.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation methods of the chemoantibiotic associations (author's transl)]. In the introductory part a new classification of joint drug actions is submitted, according which three fundamental types are distincted, named respectively interference, cooperation and true interaction. In its turn, interaction is subdivided in three classes (uni-effectual, bis-ineffectual, bis-effectual) in the last of which is placed the most relevant of the interactions, that is synergism, subclassified, at its turn, as additive, super and infra-additive. The second part is devoted to the classification of the bacteriological techniques hitherto proposed in order to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the antibacterial interaction of chemoantibiotics. The third part is devoted to the classification and critical analysis of biometrical techniques hitherto applied to above quoted bacteriological techniques in order to obtain a quantitative evaluation of interaction. Criticism versus isobolic model is pointed out. In the final part a new procedure, named isoeffectual, is proposed. According to such a procedure a close grid of single and joint concentrations of a couple of chemoantibiotics, broad enough in order to cover the whole of the effects to be explored, is tested in vitro adopting the one-center agar diffusion test or a liquid medium. The experimental data so obtained are related in a planar diagram to the log of the sum obtained by adding to the concentrations of the first the concentrations of the second agent, converted into equi-effectual concentrations of the first. By this way a series of curvilinear regressions is obtained, which may be all explained by a mathematical formula according which the data may be submitted to statistical analysis and elaborated in order to draw the parameters able to define quantitatively the interaction. The model so applied is discussed as a general model for joint drug action.", "PMID": 555529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2279", "title": "[Computer management of antibiogram data (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous models of computer management of antibiogram data are reviewed with particular regard to their clinical significance. A system presently used in the institute of the A. is taken into particular consideration. The most characteristic aspect of this system is the possibility of retaining via computer memory all the data obtained without having to reveal the information to the attending physician. This model allows the establishment and maintenance of a complete and constant exchange of information with the clinician who can utilize a large part of the data obtained from the antibiogram.", "contents": "[Computer management of antibiogram data (author's transl)]. Numerous models of computer management of antibiogram data are reviewed with particular regard to their clinical significance. A system presently used in the institute of the A. is taken into particular consideration. The most characteristic aspect of this system is the possibility of retaining via computer memory all the data obtained without having to reveal the information to the attending physician. This model allows the establishment and maintenance of a complete and constant exchange of information with the clinician who can utilize a large part of the data obtained from the antibiogram.", "PMID": 555530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2280", "title": "[Comparison of direct and standardized disk diffusion susceptibility testing of urine and other clinical specimens (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison between direct and standardized disk diffusion tests was made on a total of 116 urine specimens containing greater than or equal to 10(5) organism/ml and on a total of 229 clinical specimens others than urine. The number of major discrepancies per organism tested in pure culture was 31 (39.7%) for urine and 102 (59.6%) for other specimens. Although this procedure may be of value in selected cases with pure cultures of organism, its use on a routine basis is not recommended.", "contents": "[Comparison of direct and standardized disk diffusion susceptibility testing of urine and other clinical specimens (author's transl)]. A comparison between direct and standardized disk diffusion tests was made on a total of 116 urine specimens containing greater than or equal to 10(5) organism/ml and on a total of 229 clinical specimens others than urine. The number of major discrepancies per organism tested in pure culture was 31 (39.7%) for urine and 102 (59.6%) for other specimens. Although this procedure may be of value in selected cases with pure cultures of organism, its use on a routine basis is not recommended.", "PMID": 555531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2281", "title": "[Quality control on antibiotic sensitivity tests: preliminary trials (author's transl)].", "content": "A quality control study in clinical microbiology was instituted by A.M.O.I. (Associazione Microbiologi Ospedalieri Italiani) since 1974. Preliminary results are reported on sensitivity tests quality control made by a group of laboratories in various parts of Italy. Our data show the great variety of methods used for antibiotic sensitivity disk determination and therefore the opportunity to standardize this procedure.", "contents": "[Quality control on antibiotic sensitivity tests: preliminary trials (author's transl)]. A quality control study in clinical microbiology was instituted by A.M.O.I. (Associazione Microbiologi Ospedalieri Italiani) since 1974. Preliminary results are reported on sensitivity tests quality control made by a group of laboratories in various parts of Italy. Our data show the great variety of methods used for antibiotic sensitivity disk determination and therefore the opportunity to standardize this procedure.", "PMID": 555533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2282", "title": "[Variations of antimicrobical resistance of bacteria isolated in specimens of the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Percentages of antimicrobical resistance of potentially pathogenic bacterial species with more frequent isolation, in the years 1973-1976, in specimens of the respiratory tract show some statistically significant variations. From the study of these variations of resistance in the years examined it follows that too near periods should not be compared as often has been noted from one year to the next a change of their direction. In a bacterial genus or in genera often considered akin for their antimicrobical susceptibility, differences that for some drugs resulted remarkable have been emphasised.", "contents": "[Variations of antimicrobical resistance of bacteria isolated in specimens of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. Percentages of antimicrobical resistance of potentially pathogenic bacterial species with more frequent isolation, in the years 1973-1976, in specimens of the respiratory tract show some statistically significant variations. From the study of these variations of resistance in the years examined it follows that too near periods should not be compared as often has been noted from one year to the next a change of their direction. In a bacterial genus or in genera often considered akin for their antimicrobical susceptibility, differences that for some drugs resulted remarkable have been emphasised.", "PMID": 555535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2283", "title": "[Annual usage in a general hospital of antimicrobials and frequency of resistant bacterial strains (author's transl)].", "content": "The data concerning annual usage in a general hospital and the frequency of resistant bacterial strains, isolated from patients with urinary tract's infection from 1975 to 1977 were collected and statistically processed. It was noticed that the year by year variation of resistance were mainly confined to E. coli and P. mirabilis. Increasing resistance with time was found for E. coli with Co-trimoxazole, P. mirabilis with Cephaloridin and Gentamicin, Proteus indole-positive with Rifampicin. Reducing resistance with time was found for E. coli with Colistin and Rifampicin, and Klebsiella-Enterobacter with Rifampicin. Trende with usage were found for E. coli and Klebsiella-Enterobacter with Rifampicin (decreasing) and P. mirabilis with Cephalorin (increasing). Naturally, none of the above trends imply cause and effect.", "contents": "[Annual usage in a general hospital of antimicrobials and frequency of resistant bacterial strains (author's transl)]. The data concerning annual usage in a general hospital and the frequency of resistant bacterial strains, isolated from patients with urinary tract's infection from 1975 to 1977 were collected and statistically processed. It was noticed that the year by year variation of resistance were mainly confined to E. coli and P. mirabilis. Increasing resistance with time was found for E. coli with Co-trimoxazole, P. mirabilis with Cephaloridin and Gentamicin, Proteus indole-positive with Rifampicin. Reducing resistance with time was found for E. coli with Colistin and Rifampicin, and Klebsiella-Enterobacter with Rifampicin. Trende with usage were found for E. coli and Klebsiella-Enterobacter with Rifampicin (decreasing) and P. mirabilis with Cephalorin (increasing). Naturally, none of the above trends imply cause and effect.", "PMID": 555536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2284", "title": "[Environment microbiological control in a department with patients at great risk (author's transl)].", "content": "Microbic flora has been studied in the Centro di Rianimazione of the Ospedali Riuniti in Chieti to control validity of the antibacterial systems and to verify efficacy of the filter systems that allow the admission into the isolation boxes, stopping great bacterial exogenous increases. These inspection have been executed by suction system Batteriological Air Pollution Detector.", "contents": "[Environment microbiological control in a department with patients at great risk (author's transl)]. Microbic flora has been studied in the Centro di Rianimazione of the Ospedali Riuniti in Chieti to control validity of the antibacterial systems and to verify efficacy of the filter systems that allow the admission into the isolation boxes, stopping great bacterial exogenous increases. These inspection have been executed by suction system Batteriological Air Pollution Detector.", "PMID": 555537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2285", "title": "[Myelopathic patterns of calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament].", "content": "Three patients with calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with myelopathy are reported and discussed. This condition which is frequent in Japan is rarely described in the western population. Such calcification is not only a radiographic finding but is a progressing phenomenon which may extend to compressive lesions of the spinal cord. All patients with calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament should be fully studied neurologically and followed up.", "contents": "[Myelopathic patterns of calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament]. Three patients with calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with myelopathy are reported and discussed. This condition which is frequent in Japan is rarely described in the western population. Such calcification is not only a radiographic finding but is a progressing phenomenon which may extend to compressive lesions of the spinal cord. All patients with calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament should be fully studied neurologically and followed up.", "PMID": 555539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2286", "title": "[Steinert's myotonic dystrophy and Thomsen's congenital myotonia. Observation of a family (author's transl)].", "content": "The nosographic relationship between Thomsen's and Steinert's disease is still uncertain. There is not agreement in the literature whether these are two different diseases or just different stages in the evolution of a single one. Four members of a family in two generations have been studied: two have a typical Steinert's, one a Thomsen's disease and one a clinical pattern that cannot be clearly considered neither of the first nor of the second type. In this patient a generalized muscular hypertrophy was followed, at the age of 54, by a generalized impairment of the muscular trophism and evolved into a severe wasting. This may be interpreted as an evolution of Thomsen's into a Steinert's disease. Furthermore, the presence in the same family of cases of both Thomsen's and Steinert's disease supports the hypothesis of a single disease. The present study suggests that Thomsen's and Steinert's diseases could be two clinical varieties of a single disease in different stages of development. This conclusion is supported by the similarity in the electromyographic patterns and in the histological picture from muscle biopsy of all patients examined.", "contents": "[Steinert's myotonic dystrophy and Thomsen's congenital myotonia. Observation of a family (author's transl)]. The nosographic relationship between Thomsen's and Steinert's disease is still uncertain. There is not agreement in the literature whether these are two different diseases or just different stages in the evolution of a single one. Four members of a family in two generations have been studied: two have a typical Steinert's, one a Thomsen's disease and one a clinical pattern that cannot be clearly considered neither of the first nor of the second type. In this patient a generalized muscular hypertrophy was followed, at the age of 54, by a generalized impairment of the muscular trophism and evolved into a severe wasting. This may be interpreted as an evolution of Thomsen's into a Steinert's disease. Furthermore, the presence in the same family of cases of both Thomsen's and Steinert's disease supports the hypothesis of a single disease. The present study suggests that Thomsen's and Steinert's diseases could be two clinical varieties of a single disease in different stages of development. This conclusion is supported by the similarity in the electromyographic patterns and in the histological picture from muscle biopsy of all patients examined.", "PMID": 555540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2287", "title": "[Study of memory in cerebral damaged patients related to the side of lesion (author's transl].", "content": "Twenty-four subjects with cerebral lesions, 21 of vascular and 3 of neoplastic origin, have been tested by the Authors with a battery of tests for memory evaluation. They comprehended short term, middle term and long term memory tests. For the last ones, the subjects was requested to recall remote events presented under visual, verbal and auditory modality. For each test, results comparison between left and right hemispheric cerebral damaged patients was performed. The diagnosis of the hemispherical localisation, on the basis of clinical data established, have been confirmed by instrumental exams (EEG, CAT, Angiography). A clear difference in the results between the two groups of patients does not appear except in specific tests related to memory selective types, in which the sensitive modality of tests administration seems to be more closely in relation with the damaged hemispherical functions. Ribot's law on the longer life of old memories has not been confirmed by the long term memory tests in cerebral damaged patients.", "contents": "[Study of memory in cerebral damaged patients related to the side of lesion (author's transl]. Twenty-four subjects with cerebral lesions, 21 of vascular and 3 of neoplastic origin, have been tested by the Authors with a battery of tests for memory evaluation. They comprehended short term, middle term and long term memory tests. For the last ones, the subjects was requested to recall remote events presented under visual, verbal and auditory modality. For each test, results comparison between left and right hemispheric cerebral damaged patients was performed. The diagnosis of the hemispherical localisation, on the basis of clinical data established, have been confirmed by instrumental exams (EEG, CAT, Angiography). A clear difference in the results between the two groups of patients does not appear except in specific tests related to memory selective types, in which the sensitive modality of tests administration seems to be more closely in relation with the damaged hemispherical functions. Ribot's law on the longer life of old memories has not been confirmed by the long term memory tests in cerebral damaged patients.", "PMID": 555538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2288", "title": "[Genetics of endogenous psychoses].", "content": "As the endogeneous psychoses do not show a Mendelian mode of inheritance, empirical risk figures have to be calculated. They are heterogeneous and nurture as well as nature have a share in the manifestation of illness. The genetic basis of the schizophrenias is demonstrated by twin and adoption studies. The concordance rate in monozygotic twins is four times the rate in dizygotic twins. Schizophrenia is to be found in the biological families of schizophrenic adoptees but not in the adoptive families. However, despite their genetic identity, monozygotic twins do not show 100% concordance but 60% only. Nongenetic factors must be considered. Obviously they are nonspecific and vary between individuals. The same principles apply to the affective psychoses. At present research is most interested in the problem of heterogeneity. Do pure depressive and manic-depressive disease form one genetic entity, or two different ones, or have they in common part of their genetic basis? Some remarks on genetic counselling are made.", "contents": "[Genetics of endogenous psychoses]. As the endogeneous psychoses do not show a Mendelian mode of inheritance, empirical risk figures have to be calculated. They are heterogeneous and nurture as well as nature have a share in the manifestation of illness. The genetic basis of the schizophrenias is demonstrated by twin and adoption studies. The concordance rate in monozygotic twins is four times the rate in dizygotic twins. Schizophrenia is to be found in the biological families of schizophrenic adoptees but not in the adoptive families. However, despite their genetic identity, monozygotic twins do not show 100% concordance but 60% only. Nongenetic factors must be considered. Obviously they are nonspecific and vary between individuals. The same principles apply to the affective psychoses. At present research is most interested in the problem of heterogeneity. Do pure depressive and manic-depressive disease form one genetic entity, or two different ones, or have they in common part of their genetic basis? Some remarks on genetic counselling are made.", "PMID": 555545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2289", "title": "[Importance of trigeminal artery persistance in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "The persistence of the primitive trigeminal artery was detected in a male who had complained of a paresthetic attack in the tongue and in the right part of the body, followed by long-lasting dizziness. The vascular changes connected with this anomaly were similar, in our case, to those reported in the literature. They show that the persistence of carotido-basilar anastomosis may be combined with a defective development in both circulatory systems. The subjective and objective symptomatology reported, in such cases, appears under multiple aspects, as either the carotid circulation or the vertebro-basilar circulation may be involved. In our case, the symptomatology started when the patient was 57 years old, i.e. during the 6th decade of his life, exactly like the other cases reported in literature.", "contents": "[Importance of trigeminal artery persistance in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disturbances (author's transl)]. The persistence of the primitive trigeminal artery was detected in a male who had complained of a paresthetic attack in the tongue and in the right part of the body, followed by long-lasting dizziness. The vascular changes connected with this anomaly were similar, in our case, to those reported in the literature. They show that the persistence of carotido-basilar anastomosis may be combined with a defective development in both circulatory systems. The subjective and objective symptomatology reported, in such cases, appears under multiple aspects, as either the carotid circulation or the vertebro-basilar circulation may be involved. In our case, the symptomatology started when the patient was 57 years old, i.e. during the 6th decade of his life, exactly like the other cases reported in literature.", "PMID": 555542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2290", "title": "[Changes in CSF dynamics and performance tests after head injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "In a large series of head-injured patients (132 cases), we have selected 30 patients (mean age 43 years) with only primary school education: they have been investigated with isotope cisternography and psycodiagnostic tests. 19 underwent neurosurgical procedures (6 extradural haematomas, 8 subdural haematomas, 5 cerebral lacerations). These investigations have been carried at least six months after the head injury. We have used for isotopic cisternography RISA and In111-DTPA. Raven's Progressive Coloured Matrices and Immediate Memory Tests were performed. Cisternographic pictures were classified as 1) normal, 2) with asymmetrical diffusion, 3) with ventricular reflux and were correlated with the neuropsychological data. We have found ventricular reflux in 10 patients (5 underwent surgical procedures), asimmetrical diffusion in 15 patients (11 operated); in 5 cases cisternographic pictures were normal. Neuropsychological tests give quantitative data about progressive mental deterioration, in full agreement with cisternographic results.", "contents": "[Changes in CSF dynamics and performance tests after head injuries (author's transl)]. In a large series of head-injured patients (132 cases), we have selected 30 patients (mean age 43 years) with only primary school education: they have been investigated with isotope cisternography and psycodiagnostic tests. 19 underwent neurosurgical procedures (6 extradural haematomas, 8 subdural haematomas, 5 cerebral lacerations). These investigations have been carried at least six months after the head injury. We have used for isotopic cisternography RISA and In111-DTPA. Raven's Progressive Coloured Matrices and Immediate Memory Tests were performed. Cisternographic pictures were classified as 1) normal, 2) with asymmetrical diffusion, 3) with ventricular reflux and were correlated with the neuropsychological data. We have found ventricular reflux in 10 patients (5 underwent surgical procedures), asimmetrical diffusion in 15 patients (11 operated); in 5 cases cisternographic pictures were normal. Neuropsychological tests give quantitative data about progressive mental deterioration, in full agreement with cisternographic results.", "PMID": 555541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2291", "title": "[Classification of endogenous psychoses from a genetic viewpoint].", "content": "The family-heredity findings serving as criteria for the classification of functional psychoses are discussed, presenting recent data. The global morbidity risk of the resp. psychosis showing secondary cases similar (homotypical) to the index case and no increased incidence of cases of the other type may be interpreted by the theory of two separated genetically transmitted diseases (schizophrenias and affective disorders). The classical schizophrenic subtypes differ in their global schizophrenia morbidity risk and show a tendency toward homotypical secondary cases. Monopolar and bipolar affective disorders were found to be very close together concerning family-genetic data-Schizo-affective psychotics were found to have among their relatives the highest incidence of all types of functional psychoses at all, a high rate of schizophrenics (esp. catatonic type) and affective psychotics and no homotypical secondary cases.", "contents": "[Classification of endogenous psychoses from a genetic viewpoint]. The family-heredity findings serving as criteria for the classification of functional psychoses are discussed, presenting recent data. The global morbidity risk of the resp. psychosis showing secondary cases similar (homotypical) to the index case and no increased incidence of cases of the other type may be interpreted by the theory of two separated genetically transmitted diseases (schizophrenias and affective disorders). The classical schizophrenic subtypes differ in their global schizophrenia morbidity risk and show a tendency toward homotypical secondary cases. Monopolar and bipolar affective disorders were found to be very close together concerning family-genetic data-Schizo-affective psychotics were found to have among their relatives the highest incidence of all types of functional psychoses at all, a high rate of schizophrenics (esp. catatonic type) and affective psychotics and no homotypical secondary cases.", "PMID": 555546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2292", "title": "[Catamnesis of prospective conscientious objectors in the years 1971-1973].", "content": "In 1975, Gloor and one of us checked the prospective objectants (i.e. objectants to military service) of the years 1971 to 1973. The written paper is a katamnestic study of these cases (N = 127). 35 got a dispensation for psychiatric reasons. 7 of them, however, did serve in the military service, 6 were sentenced for refusal of serving, and 21 proved unfit for military service. Three fourths of the men fit for military service were also sentenced for refusal, the others are serving in the military service.", "contents": "[Catamnesis of prospective conscientious objectors in the years 1971-1973]. In 1975, Gloor and one of us checked the prospective objectants (i.e. objectants to military service) of the years 1971 to 1973. The written paper is a katamnestic study of these cases (N = 127). 35 got a dispensation for psychiatric reasons. 7 of them, however, did serve in the military service, 6 were sentenced for refusal of serving, and 21 proved unfit for military service. Three fourths of the men fit for military service were also sentenced for refusal, the others are serving in the military service.", "PMID": 555547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2293", "title": "[Further studies of prospective conscientious objectors in the years 1974-1976].", "content": "This present study is concerned with the prospective objectants to military service in the years 74 to 76. Objectants are men liable for service who, at the enlistment, declare to object any form of serving in the military service. 40% of the 178 objectants were unfit for serving for psychiatric reasons. The main causes being neurotic disturbances and infantilism. 91 objectants belong to the church of Jehovah's witnesses. In objectants, indeed, the objecting itself is a symptom of the psychic disorder. Since 1971, the number of prospective objectants did not rise with statistic significance, the contrary being true for the real objectants (i.e. who do not serve in the military service). The portion of prospective objectants in all men enlisting to military service was never greater than 1.5%.", "contents": "[Further studies of prospective conscientious objectors in the years 1974-1976]. This present study is concerned with the prospective objectants to military service in the years 74 to 76. Objectants are men liable for service who, at the enlistment, declare to object any form of serving in the military service. 40% of the 178 objectants were unfit for serving for psychiatric reasons. The main causes being neurotic disturbances and infantilism. 91 objectants belong to the church of Jehovah's witnesses. In objectants, indeed, the objecting itself is a symptom of the psychic disorder. Since 1971, the number of prospective objectants did not rise with statistic significance, the contrary being true for the real objectants (i.e. who do not serve in the military service). The portion of prospective objectants in all men enlisting to military service was never greater than 1.5%.", "PMID": 555548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2294", "title": "[Variations in the urinary level of MHPG in depressive syndromes].", "content": "MPHG urinary changes were investigated in a group of patients affected by different forms of depressive illness. No significant difference was noticed depending on age, diagnosis, number and duration of episodes. Considering the group as a whole, a significant increase of MHPG urinary levels was noted after the recovery, although the patients received different drugs (Tricyclic + phenothiazine, Trazodone, IMAO). Specifically, the patients treated with IMAO and Trazodone, either recovered or ameliorated, showed a remarkable increase of MHPG urinary levels, whereas a decrease was noticed in the group who was administered tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "[Variations in the urinary level of MHPG in depressive syndromes]. MPHG urinary changes were investigated in a group of patients affected by different forms of depressive illness. No significant difference was noticed depending on age, diagnosis, number and duration of episodes. Considering the group as a whole, a significant increase of MHPG urinary levels was noted after the recovery, although the patients received different drugs (Tricyclic + phenothiazine, Trazodone, IMAO). Specifically, the patients treated with IMAO and Trazodone, either recovered or ameliorated, showed a remarkable increase of MHPG urinary levels, whereas a decrease was noticed in the group who was administered tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 555549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2295", "title": "[The connection between videoanalytic regular measurements of non-verbal behavior and self-assessed mood].", "content": "13 manic-depressive patients were examined during a symptom-free interval while under treatment with lithium, and again after a 6-week placebo period. The results are based on a behavioral analysis of video-taped interviews as well as a self-rating of mood with a multidimensional questionnaire (Hecheltjen & Mertesdorf, MSF). This questionnaire was presented on the day of the interviews. The following parameters were examined: 1. Duration of speech activity, 2. Frequency of hand movements accompanying speech, 3. Frequency of discrete body touchings. In order to clarify the interdependency of these behavioral parameters and to obtain an external validation against mood measures we investigated how far these values change when comparing the two examinations. Significant relationships were found between: a) the relative duration of speech activity and the relative frequency of hand movements accompanying speech, b) these two parameters and the mood dimensions \"social affection\" and \"relaxation\", whereas the 5% level and barely missed for \"activity\" and \"good mood\". A tendency was noted towards a negative relationship with the dimension \"anxiety\". No connection could be established for the dimensions \"fatigue\", \"depression\", \"boredom\", \"anger\", \"lightheartedness\" and \"nervousness\". The category of discrete body touchings did not show a relation with either of the other behavioral parameters or with the mood dimensions. Finally, we might point out the low sensitivity of the conventional scales for the course evaluation of depression, and the advantage of the behavioral procedure which is sensitive even in the subclinical range. Moreover, the latter approach has a theoretical impact on the fundamental question of the physiological basis of manic-depressive illness.", "contents": "[The connection between videoanalytic regular measurements of non-verbal behavior and self-assessed mood]. 13 manic-depressive patients were examined during a symptom-free interval while under treatment with lithium, and again after a 6-week placebo period. The results are based on a behavioral analysis of video-taped interviews as well as a self-rating of mood with a multidimensional questionnaire (Hecheltjen & Mertesdorf, MSF). This questionnaire was presented on the day of the interviews. The following parameters were examined: 1. Duration of speech activity, 2. Frequency of hand movements accompanying speech, 3. Frequency of discrete body touchings. In order to clarify the interdependency of these behavioral parameters and to obtain an external validation against mood measures we investigated how far these values change when comparing the two examinations. Significant relationships were found between: a) the relative duration of speech activity and the relative frequency of hand movements accompanying speech, b) these two parameters and the mood dimensions \"social affection\" and \"relaxation\", whereas the 5% level and barely missed for \"activity\" and \"good mood\". A tendency was noted towards a negative relationship with the dimension \"anxiety\". No connection could be established for the dimensions \"fatigue\", \"depression\", \"boredom\", \"anger\", \"lightheartedness\" and \"nervousness\". The category of discrete body touchings did not show a relation with either of the other behavioral parameters or with the mood dimensions. Finally, we might point out the low sensitivity of the conventional scales for the course evaluation of depression, and the advantage of the behavioral procedure which is sensitive even in the subclinical range. Moreover, the latter approach has a theoretical impact on the fundamental question of the physiological basis of manic-depressive illness.", "PMID": 555550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2296", "title": "Heparin: biochemistry, therapy, and laboratory monitoring.", "content": "Heparin has been used extensively in the treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus and more recently as a prophylactic measure in high-risk patient populations. The chemistry and biologic, pharmacologic, and physiologic actions of heparin are discussed, with some emphasis on the role of antithrombin III. The various modes of heparin administration, dosage regimens, requirements, and indications for therapy are reviewed. Full-dose and minidose heparin therapy are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the various laboratory tests used to monitor heparin therapy are covered, along with standardization of heparin preparations. Finally, complications associated with heparin therapy are pointed out.", "contents": "Heparin: biochemistry, therapy, and laboratory monitoring. Heparin has been used extensively in the treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus and more recently as a prophylactic measure in high-risk patient populations. The chemistry and biologic, pharmacologic, and physiologic actions of heparin are discussed, with some emphasis on the role of antithrombin III. The various modes of heparin administration, dosage regimens, requirements, and indications for therapy are reviewed. Full-dose and minidose heparin therapy are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the various laboratory tests used to monitor heparin therapy are covered, along with standardization of heparin preparations. Finally, complications associated with heparin therapy are pointed out.", "PMID": 555571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2297", "title": "Guidelines for therapeutic monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels.", "content": "A brief review of the literature surrounding the relationship between plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants currently available in the United States and clinical efficacy is presented. While therapeutic ranges for plasma levels of some tricyclic antidepressants are reasonably well established, the relationships between plasma levels of others and clinical efficacy require further clarification. Conditions under which plasma level measurements are clinically useful and factors that alter steady-state plasma levels are discussed.", "contents": "Guidelines for therapeutic monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels. A brief review of the literature surrounding the relationship between plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants currently available in the United States and clinical efficacy is presented. While therapeutic ranges for plasma levels of some tricyclic antidepressants are reasonably well established, the relationships between plasma levels of others and clinical efficacy require further clarification. Conditions under which plasma level measurements are clinically useful and factors that alter steady-state plasma levels are discussed.", "PMID": 555572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2298", "title": "An improved gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline levels in plasma using nitrogen-sensitive detectors.", "content": "An improved gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the plasma level determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline using nitrogen-sensitive detectors is described. Derivatization of the secondary amines using trifluoroacetic anhydride greatly improves the response and reproducibility of the assay. Plasma samples containing as little as 5 ng/ml of amitriptyline and nortriptyline can be assayed precisely and reproducibly, using protriptyline as internal reference standard.", "contents": "An improved gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline levels in plasma using nitrogen-sensitive detectors. An improved gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the plasma level determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline using nitrogen-sensitive detectors is described. Derivatization of the secondary amines using trifluoroacetic anhydride greatly improves the response and reproducibility of the assay. Plasma samples containing as little as 5 ng/ml of amitriptyline and nortriptyline can be assayed precisely and reproducibly, using protriptyline as internal reference standard.", "PMID": 555573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2299", "title": "Propranolol in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography using nitrile (CN) bonded columns in reverse phase.", "content": "A method for monitoring therapeutic levels of the beta-blocking and antiarrhythmic drug propranolol in serum has been developed as a high performance liquid chromatography technique using bonded nitrile columns in a reverse phase mode with an aqueous methanol mobile phase containing acetate as a counterion. The performance characteristics of eight different types of reverse phase columns are discussed with evaluation for use in the method. The present method combines basic organic (cyclohexane) extraction with fluorescence detection of the chromatographic effluent to provide a specific, rapid, precise, and reliable technique that has been successfully used to monitor propranolol metabolites or other drugs. The method is shown to compare well with other methods and is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring by routine clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Propranolol in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography using nitrile (CN) bonded columns in reverse phase. A method for monitoring therapeutic levels of the beta-blocking and antiarrhythmic drug propranolol in serum has been developed as a high performance liquid chromatography technique using bonded nitrile columns in a reverse phase mode with an aqueous methanol mobile phase containing acetate as a counterion. The performance characteristics of eight different types of reverse phase columns are discussed with evaluation for use in the method. The present method combines basic organic (cyclohexane) extraction with fluorescence detection of the chromatographic effluent to provide a specific, rapid, precise, and reliable technique that has been successfully used to monitor propranolol metabolites or other drugs. The method is shown to compare well with other methods and is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring by routine clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 555574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2300", "title": "Decreased phenytoin levels in antineoplastic therapy.", "content": "A case history is reported illustrating the difficulties which may be encountered in maintaining seizure control in patients being treated with antineoplastic therapy. The maintenance of therapeutic serum levels of phenytoin during combined cis-platinum and bleomycin sulfate therapy suggests an absorptive defect, possibly related to damage of the intestinal mucosa. This defect did not appear to alter the absorption of primidone or phenobarbital, since increased dosages were not necessary to maintain these drugs within therapeutic ranges.", "contents": "Decreased phenytoin levels in antineoplastic therapy. A case history is reported illustrating the difficulties which may be encountered in maintaining seizure control in patients being treated with antineoplastic therapy. The maintenance of therapeutic serum levels of phenytoin during combined cis-platinum and bleomycin sulfate therapy suggests an absorptive defect, possibly related to damage of the intestinal mucosa. This defect did not appear to alter the absorption of primidone or phenobarbital, since increased dosages were not necessary to maintain these drugs within therapeutic ranges.", "PMID": 555575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2301", "title": "Effect of influenza vaccination on plasma phenytoin concentrations.", "content": "A mean decrease in plasma phenytoin concentrations of 11-14% (p less than 0.005) was observed in seven patients within 4 days after influenza vaccination. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of influenza vaccination on plasma phenytoin concentrations. A mean decrease in plasma phenytoin concentrations of 11-14% (p less than 0.005) was observed in seven patients within 4 days after influenza vaccination. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 555576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2302", "title": "Predicting phenytoin dose - a revised nomogram.", "content": "The nomogram devised by Richens and Dunlop for predicting phenytoin dose has been tested in 127 residential epileptic patients, and the data obtained were used to prepare a revised version of the nomogram. In a further 78 patients, this new version was found to be superior to the original. The mean Km value was found to be 23.8 mumoles/liter. Km was independent of age and body surface area, but Dmax correlated positively with the latter two variables.", "contents": "Predicting phenytoin dose - a revised nomogram. The nomogram devised by Richens and Dunlop for predicting phenytoin dose has been tested in 127 residential epileptic patients, and the data obtained were used to prepare a revised version of the nomogram. In a further 78 patients, this new version was found to be superior to the original. The mean Km value was found to be 23.8 mumoles/liter. Km was independent of age and body surface area, but Dmax correlated positively with the latter two variables.", "PMID": 555577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2303", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressants in serum by a Clin-ElutTM column extraction and high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis.", "content": "We sought a method for routine therapeutic monitoring of serum tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) which offered good reproducibility, detection limits, linearity, and specificity, and which was simple, rapid, and inexpensive to perform. The method described utilizes Clin-Elut columns (Analytichem International, Inc., Lawndale, CA 90206) to facilitate the extraction. The analysis is by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a CN bonded phase column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile/pH 7.0 phosphate/methanol and detection at 210 nm. This chromatographic system gives short equilibration times, stable calibration curves, high sensitivity and resolution, short retention times, and long column life. The method is useful for determination of amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, nordoxepin, desipramine, and protriptyline. Trimipramine is used as an internal standard for the tertiary amines and protriptyline for the secondary amines. Recovery is linear from 25 ato 1,000 ng/ml. Rubber stoppers of a new formulation in Vacutainer blood collection tubes (Becton-Dickinson, Rutherford, NJ 07070) do not affect serum TCA levels. Sera from 53 psychiatric patients suffering from endogenous depression were analyzed using the procedure presented. The mean serum level of four patients on amitriptyline therapy having complete remission was 201 ng/ml (range, 123-259). The mean serum level of four patients on imipramine therapy rated as having complete remission was 200 ng/ml (range, 145-258). These values compare well with recently published therapeutic ranges.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressants in serum by a Clin-ElutTM column extraction and high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. We sought a method for routine therapeutic monitoring of serum tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) which offered good reproducibility, detection limits, linearity, and specificity, and which was simple, rapid, and inexpensive to perform. The method described utilizes Clin-Elut columns (Analytichem International, Inc., Lawndale, CA 90206) to facilitate the extraction. The analysis is by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a CN bonded phase column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile/pH 7.0 phosphate/methanol and detection at 210 nm. This chromatographic system gives short equilibration times, stable calibration curves, high sensitivity and resolution, short retention times, and long column life. The method is useful for determination of amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, nordoxepin, desipramine, and protriptyline. Trimipramine is used as an internal standard for the tertiary amines and protriptyline for the secondary amines. Recovery is linear from 25 ato 1,000 ng/ml. Rubber stoppers of a new formulation in Vacutainer blood collection tubes (Becton-Dickinson, Rutherford, NJ 07070) do not affect serum TCA levels. Sera from 53 psychiatric patients suffering from endogenous depression were analyzed using the procedure presented. The mean serum level of four patients on amitriptyline therapy having complete remission was 201 ng/ml (range, 123-259). The mean serum level of four patients on imipramine therapy rated as having complete remission was 200 ng/ml (range, 145-258). These values compare well with recently published therapeutic ranges.", "PMID": 555578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2304", "title": "Determination of 5-(3,4-Dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (Dihydrodiol) and quantitative studies of phenytoin metabolism in man.", "content": "A routine gas chromatographic assay for urinary 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH), the major metabolite of phenytoin (PHT) in man, was adapted to allow quantitation of 5-(3,4-dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (Dihydrodiol, DHD) is based on the observation that acid-catalyzed dehydration of DHD quantitatively yields a mixture of p-HPPH and m-HPPH in a reproducible molar ratio of 56:44p-HPPH: m-HPPH and on the assumption that all m-HPPH found in urine after heating with acid has been derived from DHD. The urinary DHD content was verified by a \"specific\" method in which urine was incubated with beta-glucuronidase and the released phenolic metabolites completely removed by extraction. Subsequent acid-catalyzed dehydration of the remaining DHD yielded p-HPPH and m-HPPH, from the sum of which the original DHD concentration in urine could be calculated. In all of the urine samples from PHT patients examined to date, there was close agreement between the DHD values obtained by the \"specific\" method and those calculated from m-HPPH, in the simple acid-hydrolysis method. It can be inferred that much the greater part (greater than 90%) of m-HPPH found in human urine after acid treatment has been derived from DHD. All samples of urine after acid treatment has been derived from DHD. All samples of urine from PHT patients examined have shown detectable quantities of DHD. The methods described here may be useful in a survey of PHT patients to reveal unusual patterns of PHT metabolism and to permit recognition of possible associations between such unusual patterns and the occurrence of adverse reactions.", "contents": "Determination of 5-(3,4-Dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (Dihydrodiol) and quantitative studies of phenytoin metabolism in man. A routine gas chromatographic assay for urinary 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH), the major metabolite of phenytoin (PHT) in man, was adapted to allow quantitation of 5-(3,4-dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (Dihydrodiol, DHD) is based on the observation that acid-catalyzed dehydration of DHD quantitatively yields a mixture of p-HPPH and m-HPPH in a reproducible molar ratio of 56:44p-HPPH: m-HPPH and on the assumption that all m-HPPH found in urine after heating with acid has been derived from DHD. The urinary DHD content was verified by a \"specific\" method in which urine was incubated with beta-glucuronidase and the released phenolic metabolites completely removed by extraction. Subsequent acid-catalyzed dehydration of the remaining DHD yielded p-HPPH and m-HPPH, from the sum of which the original DHD concentration in urine could be calculated. In all of the urine samples from PHT patients examined to date, there was close agreement between the DHD values obtained by the \"specific\" method and those calculated from m-HPPH, in the simple acid-hydrolysis method. It can be inferred that much the greater part (greater than 90%) of m-HPPH found in human urine after acid treatment has been derived from DHD. All samples of urine after acid treatment has been derived from DHD. All samples of urine from PHT patients examined have shown detectable quantities of DHD. The methods described here may be useful in a survey of PHT patients to reveal unusual patterns of PHT metabolism and to permit recognition of possible associations between such unusual patterns and the occurrence of adverse reactions.", "PMID": 555579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2305", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine in serum.", "content": "A rapid and reliable micro procedure for the high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine. N\"-cyano-N-methyl-N'-[2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]ethyl]guanidine, in serum or plasma is described. The percentage analytical recovery of cimetidine and internal standard (beta-hydroxypropyl-theophylline) was 65 and 99%, respectively. The between-day precision of the method at cimetidine serum concentrations of 2,000, 1,000, and 500 microgram/liter yielded coefficients of variation of 10.6, 11.5, and 10.6%, respectively. The method has been used in preliminary studies to determine the serum concentrations in patients receiving the drug by both the oral and intravenous route.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine in serum. A rapid and reliable micro procedure for the high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine. N\"-cyano-N-methyl-N'-[2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]ethyl]guanidine, in serum or plasma is described. The percentage analytical recovery of cimetidine and internal standard (beta-hydroxypropyl-theophylline) was 65 and 99%, respectively. The between-day precision of the method at cimetidine serum concentrations of 2,000, 1,000, and 500 microgram/liter yielded coefficients of variation of 10.6, 11.5, and 10.6%, respectively. The method has been used in preliminary studies to determine the serum concentrations in patients receiving the drug by both the oral and intravenous route.", "PMID": 555580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2306", "title": "A methods comparison: clonazepam by gas chromatography-electron capture and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.", "content": "Clonazepam is an antiepileptic drug for which a number of analytical procedures have been presented, none of which have been subjected to comparison studies. We present two gas chromatographic (GC) methods involving distinct forms of detection for determining plasma or serum drug levels. Both methods involve simple extractions, common GC conditions, and routine data reduction. Both employ nitrazepam as an internal standard, require 1 ml of sample, and have a detection limit of 1 ng/ml. The two methods, GC-electron capture and GC-mass spectroscopy, are precise and accurate. Correlation of the two methods paired sample analysis gave a regression equation of y = 0.988x - 0.14 (n = 30, r = 0.971, p less than 0.001). We suggest that either method is a reasonable alternative for the clinical laboratory with the proper instrumentation.", "contents": "A methods comparison: clonazepam by gas chromatography-electron capture and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Clonazepam is an antiepileptic drug for which a number of analytical procedures have been presented, none of which have been subjected to comparison studies. We present two gas chromatographic (GC) methods involving distinct forms of detection for determining plasma or serum drug levels. Both methods involve simple extractions, common GC conditions, and routine data reduction. Both employ nitrazepam as an internal standard, require 1 ml of sample, and have a detection limit of 1 ng/ml. The two methods, GC-electron capture and GC-mass spectroscopy, are precise and accurate. Correlation of the two methods paired sample analysis gave a regression equation of y = 0.988x - 0.14 (n = 30, r = 0.971, p less than 0.001). We suggest that either method is a reasonable alternative for the clinical laboratory with the proper instrumentation.", "PMID": 555581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2307", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in serum and urine.", "content": "We report a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in 500microliter of serum of 25 microliter of urine. The between-day precision of the analysis (CV 5.0-7.0%) is acceptable, as is the recovery of hydrochlorothiazide (90-96%) and trichloromethiazide (96%) added to serum. No drug or drug metabolite interferences have been noted. The method represents a considerable improvement over existing techniques described in the literature.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in serum and urine. We report a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in 500microliter of serum of 25 microliter of urine. The between-day precision of the analysis (CV 5.0-7.0%) is acceptable, as is the recovery of hydrochlorothiazide (90-96%) and trichloromethiazide (96%) added to serum. No drug or drug metabolite interferences have been noted. The method represents a considerable improvement over existing techniques described in the literature.", "PMID": 555582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2308", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Carbamazepine in man: a review.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatographic methods for determining plasma concentrations of the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine are described. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (absorption, protein binding, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) are reviewed, as well as the relationship between dose and plasma level and between plasma level and drug effects. Interactions with other drugs are noted.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of Carbamazepine in man: a review. Gas-liquid chromatographic methods for determining plasma concentrations of the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine are described. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (absorption, protein binding, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) are reviewed, as well as the relationship between dose and plasma level and between plasma level and drug effects. Interactions with other drugs are noted.", "PMID": 555583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2309", "title": "Pyruvate carboxylase activities in red blood cells and liver of chicks and their dependency on biotin status. First results with activation assays..", "content": "Pyruvate carboxylase activities of erythrocytes and liver preparations and their in vitro stimulation by biotin were used for the determination of the biotin status of chicks. Reasonable stability of the enzyme in erythrocytes was achieved when storing the erythrocytes deep-frozen in a glycerol-containing medium. Results of the activation assays in erythrocytes and liver are compared with biotin levels in feed, plasma and liver. The pyruvate carboxylase activation assay appears to be a useful tool for assessing the biotin status of chicks.", "contents": "Pyruvate carboxylase activities in red blood cells and liver of chicks and their dependency on biotin status. First results with activation assays.. Pyruvate carboxylase activities of erythrocytes and liver preparations and their in vitro stimulation by biotin were used for the determination of the biotin status of chicks. Reasonable stability of the enzyme in erythrocytes was achieved when storing the erythrocytes deep-frozen in a glycerol-containing medium. Results of the activation assays in erythrocytes and liver are compared with biotin levels in feed, plasma and liver. The pyruvate carboxylase activation assay appears to be a useful tool for assessing the biotin status of chicks.", "PMID": 555586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2310", "title": "Epidemiologic comparisons of the sudden infant death syndrome with other major components of infant mortality.", "content": "All 1998 resident infant deaths in the 1969--1977 King County, Washington birth cohort of 139,132 resident live births comprise the data base for epidemiologic comparisons of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) with eight other major infant mortality components: hyaline membrane disease; respiratory distress syndrome; asphyxia of the newborn; immaturity; birth injury; congenital malformation; infection; and \"all other.\" These components were compared with respect to age at death; sex; race; prior fetal loss; prior live-born, now dead; birth plurality; birth weight; maternal age; birth order; marital status; prenatal care; and season of death in an attempt to determine the uniqueness of these purported SIDS risk factors. Only the age at death distribution unequivocally distinguished SIDS from the other components. The combination of low maternal age and multiparity was demonstrated to be putatively synergistic for risk of SIDS, hyaline membrane disease, and respiratory disease syndrome. Only deaths from infection exhibited seasonal variation similar to SIDS. These observations probably reflect secondary associations with as yet unidentified primary risk factors relatable to maternal experience.", "contents": "Epidemiologic comparisons of the sudden infant death syndrome with other major components of infant mortality. All 1998 resident infant deaths in the 1969--1977 King County, Washington birth cohort of 139,132 resident live births comprise the data base for epidemiologic comparisons of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) with eight other major infant mortality components: hyaline membrane disease; respiratory distress syndrome; asphyxia of the newborn; immaturity; birth injury; congenital malformation; infection; and \"all other.\" These components were compared with respect to age at death; sex; race; prior fetal loss; prior live-born, now dead; birth plurality; birth weight; maternal age; birth order; marital status; prenatal care; and season of death in an attempt to determine the uniqueness of these purported SIDS risk factors. Only the age at death distribution unequivocally distinguished SIDS from the other components. The combination of low maternal age and multiparity was demonstrated to be putatively synergistic for risk of SIDS, hyaline membrane disease, and respiratory disease syndrome. Only deaths from infection exhibited seasonal variation similar to SIDS. These observations probably reflect secondary associations with as yet unidentified primary risk factors relatable to maternal experience.", "PMID": 555588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2311", "title": "The cardiovascular study in Finnmark county: coronary risk factors and the occurrence of myocardial infarction in first degree relatives and in subjects of different ethnic origin.", "content": "As a part of a survey for coronary risk factors, family history of myocardial infarction (MI) was obtained in 4806 men and women aged 20--49 years. The two groups of subjects with (510) and without (3533) first degree relatives with MI showed only minor differences with respect to serum cholesterol, blood pressure, blood glucose, serum triglycerides, relative body weight and cigarette consumption. As long as no other mechanism for transmission of familial risk is revealed, the occurrence of MI among first degree relatives therefore must be considered as independent and important coronary risk factor. The material was also analyzed with regard to the three ethnic groups--Lapps, Finns and Norsemen--which comprise the study population. A discrepancy between risk factor level and MI incidence between these three groups was observed.", "contents": "The cardiovascular study in Finnmark county: coronary risk factors and the occurrence of myocardial infarction in first degree relatives and in subjects of different ethnic origin. As a part of a survey for coronary risk factors, family history of myocardial infarction (MI) was obtained in 4806 men and women aged 20--49 years. The two groups of subjects with (510) and without (3533) first degree relatives with MI showed only minor differences with respect to serum cholesterol, blood pressure, blood glucose, serum triglycerides, relative body weight and cigarette consumption. As long as no other mechanism for transmission of familial risk is revealed, the occurrence of MI among first degree relatives therefore must be considered as independent and important coronary risk factor. The material was also analyzed with regard to the three ethnic groups--Lapps, Finns and Norsemen--which comprise the study population. A discrepancy between risk factor level and MI incidence between these three groups was observed.", "PMID": 555589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2312", "title": "Selection on atherosclerosis as an explanation of the attenuated cholesterol-mortality relation in coronary heart disease populations.", "content": "Recent studies of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) at baseline have shown that their cholesterol levels are much less predictive of subsequent mortality than in populations free of CHD (FCHD). One previously suggested explanation of this attenuation is that the impact of hyperlipidemia on atherosclerosis or of atherosclerosis on mortality is reduced for post-myocardial infarction patients. In this paper it is shown that an alternative explanation is selection of CHD populations from FCHD populations for higher atherosclerosis levels. Data from all known follow-up studies on patients with baseline coronary angiograms are assembled to yield relations between cholesterol, atherosclerosis and mortality in CHD and FCHD populations. These data show that the selection hypothesis is not only logically possible but is also consistent with presently available epidemiologic information on relations between these three variables. An ethically impracticable large prospective study of a FCHD population with baseline angiograms might, however, be needed to choose definitively between the selection and reduced impact hypotheses.", "contents": "Selection on atherosclerosis as an explanation of the attenuated cholesterol-mortality relation in coronary heart disease populations. Recent studies of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) at baseline have shown that their cholesterol levels are much less predictive of subsequent mortality than in populations free of CHD (FCHD). One previously suggested explanation of this attenuation is that the impact of hyperlipidemia on atherosclerosis or of atherosclerosis on mortality is reduced for post-myocardial infarction patients. In this paper it is shown that an alternative explanation is selection of CHD populations from FCHD populations for higher atherosclerosis levels. Data from all known follow-up studies on patients with baseline coronary angiograms are assembled to yield relations between cholesterol, atherosclerosis and mortality in CHD and FCHD populations. These data show that the selection hypothesis is not only logically possible but is also consistent with presently available epidemiologic information on relations between these three variables. An ethically impracticable large prospective study of a FCHD population with baseline angiograms might, however, be needed to choose definitively between the selection and reduced impact hypotheses.", "PMID": 555590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2313", "title": "Walking, cycling, or gardening, with or without seasonal interruption, in relation to acute coronary events.", "content": "The case-referent study reported here investigates the relationship between acute coronary events (ACE) and sustained light physical exercise, mainly leisure-time walking, cycling, or gardening (WCG). These activities are classified as habitual WCG (greater than 8 months/year), seasonal WCG (4--8 months), or occasional WCG (less than 4 months), each category being further subdivided according to the number of hours a week: less than 4 hours, 4--7 hours, or greater than 7 hours. A significant negative association is found between ACE and habitual WCG. No such relationship is evident between ACE and seasonal WCG, however, seasonal WCG being equally frequent (27%) in both cases and referents. These observations may indicate that any effect on the incidence of acute coronary events that is caused by walking, cycling, or gardening is neutralized if these activities are interrupted for several months of the year. The negative association between habitual WCG and ACE does not depend on the number of hours a week devoted to SCG and is not enhanced by more vigorous additional exercise. The fatality of ACE (death rate within 4 weeks) is significantly higher in the least active group (WCG less than 4 months/year).", "contents": "Walking, cycling, or gardening, with or without seasonal interruption, in relation to acute coronary events. The case-referent study reported here investigates the relationship between acute coronary events (ACE) and sustained light physical exercise, mainly leisure-time walking, cycling, or gardening (WCG). These activities are classified as habitual WCG (greater than 8 months/year), seasonal WCG (4--8 months), or occasional WCG (less than 4 months), each category being further subdivided according to the number of hours a week: less than 4 hours, 4--7 hours, or greater than 7 hours. A significant negative association is found between ACE and habitual WCG. No such relationship is evident between ACE and seasonal WCG, however, seasonal WCG being equally frequent (27%) in both cases and referents. These observations may indicate that any effect on the incidence of acute coronary events that is caused by walking, cycling, or gardening is neutralized if these activities are interrupted for several months of the year. The negative association between habitual WCG and ACE does not depend on the number of hours a week devoted to SCG and is not enhanced by more vigorous additional exercise. The fatality of ACE (death rate within 4 weeks) is significantly higher in the least active group (WCG less than 4 months/year).", "PMID": 555591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2314", "title": "The influence of age, year of birth, and date on mortality from malignant melanoma in the populations of England and Wales, Canada, and the white population of the United States.", "content": "The age-adjusted death rates from malignant melanoma of the skin have increased from 1951 to 1975 by about 3% per year in the populations of England and Wales, Canada, and the white population of the US. This is due to large increases in risk of successively later born cohorts. Any effects of earlier diagnosis of improved treatment within the period 1951--1975 have been sufficiently steady to fail to alter these trends. The slope of the log rates with log age is about 3.5. Projections of rates for at least the next decade can be made with some confidence, and provide a basis for evaluating control measures.", "contents": "The influence of age, year of birth, and date on mortality from malignant melanoma in the populations of England and Wales, Canada, and the white population of the United States. The age-adjusted death rates from malignant melanoma of the skin have increased from 1951 to 1975 by about 3% per year in the populations of England and Wales, Canada, and the white population of the US. This is due to large increases in risk of successively later born cohorts. Any effects of earlier diagnosis of improved treatment within the period 1951--1975 have been sufficiently steady to fail to alter these trends. The slope of the log rates with log age is about 3.5. Projections of rates for at least the next decade can be made with some confidence, and provide a basis for evaluating control measures.", "PMID": 555592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2315", "title": "Osteoarthritis of the hand: longitudinal studies.", "content": "Evaluation of the osteoarthritic grades of the hands of 478 participants of the ongoing Baltimore Longitudinal Study suggests that: 1) Joint degeneration due to osteoarthritis is a relatively slow process. The maximum rate of degeneration is seen in the distal interphalangeal joints where the average increase is about 1 grade per individual in an interval of 12 to 16 years between visits in each age group. The rate of degeneration in the proximal interphalangeal joints is much lower than that of the distal interphalangeal joints. 2) The progress of the degeneration in the distal interphalangeal joints of an individual (longitudinally evaluated) follows closely that which is observed at the population level (cross-sectional joint-digit study). That is, it is directly related to the age and the interval between visits. This is not always seen in the proximal interphalangeal joint data. 3) The rate of change in the osteoarthritic grade of individual hands agrees closely with that of their distal interphalangeal joints. This further supports the conclusions reached in a first report that what has been referred to as osteoarthritic grade of the hand of an individual may actually be the higher grade among the distal interphalangeal joints.", "contents": "Osteoarthritis of the hand: longitudinal studies. Evaluation of the osteoarthritic grades of the hands of 478 participants of the ongoing Baltimore Longitudinal Study suggests that: 1) Joint degeneration due to osteoarthritis is a relatively slow process. The maximum rate of degeneration is seen in the distal interphalangeal joints where the average increase is about 1 grade per individual in an interval of 12 to 16 years between visits in each age group. The rate of degeneration in the proximal interphalangeal joints is much lower than that of the distal interphalangeal joints. 2) The progress of the degeneration in the distal interphalangeal joints of an individual (longitudinally evaluated) follows closely that which is observed at the population level (cross-sectional joint-digit study). That is, it is directly related to the age and the interval between visits. This is not always seen in the proximal interphalangeal joint data. 3) The rate of change in the osteoarthritic grade of individual hands agrees closely with that of their distal interphalangeal joints. This further supports the conclusions reached in a first report that what has been referred to as osteoarthritic grade of the hand of an individual may actually be the higher grade among the distal interphalangeal joints.", "PMID": 555593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2316", "title": "Methods for determining long-term survival in a population based study.", "content": "A 98.8% response rate was achieved in a follow-up study of a community based health survey. The follow-up methodology used in contacting the residents of 1700 households in a suburban upper-middle class community is presented. Study subjects, who were predominantly white, older adults, participated in the original health survey during 1972 and 1973. When the follow-up study was conducted three years later to determine the vital status of study participants, 30% of the households had moved. Follow-up response of two sets of mailings totaled 76.1%. An additional 12.1% response was obtained by calling residents at their last known address. The final 10.5% of the contacted households were located by intensive telephone tracing. A wide variety of sources of information, both local and non-local, were used to locate these \"hard to trace\" households. They were different from all other contacted households with respect to mobility rate, household size, and death rate. A 15.5% underestimate of the three-year death rate would have occurred if the hard to trace group had not been contacted. These results emphasize the importance of complete follow-up in prospective studies.", "contents": "Methods for determining long-term survival in a population based study. A 98.8% response rate was achieved in a follow-up study of a community based health survey. The follow-up methodology used in contacting the residents of 1700 households in a suburban upper-middle class community is presented. Study subjects, who were predominantly white, older adults, participated in the original health survey during 1972 and 1973. When the follow-up study was conducted three years later to determine the vital status of study participants, 30% of the households had moved. Follow-up response of two sets of mailings totaled 76.1%. An additional 12.1% response was obtained by calling residents at their last known address. The final 10.5% of the contacted households were located by intensive telephone tracing. A wide variety of sources of information, both local and non-local, were used to locate these \"hard to trace\" households. They were different from all other contacted households with respect to mobility rate, household size, and death rate. A 15.5% underestimate of the three-year death rate would have occurred if the hard to trace group had not been contacted. These results emphasize the importance of complete follow-up in prospective studies.", "PMID": 555594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2317", "title": "Comparison of the radioallergosorbent test to intradermal skin testing in the diagnosis of stinging insect venom allergy.", "content": "RAST and skin tests were compared for five venoms in a group of 60 patients with histories of stinging insect allergy. Twelve patients were skin test negative to all venoms and also RAST negative. The 48 skin test positive patients gave an 88% correlation of RAST and skin test with 92% of the skin test positive patients RAST positive and 82% of the RAST positive patients skin test positive. If patients strongly positive to honey bee showing positive RAST to vespids with negative skin test were not counted, then 91% of the RAST positive patients were skin positive. The term \"false\" should not be used in relating RAST to skin test results without supporting challenge evidence.", "contents": "Comparison of the radioallergosorbent test to intradermal skin testing in the diagnosis of stinging insect venom allergy. RAST and skin tests were compared for five venoms in a group of 60 patients with histories of stinging insect allergy. Twelve patients were skin test negative to all venoms and also RAST negative. The 48 skin test positive patients gave an 88% correlation of RAST and skin test with 92% of the skin test positive patients RAST positive and 82% of the RAST positive patients skin test positive. If patients strongly positive to honey bee showing positive RAST to vespids with negative skin test were not counted, then 91% of the RAST positive patients were skin positive. The term \"false\" should not be used in relating RAST to skin test results without supporting challenge evidence.", "PMID": 555595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2318", "title": "Simultaneous use of rapidly absorbed and sustained release theophylline preparations in children.", "content": "Each of 12 asthmatic children received a single dose of Theolair, 5 mg/kg, a single dose of Theolair SR, 10 mg/Kg, or both Theolair, 3 mg/Kg and Theolair SR, 10 mg/Kg on three separate days. Administration of both preparations together was followed by serum theophylline concentrations significantly higher than Theolair alone at 2 or 12 hours and significantly higher than Theolair SR alone at every time except six hours. This method of theophylline administration may be useful in the asthmatic patient who requires medication only intermittently.", "contents": "Simultaneous use of rapidly absorbed and sustained release theophylline preparations in children. Each of 12 asthmatic children received a single dose of Theolair, 5 mg/kg, a single dose of Theolair SR, 10 mg/Kg, or both Theolair, 3 mg/Kg and Theolair SR, 10 mg/Kg on three separate days. Administration of both preparations together was followed by serum theophylline concentrations significantly higher than Theolair alone at 2 or 12 hours and significantly higher than Theolair SR alone at every time except six hours. This method of theophylline administration may be useful in the asthmatic patient who requires medication only intermittently.", "PMID": 555597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2319", "title": "Comparison of Theolair SR and Theo-Dur tablets.", "content": "The effects of administration of single doses of 10 mg/kg of two sustained release theophylline preparations were compared in a double-blind, crossover study in eight asthmatic children. Serum theophylline concentrations were maintained well for 8-10 hours after administration of Theolair SR and 10 and 12 hours after administration of single doses of Theo-Dur.", "contents": "Comparison of Theolair SR and Theo-Dur tablets. The effects of administration of single doses of 10 mg/kg of two sustained release theophylline preparations were compared in a double-blind, crossover study in eight asthmatic children. Serum theophylline concentrations were maintained well for 8-10 hours after administration of Theolair SR and 10 and 12 hours after administration of single doses of Theo-Dur.", "PMID": 555598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2320", "title": "Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. I. A 12-month study in and out of doors.", "content": "A 12-month survey of the fungal spores in and out of homes of 145 allergic patients in an agricultural community was conducted. More than 6,100 colonies were recovered and 33 genera identified frm November, 1977, through October, 1978. Cladosporium was the most common genus identified and was recovered from 90% of the homes. Peak Cladosporium counts were observed during November through January, with another peak in March. Penicillium and Alternaria were recovered from 57% and 33% of the homes respectively. Relationships were observed between minimum daily temperature and indoor and outdoor Cladosporium and Mycelia sterilia counts. The relationship between sporulation of fungi and other environment factors is discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. I. A 12-month study in and out of doors. A 12-month survey of the fungal spores in and out of homes of 145 allergic patients in an agricultural community was conducted. More than 6,100 colonies were recovered and 33 genera identified frm November, 1977, through October, 1978. Cladosporium was the most common genus identified and was recovered from 90% of the homes. Peak Cladosporium counts were observed during November through January, with another peak in March. Penicillium and Alternaria were recovered from 57% and 33% of the homes respectively. Relationships were observed between minimum daily temperature and indoor and outdoor Cladosporium and Mycelia sterilia counts. The relationship between sporulation of fungi and other environment factors is discussed.", "PMID": 555599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2321", "title": "Acute bronchial and cardiovascular effects of oral pirbuterol and metaproterenol.", "content": "The acute pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of pirbuterol dihydrochloride 10 mg and 15 mg, a new orally active beta 2-selective sympathomimetic agent, were compared with those of placebo and metaproterenol 20 mg over a period of seven hours in 24 stable asthmatics. Pirbuterol 15 mg and metaproterenol 20 mg had a comparable onset of action (30 min) and magnitude of peak bronchodilator effect (29 +/- 5 mean % increase in FEV1) but the bronchodilatation following pirbuterol was longer lasting (seven hours) than that following metaproterenol (three hours). Pirbuterol 15 mg also caused a greater magnitude and duration of bronchodilatation than pirbuterol 10 mg. No effect on heart rate or PEP/LVET ratio was noted with either drug. Side effects reported following each of the active agents were comparable in frequency and were almost always mild. These findings indicate that pirbuterol is an effective bronchodilator with a relatively long duration of action, definite beta 2-adrenergic specificity and insignificant toxicity when administered in a single dose.", "contents": "Acute bronchial and cardiovascular effects of oral pirbuterol and metaproterenol. The acute pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of pirbuterol dihydrochloride 10 mg and 15 mg, a new orally active beta 2-selective sympathomimetic agent, were compared with those of placebo and metaproterenol 20 mg over a period of seven hours in 24 stable asthmatics. Pirbuterol 15 mg and metaproterenol 20 mg had a comparable onset of action (30 min) and magnitude of peak bronchodilator effect (29 +/- 5 mean % increase in FEV1) but the bronchodilatation following pirbuterol was longer lasting (seven hours) than that following metaproterenol (three hours). Pirbuterol 15 mg also caused a greater magnitude and duration of bronchodilatation than pirbuterol 10 mg. No effect on heart rate or PEP/LVET ratio was noted with either drug. Side effects reported following each of the active agents were comparable in frequency and were almost always mild. These findings indicate that pirbuterol is an effective bronchodilator with a relatively long duration of action, definite beta 2-adrenergic specificity and insignificant toxicity when administered in a single dose.", "PMID": 555600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2322", "title": "Analysis of the methacholine response in bronchial asthma.", "content": "The airway response to methacholine was measured in 27 asthmatics. Selected indices of airway response were measured at 5-, 10- and 20-minute intervals and at three concentrations of methacholine. The mean change from control was significant at all three concentrations and there were no significant differences between time intervals. High correlations were obtained between all indices of airway response to methacholine challenge.", "contents": "Analysis of the methacholine response in bronchial asthma. The airway response to methacholine was measured in 27 asthmatics. Selected indices of airway response were measured at 5-, 10- and 20-minute intervals and at three concentrations of methacholine. The mean change from control was significant at all three concentrations and there were no significant differences between time intervals. High correlations were obtained between all indices of airway response to methacholine challenge.", "PMID": 555601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2323", "title": "An evaluation of two inexpensive instruments for assessing airway flow.", "content": "Studies indicate the Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter and Pulmonary Monitor have potential utility to patients for assessing airway flow drops typical of intermittent airway disease, that instrument calibration remains stable with moderate use but that neither is able to predict absolute Peak Expiratory Flow Rate with sufficient accuracy.", "contents": "An evaluation of two inexpensive instruments for assessing airway flow. Studies indicate the Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter and Pulmonary Monitor have potential utility to patients for assessing airway flow drops typical of intermittent airway disease, that instrument calibration remains stable with moderate use but that neither is able to predict absolute Peak Expiratory Flow Rate with sufficient accuracy.", "PMID": 555602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2324", "title": "[Problems in differential diagnosis between early presenile dementia and depression in elderly persons (author's transl)].", "content": "The difficulties in correct differential diagnosis between depression and early pre-senile dementia syndromes are pointed-out by the AA. They underline that, on the ground of literature reports and clinical experience, the instrumental methods (electroencephalography, cerebral blood flow examination, pneumoencephalography, evoked cerebral responses, etc...) appear of little use in differential diagnosis, if separately considered. A particular attention is called on psychometric tests, in order to worn the non-specialist against any too over-simplified and mechanistic acceptance of test results.", "contents": "[Problems in differential diagnosis between early presenile dementia and depression in elderly persons (author's transl)]. The difficulties in correct differential diagnosis between depression and early pre-senile dementia syndromes are pointed-out by the AA. They underline that, on the ground of literature reports and clinical experience, the instrumental methods (electroencephalography, cerebral blood flow examination, pneumoencephalography, evoked cerebral responses, etc...) appear of little use in differential diagnosis, if separately considered. A particular attention is called on psychometric tests, in order to worn the non-specialist against any too over-simplified and mechanistic acceptance of test results.", "PMID": 555659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2325", "title": "[Surgical treatment of fractures of the distal end of the femur].", "content": "After considering the anatomoclinical aspects of fractures of the distal third of the femur, the Authors analyse the classification of these fractures. Different types of fractures were reviewed and they discussed the best orthopaedic or surgical treatment needed. Surgical methods were studied regarding sopracondylar and intracondylar fractures, which present difficult problems of reduction, contention and consolidation. The 23 cases operated on in the last 2 years were discussed by the Authors.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of fractures of the distal end of the femur]. After considering the anatomoclinical aspects of fractures of the distal third of the femur, the Authors analyse the classification of these fractures. Different types of fractures were reviewed and they discussed the best orthopaedic or surgical treatment needed. Surgical methods were studied regarding sopracondylar and intracondylar fractures, which present difficult problems of reduction, contention and consolidation. The 23 cases operated on in the last 2 years were discussed by the Authors.", "PMID": 555660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2326", "title": "[Anatomical and radiological aspects of retrograde pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors performed from 1975 to 1978 1043 endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatograms, of which 93.3% were successfully accomplished. They illustrate the anatomical and radiological aspects of the retrograde pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis, according to Cremer's classification. The authors confirm the reliability of the procedure, quickly accomplished and well tolerated by the patient.", "contents": "[Anatomical and radiological aspects of retrograde pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. The authors performed from 1975 to 1978 1043 endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatograms, of which 93.3% were successfully accomplished. They illustrate the anatomical and radiological aspects of the retrograde pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis, according to Cremer's classification. The authors confirm the reliability of the procedure, quickly accomplished and well tolerated by the patient.", "PMID": 555661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2327", "title": "[Liver and drugs: hematochemical and ultrastructural aspect after experimental administration of glucuronil-glucose-amino-glycan sulphate (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors using a experimental model on various groups of treated rabbits have studied the pharmakinet of 3GS. After the discussion of data they conclude for an absence of injury rivelable by morphometabolic areas integrity. Further more is evident an improvement of a few hematochemical parameters.", "contents": "[Liver and drugs: hematochemical and ultrastructural aspect after experimental administration of glucuronil-glucose-amino-glycan sulphate (author's transl)]. The Authors using a experimental model on various groups of treated rabbits have studied the pharmakinet of 3GS. After the discussion of data they conclude for an absence of injury rivelable by morphometabolic areas integrity. Further more is evident an improvement of a few hematochemical parameters.", "PMID": 555663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2328", "title": "[2 cases of adenolymphoma of the parotid gland].", "content": "Starting from two cases of adenolymphoma of the parotid gland they had under observation, the Authors underline their doubts regarding the histogenesis, discuss the clinical approach and show their attitude towards the therapy. It consists of an enucleation or nucleoresection of the tumour in case only the superficial part of the gland is affected; a total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation and without any radiotherapy, in case of a radical operation; with complementary radiotherapy if the operation has not been radical for certain.", "contents": "[2 cases of adenolymphoma of the parotid gland]. Starting from two cases of adenolymphoma of the parotid gland they had under observation, the Authors underline their doubts regarding the histogenesis, discuss the clinical approach and show their attitude towards the therapy. It consists of an enucleation or nucleoresection of the tumour in case only the superficial part of the gland is affected; a total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation and without any radiotherapy, in case of a radical operation; with complementary radiotherapy if the operation has not been radical for certain.", "PMID": 555664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2329", "title": "[Necessity of preparing the oral cavity for implantation].", "content": "The Author wanted to draw the attention of the person doing the setting, on the importance, in lasting prognosis, of the general conditions of the subject as well as of the situation of the oral cavity, which can present unfavourable elements to a setting. He is in fact referring to local original lesions or secondary lesions in pathologic states and he his stating the corrective intervention in order to prepare the month for the setting.", "contents": "[Necessity of preparing the oral cavity for implantation]. The Author wanted to draw the attention of the person doing the setting, on the importance, in lasting prognosis, of the general conditions of the subject as well as of the situation of the oral cavity, which can present unfavourable elements to a setting. He is in fact referring to local original lesions or secondary lesions in pathologic states and he his stating the corrective intervention in order to prepare the month for the setting.", "PMID": 555665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2330", "title": "[Lithium treatment in Cluster headache (author's transl)].", "content": "the results of a Lithium Carbonate therapy for 14 Cluster headache patients are reported. For all of them a rapid and striking reduction of both the frequency and severity of the attacks was remarked on day doses that varied from patient to patient but never were over 900 mg. Plasmatic as well as RBC lithium levels have been constantly found below the levels generally believed as necessary for the treatment of manic depressive psychosis. The interruption of the treatment after one week without any attacks has never been followed by a new onset of them. Side effects have been checked as rare and scanty, so that all the patients have been allowed to bring the therapy to the conclusion.", "contents": "[Lithium treatment in Cluster headache (author's transl)]. the results of a Lithium Carbonate therapy for 14 Cluster headache patients are reported. For all of them a rapid and striking reduction of both the frequency and severity of the attacks was remarked on day doses that varied from patient to patient but never were over 900 mg. Plasmatic as well as RBC lithium levels have been constantly found below the levels generally believed as necessary for the treatment of manic depressive psychosis. The interruption of the treatment after one week without any attacks has never been followed by a new onset of them. Side effects have been checked as rare and scanty, so that all the patients have been allowed to bring the therapy to the conclusion.", "PMID": 555666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2331", "title": "Histoplasmosis diffusion in Somalia: study of skin-test and serological survey.", "content": "Histoplasmin skin-test was applied to 1014 patients in two different parts of Somalia: in Mogadishu, an arid area, and in Jilib, a southern village on the banks of the Juba river. Among these patients only three gave areas of induration greater than 5 mm in diameter; all reactors were from Jilib. Results of a serological survey (latex-agglutination test) of histoplasmosis antibodies among 203 Somalian patients from three villages in river valleys are compared with the results of 171 inhabitants of the town of Mogadishu. Indirect agglutination antibody titers greater than or equal to 20 were found in 21.6% of the Mogadishu population as compared to 52.2% found in the river villages. In 96.2% of our cases in which the two tests were contemporarily used, the skin-test was completely negative despite high titres of positivity in the serological test. The results indicate the existence of founts of histoplasmosis infection in Somalia, particularly in humid areas bordering the rivers rather than in the surrounding arid semi-desert area characteristic of most of the country.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis diffusion in Somalia: study of skin-test and serological survey. Histoplasmin skin-test was applied to 1014 patients in two different parts of Somalia: in Mogadishu, an arid area, and in Jilib, a southern village on the banks of the Juba river. Among these patients only three gave areas of induration greater than 5 mm in diameter; all reactors were from Jilib. Results of a serological survey (latex-agglutination test) of histoplasmosis antibodies among 203 Somalian patients from three villages in river valleys are compared with the results of 171 inhabitants of the town of Mogadishu. Indirect agglutination antibody titers greater than or equal to 20 were found in 21.6% of the Mogadishu population as compared to 52.2% found in the river villages. In 96.2% of our cases in which the two tests were contemporarily used, the skin-test was completely negative despite high titres of positivity in the serological test. The results indicate the existence of founts of histoplasmosis infection in Somalia, particularly in humid areas bordering the rivers rather than in the surrounding arid semi-desert area characteristic of most of the country.", "PMID": 555667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2332", "title": "Susceptibility of Iraqi fresh water snails to infection with Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni Egyptian strains.", "content": "A great number of Egyptian workers and farmers are seeking settlement in Iraq and some of them proved to have either Schistosoma Haematobium (S.h.) or Schistosoma mansoni (S.m) or even mixed infection. Besides, there is the possibility that some of the Iraqi fresh water snails may prove to be susceptible to infection by one or both of the Schistosoma Egyptian strains. The present study deals with investigations on the susceptibility of Iraqi B. truncatus, Gyranaulus ehrenbergi, Physa c.f. fontinalis, Lymnea lagetis, Melanoides tuberculata and Melanopsis nodes by these parasites. Egyptian S. haematobium but not Egyptian S. mansoni infect Iraqi B. truncatus and both proved to be unable to infect any of the other snails included in the study. Yet, the number of cercariae shedded by B. truncatus snails infected with the Egyptian S. haematobium strain, was much less that the number of cercariae shedded by these snails when infected with the Iraqi S. Haematobium strain.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Iraqi fresh water snails to infection with Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni Egyptian strains. A great number of Egyptian workers and farmers are seeking settlement in Iraq and some of them proved to have either Schistosoma Haematobium (S.h.) or Schistosoma mansoni (S.m) or even mixed infection. Besides, there is the possibility that some of the Iraqi fresh water snails may prove to be susceptible to infection by one or both of the Schistosoma Egyptian strains. The present study deals with investigations on the susceptibility of Iraqi B. truncatus, Gyranaulus ehrenbergi, Physa c.f. fontinalis, Lymnea lagetis, Melanoides tuberculata and Melanopsis nodes by these parasites. Egyptian S. haematobium but not Egyptian S. mansoni infect Iraqi B. truncatus and both proved to be unable to infect any of the other snails included in the study. Yet, the number of cercariae shedded by B. truncatus snails infected with the Egyptian S. haematobium strain, was much less that the number of cercariae shedded by these snails when infected with the Iraqi S. Haematobium strain.", "PMID": 555668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2333", "title": "Studies on the effects of O-isopropoxyphenylmethyl carbamate on the meiotic chromosomes of Saccobranchus fossilis.", "content": "O-isopropoxyphenylmethyl carbamate in S. fossilis chromosomes has been found to induce fragmentation at pachytene and diakinesis. Fragmentation frequency increased with the increase in dose. The yield of total clumping at different doses and different intervals was inconsistent. Precocious despiralization and stickiness were also observed. Time interval was observed to be a factor in the appearance of anomalies with different doses. The dicentric bridges which were frequent at low dose, diminished in quantum with the increase in dose.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of O-isopropoxyphenylmethyl carbamate on the meiotic chromosomes of Saccobranchus fossilis. O-isopropoxyphenylmethyl carbamate in S. fossilis chromosomes has been found to induce fragmentation at pachytene and diakinesis. Fragmentation frequency increased with the increase in dose. The yield of total clumping at different doses and different intervals was inconsistent. Precocious despiralization and stickiness were also observed. Time interval was observed to be a factor in the appearance of anomalies with different doses. The dicentric bridges which were frequent at low dose, diminished in quantum with the increase in dose.", "PMID": 555669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2334", "title": "Contributions toward the study of changes in the microvascular-tissual system in diabetes mellitus (Observations on 50 biopsies of the finger-tip).", "content": "Fifty biopsies of finger-tips, from diabetic patients were examined. We wish to emphasize, of damage in the blocking devices and in the preglomic arterioles as opposed to the limited modifications produced in the small dermic and hypodermic arteries. The glomera are almost constantly affected in their various components: in particular, the fusion of the glomic capsule with the intra- and extraglomic connective should be noted, as well as the presence of accumulated P.A.S. positive material among the mioepithelioid cells in the intermediate segment. The capillaries are frequently affected by hyperplasia of the intimal endothelium, sometimes with subocclusive phenomena, while the basal membrane is thickened and P.A.S. positive more often in extraglomic than in intraglomic capillaries.", "contents": "Contributions toward the study of changes in the microvascular-tissual system in diabetes mellitus (Observations on 50 biopsies of the finger-tip). Fifty biopsies of finger-tips, from diabetic patients were examined. We wish to emphasize, of damage in the blocking devices and in the preglomic arterioles as opposed to the limited modifications produced in the small dermic and hypodermic arteries. The glomera are almost constantly affected in their various components: in particular, the fusion of the glomic capsule with the intra- and extraglomic connective should be noted, as well as the presence of accumulated P.A.S. positive material among the mioepithelioid cells in the intermediate segment. The capillaries are frequently affected by hyperplasia of the intimal endothelium, sometimes with subocclusive phenomena, while the basal membrane is thickened and P.A.S. positive more often in extraglomic than in intraglomic capillaries.", "PMID": 555670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2335", "title": "Enzyme histochemical, biochemical and metabolic effects of Solcoseryl in connection with its radioprotective capability.", "content": "The lethal irradiation with gamma-rays (LD 100/30) of adult mice at ambient temperature of 32.5 degrees C heavily alterates the pattern of LDH in liver. In close correspondence with the radioprotective effect of Solcoseryl on the survival rate of irradiated mice -- which amounts to 100% as compared with 40% survival of solely heat adapted animals -- Solcoseryl normalizes the LDH distribution both histochemically and biochemically. Since Solcoseryl alone generally enhances enzyme activity the normalization observed is obviously attributable to an intrinsically regulatory property of this natural compound.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemical, biochemical and metabolic effects of Solcoseryl in connection with its radioprotective capability. The lethal irradiation with gamma-rays (LD 100/30) of adult mice at ambient temperature of 32.5 degrees C heavily alterates the pattern of LDH in liver. In close correspondence with the radioprotective effect of Solcoseryl on the survival rate of irradiated mice -- which amounts to 100% as compared with 40% survival of solely heat adapted animals -- Solcoseryl normalizes the LDH distribution both histochemically and biochemically. Since Solcoseryl alone generally enhances enzyme activity the normalization observed is obviously attributable to an intrinsically regulatory property of this natural compound.", "PMID": 555671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2336", "title": "Effect of gamma irradiation and cystamine on kidney lipids of rats.", "content": "Effect of whole body gamma irradiation (1200 r) and the effect of administration cystamine prior to irradiation has been studied on kidney total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine). Irradiation significantly decreases kidney cholesterol and this decrease was not prevented by administration of cystamine prior to irradiation. Irradiation did not affect the incorporation of NaH232PO4 into kidney phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine but the incorporation of glucose-U-14C was significantly reduced in kidney total lipids and phosphatidylcholine. Administration of cystamine before irradiation was ineffective in modifying the incorporation of glucose-U-14C into kidney lipids and phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Effect of gamma irradiation and cystamine on kidney lipids of rats. Effect of whole body gamma irradiation (1200 r) and the effect of administration cystamine prior to irradiation has been studied on kidney total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine). Irradiation significantly decreases kidney cholesterol and this decrease was not prevented by administration of cystamine prior to irradiation. Irradiation did not affect the incorporation of NaH232PO4 into kidney phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine but the incorporation of glucose-U-14C was significantly reduced in kidney total lipids and phosphatidylcholine. Administration of cystamine before irradiation was ineffective in modifying the incorporation of glucose-U-14C into kidney lipids and phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 555672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2337", "title": "Correlations between capillary microscopy and electrocardiographic results in the diabetic.", "content": "Ninety-nine diabetics were simultaneously given a capillaroscopic examination of periungual walls and an electrocardiogram evaluated according to the Minnesota Code. From these tests the following data were recorded: a. the number of knobs revealed by capillaroscopy is inferior, in a statistically significant manner, in groups having \"major abnormalities\"; b. capillaroscopic abnormalities did not seem to be definitely correlated to age, but rather to the length of time diabetes mellitus was present; in particular, these abnormalities were quite evident in subjects diagnosed as diabetics for the first time. This procedure is therefore extremely useful for the early diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy; c. electrocardiographic abnormalities are correlated to patient's age, whereas are not related to the period of the illness. Although the small sampling obliges us to maintain certain reservations, such abnormalities were more frequent in subjects taking antidiabetic drugs orally.", "contents": "Correlations between capillary microscopy and electrocardiographic results in the diabetic. Ninety-nine diabetics were simultaneously given a capillaroscopic examination of periungual walls and an electrocardiogram evaluated according to the Minnesota Code. From these tests the following data were recorded: a. the number of knobs revealed by capillaroscopy is inferior, in a statistically significant manner, in groups having \"major abnormalities\"; b. capillaroscopic abnormalities did not seem to be definitely correlated to age, but rather to the length of time diabetes mellitus was present; in particular, these abnormalities were quite evident in subjects diagnosed as diabetics for the first time. This procedure is therefore extremely useful for the early diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy; c. electrocardiographic abnormalities are correlated to patient's age, whereas are not related to the period of the illness. Although the small sampling obliges us to maintain certain reservations, such abnormalities were more frequent in subjects taking antidiabetic drugs orally.", "PMID": 555673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2338", "title": "Cell population kinetics and biochemical changes in the rat stomach during magnesium deficiency.", "content": "Cell populations of rat stomach have been counted following varying (4-60 days) periods of magnesium-deficient diet and compared to a control group. The activity of beta-glucuronidase and the serotonin concentration were assayed in magnesium-deficient and control rats within four weeks. In the rat stomach the magnesium deficiency produces a numerical decrease in mucous cells, especially marked after 3 and 4 weeks. At this time, the activity of beta-glucuronidase decreases significantly. The concentration of serotonin increases at an earlier time and this increase coincides with the onset of the typical erythema occurring in magnesium-deficient rats.", "contents": "Cell population kinetics and biochemical changes in the rat stomach during magnesium deficiency. Cell populations of rat stomach have been counted following varying (4-60 days) periods of magnesium-deficient diet and compared to a control group. The activity of beta-glucuronidase and the serotonin concentration were assayed in magnesium-deficient and control rats within four weeks. In the rat stomach the magnesium deficiency produces a numerical decrease in mucous cells, especially marked after 3 and 4 weeks. At this time, the activity of beta-glucuronidase decreases significantly. The concentration of serotonin increases at an earlier time and this increase coincides with the onset of the typical erythema occurring in magnesium-deficient rats.", "PMID": 555674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2339", "title": "The present prophylactic trends of rubella and measles.", "content": "Starting from the epidemiological investigation on a sample of 22.560 subjects of different chronological age classes in the Latium region with the research of hemoagglutinoinhibiting antibodies of the Rubella virus, and of 9.800 subjects with the research of hemoagglutinoinhibiting antibodies of the Measles virus, the authors observe that the diffusion of the seroprotection presents on an average 82.5% for Rubella and 79.8% for Measles. On the strength of the results, referred also according to the established chronological age classes, any obligatory treatment against Rubella is excluded in prepuberal age. In order to prevent the risk of congenital malformation in cases of pregnant and not seroprotected subjects who, during the first three months of gestation might come into contact with sick affected by Rosolia or with healthy carriers, the authors suggest the vaccination three months before the conception. Evidently, this involves a screening of the adult female population before their marriage. On the contrary as concerns Measles, the vaccination within the second year of life is being hypothesized exactly on the basis of the consideration that this is a matter of a serious illness and not always free from grave complications. In these cases, after shortly referring on the results of the experiments of different authors, the mixed anti-Measles and anti-Rubella vaccination might be taken into consideration, though with all the precautions that are suggested.", "contents": "The present prophylactic trends of rubella and measles. Starting from the epidemiological investigation on a sample of 22.560 subjects of different chronological age classes in the Latium region with the research of hemoagglutinoinhibiting antibodies of the Rubella virus, and of 9.800 subjects with the research of hemoagglutinoinhibiting antibodies of the Measles virus, the authors observe that the diffusion of the seroprotection presents on an average 82.5% for Rubella and 79.8% for Measles. On the strength of the results, referred also according to the established chronological age classes, any obligatory treatment against Rubella is excluded in prepuberal age. In order to prevent the risk of congenital malformation in cases of pregnant and not seroprotected subjects who, during the first three months of gestation might come into contact with sick affected by Rosolia or with healthy carriers, the authors suggest the vaccination three months before the conception. Evidently, this involves a screening of the adult female population before their marriage. On the contrary as concerns Measles, the vaccination within the second year of life is being hypothesized exactly on the basis of the consideration that this is a matter of a serious illness and not always free from grave complications. In these cases, after shortly referring on the results of the experiments of different authors, the mixed anti-Measles and anti-Rubella vaccination might be taken into consideration, though with all the precautions that are suggested.", "PMID": 555675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2340", "title": "Further studies on lactate dehydrogenase from serum of leukemic individuals.", "content": "The kinetic properties of SLDH were investigated in untreated patients with acute leukemia at 37 degrees. SLDH was found to be inhibited by high pyruvate concentrations to a degree which depended on the pH of the reaction mixture; the degree of inhibition of normal SLDH at pH 7.5 was much higher than leukemic SLDH. 0.4M citrate was found to activate SLDH reaction rate at low pyruvate concentrations, while it was inhibitory at high pyruvate concentrations; the degree of inhibition being greater for leukemic SLDH than for normal SLDH. Citrate was also found to be a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to NADH and the value of Ki was determined. Methanol (3-4M), acted as a strong inhibitor to SLDH. The inhibition was found to be purely non-competitive with respect to pyruvate. Ki was calculated to be four times higher for leukemic SLDH than for normal SLDH.", "contents": "Further studies on lactate dehydrogenase from serum of leukemic individuals. The kinetic properties of SLDH were investigated in untreated patients with acute leukemia at 37 degrees. SLDH was found to be inhibited by high pyruvate concentrations to a degree which depended on the pH of the reaction mixture; the degree of inhibition of normal SLDH at pH 7.5 was much higher than leukemic SLDH. 0.4M citrate was found to activate SLDH reaction rate at low pyruvate concentrations, while it was inhibitory at high pyruvate concentrations; the degree of inhibition being greater for leukemic SLDH than for normal SLDH. Citrate was also found to be a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to NADH and the value of Ki was determined. Methanol (3-4M), acted as a strong inhibitor to SLDH. The inhibition was found to be purely non-competitive with respect to pyruvate. Ki was calculated to be four times higher for leukemic SLDH than for normal SLDH.", "PMID": 555676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2341", "title": "Muscular microcirculation in diabetic microangiopathy (histangiopathy): new morphohistochemical aspects.", "content": "The A.A. describe the pathological alterations of the blood flow regulatory mechanisms (blocking devices, \"Sperrarterien\"), systematically found in muscle biopsies of diabetic patients. The functional significance of these structure in normal and pathological conditions, as microangiopathic diabetics, is emphasized.", "contents": "Muscular microcirculation in diabetic microangiopathy (histangiopathy): new morphohistochemical aspects. The A.A. describe the pathological alterations of the blood flow regulatory mechanisms (blocking devices, \"Sperrarterien\"), systematically found in muscle biopsies of diabetic patients. The functional significance of these structure in normal and pathological conditions, as microangiopathic diabetics, is emphasized.", "PMID": 555677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2342", "title": "Monoamine oxidase and aspartate aminotransferase in cellular fractions of thyroid gland in rats after hypophysectomy and TSH stimulation.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and aspartate aminotransferase activities in cellular fractions of thyroid gland in rats after hypophysectomy and TSH treatment were investigated. MAO and aspartate aminotransferase activities in thyroid mitochondria were decreased after hypophysectomy and significantly increased after daily injection of TSH during five days to hypophysectomized rats. In microsomes after hypophysectomy a similar decrease of MAO activity was found but TSH was without effect on this activity. it is evident that MAO and aspartate aminotransferase in thyroid mitochondria the enzymes which could be a source for hydrogen peroxide to catalyze thyroid hormone synthesis are under the regulatory influence of TSH.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase and aspartate aminotransferase in cellular fractions of thyroid gland in rats after hypophysectomy and TSH stimulation. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and aspartate aminotransferase activities in cellular fractions of thyroid gland in rats after hypophysectomy and TSH treatment were investigated. MAO and aspartate aminotransferase activities in thyroid mitochondria were decreased after hypophysectomy and significantly increased after daily injection of TSH during five days to hypophysectomized rats. In microsomes after hypophysectomy a similar decrease of MAO activity was found but TSH was without effect on this activity. it is evident that MAO and aspartate aminotransferase in thyroid mitochondria the enzymes which could be a source for hydrogen peroxide to catalyze thyroid hormone synthesis are under the regulatory influence of TSH.", "PMID": 555678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2343", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of phallolysin on a human heteroploid cell line.", "content": "The effect of Phallolysin on cellular growth, macromolecular biosyntheses and cellular membrane structure was analysed using cells from the EUE line. Concentrations of the toxin that do not affect cellular growth, as determined by plating efficiency, have no effect on RNA or protein synthesis, but stimulate DNA synthesis. The doses of Phallolysin that inhibit cell survival do not affect macromolecular biosyntheses, but greatly increase the percentage of cells stainable with Trypan blue after 1 hour of incubation. At the same dose of the toxin the cells, analysed by electron microscopy, show increased vacuolization indicating an alteration of the membrane apparatus.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of phallolysin on a human heteroploid cell line. The effect of Phallolysin on cellular growth, macromolecular biosyntheses and cellular membrane structure was analysed using cells from the EUE line. Concentrations of the toxin that do not affect cellular growth, as determined by plating efficiency, have no effect on RNA or protein synthesis, but stimulate DNA synthesis. The doses of Phallolysin that inhibit cell survival do not affect macromolecular biosyntheses, but greatly increase the percentage of cells stainable with Trypan blue after 1 hour of incubation. At the same dose of the toxin the cells, analysed by electron microscopy, show increased vacuolization indicating an alteration of the membrane apparatus.", "PMID": 555679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2344", "title": "The free fatty acid pattern in blood serum in young spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "An investigation on the free fatty acid (FFA) profile in blood serum, using liquid gas chromatography, has been carried out on young (8-9 week-old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A significative increase in the level of unsaturated FFA was found in SHR in comparison to their controls. The deviations in the composition of the FFA spectrum found were elevation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids: hexadecanoic acid (C16:2), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), eicosadienoic acid (C20:2), eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). The differences between FFA profile in SHR and control group can reflect genetically controlled variables.", "contents": "The free fatty acid pattern in blood serum in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. An investigation on the free fatty acid (FFA) profile in blood serum, using liquid gas chromatography, has been carried out on young (8-9 week-old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A significative increase in the level of unsaturated FFA was found in SHR in comparison to their controls. The deviations in the composition of the FFA spectrum found were elevation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids: hexadecanoic acid (C16:2), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), eicosadienoic acid (C20:2), eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). The differences between FFA profile in SHR and control group can reflect genetically controlled variables.", "PMID": 555680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2345", "title": "Humoral control of thrombopoiesis.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that an important mechanism by which platelet production is regulated depends upon a humoral substance (thrombopoietin) that affects the production of platelets by megakaryocytes. Plasma from thrombocytopenic donors increases the rate of appearance or concentrations of subsequently administered Na235SO4 or selenomethionine-75Se in platelets. Both isotopes are initially incorporated into the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, and labeled platelets appear in the circulation after their production and release from megakaryocytes. Thrombopoiesis-stimulating activity also can be detected in the plasma of normal donors when endogenous thrombopoiesis has been suppressed in recipient assay animals by the hypertransfusion of platelets. Recent studies have indicated that certain fractions of plasma from throbocytopenic donors are also capable of stimulating thrombopoiesis in recipient animals. The nature of thrombopoietin(s) and its mechanism of action remain unknown. However, currently available data indicate that thrombopoiesis-stimulating factors may act both on diploid precursors and immature megakaryocytes and upon maturing megakaryocytes. The site of production of thrombopoietin also is unknown. Although the sensor that regulates thrombopoietin or other humoral mediators of thrombopoiesis has not been identified, it appears that platelet numbers, per se, are not the sole variable to which megakaryocytopoiesis eventually responds.", "contents": "Humoral control of thrombopoiesis. There is increasing evidence that an important mechanism by which platelet production is regulated depends upon a humoral substance (thrombopoietin) that affects the production of platelets by megakaryocytes. Plasma from thrombocytopenic donors increases the rate of appearance or concentrations of subsequently administered Na235SO4 or selenomethionine-75Se in platelets. Both isotopes are initially incorporated into the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, and labeled platelets appear in the circulation after their production and release from megakaryocytes. Thrombopoiesis-stimulating activity also can be detected in the plasma of normal donors when endogenous thrombopoiesis has been suppressed in recipient assay animals by the hypertransfusion of platelets. Recent studies have indicated that certain fractions of plasma from throbocytopenic donors are also capable of stimulating thrombopoiesis in recipient animals. The nature of thrombopoietin(s) and its mechanism of action remain unknown. However, currently available data indicate that thrombopoiesis-stimulating factors may act both on diploid precursors and immature megakaryocytes and upon maturing megakaryocytes. The site of production of thrombopoietin also is unknown. Although the sensor that regulates thrombopoietin or other humoral mediators of thrombopoiesis has not been identified, it appears that platelet numbers, per se, are not the sole variable to which megakaryocytopoiesis eventually responds.", "PMID": 555683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2346", "title": "Does autoregulation of megakaryocytopoiesis occur?", "content": "Although a major regulator of thrombocytopoiesis is the number of circulating platelets, several observations suggest that independent alternative regulatory mechanisms may exist. In some situations there is a curious association of megakaryocytopenia and megakarocytic macrocytosis in spite of normal platelet counts. If macrocytosis is considered as a sign of stimulation, this association suggests a cause and effect relationship between decreased numbers and increased size of megakaryocytes. This thesis was tested by examining the delayed effects of sublethal irradiation and the acute effects of hydroxyurea in mice. It was found that megakaryocytopenia and macromegakaryocytosis occurred together and that platelets counts were either normal or only slightly reduced. Therefore it was concluded that normal numbers of platelets could be produced by decreased numbers of megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytopenia appeared to be compensated, in part, by increased size of megakaryocytes, but the mechanism by which this occurred has not been elucidated. It is postulated that a reduction in the number of cells of the megakaryocytic system is sensed by a homeostatic mechanism that then acts to stimulate the cells that are present. This stimulation may then be manifested as macrocytosis of megakaryocytes.", "contents": "Does autoregulation of megakaryocytopoiesis occur? Although a major regulator of thrombocytopoiesis is the number of circulating platelets, several observations suggest that independent alternative regulatory mechanisms may exist. In some situations there is a curious association of megakaryocytopenia and megakarocytic macrocytosis in spite of normal platelet counts. If macrocytosis is considered as a sign of stimulation, this association suggests a cause and effect relationship between decreased numbers and increased size of megakaryocytes. This thesis was tested by examining the delayed effects of sublethal irradiation and the acute effects of hydroxyurea in mice. It was found that megakaryocytopenia and macromegakaryocytosis occurred together and that platelets counts were either normal or only slightly reduced. Therefore it was concluded that normal numbers of platelets could be produced by decreased numbers of megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytopenia appeared to be compensated, in part, by increased size of megakaryocytes, but the mechanism by which this occurred has not been elucidated. It is postulated that a reduction in the number of cells of the megakaryocytic system is sensed by a homeostatic mechanism that then acts to stimulate the cells that are present. This stimulation may then be manifested as macrocytosis of megakaryocytes.", "PMID": 555684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2347", "title": "Megakaryocyte colony culture using a liver cell conditioned medium.", "content": "Megakaryocyte colonies may now be grown in semi-solid agar, agarose, and plasma clot systems using a variety of conditioned media. These include mitogen activated mouse spleen cells, L-cells (fibroblasts), and a myelomonocytic cell line. To these is now added a conditioned medium from BRL-3A, a rat liver cell line. Megakaryocytes show full maturation to cytoplasmic fragmentation in this system. It is suggested that colony stimulating factor for megakaryocytes may come from a variety of sources; the relationship of any of these to the physiological regulator or regulators remains quite unknown.", "contents": "Megakaryocyte colony culture using a liver cell conditioned medium. Megakaryocyte colonies may now be grown in semi-solid agar, agarose, and plasma clot systems using a variety of conditioned media. These include mitogen activated mouse spleen cells, L-cells (fibroblasts), and a myelomonocytic cell line. To these is now added a conditioned medium from BRL-3A, a rat liver cell line. Megakaryocytes show full maturation to cytoplasmic fragmentation in this system. It is suggested that colony stimulating factor for megakaryocytes may come from a variety of sources; the relationship of any of these to the physiological regulator or regulators remains quite unknown.", "PMID": 555685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2348", "title": "Growth of human megakaryocyte colonies in culture from fetal, neonatal, and adult peripheral blood cells: ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "Megakaryocyte colonies can be grown in culture from human blood cells and fetal liver cells in plasma clot containing erythropoietin. Megakaryocyte progenitors were found in a fraction of mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation from adult, neonatal, and fetal blood. Megakaryocytes were identified by their morphology and particularly by their polylobulated nucleus when examined by light microscopy. The megakaryocytic nature of large cells was clearly confirmed by the presence of platelet peroxidase, demarcation membranes, and alpha-granules detected by electron microscopy; in addition mature small megakaryocytes were recognized. Megakaryocyte colonies were seen after 9 days of culture and consisted of 2 to 20 cells. The colonies were pure or mixed with the burst erythroblasts. The mixed colonies were numerous in fetal and neonatal cultures, while pure megakaryocyte colonies were seen three times more frequently in those from adult blood. The total number of colonies was also much lower in adult cultures. In colonies derived from neonatal and fetal cells, megakaryocytes often reached a more complete maturation than in those from the adults, proceeding as far as platelet shedding. This study demonstrates for the first time that a megakaryocyte committed cell present in human blood can develop megakaryocyte colonies in culture.", "contents": "Growth of human megakaryocyte colonies in culture from fetal, neonatal, and adult peripheral blood cells: ultrastructural analysis. Megakaryocyte colonies can be grown in culture from human blood cells and fetal liver cells in plasma clot containing erythropoietin. Megakaryocyte progenitors were found in a fraction of mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation from adult, neonatal, and fetal blood. Megakaryocytes were identified by their morphology and particularly by their polylobulated nucleus when examined by light microscopy. The megakaryocytic nature of large cells was clearly confirmed by the presence of platelet peroxidase, demarcation membranes, and alpha-granules detected by electron microscopy; in addition mature small megakaryocytes were recognized. Megakaryocyte colonies were seen after 9 days of culture and consisted of 2 to 20 cells. The colonies were pure or mixed with the burst erythroblasts. The mixed colonies were numerous in fetal and neonatal cultures, while pure megakaryocyte colonies were seen three times more frequently in those from adult blood. The total number of colonies was also much lower in adult cultures. In colonies derived from neonatal and fetal cells, megakaryocytes often reached a more complete maturation than in those from the adults, proceeding as far as platelet shedding. This study demonstrates for the first time that a megakaryocyte committed cell present in human blood can develop megakaryocyte colonies in culture.", "PMID": 555686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2349", "title": "The cellular biology of megakaryocytes.", "content": "Megakaryocytes show a pattern of cellular proliferation and maturation which is unique in mammalian biology. Cells mature to the point of cytoplasmic fragmentation in three major ploidy classes, 8n, 16n, and 32n and the three are fed from a precursor committed stem cell. Two-thirds of the cells belong in the 16n class, and approximately one-sixth in the 8n and 32n classes. The cytoplasm of cells in each ploidy class has a characteristic concentration of granules and demarcation membrane system which appears to be translated into the characteristic features of the platelet progeny from each class. These differ from normal young platelets. Megakaryocytes release fragments of cytoplasm into marrow sinusoids and these differ from platelets in that they do not have the peripheral microtubular bundle or sub-marginal dense tubular system. Transition from fragment to circulating platelet presumably takes place elsewhere in the circulation. With stimulation of platelet production, \"stress\" platelets are produced, from megakaryocytes which show changes with respect to content of polyribosomes, glycogen and membrane.", "contents": "The cellular biology of megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes show a pattern of cellular proliferation and maturation which is unique in mammalian biology. Cells mature to the point of cytoplasmic fragmentation in three major ploidy classes, 8n, 16n, and 32n and the three are fed from a precursor committed stem cell. Two-thirds of the cells belong in the 16n class, and approximately one-sixth in the 8n and 32n classes. The cytoplasm of cells in each ploidy class has a characteristic concentration of granules and demarcation membrane system which appears to be translated into the characteristic features of the platelet progeny from each class. These differ from normal young platelets. Megakaryocytes release fragments of cytoplasm into marrow sinusoids and these differ from platelets in that they do not have the peripheral microtubular bundle or sub-marginal dense tubular system. Transition from fragment to circulating platelet presumably takes place elsewhere in the circulation. With stimulation of platelet production, \"stress\" platelets are produced, from megakaryocytes which show changes with respect to content of polyribosomes, glycogen and membrane.", "PMID": 555687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2350", "title": "Fusion-fission reorganization of membrane: a developing membrane model for thrombocytogenesis in megakaryocytes.", "content": "Freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy indicate that a sequence of fusion-fission leads to reorganization of membranes and the demarcation of platelets within the cytoplasm of megakaryocyte. Invagination of the megakaryocyte plasma membrane leads to the formation of tubular structures within the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. Fusion of these tubular membranes in the plane of their long axes is followed by fission in the perpendicular plane. This results in the formation of two flat membranes, forming plasma membranes of two adjacent platelets. A similar fusion-fission reorganization of membranes could mediate a wide variety of other biologic phenomena. These observations also indicate that megakaryocytes are located in the subendothelial compartment of the marrow with their projections penetrating the endothelium and reaching the lumen. This direct contact with the circulation may serve as a means of receiving information as to the requirements of the body for platelet production.", "contents": "Fusion-fission reorganization of membrane: a developing membrane model for thrombocytogenesis in megakaryocytes. Freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy indicate that a sequence of fusion-fission leads to reorganization of membranes and the demarcation of platelets within the cytoplasm of megakaryocyte. Invagination of the megakaryocyte plasma membrane leads to the formation of tubular structures within the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. Fusion of these tubular membranes in the plane of their long axes is followed by fission in the perpendicular plane. This results in the formation of two flat membranes, forming plasma membranes of two adjacent platelets. A similar fusion-fission reorganization of membranes could mediate a wide variety of other biologic phenomena. These observations also indicate that megakaryocytes are located in the subendothelial compartment of the marrow with their projections penetrating the endothelium and reaching the lumen. This direct contact with the circulation may serve as a means of receiving information as to the requirements of the body for platelet production.", "PMID": 555688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2351", "title": "Nature of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment and its proliferative potential.", "content": "The nature of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment has been the subject of much controversy. Data are presented to support the concept of a 'continuum' model of the stem cell compartment. The important characteristics of this model are that within the continuum there are cells with varying proliferative capacities. As cells move through the compartment, their proliferative capacity becomes more limited, their likelihood to be in cycle increases, and their commitment to a specific differentiated pathway increases. Experiments with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, 5-flurouracil, and BCNU demonstrate defects in proliferative potential of the surviving CFU-S population. These defects persist throughout the life of the animal without any evidence of recovery. The clinical implications of late stem cell failure may be important as a consideration in the use of cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "Nature of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment and its proliferative potential. The nature of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment has been the subject of much controversy. Data are presented to support the concept of a 'continuum' model of the stem cell compartment. The important characteristics of this model are that within the continuum there are cells with varying proliferative capacities. As cells move through the compartment, their proliferative capacity becomes more limited, their likelihood to be in cycle increases, and their commitment to a specific differentiated pathway increases. Experiments with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, 5-flurouracil, and BCNU demonstrate defects in proliferative potential of the surviving CFU-S population. These defects persist throughout the life of the animal without any evidence of recovery. The clinical implications of late stem cell failure may be important as a consideration in the use of cytotoxic agents.", "PMID": 555689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2352", "title": "Mechanisms of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation control.", "content": "The control of stem cell (CFU-S) proliferation is mediated by short-range acting factors which can be detected by the proliferation modifying activities present in media conditioned by haemopoietic cells. A specific inhibitor of stem cell proliferation is obtained from haemopoietic tissue containing minimally proliferating CFU-S, whilst stimulatory material is obtained from cell suspensions containing rapidly proliferating CFU-S. Used competitively, these factors, which are detected in different molecular weight range fractions, manipulate the rate of CFU-S proliferation in a manner compatible with a physiological control mechanism. In addition, a long-term bone marrow culture system has been shown to provide an in vitro model of stem cell control. Fractionation of cell populations from haemopoietic tissues reveals marked concentration differences of the CFU-S proliferation modifying activities depending on the proliferative state of the CFU-S. However, irrespective of whether the tissue contains stem cells that are actively or minimally proliferating, both stimulatory and inhibitory activities are detected. From dose-response studies it is concluded that stem cell proliferation is controlled by an appropriate balance of stimulatory and inhibitory factors which, however, are not produced by the stem cells themselves.", "contents": "Mechanisms of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation control. The control of stem cell (CFU-S) proliferation is mediated by short-range acting factors which can be detected by the proliferation modifying activities present in media conditioned by haemopoietic cells. A specific inhibitor of stem cell proliferation is obtained from haemopoietic tissue containing minimally proliferating CFU-S, whilst stimulatory material is obtained from cell suspensions containing rapidly proliferating CFU-S. Used competitively, these factors, which are detected in different molecular weight range fractions, manipulate the rate of CFU-S proliferation in a manner compatible with a physiological control mechanism. In addition, a long-term bone marrow culture system has been shown to provide an in vitro model of stem cell control. Fractionation of cell populations from haemopoietic tissues reveals marked concentration differences of the CFU-S proliferation modifying activities depending on the proliferative state of the CFU-S. However, irrespective of whether the tissue contains stem cells that are actively or minimally proliferating, both stimulatory and inhibitory activities are detected. From dose-response studies it is concluded that stem cell proliferation is controlled by an appropriate balance of stimulatory and inhibitory factors which, however, are not produced by the stem cells themselves.", "PMID": 555690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2353", "title": "Pluripotential stem cell replication in continuous human, prosimian, and murine bone marrow culture.", "content": "Prolonged replication of pluripotential stem cells and committed progenitor cells is sustained for prolonged periods in a murine marrow culture system. Alterations in stem cell replication and differentiation are observed after infection of the cultures with Friend virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus consistent with transformation of pluripotential stem cells in the first case and transformation of the macrophage component of the hemopoietic microenvironment in the second. Prolonged myelopoiesis and CFU-c proliferation was also observed in continuous human and prosimian marrow cultures, suggesting the applicability of this technique for analysis of stem cell control and in vitro leukemogenesis in species other than the mouse.", "contents": "Pluripotential stem cell replication in continuous human, prosimian, and murine bone marrow culture. Prolonged replication of pluripotential stem cells and committed progenitor cells is sustained for prolonged periods in a murine marrow culture system. Alterations in stem cell replication and differentiation are observed after infection of the cultures with Friend virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus consistent with transformation of pluripotential stem cells in the first case and transformation of the macrophage component of the hemopoietic microenvironment in the second. Prolonged myelopoiesis and CFU-c proliferation was also observed in continuous human and prosimian marrow cultures, suggesting the applicability of this technique for analysis of stem cell control and in vitro leukemogenesis in species other than the mouse.", "PMID": 555691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2354", "title": "The effects of humoral factors on amplification of nonrecognizable erythrocytic and granulocytic precursors.", "content": "These studies were to evaluate the effects of humoral factors on amplification of nonrecognizable erythrocytic and granulocytic precursors by the in vivo plasma clot diffusion chamber and the in vitro plasma clot culture methods. Changes in the plasma erythropoietin levels in the reticulocyte concentration and hematocrits of irradiated and nonirradiated Long-Evans rats exposed to hypoxia were also determined. While erythropoietin plasma concentrations appeared to affect BFU-E and CFU-E growth, results suggest erythropoietin may not be the sole regulator of red cell production and that inhibitors of chalone-like mechanisms may be involved. Measurements made on granulocyte precursors treated with colony stimulating factor (CSF) containing L-cell-conditioned medium revealed granulocytic colonies and burst-like formations similar to those seen for erythrocytic growth. There is strong evidence suggesting that CSF is a regulator of granulopoiesis; however, it is not the sole regulator and it appears that inhibitors may play an in vivo role. Growth of colonies with cell numbers not a power of 2 implies either asymmetric mitosis due to loss of genetic information required for continuing division, or differences in concentrations of, or ability to recognize, inhibitory factors. These possibilities are examined in the light of results from in vivo and in vitro culture techniques.", "contents": "The effects of humoral factors on amplification of nonrecognizable erythrocytic and granulocytic precursors. These studies were to evaluate the effects of humoral factors on amplification of nonrecognizable erythrocytic and granulocytic precursors by the in vivo plasma clot diffusion chamber and the in vitro plasma clot culture methods. Changes in the plasma erythropoietin levels in the reticulocyte concentration and hematocrits of irradiated and nonirradiated Long-Evans rats exposed to hypoxia were also determined. While erythropoietin plasma concentrations appeared to affect BFU-E and CFU-E growth, results suggest erythropoietin may not be the sole regulator of red cell production and that inhibitors of chalone-like mechanisms may be involved. Measurements made on granulocyte precursors treated with colony stimulating factor (CSF) containing L-cell-conditioned medium revealed granulocytic colonies and burst-like formations similar to those seen for erythrocytic growth. There is strong evidence suggesting that CSF is a regulator of granulopoiesis; however, it is not the sole regulator and it appears that inhibitors may play an in vivo role. Growth of colonies with cell numbers not a power of 2 implies either asymmetric mitosis due to loss of genetic information required for continuing division, or differences in concentrations of, or ability to recognize, inhibitory factors. These possibilities are examined in the light of results from in vivo and in vitro culture techniques.", "PMID": 555692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2355", "title": "Forced differentiation of CFU-S by Iron-55 erythrocytocide.", "content": "Cascades of Auger electrons are emitted in the decay of 55Fe and absorbed in tissue within a 1 micrometer radius. Cytocidal amounts of 55Fe can therefore eliminate erythroid precursors with minimal damage to adjacent cells. A single intravenous injection leads to continued erythrocytocide in mice because the isotope is reutilized and has a 2.7 year half-life. The cytocide evokes an early compensatory response from morphologically unrecognizable precursors which differentiate into pronormoblasts. These early events leave the granuloid series undisturbed but they are accompanied by a precipitous fall in pluripotent stem cell (CFU-S) numbers in bone marrow, spleen, and blood. The pretreatment levels of CFU-S are not restored. Gradual decline of CFU-S is associated with intermittently increased turnover rates and reduced settings of cell production, yet the capacity for quick restoration of blood loss is unimpaired. The precipitous initial stem cell decrease is not caused by irradiation damage, as shown in a separate experimental series that used the frozen-storage cytocide technique. Only over several weeks could 55Fe radiation accumulate to lethal levels in nondividing stem cells. This irradiation is attributed to incorporation of small amounts of 55Fe into CFU-S, from where it is slowly cleared. The stem cell loss immediately following 55Fe injection is in our interpretation caused by rapid differentiation along the erythroid pathway in a response that involves all progenitor populations. Data are consistent with the hypothesis of limited cell renewal capacity which thereby gains further support.", "contents": "Forced differentiation of CFU-S by Iron-55 erythrocytocide. Cascades of Auger electrons are emitted in the decay of 55Fe and absorbed in tissue within a 1 micrometer radius. Cytocidal amounts of 55Fe can therefore eliminate erythroid precursors with minimal damage to adjacent cells. A single intravenous injection leads to continued erythrocytocide in mice because the isotope is reutilized and has a 2.7 year half-life. The cytocide evokes an early compensatory response from morphologically unrecognizable precursors which differentiate into pronormoblasts. These early events leave the granuloid series undisturbed but they are accompanied by a precipitous fall in pluripotent stem cell (CFU-S) numbers in bone marrow, spleen, and blood. The pretreatment levels of CFU-S are not restored. Gradual decline of CFU-S is associated with intermittently increased turnover rates and reduced settings of cell production, yet the capacity for quick restoration of blood loss is unimpaired. The precipitous initial stem cell decrease is not caused by irradiation damage, as shown in a separate experimental series that used the frozen-storage cytocide technique. Only over several weeks could 55Fe radiation accumulate to lethal levels in nondividing stem cells. This irradiation is attributed to incorporation of small amounts of 55Fe into CFU-S, from where it is slowly cleared. The stem cell loss immediately following 55Fe injection is in our interpretation caused by rapid differentiation along the erythroid pathway in a response that involves all progenitor populations. Data are consistent with the hypothesis of limited cell renewal capacity which thereby gains further support.", "PMID": 555693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2356", "title": "Marrow flask cultures -- a system for examining early erythropoietic differentiation events.", "content": "A technique for observing in flask cultures the differentiation and proliferation of murine CFU-S into each of the three myeloid lines is described. The differentiation of cells along the erythroid pathway is arrested at a very early stage making it possible to obtain large numbers of primitive erythropoietic cells derived from adult murine bone marrow. The pattern of differentiation obtained from these BFU-E suggests that the capacity for granulopoiesis is usually lost before a committment to either megakaryopoiesis or erythropoiesis is made.", "contents": "Marrow flask cultures -- a system for examining early erythropoietic differentiation events. A technique for observing in flask cultures the differentiation and proliferation of murine CFU-S into each of the three myeloid lines is described. The differentiation of cells along the erythroid pathway is arrested at a very early stage making it possible to obtain large numbers of primitive erythropoietic cells derived from adult murine bone marrow. The pattern of differentiation obtained from these BFU-E suggests that the capacity for granulopoiesis is usually lost before a committment to either megakaryopoiesis or erythropoiesis is made.", "PMID": 555694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2357", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of erythropoietin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin has been developed using 125I labeled pure human erythropoietin and an anti-erythropoietin antiserum produced in a rabbit immunized with human erythropoietin. Two techniques are presented for labeling erythropoietin, both resulting in an immunologically reactive labeled reactant. One method involves the use of lactoperoxidase and the other a reagent known as IODO-GEN. The second International Reference Preparation of human erythropoietin is used as a standard and a double antibody scheme is used for the separation of the free and antibody bound labeled hormone. The radioimmunoassay is sensitive to an absolute amount of erythropoietin equivalent to 0.4 milliunits. Bioassays for erythropoietin require approximately 100 times this amount. The use of pure erythropoietin as the labeled reactant has removed certain discrepancies seen in previous attempts to develop radioimmunoassays for this hormone, e.g., sera from patients without kidneys do not give the high values previously seen. Sera from anemic individuals not only give rise to high radioimmunoassay values but also show a parallel relationship with the erythropoietin standard when halving dilutions are analyzed. Desialated erythropoietin is also reactive with the same parallelism. Bleeding of a normal individual increases the serum erythropoietin level and transfusion decreases it. Erythropoietin from a variety of laboratory animals is also reactive in the radioimmunoassay, with very high values being observed in hypoxic animals.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of erythropoietin. A radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin has been developed using 125I labeled pure human erythropoietin and an anti-erythropoietin antiserum produced in a rabbit immunized with human erythropoietin. Two techniques are presented for labeling erythropoietin, both resulting in an immunologically reactive labeled reactant. One method involves the use of lactoperoxidase and the other a reagent known as IODO-GEN. The second International Reference Preparation of human erythropoietin is used as a standard and a double antibody scheme is used for the separation of the free and antibody bound labeled hormone. The radioimmunoassay is sensitive to an absolute amount of erythropoietin equivalent to 0.4 milliunits. Bioassays for erythropoietin require approximately 100 times this amount. The use of pure erythropoietin as the labeled reactant has removed certain discrepancies seen in previous attempts to develop radioimmunoassays for this hormone, e.g., sera from patients without kidneys do not give the high values previously seen. Sera from anemic individuals not only give rise to high radioimmunoassay values but also show a parallel relationship with the erythropoietin standard when halving dilutions are analyzed. Desialated erythropoietin is also reactive with the same parallelism. Bleeding of a normal individual increases the serum erythropoietin level and transfusion decreases it. Erythropoietin from a variety of laboratory animals is also reactive in the radioimmunoassay, with very high values being observed in hypoxic animals.", "PMID": 555695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2358", "title": "Absence of erythroblastic islands in plasma clot culture and their possible reconstitution after clot lysis.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of erythroid colonies derived from human peripheral blood and growing in plasma clot culture have confirmed the absence of a macrophage inside each colony of erythroblasts. However, when macrophages and erythroblasts were liberated from the semisolid media by clot lysis, these two types of cells rapidly acquired intimate contacts, suggesting the reconstitution of any erythroblastic island. The possible significance of this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Absence of erythroblastic islands in plasma clot culture and their possible reconstitution after clot lysis. Ultrastructural studies of erythroid colonies derived from human peripheral blood and growing in plasma clot culture have confirmed the absence of a macrophage inside each colony of erythroblasts. However, when macrophages and erythroblasts were liberated from the semisolid media by clot lysis, these two types of cells rapidly acquired intimate contacts, suggesting the reconstitution of any erythroblastic island. The possible significance of this phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 555698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2359", "title": "Lymphocyte recirculation and the gut: the cellular basis of humoral immunity in the intestine.", "content": "During the last 15 years evidence has accumulated which shows that the B immunoblasts generated in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in response to antigenic stimuli from the intestinal tract are discharged into the intestinal lymph. The lymph stream carries them to the blood but most of them soon extravasate in the gut (and some other mucosae) and develop into plasma cells which synthesise secretory immunoglobulins. In sheep, there is some evidence that these cells may be derived initially from a sub-set of small lymphocytes which circulate preferentially through the GALT, but the situation in rodents is less clear. However, in most species it is becoming clear that although some of the antibodies produced by the sub-mucosal plasma cells are secreted directly into the lumen of the gut many find their way, via the lymph, into the blood and, if in the form of polymeric IgA, they are rapidly and actively transported by the hepatocytes into the bile and thus gain direct access to the duodenum in concert with the entry of freshly ingested food and bacteria.", "contents": "Lymphocyte recirculation and the gut: the cellular basis of humoral immunity in the intestine. During the last 15 years evidence has accumulated which shows that the B immunoblasts generated in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in response to antigenic stimuli from the intestinal tract are discharged into the intestinal lymph. The lymph stream carries them to the blood but most of them soon extravasate in the gut (and some other mucosae) and develop into plasma cells which synthesise secretory immunoglobulins. In sheep, there is some evidence that these cells may be derived initially from a sub-set of small lymphocytes which circulate preferentially through the GALT, but the situation in rodents is less clear. However, in most species it is becoming clear that although some of the antibodies produced by the sub-mucosal plasma cells are secreted directly into the lumen of the gut many find their way, via the lymph, into the blood and, if in the form of polymeric IgA, they are rapidly and actively transported by the hepatocytes into the bile and thus gain direct access to the duodenum in concert with the entry of freshly ingested food and bacteria.", "PMID": 555699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2360", "title": "Enzyme release and morphological changes in leukocytes induced by mechanical trauma.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes exposed to mechanical trauma in vitro will release enzymes both from azurophilic and specific granules at shear stress levels of between 75 and 150 dyn/cm2 for 10 min. In addition, at these shear stresses the leukocyte count in whole blood decreased only slightly and the number of ruptured leukocytes on Wright-stained blood films increased significantly. At higher shear stresses, enzyme release and leukocyte damage increased monotonically. Transmission electron microscopy evaluation of sheared PMNs revealed that remaining intact cells had minor morphological changes at stresses of 150 dyn/cm2. They were characterized by clublike cytoplasmic potrusions, spherical shape, and a circumferential distribution of cytoplasmic granules. At higher shear stresses (600 dyn/cm2) cell destruction was marked. Intact PMNs contained fewer cytoplasmic granules, a large number of vacuoles, and condensed nuclear chromatin. These studies show that PMN morphology and function are at least as sensitive to mechanical trauma as similar platelet alterations seen in other studies.", "contents": "Enzyme release and morphological changes in leukocytes induced by mechanical trauma. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes exposed to mechanical trauma in vitro will release enzymes both from azurophilic and specific granules at shear stress levels of between 75 and 150 dyn/cm2 for 10 min. In addition, at these shear stresses the leukocyte count in whole blood decreased only slightly and the number of ruptured leukocytes on Wright-stained blood films increased significantly. At higher shear stresses, enzyme release and leukocyte damage increased monotonically. Transmission electron microscopy evaluation of sheared PMNs revealed that remaining intact cells had minor morphological changes at stresses of 150 dyn/cm2. They were characterized by clublike cytoplasmic potrusions, spherical shape, and a circumferential distribution of cytoplasmic granules. At higher shear stresses (600 dyn/cm2) cell destruction was marked. Intact PMNs contained fewer cytoplasmic granules, a large number of vacuoles, and condensed nuclear chromatin. These studies show that PMN morphology and function are at least as sensitive to mechanical trauma as similar platelet alterations seen in other studies.", "PMID": 555700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2361", "title": "Iron deficiency and dyserythropoiesis in bilharzial and non-bilharzial patients.", "content": "The degree of dyserythropoiesis was studied in bilharzial patients with iron deficiency anaemia. It provides a reliable indication of the severity of iron deficiency as measured by the serum iron and total iron binding capacity. A positive correlation has been found between the percentage incidence of dyserythropoiesis in the bone marrow and both the serum iron and percentage of iron saturation.", "contents": "Iron deficiency and dyserythropoiesis in bilharzial and non-bilharzial patients. The degree of dyserythropoiesis was studied in bilharzial patients with iron deficiency anaemia. It provides a reliable indication of the severity of iron deficiency as measured by the serum iron and total iron binding capacity. A positive correlation has been found between the percentage incidence of dyserythropoiesis in the bone marrow and both the serum iron and percentage of iron saturation.", "PMID": 555749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2362", "title": "Studies on certain serum enzymatic activities in hepatosplenic bilharziasis.", "content": "Determination of serum enzymatic activities in hepatosplenic bilharziasis (H.S.B.) were conducted in 100 bilharzial patients, in different stages and 30 controls SGot, SGPT, ALK pH, ALD and SLDH with its both fractions heat stable and labile.). Early elevation of serum enzymatic activities of SGOT, SGPT and SALK. pH, may be considered as a sensitive parameter for functional changes in H.S.B. rather than other conventional liver function tests. The elevated enzymic activity of total LDH in this study was associated with elevation in its both fractions. In particular, the changes in the total activity was in parallel with that of its heat labile fraction. The latter may be considered as a confirmatory test for marked deterioration of liver functions in H.S.B. The changes in the heat stable fraction was inconstant and may be attributed to extrahepatic bilharzial dissimilation. Significantly high serum enzymatic activity of SALD was found in cases of H.S.B. particularly those showing striking muscle wasting.", "contents": "Studies on certain serum enzymatic activities in hepatosplenic bilharziasis. Determination of serum enzymatic activities in hepatosplenic bilharziasis (H.S.B.) were conducted in 100 bilharzial patients, in different stages and 30 controls SGot, SGPT, ALK pH, ALD and SLDH with its both fractions heat stable and labile.). Early elevation of serum enzymatic activities of SGOT, SGPT and SALK. pH, may be considered as a sensitive parameter for functional changes in H.S.B. rather than other conventional liver function tests. The elevated enzymic activity of total LDH in this study was associated with elevation in its both fractions. In particular, the changes in the total activity was in parallel with that of its heat labile fraction. The latter may be considered as a confirmatory test for marked deterioration of liver functions in H.S.B. The changes in the heat stable fraction was inconstant and may be attributed to extrahepatic bilharzial dissimilation. Significantly high serum enzymatic activity of SALD was found in cases of H.S.B. particularly those showing striking muscle wasting.", "PMID": 555751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2363", "title": "Studies on bilharzial dysentery: the relation among the egg count, the number of bowel motion and the antibody titre and the relation between the schistosomal antibody titre as detected by indirect haemagglutination test and the size of the wheal area of the intradermal test.", "content": "The authors studied the relation among the egg count, the number of motions and the antibody titer in 185 patients suffering from bilharzial dysentery. They found that no significant relation between the level of antibody titre and the number of ova and also no relation between egg count and number of motions but a significant relation between the number of bowel motions and the level of antibody titre was recorded. An auto-immune mechanism in Schistosoma mansoni has also been shown in this work but it needs further proof. On the other hand two diagnostic tests were performed namely the intradermal test and the indirect haemagglutination test. The former gave 84% positivity while the latter gave 94% positivity. In comparing the wheal size of the intradermal test and the titre of haemagglutination, it has been found that the wheal increases in size with rise of the titre. Therefore the wheal size can roughly suggest the level of immunity of the patient.", "contents": "Studies on bilharzial dysentery: the relation among the egg count, the number of bowel motion and the antibody titre and the relation between the schistosomal antibody titre as detected by indirect haemagglutination test and the size of the wheal area of the intradermal test. The authors studied the relation among the egg count, the number of motions and the antibody titer in 185 patients suffering from bilharzial dysentery. They found that no significant relation between the level of antibody titre and the number of ova and also no relation between egg count and number of motions but a significant relation between the number of bowel motions and the level of antibody titre was recorded. An auto-immune mechanism in Schistosoma mansoni has also been shown in this work but it needs further proof. On the other hand two diagnostic tests were performed namely the intradermal test and the indirect haemagglutination test. The former gave 84% positivity while the latter gave 94% positivity. In comparing the wheal size of the intradermal test and the titre of haemagglutination, it has been found that the wheal increases in size with rise of the titre. Therefore the wheal size can roughly suggest the level of immunity of the patient.", "PMID": 555752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2364", "title": "Effect of schistosomal infection on some functional activities of blood platelets.", "content": "The present study deals with the quantitative and the qualitative platelet functions and their relation to the different stages of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. The work has been carried on 40 subjects as non-bilharzial control, and 54 patients with schistosomiasis in the different stages of the disease. The statistical analysis of the results obtained, showed no difference in both the quantitative and the qualitative platelet functions in the early active intestinal bilharziasis, when compared to the non-bilharzial control group. The impairment in the platelet functions started to be evident in the group of hepatosplenomegalic bilharziasis and became most obvious in the splenomegalic and ascitic stages. This denotes that there was a correlation between the impairment of both the quantitative and the qualitative platelet functions and the progress of the disease.", "contents": "Effect of schistosomal infection on some functional activities of blood platelets. The present study deals with the quantitative and the qualitative platelet functions and their relation to the different stages of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. The work has been carried on 40 subjects as non-bilharzial control, and 54 patients with schistosomiasis in the different stages of the disease. The statistical analysis of the results obtained, showed no difference in both the quantitative and the qualitative platelet functions in the early active intestinal bilharziasis, when compared to the non-bilharzial control group. The impairment in the platelet functions started to be evident in the group of hepatosplenomegalic bilharziasis and became most obvious in the splenomegalic and ascitic stages. This denotes that there was a correlation between the impairment of both the quantitative and the qualitative platelet functions and the progress of the disease.", "PMID": 555753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2365", "title": "Biochemical effects of niridazole. I. In vitro and in vivo effect of niridazole on the rate of gluconeogenesis and oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in mice.", "content": "The effects of the antischistosomal drug, niridazole, on the rate of gluconeogenesis in kidney cortex slices and on the rate of oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in liver homogenate of non infected mice were determined. In vitro, niridazole was found to inhibit the succinate and pyruvate oxidation at the high concentration tested (10(-3)M). The rate of gluconeogenesis from alpha-ketoglutarate was unaffected. In vivo, niridazole showed a stimulatory effect on the rate of gluconeogenesis from alpha-ketoglutarate and on the rate of oxidation of pyruvate at a dosage level of 100 mg/kg for 5 days. The observed changes were discussed and the differences observed between the in vivo and in vitro work were assumed to be due to exposure of the tissues to the unmetabolized drug in vitro and to the drug and its metabolites in vivo.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of niridazole. I. In vitro and in vivo effect of niridazole on the rate of gluconeogenesis and oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in mice. The effects of the antischistosomal drug, niridazole, on the rate of gluconeogenesis in kidney cortex slices and on the rate of oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in liver homogenate of non infected mice were determined. In vitro, niridazole was found to inhibit the succinate and pyruvate oxidation at the high concentration tested (10(-3)M). The rate of gluconeogenesis from alpha-ketoglutarate was unaffected. In vivo, niridazole showed a stimulatory effect on the rate of gluconeogenesis from alpha-ketoglutarate and on the rate of oxidation of pyruvate at a dosage level of 100 mg/kg for 5 days. The observed changes were discussed and the differences observed between the in vivo and in vitro work were assumed to be due to exposure of the tissues to the unmetabolized drug in vitro and to the drug and its metabolites in vivo.", "PMID": 555754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2366", "title": "Biochemical effects of niridazole. II. In vitro and in vivo effects of niridazole on the rate of gluconeogenesis and the rate of oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice.", "content": "The effects of the antischistosomal drug, niridazole, on the rate of gluconeogenesis in kidney cortex slices and on the rate of oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in liver homogenates of infected mice were described. The effect of schistosoma mansoni infection on the previously mentioned parameters was also described. The infection per se did not affect the rate of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate when used as gluconeogenic precursors. In case of the rates of oxidation of pyruvate, succinate alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate, the infection decreased them significantly. In vitro, niridazole did not increase the inhibition of the rate of oxidation of different substances studied caused by the infection per se. The rate of gluconeogenesis from alpha-ketoglutarate was also unaffected. In vivo, niridazole did not affect the oxidoreductases more than did the infection per se. In fact in many cases, the drug tended to normalize the inhibitory effect of the infection on some of the enzyme systems, particularly in the case of the citrate succinate and pyruvate. On administration of 100 mg/kg of niridazole for 5 days (i.e. low dosage only) the rate of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate was stimulated. Such effects seem to be related to the presence of metabolites rather than to the parent drug.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of niridazole. II. In vitro and in vivo effects of niridazole on the rate of gluconeogenesis and the rate of oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. The effects of the antischistosomal drug, niridazole, on the rate of gluconeogenesis in kidney cortex slices and on the rate of oxidation of pyruvate and some Krebs cycle intermediates in liver homogenates of infected mice were described. The effect of schistosoma mansoni infection on the previously mentioned parameters was also described. The infection per se did not affect the rate of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate when used as gluconeogenic precursors. In case of the rates of oxidation of pyruvate, succinate alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate, the infection decreased them significantly. In vitro, niridazole did not increase the inhibition of the rate of oxidation of different substances studied caused by the infection per se. The rate of gluconeogenesis from alpha-ketoglutarate was also unaffected. In vivo, niridazole did not affect the oxidoreductases more than did the infection per se. In fact in many cases, the drug tended to normalize the inhibitory effect of the infection on some of the enzyme systems, particularly in the case of the citrate succinate and pyruvate. On administration of 100 mg/kg of niridazole for 5 days (i.e. low dosage only) the rate of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate was stimulated. Such effects seem to be related to the presence of metabolites rather than to the parent drug.", "PMID": 555755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2367", "title": "A preliminary report on the materno-foetal immunological changes in schistosomiasis. I. Immunoglobulin changes.", "content": "Twenty five simple bilharzial pregnant females together with eight control non-bilharzial gravid women were included in this study. Quantitation of immunoglobulins G and M was performed on both maternal and cord blood sera. The transmission of IgG through the placenta was suggested by the trend for positive correlation between foetal and maternal IgG levels. Maternal IgG was significantly higher in the active bilharzial group compared with the non-active group. Foetal IgM was significantly higher in the active bilharzial group compared with the control non-bilharzial cases.", "contents": "A preliminary report on the materno-foetal immunological changes in schistosomiasis. I. Immunoglobulin changes. Twenty five simple bilharzial pregnant females together with eight control non-bilharzial gravid women were included in this study. Quantitation of immunoglobulins G and M was performed on both maternal and cord blood sera. The transmission of IgG through the placenta was suggested by the trend for positive correlation between foetal and maternal IgG levels. Maternal IgG was significantly higher in the active bilharzial group compared with the non-active group. Foetal IgM was significantly higher in the active bilharzial group compared with the control non-bilharzial cases.", "PMID": 555756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2368", "title": "A preliminary report on materno-foetal immunological changes in schistosomiasis. II. Circulating antigens and antibodies.", "content": "Twenty five pregnant simple bilharzial patients together with 8 non-bilharzial pregnant women and 14 bilharzial non-pregnant females were included in this study. Circulating bilharzial antigens were tested in all groups by the IHA technique. Both IHA and COP were used for detection of bilharzial antibodies in the same groups. Bilharzial antigenaemia was higher in pregnant bilharzial women than in non-pregnant ones. The bilharzial antibodies were detectable in a smaller percentage of bilharzial pregnant women than in non-pregnant ones. Also, the IHA antibody titers and COP grades were lower in the former than in the latter; a total picture suggestive of depressed humoral immune response in pregnant bilharzial women. The passage of circulating bilharzial antigens and antibodies through the placenta to the foetus is demonstrated.", "contents": "A preliminary report on materno-foetal immunological changes in schistosomiasis. II. Circulating antigens and antibodies. Twenty five pregnant simple bilharzial patients together with 8 non-bilharzial pregnant women and 14 bilharzial non-pregnant females were included in this study. Circulating bilharzial antigens were tested in all groups by the IHA technique. Both IHA and COP were used for detection of bilharzial antibodies in the same groups. Bilharzial antigenaemia was higher in pregnant bilharzial women than in non-pregnant ones. The bilharzial antibodies were detectable in a smaller percentage of bilharzial pregnant women than in non-pregnant ones. Also, the IHA antibody titers and COP grades were lower in the former than in the latter; a total picture suggestive of depressed humoral immune response in pregnant bilharzial women. The passage of circulating bilharzial antigens and antibodies through the placenta to the foetus is demonstrated.", "PMID": 555757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2369", "title": "Prevalence of schistosomiasis among fishermen of Lake Maryut.", "content": "A survey was carried out to investigate the presence of Bilharziasis among the fishermen of the lake Maryut. Schistosoma mansoni is more prevalent, than S. haematobium among fishermen of lake Maryut. Biomphalaria alexandrina, snails were prevalent around the lake specially in places of low salinity, where fresh water discharges exist. Bulinus truncatus snails were not found during the time of the present survey and more frequent surveys are needed. There is an inverse relation between the number of snails and the salinity of the water. Since the salinity of the water is decreasing by time as a result of the increased discharge of agricultural and domestic waste into the lake, Bilharziasis infection may increase among the fishermen. This situation needs more attention from public health authorities in the area.", "contents": "Prevalence of schistosomiasis among fishermen of Lake Maryut. A survey was carried out to investigate the presence of Bilharziasis among the fishermen of the lake Maryut. Schistosoma mansoni is more prevalent, than S. haematobium among fishermen of lake Maryut. Biomphalaria alexandrina, snails were prevalent around the lake specially in places of low salinity, where fresh water discharges exist. Bulinus truncatus snails were not found during the time of the present survey and more frequent surveys are needed. There is an inverse relation between the number of snails and the salinity of the water. Since the salinity of the water is decreasing by time as a result of the increased discharge of agricultural and domestic waste into the lake, Bilharziasis infection may increase among the fishermen. This situation needs more attention from public health authorities in the area.", "PMID": 555758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2370", "title": "Left ventricular dysfunction after intravenous tartar emetic.", "content": "Left ventricular dysfunction had been reported in many patients suffering from schistosomal cor pulmonale. The nocuous agents affecting the left ventricle have not been defined. Antischistosomal therapy is suspected to contribute in the adverse effects on the myocardium, particularly antimonials and niridazole. In this study, the left ventricular performance was studied in 29 patients suffering from schistosomiasis before and 30 min after i.v. therapeutic dose of a tartar emetic. After the injection, the PEPI and PEPI/LVETI were increased, the LVETI was abbreviated, EF. was reduced, the LVEDP was raised, the peak dp/dt and the Vmax were reduced. Toxic effects of the T.E. on the myocardium and diminished contractility of the left ventricle were presumed to be caused by T.E. Other factors adversely affecting the myocardium in patients suffering from schistosomiasis cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Left ventricular dysfunction after intravenous tartar emetic. Left ventricular dysfunction had been reported in many patients suffering from schistosomal cor pulmonale. The nocuous agents affecting the left ventricle have not been defined. Antischistosomal therapy is suspected to contribute in the adverse effects on the myocardium, particularly antimonials and niridazole. In this study, the left ventricular performance was studied in 29 patients suffering from schistosomiasis before and 30 min after i.v. therapeutic dose of a tartar emetic. After the injection, the PEPI and PEPI/LVETI were increased, the LVETI was abbreviated, EF. was reduced, the LVEDP was raised, the peak dp/dt and the Vmax were reduced. Toxic effects of the T.E. on the myocardium and diminished contractility of the left ventricle were presumed to be caused by T.E. Other factors adversely affecting the myocardium in patients suffering from schistosomiasis cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 555759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2371", "title": "Effect of some herbicides on the toxicity of certain molluscacides against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.", "content": "Studies dealing with the effect of some herbicides on the molluscicidal action of certain molluscicides against B. alexandrina have been carried out. In the first part of the study the toxicity of 3 molluscicides (Copper sulphate, Niclosamide and Frescon) and 3 herbicides (Gramaxone, Preforan and Treflan) was tested individually. Results indicated that the molluscicides were more potent than the herbicides. In the second part, snails were exposed for 24 hr to one of the tested herbicides using LC0 or (Sub. lethal conc) then the toxicity of molluscicides was determined among the same snails. Data indicated that pre-exposure to herbicides caused a synergistic action with copper sulphate, while with Niclosamide and Frescon marked antagonistic effect was observed. In the third part molluscicides and herbicides were mixed in different ratios (1:2, 1:1 and 2:1) and the toxicity of the mixtures was tested. A synergistic effect was observed in the case of copper sulphate plus various herbicides especially with Treflan at 1:2 ratio. With Niclosamide and Frescon slight antagonistic effect was detected.", "contents": "Effect of some herbicides on the toxicity of certain molluscacides against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Studies dealing with the effect of some herbicides on the molluscicidal action of certain molluscicides against B. alexandrina have been carried out. In the first part of the study the toxicity of 3 molluscicides (Copper sulphate, Niclosamide and Frescon) and 3 herbicides (Gramaxone, Preforan and Treflan) was tested individually. Results indicated that the molluscicides were more potent than the herbicides. In the second part, snails were exposed for 24 hr to one of the tested herbicides using LC0 or (Sub. lethal conc) then the toxicity of molluscicides was determined among the same snails. Data indicated that pre-exposure to herbicides caused a synergistic action with copper sulphate, while with Niclosamide and Frescon marked antagonistic effect was observed. In the third part molluscicides and herbicides were mixed in different ratios (1:2, 1:1 and 2:1) and the toxicity of the mixtures was tested. A synergistic effect was observed in the case of copper sulphate plus various herbicides especially with Treflan at 1:2 ratio. With Niclosamide and Frescon slight antagonistic effect was detected.", "PMID": 555760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2372", "title": "Interactions of endogenous rhythms during postnatal development. Observations of behaviour and polygraphic studies in one normal infant.", "content": "The spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour of a male infant, normal with respect to pregnancy, delivery and Apgar score, was observed continuously from birth till the first four months of life. Additionally sleep stages were registered polygraphically during several weeks. The infant was allowed to sleep and awake according to his own schedule. It could be demonstrated that the spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour was mainly driven by 3 endogenous rhythms : The Basic rest activity cycle with a period of about 50 minutes, a 4-hour cycle already established during the first 2 weeks of life and a circadian rhythm which developed during the second month of life. So far the presented results support earlier studies of Kleitman and Engelmann, Sterman and Hoppenbrouwers, Hellbrugge etc. The present study, however, gives further evidence, that these rhythms do not run independently, but constitute a system of interacting oscillators.", "contents": "Interactions of endogenous rhythms during postnatal development. Observations of behaviour and polygraphic studies in one normal infant. The spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour of a male infant, normal with respect to pregnancy, delivery and Apgar score, was observed continuously from birth till the first four months of life. Additionally sleep stages were registered polygraphically during several weeks. The infant was allowed to sleep and awake according to his own schedule. It could be demonstrated that the spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour was mainly driven by 3 endogenous rhythms : The Basic rest activity cycle with a period of about 50 minutes, a 4-hour cycle already established during the first 2 weeks of life and a circadian rhythm which developed during the second month of life. So far the presented results support earlier studies of Kleitman and Engelmann, Sterman and Hoppenbrouwers, Hellbrugge etc. The present study, however, gives further evidence, that these rhythms do not run independently, but constitute a system of interacting oscillators.", "PMID": 555763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2373", "title": "Rhythmometry gauges treatment of mesor-hypertension in the seventh and eight decades of life.", "content": "Autorhythmometry of blood pressure by an individual over an age-span of 67 to 72 years showed a strong circadian rhythm superimposed upon significant circaseptan and circannual rhythms. Automatic BP monitoring with an Arteriosonde throughout 24-hour spans on 4 separate occasions, before and during treatment, also indicated a prominent circadian BP rhythm and a treatment-related reduction in circadian mesor. The concept of a blood pressure mesor reference for the antimesor-hypertensive treatment constitutes a valuable guideline in the control of \"familial\" mesor-hypertension.", "contents": "Rhythmometry gauges treatment of mesor-hypertension in the seventh and eight decades of life. Autorhythmometry of blood pressure by an individual over an age-span of 67 to 72 years showed a strong circadian rhythm superimposed upon significant circaseptan and circannual rhythms. Automatic BP monitoring with an Arteriosonde throughout 24-hour spans on 4 separate occasions, before and during treatment, also indicated a prominent circadian BP rhythm and a treatment-related reduction in circadian mesor. The concept of a blood pressure mesor reference for the antimesor-hypertensive treatment constitutes a valuable guideline in the control of \"familial\" mesor-hypertension.", "PMID": 555762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2374", "title": "Chronobiological aspects of stereotyped motor behaviour in mentally retarded children.", "content": "Normally developed children show many diverse patterns of behaviour. By contrast, the behaviour of severely mentally retarded children is restricted mainly to primitive motor acts called stereotypes. Due to the severity of the mental retardation, these children are also markedly reduced in their susceptibility to environmental influences. Systematic observations of the pathological motor patterns of these children make it feasible to investigate possible endogenous mechanisms related to these primitive motor activities. The stereotyped motor behaviours of six severely mentally handicapped children were observed continuously for several days. Each child performed at least two forms of stereotyped behaviour. Using spectra of variance and cross-correlation analysis, the data were investigated with respect to underlying periodicities. A 2.5-hour cycle was consistently found in every stereotyped activity observed. Furthermore, stable phase relationships were revealed between the periodic variations of different stereotyped movements in one and the same child. Thus the temporal courses of hand and oral stereotypes were synchronous, whereas head and whole-body stereotypes were delayed by half a phase with respect to stereotyped hand waving. A possible relationship is discussed between the 2.5-hour periodicity of stereotyped behaviour and Kleitman's \"Basic Rest Activity Cycle\".", "contents": "Chronobiological aspects of stereotyped motor behaviour in mentally retarded children. Normally developed children show many diverse patterns of behaviour. By contrast, the behaviour of severely mentally retarded children is restricted mainly to primitive motor acts called stereotypes. Due to the severity of the mental retardation, these children are also markedly reduced in their susceptibility to environmental influences. Systematic observations of the pathological motor patterns of these children make it feasible to investigate possible endogenous mechanisms related to these primitive motor activities. The stereotyped motor behaviours of six severely mentally handicapped children were observed continuously for several days. Each child performed at least two forms of stereotyped behaviour. Using spectra of variance and cross-correlation analysis, the data were investigated with respect to underlying periodicities. A 2.5-hour cycle was consistently found in every stereotyped activity observed. Furthermore, stable phase relationships were revealed between the periodic variations of different stereotyped movements in one and the same child. Thus the temporal courses of hand and oral stereotypes were synchronous, whereas head and whole-body stereotypes were delayed by half a phase with respect to stereotyped hand waving. A possible relationship is discussed between the 2.5-hour periodicity of stereotyped behaviour and Kleitman's \"Basic Rest Activity Cycle\".", "PMID": 555764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2375", "title": "Schedule shifts, life quality and quantity--modeled by murine blood pressure elevation and arthropod life span.", "content": "During the span from 50 to 100 days and beyond, the male stroke-prone Okamoto rat develops systolic blood pressure measures in excess of 200 mm Hg. In the course of developing such a marked elevation in systolic blood pressure mean, this intermittently handled male Okamoto rat exhibits a statistically significant circadian rhythm with large amplitude. This amplitude may represent, at least in part, a response to intermittent handling; it is several times larger than the amplitude for spontaneously mesor-hypertensive (but not stroke-prone) female animals of the same age.", "contents": "Schedule shifts, life quality and quantity--modeled by murine blood pressure elevation and arthropod life span. During the span from 50 to 100 days and beyond, the male stroke-prone Okamoto rat develops systolic blood pressure measures in excess of 200 mm Hg. In the course of developing such a marked elevation in systolic blood pressure mean, this intermittently handled male Okamoto rat exhibits a statistically significant circadian rhythm with large amplitude. This amplitude may represent, at least in part, a response to intermittent handling; it is several times larger than the amplitude for spontaneously mesor-hypertensive (but not stroke-prone) female animals of the same age.", "PMID": 555765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2376", "title": "[Prognosis of diaphragmatic hernia through Bochdalek's foramen during the neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse 46 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia through Bochdalek's foramen, discovered during the neonatal period. An autopsy study showed the various causes of postoperative mortality, and the authors studied pre, per and postoperative prognosis. A search for the causes and mechanisms of the complications suggested measures liable to improve survival. The authors tried from this data to determine the best management of this malformation.", "contents": "[Prognosis of diaphragmatic hernia through Bochdalek's foramen during the neonatal period (author's transl)]. The authors analyse 46 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia through Bochdalek's foramen, discovered during the neonatal period. An autopsy study showed the various causes of postoperative mortality, and the authors studied pre, per and postoperative prognosis. A search for the causes and mechanisms of the complications suggested measures liable to improve survival. The authors tried from this data to determine the best management of this malformation.", "PMID": 555766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2377", "title": "[Primary gastric non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma. Report of 38 new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "38 cases of primary gastric non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma operated on between 1961 and 1978 are reported. They note two changes in the study of this localisation of malignant lymphomas: a diagnostic difference as the latter is more and more often made with certainly although histological difficulties persist, and a therapeutic difference as surgical removal is now associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The relative importance of these three methods depends on each case, and in the future will depend on careful assessment of the lesions, of which classification is now accepted by everyone.", "contents": "[Primary gastric non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma. Report of 38 new cases (author's transl)]. 38 cases of primary gastric non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma operated on between 1961 and 1978 are reported. They note two changes in the study of this localisation of malignant lymphomas: a diagnostic difference as the latter is more and more often made with certainly although histological difficulties persist, and a therapeutic difference as surgical removal is now associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The relative importance of these three methods depends on each case, and in the future will depend on careful assessment of the lesions, of which classification is now accepted by everyone.", "PMID": 555767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2378", "title": "[Interest and limits of estimation of the carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic and rectal (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt is made to define the usefulness and limitations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) radioimmunoassay for evaluation of diagnosis, tumor resection and detection of tumor relapse in 108 patients with colorectal carcinoma. Preoperative CEA levels were correlated with pathological stage and tumors localisations. Increasing levels of CEA were found with advanced stage of disease (Stage C and D lesions). Our results indicate: 1) that an incomplete drop in circulating CEA level one month after surgery was a bad prognostic sign; 2) that relapses of colon and rectum carcinoma can be detected by increased CEA levels months before the appearance of any clinical evidence.", "contents": "[Interest and limits of estimation of the carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic and rectal (author's transl)]. An attempt is made to define the usefulness and limitations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) radioimmunoassay for evaluation of diagnosis, tumor resection and detection of tumor relapse in 108 patients with colorectal carcinoma. Preoperative CEA levels were correlated with pathological stage and tumors localisations. Increasing levels of CEA were found with advanced stage of disease (Stage C and D lesions). Our results indicate: 1) that an incomplete drop in circulating CEA level one month after surgery was a bad prognostic sign; 2) that relapses of colon and rectum carcinoma can be detected by increased CEA levels months before the appearance of any clinical evidence.", "PMID": 555768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2379", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. Report of 21 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study 21 cases of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. All were due to road accidents and were associated with multiple injuries. They emphasise the importance of clinical and radiological examination and the often negative results of peritoneal dialysis. Assessment of the lesions should be carefully carried out by a medical and surgical team familiar with these problems. The mortality remains high in spite of rapid and early surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. Report of 21 cases (author's transl)]. The authors study 21 cases of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. All were due to road accidents and were associated with multiple injuries. They emphasise the importance of clinical and radiological examination and the often negative results of peritoneal dialysis. Assessment of the lesions should be carefully carried out by a medical and surgical team familiar with these problems. The mortality remains high in spite of rapid and early surgical treatment.", "PMID": 555769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2380", "title": "[Two cases of benign liver tumour in women on oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "Two benign liver tumours are described in women who had taken oral contraceptives. These were cases of focal nodular hyperplasia and a liver cell adenoma. These lesions are benign, and were discovered on routine examination as they were not responsible for any clinical sign, as is usual except in cases of peritoneal rupture, where the patient presents with a dramatic hemoperitoneum. Oral contraceptive were found to be associated as in many recent cases. Oestro-progestins were found to be responsible for an increase in hepatic metabolism, which gave rise to biochemical, histological and sometimes clinical changes in the form of jaundice or a tumour. There is no proof of this mechanism but the supervision of women on contraceptives should include a search for a hepatic tumour for which surgical treatment is necessary to prevent complications.", "contents": "[Two cases of benign liver tumour in women on oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. Two benign liver tumours are described in women who had taken oral contraceptives. These were cases of focal nodular hyperplasia and a liver cell adenoma. These lesions are benign, and were discovered on routine examination as they were not responsible for any clinical sign, as is usual except in cases of peritoneal rupture, where the patient presents with a dramatic hemoperitoneum. Oral contraceptive were found to be associated as in many recent cases. Oestro-progestins were found to be responsible for an increase in hepatic metabolism, which gave rise to biochemical, histological and sometimes clinical changes in the form of jaundice or a tumour. There is no proof of this mechanism but the supervision of women on contraceptives should include a search for a hepatic tumour for which surgical treatment is necessary to prevent complications.", "PMID": 555770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2381", "title": "[Treatment by a direct surgical approach of a false arterio-venous traumatic aneurysm between the vertebral artery and the internal jugular vein at the level of the atlas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of traumatic arteriovenous fistula between the vertebral artery and the internal jugular vein at the level of the atlas, treated successfully by a direct surgical approach which permitted exclusion after simple dissection. The relative ease of the surgical approach of the suboccipital segment of the vertebral artery may permit one to extend this technique to other more common indications, in particular due to atheroma.", "contents": "[Treatment by a direct surgical approach of a false arterio-venous traumatic aneurysm between the vertebral artery and the internal jugular vein at the level of the atlas (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of traumatic arteriovenous fistula between the vertebral artery and the internal jugular vein at the level of the atlas, treated successfully by a direct surgical approach which permitted exclusion after simple dissection. The relative ease of the surgical approach of the suboccipital segment of the vertebral artery may permit one to extend this technique to other more common indications, in particular due to atheroma.", "PMID": 555771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2382", "title": "[The organisation of perinatal care in a rural area. An enquiry into the Limousin Region (author's transl)].", "content": "Improvement in mortality and perinatal morbidity in rural areas is the result of: The appointment of qualified obstetricians. The provision of modern methods of obstetrical monitoring. The fact that \"'avoidable\" mortality and morbidity persist in these same rural districts is related to: Premature deliveries and the difficulties of transporting the premature babies. The survival of \"country deliveries\". We propose three solutions to improve perinatal care in these regions: Transformation of rural maternity units which are under-equipped into Centres where pregnancy can be monitored properly. Avoidance of transfer of the newborn by making it easier to transport the mother to Centres that have a good obstetric and paediatric unit. Provision of a real liaison between the unit that has the obstetrician and paediatrician in it and the district rural maternity services.", "contents": "[The organisation of perinatal care in a rural area. An enquiry into the Limousin Region (author's transl)]. Improvement in mortality and perinatal morbidity in rural areas is the result of: The appointment of qualified obstetricians. The provision of modern methods of obstetrical monitoring. The fact that \"'avoidable\" mortality and morbidity persist in these same rural districts is related to: Premature deliveries and the difficulties of transporting the premature babies. The survival of \"country deliveries\". We propose three solutions to improve perinatal care in these regions: Transformation of rural maternity units which are under-equipped into Centres where pregnancy can be monitored properly. Avoidance of transfer of the newborn by making it easier to transport the mother to Centres that have a good obstetric and paediatric unit. Provision of a real liaison between the unit that has the obstetrician and paediatrician in it and the district rural maternity services.", "PMID": 555778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2383", "title": "[Early amniocentesis, 1061 punctures and 1000 pregnancies].", "content": "The authors analysed 1061 early amniocentesis carried out during 1000 pregnancies. The indications were as follows: chromosomal abnormalities (79,6 p. 100), fetal karyotypes for X-linked diseases (4,7 p. 100), metabolic disorders (5,9 p. 100), amniotic fluid alpha-foetoprotein (9,8 p. 100) in neural tube defect or congenital nephrosis. Amniotic fluid was obtained on the first attempt in 98.2 p. 100 and on the second attempt in 100 p. 100. The fluid was heavily blood-stained in 1,7 p. 100, sanguinolent in 3,8 p. 100 and brownish in 2,40 p. 100. Cells were grown on the first attempt in 98 p. 100 and on the second attempt in 100 p. 100. The outcome of pregnancies was correlated with the indications of amniocentesis. The rate of spontaneous abortion is 1,7 p. 100, but only 6 of them can be due to amniocentesis (0,6 p. 100). Perinatal mortality was 1,8 p. 100: mortinatality (1,2 p. 100) and neonatal mortality (0.6 p. 100). All this fetal deaths have other causes. The fetal loss was 3,9 p. 100. Fetal morbidity was low: none fetal injuries, none cutaneous scar, few premature deliveries (1,6 p. 100), some malformations more or less serious (2,6 p. 100) with 4 congenital luxations of the hips (0,45 p 100). Maternal morbidity was limited at a greater cesarean section rate: 21 p. 100 (30 p. 100 in women 40 years old and more), none feto-maternal rhesus immunization was observed because immunoprophylaxis was strictly performed. The rate of therapeutic abortion was 4,6 p. 100 without any diagnostic error. Diagnostic accuracy was 100 p. 100. Several conditions are necessary to be the procedure safe accurate and reliable: appropriate genetic counseling, exact determination of gestational age (17 international weeks), sufficient volume of amniotic fluid counseling, exact determination of gestational age (17 international weeks), sufficient volume of amniotic fluid (uterus size: 12 cm), gynecologic examination by operator himself, perfect echography to localize the placenta and detect multiple gestations, adequately trained obstetrician, use of 20 gauge spinal needle, stric asepsis, experimented laboratory and experienced staff.", "contents": "[Early amniocentesis, 1061 punctures and 1000 pregnancies]. The authors analysed 1061 early amniocentesis carried out during 1000 pregnancies. The indications were as follows: chromosomal abnormalities (79,6 p. 100), fetal karyotypes for X-linked diseases (4,7 p. 100), metabolic disorders (5,9 p. 100), amniotic fluid alpha-foetoprotein (9,8 p. 100) in neural tube defect or congenital nephrosis. Amniotic fluid was obtained on the first attempt in 98.2 p. 100 and on the second attempt in 100 p. 100. The fluid was heavily blood-stained in 1,7 p. 100, sanguinolent in 3,8 p. 100 and brownish in 2,40 p. 100. Cells were grown on the first attempt in 98 p. 100 and on the second attempt in 100 p. 100. The outcome of pregnancies was correlated with the indications of amniocentesis. The rate of spontaneous abortion is 1,7 p. 100, but only 6 of them can be due to amniocentesis (0,6 p. 100). Perinatal mortality was 1,8 p. 100: mortinatality (1,2 p. 100) and neonatal mortality (0.6 p. 100). All this fetal deaths have other causes. The fetal loss was 3,9 p. 100. Fetal morbidity was low: none fetal injuries, none cutaneous scar, few premature deliveries (1,6 p. 100), some malformations more or less serious (2,6 p. 100) with 4 congenital luxations of the hips (0,45 p 100). Maternal morbidity was limited at a greater cesarean section rate: 21 p. 100 (30 p. 100 in women 40 years old and more), none feto-maternal rhesus immunization was observed because immunoprophylaxis was strictly performed. The rate of therapeutic abortion was 4,6 p. 100 without any diagnostic error. Diagnostic accuracy was 100 p. 100. Several conditions are necessary to be the procedure safe accurate and reliable: appropriate genetic counseling, exact determination of gestational age (17 international weeks), sufficient volume of amniotic fluid counseling, exact determination of gestational age (17 international weeks), sufficient volume of amniotic fluid (uterus size: 12 cm), gynecologic examination by operator himself, perfect echography to localize the placenta and detect multiple gestations, adequately trained obstetrician, use of 20 gauge spinal needle, stric asepsis, experimented laboratory and experienced staff.", "PMID": 555779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2384", "title": "[Thrombo-embolic disease and pregnancy. The prevention of pulmonary emboli by placing a clip on the inferior vena cava (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, having had a case of deep pelvic phlebitis occurring in a young primiparous woman who was treated prophylactically against the occurrence of a pulmonary embolus by placing a clip on the inferior vena cava discuss: the etiology of the condition: the difficulties of the diagnosis. They point out the value of phlebo-cavography which is an essential investigation in which no more than 4 films are taken, because it is on this that the indication for surgery rests. They point out the value of anticoagulant treatment, especially that using Calciparine which permits the patient to lead a more or less normal life at home. As far as the surgical procedure is concerned, a median approach seems to them the best way to carry out the operation.", "contents": "[Thrombo-embolic disease and pregnancy. The prevention of pulmonary emboli by placing a clip on the inferior vena cava (author's transl)]. The authors, having had a case of deep pelvic phlebitis occurring in a young primiparous woman who was treated prophylactically against the occurrence of a pulmonary embolus by placing a clip on the inferior vena cava discuss: the etiology of the condition: the difficulties of the diagnosis. They point out the value of phlebo-cavography which is an essential investigation in which no more than 4 films are taken, because it is on this that the indication for surgery rests. They point out the value of anticoagulant treatment, especially that using Calciparine which permits the patient to lead a more or less normal life at home. As far as the surgical procedure is concerned, a median approach seems to them the best way to carry out the operation.", "PMID": 555780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2385", "title": "[Grave obstetrical phlebitis. Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment (6 case histories) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors detail their concepts of the physiopathology, the diagnostic methods and the treatments of grave puerperal phlebitis, having seen six cases in their two departments recently. They consist of 5 cases of iliofemoral thrombosis, 2 of whom were diagnosed during their pregnancies and 3 others whom were diagnosed after delivery. One of these died of pulmonary embolus: and there was one case of thrombosis of the right ovarian vein during post-partum. Over and above the classical factors that predispose to this condition in pregnancy, the authors draw attention to the anatomical constitutional factors that have been observed by Cockett in the physiopathology of these cases. The diagnosis is made using non-invasive methods: Doppler, plethysmography, labelled fibrinogen and isotope phlebography after delivery, supplemented when the results are positive by radiography of the iliac and vena caval systems which alone gives a precise diagnosis of the site. Therapeutic possibilities change according to the time that the condition is perceived, according to the topography of the lesions, and according to the existence or non-existence of moving thrombi. The treatment is directed to avoiding the complications of emboli and to preventing secondary functional sequellae. Finally the gynaecological problems of contraception and of further pregnancies are considered.", "contents": "[Grave obstetrical phlebitis. Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment (6 case histories) (author's transl)]. The authors detail their concepts of the physiopathology, the diagnostic methods and the treatments of grave puerperal phlebitis, having seen six cases in their two departments recently. They consist of 5 cases of iliofemoral thrombosis, 2 of whom were diagnosed during their pregnancies and 3 others whom were diagnosed after delivery. One of these died of pulmonary embolus: and there was one case of thrombosis of the right ovarian vein during post-partum. Over and above the classical factors that predispose to this condition in pregnancy, the authors draw attention to the anatomical constitutional factors that have been observed by Cockett in the physiopathology of these cases. The diagnosis is made using non-invasive methods: Doppler, plethysmography, labelled fibrinogen and isotope phlebography after delivery, supplemented when the results are positive by radiography of the iliac and vena caval systems which alone gives a precise diagnosis of the site. Therapeutic possibilities change according to the time that the condition is perceived, according to the topography of the lesions, and according to the existence or non-existence of moving thrombi. The treatment is directed to avoiding the complications of emboli and to preventing secondary functional sequellae. Finally the gynaecological problems of contraception and of further pregnancies are considered.", "PMID": 555781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2386", "title": "[An analysis of 65 cases of salpingostomy carried out using microsurgical techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "65 salpingostomies were carried out using microsurgical techniques between 1976 and 1978. The patency rate was 89 p. 100. There were 30 p. 100 intra-uterine pregnancies and 4 p. 100 ectopic pregnancies. The authors emphasize the prognosis that can be obtained from hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy and histological examination of the tissues and the very poor results that are obtained even using these methods when a second operation is undertaken.", "contents": "[An analysis of 65 cases of salpingostomy carried out using microsurgical techniques (author's transl)]. 65 salpingostomies were carried out using microsurgical techniques between 1976 and 1978. The patency rate was 89 p. 100. There were 30 p. 100 intra-uterine pregnancies and 4 p. 100 ectopic pregnancies. The authors emphasize the prognosis that can be obtained from hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy and histological examination of the tissues and the very poor results that are obtained even using these methods when a second operation is undertaken.", "PMID": 555782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2387", "title": "[Six-monthly administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (author's transl)].", "content": "For more than six years the authors have studied the acceptability and the effectiveness of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (450 mg) as a long acting contraceptive (six months). With a Pearl index of 0.85, the method was considered as effective whereas its acceptability was adversely influenced by the bleeding irregularities that take place during the first year of use. A good patient-doctor relationship could lessen this influence.", "contents": "[Six-monthly administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (author's transl)]. For more than six years the authors have studied the acceptability and the effectiveness of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (450 mg) as a long acting contraceptive (six months). With a Pearl index of 0.85, the method was considered as effective whereas its acceptability was adversely influenced by the bleeding irregularities that take place during the first year of use. A good patient-doctor relationship could lessen this influence.", "PMID": 555783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2388", "title": "[A case of meningitis due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus].", "content": "Meningitis due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is rare. These rare bacteria were isolated from culture fluid in patient resembling to Neisseria meningitis with clinical and laboratory findings. The patient was treated with sensitive antibiotic.", "contents": "[A case of meningitis due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus]. Meningitis due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is rare. These rare bacteria were isolated from culture fluid in patient resembling to Neisseria meningitis with clinical and laboratory findings. The patient was treated with sensitive antibiotic.", "PMID": 555785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2389", "title": "[Drug fever due to isoniazid].", "content": "Drug fever is an uncommon manifestation of isoniazid intolerance. A patient with tuberculous peritonitis is presented with a diagnostic problem, because of continuous and spiking fever, while she was on isoniazid. The fever disappeared after discontinuation of the drug. For confirmation of the drug fever, isoniazid was given on two occasions. Fever respond was demonstrated on rechallenge. This case calls attention to uncommon adverse reaction of isoniazid in patients who are treated with isoniazid.", "contents": "[Drug fever due to isoniazid]. Drug fever is an uncommon manifestation of isoniazid intolerance. A patient with tuberculous peritonitis is presented with a diagnostic problem, because of continuous and spiking fever, while she was on isoniazid. The fever disappeared after discontinuation of the drug. For confirmation of the drug fever, isoniazid was given on two occasions. Fever respond was demonstrated on rechallenge. This case calls attention to uncommon adverse reaction of isoniazid in patients who are treated with isoniazid.", "PMID": 555786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2390", "title": "[Regional incidence of intestinal parasites in Turkey].", "content": "Turkey, seems to be an appropriate environment for parasitic diseases in respect to its geographical and social-economical situations. In this communication, the incidence of intestinal parasites according to the regions is given and discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Regional incidence of intestinal parasites in Turkey]. Turkey, seems to be an appropriate environment for parasitic diseases in respect to its geographical and social-economical situations. In this communication, the incidence of intestinal parasites according to the regions is given and discussed in detail.", "PMID": 555787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2391", "title": "[Immunologic aspects of the nephrotic syndrome].", "content": "Evidence that immunological mechanisms playing a major role in certain forms of nephrotic syndrome are obtained from immunopathologic observations, by analogy to certain form of experimental renal disease and by alterations in serum complement and complement component levels. This group of disease includes a variety of glomerulonephritis in which antigen-antibody-complexes and anti-glomerular basal membrane antibodies play a role in their pathogenesis. There are also evidences that the alternate complement pathway may be involved in certain forms of immune related glomerulonephritis. The precise etiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome having unique characteristics separating it from nephrotic syndrome associated with glomerulonephritis, is yet unknown. However, there are some circumstantial evidences depending on clinical observations that it may be an immunological disorder. It is possibly produced by a systemic abnormality of T-cell function resulting in the secretion of a circulating chemical mediator, toxic to the glomerular basement membrane; but there is not yet direct proof to substantiate this hypothesis.", "contents": "[Immunologic aspects of the nephrotic syndrome]. Evidence that immunological mechanisms playing a major role in certain forms of nephrotic syndrome are obtained from immunopathologic observations, by analogy to certain form of experimental renal disease and by alterations in serum complement and complement component levels. This group of disease includes a variety of glomerulonephritis in which antigen-antibody-complexes and anti-glomerular basal membrane antibodies play a role in their pathogenesis. There are also evidences that the alternate complement pathway may be involved in certain forms of immune related glomerulonephritis. The precise etiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome having unique characteristics separating it from nephrotic syndrome associated with glomerulonephritis, is yet unknown. However, there are some circumstantial evidences depending on clinical observations that it may be an immunological disorder. It is possibly produced by a systemic abnormality of T-cell function resulting in the secretion of a circulating chemical mediator, toxic to the glomerular basement membrane; but there is not yet direct proof to substantiate this hypothesis.", "PMID": 555788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2392", "title": "[The role of enteric bacteria in childhood urinary tract infections and their in vitro response to antimicrobial agents].", "content": "In this study, 154 cases of suspected bacterial urinary tract infection were examined bacteriologically. Urine cultures yielded, E. coli in 84 patients Citrobacter in 22 (C. freundii: 9, C. diversus: 9) Proteus in 21 (P. vulgaris: 6, P. morgani: 4, P. rettgeri: 2. P. mirabilis: 4, lactose fermenting strains: 5), Pseudomonas in 12 (P. aeruginosa: 5, other strains of Pseudomonas: 7), Klebsiella in 9 (K. aerogenes: 3, K. pneumonia: 6) and Enterobacter in 6 patients (E. aerogenes: 1, E. cloacae: 5). In vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that gentamicin, nalidixic acid, bactrim and gantrisin were the most effective antibacterial agents respectively. Multiple resistances was found in 39 strains of E. coli out of 84. In other species multiple resistance was found in varying degrees. It is concluded that. Every measure should be taken to eradicate the causative organisms in the urinary tract in children.", "contents": "[The role of enteric bacteria in childhood urinary tract infections and their in vitro response to antimicrobial agents]. In this study, 154 cases of suspected bacterial urinary tract infection were examined bacteriologically. Urine cultures yielded, E. coli in 84 patients Citrobacter in 22 (C. freundii: 9, C. diversus: 9) Proteus in 21 (P. vulgaris: 6, P. morgani: 4, P. rettgeri: 2. P. mirabilis: 4, lactose fermenting strains: 5), Pseudomonas in 12 (P. aeruginosa: 5, other strains of Pseudomonas: 7), Klebsiella in 9 (K. aerogenes: 3, K. pneumonia: 6) and Enterobacter in 6 patients (E. aerogenes: 1, E. cloacae: 5). In vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that gentamicin, nalidixic acid, bactrim and gantrisin were the most effective antibacterial agents respectively. Multiple resistances was found in 39 strains of E. coli out of 84. In other species multiple resistance was found in varying degrees. It is concluded that. Every measure should be taken to eradicate the causative organisms in the urinary tract in children.", "PMID": 555789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2393", "title": "[The effect of parasites on enteric bacterial flora].", "content": "In this paper, the intestinal bacterial flora is described and the functions of permanent bacterial flora and its individual members is discussed. The pertinent publications about the factors which effects the bacterial flora and specially relations between intestinal parasites and bacterial flora is reviewed. Among these parasites giardia, amoebae, B. coli and Ascaris may change bacterial population by causing malabsorption syndromes. Some drugs used in treatment of parasitic infestations may have harmful effects on normal intestinal bacterial flora. In parasitic diseases the probable floral changes could be looked for and taken into the consideration for a successful treatment of the patients.", "contents": "[The effect of parasites on enteric bacterial flora]. In this paper, the intestinal bacterial flora is described and the functions of permanent bacterial flora and its individual members is discussed. The pertinent publications about the factors which effects the bacterial flora and specially relations between intestinal parasites and bacterial flora is reviewed. Among these parasites giardia, amoebae, B. coli and Ascaris may change bacterial population by causing malabsorption syndromes. Some drugs used in treatment of parasitic infestations may have harmful effects on normal intestinal bacterial flora. In parasitic diseases the probable floral changes could be looked for and taken into the consideration for a successful treatment of the patients.", "PMID": 555790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2394", "title": "[The role of ointment bases in the formulation of 2 antifungal drugs. II. Liberation studies on 5-fluorocytosine and tolnaftate ointment bases by the microbiological agar plate method].", "content": "In this study a microbiological in vitro agar plate method was developed to measure the liberation of two antifungal agents; 5-Fluorocytosine and Tolnaftate; comparatively from six different type ointment bases. The effect of dimethylformamide to the liberation of these two antifungals was also studied. Cetyl alcohol ointment and Emulsion ointment (B.P. 1968) bases gave the best results for the two active agents. Dimethylformamide accelerated the release of these antifungals from the emulsion type bases (Emulsion Ointment and Simple Ointment).", "contents": "[The role of ointment bases in the formulation of 2 antifungal drugs. II. Liberation studies on 5-fluorocytosine and tolnaftate ointment bases by the microbiological agar plate method]. In this study a microbiological in vitro agar plate method was developed to measure the liberation of two antifungal agents; 5-Fluorocytosine and Tolnaftate; comparatively from six different type ointment bases. The effect of dimethylformamide to the liberation of these two antifungals was also studied. Cetyl alcohol ointment and Emulsion ointment (B.P. 1968) bases gave the best results for the two active agents. Dimethylformamide accelerated the release of these antifungals from the emulsion type bases (Emulsion Ointment and Simple Ointment).", "PMID": 555791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2395", "title": "[The importance of estimating the individual acetylation rate in modern tuberculosis treatment].", "content": "Modern tuberculosis treatment suggests the intermittent regimens of isoniazid twice or once weekly. To be able to use this procedure, one would require to know the acetylation rate of patients. The advantages of the sulfamethazine acetylation test are, firstly, the method of estimation is simple, requiring only colorimeter or a visible range spectrophotometer. Secondly, the results are available on the same day. Thirdly, specimens do not require cold storage. The findings of the present study indicates that, 62.5 percent of subjects were slow acetylators and 37.5 percent of subjects were rapid acetylators.", "contents": "[The importance of estimating the individual acetylation rate in modern tuberculosis treatment]. Modern tuberculosis treatment suggests the intermittent regimens of isoniazid twice or once weekly. To be able to use this procedure, one would require to know the acetylation rate of patients. The advantages of the sulfamethazine acetylation test are, firstly, the method of estimation is simple, requiring only colorimeter or a visible range spectrophotometer. Secondly, the results are available on the same day. Thirdly, specimens do not require cold storage. The findings of the present study indicates that, 62.5 percent of subjects were slow acetylators and 37.5 percent of subjects were rapid acetylators.", "PMID": 555792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2396", "title": "[The effects of intestinal parasites on enteric bacterial flora].", "content": "Intestinal parasites, can cause malabsorption syndromes and shifts in intestinal bacterial flora. In this study 200 cases with parasitic infestations were examined in regard to their intestinal flora. The series included 96 giardiasis. 58 Ascariasis, 20 Oxyuriasis and 17 H. nana 14 T. trichiura, 8 Tenia cases. The stool cultures yielded mainly E. coli, Strep. faecalis and other gram negative enteric bacteria, yeasts along with uncommon species as B. subtilis, Herellea, Shigella at low frequencies. The control group of 50 patients without parasitic infestations had the same distribution ratio for the same species. The observed frequencies of the isolated bacterial species showed no significant differences between the parasite positive and control cases.", "contents": "[The effects of intestinal parasites on enteric bacterial flora]. Intestinal parasites, can cause malabsorption syndromes and shifts in intestinal bacterial flora. In this study 200 cases with parasitic infestations were examined in regard to their intestinal flora. The series included 96 giardiasis. 58 Ascariasis, 20 Oxyuriasis and 17 H. nana 14 T. trichiura, 8 Tenia cases. The stool cultures yielded mainly E. coli, Strep. faecalis and other gram negative enteric bacteria, yeasts along with uncommon species as B. subtilis, Herellea, Shigella at low frequencies. The control group of 50 patients without parasitic infestations had the same distribution ratio for the same species. The observed frequencies of the isolated bacterial species showed no significant differences between the parasite positive and control cases.", "PMID": 555793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2397", "title": "[Brettanomyces strains and the Salmonella 0:7 antigen].", "content": "In this publication some Brettanomyces strains that have common antigenic factor with Salmonella 0:7 antigen and other Brettanomyces strains that don't have this common factor are shown together.", "contents": "[Brettanomyces strains and the Salmonella 0:7 antigen]. In this publication some Brettanomyces strains that have common antigenic factor with Salmonella 0:7 antigen and other Brettanomyces strains that don't have this common factor are shown together.", "PMID": 555794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2398", "title": "[The antigenic relationship between Salmonella 0:7 antigen and Debaromyces hansenii and its synonym strains].", "content": "In this publication antigenic relationship between Salmonella 0:7 antigen and Debaryomyces marama, Debaryomyces hansenii and some synonym strains of Debaryomyces hansenii are shown together.", "contents": "[The antigenic relationship between Salmonella 0:7 antigen and Debaromyces hansenii and its synonym strains]. In this publication antigenic relationship between Salmonella 0:7 antigen and Debaryomyces marama, Debaryomyces hansenii and some synonym strains of Debaryomyces hansenii are shown together.", "PMID": 555795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2399", "title": "Strabismus in the aphakic patient.", "content": "Fifty patients with aphakia and strabismus were studied. The chief complaint was diplopia following full optical correction. Prism therapy was recommended if the diplopia persisted after 3 to 4 months. When prism therapy was ineffective or impractical, surgery was recommended. The result of therapy was not influenced by the cause of the cataract treatment was considered successful in approximately 80% of patients. Patients who had convergence insufficiency did well with prism therapy alone. Half of the patients who had divergence excess needed extraocular-muscle surgery. One fourth of the patients had esotropia, nearly half associated with lateral rectus palsy. While prism therapy resulted in fusion, a reduction in prism power was not tolerated in this group. For this reason, surgery was suggested for all patients who had esotropia.", "contents": "Strabismus in the aphakic patient. Fifty patients with aphakia and strabismus were studied. The chief complaint was diplopia following full optical correction. Prism therapy was recommended if the diplopia persisted after 3 to 4 months. When prism therapy was ineffective or impractical, surgery was recommended. The result of therapy was not influenced by the cause of the cataract treatment was considered successful in approximately 80% of patients. Patients who had convergence insufficiency did well with prism therapy alone. Half of the patients who had divergence excess needed extraocular-muscle surgery. One fourth of the patients had esotropia, nearly half associated with lateral rectus palsy. While prism therapy resulted in fusion, a reduction in prism power was not tolerated in this group. For this reason, surgery was suggested for all patients who had esotropia.", "PMID": 555797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2400", "title": "A new look at pleoptics.", "content": "Sixty-four patients who did not respond adequately to passive conventional occlusion were treated with active pleoptic therapy, and followed with orthoptic therapy when fusion potential was demonstrated. Patients ranged in age from 4 to 17 years, and ranged in visual acuity from 20/30 to 20/100. Seventeen patients had some fusion prior to starting pleoptics. All 64 patients achieved an immediate post-therapy acuity of 20/30 or better; 25 were fusing and demonstrated some stereopsis. Twenty-seven patients were followed for a period of one to ten years, including the 25 patients who were fusing at completion of therapy. Twenty-four (88%) maintained visual acuity of 20/30 or better. All fused either normally or with ARC. Three patients, whose visual acuity dropped to 20/50, had no fusion. Only one patient who had fusion at the completion of therapy was unable to maintain it. We conclude, therefore, that pleoptics retains values in the treatment of amblyopic patients with steady and unsteady central fixation, in those situations where conventional occlusion in unsuccessful.", "contents": "A new look at pleoptics. Sixty-four patients who did not respond adequately to passive conventional occlusion were treated with active pleoptic therapy, and followed with orthoptic therapy when fusion potential was demonstrated. Patients ranged in age from 4 to 17 years, and ranged in visual acuity from 20/30 to 20/100. Seventeen patients had some fusion prior to starting pleoptics. All 64 patients achieved an immediate post-therapy acuity of 20/30 or better; 25 were fusing and demonstrated some stereopsis. Twenty-seven patients were followed for a period of one to ten years, including the 25 patients who were fusing at completion of therapy. Twenty-four (88%) maintained visual acuity of 20/30 or better. All fused either normally or with ARC. Three patients, whose visual acuity dropped to 20/50, had no fusion. Only one patient who had fusion at the completion of therapy was unable to maintain it. We conclude, therefore, that pleoptics retains values in the treatment of amblyopic patients with steady and unsteady central fixation, in those situations where conventional occlusion in unsuccessful.", "PMID": 555799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2401", "title": "Ocular causes of abnormal head postures.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to analyze the different causes of abnormal head postures on ocular bases. Eight basic mechanisms were found in a series of 188 patients. Incomitance accounted for 62.7% of the head postures and nystagmus for 20.2%. Important diagnostic criteria for evaluating patients with head postures are discussed.", "contents": "Ocular causes of abnormal head postures. A prospective study was undertaken to analyze the different causes of abnormal head postures on ocular bases. Eight basic mechanisms were found in a series of 188 patients. Incomitance accounted for 62.7% of the head postures and nystagmus for 20.2%. Important diagnostic criteria for evaluating patients with head postures are discussed.", "PMID": 555800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2402", "title": "Restricted lees screen fields in patients with asthenopia, with and without psychogenic disorders.", "content": "Lees screen restrictions of non-specific origin, including apparent restrictions of the SR, IR, and LR muscles, were reported last year by Labow et al. In this complementary study, the authors examined eight apparently healthy subjects who had no history of ocular or psychiatric problems, eight psychiatric patients, and eight who had had a CNS disorder or had suffered cerebral trauma. Comparison of the Lees screen findings, visual fields, and accommodative defects of these patients revealed significant restriction of the Lees screen fields in only those patients who had symptoms of asthenopia (including all in the third group). Thus, such restriction does not depend on emotional state.", "contents": "Restricted lees screen fields in patients with asthenopia, with and without psychogenic disorders. Lees screen restrictions of non-specific origin, including apparent restrictions of the SR, IR, and LR muscles, were reported last year by Labow et al. In this complementary study, the authors examined eight apparently healthy subjects who had no history of ocular or psychiatric problems, eight psychiatric patients, and eight who had had a CNS disorder or had suffered cerebral trauma. Comparison of the Lees screen findings, visual fields, and accommodative defects of these patients revealed significant restriction of the Lees screen fields in only those patients who had symptoms of asthenopia (including all in the third group). Thus, such restriction does not depend on emotional state.", "PMID": 555801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2403", "title": "The effect of preoperative convergence exercises on the surgical outcome of primary exotropia.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 89 patients with exotropia, the authors investigated the influence of active convergence exercises in the postoperative angle of deviation and found that convergence exercises do not increase the incidence or the size of the esodeviation post-operatively.", "contents": "The effect of preoperative convergence exercises on the surgical outcome of primary exotropia. In a retrospective study of 89 patients with exotropia, the authors investigated the influence of active convergence exercises in the postoperative angle of deviation and found that convergence exercises do not increase the incidence or the size of the esodeviation post-operatively.", "PMID": 555804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2404", "title": "Occlusion therapy for exodeviations occurring in infants and young children.", "content": "The authors treated 38 patients with exodeviations by occlusion of the preferred eye for three to six hours daily for an average of 15 months. This treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the latency of the deviation as well as a decrease in the size of the strabismic angle. The majority of those patients responding to this method of therapy initially had good central and maintained fixation in each eye, an exodeviation of 20 prism diopters or less at both 6 and 1/3 m, and the presence of fusional vergence amplitudes.", "contents": "Occlusion therapy for exodeviations occurring in infants and young children. The authors treated 38 patients with exodeviations by occlusion of the preferred eye for three to six hours daily for an average of 15 months. This treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the latency of the deviation as well as a decrease in the size of the strabismic angle. The majority of those patients responding to this method of therapy initially had good central and maintained fixation in each eye, an exodeviation of 20 prism diopters or less at both 6 and 1/3 m, and the presence of fusional vergence amplitudes.", "PMID": 555806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2405", "title": "[Amebic liver abscess. Treatment with metronidazole by the intravenous route].", "content": "This is a report of the clinical characteristics and therapeutic response to treatment of 51 patients with hepatic amebic abscess, studied at a general hospital in a two year period. In this group of patients without complications, the 100% cure was achieved in 5.5 days with metronidazole I.V.; the next effective regimen was metronidazole. I.V. plus emetine I.M., that gave a 100% cure in 7.4 days, so it became obvious that other kind of treatment or the addition of antibiotics are of no benefit and are potentially dangerous. The response to the different therapeutic regimens in this study, agree with what is known about the effectiveness of metronidazole used either by the oral or I.V. route in hepatic amebic abscess.", "contents": "[Amebic liver abscess. Treatment with metronidazole by the intravenous route]. This is a report of the clinical characteristics and therapeutic response to treatment of 51 patients with hepatic amebic abscess, studied at a general hospital in a two year period. In this group of patients without complications, the 100% cure was achieved in 5.5 days with metronidazole I.V.; the next effective regimen was metronidazole. I.V. plus emetine I.M., that gave a 100% cure in 7.4 days, so it became obvious that other kind of treatment or the addition of antibiotics are of no benefit and are potentially dangerous. The response to the different therapeutic regimens in this study, agree with what is known about the effectiveness of metronidazole used either by the oral or I.V. route in hepatic amebic abscess.", "PMID": 555809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2406", "title": "Circannual rhythm of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease.", "content": "This study confirms previous reports of a seasonal variation in morbidity and mortality from coronary and cerebral arterial disease; these disorders are much less common in summer (e.g. July and August) than in winter (e.g. December and January). In coronary disease the shape of the curve for the annual morbidity is different from that for annual mortality and possible reasons for this are discussed. A similar circannual rhythm has been shown for venous thrombo-embolic disease.", "contents": "Circannual rhythm of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease. This study confirms previous reports of a seasonal variation in morbidity and mortality from coronary and cerebral arterial disease; these disorders are much less common in summer (e.g. July and August) than in winter (e.g. December and January). In coronary disease the shape of the curve for the annual morbidity is different from that for annual mortality and possible reasons for this are discussed. A similar circannual rhythm has been shown for venous thrombo-embolic disease.", "PMID": 555814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2407", "title": "Elemental diet therapy in the management of complicated Crohn's disease.", "content": "The purpose of this report was to study the types of complications of Crohn's disease which may benefit from the use of elemental diets. The elemental diet Vivonex was used in the management of patients with Crohn's disease with local complications but without nutritional deficiency. Sole treatment of this kind was found to be of value in promoting healing of perianal or anal ulceration and anal fissures; it was also of value in allowing subacute ileal obstruction to settle, thus postponing surgery and allowing better bowel and nutritional preparation for surgery. Patients with bile acid-induced diarrhoea associated with severe ileal Crohn's disease noted improvement in the diarrhoea on the elemental diet, and the treatment was also useful in reducing ileostomy output and helping ileostomy skin lesions to heal in a patient with severe skin excoriation related to leakage of excessive ileostomy fluid output.", "contents": "Elemental diet therapy in the management of complicated Crohn's disease. The purpose of this report was to study the types of complications of Crohn's disease which may benefit from the use of elemental diets. The elemental diet Vivonex was used in the management of patients with Crohn's disease with local complications but without nutritional deficiency. Sole treatment of this kind was found to be of value in promoting healing of perianal or anal ulceration and anal fissures; it was also of value in allowing subacute ileal obstruction to settle, thus postponing surgery and allowing better bowel and nutritional preparation for surgery. Patients with bile acid-induced diarrhoea associated with severe ileal Crohn's disease noted improvement in the diarrhoea on the elemental diet, and the treatment was also useful in reducing ileostomy output and helping ileostomy skin lesions to heal in a patient with severe skin excoriation related to leakage of excessive ileostomy fluid output.", "PMID": 555815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2408", "title": "[Adult-onset Still's disease].", "content": "Sixteen patients with adult onset Still's disease are reported and compared to 42 previously reported cases. The onset of this illness is sudden and is characterized by quotidian fever, evanescent rash, arthritis, leukocytosis and with variable frequency abnormalities of the liver function tests, adenopathy, splenomegaly and loss of weight. The response to anti-inflammatory therapy is satisfactory and the majority of patients will have a good functional prognosis even though they may require corticosteroids to suppress the signs and symptoms of the disease. It is stressed that Still's disease should be considered one of the diagnostic possibilities in cases of fever of unknown etiology and in cases of seronegative arthritis in adult patients. The pertinent clinical, laboratory, radiological and histological features of this illness are reviewed.", "contents": "[Adult-onset Still's disease]. Sixteen patients with adult onset Still's disease are reported and compared to 42 previously reported cases. The onset of this illness is sudden and is characterized by quotidian fever, evanescent rash, arthritis, leukocytosis and with variable frequency abnormalities of the liver function tests, adenopathy, splenomegaly and loss of weight. The response to anti-inflammatory therapy is satisfactory and the majority of patients will have a good functional prognosis even though they may require corticosteroids to suppress the signs and symptoms of the disease. It is stressed that Still's disease should be considered one of the diagnostic possibilities in cases of fever of unknown etiology and in cases of seronegative arthritis in adult patients. The pertinent clinical, laboratory, radiological and histological features of this illness are reviewed.", "PMID": 555811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2409", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis-an in-patient study.", "content": "During the first eight months of 1978, 26 patients were admitted to the Communicable Diseases Unit at King's Cross Hospital, Dundee with a diagnosis of campylobacter enteritis. The variety of clinical features encountered is described. Although diarrhoea occurred in all cases, it was preceded or accompanied by abdominal pain in the majority of cases and by fever in over half of the patients. The article emphasises the need to consider campylobacter infection in patients presenting with bloody diarrhoea, acute abdominal pain or pyrexias of unknown origin.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis-an in-patient study. During the first eight months of 1978, 26 patients were admitted to the Communicable Diseases Unit at King's Cross Hospital, Dundee with a diagnosis of campylobacter enteritis. The variety of clinical features encountered is described. Although diarrhoea occurred in all cases, it was preceded or accompanied by abdominal pain in the majority of cases and by fever in over half of the patients. The article emphasises the need to consider campylobacter infection in patients presenting with bloody diarrhoea, acute abdominal pain or pyrexias of unknown origin.", "PMID": 555817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2410", "title": "The danger of hallucinogenic mushrooms.", "content": "There has been a revival of interest amongst young people in the raw consumption of \"wild\" Psilocybin mushrooms, because of their hallucinogenic properties. Seven cases of mushroom overdosage are described. Whilst the hallucinogenic mushrooms are relatively harmless, the dangers from inadvertent ingestion of commonly occurring poisonous varieties are emphasised.", "contents": "The danger of hallucinogenic mushrooms. There has been a revival of interest amongst young people in the raw consumption of \"wild\" Psilocybin mushrooms, because of their hallucinogenic properties. Seven cases of mushroom overdosage are described. Whilst the hallucinogenic mushrooms are relatively harmless, the dangers from inadvertent ingestion of commonly occurring poisonous varieties are emphasised.", "PMID": 555819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2411", "title": "Acute lead poisoning: an unusual cause of hepatitis.", "content": "Four patients, aged 17 to 25 years, obtained lead and opium pills which had been stolen from retail pharmacists. They crushed them, suspended them in water an injected them intravenously. They developed general malaise, vomiting and constipation, and blood tests several weeks after injection of the pills showed raised alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminases. All four patients had negative tests for the hepatitis B surface antigen. Liver biopsy specimens showed persistent hepatitis in one and resolving hepatitis in the remaining three. Liver lead levels were grossly elevated in every case. The liver lead levels found it the patients described here were up to 35 times greater than levels which have been reported in industrial lead poisoning. It is postulated that the livers of patients with chronic lead poisoning are able to withstand this insult whereas in the cases described the overwhelming dose of lead was sufficient to cause hepatic damage.", "contents": "Acute lead poisoning: an unusual cause of hepatitis. Four patients, aged 17 to 25 years, obtained lead and opium pills which had been stolen from retail pharmacists. They crushed them, suspended them in water an injected them intravenously. They developed general malaise, vomiting and constipation, and blood tests several weeks after injection of the pills showed raised alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminases. All four patients had negative tests for the hepatitis B surface antigen. Liver biopsy specimens showed persistent hepatitis in one and resolving hepatitis in the remaining three. Liver lead levels were grossly elevated in every case. The liver lead levels found it the patients described here were up to 35 times greater than levels which have been reported in industrial lead poisoning. It is postulated that the livers of patients with chronic lead poisoning are able to withstand this insult whereas in the cases described the overwhelming dose of lead was sufficient to cause hepatic damage.", "PMID": 555820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2412", "title": "Tetrodotoxin blocks mechanical response in mammalian muscle in the presence of tetrodotoxin-resistant action potentials.", "content": "The effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX) (10(-5)-10(-6)M) on the mechanical activity and on the action potential of innervated and denervated muscle of the rat was studied. The twitch tension was reduced to 10 % of the control values within 20 min of TTX 10(-6) introduction. This effect was reversible. The mean twitch tension in the presence of 10(-6)M TTX expressed as a percentage of control was 9.3 +/- 2.4 (SEM) for innervated muscle and 10.9 +/- 2.5 for denervated muscle. The dose-effect twitch relation for denervated muscles was not significantly different from that observed in control innervated muscles in the 10(-3)-10(-6) TTX range. Action potentials of innervated muscles could not be elicited in  10(-6)M TTX. In the presence of this (TTX) fibers of chronically denervated muscles consistently responded to stimulation with action potentials which were slower and smaller but still with overshoot, contrasting with fibrillation potentials that had been described to be blocked by TTX.", "contents": "Tetrodotoxin blocks mechanical response in mammalian muscle in the presence of tetrodotoxin-resistant action potentials. The effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX) (10(-5)-10(-6)M) on the mechanical activity and on the action potential of innervated and denervated muscle of the rat was studied. The twitch tension was reduced to 10 % of the control values within 20 min of TTX 10(-6) introduction. This effect was reversible. The mean twitch tension in the presence of 10(-6)M TTX expressed as a percentage of control was 9.3 +/- 2.4 (SEM) for innervated muscle and 10.9 +/- 2.5 for denervated muscle. The dose-effect twitch relation for denervated muscles was not significantly different from that observed in control innervated muscles in the 10(-3)-10(-6) TTX range. Action potentials of innervated muscles could not be elicited in  10(-6)M TTX. In the presence of this (TTX) fibers of chronically denervated muscles consistently responded to stimulation with action potentials which were slower and smaller but still with overshoot, contrasting with fibrillation potentials that had been described to be blocked by TTX.", "PMID": 555828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2413", "title": "Prilocaine - barium chloride antagonism in the cardiovascular system of anesthetized dogs.", "content": "The intravenous administration of BaCl2 (2 mg/kg) in dogs anesthetized with nembutal determined sharp rise of arterial blood pressure, bradycardia, enlargement of PR interval and QRS complex, and bigeminated ventricular extrasystoles. Prilocaine (20 mg/kg iv) caused only slight fall of arterial blood pressure, mild bradycardia, enlargement of PR interval and QRS complex. When the drugs were administered simultaneously, prilocaine effectively antagonized pressor and heart rhythm alterations induced by barium. However, bradycardia and PR interval enlargement were even more severe, thus indicating a synergistic action of the drugs. It is shown that the statistical analysis based on a multiple regression model is quite suitable for this kind of experimental design.", "contents": "Prilocaine - barium chloride antagonism in the cardiovascular system of anesthetized dogs. The intravenous administration of BaCl2 (2 mg/kg) in dogs anesthetized with nembutal determined sharp rise of arterial blood pressure, bradycardia, enlargement of PR interval and QRS complex, and bigeminated ventricular extrasystoles. Prilocaine (20 mg/kg iv) caused only slight fall of arterial blood pressure, mild bradycardia, enlargement of PR interval and QRS complex. When the drugs were administered simultaneously, prilocaine effectively antagonized pressor and heart rhythm alterations induced by barium. However, bradycardia and PR interval enlargement were even more severe, thus indicating a synergistic action of the drugs. It is shown that the statistical analysis based on a multiple regression model is quite suitable for this kind of experimental design.", "PMID": 555829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2414", "title": "[Early effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on kidney circulation].", "content": "Local blood flow was measured in renal cortex (1 mm below cortical surface) by means of the hydrogen clearance method in urethanized rats. Recording of blood pressure from femoral artery was performed. Crotalus durissus terrificus venom injection (one mg/kg i.v.) significantly decreased cortical blood flow at 10 min, without a significant arterial pressure modification. Posterior injection of mannitol 200 mg induced a significant increase in cortical blood flow, although initial values were not reached. Electron microscopy showed thromboses in the glomerular capillaries 35 minutes after venom injection. It is suggested that the precocious effect of this venom on renal cortical blood flow may be instrumental in the development of the renal acute insufficiency induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus venom.", "contents": "[Early effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on kidney circulation]. Local blood flow was measured in renal cortex (1 mm below cortical surface) by means of the hydrogen clearance method in urethanized rats. Recording of blood pressure from femoral artery was performed. Crotalus durissus terrificus venom injection (one mg/kg i.v.) significantly decreased cortical blood flow at 10 min, without a significant arterial pressure modification. Posterior injection of mannitol 200 mg induced a significant increase in cortical blood flow, although initial values were not reached. Electron microscopy showed thromboses in the glomerular capillaries 35 minutes after venom injection. It is suggested that the precocious effect of this venom on renal cortical blood flow may be instrumental in the development of the renal acute insufficiency induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus venom.", "PMID": 555830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2415", "title": "Determination of ammonium ions in small urine volumes from laboratory animals.", "content": "A method based on the indophenol reaction for the determination of ammonium ions in small urine samples from research animals is described. The method is precise and specific. Sensitivity (epsilon 630 molar = 174 X 10(3)) is far beyond needs. Interference by blood in hematuric samples can be avoided.", "contents": "Determination of ammonium ions in small urine volumes from laboratory animals. A method based on the indophenol reaction for the determination of ammonium ions in small urine samples from research animals is described. The method is precise and specific. Sensitivity (epsilon 630 molar = 174 X 10(3)) is far beyond needs. Interference by blood in hematuric samples can be avoided.", "PMID": 555831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2416", "title": "Effect of glucagon on glomerulopressin production in diabetic dogs.", "content": "Glucagon (21.5 +/- 0.23 ng/min/kg) was infused through the portal vein of normal or pancreatectomized dogs. It was observed that a dose of glucagon that produces no significant change in the glycemia of normal dogs has a very small activity in the production of glomerulopressin and does not alter glomerular filtration rate (GRF). In pancreatectomized dogs this same dose of glucagon also does not alter glycemia but it induces a large increase in the production of glomerulopressin and GFR. Our results suggest that in pancreatectomized dogs glomerulopressin production is more sensitive to glucagon infusion than in normal dogs.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on glomerulopressin production in diabetic dogs. Glucagon (21.5 +/- 0.23 ng/min/kg) was infused through the portal vein of normal or pancreatectomized dogs. It was observed that a dose of glucagon that produces no significant change in the glycemia of normal dogs has a very small activity in the production of glomerulopressin and does not alter glomerular filtration rate (GRF). In pancreatectomized dogs this same dose of glucagon also does not alter glycemia but it induces a large increase in the production of glomerulopressin and GFR. Our results suggest that in pancreatectomized dogs glomerulopressin production is more sensitive to glucagon infusion than in normal dogs.", "PMID": 555836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2417", "title": "Prilocaine effect on aconitine-induced arrhythmias.", "content": "Prilocaine, a synthetic tertiary amine with local anesthetic properties, suppressed aconitine-induced atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in the cat. In normal animals, prilocaine decreased the heart rate. In the group of successfully treated arrhythmic cats as well as in normal animals, the drug increased the blood pressure, while the equally effective antiarrhythmic drug, lidocaine, did decrease blood pressure.", "contents": "Prilocaine effect on aconitine-induced arrhythmias. Prilocaine, a synthetic tertiary amine with local anesthetic properties, suppressed aconitine-induced atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in the cat. In normal animals, prilocaine decreased the heart rate. In the group of successfully treated arrhythmic cats as well as in normal animals, the drug increased the blood pressure, while the equally effective antiarrhythmic drug, lidocaine, did decrease blood pressure.", "PMID": 555837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2418", "title": "Effect of calcium on in vitro contractility of human umbilical artery.", "content": "The action of calcium on human umbilical artery was studied by an in vitro perfusion method. An increase in tonus and intense spontaneous activity were observed in the preparations at high calcium concentrations. A marked relaxation of the umbilical artery occurred in the absence of calcium. Estriol had a relaxing effect on the umbilical vessels which was more intense at calcium concentrations near physiological levels. Estriol also abolished spontaneous contractions. In the absence of calcium, estriol showed no relaxing effect. The results suggest a participation of calcium in the mechanism of action of estriol on human umbilical artery in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on in vitro contractility of human umbilical artery. The action of calcium on human umbilical artery was studied by an in vitro perfusion method. An increase in tonus and intense spontaneous activity were observed in the preparations at high calcium concentrations. A marked relaxation of the umbilical artery occurred in the absence of calcium. Estriol had a relaxing effect on the umbilical vessels which was more intense at calcium concentrations near physiological levels. Estriol also abolished spontaneous contractions. In the absence of calcium, estriol showed no relaxing effect. The results suggest a participation of calcium in the mechanism of action of estriol on human umbilical artery in vitro.", "PMID": 555838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2419", "title": "Chemical communication in Cavia: responses of wild (C. aperea), domestic (C. porcellus) and F1 males to urine.", "content": "Urine preferences of wild (Cavia aperea), domestic (C. porcellus), and F1 adult male guinea pigs were investigated. Males of all three types preferred female urine to male urine regardless of donor type. When given a choice between female urine of each type, males preferred conspecific urine. In choices between male urine of the three types, a conspecific preference was evident for wild and domestic but not F1 subjects. These data indicate that a loss of distinctive male and female odours had not occurred as a result of domestication. However, the urine odours of wild and domestic types have diverged. The possible effects of previous individual experience on the preferential response is discussed.", "contents": "Chemical communication in Cavia: responses of wild (C. aperea), domestic (C. porcellus) and F1 males to urine. Urine preferences of wild (Cavia aperea), domestic (C. porcellus), and F1 adult male guinea pigs were investigated. Males of all three types preferred female urine to male urine regardless of donor type. When given a choice between female urine of each type, males preferred conspecific urine. In choices between male urine of the three types, a conspecific preference was evident for wild and domestic but not F1 subjects. These data indicate that a loss of distinctive male and female odours had not occurred as a result of domestication. However, the urine odours of wild and domestic types have diverged. The possible effects of previous individual experience on the preferential response is discussed.", "PMID": 555840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2420", "title": "Ophthalmodynamometry: a reappraisal.", "content": "The accuracy of ophthalmodynamometry (ODM) was retrospectively analyzed in 36 patients who had ophthalmic examinations prior to carotid arteriography. In 75% of those patients, ODM correctly predicted the presence of absence of significant stenosis (ie, 50% or greater) or occlusion of the internal carotid artery. A 30% false-negative rate and 19% false-positive rate was found in this study. The accuracy was not improved when the examiner had more experience with the test. The accuracy of ODM with staff members who regularly perform the examination was 68% as compared to the ophthalmology residents' accuracy of 76%. Causes of false-negative and positive results include subjectivity of the examination, stenosis of arteries other than the internal carotids, and development of collateral circulation as was demonstrated arteriographically in 2 of our patients.", "contents": "Ophthalmodynamometry: a reappraisal. The accuracy of ophthalmodynamometry (ODM) was retrospectively analyzed in 36 patients who had ophthalmic examinations prior to carotid arteriography. In 75% of those patients, ODM correctly predicted the presence of absence of significant stenosis (ie, 50% or greater) or occlusion of the internal carotid artery. A 30% false-negative rate and 19% false-positive rate was found in this study. The accuracy was not improved when the examiner had more experience with the test. The accuracy of ODM with staff members who regularly perform the examination was 68% as compared to the ophthalmology residents' accuracy of 76%. Causes of false-negative and positive results include subjectivity of the examination, stenosis of arteries other than the internal carotids, and development of collateral circulation as was demonstrated arteriographically in 2 of our patients.", "PMID": 555844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2421", "title": "Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis presenting s serous detachment of the macula.", "content": "Of the many causes of serous detachment of the macula, toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is one of the least common. A case presented which responded to only medical treatment. The clinical picture of this case is consistent with the theory that the organisms may in some instances reach the retina from the optic nerve through an embryologic extension of the ventricular system of the brain. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent significant permanent visual loss as well as unnecessary retinal photocoagulation.", "contents": "Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis presenting s serous detachment of the macula. Of the many causes of serous detachment of the macula, toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is one of the least common. A case presented which responded to only medical treatment. The clinical picture of this case is consistent with the theory that the organisms may in some instances reach the retina from the optic nerve through an embryologic extension of the ventricular system of the brain. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent significant permanent visual loss as well as unnecessary retinal photocoagulation.", "PMID": 555845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2422", "title": "Antimicrobials and the corneal endothelium.", "content": "The effects of various intraocular antibiotics and preservatives on the rabbit corneal endothelium were evaluated using vital staining, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy after topical application of the drugs and up to 2 days following anterior chamber injection. Benzalkonium chloride consistently produced the most severe and probably irreversible damage. Some changes which persisted for 2 days were found with methicillin. Gentamicin produced a moderate amount of cellular edema which disappeared after 2 days. Minimal changes were produced by dexamethasone and amphotericin B. Although these results should not be directly interpolated to the human situation, the face that some of these agents did produce changes in the rabbit corneal endothelium, which is well known to be heartier than human endothelium, indicates that caution should be taken when one considers injecting antibiotics intraocularly.", "contents": "Antimicrobials and the corneal endothelium. The effects of various intraocular antibiotics and preservatives on the rabbit corneal endothelium were evaluated using vital staining, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy after topical application of the drugs and up to 2 days following anterior chamber injection. Benzalkonium chloride consistently produced the most severe and probably irreversible damage. Some changes which persisted for 2 days were found with methicillin. Gentamicin produced a moderate amount of cellular edema which disappeared after 2 days. Minimal changes were produced by dexamethasone and amphotericin B. Although these results should not be directly interpolated to the human situation, the face that some of these agents did produce changes in the rabbit corneal endothelium, which is well known to be heartier than human endothelium, indicates that caution should be taken when one considers injecting antibiotics intraocularly.", "PMID": 555846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2423", "title": "Some observations on the treatment of ischemic optic neuropathy.", "content": "We examined the efficacy of the treatment with steroids, vasodilators, and vitamins B1, B6, and B12 in 23 cases of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy treated at the Athens University Eye Clinic. We stress the necessity of an extended medication for 2 to 3 months, depending upon the improvement of visual acuity. Good results were achieved in 14 of the 23 patients.", "contents": "Some observations on the treatment of ischemic optic neuropathy. We examined the efficacy of the treatment with steroids, vasodilators, and vitamins B1, B6, and B12 in 23 cases of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy treated at the Athens University Eye Clinic. We stress the necessity of an extended medication for 2 to 3 months, depending upon the improvement of visual acuity. Good results were achieved in 14 of the 23 patients.", "PMID": 555847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2424", "title": "Angioma-like lesion in hemoglobin sickle cell disease.", "content": "A lesion resembling a retinal angioma is reported in a 52-year-old man with hemoglobin S-C disease. Following surgery to destroy the tumor, the patient died. Postmortem examination confirmed sickle cell disease and the ocular findings revealed an angioma on the anterior side of the retina. It is believed this is the first report of sickle cell disease showing a large retinal angioma.", "contents": "Angioma-like lesion in hemoglobin sickle cell disease. A lesion resembling a retinal angioma is reported in a 52-year-old man with hemoglobin S-C disease. Following surgery to destroy the tumor, the patient died. Postmortem examination confirmed sickle cell disease and the ocular findings revealed an angioma on the anterior side of the retina. It is believed this is the first report of sickle cell disease showing a large retinal angioma.", "PMID": 555848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2425", "title": "Decreased libido--a side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.", "content": "Thirty-nine cases of decreased libido in glaucoma patients on carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are reported. This symptom completely reversed or markedly improved after discontinuation of the drug in all cases. Twelve of these patients restarted their carbonic anhydrase inhibitor medication which resulted in a recurrence of decreased libido symptoms. There were 3 cases of impotency which reversed after discontinuation of the drug. Most likely, these symptoms are a result of the malaise and depression occurring in some patients on carbonic anhydrase inhibitor therapy.", "contents": "Decreased libido--a side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Thirty-nine cases of decreased libido in glaucoma patients on carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are reported. This symptom completely reversed or markedly improved after discontinuation of the drug in all cases. Twelve of these patients restarted their carbonic anhydrase inhibitor medication which resulted in a recurrence of decreased libido symptoms. There were 3 cases of impotency which reversed after discontinuation of the drug. Most likely, these symptoms are a result of the malaise and depression occurring in some patients on carbonic anhydrase inhibitor therapy.", "PMID": 555849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2426", "title": "Patterns of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolism in normal human pulmonary alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage from 6 normal non-smoking volunteers were incubated with [3H]-benzo[alpha]pyrene to ascertain the normal metabolism and conjugation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Through the use of a crude glucuronidase preparation, both glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates were examined. Phenols and quinones were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography as the principal free metabolites formed during 1 h incubation with benzanthracene induced PAMs. In addition, phenols and quinones were major substrates utilized by these cells for conjugation during the incubation period. The ranges of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolites produced by PAMs from non-smokers were compiled and the variation in production as well as detoxification of proximate carcinogenic benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolites are presented.", "contents": "Patterns of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolism in normal human pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage from 6 normal non-smoking volunteers were incubated with [3H]-benzo[alpha]pyrene to ascertain the normal metabolism and conjugation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Through the use of a crude glucuronidase preparation, both glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates were examined. Phenols and quinones were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography as the principal free metabolites formed during 1 h incubation with benzanthracene induced PAMs. In addition, phenols and quinones were major substrates utilized by these cells for conjugation during the incubation period. The ranges of benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolites produced by PAMs from non-smokers were compiled and the variation in production as well as detoxification of proximate carcinogenic benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolites are presented.", "PMID": 555867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2427", "title": "Enhanced efflux of actinomycin D, vincristine, and vinblastine in adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia.", "content": "In vitro cross-resistance of adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia to non-anthracycline agents-actinomycin D, vincristine and vinblastine was elucidated. Decreased uptake of these 3 drugs was observed with the resistant cells. In addition, 2,4-dinitrophenol, a metabolic inhibitor, greatly enhanced the uptake of these drugs by the sensitive and resistant cell lines, particularly by the latter, abolishing a difference in drug uptake between the 2 which was observed under the normal condition. These results suggest that adriamycin-resistant cells are endowed with an enhanced capacity for outward transport of not only anthracycline antibiotics, but chemically and pharmacologically dissimilar agents such as the aforementioned agents.", "contents": "Enhanced efflux of actinomycin D, vincristine, and vinblastine in adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia. In vitro cross-resistance of adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia to non-anthracycline agents-actinomycin D, vincristine and vinblastine was elucidated. Decreased uptake of these 3 drugs was observed with the resistant cells. In addition, 2,4-dinitrophenol, a metabolic inhibitor, greatly enhanced the uptake of these drugs by the sensitive and resistant cell lines, particularly by the latter, abolishing a difference in drug uptake between the 2 which was observed under the normal condition. These results suggest that adriamycin-resistant cells are endowed with an enhanced capacity for outward transport of not only anthracycline antibiotics, but chemically and pharmacologically dissimilar agents such as the aforementioned agents.", "PMID": 555868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2428", "title": "Metabolism of isomeric N-methyl-N-nitroso-(methylphenyl)-methylamines.", "content": "Isomeric N-methyl-N-nitroso-(2-, 3-, and 4-methylphenyl)-methylamines (2a, 2b and 2c, Fig. 1.) were metabolized in rats to the corresponding 2-, 3- and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitroso-aminomethyl)-benzoic acids (4-MNAB) (3a, 3b and 3c). The structures of 3b and 2c were established by synthesis and confirmed by spectroscopic evidence. Metabolic formation of 3a, 3b and 3c was determined by HPLC analysis and the time-course of 3c excretion was established. Oral intubation of the acid 3c resulted in almost quantitative excretion of this metabolite in 24 h urine thus indicating rapid detoxication. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of the isomeric 2a, 2b and 2c were compared with those of the parent N-methyl-N-nitroso-benzylamine (MNBA).", "contents": "Metabolism of isomeric N-methyl-N-nitroso-(methylphenyl)-methylamines. Isomeric N-methyl-N-nitroso-(2-, 3-, and 4-methylphenyl)-methylamines (2a, 2b and 2c, Fig. 1.) were metabolized in rats to the corresponding 2-, 3- and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitroso-aminomethyl)-benzoic acids (4-MNAB) (3a, 3b and 3c). The structures of 3b and 2c were established by synthesis and confirmed by spectroscopic evidence. Metabolic formation of 3a, 3b and 3c was determined by HPLC analysis and the time-course of 3c excretion was established. Oral intubation of the acid 3c resulted in almost quantitative excretion of this metabolite in 24 h urine thus indicating rapid detoxication. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of the isomeric 2a, 2b and 2c were compared with those of the parent N-methyl-N-nitroso-benzylamine (MNBA).", "PMID": 555869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2429", "title": "Volatilization of mutagens from beef during cooking.", "content": "The process of cooking beef substances which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/microsome bioassay [1,2]. In this study, the formation and disposition of basic mutagens produced by cooking beef at different temperatures were examined. Mutagenic activity increased exponentially with cooking temperature between 137 degrees C and 252 degrees C. However, the amount of mutagenic activity remaining in the meat was only 1--7% of that which was volatilized into the air. The ingested dose of mutagens may therefore be significantly influenced by factors which restrict the dissipation of mutagens from the container, as well as by cooking temperature. Inhalation of airborne mutagens from cooking, as an alternative route of exposure, should be investigated when considered in light of some epidemiological data showing an excess of lung and bladder cancer among cooks and kitchen workers.", "contents": "Volatilization of mutagens from beef during cooking. The process of cooking beef substances which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/microsome bioassay [1,2]. In this study, the formation and disposition of basic mutagens produced by cooking beef at different temperatures were examined. Mutagenic activity increased exponentially with cooking temperature between 137 degrees C and 252 degrees C. However, the amount of mutagenic activity remaining in the meat was only 1--7% of that which was volatilized into the air. The ingested dose of mutagens may therefore be significantly influenced by factors which restrict the dissipation of mutagens from the container, as well as by cooking temperature. Inhalation of airborne mutagens from cooking, as an alternative route of exposure, should be investigated when considered in light of some epidemiological data showing an excess of lung and bladder cancer among cooks and kitchen workers.", "PMID": 555870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2430", "title": "Mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague--Dawley rats following 3 repeated exposures to 14.8 MeV neutrons and steroid receptor content of these tumor types.", "content": "166 Sprague-Dawley Rats (148 males and 118 females) submitted to different hormonal conditions were exposed to 3 repeated whole-body irradiations of 14.8 MeV neutrons or sham-irradiated between 50 and 65 days of age (total absorbed doses: 3 x 2 rad and 3 x 8 rad). They were observed for 11 months. In the male group, a small number of tumors was obtained. In the female group, 75 breast neoplasms were scored in 41 of 78 irradiated animals (54 fibroadenomas, 20 adenocarcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma). A second group of benign and malignant tumors was observed from 200 days on. The neoplastic response to fast neutron fractionated irradiations was increased by pregnancy with subsequent lactation. Estradiol and progesterone receptors were measured in 34 tumor samples. Fibroadenomas (1;5) and adenocarcinomas (1;3) bound labelled steroids. Like in human breast cancer metastases, steroid receptors are found in recurrences only if present in the primary tumor.", "contents": "Mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague--Dawley rats following 3 repeated exposures to 14.8 MeV neutrons and steroid receptor content of these tumor types. 166 Sprague-Dawley Rats (148 males and 118 females) submitted to different hormonal conditions were exposed to 3 repeated whole-body irradiations of 14.8 MeV neutrons or sham-irradiated between 50 and 65 days of age (total absorbed doses: 3 x 2 rad and 3 x 8 rad). They were observed for 11 months. In the male group, a small number of tumors was obtained. In the female group, 75 breast neoplasms were scored in 41 of 78 irradiated animals (54 fibroadenomas, 20 adenocarcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma). A second group of benign and malignant tumors was observed from 200 days on. The neoplastic response to fast neutron fractionated irradiations was increased by pregnancy with subsequent lactation. Estradiol and progesterone receptors were measured in 34 tumor samples. Fibroadenomas (1;5) and adenocarcinomas (1;3) bound labelled steroids. Like in human breast cancer metastases, steroid receptors are found in recurrences only if present in the primary tumor.", "PMID": 555871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2431", "title": "Quantitative analysis of N-(guanin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and N-(guanin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene in modified DNA by hydrolysis in trifluoroacetic acid and high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (AAF)- and 2-aminofluorene (AF)-modified DNA was hydrolyzed in dry trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The hydrolysate was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Using this procedure N-(guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]2-aminofluorene was released quantitatively from DNA, modified by the reaction with [G-3H]N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene. From DNA that had been reacted with [G-3H]N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene, 70% of the total bound radioactivity was isolated as N-guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. Thirty eight percent of the DNA bound radioactivity after i.p. injection of [G-3H]N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene followed by isolation of the rat liver DNA and subsequent hydrolysis in trifluoroacetic acid was identified as N-(guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. In this DNA the corresponding deacetylated compound N-(guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]2-aminofluorene could not be detected.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of N-(guanin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and N-(guanin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene in modified DNA by hydrolysis in trifluoroacetic acid and high pressure liquid chromatography. N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (AAF)- and 2-aminofluorene (AF)-modified DNA was hydrolyzed in dry trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The hydrolysate was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Using this procedure N-(guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]2-aminofluorene was released quantitatively from DNA, modified by the reaction with [G-3H]N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene. From DNA that had been reacted with [G-3H]N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene, 70% of the total bound radioactivity was isolated as N-guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. Thirty eight percent of the DNA bound radioactivity after i.p. injection of [G-3H]N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene followed by isolation of the rat liver DNA and subsequent hydrolysis in trifluoroacetic acid was identified as N-(guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. In this DNA the corresponding deacetylated compound N-(guanin-8-yl)-[G-3H]2-aminofluorene could not be detected.", "PMID": 555872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2432", "title": "Response of the Syrian golden hamster to a nitrosourea amino acid carcinogen.", "content": "Syrian golden hamsters were treated with N delta-(N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamoyl)-L-ornithine (MNCO), a nitrosourea amino acid, which has induced a high incidence of breast, kidney and skin neoplasms and a low incidence of pancreatic carcinoma in rats. MNCO induced a few breast and skin carcinomas, and a high incidence of foci of atypical acinar cells and of focal ductular abnormalities in the exocrine pancreas. The latter were similar to lesions observed in rats treated with MNCO. MNCO was less toxic and less effective as a carcinogen in hamster than in the rat.", "contents": "Response of the Syrian golden hamster to a nitrosourea amino acid carcinogen. Syrian golden hamsters were treated with N delta-(N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamoyl)-L-ornithine (MNCO), a nitrosourea amino acid, which has induced a high incidence of breast, kidney and skin neoplasms and a low incidence of pancreatic carcinoma in rats. MNCO induced a few breast and skin carcinomas, and a high incidence of foci of atypical acinar cells and of focal ductular abnormalities in the exocrine pancreas. The latter were similar to lesions observed in rats treated with MNCO. MNCO was less toxic and less effective as a carcinogen in hamster than in the rat.", "PMID": 555873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2433", "title": "Biochemical changes induced by tumors at distant sites: altered transfer RNA profiles in livers of mice bearing plasmacytomas.", "content": "Tumor growth is known to have systemic effects upon the host's metabolism. We report here for the first time that histologically normal livers of mice bearing subcutaneous plasmacytomas contain chromatographic peaks of asparaginyl-, aspartyl-, histidinyl-, and tyrosinyl-transfer RNAs not found in significant amounts in normal livers. Lysyl-, prolyl-, seryl-, threonyl-, tryptophanyl-, and valyl-transfer RNAs, from normal tissues, but these tRNAs are not altered in livers of tumor bearing mice. This suggests that distant tumor growth causes a derangement in one of the liver enzymes that normally modify transfer RNA after transcription.", "contents": "Biochemical changes induced by tumors at distant sites: altered transfer RNA profiles in livers of mice bearing plasmacytomas. Tumor growth is known to have systemic effects upon the host's metabolism. We report here for the first time that histologically normal livers of mice bearing subcutaneous plasmacytomas contain chromatographic peaks of asparaginyl-, aspartyl-, histidinyl-, and tyrosinyl-transfer RNAs not found in significant amounts in normal livers. Lysyl-, prolyl-, seryl-, threonyl-, tryptophanyl-, and valyl-transfer RNAs, from normal tissues, but these tRNAs are not altered in livers of tumor bearing mice. This suggests that distant tumor growth causes a derangement in one of the liver enzymes that normally modify transfer RNA after transcription.", "PMID": 555874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2434", "title": "Effect of phenacetin and N-alkylacetanilides on N-2-fluorenylacetamide hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "Phenacetin, N-methylacetanilide and N-ethylacetanilide prevented N-2-fluorenylacetamide hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 strain rats. Phenacetin was most effective followed by N-ethylacetanilide. Phenacetin was not carcinogenic when fed at 0.8% level for 16 weeks followed by control diet for another 10 weeks.", "contents": "Effect of phenacetin and N-alkylacetanilides on N-2-fluorenylacetamide hepatocarcinogenesis. Phenacetin, N-methylacetanilide and N-ethylacetanilide prevented N-2-fluorenylacetamide hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 strain rats. Phenacetin was most effective followed by N-ethylacetanilide. Phenacetin was not carcinogenic when fed at 0.8% level for 16 weeks followed by control diet for another 10 weeks.", "PMID": 555875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2435", "title": "Fc gamma receptors receptors on fetal rat brain cells during neoplastic transformation in culture after exposure to ethylnitrosourea in vivo.", "content": "Fetal rat brain cells, undergoing neoplastic transformation in long-term culture after a single transplacental pulse of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea on the 18th day of gestation, were investigated for Fc gamma receptors. Rosette assay with cells in suspension and the hemadsorption to cells on coverglasses were used for their detection. The receptors were found on cells after about 2 months in culture. A maximum of 20% of the cells were Fc gamma receptor-positive after 3 months. About 3 weeks later no Fc gamma receptors could be detected. Malignant rat neurogenic cell lines were also negative.", "contents": "Fc gamma receptors receptors on fetal rat brain cells during neoplastic transformation in culture after exposure to ethylnitrosourea in vivo. Fetal rat brain cells, undergoing neoplastic transformation in long-term culture after a single transplacental pulse of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea on the 18th day of gestation, were investigated for Fc gamma receptors. Rosette assay with cells in suspension and the hemadsorption to cells on coverglasses were used for their detection. The receptors were found on cells after about 2 months in culture. A maximum of 20% of the cells were Fc gamma receptor-positive after 3 months. About 3 weeks later no Fc gamma receptors could be detected. Malignant rat neurogenic cell lines were also negative.", "PMID": 555876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2436", "title": "Swelling and contraction of heart mitochondria suspended in ammonium phosphate.", "content": "Bovine heart mitochondria which have been allowed to swell in isotonic NH4+ phosphate contract in response to initiation of oxidative phosphorylation. The contraction occurs optimally at pH 6.0 and appears from inhibition studies to result from Pi uptake being slower than removal of internal Pi via phosphorylation of external ADP. Similar results are obtained when K+ + nigericin is substituted for NH4+. Mersalyl inhibition of Pi transport in respiring, nonphosphorylating mitochondria which have been allowed to swell in NH4+ phosphate reveals a contractile process having an alkaline pH optimum. This contraction resembles closely the contraction observed in salts of strong acids and presumably occurs by electrophoretic ejection of Pi anions driven by electrogenic H+ ejection.", "contents": "Swelling and contraction of heart mitochondria suspended in ammonium phosphate. Bovine heart mitochondria which have been allowed to swell in isotonic NH4+ phosphate contract in response to initiation of oxidative phosphorylation. The contraction occurs optimally at pH 6.0 and appears from inhibition studies to result from Pi uptake being slower than removal of internal Pi via phosphorylation of external ADP. Similar results are obtained when K+ + nigericin is substituted for NH4+. Mersalyl inhibition of Pi transport in respiring, nonphosphorylating mitochondria which have been allowed to swell in NH4+ phosphate reveals a contractile process having an alkaline pH optimum. This contraction resembles closely the contraction observed in salts of strong acids and presumably occurs by electrophoretic ejection of Pi anions driven by electrogenic H+ ejection.", "PMID": 556069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2437", "title": "Electromyographic biofeedback: behavioral treatment of neuromuscular disorders.", "content": "Electromyographic biofeedback is becoming widely used to help patients regain voluntary control of specific muscles affected by neuromuscular disorders. Electromyographic feedback training has been employed in the rehabilitation of patients affected by poliomyelitis, cerebrovascular accident, torticollis, nerve injury, temporomandibular joint syndrome, bruxism, and other disorders. While EMG biofeedback appears to be a promising treatment technique, the research literature on its effectiveness consists mainly of uncontrolled case reports and clinical trials. It is concluded that new studies with more sophisticated design and more careful control are needed to demonstrate that EMG biofeedback makes a unique contribution to the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Research is needed to identify relevant patients characteristics predictive of success, specify appropriate muscle groups for the treatment of particular disorders, determine how feedback can be most efficiently combined with more conventional techniques in achieving a therapeutic effect, and establish meaningful criteria of success in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders.", "contents": "Electromyographic biofeedback: behavioral treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Electromyographic biofeedback is becoming widely used to help patients regain voluntary control of specific muscles affected by neuromuscular disorders. Electromyographic feedback training has been employed in the rehabilitation of patients affected by poliomyelitis, cerebrovascular accident, torticollis, nerve injury, temporomandibular joint syndrome, bruxism, and other disorders. While EMG biofeedback appears to be a promising treatment technique, the research literature on its effectiveness consists mainly of uncontrolled case reports and clinical trials. It is concluded that new studies with more sophisticated design and more careful control are needed to demonstrate that EMG biofeedback makes a unique contribution to the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Research is needed to identify relevant patients characteristics predictive of success, specify appropriate muscle groups for the treatment of particular disorders, determine how feedback can be most efficiently combined with more conventional techniques in achieving a therapeutic effect, and establish meaningful criteria of success in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders.", "PMID": 556109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2438", "title": "Anxiety management training for pattern A behavior.", "content": "During a 3-week period, seven subjects were treated with Anxiety Management Training (AMT) while seven subjects served as a wait-list control. Pattern A behaviors, measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), self-report of anxiety, as measured by the Spielberger state (STAI-S) and trait (STAI-T) anxiety inventories, and indices of blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides were obtained before and after treatment. Results indicate that treated subjects compared to controls showed significant reductions in the Hard-Driving component of pattern A behavior, showed lower posttest STAI-A and StAI-T scores, but failed to evidence a statistically significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure or cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The implications of these data to theoretical and practical conceptualizations of stress management are discussed.", "contents": "Anxiety management training for pattern A behavior. During a 3-week period, seven subjects were treated with Anxiety Management Training (AMT) while seven subjects served as a wait-list control. Pattern A behaviors, measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), self-report of anxiety, as measured by the Spielberger state (STAI-S) and trait (STAI-T) anxiety inventories, and indices of blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides were obtained before and after treatment. Results indicate that treated subjects compared to controls showed significant reductions in the Hard-Driving component of pattern A behavior, showed lower posttest STAI-A and StAI-T scores, but failed to evidence a statistically significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure or cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The implications of these data to theoretical and practical conceptualizations of stress management are discussed.", "PMID": 556111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2439", "title": "Frequency of church attendance and blood pressure elevation.", "content": "Blood pressure levels were examined with regard to church attendance patterns in a group of white male heads of households who appeared in the 1967-1969 follow-up examination of the Evans County Cardiovascular Epidemiologic Study. A consistent pattern of lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures among frequent church attenders was found compared to that of infrequent attenders which was not due to the effects of age, obesity, cigarette smoking, or socioeconomic status.", "contents": "Frequency of church attendance and blood pressure elevation. Blood pressure levels were examined with regard to church attendance patterns in a group of white male heads of households who appeared in the 1967-1969 follow-up examination of the Evans County Cardiovascular Epidemiologic Study. A consistent pattern of lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures among frequent church attenders was found compared to that of infrequent attenders which was not due to the effects of age, obesity, cigarette smoking, or socioeconomic status.", "PMID": 556112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2440", "title": "Premorbid psychological factors as related to cancer incidence.", "content": "In planning for studies relating psychological factors and/or stress (PF&/oS) to cancer, one should be aware of epidemiological findings that might contribute to or even account wholly for any found relationships. Most studies have not examined the known biological causes of cancer, nor have they described a rationale for relationships sought. The two broad mechanisms leading to cancer, carcinogens and lowered resistance to it, include physical and chemical causes, viruses and chronic infection, medication, genetic predisposition, hormonal stimuli, and aging. Interfering variables may bias or dilute a real relationship. Validity and reliability of instruments measuring PF&/oS are so variable as to warrant considerable care in their use. The latent periods of different cancers are measured in years, not months, with consequent potent impact on possible inferences drawn from prebiopsy and short prospective studies. In these and in retrospective studies, cancer can have strong and biasing effects on apparently straightforward PF&/oS measurements, as can iatrogenic effects. Some theoretical issues are discussed. The known prospective studies are discussed and reasons are given for the view that they are less convincing then many seem to think. A sketch of a model relating PF&/oS to cancer appearance is outlined, with some theoretical implications, and issues in research design are addressed.", "contents": "Premorbid psychological factors as related to cancer incidence. In planning for studies relating psychological factors and/or stress (PF&/oS) to cancer, one should be aware of epidemiological findings that might contribute to or even account wholly for any found relationships. Most studies have not examined the known biological causes of cancer, nor have they described a rationale for relationships sought. The two broad mechanisms leading to cancer, carcinogens and lowered resistance to it, include physical and chemical causes, viruses and chronic infection, medication, genetic predisposition, hormonal stimuli, and aging. Interfering variables may bias or dilute a real relationship. Validity and reliability of instruments measuring PF&/oS are so variable as to warrant considerable care in their use. The latent periods of different cancers are measured in years, not months, with consequent potent impact on possible inferences drawn from prebiopsy and short prospective studies. In these and in retrospective studies, cancer can have strong and biasing effects on apparently straightforward PF&/oS measurements, as can iatrogenic effects. Some theoretical issues are discussed. The known prospective studies are discussed and reasons are given for the view that they are less convincing then many seem to think. A sketch of a model relating PF&/oS to cancer appearance is outlined, with some theoretical implications, and issues in research design are addressed.", "PMID": 556113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2441", "title": "Rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants.", "content": "Naturalistic, longitudinal observations of 20 normal infants biweekly during their first year showed that they performed a great quantity and variety of rhythmical and highly stereotyped behaviours. Forty-seven movement patterns are described involving the legs and feet; the head and face; the arms, hands, and fingers; and the whole torso in various postures. These behaviours showed developmental regularities as well as constancy of form and distribution. Groups of stereotypies involving particular parts of the body or postures had characteristic ages of onset, peak performance, and decline. The onset of particular stereotypy groups was highly correlated with motor development. It is proposed that rhythmical stereotypies are manifestations of incomplete cortical control of endogenous patterning in maturing neuromuscular pathways.", "contents": "Rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants. Naturalistic, longitudinal observations of 20 normal infants biweekly during their first year showed that they performed a great quantity and variety of rhythmical and highly stereotyped behaviours. Forty-seven movement patterns are described involving the legs and feet; the head and face; the arms, hands, and fingers; and the whole torso in various postures. These behaviours showed developmental regularities as well as constancy of form and distribution. Groups of stereotypies involving particular parts of the body or postures had characteristic ages of onset, peak performance, and decline. The onset of particular stereotypy groups was highly correlated with motor development. It is proposed that rhythmical stereotypies are manifestations of incomplete cortical control of endogenous patterning in maturing neuromuscular pathways.", "PMID": 556122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2442", "title": "Postnatal effects of prenatal sound stimulation in the guinea pig.", "content": "Pregnant guinea pigs were stimulated with a natural sound alien to their species. Postnatally the response of their young to this sound was compared with that of unstimulated controls. All young were tested with a series of the alien sounds followed by series of guinea pig calls. Heart rate changes showed that prenatally stimulated young responded less to the alien sounds than did controls, whereas both groups responded equally to guinea pig calls. Response of controls diminished during daily test sessions and over the five test days and comparison with an older control group showed that this was due to repetition of the stimulus. It is suggested that the response of prenatally stimulated animals had waned before birth.", "contents": "Postnatal effects of prenatal sound stimulation in the guinea pig. Pregnant guinea pigs were stimulated with a natural sound alien to their species. Postnatally the response of their young to this sound was compared with that of unstimulated controls. All young were tested with a series of the alien sounds followed by series of guinea pig calls. Heart rate changes showed that prenatally stimulated young responded less to the alien sounds than did controls, whereas both groups responded equally to guinea pig calls. Response of controls diminished during daily test sessions and over the five test days and comparison with an older control group showed that this was due to repetition of the stimulus. It is suggested that the response of prenatally stimulated animals had waned before birth.", "PMID": 556123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2443", "title": "Eye histoplasmosis.", "content": "Mainly in the endemic area, eye histo strikes healthy adults in their 30's and 40's. They note distortion and blurring of central vision of 1 eye. Such patients can tell when they are having this muculopathy before the ophthalmologist is able to detect any damage. Later a hemorrhagic maculopathy may develop. The diagnosis of eye histo is made by the characteristic eye picture. To bring you up to data about this common but little known entity, we will use a question and answer format.", "contents": "Eye histoplasmosis. Mainly in the endemic area, eye histo strikes healthy adults in their 30's and 40's. They note distortion and blurring of central vision of 1 eye. Such patients can tell when they are having this muculopathy before the ophthalmologist is able to detect any damage. Later a hemorrhagic maculopathy may develop. The diagnosis of eye histo is made by the characteristic eye picture. To bring you up to data about this common but little known entity, we will use a question and answer format.", "PMID": 556124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2444", "title": "Blood induced secondary glaucomas.", "content": "Hyphema may lead to a secondary glaucoma in some patients. Six different mechanisms by which anterior chamber blood may cause elevated intraocular pressure are described and the treatment of these different conditions is discussed. It should be noted that more than 1 mechanism may be present simultaneously and that other mechanisms unrelated to the blood may also contribute to the problem.", "contents": "Blood induced secondary glaucomas. Hyphema may lead to a secondary glaucoma in some patients. Six different mechanisms by which anterior chamber blood may cause elevated intraocular pressure are described and the treatment of these different conditions is discussed. It should be noted that more than 1 mechanism may be present simultaneously and that other mechanisms unrelated to the blood may also contribute to the problem.", "PMID": 556125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2445", "title": "Pituitary tumor made symptomatic during hormone therapy and induced pregnancy.", "content": "An infertile patient with amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome lost vision during a pregnancy occurring after Bromocryptine treatment. A pituitary adenoma was removed, vision recovered, and the pregnancy completed successfully. Two prior episodes of visual loss had occurred during oral contraceptive treatment, an association not heretofore reported. Intrasellar and parasellar tumors made manifest by hormonal influences of pregnancy may become more common as treatment of infertility becomes more refined and successful.", "contents": "Pituitary tumor made symptomatic during hormone therapy and induced pregnancy. An infertile patient with amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome lost vision during a pregnancy occurring after Bromocryptine treatment. A pituitary adenoma was removed, vision recovered, and the pregnancy completed successfully. Two prior episodes of visual loss had occurred during oral contraceptive treatment, an association not heretofore reported. Intrasellar and parasellar tumors made manifest by hormonal influences of pregnancy may become more common as treatment of infertility becomes more refined and successful.", "PMID": 556126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2446", "title": "[24 hours plasma tryptophan levels in patients with endogenous depression (author's transl)].", "content": "The variations of total and free tryptophan during 24 hours were measured in patients with endogenous depression. In depressive patients, plasma tryptophan levels are significantly lower than in control subjects. Plasma tryptophan levels in depressive patients are low during the night (when high at the same hours in normal subjects). The physiopathological mechanisms of such alterations and their possible influence on symptomathology are described.", "contents": "[24 hours plasma tryptophan levels in patients with endogenous depression (author's transl)]. The variations of total and free tryptophan during 24 hours were measured in patients with endogenous depression. In depressive patients, plasma tryptophan levels are significantly lower than in control subjects. Plasma tryptophan levels in depressive patients are low during the night (when high at the same hours in normal subjects). The physiopathological mechanisms of such alterations and their possible influence on symptomathology are described.", "PMID": 556121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2447", "title": "Cataractogenous effect of hair dyes: a clinical and experimental study.", "content": "Observations based on a clinical and experimental study of the effect of hair dye (paraphenylenediamine) on the lens are reported. Two hundred individuals of either sex using hair dye were examined in detail and lenticular changes were found in 89% while only 23% in controls. The lenticular changes were related to duration, amount, and individual sensitivity to dye. Various types of lenticular opacities encountered are mentioned. In addition some individuals (7%) were found to develop early presbyopia. Experimental study which was conducted in rats and rabbits confirmed the cataractogenic effect of hair dye beyond doubt. It is concluded that hair dye is potentially toxic to the human lens.", "contents": "Cataractogenous effect of hair dyes: a clinical and experimental study. Observations based on a clinical and experimental study of the effect of hair dye (paraphenylenediamine) on the lens are reported. Two hundred individuals of either sex using hair dye were examined in detail and lenticular changes were found in 89% while only 23% in controls. The lenticular changes were related to duration, amount, and individual sensitivity to dye. Various types of lenticular opacities encountered are mentioned. In addition some individuals (7%) were found to develop early presbyopia. Experimental study which was conducted in rats and rabbits confirmed the cataractogenic effect of hair dye beyond doubt. It is concluded that hair dye is potentially toxic to the human lens.", "PMID": 556127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2448", "title": "\"Vitelliform\" lesions in adults.", "content": "Symmetric yellow (\"vitelliform\") foveal lesions are occasionally seen in adults. These patients should not be diagnosed as having Best's vitelliform dystrophy unless the EOG light/dark ratio is severely depressed and the family history reveals a dominantly-inherited maculopathy. Adult vitelliform lesions may vary in size from one third to several disc diameters, and may be present with or without drusen. More than one etiology may be involved, but many of these lesions seem to be degenerative changes related to drusen or pigment epithelial detachment.", "contents": "\"Vitelliform\" lesions in adults. Symmetric yellow (\"vitelliform\") foveal lesions are occasionally seen in adults. These patients should not be diagnosed as having Best's vitelliform dystrophy unless the EOG light/dark ratio is severely depressed and the family history reveals a dominantly-inherited maculopathy. Adult vitelliform lesions may vary in size from one third to several disc diameters, and may be present with or without drusen. More than one etiology may be involved, but many of these lesions seem to be degenerative changes related to drusen or pigment epithelial detachment.", "PMID": 556129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2449", "title": "Neuro-ophthalmologic signs in a recurrent cerebellar astrocytoma after 48 years.", "content": "This is a report of the neuro-ophthalmologic and neuropathologic findings in a patient with a recurrence of a cerebellar astrocytoma after 48 years. Dr. Harvey Cushing performed the initial operation at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in 1928. This patient was included in his classic review: \"Experiences with the Cerebellar Astrocytomas--A critical review of seventy-six cases.\" The extensive documentation of the original tumor by Cushing, the unusually long period of 48 years for the recurrence of the tumor, and the opportunity to examine the patient and postmortem brain specimen in detail make this a unique case report.", "contents": "Neuro-ophthalmologic signs in a recurrent cerebellar astrocytoma after 48 years. This is a report of the neuro-ophthalmologic and neuropathologic findings in a patient with a recurrence of a cerebellar astrocytoma after 48 years. Dr. Harvey Cushing performed the initial operation at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in 1928. This patient was included in his classic review: \"Experiences with the Cerebellar Astrocytomas--A critical review of seventy-six cases.\" The extensive documentation of the original tumor by Cushing, the unusually long period of 48 years for the recurrence of the tumor, and the opportunity to examine the patient and postmortem brain specimen in detail make this a unique case report.", "PMID": 556130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2450", "title": "Spontaneous subperiosteal orbital hematoma.", "content": "A case of spontaneous subperiosteal orbital hematoma is reported. The clinical differentiation of a subperiosteal orbital hematoma from an intraorbital hematoma is described. Although many \"spontaneous\" orbital hematomas have been associated with systemic and local orbital diseases, only 3 other truly spontaneous subperiosteal hematomas have been reported.", "contents": "Spontaneous subperiosteal orbital hematoma. A case of spontaneous subperiosteal orbital hematoma is reported. The clinical differentiation of a subperiosteal orbital hematoma from an intraorbital hematoma is described. Although many \"spontaneous\" orbital hematomas have been associated with systemic and local orbital diseases, only 3 other truly spontaneous subperiosteal hematomas have been reported.", "PMID": 556132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2451", "title": "Vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma: an experimental study using rabbits.", "content": "To study the value and the proper timing of vitrectomy in cases of ocular trauma involving the posterior segment, 24 rabbit eyes were traumatized by introducing a steel foreign body and autogenous blood into the vitreous. Twelve eyes underwent vitrectomy, 6 in the first week after trauma (\"early\") and 6 in the fourth week (\"late\"). The other 12 eyes, which underwent removal of the foreign body but not vitrectomy, served as controls. Traction retinal detachment did not develop in the 6 early-vitrectomy eyes, but it did occur before vitrectomy in 4 of the 6 eyes of the late-vitrectomy group and in 6 of the 12 control eyes. Iatrogenic cataract and retinal breaks were twice as frequent in the late as in the early group. The data seem to favor early vitrectomy in eyes with posterior-segment trauma. However, in routine clinical practice we advise prompt primary repair and exploration to evaluate the extent of posterior-segment damage, and vitrectomy within 14 days after injury.", "contents": "Vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma: an experimental study using rabbits. To study the value and the proper timing of vitrectomy in cases of ocular trauma involving the posterior segment, 24 rabbit eyes were traumatized by introducing a steel foreign body and autogenous blood into the vitreous. Twelve eyes underwent vitrectomy, 6 in the first week after trauma (\"early\") and 6 in the fourth week (\"late\"). The other 12 eyes, which underwent removal of the foreign body but not vitrectomy, served as controls. Traction retinal detachment did not develop in the 6 early-vitrectomy eyes, but it did occur before vitrectomy in 4 of the 6 eyes of the late-vitrectomy group and in 6 of the 12 control eyes. Iatrogenic cataract and retinal breaks were twice as frequent in the late as in the early group. The data seem to favor early vitrectomy in eyes with posterior-segment trauma. However, in routine clinical practice we advise prompt primary repair and exploration to evaluate the extent of posterior-segment damage, and vitrectomy within 14 days after injury.", "PMID": 556133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2452", "title": "Mechanical behavior of the vitreous.", "content": "A description of the experiments of the mechanical behavior of the vitreous body is presented. The experiments were performed with a photoelastic material surrounding both rabbit and human eyes. The results show that the vitreous body transmits forces isotropically as any newtonian fluid. Tests done on rabbits' eyes with a previous vitrectomy agree with the previous statements. Finally, a hypothesis of the effect of pressure on the posterior pole in myopia is given, stressing the changes clinically observed.", "contents": "Mechanical behavior of the vitreous. A description of the experiments of the mechanical behavior of the vitreous body is presented. The experiments were performed with a photoelastic material surrounding both rabbit and human eyes. The results show that the vitreous body transmits forces isotropically as any newtonian fluid. Tests done on rabbits' eyes with a previous vitrectomy agree with the previous statements. Finally, a hypothesis of the effect of pressure on the posterior pole in myopia is given, stressing the changes clinically observed.", "PMID": 556134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2453", "title": "Complete third nerve paralysis and decreasing vision secondary to subdural hematoma.", "content": "We treated a patient with a subacute subdural hematoma who manifested only a complete third cranial nerve paralysis and decreased visual acuity. The gravity of delayed diagnosis in such a situation should prompt the ophthalmologist to consider subdural hematoma as the underlying cause in cases of third nerve paralysis.", "contents": "Complete third nerve paralysis and decreasing vision secondary to subdural hematoma. We treated a patient with a subacute subdural hematoma who manifested only a complete third cranial nerve paralysis and decreased visual acuity. The gravity of delayed diagnosis in such a situation should prompt the ophthalmologist to consider subdural hematoma as the underlying cause in cases of third nerve paralysis.", "PMID": 556135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2454", "title": "An unusual presentation of pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "A 25-year old grossly obese woman presented with decreased visual acuity. She had bilateral total (internal and external) ophthalmoplegia, a left-sided seventh cranial nerve palsy, and florid bilateral papilledema. The diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri was made on the basis of high cerebrospinal fluid pressure and the absence of other abnormalities on systemic, neurologic, and neuroradiologic examination. The patient responded favorably to corticosteroid treatment; however, bilateral optic atrophy occurred with persistent loss of visual field and acuity.", "contents": "An unusual presentation of pseudotumor cerebri. A 25-year old grossly obese woman presented with decreased visual acuity. She had bilateral total (internal and external) ophthalmoplegia, a left-sided seventh cranial nerve palsy, and florid bilateral papilledema. The diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri was made on the basis of high cerebrospinal fluid pressure and the absence of other abnormalities on systemic, neurologic, and neuroradiologic examination. The patient responded favorably to corticosteroid treatment; however, bilateral optic atrophy occurred with persistent loss of visual field and acuity.", "PMID": 556136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2455", "title": "Effects of timolol and Daranide on elevated intraocular pressure after aphakic keratoplasty.", "content": "In a randomized, blind clinical study, we tested the effect of timolol and Daranide against placebo medications among patients who had intraocular pressures greater than 30 mm Hg on the first postoperative day after aphakic keratoplasty. The study failed to show any significant difference in the pressure course. We concluded that because this type of severe secondary glaucoma is extremely difficult to treat, it should be prevented by using a donor cornea larger in size than the recipient bed.", "contents": "Effects of timolol and Daranide on elevated intraocular pressure after aphakic keratoplasty. In a randomized, blind clinical study, we tested the effect of timolol and Daranide against placebo medications among patients who had intraocular pressures greater than 30 mm Hg on the first postoperative day after aphakic keratoplasty. The study failed to show any significant difference in the pressure course. We concluded that because this type of severe secondary glaucoma is extremely difficult to treat, it should be prevented by using a donor cornea larger in size than the recipient bed.", "PMID": 556137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2456", "title": "Ocular penetration of orally administered minocycline.", "content": "Minocycline administered orally with a loading dose of 200 mg followed by 2 doses of 100 mg 12 hours apart was found to produce adequate levels in the aqueous of patients with noninflamed eyes at the time of routine cataract extraction. The plasma to aqueous ratio was approximately 2:1. This study suggests the potential usefulness of minocycline in ocular infections that are due to sensitive bacteria.", "contents": "Ocular penetration of orally administered minocycline. Minocycline administered orally with a loading dose of 200 mg followed by 2 doses of 100 mg 12 hours apart was found to produce adequate levels in the aqueous of patients with noninflamed eyes at the time of routine cataract extraction. The plasma to aqueous ratio was approximately 2:1. This study suggests the potential usefulness of minocycline in ocular infections that are due to sensitive bacteria.", "PMID": 556140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2457", "title": "An Impressive Result: AIR.", "content": "Results of endothelial photography indicate the occasional disregard for implant-corneal touch that may occur during many intraocular maneuvers. The use of air reduces this risk and undoubtedly can give the physician an impressive result.", "contents": "An Impressive Result: AIR. Results of endothelial photography indicate the occasional disregard for implant-corneal touch that may occur during many intraocular maneuvers. The use of air reduces this risk and undoubtedly can give the physician an impressive result.", "PMID": 556141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2458", "title": "Cystic suprasellar and retrosellar arachnoiditis: a clinical and pathologic follow-up case report.", "content": "A patient, previously operated upon for a supra-and retrosellar arachnoid cyst, had again to undergo surgery for a recurrence and died in the early postoperative course. The gross and microscopic pathologic evidence obtained through necropsy is described: it seems to confirm the inflammatory nature of the arachnoid cyst, thus legitimating the term cystic optochiasmatic arachnoiditis used for the description of the same case in a previous report.", "contents": "Cystic suprasellar and retrosellar arachnoiditis: a clinical and pathologic follow-up case report. A patient, previously operated upon for a supra-and retrosellar arachnoid cyst, had again to undergo surgery for a recurrence and died in the early postoperative course. The gross and microscopic pathologic evidence obtained through necropsy is described: it seems to confirm the inflammatory nature of the arachnoid cyst, thus legitimating the term cystic optochiasmatic arachnoiditis used for the description of the same case in a previous report.", "PMID": 556144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2459", "title": "Multifocal choroiditis after retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A 50-year-old white man with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment of the right eye developed multifocal choroiditis after repair of retinal detachment. The mechanism appeared to be hypersensitive to the scleral buckling material. The choroiditis rapidly cleared following removal of all scleral buckling material.", "contents": "Multifocal choroiditis after retinal detachment surgery. A 50-year-old white man with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment of the right eye developed multifocal choroiditis after repair of retinal detachment. The mechanism appeared to be hypersensitive to the scleral buckling material. The choroiditis rapidly cleared following removal of all scleral buckling material.", "PMID": 556145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2460", "title": "Senile macular degeneration and risk factors: a case-control study.", "content": "A case-control study of patients ranging in age from 52 to 88 years was done to determine any possible relationship between health factors and senile macular degeneration. Thirty cases and 30 controls were pair-matched according to age, sex, and race. Chart reviews and telephone interviews were the methods of data collection used. The patients were interviewed concerning a history of vascular disease and other health characteristics. The data were analyzed by a paired-sample method. The results of the study showed a definite relationship with age and sex. Moreover, a significant relationship between refractive error and senile macular degeneration was noted. Such an association has not been previously reported. No relationship was found between vascular disease and senile macular degeneration.", "contents": "Senile macular degeneration and risk factors: a case-control study. A case-control study of patients ranging in age from 52 to 88 years was done to determine any possible relationship between health factors and senile macular degeneration. Thirty cases and 30 controls were pair-matched according to age, sex, and race. Chart reviews and telephone interviews were the methods of data collection used. The patients were interviewed concerning a history of vascular disease and other health characteristics. The data were analyzed by a paired-sample method. The results of the study showed a definite relationship with age and sex. Moreover, a significant relationship between refractive error and senile macular degeneration was noted. Such an association has not been previously reported. No relationship was found between vascular disease and senile macular degeneration.", "PMID": 556147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2461", "title": "Limit aesthesiometry.", "content": "An aesthesiometer with disposable monofilaments is designed for measuring very small pressures on the corneal surface. This was achieved by using various lengths of a nylon monofilament with diameters of 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 mm. With these lengths and diameters pressures between 0.1 and 1.0 g/mm2 can be exerted on the corneal surface.", "contents": "Limit aesthesiometry. An aesthesiometer with disposable monofilaments is designed for measuring very small pressures on the corneal surface. This was achieved by using various lengths of a nylon monofilament with diameters of 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 mm. With these lengths and diameters pressures between 0.1 and 1.0 g/mm2 can be exerted on the corneal surface.", "PMID": 556148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2462", "title": "Congenital euryblepharon.", "content": "Three cases of congenital euryblepharon are presented. In these cases, horizontal width of the eyelid margin is abnormally increased in comparison to the globe and orbit. The 3 cases were all different. One case had involvement of all 4 lids. Another had unilateral involvement of upper and lower eyelids. A third case had bilateral lower lid involvement associated with other anomalies. The additional anomalies which have not been previously reported include a double row of meibomian gland orifices and an extreme lateral displacement of the lower canaliculus and punctum. All cases had varying degrees of vertical shortage of skin in the involved lids leading to lagophthalmos with a mild to moderate exposure keratitis. A review of previously reported cases of euryblepharon is made. The types of surgical procedures used to correct the deformities are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital euryblepharon. Three cases of congenital euryblepharon are presented. In these cases, horizontal width of the eyelid margin is abnormally increased in comparison to the globe and orbit. The 3 cases were all different. One case had involvement of all 4 lids. Another had unilateral involvement of upper and lower eyelids. A third case had bilateral lower lid involvement associated with other anomalies. The additional anomalies which have not been previously reported include a double row of meibomian gland orifices and an extreme lateral displacement of the lower canaliculus and punctum. All cases had varying degrees of vertical shortage of skin in the involved lids leading to lagophthalmos with a mild to moderate exposure keratitis. A review of previously reported cases of euryblepharon is made. The types of surgical procedures used to correct the deformities are discussed.", "PMID": 556149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2463", "title": "Association of foveomacular retinitis, ankylosing spondylitis, iritis, and acquired iris atrophy.", "content": "A case of foveomacular retinitis, ankylosing spondylitis, iritis, and iris dissociation is described. Only ankylosing spondylitis was present in other family members. The differential diagnosis is discussed. The iritis of ankylosing spondylitis must be considered in cases of developmental full-thickness iris holes.", "contents": "Association of foveomacular retinitis, ankylosing spondylitis, iritis, and acquired iris atrophy. A case of foveomacular retinitis, ankylosing spondylitis, iritis, and iris dissociation is described. Only ankylosing spondylitis was present in other family members. The differential diagnosis is discussed. The iritis of ankylosing spondylitis must be considered in cases of developmental full-thickness iris holes.", "PMID": 556150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2464", "title": "Pterygium and basic tear secretion.", "content": "In order to investigate the correlation between the occurrence of pterygium and dryness of the eyes, a Schirmer's No. 1 test was done on both eyes in 60 patients with unilateral pterygia. No difference was found between the mean basic secretion of tears in the diseased eyes (15.33 +/- 8.09 mm) and the fellow eyes (15.65 +/- 7.89 mm), and both were in the normal range for this test. This data suggest that dryness of the eyes cannot be regarded as the cause of pterygium.", "contents": "Pterygium and basic tear secretion. In order to investigate the correlation between the occurrence of pterygium and dryness of the eyes, a Schirmer's No. 1 test was done on both eyes in 60 patients with unilateral pterygia. No difference was found between the mean basic secretion of tears in the diseased eyes (15.33 +/- 8.09 mm) and the fellow eyes (15.65 +/- 7.89 mm), and both were in the normal range for this test. This data suggest that dryness of the eyes cannot be regarded as the cause of pterygium.", "PMID": 556151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2465", "title": "Jensen procedure modified.", "content": "A modification of the Jensen procedure is presented to aid in preserving the anterior segment blood supply. It involves a union of only part of the lateral rectus muscle with the temporal halves of the superior and inferior rectus muscles. The anterior ciliary artery in the lateral rectus is not included in in the union.", "contents": "Jensen procedure modified. A modification of the Jensen procedure is presented to aid in preserving the anterior segment blood supply. It involves a union of only part of the lateral rectus muscle with the temporal halves of the superior and inferior rectus muscles. The anterior ciliary artery in the lateral rectus is not included in in the union.", "PMID": 556153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2466", "title": "Source of fungus contamination of hydrophilic soft contact lenses.", "content": "Fungus infiltration within hydrophilic lenses has been a rare finding. This case report confirms previous findings that fungal contamination of hydrophilic contact lens is possible. The present report, to our knowledge, is the first demonstration of the association of fungus from contaminated cosmetics with hydrophilic contact lenses. It is important to be aware of the possibility of fungal invasion of hydrophilic lenses, as well as to be able to differentiate this from the more common harmless spot formation. On the basis of this study, good lid hygiene, strict adherence to the sterilization procedure, and discontinuance of any soft hydrophilic contact lenses with spot formation seems appropriate.", "contents": "Source of fungus contamination of hydrophilic soft contact lenses. Fungus infiltration within hydrophilic lenses has been a rare finding. This case report confirms previous findings that fungal contamination of hydrophilic contact lens is possible. The present report, to our knowledge, is the first demonstration of the association of fungus from contaminated cosmetics with hydrophilic contact lenses. It is important to be aware of the possibility of fungal invasion of hydrophilic lenses, as well as to be able to differentiate this from the more common harmless spot formation. On the basis of this study, good lid hygiene, strict adherence to the sterilization procedure, and discontinuance of any soft hydrophilic contact lenses with spot formation seems appropriate.", "PMID": 556154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2467", "title": "Eales' disease: a case of rapid progression.", "content": "A case of bilateral vitreous hemorrhage is presented in a young black man. Work-up showed the patient to have Hb AA with a markedly positive PPD and a negative chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of periphlebitis retinae or so-called Eales' disease was made. This case was remarkable in its speed of progression and the severity of the disease process. This case calls attention to the importance of rapid diagnosis and evaluation for possible treatment.", "contents": "Eales' disease: a case of rapid progression. A case of bilateral vitreous hemorrhage is presented in a young black man. Work-up showed the patient to have Hb AA with a markedly positive PPD and a negative chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of periphlebitis retinae or so-called Eales' disease was made. This case was remarkable in its speed of progression and the severity of the disease process. This case calls attention to the importance of rapid diagnosis and evaluation for possible treatment.", "PMID": 556155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2468", "title": "Unilateral conjunctival inflammation resembling a neoplasm.", "content": "An 11-year-old black girl with excessive tissue growth from the conjunctiva and adjacent tissue, of several years' duration, was treated with excision of the tissue and topical steroids. Histopathologic examination revealed eosinophilic and plasma cell infiltration with a few lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. Proliferation of the capillary endothelium was also noted. To our best knowledge, this type of inflammatory reaction of the anterior aspects of the globe has not yet been reported.", "contents": "Unilateral conjunctival inflammation resembling a neoplasm. An 11-year-old black girl with excessive tissue growth from the conjunctiva and adjacent tissue, of several years' duration, was treated with excision of the tissue and topical steroids. Histopathologic examination revealed eosinophilic and plasma cell infiltration with a few lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. Proliferation of the capillary endothelium was also noted. To our best knowledge, this type of inflammatory reaction of the anterior aspects of the globe has not yet been reported.", "PMID": 556156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2469", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in aqueous humor of patients with primary malignant choroidal melanoma.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels were simultaneously determined in the aqueous humor and in the plasma of the 3 patients with primary choroidal malignant melanoma undergoing enucleation. An elevated carcinoembryonic antigen level was detected in the aqueous humor of 1 patient with no increase in plasma CEA level. In the other 2 patients no such elevation was found. A local increase of CEA levels produced by the tumor is likely to occur. Further studies are required of CEA levels of patients with primary malignant choroidal melanoma as an aid in diagnosis and treatment of this condition.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in aqueous humor of patients with primary malignant choroidal melanoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels were simultaneously determined in the aqueous humor and in the plasma of the 3 patients with primary choroidal malignant melanoma undergoing enucleation. An elevated carcinoembryonic antigen level was detected in the aqueous humor of 1 patient with no increase in plasma CEA level. In the other 2 patients no such elevation was found. A local increase of CEA levels produced by the tumor is likely to occur. Further studies are required of CEA levels of patients with primary malignant choroidal melanoma as an aid in diagnosis and treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 556157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2470", "title": "Retinal branch vessel occlusion in acute intermittent porphyria.", "content": "Three patients with acute intermittent porphyria were noted to have retinal branch vessel occlusion. Branch \"vein\" occlusion, segmental optic atrophy, and soft exudate were the most common ocular manifestation. Two patients had labile elevated hypertension. When patients present with retinal branch vessel occlusion and a constellation of bizarre symptoms that might include hypertension, abdominal pain, acute psychotic behavior and/or cutaneous photosensitivity, the diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria should be considered.", "contents": "Retinal branch vessel occlusion in acute intermittent porphyria. Three patients with acute intermittent porphyria were noted to have retinal branch vessel occlusion. Branch \"vein\" occlusion, segmental optic atrophy, and soft exudate were the most common ocular manifestation. Two patients had labile elevated hypertension. When patients present with retinal branch vessel occlusion and a constellation of bizarre symptoms that might include hypertension, abdominal pain, acute psychotic behavior and/or cutaneous photosensitivity, the diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria should be considered.", "PMID": 556159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2471", "title": "Ophthalmic manifestations of visceral larva migrans.", "content": "Two patients had ocular manifestations of infestation with visceral larva migrans. In neither case did the eye involvement improve despite thiabendazole, local and systemic steroids, and cryotherapy. The lack of ocular response to treatment may be assumed to be because of organisms were already dead. Thiabendazole therapy is probably worth trying for early ophthalmic involvement with visceral larva migrans if the organism is still alive. In most cases the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans can be made with the help of the ELISA serum antigen determination so that enucleation of the eye will not be necessary for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "Ophthalmic manifestations of visceral larva migrans. Two patients had ocular manifestations of infestation with visceral larva migrans. In neither case did the eye involvement improve despite thiabendazole, local and systemic steroids, and cryotherapy. The lack of ocular response to treatment may be assumed to be because of organisms were already dead. Thiabendazole therapy is probably worth trying for early ophthalmic involvement with visceral larva migrans if the organism is still alive. In most cases the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans can be made with the help of the ELISA serum antigen determination so that enucleation of the eye will not be necessary for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 556160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2472", "title": "Encysted corneal contact lens presenting as an eyelid mass.", "content": "A 57-year-old woman presented with a 10 by 10 mm movable eyelid mass which had been present for 8 months before examination by me. Diagnostic exploration of the eyelid was performed, and a cyst containing a hard corneal contact lens was discovered. Further history obtained after surgery revealed that the patient had lost her contact lens approximately 4 years prior to the surgical exploration.", "contents": "Encysted corneal contact lens presenting as an eyelid mass. A 57-year-old woman presented with a 10 by 10 mm movable eyelid mass which had been present for 8 months before examination by me. Diagnostic exploration of the eyelid was performed, and a cyst containing a hard corneal contact lens was discovered. Further history obtained after surgery revealed that the patient had lost her contact lens approximately 4 years prior to the surgical exploration.", "PMID": 556161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2473", "title": "Chalazion: a clinical evaluation.", "content": "A clinical study was done to evaluate the common treatment modalities of chalazions. The effectiveness of 2 current therapies on an alternative case basis was done. This was correlated with bacteriology, underlying ocular disease, percentages of spontaneous cure and refractive error. The average clinical course revealed that approximately 50% of chalazions can be expected to be cured or improved with medical treatment within 1 month.", "contents": "Chalazion: a clinical evaluation. A clinical study was done to evaluate the common treatment modalities of chalazions. The effectiveness of 2 current therapies on an alternative case basis was done. This was correlated with bacteriology, underlying ocular disease, percentages of spontaneous cure and refractive error. The average clinical course revealed that approximately 50% of chalazions can be expected to be cured or improved with medical treatment within 1 month.", "PMID": 556162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2474", "title": "Updated concepts in extracapsular pseudophakia: posterior chamber pseudophakia.", "content": "Some concepts regarding posterior chamber pseudophakia have been set forth. Clearly, this is still investigational, and it is for that reason that I would urge the readers to exercise great judgement and wait for the results of laboratory testing of this rhetorical hypothesis. Currently, I am proceeding most patiently with posterior chamber pseudophakia in Rhesus monkeys using the Harris-McGhan lens, the Praeger suture style modification, and the Shearing posterior chamber lens. The ultimate answers will probably be answered over a due course of time in the human subject, but suffice it to say that the scientific approach to this problem must first be meticulously studied by the ocular histopathologist after surgery has been accomplished in primates. If, after an adequate trial with primates, the ocular histopathologist establishes this to be a safe and effective technique, then a conservative study should be undertaken wherein a number of humans will have this procedure done using different types of lenses by surgeons familiar with the lens and technique.", "contents": "Updated concepts in extracapsular pseudophakia: posterior chamber pseudophakia. Some concepts regarding posterior chamber pseudophakia have been set forth. Clearly, this is still investigational, and it is for that reason that I would urge the readers to exercise great judgement and wait for the results of laboratory testing of this rhetorical hypothesis. Currently, I am proceeding most patiently with posterior chamber pseudophakia in Rhesus monkeys using the Harris-McGhan lens, the Praeger suture style modification, and the Shearing posterior chamber lens. The ultimate answers will probably be answered over a due course of time in the human subject, but suffice it to say that the scientific approach to this problem must first be meticulously studied by the ocular histopathologist after surgery has been accomplished in primates. If, after an adequate trial with primates, the ocular histopathologist establishes this to be a safe and effective technique, then a conservative study should be undertaken wherein a number of humans will have this procedure done using different types of lenses by surgeons familiar with the lens and technique.", "PMID": 556164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2475", "title": "Cryopexy of a choroidal melanoma.", "content": "Transconjunctival cryopexy was applied to a malignant melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid of a 46-year-old white man. The tumor immediately became gray-white and pigment cells were liberated in the anterior chamber. Subsequently, an enucleation was performed which showed a localized area of cryodestruction of the melanoma which was lined by macrophages. The significance of this finding in implications for the use of cryopexy in the management of melanomas are discussed.", "contents": "Cryopexy of a choroidal melanoma. Transconjunctival cryopexy was applied to a malignant melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid of a 46-year-old white man. The tumor immediately became gray-white and pigment cells were liberated in the anterior chamber. Subsequently, an enucleation was performed which showed a localized area of cryodestruction of the melanoma which was lined by macrophages. The significance of this finding in implications for the use of cryopexy in the management of melanomas are discussed.", "PMID": 556166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2476", "title": "Chiasmal ependymoma.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy with a histologically proven malignant chiasmal ependymoma showed transient improvement following irradiation therapy. A large tumor recurrence responded dramatically to PCV chemotherapy. The diagnosis was unsuspected until biopsy. The rarity of chiasmal ependymoma, in our experience, combined with its dramatic response to low morbidity PCV outpatient chemotherapy prompted this report.", "contents": "Chiasmal ependymoma. A 15-year-old boy with a histologically proven malignant chiasmal ependymoma showed transient improvement following irradiation therapy. A large tumor recurrence responded dramatically to PCV chemotherapy. The diagnosis was unsuspected until biopsy. The rarity of chiasmal ependymoma, in our experience, combined with its dramatic response to low morbidity PCV outpatient chemotherapy prompted this report.", "PMID": 556167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2477", "title": "[Long-time observations of serum-lipase for controlling of acute and chronic recurrent pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-time observations of serum-lipase were demonstrated by selected cases of different kinds of pancreatitis. Serum-lipase was determined by a new half-micro-method, which is representing a simplifying and time-saving modification of the titrimetric and kinetic method of analysis from Rick. This method is integrated in our routine-diagnostics since more than three years.", "contents": "[Long-time observations of serum-lipase for controlling of acute and chronic recurrent pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Long-time observations of serum-lipase were demonstrated by selected cases of different kinds of pancreatitis. Serum-lipase was determined by a new half-micro-method, which is representing a simplifying and time-saving modification of the titrimetric and kinetic method of analysis from Rick. This method is integrated in our routine-diagnostics since more than three years.", "PMID": 556168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2478", "title": "Lack of evidence for adrenergic innervation of the external urethral sphincter.", "content": "Catecholamine histofluorescence studies of the external urethral sphincter in 11 normal dogs, 4 dogs treated with tranylcypromine and 4 humans have demonstrated that this striated muscle does not possess adrenergic innervation. This finding suggests that the sympathetic nervous system affects outlet resistance only through its influence on the smooth musculature of the bladder neck and urethra.", "contents": "Lack of evidence for adrenergic innervation of the external urethral sphincter. Catecholamine histofluorescence studies of the external urethral sphincter in 11 normal dogs, 4 dogs treated with tranylcypromine and 4 humans have demonstrated that this striated muscle does not possess adrenergic innervation. This finding suggests that the sympathetic nervous system affects outlet resistance only through its influence on the smooth musculature of the bladder neck and urethra.", "PMID": 556171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2479", "title": "Transplacental action of sodium nitrite on embryonic cells of Syrian golden hamster.", "content": "Hamster embryos were treated with various doses of NaNO2 in utero, by its oral administration to the mothers, and then the embryonic cells were examined for micronucleus formation, chromosomal aberrations, morphological or malignant transformation and drug-resistant mutations. For induction of resistant mutations, the cells were cultured in normal medium for 72 h, and then selected in media containing 8-azaguanine (10 or 20 microgram/ml) or 1 mM ouabain. This treatment with NaNO2 caused marked dose-dependent induction of 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutations. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in the resting state also showed a marked dose-dependent increase in micronucleus formation but not an increase in chromosomal aberrations. This treatment also caused morphological and neoplastic transformation of the cells. Transplacental oral treatment with DMN, as a positive control, caused changes of similar extent in biological effects of embryonic fibroblasts, and in addition it caused chromosomal aberrations in metaphase plates. On the contrary, transplacental oral application of NaNO2 did not induce any biological change in cultured embryonic fibroblasts.", "contents": "Transplacental action of sodium nitrite on embryonic cells of Syrian golden hamster. Hamster embryos were treated with various doses of NaNO2 in utero, by its oral administration to the mothers, and then the embryonic cells were examined for micronucleus formation, chromosomal aberrations, morphological or malignant transformation and drug-resistant mutations. For induction of resistant mutations, the cells were cultured in normal medium for 72 h, and then selected in media containing 8-azaguanine (10 or 20 microgram/ml) or 1 mM ouabain. This treatment with NaNO2 caused marked dose-dependent induction of 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutations. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in the resting state also showed a marked dose-dependent increase in micronucleus formation but not an increase in chromosomal aberrations. This treatment also caused morphological and neoplastic transformation of the cells. Transplacental oral treatment with DMN, as a positive control, caused changes of similar extent in biological effects of embryonic fibroblasts, and in addition it caused chromosomal aberrations in metaphase plates. On the contrary, transplacental oral application of NaNO2 did not induce any biological change in cultured embryonic fibroblasts.", "PMID": 556172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2480", "title": "The effect of membrane-fluidizing agents on the adhesion of CHO cells.", "content": "Treatment of CHO cells with drugs which are known to increase membrane lipid fluidity reduced the cells' ability to adhere to protein coated substrates, The concentrations of local anesthetics, nonionic detergents or aliphatic alcohols required to reduce CHO cell adhesion by 50% were similar to those reported to block nerve conduction, indicating that these drugs can affect the membrane at physiologically significant concentrations. Nonionic detergents and aliphatic alcohols, but not local anesthetics, caused increases in the fluidity of CHO plasma membranes (measured by fluorescence polarization) at concentrations which inhibited cell adhesion. The adhesion versus temperature profile had a sigmoidal shape, suggesting that a temperature dependent cooperative process such as a lipid phase transition, might be involved. However, the temperature profile for CHO membrane fluidity manifested no discontinuities, indicating the absence of any discrete phase transitions of the lipid matrix. This observation, coupled with the result that the inhibition of CHO cell adhesion produced by low temperatures was not relieved by drugs which can increase membrane fluidity, suggests that the reduced adhesion seen at low temperature is probably not due to reduced lipid fluidity.", "contents": "The effect of membrane-fluidizing agents on the adhesion of CHO cells. Treatment of CHO cells with drugs which are known to increase membrane lipid fluidity reduced the cells' ability to adhere to protein coated substrates, The concentrations of local anesthetics, nonionic detergents or aliphatic alcohols required to reduce CHO cell adhesion by 50% were similar to those reported to block nerve conduction, indicating that these drugs can affect the membrane at physiologically significant concentrations. Nonionic detergents and aliphatic alcohols, but not local anesthetics, caused increases in the fluidity of CHO plasma membranes (measured by fluorescence polarization) at concentrations which inhibited cell adhesion. The adhesion versus temperature profile had a sigmoidal shape, suggesting that a temperature dependent cooperative process such as a lipid phase transition, might be involved. However, the temperature profile for CHO membrane fluidity manifested no discontinuities, indicating the absence of any discrete phase transitions of the lipid matrix. This observation, coupled with the result that the inhibition of CHO cell adhesion produced by low temperatures was not relieved by drugs which can increase membrane fluidity, suggests that the reduced adhesion seen at low temperature is probably not due to reduced lipid fluidity.", "PMID": 556177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2481", "title": "[Rectal prolapse. Clinical studies on rectal prolapse].", "content": "A series of 164 patients with procidentia recti has been studied. Symptoms are sensation of obstruction, difficulties in emptying the bowel, proctitis, incontinence, reduced tonus of anal sphincters, and complete rectal prolapse. During I the rectum prolapses only under increased intraabdominal pressure and retracts spontaneously. Massive prolapse (stage II) often occurs without increased intraabdominal pressure and has to be reposited manually. Best results are obtained by fixing the mobilised rectum in the hollow of the sacrum as described by Wells in 1959 or by Ripstein in 1969. In bad risk patients a sublevatoric wire can be used. Most patients have satisfactory continence postoperatively without a corresponding physiological tonus of anal sphincters.", "contents": "[Rectal prolapse. Clinical studies on rectal prolapse]. A series of 164 patients with procidentia recti has been studied. Symptoms are sensation of obstruction, difficulties in emptying the bowel, proctitis, incontinence, reduced tonus of anal sphincters, and complete rectal prolapse. During I the rectum prolapses only under increased intraabdominal pressure and retracts spontaneously. Massive prolapse (stage II) often occurs without increased intraabdominal pressure and has to be reposited manually. Best results are obtained by fixing the mobilised rectum in the hollow of the sacrum as described by Wells in 1959 or by Ripstein in 1969. In bad risk patients a sublevatoric wire can be used. Most patients have satisfactory continence postoperatively without a corresponding physiological tonus of anal sphincters.", "PMID": 556178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2482", "title": "In vitro action of digitalis on guinea pig detrusor and urethra.", "content": "An in vitro investigation of the action of ouabain on the guinea pig bladder and urethra is presented Detrusor strips responded with an increase in baseline tension and in the amplitude and frequency of contractions. The response of the detrusor to ouabain was not significantly altered by phentolamine, propranolol, or hexamethonium. The response of the detrusor to ouabain was significantly reduced, but not abolished, by atropine suggesting that ouabain acts mainly by stimulating cholinergic receptors in the detrusor although it may also have some direct action on the detrusor smooth musculature. The action of ouabain on the guinea pig urethra was inconsistent. The most common response was a slight decrease in urethral tension.", "contents": "In vitro action of digitalis on guinea pig detrusor and urethra. An in vitro investigation of the action of ouabain on the guinea pig bladder and urethra is presented Detrusor strips responded with an increase in baseline tension and in the amplitude and frequency of contractions. The response of the detrusor to ouabain was not significantly altered by phentolamine, propranolol, or hexamethonium. The response of the detrusor to ouabain was significantly reduced, but not abolished, by atropine suggesting that ouabain acts mainly by stimulating cholinergic receptors in the detrusor although it may also have some direct action on the detrusor smooth musculature. The action of ouabain on the guinea pig urethra was inconsistent. The most common response was a slight decrease in urethral tension.", "PMID": 556179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2483", "title": "The effects of maternal protein deprivation on renal development and function in neonatal rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of pre- and/or postnatal maternal protein deprivation (PD) on renal functional development in the offspring. Pregnant rats were fed either a control (24% protein) or low (8 or 10%) protein diet during gestation and lactation. Progeny of these dams were cross-fostered at birth, yielding four experimental groups: pups born of control dams and nursed by PD or control dams and pups born of PD dams and nursed by control or PD dams. While the effects of prenatal PD on body and kidney growth were negligible, PD during the nursing period appeared to have a more profound effect on body and kidney weight. Renal transport functions, quantified in vitro, were differentially affected by these dietary manipulations. Renal transport capacity for organic acids and bases was depressed in pups nursed by PD dams. Maturation of the renal organic acid transport system was also delayed in these pups. alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid accumulation by renal cortical slices was enhanced only in 10-day old rats stressed by pre- and postnatal maternal PD. Renal gluconeogenic and ammoniagenic capacity was not impaired by these dietary manipulations. No differences in protein or water content of renal cortical slices were observed.", "contents": "The effects of maternal protein deprivation on renal development and function in neonatal rats. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of pre- and/or postnatal maternal protein deprivation (PD) on renal functional development in the offspring. Pregnant rats were fed either a control (24% protein) or low (8 or 10%) protein diet during gestation and lactation. Progeny of these dams were cross-fostered at birth, yielding four experimental groups: pups born of control dams and nursed by PD or control dams and pups born of PD dams and nursed by control or PD dams. While the effects of prenatal PD on body and kidney growth were negligible, PD during the nursing period appeared to have a more profound effect on body and kidney weight. Renal transport functions, quantified in vitro, were differentially affected by these dietary manipulations. Renal transport capacity for organic acids and bases was depressed in pups nursed by PD dams. Maturation of the renal organic acid transport system was also delayed in these pups. alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid accumulation by renal cortical slices was enhanced only in 10-day old rats stressed by pre- and postnatal maternal PD. Renal gluconeogenic and ammoniagenic capacity was not impaired by these dietary manipulations. No differences in protein or water content of renal cortical slices were observed.", "PMID": 556180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2484", "title": "[Laryngoscope with suction tube (author's transl)].", "content": "A laryngoscope blade with an integrated suction tube is described. Suction and laryngoscope can be handled simultaneously by one hand. The suction guarantees a free sight during intubation in cases of bleeding in the nasopharyngeal region and may also prevent the aspiration of acid gastric contents.", "contents": "[Laryngoscope with suction tube (author's transl)]. A laryngoscope blade with an integrated suction tube is described. Suction and laryngoscope can be handled simultaneously by one hand. The suction guarantees a free sight during intubation in cases of bleeding in the nasopharyngeal region and may also prevent the aspiration of acid gastric contents.", "PMID": 556182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2485", "title": "Current management of atrial myxoma with emphasis on a new diagnostic technique.", "content": "Sixteen patients aged 22-64 years have undergone removal of atrial myxoma at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The first two patients had myxomas removed by closed surgical approach, and both died. Fourteen consecutive patients have undergone operation with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass, and all survived. There has been one late death unrelated to myxoma. Current surgical approach is excision of the tumor and its stalk or base and resection of the portion of intra-atrial septum to ensure complete removal. Recently a new diagnostic technique of two-dimensional phased array real time echocardiography has been used in four patients, including a pregnant woman, to confirm the clinical diagnosis of atrial myxoma. This technique provides a two-dimensional view of both atria and ventricles in cross section or sagittal view. This noninvasive method is painless, is independent of cardiac function and carries no risk or radiation hazard. The two-dimensional echocardiogram is superior to the standard one-dimensional or M-mode echocardiogram for diagnosis of myxoma in that it can evaluate simultaneously both right and left atria, can detect smaller space-occupying lesions because of better resolution and can more readily determine the size of the lesion and its stalk, can evaluate the mobility of the tumor and can determine more accurately the extent of tumor obstruction. Because of these qualities, we have relied on two-dimensional echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic procedure for detection of atrial myxoma. Currently operation for atrial myxoma is performed without cardiac catheterization or angiocardiography.", "contents": "Current management of atrial myxoma with emphasis on a new diagnostic technique. Sixteen patients aged 22-64 years have undergone removal of atrial myxoma at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The first two patients had myxomas removed by closed surgical approach, and both died. Fourteen consecutive patients have undergone operation with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass, and all survived. There has been one late death unrelated to myxoma. Current surgical approach is excision of the tumor and its stalk or base and resection of the portion of intra-atrial septum to ensure complete removal. Recently a new diagnostic technique of two-dimensional phased array real time echocardiography has been used in four patients, including a pregnant woman, to confirm the clinical diagnosis of atrial myxoma. This technique provides a two-dimensional view of both atria and ventricles in cross section or sagittal view. This noninvasive method is painless, is independent of cardiac function and carries no risk or radiation hazard. The two-dimensional echocardiogram is superior to the standard one-dimensional or M-mode echocardiogram for diagnosis of myxoma in that it can evaluate simultaneously both right and left atria, can detect smaller space-occupying lesions because of better resolution and can more readily determine the size of the lesion and its stalk, can evaluate the mobility of the tumor and can determine more accurately the extent of tumor obstruction. Because of these qualities, we have relied on two-dimensional echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic procedure for detection of atrial myxoma. Currently operation for atrial myxoma is performed without cardiac catheterization or angiocardiography.", "PMID": 556184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2486", "title": "Non-specific reactions caused by diluents containing glycerol in nasal and bronchial challenge tests.", "content": "Sixty-one patients hospitalized because of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis were given nasal and bronchial challenge tests with diluents containing glycerol. 62% of the patients with rhinitis and 37% of those with asthma gave positive reactions. Glycerol should therefore not be used in allergen extracts which are meant for challenge tests. The non-specific effect of glycerol seems to be cumulative with increasing dose.", "contents": "Non-specific reactions caused by diluents containing glycerol in nasal and bronchial challenge tests. Sixty-one patients hospitalized because of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis were given nasal and bronchial challenge tests with diluents containing glycerol. 62% of the patients with rhinitis and 37% of those with asthma gave positive reactions. Glycerol should therefore not be used in allergen extracts which are meant for challenge tests. The non-specific effect of glycerol seems to be cumulative with increasing dose.", "PMID": 556187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2487", "title": "[The influence of chronic pentroxifylline medication on ergometric and hemodynamic parameters in intermittent claudication (author's transl)].", "content": "In an open clinical trial 14 patients with intermittent claudication caused by an obliteration of the femoral artery received 400 mg pentoxifylline 3 times daily over a period of 6 months. The walking distance, time to peak flow and calf ergometry showed a significant increase. Minor improvement of working hyperemia and peak flow could be found. The systolic pressure gradient over the obstruction didn't change. No patient complained about side effects.", "contents": "[The influence of chronic pentroxifylline medication on ergometric and hemodynamic parameters in intermittent claudication (author's transl)]. In an open clinical trial 14 patients with intermittent claudication caused by an obliteration of the femoral artery received 400 mg pentoxifylline 3 times daily over a period of 6 months. The walking distance, time to peak flow and calf ergometry showed a significant increase. Minor improvement of working hyperemia and peak flow could be found. The systolic pressure gradient over the obstruction didn't change. No patient complained about side effects.", "PMID": 556192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2488", "title": "[The collateral circulations of the spermatic veins (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency and appearance of anastomoses between the spermatic veins and the inferior vena cava and portal vein, are analyzed in a series of 171 patients examined by retrograde spermatic phlebography. Spermatocaval anastomoses are divided into those that occur above the scrotum: direct (spermatocaval and iliospermatic) and indirect (perivertebral and ureteric); and those seen at the level of the scrotum (with the scrotal veins, veins of the vas deferens, and those from the contralateral scrotal area). Spermatoportal anastomoses are frequent but difficult to confirm because of the existence of proximal valves. Three cases are also reported which give examples where the spermatic vein played an important part in the collateral circulation (inferior vena cava thrombosis, left renal vein thrombosis, portal hypertension).", "contents": "[The collateral circulations of the spermatic veins (author's transl)]. The frequency and appearance of anastomoses between the spermatic veins and the inferior vena cava and portal vein, are analyzed in a series of 171 patients examined by retrograde spermatic phlebography. Spermatocaval anastomoses are divided into those that occur above the scrotum: direct (spermatocaval and iliospermatic) and indirect (perivertebral and ureteric); and those seen at the level of the scrotum (with the scrotal veins, veins of the vas deferens, and those from the contralateral scrotal area). Spermatoportal anastomoses are frequent but difficult to confirm because of the existence of proximal valves. Three cases are also reported which give examples where the spermatic vein played an important part in the collateral circulation (inferior vena cava thrombosis, left renal vein thrombosis, portal hypertension).", "PMID": 556194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2489", "title": "Pathological changes in the lumbar spine of pigs: gross findings.", "content": "The lumbar vertebral columns from 60 sows and 30 slaughter weight pigs were examined grossly for pathological changes. Asymmetry of lumbar articular facets and minor periarticular osteophytes were seen in the slaughter weight group. Degeneration of intervertebral discs or vertebral osteophytes were not present. In contrast, 38% of 60 sows had vertebral osteophytes and 40% had degeneration of intervertebral discs. Extensive ankylosing spondylosis was present in two sows. Other vertebral lesions observed in sows include asymmetry and arthrosis of articular facets, fissures and areas of cavitation in the annulus fibrosus and vertebral end plate, and vertebral osteomyelitis and/or vertebral fracture. Extravertebral skeletal lesions, some of which could be related to a clinical history of lameness or posterior paralysis, include sacroiliac arthrosis, pelvic deformity, polyarthritis, femoral osteomyelitis, sacroiliac dislocation and epiphyseolysis involving the femoral head or tuber ischii.", "contents": "Pathological changes in the lumbar spine of pigs: gross findings. The lumbar vertebral columns from 60 sows and 30 slaughter weight pigs were examined grossly for pathological changes. Asymmetry of lumbar articular facets and minor periarticular osteophytes were seen in the slaughter weight group. Degeneration of intervertebral discs or vertebral osteophytes were not present. In contrast, 38% of 60 sows had vertebral osteophytes and 40% had degeneration of intervertebral discs. Extensive ankylosing spondylosis was present in two sows. Other vertebral lesions observed in sows include asymmetry and arthrosis of articular facets, fissures and areas of cavitation in the annulus fibrosus and vertebral end plate, and vertebral osteomyelitis and/or vertebral fracture. Extravertebral skeletal lesions, some of which could be related to a clinical history of lameness or posterior paralysis, include sacroiliac arthrosis, pelvic deformity, polyarthritis, femoral osteomyelitis, sacroiliac dislocation and epiphyseolysis involving the femoral head or tuber ischii.", "PMID": 556197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2490", "title": "[Electroencephalogram recordings during eserine treatment for overdosage with anticholinergics (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of electroencephalographic recordings during eserine treatment for overdosage with anticholinergics is discussed, based on the results obtained in 6 cases. The results were spectacular in three cases, and a partial improvement was noted in one other case (suicide attempts with overdoses of atropine compounds), but only a slight effect was observed in two patients (with overdose of neuroleptics). Three points have to be underlined concerning the E.E.G. recordings: --eserine did not cause supplementary E.E.G. changes;--with eserine, the paroxystic abnormalities observed during overdoses of atropine compounds and amitriptyline rapidly disappear;--with mixed overdoses (atropine, barbiturates, or minor tranquillizers), eserine has no effect against non-anticholinergic products. Therapy with eserine, however, is still limited in its indications because of its short period of activity, its side-effects, and the possible risks of cardiac or convulsant complications.", "contents": "[Electroencephalogram recordings during eserine treatment for overdosage with anticholinergics (author's transl)]. The value of electroencephalographic recordings during eserine treatment for overdosage with anticholinergics is discussed, based on the results obtained in 6 cases. The results were spectacular in three cases, and a partial improvement was noted in one other case (suicide attempts with overdoses of atropine compounds), but only a slight effect was observed in two patients (with overdose of neuroleptics). Three points have to be underlined concerning the E.E.G. recordings: --eserine did not cause supplementary E.E.G. changes;--with eserine, the paroxystic abnormalities observed during overdoses of atropine compounds and amitriptyline rapidly disappear;--with mixed overdoses (atropine, barbiturates, or minor tranquillizers), eserine has no effect against non-anticholinergic products. Therapy with eserine, however, is still limited in its indications because of its short period of activity, its side-effects, and the possible risks of cardiac or convulsant complications.", "PMID": 556195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2491", "title": "[Seasonal variations of a forest soil microflora (author's transl)].", "content": "Variations between seasonal samplings of a forest soil were studied during a one year cycle. The total number of microorganisms was maximal in march, while qualitative variations of the bacterial and fungal flora were unimportant. Electron microscope studies showed physiological differences and enabled to evaluate the seasonal variations of the type of associations of soil microbes.", "contents": "[Seasonal variations of a forest soil microflora (author's transl)]. Variations between seasonal samplings of a forest soil were studied during a one year cycle. The total number of microorganisms was maximal in march, while qualitative variations of the bacterial and fungal flora were unimportant. Electron microscope studies showed physiological differences and enabled to evaluate the seasonal variations of the type of associations of soil microbes.", "PMID": 556201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2492", "title": "[Evolution of the H index in infants from birth (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of using Hoffmann's soleus reflex can be simplified and carried out more rapidly if only the M and H latences are recorded. The calculation of the H index from these latences by using the formula (formula, see text), can eliminate variations due to morphotype and tends to express an overall, sensory-motor, proximal conduction rate of the reflex arc. Recordings were made in 50 normal infants aged from 0 to 7 years and two phases of evolution of the H index were observed during this period of change. 1. a rapid, practically linear increase as a function of age up to 18 months: y (IH) = 3.6 X (month) + 27.5. 2. a second phase during which there is little correlation with the age, but, on the contrary, there is a very significant and constant relationship, continuing up to adult life, between the interval (H--M) and the height of the subject: y (H--M) ms = 0.125 X (height in cm) + 3. These results can be used to calculate the theoretical reference H index throughout the growth period of infants.", "contents": "[Evolution of the H index in infants from birth (author's transl)]. The technique of using Hoffmann's soleus reflex can be simplified and carried out more rapidly if only the M and H latences are recorded. The calculation of the H index from these latences by using the formula (formula, see text), can eliminate variations due to morphotype and tends to express an overall, sensory-motor, proximal conduction rate of the reflex arc. Recordings were made in 50 normal infants aged from 0 to 7 years and two phases of evolution of the H index were observed during this period of change. 1. a rapid, practically linear increase as a function of age up to 18 months: y (IH) = 3.6 X (month) + 27.5. 2. a second phase during which there is little correlation with the age, but, on the contrary, there is a very significant and constant relationship, continuing up to adult life, between the interval (H--M) and the height of the subject: y (H--M) ms = 0.125 X (height in cm) + 3. These results can be used to calculate the theoretical reference H index throughout the growth period of infants.", "PMID": 556196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2493", "title": "[Extraction and purification of the chief glycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane].", "content": "The major glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane has been released from ghosts, by the non-ionic detergent Tween 20 at pH 8,5 and at low ionic strength and further purified by successive passages through columns of DEAE Sephadex at pH 6,8 and CM Sephadex at pH 5 or by hydroxyapatite chromatography at pH 6,8. The purified glycoprotein thus obtained represents about 1 % of the membrane proteins, and shows two major bands upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These bands designed as PAS 1 and PAS 2 are the dimer and the monomer of the glycoprotein. Several other minor bands can also appear on SDS gels, according to experimental conditions of solubilization and purification and are probably oligomers of PAS 1 and PAS 2. This glycoprotein possess inhibitory activity against various phytohemagglutinins.", "contents": "[Extraction and purification of the chief glycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane]. The major glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane has been released from ghosts, by the non-ionic detergent Tween 20 at pH 8,5 and at low ionic strength and further purified by successive passages through columns of DEAE Sephadex at pH 6,8 and CM Sephadex at pH 5 or by hydroxyapatite chromatography at pH 6,8. The purified glycoprotein thus obtained represents about 1 % of the membrane proteins, and shows two major bands upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These bands designed as PAS 1 and PAS 2 are the dimer and the monomer of the glycoprotein. Several other minor bands can also appear on SDS gels, according to experimental conditions of solubilization and purification and are probably oligomers of PAS 1 and PAS 2. This glycoprotein possess inhibitory activity against various phytohemagglutinins.", "PMID": 556211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2494", "title": "[Liver injuries at the surgical clinic in Novi Sad from 1967-1978].", "content": "Experience gained from 80 ceses of liver injuries which have been under treatment at the Clinic of Surgical Diseases in Novi Sad in the period from 1967 to 1978 has been presented in this article. The number of liver injuries has amounted to 0,3% from a total of 23.300 injuried persons who have undergone the treatment at this clinic. The problems of dealing with liver injuries, especially those which can be expected in wartime, have been particularly emphasize.", "contents": "[Liver injuries at the surgical clinic in Novi Sad from 1967-1978]. Experience gained from 80 ceses of liver injuries which have been under treatment at the Clinic of Surgical Diseases in Novi Sad in the period from 1967 to 1978 has been presented in this article. The number of liver injuries has amounted to 0,3% from a total of 23.300 injuried persons who have undergone the treatment at this clinic. The problems of dealing with liver injuries, especially those which can be expected in wartime, have been particularly emphasize.", "PMID": 556212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2495", "title": "[Structure of primary prostatic endogenous calculi].", "content": "A crystallographic analysis (\"fine plate\") is carried out on a total of 62 primary or endogenous prostate stones and the particular features of their structures are described. We observed that they present a compact nucleus consisting of just apatite or whitlockite or of mixtures of the first with other minority components, with apatite (basically carbo-apatite) being the essential component in 98.38% of the stones studied. The periphery present concentric layers, some of which are lobe-shaped, intercalated in cases of mixed periphery and in which there is a qualitative and quantitative predominance of apatite, which may be the only component of the same. The most frequent observation is the association of layers of apatite intercalated with whitlockite to which fine, oxalic or uric layers may sometimes be added. There is sometimes no apatite in the periphery in which case this is made up of layers of whitlockite either interspersed or not with other oxalic or uric ones.", "contents": "[Structure of primary prostatic endogenous calculi]. A crystallographic analysis (\"fine plate\") is carried out on a total of 62 primary or endogenous prostate stones and the particular features of their structures are described. We observed that they present a compact nucleus consisting of just apatite or whitlockite or of mixtures of the first with other minority components, with apatite (basically carbo-apatite) being the essential component in 98.38% of the stones studied. The periphery present concentric layers, some of which are lobe-shaped, intercalated in cases of mixed periphery and in which there is a qualitative and quantitative predominance of apatite, which may be the only component of the same. The most frequent observation is the association of layers of apatite intercalated with whitlockite to which fine, oxalic or uric layers may sometimes be added. There is sometimes no apatite in the periphery in which case this is made up of layers of whitlockite either interspersed or not with other oxalic or uric ones.", "PMID": 556206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2496", "title": "The disappearance of the decidua capsularis and Reichert's membrane in the mouse.", "content": "Starting on the eleventh day the decidua capsularis and trophoblastic giant cell layer disappear from the ends of the conceptus towards the middle. The disappearance is complete antimesometrially on the eighteenth day, but lateral remnants are still present on the nineteenth day. New uterine lumen never intervenes between undegenerate decidua capsularis and the uterine stroma. Reichert's membrane is intact on the sixteenth day, but has ruptured on the seventeenth. It is suggested that its apparently earlier disappearance in histological material is an artefact reflecting the weakening that leads to its rupture.", "contents": "The disappearance of the decidua capsularis and Reichert's membrane in the mouse. Starting on the eleventh day the decidua capsularis and trophoblastic giant cell layer disappear from the ends of the conceptus towards the middle. The disappearance is complete antimesometrially on the eighteenth day, but lateral remnants are still present on the nineteenth day. New uterine lumen never intervenes between undegenerate decidua capsularis and the uterine stroma. Reichert's membrane is intact on the sixteenth day, but has ruptured on the seventeenth. It is suggested that its apparently earlier disappearance in histological material is an artefact reflecting the weakening that leads to its rupture.", "PMID": 556214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2497", "title": "[Tuberous sclerosis with unusual retroperitoneal massive bleeding caused by monstrous hamartoblastoma in both kidneys. A case report].", "content": "This paper reports the case of a 22-year-old woman with tuberous cerebral sclerosis and monstrous angioleiomyolipomata in the two kidneys, who died of spontaneous retroperitoneal mass bleeding from the hamartoblastomata in both kidneys. The disease had not been diagnosed during life despite imbecility since early childhood and the presence of guiding peripheral symptoms in the form of Pringle's disease.", "contents": "[Tuberous sclerosis with unusual retroperitoneal massive bleeding caused by monstrous hamartoblastoma in both kidneys. A case report]. This paper reports the case of a 22-year-old woman with tuberous cerebral sclerosis and monstrous angioleiomyolipomata in the two kidneys, who died of spontaneous retroperitoneal mass bleeding from the hamartoblastomata in both kidneys. The disease had not been diagnosed during life despite imbecility since early childhood and the presence of guiding peripheral symptoms in the form of Pringle's disease.", "PMID": 556215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2498", "title": "Dorsal displacement of the left ventral and dorsal colon in two horses.", "content": "This paper describes the clinical signs and surgical treatment of 2 cases of dorsal displacement of the left ventral and dorsal colon. The condition, in which the colon becomes enclosed in the space bounded by the base of the spleen, the dorsal aspect of the suspensory ligament of the spleen (phrenicosplenic ligament), the left kidney and the adjacent body wall, is characterised by moderate to severe pain, minimal signs of shock, no response to medical therapy and a tendency for a ventral midline abdominal paracentesis to enter the spleen. Both horses recovered after surgical replacement of the colon, one case requiring a second laparotomy because of a recurrence of the displacement.", "contents": "Dorsal displacement of the left ventral and dorsal colon in two horses. This paper describes the clinical signs and surgical treatment of 2 cases of dorsal displacement of the left ventral and dorsal colon. The condition, in which the colon becomes enclosed in the space bounded by the base of the spleen, the dorsal aspect of the suspensory ligament of the spleen (phrenicosplenic ligament), the left kidney and the adjacent body wall, is characterised by moderate to severe pain, minimal signs of shock, no response to medical therapy and a tendency for a ventral midline abdominal paracentesis to enter the spleen. Both horses recovered after surgical replacement of the colon, one case requiring a second laparotomy because of a recurrence of the displacement.", "PMID": 556218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2499", "title": "[Vegetative parameters under the effect of ouabain (g-strophanthin) in endogenous depressive patients. 1. The salivation rate].", "content": "In 7 healthy test persons and in 17 endogenous depressive patients the salivations rate was measured in a survey investigation with the SHP-test. The salivation rate of healthy test persons is constant. In endogenous depressive patients it develops a diminishing of depression depth under treatment with Ouabain (g-Strophanthin) between the 6th and the 12th day which is connected with reduction of the drive diminishing and the restauration of mood. The effective salivation rate is gaining. Possible principles of the influence of Ouabain are discussed.", "contents": "[Vegetative parameters under the effect of ouabain (g-strophanthin) in endogenous depressive patients. 1. The salivation rate]. In 7 healthy test persons and in 17 endogenous depressive patients the salivations rate was measured in a survey investigation with the SHP-test. The salivation rate of healthy test persons is constant. In endogenous depressive patients it develops a diminishing of depression depth under treatment with Ouabain (g-Strophanthin) between the 6th and the 12th day which is connected with reduction of the drive diminishing and the restauration of mood. The effective salivation rate is gaining. Possible principles of the influence of Ouabain are discussed.", "PMID": 556221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2500", "title": "[Causes of pain in the right iliac fossa].", "content": "A practical approach to the patient with pain in the right fossa iliaca is presented, stressing the importance of a clinical diagnosis. It is essential to select patients in need of urgent surgery, e.g. those with ectopic pregnancy, ruptured abdominal aneurysm, and perforated viscus, but not to operate on patients in whom surgery may be detrimental, e.g. those in diabetic precoma, or those with porphyria and pneumonia.", "contents": "[Causes of pain in the right iliac fossa]. A practical approach to the patient with pain in the right fossa iliaca is presented, stressing the importance of a clinical diagnosis. It is essential to select patients in need of urgent surgery, e.g. those with ectopic pregnancy, ruptured abdominal aneurysm, and perforated viscus, but not to operate on patients in whom surgery may be detrimental, e.g. those in diabetic precoma, or those with porphyria and pneumonia.", "PMID": 556223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2501", "title": "[The problems that arise when making and using an intra-uterine growth curve (author's transl)].", "content": "The author analyses the different intra-uterine growth curves that are described in the literature and shows how in use as reference norms they have a restricted value. The author draws attention to the fact that no other author cited in the literature has used an objective method to control the gestational age of the fetus when making curves. The author demonstrates that in 17.3 p. 100 of cases the gestational age has to be corrected when making his own growth curve and this is done by measuring the bi-parietal diameter early in the pregnancy. He studies the repercussions of this high figure of non-correspondence with the dates at different levels of the curve and the percentage of infants defined as hypotrophic, macrosomic or post-mature.", "contents": "[The problems that arise when making and using an intra-uterine growth curve (author's transl)]. The author analyses the different intra-uterine growth curves that are described in the literature and shows how in use as reference norms they have a restricted value. The author draws attention to the fact that no other author cited in the literature has used an objective method to control the gestational age of the fetus when making curves. The author demonstrates that in 17.3 p. 100 of cases the gestational age has to be corrected when making his own growth curve and this is done by measuring the bi-parietal diameter early in the pregnancy. He studies the repercussions of this high figure of non-correspondence with the dates at different levels of the curve and the percentage of infants defined as hypotrophic, macrosomic or post-mature.", "PMID": 556226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2502", "title": "[Doses levorin display an antiandrogenic action?].", "content": "The antiandrogenic effect of levorin on immature castrated rats treated with exogenic testosterone was studied. In a dose of 200 mg/kg levorin lowered the cholesterin blood levels in the rats, inhibited the testosterone-induced increase in RNA concentration in the ventral and dorsal prostate and the seminal vesicles and to a less extent suppressed the growth of the accessory sexual glands. However, the antiandrogenic effect was observed with the use of levorin in the dose producing a pronounced toxic action evident from death of a part of the animals and a marked decrease in the animal body weight. This fact casts doubt on specificity of the levorin effect. Apparently, in high doses levorin impairs metabolism as a whole which cannot but affect the response of the sexual glands to administration of testosterone.", "contents": "[Doses levorin display an antiandrogenic action?]. The antiandrogenic effect of levorin on immature castrated rats treated with exogenic testosterone was studied. In a dose of 200 mg/kg levorin lowered the cholesterin blood levels in the rats, inhibited the testosterone-induced increase in RNA concentration in the ventral and dorsal prostate and the seminal vesicles and to a less extent suppressed the growth of the accessory sexual glands. However, the antiandrogenic effect was observed with the use of levorin in the dose producing a pronounced toxic action evident from death of a part of the animals and a marked decrease in the animal body weight. This fact casts doubt on specificity of the levorin effect. Apparently, in high doses levorin impairs metabolism as a whole which cannot but affect the response of the sexual glands to administration of testosterone.", "PMID": 556230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2503", "title": "Spontaneous pregnancy in a patient with hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman was referred to the gynaecological endocrine clinic because of infertility and secondary amenorrhoea. Serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels were raised and oestradiol concentrations were subnormal. In spite of these findings, spontaneous resumption of menstrual cycles associated with a fall of gonadotrophin concentrations was followed by a normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Spontaneous pregnancy in a patient with hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure. A 27-year-old woman was referred to the gynaecological endocrine clinic because of infertility and secondary amenorrhoea. Serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels were raised and oestradiol concentrations were subnormal. In spite of these findings, spontaneous resumption of menstrual cycles associated with a fall of gonadotrophin concentrations was followed by a normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 556232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2504", "title": "Relevance of the barium follow-through examination in the diagnosis of adult celiac disease.", "content": "Significant changes on a standard barium follow-through examination in celiac disease have been determined by comparison with functional changes (irritable bowel syndrome), malabsorption without a villous lesion (chronic pancreatitis), and a villous abnormality without malabsorption (dermatitis herpetiformis). Patients with iron deficiency anemia formed the control group. Slight jejunal dilatation (26-30 mm) was found in 15% of the celiacs and 17% of the irritable bowel patients. Dilatation in excess of 30 mm and/or effacement of jejunal fold pattern occurred only with an abnormal jejunal biopsy, in 54% of the celiacs and 33% of the dermatitis herpetiformis patients. Patients with malabsorption by itself and 46% of the celiacs could not be distinguished from those with irritable bowel syndrome. The concept of a malabsorption pattern is considered invalid, and the diagnosis of celiac disease can be reliably established only by peroral jejunal biopsy.", "contents": "Relevance of the barium follow-through examination in the diagnosis of adult celiac disease. Significant changes on a standard barium follow-through examination in celiac disease have been determined by comparison with functional changes (irritable bowel syndrome), malabsorption without a villous lesion (chronic pancreatitis), and a villous abnormality without malabsorption (dermatitis herpetiformis). Patients with iron deficiency anemia formed the control group. Slight jejunal dilatation (26-30 mm) was found in 15% of the celiacs and 17% of the irritable bowel patients. Dilatation in excess of 30 mm and/or effacement of jejunal fold pattern occurred only with an abnormal jejunal biopsy, in 54% of the celiacs and 33% of the dermatitis herpetiformis patients. Patients with malabsorption by itself and 46% of the celiacs could not be distinguished from those with irritable bowel syndrome. The concept of a malabsorption pattern is considered invalid, and the diagnosis of celiac disease can be reliably established only by peroral jejunal biopsy.", "PMID": 556235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2505", "title": "[A traumatic glaucoma by epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber (author's transl)].", "content": "Taking into account the latest data described in the specialized literature, the authors present a clinical case of secondary traumatic glaucoma which was determined by a cystical shaped epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber. The patient was subjected to a surgical intervention and the final result was successful. The diagnosis and the treatment of these cases are discussed. The authors underline the importance of the correct treatment of the penetrated traumatisms of the eyeball.", "contents": "[A traumatic glaucoma by epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber (author's transl)]. Taking into account the latest data described in the specialized literature, the authors present a clinical case of secondary traumatic glaucoma which was determined by a cystical shaped epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber. The patient was subjected to a surgical intervention and the final result was successful. The diagnosis and the treatment of these cases are discussed. The authors underline the importance of the correct treatment of the penetrated traumatisms of the eyeball.", "PMID": 556245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2506", "title": "Cultural factors and attrition in drug abuse treatment.", "content": "The present study examined how race related to attrition in drug abuse treatment. 165 male voluntary admissions to an inpatient Substance Abuse Unit were tested at admission on functioning, motivation, attitudes, symptoms, and mood-using reliable and valid scales. One week later they completed a 12-factor scale measuring perception of the treatment milieu. Data were analyzed in a 2 x 2 factorial design of analysis of variance. There were 106 White subjects and 59 Blacks. The dropout rate for Blacks and Whites was 63%. Two factors measured at intake, motivation and social functioning, showed statistically significant interactions between race and attrition. Four ward perception factors showed a differential effect related to race and attrition. The White dropout and completer did not differ in how they perceived the ward. Blacks, however, who perceived the environment as being more insightful, spontaneous, autonomous, and practical remained. Although Blacks and Whites differed on many variables, only six showed race-related differences in attrition. Having higher motivation and poorer adjustment influenced Whites to stay. Factors in the environment, however, influenced Blacks. What might be considered a more \"therapeutic\" milieu was effective in helping Blacks remain in treatment. Knowledge of these cultural differences could help in designing treatment programs.", "contents": "Cultural factors and attrition in drug abuse treatment. The present study examined how race related to attrition in drug abuse treatment. 165 male voluntary admissions to an inpatient Substance Abuse Unit were tested at admission on functioning, motivation, attitudes, symptoms, and mood-using reliable and valid scales. One week later they completed a 12-factor scale measuring perception of the treatment milieu. Data were analyzed in a 2 x 2 factorial design of analysis of variance. There were 106 White subjects and 59 Blacks. The dropout rate for Blacks and Whites was 63%. Two factors measured at intake, motivation and social functioning, showed statistically significant interactions between race and attrition. Four ward perception factors showed a differential effect related to race and attrition. The White dropout and completer did not differ in how they perceived the ward. Blacks, however, who perceived the environment as being more insightful, spontaneous, autonomous, and practical remained. Although Blacks and Whites differed on many variables, only six showed race-related differences in attrition. Having higher motivation and poorer adjustment influenced Whites to stay. Factors in the environment, however, influenced Blacks. What might be considered a more \"therapeutic\" milieu was effective in helping Blacks remain in treatment. Knowledge of these cultural differences could help in designing treatment programs.", "PMID": 556254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2507", "title": "Outcome research in therapeutic communities for drug abusers: a critical review 1963-1975.", "content": "Twenty-five publications, conference presentations, and unpublished reports on outcome of therapeutic communities for drug abusers are reviewed for the period 1963 to 1975. A wide variety of methodological limitations are noted, including retrospective designs, unclear definition of outcome variables, low follow-up completion rates, lack of descriptive data on either the treatment processes or the patients, inadequate sampling procedures, lack of comparison control groups, and the absence of data to validate self-reports. Some speculations are offered on the reasons for such methodological inadequacies and a model proposed for future studies.", "contents": "Outcome research in therapeutic communities for drug abusers: a critical review 1963-1975. Twenty-five publications, conference presentations, and unpublished reports on outcome of therapeutic communities for drug abusers are reviewed for the period 1963 to 1975. A wide variety of methodological limitations are noted, including retrospective designs, unclear definition of outcome variables, low follow-up completion rates, lack of descriptive data on either the treatment processes or the patients, inadequate sampling procedures, lack of comparison control groups, and the absence of data to validate self-reports. Some speculations are offered on the reasons for such methodological inadequacies and a model proposed for future studies.", "PMID": 556259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2508", "title": "Crimes of violence and alcohol abuse in Sweden.", "content": "Of 793 offenders submitted to forensic psychiatric examination in 1972-1976, 44% were guilty of crimes of violence against persons. Among them, 68% were drunk when committing their crime; for nonviolent offenders this percentage was 38. Psychotic assailants stood apart as mostly sober. While Swedish and United States drinking patterns are similar, the homicide rate in Sweden is about one-tenth that in the United States. The possible cause-effect relationship between alcohol abuse and assaultive behavior is complex. A common basis could be found in personal and interpersonal distress rather than in socioeconomic and educational shortcomings.", "contents": "Crimes of violence and alcohol abuse in Sweden. Of 793 offenders submitted to forensic psychiatric examination in 1972-1976, 44% were guilty of crimes of violence against persons. Among them, 68% were drunk when committing their crime; for nonviolent offenders this percentage was 38. Psychotic assailants stood apart as mostly sober. While Swedish and United States drinking patterns are similar, the homicide rate in Sweden is about one-tenth that in the United States. The possible cause-effect relationship between alcohol abuse and assaultive behavior is complex. A common basis could be found in personal and interpersonal distress rather than in socioeconomic and educational shortcomings.", "PMID": 556260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2509", "title": "The frequency of narcotic use before and after admission to a methadone maintenance program.", "content": "A total of 453 program participants of the Narcotic Abuse Treatment Program, San Diego Country, a methadone maintenance program, were asked to report their use of heroin prior to and after program participation. Results indicated a significant reduction in reported heroin use, suggesting that the program has affected change in the quantity of heroin used by participants and that heroin use of program participants is not sufficient by itself to motivate other criminal involvement. A program may be effecting a reduction in heroin use by clients as well as criminal activity, but the effects may be totally unrelated.", "contents": "The frequency of narcotic use before and after admission to a methadone maintenance program. A total of 453 program participants of the Narcotic Abuse Treatment Program, San Diego Country, a methadone maintenance program, were asked to report their use of heroin prior to and after program participation. Results indicated a significant reduction in reported heroin use, suggesting that the program has affected change in the quantity of heroin used by participants and that heroin use of program participants is not sufficient by itself to motivate other criminal involvement. A program may be effecting a reduction in heroin use by clients as well as criminal activity, but the effects may be totally unrelated.", "PMID": 556261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2510", "title": "Hydrogen sulfide poisoning.", "content": "Poisoning by hydrogen sulfide has been recognized as an occupational hazard for at least two centuries. The development of alternative sources of energy in North America may increase the incidence of this medical emergency in the future. Until recently, no specific antidote to sulfide was recognized. We have compared sulfide poisoning to cyanide poisoning and documented recent findings that indicate many similarities between the two. The therapeutic induction of methemoglobinemia, as by the intravenous administration of sodium nitrite, has both protective and antidotal effects against sulfide as well as against cyanide in laboratory animals. This procedure has been used successfully in at least one severe human case of sulfide poisoning. Industries at risk should be prepared to initiate this form of therapy in addition to the usual measures for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. No evidence exists to suggest that sulfide poisoning results in an impairment of the oxygen transport capability of blood. On  the other hand, some victims of hydrogen sulfide poisoning exhibit frank cyanosis, suggesting that the respiratory tract obstruction is more common in this condition than is generally recognized. Suction of the upper tract and the administration of oxygen may be important ancillary procedures to the administration of sodium nitrite.", "contents": "Hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Poisoning by hydrogen sulfide has been recognized as an occupational hazard for at least two centuries. The development of alternative sources of energy in North America may increase the incidence of this medical emergency in the future. Until recently, no specific antidote to sulfide was recognized. We have compared sulfide poisoning to cyanide poisoning and documented recent findings that indicate many similarities between the two. The therapeutic induction of methemoglobinemia, as by the intravenous administration of sodium nitrite, has both protective and antidotal effects against sulfide as well as against cyanide in laboratory animals. This procedure has been used successfully in at least one severe human case of sulfide poisoning. Industries at risk should be prepared to initiate this form of therapy in addition to the usual measures for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. No evidence exists to suggest that sulfide poisoning results in an impairment of the oxygen transport capability of blood. On  the other hand, some victims of hydrogen sulfide poisoning exhibit frank cyanosis, suggesting that the respiratory tract obstruction is more common in this condition than is generally recognized. Suction of the upper tract and the administration of oxygen may be important ancillary procedures to the administration of sodium nitrite.", "PMID": 556262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2511", "title": "[Psoriatic arthritis: analysis of 69 cases and review of the literature].", "content": "In a retrospective study 69 cases of psoriatic arthritis evaluated at the Centre hospitalier de l'universit\u00e9 Laval (CHUL) between 1968 and 1977 were studied. Certain clinical and laboratory features (age, sex, nail involvement, date of onset of the cutaneous psoriasis, date of onset of the arthritis, and the presence or absence of rheumatoid factor and the HLA-B27 antigen) and the radiologic data were compared with findings previously described in the literature. With three exceptions the findings compared well: at CHUL (a) the frequency of the HLA-B27 antigen in patients with axial psoriatic arthritis was very low, (b) patients with synchronous psoriasis and arthritis were not more severely affected, and (c) certain radiologic signs that seem to be rare and have probably been overemphasized in the literature were not found.", "contents": "[Psoriatic arthritis: analysis of 69 cases and review of the literature]. In a retrospective study 69 cases of psoriatic arthritis evaluated at the Centre hospitalier de l'universit\u00e9 Laval (CHUL) between 1968 and 1977 were studied. Certain clinical and laboratory features (age, sex, nail involvement, date of onset of the cutaneous psoriasis, date of onset of the arthritis, and the presence or absence of rheumatoid factor and the HLA-B27 antigen) and the radiologic data were compared with findings previously described in the literature. With three exceptions the findings compared well: at CHUL (a) the frequency of the HLA-B27 antigen in patients with axial psoriatic arthritis was very low, (b) patients with synchronous psoriasis and arthritis were not more severely affected, and (c) certain radiologic signs that seem to be rare and have probably been overemphasized in the literature were not found.", "PMID": 556266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2512", "title": "The amino acid sequence of mouse pancreatic ribonuclease. Extremely rapid evolutionary rates of the myomorph rodent ribonucleases.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of mouse pancreatic ribonuclease has been determined by analysis of tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic and CNBr peptides and by automatic sequence analysis of the intact protein. The sequence of mouse RNase differs in 20--30% of the positions from other RNase sequences. Three unique or neraly unique substitutions were found, viz. Gly-68 leads to Arg-68, Arg-85 leads to His-85 and Ser-123 leads to Thr-123. All these three residues might be involved in interactions with substrate molecules. A most parsimonious tree of the myomorph rodent RNase shows that after the divergence of rat and mouse, the ribonuclease of rat accumulated substitutions at a rate 2.5--4.3 times as high as the rates in other branches of the tree and 23 times as high as the average rate in the Bovidae ribonuclease evolution. These extreme fluctuations in substitution rate are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis of the evolutionary clock. The high evolution rate of rat ribonuclease is thought to be caused by positive selection, leading to new functional properties of the enzyme.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of mouse pancreatic ribonuclease. Extremely rapid evolutionary rates of the myomorph rodent ribonucleases. The complete amino acid sequence of mouse pancreatic ribonuclease has been determined by analysis of tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic and CNBr peptides and by automatic sequence analysis of the intact protein. The sequence of mouse RNase differs in 20--30% of the positions from other RNase sequences. Three unique or neraly unique substitutions were found, viz. Gly-68 leads to Arg-68, Arg-85 leads to His-85 and Ser-123 leads to Thr-123. All these three residues might be involved in interactions with substrate molecules. A most parsimonious tree of the myomorph rodent RNase shows that after the divergence of rat and mouse, the ribonuclease of rat accumulated substitutions at a rate 2.5--4.3 times as high as the rates in other branches of the tree and 23 times as high as the average rate in the Bovidae ribonuclease evolution. These extreme fluctuations in substitution rate are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis of the evolutionary clock. The high evolution rate of rat ribonuclease is thought to be caused by positive selection, leading to new functional properties of the enzyme.", "PMID": 556267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2513", "title": "Mortality of workers employed in the manufacture of chlordane and heptachlor.", "content": "A retrospective mortality study has been carried out on workers employed in the manufacture of chlordane and heptachlor between 1946 and 1976. The study group was comprised of 1403 white males who worked for more than three months at either of the two plants in the United States now producing these compounds. Information on deaths among terminated employees was obtained from the Social Security Administration and supplemented by information collected by another investigator by individual follow-up. There were 113 deaths observed in the group, compared to 157 expected, giving a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 72. There was no overall excess of deaths from cancer, even among workers followed twenty or more years after entry into the occupation. There was one death from liver cancer. An excess of deaths from lung cancer (12 observed, 9.0 expected) was not statistically significant and was not distributed by duration of exposure or of latency in any pattern suggesting an etiologic role for chlordane-heptachlor exposure. Although diseases of the circulatory system as a whole showed fewer deaths than expected (SMR 83), there was a statistically significant excess of deaths from cerebrovascular disease (17 observed, 9.3 expected). This excess was not related to duration of exposure or latency and occurred exclusively after termination of employment.", "contents": "Mortality of workers employed in the manufacture of chlordane and heptachlor. A retrospective mortality study has been carried out on workers employed in the manufacture of chlordane and heptachlor between 1946 and 1976. The study group was comprised of 1403 white males who worked for more than three months at either of the two plants in the United States now producing these compounds. Information on deaths among terminated employees was obtained from the Social Security Administration and supplemented by information collected by another investigator by individual follow-up. There were 113 deaths observed in the group, compared to 157 expected, giving a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 72. There was no overall excess of deaths from cancer, even among workers followed twenty or more years after entry into the occupation. There was one death from liver cancer. An excess of deaths from lung cancer (12 observed, 9.0 expected) was not statistically significant and was not distributed by duration of exposure or of latency in any pattern suggesting an etiologic role for chlordane-heptachlor exposure. Although diseases of the circulatory system as a whole showed fewer deaths than expected (SMR 83), there was a statistically significant excess of deaths from cerebrovascular disease (17 observed, 9.3 expected). This excess was not related to duration of exposure or latency and occurred exclusively after termination of employment.", "PMID": 556268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2514", "title": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis in Swiss hemophiliacs].", "content": "A total of 108 Swiss haemophiliacs (89 haemophilia A and 19 haemophilia B patients) were investigated for the presence of serological hepatitis B virusmarkers and for transaminase abnormalities; the patients were also evaluated regarding hepatitis history. 22% of the patients were found to have a history of acute clinical hepatitis. 82% showed signs of hepatitis B virus (or hepatitis Bs-antigen) exposure: 6% were shown to be hepatitis Bs-antigen carriers, hepatitis B2-antibodies were found in 71% and hepatitis Bc-antibodies in 72% of the patients. 39% of the haemophiliacs showed elevated transaminase activities; it must be assumed that a proportion of the patients of this group have asymptomatic chronic liver disease.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis in Swiss hemophiliacs]. A total of 108 Swiss haemophiliacs (89 haemophilia A and 19 haemophilia B patients) were investigated for the presence of serological hepatitis B virusmarkers and for transaminase abnormalities; the patients were also evaluated regarding hepatitis history. 22% of the patients were found to have a history of acute clinical hepatitis. 82% showed signs of hepatitis B virus (or hepatitis Bs-antigen) exposure: 6% were shown to be hepatitis Bs-antigen carriers, hepatitis B2-antibodies were found in 71% and hepatitis Bc-antibodies in 72% of the patients. 39% of the haemophiliacs showed elevated transaminase activities; it must be assumed that a proportion of the patients of this group have asymptomatic chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 556269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2515", "title": "A long-term mortality study of workers occupationally exposed to metallic nickel at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether mortality from respiratory cancer among workers occupationally exposed to metallic nickel at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (ORGDP) differed from that of workers at the same plant with no record of occupational exposure to metallic nickel or any nickel compound. A cohort of ,14 nickel-exposed workers and one of 1600' controls were identified. The members of both cohorts had a minimum follow-up period of 19 years. Mortality from respiratory cancer and from other causes was examined in both groups. The data showed no evidence of an increased risk of mortality due to respiratory cancer among the nickel-exposed workers. The exposed cohort experienced lower mortality than the controls, both in deaths due to respiratory cancer and in deaths due to all causes, although neither of these differences was statistically significant.", "contents": "A long-term mortality study of workers occupationally exposed to metallic nickel at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. This study was undertaken to determine whether mortality from respiratory cancer among workers occupationally exposed to metallic nickel at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (ORGDP) differed from that of workers at the same plant with no record of occupational exposure to metallic nickel or any nickel compound. A cohort of ,14 nickel-exposed workers and one of 1600' controls were identified. The members of both cohorts had a minimum follow-up period of 19 years. Mortality from respiratory cancer and from other causes was examined in both groups. The data showed no evidence of an increased risk of mortality due to respiratory cancer among the nickel-exposed workers. The exposed cohort experienced lower mortality than the controls, both in deaths due to respiratory cancer and in deaths due to all causes, although neither of these differences was statistically significant.", "PMID": 556270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2516", "title": "Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses: malignant melanoma of soft tissues? Report of four cases.", "content": "In a survey of 246 soft tissue sarcomas in the extremities and limb girdles reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1960-1969, two clear cell sarcomas of tendons and aponeurones were diagnosed. We subsequently diagnosed two more examples. Three tumors were located in the foot and one in the wrist. The histology of the tumors was characteristic, and three of them were shown to contain brown pigment tinctorially indistinguishable from melanin. The pigment could be bleached with potassium permanganate. Ultrastructural studies performed in the most recent case revealed premelanosomes in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Increasing evidence in the literature and results of the present study seem to suggest that clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses represents a soft tissue malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses: malignant melanoma of soft tissues? Report of four cases. In a survey of 246 soft tissue sarcomas in the extremities and limb girdles reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1960-1969, two clear cell sarcomas of tendons and aponeurones were diagnosed. We subsequently diagnosed two more examples. Three tumors were located in the foot and one in the wrist. The histology of the tumors was characteristic, and three of them were shown to contain brown pigment tinctorially indistinguishable from melanin. The pigment could be bleached with potassium permanganate. Ultrastructural studies performed in the most recent case revealed premelanosomes in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Increasing evidence in the literature and results of the present study seem to suggest that clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses represents a soft tissue malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 556273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2517", "title": "[Elimination of extrachromosomal streptomycin resistance in staphylococci by experimental variations in geomagnetic field intensity].", "content": "The article comprises the data on the elimination of streptomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus after its passage for a long time in a low permanent magenetic field (PMF) with H = 0.5 oe and in a space screened from the geomagnetic field in a permaloy chamber (H = 10(-2). Under these conditions the eliminating effect of the geomagnetic field intensity on the streptomycin resistance of Staphylococci became perceptible after 5--10 their passage under unusual conditions. At the next stages of investigation the eliminating effect of low PMF and of screening was enhanced. At the end of the experiment after 25--40 passages of Staphylococcus aureus throung MF of different intensity the elimination of streptomycin resistance was recorded in all the 11 cultures studied. The quantity of eliminates in populations of experimental substrains of Staphylococcus increased by 1.5--10 and more times as compared to the control.", "contents": "[Elimination of extrachromosomal streptomycin resistance in staphylococci by experimental variations in geomagnetic field intensity]. The article comprises the data on the elimination of streptomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus after its passage for a long time in a low permanent magenetic field (PMF) with H = 0.5 oe and in a space screened from the geomagnetic field in a permaloy chamber (H = 10(-2). Under these conditions the eliminating effect of the geomagnetic field intensity on the streptomycin resistance of Staphylococci became perceptible after 5--10 their passage under unusual conditions. At the next stages of investigation the eliminating effect of low PMF and of screening was enhanced. At the end of the experiment after 25--40 passages of Staphylococcus aureus throung MF of different intensity the elimination of streptomycin resistance was recorded in all the 11 cultures studied. The quantity of eliminates in populations of experimental substrains of Staphylococcus increased by 1.5--10 and more times as compared to the control.", "PMID": 556285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2518", "title": "[Morphogenetic shift of hemoglobin types in the ontogeny of rats].", "content": "The embryonic haemoglobin represented by 4 fractions was shown to form in the nucleate erythroid cells of the yolk sac. The dynamics of their quantitative changes was determined in 10 to 14 days old embryos. Anuclear red cells of the subsequent haemopoietic centers synthesize the heterogenous haemoglobin system (fractions 1--6). It includes components such as HbF (fractions 5, 6) the maximal contents of which is timed to a later embryonic stage. Fractions 3 and 4 constitute HbA haemoglobin. These fractions were shown to differ by their resistance against acids and to be unequally distributed among the red blood cells. In the blood of foetuses and phenyl hydrasine anemic animals the amount of cells with predominance of fractions 5 and 6 increases. Under these conditions the level of alkali resistant haemoglobin also increases.", "contents": "[Morphogenetic shift of hemoglobin types in the ontogeny of rats]. The embryonic haemoglobin represented by 4 fractions was shown to form in the nucleate erythroid cells of the yolk sac. The dynamics of their quantitative changes was determined in 10 to 14 days old embryos. Anuclear red cells of the subsequent haemopoietic centers synthesize the heterogenous haemoglobin system (fractions 1--6). It includes components such as HbF (fractions 5, 6) the maximal contents of which is timed to a later embryonic stage. Fractions 3 and 4 constitute HbA haemoglobin. These fractions were shown to differ by their resistance against acids and to be unequally distributed among the red blood cells. In the blood of foetuses and phenyl hydrasine anemic animals the amount of cells with predominance of fractions 5 and 6 increases. Under these conditions the level of alkali resistant haemoglobin also increases.", "PMID": 556291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2519", "title": "[Effect of random shearing of DNA on the reassociation kinetics of repeating sequences].", "content": "Influence of random DNA shearing on reassociation of repeated sequences separated by considerably long unique sequences has been considered theoretically. Reassociation kinetic curves have been calculated for repeated sequences of various length. Dependence of the reassociation rate constant and the repeated sequences frequency on the fraction and length of the repeated sequences has been obtained.", "contents": "[Effect of random shearing of DNA on the reassociation kinetics of repeating sequences]. Influence of random DNA shearing on reassociation of repeated sequences separated by considerably long unique sequences has been considered theoretically. Reassociation kinetic curves have been calculated for repeated sequences of various length. Dependence of the reassociation rate constant and the repeated sequences frequency on the fraction and length of the repeated sequences has been obtained.", "PMID": 556286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2520", "title": "[The treatment of arterial occlusion by means of ultraviolet radiation of the blood (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages of ultraviolet radiation of the blood are obvious. In many cases threatened amputation could be avoided. Ultraviolet radiation of the blood entails little risk and for this reason should be given preference over surgery whenever success with the reconstructive technique is questionable. The length of hospitalization can be reduced by using the ultraviolet radiation technique, and many patients can be treated exclusively on an outpatient basis using this technique. It offers not only medical but also social and economic advantages. Owing to the fact that the ultraviolet radiation technique has proved to be effective in other fields as well, it also deserves more attention from researchers.", "contents": "[The treatment of arterial occlusion by means of ultraviolet radiation of the blood (author's transl)]. The advantages of ultraviolet radiation of the blood are obvious. In many cases threatened amputation could be avoided. Ultraviolet radiation of the blood entails little risk and for this reason should be given preference over surgery whenever success with the reconstructive technique is questionable. The length of hospitalization can be reduced by using the ultraviolet radiation technique, and many patients can be treated exclusively on an outpatient basis using this technique. It offers not only medical but also social and economic advantages. Owing to the fact that the ultraviolet radiation technique has proved to be effective in other fields as well, it also deserves more attention from researchers.", "PMID": 556293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2521", "title": "[Group specific peculiarities in the need for cultural entertainments for residents of nursing homes for the aged].", "content": "For the leading of the complex care as all social process the exact notice of need-structure among aged people important. The investigation of the complex need for cultural entertainments among inhabitants of geriatric nursing stations shows group-specific particularities, so that by taking cultural measures the didactiv principle is to be demanded to offer differentiated entertainments concerning the contents with different intentions. In our institution the complex need for cultural intertainments is satisfied by the real cultural offer with the exception of the indicators \"moral-educational aspiration--special knowledge--compensation!\" The existing difference must be used as a motiv power for increasing the cultural living standard. At a defined moment not all eventual and entitled aspects of the explored need can be satisfied, but the cultural measures must be set in relation to the objective [corrected] functions of a geriatric nursing station and to the orientation of action among the inhibitants.", "contents": "[Group specific peculiarities in the need for cultural entertainments for residents of nursing homes for the aged]. For the leading of the complex care as all social process the exact notice of need-structure among aged people important. The investigation of the complex need for cultural entertainments among inhabitants of geriatric nursing stations shows group-specific particularities, so that by taking cultural measures the didactiv principle is to be demanded to offer differentiated entertainments concerning the contents with different intentions. In our institution the complex need for cultural intertainments is satisfied by the real cultural offer with the exception of the indicators \"moral-educational aspiration--special knowledge--compensation!\" The existing difference must be used as a motiv power for increasing the cultural living standard. At a defined moment not all eventual and entitled aspects of the explored need can be satisfied, but the cultural measures must be set in relation to the objective [corrected] functions of a geriatric nursing station and to the orientation of action among the inhibitants.", "PMID": 556294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2522", "title": "[On the clinical importance of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathological aspects and clinical importance of secondary forms of hyperlipoproteinemia in old age are discussed by the author in his present review article. Consideration is first given to the relations between hyperlipoproteinemia and diabetes mellitus. Further, the author deals with secondary hyperlipoproteinemia consequent upon renal diseases, pancreatitis, alcoholism, endocrinal diseases, liver diseases, and use of certain drugs. Finally, therapeutic problems of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia, which hold in old age just as in any other, are also treated briefly.", "contents": "[On the clinical importance of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia in old age (author's transl)]. The pathological aspects and clinical importance of secondary forms of hyperlipoproteinemia in old age are discussed by the author in his present review article. Consideration is first given to the relations between hyperlipoproteinemia and diabetes mellitus. Further, the author deals with secondary hyperlipoproteinemia consequent upon renal diseases, pancreatitis, alcoholism, endocrinal diseases, liver diseases, and use of certain drugs. Finally, therapeutic problems of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia, which hold in old age just as in any other, are also treated briefly.", "PMID": 556295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2523", "title": "Vaccination of calves against Taenia saginata infection using antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of larvae: passive protection via colostrum from vaccinated cows and vaccination of calves protected by maternal antibody.", "content": "Six-to-11-day-old calves which received colostrum from cows vaccinated with in vitro culture antigens of Taenia saginata during their last month of pregnancy showed a high level of resistance to a challenge infection with T saginata eggs. Although colostral antibody reduced the numbers of larvae which became established it did not promote destruction of those which had undergone development. Calves which had received colostrum from vaccinated dams were themselves vaccinated with culture antigen when they were eight to 10 weeks old. These calves showed strong immunity to a challenge infection of T saginata eggs administered four weeks after vaccination.", "contents": "Vaccination of calves against Taenia saginata infection using antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of larvae: passive protection via colostrum from vaccinated cows and vaccination of calves protected by maternal antibody. Six-to-11-day-old calves which received colostrum from cows vaccinated with in vitro culture antigens of Taenia saginata during their last month of pregnancy showed a high level of resistance to a challenge infection with T saginata eggs. Although colostral antibody reduced the numbers of larvae which became established it did not promote destruction of those which had undergone development. Calves which had received colostrum from vaccinated dams were themselves vaccinated with culture antigen when they were eight to 10 weeks old. These calves showed strong immunity to a challenge infection of T saginata eggs administered four weeks after vaccination.", "PMID": 556303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2524", "title": "[Immunogenic properties of 3 local lentogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus used in the spray method of vaccination].", "content": "Three local lentogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus, GT, D and R, were made use of to produce live liquid vaccines. These proved harmless and immunogenic when applied through the spray-method to broiler chicks, aged 5 days, at three successive revaccinations (on the 25th, 60th and 140th day of age) carried out by the same method. The strain D vaccine induced serum antihemagglutinins that had higher titers than those induced by vaccines of the other local strains and the standard strains Hitchner-B1 and La Sota.", "contents": "[Immunogenic properties of 3 local lentogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus used in the spray method of vaccination]. Three local lentogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus, GT, D and R, were made use of to produce live liquid vaccines. These proved harmless and immunogenic when applied through the spray-method to broiler chicks, aged 5 days, at three successive revaccinations (on the 25th, 60th and 140th day of age) carried out by the same method. The strain D vaccine induced serum antihemagglutinins that had higher titers than those induced by vaccines of the other local strains and the standard strains Hitchner-B1 and La Sota.", "PMID": 556304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2525", "title": "Effects of energy intake during late pregnancy and of genotype on immunoglobulin transfer to calves in suckler herds.", "content": "Blue-Grey (Shorthorn x Galloway) and Hereford x Friesian cows were given levels of feeding, during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy, varying between 75.2 per cent and 171.5 per cent of the maintenance requirements in one experiment and between 65 per cent and 125 per cent of the maintenance requirements in a second experiment. The concentrations of the immunoglobulin classes IgG1, IgG2 and IgM, in their colostrum and in their calves' serum were measured. The IG1 and IgM, but not the IgG2, concentrations were significantly higher in the Blue-Grey than in the Hereford x Friesian colostrum and serum. The relative concentrations of the three classes in the serum were almost identical to those in the colostrum, suggesting that absorption by the calves was non-selective. The amounts of immunoglobulin transferred to the calves were not affected by the cows' levels of feeding in the first year, but there was a small increase in transfer with increasing levels of feeding during the second year. Cows that transferred large amounts to their calves in the first year tended to do so in the second year. The milk intake and growth of the calves during the first 42 days were significantly correlated with their immunoglobulin concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of energy intake during late pregnancy and of genotype on immunoglobulin transfer to calves in suckler herds. Blue-Grey (Shorthorn x Galloway) and Hereford x Friesian cows were given levels of feeding, during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy, varying between 75.2 per cent and 171.5 per cent of the maintenance requirements in one experiment and between 65 per cent and 125 per cent of the maintenance requirements in a second experiment. The concentrations of the immunoglobulin classes IgG1, IgG2 and IgM, in their colostrum and in their calves' serum were measured. The IG1 and IgM, but not the IgG2, concentrations were significantly higher in the Blue-Grey than in the Hereford x Friesian colostrum and serum. The relative concentrations of the three classes in the serum were almost identical to those in the colostrum, suggesting that absorption by the calves was non-selective. The amounts of immunoglobulin transferred to the calves were not affected by the cows' levels of feeding in the first year, but there was a small increase in transfer with increasing levels of feeding during the second year. Cows that transferred large amounts to their calves in the first year tended to do so in the second year. The milk intake and growth of the calves during the first 42 days were significantly correlated with their immunoglobulin concentrations.", "PMID": 556305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2526", "title": "Day-old vaccination of maternally immune turkeys against Newcastle disease.", "content": "Maternally immune day-old turkey poults were vaccinated against Newcastle Disease with La Sota live vaccine and, concurrently, with emulsion killed vaccine. After an initial fall in maternal antibody the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) geometric mean titre (GMT) of these birds rose to log2(6) and persisted at that level for eight months. Re-vaccination of some birds at 10 weeks with the emulsion vaccine caused GMTs to rise to log2(11). Six months later these levels were at log2(7). Further emulsion vaccination at 28 weeks produced a good anamnestic effect, the titre rising to log2(12). The authors discuss the possible advantages of this programme of vaccination as a routine for the immunisation of both fattening and breeding birds.", "contents": "Day-old vaccination of maternally immune turkeys against Newcastle disease. Maternally immune day-old turkey poults were vaccinated against Newcastle Disease with La Sota live vaccine and, concurrently, with emulsion killed vaccine. After an initial fall in maternal antibody the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) geometric mean titre (GMT) of these birds rose to log2(6) and persisted at that level for eight months. Re-vaccination of some birds at 10 weeks with the emulsion vaccine caused GMTs to rise to log2(11). Six months later these levels were at log2(7). Further emulsion vaccination at 28 weeks produced a good anamnestic effect, the titre rising to log2(12). The authors discuss the possible advantages of this programme of vaccination as a routine for the immunisation of both fattening and breeding birds.", "PMID": 556306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2527", "title": "Immunoreactive vasopressin and oxytocin: concentration in individual human hypothalamic nuclei.", "content": "Individual hypothalamic nuclei were microdissected from brain tissue of ten human subjects who had died suddenly while in apparent good health. Appreciable amounts of vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactivity were found by specific radioimmunoassay in six hypothalamic nuclei including supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Vasopressin and oxytocin are presumed to be synthesized in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei for axonal transport to the posterior pituitary for storage and release. Vasopressin and oxytocin in other hypothalamic nuclei may be a part of this system of neurosecretion or may serve some other function.", "contents": "Immunoreactive vasopressin and oxytocin: concentration in individual human hypothalamic nuclei. Individual hypothalamic nuclei were microdissected from brain tissue of ten human subjects who had died suddenly while in apparent good health. Appreciable amounts of vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactivity were found by specific radioimmunoassay in six hypothalamic nuclei including supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Vasopressin and oxytocin are presumed to be synthesized in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei for axonal transport to the posterior pituitary for storage and release. Vasopressin and oxytocin in other hypothalamic nuclei may be a part of this system of neurosecretion or may serve some other function.", "PMID": 556308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2528", "title": "Hydrophobic chromatography of prenyl transferases.", "content": "Several prenyl transferases were examined with respect to their affinity for C0--C10 alkyl-Agarose columns. C10-alkyl Agarose was effective in adsorbing each of the prenyl transferases tested but only undecaprenyl pyrophosphate and octaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetases could be effectively eluted with Triton X-100.", "contents": "Hydrophobic chromatography of prenyl transferases. Several prenyl transferases were examined with respect to their affinity for C0--C10 alkyl-Agarose columns. C10-alkyl Agarose was effective in adsorbing each of the prenyl transferases tested but only undecaprenyl pyrophosphate and octaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetases could be effectively eluted with Triton X-100.", "PMID": 556316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2529", "title": "The ductus reuniens and utriculo-endolymphatic valve in  the presence of endolymphatic hydrops in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Described in the foregoing are postoperative changes in the ductus reuniens and the utriculo-endolymphatic valve of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear upon obstruction of the endolymphatic duct in normal guinea-pigs. The ductus reuniens was postoperatively dilated more than three times that of the normal ear, and dilated to a maximum degree within the first 12 hours. The utriculo-endolymphatic valve was found to be open two days after the operation, and there was a tendency for the number of animals with an open valve to increase with time. At three weeks and also at two months after the operation, there were some animals whose utricles were compressed by the dilated saccules, and as a result, their utricular ducts and utriculo-endolymphatic valves appeared narrowed.", "contents": "The ductus reuniens and utriculo-endolymphatic valve in  the presence of endolymphatic hydrops in guinea-pigs. Described in the foregoing are postoperative changes in the ductus reuniens and the utriculo-endolymphatic valve of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear upon obstruction of the endolymphatic duct in normal guinea-pigs. The ductus reuniens was postoperatively dilated more than three times that of the normal ear, and dilated to a maximum degree within the first 12 hours. The utriculo-endolymphatic valve was found to be open two days after the operation, and there was a tendency for the number of animals with an open valve to increase with time. At three weeks and also at two months after the operation, there were some animals whose utricles were compressed by the dilated saccules, and as a result, their utricular ducts and utriculo-endolymphatic valves appeared narrowed.", "PMID": 556317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2530", "title": "The sulfophosphovanillin reaction for serum lipids: a reappraisal.", "content": "New evidence is presented for the mechanism of this reaction, which is used in estimating lipids. The reaction occurs in two stages: (a) Stage 1 evidently involves an oxidation step, forming a specific type of carbonium ion called an alkenyl cation of the general formula R--C+--C==C--R' (previous evidence had indicated that a carbonium ion of general formula R--C+--R' was formed by protonation only.) (b) Stage 2 of the reaction was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance studies and by partition experiments, which have indicated that a vanillin phosphate ester is not formed as previously suggested. Comparative data from other acid-aldehyde reactions indicate that in this reaction 1,1-di(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)ethylene ion is formed, a product compatible with the formation of an alkenyl cation at stage 1.", "contents": "The sulfophosphovanillin reaction for serum lipids: a reappraisal. New evidence is presented for the mechanism of this reaction, which is used in estimating lipids. The reaction occurs in two stages: (a) Stage 1 evidently involves an oxidation step, forming a specific type of carbonium ion called an alkenyl cation of the general formula R--C+--C==C--R' (previous evidence had indicated that a carbonium ion of general formula R--C+--R' was formed by protonation only.) (b) Stage 2 of the reaction was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance studies and by partition experiments, which have indicated that a vanillin phosphate ester is not formed as previously suggested. Comparative data from other acid-aldehyde reactions indicate that in this reaction 1,1-di(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)ethylene ion is formed, a product compatible with the formation of an alkenyl cation at stage 1.", "PMID": 556319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2531", "title": "[The importance of human resources for development: the contribution of health (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reviews the publications that emphasize the imprtance of investments in human resources as a factor of economic development and presents results of his own research demonstrating, through an empirical study, the positive influence of health on economic productivity.", "contents": "[The importance of human resources for development: the contribution of health (author's transl)]. The author reviews the publications that emphasize the imprtance of investments in human resources as a factor of economic development and presents results of his own research demonstrating, through an empirical study, the positive influence of health on economic productivity.", "PMID": 556320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2532", "title": "[Surgical treatment of divertikulitis of the sigmoid colon (author's transl)].", "content": "32 patients suffering from diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon underwent resection with end-to-end-anastomosis. In 24 cases the operation was performed electively as a one step procedure, the rest of the patients were operated on by two or three steps. One patient with ileus and peritonitis came to death. 28 from 31 surviving patients live without trouble. Resection of the inflammatory part of intestine is recommended instead of permanent colostomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of divertikulitis of the sigmoid colon (author's transl)]. 32 patients suffering from diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon underwent resection with end-to-end-anastomosis. In 24 cases the operation was performed electively as a one step procedure, the rest of the patients were operated on by two or three steps. One patient with ileus and peritonitis came to death. 28 from 31 surviving patients live without trouble. Resection of the inflammatory part of intestine is recommended instead of permanent colostomy.", "PMID": 556321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2533", "title": "[Contribution to the exogenous development of Eimeria cameli (Henry and Masson, 1932), Reichenow 1953].", "content": "With reference to 4 illustrations, a complementary study on the morphology of 82-98 X 62-75 micron large oocysts of Eimeria cameli.", "contents": "[Contribution to the exogenous development of Eimeria cameli (Henry and Masson, 1932), Reichenow 1953]. With reference to 4 illustrations, a complementary study on the morphology of 82-98 X 62-75 micron large oocysts of Eimeria cameli.", "PMID": 556322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2534", "title": "[The diagnostic value of wedged hepatic vein pressure in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 38 patients with chronic hepatitis and 53 patients with liver cirrhosis the portal vein pressure was determined by wedged hepatic vein pressure (WHVP). There were significant differences among chronic persistent, chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. The wedged hepatic vein pressure increased in chronic active hepatitis according to the rate of hepatic connective tissue. The platelet count and the thromboplastin time were correlated to the values of wedged hepatic vein pressure not only in chronic active hepatitis but in liver cirrhosis as well. The correlation among serum albumin level, bromsulphalein retention and systolic blood pressure after Riva-Rocci and wedged hepatic vein pressure was significant in liver cirrhosis exclusively. Even if the determination of wedged hepatic vein pressure does not permit an absolute statement on the risk of hemorrhage of esophageal varicosis it is nevertheless suited for follow-up controls in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis and renders possible an outlook on the progress of the disease.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of wedged hepatic vein pressure in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis (author's transl)]. In 38 patients with chronic hepatitis and 53 patients with liver cirrhosis the portal vein pressure was determined by wedged hepatic vein pressure (WHVP). There were significant differences among chronic persistent, chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. The wedged hepatic vein pressure increased in chronic active hepatitis according to the rate of hepatic connective tissue. The platelet count and the thromboplastin time were correlated to the values of wedged hepatic vein pressure not only in chronic active hepatitis but in liver cirrhosis as well. The correlation among serum albumin level, bromsulphalein retention and systolic blood pressure after Riva-Rocci and wedged hepatic vein pressure was significant in liver cirrhosis exclusively. Even if the determination of wedged hepatic vein pressure does not permit an absolute statement on the risk of hemorrhage of esophageal varicosis it is nevertheless suited for follow-up controls in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis and renders possible an outlook on the progress of the disease.", "PMID": 556323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2535", "title": "[The perception of falling glissandos in prosodic contours (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this study is to determine whether the threshold and pitch of falling glissandos are identical to those calculated for rising ones--and consequently to test the hypothesis that rising glissandos are less well perceived than falling ones. The results show a threshold between 18 and 19 Hz for a duration of 200 ms, with an initial frequency of 139 Hz. The pitch corresponds to the frequency of a point at two thirds of the duration of the vowel. These results confirm those obtained for rising glissandos. The above hypothesis is not verified. In conclusion, a model of hearing is proposed which account for the modes of perception of glissandos.", "contents": "[The perception of falling glissandos in prosodic contours (author's transl)]. The aim of this study is to determine whether the threshold and pitch of falling glissandos are identical to those calculated for rising ones--and consequently to test the hypothesis that rising glissandos are less well perceived than falling ones. The results show a threshold between 18 and 19 Hz for a duration of 200 ms, with an initial frequency of 139 Hz. The pitch corresponds to the frequency of a point at two thirds of the duration of the vowel. These results confirm those obtained for rising glissandos. The above hypothesis is not verified. In conclusion, a model of hearing is proposed which account for the modes of perception of glissandos.", "PMID": 556324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2536", "title": "[Comparative findings on the spread of healthy carriers of coagulase-positive staphylococci in a hospital milieu].", "content": "A comparative search was made for healthy carriers of pathogenic staphylococcus among the kitchen, canteen and scullery staff of the Malpighi Hospital and the paramedical personnel of its geriatrics, out-patient and nephrology sections. The following percentages of healthy carriers were observed: out-patient section 37.5%, nephrodialysis section 23%, kitchen 17.9%, and geriatrics section 14.2%. All staphylococcus strains were tested for their sensitivity to antibiotics. 25% were resistant to ampicillin, 21.8% to penicillin, and 21.8% to streptomycin.", "contents": "[Comparative findings on the spread of healthy carriers of coagulase-positive staphylococci in a hospital milieu]. A comparative search was made for healthy carriers of pathogenic staphylococcus among the kitchen, canteen and scullery staff of the Malpighi Hospital and the paramedical personnel of its geriatrics, out-patient and nephrology sections. The following percentages of healthy carriers were observed: out-patient section 37.5%, nephrodialysis section 23%, kitchen 17.9%, and geriatrics section 14.2%. All staphylococcus strains were tested for their sensitivity to antibiotics. 25% were resistant to ampicillin, 21.8% to penicillin, and 21.8% to streptomycin.", "PMID": 556325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2537", "title": "[Results of a predictive trial of the response to nomifensine in ambulatory patients].", "content": "Nine hundred and fifty eight cases of neurotic-secondary ambulatory depression were treated with nomifensin by 135 psychiatrists. The analysis of visual analogue scales and of the global assessment shows that:--there were 2/3 responders and 1/3 non-responders--the most improved items were: crying, troubles in getting to sleep, abnormal tiredness, anxiety;--associated drugs from the beginning were frequent. They seemed to correspond to different initial symptomatologies but the final state did not differ substantially;--discrimination methods (linear discriminant function, stepwise discrimination) could separate groups of responders and non-responders, but did not allow for a valid individual prediction;--admist possible causes of these misclassifications, several factors are discussed: patient selection, choice of the variables, skewed or bimodal distributions, statistical methods used, acurateness of quotation, spectrum of the stutied drug.", "contents": "[Results of a predictive trial of the response to nomifensine in ambulatory patients]. Nine hundred and fifty eight cases of neurotic-secondary ambulatory depression were treated with nomifensin by 135 psychiatrists. The analysis of visual analogue scales and of the global assessment shows that:--there were 2/3 responders and 1/3 non-responders--the most improved items were: crying, troubles in getting to sleep, abnormal tiredness, anxiety;--associated drugs from the beginning were frequent. They seemed to correspond to different initial symptomatologies but the final state did not differ substantially;--discrimination methods (linear discriminant function, stepwise discrimination) could separate groups of responders and non-responders, but did not allow for a valid individual prediction;--admist possible causes of these misclassifications, several factors are discussed: patient selection, choice of the variables, skewed or bimodal distributions, statistical methods used, acurateness of quotation, spectrum of the stutied drug.", "PMID": 556326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2538", "title": "[A new treatment for the on-line-registration of the pre-ejection-period of the human fetal heart simultaneously with the CTG (author's transl)].", "content": "A new noninvasive on-line technique for measuring the pre-jection-period (PEP) sub partu is described. It permits a continous registration of PEP patterns simultaneously with the fetal CTG.", "contents": "[A new treatment for the on-line-registration of the pre-ejection-period of the human fetal heart simultaneously with the CTG (author's transl)]. A new noninvasive on-line technique for measuring the pre-jection-period (PEP) sub partu is described. It permits a continous registration of PEP patterns simultaneously with the fetal CTG.", "PMID": 556327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2539", "title": "[Doppler-sonographic control of a carotid-cavernous fistula occluded by balloon catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiographic and Doppler-sonographic findings from a patient suffering from a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula are presented. Data were obtained before, during, and after occlusion of the fistula by means of a balloon catheter. Doppler examination of the periorbital vessels and the carotid arteries in the neck region (selective for the common, internal, and external carotid arteries) allows a reliable and atraumatic evaluation of the carotid circulation and the pathologic venous drainage of the fistula by the orbital veins. The proper positioning of the balloon therefore is facilitated by simultaneous Doppler recording of the pathologic venous flow. The balloon-catheter technique described by Prolo et al. (1971) was modified and lead to a complete occlusion of the fistula without causing a carotid thrombosis.", "contents": "[Doppler-sonographic control of a carotid-cavernous fistula occluded by balloon catheter (author's transl)]. Angiographic and Doppler-sonographic findings from a patient suffering from a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula are presented. Data were obtained before, during, and after occlusion of the fistula by means of a balloon catheter. Doppler examination of the periorbital vessels and the carotid arteries in the neck region (selective for the common, internal, and external carotid arteries) allows a reliable and atraumatic evaluation of the carotid circulation and the pathologic venous drainage of the fistula by the orbital veins. The proper positioning of the balloon therefore is facilitated by simultaneous Doppler recording of the pathologic venous flow. The balloon-catheter technique described by Prolo et al. (1971) was modified and lead to a complete occlusion of the fistula without causing a carotid thrombosis.", "PMID": 556330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2540", "title": "[Infusion kinetics of drugs injected into the drip chamber of an infusion set].", "content": "The infusion kinetics of drugs injected into the \"drip-chamber\" of an i.v. infusion set has never been studied, although this route of drug administration is used more and more frequently in hospitalized patients. The drug is eliminated from this \"drip-chamber\" and hence infused into the body by 1.-order kinetics. A half-life of administration can be calculated and experimentally verified. This t 1/2 is equal to the ratio of the volume of infusion fluid in the \"drip-chamber\" (which can be estimated) and the infusion velocity of the i.v. drip (which is chosen) with the ln 2 as the proportionality constant. Hence the velocity of administration of the drug is not constant. Just after the injection more of the drug reaches the body per unit time than later on. This type of drug administration should therefore not be used if high plasma concentrations at the beginning are to be avoided or a constant infusion is desired.", "contents": "[Infusion kinetics of drugs injected into the drip chamber of an infusion set]. The infusion kinetics of drugs injected into the \"drip-chamber\" of an i.v. infusion set has never been studied, although this route of drug administration is used more and more frequently in hospitalized patients. The drug is eliminated from this \"drip-chamber\" and hence infused into the body by 1.-order kinetics. A half-life of administration can be calculated and experimentally verified. This t 1/2 is equal to the ratio of the volume of infusion fluid in the \"drip-chamber\" (which can be estimated) and the infusion velocity of the i.v. drip (which is chosen) with the ln 2 as the proportionality constant. Hence the velocity of administration of the drug is not constant. Just after the injection more of the drug reaches the body per unit time than later on. This type of drug administration should therefore not be used if high plasma concentrations at the beginning are to be avoided or a constant infusion is desired.", "PMID": 556331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2541", "title": "[Selective arteriography of the carotid and vertebral arteries by the femoral route: review of 225 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective arteriography of the carotid and vertebral arteries by the femoral route was carried out in 225 cases. The technique, results, indications and contraindications are reported and discussed together with complications.", "contents": "[Selective arteriography of the carotid and vertebral arteries by the femoral route: review of 225 patients (author's transl)]. Selective arteriography of the carotid and vertebral arteries by the femoral route was carried out in 225 cases. The technique, results, indications and contraindications are reported and discussed together with complications.", "PMID": 556333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2542", "title": "[Fibrinogen estimation. A simplified gravimetric method (author's transl)].", "content": "A simplified gravimetric method is proposed for fibrinogen estimation in plasma. Technic: 0.5 ml plasma (citrated) are diluted to up 5 ml with saline. A stick, 5 to 6 cm long, made of a glass capillary tube, or, aluminium foil, with ends bended as a hock, are weighted up to 0.001 g. Introduce one stick previously weighted in diluted plasma. Place two drops of thrombin (10 U/ml), and mix. In seconds, all fibrinogen is transformed in fibrin, deposited around the stick. Remove the stick with the fibrin, and press gently with the fingers, expelling the liquid in excess. Hang the stick with the fibrin, on the rim of a dry centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 3.000 rpm for 10 minutes (dry centrifugation). Centrifugal forces acting on the fibrin clot expell all liquid particles. Fibrin consist of a very thin layer adhered on the stick. The weight difference (initial and final), represents the solid fibrin. difference of weight added by 0.1 of the difference (anticoagulant dilution) x 200 to convert in dl. The method is highly reproductible, and takes about 20 minutes to be completed.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen estimation. A simplified gravimetric method (author's transl)]. A simplified gravimetric method is proposed for fibrinogen estimation in plasma. Technic: 0.5 ml plasma (citrated) are diluted to up 5 ml with saline. A stick, 5 to 6 cm long, made of a glass capillary tube, or, aluminium foil, with ends bended as a hock, are weighted up to 0.001 g. Introduce one stick previously weighted in diluted plasma. Place two drops of thrombin (10 U/ml), and mix. In seconds, all fibrinogen is transformed in fibrin, deposited around the stick. Remove the stick with the fibrin, and press gently with the fingers, expelling the liquid in excess. Hang the stick with the fibrin, on the rim of a dry centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 3.000 rpm for 10 minutes (dry centrifugation). Centrifugal forces acting on the fibrin clot expell all liquid particles. Fibrin consist of a very thin layer adhered on the stick. The weight difference (initial and final), represents the solid fibrin. difference of weight added by 0.1 of the difference (anticoagulant dilution) x 200 to convert in dl. The method is highly reproductible, and takes about 20 minutes to be completed.", "PMID": 556334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2543", "title": "[Results and consideration on blood cultures activity in a great children Hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports the results of blood cultures of a great children Hospital during the last three years. It regards 2164 blood cultures, 140 of which positive, and analyses the reasons that probably determinate the detected deficencies and defects.", "contents": "[Results and consideration on blood cultures activity in a great children Hospital (author's transl)]. This paper reports the results of blood cultures of a great children Hospital during the last three years. It regards 2164 blood cultures, 140 of which positive, and analyses the reasons that probably determinate the detected deficencies and defects.", "PMID": 556329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2544", "title": "[Vascularization of the plexus myentericus (Auerbach) in the small intestine of swine and cats].", "content": "The ganglia of the plexus myentericus (Auerbach) have their own self-acting vascularization in the form of periganglionic capillary networks. As to the architecture and density, they are quite different from the intramuscular capillary bed. Just as the arterial trunk and arcade vessels, the terminal arterioles and sphincter capillaries running into the periganglionic cappillary network are innervated by noradrenergic axons. Together with periganglionic arteriovenous short circuits, this means favorable prerequisites for a functionally adapted blood supply of the ganglia. The specific arrangement of intramuscular vessels and the plexus Auerbach effects the maintenance of the close topographic and functional relations between both systems in all cases of changes of the shape of the intestinal wall.", "contents": "[Vascularization of the plexus myentericus (Auerbach) in the small intestine of swine and cats]. The ganglia of the plexus myentericus (Auerbach) have their own self-acting vascularization in the form of periganglionic capillary networks. As to the architecture and density, they are quite different from the intramuscular capillary bed. Just as the arterial trunk and arcade vessels, the terminal arterioles and sphincter capillaries running into the periganglionic cappillary network are innervated by noradrenergic axons. Together with periganglionic arteriovenous short circuits, this means favorable prerequisites for a functionally adapted blood supply of the ganglia. The specific arrangement of intramuscular vessels and the plexus Auerbach effects the maintenance of the close topographic and functional relations between both systems in all cases of changes of the shape of the intestinal wall.", "PMID": 556335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2545", "title": "[Diagnostic patterns of CSF immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. critically evaluate the different methods used for the study of the CSF proteins and particularly examine the diagnostic meaning of some blood and CSF proteins ratios. According to the cases they report, the AA. think that some patterns characteristic of the nervous system diseases can be defined and they point out the importance of the contemporaneity of the examination of the CSF and of the serum in order to improve the significance of laboratory data.", "contents": "[Diagnostic patterns of CSF immune response (author's transl)]. The AA. critically evaluate the different methods used for the study of the CSF proteins and particularly examine the diagnostic meaning of some blood and CSF proteins ratios. According to the cases they report, the AA. think that some patterns characteristic of the nervous system diseases can be defined and they point out the importance of the contemporaneity of the examination of the CSF and of the serum in order to improve the significance of laboratory data.", "PMID": 556328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2546", "title": "[Fluorometric determination of propranolol and its metabolite n-desisopropylpropranolol in plasma and urine by direct meausrement of thin-layer chromatographic plates (author's transl].", "content": "The quantitative analysis of propranolol and its metabolite N-desisopropylpropranolol in plasma and urine is described. The drugs are extracted into 2-pentanol-heptane, and the solvent is concentrated. The whole residue is chromatographed on silica gel plates. The compounds are determined directly on the thin-layer plates without derivatization. The recovery of propranolol from plasma is 70%, with a standard deviation of +/- 4%.", "contents": "[Fluorometric determination of propranolol and its metabolite n-desisopropylpropranolol in plasma and urine by direct meausrement of thin-layer chromatographic plates (author's transl]. The quantitative analysis of propranolol and its metabolite N-desisopropylpropranolol in plasma and urine is described. The drugs are extracted into 2-pentanol-heptane, and the solvent is concentrated. The whole residue is chromatographed on silica gel plates. The compounds are determined directly on the thin-layer plates without derivatization. The recovery of propranolol from plasma is 70%, with a standard deviation of +/- 4%.", "PMID": 556337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2547", "title": "[Familial translocation 3/22 MAT with partial trisomy 3q (author's transl)].", "content": "Two mentally retarded brothers with partial trisomy 3q show clinically similar malformations and deformities : dwarfism, bushy eyebrows, eversion of the nostrils, low inserted ears, high palate, microgeny, low hair insertion, short and broad hands with proximally inserted thumbs, clinodactylia of the 5th finger, syndactylies, mostly arch patterns on the digital pulps, muscular hypotonia, joint relaxation and cryptorchism. Both children had fits of convulsions. The younger boy showed, moreover, a perception deafness. The mother, the maternal grand-mother as well as the phenotypically normal sister of the patients revealed a balanced translocation 3/22 with a karyotype : 46,XX,t(3;22) (q25;p11).", "contents": "[Familial translocation 3/22 MAT with partial trisomy 3q (author's transl)]. Two mentally retarded brothers with partial trisomy 3q show clinically similar malformations and deformities : dwarfism, bushy eyebrows, eversion of the nostrils, low inserted ears, high palate, microgeny, low hair insertion, short and broad hands with proximally inserted thumbs, clinodactylia of the 5th finger, syndactylies, mostly arch patterns on the digital pulps, muscular hypotonia, joint relaxation and cryptorchism. Both children had fits of convulsions. The younger boy showed, moreover, a perception deafness. The mother, the maternal grand-mother as well as the phenotypically normal sister of the patients revealed a balanced translocation 3/22 with a karyotype : 46,XX,t(3;22) (q25;p11).", "PMID": 556338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2548", "title": "[Excess of HLA-A2 and HLA-A2 homozygotes in patients with aplastic and Fanconi's anemias].", "content": "In 68 idiopathic aplastic anemia patients (65 HLA genotypes), HLA-A2 is slightly increased (p corrected less than 0.03) leading to a relative risk of 2.30. A slight excess of homozygotes for HLA-A was observed (22.2 vs. 14.09%), involving mostly the A2 antigen. In the siblings the patients were more frequently homozygote A2 than by chance (p less than 0.005). The same trends are observed in Fanconi's anemia = out of 18 patients, 7 are HLA-A homozygote (of whom 4 are A2). The hypothesis of the existence of one or several recessive genes involved in hematopoiesis situated close to HLA-A is advanced.", "contents": "[Excess of HLA-A2 and HLA-A2 homozygotes in patients with aplastic and Fanconi's anemias]. In 68 idiopathic aplastic anemia patients (65 HLA genotypes), HLA-A2 is slightly increased (p corrected less than 0.03) leading to a relative risk of 2.30. A slight excess of homozygotes for HLA-A was observed (22.2 vs. 14.09%), involving mostly the A2 antigen. In the siblings the patients were more frequently homozygote A2 than by chance (p less than 0.005). The same trends are observed in Fanconi's anemia = out of 18 patients, 7 are HLA-A homozygote (of whom 4 are A2). The hypothesis of the existence of one or several recessive genes involved in hematopoiesis situated close to HLA-A is advanced.", "PMID": 556339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2549", "title": "Structural ambiguity and limits to coping.", "content": "How well a person can cope with any situation is determined, among other factors, by his ability to resolve the ambiguity of that situation, which in turn depends on its structural complexity. We attempted to analyze a whole range of situations in terms of three dimesions: differentiations, the number of alternatives perceived; articulation, the differentiation and rankability of these alternatives; and loading, the emotional loading (positive or negative) associated with the situation. The efficiency of mapping with these dimensions was investigated by analyzing the effects of 75 situations on coping, as reported in the literature. These were divided into three groups, 25 situations in each, associated with good coping, reduced coping, and failure to come (in terms of performance relative to a baseline or to the population's norm). The interaction between the demands imposed by the complexity of the situation and the success of coping was analyzed by the Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA). Results show effectiveness of coping to be inversely related to the structural complexity of a situation, mapped in terms of articulation, loading and differentiation. The relative importance of these dimensions is as ordered above; this offers a possible way to construct an \"ambiguity score\" which may be the primary factor determining the coping limit set by any situation.", "contents": "Structural ambiguity and limits to coping. How well a person can cope with any situation is determined, among other factors, by his ability to resolve the ambiguity of that situation, which in turn depends on its structural complexity. We attempted to analyze a whole range of situations in terms of three dimesions: differentiations, the number of alternatives perceived; articulation, the differentiation and rankability of these alternatives; and loading, the emotional loading (positive or negative) associated with the situation. The efficiency of mapping with these dimensions was investigated by analyzing the effects of 75 situations on coping, as reported in the literature. These were divided into three groups, 25 situations in each, associated with good coping, reduced coping, and failure to come (in terms of performance relative to a baseline or to the population's norm). The interaction between the demands imposed by the complexity of the situation and the success of coping was analyzed by the Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA). Results show effectiveness of coping to be inversely related to the structural complexity of a situation, mapped in terms of articulation, loading and differentiation. The relative importance of these dimensions is as ordered above; this offers a possible way to construct an \"ambiguity score\" which may be the primary factor determining the coping limit set by any situation.", "PMID": 556340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2550", "title": "[Protection of the myocardium with local hypothermia in open heart surgery].", "content": "Local hypothermia as a procedure for myocardial protection was utilized in 50 patients; 17 had congenital and 33 aquired heart disease. On patient with diagnosis of A-V canal, previously operated on, died on the 2nd postoperative day after mitral valve replacement and closure of a residual defect. Two other valvular patients died suddenly on the 9th and 20th postoperative days from thrombosis of the prosthesis. The lengths of time of aortic clamping required for correction of these various cardiopathies were analized and correlated with the final results. In comparison with the experience of other authors, a close relationship between the duration of the myocardial ischemia and the figures of morbi-mortality was observed. It is concluded that local hypothermia constitutes an adequate procedure for myocardial protection on the condition that the length of aortic clamping times do not exceed certain limits.", "contents": "[Protection of the myocardium with local hypothermia in open heart surgery]. Local hypothermia as a procedure for myocardial protection was utilized in 50 patients; 17 had congenital and 33 aquired heart disease. On patient with diagnosis of A-V canal, previously operated on, died on the 2nd postoperative day after mitral valve replacement and closure of a residual defect. Two other valvular patients died suddenly on the 9th and 20th postoperative days from thrombosis of the prosthesis. The lengths of time of aortic clamping required for correction of these various cardiopathies were analized and correlated with the final results. In comparison with the experience of other authors, a close relationship between the duration of the myocardial ischemia and the figures of morbi-mortality was observed. It is concluded that local hypothermia constitutes an adequate procedure for myocardial protection on the condition that the length of aortic clamping times do not exceed certain limits.", "PMID": 556336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2551", "title": "[Setting of the Menghini's biopsy instrument for percutaneous biopsy of the kidney].", "content": "Description of a simple supplementation for Menghini's set of bioptical instruments in form of an arrest for the adjustment of the deptho of penetration into the renal parenchyma for the reduction of the complication rate. It is regarded as aid for the physician who is less frequently puncturing.", "contents": "[Setting of the Menghini's biopsy instrument for percutaneous biopsy of the kidney]. Description of a simple supplementation for Menghini's set of bioptical instruments in form of an arrest for the adjustment of the deptho of penetration into the renal parenchyma for the reduction of the complication rate. It is regarded as aid for the physician who is less frequently puncturing.", "PMID": 556342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2552", "title": "[Use of total isoperistaltic entero-lavage in surgery of the large intestine].", "content": "Hewitt's method for disinfection of the large intestine is described and a personal series of 84 total isoperistaltic washings carried out at the University of Milan 1st Surgical Pathology Department in the period July 1976 to May 1977 prior to surgery or diagnostic examination (manometry, pancolonscopy, barium enema etc.) is presented. The results confirmed the effectiveness and harmlessness of the method. Personal modifications permitting its wider application in large intestine diagnosis and surgery are mentioned. A personal method for selective radiological visualisation of the ileum and colon employing enterolusis is explained.", "contents": "[Use of total isoperistaltic entero-lavage in surgery of the large intestine]. Hewitt's method for disinfection of the large intestine is described and a personal series of 84 total isoperistaltic washings carried out at the University of Milan 1st Surgical Pathology Department in the period July 1976 to May 1977 prior to surgery or diagnostic examination (manometry, pancolonscopy, barium enema etc.) is presented. The results confirmed the effectiveness and harmlessness of the method. Personal modifications permitting its wider application in large intestine diagnosis and surgery are mentioned. A personal method for selective radiological visualisation of the ileum and colon employing enterolusis is explained.", "PMID": 556343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2553", "title": "Utilization of records of the National Health Insurance programs for study on cancer morbidity and survival.", "content": "Potential value of the records of National Health Insurance programs for study on cancer morbidity was investigated by examination of those preserved in two towns in Japan. By using such records, population at risk and incidence of cancer can be readily and precisely determined. Deaths with load of cancer and survival rate of cancer were also determined without difficulty. In spite of a few limitations involved in the use of records, they are considered to be highly valuable for study on cancer morbidity and survival, mainly due to absence of under-reporting and to the feasibility of obtaining medical and other informations pertaining to cancer patients throughout the specific period.", "contents": "Utilization of records of the National Health Insurance programs for study on cancer morbidity and survival. Potential value of the records of National Health Insurance programs for study on cancer morbidity was investigated by examination of those preserved in two towns in Japan. By using such records, population at risk and incidence of cancer can be readily and precisely determined. Deaths with load of cancer and survival rate of cancer were also determined without difficulty. In spite of a few limitations involved in the use of records, they are considered to be highly valuable for study on cancer morbidity and survival, mainly due to absence of under-reporting and to the feasibility of obtaining medical and other informations pertaining to cancer patients throughout the specific period.", "PMID": 556344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2554", "title": "Organotropic effect of N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine: production of lung and liver tumors by its oral administration in mice.", "content": "The organotropic effect of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) orally administered to mice was studied. The main targets for the carcinogenic effect of DHPN were the lung and liver, with tumors induced by doses greater than 100 ppm DHPN for 16 weeks. The highest incidence was seen in liver vascular tumors including hemangioma, hemangioendothelioma, and hemangioendothelial sarcoma in mice treated with 1,000 ppm DHPN. Lung tumors were alveolar adenoma and adenocarcinoma. No pancreatic tumors were found. The present results suggest that the carcinogenic response in mice to DHPN was similar to that in rats and guinea pigs but different from that in hamsters.", "contents": "Organotropic effect of N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine: production of lung and liver tumors by its oral administration in mice. The organotropic effect of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) orally administered to mice was studied. The main targets for the carcinogenic effect of DHPN were the lung and liver, with tumors induced by doses greater than 100 ppm DHPN for 16 weeks. The highest incidence was seen in liver vascular tumors including hemangioma, hemangioendothelioma, and hemangioendothelial sarcoma in mice treated with 1,000 ppm DHPN. Lung tumors were alveolar adenoma and adenocarcinoma. No pancreatic tumors were found. The present results suggest that the carcinogenic response in mice to DHPN was similar to that in rats and guinea pigs but different from that in hamsters.", "PMID": 556345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2555", "title": "[The use of alfatesine in the treatment of epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "7 patients (aged 15 months-72 years) were treated by intravenous infusion of alfatesine in varying dose depending on age and body weight. Treatment was effective in 6 of the 7 patients, 4 of whom had previously derived no benefit from standard treatment with benzodiazepines. Intravenous injection in 2 cases only increased the interval between seizures from 3-12 minutes to 25-40 minutes. No major side-effects were observed.", "contents": "[The use of alfatesine in the treatment of epilepsy (author's transl)]. 7 patients (aged 15 months-72 years) were treated by intravenous infusion of alfatesine in varying dose depending on age and body weight. Treatment was effective in 6 of the 7 patients, 4 of whom had previously derived no benefit from standard treatment with benzodiazepines. Intravenous injection in 2 cases only increased the interval between seizures from 3-12 minutes to 25-40 minutes. No major side-effects were observed.", "PMID": 556341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2556", "title": "Separation of two forms of HeLa DNA polymerase alpha with different binding affinity to DNA.", "content": "Two forms of DNA polymerase alpha were separated from HeLa cells by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and affinity chromatography using a DNA-cellulose column. They were eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column at 0.22M KCl (P-I) and 0.24M KCl (P-II). Upon cell fractionation between cytosol and nuclei, P-I was recovered from nuclei and P-II from cytosol. P-I was found to have a higher binding affinity to DNA than P-II by DNA-cellulose column chromatography.", "contents": "Separation of two forms of HeLa DNA polymerase alpha with different binding affinity to DNA. Two forms of DNA polymerase alpha were separated from HeLa cells by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and affinity chromatography using a DNA-cellulose column. They were eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column at 0.22M KCl (P-I) and 0.24M KCl (P-II). Upon cell fractionation between cytosol and nuclei, P-I was recovered from nuclei and P-II from cytosol. P-I was found to have a higher binding affinity to DNA than P-II by DNA-cellulose column chromatography.", "PMID": 556347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2557", "title": "Metabolism of 5-fluorouracil in sensitive and resistant tumor cells.", "content": "Thymidine kinase, dTMP kinase, and DNA polymerase activities were determined in cell lines of AH hepatoma, L1210 leukemia, and Yoshida sarcoma that were sensitive and resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). It was found that the levels of these enzymes in tumor cells were not consistently related to the property of sensitivity to 5-FU. A marked difference was observed between sensitive and resistant cell lines of L1210 leukemia and Yoshida sarcoma in the uptake of labeled 5-FU into the acid-soluble, nucleotide, and RNA fractions, the rate of incorporation of 5-FU into these fractions being 3 to 5 times greater in sensitive tumor cells than in resistant tumor cells. The radioactivities in the acid-soluble fractions of AH44 (sensitive) and AH109A (resistant) were similar after incubation of these cells with labeled 5-FU in vitro. However, a smaller volume of ascites and lower cell number were observed in AH44 (sensitive)-bearing rats than in AH109A (resistant)-bearing rats. These in vivo results indicate that the 5-FU injected intraperitoneally was diluted by ascites more in AH109A (resistant)-bearing rats than in AH44 (sensitive)-bearing rats.", "contents": "Metabolism of 5-fluorouracil in sensitive and resistant tumor cells. Thymidine kinase, dTMP kinase, and DNA polymerase activities were determined in cell lines of AH hepatoma, L1210 leukemia, and Yoshida sarcoma that were sensitive and resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). It was found that the levels of these enzymes in tumor cells were not consistently related to the property of sensitivity to 5-FU. A marked difference was observed between sensitive and resistant cell lines of L1210 leukemia and Yoshida sarcoma in the uptake of labeled 5-FU into the acid-soluble, nucleotide, and RNA fractions, the rate of incorporation of 5-FU into these fractions being 3 to 5 times greater in sensitive tumor cells than in resistant tumor cells. The radioactivities in the acid-soluble fractions of AH44 (sensitive) and AH109A (resistant) were similar after incubation of these cells with labeled 5-FU in vitro. However, a smaller volume of ascites and lower cell number were observed in AH44 (sensitive)-bearing rats than in AH109A (resistant)-bearing rats. These in vivo results indicate that the 5-FU injected intraperitoneally was diluted by ascites more in AH109A (resistant)-bearing rats than in AH44 (sensitive)-bearing rats.", "PMID": 556350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2558", "title": "Inhibition by cell-free Ehrlich ascites tumour fluid of the resolution of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatorenal necrosis in mice.", "content": "Small doses of cell-free Ehrlich ascites fluid given to mice 18 hr after CCl4 effectively prevents resolution of the toxin-induced hepatorenal necrosis, thus duplicating the reported effects of washed Ehrlich tumour cells. The available data indicate that Ehrlich tumour fluid does not contain the agent directly responsible for resolution-inhibition, but rather contains an inducer which stimulates host tissues to form the ultimate inhibitor. Only in the presence of renal tubular necrosis is the inhibitor allowed to accumulate to levels which prevent resolution. The possibility that host-derived inhibitors include antiproteases is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition by cell-free Ehrlich ascites tumour fluid of the resolution of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatorenal necrosis in mice. Small doses of cell-free Ehrlich ascites fluid given to mice 18 hr after CCl4 effectively prevents resolution of the toxin-induced hepatorenal necrosis, thus duplicating the reported effects of washed Ehrlich tumour cells. The available data indicate that Ehrlich tumour fluid does not contain the agent directly responsible for resolution-inhibition, but rather contains an inducer which stimulates host tissues to form the ultimate inhibitor. Only in the presence of renal tubular necrosis is the inhibitor allowed to accumulate to levels which prevent resolution. The possibility that host-derived inhibitors include antiproteases is discussed.", "PMID": 556351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2559", "title": "Quantitative study on the liberation of tumor cells into the circulating blood.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of liberation of tumor cells into the blood stream in connection with the process of tumor growth, using three strains of ascites tumor such as Yoshida sarcoma (YS) with infiltrative growth pattern, AH100B with expansive one, and AH109A with intermediate one. For this experiment, a new method for the quantitation of the number of circulating tumor cells was devised. From its results, it was concluded as follows: (1) Tumor cells appear first in the circulating blood at the transitional phase from logarithmic growth to declining growth. (2) Tumor size is a macroscopical index of the risk of the liberation of tumor cells into the blood stream. (3) Tumor necrosis is a histological sign suggesting that the tumor growth phase is declining, namely, that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells has begun already. (4) There is a striking difference in the frequency and number of tumor cells in the venous blood among these three tumor strains. The tumour strains in order of the number of the circulating tumor cells are YS, AH109A, and AH100B. (5) In YS and AH109A, the transition of the number of tumor cells liberated into the blood stream is closely related to the growth process of tumor tissue. (6) Liberated cells of AH109A and AH100B disappear promptly from the blood stream.", "contents": "Quantitative study on the liberation of tumor cells into the circulating blood. A study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of liberation of tumor cells into the blood stream in connection with the process of tumor growth, using three strains of ascites tumor such as Yoshida sarcoma (YS) with infiltrative growth pattern, AH100B with expansive one, and AH109A with intermediate one. For this experiment, a new method for the quantitation of the number of circulating tumor cells was devised. From its results, it was concluded as follows: (1) Tumor cells appear first in the circulating blood at the transitional phase from logarithmic growth to declining growth. (2) Tumor size is a macroscopical index of the risk of the liberation of tumor cells into the blood stream. (3) Tumor necrosis is a histological sign suggesting that the tumor growth phase is declining, namely, that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells has begun already. (4) There is a striking difference in the frequency and number of tumor cells in the venous blood among these three tumor strains. The tumour strains in order of the number of the circulating tumor cells are YS, AH109A, and AH100B. (5) In YS and AH109A, the transition of the number of tumor cells liberated into the blood stream is closely related to the growth process of tumor tissue. (6) Liberated cells of AH109A and AH100B disappear promptly from the blood stream.", "PMID": 556352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2560", "title": "New biospecific adsorbents for the purification of estradiol receptor.", "content": "The synthesis of biospecific adsorbents for the purification of the cytosol estrogen receptor from calf uterus is described. The characteristic of several estradiol derivatives, spacer chains, and insoluble matrix were systematically studied. Estradiol derivatives substituted at positions C2, 3, 4 7 alpha, 17 alpha, and 17 beta were tested for their affinities for the receptor; positions 7 alpha and 17 alpha were the most suibable. Acidic compounds had lower affinities than their methylester analogues. Long chain derivatives bound the receptor less firmly than corresponding shorter chains. However, when these ligands were attached to an insoluble matrix, the long spacer chain derivatives (greater than or equal to 14 atoms) were more efficient than the shorter ones. There was a satisfactory parallelism between affinities of free ligands and receptor binding to the respective biospecific adsorbents. On the basis of their stability in the presence of cytosol (no release of ligand), due to the absence of ester bonds, long chains were selected as spacers. Both acrylamide and agarose biospecific adsorbents displayed some ionic exchange capacity and consequently nonspecifically bound proteins; the influence of this nonspecific binding on the purification of the receptor was studied. On the basis of their stability, of their binding specificity, and of their selectivity for the receptor, the estradiol-7 alpha derivative adsorbents were selected for the purification of the receptor.", "contents": "New biospecific adsorbents for the purification of estradiol receptor. The synthesis of biospecific adsorbents for the purification of the cytosol estrogen receptor from calf uterus is described. The characteristic of several estradiol derivatives, spacer chains, and insoluble matrix were systematically studied. Estradiol derivatives substituted at positions C2, 3, 4 7 alpha, 17 alpha, and 17 beta were tested for their affinities for the receptor; positions 7 alpha and 17 alpha were the most suibable. Acidic compounds had lower affinities than their methylester analogues. Long chain derivatives bound the receptor less firmly than corresponding shorter chains. However, when these ligands were attached to an insoluble matrix, the long spacer chain derivatives (greater than or equal to 14 atoms) were more efficient than the shorter ones. There was a satisfactory parallelism between affinities of free ligands and receptor binding to the respective biospecific adsorbents. On the basis of their stability in the presence of cytosol (no release of ligand), due to the absence of ester bonds, long chains were selected as spacers. Both acrylamide and agarose biospecific adsorbents displayed some ionic exchange capacity and consequently nonspecifically bound proteins; the influence of this nonspecific binding on the purification of the receptor was studied. On the basis of their stability, of their binding specificity, and of their selectivity for the receptor, the estradiol-7 alpha derivative adsorbents were selected for the purification of the receptor.", "PMID": 556354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2561", "title": "Angiography of the liver in lymphoma.", "content": "Three cases of lymphocytic lymphoma are reported. The diagnosis of liver involvement is critical since it may be a determining factor in the selection of chemo- or radiotherapy. Angiographic diagnosis of liver lymphoma is frequently unsuccessful. Though liver lymphomas usually display a hypovascular pattern, the hypervascular pattern should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic lesions.", "contents": "Angiography of the liver in lymphoma. Three cases of lymphocytic lymphoma are reported. The diagnosis of liver involvement is critical since it may be a determining factor in the selection of chemo- or radiotherapy. Angiographic diagnosis of liver lymphoma is frequently unsuccessful. Though liver lymphomas usually display a hypovascular pattern, the hypervascular pattern should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic lesions.", "PMID": 556355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2562", "title": "Bacterial penetration in floor and nest box eggs from meat and layer birds.", "content": "A method similar to that used by Board and Board (1967) was used to determine the numbers of eggs penetrated by bacteria on 3 poultry farms in south-east Queensland. Significant differences in the percentages of penetrated eggs between the eggs of layer birds (9.7%) and the eggs of meat birds (16.1%) and between nest eggs (10.5%) and floor eggs (15.3%) were detected. The distribution of the numbers of penetration points was similar for nest and floor eggs for both types of bird and was independent of shell surface area or thickness.", "contents": "Bacterial penetration in floor and nest box eggs from meat and layer birds. A method similar to that used by Board and Board (1967) was used to determine the numbers of eggs penetrated by bacteria on 3 poultry farms in south-east Queensland. Significant differences in the percentages of penetrated eggs between the eggs of layer birds (9.7%) and the eggs of meat birds (16.1%) and between nest eggs (10.5%) and floor eggs (15.3%) were detected. The distribution of the numbers of penetration points was similar for nest and floor eggs for both types of bird and was independent of shell surface area or thickness.", "PMID": 556359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2563", "title": "Relationship between intensities of skin test reactions to glass-fibres and chemical irritants.", "content": "A total of 98 workers at a glass-wool factory were patch tested with glass-fibres and six chemical irritants. A rubbing test with the fibres, a Trafuril test and provocation of dermographism were also performed. The subjects with strong patch test reactions to one quality of fibres also reacted strongly to the other types of fibres but did not show an increased sensitivity to other tests. The subjects with intense skin reactions to rubbing with the fibres showed an increased skin reactivity to Trafuril. A tendency towards increased reactivity to the patch tests with fibres was found in persons with fair skin and blue eyes.", "contents": "Relationship between intensities of skin test reactions to glass-fibres and chemical irritants. A total of 98 workers at a glass-wool factory were patch tested with glass-fibres and six chemical irritants. A rubbing test with the fibres, a Trafuril test and provocation of dermographism were also performed. The subjects with strong patch test reactions to one quality of fibres also reacted strongly to the other types of fibres but did not show an increased sensitivity to other tests. The subjects with intense skin reactions to rubbing with the fibres showed an increased skin reactivity to Trafuril. A tendency towards increased reactivity to the patch tests with fibres was found in persons with fair skin and blue eyes.", "PMID": 556361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2564", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity, phospholipids, cholesterol and sulphydryl group content in sarcolemma fragments].", "content": "The phospholipid, cholesterol, SH-group content and acethylcholinesterase activity in ultrasonic sarcolenima fragments precipitating at 105000 g were much greater than in fragments precipitating at 3000 g. On the basis of the results obtained it is suggested that the 3000 g sediment consists largely of network of collagen fibrils, while the 105 000 g sediment is mainly composed by the plasma membrane fragments. It is shown that the amount of SH-groups in intact sarcolemma available for 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNG) in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate was about twice as much as that in the absence of sodium dodecylsulphate. As to the sonicated fractions of sarcolemma (sediment and supernatant at 105 000 g) and high ionic strength extract of sarcolemma the amount of SH-groups available for DTNB in the presence and in the absence of sodium dodecylsulphate was similar. A decrease was observed in acetylcholinesterase stability after sonication (sediment and supernatant at 105 000 g). The normal Michaelis kinetics was found for the acetylcholinesterase of sarcolemma fractions solubilized by sonication.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity, phospholipids, cholesterol and sulphydryl group content in sarcolemma fragments]. The phospholipid, cholesterol, SH-group content and acethylcholinesterase activity in ultrasonic sarcolenima fragments precipitating at 105000 g were much greater than in fragments precipitating at 3000 g. On the basis of the results obtained it is suggested that the 3000 g sediment consists largely of network of collagen fibrils, while the 105 000 g sediment is mainly composed by the plasma membrane fragments. It is shown that the amount of SH-groups in intact sarcolemma available for 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNG) in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate was about twice as much as that in the absence of sodium dodecylsulphate. As to the sonicated fractions of sarcolemma (sediment and supernatant at 105 000 g) and high ionic strength extract of sarcolemma the amount of SH-groups available for DTNB in the presence and in the absence of sodium dodecylsulphate was similar. A decrease was observed in acetylcholinesterase stability after sonication (sediment and supernatant at 105 000 g). The normal Michaelis kinetics was found for the acetylcholinesterase of sarcolemma fractions solubilized by sonication.", "PMID": 556357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2565", "title": "[Content of dicarboxylic acids and GABA in normal suslik brain and under the effect of oxygen at higher pressure].", "content": "The content of glutamic, asparaginic and gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) acids in norm and under hyperoxia was determined in different cerebral areas of susliks living in places at different heights above sea level. In susliks at a height of 1700-2000 m above sea level the content of glutamate aspartate and GABA lowers significantly as compared to that in susliks at a height of 500-600 m above sea level. Under the effect of oxygen 6 at. ga at the 22nd minute on the average there occur convulsions in susliks living both in high mountains and middle mountains. Acute oxygen poisoning is not accompanied by noticeable shifts in the content of free dicarboxylic amino acids in the studied cerebral areas of middle-mountain susliks and is characterized only by an increase of the GABA content in the cerebellum. In high-mountain susliks the content of glutamate under these conditions increases in great cerebral hemispheres, while the asparate content lowers in cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. In the latter the drop in the content of GABA is statistically significant.", "contents": "[Content of dicarboxylic acids and GABA in normal suslik brain and under the effect of oxygen at higher pressure]. The content of glutamic, asparaginic and gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) acids in norm and under hyperoxia was determined in different cerebral areas of susliks living in places at different heights above sea level. In susliks at a height of 1700-2000 m above sea level the content of glutamate aspartate and GABA lowers significantly as compared to that in susliks at a height of 500-600 m above sea level. Under the effect of oxygen 6 at. ga at the 22nd minute on the average there occur convulsions in susliks living both in high mountains and middle mountains. Acute oxygen poisoning is not accompanied by noticeable shifts in the content of free dicarboxylic amino acids in the studied cerebral areas of middle-mountain susliks and is characterized only by an increase of the GABA content in the cerebellum. In high-mountain susliks the content of glutamate under these conditions increases in great cerebral hemispheres, while the asparate content lowers in cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. In the latter the drop in the content of GABA is statistically significant.", "PMID": 556358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2566", "title": "Acute renal failure in insulin-dependent diabetics: episodes secondary to intravenous pyelography.", "content": "Diabetic patients with chronic renal failure are known to be at risk for exacerbation of renal failure if they undergo intravenous pyelography (IVP). The present report demonstrates that diabetic patients with normal serum creatinine levels can sustain irreversible renal failure following an IVP. The experiences with this case suggest that, if the creatinine clearance is decreased in an insulin-dependent patient irrespective of the serum creatinine value, one must be aware of the possible hazard of acute renal failure and irreversible renal damage following the IVP. This would appear to be especially true if the diabetic patient has proteinuria in combination with the decreased creatinine clearance.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in insulin-dependent diabetics: episodes secondary to intravenous pyelography. Diabetic patients with chronic renal failure are known to be at risk for exacerbation of renal failure if they undergo intravenous pyelography (IVP). The present report demonstrates that diabetic patients with normal serum creatinine levels can sustain irreversible renal failure following an IVP. The experiences with this case suggest that, if the creatinine clearance is decreased in an insulin-dependent patient irrespective of the serum creatinine value, one must be aware of the possible hazard of acute renal failure and irreversible renal damage following the IVP. This would appear to be especially true if the diabetic patient has proteinuria in combination with the decreased creatinine clearance.", "PMID": 556365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2567", "title": "Plasma lipid levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Because several recent reports have indicated a high incidence of hyperlipidemia in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes, the plasma lipid levels were measured in a population of insulin-dependent diabetic patients to determine if hyperlipidemia is necessarily associated with diabetes. Only one patient had an elevated cholesterol concentration (greater than 220 mg. per deciliter) and two patients had an elevated triglyceride concentration (greater than 140 mg. per deciliter), giving an incidence of 6.4 per cent. A normal control group had an incidence of hyperlipidemia of 5.7 per cent. The mean cholesterol level (164 \"/- 38 mg. per deciliter) of the diabetic population was significantly less than that of the normal control group (183 +/- 38 mg. per deciliter). The diabetic patients were divided into groups on the basis of 24-hour urinary glucose excretion and records of glycosuria. The serum triglyceride of the patients in group 4 (highest urinary glucose content and spills) was significantly elevated above three other groups with less glucosuria. Dietary history revealed that group 4 patients consumed a significantly higher percentage of fat. Cholesterol levels did not correlate with parameters of regulation of the diabetes.", "contents": "Plasma lipid levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Because several recent reports have indicated a high incidence of hyperlipidemia in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes, the plasma lipid levels were measured in a population of insulin-dependent diabetic patients to determine if hyperlipidemia is necessarily associated with diabetes. Only one patient had an elevated cholesterol concentration (greater than 220 mg. per deciliter) and two patients had an elevated triglyceride concentration (greater than 140 mg. per deciliter), giving an incidence of 6.4 per cent. A normal control group had an incidence of hyperlipidemia of 5.7 per cent. The mean cholesterol level (164 \"/- 38 mg. per deciliter) of the diabetic population was significantly less than that of the normal control group (183 +/- 38 mg. per deciliter). The diabetic patients were divided into groups on the basis of 24-hour urinary glucose excretion and records of glycosuria. The serum triglyceride of the patients in group 4 (highest urinary glucose content and spills) was significantly elevated above three other groups with less glucosuria. Dietary history revealed that group 4 patients consumed a significantly higher percentage of fat. Cholesterol levels did not correlate with parameters of regulation of the diabetes.", "PMID": 556367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2568", "title": "The learning-disabled juvenile delinquent: a case for early intervention of perceptually handicapped children.", "content": "The relationship between learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency is examined from an historical perspective as well as from the author's investigations. The majority of studies suggest that learning disabilities occur with significant frequency in delinquent populations. Perceptual disorders can be a significant cause of academic underachievement and poor social adaptation among youthful offenders. Preliminary results of an investigation of the learning-disabled delinquent confirm that the perceptually handicapped child is at high risk for developing these behavioral problems. As one of the first professionals who may be involved in the evaluation and treatment of the perceptually handicapped child, the occupational therapist is a key person in effecting early intervention. Early intervention is considered of prime importance as one preventive measure of juvenile delinquency.", "contents": "The learning-disabled juvenile delinquent: a case for early intervention of perceptually handicapped children. The relationship between learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency is examined from an historical perspective as well as from the author's investigations. The majority of studies suggest that learning disabilities occur with significant frequency in delinquent populations. Perceptual disorders can be a significant cause of academic underachievement and poor social adaptation among youthful offenders. Preliminary results of an investigation of the learning-disabled delinquent confirm that the perceptually handicapped child is at high risk for developing these behavioral problems. As one of the first professionals who may be involved in the evaluation and treatment of the perceptually handicapped child, the occupational therapist is a key person in effecting early intervention. Early intervention is considered of prime importance as one preventive measure of juvenile delinquency.", "PMID": 556377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2569", "title": "[Chromatographic behavior of phthalimide derivatives on silica gel layers].", "content": "The chromatographic behaviour of phthalimide derivatives during thin-layer chromatography on silica gel is explained by the repercussions of mesomeric and inductive effects on the specific combined action of the oxygen of the carbonyl groups and of protonized hydrogen atoms of the active centres on the surface of the adsorbent. It is shown that within the groups of solvents the products of the eluting power of the solvent by the activity of the adsorbent is proportional to the amount of the Rf value.", "contents": "[Chromatographic behavior of phthalimide derivatives on silica gel layers]. The chromatographic behaviour of phthalimide derivatives during thin-layer chromatography on silica gel is explained by the repercussions of mesomeric and inductive effects on the specific combined action of the oxygen of the carbonyl groups and of protonized hydrogen atoms of the active centres on the surface of the adsorbent. It is shown that within the groups of solvents the products of the eluting power of the solvent by the activity of the adsorbent is proportional to the amount of the Rf value.", "PMID": 556380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2570", "title": "Partial 11- and 21-hydroylase deficiencies in hirsute women.", "content": "Thirty-one women with idiopathic hirsutism were evaluated for partial 11- and 21-hydroxylase adrenocortical enzyme deficencies. Twenty-four hour urine collections for 17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticoids, tetrahydro compound S (THS), and -pregnanetriol were obtained basally and following a continuous 24 hours infusion of alpha 1-24 ACTH (cosyntropin). The results were compared to those in eight normal, nonhirsute women studied under identical conditions. Normal control subjects and 18 of 31 hirsute female patients (Group I) showed similar small increments in the excretion of THS and pregnanetriol following the infusion of cosyntropin. Thirteen hirsute women (Group II) showed cosyntropin-stimulated increments in either THS and/or pregnanetriol that were significantly greater than the mean response of the control group. The cosyntropin-stimulated increments in 17-ketosteroid excertion and basal sebum production rates were also significantly greater in Group II. The results are consistent with partial II - and/or 21-adrenocortical hydroxylase deficiencies in some hirsute women whose condition would have previously been designated as \"idiopathic.\" Thus, prolonged ACTH stimulation testing may identify patients who might benefit from glucocorticoid suppression therapy.", "contents": "Partial 11- and 21-hydroylase deficiencies in hirsute women. Thirty-one women with idiopathic hirsutism were evaluated for partial 11- and 21-hydroxylase adrenocortical enzyme deficencies. Twenty-four hour urine collections for 17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticoids, tetrahydro compound S (THS), and -pregnanetriol were obtained basally and following a continuous 24 hours infusion of alpha 1-24 ACTH (cosyntropin). The results were compared to those in eight normal, nonhirsute women studied under identical conditions. Normal control subjects and 18 of 31 hirsute female patients (Group I) showed similar small increments in the excretion of THS and pregnanetriol following the infusion of cosyntropin. Thirteen hirsute women (Group II) showed cosyntropin-stimulated increments in either THS and/or pregnanetriol that were significantly greater than the mean response of the control group. The cosyntropin-stimulated increments in 17-ketosteroid excertion and basal sebum production rates were also significantly greater in Group II. The results are consistent with partial II - and/or 21-adrenocortical hydroxylase deficiencies in some hirsute women whose condition would have previously been designated as \"idiopathic.\" Thus, prolonged ACTH stimulation testing may identify patients who might benefit from glucocorticoid suppression therapy.", "PMID": 556381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2571", "title": "On the possible anti-rheumatic effects (immuno-effector?)of imidazole derivatives (levamisole, clotrimazole, niridazole).", "content": "Some imidazole derivatives (levamisole, clotrimazole) have no significant effect on the rat adjuvant arthritis at dosages used in human therapy. If the effectiveness of these drugs in rheumatoid arthritis is confirmed by double blind studies, it would be necessary to find an explanation other than an immuno-effective action does not occur in some patients.", "contents": "On the possible anti-rheumatic effects (immuno-effector?)of imidazole derivatives (levamisole, clotrimazole, niridazole). Some imidazole derivatives (levamisole, clotrimazole) have no significant effect on the rat adjuvant arthritis at dosages used in human therapy. If the effectiveness of these drugs in rheumatoid arthritis is confirmed by double blind studies, it would be necessary to find an explanation other than an immuno-effective action does not occur in some patients.", "PMID": 556383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2572", "title": "Comparative study of the effects of treatment with diethyleneiminebenzoquinone and its polymer complex with polyvinylpyrrolidone on the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells.", "content": "The primary response of BALB/c mice to sheep red blood cells was used to study comparatively the time-dependent effects of a 5-day course of treatment with equivalent doses (0.8 mg/kg of body weight every day) of the cytotoxic agent diethyleneiminebenzoquinone (DEiBq) and its polymer complex with polyvinylpyrrolidone (DEiBqPVP). The experimental results show that in contrast to treatment with DEiBq, the ability of treated mice to establish a specific immune response was not markedly impaired during the treatment with DEiBqPVP. The possible significance of these results is considered with reference to the use of the synthetic polymer PVP as a carrier of cytotoxic groups in experimental cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effects of treatment with diethyleneiminebenzoquinone and its polymer complex with polyvinylpyrrolidone on the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells. The primary response of BALB/c mice to sheep red blood cells was used to study comparatively the time-dependent effects of a 5-day course of treatment with equivalent doses (0.8 mg/kg of body weight every day) of the cytotoxic agent diethyleneiminebenzoquinone (DEiBq) and its polymer complex with polyvinylpyrrolidone (DEiBqPVP). The experimental results show that in contrast to treatment with DEiBq, the ability of treated mice to establish a specific immune response was not markedly impaired during the treatment with DEiBqPVP. The possible significance of these results is considered with reference to the use of the synthetic polymer PVP as a carrier of cytotoxic groups in experimental cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 556384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2573", "title": "Effect of short-term clofibrate on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effect of 1 week clofibrate administration on glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose and to intravenous tolbutamide was evaluated in 21 patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes (fasting plasma glucose 108-152 mg/100 ml). After treatment, oral glucose tolerance and hypoglycaemic effect of tolbutamide were significantly improved; plasma insulin response was reduced after glucose and unmodified after tolbutamide; fasting plasma glucose was also significantly reduced. These findings did not correlate with the observed fall in serum lipids. Short-term clofibrate improves glucose metabolism in mild diabetes irrespective of its effects on lipid metabolism. It is suggested that the drug's action may be mediated by reduced insulin resistance.", "contents": "Effect of short-term clofibrate on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. The effect of 1 week clofibrate administration on glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose and to intravenous tolbutamide was evaluated in 21 patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes (fasting plasma glucose 108-152 mg/100 ml). After treatment, oral glucose tolerance and hypoglycaemic effect of tolbutamide were significantly improved; plasma insulin response was reduced after glucose and unmodified after tolbutamide; fasting plasma glucose was also significantly reduced. These findings did not correlate with the observed fall in serum lipids. Short-term clofibrate improves glucose metabolism in mild diabetes irrespective of its effects on lipid metabolism. It is suggested that the drug's action may be mediated by reduced insulin resistance.", "PMID": 556385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2574", "title": "Deficiency of calcitonin in age related osteoporoses.", "content": "Plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in patients with age-related osteoporosis and with postmenopausal osteoporosis and compared to the levels in control subjects. In all studies immunoreactive calcitonin was lower in the osteoporotic patients. Parathyroid hormone levels were measured in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and in control women; no difference was observed between the two groups. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin but not parathyroid hormone plays a role in postmenopausal and age-related osteoporosis.", "contents": "Deficiency of calcitonin in age related osteoporoses. Plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in patients with age-related osteoporosis and with postmenopausal osteoporosis and compared to the levels in control subjects. In all studies immunoreactive calcitonin was lower in the osteoporotic patients. Parathyroid hormone levels were measured in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and in control women; no difference was observed between the two groups. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin but not parathyroid hormone plays a role in postmenopausal and age-related osteoporosis.", "PMID": 556387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2575", "title": "Experimental modifications induced by membrane oxygenators on lung ultrastructure in dogs and baboons.", "content": "Extracorporeal circulation with membrane oxygenator (E.C.M.O.) was performed in 6 dogs and 5 baboons during 4 to 57 hours. Examination of pulmonary samples showed progressive lesions in the two species: at the second hour of E.C., alteration of capillary endothelium, at the sixth, extensive lesions of all the lung structures, worsening later on. We discussed whether these lesions are related to the E.C.M.O., their reversibility and the questionable benefit of E.C.M.O. for management of respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Experimental modifications induced by membrane oxygenators on lung ultrastructure in dogs and baboons. Extracorporeal circulation with membrane oxygenator (E.C.M.O.) was performed in 6 dogs and 5 baboons during 4 to 57 hours. Examination of pulmonary samples showed progressive lesions in the two species: at the second hour of E.C., alteration of capillary endothelium, at the sixth, extensive lesions of all the lung structures, worsening later on. We discussed whether these lesions are related to the E.C.M.O., their reversibility and the questionable benefit of E.C.M.O. for management of respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 556389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2576", "title": "Effect of a hydrocholeretic agent (Zanchol) on sterol metabolism in rats.", "content": "The keto acid, gamma-oxo-gamma-(8-fluoranthene)butyric acid (Zanchol) markedly alters sterol metabolism in rats. It stimulates cholesterol and bile acid synthesis and decreases cholesterol absorption.", "contents": "Effect of a hydrocholeretic agent (Zanchol) on sterol metabolism in rats. The keto acid, gamma-oxo-gamma-(8-fluoranthene)butyric acid (Zanchol) markedly alters sterol metabolism in rats. It stimulates cholesterol and bile acid synthesis and decreases cholesterol absorption.", "PMID": 556391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2577", "title": "[Distribution of praevalent morphological symptoms of the oral complex in 600 Jena school children in dependence of age and sex (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study praevalence and stage of some selected symptoms within the orofacial complex were investigated in 600 normal children living in Jena (300 boys and 300 girls). The first problem of this study consisted in registering the biological variability of 6 symptoms (bit abnormality, protrusion of the lower lip, diastema, palatal height, size of the tongue, fissured tongue) in a normal group, and secondly to find correlations between these symptoms. The results are listed for the age groups according to sex. The supposed causes that may lead to the development of these symptoms are discussed. Our results were compared with those of the literature. Difficulties and incompletion are involved in recording of the mentioned symptoms and their value of diagnosis.", "contents": "[Distribution of praevalent morphological symptoms of the oral complex in 600 Jena school children in dependence of age and sex (author's transl)]. In this study praevalence and stage of some selected symptoms within the orofacial complex were investigated in 600 normal children living in Jena (300 boys and 300 girls). The first problem of this study consisted in registering the biological variability of 6 symptoms (bit abnormality, protrusion of the lower lip, diastema, palatal height, size of the tongue, fissured tongue) in a normal group, and secondly to find correlations between these symptoms. The results are listed for the age groups according to sex. The supposed causes that may lead to the development of these symptoms are discussed. Our results were compared with those of the literature. Difficulties and incompletion are involved in recording of the mentioned symptoms and their value of diagnosis.", "PMID": 556396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2578", "title": "Assessment for the value of serum lactic dehydrogenase in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "The present study was carried out in order to assess the value of serum LDH in cases suffering from PEM. In this respect, total serum LDH and its isoenzyme pattern in conjunction with serum GPT, GOT, CPK, and HBDH were assayed in cases suffering from PEM and compared with normal control group. The study revealed that increased activities of total serum LDH in PEM are neither of cardiac nor of hepatic origins. The activities and significance of other enzymes studied suggested that skeletal muscles are the main sources for these increased activities of serum LDH in PEM. The study offered a strong evidence for discrimination of liver cirrhosis in PEM.", "contents": "Assessment for the value of serum lactic dehydrogenase in protein-energy malnutrition. The present study was carried out in order to assess the value of serum LDH in cases suffering from PEM. In this respect, total serum LDH and its isoenzyme pattern in conjunction with serum GPT, GOT, CPK, and HBDH were assayed in cases suffering from PEM and compared with normal control group. The study revealed that increased activities of total serum LDH in PEM are neither of cardiac nor of hepatic origins. The activities and significance of other enzymes studied suggested that skeletal muscles are the main sources for these increased activities of serum LDH in PEM. The study offered a strong evidence for discrimination of liver cirrhosis in PEM.", "PMID": 556397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2579", "title": "Protein load in argininosuccinic aciduria: thoughts on its biochemical implications.", "content": "A patient with argininosuccinc aciduria was charged with 50 grams of protein, which was followed by considerable hyperammonemia. There was no response in further urea formation; but there was a considerable production of orotic acid, a precursor of pyrimidines. This makes orotic acid to an important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of impaired urea formation. The patient's plasma amino acid pattern led to the suggestion that orotic acid synthesis is initiated by increased de novo formation of carbamyl phosphate in the cytosol and not by deviation of already existing intramitochondrial carbamyl phosphate.", "contents": "Protein load in argininosuccinic aciduria: thoughts on its biochemical implications. A patient with argininosuccinc aciduria was charged with 50 grams of protein, which was followed by considerable hyperammonemia. There was no response in further urea formation; but there was a considerable production of orotic acid, a precursor of pyrimidines. This makes orotic acid to an important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of impaired urea formation. The patient's plasma amino acid pattern led to the suggestion that orotic acid synthesis is initiated by increased de novo formation of carbamyl phosphate in the cytosol and not by deviation of already existing intramitochondrial carbamyl phosphate.", "PMID": 556398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2580", "title": "Influence of preoperative left ventricular function on results of homograft replacement of the aortic valve for aortic regurgitation.", "content": "The effect of preoperative left ventricular function on eraly and late prognosis was assessed in 69 patients with aortic regurgitation who underwent homograft replacement of the aortic valve. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (38 patients) had an ejection fraction of 0.46 or more and Group B (31 patients) had an ejection fraction of 0.45 or less. Clinical data, hemodynamic data, and operative results were compared in the two groups. In Group A there was one early death (2.6%) and there were two late deaths (5.3%) compared to two early deaths (6.5%) and seven late deaths (22.6%) in Group B during a follow-up period of 13 to 98 months (mean, 49 months). Actuarial analysis showed a 94% survival at 6 years in Group A compared to 80% in Group B. Twenty-four patients were reinvestigated by repeat cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography at a mean time of 38 months following valve replacement. Left ventricular function was assessed by computerized quantitative radial analysis of segmental wall motion. Improvement in left ventricular function occurred in eight of the 14 patients reinvestigated in Group B, and appeared to be closely related to the etiology of the initial valve lesion. Despite the higher mortality rate in patients with poor left ventricular function, most derived considerable benefit from operation.", "contents": "Influence of preoperative left ventricular function on results of homograft replacement of the aortic valve for aortic regurgitation. The effect of preoperative left ventricular function on eraly and late prognosis was assessed in 69 patients with aortic regurgitation who underwent homograft replacement of the aortic valve. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (38 patients) had an ejection fraction of 0.46 or more and Group B (31 patients) had an ejection fraction of 0.45 or less. Clinical data, hemodynamic data, and operative results were compared in the two groups. In Group A there was one early death (2.6%) and there were two late deaths (5.3%) compared to two early deaths (6.5%) and seven late deaths (22.6%) in Group B during a follow-up period of 13 to 98 months (mean, 49 months). Actuarial analysis showed a 94% survival at 6 years in Group A compared to 80% in Group B. Twenty-four patients were reinvestigated by repeat cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography at a mean time of 38 months following valve replacement. Left ventricular function was assessed by computerized quantitative radial analysis of segmental wall motion. Improvement in left ventricular function occurred in eight of the 14 patients reinvestigated in Group B, and appeared to be closely related to the etiology of the initial valve lesion. Despite the higher mortality rate in patients with poor left ventricular function, most derived considerable benefit from operation.", "PMID": 556399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2581", "title": "[Lupins - a new source of food for Andean countries. 5. Traditional methods of debittering of lupins by water].", "content": "The bitter taste of lupin alkaloids can be sensorially detected in water within ppm-range. The strength of the taste diminishes as follows: sparteine, D-Lupanin-perchlorate, lupinine, isolupinine and hydroxylupanine. The swelling capacity of lupin seeds presents different characteristics according to the species. The swelling rapidity is in L. albus somehow inferior to that of L. mutabilis. The absorption of water decreases in hot water, and the swelling rapidity increases. For domestic debittering it is recommended to cook whole lupin seeds during half an hour and to debitter them for 3 days in flowing water. The isoelectric point of the protein of L. mutabilis lies between pH 4 and 4.5.", "contents": "[Lupins - a new source of food for Andean countries. 5. Traditional methods of debittering of lupins by water]. The bitter taste of lupin alkaloids can be sensorially detected in water within ppm-range. The strength of the taste diminishes as follows: sparteine, D-Lupanin-perchlorate, lupinine, isolupinine and hydroxylupanine. The swelling capacity of lupin seeds presents different characteristics according to the species. The swelling rapidity is in L. albus somehow inferior to that of L. mutabilis. The absorption of water decreases in hot water, and the swelling rapidity increases. For domestic debittering it is recommended to cook whole lupin seeds during half an hour and to debitter them for 3 days in flowing water. The isoelectric point of the protein of L. mutabilis lies between pH 4 and 4.5.", "PMID": 556411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2582", "title": "Human physiological response and adaption to ammonia.", "content": "Other than anecdoted observations, there are no published reports on the physiological effects of ammonia at concentrations normally encountered industrially or information on whether inurement develops after repeated exposure. Six unacclimated male and female volunteers were exposed six hours per day over a six week period to concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 ppm ammonia in an industrial environment, under strict medical surveillance. Inurement to eye, nose, and throat irritation was demonstrated after two to three weeks in addition to short-term subjective adaption. There were no significant differences between subjects or controls on common biological indicators, in physical examinations, or in performance of normal job duties. After acclimation, continuous exposure to 100 ppm, with occasional excursions to 200 ppm, is easily tolerated and has no observed effect on general health.", "contents": "Human physiological response and adaption to ammonia. Other than anecdoted observations, there are no published reports on the physiological effects of ammonia at concentrations normally encountered industrially or information on whether inurement develops after repeated exposure. Six unacclimated male and female volunteers were exposed six hours per day over a six week period to concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 ppm ammonia in an industrial environment, under strict medical surveillance. Inurement to eye, nose, and throat irritation was demonstrated after two to three weeks in addition to short-term subjective adaption. There were no significant differences between subjects or controls on common biological indicators, in physical examinations, or in performance of normal job duties. After acclimation, continuous exposure to 100 ppm, with occasional excursions to 200 ppm, is easily tolerated and has no observed effect on general health.", "PMID": 556417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2583", "title": "Testicular function in DBCP exposed pesticide workers.", "content": "In mid-1977 a number of cases of infertility among male pesticide workers in California came to light. A description of this problem was published as a Preliminary Communication in The Lancet. A larger clinical-epidemiological study was undertaken to better understand the exposure-effect relationships involved. Of 142 non-vasectomized men providing semen samples, 107 had been exposed to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and 35 had not been exposed. There was a clearcut difference in both the distribution of sperm counts and the median counts between the exposed men and the not-exposed men, Of the exposed, 13.1% were azoospermic, 16.8% were severely oligospermic, and 15.8% were mildly oligospermic. Among the controls, 2.9% were azoospermic, none were severely oligospermic, and 5.7% were mildly oligospermic. Under workplace conditions, DBCP appears to have a selective effect on the seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "Testicular function in DBCP exposed pesticide workers. In mid-1977 a number of cases of infertility among male pesticide workers in California came to light. A description of this problem was published as a Preliminary Communication in The Lancet. A larger clinical-epidemiological study was undertaken to better understand the exposure-effect relationships involved. Of 142 non-vasectomized men providing semen samples, 107 had been exposed to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and 35 had not been exposed. There was a clearcut difference in both the distribution of sperm counts and the median counts between the exposed men and the not-exposed men, Of the exposed, 13.1% were azoospermic, 16.8% were severely oligospermic, and 15.8% were mildly oligospermic. Among the controls, 2.9% were azoospermic, none were severely oligospermic, and 5.7% were mildly oligospermic. Under workplace conditions, DBCP appears to have a selective effect on the seminiferous tubules.", "PMID": 556420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2584", "title": "Cancer incidence and exposure to iron oxide dust.", "content": "Iron oxides, particularly hematite, have been suspected for carcinogenic properties based on epidemiological observations and experimental data. This case-control (case-referent) study concerns a worker population with high exposure to dust of iron oxides, particularly hematite, and with some impurities of pentavalent arsenic and other metals. In spite of the high exposure levels no excess of cancer has been observed, either in the respiratory system or at other sites. It is suggested that earlier findings of respiratory cancers as possibly associated with iron oxides exposure might rather be due to other concomitant risk factors.", "contents": "Cancer incidence and exposure to iron oxide dust. Iron oxides, particularly hematite, have been suspected for carcinogenic properties based on epidemiological observations and experimental data. This case-control (case-referent) study concerns a worker population with high exposure to dust of iron oxides, particularly hematite, and with some impurities of pentavalent arsenic and other metals. In spite of the high exposure levels no excess of cancer has been observed, either in the respiratory system or at other sites. It is suggested that earlier findings of respiratory cancers as possibly associated with iron oxides exposure might rather be due to other concomitant risk factors.", "PMID": 556421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2585", "title": "Occupational therapy research in psychiatry: a perspective.", "content": "It is suggested that therapists at times may fail to distinguish between rehabilitation and therapy in psychiatric clinical practice. It is further suggested that differentiation should be made between habilitation and rehabilitation since different populations are involved and different outcomes may be expected. The fundamental role of etiological assumptions in therapy is stressed, while causative factors are said to be relatively unimportant in the practice of rehabilitation. The increasing emphasis on research in the various physiological etiologies of mental illness is discussed as indicating that therapists who wish to pursue treatment in clinical practice should prepare themselves to explain their treatment methods in physiological terms.", "contents": "Occupational therapy research in psychiatry: a perspective. It is suggested that therapists at times may fail to distinguish between rehabilitation and therapy in psychiatric clinical practice. It is further suggested that differentiation should be made between habilitation and rehabilitation since different populations are involved and different outcomes may be expected. The fundamental role of etiological assumptions in therapy is stressed, while causative factors are said to be relatively unimportant in the practice of rehabilitation. The increasing emphasis on research in the various physiological etiologies of mental illness is discussed as indicating that therapists who wish to pursue treatment in clinical practice should prepare themselves to explain their treatment methods in physiological terms.", "PMID": 556425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2586", "title": "A system for clinically evaluating wheelchair pressure-relief cushions.", "content": "Pressure-related decubitus ulcers are a frequent disability and life-threatening complication in the management and rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. This paper describes a system developed to quantitate and evaluate a patient's response to wheelchair pressure-relief cushions. Maximum pressure and the tissue pressure distribution on six varieties of wheelchair cushions were determined for a sample of 57 patients with a history of decubitus ulcers. Wide variations in (mean) maximum pressure were observed. However, even greater variations were found in the distribution (bony/soft tissue) of the pressure. These data demonstrate that no single cushion was clearly superior in relieving pressure for all patients. Therefore, individualization of wheelchair cushions for each patient may be essential in order to minimize the probability that the person will experience a tissue-pressure problem.", "contents": "A system for clinically evaluating wheelchair pressure-relief cushions. Pressure-related decubitus ulcers are a frequent disability and life-threatening complication in the management and rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. This paper describes a system developed to quantitate and evaluate a patient's response to wheelchair pressure-relief cushions. Maximum pressure and the tissue pressure distribution on six varieties of wheelchair cushions were determined for a sample of 57 patients with a history of decubitus ulcers. Wide variations in (mean) maximum pressure were observed. However, even greater variations were found in the distribution (bony/soft tissue) of the pressure. These data demonstrate that no single cushion was clearly superior in relieving pressure for all patients. Therefore, individualization of wheelchair cushions for each patient may be essential in order to minimize the probability that the person will experience a tissue-pressure problem.", "PMID": 556427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2587", "title": "Pilot study of a revised field work performance report rating procedure.", "content": "Expressed dissatisfaction with the rating aspect of the Field Work Performance Report (FWPR) led to a study of the following proposed revisions: the present FWPR scale was extended by one point (from 4 to 5), the possible points were redefined quantitatively, and a qualitative factor was added. Both the present form and the revised form of the FWPR were administered to field work students from two schools to determine if these revisions would result in more effective and meaningful distributions of item scores and total scores. To make this determination, statistical analyses were employed and comments from participating clinical supervisors were invited. Findings indicated that the revised form dispersed scores more effectively and meaningfully. However, the analyses also pointed to the need for further revisions.", "contents": "Pilot study of a revised field work performance report rating procedure. Expressed dissatisfaction with the rating aspect of the Field Work Performance Report (FWPR) led to a study of the following proposed revisions: the present FWPR scale was extended by one point (from 4 to 5), the possible points were redefined quantitatively, and a qualitative factor was added. Both the present form and the revised form of the FWPR were administered to field work students from two schools to determine if these revisions would result in more effective and meaningful distributions of item scores and total scores. To make this determination, statistical analyses were employed and comments from participating clinical supervisors were invited. Findings indicated that the revised form dispersed scores more effectively and meaningfully. However, the analyses also pointed to the need for further revisions.", "PMID": 556429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2588", "title": "A real-time system for multi-image gated cardiac studies.", "content": "A minicomputer-based system is described that allows real-time construction and simultaneous display, in flicker-free movie format, of a cardiac-cycle-spanning sequence of ECG-gated scintigraphic images. In as little as 2 min, the endless-loop flicker-free movier clearly displays cardiac anatomy, time-dependent volume variations of cardiac chambers, and abnormalities of cardiac wall motion that would be difficult or impossible to detect from static gated images. Simultaneously, a time-activity curve with high temporal resolution can be generated from a previously defined region of interest, thereby quantifying additional parameters of cardiac function. Because the movie and time-activity curve are displayed in real time and require only a short data-collection interval to achieve statistical reliability, the physician can use the system interactively, modifying the form, intensity, or duration of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions based on the observed response. This system is well suited for intervention studies, for continuous cardiac monitoring, and for the rapid screening of patients with suspected cardiac disease.", "contents": "A real-time system for multi-image gated cardiac studies. A minicomputer-based system is described that allows real-time construction and simultaneous display, in flicker-free movie format, of a cardiac-cycle-spanning sequence of ECG-gated scintigraphic images. In as little as 2 min, the endless-loop flicker-free movier clearly displays cardiac anatomy, time-dependent volume variations of cardiac chambers, and abnormalities of cardiac wall motion that would be difficult or impossible to detect from static gated images. Simultaneously, a time-activity curve with high temporal resolution can be generated from a previously defined region of interest, thereby quantifying additional parameters of cardiac function. Because the movie and time-activity curve are displayed in real time and require only a short data-collection interval to achieve statistical reliability, the physician can use the system interactively, modifying the form, intensity, or duration of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions based on the observed response. This system is well suited for intervention studies, for continuous cardiac monitoring, and for the rapid screening of patients with suspected cardiac disease.", "PMID": 556464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2589", "title": "Surgical treatment of calcinosis cutis in the upper extremity.", "content": "Recent surgical experience with 11 cases of calcinosis cutis has given the authors an opportunity to define the role of surgery in the management of this condition. In scleroderma associated with dermatomyositis, when complications or disability arise from one or more areas of calcinosis, surgery may give significant palliation. Wound healing, although a potential problem, does not constitute a contraindication to operative treatment. Damage to deep structures usually is avoidable, but in some instances is a reasonable trade-off for the benefits obtained. Follow-up has confirmed that surgery is beneficial to patient comfort and function, even in the few patients in whom some calcinosis recurred.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of calcinosis cutis in the upper extremity. Recent surgical experience with 11 cases of calcinosis cutis has given the authors an opportunity to define the role of surgery in the management of this condition. In scleroderma associated with dermatomyositis, when complications or disability arise from one or more areas of calcinosis, surgery may give significant palliation. Wound healing, although a potential problem, does not constitute a contraindication to operative treatment. Damage to deep structures usually is avoidable, but in some instances is a reasonable trade-off for the benefits obtained. Follow-up has confirmed that surgery is beneficial to patient comfort and function, even in the few patients in whom some calcinosis recurred.", "PMID": 556475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2590", "title": "Closed tendon sheath irrigation for pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis.", "content": "Twenty patients with pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis were treated by through-and-through saline irrigation using an indwelling catheter and small Penrose drain. The treatment lasted for 48 hours. All patients were discharged from the hospital within 4 days. Eighteen patients had regained complete active and passive motion by 1 week after operation. One patient had a slight residual flexor tendon adherence and one gained motion after operation. This technique provides rapid, complete return of function with minimal inconvenience to the patient.", "contents": "Closed tendon sheath irrigation for pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis. Twenty patients with pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis were treated by through-and-through saline irrigation using an indwelling catheter and small Penrose drain. The treatment lasted for 48 hours. All patients were discharged from the hospital within 4 days. Eighteen patients had regained complete active and passive motion by 1 week after operation. One patient had a slight residual flexor tendon adherence and one gained motion after operation. This technique provides rapid, complete return of function with minimal inconvenience to the patient.", "PMID": 556478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2591", "title": "Management of post-traumatic instability of the wrist secondary to ligament rupture.", "content": "A retrospective review of 55 patients with post-traumatic radioscapholunate ligament disruption suggests that rupture of this ligament can be treated successfully if certain guidelines are followed. If the rupture is seen within 4 weeks, an anatomic reduction maintained in plaster for 8 weeks leads to good results. Ligament ruptures that cannot be held in reduction or that are diagnosed after 4 weeks do poorly with immobilization only. Results after ligament reconstruction have ranged from good to fair but appear to have been sufficiently successful to warrant continued trial rather than resort to arthrodesis, proximal row carpectomy, or similar reconstructive procedures. Patients with degenerative joint disease associated with radioscapholunate rupture are not candidates for ligament reconstruction. Radial styloidectomy or some variety of wrist arthrodesis or wrist arthoplasty should be considered in these instances.", "contents": "Management of post-traumatic instability of the wrist secondary to ligament rupture. A retrospective review of 55 patients with post-traumatic radioscapholunate ligament disruption suggests that rupture of this ligament can be treated successfully if certain guidelines are followed. If the rupture is seen within 4 weeks, an anatomic reduction maintained in plaster for 8 weeks leads to good results. Ligament ruptures that cannot be held in reduction or that are diagnosed after 4 weeks do poorly with immobilization only. Results after ligament reconstruction have ranged from good to fair but appear to have been sufficiently successful to warrant continued trial rather than resort to arthrodesis, proximal row carpectomy, or similar reconstructive procedures. Patients with degenerative joint disease associated with radioscapholunate rupture are not candidates for ligament reconstruction. Radial styloidectomy or some variety of wrist arthrodesis or wrist arthoplasty should be considered in these instances.", "PMID": 556479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2592", "title": "Acquired central disruption of fusional amplitude.", "content": "Acquired central disruption of fusional amplitude is characterized by a complete loss of fusional amplitude, the patient maintaining fusion for only a moment under test conditions before breaking to constant diplopia. Under normal viewing conditions, the patient has constant diplopia with both eyes open. Patients who have bilateral superior oblique palsy may mimic this loss of fusion and constant diplopia, but they are distinguished by fusing readily on the troposcope, which compensates for the excyclotorsion, in contrast to prisms, which do not remove the double vision. Case reports document an association with convergence palsy, an infranuclear unilateral superior oblique palsy, and a nonparetic acquired strabismus in visual adults. Head trauma is the usual cause.", "contents": "Acquired central disruption of fusional amplitude. Acquired central disruption of fusional amplitude is characterized by a complete loss of fusional amplitude, the patient maintaining fusion for only a moment under test conditions before breaking to constant diplopia. Under normal viewing conditions, the patient has constant diplopia with both eyes open. Patients who have bilateral superior oblique palsy may mimic this loss of fusion and constant diplopia, but they are distinguished by fusing readily on the troposcope, which compensates for the excyclotorsion, in contrast to prisms, which do not remove the double vision. Case reports document an association with convergence palsy, an infranuclear unilateral superior oblique palsy, and a nonparetic acquired strabismus in visual adults. Head trauma is the usual cause.", "PMID": 556480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2593", "title": "[Bases of health-education programs on alcoholism and smoking: similarities and contrasts].", "content": "An attempt is made to state the socio-cultural context, the biomedical aspects, general and specific educational objectives, and educational contents of school health education program on alcoholism and smoking respectively, and to compare these with each other by juxtaposition in a tabular presentation.", "contents": "[Bases of health-education programs on alcoholism and smoking: similarities and contrasts]. An attempt is made to state the socio-cultural context, the biomedical aspects, general and specific educational objectives, and educational contents of school health education program on alcoholism and smoking respectively, and to compare these with each other by juxtaposition in a tabular presentation.", "PMID": 556492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2594", "title": "[Swiss Council for Prevention of Accidents - its position and tasks].", "content": "The Swiss council for the prevention of accidents (BfU), founded in 1937, is a private institution, financed half by the Swiss national accident insurance fund (Suva) and half by Unfalldirektorenkonferenz (UDK), for the prevention of accidents on the roads, in sport and in the home. It has a full-time staff of 38 traffic engineers, traffic education experts, statisticians, lawyers, traffic psychologists and information specialists. In addition it has the practical assistance of over 800 municipal and cantonal security delegates. The BfU conducts accident research partly on its own and partly in collaboration with scientific institutes and acts as a coordinator for all institutions dealing with problems of nonindustrial accident prevention.", "contents": "[Swiss Council for Prevention of Accidents - its position and tasks]. The Swiss council for the prevention of accidents (BfU), founded in 1937, is a private institution, financed half by the Swiss national accident insurance fund (Suva) and half by Unfalldirektorenkonferenz (UDK), for the prevention of accidents on the roads, in sport and in the home. It has a full-time staff of 38 traffic engineers, traffic education experts, statisticians, lawyers, traffic psychologists and information specialists. In addition it has the practical assistance of over 800 municipal and cantonal security delegates. The BfU conducts accident research partly on its own and partly in collaboration with scientific institutes and acts as a coordinator for all institutions dealing with problems of nonindustrial accident prevention.", "PMID": 556493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2595", "title": "[Weight changes and risk factors during a 10-year period. Observations on subjects in the Basel study].", "content": "The change in body mass index (MI) over a 10 year period was compared to different risk factors for cardiovascular disease in 1663 men (aged 15-64) of the Basle Study. Blood pressure and betalipoproteins correlated significantly (alpha less than 0,01) with changes in MI as well as triglycerides (alpha less than 0,05). No correlation was observed between MI and cholesterol or smoking habits. Our results confirme that the age dependent increase in blood pressure, beta-lipoproteins and triglycerides is largely due to the increment of obesity in the adult.", "contents": "[Weight changes and risk factors during a 10-year period. Observations on subjects in the Basel study]. The change in body mass index (MI) over a 10 year period was compared to different risk factors for cardiovascular disease in 1663 men (aged 15-64) of the Basle Study. Blood pressure and betalipoproteins correlated significantly (alpha less than 0,01) with changes in MI as well as triglycerides (alpha less than 0,05). No correlation was observed between MI and cholesterol or smoking habits. Our results confirme that the age dependent increase in blood pressure, beta-lipoproteins and triglycerides is largely due to the increment of obesity in the adult.", "PMID": 556494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2596", "title": "[Experiences with bladder-uterus fistulae].", "content": "The present summary reports 5 cases of vesicocervical fistula, 9 cases of vesicocervico-vaginal fistula and 1 of vesicocervicocorporeal fistula seen over the last 20 years. When compared with the period between 1941 and 1955 the number of such fistula cases has increased fourfold. All thses fistulas, with just one exception, arose as a consequence of obstetric treatment. Conservative therapie was successful only in one case while all the other fistulas had to been operated upon. The preferred operating technique was that of vaginal metroplasty (Wolkowitsch-K\u00fcstner's technique). Hysterectomy or stump exstirpation with cystorraphy were performed in 4 cases. The combined vesicocervico-corporeal fistula required a vaginoabdominal treatment. 14 patients were brought to recovery. Increases in the number of vesicouterine fistulas as observed over recent years are considered to be related to a more concentrated therapy and to a higher frequency of cesarean sections. The vaginal route is all the more justified for fistula operations the nearer the fistula is located to the vagina. Operations of that kind require adequate skill in urinary bladder-ureteral- and uterosurgery.", "contents": "[Experiences with bladder-uterus fistulae]. The present summary reports 5 cases of vesicocervical fistula, 9 cases of vesicocervico-vaginal fistula and 1 of vesicocervicocorporeal fistula seen over the last 20 years. When compared with the period between 1941 and 1955 the number of such fistula cases has increased fourfold. All thses fistulas, with just one exception, arose as a consequence of obstetric treatment. Conservative therapie was successful only in one case while all the other fistulas had to been operated upon. The preferred operating technique was that of vaginal metroplasty (Wolkowitsch-K\u00fcstner's technique). Hysterectomy or stump exstirpation with cystorraphy were performed in 4 cases. The combined vesicocervico-corporeal fistula required a vaginoabdominal treatment. 14 patients were brought to recovery. Increases in the number of vesicouterine fistulas as observed over recent years are considered to be related to a more concentrated therapy and to a higher frequency of cesarean sections. The vaginal route is all the more justified for fistula operations the nearer the fistula is located to the vagina. Operations of that kind require adequate skill in urinary bladder-ureteral- and uterosurgery.", "PMID": 556514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2597", "title": "Effects of localised cerebral lesions and dysphasia on verbal memory.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with unilateral left hemisphere lesions, 22 patients with unilateral right hemisphere lesions, and 19 neurological control patients with extracerebral lesions were assessed on verbal memory recall and recognition tests and on a battery of language tests. The left hemisphere group was significantly impaired in memory and language skills. Significant verbal memory impairment was found both in the subgroup of left hemisphere lesion patients whose lesions involved the temporal lobe and in the subgroup whose lesions did not. However, no significant differences between these left hemisphere subgroups' levels of performance on memory tasks emerged, even when dysphasia was taken into account. This study, therefore, fails to support the notion of a specific anatomical correlate of verbal memory impairment within the left hemisphere. Dysphasic subjects were significantly impaired on verbal memory tasks but displayed the same pattern of sensitivity to the effects of word frequency and word concreteness on verbal memory as control subjects, suggesting that the verbal memory of the dysphasic subjects was quantitatively rather than qualitatively impaired. This impairment could not be attributed to deficits in the comprehension or expression of the memory test items, and it is, therefore, proposed that language disturbances may hinder the efficient use of such language based procedures as may subserve verbal memory.", "contents": "Effects of localised cerebral lesions and dysphasia on verbal memory. Twenty-nine patients with unilateral left hemisphere lesions, 22 patients with unilateral right hemisphere lesions, and 19 neurological control patients with extracerebral lesions were assessed on verbal memory recall and recognition tests and on a battery of language tests. The left hemisphere group was significantly impaired in memory and language skills. Significant verbal memory impairment was found both in the subgroup of left hemisphere lesion patients whose lesions involved the temporal lobe and in the subgroup whose lesions did not. However, no significant differences between these left hemisphere subgroups' levels of performance on memory tasks emerged, even when dysphasia was taken into account. This study, therefore, fails to support the notion of a specific anatomical correlate of verbal memory impairment within the left hemisphere. Dysphasic subjects were significantly impaired on verbal memory tasks but displayed the same pattern of sensitivity to the effects of word frequency and word concreteness on verbal memory as control subjects, suggesting that the verbal memory of the dysphasic subjects was quantitatively rather than qualitatively impaired. This impairment could not be attributed to deficits in the comprehension or expression of the memory test items, and it is, therefore, proposed that language disturbances may hinder the efficient use of such language based procedures as may subserve verbal memory.", "PMID": 556517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2598", "title": "[Calcification of the mitral valve ring, a cardiac manifestation of Marfan's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A 29-year-old patient with calcification of the mitral valve annulus with Marfan's syndrome and severe malformation of the chest is reported. There are 8 other cases with calcification of the mitral annulus in this syndrome in the literature. It seems to be a specific but rare cardiac manifestation of Marfan's syndrome with calcification occurring also in the younger age group. These patients, in contrast to other patients with Marfan's syndrome who mostly have mitral insufficiency of minor degree mainly in late systole, present with hemodynamically severe mitral regurgitation. Our patient died 7 weeks after implantation of a prosthetic valve in low output syndrome, probably caused by a paraprosthetic leak and newly developed aortic insufficiency. It therefore seems that indication for prosthetic replacement of the mitral valve in these patients should be made with caution, particularly in regard to the technical difficulties at operation.", "contents": "[Calcification of the mitral valve ring, a cardiac manifestation of Marfan's syndrome (author's transl)]. A 29-year-old patient with calcification of the mitral valve annulus with Marfan's syndrome and severe malformation of the chest is reported. There are 8 other cases with calcification of the mitral annulus in this syndrome in the literature. It seems to be a specific but rare cardiac manifestation of Marfan's syndrome with calcification occurring also in the younger age group. These patients, in contrast to other patients with Marfan's syndrome who mostly have mitral insufficiency of minor degree mainly in late systole, present with hemodynamically severe mitral regurgitation. Our patient died 7 weeks after implantation of a prosthetic valve in low output syndrome, probably caused by a paraprosthetic leak and newly developed aortic insufficiency. It therefore seems that indication for prosthetic replacement of the mitral valve in these patients should be made with caution, particularly in regard to the technical difficulties at operation.", "PMID": 556518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2599", "title": "The relationship between serum IRG levels and LES Pressure under various conditions.", "content": "In investigations with various groups of patients there was no correlation between fasting serum IRG levels and LES pressures in individual subjects with undisturbed for disturbed sphincters. After food ingestion a short phase of LES pressure increase (from 13.5 +/- 1.5 to 21.7 +/- 3.8 mm Hg) could be observed. This peak occurs during the phase of rise in gastrin level, but there was no correlation between IRG levels and LES pressure in individual cases. In patients with gastroesophageal reflux we can demonstrate a diminished release of gastrin after a test meal, but there was also a diminished capacity of the LES. In conclusion, in this investigation it has not been possible to show a clear connection in humans between serum IRG and LES function.", "contents": "The relationship between serum IRG levels and LES Pressure under various conditions. In investigations with various groups of patients there was no correlation between fasting serum IRG levels and LES pressures in individual subjects with undisturbed for disturbed sphincters. After food ingestion a short phase of LES pressure increase (from 13.5 +/- 1.5 to 21.7 +/- 3.8 mm Hg) could be observed. This peak occurs during the phase of rise in gastrin level, but there was no correlation between IRG levels and LES pressure in individual cases. In patients with gastroesophageal reflux we can demonstrate a diminished release of gastrin after a test meal, but there was also a diminished capacity of the LES. In conclusion, in this investigation it has not been possible to show a clear connection in humans between serum IRG and LES function.", "PMID": 556522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2600", "title": "Necrotising entero-colitis following umbilical vein catheterisation.", "content": "Fifteen cases of neonatal necrotising entero-colitis (NEC) following umbilical vein catheterisation are reported. Their clinical and radiological features are briefly described and the proper course of a catheter through the umbilical vein--ductus venosus--inferior vena cava segment is demonstrated. The significance of mal-position of the catheter and its association with NEC is discussed. It is suggested that the abdominal radiographs be taken in the antero-posterior and lateral projections with a portable X-ray machine to check the position of the radio-opaque catheter prior to the commencement of transfusion of infusion.", "contents": "Necrotising entero-colitis following umbilical vein catheterisation. Fifteen cases of neonatal necrotising entero-colitis (NEC) following umbilical vein catheterisation are reported. Their clinical and radiological features are briefly described and the proper course of a catheter through the umbilical vein--ductus venosus--inferior vena cava segment is demonstrated. The significance of mal-position of the catheter and its association with NEC is discussed. It is suggested that the abdominal radiographs be taken in the antero-posterior and lateral projections with a portable X-ray machine to check the position of the radio-opaque catheter prior to the commencement of transfusion of infusion.", "PMID": 556530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2601", "title": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "Congenital Hepatic fibrosis is an uncommon disease, which is autosomal recessive. Two forms of the disease are distinguished: a rare one becoming manifest in the neonatal period with signs of progressive renal failure secondary to polycystic kidneys, in such cases the liver fibrosis is usually asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is therefore often first established post mortem. In the other more usual form the patients present during infancy with bleeding from rupture of esophageal varices caused by portal hypertension. One case is reported, and the history of his two brothers are referred to. In our case a portacaval anastomosis was performed and the patient is asymptomatic with no signs of encephalopathy. His two brothers died, one of bleeding from esophageal varices, the other of hemolytic anemia. In both cases the diagnosis was first made post mortem.", "contents": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis. Congenital Hepatic fibrosis is an uncommon disease, which is autosomal recessive. Two forms of the disease are distinguished: a rare one becoming manifest in the neonatal period with signs of progressive renal failure secondary to polycystic kidneys, in such cases the liver fibrosis is usually asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is therefore often first established post mortem. In the other more usual form the patients present during infancy with bleeding from rupture of esophageal varices caused by portal hypertension. One case is reported, and the history of his two brothers are referred to. In our case a portacaval anastomosis was performed and the patient is asymptomatic with no signs of encephalopathy. His two brothers died, one of bleeding from esophageal varices, the other of hemolytic anemia. In both cases the diagnosis was first made post mortem.", "PMID": 556533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2602", "title": "Portal pseudoperfusion: an angiographic illusion.", "content": "Much confusion regarding the hemodynamics following interposition mesosystemic shunts prevails. Many authorities have claimed that portal venous perfusion continues following interposition mesocaval shunts. In 1971, a prospective, randomized trial comparing the distal splenorenal shunt with a variety of interposition mesosystemic shunts (primarily mesocaval or mesorenal) was begun. Visceral angiography was utilized to assess the early and late postoperative hemodynamic changes following both selective and nonselective shunts. None of the patients with patent interposition shunts retained portal perfusion present preoperatively. Searching for an explanation for this hemodynamic discrepancy, we examined two patients of the randomized trial angiographically. Both patients had excellent portal perfusion preoperatively, yet following interposition shunting (one mesocaval and one splenocaval), neither maintained portal perfusion of the liver. Celiac artery injections produced opacification of the entire splenoportal axis; however, it is shown that such portal venous opacification occurred in a retrograde direction by selective hepatic arterial injections demonstrating hepatofugal portal venous flow. Additionally, two nonrandomized patients received interposition mesorenal shunts and exemplify this phenomenon, entitled \"portal pseudoperfusion\". The explanation for conflicting literature reports lies in the misinterpretation of venous phase celiac and non-selective SMA arteriography in determining the direction of portal flow. A narrative of preoperative and postoperative angiograms of four patients will clarify the mechanism of \"portal pseudoperfusion\" and demonstrate that interposition shunts totally siphon portal venous perfusion. Clues to the detection and techniques to avoid this phenomenon will be presented.", "contents": "Portal pseudoperfusion: an angiographic illusion. Much confusion regarding the hemodynamics following interposition mesosystemic shunts prevails. Many authorities have claimed that portal venous perfusion continues following interposition mesocaval shunts. In 1971, a prospective, randomized trial comparing the distal splenorenal shunt with a variety of interposition mesosystemic shunts (primarily mesocaval or mesorenal) was begun. Visceral angiography was utilized to assess the early and late postoperative hemodynamic changes following both selective and nonselective shunts. None of the patients with patent interposition shunts retained portal perfusion present preoperatively. Searching for an explanation for this hemodynamic discrepancy, we examined two patients of the randomized trial angiographically. Both patients had excellent portal perfusion preoperatively, yet following interposition shunting (one mesocaval and one splenocaval), neither maintained portal perfusion of the liver. Celiac artery injections produced opacification of the entire splenoportal axis; however, it is shown that such portal venous opacification occurred in a retrograde direction by selective hepatic arterial injections demonstrating hepatofugal portal venous flow. Additionally, two nonrandomized patients received interposition mesorenal shunts and exemplify this phenomenon, entitled \"portal pseudoperfusion\". The explanation for conflicting literature reports lies in the misinterpretation of venous phase celiac and non-selective SMA arteriography in determining the direction of portal flow. A narrative of preoperative and postoperative angiograms of four patients will clarify the mechanism of \"portal pseudoperfusion\" and demonstrate that interposition shunts totally siphon portal venous perfusion. Clues to the detection and techniques to avoid this phenomenon will be presented.", "PMID": 556536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2603", "title": "The influence of posture, Valsalva manoeuvre and coughing on portal hypertension in cirrhosis.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal venous system and pressure readings were performed in nineteen patients with cirrhosis of the liver and bleeding varices. Portal pressures were recorded in awake and mobile patients in supine, sitting and standing position, during sleep, ingestion of food, Valsalva manoeuvre and coughing. No significant differences were recorded in the different postures, during sleep or food intake. Four patients with hepatofugal portal blood flow had, however, lowest pressure in standing position. During Valsalva manoeuvre portal pressure was doubled, and it became fourfold during coughing. Elevations of this magnitude have not previously been reported. A relationship was found between portal pressure and size of varices.", "contents": "The influence of posture, Valsalva manoeuvre and coughing on portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal venous system and pressure readings were performed in nineteen patients with cirrhosis of the liver and bleeding varices. Portal pressures were recorded in awake and mobile patients in supine, sitting and standing position, during sleep, ingestion of food, Valsalva manoeuvre and coughing. No significant differences were recorded in the different postures, during sleep or food intake. Four patients with hepatofugal portal blood flow had, however, lowest pressure in standing position. During Valsalva manoeuvre portal pressure was doubled, and it became fourfold during coughing. Elevations of this magnitude have not previously been reported. A relationship was found between portal pressure and size of varices.", "PMID": 556537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2604", "title": "Aflatoxin in a Swedish grain sample.", "content": "So far aflatoxin has not been detected in crops grown in Sweden but only in imported feedstuffs or in feed mixtures containing imported products. During the survey for other mycotoxins in Swedish crops a compound was detected in oats which, by further analysis, was identified as aflatoxin B1. Quantitative evaluation showed concentrations as high as 2.6 ppm. The fungal population in this highly contaminated sample consisted almost entirely of Aspergillus flavus.", "contents": "Aflatoxin in a Swedish grain sample. So far aflatoxin has not been detected in crops grown in Sweden but only in imported feedstuffs or in feed mixtures containing imported products. During the survey for other mycotoxins in Swedish crops a compound was detected in oats which, by further analysis, was identified as aflatoxin B1. Quantitative evaluation showed concentrations as high as 2.6 ppm. The fungal population in this highly contaminated sample consisted almost entirely of Aspergillus flavus.", "PMID": 556541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2605", "title": "[Anti-core antibody in HBsAg negative subjects].", "content": "Hepatitis B core antibody was detected by radioimmunoprecipitation test using core antigen radiolabelled with 3H-TTP. Core antigen was prepared from Dane particles isolated from plasma of asymptomatic carriers of HbSAg. Sera samples from 286 blood donors found to be HBsAg negative by RIA, 31 patients with chronic hepatitis HBsAg negative and 12 subjects with a past history of acute viral hepatitis B who became HBsAg negative since 2 to 5 years, were tested for anti-HBc and anti-HBs presence. Co-existence of anti-HBc and anti-HBs was found in 32.8% blood donors, 29% chronic hepatitis patients and in all subjects with a past history of disease. Moreover an average of 8.4% of blood donors and 6.4% of chronic hepatitis patients were anti-HBc positive in absence of anti-HBs. The possible significance of anti-HBc as a useful tool for epidemiologic studies is discussed.", "contents": "[Anti-core antibody in HBsAg negative subjects]. Hepatitis B core antibody was detected by radioimmunoprecipitation test using core antigen radiolabelled with 3H-TTP. Core antigen was prepared from Dane particles isolated from plasma of asymptomatic carriers of HbSAg. Sera samples from 286 blood donors found to be HBsAg negative by RIA, 31 patients with chronic hepatitis HBsAg negative and 12 subjects with a past history of acute viral hepatitis B who became HBsAg negative since 2 to 5 years, were tested for anti-HBc and anti-HBs presence. Co-existence of anti-HBc and anti-HBs was found in 32.8% blood donors, 29% chronic hepatitis patients and in all subjects with a past history of disease. Moreover an average of 8.4% of blood donors and 6.4% of chronic hepatitis patients were anti-HBc positive in absence of anti-HBs. The possible significance of anti-HBc as a useful tool for epidemiologic studies is discussed.", "PMID": 556542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2606", "title": "Hepatitis B virus infection in infants and toddlers in Nigeria: the need for early intervention.", "content": "One or more serologic markers of hepatitis B were detected in serum samples from 29 of 61 (48%) Nigerian children between ages 6 months and 2 years who were followed for three months. Eight (13%) had acute infections, nine (15%) had chronic infections, and 12 (20%) had transplacentally acquired maternal antibody. Of 17 with active hepatitis B, 13 had been infected prior to the first serum sample (76% of infections) and four were infected during the three months of this study (24% of infections). These data indicate that effective intervention at an early age would have prevented 24% of the HBV infections which occurred in these infants, and intervention soon after birth might have prevented all of the cases.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus infection in infants and toddlers in Nigeria: the need for early intervention. One or more serologic markers of hepatitis B were detected in serum samples from 29 of 61 (48%) Nigerian children between ages 6 months and 2 years who were followed for three months. Eight (13%) had acute infections, nine (15%) had chronic infections, and 12 (20%) had transplacentally acquired maternal antibody. Of 17 with active hepatitis B, 13 had been infected prior to the first serum sample (76% of infections) and four were infected during the three months of this study (24% of infections). These data indicate that effective intervention at an early age would have prevented 24% of the HBV infections which occurred in these infants, and intervention soon after birth might have prevented all of the cases.", "PMID": 556543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2607", "title": "The interaction of the anionic fluorescence probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate, with hepatocytes and hepatoma tissue culture cells.", "content": "The fluorescence probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) has been used to characterize the anion transport properties of normal hepatocytes and hepatoma tissue culture cells. Incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of ANS (20 micron) resulted in a 35-fold enhancement of fluorescence and a 50 nm blue shift. The time course of this process is biphasic. A rapid initial fluorescence enhancement suggests ANS binding to the plasma membrane, and a slower component reflects the uptake of ANS into intracellular compartments. Analysis of ANS uptake showed this latter process to be saturable, with a Km of 10 micron, to be temperature dependent and to occur only in viable cells. The above observations suggest a carrier-mediated anion transport mechanism. Incubation of hepatoma tissue culture cells with ANS (20 micron) gave a fluorescence emission spectrum similar to that obtained from purified plasma membranes. The kinetics of this interaction only exhibited a rapid initial binding of ANS. The second slow component was now absent, suggesting that ANS transport by the malignant cell system was greatly reduced. Transport of ANS could, however, be stimulated in the presence of the local anesthetic tetracaine. The observed transport was now saturable, temperature dependent, and as in normal hepatocytes, required viable cells, again indicating a carrier-mediated transport system. These studies suggest a significant alteration in membrane function in hepatoma tissue culture cells resulting in a major defect in anion transport.", "contents": "The interaction of the anionic fluorescence probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate, with hepatocytes and hepatoma tissue culture cells. The fluorescence probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) has been used to characterize the anion transport properties of normal hepatocytes and hepatoma tissue culture cells. Incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of ANS (20 micron) resulted in a 35-fold enhancement of fluorescence and a 50 nm blue shift. The time course of this process is biphasic. A rapid initial fluorescence enhancement suggests ANS binding to the plasma membrane, and a slower component reflects the uptake of ANS into intracellular compartments. Analysis of ANS uptake showed this latter process to be saturable, with a Km of 10 micron, to be temperature dependent and to occur only in viable cells. The above observations suggest a carrier-mediated anion transport mechanism. Incubation of hepatoma tissue culture cells with ANS (20 micron) gave a fluorescence emission spectrum similar to that obtained from purified plasma membranes. The kinetics of this interaction only exhibited a rapid initial binding of ANS. The second slow component was now absent, suggesting that ANS transport by the malignant cell system was greatly reduced. Transport of ANS could, however, be stimulated in the presence of the local anesthetic tetracaine. The observed transport was now saturable, temperature dependent, and as in normal hepatocytes, required viable cells, again indicating a carrier-mediated transport system. These studies suggest a significant alteration in membrane function in hepatoma tissue culture cells resulting in a major defect in anion transport.", "PMID": 556544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2608", "title": "Inhibition of 3H-demethylphalloin uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes under various experimental conditions.", "content": "3H-Demethylphalloin (3H-DMP) a cyclopeptide very similar to phalloidin is taken up by isolated hepatocytes in vitro. Hepatocytes prepared from newborn animals are less sensitive to phalloidin. Their uptake of 3H-DMP is about one tenth of that of cells from adult animals. Ascites hepatoma cells, known to be insensitive to phalloidin took up negligible amounts of 3H-DMP. Cells prepared from regenerating livers took up insignificantly lower amounts of the toxin than in hepatocytes from adult animals. Treatment of hepatocytes with low concentrations of trypsin was found to switch off the phalloidin sensitivity in a reversible manner. This inhibition is due to a reduced uptake of 3H-DMP. Pretreatment of animals with CCl4, known to reduce the sensitivity to phalloidin, also decreases the uptake of 3H-DMP in isolated hepatocytes. Various agents, drugs and reagents were found to inhibit the response of isolated hepatocytes to phalloidin. All these compounds (bile acids, rifampicin, silybin, DIDS, glutardialdehyde, bromosulphophthalein, fusidic acid, antamanide, novobiocin) inhibit also the uptake of 3H-DMP in isolated hepatocytes. The results confirm our working hypothesis, presented in several previous papers, that decreased sensitivity to phalloidin is probably due to a reduced or blocked uptake of the toxin.", "contents": "Inhibition of 3H-demethylphalloin uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes under various experimental conditions. 3H-Demethylphalloin (3H-DMP) a cyclopeptide very similar to phalloidin is taken up by isolated hepatocytes in vitro. Hepatocytes prepared from newborn animals are less sensitive to phalloidin. Their uptake of 3H-DMP is about one tenth of that of cells from adult animals. Ascites hepatoma cells, known to be insensitive to phalloidin took up negligible amounts of 3H-DMP. Cells prepared from regenerating livers took up insignificantly lower amounts of the toxin than in hepatocytes from adult animals. Treatment of hepatocytes with low concentrations of trypsin was found to switch off the phalloidin sensitivity in a reversible manner. This inhibition is due to a reduced uptake of 3H-DMP. Pretreatment of animals with CCl4, known to reduce the sensitivity to phalloidin, also decreases the uptake of 3H-DMP in isolated hepatocytes. Various agents, drugs and reagents were found to inhibit the response of isolated hepatocytes to phalloidin. All these compounds (bile acids, rifampicin, silybin, DIDS, glutardialdehyde, bromosulphophthalein, fusidic acid, antamanide, novobiocin) inhibit also the uptake of 3H-DMP in isolated hepatocytes. The results confirm our working hypothesis, presented in several previous papers, that decreased sensitivity to phalloidin is probably due to a reduced or blocked uptake of the toxin.", "PMID": 556548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2609", "title": "Comparative merits of eight popular media in aerometric studies of fungi.", "content": "Although cultural surveys of airborne fungi are pursued widely, the comparative virtues of popular media have not been systematically tested. To facilitate an informed choice, eight different agar media were compared using paired single-plate exposures of identical, wind-oriented, Andersen samplers. Modified Mehrlich's (MM), Sabouraud's dextrose (SAB), malt extract (MALT), V8 juice (V8), and potato dextrose-rose bengal (PDAR) agar were compared initially; potato dextrose (PDA), MALT, rose bengal streptomycin (RBS), and casein hydrolysate (CH) agar were compared during a subsequent series, as were PDA and PDAR. Overall, SAB, MALT, V8, and PDA total recoveries were similar, while MM, CH, PDAR, and RBS were significantly low in paired comparisons with one or more media. MALT and SAB produced the highest frequencies of recovery of most colony types. Bacteria were infrequently recovered on any of the media. CH and MM excluded Epicoccum but are of potential use in surveys that focus sharply on high concentrations of Cladosporium. Rose bengal-containing media performed poorly in this study and must be approached with caution and under properly controlled conditions.", "contents": "Comparative merits of eight popular media in aerometric studies of fungi. Although cultural surveys of airborne fungi are pursued widely, the comparative virtues of popular media have not been systematically tested. To facilitate an informed choice, eight different agar media were compared using paired single-plate exposures of identical, wind-oriented, Andersen samplers. Modified Mehrlich's (MM), Sabouraud's dextrose (SAB), malt extract (MALT), V8 juice (V8), and potato dextrose-rose bengal (PDAR) agar were compared initially; potato dextrose (PDA), MALT, rose bengal streptomycin (RBS), and casein hydrolysate (CH) agar were compared during a subsequent series, as were PDA and PDAR. Overall, SAB, MALT, V8, and PDA total recoveries were similar, while MM, CH, PDAR, and RBS were significantly low in paired comparisons with one or more media. MALT and SAB produced the highest frequencies of recovery of most colony types. Bacteria were infrequently recovered on any of the media. CH and MM excluded Epicoccum but are of potential use in surveys that focus sharply on high concentrations of Cladosporium. Rose bengal-containing media performed poorly in this study and must be approached with caution and under properly controlled conditions.", "PMID": 556550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2610", "title": "An MSV-specific subgenomic mRNA in MSV-transformed G8-124 cells.", "content": "An intracellular subgenomic RNA species from MSV-transformed G8-124 cells was characterized by electron microscopy of RNA:cDNA heteroduplexes using long cDNAs both MSV and MuLV. This subgenomic RNA, 3.1 kb long, consisted of 5'-derived sequences of about 0.4 kb joined to 2.7 kb of RNA derived from the 3' end of the RNA genome. The 3'-derived sequences included the residual sequences from the MuLV pol region and the acquired cellular sequences of MSV. The genome of MSV was shown to retain approximately 0.13 kb from the 5' end of the MuLV env region, including sequences which span the point in the MuLV env mRNA. No subgenomic MSV RNA could be detected, however, which consisted of a 5'-derived leader sequence spliced to the retained env region sequences. Nor could a subgenomic MSV RNA be detected in which a 5'-derived leader sequence was joined directly to the acquired cellular sequences. Although its translation products are unknown, the subgenomic MSV RNA was present in preparations of poly(A)+ polysomal RNA, consistent with this RNA functioning as a messenger. The structure of this 3.1 kb MSV subgenomic RNA suggests a possible role in the expression of 3'-encoded MSV information, possibly including transformation-specific sequences.", "contents": "An MSV-specific subgenomic mRNA in MSV-transformed G8-124 cells. An intracellular subgenomic RNA species from MSV-transformed G8-124 cells was characterized by electron microscopy of RNA:cDNA heteroduplexes using long cDNAs both MSV and MuLV. This subgenomic RNA, 3.1 kb long, consisted of 5'-derived sequences of about 0.4 kb joined to 2.7 kb of RNA derived from the 3' end of the RNA genome. The 3'-derived sequences included the residual sequences from the MuLV pol region and the acquired cellular sequences of MSV. The genome of MSV was shown to retain approximately 0.13 kb from the 5' end of the MuLV env region, including sequences which span the point in the MuLV env mRNA. No subgenomic MSV RNA could be detected, however, which consisted of a 5'-derived leader sequence spliced to the retained env region sequences. Nor could a subgenomic MSV RNA be detected in which a 5'-derived leader sequence was joined directly to the acquired cellular sequences. Although its translation products are unknown, the subgenomic MSV RNA was present in preparations of poly(A)+ polysomal RNA, consistent with this RNA functioning as a messenger. The structure of this 3.1 kb MSV subgenomic RNA suggests a possible role in the expression of 3'-encoded MSV information, possibly including transformation-specific sequences.", "PMID": 556552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2611", "title": "Embryo mortality and altered uterine luminal proteins in progesterone-treated rabbits.", "content": "This study was undertaken to elucidate the location, time, and nature of embryo mortality induced by preovulatory progesteron administration. Progesterone was injected into rabbits on days -2, -1, and 0 (the day of mating) at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.0 mg, respectively. Normal fertilization rates resulted, but embryonic death occurred by day 4. Embryos residing in progesterone-treated does for up to 3 days survived normally when transferred to normal recipients, whereas day 4 embryos from treated does exhibited a reduced ability to implant. Uterine fluid (UF) protein pattern was examined on days 1 to 7 after mating. Total UF protein levels were significantly greater in treated animals on day 4 than in controls. Uteroglobin secretion was significantly advanced in the treated animals by day 3. Examination of the time of the arrival of embryos into the uterus revealed a delay in the progesterone-treated rabbits. This delay, coupled with the earlier secretion of uteroglobin in the treated rabbits, indicated a possible asynchrony of approximately 1 day between embryo arrival in the uterus and certain uterine proteins. To determine whether UF could be etiologically implicated in the progesterone-induced embryonic death, embryonic development in vitro and in vivo was examined after exposure to UF collected at different gestational stages. More normal day 3 morulae placed in UF from day 3 control and day 2 progesterone-treated rabbits developed than similar morulae placed in UF from day 2 controls and day 3 progesterone-treated does. Hence, partial physiologic synchrony was achieved. This was interpreted to mean that \"asynchronous\" UF can be embryotoxic. Infertility was transient. Ability of the does to produce young at a pregnancy immediately following a progesterone-treated pregnancy was not impaired.", "contents": "Embryo mortality and altered uterine luminal proteins in progesterone-treated rabbits. This study was undertaken to elucidate the location, time, and nature of embryo mortality induced by preovulatory progesteron administration. Progesterone was injected into rabbits on days -2, -1, and 0 (the day of mating) at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.0 mg, respectively. Normal fertilization rates resulted, but embryonic death occurred by day 4. Embryos residing in progesterone-treated does for up to 3 days survived normally when transferred to normal recipients, whereas day 4 embryos from treated does exhibited a reduced ability to implant. Uterine fluid (UF) protein pattern was examined on days 1 to 7 after mating. Total UF protein levels were significantly greater in treated animals on day 4 than in controls. Uteroglobin secretion was significantly advanced in the treated animals by day 3. Examination of the time of the arrival of embryos into the uterus revealed a delay in the progesterone-treated rabbits. This delay, coupled with the earlier secretion of uteroglobin in the treated rabbits, indicated a possible asynchrony of approximately 1 day between embryo arrival in the uterus and certain uterine proteins. To determine whether UF could be etiologically implicated in the progesterone-induced embryonic death, embryonic development in vitro and in vivo was examined after exposure to UF collected at different gestational stages. More normal day 3 morulae placed in UF from day 3 control and day 2 progesterone-treated rabbits developed than similar morulae placed in UF from day 2 controls and day 3 progesterone-treated does. Hence, partial physiologic synchrony was achieved. This was interpreted to mean that \"asynchronous\" UF can be embryotoxic. Infertility was transient. Ability of the does to produce young at a pregnancy immediately following a progesterone-treated pregnancy was not impaired.", "PMID": 556559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2612", "title": "Interactions of immune complexes and platelets in rabbits immunized with hapten-carrier conjugates.", "content": "The thrombopenic effects of immune complexes were studied in 32 rabbits, immunized actively with aspirin. The test animals were exposed to hapten-protein conjugates with a hapten density ranging from 0.6 to 38, and to pure hapten. The resulting thrombopenia and leucopenia correlated closely with the presence of immune complexes in the serum as detected by the platelet aggregation sedimentation pattern test (P1.A.). This platelet-aggregation activity sedimented mainly in the 19S fraction. The effects induced by polyvalent antigens where dose-dependent and could be modified by a prior injection of aspirin. Expectedly, monovalent antigens were only marginally effective.", "contents": "Interactions of immune complexes and platelets in rabbits immunized with hapten-carrier conjugates. The thrombopenic effects of immune complexes were studied in 32 rabbits, immunized actively with aspirin. The test animals were exposed to hapten-protein conjugates with a hapten density ranging from 0.6 to 38, and to pure hapten. The resulting thrombopenia and leucopenia correlated closely with the presence of immune complexes in the serum as detected by the platelet aggregation sedimentation pattern test (P1.A.). This platelet-aggregation activity sedimented mainly in the 19S fraction. The effects induced by polyvalent antigens where dose-dependent and could be modified by a prior injection of aspirin. Expectedly, monovalent antigens were only marginally effective.", "PMID": 556564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2613", "title": "Assessment of thrombocytopenic patients for splenectomy.", "content": "Platelet survival and splenic sequestration patterns were studied in 32 patients with thrombocytopenia using donor platelets labelled with chromium-51. A shorter mean platelet lifespan was observed in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) (mean 12 hours) than in hypersplenism (mean 56 hours) or marrow hypoplasia (mean 102 hours). There was no such correlation between diagnosis and splenic sequestration. A biphasic survival curve was seen in nine of 22 patients with ITP. Thirteen patients underwent splenectomy with complete (9) or partial (4) response, but no consistent pattern of results was manifest. It is concluded that in vivo isotope studies are of little value in predicting the benefit of splenectomy in thrombocytopenic patients, although they may demonstrate the mechanism of the thrombocytopenia, in particular the biphasic survival curve revealing separate 'immune' and 'hypersplenic' components of platelet destruction in ITP.", "contents": "Assessment of thrombocytopenic patients for splenectomy. Platelet survival and splenic sequestration patterns were studied in 32 patients with thrombocytopenia using donor platelets labelled with chromium-51. A shorter mean platelet lifespan was observed in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) (mean 12 hours) than in hypersplenism (mean 56 hours) or marrow hypoplasia (mean 102 hours). There was no such correlation between diagnosis and splenic sequestration. A biphasic survival curve was seen in nine of 22 patients with ITP. Thirteen patients underwent splenectomy with complete (9) or partial (4) response, but no consistent pattern of results was manifest. It is concluded that in vivo isotope studies are of little value in predicting the benefit of splenectomy in thrombocytopenic patients, although they may demonstrate the mechanism of the thrombocytopenia, in particular the biphasic survival curve revealing separate 'immune' and 'hypersplenic' components of platelet destruction in ITP.", "PMID": 556569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2614", "title": "Shrinkage of the brain during histological procedures with fixation in formaldehyde solutions of different concentrations.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to measure the shrinkage of the brain during fixation and the subsequent histological procedures. In neuropathology formaldehyde solutions are the most common fixative, but different concentrations are used. This may lead to uncertainty in connection with quantitative comparative studies, because of the possibility of different degrees of shrinkage. Three groups of five brains each were fixed in three different formaldehyde solutions containing 4% buffered solution, 10% and 12% solutions without additives, respectively. The further procedure to the final histological preparation was the same in all groups. The total shrinkage in volume was 48%, with no significant difference between the three groups. A significant difference appears in relation to the duration of fixation in the most concentrated formaldehyde solution. In all three groups the shrinkage due to the fixation was more than half of the total shrinkage. Finally, it is concluded that comparative quantitative studies on brains can be performed without regard to the technique after fixation in any of the concentrations of formaldehyde investigated.", "contents": "Shrinkage of the brain during histological procedures with fixation in formaldehyde solutions of different concentrations. The purpose of this study was to measure the shrinkage of the brain during fixation and the subsequent histological procedures. In neuropathology formaldehyde solutions are the most common fixative, but different concentrations are used. This may lead to uncertainty in connection with quantitative comparative studies, because of the possibility of different degrees of shrinkage. Three groups of five brains each were fixed in three different formaldehyde solutions containing 4% buffered solution, 10% and 12% solutions without additives, respectively. The further procedure to the final histological preparation was the same in all groups. The total shrinkage in volume was 48%, with no significant difference between the three groups. A significant difference appears in relation to the duration of fixation in the most concentrated formaldehyde solution. In all three groups the shrinkage due to the fixation was more than half of the total shrinkage. Finally, it is concluded that comparative quantitative studies on brains can be performed without regard to the technique after fixation in any of the concentrations of formaldehyde investigated.", "PMID": 556570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2615", "title": "Interaction of zymosan and of activated properdin with factor D-depleted guinea pig serum: implications for the mechanism of initial C3 cleavage via the alternative complement pathway.", "content": "Factor D of the alternative C pathway was specifically removed from guinea pig serum. The resulting serum reagent (RD) supported neither the formation of a C3-cleaving enzyme on zymosan (Z) nor the inactivation of C3 or of factor B in the presence of Z or activated properdin (P). Addition of purified D to RD restored these properties. Studies were limited amounts of purified D were added to RD with Z or P as activating substances, gave the following results: (1) Inactivation of B and of C3 occurs in the presence of minute amounts of D. (2) C3 inactivation is more efficient than B inactivation and proceeds even in the absence of detectable enzymatic B activation. (3) C3 cleavage at any D concentration tested is always accompanied by uptake of C3 fragments onto Z. With respect to initial C3 cleavage via the alternative C pathway these data suggest that the initiating reaction is D-dependent, very efficient in depositing C3 fragments on particulate activating substances such as Z and able to utilize factor B in an apparently uncleaved form.", "contents": "Interaction of zymosan and of activated properdin with factor D-depleted guinea pig serum: implications for the mechanism of initial C3 cleavage via the alternative complement pathway. Factor D of the alternative C pathway was specifically removed from guinea pig serum. The resulting serum reagent (RD) supported neither the formation of a C3-cleaving enzyme on zymosan (Z) nor the inactivation of C3 or of factor B in the presence of Z or activated properdin (P). Addition of purified D to RD restored these properties. Studies were limited amounts of purified D were added to RD with Z or P as activating substances, gave the following results: (1) Inactivation of B and of C3 occurs in the presence of minute amounts of D. (2) C3 inactivation is more efficient than B inactivation and proceeds even in the absence of detectable enzymatic B activation. (3) C3 cleavage at any D concentration tested is always accompanied by uptake of C3 fragments onto Z. With respect to initial C3 cleavage via the alternative C pathway these data suggest that the initiating reaction is D-dependent, very efficient in depositing C3 fragments on particulate activating substances such as Z and able to utilize factor B in an apparently uncleaved form.", "PMID": 556571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2616", "title": "[Determination of lysine requirement in growing rats as based on the catabolism rate of 14-C- and 15-N-labeled lysine].", "content": "Male Wistar rats (weighing some 80 g at the start of the experiment) were fed diets containing maize gluten as protein carrier and which was supplemented with amino acids (except lysine) in such way that their concentrations came up to the requirement norms. Lysine was gradually supplemented this resulting in 10 diets of different lysine content (1.6-10.6 g lysine/16 g N). On the 7th experimental day, 4 animals of each group were labelled with 14C-lysine and subjected to 2-hour measuring of 14CO2-excretion. On the following day, the animals were injected i.p. 15N-lysine, the urine being collected over 24 hours to determine 15N-frequency in urine. Both 14CO2-excretion and 15N-frequency in urine were found to remain constant at a lysine content of the diet up to 4.5 g/16 g N and rose steeply from 5.8 g lysine/16 N on. Under the experimental conditions chosen the lysine requirement is deduced to be 5 g/16 g N. This method of lysine requirement determination is highly sensitive and exact because it covers the catabolization of the amino acids under study and not so parameters that are known to be influenced by other factors such as growth, N-balance, total N-conversion or CO2-formation. The method can also be applied to metabolic situations not connected with productive performances.", "contents": "[Determination of lysine requirement in growing rats as based on the catabolism rate of 14-C- and 15-N-labeled lysine]. Male Wistar rats (weighing some 80 g at the start of the experiment) were fed diets containing maize gluten as protein carrier and which was supplemented with amino acids (except lysine) in such way that their concentrations came up to the requirement norms. Lysine was gradually supplemented this resulting in 10 diets of different lysine content (1.6-10.6 g lysine/16 g N). On the 7th experimental day, 4 animals of each group were labelled with 14C-lysine and subjected to 2-hour measuring of 14CO2-excretion. On the following day, the animals were injected i.p. 15N-lysine, the urine being collected over 24 hours to determine 15N-frequency in urine. Both 14CO2-excretion and 15N-frequency in urine were found to remain constant at a lysine content of the diet up to 4.5 g/16 g N and rose steeply from 5.8 g lysine/16 N on. Under the experimental conditions chosen the lysine requirement is deduced to be 5 g/16 g N. This method of lysine requirement determination is highly sensitive and exact because it covers the catabolization of the amino acids under study and not so parameters that are known to be influenced by other factors such as growth, N-balance, total N-conversion or CO2-formation. The method can also be applied to metabolic situations not connected with productive performances.", "PMID": 556575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2617", "title": "[Nitrogen and amino acid absorption in swine. 3. Endogenous secretion and absorption of nitrogen].", "content": "The endogenous nitrogen in the duodenum and the distal segment of the small intestine of 3 fistulated pigs fed a 15-N-labelled feed protein was determined using the isotope dilution technique. Over 24 hours, the endogenous N secretion was found at least 12.5 g at the end of the duodenum. For the upper segment of the small intestine, a statistically secured correlation between endogenous nitrogen and chyme amount was found to exist. It was possible to determine the true and apparent absorption of the nitrogen for both individual segments of and the whole digestive tract.", "contents": "[Nitrogen and amino acid absorption in swine. 3. Endogenous secretion and absorption of nitrogen]. The endogenous nitrogen in the duodenum and the distal segment of the small intestine of 3 fistulated pigs fed a 15-N-labelled feed protein was determined using the isotope dilution technique. Over 24 hours, the endogenous N secretion was found at least 12.5 g at the end of the duodenum. For the upper segment of the small intestine, a statistically secured correlation between endogenous nitrogen and chyme amount was found to exist. It was possible to determine the true and apparent absorption of the nitrogen for both individual segments of and the whole digestive tract.", "PMID": 556576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2618", "title": "[Effect of various protein levels in the diet on the activity of some metalloenzymes].", "content": "Studies on the effect of increasing protein levels in the diet (0 to 50% casein) on hematological criteria (v. Krziwanek et al., 1978) were supplemented by experiments regarding the reaction of catalase, ceruloplasmin and alkaline phosphatase under such conditions. A relationship was found between the activity of all 3 enzymes and protein supply. The catalase activity of the blood revealed a linear relationship with the protein level of the diet. The activity of the alkaline phosphatase was found to go up as the protein level of the diet increased reaching its maximum with weight development. The ceruloplasmin activity revealed an opposite behaviour. The results show that the application of these criteria for measuring the supply with and conversion of trace elements do not allow reliable statements but under constant experimental conditions. The catalase activity in the blood may give certain clues for assessing the quality and quantity of protein in the feed.", "contents": "[Effect of various protein levels in the diet on the activity of some metalloenzymes]. Studies on the effect of increasing protein levels in the diet (0 to 50% casein) on hematological criteria (v. Krziwanek et al., 1978) were supplemented by experiments regarding the reaction of catalase, ceruloplasmin and alkaline phosphatase under such conditions. A relationship was found between the activity of all 3 enzymes and protein supply. The catalase activity of the blood revealed a linear relationship with the protein level of the diet. The activity of the alkaline phosphatase was found to go up as the protein level of the diet increased reaching its maximum with weight development. The ceruloplasmin activity revealed an opposite behaviour. The results show that the application of these criteria for measuring the supply with and conversion of trace elements do not allow reliable statements but under constant experimental conditions. The catalase activity in the blood may give certain clues for assessing the quality and quantity of protein in the feed.", "PMID": 556578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2619", "title": "Continuous measurement of tissue blood flow by laser-Doppler spectroscopy.", "content": "Laser light scattered from tissue in vivo is broadened in line width as a result of the Doppler shift produced by moving red cells in the microcirculation. A feasibility study was carried out to demonstrate use of this effect to measure and monitor tissue blood flow. Light from a helium-neon laser illuminated a 1-mm area of tissue (human skin or rat renal cortex), and the backscattered light was detected with a photomultiplier. The spectrum of the Doppler beat notes was analyzed directly with a digital spectrum analyzer, or processed by analog circuitry to yield a flow parameter based on the root-mean-square Doppler line width. This parameter was compared with 133Xe washout in the skin of volunteers subjected to UV-induced erythema and the skin of volunteers subjected to UV-induced erythema and was found to vary in an approximately linear manner with skin blood flow. The laser instrument provided continuous monitoring of blood flow fluctuations, including the pulsatile component. The instrument was used to monitor flow in the outer cortex of the rat kidney during administration of norepinephrine, angiotensin, hydralazine, dextran, dopamine, nitroprusside, and angiotensin blocked by saralasin. Dynamic and steady-state responses were consistent with known pharmacology and renal physiology, and with the assumption that vasoconstrictor angiotensin II receptors in the kidney are accessible to blood-borne inhibitors. The laser-Doppler method is a promising tool for rapid monitoring of dynamic changes in tissue perfusion.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of tissue blood flow by laser-Doppler spectroscopy. Laser light scattered from tissue in vivo is broadened in line width as a result of the Doppler shift produced by moving red cells in the microcirculation. A feasibility study was carried out to demonstrate use of this effect to measure and monitor tissue blood flow. Light from a helium-neon laser illuminated a 1-mm area of tissue (human skin or rat renal cortex), and the backscattered light was detected with a photomultiplier. The spectrum of the Doppler beat notes was analyzed directly with a digital spectrum analyzer, or processed by analog circuitry to yield a flow parameter based on the root-mean-square Doppler line width. This parameter was compared with 133Xe washout in the skin of volunteers subjected to UV-induced erythema and the skin of volunteers subjected to UV-induced erythema and was found to vary in an approximately linear manner with skin blood flow. The laser instrument provided continuous monitoring of blood flow fluctuations, including the pulsatile component. The instrument was used to monitor flow in the outer cortex of the rat kidney during administration of norepinephrine, angiotensin, hydralazine, dextran, dopamine, nitroprusside, and angiotensin blocked by saralasin. Dynamic and steady-state responses were consistent with known pharmacology and renal physiology, and with the assumption that vasoconstrictor angiotensin II receptors in the kidney are accessible to blood-borne inhibitors. The laser-Doppler method is a promising tool for rapid monitoring of dynamic changes in tissue perfusion.", "PMID": 556582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2620", "title": "[Completion of the set of amino acids contained in high-protein wheat through the addition of protein feeds and L-lysine to rations fed to laying hens].", "content": "2 types of chick rations were fed to 8100 birds. A commercial type of food prepared on the basis of state-controlled standard formulas was used as control ration. The experimental food contained 84% of wheat; the proportion of protein feed in this ration had been reduced by 30%. The chick period was taken to last 8 weeks (controls and half of the experimental groups) or 12 weeks. Until the age of 8 weeks the growth rate of the control birds was by no means better than that of the experimental chicks (8.6 and 8.3 g per bird/day) although the control birds consumed more food (but same level of EFh consumption). At the age of 8 weeks the experimental birds were adjusted to a type of food fed to young hens. The apparently stress-induced lower level of food consumption of the experimental chicks in the period between the 9th and 12th week decreased the rate of weight gains and affected the whole analysis of data for the entire chick period ranging from 0 to 12 weeks (9.0 g per bird per day as compared to 9.6 g). This difference was compensated for in the further course of rearing. No significant differences in the demands for food, energy and crude protein were noticed until the age of 8 weeks. The mortality rates were the same in both groups (2.4% and 3.1%, alphaless than0.05). With regard to the criteria investigated the two rations appear to be equivalent. The 30% decrease in the proportion of protein feed may be regarded as being justified.", "contents": "[Completion of the set of amino acids contained in high-protein wheat through the addition of protein feeds and L-lysine to rations fed to laying hens]. 2 types of chick rations were fed to 8100 birds. A commercial type of food prepared on the basis of state-controlled standard formulas was used as control ration. The experimental food contained 84% of wheat; the proportion of protein feed in this ration had been reduced by 30%. The chick period was taken to last 8 weeks (controls and half of the experimental groups) or 12 weeks. Until the age of 8 weeks the growth rate of the control birds was by no means better than that of the experimental chicks (8.6 and 8.3 g per bird/day) although the control birds consumed more food (but same level of EFh consumption). At the age of 8 weeks the experimental birds were adjusted to a type of food fed to young hens. The apparently stress-induced lower level of food consumption of the experimental chicks in the period between the 9th and 12th week decreased the rate of weight gains and affected the whole analysis of data for the entire chick period ranging from 0 to 12 weeks (9.0 g per bird per day as compared to 9.6 g). This difference was compensated for in the further course of rearing. No significant differences in the demands for food, energy and crude protein were noticed until the age of 8 weeks. The mortality rates were the same in both groups (2.4% and 3.1%, alphaless than0.05). With regard to the criteria investigated the two rations appear to be equivalent. The 30% decrease in the proportion of protein feed may be regarded as being justified.", "PMID": 556583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2621", "title": "[Use of EEG response following intravenous diazepam administration in the etiologic diagnosis of brain lesions].", "content": "The authors take into consideration the reactivity of the E.E. Graphic focal anomalies to the i.v. infusion of 10 mg Diazepam. The cases includ 28 patients (15 with cerebral neoplasia, 8 with severe vascular accident, 5 with light vascular accident); among these, 19 showed typical E.E. Graphic focuses after administration of Diapezam, like those previously described by Weber and other Authors. Subjects with severe cerebral lesions and in the third age, after i.v. administration of 10 mg Diazepam showed vegetative disorders (hypotension, tachycardia or bradycardia, apnoea, periodic respiration). The reliability of the reactivity of the EEG focal anomalies to i.v. administration of Diazepam is confuted and the risks of such a methodology in subjects with severe cerebral damage or in the third age, are pointed out.", "contents": "[Use of EEG response following intravenous diazepam administration in the etiologic diagnosis of brain lesions]. The authors take into consideration the reactivity of the E.E. Graphic focal anomalies to the i.v. infusion of 10 mg Diazepam. The cases includ 28 patients (15 with cerebral neoplasia, 8 with severe vascular accident, 5 with light vascular accident); among these, 19 showed typical E.E. Graphic focuses after administration of Diapezam, like those previously described by Weber and other Authors. Subjects with severe cerebral lesions and in the third age, after i.v. administration of 10 mg Diazepam showed vegetative disorders (hypotension, tachycardia or bradycardia, apnoea, periodic respiration). The reliability of the reactivity of the EEG focal anomalies to i.v. administration of Diazepam is confuted and the risks of such a methodology in subjects with severe cerebral damage or in the third age, are pointed out.", "PMID": 556584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2622", "title": "Fear of success-fact or artifact?", "content": "Each of 240 high school juniors and seniors wrote stories in response to one of four variations of the story cues used by Matina Horner to measure what has been called \"fear of success.\" These cues described either Ann or John achieving success in medical school in a situation in which either all of the protagonist's classmates were men or there were equal numbers of men and women. Six different consequences of the success were assessed. Results indicated that male and female students perceived the depicted success in similar ways and that when the \"deviance\"  aspect of Ann being alone in a class of men was removed, negative outcomes of success were lessened. The common interpretation of these stories as the writers' projections of their own personalities is challenged.", "contents": "Fear of success-fact or artifact? Each of 240 high school juniors and seniors wrote stories in response to one of four variations of the story cues used by Matina Horner to measure what has been called \"fear of success.\" These cues described either Ann or John achieving success in medical school in a situation in which either all of the protagonist's classmates were men or there were equal numbers of men and women. Six different consequences of the success were assessed. Results indicated that male and female students perceived the depicted success in similar ways and that when the \"deviance\"  aspect of Ann being alone in a class of men was removed, negative outcomes of success were lessened. The common interpretation of these stories as the writers' projections of their own personalities is challenged.", "PMID": 556585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2623", "title": "Facilitation skills and the perception of clients' wants.", "content": "High functioning and low functioning observers as measured by the Carkhuff global level of facilitation scale were compared on their ability to perceive client wants. Observers were 16 master's level psychologists who had previously received 40 hours of Carkhuffian human relations training. After each counseling session the client and observer filled out the Therapy Session Reports describing what the client talked about (dialogue) and what the client wanted (wants). An agreement score between observer and clients was calculated for each observer. It was found that all observers were better able to identify dialogue. High facilitators were better able to identify wants than low facilitators (experimental task), while there was no difference between the groups in ability to identify dialogue (control task).", "contents": "Facilitation skills and the perception of clients' wants. High functioning and low functioning observers as measured by the Carkhuff global level of facilitation scale were compared on their ability to perceive client wants. Observers were 16 master's level psychologists who had previously received 40 hours of Carkhuffian human relations training. After each counseling session the client and observer filled out the Therapy Session Reports describing what the client talked about (dialogue) and what the client wanted (wants). An agreement score between observer and clients was calculated for each observer. It was found that all observers were better able to identify dialogue. High facilitators were better able to identify wants than low facilitators (experimental task), while there was no difference between the groups in ability to identify dialogue (control task).", "PMID": 556586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2624", "title": "[C(16)-substituted steroids in the urine of newborn infants at birth].", "content": "Neonatal urinary excretion of Estriol and their C(16) substituted precursors are considered in this study in fetus at birth. Besides the prognostic significance of different ormonal levels, we have examined the role played by these valuation in order to explain the data achieved during the pregnancy.", "contents": "[C(16)-substituted steroids in the urine of newborn infants at birth]. Neonatal urinary excretion of Estriol and their C(16) substituted precursors are considered in this study in fetus at birth. Besides the prognostic significance of different ormonal levels, we have examined the role played by these valuation in order to explain the data achieved during the pregnancy.", "PMID": 556587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2625", "title": "Renal patients and their MMPI profiles.", "content": "Three groups of patients on renal dialysis, largely veterans in VA Hospitals, were, by means of MMPI profiles, compared with one another, with a group of predialysis renal patients, one third of whom were veterans, and with Mayo Clinic general medical patients. There was remarkable similarity between the mean profiles of the renal patients, which reflected in Caldwell's view, a profound fear of death and of helplessness, and a sense of catastrophic loss of bodily functions--greater than that found in general medical patients. Data suggest that the East Orange renal dialysis group (N = 77), older, more variable, and longer on dialysis, manifested a greater sense of personal distress than was found in the other renal groups.", "contents": "Renal patients and their MMPI profiles. Three groups of patients on renal dialysis, largely veterans in VA Hospitals, were, by means of MMPI profiles, compared with one another, with a group of predialysis renal patients, one third of whom were veterans, and with Mayo Clinic general medical patients. There was remarkable similarity between the mean profiles of the renal patients, which reflected in Caldwell's view, a profound fear of death and of helplessness, and a sense of catastrophic loss of bodily functions--greater than that found in general medical patients. Data suggest that the East Orange renal dialysis group (N = 77), older, more variable, and longer on dialysis, manifested a greater sense of personal distress than was found in the other renal groups.", "PMID": 556590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2626", "title": "Obesity and perceptual reactance.", "content": "Similarities in anomalous perception of internal gastric states and sensitivity to distraction among the obese to variations in perceptual reactance suggest that the obese tend to augment the intensity of visceral cues associated with hunger. It was hypothesized that the obese would be overrepresented at the augmenter end of the perceptual reactance continuum. Thirteen obese (six male, seven female) and 14 nonobese (eight male, six female) college students participated in a study in which perceptual reactance was assessed by degree of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect (KFA). A highly significant relationship in the predicted direction was observed for perceptual reactance category and mean percent weight deviation. Additionally, there was a highly significant interaction of sex by category, with the hypothesized relationship intensified for the female Ss. Results supported interpretation of obesity as a consequence of animalous perception of cues associated with consuming behavior.", "contents": "Obesity and perceptual reactance. Similarities in anomalous perception of internal gastric states and sensitivity to distraction among the obese to variations in perceptual reactance suggest that the obese tend to augment the intensity of visceral cues associated with hunger. It was hypothesized that the obese would be overrepresented at the augmenter end of the perceptual reactance continuum. Thirteen obese (six male, seven female) and 14 nonobese (eight male, six female) college students participated in a study in which perceptual reactance was assessed by degree of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect (KFA). A highly significant relationship in the predicted direction was observed for perceptual reactance category and mean percent weight deviation. Additionally, there was a highly significant interaction of sex by category, with the hypothesized relationship intensified for the female Ss. Results supported interpretation of obesity as a consequence of animalous perception of cues associated with consuming behavior.", "PMID": 556589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2627", "title": "Patient-doctor agreement about problems needing follow-up visit.", "content": "In this study in an urban prepaid group practice, patients and practitioners agreed less than half the time as to what problems required follow-up at a subsequent visit. Problems that were mentioned by both practitioner and patient were much more likely to be followed up subsequently by the practitioner than problems initially mentioned only by the practitioner or only by the patient. Patients reported much more improvement of problems at follow-up when both practitioner and patient mentioned the problem as requiring follow-up than when they had been mentioned only by the patient. The involvement of patients in the process of care may be augmented by a variety of mechanisms. We believe greater patient participation in the processes of care should result in better follow-up of problems and better results, at least as perceived by patients.", "contents": "Patient-doctor agreement about problems needing follow-up visit. In this study in an urban prepaid group practice, patients and practitioners agreed less than half the time as to what problems required follow-up at a subsequent visit. Problems that were mentioned by both practitioner and patient were much more likely to be followed up subsequently by the practitioner than problems initially mentioned only by the practitioner or only by the patient. Patients reported much more improvement of problems at follow-up when both practitioner and patient mentioned the problem as requiring follow-up than when they had been mentioned only by the patient. The involvement of patients in the process of care may be augmented by a variety of mechanisms. We believe greater patient participation in the processes of care should result in better follow-up of problems and better results, at least as perceived by patients.", "PMID": 556592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2628", "title": "Young children's production and comprehension of nonverbal deictic behaviors.", "content": "The production of pointing, the understanding of pointing and the comprehension of another's line of regard was investigated in 36 male and female infants 9-, 12-, and 14-months-old. Production of pointing was present in eight out of twelve 12-month-olds and in eleven out of twelve 14-month-olds; only a few of the youngest Ss pointed. For the youngest infants comprehension of pointing was a function of the distance between the person pointing and the object pointed to. All 12-and 14-month-old children comprehended the pointing to a nearby object and most of them also understood the pointing to a distant object. Ten out of twelve 12-month-olds and eleven out of twelve 14-month-olds were able to tell where another person was looking if both the cues of movement and orientation of the head and the eyes were present; their performance was less perfect with only the cue of orientation present or with only the eyes moving. Never more than three out of the twelve youngest Ss succeeded on any of these percept-diagnosis tasks.", "contents": "Young children's production and comprehension of nonverbal deictic behaviors. The production of pointing, the understanding of pointing and the comprehension of another's line of regard was investigated in 36 male and female infants 9-, 12-, and 14-months-old. Production of pointing was present in eight out of twelve 12-month-olds and in eleven out of twelve 14-month-olds; only a few of the youngest Ss pointed. For the youngest infants comprehension of pointing was a function of the distance between the person pointing and the object pointed to. All 12-and 14-month-old children comprehended the pointing to a nearby object and most of them also understood the pointing to a distant object. Ten out of twelve 12-month-olds and eleven out of twelve 14-month-olds were able to tell where another person was looking if both the cues of movement and orientation of the head and the eyes were present; their performance was less perfect with only the cue of orientation present or with only the eyes moving. Never more than three out of the twelve youngest Ss succeeded on any of these percept-diagnosis tasks.", "PMID": 556593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2629", "title": "[Vascular and histological changes in rat liver after porta-systemic shunt].", "content": "The authors analyze vascular liver modifications after porta-caval shunt in the rat. The examination of the portal vascular bed obtained by neoprene latex injection allows the definition of different morphologic phases, throughout these liver reaches new structural balance, with an efficacious lobular perfusion. In the same periods histological findings show a cell damage, without necrosis, followed by a recovery after 8 months. In distance, in normal rat porta-caval shunts induce a reduction of the liver volume, both the lobular structures have normal functions and morphology.", "contents": "[Vascular and histological changes in rat liver after porta-systemic shunt]. The authors analyze vascular liver modifications after porta-caval shunt in the rat. The examination of the portal vascular bed obtained by neoprene latex injection allows the definition of different morphologic phases, throughout these liver reaches new structural balance, with an efficacious lobular perfusion. In the same periods histological findings show a cell damage, without necrosis, followed by a recovery after 8 months. In distance, in normal rat porta-caval shunts induce a reduction of the liver volume, both the lobular structures have normal functions and morphology.", "PMID": 556595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2630", "title": "Radioautography of the uterus and vagina after [3H]progesterone injection into guinea pigs at various periods of the estrous cycle.", "content": "Radioautograms were made of uterine horns, cervix and vagina from guinea pigs injected with[3H]progesterone at various periods of the estrous cycle. The concentration of silver grains peaked at proestrus and estrus and then fell during metestrus, attaining a minimum at diestrus. These variations were not due to masking of binding sites by endogenous hormone since ovariectomy of guinea pigs at diestrus did not change this pattern. During proestrus and estrus, radioactivity was found in all parts of the endometrium and myometrium of the uterine horns. However, the muscle fibers and the cells of the stroma contained more silver grains than did the luminal and glandular epithelium. In the vagina, radioactivity was concentrated mostly in the nuclei of the basal layer cells of the stratified epithelium. During metestrus and diestrus, less radioactivity was present in these regions. These differences in labelling were observed simultaneously in all the uterine and vaginal cell types, suggesting that similar hormonal mechansims may control receptor variations in these different target cells.", "contents": "Radioautography of the uterus and vagina after [3H]progesterone injection into guinea pigs at various periods of the estrous cycle. Radioautograms were made of uterine horns, cervix and vagina from guinea pigs injected with[3H]progesterone at various periods of the estrous cycle. The concentration of silver grains peaked at proestrus and estrus and then fell during metestrus, attaining a minimum at diestrus. These variations were not due to masking of binding sites by endogenous hormone since ovariectomy of guinea pigs at diestrus did not change this pattern. During proestrus and estrus, radioactivity was found in all parts of the endometrium and myometrium of the uterine horns. However, the muscle fibers and the cells of the stroma contained more silver grains than did the luminal and glandular epithelium. In the vagina, radioactivity was concentrated mostly in the nuclei of the basal layer cells of the stratified epithelium. During metestrus and diestrus, less radioactivity was present in these regions. These differences in labelling were observed simultaneously in all the uterine and vaginal cell types, suggesting that similar hormonal mechansims may control receptor variations in these different target cells.", "PMID": 556602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2631", "title": "Estrous cycles after electrical stimulation of the brain in conscious rats: effect of current strength, estradiol benzoate and progesterone.", "content": "Conscious unrestrained rats were stimulated through chronically-implanted electrodes in the median eminence-arcuate (ME-ARC), medial preoptic area (MPOA), amygdala (AMYG) or caudateputamen area of the brain on diestrus-2 of a 4-day estrous cycle or diestrus-3 of a 5-day cycle. Each rat was repeatedly tested after returning to normal cycles according to the following procedure: stimulation at current levels of 25, 50 or 100 muA (biphasic pulses), injection of 1 or 3 mug estradiol benzoate or 1 mg progesterone, and injection of the same hormones 24 h before stimulation at 50 muA. Indirect evidence of advanced ovulation, judged by the pattern of vaginal smears, was obtained depending on the current and site of stimulation: 25 muA was subthreshold for all brain areas, 50 muA was threshold for the ME-ARC and AMYG, and 75-100 muA was very effective in the ME-ARC, but could not be tested in the MPOA or AMYG due to abnormal behavior. Histological studies of the ovary revealed premature luteinization of some follicles and occasional advancement of ovulation. Pseudopregnancy-length diestrus often followed ovulation or advanced ovulation. This event was produced by a lower threshold current of 25 muA in the ME-ARC and MPOA. A current of 50 muA was maximally effective in the ME-ARC, but less so in the MPOA and AMYG; 75-100 muA caused successive periods of pseudoprengancy-length diestrus in the ME-ARC group. It is concluded that specificity of neural circuits from the AMYG to LHRH neurons is questionable since stimuli which led to reproductive changes also produced seizure activity. But stimuli producing no abnormal behavior in conscious rats clearly altered reproductive cycles when applied to the ME-ARC, and in the MPOA produced mino changes in cycles. Estradiol facilitated the effect of stimulation on early appearance of leucocytes in the vaginal smear in the estrous cycle and pseudopregnancy-length diestrus; contrarily, progesterone, in a few cases, inhibited both effects.", "contents": "Estrous cycles after electrical stimulation of the brain in conscious rats: effect of current strength, estradiol benzoate and progesterone. Conscious unrestrained rats were stimulated through chronically-implanted electrodes in the median eminence-arcuate (ME-ARC), medial preoptic area (MPOA), amygdala (AMYG) or caudateputamen area of the brain on diestrus-2 of a 4-day estrous cycle or diestrus-3 of a 5-day cycle. Each rat was repeatedly tested after returning to normal cycles according to the following procedure: stimulation at current levels of 25, 50 or 100 muA (biphasic pulses), injection of 1 or 3 mug estradiol benzoate or 1 mg progesterone, and injection of the same hormones 24 h before stimulation at 50 muA. Indirect evidence of advanced ovulation, judged by the pattern of vaginal smears, was obtained depending on the current and site of stimulation: 25 muA was subthreshold for all brain areas, 50 muA was threshold for the ME-ARC and AMYG, and 75-100 muA was very effective in the ME-ARC, but could not be tested in the MPOA or AMYG due to abnormal behavior. Histological studies of the ovary revealed premature luteinization of some follicles and occasional advancement of ovulation. Pseudopregnancy-length diestrus often followed ovulation or advanced ovulation. This event was produced by a lower threshold current of 25 muA in the ME-ARC and MPOA. A current of 50 muA was maximally effective in the ME-ARC, but less so in the MPOA and AMYG; 75-100 muA caused successive periods of pseudoprengancy-length diestrus in the ME-ARC group. It is concluded that specificity of neural circuits from the AMYG to LHRH neurons is questionable since stimuli which led to reproductive changes also produced seizure activity. But stimuli producing no abnormal behavior in conscious rats clearly altered reproductive cycles when applied to the ME-ARC, and in the MPOA produced mino changes in cycles. Estradiol facilitated the effect of stimulation on early appearance of leucocytes in the vaginal smear in the estrous cycle and pseudopregnancy-length diestrus; contrarily, progesterone, in a few cases, inhibited both effects.", "PMID": 556603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2632", "title": "The role of the pharmacist in drug information for the agricultural sector.", "content": "Discussion with veterinarians practicing in southeastern Wyoming suggests that increased pharmaceutical services are needed for the agricultural sector. Such services should include more control of veterinary drugs, informational services, and a forum in which to report untoward responses to drugs. Certain educational and organizational requirements for implementing these services are discussed. Recommendations are advanced that: 1)Some veterinary drugs should be subject to sale by prescription only and be more closely controlled by the pharmacist, 2)A specially in veterinary pharmacy should be established, 3)This specialty should be included as an option on state board examinations and required as a qualification for dispensing animal health drugs, 4)Veterinarians should be appointed to state boards of pharmacy, and 5)Programs in continuing education should be developed to facilitate the entry of existing pharmacists into veterinary pharmacy.", "contents": "The role of the pharmacist in drug information for the agricultural sector. Discussion with veterinarians practicing in southeastern Wyoming suggests that increased pharmaceutical services are needed for the agricultural sector. Such services should include more control of veterinary drugs, informational services, and a forum in which to report untoward responses to drugs. Certain educational and organizational requirements for implementing these services are discussed. Recommendations are advanced that: 1)Some veterinary drugs should be subject to sale by prescription only and be more closely controlled by the pharmacist, 2)A specially in veterinary pharmacy should be established, 3)This specialty should be included as an option on state board examinations and required as a qualification for dispensing animal health drugs, 4)Veterinarians should be appointed to state boards of pharmacy, and 5)Programs in continuing education should be developed to facilitate the entry of existing pharmacists into veterinary pharmacy.", "PMID": 556604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2633", "title": "Current dilemmas in the clinical use of heparin.", "content": "The more widespread use of heparin as an effective antithrombotic agent would be greatly facilitated by resolution of the following issues: Clarification of the biological differences between beef and hog heparin. The development of a standard heparin molecule. The modification of heparin for oral use. The availability of a standard in vitro assay of the drug's antithrombotic potential. A meaningful assay of plasma heparin together with a determination of whether or not heparin is present in human plasma in normal and diseased states. Establishment of criterions for determining the proper dosage schedules in various pathological conditions. A reconcilation of USP and International units of heparin.", "contents": "Current dilemmas in the clinical use of heparin. The more widespread use of heparin as an effective antithrombotic agent would be greatly facilitated by resolution of the following issues: Clarification of the biological differences between beef and hog heparin. The development of a standard heparin molecule. The modification of heparin for oral use. The availability of a standard in vitro assay of the drug's antithrombotic potential. A meaningful assay of plasma heparin together with a determination of whether or not heparin is present in human plasma in normal and diseased states. Establishment of criterions for determining the proper dosage schedules in various pathological conditions. A reconcilation of USP and International units of heparin.", "PMID": 556605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2634", "title": "Rapid molecular size characterization of heparins by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Extremely fast molecular size separations of heparins have been demonstrated using modern high pressure liquid chromatography technology. Commercial USP grade heparins of beef and porcine origin were characterized within 7 minutes. Their molecular size distribution characteristics and molecular weight relative to nonionic dextrans were obtained and found to exhibit a higher molecular weight for porcine and a lower molecular weight for beef heparin. The molecular weight profiles of low potency heparins showed either lower or higher average molecular weights than normal with a wider peak shape. As little a 5 mug of heparin can be detected by this procedure, and as much as 10 mg could be handled preparatively by these systems. High pressure liquid chromatography is a powerful tool for characterization of heparin and other acidic mucopolysaccharides when used in conjunction with other analytical and biological methods.", "contents": "Rapid molecular size characterization of heparins by high pressure liquid chromatography. Extremely fast molecular size separations of heparins have been demonstrated using modern high pressure liquid chromatography technology. Commercial USP grade heparins of beef and porcine origin were characterized within 7 minutes. Their molecular size distribution characteristics and molecular weight relative to nonionic dextrans were obtained and found to exhibit a higher molecular weight for porcine and a lower molecular weight for beef heparin. The molecular weight profiles of low potency heparins showed either lower or higher average molecular weights than normal with a wider peak shape. As little a 5 mug of heparin can be detected by this procedure, and as much as 10 mg could be handled preparatively by these systems. High pressure liquid chromatography is a powerful tool for characterization of heparin and other acidic mucopolysaccharides when used in conjunction with other analytical and biological methods.", "PMID": 556606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2635", "title": "A method for studying acute insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in unanesthetized and unrestrained rats. The effect of mild stress on carbohydrate metabolism.", "content": "A technique is described for glucose infusions and for frequent sampling of small quantities of blood in unrestrained and unanesthetized small laboratory animals. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, polyethylene catheters were implanted into the jugular vein and the aorta, and distal ends were exteriorized on the back of the neck of 250-gm. rats. Five to seven days following surgery the rats regained weight and were in a normal anabolic state, despite indwelling catheters. On the day of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT), the exterior ends of the indwelling jugular and aortic catheters were connected to specially prepared extension catheters, through which a glucose pulse was given and frequent blood samples in small quantities were collected, respectively. During the entire procedure, the animals were resting quietly, unrestrained and unanesthetized. In another group of similar rats with indwelling catheters, ivGTT was performed after they were restrained in plastic restrainers. During the ivGTT, serum glucose levels were significantly higher in the restrained rats than those observed in the control rats. The mean glucose disposal rate (K) of 2.2 +/- 0.2 was significantly slower in restrained rats than the K of 3.0 +/- 0.3 in unrestrained rats. Following the glucose pulse, insulin secretion was significantly lower in restrained rats than that observed in the unrestrained rats. These observations emphasize the importance of controlling the modifying effects of mild stress on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion.", "contents": "A method for studying acute insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in unanesthetized and unrestrained rats. The effect of mild stress on carbohydrate metabolism. A technique is described for glucose infusions and for frequent sampling of small quantities of blood in unrestrained and unanesthetized small laboratory animals. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, polyethylene catheters were implanted into the jugular vein and the aorta, and distal ends were exteriorized on the back of the neck of 250-gm. rats. Five to seven days following surgery the rats regained weight and were in a normal anabolic state, despite indwelling catheters. On the day of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT), the exterior ends of the indwelling jugular and aortic catheters were connected to specially prepared extension catheters, through which a glucose pulse was given and frequent blood samples in small quantities were collected, respectively. During the entire procedure, the animals were resting quietly, unrestrained and unanesthetized. In another group of similar rats with indwelling catheters, ivGTT was performed after they were restrained in plastic restrainers. During the ivGTT, serum glucose levels were significantly higher in the restrained rats than those observed in the control rats. The mean glucose disposal rate (K) of 2.2 +/- 0.2 was significantly slower in restrained rats than the K of 3.0 +/- 0.3 in unrestrained rats. Following the glucose pulse, insulin secretion was significantly lower in restrained rats than that observed in the unrestrained rats. These observations emphasize the importance of controlling the modifying effects of mild stress on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion.", "PMID": 556608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2636", "title": "Chronic alcoholism and canine exocrine pancreas secretion. A long term follow-up study.", "content": "Sequential changes in pancreatic secretion were evaluated during a 2- to 3-year follow-up study in 8 dogs provided with Thomas gastric and duodenal fistulas. Four animals were given intragastric ethanol (2 g kg-1) daily for 3 years; 4 others served as controls. In alcohol-fed animals: (1) Flow rate and bicarbonate output in response to 1 clinical unit kg-1 hr-1 of secretin were increased at the end of 2 years but not after 1 year of alcohol feeding. (2) At the end of 2 years, the dose-response curve of pancreatic secretion to cholecystokinin was unchanged but the maximal bicarbonate and water secretion in response to high doses of secretin were increased. Modifications (1) and (2) are explained by reduplication of pancreatic ducts secondary to the development of chronic pancreatitis, verified by biopsy. (3) The previous report by our group of an increased cholecystokinin release in the course of chronic alcohol consumption in dogs seems to be attributable to an artefact. This work shows that the pancreatic response to intraduodenal oleic acid is not significantly modifed by 3 years of alcohol feeding.", "contents": "Chronic alcoholism and canine exocrine pancreas secretion. A long term follow-up study. Sequential changes in pancreatic secretion were evaluated during a 2- to 3-year follow-up study in 8 dogs provided with Thomas gastric and duodenal fistulas. Four animals were given intragastric ethanol (2 g kg-1) daily for 3 years; 4 others served as controls. In alcohol-fed animals: (1) Flow rate and bicarbonate output in response to 1 clinical unit kg-1 hr-1 of secretin were increased at the end of 2 years but not after 1 year of alcohol feeding. (2) At the end of 2 years, the dose-response curve of pancreatic secretion to cholecystokinin was unchanged but the maximal bicarbonate and water secretion in response to high doses of secretin were increased. Modifications (1) and (2) are explained by reduplication of pancreatic ducts secondary to the development of chronic pancreatitis, verified by biopsy. (3) The previous report by our group of an increased cholecystokinin release in the course of chronic alcohol consumption in dogs seems to be attributable to an artefact. This work shows that the pancreatic response to intraduodenal oleic acid is not significantly modifed by 3 years of alcohol feeding.", "PMID": 556609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2637", "title": "Liver disease in vineyard sprayers.", "content": "Liver disease with inclusions of copper was recognized among 30 rural workers with \"vineyard sprayer's lung.\" The pathological findings were varied: focal or diffuse swelling and proliferation of Kupffer cells; histiocytic and sarcoid-like granulomata; fibrosis of variable degree in the perisinusoidal, portal, and subcapsular areas, accompanied by atypical proliferation of the sinusoidal lining cells; micronodular cirrhosis; angiosarcoma of the liver; idiopathic portal hypertension. Abundant deposits of copper were revealed by histochemical techniques within hepatic and pulmonary lesions in these patients. The observations on the human and experimental material suggest an etiological relationship between exposure to copper sulfate and the lesions described. A morphological resemblance was noted between the \"liver disease of vineyard sprayers\" and the hepatic lesions reported in workers exposed to inorganic arsenic and to vinyl chloride. The identification of the inhaled foreign material within the liver lesions raises important etiological considerations.", "contents": "Liver disease in vineyard sprayers. Liver disease with inclusions of copper was recognized among 30 rural workers with \"vineyard sprayer's lung.\" The pathological findings were varied: focal or diffuse swelling and proliferation of Kupffer cells; histiocytic and sarcoid-like granulomata; fibrosis of variable degree in the perisinusoidal, portal, and subcapsular areas, accompanied by atypical proliferation of the sinusoidal lining cells; micronodular cirrhosis; angiosarcoma of the liver; idiopathic portal hypertension. Abundant deposits of copper were revealed by histochemical techniques within hepatic and pulmonary lesions in these patients. The observations on the human and experimental material suggest an etiological relationship between exposure to copper sulfate and the lesions described. A morphological resemblance was noted between the \"liver disease of vineyard sprayers\" and the hepatic lesions reported in workers exposed to inorganic arsenic and to vinyl chloride. The identification of the inhaled foreign material within the liver lesions raises important etiological considerations.", "PMID": 556610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2638", "title": "Nasal tumors in the dog: retrospective evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.", "content": "The records of 43 dogs with nasal tumors (1969- 1974) were evaluated in retrospect. The median age at diagnosis was 10 years. Most affected dogs were bloody nasal discharge, sneezing, and nasal bone deformities. A new method of obtaining tissure for cytologic and histologic evalution proved to be accurate in making a definitive diagnosis in 50% of the cases evaluated. Affected dogs were treated by surgery, surgery plus immunotherapy, or not at all. The results of those treated by surgery alone were no better than those not treated.", "contents": "Nasal tumors in the dog: retrospective evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. The records of 43 dogs with nasal tumors (1969- 1974) were evaluated in retrospect. The median age at diagnosis was 10 years. Most affected dogs were bloody nasal discharge, sneezing, and nasal bone deformities. A new method of obtaining tissure for cytologic and histologic evalution proved to be accurate in making a definitive diagnosis in 50% of the cases evaluated. Affected dogs were treated by surgery, surgery plus immunotherapy, or not at all. The results of those treated by surgery alone were no better than those not treated.", "PMID": 556613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2639", "title": "Basidiospore numbers in Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach.", "content": "The number of spores per basidium in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus can be readily determined using the light microscope.", "contents": "Basidiospore numbers in Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The number of spores per basidium in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus can be readily determined using the light microscope.", "PMID": 556614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2640", "title": "Energy-dependent intracellular translocation of proparathormone.", "content": "We previously suggested that after synthesis, proparathormone is transferred from rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi region where its conversion to parathormone occurs. We have attempted to define more closely this transfer process. In the first type of study, bovine parathyroid slices were incubated with [3H]leucine for 10 min and then radioisotope labeling was restricted by addition of a large excess of nonradioactive leucine. Under these conditions, more than 90% of the initially labeled proparathormone was converted to parathormone in 40 min. Lowered temperature in the chase period markedly inhibited the conversion. Several chemical agents were employed individually in the chase period to examine their effect on the conversion process. Antimycin A, dinitrophenol, oligomycin, and anaerobiosis (N2) inhibited the conversion, whereas sodium flouride and cycloheximide had no effect. In the second type of study, parathyroid slices were incubated with [3H]leucine for the entire incubation period. Lowered temperature and inhibitors of energy metabolism and microtubular function all lengthened the interval (lag) between the initial synthesis of [3H]parathormone. Cycloheximide, Tris, and chloroquine decreased the rates of protein synthesis and conversion, respectively, but none had any effect on the lag. We interpret the lag to represent the time of transit for proparathormone from rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi region. We conclude that this transfer process is independent of the synthesis of the prohormone and its conversion to the hormone. Moreover, this translocation requires metabolic energy and appears to be mediated by microtubules.", "contents": "Energy-dependent intracellular translocation of proparathormone. We previously suggested that after synthesis, proparathormone is transferred from rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi region where its conversion to parathormone occurs. We have attempted to define more closely this transfer process. In the first type of study, bovine parathyroid slices were incubated with [3H]leucine for 10 min and then radioisotope labeling was restricted by addition of a large excess of nonradioactive leucine. Under these conditions, more than 90% of the initially labeled proparathormone was converted to parathormone in 40 min. Lowered temperature in the chase period markedly inhibited the conversion. Several chemical agents were employed individually in the chase period to examine their effect on the conversion process. Antimycin A, dinitrophenol, oligomycin, and anaerobiosis (N2) inhibited the conversion, whereas sodium flouride and cycloheximide had no effect. In the second type of study, parathyroid slices were incubated with [3H]leucine for the entire incubation period. Lowered temperature and inhibitors of energy metabolism and microtubular function all lengthened the interval (lag) between the initial synthesis of [3H]parathormone. Cycloheximide, Tris, and chloroquine decreased the rates of protein synthesis and conversion, respectively, but none had any effect on the lag. We interpret the lag to represent the time of transit for proparathormone from rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi region. We conclude that this transfer process is independent of the synthesis of the prohormone and its conversion to the hormone. Moreover, this translocation requires metabolic energy and appears to be mediated by microtubules.", "PMID": 556615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2641", "title": "Characterization of the nuclear envelope, pore complexes, and dense lamina of mouse liver nuclei by high resolution scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "We have used high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the nuclear envelope components of isolated mouse liver nuclei. The surfaces of intact nuclei are covered by closely packed ribosomes which are distinguishable by SEM from nuclear pore complexes. After removal of nuclear membranes with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, the pore complexes remain attached to an underlying, peripheral nuclear lamina, as described by others. The surface of this dense lamina is composed of particulate granules, 75-150 A in diameter, which are contiguous over the entire periphery. We did not observe the pore-to-pore fibril network suggested by other investigators, but such a structure might be the framework upon which the dense lamina is formed. Morphometric analysis of pores and pore complexes shows their size, structure, and density to be similar to that of other mammalian cells. In addition, several types of pore complex-associated structures, not previously reported by other electron microscope (EM) techniques, are observed by SEM. Our studies suggest that the major role of the dense lamina is associated with the distribution, stability, and perhaps, biogenesis of nuclear pore complexes. Treatment of isolated nuclei with a combination of Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate removes membranes, dense lamina, and nuclear pore complexes. The resulting \"chromatin nuclei\" retain their integrity despite the absence of any limiting peripheral structures.", "contents": "Characterization of the nuclear envelope, pore complexes, and dense lamina of mouse liver nuclei by high resolution scanning electron microscopy. We have used high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the nuclear envelope components of isolated mouse liver nuclei. The surfaces of intact nuclei are covered by closely packed ribosomes which are distinguishable by SEM from nuclear pore complexes. After removal of nuclear membranes with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, the pore complexes remain attached to an underlying, peripheral nuclear lamina, as described by others. The surface of this dense lamina is composed of particulate granules, 75-150 A in diameter, which are contiguous over the entire periphery. We did not observe the pore-to-pore fibril network suggested by other investigators, but such a structure might be the framework upon which the dense lamina is formed. Morphometric analysis of pores and pore complexes shows their size, structure, and density to be similar to that of other mammalian cells. In addition, several types of pore complex-associated structures, not previously reported by other electron microscope (EM) techniques, are observed by SEM. Our studies suggest that the major role of the dense lamina is associated with the distribution, stability, and perhaps, biogenesis of nuclear pore complexes. Treatment of isolated nuclei with a combination of Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate removes membranes, dense lamina, and nuclear pore complexes. The resulting \"chromatin nuclei\" retain their integrity despite the absence of any limiting peripheral structures.", "PMID": 556616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2642", "title": "Identification of a sperm receptor on the surface of the eggs of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata.", "content": "The possibility that the surface of the egg of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata contains a species-specific receptor for sperm has been investigated. The extent of fertilization of eggs of A. punctulata, which is proportional to the number of sperm, is unaffected by the presence of either eggs or membranes prepared from eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In marked contrast, membranes prepared from eggs of A. punctulata quantitatively inhibit fertilization of A. punctulata eggs by A. punctulata sperm. Several lines of evidence indicate that this inhibition is due to the presence of a membrane-associated glycoprotein that binds to the sperm, thus preventing them from interacting with receptor on the surface of the eggs. First, eggs treated with trypsin are incapable of being fertilized, although they can be activated with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Moreover, membranes prepared from eggs pretreated with trypsin do not inhibit fertilization of eggs. Second, receptor isolated in soluble form from surface membranes binds to sperm and thus prevents them from fertilizing eggs; the inhibition by soluble receptor is species-specific. Third, the soluble receptor binds to concanavalin A-Sepharose. Fourth, eggs are incapable of being fertilized if they are pretreated with concanavalin A. The specificity of inhibition, and the affect of trypsin and concanavalin A on intact eggs, suggest that the receptor is a species-specific macromolecule located on the surface of the eggs. The sensitivity of the receptor to trypsin, and its ability to bind to concanavalin A, indicate that it is a glycoprotein.", "contents": "Identification of a sperm receptor on the surface of the eggs of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. The possibility that the surface of the egg of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata contains a species-specific receptor for sperm has been investigated. The extent of fertilization of eggs of A. punctulata, which is proportional to the number of sperm, is unaffected by the presence of either eggs or membranes prepared from eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In marked contrast, membranes prepared from eggs of A. punctulata quantitatively inhibit fertilization of A. punctulata eggs by A. punctulata sperm. Several lines of evidence indicate that this inhibition is due to the presence of a membrane-associated glycoprotein that binds to the sperm, thus preventing them from interacting with receptor on the surface of the eggs. First, eggs treated with trypsin are incapable of being fertilized, although they can be activated with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Moreover, membranes prepared from eggs pretreated with trypsin do not inhibit fertilization of eggs. Second, receptor isolated in soluble form from surface membranes binds to sperm and thus prevents them from fertilizing eggs; the inhibition by soluble receptor is species-specific. Third, the soluble receptor binds to concanavalin A-Sepharose. Fourth, eggs are incapable of being fertilized if they are pretreated with concanavalin A. The specificity of inhibition, and the affect of trypsin and concanavalin A on intact eggs, suggest that the receptor is a species-specific macromolecule located on the surface of the eggs. The sensitivity of the receptor to trypsin, and its ability to bind to concanavalin A, indicate that it is a glycoprotein.", "PMID": 556617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2643", "title": "Do aging changes in the preoptic area contribute to loss of cyclic endocrine function?", "content": "Two-year-old Wistar rats showing repeated periods of pseudopregnancy were compared with young rats that had electrolytic lesions placed in the medial preoptic area. Electrolytic lesions in the medial preoptic area in young rats induced repeated pseudopregnancies what were similar to those seen in the old pseudopregnant rats. Serum prolactin levels were elevated in both groups of rats. Administration of lergotrile mesylate (an ergot-dervied dopamine agonist and prolactin inhibitor) resulted in a reduction in serum prolactin levels and in the appearance of normal consecutive 4- or 5-day estrous cycles in the old rats and in the young rats with brain lesions. These results suggest that the repeated periods of pseudopregnancy in the aged rats may result from a deficiency in dopamine or from an abnormality in dopamine metabolism in neurons arising or passing through the medial preoptic area.", "contents": "Do aging changes in the preoptic area contribute to loss of cyclic endocrine function? Two-year-old Wistar rats showing repeated periods of pseudopregnancy were compared with young rats that had electrolytic lesions placed in the medial preoptic area. Electrolytic lesions in the medial preoptic area in young rats induced repeated pseudopregnancies what were similar to those seen in the old pseudopregnant rats. Serum prolactin levels were elevated in both groups of rats. Administration of lergotrile mesylate (an ergot-dervied dopamine agonist and prolactin inhibitor) resulted in a reduction in serum prolactin levels and in the appearance of normal consecutive 4- or 5-day estrous cycles in the old rats and in the young rats with brain lesions. These results suggest that the repeated periods of pseudopregnancy in the aged rats may result from a deficiency in dopamine or from an abnormality in dopamine metabolism in neurons arising or passing through the medial preoptic area.", "PMID": 556620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2644", "title": "Mepacrine, a tool for investigating the 5-hydroxytryptamine organelles of blood platelets by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "In the blood platelets of various species exposed to mepacrine, the average number of green-yellow fluorescent granules (probably identical with the 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT] storage organelles) corresponded to that of flashes emitted by the platelets on prolonged irradiation with violet-blue light. In platelets of fawn-hooded rats the number  of granules did not markedly differ from that of normal rat platelets, but the fluorescence intensity and the uptake of mepacrine in vitro showed a marked decrease and the flashes were less numerous. The heavy population of human platelets exhibited considerably more granular structures than the light population. The data suggest that (1) in normal, mepacrine-loaded platelets one flash corresponds to one 5-HT organelle and (2) mepacrine is a useful tool for investigating the number and function of the 5-HT organelles in live platelets and possibly for studying platelet age.", "contents": "Mepacrine, a tool for investigating the 5-hydroxytryptamine organelles of blood platelets by fluorescence microscopy. In the blood platelets of various species exposed to mepacrine, the average number of green-yellow fluorescent granules (probably identical with the 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT] storage organelles) corresponded to that of flashes emitted by the platelets on prolonged irradiation with violet-blue light. In platelets of fawn-hooded rats the number  of granules did not markedly differ from that of normal rat platelets, but the fluorescence intensity and the uptake of mepacrine in vitro showed a marked decrease and the flashes were less numerous. The heavy population of human platelets exhibited considerably more granular structures than the light population. The data suggest that (1) in normal, mepacrine-loaded platelets one flash corresponds to one 5-HT organelle and (2) mepacrine is a useful tool for investigating the number and function of the 5-HT organelles in live platelets and possibly for studying platelet age.", "PMID": 556622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2645", "title": "Hypotonic exchange-loading of erythrocytes. II. introduction of hemoglobins S and C into normal red cells.", "content": "A rapid, simple technique whereby erythrocytes transiently exposed to hypotonic hemoglobin preparations undergo exchange of endogenous for exogenous hemoglobin has now been applied to normal, hemoglobin A-containing erythrocytes into which hemoglobin S or hemoglobin C have been introduced. Erythrocytes containing an average of 12 to 61 percent of hemoglobin S undergo sickling when incubated in isotonic dithionite solution and are morphologically indistinguishable from natural sickle cells. Ultrastructural studies of thin sections of these artificial sickle cells show microfialments and fascicles which appear typical of microtubular tactoids of hemoglobin S seen in natural sickle cells. Erthrocytes containing 43 percent introduced hemoglobin C developed all of the morphologic alterations associated with intra-erythrocytic hemoglobin C, including hemoglobin aggregation, targetting, and intracellular crystallization, after inclbation for 24 hours in isotonic saline: dithionite. The results support the concept that the sickling process, and morphologic erythrocyte alterations occurring in hemoglobin C disorders are primary to the respective hemoglobins rather than the membrane. They also suggest that any role played by the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane in the development of these alterations is probably secondary and not specific to the inner membrane surface of the natural sickle cell or hemoglobin C-containing cell.", "contents": "Hypotonic exchange-loading of erythrocytes. II. introduction of hemoglobins S and C into normal red cells. A rapid, simple technique whereby erythrocytes transiently exposed to hypotonic hemoglobin preparations undergo exchange of endogenous for exogenous hemoglobin has now been applied to normal, hemoglobin A-containing erythrocytes into which hemoglobin S or hemoglobin C have been introduced. Erythrocytes containing an average of 12 to 61 percent of hemoglobin S undergo sickling when incubated in isotonic dithionite solution and are morphologically indistinguishable from natural sickle cells. Ultrastructural studies of thin sections of these artificial sickle cells show microfialments and fascicles which appear typical of microtubular tactoids of hemoglobin S seen in natural sickle cells. Erthrocytes containing 43 percent introduced hemoglobin C developed all of the morphologic alterations associated with intra-erythrocytic hemoglobin C, including hemoglobin aggregation, targetting, and intracellular crystallization, after inclbation for 24 hours in isotonic saline: dithionite. The results support the concept that the sickling process, and morphologic erythrocyte alterations occurring in hemoglobin C disorders are primary to the respective hemoglobins rather than the membrane. They also suggest that any role played by the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane in the development of these alterations is probably secondary and not specific to the inner membrane surface of the natural sickle cell or hemoglobin C-containing cell.", "PMID": 556623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2646", "title": "Trigeminal artery and microemboli to the brain stem. Report of two cases.", "content": "The authors report two cases of transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) involving the brain stem. The TIA's were due to microemboli that originated from a carotid bifurcation atherosclerotic plaque and travelled through a persistent trigeminal artery.", "contents": "Trigeminal artery and microemboli to the brain stem. Report of two cases. The authors report two cases of transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) involving the brain stem. The TIA's were due to microemboli that originated from a carotid bifurcation atherosclerotic plaque and travelled through a persistent trigeminal artery.", "PMID": 556624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2647", "title": "Fate of small diameter cervical veins grafted into the common carotid arteries of growing rabbits.", "content": "Autogenous cervical veins were grafted into the common carotid arteries of rabbits during their active growing period. A patency rate of 58.8% was achieved but the thin-walled vein grafts underwent massive dilatation. This dilatation is likely to severely limit the usefulness of these veins as a source of bridging grafts in clinical practice, particularly for use within the intracranial cavity.", "contents": "Fate of small diameter cervical veins grafted into the common carotid arteries of growing rabbits. Autogenous cervical veins were grafted into the common carotid arteries of rabbits during their active growing period. A patency rate of 58.8% was achieved but the thin-walled vein grafts underwent massive dilatation. This dilatation is likely to severely limit the usefulness of these veins as a source of bridging grafts in clinical practice, particularly for use within the intracranial cavity.", "PMID": 556625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2648", "title": "Cranial zygomycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis. Case report.", "content": "A previously healthy youth who had sustained severe head trauma and had received steroids and broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents developed a cranial zygomycotic infection with Saksenaea vasiformis. This is the first time this zygomycete has been implicated as a disease agent. Early identification of the fungal infection and subsequent vigorous medical and surgical therapy led to recovery.", "contents": "Cranial zygomycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis. Case report. A previously healthy youth who had sustained severe head trauma and had received steroids and broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents developed a cranial zygomycotic infection with Saksenaea vasiformis. This is the first time this zygomycete has been implicated as a disease agent. Early identification of the fungal infection and subsequent vigorous medical and surgical therapy led to recovery.", "PMID": 556626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2649", "title": "Dynamic imaging of the systemic perfusion of a lung cancer: case report.", "content": "Dynamic lung circulation scintigraphy employing intravenously administered 99mTc as pertechnetate was used to visualize the pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial circulations in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma. Computer-processed dynamic images and region-of-interest data were utilized to demonstrate differences between tumor and normal regions regarding pulmonary and systemic blood supplies.", "contents": "Dynamic imaging of the systemic perfusion of a lung cancer: case report. Dynamic lung circulation scintigraphy employing intravenously administered 99mTc as pertechnetate was used to visualize the pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial circulations in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma. Computer-processed dynamic images and region-of-interest data were utilized to demonstrate differences between tumor and normal regions regarding pulmonary and systemic blood supplies.", "PMID": 556627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2650", "title": "Principles of management of the persistent cloaca in the female newborn.", "content": "The persistent cloaca in the female newborn is one of the most complex and challenging developmental malformations that the pediatric urologist will encounter. A review of 5 patients seen at this center and 34 completely documented cases was undertaken to characterize the defects and devise a logical diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Diagnostic steps include the search for associated anomalies, which were present in the upper urinary tract (33 per cent), gastrointestinal tract (13 per cent), cardiovascular system (13 per cent), central nervous system (10 per cent) and respiratory tract (5 per cent). Delineation of the cloaca and its anatomic relationships is determined by abdominal x-rays, injection of contrast material into the cloacal channel, excretory urography and endoscopy with selective catheterization. Surgical treatment begins with a diverting right transverse colostomy in the newborn period followed by rectal pull-through when the patient weighs 25 pounds. Vaginal pull-through should be performed at the same time as the rectal pull-through if the vagina enters the cloaca high. If the cloacovaginal communication is low a vaginoplasty by a posterior flap procedure can be done when the child is 10 to 12 years old. Even is anatomy is reconstructed in an ideal manner urinary and fecal continence cannot be assured since congenital neurologic dysfunction is not uncommon.", "contents": "Principles of management of the persistent cloaca in the female newborn. The persistent cloaca in the female newborn is one of the most complex and challenging developmental malformations that the pediatric urologist will encounter. A review of 5 patients seen at this center and 34 completely documented cases was undertaken to characterize the defects and devise a logical diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Diagnostic steps include the search for associated anomalies, which were present in the upper urinary tract (33 per cent), gastrointestinal tract (13 per cent), cardiovascular system (13 per cent), central nervous system (10 per cent) and respiratory tract (5 per cent). Delineation of the cloaca and its anatomic relationships is determined by abdominal x-rays, injection of contrast material into the cloacal channel, excretory urography and endoscopy with selective catheterization. Surgical treatment begins with a diverting right transverse colostomy in the newborn period followed by rectal pull-through when the patient weighs 25 pounds. Vaginal pull-through should be performed at the same time as the rectal pull-through if the vagina enters the cloaca high. If the cloacovaginal communication is low a vaginoplasty by a posterior flap procedure can be done when the child is 10 to 12 years old. Even is anatomy is reconstructed in an ideal manner urinary and fecal continence cannot be assured since congenital neurologic dysfunction is not uncommon.", "PMID": 556633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2651", "title": "Long-term experience with porcine aortic valve xenografts.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1975, glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic valve xenografts were employed for isolated replacement of the mitral valve (MVR) in 243 patients, replacement of the aortic valve (AVR) in 167 patients, and double valve replacement (AVR and MVR) in 51 patients. Postoperatively, long-term anticoagulation was not routinely given. Operative mortality rates for AVR, MVR, and double valve groups were 7.8, 6.0, and 11.8 per cent, respectively; the majority of early postoperative deaths were associated with concomitant coronary artery disease. No death was attributable to xenograft dysfunction. Follow-up of all patients was obtained. The total duration of follow-up for the MVR group was 347 patient-years, for the AVR GROUP 148 148 patient-years, and for double valve replacement 37 patient-years; maximum follow-up for these three groups was 4.4, 4.0, and 2.4 years, respectively. Actuarial analysis of postoperative survival rates at a common interval of 3 years showed 78 per cent for MVR patients, 91 per cent for AVR patients, and 80 per cent (projected) for patients with double valve replacement (85, 96, and 91 per cent for operative survivors, respectively. At this same interval 92 per cent of MVR patients, 99 per cent of AVR patients, and 93 per cent (projected) of patients with double valve replacement were free of thromboembolic episodes. Altogether, 12 of the total 512 valves implanted exhibited some evidence of dysfunction during the entire period of follow-up evaluation, but in only 2 instances (both mitral) was intrinsic pathological involvement of the xenograft tissue documented. Actuarial analysis of xenograft dysfunction at a common interval of 3 years after operation showed 95 per cent of MVR patients, 98 per cent of AVR patients, and 97 per cent (projected) of patients with double valve replacement to be free of this complication. These data support the use of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine xenografts as superior bioprostheses that pose a low risk of thromboembolism without anticoagulation. The over-all durability of such valves, within the restriction of a maximum current follow-up interval of 4.4 years, appears comparable to that of currently available mechanical prostheses and justifies continued clinical use.", "contents": "Long-term experience with porcine aortic valve xenografts. Between 1971 and 1975, glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic valve xenografts were employed for isolated replacement of the mitral valve (MVR) in 243 patients, replacement of the aortic valve (AVR) in 167 patients, and double valve replacement (AVR and MVR) in 51 patients. Postoperatively, long-term anticoagulation was not routinely given. Operative mortality rates for AVR, MVR, and double valve groups were 7.8, 6.0, and 11.8 per cent, respectively; the majority of early postoperative deaths were associated with concomitant coronary artery disease. No death was attributable to xenograft dysfunction. Follow-up of all patients was obtained. The total duration of follow-up for the MVR group was 347 patient-years, for the AVR GROUP 148 148 patient-years, and for double valve replacement 37 patient-years; maximum follow-up for these three groups was 4.4, 4.0, and 2.4 years, respectively. Actuarial analysis of postoperative survival rates at a common interval of 3 years showed 78 per cent for MVR patients, 91 per cent for AVR patients, and 80 per cent (projected) for patients with double valve replacement (85, 96, and 91 per cent for operative survivors, respectively. At this same interval 92 per cent of MVR patients, 99 per cent of AVR patients, and 93 per cent (projected) of patients with double valve replacement were free of thromboembolic episodes. Altogether, 12 of the total 512 valves implanted exhibited some evidence of dysfunction during the entire period of follow-up evaluation, but in only 2 instances (both mitral) was intrinsic pathological involvement of the xenograft tissue documented. Actuarial analysis of xenograft dysfunction at a common interval of 3 years after operation showed 95 per cent of MVR patients, 98 per cent of AVR patients, and 97 per cent (projected) of patients with double valve replacement to be free of this complication. These data support the use of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine xenografts as superior bioprostheses that pose a low risk of thromboembolism without anticoagulation. The over-all durability of such valves, within the restriction of a maximum current follow-up interval of 4.4 years, appears comparable to that of currently available mechanical prostheses and justifies continued clinical use.", "PMID": 556634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2652", "title": "Isometric cardiac contraction. a possible cause of the disorganized myocardial pattern of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The bizarre septal architecture of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) may be secondary to a small systolic cavity with late systolic isometric contraction. We examined ventricular muscle for IHSS-type muscle-fiber disarray in infant hearts in which isometric contraction would occur during development-namely, pulmonary or aortic-valve atresia with intact ventricular septum and normal atrio-ventricular valves. Fifteen patients with aortic atresia and 10 with pulmonary atresia were compared to 25 normal controls of matched age and heart weight. Aortic atresia showed disorganization of muscle-fiber alignment of left ventricle, particularly septum, and intramural coronary-artery changes virtually identical to IHSS. Pulmonic atresia had similar right ventricular  disarray and vessel changes, again most marked in the septum. Thus, cardiac muscle-cell disorientation similar to IHSS occurs in infant ventricles with outflow-tract obstruction. This IHSS-type myocardial-fiber disarray may result from altered wall stresses related to isometric systolic contraction.", "contents": "Isometric cardiac contraction. a possible cause of the disorganized myocardial pattern of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The bizarre septal architecture of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) may be secondary to a small systolic cavity with late systolic isometric contraction. We examined ventricular muscle for IHSS-type muscle-fiber disarray in infant hearts in which isometric contraction would occur during development-namely, pulmonary or aortic-valve atresia with intact ventricular septum and normal atrio-ventricular valves. Fifteen patients with aortic atresia and 10 with pulmonary atresia were compared to 25 normal controls of matched age and heart weight. Aortic atresia showed disorganization of muscle-fiber alignment of left ventricle, particularly septum, and intramural coronary-artery changes virtually identical to IHSS. Pulmonic atresia had similar right ventricular  disarray and vessel changes, again most marked in the septum. Thus, cardiac muscle-cell disorientation similar to IHSS occurs in infant ventricles with outflow-tract obstruction. This IHSS-type myocardial-fiber disarray may result from altered wall stresses related to isometric systolic contraction.", "PMID": 556638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2653", "title": "Fetal movements and placental lactogen levels for fetal-placental evaluation. A preliminary report.", "content": "Fetal movements were measured by 37 pregnant women during a 10-minute period while they were lying on their left side at various times during the day with the highest rates in the evening. Preliminary assessments of fetal movement and serum hPL levels in pregnant women suggest that the two tests might complement each other in providing more information about the status of the placenta and fetus.", "contents": "Fetal movements and placental lactogen levels for fetal-placental evaluation. A preliminary report. Fetal movements were measured by 37 pregnant women during a 10-minute period while they were lying on their left side at various times during the day with the highest rates in the evening. Preliminary assessments of fetal movement and serum hPL levels in pregnant women suggest that the two tests might complement each other in providing more information about the status of the placenta and fetus.", "PMID": 556642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2654", "title": "Guidelines for the elective induction of labor with oral Prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Fifty multiparous patients at 37 weeks or more of gestation with a vertex presentation and a Bishop score of 7 or more had labor induced with oral Prostaglandin E2 tablets. All responded and delivered vaginally. The induction to delivery time averaged 4 hours and 44 minutes. The average number of tablets required was 3.64. Four women experienced nausea and an additional 4 women had some vomiting. Two patients showed hypertonus and 11 had frequent contractions. Many progressed rapidly after they began active labor. There was no evidence of fetal distress. Guidelines are suggested for the use of oral Prostaglandin E2 tablets to adequately control the labor process and prevent hypercontractility.", "contents": "Guidelines for the elective induction of labor with oral Prostaglandin E2. Fifty multiparous patients at 37 weeks or more of gestation with a vertex presentation and a Bishop score of 7 or more had labor induced with oral Prostaglandin E2 tablets. All responded and delivered vaginally. The induction to delivery time averaged 4 hours and 44 minutes. The average number of tablets required was 3.64. Four women experienced nausea and an additional 4 women had some vomiting. Two patients showed hypertonus and 11 had frequent contractions. Many progressed rapidly after they began active labor. There was no evidence of fetal distress. Guidelines are suggested for the use of oral Prostaglandin E2 tablets to adequately control the labor process and prevent hypercontractility.", "PMID": 556643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2655", "title": "Galactorrhea and amenorrhea in a patient with an empty sella.", "content": "A report of a patient with amenorrhea and galactorrhea who was shown, by tomopneumoencephalogram, to have an empty sella is presented. Endocrinologic testing revealed only a blunted human growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and acyclicity of plasma gonadotropins. Thyroid testing, ACTH, and metopirone responses were normal. In addition, plasma prolactin levels were found to be within the normal range. Most significantly, after the pneumoencephalogram the patient's menses returned and have continued at regular monthly intervals for 6 months. During this time there has been a significant decrease in the galactorrhea. This is the first patient described with an empty sella and galactorrhea. The clinical and endocribologic aspects of the empty sella are discussed.", "contents": "Galactorrhea and amenorrhea in a patient with an empty sella. A report of a patient with amenorrhea and galactorrhea who was shown, by tomopneumoencephalogram, to have an empty sella is presented. Endocrinologic testing revealed only a blunted human growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and acyclicity of plasma gonadotropins. Thyroid testing, ACTH, and metopirone responses were normal. In addition, plasma prolactin levels were found to be within the normal range. Most significantly, after the pneumoencephalogram the patient's menses returned and have continued at regular monthly intervals for 6 months. During this time there has been a significant decrease in the galactorrhea. This is the first patient described with an empty sella and galactorrhea. The clinical and endocribologic aspects of the empty sella are discussed.", "PMID": 556644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2656", "title": "Cutaneous stimulation and generation of breathing in the fetus.", "content": "The generation of spontaneous regular breathing by cutaneous stimulation and by direct electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve was examined in six previously apneic mature fetal lambs in utero. The fetuses were stable throughout the course of the experiments: PaO2 less than or equal to 27 mm Hg, PaCO2 less than 44 mm Hg, pH 7.29-7.34, blood pressure and heart rate steady and normal. It is shown that electrical stimulation of the fetal skin (66 cps, 4.0 msec, 6 V, 0.77 ma) can be as effective as direct stimulation of the sciatic nerve (66 cps, 4.0 msec, 1.5 V, 0.08 ma) when the higher voltage and current are used. Mechanical cutaneous stimulation also produced spontaneous breathing which, however, was short lived compared with that produced by electrical stimuli. The results are consonant with our concept of activation and recruitment of quiescent respiratory center neurones by somatic sensory stimulation, and they give fundamental support to the clinical observation of others that cutaneous stimulation is effective for the treatment of apnea of prematurity. Speculation Somatic sensory stimuli from the skin may be important determinants of the onset of breathing in the fetus and newborn.", "contents": "Cutaneous stimulation and generation of breathing in the fetus. The generation of spontaneous regular breathing by cutaneous stimulation and by direct electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve was examined in six previously apneic mature fetal lambs in utero. The fetuses were stable throughout the course of the experiments: PaO2 less than or equal to 27 mm Hg, PaCO2 less than 44 mm Hg, pH 7.29-7.34, blood pressure and heart rate steady and normal. It is shown that electrical stimulation of the fetal skin (66 cps, 4.0 msec, 6 V, 0.77 ma) can be as effective as direct stimulation of the sciatic nerve (66 cps, 4.0 msec, 1.5 V, 0.08 ma) when the higher voltage and current are used. Mechanical cutaneous stimulation also produced spontaneous breathing which, however, was short lived compared with that produced by electrical stimuli. The results are consonant with our concept of activation and recruitment of quiescent respiratory center neurones by somatic sensory stimulation, and they give fundamental support to the clinical observation of others that cutaneous stimulation is effective for the treatment of apnea of prematurity. Speculation Somatic sensory stimuli from the skin may be important determinants of the onset of breathing in the fetus and newborn.", "PMID": 556651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2657", "title": "Imbalance of globin chain synthesis in newborn infants with hemolytic disease after exchange transfusion.", "content": "The relative rates of beta-, gamma-, and alpha-globin chain formation in reticulocytes of six newborn infants ,ith hemolytic disease were determined before and in weekly intervals after exchange transfusion. Directly after birth (before exchange transfusion) the beta/alpha, gamma/alpha, and (beta + gamma)/alpha ratios in newborn infants with hemolytic disease (0.35 +/- 0.20, 0.67 +/- 0.12, and 1.06 +/- 0.29) were similar to those of normal newborn infants (0.33 +/- 0.07, 0.65 +/- 0.06, and 0.98 +/- 0.06). The gradual increase in the beta/alpha ratio seen during the postnatal period of eight normal newborn infants was also observed in newborn infants with hemolytic disease after exchange transfusion. In contrast, the gamma/alpha ratio was found to be increased (1.89 +/- 0.25) in all infants with hemolytic disease in the second week after exchange transfusion. The corresponding value for normal newborn infants was 0.48 +/- 0.25. After exchange transfusion the number of hemoglobin F-containing erythrocytes increased. Possible reasohs for this imbalance of globin chain formation after exchange transfusion may be the decreased erythropoiesis and/or the abnormal high hemoglobin A concentration after exchange transfusion or the introduction of an unknown, gamma chain formation-stimulating agent by exchange transfusion. Speculation In newborn infants with hemolytic disease the repression of gamma-globin chain formation normally seen during the postnatal period is replaced by a stimulated gamma-globin chain production after exchange transfusion.", "contents": "Imbalance of globin chain synthesis in newborn infants with hemolytic disease after exchange transfusion. The relative rates of beta-, gamma-, and alpha-globin chain formation in reticulocytes of six newborn infants ,ith hemolytic disease were determined before and in weekly intervals after exchange transfusion. Directly after birth (before exchange transfusion) the beta/alpha, gamma/alpha, and (beta + gamma)/alpha ratios in newborn infants with hemolytic disease (0.35 +/- 0.20, 0.67 +/- 0.12, and 1.06 +/- 0.29) were similar to those of normal newborn infants (0.33 +/- 0.07, 0.65 +/- 0.06, and 0.98 +/- 0.06). The gradual increase in the beta/alpha ratio seen during the postnatal period of eight normal newborn infants was also observed in newborn infants with hemolytic disease after exchange transfusion. In contrast, the gamma/alpha ratio was found to be increased (1.89 +/- 0.25) in all infants with hemolytic disease in the second week after exchange transfusion. The corresponding value for normal newborn infants was 0.48 +/- 0.25. After exchange transfusion the number of hemoglobin F-containing erythrocytes increased. Possible reasohs for this imbalance of globin chain formation after exchange transfusion may be the decreased erythropoiesis and/or the abnormal high hemoglobin A concentration after exchange transfusion or the introduction of an unknown, gamma chain formation-stimulating agent by exchange transfusion. Speculation In newborn infants with hemolytic disease the repression of gamma-globin chain formation normally seen during the postnatal period is replaced by a stimulated gamma-globin chain production after exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 556652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2658", "title": "Lateral transport of a lipid probe and labeled proteins on a cell membrane.", "content": "Diffusion coefficients (D) of a lipid probe and labeled proteins on L-6 myoblast membranes have been measured giving D(protein) approximately 2 X 10(-10) square centimeter per second and D (lipid probe) approximately 9 X 10(-9) square centimeter per second. Some of the membrane proteins are immobile, but the lipid probe diffuses freely over macroscopic distances. Cytochalasin B slows protein but not lipid probe diffusion.", "contents": "Lateral transport of a lipid probe and labeled proteins on a cell membrane. Diffusion coefficients (D) of a lipid probe and labeled proteins on L-6 myoblast membranes have been measured giving D(protein) approximately 2 X 10(-10) square centimeter per second and D (lipid probe) approximately 9 X 10(-9) square centimeter per second. Some of the membrane proteins are immobile, but the lipid probe diffuses freely over macroscopic distances. Cytochalasin B slows protein but not lipid probe diffusion.", "PMID": 556653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2659", "title": "Properties of bovine fibrin absorbable implants.", "content": "The assimilation characteristics of absorbable bovine fibrin implants in an experimental situation are described, and the effect of delaying absorption with formaldehyde treatment is demonstrated. Essentially, in vivo in the rat, Biethium fibrin implants are absorbed in approximately four to eight weeks because of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte digestion. An indication of the clinical uses in stress incontinence and hemorrhage of the liver are given, together with a look at the future of some of the other areas in which this absorbable, biologic plastic may fit into the surgeon's armamentarium to replace deficient or destroyed tissue.", "contents": "Properties of bovine fibrin absorbable implants. The assimilation characteristics of absorbable bovine fibrin implants in an experimental situation are described, and the effect of delaying absorption with formaldehyde treatment is demonstrated. Essentially, in vivo in the rat, Biethium fibrin implants are absorbed in approximately four to eight weeks because of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte digestion. An indication of the clinical uses in stress incontinence and hemorrhage of the liver are given, together with a look at the future of some of the other areas in which this absorbable, biologic plastic may fit into the surgeon's armamentarium to replace deficient or destroyed tissue.", "PMID": 556654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2660", "title": "Clinical use of immunoelectrophoresis of split ejaculates. I. Variation of patterns due to antisera.", "content": "As a preliminary investigation for the clinical application of immunoelectrophoresis of ejaculate in the diagnosis of male reproductive organ diseases, variations of immunoelectrophoretic patterns in normal subjects due to the difference of antigenicity between split ejaculates were demonstrated with rabbit antisera. Fresh samples and antisera against them gave larger numbers of and more intense precipitin lines than in stored samples. The precipitin lines developed by acid phosphatase were most remarkable between first portion of ejaculate (F1) and anti-F1, whereas the line caused by protein from the seminal vesicle was most prominent between the remainder of the ejaculate following F1 (F2) and anti-F2.", "contents": "Clinical use of immunoelectrophoresis of split ejaculates. I. Variation of patterns due to antisera. As a preliminary investigation for the clinical application of immunoelectrophoresis of ejaculate in the diagnosis of male reproductive organ diseases, variations of immunoelectrophoretic patterns in normal subjects due to the difference of antigenicity between split ejaculates were demonstrated with rabbit antisera. Fresh samples and antisera against them gave larger numbers of and more intense precipitin lines than in stored samples. The precipitin lines developed by acid phosphatase were most remarkable between first portion of ejaculate (F1) and anti-F1, whereas the line caused by protein from the seminal vesicle was most prominent between the remainder of the ejaculate following F1 (F2) and anti-F2.", "PMID": 556657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2661", "title": "Integral storage and voiding reflexes. Neurophysiologic concept of continence and micturition.", "content": "It is a common clinical misconception to regard the spinal micturition reflex center as fundamentally overactive and dependent on cerebral inhibition. Initiation and cessation of micturition is simplistically viewed as a manifestation of voluntary withdrawal and resumption of inhibitory corticospinal \"regulation''. This view is in conflict with basic neurophysiologic experimental data. Actually, the organization of the micturition reflex is extremely complex. It is affected by multiple sources of facilitative and inhibitory influence, peripheral as well as central. During the past half century, at least twelve reflexes involved in urine storage and coordinated micturition have been described by various neurologic investigators. In this article the integral reflexes are identified and described. A functional organization of the integral reflexes which includes a modern concept of their role in the physiology of urine storage and micturition is presented. It is implicit that overactivity or functional failure of any one or combination of the integral reflexes may cause a significant disorder of lower urinary tract function.", "contents": "Integral storage and voiding reflexes. Neurophysiologic concept of continence and micturition. It is a common clinical misconception to regard the spinal micturition reflex center as fundamentally overactive and dependent on cerebral inhibition. Initiation and cessation of micturition is simplistically viewed as a manifestation of voluntary withdrawal and resumption of inhibitory corticospinal \"regulation''. This view is in conflict with basic neurophysiologic experimental data. Actually, the organization of the micturition reflex is extremely complex. It is affected by multiple sources of facilitative and inhibitory influence, peripheral as well as central. During the past half century, at least twelve reflexes involved in urine storage and coordinated micturition have been described by various neurologic investigators. In this article the integral reflexes are identified and described. A functional organization of the integral reflexes which includes a modern concept of their role in the physiology of urine storage and micturition is presented. It is implicit that overactivity or functional failure of any one or combination of the integral reflexes may cause a significant disorder of lower urinary tract function.", "PMID": 556658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2662", "title": "Dog bites.", "content": "Dog bites can be prevented by proper education of children, appropriate selection of family pets and the restraint of guard dogs in the community. An unusually high incidence of bites by German shepherds was observed in this study. Treatment of injuries inflicted by dogs should include: careful wound toilet, appropriate excision of damaged tissues, careful wound repair with adequate drainage and systematic therapy with selected antibiotics.", "contents": "Dog bites. Dog bites can be prevented by proper education of children, appropriate selection of family pets and the restraint of guard dogs in the community. An unusually high incidence of bites by German shepherds was observed in this study. Treatment of injuries inflicted by dogs should include: careful wound toilet, appropriate excision of damaged tissues, careful wound repair with adequate drainage and systematic therapy with selected antibiotics.", "PMID": 556659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2663", "title": "Complete heart block as a cause of syncope in asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "content": "This case report presents a young adult with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) and syncope. Infranodal complete heart block was demonstrated as his cause for syncope. Therapy consisted of implantation of a A-V sequential pacemaker. Cardiac output determinations and systolic time intervals demonstrated the beneficial effects of properly timed atrial contractions.", "contents": "Complete heart block as a cause of syncope in asymmetric septal hypertrophy. This case report presents a young adult with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) and syncope. Infranodal complete heart block was demonstrated as his cause for syncope. Therapy consisted of implantation of a A-V sequential pacemaker. Cardiac output determinations and systolic time intervals demonstrated the beneficial effects of properly timed atrial contractions.", "PMID": 556660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2664", "title": "Development of \"subaortic stenosis\" after pulmonary arterial banding for common ventricle.", "content": "Progressive narrowing of the bulboventricular foramen is documented in four patients with single ventricle. The morphologic features in each case corresponded to single left ventricle with infundibular chamber. Two patients had a D-ventricular loop and the other two an L-loop. All four patients had transposition of the great arteries. Restriction of the bulboventricular foramen thus resulted in functional subaortic stenosis because the aorta originated above the infundibular chamber. The development of subaortic obstruction was documented by serial cardiac catheterization studies in two infants, one of whom underwent unsuccessful surgical enlargement of the bulboventricular foramen. In the other two patients the initial cardiac catheterization revealed no pressure gradient between the ventricle and aorta, but examination at necropsy revealed very severe obstruction at the bulboventricular foramen, thus suggesting that the obstruction had been acquired. In each patient, the progressive narrowing of the bulboventricular foramen occurred after pulmonary arterial banding and may have been causally related to this procedure. This functional subaortic obstruction developed in 4 of 31 patients (12.9 percent) with single left ventricle, transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary arterial banding. Clinical recognition of this development is predicated on (1) awareness that narrowing of the bulboventricular foramen in patients with single ventricle and pulmonary arterial banding may be common; (2) presence of symptoms such as angina; and (3) lack of continued clinical improvement in a patient whose pulmonary arterial band has significantly reduced pulmonary blood flow. Management of this subaortic stenosis requires surgical intervention. In the infant, a ventriculotomy in the outlet chamber will usually provide excellent exposure of the bulboventricular foramen, and surgical enlargement can be accomplished. In the older child with severe obstruction, marked muscle hypertrophy may obliterate the ventricular cavity, making ventricular partitioning difficult if not impossible.", "contents": "Development of \"subaortic stenosis\" after pulmonary arterial banding for common ventricle. Progressive narrowing of the bulboventricular foramen is documented in four patients with single ventricle. The morphologic features in each case corresponded to single left ventricle with infundibular chamber. Two patients had a D-ventricular loop and the other two an L-loop. All four patients had transposition of the great arteries. Restriction of the bulboventricular foramen thus resulted in functional subaortic stenosis because the aorta originated above the infundibular chamber. The development of subaortic obstruction was documented by serial cardiac catheterization studies in two infants, one of whom underwent unsuccessful surgical enlargement of the bulboventricular foramen. In the other two patients the initial cardiac catheterization revealed no pressure gradient between the ventricle and aorta, but examination at necropsy revealed very severe obstruction at the bulboventricular foramen, thus suggesting that the obstruction had been acquired. In each patient, the progressive narrowing of the bulboventricular foramen occurred after pulmonary arterial banding and may have been causally related to this procedure. This functional subaortic obstruction developed in 4 of 31 patients (12.9 percent) with single left ventricle, transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary arterial banding. Clinical recognition of this development is predicated on (1) awareness that narrowing of the bulboventricular foramen in patients with single ventricle and pulmonary arterial banding may be common; (2) presence of symptoms such as angina; and (3) lack of continued clinical improvement in a patient whose pulmonary arterial band has significantly reduced pulmonary blood flow. Management of this subaortic stenosis requires surgical intervention. In the infant, a ventriculotomy in the outlet chamber will usually provide excellent exposure of the bulboventricular foramen, and surgical enlargement can be accomplished. In the older child with severe obstruction, marked muscle hypertrophy may obliterate the ventricular cavity, making ventricular partitioning difficult if not impossible.", "PMID": 556661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2665", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with C'3 vascular deposits: report of a case.", "content": "A case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a young woman in which platelet microthrombi were distributed in small vessels throughout the body is reported. IgM and complement (C'3) were demonstrated in capillary and small arteriole walls by immunofluorescent microscopy. These findings support the findings of a previous case report, and are further evidence for a possible primary immune etiology for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with C'3 vascular deposits: report of a case. A case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a young woman in which platelet microthrombi were distributed in small vessels throughout the body is reported. IgM and complement (C'3) were demonstrated in capillary and small arteriole walls by immunofluorescent microscopy. These findings support the findings of a previous case report, and are further evidence for a possible primary immune etiology for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "PMID": 556662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2666", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in acinar epithelial cells separated from the mammary gland of the rat at intervals during the course of lactation.", "content": "Acinar epithelial cells were purifed from suspensions of cells from the lactating mammary glands of rats. As described previously, this purififaction was accomplished by sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll (polysucrose) in tissue culture medium, and the purity of the separated cells was established by electron microscopy and by histochemical markers. Isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were investigated at various intervals during lactation in separated populations of stromal and acinar cells. Acinar cells contained three- to eightfold more glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than did stromal cells. The proportions of the respective isoenzymes varied during the course of lactation, and the observed changes were parallel in purified acinar cells and in the lactating mammary glands from which the cell suspensions were obtained. The availability of purified acinar cells in the investigation of interactions between hormones and cells from the mammary gland permits a greater degree of specificity than has been possible in the study of mammary cell suspensions which contain myoepithelial cells, duct cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, fat cells, mast cells, plasma cells, and blood cells.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in acinar epithelial cells separated from the mammary gland of the rat at intervals during the course of lactation. Acinar epithelial cells were purifed from suspensions of cells from the lactating mammary glands of rats. As described previously, this purififaction was accomplished by sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll (polysucrose) in tissue culture medium, and the purity of the separated cells was established by electron microscopy and by histochemical markers. Isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were investigated at various intervals during lactation in separated populations of stromal and acinar cells. Acinar cells contained three- to eightfold more glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than did stromal cells. The proportions of the respective isoenzymes varied during the course of lactation, and the observed changes were parallel in purified acinar cells and in the lactating mammary glands from which the cell suspensions were obtained. The availability of purified acinar cells in the investigation of interactions between hormones and cells from the mammary gland permits a greater degree of specificity than has been possible in the study of mammary cell suspensions which contain myoepithelial cells, duct cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, fat cells, mast cells, plasma cells, and blood cells.", "PMID": 556665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2667", "title": "Assessment of vagal control of the heart in diabetes. Measures of R-R interval variation under different conditions.", "content": "R-R intervals and R-R interval variation were measured in 2 selected groups of diabetic subjects; 1 group was selected because vagal control of the heart appeared normal, the other group was selected because they lacked vagal control of the heart. The means of the R-R intervals for the 2 groups were not significantly different under various conditions (sleeping, lying, during deep breathing, sitting, standing, and during upright activity). The standard deviations of the R-R intervals for the 2 groups were only significantly different during deep breathing and upright activity. It is suggested that cardiac vagal function is not reliably assessed by measurement of R-R interval variation during quiet standing, but useful information may be obtained during deep breathing.", "contents": "Assessment of vagal control of the heart in diabetes. Measures of R-R interval variation under different conditions. R-R intervals and R-R interval variation were measured in 2 selected groups of diabetic subjects; 1 group was selected because vagal control of the heart appeared normal, the other group was selected because they lacked vagal control of the heart. The means of the R-R intervals for the 2 groups were not significantly different under various conditions (sleeping, lying, during deep breathing, sitting, standing, and during upright activity). The standard deviations of the R-R intervals for the 2 groups were only significantly different during deep breathing and upright activity. It is suggested that cardiac vagal function is not reliably assessed by measurement of R-R interval variation during quiet standing, but useful information may be obtained during deep breathing.", "PMID": 556668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2668", "title": "End-diastolic amplitude of mitral valve echogram in mitral stenosis.", "content": "By using simultaneous recordings of the mitral valve echogram and apex cardiogram, the mitral echogram amplitude was measured at the onset of left ventricular isovolumic contraction (MAIC). Twenty normal subjects and 68 patients with a reduced diastolic closure rate in the mitral valve echogram were studied. Of these patients, 53 had mitral stenosis, 6 aortic valvar stenosis, and 9 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In the normal subjects the MAIC ranged between 2 and 4 mm, average 2-7 mm, in the patients with aortic valvar stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy between 2 and 4 mm, average 2-9 mm, and in the patients with mitral stenosis between 6 and 17 mm, average 11-3 mm. The DE/MAIC ratio, where DE represents the opening amplitude of the mitral valve in early diastole, was between 3-3 and 6-5, average 5-1, in normal subjects; in the patients with aortic stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy the DE/MAIC ratio was between 2-7 and 6-5, average 4-2, and in the patients with mitral stenosis between 0-7 and 1-5, average 1-1. An excellent correlation was found between the DE/MAIC ratio and mitral valve area in the patients with mitral stenosis (r = 0-84, P less than 0-01) while the correlation between the diastolic closure rate and valve area was less satisfactory (4 = 0-62, P less than 0-01). These findings suggest that in cases with a reduced diastolic closure rate for reasons other than mitral stenosis, error can be avoided by using the DE/MAIC ratio.", "contents": "End-diastolic amplitude of mitral valve echogram in mitral stenosis. By using simultaneous recordings of the mitral valve echogram and apex cardiogram, the mitral echogram amplitude was measured at the onset of left ventricular isovolumic contraction (MAIC). Twenty normal subjects and 68 patients with a reduced diastolic closure rate in the mitral valve echogram were studied. Of these patients, 53 had mitral stenosis, 6 aortic valvar stenosis, and 9 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In the normal subjects the MAIC ranged between 2 and 4 mm, average 2-7 mm, in the patients with aortic valvar stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy between 2 and 4 mm, average 2-9 mm, and in the patients with mitral stenosis between 6 and 17 mm, average 11-3 mm. The DE/MAIC ratio, where DE represents the opening amplitude of the mitral valve in early diastole, was between 3-3 and 6-5, average 5-1, in normal subjects; in the patients with aortic stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy the DE/MAIC ratio was between 2-7 and 6-5, average 4-2, and in the patients with mitral stenosis between 0-7 and 1-5, average 1-1. An excellent correlation was found between the DE/MAIC ratio and mitral valve area in the patients with mitral stenosis (r = 0-84, P less than 0-01) while the correlation between the diastolic closure rate and valve area was less satisfactory (4 = 0-62, P less than 0-01). These findings suggest that in cases with a reduced diastolic closure rate for reasons other than mitral stenosis, error can be avoided by using the DE/MAIC ratio.", "PMID": 556669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2669", "title": "Structural basis of heme reactivity in myoglobin and leghemoglobin: thermal difference spectra.", "content": "Thermal pertubation difference spectra of sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) and soybean leghemoglobin a (Lb a) in the near-ultraviolet reveal similarities in the tryptophan environment of the two proteins. Of the two tryptophans in each protein, one has its indolyl NH group fully exposed to aqueous solvent, while the other behaves as if it were surrounded by motile but nonpolar residues with little access to water. These environments are not significantly altered by removal of the heme group. Assuming conformational homology, the helix-spacing role of Trp-A12 in Mb (Kendrew, J.C. (1962), Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 15, 216-228) may be taken over, in Lb a, by Trp-H8 which, though remote in linear sequence, would occupy a suitable spatial location. Thermal difference spectra in the Soret and visible regions of pure high-spin (fluoroferric) and pure low-spin (cyanoferric) complexes showed a red shift on cooling Mb complexes, reflecting a predominantly nonpolar environment around the heme, but a blue shift on cooling Lb complexes, reflecting a more solvent-exposed environment. Thermal difference spectra using rose bengal as a probe of the heme pockets in the two apoproteins supported these conclusions. Thermal difference spectra for the high-spin complexes of both Mb and Lb are slightly larger in magnitude than in the low-spin complexes. This may reflect a more flexible heme pocket in the high-spin state, as suggested by recent circular dichroic results. A structural basis for the high oxygen affinity of Lb compared with Mb is proposed, based upon the observed differences in polarity and flexibility of the heme pocket and in amino acid substitutions.", "contents": "Structural basis of heme reactivity in myoglobin and leghemoglobin: thermal difference spectra. Thermal pertubation difference spectra of sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) and soybean leghemoglobin a (Lb a) in the near-ultraviolet reveal similarities in the tryptophan environment of the two proteins. Of the two tryptophans in each protein, one has its indolyl NH group fully exposed to aqueous solvent, while the other behaves as if it were surrounded by motile but nonpolar residues with little access to water. These environments are not significantly altered by removal of the heme group. Assuming conformational homology, the helix-spacing role of Trp-A12 in Mb (Kendrew, J.C. (1962), Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 15, 216-228) may be taken over, in Lb a, by Trp-H8 which, though remote in linear sequence, would occupy a suitable spatial location. Thermal difference spectra in the Soret and visible regions of pure high-spin (fluoroferric) and pure low-spin (cyanoferric) complexes showed a red shift on cooling Mb complexes, reflecting a predominantly nonpolar environment around the heme, but a blue shift on cooling Lb complexes, reflecting a more solvent-exposed environment. Thermal difference spectra using rose bengal as a probe of the heme pockets in the two apoproteins supported these conclusions. Thermal difference spectra for the high-spin complexes of both Mb and Lb are slightly larger in magnitude than in the low-spin complexes. This may reflect a more flexible heme pocket in the high-spin state, as suggested by recent circular dichroic results. A structural basis for the high oxygen affinity of Lb compared with Mb is proposed, based upon the observed differences in polarity and flexibility of the heme pocket and in amino acid substitutions.", "PMID": 556670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2670", "title": "Interaction of palladium (II) with DNA.", "content": "The nature of interaction of palladium (II) with calf thymus DNA was studied using viscometry, ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrophotometry and optical rotatory disperison and circular dichroism measurements. The results indicate that Pd(II) interacts with both the phosphate and bases of DNA. The ORD/CD data indicate that the binding of Pd(II) to DNA brings about considerable conformational changes in DNA.", "contents": "Interaction of palladium (II) with DNA. The nature of interaction of palladium (II) with calf thymus DNA was studied using viscometry, ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrophotometry and optical rotatory disperison and circular dichroism measurements. The results indicate that Pd(II) interacts with both the phosphate and bases of DNA. The ORD/CD data indicate that the binding of Pd(II) to DNA brings about considerable conformational changes in DNA.", "PMID": 556671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2671", "title": "Isolation of collagen glucosyltransferase as a homogeneous protein from chick embryos.", "content": "Collagen glucosyltransferase was isolated as a homogeneous protein from chick embryos by a procedure consisting of ammonium sulphate fractionation, two affinity chromatographies and two gel filtrations. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 32,000 times that of the 15,000 x g supernatant of the embryo homogenate, and the enzyme was pure when examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using three different gel compositions. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 72,000-78,000 by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the value being dependent on the gel composition. The apparent molecular weight by gel filtration was dependent on the purity and protein concentration. The sedimentation coefficient S20,w was 4.7. The data suggest that the enzyme molecule consists of one polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Isolation of collagen glucosyltransferase as a homogeneous protein from chick embryos. Collagen glucosyltransferase was isolated as a homogeneous protein from chick embryos by a procedure consisting of ammonium sulphate fractionation, two affinity chromatographies and two gel filtrations. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 32,000 times that of the 15,000 x g supernatant of the embryo homogenate, and the enzyme was pure when examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using three different gel compositions. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 72,000-78,000 by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the value being dependent on the gel composition. The apparent molecular weight by gel filtration was dependent on the purity and protein concentration. The sedimentation coefficient S20,w was 4.7. The data suggest that the enzyme molecule consists of one polypeptide chain.", "PMID": 556672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2672", "title": "Computerized tomography using the EMI general purpose scanner.", "content": "The EMI general Purpose Scanner is briefly described, with particular reference to the use of window height and window width variations. Patient preparation in relation to movement artefacts and contrast medium is considered, and a method of localization of tomographic sections is described. The Scanner produces brain examinations of high quality. Because a head water bath is no longer required, the base of the skull can also be examined. In the thorax computerized tomography is particularly valuable in showing pleural disease in the forms of thickening, plaques or tumours, and in demonstrating retrosternal lymph node enlargement. Small peripheral metastases can be identified when not shown by conventional tomography. In the abdomen lymph node masses, retroperitoneal tumours and pancreatic disease has been identified, often more completely than by other methods, or where other methods have failed. This has proved particularly valuable in the grading of malignant disease and in the monitoring of subsequent treatment. It is particularly helpful in the planning of radiotherapy. Metastases in liver and bone can be clearly defined when still quite small (0-5.1 cm), but comparison with other methods of diagnosis such as grey scale ultrasound and isotope scanning will be needed before the role of computerized tomography in evaluating these lesions is known.", "contents": "Computerized tomography using the EMI general purpose scanner. The EMI general Purpose Scanner is briefly described, with particular reference to the use of window height and window width variations. Patient preparation in relation to movement artefacts and contrast medium is considered, and a method of localization of tomographic sections is described. The Scanner produces brain examinations of high quality. Because a head water bath is no longer required, the base of the skull can also be examined. In the thorax computerized tomography is particularly valuable in showing pleural disease in the forms of thickening, plaques or tumours, and in demonstrating retrosternal lymph node enlargement. Small peripheral metastases can be identified when not shown by conventional tomography. In the abdomen lymph node masses, retroperitoneal tumours and pancreatic disease has been identified, often more completely than by other methods, or where other methods have failed. This has proved particularly valuable in the grading of malignant disease and in the monitoring of subsequent treatment. It is particularly helpful in the planning of radiotherapy. Metastases in liver and bone can be clearly defined when still quite small (0-5.1 cm), but comparison with other methods of diagnosis such as grey scale ultrasound and isotope scanning will be needed before the role of computerized tomography in evaluating these lesions is known.", "PMID": 556674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2673", "title": "Single unit recording in the midbrain of rats during shock-elicited fighting behavior.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded extracellularly from the midbrain of rats during fighting behavior and during non-fighting control manipulations. Fighting behavior was elicited by footshock or startle stimuli or occurred spontaneously as a result of prior footshock presentations. Seven cells were found in the midbrain reticular formation and central gray which displayed maximum firing rates during fighting behavior. These cells also fired to a limited extent to some of the control manipulations, particularly contralateral vibrissae stimulation. These cells fired phasically during fighting behavior and their firing was correlated with either the approach or paw-strike of the opponent animal or to the response of the recording animal to a tactic of the opponent animal. However, no specific movement or sensory event reliably predicted the firing of these cells during fight sequences. Cells located in other midbrain areas, such as the deep tectum or the area of the red nucleus, also responded during fighting behavior. However, the discharge of these cells was correlated with specific body movements or sensory events. The activity during fighting was similar in rate and pattern to activity during control manipulations whenever similar movements or sensory stimulation were produced. Cells were also found which did not discharge during fighting behavior although they fired under a variety of other conditions.", "contents": "Single unit recording in the midbrain of rats during shock-elicited fighting behavior. Single unit activity was recorded extracellularly from the midbrain of rats during fighting behavior and during non-fighting control manipulations. Fighting behavior was elicited by footshock or startle stimuli or occurred spontaneously as a result of prior footshock presentations. Seven cells were found in the midbrain reticular formation and central gray which displayed maximum firing rates during fighting behavior. These cells also fired to a limited extent to some of the control manipulations, particularly contralateral vibrissae stimulation. These cells fired phasically during fighting behavior and their firing was correlated with either the approach or paw-strike of the opponent animal or to the response of the recording animal to a tactic of the opponent animal. However, no specific movement or sensory event reliably predicted the firing of these cells during fight sequences. Cells located in other midbrain areas, such as the deep tectum or the area of the red nucleus, also responded during fighting behavior. However, the discharge of these cells was correlated with specific body movements or sensory events. The activity during fighting was similar in rate and pattern to activity during control manipulations whenever similar movements or sensory stimulation were produced. Cells were also found which did not discharge during fighting behavior although they fired under a variety of other conditions.", "PMID": 556677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2674", "title": "Parallel changes in behaviour and hippocampal serotonin metabolism in rats following treatment with desglycinamide lysine vasopressin.", "content": "Application of a foot shock during the acquisition trial of a one-trial passive avoidance task is associated with a rise in the concentration of serotonin in the hippocampus 24 h after conclusion of the acquisition trial. Carbon dioxide (CO2) induces amnesia for the passive avoidance response when administered immediately upon termination of the acquisition trial. In rats subjected to CO2 treatment following foot shock the rise in hippocampal serotonin is not observed 24 h later. The vasopressin analogue desglycinamide lysine vasopressin attenuates CO2-induced amnesia for the passive avoidance response when given prior to either the acquisition or the retrieval test (24 h after acquisition). This attenuation of the passive avoidance response is associated with a rise in the hippocampal serotonin concentration similar to the one observed in non-amnesic animals. It is suggested that a correlation exists between changes in hippocampal serotonin metabolism and the retrievability of the passive avoidance response.", "contents": "Parallel changes in behaviour and hippocampal serotonin metabolism in rats following treatment with desglycinamide lysine vasopressin. Application of a foot shock during the acquisition trial of a one-trial passive avoidance task is associated with a rise in the concentration of serotonin in the hippocampus 24 h after conclusion of the acquisition trial. Carbon dioxide (CO2) induces amnesia for the passive avoidance response when administered immediately upon termination of the acquisition trial. In rats subjected to CO2 treatment following foot shock the rise in hippocampal serotonin is not observed 24 h later. The vasopressin analogue desglycinamide lysine vasopressin attenuates CO2-induced amnesia for the passive avoidance response when given prior to either the acquisition or the retrieval test (24 h after acquisition). This attenuation of the passive avoidance response is associated with a rise in the hippocampal serotonin concentration similar to the one observed in non-amnesic animals. It is suggested that a correlation exists between changes in hippocampal serotonin metabolism and the retrievability of the passive avoidance response.", "PMID": 556678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2675", "title": "The evaluation of tests.", "content": "In order to correctly evaluate a test, at least four attributes should be measured: namely, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and precision. Sensitivity is the proportion of diseased animals which are correctly identified, whereas specificity is the proportion of healthy animals which are correctly identified. These two attributes are important, not only because of the reasons implied by their definition but because they influence both the apparent prevalence of disease and proportion of test-positive animals which are actually diseased. The ability of a test to give a true measurement of the substance being measured, its accuracy, and its ability to give consistent results on the same sample, its precision, are good measures of quality control. Both these attributes influence the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Inaccuracies and inconsistencies arise from the test itself, the technician and the nature of the sample being tested.", "contents": "The evaluation of tests. In order to correctly evaluate a test, at least four attributes should be measured: namely, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and precision. Sensitivity is the proportion of diseased animals which are correctly identified, whereas specificity is the proportion of healthy animals which are correctly identified. These two attributes are important, not only because of the reasons implied by their definition but because they influence both the apparent prevalence of disease and proportion of test-positive animals which are actually diseased. The ability of a test to give a true measurement of the substance being measured, its accuracy, and its ability to give consistent results on the same sample, its precision, are good measures of quality control. Both these attributes influence the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Inaccuracies and inconsistencies arise from the test itself, the technician and the nature of the sample being tested.", "PMID": 556679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2676", "title": "Effect of hydrolyzed formaldehyde-treated RNA on neoplastic and normal human cells.", "content": "Alkaline hydrolysate of dialyzed formaldehyde-treated RNA, in which 39% of purine nucleotides are modified to methylene bis derivatives (R-CH2-R'), displays cytotoxic activity toward cultured human tumor cells. The alkaline hydrolysate of dialyzed formaldehyde-treated RNA is substantially less toxic to normal human embryonic cells. There is a correlation between the cytotoxic effect and cell growth rate, which has been traced by quantitative tests.", "contents": "Effect of hydrolyzed formaldehyde-treated RNA on neoplastic and normal human cells. Alkaline hydrolysate of dialyzed formaldehyde-treated RNA, in which 39% of purine nucleotides are modified to methylene bis derivatives (R-CH2-R'), displays cytotoxic activity toward cultured human tumor cells. The alkaline hydrolysate of dialyzed formaldehyde-treated RNA is substantially less toxic to normal human embryonic cells. There is a correlation between the cytotoxic effect and cell growth rate, which has been traced by quantitative tests.", "PMID": 556680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2677", "title": "Culture of cloned cells from the mouse preputial gland tumor ESR 586.", "content": "Cells from the mouse preputial gland tumor ESR 586 have been cultured and cloned. Trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetate was used to obtain single cells. The cells are grown in a modified CMRL-1415 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Clones tend to fall into two classes: Class 1, those that undergo morphological differentiation in liquid medium to form round bodies filled with lipid vaculoes; and Class 2, those that do not differentiate. Preliminary studies on the control of differentiation in Class 1 clones suggest that a minimum cell density is required before differentiation takes place. Analysis of the lipids from differentiating and nondifferentiating clones reveals the presence of sebaceous-type lipids in differentiating clones only. No requirement for testosterone was found for these cells.", "contents": "Culture of cloned cells from the mouse preputial gland tumor ESR 586. Cells from the mouse preputial gland tumor ESR 586 have been cultured and cloned. Trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetate was used to obtain single cells. The cells are grown in a modified CMRL-1415 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Clones tend to fall into two classes: Class 1, those that undergo morphological differentiation in liquid medium to form round bodies filled with lipid vaculoes; and Class 2, those that do not differentiate. Preliminary studies on the control of differentiation in Class 1 clones suggest that a minimum cell density is required before differentiation takes place. Analysis of the lipids from differentiating and nondifferentiating clones reveals the presence of sebaceous-type lipids in differentiating clones only. No requirement for testosterone was found for these cells.", "PMID": 556681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2678", "title": "Comparison of echocardiographic and necropsy measurements of ventricular wall thicknesses in patients with and without disproportionate septal thickening.", "content": "In several patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) diagnosed by echocardiography (septal-free wall thickness ratios greater than or equal to 1.3), we have discovered marked discrepancies between the echocardiographic and necropsy measurements of wall thicknesses that led to uncertainty regarding the actual cardiac diagnosis. To resolve these apparent incongruities, the echocardiograms and hearts of 17 patients with cardiac disease were studied. Six of nine patients with abnormal septal-free wall ratios greater than or equal to 1.3 during life had septal-free wall ratios that were not diagnostic of disproportionate septal thickening at necropsy. Such discrepancies may be explained as follows: 1) echocardiographic measurements during life were made in diastole (as per convention), but measurements at necropsy were made in hearts that appeared to have been in the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle; 2) the left ventricular free wall thickens considerably more than the ventricular septum in systole, as determined by echocardiography. This latter phenomenon resulted in septal-free wall ratios in systole that were consistently smaller than those in diastole. Furthermore, septal-free wall ratios obtained at necropsy corresponded most closely to those obtained by echocardiography in systole.", "contents": "Comparison of echocardiographic and necropsy measurements of ventricular wall thicknesses in patients with and without disproportionate septal thickening. In several patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) diagnosed by echocardiography (septal-free wall thickness ratios greater than or equal to 1.3), we have discovered marked discrepancies between the echocardiographic and necropsy measurements of wall thicknesses that led to uncertainty regarding the actual cardiac diagnosis. To resolve these apparent incongruities, the echocardiograms and hearts of 17 patients with cardiac disease were studied. Six of nine patients with abnormal septal-free wall ratios greater than or equal to 1.3 during life had septal-free wall ratios that were not diagnostic of disproportionate septal thickening at necropsy. Such discrepancies may be explained as follows: 1) echocardiographic measurements during life were made in diastole (as per convention), but measurements at necropsy were made in hearts that appeared to have been in the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle; 2) the left ventricular free wall thickens considerably more than the ventricular septum in systole, as determined by echocardiography. This latter phenomenon resulted in septal-free wall ratios in systole that were consistently smaller than those in diastole. Furthermore, septal-free wall ratios obtained at necropsy corresponded most closely to those obtained by echocardiography in systole.", "PMID": 556682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2679", "title": "Complete heart block in a case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: noninvasive correlates with the timing of atrial systole.", "content": "A young man with IHSS who developed complete heart block was successfully treated with a permanent pacemaker. Echocardiography and other noninvasive techniques showed marked cycle-to-cycle variation in the evidence of subvalvular obstruction which decreased markedly when atrial systole preceded the ensuing paced complex by an appropriate interval. Because cycle length and therefore afterload were constant, it is concluded that diminished obstruction resulted from augmented ventricular end-diastolic volume produced by atrial contraction. The mitral valve echocardiogram showed unusual movements in diastole dependent upon the timing of atrial systole. Early reopening of the leaflets was a direct result of atrial contraction when the P waves were appropriately timed in presystole, whereas late reopening was passive and a result of ventricular filling in mid-diastole. Variations in intensity of the first heart sound correlated with the position of the mitral valve leaflets at the onset of ventricular systole.", "contents": "Complete heart block in a case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: noninvasive correlates with the timing of atrial systole. A young man with IHSS who developed complete heart block was successfully treated with a permanent pacemaker. Echocardiography and other noninvasive techniques showed marked cycle-to-cycle variation in the evidence of subvalvular obstruction which decreased markedly when atrial systole preceded the ensuing paced complex by an appropriate interval. Because cycle length and therefore afterload were constant, it is concluded that diminished obstruction resulted from augmented ventricular end-diastolic volume produced by atrial contraction. The mitral valve echocardiogram showed unusual movements in diastole dependent upon the timing of atrial systole. Early reopening of the leaflets was a direct result of atrial contraction when the P waves were appropriately timed in presystole, whereas late reopening was passive and a result of ventricular filling in mid-diastole. Variations in intensity of the first heart sound correlated with the position of the mitral valve leaflets at the onset of ventricular systole.", "PMID": 556683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2680", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for human serum myoglobin: method development and normal values.", "content": "We describe a radioimmunoassay that will measure both normal and above-normal concentrations of myoglobin in serum. Myoglobin isolated from human pectoralis muscle was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and Sephadex gel filtration and injected into rabbits to elicit antisera. Myoglobin was radiolabeled by an acylation with [125]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. With the purified myoglobin and antisera, we then developed a radioimmunoassy that involves simultaneous regent addition, a 3.5-h incubation at 37 degrees C, and separation of the antibody-bound fraction by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. Information is given on detection limit, precision, linearity, recovery, and specimen preservation. Cross-reactivity to human hemoglobin is negligible. Finally, we investigated the possible relationship between serum myoglobin concentration and muscle mass.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for human serum myoglobin: method development and normal values. We describe a radioimmunoassay that will measure both normal and above-normal concentrations of myoglobin in serum. Myoglobin isolated from human pectoralis muscle was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and Sephadex gel filtration and injected into rabbits to elicit antisera. Myoglobin was radiolabeled by an acylation with [125]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. With the purified myoglobin and antisera, we then developed a radioimmunoassy that involves simultaneous regent addition, a 3.5-h incubation at 37 degrees C, and separation of the antibody-bound fraction by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. Information is given on detection limit, precision, linearity, recovery, and specimen preservation. Cross-reactivity to human hemoglobin is negligible. Finally, we investigated the possible relationship between serum myoglobin concentration and muscle mass.", "PMID": 556684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2681", "title": "Purification and iodination of antibody for use in an immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin.", "content": "Antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography and radioiodinated by a conjugation method for use inthe immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin. These procedures are simpler and more reproducible than those described earlier, and the radiolabeled preparations were usable for at least 13 weeks.", "contents": "Purification and iodination of antibody for use in an immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin. Antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography and radioiodinated by a conjugation method for use inthe immunoradiometric assay for serum ferritin. These procedures are simpler and more reproducible than those described earlier, and the radiolabeled preparations were usable for at least 13 weeks.", "PMID": 556685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2682", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating aflatoxicosis in dogs.", "content": "An outbreak of chronic liver disease was investigated in a kennel of dogs. Anorexia, depression, polyuria, polydipsia, icterus and a terminal hemorrhagic diathesis were noted in clinically affected dogs. Thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, elevated fibrinogen degradation products and prolonged activated partial thrombosplastin times (PTT) and one-stage prothrombin times (PT) were associated with the hemorrhagic crisis. Aflatoxicosis was confirmed by the presence of significant levels of aflatoxicosis was confirmed by the presence of significant levels of aflatoxin B in the commercial dog food being fed. A subacute hepatitis was found on necropsy. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was suspected as the cause of the hemorrhage in these cases and treatment was instituted.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating aflatoxicosis in dogs. An outbreak of chronic liver disease was investigated in a kennel of dogs. Anorexia, depression, polyuria, polydipsia, icterus and a terminal hemorrhagic diathesis were noted in clinically affected dogs. Thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, elevated fibrinogen degradation products and prolonged activated partial thrombosplastin times (PTT) and one-stage prothrombin times (PT) were associated with the hemorrhagic crisis. Aflatoxicosis was confirmed by the presence of significant levels of aflatoxicosis was confirmed by the presence of significant levels of aflatoxin B in the commercial dog food being fed. A subacute hepatitis was found on necropsy. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was suspected as the cause of the hemorrhage in these cases and treatment was instituted.", "PMID": 556687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2683", "title": "Sex steroids in follicular fluid and blood plasma during the estrous cycle of pigs.", "content": "Concentrations of estrogen (E), progestin (P),and androgen (A) were determined in follicular fluid (FF), and concentrations of E and P were measured in peripheral plasma and perifollicular plasma during the estrous cycle in the pig. Also, concentrations of E, P,and A were determined in the utero-ovarian vein (U-OV) plasma every 2h during estrus period in pigs. It was observed that as follicles increased in size, the concentration of E, P, andA in the FF rises from 13,32 and 1 ng/ml at day 8 of the cycle to 180, 754, and 21 ng/ml at day 20 of the cycle, respectively. Approximately 12 h before ovulation there is a significant (P less than 0.01) drop of E, P, and A in the FF to 27, 120, and 0.77 ng/ml, respectivley. Concentrations of E and P in FF and peripheral plasma do not correlate during the second half of the estrous cycle. At day 20 of the cycle, E and P concentrations in the plasma were 20 pg/ml and 0.4 ng/ml, respectively. Concentration of P in the U-OV plasma started increasing 18 to 24 h after the onset of estrus, which is coincident with the drop of P concentration in the FF. As estrus progressed there was a linear drop of E concentration (r = 0.90) in the U-OV plasma. E and P concentrations in the FF were found to be about 1000 times greater than those in the peripheral blood and 5 times greater than in the blood obtained from the perifollicular capillary network at the end of the cycle.", "contents": "Sex steroids in follicular fluid and blood plasma during the estrous cycle of pigs. Concentrations of estrogen (E), progestin (P),and androgen (A) were determined in follicular fluid (FF), and concentrations of E and P were measured in peripheral plasma and perifollicular plasma during the estrous cycle in the pig. Also, concentrations of E, P,and A were determined in the utero-ovarian vein (U-OV) plasma every 2h during estrus period in pigs. It was observed that as follicles increased in size, the concentration of E, P, andA in the FF rises from 13,32 and 1 ng/ml at day 8 of the cycle to 180, 754, and 21 ng/ml at day 20 of the cycle, respectively. Approximately 12 h before ovulation there is a significant (P less than 0.01) drop of E, P, and A in the FF to 27, 120, and 0.77 ng/ml, respectivley. Concentrations of E and P in FF and peripheral plasma do not correlate during the second half of the estrous cycle. At day 20 of the cycle, E and P concentrations in the plasma were 20 pg/ml and 0.4 ng/ml, respectively. Concentration of P in the U-OV plasma started increasing 18 to 24 h after the onset of estrus, which is coincident with the drop of P concentration in the FF. As estrus progressed there was a linear drop of E concentration (r = 0.90) in the U-OV plasma. E and P concentrations in the FF were found to be about 1000 times greater than those in the peripheral blood and 5 times greater than in the blood obtained from the perifollicular capillary network at the end of the cycle.", "PMID": 556689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2684", "title": "Coitus-induced release of luteinizing hormone in the proestrous rat: fantasy or fact?", "content": "The influences of mating on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were evaluated in 4-day cyclic proestrous rats of the Wistar strain. Blood samples were collected via guillotine from mated and unmated controls at 1900-2000 h or 2100--2200 h. Serum LH levels were determined by two independent radioimmunoassays. There were no significant differences in LH measurement between assays. At 1900--2000 h, LH levels were high, but not significantly different, in both the mated and unmated control animals. By 2100-2200 h, serum LH concentration had dropped in unmated controls but was significantly elevated in mated animals. There was no significant elevation in FSH either 1900-2000 h or 2100--2200 h on the evening of proestrus. The data indicate that when LH levels are normally high, coitus cannot further potentiate LH release. However, when LH levels are declining, coitus is an effective and adequate stimulus to initiate elevations in serum LH.", "contents": "Coitus-induced release of luteinizing hormone in the proestrous rat: fantasy or fact? The influences of mating on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were evaluated in 4-day cyclic proestrous rats of the Wistar strain. Blood samples were collected via guillotine from mated and unmated controls at 1900-2000 h or 2100--2200 h. Serum LH levels were determined by two independent radioimmunoassays. There were no significant differences in LH measurement between assays. At 1900--2000 h, LH levels were high, but not significantly different, in both the mated and unmated control animals. By 2100-2200 h, serum LH concentration had dropped in unmated controls but was significantly elevated in mated animals. There was no significant elevation in FSH either 1900-2000 h or 2100--2200 h on the evening of proestrus. The data indicate that when LH levels are normally high, coitus cannot further potentiate LH release. However, when LH levels are declining, coitus is an effective and adequate stimulus to initiate elevations in serum LH.", "PMID": 556690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2685", "title": "Dopamine in hypophysial portal plasma of the rat during the estrous cycle and throughout pregnancy.", "content": "Catecholamine levels in hypophysial portal plasma were determined in pregnant and non-pregnant female rats as well as in intact and castrated male rats, using a radioenzymatic assay for the simultaneous determination of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in 50 mul of plasma. Portal and arterial blood were collected from anesthetized rats at 7 mul/min for 60 min. During the collection, blood was kept at 0 C, a temperature at which endogenous catecholamines were relatively stable. Dopamine was present in high concentrations in hypophysial portal plasma thorughout pregnancy, attaining a level near 20 ng/ml on the 20th day of gestation. Dopamine levels in arterial plasma from the same rats were low or undetectable (0.4--0.8 ng/ml1. Norepinephrine and epinephrine was undetectable (less than 0.6 ng/ml) in portal as well as arterial plasma from these rats. The major catecholamine in extracts of the hypothalamus from pregnant rats was norepinephrine, whereas that in the posterior pituitary was dopamine. Dopamine levels in portal plasma collected during proestrus, estrus, diestrus 1, and diestrus 2, were 1.32 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- SE), 3.87 +/- 0.96, 3.11 +/- 0.73, and 2.3 +/- 0.45, respectively. Dopamine in portal plasma from intact and from castrated male rats was approximately 0.6 ng/ml. Norepinephrine and epinephrine were not detectable in either portal or arterial plasma from these animals. It is concluded 1) that dopamine is secreted into hypophysial portal blood in significant quantities during pregnancy, 2) that hypothalamic secretion of dopamine in cyclic rats is greatest during the day of estrus and early diestrus and at least on the day of proestrus, and 3) that these findings support the view that dopamine of hypothalamic origin may have an important role in the regulation of anterior pituitary function.", "contents": "Dopamine in hypophysial portal plasma of the rat during the estrous cycle and throughout pregnancy. Catecholamine levels in hypophysial portal plasma were determined in pregnant and non-pregnant female rats as well as in intact and castrated male rats, using a radioenzymatic assay for the simultaneous determination of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in 50 mul of plasma. Portal and arterial blood were collected from anesthetized rats at 7 mul/min for 60 min. During the collection, blood was kept at 0 C, a temperature at which endogenous catecholamines were relatively stable. Dopamine was present in high concentrations in hypophysial portal plasma thorughout pregnancy, attaining a level near 20 ng/ml on the 20th day of gestation. Dopamine levels in arterial plasma from the same rats were low or undetectable (0.4--0.8 ng/ml1. Norepinephrine and epinephrine was undetectable (less than 0.6 ng/ml) in portal as well as arterial plasma from these rats. The major catecholamine in extracts of the hypothalamus from pregnant rats was norepinephrine, whereas that in the posterior pituitary was dopamine. Dopamine levels in portal plasma collected during proestrus, estrus, diestrus 1, and diestrus 2, were 1.32 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- SE), 3.87 +/- 0.96, 3.11 +/- 0.73, and 2.3 +/- 0.45, respectively. Dopamine in portal plasma from intact and from castrated male rats was approximately 0.6 ng/ml. Norepinephrine and epinephrine were not detectable in either portal or arterial plasma from these animals. It is concluded 1) that dopamine is secreted into hypophysial portal blood in significant quantities during pregnancy, 2) that hypothalamic secretion of dopamine in cyclic rats is greatest during the day of estrus and early diestrus and at least on the day of proestrus, and 3) that these findings support the view that dopamine of hypothalamic origin may have an important role in the regulation of anterior pituitary function.", "PMID": 556691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2686", "title": "Opiate-like action of methionine-enkephalin in inhibiting morphine abstinence syndrome.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular administration of methionine-enkephalin or morphine sulfate immediately prior to naloxone administration inhibited the precipitated withdrawal jumping response in mice rendered dependent on morphine by the pellet implantation method. Both methionine-enkephalin and morphine sulfate failed to inhibit withdrawal defecation and rearing behavior. Morphine sulfate was found to be four times as potent as methionine-enkephalin, on molar basis, in inhibiting the abstinence syndrome. These data provide new in vivo pharmacologic evidence for the opiate-like action of methionine-enkephalin.", "contents": "Opiate-like action of methionine-enkephalin in inhibiting morphine abstinence syndrome. Intracerebroventricular administration of methionine-enkephalin or morphine sulfate immediately prior to naloxone administration inhibited the precipitated withdrawal jumping response in mice rendered dependent on morphine by the pellet implantation method. Both methionine-enkephalin and morphine sulfate failed to inhibit withdrawal defecation and rearing behavior. Morphine sulfate was found to be four times as potent as methionine-enkephalin, on molar basis, in inhibiting the abstinence syndrome. These data provide new in vivo pharmacologic evidence for the opiate-like action of methionine-enkephalin.", "PMID": 556692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2687", "title": "Potentiating effect of lithium chloride on methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice.", "content": "Single administration of LiCl potentiated the methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice, without affecting the concentration of methamphetamine in brain. During MAO inhibition, the level of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), an O-methylated metabolite of dopamine, was reduced by LiCl, but the elevated 3-MT level observed after the administration of methamphetamine was not influenced by LiCl.", "contents": "Potentiating effect of lithium chloride on methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice. Single administration of LiCl potentiated the methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice, without affecting the concentration of methamphetamine in brain. During MAO inhibition, the level of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), an O-methylated metabolite of dopamine, was reduced by LiCl, but the elevated 3-MT level observed after the administration of methamphetamine was not influenced by LiCl.", "PMID": 556693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2688", "title": "Adhesion and aggregation of human platelets to rabbit subendothelium. A new approach for investigation: specific antibodies.", "content": "An SgG antibody occurring in a recently transfused thrombasthenic patient inhibited all the ADP-mediated aggregations and platelet-platelet interaction (thrombus formation) on rabbit aorta subendothelium; another IgG antibody occurring in a multitransfused Bernard-Soulier patient inhibited ristocetin and bovine factor VIII mediated aggregation and platelet-subendothelium interaction.", "contents": "Adhesion and aggregation of human platelets to rabbit subendothelium. A new approach for investigation: specific antibodies. An SgG antibody occurring in a recently transfused thrombasthenic patient inhibited all the ADP-mediated aggregations and platelet-platelet interaction (thrombus formation) on rabbit aorta subendothelium; another IgG antibody occurring in a multitransfused Bernard-Soulier patient inhibited ristocetin and bovine factor VIII mediated aggregation and platelet-subendothelium interaction.", "PMID": 556700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2689", "title": "Human cervical mucus. I. Rheologic characteristics.", "content": "The viscoelastic properties of human cervical mucus were subjected to detailed characterization by microrheometry. An introduced to the range of parameters that can be measured and the sensitivity of microroheometry to variations in mucus viscoelasticity was presented, along with an interpretation of results obtained by this approach. Fresh cervical mucus samples were shown to be rheologically heterogeneous, reflecting compositional differences in situ. Mucas viscoelasticity was stable for several hours when samples were stored at ambient temperature in the microrheometer sample holder. Mucus viscoelasticity was strongly dependent upon nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentration. In order to eliminate (NDS) as a variable in comparative studies of mucus, procedures were developed for reconstitution of mucus at identical (NDS) or for normalization of viscoelasticity data derived from fresh samples to 2.5% NDS. The validity of this approach was then examined by applying these procedures to mucus collected during the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Human cervical mucus. I. Rheologic characteristics. The viscoelastic properties of human cervical mucus were subjected to detailed characterization by microrheometry. An introduced to the range of parameters that can be measured and the sensitivity of microroheometry to variations in mucus viscoelasticity was presented, along with an interpretation of results obtained by this approach. Fresh cervical mucus samples were shown to be rheologically heterogeneous, reflecting compositional differences in situ. Mucas viscoelasticity was stable for several hours when samples were stored at ambient temperature in the microrheometer sample holder. Mucus viscoelasticity was strongly dependent upon nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentration. In order to eliminate (NDS) as a variable in comparative studies of mucus, procedures were developed for reconstitution of mucus at identical (NDS) or for normalization of viscoelasticity data derived from fresh samples to 2.5% NDS. The validity of this approach was then examined by applying these procedures to mucus collected during the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 556703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2690", "title": "Influence of the estrous cycle on the action of oxytocin on rat ovarian contractility in vivo.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the influence of the estrous cycle on the response of ovarian smooth muscle to oxytocin. Muscular activity in vivo was studied by recording intraovarian pressure. Intra-aortic injections of oxytocin were given to the rats at all stages of the estrous cycle. The effect of oxytocin was evaluated by the number of responding ovaries and the magnitude of the responses. According to these parameters, a greater response was observed during proestrus, compared with the other cycle stages. The significance of these results id discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the estrous cycle on the action of oxytocin on rat ovarian contractility in vivo. This investigation was designed to determine the influence of the estrous cycle on the response of ovarian smooth muscle to oxytocin. Muscular activity in vivo was studied by recording intraovarian pressure. Intra-aortic injections of oxytocin were given to the rats at all stages of the estrous cycle. The effect of oxytocin was evaluated by the number of responding ovaries and the magnitude of the responses. According to these parameters, a greater response was observed during proestrus, compared with the other cycle stages. The significance of these results id discussed.", "PMID": 556704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2691", "title": "Erythroblastosis models. II. Materno-fetal incompatibility in chimpanzee.", "content": "Erythroblastosis fetalis represents a significant hazard for successful management of pregnancy in man and in marmosets, but not in crab-eating macaques. Materno-fetal blood group incompatibility in chimpanzee is described as a contributing factor in the death of an infant. The findings indicate that parental blood groups should be taken into consideration when breeding chimpanzees.", "contents": "Erythroblastosis models. II. Materno-fetal incompatibility in chimpanzee. Erythroblastosis fetalis represents a significant hazard for successful management of pregnancy in man and in marmosets, but not in crab-eating macaques. Materno-fetal blood group incompatibility in chimpanzee is described as a contributing factor in the death of an infant. The findings indicate that parental blood groups should be taken into consideration when breeding chimpanzees.", "PMID": 556709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2692", "title": "[Endoscopic laser therapy of bladder tumors in man].", "content": "15 patients with papillary bladder tumors were radiated with a Neodym-YAG laser beam since summer 1976. The seize of the tumors ranged from 5 to 10 mm in diameter. Neither complications nor tumor recurrency in the former tumor area could be observed. A final statement about the value of laser radiation in malignant tumors is not yet possible because of the small number of patients and the short control period. However, our preliminary experiences might be a beginning of a successful improvement of bladder tumor therapy by use of endoscopic laser radiation.", "contents": "[Endoscopic laser therapy of bladder tumors in man]. 15 patients with papillary bladder tumors were radiated with a Neodym-YAG laser beam since summer 1976. The seize of the tumors ranged from 5 to 10 mm in diameter. Neither complications nor tumor recurrency in the former tumor area could be observed. A final statement about the value of laser radiation in malignant tumors is not yet possible because of the small number of patients and the short control period. However, our preliminary experiences might be a beginning of a successful improvement of bladder tumor therapy by use of endoscopic laser radiation.", "PMID": 556710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2693", "title": "[Current status of gestagen administration. 2. Gestagen therapy in the area of reproduction].", "content": "The spectrum of progestin therapy has changed and expanded during the last few years. 1. The drug-therapy of choice in endometriosis is the medication of progestins for at least six months, for instance ethinyl-testosterone. If a patient wants additional children the \"more gentle\" dydrogesterone should be considered. 2. In the treatment of dysmenorrhea combination pills should be given, sequentials should be avoided. In the case of incompatibility of estrogens or in danger of oversuppression syndrome dydrogesterone should be applicated. 3. Dysfunctional bleedings should lead to an intense search for their cause. The treatment consists in an estrogen-progestin combination for 9 days and in cyclic continuation of this therapy for at least a further three months. In the case of hemorrhagic diathesis progestin treatment should be continued. 4. Cyclic adequate progestins have proofed to be successful in handling of hirsutism. The choice of the preparation depends on the patient's wish for children. 5. The progestin test is still the first step in diagnosis of amenorrhea. 6. Progestin therapy is indicated in progressive endometrial carcinoma. Some medical centres treat carcinoma of the mamma successfully with progestins. 7. Nowadays fast and early hormonal pregnancy tests are available. The progestin-pregnancy-test is limited to cases of premenopause. 8. The so-called short luteum phase has received considerable attention as a possible cause of infertility. In these cases a substitutional therapy of progestins should follow. Clomiphene or HCG-therapy is advisable. In short luteum phase and premenstrual spottings potent progestins should be given. 9. High dosage of progestins are in common use in the treatment of abortus imminens. 10. Combination pills and sequentials are widely used, the possible methods of a pure progestin contraception are: minipills, three-month-injections, implanted silastic capsules with progestional compounds, progestin impregnated intrauterine devices, vaginal silastic rings impregnated with progestional compounds. 11. Carcinogenesis of progestins was not detectable. 12. Some progestins are teratogenic.", "contents": "[Current status of gestagen administration. 2. Gestagen therapy in the area of reproduction]. The spectrum of progestin therapy has changed and expanded during the last few years. 1. The drug-therapy of choice in endometriosis is the medication of progestins for at least six months, for instance ethinyl-testosterone. If a patient wants additional children the \"more gentle\" dydrogesterone should be considered. 2. In the treatment of dysmenorrhea combination pills should be given, sequentials should be avoided. In the case of incompatibility of estrogens or in danger of oversuppression syndrome dydrogesterone should be applicated. 3. Dysfunctional bleedings should lead to an intense search for their cause. The treatment consists in an estrogen-progestin combination for 9 days and in cyclic continuation of this therapy for at least a further three months. In the case of hemorrhagic diathesis progestin treatment should be continued. 4. Cyclic adequate progestins have proofed to be successful in handling of hirsutism. The choice of the preparation depends on the patient's wish for children. 5. The progestin test is still the first step in diagnosis of amenorrhea. 6. Progestin therapy is indicated in progressive endometrial carcinoma. Some medical centres treat carcinoma of the mamma successfully with progestins. 7. Nowadays fast and early hormonal pregnancy tests are available. The progestin-pregnancy-test is limited to cases of premenopause. 8. The so-called short luteum phase has received considerable attention as a possible cause of infertility. In these cases a substitutional therapy of progestins should follow. Clomiphene or HCG-therapy is advisable. In short luteum phase and premenstrual spottings potent progestins should be given. 9. High dosage of progestins are in common use in the treatment of abortus imminens. 10. Combination pills and sequentials are widely used, the possible methods of a pure progestin contraception are: minipills, three-month-injections, implanted silastic capsules with progestional compounds, progestin impregnated intrauterine devices, vaginal silastic rings impregnated with progestional compounds. 11. Carcinogenesis of progestins was not detectable. 12. Some progestins are teratogenic.", "PMID": 556711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2694", "title": "Development of hemangiosarcomas in B6C3F1 mice fed 2-methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone.", "content": "Subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas developed in 97% of 172 B6C3F1 mice of both sexes fed either 0.03% or 0.36% 2-methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone in the diet. There was no significant relationship to dose or sex. In addition similar vascular tumors occurred in the mesentery of 14 mice. 2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone is carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice when given in food. One of 97 control mice had a splenic hemangiosarcoma.", "contents": "Development of hemangiosarcomas in B6C3F1 mice fed 2-methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone. Subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas developed in 97% of 172 B6C3F1 mice of both sexes fed either 0.03% or 0.36% 2-methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone in the diet. There was no significant relationship to dose or sex. In addition similar vascular tumors occurred in the mesentery of 14 mice. 2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone is carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice when given in food. One of 97 control mice had a splenic hemangiosarcoma.", "PMID": 556715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2695", "title": "Comparative pressure-length-diameter relationships of neonatal and adult rabbit ureters.", "content": "Pressure-length-diameter relationships of neonatal and adult rabbit ureters were studied in vitro. The increase in diameter, in response to an intraluminal pressure load of 10, 20, and 40 g per cm2, was faster and greater in the neonate than in the adult. Incubation in norepinephrine decreased the diametral deformation of neonatal ureters but had little effect on deformation in the adult ureter. The in vitro neonatal rabbit ureter, thus, appears to be more compliant and more sensitive to norepinephrine than the adult ureter.", "contents": "Comparative pressure-length-diameter relationships of neonatal and adult rabbit ureters. Pressure-length-diameter relationships of neonatal and adult rabbit ureters were studied in vitro. The increase in diameter, in response to an intraluminal pressure load of 10, 20, and 40 g per cm2, was faster and greater in the neonate than in the adult. Incubation in norepinephrine decreased the diametral deformation of neonatal ureters but had little effect on deformation in the adult ureter. The in vitro neonatal rabbit ureter, thus, appears to be more compliant and more sensitive to norepinephrine than the adult ureter.", "PMID": 556716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2696", "title": "The action of neuropharmacologic agents on the bladder and urethra during experimental spinal shock.", "content": "Pressure recordings within the bladder, proximal (U1) and middle (U2) thirds of the urethra have been monitored in anesthetized female mongrel dogs before and just after being made paraplegic, i.e., during the period of spinal shock. In the intact animal, parasympathetic stimulation produces uninhibited waves whereas U2 pressure remains unchanged; during spinal shock, it produces a small rise of intravesical pressure, without uninhibited waves but with a marked increase in U2 pressure. This may explain why bethanechol chloride is not effective in producing bladder emptying during spinal shock. Stimulation of the beta-receptors of the synpathetic nervous system and blockade of the alpha-receptors both singly and in combination produce urethral \"sphincter\" relaxation during spinal shock. This might allow bladder evacuation during spinal shock with the Cred\u00e9 maneuver or abdominal straining.", "contents": "The action of neuropharmacologic agents on the bladder and urethra during experimental spinal shock. Pressure recordings within the bladder, proximal (U1) and middle (U2) thirds of the urethra have been monitored in anesthetized female mongrel dogs before and just after being made paraplegic, i.e., during the period of spinal shock. In the intact animal, parasympathetic stimulation produces uninhibited waves whereas U2 pressure remains unchanged; during spinal shock, it produces a small rise of intravesical pressure, without uninhibited waves but with a marked increase in U2 pressure. This may explain why bethanechol chloride is not effective in producing bladder emptying during spinal shock. Stimulation of the beta-receptors of the synpathetic nervous system and blockade of the alpha-receptors both singly and in combination produce urethral \"sphincter\" relaxation during spinal shock. This might allow bladder evacuation during spinal shock with the Cred\u00e9 maneuver or abdominal straining.", "PMID": 556717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2697", "title": "Cobalt regulation of heme synthesis and degradation in avian embryo liver cell culture.", "content": "Inorganic cobalt was found to induce heme oxygenase activity in primary cultures of embryonic chick liver cells and to inhibit the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase by the porphyrinogenic compounds allylisopropylacetamide, dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine, etiocholanolone, phenobarbital, Aroclor (R)1254, and secobarbital. Much smaller concentrations of Co2+ (5 muM) were required to inhibit delta-aminolevulinate synthetase than to induce heme oxygenase activity (50 muM). These effects of Co2+ on heme synthesis and heme degradation were potentiated by depletion of cellular glutathione content as a result of treatment with diethyl maleate. Cobalt inhibition of the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase was of the same magnitude and probably involved the same mechanism as that produced by cobalt heme dimethyl ester and iron heme. The induction of heme oxygenase by cobalt could be blocked by cycloheximide. Plasma protein synthesis was not inhibited in the presence of concentrations of Co2+ which produced inhibition of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase or induction of heme oxygenase. Other metals such as Cd2+ and Cu2+ also inhibited the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase by allylisopropylacetamide. These findings indicate that Co2+ can regulate heme metabolism directly in liver cells without intermediate actions on extrahepatic tissues. It is suggested that regulation of production of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase and heme oxygenase is mediated through the action of the metal ion rather than the metal in the form of a tetrapyrrole chelate.", "contents": "Cobalt regulation of heme synthesis and degradation in avian embryo liver cell culture. Inorganic cobalt was found to induce heme oxygenase activity in primary cultures of embryonic chick liver cells and to inhibit the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase by the porphyrinogenic compounds allylisopropylacetamide, dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine, etiocholanolone, phenobarbital, Aroclor (R)1254, and secobarbital. Much smaller concentrations of Co2+ (5 muM) were required to inhibit delta-aminolevulinate synthetase than to induce heme oxygenase activity (50 muM). These effects of Co2+ on heme synthesis and heme degradation were potentiated by depletion of cellular glutathione content as a result of treatment with diethyl maleate. Cobalt inhibition of the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase was of the same magnitude and probably involved the same mechanism as that produced by cobalt heme dimethyl ester and iron heme. The induction of heme oxygenase by cobalt could be blocked by cycloheximide. Plasma protein synthesis was not inhibited in the presence of concentrations of Co2+ which produced inhibition of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase or induction of heme oxygenase. Other metals such as Cd2+ and Cu2+ also inhibited the induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase by allylisopropylacetamide. These findings indicate that Co2+ can regulate heme metabolism directly in liver cells without intermediate actions on extrahepatic tissues. It is suggested that regulation of production of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase and heme oxygenase is mediated through the action of the metal ion rather than the metal in the form of a tetrapyrrole chelate.", "PMID": 556723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2698", "title": "Specific recognition of single-stranded nucleic acids. Interaction of tryptophan-containing peptides with native, denatured, and ultraviolet-irradiated DNA.", "content": "The binding of the tripeptide Lys-Trp-Lys to native, denatured, and ultraviolet-irradiated DNAs has been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Two types of complexes are formed which both involve electrostatic interactions. Only one of them involves a stacking of the tryptophyl ring with nucleic acid bases. Quantitative analysis of fluorescence data shows that this stacking interaction is strongly favored in denatured as compared to native DNA. In ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, the peptide Lys-Trp-Lys binds selectively to unpaired regions around thymine dimers. Due to the stacking interaction of the aromatic amino acid with nucleic acid bases, this simple tripeptide is therefore able to discriminate between single-stranded and double-stranded regions in a nucleic acid.", "contents": "Specific recognition of single-stranded nucleic acids. Interaction of tryptophan-containing peptides with native, denatured, and ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. The binding of the tripeptide Lys-Trp-Lys to native, denatured, and ultraviolet-irradiated DNAs has been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Two types of complexes are formed which both involve electrostatic interactions. Only one of them involves a stacking of the tryptophyl ring with nucleic acid bases. Quantitative analysis of fluorescence data shows that this stacking interaction is strongly favored in denatured as compared to native DNA. In ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, the peptide Lys-Trp-Lys binds selectively to unpaired regions around thymine dimers. Due to the stacking interaction of the aromatic amino acid with nucleic acid bases, this simple tripeptide is therefore able to discriminate between single-stranded and double-stranded regions in a nucleic acid.", "PMID": 556724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2699", "title": "Degradation, receptor binding affinity, and potency of insulin from the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) determined in isolated rat fat cells.", "content": "Insulin from the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, a primitive vertebrate, was studied with respect to degradation, receptor binding, and stimulation of glucose transport and metabolism in isolated rat adipocytes. The degradation was studied in a concentrated suspension with about 100mul of cells/ml of suspension. 125I-labeled hagfish insulin and 125I-labeled pig insulin were degraded at the same rate when present in concentrations of 0.3nM. Native hagfish insulin inhibited the rate of degradation of 125I-labeled pig insulin half-maximally at a concentration of 12+/-2 nM (S.D., n=6) as compared to 130+/-32 nM (S.D.,n=6) for pig insulin. Native hagfish insulin in a concentration of 130 nM was biologically inactivated at a rate several times slower than pig insulin in the same concentration. The results indicate that the maximal velocity (Vmax) of degradation of hagfish insulin as well as the concentration causing half-maximal velocity (Km) are about 10 times lower for hagfish insulin than for pig insulin. The receptor binding and the biological effects of hagfish insulin were studied in dilute cell suspensions where the degradation of hormone in the medium was negligible. The receptor binding affinity of hagfish insulin was 23+/-7 per cent (S.D., n=10) of that of pig insulin. Hagfish insulin was able to elicit the same maximal stimulation of both 3-o-methylglucose exchange and lipogenesis from glucose as pig insulin. However, the potency of hagfish insulin with respect to activation of lipogenesis was only 4.6+/-0.6 per cent (S.D., n=15) of that of pig insulin. Hagfish insulin thus constitutes the first described insulin which exhibits a discrepancy between relative binding affinity and relative potency. This discrepancy was not due to the methionine residue (B31) at the COOH-terminal end of the B chain of hagfish insulin, since removal of this residue caused no marked change in the binding affinity or the potency. The results indicate that the receptor occupancy must be 5 times higher with hagfish insulin than with pig insulin to cause a particular degree of activation of lipogenesis. Hagfish insulin might therefore be characterized as a \"partial antagonist\" on the receptors. However, it was not possible to demonstrate antagonistic properties of hagfish insulin on the cells. The effect of hagfish insulin plus pig insulin in submaximally stimulating concentrations was additive. Furthermore, the decay of activation of adipocytes after incubation with hagfish insulin followed the same time course as the decay of activation after incubation with pig insulin in a concentration of equal potency. These phenomena are in agreement with the concept that adipocytes possess a large excess of receptors which can mediate the effect of insulin on lipogenesis from glucose.", "contents": "Degradation, receptor binding affinity, and potency of insulin from the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) determined in isolated rat fat cells. Insulin from the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, a primitive vertebrate, was studied with respect to degradation, receptor binding, and stimulation of glucose transport and metabolism in isolated rat adipocytes. The degradation was studied in a concentrated suspension with about 100mul of cells/ml of suspension. 125I-labeled hagfish insulin and 125I-labeled pig insulin were degraded at the same rate when present in concentrations of 0.3nM. Native hagfish insulin inhibited the rate of degradation of 125I-labeled pig insulin half-maximally at a concentration of 12+/-2 nM (S.D., n=6) as compared to 130+/-32 nM (S.D.,n=6) for pig insulin. Native hagfish insulin in a concentration of 130 nM was biologically inactivated at a rate several times slower than pig insulin in the same concentration. The results indicate that the maximal velocity (Vmax) of degradation of hagfish insulin as well as the concentration causing half-maximal velocity (Km) are about 10 times lower for hagfish insulin than for pig insulin. The receptor binding and the biological effects of hagfish insulin were studied in dilute cell suspensions where the degradation of hormone in the medium was negligible. The receptor binding affinity of hagfish insulin was 23+/-7 per cent (S.D., n=10) of that of pig insulin. Hagfish insulin was able to elicit the same maximal stimulation of both 3-o-methylglucose exchange and lipogenesis from glucose as pig insulin. However, the potency of hagfish insulin with respect to activation of lipogenesis was only 4.6+/-0.6 per cent (S.D., n=15) of that of pig insulin. Hagfish insulin thus constitutes the first described insulin which exhibits a discrepancy between relative binding affinity and relative potency. This discrepancy was not due to the methionine residue (B31) at the COOH-terminal end of the B chain of hagfish insulin, since removal of this residue caused no marked change in the binding affinity or the potency. The results indicate that the receptor occupancy must be 5 times higher with hagfish insulin than with pig insulin to cause a particular degree of activation of lipogenesis. Hagfish insulin might therefore be characterized as a \"partial antagonist\" on the receptors. However, it was not possible to demonstrate antagonistic properties of hagfish insulin on the cells. The effect of hagfish insulin plus pig insulin in submaximally stimulating concentrations was additive. Furthermore, the decay of activation of adipocytes after incubation with hagfish insulin followed the same time course as the decay of activation after incubation with pig insulin in a concentration of equal potency. These phenomena are in agreement with the concept that adipocytes possess a large excess of receptors which can mediate the effect of insulin on lipogenesis from glucose.", "PMID": 556725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2700", "title": "Isolation and characterization of transfer RNAs from Dictyostelium discoideum during growth and development.", "content": "Transfer RNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases were isolated from vegetative and developing cells of the cellular slime mode Dictyostelium discoideum. Using the homologous synthetases, the tRANs were compared for their levels of acceptance of 17 amino acids. These levels were found to be the same. The tRANs were further compared by double label chromatography on reversed phase columns. Some major quantitative differences in individual peaks were observed. In addition, for a number of aminoacyl-tRNAs, small but reproducible displacements of individual peaks were apparent. In many cases the displacement was in the major peak, and in all but one case the developmental peak eluted ahead of the vegetative peak. Taken together, these results suggest that there is no change from growth to development in the transcription of tRNA genes, but that there are important changes in post-transcriptional modification.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of transfer RNAs from Dictyostelium discoideum during growth and development. Transfer RNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases were isolated from vegetative and developing cells of the cellular slime mode Dictyostelium discoideum. Using the homologous synthetases, the tRANs were compared for their levels of acceptance of 17 amino acids. These levels were found to be the same. The tRANs were further compared by double label chromatography on reversed phase columns. Some major quantitative differences in individual peaks were observed. In addition, for a number of aminoacyl-tRNAs, small but reproducible displacements of individual peaks were apparent. In many cases the displacement was in the major peak, and in all but one case the developmental peak eluted ahead of the vegetative peak. Taken together, these results suggest that there is no change from growth to development in the transcription of tRNA genes, but that there are important changes in post-transcriptional modification.", "PMID": 556726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2701", "title": "Movement generated by interactions between the dense material at the ends  of microtubles and non-actin-containing microfilaments in Sticholonche zanclea.", "content": "Axopods of the planktonic protozoan, Sticholonche, are used as oars to propel the organism through seawater. Within each axopod is an orgainzed array of microtubules which inserts into a dense material that assumes the form of the head of a hip joint. This material, in turn, articulates on the surface of the nucleus. Microfilaments, 20-30 A in diameter, connect the dense material associated with the microtubules to the surface of the nucleus, and they move the axopod by their contractions. The active phase of the movement may take as little as about 0.04 s and the recovery phase may take between 0.2 and 0.4 s. The microfilaments are not actin, as based on: (a) their small diameter, (b) the lack of decoration with heavy meromyosin, and (c) their ability to coil, spiral or fold during contraction. By the use of Thorotrast, we were able to demonstrate that the cell surface is deeply infolded, extending all the way to the hip joint. Here, there is a specialized membrane system that resembles the diad in skeletal muscle. From cytochemical tests and the use of ionophores and chelators, there is some evidence that the motile process may be controlled by calcium. This study demonstrates that, in at least one system, microtubules can be moves by contractile microfilaments attached to the dense material at there tips.", "contents": "Movement generated by interactions between the dense material at the ends  of microtubles and non-actin-containing microfilaments in Sticholonche zanclea. Axopods of the planktonic protozoan, Sticholonche, are used as oars to propel the organism through seawater. Within each axopod is an orgainzed array of microtubules which inserts into a dense material that assumes the form of the head of a hip joint. This material, in turn, articulates on the surface of the nucleus. Microfilaments, 20-30 A in diameter, connect the dense material associated with the microtubules to the surface of the nucleus, and they move the axopod by their contractions. The active phase of the movement may take as little as about 0.04 s and the recovery phase may take between 0.2 and 0.4 s. The microfilaments are not actin, as based on: (a) their small diameter, (b) the lack of decoration with heavy meromyosin, and (c) their ability to coil, spiral or fold during contraction. By the use of Thorotrast, we were able to demonstrate that the cell surface is deeply infolded, extending all the way to the hip joint. Here, there is a specialized membrane system that resembles the diad in skeletal muscle. From cytochemical tests and the use of ionophores and chelators, there is some evidence that the motile process may be controlled by calcium. This study demonstrates that, in at least one system, microtubules can be moves by contractile microfilaments attached to the dense material at there tips.", "PMID": 556727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2702", "title": "The role of the centriolar region in animal cell mitosis. A laser microbeam study.", "content": "An argon ion laser microbeam (488 and 514 nm) was used to selectively irradiate one of the two centriolar regions of rat kangaroo Potorous tridactylis (PtK2) prophase cells in vitro. The cells were sensitized to the laser radiation by treatment with acridine orange (0.1-0.2 mug/ml). Ultrastructural examination of the irradiated centriolar regions demonstrated that the primary site of damage was the pericentriolar material. This result suggests that nucleic acid is present in the pericentriolar material. Behavioral and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that cells with one damaged pericentriolar zone could undergo (a) nuclear membrane breakdown, (b) chromosome condensation, (c) metaphase plate formation, and (d) cytokinesis. However, the chromosomes neither separated nor exhibited any anaphase movements. Detailed ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of kinetochore microtubules on both sides of chromosome mass and a lack of microtubules in the cytokinesis constriction. These results indicate that the pericentriolar material is important in spindle orgainization and essential for the formation of the interpolar microtubules.", "contents": "The role of the centriolar region in animal cell mitosis. A laser microbeam study. An argon ion laser microbeam (488 and 514 nm) was used to selectively irradiate one of the two centriolar regions of rat kangaroo Potorous tridactylis (PtK2) prophase cells in vitro. The cells were sensitized to the laser radiation by treatment with acridine orange (0.1-0.2 mug/ml). Ultrastructural examination of the irradiated centriolar regions demonstrated that the primary site of damage was the pericentriolar material. This result suggests that nucleic acid is present in the pericentriolar material. Behavioral and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that cells with one damaged pericentriolar zone could undergo (a) nuclear membrane breakdown, (b) chromosome condensation, (c) metaphase plate formation, and (d) cytokinesis. However, the chromosomes neither separated nor exhibited any anaphase movements. Detailed ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of kinetochore microtubules on both sides of chromosome mass and a lack of microtubules in the cytokinesis constriction. These results indicate that the pericentriolar material is important in spindle orgainization and essential for the formation of the interpolar microtubules.", "PMID": 556728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2703", "title": "The absence of centrioles from spindle poles of rat kangaroo (PtK2) cells undergoing meiotic-like reduction division in vitro.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy were used to study somatic cell reduction division occurring spontaneously in tetraploid populations of rat kangaroo Potorous tridactylis (PtK2) cells in vitro. Light microscopy coupled with time-lapse photography documented the pattern of reduction division which includes an anaphase-like movement of double chromatid chromosomes to opposite spindle poles followed by the organization of two separate metaphase plates and synchronous anaphase division to form four poles and four daughter nuclei. The resulting daughter cells were isolated and cloned, showing their viability, and karyotyped to determine their ploidy. Ultrastructural analysis of cells undergoing reduction consistently revealed two duplexes of centrioles (one at each of two spindle poles) and two spindle poles in each cell that lacked centrioles but with microtubules terminating in a pericentriolar-like cloud of material. These results suggest that the centriole is not essential for spindle pole formation and division and implicate the could region as a necessary component of the spindle apparatus.", "contents": "The absence of centrioles from spindle poles of rat kangaroo (PtK2) cells undergoing meiotic-like reduction division in vitro. Light and electron microscopy were used to study somatic cell reduction division occurring spontaneously in tetraploid populations of rat kangaroo Potorous tridactylis (PtK2) cells in vitro. Light microscopy coupled with time-lapse photography documented the pattern of reduction division which includes an anaphase-like movement of double chromatid chromosomes to opposite spindle poles followed by the organization of two separate metaphase plates and synchronous anaphase division to form four poles and four daughter nuclei. The resulting daughter cells were isolated and cloned, showing their viability, and karyotyped to determine their ploidy. Ultrastructural analysis of cells undergoing reduction consistently revealed two duplexes of centrioles (one at each of two spindle poles) and two spindle poles in each cell that lacked centrioles but with microtubules terminating in a pericentriolar-like cloud of material. These results suggest that the centriole is not essential for spindle pole formation and division and implicate the could region as a necessary component of the spindle apparatus.", "PMID": 556729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2704", "title": "Nondestructive distinction between aflatoxin B1 and ethoxyquin in thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and simple method has been developed for the nondestructive distinction between aflatoxin B1 and the feed antioxidant, ethoxyquin. These two chemicals exhibit similar RF values in certain solvent systems and produce a similar bluish fluorescence under long UV (366 nm) radiation. The method involves the in situ generation of fluorescence spectra of the respective thin-layer chromatography spots. Since it is nondestructive, the method affords ancillary study of the separated aflatoxins.", "contents": "Nondestructive distinction between aflatoxin B1 and ethoxyquin in thin-layer chromatography. A rapid and simple method has been developed for the nondestructive distinction between aflatoxin B1 and the feed antioxidant, ethoxyquin. These two chemicals exhibit similar RF values in certain solvent systems and produce a similar bluish fluorescence under long UV (366 nm) radiation. The method involves the in situ generation of fluorescence spectra of the respective thin-layer chromatography spots. Since it is nondestructive, the method affords ancillary study of the separated aflatoxins.", "PMID": 556742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2705", "title": "Twenty-four hour integrated concentrations of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisol in normal male subjects.", "content": "The 24 h integrated concentrations of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and cortisol were determined in 5 male subjects ranging in age from 25 to 36 years. Using a nonthrombogenic catheter and a constant withdrawal pump, blood was collected for a period of 24 h in 30 min aliquots. All five subjects had similar 24 h integrated concentrations of cortisol (9.2 +/- 5.4). One subject had elevated 24 h integrated concentrations of progesterone (55.2 +/- 18.7) and 17-OHP (352 +/- 122) when compared to the mean integrated concentrations (progesterone: 24.9 +/- 4.7; 17-OHP: 109 +/- 33) of the 4 other subjects. The 30 min integrated concentrations showed a diurnal variation for both 17-OHP and cortisol but not for progesterone. The best correlation between cortisol and 17-OHP occurred when the concentration of 17-OHP 90 or 120 min earlier. No significant correlation occurred between cortisol and progesterone.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour integrated concentrations of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisol in normal male subjects. The 24 h integrated concentrations of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and cortisol were determined in 5 male subjects ranging in age from 25 to 36 years. Using a nonthrombogenic catheter and a constant withdrawal pump, blood was collected for a period of 24 h in 30 min aliquots. All five subjects had similar 24 h integrated concentrations of cortisol (9.2 +/- 5.4). One subject had elevated 24 h integrated concentrations of progesterone (55.2 +/- 18.7) and 17-OHP (352 +/- 122) when compared to the mean integrated concentrations (progesterone: 24.9 +/- 4.7; 17-OHP: 109 +/- 33) of the 4 other subjects. The 30 min integrated concentrations showed a diurnal variation for both 17-OHP and cortisol but not for progesterone. The best correlation between cortisol and 17-OHP occurred when the concentration of 17-OHP 90 or 120 min earlier. No significant correlation occurred between cortisol and progesterone.", "PMID": 556744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2706", "title": "MMPI profiles of brain-damaged and schizophrenic subjects.", "content": "MMPI mean profiles for matched groups of 50 brain-damaged and 50 schizophrenic Ss from a short-term hospital were compared. The profiles are quite different. F tests demonstrated that the Sc scale best differentiated the two groups at far beyond the .01 level, and scales F, PA and PT also differentiated the two groups beyond the .01 level. A cut-off point of 80 on the SC scale correctly classified 78% of the two groups. Neither the 2-9 nor the 1-3-9 profile occurred a sufficient number of times in either group to be of any help in diagnosis.", "contents": "MMPI profiles of brain-damaged and schizophrenic subjects. MMPI mean profiles for matched groups of 50 brain-damaged and 50 schizophrenic Ss from a short-term hospital were compared. The profiles are quite different. F tests demonstrated that the Sc scale best differentiated the two groups at far beyond the .01 level, and scales F, PA and PT also differentiated the two groups beyond the .01 level. A cut-off point of 80 on the SC scale correctly classified 78% of the two groups. Neither the 2-9 nor the 1-3-9 profile occurred a sufficient number of times in either group to be of any help in diagnosis.", "PMID": 556745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2707", "title": "Cytofluorometric quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mast cells: an improved technique for the formaldehyde condensation reaction.", "content": "A simple technique for the condensation of cellular 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with formaldehyde gas is described. The technique, which is especially suited for quantitative cytofluormetric studies, involves the generation of formaldehyde gas from dry paraformaldehyde in a closed reaction vessel with the addition of a measured quantity of water. The fluorescence yield of 5-HT was tested at various humidities. Optimal results were obtained with the addition of 100 mg water to a 1000 ml reaction vessel containing 6 g of dry paraformaldehyde. A major advantage of the method if the fact that the humidity during the reaction can be precisely controlled. The fluorescence yield of 5-HT, tested over a 50 day period showed excellent reproducibility. The stoichiometry of the reaction was tested by comparison of cytofluormetic data with that obtained by analysing the 5-HT content of pooled mast cells with an independent biochemical method. A highly satisfactory correlation (r = 0.96) was obtained within the range of 0.1 to 4 pg of 5-HT per cell. The limit of sensitivity of the cytofluorometric method was found to be of the order of 10(-13) g, and was determined by the fluorescence blank of the mast cells. This contributes to between 10 and 30 per cent of the total fluorescence emission from mast cells containing about 0.2 pg of 5-HT.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mast cells: an improved technique for the formaldehyde condensation reaction. A simple technique for the condensation of cellular 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with formaldehyde gas is described. The technique, which is especially suited for quantitative cytofluormetric studies, involves the generation of formaldehyde gas from dry paraformaldehyde in a closed reaction vessel with the addition of a measured quantity of water. The fluorescence yield of 5-HT was tested at various humidities. Optimal results were obtained with the addition of 100 mg water to a 1000 ml reaction vessel containing 6 g of dry paraformaldehyde. A major advantage of the method if the fact that the humidity during the reaction can be precisely controlled. The fluorescence yield of 5-HT, tested over a 50 day period showed excellent reproducibility. The stoichiometry of the reaction was tested by comparison of cytofluormetic data with that obtained by analysing the 5-HT content of pooled mast cells with an independent biochemical method. A highly satisfactory correlation (r = 0.96) was obtained within the range of 0.1 to 4 pg of 5-HT per cell. The limit of sensitivity of the cytofluorometric method was found to be of the order of 10(-13) g, and was determined by the fluorescence blank of the mast cells. This contributes to between 10 and 30 per cent of the total fluorescence emission from mast cells containing about 0.2 pg of 5-HT.", "PMID": 556750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2708", "title": "Hormonal effects on canine prostatic explants in organ culture.", "content": "Explants of canine prostate were cultured in a defined medium for periods of up to 5 days with and without added steroids. Testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone failed to maintain their histological integrity and induced a greatly increased formation of stromal elements. Epitestosterone and 5 alpha-dihydroepitestosterone were partially successful in maintaining epithelial height although secretory activity was not preserved. The only steroid that sustained epithelial height and secretory activity whilst keeping stromal growth at a minimum was 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 alpha-diol. The three other epimeric androstanediols were ineffective.", "contents": "Hormonal effects on canine prostatic explants in organ culture. Explants of canine prostate were cultured in a defined medium for periods of up to 5 days with and without added steroids. Testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone failed to maintain their histological integrity and induced a greatly increased formation of stromal elements. Epitestosterone and 5 alpha-dihydroepitestosterone were partially successful in maintaining epithelial height although secretory activity was not preserved. The only steroid that sustained epithelial height and secretory activity whilst keeping stromal growth at a minimum was 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 alpha-diol. The three other epimeric androstanediols were ineffective.", "PMID": 556754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2709", "title": "The effects of two response-elimination procedures on reinforced and induced aggression.", "content": "Pecks against a stuffed pigeon were reinforced according to a fixed-interval schedule for one group of pigeons and a variable-interval schedule for a second group. Red and green stimulus lights were alternately illuminated. Subsequently, food deliveries no longer occurred during one color (extinction). In the presence of the other color, food was presented only when no attack occurred for 30 sec. When attack produced food, all pigeons generally exhibited characteristic fixed-interval or variable-interval response patterns. Two birds in each group frequently exhibited postreinforcement schedule-induced aggression. Attack was reduced to low levels at approximately the same rate by extinction and differential reinforcement of other behavior. For birds that had previously exhibited schedule-induced aggression the initial reduction of attack during the second experimental phase was followed by induced attack immediately after food delivery in the differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior component and upon onset of the extinction component, Either extinction or differential reinforcement of other behavior may eliminate reinforced aggression but may be relatively ineffective for reducing induced attack.", "contents": "The effects of two response-elimination procedures on reinforced and induced aggression. Pecks against a stuffed pigeon were reinforced according to a fixed-interval schedule for one group of pigeons and a variable-interval schedule for a second group. Red and green stimulus lights were alternately illuminated. Subsequently, food deliveries no longer occurred during one color (extinction). In the presence of the other color, food was presented only when no attack occurred for 30 sec. When attack produced food, all pigeons generally exhibited characteristic fixed-interval or variable-interval response patterns. Two birds in each group frequently exhibited postreinforcement schedule-induced aggression. Attack was reduced to low levels at approximately the same rate by extinction and differential reinforcement of other behavior. For birds that had previously exhibited schedule-induced aggression the initial reduction of attack during the second experimental phase was followed by induced attack immediately after food delivery in the differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior component and upon onset of the extinction component, Either extinction or differential reinforcement of other behavior may eliminate reinforced aggression but may be relatively ineffective for reducing induced attack.", "PMID": 556755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2710", "title": "Structure of mitochondria and vacuoles of Candida utilis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe studied by electron microscopy of serial thin sections and model building.", "content": "The structure of mitochondria and of vacuoles in Candida utilis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been studied by electron microscopy of serial thin sections and subsequent model building. The models of the two cells of C. utilis which were studied confirmed our earlier findings, made by high voltage electron microscopy of thick sections, that there is a single, branched and continuous mitochondrial network in the cell (Davison & Garland, 1975). A model of a S. pombe cell showed that the mitochondrial structure was far more continuous than expected from inspection of thin sections, there being but two large and two small mitochondria. The models demonstrated that the few large vacuoles in C. utilis were interconnected into a single cluster, whereas in S. pombe there were two separate complexes of interconnected vacuoles towards each pole of the cell.", "contents": "Structure of mitochondria and vacuoles of Candida utilis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe studied by electron microscopy of serial thin sections and model building. The structure of mitochondria and of vacuoles in Candida utilis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been studied by electron microscopy of serial thin sections and subsequent model building. The models of the two cells of C. utilis which were studied confirmed our earlier findings, made by high voltage electron microscopy of thick sections, that there is a single, branched and continuous mitochondrial network in the cell (Davison & Garland, 1975). A model of a S. pombe cell showed that the mitochondrial structure was far more continuous than expected from inspection of thin sections, there being but two large and two small mitochondria. The models demonstrated that the few large vacuoles in C. utilis were interconnected into a single cluster, whereas in S. pombe there were two separate complexes of interconnected vacuoles towards each pole of the cell.", "PMID": 556756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2711", "title": "Locus of blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction in the stages of conidial development in Botrytis cinerea.", "content": "The effect of the blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction on conidial development in Botrytis cinerea was studied by observing microscopically selected conidiophores. Conidiophore development was divided into six stages; when the developing conidiophores from stage 2 (i.e. a mature conidiophore) to stage 5 (i.e. a conidiophore with conidium initial) were exposed to blue light for a short time, conidiation was suppressed; the conidiophores already formed de-differentiated to 'sterile' conidiophores with sharply pointed tips.  The suppression of conidial development by blue light could be reversed by subsequent exposure to near ultraviolet light, and conidia then developed normally. This mycochrome system functioned reciprocally within the range of identified conidiophore developmental stages and near ultraviolet light acted only at the same development stage as was inhibited by blue light.", "contents": "Locus of blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction in the stages of conidial development in Botrytis cinerea. The effect of the blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction on conidial development in Botrytis cinerea was studied by observing microscopically selected conidiophores. Conidiophore development was divided into six stages; when the developing conidiophores from stage 2 (i.e. a mature conidiophore) to stage 5 (i.e. a conidiophore with conidium initial) were exposed to blue light for a short time, conidiation was suppressed; the conidiophores already formed de-differentiated to 'sterile' conidiophores with sharply pointed tips.  The suppression of conidial development by blue light could be reversed by subsequent exposure to near ultraviolet light, and conidia then developed normally. This mycochrome system functioned reciprocally within the range of identified conidiophore developmental stages and near ultraviolet light acted only at the same development stage as was inhibited by blue light.", "PMID": 556757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2712", "title": "Intracellular distribution of virus-specific RNA in chick embryo cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus.", "content": "Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infected chick embryo (CE) cells were treated with 4 mug actinomycin D/ml and 5 mM-D-glucosamine at 2 or 3 h before harvesting. Production of JEV was not affected by the short-time treatment of these drugs. The radioactivity in virus-specific RNA in the glucosamine-treated cells was a-parently higher than in non-treated cells. Nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared from the JEV-infected cells pulse-labelled with 3H-uridine at 15 h after infection. Analysis of virus RNA in nuclear extracts on sucrose density gradients showed that most of the radioactivity was in 23S RNA, 26S RNA and 8 to 12S RNA. The radioactivity of virus RNA in cytoplasmic extracts was found in 42S RNA and RNA fragments sedimenting at less than 8S.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of virus-specific RNA in chick embryo cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infected chick embryo (CE) cells were treated with 4 mug actinomycin D/ml and 5 mM-D-glucosamine at 2 or 3 h before harvesting. Production of JEV was not affected by the short-time treatment of these drugs. The radioactivity in virus-specific RNA in the glucosamine-treated cells was a-parently higher than in non-treated cells. Nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared from the JEV-infected cells pulse-labelled with 3H-uridine at 15 h after infection. Analysis of virus RNA in nuclear extracts on sucrose density gradients showed that most of the radioactivity was in 23S RNA, 26S RNA and 8 to 12S RNA. The radioactivity of virus RNA in cytoplasmic extracts was found in 42S RNA and RNA fragments sedimenting at less than 8S.", "PMID": 556758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2713", "title": "Effect of dietary raw soybean and soybean trypsin inhibitor on trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and in small intestinal juice of growing swine.", "content": "Sixty-eight growing gilts with a 12 kg average initial weight were used in seven trials to study the effect of dietary raw soybean (Harosov) and SBTI (Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor) on pancreatic and small intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. A solvent-extracted, heated soybean meal (SBM) was used, cause reduced growth. Both a single-meal and continuous feeding of the raw soybean diet caused a decrease in the pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. In contrast, to the rat and the chick, the pancreas of the pigs did not enlarge subsequent to consumption of the raw soybean or SBTI diets. Raw soybean feeding also resulted in an inhibition of the intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. This inhibiting effect was greater than that of the SBTI, especially the chymotrypsin-inhibiting effect. This suggested that soybean constituents other than the SBTI, such as the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, caused inhibition. In the pig the inhibition of the intestinal proteolysis may be a major cause of reduced growth when raw soybean is fed.", "contents": "Effect of dietary raw soybean and soybean trypsin inhibitor on trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and in small intestinal juice of growing swine. Sixty-eight growing gilts with a 12 kg average initial weight were used in seven trials to study the effect of dietary raw soybean (Harosov) and SBTI (Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor) on pancreatic and small intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. A solvent-extracted, heated soybean meal (SBM) was used, cause reduced growth. Both a single-meal and continuous feeding of the raw soybean diet caused a decrease in the pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. In contrast, to the rat and the chick, the pancreas of the pigs did not enlarge subsequent to consumption of the raw soybean or SBTI diets. Raw soybean feeding also resulted in an inhibition of the intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. This inhibiting effect was greater than that of the SBTI, especially the chymotrypsin-inhibiting effect. This suggested that soybean constituents other than the SBTI, such as the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, caused inhibition. In the pig the inhibition of the intestinal proteolysis may be a major cause of reduced growth when raw soybean is fed.", "PMID": 556760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2714", "title": "Quantitative requirements of the hatchling green sea turtle for lysine, tryptophan, and methionine.", "content": "The quantitative requirement for the amino acids lysine, tryptophan, and methionine was determined for the hatchling green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). Hatchling green sea turtles were fed synthetic diets of purified substances with the composition of the diet varying in the amount of lysine, tryptophan or methionine present. The lysine requirement was found to be 4.8% of the crude protein (N X 6.25) or 1.7% of the dry diet. The tryptophan requirement was found to be 0.63% of the crude protein or 0.22% of the dry diet. The methionine requirement, in the presence of adequate cystine (3.1% of the crude protein), was found to be 1.5% of the crude protein or 0.49% of the dry diet.", "contents": "Quantitative requirements of the hatchling green sea turtle for lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. The quantitative requirement for the amino acids lysine, tryptophan, and methionine was determined for the hatchling green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). Hatchling green sea turtles were fed synthetic diets of purified substances with the composition of the diet varying in the amount of lysine, tryptophan or methionine present. The lysine requirement was found to be 4.8% of the crude protein (N X 6.25) or 1.7% of the dry diet. The tryptophan requirement was found to be 0.63% of the crude protein or 0.22% of the dry diet. The methionine requirement, in the presence of adequate cystine (3.1% of the crude protein), was found to be 1.5% of the crude protein or 0.49% of the dry diet.", "PMID": 556761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2715", "title": "Diurnal changes in plasma and liver lipids and lipoprotein lipase activity in heart and adipose tissue in rats fed a high and low fat diet.", "content": "In order to evaluate a) the respective roles of adipose and muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the clearing of alimentary lipemia and b) the role of the resulting nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in controlling hepatic ketogenesis and liver triglyceride content, a number of parameters related to lipid metabolism were studied over the 24 hour period (the dark period being from 1930 to 0730 hours), in rats ad libitum fed either a low-fat (LF) or a high-fat (HF) diet containing respectively 1.1% and 41.5% lard. During spontaneous feeding (from 1500-1800 hours onwards), LPL activity in LF rats increased in adipose tissue and decreased in heart; in rats fed the HF diet for 3 weeks, the postprandial rise in adipose LPL was smaller and there was no decrease in heart LPL before 2100 hours. In HF rats, unlike the LF, feeding resulted in a large increase in circulating NEFA and total ketone concentrations, an increase in liver beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity, and a decrease in hepatic triglyceride content. The findings clearly indicate that in HF rats, muscle LPL controls the postprandial rise in plasma NEFA concentrations, which in turn appear to determine the extent of ketonemia and liver triglyceride changes. The possible control of these metabolic events by insulin is discussed.", "contents": "Diurnal changes in plasma and liver lipids and lipoprotein lipase activity in heart and adipose tissue in rats fed a high and low fat diet. In order to evaluate a) the respective roles of adipose and muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the clearing of alimentary lipemia and b) the role of the resulting nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in controlling hepatic ketogenesis and liver triglyceride content, a number of parameters related to lipid metabolism were studied over the 24 hour period (the dark period being from 1930 to 0730 hours), in rats ad libitum fed either a low-fat (LF) or a high-fat (HF) diet containing respectively 1.1% and 41.5% lard. During spontaneous feeding (from 1500-1800 hours onwards), LPL activity in LF rats increased in adipose tissue and decreased in heart; in rats fed the HF diet for 3 weeks, the postprandial rise in adipose LPL was smaller and there was no decrease in heart LPL before 2100 hours. In HF rats, unlike the LF, feeding resulted in a large increase in circulating NEFA and total ketone concentrations, an increase in liver beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity, and a decrease in hepatic triglyceride content. The findings clearly indicate that in HF rats, muscle LPL controls the postprandial rise in plasma NEFA concentrations, which in turn appear to determine the extent of ketonemia and liver triglyceride changes. The possible control of these metabolic events by insulin is discussed.", "PMID": 556762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2716", "title": "Utilization of analogues of riboflavin by the riboflavin-deficient chick embryo.", "content": "Detailed studies of the biological activity of several analogues of riboflavin in the riboflavin-deficient chick embryo were undertaken to extend our knowledge of the comparative biochemistry of these flavins. The riboflavin-deficient eggs were produced by hens homozygous for an autosomal recessive gene (rdrd). 7-Ethyl-8-methyl-flavin was found to be an adequate replacement for riboflavin in che chick embryo, a finding which mimics its effect in the riboflavin-deficient rat. 7,8-Diethyl-flavin was found to be an antagonist in the chick embryo as had been found to be true in the rat. 7-Methyl-8-ethyl-flavin can not be used as a replacement for riboflavin in the chick embryo and further, it inhibits the utilization of riboflavin in normal eggs. 7-Methyl-8-ethyl-flavin had been found to be an adequate replacement for riboflavin in the riboflavin-deficient rat. The classes mammalia and aves are clearly different in respect to the utilization of this flavin.", "contents": "Utilization of analogues of riboflavin by the riboflavin-deficient chick embryo. Detailed studies of the biological activity of several analogues of riboflavin in the riboflavin-deficient chick embryo were undertaken to extend our knowledge of the comparative biochemistry of these flavins. The riboflavin-deficient eggs were produced by hens homozygous for an autosomal recessive gene (rdrd). 7-Ethyl-8-methyl-flavin was found to be an adequate replacement for riboflavin in che chick embryo, a finding which mimics its effect in the riboflavin-deficient rat. 7,8-Diethyl-flavin was found to be an antagonist in the chick embryo as had been found to be true in the rat. 7-Methyl-8-ethyl-flavin can not be used as a replacement for riboflavin in the chick embryo and further, it inhibits the utilization of riboflavin in normal eggs. 7-Methyl-8-ethyl-flavin had been found to be an adequate replacement for riboflavin in the riboflavin-deficient rat. The classes mammalia and aves are clearly different in respect to the utilization of this flavin.", "PMID": 556763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2717", "title": "Effects of fluoride on livestock.", "content": "Animals normally ingest small amounts of fluorides in their diet with no adverse effect. An increased ingestion of fluoride can be harmful to animals, and grazing animals can be damaged by the consumption of high-fluoride vegetation. Cattle have been the species most commonly affected, and the symptoms of excessive fluoride ingestion in that species include; lesions in the developing dentition, skeletal lesions, lameness, chemical evidence of tissue fluoride ingestion in that species include: lesions in the developing take and decrease in production. The level of fluoride which can be tolerated by various species with no adverse effect has been determined, and this data can be used to set a standard to protect animals from the deleterious effect of fluoride ingestion.", "contents": "Effects of fluoride on livestock. Animals normally ingest small amounts of fluorides in their diet with no adverse effect. An increased ingestion of fluoride can be harmful to animals, and grazing animals can be damaged by the consumption of high-fluoride vegetation. Cattle have been the species most commonly affected, and the symptoms of excessive fluoride ingestion in that species include; lesions in the developing dentition, skeletal lesions, lameness, chemical evidence of tissue fluoride ingestion in that species include: lesions in the developing take and decrease in production. The level of fluoride which can be tolerated by various species with no adverse effect has been determined, and this data can be used to set a standard to protect animals from the deleterious effect of fluoride ingestion.", "PMID": 556764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2718", "title": "Baeocystin in Psilocybe semilanceata.", "content": "Baeocystin and psilocybin were found in extracts of a variety of Psilocybe semilanceata. Psilocybin (but not baeocystin) was also detected in extracts of a related species. Psilocyte pelliculosa. Traces of psilocin were present in these two species. The structures of the isolated compounds were corroborated using mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy.", "contents": "Baeocystin in Psilocybe semilanceata. Baeocystin and psilocybin were found in extracts of a variety of Psilocybe semilanceata. Psilocybin (but not baeocystin) was also detected in extracts of a related species. Psilocyte pelliculosa. Traces of psilocin were present in these two species. The structures of the isolated compounds were corroborated using mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy.", "PMID": 556766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2719", "title": "Effect of lysine and diethanolamine-rutin on blood levels, withdrawal reaction, and acute toxicity of ethanol in mice.", "content": "The effects of L-Lysine and diethanolamine-rutin on blood ethanol levels and withdrawal convulsions following a 4-day exposure to ethanol vapors were evaluated in 30-40-g male Swiss-Webster mice. The animals were exposed in groups, along with simultaneous controls, in a 34-liter dynamic Plexiglas exposure chamber. Blood was collected by retro-orbital puncture and analyzed enzymatically for ethanol. At the end of the inhalation period, convulsions on handling were scored over 24 hr. In addition, the effects of L-Lysine and diethanolamine-rutin on blood ethanol levels and on acute ethanol toxicity following oral and intraperitoneal administration were evaluated. L-Lysine lowered blood ethanol levels following inhalation or oral administration of ethanol. Diethanolamine-rutin had no effect on blood ethanol levels. Both L-Lysine and diethanolamine-rutin decreased the withdrawal reaction in dependent mice. L-Lysine increased the oral LD50 of ethanol, while diethanolamine-rutin decreased the intraperitoneal LD50 of ethanol.", "contents": "Effect of lysine and diethanolamine-rutin on blood levels, withdrawal reaction, and acute toxicity of ethanol in mice. The effects of L-Lysine and diethanolamine-rutin on blood ethanol levels and withdrawal convulsions following a 4-day exposure to ethanol vapors were evaluated in 30-40-g male Swiss-Webster mice. The animals were exposed in groups, along with simultaneous controls, in a 34-liter dynamic Plexiglas exposure chamber. Blood was collected by retro-orbital puncture and analyzed enzymatically for ethanol. At the end of the inhalation period, convulsions on handling were scored over 24 hr. In addition, the effects of L-Lysine and diethanolamine-rutin on blood ethanol levels and on acute ethanol toxicity following oral and intraperitoneal administration were evaluated. L-Lysine lowered blood ethanol levels following inhalation or oral administration of ethanol. Diethanolamine-rutin had no effect on blood ethanol levels. Both L-Lysine and diethanolamine-rutin decreased the withdrawal reaction in dependent mice. L-Lysine increased the oral LD50 of ethanol, while diethanolamine-rutin decreased the intraperitoneal LD50 of ethanol.", "PMID": 556767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2720", "title": "Use of rabbits for GI drug absorption studies.", "content": "A novel procedure to control the stomach emptying rate in rabbits is presented. Rabbits were given a special solid diet for 1 week, and then the gastric contents were washed out with saline. Then the rabbits were muzzled to prevent coprophagy during the night. Fifty grams of special soft diet given to the \"stomach-emptying-controlled\" rabbit transferred exponentially from the stomach into the small intestine and almost disappeared from the stomach within 5 hr. Griseofulvin, indomethacin, or nalidixic acid was administered in a hard gelatin capsule or tablet, with subsequent feeding of a special soft diet. Good correlations were observed between the plasma level-time curves of these drugs in the stomach-emptying-controlled rabbits and in human subjects.", "contents": "Use of rabbits for GI drug absorption studies. A novel procedure to control the stomach emptying rate in rabbits is presented. Rabbits were given a special solid diet for 1 week, and then the gastric contents were washed out with saline. Then the rabbits were muzzled to prevent coprophagy during the night. Fifty grams of special soft diet given to the \"stomach-emptying-controlled\" rabbit transferred exponentially from the stomach into the small intestine and almost disappeared from the stomach within 5 hr. Griseofulvin, indomethacin, or nalidixic acid was administered in a hard gelatin capsule or tablet, with subsequent feeding of a special soft diet. Good correlations were observed between the plasma level-time curves of these drugs in the stomach-emptying-controlled rabbits and in human subjects.", "PMID": 556768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2721", "title": "Effects of colchicine on the ovine corpus luteum: role of microtubules in the secretion of progesterone.", "content": "By 4 h after i.v. injection of ewes at the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle with colchicine (1 mg/kg), the concentration of progesterone in peripheral plasma was halved while the content of progesterone in luteal tissue was doubled. The ultrastructure of the luteal tissue showed some specific drug-induced changes: microtubules were no longer present and the intracellular transport and secretion of granules associated with progesterone secretion appeared to be inhibited.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine on the ovine corpus luteum: role of microtubules in the secretion of progesterone. By 4 h after i.v. injection of ewes at the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle with colchicine (1 mg/kg), the concentration of progesterone in peripheral plasma was halved while the content of progesterone in luteal tissue was doubled. The ultrastructure of the luteal tissue showed some specific drug-induced changes: microtubules were no longer present and the intracellular transport and secretion of granules associated with progesterone secretion appeared to be inhibited.", "PMID": 556770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2722", "title": "The effect of oxytocin treatment on the levels of prostaglandin F in the blood of heifers.", "content": "Six heifers with normal oestrous cycles were treated i.m. with 100 i.u. oxytocin on 3 consecutive days, commencing on Days 1-6 after oestrus, and the levels of prostaglandin (PG) F in posterior vena cava plasma were compared with pretreatment values. An increase of PGF in response to oxytocin was significantly influenced by day, with the greatest response occurring on Day 3 after oestrus. In an ovariectomized heifer the levels of PGF in posterior vena cava plasma increased 24 h after priming with oestradiol, but no further increase occurred after oxytocin injection. Peak levels of PGF were higher in the plasma of the posterior vena cava than in the jugular vein. Various storage conditions of the blood before centrifugation and freezing (--20 degrees C) produced significant differences in plasma levels of endogenous PGF, but storage experiments with added labelled PGF-2alpha indicated that the PG was stable in plasma and whole blood.", "contents": "The effect of oxytocin treatment on the levels of prostaglandin F in the blood of heifers. Six heifers with normal oestrous cycles were treated i.m. with 100 i.u. oxytocin on 3 consecutive days, commencing on Days 1-6 after oestrus, and the levels of prostaglandin (PG) F in posterior vena cava plasma were compared with pretreatment values. An increase of PGF in response to oxytocin was significantly influenced by day, with the greatest response occurring on Day 3 after oestrus. In an ovariectomized heifer the levels of PGF in posterior vena cava plasma increased 24 h after priming with oestradiol, but no further increase occurred after oxytocin injection. Peak levels of PGF were higher in the plasma of the posterior vena cava than in the jugular vein. Various storage conditions of the blood before centrifugation and freezing (--20 degrees C) produced significant differences in plasma levels of endogenous PGF, but storage experiments with added labelled PGF-2alpha indicated that the PG was stable in plasma and whole blood.", "PMID": 556771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2723", "title": "Antagonists of vitamin B6. Simultaneous and stepwise modification of the 2 and 4 positions.", "content": "Methods for the simultaneous and stepwise modification of the 2 and 4 positions of vitamin B6 have been devloped and have been applied to the synthesis of several analogues of this vitamin. 3,alpha5-O-Dibenzylpyridoxol was converted to its N-oxide and was rearranged to an alpha2-hydroxy derivative with (CF3CO)2O. The 2,4-bis(hydroxymethyl) intermediate was oxidized (MnO2) to the 2,4-dialdehyde, which was converted by a Wittig reaction with triphenylmethylphosphorane to the 2,4-divinyl derivative. Removal of the benzyl groups with acid gave the 2,4-divinylpyridioxol analogue, which was phosphorylated in the 5' position to give the cofactor analogue. The 2-CH3 in the known vitamin B6 antagonists, 4-deoxypyridoxol and 4-vinylpyridoxal, was similarly modified to CH2OH, CHO, and CH = CH2. Modifications of the 2 position in the vitamin B6 antagonists are expected to be associated with changes in selectivity for enzymes in various tissues without a concomitant loss of biological activity, because of the well-established bulk tolerance in this position. Active analogues are expected to undergo, in vivo 5-phosphorylation, which is probably a prerequisite for their antagonist activity. Some of the compounds (e.g., the 2,4-divinyl analogue) have substantial growth-inhibitory activity for cultured mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. In contrast to that of the parent compounds, this activity was only partially reversed by pyridoxal.", "contents": "Antagonists of vitamin B6. Simultaneous and stepwise modification of the 2 and 4 positions. Methods for the simultaneous and stepwise modification of the 2 and 4 positions of vitamin B6 have been devloped and have been applied to the synthesis of several analogues of this vitamin. 3,alpha5-O-Dibenzylpyridoxol was converted to its N-oxide and was rearranged to an alpha2-hydroxy derivative with (CF3CO)2O. The 2,4-bis(hydroxymethyl) intermediate was oxidized (MnO2) to the 2,4-dialdehyde, which was converted by a Wittig reaction with triphenylmethylphosphorane to the 2,4-divinyl derivative. Removal of the benzyl groups with acid gave the 2,4-divinylpyridioxol analogue, which was phosphorylated in the 5' position to give the cofactor analogue. The 2-CH3 in the known vitamin B6 antagonists, 4-deoxypyridoxol and 4-vinylpyridoxal, was similarly modified to CH2OH, CHO, and CH = CH2. Modifications of the 2 position in the vitamin B6 antagonists are expected to be associated with changes in selectivity for enzymes in various tissues without a concomitant loss of biological activity, because of the well-established bulk tolerance in this position. Active analogues are expected to undergo, in vivo 5-phosphorylation, which is probably a prerequisite for their antagonist activity. Some of the compounds (e.g., the 2,4-divinyl analogue) have substantial growth-inhibitory activity for cultured mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. In contrast to that of the parent compounds, this activity was only partially reversed by pyridoxal.", "PMID": 556772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2724", "title": "Analogues of 8-azainosine.", "content": "A convenient synthesis of 8-azapurine ribonucleosides substituted at the 6 position with thio, alkylthio, alkoxy, amino, and alkylamino groups is described. The reaction of 6-(methylthio)-8-azapurine (1) with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride in the presence of Linde AW-500 molecular sieve gave a 2:1 mixture of 2 and 3, respectively. This mixture was rearranged by heating with molecular sieve in refluxing toluene to give a 6:1 mixture of 2 and 3. Treatment of 2 or 3 with the appropriate nucleophiles at room temperature gave 6-substituted 8-azapurine ribonucleosides (7-substituted 2- or 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines) 4-13. The thione 11 rearranges to N-beta-D-ribofuranosyl[1,2,3]thiadiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-7-amine (14) in the solid state or in solution. All of these compounds were cytotoxic to H.Ep. No. 2 cells in culture except the parent base, 8-aza-6-(methylthio)purine (1) and the 8-isomers (3,12, and 13). Three of these compounds-8azaadenosine (4), 8-aza-6-(methylthio)purine ribonucleoside (5), and 8-aza-6-(methoxy)purine ribonucleoside (7)-showed borderline activity in the leukemia L1210 system. The thiadiazolopyrimidine (14) showed activity at three dose levels.", "contents": "Analogues of 8-azainosine. A convenient synthesis of 8-azapurine ribonucleosides substituted at the 6 position with thio, alkylthio, alkoxy, amino, and alkylamino groups is described. The reaction of 6-(methylthio)-8-azapurine (1) with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride in the presence of Linde AW-500 molecular sieve gave a 2:1 mixture of 2 and 3, respectively. This mixture was rearranged by heating with molecular sieve in refluxing toluene to give a 6:1 mixture of 2 and 3. Treatment of 2 or 3 with the appropriate nucleophiles at room temperature gave 6-substituted 8-azapurine ribonucleosides (7-substituted 2- or 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines) 4-13. The thione 11 rearranges to N-beta-D-ribofuranosyl[1,2,3]thiadiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-7-amine (14) in the solid state or in solution. All of these compounds were cytotoxic to H.Ep. No. 2 cells in culture except the parent base, 8-aza-6-(methylthio)purine (1) and the 8-isomers (3,12, and 13). Three of these compounds-8azaadenosine (4), 8-aza-6-(methylthio)purine ribonucleoside (5), and 8-aza-6-(methoxy)purine ribonucleoside (7)-showed borderline activity in the leukemia L1210 system. The thiadiazolopyrimidine (14) showed activity at three dose levels.", "PMID": 556773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2725", "title": "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by thiamine. A structure-function study.", "content": "Eighteen compounds related to thiamine were assayed for their inhibitory potency against electric eel acetylcholinesterase at pH 7.00 and 8.25 by Ellman's method. Data in the form of progress curves were fitted to the integrated form of the rate equation for linear, mixed-type Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The values of Ki thus obtained were compared in order to define the loci of inhibition on the thiamine molecule. It was found that the positively charged quaternary nitrogen atom is the primary locus of inhibition, while alkyl groups in the molecule play a secondary role through hydrophobic association with the enzyme. Protonation of the inhibitors was seen to be an important factor.", "contents": "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by thiamine. A structure-function study. Eighteen compounds related to thiamine were assayed for their inhibitory potency against electric eel acetylcholinesterase at pH 7.00 and 8.25 by Ellman's method. Data in the form of progress curves were fitted to the integrated form of the rate equation for linear, mixed-type Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The values of Ki thus obtained were compared in order to define the loci of inhibition on the thiamine molecule. It was found that the positively charged quaternary nitrogen atom is the primary locus of inhibition, while alkyl groups in the molecule play a secondary role through hydrophobic association with the enzyme. Protonation of the inhibitors was seen to be an important factor.", "PMID": 556774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2726", "title": "Cannabinoids. 2. Synthesis and central nervous system activities of some B-ring homocannabinoid derivatives and related lactones.", "content": "The syntheses of some novel B-ring homocannabinoid derivatives 1,2, and 4 and related lactones 3 and 5 are described. Compounds 1-5 are 6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydrodibenz[b,d]oxepins. CNS structure-activity correlations were determined using three rodent models. The potency and activity profile of these seven-membered ring compounds were compared with the corresponding six-membered ring homologues 6 and 7. A possible seperation of CNS activities was noted with compound 1. Unexpected pharmacological activity was discovered with lactone 3, which was about equipotent to 1-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. It was found that dimethylation at the 7 postition decreased CNS activity when the 6 position was either a carbonyl or methylene group.", "contents": "Cannabinoids. 2. Synthesis and central nervous system activities of some B-ring homocannabinoid derivatives and related lactones. The syntheses of some novel B-ring homocannabinoid derivatives 1,2, and 4 and related lactones 3 and 5 are described. Compounds 1-5 are 6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydrodibenz[b,d]oxepins. CNS structure-activity correlations were determined using three rodent models. The potency and activity profile of these seven-membered ring compounds were compared with the corresponding six-membered ring homologues 6 and 7. A possible seperation of CNS activities was noted with compound 1. Unexpected pharmacological activity was discovered with lactone 3, which was about equipotent to 1-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. It was found that dimethylation at the 7 postition decreased CNS activity when the 6 position was either a carbonyl or methylene group.", "PMID": 556775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2727", "title": "Aporphines, 21. (1,2) Dopaminergic activity of aporphine and benzylisoquinoline derivatives. Synthesis of 8-hydroxyaporphines and 1-(hydroxybenzyl)-2-n-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines.", "content": "The synthesis and physical properties of 8-hydroxyaporphine (3a) and 8-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (3b) are described. The replacement of the rigid aporphine ring system by the more flexible benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, still containing all the necessary substitutents of the potent dopamine agonist N-n-propylnorapomorphine (1b) (NPA), resulted in the synthesis of 1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (4). Analogous to 4,1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (5) was synthesized for a direct comparison with the biological activity of the corresponding 10-hydroxyaporphine (2). All compounds synthesized were evaluated as salts of their racemates. In animals with unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway, (-)NPA and 2 caused dose-dependent contralateral circling behavior although activity was greatly reduced for the monohydroxylated aporphine 2. 3b,4, and 5 were inactive at doses of 0.25-4.0 mg/kg sc. Compounds 2 and 3b exhibited very weak activity in the stereotype tests in comparison to the response obtained with apomorphine and (-)-NPA. 4 and 5 failed to induce any sterotyped response. These compounds were also investigated for their ability to stimulate locomotor activity following direct injection into the nucleus accumbens. (-)-NPA induced a modest increase in activity but apomorphine completely failed to elicit a locomotor responses and antagonized the effect induced by dopamine. 2,3b, 4 and 5 neither enhanced locomotor activity on direct injection into the nucleus accumbens nor antagonized the hyperactivity response to intraacumbens dopamine when administered peripherally. On direct injection into the caudate-putamen only apomorphine induced stereotyped biting; (-)-NPA, 2, 3b, 4, and 5 were inactive. The differential activity of the aporphine derivatives in these tests strongly supports the possible existence of different types of dopamine receptors within the extrapyramidal and mesolimbic systems. The present studies confirm that the flexible benzylisoquinolines 4 and 5 do not adopt the active dopamine conformation and that the rigid aporphines, preferably containing hydroxyl functions at the 10 or 11 positions, are of greater importance in eliciting potent dopamine agonist activity.", "contents": "Aporphines, 21. (1,2) Dopaminergic activity of aporphine and benzylisoquinoline derivatives. Synthesis of 8-hydroxyaporphines and 1-(hydroxybenzyl)-2-n-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. The synthesis and physical properties of 8-hydroxyaporphine (3a) and 8-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (3b) are described. The replacement of the rigid aporphine ring system by the more flexible benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, still containing all the necessary substitutents of the potent dopamine agonist N-n-propylnorapomorphine (1b) (NPA), resulted in the synthesis of 1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (4). Analogous to 4,1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (5) was synthesized for a direct comparison with the biological activity of the corresponding 10-hydroxyaporphine (2). All compounds synthesized were evaluated as salts of their racemates. In animals with unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway, (-)NPA and 2 caused dose-dependent contralateral circling behavior although activity was greatly reduced for the monohydroxylated aporphine 2. 3b,4, and 5 were inactive at doses of 0.25-4.0 mg/kg sc. Compounds 2 and 3b exhibited very weak activity in the stereotype tests in comparison to the response obtained with apomorphine and (-)-NPA. 4 and 5 failed to induce any sterotyped response. These compounds were also investigated for their ability to stimulate locomotor activity following direct injection into the nucleus accumbens. (-)-NPA induced a modest increase in activity but apomorphine completely failed to elicit a locomotor responses and antagonized the effect induced by dopamine. 2,3b, 4 and 5 neither enhanced locomotor activity on direct injection into the nucleus accumbens nor antagonized the hyperactivity response to intraacumbens dopamine when administered peripherally. On direct injection into the caudate-putamen only apomorphine induced stereotyped biting; (-)-NPA, 2, 3b, 4, and 5 were inactive. The differential activity of the aporphine derivatives in these tests strongly supports the possible existence of different types of dopamine receptors within the extrapyramidal and mesolimbic systems. The present studies confirm that the flexible benzylisoquinolines 4 and 5 do not adopt the active dopamine conformation and that the rigid aporphines, preferably containing hydroxyl functions at the 10 or 11 positions, are of greater importance in eliciting potent dopamine agonist activity.", "PMID": 556776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2728", "title": "Formation and structure of infectious DNA of spleen necrosis virus.", "content": "The kinetics of formation and the structure of infectious DNA of spleen necrosis virus were determined. Nonintegrated infectious viral DNA first appeared 18 to 24 h after infection of dividing cells and persisted for more than 14 days. The nonintegrated infectious viral DNA was in the form of either a double-stranded linear DNA with a molecular weight of 6 X 10(6), detected in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, or a closed circular DNA of the same molecular weight, detected primarily in the nucleus. Integrated infectious viral DNA appeared soon after the nonintegrated infectious viral DNA and was the predominant form of infectious viral DNA late after infection. Integration of the spleen necrosis virus DNA into the chicken cell genome was demonstrated by three independent criteria. Nucleic acid hybridization indicated that the linear infectious viral DNA had a 5- to 10-fold higher specific infectivity than either the closed circular or integrated infectious viral DNA. Infectious viral DNA did not appear in infected stationary cells, indicating some cellular influence on the formation of infectious viral DNA.", "contents": "Formation and structure of infectious DNA of spleen necrosis virus. The kinetics of formation and the structure of infectious DNA of spleen necrosis virus were determined. Nonintegrated infectious viral DNA first appeared 18 to 24 h after infection of dividing cells and persisted for more than 14 days. The nonintegrated infectious viral DNA was in the form of either a double-stranded linear DNA with a molecular weight of 6 X 10(6), detected in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, or a closed circular DNA of the same molecular weight, detected primarily in the nucleus. Integrated infectious viral DNA appeared soon after the nonintegrated infectious viral DNA and was the predominant form of infectious viral DNA late after infection. Integration of the spleen necrosis virus DNA into the chicken cell genome was demonstrated by three independent criteria. Nucleic acid hybridization indicated that the linear infectious viral DNA had a 5- to 10-fold higher specific infectivity than either the closed circular or integrated infectious viral DNA. Infectious viral DNA did not appear in infected stationary cells, indicating some cellular influence on the formation of infectious viral DNA.", "PMID": 556779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2729", "title": "Virus-specific protein synthesis in cells infected by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus.", "content": "A study of virus-specific protein synthesis in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus-infected RTG-2 cells was undertaken to find a relationship between the coding capacity of virus genome (two segments of double-stranded RNA of 2.5 X10(6) and 2.3 X 10(6) molecular weight) and the sizes and relative amounts of polypeptides in the virion and in infected cells. The time course of virus-specific protein synthesis was followed by pulse labeling infected UV-irradiated cells with [35S]methionine and analyzing the labeled proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Three size classes of virus-specific polypeptides were synthesized, in the same relative proportion, throughout the infectious cycle, beginning 3 h postinfection. Their designation and molecular weight was as follows: alpha1, 1000,000; alpha2, 90,000; beta1, 59,000; beta2, 56,000; gamma1, 32,000; gamma2, 30,000; and gamma3, 28,000. Experiments using amino acid analogues, protease inhibitors, ZnCl2, and supraoptimal temperatures showed that polypeptides of the beta and gamma families did not arise from the alpha polypeptides by post-translational cleavage. Slow cleavage late in the infectious cycle could be demonstrated, since during 12-h period radioactivity was chased from beta1 via beta3 to beta4 (molecular weight 50,000) and beta5 (molecular weight, 49,000). During the chase most of gamma2 was degraded, whereas radioactivity could not be chased from the remaining virus-specific polypeptides. Purified virus contained polypeptides alpha1, alpha2, beta4, beta5, and gamma1. The beta polypeptides made up over 60% of the virion proteins. The results suggest that infectious pancreatic necrosis vibrus possesses a unique mechanism for synthesis of three size-classes of proteins using mRNA transcripts from two high-molecular-weight double-stranded RNA genome segments.", "contents": "Virus-specific protein synthesis in cells infected by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. A study of virus-specific protein synthesis in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus-infected RTG-2 cells was undertaken to find a relationship between the coding capacity of virus genome (two segments of double-stranded RNA of 2.5 X10(6) and 2.3 X 10(6) molecular weight) and the sizes and relative amounts of polypeptides in the virion and in infected cells. The time course of virus-specific protein synthesis was followed by pulse labeling infected UV-irradiated cells with [35S]methionine and analyzing the labeled proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Three size classes of virus-specific polypeptides were synthesized, in the same relative proportion, throughout the infectious cycle, beginning 3 h postinfection. Their designation and molecular weight was as follows: alpha1, 1000,000; alpha2, 90,000; beta1, 59,000; beta2, 56,000; gamma1, 32,000; gamma2, 30,000; and gamma3, 28,000. Experiments using amino acid analogues, protease inhibitors, ZnCl2, and supraoptimal temperatures showed that polypeptides of the beta and gamma families did not arise from the alpha polypeptides by post-translational cleavage. Slow cleavage late in the infectious cycle could be demonstrated, since during 12-h period radioactivity was chased from beta1 via beta3 to beta4 (molecular weight 50,000) and beta5 (molecular weight, 49,000). During the chase most of gamma2 was degraded, whereas radioactivity could not be chased from the remaining virus-specific polypeptides. Purified virus contained polypeptides alpha1, alpha2, beta4, beta5, and gamma1. The beta polypeptides made up over 60% of the virion proteins. The results suggest that infectious pancreatic necrosis vibrus possesses a unique mechanism for synthesis of three size-classes of proteins using mRNA transcripts from two high-molecular-weight double-stranded RNA genome segments.", "PMID": 556780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2730", "title": "Induction of syncytia by Moloney murine leukemia virus in myoblasts defective in differentiation.", "content": "fu-1 cells, a nonfusing variant of the L8 line of rat myoblasts, form syncytia upon infection with murine leukemia virus (MuLV) or upon cocultivation with MuLV-infected cells; L8 cells do not form these syncytia, but do fuse into multinucleate myotubes. Syncytia of fu-1 cells form within 1 h after infection. The number of syncytia formed is proportional to the multiplicity of virus within a range of 4 to 16 and is maximum when the cell density is subconfluent. When either XC or fu-1 cells are productively infected with MuLV, they become resistant to syncytia formation by passage 3. The rapid formation of syncytia in fu-1 cells was found amenable for selection of temperature-sensitive mutants of MuLV and for screening additional variants of the L8 line.", "contents": "Induction of syncytia by Moloney murine leukemia virus in myoblasts defective in differentiation. fu-1 cells, a nonfusing variant of the L8 line of rat myoblasts, form syncytia upon infection with murine leukemia virus (MuLV) or upon cocultivation with MuLV-infected cells; L8 cells do not form these syncytia, but do fuse into multinucleate myotubes. Syncytia of fu-1 cells form within 1 h after infection. The number of syncytia formed is proportional to the multiplicity of virus within a range of 4 to 16 and is maximum when the cell density is subconfluent. When either XC or fu-1 cells are productively infected with MuLV, they become resistant to syncytia formation by passage 3. The rapid formation of syncytia in fu-1 cells was found amenable for selection of temperature-sensitive mutants of MuLV and for screening additional variants of the L8 line.", "PMID": 556781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2731", "title": "Impairment of reovirus mRNA methylation in extracts of interferon-treated Ehrilich ascites tumor cells: further characteristics of the phenomenon.", "content": "We reported earlier that the methylation of unmethylated reovirus mRNA (reo mRNAU) by the cellular methylating enzymes is impaired in extracts of uninfected, interferon-treated Ehrilich ascites tumor cells (S30INT). We find now that after the methylation of reo mRNAU has stopped in S30INT, the RNA can be reisolated and further methylated in an extract of control cells (S30C). Thus the impairment of methylation in S30INT cannot be due to cleavage or irreversible inactivation of reo mRNAU. Freshly added reo mRNAU can be methylated in S30INT in which the methylation of previously added reo mRNAU has stopped. This indicates that the impairment is due to the depletion of S-adenosylme thionine (the methyl donor), the accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (an inhibitor of methylation), or the irreversible inactivation of reo mRNAU. Freshly added reo mRNAU can be methylated in S30INT in which the methylation of previously added reo mRNAU has stopped. This indicates that the impairment is not due to the depletion of S-adenosylmethionine (the methyl donor), the accumulation of S-adenoxylhomocysteine (an inhibitor of methylation), or the irreversible inactivation of the methylating enzymes. It may be due, however, to the unavailability of reo mRNAU for methylation. The extent of the impairment of reo mRNAU methylation in S30INT decreases with an increasing concentration of reo mRNAU but is not affected by added poly (U), ribosomal RNA, or encephalomyocarditis virus RNA (an mRNA that is probably not capped or methylated at its 5' end). The methylation of reo mRNAU is also impaired in an extract from cells that have not been treated with interferon but with the interferon inducer poly(I) - poly(C). The inhibitor is apparently a macromolecule that is inactivated during incubation. It decreases the methylation at the 7 position of the 5' terminal guanylate residue. In vitro, the rate of reo mRNA synthesis by reovirus cores in the presence of S30INT is the same as in the presence of S30C. However, the methylation of the de novo synthesized reo mRNA by the core-associated methylating enzyme(s) in vitro is inhibited by S30INT but not by S30C. The relevance of these phenomena to the inhibition of reovirus replication in interferon-treated cells remains to be established.", "contents": "Impairment of reovirus mRNA methylation in extracts of interferon-treated Ehrilich ascites tumor cells: further characteristics of the phenomenon. We reported earlier that the methylation of unmethylated reovirus mRNA (reo mRNAU) by the cellular methylating enzymes is impaired in extracts of uninfected, interferon-treated Ehrilich ascites tumor cells (S30INT). We find now that after the methylation of reo mRNAU has stopped in S30INT, the RNA can be reisolated and further methylated in an extract of control cells (S30C). Thus the impairment of methylation in S30INT cannot be due to cleavage or irreversible inactivation of reo mRNAU. Freshly added reo mRNAU can be methylated in S30INT in which the methylation of previously added reo mRNAU has stopped. This indicates that the impairment is due to the depletion of S-adenosylme thionine (the methyl donor), the accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (an inhibitor of methylation), or the irreversible inactivation of reo mRNAU. Freshly added reo mRNAU can be methylated in S30INT in which the methylation of previously added reo mRNAU has stopped. This indicates that the impairment is not due to the depletion of S-adenosylmethionine (the methyl donor), the accumulation of S-adenoxylhomocysteine (an inhibitor of methylation), or the irreversible inactivation of the methylating enzymes. It may be due, however, to the unavailability of reo mRNAU for methylation. The extent of the impairment of reo mRNAU methylation in S30INT decreases with an increasing concentration of reo mRNAU but is not affected by added poly (U), ribosomal RNA, or encephalomyocarditis virus RNA (an mRNA that is probably not capped or methylated at its 5' end). The methylation of reo mRNAU is also impaired in an extract from cells that have not been treated with interferon but with the interferon inducer poly(I) - poly(C). The inhibitor is apparently a macromolecule that is inactivated during incubation. It decreases the methylation at the 7 position of the 5' terminal guanylate residue. In vitro, the rate of reo mRNA synthesis by reovirus cores in the presence of S30INT is the same as in the presence of S30C. However, the methylation of the de novo synthesized reo mRNA by the core-associated methylating enzyme(s) in vitro is inhibited by S30INT but not by S30C. The relevance of these phenomena to the inhibition of reovirus replication in interferon-treated cells remains to be established.", "PMID": 556782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2732", "title": "Binding of adenovirus to microtubules. II. Depletion of high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated protein content reduces specificity of in vitro binding.", "content": "A specific in vitro association between adenovirus and pruified rat brain microtubules has been previously demonstrated (R. B. Luftig and R. R. Weihing, 1975). When examined by negative-staining electron microscopy, approximately 90% of the virus associated with microtubules was edge bound, i.e., associated within +/-4 nm of the microtubule edge. Similar results are now found for the association of adenovirus with purified chick brain microtubules. When the content of the high-molecular-weight proteins (MAPs) normally present as projections on the surface of microtubules is depleted by fractionation of cold-depolymerized microtubules on agarose A-15M columns or by brief treatment of polymerized microtubules with trypsin, the percentage of edge-bound microtubule-associated viruses is reduced to a level close to that found for particles such as reovirus, coliphage f2, or polystyrene latex spheres, which randomly associate with microtubules (54 to 64% for column-fractionated microtubules; 45 to 68% for trypsin-treated microtubules). Counts of adenovirus particles specifically bound to microtubules, corrected for variations in microtubule and virus concentrations, gave values 2.5 to 3.5 times higher for unfractionated microtubules than for microtubule-associated protein-depleted microtubules. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the specific association between adenovirus and microtubules is mediated by microtubule-associated proteins.", "contents": "Binding of adenovirus to microtubules. II. Depletion of high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated protein content reduces specificity of in vitro binding. A specific in vitro association between adenovirus and pruified rat brain microtubules has been previously demonstrated (R. B. Luftig and R. R. Weihing, 1975). When examined by negative-staining electron microscopy, approximately 90% of the virus associated with microtubules was edge bound, i.e., associated within +/-4 nm of the microtubule edge. Similar results are now found for the association of adenovirus with purified chick brain microtubules. When the content of the high-molecular-weight proteins (MAPs) normally present as projections on the surface of microtubules is depleted by fractionation of cold-depolymerized microtubules on agarose A-15M columns or by brief treatment of polymerized microtubules with trypsin, the percentage of edge-bound microtubule-associated viruses is reduced to a level close to that found for particles such as reovirus, coliphage f2, or polystyrene latex spheres, which randomly associate with microtubules (54 to 64% for column-fractionated microtubules; 45 to 68% for trypsin-treated microtubules). Counts of adenovirus particles specifically bound to microtubules, corrected for variations in microtubule and virus concentrations, gave values 2.5 to 3.5 times higher for unfractionated microtubules than for microtubule-associated protein-depleted microtubules. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the specific association between adenovirus and microtubules is mediated by microtubule-associated proteins.", "PMID": 556783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2733", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of circular DNA in mouse embryo fibroblasts infected by Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "Using electron microscopy, a closed circular form of DNA (4.3 mum in contour length) was detected in the nucleus of mouse embryo fibroblasts 2.5 h after infection by Rauscher murine leukemia virus. These circles were distinguishable from mitochondrial DNA by various criteria, including size, absence of secondary features, and resistance to EcoRI endonuclease.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of circular DNA in mouse embryo fibroblasts infected by Rauscher leukemia virus. Using electron microscopy, a closed circular form of DNA (4.3 mum in contour length) was detected in the nucleus of mouse embryo fibroblasts 2.5 h after infection by Rauscher murine leukemia virus. These circles were distinguishable from mitochondrial DNA by various criteria, including size, absence of secondary features, and resistance to EcoRI endonuclease.", "PMID": 556784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2734", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VI. Frog virus 3 replication is dependent on the cell nucleus.", "content": "Previous evidence indicated that frog virus 3 (FV3), an icosahedral DNA virus, replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm. However, data presented here demonstrate that FV3 does not replicate in UV-irradiated or enuleated chicken embryo or BSC-1 cells and that virus-specific DNA synthesis is not initiated in such cells. Primary transcription was not detected in infected enucleated cells. These results demonstrate that a functional nucleus is essential for FV3 replication.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VI. Frog virus 3 replication is dependent on the cell nucleus. Previous evidence indicated that frog virus 3 (FV3), an icosahedral DNA virus, replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm. However, data presented here demonstrate that FV3 does not replicate in UV-irradiated or enuleated chicken embryo or BSC-1 cells and that virus-specific DNA synthesis is not initiated in such cells. Primary transcription was not detected in infected enucleated cells. These results demonstrate that a functional nucleus is essential for FV3 replication.", "PMID": 556785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2735", "title": "Unusual hymenal perforations appearing as Skene's ducts.", "content": "Unusual hymenal perforation created a diagnostic problem when persistence of the urogenital sinus was suspected. However, the vagina was found to communicate with the exterior through what appeared to be Skene's ducts.", "contents": "Unusual hymenal perforations appearing as Skene's ducts. Unusual hymenal perforation created a diagnostic problem when persistence of the urogenital sinus was suspected. However, the vagina was found to communicate with the exterior through what appeared to be Skene's ducts.", "PMID": 556787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2736", "title": "Cataract in a fetus at risk for oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome (Lowe).", "content": "A high-risk pregnancy for X-linked recessive inherited Lowe's syndrome was terminated due to a male karyotype in the cultured amniotic fluid cells. The eyes of the male fetus showed specific cataracteous changes of the lens. A posterior lenticonus was due to a defect of the lens capsule. The lenses were of normal size. Loss of lens material through a lens capsule defect could account for the small discoid lens usually seen in Lowe's syndrome. Amino acids in amniotic fluid had normal concentrations except lysine and proline which were markedly elevated.", "contents": "Cataract in a fetus at risk for oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome (Lowe). A high-risk pregnancy for X-linked recessive inherited Lowe's syndrome was terminated due to a male karyotype in the cultured amniotic fluid cells. The eyes of the male fetus showed specific cataracteous changes of the lens. A posterior lenticonus was due to a defect of the lens capsule. The lenses were of normal size. Loss of lens material through a lens capsule defect could account for the small discoid lens usually seen in Lowe's syndrome. Amino acids in amniotic fluid had normal concentrations except lysine and proline which were markedly elevated.", "PMID": 556788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2737", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of fatty acids by soybean suspension cells.", "content": "Soybean suspension cultures very rapidly take up C16 and C18 fatty acids by a nonspecific, nonenzymic binding of exogeneously added fatty acids to cell walls and by a subsequent transfer into the cell where they are rapidly incorporated into triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines. 14C-Palmitic and 14C-stearic acids follow this sequence but are not desaturated, wherease 14C-oleic and 14C-linoleic acids are transferred more rapidly than the saturated fatty acids and are then further modified. All the data fit a sequence of events by which free oleic acid is first activated to a CoA thioester, and then desaturated to linoleyl-CoA; both thioesters are then transferred to triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of fatty acids by soybean suspension cells. Soybean suspension cultures very rapidly take up C16 and C18 fatty acids by a nonspecific, nonenzymic binding of exogeneously added fatty acids to cell walls and by a subsequent transfer into the cell where they are rapidly incorporated into triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines. 14C-Palmitic and 14C-stearic acids follow this sequence but are not desaturated, wherease 14C-oleic and 14C-linoleic acids are transferred more rapidly than the saturated fatty acids and are then further modified. All the data fit a sequence of events by which free oleic acid is first activated to a CoA thioester, and then desaturated to linoleyl-CoA; both thioesters are then transferred to triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine.", "PMID": 556796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2738", "title": "The effect of temperature on the fatty acid and phospholipid composition of Cephalosporium falciforme and Cephalosporium kiliense.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the lipid composition of Cephalosporium falciforme and Cephalosporium kiliense, causative agents of maduromycosis, was investigated. The fungi were grown at 28.5 C and 37 C in a chemically defined medium. The lipids were solvent extracted, purified on Sephadex, and separated into their component classes by silicic acid column chromatography. Five lipid classes were found: (a) sterol esters, (b) triacylglycerides, (c) free fatty acids, (d) sterols, and (e) phospholipids. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Temperature induced changes of varying degrees occurred in both the fatty acid and phospholipid fractions of each organism.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on the fatty acid and phospholipid composition of Cephalosporium falciforme and Cephalosporium kiliense. The effect of temperature on the lipid composition of Cephalosporium falciforme and Cephalosporium kiliense, causative agents of maduromycosis, was investigated. The fungi were grown at 28.5 C and 37 C in a chemically defined medium. The lipids were solvent extracted, purified on Sephadex, and separated into their component classes by silicic acid column chromatography. Five lipid classes were found: (a) sterol esters, (b) triacylglycerides, (c) free fatty acids, (d) sterols, and (e) phospholipids. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Temperature induced changes of varying degrees occurred in both the fatty acid and phospholipid fractions of each organism.", "PMID": 556797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2739", "title": "Familial spasmodic torticollis.", "content": "Presented are four cases of familial spasmodic torticollis, comprising members of three families. The age of onset tended to be family-specific, and no afflicted family member had evidence of more widespread disease (dystonia musculorum deformans). Familial incidence supports the conclusion that spasmodic torticollis is organic in origin. Familial spasmodic torticollis occurs more often than has been generally recognized.", "contents": "Familial spasmodic torticollis. Presented are four cases of familial spasmodic torticollis, comprising members of three families. The age of onset tended to be family-specific, and no afflicted family member had evidence of more widespread disease (dystonia musculorum deformans). Familial incidence supports the conclusion that spasmodic torticollis is organic in origin. Familial spasmodic torticollis occurs more often than has been generally recognized.", "PMID": 556814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2740", "title": "Evolution of cerebral abscess: correlation of clinical features with computed tomography. A case report.", "content": "Computed tomography demonstrated the evolution of a cerebral abscess. Intravenous contrast material was essential for visualization of the abscess capsule. Computed tomography was more specific than technetium 99 brain scanning and cerebral angiography, and is the only diagnostic tool so far capable of differentiating acute focal encephalitis (cerebritis) from a well-developed abscess.", "contents": "Evolution of cerebral abscess: correlation of clinical features with computed tomography. A case report. Computed tomography demonstrated the evolution of a cerebral abscess. Intravenous contrast material was essential for visualization of the abscess capsule. Computed tomography was more specific than technetium 99 brain scanning and cerebral angiography, and is the only diagnostic tool so far capable of differentiating acute focal encephalitis (cerebritis) from a well-developed abscess.", "PMID": 556815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2741", "title": "Evaluation and detection of Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophy carriers by manual muscle testing.", "content": "Manual muscle testing of mothers of patients with X-linked muscular dystrophy has demonstrated patterns of proximal muscle weakness. The degree of weakness usually has little effect on activities of daily living but can be detected by standardized \"break\" testing with manual stabilization of body parts, elimination of synergistic muscles, and mechanical advantage given to the patient. Manual muscle testing is a valuable adjunct to the clinical and biochemical tools available for detecting carriers.", "contents": "Evaluation and detection of Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophy carriers by manual muscle testing. Manual muscle testing of mothers of patients with X-linked muscular dystrophy has demonstrated patterns of proximal muscle weakness. The degree of weakness usually has little effect on activities of daily living but can be detected by standardized \"break\" testing with manual stabilization of body parts, elimination of synergistic muscles, and mechanical advantage given to the patient. Manual muscle testing is a valuable adjunct to the clinical and biochemical tools available for detecting carriers.", "PMID": 556816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2742", "title": "Neurologic diagnosis using the 80-lens optical camera.", "content": "This article describes the clinical application of the 80-lens optical camera in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction, subdural hematoma, intracranial tumor, and hydrocephalus. The 80-lens camera is a simple noncomputerized addition to the Anger scintillation camera that permits an estimation of the cerebral blood flow. The study is noninvasive and quick, minimizing the effect of movement artifact and showing areas of either increased or decreased blood flow. Abnormal tumor vessels appear, and subdural hematomas show brain displacement away from the skull edge. Interpretation of blood flow pattern is not affected by scalp or skull trauma, eliminating a source of error incurred with static scans.", "contents": "Neurologic diagnosis using the 80-lens optical camera. This article describes the clinical application of the 80-lens optical camera in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction, subdural hematoma, intracranial tumor, and hydrocephalus. The 80-lens camera is a simple noncomputerized addition to the Anger scintillation camera that permits an estimation of the cerebral blood flow. The study is noninvasive and quick, minimizing the effect of movement artifact and showing areas of either increased or decreased blood flow. Abnormal tumor vessels appear, and subdural hematomas show brain displacement away from the skull edge. Interpretation of blood flow pattern is not affected by scalp or skull trauma, eliminating a source of error incurred with static scans.", "PMID": 556817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2743", "title": "Prevention of postischemic impairment of microvascular perfusion.", "content": "Two groups of conditioned male mongrel dogs, designated group 1 and group 2, were subjected to 35 minutes of cerebrospinal fluid compression ischemia followed by 30 minutes of recirculation. Animals in both groups were heparinized, but in addition, the blood of group 2 animals was circulated through three glass-wool filters over the course of 1 hour prior to induction of ischemia. Focal zones of impaired perfusion were prevented and general reflow was significantly enhanced in group 2 animals, whose blood had been filtered through glass-wool. Animals in group 1 had focal zones of impaired perfusion and relatively poor general postischemic reflow. A hypothesis concerning blood-damaged tissue interaction in zones of acute tissue damage is introduced.", "contents": "Prevention of postischemic impairment of microvascular perfusion. Two groups of conditioned male mongrel dogs, designated group 1 and group 2, were subjected to 35 minutes of cerebrospinal fluid compression ischemia followed by 30 minutes of recirculation. Animals in both groups were heparinized, but in addition, the blood of group 2 animals was circulated through three glass-wool filters over the course of 1 hour prior to induction of ischemia. Focal zones of impaired perfusion were prevented and general reflow was significantly enhanced in group 2 animals, whose blood had been filtered through glass-wool. Animals in group 1 had focal zones of impaired perfusion and relatively poor general postischemic reflow. A hypothesis concerning blood-damaged tissue interaction in zones of acute tissue damage is introduced.", "PMID": 556818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2744", "title": "Carotidynia.", "content": "Nosologic uncertainty about carotidynia has arisen, in part, because the syndrome was initially classified as an atypical facial neuralgia. More recently, carotidynia has been characterized as a recurring vascular neck pain, often accompanied by carotid tenderness and soft tissue swelling and sometimes by vascular headaches. We now report that drugs useful in the prophylaxis of migraine appear to be effective in carotidynia. Eight women (ages 39 to 77) with unilateral, episodic neck pain of 1 to 19 years' duration have been observed for periods ranging from 7 months to 6 years. All experienced marked relief in the intensity and frequency of their pain syndromes after the administration of methysergide, ergonovine maleate, propranolol, or nortriptyline. No patient had evidence of arteritis. The responsiveness of both migraine headaches and carotidynia to similar drugs suggests a common pathophysiologic mechanism.", "contents": "Carotidynia. Nosologic uncertainty about carotidynia has arisen, in part, because the syndrome was initially classified as an atypical facial neuralgia. More recently, carotidynia has been characterized as a recurring vascular neck pain, often accompanied by carotid tenderness and soft tissue swelling and sometimes by vascular headaches. We now report that drugs useful in the prophylaxis of migraine appear to be effective in carotidynia. Eight women (ages 39 to 77) with unilateral, episodic neck pain of 1 to 19 years' duration have been observed for periods ranging from 7 months to 6 years. All experienced marked relief in the intensity and frequency of their pain syndromes after the administration of methysergide, ergonovine maleate, propranolol, or nortriptyline. No patient had evidence of arteritis. The responsiveness of both migraine headaches and carotidynia to similar drugs suggests a common pathophysiologic mechanism.", "PMID": 556819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2745", "title": "Airborne rabies encephalitis: demonstration of rabies virus in the human central nervous system.", "content": "A veterinarian contracted rabies in the course of laboratory work with homogenates of rabid goat brain. Epidemiologic study determined a respiratory mode of transmission. After a fulminant encephalitic illness, formed rabies virions were identified in the synaptic zones of the olfactory glomeruli. Identification, isolation, experimental disease production, and tissue cytopathic effects of virus recovered from the brain fulfilled Koch's postulates in this unusual instance of virus disease of the nervous system.", "contents": "Airborne rabies encephalitis: demonstration of rabies virus in the human central nervous system. A veterinarian contracted rabies in the course of laboratory work with homogenates of rabid goat brain. Epidemiologic study determined a respiratory mode of transmission. After a fulminant encephalitic illness, formed rabies virions were identified in the synaptic zones of the olfactory glomeruli. Identification, isolation, experimental disease production, and tissue cytopathic effects of virus recovered from the brain fulfilled Koch's postulates in this unusual instance of virus disease of the nervous system.", "PMID": 556820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2746", "title": "Physostigmine in familial ataxias.", "content": "Physostigmine was given to 12 patients with various spincerebellar degenerations, and neurologic examinations were recorded on video tapes and assessed on a semiquantitative scale. Forty minutes after a single dose, the scores improved by 35.7 +/- 4.7 percent (means +/- SEM). Eight patients were then studied over sequential 3-month periods by a randomized double-blind trial of physostigmine versus placebo. With physostigmine, scores were 33.9 +/- 8.3 percent better than before treatment or with placebo. Further investigations of cholinergic drugs seem warranted in patients with these diseases.", "contents": "Physostigmine in familial ataxias. Physostigmine was given to 12 patients with various spincerebellar degenerations, and neurologic examinations were recorded on video tapes and assessed on a semiquantitative scale. Forty minutes after a single dose, the scores improved by 35.7 +/- 4.7 percent (means +/- SEM). Eight patients were then studied over sequential 3-month periods by a randomized double-blind trial of physostigmine versus placebo. With physostigmine, scores were 33.9 +/- 8.3 percent better than before treatment or with placebo. Further investigations of cholinergic drugs seem warranted in patients with these diseases.", "PMID": 556821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2747", "title": "Neural influence on experimental myotonia.", "content": "A transitory myotonic state, lasting for less than 24 hours, was induced in rats within 2 hours of the intraperitoneal injection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neuromuscular blockade, nerve block, nerve section, and cordotomy had no effect on the established myotonic state. However, muscle that had been denervated progressively lost its capacity for a myotonic response to subsequent injections of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 10 to 12 days denervation, the injection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid produced a brief increase in the number of fibrillations, but typical myotonic discharges were no longer detectable. Unlike denervation, cordotomy did not impair the capacity of the paralyzed limbs to develop in response to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. While myotonia is the result of a primary defect in the muscle membrane, these experiments indicate the innervation is necessary to maintain the muscle membrane in a state that will support myotonia. We hypothesize that an alteration in ionic conductance secondary to denervation is the critical factor in preventing myotonia.", "contents": "Neural influence on experimental myotonia. A transitory myotonic state, lasting for less than 24 hours, was induced in rats within 2 hours of the intraperitoneal injection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neuromuscular blockade, nerve block, nerve section, and cordotomy had no effect on the established myotonic state. However, muscle that had been denervated progressively lost its capacity for a myotonic response to subsequent injections of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 10 to 12 days denervation, the injection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid produced a brief increase in the number of fibrillations, but typical myotonic discharges were no longer detectable. Unlike denervation, cordotomy did not impair the capacity of the paralyzed limbs to develop in response to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. While myotonia is the result of a primary defect in the muscle membrane, these experiments indicate the innervation is necessary to maintain the muscle membrane in a state that will support myotonia. We hypothesize that an alteration in ionic conductance secondary to denervation is the critical factor in preventing myotonia.", "PMID": 556822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2748", "title": "Effects of pentoxifylline on cerebral ultrastructure of normal and ischemic gerbils.", "content": "Normal gerbils and those made ischemic for 15 to 60 minutes by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion were studied ultrastructurally after administration of the vasoactive drug pentoxifylline. In both groups, hypertrophy of neuronal mitochondria was found in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Planimetry of electron micrographs revealed a statistically significant increase in average mitochondrial size of drug-treated animals compared with untreated ischemic gerbils and normal controls; the treated ischemic group showed the greatest increase. Incubated cortical slices from normal gerbils that were given the drug 5 hours before they were killed showed a significant increase in oxygen consumption compared with controls.", "contents": "Effects of pentoxifylline on cerebral ultrastructure of normal and ischemic gerbils. Normal gerbils and those made ischemic for 15 to 60 minutes by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion were studied ultrastructurally after administration of the vasoactive drug pentoxifylline. In both groups, hypertrophy of neuronal mitochondria was found in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Planimetry of electron micrographs revealed a statistically significant increase in average mitochondrial size of drug-treated animals compared with untreated ischemic gerbils and normal controls; the treated ischemic group showed the greatest increase. Incubated cortical slices from normal gerbils that were given the drug 5 hours before they were killed showed a significant increase in oxygen consumption compared with controls.", "PMID": 556823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2749", "title": "Serum creatine phosphokinase levels and prednisone treated muscle weakness.", "content": "Evidence is cited from the literature and from personal experience with the \"inflammatory\" form of facioscapulohumeral syndrome that the creatine phosphokinase reduction occurring during pharmacologic treatment of various neuromuscular diseases does not necessarily imply therapeutic benefit.", "contents": "Serum creatine phosphokinase levels and prednisone treated muscle weakness. Evidence is cited from the literature and from personal experience with the \"inflammatory\" form of facioscapulohumeral syndrome that the creatine phosphokinase reduction occurring during pharmacologic treatment of various neuromuscular diseases does not necessarily imply therapeutic benefit.", "PMID": 556824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2750", "title": "Facial asymmetry in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. A clinical sign useful in the lateralization of temporal epileptogenic foci.", "content": "While a clinical history is frequently sufficient for a localizing diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy, lateralization of the epileptogenic abnormality often is impossible on clinical grounds alone. Since we have noted facial asymmetry in such patients, 50 individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy were studied. In patients with unilateral foci, we found contralateral lower facial weakness of mild to severe degree in 73 percent while 13 percent had ipsilateral weakness, and in 13 percent the face was symmetrical. The facial weakness usually was more striking on emotional movement. In the group of patients with bitemporal independent discharges, 61 percent had some asymmetry, often facial weakness on the side opposite the major focus. Of 25 control individuals, only one third had a facial asymmetry and this was slight. Facial asymmetry in temporal lobe epilepsy is a useful though not an absolute clinical lateralizing sign. It is a factor to be considered in addition to other clinical, radiologic, neuropsychologic, and electroencephalographic findings in the evaluation of patients with temporal lobe seizures.", "contents": "Facial asymmetry in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. A clinical sign useful in the lateralization of temporal epileptogenic foci. While a clinical history is frequently sufficient for a localizing diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy, lateralization of the epileptogenic abnormality often is impossible on clinical grounds alone. Since we have noted facial asymmetry in such patients, 50 individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy were studied. In patients with unilateral foci, we found contralateral lower facial weakness of mild to severe degree in 73 percent while 13 percent had ipsilateral weakness, and in 13 percent the face was symmetrical. The facial weakness usually was more striking on emotional movement. In the group of patients with bitemporal independent discharges, 61 percent had some asymmetry, often facial weakness on the side opposite the major focus. Of 25 control individuals, only one third had a facial asymmetry and this was slight. Facial asymmetry in temporal lobe epilepsy is a useful though not an absolute clinical lateralizing sign. It is a factor to be considered in addition to other clinical, radiologic, neuropsychologic, and electroencephalographic findings in the evaluation of patients with temporal lobe seizures.", "PMID": 556826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2751", "title": "Neurologic and psychologic manifestations of decompression illness in divers.", "content": "It has been widely accepted that the neurologic sequelae of decompression illness are confined to the spinal cord. Of 10 divers who gave a history of an episode of decompression illness involving the central nervous system, we found that eight had unequivocal neurologic deficits implicating multiple supraspinal lesions. Seven of these neurologically impaired divers completed a battery of neuropsychologic tests that revealed severe deficits in all cases. The findings show that diffuse and multiple central nervous system lesions result from decompression illness and demonstrate the importance and close correlation of thorough neurologic and neuropsychologic tests in assessment following diving accidents.", "contents": "Neurologic and psychologic manifestations of decompression illness in divers. It has been widely accepted that the neurologic sequelae of decompression illness are confined to the spinal cord. Of 10 divers who gave a history of an episode of decompression illness involving the central nervous system, we found that eight had unequivocal neurologic deficits implicating multiple supraspinal lesions. Seven of these neurologically impaired divers completed a battery of neuropsychologic tests that revealed severe deficits in all cases. The findings show that diffuse and multiple central nervous system lesions result from decompression illness and demonstrate the importance and close correlation of thorough neurologic and neuropsychologic tests in assessment following diving accidents.", "PMID": 556827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2752", "title": "Plasma anticonvulsant concentrations during pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma anticonvulsant levels were followed during pregnancy in 11 epileptic women taking phenytoin and/or phenobarbital or a drug metabolized in the body to phenobarbital. As judged from the relationship between plasma level and drug dose, phenytoin requirement increased in all 10 women taking this drug during pregnancy. The requirement fell again in the puerperium. Plasma phenobarbital levels decreased during pregnancy in all five women taking a constant daily dose of phenobarbital or a congener. These findings should be borne in mind if epileptics are to be protected against seizures during pregnancy and against anticonvulsant overdosage during the puerperium.", "contents": "Plasma anticonvulsant concentrations during pregnancy. Plasma anticonvulsant levels were followed during pregnancy in 11 epileptic women taking phenytoin and/or phenobarbital or a drug metabolized in the body to phenobarbital. As judged from the relationship between plasma level and drug dose, phenytoin requirement increased in all 10 women taking this drug during pregnancy. The requirement fell again in the puerperium. Plasma phenobarbital levels decreased during pregnancy in all five women taking a constant daily dose of phenobarbital or a congener. These findings should be borne in mind if epileptics are to be protected against seizures during pregnancy and against anticonvulsant overdosage during the puerperium.", "PMID": 556828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2753", "title": "Cellular hypersensitivity in attacks of multiple sclerosis. I. A comparative study of migration inhibitory factor production and lymphoblastic transformation in response to myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Although cell-mediated hypersensitivity to basic myelin protein has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis with use of cell migration assays, results with the lymphoblastic transformation technique have been inconclusive. However, prospective studies relating results of lymphoblastic transformation to the clinical course of multiple sclerosis have not been reported. In the present study, both lymphoblastic transformation and migration inhibitory factor assays were used, and results related to the temporal course of multiple sclerosis. Results of the present investigation show that cell-mediated hypersensitivity to myelin basic A1 protein is most significant during exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Responses obtained employing either the lymphoblastic transformation or migration inhibitory factor assay were equally significant. The results support the hypothesis that a factor suppressing deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis is present in multiple sclerosis and is inhibited by the use of steroids.", "contents": "Cellular hypersensitivity in attacks of multiple sclerosis. I. A comparative study of migration inhibitory factor production and lymphoblastic transformation in response to myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis. Although cell-mediated hypersensitivity to basic myelin protein has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis with use of cell migration assays, results with the lymphoblastic transformation technique have been inconclusive. However, prospective studies relating results of lymphoblastic transformation to the clinical course of multiple sclerosis have not been reported. In the present study, both lymphoblastic transformation and migration inhibitory factor assays were used, and results related to the temporal course of multiple sclerosis. Results of the present investigation show that cell-mediated hypersensitivity to myelin basic A1 protein is most significant during exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Responses obtained employing either the lymphoblastic transformation or migration inhibitory factor assay were equally significant. The results support the hypothesis that a factor suppressing deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis is present in multiple sclerosis and is inhibited by the use of steroids.", "PMID": 556829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2754", "title": "Lapse of consciousness and automatisms in temporal lobe epilepsy: a videotape analysis.", "content": "Videotape analysis of 76 attacks in 14 epileptics showed two electro-clinical types of psychomotor attacks. The first and most common type had three clinical phases, consisting of an initial motionless stare, stereotyped movements, and reactive automatisms during impaired consciousness. The second and less common type started with stereotyped and reactive automatisms. In the first type, focal temporal or lateralizing features were common. In the second type, there were only diffuse changes in the electroencephalogram. The value of recording attacks with nasopharyngeal electrodes was emphasized by a high yield for focal-lateralizing electroencephalographic features.", "contents": "Lapse of consciousness and automatisms in temporal lobe epilepsy: a videotape analysis. Videotape analysis of 76 attacks in 14 epileptics showed two electro-clinical types of psychomotor attacks. The first and most common type had three clinical phases, consisting of an initial motionless stare, stereotyped movements, and reactive automatisms during impaired consciousness. The second and less common type started with stereotyped and reactive automatisms. In the first type, focal temporal or lateralizing features were common. In the second type, there were only diffuse changes in the electroencephalogram. The value of recording attacks with nasopharyngeal electrodes was emphasized by a high yield for focal-lateralizing electroencephalographic features.", "PMID": 556830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2755", "title": "Wave form difference in visual evoked responses between normal and reading disabled children.", "content": "Wave form differences were found in visual evoked response between normal and reading disabled children. These differences were maximally seen over the left parietal area but were minimal at the vertex and over the occipital area.", "contents": "Wave form difference in visual evoked responses between normal and reading disabled children. Wave form differences were found in visual evoked response between normal and reading disabled children. These differences were maximally seen over the left parietal area but were minimal at the vertex and over the occipital area.", "PMID": 556831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2756", "title": "The development of left-hand superiority for discriminating braille configurations.", "content": "Discrimination of braille configurations was performed better by the left hand of right-handed sighted children over age 10, paralleling a previous study in which the names of braille letters were learned. Left-hand superiority occurred sooner in males, but they were not better at the task than females, more of whom maintained a left-hand advantage as adults. As in vision, configurations differing in orientation were more difficult to discriminate than those differing in number or displacement, but this order of difficulty was the same for both hands.", "contents": "The development of left-hand superiority for discriminating braille configurations. Discrimination of braille configurations was performed better by the left hand of right-handed sighted children over age 10, paralleling a previous study in which the names of braille letters were learned. Left-hand superiority occurred sooner in males, but they were not better at the task than females, more of whom maintained a left-hand advantage as adults. As in vision, configurations differing in orientation were more difficult to discriminate than those differing in number or displacement, but this order of difficulty was the same for both hands.", "PMID": 556832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2757", "title": "Absence of sleep-related growth hormone elevations in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "There is evidence that in myotonic dystrophy, the endocrine and central nervous systems are affected. To study a possible relationship between both defects, we investigated nocturnal sleep patterns and associated growth hormone secretion in two men and three women with myotonic dystrophy. In three patients who were clinically the most severely affected by myotonic dystrophy, plasma growth hormone elevations related to the slow-wave phase of sleep were absent. The two least severely affected patients had plasma growth hormone increases of low magnitude and brief duration (from 0.4 ng per milliliter to 13.0 ng per milliliter). These data suggest a failure of integration at a subcortical level of the slow-wave phase of sleep with the hypothalamic-pituitary mechanisms of growth hormone secretion. Thalamic neuronal lesions occurring in myotonic dystrophy could be responsible for such failure.", "contents": "Absence of sleep-related growth hormone elevations in myotonic dystrophy. There is evidence that in myotonic dystrophy, the endocrine and central nervous systems are affected. To study a possible relationship between both defects, we investigated nocturnal sleep patterns and associated growth hormone secretion in two men and three women with myotonic dystrophy. In three patients who were clinically the most severely affected by myotonic dystrophy, plasma growth hormone elevations related to the slow-wave phase of sleep were absent. The two least severely affected patients had plasma growth hormone increases of low magnitude and brief duration (from 0.4 ng per milliliter to 13.0 ng per milliliter). These data suggest a failure of integration at a subcortical level of the slow-wave phase of sleep with the hypothalamic-pituitary mechanisms of growth hormone secretion. Thalamic neuronal lesions occurring in myotonic dystrophy could be responsible for such failure.", "PMID": 556833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2758", "title": "Adult onset autonomic dysfunction coexistent with familial dysautonomia in a consanguineous family.", "content": "A consanguineous family is described in which autonomic dysfunction developed in the father during adult life while the son had familial dysautonomia at birth. The father's condition is felt to be secondary to olivopontocerebellar atrophy. The concurrence in this family of an adult and a childhood form of dysautonomia may be an expression of the same genetic defect at different stages of development.", "contents": "Adult onset autonomic dysfunction coexistent with familial dysautonomia in a consanguineous family. A consanguineous family is described in which autonomic dysfunction developed in the father during adult life while the son had familial dysautonomia at birth. The father's condition is felt to be secondary to olivopontocerebellar atrophy. The concurrence in this family of an adult and a childhood form of dysautonomia may be an expression of the same genetic defect at different stages of development.", "PMID": 556834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2759", "title": "Degeneration of fasciculus gracilis in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The spinal cords of 19 percent of patients dying with cystic fibrosis after 5 years of age showed posterior column degeneration. The risk did not appear to increase with advancing age. None of these patients had findings of pernicious anemia or spinocerebellar degeneration. The lesions had been undetected clinically. It is possible that nutritional, toxic, or hereditary factors may play a role in producing this lesion.", "contents": "Degeneration of fasciculus gracilis in cystic fibrosis. The spinal cords of 19 percent of patients dying with cystic fibrosis after 5 years of age showed posterior column degeneration. The risk did not appear to increase with advancing age. None of these patients had findings of pernicious anemia or spinocerebellar degeneration. The lesions had been undetected clinically. It is possible that nutritional, toxic, or hereditary factors may play a role in producing this lesion.", "PMID": 556835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2760", "title": "Multiple sclerosis in Asia.", "content": "Cases of multiple sclerosis were collected by Asian neurologists from recognized medical centers, using standardized formats similar to those used for the Japan nationwide multiple sclerosis survey. As a result, information on a total of 61 cases was collected from six neurologic centers in five Asian countries excluding Japan. Multiple sclerosis appears to be a rare disease throughout Asia. Certain clinical characteristics that had been previously noted in Japanese and other individual Asian series were again observed in the present Asian series. When compared with Western multiple sclerosis, the Asian multiple sclerosis cases showed a relatively higher frequency of optic nerve involvement, frequently bilateral and severe, at the onset, as well as during the course of illness, and no rare occurrence of Devic's syndrome.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis in Asia. Cases of multiple sclerosis were collected by Asian neurologists from recognized medical centers, using standardized formats similar to those used for the Japan nationwide multiple sclerosis survey. As a result, information on a total of 61 cases was collected from six neurologic centers in five Asian countries excluding Japan. Multiple sclerosis appears to be a rare disease throughout Asia. Certain clinical characteristics that had been previously noted in Japanese and other individual Asian series were again observed in the present Asian series. When compared with Western multiple sclerosis, the Asian multiple sclerosis cases showed a relatively higher frequency of optic nerve involvement, frequently bilateral and severe, at the onset, as well as during the course of illness, and no rare occurrence of Devic's syndrome.", "PMID": 556836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2761", "title": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: No morphometric abnormalities of nerve trunks.", "content": "In rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, light and electron microscopic evaluation of proximal and distal radial and distal phrenic nerve trunks was done to see whether a morphologic abnormality was present in alpha motor axons. No significant difference was found in density of myelinated fibers between nerves of experimental and control animals.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: No morphometric abnormalities of nerve trunks. In rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, light and electron microscopic evaluation of proximal and distal radial and distal phrenic nerve trunks was done to see whether a morphologic abnormality was present in alpha motor axons. No significant difference was found in density of myelinated fibers between nerves of experimental and control animals.", "PMID": 556837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2762", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in the perinatal aspiration syndromes.", "content": "Ten patients clinically diagnosed as having perinatal aspiration syndromes were found to have pulmonary hypertension. These infants were either term or postmature babies and had the following characteristics: (1) systemic or suprasystemic levels of pulmonary artery pressure (range, 50 to 117 mm Hg); (2) a degree of pulmonary hypertension not related to the degree of aspiration evident on chest roentgenograms; (3) evidence of right-to-left shunting at the ductal or foramen ovale level; and (4) sustained severe hypoxemia despite 100% inspired oxygen concentration. The overall mortality for the group was 50%. Since these patients had marked clinical and physiologic similarities to patients previously reported as having the persistent fetal circulation syndrome (PFC), they were classified as having \"PFC with aspiration.\" The existence of pulmonary hypertension should be suspected despite roentgenographic evidence of aspiration in any patient who also manifests the clinical characteristics of PFC because its treatment may alter the prognosis of such patients.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in the perinatal aspiration syndromes. Ten patients clinically diagnosed as having perinatal aspiration syndromes were found to have pulmonary hypertension. These infants were either term or postmature babies and had the following characteristics: (1) systemic or suprasystemic levels of pulmonary artery pressure (range, 50 to 117 mm Hg); (2) a degree of pulmonary hypertension not related to the degree of aspiration evident on chest roentgenograms; (3) evidence of right-to-left shunting at the ductal or foramen ovale level; and (4) sustained severe hypoxemia despite 100% inspired oxygen concentration. The overall mortality for the group was 50%. Since these patients had marked clinical and physiologic similarities to patients previously reported as having the persistent fetal circulation syndrome (PFC), they were classified as having \"PFC with aspiration.\" The existence of pulmonary hypertension should be suspected despite roentgenographic evidence of aspiration in any patient who also manifests the clinical characteristics of PFC because its treatment may alter the prognosis of such patients.", "PMID": 556842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2763", "title": "Carbon dioxide sensitivity of the central chemosensitive mechanisms. An exploration by direct stimulation in rats.", "content": "In urethane-anaesthetised adult albino rats ventral surface of the brainstem was stimulated chemically by increasing the local CO2 concentration and electrically. Two areas were demarcated on the ventral surface of the brainstem, one which showed an increase in pulmonary ventilation on chemical and electrical stimulation, and another which showed a decrease in pulmonary ventilation and sometimes even respiratory arrest. EEG activity recorded from the area from where increased pulmonary ventilation was obtained showed a synchronous slow wave activity during chemical stimulation and inhalation of a CO2-air mixture. This area is situated 0.5--1 mm lateral to the mid-line extending up to the rootlets of the VIIth to IXth cranial nerves. The response increased proportionately on increasing the strength of the chemical stimulus, till it reached a plateau. In carotid body denervated and chronic hypoxic animals, the magnitude of the responses was shown to be increased, probably due to increased sensitivity of the central chemosensitive mechanisms.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide sensitivity of the central chemosensitive mechanisms. An exploration by direct stimulation in rats. In urethane-anaesthetised adult albino rats ventral surface of the brainstem was stimulated chemically by increasing the local CO2 concentration and electrically. Two areas were demarcated on the ventral surface of the brainstem, one which showed an increase in pulmonary ventilation on chemical and electrical stimulation, and another which showed a decrease in pulmonary ventilation and sometimes even respiratory arrest. EEG activity recorded from the area from where increased pulmonary ventilation was obtained showed a synchronous slow wave activity during chemical stimulation and inhalation of a CO2-air mixture. This area is situated 0.5--1 mm lateral to the mid-line extending up to the rootlets of the VIIth to IXth cranial nerves. The response increased proportionately on increasing the strength of the chemical stimulus, till it reached a plateau. In carotid body denervated and chronic hypoxic animals, the magnitude of the responses was shown to be increased, probably due to increased sensitivity of the central chemosensitive mechanisms.", "PMID": 556843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2764", "title": "Amino acid reabsorption in the proximal tubule of rat kidney: stereospecificity and passive diffusion studied by continuous microperfusion.", "content": "Renal tubular reabsorption of glycine and of the L- and D-isomers of histidine, serine, phenyl-alanine, methionine, proline and cystine was investigated in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal convolutions of the rat kidney. In the case of glycine and the L-isomers, tubular reabsorption is saturable to a great extent. The D-amino acids are reabsorbed much more slowly than the respective L-forms. Furthermore in the case of methionine and perhaps also of proline, serine and phenylalanine, the fractional reabsorption decreases in the presence of high concentrations of the L-form. This indicates that the D-isomers also have a measurable affinity for the reabsorption mechanisms of the renal tubule. The very poor reabsorption of D-amino acids in the presence of their L-isomers indicates that simple passive diffusion plays only a relatively small role in tubular amino acid reabsorption. Permeability coefficients estimated from these findings are in the range from 1--5 X 10(-7) cm2 - s-1. These values are very similar to those found for other organic molecules of comparable molecular weights.", "contents": "Amino acid reabsorption in the proximal tubule of rat kidney: stereospecificity and passive diffusion studied by continuous microperfusion. Renal tubular reabsorption of glycine and of the L- and D-isomers of histidine, serine, phenyl-alanine, methionine, proline and cystine was investigated in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal convolutions of the rat kidney. In the case of glycine and the L-isomers, tubular reabsorption is saturable to a great extent. The D-amino acids are reabsorbed much more slowly than the respective L-forms. Furthermore in the case of methionine and perhaps also of proline, serine and phenylalanine, the fractional reabsorption decreases in the presence of high concentrations of the L-form. This indicates that the D-isomers also have a measurable affinity for the reabsorption mechanisms of the renal tubule. The very poor reabsorption of D-amino acids in the presence of their L-isomers indicates that simple passive diffusion plays only a relatively small role in tubular amino acid reabsorption. Permeability coefficients estimated from these findings are in the range from 1--5 X 10(-7) cm2 - s-1. These values are very similar to those found for other organic molecules of comparable molecular weights.", "PMID": 556844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2765", "title": "Haemodynamics during partial extracorporeal circulation in the dog.", "content": "Circulatory changes were studied in 9 mongrel dogs during partial extracorporeal circulation from the right atrium to the carotid and/or femoral artery. The bypass circuit consisted of a membrane oxygenator and a roller pump. Cardiac output and arterial pressure decreased during bypass, but changed little when extracorporeal flow (EF) was increased from 1/10 to 3/4 of control cardiac output. Right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures were lower than control. Total blood flow was equal to control when EF was 1/2 of the control cardiac output, and exceeded control flow at 3/4. Such enhanced venous return presumably resulted from sympathetic stimulation via atrial mechanoreceptors.", "contents": "Haemodynamics during partial extracorporeal circulation in the dog. Circulatory changes were studied in 9 mongrel dogs during partial extracorporeal circulation from the right atrium to the carotid and/or femoral artery. The bypass circuit consisted of a membrane oxygenator and a roller pump. Cardiac output and arterial pressure decreased during bypass, but changed little when extracorporeal flow (EF) was increased from 1/10 to 3/4 of control cardiac output. Right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures were lower than control. Total blood flow was equal to control when EF was 1/2 of the control cardiac output, and exceeded control flow at 3/4. Such enhanced venous return presumably resulted from sympathetic stimulation via atrial mechanoreceptors.", "PMID": 556845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2766", "title": "Thoracic duct lymph in conscious dogs at rest and during changes of physical activity.", "content": "In conscious dogs with a thoracic duct-venous shunt, lymph flow (LF), protein concentration (LP), transported protein (LTP), albumin concentration (LA), globulin concentration (LG), albumin to globulin ratio (LAG), plasma disappearance rate of labelled albumin (k), plasma volume (PV) and intravascular protein pool (IVP) were studied at rest, during walking and muscle relaxation induced by guajacolglycerinether. At rest, LF approximated 50 mul/min-kg and LTP 1.55 mg/min-kg. LF and LTP correlated positively with the state of physical activity. LP was 54%, LA 67%, LG 43%, but LAG 156% of the plasma values; k was 0.00228. Relaxation reduced LF by 34%, LTP by 31%, LAG by 7% and the lymph concentration of i.m. applied labelled albumin by 54%. PV, IVP and k were not changed significantly. Walking enhanced LF by 100%, LTP by 50% and LAG by 25%. LP was decreased by 15%. PV, IVP and k were not changed significantly. Control data suggest a significant influence of anaesthesia on thoracic duct lymph flow, composition and protein transport. Spontaneous and experimental changes of thoracic duct lymph may be explained by changes of the activity of the \"tissue pump\". An extravascular fluid and protein pool would seem to be accumulated at rest and emptied during exercise.", "contents": "Thoracic duct lymph in conscious dogs at rest and during changes of physical activity. In conscious dogs with a thoracic duct-venous shunt, lymph flow (LF), protein concentration (LP), transported protein (LTP), albumin concentration (LA), globulin concentration (LG), albumin to globulin ratio (LAG), plasma disappearance rate of labelled albumin (k), plasma volume (PV) and intravascular protein pool (IVP) were studied at rest, during walking and muscle relaxation induced by guajacolglycerinether. At rest, LF approximated 50 mul/min-kg and LTP 1.55 mg/min-kg. LF and LTP correlated positively with the state of physical activity. LP was 54%, LA 67%, LG 43%, but LAG 156% of the plasma values; k was 0.00228. Relaxation reduced LF by 34%, LTP by 31%, LAG by 7% and the lymph concentration of i.m. applied labelled albumin by 54%. PV, IVP and k were not changed significantly. Walking enhanced LF by 100%, LTP by 50% and LAG by 25%. LP was decreased by 15%. PV, IVP and k were not changed significantly. Control data suggest a significant influence of anaesthesia on thoracic duct lymph flow, composition and protein transport. Spontaneous and experimental changes of thoracic duct lymph may be explained by changes of the activity of the \"tissue pump\". An extravascular fluid and protein pool would seem to be accumulated at rest and emptied during exercise.", "PMID": 556846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2767", "title": "Adaptations to ambient temperature in growing pigs.", "content": "1. Pigs were weaned at 8--10 dyas of age and littermate pairs were raised in individual cages at ambient temperatures of 25 degrees C or 35 degrees C to 8 weeks of age. 2. Pigs reared at the higher temperature had longer extremities and less hair than controls even though body weights were similar. 3. On exposure to an ambient temperature of 45 degrees C, thce as quickly as their littermates. 4. When the scrotum was heated locally to 42 degrees C animals reared in the warmer environment began to pant at a lower ambient temperature than the controls. 5. Heating the hypothalamus by means of an implanted thermode at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C was accompanied by an increase in respiratory frequency in pigs reared at 25 degrees C. The pigs reared at 35 degrees C already had a slightly elevated rate of breathing and heating the hypothalamus caused no change. 6. The rate of blood flow in the tail was higher in pigs reared at 25 degrees C than those kept at 35 degrees C when measured at ambient temperatures between 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C. When the hypothalamus was cooled the slope of the line relating blood flow to the temperature of the thermode was similar in both groups. 7. The critical temperature as determined from measurements of oxygen consumption was higher in the pigs reared at 35 degrees C than in controls. But the effect of cooling the hypothalamus on metabolism was similar in both groups. 8. There was no difference between the two groups in the rate of cutaneous water loss.", "contents": "Adaptations to ambient temperature in growing pigs. 1. Pigs were weaned at 8--10 dyas of age and littermate pairs were raised in individual cages at ambient temperatures of 25 degrees C or 35 degrees C to 8 weeks of age. 2. Pigs reared at the higher temperature had longer extremities and less hair than controls even though body weights were similar. 3. On exposure to an ambient temperature of 45 degrees C, thce as quickly as their littermates. 4. When the scrotum was heated locally to 42 degrees C animals reared in the warmer environment began to pant at a lower ambient temperature than the controls. 5. Heating the hypothalamus by means of an implanted thermode at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C was accompanied by an increase in respiratory frequency in pigs reared at 25 degrees C. The pigs reared at 35 degrees C already had a slightly elevated rate of breathing and heating the hypothalamus caused no change. 6. The rate of blood flow in the tail was higher in pigs reared at 25 degrees C than those kept at 35 degrees C when measured at ambient temperatures between 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C. When the hypothalamus was cooled the slope of the line relating blood flow to the temperature of the thermode was similar in both groups. 7. The critical temperature as determined from measurements of oxygen consumption was higher in the pigs reared at 35 degrees C than in controls. But the effect of cooling the hypothalamus on metabolism was similar in both groups. 8. There was no difference between the two groups in the rate of cutaneous water loss.", "PMID": 556847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2768", "title": "The selective permeability of the pancreatic duct of the cat to monovalent ions.", "content": "In the anaethetised cat the electrical potential difference between the lumen of the main collecting duct of the pancreas and blood in the jugular vein was measured. The duct was perfused with isotonic solutions of monovalent ions and the recorded potential corrected for the liquid junction potentials. The data were fitted to the Shinagawa extension of the Goldman constant field equation and the relative permeabilities of the duct epithelium to the ions were determined. The duct showed negligible selectivity between the monovalent cations Li:Na:K:Rb:Cs = 1.08:1.10:1.09:1.12 in contrast to the definite selectivity sequence for the anions F:Br:Cl:I:HCO3 = 0.44:1.38:1.08:2.05:0.60. This halide selectivity sequence is the Eisenman sequence I and is indicative of the selectivity being due to weak positive charges on membrane bound sites surrounding a highly hydrated channel. It is argued that these highly hydrated channels may be identified with the \"tight junctions\" between cells and the selectivity properties of the pancreatic duct are determined by flow of ions through these areas rather than flow through the epithelial cells.", "contents": "The selective permeability of the pancreatic duct of the cat to monovalent ions. In the anaethetised cat the electrical potential difference between the lumen of the main collecting duct of the pancreas and blood in the jugular vein was measured. The duct was perfused with isotonic solutions of monovalent ions and the recorded potential corrected for the liquid junction potentials. The data were fitted to the Shinagawa extension of the Goldman constant field equation and the relative permeabilities of the duct epithelium to the ions were determined. The duct showed negligible selectivity between the monovalent cations Li:Na:K:Rb:Cs = 1.08:1.10:1.09:1.12 in contrast to the definite selectivity sequence for the anions F:Br:Cl:I:HCO3 = 0.44:1.38:1.08:2.05:0.60. This halide selectivity sequence is the Eisenman sequence I and is indicative of the selectivity being due to weak positive charges on membrane bound sites surrounding a highly hydrated channel. It is argued that these highly hydrated channels may be identified with the \"tight junctions\" between cells and the selectivity properties of the pancreatic duct are determined by flow of ions through these areas rather than flow through the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 556848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2769", "title": "The location and distribution of type A and type B atrial endings in cats.", "content": "In the attempt to explain the difference in discharge pattern of atrial endings, 131 endings were localized by punctate stimulation, 44 were type A, 77 type B and 10 of an intermediate type. All were located on the dorsal wall of the atria with none on the ventral wall or in the appendage. On the right side, 74% of type A were located in the atria and 63% of type B in or near the veins. On the left side, 67% of type A and 94% of type B were located in or near the veins. Thus, there appeared to be some difference in the location of type A and type B endings on the right side, but on the left side both types of endings were for the most part confined to the venous region. Further, on both right and left sides, these endings were present both in the central part of the atria and in or adjacent to veins. This leads to the suggestion that the difference in discharge patterns is not caused by the location but may be due to some other reasons, e.g. difference of arrangement in the atrial wall with respect to the contractile elements.", "contents": "The location and distribution of type A and type B atrial endings in cats. In the attempt to explain the difference in discharge pattern of atrial endings, 131 endings were localized by punctate stimulation, 44 were type A, 77 type B and 10 of an intermediate type. All were located on the dorsal wall of the atria with none on the ventral wall or in the appendage. On the right side, 74% of type A were located in the atria and 63% of type B in or near the veins. On the left side, 67% of type A and 94% of type B were located in or near the veins. Thus, there appeared to be some difference in the location of type A and type B endings on the right side, but on the left side both types of endings were for the most part confined to the venous region. Further, on both right and left sides, these endings were present both in the central part of the atria and in or adjacent to veins. This leads to the suggestion that the difference in discharge patterns is not caused by the location but may be due to some other reasons, e.g. difference of arrangement in the atrial wall with respect to the contractile elements.", "PMID": 556849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2770", "title": "Studies on the adaptation rate and frequency distribution of type A and type B atrial endings in cats.", "content": "Since from the study of location no clue could be found regarding the difference in discharge patterns of type A and type B endings in cats, two separate series of experiments were performed. In the first series, the responses obtained from types A, B and intermediate endings on stretching the isolated atrial chamber were identical. From the second series directed to the frequency distribution of atrial endings and performed by recording of the neural activity in single fibres of the whole vagus, a ratio of 1:1 between type A and type B endings was found. Endings with an intermediate pattern of discharge were rare. Out of 71 atrial endings recorded from 4 vagus nerves, only 7 were of this type. These studies showed that: (1) the types A, B and intermediate endings are slowly adapting, (2) the intermediate type is a variant of type B and (3) type A and type B endings belong to different types. It is speculated that the difference in discharge patterns of type A and type B endings may be due to their arrangements in the atria.", "contents": "Studies on the adaptation rate and frequency distribution of type A and type B atrial endings in cats. Since from the study of location no clue could be found regarding the difference in discharge patterns of type A and type B endings in cats, two separate series of experiments were performed. In the first series, the responses obtained from types A, B and intermediate endings on stretching the isolated atrial chamber were identical. From the second series directed to the frequency distribution of atrial endings and performed by recording of the neural activity in single fibres of the whole vagus, a ratio of 1:1 between type A and type B endings was found. Endings with an intermediate pattern of discharge were rare. Out of 71 atrial endings recorded from 4 vagus nerves, only 7 were of this type. These studies showed that: (1) the types A, B and intermediate endings are slowly adapting, (2) the intermediate type is a variant of type B and (3) type A and type B endings belong to different types. It is speculated that the difference in discharge patterns of type A and type B endings may be due to their arrangements in the atria.", "PMID": 556850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2771", "title": "Effect of splanchincotomy on the renal excretion of inorganic phosphate in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "The effects of acute i.v. inorganic phosphate (Pi) loading were studied on nembutalized mongrel dogs previously subjected to unilateral splanchnicotomy (\"renal denervation\"). GFR (51Cr-EDTA) was not different on the intact and the denervated side, while urine output (V), sodium excretion (UNaV), and urinary excretion (UPiV) of inorganic phosphate of denervated kidneys were significantly increased at any plasma Pi level. Thus, tubular reabsorption of Pi in denervated kidneys was considerably depressed. Tubular transport rates of Na and Pi--as expressed in per cent of the filtered load--were positively correlated in both intact and denervated organs. Besides an impairment in tubular transport of Na a depression in the reabsorption of inorganic phosphate is brought about by renal denervation. A common mechanism of action for both Na and Pi can be supposed.", "contents": "Effect of splanchincotomy on the renal excretion of inorganic phosphate in the anaesthetized dog. The effects of acute i.v. inorganic phosphate (Pi) loading were studied on nembutalized mongrel dogs previously subjected to unilateral splanchnicotomy (\"renal denervation\"). GFR (51Cr-EDTA) was not different on the intact and the denervated side, while urine output (V), sodium excretion (UNaV), and urinary excretion (UPiV) of inorganic phosphate of denervated kidneys were significantly increased at any plasma Pi level. Thus, tubular reabsorption of Pi in denervated kidneys was considerably depressed. Tubular transport rates of Na and Pi--as expressed in per cent of the filtered load--were positively correlated in both intact and denervated organs. Besides an impairment in tubular transport of Na a depression in the reabsorption of inorganic phosphate is brought about by renal denervation. A common mechanism of action for both Na and Pi can be supposed.", "PMID": 556851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2772", "title": "Effect of splanchnicotomy on the renal excretion of para-aminohippuric acid in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "Renal excretion of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was studied during PAH loading on unilaterally splanchnicotomized (\"denervated\") anaesthetized dogs. Urine flow, sodium excretion of denervated kidneys were significantly increased. Below a plasma concentration of 20 mg% there were no differences between intact and denervated kidneys in urinary excretion and in calculated tubular transport of PAH. However, maximum secretion rate on the splanchnicotomized side was significantly decreased (innervated: 34.8, denervated: 25.2 mg/100 ml GFR, respectively). Although both Na reabsorption and PAH secretion are impaired by denervation, the exact mechanism of action of renal sympathectomy is not elucidated as yet.", "contents": "Effect of splanchnicotomy on the renal excretion of para-aminohippuric acid in the anaesthetized dog. Renal excretion of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was studied during PAH loading on unilaterally splanchnicotomized (\"denervated\") anaesthetized dogs. Urine flow, sodium excretion of denervated kidneys were significantly increased. Below a plasma concentration of 20 mg% there were no differences between intact and denervated kidneys in urinary excretion and in calculated tubular transport of PAH. However, maximum secretion rate on the splanchnicotomized side was significantly decreased (innervated: 34.8, denervated: 25.2 mg/100 ml GFR, respectively). Although both Na reabsorption and PAH secretion are impaired by denervation, the exact mechanism of action of renal sympathectomy is not elucidated as yet.", "PMID": 556852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2773", "title": "Influences of local and global temperature stimuli on the Lewis-reaction.", "content": "Oscillatory changes of temperatures of the human fingers in cold air (Lewis-reaction) are investigated under central and local influences. After heat load of the body, the Lewis-reaction is suppressed, no matter which environmental temperature of the hand is chosen. Decrease of finger temperature during oscillatory behaviour takes about twice as much time as increase. A dependence of the time course on the chosen environmental temperature is not evident. Mean level of temperature oscillation rises with increased environmental temperatures of body and hand, whereas the amplitude of oscillation increases with growing environmental tre of the hand. After cold load of the body the Lewis-reaction is suppressed in some individuals. Interpretation of the Lewis-reaction and interaction of global and local requirements are discussed.", "contents": "Influences of local and global temperature stimuli on the Lewis-reaction. Oscillatory changes of temperatures of the human fingers in cold air (Lewis-reaction) are investigated under central and local influences. After heat load of the body, the Lewis-reaction is suppressed, no matter which environmental temperature of the hand is chosen. Decrease of finger temperature during oscillatory behaviour takes about twice as much time as increase. A dependence of the time course on the chosen environmental temperature is not evident. Mean level of temperature oscillation rises with increased environmental temperatures of body and hand, whereas the amplitude of oscillation increases with growing environmental tre of the hand. After cold load of the body the Lewis-reaction is suppressed in some individuals. Interpretation of the Lewis-reaction and interaction of global and local requirements are discussed.", "PMID": 556853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2774", "title": "Dose-dependent stimulation and inhibition of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption by angiotensin II in the rat kidney.", "content": "The effect of val5-angiotensin II on steady-state sodium concentration gradients (deltacNa) was studied in rat proximal tubules by stationary micro-perfusion combined with perfusion of the peritubular capillaries. Angiotensin added to the peritubular perfusion fluid had a biphasic action with stimulation of sodium reabsorption at low doses (10(-12)-10(-10)M) and inhibition at high doses (3 X 10(-7) - 3 X 10(-6)M). Stimulation of transport was also observed with intraluminal angiotensin but only at a dose of 10(-9)M. Transepithelial potential difference was calculated from the steady-state chloride distribution; no significant change was observed at low (10(-11)M) or high (10(-6)M) concentrations and a direct action on sodium transport is postulated. This biphasic effect is discussed in relation to the responses of the intact kidney to intra-renal infusion of angiotensin, and to the control of tubulo-glomerular feed-back.", "contents": "Dose-dependent stimulation and inhibition of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption by angiotensin II in the rat kidney. The effect of val5-angiotensin II on steady-state sodium concentration gradients (deltacNa) was studied in rat proximal tubules by stationary micro-perfusion combined with perfusion of the peritubular capillaries. Angiotensin added to the peritubular perfusion fluid had a biphasic action with stimulation of sodium reabsorption at low doses (10(-12)-10(-10)M) and inhibition at high doses (3 X 10(-7) - 3 X 10(-6)M). Stimulation of transport was also observed with intraluminal angiotensin but only at a dose of 10(-9)M. Transepithelial potential difference was calculated from the steady-state chloride distribution; no significant change was observed at low (10(-11)M) or high (10(-6)M) concentrations and a direct action on sodium transport is postulated. This biphasic effect is discussed in relation to the responses of the intact kidney to intra-renal infusion of angiotensin, and to the control of tubulo-glomerular feed-back.", "PMID": 556854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2775", "title": "Myeloproliferative diseases.", "content": "The various myeloproliferative diseases have different symptoms, therapeutic problems, and prognoses. The most common of these disorders appears to be agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, which primarily affects older persons. The five-year survival rate at the Mayo Clinic for these patients is 58%, and the prognosis depends on the presence of symptoms, anemia, and thrombocytopenia and on the size of the liver. Androgen therapy is often necessary to control anemia, and splenectomy may be indicated.", "contents": "Myeloproliferative diseases. The various myeloproliferative diseases have different symptoms, therapeutic problems, and prognoses. The most common of these disorders appears to be agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, which primarily affects older persons. The five-year survival rate at the Mayo Clinic for these patients is 58%, and the prognosis depends on the presence of symptoms, anemia, and thrombocytopenia and on the size of the liver. Androgen therapy is often necessary to control anemia, and splenectomy may be indicated.", "PMID": 556856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2776", "title": "[Pulmonary humoral immune response after exposure to carbon monoxide].", "content": "The effect of exposure to CO was studied in guinea-pigs using the plaque forming cell technique. Exposure to 200 ppm for 5 weeks was found to reduce the capacity to produce IgG and IgM in free lung cells.", "contents": "[Pulmonary humoral immune response after exposure to carbon monoxide]. The effect of exposure to CO was studied in guinea-pigs using the plaque forming cell technique. Exposure to 200 ppm for 5 weeks was found to reduce the capacity to produce IgG and IgM in free lung cells.", "PMID": 556862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2777", "title": "Biological factors involved in the clinical features and surgical management of cerebellar hemangioblastomas.", "content": "Sixty-five personal cases of cerebellar hemangioblastomas plus others from the literature making a total of 539 cases are reviewed regarding their clinical, biological and surgical aspects. A variable genetic blastomatous growth potential seems to determine the individual biological behavior of these tumors. Retinal angiomatosis, family incidence, multicentric tumors in the central nervous system and in other organs, and some of the so-called recurrences, are considered within this concept.", "contents": "Biological factors involved in the clinical features and surgical management of cerebellar hemangioblastomas. Sixty-five personal cases of cerebellar hemangioblastomas plus others from the literature making a total of 539 cases are reviewed regarding their clinical, biological and surgical aspects. A variable genetic blastomatous growth potential seems to determine the individual biological behavior of these tumors. Retinal angiomatosis, family incidence, multicentric tumors in the central nervous system and in other organs, and some of the so-called recurrences, are considered within this concept.", "PMID": 556866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2778", "title": "[A comparison of serum phosphohexose isomerase and sialyl transferase activities in patients with malignant disease].", "content": "The diagnostic value of serum sialyl transferase, phosphohexose isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase determinations is discussed in respect to patients with malignant diseases. It was found that 80 % of the  investigated cases showed an increase in serum sialyl transferase activity. Phosphohexose isomerase was elevated in 46.6 % and lactate dehydrogenase in 23.3% of the cases. The serum sialyl transferase activity was within the normal range in 13.3% of the patients. It is concluded that although the serum sialyl transferase activity is of great diagnostic significance in cases of suspected malignancy, total reliance cannot be placed on the determination of this sole parameter, but only in conjunction with others.", "contents": "[A comparison of serum phosphohexose isomerase and sialyl transferase activities in patients with malignant disease]. The diagnostic value of serum sialyl transferase, phosphohexose isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase determinations is discussed in respect to patients with malignant diseases. It was found that 80 % of the  investigated cases showed an increase in serum sialyl transferase activity. Phosphohexose isomerase was elevated in 46.6 % and lactate dehydrogenase in 23.3% of the cases. The serum sialyl transferase activity was within the normal range in 13.3% of the patients. It is concluded that although the serum sialyl transferase activity is of great diagnostic significance in cases of suspected malignancy, total reliance cannot be placed on the determination of this sole parameter, but only in conjunction with others.", "PMID": 556872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2779", "title": "[Determination of the pigmenting carotenoids in feeds and premixes for laying hens and broilers (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of the main carotenoids, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, apocarotenoic acid ethyl ester, bixin, canthaxanthin, citranaxanthin and paprika pigments in feeds and premixes for laying hens and broilers is described. The method has, compared to the known analytical procedures, several advantages: 1. Differentiation between lutein and zeaxanthin which have different pigmentation properties. 2. Reduction of distribution errors for added carotenoids by increasing sample weights. 3. Individual determinations of added carotenoids which have different pigmentation activities.", "contents": "[Determination of the pigmenting carotenoids in feeds and premixes for laying hens and broilers (author's transl)]. A method for the quantitative determination of the main carotenoids, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, apocarotenoic acid ethyl ester, bixin, canthaxanthin, citranaxanthin and paprika pigments in feeds and premixes for laying hens and broilers is described. The method has, compared to the known analytical procedures, several advantages: 1. Differentiation between lutein and zeaxanthin which have different pigmentation properties. 2. Reduction of distribution errors for added carotenoids by increasing sample weights. 3. Individual determinations of added carotenoids which have different pigmentation activities.", "PMID": 556873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2780", "title": "[Mercury-content of austrian edible mushrooms and its relation to the protein content of the mushrooms (author's transl)].", "content": "The mercury content of 16 eatable mushroom species from different geographical areas was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mercury levels lay between 18 and 14300 ppb related to mushroom dry matter. A great difference in mercury content was found between species. Boletaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Agaricaceae etc. showed constantly high values (greater than 1000 ppb), but in Cantharellaceae a low content (less than 100 ppb) was recorded. Besides other factors the mercury concentration is essentially dependent on the protein content. A highly significant positive correlation between the two characteristics was found.", "contents": "[Mercury-content of austrian edible mushrooms and its relation to the protein content of the mushrooms (author's transl)]. The mercury content of 16 eatable mushroom species from different geographical areas was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mercury levels lay between 18 and 14300 ppb related to mushroom dry matter. A great difference in mercury content was found between species. Boletaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Agaricaceae etc. showed constantly high values (greater than 1000 ppb), but in Cantharellaceae a low content (less than 100 ppb) was recorded. Besides other factors the mercury concentration is essentially dependent on the protein content. A highly significant positive correlation between the two characteristics was found.", "PMID": 556874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2781", "title": "Ventriculographic and hemodynamic features of mitral regurgitation of cardiomyopathic, rheumatic and nonrheumatic etiology.", "content": "Quantitative angiographic findings were reviewed in 40 patients with significant mitral regurgitation classified into three etiologic groups: group I, primary mitral regurgitation (prolapse, ruptured chordae); group II, mixed stenosis and regurgitation of rheumatic origin; and group III, cardiomyopathic mitral regurgitation. For patients in both groups I and II, left ventricular end-diastolic volume was directly related to regurgitant fraction, and ejection fraction was generally well maintained. In contrast, patients in group III had a depressed ejection fraction (less than 0.40) and end-diastolic volume that was disproportionately increased in relation to the degree of regurgitation. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was a poor indicator of severity of regurgitation in all patient groups. There was a significant negative correlation between forward cardiac index and regurgitant fraction. There was significant relation, although with considerable variation, between the normalized V wave and regurgitant fraction. The graphs of chamber size, ejection fraction and hemodynamic measures plotted against the severity of regurgitation in different patient groups provide a perspective for interpreting the findings in individual patients.", "contents": "Ventriculographic and hemodynamic features of mitral regurgitation of cardiomyopathic, rheumatic and nonrheumatic etiology. Quantitative angiographic findings were reviewed in 40 patients with significant mitral regurgitation classified into three etiologic groups: group I, primary mitral regurgitation (prolapse, ruptured chordae); group II, mixed stenosis and regurgitation of rheumatic origin; and group III, cardiomyopathic mitral regurgitation. For patients in both groups I and II, left ventricular end-diastolic volume was directly related to regurgitant fraction, and ejection fraction was generally well maintained. In contrast, patients in group III had a depressed ejection fraction (less than 0.40) and end-diastolic volume that was disproportionately increased in relation to the degree of regurgitation. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was a poor indicator of severity of regurgitation in all patient groups. There was a significant negative correlation between forward cardiac index and regurgitant fraction. There was significant relation, although with considerable variation, between the normalized V wave and regurgitant fraction. The graphs of chamber size, ejection fraction and hemodynamic measures plotted against the severity of regurgitation in different patient groups provide a perspective for interpreting the findings in individual patients.", "PMID": 556877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2782", "title": "Motion sickness-induced pica in the rat.", "content": "Two experiments investigating the effects of motion sickness on pica (the consumption of non-nutritive substances) are reported. In the first experiment rats subject to rotational stimulation subsequently engaged in geophagia (clay consumption). In the second experiment use of a conditioned aversion paradigm confirmed that the method of rotational stimulation used in the first experiment causes motion sickness in rats. The results of these experiments indicate that simple gastrointestinal malaise in the absence of a deficiency state or acute toxemia will elicit pica. It is suggested that gastrointestinal distress may be a significant factor in the etiology of pica and its relationship to other causes of pica is discussed.", "contents": "Motion sickness-induced pica in the rat. Two experiments investigating the effects of motion sickness on pica (the consumption of non-nutritive substances) are reported. In the first experiment rats subject to rotational stimulation subsequently engaged in geophagia (clay consumption). In the second experiment use of a conditioned aversion paradigm confirmed that the method of rotational stimulation used in the first experiment causes motion sickness in rats. The results of these experiments indicate that simple gastrointestinal malaise in the absence of a deficiency state or acute toxemia will elicit pica. It is suggested that gastrointestinal distress may be a significant factor in the etiology of pica and its relationship to other causes of pica is discussed.", "PMID": 556878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2783", "title": "Diurnal changes in gastric motor activity in conscious dogs.", "content": "Twenty-four-hour changes in gastric motor activity were recorded in 4 healthy adult dogs in the conscious state by means of extraluminal force transducers. Three major different gastric motor activity patterns were recognized during 24 hr: digestive, intermediate, and interdigestive. The digestive pattern was characterized by steady low-amplitude contractions in the gastric antrum, with no significant motor activity in the gastric body. The interdigestive pattern consisted of series of high-amplitude contractions of 14-23 min duration in both the gastric body and antrum with intervening and long-lasting (68-109 min) motor quiescence. The intermediate pattern is considered to be the pattern midway when the digestive pattern is changing to the interdigestive pattern. These changes in gastric motor activity are precisely controlled day after day if the animals are fed at regular time intervals and are healthy. The digestive pattern may represent principally a mixing function of ingested food and the interdigestive pattern a cleaning function in preparation for the next meal", "contents": "Diurnal changes in gastric motor activity in conscious dogs. Twenty-four-hour changes in gastric motor activity were recorded in 4 healthy adult dogs in the conscious state by means of extraluminal force transducers. Three major different gastric motor activity patterns were recognized during 24 hr: digestive, intermediate, and interdigestive. The digestive pattern was characterized by steady low-amplitude contractions in the gastric antrum, with no significant motor activity in the gastric body. The interdigestive pattern consisted of series of high-amplitude contractions of 14-23 min duration in both the gastric body and antrum with intervening and long-lasting (68-109 min) motor quiescence. The intermediate pattern is considered to be the pattern midway when the digestive pattern is changing to the interdigestive pattern. These changes in gastric motor activity are precisely controlled day after day if the animals are fed at regular time intervals and are healthy. The digestive pattern may represent principally a mixing function of ingested food and the interdigestive pattern a cleaning function in preparation for the next meal", "PMID": 556880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2784", "title": "The premature breech.", "content": "The perinatal outcome of all vaginal breech deliveries weighing less than 2,500 grams was evaluated retrospectively. Results indicated that labor and delivery in the breech position had a morbidity and mortality rate far greater than could be attributed to prematurity alone. Serious consideration should be given to prophylactic cesarean section for all premature breech fetuses when delivery is anticipated.", "contents": "The premature breech. The perinatal outcome of all vaginal breech deliveries weighing less than 2,500 grams was evaluated retrospectively. Results indicated that labor and delivery in the breech position had a morbidity and mortality rate far greater than could be attributed to prematurity alone. Serious consideration should be given to prophylactic cesarean section for all premature breech fetuses when delivery is anticipated.", "PMID": 556881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2785", "title": "Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on serum prolactin levels in women with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea.", "content": "The effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the serum prolactin levels of six women with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea were investigated. There was no indication that pituitary adenomas were etiologic agents for the hyperprolactinemia. Serum prolactin could be lowered with oral L-dopa. When intravenous phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent) or intravenous propranolol (a beta-adrenergic blocking agent) were administered for 1 hour, there was no significant change in serum prolactin levels.", "contents": "Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on serum prolactin levels in women with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea. The effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the serum prolactin levels of six women with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea were investigated. There was no indication that pituitary adenomas were etiologic agents for the hyperprolactinemia. Serum prolactin could be lowered with oral L-dopa. When intravenous phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent) or intravenous propranolol (a beta-adrenergic blocking agent) were administered for 1 hour, there was no significant change in serum prolactin levels.", "PMID": 556882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2786", "title": "Diurnal, respiratory, and other rhythms of fetal heart rate in lambs.", "content": "In lambs during the last third of gestation fetal heart periods were measured to 0.2 msec. and the variation was calculated with a computer in real time. The rate was subject to low-frequency variations in association with breathing movements, with a 2 to 4 hour rhythm of large amplitude and unknown origin, with the time of day, and with increasing gestational age. The calculated standard deviation of heart period bore a semilogarithmic relation to increasing length of observational epoch. There were also multiple rhythms in heart rate variability. The immeidate effect of fetal hypoxia was to increase heart rate variability despite the arrest of fetal breathing movements. The analysis of heart rate variability is examined critically.", "contents": "Diurnal, respiratory, and other rhythms of fetal heart rate in lambs. In lambs during the last third of gestation fetal heart periods were measured to 0.2 msec. and the variation was calculated with a computer in real time. The rate was subject to low-frequency variations in association with breathing movements, with a 2 to 4 hour rhythm of large amplitude and unknown origin, with the time of day, and with increasing gestational age. The calculated standard deviation of heart period bore a semilogarithmic relation to increasing length of observational epoch. There were also multiple rhythms in heart rate variability. The immeidate effect of fetal hypoxia was to increase heart rate variability despite the arrest of fetal breathing movements. The analysis of heart rate variability is examined critically.", "PMID": 556883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2787", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation of the posterior segment in pseudophakia.", "content": "A series of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies was performed to explore the safety and efficacy of argon laser and xenon arc photocoagulation in pseudophakia. The polymethylmethacrylate intracameral lens (Fyodorov) proved resistant to photothermal decomposition and allowed transmission of therapeutically effective energy levels to the retina. The argon laser delivered through a slit lamp and contact lens optical system appears to be the preferred method for posterior segment photocoagulation in pseudophakia. On the basis of five-day tissue culture studies and clinical experience of two years, the intracameral lens does not appear to be a toxic or transmission barrier to careful argon laser photocoagulation.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation of the posterior segment in pseudophakia. A series of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies was performed to explore the safety and efficacy of argon laser and xenon arc photocoagulation in pseudophakia. The polymethylmethacrylate intracameral lens (Fyodorov) proved resistant to photothermal decomposition and allowed transmission of therapeutically effective energy levels to the retina. The argon laser delivered through a slit lamp and contact lens optical system appears to be the preferred method for posterior segment photocoagulation in pseudophakia. On the basis of five-day tissue culture studies and clinical experience of two years, the intracameral lens does not appear to be a toxic or transmission barrier to careful argon laser photocoagulation.", "PMID": 556885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2788", "title": "Ultrastructural study of methionine sulfoximine-induced Alzheimer type II astrocytosis.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of cerebral cortex was performed in rats during the preictal period following the administration of the convulsant methionine sulfoximine (MSO). The morphologic changes were restricted to astrocytes and consisted of cytoplasmic enlargement, mitochondrial and rough endoplasmic reticulum proliferation, accumulation of glycogen, development of cisternal and saccular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear chromatin clumping, and hydropic degenerative changes. These findings resemble those seen in experimental ammonia encephalopathy, suggesting an important role of ammonia in the evolution of these morphologic changes. The findings, moreover, suggest that the primary effect of MSO is on astrocytes and that abnormalities in astrocytes may play a role in the development of MSO-induced seizures.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of methionine sulfoximine-induced Alzheimer type II astrocytosis. An ultrastructural study of cerebral cortex was performed in rats during the preictal period following the administration of the convulsant methionine sulfoximine (MSO). The morphologic changes were restricted to astrocytes and consisted of cytoplasmic enlargement, mitochondrial and rough endoplasmic reticulum proliferation, accumulation of glycogen, development of cisternal and saccular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear chromatin clumping, and hydropic degenerative changes. These findings resemble those seen in experimental ammonia encephalopathy, suggesting an important role of ammonia in the evolution of these morphologic changes. The findings, moreover, suggest that the primary effect of MSO is on astrocytes and that abnormalities in astrocytes may play a role in the development of MSO-induced seizures.", "PMID": 556886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2789", "title": "Heat stress, fluctuating asymmetry and prenatal selection in the laboratory rat.", "content": "Recent studies have demonstrated that stress may increase the fluctuating asymmetry of teeth and limbs in laboratory animals. The present study investigates the effects of heat on such parameters. Pregnant laboratory rats are exposed to temperatures of 33 degrees C during gestation. Increases in fluctuating asymmetry of dental dimensions as well as bone density are found for the pups of such females when compared to unstressed controls. A general increase in limb lengths is also reported for young of heat stressed animals. Prenatal selection with differential survival is suggested as a possible explanation for differences found between the experimental and control animals.", "contents": "Heat stress, fluctuating asymmetry and prenatal selection in the laboratory rat. Recent studies have demonstrated that stress may increase the fluctuating asymmetry of teeth and limbs in laboratory animals. The present study investigates the effects of heat on such parameters. Pregnant laboratory rats are exposed to temperatures of 33 degrees C during gestation. Increases in fluctuating asymmetry of dental dimensions as well as bone density are found for the pups of such females when compared to unstressed controls. A general increase in limb lengths is also reported for young of heat stressed animals. Prenatal selection with differential survival is suggested as a possible explanation for differences found between the experimental and control animals.", "PMID": 556888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2790", "title": "How Gymnodinium breve red tide toxin(s) produces repetitive firing in squid axons.", "content": "Partially purified toxin(s), GbTX, extracted from Gymnodinium breve red tide organisms elicits a spontaneous train of action potentials in the squid giant axon. The spikes have a shape similar to that in the normal seawater control except for an increase in the rate of recovery from the afterhyperpolarization. With this more rapid recovery, the membrane potential overshoots the resting potential and  threshold, triggers another spike, and thus produces repetitive firing. Voltage-clamp studies revealed that the toxin has no effect on the normal sodium or potassium conductance changes produced by step depolarization. However, consistent with the faster recovery after an action potential, GbTX speeds recovery of the \"shut-off\" currents to their steady-state values after a depolarization. The most likely mechanism by which the toxin accelerates recovery after an action potential (leading to repetitive firing) is the induction of a small additional inward current which was found to be reduced by prehyperpolarization. This toxin-induced current which speeds recovery is blocked by tetrodotoxin and hence presumably flows through the sodium channel.", "contents": "How Gymnodinium breve red tide toxin(s) produces repetitive firing in squid axons. Partially purified toxin(s), GbTX, extracted from Gymnodinium breve red tide organisms elicits a spontaneous train of action potentials in the squid giant axon. The spikes have a shape similar to that in the normal seawater control except for an increase in the rate of recovery from the afterhyperpolarization. With this more rapid recovery, the membrane potential overshoots the resting potential and  threshold, triggers another spike, and thus produces repetitive firing. Voltage-clamp studies revealed that the toxin has no effect on the normal sodium or potassium conductance changes produced by step depolarization. However, consistent with the faster recovery after an action potential, GbTX speeds recovery of the \"shut-off\" currents to their steady-state values after a depolarization. The most likely mechanism by which the toxin accelerates recovery after an action potential (leading to repetitive firing) is the induction of a small additional inward current which was found to be reduced by prehyperpolarization. This toxin-induced current which speeds recovery is blocked by tetrodotoxin and hence presumably flows through the sodium channel.", "PMID": 556889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2791", "title": "Effect of iron stores and hysterectomy on iron absorption and distribution in pregnant mice.", "content": "Intestinal uptake (U) and transport (T) of 50Fe from a 1-mug oral dose was studied in the mouse. U increased to a similar degree in both pregnant and iron-deficient animals. The increase in T was greater in pregnant than in iron-deficient mice. In iron-loaded pregnant mice, U increased to levels found in pregnant animals, whereas T increased, but by a lesser amount. Termination of pregnancy by delivery or hysterectomy at days 20-21 resulted in a fall in U and T to normal levels within 24 h. Eighty percent of iron transported across the intestine in pregnancy was recovered from the fetuses, compared to 6.7% recovered in the maternal liver. Hepatic uptake was lower in pregnant than in iron-deficient mice or in postpartum mice with persisting iron deficiency. Hepatic uptake by the maternal liver after an intravenous dose of 2 mug 50Fe increased to levels in iron-deficient mice within 5 min of hysterectomy. The results demonstrate an effect of pregnancy on intestinal iron transport and its distribution that was dependent on the presence of fetuses and placentas.", "contents": "Effect of iron stores and hysterectomy on iron absorption and distribution in pregnant mice. Intestinal uptake (U) and transport (T) of 50Fe from a 1-mug oral dose was studied in the mouse. U increased to a similar degree in both pregnant and iron-deficient animals. The increase in T was greater in pregnant than in iron-deficient mice. In iron-loaded pregnant mice, U increased to levels found in pregnant animals, whereas T increased, but by a lesser amount. Termination of pregnancy by delivery or hysterectomy at days 20-21 resulted in a fall in U and T to normal levels within 24 h. Eighty percent of iron transported across the intestine in pregnancy was recovered from the fetuses, compared to 6.7% recovered in the maternal liver. Hepatic uptake was lower in pregnant than in iron-deficient mice or in postpartum mice with persisting iron deficiency. Hepatic uptake by the maternal liver after an intravenous dose of 2 mug 50Fe increased to levels in iron-deficient mice within 5 min of hysterectomy. The results demonstrate an effect of pregnancy on intestinal iron transport and its distribution that was dependent on the presence of fetuses and placentas.", "PMID": 556890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2792", "title": "Changing renal blood flow following sodium nitroprusside in patients undergoing nephrolithotomy.", "content": "During nephrolithotomy in 23 adult patients under sodium thiopental-N2O-O2-fentanyl anesthesia, renal blood flow to one kidney was studied. Muscle relaxation was obtained with pancuronium, and renal blood flow (RBF) was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. Percutaneous arterial pressures were also recorded. Administration of sodium nitroprusside caused a decrease in RBF in all patients when mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced approximately 44 percent below baseline. Patients whose initial RBF was below 300 ml/min showed greater falls in RBF with hypotension. Changes in renal vascular resistance (MAP/RBF) was found to be markedly higher in the \"low-flow\" group. As expected, the low-flow group started with a higher renal vascular resistance. From these observations, it is felt that more concern should be exercised when planning deliberate hypotension with nitroprusside, especially in patients with decreased renal function.", "contents": "Changing renal blood flow following sodium nitroprusside in patients undergoing nephrolithotomy. During nephrolithotomy in 23 adult patients under sodium thiopental-N2O-O2-fentanyl anesthesia, renal blood flow to one kidney was studied. Muscle relaxation was obtained with pancuronium, and renal blood flow (RBF) was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. Percutaneous arterial pressures were also recorded. Administration of sodium nitroprusside caused a decrease in RBF in all patients when mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced approximately 44 percent below baseline. Patients whose initial RBF was below 300 ml/min showed greater falls in RBF with hypotension. Changes in renal vascular resistance (MAP/RBF) was found to be markedly higher in the \"low-flow\" group. As expected, the low-flow group started with a higher renal vascular resistance. From these observations, it is felt that more concern should be exercised when planning deliberate hypotension with nitroprusside, especially in patients with decreased renal function.", "PMID": 556896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2793", "title": "Dynamics of local-anesthetic compounds in regional anesthesia.", "content": "The clinical effectiveness and safety of compounded mixtures of lidocaine + bupivacaine and chloroprocaine + bupivacaine for either epidural or brachial-plexus block was studied in 48 adult patients. Of the several alternatives, chloroprocaine + bupivacaine with epinephrine was found the best choice for patients with typical plasma cholinesterase.", "contents": "Dynamics of local-anesthetic compounds in regional anesthesia. The clinical effectiveness and safety of compounded mixtures of lidocaine + bupivacaine and chloroprocaine + bupivacaine for either epidural or brachial-plexus block was studied in 48 adult patients. Of the several alternatives, chloroprocaine + bupivacaine with epinephrine was found the best choice for patients with typical plasma cholinesterase.", "PMID": 556897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2794", "title": "Abdominal pain and alcohol celiac plexus nerve block.", "content": "Alcohol celiac plexus nerve blocks were done in 100 patients, of whome 97 had intractable abdominal pain from cancer. In most cases, an initial diagnositc block with bupivacaine was followed by the therapeutic block performed by injecting 50 ml of 50 percent ethyl alcohol. Good to excellent pain relief occurred in 94 percent of patients. Fourteen blocks were repeated for recurrent pain. Life duration ranged from 2 days to 14 months after the block. Complications and side effects were infrequently seen but did include a 10 percent incidence of postural hypotension and 1 case of partial leg paralysis. This block is remarkably safe as well as effective and should be employed more frequently.", "contents": "Abdominal pain and alcohol celiac plexus nerve block. Alcohol celiac plexus nerve blocks were done in 100 patients, of whome 97 had intractable abdominal pain from cancer. In most cases, an initial diagnositc block with bupivacaine was followed by the therapeutic block performed by injecting 50 ml of 50 percent ethyl alcohol. Good to excellent pain relief occurred in 94 percent of patients. Fourteen blocks were repeated for recurrent pain. Life duration ranged from 2 days to 14 months after the block. Complications and side effects were infrequently seen but did include a 10 percent incidence of postural hypotension and 1 case of partial leg paralysis. This block is remarkably safe as well as effective and should be employed more frequently.", "PMID": 556895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2795", "title": "Acute pulmonary edema following head injury: two case reports.", "content": "An acute episode of pulmonary edema may occur in association with head injury. This is due to the elevation of systemic blood pressure, to maintain cerebral circulation in the presence of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). In these instances, the pulmonary edema arises as a pathophysiologic, neurohemodynamic response to the intracranial disease. This response has been produced experimentally, and 2 case reports described this problem clinically. If such patients with increased ICP could be treated immediately with antihypertensive drugs, pulmonary edema might be prevented and the high mortality rate decreased.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary edema following head injury: two case reports. An acute episode of pulmonary edema may occur in association with head injury. This is due to the elevation of systemic blood pressure, to maintain cerebral circulation in the presence of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). In these instances, the pulmonary edema arises as a pathophysiologic, neurohemodynamic response to the intracranial disease. This response has been produced experimentally, and 2 case reports described this problem clinically. If such patients with increased ICP could be treated immediately with antihypertensive drugs, pulmonary edema might be prevented and the high mortality rate decreased.", "PMID": 556904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2796", "title": "A PSRO record-keeping system for anesthesiologist.", "content": "To meet the requirements for Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) auditing, a new anesthesia record-keeping system was designed. The forms are also well adapted for use in an anesthesia teaching department.", "contents": "A PSRO record-keeping system for anesthesiologist. To meet the requirements for Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) auditing, a new anesthesia record-keeping system was designed. The forms are also well adapted for use in an anesthesia teaching department.", "PMID": 556905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2797", "title": "The effect of spontaneous versus controlled ventilation on the rate of rise of alveolar halothane concentration in dogs.", "content": "The rate of rise of the alveolar:inspired halothane concentration (F delta/F1) ratio was measured in dogs breathing spontaneously. These rates were measured at inspired concentrations of 0.3, 1.5, and 4 percent. Initially, FON (FA/F1) ratio was measured in dogs breathing spontaneously. These rates were measured at inspired concentrations of 0.3, 1.5, and 4 percent. Initially FA/F1 rose at similar rates for all 3 concentrations, but a 4 percent, the plateau attained was lower as a result of respiratory depression. In a 2nd group of dogs, FA/FI was measured for inspired concentrations of 0.3, 1.5, 4, and 6 percent during controlled ventilation. FA/FI rose at similar rates at the lower 2 concentrations but at progressively more rapid rates at inspired concentrations of 4 and 6 percent, presumably as a result of circulatory depression.", "contents": "The effect of spontaneous versus controlled ventilation on the rate of rise of alveolar halothane concentration in dogs. The rate of rise of the alveolar:inspired halothane concentration (F delta/F1) ratio was measured in dogs breathing spontaneously. These rates were measured at inspired concentrations of 0.3, 1.5, and 4 percent. Initially, FON (FA/F1) ratio was measured in dogs breathing spontaneously. These rates were measured at inspired concentrations of 0.3, 1.5, and 4 percent. Initially FA/F1 rose at similar rates for all 3 concentrations, but a 4 percent, the plateau attained was lower as a result of respiratory depression. In a 2nd group of dogs, FA/FI was measured for inspired concentrations of 0.3, 1.5, 4, and 6 percent during controlled ventilation. FA/FI rose at similar rates at the lower 2 concentrations but at progressively more rapid rates at inspired concentrations of 4 and 6 percent, presumably as a result of circulatory depression.", "PMID": 556907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2798", "title": "Implications of the effects of general anesthesia on basal tear production.", "content": "Ophthalmic preparations are frequently instilled topically to protect the eye during general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to determine if such prophylactic precautions are warranted, as determined by the effect of general surgical anesthesia on basal tear production by the Schrimer I test. As general surgical anesthesia produced a marked depression of basal tear production, both mechanical protection and topical medications are recommended for the ocular care of patients undergoing general surgical anesthesia.", "contents": "Implications of the effects of general anesthesia on basal tear production. Ophthalmic preparations are frequently instilled topically to protect the eye during general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to determine if such prophylactic precautions are warranted, as determined by the effect of general surgical anesthesia on basal tear production by the Schrimer I test. As general surgical anesthesia produced a marked depression of basal tear production, both mechanical protection and topical medications are recommended for the ocular care of patients undergoing general surgical anesthesia.", "PMID": 556908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2799", "title": "Lack of CNS depression from large doses of trimethaphan in sheep.", "content": "It is not uncommon to observe prolonged CNS depression for several hours following controlled hypotension and halothane anesthesia for neurosurgery. The present study evaluates possible contribution of large doses of trimethaphan to CNS depression. Four adult sheep were placed on transapical left ventricular bypass (TALVB) withdrawing blood from the apex of the left ventricle through a roller pump, Pall Ultipor filter, and returning the blood to a carotid artery. In the awake and unanesthetized animals, 1 to 2 gm of trimethaphan were administered IV during each experiment while maintaining mean arterial pressure at 60 to 75 torr. Two sheep stood up and knelt down without obvious correlation with dose of trimethaphan administered at the time; two remained standing and continued eating during the trimethaphan infusion. Cardiovascular recovery from these large doses of trimethaphan was within 15 to 30 minutes after the conclusion of drug infusion. The data strongly suggest that large doses of trimethaphan have no significant CNS depression in the awake and unanesthetized sheep.", "contents": "Lack of CNS depression from large doses of trimethaphan in sheep. It is not uncommon to observe prolonged CNS depression for several hours following controlled hypotension and halothane anesthesia for neurosurgery. The present study evaluates possible contribution of large doses of trimethaphan to CNS depression. Four adult sheep were placed on transapical left ventricular bypass (TALVB) withdrawing blood from the apex of the left ventricle through a roller pump, Pall Ultipor filter, and returning the blood to a carotid artery. In the awake and unanesthetized animals, 1 to 2 gm of trimethaphan were administered IV during each experiment while maintaining mean arterial pressure at 60 to 75 torr. Two sheep stood up and knelt down without obvious correlation with dose of trimethaphan administered at the time; two remained standing and continued eating during the trimethaphan infusion. Cardiovascular recovery from these large doses of trimethaphan was within 15 to 30 minutes after the conclusion of drug infusion. The data strongly suggest that large doses of trimethaphan have no significant CNS depression in the awake and unanesthetized sheep.", "PMID": 556910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2800", "title": "Effect of halothane and pentobarbital anesthesia on the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation of the dog.", "content": "To investigate the effect of different anesthetics on the flow properties of the central circulation, curves were obtained by the multiple indocyanine-green indicator-dilution technic from 7 dogs anesthetized with halothane or pentobarbital. The width of the curve provided a measure of the dispersion of indicator particles during passage through the central circulation. The vascular resistance of the animals was altered by the administration of methoxamine and sodium nitroprusside. The authors found that dispersion in the central circulation is linearly related to the total peripheral resistance (TPR). For any value of TPR, the amount of dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation was greater with halothane plus pentobarbital anesthesia than with pentobarbital only. The study indicates that the type of anesthesia influences the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation. A better under standing of this process will be helpful in interpreting the results of indicator-dilution cardiac-output determinations performed in persons under general anesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of halothane and pentobarbital anesthesia on the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation of the dog. To investigate the effect of different anesthetics on the flow properties of the central circulation, curves were obtained by the multiple indocyanine-green indicator-dilution technic from 7 dogs anesthetized with halothane or pentobarbital. The width of the curve provided a measure of the dispersion of indicator particles during passage through the central circulation. The vascular resistance of the animals was altered by the administration of methoxamine and sodium nitroprusside. The authors found that dispersion in the central circulation is linearly related to the total peripheral resistance (TPR). For any value of TPR, the amount of dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation was greater with halothane plus pentobarbital anesthesia than with pentobarbital only. The study indicates that the type of anesthesia influences the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation. A better under standing of this process will be helpful in interpreting the results of indicator-dilution cardiac-output determinations performed in persons under general anesthesia.", "PMID": 556912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2801", "title": "Correlation of plasma cholinesterase activity and duration of action of succinylcholine during pregnancy.", "content": "Correlation between plasma cholinesterase activity and duration of neuromuscular blockade following succinylcholine (SCh) was studied in 30 healthy women undergoing laparoscopic tubal coagulation and 20 pregnany women indergoing elective repeat cesarean section. All patients received N2O-thiopental anesthesia. Cholinesterase activity in nonpregnant patients was significantly greater than in pregnant patients. Time to 90 percent recovery of control twitch height following 40 or 80 mg/m2 BSA of SCh was not significantly different in pregnant versus nonpregnant patients. There also was no correlation between plasma cholinesterase activity and duration of paralysis from SCh. The authors conclude that pregnant patients have lower cholinesterase activity, but prolonged neuromuscular blockade from SCh should not occur unless the patient is grossly overdosed with SCh. Routine use of a peripheral nerve stimulator is recommended to avoid such overdosage.", "contents": "Correlation of plasma cholinesterase activity and duration of action of succinylcholine during pregnancy. Correlation between plasma cholinesterase activity and duration of neuromuscular blockade following succinylcholine (SCh) was studied in 30 healthy women undergoing laparoscopic tubal coagulation and 20 pregnany women indergoing elective repeat cesarean section. All patients received N2O-thiopental anesthesia. Cholinesterase activity in nonpregnant patients was significantly greater than in pregnant patients. Time to 90 percent recovery of control twitch height following 40 or 80 mg/m2 BSA of SCh was not significantly different in pregnant versus nonpregnant patients. There also was no correlation between plasma cholinesterase activity and duration of paralysis from SCh. The authors conclude that pregnant patients have lower cholinesterase activity, but prolonged neuromuscular blockade from SCh should not occur unless the patient is grossly overdosed with SCh. Routine use of a peripheral nerve stimulator is recommended to avoid such overdosage.", "PMID": 556913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2802", "title": "Enflurane anesthesia for surgical removal of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Four cases describing the use of enflurane as the main anesthetic during surgical removal of pheochromocytoma (PCC) are presented and the preoperative preparation and intraoperative management of the patients are discussed. Serum levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured in 3 of the reported cases. Intraoperative values were extremely elevated during tumor manipulation, but there was only 1 minor episode of arrhythmias. Criteria for choosing anesthetic agents for surgical removal of PCC are outlined. The authors conclude from their experience and that of others that enflurane is as safe and effective an anesthetic as any now available for PCC excision.", "contents": "Enflurane anesthesia for surgical removal of pheochromocytoma. Four cases describing the use of enflurane as the main anesthetic during surgical removal of pheochromocytoma (PCC) are presented and the preoperative preparation and intraoperative management of the patients are discussed. Serum levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured in 3 of the reported cases. Intraoperative values were extremely elevated during tumor manipulation, but there was only 1 minor episode of arrhythmias. Criteria for choosing anesthetic agents for surgical removal of PCC are outlined. The authors conclude from their experience and that of others that enflurane is as safe and effective an anesthetic as any now available for PCC excision.", "PMID": 556911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2803", "title": "The influence of succinylcholine on the duration of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade.", "content": "Question has been raised as to whether the use of succinylcholine (SCh) to facilitate endotracheal intubation might influence the duration of subsequently used pancuronium. The authors studied the duration of pancuronium in 67 adult patients by measuring muscle response to nerve stimulation. Thirty-seven of these patients were given prior SCh while the remaining 30 were not. No significant difference in the duration of pancuronium block was found between these 2 groups.", "contents": "The influence of succinylcholine on the duration of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Question has been raised as to whether the use of succinylcholine (SCh) to facilitate endotracheal intubation might influence the duration of subsequently used pancuronium. The authors studied the duration of pancuronium in 67 adult patients by measuring muscle response to nerve stimulation. Thirty-seven of these patients were given prior SCh while the remaining 30 were not. No significant difference in the duration of pancuronium block was found between these 2 groups.", "PMID": 556906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2804", "title": "Is the Bain breathing circuit the future anesthesia system? An evaluation.", "content": "The Bain breathing circuit, a modified Mapleson D system, was evaluated with regard to oxygenation and CO2 elimination under controlled conditions and compared with the presently popular semiclosed breathing circuit (SCBC) with CO2 absorber. The authors demonstrated that the Bain system compares favorably with the SCBC in regard to oxygenation of manually ventilated patients with fresh gas inflow of 70 ml/kg/min while maintaining a PaCO2 at a mean of 38 torr versus an SCBC mean of 32 torr. The authors were impressed with the clinical simplicity, efficiency, and versatility of the Bain system and believe that it will play a major role in the future of anesthesia-machine design.", "contents": "Is the Bain breathing circuit the future anesthesia system? An evaluation. The Bain breathing circuit, a modified Mapleson D system, was evaluated with regard to oxygenation and CO2 elimination under controlled conditions and compared with the presently popular semiclosed breathing circuit (SCBC) with CO2 absorber. The authors demonstrated that the Bain system compares favorably with the SCBC in regard to oxygenation of manually ventilated patients with fresh gas inflow of 70 ml/kg/min while maintaining a PaCO2 at a mean of 38 torr versus an SCBC mean of 32 torr. The authors were impressed with the clinical simplicity, efficiency, and versatility of the Bain system and believe that it will play a major role in the future of anesthesia-machine design.", "PMID": 556914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2805", "title": "Host range comparisons of five serotypes of caliciviruses.", "content": "Two new serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), designated SMSV-4 and SMSV-5, were studied in vivo and in vitro. The host cell spectrums were compared with SMSV-1, SMSV-2, and vesicular exanthema of swine virus type A-48. Based on the result of these broad host spectrums, a numerical scoring system was devised for ranking each virus on the basis of its potential for infecting terrestrial mammals, including the important domestic species.", "contents": "Host range comparisons of five serotypes of caliciviruses. Two new serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), designated SMSV-4 and SMSV-5, were studied in vivo and in vitro. The host cell spectrums were compared with SMSV-1, SMSV-2, and vesicular exanthema of swine virus type A-48. Based on the result of these broad host spectrums, a numerical scoring system was devised for ranking each virus on the basis of its potential for infecting terrestrial mammals, including the important domestic species.", "PMID": 556918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2806", "title": "Diffusion hyperoxia following preoxygenation.", "content": "Several minutes of 100 percent O2 breathing prior to inhalation induction with 79 percent N23 results in consistently higher PaO2 values during the first 10 minutes compared with prior air breathing. The theoretic maximum concentrating action of N2O uptake upon O2 is approximately the same (60 torr) regardless of gas breathed before induction.", "contents": "Diffusion hyperoxia following preoxygenation. Several minutes of 100 percent O2 breathing prior to inhalation induction with 79 percent N23 results in consistently higher PaO2 values during the first 10 minutes compared with prior air breathing. The theoretic maximum concentrating action of N2O uptake upon O2 is approximately the same (60 torr) regardless of gas breathed before induction.", "PMID": 556909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2807", "title": "Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island. Clinical features.", "content": "Between 20 July and 15 Octoboer 1975, five cases of human infection with Babesia microti were diagnosed on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The illness was characterized by fever, drenching sweats, shaking chills, myalgia, arthralgia, extreme fatigue, and a mild-to-moderate hemolytic anemia. None of the patients had a history of splenetomy. Although all patients responded symptomatically to treatment with oral chloroquine phosphate, parasitemia and fatigue frequently persisted for several weeks to months.", "contents": "Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island. Clinical features. Between 20 July and 15 Octoboer 1975, five cases of human infection with Babesia microti were diagnosed on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The illness was characterized by fever, drenching sweats, shaking chills, myalgia, arthralgia, extreme fatigue, and a mild-to-moderate hemolytic anemia. None of the patients had a history of splenetomy. Although all patients responded symptomatically to treatment with oral chloroquine phosphate, parasitemia and fatigue frequently persisted for several weeks to months.", "PMID": 556920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2808", "title": "Thermoregulatory defect in rats during anesthesia.", "content": "Male rats of the Fischer 344, Sprague-Dawley, Brattleboro, and Wistar strains, balb/C mice, and Hartley guinea pigs were divided into 2 treatment groups. One group drank tap water while the other group drank water containing 1 mg/ml of phenobarbital. Animals were exposed to sevoflurane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, or halothane in a closed chamber. In some of the experiments, soda lime was included and in other the chamber was heated to 39 degrees C with a water blanket. Eighty-six percent (43/50) of Fischer 344 rats treated with phenobarbital and esposed to either sevoflurane or enflurane, in the presence of either soda lime or exogenous heat, died within a few hours after exposure. Fischer 344 rats and rats of other strains drinking phenobarbital water and exposed to methoxyflurane were affected, but to a lesser degree. Rats drinking ordinary tap water and phenobarbital-treated rats not exposed to either soda lime or exogenous heat were unaffected. Guinea pigs and mice also were unaffected. We postulate that the toxic response represents a species-specific thermoregulatory defect, precipitated by heat and occurring in rats treated with phenobarbital in combination with sevoflurane, endlurane, or methoxyflurane.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory defect in rats during anesthesia. Male rats of the Fischer 344, Sprague-Dawley, Brattleboro, and Wistar strains, balb/C mice, and Hartley guinea pigs were divided into 2 treatment groups. One group drank tap water while the other group drank water containing 1 mg/ml of phenobarbital. Animals were exposed to sevoflurane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, or halothane in a closed chamber. In some of the experiments, soda lime was included and in other the chamber was heated to 39 degrees C with a water blanket. Eighty-six percent (43/50) of Fischer 344 rats treated with phenobarbital and esposed to either sevoflurane or enflurane, in the presence of either soda lime or exogenous heat, died within a few hours after exposure. Fischer 344 rats and rats of other strains drinking phenobarbital water and exposed to methoxyflurane were affected, but to a lesser degree. Rats drinking ordinary tap water and phenobarbital-treated rats not exposed to either soda lime or exogenous heat were unaffected. Guinea pigs and mice also were unaffected. We postulate that the toxic response represents a species-specific thermoregulatory defect, precipitated by heat and occurring in rats treated with phenobarbital in combination with sevoflurane, endlurane, or methoxyflurane.", "PMID": 556915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2809", "title": "Glaucoma: the value of a diurnal curve and Goldmann visual field.", "content": "A 35-year-old man was treated with maximum medical therapy for open-angle glaucoma. A diurnal curve revealed that the pressure was not controlled as might have been thought by a single reading. Reference is also made to the value of Goldmann visual field testing, since in this patient visual field defects were discovered with normal, healthy-appearing optic discs. A careful regimen including precise visual field testing and the plotting of the diurnal curve is most important in evaluating ocular hypertension and glaucoma.", "contents": "Glaucoma: the value of a diurnal curve and Goldmann visual field. A 35-year-old man was treated with maximum medical therapy for open-angle glaucoma. A diurnal curve revealed that the pressure was not controlled as might have been thought by a single reading. Reference is also made to the value of Goldmann visual field testing, since in this patient visual field defects were discovered with normal, healthy-appearing optic discs. A careful regimen including precise visual field testing and the plotting of the diurnal curve is most important in evaluating ocular hypertension and glaucoma.", "PMID": 556921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2810", "title": "Isoflurane anesthesia and pressure antagonism in mice.", "content": "The anesthetic partial pressure causing a loss of righting reflex in mice (ED50) was determined for isoflurane at ambient total pressures ranging from 1 to 100 atmospheres absolute (ATA). The higher pressures, produced by adding helium, decreased isoflurane's apparent anesthetic effect: 48 percent more was needed at 100 ATA. This is consistent with previous work with N2O, where a 46 percent increase was found. The ED50 for isoflurane at 1 ATA is 0.0057 ATA, only 29 percent of that predicted by the Meyer-Overton relationship for mice.", "contents": "Isoflurane anesthesia and pressure antagonism in mice. The anesthetic partial pressure causing a loss of righting reflex in mice (ED50) was determined for isoflurane at ambient total pressures ranging from 1 to 100 atmospheres absolute (ATA). The higher pressures, produced by adding helium, decreased isoflurane's apparent anesthetic effect: 48 percent more was needed at 100 ATA. This is consistent with previous work with N2O, where a 46 percent increase was found. The ED50 for isoflurane at 1 ATA is 0.0057 ATA, only 29 percent of that predicted by the Meyer-Overton relationship for mice.", "PMID": 556916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2811", "title": "Microassay foramphotericin B.", "content": "Depending on the hematocrit, duplicate or triplicate determinations of serum amphotericin B concentration may be made on as little as 100 mul of capillary blood obtained by finger prick. In an accurate plate diffusion bioassay, using Paecilomyces varioti as the indicator organism, levels of the drug in the therapeutic range can be determined fast enough for clinicians to modify their next dose.", "contents": "Microassay foramphotericin B. Depending on the hematocrit, duplicate or triplicate determinations of serum amphotericin B concentration may be made on as little as 100 mul of capillary blood obtained by finger prick. In an accurate plate diffusion bioassay, using Paecilomyces varioti as the indicator organism, levels of the drug in the therapeutic range can be determined fast enough for clinicians to modify their next dose.", "PMID": 556923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2812", "title": "Influence of folic acid on birthweight and growth of the erythroblastotic infant. III. Effect of folic acid supplementation.", "content": "Seventeen infants with severe (14) or moderately severe (3) erythroblastosis were given daily oral supplements of 2-5 or 5 mg folic acid from day 16 (average) to 3-2 months (average). Their rate of weight gain, expressed as weight centiles, was followed for 1 year and was compared with that of a very similar group of 34 erythroblastotic infants without folic acid supplements. By the end of the 4th month, just after stopping additional folate intake, the median centiles for weight had risen from the 40th to the 80th centile, while in the untreated control group they rose during this period from the 35th to the 50th centile. During the second half of the year both groups declined in weight centiles, the 'treated' group ending up at the 50th centile for weight, while the control group fell to the 25th.", "contents": "Influence of folic acid on birthweight and growth of the erythroblastotic infant. III. Effect of folic acid supplementation. Seventeen infants with severe (14) or moderately severe (3) erythroblastosis were given daily oral supplements of 2-5 or 5 mg folic acid from day 16 (average) to 3-2 months (average). Their rate of weight gain, expressed as weight centiles, was followed for 1 year and was compared with that of a very similar group of 34 erythroblastotic infants without folic acid supplements. By the end of the 4th month, just after stopping additional folate intake, the median centiles for weight had risen from the 40th to the 80th centile, while in the untreated control group they rose during this period from the 35th to the 50th centile. During the second half of the year both groups declined in weight centiles, the 'treated' group ending up at the 50th centile for weight, while the control group fell to the 25th.", "PMID": 556927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2813", "title": "Influence of folic acid on birthweight and growth of the erythroblastotic infant. II. Growth during the first year.", "content": "The growth of 73 erythroblastotic infants (18 mild, 19 moderate, and 36 severe) was followed. In all three grups the average centiles for weight rose during the first half of the year. There was a fall in centiles during the second half of the year in 35 of 55 infants, 17 of them dropping below their birth centiles. Throughout the first year of life there was a strong correlation between serum folate of 8 mug/1 or more and rising weight centiles, and 5 mug/1 or less and falling centiles. None of the infants had macrocytic anaemia and their haemoglobin level rose even when their weight gain fell below the expected rate. It is suggested that in some erythroblastotic infants a shortage of folic acid may be a limiting factor for a normal growth rate.", "contents": "Influence of folic acid on birthweight and growth of the erythroblastotic infant. II. Growth during the first year. The growth of 73 erythroblastotic infants (18 mild, 19 moderate, and 36 severe) was followed. In all three grups the average centiles for weight rose during the first half of the year. There was a fall in centiles during the second half of the year in 35 of 55 infants, 17 of them dropping below their birth centiles. Throughout the first year of life there was a strong correlation between serum folate of 8 mug/1 or more and rising weight centiles, and 5 mug/1 or less and falling centiles. None of the infants had macrocytic anaemia and their haemoglobin level rose even when their weight gain fell below the expected rate. It is suggested that in some erythroblastotic infants a shortage of folic acid may be a limiting factor for a normal growth rate.", "PMID": 556928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2814", "title": "Autoradiographic in vitro studies on diurnal variation in human epidermal cell proliferation.", "content": "Five men with healthy skin ranging in age from 24 to 37 years were investigated for the presence of diurnal variation in epidermal cell proliferation by the in vitro 3H-thymidine labeling technique. The following parameters were studied: The basal cell LI; the numbers of labeled basas and supra-basal cell nuclei as well as the total number of labeled nuclei situated above a basal membrane length of 100 mum. All autoradiographic parameters showed marked diurnal variations, the amplitudes of which differed individually. The basal 3H labeling index always showed the highest diurnal variation. In all patients diurnal variations of the basal and suprabasal cell proliferation occurred simultaneously and in equal direction. However, each test person showed maxima and minima of epidermal DNA synthesis at different times. No synchronism could be found when comparing the individual variations of cell proliferation. Several possible reasons for the asynchronous in vitro behaviour of epidermal cells will be discussed.", "contents": "Autoradiographic in vitro studies on diurnal variation in human epidermal cell proliferation. Five men with healthy skin ranging in age from 24 to 37 years were investigated for the presence of diurnal variation in epidermal cell proliferation by the in vitro 3H-thymidine labeling technique. The following parameters were studied: The basal cell LI; the numbers of labeled basas and supra-basal cell nuclei as well as the total number of labeled nuclei situated above a basal membrane length of 100 mum. All autoradiographic parameters showed marked diurnal variations, the amplitudes of which differed individually. The basal 3H labeling index always showed the highest diurnal variation. In all patients diurnal variations of the basal and suprabasal cell proliferation occurred simultaneously and in equal direction. However, each test person showed maxima and minima of epidermal DNA synthesis at different times. No synchronism could be found when comparing the individual variations of cell proliferation. Several possible reasons for the asynchronous in vitro behaviour of epidermal cells will be discussed.", "PMID": 556929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2815", "title": "Angiocardiography in congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis: prognosis and operative indications.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis are reviewed. The importance of classifying this stenosis into four types based on angiocardiographic findings is stressed, as are the indications for left heart catheterization during the preoperative and postoperative course of the disease. The type of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis should be an important consideration during the discussion of operative indications in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients.", "contents": "Angiocardiography in congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis: prognosis and operative indications. Twenty-three patients with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis are reviewed. The importance of classifying this stenosis into four types based on angiocardiographic findings is stressed, as are the indications for left heart catheterization during the preoperative and postoperative course of the disease. The type of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis should be an important consideration during the discussion of operative indications in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients.", "PMID": 556931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2816", "title": "Granulomatous dacryoadenitis caused by Schistosoma haematobium.", "content": "An 11-year-old boy from Sierra Leone developed a mass in the left lacrimal gland a year after trauma to the left side of the brow. Biopsy of the mass led to the diagnosis of schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium, which had not been suspected previously. The initial occurrence in the orbit of such a rare, ectopic lesion in schistosomiasis and the possible relationship to previous trauma are features of special interest.", "contents": "Granulomatous dacryoadenitis caused by Schistosoma haematobium. An 11-year-old boy from Sierra Leone developed a mass in the left lacrimal gland a year after trauma to the left side of the brow. Biopsy of the mass led to the diagnosis of schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium, which had not been suspected previously. The initial occurrence in the orbit of such a rare, ectopic lesion in schistosomiasis and the possible relationship to previous trauma are features of special interest.", "PMID": 556933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2817", "title": "Anterior chamber depth alteration after retinal photocoagulation.", "content": "Anterior chamber shallowing is a syndrome that may occur after retinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Angle closure glaucoma may occur. Peripheral iridectomy is not indicated, as the condition is self-limited and will resolve with or without medical therapy within a few days. A vascular occlusive phenomenon leading to congestion in the choroidal system is postulated as the cause of this phenomenon. The ciliary body may be shifted anteriorly and rotated inwardly to produce the anterior chamber changes observed.", "contents": "Anterior chamber depth alteration after retinal photocoagulation. Anterior chamber shallowing is a syndrome that may occur after retinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Angle closure glaucoma may occur. Peripheral iridectomy is not indicated, as the condition is self-limited and will resolve with or without medical therapy within a few days. A vascular occlusive phenomenon leading to congestion in the choroidal system is postulated as the cause of this phenomenon. The ciliary body may be shifted anteriorly and rotated inwardly to produce the anterior chamber changes observed.", "PMID": 556932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2818", "title": "Fetal growth retardation and increased infant mortality at high altitide.", "content": "An examination of recent Colorado vital statistics records was performed. The records included 194,526 live births and 3,100 infant deaths occurring during the years 1969-73, and some 466,000 live births and 71,000 infant deaths occurring during 1960-71. Birth weights at high altitude (2,744 to 3,100 m) were found to be reduced owing to retardation of intrauterine growth rather than preterm delivery. Despite decreased infant mortality at all altitudes in Colorado during the last 20 years, the infant mortality rate at high altitude remains almost twice that seen in Denver. The elevated mortaltiy at high altitude occurred within 28 days after birth, primarily in preterm (less than 38 weeks) infants. It appears that high altitude, possibly throuth the mechansif of exaggerated fetal hypoxia, retards fetal growth and increases the mortality rate of preterm infants.", "contents": "Fetal growth retardation and increased infant mortality at high altitide. An examination of recent Colorado vital statistics records was performed. The records included 194,526 live births and 3,100 infant deaths occurring during the years 1969-73, and some 466,000 live births and 71,000 infant deaths occurring during 1960-71. Birth weights at high altitude (2,744 to 3,100 m) were found to be reduced owing to retardation of intrauterine growth rather than preterm delivery. Despite decreased infant mortality at all altitudes in Colorado during the last 20 years, the infant mortality rate at high altitude remains almost twice that seen in Denver. The elevated mortaltiy at high altitude occurred within 28 days after birth, primarily in preterm (less than 38 weeks) infants. It appears that high altitude, possibly throuth the mechansif of exaggerated fetal hypoxia, retards fetal growth and increases the mortality rate of preterm infants.", "PMID": 556930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2819", "title": "Concentrations of free amino acids in brains of mice during the induction of physical dependence on ethanol and during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.", "content": "Chronic administration of ethanol to mice by inhalation for 10 days produced physical dependence demonstrated by a characteristic syndrome of withdrawal. Free amino acid concentrations in whole brain were measured at intervals during the induction of dependence and during withdrawal. During the induction of dependence there was an initial increase in brain glycine, a sustained increase in brain tyrosine and reductions in brain GABA and proline. Serine and isoleucine concentrations were consistently reduced during the induction of dependence, but this change was not significant (P less than 0-05) at any single time interval studied. After the withdrawal of ethanol only the reductions in GABA and proline persisted during the withdrawal syndrome. In addition to these changes an increase in brain glycine concentration was observed during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. In an attempt to discriminate between the immediate, metabolic effects of ethanol on central amino acid concentrations and those changes associated with the induction of ethanol dependence, the results were compared with those obtained when mice were exposed to a high concentration of ethanol vapour for 3 h. Although this produced similar blood ethanol concentrations, no evidence of physical dependence was observed. The changes in central amino acid concentrations differed from those seen during the induction of dependence in that no change in isoleucine concentration occurred, and that the reduced concentrations of GABA and proline very rapidly reverted to control values when ethanol was removed. The possible role of central amino acids in ethanol dependence is discussed.", "contents": "Concentrations of free amino acids in brains of mice during the induction of physical dependence on ethanol and during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Chronic administration of ethanol to mice by inhalation for 10 days produced physical dependence demonstrated by a characteristic syndrome of withdrawal. Free amino acid concentrations in whole brain were measured at intervals during the induction of dependence and during withdrawal. During the induction of dependence there was an initial increase in brain glycine, a sustained increase in brain tyrosine and reductions in brain GABA and proline. Serine and isoleucine concentrations were consistently reduced during the induction of dependence, but this change was not significant (P less than 0-05) at any single time interval studied. After the withdrawal of ethanol only the reductions in GABA and proline persisted during the withdrawal syndrome. In addition to these changes an increase in brain glycine concentration was observed during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. In an attempt to discriminate between the immediate, metabolic effects of ethanol on central amino acid concentrations and those changes associated with the induction of ethanol dependence, the results were compared with those obtained when mice were exposed to a high concentration of ethanol vapour for 3 h. Although this produced similar blood ethanol concentrations, no evidence of physical dependence was observed. The changes in central amino acid concentrations differed from those seen during the induction of dependence in that no change in isoleucine concentration occurred, and that the reduced concentrations of GABA and proline very rapidly reverted to control values when ethanol was removed. The possible role of central amino acids in ethanol dependence is discussed.", "PMID": 556941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2820", "title": "HLA antigens and uveitis.", "content": "We have studied the antigen frequencies in a group of adult patients with acute and chronic iridocyclitis and chronic, cyclitis. In patients with iridocyclitis a statistically significant increased incidence of HLA-B27 was noted, even in those patients without joint or systemic disease. Patients with chronic iridocyclitis also were noted to have an increased incidence of B27; however, those patients with chronic cyclitis did not. On the basis of HLA-B27 studies there appears to be a fundamental difference between adult and juvenile iridocyclitis.", "contents": "HLA antigens and uveitis. We have studied the antigen frequencies in a group of adult patients with acute and chronic iridocyclitis and chronic, cyclitis. In patients with iridocyclitis a statistically significant increased incidence of HLA-B27 was noted, even in those patients without joint or systemic disease. Patients with chronic iridocyclitis also were noted to have an increased incidence of B27; however, those patients with chronic cyclitis did not. On the basis of HLA-B27 studies there appears to be a fundamental difference between adult and juvenile iridocyclitis.", "PMID": 556942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2821", "title": "Subunit structure and hybrid formation of bovine pyruvate kinases.", "content": "After denaturing either type M or L pyruvate kinase by guanidine hydrochloride, urea, or low pH, enzymatic activity and quaternary structure can be recovered by diluting the enzyme into buffer containing beta-mercaptoethanol. After denaturation of type M pyruvate kinase by guanidine hydrochloride, the yield and polarization of the intrinsic protein fluorescence, as well as most of the circular dichroism characteristic of the native enzyme, were regained very rapidly, while enzymatic activity was recovered much more slowly. Under the conditions used, about 50% of the original M and 30-50% of the original type L activity were typically recovered. Average half-times for recovery of enzymatic activity were 37 min for type M and 104 min for type L but depended somewhat on the renaturation buffer and on protein concentrations in the renaturation medium. If types M and L pyruvate kinases are renatured together, an approximately random recombination of the two subunits types results in a five-membered hybrid set. We have used this hybridizability to determine the kinetics of reformation of the native tetramer by denaturing each isozyme and beginning its renaturation separately at various times mixing the two isozymes and continuing their renaturation together. These studies indicate that reformation of stable tetramers occurs relatively slowly, qualitatively paralleling the regain of enzymatic activity, and that tetramer formation may be necessary for enzymatic activity. Using a similar technique to test for spontaneous dissociation of the native isozymes in buffer, we find that type L, but not type M, reversibly dissociates into dimers and monomers in buffer solutions. This dissociation is decreased by the presence of the substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, by Mg2+ ions, or by the allosteric effector, fructose bisphosphate.", "contents": "Subunit structure and hybrid formation of bovine pyruvate kinases. After denaturing either type M or L pyruvate kinase by guanidine hydrochloride, urea, or low pH, enzymatic activity and quaternary structure can be recovered by diluting the enzyme into buffer containing beta-mercaptoethanol. After denaturation of type M pyruvate kinase by guanidine hydrochloride, the yield and polarization of the intrinsic protein fluorescence, as well as most of the circular dichroism characteristic of the native enzyme, were regained very rapidly, while enzymatic activity was recovered much more slowly. Under the conditions used, about 50% of the original M and 30-50% of the original type L activity were typically recovered. Average half-times for recovery of enzymatic activity were 37 min for type M and 104 min for type L but depended somewhat on the renaturation buffer and on protein concentrations in the renaturation medium. If types M and L pyruvate kinases are renatured together, an approximately random recombination of the two subunits types results in a five-membered hybrid set. We have used this hybridizability to determine the kinetics of reformation of the native tetramer by denaturing each isozyme and beginning its renaturation separately at various times mixing the two isozymes and continuing their renaturation together. These studies indicate that reformation of stable tetramers occurs relatively slowly, qualitatively paralleling the regain of enzymatic activity, and that tetramer formation may be necessary for enzymatic activity. Using a similar technique to test for spontaneous dissociation of the native isozymes in buffer, we find that type L, but not type M, reversibly dissociates into dimers and monomers in buffer solutions. This dissociation is decreased by the presence of the substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, by Mg2+ ions, or by the allosteric effector, fructose bisphosphate.", "PMID": 556943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2822", "title": "Magnetic resonance studies of the binding site interactions between phosphorylcholine and specific mouse myeloma immunoglobulin.", "content": "The interaction of phosphorycholine-binding mouse myeloma protein M603 and the isotopically substituted hapten phosphoryl[methyl-13C] choline has been investigated using 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Upon binding to antibody, upfield shifts of 0.7 and 1.5 ppm are observed for the hapten 13C and 31P resonances, respectively, and both spectra are in the \"slow\" exchange limit. Linewidth analysis indicates some immobilization of the phosphate group but essentially unrestricted methyl group rotation for the bound hapten. Hapten-antibody dissociation rate constants of 10 and 38 s-1 are calculated from 13C and 31P NMR spectra, respectively, suggesting the possibility of differential dissociation rates for the two opposing ends of the phosphorylcholine molecule. The NMR data are entirely consistent with the known x-ray structure of the M603 Fab'-phosporylcholine complex (Segal,D.M., Padlan, E.A., Cohen G.H., Rudikoff S., Potter,M., and Davies, D.R. (1974), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 4298).", "contents": "Magnetic resonance studies of the binding site interactions between phosphorylcholine and specific mouse myeloma immunoglobulin. The interaction of phosphorycholine-binding mouse myeloma protein M603 and the isotopically substituted hapten phosphoryl[methyl-13C] choline has been investigated using 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Upon binding to antibody, upfield shifts of 0.7 and 1.5 ppm are observed for the hapten 13C and 31P resonances, respectively, and both spectra are in the \"slow\" exchange limit. Linewidth analysis indicates some immobilization of the phosphate group but essentially unrestricted methyl group rotation for the bound hapten. Hapten-antibody dissociation rate constants of 10 and 38 s-1 are calculated from 13C and 31P NMR spectra, respectively, suggesting the possibility of differential dissociation rates for the two opposing ends of the phosphorylcholine molecule. The NMR data are entirely consistent with the known x-ray structure of the M603 Fab'-phosporylcholine complex (Segal,D.M., Padlan, E.A., Cohen G.H., Rudikoff S., Potter,M., and Davies, D.R. (1974), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 4298).", "PMID": 556944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2823", "title": "Control of breakdown of the polyadenylate sequence in mammalian polyribosomes: role of poly(adenylic acid)-protein interactions.", "content": "The poly(adenylic acid) [poly (A)] segment in mouse sarcoma polysomes in not hydrolyzed by snake venom exonuclease under conditions which cause extensive degradation of the poly(A) in deproteinized polysomal RNA. The protecting effect of polysomes is presumably caused by the interaction between the poly(A) sequence and the protein known to be associated with it. This protection is reduced at low KCl concentration, but addition of exogenous RNA restores the protecting effect. The poly(A) segment also becomes susceptible to exonuclease after fragmentation of the polysomes by mild ribonuclease treatment. The latter treatment releases the poly(A) in association with protein. The poly(A) sequence in polysomes in readily degraded by a cytoplasmic extract of S-180 cells. Partial purification leads to a preparation active against the poly(A) in polysomes under conditions where no fragmentation of the messenger RNA is observed. Snake venom exonuclease increases the activity of the cytoplasmic preparation against poly(A) in polysomes. The active cytoplasmic factor appears to interfere with the poly(A)-protein interaction, thus rendering the polynucleotide susceptible to degradation by exonuclease. The poly(A) sequences in polysomes and in free cytoplasmic nucleoprotein particles are hydrolyzed to the same extent. The results suggest that the poly(A) sequence is normally protected from nucleases by virtue of its association with protein. The slow reduction in poly(A) size in cytoplasmic mRNA can be accounted for by a factor capable of interfering with the poly(A)-protein interaction. The latter interaction seems also dependent on the structural integrity of the polysomes or messenger ribonucleoproteins. It is suggested that a polynucleotide segment adjacent to the poly(A) can modulate the affinity of the protein for the latter sequence, thus permitting control of poly(A) stability in individual messenger RNAs.", "contents": "Control of breakdown of the polyadenylate sequence in mammalian polyribosomes: role of poly(adenylic acid)-protein interactions. The poly(adenylic acid) [poly (A)] segment in mouse sarcoma polysomes in not hydrolyzed by snake venom exonuclease under conditions which cause extensive degradation of the poly(A) in deproteinized polysomal RNA. The protecting effect of polysomes is presumably caused by the interaction between the poly(A) sequence and the protein known to be associated with it. This protection is reduced at low KCl concentration, but addition of exogenous RNA restores the protecting effect. The poly(A) segment also becomes susceptible to exonuclease after fragmentation of the polysomes by mild ribonuclease treatment. The latter treatment releases the poly(A) in association with protein. The poly(A) sequence in polysomes in readily degraded by a cytoplasmic extract of S-180 cells. Partial purification leads to a preparation active against the poly(A) in polysomes under conditions where no fragmentation of the messenger RNA is observed. Snake venom exonuclease increases the activity of the cytoplasmic preparation against poly(A) in polysomes. The active cytoplasmic factor appears to interfere with the poly(A)-protein interaction, thus rendering the polynucleotide susceptible to degradation by exonuclease. The poly(A) sequences in polysomes and in free cytoplasmic nucleoprotein particles are hydrolyzed to the same extent. The results suggest that the poly(A) sequence is normally protected from nucleases by virtue of its association with protein. The slow reduction in poly(A) size in cytoplasmic mRNA can be accounted for by a factor capable of interfering with the poly(A)-protein interaction. The latter interaction seems also dependent on the structural integrity of the polysomes or messenger ribonucleoproteins. It is suggested that a polynucleotide segment adjacent to the poly(A) can modulate the affinity of the protein for the latter sequence, thus permitting control of poly(A) stability in individual messenger RNAs.", "PMID": 556945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2824", "title": "Study of protein topography with flash photolytically generated nonspecific surface-labeling reagents: surface labeling of ribonuclease A.", "content": "A method for nonspecifically labeling essentially all exposed residues of a protein is described. A reactive aryl nitrene is generated from N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-Taurine), within 500 mus by flash photolysis in the presence of protein. The reactive nitrene is inserted in about 2 ms into those carbon-hydrogen bonds of the protein that are exposed to the solvent. The method is applied here to ribonuclease A to demonstrate the different degree of labeling of the native and denatured protein. On the basis of amino acid analysis, it appears that residues of the native protein that are buried in the interior of the molecule (as judged from the x-ray structure) do not react with the nitrene. However, when these residues (even nonreactive ones such as valine and proline) are exposed by denaturation of the protein, they do react with the nitrene. It is shown that native ribonuclease A retains 90% of its enzymatic activity when flashed in the absence of NAP-Taurine. This small loss in activity arises from the disruption of a limited portion of the native enzyme structure, as judged by circular dichroism, ultraviolet, and Raman spectra. The site of this limited disruption may be a portion of the enzyme surface near the Cys-26-Cys-84 disulfide bond. The utility of this surface labeling technique for studying the pathways of protein folding or unfolding is discussed.", "contents": "Study of protein topography with flash photolytically generated nonspecific surface-labeling reagents: surface labeling of ribonuclease A. A method for nonspecifically labeling essentially all exposed residues of a protein is described. A reactive aryl nitrene is generated from N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-Taurine), within 500 mus by flash photolysis in the presence of protein. The reactive nitrene is inserted in about 2 ms into those carbon-hydrogen bonds of the protein that are exposed to the solvent. The method is applied here to ribonuclease A to demonstrate the different degree of labeling of the native and denatured protein. On the basis of amino acid analysis, it appears that residues of the native protein that are buried in the interior of the molecule (as judged from the x-ray structure) do not react with the nitrene. However, when these residues (even nonreactive ones such as valine and proline) are exposed by denaturation of the protein, they do react with the nitrene. It is shown that native ribonuclease A retains 90% of its enzymatic activity when flashed in the absence of NAP-Taurine. This small loss in activity arises from the disruption of a limited portion of the native enzyme structure, as judged by circular dichroism, ultraviolet, and Raman spectra. The site of this limited disruption may be a portion of the enzyme surface near the Cys-26-Cys-84 disulfide bond. The utility of this surface labeling technique for studying the pathways of protein folding or unfolding is discussed.", "PMID": 556946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2825", "title": "Orientation and dynamics of phospholipid head groups in bilayers and membranes determined from 31P nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shielding tensors.", "content": "31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) powder spectra have been used to determine the principal values of the chemical shielding tensors of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid. The shielding tensors in all cases were clearly nonaxial. The principal values for the monoester phosphatidic acid shielding tensor are -40, -4, and 48 ppm relative to 85% H3PO4. By contrast the diesters have values of -87, -25, and 119 ppm for phosphatidylcholine, -81, -20, and 105 ppm for phosphatidylethanolamine, and -80, -20, and 112 ppm for phosphatidylserine. This difference reflects the sensitivity of the 31P shielding tensor to chemical environment. Anisotropic motion of the molecules in lamellar dispersions of phospholipids caused an incomplete averaging of the shielding tensors resulting in partially narrowed spectra. Spectra of various phospholipid dispersions were recorded as a function of temperature and transitions observed at the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperatures. Using a reasonable set of initial conditions, it was shown that a simple model of molecular motion could successfully predict the observed spectra and their temperature dependences. The model includes rotations about the P-O(glycerol) bond and the molecular z axis and a wobble of the molecule about the bilayer normal. As the temperature increases, the wobble amplitude increases and the spectra narrow. A preliminary 31 P NMR spectrum of chick embryo fibroblasts is included. The similarities between this spectrum and those of the lamellar dispersions indicate that some of the predominant features are due to the phospholipid resonances.", "contents": "Orientation and dynamics of phospholipid head groups in bilayers and membranes determined from 31P nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shielding tensors. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) powder spectra have been used to determine the principal values of the chemical shielding tensors of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid. The shielding tensors in all cases were clearly nonaxial. The principal values for the monoester phosphatidic acid shielding tensor are -40, -4, and 48 ppm relative to 85% H3PO4. By contrast the diesters have values of -87, -25, and 119 ppm for phosphatidylcholine, -81, -20, and 105 ppm for phosphatidylethanolamine, and -80, -20, and 112 ppm for phosphatidylserine. This difference reflects the sensitivity of the 31P shielding tensor to chemical environment. Anisotropic motion of the molecules in lamellar dispersions of phospholipids caused an incomplete averaging of the shielding tensors resulting in partially narrowed spectra. Spectra of various phospholipid dispersions were recorded as a function of temperature and transitions observed at the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperatures. Using a reasonable set of initial conditions, it was shown that a simple model of molecular motion could successfully predict the observed spectra and their temperature dependences. The model includes rotations about the P-O(glycerol) bond and the molecular z axis and a wobble of the molecule about the bilayer normal. As the temperature increases, the wobble amplitude increases and the spectra narrow. A preliminary 31 P NMR spectrum of chick embryo fibroblasts is included. The similarities between this spectrum and those of the lamellar dispersions indicate that some of the predominant features are due to the phospholipid resonances.", "PMID": 556947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2826", "title": "Thermodynamics of antibody-antigen reactions. 1. The binding of simple haptens to two classes of antibodies fractionated according to affinity.", "content": "The thermodynamic parameters which characterize the binding of dinitrophenylglycine and dinitrophenylmethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) to selected affinity classes of equine IgG and IgG(T) antibodies were determined by fluorescence quenching and flow calorimetry. The binding enthalpies and entropies were in all cases large and negative, falling in the ranges -14 to -17 kcal/mol and -18 to -25 eu, respectively. The differences in the enthalpies and entropies of binding for different affinity classes and for different haptens are discussed with reference to differences in the structures of the haptens studied and as indications of differences in binding site structure. In addition, the apparent existence of fluorescent side chains which can transfer energy to either hapten binding site in IgG(T) antibodies but not in IgG antibodies is interpreted as indicative of a smaller average interbinding site distance in IgG(T) than in IgG antibodies.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of antibody-antigen reactions. 1. The binding of simple haptens to two classes of antibodies fractionated according to affinity. The thermodynamic parameters which characterize the binding of dinitrophenylglycine and dinitrophenylmethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) to selected affinity classes of equine IgG and IgG(T) antibodies were determined by fluorescence quenching and flow calorimetry. The binding enthalpies and entropies were in all cases large and negative, falling in the ranges -14 to -17 kcal/mol and -18 to -25 eu, respectively. The differences in the enthalpies and entropies of binding for different affinity classes and for different haptens are discussed with reference to differences in the structures of the haptens studied and as indications of differences in binding site structure. In addition, the apparent existence of fluorescent side chains which can transfer energy to either hapten binding site in IgG(T) antibodies but not in IgG antibodies is interpreted as indicative of a smaller average interbinding site distance in IgG(T) than in IgG antibodies.", "PMID": 556948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2827", "title": "Thermodynamics of antibody-antigen reactions. 2. The binding of bivalent synthetic random coil antigens to antibodies having different antigen precipitating properties.", "content": "The objects of this study were the equine IgG and IgG(T) classes of antibodies with immunologic specificity for the dinitrophenyl group and bivalent antigens consisting of linear poly(ethylene glycol) polymers which terminated at both ends in dinitrophenyl groups. Complex formation between antibodies of both classes and one of several sharp fractions of antigen having number average molecular weights in the range 25 000 to 75 000 were studied by measuring the light scattered from solutions containing equimolar amounts (approximately 5 x 10(-6) mol/L) of one of the antibodies and one size fraction of antigen, and variable amounts of monovalent hapten. The data were analyzed in the context of a model that accounted for the formation of linear and cyclic complexes of all extents of aggregation. Two parameters in addition to the intrinsic antibody-dinitrophenyl group association constant were found to be necessary in the assumed equilibrium model to account for the behavior of the system. One of these accounted for the looses in configuration entropy that resulted when a random-coil polymer became bound at one end to a space-occupying antibody. The other was a ring closure factor for the formation of cyclic complexes. Ring closure factors for the formation of larger cyclic complexes (present in only small amounts under the conditions studied) were related to the ring closure factor for the formation of the smallest, which was found to increase as antigen size decreased, and for each antigen size to be consistently higher for IgG(T) antibody than for IgG antibody. Comparison of the theoretically estimated values of the two parameters within their measured values indicated that the average conformation of IgG antibodies in solution is open (\"T\" shaped)  but the average inter-Fab are angle in IgG(T) antibodies is approximately 60 degrees or less.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of antibody-antigen reactions. 2. The binding of bivalent synthetic random coil antigens to antibodies having different antigen precipitating properties. The objects of this study were the equine IgG and IgG(T) classes of antibodies with immunologic specificity for the dinitrophenyl group and bivalent antigens consisting of linear poly(ethylene glycol) polymers which terminated at both ends in dinitrophenyl groups. Complex formation between antibodies of both classes and one of several sharp fractions of antigen having number average molecular weights in the range 25 000 to 75 000 were studied by measuring the light scattered from solutions containing equimolar amounts (approximately 5 x 10(-6) mol/L) of one of the antibodies and one size fraction of antigen, and variable amounts of monovalent hapten. The data were analyzed in the context of a model that accounted for the formation of linear and cyclic complexes of all extents of aggregation. Two parameters in addition to the intrinsic antibody-dinitrophenyl group association constant were found to be necessary in the assumed equilibrium model to account for the behavior of the system. One of these accounted for the looses in configuration entropy that resulted when a random-coil polymer became bound at one end to a space-occupying antibody. The other was a ring closure factor for the formation of cyclic complexes. Ring closure factors for the formation of larger cyclic complexes (present in only small amounts under the conditions studied) were related to the ring closure factor for the formation of the smallest, which was found to increase as antigen size decreased, and for each antigen size to be consistently higher for IgG(T) antibody than for IgG antibody. Comparison of the theoretically estimated values of the two parameters within their measured values indicated that the average conformation of IgG antibodies in solution is open (\"T\" shaped)  but the average inter-Fab are angle in IgG(T) antibodies is approximately 60 degrees or less.", "PMID": 556949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2828", "title": "Nitrotyrosine chelation of nuclear magnetic resonance shift probes in proteins: application to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "The interactions of Pr(III) and Eu(III) with specifically nitrated derivatives of the basic bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor have been studied using optical spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 250 and 270 MHz. Stability constants for proton and metal binding to nitrotyrosines 10 and 21 determined optically are in good agreement with those from NMR. Observations of the Eu(III)-induced NMR shifts of the ring protons of nitrotyrosine 21 allowed calibration of the magnetic interactions for this binding site. The Pr(III)-induced shifts for several resolved nonexchangeable backbone proton resonances were compared with calculated shifts using the known x-ray structure. With several simplifying assumptions, the Pr(III)-induced shifts were used to assign one alpha-CH and five NH protons to compatible sets of backbone positions which are consistent with the known pH dependence and resistance to exchange with solvent D2O. Some of the more general aspects of lanthanide-induced shifts are discussed with reference to their use in proteins. Due to the complexities of the analysis of the shift data, the most straightforward use of this technique is in conjunction with the relaxation probe Gd(III) for measurement of intramolecular distances.", "contents": "Nitrotyrosine chelation of nuclear magnetic resonance shift probes in proteins: application to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The interactions of Pr(III) and Eu(III) with specifically nitrated derivatives of the basic bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor have been studied using optical spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 250 and 270 MHz. Stability constants for proton and metal binding to nitrotyrosines 10 and 21 determined optically are in good agreement with those from NMR. Observations of the Eu(III)-induced NMR shifts of the ring protons of nitrotyrosine 21 allowed calibration of the magnetic interactions for this binding site. The Pr(III)-induced shifts for several resolved nonexchangeable backbone proton resonances were compared with calculated shifts using the known x-ray structure. With several simplifying assumptions, the Pr(III)-induced shifts were used to assign one alpha-CH and five NH protons to compatible sets of backbone positions which are consistent with the known pH dependence and resistance to exchange with solvent D2O. Some of the more general aspects of lanthanide-induced shifts are discussed with reference to their use in proteins. Due to the complexities of the analysis of the shift data, the most straightforward use of this technique is in conjunction with the relaxation probe Gd(III) for measurement of intramolecular distances.", "PMID": 556950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2829", "title": "Structure of bovine trypsinogen at 1.9 A resolution.", "content": "The three-dimensional crystal structure of bovine trypsinogen at approximately pH 7.5 was initially solved at 2.6 A resolution using the multiple isomorphous replacement method. Preliminary refinement cycles of the atomic coordinates trypsinogen have been carried out first to a resolution of 2.1 A, and later to 1.9 A, using constrained difference Fourier refinement; During the process, structure factors Fc and phi c were calculated from the trypsinogen structure and final interpretation was based on an electron-density map computed with terms (2 Fo - Fc) and phases phic at a resolution of 1.9 A. Crystals of trypsinogen grown from ethanol-water mixtures are trigonal with space group P3121, and cell dimension a = 55.17 A and c = 109.25 A. The structure is compared with the bovine diisopropylphosphoryltrypsin structure at approximately pH 7.2, oirginally determined from orthohombic crystals by Stroud et al. (Stroud, R.M., Kay L.M., and Dickerson, R.E. (1971), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 36, 125-140; Stroud, R.M., Kay, L.M., and Dickerson, R.E. (1974), J. Mol. Biol. 83, 185-208), and later refined at 1.5 A resolution by Chambers and Stroud (Chambers, J.L., and Stroud, R.M. (1976), Acta Crystallogr. (in press)). At lower pH, 4.0-5.5 diogen, with cell dimensions a = 55.05 A and c = 109.45 A. This finding was used in the solution of the six trypsinogen heavy-atom derivatives prior to isomorphous phase analysis, and as a further basis of comparison between trypsinogen and the low pH trypsin structure. There are small differences between the two diisopropylphosphoryltrypsin structures. Bovine trypsinogen has a large and accessible cavity at the site where the native enzyme binds specific side chains of a substrate. The conformation and stability of the binding site differ from that found in trypsin at approximately pH 7.5, and from that in the low pH form of diisopropylphosphoryltrypsin. The catalytic site containing Asp-102, His-57, and Ser-195 is similar to that found in trypsin and contains a similar hydrogen-bounded network. The carboxyl group of Asp-194, which is salt bridged to the amino terminal of Ile-16 in native trypsin or other serine proteases, is apparently hydrogen bonded to internal solvent molecules in a loosely organized part of the zymogen structure. The unusually charged N-terminal hexapeptide of trypsinogen, whose removal leads to activation of the zymogen, lies on the outside surface of the molecule. There are significant structural changes which accompany activation in neighboring regions, which include residues 142-152, 215-550, 188A-195. The NH group of Gly-193, normally involved in stabilization of reaction intermediates (Steitz, T.A., Henderson, R., and Blow, D.M. (1969), J. Mol. Biol. 46, 337-348; Henderson, R. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 54, 341-354; robertus, J.D., Kraut, J., Alden, R.A., and Birkoft, J.J. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 4293-4303) in the enzyme, is moved 1.9 A away from its position in trypsin...", "contents": "Structure of bovine trypsinogen at 1.9 A resolution. The three-dimensional crystal structure of bovine trypsinogen at approximately pH 7.5 was initially solved at 2.6 A resolution using the multiple isomorphous replacement method. Preliminary refinement cycles of the atomic coordinates trypsinogen have been carried out first to a resolution of 2.1 A, and later to 1.9 A, using constrained difference Fourier refinement; During the process, structure factors Fc and phi c were calculated from the trypsinogen structure and final interpretation was based on an electron-density map computed with terms (2 Fo - Fc) and phases phic at a resolution of 1.9 A. Crystals of trypsinogen grown from ethanol-water mixtures are trigonal with space group P3121, and cell dimension a = 55.17 A and c = 109.25 A. The structure is compared with the bovine diisopropylphosphoryltrypsin structure at approximately pH 7.2, oirginally determined from orthohombic crystals by Stroud et al. (Stroud, R.M., Kay L.M., and Dickerson, R.E. (1971), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 36, 125-140; Stroud, R.M., Kay, L.M., and Dickerson, R.E. (1974), J. Mol. Biol. 83, 185-208), and later refined at 1.5 A resolution by Chambers and Stroud (Chambers, J.L., and Stroud, R.M. (1976), Acta Crystallogr. (in press)). At lower pH, 4.0-5.5 diogen, with cell dimensions a = 55.05 A and c = 109.45 A. This finding was used in the solution of the six trypsinogen heavy-atom derivatives prior to isomorphous phase analysis, and as a further basis of comparison between trypsinogen and the low pH trypsin structure. There are small differences between the two diisopropylphosphoryltrypsin structures. Bovine trypsinogen has a large and accessible cavity at the site where the native enzyme binds specific side chains of a substrate. The conformation and stability of the binding site differ from that found in trypsin at approximately pH 7.5, and from that in the low pH form of diisopropylphosphoryltrypsin. The catalytic site containing Asp-102, His-57, and Ser-195 is similar to that found in trypsin and contains a similar hydrogen-bounded network. The carboxyl group of Asp-194, which is salt bridged to the amino terminal of Ile-16 in native trypsin or other serine proteases, is apparently hydrogen bonded to internal solvent molecules in a loosely organized part of the zymogen structure. The unusually charged N-terminal hexapeptide of trypsinogen, whose removal leads to activation of the zymogen, lies on the outside surface of the molecule. There are significant structural changes which accompany activation in neighboring regions, which include residues 142-152, 215-550, 188A-195. The NH group of Gly-193, normally involved in stabilization of reaction intermediates (Steitz, T.A., Henderson, R., and Blow, D.M. (1969), J. Mol. Biol. 46, 337-348; Henderson, R. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 54, 341-354; robertus, J.D., Kraut, J., Alden, R.A., and Birkoft, J.J. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 4293-4303) in the enzyme, is moved 1.9 A away from its position in trypsin...", "PMID": 556951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2830", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance study of cholesterol transfer between egg yolk lecithin vesicles.", "content": "The intensity of the proton magnetic resonance signal of the (CH2)n chain in phospholipids of sonicated lecithins is sensitive to the cholesterol content in the resulting vesicles. In the present study this signal has been used to monitor transfer of cholesterol between phospholipid vesicles. Vesicles prepared from  pure egg yolk lecithin were mixed with vesicles that contained equimolar amounts of cholesterol and lecithin, and the time evolution of the (CH2)n signal intensity was followed. The results show that a homogenous distribution of cholesterol amoung vesicles is reached after about 4 h at 37 degrees C and 60  h at 4 degrees C. In order to determine the mechanism of the cholesterol transfer process, experiments were performed over a 2.5-fold range of vesicles concentrations. The accuracy of the kinetic results was not sufficient however to decide on the order of the reaction with respect ot vesicle concentration. Simultaneous observation of the choline proton resonance in the presence of Eu+3 and Pr+3 indicates that fusion between vesicles does  not occur during cholesterol transfer.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance study of cholesterol transfer between egg yolk lecithin vesicles. The intensity of the proton magnetic resonance signal of the (CH2)n chain in phospholipids of sonicated lecithins is sensitive to the cholesterol content in the resulting vesicles. In the present study this signal has been used to monitor transfer of cholesterol between phospholipid vesicles. Vesicles prepared from  pure egg yolk lecithin were mixed with vesicles that contained equimolar amounts of cholesterol and lecithin, and the time evolution of the (CH2)n signal intensity was followed. The results show that a homogenous distribution of cholesterol amoung vesicles is reached after about 4 h at 37 degrees C and 60  h at 4 degrees C. In order to determine the mechanism of the cholesterol transfer process, experiments were performed over a 2.5-fold range of vesicles concentrations. The accuracy of the kinetic results was not sufficient however to decide on the order of the reaction with respect ot vesicle concentration. Simultaneous observation of the choline proton resonance in the presence of Eu+3 and Pr+3 indicates that fusion between vesicles does  not occur during cholesterol transfer.", "PMID": 556952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2831", "title": "Semiconservative DNA replication in vitro. I. Properties of two systems derived from mouse P-815 cells by permeabilization or lysis with Brij-58.", "content": "To study DNA replication in vitro, mouse P-815 cells were either permeabilized by hypotonic treatment or gently lysed with the detergent Brij-58. In the presence of KCl, EGTA, creatine phosphokinase, creatine phosphate, sucrose, dithiothreitol, CTP, GTP, UTP, and HEPES at pH 7.8, both in vitro systems required similar concentrations of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ATP, Mg2+, and dextran. Incorporation of [3H] dTTP was due to semiconservative DNA replication and was restricted to S-phase nuclei. No repair replication was detectable. In the first 20 min, the rate of DNA replication in vitro was 30--40% of the in vivo rate, and after 60 min, about 3% of the genome were replicated. Preexisting bulk DNA was not fragmented during permeabilization or lysis with Brij-58 and during replication in vitro. Size distributions of growing strands in vitro were similar to those found in vivo. Neither cycloheximide (100 mug/ml) nor hydroxyurea (3 mM) inhibited DNA replication in vitro.", "contents": "Semiconservative DNA replication in vitro. I. Properties of two systems derived from mouse P-815 cells by permeabilization or lysis with Brij-58. To study DNA replication in vitro, mouse P-815 cells were either permeabilized by hypotonic treatment or gently lysed with the detergent Brij-58. In the presence of KCl, EGTA, creatine phosphokinase, creatine phosphate, sucrose, dithiothreitol, CTP, GTP, UTP, and HEPES at pH 7.8, both in vitro systems required similar concentrations of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ATP, Mg2+, and dextran. Incorporation of [3H] dTTP was due to semiconservative DNA replication and was restricted to S-phase nuclei. No repair replication was detectable. In the first 20 min, the rate of DNA replication in vitro was 30--40% of the in vivo rate, and after 60 min, about 3% of the genome were replicated. Preexisting bulk DNA was not fragmented during permeabilization or lysis with Brij-58 and during replication in vitro. Size distributions of growing strands in vitro were similar to those found in vivo. Neither cycloheximide (100 mug/ml) nor hydroxyurea (3 mM) inhibited DNA replication in vitro.", "PMID": 556953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2832", "title": "Semiconservative DNA replication in vitro. II. Replicative intermediates of mouse P-815 cells.", "content": "DNA chain growing during semiconservative replication was studied using both in vitro systems described in the preceding paper (preceding paper, ref 1) 3H-Labeled, 4-S Okazaki fragments synthesized in vivo just prior to permeabilization or lysis with Brij-58 were metabolically stable and quantitatively chased into high molecular weight DNA (20--100 S) during a subsequent incubation in vitro. Thus, DNA replication continued in vitro at the same growing points that were active in vivo. After a 20-s pulse at 30 degress C in vitro, more than 50% of incorporated radioactivity was found in the 4 S region of alkaline sucrose gradients suggesting a totally discontinuous mode of DNA chain growth. If the pulse were followed by a 1-min chase, 4-S molecules were converted into 6--12-S intermediates which upon continued incubation were joined with growing 20--100-S molecules (replicon-sized chains). Formation of all three classes of replicative intermediates, Okazaki fragments, 6--12-S intermediates, and 20--100-S molecules, occurred in vitro at least during the first 20 min. During this time, average rates of DNA chain growth and overall DNA synthesis were reduced to about the same extent, if compared to rates of intact cells. Thus, reduced chain growth rates appear to reflect primary deficiences of our in vitro systems, while initiation of replicative intermediates still occurs.", "contents": "Semiconservative DNA replication in vitro. II. Replicative intermediates of mouse P-815 cells. DNA chain growing during semiconservative replication was studied using both in vitro systems described in the preceding paper (preceding paper, ref 1) 3H-Labeled, 4-S Okazaki fragments synthesized in vivo just prior to permeabilization or lysis with Brij-58 were metabolically stable and quantitatively chased into high molecular weight DNA (20--100 S) during a subsequent incubation in vitro. Thus, DNA replication continued in vitro at the same growing points that were active in vivo. After a 20-s pulse at 30 degress C in vitro, more than 50% of incorporated radioactivity was found in the 4 S region of alkaline sucrose gradients suggesting a totally discontinuous mode of DNA chain growth. If the pulse were followed by a 1-min chase, 4-S molecules were converted into 6--12-S intermediates which upon continued incubation were joined with growing 20--100-S molecules (replicon-sized chains). Formation of all three classes of replicative intermediates, Okazaki fragments, 6--12-S intermediates, and 20--100-S molecules, occurred in vitro at least during the first 20 min. During this time, average rates of DNA chain growth and overall DNA synthesis were reduced to about the same extent, if compared to rates of intact cells. Thus, reduced chain growth rates appear to reflect primary deficiences of our in vitro systems, while initiation of replicative intermediates still occurs.", "PMID": 556954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2833", "title": "Reductive alkylation of mammalian ribosomes.", "content": "40- and 60-S ribosomal subunits and 80-S ribosomes from rat liver were highly labelled by reductive methylation using formaldehyde and sodium boro-[3H] hydride, under conditions which did not decrease their activity in poly-U-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. Dissociation of the monosomes, subunits dimers, and polysomes into free subunits was observed after methylation. Free proteins labelled after extraction from the ribosomal subunits incorporated 7 times more radioactivity than when labelled in the subunits. Proteins extracted from methylated subunits and ribosomes were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the radioactivity of each protein was compared to that of the same free protein. A classification of the proteins was established according to their accessibility to the reagents in the subunits and the ribosomes.", "contents": "Reductive alkylation of mammalian ribosomes. 40- and 60-S ribosomal subunits and 80-S ribosomes from rat liver were highly labelled by reductive methylation using formaldehyde and sodium boro-[3H] hydride, under conditions which did not decrease their activity in poly-U-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. Dissociation of the monosomes, subunits dimers, and polysomes into free subunits was observed after methylation. Free proteins labelled after extraction from the ribosomal subunits incorporated 7 times more radioactivity than when labelled in the subunits. Proteins extracted from methylated subunits and ribosomes were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the radioactivity of each protein was compared to that of the same free protein. A classification of the proteins was established according to their accessibility to the reagents in the subunits and the ribosomes.", "PMID": 556955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2834", "title": "Identification of a mucosal form of enteropeptidase in triton X-100 extracts of porcine duodenal mucosa.", "content": "Porcine enteropeptidase (EC 3.4.21.9) purified from acetone powders of fresh duodenal fluid shows a molecular weight, as determined on Ultragel AcA-34, of 190000. Enteropeptidase has been solubilised from pig intestinal mucosa using 1% (v/v) Triton X-100. When Triton X-100 extracts of freeze-dried mucosa after partial fractionation on DEAE-cellulose were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, the bulk of the activity eluted in the void volume rather than with an expected Ve/V0 ratio of about 1.24 corresponding to a molecular weight of around 200000. Gel filtration of aqueous mucosal extracts obtained in the absence of Triton X-100 showed two regions of enzymic activity in approximately equal proportions, one in the void volume, and the other with the expected Ve/V0 ratio of 1.24, whereas the Triton X-100 extracts of the residue from the above extract showed the presence of only the macromolecular species of enteropeptidase. This species was excluded from Sepharose 4B. It was confirmed that aminopeptidase was also extracted by Triton X-100 in a molecular form which was excluded from Sepharose 4B. The results suggest that Triton X-100 extracts enteropeptidase with a membrane component attached and in agreement with this it was found that proteolysis rapidly converted the macromolecular form to a stable smaller molecular species corresponding in size to that found in solution in the duodenal fluid. There was full recovery of the enzymic activity following this conversion. Papain and trypsin brought about an almost complete conversion to the smaller form of enteropeptidase whereas chymotrypsin, pancreatin and an intestinal peptidase preparation were only partially effective. It is concluded that membrane bound enzymes such as enteropeptidase and aminopeptidase are bound to the intestinal brush border membrane in a similar manner and are not actively secreted into the lumen but rather are largely released or solubilised by the combined action of the bile and pancreatic secretions.", "contents": "Identification of a mucosal form of enteropeptidase in triton X-100 extracts of porcine duodenal mucosa. Porcine enteropeptidase (EC 3.4.21.9) purified from acetone powders of fresh duodenal fluid shows a molecular weight, as determined on Ultragel AcA-34, of 190000. Enteropeptidase has been solubilised from pig intestinal mucosa using 1% (v/v) Triton X-100. When Triton X-100 extracts of freeze-dried mucosa after partial fractionation on DEAE-cellulose were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, the bulk of the activity eluted in the void volume rather than with an expected Ve/V0 ratio of about 1.24 corresponding to a molecular weight of around 200000. Gel filtration of aqueous mucosal extracts obtained in the absence of Triton X-100 showed two regions of enzymic activity in approximately equal proportions, one in the void volume, and the other with the expected Ve/V0 ratio of 1.24, whereas the Triton X-100 extracts of the residue from the above extract showed the presence of only the macromolecular species of enteropeptidase. This species was excluded from Sepharose 4B. It was confirmed that aminopeptidase was also extracted by Triton X-100 in a molecular form which was excluded from Sepharose 4B. The results suggest that Triton X-100 extracts enteropeptidase with a membrane component attached and in agreement with this it was found that proteolysis rapidly converted the macromolecular form to a stable smaller molecular species corresponding in size to that found in solution in the duodenal fluid. There was full recovery of the enzymic activity following this conversion. Papain and trypsin brought about an almost complete conversion to the smaller form of enteropeptidase whereas chymotrypsin, pancreatin and an intestinal peptidase preparation were only partially effective. It is concluded that membrane bound enzymes such as enteropeptidase and aminopeptidase are bound to the intestinal brush border membrane in a similar manner and are not actively secreted into the lumen but rather are largely released or solubilised by the combined action of the bile and pancreatic secretions.", "PMID": 556956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2835", "title": "Partial dissociation and renaturation of embryonic chick delta-crystallin. Characterization by ultracentrifugation and circular dichroism.", "content": "1. delta-Crystallin from 15-day-old embryonic chick lenses was characterized by circular dichrosim (CD) spectroscopy. Examination by CD spectroscopy in the far ultraviolet (190-250 nm) demonstrated that the secondary structure of delta-crystallin has at least 75% alpha-helix; the delta-crystallin subunits dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate retain their alpha-helical content. This appreciable alpha-helical content of delta-crystallin contrasts with the absence of alpha-helix in other lens crystallins. 2. As judged by CD spectroscopy in the near ultraviolet (250-320 nm) the tertiary structure of embryonic delta-crystallin is not readily disrupted by environmental changes, such as NaCl, KSCN or the non-ionic detergent Emulphogene BC 720, and is stable to temperature fluctuation between 2 and 56 degrees C. 3. Experiments were directed towards deaggregation and renaturation of the four subunits of embryonic delta-crystallin by treatment with urea or guanidine hydrochloride. The native tertiary structure of delta-crystallin was lost above 4 M urea or 2 M guanidine hydrochloride, as judged by CD spectroscopy in the near ultraviolet. Ultracentrifugation at sedimentation equilibrium showed that in 4 M urea delta-crystallin dissociates into dimeric subunits, while in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride delta-crystallin exists as a mixture of dimeric and tetrameric subunits. Dialysis of delta-crystallin from 4 M urea resulted in reaggregation of the subunits into tetramers, about 50% of which showed native tertiary structure. Dialysis from 2 M guanidine hydrochloride also resulted in tetramer formation, and about 35% was recovered with native conformation. Removal of denaturant by dialysis produced no native teritary structure after treatment with 8 M urea, but about 15% native conformation after treatment with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Partial dissociation and renaturation of embryonic chick delta-crystallin. Characterization by ultracentrifugation and circular dichroism. 1. delta-Crystallin from 15-day-old embryonic chick lenses was characterized by circular dichrosim (CD) spectroscopy. Examination by CD spectroscopy in the far ultraviolet (190-250 nm) demonstrated that the secondary structure of delta-crystallin has at least 75% alpha-helix; the delta-crystallin subunits dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate retain their alpha-helical content. This appreciable alpha-helical content of delta-crystallin contrasts with the absence of alpha-helix in other lens crystallins. 2. As judged by CD spectroscopy in the near ultraviolet (250-320 nm) the tertiary structure of embryonic delta-crystallin is not readily disrupted by environmental changes, such as NaCl, KSCN or the non-ionic detergent Emulphogene BC 720, and is stable to temperature fluctuation between 2 and 56 degrees C. 3. Experiments were directed towards deaggregation and renaturation of the four subunits of embryonic delta-crystallin by treatment with urea or guanidine hydrochloride. The native tertiary structure of delta-crystallin was lost above 4 M urea or 2 M guanidine hydrochloride, as judged by CD spectroscopy in the near ultraviolet. Ultracentrifugation at sedimentation equilibrium showed that in 4 M urea delta-crystallin dissociates into dimeric subunits, while in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride delta-crystallin exists as a mixture of dimeric and tetrameric subunits. Dialysis of delta-crystallin from 4 M urea resulted in reaggregation of the subunits into tetramers, about 50% of which showed native tertiary structure. Dialysis from 2 M guanidine hydrochloride also resulted in tetramer formation, and about 35% was recovered with native conformation. Removal of denaturant by dialysis produced no native teritary structure after treatment with 8 M urea, but about 15% native conformation after treatment with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 556957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2836", "title": "Beta-conglycinin from soybean proteins. Isolation and immunological and physicochemical properties of the monomeric forms.", "content": "Beta-conglycinin consisting of six major isomers (designated B1- to B6-conglycinin) was dissociated and fractionated on columns of DEAE- and CM-Sephadex in buffers containing 6 M urea. Three major (alpha, alpha' and beta) and one minor (gamma) subunits were isolated and further characterized by gel electrophoresis and gel electrofocusing. Gel electrophoresis in urea and in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride gave a molecular weight of 57 000 for alpha, alpha' subunits; and 42 000 for beta and gamma subunits. The isoelectric points of the isolated subunits, measured by disc gel electrofocusing, were as follows: alpha, 4.90; alpha', 5.18; beta, 5.66-6.00. On gel electrofocusing, beta subunit showed four microheterogeneous components; three of them comprised 95% of the total beta subunit. Leucine and valine were the N-terminal amino acids of beta and alpha alpha' subunits, respectively. The isolated subunits contained mannose and glucosamine in varying quantities. Two carbohydrate moieties were calculated for one mole of alpha, alpha' subunits; and one carbohydrate moiety for the beta subunit. Considerable similarity in the amino acid composition of alpha and alpha' subunits was observed. The beta subunit was devoid of cysteine and methionine; and in comparison with alpha, alpha' subunits, had a higher content of hydrophobic amino acids. The isolated subunits exhibited antigen-antibody reaction with antisera to the native beta-conglycinin. Each of them was partglycinins. The alpha and alpha' subunits were in addition identical with each other and with B5-, B6-conglycinins. They were immunologically unrelated with beta subunit. The recovery of immuno-properties from the individual subunits may be attributed to the reconstruction of the three-dimensional structure upon removal of denaturing reagents.", "contents": "Beta-conglycinin from soybean proteins. Isolation and immunological and physicochemical properties of the monomeric forms. Beta-conglycinin consisting of six major isomers (designated B1- to B6-conglycinin) was dissociated and fractionated on columns of DEAE- and CM-Sephadex in buffers containing 6 M urea. Three major (alpha, alpha' and beta) and one minor (gamma) subunits were isolated and further characterized by gel electrophoresis and gel electrofocusing. Gel electrophoresis in urea and in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride gave a molecular weight of 57 000 for alpha, alpha' subunits; and 42 000 for beta and gamma subunits. The isoelectric points of the isolated subunits, measured by disc gel electrofocusing, were as follows: alpha, 4.90; alpha', 5.18; beta, 5.66-6.00. On gel electrofocusing, beta subunit showed four microheterogeneous components; three of them comprised 95% of the total beta subunit. Leucine and valine were the N-terminal amino acids of beta and alpha alpha' subunits, respectively. The isolated subunits contained mannose and glucosamine in varying quantities. Two carbohydrate moieties were calculated for one mole of alpha, alpha' subunits; and one carbohydrate moiety for the beta subunit. Considerable similarity in the amino acid composition of alpha and alpha' subunits was observed. The beta subunit was devoid of cysteine and methionine; and in comparison with alpha, alpha' subunits, had a higher content of hydrophobic amino acids. The isolated subunits exhibited antigen-antibody reaction with antisera to the native beta-conglycinin. Each of them was partglycinins. The alpha and alpha' subunits were in addition identical with each other and with B5-, B6-conglycinins. They were immunologically unrelated with beta subunit. The recovery of immuno-properties from the individual subunits may be attributed to the reconstruction of the three-dimensional structure upon removal of denaturing reagents.", "PMID": 556958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2837", "title": "Mammalian melanocytes do not use phenylalanine for melanin synthesis.", "content": "Hamster melanoma cells (RPMI 3460) were examined for their ability to utilize phenylalanine for melanin biosynthesis. There was a small but significant incorporation of L-[1-1414C] phenylalanine into hot acid-insoluble cellular material in the presence of cycloheximide. However, this radioactivity was removable from the acid-insoluble fraction by pronase digestion. A similar percentage of L-[U-14C] leucine incorporation was likewise resistant to cycloheximide inhibition. Residual protein synthesis is apparently responsible for the incorporation of both amino acids. Cycloheximide did not inhibit melanin synthesis. These results suggest that mammalian melanocytes do not use phenylalanine for melanin synthesis. Phenylalanine is not incorporated directly into melanin, nor do the cells appear to convert it to tyrosine via a phenylalanine hydroxylase.", "contents": "Mammalian melanocytes do not use phenylalanine for melanin synthesis. Hamster melanoma cells (RPMI 3460) were examined for their ability to utilize phenylalanine for melanin biosynthesis. There was a small but significant incorporation of L-[1-1414C] phenylalanine into hot acid-insoluble cellular material in the presence of cycloheximide. However, this radioactivity was removable from the acid-insoluble fraction by pronase digestion. A similar percentage of L-[U-14C] leucine incorporation was likewise resistant to cycloheximide inhibition. Residual protein synthesis is apparently responsible for the incorporation of both amino acids. Cycloheximide did not inhibit melanin synthesis. These results suggest that mammalian melanocytes do not use phenylalanine for melanin synthesis. Phenylalanine is not incorporated directly into melanin, nor do the cells appear to convert it to tyrosine via a phenylalanine hydroxylase.", "PMID": 556959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2838", "title": "Laser light-scattering analysis of protoplasmic streaming in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Laser light scattering is shown to be an effective means of obtaining a rapid, objective assessment of dynamic changes in the intact plasmodium of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum during bidirectional (shuttle) streaming. The motion of material in a 100 mum diameter region of a plasmodial vein was studied by following changes in the autocorrelation function of the fluctuations in the scattered light intensity. The autocorrelation function was recorded at 10 s intervals and analyzed to follow changes in the flow velocity of protoplasm associated with shuttle streaming. Rhythmic velocity changes and a \"beating\" pattern of velocity maxima were readily observed. In an attempt to locate the site of underlying structural changes in the vein responsible for the changing pattern of flow, the average scattered intensity was separated into components derived from moving and stationary scatterers. Periodic variations in the light intensity due to stationary scatterers are related to the streaming cycle and indicate the occurrence of important structural changes in the vein walls. Two possible interpretations of the data are offered; one involving gross dynamic changes in vein structure, the other involving the formation, contraction, or breakdown of fibrillar material in the vein wall during the streaming cycle.", "contents": "Laser light-scattering analysis of protoplasmic streaming in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Laser light scattering is shown to be an effective means of obtaining a rapid, objective assessment of dynamic changes in the intact plasmodium of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum during bidirectional (shuttle) streaming. The motion of material in a 100 mum diameter region of a plasmodial vein was studied by following changes in the autocorrelation function of the fluctuations in the scattered light intensity. The autocorrelation function was recorded at 10 s intervals and analyzed to follow changes in the flow velocity of protoplasm associated with shuttle streaming. Rhythmic velocity changes and a \"beating\" pattern of velocity maxima were readily observed. In an attempt to locate the site of underlying structural changes in the vein responsible for the changing pattern of flow, the average scattered intensity was separated into components derived from moving and stationary scatterers. Periodic variations in the light intensity due to stationary scatterers are related to the streaming cycle and indicate the occurrence of important structural changes in the vein walls. Two possible interpretations of the data are offered; one involving gross dynamic changes in vein structure, the other involving the formation, contraction, or breakdown of fibrillar material in the vein wall during the streaming cycle.", "PMID": 556960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2839", "title": "Studies on the in vitro incubation procedure for [35S]sulphate labelling of articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "Articular cartilage from cow and calf femoral condyles was incubated in Tyrodes solution containing [35S]sulphate for different periods up to 80 min. Glycosaminoglycans from the cartilage tissue and incubation medium were fractionated on Cetylpyridinium chloride and ECTEOLA cellulose microcolumns. The incorporation of [35S]sulphate into all individual fractions of chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate was found to be linear from 20 to 80 min incubation time. As a rule the total specific activities of keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate were similar for both calves and cows. The proteoglycan material recovered from the medium amounted to about 1% of the tissue dry weight and was found to have a higher chondroitin sulphate: keratan sulphate ratio than the corresponding cartilage tissue for both calf and cow. The solubility profiles for the newly synthesised glycosaminoglycans, obtained from determination of the radioactivity in the individual fractions, were compared with those of glycosaminoglycans already present. These curves indicated that newly synthesised chondroitin sulphate had a higher average molecular size than that present in the tissue whereas the newly synthesised keratan sulphate had a smaller average molecular size. These newly synthesised components were also detected in the proteoglycans recovered from the incubation medium.", "contents": "Studies on the in vitro incubation procedure for [35S]sulphate labelling of articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans. Articular cartilage from cow and calf femoral condyles was incubated in Tyrodes solution containing [35S]sulphate for different periods up to 80 min. Glycosaminoglycans from the cartilage tissue and incubation medium were fractionated on Cetylpyridinium chloride and ECTEOLA cellulose microcolumns. The incorporation of [35S]sulphate into all individual fractions of chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate was found to be linear from 20 to 80 min incubation time. As a rule the total specific activities of keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate were similar for both calves and cows. The proteoglycan material recovered from the medium amounted to about 1% of the tissue dry weight and was found to have a higher chondroitin sulphate: keratan sulphate ratio than the corresponding cartilage tissue for both calf and cow. The solubility profiles for the newly synthesised glycosaminoglycans, obtained from determination of the radioactivity in the individual fractions, were compared with those of glycosaminoglycans already present. These curves indicated that newly synthesised chondroitin sulphate had a higher average molecular size than that present in the tissue whereas the newly synthesised keratan sulphate had a smaller average molecular size. These newly synthesised components were also detected in the proteoglycans recovered from the incubation medium.", "PMID": 556961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2840", "title": "Development of Amphioplus abditus (Verrill) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): I. Larval biology.", "content": "A fraction rich in secretory granules was prepared from the pyloric caeca of Asterias amurensis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The freshly prepared fraction exhibited no casein-hydrolyzing activity- but showed nine times as much specific activity as that of tissue homogenates after incubation at 37 degrees C for thirty minutes. Electron microscopy showed that the secretory granules were membrane-bound granules measuring 0.5-290 mu in diameter and contained dense and/or light amorphous substances.", "contents": "Development of Amphioplus abditus (Verrill) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): I. Larval biology. A fraction rich in secretory granules was prepared from the pyloric caeca of Asterias amurensis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The freshly prepared fraction exhibited no casein-hydrolyzing activity- but showed nine times as much specific activity as that of tissue homogenates after incubation at 37 degrees C for thirty minutes. Electron microscopy showed that the secretory granules were membrane-bound granules measuring 0.5-290 mu in diameter and contained dense and/or light amorphous substances.", "PMID": 556962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2841", "title": "Schizophrenia, brain asymmetry development, and twinning: cellular relationship with etiological and possibly prognostic implications.", "content": "Discordance for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins has been interpreted as evidence of the role of environment in the etiology fo schizophrenia, with \"environment\" usually, in practical parlance, carrying Freudian and Sinnerian connotations. MZ twins are often discordant for certain brain development deviations (i) to which they are specially prone, (ii) which show other evidence of having genetic etiologies, and (iii) which involve embryonic symmetry development. MZ twinning is an embryonic symmetry anomaly; its association with others is not surprising. Neurophysiological manifestations of schizoprenia are markedly asymmetric, as is much of normal human mental function. Unusual brain function asymmetry is herein shown to be a factor in virtually every appropriately tested case of MZ discordant schizophrenia.", "contents": "Schizophrenia, brain asymmetry development, and twinning: cellular relationship with etiological and possibly prognostic implications. Discordance for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins has been interpreted as evidence of the role of environment in the etiology fo schizophrenia, with \"environment\" usually, in practical parlance, carrying Freudian and Sinnerian connotations. MZ twins are often discordant for certain brain development deviations (i) to which they are specially prone, (ii) which show other evidence of having genetic etiologies, and (iii) which involve embryonic symmetry development. MZ twinning is an embryonic symmetry anomaly; its association with others is not surprising. Neurophysiological manifestations of schizoprenia are markedly asymmetric, as is much of normal human mental function. Unusual brain function asymmetry is herein shown to be a factor in virtually every appropriately tested case of MZ discordant schizophrenia.", "PMID": 556963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2842", "title": "Acetylcholine-induced current fluctuations in tissue-cultured muscle cells under voltage clamp.", "content": "Acetylcholine applied ionophoretically to chick skeletal muscle cells grown in tissue culture produces membrane current fluctuations. Cells treated with vinblastine are transformed to a roughly spherical shape. Such transformed cells can be voltage-clamped with microelectrodes. The frequency spectrum of the current fluctuations at fixed voltage obeys a relation of the Lorentz form. From analysis of the current noise, the conductance of a single ionic channel is estimated to be 39 pmho at a temperature of 28 degrees C, and increases with increasing temperature, exhibiting a Q10 of 1.7. The relaxation time for the channel conductance is more sharply temperature dependent, showing a Q10 of approximately 5. These results are in agreement with the picture of acetylcholine-activated ionic channels determined from experiments on frog end plate (Anderson and Stevens, 1973). The relaxation time for carbachol activation is shorter than for acetylcholine, and appears to be more temperature sensitive.", "contents": "Acetylcholine-induced current fluctuations in tissue-cultured muscle cells under voltage clamp. Acetylcholine applied ionophoretically to chick skeletal muscle cells grown in tissue culture produces membrane current fluctuations. Cells treated with vinblastine are transformed to a roughly spherical shape. Such transformed cells can be voltage-clamped with microelectrodes. The frequency spectrum of the current fluctuations at fixed voltage obeys a relation of the Lorentz form. From analysis of the current noise, the conductance of a single ionic channel is estimated to be 39 pmho at a temperature of 28 degrees C, and increases with increasing temperature, exhibiting a Q10 of 1.7. The relaxation time for the channel conductance is more sharply temperature dependent, showing a Q10 of approximately 5. These results are in agreement with the picture of acetylcholine-activated ionic channels determined from experiments on frog end plate (Anderson and Stevens, 1973). The relaxation time for carbachol activation is shorter than for acetylcholine, and appears to be more temperature sensitive.", "PMID": 556964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2843", "title": "Modification by capsaicin and compound 48/80 of dye leakage induced by irritants in the rat.", "content": "Concentration-related dye leakage produced by intracutaneous injections of irritants was measured in rats by an Evans blue technique. 2 In rats pretreated with a total dose of 50 mg capasaicin over 4 days, the response to capsaicin, formalin, HCl, KCl, prostaglandin E1, bradykinin and bradykinin with prostglandin E1 (10(-6) M) were greatly reduced, the responses to histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were slightly reduced and those to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and compound 48/80 were unaffected. 3 Pretreatment with intracutaneous injections of compound 48/80 (0.5 mug, 24 and 48 h previously) recuded the responses to ATP, compound 48/80, HCl, KCl, prostaglandin E1, and bradykinin but did not affect those to histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or bradykinin with prostaglandin E1 (10(-6) M). 4 Responses to capsaicin and formalin produced spotted blueing extending over a large area and were suppressed by compound 48/80 in the smaller pretreated area only. Capsaicin responses were reduced with larger doses of compound 48/80 (total dose 15 mug). 5 It is concluded that the production of neurogenic oedema involves both sensory nerves and mast cells.", "contents": "Modification by capsaicin and compound 48/80 of dye leakage induced by irritants in the rat. Concentration-related dye leakage produced by intracutaneous injections of irritants was measured in rats by an Evans blue technique. 2 In rats pretreated with a total dose of 50 mg capasaicin over 4 days, the response to capsaicin, formalin, HCl, KCl, prostaglandin E1, bradykinin and bradykinin with prostglandin E1 (10(-6) M) were greatly reduced, the responses to histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were slightly reduced and those to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and compound 48/80 were unaffected. 3 Pretreatment with intracutaneous injections of compound 48/80 (0.5 mug, 24 and 48 h previously) recuded the responses to ATP, compound 48/80, HCl, KCl, prostaglandin E1, and bradykinin but did not affect those to histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or bradykinin with prostaglandin E1 (10(-6) M). 4 Responses to capsaicin and formalin produced spotted blueing extending over a large area and were suppressed by compound 48/80 in the smaller pretreated area only. Capsaicin responses were reduced with larger doses of compound 48/80 (total dose 15 mug). 5 It is concluded that the production of neurogenic oedema involves both sensory nerves and mast cells.", "PMID": 556966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2844", "title": "Inhibitory action of the adenine analog, 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine, in Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "The adenine analog 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine inhibits the growth of the kinetoplastid (trypanosomatid) flagellate Crithidia fasciculata. This inhibition is partially overcome only by adenine (of a number of purines tested), with an inhibition index of 0.025. More effective reversal of inhibition is obtained with any of a number of naturally occurring pyrimidine compounds, up to a concentration of 0.18 mM. Higher concentrations of pyrimidines or addition of guanine, as well as adenine and uracil, to the medium increases inhibition. The analog (presumably as the ribonucleotide) was found not to be inhibitory to any enzyme of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway that could be tested. It is suggested that the analog competes with adenine for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7), is converted to a ribonucleotide, and is incorporated into nucleic acid.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of the adenine analog, 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine, in Crithidia fasciculata. The adenine analog 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine inhibits the growth of the kinetoplastid (trypanosomatid) flagellate Crithidia fasciculata. This inhibition is partially overcome only by adenine (of a number of purines tested), with an inhibition index of 0.025. More effective reversal of inhibition is obtained with any of a number of naturally occurring pyrimidine compounds, up to a concentration of 0.18 mM. Higher concentrations of pyrimidines or addition of guanine, as well as adenine and uracil, to the medium increases inhibition. The analog (presumably as the ribonucleotide) was found not to be inhibitory to any enzyme of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway that could be tested. It is suggested that the analog competes with adenine for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7), is converted to a ribonucleotide, and is incorporated into nucleic acid.", "PMID": 556973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2845", "title": "A xanthine-negative, melibiose-positive species of Streptomyces.", "content": "The organism VH/CN-71 which had been isolated from a growth in a cat and described initially as an \"unusual strain of Nocardia\" is a streptomycete. This organism can also produce acid from melibiose although it is unable to decompose xanthine. Its sporophores are short, hooked, curved, or open-looped with extended spirals. Present data suggest that VH/CN-71 may belong to the \"flavus\" series of Streptomyces.", "contents": "A xanthine-negative, melibiose-positive species of Streptomyces. The organism VH/CN-71 which had been isolated from a growth in a cat and described initially as an \"unusual strain of Nocardia\" is a streptomycete. This organism can also produce acid from melibiose although it is unable to decompose xanthine. Its sporophores are short, hooked, curved, or open-looped with extended spirals. Present data suggest that VH/CN-71 may belong to the \"flavus\" series of Streptomyces.", "PMID": 556974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2846", "title": "Establishment of a human leiomyosarcoma cell line.", "content": "A cell line designated SKN was established from the human uterine leiomyosarcoma of a 52-year-old female. The cell line has grown well and the serial passages were successively carried out 82 times within 12 months. The monolayer cultured cells revealed anaplastic and pleomorphic features, and they multipled rapidly without contact inhibition. Electron microscope studies revealed myoibrils but no virus-like particles, while chromosomal studies showed that all cultured cells were hyperploid, the modal number was 112, and the marker chromosome was present. The cells were transplanted into an immune-depressed hamster cheek pouch and produced a histological leiomyosarcoma resembling the original tumor.", "contents": "Establishment of a human leiomyosarcoma cell line. A cell line designated SKN was established from the human uterine leiomyosarcoma of a 52-year-old female. The cell line has grown well and the serial passages were successively carried out 82 times within 12 months. The monolayer cultured cells revealed anaplastic and pleomorphic features, and they multipled rapidly without contact inhibition. Electron microscope studies revealed myoibrils but no virus-like particles, while chromosomal studies showed that all cultured cells were hyperploid, the modal number was 112, and the marker chromosome was present. The cells were transplanted into an immune-depressed hamster cheek pouch and produced a histological leiomyosarcoma resembling the original tumor.", "PMID": 556976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2847", "title": "Specialized perinatal care: impact on perinatal mortality.", "content": "A neonatal intensive care unit was established at one hospital in 1972 when the neonatal mortality was 7.6 and the perinatal mortality 20.9 per 1000 deliveries. In 1973, with full operation of that unit and partial introduction of a high-risk pregnancy unit for fetal monitoring, the rates decreased to 6.4 and 14.9, respectively. With full operation of both units the rates decreased further, to 3.4 and 9.0 in 1974 and 3.8 and 8.9 in 1975. The frequency of cesarean section was 10.1% in 1972-73 and 11.6% in 1974-75. It is concluded that the centralization of obstetric and neonatal care, together with the development of qualified medical and nursing teams, had a major impact in reducing perinatal mortality, and that the frequency of cesarean section was not affected by the introduction of fetal monitoring, although the indications for this precedure became more specific.", "contents": "Specialized perinatal care: impact on perinatal mortality. A neonatal intensive care unit was established at one hospital in 1972 when the neonatal mortality was 7.6 and the perinatal mortality 20.9 per 1000 deliveries. In 1973, with full operation of that unit and partial introduction of a high-risk pregnancy unit for fetal monitoring, the rates decreased to 6.4 and 14.9, respectively. With full operation of both units the rates decreased further, to 3.4 and 9.0 in 1974 and 3.8 and 8.9 in 1975. The frequency of cesarean section was 10.1% in 1972-73 and 11.6% in 1974-75. It is concluded that the centralization of obstetric and neonatal care, together with the development of qualified medical and nursing teams, had a major impact in reducing perinatal mortality, and that the frequency of cesarean section was not affected by the introduction of fetal monitoring, although the indications for this precedure became more specific.", "PMID": 556975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2848", "title": "Actin-like filaments in the myoid cell of the testis.", "content": "Microfilaments in the myoid cells of the peritubular tissue in the mouse, swine and human testis bind heavy meromyosin (HMM) and form arrowhead complexes. The periodicity of the arrowhead complexes is about 35 nm. Individual filaments show arrowheads that point in the same direction. Opposing polarity of the HMM-bound filaments is also observed. The microfilaments do not bind HMM in the presence of 10 mM ATP. After treatment with the contraction medium of Hoffmann-Berling, the filaments appear to be undulated. These observations indicate that the microfilaments in the myoid cell are actin-like in nature. A small number of thicker filaments (about 10 nm in diameter) which do not bind HMM is also observed in the cell. Microfibrils which have been reported around the human myoid cell are also found in the swine.", "contents": "Actin-like filaments in the myoid cell of the testis. Microfilaments in the myoid cells of the peritubular tissue in the mouse, swine and human testis bind heavy meromyosin (HMM) and form arrowhead complexes. The periodicity of the arrowhead complexes is about 35 nm. Individual filaments show arrowheads that point in the same direction. Opposing polarity of the HMM-bound filaments is also observed. The microfilaments do not bind HMM in the presence of 10 mM ATP. After treatment with the contraction medium of Hoffmann-Berling, the filaments appear to be undulated. These observations indicate that the microfilaments in the myoid cell are actin-like in nature. A small number of thicker filaments (about 10 nm in diameter) which do not bind HMM is also observed in the cell. Microfibrils which have been reported around the human myoid cell are also found in the swine.", "PMID": 556977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2849", "title": "Small angle neutron scattering studies of chromatin subunits in solution.", "content": "Neutron scattering studies have been performed on dilute solutions of the fundamental subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome. The subunits contain approximately 195 base paris (bp) of DNA and histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Measurements of the small angle scattering curves in various H2O/D2O solvents allow the contrast dependence of the radius of gyration of the subunits to be examined and give the mean scattering density of the particle. Further application of contrast variation to the higher angle scatter curves allows the contributions from the shape and internal structure of the subunits to be analyzed separately. From these results, we are able to propose a spherically averaged structure with most of the histones closely packed into a core of radius 3.2 nm surrounded by a loosely packed DNA-rich shell of 2.0 nm thickness resulting in a particle of 5.2 nm average radius. Model calculations for ellipsoids show that the outer shape of the subunit must have an axial ratio between 0.5 and 1.4 but is probably best described by more spherical particle. These results are correlated with the diffraction from chromatin films to provide an explanation for some of the diffraction rings.", "contents": "Small angle neutron scattering studies of chromatin subunits in solution. Neutron scattering studies have been performed on dilute solutions of the fundamental subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome. The subunits contain approximately 195 base paris (bp) of DNA and histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Measurements of the small angle scattering curves in various H2O/D2O solvents allow the contrast dependence of the radius of gyration of the subunits to be examined and give the mean scattering density of the particle. Further application of contrast variation to the higher angle scatter curves allows the contributions from the shape and internal structure of the subunits to be analyzed separately. From these results, we are able to propose a spherically averaged structure with most of the histones closely packed into a core of radius 3.2 nm surrounded by a loosely packed DNA-rich shell of 2.0 nm thickness resulting in a particle of 5.2 nm average radius. Model calculations for ellipsoids show that the outer shape of the subunit must have an axial ratio between 0.5 and 1.4 but is probably best described by more spherical particle. These results are correlated with the diffraction from chromatin films to provide an explanation for some of the diffraction rings.", "PMID": 556978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2850", "title": "Interference in a radioimmunoassay for human thyrotropin.", "content": "Abnormally high plasma thyrotropin values were found by radioimmunoassay in some patients when an antiserum to porcine thyrotropin was used, normal results being obtained with an antiserum raised to human thyrotropin. These discrepancies were found in some subjects with no biochemical or clinical evidence of hypothyroidism and occasionally in sera from patients with unequivocal hyperthyroidism. We found a substance in serum that cross reacts with the anti-porcine antiserum, is stable on repeated freezing and thawing, and is independent of the 125I-labeled tracer preparation. It is unlikely that this substance is a separation-stage artefact related to immunoglobulins. Its apparent molecular weight (gel filtration) is 114 000, as compared with apparent molecular weights for standard thyrotropin and endogenous thyrotropin (as found in idiopathic hypothyroidism) of 34 700 and 38 000, respectively. We believe the substance is a normal serum constituent that is present in large quantities in a minority of subjects. Apparently unrelated to TSH, its exact chemical nature remains unidentified.", "contents": "Interference in a radioimmunoassay for human thyrotropin. Abnormally high plasma thyrotropin values were found by radioimmunoassay in some patients when an antiserum to porcine thyrotropin was used, normal results being obtained with an antiserum raised to human thyrotropin. These discrepancies were found in some subjects with no biochemical or clinical evidence of hypothyroidism and occasionally in sera from patients with unequivocal hyperthyroidism. We found a substance in serum that cross reacts with the anti-porcine antiserum, is stable on repeated freezing and thawing, and is independent of the 125I-labeled tracer preparation. It is unlikely that this substance is a separation-stage artefact related to immunoglobulins. Its apparent molecular weight (gel filtration) is 114 000, as compared with apparent molecular weights for standard thyrotropin and endogenous thyrotropin (as found in idiopathic hypothyroidism) of 34 700 and 38 000, respectively. We believe the substance is a normal serum constituent that is present in large quantities in a minority of subjects. Apparently unrelated to TSH, its exact chemical nature remains unidentified.", "PMID": 556979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2851", "title": "Autoerthrocyte sensitization---a psychogenic purpura?", "content": "There are two schools of thought regarding the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Gardner and Diamond and others demonstrated that these patients have a hypersensitivity to extravasated RBCs. They assumed that a fixed tissue antibody reacted with red blood cell stroma producing edema, increased capillary permeability, and further extravasation of blood into the tissues. Ratnoff, Agle, and others, however, believe the syndrome is a psychiatric disorder and that the ecchymotic lesions represent a form of conversion reaction--a mechanism that could explain the patient's myriad complaints. There is evidence that vascular beds are controlled by psychic processes. Neurogenically elaborated kinin-like agents might serve as humoral mediators between the central nervous system and the local tissue reaction.2,4,12 Regardless of the basic etiology, we think the syndrome is more common than has previously been considered and should be thought of in patients with recurrent purpuric eruptions of the extremities.", "contents": "Autoerthrocyte sensitization---a psychogenic purpura? There are two schools of thought regarding the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Gardner and Diamond and others demonstrated that these patients have a hypersensitivity to extravasated RBCs. They assumed that a fixed tissue antibody reacted with red blood cell stroma producing edema, increased capillary permeability, and further extravasation of blood into the tissues. Ratnoff, Agle, and others, however, believe the syndrome is a psychiatric disorder and that the ecchymotic lesions represent a form of conversion reaction--a mechanism that could explain the patient's myriad complaints. There is evidence that vascular beds are controlled by psychic processes. Neurogenically elaborated kinin-like agents might serve as humoral mediators between the central nervous system and the local tissue reaction.2,4,12 Regardless of the basic etiology, we think the syndrome is more common than has previously been considered and should be thought of in patients with recurrent purpuric eruptions of the extremities.", "PMID": 556983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2852", "title": "Acute and chronic elevations in serum levels of FSH after unilateral ovariectomy in the cyclic hamster.", "content": "During the normal 4-day estrous cycle of the hamster, 12.0 +/- 0.4 (n = 34) ova were shed by the paired ovaries on Day 1. When unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) was performed at 0900 h on any one of the first 3 days of the cycle, approximately the same number of ova were released from the remaining ovary on Day 1 of the ensuing postoperative cycle (compensatory ovulation), except after ULO on Day 4. In view of these results, the principal aim of the present study was to determine if ULO affected acute (24 h postoperative period) and chronic (postoperative cycles) alterations in serum levels of immunoreactive FSH. Multiple bleedings were obtained by cardiac puncture without anesthesia. The acute alteration in FSH levels was first examined at 24-h intervals following ULO at 0930 h on any one day of the cycle, and significant elevations in these levels were found 24 h postoperatively in all but Day-2 hemicastrates. Several experiments were then performed to determine the time-sequence for this 24-h response to ULO. The serum level of FSH was measured at 4-h intervals during the remainder of the cycle in which ULO was done at 0900 h on any one day. The results demonstrated that an acute but transient increase (approximately 100 ng FSH/ml serum) occurred either 7 h or 11 h postoperatively in all the hemicastrates. These transient elevations prior to Day 4 were interpreted to be possible causative factors for the subsequent compensatory ovulation. That they were not the sole cause was evident from the results of another experiment, where compensatory ovulation occurred after ULO at 0030 h on Day 4 (but to a reduced degree; 9.0 +/- 0.6 ova), although serum levels of FSH were not acutely altered. The capability of the remaining ovary to undergo compensatory ovulation after ULO on Day 4 was lost between 0300 h and 0230 h (6.7 +/- 0.8 ova). The serum profile of FSH during the second postoperative cycle after ULO showed a prolonged elevation of FSH levels during the first two days of the cycle compared to the intact estrous cycle. Specifically, the level of FSH gradually declined to 400 ng/ml by 2000 h on Day 1 of the intact (preoperative) cycle but did ont reach this concentration until 2000 h on Day 2 of the postoperative cycle. It is suggested that the prolonged elevated levels of FSH in chronic hemicastrates effect development of a greater number of follicles in the early growth stages in the remaining ovary than the number of follicles per ovary that would otherwise develop in the intact hamster.", "contents": "Acute and chronic elevations in serum levels of FSH after unilateral ovariectomy in the cyclic hamster. During the normal 4-day estrous cycle of the hamster, 12.0 +/- 0.4 (n = 34) ova were shed by the paired ovaries on Day 1. When unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) was performed at 0900 h on any one of the first 3 days of the cycle, approximately the same number of ova were released from the remaining ovary on Day 1 of the ensuing postoperative cycle (compensatory ovulation), except after ULO on Day 4. In view of these results, the principal aim of the present study was to determine if ULO affected acute (24 h postoperative period) and chronic (postoperative cycles) alterations in serum levels of immunoreactive FSH. Multiple bleedings were obtained by cardiac puncture without anesthesia. The acute alteration in FSH levels was first examined at 24-h intervals following ULO at 0930 h on any one day of the cycle, and significant elevations in these levels were found 24 h postoperatively in all but Day-2 hemicastrates. Several experiments were then performed to determine the time-sequence for this 24-h response to ULO. The serum level of FSH was measured at 4-h intervals during the remainder of the cycle in which ULO was done at 0900 h on any one day. The results demonstrated that an acute but transient increase (approximately 100 ng FSH/ml serum) occurred either 7 h or 11 h postoperatively in all the hemicastrates. These transient elevations prior to Day 4 were interpreted to be possible causative factors for the subsequent compensatory ovulation. That they were not the sole cause was evident from the results of another experiment, where compensatory ovulation occurred after ULO at 0030 h on Day 4 (but to a reduced degree; 9.0 +/- 0.6 ova), although serum levels of FSH were not acutely altered. The capability of the remaining ovary to undergo compensatory ovulation after ULO on Day 4 was lost between 0300 h and 0230 h (6.7 +/- 0.8 ova). The serum profile of FSH during the second postoperative cycle after ULO showed a prolonged elevation of FSH levels during the first two days of the cycle compared to the intact estrous cycle. Specifically, the level of FSH gradually declined to 400 ng/ml by 2000 h on Day 1 of the intact (preoperative) cycle but did ont reach this concentration until 2000 h on Day 2 of the postoperative cycle. It is suggested that the prolonged elevated levels of FSH in chronic hemicastrates effect development of a greater number of follicles in the early growth stages in the remaining ovary than the number of follicles per ovary that would otherwise develop in the intact hamster.", "PMID": 556985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2853", "title": "A laboratory model demonstrating osteocyte-osteoblast control of plasma calcium concentrations. Table model for plasma calcium control.", "content": "This report describes a laboratory model designed to illustrate a newer concept for the control of plasma calcium concentrations. This postulate suggests that plasma calcium levels are the result of a balance or imbalance in opposing calcium ion fluxes between plasma and bone fluid compartments existing around osteocyte-lining cells (osteoblasts) units in bone. The metabolic control of these fluxes is postulated to reside within the lining cells on the surface of bone. These cells serve as a cellular interface between the two fluid compartments. The model described in this report illustrates these principles by using the height of columns of water in cylinders to represent calcium ion concentrations. A water pump, representing the calcium transcellular transport system in the lining cells, maintains a higher level of water in the cylinder representing plasma than in that representing bone fluid. This is accomplished by continuous pumping of water from the bone fluid cylinder to the plasma cylinder. Water is returned to the bone fluid cylinder as long as a differential in the height of water in the two cylinders exists. A constant height of water in the plasma cylinder is maintained when the two fluxes are in equilibrium. A constant height of water in the cylinder representing bone fluid is maintained by the level of water in a much larger cylinder representing calcium equilibrium between the solid and liquid phases of bone. The primary hormone controlling the rate of calcium transfer from bone fluid to blood, or in the model regulating the speed of water pump, is parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "A laboratory model demonstrating osteocyte-osteoblast control of plasma calcium concentrations. Table model for plasma calcium control. This report describes a laboratory model designed to illustrate a newer concept for the control of plasma calcium concentrations. This postulate suggests that plasma calcium levels are the result of a balance or imbalance in opposing calcium ion fluxes between plasma and bone fluid compartments existing around osteocyte-lining cells (osteoblasts) units in bone. The metabolic control of these fluxes is postulated to reside within the lining cells on the surface of bone. These cells serve as a cellular interface between the two fluid compartments. The model described in this report illustrates these principles by using the height of columns of water in cylinders to represent calcium ion concentrations. A water pump, representing the calcium transcellular transport system in the lining cells, maintains a higher level of water in the cylinder representing plasma than in that representing bone fluid. This is accomplished by continuous pumping of water from the bone fluid cylinder to the plasma cylinder. Water is returned to the bone fluid cylinder as long as a differential in the height of water in the two cylinders exists. A constant height of water in the plasma cylinder is maintained when the two fluxes are in equilibrium. A constant height of water in the cylinder representing bone fluid is maintained by the level of water in a much larger cylinder representing calcium equilibrium between the solid and liquid phases of bone. The primary hormone controlling the rate of calcium transfer from bone fluid to blood, or in the model regulating the speed of water pump, is parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 556980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2854", "title": "Comparison of the biological effects of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the rat.", "content": "To compare the biological effects of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), the results of varying the production rates of T3 and T4 independently were evaluated. In one set of experiments, the responses of hypothyroid rats to thyroid hormones were measured in terms of weight gain, hepatic mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alphaGPD) and serum TSH. T4 was given with, and without, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PTU) and alphaGPD activity paralleled, and could completely be accounted for, by the effect of the quantities of the T3 produced. The direct role of T3 production in the maintenance of hepatic alphaGPD activity was supported by finding normal serum T3 and alphaGPD activities, but reduced T4, in rats on low iodine diet for 2 months. Only after 4 months of iodine deficiency was alphaGPD reduced in the presence of a normal serum T3. These results suggest that T4 per se plays minimal role in this system. In contrast, there were significant effects of T4 administration on stimulation of weight gain and suppression of TSH release in hypothyroid animals which were not due to the T3 produced by peripheral conversion. While T3 given parenterally was about tenfold more potent than T4 in acute suppression of TSH, PTU retreatment did not alter the acute decrease in TSH after T4 which lasted for at least 22 h, as opposed to less than 7 h for T3. Despite the direct effect of T4 on TSH suppression , acute reduction in T3 in normal rats resulted in an elevation of serum TSH even though serum T4 concentrations were unchanged or even increased at this time. The results indicate that the thyrotroph, unlike the hepatocyte, can respond acutely to both increases and decreases in either T3 or T4 production. The differential sensitivities of various tissues to T3 and T4 indicate that the relative potencies of these two hormones must be defined experimentally in terms of a specific biological effect.", "contents": "Comparison of the biological effects of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the rat. To compare the biological effects of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), the results of varying the production rates of T3 and T4 independently were evaluated. In one set of experiments, the responses of hypothyroid rats to thyroid hormones were measured in terms of weight gain, hepatic mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alphaGPD) and serum TSH. T4 was given with, and without, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PTU) and alphaGPD activity paralleled, and could completely be accounted for, by the effect of the quantities of the T3 produced. The direct role of T3 production in the maintenance of hepatic alphaGPD activity was supported by finding normal serum T3 and alphaGPD activities, but reduced T4, in rats on low iodine diet for 2 months. Only after 4 months of iodine deficiency was alphaGPD reduced in the presence of a normal serum T3. These results suggest that T4 per se plays minimal role in this system. In contrast, there were significant effects of T4 administration on stimulation of weight gain and suppression of TSH release in hypothyroid animals which were not due to the T3 produced by peripheral conversion. While T3 given parenterally was about tenfold more potent than T4 in acute suppression of TSH, PTU retreatment did not alter the acute decrease in TSH after T4 which lasted for at least 22 h, as opposed to less than 7 h for T3. Despite the direct effect of T4 on TSH suppression , acute reduction in T3 in normal rats resulted in an elevation of serum TSH even though serum T4 concentrations were unchanged or even increased at this time. The results indicate that the thyrotroph, unlike the hepatocyte, can respond acutely to both increases and decreases in either T3 or T4 production. The differential sensitivities of various tissues to T3 and T4 indicate that the relative potencies of these two hormones must be defined experimentally in terms of a specific biological effect.", "PMID": 556986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2855", "title": "The diurnal urinary excretion of oxalate and the effect of pyridoxine and ascorbate on oxalate excretion.", "content": "The diurnal urinary oxalate excretion has been determined in 11 patients with urolithiasis and in 7 normal subjects. Increased excretion following meals was observed. The variation from hour to hour was most pronounced in the stone patient group. The relation between oxalate concentration and urinary volume was found to follow a biphasic exponential course. Pyridoxine administration increased oxalate excretion in 9 out of 12 subjects and decreased the excretion in 3 subjects. Ascorbate administration increased oxalate excretion in all 7 subjects studied.", "contents": "The diurnal urinary excretion of oxalate and the effect of pyridoxine and ascorbate on oxalate excretion. The diurnal urinary oxalate excretion has been determined in 11 patients with urolithiasis and in 7 normal subjects. Increased excretion following meals was observed. The variation from hour to hour was most pronounced in the stone patient group. The relation between oxalate concentration and urinary volume was found to follow a biphasic exponential course. Pyridoxine administration increased oxalate excretion in 9 out of 12 subjects and decreased the excretion in 3 subjects. Ascorbate administration increased oxalate excretion in all 7 subjects studied.", "PMID": 556987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2856", "title": "Differential activation by some 2-aminotetralin derivatives of the receptor mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens of rats which mediate hyperactivity and stereotyped biting.", "content": "A series of 2-aminotetralin derivatives were injected into the nucleus accumbens of rat to assess the nature of the dopamine mechanisms in this nucleus which modulate hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour. It was shown that (1) Derivatives with either 5,6- or 6,7-dihydroxy substitutions were each able to induce hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour, but substitutions in the 5,6-positions conferred greater potency throughout the series. This differential was emphasised by the continued activity of 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin in the absence of nialamide whilst the action of 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin was greatly reduced. (2) The hydroxyl functions in both the 5,6- and 6,7-series were essential for activity: dimethyoxy derivatives were inactive. (3) Generally, substitution of the nitrogen atom with one or two methyl groups, or with a butyl group, reduced or abolished activity. However, N-ethyl and N-propyl substitution markedly enhanced stereotypic potential in the 5,6-dihydroxy series (but not in the 6,7-series). The N-isopropyl derivative in the 5,6-series reflected the activity of the N-propyl compound but a further substitution of the N atom with the methyl group (N-isopropyl-N-methyl) greatly reduced the stereotypic potential without modification of the hyperactivity response. In contrast, N,N-dipropyl substitution abolished the hyperactivity response whilst increasing sterotypic potential. (4) alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine failed to reduce the hyperactivity induced by 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin or the stereotyped behaviour induced by 2-(N,N-dipropyl)-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin. Both behaviours were, however, very sensitive to blockade by haloperidol, indicating that both the hyperactivity and stereotyped responses are dopamine-dependent. It is concluded that the dopamine mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens which mediate/regulate hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour are different. Further, it is suggested that the 2-aminotetralins may be valuable tools in studies designed to assess the topography of cerebral dopamine systems.", "contents": "Differential activation by some 2-aminotetralin derivatives of the receptor mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens of rats which mediate hyperactivity and stereotyped biting. A series of 2-aminotetralin derivatives were injected into the nucleus accumbens of rat to assess the nature of the dopamine mechanisms in this nucleus which modulate hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour. It was shown that (1) Derivatives with either 5,6- or 6,7-dihydroxy substitutions were each able to induce hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour, but substitutions in the 5,6-positions conferred greater potency throughout the series. This differential was emphasised by the continued activity of 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin in the absence of nialamide whilst the action of 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin was greatly reduced. (2) The hydroxyl functions in both the 5,6- and 6,7-series were essential for activity: dimethyoxy derivatives were inactive. (3) Generally, substitution of the nitrogen atom with one or two methyl groups, or with a butyl group, reduced or abolished activity. However, N-ethyl and N-propyl substitution markedly enhanced stereotypic potential in the 5,6-dihydroxy series (but not in the 6,7-series). The N-isopropyl derivative in the 5,6-series reflected the activity of the N-propyl compound but a further substitution of the N atom with the methyl group (N-isopropyl-N-methyl) greatly reduced the stereotypic potential without modification of the hyperactivity response. In contrast, N,N-dipropyl substitution abolished the hyperactivity response whilst increasing sterotypic potential. (4) alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine failed to reduce the hyperactivity induced by 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin or the stereotyped behaviour induced by 2-(N,N-dipropyl)-amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin. Both behaviours were, however, very sensitive to blockade by haloperidol, indicating that both the hyperactivity and stereotyped responses are dopamine-dependent. It is concluded that the dopamine mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens which mediate/regulate hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour are different. Further, it is suggested that the 2-aminotetralins may be valuable tools in studies designed to assess the topography of cerebral dopamine systems.", "PMID": 556988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2857", "title": "Tolerance of haloperidol catalepsy.", "content": "Haloperidol (0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg p.o.) was administered daily for 16 days to male Wistar rats. The animals received an acute injection of haloperidol (0.5-2.0 mg/kg i.p. or 1.0-4.0 mg/kg p.o.) and catalepsy was measured. After 16 days on haloperidol, all animals became tolerant to the drug, exhibiting decreased cataleptic response to haloperidol; the intensity of catalepsy returned to normal after an additional 16 days abstinence from the drug. In addition, a group of animals treated and tested daily for catalepsy demonstrated that the time course of tolerance development to haloperidol was biphasic, with a rapid phase (T1/2 = 2.5 days) and a slower phase (T1/2 = 5.5 days).", "contents": "Tolerance of haloperidol catalepsy. Haloperidol (0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg p.o.) was administered daily for 16 days to male Wistar rats. The animals received an acute injection of haloperidol (0.5-2.0 mg/kg i.p. or 1.0-4.0 mg/kg p.o.) and catalepsy was measured. After 16 days on haloperidol, all animals became tolerant to the drug, exhibiting decreased cataleptic response to haloperidol; the intensity of catalepsy returned to normal after an additional 16 days abstinence from the drug. In addition, a group of animals treated and tested daily for catalepsy demonstrated that the time course of tolerance development to haloperidol was biphasic, with a rapid phase (T1/2 = 2.5 days) and a slower phase (T1/2 = 5.5 days).", "PMID": 556989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2858", "title": "Dietary fiber components: relationship to the rate and extent of ruminal digestion.", "content": "A mathematical model can serve as a useful reference for describing the mechanisms involved in digestion and for discussing the factors that influence the rate and extent of ruminal digestion. Ruminal digestion can be divided into four components: digestion rate, digestion lag, potential extent of digestion, and passage rate. Each component affects the apparent extent of digestion in a distinct manner and is influenced by separate factors. Digestion rate is directly related to apparent extent of digestion. It is not influenced by chemical entities presently being measured, but may be related to the morphological, crystalline, or physical nature of fiber. It may also be influenced by factors that inhibit or stimulate ruman microbial growth and their fiber-degrading enzymes. Digestion lag is inversely related to apparent extent of digestion; however, factors influencing it are poorly defined. The may include factors affecting microbial populations and their attachment to fiber prior to digestion; or the digestion lag may be related to the chemical or physical alteration of fiber that must occur before digestion can begin. The potential extent of digestion is directly related to apparent extent of digestion and is influenced by plant fiber composition, primarily. Lignin, and possibly silica, functions to limit the potential extent of digestion. Rate of passage essentially competes with rate of digestion for fiber particles as they pass through the rumen; therefore it is inversely related to the apparent extent of digestion. Passage rate is associated with feed intake level and particle size, although other factors such as type of diet and animal physiology may be important.", "contents": "Dietary fiber components: relationship to the rate and extent of ruminal digestion. A mathematical model can serve as a useful reference for describing the mechanisms involved in digestion and for discussing the factors that influence the rate and extent of ruminal digestion. Ruminal digestion can be divided into four components: digestion rate, digestion lag, potential extent of digestion, and passage rate. Each component affects the apparent extent of digestion in a distinct manner and is influenced by separate factors. Digestion rate is directly related to apparent extent of digestion. It is not influenced by chemical entities presently being measured, but may be related to the morphological, crystalline, or physical nature of fiber. It may also be influenced by factors that inhibit or stimulate ruman microbial growth and their fiber-degrading enzymes. Digestion lag is inversely related to apparent extent of digestion; however, factors influencing it are poorly defined. The may include factors affecting microbial populations and their attachment to fiber prior to digestion; or the digestion lag may be related to the chemical or physical alteration of fiber that must occur before digestion can begin. The potential extent of digestion is directly related to apparent extent of digestion and is influenced by plant fiber composition, primarily. Lignin, and possibly silica, functions to limit the potential extent of digestion. Rate of passage essentially competes with rate of digestion for fiber particles as they pass through the rumen; therefore it is inversely related to the apparent extent of digestion. Passage rate is associated with feed intake level and particle size, although other factors such as type of diet and animal physiology may be important.", "PMID": 557000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2859", "title": "Glucose transport and recycling determined by means of two tracers and multicompartmental analysis.", "content": "Glucose labeled with 3H and 14C was injected into cows, and blood samples were taken from 1 to 720 min for measurement of plasma glucose concentration and the specific activities of each tracer. Experiments were done on two cows when nonlactating, lactating, and exhibiting spontaneous ketotic hypoglycemia. Three exponential terms were required to fit the data for each of the tracers in all six experiments. The data were consistent with two 3 compartment models of the glucose system proposed previously on the basis of 14C data only: compartments 1 and 2 represent the glucose pool, while compartment 3 represents derivatives and precurors of glucose. Constraint tests were applied to kinetic parameters in the models to test the hypothesis that [3H]glucose does not recycle. When the parameter representing the recycling of [3H]glucose was set to zero in either model, systematic deviations were found between the predicted and observed data. When the recycling parameters for [3H]glucose and [14C]glucose were allowed to adjust independently of one another, while all other parameters in the model were constrained to be the same for both [3H]glucose and [14C]glucose, a good fit was obtained. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that [3H]glucose does not recycle. Recycling of [14C]glucose or [3H]glucose was estimated in terms of the return transport rate back into the glucose pool (compartments 1 or 2) divided by the transport rate from the glucose pool to compartments 3. It was 22 to 53% of [4C]glucose in the normal cows but only 12 and 13% in the ketotic hypoglycemia cows.", "contents": "Glucose transport and recycling determined by means of two tracers and multicompartmental analysis. Glucose labeled with 3H and 14C was injected into cows, and blood samples were taken from 1 to 720 min for measurement of plasma glucose concentration and the specific activities of each tracer. Experiments were done on two cows when nonlactating, lactating, and exhibiting spontaneous ketotic hypoglycemia. Three exponential terms were required to fit the data for each of the tracers in all six experiments. The data were consistent with two 3 compartment models of the glucose system proposed previously on the basis of 14C data only: compartments 1 and 2 represent the glucose pool, while compartment 3 represents derivatives and precurors of glucose. Constraint tests were applied to kinetic parameters in the models to test the hypothesis that [3H]glucose does not recycle. When the parameter representing the recycling of [3H]glucose was set to zero in either model, systematic deviations were found between the predicted and observed data. When the recycling parameters for [3H]glucose and [14C]glucose were allowed to adjust independently of one another, while all other parameters in the model were constrained to be the same for both [3H]glucose and [14C]glucose, a good fit was obtained. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that [3H]glucose does not recycle. Recycling of [14C]glucose or [3H]glucose was estimated in terms of the return transport rate back into the glucose pool (compartments 1 or 2) divided by the transport rate from the glucose pool to compartments 3. It was 22 to 53% of [4C]glucose in the normal cows but only 12 and 13% in the ketotic hypoglycemia cows.", "PMID": 557001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2860", "title": "Cytogenetic findings in fifty-five couples with recurrent fetal wastage.", "content": "Balanced chromosomal translocations in parents and M\u00fcllerian abnormalities constitute defined causes of reproductive wastage. Fifty-nine couples with histories of recurrent abortion with or without fetal malformations were evaluated with cytogenetic studies and gynecography. In 44 of the couples with pure abortion histories of two or more spontaneous abortions, three (6.8%) balanced carrier parents were identified. In 11 couples with a mixed history of abortion plus fetal malformation, 3 (27.3%) had balanced translocations in one of the parents. The over-all incidence of M\u00fcllerian abnormalities in the group of 59 patients was 11.9%.", "contents": "Cytogenetic findings in fifty-five couples with recurrent fetal wastage. Balanced chromosomal translocations in parents and M\u00fcllerian abnormalities constitute defined causes of reproductive wastage. Fifty-nine couples with histories of recurrent abortion with or without fetal malformations were evaluated with cytogenetic studies and gynecography. In 44 of the couples with pure abortion histories of two or more spontaneous abortions, three (6.8%) balanced carrier parents were identified. In 11 couples with a mixed history of abortion plus fetal malformation, 3 (27.3%) had balanced translocations in one of the parents. The over-all incidence of M\u00fcllerian abnormalities in the group of 59 patients was 11.9%.", "PMID": 557002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2861", "title": "Twins discordant for 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "This case report describes twin sisters, one with rudimentary streak gonads and the other with normal ovarian function. Both siblings had normal 46, XX karyotypes, and zygosity testing indicated that they were identical twins. Discordance of identical twins for 46, XX pure gonadal dysgenesis suggests that environmental factors may be a causative factor in some of the karyotypically normal 46,XX forms of gonadal dysgenesis.", "contents": "Twins discordant for 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis. This case report describes twin sisters, one with rudimentary streak gonads and the other with normal ovarian function. Both siblings had normal 46, XX karyotypes, and zygosity testing indicated that they were identical twins. Discordance of identical twins for 46, XX pure gonadal dysgenesis suggests that environmental factors may be a causative factor in some of the karyotypically normal 46,XX forms of gonadal dysgenesis.", "PMID": 557003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2862", "title": "Paternal effects on the development of social behavior in Mus musculus.", "content": "In order to extend the determination and description of effects of the father's phenotype on the development of social behavior in male mice, we tested 24 males from each of 2 highly inbred strains of Mus musculus, A/J and C57BL/6J. Approximately 1 week before the birth of the subjects, we replaced natural fathers with a foster parent such that, within each strain, 8 subjects had preweaning experience with same-strain males, 8 with other-strain males, and 8 with same-strain females, in addition to their natural mothers. Observations of social behavior were conducted at 21, 50, and 60 days of age. The results showed effects of the foster parent's phenotype on the development of social exploration in both strains and, possibly, on agonistic behavior in C57BL/6J mice. The different effects in the 2 strains indicate mechanisms dependent on genotype.", "contents": "Paternal effects on the development of social behavior in Mus musculus. In order to extend the determination and description of effects of the father's phenotype on the development of social behavior in male mice, we tested 24 males from each of 2 highly inbred strains of Mus musculus, A/J and C57BL/6J. Approximately 1 week before the birth of the subjects, we replaced natural fathers with a foster parent such that, within each strain, 8 subjects had preweaning experience with same-strain males, 8 with other-strain males, and 8 with same-strain females, in addition to their natural mothers. Observations of social behavior were conducted at 21, 50, and 60 days of age. The results showed effects of the foster parent's phenotype on the development of social exploration in both strains and, possibly, on agonistic behavior in C57BL/6J mice. The different effects in the 2 strains indicate mechanisms dependent on genotype.", "PMID": 557012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2863", "title": "The binding of cations to the surfaces of cells from early chick blastoderms.", "content": "Cells of the early chick blastoderms are either preparing for or undergoing regulated morphogenetic movements which culminate in the formation of a three-layered embryo. Information on the changes in the physical-chemical properties of cell surfaces may help in the understanding of this process. The binding of magnesium, manganese, strontium, barium and lanthanum to surfaces of early embryonic cells was estimated by the changes induced by these cations in the cells' electrophoretic mobilities (EPM). Cells show a positive EPM at concentrations of MgCl2 and MnCl2 at 3 X 10(-2) M while SrCl2 and BaCl2 were not able to reverse the cells' charge at concentrations up to 6 X 10(-2) M. CaCl3 reversed the cells' EPM at concentrations as low as 5 X 10(-3) M. Our results suggest that the surfaces of early embryonic cells have a high affinity for Mg and Mn. This is indicated by a reversal of polarity which cannot be detected in cells of differentiating or adult tissues at the cation concentrations used in these experiments.", "contents": "The binding of cations to the surfaces of cells from early chick blastoderms. Cells of the early chick blastoderms are either preparing for or undergoing regulated morphogenetic movements which culminate in the formation of a three-layered embryo. Information on the changes in the physical-chemical properties of cell surfaces may help in the understanding of this process. The binding of magnesium, manganese, strontium, barium and lanthanum to surfaces of early embryonic cells was estimated by the changes induced by these cations in the cells' electrophoretic mobilities (EPM). Cells show a positive EPM at concentrations of MgCl2 and MnCl2 at 3 X 10(-2) M while SrCl2 and BaCl2 were not able to reverse the cells' charge at concentrations up to 6 X 10(-2) M. CaCl3 reversed the cells' EPM at concentrations as low as 5 X 10(-3) M. Our results suggest that the surfaces of early embryonic cells have a high affinity for Mg and Mn. This is indicated by a reversal of polarity which cannot be detected in cells of differentiating or adult tissues at the cation concentrations used in these experiments.", "PMID": 557013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2864", "title": "[Microsurgery in gynaecology: endocoagulation, a new method for operations in pelvic endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemostasis by high frequency current in the abdomen is too dangerous during pelvic endoscopy. Pelviscopy was therefore mainly a diagnostic procedure. Modern electronic coagulation instruments such as the Crocodile forceps and the point coagulator today permit the application of destructive heat without electrical risk for the patient in the peritoneal cavity. The electronic monitor for this coagulation instrument, the endocoagulator gives an optical and acoustical record of the coagulation temperature. The endocoagulation technique permits reorientation of gynaecological surgery to a new micorsurgical technique. Operations for sterilization the lysis of adhesions, the treatment of endometriosis and ovarian cysts in young people reduces the need for laparotomy by 40 to 50% when modern endocoagulation is used. Endocoagulation can now be recommended as routine technqiue for every pelvic endoscopic operation. In 2715 pelvic endoscopies, destructive heat was used in 47% of the cases and the complication rate was 1.3%.", "contents": "[Microsurgery in gynaecology: endocoagulation, a new method for operations in pelvic endoscopy (author's transl)]. Hemostasis by high frequency current in the abdomen is too dangerous during pelvic endoscopy. Pelviscopy was therefore mainly a diagnostic procedure. Modern electronic coagulation instruments such as the Crocodile forceps and the point coagulator today permit the application of destructive heat without electrical risk for the patient in the peritoneal cavity. The electronic monitor for this coagulation instrument, the endocoagulator gives an optical and acoustical record of the coagulation temperature. The endocoagulation technique permits reorientation of gynaecological surgery to a new micorsurgical technique. Operations for sterilization the lysis of adhesions, the treatment of endometriosis and ovarian cysts in young people reduces the need for laparotomy by 40 to 50% when modern endocoagulation is used. Endocoagulation can now be recommended as routine technqiue for every pelvic endoscopic operation. In 2715 pelvic endoscopies, destructive heat was used in 47% of the cases and the complication rate was 1.3%.", "PMID": 557014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2865", "title": "Concept of fibroblast aging in vitro: implications for cell biology.", "content": "Aging in vitro is defined as the progressive growth decline of mass populations of fibroblastlike cells leading to their eventual loss after serial subcultivations. Different species are compared in terms of the doubling potential of their fibroblasts in culture. A gradient like behavior is found with at one end species whose fibroblasts invariably die after a certain number of doublings and at the other end species yielding fibroblasts with infinite growth potential. The relationship of this phenomenon with cancer and aging is reviewed and discussed. The response of chicken, mouse and human fibroblasts to slow dose rate ionizing radiation fits with the relative positions of these species on the scale relating the probability of yielding fibroblastic populations with infinite life spans. This difference between fibroblastlike cultures is interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of repair mechanisms or of a repairable substrate. The growth potential of fibroblasts in vitro seems to be related to their susceptibility to viral, chemical and physical oncogenes, and could have important implications for the study of evolution.", "contents": "Concept of fibroblast aging in vitro: implications for cell biology. Aging in vitro is defined as the progressive growth decline of mass populations of fibroblastlike cells leading to their eventual loss after serial subcultivations. Different species are compared in terms of the doubling potential of their fibroblasts in culture. A gradient like behavior is found with at one end species whose fibroblasts invariably die after a certain number of doublings and at the other end species yielding fibroblasts with infinite growth potential. The relationship of this phenomenon with cancer and aging is reviewed and discussed. The response of chicken, mouse and human fibroblasts to slow dose rate ionizing radiation fits with the relative positions of these species on the scale relating the probability of yielding fibroblastic populations with infinite life spans. This difference between fibroblastlike cultures is interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of repair mechanisms or of a repairable substrate. The growth potential of fibroblasts in vitro seems to be related to their susceptibility to viral, chemical and physical oncogenes, and could have important implications for the study of evolution.", "PMID": 557015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2866", "title": "Effect of nutrient variations on growth and brefeldin A formation in Curvularia lunata.", "content": "The highest level of secreted brefeldin A was present in glucose-grown cultures, intermediate levels in glucose-fructose, and xylose cultures and low levels in fructose- and galactose-grown cultures of Curvularia lunata. The biomass decreased from glucose, fructose, xylose, glucose-fructose to galactose cultures. Brefeldin A levels and mycelial yields were low in citrate-, gluconate-, and succinate-grown cultures. Inorganic phosphate-limited cultures supported a high level of brefeldin A. Intermediate levels were present in trace elements-, and inorganic phosphate-trace elements-limited cultures.", "contents": "Effect of nutrient variations on growth and brefeldin A formation in Curvularia lunata. The highest level of secreted brefeldin A was present in glucose-grown cultures, intermediate levels in glucose-fructose, and xylose cultures and low levels in fructose- and galactose-grown cultures of Curvularia lunata. The biomass decreased from glucose, fructose, xylose, glucose-fructose to galactose cultures. Brefeldin A levels and mycelial yields were low in citrate-, gluconate-, and succinate-grown cultures. Inorganic phosphate-limited cultures supported a high level of brefeldin A. Intermediate levels were present in trace elements-, and inorganic phosphate-trace elements-limited cultures.", "PMID": 557020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2867", "title": "Conversion of ADP-ribose to 5'-AMP by alkaline treatment and its use for an optical quantitation of mono and poly(ADP-ribose) residues in the micromolar range.", "content": "ADP-Ribose is nearly quantitatively split to 5'-AMP by treatment with alkali at elevated temperatures. This unique behaviour, which is not shown by ADP and other adenine derivatives, was used as the basis of an optical test for the selective determination of ADPR in the presence of other adenine compounds including RNA. Poly(ADPR) could also be quantified when the polymer was degraded by poly(ADPR) glycohydrolase prior to alkaline treatment. When combined with the determination of the terminal AMP residues released by phosphodiesterase I treatment, the chain length of the polymer could be calculated. Application of the method to the quantitation of protein-bound mono(ADPR) residues in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells under different growth conditions is described.", "contents": "Conversion of ADP-ribose to 5'-AMP by alkaline treatment and its use for an optical quantitation of mono and poly(ADP-ribose) residues in the micromolar range. ADP-Ribose is nearly quantitatively split to 5'-AMP by treatment with alkali at elevated temperatures. This unique behaviour, which is not shown by ADP and other adenine derivatives, was used as the basis of an optical test for the selective determination of ADPR in the presence of other adenine compounds including RNA. Poly(ADPR) could also be quantified when the polymer was degraded by poly(ADPR) glycohydrolase prior to alkaline treatment. When combined with the determination of the terminal AMP residues released by phosphodiesterase I treatment, the chain length of the polymer could be calculated. Application of the method to the quantitation of protein-bound mono(ADPR) residues in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells under different growth conditions is described.", "PMID": 557024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2868", "title": "Medical treatment of the ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Prostaglandin administered by aortic infusion prevents ductus closure when this is desirable--as in term infants with pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonic stenosis--raising arterial oxygen tension to levels compatible with life. On the other hand, in prematures with persistent patency of the ductus, administering indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin sysnthesis, inducing closure, and can obviate surgery.", "contents": "Medical treatment of the ductus arteriosus. Prostaglandin administered by aortic infusion prevents ductus closure when this is desirable--as in term infants with pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonic stenosis--raising arterial oxygen tension to levels compatible with life. On the other hand, in prematures with persistent patency of the ductus, administering indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin sysnthesis, inducing closure, and can obviate surgery.", "PMID": 557025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2869", "title": "Molecular interactions between adriamycin and x-ray damage in mammalian tumor cells.", "content": "The effect of the anthracycline antibiotic, Adriamycin (Ad), on the sedimentation properties of pre-labelled mammalian DNA has been studied. Ad induces DNA degradation in vivo in both excision repair-competent (HeLa and Me-180) cells and in excision repair-deficient (REQ) cells. When X-irradiated cells are exposed to Ad during the period of repair of DNA single-strand breaks, small numbers of residual breaks persist following completion of repair. These are attributable to those induced by Ad alone. The effects of Ad and X-rays therefore appear to be similar and additive. No clear-cut evidence that Ad can inhibit the repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breakage was found. Ad also induced the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and inhibits the repair of X-ray-induced base damage (repair replication). The induction of DNA strand breakage may be responsible for Ad cell toxicity and may contribute to its capacity to enhance primary X-irradiation damage when the two types of lesions co-exist.", "contents": "Molecular interactions between adriamycin and x-ray damage in mammalian tumor cells. The effect of the anthracycline antibiotic, Adriamycin (Ad), on the sedimentation properties of pre-labelled mammalian DNA has been studied. Ad induces DNA degradation in vivo in both excision repair-competent (HeLa and Me-180) cells and in excision repair-deficient (REQ) cells. When X-irradiated cells are exposed to Ad during the period of repair of DNA single-strand breaks, small numbers of residual breaks persist following completion of repair. These are attributable to those induced by Ad alone. The effects of Ad and X-rays therefore appear to be similar and additive. No clear-cut evidence that Ad can inhibit the repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breakage was found. Ad also induced the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and inhibits the repair of X-ray-induced base damage (repair replication). The induction of DNA strand breakage may be responsible for Ad cell toxicity and may contribute to its capacity to enhance primary X-irradiation damage when the two types of lesions co-exist.", "PMID": 557027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2870", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy findings in osteogenesis imperfecta fetalis.", "content": "A case of osteogenesis imperfecta fetalis in a stillborn black male infant is described. Scanning electron microscopic studies of the skeleton showed normal intercartilaginous septa in the metaphyses of long bones, covered by uniform, calcifying globules 1 mum in diameter. In the diaphyses, however, the orientation of bone trabeculae was abnormal. The trabeculae were thin, with wide and densely packed osteocytic lacunae, and with more resorbing surfaces than in the control specimens. It is concluded that in osteogenesis imperfecta there is abnormal periosteal ossification, together with increased osteocytic resorption.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy findings in osteogenesis imperfecta fetalis. A case of osteogenesis imperfecta fetalis in a stillborn black male infant is described. Scanning electron microscopic studies of the skeleton showed normal intercartilaginous septa in the metaphyses of long bones, covered by uniform, calcifying globules 1 mum in diameter. In the diaphyses, however, the orientation of bone trabeculae was abnormal. The trabeculae were thin, with wide and densely packed osteocytic lacunae, and with more resorbing surfaces than in the control specimens. It is concluded that in osteogenesis imperfecta there is abnormal periosteal ossification, together with increased osteocytic resorption.", "PMID": 557029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2871", "title": "Pulmonary artery banding for ventricular septal defect in dogs and cats.", "content": "Five dogs and 1 cat had pulmonary artery banding for ventricular septal defect and congestive heart failure. An umbilical tape band constricted the pulmonary artery to one-third its original diameter, increased the right ventricular pressure, and decreased the left ot right shunt. Five animals had remission of clinical signs; 1 dog died of right ventricular failure due to a band that had been applied too tightly. The results indicated pulmonary artery banding is helpful in reduction of clinical signs, due to increased flow to the lungs from ventricular septal defect.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery banding for ventricular septal defect in dogs and cats. Five dogs and 1 cat had pulmonary artery banding for ventricular septal defect and congestive heart failure. An umbilical tape band constricted the pulmonary artery to one-third its original diameter, increased the right ventricular pressure, and decreased the left ot right shunt. Five animals had remission of clinical signs; 1 dog died of right ventricular failure due to a band that had been applied too tightly. The results indicated pulmonary artery banding is helpful in reduction of clinical signs, due to increased flow to the lungs from ventricular septal defect.", "PMID": 557030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2872", "title": "Streptomyces novoguineensis sp. Nov., an amipurimycin producer, and antimicrobial activity of amipurimycin.", "content": "A taxonomic study of Streptomyces strain T-36496, which produces an antibiotic effective against rice blast, revealed that it represented a new taxon and it was named Streptomyces novoguineensis sp. nov. The antibiotic, which was named amipurimycin, showed antifungal activity in vitro and considerable curative effect onleaf blast both in green house and field tests at concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 ppm. It was also effective against neck and panicle blast at the same concentration range.", "contents": "Streptomyces novoguineensis sp. Nov., an amipurimycin producer, and antimicrobial activity of amipurimycin. A taxonomic study of Streptomyces strain T-36496, which produces an antibiotic effective against rice blast, revealed that it represented a new taxon and it was named Streptomyces novoguineensis sp. nov. The antibiotic, which was named amipurimycin, showed antifungal activity in vitro and considerable curative effect onleaf blast both in green house and field tests at concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 ppm. It was also effective against neck and panicle blast at the same concentration range.", "PMID": 557031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2873", "title": "Suppression of amphotericin B methyl ester induced growth stimulation in intraspecific mouse somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), the chemically modified derivative of amphotericin B, induced a concentration-dependent growth stimulatory effect on B82 mouse cells as indicated by increased 24- and 72-hour viable cell number, growth rate and DNA and RNA synthesis. In contrast, AME was not growth promoting toward RAG mouse cells or B82-RAG somatic cell hybrids, while hybrid cells exhibited the increased AME resistance pattern of B82 parental cells. A dissociation between the phenotypic expression of growth stimulation and polyene sensitivity was demonstrated in intraspecific mouse hybrids.", "contents": "Suppression of amphotericin B methyl ester induced growth stimulation in intraspecific mouse somatic cell hybrids. Amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), the chemically modified derivative of amphotericin B, induced a concentration-dependent growth stimulatory effect on B82 mouse cells as indicated by increased 24- and 72-hour viable cell number, growth rate and DNA and RNA synthesis. In contrast, AME was not growth promoting toward RAG mouse cells or B82-RAG somatic cell hybrids, while hybrid cells exhibited the increased AME resistance pattern of B82 parental cells. A dissociation between the phenotypic expression of growth stimulation and polyene sensitivity was demonstrated in intraspecific mouse hybrids.", "PMID": 557032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2874", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of (2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-methylamino acetamido-epicillin and cephradine, and (2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-methylacetamido 6-APA.", "content": "Two new penicillins and a new cephalosporin have been synthesized by condensing 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with epicillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid and cephradine, and subsequently reducing the SCHIFF bases with NaBH4. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds are also described.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of (2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-methylamino acetamido-epicillin and cephradine, and (2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-methylacetamido 6-APA. Two new penicillins and a new cephalosporin have been synthesized by condensing 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with epicillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid and cephradine, and subsequently reducing the SCHIFF bases with NaBH4. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds are also described.", "PMID": 557033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2875", "title": "Changes in lung mechanics induced by acute isocapnic hypoxia.", "content": "We measured lung mechanics in seven healthy males during acute isocapnic hypoxia (PAO2 = 40-50 Torr; PACO2 = 38-42 Torr). Hypoxia was accompanied by increases in total lung capacity (mean increase +/- SD; 0.40 +/- 0.24 liters; P less than 0.005) functional residual capacity (0.34 +/- 0.25 liters; P less than 0.01) and residual volume (0.56 +/- 0.44 liters; P less than 0.02) in all subjects. Specific conductance of the lung decreased during hypoxia (P less than 0.02). The static deflation pressure-volume curve of the lung was shifted upward during hypoxia in all subjects. Resting end-expiratory recoil pressure of the lung was slightly, but not significantly lower during hypoxtic expiratory lung compliance was greater during hypoxia (0.39 +/- 0.04 l/cmH2O) than control measurements (0.31 +/- 0.05 l/cmH2O; P less than 0.005). No change was noted in dynamic lung compliance. All changes in lung mechanics were reversed within three minutes of reoxygenation. We conclude that acute isocapnic hypoxia increases total lung capacity in man and suggest that this may be due to the effect of hypoxia on the airways and pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "Changes in lung mechanics induced by acute isocapnic hypoxia. We measured lung mechanics in seven healthy males during acute isocapnic hypoxia (PAO2 = 40-50 Torr; PACO2 = 38-42 Torr). Hypoxia was accompanied by increases in total lung capacity (mean increase +/- SD; 0.40 +/- 0.24 liters; P less than 0.005) functional residual capacity (0.34 +/- 0.25 liters; P less than 0.01) and residual volume (0.56 +/- 0.44 liters; P less than 0.02) in all subjects. Specific conductance of the lung decreased during hypoxia (P less than 0.02). The static deflation pressure-volume curve of the lung was shifted upward during hypoxia in all subjects. Resting end-expiratory recoil pressure of the lung was slightly, but not significantly lower during hypoxtic expiratory lung compliance was greater during hypoxia (0.39 +/- 0.04 l/cmH2O) than control measurements (0.31 +/- 0.05 l/cmH2O; P less than 0.005). No change was noted in dynamic lung compliance. All changes in lung mechanics were reversed within three minutes of reoxygenation. We conclude that acute isocapnic hypoxia increases total lung capacity in man and suggest that this may be due to the effect of hypoxia on the airways and pulmonary circulation.", "PMID": 557034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2876", "title": "Detection of low-level carbadox residues in animal feeds by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is capable of detecting from 1 to 0.024 ppm methyl 3-(2-quinoxalinyl-methylene)carbazate-N1,N4-dioxide (carbadox). Carbadox is extracted from the feed with 2% NH4OH in acetone, passed through a liquid-liquid partition, subjected to HPLC, and detected by using a 365 nm detector. No feed materials or other active drug ingredients produced false positive results.", "contents": "Detection of low-level carbadox residues in animal feeds by high pressure liquid chromatography. The high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is capable of detecting from 1 to 0.024 ppm methyl 3-(2-quinoxalinyl-methylene)carbazate-N1,N4-dioxide (carbadox). Carbadox is extracted from the feed with 2% NH4OH in acetone, passed through a liquid-liquid partition, subjected to HPLC, and detected by using a 365 nm detector. No feed materials or other active drug ingredients produced false positive results.", "PMID": 557035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2877", "title": "A soybean trypsin inhibitor. Crystallization and x-ray crystallographic study.", "content": "Five trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitors which have low molecular weights (ranging from 6800 to 8600) and are present in soybean seeds of the Tracy variety have been isolated and purified, and single crystals which give x-ray diffraction data beyond 3-A spacings have been obtained from one of them. The trypsin inhibitor crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell of symmetry P2(1) and dimensions a = 25.919(7) A, b = 43.23(1) A, c = 19.905(5) A, and beta = 103.63(2) degrees. The assymmetric unit contains 1 molecule of molecular weight 6800. The crystal, which has been found to be unusually stable to x-radiation, has solvent content of approximately 26% by volume.", "contents": "A soybean trypsin inhibitor. Crystallization and x-ray crystallographic study. Five trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitors which have low molecular weights (ranging from 6800 to 8600) and are present in soybean seeds of the Tracy variety have been isolated and purified, and single crystals which give x-ray diffraction data beyond 3-A spacings have been obtained from one of them. The trypsin inhibitor crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell of symmetry P2(1) and dimensions a = 25.919(7) A, b = 43.23(1) A, c = 19.905(5) A, and beta = 103.63(2) degrees. The assymmetric unit contains 1 molecule of molecular weight 6800. The crystal, which has been found to be unusually stable to x-radiation, has solvent content of approximately 26% by volume.", "PMID": 557036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2878", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a component of the surface sheath of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Aggregates of Dictyostelium discoideum are surrounded by a surface sheath which functions to maintain polarity and integrity during development. We have isolated and partially characterized a component of the surface sheath. It is composed of 60% cellulose, 15% protein, 3% heteropolysaccharide (heteropolymer), 5% lipid, and 1% sulfate when isolated from migrating slugs. The sheath, isolated from aggregates prior to tip formation, has less protein, a different heteropolymer, and cellulose of a lower crystallinity than the sheath of migrating slugs. The increase in crystallinity of the cellulose during development may be important in determining the strength of the surface sheath.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a component of the surface sheath of Dictyostelium discoideum. Aggregates of Dictyostelium discoideum are surrounded by a surface sheath which functions to maintain polarity and integrity during development. We have isolated and partially characterized a component of the surface sheath. It is composed of 60% cellulose, 15% protein, 3% heteropolysaccharide (heteropolymer), 5% lipid, and 1% sulfate when isolated from migrating slugs. The sheath, isolated from aggregates prior to tip formation, has less protein, a different heteropolymer, and cellulose of a lower crystallinity than the sheath of migrating slugs. The increase in crystallinity of the cellulose during development may be important in determining the strength of the surface sheath.", "PMID": 557037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2879", "title": "Mechanism of action of uridine diphoglucose dehydrogenase. Evidence for an essential lysine residue at the active site.", "content": "The oxidation of UDP-glucose by the enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) from beef liver has been shown to proceed via the enzyme-bound intermediate, UDP-alpha-D-glyco-hexodialdose. The enzyme does not release this aldehyde, nor can it be trapped by reaction with hydroxylamine, thiosemicarbazide, or cyanide. Tight binding of the intermediate aldehyde can be explained by the recent observation that the essential thiol group of the enzyme forms a thiohemiacetal with the aldehyde during the course of the reaction. However, an enzyme preparation with the essential thiol derivatized with cyanide will still not release the aldehyde, indicating an additional as yet unknown binding mechanism. Derivatization ([14C]formaldehyde, followed by NaBH4 reduction) of 6 of the approximately 168 lysine residues per enzyme molecule (of six catalytic subunits) results in destruction of 47% of the enzyme activity, suggesting the involvement of an essential reactive lysine in the mechanism. Preincubation of the enzyme with UDP-glucose decreases both the loss of activity and incorporation of the label, indicating that this lysine is in the vicinity of the active site. Acid hydrolysis of the labeled preparation, followed by paper chromatography, shows that the label has a mobility, in the system used, that is identical with lysine. Elution of this spot followed by chromatography on Aminex A-5 resin showed that it contained the expected mixture of epsilon-N-methyl lysines. When enzyme that has its essential thiol derivatized with cyanide is incubated with UDP-[14C]glucose and NAD+, and then reduced with NaB3H4, a stable enzyme complex is formed which contains both labels. Acid hydrolysis of this preparation, followed by either two-dimensional paper chromatography or separation in an amino acid analyzer, results in both labels appearing in the position of lysine. It is evident that the enzyme oxidizes the UDP-[14C]glucose to the corresponding aldehyde which occurs as the Schiff's base with an essential lysine. This is then reduced by the NaB3H4 to form a secondary amine which is stable toward hydrolysis and migrates with lysine in separation procedures. As would be predicted, the enzyme can be similarly labeled by treatment with UDP-alpha-D-gluco-hexodisidose alone, followed by NaB3H4 reduction. The same hydrolysis product results from this procedure, and it behaves identically with the product formed by treating alpha-N-acetyl lysine with UDP-alpha-D-gluco-hexodialdose, reducing with NaBH4, and then hydrolyzing. This substance appears to be N5-((5-formyl-2-furanyl)methyl)lysine. When chromatographed on Aminex A-5, both the model compound and enzyme hydrolysate gave peaks corresponding to free lysine and the proposed derivative. Evidence is presented that the oxidation of UDP-glucose to the aldehyde is a concerted reaction involving the formation of the Schiff's base, rather than the formation of the aldehyde with the subsequent formation of the Schiff's base...", "contents": "Mechanism of action of uridine diphoglucose dehydrogenase. Evidence for an essential lysine residue at the active site. The oxidation of UDP-glucose by the enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) from beef liver has been shown to proceed via the enzyme-bound intermediate, UDP-alpha-D-glyco-hexodialdose. The enzyme does not release this aldehyde, nor can it be trapped by reaction with hydroxylamine, thiosemicarbazide, or cyanide. Tight binding of the intermediate aldehyde can be explained by the recent observation that the essential thiol group of the enzyme forms a thiohemiacetal with the aldehyde during the course of the reaction. However, an enzyme preparation with the essential thiol derivatized with cyanide will still not release the aldehyde, indicating an additional as yet unknown binding mechanism. Derivatization ([14C]formaldehyde, followed by NaBH4 reduction) of 6 of the approximately 168 lysine residues per enzyme molecule (of six catalytic subunits) results in destruction of 47% of the enzyme activity, suggesting the involvement of an essential reactive lysine in the mechanism. Preincubation of the enzyme with UDP-glucose decreases both the loss of activity and incorporation of the label, indicating that this lysine is in the vicinity of the active site. Acid hydrolysis of the labeled preparation, followed by paper chromatography, shows that the label has a mobility, in the system used, that is identical with lysine. Elution of this spot followed by chromatography on Aminex A-5 resin showed that it contained the expected mixture of epsilon-N-methyl lysines. When enzyme that has its essential thiol derivatized with cyanide is incubated with UDP-[14C]glucose and NAD+, and then reduced with NaB3H4, a stable enzyme complex is formed which contains both labels. Acid hydrolysis of this preparation, followed by either two-dimensional paper chromatography or separation in an amino acid analyzer, results in both labels appearing in the position of lysine. It is evident that the enzyme oxidizes the UDP-[14C]glucose to the corresponding aldehyde which occurs as the Schiff's base with an essential lysine. This is then reduced by the NaB3H4 to form a secondary amine which is stable toward hydrolysis and migrates with lysine in separation procedures. As would be predicted, the enzyme can be similarly labeled by treatment with UDP-alpha-D-gluco-hexodisidose alone, followed by NaB3H4 reduction. The same hydrolysis product results from this procedure, and it behaves identically with the product formed by treating alpha-N-acetyl lysine with UDP-alpha-D-gluco-hexodialdose, reducing with NaBH4, and then hydrolyzing. This substance appears to be N5-((5-formyl-2-furanyl)methyl)lysine. When chromatographed on Aminex A-5, both the model compound and enzyme hydrolysate gave peaks corresponding to free lysine and the proposed derivative. Evidence is presented that the oxidation of UDP-glucose to the aldehyde is a concerted reaction involving the formation of the Schiff's base, rather than the formation of the aldehyde with the subsequent formation of the Schiff's base...", "PMID": 557038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2880", "title": "Prostaglandin production by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3. Requirement for protein synthesis.", "content": "Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in transformed mouse fibroblasts by serum, thrombin, and bradykinin was blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. These RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors did not affect prostaglandin synthetase in vitro or in vivo; nor did they affect the acylation of arachidonic acid into phospholipids. Serum-stimulated release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins from [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled cells also was inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. RNA and protein synthesis appear to be required for expression of phospholipase activity; a prerequisite for prostaglandin synthesis by these cells.", "contents": "Prostaglandin production by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3. Requirement for protein synthesis. Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in transformed mouse fibroblasts by serum, thrombin, and bradykinin was blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. These RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors did not affect prostaglandin synthetase in vitro or in vivo; nor did they affect the acylation of arachidonic acid into phospholipids. Serum-stimulated release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins from [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled cells also was inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. RNA and protein synthesis appear to be required for expression of phospholipase activity; a prerequisite for prostaglandin synthesis by these cells.", "PMID": 557039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2881", "title": "Studies on mitochondrial structure and function in Physarum polycephalum. V. Behaviour of mitochondrial nucleoids throughout mitochondrial division cycle.", "content": "The fine structure of mitochondria and mitochondrial nucleoids in exponentially growing Physarum polycephalum was studied at various periods throughout the mitochondrial division cycle by light and electron microscopy. The mitochondrial nucleoid elongates lingitudinally while the mitochondrion increases in size. When the nucleoid reaches a length of approximately 1.5 mum the mitochondrial membrane invaginates at the center of the mitochondrion and separates the mitochondrial contents. However, the nucleoid does not divide even when the mitochondrial sections are connected by a very narrow bridge. Just before division of the mitochondrion, the nucleoid divides by constriction of the limiting membrane of the dividing mitochondrion. After division, one end of the nucleoid appears to be associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The nucleoid then again becomes situated in the center of the mitochondrion before repeating these same processes.", "contents": "Studies on mitochondrial structure and function in Physarum polycephalum. V. Behaviour of mitochondrial nucleoids throughout mitochondrial division cycle. The fine structure of mitochondria and mitochondrial nucleoids in exponentially growing Physarum polycephalum was studied at various periods throughout the mitochondrial division cycle by light and electron microscopy. The mitochondrial nucleoid elongates lingitudinally while the mitochondrion increases in size. When the nucleoid reaches a length of approximately 1.5 mum the mitochondrial membrane invaginates at the center of the mitochondrion and separates the mitochondrial contents. However, the nucleoid does not divide even when the mitochondrial sections are connected by a very narrow bridge. Just before division of the mitochondrion, the nucleoid divides by constriction of the limiting membrane of the dividing mitochondrion. After division, one end of the nucleoid appears to be associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The nucleoid then again becomes situated in the center of the mitochondrion before repeating these same processes.", "PMID": 557040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2882", "title": "Induction of pinocytosis in rat hepatocytes by partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Rat hepatocytes, normally not highly pinocytic cells, becomes so after partial hepatectomy when about two-thirds of the liver is removed. Droplets, up to 20 mum in diameter, develop, initially by addition to smaller pinocytic structures and later by fusion with lysosomes. The droplets contain a material with an electron microscope periodicity characteristic of fibrin; they are periodic acid Schiff-positive as is plasma. It is therefore reasonable to consider plasma glycoproteins to be major components of the droplets. The droplets are at all times membrane delimited, an observation possible only after perfusion fixation. The droplets are positive for three lysosomal hydrolases identified cytochemically: acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase. From light and electron microscopy it is evident that these activities are acquired by fusion with lysosomes, mostly autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies both of which become very numerous after partial hepatectomy. Pinocytic structures are seen relatively infrequently in the hepatocytes of normal rats but a great many are present after partial hepatectomy. They are most easily observed if horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is intravenously injected before sacrifice and sections are incubated for HRP cytochemistry. The low dose of HRP employed (10 mg/100 g body weight) does not induce pinocytosis in controls, either untreated rats or rats subjected to laparotomy, including palpation of the liver. However, in partially hepatectomized rats even a much smaller dose of intravenous HRP (3.3 mg/100 g) visualizes the pinocytic structures in hepatocytes (coated vesicles, channels, cuplike bodies, and droplets). Kupffer cells pinocytose much HRP in both control and partially hepatectomized rats.", "contents": "Induction of pinocytosis in rat hepatocytes by partial hepatectomy. Rat hepatocytes, normally not highly pinocytic cells, becomes so after partial hepatectomy when about two-thirds of the liver is removed. Droplets, up to 20 mum in diameter, develop, initially by addition to smaller pinocytic structures and later by fusion with lysosomes. The droplets contain a material with an electron microscope periodicity characteristic of fibrin; they are periodic acid Schiff-positive as is plasma. It is therefore reasonable to consider plasma glycoproteins to be major components of the droplets. The droplets are at all times membrane delimited, an observation possible only after perfusion fixation. The droplets are positive for three lysosomal hydrolases identified cytochemically: acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase. From light and electron microscopy it is evident that these activities are acquired by fusion with lysosomes, mostly autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies both of which become very numerous after partial hepatectomy. Pinocytic structures are seen relatively infrequently in the hepatocytes of normal rats but a great many are present after partial hepatectomy. They are most easily observed if horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is intravenously injected before sacrifice and sections are incubated for HRP cytochemistry. The low dose of HRP employed (10 mg/100 g body weight) does not induce pinocytosis in controls, either untreated rats or rats subjected to laparotomy, including palpation of the liver. However, in partially hepatectomized rats even a much smaller dose of intravenous HRP (3.3 mg/100 g) visualizes the pinocytic structures in hepatocytes (coated vesicles, channels, cuplike bodies, and droplets). Kupffer cells pinocytose much HRP in both control and partially hepatectomized rats.", "PMID": 557041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2883", "title": "[A new type of flagellar structure. Type 9+n].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the Eoacanthocephala sperm cell shows a variation from 0 to 5 in the number of the axial fibers in the axoneme. All the species of the order Eoacanthocephala available to us show this variation; moreover, every individual possesses simultaneously several different structural types. So, we are dealing with a new flagellar organization: 9+n, with 0 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 5. In the Quadrigyridae and the Tenuisentidae families, n varies from 0 to 4, with a maximum of 2 for most individuals, exceptionally at 1 for some individuals. In the Neoechinorhynchidae family, n varies from 0 to 5 with a conspicuous prevalence of 3 (from 84 to 99%, according to the individual). These results prompted us to reexamine the two other orders of Acanthocephala in which the structural types 9+2 or 9+0 have been considered as fixed. Indeed, we have found a few flagella the structure of which is different from the prevalent one. It seems, therefore, that the number of the central fibers of the axoneme in the Acanthocephala sperm cell is never absolutely fixed.", "contents": "[A new type of flagellar structure. Type 9+n]. The ultrastructural study of the Eoacanthocephala sperm cell shows a variation from 0 to 5 in the number of the axial fibers in the axoneme. All the species of the order Eoacanthocephala available to us show this variation; moreover, every individual possesses simultaneously several different structural types. So, we are dealing with a new flagellar organization: 9+n, with 0 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 5. In the Quadrigyridae and the Tenuisentidae families, n varies from 0 to 4, with a maximum of 2 for most individuals, exceptionally at 1 for some individuals. In the Neoechinorhynchidae family, n varies from 0 to 5 with a conspicuous prevalence of 3 (from 84 to 99%, according to the individual). These results prompted us to reexamine the two other orders of Acanthocephala in which the structural types 9+2 or 9+0 have been considered as fixed. Indeed, we have found a few flagella the structure of which is different from the prevalent one. It seems, therefore, that the number of the central fibers of the axoneme in the Acanthocephala sperm cell is never absolutely fixed.", "PMID": 557042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2884", "title": "Polarity of actin filaments at the initial stage of myofibril assembly in myogenic cells in vitro.", "content": "The polarity of thin filaments in relation to thick filaments in developing muscle cells in vitro was investigated. The majority of thin filaments exhibited the right polarity and spatial position similar to that seen in mature myofibrils. It appears that the interaction between thick and thin filaments exists in the initial phases of myofibrillogenesis. Cortical microfilaments are found to have their polarities arranged randomly.", "contents": "Polarity of actin filaments at the initial stage of myofibril assembly in myogenic cells in vitro. The polarity of thin filaments in relation to thick filaments in developing muscle cells in vitro was investigated. The majority of thin filaments exhibited the right polarity and spatial position similar to that seen in mature myofibrils. It appears that the interaction between thick and thin filaments exists in the initial phases of myofibrillogenesis. Cortical microfilaments are found to have their polarities arranged randomly.", "PMID": 557043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2885", "title": "Glycoprotein synthesis in a temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cell cycle mutant.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Chinese hamster cells is described which has two interesting properties: (1) it is a cell cycle mutant and (2) glycoprotein synthesis appears to be affected at the at the non-permissive temerature (40degreesC). Synchronized cells shifed to 40degreesC in the beginning of their G1 phase do not incorporate [3H]-thymidine into DNA during the expected S-phase, but once DNA synthesis has been initiated ( approximately 10 hours after termination of serum starvation) a shift to 40 degrees C no longer leads to an arrest of DNA synthesis. Flow microfluorimetric analysis of DNA content/cell supports this conclusion and indicates that a majority of cells become arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when a non-synchronized population of cells is transferred to 40degreesC. Apparently at all times in the cell cycle there is a drastic reduction if incorporation of labeled sugars (particularly fucose) into glycoproteins. The uptake of fucose and its conversion to GDP-fucose appears to be normal at 40degreesC. Chromatographic analysis indicates that all classes of glycoproteins are affected, and we do not find any evidence for partially completed oligosaccharides at 40 degrees C. Overall protein synthesis is not reduced at he nonpermissive temperature during the time interval under consideration and the number of polysomes attached to membranes (RER) is also normal at 40degreesC. This suggests that the defect is at an early step in the synthesis or regulation of synthesis of glycoproteins. The mutation is a recessive mutation in hybrid cells and mutagen induced revertants can be obtained which grow normally at 40degreesC and in which glycoprotein synthesis at 40 degrees C is restored to normal, wild type levels.", "contents": "Glycoprotein synthesis in a temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cell cycle mutant. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Chinese hamster cells is described which has two interesting properties: (1) it is a cell cycle mutant and (2) glycoprotein synthesis appears to be affected at the at the non-permissive temerature (40degreesC). Synchronized cells shifed to 40degreesC in the beginning of their G1 phase do not incorporate [3H]-thymidine into DNA during the expected S-phase, but once DNA synthesis has been initiated ( approximately 10 hours after termination of serum starvation) a shift to 40 degrees C no longer leads to an arrest of DNA synthesis. Flow microfluorimetric analysis of DNA content/cell supports this conclusion and indicates that a majority of cells become arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when a non-synchronized population of cells is transferred to 40degreesC. Apparently at all times in the cell cycle there is a drastic reduction if incorporation of labeled sugars (particularly fucose) into glycoproteins. The uptake of fucose and its conversion to GDP-fucose appears to be normal at 40degreesC. Chromatographic analysis indicates that all classes of glycoproteins are affected, and we do not find any evidence for partially completed oligosaccharides at 40 degrees C. Overall protein synthesis is not reduced at he nonpermissive temperature during the time interval under consideration and the number of polysomes attached to membranes (RER) is also normal at 40degreesC. This suggests that the defect is at an early step in the synthesis or regulation of synthesis of glycoproteins. The mutation is a recessive mutation in hybrid cells and mutagen induced revertants can be obtained which grow normally at 40degreesC and in which glycoprotein synthesis at 40 degrees C is restored to normal, wild type levels.", "PMID": 557044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2886", "title": "Serum-stimulated phosphate uptake and initiation of fibroblast proliferation.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that initiation of proliferation of density-inhibited fibroblasts by fresh serum is accompanied by a rapid increase in phosphate uptake. This increase might be a key event in the initiation of DNA synthesis. The present studies examined this possibility. Mouse 3T3, secondary chick embryo, or human diploid foreskin cultures were grown to quiescence in medium containing varying levels of serum. When proliferation of the cultures was initiated by addition of fresh serum, the changes in phosphate uptake were inversely related to the final increases in cell number. Additional experiments showed that the change in phosphate uptake following serum addition was determined by the level of phosphate uptake prior to serum addition. Addition of dexamethasone to quiescent 3T3 cultures caused them to proliferate but did not increase phosphate uptake. Similarly, trypsin or insulin stimulated proliferation of quiescent secondary chick embryo cultures, but caused little or no change in phosphate uptake. Quiescent 3T3 cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and reduced levels of phosphate showed a decrease in both phosphate uptake and intracellular phosphate pool size. Cell proliferation in these cultures, however, was stimulated to the same degree as cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and the normal amount of phosphate. In addition, quiescent secondary chick embryo cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and no phosphate showed a decrease in the intracellular phosphate pool size. Thymidine incorporation and final cell number in these cultures, however, was stimulated to the same or higher degree than in cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and the normal amount of phosphate. These results demonstrate that the rapid increase in phosphate uptake following addition of fresh serum to quiescent fibroblasts is not a necessary event for the initiation of proliferation.", "contents": "Serum-stimulated phosphate uptake and initiation of fibroblast proliferation. Previous studies have shown that initiation of proliferation of density-inhibited fibroblasts by fresh serum is accompanied by a rapid increase in phosphate uptake. This increase might be a key event in the initiation of DNA synthesis. The present studies examined this possibility. Mouse 3T3, secondary chick embryo, or human diploid foreskin cultures were grown to quiescence in medium containing varying levels of serum. When proliferation of the cultures was initiated by addition of fresh serum, the changes in phosphate uptake were inversely related to the final increases in cell number. Additional experiments showed that the change in phosphate uptake following serum addition was determined by the level of phosphate uptake prior to serum addition. Addition of dexamethasone to quiescent 3T3 cultures caused them to proliferate but did not increase phosphate uptake. Similarly, trypsin or insulin stimulated proliferation of quiescent secondary chick embryo cultures, but caused little or no change in phosphate uptake. Quiescent 3T3 cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and reduced levels of phosphate showed a decrease in both phosphate uptake and intracellular phosphate pool size. Cell proliferation in these cultures, however, was stimulated to the same degree as cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and the normal amount of phosphate. In addition, quiescent secondary chick embryo cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and no phosphate showed a decrease in the intracellular phosphate pool size. Thymidine incorporation and final cell number in these cultures, however, was stimulated to the same or higher degree than in cultures switched to medium containing fresh serum and the normal amount of phosphate. These results demonstrate that the rapid increase in phosphate uptake following addition of fresh serum to quiescent fibroblasts is not a necessary event for the initiation of proliferation.", "PMID": 557045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2887", "title": "Production of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from serotonin by cultured endothelial cells.", "content": "Endothelial cells cells from bovine aorta and human umbilical vein and fibroblasts from human foreskin were cultured and subsequently evaluated for ability to metabolize serotonin (5-HT) to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Cells were incubated for three hours with 4 X 10(-6) M [14C] 5-HT creatinine sulfate. [14C] 5-HIAA was separated from labeled 5-HT by column chromatography and measured for scintillation counting. Production of 5-HIAA by bovine aorta cells was 39.0+/-7.5 (S.E.M., n=6) nmoles per 10(9) cells per hour. Production of 5-HIAA was markedly inhibited by the presence of 10(-4) M iproniazid (an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase) or 10(-4) M imipramine (an inhibitor of amine transport). 5-HIAA was the only product of 5-HT metabolism detected by thin layer chromatography. Production of 5-HIAA by human umbilical vein endothelial cells was 5.4+/-2.0 nmoles per 10(9) cells per hour (n=5) and by human foreskin fibroblasts was 3.9+/-1.4 nmoles per 10(9) cells per hour (n=5). The results obtained during incubation in the presence and absence of inhibitors indicate that bovine aorta endothelial cells maintained in tissue culture are able to transport serotonin with subsequent production of 5-HIAA. By contrast, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fibroblasts exhibited relatively low rates of 5-HT uptake and metabolism.", "contents": "Production of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from serotonin by cultured endothelial cells. Endothelial cells cells from bovine aorta and human umbilical vein and fibroblasts from human foreskin were cultured and subsequently evaluated for ability to metabolize serotonin (5-HT) to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Cells were incubated for three hours with 4 X 10(-6) M [14C] 5-HT creatinine sulfate. [14C] 5-HIAA was separated from labeled 5-HT by column chromatography and measured for scintillation counting. Production of 5-HIAA by bovine aorta cells was 39.0+/-7.5 (S.E.M., n=6) nmoles per 10(9) cells per hour. Production of 5-HIAA was markedly inhibited by the presence of 10(-4) M iproniazid (an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase) or 10(-4) M imipramine (an inhibitor of amine transport). 5-HIAA was the only product of 5-HT metabolism detected by thin layer chromatography. Production of 5-HIAA by human umbilical vein endothelial cells was 5.4+/-2.0 nmoles per 10(9) cells per hour (n=5) and by human foreskin fibroblasts was 3.9+/-1.4 nmoles per 10(9) cells per hour (n=5). The results obtained during incubation in the presence and absence of inhibitors indicate that bovine aorta endothelial cells maintained in tissue culture are able to transport serotonin with subsequent production of 5-HIAA. By contrast, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fibroblasts exhibited relatively low rates of 5-HT uptake and metabolism.", "PMID": 557046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2888", "title": "Differential effects of inhibitors of cell division upon the growth stimulating activities of insulin and serum in nutritionally depleted human and mouse cells.", "content": "Cultured mouse and human cells were arrested in their growth by artificially depriving them of phosphate. The quiescent cells could be stimulated to synthesize DNA and to divide by addition to the growth medium of insulin, dialyzed serum and/or the full concentration of phosphate. In order to gain insight into mechanisms by which insulin and serum stimulate growth, the inhibitory effects of antimitotic agents were examined. Of the inhibitors tested, vinblastine and cytocalasin B abolished the growth promoting activity of insulin, while colchicine inhibited the activity of both serum and insulin. The present results suggest that insulin-stimulated growth is meciated by a different path way than serum-stimulated growth and is sensitive to mechanisms that occur at various times prior to insulin addition.", "contents": "Differential effects of inhibitors of cell division upon the growth stimulating activities of insulin and serum in nutritionally depleted human and mouse cells. Cultured mouse and human cells were arrested in their growth by artificially depriving them of phosphate. The quiescent cells could be stimulated to synthesize DNA and to divide by addition to the growth medium of insulin, dialyzed serum and/or the full concentration of phosphate. In order to gain insight into mechanisms by which insulin and serum stimulate growth, the inhibitory effects of antimitotic agents were examined. Of the inhibitors tested, vinblastine and cytocalasin B abolished the growth promoting activity of insulin, while colchicine inhibited the activity of both serum and insulin. The present results suggest that insulin-stimulated growth is meciated by a different path way than serum-stimulated growth and is sensitive to mechanisms that occur at various times prior to insulin addition.", "PMID": 557047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2889", "title": "The effects of biotin and fatty acids on SV3T3 cell growth in the presence of normal calf serum.", "content": "The growth of SV3T3 cells in medium containing a low concentration (0.20% v/v) of normal calf serum is enhanced by the addition of biotin or certain unsaturated fatty acids. The biotin effect on the final viable cell density is 5- to 10-fold over the control and is extremely potent, exerting a saturating response at a a concentration of approximately 200 pg/ml. The optimal growth response observed with fatty acids in 5-fold over the control and requires the combination of nervonic acid, palmitoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. The fatty acids are probably not replacing the function of biotin since these two substances are additive in their growth effects.", "contents": "The effects of biotin and fatty acids on SV3T3 cell growth in the presence of normal calf serum. The growth of SV3T3 cells in medium containing a low concentration (0.20% v/v) of normal calf serum is enhanced by the addition of biotin or certain unsaturated fatty acids. The biotin effect on the final viable cell density is 5- to 10-fold over the control and is extremely potent, exerting a saturating response at a a concentration of approximately 200 pg/ml. The optimal growth response observed with fatty acids in 5-fold over the control and requires the combination of nervonic acid, palmitoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. The fatty acids are probably not replacing the function of biotin since these two substances are additive in their growth effects.", "PMID": 557048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2890", "title": "Secondary activities of diverse inhibitors potentiate the response of hamster embryo cultures to a mitotic stimulus.", "content": "The reversal of the density dependent inhibition of replication (DDIR) of Syrian hamster embryo cultures by fresh medium containg 30-50% fetal bovine serum was poorly synchronized. There were two waves of DNA synthesis eight to nine hours apart, which by examination of autoradiograms of cultures pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine, were found to involve 55% and 45% of the cell population. The second wave was found to be due to a subpopulation of epithelioid cells set in the predominantly fibroblastic cell cultures. Pretreatment of the DDIR cultures with hydroxyurea (HU) or arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C), followed by serum stimulation in the absence of the drugs, led to an enhancement of the synchrony. The effect increased with lengthening of the contact with antimetabolites, to a maximum after 20 hours' pre-exposure, and was in part due to the shortening of the GI phase of the epithelioid elements, and in part to increasing the synchrony of the fibroblastic cells. The resulting synchrony involved some 95% of the cells in simultaneous DNA synthesis after a median Gl period of 12 hours. The effect had no relationship to the role of HU and ara-C as specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis since the cultures were mitotically quiescent, and a similar enhanced response could be induced in DDIR cultures by prestimulation exposure lasting only two hours to cycloheximide (cyx), an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Pre-exposure of DDIR cultures to actinomycin D did not potentiate the cell response. A survey of the known secondary inhibitions caused by these three antimetabolites suggests that they all may cause deficiencies in the glycolipid or glycoprotein moieties of the cell surface. These observation provide a use ful, simple means of improving synchrony in these systems and may prove to be a useful probe for investigating the role of the cell surface in regulating cell replication.", "contents": "Secondary activities of diverse inhibitors potentiate the response of hamster embryo cultures to a mitotic stimulus. The reversal of the density dependent inhibition of replication (DDIR) of Syrian hamster embryo cultures by fresh medium containg 30-50% fetal bovine serum was poorly synchronized. There were two waves of DNA synthesis eight to nine hours apart, which by examination of autoradiograms of cultures pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine, were found to involve 55% and 45% of the cell population. The second wave was found to be due to a subpopulation of epithelioid cells set in the predominantly fibroblastic cell cultures. Pretreatment of the DDIR cultures with hydroxyurea (HU) or arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C), followed by serum stimulation in the absence of the drugs, led to an enhancement of the synchrony. The effect increased with lengthening of the contact with antimetabolites, to a maximum after 20 hours' pre-exposure, and was in part due to the shortening of the GI phase of the epithelioid elements, and in part to increasing the synchrony of the fibroblastic cells. The resulting synchrony involved some 95% of the cells in simultaneous DNA synthesis after a median Gl period of 12 hours. The effect had no relationship to the role of HU and ara-C as specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis since the cultures were mitotically quiescent, and a similar enhanced response could be induced in DDIR cultures by prestimulation exposure lasting only two hours to cycloheximide (cyx), an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Pre-exposure of DDIR cultures to actinomycin D did not potentiate the cell response. A survey of the known secondary inhibitions caused by these three antimetabolites suggests that they all may cause deficiencies in the glycolipid or glycoprotein moieties of the cell surface. These observation provide a use ful, simple means of improving synchrony in these systems and may prove to be a useful probe for investigating the role of the cell surface in regulating cell replication.", "PMID": 557049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2891", "title": "Replication kinetics of three DNA sequence families in synchronized mouse cells.", "content": "Balb/C3T3 cells entered the quiescent Go state following serum deprivation. On addition of fresh serum, more than 95% of the culture resumed growth, but with asynchronous kinetics. If hydroxyurea were added just before the first cells reached S phase, at at least 90% of the cells accumulated at the Gl/S border over the next ten hours. When the block was removed, the culture moved synchronously into S phase. As the cells traversed S, the replication kinetics of three classes of rapidly renaturing DNA were analyzed. Main band highly repeated DNA and foldback DNA replicated continuously, In contrast, satellite DNA replication did not commence until three hours into S, whereupon its rate of synthesis increased ver rapidly, reaching a maximum with the next two hours. These results are discussed in the light of earlier work utilizing other methods of cell synchronization.", "contents": "Replication kinetics of three DNA sequence families in synchronized mouse cells. Balb/C3T3 cells entered the quiescent Go state following serum deprivation. On addition of fresh serum, more than 95% of the culture resumed growth, but with asynchronous kinetics. If hydroxyurea were added just before the first cells reached S phase, at at least 90% of the cells accumulated at the Gl/S border over the next ten hours. When the block was removed, the culture moved synchronously into S phase. As the cells traversed S, the replication kinetics of three classes of rapidly renaturing DNA were analyzed. Main band highly repeated DNA and foldback DNA replicated continuously, In contrast, satellite DNA replication did not commence until three hours into S, whereupon its rate of synthesis increased ver rapidly, reaching a maximum with the next two hours. These results are discussed in the light of earlier work utilizing other methods of cell synchronization.", "PMID": 557050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2892", "title": "Altered morphology and increased cell adhesiveness of chinese hamster ovary cells cultured on fibrin.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells cultivated on fibrin exhibited different characteristic from cells growing on plastic. While sparsely plated cells on plastic dishes had an epithelioid morphology, cells on fibrin assumed a round shape and then converted to a stretched form with protruded processes that increased with cell density. Within a few days, cells fibrinolysed adjacent fibrin and returned to the morphology seen in plastic dishes. When fibrinolysis was inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), cells continued to grow on the fibrin for a longer period and showed dense, criss-crossed fibroblast-type congestion. Whereas, cells on plastic maintained pavement-like epitheloid appearance when they grew to a confluent monolayer. The other altered characteristics on fibrin was increased accumulation of cells in multilayers. Normally as Chinese hamster cells on plastic proliferate, many cells float into the medium instead of piling up after they form a monolayer. On the other hand, cells on fibrin, being maintained by the addition of EACA, remained adherent, piling up multilayers instead of floating into the medium. A possible explanation of these findings is that the surface properties of the stretched cells on fibrin are altered to make them more adhesive. A possible link of these characteristics of the cells on fibrin to tumor cell behavior in vivo is dicussed.", "contents": "Altered morphology and increased cell adhesiveness of chinese hamster ovary cells cultured on fibrin. Chinese hamster ovary cells cultivated on fibrin exhibited different characteristic from cells growing on plastic. While sparsely plated cells on plastic dishes had an epithelioid morphology, cells on fibrin assumed a round shape and then converted to a stretched form with protruded processes that increased with cell density. Within a few days, cells fibrinolysed adjacent fibrin and returned to the morphology seen in plastic dishes. When fibrinolysis was inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), cells continued to grow on the fibrin for a longer period and showed dense, criss-crossed fibroblast-type congestion. Whereas, cells on plastic maintained pavement-like epitheloid appearance when they grew to a confluent monolayer. The other altered characteristics on fibrin was increased accumulation of cells in multilayers. Normally as Chinese hamster cells on plastic proliferate, many cells float into the medium instead of piling up after they form a monolayer. On the other hand, cells on fibrin, being maintained by the addition of EACA, remained adherent, piling up multilayers instead of floating into the medium. A possible explanation of these findings is that the surface properties of the stretched cells on fibrin are altered to make them more adhesive. A possible link of these characteristics of the cells on fibrin to tumor cell behavior in vivo is dicussed.", "PMID": 557051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2893", "title": "Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate levels in murine leukemia cells.", "content": "The metabolism of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (AraA) to arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate (AraATP), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, in mouse leukemia cells was examined by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. AraATP was separated from naturally occurring nucleotides in acid-soluble extracts and quantitative measurements of AraATP levels were made. A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (2'-deoxycoformycin; co-vidarabine), when used in combination with AraA in the treatment of leukemia-bearing mice, increased the formation of AraATP in mouse leukemia cells four- to five-fold over that obtained by treatment with AraA alone. By means of high-pressure liquid chromatography the half-life of AraATP in tumor cells could be measured. Results of such studies may be of value in planning chemotherapy regimens.", "contents": "Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate levels in murine leukemia cells. The metabolism of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (AraA) to arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate (AraATP), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, in mouse leukemia cells was examined by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. AraATP was separated from naturally occurring nucleotides in acid-soluble extracts and quantitative measurements of AraATP levels were made. A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (2'-deoxycoformycin; co-vidarabine), when used in combination with AraA in the treatment of leukemia-bearing mice, increased the formation of AraATP in mouse leukemia cells four- to five-fold over that obtained by treatment with AraA alone. By means of high-pressure liquid chromatography the half-life of AraATP in tumor cells could be measured. Results of such studies may be of value in planning chemotherapy regimens.", "PMID": 557057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2894", "title": "Physiologic control of two neurophysins in humans.", "content": "Two human neurophysins, nicotine stimulated neurophysin (NSN), and estrogen stimulated neurophysin (ESN) were assayed during physiologic maneuvers and pathologic states in man. NSN is thought to be associated with vasopressin and was elevated in some subjects by volume depletion, surgical stress, hypotension and hypertonic saline infusion. Overnight dehydration did not elevate NSN in spite of urinary concentration. NSN was elevated in some subjects with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and when tested was unresponsive to administered water, alcohol or nicotine. ESN was elevated during estrogen administration, in pregnancy, in newborns and in patients with cirrhosis. NSN was also acutely increased at parturition. These data support the association of NSN with vasopressin although changes in NSN were found only with potent stimuli for vasopressin release. ESN may be associated with oxytocin but demonstration of this awaits knowledge of oxytocin physiology in humans.", "contents": "Physiologic control of two neurophysins in humans. Two human neurophysins, nicotine stimulated neurophysin (NSN), and estrogen stimulated neurophysin (ESN) were assayed during physiologic maneuvers and pathologic states in man. NSN is thought to be associated with vasopressin and was elevated in some subjects by volume depletion, surgical stress, hypotension and hypertonic saline infusion. Overnight dehydration did not elevate NSN in spite of urinary concentration. NSN was elevated in some subjects with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and when tested was unresponsive to administered water, alcohol or nicotine. ESN was elevated during estrogen administration, in pregnancy, in newborns and in patients with cirrhosis. NSN was also acutely increased at parturition. These data support the association of NSN with vasopressin although changes in NSN were found only with potent stimuli for vasopressin release. ESN may be associated with oxytocin but demonstration of this awaits knowledge of oxytocin physiology in humans.", "PMID": 557058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2895", "title": "Effect of long-term calcitonin therapy on the clinical course of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "10 children with osteogenesis imperfecta, 4 with \"tarda\" and 6 with \"congenita\" varieties of the disease, were treated with salmon calcitonin (SCT) for intervals ranging from 14 to 35 months. Responses to SCT therapy in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda were characterized by an apparent decreased fracture incidence in three, a fall in either alkaline or acid phosphatase, and a rate of increase in forearm bone mass which was greater than that observed in an untreated \"tarda\" population. The chemical response SCT therapy varied in children with osteogenesis imperfecta congenita, only one demonstrating a decrease in both acid phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. Three others responded with a rise in acid phosphatase, two of whom also demonstrated a fall in urinary hydroxyproline; in two other \"congenita\" patients urinary hydroxyproline was actually higher after SCT treatment and acid phosphatase relatively unchanged. Alkaline phosphatase was normal in all \"congenita\" patients before and following the SCT treatment interval. These varied biochemical responses were associated with temporary increments in bone mass early in the treatment course, although in bone mass early in the treatment course, although one \"congenita\" patient with the largest calciuric response to SCT and an increase in hydroxyproline excretion demonstrated progressive increments in skeletal mineral content during a 14-month treatment interval. In both \"tarda\" and \"congenita\" subjects, parathyroid hormone was unchanged by chronic SCT treatment; SCT-antibodies were detectable although biological responsivity to SCT persisted.", "contents": "Effect of long-term calcitonin therapy on the clinical course of osteogenesis imperfecta. 10 children with osteogenesis imperfecta, 4 with \"tarda\" and 6 with \"congenita\" varieties of the disease, were treated with salmon calcitonin (SCT) for intervals ranging from 14 to 35 months. Responses to SCT therapy in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda were characterized by an apparent decreased fracture incidence in three, a fall in either alkaline or acid phosphatase, and a rate of increase in forearm bone mass which was greater than that observed in an untreated \"tarda\" population. The chemical response SCT therapy varied in children with osteogenesis imperfecta congenita, only one demonstrating a decrease in both acid phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. Three others responded with a rise in acid phosphatase, two of whom also demonstrated a fall in urinary hydroxyproline; in two other \"congenita\" patients urinary hydroxyproline was actually higher after SCT treatment and acid phosphatase relatively unchanged. Alkaline phosphatase was normal in all \"congenita\" patients before and following the SCT treatment interval. These varied biochemical responses were associated with temporary increments in bone mass early in the treatment course, although in bone mass early in the treatment course, although one \"congenita\" patient with the largest calciuric response to SCT and an increase in hydroxyproline excretion demonstrated progressive increments in skeletal mineral content during a 14-month treatment interval. In both \"tarda\" and \"congenita\" subjects, parathyroid hormone was unchanged by chronic SCT treatment; SCT-antibodies were detectable although biological responsivity to SCT persisted.", "PMID": 557059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2896", "title": "Influence of dietary protein on susceptibility to alert downer syndrome.", "content": "Fifty-three dry cows of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center dairy herd were placed in one of four groups for the entire dry period. All received a corn silage-concentrate ration. Groups 1 and 2, however, were maintained on an intake of 8% crude protein while groups 3 and 4 received .65% of their dry matter as calcium and .29% as phosphorus while group 2 received .70% calcium and .70% phosphorus and group 4 received .66% calcium and .65% phosphorus. Animals were bled through the dry period at regular intervals and within 6 h postfreshening or prior to initiation of any therapy. In groups 3 and 4 metabolic disturbance occurred in 69.2% of calvings. These included eight alert downer cows, six of which died during treatment. In groups 1 and 2, the incidence of metabolic disturbance was 7.14% with no downer cows. Blood constituents showed no significant differences except between groups for urea nitrogen of plasma. Individual animals showed no significant changes in blood constituents indicative of a cause of the disorder. Dietary protein influences incidence of the disease. Dietary mineral imbalance and clinical expression of the downer condition were unrelated.", "contents": "Influence of dietary protein on susceptibility to alert downer syndrome. Fifty-three dry cows of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center dairy herd were placed in one of four groups for the entire dry period. All received a corn silage-concentrate ration. Groups 1 and 2, however, were maintained on an intake of 8% crude protein while groups 3 and 4 received .65% of their dry matter as calcium and .29% as phosphorus while group 2 received .70% calcium and .70% phosphorus and group 4 received .66% calcium and .65% phosphorus. Animals were bled through the dry period at regular intervals and within 6 h postfreshening or prior to initiation of any therapy. In groups 3 and 4 metabolic disturbance occurred in 69.2% of calvings. These included eight alert downer cows, six of which died during treatment. In groups 1 and 2, the incidence of metabolic disturbance was 7.14% with no downer cows. Blood constituents showed no significant differences except between groups for urea nitrogen of plasma. Individual animals showed no significant changes in blood constituents indicative of a cause of the disorder. Dietary protein influences incidence of the disease. Dietary mineral imbalance and clinical expression of the downer condition were unrelated.", "PMID": 557061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2897", "title": "Effects of dominance rank changes, age, and body weight on plasma corticoids of mature dairy cattle.", "content": "The purpose was to determine whether forced change in dominance rank affected total corticoids of plasma of dairy cattle. Nineteen cows in late lactation were assigned randomly to one of two lots. Restriction of manger space enhanced observations of dominance rank during feeding for three 1-h periods per wk over 6 wk. After 3 wk, a group of the five highest ranking cows from each lot were combined into a new aggressive lot; two groups of subordinate cows formed a docile lot. Blood samples were from tail vein, and concentrations of total corticoids were determined by competitive protein binding. Changes of dominance rank varied from zero to eight places in the 10-cow assemblage after new lots were formed. Body weight was the most significant variable affecting dominance rank. There was no discernable relationship between total corticoids and dominance rank, body weight, or age. The pattern of variation of total corticoids was similar for all groups during the first 3-wk period, but in the second period docile and aggressive groups had dissimilar patterns. Interaction of group by week for total corticoids was significant; however, a cause and effect relationship could not be established. Total corticoids did not appear to be a valid or useful determinant of social stress.", "contents": "Effects of dominance rank changes, age, and body weight on plasma corticoids of mature dairy cattle. The purpose was to determine whether forced change in dominance rank affected total corticoids of plasma of dairy cattle. Nineteen cows in late lactation were assigned randomly to one of two lots. Restriction of manger space enhanced observations of dominance rank during feeding for three 1-h periods per wk over 6 wk. After 3 wk, a group of the five highest ranking cows from each lot were combined into a new aggressive lot; two groups of subordinate cows formed a docile lot. Blood samples were from tail vein, and concentrations of total corticoids were determined by competitive protein binding. Changes of dominance rank varied from zero to eight places in the 10-cow assemblage after new lots were formed. Body weight was the most significant variable affecting dominance rank. There was no discernable relationship between total corticoids and dominance rank, body weight, or age. The pattern of variation of total corticoids was similar for all groups during the first 3-wk period, but in the second period docile and aggressive groups had dissimilar patterns. Interaction of group by week for total corticoids was significant; however, a cause and effect relationship could not be established. Total corticoids did not appear to be a valid or useful determinant of social stress.", "PMID": 557062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2898", "title": "Prepartum serum hormone concentrations related to dystocia in Holstein heifers.", "content": "Twelve Holstein heifers from a herd having a high incidence of dystocia were bled each day at 0730 h from 260 days gestation until parturition. The blood was analyzed for estradiol-17beta, estrone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and corticosteroids. Six of the animals had dystocia. The concentrations of estradiol-17beta were lower and the concentration of progesterone higher in dystocial animals during the prepartum period from 23 to 12 days. The prepartum patterns of secretion of corticosteroid, estrone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone did not change significantly in the two groups between days 23 and 12 prepartum. The prepartum difference in serum estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentration between normal and dystocial animals suggests that the timing of hormone changes in preparation for parturition is delayed and not as pronounced in dystocial animals.", "contents": "Prepartum serum hormone concentrations related to dystocia in Holstein heifers. Twelve Holstein heifers from a herd having a high incidence of dystocia were bled each day at 0730 h from 260 days gestation until parturition. The blood was analyzed for estradiol-17beta, estrone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and corticosteroids. Six of the animals had dystocia. The concentrations of estradiol-17beta were lower and the concentration of progesterone higher in dystocial animals during the prepartum period from 23 to 12 days. The prepartum patterns of secretion of corticosteroid, estrone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone did not change significantly in the two groups between days 23 and 12 prepartum. The prepartum difference in serum estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentration between normal and dystocial animals suggests that the timing of hormone changes in preparation for parturition is delayed and not as pronounced in dystocial animals.", "PMID": 557063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2899", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of the human platelet release reaction induced by immunologic stimuli. III. Relationship between the binding of soluble IgG aggregates to the Fc receptor and cell response in the presence and absence of plasma.", "content": "Aggregated IgG coupled covalently with bis-diazobenzidine (BDB-IgG) and labeled with 3H-diazobenzene (3H-BDB-IgG) has been used to study the binding of soluble IgG aggregates to human platelets in relationship to the release of the contents of intracellular granules (e.g., serotonin). In washed cell suspensions a minimum of 0.14 to 0.2 mug 3H-BDB-IgG per 5 X 10(8) platelets (40 to 70 aggregates per cell) was required for the triggering of the release reaction and cell aggregation. Binding was independent of divalent cations. The Arrhenius plot gave a straight line between 0 to  37 degrees C and a Q10 of 1.6. Neither inhibitors of the release reaction nor energy metabolism, nor formaldehyde fixation of the platelets affected binding. Bound 3H-BDB-IgG was not significantly eluted by IgG, bovine albumin (BSA), buffer, or plasma. Binding to washed platelets was more strongly inhibited by human IgG than by F(ab')2, bovine IgG, human albumin (HSA), or BSA. Plasma was an even more effective inhibitor of both binding and release. Plasma deficient in IgG or depleted of complement retained its inhibitory capacity. In the presence of plasma, at physiologic ratios of plasma and platelets, no release of serotonin was observed. Binding, although inhibited in rate, nevertheless occurred. It was enhanced by divalent cation chelation and had a Q10 of 2.5. The release reaction of washed platelets to which 3H-BDB-IgG had been bound in the presence of HSA or BSA was also inhibited by the subsequent addition of plasma or plasma proteins (human IgG being more effective than bovine IgG,  F(ab')2, HSA, or BSA). 3H-BDB-IgG bound in the presence of either plasma or human IgG did not induce release when the platelets were subsequently suspended in media lacking these proteins. Thus, it appears that the platelet Fc receptor binds 3H-BDB-IgG by a process which is effectively inhibited by plasma, or by free IgG with an intact Fc, and to some extent by high concentrations of other proteins. The effects of bound IgG aggregates are dependent on the other proteins present both during binding and subsequently added. The mechanism of such receptor modulation and its implications in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of the human platelet release reaction induced by immunologic stimuli. III. Relationship between the binding of soluble IgG aggregates to the Fc receptor and cell response in the presence and absence of plasma. Aggregated IgG coupled covalently with bis-diazobenzidine (BDB-IgG) and labeled with 3H-diazobenzene (3H-BDB-IgG) has been used to study the binding of soluble IgG aggregates to human platelets in relationship to the release of the contents of intracellular granules (e.g., serotonin). In washed cell suspensions a minimum of 0.14 to 0.2 mug 3H-BDB-IgG per 5 X 10(8) platelets (40 to 70 aggregates per cell) was required for the triggering of the release reaction and cell aggregation. Binding was independent of divalent cations. The Arrhenius plot gave a straight line between 0 to  37 degrees C and a Q10 of 1.6. Neither inhibitors of the release reaction nor energy metabolism, nor formaldehyde fixation of the platelets affected binding. Bound 3H-BDB-IgG was not significantly eluted by IgG, bovine albumin (BSA), buffer, or plasma. Binding to washed platelets was more strongly inhibited by human IgG than by F(ab')2, bovine IgG, human albumin (HSA), or BSA. Plasma was an even more effective inhibitor of both binding and release. Plasma deficient in IgG or depleted of complement retained its inhibitory capacity. In the presence of plasma, at physiologic ratios of plasma and platelets, no release of serotonin was observed. Binding, although inhibited in rate, nevertheless occurred. It was enhanced by divalent cation chelation and had a Q10 of 2.5. The release reaction of washed platelets to which 3H-BDB-IgG had been bound in the presence of HSA or BSA was also inhibited by the subsequent addition of plasma or plasma proteins (human IgG being more effective than bovine IgG,  F(ab')2, HSA, or BSA). 3H-BDB-IgG bound in the presence of either plasma or human IgG did not induce release when the platelets were subsequently suspended in media lacking these proteins. Thus, it appears that the platelet Fc receptor binds 3H-BDB-IgG by a process which is effectively inhibited by plasma, or by free IgG with an intact Fc, and to some extent by high concentrations of other proteins. The effects of bound IgG aggregates are dependent on the other proteins present both during binding and subsequently added. The mechanism of such receptor modulation and its implications in vivo are discussed.", "PMID": 557068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2900", "title": "Antibodies against human lymphokines: I. Methods for induction of antibodies capable of neutralizing stable (alpha) and unstable (beta) lymphotoxins released in vitro by activated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Various methods were employed to induce antibodies in rabbits that were capable of neutralizing different families of lymphotoxins (LT). Both stable (alpha-LT) and unstable (beta-LT) molecules, released by activated human lymphocytes in vitro, were neutralized. The different LT families were first separated into their respective groups by physical-chemical methods. Immunization with small quantities of antigen yielded a high percentage of responder animals. Techniques were developed for eliciting alpha-LT antibodies using as little as 2--3 ml of a cell-free supernatant. The situation was more difficult, however, when the unstable beta-LT molecules were employed as antigens. We found that because of the low concentration and lability of beta-LT in supernatants, the immunizing dose had to be: a) handled rapidly, b) larger than that used with the alpha-LT, and c) injected at closer intervals and over a longer immunization protocol. Physical-chemical studies supperted the concept that the LT-neutralizing activity in the immune serum was immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Antibodies against human lymphokines: I. Methods for induction of antibodies capable of neutralizing stable (alpha) and unstable (beta) lymphotoxins released in vitro by activated human lymphocytes. Various methods were employed to induce antibodies in rabbits that were capable of neutralizing different families of lymphotoxins (LT). Both stable (alpha-LT) and unstable (beta-LT) molecules, released by activated human lymphocytes in vitro, were neutralized. The different LT families were first separated into their respective groups by physical-chemical methods. Immunization with small quantities of antigen yielded a high percentage of responder animals. Techniques were developed for eliciting alpha-LT antibodies using as little as 2--3 ml of a cell-free supernatant. The situation was more difficult, however, when the unstable beta-LT molecules were employed as antigens. We found that because of the low concentration and lability of beta-LT in supernatants, the immunizing dose had to be: a) handled rapidly, b) larger than that used with the alpha-LT, and c) injected at closer intervals and over a longer immunization protocol. Physical-chemical studies supperted the concept that the LT-neutralizing activity in the immune serum was immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 557069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2901", "title": "Preparation of human antibodies to insulin.", "content": "Insulin was directly coupled and also indirectly coupled by a side chain to Sepharose 4B to form immunoabsorbents for affinity chromatography of insulin antibodies. The two direct derivatives were insulin lysyl and insulin phenylalanyl sepharose. The indirect derivative, insulin carboxyhexyl sepharose, was prepared in two ways: by a carbodiimide procedure and by an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester method. Insulin carboxyhexyl sepharose prepared by the latter method was found to be the most satisfactory material for affinity chromatography and was used to isolate insulin antibodies from human serum.", "contents": "Preparation of human antibodies to insulin. Insulin was directly coupled and also indirectly coupled by a side chain to Sepharose 4B to form immunoabsorbents for affinity chromatography of insulin antibodies. The two direct derivatives were insulin lysyl and insulin phenylalanyl sepharose. The indirect derivative, insulin carboxyhexyl sepharose, was prepared in two ways: by a carbodiimide procedure and by an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester method. Insulin carboxyhexyl sepharose prepared by the latter method was found to be the most satisfactory material for affinity chromatography and was used to isolate insulin antibodies from human serum.", "PMID": 557070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2902", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis as applied to studies on complex formation. The binding of heparin to antithrombin III and the antithrombin III--thrombin complex.", "content": "A two-dimensional immunoelectrophoretic method has been used to obtain information on the binding of heparin to purified antithrombin III and the antithrombin III--thrombin complex. The difference in mobility of the components in a gel containing heparin enables distinction between free and complexed forms of antithrombin III. The results obtained with purified preparations show that heparin is bound more strongly to antithrombin III than to the antithrombin III--thrombin complex. In plasma heparin is bound to several components, only a fraction being bound to antithrombin III. Several components containing antithrombin III are detectable in serum.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis as applied to studies on complex formation. The binding of heparin to antithrombin III and the antithrombin III--thrombin complex. A two-dimensional immunoelectrophoretic method has been used to obtain information on the binding of heparin to purified antithrombin III and the antithrombin III--thrombin complex. The difference in mobility of the components in a gel containing heparin enables distinction between free and complexed forms of antithrombin III. The results obtained with purified preparations show that heparin is bound more strongly to antithrombin III than to the antithrombin III--thrombin complex. In plasma heparin is bound to several components, only a fraction being bound to antithrombin III. Several components containing antithrombin III are detectable in serum.", "PMID": 557071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2903", "title": "Core antigen and circulating anti-core antibody in hepatitis B infection.", "content": "Core antigen was obtained from the sera of persistent chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus by centrifugation and treatment with Nonidet P40 and 2-mercaptoethanol. The separated core antigen was radiolabelled and identified as a nucleoprotein structure of buoyant density 1.36 g/cm3 and possessing an isoelectric point of 4.4. This material was employed in a radioimmunoassay procedure of high sensitivity for the detection of core antibody. In a series of sera from patients with acute type B hepatitis, core antibody was demonstrated 2 to 3 weeks after the onset of jaundice during the period of surface antigenaemia. The presence of core antibody may therefore provide an accurate serological marker for the detection of active or recent virus replication in future epidemiological studies of hepatitis B infection.", "contents": "Core antigen and circulating anti-core antibody in hepatitis B infection. Core antigen was obtained from the sera of persistent chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus by centrifugation and treatment with Nonidet P40 and 2-mercaptoethanol. The separated core antigen was radiolabelled and identified as a nucleoprotein structure of buoyant density 1.36 g/cm3 and possessing an isoelectric point of 4.4. This material was employed in a radioimmunoassay procedure of high sensitivity for the detection of core antibody. In a series of sera from patients with acute type B hepatitis, core antibody was demonstrated 2 to 3 weeks after the onset of jaundice during the period of surface antigenaemia. The presence of core antibody may therefore provide an accurate serological marker for the detection of active or recent virus replication in future epidemiological studies of hepatitis B infection.", "PMID": 557072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2904", "title": "The structure of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus RNA.", "content": "The RNA from infectious pancreatic necrosis virus has been purified and had a sedimentation velocity of 14S on sucrose gradients, a buoyant density of 1-60 g/ml in CS2SO4 and pyrimidine to purine ratios near unity. The RNA had the appearance of a linear double stranded molecule with an average length of 0-92 mum and a standard deviation of 0-07 mum when observed under the electron microscope using the Kleinschmidt protein film technique. This would correspond to a mol. wt. of 2-4 +/- 0-2 X 10(6). The RNase A resistance of IPN virus RNA exhibited a marked salt dependence; it was 92% resistant in 0-1 M-NaCl, but only 9% resistant, or less, in 0-*1 M-NaCl. The RNA was resistant to denaturation by boilding at NaCl concentrations of 0-04 M or higher, but did denature at lower concentrations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA indicated that two RNA species were present and the standard deviation of lengths in the electron microscope indicated that they could not differ by more than 4 X 10(5) in mol. wt.", "contents": "The structure of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus RNA. The RNA from infectious pancreatic necrosis virus has been purified and had a sedimentation velocity of 14S on sucrose gradients, a buoyant density of 1-60 g/ml in CS2SO4 and pyrimidine to purine ratios near unity. The RNA had the appearance of a linear double stranded molecule with an average length of 0-92 mum and a standard deviation of 0-07 mum when observed under the electron microscope using the Kleinschmidt protein film technique. This would correspond to a mol. wt. of 2-4 +/- 0-2 X 10(6). The RNase A resistance of IPN virus RNA exhibited a marked salt dependence; it was 92% resistant in 0-1 M-NaCl, but only 9% resistant, or less, in 0-*1 M-NaCl. The RNA was resistant to denaturation by boilding at NaCl concentrations of 0-04 M or higher, but did denature at lower concentrations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA indicated that two RNA species were present and the standard deviation of lengths in the electron microscope indicated that they could not differ by more than 4 X 10(5) in mol. wt.", "PMID": 557073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2905", "title": "Polykaryocytosis induced by certain arboviruses in monolayers of BHK-21-528 cells.", "content": "Multinucleated giant cell formation in a clone of BHK-21 cells, BHK-21-528, was tested with certain arboviruses. Eleven out of 19 viruses tested, Chikungunya, Getah, Sagiyama, Sindbis, Western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Bunyamwera, Germiston and California encephalitis virus induced cell fusion after infection. All cases where giant cells were observed during the experiments, involved the B type cell fusion (fusion from within).", "contents": "Polykaryocytosis induced by certain arboviruses in monolayers of BHK-21-528 cells. Multinucleated giant cell formation in a clone of BHK-21 cells, BHK-21-528, was tested with certain arboviruses. Eleven out of 19 viruses tested, Chikungunya, Getah, Sagiyama, Sindbis, Western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Bunyamwera, Germiston and California encephalitis virus induced cell fusion after infection. All cases where giant cells were observed during the experiments, involved the B type cell fusion (fusion from within).", "PMID": 557074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2906", "title": "Acquired drive strength as a joint function of UCS intensity and number of CS-UCS pairings.", "content": "The form of the empirical law relating acquired drive strength to UCS intensity and number of CS-UCS pairings was investigated in two experiments using 120 and 30 male albino rats, respectively. Strength of UCS was varied at a broad range of intensities. Controls were introduced to prevent the intrusion of competing crouching responses (R1) on the measurement of response strength (R2). Acquired drive strength was found to be curvilinearly related to UCS intensity and number of CS-UCS pairings during conditioning. The relationship was monotonic and negatively accelerated. Habit strength, or sHr, was found to be jointly determined by UCS intensity (D) and number of CS-UCS pairings during aversive conditioning. These results were contrasted with findings for the instrumental appetitive learning case of Hull's system, where it has been shown that sHr and D are independent and interact in a multiplicative fashion in their effect on performance. An historical review of acquired drive experiments was also presented.", "contents": "Acquired drive strength as a joint function of UCS intensity and number of CS-UCS pairings. The form of the empirical law relating acquired drive strength to UCS intensity and number of CS-UCS pairings was investigated in two experiments using 120 and 30 male albino rats, respectively. Strength of UCS was varied at a broad range of intensities. Controls were introduced to prevent the intrusion of competing crouching responses (R1) on the measurement of response strength (R2). Acquired drive strength was found to be curvilinearly related to UCS intensity and number of CS-UCS pairings during conditioning. The relationship was monotonic and negatively accelerated. Habit strength, or sHr, was found to be jointly determined by UCS intensity (D) and number of CS-UCS pairings during aversive conditioning. These results were contrasted with findings for the instrumental appetitive learning case of Hull's system, where it has been shown that sHr and D are independent and interact in a multiplicative fashion in their effect on performance. An historical review of acquired drive experiments was also presented.", "PMID": 557075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2907", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: relationship between microtubules and the Golgi complex.", "content": "Spinal ganglia from 11 day chick embryos were fixed immediately after removal, or after a short incubation in media with or without nerve growth factor (NGF), and were subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Qualitatively, incubation did not effect the fine structure of the neuroblasts. Morphometrically, however, NGF was found to cause a marked increase in the amounts of microtubules and microfilaments in the perikarya of the cells with a threefold increase in the volume density of these organelles after 4 h. The cells displayed a prominent Golgi complex, mostly with dictyosomes organized in one continuous band or area. Individual dictyosomes consisted of a stack of 3-6 parallel cisternae associated with small vesicles and occasional larger vacuoles. Microtubules were observed in all parts of the cyotplasm but were particularly numerous within the Golgi area. They occurred both on the forming and maturing sides of the dictyosomes and in the latter site were closely associated with small vesicles and peripheral dilatations of the cisternae. These observations indicate a possible role of microtubules in the organization and function of the Golgi complex.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: relationship between microtubules and the Golgi complex. Spinal ganglia from 11 day chick embryos were fixed immediately after removal, or after a short incubation in media with or without nerve growth factor (NGF), and were subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Qualitatively, incubation did not effect the fine structure of the neuroblasts. Morphometrically, however, NGF was found to cause a marked increase in the amounts of microtubules and microfilaments in the perikarya of the cells with a threefold increase in the volume density of these organelles after 4 h. The cells displayed a prominent Golgi complex, mostly with dictyosomes organized in one continuous band or area. Individual dictyosomes consisted of a stack of 3-6 parallel cisternae associated with small vesicles and occasional larger vacuoles. Microtubules were observed in all parts of the cyotplasm but were particularly numerous within the Golgi area. They occurred both on the forming and maturing sides of the dictyosomes and in the latter site were closely associated with small vesicles and peripheral dilatations of the cisternae. These observations indicate a possible role of microtubules in the organization and function of the Golgi complex.", "PMID": 557076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2908", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: in vitro effects of antimicrotubular agents on the Golgi complex.", "content": "Spinal ganglia from 11 day chick embryos were incubated in media containing colchicine or vinblastine and subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Both drugs caused a partial disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules and a concomitant growth in the number of microfilaments in the neuroblasts. In ganglia treated with vinblastine for 4 h these effects were recorded morphometrically as a decrease of about 80% in the volume density of microtubules and a more than tenfold increase in the volume density of microfilaments. Furthermore, the cells displayed marked structural changes in the Golgi complex. The dictyosomes were mostly distinctly separated from each other and individual dictyosomes showed a decrease number of cisternae and an increased number of closely associated large vacuoles. The results are discussed with regard to the role of microtubules in the organization and function of the Golgi complex in nerve cells.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: in vitro effects of antimicrotubular agents on the Golgi complex. Spinal ganglia from 11 day chick embryos were incubated in media containing colchicine or vinblastine and subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Both drugs caused a partial disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules and a concomitant growth in the number of microfilaments in the neuroblasts. In ganglia treated with vinblastine for 4 h these effects were recorded morphometrically as a decrease of about 80% in the volume density of microtubules and a more than tenfold increase in the volume density of microfilaments. Furthermore, the cells displayed marked structural changes in the Golgi complex. The dictyosomes were mostly distinctly separated from each other and individual dictyosomes showed a decrease number of cisternae and an increased number of closely associated large vacuoles. The results are discussed with regard to the role of microtubules in the organization and function of the Golgi complex in nerve cells.", "PMID": 557077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2909", "title": "Immunoproteins in human brain tumor cyst fluids.", "content": "Quantitation of the concentration of immunoproteins in serum, and cystic fluids from six patients (three with cerebral astrocytoma and three with cerebellar hemangioblastoma) has been determined. The values for total protein, albumin, immunoproteins IgG, IgA, and IgM, and C3C (complement) in cyst fluid more closely correspond to serum than to cerebrospinal fluid values. Values for cyst fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum were determined using albumin ratios in order to compare relative differences between fluids from these three compartments. Our data suggests that: 1) the major protein content of brain tumor cyst fluid is consequential to a transudative process from serum, and 2) that immunoglobulins IgG and IgA are present in higher concentrations in human brain tumor cyst fluids in comparison to IgM concentrations. These studies further question the concept of the brain as an \"immunological privileged site\", and may be of direct relevance to the investigation of the use of immunotherapeutic modalities as an adjunct after surgical tumor removal.", "contents": "Immunoproteins in human brain tumor cyst fluids. Quantitation of the concentration of immunoproteins in serum, and cystic fluids from six patients (three with cerebral astrocytoma and three with cerebellar hemangioblastoma) has been determined. The values for total protein, albumin, immunoproteins IgG, IgA, and IgM, and C3C (complement) in cyst fluid more closely correspond to serum than to cerebrospinal fluid values. Values for cyst fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum were determined using albumin ratios in order to compare relative differences between fluids from these three compartments. Our data suggests that: 1) the major protein content of brain tumor cyst fluid is consequential to a transudative process from serum, and 2) that immunoglobulins IgG and IgA are present in higher concentrations in human brain tumor cyst fluids in comparison to IgM concentrations. These studies further question the concept of the brain as an \"immunological privileged site\", and may be of direct relevance to the investigation of the use of immunotherapeutic modalities as an adjunct after surgical tumor removal.", "PMID": 557078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2910", "title": "Changing venous pattern in a hemangioblastoma resembling an arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "A patient with cerebellar hemangioblastoma underwent two successive cerebral arteriograms within a 48-hour period. The first arteriogram suggested an arteriovenous malformation. The second angiogram showed a dramatic change with nearly total absence of the earlier dilated draining veins. This change was found on examination of the surgical specimen to be caused by venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Changing venous pattern in a hemangioblastoma resembling an arteriovenous malformation. A patient with cerebellar hemangioblastoma underwent two successive cerebral arteriograms within a 48-hour period. The first arteriogram suggested an arteriovenous malformation. The second angiogram showed a dramatic change with nearly total absence of the earlier dilated draining veins. This change was found on examination of the surgical specimen to be caused by venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 557079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2911", "title": "Causes of death among construction machinery operators.", "content": "Causes of death among 2,190 deceased operating engineers identified from the 1967 International Union of Operating Engineers death benefit listing were analyzed to determine if there were conditions occurring with unusual frequency that might be indicative of hazardous conditions in the work environment. The most striking finding was a three-fold excess of fatal accidents occurring at places other than the home or resident institution. The increased risk was evident in each of four regions of the country and at all ages under 65. Significant excesses in deaths from lung cancer and intestinal cancer were seen also. Comparative mortality from lung cancer was directly related to age, with the greatest increase (two-fold) occurring after age 75. There was no evidence of a greater than expected frequency of deaths from non-malignant respiratory disease among operating engineers.", "contents": "Causes of death among construction machinery operators. Causes of death among 2,190 deceased operating engineers identified from the 1967 International Union of Operating Engineers death benefit listing were analyzed to determine if there were conditions occurring with unusual frequency that might be indicative of hazardous conditions in the work environment. The most striking finding was a three-fold excess of fatal accidents occurring at places other than the home or resident institution. The increased risk was evident in each of four regions of the country and at all ages under 65. Significant excesses in deaths from lung cancer and intestinal cancer were seen also. Comparative mortality from lung cancer was directly related to age, with the greatest increase (two-fold) occurring after age 75. There was no evidence of a greater than expected frequency of deaths from non-malignant respiratory disease among operating engineers.", "PMID": 557080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2912", "title": "Leptospirosis: a childhood disease.", "content": "A diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed in nine children who were admitted to St. Louis Children's Hospital during the past 54 months. Epidemiologic, clinical, cultural, and serologic data which were obtained emphasize (1) the high incidence of urban cases; (2) contact with dogs as the most likely source of infection; and (3) that serotypes other than Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae may produce severe clinical disease. Unusual or previously unreported manifestations of leptospirosis including acalculous cholecystitis, pancreatitis, abdominal causalgia, desquamating skin rashes, and infarction of the extremities which were noted in these children are discussed.", "contents": "Leptospirosis: a childhood disease. A diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed in nine children who were admitted to St. Louis Children's Hospital during the past 54 months. Epidemiologic, clinical, cultural, and serologic data which were obtained emphasize (1) the high incidence of urban cases; (2) contact with dogs as the most likely source of infection; and (3) that serotypes other than Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae may produce severe clinical disease. Unusual or previously unreported manifestations of leptospirosis including acalculous cholecystitis, pancreatitis, abdominal causalgia, desquamating skin rashes, and infarction of the extremities which were noted in these children are discussed.", "PMID": 557083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2913", "title": "Structural and functional abnormalities of the small intestine due to nutritional folic acid deficiency in infancy.", "content": "Structural abnormalities and disaccharidase deficiency were demonstrated in biopsies of duodenal mucosa from four infants who had symptoms of failure to thrive and chronic diarrhea associated with a megaloblastic anemia. Goat's milk was the main dietary constituent for each infant for six to eight months prior to presentation. The structural abnormalities consisted of villous blunting, crypt hypertrophy, megaloblastic changes in epithelial cells, and nuclear enlargement. All changes reverted to normal with the addition of folic acid to the diet. This study provides evidence that nutritional folic acid deficiency can cause structural and functional alterations of the small intestine in infants.", "contents": "Structural and functional abnormalities of the small intestine due to nutritional folic acid deficiency in infancy. Structural abnormalities and disaccharidase deficiency were demonstrated in biopsies of duodenal mucosa from four infants who had symptoms of failure to thrive and chronic diarrhea associated with a megaloblastic anemia. Goat's milk was the main dietary constituent for each infant for six to eight months prior to presentation. The structural abnormalities consisted of villous blunting, crypt hypertrophy, megaloblastic changes in epithelial cells, and nuclear enlargement. All changes reverted to normal with the addition of folic acid to the diet. This study provides evidence that nutritional folic acid deficiency can cause structural and functional alterations of the small intestine in infants.", "PMID": 557084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2914", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam.", "content": "A simple and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma without extraction. Antibodies to clonazepam were produced in rabbits after immunization with an immunogen prepared by covalently linking the 3-hemisuccinyloxy derivative of clonazepam to bovine serum albumin. When employing 3H-clonazepam as the tracer, the radioimmunoassay has a limit of sensitivity of 5 ng/ml using a 0.1-ml sample of plasma. The antibodies exhibited a high degree of specificity for clonazepam; no cross-reactivity was observed with its 7-amino and 7-acetylamino metabolites nor with a number of other widely prescribed anticonvulsant agents that might be administered in conjuction with clonazepam. Satisfactory agreement was obtained for the plasma levels of clonazepam in humans when samples were assayed by the radioimmunoassay and an established electron-capture GC technique. By virtue ot its simplicity, the radioimmunoassay offers a distinct advantage to the clinician for monitoring plasma clonazepam levels and the compliance of patients undergoing anticonvulsant therapy with the drug.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam. A simple and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma without extraction. Antibodies to clonazepam were produced in rabbits after immunization with an immunogen prepared by covalently linking the 3-hemisuccinyloxy derivative of clonazepam to bovine serum albumin. When employing 3H-clonazepam as the tracer, the radioimmunoassay has a limit of sensitivity of 5 ng/ml using a 0.1-ml sample of plasma. The antibodies exhibited a high degree of specificity for clonazepam; no cross-reactivity was observed with its 7-amino and 7-acetylamino metabolites nor with a number of other widely prescribed anticonvulsant agents that might be administered in conjuction with clonazepam. Satisfactory agreement was obtained for the plasma levels of clonazepam in humans when samples were assayed by the radioimmunoassay and an established electron-capture GC technique. By virtue ot its simplicity, the radioimmunoassay offers a distinct advantage to the clinician for monitoring plasma clonazepam levels and the compliance of patients undergoing anticonvulsant therapy with the drug.", "PMID": 557106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2915", "title": "Dopaminergic mechanisms in precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats.", "content": "Rats were made dependent on morphine by implantation of a pellet and withdrawal was precipitated by the injection of naloxone 72 hours later. Withdrawal was assessed by scoring each of the following signs individually: chewing, licking, teeth chattering, facial tremor, grooming, writhing, diarrhea, weight loss, wet dog shakes, head shakes and hypothermia. The role of dopamine in withdrawal was determined by pretreating the animals with apomorphine or pimozide. Apomorphine in the lower dose range (0.625-1.25 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in teeth chattering, writhing, weight loss and wet dog shakes. The high dose of apomorphine (2.5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited all features of the withdrawal except writhing and weight loss. Pimozide caused a significant increase in chewing, writhing and head shakes, but only with the highest dose used (0.5 mg/kg). Pimozide (0.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced withdrawal hypothermia, but apomorphine had no effect on this sign except at the highest dose when withdrawal hypothermia was increased.", "contents": "Dopaminergic mechanisms in precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. Rats were made dependent on morphine by implantation of a pellet and withdrawal was precipitated by the injection of naloxone 72 hours later. Withdrawal was assessed by scoring each of the following signs individually: chewing, licking, teeth chattering, facial tremor, grooming, writhing, diarrhea, weight loss, wet dog shakes, head shakes and hypothermia. The role of dopamine in withdrawal was determined by pretreating the animals with apomorphine or pimozide. Apomorphine in the lower dose range (0.625-1.25 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in teeth chattering, writhing, weight loss and wet dog shakes. The high dose of apomorphine (2.5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited all features of the withdrawal except writhing and weight loss. Pimozide caused a significant increase in chewing, writhing and head shakes, but only with the highest dose used (0.5 mg/kg). Pimozide (0.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced withdrawal hypothermia, but apomorphine had no effect on this sign except at the highest dose when withdrawal hypothermia was increased.", "PMID": 557107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2916", "title": "Absence of formation of brain salsolinol in ethanol-dependent mice.", "content": "The in vivo biosynthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) alkaloids has been shown to occur during acute and chronic ethanol administration under experimental conditions which increase aldehyde precursors and reduce TIQ metabolism. The TIQs have been postulated to mediate some of the effects of ethanol, although their occurrence under conditions of physical dependence has not been reported. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether in vivo TIQ formation would occur in brains of ethanol-dependent animals in the absence of specific experimental manipulations, and their role, if any, in the development of physical dependence. Mice were subjected to ethanol vapors for 6 days (14 mg/1 in inspired air on day 1, increasing to 20-30 mg/l on day 6), and were then either evaluated for withdrawal convulsions on handling or sacrificed and their brains analyzed for salsolinol (the acetaldehyde-dopamine TIQ) by gas chromatography/electron capture (assay sensitivity: 8 ng/g of tissue). No evidence could be obtained for in vivo formation of salsolinol in individual whole brains, pooled whole brains or dopamine-rich areas of pooled brains obtained from ethanol-dependent mice even under conditions where blood ethanol levels reached 7 mg/ml. In view of the low pharmacological potency of salsolinol, it is unlikely that this alkaloid plays a significant role in the effects of ethanol in mice.", "contents": "Absence of formation of brain salsolinol in ethanol-dependent mice. The in vivo biosynthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) alkaloids has been shown to occur during acute and chronic ethanol administration under experimental conditions which increase aldehyde precursors and reduce TIQ metabolism. The TIQs have been postulated to mediate some of the effects of ethanol, although their occurrence under conditions of physical dependence has not been reported. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether in vivo TIQ formation would occur in brains of ethanol-dependent animals in the absence of specific experimental manipulations, and their role, if any, in the development of physical dependence. Mice were subjected to ethanol vapors for 6 days (14 mg/1 in inspired air on day 1, increasing to 20-30 mg/l on day 6), and were then either evaluated for withdrawal convulsions on handling or sacrificed and their brains analyzed for salsolinol (the acetaldehyde-dopamine TIQ) by gas chromatography/electron capture (assay sensitivity: 8 ng/g of tissue). No evidence could be obtained for in vivo formation of salsolinol in individual whole brains, pooled whole brains or dopamine-rich areas of pooled brains obtained from ethanol-dependent mice even under conditions where blood ethanol levels reached 7 mg/ml. In view of the low pharmacological potency of salsolinol, it is unlikely that this alkaloid plays a significant role in the effects of ethanol in mice.", "PMID": 557108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2917", "title": "Neurochemical aspects of ethanol dependence and withdrawal reactions in mice.", "content": "Mice were made physically dependent on ethanol by a 3-day period of alcohol inhalation with small daily injections of pyrazole. During this treatment the concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were increased in brain with concomitant decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acid, RNA and DNA. However, the monoamine concentrations showed complete regression to normal levels at the time of maximal withdrawal seizure when GABA level was still elevated above the control values. Brain RNA and DNA concentrations remained low at this period. During the recovery phase, the pattern of neuronal components was almost the same as was observed at maximal withdrawal seizures. Pyrazole by itself did not produce significant changes in concentrations of the neuronal components of brain.", "contents": "Neurochemical aspects of ethanol dependence and withdrawal reactions in mice. Mice were made physically dependent on ethanol by a 3-day period of alcohol inhalation with small daily injections of pyrazole. During this treatment the concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were increased in brain with concomitant decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acid, RNA and DNA. However, the monoamine concentrations showed complete regression to normal levels at the time of maximal withdrawal seizure when GABA level was still elevated above the control values. Brain RNA and DNA concentrations remained low at this period. During the recovery phase, the pattern of neuronal components was almost the same as was observed at maximal withdrawal seizures. Pyrazole by itself did not produce significant changes in concentrations of the neuronal components of brain.", "PMID": 557109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2918", "title": "The use of R-R interval and difference histograms in classifying disorders of sinus rhythm.", "content": "A data reduction technique is presented which enables the patterns of cardiac rhythm inherent in a long-term ECG recording to be described in a concise fashion. The method consists in combining an R-R interval difference histogram, which gives information about the detailed structure of cardiac rhythm patterns, with an R-R interval histogram, which concisely describes the trends in heart rate over a period. Example of the histogram patterns corresponding to some common cardiac rhythms are presented. The histograms can be treated mathematically to yield information which is useful in assessing the long-term effects of drugs and in classifying disorders of cardiac rhythm.", "contents": "The use of R-R interval and difference histograms in classifying disorders of sinus rhythm. A data reduction technique is presented which enables the patterns of cardiac rhythm inherent in a long-term ECG recording to be described in a concise fashion. The method consists in combining an R-R interval difference histogram, which gives information about the detailed structure of cardiac rhythm patterns, with an R-R interval histogram, which concisely describes the trends in heart rate over a period. Example of the histogram patterns corresponding to some common cardiac rhythms are presented. The histograms can be treated mathematically to yield information which is useful in assessing the long-term effects of drugs and in classifying disorders of cardiac rhythm.", "PMID": 557110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2919", "title": "Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey.", "content": "From personal interviews obtained for 7,518 incident cases of invasive cancer from the population-based Third National Cancer Survey, the quantitative lifetime use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, unsmoked tobacco, wine, beer, hard liquor, and combined alcohol were recorded, as well as education and family income level. In an initial screening analysis of these data, Mantel-Haenszel 2 X 2 contingency tabulations and multiple regression analyses were used to compare each specific cancer site with controls from other sites to test for associations with the \"exposure variables.\" Significant positive associations with cigarette smoking were found for cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, bladder, kidney, and uterine cervix. Other forms of tobacco were associated with cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, lung, and cervix. Consumption of wine, beer, hard liquor, and all combined showed positive associations with neoplasms of the oral cavity larynx, esophagus, colon, rectum, breast, and thyroid gland. College educaton and high income both showed positive associations with cancers of the breast, thyroid gland, uterine corpus, and melanomas in males. These same indicators of high socioeconomic status showed inverse associations with invasive neoplasms of the uterine cervix, lung, lip-tongue, and colon in females. College attendance (but not income) showed an inverse association with stomach cancer and positive association with pancreatic cancer in males. Still other tumor sties showed \"suggestive\" associations with each of these exposure variables. In the analyses producing these results, age, race, sex, smoking, drinking, education, income, parity, foreign birth, marital status, and geographic location were used as stratification variables separately or in combination when appropriate to assess and control for their potentially confounding affects and to examine results in different strata to assess interaction.", "contents": "Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey. From personal interviews obtained for 7,518 incident cases of invasive cancer from the population-based Third National Cancer Survey, the quantitative lifetime use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, unsmoked tobacco, wine, beer, hard liquor, and combined alcohol were recorded, as well as education and family income level. In an initial screening analysis of these data, Mantel-Haenszel 2 X 2 contingency tabulations and multiple regression analyses were used to compare each specific cancer site with controls from other sites to test for associations with the \"exposure variables.\" Significant positive associations with cigarette smoking were found for cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, bladder, kidney, and uterine cervix. Other forms of tobacco were associated with cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, lung, and cervix. Consumption of wine, beer, hard liquor, and all combined showed positive associations with neoplasms of the oral cavity larynx, esophagus, colon, rectum, breast, and thyroid gland. College educaton and high income both showed positive associations with cancers of the breast, thyroid gland, uterine corpus, and melanomas in males. These same indicators of high socioeconomic status showed inverse associations with invasive neoplasms of the uterine cervix, lung, lip-tongue, and colon in females. College attendance (but not income) showed an inverse association with stomach cancer and positive association with pancreatic cancer in males. Still other tumor sties showed \"suggestive\" associations with each of these exposure variables. In the analyses producing these results, age, race, sex, smoking, drinking, education, income, parity, foreign birth, marital status, and geographic location were used as stratification variables separately or in combination when appropriate to assess and control for their potentially confounding affects and to examine results in different strata to assess interaction.", "PMID": 557114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2920", "title": "Fractured pelvis with avulsion of the female urethra.", "content": "Injuries to the female urethra, except for meatal straddle injuries and those associated with instrumentation, are rarely seen with pelvic trauma. To our knowledge this is the first case of traumatic complete disruption of the female membranous urethra reported in the English literature.", "contents": "Fractured pelvis with avulsion of the female urethra. Injuries to the female urethra, except for meatal straddle injuries and those associated with instrumentation, are rarely seen with pelvic trauma. To our knowledge this is the first case of traumatic complete disruption of the female membranous urethra reported in the English literature.", "PMID": 557116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2921", "title": "Carcinogenesis in the pancreas. I. Long-term explant culture of human and bovine pancreatic ducts.", "content": "Bovine and human pancreatic ductal explants were maintained in long-term culture. Bovine ducts were cultured for 85 days, whereas human ducts have been cultured for up to 60 days. The explants all maintained good ultrastructural preservation for these periods and also incorporated radioactive precursors into protein, RNA, and DNA. Uncultured ducts, which were fixed for electron micrsoscopic study, demonstrated classical signs of reversible cell injury (dilated endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria), and cultured explants did not. However, the cultured tissues did show sublethal alterations such as the formation of numerous autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies and the accumulation of large lipid droplets. This study demonstrated the feasibility of maintaining pancreatic ducts in long-term explant culture, which enables them to be used in experimental studies involving chemical carcinogens and in structural and functional studies.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis in the pancreas. I. Long-term explant culture of human and bovine pancreatic ducts. Bovine and human pancreatic ductal explants were maintained in long-term culture. Bovine ducts were cultured for 85 days, whereas human ducts have been cultured for up to 60 days. The explants all maintained good ultrastructural preservation for these periods and also incorporated radioactive precursors into protein, RNA, and DNA. Uncultured ducts, which were fixed for electron micrsoscopic study, demonstrated classical signs of reversible cell injury (dilated endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria), and cultured explants did not. However, the cultured tissues did show sublethal alterations such as the formation of numerous autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies and the accumulation of large lipid droplets. This study demonstrated the feasibility of maintaining pancreatic ducts in long-term explant culture, which enables them to be used in experimental studies involving chemical carcinogens and in structural and functional studies.", "PMID": 557115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2922", "title": "The gross and histopathologic lesions of maignant catarrhal fever in three captive sika deer (Cervus nippon) in southern Ontario.", "content": "The gross and histopathologic lesions of three captive sika deer (Cervus nippon) with malignant catarrhal fever are described. Lesions included those of the head and eye form and the more commonly described peracute form. One deer had been exposed to a wildebeeste (Connochaetes gnou) and the other two to domestic sheep.", "contents": "The gross and histopathologic lesions of maignant catarrhal fever in three captive sika deer (Cervus nippon) in southern Ontario. The gross and histopathologic lesions of three captive sika deer (Cervus nippon) with malignant catarrhal fever are described. Lesions included those of the head and eye form and the more commonly described peracute form. One deer had been exposed to a wildebeeste (Connochaetes gnou) and the other two to domestic sheep.", "PMID": 557117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2923", "title": "[Clinical studies on clindamycin-2-phosphate in the field of surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty eight patients were treated with parenteral clindamycin-2-phosphate in the field of surgery, and good response was obtained in a series of superficial soft tissue infection, especially caused by staphylococci, with a daily dose of 300 mg. Serum level and urinary excretion were also investigated in four healthy male volunteers.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on clindamycin-2-phosphate in the field of surgery (author's transl)]. Twenty eight patients were treated with parenteral clindamycin-2-phosphate in the field of surgery, and good response was obtained in a series of superficial soft tissue infection, especially caused by staphylococci, with a daily dose of 300 mg. Serum level and urinary excretion were also investigated in four healthy male volunteers.", "PMID": 557118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2924", "title": "Changes in hepatic collagen metabolism in rats produced by chronic ethanol feeding.", "content": "The effect of ethanol feeding for a period of 6 months on parameters of hepatic collagen metabolism was studied in the rat. Ethanol feeding resulted in small increases in the fibrous and ground substance components of hepatic collagen as measured by increases in collagen-bound hydroxyproline and hexosamine, respectively. Liver histology revealagen proline hydroxylase and the incorporation of labeled proline into collagen by liver slices, both of which are associated with collagen synthesis, were not changed. Ethanol feeding resulted in increases in the concentration of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid in the Kupffer cells, but in no changes in collagenase activity. An increase in collagen degradation was suggested, however, by the increase in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycans found after 2 and 6 months of ethanol feeding, respectively. This study demonstrates that fatty infiltration of the liver in the rat, after prolonged ethanol feeding, is associated with increased deposition of chemically detectable collagen and evidence of increased collagen degradation, although no significant changes in parameters associated with hepatic collagen synthesis were found.", "contents": "Changes in hepatic collagen metabolism in rats produced by chronic ethanol feeding. The effect of ethanol feeding for a period of 6 months on parameters of hepatic collagen metabolism was studied in the rat. Ethanol feeding resulted in small increases in the fibrous and ground substance components of hepatic collagen as measured by increases in collagen-bound hydroxyproline and hexosamine, respectively. Liver histology revealagen proline hydroxylase and the incorporation of labeled proline into collagen by liver slices, both of which are associated with collagen synthesis, were not changed. Ethanol feeding resulted in increases in the concentration of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid in the Kupffer cells, but in no changes in collagenase activity. An increase in collagen degradation was suggested, however, by the increase in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycans found after 2 and 6 months of ethanol feeding, respectively. This study demonstrates that fatty infiltration of the liver in the rat, after prolonged ethanol feeding, is associated with increased deposition of chemically detectable collagen and evidence of increased collagen degradation, although no significant changes in parameters associated with hepatic collagen synthesis were found.", "PMID": 557149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2925", "title": "A reexamination of the role of heredity in stuttering.", "content": "In the light of recent breakthrough in the study of schizophrenia indicating a far stronger genetic factor than has been previously suspected, the role of heredity in stuttering is critically reexamined. Present knowledge of the role of heredity in stuttering springs from four principal data sources: (1) studies of familial incidence; (2) spontaneous recovery studies; (3) twin studies; and (4) studies of parental disfluency. It is hypothesized that the 4:1 sex ratio in stuttering may be the product of selective genetic factors. Critical examination of earlier and more recent studies leads to substantial evidence that a familial predisopsing factor exists in about 25% cases of stuttering.", "contents": "A reexamination of the role of heredity in stuttering. In the light of recent breakthrough in the study of schizophrenia indicating a far stronger genetic factor than has been previously suspected, the role of heredity in stuttering is critically reexamined. Present knowledge of the role of heredity in stuttering springs from four principal data sources: (1) studies of familial incidence; (2) spontaneous recovery studies; (3) twin studies; and (4) studies of parental disfluency. It is hypothesized that the 4:1 sex ratio in stuttering may be the product of selective genetic factors. Critical examination of earlier and more recent studies leads to substantial evidence that a familial predisopsing factor exists in about 25% cases of stuttering.", "PMID": 557150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2926", "title": "Base-10 programmed stimulation: task specification, scoring, and plotting performance in aphasia therapy.", "content": "This report explains and advocates the applicability of time-series designs to document the effects of therapy with aphasic subjects; it describes a measurement system that contributes to organization of therapy, task specification and scoring, and graphic display of change in speech and language behaviors. Examples of patient performances illustrate the application of Base-10 Programmed Stimulation to therapy with aphasic persons.", "contents": "Base-10 programmed stimulation: task specification, scoring, and plotting performance in aphasia therapy. This report explains and advocates the applicability of time-series designs to document the effects of therapy with aphasic subjects; it describes a measurement system that contributes to organization of therapy, task specification and scoring, and graphic display of change in speech and language behaviors. Examples of patient performances illustrate the application of Base-10 Programmed Stimulation to therapy with aphasic persons.", "PMID": 557151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2927", "title": "Auditory symptoms associated with herpes zoster or idiopathic facial paralysis.", "content": "Auditory symptoms (hyperacusis, tinnitus, decreased hearing) have long been recognized to accompany herpetic or idiopathic facial paralysis. Twenty-nine percent of 1,080 patients with idiopathic facial paralysis and 37 percent of 172 with herpes zoster oticus facial paralysis had auditory symptoms. Abnormal related sensori-neural hearing loss was documented in only 11 of these 377 patients with auditory complaints. All of the 11 had a diagnosis of herpes zoster oticus. Sensori-neural hearing loss occurs in only about 6.5 percent of patients with herpes zoster facial paralysis, and no confirmed case of such loss in idiopathic facial paralysis has been reported. In patients presenting with sensori-neural hearing loss accompanying facial paralysis believed to be idiopathic, herpes zoster should be suspected even in the absence of vesicles. Factors favorable for recovery of auditory function include age 64 years or younger, mild initial hearing loss, a cochlear pattern of hearing loss, and absence of vertigo. Recovery of auditory function does take place; however, a high-tone sensori-neural loss may persist except in younger patients.", "contents": "Auditory symptoms associated with herpes zoster or idiopathic facial paralysis. Auditory symptoms (hyperacusis, tinnitus, decreased hearing) have long been recognized to accompany herpetic or idiopathic facial paralysis. Twenty-nine percent of 1,080 patients with idiopathic facial paralysis and 37 percent of 172 with herpes zoster oticus facial paralysis had auditory symptoms. Abnormal related sensori-neural hearing loss was documented in only 11 of these 377 patients with auditory complaints. All of the 11 had a diagnosis of herpes zoster oticus. Sensori-neural hearing loss occurs in only about 6.5 percent of patients with herpes zoster facial paralysis, and no confirmed case of such loss in idiopathic facial paralysis has been reported. In patients presenting with sensori-neural hearing loss accompanying facial paralysis believed to be idiopathic, herpes zoster should be suspected even in the absence of vesicles. Factors favorable for recovery of auditory function include age 64 years or younger, mild initial hearing loss, a cochlear pattern of hearing loss, and absence of vertigo. Recovery of auditory function does take place; however, a high-tone sensori-neural loss may persist except in younger patients.", "PMID": 557156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2928", "title": "Statistical mechanical treatment of protein conformation. 5. A multistate model for specific-sequence copolymers of amino acids.", "content": "One-dimensional short-range interaction models for specific-sequence copolymers of amino acids have been developed in this series of papers. In the present paper, a multistate model (involving right-handed helical (hR), extended (epsilon), chain-reversal (R and S), left-handed helical (hL), right-handed bridge-region (zota R), left-handed bridge-region (zota L), and coil (or other) (c) states) is developed for the prediction of protein backbone conformation. This model involves ten parameters (WhR, UPSILONHR, V epsilon, VR, VS, WhL, VhL, U zota R, U zota L, and Uc) and requires a 10X10 statistical weight matrix. Assuming that the left-handed helical sequence cannot occur in proteins, this 10X10 matrix can be reduced to a 9X9 matrix with nine parameters (WhR, VhR, V epsilon, VR, VS, VhL, U zota R, U zota L, and Uc). A nearest neighbor approximation of this multistate model is also formulated; with the omission of left-handed helical sequences, and the inclusion of the left-handed bridge region in the c state, this approximate model requires a 7X7 matrix with statistical weights WhR, VhR, VS, VhL, U zota R, and Uc, expressed as values relative to the statistical weight of the epsilon state. The statistical weights for the multistate model are evaluated from the atomic coordinates of the X-ray structures of 26 native proteins. These statistical weights and the multistate model are applied in the prediction of the backbone conformations of proteins. The conformational probabilities of finding a residue in hR, epsilon, R, S, hL, zota R, or c states, defined as relative values with respect to their average values over the whole molecule, are calculated for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and clostridial flavodoxin, in order to select the most probable conformation for each residue of these proteins. The predicted results are compared to experimental observations and are discussed together with the reliability of the statistical weights. In the Appendix, the property of asymmetric nucleation of helical sequences is introduced into the (nearest neighbor) multistate model.", "contents": "Statistical mechanical treatment of protein conformation. 5. A multistate model for specific-sequence copolymers of amino acids. One-dimensional short-range interaction models for specific-sequence copolymers of amino acids have been developed in this series of papers. In the present paper, a multistate model (involving right-handed helical (hR), extended (epsilon), chain-reversal (R and S), left-handed helical (hL), right-handed bridge-region (zota R), left-handed bridge-region (zota L), and coil (or other) (c) states) is developed for the prediction of protein backbone conformation. This model involves ten parameters (WhR, UPSILONHR, V epsilon, VR, VS, WhL, VhL, U zota R, U zota L, and Uc) and requires a 10X10 statistical weight matrix. Assuming that the left-handed helical sequence cannot occur in proteins, this 10X10 matrix can be reduced to a 9X9 matrix with nine parameters (WhR, VhR, V epsilon, VR, VS, VhL, U zota R, U zota L, and Uc). A nearest neighbor approximation of this multistate model is also formulated; with the omission of left-handed helical sequences, and the inclusion of the left-handed bridge region in the c state, this approximate model requires a 7X7 matrix with statistical weights WhR, VhR, VS, VhL, U zota R, and Uc, expressed as values relative to the statistical weight of the epsilon state. The statistical weights for the multistate model are evaluated from the atomic coordinates of the X-ray structures of 26 native proteins. These statistical weights and the multistate model are applied in the prediction of the backbone conformations of proteins. The conformational probabilities of finding a residue in hR, epsilon, R, S, hL, zota R, or c states, defined as relative values with respect to their average values over the whole molecule, are calculated for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and clostridial flavodoxin, in order to select the most probable conformation for each residue of these proteins. The predicted results are compared to experimental observations and are discussed together with the reliability of the statistical weights. In the Appendix, the property of asymmetric nucleation of helical sequences is introduced into the (nearest neighbor) multistate model.", "PMID": 557155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2929", "title": "[On the problem of histochemical demonstration of esterase activity by the thiolacetic acid method in the acellular slime mold Physarum confertum (author's translation)].", "content": "The application of the histochemical thiolacetic acid method on plasmodia of the acellular slime mold Physarum confertum leads to the formation of lead sulfide deposits at the outer cytoplasmic surface and its invaginations. The reaction cannot be reduced by esterase- and cholin/acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Successive application of lead and sulfide in the absence of substrate results in a lead sulfide deposit at the same sites indicating that the underlying reaction is based on an artificial adsorption of ions at the surface of the plasmodium. This finding means that the thiolacetic acid method is not suited for the demonstration of a surface-associated esterase/cholinesterase activity in slime molds. Based on the ion adsorption property of the surface of plasmodia a simple method is developed for the \"in toto\" demonstration of the plasmamembrane-invagination-system in aceullar slime molds.", "contents": "[On the problem of histochemical demonstration of esterase activity by the thiolacetic acid method in the acellular slime mold Physarum confertum (author's translation)]. The application of the histochemical thiolacetic acid method on plasmodia of the acellular slime mold Physarum confertum leads to the formation of lead sulfide deposits at the outer cytoplasmic surface and its invaginations. The reaction cannot be reduced by esterase- and cholin/acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Successive application of lead and sulfide in the absence of substrate results in a lead sulfide deposit at the same sites indicating that the underlying reaction is based on an artificial adsorption of ions at the surface of the plasmodium. This finding means that the thiolacetic acid method is not suited for the demonstration of a surface-associated esterase/cholinesterase activity in slime molds. Based on the ion adsorption property of the surface of plasmodia a simple method is developed for the \"in toto\" demonstration of the plasmamembrane-invagination-system in aceullar slime molds.", "PMID": 557162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2930", "title": "[Haemangiosarcomatosis after professional exposure to polyvinylchloride (author's transl)].", "content": "After taking a cursory look at neoplastic developments particularly at professional exposure to vinylchloride and polyvinylchloride, one case is reported in which a multilocular haemangiosarcomatosis occurred after a relatively short and only intermittent exposure to polyvinylchloride. The latent stage lasted 15 years. The vessel areas affected were the aorta abdominalis, the intrarenal kidney vessels, and the intracerebral vessel-systems. Symptomatically, the disease presented the picture of a progrediently advancing peripheral circulatory disturbance. The possibility of previous sclerotic damage caused by carbon sulphide is discussed.", "contents": "[Haemangiosarcomatosis after professional exposure to polyvinylchloride (author's transl)]. After taking a cursory look at neoplastic developments particularly at professional exposure to vinylchloride and polyvinylchloride, one case is reported in which a multilocular haemangiosarcomatosis occurred after a relatively short and only intermittent exposure to polyvinylchloride. The latent stage lasted 15 years. The vessel areas affected were the aorta abdominalis, the intrarenal kidney vessels, and the intracerebral vessel-systems. Symptomatically, the disease presented the picture of a progrediently advancing peripheral circulatory disturbance. The possibility of previous sclerotic damage caused by carbon sulphide is discussed.", "PMID": 557164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2931", "title": "The mitochondrial genome of Chlamydomonas. II. Genetic analysis of non-mendelian obligate photautotrophic mutants.", "content": "Among a collection of obligate photoautotrophic (dark-dier, dk) mutants isolated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two have been found which are inherited in crosses to wild type in a non-Mendelian, biparental and apparently random fashion. F1 progeny include not only cells which show the dk and wildtype parental phenotypes but also many which possess intermediate phenotypes between wild type and dk. When F1 progeny with dk, intermediate or wild-type phenotype were backcrossed to wild type, the dk phenotype continued to be inherited in a biparental and random fashion. Upon selection, neither mutant formed stable clones producing only dk progeny, suggesting that the two mutants segregate dk and wild-type progeny somatically and that the homozygous dk condition may be lethal. The biparental transmission of these two non-Mendelian dk mutations resembles the transmission of acriflavin-induced minute mutations of Chlamydomonas and is distinct from the uniparentally inherited chloroplast mutations of this alga. Both the dk and minute mutations may alter mitochondrial DNA and thereby alter mitochondrial functions.", "contents": "The mitochondrial genome of Chlamydomonas. II. Genetic analysis of non-mendelian obligate photautotrophic mutants. Among a collection of obligate photoautotrophic (dark-dier, dk) mutants isolated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two have been found which are inherited in crosses to wild type in a non-Mendelian, biparental and apparently random fashion. F1 progeny include not only cells which show the dk and wildtype parental phenotypes but also many which possess intermediate phenotypes between wild type and dk. When F1 progeny with dk, intermediate or wild-type phenotype were backcrossed to wild type, the dk phenotype continued to be inherited in a biparental and random fashion. Upon selection, neither mutant formed stable clones producing only dk progeny, suggesting that the two mutants segregate dk and wild-type progeny somatically and that the homozygous dk condition may be lethal. The biparental transmission of these two non-Mendelian dk mutations resembles the transmission of acriflavin-induced minute mutations of Chlamydomonas and is distinct from the uniparentally inherited chloroplast mutations of this alga. Both the dk and minute mutations may alter mitochondrial DNA and thereby alter mitochondrial functions.", "PMID": 557165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2932", "title": "Pathology of tumors developed in guinea pigs given intraperitoneal injections of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "The carcinogenic effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea after repeated intraperitoneal administration in inbred strain NIH 13 guinea pigs were studied. 50% of the animals that survived beyond 22 weeks, after intraperitoneal injection of MNU at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight/week for 18 weeks, developed a broad spectrum of tumors: these included adenocarcinoma of pancreas in 2 animals, fibrosarcoma of the mesentery in 2 animals, angiosarcoma of mesentery in 2 animals, mesothelioma of the peritoneum in 1 animal and tumors of small intestine in 3 animals. These studies indicate the susceptibility of different types of tissue to the local effects of MNU after intraperitoneal administration.", "contents": "Pathology of tumors developed in guinea pigs given intraperitoneal injections of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. The carcinogenic effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea after repeated intraperitoneal administration in inbred strain NIH 13 guinea pigs were studied. 50% of the animals that survived beyond 22 weeks, after intraperitoneal injection of MNU at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight/week for 18 weeks, developed a broad spectrum of tumors: these included adenocarcinoma of pancreas in 2 animals, fibrosarcoma of the mesentery in 2 animals, angiosarcoma of mesentery in 2 animals, mesothelioma of the peritoneum in 1 animal and tumors of small intestine in 3 animals. These studies indicate the susceptibility of different types of tissue to the local effects of MNU after intraperitoneal administration.", "PMID": 557171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2933", "title": "[Surgical treatment of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-five patients with aneurysms of the anterior cerebral artery distal to the anterior communicating artery were operated on by a direct approach method in the years 1960-1973. The incidence of aneurysms in this location was 4.8% of the total 1,000 aneurysms. It is of upmost importance in the treatment of aneurysms to insure the parent artery for the purpose of temporary occlusion. This makes it easier and safer to approach the aneurysmal neck and to handle possible premature aneurysmal rupture. From this technical standpoint, the aneurysms in this location were classified into two types, ascending and horizontal. Aneurysms of the pericallosal artery between the origin of the anterior communicating artery and the knee of the corpus callosum were designated as the aneurysms of the ascending portion, whereas the aneurysms of the pericallosal artery from the knee of the corpus callosum and beyond were designated as the aneurysms of the horizontal portion. Depending on the location of the aneurysm, craniotomy was performed at one of two different sites. For aneurysms of the ascending portion, bifrontal craniotomy was determined and applied as the safest approach. A small parasagittal craniotomy was determined to be sufficient for aneurysms of the horizontal portion. Although the total operative mortality was 4 of 45 cases (9.0%), no mortalities nor morbidities occurred in the last 12 cases since 1972, when the sites of craniotomies were differenciated.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms (author's transl)]. Forty-five patients with aneurysms of the anterior cerebral artery distal to the anterior communicating artery were operated on by a direct approach method in the years 1960-1973. The incidence of aneurysms in this location was 4.8% of the total 1,000 aneurysms. It is of upmost importance in the treatment of aneurysms to insure the parent artery for the purpose of temporary occlusion. This makes it easier and safer to approach the aneurysmal neck and to handle possible premature aneurysmal rupture. From this technical standpoint, the aneurysms in this location were classified into two types, ascending and horizontal. Aneurysms of the pericallosal artery between the origin of the anterior communicating artery and the knee of the corpus callosum were designated as the aneurysms of the ascending portion, whereas the aneurysms of the pericallosal artery from the knee of the corpus callosum and beyond were designated as the aneurysms of the horizontal portion. Depending on the location of the aneurysm, craniotomy was performed at one of two different sites. For aneurysms of the ascending portion, bifrontal craniotomy was determined and applied as the safest approach. A small parasagittal craniotomy was determined to be sufficient for aneurysms of the horizontal portion. Although the total operative mortality was 4 of 45 cases (9.0%), no mortalities nor morbidities occurred in the last 12 cases since 1972, when the sites of craniotomies were differenciated.", "PMID": 557175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2934", "title": "[RI cisternography in the diagnosis of brain tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen cases of brain tumors of supratentorial location were studied by RI cisternography; Cisternographical patterns of decreased or absent radioactivity were classified into five groups as follows: Pattern I: Sharply circumscribed and localized decrease in radioactivity; Pattern II:Ill-defined and focal decrease in radioactivity; Pattern III: Areal decrease in radioactivity involving one whole or two lobes; Pattern IV: Hemispherical decrease in radioactivity and Pattern V: Total decrease in radioactivity in the head. Each pattern appears to correspond well with topographical features of brain tumors and their related pathology, such as extracerebral tumors (pattern I), intracerebral but superficially located tumors (pattern II), extracerebral tumors with surrounding edema or large intracerebral tumors (pattern III), extracerebral or intracerebral tumors with increased intracranial pressure (pattern IV), and extremely increased intracranial pressure regardless the site of tumor (pattern V). In consideration of these patterns, RI cisternography would be a more useful supplementary method in diagnosis of brain tumors to detect the area involved, to differentiate an intracerebral from an extracerebral tumor, and to find a recurrence of the tumormfurthermore, it is helpful to know the therapeutical effects of surgery and radiotherapy. RI cisternography is a simple, relatively noninvasive method which can be used more widely.", "contents": "[RI cisternography in the diagnosis of brain tumors (author's transl)]. Fifteen cases of brain tumors of supratentorial location were studied by RI cisternography; Cisternographical patterns of decreased or absent radioactivity were classified into five groups as follows: Pattern I: Sharply circumscribed and localized decrease in radioactivity; Pattern II:Ill-defined and focal decrease in radioactivity; Pattern III: Areal decrease in radioactivity involving one whole or two lobes; Pattern IV: Hemispherical decrease in radioactivity and Pattern V: Total decrease in radioactivity in the head. Each pattern appears to correspond well with topographical features of brain tumors and their related pathology, such as extracerebral tumors (pattern I), intracerebral but superficially located tumors (pattern II), extracerebral tumors with surrounding edema or large intracerebral tumors (pattern III), extracerebral or intracerebral tumors with increased intracranial pressure (pattern IV), and extremely increased intracranial pressure regardless the site of tumor (pattern V). In consideration of these patterns, RI cisternography would be a more useful supplementary method in diagnosis of brain tumors to detect the area involved, to differentiate an intracerebral from an extracerebral tumor, and to find a recurrence of the tumormfurthermore, it is helpful to know the therapeutical effects of surgery and radiotherapy. RI cisternography is a simple, relatively noninvasive method which can be used more widely.", "PMID": 557176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2935", "title": "[Clinical evaluation on glucocorticoid administration in neurosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Anterior pituitary function tests (ITT, TRH test and LH-RH test) were performed on 10 patients with intracranial lesions other than hypothalamo-pituitary tumors. These lesions were 8 brain tumors and 2 aneurysms. Relatively high doses of glucocorticoid were administered in pre- and post-operative period to all the cases. Preoperative study showed a slightly low response of GH and FSH in one case and a low TSH response in 2 cases. ACTH, LH and PRL were normal in all the cases. Postoperative study was performed about 10 days after ceasing of glucocorticoid. Postoperative data revealed that anterior pituitary function tests did not show any significant changes after surgeries in all the patients.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation on glucocorticoid administration in neurosurgical patients (author's transl)]. Anterior pituitary function tests (ITT, TRH test and LH-RH test) were performed on 10 patients with intracranial lesions other than hypothalamo-pituitary tumors. These lesions were 8 brain tumors and 2 aneurysms. Relatively high doses of glucocorticoid were administered in pre- and post-operative period to all the cases. Preoperative study showed a slightly low response of GH and FSH in one case and a low TSH response in 2 cases. ACTH, LH and PRL were normal in all the cases. Postoperative study was performed about 10 days after ceasing of glucocorticoid. Postoperative data revealed that anterior pituitary function tests did not show any significant changes after surgeries in all the patients.", "PMID": 557177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2936", "title": "[Fibrinolytic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was aimed to investigate the correlation between recurrent hemorrhage of ruptured intracranial aneurysm and local fibrinolytic activity of aneurysmal fibrin plug. The fibrinolytic activity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated in 63 patients with various neurological diseases by means of modified fibrin plate method. No plasmin was elicited in normal CSF, however, it was confirmed that CSF contained an incomplete activator which became a complete activator inthe presence of streptokinase, and plasminogen was identified in the presence of urokinase. In 26 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the fibrinolytic activity of CSF occurred in the patients within two weeks following hemorrhagic ictus. In almost cases, the fibrinolytic activity of CSF was not increased in the first three weeks after the onset of hemorrhage. This result agreed with the fact that rebleeding of intracranial aneurysm tended to occur within two weeks after the hemorrhage. Therefore, intensive antifibrinolytic therapy for two weeks after onset of hemorrhage is necessary in order to prevent recurrent hemorrhage of intracranial aneurysm, and its doses should be sufficient to inhibit local fibinolysis. It has been suggested that the local fibrinolysis after subarachnoid hemorrhage would be caused by activators released from damaged surrounding brain tissues. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested from the result of our in vitro experiments that coexistence of CSF and blood play an important role to increase local fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)]. This study was aimed to investigate the correlation between recurrent hemorrhage of ruptured intracranial aneurysm and local fibrinolytic activity of aneurysmal fibrin plug. The fibrinolytic activity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated in 63 patients with various neurological diseases by means of modified fibrin plate method. No plasmin was elicited in normal CSF, however, it was confirmed that CSF contained an incomplete activator which became a complete activator inthe presence of streptokinase, and plasminogen was identified in the presence of urokinase. In 26 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the fibrinolytic activity of CSF occurred in the patients within two weeks following hemorrhagic ictus. In almost cases, the fibrinolytic activity of CSF was not increased in the first three weeks after the onset of hemorrhage. This result agreed with the fact that rebleeding of intracranial aneurysm tended to occur within two weeks after the hemorrhage. Therefore, intensive antifibrinolytic therapy for two weeks after onset of hemorrhage is necessary in order to prevent recurrent hemorrhage of intracranial aneurysm, and its doses should be sufficient to inhibit local fibinolysis. It has been suggested that the local fibrinolysis after subarachnoid hemorrhage would be caused by activators released from damaged surrounding brain tissues. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested from the result of our in vitro experiments that coexistence of CSF and blood play an important role to increase local fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 557178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2937", "title": "[A case of multiple anomalies of cerebral vessels--fenestration of the middle cerebral artery aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery and arteriovenous malformation on the frontopolar region (author's transl)].", "content": "A case associated with multiple cerebral vascular anomalies, which consisted of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery, arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, was reported. A 48 year-old male has been suffering from the left paralysis and mental disorder after the initial attack of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the second attack resulted in the deterioration of the symptoms. He was admitted to our clinic on October 28, 1974. On neurological examination, mental disorders, such as disorientation, emotional incontinence, amnesia and acalculia, hemiplegia on the left and meningeal irritation signs were observed in admission period. Physical examination was negative. Cerebral angiographic findings were as follows: 1) Moderate vasospasm of the right internal carotid artery at the terminal segment, mild bowing of the anterior cerebral artery and stretching of the frontparietal opercular branches of the middle cerebral artery were observed. 2) Right frontpolar arteriovenous malformation fed by the frontobasal artery and the frontopolar artery, and drained via the aberrant cortical vein into the superior sagittal sinus. 3) Aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was opacified by left carotid angiography. 4) An abnormal vessel derived from the terminal segment of the right internal carotid artery and terminated at the portion of the sphenoidal segment of the middle cerebral artery. Complete loop was formed between genuine middle cerebral artery and this abnormal artery. He was operated with dissecting microscope on November 11, 1974. The arteriovenous malformation at right frontopolar region was totally removed and aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was clipped. According to the operative findings, the arachnoid membrane over the right frontopolar region was turbid and adhered to the adjacent tissues. On the contrary, no abnormal findings suggestive of previous subarachnoid hemorrhage were observed around the region of the anterior communicating artery aneurysm. These findings showed that subarachnoidal bleeding was caused by rupture of the arteriovenous malformation of right frontopolar region, but not by the aneurysm on the anterior communicating artery. The postoperative course was uneventful and during the hospitalization the patient starts on rehabilitation therapy. The authors discussed the genesis of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery and relation among these combined vascular anomalies. We inferred that fenestration of the middle cerebral artery arose from the in complete fusion of procursor vascular network in embryonic stage. Additionally, we emphasized that it was necessary to make a distinction between these two terms \"fenestration\" and \"duplication\".", "contents": "[A case of multiple anomalies of cerebral vessels--fenestration of the middle cerebral artery aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery and arteriovenous malformation on the frontopolar region (author's transl)]. A case associated with multiple cerebral vascular anomalies, which consisted of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery, arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, was reported. A 48 year-old male has been suffering from the left paralysis and mental disorder after the initial attack of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the second attack resulted in the deterioration of the symptoms. He was admitted to our clinic on October 28, 1974. On neurological examination, mental disorders, such as disorientation, emotional incontinence, amnesia and acalculia, hemiplegia on the left and meningeal irritation signs were observed in admission period. Physical examination was negative. Cerebral angiographic findings were as follows: 1) Moderate vasospasm of the right internal carotid artery at the terminal segment, mild bowing of the anterior cerebral artery and stretching of the frontparietal opercular branches of the middle cerebral artery were observed. 2) Right frontpolar arteriovenous malformation fed by the frontobasal artery and the frontopolar artery, and drained via the aberrant cortical vein into the superior sagittal sinus. 3) Aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was opacified by left carotid angiography. 4) An abnormal vessel derived from the terminal segment of the right internal carotid artery and terminated at the portion of the sphenoidal segment of the middle cerebral artery. Complete loop was formed between genuine middle cerebral artery and this abnormal artery. He was operated with dissecting microscope on November 11, 1974. The arteriovenous malformation at right frontopolar region was totally removed and aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was clipped. According to the operative findings, the arachnoid membrane over the right frontopolar region was turbid and adhered to the adjacent tissues. On the contrary, no abnormal findings suggestive of previous subarachnoid hemorrhage were observed around the region of the anterior communicating artery aneurysm. These findings showed that subarachnoidal bleeding was caused by rupture of the arteriovenous malformation of right frontopolar region, but not by the aneurysm on the anterior communicating artery. The postoperative course was uneventful and during the hospitalization the patient starts on rehabilitation therapy. The authors discussed the genesis of fenestration of the middle cerebral artery and relation among these combined vascular anomalies. We inferred that fenestration of the middle cerebral artery arose from the in complete fusion of procursor vascular network in embryonic stage. Additionally, we emphasized that it was necessary to make a distinction between these two terms \"fenestration\" and \"duplication\".", "PMID": 557179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2938", "title": "[Cerebrovascular moyamoya disease associated with basilar aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "Two adult cases of cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, associated with basilar aneurysm are reported. At the follow-up study of angiogram performed 14 months later in one case, the aneurysmal shadow was slightly larger than before. In the other case, craniotomy was performed and two aneurysms were confirmed to be the saccular aneurysms arising from the basilar head and superior cerebellar artery junction, respectively. From these facts, it is suggested that these aneurysms were not pseudo-aneurysms but sacuular aneurysms. As for the pseudo-aneurysm associated with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, we discussed in our previous report. It has been generally through that the mechanism of the occurence of symptoms in adult patient with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease is due to rupture of abnormal vessels in the subarachnoid space. But from our experiences, it is suggested that there should be another mechanicsm, which begins with rupture of these basilar aneurysms. In addition to that, the growing mechanisms of basilar aneurysm associated with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebrovascular moyamoya disease associated with basilar aneurysm (author's transl)]. Two adult cases of cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, associated with basilar aneurysm are reported. At the follow-up study of angiogram performed 14 months later in one case, the aneurysmal shadow was slightly larger than before. In the other case, craniotomy was performed and two aneurysms were confirmed to be the saccular aneurysms arising from the basilar head and superior cerebellar artery junction, respectively. From these facts, it is suggested that these aneurysms were not pseudo-aneurysms but sacuular aneurysms. As for the pseudo-aneurysm associated with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, we discussed in our previous report. It has been generally through that the mechanism of the occurence of symptoms in adult patient with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease is due to rupture of abnormal vessels in the subarachnoid space. But from our experiences, it is suggested that there should be another mechanicsm, which begins with rupture of these basilar aneurysms. In addition to that, the growing mechanisms of basilar aneurysm associated with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease is discussed.", "PMID": 557180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2939", "title": "[Extraneural metastases of malignant brain tumors through ventriculoperitoneal shunt--report of two autopsy cases and a review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Internal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid utilizing a mechanical tube has been an increasingly common and effective procedure for the relief of non-communicating hydrocephalus with intracranial tumor. However, several cases have recently been reported in which extraneural metastases of the tumor were initiated through the shunt tube implanted. The purpose of this paper is to present two cases with malignant brain tumor metastasizing extraneurally through ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and to review the reported cases in the literature. Case 1 The patient, a 9-year-old boy, had been suffering from headache and vomiting for 3 months prior to admission to the Neurosurgical Clinic, Gumma University Hospital. On admission, he had choked discs and cerebellar dysfunction with a staggering gait. The clinical diagnosis was a 4th ventricle tumor. On November 29, 1971, a suboccipital craniectomy was performed. A medullary tumor in the 4th ventricle was partially removed, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt was also performed. Subsequently postoperative irradiation was given, and the symptoms were abated. Histological diagnosis was ependymoblastoma. Thirteen months later, he was again admitted because of visual disturbance, psychic change and pituitary hypofunction. Bilateral frontal craniotomy revealed a large mass over the midline of the anterior skull base, accompanied by numerous meningeal neoplastic deposits. The tumor was partially removed and histologically proven to be meningeal metastases of ependymoblastoma. Irradiation was again given and the symptoms improved. But the 4th ventricle tumor recurred 5 months after the 2nd operation, and then a massive intraperitoneal effusion appeared. Cytological examination revealed clusters of tumor cells in the ascites. The patient died on September 8, 1974, namely 22 months after the ventriculoperitoneal shunt was implanted. Postmortem examination showed a solid tumor in the 4th ventricle which was accompanied by diffuse meningeal dissemination, and metastases  were present throughout the peritoneal surface...", "contents": "[Extraneural metastases of malignant brain tumors through ventriculoperitoneal shunt--report of two autopsy cases and a review of the literature (author's transl)]. Internal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid utilizing a mechanical tube has been an increasingly common and effective procedure for the relief of non-communicating hydrocephalus with intracranial tumor. However, several cases have recently been reported in which extraneural metastases of the tumor were initiated through the shunt tube implanted. The purpose of this paper is to present two cases with malignant brain tumor metastasizing extraneurally through ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and to review the reported cases in the literature. Case 1 The patient, a 9-year-old boy, had been suffering from headache and vomiting for 3 months prior to admission to the Neurosurgical Clinic, Gumma University Hospital. On admission, he had choked discs and cerebellar dysfunction with a staggering gait. The clinical diagnosis was a 4th ventricle tumor. On November 29, 1971, a suboccipital craniectomy was performed. A medullary tumor in the 4th ventricle was partially removed, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt was also performed. Subsequently postoperative irradiation was given, and the symptoms were abated. Histological diagnosis was ependymoblastoma. Thirteen months later, he was again admitted because of visual disturbance, psychic change and pituitary hypofunction. Bilateral frontal craniotomy revealed a large mass over the midline of the anterior skull base, accompanied by numerous meningeal neoplastic deposits. The tumor was partially removed and histologically proven to be meningeal metastases of ependymoblastoma. Irradiation was again given and the symptoms improved. But the 4th ventricle tumor recurred 5 months after the 2nd operation, and then a massive intraperitoneal effusion appeared. Cytological examination revealed clusters of tumor cells in the ascites. The patient died on September 8, 1974, namely 22 months after the ventriculoperitoneal shunt was implanted. Postmortem examination showed a solid tumor in the 4th ventricle which was accompanied by diffuse meningeal dissemination, and metastases  were present throughout the peritoneal surface...", "PMID": 557182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2940", "title": "[A case of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "We have reported a rare case of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy with spontaneous arrest of obstructive hydrocephalus. A 41 year old man, who had had an intermittent headache for about a year, was admitted to the department of neurosurgery Kitasato University with chief complaints of sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting and disturbance of consciousness. At the time of admission, 30 minutes after the onset of symptoms, the positive neurological findings were delirious state of consciousness, miotic pupils with sluggish reaction to light, mild hemiparesis on the left site and slight nucnal rigidity. He lapsed into coma after two hours, however he gradually relieved from these symptoms since the forth hospital day. Cerebrospinal fluid was bloody. Radiograms of the skull revealed decalcification of posterior clinoid process and postero-inferior displacement of pineal calcification. Brain scanning and vertebral angiography demonstrated tumor stain in the posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle. Dimer-X ventriculography revealed the obstruction of posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle and the leakage of Dimer-X through the floor of the 3rd ventricle into the intrasellar subarchnoid space. The patient died after about one year from the onset of symptoms. Any signs of increased intracranial pressure had not been noticed since the forth hospital day; At autopsy we confirmed the posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle was obstructed by tumor. In the floor of the 3rd ventricle there was a round opening which was patient and measured about 3 mm in diameter. Microscopic examination of the tumor showed an oligodendroglioma. Neoplastic cells partially infiltrated into the surface facing to the 3rd ventricle and slight gliosis was observed around the site of rupture. The surface along the subarachnoid space was lined with pia-aracnoid membrane except at the site of rupture. In the past literatures only 6 cases of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy have been reported. Three cases were observed spontaneous arrest of obstructive hydrocephalus. Our case is the first reported case of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy through the floor of the 3rd ventriculostomy through the floor of the 3rd ventricle. We suggested the pathogenesis of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy is a result of destruction at normally weak points of 3rd ventricle (ex. anterior, posterior wall and floor of 3rd ventricle), which has the reultant internal hydrocephalus caused by recurrent obstruction of C.S.F. pathway or long-standing obstructive hydrocephalus.", "contents": "[A case of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy (author's transl)]. We have reported a rare case of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy with spontaneous arrest of obstructive hydrocephalus. A 41 year old man, who had had an intermittent headache for about a year, was admitted to the department of neurosurgery Kitasato University with chief complaints of sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting and disturbance of consciousness. At the time of admission, 30 minutes after the onset of symptoms, the positive neurological findings were delirious state of consciousness, miotic pupils with sluggish reaction to light, mild hemiparesis on the left site and slight nucnal rigidity. He lapsed into coma after two hours, however he gradually relieved from these symptoms since the forth hospital day. Cerebrospinal fluid was bloody. Radiograms of the skull revealed decalcification of posterior clinoid process and postero-inferior displacement of pineal calcification. Brain scanning and vertebral angiography demonstrated tumor stain in the posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle. Dimer-X ventriculography revealed the obstruction of posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle and the leakage of Dimer-X through the floor of the 3rd ventricle into the intrasellar subarchnoid space. The patient died after about one year from the onset of symptoms. Any signs of increased intracranial pressure had not been noticed since the forth hospital day; At autopsy we confirmed the posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle was obstructed by tumor. In the floor of the 3rd ventricle there was a round opening which was patient and measured about 3 mm in diameter. Microscopic examination of the tumor showed an oligodendroglioma. Neoplastic cells partially infiltrated into the surface facing to the 3rd ventricle and slight gliosis was observed around the site of rupture. The surface along the subarachnoid space was lined with pia-aracnoid membrane except at the site of rupture. In the past literatures only 6 cases of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy have been reported. Three cases were observed spontaneous arrest of obstructive hydrocephalus. Our case is the first reported case of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy through the floor of the 3rd ventriculostomy through the floor of the 3rd ventricle. We suggested the pathogenesis of spontaneous 3rd ventriculostomy is a result of destruction at normally weak points of 3rd ventricle (ex. anterior, posterior wall and floor of 3rd ventricle), which has the reultant internal hydrocephalus caused by recurrent obstruction of C.S.F. pathway or long-standing obstructive hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 557183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2941", "title": "[Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with the right-bundle branch block and hypotension on sectioning a rootlet of the vagus nerve--case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A 74-year-old female who complained of severe attacks of pain in the throat and neck on the left side was first admitted to our hospital in 1971. Carbamazepine was effective at this time, and so she could be discharged. She was readmitted to the hospital in 1974 because of severe stabbing paroxysms of pain in the left throat, radiating into the auricular region as frequent as more than ten times a day. Paroxysms could not be alleviated by large doses of Carbamazepine, and side effects of the drug ensued. The pain could be easily elicited by talking, laughing, swallowing, pulling the left ear and pushing the left tragus. Block of the left 9th nerve with xylocaine produced complete relief of pain for 30 minutes to 1 hour; Plain skull X-rays and veretebral angiograms were normal. The patient was operated under general anesthesia in the sitting position. With the left suboccipital craniectomy, the left 9th nerve was cut without any change on ECG. Pulse rate, and blood pressure. Upon touching vagus nerve, the ventricular extrasystole and hypotension occurred. After the blood pressure restored to normal level and the extrasystole disappeared with administration of atropine and carnigen, the uppermost rootlet of the vagus nerve was cut. The blood pressure dropped abruptly again followed by the right bundle-branch block on ECG for approximately 20 minutes. Postoperatively, she was lethargic and had disorientation, delusion and disorientation. We attributed these symptoms to the hypoxia in operative procedure. The symptoms completely disappeared on the fifth postoperative day. The patient has been perfectly free from pain at the 15 month's follow-up without neurological or mental deficit except diminished gag reflex on the left side. We reported this our experienced case and discussed about the mechanism of the hypotension on sectioning a rootlet of the vagus nerve with literatures.", "contents": "[Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with the right-bundle branch block and hypotension on sectioning a rootlet of the vagus nerve--case report (author's transl)]. A 74-year-old female who complained of severe attacks of pain in the throat and neck on the left side was first admitted to our hospital in 1971. Carbamazepine was effective at this time, and so she could be discharged. She was readmitted to the hospital in 1974 because of severe stabbing paroxysms of pain in the left throat, radiating into the auricular region as frequent as more than ten times a day. Paroxysms could not be alleviated by large doses of Carbamazepine, and side effects of the drug ensued. The pain could be easily elicited by talking, laughing, swallowing, pulling the left ear and pushing the left tragus. Block of the left 9th nerve with xylocaine produced complete relief of pain for 30 minutes to 1 hour; Plain skull X-rays and veretebral angiograms were normal. The patient was operated under general anesthesia in the sitting position. With the left suboccipital craniectomy, the left 9th nerve was cut without any change on ECG. Pulse rate, and blood pressure. Upon touching vagus nerve, the ventricular extrasystole and hypotension occurred. After the blood pressure restored to normal level and the extrasystole disappeared with administration of atropine and carnigen, the uppermost rootlet of the vagus nerve was cut. The blood pressure dropped abruptly again followed by the right bundle-branch block on ECG for approximately 20 minutes. Postoperatively, she was lethargic and had disorientation, delusion and disorientation. We attributed these symptoms to the hypoxia in operative procedure. The symptoms completely disappeared on the fifth postoperative day. The patient has been perfectly free from pain at the 15 month's follow-up without neurological or mental deficit except diminished gag reflex on the left side. We reported this our experienced case and discussed about the mechanism of the hypotension on sectioning a rootlet of the vagus nerve with literatures.", "PMID": 557184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2942", "title": "Gonadal malignancy and 46, XY karyotype in a true hermaphrodite.", "content": "A case of true hermaphroditism associated with gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma is reported. The patient had a 46, XY karyotype. The possible significance of the Y chromosome in the development of gonadal tumors and the histogenetic problems of gonadoblastoma are also discussed.", "contents": "Gonadal malignancy and 46, XY karyotype in a true hermaphrodite. A case of true hermaphroditism associated with gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma is reported. The patient had a 46, XY karyotype. The possible significance of the Y chromosome in the development of gonadal tumors and the histogenetic problems of gonadoblastoma are also discussed.", "PMID": 557186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2943", "title": "Absence of placental transfer of l-triiodothyronine (T3) in the rat.", "content": "To detect placental transfer of L-triiodothyronine (T3) in pregnant rats, we injected 1 muCi [125I]T3 on the 16th, 18th, and 20th day of gestation. Three hours after the injection, which corresponds to the equilibrium time determined by a method of constant infusion, the pregnant rats and their fetuses were killed. The [125I]T3 was extracted from the serum or the homogenate by butanol extractions and alkaline washes. The transfer rate was calculated from the quantity of [125I]T3 in the serum of the fetuses after 3 hr and from the maternal metabolic clearance rate (8.19 +/- 0.45 ml/hr/100 g body weight; mean +/- SEM). At the 16th day of gestation, the placental transfer of T3 was 0.82 +/- 0.11% of the total maternal clearance rate/litter weight; it was 1.05 +/- 0.25% at the 18th day of gestation and 0.58 +/- 0.10% at the 20th day of gestation. There were no significant differences between these results. The maternal T3 concentration was 68.27 +/- 20.6 ng/100 ml and its production rate was 5.57 +/- 0.31 ng/hr/100 g; with these data we calculated a maternal-fetal T3 transfer of 46 +/- 6 pg/hr. Furthermore, there was no T3 transfer observed when the mother received 1.9 mug unlabeled T3, which led to a significant rise in maternal T3 concentration (68.27 +/- 20.6 ng to 102.23 +/- 7.41 ng/100 ml; P less than 0.01); there was no detectable T3 in the fetal serum. From these results we conclude that there is minimal or no placental transfer of T3 in the rat and that the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of the fetus develops autonomously.", "contents": "Absence of placental transfer of l-triiodothyronine (T3) in the rat. To detect placental transfer of L-triiodothyronine (T3) in pregnant rats, we injected 1 muCi [125I]T3 on the 16th, 18th, and 20th day of gestation. Three hours after the injection, which corresponds to the equilibrium time determined by a method of constant infusion, the pregnant rats and their fetuses were killed. The [125I]T3 was extracted from the serum or the homogenate by butanol extractions and alkaline washes. The transfer rate was calculated from the quantity of [125I]T3 in the serum of the fetuses after 3 hr and from the maternal metabolic clearance rate (8.19 +/- 0.45 ml/hr/100 g body weight; mean +/- SEM). At the 16th day of gestation, the placental transfer of T3 was 0.82 +/- 0.11% of the total maternal clearance rate/litter weight; it was 1.05 +/- 0.25% at the 18th day of gestation and 0.58 +/- 0.10% at the 20th day of gestation. There were no significant differences between these results. The maternal T3 concentration was 68.27 +/- 20.6 ng/100 ml and its production rate was 5.57 +/- 0.31 ng/hr/100 g; with these data we calculated a maternal-fetal T3 transfer of 46 +/- 6 pg/hr. Furthermore, there was no T3 transfer observed when the mother received 1.9 mug unlabeled T3, which led to a significant rise in maternal T3 concentration (68.27 +/- 20.6 ng to 102.23 +/- 7.41 ng/100 ml; P less than 0.01); there was no detectable T3 in the fetal serum. From these results we conclude that there is minimal or no placental transfer of T3 in the rat and that the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of the fetus develops autonomously.", "PMID": 557192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2944", "title": "Organizing the properties of impossible figures.", "content": "The empirical study of impossible figures requires that independent variables be well-specified. This paper provides an aid for such a task by developing a classification system which partitions cornered torus figures into meaningful subsets. These can be used to identify both formal and psychological properties of known as well as unknown possible and impossible figures in much the same manner as with the periodic table of chemical elements. The classification is polytopic (for demensional) and is formally, not empirically, derived. Coherent three-dimensional and two-dimensional forms of the system are possible without loss of information.", "contents": "Organizing the properties of impossible figures. The empirical study of impossible figures requires that independent variables be well-specified. This paper provides an aid for such a task by developing a classification system which partitions cornered torus figures into meaningful subsets. These can be used to identify both formal and psychological properties of known as well as unknown possible and impossible figures in much the same manner as with the periodic table of chemical elements. The classification is polytopic (for demensional) and is formally, not empirically, derived. Coherent three-dimensional and two-dimensional forms of the system are possible without loss of information.", "PMID": 557196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2945", "title": "Feeding-induced hypocalcaemia. Preliminary studies in sheep.", "content": "The effect of feeding on calcium metabolism was studied in sheep. When crushed oats or pelleted concentrate was added to the diet of hay-fed sheep, there was a profound decrease in serum calcium. Serum calcium fell in spite of an increased daily intake of calcium.", "contents": "Feeding-induced hypocalcaemia. Preliminary studies in sheep. The effect of feeding on calcium metabolism was studied in sheep. When crushed oats or pelleted concentrate was added to the diet of hay-fed sheep, there was a profound decrease in serum calcium. Serum calcium fell in spite of an increased daily intake of calcium.", "PMID": 557197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2946", "title": "DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum: characterization of DNA replication products made in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide in strains sensitive and resistant to cycloheximide.", "content": "Synchronous plasmodia of cycloheximide-sensitive and cycloheximide-resistant strains of Physarum polycephalum were labelled with 3[H]-deoxyadenosine in pulse and pulse-chase experiments in presence and absence of cycloheximide. The replication products were studied with alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. We show that the action of cycloheximide on DNA replication in Physarum is mediated through the ribosome, since the ribosomally located resistance also makes the plasmodial DNA replication refractile to the action of cycloheximide. Cycloheximide caused inhibition of three stages in DNA replication in the wild type: first, the formation of primary replication units (\"Okazaki\" size fragments), secondly, the ligation of primary units into secondary (\"Replicon\" size) units and thirdly, the ligation of secondary units into mature DNA.", "contents": "DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum: characterization of DNA replication products made in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide in strains sensitive and resistant to cycloheximide. Synchronous plasmodia of cycloheximide-sensitive and cycloheximide-resistant strains of Physarum polycephalum were labelled with 3[H]-deoxyadenosine in pulse and pulse-chase experiments in presence and absence of cycloheximide. The replication products were studied with alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. We show that the action of cycloheximide on DNA replication in Physarum is mediated through the ribosome, since the ribosomally located resistance also makes the plasmodial DNA replication refractile to the action of cycloheximide. Cycloheximide caused inhibition of three stages in DNA replication in the wild type: first, the formation of primary replication units (\"Okazaki\" size fragments), secondly, the ligation of primary units into secondary (\"Replicon\" size) units and thirdly, the ligation of secondary units into mature DNA.", "PMID": 557200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2947", "title": "Anorexic and behavioural effects of a new imidazo-isoindole derivative (mazindol) in comparison with d-amphetamine in the rat.", "content": "The effect of an imidazo-isoindole derivative (mazindol) upon motor and feeding activity and two different avoidance behaviours have been compared with those of d-amphetamine in rats. It was found that both drugs depress feeding activity in a dose-related manner and increase the motor activity of the animals. However, the ratio of the lowest motility-increasing dose and the lowest appetite suppressant dose is 0.5 for d-amphetamine and 2 for mazindol. Mazindol, like d-amphetamine, caused a stereotyped behaviour in rats when given in very high doses, but the range between the anorexic and the stereotyped behaviour dose is much higher for mazindol than for d-amphetamine. The shuttle-box avoidance behaviour suppressed by tetrabenazine is completely restored by d-amphetamine and partially by mazindol. Lever-pressing avoidance suppressed by tetrabenazine is restored by d-amphetamine while mazindol at the doses used is ineffective. It is concluded that mazindol could be an anorexic agent better suited than d-amphetamine for clinical use.", "contents": "Anorexic and behavioural effects of a new imidazo-isoindole derivative (mazindol) in comparison with d-amphetamine in the rat. The effect of an imidazo-isoindole derivative (mazindol) upon motor and feeding activity and two different avoidance behaviours have been compared with those of d-amphetamine in rats. It was found that both drugs depress feeding activity in a dose-related manner and increase the motor activity of the animals. However, the ratio of the lowest motility-increasing dose and the lowest appetite suppressant dose is 0.5 for d-amphetamine and 2 for mazindol. Mazindol, like d-amphetamine, caused a stereotyped behaviour in rats when given in very high doses, but the range between the anorexic and the stereotyped behaviour dose is much higher for mazindol than for d-amphetamine. The shuttle-box avoidance behaviour suppressed by tetrabenazine is completely restored by d-amphetamine and partially by mazindol. Lever-pressing avoidance suppressed by tetrabenazine is restored by d-amphetamine while mazindol at the doses used is ineffective. It is concluded that mazindol could be an anorexic agent better suited than d-amphetamine for clinical use.", "PMID": 557207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2948", "title": "Neonatal hepatic calcification secondary to transplacental infection.", "content": "Transplacentally acquired infections which cause prenatal and neonatal hepatitis can cause hepatic calcification in the newborn. Three cases are reported in which congenital toxoplasmosis and herpes simplex viral infections were causes of neonatal hepatic calcification. Autopsies performed in 2 of the cases revealed extensive dystrophic hepatic calcifications.", "contents": "Neonatal hepatic calcification secondary to transplacental infection. Transplacentally acquired infections which cause prenatal and neonatal hepatitis can cause hepatic calcification in the newborn. Three cases are reported in which congenital toxoplasmosis and herpes simplex viral infections were causes of neonatal hepatic calcification. Autopsies performed in 2 of the cases revealed extensive dystrophic hepatic calcifications.", "PMID": 557218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2949", "title": "[Biological value of a soy-corn-wheat based noodle (macaroni) supplemented with lysine (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological value of a soy-corn-wheat based noodle (macaroni) prepared by the General Food Corporation was studied. The protein level of the noodle was of 20.5g%. Thirty-six Albino rats were used in this experimental. The animals were divided into sex groups of six animals each. The experimental groups were fed: a) cooked macaroni without lysine; and b) macaroni supplemented with increasing levels of L-lysine HCL. The control group received commercial casein. The protein level of the experimental diets was of 10g%. At the end of the fourth week of the experiment some rats showed a slight difference in the growth curve, specially the animals fed macaroni without lysine. However, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the experimental groups was similar to that of the control group, but when the lysine level of the diets increased there was a corresponding increase in the PER. No significant difference was noted too. These results suggest that lysine do not improve the biological value of the noodle.", "contents": "[Biological value of a soy-corn-wheat based noodle (macaroni) supplemented with lysine (author's transl)]. The biological value of a soy-corn-wheat based noodle (macaroni) prepared by the General Food Corporation was studied. The protein level of the noodle was of 20.5g%. Thirty-six Albino rats were used in this experimental. The animals were divided into sex groups of six animals each. The experimental groups were fed: a) cooked macaroni without lysine; and b) macaroni supplemented with increasing levels of L-lysine HCL. The control group received commercial casein. The protein level of the experimental diets was of 10g%. At the end of the fourth week of the experiment some rats showed a slight difference in the growth curve, specially the animals fed macaroni without lysine. However, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the experimental groups was similar to that of the control group, but when the lysine level of the diets increased there was a corresponding increase in the PER. No significant difference was noted too. These results suggest that lysine do not improve the biological value of the noodle.", "PMID": 557219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2950", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of the anti-hypertensive agent debrisoquin.", "content": "Antisera to debrisoquin, a widely used anti-hypertensive agent, have been obtained from rabbits following immunization with a conjugate of 4-[1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)(imino)-methylamino] butanoic acid and bovine serum albumin. Employing tritium labelled debrisoquin as the radioligand for the antisera, a radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed which allows for the specific determination of the drug directly in plasma. After logit transformation, a linear calibration line was obtained between 0.1 to 10 ng of unlabelled debrisoquin. The 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8-hydroxy derivatives of debrisoquion, known metabolites in man, showed less than 1.5% cross-reaction with the antisera. The specificity of the RIA was established when good agreement was obtained for the levels of debrisoquin in patients' plasma using the RIA and a specific GC/MS method. The simplicity of the RIA makes this method attractive for the routine clinical monitoring of the plasma levels and/or experimental protocols in which high sample throughput is required.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of the anti-hypertensive agent debrisoquin. Antisera to debrisoquin, a widely used anti-hypertensive agent, have been obtained from rabbits following immunization with a conjugate of 4-[1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)(imino)-methylamino] butanoic acid and bovine serum albumin. Employing tritium labelled debrisoquin as the radioligand for the antisera, a radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed which allows for the specific determination of the drug directly in plasma. After logit transformation, a linear calibration line was obtained between 0.1 to 10 ng of unlabelled debrisoquin. The 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8-hydroxy derivatives of debrisoquion, known metabolites in man, showed less than 1.5% cross-reaction with the antisera. The specificity of the RIA was established when good agreement was obtained for the levels of debrisoquin in patients' plasma using the RIA and a specific GC/MS method. The simplicity of the RIA makes this method attractive for the routine clinical monitoring of the plasma levels and/or experimental protocols in which high sample throughput is required.", "PMID": 557221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2951", "title": "Stereospecific antibodies to methadone. I. Radioimmunoassay of d,l-methadone in human serum.", "content": "Anti-d,l-methadone antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with d,l-methadol-hemisuccinate thyroglobulin conjugate. Using the antiserum, a radioimmunoasay (RIA) for determination of d,l-methadone in human serum has been developed and is described. Concentration of d,l-methadone of 1.4 pmol in a native serum sample (volume 0.1 ml or less) could be measured directly by RIA. The antibodies crossreact 100% with d,l-methadone, 50% with d-methadone, 50% with l-methadone and 100% with alpha-d-methadol. No crossreactivity was found with alpha 1-methadol, morphine, meperidine, dextropropoxyphene, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-l-pyrroline and 2-ethylidene-l, 5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidene. High sensitivity and small sample requirements make this method suitable for future monitoring of patients on methadone maintenance and for studies where other procedures have lack of sensitivity.", "contents": "Stereospecific antibodies to methadone. I. Radioimmunoassay of d,l-methadone in human serum. Anti-d,l-methadone antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with d,l-methadol-hemisuccinate thyroglobulin conjugate. Using the antiserum, a radioimmunoasay (RIA) for determination of d,l-methadone in human serum has been developed and is described. Concentration of d,l-methadone of 1.4 pmol in a native serum sample (volume 0.1 ml or less) could be measured directly by RIA. The antibodies crossreact 100% with d,l-methadone, 50% with d-methadone, 50% with l-methadone and 100% with alpha-d-methadol. No crossreactivity was found with alpha 1-methadol, morphine, meperidine, dextropropoxyphene, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-l-pyrroline and 2-ethylidene-l, 5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidene. High sensitivity and small sample requirements make this method suitable for future monitoring of patients on methadone maintenance and for studies where other procedures have lack of sensitivity.", "PMID": 557222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2952", "title": "Immunological events in the popliteal lymph node of sheep following injection of liver or killed Corynebacterium ovis into an afferent popliteal lymphatic duct.", "content": "Efferent popliteal lymph and blood were collected daily for three weeks from sheep following injection of live or killed Corynebacterium ovis organisms into an afferent lymphatic duct. The total lymphocyte  output, proportion of blast cells and class specificity of immunoglobulin-containing groups of animals and antibody titres and concentrations of  IgG1, IgG2, IMg and IgA were measured in both lymph and blood...", "contents": "Immunological events in the popliteal lymph node of sheep following injection of liver or killed Corynebacterium ovis into an afferent popliteal lymphatic duct. Efferent popliteal lymph and blood were collected daily for three weeks from sheep following injection of live or killed Corynebacterium ovis organisms into an afferent lymphatic duct. The total lymphocyte  output, proportion of blast cells and class specificity of immunoglobulin-containing groups of animals and antibody titres and concentrations of  IgG1, IgG2, IMg and IgA were measured in both lymph and blood...", "PMID": 557223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2953", "title": "Plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in sows infected experimentally with Leptospira pomona or porcine enterovirus strain T1 in late gestation.", "content": "Plasma levels of progesterone, corticosteroids and oestrone were determined during the late stages of pregnancy in four sows experimentally infected with Leptospira pomona and in a group of three sows in which fetuses were inoculated in utero with a strain of porcine enterovirus. Only one of the seven infected sows farrowed at full term. All fetuses were dead and delivery was prolonged in litters infected with the virus. In the sows with leptospirosis almost all piglets were expelled dead or in a weak condition. The amounts of progesterone in plasma were within the normal range and showed a decrease shortly before abortion similar to that observed before parturition in normal animals. The elevation in plasma corticosteroids at normal parturtion was not seen at abortion. An irregular pattern with rising levels of plasma oestrone was found in most sows. Peak levels of oestrone were usually reached close to the time of delivery, but occured earlier in most sows which aborted well before term. In conclusion differences were noted between the endocrine patterns in normal parturition and in abortion caused by infectious agents in sows.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in sows infected experimentally with Leptospira pomona or porcine enterovirus strain T1 in late gestation. Plasma levels of progesterone, corticosteroids and oestrone were determined during the late stages of pregnancy in four sows experimentally infected with Leptospira pomona and in a group of three sows in which fetuses were inoculated in utero with a strain of porcine enterovirus. Only one of the seven infected sows farrowed at full term. All fetuses were dead and delivery was prolonged in litters infected with the virus. In the sows with leptospirosis almost all piglets were expelled dead or in a weak condition. The amounts of progesterone in plasma were within the normal range and showed a decrease shortly before abortion similar to that observed before parturition in normal animals. The elevation in plasma corticosteroids at normal parturtion was not seen at abortion. An irregular pattern with rising levels of plasma oestrone was found in most sows. Peak levels of oestrone were usually reached close to the time of delivery, but occured earlier in most sows which aborted well before term. In conclusion differences were noted between the endocrine patterns in normal parturition and in abortion caused by infectious agents in sows.", "PMID": 557224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2954", "title": "Copper toxicity in sheep: the effects of  repeated intravenous injections of copper sulphate.", "content": "Four Clun Forest, Suffolk cross sheep were given daily intravenous injections of copper sulphate. Three similar sheep acted as controls. The copper dosed sheep developed haemolysis and showed liver, kidney and brain damage similar to that seen in chronic copper poisoning. All animals survived for 30 days and two would have lived longer. Reticulocytes were produced after four days and  continued to be produced, sometimes in high number throughout the course of the experiment.", "contents": "Copper toxicity in sheep: the effects of  repeated intravenous injections of copper sulphate. Four Clun Forest, Suffolk cross sheep were given daily intravenous injections of copper sulphate. Three similar sheep acted as controls. The copper dosed sheep developed haemolysis and showed liver, kidney and brain damage similar to that seen in chronic copper poisoning. All animals survived for 30 days and two would have lived longer. Reticulocytes were produced after four days and  continued to be produced, sometimes in high number throughout the course of the experiment.", "PMID": 557225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2955", "title": "Garcia's disease. Cyclic thrombocytopenic purpura in a child and abnormal platelet counts in his family.", "content": "After a critical study, a splenectomy was performed in a 6-year-old boy with chronic thrombocytopenic purpura. Failure of surgery and immunosuppressive therapy prompted new investigations which led to the discovery of a cyclic thrombocytopenic purpura related to a periodic variation in maturity of megakaryocytes. The patient's platelets were morphologically and functionally normal and it was not possible to demonstrate neither immunological mechanism, nutritional deficiency, influence of the environment nor consumption or excessive destruction of platelets. Cyclic thrombocytopenia was detected in the father and also cyclic variations in platelet counts from normal values to  over 1,000 x 10(9)/1 in 4 of 9 siblings. In view of these findings. The abnormal condition in this family was named Garcia's disease.", "contents": "Garcia's disease. Cyclic thrombocytopenic purpura in a child and abnormal platelet counts in his family. After a critical study, a splenectomy was performed in a 6-year-old boy with chronic thrombocytopenic purpura. Failure of surgery and immunosuppressive therapy prompted new investigations which led to the discovery of a cyclic thrombocytopenic purpura related to a periodic variation in maturity of megakaryocytes. The patient's platelets were morphologically and functionally normal and it was not possible to demonstrate neither immunological mechanism, nutritional deficiency, influence of the environment nor consumption or excessive destruction of platelets. Cyclic thrombocytopenia was detected in the father and also cyclic variations in platelet counts from normal values to  over 1,000 x 10(9)/1 in 4 of 9 siblings. In view of these findings. The abnormal condition in this family was named Garcia's disease.", "PMID": 557235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2956", "title": "Paradoxical effects of amphetamine on preweanling and postweanling rats.", "content": "In adult rats amphetamine acts as a strong behavioral stimulant leading to a marked increase in random, nondirected locomotor activity. In contrast we report that amphetamine administered to preweanling rats in the presence of an anesthetized adult rat produces no visible increase in motor activity. Instead, it appears to enhance the normal tendency of neonatal rats to approach and maintain contact with conspecifics. In postweanling rats amphetamine disrupts the tendency to aggregate and produces an increase in behavioral activity comparable to that seen in adult rats. These findings may constitute the basis for an animal model of minimal brain dysfunction hyperkinesis.", "contents": "Paradoxical effects of amphetamine on preweanling and postweanling rats. In adult rats amphetamine acts as a strong behavioral stimulant leading to a marked increase in random, nondirected locomotor activity. In contrast we report that amphetamine administered to preweanling rats in the presence of an anesthetized adult rat produces no visible increase in motor activity. Instead, it appears to enhance the normal tendency of neonatal rats to approach and maintain contact with conspecifics. In postweanling rats amphetamine disrupts the tendency to aggregate and produces an increase in behavioral activity comparable to that seen in adult rats. These findings may constitute the basis for an animal model of minimal brain dysfunction hyperkinesis.", "PMID": 557236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2957", "title": "Inter- and intraspecies contamination of human breast tumor cell lines HBC and BrCa5 and other cell cultures.", "content": "It is shown that the two most recently reported cell lines derived from malignant human breast tissue, HBC and BrCa5 are, respectively, rat and HeLa cell contaminants. The incidence of inter- and intraspecies contamination among 279 cell cultures from 45 laboratories in an 18-month survey is also presented.", "contents": "Inter- and intraspecies contamination of human breast tumor cell lines HBC and BrCa5 and other cell cultures. It is shown that the two most recently reported cell lines derived from malignant human breast tissue, HBC and BrCa5 are, respectively, rat and HeLa cell contaminants. The incidence of inter- and intraspecies contamination among 279 cell cultures from 45 laboratories in an 18-month survey is also presented.", "PMID": 557237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2958", "title": "Inflammatory effects of endotoxin-like contaminants in commonly used protein preparations.", "content": "Protein preparations from commercial suppliers are contaminated with bacterial endotoxins. The continued use of these preparations indicates that many researchers are unaware of this, and they may attribute all observed effects to the proteins themselves. Intravitreous injection of bovine serum albumin has an initial inflammatory effect on the rabbit eye which occurs before an immune reaction to the antigen itself can develop. This direct inflammatory effect can be fully accounted for by endotoxin-like contaminants which are present in protein preparations obtained from commercial suppliers. A pharmaceutical (U.S. Pharmacopeia) serum albumin preparation contains no detectable endotoxin, and has no initial inflammatory effect on the eye. Since endotoxins, even in minute amounts, have a variety of effects, the use of such contaminated protein preparations in biological research can lead to erroneous conclusions and should, therefore, be avoided.", "contents": "Inflammatory effects of endotoxin-like contaminants in commonly used protein preparations. Protein preparations from commercial suppliers are contaminated with bacterial endotoxins. The continued use of these preparations indicates that many researchers are unaware of this, and they may attribute all observed effects to the proteins themselves. Intravitreous injection of bovine serum albumin has an initial inflammatory effect on the rabbit eye which occurs before an immune reaction to the antigen itself can develop. This direct inflammatory effect can be fully accounted for by endotoxin-like contaminants which are present in protein preparations obtained from commercial suppliers. A pharmaceutical (U.S. Pharmacopeia) serum albumin preparation contains no detectable endotoxin, and has no initial inflammatory effect on the eye. Since endotoxins, even in minute amounts, have a variety of effects, the use of such contaminated protein preparations in biological research can lead to erroneous conclusions and should, therefore, be avoided.", "PMID": 557238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2959", "title": "LAP negative and Ph1-positive hemorrhagic thrombocythemia.", "content": "Cytochemical and cytogenetic studies were carried out in 4 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. These corresponded only partially to the clinical and hematologic criteria for the diagnosis of hemorrhagic thrombocythemia (HT), yet with a low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) level and in the presence of the Ph1 positive 46, XX, mitoses. The authors discuss the significance of the presence of the Ph1 chromosome as well as the possibility of transition forms among chronic myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "LAP negative and Ph1-positive hemorrhagic thrombocythemia. Cytochemical and cytogenetic studies were carried out in 4 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. These corresponded only partially to the clinical and hematologic criteria for the diagnosis of hemorrhagic thrombocythemia (HT), yet with a low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) level and in the presence of the Ph1 positive 46, XX, mitoses. The authors discuss the significance of the presence of the Ph1 chromosome as well as the possibility of transition forms among chronic myeloproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 557234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2960", "title": "The effects of sacral denervation on bladder and urethral function.", "content": "Complete sacral denervation resulted in loss of anal sphincter, detrusor and urethral skeletal muscular activity, but resting urethral smooth muscular sphincter tone was unaffected. The Cred\u00e9 and Valsalva maneuvers in the patients studied did not produce voiding. Spinal anesthesia, however, resulted in a loss of urethral smooth muscular activity. These results affirm the importance of an intact sympathetic nerve supply in maintaining urinary continence.", "contents": "The effects of sacral denervation on bladder and urethral function. Complete sacral denervation resulted in loss of anal sphincter, detrusor and urethral skeletal muscular activity, but resting urethral smooth muscular sphincter tone was unaffected. The Cred\u00e9 and Valsalva maneuvers in the patients studied did not produce voiding. Spinal anesthesia, however, resulted in a loss of urethral smooth muscular activity. These results affirm the importance of an intact sympathetic nerve supply in maintaining urinary continence.", "PMID": 557239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2961", "title": "Human fetal development between 90 and 170 days postmenses.", "content": "Linear measurements, total weights, and organ weights of 133 fresh human fetuses were obtained after therapeutic abortion between 90 and 170 days postmenses. Great apparent variation was observed in fetuses of given ages, especially in organ weights. There was no evidence of sex or parity differences.", "contents": "Human fetal development between 90 and 170 days postmenses. Linear measurements, total weights, and organ weights of 133 fresh human fetuses were obtained after therapeutic abortion between 90 and 170 days postmenses. Great apparent variation was observed in fetuses of given ages, especially in organ weights. There was no evidence of sex or parity differences.", "PMID": 557241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2962", "title": "The hypocalcemic activity of pancreatic tissue homogenate in the dog.", "content": "Glucagon and the pancreatic homogenate preparations to be tested for hypocalcemic effects were injected either intravenously or intraperitoneally in thyroparathyroid intact dogs and in dogs after thyroparathyroidectomy, respectively. Evidence has been presented that, in thyroparathyroid intact dogs, pancreatic tissue homogenate and the residue of such homogenate demonstrated a maximal hypocalcemic effect and that, in the thyroparathyroid intact dog, glucagon produced a hypocalcemic effect but did not produce a significant effect on dogs after acute thyroparathyroidectomy. On the other hand, the hypocalcemic effect of residue was equally effective both in dogs after thyroparathyroidectomy and in thyroparathyroid intact dogs; there was evidence that intravenous infusion of the residue resulted in a more rapid decrease in serum calcium levels compared with the intraperitoneal infusion after thyroparathyroidectomy of dogs being maintained four to five days with parathormone. Although final conclusions are not justifiable, the results suggest that a pancreatic factor other than glucagon has hypocalcemic effects and might explain the hypocalcemia observed during acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "The hypocalcemic activity of pancreatic tissue homogenate in the dog. Glucagon and the pancreatic homogenate preparations to be tested for hypocalcemic effects were injected either intravenously or intraperitoneally in thyroparathyroid intact dogs and in dogs after thyroparathyroidectomy, respectively. Evidence has been presented that, in thyroparathyroid intact dogs, pancreatic tissue homogenate and the residue of such homogenate demonstrated a maximal hypocalcemic effect and that, in the thyroparathyroid intact dog, glucagon produced a hypocalcemic effect but did not produce a significant effect on dogs after acute thyroparathyroidectomy. On the other hand, the hypocalcemic effect of residue was equally effective both in dogs after thyroparathyroidectomy and in thyroparathyroid intact dogs; there was evidence that intravenous infusion of the residue resulted in a more rapid decrease in serum calcium levels compared with the intraperitoneal infusion after thyroparathyroidectomy of dogs being maintained four to five days with parathormone. Although final conclusions are not justifiable, the results suggest that a pancreatic factor other than glucagon has hypocalcemic effects and might explain the hypocalcemia observed during acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 557240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2963", "title": "Comparison of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on postimplantation rat embryos in vitro.", "content": "Rat embryos were explanted on day 8 or 9 of pregnancy and cultured for up to 48 hours in serum containing added retinol (vitamin A), retinoic acid (vitamin A acid), or absolute ethanol. They were examined morphologically and their protein content determined. Retinoic acid was more teratogenic and growth-retarding than retinol. Electron microscopy of embryos cultured for 30 minutes or one hour revealed that both forms of vitamin A brought about similar ultrastructural effects on the embryonic cells; however, the abnormally large intracellular lipid droplets observed in a previous study following exposure to retinol in vitro and retinyl palmitate in vivo were not observed in embryos exposed to retinoic acid. It is possible that the differential teratogenicity may be due to the inability of the embryonic cells to convert and store retinoic acid in a less teratogenic form.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on postimplantation rat embryos in vitro. Rat embryos were explanted on day 8 or 9 of pregnancy and cultured for up to 48 hours in serum containing added retinol (vitamin A), retinoic acid (vitamin A acid), or absolute ethanol. They were examined morphologically and their protein content determined. Retinoic acid was more teratogenic and growth-retarding than retinol. Electron microscopy of embryos cultured for 30 minutes or one hour revealed that both forms of vitamin A brought about similar ultrastructural effects on the embryonic cells; however, the abnormally large intracellular lipid droplets observed in a previous study following exposure to retinol in vitro and retinyl palmitate in vivo were not observed in embryos exposed to retinoic acid. It is possible that the differential teratogenicity may be due to the inability of the embryonic cells to convert and store retinoic acid in a less teratogenic form.", "PMID": 557242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2964", "title": "An analysis of the age and size of 483 human embryos.", "content": "The crown-rump length of 483 fixed human embryos of Carnegie stages 6-23 was analyzed and median and predicted mean lengths were calculated. The results were compared with those of other series and confirmed that early human growth rates are different from those of macaques with which human embryo growth has previously been compared. The study indicated that it is possible to predict: 1. the median size of an embryo of given Streeter horizon or Carnegie stage; 2. the age of a fresh embryo, or one of undisputed Streeter staging, by comparison with mean figures of other authorities; and 3. the corrected age of an embryo of known length or known Streeter staging or both in terms of postovulation age. Since teratogens may reduce the embryonic growth rate this information is relevant in the analysis of teratogenic factors in human development.", "contents": "An analysis of the age and size of 483 human embryos. The crown-rump length of 483 fixed human embryos of Carnegie stages 6-23 was analyzed and median and predicted mean lengths were calculated. The results were compared with those of other series and confirmed that early human growth rates are different from those of macaques with which human embryo growth has previously been compared. The study indicated that it is possible to predict: 1. the median size of an embryo of given Streeter horizon or Carnegie stage; 2. the age of a fresh embryo, or one of undisputed Streeter staging, by comparison with mean figures of other authorities; and 3. the corrected age of an embryo of known length or known Streeter staging or both in terms of postovulation age. Since teratogens may reduce the embryonic growth rate this information is relevant in the analysis of teratogenic factors in human development.", "PMID": 557243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2965", "title": "Intra-H-2 recombination in H-2b/H-2t1 heterozygotes in the mouse I. Four cases of crossing over between the S And D regions.", "content": "An examination of 1009 backcross animals produced from H-2b/H-2t1 heterozygotes resulted in the detection of four cases of intra-H-2 recombination. Three of the recombinants received the K region from H-2b and the D region from the H-2t1 parenteral chromosome. The fourth recombinant received a K region from the H-2t1 parental chromosome and the D region from H-2b.  Ss typing revealed that crossing over occurred between the S and D regions of the H-2 complex in all four cases. Three of the four recombinants were developed into inbred strains and assigned the haplotype designations H-2i8, H-2i9 and H-2at1.", "contents": "Intra-H-2 recombination in H-2b/H-2t1 heterozygotes in the mouse I. Four cases of crossing over between the S And D regions. An examination of 1009 backcross animals produced from H-2b/H-2t1 heterozygotes resulted in the detection of four cases of intra-H-2 recombination. Three of the recombinants received the K region from H-2b and the D region from the H-2t1 parenteral chromosome. The fourth recombinant received a K region from the H-2t1 parental chromosome and the D region from H-2b.  Ss typing revealed that crossing over occurred between the S and D regions of the H-2 complex in all four cases. Three of the four recombinants were developed into inbred strains and assigned the haplotype designations H-2i8, H-2i9 and H-2at1.", "PMID": 557247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2966", "title": "Aromatase activity of isolated and recombined hamster granulosa cells and theca.", "content": "The major synthesis of estrogen by the follicle is postulated to require both theca and granulosa cells. Theca in this scheme provide androgens to the major aromatizing site in the follicle, and the granulosa cell. One aspect of this theory was tested here. We investigated the comparative ability of isolated granulosa and theca, alone and in recombination to aromatize androgen in vitro. We found that the granulosa aromatize [14C]substrate more efficiently than do theca, and compare with the recombined system in their ability to aromatize [14C]androgen. The data therefore substantiates one aspect of the theory regarding the nature of the synergism, i.e., that the granulosa cells, at least in vitro, are the major site of aromatization of the preovulatory follicle.", "contents": "Aromatase activity of isolated and recombined hamster granulosa cells and theca. The major synthesis of estrogen by the follicle is postulated to require both theca and granulosa cells. Theca in this scheme provide androgens to the major aromatizing site in the follicle, and the granulosa cell. One aspect of this theory was tested here. We investigated the comparative ability of isolated granulosa and theca, alone and in recombination to aromatize androgen in vitro. We found that the granulosa aromatize [14C]substrate more efficiently than do theca, and compare with the recombined system in their ability to aromatize [14C]androgen. The data therefore substantiates one aspect of the theory regarding the nature of the synergism, i.e., that the granulosa cells, at least in vitro, are the major site of aromatization of the preovulatory follicle.", "PMID": 557248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2967", "title": "Comparison of cystometrograms and urethral profiles with gas and water media.", "content": "Twenty-five female patients were studied using both gas and water media for custometrograms and urethral profiles. The results showed that gas and water did not generate equivalent data in either cystometrograms or urethral profiles. The cystometrogram data showed a high correlation of data between gas and water, with gas values consistently lower than water values. Urethral profile data with gas were very difficult to interpret in terms of water-generated data, and correlations were tenuous at best.", "contents": "Comparison of cystometrograms and urethral profiles with gas and water media. Twenty-five female patients were studied using both gas and water media for custometrograms and urethral profiles. The results showed that gas and water did not generate equivalent data in either cystometrograms or urethral profiles. The cystometrogram data showed a high correlation of data between gas and water, with gas values consistently lower than water values. Urethral profile data with gas were very difficult to interpret in terms of water-generated data, and correlations were tenuous at best.", "PMID": 557251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2968", "title": "Urethral injury: experimental study.", "content": "The present experiment was designed to study several challenging therapeutic questions that remain disputable or unanswered: (1) Whether urethral healing post-trauma is influenced by the use of an indwelling urethral stent as an adjunct to suprapubic diversion; (2) the incidence of urethral stricture formation after immediate or delayed urethral repair; (3) the incidence of urethral stricutre formation after partial or complete urethral disruption; and (4) further assessment of radiographic findings in urethral injury. Herein is described the final conclusions we found to be relevant to this experiment.", "contents": "Urethral injury: experimental study. The present experiment was designed to study several challenging therapeutic questions that remain disputable or unanswered: (1) Whether urethral healing post-trauma is influenced by the use of an indwelling urethral stent as an adjunct to suprapubic diversion; (2) the incidence of urethral stricture formation after immediate or delayed urethral repair; (3) the incidence of urethral stricutre formation after partial or complete urethral disruption; and (4) further assessment of radiographic findings in urethral injury. Herein is described the final conclusions we found to be relevant to this experiment.", "PMID": 557253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2969", "title": "Postcoital-voiding insemination: technique for patients with retrograde ejaculation and infertility.", "content": "Three patients with infertility secondary to retrograde ejaculation demonstrated motile sperm in their urine after coitus. These patients were instructed to alkalinize their urine and void directly into the vagina after intercourse. The technique was called \"postcoital-voiding insemination.\" Three pregnancies have resulted. The technique appears to be a good alternative to bladder catheterization and artificial insemination.", "contents": "Postcoital-voiding insemination: technique for patients with retrograde ejaculation and infertility. Three patients with infertility secondary to retrograde ejaculation demonstrated motile sperm in their urine after coitus. These patients were instructed to alkalinize their urine and void directly into the vagina after intercourse. The technique was called \"postcoital-voiding insemination.\" Three pregnancies have resulted. The technique appears to be a good alternative to bladder catheterization and artificial insemination.", "PMID": 557254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2970", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of spermatic cord.", "content": "A case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord is presented and literature reviewed. The spread of this disease to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and the improved results with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and radical orchiectomy are stressed.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of spermatic cord. A case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord is presented and literature reviewed. The spread of this disease to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and the improved results with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and radical orchiectomy are stressed.", "PMID": 557255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2971", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of ultrasonic diagnosis in the prenatal recognition of abnormalities].", "content": "This paper explains the momentary situation of diseasediagnostic with ultrasonic (B-scan). Possibilities and limits of this methods are shown. Some rare symptoms fetal-disease are explained and we discuss the possibility, to recognize diseases of skeleton and central nervous system better than before.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of ultrasonic diagnosis in the prenatal recognition of abnormalities]. This paper explains the momentary situation of diseasediagnostic with ultrasonic (B-scan). Possibilities and limits of this methods are shown. Some rare symptoms fetal-disease are explained and we discuss the possibility, to recognize diseases of skeleton and central nervous system better than before.", "PMID": 557267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2972", "title": "Pardoxical cytotoxic effect of antisera used in diagnostic virology. Brief report.", "content": "Rabbit antisera prepared against adenovirus-infected or uninfected HEK cells showed a high degree of cytotoxicity towards HeLa and other human cell cultures, while antisera prepared against infected HeLa cells did not. The toxic activity was independent of complement; it could be removed by adsorption to HEK monolayers.", "contents": "Pardoxical cytotoxic effect of antisera used in diagnostic virology. Brief report. Rabbit antisera prepared against adenovirus-infected or uninfected HEK cells showed a high degree of cytotoxicity towards HeLa and other human cell cultures, while antisera prepared against infected HeLa cells did not. The toxic activity was independent of complement; it could be removed by adsorption to HEK monolayers.", "PMID": 557268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2973", "title": "[Morphological alteration and desintegration of dane particles after exposure with \"Gigasept\". A first methological attempt for the evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of a chemical disinfectant against hepatitisvirus B ( author's transl)].", "content": "A test system based on morphological alterations and desintegration of hepatitis virus B (HBV) is presented for the approximative evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of a chemical disinfectant. Dane particles, supposed to be the infectious entity of HBV, were partially purified by a trap and a rate zonal ultracentrifugation from serum samples of a patient with chronic hepatitis undergoing an immune suppressive treatment because of leukemia. \"Gigasept\" on the basis of succine dialdehyd and formaldehyd served as disinfectant for this investigation. In one experiment partially purified Dane particles were exposed to the action of a 5% solution of \"Gigasept\" on electron microscopic grids. Morphological alterations resulting in derounding, break up of the outer membrane, spiral uncoiling as well as asymmetric enlargement of the space between the outer membrane and the core of the HBV was observed after 2 mins. After 15 mins, the HBV were diffusely stained with loss of the characteristic substructure and became polygonal. The decrease of the number of the particles was proportional to the length of the contact time with the disinfectant. In a second series  equal volumes of a 5% solution of \"Gigasept\" and of a HBV containing serum were in contact for 2 hours, with consecutive purification and morphological characterization of the HBV. The sedimentation of the HBs antigenicity differed from the control. A part of the Dane particles was diffusely stained and lost its substructure. Moreover empty particles in the range of the HBc antigen were found. Another part of Dane particles, however, was morphologically unchanged. The relation of intact and non intact particles could possibly serve as parameter for the HBV virucidy.-Thermo inactivation (3 mins, +98 degrees C) of the HBV in a serum was undertaken for comparison.", "contents": "[Morphological alteration and desintegration of dane particles after exposure with \"Gigasept\". A first methological attempt for the evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of a chemical disinfectant against hepatitisvirus B ( author's transl)]. A test system based on morphological alterations and desintegration of hepatitis virus B (HBV) is presented for the approximative evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of a chemical disinfectant. Dane particles, supposed to be the infectious entity of HBV, were partially purified by a trap and a rate zonal ultracentrifugation from serum samples of a patient with chronic hepatitis undergoing an immune suppressive treatment because of leukemia. \"Gigasept\" on the basis of succine dialdehyd and formaldehyd served as disinfectant for this investigation. In one experiment partially purified Dane particles were exposed to the action of a 5% solution of \"Gigasept\" on electron microscopic grids. Morphological alterations resulting in derounding, break up of the outer membrane, spiral uncoiling as well as asymmetric enlargement of the space between the outer membrane and the core of the HBV was observed after 2 mins. After 15 mins, the HBV were diffusely stained with loss of the characteristic substructure and became polygonal. The decrease of the number of the particles was proportional to the length of the contact time with the disinfectant. In a second series  equal volumes of a 5% solution of \"Gigasept\" and of a HBV containing serum were in contact for 2 hours, with consecutive purification and morphological characterization of the HBV. The sedimentation of the HBs antigenicity differed from the control. A part of the Dane particles was diffusely stained and lost its substructure. Moreover empty particles in the range of the HBc antigen were found. Another part of Dane particles, however, was morphologically unchanged. The relation of intact and non intact particles could possibly serve as parameter for the HBV virucidy.-Thermo inactivation (3 mins, +98 degrees C) of the HBV in a serum was undertaken for comparison.", "PMID": 557269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2974", "title": "[Experiments on disinfection of vaccinia virus embedded in scabs and/or at the hand].", "content": "Vaccinia viruses embedded in rabbit dermal scabs were subjected to physical and chemical disinfection procedures. Scabs were suspended in vitro without saline or in physiological saline, and left for 1 hour at 70 to 90 degrees C. A complete inactivation was achived only in those scab samples which had been incubated at 90 degrees C for 1 hour and suspended in physiological saline. Scabs which had been placed in a disinfecting apparatus (Vacudes 4000) filled with mattrasses consistently proved to be free of infectious vaccinia viruses in each of the chosen programs. In addition scabs were subjected to disinfection by means of chemical disinfecting agents. The scabs had been placed in a chemical disinfecting suspension and left there for 90 minutes. Complete disinfection was obtained with glutaraldehyde 2%, formaldehyde 2%, Lysoformin 2% or 3%, phenol 5% and chloramine T 2%. Complete disinfection was likewise achieved after 3 hours treatment with some alchohols (ethylalcohol 80%, isopropylalcohol 7%, n-propylalcohol 60%), Amocid 5% and formaldehyde 1%.0.5% formaldehyde caused complete disinfection when applied for 6 hours. The only exception was a Quat which did not disinfect fully even after 18 hours application. Concerning the tests to disinfect the hands complete disinfection occurs when using chloramine T (1.5%) or isopropylalcohol (70%) in 2 to 5 minutes. Further tests were performed with scabs which were placed in sick rooms that were terminally disinfected with formaline vapor. It could be confirmed that the usual terminal disinfection with formaldehyde vapor was unable to completely disinfect the scabs. It is necessary to double the amount of formaldehyde (10 g formaldehyde per cubic metre of space) and prolong the period of treatment to 24 hours to achieve a greater degree of disinfection rate.", "contents": "[Experiments on disinfection of vaccinia virus embedded in scabs and/or at the hand]. Vaccinia viruses embedded in rabbit dermal scabs were subjected to physical and chemical disinfection procedures. Scabs were suspended in vitro without saline or in physiological saline, and left for 1 hour at 70 to 90 degrees C. A complete inactivation was achived only in those scab samples which had been incubated at 90 degrees C for 1 hour and suspended in physiological saline. Scabs which had been placed in a disinfecting apparatus (Vacudes 4000) filled with mattrasses consistently proved to be free of infectious vaccinia viruses in each of the chosen programs. In addition scabs were subjected to disinfection by means of chemical disinfecting agents. The scabs had been placed in a chemical disinfecting suspension and left there for 90 minutes. Complete disinfection was obtained with glutaraldehyde 2%, formaldehyde 2%, Lysoformin 2% or 3%, phenol 5% and chloramine T 2%. Complete disinfection was likewise achieved after 3 hours treatment with some alchohols (ethylalcohol 80%, isopropylalcohol 7%, n-propylalcohol 60%), Amocid 5% and formaldehyde 1%.0.5% formaldehyde caused complete disinfection when applied for 6 hours. The only exception was a Quat which did not disinfect fully even after 18 hours application. Concerning the tests to disinfect the hands complete disinfection occurs when using chloramine T (1.5%) or isopropylalcohol (70%) in 2 to 5 minutes. Further tests were performed with scabs which were placed in sick rooms that were terminally disinfected with formaline vapor. It could be confirmed that the usual terminal disinfection with formaldehyde vapor was unable to completely disinfect the scabs. It is necessary to double the amount of formaldehyde (10 g formaldehyde per cubic metre of space) and prolong the period of treatment to 24 hours to achieve a greater degree of disinfection rate.", "PMID": 557270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2975", "title": "[Significance of an increase in the titer of agglutinins in the microagglutination test in leptospirosis].", "content": "The authors considered different views of investigators on the diagnostic antibody titre level in the microagglutination test (MAT) in leptospirosis of man and animals. Some of them took into consideration MAT in low titres (1:10-1:20), and others - in high only (1:400, 1:1000), which gave no possibility to assess the state of leptospirosis morbidity. The authors suggest that the assessment of the level of the titres in single and repeated studies should be approached differentially. In single examination 1:100 and over should be considered as a positive MAT titre for man, 1:200 and over - for cattle, 1:20 and over - for swine, and 1:20 and over for murine rodents. In repeated investigations any level of the titre in case of its dynamics should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Significance of an increase in the titer of agglutinins in the microagglutination test in leptospirosis]. The authors considered different views of investigators on the diagnostic antibody titre level in the microagglutination test (MAT) in leptospirosis of man and animals. Some of them took into consideration MAT in low titres (1:10-1:20), and others - in high only (1:400, 1:1000), which gave no possibility to assess the state of leptospirosis morbidity. The authors suggest that the assessment of the level of the titres in single and repeated studies should be approached differentially. In single examination 1:100 and over should be considered as a positive MAT titre for man, 1:200 and over - for cattle, 1:20 and over - for swine, and 1:20 and over for murine rodents. In repeated investigations any level of the titre in case of its dynamics should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 557273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2976", "title": "[Sate of immunopathologic principles in patients whose schizophrenia commenced after childbirth].", "content": "On the basis of comprehensive immuno-biological studies of schizophrenia where the disease manifests itself after delivery, the authors come to the conclusion that a certain role is played in the development of the disease by immuno-allergic processes. Facts confirming this supposition are a detection of brain antigens and the expressiveness of sensitization even during the initial stage of the disease, a sufficiently high frequency of revealed automtibodies, their correlation with the quality to remissions. Besides these facts, the authors were able to distinguish individually different types of antibody formation in recurrent and attack-like-progressive forms of schizophrenia, a fall in the complement activity in the blood serum of patients as well as a certain connection between the indicis of organopecific immunity and the dynamics of the morbid process.", "contents": "[Sate of immunopathologic principles in patients whose schizophrenia commenced after childbirth]. On the basis of comprehensive immuno-biological studies of schizophrenia where the disease manifests itself after delivery, the authors come to the conclusion that a certain role is played in the development of the disease by immuno-allergic processes. Facts confirming this supposition are a detection of brain antigens and the expressiveness of sensitization even during the initial stage of the disease, a sufficiently high frequency of revealed automtibodies, their correlation with the quality to remissions. Besides these facts, the authors were able to distinguish individually different types of antibody formation in recurrent and attack-like-progressive forms of schizophrenia, a fall in the complement activity in the blood serum of patients as well as a certain connection between the indicis of organopecific immunity and the dynamics of the morbid process.", "PMID": 557274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2977", "title": "[Monozygotic and dizygotic twins concordant with regard to schizophrenia].", "content": "The paper deals with a clinical study of schizophrenia in 30 pairs of concordant twins among which 10 were monozygotic, 5 pairs of a doubtful zygoticy and 16 dizygotic. Concordance to manifest schizophrenia was found in 62.5% of monozygotic twins and 25.5% in dizygotic. Both in monozygotic and in dizygotic pairs a constant coinciding sign, except the nozological belonging, was only the form of development in schizophrenia. The level of postive and negative disorders, the frequency of attacks and duration of remissions differes in monozygotic pairs insignificantly, in dizygotic-somewhat more. However, even in dizygotic pairs the similarities prevail over differences. It was possible to distinguish correlations between the traits of premorbid personality and the severity of the subsequent disease.", "contents": "[Monozygotic and dizygotic twins concordant with regard to schizophrenia]. The paper deals with a clinical study of schizophrenia in 30 pairs of concordant twins among which 10 were monozygotic, 5 pairs of a doubtful zygoticy and 16 dizygotic. Concordance to manifest schizophrenia was found in 62.5% of monozygotic twins and 25.5% in dizygotic. Both in monozygotic and in dizygotic pairs a constant coinciding sign, except the nozological belonging, was only the form of development in schizophrenia. The level of postive and negative disorders, the frequency of attacks and duration of remissions differes in monozygotic pairs insignificantly, in dizygotic-somewhat more. However, even in dizygotic pairs the similarities prevail over differences. It was possible to distinguish correlations between the traits of premorbid personality and the severity of the subsequent disease.", "PMID": 557275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2978", "title": "Bilirubin displacing effect of stabilizers added to injectable preparations of human serum albumin.", "content": "Stabilizers added to preparations of human serum albumin before heat treatment were tested for bilirubin displacing effect, using the peroxidase method. It was found that N-acetyltryptophan and sodium caprylate displace bilirubin from its complex with human serum albumin in vitro. The quantitative findings were used for a rough estimate of the effect of these substances on the free bilirubin concentration in blood plasma, expected when stabilized albumin preparations are given intravenously for prevention of kernicterus. The calculated effect is a delay of the decrease of free bilirubin concentration, or even a temporary increase. Sodium mandelate displaces less strongly.", "contents": "Bilirubin displacing effect of stabilizers added to injectable preparations of human serum albumin. Stabilizers added to preparations of human serum albumin before heat treatment were tested for bilirubin displacing effect, using the peroxidase method. It was found that N-acetyltryptophan and sodium caprylate displace bilirubin from its complex with human serum albumin in vitro. The quantitative findings were used for a rough estimate of the effect of these substances on the free bilirubin concentration in blood plasma, expected when stabilized albumin preparations are given intravenously for prevention of kernicterus. The calculated effect is a delay of the decrease of free bilirubin concentration, or even a temporary increase. Sodium mandelate displaces less strongly.", "PMID": 557276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2979", "title": "Antimicrobial factors in human milk.", "content": "Levels of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and lysozyme were determined in milk samples obtained from well-nourished and under-nourished Indian women at different stages of lactation. The concentration of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin was higher in colostrum than in mature milk while the lysozyme levels showed a progressive increase with the period of lactation. There were no significant differences in the levels between the two groups of women. Administration of iron did not alter either the total or percentage saturation of lactoferrin in milk. These results indicate that antibacterial factors in milk are not influenced by the nutritional status of the mother and that iron supplementation does not interfere with the bacteriostatic function of lactoferrin.", "contents": "Antimicrobial factors in human milk. Levels of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and lysozyme were determined in milk samples obtained from well-nourished and under-nourished Indian women at different stages of lactation. The concentration of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin was higher in colostrum than in mature milk while the lysozyme levels showed a progressive increase with the period of lactation. There were no significant differences in the levels between the two groups of women. Administration of iron did not alter either the total or percentage saturation of lactoferrin in milk. These results indicate that antibacterial factors in milk are not influenced by the nutritional status of the mother and that iron supplementation does not interfere with the bacteriostatic function of lactoferrin.", "PMID": 557277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2980", "title": "Bacteriolytic activity of normal and pathological cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The bacteriolytic activity of 153 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with various diseases was measured by determining the ability of the CSF to cause lysis of a suspension of killed cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Normal CSF did not show significant bacteriolytic activity. A high activity was found in patients with bacterial meningitis (mainly meningococcal), only to some extent correlated with the protein and cell content of the CSF. Slight elevation of protein and cell content of CSF in patients with diseases other than bacterial meningitis was not accompanied by significant bacteriolytic activity. The CSF from a patient with lymfosarcoma, with as much as 2300 cells/mm3, thus was negative. Also the CSF from patients with serous (viral) meningitis was usually negative. Measurement of bacteriolytic activity in CSF may be of diagnostic importance in cases presenting slight elevation of cell number and protein. Further studies of the significance of the bacteriolytic response in meningitis caused by different microorganisms are warranted.", "contents": "Bacteriolytic activity of normal and pathological cerebrospinal fluid. The bacteriolytic activity of 153 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with various diseases was measured by determining the ability of the CSF to cause lysis of a suspension of killed cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Normal CSF did not show significant bacteriolytic activity. A high activity was found in patients with bacterial meningitis (mainly meningococcal), only to some extent correlated with the protein and cell content of the CSF. Slight elevation of protein and cell content of CSF in patients with diseases other than bacterial meningitis was not accompanied by significant bacteriolytic activity. The CSF from a patient with lymfosarcoma, with as much as 2300 cells/mm3, thus was negative. Also the CSF from patients with serous (viral) meningitis was usually negative. Measurement of bacteriolytic activity in CSF may be of diagnostic importance in cases presenting slight elevation of cell number and protein. Further studies of the significance of the bacteriolytic response in meningitis caused by different microorganisms are warranted.", "PMID": 557278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2981", "title": "Cardiovascular control in the Milan strain of spontaneously hypertensive rat (MHS) at \"rest\" and during acute mental \"stress\".", "content": "The cardiovascular responses to acute mental \"stress\" were compared in the Milan strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (MHS) and in normotensive control rats (NR). Blood pressure and heart rate were followed in pairs of awake MHS and NR, while defence reactions were provoked by alerting stimuli (noise, vibration). No differences were noted between the two groups in response to \"stress\" although resting heart rate in MHS was lower than in NR. Administration of atropine or propranolol to MHS and NR showed the MHS to have a higher resting vagal tone and lower sympathetic tone than the NR. Subsequent (at least two weeks later) hemodynamic investigation, under nembutal anesthesia, showed no difference in cardiac output between MHS and NR but a higher stroke volume, presumably related to the lower heart rate in MHS. Thus, total peripheral resistance was increased in MHS as was the ratio left ventricular weight/body weight, and in good proportion to the blood pressure rise. Thus MHS differ substantially in both their responses to \"stress\" and also hemodynamically from the Okamoto strain of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), being the so far most studied and best known model of essential hypertension in man. In MHS the hypertension is more of a systolic type and is of primarily renal origin. As such, MHS provide another model for investigating the polygenic nature of hypertension in man.", "contents": "Cardiovascular control in the Milan strain of spontaneously hypertensive rat (MHS) at \"rest\" and during acute mental \"stress\". The cardiovascular responses to acute mental \"stress\" were compared in the Milan strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (MHS) and in normotensive control rats (NR). Blood pressure and heart rate were followed in pairs of awake MHS and NR, while defence reactions were provoked by alerting stimuli (noise, vibration). No differences were noted between the two groups in response to \"stress\" although resting heart rate in MHS was lower than in NR. Administration of atropine or propranolol to MHS and NR showed the MHS to have a higher resting vagal tone and lower sympathetic tone than the NR. Subsequent (at least two weeks later) hemodynamic investigation, under nembutal anesthesia, showed no difference in cardiac output between MHS and NR but a higher stroke volume, presumably related to the lower heart rate in MHS. Thus, total peripheral resistance was increased in MHS as was the ratio left ventricular weight/body weight, and in good proportion to the blood pressure rise. Thus MHS differ substantially in both their responses to \"stress\" and also hemodynamically from the Okamoto strain of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), being the so far most studied and best known model of essential hypertension in man. In MHS the hypertension is more of a systolic type and is of primarily renal origin. As such, MHS provide another model for investigating the polygenic nature of hypertension in man.", "PMID": 557279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2982", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function in chronic heart disease.", "content": "Externally recorded STI were compared with invasively determined EF in 10 normal subjects and 86 patients with various forms of chronic heart disease. From phono-, apex-, and electrocardiograms and carotid pulse tracings, recorded without rigidly controlled conditions (postabsorptive state, fixed time of day, exclusion of atrial fibrillation, and discontinuation of cardiac drugs), PEP, electromechanical interval, isovolumic contraction period, and LVET were measured and deltaPEP (deviation from predicted normal) and PEP/LVET were drived. EF was determined with biplane angiocardiographic methods. Patients were divided into groups based on pathophysiology and state of clinical compensation. The ability of STI to discriminate abnormal from normal function, as compared with EF, varied with each noninvasive parameter and with each physiologic group. On a group basis, the discriminatory ability of PEP was better than that of other noninvasive parameters studied, but did not always parallel that of EF. PEP also tended to correlate better with EF than the other noninvasive measurements. On an individual patient basis, however, the ability of even PEP to predict EF was poor. It is concluded that the usefulness of assessing left ventricle function in chronic heart disease by STI is limited.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function in chronic heart disease. Externally recorded STI were compared with invasively determined EF in 10 normal subjects and 86 patients with various forms of chronic heart disease. From phono-, apex-, and electrocardiograms and carotid pulse tracings, recorded without rigidly controlled conditions (postabsorptive state, fixed time of day, exclusion of atrial fibrillation, and discontinuation of cardiac drugs), PEP, electromechanical interval, isovolumic contraction period, and LVET were measured and deltaPEP (deviation from predicted normal) and PEP/LVET were drived. EF was determined with biplane angiocardiographic methods. Patients were divided into groups based on pathophysiology and state of clinical compensation. The ability of STI to discriminate abnormal from normal function, as compared with EF, varied with each noninvasive parameter and with each physiologic group. On a group basis, the discriminatory ability of PEP was better than that of other noninvasive parameters studied, but did not always parallel that of EF. PEP also tended to correlate better with EF than the other noninvasive measurements. On an individual patient basis, however, the ability of even PEP to predict EF was poor. It is concluded that the usefulness of assessing left ventricle function in chronic heart disease by STI is limited.", "PMID": 557280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2983", "title": "Myocardial infarction and rupture of the heart: a macroscopic pathologic study.", "content": "From an anatomical point of view, the various elements which seem to individualize myocardial infarctions complicated by rupture are: a limited increase in the volume of the heart; a propensity for the rupture to follow the first infarction of a previously healthy cardiac muscle; a myocardial necrosis of sometimes small extension with clear limits and a destruction of the muscle so severe as to amount in two thirds of the cases to a variable parietal dissection; a lesser extension and diffusion of coronary stenosis; an ever-present and totally occlusive coronary thrombosis; an insignificant or absent substitutive circulation. Those strictly anatomical facts can be reason to extend the indications of a very early direct myocardial revascularization (almost a third of all cardiac ruptures occur within 24 hours) or to contemplate an infarctectomy after the eighth hour (the necroses are usually of a moderate size and well deliminated) if it appears possible to draw the \"clinical profile\" of those patients prone to cardiac rupture or to read the signs that may announce the likelihood of this dreadful complication.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction and rupture of the heart: a macroscopic pathologic study. From an anatomical point of view, the various elements which seem to individualize myocardial infarctions complicated by rupture are: a limited increase in the volume of the heart; a propensity for the rupture to follow the first infarction of a previously healthy cardiac muscle; a myocardial necrosis of sometimes small extension with clear limits and a destruction of the muscle so severe as to amount in two thirds of the cases to a variable parietal dissection; a lesser extension and diffusion of coronary stenosis; an ever-present and totally occlusive coronary thrombosis; an insignificant or absent substitutive circulation. Those strictly anatomical facts can be reason to extend the indications of a very early direct myocardial revascularization (almost a third of all cardiac ruptures occur within 24 hours) or to contemplate an infarctectomy after the eighth hour (the necroses are usually of a moderate size and well deliminated) if it appears possible to draw the \"clinical profile\" of those patients prone to cardiac rupture or to read the signs that may announce the likelihood of this dreadful complication.", "PMID": 557281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2984", "title": "Mediastinal teratoma masquerading as idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium.", "content": "A chest roentgenogram of an asymptomatic 22-year-old man revealed prominence of the right heart border characteristic of idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium. On further evaluation, a malignant teratoma was found. The importance of including teratoma and idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium in the differential diagnosis of abnormalities of the right heart border is discussed.", "contents": "Mediastinal teratoma masquerading as idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium. A chest roentgenogram of an asymptomatic 22-year-old man revealed prominence of the right heart border characteristic of idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium. On further evaluation, a malignant teratoma was found. The importance of including teratoma and idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium in the differential diagnosis of abnormalities of the right heart border is discussed.", "PMID": 557282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2985", "title": "Echocardiographic spectrum of mitral valve motion in children with and without mitral valve prolapse: the nature of false positive diagnosis.", "content": "To examine problems in echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, multiple crystal cross-sectional echocardiography and single crystal recordings derived from the multiple crystal array were used to study 45 clinically normal children aged 3 to 15 years (Group A), 26 children aged 2 to 10 years with known mitral valve prolapse (Group B), 12 children with a catheterization-proved large left to right shunt at the ventricular level (Group C) and 8 children with catheterization-proved left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (Group D). Children in Groups A and B were not studied hemodynamically. Children in Groups C and D had no evidence of mitral valve prolapse on angiography and were studied echocardiographically to determine the effect of changes in ventricular shape on the patterns of mitral valve motion. In the real time cross-sectional studies, normal patients demonstrated a spectrum of mitral valve motion in which the bodies of the anterior and posterior leaflets became slightly horizontal with systolic ejection. The mitral apparatus assumed a curvilinear funnel shape. Arching of the leaflets into a horizontal configuration was more striking in the presence of either left ventricular dilatation in left to right shunt or involvement of the anterior mitral anulus in subaortic stenosis (two patients) and was associated with false positive M mode tracings suggesting mitral valve prolapse. This latter configuration was easily differentiated from the superior motion of the body of the leaflets in true prolapse. Studies of single crystal M mode recordings derived form the cross-sectional array in known locations from six normal patients revealed M mode patterns of pseudoprolapse in tracings derived from the leaflet body and patterns of normal motion at the free edge. In contrast, superior-posterior prolapse visualized in cross-sectional studies in patients with the click-murmur syndrome was associated with abnormal M mode recordings from all parts of the leaflet, including the free edge, although the abnormalities were most striking in tracings derived from the leaflet body. The M mode echocardiographic findings of mitral valve prolapse in both normal patients and patients with the click-murmur syndrome were dependent upon transducer angulation and the portion of the valve examined. The critical differentiation of the spectrum of normal valve motion from prolapse requires careful evaluation of echoes from the free edge of the leaflet where the posterior and anterior leaflet echoes coapt in early systole.", "contents": "Echocardiographic spectrum of mitral valve motion in children with and without mitral valve prolapse: the nature of false positive diagnosis. To examine problems in echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, multiple crystal cross-sectional echocardiography and single crystal recordings derived from the multiple crystal array were used to study 45 clinically normal children aged 3 to 15 years (Group A), 26 children aged 2 to 10 years with known mitral valve prolapse (Group B), 12 children with a catheterization-proved large left to right shunt at the ventricular level (Group C) and 8 children with catheterization-proved left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (Group D). Children in Groups A and B were not studied hemodynamically. Children in Groups C and D had no evidence of mitral valve prolapse on angiography and were studied echocardiographically to determine the effect of changes in ventricular shape on the patterns of mitral valve motion. In the real time cross-sectional studies, normal patients demonstrated a spectrum of mitral valve motion in which the bodies of the anterior and posterior leaflets became slightly horizontal with systolic ejection. The mitral apparatus assumed a curvilinear funnel shape. Arching of the leaflets into a horizontal configuration was more striking in the presence of either left ventricular dilatation in left to right shunt or involvement of the anterior mitral anulus in subaortic stenosis (two patients) and was associated with false positive M mode tracings suggesting mitral valve prolapse. This latter configuration was easily differentiated from the superior motion of the body of the leaflets in true prolapse. Studies of single crystal M mode recordings derived form the cross-sectional array in known locations from six normal patients revealed M mode patterns of pseudoprolapse in tracings derived from the leaflet body and patterns of normal motion at the free edge. In contrast, superior-posterior prolapse visualized in cross-sectional studies in patients with the click-murmur syndrome was associated with abnormal M mode recordings from all parts of the leaflet, including the free edge, although the abnormalities were most striking in tracings derived from the leaflet body. The M mode echocardiographic findings of mitral valve prolapse in both normal patients and patients with the click-murmur syndrome were dependent upon transducer angulation and the portion of the valve examined. The critical differentiation of the spectrum of normal valve motion from prolapse requires careful evaluation of echoes from the free edge of the leaflet where the posterior and anterior leaflet echoes coapt in early systole.", "PMID": 557283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2986", "title": "The protein quality of instant blends for infants and children based on milk or cereals and milk.", "content": "The protein quality of industrially produced and home prepared milk or cereal-milk based foods for infants and children were evaluated by means of biological assays. The net protein utilization (NPU) values of human milk substitutes based on cow's milk varied between 75 and 78 and the NPU of a soy-based product was found to be 70. Cereal-milk based precooked gruel powders had NPU values of 69 to 77. Furthermore, a comparison between industrially processed products and their corresponding home prepared alternatives was made. Although the protein nutritional products, i.e., including the vitamine and mineral content, is more standardized due to supplementation. The NPU assays of some cereal-milk based porridge powders revealed a wide variations (28 to 69); the lowest NPU values reflect the influence of the processing technique. This illustrates the necessity of performing biological evaluations of processed foods.", "contents": "The protein quality of instant blends for infants and children based on milk or cereals and milk. The protein quality of industrially produced and home prepared milk or cereal-milk based foods for infants and children were evaluated by means of biological assays. The net protein utilization (NPU) values of human milk substitutes based on cow's milk varied between 75 and 78 and the NPU of a soy-based product was found to be 70. Cereal-milk based precooked gruel powders had NPU values of 69 to 77. Furthermore, a comparison between industrially processed products and their corresponding home prepared alternatives was made. Although the protein nutritional products, i.e., including the vitamine and mineral content, is more standardized due to supplementation. The NPU assays of some cereal-milk based porridge powders revealed a wide variations (28 to 69); the lowest NPU values reflect the influence of the processing technique. This illustrates the necessity of performing biological evaluations of processed foods.", "PMID": 557284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2987", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: should corticosteroids be given?", "content": "Life-threatening hemorrhages occur in about 2% of children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), the majority during the first month of illness. The administration of corticosteroids to patients with ITP has been shown to improve platelet economy mainly through reduction of phagocytosis in the spleen. Since the risk of a short course of steroids in low dosage is small, it seems reasonable to administer them to patients with ITP during the period of greatest risk.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: should corticosteroids be given? Life-threatening hemorrhages occur in about 2% of children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), the majority during the first month of illness. The administration of corticosteroids to patients with ITP has been shown to improve platelet economy mainly through reduction of phagocytosis in the spleen. Since the risk of a short course of steroids in low dosage is small, it seems reasonable to administer them to patients with ITP during the period of greatest risk.", "PMID": 557285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2988", "title": "Childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura-(ITP) in children is generally a benign, self-limited process with spontaneous recovery occurring within a matter of days or weeks. Management remains somewhat controversial to date, however, and the controversy surrounding the use or nonuse of corticosteroids will no doubt continue until critical data become available. At present, there is little or no evidence to support the claim that steroids shorten the natural course of the disease. Furthermore, evidence that steroids lessen the risk of intracranial hemorrhage is conspicuously lacking. The authors no longer use steroids in ITP; however, if one does elect to use steroids, a selective approach based on an assessment of the severity of the bleeding tendency is recommended.", "contents": "Childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura-(ITP) in children is generally a benign, self-limited process with spontaneous recovery occurring within a matter of days or weeks. Management remains somewhat controversial to date, however, and the controversy surrounding the use or nonuse of corticosteroids will no doubt continue until critical data become available. At present, there is little or no evidence to support the claim that steroids shorten the natural course of the disease. Furthermore, evidence that steroids lessen the risk of intracranial hemorrhage is conspicuously lacking. The authors no longer use steroids in ITP; however, if one does elect to use steroids, a selective approach based on an assessment of the severity of the bleeding tendency is recommended.", "PMID": 557286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2989", "title": "Detecting prescribing problems through drug usage review: a case study.", "content": "A retrospective drug usage review was performed on 1,033 randomly sampled prescription orders from the outpatient pharmacy of a hospital and clinic system. Prescription orders were screened in accordance with criteria based on daily dosage, length of therapy or quantity dispenced, diagnosis, and labeling. The results of the study point to a number of potential prescribing problems. In addition, the study demonstrates the feasibility of collecting and analyzing drug usage data on a retrospective basis.", "contents": "Detecting prescribing problems through drug usage review: a case study. A retrospective drug usage review was performed on 1,033 randomly sampled prescription orders from the outpatient pharmacy of a hospital and clinic system. Prescription orders were screened in accordance with criteria based on daily dosage, length of therapy or quantity dispenced, diagnosis, and labeling. The results of the study point to a number of potential prescribing problems. In addition, the study demonstrates the feasibility of collecting and analyzing drug usage data on a retrospective basis.", "PMID": 557287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2990", "title": "Induction of labor in patients with missed abortion and fetal death in utero with protaglandin E2 suppositories.", "content": "Labor was successfully induced in 20 patients with a diagnosis of missed abortion or intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) by intravaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 suppositories. Fifteen patients delivered with the prostaglandin alone while a concomitant oxytocin infusion was employed to augment contractions in the other five patients. The mean induction-delivery time was 9.80 hours; nulliparous patients delivered in a mean time if 7.78 hours, parous patients in a mean time of 12.29 hours. The uterus appeared to be sensitive to the PGE2 stimulation in all patients and all were delivered completely without the need for surgical intervention. Fifty per cent of patients were delivered within 8 hours and 80 per cent by 12 hours. The side effects associated with prostaglandin administration--vomiting, diarrhea, and temperature elevation--were well tolerated and therapy did not have to be terminated in any patient. The administration of PGE2 vaginal suppositories offers an effective and safe technique for the induction of labor in patients with IUFD. Labor can be induced with PGE2 suppositories as soon as the diagnosis of IUFD is confirmed, which eliminates the need for waiting until spontaneous labor occurs.", "contents": "Induction of labor in patients with missed abortion and fetal death in utero with protaglandin E2 suppositories. Labor was successfully induced in 20 patients with a diagnosis of missed abortion or intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) by intravaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 suppositories. Fifteen patients delivered with the prostaglandin alone while a concomitant oxytocin infusion was employed to augment contractions in the other five patients. The mean induction-delivery time was 9.80 hours; nulliparous patients delivered in a mean time if 7.78 hours, parous patients in a mean time of 12.29 hours. The uterus appeared to be sensitive to the PGE2 stimulation in all patients and all were delivered completely without the need for surgical intervention. Fifty per cent of patients were delivered within 8 hours and 80 per cent by 12 hours. The side effects associated with prostaglandin administration--vomiting, diarrhea, and temperature elevation--were well tolerated and therapy did not have to be terminated in any patient. The administration of PGE2 vaginal suppositories offers an effective and safe technique for the induction of labor in patients with IUFD. Labor can be induced with PGE2 suppositories as soon as the diagnosis of IUFD is confirmed, which eliminates the need for waiting until spontaneous labor occurs.", "PMID": 557289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2991", "title": "Hepatic-portal nutrient infustion: effect on feeding in intact and vagotomized rabbits.", "content": "Hepatic-portal infusions of isotonic glucose did not influence food intake in free-feeding rabbits. In contrast, several other macronutrients and some of their metabolites, infused via the same route, cause anorexia followed by prolonged hypophagia. Its duration was generally decreased when the same infusions were performed during the nocturnal period. Vagotomy did not significantly alter the food intake responses to hepatic-portal infusions of either glucose or the other experimental substances. The results of related experiments have demonstrated that prolonged anorexia was not a consequence of the fast infusion rate or the generalized behavioral mallaise. However, when the infusions of most anorexigenic substances were followed by intraperitoneal administration of insulin, the duration of anorexia was shortened and food consumption was elevated. The results provided indirect evidence for the vagally mediated regulatory contribution of the previously studied neural and humoral intestinal mechanisms which are bypassed by infusing nutrient loads directly into the hepatic-portal circulation.", "contents": "Hepatic-portal nutrient infustion: effect on feeding in intact and vagotomized rabbits. Hepatic-portal infusions of isotonic glucose did not influence food intake in free-feeding rabbits. In contrast, several other macronutrients and some of their metabolites, infused via the same route, cause anorexia followed by prolonged hypophagia. Its duration was generally decreased when the same infusions were performed during the nocturnal period. Vagotomy did not significantly alter the food intake responses to hepatic-portal infusions of either glucose or the other experimental substances. The results of related experiments have demonstrated that prolonged anorexia was not a consequence of the fast infusion rate or the generalized behavioral mallaise. However, when the infusions of most anorexigenic substances were followed by intraperitoneal administration of insulin, the duration of anorexia was shortened and food consumption was elevated. The results provided indirect evidence for the vagally mediated regulatory contribution of the previously studied neural and humoral intestinal mechanisms which are bypassed by infusing nutrient loads directly into the hepatic-portal circulation.", "PMID": 557291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2992", "title": "Copper metabolism in pregnant and pospartum rat and pups.", "content": "A detailed study was made of copper metabolism in rats during and after pregnancy and in the fetuses and pups up to the age of 6 wk. Maternal ceruloplasmin levels increase only briefly at the beginning of the third (and last) week of pregnancy. They then decrease to normal levels at term and decrease markedly in the early postpartum period. Bilary excretion of copper and 67Cu almost stops at term and remains decreased for 2 wk. In spite of this, there is no increase in hepatic copper levels. Except for a 1- to 2-day period shortly after delivery, maternal rats have a positive copper balance if lacteal elimination of copper is ignored. Levels of copper in milk drop at about the fourth day postpartum. Fetal hepatic copper levels are already above adult levels, but the concentration almost doubles during the first week after birth; it decreases to adult levels by 6 wk of age. Ceruloplasmin levels, which are found to be very low in the pups at birth, increase sharply in the first 24 h and quickly achieve adult levels. Large quantitative differences also occur between the pups and adults in concentrations of copper in the brain and kidney. Qualitative differences, measured with 67Cu, are most notable when the neonatal liver is compared with the adult liver.", "contents": "Copper metabolism in pregnant and pospartum rat and pups. A detailed study was made of copper metabolism in rats during and after pregnancy and in the fetuses and pups up to the age of 6 wk. Maternal ceruloplasmin levels increase only briefly at the beginning of the third (and last) week of pregnancy. They then decrease to normal levels at term and decrease markedly in the early postpartum period. Bilary excretion of copper and 67Cu almost stops at term and remains decreased for 2 wk. In spite of this, there is no increase in hepatic copper levels. Except for a 1- to 2-day period shortly after delivery, maternal rats have a positive copper balance if lacteal elimination of copper is ignored. Levels of copper in milk drop at about the fourth day postpartum. Fetal hepatic copper levels are already above adult levels, but the concentration almost doubles during the first week after birth; it decreases to adult levels by 6 wk of age. Ceruloplasmin levels, which are found to be very low in the pups at birth, increase sharply in the first 24 h and quickly achieve adult levels. Large quantitative differences also occur between the pups and adults in concentrations of copper in the brain and kidney. Qualitative differences, measured with 67Cu, are most notable when the neonatal liver is compared with the adult liver.", "PMID": 557292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2993", "title": "Lack of observed association between armadillo contact and leprosy in humans.", "content": "In 1971 it was discovered that the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) could be infected in the laboratory with Mycobacterium leprae, and would manifest disease similar to the lepromatous form of leprosy in man. In 1975 several wild armadillos captured in Louisiana were found to have a disease identical to the M. laprae infection in laboratory animals. To determine if there is a significant association between contact with armadillos and presence of leprosy in humans, the armadillo contact of persons with indigenous leprosy in Louisiana was compared to the contact of matched controls. No difference in the nature or frequency of contact was found. If this infection of wild armadillos is of recent onset, an association with human leprosy in enzootic areas may not be detectable for several years.", "contents": "Lack of observed association between armadillo contact and leprosy in humans. In 1971 it was discovered that the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) could be infected in the laboratory with Mycobacterium leprae, and would manifest disease similar to the lepromatous form of leprosy in man. In 1975 several wild armadillos captured in Louisiana were found to have a disease identical to the M. laprae infection in laboratory animals. To determine if there is a significant association between contact with armadillos and presence of leprosy in humans, the armadillo contact of persons with indigenous leprosy in Louisiana was compared to the contact of matched controls. No difference in the nature or frequency of contact was found. If this infection of wild armadillos is of recent onset, an association with human leprosy in enzootic areas may not be detectable for several years.", "PMID": 557294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2994", "title": "Biochemical characterization of some additional mycelial cultures of basidiomycetes.", "content": "Twenty-six biochemical tests were used to study cultures of basidiomycetes isolated from roots of fruit-trees and other plants. The results enabled isolates to be placed into one of sixteen groups. Three of these groups were identified as Collybia drucei, Corticium utriculicum and Heteroporus biennis by matching their biochemical reactions with those of isolates from fruiting bodies of these fungi. This suggests that the other groups might also correspond to species. The three named fungi are indigenous, the first two not having been recorded elsewhere. Thus, root infections by these fungi may have originated from the indigenous fungal flora. Isolates of C. utriculicum and Stereum purpureum which were indistinguishable in culture were also separated using biochemical tests.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of some additional mycelial cultures of basidiomycetes. Twenty-six biochemical tests were used to study cultures of basidiomycetes isolated from roots of fruit-trees and other plants. The results enabled isolates to be placed into one of sixteen groups. Three of these groups were identified as Collybia drucei, Corticium utriculicum and Heteroporus biennis by matching their biochemical reactions with those of isolates from fruiting bodies of these fungi. This suggests that the other groups might also correspond to species. The three named fungi are indigenous, the first two not having been recorded elsewhere. Thus, root infections by these fungi may have originated from the indigenous fungal flora. Isolates of C. utriculicum and Stereum purpureum which were indistinguishable in culture were also separated using biochemical tests.", "PMID": 557300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2995", "title": "The fungal flora of loganberries in relation to storage and spoilage.", "content": "Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Mucor mucedo, Phoma state of Didymella applanata, Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, C. albidus var. albidus, Candida sake and Sporobolomyces roseus were consistently present on freshly harvested loganberries. Botrytis cinerea was the main spoilage organism with Mucor mucedo of minor importance. The importance of benomyl-resistant strains of B. cinerea is discussed.", "contents": "The fungal flora of loganberries in relation to storage and spoilage. Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Mucor mucedo, Phoma state of Didymella applanata, Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, C. albidus var. albidus, Candida sake and Sporobolomyces roseus were consistently present on freshly harvested loganberries. Botrytis cinerea was the main spoilage organism with Mucor mucedo of minor importance. The importance of benomyl-resistant strains of B. cinerea is discussed.", "PMID": 557301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2996", "title": "Resistance to anaplasmosis after elimination of latent Anaplasma marginale infections.", "content": "Ten 30-month-old cattle (group 2) were inoculated with Anaplasma marginale 6 months after the latent A marginale infection was eliminated by oral chlortetracycline therapy. In addition, 4 cattle (group 1) with no record of infection and 4 cattle (group 3) of equivalent age previously vaccinated with a killed antigen were similarly inoculated. Moderate to severe clinical signs of acute anaplasmosis occurred in the group 1 (previously uninfected) cattle, whereas only 1 of the chlortetracycline-treated cattle (group 2) and none of the vaccinated cattle (group 3) had clinical evidence of disease.", "contents": "Resistance to anaplasmosis after elimination of latent Anaplasma marginale infections. Ten 30-month-old cattle (group 2) were inoculated with Anaplasma marginale 6 months after the latent A marginale infection was eliminated by oral chlortetracycline therapy. In addition, 4 cattle (group 1) with no record of infection and 4 cattle (group 3) of equivalent age previously vaccinated with a killed antigen were similarly inoculated. Moderate to severe clinical signs of acute anaplasmosis occurred in the group 1 (previously uninfected) cattle, whereas only 1 of the chlortetracycline-treated cattle (group 2) and none of the vaccinated cattle (group 3) had clinical evidence of disease.", "PMID": 557302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2997", "title": "Low levels of chlortetracycline for anaplasmosis.", "content": "Latent infections of anaplasmosis were eliminated from 10 adult cows by feeding 1.1 mg of chlortetracycline/kg of body weight for 120 days in a ration. Elimination of latent infection was confirmed by a negative reaction to the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis at 180 days after medication ended and the failure to transmit anaplasmosis on subinoculations of blood from medicated to susceptible animals at 28 days and 180 days after treatment.", "contents": "Low levels of chlortetracycline for anaplasmosis. Latent infections of anaplasmosis were eliminated from 10 adult cows by feeding 1.1 mg of chlortetracycline/kg of body weight for 120 days in a ration. Elimination of latent infection was confirmed by a negative reaction to the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis at 180 days after medication ended and the failure to transmit anaplasmosis on subinoculations of blood from medicated to susceptible animals at 28 days and 180 days after treatment.", "PMID": 557303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2998", "title": "Estrus, ovulation, and serum progesterone, estradiol, and LH concentrations in mares after an increased photoperiod during winter.", "content": "On December 11, 1974, 15 seasonally anestrous mares were assigned at random to 1 of 3 experimental groups: outdoor-control, indoor-control, or indoor light-treated (a 16-hour photo-period). This experiment was terminated on April 21, 1975. The five mares in the indoor light-treated group ovulated 59.0+/-6.9 days later, which was 74 days earlier (P less than 0.01) than 2 of the 5 outdoor-controls (the other 3 ovulated after April 21 during a subsequent experiment) and 50 days earlier (P less than 0.05) than the indoor-controls. Durations of the 1st estrus for the 3 groups of mares were 13.3+/-3.6, 8.4+/-2.0, and 6.0+/-1.0 days for the indoor light-treated, indoor-control, and outdoor-control groups, respectively. The indoor light-treated mares averaged 4.2 estrous cycles before April 21, the indoor-control mares averaged 1.4 estrous cycles, and 2 of 5 outdoor-control mares ovulated 1 time during the experiment. The peripheral blood luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone concentrations were minimal during winter anestrous. The hormone changes normally associated with estrous cycle activity in mares--maximal estradiol and luteinizing hormone concentrations near ovulation and maximal progesterone concentration during diestrus--were observed in all mares beginning at the 1st estrus. Hair loss was observed earlier in the light-treated mares, than in either of the other groups. In conclusion, a 16-hour photo-period initiated in early December for anestrous brood mares caused endocrinologically normal estrous cycles to begin within 2 months. This may allow breeding and foaling considerably earlier than normally expected.", "contents": "Estrus, ovulation, and serum progesterone, estradiol, and LH concentrations in mares after an increased photoperiod during winter. On December 11, 1974, 15 seasonally anestrous mares were assigned at random to 1 of 3 experimental groups: outdoor-control, indoor-control, or indoor light-treated (a 16-hour photo-period). This experiment was terminated on April 21, 1975. The five mares in the indoor light-treated group ovulated 59.0+/-6.9 days later, which was 74 days earlier (P less than 0.01) than 2 of the 5 outdoor-controls (the other 3 ovulated after April 21 during a subsequent experiment) and 50 days earlier (P less than 0.05) than the indoor-controls. Durations of the 1st estrus for the 3 groups of mares were 13.3+/-3.6, 8.4+/-2.0, and 6.0+/-1.0 days for the indoor light-treated, indoor-control, and outdoor-control groups, respectively. The indoor light-treated mares averaged 4.2 estrous cycles before April 21, the indoor-control mares averaged 1.4 estrous cycles, and 2 of 5 outdoor-control mares ovulated 1 time during the experiment. The peripheral blood luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone concentrations were minimal during winter anestrous. The hormone changes normally associated with estrous cycle activity in mares--maximal estradiol and luteinizing hormone concentrations near ovulation and maximal progesterone concentration during diestrus--were observed in all mares beginning at the 1st estrus. Hair loss was observed earlier in the light-treated mares, than in either of the other groups. In conclusion, a 16-hour photo-period initiated in early December for anestrous brood mares caused endocrinologically normal estrous cycles to begin within 2 months. This may allow breeding and foaling considerably earlier than normally expected.", "PMID": 557304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_2999", "title": "Plasma renin activity during controlled hemorrhage in the dog.", "content": "Purebred 1-year-old Beagles were made hypotensive by controlled hemorrhage (3 ml/kg-1/min-1). Femoral artery blood samples were collected every 5 minutes during controlled hemorrhage, until the blood pressure decreased to 30+/-5 mm Hg. Samples were then collected every 10 minutes for 40 minutes. Blood was not reinfused during the procedure. Carotid blood pressure, electrocardiogram lead II, and respiration rate were recorded. The results of the radioimmunoassay for renin activity indicated that arterial plasma renin activity formed a bimodal activity curve. Plasma renin activity did not reach any plateau, and it continued to increase throughout the experiment. Decreasing blood pressure and heart rate statistically showed a relationship with plasma renin activity (P less than 0.001). There was no interaction between pressure and heart rate; both were strong and independent. Female dogs had a higher plasma renin activity than did male dogs (P less than 0.001) throughout the experimental period. Plasma renin activity remained above resting activity throughout the development of hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity during controlled hemorrhage in the dog. Purebred 1-year-old Beagles were made hypotensive by controlled hemorrhage (3 ml/kg-1/min-1). Femoral artery blood samples were collected every 5 minutes during controlled hemorrhage, until the blood pressure decreased to 30+/-5 mm Hg. Samples were then collected every 10 minutes for 40 minutes. Blood was not reinfused during the procedure. Carotid blood pressure, electrocardiogram lead II, and respiration rate were recorded. The results of the radioimmunoassay for renin activity indicated that arterial plasma renin activity formed a bimodal activity curve. Plasma renin activity did not reach any plateau, and it continued to increase throughout the experiment. Decreasing blood pressure and heart rate statistically showed a relationship with plasma renin activity (P less than 0.001). There was no interaction between pressure and heart rate; both were strong and independent. Female dogs had a higher plasma renin activity than did male dogs (P less than 0.001) throughout the experimental period. Plasma renin activity remained above resting activity throughout the development of hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 557305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3000", "title": "Congenital anomalies of the umbilicus.", "content": "Knowledge of the embryonic developments of the umbilicus and its contents assists the physician in correctly assessing the various anomalies found in this area. Although some will require specialized facilities and care, the majority of these anomalies can be corrected by simple operative means.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies of the umbilicus. Knowledge of the embryonic developments of the umbilicus and its contents assists the physician in correctly assessing the various anomalies found in this area. Although some will require specialized facilities and care, the majority of these anomalies can be corrected by simple operative means.", "PMID": 557306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3001", "title": "[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on their experience of 6 cases of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy among 1800 hemodynamic studies, the authors discuss some features of this entity, and print out the phonomecanocardiographic datz leading to the suspicion of the diagnosis, and the angiocardiographic findings which confirm it. Some speculation is made on the probable congenital and hereditary etiology of the disease, and finally, the main therapeutic measure are considered.", "contents": "[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children (author's transl)]. Based on their experience of 6 cases of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy among 1800 hemodynamic studies, the authors discuss some features of this entity, and print out the phonomecanocardiographic datz leading to the suspicion of the diagnosis, and the angiocardiographic findings which confirm it. Some speculation is made on the probable congenital and hereditary etiology of the disease, and finally, the main therapeutic measure are considered.", "PMID": 557307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3002", "title": "Argon laser treatment in supine position.", "content": "When using an argon laser photocoagulator it is often advantageous and sometimes indispensable to treat the patient in a supine position. Stabilization of the laser beam requires the use of a microscope equipped with a beam manipulator (joystick) that maintains the orientation of the laser beam wherever it is placed, without the operator having to hold the joystick. A low-vacuum contact lens or a three-mirror lens, and a microscope suspended from a floor stand are used. The patient is placed in the supine position on a stretcher of adjustable height with his head in a foam rubber conformer. Local anesthesia may not be necessary, but if indicated, the patient should not be treated in an upright position. A lid block is rarely required. General anesthesia is used with patients who cannot cooperate. There are 4 main indications for treatment in the supine position: (1) cases in which great accuracy is needed, such as treatment near the macula; (2) all cases in which retrobulbar anesthesia is necessary, with or without a lid block; (3) cases in which the patient is unable to cooperate; and (4) cases that require prolonged photocoagulation.", "contents": "Argon laser treatment in supine position. When using an argon laser photocoagulator it is often advantageous and sometimes indispensable to treat the patient in a supine position. Stabilization of the laser beam requires the use of a microscope equipped with a beam manipulator (joystick) that maintains the orientation of the laser beam wherever it is placed, without the operator having to hold the joystick. A low-vacuum contact lens or a three-mirror lens, and a microscope suspended from a floor stand are used. The patient is placed in the supine position on a stretcher of adjustable height with his head in a foam rubber conformer. Local anesthesia may not be necessary, but if indicated, the patient should not be treated in an upright position. A lid block is rarely required. General anesthesia is used with patients who cannot cooperate. There are 4 main indications for treatment in the supine position: (1) cases in which great accuracy is needed, such as treatment near the macula; (2) all cases in which retrobulbar anesthesia is necessary, with or without a lid block; (3) cases in which the patient is unable to cooperate; and (4) cases that require prolonged photocoagulation.", "PMID": 557308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3003", "title": "[Characteristics of fucidin biosynthesis by a Fusidium coccineum 257 A strain].", "content": "The physiological features of Fusidium coccineum, strain 257 A,  an organism producing fusidin were studied. It was found that increased concentrations of the carbon sources in the medium stimulated production of fusidin, while an increase in the content of various forms of nitrogen differently affected the level of the antibiotic viosynthesis: high concentrations of the amino acid-peptide form of nitrogen of corn-steep liquor decreased, while the protein form of nitrogen was associated with consumption of the significant part of carbon in the medium for formation of the fungus mycelium. Therefore, the concentration of the easily mobilizing forms of nitrogen may be considered as a regulator of the growth process of F. coccineum 257 A and production of fusidin by it.", "contents": "[Characteristics of fucidin biosynthesis by a Fusidium coccineum 257 A strain]. The physiological features of Fusidium coccineum, strain 257 A,  an organism producing fusidin were studied. It was found that increased concentrations of the carbon sources in the medium stimulated production of fusidin, while an increase in the content of various forms of nitrogen differently affected the level of the antibiotic viosynthesis: high concentrations of the amino acid-peptide form of nitrogen of corn-steep liquor decreased, while the protein form of nitrogen was associated with consumption of the significant part of carbon in the medium for formation of the fungus mycelium. Therefore, the concentration of the easily mobilizing forms of nitrogen may be considered as a regulator of the growth process of F. coccineum 257 A and production of fusidin by it.", "PMID": 557309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3004", "title": "The morbidity and mortality of splenectomy in childhood.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-two patients undergoing splenectomy in infancy and childhood were followed for periods of 2 to 15 years. Serious infections occurred in 11 patients (6%) with death in 6 (3.3%). In 10 patients the infection was sepsis, and in all but one patient the infection occurred within 2 years of splenectomy. Among children over 2 years of age the risk of infection was still appreciable except when the spleen was removed incidentally or for traumatic rupture. Splenectomy for thalassemia and portal hypertension resulted in an increased risk of serious infections when compared with removal of the spleen for hereditary spherocytosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, trauma, or for technical reasons in the course of another operation. Post-splenectomy infections tended to follow a characteristic pattern. The infecting organism was predominantly pneumococcus, the course was fulminating and the mortality high.", "contents": "The morbidity and mortality of splenectomy in childhood. One hundred and eighty-two patients undergoing splenectomy in infancy and childhood were followed for periods of 2 to 15 years. Serious infections occurred in 11 patients (6%) with death in 6 (3.3%). In 10 patients the infection was sepsis, and in all but one patient the infection occurred within 2 years of splenectomy. Among children over 2 years of age the risk of infection was still appreciable except when the spleen was removed incidentally or for traumatic rupture. Splenectomy for thalassemia and portal hypertension resulted in an increased risk of serious infections when compared with removal of the spleen for hereditary spherocytosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, trauma, or for technical reasons in the course of another operation. Post-splenectomy infections tended to follow a characteristic pattern. The infecting organism was predominantly pneumococcus, the course was fulminating and the mortality high.", "PMID": 557312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3005", "title": "The surgeon, genetics, and cancer control: the Cancer Family Syndrome.", "content": "A family manifesting the Cancer Family Syndrome has been evaluated extensively from the medical and genetic standpoint. Findings of excess occurrence of carcinoma of the colon and endometrium, multiple primary cancer, early age of onset, and autosomal dominant mode of genetic transmission mandate a program of increased surveillance and cancer education. Prophylactic surgical implications are provided for certain of these enormously high cancer risk patients.", "contents": "The surgeon, genetics, and cancer control: the Cancer Family Syndrome. A family manifesting the Cancer Family Syndrome has been evaluated extensively from the medical and genetic standpoint. Findings of excess occurrence of carcinoma of the colon and endometrium, multiple primary cancer, early age of onset, and autosomal dominant mode of genetic transmission mandate a program of increased surveillance and cancer education. Prophylactic surgical implications are provided for certain of these enormously high cancer risk patients.", "PMID": 557313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3006", "title": "Sleep apnea syndrome due to upper airway obstruction: a review of 25 cases.", "content": "A sleep apnea syndrome due to upper airway obstruction was diagnosed in 25 adult men (25 to 65 years of age) using nocturnal polygraphic monitoring. Excessive daytime somnolence, hypnagogic hallucinations, and automatic behavior, personality changes with abnormal behavioral outbursts, impotence, morning headaches, abnormal motor activity during sleep, nocturnal enuresis, and high blood pressure should suggest this diagnosis when any of the symptoms are associated with loud snoring. Respiratory monitoring during sleep and nocturnal cardiovascular evaluation bring prognostic information and indications for therapy. Three types of therapeutic trials, namely, diet, medications with or without diet, and surgery have been performed. Only surgery has been beneficial in these cases.", "contents": "Sleep apnea syndrome due to upper airway obstruction: a review of 25 cases. A sleep apnea syndrome due to upper airway obstruction was diagnosed in 25 adult men (25 to 65 years of age) using nocturnal polygraphic monitoring. Excessive daytime somnolence, hypnagogic hallucinations, and automatic behavior, personality changes with abnormal behavioral outbursts, impotence, morning headaches, abnormal motor activity during sleep, nocturnal enuresis, and high blood pressure should suggest this diagnosis when any of the symptoms are associated with loud snoring. Respiratory monitoring during sleep and nocturnal cardiovascular evaluation bring prognostic information and indications for therapy. Three types of therapeutic trials, namely, diet, medications with or without diet, and surgery have been performed. Only surgery has been beneficial in these cases.", "PMID": 557314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3007", "title": "High output heart failure associated with pulmonary edema complicating hydatidiform mole.", "content": "Detailed hemodynamic, metabolic and blood volume studies were performed in a patient with hydatidiform mole who developed pulmonary edema associated with a high cardiac output. Several factors including hyperthyroidism, hypervolemia, and the molar state probably contributed to the left ventricular failure in this patient. results of these studies suggest that patients with hydatidiform mole and pulmonary edema need correction of the hypervolemia as well as removal of the molar tissue.", "contents": "High output heart failure associated with pulmonary edema complicating hydatidiform mole. Detailed hemodynamic, metabolic and blood volume studies were performed in a patient with hydatidiform mole who developed pulmonary edema associated with a high cardiac output. Several factors including hyperthyroidism, hypervolemia, and the molar state probably contributed to the left ventricular failure in this patient. results of these studies suggest that patients with hydatidiform mole and pulmonary edema need correction of the hypervolemia as well as removal of the molar tissue.", "PMID": 557315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3008", "title": "Evaluation of a screening interview for Briquet syndrome (hysteria) by the study of medically ill women.", "content": "A screening interview for Briquet syndrome consisting of 14 symptom questions was administered to a group of 50 medically ill women. No patient was found eligible for a diagnosis of Briquet syndrome, a frequency less than the estimated general population prevalence of 1% to 2%. When symptoms explainable by known organic disorder were considered positive, 14% of patients became eligible for the diagnosis. We consider this a low enough rate to allow screening by lay interviewers. A frequency distribution of symptoms comparing the medically ill women and a group of psychiatric clinic women with Briquet syndrome shows that the Briquet group had both more symptoms and distinctive patterns of symptoms.", "contents": "Evaluation of a screening interview for Briquet syndrome (hysteria) by the study of medically ill women. A screening interview for Briquet syndrome consisting of 14 symptom questions was administered to a group of 50 medically ill women. No patient was found eligible for a diagnosis of Briquet syndrome, a frequency less than the estimated general population prevalence of 1% to 2%. When symptoms explainable by known organic disorder were considered positive, 14% of patients became eligible for the diagnosis. We consider this a low enough rate to allow screening by lay interviewers. A frequency distribution of symptoms comparing the medically ill women and a group of psychiatric clinic women with Briquet syndrome shows that the Briquet group had both more symptoms and distinctive patterns of symptoms.", "PMID": 557316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3009", "title": "[Isobutylidene-di-urea as a new NPN source for ruminants. 2. Metabolism of 14C-15N-isobutylidene-di-urea in sheep].", "content": "2 male sheep (weighing 45 kg and 44 kg) were fitted with a ruminal fistula and a jugular vein catheter and received isobutylidendi-urea for a 42-day period of adjustment. The diet contained 25% starch, 23.8% glucose, 29.0% cellulose, 10.0% straw, 1.7% sunflower seed oil, 4.3% isobutylidendi-urea, 5.6% minerals and vitamins. Each animal received 60 g of isobutylidendi-urea in daily amounts of 1.4 kg of the ration-4.4% of the total dietary N came from the straw. At the begin of the trial each sheep received 30 g of 14C15N isobutylidendi-urea (C1-siobutyl labelling) administered as a suspension. The animals were then placedin respiration cages. The peak of specific 14C activity in the expired air (including ruminal gas) was observed 2 hrs after the beginning of the trial. 18--30 hrs after the beginning of the trial the highest level of 15N incorporation into the TCE (trichloroacetic acid) soluble fraction of the ruminal fluid was noted resulting from the reflow of urea via the rumeno-hepatic circulatory system in the rumen. A high concentration of 15N was shown to be present, for prolonged period, in the TCE soluble fraction of the ruminal fluid (up to the 30 hr of experiment). The 15N concentration in the blood plasma (TCE soluble portion) was found to increase reaching a peak value 23 hrs after administration of the isotope. The highest level of 14C activity in this fraction appeared 1 hr after isotope  administration. The 15N incorporation into the protein fraction of blood plasma reached a constant high level between the 29th and 47th hr of experiment. The highest 15N concentrations in urine were noted after 1 day. 3.5% of the administered dose of 14C activity and 23% of the supplied amount of N were excreted in the urine. 20% of the total amount of 15N excreted in the urine could be detected as 14C isobutyl residues. An excess of between 0.05 and 0.17 atom% of the isotopes were found in muscular tissue and in different organs of the sheep when these were slaughtered on the 7th day of experiment (liver: 0.17%, kidneys: 0.14%, muscle: 0.05%, heart: 0.08%). The results obtained in the present trial clearly indicate that ruminants are able to utilize nitrogen from isobutyldi-urea.", "contents": "[Isobutylidene-di-urea as a new NPN source for ruminants. 2. Metabolism of 14C-15N-isobutylidene-di-urea in sheep]. 2 male sheep (weighing 45 kg and 44 kg) were fitted with a ruminal fistula and a jugular vein catheter and received isobutylidendi-urea for a 42-day period of adjustment. The diet contained 25% starch, 23.8% glucose, 29.0% cellulose, 10.0% straw, 1.7% sunflower seed oil, 4.3% isobutylidendi-urea, 5.6% minerals and vitamins. Each animal received 60 g of isobutylidendi-urea in daily amounts of 1.4 kg of the ration-4.4% of the total dietary N came from the straw. At the begin of the trial each sheep received 30 g of 14C15N isobutylidendi-urea (C1-siobutyl labelling) administered as a suspension. The animals were then placedin respiration cages. The peak of specific 14C activity in the expired air (including ruminal gas) was observed 2 hrs after the beginning of the trial. 18--30 hrs after the beginning of the trial the highest level of 15N incorporation into the TCE (trichloroacetic acid) soluble fraction of the ruminal fluid was noted resulting from the reflow of urea via the rumeno-hepatic circulatory system in the rumen. A high concentration of 15N was shown to be present, for prolonged period, in the TCE soluble fraction of the ruminal fluid (up to the 30 hr of experiment). The 15N concentration in the blood plasma (TCE soluble portion) was found to increase reaching a peak value 23 hrs after administration of the isotope. The highest level of 14C activity in this fraction appeared 1 hr after isotope  administration. The 15N incorporation into the protein fraction of blood plasma reached a constant high level between the 29th and 47th hr of experiment. The highest 15N concentrations in urine were noted after 1 day. 3.5% of the administered dose of 14C activity and 23% of the supplied amount of N were excreted in the urine. 20% of the total amount of 15N excreted in the urine could be detected as 14C isobutyl residues. An excess of between 0.05 and 0.17 atom% of the isotopes were found in muscular tissue and in different organs of the sheep when these were slaughtered on the 7th day of experiment (liver: 0.17%, kidneys: 0.14%, muscle: 0.05%, heart: 0.08%). The results obtained in the present trial clearly indicate that ruminants are able to utilize nitrogen from isobutyldi-urea.", "PMID": 557317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3010", "title": "Memory enhancement after physostigmine treatment in the amnesic syndrome.", "content": "Central anticholinergic agents (eg, scopolamine) are known to produce transient memory deficits in human and animal subjects. Damage to the limbic system frequently results from herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and produces a memory deficit. If this deficit is due to limbic cholinergic pathway destruction, it might improve with central cholinergic agonists (eg, physostigmine). In a doubleblind study over a three-week period, we compared memory performance on three days after 0.8-mg subcutaneous physostigmine therapy (three sessions) to baseline performance and that obtained in three randomly interspersed control sessions. Serial assessment of memory by the Selective Reminding Test showed reproducible enhancement of long-term storage and retrieval with physostigmine treatment. Performance after control injections did not exceed baseline levels. Our findings encourage the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms subserve memory and that their pharmacological potentiation might favorable influence some amnesic conditions.", "contents": "Memory enhancement after physostigmine treatment in the amnesic syndrome. Central anticholinergic agents (eg, scopolamine) are known to produce transient memory deficits in human and animal subjects. Damage to the limbic system frequently results from herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and produces a memory deficit. If this deficit is due to limbic cholinergic pathway destruction, it might improve with central cholinergic agonists (eg, physostigmine). In a doubleblind study over a three-week period, we compared memory performance on three days after 0.8-mg subcutaneous physostigmine therapy (three sessions) to baseline performance and that obtained in three randomly interspersed control sessions. Serial assessment of memory by the Selective Reminding Test showed reproducible enhancement of long-term storage and retrieval with physostigmine treatment. Performance after control injections did not exceed baseline levels. Our findings encourage the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms subserve memory and that their pharmacological potentiation might favorable influence some amnesic conditions.", "PMID": 557318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3011", "title": "Recurrent traumatic hyphema. A sequel of injury to the Schlemm canal.", "content": "A patient with recurrent hyphema following blunt trauma to the left eye was found to have an angle recession with a laceration of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm canal. Active bleeding from the Schlemm canal proved to be the cause of the recurrent hyphema. Repeated trials of bed rest and bilateral eye patching provided only temporary control of the bleeding. Cessation of the active bleeding and subsequent resolution of the hyphema was achieved following argon laser photocoagulation to the traumatized portion of the Schlemm canal. While hyphema is a common manifestation of blunt ocular trauma, visible rupture of the Schlemm canal is most unusual. This paper describes the gonioscopic findings of a rupture of the Schlemm canal in a patient who had a traumatic hyphema and recurrent bleeding.", "contents": "Recurrent traumatic hyphema. A sequel of injury to the Schlemm canal. A patient with recurrent hyphema following blunt trauma to the left eye was found to have an angle recession with a laceration of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm canal. Active bleeding from the Schlemm canal proved to be the cause of the recurrent hyphema. Repeated trials of bed rest and bilateral eye patching provided only temporary control of the bleeding. Cessation of the active bleeding and subsequent resolution of the hyphema was achieved following argon laser photocoagulation to the traumatized portion of the Schlemm canal. While hyphema is a common manifestation of blunt ocular trauma, visible rupture of the Schlemm canal is most unusual. This paper describes the gonioscopic findings of a rupture of the Schlemm canal in a patient who had a traumatic hyphema and recurrent bleeding.", "PMID": 557319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3012", "title": "Mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride in Great Britain.", "content": "Identification particulars were obtained for over 7000 men who were at some time between 1940 and 1974 exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. Approximately 99% of these men have been traced and their mortality experience studied. The overall standardised mortality ratio, 75-4, shows a significant reduction compared with the national rates. Four cases of liver cancer were found. Two of these have been confirmed by a panel of liver pathologists as angiosarcoma and two as not angiosarcoma. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that cancers other than those of the liver are associated with exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. The two cases of angiosarcoma were found in men who had been exposed to high concentrations of the monomer although the second man died only eight years after first exposure. The industry in Great Britain has expanded considerably since the second world war with over 50% of men having entered with the last decade. Conclusions drawn about the effect of vinyl chloride monomer on the mortality experience of men in this industry must consequently be tempered by the reservation that the full impact may not yet be in evidence.", "contents": "Mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride in Great Britain. Identification particulars were obtained for over 7000 men who were at some time between 1940 and 1974 exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. Approximately 99% of these men have been traced and their mortality experience studied. The overall standardised mortality ratio, 75-4, shows a significant reduction compared with the national rates. Four cases of liver cancer were found. Two of these have been confirmed by a panel of liver pathologists as angiosarcoma and two as not angiosarcoma. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that cancers other than those of the liver are associated with exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. The two cases of angiosarcoma were found in men who had been exposed to high concentrations of the monomer although the second man died only eight years after first exposure. The industry in Great Britain has expanded considerably since the second world war with over 50% of men having entered with the last decade. Conclusions drawn about the effect of vinyl chloride monomer on the mortality experience of men in this industry must consequently be tempered by the reservation that the full impact may not yet be in evidence.", "PMID": 557328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3013", "title": "Occupational formalin asthma.", "content": "Hypersensitivity to formalin used to sterilise artificial kidney machines was shown by inhalation provocation tests to be responsible for attacks of wheezing accompanied by productive cough in two members of the nursing staff of a haemodialysis unit. Three further members of the staff of 28 who were continually exposed to this substance occupationally had developed similar recurrent but less frequent episodes since joining the unit. Two underwent inhalation provocation tests with formalin which did not reproduce these symptoms. Single episodes of these symptoms had been noted by three additional staff members so that altogether eight (29%) had experienced attacks described as bronchitic since becoming exposed to formalin. We suggest that, while exposure to formalin did not seem to be directly responsible in all cases, it might have increased susceptibility to other provoking agents or induced a hyper-reactive responsiveness of the airways. The responses observed in the two nurses after inhalation provocation tests with fromalin were predominantly of airways obstruction. Wheezing began between two and three hours after exposure, and peak expiratory flow rates fell maximally by approximately 50%. Reactions persisted for 10 hours to 10 days depending on the exposure dose. A productive cough was a prominent feature. The sputum appeared to be mucopurulent, but culture produced a scanty growth of Haemophilus influenzae only, together with upper respiratory tract commensals. The cellular content was not homogeneous, neutrophil leucocytes and eosinophil leucocoytes variably dominating. Variable responses of neutrophil and eosinophil leucocytes were also seen in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "Occupational formalin asthma. Hypersensitivity to formalin used to sterilise artificial kidney machines was shown by inhalation provocation tests to be responsible for attacks of wheezing accompanied by productive cough in two members of the nursing staff of a haemodialysis unit. Three further members of the staff of 28 who were continually exposed to this substance occupationally had developed similar recurrent but less frequent episodes since joining the unit. Two underwent inhalation provocation tests with formalin which did not reproduce these symptoms. Single episodes of these symptoms had been noted by three additional staff members so that altogether eight (29%) had experienced attacks described as bronchitic since becoming exposed to formalin. We suggest that, while exposure to formalin did not seem to be directly responsible in all cases, it might have increased susceptibility to other provoking agents or induced a hyper-reactive responsiveness of the airways. The responses observed in the two nurses after inhalation provocation tests with fromalin were predominantly of airways obstruction. Wheezing began between two and three hours after exposure, and peak expiratory flow rates fell maximally by approximately 50%. Reactions persisted for 10 hours to 10 days depending on the exposure dose. A productive cough was a prominent feature. The sputum appeared to be mucopurulent, but culture produced a scanty growth of Haemophilus influenzae only, together with upper respiratory tract commensals. The cellular content was not homogeneous, neutrophil leucocytes and eosinophil leucocoytes variably dominating. Variable responses of neutrophil and eosinophil leucocytes were also seen in the peripheral blood.", "PMID": 557329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3014", "title": "Utilization of dietary energy for maintenance, milk production and lipogenesis by lactating crossbred cows during their midstage of lactation.", "content": "1. Twenty-four energy and nitrogen balances were determined using twenty-four crossbred cows (Brown Swiss X Sahiwal) during their midstage of lactation. Energy balances were estimated by subtracting milk energy and heat production from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. The cows were given amounts corresponding to 90, 110 and 130% of the ME and 90 and 110% of the digestible crude protein (DCP) standards of the (US) National Research Council (1966). 2. Energy requirements were estimated by partitioning the ME intake for maintenance, milk production and energy gain or loss by multiple regression of energy balance values. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess N intake. 3. Energy requirements for maintenance were 585-18, 580-17 and 574-41 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d for cows in negative balance, cows in positive balance and for all cows, respectively. 4. The efficiency of utilization of ME for milk production was 68-52, 65-48 and 66-12% respectively, for cows in negative balance, for cows in positive balance and all cows. Energy required per kg fat-corrected milk production was 4-580, 4-791 and 4-746 MJ ME for the respective groups of cows. 5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for tissue gain was 67-67 and 64-86% for cows in positive balance and for all cows respectively.", "contents": "Utilization of dietary energy for maintenance, milk production and lipogenesis by lactating crossbred cows during their midstage of lactation. 1. Twenty-four energy and nitrogen balances were determined using twenty-four crossbred cows (Brown Swiss X Sahiwal) during their midstage of lactation. Energy balances were estimated by subtracting milk energy and heat production from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. The cows were given amounts corresponding to 90, 110 and 130% of the ME and 90 and 110% of the digestible crude protein (DCP) standards of the (US) National Research Council (1966). 2. Energy requirements were estimated by partitioning the ME intake for maintenance, milk production and energy gain or loss by multiple regression of energy balance values. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess N intake. 3. Energy requirements for maintenance were 585-18, 580-17 and 574-41 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d for cows in negative balance, cows in positive balance and for all cows, respectively. 4. The efficiency of utilization of ME for milk production was 68-52, 65-48 and 66-12% respectively, for cows in negative balance, for cows in positive balance and all cows. Energy required per kg fat-corrected milk production was 4-580, 4-791 and 4-746 MJ ME for the respective groups of cows. 5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for tissue gain was 67-67 and 64-86% for cows in positive balance and for all cows respectively.", "PMID": 557330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3015", "title": "[Velocity of glomerular filtration in intrauterine malnutrition. Effects of hematocrit].", "content": "With the technique of single inulin injection, the speed of glomerular filtration (GFR) was evaluated in 16 healthy newborns and in 29 in-utero malnourished infants. The GFR was of 30.22 +/- 10.23 ml/min/1.73 m2 for healthy infants and of 41.86 +/- 17.63 for malnourished cases (p greater than 0.05). When full term infants were compared with pre-term, no difference was shown (p greater than 0.05) either in the healthy group as in the malnourished. The most important finding was that malnourished infants with hematocrit greater than or equal to 60, showed decrease in GFR as compared with those whose hematocrits were less than or equal to 58; likewise, the correlation coefficient of the hematocrit with GFR was inverse and significant (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Velocity of glomerular filtration in intrauterine malnutrition. Effects of hematocrit]. With the technique of single inulin injection, the speed of glomerular filtration (GFR) was evaluated in 16 healthy newborns and in 29 in-utero malnourished infants. The GFR was of 30.22 +/- 10.23 ml/min/1.73 m2 for healthy infants and of 41.86 +/- 17.63 for malnourished cases (p greater than 0.05). When full term infants were compared with pre-term, no difference was shown (p greater than 0.05) either in the healthy group as in the malnourished. The most important finding was that malnourished infants with hematocrit greater than or equal to 60, showed decrease in GFR as compared with those whose hematocrits were less than or equal to 58; likewise, the correlation coefficient of the hematocrit with GFR was inverse and significant (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 557326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3016", "title": "Responses to postruminal infusions of graded levels of casein in lactating goats.", "content": "1. A study was made in goats of the response in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization, plasma amino acids and amino acid uptake by the mammary gland, to postruminal infusion of casein. Goats in early lactation, housed in metabolism cages, were fed on 2-5 kg basal ration/d (containing 111 g crude protein (N X 6-25)/kg) and were given, by infusion into the abomasum, 0, 15, 30 or 45 g casein/d. 2. Milk production increased from 2-41 kg/d on the basal ration to 2-52, 2-80 and 2-94 kg/d in response to infusions of 15, 30 and 45 g casein/d respectively. Milk composition was unaffected except for milk fat, which was slightly decreased during infusions of the higher levels of casein. 3. The goats were found to be in positive N balance on the basal ration. Milk N output increased with casein infusion; the increase was equvalent to a miximum of 49% of the infused N. 4. The concentration of glucose in arterial blood plasma was decreased at the highest level of casein infusion but that of plasma urea N was unaffected by treatments. 5. Casein infusions increased the concentrations of total indispensable amino acids and the ratio, indispensable: dispensable amino acids in arterial plasma. Arterial concentrations and mammary extractions of most indispensable amino acis were increased, but only a few increases were statistically significant (Pless than 0-05); 6. Comparison of individual indispensable amino acids absorbed from the intestine with output in milk indicated that methionine was probably the first limiting amino acid. 7. The results of the experiment were compared to those of similar experiments with cows that have been reported by other workers. The possible ways in which the infused casein may have caused the responses were discussed. However, no firm conclusions regarding the mechanism involved could be drawn from the results of the present study.", "contents": "Responses to postruminal infusions of graded levels of casein in lactating goats. 1. A study was made in goats of the response in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization, plasma amino acids and amino acid uptake by the mammary gland, to postruminal infusion of casein. Goats in early lactation, housed in metabolism cages, were fed on 2-5 kg basal ration/d (containing 111 g crude protein (N X 6-25)/kg) and were given, by infusion into the abomasum, 0, 15, 30 or 45 g casein/d. 2. Milk production increased from 2-41 kg/d on the basal ration to 2-52, 2-80 and 2-94 kg/d in response to infusions of 15, 30 and 45 g casein/d respectively. Milk composition was unaffected except for milk fat, which was slightly decreased during infusions of the higher levels of casein. 3. The goats were found to be in positive N balance on the basal ration. Milk N output increased with casein infusion; the increase was equvalent to a miximum of 49% of the infused N. 4. The concentration of glucose in arterial blood plasma was decreased at the highest level of casein infusion but that of plasma urea N was unaffected by treatments. 5. Casein infusions increased the concentrations of total indispensable amino acids and the ratio, indispensable: dispensable amino acids in arterial plasma. Arterial concentrations and mammary extractions of most indispensable amino acis were increased, but only a few increases were statistically significant (Pless than 0-05); 6. Comparison of individual indispensable amino acids absorbed from the intestine with output in milk indicated that methionine was probably the first limiting amino acid. 7. The results of the experiment were compared to those of similar experiments with cows that have been reported by other workers. The possible ways in which the infused casein may have caused the responses were discussed. However, no firm conclusions regarding the mechanism involved could be drawn from the results of the present study.", "PMID": 557331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3017", "title": "[Premature rupture of the membranes. Analysis of neonatal infection].", "content": "The study included 65 pregnant women with PRM and of 23 (control group) without PRM or infection. Out of the products from PRM, infection appeared in 13.2% and from the control group in 4.2% (p less than 0.001). No differences were found among frequency of infection and the various periods of latency of PRM, nor with the route from which the product was obtained. The overall mortality was 5.8% for the group studied and cero for the control group (p greater than 0.05) and was shown to be more related with prematurity than with the latent period of PRM. With these experiences, the prophylactic use of antibiotics is not justified in the newborn from mother with PRM.", "contents": "[Premature rupture of the membranes. Analysis of neonatal infection]. The study included 65 pregnant women with PRM and of 23 (control group) without PRM or infection. Out of the products from PRM, infection appeared in 13.2% and from the control group in 4.2% (p less than 0.001). No differences were found among frequency of infection and the various periods of latency of PRM, nor with the route from which the product was obtained. The overall mortality was 5.8% for the group studied and cero for the control group (p greater than 0.05) and was shown to be more related with prematurity than with the latent period of PRM. With these experiences, the prophylactic use of antibiotics is not justified in the newborn from mother with PRM.", "PMID": 557327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3018", "title": "A comparative study of the nutritional and physiological significance of raw and heated soya beans in chicks and goslings.", "content": "1. The comparative effects of raw soya beans on food intake, growth, digestive organ weight, and enzyme activities in goslings and chicks were studied, 2. Goslings were more affected than chicks by the ingestion of a raw soya-bean diet (RSD) in the following ways: reduction in food intake and growth rate; increase in relative weight of the digestive organs; reduction in specific activities of lipase (EC3.1.1.3), amylase (EC3,2.1.1) and chymotrypsin (EC3.4.4.5) in the pancreas (not affected in chicks); greater inhibition of trypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) in the pancreas (not affectd in chicks); greater inhibition of trypsin (EC3.4.4.4.), chymotrypsin and amylase in the inteatinal contents of goslings than of chicks. 3. Addition of methionine to the RSD improved food intake and growth rate more in goslings than in chiks. 4. The interrelationships between enzyme activities, food passage rate, nutrient absorption and food intake regulation are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study of the nutritional and physiological significance of raw and heated soya beans in chicks and goslings. 1. The comparative effects of raw soya beans on food intake, growth, digestive organ weight, and enzyme activities in goslings and chicks were studied, 2. Goslings were more affected than chicks by the ingestion of a raw soya-bean diet (RSD) in the following ways: reduction in food intake and growth rate; increase in relative weight of the digestive organs; reduction in specific activities of lipase (EC3.1.1.3), amylase (EC3,2.1.1) and chymotrypsin (EC3.4.4.5) in the pancreas (not affected in chicks); greater inhibition of trypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) in the pancreas (not affectd in chicks); greater inhibition of trypsin (EC3.4.4.4.), chymotrypsin and amylase in the inteatinal contents of goslings than of chicks. 3. Addition of methionine to the RSD improved food intake and growth rate more in goslings than in chiks. 4. The interrelationships between enzyme activities, food passage rate, nutrient absorption and food intake regulation are discussed.", "PMID": 557332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3019", "title": "Diversity of sequences of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) testis and liver.", "content": "We have compared the sequence complexity and diversity of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA derived from two differentiated trout tissues: liver and testis. The kinetics of hybridization of polyadenylated RNA from each of these tissues with complementary DNA synthesized by reverse transcriptase revealed three abundance classes for liver RNA, the first comprising 4 sequences, the second 120, and the third, 20 000; in contrast, testis RNA showed only two abundance classes containing 6 and 6100 different RNA sequences, respectively and of average length 6 x 10(5) daltons. The extent of overlapping among those two RNA populations was further studied by performing heterologous annealing reactions between cDNA and a vast excess of mRNA. Liver mRNA was complementary to 80% of the testis cDNA. Conversely, testis mRNA reacted with only 25% of the liver cDNA. Experiments with fractionated cDNA probes indicated that the unshared sequences belonged mainly to the less frequent, most complex, class of mRNAs.", "contents": "Diversity of sequences of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) testis and liver. We have compared the sequence complexity and diversity of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA derived from two differentiated trout tissues: liver and testis. The kinetics of hybridization of polyadenylated RNA from each of these tissues with complementary DNA synthesized by reverse transcriptase revealed three abundance classes for liver RNA, the first comprising 4 sequences, the second 120, and the third, 20 000; in contrast, testis RNA showed only two abundance classes containing 6 and 6100 different RNA sequences, respectively and of average length 6 x 10(5) daltons. The extent of overlapping among those two RNA populations was further studied by performing heterologous annealing reactions between cDNA and a vast excess of mRNA. Liver mRNA was complementary to 80% of the testis cDNA. Conversely, testis mRNA reacted with only 25% of the liver cDNA. Experiments with fractionated cDNA probes indicated that the unshared sequences belonged mainly to the less frequent, most complex, class of mRNAs.", "PMID": 557333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3020", "title": "Effect of oxidation of methionine residues in chicken ovoinhibitor on its inhibitory activities against trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase.", "content": "Oxidation of methionine residues of chicken ovoinhibitor with N-chlorosuccinimide resulted in a selective loss of its inhibitory activities. While trypsin inhibiting activity was not affected at all, half of the chymotrypsin-inhibiting activity and all of the elastase inhibiting activity were lost. Electrophoretic and affinity chromatography studies indicated that the 50% loss of the chymotrypsin-inhibiting activity resulted from the inactivation of one of its two chymotrypsin-inhibiting sites rather than from a decrease in the binding constants of both sites. Oxidation of ovoinhibitor-chymotrypsin and ovoinhibitor-elastase complexes with excess of N-chlorosuccinimide indicated that the complex formation in each case protected the site that binds the enzyme which participated in the complex, but did not protect the site that binds the other enzyme. Quantitative estimation of the number of oxidized methionine residues in the ovoinhibitor isolated from the complexes has shown that in each complex about one methionine residue was protected from oxidation. Nitrophenyl-sulfenylation of the single tryptophan residue of ovoinhibitor did not affect its inhibitory activities at all.", "contents": "Effect of oxidation of methionine residues in chicken ovoinhibitor on its inhibitory activities against trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. Oxidation of methionine residues of chicken ovoinhibitor with N-chlorosuccinimide resulted in a selective loss of its inhibitory activities. While trypsin inhibiting activity was not affected at all, half of the chymotrypsin-inhibiting activity and all of the elastase inhibiting activity were lost. Electrophoretic and affinity chromatography studies indicated that the 50% loss of the chymotrypsin-inhibiting activity resulted from the inactivation of one of its two chymotrypsin-inhibiting sites rather than from a decrease in the binding constants of both sites. Oxidation of ovoinhibitor-chymotrypsin and ovoinhibitor-elastase complexes with excess of N-chlorosuccinimide indicated that the complex formation in each case protected the site that binds the enzyme which participated in the complex, but did not protect the site that binds the other enzyme. Quantitative estimation of the number of oxidized methionine residues in the ovoinhibitor isolated from the complexes has shown that in each complex about one methionine residue was protected from oxidation. Nitrophenyl-sulfenylation of the single tryptophan residue of ovoinhibitor did not affect its inhibitory activities at all.", "PMID": 557334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3021", "title": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide peptides from the amino-terminal segment of type III collagen of human liver.", "content": "Human liver type III collagen was prepared by limited pepsin digestion, differential salt precipitation, and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. Cyanogen bromide digestion of purified type III collagen chains yielded nine distinct peptides. Three peptides, alpha1(III)-CB3, alpha1(III)-CB7, and alpha1(III)-CB6, were isolated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-50 SF gel filtration. Automated Edman degradation together with selective hydroxylamine cleavage and chymotrypsin and trypsin digestion enabled determination of their complete amino acid sequence. Compared with type I collagen, the data show tentative homology of alpha1(III)-CB3 with alpha1(I)-CB1, alpha1(I)-CB2, and alpha1(I)-CB4; alpha1(III)-CB7 with alpha1(I)-CB5; and alpha1(III)-CB6 with the amino-terminal portion of alpha1(I)-CB8. Close interspecies homology was found between the sequences presented here with 90 residues of alpha1(III)-CB3 and 26 of alpha1(III)-CB8 of calf aorta. The present study establishes the amino acid sequence of 229 residues near the amino terminus or nearly one-quarter of the type III collagen chains. The disaccharide, Glc-Gal, was convalently bound to hydroxylysine at a position corresponding to the same location in the alpha1(I) chain.", "contents": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide peptides from the amino-terminal segment of type III collagen of human liver. Human liver type III collagen was prepared by limited pepsin digestion, differential salt precipitation, and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. Cyanogen bromide digestion of purified type III collagen chains yielded nine distinct peptides. Three peptides, alpha1(III)-CB3, alpha1(III)-CB7, and alpha1(III)-CB6, were isolated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-50 SF gel filtration. Automated Edman degradation together with selective hydroxylamine cleavage and chymotrypsin and trypsin digestion enabled determination of their complete amino acid sequence. Compared with type I collagen, the data show tentative homology of alpha1(III)-CB3 with alpha1(I)-CB1, alpha1(I)-CB2, and alpha1(I)-CB4; alpha1(III)-CB7 with alpha1(I)-CB5; and alpha1(III)-CB6 with the amino-terminal portion of alpha1(I)-CB8. Close interspecies homology was found between the sequences presented here with 90 residues of alpha1(III)-CB3 and 26 of alpha1(III)-CB8 of calf aorta. The present study establishes the amino acid sequence of 229 residues near the amino terminus or nearly one-quarter of the type III collagen chains. The disaccharide, Glc-Gal, was convalently bound to hydroxylysine at a position corresponding to the same location in the alpha1(I) chain.", "PMID": 557335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3022", "title": "Photochemical functionality of rhodopsin-phospholipid recombinant membranes.", "content": "Purified rhodopsin was incorporated into phospholipid bilayers to give recombinant membranes. The photochemical functionality in these systems was examined by low-temperature spectroscopy and by kinetic spectrophotometry. Changes in the absorption spectra of glycerol-water mixtures of rhodopsin-egg phosphatidylcholine and rhodopsin-asolectin recombinants were monitored after the sample was cooled to -196 degrees C, presented with light of wavelength greater than 440 nm, and then warmed gradually to room temperature. Absorption characteristics indicative of the spectral intermediates prelumirhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, metarhodopsin I, and metarhodopsin II were observed. The kinetics of the metarhodopsin I -o metarhodopsin II transition in these recombinants was studied by flash photolytic observation of the decay of meta I and the formation of meta II. Recombinants prepared from unsaturated phospholipids, e.g., asolectin, egg phosphatidylcholine, egg phosphatidylethanolamine, and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, showed first-order kinetics for the transition with rates comparable to that of rod outer segment membranes. Recombinants prepared from saturated phosphatidylcholines have a retarded rate of conversion from meta I to meta II and are considered to be nonfunctional. The photochemical functionality of rhodopsin-phospholipid recombinants is dependent upon the presence of phospholipid unsaturation and the fluidity of the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains, and is independent of the polar head group of the phospholipid.", "contents": "Photochemical functionality of rhodopsin-phospholipid recombinant membranes. Purified rhodopsin was incorporated into phospholipid bilayers to give recombinant membranes. The photochemical functionality in these systems was examined by low-temperature spectroscopy and by kinetic spectrophotometry. Changes in the absorption spectra of glycerol-water mixtures of rhodopsin-egg phosphatidylcholine and rhodopsin-asolectin recombinants were monitored after the sample was cooled to -196 degrees C, presented with light of wavelength greater than 440 nm, and then warmed gradually to room temperature. Absorption characteristics indicative of the spectral intermediates prelumirhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, metarhodopsin I, and metarhodopsin II were observed. The kinetics of the metarhodopsin I -o metarhodopsin II transition in these recombinants was studied by flash photolytic observation of the decay of meta I and the formation of meta II. Recombinants prepared from unsaturated phospholipids, e.g., asolectin, egg phosphatidylcholine, egg phosphatidylethanolamine, and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, showed first-order kinetics for the transition with rates comparable to that of rod outer segment membranes. Recombinants prepared from saturated phosphatidylcholines have a retarded rate of conversion from meta I to meta II and are considered to be nonfunctional. The photochemical functionality of rhodopsin-phospholipid recombinants is dependent upon the presence of phospholipid unsaturation and the fluidity of the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains, and is independent of the polar head group of the phospholipid.", "PMID": 557336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3023", "title": "Specificity of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver.", "content": "The phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver stimulates the specific transfer of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from rat liver microsomes to mitochondria or phospholipid vesicles (Wirtz, K.W.A., Kamp, H.H., and van Deenen, L.L.M. (1972), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 274, 606). In the present study, it has been established which components of the PC molecule are essential to the specific interaction with the protein. Radiochemically labeled analogues of PC have been synthesized with modifications in the polar and apolar moiety, and their transfer was measured between donor and acceptor vesicles. Relative to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (egg yolk PC), transfer is inhibited or abolished when (a) the distance between phosphorus and nitrogen is decreased or increased and (b) a methyl group on the quaternary nitrogen is removed or substituted by an ethyl or propyl group. Transfer is much less affected when (a) the ester bonds are replaced by ether or carbon-carbon bonds, (b) the PC molecule contains two saturated fatty acids, and (c) the D stereoisomer is used. It is concluded that the protein has a binding site which interacts specifically with the phosphorylcholine head group and which cannot accommodate substantial configurational changes. Interaction with the apolar moiety of PC is less specific. However, lyso-PC is not transferred, suggesting that two hydrocarbon chains are required to stabilize the exchange protein-phospholipid complex. Interaction of [14C]PC-labeled exchange protein with vesicles of different phospholipid compositon has been analyzed by measuring the release of [14C]PC into these vesicles. Vesicles of egg PC or dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine function as acceptors, in contrast to vesicles of sphingomyelin or phosphatidylethanolamine.", "contents": "Specificity of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. The phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver stimulates the specific transfer of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from rat liver microsomes to mitochondria or phospholipid vesicles (Wirtz, K.W.A., Kamp, H.H., and van Deenen, L.L.M. (1972), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 274, 606). In the present study, it has been established which components of the PC molecule are essential to the specific interaction with the protein. Radiochemically labeled analogues of PC have been synthesized with modifications in the polar and apolar moiety, and their transfer was measured between donor and acceptor vesicles. Relative to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (egg yolk PC), transfer is inhibited or abolished when (a) the distance between phosphorus and nitrogen is decreased or increased and (b) a methyl group on the quaternary nitrogen is removed or substituted by an ethyl or propyl group. Transfer is much less affected when (a) the ester bonds are replaced by ether or carbon-carbon bonds, (b) the PC molecule contains two saturated fatty acids, and (c) the D stereoisomer is used. It is concluded that the protein has a binding site which interacts specifically with the phosphorylcholine head group and which cannot accommodate substantial configurational changes. Interaction with the apolar moiety of PC is less specific. However, lyso-PC is not transferred, suggesting that two hydrocarbon chains are required to stabilize the exchange protein-phospholipid complex. Interaction of [14C]PC-labeled exchange protein with vesicles of different phospholipid compositon has been analyzed by measuring the release of [14C]PC into these vesicles. Vesicles of egg PC or dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine function as acceptors, in contrast to vesicles of sphingomyelin or phosphatidylethanolamine.", "PMID": 557337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3024", "title": "Reciprocal cooperative effects of multiple ligand binding to pyruvate kinase.", "content": "The formation of multiple ligand complexes with muscle pyruvate kinase was measured in terms of dissociation constants and the standard free energies of formation were calculated. The binding of Mn2+ to the enzyme (KA = 55 +/- 5 X 10(-6) M; deltaF degrees = -5.75 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol) and to the enzyme saturated with phosphoenolpyruvate (conditional free energy) KA' = 0.8 +/- 0.4 X 10(-6) M; deltaF degrees = -8.22 +/- 0.34 kcal/mol) has been measured under identical conditions giving a free energy of coupling, delta(deltaF degrees) = -2.47 +/- 0.34 kcal/mol. Such a large negative free energy of coupling is diagnostic of a strong positively cooperative effect in ligand binding. The binding of the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate to free enzyme and the enzyme-Mn2+ complex was, by necessity, measured by different methods. The free energy of phosphoenolpyruvate binding to free enzyme (KS = 1.58 +/- 0.10 X 10(-4)M; deltaF degrees = -5.13 +/- 0.04 kcal/mol) and to the enzyme-Mn2+ complex (K3 = 0.75 +/- 0.10 X 10(-6)M; deltaF degrees = -8.26 +/- 0.07 kcal/mol) also gives a large negative free energy of coupling, delta(deltaF degrees) = -3.16 +/- 0.08 kcal/mol. Such a large negative value confirms reciprocal binding effects between the divalent cation and the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. The binding of Mn2+ to the enzyme-ADP complex was also investigated and a free energy of coupling, delta(deltaF degrees) = -0.08 +/- 0.08 kcal/mol, was measured, indicative of little or no cooperativity in binding. The free energy of coupling with Mn2+ and pyruvate was measured as -1.52 +/- 0.14 kcal/mol, showing a significant amount of cooperativity in ligand binding but a substantially smaller effect than that observed for phosphoenolpyruvate binding. The magnitude of the coupling free energy may be related to the role of the divalent cation in the formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes. In the absence of the activating monovalent cation, the coupling free energies for phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate binding decrease by 40-60% and 25%, respectively, substantiating a role for the monovalent cation in the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes with phosphoenolpyruvate and with pyruvate.", "contents": "Reciprocal cooperative effects of multiple ligand binding to pyruvate kinase. The formation of multiple ligand complexes with muscle pyruvate kinase was measured in terms of dissociation constants and the standard free energies of formation were calculated. The binding of Mn2+ to the enzyme (KA = 55 +/- 5 X 10(-6) M; deltaF degrees = -5.75 +/- 0.05 kcal/mol) and to the enzyme saturated with phosphoenolpyruvate (conditional free energy) KA' = 0.8 +/- 0.4 X 10(-6) M; deltaF degrees = -8.22 +/- 0.34 kcal/mol) has been measured under identical conditions giving a free energy of coupling, delta(deltaF degrees) = -2.47 +/- 0.34 kcal/mol. Such a large negative free energy of coupling is diagnostic of a strong positively cooperative effect in ligand binding. The binding of the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate to free enzyme and the enzyme-Mn2+ complex was, by necessity, measured by different methods. The free energy of phosphoenolpyruvate binding to free enzyme (KS = 1.58 +/- 0.10 X 10(-4)M; deltaF degrees = -5.13 +/- 0.04 kcal/mol) and to the enzyme-Mn2+ complex (K3 = 0.75 +/- 0.10 X 10(-6)M; deltaF degrees = -8.26 +/- 0.07 kcal/mol) also gives a large negative free energy of coupling, delta(deltaF degrees) = -3.16 +/- 0.08 kcal/mol. Such a large negative value confirms reciprocal binding effects between the divalent cation and the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. The binding of Mn2+ to the enzyme-ADP complex was also investigated and a free energy of coupling, delta(deltaF degrees) = -0.08 +/- 0.08 kcal/mol, was measured, indicative of little or no cooperativity in binding. The free energy of coupling with Mn2+ and pyruvate was measured as -1.52 +/- 0.14 kcal/mol, showing a significant amount of cooperativity in ligand binding but a substantially smaller effect than that observed for phosphoenolpyruvate binding. The magnitude of the coupling free energy may be related to the role of the divalent cation in the formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes. In the absence of the activating monovalent cation, the coupling free energies for phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate binding decrease by 40-60% and 25%, respectively, substantiating a role for the monovalent cation in the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes with phosphoenolpyruvate and with pyruvate.", "PMID": 557338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3025", "title": "Synthesis of elastin in aortas from chick embryos. Conversion of newly secreted elastin to cross-linked elastin without apparent proteolysis of the molecule.", "content": "The biosynthesis of elastin was examined in matrix-free cells isolated by enzymic digestion of aortas from 17-day old chick embryos. After the cells were incubated with [14C]proline and then were rapidly boiled in buffer containing high concentrations of protease inhibitors and sodiumdodecyl sulfate, about one-quarter of the intracellular 14C-labeled protein was recovered as an elastin component with an apparent molecular weight of about 72 000. Examination of the medium from the cell suspension indicated that the largest elastin component secreted by the cells also had an apparent molecular weight of about 72 000. Pulse-chase experiments with intact aortas demonstrated that about two-thirds of the 72 000-dalton component disappeared in 2 h, apparently because it was converted to cross-linked fibers. When cross-linking was inhibited with penicillamine, the 72 000-dalton component persisted in the tissue 5 h. When cross-linking was inhibited with beta-aminopropionitrile, the elastin component of 72 000 daltons persisted for about 2 h, but thereafter it was gradually degraded to small peptides which were recovered in the incubation medium. The results suggest that elastin is secreted by cells in chick aorta as a polypeptide of about 72 000 daltons and that the secreted protein is incorporated into elastin fibers without cleavage to a protein of considerably smaller size.", "contents": "Synthesis of elastin in aortas from chick embryos. Conversion of newly secreted elastin to cross-linked elastin without apparent proteolysis of the molecule. The biosynthesis of elastin was examined in matrix-free cells isolated by enzymic digestion of aortas from 17-day old chick embryos. After the cells were incubated with [14C]proline and then were rapidly boiled in buffer containing high concentrations of protease inhibitors and sodiumdodecyl sulfate, about one-quarter of the intracellular 14C-labeled protein was recovered as an elastin component with an apparent molecular weight of about 72 000. Examination of the medium from the cell suspension indicated that the largest elastin component secreted by the cells also had an apparent molecular weight of about 72 000. Pulse-chase experiments with intact aortas demonstrated that about two-thirds of the 72 000-dalton component disappeared in 2 h, apparently because it was converted to cross-linked fibers. When cross-linking was inhibited with penicillamine, the 72 000-dalton component persisted in the tissue 5 h. When cross-linking was inhibited with beta-aminopropionitrile, the elastin component of 72 000 daltons persisted for about 2 h, but thereafter it was gradually degraded to small peptides which were recovered in the incubation medium. The results suggest that elastin is secreted by cells in chick aorta as a polypeptide of about 72 000 daltons and that the secreted protein is incorporated into elastin fibers without cleavage to a protein of considerably smaller size.", "PMID": 557339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3026", "title": "Crystallographic studies of protein denaturation and renaturation. 1. Effects of denaturants on volume and X-ray pattern of cross-linked triclinic lysozyme crystals.", "content": "Triclinic crystals of hen egg-white lysozyme cross-linked with glutaraldehyde have been treated with various denaturants and found to be susceptible to x-ray structure analysis even after major conformational changes in the protein. Cross-linked crystals were isomorphous with the native form, and electron density difference maps indicated the locations of intermolecular corss-links, but showed no appreciable differences in the protein conformation. Soaking of the cross-linked crystals in danaturant solutions of increasing concentrations caused corresponding increases in crystal volume and decreases in minimum observable x-ray spacings. These changes proved partly reversible on diluting the solutions, and measurements of crystal volume and minimums x-ray spacing were used to follow denaturation and renaturation as a function of concentration for several denaturants. Some of these, including bromoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate, had little effect on the crystals below critical concentrations at which there was a sharp volume increase and loss of x-ray pattern, which could, however, be regenerated to about 3.2-A resolution. Others, including KCNS and urea, caused more gradual changes, but with a smaller degree of recovery. It is suggested that at least two different denaturation mechanisms are involved with detergent-like reagents disrupting the hydrophobic interactions joining the two wings of the lysozyme molecule and hydrophilic denaturants interacting primarily with polar groups on the molecular surface.", "contents": "Crystallographic studies of protein denaturation and renaturation. 1. Effects of denaturants on volume and X-ray pattern of cross-linked triclinic lysozyme crystals. Triclinic crystals of hen egg-white lysozyme cross-linked with glutaraldehyde have been treated with various denaturants and found to be susceptible to x-ray structure analysis even after major conformational changes in the protein. Cross-linked crystals were isomorphous with the native form, and electron density difference maps indicated the locations of intermolecular corss-links, but showed no appreciable differences in the protein conformation. Soaking of the cross-linked crystals in danaturant solutions of increasing concentrations caused corresponding increases in crystal volume and decreases in minimum observable x-ray spacings. These changes proved partly reversible on diluting the solutions, and measurements of crystal volume and minimums x-ray spacing were used to follow denaturation and renaturation as a function of concentration for several denaturants. Some of these, including bromoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate, had little effect on the crystals below critical concentrations at which there was a sharp volume increase and loss of x-ray pattern, which could, however, be regenerated to about 3.2-A resolution. Others, including KCNS and urea, caused more gradual changes, but with a smaller degree of recovery. It is suggested that at least two different denaturation mechanisms are involved with detergent-like reagents disrupting the hydrophobic interactions joining the two wings of the lysozyme molecule and hydrophilic denaturants interacting primarily with polar groups on the molecular surface.", "PMID": 557340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3027", "title": "Nucleoprotein chromatin subunit from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The nucleoproteins resulting from digestion of the nuclei of the true slime mold Pysarum polycephalum with micrococcal nuclease have been resolved according to the size classes in linear sucrose gradients containg 0.5 M NaCl, and analysed for DNA, RNA and protein content. The basic nucleoprotein subunit has been found to contain a DNA fragment of about 150--170 base pairs complexed with an approximately equal amount, on a weight basis, of basic proteins and a relatively small amount of non-histone proteins (about 35% of the amount of DNA). Higher nucleoprotein oligomers were shown to contain spacer DNA fragments between adjacent subunits and a considerably higher ratio of non-histone proteins to DNA than the basic subunit. Both the basic subunit and higher nucleoprotein oligomers of Physarum chromatin contain some amount of tightly bound RNA. However, in contrast to the distribution of the non-histone proteins, the ratio of RNA to RNA is similar in both fractions.", "contents": "Nucleoprotein chromatin subunit from Physarum polycephalum. The nucleoproteins resulting from digestion of the nuclei of the true slime mold Pysarum polycephalum with micrococcal nuclease have been resolved according to the size classes in linear sucrose gradients containg 0.5 M NaCl, and analysed for DNA, RNA and protein content. The basic nucleoprotein subunit has been found to contain a DNA fragment of about 150--170 base pairs complexed with an approximately equal amount, on a weight basis, of basic proteins and a relatively small amount of non-histone proteins (about 35% of the amount of DNA). Higher nucleoprotein oligomers were shown to contain spacer DNA fragments between adjacent subunits and a considerably higher ratio of non-histone proteins to DNA than the basic subunit. Both the basic subunit and higher nucleoprotein oligomers of Physarum chromatin contain some amount of tightly bound RNA. However, in contrast to the distribution of the non-histone proteins, the ratio of RNA to RNA is similar in both fractions.", "PMID": 557341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3028", "title": "Protein composition of chromatin subfractions prepared from chick embryos.", "content": "Chromatins of four embryonic chick tissues were digested with DNAase II and the MgCl2-soluble and insoluble chromatin fractions were isolated. The MgCl2-soluble fractions displayed a high protein/DNA ratio and enrichment of nascent RNA as compared to the MgCl2-insoluble fractions. The recovery of DNA and protein in the MgC12-soluble chromatin of erythrocytes was much lower than that in the other cell types. The difference is likely to be associated with the low transcriptional activity of the erythrocyte chromatin. In polyacrylamide gels histones appeared to be the predominant protein constituent of the MgCl2-insoluble chromatins. Brain, skin and muscle displayed an apparently similar group of actively labelled nonhistones at 70 000 to 100 000 daltons. These nonhistones were not observed in erythrocytes. The MgCl2-soluble chromatins of erythrocytes, brain, skin and muscle had a prominent group of polypeptides at approx. 40 000 daltons. In all tissues except for erythrocytes the group of proteins was actively labelled. These polypeptides are suggested to be the major structural protein constituent of the MgCl-soluble chromatin.", "contents": "Protein composition of chromatin subfractions prepared from chick embryos. Chromatins of four embryonic chick tissues were digested with DNAase II and the MgCl2-soluble and insoluble chromatin fractions were isolated. The MgCl2-soluble fractions displayed a high protein/DNA ratio and enrichment of nascent RNA as compared to the MgCl2-insoluble fractions. The recovery of DNA and protein in the MgC12-soluble chromatin of erythrocytes was much lower than that in the other cell types. The difference is likely to be associated with the low transcriptional activity of the erythrocyte chromatin. In polyacrylamide gels histones appeared to be the predominant protein constituent of the MgCl2-insoluble chromatins. Brain, skin and muscle displayed an apparently similar group of actively labelled nonhistones at 70 000 to 100 000 daltons. These nonhistones were not observed in erythrocytes. The MgCl2-soluble chromatins of erythrocytes, brain, skin and muscle had a prominent group of polypeptides at approx. 40 000 daltons. In all tissues except for erythrocytes the group of proteins was actively labelled. These polypeptides are suggested to be the major structural protein constituent of the MgCl-soluble chromatin.", "PMID": 557342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3029", "title": "Preparation and enzymatic hydrolysis of dinucleoside monophosphates and DNA modified with aromatic residues.", "content": "The following procedures have been used to prepare fifteen modified dinucleoside monophosphates: (a) bisulfite-catalyzed transamination with aniline to give an N4-phenylcytidine (CPh), (b) bisulfite-catalyzed transamination with beta-naphthylamine to give an N4-beta-naphthylcytidine (CbetaN), (c) alkylation with 7-bromomethylbenz[a] anthracene to afford a 7(benz[a]anthryl-7-methyl)guanosine (GMBA), and (d) reaction with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to give an 8-(N-2-fluorenylacetamido)guanosine (GAAF). The compounds prepared were A-CPh, CPh-A, CPh-G, U-CPh, CPh-U, A-CbetaN, CbetaN-A, G-CbetaN, CbetaN-G, U-CbetaN, CbetaN-U, GMBA-U, U-GMBA, GAAF-U, and U-GAAF. All of the modified compounds were hydrolyzed to the expected monomers with venom and spleen exonucleases. Hydrolysis by micrococcal nuclease was inhibited in the following cases: A-CPh, A-CbetaN, U-GMBA, and U-GAAF. The first three reactions above were applied to denatured calf thymus DNA to prepare modified DNA samples containing from 0.3 to 2.0% bound aromatic residues. The modified nucleic acids were completely hydrolyzed to nucleosides by the combination of venom exonuclease, deoxyribonuclease I and alkaline phosphatase. The same results were obtained with a combination of spleen exonuclease, deoxyribonuclease II, and alkaline phosphatase. Hydrolysis of the modified nucleic acids by micrococcal nuclease and alkaline phosphatase afforded primarily nucleosides, with some dinucleoside monophosphates. The amount of the latter did not exceed that found in the hydrolysis of control DNA, however. Other workers have observed inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of nucleic acids modified by aromatic carcinogens. We postulated that their results may have been caused by cross-links, which were avoided in our studies.", "contents": "Preparation and enzymatic hydrolysis of dinucleoside monophosphates and DNA modified with aromatic residues. The following procedures have been used to prepare fifteen modified dinucleoside monophosphates: (a) bisulfite-catalyzed transamination with aniline to give an N4-phenylcytidine (CPh), (b) bisulfite-catalyzed transamination with beta-naphthylamine to give an N4-beta-naphthylcytidine (CbetaN), (c) alkylation with 7-bromomethylbenz[a] anthracene to afford a 7(benz[a]anthryl-7-methyl)guanosine (GMBA), and (d) reaction with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to give an 8-(N-2-fluorenylacetamido)guanosine (GAAF). The compounds prepared were A-CPh, CPh-A, CPh-G, U-CPh, CPh-U, A-CbetaN, CbetaN-A, G-CbetaN, CbetaN-G, U-CbetaN, CbetaN-U, GMBA-U, U-GMBA, GAAF-U, and U-GAAF. All of the modified compounds were hydrolyzed to the expected monomers with venom and spleen exonucleases. Hydrolysis by micrococcal nuclease was inhibited in the following cases: A-CPh, A-CbetaN, U-GMBA, and U-GAAF. The first three reactions above were applied to denatured calf thymus DNA to prepare modified DNA samples containing from 0.3 to 2.0% bound aromatic residues. The modified nucleic acids were completely hydrolyzed to nucleosides by the combination of venom exonuclease, deoxyribonuclease I and alkaline phosphatase. The same results were obtained with a combination of spleen exonuclease, deoxyribonuclease II, and alkaline phosphatase. Hydrolysis of the modified nucleic acids by micrococcal nuclease and alkaline phosphatase afforded primarily nucleosides, with some dinucleoside monophosphates. The amount of the latter did not exceed that found in the hydrolysis of control DNA, however. Other workers have observed inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of nucleic acids modified by aromatic carcinogens. We postulated that their results may have been caused by cross-links, which were avoided in our studies.", "PMID": 557343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3030", "title": "On the relative location of the inhibitor-and calcium-binding sites in bovine trypsin as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Possible ambiguities in paramagnetic probe mapping studies.", "content": "Possible pitfalls in mapping studies utilizing the nuclear relaxation rates induced by paramagnetic probes are pointed out. In cases in which a distance is sought between a paramagnetic ion and a small molecule (e.g. substrate, inhibitor, etc.), both bound non-covalently to a macromolecule, heterogeneity in the system with respect to the binding of either of them may result in ambiguous conclusions. It is shown that the trypsin-gadolinium (III)-inhibitor system is heterogeneous, as revealed in the dependence of the water and inhibitor proton line-widths upon both the Gd3+ and the enzyme concentrations and in the effects of added Ca2+ on the line-widths. The results imply that in published work (Abbott et al. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 4935) the distance from a weak rather than from the strong metal ion binding site of trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) may have been determined.", "contents": "On the relative location of the inhibitor-and calcium-binding sites in bovine trypsin as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Possible ambiguities in paramagnetic probe mapping studies. Possible pitfalls in mapping studies utilizing the nuclear relaxation rates induced by paramagnetic probes are pointed out. In cases in which a distance is sought between a paramagnetic ion and a small molecule (e.g. substrate, inhibitor, etc.), both bound non-covalently to a macromolecule, heterogeneity in the system with respect to the binding of either of them may result in ambiguous conclusions. It is shown that the trypsin-gadolinium (III)-inhibitor system is heterogeneous, as revealed in the dependence of the water and inhibitor proton line-widths upon both the Gd3+ and the enzyme concentrations and in the effects of added Ca2+ on the line-widths. The results imply that in published work (Abbott et al. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 4935) the distance from a weak rather than from the strong metal ion binding site of trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) may have been determined.", "PMID": 557344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3031", "title": "Sulfhydryl groups in relation to the structure and catalytic activity of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase from bovine liver.", "content": "Bovine liver 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase (suggested name: 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate glyoxylate-lyase catalyzing the reaction: 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate in equilibrium pyruvate + glyoxylate) contains eight to ten sulfhydryl groups as determined by titration of the enzyme with either 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) or p-mercuribenzoate in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. In the absence of a denaturant, all of the cysteinyl residues react with p-mercuribenzoate whereas only four are accessible to titration with Nbs2. No differences in -SH group reactivity can be detected during titration of the aldolase with p-mercuribenzoate. In contrast, two classes of sulfhydryls can be differentiated in the disulfide exchange reaction with Nbs2 in the absence of a denaturant; one -SH group (Class I) reacts rapidly whereas three additional thiols (Class II) titrate at approx. 0.1 the rate of the Class I-SH residue. Both pyruvate and glyoxylate protect one of the three -SH residues in Class II from reaction with Nbs2. Either substrate also prevents titration of one to two thiol groups by p-mercuribenzoate and decreases the rate of reaction of aldolase -SH groups with Nbs2 in 8 M urea. These ligand-induced changes in -SH reactivity provide a sensitive indication that the enzyme exists in an altered conformational state in the presence of either of its cosubstrates. Titration of the enzyme with either Nbs2 or p-mercuribenzoate results in a progressive loss of aldolase activity which is not proportional to the number of -SH groups modified. The enzyme retains 50% of the activity of the native enzyme when Class I and Class II thiols (i.e. four -SH groups total) are modified with Nbs2; 15% residual activity is still observed following titration of all of the cysteinyl residues with p-mercuribenzoate. Pyruvate and glyoxylate provide partial protection against inactivation. It is concluded that inactivation of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase by Nbs2 or p-mercuribenzoate is a consequence of alterations in protein structure which accompany modification of -SH groups. The data argue against the direct participation of an active-site thiol group in the catalytic mechanism of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase, be that aldol cleavage and condensation or beta-decarboxylation.", "contents": "Sulfhydryl groups in relation to the structure and catalytic activity of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase from bovine liver. Bovine liver 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase (suggested name: 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate glyoxylate-lyase catalyzing the reaction: 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate in equilibrium pyruvate + glyoxylate) contains eight to ten sulfhydryl groups as determined by titration of the enzyme with either 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) or p-mercuribenzoate in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. In the absence of a denaturant, all of the cysteinyl residues react with p-mercuribenzoate whereas only four are accessible to titration with Nbs2. No differences in -SH group reactivity can be detected during titration of the aldolase with p-mercuribenzoate. In contrast, two classes of sulfhydryls can be differentiated in the disulfide exchange reaction with Nbs2 in the absence of a denaturant; one -SH group (Class I) reacts rapidly whereas three additional thiols (Class II) titrate at approx. 0.1 the rate of the Class I-SH residue. Both pyruvate and glyoxylate protect one of the three -SH residues in Class II from reaction with Nbs2. Either substrate also prevents titration of one to two thiol groups by p-mercuribenzoate and decreases the rate of reaction of aldolase -SH groups with Nbs2 in 8 M urea. These ligand-induced changes in -SH reactivity provide a sensitive indication that the enzyme exists in an altered conformational state in the presence of either of its cosubstrates. Titration of the enzyme with either Nbs2 or p-mercuribenzoate results in a progressive loss of aldolase activity which is not proportional to the number of -SH groups modified. The enzyme retains 50% of the activity of the native enzyme when Class I and Class II thiols (i.e. four -SH groups total) are modified with Nbs2; 15% residual activity is still observed following titration of all of the cysteinyl residues with p-mercuribenzoate. Pyruvate and glyoxylate provide partial protection against inactivation. It is concluded that inactivation of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase by Nbs2 or p-mercuribenzoate is a consequence of alterations in protein structure which accompany modification of -SH groups. The data argue against the direct participation of an active-site thiol group in the catalytic mechanism of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase, be that aldol cleavage and condensation or beta-decarboxylation.", "PMID": 557345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3032", "title": "Interaction of glucagon with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine.", "content": "Glucagon can form amphipathic helices and can interact with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine at temperatures below the phase transition leading to a shift in the fluorescence emission maximum of tryptophan from 350 to 338 nm and a 3-fold enhancement of fluorescence intensity as well as a change in the polarization of fluorescence. The circular dichroism properties of the lipid-associated glucagon indicates that it has an increased content of alpha-helix. The phase transition temperature of the lipid as monitored by pyrene excimer fluorescence is not altered by interaction with glucagon although at higher glucagon/lipid ratios a decrease in excimer formation is noted at low temperature. Above the phase transition temperature, the addition of lipid has no effect on the fluorescence emission or circular dichroism of glucagon. Thus this hormone can interact with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine and this interaction is stronger below the phase transition temperature than above it.", "contents": "Interaction of glucagon with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine. Glucagon can form amphipathic helices and can interact with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine at temperatures below the phase transition leading to a shift in the fluorescence emission maximum of tryptophan from 350 to 338 nm and a 3-fold enhancement of fluorescence intensity as well as a change in the polarization of fluorescence. The circular dichroism properties of the lipid-associated glucagon indicates that it has an increased content of alpha-helix. The phase transition temperature of the lipid as monitored by pyrene excimer fluorescence is not altered by interaction with glucagon although at higher glucagon/lipid ratios a decrease in excimer formation is noted at low temperature. Above the phase transition temperature, the addition of lipid has no effect on the fluorescence emission or circular dichroism of glucagon. Thus this hormone can interact with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine and this interaction is stronger below the phase transition temperature than above it.", "PMID": 557346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3033", "title": "Incorporation of galactose into galactosyltransferase.", "content": "Bovine skim milk galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) retained its catalytic activity after partial enzymatic removal of sialic acid and galactose. Desialylated and degalactosylated galactosyltransferase was a galactosyl acceptor in the galactosyltransferase reaction. [14C]Galactose from UDP-[14C]galactose was incorporated into the carbohydrate-depleted galactosyltransferase by native galactosyltransferase. The results suggest that galactosyltransferase participates in the biosynthesis of its glycopeptides of the sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine type.", "contents": "Incorporation of galactose into galactosyltransferase. Bovine skim milk galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) retained its catalytic activity after partial enzymatic removal of sialic acid and galactose. Desialylated and degalactosylated galactosyltransferase was a galactosyl acceptor in the galactosyltransferase reaction. [14C]Galactose from UDP-[14C]galactose was incorporated into the carbohydrate-depleted galactosyltransferase by native galactosyltransferase. The results suggest that galactosyltransferase participates in the biosynthesis of its glycopeptides of the sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine type.", "PMID": 557347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3034", "title": "Uptake and degradation of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled human serum albumin in rat liver cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The uptake of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled human serum albumin in rat hepatocytes and nonparenchymal liver cells was measured in vivo and in vitro. Isolated liver cells were prepared by treating the perfused liver with collagenase. Purified hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells were obtained by differential centrifugation. Human serum albumin was found to be taken up exclusively or almost exclusively by nonparenchymal cells in vitro and in vivo (after intravenous injection). The maximal rate of human serum albumin-uptake in vitro was comparable to that in vivo. Nonparenchymal cells degraded human serum albumin in vitro as indicated by release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity. Degradation started about 20-30 min after addition of human serum albumin to cells and rate of degradation was proportional to rate of uptake. Human serum albumin-degradation could be studied without interference of concurrent uptake by separating cells that had been preincubated with human serum albumin from the medium and then reincubating them with human serum albumin-free medium. The lag phase before human serum albumin-degradation starts and the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on degradation indicate that human serum albumin is degraded in lysosomes. The data obtained show that enzymatically prepared nonparenchymal liver cells retain their endocytic activity in vitro. Denatured human serum albumin should be useful both as a marker for rat liver macrophages and for the study of intracellular proteolysis in these cells.", "contents": "Uptake and degradation of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled human serum albumin in rat liver cells in vivo and in vitro. The uptake of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled human serum albumin in rat hepatocytes and nonparenchymal liver cells was measured in vivo and in vitro. Isolated liver cells were prepared by treating the perfused liver with collagenase. Purified hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells were obtained by differential centrifugation. Human serum albumin was found to be taken up exclusively or almost exclusively by nonparenchymal cells in vitro and in vivo (after intravenous injection). The maximal rate of human serum albumin-uptake in vitro was comparable to that in vivo. Nonparenchymal cells degraded human serum albumin in vitro as indicated by release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity. Degradation started about 20-30 min after addition of human serum albumin to cells and rate of degradation was proportional to rate of uptake. Human serum albumin-degradation could be studied without interference of concurrent uptake by separating cells that had been preincubated with human serum albumin from the medium and then reincubating them with human serum albumin-free medium. The lag phase before human serum albumin-degradation starts and the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on degradation indicate that human serum albumin is degraded in lysosomes. The data obtained show that enzymatically prepared nonparenchymal liver cells retain their endocytic activity in vitro. Denatured human serum albumin should be useful both as a marker for rat liver macrophages and for the study of intracellular proteolysis in these cells.", "PMID": 557348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3035", "title": "Glutathione dependent control of protein disulfide-sulfhydryl content by subcellular fractions of hepatic tissue.", "content": "The disulfide-sulfhydryl (SS/SH) ratios of subcellular fractions of rat hepatic tissue were found to vary diurnally with the ratio lowest in the early morning and highest in the early evening. These changes were found in the nuclear, microsomal and cytosol fractions. The primary reaction is the reversible formation of mixed disulfides of glutathione with proteins. This formation is controlled by the activity of thiol transferase and the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) as substrate. Several enzymes including mitochondrial and microsomal oxidases, glutathione reductase and peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found to control the levels of GSSG. An NADPH-dependent microsomal oxidase system, inhibited by GSSG, was found to produce activated oxygen which served as substrate for flutathione peroxidase. Evidence is presented for the concept that the formation of mixed disulfides of proteins with glutathione is a mechanism for maintenance of a disulfide-sulfhydryl ratio such that the integrity of particulate membranes is maintaine during oxidative and reductive stresses on the hepatic cells.", "contents": "Glutathione dependent control of protein disulfide-sulfhydryl content by subcellular fractions of hepatic tissue. The disulfide-sulfhydryl (SS/SH) ratios of subcellular fractions of rat hepatic tissue were found to vary diurnally with the ratio lowest in the early morning and highest in the early evening. These changes were found in the nuclear, microsomal and cytosol fractions. The primary reaction is the reversible formation of mixed disulfides of glutathione with proteins. This formation is controlled by the activity of thiol transferase and the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) as substrate. Several enzymes including mitochondrial and microsomal oxidases, glutathione reductase and peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found to control the levels of GSSG. An NADPH-dependent microsomal oxidase system, inhibited by GSSG, was found to produce activated oxygen which served as substrate for flutathione peroxidase. Evidence is presented for the concept that the formation of mixed disulfides of proteins with glutathione is a mechanism for maintenance of a disulfide-sulfhydryl ratio such that the integrity of particulate membranes is maintaine during oxidative and reductive stresses on the hepatic cells.", "PMID": 557349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3036", "title": "Agent-determined type of maternal influence on induced cleft palate in mice.", "content": "The maternal influence on induced cleft palate frequency, as revealed by reciprocal crosses, was investigated after treatment with triamcinolone or cortisone. Mouse blastocysts from the CBA and A/Jax strains were transferred to pseudopregnant A/Jax and CBA foster mothers and in addition CBA X A/Jax and A/Jax X CBA embryos were raised in pseudopregnant CBA foster mothers. According to the period of maximum sensitivity revealed by a time response study triamcinolone was injected as a single dose (2 mg/kg, i.m.) on day 11 at 8 a.m. when the precocious development of transferred fetuses had been taken into account. A predominant uterine factor slightly modified by the fetal genome was found. This was in contrast to the effect of the 4-day treatment with cortisone (62.5 mg/kg i.m.) where, as also previously has been shown, cytoplasmic factors in the embryos were accountable for the magnitude of the teratogenic response. An increased corticoid elimination from the resistant CBA fetuses might explain the maternal influence on triamcinolone treatment but would not be responsible for the influence on cortisone-induced cleft palate frequency.", "contents": "Agent-determined type of maternal influence on induced cleft palate in mice. The maternal influence on induced cleft palate frequency, as revealed by reciprocal crosses, was investigated after treatment with triamcinolone or cortisone. Mouse blastocysts from the CBA and A/Jax strains were transferred to pseudopregnant A/Jax and CBA foster mothers and in addition CBA X A/Jax and A/Jax X CBA embryos were raised in pseudopregnant CBA foster mothers. According to the period of maximum sensitivity revealed by a time response study triamcinolone was injected as a single dose (2 mg/kg, i.m.) on day 11 at 8 a.m. when the precocious development of transferred fetuses had been taken into account. A predominant uterine factor slightly modified by the fetal genome was found. This was in contrast to the effect of the 4-day treatment with cortisone (62.5 mg/kg i.m.) where, as also previously has been shown, cytoplasmic factors in the embryos were accountable for the magnitude of the teratogenic response. An increased corticoid elimination from the resistant CBA fetuses might explain the maternal influence on triamcinolone treatment but would not be responsible for the influence on cortisone-induced cleft palate frequency.", "PMID": 557350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3037", "title": "The release of prolactin by medroxy-progesterone acetate in human subjects.", "content": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate an injectable contraceptive when administered to four lactating women at a dose of 150 mg every three months significantly raised prolactin levels over those observed in four control women. Prolactin levels were higher at all times during 4-17 weeks in the drug-treated women, irrespective of whether the samples were collected before or after suckling. It was also observed that while suckling clearly released prolactin in both groups the difference was greater in the women receiving the injection, indicating that the drug enhanced the release of prolactin in response to the suckling stimulus.", "contents": "The release of prolactin by medroxy-progesterone acetate in human subjects. Medroxyprogesterone acetate an injectable contraceptive when administered to four lactating women at a dose of 150 mg every three months significantly raised prolactin levels over those observed in four control women. Prolactin levels were higher at all times during 4-17 weeks in the drug-treated women, irrespective of whether the samples were collected before or after suckling. It was also observed that while suckling clearly released prolactin in both groups the difference was greater in the women receiving the injection, indicating that the drug enhanced the release of prolactin in response to the suckling stimulus.", "PMID": 557353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3038", "title": "Studies of daily recordings from the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire.", "content": "Nineteen volunteers completed a Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire daily for a period exceeding one menstrual cycle. The data were analysed, using a least mean square method of fitting sine waves. The fact that the results obtained on this group are essentially those found by other workers looking at the menstrual cycle suggests that this may be a useful method for assessing menstrual distress.", "contents": "Studies of daily recordings from the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Nineteen volunteers completed a Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire daily for a period exceeding one menstrual cycle. The data were analysed, using a least mean square method of fitting sine waves. The fact that the results obtained on this group are essentially those found by other workers looking at the menstrual cycle suggests that this may be a useful method for assessing menstrual distress.", "PMID": 557358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3039", "title": "Vulnerability and conditioning in relation to the human menstrual cycle.", "content": "An experiment aimed at testing some implications of a model of symptom acquisition is reported. In particular, the effect conditioning and extinction is examined. Sixteen female phobic patients were tested either immediately pre-menstrually or inter-menstrually. Using white noise as the UCS and a blue light as the CS, conditioned GSR responses were readily established in members of the pre-menstrual group, who also showed resistance to extinction. Subjects tested inter-menstrually were less susceptible to these effects. Those subjects taking the contraceptive pill showed increased sensitivity to the acquisition of conditioned responses.", "contents": "Vulnerability and conditioning in relation to the human menstrual cycle. An experiment aimed at testing some implications of a model of symptom acquisition is reported. In particular, the effect conditioning and extinction is examined. Sixteen female phobic patients were tested either immediately pre-menstrually or inter-menstrually. Using white noise as the UCS and a blue light as the CS, conditioned GSR responses were readily established in members of the pre-menstrual group, who also showed resistance to extinction. Subjects tested inter-menstrually were less susceptible to these effects. Those subjects taking the contraceptive pill showed increased sensitivity to the acquisition of conditioned responses.", "PMID": 557359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3040", "title": "Significance of leucocytes in smears taken from the female urethral meatus.", "content": "A prospective study of 86 women attending the clinic for the first time showed that nine patients had more than 10 leucocytes per highpower microscope field (HPF) in smears taken from the urethral meatus, even though six of them had micturated less than two hours before examination. Six of these patients had urethral gonorrhoea, one had trichomoniasis, and two were contacts of men with non-specific urethritis. It is concluded that women with more than 10 leucocytes per HPF of urethral secretion at their first visit and in whom a diagnosis has not been made, should strongly be urged to return for further assessment.", "contents": "Significance of leucocytes in smears taken from the female urethral meatus. A prospective study of 86 women attending the clinic for the first time showed that nine patients had more than 10 leucocytes per highpower microscope field (HPF) in smears taken from the urethral meatus, even though six of them had micturated less than two hours before examination. Six of these patients had urethral gonorrhoea, one had trichomoniasis, and two were contacts of men with non-specific urethritis. It is concluded that women with more than 10 leucocytes per HPF of urethral secretion at their first visit and in whom a diagnosis has not been made, should strongly be urged to return for further assessment.", "PMID": 557360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3041", "title": "Clinical characteristics of familial acute anterior uveitis.", "content": "Of 24 patients with familial acute anterior uveitis (AAU) 22 cases were non-granulomatous and 2 granulomatous. Of the 23 HLA tested patients 19 had the antigen HLA-B27. The 2 granulomatous and 2 non-granulomatous AAU cases were HLA-B27 negative. The iritis associated with the antigen HLA-B27 was unilateral, acute and recurrent, with cells and flare in the aqueous humor, and it lasted on an average 5 weeks. Keratic precipitates were never mutton fat, if the antigen B27 was present. X-ray examination of 8 patients revealed sacroilittis in 5. It is concluded that certain factors like trauma or infective agents may provoke familial AAU which is in close relationship with the HLA-B27 associated rheumatic group of diseases.", "contents": "Clinical characteristics of familial acute anterior uveitis. Of 24 patients with familial acute anterior uveitis (AAU) 22 cases were non-granulomatous and 2 granulomatous. Of the 23 HLA tested patients 19 had the antigen HLA-B27. The 2 granulomatous and 2 non-granulomatous AAU cases were HLA-B27 negative. The iritis associated with the antigen HLA-B27 was unilateral, acute and recurrent, with cells and flare in the aqueous humor, and it lasted on an average 5 weeks. Keratic precipitates were never mutton fat, if the antigen B27 was present. X-ray examination of 8 patients revealed sacroilittis in 5. It is concluded that certain factors like trauma or infective agents may provoke familial AAU which is in close relationship with the HLA-B27 associated rheumatic group of diseases.", "PMID": 557363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3042", "title": "Immunological studies of human anterior uveitis.", "content": "Immunofluorescent studies revealed extracellular deposits of IgG and C3 as well as immunoglobulin containing inflammatory cells in the affected iris of a patient suffering from endogenous acute uveitis. Antibodies to uveal components were detected in the serum of 4 out of a total of 23 endogenous uveitis patients examined. Examination of these 23 sera also revealed antinuclear activity in one, antismooth muscle activity in one, and anti-mitochondrial activity in three. None of the sera showed anti-thyroglobulin activity. Antibodies to uveal components or immune complexes containing 'auto-antibodies' do not appear to be a common source of tissue damage in human endogenous anterior uveitis.", "contents": "Immunological studies of human anterior uveitis. Immunofluorescent studies revealed extracellular deposits of IgG and C3 as well as immunoglobulin containing inflammatory cells in the affected iris of a patient suffering from endogenous acute uveitis. Antibodies to uveal components were detected in the serum of 4 out of a total of 23 endogenous uveitis patients examined. Examination of these 23 sera also revealed antinuclear activity in one, antismooth muscle activity in one, and anti-mitochondrial activity in three. None of the sera showed anti-thyroglobulin activity. Antibodies to uveal components or immune complexes containing 'auto-antibodies' do not appear to be a common source of tissue damage in human endogenous anterior uveitis.", "PMID": 557364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3043", "title": "Effect of local antilymphocyte serum on antibody forming cells.", "content": "Locally administered antilymphocyte serum was irritating to the eye and failed to alter the production of antibody-forming cells in the homolateral lymph nodes, corneas, and uveal tracts of rabbits that had received intracorneal injections of bovine gamma globulin.", "contents": "Effect of local antilymphocyte serum on antibody forming cells. Locally administered antilymphocyte serum was irritating to the eye and failed to alter the production of antibody-forming cells in the homolateral lymph nodes, corneas, and uveal tracts of rabbits that had received intracorneal injections of bovine gamma globulin.", "PMID": 557365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3044", "title": "Mechanism of uptake of nitrosoureas by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro.", "content": "The mechanism of uptake of nitrosoureas by L5178Y cells in vitro was investigated. A time course of the uptake of radioactivity on incubation of L5178Y lymphoblast with [14C]-1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea was linear for 30 min and then entered a plateau phase; it was markedly temperature dependent. A similar time course for cells incubated with [14C]ethylene-labeled 1-(2-chlorethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea reached equilibrium rapidly, was temperature independent, and resulted in a relatively low level of uptake of radioactivity. However, cells treated with 3-[cyclohexyl-14C]-1-(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea had a time course that was linear for 30 min, resulted in much higher levels of uptake of radioactivity, and was strongly temperature dependent. These findings, at least for 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, suggest that some drug decomposition precedes uptake. The percentage of radioactivity found in the cell sap fraction was at least 85% of total cell activity when cells were incubated with any of the three 14C-labeled nitrosoureas. Furthermore, thin-layer chromatography of the cell sap fraction revealed the presence of free intact drug. These findings indicate that intracellular uptake of intact nitrosoureas occurred. A time course of uptake of intact 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea reached equilibrium rapidly with cell/medium distribution ratios of 0.2 to 0.6 and was temperature independent. The addition of excess unlabeled 1,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea had no effect on uptake of [14C]-1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, These findings suggest that uptake of intact 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea was by passive diffusion. A time course of the uptake of intact 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea with either [14C]ethylene- or ring-labeled drug rapidly reached equilibrium, was temperature independent, and attained a cell/medium ratio greater than unity. Uptake of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was sodium independent and was unaffected by the metabolic inhibitors (sodium fluoride, sodium cyanide, or 2,4-dinitrophenol) or by urea, a potential physiological competitor. Furthermore, addition of unlabeled 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or 1,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea had no effect on uptake of labeled 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. These findings suggest that uptake of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea also occurs by passive diffusion.", "contents": "Mechanism of uptake of nitrosoureas by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. The mechanism of uptake of nitrosoureas by L5178Y cells in vitro was investigated. A time course of the uptake of radioactivity on incubation of L5178Y lymphoblast with [14C]-1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea was linear for 30 min and then entered a plateau phase; it was markedly temperature dependent. A similar time course for cells incubated with [14C]ethylene-labeled 1-(2-chlorethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea reached equilibrium rapidly, was temperature independent, and resulted in a relatively low level of uptake of radioactivity. However, cells treated with 3-[cyclohexyl-14C]-1-(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea had a time course that was linear for 30 min, resulted in much higher levels of uptake of radioactivity, and was strongly temperature dependent. These findings, at least for 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, suggest that some drug decomposition precedes uptake. The percentage of radioactivity found in the cell sap fraction was at least 85% of total cell activity when cells were incubated with any of the three 14C-labeled nitrosoureas. Furthermore, thin-layer chromatography of the cell sap fraction revealed the presence of free intact drug. These findings indicate that intracellular uptake of intact nitrosoureas occurred. A time course of uptake of intact 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea reached equilibrium rapidly with cell/medium distribution ratios of 0.2 to 0.6 and was temperature independent. The addition of excess unlabeled 1,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea had no effect on uptake of [14C]-1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, These findings suggest that uptake of intact 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea was by passive diffusion. A time course of the uptake of intact 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea with either [14C]ethylene- or ring-labeled drug rapidly reached equilibrium, was temperature independent, and attained a cell/medium ratio greater than unity. Uptake of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was sodium independent and was unaffected by the metabolic inhibitors (sodium fluoride, sodium cyanide, or 2,4-dinitrophenol) or by urea, a potential physiological competitor. Furthermore, addition of unlabeled 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or 1,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea had no effect on uptake of labeled 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. These findings suggest that uptake of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea also occurs by passive diffusion.", "PMID": 557367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3045", "title": "Microfilament bundles and cell shape are related to adhesiveness to substratum and are dissociable from growth control in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The distribution of microfilament bundles in cells was examined using antibodies to fibroblast myosin and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. There is no correlation between the presence of bundles of microfilaments and normal growth control. A normal cell line (Balb/c 3T3) cultured on a poorly adhesive substratum showed no microfilament bundles. Similarly, a mutant cell line (AD6) with normal growth, but a rounded shape due to defective adhesiveness to substratum, showed no bundle formation. On the other hand, two transformed cell lines with a flat morphology (Swiss SV3T3 and Balb MSV-85) showed extensive bundle formation. When a transformed cell line with poor adhesiveness (MC5-5) was treated with CSP (a major surface glycoprotein of normal cells) which increases adhesiveness to substratum, the cells formed extensive microfilament bundles without any decrease in growth. We conclude that the distribution of microfilament bundles is related to adhesiveness to substratum and cell shape but not to growth properties.", "contents": "Microfilament bundles and cell shape are related to adhesiveness to substratum and are dissociable from growth control in cultured fibroblasts. The distribution of microfilament bundles in cells was examined using antibodies to fibroblast myosin and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. There is no correlation between the presence of bundles of microfilaments and normal growth control. A normal cell line (Balb/c 3T3) cultured on a poorly adhesive substratum showed no microfilament bundles. Similarly, a mutant cell line (AD6) with normal growth, but a rounded shape due to defective adhesiveness to substratum, showed no bundle formation. On the other hand, two transformed cell lines with a flat morphology (Swiss SV3T3 and Balb MSV-85) showed extensive bundle formation. When a transformed cell line with poor adhesiveness (MC5-5) was treated with CSP (a major surface glycoprotein of normal cells) which increases adhesiveness to substratum, the cells formed extensive microfilament bundles without any decrease in growth. We conclude that the distribution of microfilament bundles is related to adhesiveness to substratum and cell shape but not to growth properties.", "PMID": 557370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3046", "title": "Isolation and characterization of trout testis protamine mRNAs lacking poly (A).", "content": "Poly(A)+ protamine mRNA was isolated from trout testis cells in a very pure form, and artificial poly(A)- protamine mRNA molecules were derived from it by enzymatic deadenylation with RNAase H from calf thymus after hybridization with oligo(dT). The deadenylated protamine mRNA was found to be active in a wheat germ cell-free system and yielded a labeled product which co-migrated with authentic protamine. These deadenylated mRNA molecules were subsequently used as markers on denaturing polyacrylamide gels to identify and allow the purification of the poly(A)- protamine components known to exist in vivo in the total cellular poly(A)- RNA. RNA species of molecular weights similar to the enzymatically deadenylated subcomponents of protamine mRNA were observed in the natural poly(A)-RNA population of the testis cells. These naturally occurring poly(A)- protamine mRNAs were isolated by preparative  gel electrophoresis and further characterized by 3H-poly(U) hybridization assay, by hybridization to complementary DNA made against highly purified poly(A)+ protamine mRNA, and by their ability to direct protamine synthesis in a cell-free system.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of trout testis protamine mRNAs lacking poly (A). Poly(A)+ protamine mRNA was isolated from trout testis cells in a very pure form, and artificial poly(A)- protamine mRNA molecules were derived from it by enzymatic deadenylation with RNAase H from calf thymus after hybridization with oligo(dT). The deadenylated protamine mRNA was found to be active in a wheat germ cell-free system and yielded a labeled product which co-migrated with authentic protamine. These deadenylated mRNA molecules were subsequently used as markers on denaturing polyacrylamide gels to identify and allow the purification of the poly(A)- protamine components known to exist in vivo in the total cellular poly(A)- RNA. RNA species of molecular weights similar to the enzymatically deadenylated subcomponents of protamine mRNA were observed in the natural poly(A)-RNA population of the testis cells. These naturally occurring poly(A)- protamine mRNAs were isolated by preparative  gel electrophoresis and further characterized by 3H-poly(U) hybridization assay, by hybridization to complementary DNA made against highly purified poly(A)+ protamine mRNA, and by their ability to direct protamine synthesis in a cell-free system.", "PMID": 557371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3047", "title": "Pancreatic DNAase cleavage sites in nuclei.", "content": "The DNA of nuclei is cleaved by a variety of nucleases in such a way that the cuts on a given strand are always separated by an integral multiple of 10 nucleotides. However, the spacing between cutting sites on opposite strands is not known for any nuclease. In this paper, we describe the determination of the spacing, or stagger, between cuts on opposite strands produced by the action of pancreatic DNAase (DNAase I) on nuclei. When nuclei are digested with DNAase I and the resultant DNA is analyzed by gel electrophoresis without prior denaturation, a complex pattern of bands is observed. A method which gives better than 90% recovery of DNA from polyacrylamide gels was used to isolate the individual fractions corresponding to these bands. The structure of the fractions was then determined using single-strand-specific nuclease to digest single-stranded \"tails\" and using DNA polymerases to extend recessed 3'-OH termini of partially duplex regions. Our results show that each component consists of a double-stranded region terminating in single-stranded tails at both ends. Although both chains of every duplex are 10-n nucleotides long (n integer), the chains are never completely paired. The experiments with DNA polymerase show an abundance of structures in which the 3'-OH termini of these duplexes are recessed by 8 nucleotides, and by inference, there must be structures with 5'-P termini recessed by 2 or 12 nucleotides. Thus DNAase I acts on nuclei to produce DNA with staggered cuts on opposite strands, separated by (10-n + 8) and (10-n + 2) base pairs (with 5'-P and 3'-OH termini extending, respectively). Two classes of models of DNA folding in the nucleosome have been proposed by other investigators to account  for the presence of DNAase I cleavage sites at 10-n intervals along each DNA chain. One class of models leads to the prediction that cuts should either be unstaggered or separated by 10 nucleotides, while the other class is consistent with staggers of 6 and 4 nucleotides. Neither prediction is verified by our data; however, all these models may be made consistent with the results by assuming that the enzyme's site of recognition on nucleosomal DNA is not the same as its site of cleavage.", "contents": "Pancreatic DNAase cleavage sites in nuclei. The DNA of nuclei is cleaved by a variety of nucleases in such a way that the cuts on a given strand are always separated by an integral multiple of 10 nucleotides. However, the spacing between cutting sites on opposite strands is not known for any nuclease. In this paper, we describe the determination of the spacing, or stagger, between cuts on opposite strands produced by the action of pancreatic DNAase (DNAase I) on nuclei. When nuclei are digested with DNAase I and the resultant DNA is analyzed by gel electrophoresis without prior denaturation, a complex pattern of bands is observed. A method which gives better than 90% recovery of DNA from polyacrylamide gels was used to isolate the individual fractions corresponding to these bands. The structure of the fractions was then determined using single-strand-specific nuclease to digest single-stranded \"tails\" and using DNA polymerases to extend recessed 3'-OH termini of partially duplex regions. Our results show that each component consists of a double-stranded region terminating in single-stranded tails at both ends. Although both chains of every duplex are 10-n nucleotides long (n integer), the chains are never completely paired. The experiments with DNA polymerase show an abundance of structures in which the 3'-OH termini of these duplexes are recessed by 8 nucleotides, and by inference, there must be structures with 5'-P termini recessed by 2 or 12 nucleotides. Thus DNAase I acts on nuclei to produce DNA with staggered cuts on opposite strands, separated by (10-n + 8) and (10-n + 2) base pairs (with 5'-P and 3'-OH termini extending, respectively). Two classes of models of DNA folding in the nucleosome have been proposed by other investigators to account  for the presence of DNAase I cleavage sites at 10-n intervals along each DNA chain. One class of models leads to the prediction that cuts should either be unstaggered or separated by 10 nucleotides, while the other class is consistent with staggers of 6 and 4 nucleotides. Neither prediction is verified by our data; however, all these models may be made consistent with the results by assuming that the enzyme's site of recognition on nucleosomal DNA is not the same as its site of cleavage.", "PMID": 557372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3048", "title": "Thallium 201 imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scans in patients with ischemic and idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy. A clinical and pathologic study.", "content": "In ischemic cardiomyopathy (CM) fibrosis replaces large segments of myocardium, but in idiopathic congestive CM the myocardium contains only small foci of fibrosis or is morphologically normal. As coronary disease and myocardial infarction may be clinically silent, it is not always possible to distinguish ischemic from idiopathic congestive CM during life without cardiac catheterization. To determine whether noninvasive methods, thallium 201 myocardial (Tl) imaging and technetium 99m gated cardiac blood pool scans (GCBPS), could separate the entities, we evaluated radioisotope images of the heart in 13 patients with ischemic, and eight patients with idiopathic congestive CM, and 14 patients with normal hearts. Diagnosis was setablished by cardiac catherterization and/or autopsy in each of the 35 patients. The 14 normals could be readily distinguished from CM, and ischemic could be distinguished from idiopathic dilated CM in 20 of 21 patients. All patients with myocardiopathy showed hypokinetic and dilated left ventricles, but right ventricular dilatation was evident mainly in those with idiopathic CM. Tl images in the ischemic type had defects of greater than 40% of image circumference which corresponded to segmental wall motion abnormalities on GCBPS, whereas those with the idiopathic congestive form were homogeneous or had defects of less than 20% of image circumference. Autopsy studies in 7 of 35 patients correlated Tl defects of greater than 20% of circumference with transmural myocardial fibrosis.", "contents": "Thallium 201 imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scans in patients with ischemic and idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy. A clinical and pathologic study. In ischemic cardiomyopathy (CM) fibrosis replaces large segments of myocardium, but in idiopathic congestive CM the myocardium contains only small foci of fibrosis or is morphologically normal. As coronary disease and myocardial infarction may be clinically silent, it is not always possible to distinguish ischemic from idiopathic congestive CM during life without cardiac catheterization. To determine whether noninvasive methods, thallium 201 myocardial (Tl) imaging and technetium 99m gated cardiac blood pool scans (GCBPS), could separate the entities, we evaluated radioisotope images of the heart in 13 patients with ischemic, and eight patients with idiopathic congestive CM, and 14 patients with normal hearts. Diagnosis was setablished by cardiac catherterization and/or autopsy in each of the 35 patients. The 14 normals could be readily distinguished from CM, and ischemic could be distinguished from idiopathic dilated CM in 20 of 21 patients. All patients with myocardiopathy showed hypokinetic and dilated left ventricles, but right ventricular dilatation was evident mainly in those with idiopathic CM. Tl images in the ischemic type had defects of greater than 40% of image circumference which corresponded to segmental wall motion abnormalities on GCBPS, whereas those with the idiopathic congestive form were homogeneous or had defects of less than 20% of image circumference. Autopsy studies in 7 of 35 patients correlated Tl defects of greater than 20% of circumference with transmural myocardial fibrosis.", "PMID": 557377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3049", "title": "Genetic variability of clinical chemical values.", "content": "A study of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged twin men provided an opportunity to test for genetic variability in the SMA 12/60 (Technicon) battery of clinical chemistry tests. Classical twin methodology was used to analyze the variation of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. In addition, frequency of co-twin contact was used to control for effects of differences in shared environment. Genetic variability played a definite role in controlling four of the 11 reported tests: one-hour serum glucose, serum urea nitrogen, uric acid, and bilirubin. No genetic variation was found for lactate dehydrogenase, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase. Significantly higher means for calcium, total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase in monozygotic twins precluded any statement about heredity and environment for these tests.", "contents": "Genetic variability of clinical chemical values. A study of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged twin men provided an opportunity to test for genetic variability in the SMA 12/60 (Technicon) battery of clinical chemistry tests. Classical twin methodology was used to analyze the variation of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. In addition, frequency of co-twin contact was used to control for effects of differences in shared environment. Genetic variability played a definite role in controlling four of the 11 reported tests: one-hour serum glucose, serum urea nitrogen, uric acid, and bilirubin. No genetic variation was found for lactate dehydrogenase, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase. Significantly higher means for calcium, total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase in monozygotic twins precluded any statement about heredity and environment for these tests.", "PMID": 557378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3050", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for serum ferritin.", "content": "We describe the development and evaluation of a serum ferritin radioimmunoassay, in which 125l-labeled ferritin and rabbit anti-ferritin antibody are used. Goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin antibody, together with polyethylene glycol, is used as the separating reagent. The assay has a working range up to 500 mug of ferritin per litre, and a sample requirement of 75 mul of serum for assay at two dilutions. The assay requires 24 h. it has a sensitivity of 1.5 mug of ferritin per litre and a long-term precision (CV) of 13%. Reference intervals for a population of men were 18-330 mug/litre, with no marked age dependence, while those for a population of women older than 50 years were 18-200 mug/litre. Many apparently healthy women in the 20-50 year age group have much lower concentrations. Serum ferritin concentrations of less than 18 mug/litre are indicative of iron deficiency, defined as the absence of stainable iron in an aspirate of bone marrow.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for serum ferritin. We describe the development and evaluation of a serum ferritin radioimmunoassay, in which 125l-labeled ferritin and rabbit anti-ferritin antibody are used. Goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin antibody, together with polyethylene glycol, is used as the separating reagent. The assay has a working range up to 500 mug of ferritin per litre, and a sample requirement of 75 mul of serum for assay at two dilutions. The assay requires 24 h. it has a sensitivity of 1.5 mug of ferritin per litre and a long-term precision (CV) of 13%. Reference intervals for a population of men were 18-330 mug/litre, with no marked age dependence, while those for a population of women older than 50 years were 18-200 mug/litre. Many apparently healthy women in the 20-50 year age group have much lower concentrations. Serum ferritin concentrations of less than 18 mug/litre are indicative of iron deficiency, defined as the absence of stainable iron in an aspirate of bone marrow.", "PMID": 557379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3051", "title": "Determination of serum bilirubin concentration during phototherapy of newborns and in vitro: results compared by the direct spectrometric method and the diazo method.", "content": "During direct illumination of a serum bilirubin solution the bilirubin concentration decreased markedly, both as determined by the direct spectrometric method and (even more so) by the diazo method. In contrast, I found the same values for serum bilirubin concentrations as determined by these two methods for serum from untreated, \"single light\", and \"double light\" treated full-term infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia without blood type immunization. The same was true for untreated and \"single light\" treated premature infants with this disease. Furthermore, no difference was found in the above-mentioned relationship between \"single light\" treated infants with the same disease, and untreated infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia without immunization, all born at  term. This is important, because the direct spectrometric method is simpler and requires less serum than does the diazo method.", "contents": "Determination of serum bilirubin concentration during phototherapy of newborns and in vitro: results compared by the direct spectrometric method and the diazo method. During direct illumination of a serum bilirubin solution the bilirubin concentration decreased markedly, both as determined by the direct spectrometric method and (even more so) by the diazo method. In contrast, I found the same values for serum bilirubin concentrations as determined by these two methods for serum from untreated, \"single light\", and \"double light\" treated full-term infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia without blood type immunization. The same was true for untreated and \"single light\" treated premature infants with this disease. Furthermore, no difference was found in the above-mentioned relationship between \"single light\" treated infants with the same disease, and untreated infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia without immunization, all born at  term. This is important, because the direct spectrometric method is simpler and requires less serum than does the diazo method.", "PMID": 557380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3052", "title": "Rapid antibody production and sample preparation for radioimmunoassay of prostaglandin A.", "content": "A dialysis equilibrium method for plasma or tissue preparation for radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins is presented and compared to the silica gel column technique. The plasma or tissue is extracted, dried, redissolved in buffer and dialyzed for further purification before assay. Results comparing both methods shows that dialysis equilibrium greatly simplifies the silica gel column technique yet preserves specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. In addition a rapid micromethod for the development of a specific antibody to prostaglandin A is detailed.", "contents": "Rapid antibody production and sample preparation for radioimmunoassay of prostaglandin A. A dialysis equilibrium method for plasma or tissue preparation for radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins is presented and compared to the silica gel column technique. The plasma or tissue is extracted, dried, redissolved in buffer and dialyzed for further purification before assay. Results comparing both methods shows that dialysis equilibrium greatly simplifies the silica gel column technique yet preserves specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. In addition a rapid micromethod for the development of a specific antibody to prostaglandin A is detailed.", "PMID": 557381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3053", "title": "Diurnal variations in plasma prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol and blood glucose in labile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In labile diabetes mellitus wihout ketoacidosis we have studied plasma prolactin levels and a possible causal connection between fluctuation in blood glucose concentration and plasma prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol levels. The hormone concentrations in plasma and blood glucose concentration were determined at 20 min intervals for a 24 h period in six male patients with insulin treated diabetes mellitus. Prolactin varied within the normal range but without any significant rise in relation to sleep in five out of the six patients. Growth hormone levels were low with superimposed secretory peaks. Plasma cortisol showed a normal diurnal rhythm. Blood glucose fluctuated as expected, but the variations and especially the falls in blood glucose to non-hypoglycaemic levels were not followed by increases in plasma hormone concentrations. No relationship could be demonstrated between the changes in the plasma concentration of prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in plasma prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol and blood glucose in labile diabetes mellitus. In labile diabetes mellitus wihout ketoacidosis we have studied plasma prolactin levels and a possible causal connection between fluctuation in blood glucose concentration and plasma prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol levels. The hormone concentrations in plasma and blood glucose concentration were determined at 20 min intervals for a 24 h period in six male patients with insulin treated diabetes mellitus. Prolactin varied within the normal range but without any significant rise in relation to sleep in five out of the six patients. Growth hormone levels were low with superimposed secretory peaks. Plasma cortisol showed a normal diurnal rhythm. Blood glucose fluctuated as expected, but the variations and especially the falls in blood glucose to non-hypoglycaemic levels were not followed by increases in plasma hormone concentrations. No relationship could be demonstrated between the changes in the plasma concentration of prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol.", "PMID": 557382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3054", "title": "The urinary excretion of catecholamines and their derivatives in primary hypertension in man.", "content": "1. The 24 h urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, normetadrenaline, metadrenaline and vanilloylmandelic acid has been compared in 17 male normotensive subjects and 25 age-matched male hypertensive patients studied under similar in-patient conditions. 2. 24 h urinary metadrenaline was significantly lower in the hypertensive patients. With this exception, no significant differences were found between the two groups when the total 24 h excretion of free catecholamines and their metabolites was analysed. 3. Diurnal variation in free catecholamine excretion was found in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. There was no corresponding variation in metabolite excretion. 4. No correlation could be established between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and the amounts of the catecholamines or their metabolites in the urine of either group. 5. The results are considered in the light of recent work demonstrating high plasma catecholamine concentrations in hypertension. They lend no support to the concept that excessive circulating catecholamines are responsible for the elevated blood pressure in essential hypertension.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of catecholamines and their derivatives in primary hypertension in man. 1. The 24 h urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, normetadrenaline, metadrenaline and vanilloylmandelic acid has been compared in 17 male normotensive subjects and 25 age-matched male hypertensive patients studied under similar in-patient conditions. 2. 24 h urinary metadrenaline was significantly lower in the hypertensive patients. With this exception, no significant differences were found between the two groups when the total 24 h excretion of free catecholamines and their metabolites was analysed. 3. Diurnal variation in free catecholamine excretion was found in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. There was no corresponding variation in metabolite excretion. 4. No correlation could be established between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and the amounts of the catecholamines or their metabolites in the urine of either group. 5. The results are considered in the light of recent work demonstrating high plasma catecholamine concentrations in hypertension. They lend no support to the concept that excessive circulating catecholamines are responsible for the elevated blood pressure in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 557404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3055", "title": "Androgen production by theca and granulosa isolated from proestrous rat follicles.", "content": "Theca and granulosa isolated from proestrous rat ovarian follicles were cultured for 72 h in the presence or absence of highly purified luteinizing hormone (LH, 0.1 microng/ml) and/or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, 0.1 microng/ml). Medium was collected and replaced at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of culture and measured for testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Pieces of isolated theca secreted androgen; androgen production was greatest during the first 12 h of culture. Addition of highly purified LH to the culture medium produced a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the thecal androgen secretion, while addition of highly purified FSH had no significant effect. Addition of LH + FSH to culture medium produced the same effect as addition of LH alone. The response of the theca to LH was dose-dependent with doses of 0.01 microng/ml or greater eliciting a maximum response. The addition of eoxgenous progesterone (5 x 10(-7)M) to culture medium had no effect on thecal androgen production. Thecal androgen secretion was the same in the presence or absence of fetal calf serum. Since the testosterone antibody used was not entirely specific for testosterone, testosterone and the cross-reacting androgen, 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one (DHT), were chromatographically isolated from samples and assayed separately. The androgen measured in culture medium was found to consist primarily of testosterone; DHT was present in much lower concentrations. Granulosa cells isolated from the same follicles as the theca and grown in monolayer culture produced negligible amounts of androgen. It is concluded that the theca is the site of follicular androgen production and that LH regulates androgen secretion by rat ovarian follicles. The results suggest that the theca provides the androgen precursor needed for follicular estradiol-17beta synthesis.", "contents": "Androgen production by theca and granulosa isolated from proestrous rat follicles. Theca and granulosa isolated from proestrous rat ovarian follicles were cultured for 72 h in the presence or absence of highly purified luteinizing hormone (LH, 0.1 microng/ml) and/or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, 0.1 microng/ml). Medium was collected and replaced at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of culture and measured for testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Pieces of isolated theca secreted androgen; androgen production was greatest during the first 12 h of culture. Addition of highly purified LH to the culture medium produced a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the thecal androgen secretion, while addition of highly purified FSH had no significant effect. Addition of LH + FSH to culture medium produced the same effect as addition of LH alone. The response of the theca to LH was dose-dependent with doses of 0.01 microng/ml or greater eliciting a maximum response. The addition of eoxgenous progesterone (5 x 10(-7)M) to culture medium had no effect on thecal androgen production. Thecal androgen secretion was the same in the presence or absence of fetal calf serum. Since the testosterone antibody used was not entirely specific for testosterone, testosterone and the cross-reacting androgen, 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one (DHT), were chromatographically isolated from samples and assayed separately. The androgen measured in culture medium was found to consist primarily of testosterone; DHT was present in much lower concentrations. Granulosa cells isolated from the same follicles as the theca and grown in monolayer culture produced negligible amounts of androgen. It is concluded that the theca is the site of follicular androgen production and that LH regulates androgen secretion by rat ovarian follicles. The results suggest that the theca provides the androgen precursor needed for follicular estradiol-17beta synthesis.", "PMID": 557406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3056", "title": "Repetitive sequences in protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Arrangement of five regions within the protein, four being highly homologous and Fc-binding.", "content": "After tryptic digestion of intact Staphylococcus aureus the residual portion of protein A that was still bound to the cell wall was cleaved off with lysostaphin. From the two digests Fc-binding fragments were isolated and the following characteristics observed. (a) There are four Fc-binding, highly homologous regions, each consisting of 58--62 amino acid residues. (b) These regions are consecutively arranged from the N-terminal part of the protein. (c) The residual C-terminal part, approximately 150-residues long, differs to a great extent with respect to primary and secondary structures from the four active regions. Furthermore, it is suggested that the protein is bound to the bacterial cell wall structure through this C-terminal part.", "contents": "Repetitive sequences in protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Arrangement of five regions within the protein, four being highly homologous and Fc-binding. After tryptic digestion of intact Staphylococcus aureus the residual portion of protein A that was still bound to the cell wall was cleaved off with lysostaphin. From the two digests Fc-binding fragments were isolated and the following characteristics observed. (a) There are four Fc-binding, highly homologous regions, each consisting of 58--62 amino acid residues. (b) These regions are consecutively arranged from the N-terminal part of the protein. (c) The residual C-terminal part, approximately 150-residues long, differs to a great extent with respect to primary and secondary structures from the four active regions. Furthermore, it is suggested that the protein is bound to the bacterial cell wall structure through this C-terminal part.", "PMID": 557409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3057", "title": "Supersensitivity to apomorphine following destruction of the ascending dopamine neurons: quantification using the rotational model.", "content": "A new surgical preparation is described with which it is possible to quantify the degree of supersensitivity to dopamine receptor-stimulating agents using the rotational model. One group of rats received a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine which destroys the dopamine-containing neurons in one hemisphere, followed by a diencephalic electrocoagulation which interrupts both afferents and efferents of the striato-pallidal complex in the opposite hemisphere. Another series of animals received only the unilateral electrocoagulation. When given appomorphine both groups of animals rotated toward the side of the electrocoagulation. However, the 6-hdroxydopamine-treated animals were 10-40 times more sensitive to the behavioral effect of the drug. These results contrast with previous reports in which behavioral sensitivity to apomorphine was increased 2- to 7-fold following partial degeneration of central dopamine neurons of following the chronic adminstration of dopamine synthesis inhibitors of receptor blocking agents. The extent of loss of dopamine appears to be a critical factor in determining the degree of supersensitivity which will develop.", "contents": "Supersensitivity to apomorphine following destruction of the ascending dopamine neurons: quantification using the rotational model. A new surgical preparation is described with which it is possible to quantify the degree of supersensitivity to dopamine receptor-stimulating agents using the rotational model. One group of rats received a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine which destroys the dopamine-containing neurons in one hemisphere, followed by a diencephalic electrocoagulation which interrupts both afferents and efferents of the striato-pallidal complex in the opposite hemisphere. Another series of animals received only the unilateral electrocoagulation. When given appomorphine both groups of animals rotated toward the side of the electrocoagulation. However, the 6-hdroxydopamine-treated animals were 10-40 times more sensitive to the behavioral effect of the drug. These results contrast with previous reports in which behavioral sensitivity to apomorphine was increased 2- to 7-fold following partial degeneration of central dopamine neurons of following the chronic adminstration of dopamine synthesis inhibitors of receptor blocking agents. The extent of loss of dopamine appears to be a critical factor in determining the degree of supersensitivity which will develop.", "PMID": 557411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3058", "title": "Effects of 1694 and other dopaminergic agents on circling behavior.", "content": "One hour after the administration of 40 mg/kg of amineptine chlorydrate (1694) the HVA concentration in the striatum was increased but the concentrations of DA, NA, 5HT and 5-HIAA in the striatum, cortex, thalamus-hypothalamus and pons-midbrain of rats were not significantly altered. Unilateral lesioning at the level of the entopeduncular nucleus in cats and rats resulted in spontaneously occurring ipsiversive circling behavior in the two species. However circling was more sustained in cats than in rats. Apomorphine, d-amphetamine, methamphetamine, L-dopa and piribedil (ET-495) exaggerated the ipsiversive circling. 1694 (amineptine chlorydrate), a new agent, was comparatively more active than L-dopa and ET-495 and less active than apomorphine, d-amphetamine and methamphetamine. Although in higher doses (30--40 mg/kg), 1694 caused increased exploratory activity it was not associated with any stereotypy. Its biochemical and pharmacological effects are comparable to those of d-amphetamine and methamphetamine. Removal of the contralateral (with respect to the side of the entopeduncular lesion) motor cortex in the lesioned cat abolished spontaneous and drug-induced circling movements. The results of this and of previous studies support the idea that these dopaminergic agents act on the striopallidal system of the intact side which is no longer properly counterbalanced by the corresponding system of the lesioned side. Although this experimental model is useful to determine the degree of dopaminergic activity of various chemical agents it does not duplicate the motor disorders encountered in parkinsonism which are associated with a decreased concentration of dopamine.", "contents": "Effects of 1694 and other dopaminergic agents on circling behavior. One hour after the administration of 40 mg/kg of amineptine chlorydrate (1694) the HVA concentration in the striatum was increased but the concentrations of DA, NA, 5HT and 5-HIAA in the striatum, cortex, thalamus-hypothalamus and pons-midbrain of rats were not significantly altered. Unilateral lesioning at the level of the entopeduncular nucleus in cats and rats resulted in spontaneously occurring ipsiversive circling behavior in the two species. However circling was more sustained in cats than in rats. Apomorphine, d-amphetamine, methamphetamine, L-dopa and piribedil (ET-495) exaggerated the ipsiversive circling. 1694 (amineptine chlorydrate), a new agent, was comparatively more active than L-dopa and ET-495 and less active than apomorphine, d-amphetamine and methamphetamine. Although in higher doses (30--40 mg/kg), 1694 caused increased exploratory activity it was not associated with any stereotypy. Its biochemical and pharmacological effects are comparable to those of d-amphetamine and methamphetamine. Removal of the contralateral (with respect to the side of the entopeduncular lesion) motor cortex in the lesioned cat abolished spontaneous and drug-induced circling movements. The results of this and of previous studies support the idea that these dopaminergic agents act on the striopallidal system of the intact side which is no longer properly counterbalanced by the corresponding system of the lesioned side. Although this experimental model is useful to determine the degree of dopaminergic activity of various chemical agents it does not duplicate the motor disorders encountered in parkinsonism which are associated with a decreased concentration of dopamine.", "PMID": 557412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3059", "title": "The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis on fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro of mouse eggs.", "content": "The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis suspension on mouse on mouse fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro was examined. When sperm were preincubated with M. pulmonis, fertilization of eggs occured less consistently than when untreated sperm were used. There was also a highly significant and consistent reduction in embryonic develoment in the treated group, with relatively few embryos reaching the blastocyst stage. The adverse effects were not seen with M. fermentans or with M. pulmonis organisms inactivated by heating or sonication before incubation with gametes. Likewise, preincubation of M. pulmonis in medium containing tetracycline, an antibiotic which interferes with protein synthesis, resulted in embryonic development similar to that seen in the untreated group. These results suggest that the deleterious effects obtained with viable mycoplasmas are due to some substance produced by their active metabolism. Other results indicate that the egg is susceptible to M. pulmonis for a limited time, since incubation of two-cell embryos with mycoplasmas had no effect on development to the blastocyst stage. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible association between human infertility and mycoplasma infection.", "contents": "The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis on fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro of mouse eggs. The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis suspension on mouse on mouse fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro was examined. When sperm were preincubated with M. pulmonis, fertilization of eggs occured less consistently than when untreated sperm were used. There was also a highly significant and consistent reduction in embryonic develoment in the treated group, with relatively few embryos reaching the blastocyst stage. The adverse effects were not seen with M. fermentans or with M. pulmonis organisms inactivated by heating or sonication before incubation with gametes. Likewise, preincubation of M. pulmonis in medium containing tetracycline, an antibiotic which interferes with protein synthesis, resulted in embryonic development similar to that seen in the untreated group. These results suggest that the deleterious effects obtained with viable mycoplasmas are due to some substance produced by their active metabolism. Other results indicate that the egg is susceptible to M. pulmonis for a limited time, since incubation of two-cell embryos with mycoplasmas had no effect on development to the blastocyst stage. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible association between human infertility and mycoplasma infection.", "PMID": 557421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3060", "title": "Action of bull seminal vesicle ribonuclease on mouse leukaemic cells BP-8 and EL-4.", "content": "Bull seminal vesicle ribonuclease, when added in vitro to the suspension of ascitic leukaemic cells EL-4 and BP-8 for 2 hours at 37 degrees C and then transplanted to the abdominal cavities of mice, inhibitied the proliferation of these cells in vivo. When the temperature of the medium was decreased to 25 degrees C, AS RNase was bound to the leukaemic cell surfaces, but it exerted no inhibitory effect on BP-8 cells and showed a partial effect on EL-4 cells even after 24 hours. AS RNase administered to mice with leukaemic cells in diffusion chambers significantly decreased the number of cells inside the chambers as compared to the controls. The number of ascites cells was also significantly reduced after the injection of AS RNase for 1 week into mice with leukaemic cells implanted in the abdominal cavities. The reduction of cells in ascitic fluid did not cause a significant prolongation of survival of experimental mice. Only mice with transplanted BP-8 cells had significantly less cells in ascitic fluid and their survival was prolonged to 48 days in comparison with 25 days' survival in control mice after administration of pure AS RNase. In addition, AS RNase depressed the growth of solid tumours BP-8 and EL-4. AS RNase did not change the weight of body organs except the testes. Absorption experiments showed increased absorption of AS RNase by leukaemic cells BP-8 and EL-4 and by testes and spleen homogenates as compared with other body organs.", "contents": "Action of bull seminal vesicle ribonuclease on mouse leukaemic cells BP-8 and EL-4. Bull seminal vesicle ribonuclease, when added in vitro to the suspension of ascitic leukaemic cells EL-4 and BP-8 for 2 hours at 37 degrees C and then transplanted to the abdominal cavities of mice, inhibitied the proliferation of these cells in vivo. When the temperature of the medium was decreased to 25 degrees C, AS RNase was bound to the leukaemic cell surfaces, but it exerted no inhibitory effect on BP-8 cells and showed a partial effect on EL-4 cells even after 24 hours. AS RNase administered to mice with leukaemic cells in diffusion chambers significantly decreased the number of cells inside the chambers as compared to the controls. The number of ascites cells was also significantly reduced after the injection of AS RNase for 1 week into mice with leukaemic cells implanted in the abdominal cavities. The reduction of cells in ascitic fluid did not cause a significant prolongation of survival of experimental mice. Only mice with transplanted BP-8 cells had significantly less cells in ascitic fluid and their survival was prolonged to 48 days in comparison with 25 days' survival in control mice after administration of pure AS RNase. In addition, AS RNase depressed the growth of solid tumours BP-8 and EL-4. AS RNase did not change the weight of body organs except the testes. Absorption experiments showed increased absorption of AS RNase by leukaemic cells BP-8 and EL-4 and by testes and spleen homogenates as compared with other body organs.", "PMID": 557422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3061", "title": "Melanosomes of pigmented basal cell epithelioma.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of a pigmented basal cell epithelioma of scrotal skin revealed many tumor cells and melanocytes which were laden with large packages of melanosomes. In tumor cells these packages were delimited by either single- or double-limiting membranes or were not membrane bound. The matrix of these large complexes was less electron dense and homogeneous than normal, containing electrontranslucent droplets besides melanosomes. No remnants of intracellular organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes could be found. The basal cell epithelioma cells in this case appear to have differentiated toward fetal basal cells and have developed the ability to phagocytize large packages of melanosomes.", "contents": "Melanosomes of pigmented basal cell epithelioma. Electron microscopic examination of a pigmented basal cell epithelioma of scrotal skin revealed many tumor cells and melanocytes which were laden with large packages of melanosomes. In tumor cells these packages were delimited by either single- or double-limiting membranes or were not membrane bound. The matrix of these large complexes was less electron dense and homogeneous than normal, containing electrontranslucent droplets besides melanosomes. No remnants of intracellular organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes could be found. The basal cell epithelioma cells in this case appear to have differentiated toward fetal basal cells and have developed the ability to phagocytize large packages of melanosomes.", "PMID": 557423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3062", "title": "Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response to soluble antigen. VII. The conveyer hypothesis and its mathematical expression.", "content": "The conveyer hypothesis is based on the fact that because of clone predetermination, antibody production takes place in an organism without the presence of antigen as a result of natural cell differentiation. Soluble antigen is an analogue of a specific mitogen which gives rise to reproduction mainly of cells carrying on their surface the immunoglobulin receptors to the given antigen. The mathematical model of the conveyer hypothesis takes into account the initial conditions, among them the background level of antibody-producing cells before injection of a soluble antigen, migration of precursor cells in the draining lymphoid organ, and the rate of precursor differentiation, including the rate of the change of the immunoglobulin receptor number on the cell surface. Changes of antigen concentration in blood determine the intensity of precursor proliferation. Comparison of real experiments (intraperitoneal injections of capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis into inbred mice) with calculations done on the basis of the developed mathematical model shows a definite qualitative resemblance with the kinetics of antibody-producing cells and free antibodies as well as with the decrease of free antigen concentration in blood. In spite of some differences between model experiments and real experiments the conveyer hypothesis and its mathematical model appear suitable for describing the primary immune response of mice immunized with low doses of capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis.", "contents": "Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response to soluble antigen. VII. The conveyer hypothesis and its mathematical expression. The conveyer hypothesis is based on the fact that because of clone predetermination, antibody production takes place in an organism without the presence of antigen as a result of natural cell differentiation. Soluble antigen is an analogue of a specific mitogen which gives rise to reproduction mainly of cells carrying on their surface the immunoglobulin receptors to the given antigen. The mathematical model of the conveyer hypothesis takes into account the initial conditions, among them the background level of antibody-producing cells before injection of a soluble antigen, migration of precursor cells in the draining lymphoid organ, and the rate of precursor differentiation, including the rate of the change of the immunoglobulin receptor number on the cell surface. Changes of antigen concentration in blood determine the intensity of precursor proliferation. Comparison of real experiments (intraperitoneal injections of capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis into inbred mice) with calculations done on the basis of the developed mathematical model shows a definite qualitative resemblance with the kinetics of antibody-producing cells and free antibodies as well as with the decrease of free antigen concentration in blood. In spite of some differences between model experiments and real experiments the conveyer hypothesis and its mathematical model appear suitable for describing the primary immune response of mice immunized with low doses of capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis.", "PMID": 557428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3063", "title": "The recent rise to the alpha-rank in a population of free-living chimpanzees.", "content": "The recent rise of a high-ranking adult male chimpanzee to the alpha male position of the Gombe National Park's Kasakela chimpanzee community is reported. The male Figan is the fourth individual to assume this status in the wild chimpanzees' social hierarchy during Goodall's 16 year study in Tanzania. The paper describes the overthrow of the previous top-ranking male, and the manner in which Figan has maintained his new position after the take-over. Emphasis is placed upon his relationship with his elder male sibling, Faben, and the second highest-ranking male in the community, Evered.", "contents": "The recent rise to the alpha-rank in a population of free-living chimpanzees. The recent rise of a high-ranking adult male chimpanzee to the alpha male position of the Gombe National Park's Kasakela chimpanzee community is reported. The male Figan is the fourth individual to assume this status in the wild chimpanzees' social hierarchy during Goodall's 16 year study in Tanzania. The paper describes the overthrow of the previous top-ranking male, and the manner in which Figan has maintained his new position after the take-over. Emphasis is placed upon his relationship with his elder male sibling, Faben, and the second highest-ranking male in the community, Evered.", "PMID": 557429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3064", "title": "[Neonatal jaundice, pathogenesis and clinical aspects].", "content": "This report is a short summary of a scientific subject titled: \"Studies of the pathogenesis and clinical course of the icterus neonatorum.\" Medical records of 805 deliveries were evaluated for factors that influence icterus of newborns. Further investigations should answer the question, if there are at the same time other disturbances of the function of the liver. Bilirubin is a cytotoxic substance; every pediatrician knows the problems about kernicterus. In this study the toxic effects on teeth and kidneys were investigated. Finally all methods of present therapy were discussed. Especially the situation of very small premature babies requires prophylactic phototherapy.", "contents": "[Neonatal jaundice, pathogenesis and clinical aspects]. This report is a short summary of a scientific subject titled: \"Studies of the pathogenesis and clinical course of the icterus neonatorum.\" Medical records of 805 deliveries were evaluated for factors that influence icterus of newborns. Further investigations should answer the question, if there are at the same time other disturbances of the function of the liver. Bilirubin is a cytotoxic substance; every pediatrician knows the problems about kernicterus. In this study the toxic effects on teeth and kidneys were investigated. Finally all methods of present therapy were discussed. Especially the situation of very small premature babies requires prophylactic phototherapy.", "PMID": 557434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3065", "title": "[The optimal protein quantity in infant nutrition].", "content": "Nowadays, the trend of recommendations to prepare infant formulas with only 2 per cent or less of protein does not correspond with the optimal protein demand and protein utilization in infants. Such formulas often prompt mothers to add carbohydrates to the protein half-strength milks in order to satisfy the infant's hunger. This often leads to the unwanted effect to obesity. There is no evidence to prove that infants above the age of 1 month should not receive 2.2 or 2.3% of protein in their formulas. This quantity is fully utilized by the infants; it has no disadvantages and is safe. Hence, the recommendations should not be based on the minimum daily requirements but on the optimal utilization, whereby the tendency to obesity can also be reduced.", "contents": "[The optimal protein quantity in infant nutrition]. Nowadays, the trend of recommendations to prepare infant formulas with only 2 per cent or less of protein does not correspond with the optimal protein demand and protein utilization in infants. Such formulas often prompt mothers to add carbohydrates to the protein half-strength milks in order to satisfy the infant's hunger. This often leads to the unwanted effect to obesity. There is no evidence to prove that infants above the age of 1 month should not receive 2.2 or 2.3% of protein in their formulas. This quantity is fully utilized by the infants; it has no disadvantages and is safe. Hence, the recommendations should not be based on the minimum daily requirements but on the optimal utilization, whereby the tendency to obesity can also be reduced.", "PMID": 557433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3066", "title": "[Genetic control of the ethanol effect on the human EEG].", "content": "26 identical and 26 fraternal twin pairs were subjected to 1,2 ml/kg alcohol loading under standardized conditions; furthermore, 13 non-twin persons were repeatedly subjected to the same procedure in order to test the intraindividual variability. The alcohol effect was pursued by repeated EEG recordings. The EEGs of identical twins proved to react identically to alcohol loading, whereas the EEGs of fraternal twins became more dissimilar during the course of the experiment. The identical reaction of the brain wave pattern in monozygotic twins cannot be attributed to more similar blood alcohol concentrations; instead, this finding is a pharmacogenetic phenomenon of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Genetic control of the ethanol effect on the human EEG]. 26 identical and 26 fraternal twin pairs were subjected to 1,2 ml/kg alcohol loading under standardized conditions; furthermore, 13 non-twin persons were repeatedly subjected to the same procedure in order to test the intraindividual variability. The alcohol effect was pursued by repeated EEG recordings. The EEGs of identical twins proved to react identically to alcohol loading, whereas the EEGs of fraternal twins became more dissimilar during the course of the experiment. The identical reaction of the brain wave pattern in monozygotic twins cannot be attributed to more similar blood alcohol concentrations; instead, this finding is a pharmacogenetic phenomenon of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 557435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3067", "title": "Comparative cytogenetic and histologic studies on early malignant transformation in mesothelial tumors of the ovary.", "content": "Comparative cytogenetic and histologic studies on 18 mesothelial ovarian tumors revealed a normal chromosome complement in benign lesions, and the well-known cytogenetic pattern in cystadenocarcinomas. But all borderline tumors of the series evidenced an abnormal stem line and a more or less marked tendency to polyploidization. Serous papillary cystadenomas of this group showed in five out of six cases a stem line with the karyotype 47,XX+C10 (identified by Q-banding), present in both sides of bilateral lesions. It is evidenced that malignant change on the chromosomal level precedes histologically detectable features of malignancy. Histologic equivalents appeared, when the abnormal cell line was established. The initiation of malignant transformation therefore may be signalized by karyotype abnormalities before structural changes can be detected in the corresponding histologic specimens. The results discussed include the concepts of multicentric origin and clonal evolution of malignancy.", "contents": "Comparative cytogenetic and histologic studies on early malignant transformation in mesothelial tumors of the ovary. Comparative cytogenetic and histologic studies on 18 mesothelial ovarian tumors revealed a normal chromosome complement in benign lesions, and the well-known cytogenetic pattern in cystadenocarcinomas. But all borderline tumors of the series evidenced an abnormal stem line and a more or less marked tendency to polyploidization. Serous papillary cystadenomas of this group showed in five out of six cases a stem line with the karyotype 47,XX+C10 (identified by Q-banding), present in both sides of bilateral lesions. It is evidenced that malignant change on the chromosomal level precedes histologically detectable features of malignancy. Histologic equivalents appeared, when the abnormal cell line was established. The initiation of malignant transformation therefore may be signalized by karyotype abnormalities before structural changes can be detected in the corresponding histologic specimens. The results discussed include the concepts of multicentric origin and clonal evolution of malignancy.", "PMID": 557448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3068", "title": "Genetic control of ethanol action on the central nervous system. An EEG study in twins.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation is to claify the genetic contribution to the interindividual variability of ethanol action on the central nervous system. The 52 adult male healthy twin pairs (26 MZ, 26 DZ) got 1.2 ml/kg ethanol p.o. under standardized conditions; furthermore, 13 non-twin subjects were repeatedly subjected to the same procedure in order to test the intraindividual variability. The EEG was recorded before and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after alcohol intake. The EEGs were off-line analyzed by means of a computer program for time domain analysis. As was already known, on the average alcohol led to a better synchronisation of the EEG, i.e., the number of beta-waves decreased whereas the number of alpha- and theta-waves increased. The extent of the alcohol effect on the EEG varied enormously between individuals; however, the EEGs of MZ twins proved to react indentically to alcohol loading, whereas the EEGs of DZ twins became mor dissimilar during the course of the experiment. The low-voltage EEG presumably is resistant to alchohol; furthermore, it is supposed that there exists a special beta-prone EEG-type which is also genetic in origin. The identical EEG reaction of MZ twins to alcohol loading could not be attributed to more similar blood alcohol concentrations. It is hypothesized that the differences in the extent of the alcohol effect on the EEG between individuals might reflect differences in the sensitivity of the ascending reticular activating system. In the literature it has frequently been reported that alcoholics have preferentially brain wave patterns which are poorly synchronized. These findings are discussed in the light of the present results.", "contents": "Genetic control of ethanol action on the central nervous system. An EEG study in twins. The purpose of the investigation is to claify the genetic contribution to the interindividual variability of ethanol action on the central nervous system. The 52 adult male healthy twin pairs (26 MZ, 26 DZ) got 1.2 ml/kg ethanol p.o. under standardized conditions; furthermore, 13 non-twin subjects were repeatedly subjected to the same procedure in order to test the intraindividual variability. The EEG was recorded before and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after alcohol intake. The EEGs were off-line analyzed by means of a computer program for time domain analysis. As was already known, on the average alcohol led to a better synchronisation of the EEG, i.e., the number of beta-waves decreased whereas the number of alpha- and theta-waves increased. The extent of the alcohol effect on the EEG varied enormously between individuals; however, the EEGs of MZ twins proved to react indentically to alcohol loading, whereas the EEGs of DZ twins became mor dissimilar during the course of the experiment. The low-voltage EEG presumably is resistant to alchohol; furthermore, it is supposed that there exists a special beta-prone EEG-type which is also genetic in origin. The identical EEG reaction of MZ twins to alcohol loading could not be attributed to more similar blood alcohol concentrations. It is hypothesized that the differences in the extent of the alcohol effect on the EEG between individuals might reflect differences in the sensitivity of the ascending reticular activating system. In the literature it has frequently been reported that alcoholics have preferentially brain wave patterns which are poorly synchronized. These findings are discussed in the light of the present results.", "PMID": 557449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3069", "title": "Dominance and environmental variances: their effect on heritabilities estimated from twin data.", "content": "A method for partitioning genetic variance estimated from twin data into additive and dominance variances was presented using Falconer's variance component model. The effects of dominance and environmental variances on a number of heritability estimates were also reviewed. A heritability estimate, based on the analysis of variance and the genetic variance estimates presented by HASEMAN and ELSTON and CHRISTIAN et al. which utilizes all available information from twin data, was proposed and discussed. This estimate seems to be the least affected by fluctuations in the magnitudes of dominance and environmental variances.", "contents": "Dominance and environmental variances: their effect on heritabilities estimated from twin data. A method for partitioning genetic variance estimated from twin data into additive and dominance variances was presented using Falconer's variance component model. The effects of dominance and environmental variances on a number of heritability estimates were also reviewed. A heritability estimate, based on the analysis of variance and the genetic variance estimates presented by HASEMAN and ELSTON and CHRISTIAN et al. which utilizes all available information from twin data, was proposed and discussed. This estimate seems to be the least affected by fluctuations in the magnitudes of dominance and environmental variances.", "PMID": 557450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3070", "title": "[A highly sensitive determination of immunoglobulin G and M with sensibilized latex particles (author's transl)].", "content": "Latexparticles, sensitized with heavy chain specific anti-human IgG and IgM, were used for the detection of IgG and IgM in sera of adults and newborn infants. Heat-inactivated sera showed an IgG-reactive component of high density near the band of the IgM after centrifugation in a sucrose gradient. The test is specific and highly sensitive.", "contents": "[A highly sensitive determination of immunoglobulin G and M with sensibilized latex particles (author's transl)]. Latexparticles, sensitized with heavy chain specific anti-human IgG and IgM, were used for the detection of IgG and IgM in sera of adults and newborn infants. Heat-inactivated sera showed an IgG-reactive component of high density near the band of the IgM after centrifugation in a sucrose gradient. The test is specific and highly sensitive.", "PMID": 557451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3071", "title": "Effect of extracts of the bursa of Fabricius on IgG antibody production in hormonally bursectomized chickens.", "content": "The effects of extracts of the bursa of Fabricius on the return to normal and greater than normal of antibody production in hormonally bursectomized chickens and on the switch-over of IgM antibody production to IgG antibody production was studied. Antibody production in hormonally bursectomized chickens treated with bursal extract was markedly increased as compared with bursectomized birds not given bursal extract and the IgG antibodies at three weeks was similar to that in normal immune chickens.", "contents": "Effect of extracts of the bursa of Fabricius on IgG antibody production in hormonally bursectomized chickens. The effects of extracts of the bursa of Fabricius on the return to normal and greater than normal of antibody production in hormonally bursectomized chickens and on the switch-over of IgM antibody production to IgG antibody production was studied. Antibody production in hormonally bursectomized chickens treated with bursal extract was markedly increased as compared with bursectomized birds not given bursal extract and the IgG antibodies at three weeks was similar to that in normal immune chickens.", "PMID": 557452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3072", "title": "[Preoperative infusion therapy in childhood. I. Initial conditions and principles].", "content": "Infusion therapy for purposes of surgery differs significantly from the infusion requirements for \"conservative\" purposes, in adults as well as in infants and children. The preoperative situation of infants and children undergoing usual surgical procedures is particularly characterized by 1. the physiological conditions of the water-, electrolyte- and acid-base-balances; 2. the effects of the preoperative food-and fluid-restrictions; 3. the intraoperative fluid- and volumen-losses; 4. the combination between 1--3 and the postoperative food- and fluid-restriction and the postoperative metabolic conditions respectively. The problems, summarized under 1--4, have been discussed within this article. Further two papers will deal with studies on the use of \"basic solutions\" for the substitution of fluid- and electrolyte losses in pediatric surgery.", "contents": "[Preoperative infusion therapy in childhood. I. Initial conditions and principles]. Infusion therapy for purposes of surgery differs significantly from the infusion requirements for \"conservative\" purposes, in adults as well as in infants and children. The preoperative situation of infants and children undergoing usual surgical procedures is particularly characterized by 1. the physiological conditions of the water-, electrolyte- and acid-base-balances; 2. the effects of the preoperative food-and fluid-restrictions; 3. the intraoperative fluid- and volumen-losses; 4. the combination between 1--3 and the postoperative food- and fluid-restriction and the postoperative metabolic conditions respectively. The problems, summarized under 1--4, have been discussed within this article. Further two papers will deal with studies on the use of \"basic solutions\" for the substitution of fluid- and electrolyte losses in pediatric surgery.", "PMID": 557453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3073", "title": "[Flavor improvement of the Vivasorb --elementary diet].", "content": "By addition of special flavours and spices and making use of fruit juices and soups we were able to achieve an improvement in the taste of the \"astronaut diet\" Vivasorb. Experiences in the case of 15 patients which allowed long-term treatment with a reduced degree of difficulty were put forward. In some cases, however, methods had to be applied which do not quite adhere to the principle of feeding completely elementary nutrients.", "contents": "[Flavor improvement of the Vivasorb --elementary diet]. By addition of special flavours and spices and making use of fruit juices and soups we were able to achieve an improvement in the taste of the \"astronaut diet\" Vivasorb. Experiences in the case of 15 patients which allowed long-term treatment with a reduced degree of difficulty were put forward. In some cases, however, methods had to be applied which do not quite adhere to the principle of feeding completely elementary nutrients.", "PMID": 557454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3074", "title": "[The geriatric patient and his nutrition].", "content": "The nutrition of geriatric patients should observe the following characteristics of advanced age: diminished calorie requirement, impaired glucose tolerance, tendency to elevated serum cholesterin and triglyceride levels, increased requirements for protein of high biological value, absence of thirst and reduced total body water. Considering these metabolic changes recommendations for an adequate nutrition of senescent people are discussed.", "contents": "[The geriatric patient and his nutrition]. The nutrition of geriatric patients should observe the following characteristics of advanced age: diminished calorie requirement, impaired glucose tolerance, tendency to elevated serum cholesterin and triglyceride levels, increased requirements for protein of high biological value, absence of thirst and reduced total body water. Considering these metabolic changes recommendations for an adequate nutrition of senescent people are discussed.", "PMID": 557455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3075", "title": "Determination of serum proteins in the presence of dextran by means of the biuret reaction.", "content": "264 biuret reagents for total protein determination in serum containing dextran were investigated. The usefulness of the method is dependent on proper ratio of the components of the reagent: concentrations of NaOH and copper sulphate, and the ratio of sodium-potassium tartrate to copper sulphate.", "contents": "Determination of serum proteins in the presence of dextran by means of the biuret reaction. 264 biuret reagents for total protein determination in serum containing dextran were investigated. The usefulness of the method is dependent on proper ratio of the components of the reagent: concentrations of NaOH and copper sulphate, and the ratio of sodium-potassium tartrate to copper sulphate.", "PMID": 557456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3076", "title": "[Flavor improvement of a balanced synthetic diet].", "content": "By improving the flavour of an elementary diet rich in aminoacids it was possible to treat 33 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases over longer periods compared to the duration of treatment with Vivasorb elementary diet. This was accomplished by addition of certain fruit juices, several kinds of teas, soups and relishes. Difficulties by taste of BSD could largely be overcome.", "contents": "[Flavor improvement of a balanced synthetic diet]. By improving the flavour of an elementary diet rich in aminoacids it was possible to treat 33 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases over longer periods compared to the duration of treatment with Vivasorb elementary diet. This was accomplished by addition of certain fruit juices, several kinds of teas, soups and relishes. Difficulties by taste of BSD could largely be overcome.", "PMID": 557457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3077", "title": "Effect of squamous metaplasia on infection of hamster trachea organ cultures with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "An organ culture system for hamster trachea was developed for maintenance of the ciliated respiratory epithelium during periods of extended cultivation (i.e., greater than 20 days). Evaluation of five serum types showed that horse serum and fetal calf serum were best for the maintenance of epithelial ciliary activity and morphology. Rings that were opened on one side (\"split rings\") had the best maintenance of the ciliated epithelium as judged by the retention of ciliary activity and normal histological appearance after 3 to 4 weeks in culture. The in vitro induction of squamous metaplasia was achieved by cultivating explants in Waymouth MAB 87/3 (vitamin A-free) medium, without serum. This system allowed a direct comparison of the effects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in two epithelial types, ciliated pseudostratified columnar and keratinizing squamous. Attachment of 14C-labeled mycoplasmas was more than twofold greater in the normal epithelium. Pretreatment of explants with neuraminidase decreased attachment for both squamous and pseudostratified epithelial surfaces to a similar basal level. Recovery of viable organisms from infected tissue of both epithelial types indicated that the organism titer remained essentially constant during the infection period, but was significantly higher for the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. These results suggest that specific receptor sites for M. pneumoniae are markedly reduced by the induction of squamous metaplasia and, hence, appear to be specific for the normal respiratory surface containing goblet cells and pseudostratified, ciliated epithelial cells.", "contents": "Effect of squamous metaplasia on infection of hamster trachea organ cultures with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. An organ culture system for hamster trachea was developed for maintenance of the ciliated respiratory epithelium during periods of extended cultivation (i.e., greater than 20 days). Evaluation of five serum types showed that horse serum and fetal calf serum were best for the maintenance of epithelial ciliary activity and morphology. Rings that were opened on one side (\"split rings\") had the best maintenance of the ciliated epithelium as judged by the retention of ciliary activity and normal histological appearance after 3 to 4 weeks in culture. The in vitro induction of squamous metaplasia was achieved by cultivating explants in Waymouth MAB 87/3 (vitamin A-free) medium, without serum. This system allowed a direct comparison of the effects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in two epithelial types, ciliated pseudostratified columnar and keratinizing squamous. Attachment of 14C-labeled mycoplasmas was more than twofold greater in the normal epithelium. Pretreatment of explants with neuraminidase decreased attachment for both squamous and pseudostratified epithelial surfaces to a similar basal level. Recovery of viable organisms from infected tissue of both epithelial types indicated that the organism titer remained essentially constant during the infection period, but was significantly higher for the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. These results suggest that specific receptor sites for M. pneumoniae are markedly reduced by the induction of squamous metaplasia and, hence, appear to be specific for the normal respiratory surface containing goblet cells and pseudostratified, ciliated epithelial cells.", "PMID": 557458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3078", "title": "Ocular effects of scrapie agent in hamsters: preliminary observations.", "content": "Scrapie is caused by one of a group of so-called slow viruses responsible for the subacute spongiform encephalopathies. In the present study, young hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with hamster-adapted scrapie agent. At termination, all inoculated animals showed signs and central nervous system pathology compatible with scrapie infection. The eyes appeared well developed grossly, but histologically the retina and optic nerve were abnormal. There were varying degrees of thinning of the retina, with the photoreceptor layer being most severely affected. Although the ganglion cell layer was not much different from the controls, the optic nerve appeared more cellular than that of the controls.", "contents": "Ocular effects of scrapie agent in hamsters: preliminary observations. Scrapie is caused by one of a group of so-called slow viruses responsible for the subacute spongiform encephalopathies. In the present study, young hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with hamster-adapted scrapie agent. At termination, all inoculated animals showed signs and central nervous system pathology compatible with scrapie infection. The eyes appeared well developed grossly, but histologically the retina and optic nerve were abnormal. There were varying degrees of thinning of the retina, with the photoreceptor layer being most severely affected. Although the ganglion cell layer was not much different from the controls, the optic nerve appeared more cellular than that of the controls.", "PMID": 557461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3079", "title": "In vitro propagation of prostate adenocarcinoma cells from rats.", "content": "Two rat adenocarcinomas were physically dispersed and propagated in vitro. Epithelial and fibroblast cell lines were cloned from them and the monolayer cell lines derived therof were further characterized. The cells produced acid phosphatase in early in vitro cell passages, and later they turned negative. Fibroblast-like cells produced no tumors when implanted in syngeneic Lobund Wistar rats, but as few as 10 epithelial cells produced metastasizing adenocarcinomas in them. A third prostate tumor has yielded a line of epithelial cells which reproduced the original tumor type in inoculated rats, but the cells have not yet been characterized. Rat prostate adenocarcinomas provided a useful model system for in vitro and in vivo studies on prostate cancer and on metatasis.", "contents": "In vitro propagation of prostate adenocarcinoma cells from rats. Two rat adenocarcinomas were physically dispersed and propagated in vitro. Epithelial and fibroblast cell lines were cloned from them and the monolayer cell lines derived therof were further characterized. The cells produced acid phosphatase in early in vitro cell passages, and later they turned negative. Fibroblast-like cells produced no tumors when implanted in syngeneic Lobund Wistar rats, but as few as 10 epithelial cells produced metastasizing adenocarcinomas in them. A third prostate tumor has yielded a line of epithelial cells which reproduced the original tumor type in inoculated rats, but the cells have not yet been characterized. Rat prostate adenocarcinomas provided a useful model system for in vitro and in vivo studies on prostate cancer and on metatasis.", "PMID": 557462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3080", "title": "Histochemistry of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat ovary. I. Amethodological study.", "content": "By recording the incubation time needed for initial appearance of the red and blue formazans the reliability of the histochemical method for 3beta-HSD was investigated: 1. Prefixation of small tissue blocks with 1% W/V methanol-free formaldehyde (pH=7.2) for up to 30 min preserved morphological integrity as well as maximal enzyme activity. Moreover, the substantivity of formazans and lipids was enhanced. 2. Commercial available glutaraldehyde (pH=7.2) induced SH groups in the tissue (even at 0.1% W/V for 5 min) thereby enhancing the Nothing dehydrogenase reaction. 3. Preextraction of lipids with acetone for 20 min at -30 degree C caused no loss of activity and was an inevitable step if a reliable activity pattern had to be achieved (e.g. in interstitial cells). 4. No diffusion of enzyme was noticed within 30 min of preincubation in phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH=7.2) at 20 degree C. 5. By using the double-section incubation method no diffusion of 3beta-HSD or rediffusion of NADH or PMSH could be noticed withn 45 min of incubation, provided that low concentrations of NAD (0.1 mg/ml) and PMS (0.003 mg/ml) were balanced against the concentration of Nitro BT (0.5 mg/ml) or Tetranitro BT (1.0mg/ml). 6. The utlity of different inhibitors of alkaline phosphomonoesterase was tested and discussed. 7. By inhibiting alkaline phosphomonoesterase with 0.1 mM of L-p-bromotetramisole or 16 mM of beta-glycerophosphate, 3beta-HSD was shown to be exclusively NAD-linked. 8. Levamisole was a potent inhibitor of NADH-tetrazolium reductase as well as 3 beta-HSD, but not of NADPH-tetrazolium reductase. 9. 3beta-HSD possess SH groups requisite for the activity as this enzyme was totally inhibited by N-ethyl maleimide. 10. Whether alcohol dehydrogenases may use steroids as substrate is discussed; It is concluded that preextraction (by acetone) and/or the use of an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (1,10-phenanthroline) has to be performed. 11. Propylene glycol was a poor solvent for all substrates and was itself an excellent substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase. 12. Specifications for the ideal solvent of steroid substrates in the histochemical practice are proposed. DMSO showed to be promising as a steroid solvent (e.g. extraction of formazans was considerably lower as compared to DMF). 13. The utilization of substrates was descending in the following order (using 1 mM and 0.1 ml/ml of either DMF or DMSO): epiandrosterone, methandriol, dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. 14. If DMSO was used as solvent for pregnenolone (but not for the other substrates tested) an evident increase of activity was recorded as compared to DMF.", "contents": "Histochemistry of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat ovary. I. Amethodological study. By recording the incubation time needed for initial appearance of the red and blue formazans the reliability of the histochemical method for 3beta-HSD was investigated: 1. Prefixation of small tissue blocks with 1% W/V methanol-free formaldehyde (pH=7.2) for up to 30 min preserved morphological integrity as well as maximal enzyme activity. Moreover, the substantivity of formazans and lipids was enhanced. 2. Commercial available glutaraldehyde (pH=7.2) induced SH groups in the tissue (even at 0.1% W/V for 5 min) thereby enhancing the Nothing dehydrogenase reaction. 3. Preextraction of lipids with acetone for 20 min at -30 degree C caused no loss of activity and was an inevitable step if a reliable activity pattern had to be achieved (e.g. in interstitial cells). 4. No diffusion of enzyme was noticed within 30 min of preincubation in phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH=7.2) at 20 degree C. 5. By using the double-section incubation method no diffusion of 3beta-HSD or rediffusion of NADH or PMSH could be noticed withn 45 min of incubation, provided that low concentrations of NAD (0.1 mg/ml) and PMS (0.003 mg/ml) were balanced against the concentration of Nitro BT (0.5 mg/ml) or Tetranitro BT (1.0mg/ml). 6. The utlity of different inhibitors of alkaline phosphomonoesterase was tested and discussed. 7. By inhibiting alkaline phosphomonoesterase with 0.1 mM of L-p-bromotetramisole or 16 mM of beta-glycerophosphate, 3beta-HSD was shown to be exclusively NAD-linked. 8. Levamisole was a potent inhibitor of NADH-tetrazolium reductase as well as 3 beta-HSD, but not of NADPH-tetrazolium reductase. 9. 3beta-HSD possess SH groups requisite for the activity as this enzyme was totally inhibited by N-ethyl maleimide. 10. Whether alcohol dehydrogenases may use steroids as substrate is discussed; It is concluded that preextraction (by acetone) and/or the use of an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (1,10-phenanthroline) has to be performed. 11. Propylene glycol was a poor solvent for all substrates and was itself an excellent substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase. 12. Specifications for the ideal solvent of steroid substrates in the histochemical practice are proposed. DMSO showed to be promising as a steroid solvent (e.g. extraction of formazans was considerably lower as compared to DMF). 13. The utilization of substrates was descending in the following order (using 1 mM and 0.1 ml/ml of either DMF or DMSO): epiandrosterone, methandriol, dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. 14. If DMSO was used as solvent for pregnenolone (but not for the other substrates tested) an evident increase of activity was recorded as compared to DMF.", "PMID": 557464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3081", "title": "Congenital pericardial diaphragmitic hernia and multiple cardiac defects in a litter of collies.", "content": "Four Collie littermates had multiple cardiac and diaphragmatic anomalies. Ventricular septal defect was found in 3, pulmonic stenosis in 2, atrial septal defect in 1, mitral regurgitaion in 1, and pericardial diaphragmatic hernia in 3. Five additional littermates died within 72 hours of birth but were not necropsied. On the basis of available evidence, it was believed that the defects were congenital but not hereditary.", "contents": "Congenital pericardial diaphragmitic hernia and multiple cardiac defects in a litter of collies. Four Collie littermates had multiple cardiac and diaphragmatic anomalies. Ventricular septal defect was found in 3, pulmonic stenosis in 2, atrial septal defect in 1, mitral regurgitaion in 1, and pericardial diaphragmatic hernia in 3. Five additional littermates died within 72 hours of birth but were not necropsied. On the basis of available evidence, it was believed that the defects were congenital but not hereditary.", "PMID": 557466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3082", "title": "Attempted transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection from pregnant cats to their kittens.", "content": "Sixteen 1- to 7-week-old pregnant specific-pathogen free cats were inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii cysts. Fetuses and neonatal kittens were examined for toxoplasma infection by inoculating suspensions of their tissues into mice. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from 23 fetuses and 16 newborn kittens from 13 queens. Six (3 litters) of the 15 kittens from the 3 remaining queens were killed on the day of or a day after birth, and the remaining 9 kittens were housed with their mothers for 7 to 33 days. None of the 9 kittens from the 2 litters examined between 0 and 33 days of age was infected with T gondii. In the other litter, T gondii was isolated from 3 kittens killed at 9, 16, and 22 days of age but not from 3 littermates killed on days 1, 1, and 22. Internal organs from the 3 kittens with proved toxoplasma infectivity in mice were examined histologically. Multifocal granulomatous encephalitis, hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, myositis, and interstitial pneumonia were found in all 3 kittens. Toxoplasma forms were demonstrated histologically in the tissues of 2 of these kittens. The mode of toxoplasma infection in newborn kittens was not determined but did not appear to be either transplacental or via fecal contamination from oocysts excreted by the mother cat. Evidence obtained in these experiments suggests that transplacental toxoplasma infection in the cat is not an important epidemiologic factor in perpetuation of the disease in the feline population.", "contents": "Attempted transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection from pregnant cats to their kittens. Sixteen 1- to 7-week-old pregnant specific-pathogen free cats were inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii cysts. Fetuses and neonatal kittens were examined for toxoplasma infection by inoculating suspensions of their tissues into mice. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from 23 fetuses and 16 newborn kittens from 13 queens. Six (3 litters) of the 15 kittens from the 3 remaining queens were killed on the day of or a day after birth, and the remaining 9 kittens were housed with their mothers for 7 to 33 days. None of the 9 kittens from the 2 litters examined between 0 and 33 days of age was infected with T gondii. In the other litter, T gondii was isolated from 3 kittens killed at 9, 16, and 22 days of age but not from 3 littermates killed on days 1, 1, and 22. Internal organs from the 3 kittens with proved toxoplasma infectivity in mice were examined histologically. Multifocal granulomatous encephalitis, hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, myositis, and interstitial pneumonia were found in all 3 kittens. Toxoplasma forms were demonstrated histologically in the tissues of 2 of these kittens. The mode of toxoplasma infection in newborn kittens was not determined but did not appear to be either transplacental or via fecal contamination from oocysts excreted by the mother cat. Evidence obtained in these experiments suggests that transplacental toxoplasma infection in the cat is not an important epidemiologic factor in perpetuation of the disease in the feline population.", "PMID": 557468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3083", "title": "Attempeted transmission of feline coccidia from chronically infected queens to their kittens.", "content": "Eight female, 12- to 34-month-old, specific-pathogen free cats were inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii cysts on day 0, then with Isospora felis and Isospora rivolta oocysts on day 39, and cysts of Hammondia hammondi on day 86 after inoculation with Toxoplasma. All cats shed oocysts of all 4 of these coccidia within 11 postinoculation days. The female cats were caged with 4 male Toxoplasma-free cats, starting 66 days after inoculation with Toxoplasma, until they were 5 to 6 weeks pregnant. Kittens that were born were housed with their mothers until necropsied or weaned. One 42-day-old kitten shed T gondii oocysts in feces. It was necropsied 2 days later and asexual stages of Toxoplasma (types D and E), gametocytes, and oocysts were demonstrated in sections of superficial epithelial cells of its small intestine. Lesions or forms of Toxoplasma were not demonstrated histologically in tis extraintestinal organs. Toxoplasma was not isolated from feces or tissues of the remaining 47 kittens born to these 8 queens. Toxoplasma was not isolated from the 4 male cats that were caged with infected females for 53, 59, 217, and 217 days. The source of toxoplasma infection in the kitten remained unknown but was considered unlikely to be congenital or through fecal contamination. Oocysts of I felis, I rivolta, and H hammondi were not found in the feces of any kittens, indicating that these coccidia are unlikely to be transmitted congenitally.", "contents": "Attempeted transmission of feline coccidia from chronically infected queens to their kittens. Eight female, 12- to 34-month-old, specific-pathogen free cats were inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii cysts on day 0, then with Isospora felis and Isospora rivolta oocysts on day 39, and cysts of Hammondia hammondi on day 86 after inoculation with Toxoplasma. All cats shed oocysts of all 4 of these coccidia within 11 postinoculation days. The female cats were caged with 4 male Toxoplasma-free cats, starting 66 days after inoculation with Toxoplasma, until they were 5 to 6 weeks pregnant. Kittens that were born were housed with their mothers until necropsied or weaned. One 42-day-old kitten shed T gondii oocysts in feces. It was necropsied 2 days later and asexual stages of Toxoplasma (types D and E), gametocytes, and oocysts were demonstrated in sections of superficial epithelial cells of its small intestine. Lesions or forms of Toxoplasma were not demonstrated histologically in tis extraintestinal organs. Toxoplasma was not isolated from feces or tissues of the remaining 47 kittens born to these 8 queens. Toxoplasma was not isolated from the 4 male cats that were caged with infected females for 53, 59, 217, and 217 days. The source of toxoplasma infection in the kitten remained unknown but was considered unlikely to be congenital or through fecal contamination. Oocysts of I felis, I rivolta, and H hammondi were not found in the feces of any kittens, indicating that these coccidia are unlikely to be transmitted congenitally.", "PMID": 557469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3084", "title": "Partial deficiency of antidiuretic hormone in a cat.", "content": "Marked polydipsia and polyuria developed subsequent to trauma in a 1 1/2-year-old male Abyssinian cat. Diabetes insipidus was suspected, inasmuch as intramuscualr vasopressin administration resulted in amelioration of polydipsia and polyuria. However, hypertonic (3%) saline solution given intravneously resulted in anuria, an indication of antidiuretic hormone activity. Polyuria and polydipsia were abolished by oral chlorpropamide therapy, which was indirect evidence for partial deficiency of antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "Partial deficiency of antidiuretic hormone in a cat. Marked polydipsia and polyuria developed subsequent to trauma in a 1 1/2-year-old male Abyssinian cat. Diabetes insipidus was suspected, inasmuch as intramuscualr vasopressin administration resulted in amelioration of polydipsia and polyuria. However, hypertonic (3%) saline solution given intravneously resulted in anuria, an indication of antidiuretic hormone activity. Polyuria and polydipsia were abolished by oral chlorpropamide therapy, which was indirect evidence for partial deficiency of antidiuretic hormone.", "PMID": 557470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3085", "title": "Architecture and chemistry of microconidial walls of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.", "content": "The ultrastructure and chemical composition of the walls of Trichophyton mentagrophytes microconidia were investigated with particular emphasis on the localization of the major structural components within the walls. The walls consisted of carbohydrate (56.1% neutral polysaccharide, and 16.0% chitin), protein (22.6%), lipid (6.5%), ash (1.7%), and trace amounts of melanin (0.2%) and phosphorus (0.2%). in thin sections, three distince layers were recognized. The electron-transparent pellicle (15 to 20 nm thick) covering the outermost surface of the wall consisted of a glycoprotein-lipid complex and was mostly extracted by sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.5) containing 8 M urea, 1% (vol/vol) mercaptoethanol, and 1% (wt/vol) sodium dodecyl sulfate. The middle electron-dense layer (30 to 50 nm thick) represented the proteinaceous rodlet layer embedded in polysaccharides and could be completely solubilized by hot alkali extraction (1 N NaOH, 100 DEGREES C, 1 h). The thick inner layer (200 to 300 nm thick) was relatively resistant to the above treatments and was found to consist of amorphous glucans and microfibrillar chitin. Approximately half of the inner wall glucans was susceptible to (1 leads to 3)-beta-glucanase.", "contents": "Architecture and chemistry of microconidial walls of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The ultrastructure and chemical composition of the walls of Trichophyton mentagrophytes microconidia were investigated with particular emphasis on the localization of the major structural components within the walls. The walls consisted of carbohydrate (56.1% neutral polysaccharide, and 16.0% chitin), protein (22.6%), lipid (6.5%), ash (1.7%), and trace amounts of melanin (0.2%) and phosphorus (0.2%). in thin sections, three distince layers were recognized. The electron-transparent pellicle (15 to 20 nm thick) covering the outermost surface of the wall consisted of a glycoprotein-lipid complex and was mostly extracted by sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.5) containing 8 M urea, 1% (vol/vol) mercaptoethanol, and 1% (wt/vol) sodium dodecyl sulfate. The middle electron-dense layer (30 to 50 nm thick) represented the proteinaceous rodlet layer embedded in polysaccharides and could be completely solubilized by hot alkali extraction (1 N NaOH, 100 DEGREES C, 1 h). The thick inner layer (200 to 300 nm thick) was relatively resistant to the above treatments and was found to consist of amorphous glucans and microfibrillar chitin. Approximately half of the inner wall glucans was susceptible to (1 leads to 3)-beta-glucanase.", "PMID": 557473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3086", "title": "Inhibition of Dictyostelium discoideum beta-glucosidase by purines.", "content": "beta-Glucosidase of Dictyostelium discoideum is inhibited by purines in the following order: adenine greater than adenosine greater than 6-methylaminopurine greater than hypoxanthine greater than inosine greater than purine greater than guanosine. Adenine inhibits activity by 50% at 1 to 2 mM. The kinetics are complex because the enzyme is stimulated by substrate and inhibited by glucose.", "contents": "Inhibition of Dictyostelium discoideum beta-glucosidase by purines. beta-Glucosidase of Dictyostelium discoideum is inhibited by purines in the following order: adenine greater than adenosine greater than 6-methylaminopurine greater than hypoxanthine greater than inosine greater than purine greater than guanosine. Adenine inhibits activity by 50% at 1 to 2 mM. The kinetics are complex because the enzyme is stimulated by substrate and inhibited by glucose.", "PMID": 557474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3087", "title": "Death of microbial cells: rate constant calculations.", "content": "The previously published procedure for calculation of rate constants associated with the death of microbial cells is shown to be so sensitive to variation in experimental data as to render it impractical for this application. The only obvious modification to the published procedure met with only limited success. It is concluded that a fresh search should be undertaken for the solution to this fundamental problem. The success of such further attempts may depend upon an alternative description of the normal probability integral rather than upon refined experimentation.", "contents": "Death of microbial cells: rate constant calculations. The previously published procedure for calculation of rate constants associated with the death of microbial cells is shown to be so sensitive to variation in experimental data as to render it impractical for this application. The only obvious modification to the published procedure met with only limited success. It is concluded that a fresh search should be undertaken for the solution to this fundamental problem. The success of such further attempts may depend upon an alternative description of the normal probability integral rather than upon refined experimentation.", "PMID": 557475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3088", "title": "Decrease in nitrate reductase activity in extracts of Trichoderma viride Incubated with chlorides.", "content": "Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent nitrate reductase activity in crude extracts of Trichoderma virde was significantly inhibited by physiological concentrations of ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride, but not by ammonium or sodium sulfate. The chloride inhibition of nitrate reductase activity increased in a linear manner with chloride concentration.", "contents": "Decrease in nitrate reductase activity in extracts of Trichoderma viride Incubated with chlorides. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent nitrate reductase activity in crude extracts of Trichoderma virde was significantly inhibited by physiological concentrations of ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride, but not by ammonium or sodium sulfate. The chloride inhibition of nitrate reductase activity increased in a linear manner with chloride concentration.", "PMID": 557476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3089", "title": "Effect of temperature on Mg-ITP-induced superprecipitation of actomyosin.", "content": "Superprecipitation of an actomyosin suspension was measured at various temperatures (2.5 degrees - 20 degrees) using Mg-ITP as substrate. Superprecipitation was induced by the addition of Mg-ITP at all temperatures, but decreased in extent with decrease in temperature. The predominant intermediate in the Mg-ITP hydrolysis of myosin depends on the temperature; at 20 degrees it is the myosin-IDP-Pi complex, while below 8 degrees it is the myosin-ITP complex (Hozumi, T. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 63, 241). Therefore, the occurrence of superprecipitation below 8 degrees is not compatible with muscle models in which formation of a myosin-product complex is the rate-limiting intermediate.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on Mg-ITP-induced superprecipitation of actomyosin. Superprecipitation of an actomyosin suspension was measured at various temperatures (2.5 degrees - 20 degrees) using Mg-ITP as substrate. Superprecipitation was induced by the addition of Mg-ITP at all temperatures, but decreased in extent with decrease in temperature. The predominant intermediate in the Mg-ITP hydrolysis of myosin depends on the temperature; at 20 degrees it is the myosin-IDP-Pi complex, while below 8 degrees it is the myosin-ITP complex (Hozumi, T. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 63, 241). Therefore, the occurrence of superprecipitation below 8 degrees is not compatible with muscle models in which formation of a myosin-product complex is the rate-limiting intermediate.", "PMID": 557477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3090", "title": "Substrate specificities of cathepsin A,L and A,S from pig kidney.", "content": "The substrate specificities of two different molecular sizes of cathepsin A, A,L (large form) and A,S (small form), for synthetic substrates were examined kinetically. Both enzymes showed a similar broad substrate specificity against various acyl dipeptides, amino acid esters, and amino acid amides. Z-Phe-Ala and Ac-Phe-OEt were good substrates. Peptides containing hydrophobic amino acids were hydrolyzed rapidly. The presence of hydrophobic amino acid residues, not only at the C-terminal position but also at the second position and probably the third position from the C-terminal, resulted in an increase in the rate of hydrolysis. Peptides containing glycine and proline were hydrolyzed slowly. Inhibition studies with Z-D-Phe-D-Ala and Z-Phe suggested that the peptidase and esterase activities of the enzymes are both catalyzed by the same site of the enzyme molecule, but it remains to be elucidated whether or not the binding sites for peptides and esters are the same.", "contents": "Substrate specificities of cathepsin A,L and A,S from pig kidney. The substrate specificities of two different molecular sizes of cathepsin A, A,L (large form) and A,S (small form), for synthetic substrates were examined kinetically. Both enzymes showed a similar broad substrate specificity against various acyl dipeptides, amino acid esters, and amino acid amides. Z-Phe-Ala and Ac-Phe-OEt were good substrates. Peptides containing hydrophobic amino acids were hydrolyzed rapidly. The presence of hydrophobic amino acid residues, not only at the C-terminal position but also at the second position and probably the third position from the C-terminal, resulted in an increase in the rate of hydrolysis. Peptides containing glycine and proline were hydrolyzed slowly. Inhibition studies with Z-D-Phe-D-Ala and Z-Phe suggested that the peptidase and esterase activities of the enzymes are both catalyzed by the same site of the enzyme molecule, but it remains to be elucidated whether or not the binding sites for peptides and esters are the same.", "PMID": 557478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3091", "title": "Effects of polymer surface molecular structure and force-field characteristics on blood interfacial phenomena.", "content": "To quantify the effects of major surface structural factors influencing interfacial reactions induced by polymers in native blood, model surfaces of solvent-cast films of two analogous poly(ether urethanes) and three homologous polyamides (nylon 4, 6/6, and 12) were exposed ex vivo to canine blood under the well-defined hemodynamic conditions of the Stagnation Point Flow Experiment. The selected surfaces allow for incremental changes in properties and were characterized by their \"Composite Surface Free ENergy Function,\" gamma'S, which describes the surface force field as the sum of the mean dispersion (gammaSd) and polar (gammaSp) contributions and is computed from wettability spectra obtained with ultrapure diagnostic liquids. Blood interfacial effects were measured by the shear-limited diameter of the white cell circle formed around the stagnation point, the flow parameter at which symmetric aggregation occurred, and the surface-number density of platelets, [P s], remaining adherent under fixed conditions. At identical flows, within each group of polymers, both the WBC-circle diameter and [P s] scale with gamma Sp/gamma'S, implying that 1) only the magnitude but not the interaction mechanism varies as a function of incremental structural and surface changes, 2) the primary determinant of surface-induced effects is the polar force contribution, and 3) the magnitude of gamma'S is secondary if gammaSd/gamma'S is sufficiently great.", "contents": "Effects of polymer surface molecular structure and force-field characteristics on blood interfacial phenomena. To quantify the effects of major surface structural factors influencing interfacial reactions induced by polymers in native blood, model surfaces of solvent-cast films of two analogous poly(ether urethanes) and three homologous polyamides (nylon 4, 6/6, and 12) were exposed ex vivo to canine blood under the well-defined hemodynamic conditions of the Stagnation Point Flow Experiment. The selected surfaces allow for incremental changes in properties and were characterized by their \"Composite Surface Free ENergy Function,\" gamma'S, which describes the surface force field as the sum of the mean dispersion (gammaSd) and polar (gammaSp) contributions and is computed from wettability spectra obtained with ultrapure diagnostic liquids. Blood interfacial effects were measured by the shear-limited diameter of the white cell circle formed around the stagnation point, the flow parameter at which symmetric aggregation occurred, and the surface-number density of platelets, [P s], remaining adherent under fixed conditions. At identical flows, within each group of polymers, both the WBC-circle diameter and [P s] scale with gamma Sp/gamma'S, implying that 1) only the magnitude but not the interaction mechanism varies as a function of incremental structural and surface changes, 2) the primary determinant of surface-induced effects is the polar force contribution, and 3) the magnitude of gamma'S is secondary if gammaSd/gamma'S is sufficiently great.", "PMID": 557479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3092", "title": "Use of stable, sensitized cells in an indirect microhemagglutination test for melioidosis.", "content": "Two evaluations were carried out in this study. The first was a comparison of the standard tube test with the automated microtitration test for the detection of antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudomallei by the indirect hemagglutination method. Data from this comparison indicated that the tests were equivalent. The second evaluation consisted of reproducibility studies on two lots of pyruvic aldehyde-stabilized sensitized erythrocytes in comparison with freshly prepared sensitized erythrocytes in the automated microtitration test. The influence of different types of the microtitration plates used was also examined. Results indicated that the use of stabilized antigens is feasible, and these antigens offer the advantage of being ready for immediate use.", "contents": "Use of stable, sensitized cells in an indirect microhemagglutination test for melioidosis. Two evaluations were carried out in this study. The first was a comparison of the standard tube test with the automated microtitration test for the detection of antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudomallei by the indirect hemagglutination method. Data from this comparison indicated that the tests were equivalent. The second evaluation consisted of reproducibility studies on two lots of pyruvic aldehyde-stabilized sensitized erythrocytes in comparison with freshly prepared sensitized erythrocytes in the automated microtitration test. The influence of different types of the microtitration plates used was also examined. Results indicated that the use of stabilized antigens is feasible, and these antigens offer the advantage of being ready for immediate use.", "PMID": 557498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3093", "title": "Comparison of rabbit and pig plasma in the tube coagulase test.", "content": "A total of 627 clinical isolates of Micrococcaceae were characterized accoridng to their ability to coagulate rabbit and pig plasma, produce thermostable nuclease, and anaerobically ferment glucose and mannitol. By using these characteristics, 416 of the isolates were classified as Staphylococcus aureus and 211 as non-S. aureus. All 416 strains produced a 3 to 4+ clot formation in heparinized pig plasma, whereas 415 isolates produced a similar reaction in citrated rabbit plasma. All of the S. aureus strains possessed a thermostable nuclease, whereas only four of the non-S. aureus isolates exhibited this  characteristic. The results obtained using heparinized pig plasma were almost identical to those obtained with commercial rabbit plasma.", "contents": "Comparison of rabbit and pig plasma in the tube coagulase test. A total of 627 clinical isolates of Micrococcaceae were characterized accoridng to their ability to coagulate rabbit and pig plasma, produce thermostable nuclease, and anaerobically ferment glucose and mannitol. By using these characteristics, 416 of the isolates were classified as Staphylococcus aureus and 211 as non-S. aureus. All 416 strains produced a 3 to 4+ clot formation in heparinized pig plasma, whereas 415 isolates produced a similar reaction in citrated rabbit plasma. All of the S. aureus strains possessed a thermostable nuclease, whereas only four of the non-S. aureus isolates exhibited this  characteristic. The results obtained using heparinized pig plasma were almost identical to those obtained with commercial rabbit plasma.", "PMID": 557499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3094", "title": "Platelet interaction with modified articular cartilage. Its possible relevance to joint repair.", "content": "During studies concerned with the platelet-collagen interaction, it was observed that platelets did not adhere to bovine or human articular cartilage and that cartilage did not induce platelet aggregation in vivo or in vitro. To study the mechanism responsible for this observation, the role of proteoglycans was examined. Purified cartilage collagen proved to be fully active as a platelet aggregant. Addition of small amounts of proteoglycan subunit (PGS) blocked platelet aggregation, whereas chondroitin sulfate, a major glycosaminoglycan component of cartilage matrix, impaired platelet aggregation only at concentrations which resulted in a marked increase in viscosity. Moreover, PGS abolished aggregation of platelets by polylysine but did not prevent aggregation by ADP, suggesting that PGS may block strategically placed lysine sites on the collagen molecule. Treatment of fresh articular cartilage with proteolytic enzymes rendered the tissue active as a platelet aggregant. In vivo experiments demonstrated that surgical scarification of rabbit articular cartilage does not result in adhesion of autologous platelets. Treatment of rabbit knee joints with intraarticular trypsin 1 wk before the injection of blood resulted in adhesion and aggregation of platelets on the surface of the lesions. Since there is evidence from other studies that some degree of cartilage healing may take place after initiation of an inflammatory response, it is postulated that induction of platelet-cartilage interaction may eventuate in cartilage repair.", "contents": "Platelet interaction with modified articular cartilage. Its possible relevance to joint repair. During studies concerned with the platelet-collagen interaction, it was observed that platelets did not adhere to bovine or human articular cartilage and that cartilage did not induce platelet aggregation in vivo or in vitro. To study the mechanism responsible for this observation, the role of proteoglycans was examined. Purified cartilage collagen proved to be fully active as a platelet aggregant. Addition of small amounts of proteoglycan subunit (PGS) blocked platelet aggregation, whereas chondroitin sulfate, a major glycosaminoglycan component of cartilage matrix, impaired platelet aggregation only at concentrations which resulted in a marked increase in viscosity. Moreover, PGS abolished aggregation of platelets by polylysine but did not prevent aggregation by ADP, suggesting that PGS may block strategically placed lysine sites on the collagen molecule. Treatment of fresh articular cartilage with proteolytic enzymes rendered the tissue active as a platelet aggregant. In vivo experiments demonstrated that surgical scarification of rabbit articular cartilage does not result in adhesion of autologous platelets. Treatment of rabbit knee joints with intraarticular trypsin 1 wk before the injection of blood resulted in adhesion and aggregation of platelets on the surface of the lesions. Since there is evidence from other studies that some degree of cartilage healing may take place after initiation of an inflammatory response, it is postulated that induction of platelet-cartilage interaction may eventuate in cartilage repair.", "PMID": 557500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3095", "title": "Adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts. Stimulation of enzyme activity by parathyroid hormone.", "content": "Some of the effects of native bovine parathyroid hormone and of the synthetic aminoterminal 1-34 fragment on the adenylate cyclase activity of human fat cell ghosts were studied. Saturating concentrations of both hormone preparations caused a significant increase of enzyme activity by about 200-300%. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (0.1 mM) inhibited basal enzyme activity but had no substantial effect on parathyroid hormone-stimulated enzyme activity. The guanosine 5'-triphosphate analogue, 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, produced about a threefold enhancement of basal and parathyroid hormone-stimulated enzyme activities under standard conditions (5 mM Mg+2, 1mM ATP, pH 8.0, 30 degrees C). Activation by parathyroid hormone was not influenced by beta-adrenergic blockade in contrast to stimulation by epinephrine. The sensitivity of the enzyme system to the native and the synthetic parathyroid hormone was, however, abolished after pretreatment of the fat cells with trypsin (1 mg/ml). The stimulatory effects of epinephrine and NaF were not affected by pretreatment with trypsin. The results suggest that human fat cells, like rat adipocytes, contain a multireceptor-coupled adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts. Stimulation of enzyme activity by parathyroid hormone. Some of the effects of native bovine parathyroid hormone and of the synthetic aminoterminal 1-34 fragment on the adenylate cyclase activity of human fat cell ghosts were studied. Saturating concentrations of both hormone preparations caused a significant increase of enzyme activity by about 200-300%. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (0.1 mM) inhibited basal enzyme activity but had no substantial effect on parathyroid hormone-stimulated enzyme activity. The guanosine 5'-triphosphate analogue, 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, produced about a threefold enhancement of basal and parathyroid hormone-stimulated enzyme activities under standard conditions (5 mM Mg+2, 1mM ATP, pH 8.0, 30 degrees C). Activation by parathyroid hormone was not influenced by beta-adrenergic blockade in contrast to stimulation by epinephrine. The sensitivity of the enzyme system to the native and the synthetic parathyroid hormone was, however, abolished after pretreatment of the fat cells with trypsin (1 mg/ml). The stimulatory effects of epinephrine and NaF were not affected by pretreatment with trypsin. The results suggest that human fat cells, like rat adipocytes, contain a multireceptor-coupled adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 557501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3096", "title": "Features of prognostic significance in testicular germ cell tumours.", "content": "One hundred and one testicular tumours previously diagnosed as \"teratoma\" were examined and 93 of the patients were followed up. These neoplasm were assigned to one of three groups. Those compared exclusively of somatic tissues were the only tumours referred to as teratoma. The second group was exclusively extra embryonic and consisted of either yolk sac or choriocarcinoma. Neoplasms in the third group were called mixed germ cell tumours and incorporated somatic and extra embryonic tissue and occasionally seminoma. The patients with teratomas showed a very low mortality whereas pure yolk sac tumours proved highly malignant. In mixed germ cells tumours the malignant nature of the yolk sac components was maintained even when combined with somatic elements, but when seminoma was also present the survival rate was significantly improved. It would appear the yolk sac tumour tissue occurs more frequently in adult testicular neoplasms than was previously suspected and in mixed germ cell tumours it can be expected to dictate behaviour except when combined with seminoma.", "contents": "Features of prognostic significance in testicular germ cell tumours. One hundred and one testicular tumours previously diagnosed as \"teratoma\" were examined and 93 of the patients were followed up. These neoplasm were assigned to one of three groups. Those compared exclusively of somatic tissues were the only tumours referred to as teratoma. The second group was exclusively extra embryonic and consisted of either yolk sac or choriocarcinoma. Neoplasms in the third group were called mixed germ cell tumours and incorporated somatic and extra embryonic tissue and occasionally seminoma. The patients with teratomas showed a very low mortality whereas pure yolk sac tumours proved highly malignant. In mixed germ cells tumours the malignant nature of the yolk sac components was maintained even when combined with somatic elements, but when seminoma was also present the survival rate was significantly improved. It would appear the yolk sac tumour tissue occurs more frequently in adult testicular neoplasms than was previously suspected and in mixed germ cell tumours it can be expected to dictate behaviour except when combined with seminoma.", "PMID": 557502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3097", "title": "Processing urinary endoscopes in a low-temperature steam and formaldehyde autoclave.", "content": "Methods of disinfection and sterilisation of urinary endoscopes are considered. A small mobile low-temperature steam and formaldehyde autoclave (Miniclave 80) is evaluated and shown to be satisfactory for this purpose as judged by a variety of relevant microbiological test pieces.", "contents": "Processing urinary endoscopes in a low-temperature steam and formaldehyde autoclave. Methods of disinfection and sterilisation of urinary endoscopes are considered. A small mobile low-temperature steam and formaldehyde autoclave (Miniclave 80) is evaluated and shown to be satisfactory for this purpose as judged by a variety of relevant microbiological test pieces.", "PMID": 557503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3098", "title": "Prediction of the reading and spelling performances of normal and retarded readers: a four-year follow-up.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the relative predictive accuracy of a number of measures employed in a 4-year longitudinal study of the neuropsychological abilities of normal and retarded readers. The results indicated that there were some very accurate predictive measures of reading and spelling achievement levels over the 4-year age span studied, and that the relative accuracy of these measures differed markedly for normal and retarded readers. Especially in the case of retarded readers, performance of the Underlining Test was a much more accurate predictor of eventual achievement levels in reading and spelling than were tests of reading, spelling, or psychometric intelligence.", "contents": "Prediction of the reading and spelling performances of normal and retarded readers: a four-year follow-up. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative predictive accuracy of a number of measures employed in a 4-year longitudinal study of the neuropsychological abilities of normal and retarded readers. The results indicated that there were some very accurate predictive measures of reading and spelling achievement levels over the 4-year age span studied, and that the relative accuracy of these measures differed markedly for normal and retarded readers. Especially in the case of retarded readers, performance of the Underlining Test was a much more accurate predictor of eventual achievement levels in reading and spelling than were tests of reading, spelling, or psychometric intelligence.", "PMID": 557504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3099", "title": "Characterization of IgC receptors of the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane: localization to subcellular fraction and effects of chemical agents and enzymes on binding.", "content": "Previous studies have established the existence of IgG receptors on the endodermal cells of the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane (YSM). The present study partially characterizes these cell-associated receptors. The specific binding of rabbit IgG (IgGR) to freshly prepared cell homogenates, nuclei-free brush border preparations, and plasma membrane-rich fractions confirms that receptor function is associated with the endodermal cell, and indicates that this function is localized on its apical brush border, specifically on its plasma membrane. The protein nature of the receptor is demonstrated by the loss of specific binding capacity after treatment of formalin-fixed YSM with papain and trypsin. Evidence has also been adduced which indicates that membrane carbohydrate is not involved in receptor function. Thus, treatment of YSM with neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, mixed glycosidases, as well as oxidation of YSM with periodate all are without effect on its capacity to bind IgGR. The interaction of IgGR with the receptor elements of formalin-fixed YSM is partially ionic in character. NaCl reversibly inhibits binding of IbGR by 60%. Divalent ions such as Ca++ are not involved in this receptor-ligand interaction since EDTA-treated YSM binds IgGR to the same extent as do controls. Receptor material on fixed YSM resists extraction by non-ionic detergents, deoxycholate, and chaotropic agents.", "contents": "Characterization of IgC receptors of the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane: localization to subcellular fraction and effects of chemical agents and enzymes on binding. Previous studies have established the existence of IgG receptors on the endodermal cells of the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane (YSM). The present study partially characterizes these cell-associated receptors. The specific binding of rabbit IgG (IgGR) to freshly prepared cell homogenates, nuclei-free brush border preparations, and plasma membrane-rich fractions confirms that receptor function is associated with the endodermal cell, and indicates that this function is localized on its apical brush border, specifically on its plasma membrane. The protein nature of the receptor is demonstrated by the loss of specific binding capacity after treatment of formalin-fixed YSM with papain and trypsin. Evidence has also been adduced which indicates that membrane carbohydrate is not involved in receptor function. Thus, treatment of YSM with neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, mixed glycosidases, as well as oxidation of YSM with periodate all are without effect on its capacity to bind IgGR. The interaction of IgGR with the receptor elements of formalin-fixed YSM is partially ionic in character. NaCl reversibly inhibits binding of IbGR by 60%. Divalent ions such as Ca++ are not involved in this receptor-ligand interaction since EDTA-treated YSM binds IgGR to the same extent as do controls. Receptor material on fixed YSM resists extraction by non-ionic detergents, deoxycholate, and chaotropic agents.", "PMID": 557507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3100", "title": "Solubilization and partial characterization of cell membrane Fc receptors.", "content": "We assayed detergent cell lysates and culture supernatant fluid of mouse cells for the presence of soluble FcR by means of a radioligand bioassay. Strict correlation was found between the amount of FcR present in soluble form and that found on intact cells. The soluble FcR of all cells tested, except mouse macrophages, behaved as lipoprotein by buoyant density centrifugation analysis and enzyme treatment. In the absence of detergent, soluble FcR sedimented as a 20S macromolecule; in detergent the material was 7 to 9S. It was readily bound by insolubilized IgG but not by insolubilized BSA or F(ab')2 fragments of IgG.", "contents": "Solubilization and partial characterization of cell membrane Fc receptors. We assayed detergent cell lysates and culture supernatant fluid of mouse cells for the presence of soluble FcR by means of a radioligand bioassay. Strict correlation was found between the amount of FcR present in soluble form and that found on intact cells. The soluble FcR of all cells tested, except mouse macrophages, behaved as lipoprotein by buoyant density centrifugation analysis and enzyme treatment. In the absence of detergent, soluble FcR sedimented as a 20S macromolecule; in detergent the material was 7 to 9S. It was readily bound by insolubilized IgG but not by insolubilized BSA or F(ab')2 fragments of IgG.", "PMID": 557508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3101", "title": "Modulation of macrophage C3b receptor function by cytochalasin-sensitive structures.", "content": "A quantitative rosette assay was employed in order to determine if through pharmacologic probes we could gain an insight into the nature of the interaction between C3b-coated particles and the macrophage C3b receptor. Rabbit alveolar macrophage monolayers were challenged with chromium-labeled, complement-coated (via cold agglutinin) human erythrocytes (HEC3b) and the per cent of bound counts determined in the distilled water lysate. With this assay system in which ingestion is negligible, the cytochalasins (A greater than E greater than D greater than B) produced the most marked inhibition of rosette formation compared to control treated monolayers. No agent examined produced consistent augmentation. Cytochalasin A at 10(-5), 10(-6), and 10(-7) M inhibited rosette formation by 77+/- 2, 44 +/- 4 and 15 +/- 7 (S.E.), per cent, respectively. Cytochalasin E was also markedly inhibitory, Cytochalasins B and D produced approximately 30% inhibition at 10(-5) M. The cytochalasin effect was not secondary to an interaction between these agents and complement-sensitized erythrocytes, although cytochalasin E was also able to reduce erythrocyte-bouund C3b reactivity. Cytochalasin A and E modulation of the macrophage C3b reactivity occurred within a few minutes and was only slightly reversible. Cytochalasins A and E could also disrupt performed rosettes but the effect was not as pronounced as when these agents were present before and/or during the actual adherence phenomenon. Vinblastine and colchicine (10(-5) and 10(-6) M) also produced significant inhibition of rosette formation, although the magnitude of the effect was less than that for cytochalasins A and E. Further characterization of the vinblastine and colchicine effect demonstrated that the inhibition was rapid, irreversible over a 60-min incubation, and not explained by an alteration in macrophage attachment or in HEC3b reactivity. Agents producing insignificant inhibition of rosette formation included the following: dibutyryl cAMP and cAMP agonists (PGE1, theophylline), 8-bromo cGMP and cGMP agonists (carbachol, asorbic acid), dimethylsulfoxide, heparin, ethanol, dextran sulfate, DEAE-dextran, and poly-L-lysine. The data suggest that cytochalasin, vinblastine and colchicine sensitive membrane structures, most likely microfilaments and microtubules, are important in the interaction of C3b-coated particles with the macrophage C3b receptor.", "contents": "Modulation of macrophage C3b receptor function by cytochalasin-sensitive structures. A quantitative rosette assay was employed in order to determine if through pharmacologic probes we could gain an insight into the nature of the interaction between C3b-coated particles and the macrophage C3b receptor. Rabbit alveolar macrophage monolayers were challenged with chromium-labeled, complement-coated (via cold agglutinin) human erythrocytes (HEC3b) and the per cent of bound counts determined in the distilled water lysate. With this assay system in which ingestion is negligible, the cytochalasins (A greater than E greater than D greater than B) produced the most marked inhibition of rosette formation compared to control treated monolayers. No agent examined produced consistent augmentation. Cytochalasin A at 10(-5), 10(-6), and 10(-7) M inhibited rosette formation by 77+/- 2, 44 +/- 4 and 15 +/- 7 (S.E.), per cent, respectively. Cytochalasin E was also markedly inhibitory, Cytochalasins B and D produced approximately 30% inhibition at 10(-5) M. The cytochalasin effect was not secondary to an interaction between these agents and complement-sensitized erythrocytes, although cytochalasin E was also able to reduce erythrocyte-bouund C3b reactivity. Cytochalasin A and E modulation of the macrophage C3b reactivity occurred within a few minutes and was only slightly reversible. Cytochalasins A and E could also disrupt performed rosettes but the effect was not as pronounced as when these agents were present before and/or during the actual adherence phenomenon. Vinblastine and colchicine (10(-5) and 10(-6) M) also produced significant inhibition of rosette formation, although the magnitude of the effect was less than that for cytochalasins A and E. Further characterization of the vinblastine and colchicine effect demonstrated that the inhibition was rapid, irreversible over a 60-min incubation, and not explained by an alteration in macrophage attachment or in HEC3b reactivity. Agents producing insignificant inhibition of rosette formation included the following: dibutyryl cAMP and cAMP agonists (PGE1, theophylline), 8-bromo cGMP and cGMP agonists (carbachol, asorbic acid), dimethylsulfoxide, heparin, ethanol, dextran sulfate, DEAE-dextran, and poly-L-lysine. The data suggest that cytochalasin, vinblastine and colchicine sensitive membrane structures, most likely microfilaments and microtubules, are important in the interaction of C3b-coated particles with the macrophage C3b receptor.", "PMID": 557509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3102", "title": "Zinc protoporphyrin level in blood determined by a portable hematofluorometer: a screening device for lead poisoning.", "content": "An inexpensive portable fluorometer has been designed which can be used to determine the concentration of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in a drop of unprocessed blood deposited on a disposable glass slide. No volume measurement of the blood sample need be made. The instrument displays the ZPP level in micrograms per deciliter of blood accurately and reproducibly, automatically calibrating each determination by comparing the blood fluorescence with that of a stable dye. The instrument, which we call a hematofluorometer, is ideally suited for use in primary screening for childhood and occupational lead intoxication. It can be used by public health personnel after a few minutes of instruction. Comparisons of ZPP levels obtained with the use of the hematofluorometer with erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels obtained using accepted extraction methods are presented.", "contents": "Zinc protoporphyrin level in blood determined by a portable hematofluorometer: a screening device for lead poisoning. An inexpensive portable fluorometer has been designed which can be used to determine the concentration of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in a drop of unprocessed blood deposited on a disposable glass slide. No volume measurement of the blood sample need be made. The instrument displays the ZPP level in micrograms per deciliter of blood accurately and reproducibly, automatically calibrating each determination by comparing the blood fluorescence with that of a stable dye. The instrument, which we call a hematofluorometer, is ideally suited for use in primary screening for childhood and occupational lead intoxication. It can be used by public health personnel after a few minutes of instruction. Comparisons of ZPP levels obtained with the use of the hematofluorometer with erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels obtained using accepted extraction methods are presented.", "PMID": 557519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3103", "title": "Dissimilarity of in vitro colon-forming cells and erythrocyte-enhanced colony-forming cells from mouse marrow.", "content": "In vitro colony-forming cells (CFU-C's) differed from erythrocyte-enhanced colony-forming cells (EE-CFU-C's) in their liquid culture kinetics, adherence properties, and sedimentation velocities. Murine marrow cells stimulated with colony-stimulating activity (CSA) were grown in liquid culture in the presence or absence of washed erythrocytes. A seven to eightfold increase in the number of CFU-C's occurred on day 2 of culture. A somewhat greater increase of nine to 11-fold was observed for EE-CFU-C's which reached a maximum on day 4. When CSA was omitted from the liquid cultures, no increase in CFU-C's or EE-CFU-C's was observed. Marrow cell separation by glass bead adherence columns disclosed a greater degree of adherence for the EE-CFU-C population. Nonadherent cell fractions exhibited a decreased EE-CFU-C/CFU-C ratio (1.19 to 1.24) when compared to controls (3.33) whereas an increase was observed for the eluted, adherent cell population (5.06-6.02). Velocity sedimentation experiments demonstrated a size difference for the marrow-derived CFU-C and EE-CFU-C. CFU-C's sedimented with a velocity of 4.5 mm./hour and EE-CFU-C's sedimented at the rate of 5.7 mm./hour. These observations indicate that EE-CFU-C's appear to represent a population of cells different from the CFU-C's. The later time of peak appearance of EE-CFU-C's in liquid culture suggests that the EE-CFU-C may be a progeny of the CFU-C.", "contents": "Dissimilarity of in vitro colon-forming cells and erythrocyte-enhanced colony-forming cells from mouse marrow. In vitro colony-forming cells (CFU-C's) differed from erythrocyte-enhanced colony-forming cells (EE-CFU-C's) in their liquid culture kinetics, adherence properties, and sedimentation velocities. Murine marrow cells stimulated with colony-stimulating activity (CSA) were grown in liquid culture in the presence or absence of washed erythrocytes. A seven to eightfold increase in the number of CFU-C's occurred on day 2 of culture. A somewhat greater increase of nine to 11-fold was observed for EE-CFU-C's which reached a maximum on day 4. When CSA was omitted from the liquid cultures, no increase in CFU-C's or EE-CFU-C's was observed. Marrow cell separation by glass bead adherence columns disclosed a greater degree of adherence for the EE-CFU-C population. Nonadherent cell fractions exhibited a decreased EE-CFU-C/CFU-C ratio (1.19 to 1.24) when compared to controls (3.33) whereas an increase was observed for the eluted, adherent cell population (5.06-6.02). Velocity sedimentation experiments demonstrated a size difference for the marrow-derived CFU-C and EE-CFU-C. CFU-C's sedimented with a velocity of 4.5 mm./hour and EE-CFU-C's sedimented at the rate of 5.7 mm./hour. These observations indicate that EE-CFU-C's appear to represent a population of cells different from the CFU-C's. The later time of peak appearance of EE-CFU-C's in liquid culture suggests that the EE-CFU-C may be a progeny of the CFU-C.", "PMID": 557520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3104", "title": "An analysis of specific stimuli causing the release of prolactin and growth hormone at milking in the goat.", "content": "Experiments to investigate the relative importance of the tactile, conditioned and possible metabolic components of the milking stimulus on the release of prolactin and growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary of the goat are described. A comparison of the hormonal responses to milking the auto-transplanted mammary gland (i.e. denervated gland) with that obtained by milking the intact mammary gland of the same goat showed that the concentration of prolactin in the plasma increased only after milking the intact gland, whereas in two out of four goats an increase in plasma GH was detected several minutes after milking the transplanted gland. In the intact animal significantly more prolactin (P less than 0-01) was released in response to milking both teats for 6 min as compared with that released by milking only one teat for the same time. No significant difference (P less than 0-1) was found for GH. Similar quantities of prolactin and GH were released by goats milked when conscious or under anaesthesia. A comparison of the hormonal responses to teat stimulation in the same anaesthetized goats with and without the removal of milk from the mammary gland showed a significant reduction (P less than 0-001) in the quantity of prolactin and GH released in the absence of milk removal. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of specific stimuli causing the release of prolactin and growth hormone at milking in the goat. Experiments to investigate the relative importance of the tactile, conditioned and possible metabolic components of the milking stimulus on the release of prolactin and growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary of the goat are described. A comparison of the hormonal responses to milking the auto-transplanted mammary gland (i.e. denervated gland) with that obtained by milking the intact mammary gland of the same goat showed that the concentration of prolactin in the plasma increased only after milking the intact gland, whereas in two out of four goats an increase in plasma GH was detected several minutes after milking the transplanted gland. In the intact animal significantly more prolactin (P less than 0-01) was released in response to milking both teats for 6 min as compared with that released by milking only one teat for the same time. No significant difference (P less than 0-1) was found for GH. Similar quantities of prolactin and GH were released by goats milked when conscious or under anaesthesia. A comparison of the hormonal responses to teat stimulation in the same anaesthetized goats with and without the removal of milk from the mammary gland showed a significant reduction (P less than 0-001) in the quantity of prolactin and GH released in the absence of milk removal. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 557526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3105", "title": "[Androgen binding in human plasma and its physiological significance (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature on the determination and the meaning of androgen binding to plasma proteins is reviewed. Because of the high affinity for the active androgens the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is of considerable importance. The blood level of this globulin varies according to sex, age, medicamentation and pathological conditions. The influence of protein binding on the metabolism and mechanism of action of androgens is discussed and the hypotheses of several authors are compared.", "contents": "[Androgen binding in human plasma and its physiological significance (author's transl)]. The literature on the determination and the meaning of androgen binding to plasma proteins is reviewed. Because of the high affinity for the active androgens the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is of considerable importance. The blood level of this globulin varies according to sex, age, medicamentation and pathological conditions. The influence of protein binding on the metabolism and mechanism of action of androgens is discussed and the hypotheses of several authors are compared.", "PMID": 557527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3106", "title": "Activation of hamster eggs by pricking.", "content": "When mature unfertilized eggs of the golden hamster were picked with a glass needle, nearly 80% of them were activated. The diameter of needle was of critical importance for the successful induction of activation. It appeared that extracellular calcium was not necessary for the establishment (reception) of stimulation by pricking but was necessary for later phases of activation. The possible mechanisms by which pricking with a needle triggers the activation of the egg were compared with the mechanisms by which divalent ionophore induces activation.", "contents": "Activation of hamster eggs by pricking. When mature unfertilized eggs of the golden hamster were picked with a glass needle, nearly 80% of them were activated. The diameter of needle was of critical importance for the successful induction of activation. It appeared that extracellular calcium was not necessary for the establishment (reception) of stimulation by pricking but was necessary for later phases of activation. The possible mechanisms by which pricking with a needle triggers the activation of the egg were compared with the mechanisms by which divalent ionophore induces activation.", "PMID": 557528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3107", "title": "Stages in the post-hatching development of Aplysia californica.", "content": "In order to study the development of the nervous system of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, it is necessary objectively to assess the maturity of individual specimens. This can be done by defining stages in the life cycle. The post-hatching development can be divided into four phases: planktonic, metamorphic, juvenile, and adult. These phases can be further subdivided into 13 stages on the basis of behavioral and morphological characteristics visible in living specimens: Stage 1, newly hatched; Stage 2, eyes develop; Stage 3, the larval heart beats; Stage 4, maximum shell size is reached; Stage 5, the propodium develops; Stage 6, red spots appear; Stage 7, the velum is shed; Stage 8, eyebrows appear; Stage 9, pink color develops; Stage 10, white spots appear; Stage 11, rhinophores grow; Stage 12, the genital groove forms; Stage 13, egg laying begins. Reconstructions from serial sections taken from specimens fixed at each of these stages reveal the sequence of formation of the major organ systems. The nervous system develops gradually. The cerebral and pedal ganglia are present at Stage 1, the optic ganglia develop at Stage 2, the abdominal, pleural, and osphradial ganglia at Stage 3, the buccal ganglia at Stage 5, and the genital ganglion at Stage 13. Because Aplysia develops gradually, it is possible to analyze the contribution which gastropod torsion makes to the different phases of the life cycle. The Aplysia embryo undergoes 120 degrees torsion prior to Stage 1. The major visceral organs, the digestive system, heart, gill, and visceral nervous system, develop sybsequently in their post-torsional positions. After metamorphosis, there is a partial de-torsion which involves only the digestive system. Torsion of the digestive system may therefore be beneficial only to the pre-metamorphic larva, and not to the postmetamorphic juvenile.", "contents": "Stages in the post-hatching development of Aplysia californica. In order to study the development of the nervous system of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, it is necessary objectively to assess the maturity of individual specimens. This can be done by defining stages in the life cycle. The post-hatching development can be divided into four phases: planktonic, metamorphic, juvenile, and adult. These phases can be further subdivided into 13 stages on the basis of behavioral and morphological characteristics visible in living specimens: Stage 1, newly hatched; Stage 2, eyes develop; Stage 3, the larval heart beats; Stage 4, maximum shell size is reached; Stage 5, the propodium develops; Stage 6, red spots appear; Stage 7, the velum is shed; Stage 8, eyebrows appear; Stage 9, pink color develops; Stage 10, white spots appear; Stage 11, rhinophores grow; Stage 12, the genital groove forms; Stage 13, egg laying begins. Reconstructions from serial sections taken from specimens fixed at each of these stages reveal the sequence of formation of the major organ systems. The nervous system develops gradually. The cerebral and pedal ganglia are present at Stage 1, the optic ganglia develop at Stage 2, the abdominal, pleural, and osphradial ganglia at Stage 3, the buccal ganglia at Stage 5, and the genital ganglion at Stage 13. Because Aplysia develops gradually, it is possible to analyze the contribution which gastropod torsion makes to the different phases of the life cycle. The Aplysia embryo undergoes 120 degrees torsion prior to Stage 1. The major visceral organs, the digestive system, heart, gill, and visceral nervous system, develop sybsequently in their post-torsional positions. After metamorphosis, there is a partial de-torsion which involves only the digestive system. Torsion of the digestive system may therefore be beneficial only to the pre-metamorphic larva, and not to the postmetamorphic juvenile.", "PMID": 557529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3108", "title": "Renal excretion of chlorphenol red and related organic acids in the intact flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus.", "content": "Renal clearance experiments were performed on unanesthetized winter flounder from which bladder urine was collected continuously and caudal vein blood was sampled periodically; renal tissue was also obtained terminally for comparison of test organic acid content in vivo and after incubation in vitro. Urine flow rates and inulin U/P (urine to plasma concentration) ratios were relatively constant for a given fish and averaged 1.0 ml/hr X kg fish and 2.6, respectively. In contrast, U/P ratios for all three test acids cycled from minima of near 100 to maxima of over 1000 roughly every 24 hr when plasma concentrations of unbound acid were below 1 micron; correction of plasma protein binding was required in the case of chlorphenol red, but not PAH or Diodrast. Both in vivo and in vitro the organic acid content of renal tissue was intermediate between plasma and urine concentrations. These results demonstrate that kidneys of intact flounder exhibit the remarkable concentrative capacity for exogenous organic acids previously observed with isolated tubules and suggest that the tubular urine concentration is established in two steps by cell transport first at the peritubular and second at the luminal membrane. The anterior kidney position and the magnitude of maximal PAH and Diodrast clearances, about 1000 ml/hr X kg flounder, are consistent with most of the cardiac output returning to the heart through the renal portal circulation; a regulatory shunt bypassing the peritubular capillaries is proposed to explain cycling of organic acid clearances to minimal values.", "contents": "Renal excretion of chlorphenol red and related organic acids in the intact flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Renal clearance experiments were performed on unanesthetized winter flounder from which bladder urine was collected continuously and caudal vein blood was sampled periodically; renal tissue was also obtained terminally for comparison of test organic acid content in vivo and after incubation in vitro. Urine flow rates and inulin U/P (urine to plasma concentration) ratios were relatively constant for a given fish and averaged 1.0 ml/hr X kg fish and 2.6, respectively. In contrast, U/P ratios for all three test acids cycled from minima of near 100 to maxima of over 1000 roughly every 24 hr when plasma concentrations of unbound acid were below 1 micron; correction of plasma protein binding was required in the case of chlorphenol red, but not PAH or Diodrast. Both in vivo and in vitro the organic acid content of renal tissue was intermediate between plasma and urine concentrations. These results demonstrate that kidneys of intact flounder exhibit the remarkable concentrative capacity for exogenous organic acids previously observed with isolated tubules and suggest that the tubular urine concentration is established in two steps by cell transport first at the peritubular and second at the luminal membrane. The anterior kidney position and the magnitude of maximal PAH and Diodrast clearances, about 1000 ml/hr X kg flounder, are consistent with most of the cardiac output returning to the heart through the renal portal circulation; a regulatory shunt bypassing the peritubular capillaries is proposed to explain cycling of organic acid clearances to minimal values.", "PMID": 557530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3109", "title": "The angioblastic meningioma: a reappraisal of the nosological problem. Light-, electron-microscopic, tissue, and organ culture observations.", "content": "The validity of the concept of the angioblastic meningioma, now in dispute, was reexamined by reviewing 79 meningeal and angioblastic tumors of the central nervous system and by comparing the fine structural characteristics and in vitro evolution of 2 typical meningiomas and 1 intracranial hemangiopericytoma. While most tumors show the consistent features of either hemangiopericytoma or hemangioblastoma, there exist transitional forms between these tumors and typical meningioma. There is also a greater degree of morphological overlap at the electron microscopic level than has been recognized up till now. In view of these findings the concept of the angioblastic meningioma deserves to be retained as a generic term to include craniospinal hemangiopericytomas and transitional forms between hemangiopericytoma, hemangioblastoma and classic meningioma. It is postulated that all these tumors share a common origin from polyblastic mesenchymal cells originating in or derived from the meninges.", "contents": "The angioblastic meningioma: a reappraisal of the nosological problem. Light-, electron-microscopic, tissue, and organ culture observations. The validity of the concept of the angioblastic meningioma, now in dispute, was reexamined by reviewing 79 meningeal and angioblastic tumors of the central nervous system and by comparing the fine structural characteristics and in vitro evolution of 2 typical meningiomas and 1 intracranial hemangiopericytoma. While most tumors show the consistent features of either hemangiopericytoma or hemangioblastoma, there exist transitional forms between these tumors and typical meningioma. There is also a greater degree of morphological overlap at the electron microscopic level than has been recognized up till now. In view of these findings the concept of the angioblastic meningioma deserves to be retained as a generic term to include craniospinal hemangiopericytomas and transitional forms between hemangiopericytoma, hemangioblastoma and classic meningioma. It is postulated that all these tumors share a common origin from polyblastic mesenchymal cells originating in or derived from the meninges.", "PMID": 557532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3110", "title": "Comparison of toadfish-serum competitive binding and microbiologic assays of vitamin B12.", "content": "Toadfish serum (TFS) offers several advantages over other proteins as the binder in a competitive-binding assay for vitamin B12. It is unaffected by pH changes in the range 5.6-9.4 or by the addition of human serum albumin. Prolonged incubation with charcoal does not disrupt the TFS-cyanocobalamin bond, and the addition of albumin as a protein source in the standard tubes was proven unnecessary. The binding capacity of TFS does not increase significantly with increasing concentrations of cyanocobalamin as does the binding capacity of intrinsic factor, normal serum, or transcobalamin I. A single extract was prepared from each of 44 sera and measured for vitamin B12 content simultaneously by the TFS assay and the conventional microbiologic method using Lactobacillus leichmannii. The values obtained with TFS were in each instance higher than those obtained by the microbiologic assay (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Comparison of toadfish-serum competitive binding and microbiologic assays of vitamin B12. Toadfish serum (TFS) offers several advantages over other proteins as the binder in a competitive-binding assay for vitamin B12. It is unaffected by pH changes in the range 5.6-9.4 or by the addition of human serum albumin. Prolonged incubation with charcoal does not disrupt the TFS-cyanocobalamin bond, and the addition of albumin as a protein source in the standard tubes was proven unnecessary. The binding capacity of TFS does not increase significantly with increasing concentrations of cyanocobalamin as does the binding capacity of intrinsic factor, normal serum, or transcobalamin I. A single extract was prepared from each of 44 sera and measured for vitamin B12 content simultaneously by the TFS assay and the conventional microbiologic method using Lactobacillus leichmannii. The values obtained with TFS were in each instance higher than those obtained by the microbiologic assay (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 557533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3111", "title": "Comparative contributions of dietary protein quality and quantity to growth during gestation, lactation and postweaning in the rat.", "content": "The growth promotion by feeding purified diets containing 25%, 12% or 7% of either casein or wheat gluten (W.G.) and the supplementation value of adding cystine to the low casein diets, and lysine or lysine plus threonine to the wheat gluten diets ascertained in rats by comparing the weight achieved at birth, after 3 weeks suckling or 4 weeks postweaning. Birth weight was depressed by 30% with 7% casein; by 20% with 7% W.G.; by 15% with 25% W.G. compared to controls and there was no change when lysine alone was added to 7% W.G. Addition of lysine plus threonine to 7% W.G., lysine to 25% W.G. and cystine to 7% casein increased birth weight. The weight gain of dams reflected birth weight of pups in most cases. Weaning weight was depressed by 60% with either 12% casein or 12% W.G., and by 40% with 25% W.G. compared to controls. Addition of cystine to 12% casein and lysine to 25% W.G. increased the weaning weight slightly. Addition of lysine, lysine plus threonine or lysine plus glutamic acid (G.A.) to 12% W.G. had no effect on weaning weight. Maternal weight loss was decreased by amino acid supplementation of the diet. Four-week postweaning body weight was equal to the control when cystine was added to 12% casein and lysine was added to 25% W.G. Addition of lysine to 12% W.G. improved the growth rate, and addition of lysine plus threonine further improved the growth rate. Food intake was not decreased by protein deficiency during gestation. Food intake was significantly lowered by protein deficiency during both lactation and postweaning, however, supplementation of amino acid partially restored food intake to normal levels.", "contents": "Comparative contributions of dietary protein quality and quantity to growth during gestation, lactation and postweaning in the rat. The growth promotion by feeding purified diets containing 25%, 12% or 7% of either casein or wheat gluten (W.G.) and the supplementation value of adding cystine to the low casein diets, and lysine or lysine plus threonine to the wheat gluten diets ascertained in rats by comparing the weight achieved at birth, after 3 weeks suckling or 4 weeks postweaning. Birth weight was depressed by 30% with 7% casein; by 20% with 7% W.G.; by 15% with 25% W.G. compared to controls and there was no change when lysine alone was added to 7% W.G. Addition of lysine plus threonine to 7% W.G., lysine to 25% W.G. and cystine to 7% casein increased birth weight. The weight gain of dams reflected birth weight of pups in most cases. Weaning weight was depressed by 60% with either 12% casein or 12% W.G., and by 40% with 25% W.G. compared to controls. Addition of cystine to 12% casein and lysine to 25% W.G. increased the weaning weight slightly. Addition of lysine, lysine plus threonine or lysine plus glutamic acid (G.A.) to 12% W.G. had no effect on weaning weight. Maternal weight loss was decreased by amino acid supplementation of the diet. Four-week postweaning body weight was equal to the control when cystine was added to 12% casein and lysine was added to 25% W.G. Addition of lysine to 12% W.G. improved the growth rate, and addition of lysine plus threonine further improved the growth rate. Food intake was not decreased by protein deficiency during gestation. Food intake was significantly lowered by protein deficiency during both lactation and postweaning, however, supplementation of amino acid partially restored food intake to normal levels.", "PMID": 557534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3112", "title": "Metabolic responses to prolonged fasting and subsequent refeeding in the pig.", "content": "Metabolic responses associated with prolonged fasting and subsequent refeeding of pigs were investigated. Fasting for 14 or 28 days produced significant increases in serum levels of alanine, aspartic and glutamic acid in the three branched-chain amino acids. Glycine, serine and lysine levels were elevated after 28 days of fasting while the levels of histidine, methionine, threonine and phenylalanine were reduced. Fasting markedly stimulated hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis and the activity of the urea cycle enzymes. Fatty acid synthesis and glucose oxidation were virtually abolished in hepatic and adipose tissue in pigs subjected to a 14- or 28-day fast. After the first day of refeeding, the levels of amino acids returned to the control values. The activity of the hepatic urea cycle enzymes, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase remained elevated after the first day of refeeding but returned to the control levels thereafter. The activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase were slightly enhanced in pigs refed for 4 and 8 days. The activity of these enzymes in adipose tissue was enhanced 8 days after refeeding. Hepatic synthesis of fatty acids from glucose was slightly stimulated in refed pigs on days 4 and 8 but returned to control values on day 16. Refeeding did not enhance glucose incorporation into fatty acids in adipose tissue above the values observed in fed controls.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to prolonged fasting and subsequent refeeding in the pig. Metabolic responses associated with prolonged fasting and subsequent refeeding of pigs were investigated. Fasting for 14 or 28 days produced significant increases in serum levels of alanine, aspartic and glutamic acid in the three branched-chain amino acids. Glycine, serine and lysine levels were elevated after 28 days of fasting while the levels of histidine, methionine, threonine and phenylalanine were reduced. Fasting markedly stimulated hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis and the activity of the urea cycle enzymes. Fatty acid synthesis and glucose oxidation were virtually abolished in hepatic and adipose tissue in pigs subjected to a 14- or 28-day fast. After the first day of refeeding, the levels of amino acids returned to the control values. The activity of the hepatic urea cycle enzymes, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase remained elevated after the first day of refeeding but returned to the control levels thereafter. The activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase were slightly enhanced in pigs refed for 4 and 8 days. The activity of these enzymes in adipose tissue was enhanced 8 days after refeeding. Hepatic synthesis of fatty acids from glucose was slightly stimulated in refed pigs on days 4 and 8 but returned to control values on day 16. Refeeding did not enhance glucose incorporation into fatty acids in adipose tissue above the values observed in fed controls.", "PMID": 557535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3113", "title": "Diurnal periodicity of uridine uptake by Hymenolepis diminuta.", "content": "A diurnal pattern in the uptake of uridine was displayed by the rat cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. No periodicity in the uptake of uracil was observed over a 48-hr period. A high level of uridine uptake occurred at 6 PM. when 10-day-old worms were in a posterior location in the intestine of rats maintained on a 6 PM.-6 AM. dark cycle-feeding regime, while low levels of uptake were correlated with an anteriad location at 6 AM. The lowest levels of uridine uptake were recorded at noon. Coincubation with thymine caused a stimulation of uridine uptake at midnight, 6 AM., and noon when uridine's transport rate in the absence of thymine was low. Stimulation was not demonstrable when uridine's transport rate was at its highest at 6 PM. Preincubation with uridine did not alter the diurnal uridine uptake pattern. This diurnal phenomenon is an important consideration essential to future studies on transport in parasitic and other organisms.", "contents": "Diurnal periodicity of uridine uptake by Hymenolepis diminuta. A diurnal pattern in the uptake of uridine was displayed by the rat cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. No periodicity in the uptake of uracil was observed over a 48-hr period. A high level of uridine uptake occurred at 6 PM. when 10-day-old worms were in a posterior location in the intestine of rats maintained on a 6 PM.-6 AM. dark cycle-feeding regime, while low levels of uptake were correlated with an anteriad location at 6 AM. The lowest levels of uridine uptake were recorded at noon. Coincubation with thymine caused a stimulation of uridine uptake at midnight, 6 AM., and noon when uridine's transport rate in the absence of thymine was low. Stimulation was not demonstrable when uridine's transport rate was at its highest at 6 PM. Preincubation with uridine did not alter the diurnal uridine uptake pattern. This diurnal phenomenon is an important consideration essential to future studies on transport in parasitic and other organisms.", "PMID": 557541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3114", "title": "A model for the kinetics of distribution of actinomycin-D in the beagle dog.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic model is presented for the distribution of actinomycin-D in the beagle dog. A simple, flow-limited model provides good simulations of the data at doses of 0.6 mg/m2 (0.03 mg/kg) and 2.7 mg/m2 (0.135 mg/kg) for most normal tissues. This implies that uptake of actinomycin-D in vivo is limited by tissue blood flow rate rather than by cell permeability. However, uptake by the testes is restricted by a blood-testis barrier, and a linear membrane-limited model is required to simulate the testis data. Linear binding of actinomycin-D to tissue is suggested by the fact that tissue concentrations are proportional to dose at least up to the lethal dose in dogs. The binding is also rapid and reversible as indicated by the tissue concentration curves which are parallel to the time course of the declining plasma curves.", "contents": "A model for the kinetics of distribution of actinomycin-D in the beagle dog. A pharmacokinetic model is presented for the distribution of actinomycin-D in the beagle dog. A simple, flow-limited model provides good simulations of the data at doses of 0.6 mg/m2 (0.03 mg/kg) and 2.7 mg/m2 (0.135 mg/kg) for most normal tissues. This implies that uptake of actinomycin-D in vivo is limited by tissue blood flow rate rather than by cell permeability. However, uptake by the testes is restricted by a blood-testis barrier, and a linear membrane-limited model is required to simulate the testis data. Linear binding of actinomycin-D to tissue is suggested by the fact that tissue concentrations are proportional to dose at least up to the lethal dose in dogs. The binding is also rapid and reversible as indicated by the tissue concentration curves which are parallel to the time course of the declining plasma curves.", "PMID": 557542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3115", "title": "A comparison of the effects of naloxone upon body weight loss and suppression of fixed-ratio operant behavior in morphine-dependent rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to press a lever (respond) under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule for food presentation. Administration of 10 or 25 mg of naloxone (NX) per kg i.p. to drug-naive rats supressed responding whereas 1 mg of NX per kg was without effect. However, administration of 0.25 mg of NX per kg to rats which had received 10 or 15 mg of morphine sulfate per kg 48 hours previously induced small, but statistically reliable, decrements in responding. Rats implanted with one pellet containing 75 mg of morphine base displayed tolerance to the depressant effects of the morphine pellet within 2 days after implantation. A systematic study of the effects of naloxone given to morphine tolerant-dependent rats revealed good concordance between the amount of weight lost and the severity of behavioral disruption, within the same subject, after administration of the antagonist. Although 0.03 mg of NX per kg given 3 to 6 days after pellet implantation significantly suppressed responding, 0.1 mg of NX per kg was required to produce a significant reduction in body weight. Semiweekly injections of 1 mg of NX per kg continued to suppress responding up to 4 weeks after implantation of a single morphine pellet. The body weight changes were significant only up to 3 weeks after implantation. The data suggest that disruption of fixed-ratio responding is a sensitive indicator of antagonist-precipitated morphine withdrawal.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of naloxone upon body weight loss and suppression of fixed-ratio operant behavior in morphine-dependent rats. Rats were trained to press a lever (respond) under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule for food presentation. Administration of 10 or 25 mg of naloxone (NX) per kg i.p. to drug-naive rats supressed responding whereas 1 mg of NX per kg was without effect. However, administration of 0.25 mg of NX per kg to rats which had received 10 or 15 mg of morphine sulfate per kg 48 hours previously induced small, but statistically reliable, decrements in responding. Rats implanted with one pellet containing 75 mg of morphine base displayed tolerance to the depressant effects of the morphine pellet within 2 days after implantation. A systematic study of the effects of naloxone given to morphine tolerant-dependent rats revealed good concordance between the amount of weight lost and the severity of behavioral disruption, within the same subject, after administration of the antagonist. Although 0.03 mg of NX per kg given 3 to 6 days after pellet implantation significantly suppressed responding, 0.1 mg of NX per kg was required to produce a significant reduction in body weight. Semiweekly injections of 1 mg of NX per kg continued to suppress responding up to 4 weeks after implantation of a single morphine pellet. The body weight changes were significant only up to 3 weeks after implantation. The data suggest that disruption of fixed-ratio responding is a sensitive indicator of antagonist-precipitated morphine withdrawal.", "PMID": 557543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3116", "title": "Responses of intradental nerves to electrical and thermal stimulation of teeth in dogs.", "content": "1. Experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanism whereby thermal stimul excite nerves to produce pain from teeth. 2. Recordings have been made from single fibres dissected from the inferior dental nerve in dogs during thermal stimulation of the lower canine tooth. 3. In preliminary experiments, no units were found with thresholds close to the thresholds for pain in man (45 and 27 degrees C) and subsequently test stimuli of 55 degrees C, applied for up to 15 sec, and 0-5 degrees C were used. 4. Of 117 fibres tested, forty-three responded to cooling but not to heating and nine responded to heating but not to cooling. 5. By applying thermal stimuli direct to the saphenous nerve in cats, it was shown that these responses might have been due to direct excitation of nerves and not to stimulation of specialized receptors. 6. Some units responded to electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp with a latency which decreased abruptly at a critical intensity as the stimulus was increased above threshold. Evidence was obtained which suggested that this was due to branching of the fibres.", "contents": "Responses of intradental nerves to electrical and thermal stimulation of teeth in dogs. 1. Experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanism whereby thermal stimul excite nerves to produce pain from teeth. 2. Recordings have been made from single fibres dissected from the inferior dental nerve in dogs during thermal stimulation of the lower canine tooth. 3. In preliminary experiments, no units were found with thresholds close to the thresholds for pain in man (45 and 27 degrees C) and subsequently test stimuli of 55 degrees C, applied for up to 15 sec, and 0-5 degrees C were used. 4. Of 117 fibres tested, forty-three responded to cooling but not to heating and nine responded to heating but not to cooling. 5. By applying thermal stimuli direct to the saphenous nerve in cats, it was shown that these responses might have been due to direct excitation of nerves and not to stimulation of specialized receptors. 6. Some units responded to electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp with a latency which decreased abruptly at a critical intensity as the stimulus was increased above threshold. Evidence was obtained which suggested that this was due to branching of the fibres.", "PMID": 557544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3117", "title": "[Splenic arterial aneurysm rupturing into the splenic vein. A rare cause of acute fortal hypertension in the post-partum period (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the sudden onset of a clinical syndrome of acute portal hypertension in a young woman in the course of childbirth, angiography revealed a voluminous aneurysm of the splenic artery rupture into the splenic vein. Surgical treatment was successful. The authors review the main characteristics of splenic arterio-venous fistulae and discuss the physiopathological problems of portal hypertension associated with such lesions.", "contents": "[Splenic arterial aneurysm rupturing into the splenic vein. A rare cause of acute fortal hypertension in the post-partum period (author's transl)]. Following the sudden onset of a clinical syndrome of acute portal hypertension in a young woman in the course of childbirth, angiography revealed a voluminous aneurysm of the splenic artery rupture into the splenic vein. Surgical treatment was successful. The authors review the main characteristics of splenic arterio-venous fistulae and discuss the physiopathological problems of portal hypertension associated with such lesions.", "PMID": 557548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3118", "title": "Secretion and reabsorption of uterine luminal fluid in rats.", "content": "Treatment of ovariectomized rats with oestradiol-17beta and progesterone demonstrated that oestradiol-17beta causes secretion of sodium, potassium and water into the lumen of the uterine horn and that progesterone causes reabsorption of these substances.", "contents": "Secretion and reabsorption of uterine luminal fluid in rats. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with oestradiol-17beta and progesterone demonstrated that oestradiol-17beta causes secretion of sodium, potassium and water into the lumen of the uterine horn and that progesterone causes reabsorption of these substances.", "PMID": 557549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3119", "title": "Sexual behavior and plasma androgen concentrations in the male eider duck (Somateria mollissima).", "content": "Eider ducks showed clear tidal and seasonal cycles of display when involved in pair-formation behaviour. Plasma androgen (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) concentrations did not follow similar tidal  cycles but there was a 4-fold increase of androgen in spring when rates of display increased 2-fold. There was no difference in androgen levels in blood samples taken from paired birds before and after coitus. Androgens therefore appear to be essential for the expression of sexual behaviour, but there is no apparent quantitative correlation between overt sexual activity and androgen concentrations.", "contents": "Sexual behavior and plasma androgen concentrations in the male eider duck (Somateria mollissima). Eider ducks showed clear tidal and seasonal cycles of display when involved in pair-formation behaviour. Plasma androgen (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) concentrations did not follow similar tidal  cycles but there was a 4-fold increase of androgen in spring when rates of display increased 2-fold. There was no difference in androgen levels in blood samples taken from paired birds before and after coitus. Androgens therefore appear to be essential for the expression of sexual behaviour, but there is no apparent quantitative correlation between overt sexual activity and androgen concentrations.", "PMID": 557550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3120", "title": "The effects of inhibitors of energy metabolism on the growth of one-cell rabbit ova to blastocysts in vitro.", "content": "Fertilized 1-cell rabbit ova were cultured in the presence of three oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol and oligomycin), two tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle inhibitors (malonate and fluoroacetate) and one glycolytic inhibitor (2-deoxyglucose). All three oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors killed ova at the 1-cell stage and the damage caused by each was similar. Malonate was non-toxic at all concentrations whereas some concentrations of fluoroacetate stopped growth at the 1-cell stage. This toxic effect could, in some circumstances, be reversed by the presence of acetate but not of glucose. 2-Deoxyglucose blocked only the transition from morula to blastocyst, and this was prevented by the addition of glucose to the medium; pyruvate, ribose, glycerol, and L-alpha-glycerol phosphate were ineffective. An active oxidative phosphorylation system and tricarboxylic cycle appear to be present and essential in the rabbit embryo from the 1-cell stage, but glycolysis may not be essential until blastocyst formation.", "contents": "The effects of inhibitors of energy metabolism on the growth of one-cell rabbit ova to blastocysts in vitro. Fertilized 1-cell rabbit ova were cultured in the presence of three oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol and oligomycin), two tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle inhibitors (malonate and fluoroacetate) and one glycolytic inhibitor (2-deoxyglucose). All three oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors killed ova at the 1-cell stage and the damage caused by each was similar. Malonate was non-toxic at all concentrations whereas some concentrations of fluoroacetate stopped growth at the 1-cell stage. This toxic effect could, in some circumstances, be reversed by the presence of acetate but not of glucose. 2-Deoxyglucose blocked only the transition from morula to blastocyst, and this was prevented by the addition of glucose to the medium; pyruvate, ribose, glycerol, and L-alpha-glycerol phosphate were ineffective. An active oxidative phosphorylation system and tricarboxylic cycle appear to be present and essential in the rabbit embryo from the 1-cell stage, but glycolysis may not be essential until blastocyst formation.", "PMID": 557551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3121", "title": "The relationship between sexual and aggressive behaviour, and pituitary and testicular activity during the seasonal sexual cycle of rams, and the influence of photoperiod.", "content": "Six adult Soay rams were housed under artificial lighting conditions with alternating 16-week periods of long (16 h light: 8 h darkness) and short days (8L:16D) During long days the rams were reproductively quiescent: the abrupt change from long to short days induced a specific succession of responses in the reproductive system. Plasma LH and FSH levels began to increase after 2-4 weeks, followed almost immediately by a rise in plasma testosterone levels accompanied by growth of the testes. Testicular activity continued to increase during short days and the greatly elevated androgen levels apparent after 5-10 weeks caused changes in the peripheral target organs, including growth of the epididymides, development of the sexual flush on the exposed ventral skin and heightened genital sensitivity. High testosterone levels were also associated with an increase in aggressive (scored by a mechanical device) and sexual (incidence of Flehmen) behavior which was at peak about 1 month after the start of the peak androgen levels. The change to long days was associated with a decrease in plasma gonadotrophin levels within 2 weeks followed by a progressive decline in all reproductive parameters measured. Implantation of a low dose of testosterone (200 mg) during the period of reproductive quiescence induced the development of the sexual flush and an increase in genital tactile sensitivity, although behaviour was not significantly affected. The annual changes in reproductive physiology and behaviour of 12 Soay rams living under natural lighting conditions were recorded for comparison with the experimental situation. The nadir of the sexual cycle was in the spring and early summer, and the sequence of events culminating in the mating season in the autumn was similar to that induced experimentally.", "contents": "The relationship between sexual and aggressive behaviour, and pituitary and testicular activity during the seasonal sexual cycle of rams, and the influence of photoperiod. Six adult Soay rams were housed under artificial lighting conditions with alternating 16-week periods of long (16 h light: 8 h darkness) and short days (8L:16D) During long days the rams were reproductively quiescent: the abrupt change from long to short days induced a specific succession of responses in the reproductive system. Plasma LH and FSH levels began to increase after 2-4 weeks, followed almost immediately by a rise in plasma testosterone levels accompanied by growth of the testes. Testicular activity continued to increase during short days and the greatly elevated androgen levels apparent after 5-10 weeks caused changes in the peripheral target organs, including growth of the epididymides, development of the sexual flush on the exposed ventral skin and heightened genital sensitivity. High testosterone levels were also associated with an increase in aggressive (scored by a mechanical device) and sexual (incidence of Flehmen) behavior which was at peak about 1 month after the start of the peak androgen levels. The change to long days was associated with a decrease in plasma gonadotrophin levels within 2 weeks followed by a progressive decline in all reproductive parameters measured. Implantation of a low dose of testosterone (200 mg) during the period of reproductive quiescence induced the development of the sexual flush and an increase in genital tactile sensitivity, although behaviour was not significantly affected. The annual changes in reproductive physiology and behaviour of 12 Soay rams living under natural lighting conditions were recorded for comparison with the experimental situation. The nadir of the sexual cycle was in the spring and early summer, and the sequence of events culminating in the mating season in the autumn was similar to that induced experimentally.", "PMID": 557552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3122", "title": "The separation of lipoproteins from egg yolk and their effect on the motility and integrity of bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "Lipoproteins were separated by centrifugation and column chromatography and included in citrate-based semen diluents. One lipoprotein fraction was particularly effective in preventing injury to bovine spermatozoa during dilution and freezing and thawing when assessed using motility and release of hyaluronidase as criteria of cell damage. Radioactive labelling of egg-yolk lipids demonstrated that egg-yolk components remained associated with spermatozoa even after extensive washing to remove diluent. The patterns of labelling of lipids extracte from the washed spermatozoa did not indicate that particular lipids became associated with spermatozoa. Increases in the specific radioactivity of lipid extracts from washed spermatozoa lent support to the contention that lipoproteins become firmly bound to the cells.", "contents": "The separation of lipoproteins from egg yolk and their effect on the motility and integrity of bovine spermatozoa. Lipoproteins were separated by centrifugation and column chromatography and included in citrate-based semen diluents. One lipoprotein fraction was particularly effective in preventing injury to bovine spermatozoa during dilution and freezing and thawing when assessed using motility and release of hyaluronidase as criteria of cell damage. Radioactive labelling of egg-yolk lipids demonstrated that egg-yolk components remained associated with spermatozoa even after extensive washing to remove diluent. The patterns of labelling of lipids extracte from the washed spermatozoa did not indicate that particular lipids became associated with spermatozoa. Increases in the specific radioactivity of lipid extracts from washed spermatozoa lent support to the contention that lipoproteins become firmly bound to the cells.", "PMID": 557553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3123", "title": "The sexual behaviour of prenatally androgenized ewes observed in the field.", "content": "Pregnant ewes were implanted with 1 g testosterone between Days 30-80, 50-100, 70-120 or 90-140 of gestation. Treatments which began on Days 30, 50 or 70 resulted in the birth of androgenized females which failed to show regular oestrous cycles in adult life, but which exhibited patterns of male-like behaviour. This was most marked in the Day 50-100 and 70-120 groups, whereas complete masculinization of the external genitalia was confined to the Day 30-80 group. Animals in the Day 90-140 group had regular oestrous cycles although they showed slight enhancement of masculine behaviour compared to the control ewes. These results demonstrate that androgenization involves both a suppression of female behavioural patterns, and the development of male patterns; these are not mutually exclusive.", "contents": "The sexual behaviour of prenatally androgenized ewes observed in the field. Pregnant ewes were implanted with 1 g testosterone between Days 30-80, 50-100, 70-120 or 90-140 of gestation. Treatments which began on Days 30, 50 or 70 resulted in the birth of androgenized females which failed to show regular oestrous cycles in adult life, but which exhibited patterns of male-like behaviour. This was most marked in the Day 50-100 and 70-120 groups, whereas complete masculinization of the external genitalia was confined to the Day 30-80 group. Animals in the Day 90-140 group had regular oestrous cycles although they showed slight enhancement of masculine behaviour compared to the control ewes. These results demonstrate that androgenization involves both a suppression of female behavioural patterns, and the development of male patterns; these are not mutually exclusive.", "PMID": 557554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3124", "title": "Assessment of relative fertility of males (cockerels and boars) by competitive mating.", "content": "When hens were inseminated with an equal number of spermatozoa from one of 3 Leghorn (L) and one of 3 Columbian (C) cocks in the 9 possible L and C combination, a hierarchy of fertility was established based on the proportion of chicks sired by each cock. A similar hierarchy was established for 3 Duroc (D) and 3 Yorkshire (Y) boars by mating gilts in rapid succession to one D and one Y boar. A second hierarchy of fertility was established by inseminating hens with 40 x 10(6) spermatozoa from only one cock or by mating gilts to only one of the boars. The hierarchies for the cocks and boars were essentially the same for each method. Minor discrepancies were observed for males which appeared to be nearly equally fertile when used alone or in combination with another male. After homospermic insemination, the hierarchy of cocks was identical whether the ranking was based on the percentage of eggs fertilized or on hatchability of fertilized eggs. Similarly, the boars ranked highest in fertility by double mating had higher conception rates, higher embryonic survival rates and larger litter sizes when used alone. Heterospermic insemination and double mating appear to be more efficient and sensitive than methods of estimating fertility which depend on homospermic insemination of high or low numbers of spermatozoa, single matings or the examination of various characteristics of semen. The method of heterospermic insemination or double mating offers a simple and effective method of assessing the relative fertility of males.", "contents": "Assessment of relative fertility of males (cockerels and boars) by competitive mating. When hens were inseminated with an equal number of spermatozoa from one of 3 Leghorn (L) and one of 3 Columbian (C) cocks in the 9 possible L and C combination, a hierarchy of fertility was established based on the proportion of chicks sired by each cock. A similar hierarchy was established for 3 Duroc (D) and 3 Yorkshire (Y) boars by mating gilts in rapid succession to one D and one Y boar. A second hierarchy of fertility was established by inseminating hens with 40 x 10(6) spermatozoa from only one cock or by mating gilts to only one of the boars. The hierarchies for the cocks and boars were essentially the same for each method. Minor discrepancies were observed for males which appeared to be nearly equally fertile when used alone or in combination with another male. After homospermic insemination, the hierarchy of cocks was identical whether the ranking was based on the percentage of eggs fertilized or on hatchability of fertilized eggs. Similarly, the boars ranked highest in fertility by double mating had higher conception rates, higher embryonic survival rates and larger litter sizes when used alone. Heterospermic insemination and double mating appear to be more efficient and sensitive than methods of estimating fertility which depend on homospermic insemination of high or low numbers of spermatozoa, single matings or the examination of various characteristics of semen. The method of heterospermic insemination or double mating offers a simple and effective method of assessing the relative fertility of males.", "PMID": 557555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3125", "title": "Plasma progesterone and LH concentrations in ewes after injection of an analogue of prostaglandin F-2alpha.", "content": "Plasma progesterone and LH concentrations were monitored throughout a natural oestrous cycle in 12 Clun Forest ewes and compared to those following treatment with a single i.m. injection of 100 microng ICI 80,996, an analogoue of prostaglandin F-2alpha, given during the luteal phase of the cycle. After injection of the analogue there was a high degree of synchrony in the return of oestrus (440 +/- 1-9 h; mean +/- S.E.M.) and the timing of the LH peak (48-5 +/- 2-0 h) from injection. There were no significant differences in the plasma progesterone concentrations or in the height and duration of the preovulatory LH peak between control and treatment cycles. The technique offers the possibility of controlled ovulation in the ewe.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone and LH concentrations in ewes after injection of an analogue of prostaglandin F-2alpha. Plasma progesterone and LH concentrations were monitored throughout a natural oestrous cycle in 12 Clun Forest ewes and compared to those following treatment with a single i.m. injection of 100 microng ICI 80,996, an analogoue of prostaglandin F-2alpha, given during the luteal phase of the cycle. After injection of the analogue there was a high degree of synchrony in the return of oestrus (440 +/- 1-9 h; mean +/- S.E.M.) and the timing of the LH peak (48-5 +/- 2-0 h) from injection. There were no significant differences in the plasma progesterone concentrations or in the height and duration of the preovulatory LH peak between control and treatment cycles. The technique offers the possibility of controlled ovulation in the ewe.", "PMID": 557556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3126", "title": "Nitrones. 7. alpha-Quinoxalinyl-N-substituted nitrone 1,4-dioxides.", "content": "A series of alpha-quinoxalinyl-N-substitute nitrone 1,4-dioxides has been synthesize and evaluated as antibacterial and antiprotozoal agents. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. Of the compounds tested, alpha-(3-methyl-2-quinoxalinyl)-N-methylnitrone 1,4-dioxide (2) was the most active agent in vivo against the gram-negative and the gram-positive organisms.", "contents": "Nitrones. 7. alpha-Quinoxalinyl-N-substituted nitrone 1,4-dioxides. A series of alpha-quinoxalinyl-N-substitute nitrone 1,4-dioxides has been synthesize and evaluated as antibacterial and antiprotozoal agents. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. Of the compounds tested, alpha-(3-methyl-2-quinoxalinyl)-N-methylnitrone 1,4-dioxide (2) was the most active agent in vivo against the gram-negative and the gram-positive organisms.", "PMID": 557559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3127", "title": "Tetramisole analogues as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme involved in the resistance of neoplastic cells to 6-thiopurines.", "content": "A series of tetramisole derivatives was synthesized and tested for inhibitory activity against alkaline phosphatase which was partially purified from a murine ascitic neoplasm resistant to 6-thiopurines (Sarcoma 180/TG). These agents included derivatives substituted with halogens, CH3, or NO2 groups at either the meta or para position of the phenyl ring of tetramisole and 2,3-dehydrotetramisole. The phenyl ring of tetramisole and 2,3-dehydrotetramisole was also replaced by a naphthyl ring, and the phenyl ring of 2,3-dehydrotetramisole was substituted by a thienyl ring system. The presence of both the thiazolidine and dihydroimidazole rings of tetramisole was found to be essential for enzyme inhibitory activity. Substitution of a naphthyl for the phenyl group and dehydrogenation at the 2,3 position of the thiazolidine ring were found to significantly enhance inhibitory activity for alkaline phosphatase. Tests employing (S)-(-)-6-(4-bromophenyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole oxalate in combination with 6-thioguanine demonstrated that the inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase was capable of increasing the toxicity of 6-thioguanine to Sarcoma 180/TG cells in tissue culture.", "contents": "Tetramisole analogues as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme involved in the resistance of neoplastic cells to 6-thiopurines. A series of tetramisole derivatives was synthesized and tested for inhibitory activity against alkaline phosphatase which was partially purified from a murine ascitic neoplasm resistant to 6-thiopurines (Sarcoma 180/TG). These agents included derivatives substituted with halogens, CH3, or NO2 groups at either the meta or para position of the phenyl ring of tetramisole and 2,3-dehydrotetramisole. The phenyl ring of tetramisole and 2,3-dehydrotetramisole was also replaced by a naphthyl ring, and the phenyl ring of 2,3-dehydrotetramisole was substituted by a thienyl ring system. The presence of both the thiazolidine and dihydroimidazole rings of tetramisole was found to be essential for enzyme inhibitory activity. Substitution of a naphthyl for the phenyl group and dehydrogenation at the 2,3 position of the thiazolidine ring were found to significantly enhance inhibitory activity for alkaline phosphatase. Tests employing (S)-(-)-6-(4-bromophenyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole oxalate in combination with 6-thioguanine demonstrated that the inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase was capable of increasing the toxicity of 6-thioguanine to Sarcoma 180/TG cells in tissue culture.", "PMID": 557560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3128", "title": "4-Halovinyl- and 4-ethynyl-4-deformylpyridoxal derivatives and related analogues as potentially irreversible antagonists of vitamin B6.", "content": "Analogues of pyridoxal bearing alpha- and beta-chlorovinyl, beta-bromovinyl, butadienyl, acetyl, and 1-butenyl groups in place of the formyl group have been synthesized by subjecting 3,alpha5-di-O-benzylpyridoxal to appropriate Wittig or Grignard reactions. Similar methods yielded one-carbon homologues of pyridoxal and pyridoxol. Synthesis of the 4-ethynyl analogue of pyridoxal was achieved by dehalogenating blocked beta-halovinyl derivatives. The substituted vinyl and the ethynyl analogues were found to be active as inhibitors of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells grown in cell culture at an ID50 of 10(-5)-10(-6) M. The inhibitory activity of the 4-ethynyl analogue could be partially reversed by pyridoxal. This analogue was found to inhibit pyridoxal phosphokinase, and its 5'-phosphate was likewise found to be a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of pyridoxine-P oxidase.", "contents": "4-Halovinyl- and 4-ethynyl-4-deformylpyridoxal derivatives and related analogues as potentially irreversible antagonists of vitamin B6. Analogues of pyridoxal bearing alpha- and beta-chlorovinyl, beta-bromovinyl, butadienyl, acetyl, and 1-butenyl groups in place of the formyl group have been synthesized by subjecting 3,alpha5-di-O-benzylpyridoxal to appropriate Wittig or Grignard reactions. Similar methods yielded one-carbon homologues of pyridoxal and pyridoxol. Synthesis of the 4-ethynyl analogue of pyridoxal was achieved by dehalogenating blocked beta-halovinyl derivatives. The substituted vinyl and the ethynyl analogues were found to be active as inhibitors of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells grown in cell culture at an ID50 of 10(-5)-10(-6) M. The inhibitory activity of the 4-ethynyl analogue could be partially reversed by pyridoxal. This analogue was found to inhibit pyridoxal phosphokinase, and its 5'-phosphate was likewise found to be a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of pyridoxine-P oxidase.", "PMID": 557561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3129", "title": "Production of carcinoembryonic antigen by human prostate epithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The medium from all 16 human prostate epithelial cell cultures tested contained elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or CEA-like substance; 11 of 16 had greater than 20 ng CEA/ml. In contrast, medium from cultures of other human tissues (prostate fibroblasts, genitourinary tumors, melanoma, and nontumor tissue), as well as media controls, contained less than 1 ng CEA/ml. Results indicated that CEA determination may provide a way to identify human prostatic epithelium in culture.", "contents": "Production of carcinoembryonic antigen by human prostate epithelial cells in vitro. The medium from all 16 human prostate epithelial cell cultures tested contained elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or CEA-like substance; 11 of 16 had greater than 20 ng CEA/ml. In contrast, medium from cultures of other human tissues (prostate fibroblasts, genitourinary tumors, melanoma, and nontumor tissue), as well as media controls, contained less than 1 ng CEA/ml. Results indicated that CEA determination may provide a way to identify human prostatic epithelium in culture.", "PMID": 557568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3130", "title": "Oncogenicity of a nude mouse cell line transformed by a human papovavirus.", "content": "Primary cultures of NIH nude mouse (nu/nu) kidney cells were transformed with a human papovavirus (MMV). The transformed cell line expressed T-antigen, and MMV DNA was found to be associated with the cell DNA. When NIH nu/nu mice were inoculated with the transformed cells, they developed tumors at the injection site but failed to generate detectable levels of T-antibody. A control group of nu/+ littermates rejected the tumor inoculum but mounted an antibody response to T-antigen. It was proposed that nude mouse cells may be a suitable system to test oncogenicity of in vitro transformed cells.", "contents": "Oncogenicity of a nude mouse cell line transformed by a human papovavirus. Primary cultures of NIH nude mouse (nu/nu) kidney cells were transformed with a human papovavirus (MMV). The transformed cell line expressed T-antigen, and MMV DNA was found to be associated with the cell DNA. When NIH nu/nu mice were inoculated with the transformed cells, they developed tumors at the injection site but failed to generate detectable levels of T-antibody. A control group of nu/+ littermates rejected the tumor inoculum but mounted an antibody response to T-antigen. It was proposed that nude mouse cells may be a suitable system to test oncogenicity of in vitro transformed cells.", "PMID": 557569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3131", "title": "Reversal by vitamin A analogues (retinoids) of hyperplasia induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in mouse prostate organ cultures.", "content": "The antihyperplastic activity of beta-retinoic acid (RA) and nine synthetic analogues (retinoids) was examined in organ cultures of mouse prostate made hyperplastic by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). After 8 or 10 days, when most explants developed hyperplasia, the carcinogen was withdrawn and explants were incubated in control medium and medium containing different concentrations of a retinoid. The antimitotic activity of retinoids was compared with that of RA. Different retinoids produced variable degrees of mitotic inhibition in the hyperplastic prostate epithelium. The methylketo cyclopentenyl and 1-methoxyethyl cyclopentenyl analogues of RA were at least 50-fold more active than RA in reversing MNNG-induced hyperplasia. The trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue of RA and retinyl methyl ether were significantly more active than RA. Three analogues, N-acetyiretinylamine, retinal acetyl hydrazone, and retinal oxime, were as active as RA. The chlorotrimethylphenyl analogue showed less activity than RA, and alpha-retinyl acetate was completely devoid of mitotic inhibitory activity.", "contents": "Reversal by vitamin A analogues (retinoids) of hyperplasia induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in mouse prostate organ cultures. The antihyperplastic activity of beta-retinoic acid (RA) and nine synthetic analogues (retinoids) was examined in organ cultures of mouse prostate made hyperplastic by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). After 8 or 10 days, when most explants developed hyperplasia, the carcinogen was withdrawn and explants were incubated in control medium and medium containing different concentrations of a retinoid. The antimitotic activity of retinoids was compared with that of RA. Different retinoids produced variable degrees of mitotic inhibition in the hyperplastic prostate epithelium. The methylketo cyclopentenyl and 1-methoxyethyl cyclopentenyl analogues of RA were at least 50-fold more active than RA in reversing MNNG-induced hyperplasia. The trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue of RA and retinyl methyl ether were significantly more active than RA. Three analogues, N-acetyiretinylamine, retinal acetyl hydrazone, and retinal oxime, were as active as RA. The chlorotrimethylphenyl analogue showed less activity than RA, and alpha-retinyl acetate was completely devoid of mitotic inhibitory activity.", "PMID": 557570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3132", "title": "Lipids of rabies virus and BHK-21 cell membranes.", "content": "The lipid composition of highly purified Flury strain of rabies virus (HEP) propagated in BHK-21 cells in a chemically defined medium was observed to be 6.7% neutral lipids, 15.8% phospholipids, and 1.5% glycolipids. In the virion, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were the most abundant phospholipids, accounting for 90% of the total, and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 0.48. Uninfected BHK-21 cell membranes were obtained by nitrogen cavitation techniques and separated by density gradient centrifugation, and the membranes were assayed for purity using 5'-nucleotidase, cytochrome oxidase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activities. Lipids of the plasma membrane were enriched in cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. In contrast, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were enriched in phosphatidylcholine, but contained smaller amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. Comparison of the fatty acyl chains of virus and membranes from uninfected cells revealed the virion to have the lowest ratio of C18:1 to C18:0 (1.771), compared with values of about 3.0 for the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Total polyenoic fatty acids were enriched in the plasma membrane, whereas the virus contained higher amounts of total saturates than either of the two membrane preparations. Analysis of the polar and neutral lipid fractions as well as the acyl chain analysis suggests the virion has a lipid composition that is intermiediate to that of the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum and is consistent with the view that numerous viral particles are synthesized de novo by not utilizing a preexisting membrane template. From the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid of 0.48, we calculated that 1.92 X 10(5) molecules of lipid would cover 4.14 X 10(4) nm2 in the form of a bilayer. Considerations of the molecular dimensions of the rabies envelope (total surface area, 5 X 10(4) nm2) as a bilayer suggest that some penetration of lipids by envelope proteins (M and G) is necessary.", "contents": "Lipids of rabies virus and BHK-21 cell membranes. The lipid composition of highly purified Flury strain of rabies virus (HEP) propagated in BHK-21 cells in a chemically defined medium was observed to be 6.7% neutral lipids, 15.8% phospholipids, and 1.5% glycolipids. In the virion, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were the most abundant phospholipids, accounting for 90% of the total, and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 0.48. Uninfected BHK-21 cell membranes were obtained by nitrogen cavitation techniques and separated by density gradient centrifugation, and the membranes were assayed for purity using 5'-nucleotidase, cytochrome oxidase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activities. Lipids of the plasma membrane were enriched in cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. In contrast, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were enriched in phosphatidylcholine, but contained smaller amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. Comparison of the fatty acyl chains of virus and membranes from uninfected cells revealed the virion to have the lowest ratio of C18:1 to C18:0 (1.771), compared with values of about 3.0 for the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Total polyenoic fatty acids were enriched in the plasma membrane, whereas the virus contained higher amounts of total saturates than either of the two membrane preparations. Analysis of the polar and neutral lipid fractions as well as the acyl chain analysis suggests the virion has a lipid composition that is intermiediate to that of the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum and is consistent with the view that numerous viral particles are synthesized de novo by not utilizing a preexisting membrane template. From the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid of 0.48, we calculated that 1.92 X 10(5) molecules of lipid would cover 4.14 X 10(4) nm2 in the form of a bilayer. Considerations of the molecular dimensions of the rabies envelope (total surface area, 5 X 10(4) nm2) as a bilayer suggest that some penetration of lipids by envelope proteins (M and G) is necessary.", "PMID": 557573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3133", "title": "[A report on ocusert (author's transl)].", "content": "The fourth communication on the Ocular Therapeutic System Ocusert (Alza Corp., Palo Alto/Calif.; Federal Republic of Germany: Chemie Gr\u00fcnenthal, Stolberg) deals with experiences of a 24 months follow-up study as well as with the results of an omission test. From the diurnal curves carried out over 24 months, and the regression curves the conclusion can be drawn that the continuous application of pilocarpine has not led either to clinically recognisable changes in morphological structures or to a noticeable decreasing sensitivity to the drug so far. The omission test performed with placebo units shows the effect of intraocular pressure reduction remains reversible.", "contents": "[A report on ocusert (author's transl)]. The fourth communication on the Ocular Therapeutic System Ocusert (Alza Corp., Palo Alto/Calif.; Federal Republic of Germany: Chemie Gr\u00fcnenthal, Stolberg) deals with experiences of a 24 months follow-up study as well as with the results of an omission test. From the diurnal curves carried out over 24 months, and the regression curves the conclusion can be drawn that the continuous application of pilocarpine has not led either to clinically recognisable changes in morphological structures or to a noticeable decreasing sensitivity to the drug so far. The omission test performed with placebo units shows the effect of intraocular pressure reduction remains reversible.", "PMID": 557700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3134", "title": "[The immunological characterization and isoelectric focusing of water-soluble proteins in the lens related to aging (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunelectrophoresis, antigen/antibody crossed electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing are applied to characterize lens crystallins. Using isoelectric focusing alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins are determined in bovine lens nucleus and equator. The data obtained are compared with those of rat and human lenses. In these three species a disappearance of specific beta- and gamma-crystallin components is observed depending on age. Further, the presence of crystallins is demonstrated in cornea and vitreous body.", "contents": "[The immunological characterization and isoelectric focusing of water-soluble proteins in the lens related to aging (author's transl)]. Immunelectrophoresis, antigen/antibody crossed electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing are applied to characterize lens crystallins. Using isoelectric focusing alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins are determined in bovine lens nucleus and equator. The data obtained are compared with those of rat and human lenses. In these three species a disappearance of specific beta- and gamma-crystallin components is observed depending on age. Further, the presence of crystallins is demonstrated in cornea and vitreous body.", "PMID": 557701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3135", "title": "[Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy--malignant neoplasia or hyperimmune reaction? (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients have been observed which exhibited the features of the so called immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. The histological and clinical findings allow to distinguish the disease from both the malignant lymphomas and other forms of benign pseudolymphomas. The most important clinical features are severe general symptoms, generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin rash and a variety of abnormal reactions in the B-cell system such as hypergammaglobulinaemia, a transient positive Coombs test and the appearance of plasma cells in the peripheral blood. Evidence for a neoplastic nature of the disease is lacking. Nevertheless, the course of the disease may be progressive and fatal, but spontaneous remissions and subsequent relapses have also been essential part of the therapeutic strategy. Immunosupressants such as corticosteroids may have a positive effect in cases with immunological complications.", "contents": "[Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy--malignant neoplasia or hyperimmune reaction? (author's transl)]. Six patients have been observed which exhibited the features of the so called immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. The histological and clinical findings allow to distinguish the disease from both the malignant lymphomas and other forms of benign pseudolymphomas. The most important clinical features are severe general symptoms, generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin rash and a variety of abnormal reactions in the B-cell system such as hypergammaglobulinaemia, a transient positive Coombs test and the appearance of plasma cells in the peripheral blood. Evidence for a neoplastic nature of the disease is lacking. Nevertheless, the course of the disease may be progressive and fatal, but spontaneous remissions and subsequent relapses have also been essential part of the therapeutic strategy. Immunosupressants such as corticosteroids may have a positive effect in cases with immunological complications.", "PMID": 557703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3136", "title": "Effects of Aspiculuris tetraptera dn Syphacia obvelata on exploratory behavior of an inbred mouse strain.", "content": "Sixty C57BL/6 male mice were treated with an anthelmintic for 2 weeks to free them of pinworms. They were then divided into six groups. Two groups were infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera, two groups with Syphacia obvelata, and two groups were left uninfected as controls. At intervals of 2 and 4 weeks after infection, the mice were tested for exploratory activity in a barriered field apparatus. Following the second test, each mouse was necropsied to determine presence of nematodes and to estimate worm burdens. Statistical analysis showed significant depression of exploratory activity in mice harboring S obvelata. No significant depression was found in those harboring A tetraptera.", "contents": "Effects of Aspiculuris tetraptera dn Syphacia obvelata on exploratory behavior of an inbred mouse strain. Sixty C57BL/6 male mice were treated with an anthelmintic for 2 weeks to free them of pinworms. They were then divided into six groups. Two groups were infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera, two groups with Syphacia obvelata, and two groups were left uninfected as controls. At intervals of 2 and 4 weeks after infection, the mice were tested for exploratory activity in a barriered field apparatus. Following the second test, each mouse was necropsied to determine presence of nematodes and to estimate worm burdens. Statistical analysis showed significant depression of exploratory activity in mice harboring S obvelata. No significant depression was found in those harboring A tetraptera.", "PMID": 557704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3137", "title": "Heat dissipation biorhythms of laboratory animals.", "content": "Body heat dissipation rates were determined in greyhound and beagle dogs, the rabbit, and the rat. Each group of animals was confined in standard cages in a controlled environment room maintained under conditions of 24 degrees C, 50% relative humidity, and fixed ventilation rats. Food and water were available ad libitum. Heat dissipation rates were determined for each group and normalized to an individual animal basis. The ratio of actual heat dissipation to standard metabolic rate, the metabolic heat ratio, was 2.01+/-0.18 for the greyhound, 1.98+/-0.03 for the beagle, 2.66+/-0.20 for the rabbit, and 1.95+/-0.13 for the rat. For each species, the ratio displayed a 24-hour cyclic pattern in which four contiguous maximum values differed significantly from four contiguous minimum values. The ratios of maximum values to minimum values were between 1.54 and 1.75.", "contents": "Heat dissipation biorhythms of laboratory animals. Body heat dissipation rates were determined in greyhound and beagle dogs, the rabbit, and the rat. Each group of animals was confined in standard cages in a controlled environment room maintained under conditions of 24 degrees C, 50% relative humidity, and fixed ventilation rats. Food and water were available ad libitum. Heat dissipation rates were determined for each group and normalized to an individual animal basis. The ratio of actual heat dissipation to standard metabolic rate, the metabolic heat ratio, was 2.01+/-0.18 for the greyhound, 1.98+/-0.03 for the beagle, 2.66+/-0.20 for the rabbit, and 1.95+/-0.13 for the rat. For each species, the ratio displayed a 24-hour cyclic pattern in which four contiguous maximum values differed significantly from four contiguous minimum values. The ratios of maximum values to minimum values were between 1.54 and 1.75.", "PMID": 557705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3138", "title": "Morbidity and mortality in a closed foxhound breeding colony.", "content": "A 3-year mortality and morbidity survey was conducted in a research foxhound breeding colony. Its purpose was to identify specific problem areas for further study and rectification. Three-hundred and thirty-nine litters (2,872 puppies) were whelped. Seventeen percent (17.4%) of the puppies died before weaning and 4.0% died between weaning and 30 weeks of age. Major puppy losses (55.6% of the total mortality) occurred during the 1st week after birth. The majority of deaths during this period was attributable to stillbirth, immaturity or runting, trauma and congenital abnormalities. The predominant causes of death thereafter were pneumonia, malnutrition, and gastrointestinal disease. The most frequent causes of morbidity among puppies were respiratory disease, anorexia and dehydration, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal disease. These entities were most commonly observed during the 2 weeks before and after weaning at 6 weeks of age. Clinical disease problems among breeding stock were few and were easily resolved. Fighting and infections of the skin and ear canals constituted 75.5% of the cases observed.", "contents": "Morbidity and mortality in a closed foxhound breeding colony. A 3-year mortality and morbidity survey was conducted in a research foxhound breeding colony. Its purpose was to identify specific problem areas for further study and rectification. Three-hundred and thirty-nine litters (2,872 puppies) were whelped. Seventeen percent (17.4%) of the puppies died before weaning and 4.0% died between weaning and 30 weeks of age. Major puppy losses (55.6% of the total mortality) occurred during the 1st week after birth. The majority of deaths during this period was attributable to stillbirth, immaturity or runting, trauma and congenital abnormalities. The predominant causes of death thereafter were pneumonia, malnutrition, and gastrointestinal disease. The most frequent causes of morbidity among puppies were respiratory disease, anorexia and dehydration, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal disease. These entities were most commonly observed during the 2 weeks before and after weaning at 6 weeks of age. Clinical disease problems among breeding stock were few and were easily resolved. Fighting and infections of the skin and ear canals constituted 75.5% of the cases observed.", "PMID": 557706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3139", "title": "Nursery rearing of infant monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for toxicity studies.", "content": "At birth, nine infant male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) weighed an average of 402 g and 16 infant female cynomolgus monkeys weighed an average of 362 g. Both female and male infants last 15-20 g by the fourth day after birth. Female and male infants showed a growth rate of approximately 4 and 5 g body wt/day, respectively, from 4 to 150 days of age. Caloric intake increased from approximately 140 cal/gkg body weight/day in both females and males on the first day after birth to peak values of 325 and 290 cal/kg body weight/day in females and males, respectively, and subsequently declined to about 200 cal/kg/day in males and 250 cal/kg/day for females. Total calories consumed per day increased from 53 cal/day in females and 68 cal/day in males to approximately 200 cal/day after 60 days of age in both females and males. Erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin values decreased from birth to 2 weeks of age, then stabilized. An increase in lymphocyte count, with a concomitant decrease in mature neutrophils, was observed from birth to 6 weeks of age. \"Temper fits\" and certain aggressive behavioral signs were observed as early as 3-4 days after birth, and infants began to develop social orders as early as the 30-40th day. Behavioral abnormalities frequently seen in infants reared in isolation were not observed.", "contents": "Nursery rearing of infant monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for toxicity studies. At birth, nine infant male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) weighed an average of 402 g and 16 infant female cynomolgus monkeys weighed an average of 362 g. Both female and male infants last 15-20 g by the fourth day after birth. Female and male infants showed a growth rate of approximately 4 and 5 g body wt/day, respectively, from 4 to 150 days of age. Caloric intake increased from approximately 140 cal/gkg body weight/day in both females and males on the first day after birth to peak values of 325 and 290 cal/kg body weight/day in females and males, respectively, and subsequently declined to about 200 cal/kg/day in males and 250 cal/kg/day for females. Total calories consumed per day increased from 53 cal/day in females and 68 cal/day in males to approximately 200 cal/day after 60 days of age in both females and males. Erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin values decreased from birth to 2 weeks of age, then stabilized. An increase in lymphocyte count, with a concomitant decrease in mature neutrophils, was observed from birth to 6 weeks of age. \"Temper fits\" and certain aggressive behavioral signs were observed as early as 3-4 days after birth, and infants began to develop social orders as early as the 30-40th day. Behavioral abnormalities frequently seen in infants reared in isolation were not observed.", "PMID": 557707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3140", "title": "CO2 laser as a clinical tool in otolaryngology.", "content": "The CO2 laser has been used in a variety of lesions for two and one half years in areas other than the larynx. These lesions include viral papillomas, leukoplakias and erosive lichen planus in various otolaryngological sites. Laser therapy is compared with other modalities of treatment for similar lesions and the advantages and disadvantages of this type treatment is evaluated.", "contents": "CO2 laser as a clinical tool in otolaryngology. The CO2 laser has been used in a variety of lesions for two and one half years in areas other than the larynx. These lesions include viral papillomas, leukoplakias and erosive lichen planus in various otolaryngological sites. Laser therapy is compared with other modalities of treatment for similar lesions and the advantages and disadvantages of this type treatment is evaluated.", "PMID": 557714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3141", "title": "The nonpolar egg wax lipids of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (canestrini).", "content": "About 40% of the lipids of the egg wax of Boophilus microplus are nonpolar and comprise hydrocarbons (10%) and wax esters (90%). The hydrocarbon fraction is 87% unbranched alkanes, the major components being n-nonadecane (10.8%), n-eicosane (12.1%), and n-heneicosane (9.8%). This fraction also contains 2,4,6-cholestatriene (4.6%). The majority of the acids are branched (77%) the major components being 12-methyl-tetradecanoic (16.3%) and branched hexadecanoic acids (28%). The major alcohols are n26:0 (20.4%), n28:0 (47.3%) and n36:0 (18.2%). A steroid possibly 2,4,6-cholestatrien-25-ol (5.6%), is also present.", "contents": "The nonpolar egg wax lipids of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (canestrini). About 40% of the lipids of the egg wax of Boophilus microplus are nonpolar and comprise hydrocarbons (10%) and wax esters (90%). The hydrocarbon fraction is 87% unbranched alkanes, the major components being n-nonadecane (10.8%), n-eicosane (12.1%), and n-heneicosane (9.8%). This fraction also contains 2,4,6-cholestatriene (4.6%). The majority of the acids are branched (77%) the major components being 12-methyl-tetradecanoic (16.3%) and branched hexadecanoic acids (28%). The major alcohols are n26:0 (20.4%), n28:0 (47.3%) and n36:0 (18.2%). A steroid possibly 2,4,6-cholestatrien-25-ol (5.6%), is also present.", "PMID": 557717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3142", "title": "Serum prolactin levels in normal women and in women with disorders of menstruation.", "content": "The mean (+/-SD) serum prolactin (PRL) level of 78 normal premenopausal women was 10-6+/-3-0 ng/ml, and this was significantly different from that of post-menopausal women (8-2+/-4-0 ng/ml) and women taking combined oral contraceptive preparations (12-2+/-4-0 ng/ml). No significant differences were found between follicular and luteal phase PRL levels. Serum PRL levels higher than the ranges given above were found in 31 of 87 patients with secondary amenorrhoea and two of 41 patients with oligomenorrhoea. Nine of the 33 patients with hyperprolactinaemia did not have galactorrhoea. Only two of the patients with hyperprolactinaemia had pituitary tumours evident on skull X-ray films. Serum PRL levels were of value in predicting the likely success in achieving ovulation with clomiphene citrate or CB-154; clomiphene citrate was less likely to be successful in the presence of hyperprolactinaemia, whereas the reverse applied for treatment with CB-154.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels in normal women and in women with disorders of menstruation. The mean (+/-SD) serum prolactin (PRL) level of 78 normal premenopausal women was 10-6+/-3-0 ng/ml, and this was significantly different from that of post-menopausal women (8-2+/-4-0 ng/ml) and women taking combined oral contraceptive preparations (12-2+/-4-0 ng/ml). No significant differences were found between follicular and luteal phase PRL levels. Serum PRL levels higher than the ranges given above were found in 31 of 87 patients with secondary amenorrhoea and two of 41 patients with oligomenorrhoea. Nine of the 33 patients with hyperprolactinaemia did not have galactorrhoea. Only two of the patients with hyperprolactinaemia had pituitary tumours evident on skull X-ray films. Serum PRL levels were of value in predicting the likely success in achieving ovulation with clomiphene citrate or CB-154; clomiphene citrate was less likely to be successful in the presence of hyperprolactinaemia, whereas the reverse applied for treatment with CB-154.", "PMID": 557719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3143", "title": "The changing clinical presentation of coeliac disease in adults.", "content": "A diagnosis of coeliac disease was confirmed in 57 patients referred to a gastroenterology clinic over a 5 1/2-year period. Although diarrhoea was present in two-thirds of the patients, this was the major symptom leading to referral in less than half of them. When present, diarrhoea was usually intermittent and frequently not typical of steatorrhoea. Symptoms were of less than six months' duration in half the patients, but a review of the past and family history strongly indicated the possibility of coeliac disease in 39 of the 57 patients. A high spontaneous abortion rate during pregnancy was noted. The frequent absence of the classical features of malabsorption, diarrhoea with typical steatorrhoea and chronic debility was noted. All screening tests for malabsorption were found to be unreliable and their routine use was rarely justified. A random serum folate and carotene assay proved as valuable as more expensive and troublesome tests. It is stressed that in any case in which there is a clinical suspicion of this diagnosis, a small intestinal biopsy should be undertaken.", "contents": "The changing clinical presentation of coeliac disease in adults. A diagnosis of coeliac disease was confirmed in 57 patients referred to a gastroenterology clinic over a 5 1/2-year period. Although diarrhoea was present in two-thirds of the patients, this was the major symptom leading to referral in less than half of them. When present, diarrhoea was usually intermittent and frequently not typical of steatorrhoea. Symptoms were of less than six months' duration in half the patients, but a review of the past and family history strongly indicated the possibility of coeliac disease in 39 of the 57 patients. A high spontaneous abortion rate during pregnancy was noted. The frequent absence of the classical features of malabsorption, diarrhoea with typical steatorrhoea and chronic debility was noted. All screening tests for malabsorption were found to be unreliable and their routine use was rarely justified. A random serum folate and carotene assay proved as valuable as more expensive and troublesome tests. It is stressed that in any case in which there is a clinical suspicion of this diagnosis, a small intestinal biopsy should be undertaken.", "PMID": 557720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3144", "title": "Malformations in infants of very low birth weight.", "content": "The incidence of lethal, serious and trivial malformations was determined in a consecutive series of 675 infants who weightd 1500 g or less (very low birth weight infants). All patients were born in one maternity hospital. Most of the 169 survivors were followed until at least five years of age. Of these children, 15 had a trivial malformation that either disappeared spontaneously or was corrected surgically. A further five children have a significant or serious residual defect. There were 506 perinatal and infant deaths and 51 of the babies who died had malformations confirmed at necropsy. In 30 of these, death was inevitable. There were 10 seriously malformed infants for whom survival was possible, but in six cases, the diagnosis was obvious at birth. The patients were treated between 1966 and 1970 when techniques of intensive care were evolving. Consequently, some of the infants who died would have survived with the treatment now available. Amongst the perinatal deaths in this report, only 2.0% had a serious malformation compatible with survival.", "contents": "Malformations in infants of very low birth weight. The incidence of lethal, serious and trivial malformations was determined in a consecutive series of 675 infants who weightd 1500 g or less (very low birth weight infants). All patients were born in one maternity hospital. Most of the 169 survivors were followed until at least five years of age. Of these children, 15 had a trivial malformation that either disappeared spontaneously or was corrected surgically. A further five children have a significant or serious residual defect. There were 506 perinatal and infant deaths and 51 of the babies who died had malformations confirmed at necropsy. In 30 of these, death was inevitable. There were 10 seriously malformed infants for whom survival was possible, but in six cases, the diagnosis was obvious at birth. The patients were treated between 1966 and 1970 when techniques of intensive care were evolving. Consequently, some of the infants who died would have survived with the treatment now available. Amongst the perinatal deaths in this report, only 2.0% had a serious malformation compatible with survival.", "PMID": 557721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3145", "title": "5'-Terminal structure and mRNA stability.", "content": "Reovirus mRNAs with 5'terminal m7GpppGm or GpppG are more stable than mRNA containing unblocked ppG 5'-ends when injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes or incubated in cell-free protein synthesising extracts of wheat germ and mouse L cells. The greater stability of mRNA with blocked 5' termini is not dependent upon translation but seems to result from protection against 5'-exonucleolytic degradation.", "contents": "5'-Terminal structure and mRNA stability. Reovirus mRNAs with 5'terminal m7GpppGm or GpppG are more stable than mRNA containing unblocked ppG 5'-ends when injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes or incubated in cell-free protein synthesising extracts of wheat germ and mouse L cells. The greater stability of mRNA with blocked 5' termini is not dependent upon translation but seems to result from protection against 5'-exonucleolytic degradation.", "PMID": 557727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3146", "title": "[Dimer-X in the intracranial subarachnoid space - electrocorticographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "As a sequel to our first report, we are now presenting the results of the ECoG examination of the rats in about 15 min. after injecting Dimer-X into their cisternae magnae. The injection of 28% iodine Dimer-X into the cisterna magna causes the multiple bursts of spikes, but the occurrence is less frequent when the low concentration of Dimer-X are injected. The ECoGs show occurence of a few spikes with the premedication of Valium or Decadron, and very few spikes are seen on the ECoG, when Valium and Decadron are given as a premedication. From these results as seen on ECoG, we conclude that during Dimer-X ventriculography lw concentration of Dimer-X should be used with premedication of Valium and Decadron.", "contents": "[Dimer-X in the intracranial subarachnoid space - electrocorticographic study (author's transl)]. As a sequel to our first report, we are now presenting the results of the ECoG examination of the rats in about 15 min. after injecting Dimer-X into their cisternae magnae. The injection of 28% iodine Dimer-X into the cisterna magna causes the multiple bursts of spikes, but the occurrence is less frequent when the low concentration of Dimer-X are injected. The ECoGs show occurence of a few spikes with the premedication of Valium or Decadron, and very few spikes are seen on the ECoG, when Valium and Decadron are given as a premedication. From these results as seen on ECoG, we conclude that during Dimer-X ventriculography lw concentration of Dimer-X should be used with premedication of Valium and Decadron.", "PMID": 557732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3147", "title": "[Clinical study on penetration of antibiotics into cerebrospinal fluid (second report),-Study on intravenous administration of sodium cephalothin with mannitol solution (author's transl)].", "content": "Penetration of Sodium Cephalothin (CET) into CSF follwing intravenous administration was studied in 23 patients with intracranial diseases excluding inflammation and severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. 1) After intravenous injection of 2 g of CET, ventricular CSF was obtained in 4 cases. All these 4 cases showed CET concentration in CSF to be below 0.1 mcg/ml. 2) After intravenous injection of 2 g of CET, lumbar CSF was obtained in 6 cases. In two cases out of these 6 cases, CET concentration in CSF was higher than 0.7 mcg/ml. 3) In 13 cases 2 g of CET with 200ml of 20% Mannitol was injected intravenously and lumbar CSF was examined. CET concentrations in CSF between 0.7 mcg/ml and 6.0 mcg/ml were observed in 9 cases of this group. 4) According to the results it is strongly suggested that the administration of Monnitol and CET is very effective for penetration of CET into CSF.", "contents": "[Clinical study on penetration of antibiotics into cerebrospinal fluid (second report),-Study on intravenous administration of sodium cephalothin with mannitol solution (author's transl)]. Penetration of Sodium Cephalothin (CET) into CSF follwing intravenous administration was studied in 23 patients with intracranial diseases excluding inflammation and severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. 1) After intravenous injection of 2 g of CET, ventricular CSF was obtained in 4 cases. All these 4 cases showed CET concentration in CSF to be below 0.1 mcg/ml. 2) After intravenous injection of 2 g of CET, lumbar CSF was obtained in 6 cases. In two cases out of these 6 cases, CET concentration in CSF was higher than 0.7 mcg/ml. 3) In 13 cases 2 g of CET with 200ml of 20% Mannitol was injected intravenously and lumbar CSF was examined. CET concentrations in CSF between 0.7 mcg/ml and 6.0 mcg/ml were observed in 9 cases of this group. 4) According to the results it is strongly suggested that the administration of Monnitol and CET is very effective for penetration of CET into CSF.", "PMID": 557733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3148", "title": "[A case of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "A 45-year-old man suddenly developed right hemiparesis and aphasia during work and lost conciousness next day, when he was admitted to us. Lumbar puncture showed bloody C.S.F. with the initial pressure of 220 mm H2O. Physical examination revealed hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Cerebral angiogram revealed an arteriovenous malformation in the left frontoparietal-parasagittal region and a saccular aneurysm at the left internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction. In addition, the existence of putaminal hematoma was suspected on account of the displacement of the left anterior cerebral artery and the left lenticulostriate arteries. On the fourth day after admission his consciousness returned and the right hemiparesis gradually improved. One month later the disappearance of the displacement of the anterior cerebral artery was demonstrated by cerebral angiogram. A frontoparietal craniotomy was done and no hematoma was found around the arteriovenous malformation and the basis of the aneurysm did not adhere to the temporal lobe. Taking these findings into consideration, it is presumed that the hematoma in putaminal region was due to neither arteriovenous malformation nor aneurysm but was a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.", "contents": "[A case of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm (author's transl)]. A 45-year-old man suddenly developed right hemiparesis and aphasia during work and lost conciousness next day, when he was admitted to us. Lumbar puncture showed bloody C.S.F. with the initial pressure of 220 mm H2O. Physical examination revealed hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Cerebral angiogram revealed an arteriovenous malformation in the left frontoparietal-parasagittal region and a saccular aneurysm at the left internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction. In addition, the existence of putaminal hematoma was suspected on account of the displacement of the left anterior cerebral artery and the left lenticulostriate arteries. On the fourth day after admission his consciousness returned and the right hemiparesis gradually improved. One month later the disappearance of the displacement of the anterior cerebral artery was demonstrated by cerebral angiogram. A frontoparietal craniotomy was done and no hematoma was found around the arteriovenous malformation and the basis of the aneurysm did not adhere to the temporal lobe. Taking these findings into consideration, it is presumed that the hematoma in putaminal region was due to neither arteriovenous malformation nor aneurysm but was a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.", "PMID": 557734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3149", "title": "[Dural arteriovenous malformation in posterior fossa treated with artificial embolization using a liquid silicon rubber, phycon (author's transl)].", "content": "Many cases of dural arteriovenous malformation have been reported recently. However, the surgical treatment for these diseases has not been established yet. We propose a new method of treatment on this peculiar vascular diseases, that is one of the artificial embolizations; A catheter is inserted into feeding artery, from which liquid silicon rubber, Phycon, is injected. The rubber is hardened in the vascular net-work. It can not pass into drainer because of its viscosity. Therefore the malformation never develope again. We tried this new method on 46-year-old woman, who suffered from subarachnoidal bleeding, tinnitus and headache. The left common carotid and vertebral angiography revealed dural arteriovenous malformation in posterior fossa (Fig. 1); the feeding arteries of which were middle meningeal arteries, occipital artery, and tentorial artery, etc; the drainers were transverse and sigmoid sinuses. We treated for this case with above-mentioned method; The liquid plastic of 1 - 2 ml injected into each of the main feeding arteries, namely two middle meningeal arteries and occipital artery. Postoperative angiograms revealed this technic was convenient and sufficient for the treatment of dural arteriovenous malformations (Fig. 7).", "contents": "[Dural arteriovenous malformation in posterior fossa treated with artificial embolization using a liquid silicon rubber, phycon (author's transl)]. Many cases of dural arteriovenous malformation have been reported recently. However, the surgical treatment for these diseases has not been established yet. We propose a new method of treatment on this peculiar vascular diseases, that is one of the artificial embolizations; A catheter is inserted into feeding artery, from which liquid silicon rubber, Phycon, is injected. The rubber is hardened in the vascular net-work. It can not pass into drainer because of its viscosity. Therefore the malformation never develope again. We tried this new method on 46-year-old woman, who suffered from subarachnoidal bleeding, tinnitus and headache. The left common carotid and vertebral angiography revealed dural arteriovenous malformation in posterior fossa (Fig. 1); the feeding arteries of which were middle meningeal arteries, occipital artery, and tentorial artery, etc; the drainers were transverse and sigmoid sinuses. We treated for this case with above-mentioned method; The liquid plastic of 1 - 2 ml injected into each of the main feeding arteries, namely two middle meningeal arteries and occipital artery. Postoperative angiograms revealed this technic was convenient and sufficient for the treatment of dural arteriovenous malformations (Fig. 7).", "PMID": 557735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3150", "title": "[Calcified epidural hematoma-report of a case incidentally found 16 years after head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "A calcified epidural hydroma, or old hematoma, was incidentally found in the left parietal region of a 55-year-old man presenting status epilepticus due to uremia after a lapse of 16 years following head injury. The hydroma (10x7x1.2 cm) was extirpated operatirelly. There was an extensive calcificantion in the wall, and the outer wall showed bone-like metaplasia and hemosiderin deposit. No skull fracture was discernible. The dura and the brain surface neighboring the hydroma were gloslsly normal. The patient eventually died of uremia.", "contents": "[Calcified epidural hematoma-report of a case incidentally found 16 years after head injury (author's transl)]. A calcified epidural hydroma, or old hematoma, was incidentally found in the left parietal region of a 55-year-old man presenting status epilepticus due to uremia after a lapse of 16 years following head injury. The hydroma (10x7x1.2 cm) was extirpated operatirelly. There was an extensive calcificantion in the wall, and the outer wall showed bone-like metaplasia and hemosiderin deposit. No skull fracture was discernible. The dura and the brain surface neighboring the hydroma were gloslsly normal. The patient eventually died of uremia.", "PMID": 557736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3151", "title": "[Subdural hematoma after cerebrospinal fluid shunt for hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage-report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Post-shunt subdural hematoma was found in two patients with hydrocephalus due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The first case was a 46-year-old man with two episodes of subarachnoid hemorrhage from anterior communicating aneurysm. Two weeks after neck-clipping for the aneurysm, a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt with Pudenz's system was performed since hydrocephalus with moderately increased pressure had been found. He did well for one month, then soon after mild head injury, disorientation and right hemiparesis developed. Cerebral angiogram revealed avascular space in the left parietotemporal region. After the ligation of the shunt tube, subdural hematoma was removed. The symptoms improved in two weeks. The second case was a 62-year-old man with an aneurysm at the trifurcation of the right middle cerebral artery. One month after successful clipping of the aneurysm, he received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt with Pudenz's system for normal pressur hydrocephalus. One and a half years after the operations he hit his head against the ground during his convulsive seizure. Since then, disorientation, urinary incontinence and gait disturbance appeared. After cerebral angiogram, the subdural hematoma was removed and the shunt tube was ligated. He became free of these symptoms in two weeks. The cerebrospinal fluid shunt is recommended for hydrocephalus induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage, but careful follow-up is necessary since these patients might develop post-shunt subdural hematoma, especially after head trauma as shown in our cases.", "contents": "[Subdural hematoma after cerebrospinal fluid shunt for hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage-report of two cases (author's transl)]. Post-shunt subdural hematoma was found in two patients with hydrocephalus due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The first case was a 46-year-old man with two episodes of subarachnoid hemorrhage from anterior communicating aneurysm. Two weeks after neck-clipping for the aneurysm, a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt with Pudenz's system was performed since hydrocephalus with moderately increased pressure had been found. He did well for one month, then soon after mild head injury, disorientation and right hemiparesis developed. Cerebral angiogram revealed avascular space in the left parietotemporal region. After the ligation of the shunt tube, subdural hematoma was removed. The symptoms improved in two weeks. The second case was a 62-year-old man with an aneurysm at the trifurcation of the right middle cerebral artery. One month after successful clipping of the aneurysm, he received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt with Pudenz's system for normal pressur hydrocephalus. One and a half years after the operations he hit his head against the ground during his convulsive seizure. Since then, disorientation, urinary incontinence and gait disturbance appeared. After cerebral angiogram, the subdural hematoma was removed and the shunt tube was ligated. He became free of these symptoms in two weeks. The cerebrospinal fluid shunt is recommended for hydrocephalus induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage, but careful follow-up is necessary since these patients might develop post-shunt subdural hematoma, especially after head trauma as shown in our cases.", "PMID": 557737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3152", "title": "[The association of intracranial meningioma with arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "A rate case was reported in which a brain tumor was also found in a patient who had an intracranial arteriovenous malformation and a cerebral aneurysm separately. A 56-year-old man was admitted with motor weakness and repeated convulsions in the left lower limb. Preoperative right and left carotid angiograms showed an arteriovenous malformation in the left parietal region and a left internal carotid artery aneurysm, but both the carotid angiograms and brain scintigrams could reveal no brain tumor. After the radical operation for these two lesions, pneumoencephalography, right serial carotid angiography and brain scintigraphy were performed, demonstrating a right parasagittal tumor. The tumor was totally removed and histological findings were fibrous meningioma.", "contents": "[The association of intracranial meningioma with arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm (author's transl)]. A rate case was reported in which a brain tumor was also found in a patient who had an intracranial arteriovenous malformation and a cerebral aneurysm separately. A 56-year-old man was admitted with motor weakness and repeated convulsions in the left lower limb. Preoperative right and left carotid angiograms showed an arteriovenous malformation in the left parietal region and a left internal carotid artery aneurysm, but both the carotid angiograms and brain scintigrams could reveal no brain tumor. After the radical operation for these two lesions, pneumoencephalography, right serial carotid angiography and brain scintigraphy were performed, demonstrating a right parasagittal tumor. The tumor was totally removed and histological findings were fibrous meningioma.", "PMID": 557738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3153", "title": "[Incidentally-discovered aneurysm--a report of eight cases (author's transl)].", "content": "There have been only a few reports of asymptomatic aneurysm clinically treated up to the present. The authors incidentally found eight cases of intracranial aneurysm: five cases with brain tumor, one with brain abscess and the remaining three with head injury. It may be considered that the careful observation of angiograms could reveal more asymptomatic aneurysms. The ideal treatment of aneurysm should be direct operation before rupture. But it is difficult to find out them before the onset of signs and symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage or cranial nerve involvement. The only chance of finding asymptomatic aneurysm is brought about by paying special attention to aneurysm even in angiography for other intracranial diseases such as tumors, head injuries, vascular diseases and so on. It was thus concluded that incidentally-discovered aneurysm should be directly treated if the prognosis of the original disease is thought to be good. The authors operated on four aneurysms of three patients and operative result was excellent.", "contents": "[Incidentally-discovered aneurysm--a report of eight cases (author's transl)]. There have been only a few reports of asymptomatic aneurysm clinically treated up to the present. The authors incidentally found eight cases of intracranial aneurysm: five cases with brain tumor, one with brain abscess and the remaining three with head injury. It may be considered that the careful observation of angiograms could reveal more asymptomatic aneurysms. The ideal treatment of aneurysm should be direct operation before rupture. But it is difficult to find out them before the onset of signs and symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage or cranial nerve involvement. The only chance of finding asymptomatic aneurysm is brought about by paying special attention to aneurysm even in angiography for other intracranial diseases such as tumors, head injuries, vascular diseases and so on. It was thus concluded that incidentally-discovered aneurysm should be directly treated if the prognosis of the original disease is thought to be good. The authors operated on four aneurysms of three patients and operative result was excellent.", "PMID": 557739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3154", "title": "[Spinal subdural abscess-report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A successfully treated case with a spinal subdural abscess in the lumbar region is reported. The patient, a 58-year-old male, had been suffered from fever and pain in the back for 2 months prior to the visit to a hospital, where pus was obtained through a lumbar puncture. He was then admitted to the Neurosurgical Clinic, Gunma University Hospital on September 6, 1974. On admission, neurological examination revealed an alert patient with flaccid paraparesis, sensory disturbance in bilateral lower limbs and urinary retention. Stiffness of the neck and Las\u00e8gue's sign were observed. The body temperature was 38.7 degrees C, white blood cell count 18,900/mn3, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate 118 mn per hour. Pus was again obtained from the spinal canal through a lumbar puncture between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained by a cisternal puncture was colorless clear, and the cell count was 60 WBCs/mn3, protein 154 mg/dl, and glucose 90 mg/dl. Plain roentgenograms of the spine were normal. Myelography showed a block at the level of the first thoracic vertebra, being accompanied with irregular subarachnoid defects. A lumbar laminectomy was performed on September 12, and an abscess adhering to the cauda equina was totally extirpated from the subdural space. Smear of the pus contained Gram-positive bacilli, but the culture was negative. Postoperative course was uneventful, and the neurological deficits were gradually improved. Fifteen months later, the patient could walk with a stick. A review of the available literature, including the present report, lists 14 cases with spinal subdural abscesses which have been induced via hematogenous spread. The symptomotology, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are briefly discussed. It should be emphasized that early diagnosis and emergency treatment are of choice in order to obtain an excellent operative morbidity.", "contents": "[Spinal subdural abscess-report of a case (author's transl)]. A successfully treated case with a spinal subdural abscess in the lumbar region is reported. The patient, a 58-year-old male, had been suffered from fever and pain in the back for 2 months prior to the visit to a hospital, where pus was obtained through a lumbar puncture. He was then admitted to the Neurosurgical Clinic, Gunma University Hospital on September 6, 1974. On admission, neurological examination revealed an alert patient with flaccid paraparesis, sensory disturbance in bilateral lower limbs and urinary retention. Stiffness of the neck and Las\u00e8gue's sign were observed. The body temperature was 38.7 degrees C, white blood cell count 18,900/mn3, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate 118 mn per hour. Pus was again obtained from the spinal canal through a lumbar puncture between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained by a cisternal puncture was colorless clear, and the cell count was 60 WBCs/mn3, protein 154 mg/dl, and glucose 90 mg/dl. Plain roentgenograms of the spine were normal. Myelography showed a block at the level of the first thoracic vertebra, being accompanied with irregular subarachnoid defects. A lumbar laminectomy was performed on September 12, and an abscess adhering to the cauda equina was totally extirpated from the subdural space. Smear of the pus contained Gram-positive bacilli, but the culture was negative. Postoperative course was uneventful, and the neurological deficits were gradually improved. Fifteen months later, the patient could walk with a stick. A review of the available literature, including the present report, lists 14 cases with spinal subdural abscesses which have been induced via hematogenous spread. The symptomotology, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are briefly discussed. It should be emphasized that early diagnosis and emergency treatment are of choice in order to obtain an excellent operative morbidity.", "PMID": 557740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3155", "title": "[Cerebral polyuric hyponatremia--discussion of a new syndrome with disturbance of electrolyte balance of central origin (author's transl)].", "content": "We have experienced with 50 cases of parasellar tumors, four cases of which had persistent thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, and reversible temporary hyponatremia secondary to hypernatriuresis. The mechanism of the syndrome in these four cases could not be explained by either that of the syndrome of hypernatremia or of the so-called SIADH. We tentatively named this syndrome as \"CEREBRAL POLYURIC HYPONATREMIA\" and the criteria of this syndrome as as follows: 1) persistent thirst, polydipsia polyuria, 2) reversible temporary hyponatremia secondary to hypernatriuresis, 3) exception of the following items--administration of uretic drugs, renal and adrenal dysfunction, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, overadministration of water, and poor administration of NaCl. The mechanism of this syndrome is presumed as follows: 1) compression by a tumor or surgical attack to the anterior hypothalamus, 2) disturbance of the mechanism of ADH secret-on, 3) extrasecretion of natriuretic factor possibly produced in the anterior hypthalamus, and 4) preservation of the thirst center.", "contents": "[Cerebral polyuric hyponatremia--discussion of a new syndrome with disturbance of electrolyte balance of central origin (author's transl)]. We have experienced with 50 cases of parasellar tumors, four cases of which had persistent thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, and reversible temporary hyponatremia secondary to hypernatriuresis. The mechanism of the syndrome in these four cases could not be explained by either that of the syndrome of hypernatremia or of the so-called SIADH. We tentatively named this syndrome as \"CEREBRAL POLYURIC HYPONATREMIA\" and the criteria of this syndrome as as follows: 1) persistent thirst, polydipsia polyuria, 2) reversible temporary hyponatremia secondary to hypernatriuresis, 3) exception of the following items--administration of uretic drugs, renal and adrenal dysfunction, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, overadministration of water, and poor administration of NaCl. The mechanism of this syndrome is presumed as follows: 1) compression by a tumor or surgical attack to the anterior hypothalamus, 2) disturbance of the mechanism of ADH secret-on, 3) extrasecretion of natriuretic factor possibly produced in the anterior hypthalamus, and 4) preservation of the thirst center.", "PMID": 557742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3156", "title": "[Simplfied technique of lumbar subarachnoid-peritoneal shunt (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have developed a simplified technique of lumbar subarachnoid peritoneal shunt in which the spinal tube is easily introduced through a puncture needle without doing a laminectomy. Seventeen cases of communicating hydrocephalus of various orgin have been treated by this procedure. In this paper, we reported our shunting system and the technique of precedures, and discussed the clinical results and some advantages of this method. The spinal tube is a custom made Silastic tube with small side holes 2 mm apart from each other at slanting tip located within the first 1.0 cm of the end. French No. 5 tube is available for older children and for adults, and French No. 3.6 tube for infants. Total length of the tube measures 30 cm with 4 black markers at 5 cm intervals from the tip for assisting in positioning. The puncture needle is a modified Touhey needle. Two needles different in size are prepared according to the size of the tube. Outer diameter of these needles is 2.1 mn & 1.8 mn. Our operative procedures are divided into following three steps. 1) Puncture of the lumbar subarachnoid space and insertion of the spinal tube through the needle. 2) Introduction and placement of the peritoneal tube into some point of the peritoneal cavity. Concerning to this point, we have the three candidates, namely into the Douglas pouch, the suprahepatic space, and the bursa omental cavity. 3) Connection of the spinal tube and the peritoneal catheter end. We used a kind of flushing device only in some exceptional cases, and recently, we feel that it is not so necessary for this shunting. We have employed this technique in a total of 17 cases. Eleven cases of them are adults and the other 6 cases are children less than 2 years of age. Postoperative follow up period varied from 13 months to 1 month, and all the cases except two had good result, suggesting the shunt system is working well with no evidence of complications such as low pressure syndrome or radicular irritation. Some troubles occurred in two children. One was a disconnection between the spinal and the peritoneal tube, and the other was an obstruction at the peritoneal tube end. The authors believe that our L-P shunt has several advantages as listed below, 1)Procedure is very simple, in other words, there is no need of laminectomy. 2) The entire system is short. 3) No need to pass the catheter into the brain tissue. 4) Obstruction of the spinal catheter end is very unusual. 5) Alteration of communicating hydrocepalus into non communicating one by secondary obstruction of aqueduct of Sylvius is less likely with this shunting system. 6) Siphon effect might be minimal, if present. 7) As compared to V-A shunt, severe complication like septicemia will not occur in the L-P shunt. With this simple method and good material, we hope that this L-P shunt is employed more widely for the patients with communicating hydrocephalus.", "contents": "[Simplfied technique of lumbar subarachnoid-peritoneal shunt (author's transl)]. The authors have developed a simplified technique of lumbar subarachnoid peritoneal shunt in which the spinal tube is easily introduced through a puncture needle without doing a laminectomy. Seventeen cases of communicating hydrocephalus of various orgin have been treated by this procedure. In this paper, we reported our shunting system and the technique of precedures, and discussed the clinical results and some advantages of this method. The spinal tube is a custom made Silastic tube with small side holes 2 mm apart from each other at slanting tip located within the first 1.0 cm of the end. French No. 5 tube is available for older children and for adults, and French No. 3.6 tube for infants. Total length of the tube measures 30 cm with 4 black markers at 5 cm intervals from the tip for assisting in positioning. The puncture needle is a modified Touhey needle. Two needles different in size are prepared according to the size of the tube. Outer diameter of these needles is 2.1 mn & 1.8 mn. Our operative procedures are divided into following three steps. 1) Puncture of the lumbar subarachnoid space and insertion of the spinal tube through the needle. 2) Introduction and placement of the peritoneal tube into some point of the peritoneal cavity. Concerning to this point, we have the three candidates, namely into the Douglas pouch, the suprahepatic space, and the bursa omental cavity. 3) Connection of the spinal tube and the peritoneal catheter end. We used a kind of flushing device only in some exceptional cases, and recently, we feel that it is not so necessary for this shunting. We have employed this technique in a total of 17 cases. Eleven cases of them are adults and the other 6 cases are children less than 2 years of age. Postoperative follow up period varied from 13 months to 1 month, and all the cases except two had good result, suggesting the shunt system is working well with no evidence of complications such as low pressure syndrome or radicular irritation. Some troubles occurred in two children. One was a disconnection between the spinal and the peritoneal tube, and the other was an obstruction at the peritoneal tube end. The authors believe that our L-P shunt has several advantages as listed below, 1)Procedure is very simple, in other words, there is no need of laminectomy. 2) The entire system is short. 3) No need to pass the catheter into the brain tissue. 4) Obstruction of the spinal catheter end is very unusual. 5) Alteration of communicating hydrocepalus into non communicating one by secondary obstruction of aqueduct of Sylvius is less likely with this shunting system. 6) Siphon effect might be minimal, if present. 7) As compared to V-A shunt, severe complication like septicemia will not occur in the L-P shunt. With this simple method and good material, we hope that this L-P shunt is employed more widely for the patients with communicating hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 557743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3157", "title": "[Post-shunt subdural hematoma in infants and children--analysis of eleven cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 122 hydrocephalic infants and children treated by cerebrospinal fluid shunt, post-shunt subdural hematoma was found in 11 patients in total, 8 cases with non-tumorous hydrocephalus and 3 cases with brain tumors obstructing the cerebrospinal fluid pathway. In most cases the diagnosis of subdural hematoma was delayed since signs of increased intracranial pressure were absent initially. The signs of increased intracranial pressure appeared later, when the shunted venricle collapsed and could not give any more space to the growing subdural hematoma. At this stage those cases were easily misdiagnosed as shunt dysfunction. Post-shunt subdural hematoma was apparently induced by the tear of the bridging vein or leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid into the subdural space through the torn arachnoid membrane due to over-drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, especially when the patients took the erect position. Since such a complication is not rare and difficult to be diagnosed, intensive follow-up is necessary in the post-shunt period. The precautionary measures as well as the treatment for these subdural hematoma were also discussed.", "contents": "[Post-shunt subdural hematoma in infants and children--analysis of eleven cases (author's transl)]. Out of 122 hydrocephalic infants and children treated by cerebrospinal fluid shunt, post-shunt subdural hematoma was found in 11 patients in total, 8 cases with non-tumorous hydrocephalus and 3 cases with brain tumors obstructing the cerebrospinal fluid pathway. In most cases the diagnosis of subdural hematoma was delayed since signs of increased intracranial pressure were absent initially. The signs of increased intracranial pressure appeared later, when the shunted venricle collapsed and could not give any more space to the growing subdural hematoma. At this stage those cases were easily misdiagnosed as shunt dysfunction. Post-shunt subdural hematoma was apparently induced by the tear of the bridging vein or leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid into the subdural space through the torn arachnoid membrane due to over-drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, especially when the patients took the erect position. Since such a complication is not rare and difficult to be diagnosed, intensive follow-up is necessary in the post-shunt period. The precautionary measures as well as the treatment for these subdural hematoma were also discussed.", "PMID": 557744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3158", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of the lateral ventricle tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological characteristics of intraventricular tumors were studied with special reference to differential diagnosis from paraventricular tumors by careful analysis of seven cases intraventricular tumors and five cases paraventricular tumors. As, in the radiological term, intraventricular tumors have been dividied into two groups according to their location by Bernasconi et al., seven cases intraventricular tumors reported in this paper were also divided into two groups; 1) 2 cases ependymom occupying the frontal horn and the body of lateral ventricle, 2) 4 cases meningioma and one plexus papilloma occupying the trigone and the adjucent regions. In case of tumors belonged to group 1, the filling defect showing the circumference of tumors and the associated unilateral hydrocephalus were characteristic findings on the ventriculogram, while the depression of ventricular wall was observed in paraventricular tumors. Angiographic characteristics in group 1 tumors were the splay of subependymal veins of the medial group from those of lateral group and the increased density of deep veins due to raised circulation, and these findings demonstrated in all cases of ependymoma reported here. On the other hand, in all meningiomas belonged to group 2, the hypertrophia of choridal arteries was noticed in the angiogram. Moreover, the anterior choroidal artery was shown to be divided into two branches at its plexal segments, and the tumor stain at the trigone always lied between these two branches. We named this dissociation of these two plexal branches due to tumor as \"flare sing\". This is considered to be specific finding for a trigone meningioma, and this \"flare sing\" was observed in all of our 4 cases meningioma. In two cases out of four, the inferior ventricular vein was displaced anteriorly delineating the anterior margin of the tumor. This again is considered as a sign indicating the tumor occupying the trigone and adjacent regions.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of the lateral ventricle tumor (author's transl)]. The radiological characteristics of intraventricular tumors were studied with special reference to differential diagnosis from paraventricular tumors by careful analysis of seven cases intraventricular tumors and five cases paraventricular tumors. As, in the radiological term, intraventricular tumors have been dividied into two groups according to their location by Bernasconi et al., seven cases intraventricular tumors reported in this paper were also divided into two groups; 1) 2 cases ependymom occupying the frontal horn and the body of lateral ventricle, 2) 4 cases meningioma and one plexus papilloma occupying the trigone and the adjucent regions. In case of tumors belonged to group 1, the filling defect showing the circumference of tumors and the associated unilateral hydrocephalus were characteristic findings on the ventriculogram, while the depression of ventricular wall was observed in paraventricular tumors. Angiographic characteristics in group 1 tumors were the splay of subependymal veins of the medial group from those of lateral group and the increased density of deep veins due to raised circulation, and these findings demonstrated in all cases of ependymoma reported here. On the other hand, in all meningiomas belonged to group 2, the hypertrophia of choridal arteries was noticed in the angiogram. Moreover, the anterior choroidal artery was shown to be divided into two branches at its plexal segments, and the tumor stain at the trigone always lied between these two branches. We named this dissociation of these two plexal branches due to tumor as \"flare sing\". This is considered to be specific finding for a trigone meningioma, and this \"flare sing\" was observed in all of our 4 cases meningioma. In two cases out of four, the inferior ventricular vein was displaced anteriorly delineating the anterior margin of the tumor. This again is considered as a sign indicating the tumor occupying the trigone and adjacent regions.", "PMID": 557745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3159", "title": "[The usefulnessof STA-MCA anastomosis in trapping vascular disorder (author's transl)].", "content": "Huge aneurysm taking place within the cavernous sinus or at the junction of the internal carotid artery with the ophthalmic artery must be treated by intra- and extracranial ligation of the internal carotid artery because of its anatomical specificity, if it is to be radically treated. Carotid-cavernous fistula which cannot be cured by embolization must also be treated by ligation of the internal carotid artery. However, if there is only a poor collateral circulation over the area distal to ligated portion, the operation surely incurs severe neurological deficit, so that trapping must be abandoned in such cases. Nevertheless, by establishing a bypass through anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and the middle cerebral artery, the operation can be done safely. Further, even in cases of aneurysm taking place on the cerebral main vessel in which the aneurysm must be extirpated despite the presence of an important branch shooting-off from the aneurysm, or in some other cases (sphenoidal ridge meningioma, for instance) in which total extirpation of the tumor must necessarily be associated with sacrifice of the main vessel because it is involved in the brain tumor, we think that the operation can be performed rather safely through anastomosis with the vessel to be sacrificed. Some representative examples of such cases are described, and the usefulness of anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and the middle cerebral artery in trapping of vascular disorders.", "contents": "[The usefulnessof STA-MCA anastomosis in trapping vascular disorder (author's transl)]. Huge aneurysm taking place within the cavernous sinus or at the junction of the internal carotid artery with the ophthalmic artery must be treated by intra- and extracranial ligation of the internal carotid artery because of its anatomical specificity, if it is to be radically treated. Carotid-cavernous fistula which cannot be cured by embolization must also be treated by ligation of the internal carotid artery. However, if there is only a poor collateral circulation over the area distal to ligated portion, the operation surely incurs severe neurological deficit, so that trapping must be abandoned in such cases. Nevertheless, by establishing a bypass through anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and the middle cerebral artery, the operation can be done safely. Further, even in cases of aneurysm taking place on the cerebral main vessel in which the aneurysm must be extirpated despite the presence of an important branch shooting-off from the aneurysm, or in some other cases (sphenoidal ridge meningioma, for instance) in which total extirpation of the tumor must necessarily be associated with sacrifice of the main vessel because it is involved in the brain tumor, we think that the operation can be performed rather safely through anastomosis with the vessel to be sacrificed. Some representative examples of such cases are described, and the usefulness of anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and the middle cerebral artery in trapping of vascular disorders.", "PMID": 557746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3160", "title": "[Effect of extracranial-intracranial vascular bypass formation on experimental cerebral infarction in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The middle cerebral artery was occluded at its origin via subtemporal approach by microsurgical technique in 24 dogs. In 8 of these 24 dogs, end-to-side anastomosis between the maxillary artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery (MA-MCA anastomosis) was made 4 hours after MCA occlusion. In 5 dogs, MA-MCA anastomosis was performed under microscopic control 3 weeks after MCA occlusion. Remaining 11 dogs without shunt operation were used as control animals. All the animals were clinically observed every day until sacrifice. In the control animals, common carotid angiography was performed between the 2nd and the 5th postoperative weeks. The treated animals were studied by selective external carotid angiography 2 weeks after MA-MCA anastomosis. After sacrifice, transcarotid perfusion with 10% formalin solution was carried out and the brain was carefully removed. Each brain was additionally fixed in 10% formalin, sectioned, stained and examined pathologically. Clinical evaluation in all the control animals showed mild to severe neurological deficits or death. On the other hand, the animals with patent bypass in acute stage demonstrated no neurological deficits. Gross and microscopic evaluation of the brains showed that the permanent occlusion produced a medium or large-sized infarct in the occluded MCA territory, and the patent prompt bypass usually caused no or only microscopic infarct. In the patent delayed bypass, the size of infarct seemed smaller than that in the untreated animals. No hemorrhagic infarct was found in treated animals with either prompt or delayed bypass. In general, it seemed that the animals with patent bypass fared better than untreated animals both clinically and pathologically. The experimental data suggest that reestablishment of blood flow by extra-intracranial anastomosis, particularly within 4 hours after MCA occlusion, may lead to a significant restoration of neurological function without pathological damage of the brain.", "contents": "[Effect of extracranial-intracranial vascular bypass formation on experimental cerebral infarction in dogs (author's transl)]. The middle cerebral artery was occluded at its origin via subtemporal approach by microsurgical technique in 24 dogs. In 8 of these 24 dogs, end-to-side anastomosis between the maxillary artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery (MA-MCA anastomosis) was made 4 hours after MCA occlusion. In 5 dogs, MA-MCA anastomosis was performed under microscopic control 3 weeks after MCA occlusion. Remaining 11 dogs without shunt operation were used as control animals. All the animals were clinically observed every day until sacrifice. In the control animals, common carotid angiography was performed between the 2nd and the 5th postoperative weeks. The treated animals were studied by selective external carotid angiography 2 weeks after MA-MCA anastomosis. After sacrifice, transcarotid perfusion with 10% formalin solution was carried out and the brain was carefully removed. Each brain was additionally fixed in 10% formalin, sectioned, stained and examined pathologically. Clinical evaluation in all the control animals showed mild to severe neurological deficits or death. On the other hand, the animals with patent bypass in acute stage demonstrated no neurological deficits. Gross and microscopic evaluation of the brains showed that the permanent occlusion produced a medium or large-sized infarct in the occluded MCA territory, and the patent prompt bypass usually caused no or only microscopic infarct. In the patent delayed bypass, the size of infarct seemed smaller than that in the untreated animals. No hemorrhagic infarct was found in treated animals with either prompt or delayed bypass. In general, it seemed that the animals with patent bypass fared better than untreated animals both clinically and pathologically. The experimental data suggest that reestablishment of blood flow by extra-intracranial anastomosis, particularly within 4 hours after MCA occlusion, may lead to a significant restoration of neurological function without pathological damage of the brain.", "PMID": 557747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3161", "title": "[Acute epidural hematoma with extravasation on cerebral angiogram in an infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors recently operated on a boy four years of age with acute epidural hematoma showing an extravasation on the cerebral angiogram. The hematoma (hematoma volume 125 ml) was evacuated 7 hours after the head injury. The postoperative course was quite uneventful, and he was discharged a month after surgery without any neurologic deficits. The authors reviewed the literature and found 4 cases of acute epidural hematoma with extravasations in infants and children. In all cases the operative results were good. The age incidence and frequency of occurence overall for acute epidural hematomas, extravasations on cerebral angiograms and their mechanism, and the length of time from injury to operation were also discussed. It should be emphasized that, for acute epidural hematoma in infants and children, the early diagnosis and early surgery are essential to save the patients.", "contents": "[Acute epidural hematoma with extravasation on cerebral angiogram in an infant (author's transl)]. The authors recently operated on a boy four years of age with acute epidural hematoma showing an extravasation on the cerebral angiogram. The hematoma (hematoma volume 125 ml) was evacuated 7 hours after the head injury. The postoperative course was quite uneventful, and he was discharged a month after surgery without any neurologic deficits. The authors reviewed the literature and found 4 cases of acute epidural hematoma with extravasations in infants and children. In all cases the operative results were good. The age incidence and frequency of occurence overall for acute epidural hematomas, extravasations on cerebral angiograms and their mechanism, and the length of time from injury to operation were also discussed. It should be emphasized that, for acute epidural hematoma in infants and children, the early diagnosis and early surgery are essential to save the patients.", "PMID": 557748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3162", "title": "[The tentorial meningioma fed by \"marginal tentorial artery\" arising from the external carotid artery--a case report and review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "It is well known that a Bernasconi-Cassinari artery is an important finding at diagnosis of the abnormality in tentorium. Since Bernasconi and Cassinari reported the artery in 1956, many reports have been presented and showed that the artery arose from the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. We presented a 54-year-old female with tentorial meningioma. In selective external carotid angiography, the artery feeding the tumor was revealed arising from the accessory meningeal artery, which came off the internal maxillary artery and passed into the carnium through the foramen ovale, and took the same course of \"Bernasconi-Cassinari artery\". This angiographic finding suggests that it is possible for marginal tentorial artery to arise from an external carotid arterial system. It is said in the anatomical studies, when the trunk of primitive maxillary artery which is one of maxillo-carotid anastomotic arteries in fetus regresses, \"marginal tentorial artery\" usually remains linked to the internal carotid artery. But, if this transition of \"the artery\" from the external to the internal carotid artery failed, it is easily conceived the artery results in the origin of accessory meningeal artery, a branch of the external carotid artery.", "contents": "[The tentorial meningioma fed by \"marginal tentorial artery\" arising from the external carotid artery--a case report and review of literature (author's transl)]. It is well known that a Bernasconi-Cassinari artery is an important finding at diagnosis of the abnormality in tentorium. Since Bernasconi and Cassinari reported the artery in 1956, many reports have been presented and showed that the artery arose from the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. We presented a 54-year-old female with tentorial meningioma. In selective external carotid angiography, the artery feeding the tumor was revealed arising from the accessory meningeal artery, which came off the internal maxillary artery and passed into the carnium through the foramen ovale, and took the same course of \"Bernasconi-Cassinari artery\". This angiographic finding suggests that it is possible for marginal tentorial artery to arise from an external carotid arterial system. It is said in the anatomical studies, when the trunk of primitive maxillary artery which is one of maxillo-carotid anastomotic arteries in fetus regresses, \"marginal tentorial artery\" usually remains linked to the internal carotid artery. But, if this transition of \"the artery\" from the external to the internal carotid artery failed, it is easily conceived the artery results in the origin of accessory meningeal artery, a branch of the external carotid artery.", "PMID": 557749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3163", "title": "[Spinal arteriovenous malformation fed by branches of the internal iliac artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A 51-year-old male had lumbago and intermittent progressive gait disturbance for 2 years. Finally, he could not walk due to paraparesis. Neurological examination revealed flaccid paraparesis, dysuria, constipation and sensory disturbance below the L-4 dermatome. Myelogram showed serpiginous filling defects from sacral to thoracic region suggesting spinal arteriovenous malformation. Angiogram performed by conventional selective injections into the subclavian, intercostal, and lumbar arteries demonstrated no abnormal lesions but abdominal aortogram carried out at the aortic bifurcation revealed spinal arteriovenous malformation fed by branches of the right internal iliac artery. The angiographic findings may be identified at the single coiled vessel type of Doppamn's or A-V shunt type of Saito's classification. Laminectomies were performed from Th-8 to Th-9 and Th-12 to L-2. Feeder was clipped and the drainers were partially removed. No intramedulllary extension was recognized. After one month postperatively, the patient could walk with support. Postoperative angiographic control performed by selective injections into four iliac arteries disclosed no abnormal vessels. Angiographic examinations of the spinal arteriovenous malformations are usually limited to branches of the subclavian, intercostal and lumbar arteries. But at the cauda equina or conus medullaris, anterior and posterior spinal arteries are sometimes anastomosed with medullary feeders from lateral sacral or other hypogastric arteries. Therefore, it is possible that these branches of iliac arteries may feed spinal arteriovenous malformations as seen also in the cases reported by Picard, Stein and Heindel. This report emphasizes the importance of selective iliac angiogram to demonstrate spinal arteriorvenous malformations when conventional methods fail to show lesions.", "contents": "[Spinal arteriovenous malformation fed by branches of the internal iliac artery (author's transl)]. A 51-year-old male had lumbago and intermittent progressive gait disturbance for 2 years. Finally, he could not walk due to paraparesis. Neurological examination revealed flaccid paraparesis, dysuria, constipation and sensory disturbance below the L-4 dermatome. Myelogram showed serpiginous filling defects from sacral to thoracic region suggesting spinal arteriovenous malformation. Angiogram performed by conventional selective injections into the subclavian, intercostal, and lumbar arteries demonstrated no abnormal lesions but abdominal aortogram carried out at the aortic bifurcation revealed spinal arteriovenous malformation fed by branches of the right internal iliac artery. The angiographic findings may be identified at the single coiled vessel type of Doppamn's or A-V shunt type of Saito's classification. Laminectomies were performed from Th-8 to Th-9 and Th-12 to L-2. Feeder was clipped and the drainers were partially removed. No intramedulllary extension was recognized. After one month postperatively, the patient could walk with support. Postoperative angiographic control performed by selective injections into four iliac arteries disclosed no abnormal vessels. Angiographic examinations of the spinal arteriovenous malformations are usually limited to branches of the subclavian, intercostal and lumbar arteries. But at the cauda equina or conus medullaris, anterior and posterior spinal arteries are sometimes anastomosed with medullary feeders from lateral sacral or other hypogastric arteries. Therefore, it is possible that these branches of iliac arteries may feed spinal arteriovenous malformations as seen also in the cases reported by Picard, Stein and Heindel. This report emphasizes the importance of selective iliac angiogram to demonstrate spinal arteriorvenous malformations when conventional methods fail to show lesions.", "PMID": 557750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3164", "title": "Extravasation of contrast medium during spinal angiography: a case of paraplegia.", "content": "A case of spinal cord haemangioblastoma, with paraplegia resulting from intramedullary and subarachnoid extravasation during angiography, is described.", "contents": "Extravasation of contrast medium during spinal angiography: a case of paraplegia. A case of spinal cord haemangioblastoma, with paraplegia resulting from intramedullary and subarachnoid extravasation during angiography, is described.", "PMID": 557752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3165", "title": "Muscle fiber hypotrophy with intact neuromuscular junctions. A study of a patient with congenital neuromuscular disease and ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "An infant born with severe but nonprogressive somatic and cranial muscle weakness including bilateral external ophthalmoplegia was studied with a motor-point muscle biopsy. There was a strinking generalized decrease in the size of muscle fibers (hypotrophy), most marked in the type I fibers. Many of the small fibers were immature, resembling myotubes. Neuromuscular junctions on severely hypotrophic fibers were normal with esterase staining and by ultrastructural criteria. Although these are unusual clinical and biopsy characteristics, this infant's condition bears a resemblance to two other congenital nonprogressive neuromuscular diseases:myotubular myopathy and congenital fiber type disproportion. In these conditions and in our patient, there is no primary degenerative process affecting nerve or muscle but, rather, an apparent lack of maturation of fetal muscle fibers, indicating a defective normal trophic interaction between nerve and muscle.", "contents": "Muscle fiber hypotrophy with intact neuromuscular junctions. A study of a patient with congenital neuromuscular disease and ophthalmoplegia. An infant born with severe but nonprogressive somatic and cranial muscle weakness including bilateral external ophthalmoplegia was studied with a motor-point muscle biopsy. There was a strinking generalized decrease in the size of muscle fibers (hypotrophy), most marked in the type I fibers. Many of the small fibers were immature, resembling myotubes. Neuromuscular junctions on severely hypotrophic fibers were normal with esterase staining and by ultrastructural criteria. Although these are unusual clinical and biopsy characteristics, this infant's condition bears a resemblance to two other congenital nonprogressive neuromuscular diseases:myotubular myopathy and congenital fiber type disproportion. In these conditions and in our patient, there is no primary degenerative process affecting nerve or muscle but, rather, an apparent lack of maturation of fetal muscle fibers, indicating a defective normal trophic interaction between nerve and muscle.", "PMID": 557754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3166", "title": "Elevated manganese levels associated with dementia and extrapyramidal signs.", "content": "In a patient with elevated manganese levels, dementia, and an extrapyramidal syndrome, brain biopsy showed numerous neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles typical of Alzheimer's disease. Manganese was elevated beyond toxic levels in serum, hair, urine, feces, and brain. The possible relationship of elevated manganese levels, dementia, and the extrapyramidal syndrome warrants further studies of similar cases.", "contents": "Elevated manganese levels associated with dementia and extrapyramidal signs. In a patient with elevated manganese levels, dementia, and an extrapyramidal syndrome, brain biopsy showed numerous neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles typical of Alzheimer's disease. Manganese was elevated beyond toxic levels in serum, hair, urine, feces, and brain. The possible relationship of elevated manganese levels, dementia, and the extrapyramidal syndrome warrants further studies of similar cases.", "PMID": 557755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3167", "title": "Thalamic hemorrhage: a computed tomographic-clinical correlation.", "content": "An analysis has been made of the clinical manifestations in 18 cases of hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). CT scans permitted accurate determination of the site, size, and extension of the hemorrhages. A sensorimotor hemiplegia or hemiparesis was present in all cases. Diagnostic clinical features included limitation of vertical gaze, downward deviation of the eyes, and small unreactive or sluggish pupils. All hemorrhages larger than 3.3 cm in diameter were fatal.", "contents": "Thalamic hemorrhage: a computed tomographic-clinical correlation. An analysis has been made of the clinical manifestations in 18 cases of hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). CT scans permitted accurate determination of the site, size, and extension of the hemorrhages. A sensorimotor hemiplegia or hemiparesis was present in all cases. Diagnostic clinical features included limitation of vertical gaze, downward deviation of the eyes, and small unreactive or sluggish pupils. All hemorrhages larger than 3.3 cm in diameter were fatal.", "PMID": 557756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3168", "title": "Hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis.", "content": "Autopsy in a patient with severe hyponatremia showed central pontine myelinolysis. Review of our patients with central pontine myelinolysis and those described in the English literature to data disclosed that 61 percent had documented hyponatremia. While the exact mechanism involving hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis cannot be defined, a circumstantial relationship is apparent. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize this relationship and to suggest that the possibility of central pontine myelinolysis be considered in any patient with hyponatremia and neurologic dysfunction.", "contents": "Hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis. Autopsy in a patient with severe hyponatremia showed central pontine myelinolysis. Review of our patients with central pontine myelinolysis and those described in the English literature to data disclosed that 61 percent had documented hyponatremia. While the exact mechanism involving hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis cannot be defined, a circumstantial relationship is apparent. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize this relationship and to suggest that the possibility of central pontine myelinolysis be considered in any patient with hyponatremia and neurologic dysfunction.", "PMID": 557757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3169", "title": "Evaluation of central nervous system vaccinia antibody synthesis in multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "A serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ratio method was used to determine whether elevated CSF vaccinia antibody titers in some patients with multiple sclerosis are the result of central nervous system antibody synthesis or of a leak in the blood-brain barrier. Nine of 20 multiple sclerosis patients were noted to have a depressed serum/CSF vaccinia antibody ratio and a normal ratio for poliovirus-I, an agent thought not to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. These data suggest central nervous system synthesis of vaccinia neutralizing antibody. Vaccinia virus antigens may play an important direct or indirect role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Evaluation of central nervous system vaccinia antibody synthesis in multiple sclerosis patients. A serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ratio method was used to determine whether elevated CSF vaccinia antibody titers in some patients with multiple sclerosis are the result of central nervous system antibody synthesis or of a leak in the blood-brain barrier. Nine of 20 multiple sclerosis patients were noted to have a depressed serum/CSF vaccinia antibody ratio and a normal ratio for poliovirus-I, an agent thought not to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. These data suggest central nervous system synthesis of vaccinia neutralizing antibody. Vaccinia virus antigens may play an important direct or indirect role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 557758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3170", "title": "Localization of technetium-99m diphosphonate in acutely injured muscle. Relationship to muscle calcium deposition.", "content": "In rats with experimental ischemic myopathy, there was a significant correlation (r = 0.778, p less than 0.001) between muscle uptake of technetium-99m (99mTc) diphosphonate and tissue calcium concentration. In addition, the accumulation of both calcium and 99mTc-diphosphonate in acutely injured muscles was further increased in rats with vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia. Histologic studies demonstrated staining of damaged muscle fibers with alizarin red, indicating the presence of microcrystalline or ultramicrocrystalline calcium salts. Staining of muscle fibers was most intense in the outer marginal zones of individual microscopic infarcts. Our results suggest that the uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonate in acutely damaged skeletal muscle is directly related to the deposition of calcium salts within the injured muscle fibers.", "contents": "Localization of technetium-99m diphosphonate in acutely injured muscle. Relationship to muscle calcium deposition. In rats with experimental ischemic myopathy, there was a significant correlation (r = 0.778, p less than 0.001) between muscle uptake of technetium-99m (99mTc) diphosphonate and tissue calcium concentration. In addition, the accumulation of both calcium and 99mTc-diphosphonate in acutely injured muscles was further increased in rats with vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia. Histologic studies demonstrated staining of damaged muscle fibers with alizarin red, indicating the presence of microcrystalline or ultramicrocrystalline calcium salts. Staining of muscle fibers was most intense in the outer marginal zones of individual microscopic infarcts. Our results suggest that the uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonate in acutely damaged skeletal muscle is directly related to the deposition of calcium salts within the injured muscle fibers.", "PMID": 557759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3171", "title": "Inverse cerebellum and occipital encephalocele. A dorsal fusion defect uniting the Arnold-Chiari and Dandy-Walker spectrum.", "content": "The malformation of inverse cerebellum and occipital encephalocele is situated morphologically between the Arnold-Chiari and Dandy-Walker malformations. In the three reported cases, hydrocephalus was not present, concomitant malformations of the lamina terminalis were present in two, and polymicrogyria was found in all three. The primary defect in the malformation is a complex occipital encephalocele composed of miniature hemispheres connected to the brain stem by an extension of the midbrain tectum. The cerebellar folia extend ventrally and cover the basilar artery. We propose that the encephalocele arises through the processes of overgrowth and dysraphism and thus falls into the organogenetic malformations of Yakovlev. Supporting this theory is the consistent observation of the duplicate hemispheres in the encephalocele and the hydromyelia in the examined spinal cords.", "contents": "Inverse cerebellum and occipital encephalocele. A dorsal fusion defect uniting the Arnold-Chiari and Dandy-Walker spectrum. The malformation of inverse cerebellum and occipital encephalocele is situated morphologically between the Arnold-Chiari and Dandy-Walker malformations. In the three reported cases, hydrocephalus was not present, concomitant malformations of the lamina terminalis were present in two, and polymicrogyria was found in all three. The primary defect in the malformation is a complex occipital encephalocele composed of miniature hemispheres connected to the brain stem by an extension of the midbrain tectum. The cerebellar folia extend ventrally and cover the basilar artery. We propose that the encephalocele arises through the processes of overgrowth and dysraphism and thus falls into the organogenetic malformations of Yakovlev. Supporting this theory is the consistent observation of the duplicate hemispheres in the encephalocele and the hydromyelia in the examined spinal cords.", "PMID": 557760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3172", "title": "Aspartate-taurine imbalance in dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy.", "content": "Amino acids were measured in autopsied brain from two patients who died with a dominantly inherited form of olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Neuropathologic changes found in the brain of these patients suggested a loss of cerebellar climbing fibers. The contents of aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and homocarnosine were reduced in the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus, while taurine content was markedly elevated in the same brain regions. These findings are compatible with the possibility that aspartic acid is the excitatory synaptic transmitter of the climbing fibers and taurine is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of one or more types of interneurons in the cerebellum.", "contents": "Aspartate-taurine imbalance in dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Amino acids were measured in autopsied brain from two patients who died with a dominantly inherited form of olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Neuropathologic changes found in the brain of these patients suggested a loss of cerebellar climbing fibers. The contents of aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and homocarnosine were reduced in the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus, while taurine content was markedly elevated in the same brain regions. These findings are compatible with the possibility that aspartic acid is the excitatory synaptic transmitter of the climbing fibers and taurine is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of one or more types of interneurons in the cerebellum.", "PMID": 557761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3173", "title": "Subacute meningitis heralding a diffuse granulomatous angiitis: (Wegener's granulomatosis?).", "content": "Subacute meningitis was the first manifestation of illness in a young man with multisystem disease involving lung, kidney, eye, and central nervous system. Necrotizing granulomatous angiitis was found in tissue obtained at thoracotomy and the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis was suggested. This patient had an excellent functional recovery with cyclophosphamide and prednisone.", "contents": "Subacute meningitis heralding a diffuse granulomatous angiitis: (Wegener's granulomatosis?). Subacute meningitis was the first manifestation of illness in a young man with multisystem disease involving lung, kidney, eye, and central nervous system. Necrotizing granulomatous angiitis was found in tissue obtained at thoracotomy and the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis was suggested. This patient had an excellent functional recovery with cyclophosphamide and prednisone.", "PMID": 557762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3174", "title": "Characteristics of life headache histories in a nonclinic population.", "content": "A detailed questionnaire concerning life history of headache and its characteristics was administered to 1,809 nonmedical volunteers. Questions dealt with severity of headache, the nature of preceding and accompanying phenomena (nausea, visual scotomata, neurologic symptoms), precipitating factors, and history of other illness. For the total sample and in the 25 to 39 age group, severe or disabling headaches were significantly more frequent in women and mild headaches were significantly more common in men. Migraine characteristics were common with mild headache. An association between hypertension and severe headache was found in women, between asthma and severe headache in men.", "contents": "Characteristics of life headache histories in a nonclinic population. A detailed questionnaire concerning life history of headache and its characteristics was administered to 1,809 nonmedical volunteers. Questions dealt with severity of headache, the nature of preceding and accompanying phenomena (nausea, visual scotomata, neurologic symptoms), precipitating factors, and history of other illness. For the total sample and in the 25 to 39 age group, severe or disabling headaches were significantly more frequent in women and mild headaches were significantly more common in men. Migraine characteristics were common with mild headache. An association between hypertension and severe headache was found in women, between asthma and severe headache in men.", "PMID": 557763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3175", "title": "Myokymia and facial contracture in brain stem tuberculoma. A clinicopathologic report.", "content": "The syndrome of persistent facial myokymia and spastic facial contracture is a rare sign of pontine glioma. In none of the previously published cases has this syndrome been reported in association with a nonneoplastic lesion. A patient is described in whom facial myokymia and contracture were caused by a pontine tuberculoma.", "contents": "Myokymia and facial contracture in brain stem tuberculoma. A clinicopathologic report. The syndrome of persistent facial myokymia and spastic facial contracture is a rare sign of pontine glioma. In none of the previously published cases has this syndrome been reported in association with a nonneoplastic lesion. A patient is described in whom facial myokymia and contracture were caused by a pontine tuberculoma.", "PMID": 557764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3176", "title": "Agarose electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. A simplified method for demonstrating cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands.", "content": "The gamma globulins in cerebrospinal fluid from almost all patients with multiple sclerosis migrate in agarose electrophoresis as abnormal discrete populations, so-called oligoclonal bands. Such bands have also appeared in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with other types of inflammatory pathology such as neurosyphilis, acute idiopathic polyneuropathy, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The demonstration of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands may aid in the evaluation of patients with early or atypical multiple sclerosis. This report describes a simple method for demonstrating cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands using readily available commercial reagents and apparatus. Oligoclonal bands were seen in cerebrospinal fluid from all patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis, even though some had normal cerebrospinal fluid gamma globulin levels, and in most patients with presumptive multiple sclerosis or other inflammatory conditions of the nervous system. They were not seen in cerebrospinal fluid of control patients with a variety of other neurologic diseases.", "contents": "Agarose electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. A simplified method for demonstrating cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands. The gamma globulins in cerebrospinal fluid from almost all patients with multiple sclerosis migrate in agarose electrophoresis as abnormal discrete populations, so-called oligoclonal bands. Such bands have also appeared in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with other types of inflammatory pathology such as neurosyphilis, acute idiopathic polyneuropathy, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The demonstration of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands may aid in the evaluation of patients with early or atypical multiple sclerosis. This report describes a simple method for demonstrating cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands using readily available commercial reagents and apparatus. Oligoclonal bands were seen in cerebrospinal fluid from all patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis, even though some had normal cerebrospinal fluid gamma globulin levels, and in most patients with presumptive multiple sclerosis or other inflammatory conditions of the nervous system. They were not seen in cerebrospinal fluid of control patients with a variety of other neurologic diseases.", "PMID": 557765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3177", "title": "Square-wave jerks: a disorder of microsaccades?", "content": "A patient with presenile dementia had instability of ocular fixation caused by small rapid horizontal eye movements (square-wave jerks). High resolution recordings of these eye movements were characteristic of microsaccades, which ordinarily occur during fixation, in all respects except amplitude. In addition, the patient showed complete absence of normal microsaccades. We suggest that microsaccades have become altered in our patient to form a clinical disorder of fixation.", "contents": "Square-wave jerks: a disorder of microsaccades? A patient with presenile dementia had instability of ocular fixation caused by small rapid horizontal eye movements (square-wave jerks). High resolution recordings of these eye movements were characteristic of microsaccades, which ordinarily occur during fixation, in all respects except amplitude. In addition, the patient showed complete absence of normal microsaccades. We suggest that microsaccades have become altered in our patient to form a clinical disorder of fixation.", "PMID": 557766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3178", "title": "Effects of immunologically induced growth hormone deficiency on myelinogenesis in developing rat cerebrum.", "content": "Chronic deficiency of growth hormone was produced in rats by injecting highly specific antibodies against rat somatotropin during the first week of postnatal life. Antisera were prepared by immunizing adult rhesus monkeys with purified rat growth hormone. The rate of body and brain growth was significantly decreased when compared with controls injected with nonimmune serum, and 50-day-old animals showed a profound and apparently specific endocrine deficiency of pituitary growth hormone as measured by bioassay. Defective cerebral maturation was evidenced by a 70 to 80 percent decrease of myelin lipids, a 65 percent reduction of deoxyribonucleic acid, and a small but significant decline in ribonucleic acid. An abnormal accumulation of undifferentiated glia was seen in the subependymal zone in association with decreased amounts of stainable myelin in subcortical white matter. The data suggest that pituitary growth hormone and/or its secondarily induced trophic factor, somatomedin B, influences the maturation of neural cells by regulating the replication of glia and the subsequent differentiation of oligodendrocytes to form myelin.", "contents": "Effects of immunologically induced growth hormone deficiency on myelinogenesis in developing rat cerebrum. Chronic deficiency of growth hormone was produced in rats by injecting highly specific antibodies against rat somatotropin during the first week of postnatal life. Antisera were prepared by immunizing adult rhesus monkeys with purified rat growth hormone. The rate of body and brain growth was significantly decreased when compared with controls injected with nonimmune serum, and 50-day-old animals showed a profound and apparently specific endocrine deficiency of pituitary growth hormone as measured by bioassay. Defective cerebral maturation was evidenced by a 70 to 80 percent decrease of myelin lipids, a 65 percent reduction of deoxyribonucleic acid, and a small but significant decline in ribonucleic acid. An abnormal accumulation of undifferentiated glia was seen in the subependymal zone in association with decreased amounts of stainable myelin in subcortical white matter. The data suggest that pituitary growth hormone and/or its secondarily induced trophic factor, somatomedin B, influences the maturation of neural cells by regulating the replication of glia and the subsequent differentiation of oligodendrocytes to form myelin.", "PMID": 557767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3179", "title": "Primary position upbeat nystagmus. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Eye movements were studied with electro-oculography in a patient with primary position, large amplitude, upbeat nystagmus. The upbeat nystagmus increased in amplitude on upward gaze, decreased on downward gaze, and was not altered by loss of fixation. The patient could not produce smooth pursuit movements upward or to the left, but had normal saccadic and vestibular induced eye movements in all directions. At necropsy, a low grade glioma was found involving primarily the medulla and caudal pons. The inferior olives and prepositus hypoglossal nuclei were diffusely infiltrated with tumor. These results suggest (1) primary position upbeat nystagmus is due to a defect in the upward smooth pursuit system, (2) the lower brain stem at the level of the inferior olives and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi is important in the mediation of vertical pursuit, and (3) primary position upbeat nystagmus can result from damage to several nuclei and interconnecting pathways in the caudal brain stem and midline cerebellum involved in control of vertical smooth pursuit.", "contents": "Primary position upbeat nystagmus. A clinicopathologic study. Eye movements were studied with electro-oculography in a patient with primary position, large amplitude, upbeat nystagmus. The upbeat nystagmus increased in amplitude on upward gaze, decreased on downward gaze, and was not altered by loss of fixation. The patient could not produce smooth pursuit movements upward or to the left, but had normal saccadic and vestibular induced eye movements in all directions. At necropsy, a low grade glioma was found involving primarily the medulla and caudal pons. The inferior olives and prepositus hypoglossal nuclei were diffusely infiltrated with tumor. These results suggest (1) primary position upbeat nystagmus is due to a defect in the upward smooth pursuit system, (2) the lower brain stem at the level of the inferior olives and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi is important in the mediation of vertical pursuit, and (3) primary position upbeat nystagmus can result from damage to several nuclei and interconnecting pathways in the caudal brain stem and midline cerebellum involved in control of vertical smooth pursuit.", "PMID": 557768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3180", "title": "Malabsorption of pyridostigmine in patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Four patients with myasthenia gravis were under unsatisfactory control while receiving oral pyridostigmine. In each of these patients, the serum levels of this drug were below those observed in patients with myasthenia gravis who are well controlled. The strength of each of these patients improved when the serum pyridostigmine level was increased by intravenous administration of this agent. Furthermore, the rate of disappearance of pyridostigmine from the serum following intravenous administration was the same as that for control subjects and patients under good control. This demonstrates that failure to achieve adequate serum pyridostigmine levels following oral administration is due to malabsorption rather than to increased rates of tissue uptake, degradation, or excretion of the drug.", "contents": "Malabsorption of pyridostigmine in patients with myasthenia gravis. Four patients with myasthenia gravis were under unsatisfactory control while receiving oral pyridostigmine. In each of these patients, the serum levels of this drug were below those observed in patients with myasthenia gravis who are well controlled. The strength of each of these patients improved when the serum pyridostigmine level was increased by intravenous administration of this agent. Furthermore, the rate of disappearance of pyridostigmine from the serum following intravenous administration was the same as that for control subjects and patients under good control. This demonstrates that failure to achieve adequate serum pyridostigmine levels following oral administration is due to malabsorption rather than to increased rates of tissue uptake, degradation, or excretion of the drug.", "PMID": 557769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3181", "title": "Improvement in multiple sclerosis during prolonged induced hypothermia.", "content": "Moderate hypothermia (33 degrees C) was induced for 7 and 3 days, respectively, in two patients with multiple sclerosis. In both patients, striking improvement of clinical signs persisted throughout the period of cooling, indicating the potential for sustained reversal of the neurologic deficit. Hypothermia may aid management of severe acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Improvement in multiple sclerosis during prolonged induced hypothermia. Moderate hypothermia (33 degrees C) was induced for 7 and 3 days, respectively, in two patients with multiple sclerosis. In both patients, striking improvement of clinical signs persisted throughout the period of cooling, indicating the potential for sustained reversal of the neurologic deficit. Hypothermia may aid management of severe acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 557770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3182", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis and in its experimental autoimmune model.", "content": "Peroxidase-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin (P-BGT) was used for the ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholine receptor in end-plates in external intercostal muscles of four patients with myasthenia gravis, in forelimb digit extensor muscles of rats with advanced chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, and in suitable human and rat controls. In control end-plates, the previously reported localization of acetylcholine receptor on the terminal expansions of the postsynaptic folds and, in traces, on the presynaptic membrane was confirmed. By contrast, in myasthenia gravis some postsynaptic regions bound no P-BGT; in other regions, the folds displayed only faint traces of the reaction product, or only some segments of the postsynaptic membrane showed the reaction product; finally, in some regions there was no apparent decrease in reaction product. In general, those postsynaptic regions showing the greatest decrease in P-BGT binding were also the simplest or showed the most degenerative changes, and the presynaptic staining was decreased in proportion to the decrease in the adjacent postsynaptic P-BGT binding. In the experimental animals, the abnormalities in the amount and distribution of the acetylcholine receptor were essentially like those in the more severely affected patients. Morphometric estimates of the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor surface correlated well with the patients' clinical status and linearly with the miniature end-plate potential amplitude.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis and in its experimental autoimmune model. Peroxidase-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin (P-BGT) was used for the ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholine receptor in end-plates in external intercostal muscles of four patients with myasthenia gravis, in forelimb digit extensor muscles of rats with advanced chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, and in suitable human and rat controls. In control end-plates, the previously reported localization of acetylcholine receptor on the terminal expansions of the postsynaptic folds and, in traces, on the presynaptic membrane was confirmed. By contrast, in myasthenia gravis some postsynaptic regions bound no P-BGT; in other regions, the folds displayed only faint traces of the reaction product, or only some segments of the postsynaptic membrane showed the reaction product; finally, in some regions there was no apparent decrease in reaction product. In general, those postsynaptic regions showing the greatest decrease in P-BGT binding were also the simplest or showed the most degenerative changes, and the presynaptic staining was decreased in proportion to the decrease in the adjacent postsynaptic P-BGT binding. In the experimental animals, the abnormalities in the amount and distribution of the acetylcholine receptor were essentially like those in the more severely affected patients. Morphometric estimates of the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor surface correlated well with the patients' clinical status and linearly with the miniature end-plate potential amplitude.", "PMID": 557772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3183", "title": "Clinical and pathologic correlates of brain stem auditory response abnormalities.", "content": "Short-latency auditory evoked responses were recorded in over 100 neurologic patients. Abnormalities of each response component were correlated with postmortem or radiologic localization of different brain stem lesions. These findings suggested that waves I-VII largely reflect activity at the following levels of the auditory pathway: acoustic nerve (I), pontomedullary junction (II), caudal pons (III), rostral pons or midbrain (IV), midbrain (V), thalamus (VI), and thalamus or auditory radiation (VII). When this information was applied prospectively to the evaluation of brain stem dysfunction, response abnormalities proved useful in detecting and localizing certain lesions not revealed by other tests. Serial recordings provided information about the evolution of brain stem lesions and their response to therapy.", "contents": "Clinical and pathologic correlates of brain stem auditory response abnormalities. Short-latency auditory evoked responses were recorded in over 100 neurologic patients. Abnormalities of each response component were correlated with postmortem or radiologic localization of different brain stem lesions. These findings suggested that waves I-VII largely reflect activity at the following levels of the auditory pathway: acoustic nerve (I), pontomedullary junction (II), caudal pons (III), rostral pons or midbrain (IV), midbrain (V), thalamus (VI), and thalamus or auditory radiation (VII). When this information was applied prospectively to the evaluation of brain stem dysfunction, response abnormalities proved useful in detecting and localizing certain lesions not revealed by other tests. Serial recordings provided information about the evolution of brain stem lesions and their response to therapy.", "PMID": 557773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3184", "title": "Brain lesions that produce delta waves in the EEG.", "content": "Localized delta activity appears in cortex overlying a circumscribed white matter lesion. Less commonly, localized delta activity may result from a localized thalamic lesion. Unilateral diffuse delta activity appears on the side of thalamic or hypothalamic lesions. Bilateral delta activity results from bilateral lesions of the midbrain tegmentum. Localized lesions of the cerebral cortex, unilateral mesencephalic tegmental lesions, and vasogenic edema of the cerebral white matter do not produce delta activity. Marked edema of a cerebral hemisphere when no surgical decompression is provided may produce unilateral delta activity by pressure on or displacement of the brain stem or diencephalon.", "contents": "Brain lesions that produce delta waves in the EEG. Localized delta activity appears in cortex overlying a circumscribed white matter lesion. Less commonly, localized delta activity may result from a localized thalamic lesion. Unilateral diffuse delta activity appears on the side of thalamic or hypothalamic lesions. Bilateral delta activity results from bilateral lesions of the midbrain tegmentum. Localized lesions of the cerebral cortex, unilateral mesencephalic tegmental lesions, and vasogenic edema of the cerebral white matter do not produce delta activity. Marked edema of a cerebral hemisphere when no surgical decompression is provided may produce unilateral delta activity by pressure on or displacement of the brain stem or diencephalon.", "PMID": 557774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3185", "title": "Fusiform basilar artery aneurysm in a child.", "content": "A giant fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery was present in a 10-year-old boy with a 2-year history of intermittent headaches and the acute onset of neurologic signs. Elevated sedimentation rate, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and an apparent response to corticosteroid therapy suggest a chronic inflammatory vascular process. The uniqueness of this aneurysm in a child and the possible underlying arteriopathies are discussed.", "contents": "Fusiform basilar artery aneurysm in a child. A giant fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery was present in a 10-year-old boy with a 2-year history of intermittent headaches and the acute onset of neurologic signs. Elevated sedimentation rate, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and an apparent response to corticosteroid therapy suggest a chronic inflammatory vascular process. The uniqueness of this aneurysm in a child and the possible underlying arteriopathies are discussed.", "PMID": 557775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3186", "title": "Mass casualty alert program.", "content": "The occupational health nurse has professional responsibility to be prepared to provide proper reaction if a major crisis should occur. A mass casualty alert program enables the nurse to meet that responsibility. But the nurse cannot do this all alone. There must be a comprehensive, cooperative plan which involves the entire plant. All interested groups, of course, should have individual plans. However, they should all be interrelated as a part of a totally coordinated plan. The mass casualty alert program should clearly indicate who is in charge, with alternates designating who is responsible for what. Things to remember in maintaining the program include: 1. There must be an up-to-date mass casualty alert program. 2. There must be total involvement. a. Ambulance--list should be up-to-date. b. Hospitals--list and capabilities should be up-to-date. c. Other Community Emergency Facilities--e.g., helicopter ambulance list should be up-to-date. d. Plant Management--fully informed and supportive of program. e. Communication--everyone involved should know what to do in-plant. f. Equipment and supplies should be ready at all times. There must also be disaster drills with simulated casualties. There should also be formal critiques of the drills to point out the weak points as well as the strong. This program will be very effective if planned ahead and carried out in this manner, either in a small plant with a small number of employees or a large complex with many employees, such as ours.", "contents": "Mass casualty alert program. The occupational health nurse has professional responsibility to be prepared to provide proper reaction if a major crisis should occur. A mass casualty alert program enables the nurse to meet that responsibility. But the nurse cannot do this all alone. There must be a comprehensive, cooperative plan which involves the entire plant. All interested groups, of course, should have individual plans. However, they should all be interrelated as a part of a totally coordinated plan. The mass casualty alert program should clearly indicate who is in charge, with alternates designating who is responsible for what. Things to remember in maintaining the program include: 1. There must be an up-to-date mass casualty alert program. 2. There must be total involvement. a. Ambulance--list should be up-to-date. b. Hospitals--list and capabilities should be up-to-date. c. Other Community Emergency Facilities--e.g., helicopter ambulance list should be up-to-date. d. Plant Management--fully informed and supportive of program. e. Communication--everyone involved should know what to do in-plant. f. Equipment and supplies should be ready at all times. There must also be disaster drills with simulated casualties. There should also be formal critiques of the drills to point out the weak points as well as the strong. This program will be very effective if planned ahead and carried out in this manner, either in a small plant with a small number of employees or a large complex with many employees, such as ours.", "PMID": 557781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3187", "title": "Prepubertal XY gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "Two children had prepubertal XY gonadal dysgenesis. A 7-year-old girl with clitoral enlargement had a left ovarian tumor that contained a dysgerminoma; the right gonad proved to be a gonadoblastoma. The second child (a 2-year-old girl) showed poor physical development and slight virilization of the genitalia. Her bilateral dysgenetic gonads were removed at exploratory laparotomy. The occurrence of gonadal tumors in XY gonadal dysgenesis is increased. It is probably related to the hypergonadotropinism existing from childhood as well as to genetic predisposition of the cryptorchid testis in the presence of a Y chromosome. Our first patient is one of the youngest who had XY gonadal dysgenesis iwth gonadoblastoma reported. The indication of prophylactic gonadectomy in XY gonadal dysgenesis is emphasized.", "contents": "Prepubertal XY gonadal dysgenesis. Two children had prepubertal XY gonadal dysgenesis. A 7-year-old girl with clitoral enlargement had a left ovarian tumor that contained a dysgerminoma; the right gonad proved to be a gonadoblastoma. The second child (a 2-year-old girl) showed poor physical development and slight virilization of the genitalia. Her bilateral dysgenetic gonads were removed at exploratory laparotomy. The occurrence of gonadal tumors in XY gonadal dysgenesis is increased. It is probably related to the hypergonadotropinism existing from childhood as well as to genetic predisposition of the cryptorchid testis in the presence of a Y chromosome. Our first patient is one of the youngest who had XY gonadal dysgenesis iwth gonadoblastoma reported. The indication of prophylactic gonadectomy in XY gonadal dysgenesis is emphasized.", "PMID": 557787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3188", "title": "Fractionation by size of casein micelles on controlled-pore glass.", "content": "Casein micelles have been separated from skim milk by chromatography on CPG-10 3000 glass beads. Fractionation of the micelles according to size has been demonstrated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of urea treated micelles reveals that different relative amounts of the major casein components occur in the various micelle fractions. No discernible dissociation of the micelles into monomeric caseins has been observed.", "contents": "Fractionation by size of casein micelles on controlled-pore glass. Casein micelles have been separated from skim milk by chromatography on CPG-10 3000 glass beads. Fractionation of the micelles according to size has been demonstrated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of urea treated micelles reveals that different relative amounts of the major casein components occur in the various micelle fractions. No discernible dissociation of the micelles into monomeric caseins has been observed.", "PMID": 557794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3189", "title": "Effects of intrastriatal injections of atropine and methacholine on the apomorphine-induced gnawing in the rabbit.", "content": "To find out the anatomical location of the target point of cholinergic-dopaminergic equilibrium, atropine (40 microng) or methacholine (10 microng) were injected through previously implanted cannulas into various places of caudate nucleus and putamen of the rabbit, and the effect of the injections on stereotype gnawing induced by subcutaneously or intravenously administered apomorphine (1--2 mg/kg) was assessed. The intensity of gnawing was measured using a special apparatus, counting each bite. Atropine inhibited the stereotype, while metacholine potentiated it. The effects were evident with the method used, but difficult to reveal with the classical method of assessing the intensity of stereotyped behavior, based on visual observation. The results suggest that the striatum is not a target point for the cholinergic component of the cholinergic-dopaminergic equilibrium in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Effects of intrastriatal injections of atropine and methacholine on the apomorphine-induced gnawing in the rabbit. To find out the anatomical location of the target point of cholinergic-dopaminergic equilibrium, atropine (40 microng) or methacholine (10 microng) were injected through previously implanted cannulas into various places of caudate nucleus and putamen of the rabbit, and the effect of the injections on stereotype gnawing induced by subcutaneously or intravenously administered apomorphine (1--2 mg/kg) was assessed. The intensity of gnawing was measured using a special apparatus, counting each bite. Atropine inhibited the stereotype, while metacholine potentiated it. The effects were evident with the method used, but difficult to reveal with the classical method of assessing the intensity of stereotyped behavior, based on visual observation. The results suggest that the striatum is not a target point for the cholinergic component of the cholinergic-dopaminergic equilibrium in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 557798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3190", "title": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of germinal cell tumors of the testis other than pure seminoma.", "content": "Between March 1944 and September 1976, 279 patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors were treated. The 3-year NED rates for patients with Stages I, IIA, and IIB were 78.2%, 46.7%, and 17.6%, respectively. However, the results were better for patients treated with preoperative radiotherapy and lymphadenectomy with or without postoperative radiotherapy (Stage IIA: 77.5%--14/18; Stage IIB: 12.9%--3/7). Postoperative radiotherapy is not necessary for patients with negative nodes at lymphadenectomy because the periaortic failure rate is low for this group. However, when positive nodes are found, the control is improved with radiotherapy. The minimum tumor dose required when tumor is found but resected is not known. When there is gross residual tumor, a dose of 4,500-5,500 rad is required to achieve any salvage. In this series, 42.2% of patients with positive nodes at lymphadenectomy (Stages I and II) developed extranodal metastases. This group might benefit from adjunctive chemotherapy.", "contents": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of germinal cell tumors of the testis other than pure seminoma. Between March 1944 and September 1976, 279 patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors were treated. The 3-year NED rates for patients with Stages I, IIA, and IIB were 78.2%, 46.7%, and 17.6%, respectively. However, the results were better for patients treated with preoperative radiotherapy and lymphadenectomy with or without postoperative radiotherapy (Stage IIA: 77.5%--14/18; Stage IIB: 12.9%--3/7). Postoperative radiotherapy is not necessary for patients with negative nodes at lymphadenectomy because the periaortic failure rate is low for this group. However, when positive nodes are found, the control is improved with radiotherapy. The minimum tumor dose required when tumor is found but resected is not known. When there is gross residual tumor, a dose of 4,500-5,500 rad is required to achieve any salvage. In this series, 42.2% of patients with positive nodes at lymphadenectomy (Stages I and II) developed extranodal metastases. This group might benefit from adjunctive chemotherapy.", "PMID": 557804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3191", "title": "Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen and liver metastases: angiographic manifestations.", "content": "The arteriographic findings in two cases of hemangiosarcoma of the spleen with liver metastases are described. These are the second and third reported cases of angiographically demonstrated malignant splenic tumors of vascular origin. Despite the absence of tumor vessels, there were multiple vascular takes in the arterial through the venous phase, mimicking benign cavernous hemangioma. Multiple metastases in the liver were the only clue to malignancy. Arteriography combined with liver-spleen scintigraphy not only provides information which is valuable in the preoperative diagnosis but also aids in management of the patient.", "contents": "Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen and liver metastases: angiographic manifestations. The arteriographic findings in two cases of hemangiosarcoma of the spleen with liver metastases are described. These are the second and third reported cases of angiographically demonstrated malignant splenic tumors of vascular origin. Despite the absence of tumor vessels, there were multiple vascular takes in the arterial through the venous phase, mimicking benign cavernous hemangioma. Multiple metastases in the liver were the only clue to malignancy. Arteriography combined with liver-spleen scintigraphy not only provides information which is valuable in the preoperative diagnosis but also aids in management of the patient.", "PMID": 557805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3192", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the superficial femoral artery with distal embolization.", "content": "Angiosarcoma of the intima is a very rare tumor. The authors report a case which involved early metastases to the periphery of the leg. Cramping pain, circumscribed clusters of cells, and gangrene appear to be characteristic and should be kept in mind, as this condition imitates occlusive arteriosclerotic disease.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the superficial femoral artery with distal embolization. Angiosarcoma of the intima is a very rare tumor. The authors report a case which involved early metastases to the periphery of the leg. Cramping pain, circumscribed clusters of cells, and gangrene appear to be characteristic and should be kept in mind, as this condition imitates occlusive arteriosclerotic disease.", "PMID": 557806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3193", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha specific binding in equine corpora lutea.", "content": "Preliminary studies indicate the presence of PGF2alpha specific binding sites in membrane fractions prepared from equine corpora lutea. The equilibrium binding data indicate an apparent dissociation constant of 3.2 X 10(-9)M and the concentration of binding sites of -0.1 pmoles/mg membrane protein. Competition of several natural prostaglandins for equine luteal PGF2alpha specific binding sites indicates specificity for the 9alpha-hydroxyl moiety and the 5,6-cis doublebond. Significant increases in relative binding affinities were demonstrated for PGF2alpha analogs with a phenyl ring introduced at carbons 16 or 17. Specific PGF2alpha binding was demonstrated in corpora lutea collected at known stages of the estrous cycle. There was no pattern in these values based on the stage of the cycle. While specific 3H-PGE1 binding could be demonstrated, no high affinity sites could be quantitated. 3H-PGE1 binding appeared unaffected by changes in temperature or time of incubation, whereas PGF2alpha specific binding was significantly modified by both these factors.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha specific binding in equine corpora lutea. Preliminary studies indicate the presence of PGF2alpha specific binding sites in membrane fractions prepared from equine corpora lutea. The equilibrium binding data indicate an apparent dissociation constant of 3.2 X 10(-9)M and the concentration of binding sites of -0.1 pmoles/mg membrane protein. Competition of several natural prostaglandins for equine luteal PGF2alpha specific binding sites indicates specificity for the 9alpha-hydroxyl moiety and the 5,6-cis doublebond. Significant increases in relative binding affinities were demonstrated for PGF2alpha analogs with a phenyl ring introduced at carbons 16 or 17. Specific PGF2alpha binding was demonstrated in corpora lutea collected at known stages of the estrous cycle. There was no pattern in these values based on the stage of the cycle. While specific 3H-PGE1 binding could be demonstrated, no high affinity sites could be quantitated. 3H-PGE1 binding appeared unaffected by changes in temperature or time of incubation, whereas PGF2alpha specific binding was significantly modified by both these factors.", "PMID": 557809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3194", "title": "Effects of cadium on growth, sexual development, and metabolism in female rats.", "content": "Female rats were exposed to cadmium by multiple intramuscular injections of 250 mug CaCl2 for 54 days. Activity and haircoat were affected, sores on the sites of injection and persistent diestrus were observed in the treated rats. Morphological examination of organs revealed a smaller weight and size in reproductive organs and pituitary, but enlargement of liver, spleen, and kidney. The ratic enzymatic demethylation activity.", "contents": "Effects of cadium on growth, sexual development, and metabolism in female rats. Female rats were exposed to cadmium by multiple intramuscular injections of 250 mug CaCl2 for 54 days. Activity and haircoat were affected, sores on the sites of injection and persistent diestrus were observed in the treated rats. Morphological examination of organs revealed a smaller weight and size in reproductive organs and pituitary, but enlargement of liver, spleen, and kidney. The ratic enzymatic demethylation activity.", "PMID": 557813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3195", "title": "Adaptation of the growing lung to increased oxygen consumption. II. Morphometric analysis.", "content": "This paper is the second part of a study investigating the effect of increased O2 consumption on the lungs of growing animals. By means of injections of the drug IDPN (imino-betabeta'-dipropionitrile) hyperkinesia was permanently induced in white mice aged 3 weeks, thus increasing their Vo2 per gram body weight (= specific VO2) by 50%. 3 1/2 months later the lungs of these animals were fixed by standardized procedure, analysed by morphometric techniques and the results compared with those of control mice originating from the same litters. Whereas the specific weights (= weights per gram body weight) of various organs did not differ significantly in the two groups, the specific volume of the lungs fixed with standardized techniques was up by 23% in IDPN mice. The relative composotion of lung parenchyma was also altered: air space volume density was slightly but significantly reduced, whereas tissue and capillary volume densities were both increased by 15%. An analogous increase was detected in alveolar and capillary surface densities. These changes led to significantly higher specific capillary and tissue volumes, as well as higher specific gas exchange surface areas in DIPN mice. Therefore the morphometrically determined specific pulmonary diffusion capacity was increased by more than 40% in the IDPN-treated animals. The findings are compared with those hitherto reported, where a structural adaptation of the gas exchange apparatus to exercise or altered PO2 had been found. In view of our present knowledge of the postnatal lung growth the quantitative structural alterations found in this experiment indicate that the higher O2 requirements in IDPN mice induced an alteration in the septal morphology. This consisted in an augmentation of septal volume possibly due to a lengthening and corrugation of the intralveolar septa. This change is reflected by the increased alveolar surface area in IDPN mice and by the increase of the ratio Sa/Va estimating the air space surface complexity.", "contents": "Adaptation of the growing lung to increased oxygen consumption. II. Morphometric analysis. This paper is the second part of a study investigating the effect of increased O2 consumption on the lungs of growing animals. By means of injections of the drug IDPN (imino-betabeta'-dipropionitrile) hyperkinesia was permanently induced in white mice aged 3 weeks, thus increasing their Vo2 per gram body weight (= specific VO2) by 50%. 3 1/2 months later the lungs of these animals were fixed by standardized procedure, analysed by morphometric techniques and the results compared with those of control mice originating from the same litters. Whereas the specific weights (= weights per gram body weight) of various organs did not differ significantly in the two groups, the specific volume of the lungs fixed with standardized techniques was up by 23% in IDPN mice. The relative composotion of lung parenchyma was also altered: air space volume density was slightly but significantly reduced, whereas tissue and capillary volume densities were both increased by 15%. An analogous increase was detected in alveolar and capillary surface densities. These changes led to significantly higher specific capillary and tissue volumes, as well as higher specific gas exchange surface areas in DIPN mice. Therefore the morphometrically determined specific pulmonary diffusion capacity was increased by more than 40% in the IDPN-treated animals. The findings are compared with those hitherto reported, where a structural adaptation of the gas exchange apparatus to exercise or altered PO2 had been found. In view of our present knowledge of the postnatal lung growth the quantitative structural alterations found in this experiment indicate that the higher O2 requirements in IDPN mice induced an alteration in the septal morphology. This consisted in an augmentation of septal volume possibly due to a lengthening and corrugation of the intralveolar septa. This change is reflected by the increased alveolar surface area in IDPN mice and by the increase of the ratio Sa/Va estimating the air space surface complexity.", "PMID": 557828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3196", "title": "Metabolism of testosterone in the human prostate and seminal vesicles.", "content": "Tissue from the normal, hyperplastic and the cancerous human prostate as well as tissue from the human seminal vesicles are capable of metabolizing testosterone in vitro. By incubating minced tissue with 3H-testosterone for 2 hours at 37 degrees C the following radioactive metabolites were identified: testosterone (17 beta-hydroxyl-4-androsten-3-one), androstenedione (4-androstene-3,17-dione), androstanedione (5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione), 5alpha-dihydrostestosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3-one, DHT), 3alpha-androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol), 3beta-androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3beta-17beta-diol) and androsterone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-17-one). When normal human prostatic tissue was incubated with 3H-testosterone approximately 40% of the hormone was metabolized and 30-35% of the metabolites were identified as DHT. There were apparently no differences in testosterone metabolism between the dorsal and lateral prostatic lobes. A much lower conversion of 3H-testosterone was observed in the seminal vesicles (24%). The same metabolites were formed by prostatic carcinoma tissue, although distinctive quantitative differences from the normal prostate were observed. Thus, only 23% of the testosterone was metabolized by cancerous tissue of which 15% was present as DHT. The formation of 17-keto metabolites and androstanediols in the prostatic carcinoma tissue was approximately the same as in the normal prostatic tissue. The most extensive metabolism of testosterone was found by incubation of tissue from benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia. About 65% of the testosterone was metabolized, and 40% of the metabolites were identified as DHT. Hyperplastic prostatic tissue also showed a significantly higher formation of 5alpha-androstanedoils and the other tissues examined. The high formation of DHT and 5alpha-androstanediols in benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in comparison with normal and cancerous prostatic tissue and seminal vesicle tissue might indicate that these metabolites should be studied more closely as possible aetiological factors for prostatic hyperplasia. The very low metabolism of testosterone in prostatic carcinoma tissue should be examined further in relation to tumour differentiation and clinical effect of endocrine therapy.", "contents": "Metabolism of testosterone in the human prostate and seminal vesicles. Tissue from the normal, hyperplastic and the cancerous human prostate as well as tissue from the human seminal vesicles are capable of metabolizing testosterone in vitro. By incubating minced tissue with 3H-testosterone for 2 hours at 37 degrees C the following radioactive metabolites were identified: testosterone (17 beta-hydroxyl-4-androsten-3-one), androstenedione (4-androstene-3,17-dione), androstanedione (5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione), 5alpha-dihydrostestosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3-one, DHT), 3alpha-androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol), 3beta-androstanediol (5alpha-androstane-3beta-17beta-diol) and androsterone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-17-one). When normal human prostatic tissue was incubated with 3H-testosterone approximately 40% of the hormone was metabolized and 30-35% of the metabolites were identified as DHT. There were apparently no differences in testosterone metabolism between the dorsal and lateral prostatic lobes. A much lower conversion of 3H-testosterone was observed in the seminal vesicles (24%). The same metabolites were formed by prostatic carcinoma tissue, although distinctive quantitative differences from the normal prostate were observed. Thus, only 23% of the testosterone was metabolized by cancerous tissue of which 15% was present as DHT. The formation of 17-keto metabolites and androstanediols in the prostatic carcinoma tissue was approximately the same as in the normal prostatic tissue. The most extensive metabolism of testosterone was found by incubation of tissue from benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia. About 65% of the testosterone was metabolized, and 40% of the metabolites were identified as DHT. Hyperplastic prostatic tissue also showed a significantly higher formation of 5alpha-androstanedoils and the other tissues examined. The high formation of DHT and 5alpha-androstanediols in benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in comparison with normal and cancerous prostatic tissue and seminal vesicle tissue might indicate that these metabolites should be studied more closely as possible aetiological factors for prostatic hyperplasia. The very low metabolism of testosterone in prostatic carcinoma tissue should be examined further in relation to tumour differentiation and clinical effect of endocrine therapy.", "PMID": 557833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3197", "title": "[Surgical treatment of hypertropic obstructive cardiomyopathy].", "content": "The clinical picture of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and the pathogenesis of its hemodynamic alterations are discussed. Dynamic systolic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow-tract, i.e. muscular subaortic stenosis, may or may not be accompanied by hindrance of diastolic filling of the left ventricle and vice versa. It cannot yet be assessed to what extent the reduction of compliance is caused by the pressure load in subaortic stenosis through secondary hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Study of the late course in 28 patients who had undergone surgery reveals that surgery abolishes the pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract and provides year-long relief of symptoms. Complications of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, such as mitral incompetence, may be cured by the operation. On the other hand, although progression of the cardiomyopathy is apparently slowed, it can not be abolished by surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of hypertropic obstructive cardiomyopathy]. The clinical picture of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and the pathogenesis of its hemodynamic alterations are discussed. Dynamic systolic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow-tract, i.e. muscular subaortic stenosis, may or may not be accompanied by hindrance of diastolic filling of the left ventricle and vice versa. It cannot yet be assessed to what extent the reduction of compliance is caused by the pressure load in subaortic stenosis through secondary hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Study of the late course in 28 patients who had undergone surgery reveals that surgery abolishes the pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract and provides year-long relief of symptoms. Complications of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, such as mitral incompetence, may be cured by the operation. On the other hand, although progression of the cardiomyopathy is apparently slowed, it can not be abolished by surgical treatment.", "PMID": 557834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3198", "title": "Analysis of chicken ribosomal RNA genes and construction of lambda hybrids containing gene fragments.", "content": "The ribosomal RNA genes (ribosomal DNA) of chicken are present in approximately 200 copies and are cleaved into two fragments of molecular weight 5 X 10(6) and 12 to 14 X 10(6) by restriction endonuclease Eco RI. Recombinant phages have been constructed in vitro by joining the smaller fragment of ribosomal DNA and the outer arms of DNA from the vector lambdagtWES-lambdaC. In one of the recombinants, the coding strand of the cloned fragment is in the proper orientation for transcription with lambda \"early\" genes; in the other two the orientation is reversed, with the coding strand in the proper position for transcription with lambda \"late\" genes.", "contents": "Analysis of chicken ribosomal RNA genes and construction of lambda hybrids containing gene fragments. The ribosomal RNA genes (ribosomal DNA) of chicken are present in approximately 200 copies and are cleaved into two fragments of molecular weight 5 X 10(6) and 12 to 14 X 10(6) by restriction endonuclease Eco RI. Recombinant phages have been constructed in vitro by joining the smaller fragment of ribosomal DNA and the outer arms of DNA from the vector lambdagtWES-lambdaC. In one of the recombinants, the coding strand of the cloned fragment is in the proper orientation for transcription with lambda \"early\" genes; in the other two the orientation is reversed, with the coding strand in the proper position for transcription with lambda \"late\" genes.", "PMID": 557836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3199", "title": "The role of the pineal gland in reproduction.", "content": "The present paper presents a number of results concerning the role of the pineal gland in reproduction. It has been demonstrated that the pineal polypeptides and a substance isolated by the author from children's urine and proved to have pineal extract-like actions, administered to laboratory animals induced the following effects: 1) inhibition of the exogenous HCG stimulating effect on mouse uterus, 2) decrease in excretion of the 17-KS of both testicular and adrenal origin, 3) decrease in the testis oxygen consumption in vitro, and 4) marked decrease of the serum and testicular testosterone. Melatonin, a pineal indole, studied in parallel did not alter the above biochemical indices. Pinealectomy produced in all the cases completely opposite effects. The effects obtained with the pineal polypeptides, the urinary antisteroid substance, and melatonin are discussed.", "contents": "The role of the pineal gland in reproduction. The present paper presents a number of results concerning the role of the pineal gland in reproduction. It has been demonstrated that the pineal polypeptides and a substance isolated by the author from children's urine and proved to have pineal extract-like actions, administered to laboratory animals induced the following effects: 1) inhibition of the exogenous HCG stimulating effect on mouse uterus, 2) decrease in excretion of the 17-KS of both testicular and adrenal origin, 3) decrease in the testis oxygen consumption in vitro, and 4) marked decrease of the serum and testicular testosterone. Melatonin, a pineal indole, studied in parallel did not alter the above biochemical indices. Pinealectomy produced in all the cases completely opposite effects. The effects obtained with the pineal polypeptides, the urinary antisteroid substance, and melatonin are discussed.", "PMID": 557831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3200", "title": "Monosodium glutamate admlinistration to the newborn reduces reproductive ability in female and male mice.", "content": "Monosodium glutamate (MSG) administered during the neonatal period (days 2 to 11) resulted in a sequence of events that were manifested in adulthood. Reproductive dysfunction was seen in both female and male animals. Females treated with MSG had fewer pregnancies and smaller litters, while males treated with MSG showed reduced fertility. The MSG-treated mice showed increased body weight and decreased pituitary, thyroid, ovary, or testis weights.", "contents": "Monosodium glutamate admlinistration to the newborn reduces reproductive ability in female and male mice. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) administered during the neonatal period (days 2 to 11) resulted in a sequence of events that were manifested in adulthood. Reproductive dysfunction was seen in both female and male animals. Females treated with MSG had fewer pregnancies and smaller litters, while males treated with MSG showed reduced fertility. The MSG-treated mice showed increased body weight and decreased pituitary, thyroid, ovary, or testis weights.", "PMID": 557837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3201", "title": "Pheromonally induced sexual maturation in females: regulation by the social environment of the male.", "content": "Social subordination, which suppresses gonadal function in juvenile and adult male house mice, also suppresses the activity of an androgen-dependent urinary pheromone that accelerates the rate of sexual maturation in juvenile females. Pheromone production may also be suppressed by the presence of pregnant or lactating females. This suggests that the social environment may influence the fertility of population females by altering urinary pheromone activity in the male.", "contents": "Pheromonally induced sexual maturation in females: regulation by the social environment of the male. Social subordination, which suppresses gonadal function in juvenile and adult male house mice, also suppresses the activity of an androgen-dependent urinary pheromone that accelerates the rate of sexual maturation in juvenile females. Pheromone production may also be suppressed by the presence of pregnant or lactating females. This suggests that the social environment may influence the fertility of population females by altering urinary pheromone activity in the male.", "PMID": 557838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3202", "title": "The hormonal pattern in alcoholic disease. I. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone.", "content": "The study included 48 male chronic alcoholics, aged 20 through 50 years, classified in two groups according to the presence (22 patients) or absence (26 patients) of clinically evident sexual disorders. The blood samples were collected the first 2-3 days after hospitalization, before any anti-alcoholic treatment. The control group included 10 adult male normal subjects. By comparison to the control group, the basal level of LH was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in both groups of alcoholic patients while the FSH level was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the group with sexual disorders. The serum levels of testosterone were increased (p less than 0.05) only in the group having sexual disorders. Our data suggest that the feedback regulation of the hypophyseal LH release seems to be impaired by defects in the peripheral metabolization of testosterone.", "contents": "The hormonal pattern in alcoholic disease. I. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone. The study included 48 male chronic alcoholics, aged 20 through 50 years, classified in two groups according to the presence (22 patients) or absence (26 patients) of clinically evident sexual disorders. The blood samples were collected the first 2-3 days after hospitalization, before any anti-alcoholic treatment. The control group included 10 adult male normal subjects. By comparison to the control group, the basal level of LH was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in both groups of alcoholic patients while the FSH level was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the group with sexual disorders. The serum levels of testosterone were increased (p less than 0.05) only in the group having sexual disorders. Our data suggest that the feedback regulation of the hypophyseal LH release seems to be impaired by defects in the peripheral metabolization of testosterone.", "PMID": 557832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3203", "title": "Alcohol drinking: abnormal intake caused by tetrahydropapaveroline in brain.", "content": "Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a dopamine-dopaldehyde condensation product, was delivered directly into the cerebral ventricle of rats automatically every 15 minutes for 12 days. The animals were given access to both water and ethylalcohol, the latter being presented in 12 concentrations from 3 to 30 percent. Within 3 to 6 days of the start of the infusion of THP, the rats, which normally rejected alcohol, drank alcohol solutions in increasingly excessive amounts; this was accompanied by symptoms that were similar to those of withdrawal and intoxication. These results provide evidence that an abnormal metabolite in the brain may produce the addictive state caused by alcoholic beverages.", "contents": "Alcohol drinking: abnormal intake caused by tetrahydropapaveroline in brain. Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a dopamine-dopaldehyde condensation product, was delivered directly into the cerebral ventricle of rats automatically every 15 minutes for 12 days. The animals were given access to both water and ethylalcohol, the latter being presented in 12 concentrations from 3 to 30 percent. Within 3 to 6 days of the start of the infusion of THP, the rats, which normally rejected alcohol, drank alcohol solutions in increasingly excessive amounts; this was accompanied by symptoms that were similar to those of withdrawal and intoxication. These results provide evidence that an abnormal metabolite in the brain may produce the addictive state caused by alcoholic beverages.", "PMID": 557839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3204", "title": "Estradiol shortens the period of hamster circadian rhythms.", "content": "Continuous administration of estradiol benzoate by means of subcutaneously implanted capsules shortened the free-running circadian period of locomotor activity of blind hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) that had had their ovaries removed. Estradiol also advanced the phase of the wheel running of sighted female hamsters without ovaries that were entrained to a photoperiod with 12 hours of light and 12 of darkness. These results, and findings from hamsters undergoing natural estrous cycles, indicate that endogenous estradiol is involved in the regulation of circadian periodicity.", "contents": "Estradiol shortens the period of hamster circadian rhythms. Continuous administration of estradiol benzoate by means of subcutaneously implanted capsules shortened the free-running circadian period of locomotor activity of blind hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) that had had their ovaries removed. Estradiol also advanced the phase of the wheel running of sighted female hamsters without ovaries that were entrained to a photoperiod with 12 hours of light and 12 of darkness. These results, and findings from hamsters undergoing natural estrous cycles, indicate that endogenous estradiol is involved in the regulation of circadian periodicity.", "PMID": 557840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3205", "title": "Stress-induced modulation of the immune response.", "content": "After mice were exposed to a daily auditory stressor for varying lengths of time, the responses of their splenic lymphoid cells in vitro were assessed. Both the blastogenic activity of concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide and the ability of immune lymphocytes to lyse P815 target cells showed the same patterns of immunosuppression and enhancement.", "contents": "Stress-induced modulation of the immune response. After mice were exposed to a daily auditory stressor for varying lengths of time, the responses of their splenic lymphoid cells in vitro were assessed. Both the blastogenic activity of concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide and the ability of immune lymphocytes to lyse P815 target cells showed the same patterns of immunosuppression and enhancement.", "PMID": 557841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3206", "title": "Membrane currents examined under voltage clamp in cultured neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Examination of ionic membrane currents in a voltage-clamped neuronal cell line derived from the mouse C1300 neuroblastoma disclosed four kinetically different components: sodium, potassium, calcium, and leakage current. The kinetics, voltage dependence, and pharmacological properties of the sodium and potassium currents qualitatively resemble those of the corresponding currents in squid giant axon and frog myelinated nerve fiber, suggesting that the molecular structures of the sodium and potassium channels in neuroblastoma are similar to those of the non-mammalian preparations.", "contents": "Membrane currents examined under voltage clamp in cultured neuroblastoma cells. Examination of ionic membrane currents in a voltage-clamped neuronal cell line derived from the mouse C1300 neuroblastoma disclosed four kinetically different components: sodium, potassium, calcium, and leakage current. The kinetics, voltage dependence, and pharmacological properties of the sodium and potassium currents qualitatively resemble those of the corresponding currents in squid giant axon and frog myelinated nerve fiber, suggesting that the molecular structures of the sodium and potassium channels in neuroblastoma are similar to those of the non-mammalian preparations.", "PMID": 557842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3207", "title": "Endobronchial metastases.", "content": "Seventeen cases of endobronchial metastases are reviewed. Of these, six had the primary lesion in the breast. Treatment was by resection, radiation, or systemic therapy. Breast cancer patients with long disease-free intervals had the longest survival after bronchial metastases, and those with the most aggressive carcinomas and sarcomas had shorter survival.", "contents": "Endobronchial metastases. Seventeen cases of endobronchial metastases are reviewed. Of these, six had the primary lesion in the breast. Treatment was by resection, radiation, or systemic therapy. Breast cancer patients with long disease-free intervals had the longest survival after bronchial metastases, and those with the most aggressive carcinomas and sarcomas had shorter survival.", "PMID": 557844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3208", "title": "Cerebral necrosis following irradiation and chemotherapy for metastatic choriocarcinoma.", "content": "A case of cerebral necrosis following radiation and chemotherapy in a patient with metastatic cerebral choriocarcinoma is reported. Computed tomography (EMI Scan) demonstrated evolution and enlargement of the necrotic lesion. This focus was surgically excised and histology is presented. The possible enhancement of radiation necrosis by chemotherapy is noted, but the continued need for simultaneous use of radiation and chemotherapy is recognized and discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral necrosis following irradiation and chemotherapy for metastatic choriocarcinoma. A case of cerebral necrosis following radiation and chemotherapy in a patient with metastatic cerebral choriocarcinoma is reported. Computed tomography (EMI Scan) demonstrated evolution and enlargement of the necrotic lesion. This focus was surgically excised and histology is presented. The possible enhancement of radiation necrosis by chemotherapy is noted, but the continued need for simultaneous use of radiation and chemotherapy is recognized and discussed.", "PMID": 557845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3209", "title": "Massive intracerebral hemorrhage caused by angioblastic meningioma.", "content": "A case of massive intracerebral hemorrhage caused by an asymptomatic focus of recurrent meningioma is reported. The mechanism of hemorrhage is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Massive intracerebral hemorrhage caused by angioblastic meningioma. A case of massive intracerebral hemorrhage caused by an asymptomatic focus of recurrent meningioma is reported. The mechanism of hemorrhage is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 557846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3210", "title": "Some effects of prostaglandin on corpora lutea and on the uterus in the cycling dog.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin PGF2alpha was investigated on the progesterone production in the corpora lutea and on the occurrence of amino acids and carbohydrates in the uteri of seven beagles in metoestrus (D-36 to D-42). The dose, 15 mg in all (3 X 5 mg with intervals of 1 and 24 hours), was injected i.m. After ovariectomy and hysterectomy it appeared that 5 hours after the last injection in conversion of pregenolone into progesterone in the corpora lutea was greatly reduced that in the uterus much more fructose, glucose, and glucuronic acid was present than could by expected at the time of the cycle. After 24 hours the progesterone production was still low and in the uterus the fructose production had increased and lactic acid was formed. Four days after the last injection, the progesterone production in the corpora lutea was normal again and the amounts of fructose and of glucose in the uterus showed the normal values; the concentrations of glucuronic acid and of lactic acid were still elevated, but they were reducing. Seemigly 15 mg of PGF2alpha injected i.m. in dogs caused a temporary blocking of progesterone production in the corpora lutea, accompanied by the formation of glucuronic acid in the uteri van zeven beagles in metoestrus (D-36 - D142). De dosis bedroeg in total 15 mg (3 X 5 small amounts of fructose and of lactic acid in the uterus.", "contents": "Some effects of prostaglandin on corpora lutea and on the uterus in the cycling dog. The effect of prostaglandin PGF2alpha was investigated on the progesterone production in the corpora lutea and on the occurrence of amino acids and carbohydrates in the uteri of seven beagles in metoestrus (D-36 to D-42). The dose, 15 mg in all (3 X 5 mg with intervals of 1 and 24 hours), was injected i.m. After ovariectomy and hysterectomy it appeared that 5 hours after the last injection in conversion of pregenolone into progesterone in the corpora lutea was greatly reduced that in the uterus much more fructose, glucose, and glucuronic acid was present than could by expected at the time of the cycle. After 24 hours the progesterone production was still low and in the uterus the fructose production had increased and lactic acid was formed. Four days after the last injection, the progesterone production in the corpora lutea was normal again and the amounts of fructose and of glucose in the uterus showed the normal values; the concentrations of glucuronic acid and of lactic acid were still elevated, but they were reducing. Seemigly 15 mg of PGF2alpha injected i.m. in dogs caused a temporary blocking of progesterone production in the corpora lutea, accompanied by the formation of glucuronic acid in the uteri van zeven beagles in metoestrus (D-36 - D142). De dosis bedroeg in total 15 mg (3 X 5 small amounts of fructose and of lactic acid in the uterus.", "PMID": 557850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3211", "title": "Acyclicity and dyscyclicity in mares.", "content": "Two trotter stud farms were visited on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays during 1972 and 1973. A total of 356 mares were bored on these farms during these breeding seasons. There were 194 nursing, 113 barren, and 49 maiden mares. Of the 356 mares, 78 (21.9%) had functional disorders of the ovaries at one time or another. The functional disorders consisted of: 27 anoestrous mares after early embryonic death, 20 with low ovarian activity, 19 with multifollicular ovaries, and 12 mares with persistent corpora lutea. The following therapies were used: (a) 1000 I.U. PMSG i.v. + 10 mg stilboestrol i.m. Of 13 treated mares, 3 (23.1%) came into heat and all 3 became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. (b) Intra-uterine infusion of 0.5 - 1 liter physiological saline solution. Of the 26 treated mares, 19 (73.1%) came into oestrus and 14 (53.9%) became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. (c) Chlormadinone acetate, 10 mg. orally for 17 days. Of 38 treated mares, 35 (92.4%) came into oestrus and 22 (57.9%) became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. This therapy was also used in early spring (February-March) in 15 mares, of which 10 (66.7%) came into oestrus and 4 (26.7%) became pregant in the first oestrus following treatment. (d) Prostaglandin F2alpha, 25 mg intra-uterine. Of the 9 mares treated, al came into oestrus and 8 (88.9%) became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. (e) Curettage of the uterus. In this treatment group, none of the 5 treated mares showed improvement. Altogether, 54.7% of the treated mares became pregnant in the first oestrus after treatment, and 76.9% of the mares became pregnant after one of more breedings.", "contents": "Acyclicity and dyscyclicity in mares. Two trotter stud farms were visited on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays during 1972 and 1973. A total of 356 mares were bored on these farms during these breeding seasons. There were 194 nursing, 113 barren, and 49 maiden mares. Of the 356 mares, 78 (21.9%) had functional disorders of the ovaries at one time or another. The functional disorders consisted of: 27 anoestrous mares after early embryonic death, 20 with low ovarian activity, 19 with multifollicular ovaries, and 12 mares with persistent corpora lutea. The following therapies were used: (a) 1000 I.U. PMSG i.v. + 10 mg stilboestrol i.m. Of 13 treated mares, 3 (23.1%) came into heat and all 3 became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. (b) Intra-uterine infusion of 0.5 - 1 liter physiological saline solution. Of the 26 treated mares, 19 (73.1%) came into oestrus and 14 (53.9%) became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. (c) Chlormadinone acetate, 10 mg. orally for 17 days. Of 38 treated mares, 35 (92.4%) came into oestrus and 22 (57.9%) became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. This therapy was also used in early spring (February-March) in 15 mares, of which 10 (66.7%) came into oestrus and 4 (26.7%) became pregant in the first oestrus following treatment. (d) Prostaglandin F2alpha, 25 mg intra-uterine. Of the 9 mares treated, al came into oestrus and 8 (88.9%) became pregnant in the first oestrus following treatment. (e) Curettage of the uterus. In this treatment group, none of the 5 treated mares showed improvement. Altogether, 54.7% of the treated mares became pregnant in the first oestrus after treatment, and 76.9% of the mares became pregnant after one of more breedings.", "PMID": 557851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3212", "title": "HLA and cancer in South African Negroes.", "content": "Five hundred patients with cancer were tested for 32 HLA antigens and the antigen frequencies compared with those of 500 control subjects matched for race, sex and age. Although the overall frequencies showed no significant differences, detailed analysis with regard to site of cancer, age and the number of antigens detected at each locus revealed significant differences. Phenotype tables and haplotype frequencies have been included.", "contents": "HLA and cancer in South African Negroes. Five hundred patients with cancer were tested for 32 HLA antigens and the antigen frequencies compared with those of 500 control subjects matched for race, sex and age. Although the overall frequencies showed no significant differences, detailed analysis with regard to site of cancer, age and the number of antigens detected at each locus revealed significant differences. Phenotype tables and haplotype frequencies have been included.", "PMID": 557852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3213", "title": "Diurnal variation in occurrence of strokes.", "content": "The time of onset of a completed stroke was recorded in 707 patients. Of the 554 cerebral infarctions 40% occurred between midnight and 6 a.m. Onset at night was, if anything, less common among the 153 cases of cerebral hemorrhage.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in occurrence of strokes. The time of onset of a completed stroke was recorded in 707 patients. Of the 554 cerebral infarctions 40% occurred between midnight and 6 a.m. Onset at night was, if anything, less common among the 153 cases of cerebral hemorrhage.", "PMID": 557853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3214", "title": "[The inhibition of prostaglandin induced uterine contractions by diazoxide in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The tocolytic efficiency of Diazoxide, a benzothiadiazine derivative with pronounced musculotropic action, was tested on the isolated uteri of non-gravid and gravid rats. Regular uterine contractions were induced by the prostaglandines E2 and F2 alpha. Their amplitude and frequency could be suppressed totally or subtotally. Contraction intervals lasted 4--22 min. The basal tone was reduced in most cases.", "contents": "[The inhibition of prostaglandin induced uterine contractions by diazoxide in vitro (author's transl)]. The tocolytic efficiency of Diazoxide, a benzothiadiazine derivative with pronounced musculotropic action, was tested on the isolated uteri of non-gravid and gravid rats. Regular uterine contractions were induced by the prostaglandines E2 and F2 alpha. Their amplitude and frequency could be suppressed totally or subtotally. Contraction intervals lasted 4--22 min. The basal tone was reduced in most cases.", "PMID": 557860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3215", "title": "[Fungal infestation of the excretory urinary ways in chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "374 patients with florid chronic pyelonephritis were examined concerning the frequency of a funguria. In primary diseases in 7.8% and in secondary forms in 12.4% of the cases fungi could be proved in the urine. Furthermore it is reported on course and therapy of manifest infections with fungi.", "contents": "[Fungal infestation of the excretory urinary ways in chronic pyelonephritis]. 374 patients with florid chronic pyelonephritis were examined concerning the frequency of a funguria. In primary diseases in 7.8% and in secondary forms in 12.4% of the cases fungi could be proved in the urine. Furthermore it is reported on course and therapy of manifest infections with fungi.", "PMID": 557863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3216", "title": "Clinical results of lumbar sympathectomy alone or as a complement of direct arterial surgery.", "content": "Six hundred and eighty patients underwent conservative surgery for chronic obliterative arterial disease of the lower limbs during a 15 year period ranging from 1960 to 1974. Two hundred and fifty-three lumbar sympathectomy were performed in 240 patients, 339 patients had direct surgery and in 133 cases lumbar sympathectomy was added to direct surgery. From this experience the authors conclude: 1. Lumbar sympathectomy has a low mortality rate (3 deaths or 1.18%) and no important after effects: in particular no sexual problems are reported. 2. Lumbar sympathectomy for intermittent claudication seems to be useful since it apparently improves symptoms and prognosis of the operated leg. 3. Lumbar sympathectomy for rest pains or necrosis can be useful in 1/3 of the patients with proximal arterial lesions and in 2/3 of the patients with only peripheral lesions. 4. Lumbar sympathectomy should always be added to direct arterial surgery above the inguinal ligament since it improves the patency rate of arterial reconstruction without increasing the operative risk.", "contents": "Clinical results of lumbar sympathectomy alone or as a complement of direct arterial surgery. Six hundred and eighty patients underwent conservative surgery for chronic obliterative arterial disease of the lower limbs during a 15 year period ranging from 1960 to 1974. Two hundred and fifty-three lumbar sympathectomy were performed in 240 patients, 339 patients had direct surgery and in 133 cases lumbar sympathectomy was added to direct surgery. From this experience the authors conclude: 1. Lumbar sympathectomy has a low mortality rate (3 deaths or 1.18%) and no important after effects: in particular no sexual problems are reported. 2. Lumbar sympathectomy for intermittent claudication seems to be useful since it apparently improves symptoms and prognosis of the operated leg. 3. Lumbar sympathectomy for rest pains or necrosis can be useful in 1/3 of the patients with proximal arterial lesions and in 2/3 of the patients with only peripheral lesions. 4. Lumbar sympathectomy should always be added to direct arterial surgery above the inguinal ligament since it improves the patency rate of arterial reconstruction without increasing the operative risk.", "PMID": 557864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3217", "title": "Lumbar sympathectomy.", "content": "The three points discussed in this paper are: 1. Improvement in walking distance. 2. Post-sympathectomy neuralgia. 3. Post-sympathectomy ejaculatory problems. The experience in the paper was derived from 2,450 operations of lumbar sympathectomy carried out between the years of 1947 and 1972. The claudicant patients were divided into 3 main groups. Those who were not treated by any form of surgery, those who could walk for 200 yards before claudication and those who could walk less than 100 yards before claudication, the latter two groups having been treated by lumbar sympathectomy. The results show a considerable difference in the two groups treated and compare favourably with the untreated cases.", "contents": "Lumbar sympathectomy. The three points discussed in this paper are: 1. Improvement in walking distance. 2. Post-sympathectomy neuralgia. 3. Post-sympathectomy ejaculatory problems. The experience in the paper was derived from 2,450 operations of lumbar sympathectomy carried out between the years of 1947 and 1972. The claudicant patients were divided into 3 main groups. Those who were not treated by any form of surgery, those who could walk for 200 yards before claudication and those who could walk less than 100 yards before claudication, the latter two groups having been treated by lumbar sympathectomy. The results show a considerable difference in the two groups treated and compare favourably with the untreated cases.", "PMID": 557865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3218", "title": "Pathogenesis of developmental defects induced in the rat by amniotic sac puncture.", "content": "The morphogenesis of developmental defects induced by aminotic sac puncture was studied at the gross and microscopic levels. In fetuses recovered from 15 min to 48 h after amniocentesis, a  pattern of hemorrhagic lesions, excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid, followed by tissue necrosis and leading ultimately to the reduction of amputation of distal limb segments and morphological changes in the head, was observed. These changes were indicative of venous stasis, hypervolemia and embryonic oxygen deficiency. Intrauterine compression of the fetus and the obstruction of the fetomaternal circulation were considered to be the primary etiological factors in amniocentesis-induced anomalies which included hemorrhagic lesions, limb reductions and amputations, deformities of the head and abdominal regions, generalized edema and postural moulding.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of developmental defects induced in the rat by amniotic sac puncture. The morphogenesis of developmental defects induced by aminotic sac puncture was studied at the gross and microscopic levels. In fetuses recovered from 15 min to 48 h after amniocentesis, a  pattern of hemorrhagic lesions, excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid, followed by tissue necrosis and leading ultimately to the reduction of amputation of distal limb segments and morphological changes in the head, was observed. These changes were indicative of venous stasis, hypervolemia and embryonic oxygen deficiency. Intrauterine compression of the fetus and the obstruction of the fetomaternal circulation were considered to be the primary etiological factors in amniocentesis-induced anomalies which included hemorrhagic lesions, limb reductions and amputations, deformities of the head and abdominal regions, generalized edema and postural moulding.", "PMID": 557867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3219", "title": "Primary choriocarcinoma of the lung: case report of two male subjects.", "content": "Extragenital choriocarcinoma in the male is known to occur in retroperitoneum, mediastinum and pineal body in a high proportion, and there have been no certain reports of lung origin. We studied two cases of choriocarcinoma arising from the lung in the male by histological, electronmicroscopical, immunofluorescent, and immunoenzyme methods. Histologically, characteristic changes of choriocarcinoma, composed of irregular complex of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts with massive necrosis and hemorrhage were demonstrated. These two cell patterns, characteristic of choriocarcinoma, were also demonstrated electronmicroscopically and differed from giant cell carcinoma of the lung. By immunofluorescent and immunoenzyme methods, anti-HCG reactive particles were seen in the cytoplasm mainly of syncytiotrophoblasts and proved HCG production function of the tumor.", "contents": "Primary choriocarcinoma of the lung: case report of two male subjects. Extragenital choriocarcinoma in the male is known to occur in retroperitoneum, mediastinum and pineal body in a high proportion, and there have been no certain reports of lung origin. We studied two cases of choriocarcinoma arising from the lung in the male by histological, electronmicroscopical, immunofluorescent, and immunoenzyme methods. Histologically, characteristic changes of choriocarcinoma, composed of irregular complex of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts with massive necrosis and hemorrhage were demonstrated. These two cell patterns, characteristic of choriocarcinoma, were also demonstrated electronmicroscopically and differed from giant cell carcinoma of the lung. By immunofluorescent and immunoenzyme methods, anti-HCG reactive particles were seen in the cytoplasm mainly of syncytiotrophoblasts and proved HCG production function of the tumor.", "PMID": 557868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3220", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the parathyroids of Mongolian gerbils induced experimentally in vitro. Effects of variations in Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations.", "content": "Isolated parathyroid glands from normal adult Mongolian gerbils were incubated for 15 minutes to 3 1/2 hours either at high or low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ after which they were studied ultrastructurally, using the pyroantimonate technique and x-ray analysis for identification and son concentrations were mainly composed of suppressed chief cells with moderate or high cytoplasmic density, sparsely developed endoplasmic reticulum, often large Golgi complex, occassional cytoplasmic accumulations of secretory granules, lipoid bodies, glycogen-like particles, and numerous often large mitochondria. Ca2+-containing precipitates were found mainly in mitochondria. Autophagic vacuoles contained Ca2+-loaded degenerating mitochondria. Glands exposed to low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were mainly composed of stimulated and active chief cells; characteristic features were a moderate or low cytoplasmic density, prominent endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi complex, medium-sized, or small mitochondria, and smooth electron lucent vacuoles with or without an association of mitochondria. Ca2+-containing precipitates were found mainly in smooth vacuoles and cytosol, but also in mitochondria and routh vacuoles. Myelin-like figures and crystalloid bodies occurred in some mitochondria, and normal or degenerating mitochondria withoug Ca2+-loading were seen in autophagic vacuoles. In addition, some stimulated chief cells exhibited double membrane-limited sequestered areas of cytoplasm with a rich content of free ribosomes and glycogen-like particles. The chief cell mitochondria seem to possess capacity for rapid accumulation of Ca2+, associated with an increase in volume at functional suppression. At stimulation of parathyroid function the endoplasmic reticulum is prominent in the active cells, and there seems to be a decrease in the volume and Ca2+-content of the mitochondria occasionally associated with degenerative changes, and a decrease also in the number of free ribosomes and glycogen-like particles in the stimulated cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the parathyroids of Mongolian gerbils induced experimentally in vitro. Effects of variations in Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. Isolated parathyroid glands from normal adult Mongolian gerbils were incubated for 15 minutes to 3 1/2 hours either at high or low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ after which they were studied ultrastructurally, using the pyroantimonate technique and x-ray analysis for identification and son concentrations were mainly composed of suppressed chief cells with moderate or high cytoplasmic density, sparsely developed endoplasmic reticulum, often large Golgi complex, occassional cytoplasmic accumulations of secretory granules, lipoid bodies, glycogen-like particles, and numerous often large mitochondria. Ca2+-containing precipitates were found mainly in mitochondria. Autophagic vacuoles contained Ca2+-loaded degenerating mitochondria. Glands exposed to low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were mainly composed of stimulated and active chief cells; characteristic features were a moderate or low cytoplasmic density, prominent endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi complex, medium-sized, or small mitochondria, and smooth electron lucent vacuoles with or without an association of mitochondria. Ca2+-containing precipitates were found mainly in smooth vacuoles and cytosol, but also in mitochondria and routh vacuoles. Myelin-like figures and crystalloid bodies occurred in some mitochondria, and normal or degenerating mitochondria withoug Ca2+-loading were seen in autophagic vacuoles. In addition, some stimulated chief cells exhibited double membrane-limited sequestered areas of cytoplasm with a rich content of free ribosomes and glycogen-like particles. The chief cell mitochondria seem to possess capacity for rapid accumulation of Ca2+, associated with an increase in volume at functional suppression. At stimulation of parathyroid function the endoplasmic reticulum is prominent in the active cells, and there seems to be a decrease in the volume and Ca2+-content of the mitochondria occasionally associated with degenerative changes, and a decrease also in the number of free ribosomes and glycogen-like particles in the stimulated cells.", "PMID": 557869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3221", "title": "Thrombocythaemia and multiple myeloma. A report on two cases.", "content": "A report is presented on two patients with the very rare combination of thrombocythaemia and multiple myeloma. Both patients displayed an increase in monoclonal immunoglobulin in the serum, an increased amount of plasma cells in the bone marrow, and multiple osteolytic lesions in the skeleton, along with a platelet count exceeding 1 mill./mm3, haemorrhagic diathesis, and thromboembolic complications. In case 1, both diseases reacted favourably to treatment with melphalan during a 36-month follow-up. In case 2, the thrombocythaemia had been brought under control with busulphan prior to the diagnosis of myeloma. The latter patient died before initiation of treatment of the myeloma. The signifacance of the combination is discussed.", "contents": "Thrombocythaemia and multiple myeloma. A report on two cases. A report is presented on two patients with the very rare combination of thrombocythaemia and multiple myeloma. Both patients displayed an increase in monoclonal immunoglobulin in the serum, an increased amount of plasma cells in the bone marrow, and multiple osteolytic lesions in the skeleton, along with a platelet count exceeding 1 mill./mm3, haemorrhagic diathesis, and thromboembolic complications. In case 1, both diseases reacted favourably to treatment with melphalan during a 36-month follow-up. In case 2, the thrombocythaemia had been brought under control with busulphan prior to the diagnosis of myeloma. The latter patient died before initiation of treatment of the myeloma. The signifacance of the combination is discussed.", "PMID": 557871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3222", "title": "Retinitis pigmentosa and a retinal vasculopathy of the Coats type.", "content": "Retinitis pigmentosa is occasionally associated with a vasculopathy of the Coats type. Although the clinical appearance of the vaculopathy is similar to that seen in the usual patient iwth Coats's disease, cases associated with retinitis pigmentosa are usually bilateral, equally common in females, and are not seen in childhood. These findings suggest a different etiological process. We speculate that the etiology in such cases may be related to the vascular narrowing and slower circulation known to occur in some retinitis pigmentosa patients.", "contents": "Retinitis pigmentosa and a retinal vasculopathy of the Coats type. Retinitis pigmentosa is occasionally associated with a vasculopathy of the Coats type. Although the clinical appearance of the vaculopathy is similar to that seen in the usual patient iwth Coats's disease, cases associated with retinitis pigmentosa are usually bilateral, equally common in females, and are not seen in childhood. These findings suggest a different etiological process. We speculate that the etiology in such cases may be related to the vascular narrowing and slower circulation known to occur in some retinitis pigmentosa patients.", "PMID": 557874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3223", "title": "Characteristics of ventricular tachycardia in ambulatory patients.", "content": "This study analyzes 94 episodes of the ventricular tachycardia recorded in the ambulatory electrocardiograms of 23 patients with stable cardiac disease. The episodes were asymptomatic in 19 patients, and only one episode resulted in ventricular fibrillation. Eighty-five percent of the episodes occurred when the underlying heart rate was less than 100 beats/min, and 17 percent occurred during sleep. The rate of the ventricular tachycardia was between 120 and 180 beats/min in 78 percent of the episodes and showed a modest correlation with the underlying heart rate (r = 0.59, P less than 0.001). Only 14 of the 94 episodes were initiated by R on T premature ventricular contractions, and the mean prematurity index (+/- standard deviation) (R-R'/Q-T) for all episodes was 1.31 +/- 0.28. Episodes of ventricular tachycardia recorded during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring are usually self-limited and asymptomatic. They occur during ordinary nonexertional activity and are frequently initiated by late couples premature ventricular contractions.", "contents": "Characteristics of ventricular tachycardia in ambulatory patients. This study analyzes 94 episodes of the ventricular tachycardia recorded in the ambulatory electrocardiograms of 23 patients with stable cardiac disease. The episodes were asymptomatic in 19 patients, and only one episode resulted in ventricular fibrillation. Eighty-five percent of the episodes occurred when the underlying heart rate was less than 100 beats/min, and 17 percent occurred during sleep. The rate of the ventricular tachycardia was between 120 and 180 beats/min in 78 percent of the episodes and showed a modest correlation with the underlying heart rate (r = 0.59, P less than 0.001). Only 14 of the 94 episodes were initiated by R on T premature ventricular contractions, and the mean prematurity index (+/- standard deviation) (R-R'/Q-T) for all episodes was 1.31 +/- 0.28. Episodes of ventricular tachycardia recorded during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring are usually self-limited and asymptomatic. They occur during ordinary nonexertional activity and are frequently initiated by late couples premature ventricular contractions.", "PMID": 557893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3224", "title": "Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. III. Amino acids and other nitrogenous substances.", "content": "The content of amino acids and other nitrogenous substances was determined in milk samples from Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. The Ethiopian mothers were divided into two groups, one with children having low weight for age and one with children having standard weight for age. All children were in the age range 2 to 5 months, and there were eight in each group. The main findings were as follows: 1) The mean daily milk volumes and total daily nitrogen content in the milk were found to be similar in all three groups. The Swedish group had a significantly lower nitrogen content per milliliter than did the Ethiopian group with low weight for age. 2) The total amino acid composition of the milk was almost identical in the three groups studied except for the tyrosine value, which was significantly lower in the Ethiopian standard group than in the low weight for age group. The composition corresponded well with previous findings. 3) The protein fraction constituted 90 to 92% of the total amino acids, the peptide fraction 4 to 5%, and the free amino acids 5%. 4) The concentrations of free amino acids in milk were lower (2 to 6 times) than in plasma, except for glutamic and aspartic acid. The taurine concentration was much higher in milk than in plasma. Only the urea levels in milk and plasma were significantly correlated. The implications of these findings in child health are discussed.", "contents": "Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. III. Amino acids and other nitrogenous substances. The content of amino acids and other nitrogenous substances was determined in milk samples from Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. The Ethiopian mothers were divided into two groups, one with children having low weight for age and one with children having standard weight for age. All children were in the age range 2 to 5 months, and there were eight in each group. The main findings were as follows: 1) The mean daily milk volumes and total daily nitrogen content in the milk were found to be similar in all three groups. The Swedish group had a significantly lower nitrogen content per milliliter than did the Ethiopian group with low weight for age. 2) The total amino acid composition of the milk was almost identical in the three groups studied except for the tyrosine value, which was significantly lower in the Ethiopian standard group than in the low weight for age group. The composition corresponded well with previous findings. 3) The protein fraction constituted 90 to 92% of the total amino acids, the peptide fraction 4 to 5%, and the free amino acids 5%. 4) The concentrations of free amino acids in milk were lower (2 to 6 times) than in plasma, except for glutamic and aspartic acid. The taurine concentration was much higher in milk than in plasma. Only the urea levels in milk and plasma were significantly correlated. The implications of these findings in child health are discussed.", "PMID": 557894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3225", "title": "Comparative sensitivities of viruses to cell cultures and transport media.", "content": "The relative sensitivities and temporal permissivenesses of human embryonic kidney, baboon kidney, and human fibroblast (WI-38) cells for primary isolation of viruses were compared. Of 405 viruses isolated, 83% (335) were cultivated in human embryonic kidney cells, and 49% (198) in baboon kidney cells. WI-38 cells supported the growth of 34% of 199 viral agents. Of the 405 isolates, 70% manifested a cytopathic effect first in human embryonic kidney cells. Daily cumulative rates for primary virus isolation from 1960 to 1974 were examined. Of 558 virus isolates, 58% showed cytopathic effects within seven days after inoculation of the specimen. Comparison of two transport media demonstrated that the total number of isolates from tryptic soy broth approximated twice the number detected with charcoal viral transport medium.", "contents": "Comparative sensitivities of viruses to cell cultures and transport media. The relative sensitivities and temporal permissivenesses of human embryonic kidney, baboon kidney, and human fibroblast (WI-38) cells for primary isolation of viruses were compared. Of 405 viruses isolated, 83% (335) were cultivated in human embryonic kidney cells, and 49% (198) in baboon kidney cells. WI-38 cells supported the growth of 34% of 199 viral agents. Of the 405 isolates, 70% manifested a cytopathic effect first in human embryonic kidney cells. Daily cumulative rates for primary virus isolation from 1960 to 1974 were examined. Of 558 virus isolates, 58% showed cytopathic effects within seven days after inoculation of the specimen. Comparison of two transport media demonstrated that the total number of isolates from tryptic soy broth approximated twice the number detected with charcoal viral transport medium.", "PMID": 557895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3226", "title": "Foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical etiology in the United States, 1970-1974.", "content": "In the United States between 1970 and 1974 there was an increase each year both in the absolute number of foodborne diseases outbreaks of chemical etiology reported to the Center for Disease Control and in the proportion of these outbreaks in the total reported foodborne disease outbreaks. Nearly half (48.9%) of these foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical origin were caused by toxic fish or shellfish. Of the rest, 16.5% were caused by poisonous mushrooms, 10.9% by heavy metal poisoning, 7.2% by excessive use in food of monosodium glutamate (the etiologic agent of Chinese Restaurant Syndrome) and 16.5% by miscellaneous chemicals. Practices that contributed to the occurrence of these outbreaks included the inadvertent selection for consumption of toxic fish, shellfish, or mushrooms, storage of fish at improper temperatures, storage of acidic liquids in metal containers, and addition of excessive amounts of monosodium glutamate to foods. Commercially-processed foods were responsible for outbreaks of scombroid fish poisoning, shellfish poisoning, and heavy metal poisoning. Because outbreaks of chemical etiology due to contaminated commercial products do occur, prompt recognition and reporting of outbreaks to public health personnel are essential so that epidemiologic investigations can be conducted and effective control measures promptly initiated.", "contents": "Foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical etiology in the United States, 1970-1974. In the United States between 1970 and 1974 there was an increase each year both in the absolute number of foodborne diseases outbreaks of chemical etiology reported to the Center for Disease Control and in the proportion of these outbreaks in the total reported foodborne disease outbreaks. Nearly half (48.9%) of these foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical origin were caused by toxic fish or shellfish. Of the rest, 16.5% were caused by poisonous mushrooms, 10.9% by heavy metal poisoning, 7.2% by excessive use in food of monosodium glutamate (the etiologic agent of Chinese Restaurant Syndrome) and 16.5% by miscellaneous chemicals. Practices that contributed to the occurrence of these outbreaks included the inadvertent selection for consumption of toxic fish, shellfish, or mushrooms, storage of fish at improper temperatures, storage of acidic liquids in metal containers, and addition of excessive amounts of monosodium glutamate to foods. Commercially-processed foods were responsible for outbreaks of scombroid fish poisoning, shellfish poisoning, and heavy metal poisoning. Because outbreaks of chemical etiology due to contaminated commercial products do occur, prompt recognition and reporting of outbreaks to public health personnel are essential so that epidemiologic investigations can be conducted and effective control measures promptly initiated.", "PMID": 557897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3227", "title": "Adult Niemann-Pick disease: its relationship to the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte.", "content": "Three unrelated female patients with adult Niemann-Pick disease are described. All the patients had reduced coagulation factors and involvement of the marrow, liver, spleen and lungs. Two patients were shown to have abnormal platelet function; two patients also had pingueculas and a late onset of a menarche. Foam cells and sea-blue histiocytes were seen in the marrow and livers in all three patients, in the spleen in two patients in the lymph nodes in one patient. The clinical presentation, the histologic appearance, the histochemical staining reactions, the lipid analysis and the ultrastructure were all consistent with a diagnosis of adult Niemann-Pick disease. On the basis of these observations, it is clear that adult Niemann-Pick disease is a cause of the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte. The existence of the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte as a separate entity is also questioned.", "contents": "Adult Niemann-Pick disease: its relationship to the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte. Three unrelated female patients with adult Niemann-Pick disease are described. All the patients had reduced coagulation factors and involvement of the marrow, liver, spleen and lungs. Two patients were shown to have abnormal platelet function; two patients also had pingueculas and a late onset of a menarche. Foam cells and sea-blue histiocytes were seen in the marrow and livers in all three patients, in the spleen in two patients in the lymph nodes in one patient. The clinical presentation, the histologic appearance, the histochemical staining reactions, the lipid analysis and the ultrastructure were all consistent with a diagnosis of adult Niemann-Pick disease. On the basis of these observations, it is clear that adult Niemann-Pick disease is a cause of the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte. The existence of the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte as a separate entity is also questioned.", "PMID": 557899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3228", "title": "Plasma beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin assay in molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma.", "content": "Serum plasma levels of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG-beta) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 24 women with molar pregnancies and five with choriocarcinoma. In the patients with molar pregnancy, plasma HCG-beta concentrations became undetectable within 8 to 173 days. In the patients with choriocarcinoma, plasma HCG-beta levels declined rapidly with appropriate chemotherapy. Serial plasma HCG-beta assay in this series accurately determined remission and detected early recurrences during follow-up. All patients are in remission with a mean follow-up of 22 months for the patients with choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "Plasma beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin assay in molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma. Serum plasma levels of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG-beta) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 24 women with molar pregnancies and five with choriocarcinoma. In the patients with molar pregnancy, plasma HCG-beta concentrations became undetectable within 8 to 173 days. In the patients with choriocarcinoma, plasma HCG-beta levels declined rapidly with appropriate chemotherapy. Serial plasma HCG-beta assay in this series accurately determined remission and detected early recurrences during follow-up. All patients are in remission with a mean follow-up of 22 months for the patients with choriocarcinoma.", "PMID": 557901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3229", "title": "Urethral behavior during the involuntary detrusor contraction.", "content": "The bladder-urethral pressure records of 77 patients with involuntary detrusor contractions have been reviewed to described the behavior of the urethra in relation to the involuntary detrusor contraction. The involuntary detrusor contraction is preceded by a fall of urethral pressure in a manner similar to that observed with normal voiding. Parasympathetic blockade will completely or partially prevent the detrusor contraction with a limited effect upon the urethral pressure fall. The meschanism proposed is an interruption of synpathetic effect in the urethra and bladder with parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor as in normal voiding. The stimulus of this mechanism in the involuntary detrusor contraction is not known; however, a wide range of possibilities should be considered.", "contents": "Urethral behavior during the involuntary detrusor contraction. The bladder-urethral pressure records of 77 patients with involuntary detrusor contractions have been reviewed to described the behavior of the urethra in relation to the involuntary detrusor contraction. The involuntary detrusor contraction is preceded by a fall of urethral pressure in a manner similar to that observed with normal voiding. Parasympathetic blockade will completely or partially prevent the detrusor contraction with a limited effect upon the urethral pressure fall. The meschanism proposed is an interruption of synpathetic effect in the urethra and bladder with parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor as in normal voiding. The stimulus of this mechanism in the involuntary detrusor contraction is not known; however, a wide range of possibilities should be considered.", "PMID": 557902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3230", "title": "Cell-to-cell herniae in the arterial wall. I. The pathogenesis of vacuoles in the normal media.", "content": "Vacuoles were observed by light microscopy in the smooth muscle cells of the media in normal rat arteries. By electron microscopy these vacuoles were limited by two membranes; they usually contained myelin figures, a few organelles (especially mitochondria and microfilaments), and an amorphous background material that varied greatly in density. Morphologic evidence indicates that these structures arise by herniation of one smooth muscle cell into another; it is presumed that herniation occurs during contraction at weak points corresponding to areas where adjacent cells come in close contact. Such cell-to-cell herniae were mostly seen in small arteries (arterioles) with a diameter of 0.4 to 0.2 mm; however, none was found in coronary arteries of this size. This discrepancy suggests that the pathogenesis of cell-to-cell herniae is correlated not only with the caliber of the artery but also with functional demands. (Am J Pathol 87:375-398).", "contents": "Cell-to-cell herniae in the arterial wall. I. The pathogenesis of vacuoles in the normal media. Vacuoles were observed by light microscopy in the smooth muscle cells of the media in normal rat arteries. By electron microscopy these vacuoles were limited by two membranes; they usually contained myelin figures, a few organelles (especially mitochondria and microfilaments), and an amorphous background material that varied greatly in density. Morphologic evidence indicates that these structures arise by herniation of one smooth muscle cell into another; it is presumed that herniation occurs during contraction at weak points corresponding to areas where adjacent cells come in close contact. Such cell-to-cell herniae were mostly seen in small arteries (arterioles) with a diameter of 0.4 to 0.2 mm; however, none was found in coronary arteries of this size. This discrepancy suggests that the pathogenesis of cell-to-cell herniae is correlated not only with the caliber of the artery but also with functional demands. (Am J Pathol 87:375-398).", "PMID": 557903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3231", "title": "Effect of ovarian hormones on lysosomal acid hydrolase activities in rat myometrium.", "content": "The activities of the lysosomal acid hydrolases-cathespin D, acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase-were measured in rat myometrium under the following hormonal conditions: during the estrus stage of the estrous cycle (NE); at 1,2, and 3 wk after ovariectomy; and in 3-wk postovariectomized females after hormone replacement therapy with 17 beta-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), or E2 + P. Activities per milligram protein and per milligram DNA of the enzymes were significantly decreased after ovariectomy and were restored to the NE level or above after injecting E2 or E2 + P. Lysosomal enzyme activities did not change with hormonal state in hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that other hormones are required for mediation of enzyme activity. Acid hydrolase activities in other tissues and nonlysosomal enzyme activites in the myometrium did not fluctuate with hormonal state. Studies of lysosomal membrane integrity suggested that one population of lysosomes richer in cathepsin D and acid phosphatase and another rich in beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase may be present in rat myometrium. Estrogen seemed to labilize the lysosomal membrane of at least the latter of the two proposed populations of myometrial lysosomes.", "contents": "Effect of ovarian hormones on lysosomal acid hydrolase activities in rat myometrium. The activities of the lysosomal acid hydrolases-cathespin D, acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase-were measured in rat myometrium under the following hormonal conditions: during the estrus stage of the estrous cycle (NE); at 1,2, and 3 wk after ovariectomy; and in 3-wk postovariectomized females after hormone replacement therapy with 17 beta-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), or E2 + P. Activities per milligram protein and per milligram DNA of the enzymes were significantly decreased after ovariectomy and were restored to the NE level or above after injecting E2 or E2 + P. Lysosomal enzyme activities did not change with hormonal state in hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that other hormones are required for mediation of enzyme activity. Acid hydrolase activities in other tissues and nonlysosomal enzyme activites in the myometrium did not fluctuate with hormonal state. Studies of lysosomal membrane integrity suggested that one population of lysosomes richer in cathepsin D and acid phosphatase and another rich in beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase may be present in rat myometrium. Estrogen seemed to labilize the lysosomal membrane of at least the latter of the two proposed populations of myometrial lysosomes.", "PMID": 557904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3232", "title": "Forensic psychiatry: female offenders.", "content": "The authors examined the records of 127 female and 1,068 male offenders referred by the courts to a forensic service over a 22-year-period. Female offenders were less likely than male offenders to be referred for psychiatric evaluations when they were charged with criminal behavior. They were more likely to be charged with homicide, arson, forgery, or fraud and more frequently received diagnoses of affective disorder and neurosis.", "contents": "Forensic psychiatry: female offenders. The authors examined the records of 127 female and 1,068 male offenders referred by the courts to a forensic service over a 22-year-period. Female offenders were less likely than male offenders to be referred for psychiatric evaluations when they were charged with criminal behavior. They were more likely to be charged with homicide, arson, forgery, or fraud and more frequently received diagnoses of affective disorder and neurosis.", "PMID": 557905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3233", "title": "The effect of an educational program upon hospital antibiotic use.", "content": "The effect of an educational program on the use of antibiotics was studied in a university-affiliated Veterans Administration Hospital. Following an initial survey of antibiotic usage, educational presentations of the collected data were made to the hospital staff which included specific prescribing errors and alternative recommendations. Then, another survey was conducted. Measurable changes following the educational presentations were limited to decreasing costs of unjustified antibiotic use. An effect was noted in decreasing unjustified use of antibiotics in prophylactic situations, but this remained the most common misuse. Thus, an educational program directed at specific prescribing errors produced little noticeable effect on the use of antibiotics in a university-affiliated hospital. The study indicates that more direct measures, such as control of use of particular antibiotics, may be required to produce a meaningful change in prescribing practices.", "contents": "The effect of an educational program upon hospital antibiotic use. The effect of an educational program on the use of antibiotics was studied in a university-affiliated Veterans Administration Hospital. Following an initial survey of antibiotic usage, educational presentations of the collected data were made to the hospital staff which included specific prescribing errors and alternative recommendations. Then, another survey was conducted. Measurable changes following the educational presentations were limited to decreasing costs of unjustified antibiotic use. An effect was noted in decreasing unjustified use of antibiotics in prophylactic situations, but this remained the most common misuse. Thus, an educational program directed at specific prescribing errors produced little noticeable effect on the use of antibiotics in a university-affiliated hospital. The study indicates that more direct measures, such as control of use of particular antibiotics, may be required to produce a meaningful change in prescribing practices.", "PMID": 557900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3234", "title": "Detergent toxicity survey.", "content": "A survey of over 249 detergent products involving biological testing, chemical analyses, and product label reviews has been conducted from 1971-1976 for determining compliance with the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Test results for 145 detergent products having both chemical and biological data were examined. All of the tested detergents were rabbit eye irritants. Forty-seven per cent were also either rabbit primary skin irritants or corrosives. Eighty-one per cent were either rabbit esophageal test irritants or corrosives, and 80 per cent had rat oral toxicities 5g/kg or less.", "contents": "Detergent toxicity survey. A survey of over 249 detergent products involving biological testing, chemical analyses, and product label reviews has been conducted from 1971-1976 for determining compliance with the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Test results for 145 detergent products having both chemical and biological data were examined. All of the tested detergents were rabbit eye irritants. Forty-seven per cent were also either rabbit primary skin irritants or corrosives. Eighty-one per cent were either rabbit esophageal test irritants or corrosives, and 80 per cent had rat oral toxicities 5g/kg or less.", "PMID": 557906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3235", "title": "A practical reporting and evaluation system for intervention programs: guiding principles and potential uses.", "content": "The continued existence of intervention programs is contingent on the ability to answer basic questions such as \"What is your program doing?\" and \"Why should we fund your program?\" This paper outlines basic principles and describes a practical reporting and supplemental evaluation system that can be used by administrators of even the smallest intervention program.", "contents": "A practical reporting and evaluation system for intervention programs: guiding principles and potential uses. The continued existence of intervention programs is contingent on the ability to answer basic questions such as \"What is your program doing?\" and \"Why should we fund your program?\" This paper outlines basic principles and describes a practical reporting and supplemental evaluation system that can be used by administrators of even the smallest intervention program.", "PMID": 557907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3236", "title": "Brugia-like filarial infection acquired in the United States.", "content": "A mature male filarial worm was found in sections of an enlarged, painful retroauricular lymph node removed from an 18-year-old resident of New Jersey. On the basis of its morphology and location in an obstructed lymph vessel, the worm was identified as probably a species of Brugia, possibly Brugia beaveri, a parasite of the raccoom. The infection in this case resembled one reported earlier from the same general area of the country, New York City. In the absence of demonstrable microfilaremia in this and other cases of zoonotic filariasis acquired in the United States, specific drug treatment after surgical removal of the worm is usually unnecessary.", "contents": "Brugia-like filarial infection acquired in the United States. A mature male filarial worm was found in sections of an enlarged, painful retroauricular lymph node removed from an 18-year-old resident of New Jersey. On the basis of its morphology and location in an obstructed lymph vessel, the worm was identified as probably a species of Brugia, possibly Brugia beaveri, a parasite of the raccoom. The infection in this case resembled one reported earlier from the same general area of the country, New York City. In the absence of demonstrable microfilaremia in this and other cases of zoonotic filariasis acquired in the United States, specific drug treatment after surgical removal of the worm is usually unnecessary.", "PMID": 557908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3237", "title": "Intracellular collagen in the nonpregnant and IUD-containing rat uterus.", "content": "An experiment designed to study the effects of the copper IUD on the virgin rat uterus has revealed the presence of intracellular collagen fibrils in control uteri and in uteri that have contained a copper IUD for three months. The cells containing the collagen are found in the stroma in close proximity to the uterine epithelium. The collagen is found within membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles that vary in morphology. In some cases the fibrils are tightly packed and linear, with no other material evident in the vacuole. In other examples, the fibrils are randomly arranged and the vacuoles contain a punctuate material which is characteristic of phagolysosomes. Finally, cytoplasmic vacuoles are seen which contain ill-defined debris and poorly-visualized structures that exhibit a periodicity, suggesting a terminal phase of fibril breakdown. All animals were sacrificed in metestrus, and the results indicate that intracellular collagen is present in the nulliparous rat uterus at this stage of the cycle. In addition, this phenomenon does not appear to be influenced by the presence of a copper IUD over a period of three months.", "contents": "Intracellular collagen in the nonpregnant and IUD-containing rat uterus. An experiment designed to study the effects of the copper IUD on the virgin rat uterus has revealed the presence of intracellular collagen fibrils in control uteri and in uteri that have contained a copper IUD for three months. The cells containing the collagen are found in the stroma in close proximity to the uterine epithelium. The collagen is found within membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles that vary in morphology. In some cases the fibrils are tightly packed and linear, with no other material evident in the vacuole. In other examples, the fibrils are randomly arranged and the vacuoles contain a punctuate material which is characteristic of phagolysosomes. Finally, cytoplasmic vacuoles are seen which contain ill-defined debris and poorly-visualized structures that exhibit a periodicity, suggesting a terminal phase of fibril breakdown. All animals were sacrificed in metestrus, and the results indicate that intracellular collagen is present in the nulliparous rat uterus at this stage of the cycle. In addition, this phenomenon does not appear to be influenced by the presence of a copper IUD over a period of three months.", "PMID": 557912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3238", "title": "Antiarrhythmic anesthetic action I: the effect of halothane on canine intracardiac impulse conduction during sinus rhythm.", "content": "The effect of halothane on intracardiac impulse conduction was assessed in dogs before and after pharmacologic vagotomy. Impulse conduction was measured by anesthetic-related changes in the A-H and H-V intervals of the His bundle electrogram. Prior to vagotomy, both \"light\" and \"deep\" halothane prolonged the A-H interval significantly. Maximal A-H interval prolongations corresponded to the maximal decrease in heart rate with either dose of anesthetic. Following vagotomy, the A-H prolongation produced by light halothane was abolished and the prolongation produced by the deep level greatly reduced. Neither dose of halothane had a measurable effect on the H-V interval before or after vagotomy. In one animal in which the effects of increasing rates of atrial pacing were measured without the addition of halothane, the A-H interval lengthened with no measurable change in the H-V interval. In two dogs in which the heart rate was held near pre-halothane levels by atrial pacing, the A-H interval was slightly prolonged and the H-V interval unchanged during the administration of deep halothane. These studies indicate that during sinus rhythm: (1) halothane prolongs A-V impulse conduction, (2) that this effect is correlated with a concomitant decrease in heart rate, and (3) that these effects are largely dependent upon intact vagal innervation of the heart. During atrial pacing, A-V conduction is prolonged by increased heart rate or by deep halothane when the heart rate is held constant. Thus, in addition to the known effects of halothane on pacemaker automaticity, concomitant changes in conduction may contribute to the antiarrhythmic action of this anesthetic.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic anesthetic action I: the effect of halothane on canine intracardiac impulse conduction during sinus rhythm. The effect of halothane on intracardiac impulse conduction was assessed in dogs before and after pharmacologic vagotomy. Impulse conduction was measured by anesthetic-related changes in the A-H and H-V intervals of the His bundle electrogram. Prior to vagotomy, both \"light\" and \"deep\" halothane prolonged the A-H interval significantly. Maximal A-H interval prolongations corresponded to the maximal decrease in heart rate with either dose of anesthetic. Following vagotomy, the A-H prolongation produced by light halothane was abolished and the prolongation produced by the deep level greatly reduced. Neither dose of halothane had a measurable effect on the H-V interval before or after vagotomy. In one animal in which the effects of increasing rates of atrial pacing were measured without the addition of halothane, the A-H interval lengthened with no measurable change in the H-V interval. In two dogs in which the heart rate was held near pre-halothane levels by atrial pacing, the A-H interval was slightly prolonged and the H-V interval unchanged during the administration of deep halothane. These studies indicate that during sinus rhythm: (1) halothane prolongs A-V impulse conduction, (2) that this effect is correlated with a concomitant decrease in heart rate, and (3) that these effects are largely dependent upon intact vagal innervation of the heart. During atrial pacing, A-V conduction is prolonged by increased heart rate or by deep halothane when the heart rate is held constant. Thus, in addition to the known effects of halothane on pacemaker automaticity, concomitant changes in conduction may contribute to the antiarrhythmic action of this anesthetic.", "PMID": 557913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3239", "title": "Antiarrhythmic anesthetic action. II. The effect of methoxyflurane on ventricular automaticity.", "content": "During the course of surgical anesthesia, the majority of patients experience some arrhythmias, virtually all of which can be attributed to changes in cardiac pacemaker automaticity and/or alterations in cardiac conduction velocity. Therefore, a better understanding of these mechansims is of importance to anesthesiologists. Cardiac automaticity in the intact heart of dogs under methoxyflurane anesthesia was assessed by measuring changes in ventricular escape time (VET) and ventricular escape rate (VER). A slight shortening of VET was noted, while there was virtually no change from control in VER. Unexpectedly, however, a nonsinus supraventricular escape focus became prominent in many animals at a low anesthetic dose and in all animals at a higher anesthetic concentration. This effect was shown to be preventable by pretreatment with reserpine or a beta-blocking agent. It is concluded that methoxyflurane increases the automaticity of parts of the atrial conducting system, other than the sinus, either by a direct effect or by increasing the sensitivity to prevailing background adrenergic levels.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic anesthetic action. II. The effect of methoxyflurane on ventricular automaticity. During the course of surgical anesthesia, the majority of patients experience some arrhythmias, virtually all of which can be attributed to changes in cardiac pacemaker automaticity and/or alterations in cardiac conduction velocity. Therefore, a better understanding of these mechansims is of importance to anesthesiologists. Cardiac automaticity in the intact heart of dogs under methoxyflurane anesthesia was assessed by measuring changes in ventricular escape time (VET) and ventricular escape rate (VER). A slight shortening of VET was noted, while there was virtually no change from control in VER. Unexpectedly, however, a nonsinus supraventricular escape focus became prominent in many animals at a low anesthetic dose and in all animals at a higher anesthetic concentration. This effect was shown to be preventable by pretreatment with reserpine or a beta-blocking agent. It is concluded that methoxyflurane increases the automaticity of parts of the atrial conducting system, other than the sinus, either by a direct effect or by increasing the sensitivity to prevailing background adrenergic levels.", "PMID": 557914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3240", "title": "Fluctuating intracranial hypertension due to Cheyne-Stokes respiration.", "content": "Cyclically fluctuating intracranial pressure (ICP) with periodic breathing was first described by Nils Lundberg in 1960. While Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) frequently accompanies severe cerebrovascular accidents, it is not commonly appreciated that cycles of severe intracranial hypertension can complicate this abnormal ventilation pattern. We recently treated a patient with a hemorrhagic stroke in whom episodes of elevated ICP were synchronously associated with CSR.", "contents": "Fluctuating intracranial hypertension due to Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Cyclically fluctuating intracranial pressure (ICP) with periodic breathing was first described by Nils Lundberg in 1960. While Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) frequently accompanies severe cerebrovascular accidents, it is not commonly appreciated that cycles of severe intracranial hypertension can complicate this abnormal ventilation pattern. We recently treated a patient with a hemorrhagic stroke in whom episodes of elevated ICP were synchronously associated with CSR.", "PMID": 557916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3241", "title": "Further studies of manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags.", "content": "Four resuscitators were tested, of which three had recently been improved by the manufacturers (Danish-made Ambu, Air Bird, Laerdal Resusci 2), and one was new (Hope 2). All functioned well at extremes of temperature and all would deliver 100 percent O2 to the patient. All are essentially vice-free and represent great steps forward in resuscitator design.", "contents": "Further studies of manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags. Four resuscitators were tested, of which three had recently been improved by the manufacturers (Danish-made Ambu, Air Bird, Laerdal Resusci 2), and one was new (Hope 2). All functioned well at extremes of temperature and all would deliver 100 percent O2 to the patient. All are essentially vice-free and represent great steps forward in resuscitator design.", "PMID": 557915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3242", "title": "The potential for contamination of continuous epidural catheters.", "content": "In cultures from 102 patients undergoing continuous epidural catheterization, 22 catheters were found to be contaminated. No statistically significant correlation could be established between the contaminated catheters and the parameters monitored. A worrisome trend of contamination seemed to be developing in association with hospital-prepared epidural trays as well as the procedure of vaginal delivery. Hypotheses for these observations together with current prophylactic measures are discussed. One significant clinical infection occurred; a brief report of this patient is included.", "contents": "The potential for contamination of continuous epidural catheters. In cultures from 102 patients undergoing continuous epidural catheterization, 22 catheters were found to be contaminated. No statistically significant correlation could be established between the contaminated catheters and the parameters monitored. A worrisome trend of contamination seemed to be developing in association with hospital-prepared epidural trays as well as the procedure of vaginal delivery. Hypotheses for these observations together with current prophylactic measures are discussed. One significant clinical infection occurred; a brief report of this patient is included.", "PMID": 557918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3243", "title": "Flaccid paraparesis following obstetrical epidural anesthesia: possible role of benzyl alcohol.", "content": "Severe flaccid paraplegia accompanied by extensive sensory loss after epidural anesthesia administered for labor and delivery occurred in a previously healthy 24-year-old primagravida. Recovery was virtually complete after 16 months. The cause of the neurologic deficits may have been the 1.5 percent benzyl alcohol preservative contained in an 0.9 percent saline solution used for postdelivery epidural injection.", "contents": "Flaccid paraparesis following obstetrical epidural anesthesia: possible role of benzyl alcohol. Severe flaccid paraplegia accompanied by extensive sensory loss after epidural anesthesia administered for labor and delivery occurred in a previously healthy 24-year-old primagravida. Recovery was virtually complete after 16 months. The cause of the neurologic deficits may have been the 1.5 percent benzyl alcohol preservative contained in an 0.9 percent saline solution used for postdelivery epidural injection.", "PMID": 557917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3244", "title": "Laceration of left pulmonary artery during mediastinoscopy.", "content": "During a mediastinoscopy on a 65-year-old man with a carcinoma of the lung, the left pulmonary artery was biopsied inadvertently. The patient became hypotensive due to a loss of 1500 ml of blood in less than 5 minutes. Rapid administration of plasma and whole blood and emergency thoracotomy to control bleeding were necessary. The authors suggest securing an IV route using a large-bore catheter and stress the need to be alert to the possibility of life-threatening hemorrhage occurring during mediastinoscopy.", "contents": "Laceration of left pulmonary artery during mediastinoscopy. During a mediastinoscopy on a 65-year-old man with a carcinoma of the lung, the left pulmonary artery was biopsied inadvertently. The patient became hypotensive due to a loss of 1500 ml of blood in less than 5 minutes. Rapid administration of plasma and whole blood and emergency thoracotomy to control bleeding were necessary. The authors suggest securing an IV route using a large-bore catheter and stress the need to be alert to the possibility of life-threatening hemorrhage occurring during mediastinoscopy.", "PMID": 557919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3245", "title": "Anesthetic management of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation in infancy.", "content": "The prevention and control of massive bleeding has always been a problem in neurosurgical procedures, particularly in patients with arteriovenous malformations, intracranial aneurysms, and large vascular tumors. During the past 25 years, new technics have reduced the risk of hemorrhage; however, these have been most suitable for adult patients. Vascular intracranial lesions during infancy present even more complex problems. This is a report of the anesthetic management of a 7-month-old infant with an aneurysm of the v cerebri magna (great vein of Galen). Anesthetic management consisted of (1) halothane-N2O-O2 general endotracheal anesthesia, (2) surface-induced profound hypothermia, and (3) low-flow extracorporeal circulation. Phenothiazine premedication was used with halothane anesthesia to antagonize reflex vasoconstriction during hypothermia, hypothermia and low cardiac output to lessen the possibility of hemorrhage, aneurysmal rupture, and neurologic damage, and surface-induced hypothermia because it provides better core perfusion than central cooling. This technic allowed a successful outcome in an otherwise high-risk procedure.", "contents": "Anesthetic management of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation in infancy. The prevention and control of massive bleeding has always been a problem in neurosurgical procedures, particularly in patients with arteriovenous malformations, intracranial aneurysms, and large vascular tumors. During the past 25 years, new technics have reduced the risk of hemorrhage; however, these have been most suitable for adult patients. Vascular intracranial lesions during infancy present even more complex problems. This is a report of the anesthetic management of a 7-month-old infant with an aneurysm of the v cerebri magna (great vein of Galen). Anesthetic management consisted of (1) halothane-N2O-O2 general endotracheal anesthesia, (2) surface-induced profound hypothermia, and (3) low-flow extracorporeal circulation. Phenothiazine premedication was used with halothane anesthesia to antagonize reflex vasoconstriction during hypothermia, hypothermia and low cardiac output to lessen the possibility of hemorrhage, aneurysmal rupture, and neurologic damage, and surface-induced hypothermia because it provides better core perfusion than central cooling. This technic allowed a successful outcome in an otherwise high-risk procedure.", "PMID": 557921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3246", "title": "A comparison of general anesthesia and lumbar epidural analgesia for elective cesarean section.", "content": "Controversy exists concerning the choice of anesthetic technic for elective cesarean section. Several maternal and newborn parameters were compared during general anesthesia (GA) and lumbar epidural analgesia (LEA). High inspired maternal O2 levels were achieved with both technics. Vigorous, well-oxygenated infants with good umbilical-cord acid-base values were delivered during both GA and LEA. Umbilical artery and vein pH were better with GA, but 1-minute Apgar-minus-color scores were higher and time to sustained respiration was shorter with LEA. On the basis of this study, neither technic can be vigorously recommended over the other from the standpoint of the newborn's condition.", "contents": "A comparison of general anesthesia and lumbar epidural analgesia for elective cesarean section. Controversy exists concerning the choice of anesthetic technic for elective cesarean section. Several maternal and newborn parameters were compared during general anesthesia (GA) and lumbar epidural analgesia (LEA). High inspired maternal O2 levels were achieved with both technics. Vigorous, well-oxygenated infants with good umbilical-cord acid-base values were delivered during both GA and LEA. Umbilical artery and vein pH were better with GA, but 1-minute Apgar-minus-color scores were higher and time to sustained respiration was shorter with LEA. On the basis of this study, neither technic can be vigorously recommended over the other from the standpoint of the newborn's condition.", "PMID": 557920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3247", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of metocurine in patients with coronary artery disease receiving propranolol.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the circulatory effects of metocurine (dimethyltubocurarine) in 7 men scheduled for coronary artery surgery who had been receiving propranolol for at least 6 weeks before morphine-N2O-O2 anesthesia. The study was divided into 4 measurement periods: (1) control after induction; (2) 5 minutes after administration of 0.35 mg/kg of metocurine; (3) 10 minutes after; (4) 20 minutes after. There were no significant changes in mean blood pressure, heart rate (HR) central venous pressure or arterial blood gases throughout the study. Cardiac index rose significantly from a control value of 1.89 +/- 0.1 L/min/m2 to 2.39 +/- 0.2 L/min/m2 in period 2 and remained elevated throughout (2.53 +/- 0.3 and 2.33 +/- 0.2 Lmin/m2). Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) fell from a control value of 20.2 +/- 1.8 units to 16.1 +/- 1.6 units in period 2 and remained below control in periods 3 and 4 (17.2 +/- 1.8 and 16.9 +/- 1.3). These data suggest that metocurine produced a significant decrease in SVR in the presence of propranolol, resulting in an increase in cardiac output (and stroke volume) in a compensated heart, to maintain perfusion pressure. The possibility of a central (cardiac) effect cannot be excluded, but the lack of an increase in HR suggests it would not be clinically significant.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of metocurine in patients with coronary artery disease receiving propranolol. This study was undertaken to determine the circulatory effects of metocurine (dimethyltubocurarine) in 7 men scheduled for coronary artery surgery who had been receiving propranolol for at least 6 weeks before morphine-N2O-O2 anesthesia. The study was divided into 4 measurement periods: (1) control after induction; (2) 5 minutes after administration of 0.35 mg/kg of metocurine; (3) 10 minutes after; (4) 20 minutes after. There were no significant changes in mean blood pressure, heart rate (HR) central venous pressure or arterial blood gases throughout the study. Cardiac index rose significantly from a control value of 1.89 +/- 0.1 L/min/m2 to 2.39 +/- 0.2 L/min/m2 in period 2 and remained elevated throughout (2.53 +/- 0.3 and 2.33 +/- 0.2 Lmin/m2). Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) fell from a control value of 20.2 +/- 1.8 units to 16.1 +/- 1.6 units in period 2 and remained below control in periods 3 and 4 (17.2 +/- 1.8 and 16.9 +/- 1.3). These data suggest that metocurine produced a significant decrease in SVR in the presence of propranolol, resulting in an increase in cardiac output (and stroke volume) in a compensated heart, to maintain perfusion pressure. The possibility of a central (cardiac) effect cannot be excluded, but the lack of an increase in HR suggests it would not be clinically significant.", "PMID": 557923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3248", "title": "Fade of neurally evoked compound electromyogram during neuromuscular block by d-tubocurarine.", "content": "Trains of neurally evoked compound electromyographic responses of the thenar muscles were studied in 20 patients anesthetized with enflurane and N2O and paralyzed with d-tubocurarine. Fade was correlated with stimulus frequency (0.1 to 50 Hz) and degree of neuromuscular block. The lowest response in a train occurred on the 4th and the 6th-to-8th responses when the train was elicited at 2 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively. Fade was more observable with deeper block and could best be demonstrated by 5 Hz stimuli. With 50 Hz stimuli, a concomitant facilitation, observable from the beginning of the train, partially compensated for the fade.", "contents": "Fade of neurally evoked compound electromyogram during neuromuscular block by d-tubocurarine. Trains of neurally evoked compound electromyographic responses of the thenar muscles were studied in 20 patients anesthetized with enflurane and N2O and paralyzed with d-tubocurarine. Fade was correlated with stimulus frequency (0.1 to 50 Hz) and degree of neuromuscular block. The lowest response in a train occurred on the 4th and the 6th-to-8th responses when the train was elicited at 2 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively. Fade was more observable with deeper block and could best be demonstrated by 5 Hz stimuli. With 50 Hz stimuli, a concomitant facilitation, observable from the beginning of the train, partially compensated for the fade.", "PMID": 557925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3249", "title": "Tests of minimal obstruction in the small airways: interrelationships and physiologic significance.", "content": "Several technics have become popular to detect airway obstruction in the small (less than 2 mm diameter) peripheral bronchi which appear to be the site of the early lesions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These include determining maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMFR) from the expiration spirogram, maximum expiratory flows at low lung volumes from the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve, a comparison of flow-volume curves during air and helium/O2 breathing, demonstration of frequency dependence of compliance, and the measurement of closing volume (CV). This discussion attempts to interpret the literature relative to these tests, examining their physiologic basis and clinical significance while relating them to the standard spirometric tests. The aim is to provide the clinical anesthesiologist with a better understanding of the information they provide, since their physiologic basis relates well to the many aspects of abnormal lung function which appear during anesthesia and the entire perioperative period.", "contents": "Tests of minimal obstruction in the small airways: interrelationships and physiologic significance. Several technics have become popular to detect airway obstruction in the small (less than 2 mm diameter) peripheral bronchi which appear to be the site of the early lesions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These include determining maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMFR) from the expiration spirogram, maximum expiratory flows at low lung volumes from the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve, a comparison of flow-volume curves during air and helium/O2 breathing, demonstration of frequency dependence of compliance, and the measurement of closing volume (CV). This discussion attempts to interpret the literature relative to these tests, examining their physiologic basis and clinical significance while relating them to the standard spirometric tests. The aim is to provide the clinical anesthesiologist with a better understanding of the information they provide, since their physiologic basis relates well to the many aspects of abnormal lung function which appear during anesthesia and the entire perioperative period.", "PMID": 557922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3250", "title": "A new instrument for continuous recording of the evoked compound electromyogram in the clinical setting.", "content": "To study neuromuscular transmission, observation of the evoked compound electromyogram (EMG) has important advantages over observation of the evoked mechanical muscle contraction. Technically, however, recording of the evoked compound EMG, especially in continuous study of several hours duration, has been difficult. Investigators have employed various complicated systems, including tape recording, photorecording, and photographing for such purposes. The authors have applied modern computer technology to construction of an EMG analyzer which enables handling the evoked EMG even more easily than the evoked mechanical contraction. The principle involves digital dissection, storage with memory, readout with time expansion, and analog reconstruction of the compound EMG. The signal can be recorded with ease by use of any suitable hot-stylus or ink-writing oscillographic recorder. Both the waveform and the amplitutde of the EMG can be on-line recorded. The cost compares favorably with comparable devices for similar studies.", "contents": "A new instrument for continuous recording of the evoked compound electromyogram in the clinical setting. To study neuromuscular transmission, observation of the evoked compound electromyogram (EMG) has important advantages over observation of the evoked mechanical muscle contraction. Technically, however, recording of the evoked compound EMG, especially in continuous study of several hours duration, has been difficult. Investigators have employed various complicated systems, including tape recording, photorecording, and photographing for such purposes. The authors have applied modern computer technology to construction of an EMG analyzer which enables handling the evoked EMG even more easily than the evoked mechanical contraction. The principle involves digital dissection, storage with memory, readout with time expansion, and analog reconstruction of the compound EMG. The signal can be recorded with ease by use of any suitable hot-stylus or ink-writing oscillographic recorder. Both the waveform and the amplitutde of the EMG can be on-line recorded. The cost compares favorably with comparable devices for similar studies.", "PMID": 557924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3251", "title": "Neuroleptanalgesia for awake pronation of surgical patients.", "content": "Pronation of anesthetized patients may result in complications. Neuromuscular block increases the risk. To minimize the risk, the authors devised a technic of \"awake pronation,\" evaluating its feasibility, in 11 consecutive patients in a 1-year period for 12 operations; all attempts were successful and without complicatons. Neuroleptanalgesia is achieved with droperidol and fentanyl, topical anesthesia of the upper airway is induced with lidocaine, awake intubation is performed orotracheally under direct vision, and pronation is accomplished with patient cooperation.", "contents": "Neuroleptanalgesia for awake pronation of surgical patients. Pronation of anesthetized patients may result in complications. Neuromuscular block increases the risk. To minimize the risk, the authors devised a technic of \"awake pronation,\" evaluating its feasibility, in 11 consecutive patients in a 1-year period for 12 operations; all attempts were successful and without complicatons. Neuroleptanalgesia is achieved with droperidol and fentanyl, topical anesthesia of the upper airway is induced with lidocaine, awake intubation is performed orotracheally under direct vision, and pronation is accomplished with patient cooperation.", "PMID": 557926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3252", "title": "The anesthetic management of a patient with an obstructing intratracheal mass: a case report.", "content": "A patient with a large mass in his lower trachea presents a real challenge to the anesthesiologist. The anticipated management and alternatives must be discussed with the surgeons beforehand. This report describes a procedure that successfully managed such a case involving a neurofibroma without evidence of neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "The anesthetic management of a patient with an obstructing intratracheal mass: a case report. A patient with a large mass in his lower trachea presents a real challenge to the anesthesiologist. The anticipated management and alternatives must be discussed with the surgeons beforehand. This report describes a procedure that successfully managed such a case involving a neurofibroma without evidence of neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 557931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3253", "title": "Anesthesia for untreated hypothyroidism: report of three cases.", "content": "Two preoperatively unsuspected and one known hypothyroid patients underwent elective surgery with general anesthesia. All demonstrated unusual sensitivity to anesthetic agents. As suggested by a history of thyroid abnormalities, high serum cholesterol, and exaggerated response to anesthetic agents, the authors were led to suspect hypothyroidism, which was confirmed postoperatively by low serum thyroxine levels.", "contents": "Anesthesia for untreated hypothyroidism: report of three cases. Two preoperatively unsuspected and one known hypothyroid patients underwent elective surgery with general anesthesia. All demonstrated unusual sensitivity to anesthetic agents. As suggested by a history of thyroid abnormalities, high serum cholesterol, and exaggerated response to anesthetic agents, the authors were led to suspect hypothyroidism, which was confirmed postoperatively by low serum thyroxine levels.", "PMID": 557932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3254", "title": "Bovine anaplasmosis transmission studies conducted under controlled natural exposure in a Dermacentor andersoni = (venustus) indigenous area of eastern Oregon.", "content": "In Anaplasma marginale transmission studies conducted on the high semi-arid range of eastern Oregon during the 1974 and 1975 vector season, A marginale-susceptible calves (principals) were maintained on 2 raised tick-proof platforms. Anaplasmosis-susceptible control calves of approximately the same age and latent-infected cows grazed the area surrounding the platforms. One latent-infected steer spent the entire 1975 vector season on a platform with the principals. The 28 principals did not develop anaplasmosis, whereas 15 of 30 (50%) controls became infected. The disease was not transmitted from the latent-infected cattle to the principals exposed only to flying hematophagous insects, whereas 50% of the controls exposed to the Rocky Mountain wood tick Dermacentor andersoni) = (venustus) developed the disease. Dermacentor andersoni appears to be the principal vector on this range.", "contents": "Bovine anaplasmosis transmission studies conducted under controlled natural exposure in a Dermacentor andersoni = (venustus) indigenous area of eastern Oregon. In Anaplasma marginale transmission studies conducted on the high semi-arid range of eastern Oregon during the 1974 and 1975 vector season, A marginale-susceptible calves (principals) were maintained on 2 raised tick-proof platforms. Anaplasmosis-susceptible control calves of approximately the same age and latent-infected cows grazed the area surrounding the platforms. One latent-infected steer spent the entire 1975 vector season on a platform with the principals. The 28 principals did not develop anaplasmosis, whereas 15 of 30 (50%) controls became infected. The disease was not transmitted from the latent-infected cattle to the principals exposed only to flying hematophagous insects, whereas 50% of the controls exposed to the Rocky Mountain wood tick Dermacentor andersoni) = (venustus) developed the disease. Dermacentor andersoni appears to be the principal vector on this range.", "PMID": 557939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3255", "title": "Electrogoniometric analysis of equine metacarpophalangeal joint lameness.", "content": "Electrogoniometry was used qualitively and quantitatively to assess the movements of the normal and pathologic metacarpophalangeal joints of selected horses. A total of 4 Thoroughbreds, 1 normal and 3 with clinical and radiographic changes in the metacarpophalangeal joints of 1 limb, were evaluated at the walk and trot. Goniograms of the affected joints were compared with those of the normal horse and the normal contralateral metacarpophangeal joint. Qualitative asymmetry was recognized on the goniograms, and the ranges of motion were quantified and related to the clinical and radiologic observations.", "contents": "Electrogoniometric analysis of equine metacarpophalangeal joint lameness. Electrogoniometry was used qualitively and quantitatively to assess the movements of the normal and pathologic metacarpophalangeal joints of selected horses. A total of 4 Thoroughbreds, 1 normal and 3 with clinical and radiographic changes in the metacarpophalangeal joints of 1 limb, were evaluated at the walk and trot. Goniograms of the affected joints were compared with those of the normal horse and the normal contralateral metacarpophangeal joint. Qualitative asymmetry was recognized on the goniograms, and the ranges of motion were quantified and related to the clinical and radiologic observations.", "PMID": 557940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3256", "title": "Influence of a progestogen on the cytophysiologic character of the bovine adenohypophysis.", "content": "The objective in the present experiment was to study the effects of melengestrol acetate (0.5 mg for 14 days starting at day 15 of the estrous cycle) on the cytophysiologic character of the bovine adenohypophysis. Twelve Hereford and Angus heifers were used. A combination of thick-thin sectioning of resin-embedded material was used to aid in specific identification of individual hypophyseal cells. Alterations were not observed in the cytophysiologic activity of the presumptive prolactin-, somatotropin-, thyrotropin- or corticotropin-secreting cells. A marked increase in chromophobes was observed in animals given melengestrol acetate. Evidence indicated that these chromophobes originated from gonadotropin-secreting cells.", "contents": "Influence of a progestogen on the cytophysiologic character of the bovine adenohypophysis. The objective in the present experiment was to study the effects of melengestrol acetate (0.5 mg for 14 days starting at day 15 of the estrous cycle) on the cytophysiologic character of the bovine adenohypophysis. Twelve Hereford and Angus heifers were used. A combination of thick-thin sectioning of resin-embedded material was used to aid in specific identification of individual hypophyseal cells. Alterations were not observed in the cytophysiologic activity of the presumptive prolactin-, somatotropin-, thyrotropin- or corticotropin-secreting cells. A marked increase in chromophobes was observed in animals given melengestrol acetate. Evidence indicated that these chromophobes originated from gonadotropin-secreting cells.", "PMID": 557941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3257", "title": "Induction of estrus and ovulation in the bitch, using exogenous gonadotropins.", "content": "The capability of pregnant mare serum (PMS) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce estrus and ovulation was tested in mature, anestrous bitches. The PMS was given for 10 consecutive days in 1 of 3 regimens: 500 IU/day (experiment 1), 250 IU/day (experiment 2), or 20 IU/kg/day (experiment 3). The HCG was given as a single 500-IU dose on experimental day 10. Controls were given saline solution. Vaginal smears were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 by jugular venipuncture, and the plasma was assayed for progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. On day 13, the bitches were euthanatized, ova were flushed from the uterine tubes (oviducts), and the ovaries were collected and prepared for microscopic examination. Fourteen of 25 bitches treated with PMS and HCG showed estrus and ovulated. Proestrus (vaginal bleeding) commenced between experimental days 7 and 10. Estrus commenced on day 9 or 10. Progesterone increased from approximately 1 ng/ml on day 1 to more than 6 ng/ml on day 12. Numbers of ovulation sites on both ovaries were 4.7 +/- 1.1 and 4.6 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SEM) in those given the daily doses of 500 and 250 IU of PMS and 9.8 +/- 1.5 in experiment 3 bitches. Eleven hormone-treated dogs and 7 saline-treated dogs did not show any detectable response. Neither cystic nor unovulated, luteinized follicles appeared on the ovaries.", "contents": "Induction of estrus and ovulation in the bitch, using exogenous gonadotropins. The capability of pregnant mare serum (PMS) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce estrus and ovulation was tested in mature, anestrous bitches. The PMS was given for 10 consecutive days in 1 of 3 regimens: 500 IU/day (experiment 1), 250 IU/day (experiment 2), or 20 IU/kg/day (experiment 3). The HCG was given as a single 500-IU dose on experimental day 10. Controls were given saline solution. Vaginal smears were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 by jugular venipuncture, and the plasma was assayed for progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. On day 13, the bitches were euthanatized, ova were flushed from the uterine tubes (oviducts), and the ovaries were collected and prepared for microscopic examination. Fourteen of 25 bitches treated with PMS and HCG showed estrus and ovulated. Proestrus (vaginal bleeding) commenced between experimental days 7 and 10. Estrus commenced on day 9 or 10. Progesterone increased from approximately 1 ng/ml on day 1 to more than 6 ng/ml on day 12. Numbers of ovulation sites on both ovaries were 4.7 +/- 1.1 and 4.6 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SEM) in those given the daily doses of 500 and 250 IU of PMS and 9.8 +/- 1.5 in experiment 3 bitches. Eleven hormone-treated dogs and 7 saline-treated dogs did not show any detectable response. Neither cystic nor unovulated, luteinized follicles appeared on the ovaries.", "PMID": 557942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3258", "title": "Activity of some antileprosy compounds against Mycobacterium intracellulare in vitro.", "content": "A series of 12 compounds, consisting of 3 known antileprosy drugs (dapsone, B663, and Ciba 1906) and 9 structural derivatives of dapsone, were tested for their antimycobacterial activity against 50 strains of Mycobacterium intracellulare. Detailed investigations of B663, the only compound showing considerable in vitro activity, were carried out. All of the strains of M. intracellulare were inhibited by a B663 concentration of 1.6 mug per ml, and 88% were inhibited by a drug concentration of 0.8 microng per ml. The rate of emergence of in vitro resistance was similar to that of M. tuberculosis against streptomycin and isoniazid. Preliminary experiments indicated that the action of the drug on M. intracellulare may be bacteriocidal in nature.", "contents": "Activity of some antileprosy compounds against Mycobacterium intracellulare in vitro. A series of 12 compounds, consisting of 3 known antileprosy drugs (dapsone, B663, and Ciba 1906) and 9 structural derivatives of dapsone, were tested for their antimycobacterial activity against 50 strains of Mycobacterium intracellulare. Detailed investigations of B663, the only compound showing considerable in vitro activity, were carried out. All of the strains of M. intracellulare were inhibited by a B663 concentration of 1.6 mug per ml, and 88% were inhibited by a drug concentration of 0.8 microng per ml. The rate of emergence of in vitro resistance was similar to that of M. tuberculosis against streptomycin and isoniazid. Preliminary experiments indicated that the action of the drug on M. intracellulare may be bacteriocidal in nature.", "PMID": 557943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3259", "title": "Elective splenectomy in the elderly patient.", "content": "This report reviews 10 years' experience with elective splenectomy in patients over 55 years of age. Of 55 patients, 25 were over the age of 65. The majority of splenectomies (41) were performed for hematological disorders exclusive of lymphoma, but including ITP, hypersplenism (both primary and secondary), Felty's syndrome and myeloid metaplasia. Sixty-eight per cent of these patients responded to splenectomy with sustained elevation of platelet counts while 70 per cent responded to sustained elevation of leukocyte counts. Sixteen of the hematological patients received a preoperative trial of steroid therapy in an attempt to alleviate leukopenia or thrombocytopenia with a 37.5 per cent (6 of 16) success rate. There was no correlation between the response to preoperative steroid therapy and response to splenectomy. These data correspond favorably to previous published material in the younger aged patients. There was no difference in the postoperative complication rate related to drainage or nondrainage of the splenic bed. However, eight other complications occurred for a morbidity rate of 14.5 per cent in addition to complications related to drainage of the splenic bed (8%). A 9 per cent (5 of 55) mortality rate was related to the patients' pre-existing diseases and appears acceptable in light of hematological response rate and quoted mortality rates for splenectomy over age 65.", "contents": "Elective splenectomy in the elderly patient. This report reviews 10 years' experience with elective splenectomy in patients over 55 years of age. Of 55 patients, 25 were over the age of 65. The majority of splenectomies (41) were performed for hematological disorders exclusive of lymphoma, but including ITP, hypersplenism (both primary and secondary), Felty's syndrome and myeloid metaplasia. Sixty-eight per cent of these patients responded to splenectomy with sustained elevation of platelet counts while 70 per cent responded to sustained elevation of leukocyte counts. Sixteen of the hematological patients received a preoperative trial of steroid therapy in an attempt to alleviate leukopenia or thrombocytopenia with a 37.5 per cent (6 of 16) success rate. There was no correlation between the response to preoperative steroid therapy and response to splenectomy. These data correspond favorably to previous published material in the younger aged patients. There was no difference in the postoperative complication rate related to drainage or nondrainage of the splenic bed. However, eight other complications occurred for a morbidity rate of 14.5 per cent in addition to complications related to drainage of the splenic bed (8%). A 9 per cent (5 of 55) mortality rate was related to the patients' pre-existing diseases and appears acceptable in light of hematological response rate and quoted mortality rates for splenectomy over age 65.", "PMID": 557944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3260", "title": "Phenylketonuria and its variants.", "content": "The hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase system is complex, consisting of at least two enzymes and two non-protein cofactors. In classical phenylketonuria (PKU) the affect component has been shown to be the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase. Recently, several variant forms of PKU have been identified which are due to deficiencies of two of the other components of the hydroxylase system, dihydropteridine reductase and tetrahydrobiopterin. In these cases, the defects lead to symptoms which are more severe than in PKU. Furthermore, since these two components are also required in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, treatment with a phenylalanine-restricted diet is not effective. Thus, it is important to distinguish PKU from one of its variant forms at as early an age as possible to institute alternate therapies. The methods for determining the affected component will be discussed.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria and its variants. The hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase system is complex, consisting of at least two enzymes and two non-protein cofactors. In classical phenylketonuria (PKU) the affect component has been shown to be the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase. Recently, several variant forms of PKU have been identified which are due to deficiencies of two of the other components of the hydroxylase system, dihydropteridine reductase and tetrahydrobiopterin. In these cases, the defects lead to symptoms which are more severe than in PKU. Furthermore, since these two components are also required in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, treatment with a phenylalanine-restricted diet is not effective. Thus, it is important to distinguish PKU from one of its variant forms at as early an age as possible to institute alternate therapies. The methods for determining the affected component will be discussed.", "PMID": 557947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3261", "title": "Synthesis of vaccinia viral antigens in HeLa cells in the presence of isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone.", "content": "Vaccinia virus antigens, in HeLa cells treated with the antipox virus drug isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT), were analyzed by immunoprecipitation, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The total radioactivity in the immunoprecipitate was decreased to almost 50% in the presence of the drug as compared to its absence. An inhibition also occurred with an IBT-dependent mutant (IBT(D)) when growing in the absence of IBT. However, similar levels of radioactivity were observed in the immunoprecipitates from an IBT-resistant mutant (IBT(R)) grown in either the absence or presence of the drug. When the antigens within the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown that the inhibition observed in the wild-type-infected cells in the presence of IBT and in the IBT(D)-infected cells in the absence of the drug, was quantitative, affecting the amounts of the different polypeptides more or less equally.", "contents": "Synthesis of vaccinia viral antigens in HeLa cells in the presence of isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone. Vaccinia virus antigens, in HeLa cells treated with the antipox virus drug isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT), were analyzed by immunoprecipitation, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The total radioactivity in the immunoprecipitate was decreased to almost 50% in the presence of the drug as compared to its absence. An inhibition also occurred with an IBT-dependent mutant (IBT(D)) when growing in the absence of IBT. However, similar levels of radioactivity were observed in the immunoprecipitates from an IBT-resistant mutant (IBT(R)) grown in either the absence or presence of the drug. When the antigens within the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown that the inhibition observed in the wild-type-infected cells in the presence of IBT and in the IBT(D)-infected cells in the absence of the drug, was quantitative, affecting the amounts of the different polypeptides more or less equally.", "PMID": 557952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3262", "title": "Relationship between the physicochemical nature of human interferon, the cell induced, and the inducing agent.", "content": "To determine the basis for differences in interferons previously noted by others, we prepared five types of human interferon, namely interferon induced in muscle skin fibroblasts using complexed polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (IC) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and interferon induced in leukocytes using IC, NDV, and phytohemagglutinin. We determined the molecular weight, isoelectric point, inactivation rate at 56 degrees C and structural activity relationships for each interferon. Significant differences between these interferons were found, many of which seem related to the cell induced rather than the inducer. We believe these findings have important pharmacological implications for the use of interferon in man.", "contents": "Relationship between the physicochemical nature of human interferon, the cell induced, and the inducing agent. To determine the basis for differences in interferons previously noted by others, we prepared five types of human interferon, namely interferon induced in muscle skin fibroblasts using complexed polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (IC) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and interferon induced in leukocytes using IC, NDV, and phytohemagglutinin. We determined the molecular weight, isoelectric point, inactivation rate at 56 degrees C and structural activity relationships for each interferon. Significant differences between these interferons were found, many of which seem related to the cell induced rather than the inducer. We believe these findings have important pharmacological implications for the use of interferon in man.", "PMID": 557953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3263", "title": "[Antibody producing cells and immunoglobulin synthesizing cells lacking antibody function].", "content": "After primary immunization the first immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells which appeared, contained immunoglobulins devoided of antibody function. These cells were progressively replaced by antibody synthesizing cells. The results we reported here demonstrated that except the repartition of Ig between IgM and IgG, there are no differences in the molecular composition and in the rate of biosynthesis between these two populations of cells.", "contents": "[Antibody producing cells and immunoglobulin synthesizing cells lacking antibody function]. After primary immunization the first immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells which appeared, contained immunoglobulins devoided of antibody function. These cells were progressively replaced by antibody synthesizing cells. The results we reported here demonstrated that except the repartition of Ig between IgM and IgG, there are no differences in the molecular composition and in the rate of biosynthesis between these two populations of cells.", "PMID": 557949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3264", "title": "Thermophilic methane production from cattle waste.", "content": "Methane production from waste of cattle fed a finishing diet was investigated, using four 3-liter-working volume anaerobic digestors at 60 degrees C. At 55 degrees C a start-up culture, in which waste was the only source of bacteria, was generated within 8 days and readily adapted to 60 degrees C, where efficiency of methanogenesis was greater. Increasing the temperature from 60 to 65 degrees C tended to drastically lower efficiency. When feed concentrations of volatile solids (VS, organic matter) were increased in steps of 2% after holding for 1 months at a given concentration, the maximum concentrations for efficient fermentation were 8.2, 10.0, 11.6, and 11.6% for the retention times (RT) of 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, respectively. The VS destructions for these and lower feed concentrations were 31 to 37, 36 to 40, 47 to 49 and 51 to 53% for the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-day RT digestors, respectively, and the corresponding methane production rates were about 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, and 0.22 liters/day per g of VS in the feed. Gas contained 52 to 57% methane. At the above RT and feed concentrations, alkalinity rose to 5,000 to 7,700 mg of CaCo3 per liter (pH to 7.5 to 7.8), NH3 plus NH4+ to 64 to 90 mM, and total volatile acids to 850 to 2,050 mg/liter as acetate. The 3-day RT digestor was quite stable up to 8.2% feed VS and at this feed concentration produced methane at the very high rate of 4.5 liters/day per liter of digestor. Increasing the percentage of feed VS beyond those values indicated above resulted in greatly decreased organic matter destruction and methane production, variable decrease in pH, and increased alkalinity, ammonia, and total volatile acid concentrations, with propionate being the first to accumulate in large amounts. In a second experiment with another lot of waste, the results were similar. These studies indicate that loading rates can be much higher than those previously thought useful for maximizing methanogenesis from cattle waste.", "contents": "Thermophilic methane production from cattle waste. Methane production from waste of cattle fed a finishing diet was investigated, using four 3-liter-working volume anaerobic digestors at 60 degrees C. At 55 degrees C a start-up culture, in which waste was the only source of bacteria, was generated within 8 days and readily adapted to 60 degrees C, where efficiency of methanogenesis was greater. Increasing the temperature from 60 to 65 degrees C tended to drastically lower efficiency. When feed concentrations of volatile solids (VS, organic matter) were increased in steps of 2% after holding for 1 months at a given concentration, the maximum concentrations for efficient fermentation were 8.2, 10.0, 11.6, and 11.6% for the retention times (RT) of 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, respectively. The VS destructions for these and lower feed concentrations were 31 to 37, 36 to 40, 47 to 49 and 51 to 53% for the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-day RT digestors, respectively, and the corresponding methane production rates were about 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, and 0.22 liters/day per g of VS in the feed. Gas contained 52 to 57% methane. At the above RT and feed concentrations, alkalinity rose to 5,000 to 7,700 mg of CaCo3 per liter (pH to 7.5 to 7.8), NH3 plus NH4+ to 64 to 90 mM, and total volatile acids to 850 to 2,050 mg/liter as acetate. The 3-day RT digestor was quite stable up to 8.2% feed VS and at this feed concentration produced methane at the very high rate of 4.5 liters/day per liter of digestor. Increasing the percentage of feed VS beyond those values indicated above resulted in greatly decreased organic matter destruction and methane production, variable decrease in pH, and increased alkalinity, ammonia, and total volatile acid concentrations, with propionate being the first to accumulate in large amounts. In a second experiment with another lot of waste, the results were similar. These studies indicate that loading rates can be much higher than those previously thought useful for maximizing methanogenesis from cattle waste.", "PMID": 557954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3265", "title": "[Autoimmune aspermatogenetic orchiepididymitis in guinea pigs induced by water-soluble adjuvants].", "content": "Use was made of water-soluble adjuvant fractions with homologous sperm, sperm extract or sperm autoantigens to induce autoimmune aspermatogenic orchiepididymitis (AIAO) in guinea-pigs. Guinea-pigs were injected with soluble sperm extract or sperm purified autoantigen S emulsified in incomplete Freund adjvant (IFA) together with two synthetic watersoluble adjuvants, Mur-Nac-L-Ala-D-isoGlu et Mur-Nac-L-Ala-acide D-isoGlu. These animals developed lesions of AIAO, delayed hypersensitivity reactions and specific anti-spermatozoa antibodies. These lesions and reactions were comparable to the ones induced in a control group treated with the same spermatozoa extract or autoantigen S in complet Freund adjuvants. No lesion was observed in the absence of IFA, Other guinea-pigs received a mixture of spermatoza or purified sperm autoantigens, S, P, T. and of polyadenylicpolyuridylic complex either in saline or emulsified in IFA. The recipients of sperm or autoantigen T mixed with Poly A:U, with ou without IFA, displayed lsdions of AIAO; autoantigen S and Poly A:U in IFA, provoked AIAO but did not do it in the absenceof IFA.", "contents": "[Autoimmune aspermatogenetic orchiepididymitis in guinea pigs induced by water-soluble adjuvants]. Use was made of water-soluble adjuvant fractions with homologous sperm, sperm extract or sperm autoantigens to induce autoimmune aspermatogenic orchiepididymitis (AIAO) in guinea-pigs. Guinea-pigs were injected with soluble sperm extract or sperm purified autoantigen S emulsified in incomplete Freund adjvant (IFA) together with two synthetic watersoluble adjuvants, Mur-Nac-L-Ala-D-isoGlu et Mur-Nac-L-Ala-acide D-isoGlu. These animals developed lesions of AIAO, delayed hypersensitivity reactions and specific anti-spermatozoa antibodies. These lesions and reactions were comparable to the ones induced in a control group treated with the same spermatozoa extract or autoantigen S in complet Freund adjuvants. No lesion was observed in the absence of IFA, Other guinea-pigs received a mixture of spermatoza or purified sperm autoantigens, S, P, T. and of polyadenylicpolyuridylic complex either in saline or emulsified in IFA. The recipients of sperm or autoantigen T mixed with Poly A:U, with ou without IFA, displayed lsdions of AIAO; autoantigen S and Poly A:U in IFA, provoked AIAO but did not do it in the absenceof IFA.", "PMID": 557950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3266", "title": "Tetrahydrofolate and other growth requirements of certain strains of Ruminococcus flavefaciens.", "content": "Two strains of Ruminococcus flavefaciens were studied. Each grew in a chemically defined minimal medium containing: minerals; ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source; amino acids as a nitrogen source, a growth promotant(s) or as both; cellobiose as an energy and carbon source; isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate as additional carbon sources; and biotin, thiamine, and tetrahydrofolic acid as vitamins. Tetrahydrofolic acid (5 ng/ml) served as a replacement for rumen fluid that was required in previous media tested for the growth of these bacteria. The present bacteria differ from many of the ruminococci previously studied in that they do not require either p-amino-benzoic acid or folic acid but do require tetrahydrofolic acid for maximum growth. Dihydrofolic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid can substitute for tetrahydrofolic acid in minimal chemically defined medium. Thus, there must be extensive metabolic interaction between the microbes inhabitating the rumen, because the R. flavefaciens isolated had complex requirements for growth and yet was among the predominant bacteria in the rumen of cattle fed a simple vitamin B-deficient, nonprotein nitrogen, high-fiber, purified diet.", "contents": "Tetrahydrofolate and other growth requirements of certain strains of Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Two strains of Ruminococcus flavefaciens were studied. Each grew in a chemically defined minimal medium containing: minerals; ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source; amino acids as a nitrogen source, a growth promotant(s) or as both; cellobiose as an energy and carbon source; isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate as additional carbon sources; and biotin, thiamine, and tetrahydrofolic acid as vitamins. Tetrahydrofolic acid (5 ng/ml) served as a replacement for rumen fluid that was required in previous media tested for the growth of these bacteria. The present bacteria differ from many of the ruminococci previously studied in that they do not require either p-amino-benzoic acid or folic acid but do require tetrahydrofolic acid for maximum growth. Dihydrofolic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid can substitute for tetrahydrofolic acid in minimal chemically defined medium. Thus, there must be extensive metabolic interaction between the microbes inhabitating the rumen, because the R. flavefaciens isolated had complex requirements for growth and yet was among the predominant bacteria in the rumen of cattle fed a simple vitamin B-deficient, nonprotein nitrogen, high-fiber, purified diet.", "PMID": 557955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3267", "title": "[Regulation of antibody secretion: observation made on cultured lymphoid cells from immune rabbit lymph nodes].", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with soluble and particulate antigens (horseradish peroxidase or SRBC) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Four to twelve weeks after footpad immunization, popliteal lymph nodes were removed and the lymphoid cells were cultured with autologous serum for 5 to 7 days. Using local hemolysis assay, we observed a recrudescence of antibody secreting cells when the autologous serum present in the medium had previously been freed of antibody by specific adsorption. This phenomenon was not usually observed with cells cultured with pre-immune autologous serum or with unadsorbed antiserum. We will discuss the potential use of this model in dissociating the different factors involved in the regulating mechanisms of the humoral immune response.", "contents": "[Regulation of antibody secretion: observation made on cultured lymphoid cells from immune rabbit lymph nodes]. Rabbits were immunized with soluble and particulate antigens (horseradish peroxidase or SRBC) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Four to twelve weeks after footpad immunization, popliteal lymph nodes were removed and the lymphoid cells were cultured with autologous serum for 5 to 7 days. Using local hemolysis assay, we observed a recrudescence of antibody secreting cells when the autologous serum present in the medium had previously been freed of antibody by specific adsorption. This phenomenon was not usually observed with cells cultured with pre-immune autologous serum or with unadsorbed antiserum. We will discuss the potential use of this model in dissociating the different factors involved in the regulating mechanisms of the humoral immune response.", "PMID": 557948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3268", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of vaginal colonization.", "content": "Changes in the appearance of the vaginal epithelium of rats during the estrous cycle were seen by scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial colonization of this tissue appeared to be influenced by these changes.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of vaginal colonization. Changes in the appearance of the vaginal epithelium of rats during the estrous cycle were seen by scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial colonization of this tissue appeared to be influenced by these changes.", "PMID": 557956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3269", "title": "[Reaginic immunological responses in rats and mice].", "content": "Reaginic immunological responses present characteristics of induction which differentiate them from classical antibodies responses from other classes: among them we studied, on the one hand, the genetic control. In the case of OVO-DNP reaginic antibodies in the rat, the controls exercised by the Ag-B haplotypes or the synthesis loci of the immunoglobulin heavy chains does not seem to be sufficient to explain the experimental results. Another control exist probably. It could be linked to the global IgE serum level control; on the other hand, the IgE plasma cells. In rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, they make their appearance in large number in the mesenteric lymph node but not in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "[Reaginic immunological responses in rats and mice]. Reaginic immunological responses present characteristics of induction which differentiate them from classical antibodies responses from other classes: among them we studied, on the one hand, the genetic control. In the case of OVO-DNP reaginic antibodies in the rat, the controls exercised by the Ag-B haplotypes or the synthesis loci of the immunoglobulin heavy chains does not seem to be sufficient to explain the experimental results. Another control exist probably. It could be linked to the global IgE serum level control; on the other hand, the IgE plasma cells. In rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, they make their appearance in large number in the mesenteric lymph node but not in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 557951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3270", "title": "Correlation of cord bilirubin levels with hyperbilirubinaemia in ABO incompatibility.", "content": "We studied 91 offspring of ABO incompatible preganacies and 30 controls resulting from O--O pregnancies to test whether cord bilirubin levels could be used to predict the severity of hyperbilirubinaemia in ABO incompatibility. Blood group, direct Coombs's test, and serum bilirubin estimations were carried out on cord blood, and bilirubin estimations at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours of life.", "contents": "Correlation of cord bilirubin levels with hyperbilirubinaemia in ABO incompatibility. We studied 91 offspring of ABO incompatible preganacies and 30 controls resulting from O--O pregnancies to test whether cord bilirubin levels could be used to predict the severity of hyperbilirubinaemia in ABO incompatibility. Blood group, direct Coombs's test, and serum bilirubin estimations were carried out on cord blood, and bilirubin estimations at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours of life.", "PMID": 557960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3271", "title": "Pre- and post-synaptic actions of apomorphine: differentiation by rotatory effects in normal rats.", "content": "Normal rats were tested for rotation (circling behavior) following d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) and, a week later, following apomorphine (10.0 mg/kg). In most rats, d-amphetamine and apomorphine elicited rotation in opposite directions whereas, in some rats, the two drugs elicited rotation in the same direction. Subsequently, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine was found to antagonize the rotatory effect of apomorphine in the latter but not in the former rats. The results suggest that apomorphine has both pre- and post-synaptic actions and that relative sensitivity to these actions varies among rats.", "contents": "Pre- and post-synaptic actions of apomorphine: differentiation by rotatory effects in normal rats. Normal rats were tested for rotation (circling behavior) following d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) and, a week later, following apomorphine (10.0 mg/kg). In most rats, d-amphetamine and apomorphine elicited rotation in opposite directions whereas, in some rats, the two drugs elicited rotation in the same direction. Subsequently, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine was found to antagonize the rotatory effect of apomorphine in the latter but not in the former rats. The results suggest that apomorphine has both pre- and post-synaptic actions and that relative sensitivity to these actions varies among rats.", "PMID": 557962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3272", "title": "[Demonstration of antibody forming cells in various calf organs].", "content": "Reported in this paper are studies relating primarily to methodical aspects of qualitative and quantitative identification of all classes of immunoglobulin-forming cells by means of fluorescent antibody in different tissues of calf. Particular attention was given to the respiratory tract. The method enables to study the postnatal development of the local secretory defence system in the context of all immunoglobulin classes.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antibody forming cells in various calf organs]. Reported in this paper are studies relating primarily to methodical aspects of qualitative and quantitative identification of all classes of immunoglobulin-forming cells by means of fluorescent antibody in different tissues of calf. Particular attention was given to the respiratory tract. The method enables to study the postnatal development of the local secretory defence system in the context of all immunoglobulin classes.", "PMID": 557963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3273", "title": "Parental style. Mothers' and fathers' and perceptions of their relations with twin children.", "content": "Mothers and fathers rated their interaction with twin children on the Parent's Report (PR) questionnaire containing two scales-how the parent actually relates and how the ideal parent would relate. Mothers and fathers differed in parental style. Mothers perceived themselves as being profoundly more child-centered; fathers perceived themselves as using more control through arousal of guilt and anxiety. Parents asserted more control through temper and detachment with same-sex children. Boys and girls and monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins did not receive distinctly different parenting. Parents described MZ children as much more similar than DZ children but acted similarly with children in both types of twinships. Parental knowledge of zygosity did not affect the way the parents treated children. These findings suggest the relative importance of genetic contributions to behavioral similarity in MZ twins.", "contents": "Parental style. Mothers' and fathers' and perceptions of their relations with twin children. Mothers and fathers rated their interaction with twin children on the Parent's Report (PR) questionnaire containing two scales-how the parent actually relates and how the ideal parent would relate. Mothers and fathers differed in parental style. Mothers perceived themselves as being profoundly more child-centered; fathers perceived themselves as using more control through arousal of guilt and anxiety. Parents asserted more control through temper and detachment with same-sex children. Boys and girls and monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins did not receive distinctly different parenting. Parents described MZ children as much more similar than DZ children but acted similarly with children in both types of twinships. Parental knowledge of zygosity did not affect the way the parents treated children. These findings suggest the relative importance of genetic contributions to behavioral similarity in MZ twins.", "PMID": 557964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3274", "title": "Fathers' and mothers' perceptions of children's personality.", "content": "Mothers and fathers rated the personality of twin children, using the Childhood Personality Scale (CPS). Fathers characterized children as less attentive, zestful, and talkative than mothers. Boys were rated as more attentive, hyperactive, ebullient and sociable; girls were described as more placid and talkative. Monozygotic (MZ) twinships were much more similar than dizygotic (DZ) on the attention, behavior modulation, and sociability dimensions. Monozygotic and DZ twins both had a high degree of intrapair similarity in zestfulness and verbal expressiveness. Monozygotic twins whose parents thought they were DZ or were not certain of zygosity were as alike as MZ twins believed to be MZ. All three MZ groups were different from DZ twins. Thus, parental expectation did not appear to strongly influence similarity in attention, behavior modulation, and sociability, This suggests the strong genetic contribution to their emergence.", "contents": "Fathers' and mothers' perceptions of children's personality. Mothers and fathers rated the personality of twin children, using the Childhood Personality Scale (CPS). Fathers characterized children as less attentive, zestful, and talkative than mothers. Boys were rated as more attentive, hyperactive, ebullient and sociable; girls were described as more placid and talkative. Monozygotic (MZ) twinships were much more similar than dizygotic (DZ) on the attention, behavior modulation, and sociability dimensions. Monozygotic and DZ twins both had a high degree of intrapair similarity in zestfulness and verbal expressiveness. Monozygotic twins whose parents thought they were DZ or were not certain of zygosity were as alike as MZ twins believed to be MZ. All three MZ groups were different from DZ twins. Thus, parental expectation did not appear to strongly influence similarity in attention, behavior modulation, and sociability, This suggests the strong genetic contribution to their emergence.", "PMID": 557965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3275", "title": "Epidemiology and pathology of a tetrachlorodibenzodioxin poisoning episode.", "content": "We describe epidemiological and laboratory investigation of a poisoning outbreak that involved three riding areas and killed fifty-seven horses, five colts, and numerous other animals. The outbreak was traced to the spraying of the areas with salvage oil contaminated with tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, trichlorophenol, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The contamination of the salvage oil resulted from the improper disposal of toxic industrial waste. In the tissues of the horses available for study, the most prominent lesion was a centrilobular fibrosis of the liver that arose in the wall of the central veins. This lesion resembled the chronic form of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in humans.", "contents": "Epidemiology and pathology of a tetrachlorodibenzodioxin poisoning episode. We describe epidemiological and laboratory investigation of a poisoning outbreak that involved three riding areas and killed fifty-seven horses, five colts, and numerous other animals. The outbreak was traced to the spraying of the areas with salvage oil contaminated with tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, trichlorophenol, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The contamination of the salvage oil resulted from the improper disposal of toxic industrial waste. In the tissues of the horses available for study, the most prominent lesion was a centrilobular fibrosis of the liver that arose in the wall of the central veins. This lesion resembled the chronic form of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in humans.", "PMID": 557961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3276", "title": "Benefits of an intensive community surgical audit program.", "content": "In addition to educational benefits, an intensive audit program has satisfied Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals requirements, allowed in-house Professional Standards Review Organization accreditation, increased percentage of surgery performed by qualified surgeons, and led to the establishment of an effective morbidity and mortality conference. Better methods of granting surgical privileges have been developed, and our accumulated statistics have been utilized to assure our local press and public that we are practicing good quality surgery.", "contents": "Benefits of an intensive community surgical audit program. In addition to educational benefits, an intensive audit program has satisfied Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals requirements, allowed in-house Professional Standards Review Organization accreditation, increased percentage of surgery performed by qualified surgeons, and led to the establishment of an effective morbidity and mortality conference. Better methods of granting surgical privileges have been developed, and our accumulated statistics have been utilized to assure our local press and public that we are practicing good quality surgery.", "PMID": 557966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3277", "title": "[Isobutylidene diurea, a new NPN source for ruminants. 3. Excretion of isobutylidene diurea following feeding of N-15 isobutylidene diurea to lactating cows].", "content": "2 experimental cows received isobutylidenedi urea added to a natural diet in amounts of 175 g (I) and 730 g (II) per day for a period of several weeks before the trial was started. On the 1st day of experiment the morning dose was labelled with 5.05 g of excess 15N. 8 hrs after the beginning of the trial of 15N level in the TCE soluble portion of blood plasma (TCE=trichloroacetic acid) increased and remained at an elevated level until the 36th hour of experiment. Similarly, the values for maximum urinary 15N concentrations were maintained for a prolonged period of time. Isobutylidenedi urea was excreted with the urine in rates related to its solubility. Only small percentages of the 15N intake were excreted in the TCE soluble portion of the milk (cow I: 0.03%; cow II: 0.05%). The 15N-labelling of milk protein provides evidence for the fact that nitrogen from IBDU is utilized for the synthesis of milk in the cows. The amount of urea in milk averaged 400 mg per litre. None of the milk samples tested contained IBDU.", "contents": "[Isobutylidene diurea, a new NPN source for ruminants. 3. Excretion of isobutylidene diurea following feeding of N-15 isobutylidene diurea to lactating cows]. 2 experimental cows received isobutylidenedi urea added to a natural diet in amounts of 175 g (I) and 730 g (II) per day for a period of several weeks before the trial was started. On the 1st day of experiment the morning dose was labelled with 5.05 g of excess 15N. 8 hrs after the beginning of the trial of 15N level in the TCE soluble portion of blood plasma (TCE=trichloroacetic acid) increased and remained at an elevated level until the 36th hour of experiment. Similarly, the values for maximum urinary 15N concentrations were maintained for a prolonged period of time. Isobutylidenedi urea was excreted with the urine in rates related to its solubility. Only small percentages of the 15N intake were excreted in the TCE soluble portion of the milk (cow I: 0.03%; cow II: 0.05%). The 15N-labelling of milk protein provides evidence for the fact that nitrogen from IBDU is utilized for the synthesis of milk in the cows. The amount of urea in milk averaged 400 mg per litre. None of the milk samples tested contained IBDU.", "PMID": 557967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3278", "title": "Glaucomatocyclitic crisis.", "content": "Ten patients with glaucomatocyclitic crisis were examined for glaucoma during the interval. The follow-up period was over ten years. One patient had primary open angle glaucoma and two had suspicion of glaucoma. These findings confirmed our previous concept of an association between glaucomatocyclitic crises and open angle glaucoma. Six patients were examined during acute attacks. Focal segmental ischaemia of the iris of different degree was typical during the attack, later in the immediate postattack phase congestion, leakage and even extreme hypotony were found. Iris angiography during the interval showed generally a rich vascular pattern, and in some cases, tortuous vascular tufts. Stromal atrophy and atrophy of the sphincter were considered secondary to pressure attacks. The role of the abnormal reactivity of the vessels of the ciliary vascular system on the development of acute attacks is discussed.", "contents": "Glaucomatocyclitic crisis. Ten patients with glaucomatocyclitic crisis were examined for glaucoma during the interval. The follow-up period was over ten years. One patient had primary open angle glaucoma and two had suspicion of glaucoma. These findings confirmed our previous concept of an association between glaucomatocyclitic crises and open angle glaucoma. Six patients were examined during acute attacks. Focal segmental ischaemia of the iris of different degree was typical during the attack, later in the immediate postattack phase congestion, leakage and even extreme hypotony were found. Iris angiography during the interval showed generally a rich vascular pattern, and in some cases, tortuous vascular tufts. Stromal atrophy and atrophy of the sphincter were considered secondary to pressure attacks. The role of the abnormal reactivity of the vessels of the ciliary vascular system on the development of acute attacks is discussed.", "PMID": 557968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3279", "title": "Retinal macroaneurysms.", "content": "Five patients had macroaneurysms of the retinal arterioles. These macroaneurysms may be observed without pathologic sequelae or may be associated with circinate retinopathy, intraretinal hemorrhage, subretinal hemorrhage, or intravitreal hemorrhage. They may also evolve into more widespread vascular anomalies resembling adult Coats disease in some respects. Photocoagulation therapy is occasionally indicated.", "contents": "Retinal macroaneurysms. Five patients had macroaneurysms of the retinal arterioles. These macroaneurysms may be observed without pathologic sequelae or may be associated with circinate retinopathy, intraretinal hemorrhage, subretinal hemorrhage, or intravitreal hemorrhage. They may also evolve into more widespread vascular anomalies resembling adult Coats disease in some respects. Photocoagulation therapy is occasionally indicated.", "PMID": 557969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3280", "title": "Dolichyl monophosphate and its sugar derivatives in plants.", "content": "A glucose acceptor was isolated from soya beans by extraction with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of the extract. This acceptor could not be distinguished from liver dolichyl monophosphate by t.l.c. It could replace dolichyl monophosphate as a mannose acceptor with a liver enzyme and its glucosylated derivative could replace dolichyl monophosphate glucose as a glucose donor in the same system. These results, together with those already reported [Pont Lezica, Brett, Romero Martinez & Dankert (1975) Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 66, 980-987], indicate that the acceptor from soya bean is a dolichyl monophosphate. Gel filtration of its glucosylated derivative on Sephadex G-75 in the presence of sodium deoxycholate indicated that the acceptor contained 17 or 18 isoprene units. An enzyme preparation from pea seedlings was shown to use endogenous acceptors to form lipid phosphate sugars containing mannose and N-acetylglucosamine from GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Chromatographic and degradative techniques indicated that the compounds formed were lipid monophosphate mannose, lipid pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine, lipid pyrophosphate chitobiose and a series of lipid pyrophosphate oligosaccharides containing both mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. None of these compounds was degraded by catalytic hydrogenation, and so the lipid moiety in each case was probably an alpha-saturated polyprenol. The endogenous acceptors for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine in peas may therefore be dolichyl monophosphate, as has been found in mammalian systems.", "contents": "Dolichyl monophosphate and its sugar derivatives in plants. A glucose acceptor was isolated from soya beans by extraction with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of the extract. This acceptor could not be distinguished from liver dolichyl monophosphate by t.l.c. It could replace dolichyl monophosphate as a mannose acceptor with a liver enzyme and its glucosylated derivative could replace dolichyl monophosphate glucose as a glucose donor in the same system. These results, together with those already reported [Pont Lezica, Brett, Romero Martinez & Dankert (1975) Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 66, 980-987], indicate that the acceptor from soya bean is a dolichyl monophosphate. Gel filtration of its glucosylated derivative on Sephadex G-75 in the presence of sodium deoxycholate indicated that the acceptor contained 17 or 18 isoprene units. An enzyme preparation from pea seedlings was shown to use endogenous acceptors to form lipid phosphate sugars containing mannose and N-acetylglucosamine from GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Chromatographic and degradative techniques indicated that the compounds formed were lipid monophosphate mannose, lipid pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine, lipid pyrophosphate chitobiose and a series of lipid pyrophosphate oligosaccharides containing both mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. None of these compounds was degraded by catalytic hydrogenation, and so the lipid moiety in each case was probably an alpha-saturated polyprenol. The endogenous acceptors for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine in peas may therefore be dolichyl monophosphate, as has been found in mammalian systems.", "PMID": 557975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3281", "title": "Labelling of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and myelin membrane with a photoreactive lipophilic reagent.", "content": "The preparation and isolation of [3H]phenyl azide, a photosensitive non-polar probe, is reported. The reagent partitions into the lipid bilayer of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and bovine myelin membranes. On photoactivation to generate the nitrene grouping, as much as 90% of the covalently attached label is associated with the fatty acyl residues of the constituent phospholipid molecules. The remainder is found in the polar head groups. The cholesterol component of myelin membranes is also heavily labelled. These results suggest that such reagents may be used to probe the hydrophobic regions of natural membranes.", "contents": "Labelling of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and myelin membrane with a photoreactive lipophilic reagent. The preparation and isolation of [3H]phenyl azide, a photosensitive non-polar probe, is reported. The reagent partitions into the lipid bilayer of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and bovine myelin membranes. On photoactivation to generate the nitrene grouping, as much as 90% of the covalently attached label is associated with the fatty acyl residues of the constituent phospholipid molecules. The remainder is found in the polar head groups. The cholesterol component of myelin membranes is also heavily labelled. These results suggest that such reagents may be used to probe the hydrophobic regions of natural membranes.", "PMID": 557976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3282", "title": "Compartmentation of free amino acids for protein biosynthesis. Influence of diurnal changes in hepatic amino acid concentrations of the composition of the precursor pool charging aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "To investigate further the mechanisms by which amino acids are segregated for protein biosynthesis, the distribution of a pulse of [3H]valine was monitored in hepatic amino acid pools at seven intervals in the diurnal cycle of meal-fed rats. Although each condition was characterized by a unique balance between intracellular and extracellular valine, in every case the specific radioactivity of valyl-tRNA at steady state was higher that that of intracellular valine but below the extracellular value. Further, the specific radioactivity of the valyl-tRNA could be accurately predicted if extracellular and intracellular valine were combined in proportions specified by the transmembrane concentration gradient. These observations not only substantiate our earlier conclusions that the amino acids used for protein synthesis do not originate exclusively from either the intracellular or extracellular pools, but also strengthen our theory that the membrane transport system is the physical basis for such compartmentation. On the basis of these data we present a method for measuring the specific radioactivity of the precursor pool for protein biosynthesis in cases where the actual isolation of the aminoacyl-tRNA is not technically feasible, and also suggest a theoretical basis for interpreting the unequal distribution of both total and [3H]valine between intracellular and extracellular fluids.", "contents": "Compartmentation of free amino acids for protein biosynthesis. Influence of diurnal changes in hepatic amino acid concentrations of the composition of the precursor pool charging aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid. To investigate further the mechanisms by which amino acids are segregated for protein biosynthesis, the distribution of a pulse of [3H]valine was monitored in hepatic amino acid pools at seven intervals in the diurnal cycle of meal-fed rats. Although each condition was characterized by a unique balance between intracellular and extracellular valine, in every case the specific radioactivity of valyl-tRNA at steady state was higher that that of intracellular valine but below the extracellular value. Further, the specific radioactivity of the valyl-tRNA could be accurately predicted if extracellular and intracellular valine were combined in proportions specified by the transmembrane concentration gradient. These observations not only substantiate our earlier conclusions that the amino acids used for protein synthesis do not originate exclusively from either the intracellular or extracellular pools, but also strengthen our theory that the membrane transport system is the physical basis for such compartmentation. On the basis of these data we present a method for measuring the specific radioactivity of the precursor pool for protein biosynthesis in cases where the actual isolation of the aminoacyl-tRNA is not technically feasible, and also suggest a theoretical basis for interpreting the unequal distribution of both total and [3H]valine between intracellular and extracellular fluids.", "PMID": 557977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3283", "title": "Significance of abnormal echoes in left ventricular outflow tract.", "content": "We have observed abnormal echoes in the left ventricular outflow tract in 4 patients: 3 of the subjects had bacterial endocarditis and the fourth patient had myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve (floppy aortic valve). A single diastolic echo with fine high frequency fluttering was seen in the patient with the floppy aortic valve, whereas the patients with endocarditis had associated infection of the mitral valve and an aneurysm of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was represented by dense systolic echoes on the proximal part of the mitral valve...", "contents": "Significance of abnormal echoes in left ventricular outflow tract. We have observed abnormal echoes in the left ventricular outflow tract in 4 patients: 3 of the subjects had bacterial endocarditis and the fourth patient had myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve (floppy aortic valve). A single diastolic echo with fine high frequency fluttering was seen in the patient with the floppy aortic valve, whereas the patients with endocarditis had associated infection of the mitral valve and an aneurysm of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was represented by dense systolic echoes on the proximal part of the mitral valve...", "PMID": 557981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3284", "title": "Adaptation of marrow sinus wall to fluctuation in the rate of cell delivery: studies in rabbits after blood-letting.", "content": "The extent of marrow sinus wall coverage by perisinal adventitial cells was measured before and after removing 25% of the calculated blood volume in rabbits. A marked reduction in the area covered by adventitial cells was recorded coinciding with the early reticulocyte response to phlebotomy. In control animals, only scattered microfilaments were occasionally observed in the cytoplasmic process of adventitial cells. After phlebotomy, these filaments were more frequently observed and appeared as band-like structures, raising the possibility of an active role for perisinal adventitial cells in response to fluctuations in the magnitude of cell traffic. Perisinal adventitial cells may, therefore, translate the body's demand for cell delivery by regulating the rate of transmural cell migration from the marrow. Such an adaptive mechanism may depend on the incompleteness of the adventitial layer of the sinus wall and the absence of endothelial-adventitial cell junctions, permitting separation of the two layers of the wall, so that the reticulocyte can gain access to more endothelial surface and the pores.", "contents": "Adaptation of marrow sinus wall to fluctuation in the rate of cell delivery: studies in rabbits after blood-letting. The extent of marrow sinus wall coverage by perisinal adventitial cells was measured before and after removing 25% of the calculated blood volume in rabbits. A marked reduction in the area covered by adventitial cells was recorded coinciding with the early reticulocyte response to phlebotomy. In control animals, only scattered microfilaments were occasionally observed in the cytoplasmic process of adventitial cells. After phlebotomy, these filaments were more frequently observed and appeared as band-like structures, raising the possibility of an active role for perisinal adventitial cells in response to fluctuations in the magnitude of cell traffic. Perisinal adventitial cells may, therefore, translate the body's demand for cell delivery by regulating the rate of transmural cell migration from the marrow. Such an adaptive mechanism may depend on the incompleteness of the adventitial layer of the sinus wall and the absence of endothelial-adventitial cell junctions, permitting separation of the two layers of the wall, so that the reticulocyte can gain access to more endothelial surface and the pores.", "PMID": 557982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3285", "title": "Uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease.", "content": "The first reported case of uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease is described.", "contents": "Uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease. The first reported case of uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease is described.", "PMID": 557985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3286", "title": "Artificial rearing of pigs. The effect of different levels of fat, protein and methionine in a milk-substitute diet containing skim milk and soya-bean oil.", "content": "1. Protein and energy requirements of pigs weaned at 2 d of age were studied. In Expt 1, three diets with crude protein (CP; nitrogen x 6.38) and fat contents (g/kg dry matter (DM)) of 268, 260 (diet A); 216, 415 (diet B) and 264, 405 (diet C) were compared, with and without a supplement of 2 g DL-methionine/kg. Diets A and B contained skim milk and soya-bean oil only, in different proportions. Casein was added to diet C to equalize the CP content to that of diet A. In Expt 2, diets containing 290 or 315 g CP/kg DM were used with either 310 or 405 g fat/kg. The diets contained different proportions of skim milk, soya-bean oil and casein. The same diets as used in Expt 2 were used in Expt 3 but fed to a scale based on live weight which was 25% less than that used in Expts 1 and 2. 2. Methionine supplementation had no significant effect (P greater than 0.05) on the growth rate or feed: gain ratio of pigs from 2 to 28 d of age. The growth rate of the pigs from 2 to 28 d of age was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced when they were given the higher level of either CP or fat, with the exception that the effect of fat was not significant (P greater than 0.05) in Expt 3. The reduction in growth rate was associated with a decrease in feed intake. Feed: gain ratios were unaffected (P greater than 0.05) by the level of either CP or fat in the diet. 3. The higher protein level did increase the proportion of CP in the carcass DM (Expt 2 P less than 0.01, Expt 3 P greater than 0.05) and gave an indication, which was not significant (P greater than 0.05), of improved N retention (g/d per kg live weight). The higher dietary fat level increased the proportion of lipid in the carcass DM, and this effect was significant (P less than 0.05) in both Expts 2 and 3. 4. Diets containing additional casein were not fully consumed at the level of feeding used in Expt 2. This effect may be associated with the larger amounts of digesta in the stomachs of these pigs. Some differences in the composition of the digesta in the stomach were observed, but these did not affect the performance of the pigs. 5. It seems likely that either growth rate or feed: gain ratio (g DM consumed/g live-weight gain) can be improved by protein or energy levels exceeding those in a diet containing (g/kg DM) 730 skim milk (265-290 CP) and 310 fat. In this diet, containing (g/kg DM) 6-4 methionine and 3-5 cystine, sulphur amino acid requirements were satisfied.", "contents": "Artificial rearing of pigs. The effect of different levels of fat, protein and methionine in a milk-substitute diet containing skim milk and soya-bean oil. 1. Protein and energy requirements of pigs weaned at 2 d of age were studied. In Expt 1, three diets with crude protein (CP; nitrogen x 6.38) and fat contents (g/kg dry matter (DM)) of 268, 260 (diet A); 216, 415 (diet B) and 264, 405 (diet C) were compared, with and without a supplement of 2 g DL-methionine/kg. Diets A and B contained skim milk and soya-bean oil only, in different proportions. Casein was added to diet C to equalize the CP content to that of diet A. In Expt 2, diets containing 290 or 315 g CP/kg DM were used with either 310 or 405 g fat/kg. The diets contained different proportions of skim milk, soya-bean oil and casein. The same diets as used in Expt 2 were used in Expt 3 but fed to a scale based on live weight which was 25% less than that used in Expts 1 and 2. 2. Methionine supplementation had no significant effect (P greater than 0.05) on the growth rate or feed: gain ratio of pigs from 2 to 28 d of age. The growth rate of the pigs from 2 to 28 d of age was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced when they were given the higher level of either CP or fat, with the exception that the effect of fat was not significant (P greater than 0.05) in Expt 3. The reduction in growth rate was associated with a decrease in feed intake. Feed: gain ratios were unaffected (P greater than 0.05) by the level of either CP or fat in the diet. 3. The higher protein level did increase the proportion of CP in the carcass DM (Expt 2 P less than 0.01, Expt 3 P greater than 0.05) and gave an indication, which was not significant (P greater than 0.05), of improved N retention (g/d per kg live weight). The higher dietary fat level increased the proportion of lipid in the carcass DM, and this effect was significant (P less than 0.05) in both Expts 2 and 3. 4. Diets containing additional casein were not fully consumed at the level of feeding used in Expt 2. This effect may be associated with the larger amounts of digesta in the stomachs of these pigs. Some differences in the composition of the digesta in the stomach were observed, but these did not affect the performance of the pigs. 5. It seems likely that either growth rate or feed: gain ratio (g DM consumed/g live-weight gain) can be improved by protein or energy levels exceeding those in a diet containing (g/kg DM) 730 skim milk (265-290 CP) and 310 fat. In this diet, containing (g/kg DM) 6-4 methionine and 3-5 cystine, sulphur amino acid requirements were satisfied.", "PMID": 557986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3287", "title": "Fluorescence properties of the copper enzyme galactose oxidase and its tryptophan-modified derivatives.", "content": "Galactose oxidase contains a single nonblue Cu(II) atom and 18 tryptophan residues per molecule. Removal of the copper atom reveals that it has an approximately 29% quenching effect on the relative quantum yield of fluorescence. While saturating concentrations of the sugar substrate of galactose oxidase also reduce the quantum yield, the second substrate, oxygen, has no significant effect on fluorescence in the absence of the sugar substrate. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) inactivates galactose oxidase as two tryptophans are oxidized (Kosman, D. J., Ettinger, M. J., Bereman, R. D., and Giordano, R. S. (1977), Biochemistry, 16). Oxidation of two tryptophans also leads to a disproportionately large decrease in fluorescence intensity. A 23% reduction in quantum yield with blue-shift occurs with oxidation of 0.85 tryptophan equiv and a further 25% quenching is obtained as the reaction proceeds to 2.0 residues oxidized. Fluorescence experiments with the modified enzyme show that it contains at least one tryptophan residue which is unreactive towards NBS, but which also interacts with the Cu(II) atom and substrate. These results taken together substantiate the postulate that one or more tryptophan residues, the Cu(II) atom, and the sugar substrate mutually interact within the native enzyme. Energy-transfer calculations suggest that this residue(s) which must be within a relatively hydrophobic environment is at least 12 A from the Cu(II) atom.", "contents": "Fluorescence properties of the copper enzyme galactose oxidase and its tryptophan-modified derivatives. Galactose oxidase contains a single nonblue Cu(II) atom and 18 tryptophan residues per molecule. Removal of the copper atom reveals that it has an approximately 29% quenching effect on the relative quantum yield of fluorescence. While saturating concentrations of the sugar substrate of galactose oxidase also reduce the quantum yield, the second substrate, oxygen, has no significant effect on fluorescence in the absence of the sugar substrate. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) inactivates galactose oxidase as two tryptophans are oxidized (Kosman, D. J., Ettinger, M. J., Bereman, R. D., and Giordano, R. S. (1977), Biochemistry, 16). Oxidation of two tryptophans also leads to a disproportionately large decrease in fluorescence intensity. A 23% reduction in quantum yield with blue-shift occurs with oxidation of 0.85 tryptophan equiv and a further 25% quenching is obtained as the reaction proceeds to 2.0 residues oxidized. Fluorescence experiments with the modified enzyme show that it contains at least one tryptophan residue which is unreactive towards NBS, but which also interacts with the Cu(II) atom and substrate. These results taken together substantiate the postulate that one or more tryptophan residues, the Cu(II) atom, and the sugar substrate mutually interact within the native enzyme. Energy-transfer calculations suggest that this residue(s) which must be within a relatively hydrophobic environment is at least 12 A from the Cu(II) atom.", "PMID": 557987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3288", "title": "Nonrandom distribution of chromosomal proteins during cell replication.", "content": "The distribution of chromatin-associated proteins in replicating Chinese Hamster ovary cells has been examined using the method described by Taichman and Freedlender (Taichman, L., and Freedlender, E.F. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 447). Cells are grown for several generations in [14C]lysine and thymidine, and then for one generation in the presence of [3H]lysine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrUdRib) and a further generation in cold amino acid and BrUdRib. This protocol produces equal amounts of unifilarly (heavy-light) and bifilarly (heavy-heavy) substituted DNA. Chromatin containing the two types of DNA are separated by sucrose-gradient centrifugation after ultraviolet irradiation. The results indicate that some of the chromatin proteins can segregate with the DNA strand synthesized in the same generation when the cells subsequently replicate. Using chromatin with a protein to DNA ratio of 2.6, in different experiments, 5-22% of the chromatin proteins were estimated to segregate with the appropriate DNA strand, while the remaining proteins were randomly distributed to daughter chromatin. The segregating proteins have not been specifically identified but they migrate in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the region where the four smaller histones migrate.", "contents": "Nonrandom distribution of chromosomal proteins during cell replication. The distribution of chromatin-associated proteins in replicating Chinese Hamster ovary cells has been examined using the method described by Taichman and Freedlender (Taichman, L., and Freedlender, E.F. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 447). Cells are grown for several generations in [14C]lysine and thymidine, and then for one generation in the presence of [3H]lysine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrUdRib) and a further generation in cold amino acid and BrUdRib. This protocol produces equal amounts of unifilarly (heavy-light) and bifilarly (heavy-heavy) substituted DNA. Chromatin containing the two types of DNA are separated by sucrose-gradient centrifugation after ultraviolet irradiation. The results indicate that some of the chromatin proteins can segregate with the DNA strand synthesized in the same generation when the cells subsequently replicate. Using chromatin with a protein to DNA ratio of 2.6, in different experiments, 5-22% of the chromatin proteins were estimated to segregate with the appropriate DNA strand, while the remaining proteins were randomly distributed to daughter chromatin. The segregating proteins have not been specifically identified but they migrate in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the region where the four smaller histones migrate.", "PMID": 557988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3289", "title": "Effects of a trinucleotide ethyl phosphotriester, Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U, on mammalian cells in culture.", "content": "The nonionic 2'-O-methyribooligonucleotide ethyl phosphotriester, Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U, is complementary to the...ApCpC...sequence found in the amino acid accepting stem of most tRNAs and the anticodon region of tRNAgly and to the threonine codon of mRNA. Gmp(Et)Gmp(EtU forms hydrogen-bonded complexes with the amino acid accepting stem of tRNApheyeast and unfractionated tRNA Escherichia coli under physiological salt conditions at 37 degrees C as determined by equilibrium dialysis. The extent of phenylalanine aminoacylation of tRNApheE.coli is inhibited 39% by Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U at 37 degrees C in solution. The triester is resistant to hydrolysis by serum nucleases and cell lysates. The triester is readily taken up by transformed Syrian hamster fibroblasts growing in monolayer. Within the cell, the triester is deethylated to give the trinucleotide species Gmp(Et)GmpU, GmpGmp(Et)U, and GmpGmpU and is also hydrolyzed to dimeric and monomeric units. Treatment of transformed fibroblasts in monolayer with 25 micronM Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U results in a 40% inhibition of cellular protein synthesis with a concurrent slight increase in cellular RNA synthesis during the first 4 h. After 4 h, the rate of cellular protein synthesis begins to recover while RNA synthesis returns to that of the control. Our biochemical studies suggest that inhibition of cellular protein synthesis might be expected if Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)UGmp(Et)GmpU, GmpGmp(Et)U, and GmpGmpU, which have been taken up by or formed within the cell, physically bind to tRNA and mRNA and inhibit the function of these nucleic acids. The reversible inhibition of protein synthesis may be a consequence of further degradation of the trinucleotide species within the cell as well as to an increase in supply of RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis. The growth of the transformed  fibroblasts is inhibited during the first 24 h of incubation with 25 micronM Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U after which growth proceeds at a normal rate. In cloning experiments, the number and size of colonies formed by the transformed fibroblasts after 5 days exposure to 25 micronM triester is decreased by 50% relative to untreated controls. The temporary inhibition of cell growth may reflect the transitory inhibition of cellular protein synthesis caused by the triester.", "contents": "Effects of a trinucleotide ethyl phosphotriester, Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U, on mammalian cells in culture. The nonionic 2'-O-methyribooligonucleotide ethyl phosphotriester, Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U, is complementary to the...ApCpC...sequence found in the amino acid accepting stem of most tRNAs and the anticodon region of tRNAgly and to the threonine codon of mRNA. Gmp(Et)Gmp(EtU forms hydrogen-bonded complexes with the amino acid accepting stem of tRNApheyeast and unfractionated tRNA Escherichia coli under physiological salt conditions at 37 degrees C as determined by equilibrium dialysis. The extent of phenylalanine aminoacylation of tRNApheE.coli is inhibited 39% by Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U at 37 degrees C in solution. The triester is resistant to hydrolysis by serum nucleases and cell lysates. The triester is readily taken up by transformed Syrian hamster fibroblasts growing in monolayer. Within the cell, the triester is deethylated to give the trinucleotide species Gmp(Et)GmpU, GmpGmp(Et)U, and GmpGmpU and is also hydrolyzed to dimeric and monomeric units. Treatment of transformed fibroblasts in monolayer with 25 micronM Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U results in a 40% inhibition of cellular protein synthesis with a concurrent slight increase in cellular RNA synthesis during the first 4 h. After 4 h, the rate of cellular protein synthesis begins to recover while RNA synthesis returns to that of the control. Our biochemical studies suggest that inhibition of cellular protein synthesis might be expected if Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)UGmp(Et)GmpU, GmpGmp(Et)U, and GmpGmpU, which have been taken up by or formed within the cell, physically bind to tRNA and mRNA and inhibit the function of these nucleic acids. The reversible inhibition of protein synthesis may be a consequence of further degradation of the trinucleotide species within the cell as well as to an increase in supply of RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis. The growth of the transformed  fibroblasts is inhibited during the first 24 h of incubation with 25 micronM Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U after which growth proceeds at a normal rate. In cloning experiments, the number and size of colonies formed by the transformed fibroblasts after 5 days exposure to 25 micronM triester is decreased by 50% relative to untreated controls. The temporary inhibition of cell growth may reflect the transitory inhibition of cellular protein synthesis caused by the triester.", "PMID": 557989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3290", "title": "Uncoupled-induced changes in mitochondrial structure detected by small-angle x-ray scattering.", "content": "Small-angle X-ray scattering data suggest that major but reversible rearrangements of mitochondrial inner membrane structure are induced by uncouplers. Low levels of 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 micronM) cause a perceptible wide-angle shift of the 20 mrad X-ray scattering maximum characteristic of intact liver mitochondria. Higher dinitrophenol concentrations (greater than 25 micronM) reduce this scattering maximum to one-third its initial intensity. In terms of mitochondrial function, the former scattering change appears to correlate with the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation while the latter occurs in the course of dinitrophenol stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase activity.", "contents": "Uncoupled-induced changes in mitochondrial structure detected by small-angle x-ray scattering. Small-angle X-ray scattering data suggest that major but reversible rearrangements of mitochondrial inner membrane structure are induced by uncouplers. Low levels of 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 micronM) cause a perceptible wide-angle shift of the 20 mrad X-ray scattering maximum characteristic of intact liver mitochondria. Higher dinitrophenol concentrations (greater than 25 micronM) reduce this scattering maximum to one-third its initial intensity. In terms of mitochondrial function, the former scattering change appears to correlate with the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation while the latter occurs in the course of dinitrophenol stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase activity.", "PMID": 557990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3291", "title": "Quantitative studies on lysolecithin-mediated hemolysis. Use of ether-deoxy lysolecithin analogs with varying aliphatic chain-lengths.", "content": "The process of lysolecithin-mediated hemolysis has been investigated by use of various ether-deoxy lysolecithin analogs (1-alkyl-propanediol-3-phosphorylcholine) with alkyl  residues of 10-22 carbon atoms. Hemolytic activities were defined either as molar amounts to be added for 50% lysis (L50) or as cell-bound amounts at 50% lysis (A50). It was found, that in contrast to L50, A50 values are independent of experimental conditions. Moreover, L50 values primarily reflect the binding affinities, while A50 values give more accurate information on the actual membrane-disturbing potential. The strongest hemolytic C16-lysolecithin analog required 2 - 10(7) or 5 - 10(7) molecules bound per cell for 50% lysis at 0 or 37degrees C, respectively, corresponding to about 10 or 25% of the total membrane phospholipids. Evidence is presented, indicating that (a) lysophosphatides bind to cells below their critical micelle concentration, (b) micelles themselves are not generally necessary for cell lysis. Red cells of different species (man and cattle) as well as at varying temperatures exhibit significantly different sensitivities in terms of L50 and A50 values. These differences, however, depend on the degree of hydrophobicity of the lysolecithins and disappear in the case of lysolipids having C10 or C12 aliphatic residues. The data are in agreement with our hypothesis that cellular sensitivity to lysolecithin lysis may be determined by the degree of segregation of lysolecithin-rich areas within the membrane lipid phase.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on lysolecithin-mediated hemolysis. Use of ether-deoxy lysolecithin analogs with varying aliphatic chain-lengths. The process of lysolecithin-mediated hemolysis has been investigated by use of various ether-deoxy lysolecithin analogs (1-alkyl-propanediol-3-phosphorylcholine) with alkyl  residues of 10-22 carbon atoms. Hemolytic activities were defined either as molar amounts to be added for 50% lysis (L50) or as cell-bound amounts at 50% lysis (A50). It was found, that in contrast to L50, A50 values are independent of experimental conditions. Moreover, L50 values primarily reflect the binding affinities, while A50 values give more accurate information on the actual membrane-disturbing potential. The strongest hemolytic C16-lysolecithin analog required 2 - 10(7) or 5 - 10(7) molecules bound per cell for 50% lysis at 0 or 37degrees C, respectively, corresponding to about 10 or 25% of the total membrane phospholipids. Evidence is presented, indicating that (a) lysophosphatides bind to cells below their critical micelle concentration, (b) micelles themselves are not generally necessary for cell lysis. Red cells of different species (man and cattle) as well as at varying temperatures exhibit significantly different sensitivities in terms of L50 and A50 values. These differences, however, depend on the degree of hydrophobicity of the lysolecithins and disappear in the case of lysolipids having C10 or C12 aliphatic residues. The data are in agreement with our hypothesis that cellular sensitivity to lysolecithin lysis may be determined by the degree of segregation of lysolecithin-rich areas within the membrane lipid phase.", "PMID": 557991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3292", "title": "The permeability of aconitine-modified sodium channels to univalent cations in myelinated nerve.", "content": "1. Ionic currents through the sodium system of nodes of Ranvier treated  with aconitine were measured under voltage clamp conditions in a Ringer solution containing Na+ or an equimolar amount of various test cations. 2. Average shifts in reversal potentials in nodes of Ranvier treated with aconitine with NH4+, Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ in place of Na+ in the Ringer solution are 7.6, --6.8, --25.0, --41.0 and  --51.5 mV at 13--14degrees C. At 20--22degrees C the sequence of shifts is 7.5, --5.5, --13.5, --29.0 and  --41.0 mV. For Tl+ the the average reversal potential shift is  +3 mV at 20--22degrees C. 3. The slope of the instantaneous current-voltage relation at the reversal potential in nodes treated with aconitine changed with the various cations tested. The ratios are NH4+/Na+/K+/Rb+/Cs+/Li+ = 1.14 : 1.0 : 0.80 :0.67 :0.53 : 0.53. 4. Using a three energy barrier model some of the parameters for the aconitine-modified Na+ channels were estimated (Chizmadgev, Yu. A., Khodorov, B.I. and Aityan, S.Kh. (1974) Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1, 301--312).", "contents": "The permeability of aconitine-modified sodium channels to univalent cations in myelinated nerve. 1. Ionic currents through the sodium system of nodes of Ranvier treated  with aconitine were measured under voltage clamp conditions in a Ringer solution containing Na+ or an equimolar amount of various test cations. 2. Average shifts in reversal potentials in nodes of Ranvier treated with aconitine with NH4+, Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ in place of Na+ in the Ringer solution are 7.6, --6.8, --25.0, --41.0 and  --51.5 mV at 13--14degrees C. At 20--22degrees C the sequence of shifts is 7.5, --5.5, --13.5, --29.0 and  --41.0 mV. For Tl+ the the average reversal potential shift is  +3 mV at 20--22degrees C. 3. The slope of the instantaneous current-voltage relation at the reversal potential in nodes treated with aconitine changed with the various cations tested. The ratios are NH4+/Na+/K+/Rb+/Cs+/Li+ = 1.14 : 1.0 : 0.80 :0.67 :0.53 : 0.53. 4. Using a three energy barrier model some of the parameters for the aconitine-modified Na+ channels were estimated (Chizmadgev, Yu. A., Khodorov, B.I. and Aityan, S.Kh. (1974) Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1, 301--312).", "PMID": 557992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3293", "title": "Calorimetric measurements of the transition enthalpy of DNA in aqueous urea solutions.", "content": "The helix-coil equilibrium of DNA is delicately affected by the nature of the solvent. In this investigation the helical secondary structure was destabilized by an increasing concentration of urea. We found a linear dependence of the transition enthalpy deltaH on the urea concentration for calf thymus DNA as well as for salmon sperm DNA.", "contents": "Calorimetric measurements of the transition enthalpy of DNA in aqueous urea solutions. The helix-coil equilibrium of DNA is delicately affected by the nature of the solvent. In this investigation the helical secondary structure was destabilized by an increasing concentration of urea. We found a linear dependence of the transition enthalpy deltaH on the urea concentration for calf thymus DNA as well as for salmon sperm DNA.", "PMID": 557993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3294", "title": "Thermodynamic values of the helix-coil transition of DNA in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt.", "content": "The knowledge of the enthalpy and entropy of the helix-coil transition in DNA is necessary for the understanding of the stabilization of its native conformation in solution. Reported here is the transition temperature Tm, the transition enthalpy deltaH, determined with the help of an adiabatic scanning calorimeter, the transition entropy deltaS and the breadth of the helix-coil transition as a function of tetramethyl and tetraethyl ammonium chloride concentration.", "contents": "Thermodynamic values of the helix-coil transition of DNA in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt. The knowledge of the enthalpy and entropy of the helix-coil transition in DNA is necessary for the understanding of the stabilization of its native conformation in solution. Reported here is the transition temperature Tm, the transition enthalpy deltaH, determined with the help of an adiabatic scanning calorimeter, the transition entropy deltaS and the breadth of the helix-coil transition as a function of tetramethyl and tetraethyl ammonium chloride concentration.", "PMID": 557994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3295", "title": "Nuclear steady-state RNA from chicken immature red blood cells. Distribution of globin-coding and poly (A) sequences.", "content": "Nuclear steady-state RNA and polysomal RNA of chicken immature red blood cells were isolated and separated on formamide sucrose gradients. For comparison the distribution of 9 S globin mRNA was investigated by gradient centrifugation of 125I-labelled mRNA. The material was either pooled into two fractions (less than 20 S; greater than 20 S) and translated in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free system or each gradient fraction was analyzed by hybridization with [3H]-poly (U) or [3H]-labelled DNA complementary to purified 9 S globin mRNA (globin cDNA). In neither case could evidence be obtained for the existence of a high molecular weight RNA as a probable globin mRNA precursor. Further analysis was performed by electrophoresis of RNA on exponential polyacrylamide gels in formamide and subsequent hybridization with cDNA. The results are consistent with those of gradient centrifugation and demonstrate that the distribution of globin-coding sequences in nuclear steady state RNA corresponds to that of cytoplasmic 9 S globin mRNA.", "contents": "Nuclear steady-state RNA from chicken immature red blood cells. Distribution of globin-coding and poly (A) sequences. Nuclear steady-state RNA and polysomal RNA of chicken immature red blood cells were isolated and separated on formamide sucrose gradients. For comparison the distribution of 9 S globin mRNA was investigated by gradient centrifugation of 125I-labelled mRNA. The material was either pooled into two fractions (less than 20 S; greater than 20 S) and translated in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free system or each gradient fraction was analyzed by hybridization with [3H]-poly (U) or [3H]-labelled DNA complementary to purified 9 S globin mRNA (globin cDNA). In neither case could evidence be obtained for the existence of a high molecular weight RNA as a probable globin mRNA precursor. Further analysis was performed by electrophoresis of RNA on exponential polyacrylamide gels in formamide and subsequent hybridization with cDNA. The results are consistent with those of gradient centrifugation and demonstrate that the distribution of globin-coding sequences in nuclear steady state RNA corresponds to that of cytoplasmic 9 S globin mRNA.", "PMID": 557995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3296", "title": "Characterisation of a highly hydrophobically modified lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. Lysine residues of porcine H4 lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.27) were modified with methyl-epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproimidate - HCl. With increasing incorporation of the reagent a linear decrease of enzymatic activity was noticed. No essential lysyl group with an extraordinary reactivity was modified. 2. The active forms of the modified enzyme with different incorporation values were separated from denatured material by fractional precipitation and gel chromatography. An epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproamidinate lactate dehydrogenase was obtained with an average incorporation of 38 groups per tetramer and a residual activity of 42%. This material proved to be homogenous in cellulose electrophoresis. 3. The epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproamidinate lactate dehydrogenase is soluble only in glycine buffer at pH 8 and can be stabilized as ternary complex with NAD+ and sodium sulfite. Gel chromatography and ORD measurements show no strong conformational change. 4. epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproamidinate lactate dehydrogenase has similar Km values for pyruvate, NADH, lactate and NAD+ as the native enzyme, and shows a lower thermostability due to a diminished stabilization by the hydrate layer on the surface.", "contents": "Characterisation of a highly hydrophobically modified lactate dehydrogenase. 1. Lysine residues of porcine H4 lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.27) were modified with methyl-epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproimidate - HCl. With increasing incorporation of the reagent a linear decrease of enzymatic activity was noticed. No essential lysyl group with an extraordinary reactivity was modified. 2. The active forms of the modified enzyme with different incorporation values were separated from denatured material by fractional precipitation and gel chromatography. An epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproamidinate lactate dehydrogenase was obtained with an average incorporation of 38 groups per tetramer and a residual activity of 42%. This material proved to be homogenous in cellulose electrophoresis. 3. The epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproamidinate lactate dehydrogenase is soluble only in glycine buffer at pH 8 and can be stabilized as ternary complex with NAD+ and sodium sulfite. Gel chromatography and ORD measurements show no strong conformational change. 4. epsilon-(N-2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminocaproamidinate lactate dehydrogenase has similar Km values for pyruvate, NADH, lactate and NAD+ as the native enzyme, and shows a lower thermostability due to a diminished stabilization by the hydrate layer on the surface.", "PMID": 557996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3297", "title": "[Interaction between tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and tryptophan analogs with modified alpha-amino group].", "content": "Analogs of L-tryptophane with modified alpha-amino groups (substituted for hydrogen or keto-group, or acylated) are competitive reversible inhibitors of the aminoacylation of tRNNATrp catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. Compounds lacking alpha-amino group are weakly bound to the enzyme, whereas the Ki values for N-acylated L-tryptophane derivates and for beta-indolylpyruvic acid are similar and approximately two orders of magnitude higher than the KM value for L-tryptophane.", "contents": "[Interaction between tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and tryptophan analogs with modified alpha-amino group]. Analogs of L-tryptophane with modified alpha-amino groups (substituted for hydrogen or keto-group, or acylated) are competitive reversible inhibitors of the aminoacylation of tRNNATrp catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas. Compounds lacking alpha-amino group are weakly bound to the enzyme, whereas the Ki values for N-acylated L-tryptophane derivates and for beta-indolylpyruvic acid are similar and approximately two orders of magnitude higher than the KM value for L-tryptophane.", "PMID": 557997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3298", "title": "[Study of lysosomal enzymes in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with microorganisms of family Halprowiaceae (Chlamydiaceae)].", "content": "It is shown that infection of chick embryo fibroblasts with agents of paratrachoma and meningopneumonia Halprowiaceae (Chlamydiaceae) causes a sharp decrease of the activities of lysosomal enzymes, e.g. acidic alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, etc. The activity of cytosol enzymes (neutral alpha-glucosidase, amylo-1,6-glucosidase) does not change, however. A decrease in the activities of lysosomal enzymes in infected fibroblasts occurs some time later after inoculation and is due to a release of lysosomal enzymes from the fibroblasts into the culture medium, without loss of cell integrity. No changes in the activity of lysosomal enzymes in fibroblasts and culture medium is observed in the case of inoculation of cells with a killed agents, as well as after contact of cells with a suspension of normal chick embryo yolk sacs. The release of lysosomal enzymes from halprowiae-infected chick embryo fibroblasts probably occurs by the exocytosis.", "contents": "[Study of lysosomal enzymes in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with microorganisms of family Halprowiaceae (Chlamydiaceae)]. It is shown that infection of chick embryo fibroblasts with agents of paratrachoma and meningopneumonia Halprowiaceae (Chlamydiaceae) causes a sharp decrease of the activities of lysosomal enzymes, e.g. acidic alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, etc. The activity of cytosol enzymes (neutral alpha-glucosidase, amylo-1,6-glucosidase) does not change, however. A decrease in the activities of lysosomal enzymes in infected fibroblasts occurs some time later after inoculation and is due to a release of lysosomal enzymes from the fibroblasts into the culture medium, without loss of cell integrity. No changes in the activity of lysosomal enzymes in fibroblasts and culture medium is observed in the case of inoculation of cells with a killed agents, as well as after contact of cells with a suspension of normal chick embryo yolk sacs. The release of lysosomal enzymes from halprowiae-infected chick embryo fibroblasts probably occurs by the exocytosis.", "PMID": 557998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3299", "title": "[Fractionation of \"tricholysine\" by isoelectric focusing].", "content": "A possibility to fractionate fibrinolytically and thrombolytically active complex \"tricholysin\" into five components, differing in iso-points and in enzymatic activity, is demonstrated by means of isoelectric focusing using ampholine solution within pH range 3.0-10.0. Homogenous fraction IV (isopoint 6.8-7.0) has a low caseinolytic activity and a high specific fibrinolytic and esterase activities. This fraction is characterized with a high ability of plasminogen activation. Serine, threonine, alanine and valine are found to prevail in amino acid composition of the fraction IV, its molecular weight being 39000.", "contents": "[Fractionation of \"tricholysine\" by isoelectric focusing]. A possibility to fractionate fibrinolytically and thrombolytically active complex \"tricholysin\" into five components, differing in iso-points and in enzymatic activity, is demonstrated by means of isoelectric focusing using ampholine solution within pH range 3.0-10.0. Homogenous fraction IV (isopoint 6.8-7.0) has a low caseinolytic activity and a high specific fibrinolytic and esterase activities. This fraction is characterized with a high ability of plasminogen activation. Serine, threonine, alanine and valine are found to prevail in amino acid composition of the fraction IV, its molecular weight being 39000.", "PMID": 557999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3300", "title": "[Anionic center of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2].", "content": "The interaction between porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and low-molecular fragments of its substrate -- lecithine was studied using gel-diffusion of the enzyme in lecithin-agarose plates. When the inhibitor was added, a decrease in the magnitude of cleared areas (l/l0) around the depots filled with enzyme solution was observed. A marked decrease in l/l0 in the presence of alpha- and beta-glycerophosphates supported the statement that the cathionic center is a part of the enzyme active site SII. The potent inhibition of phospholipase activity in the presence of phosphocholine, choline, acetylcholine, thiocholine and acylthiocholines suggests the existence of an anionic center SIII in the active site. This suggestion is supported by intensive inhibition of phospholipase activity by certain, aliphatic amines. It was shown that the center is spaced in the direction of the cathionic center. SII. The main contribution to the binding of the cathionic lecithin part (\"head\") with the anionic center SIII is probably provided by the ion-ionic interactions.", "contents": "[Anionic center of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2]. The interaction between porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and low-molecular fragments of its substrate -- lecithine was studied using gel-diffusion of the enzyme in lecithin-agarose plates. When the inhibitor was added, a decrease in the magnitude of cleared areas (l/l0) around the depots filled with enzyme solution was observed. A marked decrease in l/l0 in the presence of alpha- and beta-glycerophosphates supported the statement that the cathionic center is a part of the enzyme active site SII. The potent inhibition of phospholipase activity in the presence of phosphocholine, choline, acetylcholine, thiocholine and acylthiocholines suggests the existence of an anionic center SIII in the active site. This suggestion is supported by intensive inhibition of phospholipase activity by certain, aliphatic amines. It was shown that the center is spaced in the direction of the cathionic center. SII. The main contribution to the binding of the cathionic lecithin part (\"head\") with the anionic center SIII is probably provided by the ion-ionic interactions.", "PMID": 558000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3301", "title": "[On glutamate dehydrogenase interaction with sex hormones].", "content": "The effect of sex hormones on the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase from beef liver was studied in vitro. The inhibitory effect of the hormones was relieved both when the guanidine groups of the enzyme were blocked and when L-arginine was added to the reaction mixture. The data obtained suggest that the guanidine groups of the arginine residues of the enzyme are involved in the realization of the inhibitory effect of the hormones.", "contents": "[On glutamate dehydrogenase interaction with sex hormones]. The effect of sex hormones on the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase from beef liver was studied in vitro. The inhibitory effect of the hormones was relieved both when the guanidine groups of the enzyme were blocked and when L-arginine was added to the reaction mixture. The data obtained suggest that the guanidine groups of the arginine residues of the enzyme are involved in the realization of the inhibitory effect of the hormones.", "PMID": 558001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3302", "title": "Interactions of antipsychotic drugs with norepinephrine and cerebellar neuronal circuitry: implications for the psychobiology of psychosis.", "content": "Using the rat cerebellar Purkinje cell as a model neuronal system, the effects of norepinephrine and fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug, are examined. Fluphenazine is shown to be a potent, specific antagonist of the norepinephrine-mediated inhibition of Purkinje cell discharge. Norepinephrine, despite its inhibitory action on spontaneous firing of the Purkinje cell, increases its responsiveness to afferent synaptic pathways. These data thus imply that norepinephrine may increase the brain's sensitivity to incoming information, and that antipsychotic drugs interfere with this effect. A role for norepinephrine, as well as dopamine, in the genesis of psychosis is suggested on the basis of their mutual antagonism by anti-psychotic drugs. The facilatory effects of NE on neuronal information-processing are used to predict a possible participation of NE in the perceptual difficulties noted in psychosis.", "contents": "Interactions of antipsychotic drugs with norepinephrine and cerebellar neuronal circuitry: implications for the psychobiology of psychosis. Using the rat cerebellar Purkinje cell as a model neuronal system, the effects of norepinephrine and fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug, are examined. Fluphenazine is shown to be a potent, specific antagonist of the norepinephrine-mediated inhibition of Purkinje cell discharge. Norepinephrine, despite its inhibitory action on spontaneous firing of the Purkinje cell, increases its responsiveness to afferent synaptic pathways. These data thus imply that norepinephrine may increase the brain's sensitivity to incoming information, and that antipsychotic drugs interfere with this effect. A role for norepinephrine, as well as dopamine, in the genesis of psychosis is suggested on the basis of their mutual antagonism by anti-psychotic drugs. The facilatory effects of NE on neuronal information-processing are used to predict a possible participation of NE in the perceptual difficulties noted in psychosis.", "PMID": 558002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3303", "title": "Identification of fibrin oligomers in sonicated fibrin clots.", "content": "Clots of bovine fibrin, with both coarse and fine structure, and ligated to different extents by fibrinoligase, have been broken up by ultrasonic agitation and the sonicates have been examined by ultracentrifugal sedimentation. Sonication is followed by gross aggregation of the fragments unless guanidine hydrochloride is introduced (order of 1 M). In that case, sonicates of gamma-ligated fine clots contain two species whose sedimentation coefficients correspond to fibrin monomer and an oligomer with twice the monomer cross-section area and at least 20 monomer units, presumably with the structure of lateral dimerization with staggered overlapping. If the gamma ligation is incomplete, shorter oligomers are identified. The monomer and oligomer with degree of polymerization greater than 20 appear also in sonicates of coarse clots, but in smaller amounts, the principal product consisting of larger aggregates. The implications of these results with respect to metastability of the fine clot and the pattern of polymerization are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of fibrin oligomers in sonicated fibrin clots. Clots of bovine fibrin, with both coarse and fine structure, and ligated to different extents by fibrinoligase, have been broken up by ultrasonic agitation and the sonicates have been examined by ultracentrifugal sedimentation. Sonication is followed by gross aggregation of the fragments unless guanidine hydrochloride is introduced (order of 1 M). In that case, sonicates of gamma-ligated fine clots contain two species whose sedimentation coefficients correspond to fibrin monomer and an oligomer with twice the monomer cross-section area and at least 20 monomer units, presumably with the structure of lateral dimerization with staggered overlapping. If the gamma ligation is incomplete, shorter oligomers are identified. The monomer and oligomer with degree of polymerization greater than 20 appear also in sonicates of coarse clots, but in smaller amounts, the principal product consisting of larger aggregates. The implications of these results with respect to metastability of the fine clot and the pattern of polymerization are discussed.", "PMID": 558008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3304", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of endometrial and endometriosis cell cultures].", "content": "The authors studied comparatively the endometrium and endometrosis cell cultures of 35 women before and (in part of the group) after the synthetic progestin treatment. Methods for cultivating the endometrium and endometriosis cells were developed. A normal endometrium cell culture was found to be made up by epithelioid cells, while the cell culture from the endometriosis focus exhibited mostly a mixed cell population. The analysis of the internal endometriosis cell cultures before and after the infecundin treatment failed to show any clear distinction in respect to the cell growth and morphology. Endometriosis cells were found to possess low mitotic activity which made the kariotype studies difficult. the data obtained are the result of the first effort to cultivate endometriosis cells.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of endometrial and endometriosis cell cultures]. The authors studied comparatively the endometrium and endometrosis cell cultures of 35 women before and (in part of the group) after the synthetic progestin treatment. Methods for cultivating the endometrium and endometriosis cells were developed. A normal endometrium cell culture was found to be made up by epithelioid cells, while the cell culture from the endometriosis focus exhibited mostly a mixed cell population. The analysis of the internal endometriosis cell cultures before and after the infecundin treatment failed to show any clear distinction in respect to the cell growth and morphology. Endometriosis cells were found to possess low mitotic activity which made the kariotype studies difficult. the data obtained are the result of the first effort to cultivate endometriosis cells.", "PMID": 558011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3305", "title": "[Effect of diazepam on the impulse activity of neurons in the sensomotor and visual areas of the rat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Acute experiments on nonanesthetized curare-treated rats with the recording of the neuronal activity of the cortex were conducted; a determination was made of the threshold doses in which diazepam influenced the spontaneous and induced activity of the neurons of the sensory-motor and optic cortex. Diazepam proved to depress the spontaneous and induced activity of the neurons of the sensory-motor and optic cortex. Diazepam proved to depress the spontaneous and induced activity of the neurons of the sensory-motor cortex in considerably lesser doses than the neuronal activity of the optic cortex. It is supposed that the neurons of the anterior portions of the cortex were more sensitive to diazepam than the neurons of the limbic structures and the reticular formation.", "contents": "[Effect of diazepam on the impulse activity of neurons in the sensomotor and visual areas of the rat cerebral cortex]. Acute experiments on nonanesthetized curare-treated rats with the recording of the neuronal activity of the cortex were conducted; a determination was made of the threshold doses in which diazepam influenced the spontaneous and induced activity of the neurons of the sensory-motor and optic cortex. Diazepam proved to depress the spontaneous and induced activity of the neurons of the sensory-motor and optic cortex. Diazepam proved to depress the spontaneous and induced activity of the neurons of the sensory-motor cortex in considerably lesser doses than the neuronal activity of the optic cortex. It is supposed that the neurons of the anterior portions of the cortex were more sensitive to diazepam than the neurons of the limbic structures and the reticular formation.", "PMID": 558012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3306", "title": "[Immune response of mice of different inbred lines to Clostridium oedematiens anatoxin].", "content": "Mice belonging to a number of inbred strains were immunized intradermally with Cl. oedematiens alpha-toxoid. The immunization was repeated 30 days later. On the 20th and the 30th days after the first injection and on the 10th day after the second one the antibody level against the toxoid was determined in the blood of mice by the passive hemagglutination test. The maximum response to the primary immunization was observed in the mice of the C3H strain, and the minimum one--in mice of the DBA/2 strain; the difference was more than 30-fold. The rest of the strains used in the test (A,CBA, BALB/c, AKR, CC57BR) displayed an intermediate level of the immune response. The differences reduced after the repeated immunization. The immune response to this antigen in mice is supposed to be genetically controlled.", "contents": "[Immune response of mice of different inbred lines to Clostridium oedematiens anatoxin]. Mice belonging to a number of inbred strains were immunized intradermally with Cl. oedematiens alpha-toxoid. The immunization was repeated 30 days later. On the 20th and the 30th days after the first injection and on the 10th day after the second one the antibody level against the toxoid was determined in the blood of mice by the passive hemagglutination test. The maximum response to the primary immunization was observed in the mice of the C3H strain, and the minimum one--in mice of the DBA/2 strain; the difference was more than 30-fold. The rest of the strains used in the test (A,CBA, BALB/c, AKR, CC57BR) displayed an intermediate level of the immune response. The differences reduced after the repeated immunization. The immune response to this antigen in mice is supposed to be genetically controlled.", "PMID": 558013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3307", "title": "[Effect of suboptimal temperature on the mitotic regime].", "content": "A two-hour treatment of Chinese hamster cells with a suboptimal temperature of 21 degrees C leads to a decrease of the mitotic index and to a delay in division at the metaphase. Cooling causes a sharp rise of the pathological mitosis, represented mainly by the forms of pathology connected with the disorganization of the mitotic apparatus, such as C-mitosis and dispersion of chromosomes in the metaphase. After being transferred to the optimal temperature conditions the cells completely restored their mitotic regimen in one hour, the amount of the pathological mitosis during that time still being much higher than the control level.", "contents": "[Effect of suboptimal temperature on the mitotic regime]. A two-hour treatment of Chinese hamster cells with a suboptimal temperature of 21 degrees C leads to a decrease of the mitotic index and to a delay in division at the metaphase. Cooling causes a sharp rise of the pathological mitosis, represented mainly by the forms of pathology connected with the disorganization of the mitotic apparatus, such as C-mitosis and dispersion of chromosomes in the metaphase. After being transferred to the optimal temperature conditions the cells completely restored their mitotic regimen in one hour, the amount of the pathological mitosis during that time still being much higher than the control level.", "PMID": 558014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3308", "title": "[Effect of estradiol on the spontaneous activity of individual neurons in the arcuate area of the hypothalamus at different stages of the estrus cycle in rats].", "content": "Microiontophoretic application of estradiol into the arcuate region of the hypothalamus increased the activity of single neurons in the majority of experiments. This reaction was more pronounced at the stage of dietrus-1 and diestrus-2 than during proestrus. It is supposed that the changes in the prevailing reactions of the arcuate region neurons to the estradiol administration in the course of the estrual cycle were determined by the level of the endogenous estrogens and gonadotropins of the hypophysis in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "[Effect of estradiol on the spontaneous activity of individual neurons in the arcuate area of the hypothalamus at different stages of the estrus cycle in rats]. Microiontophoretic application of estradiol into the arcuate region of the hypothalamus increased the activity of single neurons in the majority of experiments. This reaction was more pronounced at the stage of dietrus-1 and diestrus-2 than during proestrus. It is supposed that the changes in the prevailing reactions of the arcuate region neurons to the estradiol administration in the course of the estrual cycle were determined by the level of the endogenous estrogens and gonadotropins of the hypophysis in the peripheral blood.", "PMID": 558015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3309", "title": "[Sex ratio of inbred strains of mice].", "content": "A study of the sex ratio in mice of the inbred strains (CBA and C3H) and connection of the postimplantation embryonic mortality in mice of these strains with the sex distribution of embryos demonstrated that the sex ratio in these mice was 1:1. Literature and the author's personal data suggested that genetic features of mice of the inbred strains failed to influence significantly the sex ratio of the offspring. The postimplantation embryonic death rate in the C3H mice exceeded that in the CBA mice (14.4 and 9.3%, respectively). However, the balanced sex ratio in mice of these strains points to the absence of selective mortality of the embryos of any one sex during embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Sex ratio of inbred strains of mice]. A study of the sex ratio in mice of the inbred strains (CBA and C3H) and connection of the postimplantation embryonic mortality in mice of these strains with the sex distribution of embryos demonstrated that the sex ratio in these mice was 1:1. Literature and the author's personal data suggested that genetic features of mice of the inbred strains failed to influence significantly the sex ratio of the offspring. The postimplantation embryonic death rate in the C3H mice exceeded that in the CBA mice (14.4 and 9.3%, respectively). However, the balanced sex ratio in mice of these strains points to the absence of selective mortality of the embryos of any one sex during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 558016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3310", "title": "[Tissue sources of sex steroids in rat ovaries during the preovulatory period].", "content": "The method of quantitative histoenzymological analysis was used to determine the extent of participation of various structures of the ovary in the provision of the preovulatory synthesis of sex hormones. The activity of steroid dehydrogenases (3beta, 17beta, and 20alpha-OH), glucoso-6phosphric dehydrogenases, NAD and NADP-diaphorases was investigated. The synthesis of sex hormones proved to be realized by the mobilization of all the ovarian structures. At the early proestrus enhanced estrogen synthesis was provided by mature follicles, interstitial glands and the old corpora lutea. In the mid proestrus the active sources of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregh-4en-3on synthesis are young corpora lutea and follicles; at this time the interstitial glands and old corpora lutea synthesized mainly the progesterone derivative.", "contents": "[Tissue sources of sex steroids in rat ovaries during the preovulatory period]. The method of quantitative histoenzymological analysis was used to determine the extent of participation of various structures of the ovary in the provision of the preovulatory synthesis of sex hormones. The activity of steroid dehydrogenases (3beta, 17beta, and 20alpha-OH), glucoso-6phosphric dehydrogenases, NAD and NADP-diaphorases was investigated. The synthesis of sex hormones proved to be realized by the mobilization of all the ovarian structures. At the early proestrus enhanced estrogen synthesis was provided by mature follicles, interstitial glands and the old corpora lutea. In the mid proestrus the active sources of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregh-4en-3on synthesis are young corpora lutea and follicles; at this time the interstitial glands and old corpora lutea synthesized mainly the progesterone derivative.", "PMID": 558017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3311", "title": "[Effect of chronic stimulation of rats with intact and deafferented hypothalamuses on lipid metabolism and the adrenal cortex].", "content": "Chronic irritation of the falsely operated rats and those with the deafferentated hypothalamus led to reduction of total blood cholesterol and the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. Dexamethasone administration was accompanied by an increase of blood cholesterol and triglycerides and the triglyceride accumulation in the liver. The action of dexamethasone was more pronounced in the animals with the deafferentated hypothalamus. The rate of 11-oxycorticosteroid secretion into the adrenal vein is reduced in the latter.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic stimulation of rats with intact and deafferented hypothalamuses on lipid metabolism and the adrenal cortex]. Chronic irritation of the falsely operated rats and those with the deafferentated hypothalamus led to reduction of total blood cholesterol and the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. Dexamethasone administration was accompanied by an increase of blood cholesterol and triglycerides and the triglyceride accumulation in the liver. The action of dexamethasone was more pronounced in the animals with the deafferentated hypothalamus. The rate of 11-oxycorticosteroid secretion into the adrenal vein is reduced in the latter.", "PMID": 558018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3312", "title": "[Tissue distribution of chelants during life].", "content": "Injection of dithizone and quinoline compounds to animals leads to the intravital zinc chelate granule formation detectable on frozen tissue sections. The intensity of intravital histochemical reaction depends on be complexing ability, the dose, the ways of the agent injection, and also on the presence of other ligands lowering the agent's coordination volume use.", "contents": "[Tissue distribution of chelants during life]. Injection of dithizone and quinoline compounds to animals leads to the intravital zinc chelate granule formation detectable on frozen tissue sections. The intensity of intravital histochemical reaction depends on be complexing ability, the dose, the ways of the agent injection, and also on the presence of other ligands lowering the agent's coordination volume use.", "PMID": 558019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3313", "title": "[Dynamics of spinal cord changes under the influence of asphyxia sustained in utero].", "content": "Changes of the neurons and nerve fibers of the spinal cord at the C4-C5 level were studied in rats exposed to intra-uterine asphyxia and sacrificed at various periods. A gradual increase of the neuronal changes was observed the first 10 days. Although the majority of the neurons were normalized by the 1st-2nd month microscopy showed changed nerve cells in every 100 fields of vision. The abnormal neurons were mainly confined to the areas of colateral circulation. Some of the myelin fibers were vacuolated, and their sheaths--disintegrated.", "contents": "[Dynamics of spinal cord changes under the influence of asphyxia sustained in utero]. Changes of the neurons and nerve fibers of the spinal cord at the C4-C5 level were studied in rats exposed to intra-uterine asphyxia and sacrificed at various periods. A gradual increase of the neuronal changes was observed the first 10 days. Although the majority of the neurons were normalized by the 1st-2nd month microscopy showed changed nerve cells in every 100 fields of vision. The abnormal neurons were mainly confined to the areas of colateral circulation. Some of the myelin fibers were vacuolated, and their sheaths--disintegrated.", "PMID": 558020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3314", "title": "[Effect of ethanol on the ultrastructure of pancreatic acini].", "content": "Histological and ultrastructural changes of the acinar parenchyma of the pancreas under the influence of ethanol were studied on Wistar rats. Lipid inclusions in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells and mitochondrial changes were referred to the functional ones. The opinion of some investigators on the cytotoxic influence of alcohol on the pancreas was not confirmed by the author. The results of this investigation indicate that the leading role of alcohol in the etiology of acute pancreatitis is doubtful.", "contents": "[Effect of ethanol on the ultrastructure of pancreatic acini]. Histological and ultrastructural changes of the acinar parenchyma of the pancreas under the influence of ethanol were studied on Wistar rats. Lipid inclusions in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells and mitochondrial changes were referred to the functional ones. The opinion of some investigators on the cytotoxic influence of alcohol on the pancreas was not confirmed by the author. The results of this investigation indicate that the leading role of alcohol in the etiology of acute pancreatitis is doubtful.", "PMID": 558021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3315", "title": "[Selective dopaminergic regulation of stereotyped forms of aggressive and defensive behavior].", "content": "In rabbits the dopaminergic agonists (L-DOPA, apomorphine) induce and control the stereotypic forms of behaviour (thumping, licking and biting) selectively. These forms of behaviour can be used as test-responses for quantitative studies of the neuropsychotropic substances acting on the central dopaminergic synapses, and also for screening the antiparkinsonic agents.", "contents": "[Selective dopaminergic regulation of stereotyped forms of aggressive and defensive behavior]. In rabbits the dopaminergic agonists (L-DOPA, apomorphine) induce and control the stereotypic forms of behaviour (thumping, licking and biting) selectively. These forms of behaviour can be used as test-responses for quantitative studies of the neuropsychotropic substances acting on the central dopaminergic synapses, and also for screening the antiparkinsonic agents.", "PMID": 558022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3316", "title": "[Immunodepressant action of cyclophosphamide in different strains of mice].", "content": "A study was made of the immunodepressive effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) on mice of 3 strains (BALB/c,  CBA, and DBA/2) immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). With the optimal immunizing dose of the antigen (5 X 10(8) SRBC) the most pronounced immunodepression was noted in DBA/2 mice, and with the high dose (6.2 X 10(9))--in DBA/2 and CBA mice. The CP action proved to depend on the dose of the antigen administered; in BALB/c mice a reduction in the number of the antibody-forming cells was the same with both SRBC doses, in DBA/2 mice an increase of the antigen dose led to reduction of immunode pression, and in CBA mice -- to its enhancement (with sufficiently high CP doses). Determination of the rate of oxidative CP hydroxylation by the liver microsomes of mice showed it to be comparatively low in DBA/2 and CBA mice, and much greater in BALB/c mice. It is supposed that the detected differences in the immunodepressive action of CP could be connected with different sensitivity of the target cells and (or) with the peculiarities of its metabolism in mice belonging to different strains.", "contents": "[Immunodepressant action of cyclophosphamide in different strains of mice]. A study was made of the immunodepressive effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) on mice of 3 strains (BALB/c,  CBA, and DBA/2) immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). With the optimal immunizing dose of the antigen (5 X 10(8) SRBC) the most pronounced immunodepression was noted in DBA/2 mice, and with the high dose (6.2 X 10(9))--in DBA/2 and CBA mice. The CP action proved to depend on the dose of the antigen administered; in BALB/c mice a reduction in the number of the antibody-forming cells was the same with both SRBC doses, in DBA/2 mice an increase of the antigen dose led to reduction of immunode pression, and in CBA mice -- to its enhancement (with sufficiently high CP doses). Determination of the rate of oxidative CP hydroxylation by the liver microsomes of mice showed it to be comparatively low in DBA/2 and CBA mice, and much greater in BALB/c mice. It is supposed that the detected differences in the immunodepressive action of CP could be connected with different sensitivity of the target cells and (or) with the peculiarities of its metabolism in mice belonging to different strains.", "PMID": 558023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3317", "title": "[Mechanism of tolerance to VI-antigen of Salmonella typhi induced by cyclophosphane].", "content": "High dose Vi-antigen treatment and injection of cyclophosphamide 46 to 48 hours later induced in mice a state of immunological unresponsiveness remaining stable in adoptive transfer. Only low amounts of the antigen were revealed in the blood and spleen of tolerant animals 2 to 3 weeks after the tolerogenic treatment. No T-suppressors were found in the spleen of tolerant mice--the cells of tolerant mice failed to suppress the immune response of normal lymphocytes when transferred together to the irradiated recipients, or to induce tolerance in normal mice. Normal spleen cells restored partially the immune responsiveness in tolerant animals. The results obtained suggest that cyclophosphamide tolerance was due to deletion or the long-term inactivation of the immunocompetent cells.", "contents": "[Mechanism of tolerance to VI-antigen of Salmonella typhi induced by cyclophosphane]. High dose Vi-antigen treatment and injection of cyclophosphamide 46 to 48 hours later induced in mice a state of immunological unresponsiveness remaining stable in adoptive transfer. Only low amounts of the antigen were revealed in the blood and spleen of tolerant animals 2 to 3 weeks after the tolerogenic treatment. No T-suppressors were found in the spleen of tolerant mice--the cells of tolerant mice failed to suppress the immune response of normal lymphocytes when transferred together to the irradiated recipients, or to induce tolerance in normal mice. Normal spleen cells restored partially the immune responsiveness in tolerant animals. The results obtained suggest that cyclophosphamide tolerance was due to deletion or the long-term inactivation of the immunocompetent cells.", "PMID": 558024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3318", "title": "Equilibrium between uptake and elimination of dieldrin by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.", "content": "Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, measuring 150 (+/- 5)mm were exposed continuously to dieldrin for 70 days to determine if equilibrium between dieldrin uptake and elimination was reached by muscle tissue. Fish exposed to 13 parts per trillion (pptr) dieldrin reached equilibrium in 56 days, fish exposed to 27 pptr dieldrin were near equilibrium after 56 days, and fish exposed to 49 pptr dieldrin did not reach a balance between uptake and elimination after 70 days of exposure. Evidence of this study showed that balance between uptake and elimination was reached in less time at lower exposure levels than at higher levels.", "contents": "Equilibrium between uptake and elimination of dieldrin by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, measuring 150 (+/- 5)mm were exposed continuously to dieldrin for 70 days to determine if equilibrium between dieldrin uptake and elimination was reached by muscle tissue. Fish exposed to 13 parts per trillion (pptr) dieldrin reached equilibrium in 56 days, fish exposed to 27 pptr dieldrin were near equilibrium after 56 days, and fish exposed to 49 pptr dieldrin did not reach a balance between uptake and elimination after 70 days of exposure. Evidence of this study showed that balance between uptake and elimination was reached in less time at lower exposure levels than at higher levels.", "PMID": 558025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3319", "title": "A Danish twin study of manic-depressive disorders.", "content": "The existence of a nation-wide twin register and central psychiatric register has made possible a catamnestic investigation of an unselected and representative sample of twins with manic-depressive disorders. From a total population of 11,288 same-sexed twin pairs born 1870-1920 in Denmark 126 probands from 110 pairs were ascertained. Among the co-twins of 69 monozygotic probands there were found 46 with manic-depressive disorders, and a further 14 had presented other psychoses or marked affective personality disorders or had committed suicide, yielding a proband rate of strict concordance, C1 = 0-67 and of broad, partial concordance, C2 = 0-87. The corresponding direct pairwise concordance rates were 32/55 = 0-58 and 46/55 = 0-84 respectively. For the dizygotic twins the proband concordance rate of C1 was 11/54 = 0-20 and of C2 20/54 = 0-37, and the direct pairwise rates were 9/52 = 0-17 and 18/52 = 0-35 respectively. The differences between the pairwise rates for the monozygotic and dizgotic twins are significant (P less than 0-001 at X2 analysis). This finding is in accordance with previous twin studies of manic-depressive disorders and confirms the evidence of a strong genetic factor. The concordance with respect to unipolar and bipolar forms was not in contradiction to recent evidence of a genetic difference between the bipolar and unipolar form, the latter probably related to the female sex.", "contents": "A Danish twin study of manic-depressive disorders. The existence of a nation-wide twin register and central psychiatric register has made possible a catamnestic investigation of an unselected and representative sample of twins with manic-depressive disorders. From a total population of 11,288 same-sexed twin pairs born 1870-1920 in Denmark 126 probands from 110 pairs were ascertained. Among the co-twins of 69 monozygotic probands there were found 46 with manic-depressive disorders, and a further 14 had presented other psychoses or marked affective personality disorders or had committed suicide, yielding a proband rate of strict concordance, C1 = 0-67 and of broad, partial concordance, C2 = 0-87. The corresponding direct pairwise concordance rates were 32/55 = 0-58 and 46/55 = 0-84 respectively. For the dizygotic twins the proband concordance rate of C1 was 11/54 = 0-20 and of C2 20/54 = 0-37, and the direct pairwise rates were 9/52 = 0-17 and 18/52 = 0-35 respectively. The differences between the pairwise rates for the monozygotic and dizgotic twins are significant (P less than 0-001 at X2 analysis). This finding is in accordance with previous twin studies of manic-depressive disorders and confirms the evidence of a strong genetic factor. The concordance with respect to unipolar and bipolar forms was not in contradiction to recent evidence of a genetic difference between the bipolar and unipolar form, the latter probably related to the female sex.", "PMID": 558030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3320", "title": "Cytogenetic investigation in twins with manic-depressive disorders (22 monozygotic and 27 dizygotic twin pairs).", "content": "Chromosome examination was made in 22 monozygotic and 27 dizygotic twin pairs of whom one or both of each pair suffered or had suffered from manic-depressive disorder. We found a significantly higher frequency of chromosome variations among dizygotic twin pairs than was expected from population studies, but not in monozygotic pairs. There was no association between the chromosome variations and manic-depressive disorders. We found no greater intra-pair correlation in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins as regards hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy and unstable chromosome aberrations, which indicates that the aetiology of such aberrations is mainly of exogenic nature.", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigation in twins with manic-depressive disorders (22 monozygotic and 27 dizygotic twin pairs). Chromosome examination was made in 22 monozygotic and 27 dizygotic twin pairs of whom one or both of each pair suffered or had suffered from manic-depressive disorder. We found a significantly higher frequency of chromosome variations among dizygotic twin pairs than was expected from population studies, but not in monozygotic pairs. There was no association between the chromosome variations and manic-depressive disorders. We found no greater intra-pair correlation in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins as regards hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy and unstable chromosome aberrations, which indicates that the aetiology of such aberrations is mainly of exogenic nature.", "PMID": 558031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3321", "title": "Sleep in the rat during food deprivation and subsequent restitution of food.", "content": "Continuous telemetric EEG recordings served to determine the vigilance states of the rat during 2 control days, 80 h of food deprivation and 64 h following restitution of food. The recordings were supplemented by measurements of food intake, water intake and motor activity. The following 3 sleep parameters were not significantly changed by food deprivation: the daily amount of the vigilance states, the light-dark distribution of sleep and waking, and the 10 min paradoxical sleep (PS) cycle. During food deprivation, PS was depressed in the dark phase of the diurnal cycle and increased in the light phase. The sleep parameter that was most affected by food deprivation was the duration of sleep episodes. Episodes of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and PS were shortened only in the dark phase of the deprivation days, whereas total sleep episodes were progressively decreased in both diurnal phases. After restitution of food, the episodes of SWS and total sleep were immediately lengthened and tended to exceed the control level. The duration of feeding episodes and meal size were significantly increased in comparison to pre-deprivation values, whereas feeding frequency was decreased. Long episodes of continuous motor activity occurred during the dark phase of the refeeding period, while a fragmented activity pattern was typical for the deprivation nights. It is proposed that the adjustment of the length of behavioral episodes may constitute an important adaptive mechanism for the rat.", "contents": "Sleep in the rat during food deprivation and subsequent restitution of food. Continuous telemetric EEG recordings served to determine the vigilance states of the rat during 2 control days, 80 h of food deprivation and 64 h following restitution of food. The recordings were supplemented by measurements of food intake, water intake and motor activity. The following 3 sleep parameters were not significantly changed by food deprivation: the daily amount of the vigilance states, the light-dark distribution of sleep and waking, and the 10 min paradoxical sleep (PS) cycle. During food deprivation, PS was depressed in the dark phase of the diurnal cycle and increased in the light phase. The sleep parameter that was most affected by food deprivation was the duration of sleep episodes. Episodes of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and PS were shortened only in the dark phase of the deprivation days, whereas total sleep episodes were progressively decreased in both diurnal phases. After restitution of food, the episodes of SWS and total sleep were immediately lengthened and tended to exceed the control level. The duration of feeding episodes and meal size were significantly increased in comparison to pre-deprivation values, whereas feeding frequency was decreased. Long episodes of continuous motor activity occurred during the dark phase of the refeeding period, while a fragmented activity pattern was typical for the deprivation nights. It is proposed that the adjustment of the length of behavioral episodes may constitute an important adaptive mechanism for the rat.", "PMID": 558034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3322", "title": "Progesterone metabolism in the pineal, brain stem, thalamus and corpus callosum of the female rat.", "content": "Specific brain regions, namely, thalamus, tectum, tegmentum, cerebellum, medulla and pineal, from five proestrous rats were incubated for 30 min with [3H]progesterone. After reverse isotopic dilution analysis, the following metabolites were identified in all incubations by purification to constant specific activity, derivative formation and/or gas liquid chromatography trapping: [3H]5alpha-pregnane-3, 20-dione (10-20% of the starting substrate except pineal -- 0.7%), [3H]3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (1.6-3.8% except for pineal -- 0.5%) and [3H]20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (0.05-0.11%). Preliminary results from the corpus collosum incubation indicated the presence of the same metabolites. Although some apparent constant specific activities were obtained for 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one and 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, the low levels of 3H associated with these steroids did not permit a definitive identification. The results indicate the presence of at least delta1-steroid 5alpha-reductase, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities with progesterone as substrate in the brain regions examined.", "contents": "Progesterone metabolism in the pineal, brain stem, thalamus and corpus callosum of the female rat. Specific brain regions, namely, thalamus, tectum, tegmentum, cerebellum, medulla and pineal, from five proestrous rats were incubated for 30 min with [3H]progesterone. After reverse isotopic dilution analysis, the following metabolites were identified in all incubations by purification to constant specific activity, derivative formation and/or gas liquid chromatography trapping: [3H]5alpha-pregnane-3, 20-dione (10-20% of the starting substrate except pineal -- 0.7%), [3H]3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (1.6-3.8% except for pineal -- 0.5%) and [3H]20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (0.05-0.11%). Preliminary results from the corpus collosum incubation indicated the presence of the same metabolites. Although some apparent constant specific activities were obtained for 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one and 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, the low levels of 3H associated with these steroids did not permit a definitive identification. The results indicate the presence of at least delta1-steroid 5alpha-reductase, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities with progesterone as substrate in the brain regions examined.", "PMID": 558037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3323", "title": "Amphetamine-haloperidol interactions in rat striatum: failure to correlate behavioral effects with dopaminergic and cholinergic dynamics.", "content": "Previous reports have suggested that the hyperactivity and stereotypy produced by amphetamine (AMP) and the catalepsy produced by haloperidol (HAL) are mediated by striatal dopaminergic mechanisms. In the present study, we have measured the behavioral effects of AMP and HAL, and their effects on striatal dopaminergic function, using both an index of pre-synaptic activity (synaptosomal dopamine (DA) synthesis) and a parameter which we suggest will reflect post-synaptic dopaminergic function (sodium-dependent, high affinity choline uptake). Administration of 2 mg/kg AMP produces hyperactivity and causes a decrease in DA biosynthesis, both of which are blocked by 0.75 mg/kg HAL. AMP (5 mg/kg) produces stereotypy, further decreases DA biosynthesis and causes a decrease in choline uptake, consistent with stimulation of DA receptors. However, while pretreatment with 3 mg/kg HAL completely blocked the stereotypy induced by 5 mg/kg AMP it failed to reverse the effects of this dose on either DA biosynthesis or choline uptake. These data suggest that either 5 mg/kg AMP affects straital dopaminergic and cholinergic parameters by a mechanism independent of HAL sensitive receptors, or the stereotypy produced by high doses of AMP are not related to striatal dopaminergic and cholinergic function.", "contents": "Amphetamine-haloperidol interactions in rat striatum: failure to correlate behavioral effects with dopaminergic and cholinergic dynamics. Previous reports have suggested that the hyperactivity and stereotypy produced by amphetamine (AMP) and the catalepsy produced by haloperidol (HAL) are mediated by striatal dopaminergic mechanisms. In the present study, we have measured the behavioral effects of AMP and HAL, and their effects on striatal dopaminergic function, using both an index of pre-synaptic activity (synaptosomal dopamine (DA) synthesis) and a parameter which we suggest will reflect post-synaptic dopaminergic function (sodium-dependent, high affinity choline uptake). Administration of 2 mg/kg AMP produces hyperactivity and causes a decrease in DA biosynthesis, both of which are blocked by 0.75 mg/kg HAL. AMP (5 mg/kg) produces stereotypy, further decreases DA biosynthesis and causes a decrease in choline uptake, consistent with stimulation of DA receptors. However, while pretreatment with 3 mg/kg HAL completely blocked the stereotypy induced by 5 mg/kg AMP it failed to reverse the effects of this dose on either DA biosynthesis or choline uptake. These data suggest that either 5 mg/kg AMP affects straital dopaminergic and cholinergic parameters by a mechanism independent of HAL sensitive receptors, or the stereotypy produced by high doses of AMP are not related to striatal dopaminergic and cholinergic function.", "PMID": 558038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3324", "title": "Interactions of Phytophthora cinnamomi and Trichoderma spp. in relation to propagule production in soil cultures at 26 degrees C1.", "content": "Effects of Trichoderma harzianum and T. polysporum on chlamydospore production by two isolates of Phytophthora cinamomi were determined over a 21-day period in nonsterile, sterilized, and sterilized amended soil. Trichoderma was either coinoculated with P. cinnamomi or added to the cultures on day 3 of the incubation period. In nonsterile soil, conversion of mycelial fragments in the P. cinnamomi inoculum to chlamydospores resulted in an initial slight increase in chlamydospore numbers. In cultures where either of the Trichoderma isolates was added on day 3, a significiant reduction in chlamydospore numbers was observed on day 4; however, neither of the Trichoderma isolates at either inoculation time significantly affected clamydospore numbers by day 21. Results from studies with sterilized amended soil indicated that a reduction in P. cinnamomi chlamydospore numbers by either of the Trichoderma isolates was dependent upon availability of simple carbohydrates. In sterilized nonamended soil, the number of chlamydospores was increased in cultures containing either Trichoderma isolate; in sterilized amended soil chlamydospore numbers were initially reduced, followed by a general increase as the nutrients were depleted. Neither of the Trichoderma isolates exhibited significant antagonistic qualities toward P. cinnamomi.", "contents": "Interactions of Phytophthora cinnamomi and Trichoderma spp. in relation to propagule production in soil cultures at 26 degrees C1. Effects of Trichoderma harzianum and T. polysporum on chlamydospore production by two isolates of Phytophthora cinamomi were determined over a 21-day period in nonsterile, sterilized, and sterilized amended soil. Trichoderma was either coinoculated with P. cinnamomi or added to the cultures on day 3 of the incubation period. In nonsterile soil, conversion of mycelial fragments in the P. cinnamomi inoculum to chlamydospores resulted in an initial slight increase in chlamydospore numbers. In cultures where either of the Trichoderma isolates was added on day 3, a significiant reduction in chlamydospore numbers was observed on day 4; however, neither of the Trichoderma isolates at either inoculation time significantly affected clamydospore numbers by day 21. Results from studies with sterilized amended soil indicated that a reduction in P. cinnamomi chlamydospore numbers by either of the Trichoderma isolates was dependent upon availability of simple carbohydrates. In sterilized nonamended soil, the number of chlamydospores was increased in cultures containing either Trichoderma isolate; in sterilized amended soil chlamydospore numbers were initially reduced, followed by a general increase as the nutrients were depleted. Neither of the Trichoderma isolates exhibited significant antagonistic qualities toward P. cinnamomi.", "PMID": 558040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3325", "title": "Cellular bodies in developing chlemydospores of Thielaviopsis basicola1,2.", "content": "The development of chlamydospores of Thielaviopsis basicola from hyphal cells involves the thickening and pigmentation of the cell wall. Electron microscope studies showed that membrane-bound cellular bodies appearing in the cytoplasm of differentiating cells developed from dilated cisternae in the endoplasmic reticulum. Within the membrane-bound bodies, vesicles of up to 0.2-micronm diameter were observed which contained electron-dense particles. Vesicles resembling those seen in the cellular body were also present in the cytoplasm close to the plasmalemma. In newly formed chlamydospore cells where wall thickening was complete, the cellular bodies showed loss of internal organization, and most of the vesicles disappeared, leaving a structure resembling a vacuole. The cellular bodies were not present in undifferentiated hyphae or in mature chlamydospores.", "contents": "Cellular bodies in developing chlemydospores of Thielaviopsis basicola1,2. The development of chlamydospores of Thielaviopsis basicola from hyphal cells involves the thickening and pigmentation of the cell wall. Electron microscope studies showed that membrane-bound cellular bodies appearing in the cytoplasm of differentiating cells developed from dilated cisternae in the endoplasmic reticulum. Within the membrane-bound bodies, vesicles of up to 0.2-micronm diameter were observed which contained electron-dense particles. Vesicles resembling those seen in the cellular body were also present in the cytoplasm close to the plasmalemma. In newly formed chlamydospore cells where wall thickening was complete, the cellular bodies showed loss of internal organization, and most of the vesicles disappeared, leaving a structure resembling a vacuole. The cellular bodies were not present in undifferentiated hyphae or in mature chlamydospores.", "PMID": 558041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3326", "title": "Studies on some characteristics of hydrogen production by cell-free extracts of rumen anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Hydrogen production was studied in the following rumen anaerobes: Bacteroides clostridiiformis, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Enbacterium limosum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Megasphaera elsdenii, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Clostridium pasteurianum and Escherichia coli were included for comparative purposes. Hydrogen production from dithionite, dithionite-reduced methyl viologen, pyruvate, and formate was determined. All species tested produced hydrogen from dithionite-reduce methyl viologen, but only C. pasteurianum, B. clostridiiformis, E. limosum, and M. elsdenii produced hydrogen from dithionite. All species except E. coli produced hydrogen from pyruvate, but activity was low or absent in extracts of E. limosum, F. necrophorum, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens unless methyl viologen was added. Hydrogen was produced from formate only by E. coli, B. clostridiiformis, E. limosum, F. necrophorum, and R. flavefaciens. Extracts were subjected to ultracentrifugation in an effort to determine the solubility of hydrogenase. The hydrogenase of all species except E. coli appeared to be soluble, although variable amounts of hydrogenase activity were detected in the pellet. Treatment of extracts of the rumen microbial species with DEAE-cellulose resulted in loss ofhydrogen production from pyruvate. Activity was restored by the addition of methyl viologen. It is concluded that hydrogen production in these rumen microorganisms is similar to that in the saccharolytic clostridia.", "contents": "Studies on some characteristics of hydrogen production by cell-free extracts of rumen anaerobic bacteria. Hydrogen production was studied in the following rumen anaerobes: Bacteroides clostridiiformis, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Enbacterium limosum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Megasphaera elsdenii, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Clostridium pasteurianum and Escherichia coli were included for comparative purposes. Hydrogen production from dithionite, dithionite-reduced methyl viologen, pyruvate, and formate was determined. All species tested produced hydrogen from dithionite-reduce methyl viologen, but only C. pasteurianum, B. clostridiiformis, E. limosum, and M. elsdenii produced hydrogen from dithionite. All species except E. coli produced hydrogen from pyruvate, but activity was low or absent in extracts of E. limosum, F. necrophorum, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens unless methyl viologen was added. Hydrogen was produced from formate only by E. coli, B. clostridiiformis, E. limosum, F. necrophorum, and R. flavefaciens. Extracts were subjected to ultracentrifugation in an effort to determine the solubility of hydrogenase. The hydrogenase of all species except E. coli appeared to be soluble, although variable amounts of hydrogenase activity were detected in the pellet. Treatment of extracts of the rumen microbial species with DEAE-cellulose resulted in loss ofhydrogen production from pyruvate. Activity was restored by the addition of methyl viologen. It is concluded that hydrogen production in these rumen microorganisms is similar to that in the saccharolytic clostridia.", "PMID": 558042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3327", "title": "Angiosarcoma of venous origin arising in radial nerve.", "content": "A case of angiosarcoma felt to arise from a vein within the radial nerve is presented. Endovascular angiosarcoma arising in a vein is unusual and only one case of angiosarcoma in a peripheral nerve has been previously reported. Microsurgery followed by radiation has led to a 36-month tumor free survival.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of venous origin arising in radial nerve. A case of angiosarcoma felt to arise from a vein within the radial nerve is presented. Endovascular angiosarcoma arising in a vein is unusual and only one case of angiosarcoma in a peripheral nerve has been previously reported. Microsurgery followed by radiation has led to a 36-month tumor free survival.", "PMID": 558044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3328", "title": "Laser surgery of a digital angiosarcoma: report of a case and six-year follow-up study.", "content": "A single digital angiosarcoma was excised by a carbon dioxide laser with small portions of this tumor excised by the scalpel and the high-frequency electrosurgical knife. The patient has been followed for 6 years without any local recurrence or additional lesions. There is a brief summary of investigative studies with lasers in benign and malignant vascular tumors.", "contents": "Laser surgery of a digital angiosarcoma: report of a case and six-year follow-up study. A single digital angiosarcoma was excised by a carbon dioxide laser with small portions of this tumor excised by the scalpel and the high-frequency electrosurgical knife. The patient has been followed for 6 years without any local recurrence or additional lesions. There is a brief summary of investigative studies with lasers in benign and malignant vascular tumors.", "PMID": 558045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3329", "title": "Thymomas.", "content": "Forty-six thymomas, defined as neoplasms of thymic epithelium, were assessed in respect to histologic type, clinical manifestations and end results. Twenty-three were lymphoepithelial, 12 epithelial, and 11 spindled cell tumors. The sex distribution for all thymomas was approximately equal for males and females but the lymphoepithelial tumors were more common in females and the epithelial tumors more common in males. There was no distribution difference in sex for the spindled cell thymomas which occurred much later in life than the other types. Twenty-five percent of patients were asymptomatic, the tumors being discovered on roentgenograms done on a routine basis or for an unrelated purpose. The most common presenting symptoms were related to myasthenia gravis, and symptoms due to pressure on mediastinal structures were next in frequency. Other endocrine abnormalities were present in 20% of patients. Two male patients also had carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Twenty thymomas were infiltrative tumors having invaded the adjacent mediastinum. There were no examples of extrathoracic spread. Twelve of 16 patients with myasthenia gravis had lymphoepithelial thymomas and four epithelial thymomas. There were no cases of myasthenia gravis in patients with spindled cell thymomas. The crude five-year survival rate was 65%. Only 17% of patients died as a result of recurrent and infiltrative thymomas; the other 18% of patients died from a variety of causes not directly related to the thymomas. The epithelial type of thymoma tended to be more extensive and to pursue a more aggressive course but histologic classification was of little value in predicting final outcome. Poor prognosis is more closely associated with tumors having an infiltrative character. Classification is of importance, however, in alerting the clinician to certain associated diseases.", "contents": "Thymomas. Forty-six thymomas, defined as neoplasms of thymic epithelium, were assessed in respect to histologic type, clinical manifestations and end results. Twenty-three were lymphoepithelial, 12 epithelial, and 11 spindled cell tumors. The sex distribution for all thymomas was approximately equal for males and females but the lymphoepithelial tumors were more common in females and the epithelial tumors more common in males. There was no distribution difference in sex for the spindled cell thymomas which occurred much later in life than the other types. Twenty-five percent of patients were asymptomatic, the tumors being discovered on roentgenograms done on a routine basis or for an unrelated purpose. The most common presenting symptoms were related to myasthenia gravis, and symptoms due to pressure on mediastinal structures were next in frequency. Other endocrine abnormalities were present in 20% of patients. Two male patients also had carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Twenty thymomas were infiltrative tumors having invaded the adjacent mediastinum. There were no examples of extrathoracic spread. Twelve of 16 patients with myasthenia gravis had lymphoepithelial thymomas and four epithelial thymomas. There were no cases of myasthenia gravis in patients with spindled cell thymomas. The crude five-year survival rate was 65%. Only 17% of patients died as a result of recurrent and infiltrative thymomas; the other 18% of patients died from a variety of causes not directly related to the thymomas. The epithelial type of thymoma tended to be more extensive and to pursue a more aggressive course but histologic classification was of little value in predicting final outcome. Poor prognosis is more closely associated with tumors having an infiltrative character. Classification is of importance, however, in alerting the clinician to certain associated diseases.", "PMID": 558046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3330", "title": "Action of the vinca alkaloids vincristine, vinblastine, and desacetyl vinblastine amide on axonal fibrillar organelles in vitro.", "content": "Axonal ultrastructural changes induced by three Vinca alkaloids, vincristine, vinblastine, and desacetyl vinblastine amide, were studied in vitro at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mM in the cat vagus nerve. Disruption of microtubules, appearance of paracrystalline structures, and increase in neurofilaments were induced by all three agents at 0.1 mM. A new type of paracrystal with an electron-dense central core in each subunit was also observed with each drug. Whereas all three compounds affected unmyelinated fibers (vinblastine more so than the other two), only vinblastine significantly damaged the myelinated fibers. The greater effectiveness of vinblastine in causing these in vitro ultrastructural changes contrasts strikingly with the clinical in vivo situation in which vincristine is the most neurotoxic. This suggests that clinical neurotoxicity is associated with additional factors aside from the direct interaction of the Vinca alkaloids with microtubules or tubulin.", "contents": "Action of the vinca alkaloids vincristine, vinblastine, and desacetyl vinblastine amide on axonal fibrillar organelles in vitro. Axonal ultrastructural changes induced by three Vinca alkaloids, vincristine, vinblastine, and desacetyl vinblastine amide, were studied in vitro at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mM in the cat vagus nerve. Disruption of microtubules, appearance of paracrystalline structures, and increase in neurofilaments were induced by all three agents at 0.1 mM. A new type of paracrystal with an electron-dense central core in each subunit was also observed with each drug. Whereas all three compounds affected unmyelinated fibers (vinblastine more so than the other two), only vinblastine significantly damaged the myelinated fibers. The greater effectiveness of vinblastine in causing these in vitro ultrastructural changes contrasts strikingly with the clinical in vivo situation in which vincristine is the most neurotoxic. This suggests that clinical neurotoxicity is associated with additional factors aside from the direct interaction of the Vinca alkaloids with microtubules or tubulin.", "PMID": 558047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3331", "title": "Induction of hyperplasia and its suppression by hydrocortisone in organ-cultured rat urinary bladder.", "content": "Urinary bladders from Fischer rats organ cultured in a chemically defined medium, Ham's F12, underwent transitional cell hyperplasia which persisted for the duration of the culture period (10 days). The hyperplastic response was initiated at 2 days of culture in basal epithelial cells as evidenced by [3H]thymidine autoradiography. After 2 days, cells classified as intermediate cells were observed replicating DNA in increasing numbers, whereas the frequency of basal cells replicating DNA decreased. The peak periods of basal and intermediate cell DNA replication were at 2 and 5 days, respectively. The total increase in the number of cells in the epithelium during a 10-day culture period was approximately 2.6-fold. The appearance of DNA-replicating cells before the appearance of mitotic figures indicated that the cells of the transitional epithelium are primarily G1 cells, The hyperplastic response in the transitional epithelium was significantly inhibited by hydrocortisone. Epithelia cultured in the presence of hydrocortisone also displayed less atypia than those epithelia cultured in its absence. Hydrocortisone concentrations of 2.1 and 21 micronM inhibited hyperplasia by 75 and 84%, respectively, Cells replicating DNA at 2 days of culture were considerably less sensitive to the hydrocortisone inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA than cells replicating DNA at 4 days of culture. The possibility is discussed that basal and intermediate cells may have different sensitivities to hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Induction of hyperplasia and its suppression by hydrocortisone in organ-cultured rat urinary bladder. Urinary bladders from Fischer rats organ cultured in a chemically defined medium, Ham's F12, underwent transitional cell hyperplasia which persisted for the duration of the culture period (10 days). The hyperplastic response was initiated at 2 days of culture in basal epithelial cells as evidenced by [3H]thymidine autoradiography. After 2 days, cells classified as intermediate cells were observed replicating DNA in increasing numbers, whereas the frequency of basal cells replicating DNA decreased. The peak periods of basal and intermediate cell DNA replication were at 2 and 5 days, respectively. The total increase in the number of cells in the epithelium during a 10-day culture period was approximately 2.6-fold. The appearance of DNA-replicating cells before the appearance of mitotic figures indicated that the cells of the transitional epithelium are primarily G1 cells, The hyperplastic response in the transitional epithelium was significantly inhibited by hydrocortisone. Epithelia cultured in the presence of hydrocortisone also displayed less atypia than those epithelia cultured in its absence. Hydrocortisone concentrations of 2.1 and 21 micronM inhibited hyperplasia by 75 and 84%, respectively, Cells replicating DNA at 2 days of culture were considerably less sensitive to the hydrocortisone inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA than cells replicating DNA at 4 days of culture. The possibility is discussed that basal and intermediate cells may have different sensitivities to hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 558048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3332", "title": "Quantitation with an automated image analyzer of nuclearcytoplasmic changes induced by hydrocortisone in bladder epithelium.", "content": "Thirty-eight urinary bladders from Fischer rats were organ cultured for 7 days in Ham's Medium F12 with varying concentrations of hydrocortisone added. Measurements of cell numbers and relative areas of nuclei and cytoplasm (N/C ratios) were made with an automated image analyzer on 1.5-micronm-thick plastic sections of the tissues. Epithelia cultured in the absence of hydrocortisone became hyperplastic and dysplastic and contained approximately 2.5 times as many cells per unit length as uncultured controls. N/C ratios were increased by over 50%, caused mainly by a decrease in the cytoplasmic area. Concentrations of hydrocortisone below 10(-7) M had no significant effect on the hyperplasia or N/C ratios. Increasing concentrations above 10(-7) M resulted in progressive decreases of both the number of cells per unit length and the N/C ratios. Epithelia cultured in 2 X 10(-5) M hydrocortisone were not significantly different from uncultured controls. N/C ratios from 85 fields with a wide range of values were quanititated both with the image analyzer and a manual point-counting technique. Linear regression analysis revealed a close linear relationship and a correlation coefficient of 0.922. The analyzer provided an efficient, accurate tool for quantitating morphological observations.", "contents": "Quantitation with an automated image analyzer of nuclearcytoplasmic changes induced by hydrocortisone in bladder epithelium. Thirty-eight urinary bladders from Fischer rats were organ cultured for 7 days in Ham's Medium F12 with varying concentrations of hydrocortisone added. Measurements of cell numbers and relative areas of nuclei and cytoplasm (N/C ratios) were made with an automated image analyzer on 1.5-micronm-thick plastic sections of the tissues. Epithelia cultured in the absence of hydrocortisone became hyperplastic and dysplastic and contained approximately 2.5 times as many cells per unit length as uncultured controls. N/C ratios were increased by over 50%, caused mainly by a decrease in the cytoplasmic area. Concentrations of hydrocortisone below 10(-7) M had no significant effect on the hyperplasia or N/C ratios. Increasing concentrations above 10(-7) M resulted in progressive decreases of both the number of cells per unit length and the N/C ratios. Epithelia cultured in 2 X 10(-5) M hydrocortisone were not significantly different from uncultured controls. N/C ratios from 85 fields with a wide range of values were quanititated both with the image analyzer and a manual point-counting technique. Linear regression analysis revealed a close linear relationship and a correlation coefficient of 0.922. The analyzer provided an efficient, accurate tool for quantitating morphological observations.", "PMID": 558049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3333", "title": "Effects of metabolism on the binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to nuclear subfractions of cultured AKR mouse embryo cells.", "content": "A high-affinity localization of [2H]methylcholanthrene and/or its metabolites to a specific nuclear fraction (Fraction l) between 4 and 72 hr of exposure is described. Other carcinogenic hydrocarbons, such as benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene, demonstrate a similar markded localization in Fraction l after 24 hr of incubation. The weak carcinogen dibenz(a,c)anthracene, as well as steroid hormones, sho little localization in this fraction. Two  types of binding are measured:and organic solvent: extractable (non-covalent) binding and a nonextractable (covalent) binding. Maximal levels of the combined extractable and nonextractable binding per mass DNA are found at 24 hr of exposure, while at 48 and 72 hr of exposure the binding is reduced. The highest level of the nonextractable binding per mass DNA is also observed at the 24-hr exposure period. However, as the period of exposure increases, the proportion of the total nuclear-bound radioactivity representing the non-extractable type increases. Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography of the extractable radioactivity from the fractions indicates that the longer the period of exposure, the greater the extent of metabolism of 3-methylchol-anthrene. When 7,8-benzoflavone (a flavanoid hydroxylase inhibitor) is included in the incubations, practically all metabolic alterations of the parent compound are prevented. In addition, the time-dependent increase in nonextractable radioactivity from all nuclear subfractions is prevented. A metabolic-dependent \"covalent\" binding of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the barious nuclear subfractions of chromatin is suggested. This covalent binding is markedly localized in a specific fraction of the chromatin containing rapidly labeled nascent RNA.", "contents": "Effects of metabolism on the binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to nuclear subfractions of cultured AKR mouse embryo cells. A high-affinity localization of [2H]methylcholanthrene and/or its metabolites to a specific nuclear fraction (Fraction l) between 4 and 72 hr of exposure is described. Other carcinogenic hydrocarbons, such as benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene, demonstrate a similar markded localization in Fraction l after 24 hr of incubation. The weak carcinogen dibenz(a,c)anthracene, as well as steroid hormones, sho little localization in this fraction. Two  types of binding are measured:and organic solvent: extractable (non-covalent) binding and a nonextractable (covalent) binding. Maximal levels of the combined extractable and nonextractable binding per mass DNA are found at 24 hr of exposure, while at 48 and 72 hr of exposure the binding is reduced. The highest level of the nonextractable binding per mass DNA is also observed at the 24-hr exposure period. However, as the period of exposure increases, the proportion of the total nuclear-bound radioactivity representing the non-extractable type increases. Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography of the extractable radioactivity from the fractions indicates that the longer the period of exposure, the greater the extent of metabolism of 3-methylchol-anthrene. When 7,8-benzoflavone (a flavanoid hydroxylase inhibitor) is included in the incubations, practically all metabolic alterations of the parent compound are prevented. In addition, the time-dependent increase in nonextractable radioactivity from all nuclear subfractions is prevented. A metabolic-dependent \"covalent\" binding of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the barious nuclear subfractions of chromatin is suggested. This covalent binding is markedly localized in a specific fraction of the chromatin containing rapidly labeled nascent RNA.", "PMID": 558050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3334", "title": "Cell surface glycosaminoglycans of cell line MDCK derived from canine kidney.", "content": "Morphological observations and biochemical analysis were made on glycosaminoglycans produced by MDCK cells of dog kidney origin growing on a glass surface as a mosaic of epithelium with many multicellular hemishperical vesicles. MDCK cells synthesized glycosaminoglycans, which consisted mainly of heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid. The majority of the substances were contained in a cell-surface component removable with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-trypsin. In the radioautograph of tissue sections, high radioactivity of 35SO4 was observed on the medium-bathed cell surface, where Alcian blue-strained material could be observed. Ultrastructurally, the surface of microvillous processes which were abundant on the cell surface in contact with the medium was stained with ruthenium red. A small amount of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates were also synthesized. After 24 hr, the majority of chondrotin [35S] sulfates newly formed were secreted into the cultured medium, whereas haparan [35S] sulfate was released much less, remaining as a cellular component. The biological roles of glyconsaminoglycans produced by epithelial cells are discussed.", "contents": "Cell surface glycosaminoglycans of cell line MDCK derived from canine kidney. Morphological observations and biochemical analysis were made on glycosaminoglycans produced by MDCK cells of dog kidney origin growing on a glass surface as a mosaic of epithelium with many multicellular hemishperical vesicles. MDCK cells synthesized glycosaminoglycans, which consisted mainly of heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid. The majority of the substances were contained in a cell-surface component removable with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-trypsin. In the radioautograph of tissue sections, high radioactivity of 35SO4 was observed on the medium-bathed cell surface, where Alcian blue-strained material could be observed. Ultrastructurally, the surface of microvillous processes which were abundant on the cell surface in contact with the medium was stained with ruthenium red. A small amount of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates were also synthesized. After 24 hr, the majority of chondrotin [35S] sulfates newly formed were secreted into the cultured medium, whereas haparan [35S] sulfate was released much less, remaining as a cellular component. The biological roles of glyconsaminoglycans produced by epithelial cells are discussed.", "PMID": 558051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3335", "title": "Cell density dependence of focus formation in the C3H/10T1/2 transformation assay.", "content": "Some of the dynamics of neoplastic transformation in vitro have been studied with the use of benzo(a)pyrene as the carcinogen in the C3H/10T1/2 morphological transformation assay. Experiments that involved the dsipersion of cells into new culture dishes at various times after carcinogen treatment have shown that no change in the fraction of potentially transformed cells occurs while cultures grow to form a confluent monolayer, that little or no change in the fraction of potentially transformed cells occurs for approximately 3 weeks after confluence is attained, and that this fraction increases rapidly some 7 weeks after BP treatment. When confluent benzo(a)pyrene-treated cultures are dispersed in new culture dishes prior to the onset of growth toward focus formation, the formation of transformed foci is suppresssed at high cell densities of seeding. This phenomenon is independent of the total number of divisions undergone by cells after treatment. We suggest that phenotypic expression of morphological transformation is dependent on colony interactions in the C3H/10T1/2 system, which we do not yet understand, but which are independent of time posttreatment either in cell generations or absolute time.", "contents": "Cell density dependence of focus formation in the C3H/10T1/2 transformation assay. Some of the dynamics of neoplastic transformation in vitro have been studied with the use of benzo(a)pyrene as the carcinogen in the C3H/10T1/2 morphological transformation assay. Experiments that involved the dsipersion of cells into new culture dishes at various times after carcinogen treatment have shown that no change in the fraction of potentially transformed cells occurs while cultures grow to form a confluent monolayer, that little or no change in the fraction of potentially transformed cells occurs for approximately 3 weeks after confluence is attained, and that this fraction increases rapidly some 7 weeks after BP treatment. When confluent benzo(a)pyrene-treated cultures are dispersed in new culture dishes prior to the onset of growth toward focus formation, the formation of transformed foci is suppresssed at high cell densities of seeding. This phenomenon is independent of the total number of divisions undergone by cells after treatment. We suggest that phenotypic expression of morphological transformation is dependent on colony interactions in the C3H/10T1/2 system, which we do not yet understand, but which are independent of time posttreatment either in cell generations or absolute time.", "PMID": 558052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3336", "title": "Relationship of nutritional factors to in vitro tumor cell growth and cytotoxicity produced by cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "The in vitro relationship between nutritional factors, proliferative status of tumor cells, and the cytotoxic action of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) was investigated. The reduction in the concentration of only one essential amino acid, L-isoleucine, in the growth medium of A(T1)C1-3 hamster fibrosarcoma cells decreased DNA synthesis in this cell population and slowed the rate of progression of G1 phase cells into S phase of the cell cycle. The complete omission of isoleucine from the growth medium blocked the progression of G1 phase cells into S phase and prevented the cytotoxic action of ara-C. The addition of isoleucine to the isoleucine-deprived cells permitted these cells to enter the S phase and restored their sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of ara-C. When G1 phase cells were placed in a medium containing reduced levels of all the amino acids and vitamins there was a prolongation of the G1 phase. Since medium with low levels of amino acids produced a delay in the entry of G1 phase cells into the S phase, the time interval in which these cells were most sensitive to the cytotoxic action of ara-C was different for G1 phase cells placed in medium with adequate levels of all the amino acids. These in vitro data indicate that nutritional factors can markedly effect the proliferation of tumor cells and the cytotoxic action of ara-C.", "contents": "Relationship of nutritional factors to in vitro tumor cell growth and cytotoxicity produced by cytosine arabinoside. The in vitro relationship between nutritional factors, proliferative status of tumor cells, and the cytotoxic action of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) was investigated. The reduction in the concentration of only one essential amino acid, L-isoleucine, in the growth medium of A(T1)C1-3 hamster fibrosarcoma cells decreased DNA synthesis in this cell population and slowed the rate of progression of G1 phase cells into S phase of the cell cycle. The complete omission of isoleucine from the growth medium blocked the progression of G1 phase cells into S phase and prevented the cytotoxic action of ara-C. The addition of isoleucine to the isoleucine-deprived cells permitted these cells to enter the S phase and restored their sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of ara-C. When G1 phase cells were placed in a medium containing reduced levels of all the amino acids and vitamins there was a prolongation of the G1 phase. Since medium with low levels of amino acids produced a delay in the entry of G1 phase cells into the S phase, the time interval in which these cells were most sensitive to the cytotoxic action of ara-C was different for G1 phase cells placed in medium with adequate levels of all the amino acids. These in vitro data indicate that nutritional factors can markedly effect the proliferation of tumor cells and the cytotoxic action of ara-C.", "PMID": 558053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3337", "title": "The kinetics of contact inhibition in mammalian cells.", "content": "To elucidate the process of contact inhibition in mammalian cells, we investigated the kinetics of growth arrest in [3H]thymidine labelled embryonic chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus L.) cells after the addition of various concentrations of unlabelled cells. It was observed that after the contact inhibition concentration had been reached, the cells grew undisturbed for one more generation. In the following 24 hr the concentration fell back to the level at the beginning of the experiment and stayed there.", "contents": "The kinetics of contact inhibition in mammalian cells. To elucidate the process of contact inhibition in mammalian cells, we investigated the kinetics of growth arrest in [3H]thymidine labelled embryonic chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus L.) cells after the addition of various concentrations of unlabelled cells. It was observed that after the contact inhibition concentration had been reached, the cells grew undisturbed for one more generation. In the following 24 hr the concentration fell back to the level at the beginning of the experiment and stayed there.", "PMID": 558054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3338", "title": "Development of the adrenal medullary cells in rats with reference to synaptogenesis.", "content": "The adrenal medullae of rats were studied electron microscopically from day 13.5 of gestation. Synapses with thickening of pre-and post-synaptic membranes were first evidenced on the medullary cells of 15.5-day-old fetuses. They increased gradually in number with advancing age. In the medullary cells, a few membrane-limited granules were recognized on day 13.5 of gestation, and thereafter they increased in number. The appearance of the granules was not uniform; some of the granular contents consisted of fine or coarse particles and others contained homogeneous material of varying electron-densities. The population of these granules in the cytoplasm was different from cell to cell. Thus, the discrimination of cell types (NA-and A-cells) was not possible in the prenatal period. Granular discharge of the cells was totally absent in the normal untreated fetuses. However upon the intraperitoneal administration of insulin to the fetus on day 16.5, 18.5, or 21.5 of gestation, discharge by reverse pinocytosis was first evidenced in the medullary cells of the 21.5-day-old fetus.", "contents": "Development of the adrenal medullary cells in rats with reference to synaptogenesis. The adrenal medullae of rats were studied electron microscopically from day 13.5 of gestation. Synapses with thickening of pre-and post-synaptic membranes were first evidenced on the medullary cells of 15.5-day-old fetuses. They increased gradually in number with advancing age. In the medullary cells, a few membrane-limited granules were recognized on day 13.5 of gestation, and thereafter they increased in number. The appearance of the granules was not uniform; some of the granular contents consisted of fine or coarse particles and others contained homogeneous material of varying electron-densities. The population of these granules in the cytoplasm was different from cell to cell. Thus, the discrimination of cell types (NA-and A-cells) was not possible in the prenatal period. Granular discharge of the cells was totally absent in the normal untreated fetuses. However upon the intraperitoneal administration of insulin to the fetus on day 16.5, 18.5, or 21.5 of gestation, discharge by reverse pinocytosis was first evidenced in the medullary cells of the 21.5-day-old fetus.", "PMID": 558055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3339", "title": "Studies on protein synthesis during sea urchin oogenesis. I. Synthesis of histone F2b.", "content": "Basic proteins were extracted from sea urchin oocytes previously incubated with 3H-lysine and then were analyzed by electrophoresis. A very radioactive band, which showed the same mobility as histone F2b, was analyzed for its amino acid composition. The results show an identity between this protein and histones F2b. In addition, an improved method of isolating large amounts of sea urchin oocytes is described.", "contents": "Studies on protein synthesis during sea urchin oogenesis. I. Synthesis of histone F2b. Basic proteins were extracted from sea urchin oocytes previously incubated with 3H-lysine and then were analyzed by electrophoresis. A very radioactive band, which showed the same mobility as histone F2b, was analyzed for its amino acid composition. The results show an identity between this protein and histones F2b. In addition, an improved method of isolating large amounts of sea urchin oocytes is described.", "PMID": 558056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3340", "title": "The RNA of unfertilized sea urchin eggs is \"capped\".", "content": "It is shown that the RNA of unfertilized sea urchin eggs is active in stimulating protein synthesis in a wheat germ cell free system. This activity is not lowered by conditions that inhibit the methylation processes but is inhibited by a treatment that damages the \"cap\", A difference in activity in a wheat germ cell free system between the RNA of unfertilized eggs and the RNA from early embryos is described.", "contents": "The RNA of unfertilized sea urchin eggs is \"capped\". It is shown that the RNA of unfertilized sea urchin eggs is active in stimulating protein synthesis in a wheat germ cell free system. This activity is not lowered by conditions that inhibit the methylation processes but is inhibited by a treatment that damages the \"cap\", A difference in activity in a wheat germ cell free system between the RNA of unfertilized eggs and the RNA from early embryos is described.", "PMID": 558057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3341", "title": "Ultracentrifugation of hydrated egg lecithin in benzene solution.", "content": "Estimations of molecular weights from sedimentation equilibrium experiments indicate that the degree of aggregation of egg lecithin in benzene solutions increases with increasing addition of water. The molecular weight rises monotopically from about 14,000 in the anhydrous state to about 57,000 at a water/lecithin ratio of 0.31. Sedimentation coefficients were shown to behave in the same manner. Frictional coefficients obtained from the combined results fail to indicate definite differences in asymmetry; however, they seem to indicate that the aggregates in all stages are compact in shape.", "contents": "Ultracentrifugation of hydrated egg lecithin in benzene solution. Estimations of molecular weights from sedimentation equilibrium experiments indicate that the degree of aggregation of egg lecithin in benzene solutions increases with increasing addition of water. The molecular weight rises monotopically from about 14,000 in the anhydrous state to about 57,000 at a water/lecithin ratio of 0.31. Sedimentation coefficients were shown to behave in the same manner. Frictional coefficients obtained from the combined results fail to indicate definite differences in asymmetry; however, they seem to indicate that the aggregates in all stages are compact in shape.", "PMID": 558059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3342", "title": "A fully automated solid-phase radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine.", "content": "We report the first solid-phase radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine with use of antibody-coated tubes, which is designed specifically for the fully automated radioimmunoassay instrument, Micromedic Systems' \"Concept 4 Automatic Radioassay.\" Antisera to triiodothyropropionic acid/bovine serum albumin were raised in rabbits, purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and coated onto polypropylene tubes. Analytical recovery of exogenous triiodothyronine added to sera from normal men and women and pregnant women was quantitative. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation are 4-5 and 6-9%, respectively. Correlation coefficients (r) for comparison of sample values with those obtained by three commercial laboratories were 0.95, 0.84, and 0.91. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 microng/liter. The assay can be performed either manually or be fully automated on the \"Concept 4.\"", "contents": "A fully automated solid-phase radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine. We report the first solid-phase radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine with use of antibody-coated tubes, which is designed specifically for the fully automated radioimmunoassay instrument, Micromedic Systems' \"Concept 4 Automatic Radioassay.\" Antisera to triiodothyropropionic acid/bovine serum albumin were raised in rabbits, purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and coated onto polypropylene tubes. Analytical recovery of exogenous triiodothyronine added to sera from normal men and women and pregnant women was quantitative. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation are 4-5 and 6-9%, respectively. Correlation coefficients (r) for comparison of sample values with those obtained by three commercial laboratories were 0.95, 0.84, and 0.91. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 microng/liter. The assay can be performed either manually or be fully automated on the \"Concept 4.\"", "PMID": 558060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3343", "title": "Effect of sodium sulfate on the hydrolysis of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid- and p-nitrophenyl-glucuronides with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver.", "content": "Previous papers dealt with the discovery that hydrolysis of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides in urine with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver is increased by adding sodium sulfate to the incubation medium. Here, we conclude that sodium sulfate not only increases the activity of bovine liver beta-glucuronidase on 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides and p-nitrophenyl glucuronides, but also removes the inhibitory activity of substances of high molecular weight in urine and, moreover, inhibits urine putrefaction during the hydrolysis. The net effect is an increased yield of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. In the incubation with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, final concentration 80 g/liter, 500 Fishman units of beta-glucuronidase per milliliter of urine, pH 5.0, 48 degrees C, 18 h) the analytical recovery of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides added to 12 urine samples proved to be 98 +/- 1.8% (95-100).", "contents": "Effect of sodium sulfate on the hydrolysis of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid- and p-nitrophenyl-glucuronides with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver. Previous papers dealt with the discovery that hydrolysis of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides in urine with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver is increased by adding sodium sulfate to the incubation medium. Here, we conclude that sodium sulfate not only increases the activity of bovine liver beta-glucuronidase on 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides and p-nitrophenyl glucuronides, but also removes the inhibitory activity of substances of high molecular weight in urine and, moreover, inhibits urine putrefaction during the hydrolysis. The net effect is an increased yield of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. In the incubation with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, final concentration 80 g/liter, 500 Fishman units of beta-glucuronidase per milliliter of urine, pH 5.0, 48 degrees C, 18 h) the analytical recovery of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid glucuronides added to 12 urine samples proved to be 98 +/- 1.8% (95-100).", "PMID": 558062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3344", "title": "Modification of the Pisano method for vanilmandelic acid using high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for the measurement of urinary vanilmandelic acid (VMA) is described based on a modification of the colorimetric procedure of Pisano. VMA is oxidized to vanillin with subsequent measurement of the vanillin by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC).  The technique has been successfully applied to a number of human and animal urine samples. Urinary VMA values obtained by the LCEC method are in good agreement with those determined by the method of Pisano. The new method is both more selective and more sensitive than the colorimetric procedure.", "contents": "Modification of the Pisano method for vanilmandelic acid using high pressure liquid chromatography. A method for the measurement of urinary vanilmandelic acid (VMA) is described based on a modification of the colorimetric procedure of Pisano. VMA is oxidized to vanillin with subsequent measurement of the vanillin by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC).  The technique has been successfully applied to a number of human and animal urine samples. Urinary VMA values obtained by the LCEC method are in good agreement with those determined by the method of Pisano. The new method is both more selective and more sensitive than the colorimetric procedure.", "PMID": 558063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3345", "title": "A turbidimetric immuno assay (TIA) with automated individual blank compensation.", "content": "A simple and sensitive turbidimtric immunoassay (TIA) has been described. The automated method has been based on the use of the LKB reaction rate analyser, an instrument that is already present in many clinical chemical laboratories. The precipitin reaction is accelerated and enhanced by poly-ethylene glycol 6000 at a concentration of 50 g/l. Sample volume 2--100 micronl. Use of antiserum: 3--15 micronl per test. Sampling rate 30--60 samples per hour. The choice and the usefulness if antisera is discussed. The major advantage of the present method is  the individual measurement and compensation for the initial absorbance (340 nm) immediately after the mixing of antigen and antiserum. This enables the determination of very low serum protein concentrations (from 0.005 mg/ml) which is not possible with other methods that require separate blank determinations. The turbidity course is different  in antigen and antibody excess. The The chance of misinterpretation is small. The precision of the method is satisfactory. Within-run precision is 1--2% (C.V.) in the IgA/anti-alpha-system. Between-run-precision in the IgM/anti-micron system: 3.9% (C.V.). The day-to-day precision for IgG, IgA and IgM determinations resulting from a 7-month period of quality control was found to be 6.1% and 10.5%, respectively. RID and TIA methods agree very well. IgM determinations in cord serum from 104 newborns revealed a mean value and standard deviation of 14.6 +/- 6.3 I.U./ml (0.13 +/- 0.06 mg/ml).", "contents": "A turbidimetric immuno assay (TIA) with automated individual blank compensation. A simple and sensitive turbidimtric immunoassay (TIA) has been described. The automated method has been based on the use of the LKB reaction rate analyser, an instrument that is already present in many clinical chemical laboratories. The precipitin reaction is accelerated and enhanced by poly-ethylene glycol 6000 at a concentration of 50 g/l. Sample volume 2--100 micronl. Use of antiserum: 3--15 micronl per test. Sampling rate 30--60 samples per hour. The choice and the usefulness if antisera is discussed. The major advantage of the present method is  the individual measurement and compensation for the initial absorbance (340 nm) immediately after the mixing of antigen and antiserum. This enables the determination of very low serum protein concentrations (from 0.005 mg/ml) which is not possible with other methods that require separate blank determinations. The turbidity course is different  in antigen and antibody excess. The The chance of misinterpretation is small. The precision of the method is satisfactory. Within-run precision is 1--2% (C.V.) in the IgA/anti-alpha-system. Between-run-precision in the IgM/anti-micron system: 3.9% (C.V.). The day-to-day precision for IgG, IgA and IgM determinations resulting from a 7-month period of quality control was found to be 6.1% and 10.5%, respectively. RID and TIA methods agree very well. IgM determinations in cord serum from 104 newborns revealed a mean value and standard deviation of 14.6 +/- 6.3 I.U./ml (0.13 +/- 0.06 mg/ml).", "PMID": 558064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3346", "title": "A critical evaluation of a procedure for measurement of serum bile acids by radioimmunioassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the quantitative determination of cholic acid conjugates has been developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits injected with cholylglycine coupled by amide linkage to bovine serum albumin. The antibodies reported in this communication were not found to be mono-specific in the strictest sense. This assay is relatively simple, rapid, sensitive, reliable, and most importantly, specific for bile acids; the specificity of each antibody, however, must be thoroughly characterized at the dilution in routine use. The range of normal values for cholic acid conjugates in serum was found to be 0.1--1.6 micronmol/l (mean: 0.62, +/- S.D.: 0.4).", "contents": "A critical evaluation of a procedure for measurement of serum bile acids by radioimmunioassay. A radioimmunoassay for the quantitative determination of cholic acid conjugates has been developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits injected with cholylglycine coupled by amide linkage to bovine serum albumin. The antibodies reported in this communication were not found to be mono-specific in the strictest sense. This assay is relatively simple, rapid, sensitive, reliable, and most importantly, specific for bile acids; the specificity of each antibody, however, must be thoroughly characterized at the dilution in routine use. The range of normal values for cholic acid conjugates in serum was found to be 0.1--1.6 micronmol/l (mean: 0.62, +/- S.D.: 0.4).", "PMID": 558065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3347", "title": "Postmenopausal urinary problems.", "content": "Detailed objective assessment of urinary symptoms provides information from which satisfactory treatment can be given. The fundamental investigations are history and clinical examination, endoscopy and two-channel cystometry (using several provocative tests). Detrusor dysfunction is a commoner cause of urinary symptoms than is generally realized and it cannot be diagnosed easily on clinical assessment. Initial treatment of all urinary problems should be conservative as the majority of patients benefit, and surgery should be carried out only after careful selection of patients and operative techniques.", "contents": "Postmenopausal urinary problems. Detailed objective assessment of urinary symptoms provides information from which satisfactory treatment can be given. The fundamental investigations are history and clinical examination, endoscopy and two-channel cystometry (using several provocative tests). Detrusor dysfunction is a commoner cause of urinary symptoms than is generally realized and it cannot be diagnosed easily on clinical assessment. Initial treatment of all urinary problems should be conservative as the majority of patients benefit, and surgery should be carried out only after careful selection of patients and operative techniques.", "PMID": 558076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3348", "title": "A case of deficiency of N-hydroxylation of amobarbital.", "content": "It has been shown recently that the overall metabolism of amobarbital in man is essentially under genetic control. The drug normally undergoes two hydroxylation reactions, leading to 3'-hydroxyamobarbital (C-OH) and N-hydroxyamobarbital (N-OH). This paper describes a sibship in which two mothers who are identical twins show a gross deficiency on N-OH elimination in urine. The whole set of sibship data suggests that this deficiency represents a recessive trait controlled by a single pair of allelic autosomal genes which regulate N-OH formation. Several methodical approaches to assess an individual's capacity for N-OH formation are illustrated. There was no evidence of compensatory or concordant regulation of the two hydroxylation reactions. The case of this family illustrates that the functional lack of a biotransformation reaction is almost certain to be overlooked if one measures only the disappearance of a multimetabolized drug and not the appearance of metabolites.", "contents": "A case of deficiency of N-hydroxylation of amobarbital. It has been shown recently that the overall metabolism of amobarbital in man is essentially under genetic control. The drug normally undergoes two hydroxylation reactions, leading to 3'-hydroxyamobarbital (C-OH) and N-hydroxyamobarbital (N-OH). This paper describes a sibship in which two mothers who are identical twins show a gross deficiency on N-OH elimination in urine. The whole set of sibship data suggests that this deficiency represents a recessive trait controlled by a single pair of allelic autosomal genes which regulate N-OH formation. Several methodical approaches to assess an individual's capacity for N-OH formation are illustrated. There was no evidence of compensatory or concordant regulation of the two hydroxylation reactions. The case of this family illustrates that the functional lack of a biotransformation reaction is almost certain to be overlooked if one measures only the disappearance of a multimetabolized drug and not the appearance of metabolites.", "PMID": 558078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3349", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for theophylline. Application to studies in premature infants.", "content": "The use of theophylline in premature infants has necessitated the development of an assay applicable to samples under 0.1 ml. To accomplish this we have developed a radioimmunoassay for theophylline. The antiserum to theophylline has been characterized and found to be highly specific for theophylline and sensitive to 2 ng. The affinity of our antibody and the titer developed in the goat allowed the assay to be performed routinely with the use of a plasma sample size of only 2 to 5 micronl. Theophylline levels of 6 to 20 microng/ml were found 2 hr after maintenance doses of aminophylline, 4 mg/kg per rectum in 12 premature infants. Terminal serum half-lives ranged from 12 to 54 hr.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for theophylline. Application to studies in premature infants. The use of theophylline in premature infants has necessitated the development of an assay applicable to samples under 0.1 ml. To accomplish this we have developed a radioimmunoassay for theophylline. The antiserum to theophylline has been characterized and found to be highly specific for theophylline and sensitive to 2 ng. The affinity of our antibody and the titer developed in the goat allowed the assay to be performed routinely with the use of a plasma sample size of only 2 to 5 micronl. Theophylline levels of 6 to 20 microng/ml were found 2 hr after maintenance doses of aminophylline, 4 mg/kg per rectum in 12 premature infants. Terminal serum half-lives ranged from 12 to 54 hr.", "PMID": 558079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3350", "title": "Further investigations on the pathophysiology of the compartmental syndrome.", "content": "A model compartmental syndrome is described in rabbits in which the intracompartmental pressure may be accurately controlled to investigate the pathophysiologic changes resulting from increased intracompartmental pressure. Oxygenation in the tibialis anterior muscle was measured using a medical mass spectrometer. The Po2 declined with increasing intracompartmental pressure from a control value of 10.8 mmHg to a minumum of 2.8 mmHg at a pressure of 90 mmHg. The functional integrity of the peroneal nerve and compartmental muscle was tested by direct electrical stimulation. Functional deficits were first noted when an intracompartmental pressure of 40 mmHg was exerted for 6 hours. The incidence of functional losses increased with increasing pressures and durations of pressure application. All animals subjected to 100 mmHg for eight or more hours lost both nerve and muscle function. These investigations demonstrate that increased intracompartmental pressure alone, without other associated vascular injury, may produce muscle hypoxia and loss of neuromuscular function. The continuous monitoring of intracompartmental pressures may, therefore, be a useful clinical adjunct in the management of patients at risk for a compartmental syndrome.", "contents": "Further investigations on the pathophysiology of the compartmental syndrome. A model compartmental syndrome is described in rabbits in which the intracompartmental pressure may be accurately controlled to investigate the pathophysiologic changes resulting from increased intracompartmental pressure. Oxygenation in the tibialis anterior muscle was measured using a medical mass spectrometer. The Po2 declined with increasing intracompartmental pressure from a control value of 10.8 mmHg to a minumum of 2.8 mmHg at a pressure of 90 mmHg. The functional integrity of the peroneal nerve and compartmental muscle was tested by direct electrical stimulation. Functional deficits were first noted when an intracompartmental pressure of 40 mmHg was exerted for 6 hours. The incidence of functional losses increased with increasing pressures and durations of pressure application. All animals subjected to 100 mmHg for eight or more hours lost both nerve and muscle function. These investigations demonstrate that increased intracompartmental pressure alone, without other associated vascular injury, may produce muscle hypoxia and loss of neuromuscular function. The continuous monitoring of intracompartmental pressures may, therefore, be a useful clinical adjunct in the management of patients at risk for a compartmental syndrome.", "PMID": 558075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3351", "title": "Control of the yeast Torulopsis glabrata in the stomachs of glucose fed lambs by oral dosing with nystatin and amphotericin \"B\".", "content": "In the absence of specific dietary lipids, large amounts of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) are produced from glucose in the stomachs of ruminant neonates by the resident yeast Torulopsis glabrata. Using new born lambs, oral dosing with the antifungal antibiotics Nystatin and Amphotericin \"B\" was shown in samples of stomach contents, to control the ethanol production entirely, and to suppress the yeast numbers partially but not permanently. Of 11 lambs receiving heavy and continous doses orally of the pure antibiotic powders, 7 died, of these 5 had developed adhesive peritonitis.", "contents": "Control of the yeast Torulopsis glabrata in the stomachs of glucose fed lambs by oral dosing with nystatin and amphotericin \"B\". In the absence of specific dietary lipids, large amounts of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) are produced from glucose in the stomachs of ruminant neonates by the resident yeast Torulopsis glabrata. Using new born lambs, oral dosing with the antifungal antibiotics Nystatin and Amphotericin \"B\" was shown in samples of stomach contents, to control the ethanol production entirely, and to suppress the yeast numbers partially but not permanently. Of 11 lambs receiving heavy and continous doses orally of the pure antibiotic powders, 7 died, of these 5 had developed adhesive peritonitis.", "PMID": 558083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3352", "title": "Septicemia and meningoencephalitis in pastured cattle caused by a Haemophilus-like organism (\"Haemophilus somnus\").", "content": "Septicemia and meningoencephalitis developed in 10 pastured cattle 7 months to 3 years of age. Two unrelated herds were involved. Necropsy findings were similar to those previously reported in cattle infected with a Haemophilus-like organism, including multifocal intramuscular hemorrhages, suppurative polyarthritis, and multifocal hemorrhagic thrombi in the brain. A Haemophilus-like organism was isolated from one animal. It was characterized by growth on blood agar or tryptose agar plus a feeder streak under raised carbon dioxide tension, and lack of response to Haemophilus growth factors X and V.", "contents": "Septicemia and meningoencephalitis in pastured cattle caused by a Haemophilus-like organism (\"Haemophilus somnus\"). Septicemia and meningoencephalitis developed in 10 pastured cattle 7 months to 3 years of age. Two unrelated herds were involved. Necropsy findings were similar to those previously reported in cattle infected with a Haemophilus-like organism, including multifocal intramuscular hemorrhages, suppurative polyarthritis, and multifocal hemorrhagic thrombi in the brain. A Haemophilus-like organism was isolated from one animal. It was characterized by growth on blood agar or tryptose agar plus a feeder streak under raised carbon dioxide tension, and lack of response to Haemophilus growth factors X and V.", "PMID": 558084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3353", "title": "The structure of mesokaryote chromosome.", "content": "Condensed and dispersed forms of the chromosomes of the dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum micans, deposited on grids by the microcentrifugation technique were studied by electron microscopy. In the normally condensed form, the chromosomes appear as banded rods surrounded by a peripheral cloud of partially dispersed fibers. Single fibers in these and in extensively dispersed preparations appear as smooth threads of uniform diameter (55-65 A). The chromosome fibers are contrasted by positive-group-specific stains indicating the presence of cationic moieties associated with the DNA. Occasionally Y-shaped chromosomes are seen; these may be replicating structures. These observations are in general agreement with studies of dinoflagellate chromosomes by other techniques, and provide support for the suggestion that these organisms possess a genome organization whose structure is typical of neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes, and hence may be intermediate forms.", "contents": "The structure of mesokaryote chromosome. Condensed and dispersed forms of the chromosomes of the dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum micans, deposited on grids by the microcentrifugation technique were studied by electron microscopy. In the normally condensed form, the chromosomes appear as banded rods surrounded by a peripheral cloud of partially dispersed fibers. Single fibers in these and in extensively dispersed preparations appear as smooth threads of uniform diameter (55-65 A). The chromosome fibers are contrasted by positive-group-specific stains indicating the presence of cationic moieties associated with the DNA. Occasionally Y-shaped chromosomes are seen; these may be replicating structures. These observations are in general agreement with studies of dinoflagellate chromosomes by other techniques, and provide support for the suggestion that these organisms possess a genome organization whose structure is typical of neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes, and hence may be intermediate forms.", "PMID": 558086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3354", "title": "Observations on the mitosis and on the chromosome evolution during the lifecycle of Oodinium, a parasitic dinoflagellate.", "content": "The life cycle of the dinoflagellate Oodinium alternates between an ectoparasitic trophic phase and a phase of multiplication as free-living flagellates. The nucleus of the young ectoparasite has rod-like chromosomes similar to those of free-living dinoflagellates. As growth of the trophout proceeds the nucleus becomes increasingly homogeneous. When Oodinium leaves its host, nuclear reorganization processes occur rapidly; they correspond to a peculiar prophase of the first sporogenetic division. The following division stages are similar. A conspicuous fusorial system appears between two archoplasmic areas which are responsible for daughter-chromosome segregation. The nuclear envelope remains intact while the fusorial microtubules are attached at distinct, kinetochore-like structures onto the nucleus. As the chromosomes become more condensed the kinetochore-like formations disappear.", "contents": "Observations on the mitosis and on the chromosome evolution during the lifecycle of Oodinium, a parasitic dinoflagellate. The life cycle of the dinoflagellate Oodinium alternates between an ectoparasitic trophic phase and a phase of multiplication as free-living flagellates. The nucleus of the young ectoparasite has rod-like chromosomes similar to those of free-living dinoflagellates. As growth of the trophout proceeds the nucleus becomes increasingly homogeneous. When Oodinium leaves its host, nuclear reorganization processes occur rapidly; they correspond to a peculiar prophase of the first sporogenetic division. The following division stages are similar. A conspicuous fusorial system appears between two archoplasmic areas which are responsible for daughter-chromosome segregation. The nuclear envelope remains intact while the fusorial microtubules are attached at distinct, kinetochore-like structures onto the nucleus. As the chromosomes become more condensed the kinetochore-like formations disappear.", "PMID": 558087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3355", "title": "The differential effects of exposure to tobacco smoke on the secretion of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the proestrous rat.", "content": "The acute effects of tobacco smoke inhalation on the spontaneous proestrous rise in serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin have been investigated in the female Wistar rat. It was found that the surge of LH normally seen throughout the afternoon of proestrus was delayed by inhalation of tobacco smoke and that the delay was dose-related to the nicotine content of the cigarettes used in  the experiment. In the case of prolactin neither the timing nor the magnitude of the surge was altered when compared with controls. These results suggest that under certain well-defined conditions inhalation of tobacco smoke of known nicotine content is capable of exerting profound influences on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "contents": "The differential effects of exposure to tobacco smoke on the secretion of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the proestrous rat. The acute effects of tobacco smoke inhalation on the spontaneous proestrous rise in serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin have been investigated in the female Wistar rat. It was found that the surge of LH normally seen throughout the afternoon of proestrus was delayed by inhalation of tobacco smoke and that the delay was dose-related to the nicotine content of the cigarettes used in  the experiment. In the case of prolactin neither the timing nor the magnitude of the surge was altered when compared with controls. These results suggest that under certain well-defined conditions inhalation of tobacco smoke of known nicotine content is capable of exerting profound influences on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "PMID": 558093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3356", "title": "Fourth expansion and glucose perturbation of the Dictyostelium kinetic model.", "content": "The kinetic model of carbohydrate metabolism has been expanded to include: (a) the accumulation of alpha and beta-cellulose, insoluble cell-wall glycogen and mucopolysaccharide; (b) the role of RNA turnover as a source of carbon for end-product synthesis and as a buffer regulating the level of uridine nucleotides in this metabolic network; and (c) the role of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase, 5'-AMP nucleotidase, nucleosidediphosphate kinase and polynucleotide phosphorylase. One of many predictions based on this model is that cells differentiating in the presence of glucose will produce sorocarps with an abnormally high trehalose to cellulose ratio. External perturbation of either the model or of developing cells by glucose increases the levels of sorocarp trehalose and glycogen, 5-fold and 6-fold respectively. Evaluation of the experimental data and the simulation analyses have allowed several predictions to be made concerning the compartmentation of metabolites and the permeability of cells to glucose during differentiation.", "contents": "Fourth expansion and glucose perturbation of the Dictyostelium kinetic model. The kinetic model of carbohydrate metabolism has been expanded to include: (a) the accumulation of alpha and beta-cellulose, insoluble cell-wall glycogen and mucopolysaccharide; (b) the role of RNA turnover as a source of carbon for end-product synthesis and as a buffer regulating the level of uridine nucleotides in this metabolic network; and (c) the role of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase, 5'-AMP nucleotidase, nucleosidediphosphate kinase and polynucleotide phosphorylase. One of many predictions based on this model is that cells differentiating in the presence of glucose will produce sorocarps with an abnormally high trehalose to cellulose ratio. External perturbation of either the model or of developing cells by glucose increases the levels of sorocarp trehalose and glycogen, 5-fold and 6-fold respectively. Evaluation of the experimental data and the simulation analyses have allowed several predictions to be made concerning the compartmentation of metabolites and the permeability of cells to glucose during differentiation.", "PMID": 558094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3357", "title": "Characterization of foldback sequences in Physarum polycephalum nuclear DNA using the electron microscope.", "content": "An examination of the foldback fraction of nuclear DNA from Physarum polycephalum has been carried out using the electron microscope. Results show that the inverted repeat sequences responsible for the formation of foldback DNA range from 150-3000 bases in length, with a number-average size of 340 bases. About one-half of the inverted sequences form looped structures with loop sizes averaging 1200 bases in length. The distance between adjacent foldback sequences is estimated to be in the range 100-1500 bases.", "contents": "Characterization of foldback sequences in Physarum polycephalum nuclear DNA using the electron microscope. An examination of the foldback fraction of nuclear DNA from Physarum polycephalum has been carried out using the electron microscope. Results show that the inverted repeat sequences responsible for the formation of foldback DNA range from 150-3000 bases in length, with a number-average size of 340 bases. About one-half of the inverted sequences form looped structures with loop sizes averaging 1200 bases in length. The distance between adjacent foldback sequences is estimated to be in the range 100-1500 bases.", "PMID": 558095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3358", "title": "Studies of glutamate dehydrogenase. Analysis of quaternary structure and contact areas between the polypeptide chains.", "content": "Cross-linking of the unimer of glutamate dehydrogenase from beef liver (consisting of six polypeptide chains each having a molecular weight of 56000) with dimethyladipimidate and subsequent analysis by sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis shows predominantly the trimeric species (molecular weight 168000). Treatment with dimethylimidates of other chain length yields significantly less trimeric species indicating that the amino groups being cross-linked are within a distance of about 0.85 nm. Comparison of the molar amount of incorporated [14C]dimethyladipimidate with the number of modified amino groups (determined with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) shows that although 8-9 of the 34 amino groups have reacted, only 2-3 of them are involved in cross-links. Reaction with dimethylimidates inactivates the enzyme. The loss of the activity is partly concomitant to cross-linking to the trimeric species and not simply due to the modification of essential lysine residues. This is supported by the fact that, although more lysine residues react with mono-functional methylimidates, the loss of activity is reduced. Purified chymotryptic and tryptic peptides of the radioactive-labeled trimeric species were subjected to sequence analysis. Six peptides containing 75% of the total label were identified: one involves the amino-terminal residue alanine-1 and the others involve lysine-105, lysine-154, lysine-269, lysine-358 and lysine-399. Quantitative analysis of the specific radioactivity of each peptide/mol lysine leads to the conclusion that only lysine-105, lysine-154, lysine-269 and lysine-358 participate in cross-links, lysine-269 and lysine-358, respectively, being at isologous and lysine-105 cross-linked with lysine-154 at heterologous contact domains of the enzyme. A model for the planar arrangement of the trimeric species in the quaternary structure of glutamate dehydrogenase is discussed. It includes both isologous and heterologous contact areas between the polypeptide chains.", "contents": "Studies of glutamate dehydrogenase. Analysis of quaternary structure and contact areas between the polypeptide chains. Cross-linking of the unimer of glutamate dehydrogenase from beef liver (consisting of six polypeptide chains each having a molecular weight of 56000) with dimethyladipimidate and subsequent analysis by sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis shows predominantly the trimeric species (molecular weight 168000). Treatment with dimethylimidates of other chain length yields significantly less trimeric species indicating that the amino groups being cross-linked are within a distance of about 0.85 nm. Comparison of the molar amount of incorporated [14C]dimethyladipimidate with the number of modified amino groups (determined with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) shows that although 8-9 of the 34 amino groups have reacted, only 2-3 of them are involved in cross-links. Reaction with dimethylimidates inactivates the enzyme. The loss of the activity is partly concomitant to cross-linking to the trimeric species and not simply due to the modification of essential lysine residues. This is supported by the fact that, although more lysine residues react with mono-functional methylimidates, the loss of activity is reduced. Purified chymotryptic and tryptic peptides of the radioactive-labeled trimeric species were subjected to sequence analysis. Six peptides containing 75% of the total label were identified: one involves the amino-terminal residue alanine-1 and the others involve lysine-105, lysine-154, lysine-269, lysine-358 and lysine-399. Quantitative analysis of the specific radioactivity of each peptide/mol lysine leads to the conclusion that only lysine-105, lysine-154, lysine-269 and lysine-358 participate in cross-links, lysine-269 and lysine-358, respectively, being at isologous and lysine-105 cross-linked with lysine-154 at heterologous contact domains of the enzyme. A model for the planar arrangement of the trimeric species in the quaternary structure of glutamate dehydrogenase is discussed. It includes both isologous and heterologous contact areas between the polypeptide chains.", "PMID": 558096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3359", "title": "Changes in sensitivity to operant effects of dopaminergic and cholinergic agents following morphine withdrawal in rats.", "content": "Rats trained to bar-press on either a FI 15 sec or FR 30 schedule for water reinforcement were administered various doses of appomorphine, haloperidol, pilocarpine and scopolamine both before and 1--4 months after a 3-day period of continuous morphine administration. All drugs monotonically depressed response rates on both schedules with increasing dose. Chronic morphrine administration produced a persistent increase in sensitivity to apomorphine and pilocarpine and a persistent decrease in sensitivity to haloperidol and scopolamine. The results suggest that both dopaminergic and cholinergic supersensitivity are likely to be involved in protracted abstinence phenomena.", "contents": "Changes in sensitivity to operant effects of dopaminergic and cholinergic agents following morphine withdrawal in rats. Rats trained to bar-press on either a FI 15 sec or FR 30 schedule for water reinforcement were administered various doses of appomorphine, haloperidol, pilocarpine and scopolamine both before and 1--4 months after a 3-day period of continuous morphine administration. All drugs monotonically depressed response rates on both schedules with increasing dose. Chronic morphrine administration produced a persistent increase in sensitivity to apomorphine and pilocarpine and a persistent decrease in sensitivity to haloperidol and scopolamine. The results suggest that both dopaminergic and cholinergic supersensitivity are likely to be involved in protracted abstinence phenomena.", "PMID": 558097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3360", "title": "[Histological changes of various organs in aged SD-JCL rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Age-related histological changes were studied in various organs from SD-JCL rats reared throughout their lifespan. In aged-male rats examined at 5 to 36 months of age were frequently observed nephropathy, periarteritis, skeletal muscle degeneration, pigmentation of the follicular epithelium in the thyroid, fibrosis of the pancreatic islets, hyperplasia of the parathyroid epithelium, and changes of the acini in the extraorbital lacrymal gland. In aged-female rats sinusoid dilatation of the adrenal, and atrophy of the ovary were also noted. Perilobular fat deposition of the liver, dilatation of the gastric gland and severe hemosiderosis of the spleen were observed similar frequency in the both sexes. The nephropathy and cardiovasculopathy were major factors to cause death for males, while the main cause of death for females was tumors, especially of the mammary and pituitary glands. Enlargement of the parathyroid gland, bone resorption and metastatic calcification in the solf tissues were found in rats with severe nephropathy.", "contents": "[Histological changes of various organs in aged SD-JCL rats (author's transl)]. Age-related histological changes were studied in various organs from SD-JCL rats reared throughout their lifespan. In aged-male rats examined at 5 to 36 months of age were frequently observed nephropathy, periarteritis, skeletal muscle degeneration, pigmentation of the follicular epithelium in the thyroid, fibrosis of the pancreatic islets, hyperplasia of the parathyroid epithelium, and changes of the acini in the extraorbital lacrymal gland. In aged-female rats sinusoid dilatation of the adrenal, and atrophy of the ovary were also noted. Perilobular fat deposition of the liver, dilatation of the gastric gland and severe hemosiderosis of the spleen were observed similar frequency in the both sexes. The nephropathy and cardiovasculopathy were major factors to cause death for males, while the main cause of death for females was tumors, especially of the mammary and pituitary glands. Enlargement of the parathyroid gland, bone resorption and metastatic calcification in the solf tissues were found in rats with severe nephropathy.", "PMID": 558098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3361", "title": "[Spontaneous tumors in aged SD-JCL rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Incidence of spontaneous tumors was examined in 77 male and 73 female SD-JCL rats reared throughout their lifespan of 5 to 36 months. Total tumor incidences were 60% and 95% for males and females, respectively. The sex difference was mostly attributable to a high incidence of mammary tumor in females. The pituitary tumor was found in 30% of males and 66% of females aged 5 to 36 months while islet cell tumor of the pancreas and thyroid tumor occurred later and the incidence of latter was particularly high in rats lived more than 2 years. Myeloid leukemia appeared to occur as early as 5 months of age.", "contents": "[Spontaneous tumors in aged SD-JCL rats (author's transl)]. Incidence of spontaneous tumors was examined in 77 male and 73 female SD-JCL rats reared throughout their lifespan of 5 to 36 months. Total tumor incidences were 60% and 95% for males and females, respectively. The sex difference was mostly attributable to a high incidence of mammary tumor in females. The pituitary tumor was found in 30% of males and 66% of females aged 5 to 36 months while islet cell tumor of the pancreas and thyroid tumor occurred later and the incidence of latter was particularly high in rats lived more than 2 years. Myeloid leukemia appeared to occur as early as 5 months of age.", "PMID": 558099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3362", "title": "A simplified method using commercial milk powder for hand-rearing of the Caesarean-derived infant rabbits (author's transl).", "content": "An efficient and simplified method for hand-rearing of Caesarean-derived infant rabbits under gnotobiotic condition was devised. The Caesarean-derived infant Dutch or Japanese-White rabbits and their hybrids (F1; Japanese-White female x Dutch male) were reared in sterilized vinyl-isolators by hand-feeding with two kinds of milk diets, A and B, consisted mainly ofa commercial milk powder for dogs and cats (Esbilac) supplemented with several minor components (Table 2) and administered intragastrically once a day through a Nelaton's catheter. Bacteriological examinations revealed that feces and urine were sterile for the first three days. On the third day, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides sp. were given with milk diet and the infant rabbits were reared until 10 to 12 weeks of age. The weaning rate at 5 weeks of age and the raising rate at 3 months of age were approximately 78% and 77%, respectively (Table 3), indicating that feeding once-a-day with a milk diet mainly composed of Esbilac is suitable for the hand-rearing of infant rabbits. There was, however, no significant difference milk diet A and B on the weaning rate.", "contents": "A simplified method using commercial milk powder for hand-rearing of the Caesarean-derived infant rabbits (author's transl). An efficient and simplified method for hand-rearing of Caesarean-derived infant rabbits under gnotobiotic condition was devised. The Caesarean-derived infant Dutch or Japanese-White rabbits and their hybrids (F1; Japanese-White female x Dutch male) were reared in sterilized vinyl-isolators by hand-feeding with two kinds of milk diets, A and B, consisted mainly ofa commercial milk powder for dogs and cats (Esbilac) supplemented with several minor components (Table 2) and administered intragastrically once a day through a Nelaton's catheter. Bacteriological examinations revealed that feces and urine were sterile for the first three days. On the third day, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides sp. were given with milk diet and the infant rabbits were reared until 10 to 12 weeks of age. The weaning rate at 5 weeks of age and the raising rate at 3 months of age were approximately 78% and 77%, respectively (Table 3), indicating that feeding once-a-day with a milk diet mainly composed of Esbilac is suitable for the hand-rearing of infant rabbits. There was, however, no significant difference milk diet A and B on the weaning rate.", "PMID": 558100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3363", "title": "Breeding of a rabbit strain of hyperlipidemia and characteristic of this strain (author's transl).", "content": "We attempted the breeding experiment in order to establish an inbred strain of disease model animal derived from a spontaneously hyperlipidemic rabbit (HLR). The clinical, pathological features and breeding results of HLR strain were as follows; 1) A prominent clinical feature of this strain was conspicuous elevation of serous lipid ingredients including cholesterol (S-ch), beta-lipoprotein (beta-LP). The S-ch level was 400 +/- 70 mg/dl, the beta-LP level 9.1 +/- 1.5 unit and the total lipid 1146 +/- 270 mg/dl in the HLR strain. These values were approximately 9, 10 and 4 times higher than those of normal rabbits respectively. 2) After sacrifice, aterosclerotic lesions were evident extensively in the aorta and renal arteries. Nodular of plane xanthomas were conspicuous over the articuli digitorum of manus and pedis. 3) HLR strain indicated a striking resemblance of the condition to type III hyperlipidemia in the Frederickson's classification of hyperlipidemia in man. 4) Inbreeding was carried out in two lines, viz. sister-brother mating, parent-offspring mating and back crossing. As the result, the second filial generation showed an incidence of HLR of 15.0%, the third generation 50.0%, and the fourth generation 56.1% respectively. In the fourth generation, the coefficients of inbreeding and relationship were 50% and 72.3% respectively.", "contents": "Breeding of a rabbit strain of hyperlipidemia and characteristic of this strain (author's transl). We attempted the breeding experiment in order to establish an inbred strain of disease model animal derived from a spontaneously hyperlipidemic rabbit (HLR). The clinical, pathological features and breeding results of HLR strain were as follows; 1) A prominent clinical feature of this strain was conspicuous elevation of serous lipid ingredients including cholesterol (S-ch), beta-lipoprotein (beta-LP). The S-ch level was 400 +/- 70 mg/dl, the beta-LP level 9.1 +/- 1.5 unit and the total lipid 1146 +/- 270 mg/dl in the HLR strain. These values were approximately 9, 10 and 4 times higher than those of normal rabbits respectively. 2) After sacrifice, aterosclerotic lesions were evident extensively in the aorta and renal arteries. Nodular of plane xanthomas were conspicuous over the articuli digitorum of manus and pedis. 3) HLR strain indicated a striking resemblance of the condition to type III hyperlipidemia in the Frederickson's classification of hyperlipidemia in man. 4) Inbreeding was carried out in two lines, viz. sister-brother mating, parent-offspring mating and back crossing. As the result, the second filial generation showed an incidence of HLR of 15.0%, the third generation 50.0%, and the fourth generation 56.1% respectively. In the fourth generation, the coefficients of inbreeding and relationship were 50% and 72.3% respectively.", "PMID": 558101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3364", "title": "[Importance of biochemical marker genes in inbred strains of mice. Some problems on checking genetic purity of inbred strains (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to check genetic purity of inbred strains of mice, we surveyed five biochemical variants in certain 69 strains, some of which had established from Japanese fancy mice. The loci examined were Hemoglobin beta-chain, Malic enzyme (supernatant form), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (supernatant form), Serum esterase-1, and Serum esterase-2. These loci were all in homozygous states as far as examined, however some subline divergences were found in a few strains, that is to say, sublines were found to be fixed with different alleles as some loci, Important of biochemical marker genes to check genetic purity of strains and several derived problems are mentioned.", "contents": "[Importance of biochemical marker genes in inbred strains of mice. Some problems on checking genetic purity of inbred strains (author's transl)]. In order to check genetic purity of inbred strains of mice, we surveyed five biochemical variants in certain 69 strains, some of which had established from Japanese fancy mice. The loci examined were Hemoglobin beta-chain, Malic enzyme (supernatant form), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (supernatant form), Serum esterase-1, and Serum esterase-2. These loci were all in homozygous states as far as examined, however some subline divergences were found in a few strains, that is to say, sublines were found to be fixed with different alleles as some loci, Important of biochemical marker genes to check genetic purity of strains and several derived problems are mentioned.", "PMID": 558102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3365", "title": "[Rearing and management of chimpanzees for experimental infection with hepatitis B virus (author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of experimental infection with human hepatitis B virus, 14 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were delivered to the Division of Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo. These chimps, 11 males and 3 females, born in the West Africa, had been reared for two to six months. Several days after delivery, they were anesthetized with Ketalar in order to make clinical, bacteriological and parasitological examinations; It was found that one of them was in malnutrition, and that another had dislocation of the shoulder joint and the associating abscess. All of them were negative for tuberculin test. In the bacteriological examination, Shigella sonnei was detected in the feces from one of them. Mycoplasma sp. was detected in the materials from the oral cavity of four head. As intestinal parasites, Ascaris sp. were detected in two head, Enterobius vermicularis in eight, Strongloides sp. in two, Oesophagostomum sp. in nine, tape worms in four, and Entamoeba coli in twelve. Microfilaria as blood parasite was detected in 11 of them. The laboratory used for the experimental infection was a room occupying about 42 m2, which had been built by renovating a part of our division building. Each of the cages used for rearing the chimps was contained in the isolation box made of stainless steel. The contaminated air in the isolation box was discharged forcedly into the exhausting duct with a fan, and further passed through the HEPA filter and the Miraceram honeycomb heater, and was then conducted to the already existing ventilation duct of the division building. Each chimp was fed on a ration of 200-350 g of the imported \"Purina Monkey Chow 25\" and also one grapefruit and one banana daily for the supply of vitamin C. The chimps weighed 16.1 kg on the average on delivery, but gained an average weight of 4.2 kg during the following four months.", "contents": "[Rearing and management of chimpanzees for experimental infection with hepatitis B virus (author's transl)]. For the purpose of experimental infection with human hepatitis B virus, 14 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were delivered to the Division of Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo. These chimps, 11 males and 3 females, born in the West Africa, had been reared for two to six months. Several days after delivery, they were anesthetized with Ketalar in order to make clinical, bacteriological and parasitological examinations; It was found that one of them was in malnutrition, and that another had dislocation of the shoulder joint and the associating abscess. All of them were negative for tuberculin test. In the bacteriological examination, Shigella sonnei was detected in the feces from one of them. Mycoplasma sp. was detected in the materials from the oral cavity of four head. As intestinal parasites, Ascaris sp. were detected in two head, Enterobius vermicularis in eight, Strongloides sp. in two, Oesophagostomum sp. in nine, tape worms in four, and Entamoeba coli in twelve. Microfilaria as blood parasite was detected in 11 of them. The laboratory used for the experimental infection was a room occupying about 42 m2, which had been built by renovating a part of our division building. Each of the cages used for rearing the chimps was contained in the isolation box made of stainless steel. The contaminated air in the isolation box was discharged forcedly into the exhausting duct with a fan, and further passed through the HEPA filter and the Miraceram honeycomb heater, and was then conducted to the already existing ventilation duct of the division building. Each chimp was fed on a ration of 200-350 g of the imported \"Purina Monkey Chow 25\" and also one grapefruit and one banana daily for the supply of vitamin C. The chimps weighed 16.1 kg on the average on delivery, but gained an average weight of 4.2 kg during the following four months.", "PMID": 558103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3366", "title": "[Influence of nystatine, a polyene antibiotic, on the formation of complex-bound sterols and the formation of conidia by Coprinus cinereus (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrary to the wild strain, a monocaryotic mutant of Coprinus cinereus (basidiomycete) does not contain hydrosoluble, complex-bound sterols. Under nystatine-treatment, however, the mutant is induced to produce this kind of stereols in abundance. Furthermore, nystatine highly increases sporulation of the mutant and decreases sporulation of the wild strain.", "contents": "[Influence of nystatine, a polyene antibiotic, on the formation of complex-bound sterols and the formation of conidia by Coprinus cinereus (author's transl)]. In contrary to the wild strain, a monocaryotic mutant of Coprinus cinereus (basidiomycete) does not contain hydrosoluble, complex-bound sterols. Under nystatine-treatment, however, the mutant is induced to produce this kind of stereols in abundance. Furthermore, nystatine highly increases sporulation of the mutant and decreases sporulation of the wild strain.", "PMID": 558108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3367", "title": "[2-o-Iodotyrosine]-oxytocin and [2-o-methyltyrosine]-oxytocin: basic pharmacology and comments on their potential use in binding studies.", "content": "Both [2-o-iodotyrosine]-oxytocin and [2-o-methyltyrosine]-oxytocin display only weak vasopressor and antidiuretic effects on rats. They inhibit the in vitro uterotonic action of oxytocin; this inhibition is not fully competitive. It is concluded that they are not suitable as markers for studies of uterine receptor for oxytocin.", "contents": "[2-o-Iodotyrosine]-oxytocin and [2-o-methyltyrosine]-oxytocin: basic pharmacology and comments on their potential use in binding studies. Both [2-o-iodotyrosine]-oxytocin and [2-o-methyltyrosine]-oxytocin display only weak vasopressor and antidiuretic effects on rats. They inhibit the in vitro uterotonic action of oxytocin; this inhibition is not fully competitive. It is concluded that they are not suitable as markers for studies of uterine receptor for oxytocin.", "PMID": 558109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3368", "title": "[Effect of neuroleptics, midantan and DOPA on apomorphine sterotypy in rats].", "content": "The influence of differently structured neuroleptics on the stereotypyd attitude of rats, induced by apomorphine, was inquired into. Most of the known neuroleptics manifested an inhibitory effect on the apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Clozapine and azabutyrone were effective only in a dose of 25 mg/kg, while carbidine and promazine failed to exert any marked influence on the stereotypy. It seems that the antiapomorphine effect does not correlate with the antipsychotic activity of the neuroleptics.", "contents": "[Effect of neuroleptics, midantan and DOPA on apomorphine sterotypy in rats]. The influence of differently structured neuroleptics on the stereotypyd attitude of rats, induced by apomorphine, was inquired into. Most of the known neuroleptics manifested an inhibitory effect on the apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Clozapine and azabutyrone were effective only in a dose of 25 mg/kg, while carbidine and promazine failed to exert any marked influence on the stereotypy. It seems that the antiapomorphine effect does not correlate with the antipsychotic activity of the neuroleptics.", "PMID": 558110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3369", "title": "[Effect of lithium chloride on several indices of cardiac function].", "content": "Used in a dose of 100 mg/kg lithium chloride modifies the ECG patterns in rats, rabbits and cats. It increases the voltage of P and R waves, the S-T interval and slows down the rhythm of cardiac contractions. In doses of 50-300 mg/kg the compound raises the coronary circulation rate in narcotized cats. The compound exerts an antiarrhythmic action in chlorocalcium arrhythmia in rats, in strophanthin-induced one in cats and frogs and the intensity of this action is not inferior to that produced by potassium chloride, quinidine, novacainamide, izoptin and even exceeds it.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium chloride on several indices of cardiac function]. Used in a dose of 100 mg/kg lithium chloride modifies the ECG patterns in rats, rabbits and cats. It increases the voltage of P and R waves, the S-T interval and slows down the rhythm of cardiac contractions. In doses of 50-300 mg/kg the compound raises the coronary circulation rate in narcotized cats. The compound exerts an antiarrhythmic action in chlorocalcium arrhythmia in rats, in strophanthin-induced one in cats and frogs and the intensity of this action is not inferior to that produced by potassium chloride, quinidine, novacainamide, izoptin and even exceeds it.", "PMID": 558111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3370", "title": "[Conjugation components in alpha-adrenergic reactions in smooth muscles].", "content": "Changes in the electric and mechanical activity conditioned by norepinephrine in the deferent duct, musculus rectococcygeus, aortic band and the portal vein in rats, as well as influence exerted on these changes by the replacement of Na+ ions with NH4+ ones, by the action of novocain (1-10(-3) g/ml), strophanthin (1-10(-5) g/ml), excess (25 mM) and deficiency (0.25 mM) of Ca2+ ions and by that of manganese chloride (2 mM) and lanthanum (1 mM) were analyzed. As evidenced, the basic mode of conjugation in alpha-adrenergic reactions is an intensified supply of Ca2+ ions to the cells, unattended by any changes in the degree of the membrane potential at rest. Depolarization and quickened generation of action potentials occur in musculus rectococcygeus and in the portal vein, in the lastly named case -- under the effect of high norephrine concentrations (10(-6)-10(-5) g/ml).", "contents": "[Conjugation components in alpha-adrenergic reactions in smooth muscles]. Changes in the electric and mechanical activity conditioned by norepinephrine in the deferent duct, musculus rectococcygeus, aortic band and the portal vein in rats, as well as influence exerted on these changes by the replacement of Na+ ions with NH4+ ones, by the action of novocain (1-10(-3) g/ml), strophanthin (1-10(-5) g/ml), excess (25 mM) and deficiency (0.25 mM) of Ca2+ ions and by that of manganese chloride (2 mM) and lanthanum (1 mM) were analyzed. As evidenced, the basic mode of conjugation in alpha-adrenergic reactions is an intensified supply of Ca2+ ions to the cells, unattended by any changes in the degree of the membrane potential at rest. Depolarization and quickened generation of action potentials occur in musculus rectococcygeus and in the portal vein, in the lastly named case -- under the effect of high norephrine concentrations (10(-6)-10(-5) g/ml).", "PMID": 558112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3371", "title": "[Effect of ethyl alcohol on oxidation-reduction processes in the myocardium].", "content": "Evidence is given of disturbances of aerobic oxidative process in the myocardial mitochondria occurring in acute and chronic alcoholic intoxication. A single introduction of alcohol in a dose of 1 and 3 g/kg to rats and dogs produces \"hypoxyform\" changes in the myocardium, viz. a fall of PO2, a reduced activity of most NAD-independent enzymes, activation of succinate- and lactate-dehydrogenases in a moderate dissociation of oxidative phosphorylation reactions. The damaging effect of the alcohol persists for 24 hours after its one-time introduction. Following a 2-month long alcoholic intoxication there was seen a depressed respiratory activity of the mitochondria and of the study enzymes, except for cytochrome-C-oxidase. It is assumed that the cardiotoxic effect of alcohol is due to the damage of the energy-producing system of the mitochondria.", "contents": "[Effect of ethyl alcohol on oxidation-reduction processes in the myocardium]. Evidence is given of disturbances of aerobic oxidative process in the myocardial mitochondria occurring in acute and chronic alcoholic intoxication. A single introduction of alcohol in a dose of 1 and 3 g/kg to rats and dogs produces \"hypoxyform\" changes in the myocardium, viz. a fall of PO2, a reduced activity of most NAD-independent enzymes, activation of succinate- and lactate-dehydrogenases in a moderate dissociation of oxidative phosphorylation reactions. The damaging effect of the alcohol persists for 24 hours after its one-time introduction. Following a 2-month long alcoholic intoxication there was seen a depressed respiratory activity of the mitochondria and of the study enzymes, except for cytochrome-C-oxidase. It is assumed that the cardiotoxic effect of alcohol is due to the damage of the energy-producing system of the mitochondria.", "PMID": 558113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3372", "title": "An in vitro bioassay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other antirachitic agents.", "content": "Duodenal tissue from chicken embryos (19 days in ovo) has been maintained in organ culture for 48 hours. The incubation medium and culture conditions were chosen to produce a linear relationship between calcium binding protein production and the logarithm of the dose of vitamin D3 steroid in the medium. The dose-response curves are parallel for vitamin D3 and both its major metabolites, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyVITAMIN D3. The minimum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 capable of inducing calcium-binding-protein synthesis was 1 X 10(-9) M.", "contents": "An in vitro bioassay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other antirachitic agents. Duodenal tissue from chicken embryos (19 days in ovo) has been maintained in organ culture for 48 hours. The incubation medium and culture conditions were chosen to produce a linear relationship between calcium binding protein production and the logarithm of the dose of vitamin D3 steroid in the medium. The dose-response curves are parallel for vitamin D3 and both its major metabolites, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyVITAMIN D3. The minimum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 capable of inducing calcium-binding-protein synthesis was 1 X 10(-9) M.", "PMID": 558122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3373", "title": "A myogenic cell line with altered serum requirements for differentiation.", "content": "Dfferentiation properties of a cell line, L84, which originated from a non-fusing clone isolated from the myogenic line L8, are described. In nutritional medium supplemented with 10% serum used routinely with L8 cells, L84 cells continue to proliferate to very high densities and fail to form multinucleated fibres. When grown in medium supplemented with 2% horse serum of 2% horse serum plus 0.1% microng/ml insulin, L84 cells behave very similarly to L8 cells grown in medium supplemented with 10% horse serum: when the cultures reach confluency, proliferation decreases and cells start to fuse and form a dense network of fibres. Large increases in creatine kinase activity and synthesis of myosin are associated with cell fusion. Under conditions in which L84 cells do not fuse the increase in these synthetic activities is not observed, even after extremely high cell densities are reached. The data show that L84 cells retain the programme for their differentiation into muscle fibres. The difference between L84 and its progenitor line L8 lies in the sensitivity to the environmental conditions which trigger the expression of this programme.", "contents": "A myogenic cell line with altered serum requirements for differentiation. Dfferentiation properties of a cell line, L84, which originated from a non-fusing clone isolated from the myogenic line L8, are described. In nutritional medium supplemented with 10% serum used routinely with L8 cells, L84 cells continue to proliferate to very high densities and fail to form multinucleated fibres. When grown in medium supplemented with 2% horse serum of 2% horse serum plus 0.1% microng/ml insulin, L84 cells behave very similarly to L8 cells grown in medium supplemented with 10% horse serum: when the cultures reach confluency, proliferation decreases and cells start to fuse and form a dense network of fibres. Large increases in creatine kinase activity and synthesis of myosin are associated with cell fusion. Under conditions in which L84 cells do not fuse the increase in these synthetic activities is not observed, even after extremely high cell densities are reached. The data show that L84 cells retain the programme for their differentiation into muscle fibres. The difference between L84 and its progenitor line L8 lies in the sensitivity to the environmental conditions which trigger the expression of this programme.", "PMID": 558123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3374", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the chick embryo primitive streak.", "content": "The structure of the cells forming the primitive streak was examined by SEM in a series of embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton's stages 2--5. Specimens were prepared by stripping the endoderm from fresh embryos in New Culture and by fracturing whole fixed embryos along and at right angles to the primitive streak. At all stages of examination the SEM appearance of cells within the privitive streak was quite different from that of ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal cells away from the streak. Streak cells were closely packed, lay with their long axes directed from ectoderm to endoderm and possessed many flat leaf-like processes. By contrast the ectoderm formed a columnar epithelium, the endoderm a flat epithelium and the mesoderm was a layer of loosely arrangedcells with long. thin processes. Within the streak SEM did not show any differences between cells that could identify them specifically as future endoderm or mesoderm cells. It was concluded that during gastrulation all the cells migrating through the primitive streak have the same appearance regardless of their eventual destination in the embryo. This structure may be attributable to the type of movement made by cells during invagination.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the chick embryo primitive streak. The structure of the cells forming the primitive streak was examined by SEM in a series of embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton's stages 2--5. Specimens were prepared by stripping the endoderm from fresh embryos in New Culture and by fracturing whole fixed embryos along and at right angles to the primitive streak. At all stages of examination the SEM appearance of cells within the privitive streak was quite different from that of ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal cells away from the streak. Streak cells were closely packed, lay with their long axes directed from ectoderm to endoderm and possessed many flat leaf-like processes. By contrast the ectoderm formed a columnar epithelium, the endoderm a flat epithelium and the mesoderm was a layer of loosely arrangedcells with long. thin processes. Within the streak SEM did not show any differences between cells that could identify them specifically as future endoderm or mesoderm cells. It was concluded that during gastrulation all the cells migrating through the primitive streak have the same appearance regardless of their eventual destination in the embryo. This structure may be attributable to the type of movement made by cells during invagination.", "PMID": 558124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3375", "title": "Developmental pattern of small intestinal enterokinase and disaccharidase activities in the human fetus.", "content": "The concomitant appearance of enterokinase (EK) and trypsin activities in the human intestinal mucosa is indicative of the importance of EK as an activator of trypsinogen and therefore as the key enzyme in protein digestion. Enterokinase can be detected in fetal mucosa from the 26th week of gestation on, paralleling appearance of tryptic activity in meconium. The developmental pattern of EK activity increases with age. Between 26 to 30 weeks of gestation, the EK activity is only 6% and full term babies (40 weeks) 20% of that found in older children. In contrast, lactase studies during development show a lactase activity of only 30% in human fetuses between 26 to 34 weeks of gestation as compared to full term babies. During the same gestational period, sucrase and maltase activities reach 70% of the full term. In addition, the distributional pattern of EK differs from the disaccharidases, showing the highest activity in duodenum and the lowest in ileum, whereas disaccharidases are highest in jejunum with lower activity in duodenum and ileum. Differences in topographical distribution and time of appearance of EK and disaccharidases may be attributed to differences in orgin as well as subcellular localization of these enzymes. It is conceivable that the premature infant, between 26 to 30 weeks of gestation, is better equipped to deal with hydrolysis of alpha-glucosides than of lactose.", "contents": "Developmental pattern of small intestinal enterokinase and disaccharidase activities in the human fetus. The concomitant appearance of enterokinase (EK) and trypsin activities in the human intestinal mucosa is indicative of the importance of EK as an activator of trypsinogen and therefore as the key enzyme in protein digestion. Enterokinase can be detected in fetal mucosa from the 26th week of gestation on, paralleling appearance of tryptic activity in meconium. The developmental pattern of EK activity increases with age. Between 26 to 30 weeks of gestation, the EK activity is only 6% and full term babies (40 weeks) 20% of that found in older children. In contrast, lactase studies during development show a lactase activity of only 30% in human fetuses between 26 to 34 weeks of gestation as compared to full term babies. During the same gestational period, sucrase and maltase activities reach 70% of the full term. In addition, the distributional pattern of EK differs from the disaccharidases, showing the highest activity in duodenum and the lowest in ileum, whereas disaccharidases are highest in jejunum with lower activity in duodenum and ileum. Differences in topographical distribution and time of appearance of EK and disaccharidases may be attributed to differences in orgin as well as subcellular localization of these enzymes. It is conceivable that the premature infant, between 26 to 30 weeks of gestation, is better equipped to deal with hydrolysis of alpha-glucosides than of lactose.", "PMID": 558125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3376", "title": "Kayser-Fleischer-like rings in patients without Wilson's disease.", "content": "Three patients, one with cryptogenic cirrhosis, one with active chronic hepatitis and one with neonatal hepatitis, were found to have corneal pigmentation rings indistinguishable from early Kayser-Fleischer rings on slit lamp examination. They did not have the clinical features of Wilson's disease and their serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations were normal. Urinary copper excretion rates and hepatic concentrations were only slightly raised but were below the range found in symptomatic Wilson's disease. It is concluded that the Kayser-Fleischer ring would no longer be considered as pathognomonic of Wilson's disease.", "contents": "Kayser-Fleischer-like rings in patients without Wilson's disease. Three patients, one with cryptogenic cirrhosis, one with active chronic hepatitis and one with neonatal hepatitis, were found to have corneal pigmentation rings indistinguishable from early Kayser-Fleischer rings on slit lamp examination. They did not have the clinical features of Wilson's disease and their serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations were normal. Urinary copper excretion rates and hepatic concentrations were only slightly raised but were below the range found in symptomatic Wilson's disease. It is concluded that the Kayser-Fleischer ring would no longer be considered as pathognomonic of Wilson's disease.", "PMID": 558126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3377", "title": "[Disordant monozygotic twins with Mayer Rokitansky K\u00fctser syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with vaginal agenesis are reported. Each had a normal twin. In one case, a Mayer Rokitansky K\u00fcster syndrome could be diagnosed by laparoscopy. In the other case it was probably the same syndrome. Monozygocy of the two pairs of twins was shown by examination of features of serum proteins, serum enzymes and erythrocytes with a probability of 99,8% and 99,1%. Only three other cases of discordant twins with MRK syndrome were reported in the literature, at least two of them monozygotic. Extremely rare cases of familial MRK syndrome were also found. Discordance of monozygotic twins makes a genetic etiology unlikely.", "contents": "[Disordant monozygotic twins with Mayer Rokitansky K\u00fctser syndrome (author's transl)]. Two patients with vaginal agenesis are reported. Each had a normal twin. In one case, a Mayer Rokitansky K\u00fcster syndrome could be diagnosed by laparoscopy. In the other case it was probably the same syndrome. Monozygocy of the two pairs of twins was shown by examination of features of serum proteins, serum enzymes and erythrocytes with a probability of 99,8% and 99,1%. Only three other cases of discordant twins with MRK syndrome were reported in the literature, at least two of them monozygotic. Extremely rare cases of familial MRK syndrome were also found. Discordance of monozygotic twins makes a genetic etiology unlikely.", "PMID": 558127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3378", "title": "[Severe infections in our obstetric-gynecologic case material including nosocomial infections (1972--1976) (author's transl)].", "content": "A consideral by increased incidence of severe infections in 1975 provided the impetus for a critical analysis of such cases (n = 29) during the last four years. In the group of infections acquired outside the hospital setting, 13 were adnexal infections and 2 were amniotic infections. The group of true hospital infections (n = 14) consisted of 4 entoplastic cases, 7 cases with contaminated infusions and 3 cases of amniotic infections. A shift in the pathogenic spectrum in favor of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and anaerobes, was observed in those infections acquired within the hospital setting-- The mortality rate for the whole group was 10% (!).-- In addition to the usual hygienic measures used in hospitals to successfully combat endemic diseases resulting from severe nosocomial infections, a short-term perioperative prophylactic antibiotic, the advantages and disadvantages of which were mentioned, was integrated in the resistance dispositive. In severe adnexal inflammation (2 times in connection with an intrauterine device), the method of choice for surgical therapy was adnexectomy or, if necessary, hysterectomy and drainage. Septicemic diseases in connection with venipuncture material (entoplastic) can be avoided, for the most part, by carefully selecting the type and nature of the material as well as through preventive hygienic measures. The infusions contaminated exclusively by Klebsiella led to particularly serious infectious disease.", "contents": "[Severe infections in our obstetric-gynecologic case material including nosocomial infections (1972--1976) (author's transl)]. A consideral by increased incidence of severe infections in 1975 provided the impetus for a critical analysis of such cases (n = 29) during the last four years. In the group of infections acquired outside the hospital setting, 13 were adnexal infections and 2 were amniotic infections. The group of true hospital infections (n = 14) consisted of 4 entoplastic cases, 7 cases with contaminated infusions and 3 cases of amniotic infections. A shift in the pathogenic spectrum in favor of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and anaerobes, was observed in those infections acquired within the hospital setting-- The mortality rate for the whole group was 10% (!).-- In addition to the usual hygienic measures used in hospitals to successfully combat endemic diseases resulting from severe nosocomial infections, a short-term perioperative prophylactic antibiotic, the advantages and disadvantages of which were mentioned, was integrated in the resistance dispositive. In severe adnexal inflammation (2 times in connection with an intrauterine device), the method of choice for surgical therapy was adnexectomy or, if necessary, hysterectomy and drainage. Septicemic diseases in connection with venipuncture material (entoplastic) can be avoided, for the most part, by carefully selecting the type and nature of the material as well as through preventive hygienic measures. The infusions contaminated exclusively by Klebsiella led to particularly serious infectious disease.", "PMID": 558128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3379", "title": "[Spontaneous rupture of gravid rudimentary horn of an uterus bicornis unicollis without connection with the cervical channel (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on a 24-year-old nullipara, who came to be operated with the diagnosis of perforated extrauterine gravidity. It was the question of the perforation of a gravid uterus bicornis with missing connection of the gravid horn to the cervical channel. The importance of an early diagnosis of uterus malformations is pointed out. The modus of implantation in the atresic uterus horn is placed under discussion.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rupture of gravid rudimentary horn of an uterus bicornis unicollis without connection with the cervical channel (author's transl)]. It is reported on a 24-year-old nullipara, who came to be operated with the diagnosis of perforated extrauterine gravidity. It was the question of the perforation of a gravid uterus bicornis with missing connection of the gravid horn to the cervical channel. The importance of an early diagnosis of uterus malformations is pointed out. The modus of implantation in the atresic uterus horn is placed under discussion.", "PMID": 558129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3380", "title": "Effect of iron and protein deficiency on the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat.", "content": "The relationship between iron deficiency and protein deficiency and infestation of the rat with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was investigated. There was a significant delay in the expulsion of N. brasiliensis from the small intestine of both iron deficient and protein deficient animals and those with a combined deficiency of iron and protein. Iron repletion returned the time of worm expulsion to normal and this would appear to be related to iron deficiency per se rather than to anaemia. Antibody initiated damage to worms was normal in the control animals and in animals with nutritional deficiencies. This suggests that the defect in worm expulsion occurs either in the cell-mediated immune system or in one of the other mediators of expulsion. Extrapolation to the human situation has important therapeutic implications in that iron and protein deficiency may play an important role in the perpetuation of helminth infestations. Thus, to be successful antihelminth therapy should be accompanied by iron and protein supplementation.", "contents": "Effect of iron and protein deficiency on the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat. The relationship between iron deficiency and protein deficiency and infestation of the rat with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was investigated. There was a significant delay in the expulsion of N. brasiliensis from the small intestine of both iron deficient and protein deficient animals and those with a combined deficiency of iron and protein. Iron repletion returned the time of worm expulsion to normal and this would appear to be related to iron deficiency per se rather than to anaemia. Antibody initiated damage to worms was normal in the control animals and in animals with nutritional deficiencies. This suggests that the defect in worm expulsion occurs either in the cell-mediated immune system or in one of the other mediators of expulsion. Extrapolation to the human situation has important therapeutic implications in that iron and protein deficiency may play an important role in the perpetuation of helminth infestations. Thus, to be successful antihelminth therapy should be accompanied by iron and protein supplementation.", "PMID": 558135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3381", "title": "[Common virus infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, condylomata acuminata, verrucae vulgares].", "content": "The clinical diagnosis, etiology and predisposing factors of these common viral skin diseases are discussed with special emphasis on new therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "[Common virus infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, condylomata acuminata, verrucae vulgares]. The clinical diagnosis, etiology and predisposing factors of these common viral skin diseases are discussed with special emphasis on new therapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 558140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3382", "title": "[New transplantation materials for reconstructive arterial surgery].", "content": "For reconstruction of femoral artery occlusion autologous vena saphena is the best material. In all cases of reocclusion after autologous vein bypass or in cases without adequate vena saphena the heterologous Solco-Collagen-Graft and the new alloplastic Gore-Tex-Teflon arterial prosthesis are two alternative materials. First clinical experiences with the Gore-Tex-Graft in 45 patients and clinical experiences with the bovine Solco-Graft in 54 patients are presented. Both the bovine Solco-Graft and the alloplastic Gore-Tex-Graft provided a patency rate of 75% in patients with chronic arterial diseases state III-IV after 1 year. The special indications for either heterologous bovine Solco-Graft or alloplastic Gore-Tex-prosthesis are demonstrated.", "contents": "[New transplantation materials for reconstructive arterial surgery]. For reconstruction of femoral artery occlusion autologous vena saphena is the best material. In all cases of reocclusion after autologous vein bypass or in cases without adequate vena saphena the heterologous Solco-Collagen-Graft and the new alloplastic Gore-Tex-Teflon arterial prosthesis are two alternative materials. First clinical experiences with the Gore-Tex-Graft in 45 patients and clinical experiences with the bovine Solco-Graft in 54 patients are presented. Both the bovine Solco-Graft and the alloplastic Gore-Tex-Graft provided a patency rate of 75% in patients with chronic arterial diseases state III-IV after 1 year. The special indications for either heterologous bovine Solco-Graft or alloplastic Gore-Tex-prosthesis are demonstrated.", "PMID": 558141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3383", "title": "[Experiences with mastodynon in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome].", "content": "Experiences with Mastodynon in the therapy of premenstrual syndrome are reported. The results of the phytohormon Mastodynon were evaluated in 52 cases by measurement of the basal temperature.", "contents": "[Experiences with mastodynon in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome]. Experiences with Mastodynon in the therapy of premenstrual syndrome are reported. The results of the phytohormon Mastodynon were evaluated in 52 cases by measurement of the basal temperature.", "PMID": 558142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3384", "title": "Psychophysiologic test performance in normal twins and in a pair of identical twins with essential tremor that is suppressed by alcohol.", "content": "In a sample of 52 adults male twin pairs (26 MZ, 26DZ) performance in a series of psychophysiologic tests was measured. The intraindividual variability was determined by repetitive tests in the same subjects. In a number of cases the measured parameters proved relatively stable within the same peron; identical twins, however, were no more similar to one another than fraternal twins. In a pair of identical twins with autosomal-dominant essential tremor the degree of the tremor could be effectively reduced by alcohol application.", "contents": "Psychophysiologic test performance in normal twins and in a pair of identical twins with essential tremor that is suppressed by alcohol. In a sample of 52 adults male twin pairs (26 MZ, 26DZ) performance in a series of psychophysiologic tests was measured. The intraindividual variability was determined by repetitive tests in the same subjects. In a number of cases the measured parameters proved relatively stable within the same peron; identical twins, however, were no more similar to one another than fraternal twins. In a pair of identical twins with autosomal-dominant essential tremor the degree of the tremor could be effectively reduced by alcohol application.", "PMID": 558152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3385", "title": "Gonads of Carassius auratus (teleosts) in organ culture: a new technique and the effects of testosterone.", "content": "The use of a semi-natural medium (Eagle's MEM supplemented with chicken embryo extract) appears to be satisfactory for ovarian and testicular fragment cultures of Carassius auratus. The male germ cells show a normal degeneration which might be attributed to a lack of pituitary hormones: gonadotropic and, possibly, somatotropic hormone. The ovarian fragments maintain a normal organization during 21 days of culture. Only the oocytes in late vitellogenesis massively atresiate at the beginning of culture. The addition of fetal bovine serum to this medium produces surprising effects on the testicular explants, particularly on the spermatogonial mitoses. This might be attributed to the presence of STH and androgen in the serum. The modifications of ovarian explants, on the other hand, are identical to those observed with Eagle's MEM supplemented with chicken embryo extract. M 199 has been tested as a synthetic medium; the preliminary results are encouraging. Testosterone, when added to the semi-natural medium, permits complete spermatogenesis in the testicular fragments during the 21 days of culture, but does not produce any effect on the ovarian explants.", "contents": "Gonads of Carassius auratus (teleosts) in organ culture: a new technique and the effects of testosterone. The use of a semi-natural medium (Eagle's MEM supplemented with chicken embryo extract) appears to be satisfactory for ovarian and testicular fragment cultures of Carassius auratus. The male germ cells show a normal degeneration which might be attributed to a lack of pituitary hormones: gonadotropic and, possibly, somatotropic hormone. The ovarian fragments maintain a normal organization during 21 days of culture. Only the oocytes in late vitellogenesis massively atresiate at the beginning of culture. The addition of fetal bovine serum to this medium produces surprising effects on the testicular explants, particularly on the spermatogonial mitoses. This might be attributed to the presence of STH and androgen in the serum. The modifications of ovarian explants, on the other hand, are identical to those observed with Eagle's MEM supplemented with chicken embryo extract. M 199 has been tested as a synthetic medium; the preliminary results are encouraging. Testosterone, when added to the semi-natural medium, permits complete spermatogenesis in the testicular fragments during the 21 days of culture, but does not produce any effect on the ovarian explants.", "PMID": 558153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3386", "title": "[Indications for the transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates].", "content": "Whole blood transfusions as usual are often not effective. The high fluid level overloads the circulatory system and the share of red blood corpuscles improves the hematocrit inconsiderably. On the contrary after application of erythrocyte suspension which has reducted volume the hematocrit increases and risks of the circulatory system will be prevented. Risks by means of whole-blood transfusions; advantages, indications, and production of erythrocyte concentrations are outlined.", "contents": "[Indications for the transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates]. Whole blood transfusions as usual are often not effective. The high fluid level overloads the circulatory system and the share of red blood corpuscles improves the hematocrit inconsiderably. On the contrary after application of erythrocyte suspension which has reducted volume the hematocrit increases and risks of the circulatory system will be prevented. Risks by means of whole-blood transfusions; advantages, indications, and production of erythrocyte concentrations are outlined.", "PMID": 558154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3387", "title": "[Manufacture and transfusion of leukocyte and thrombocyte concentrates with special reference to hematological problems].", "content": "Great quantities of granulocytes or platelets can be removed from a single donor by following methods: 1) Continuous flow cellseparation 2) Intermittent flow cellseparation 3) Filtration leukapheresis. Using one of the methods mentioned above 1.0 X 10(10)--5.0 X 10(10) granulocytes can be obtained during a four hours procedure. The yield of platelets is more than 5.0 X 10(11) cells. The procedure itself is well tolerated and no severe side effects were seen.", "contents": "[Manufacture and transfusion of leukocyte and thrombocyte concentrates with special reference to hematological problems]. Great quantities of granulocytes or platelets can be removed from a single donor by following methods: 1) Continuous flow cellseparation 2) Intermittent flow cellseparation 3) Filtration leukapheresis. Using one of the methods mentioned above 1.0 X 10(10)--5.0 X 10(10) granulocytes can be obtained during a four hours procedure. The yield of platelets is more than 5.0 X 10(11) cells. The procedure itself is well tolerated and no severe side effects were seen.", "PMID": 558155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3388", "title": "[Manufacture and transfusion of leukocyte and thrombocyte concentrates with special reference to organizational problems].", "content": "One year-long experience with the Haemonetics blood cell separator (model 30) in a blood bank is presented. The collection, indications for transfusion and transfusion itself of 62 leucocytes and 96 platelets concentrates, as well as organisatory problems are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Manufacture and transfusion of leukocyte and thrombocyte concentrates with special reference to organizational problems]. One year-long experience with the Haemonetics blood cell separator (model 30) in a blood bank is presented. The collection, indications for transfusion and transfusion itself of 62 leucocytes and 96 platelets concentrates, as well as organisatory problems are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 558156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3389", "title": "[The use of human albumin in infusion therapy].", "content": "A survey on physiologic functions of albumin is given. Furthermore the two main-indications of albumin, the treatment of blood-volume-deficiency, including the use of albumin for the iso-volemic-hemodilution and the substitution in hyproteinemia are discussed. A comparison of albumin and plasmaproteinsolution follows. Finally limiting factors in albumin therapy due to the lack of coagulation factors are mentioned.", "contents": "[The use of human albumin in infusion therapy]. A survey on physiologic functions of albumin is given. Furthermore the two main-indications of albumin, the treatment of blood-volume-deficiency, including the use of albumin for the iso-volemic-hemodilution and the substitution in hyproteinemia are discussed. A comparison of albumin and plasmaproteinsolution follows. Finally limiting factors in albumin therapy due to the lack of coagulation factors are mentioned.", "PMID": 558157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3390", "title": "[The use of stroma-free hemoglobin solutions as blood substitute].", "content": "Solutions of stroma free human hemoglobin and of polymerized hemoglobin were used for perfusion of isolated organs of the experimental animal (Wistar rats). Both preparations proved to be suited for maintainance of sufficient oxygen transport. Following intravenous infusion of greater amounts of hemoglobin or polymerized hemoglobin in the experimental animals (3.0 g/kg body weight), the renal losses amounted 30% and less than 10% respectively. Half live was only two hours in the case of hemoglobin and 13 hours with the polymerized hemoglobin, despite molecular weight was only doubled in the latter preparation. Since the minor amount of the different hemoglobin preparation was excreted by the kidneys, the greater amount was stored in the organism or metabolized respectively. The intravenous infusion did not cause chemically demonstrable signs of liver toxicity. Neither bilirubin concentration nor enzyme activity showed significant alterations. Additionally, all animals survived the high dosed intravenous infusions. However, histological evaluations showed distinct alterations caused by the hemoglobin preparations. Hemoglobin was found inside the liver parenchymal cells. The liver cells and kidney cells showed signs of toxic effects. The polymerized hemoglobin was not found in liver parenchymal cells. In contrast to hemoglobin this preparation was stored inside the Kupffer's cells. In contrast to hemoglobin the polymerized form behaves like erythrocytes. The rapid elimination of hemoglobin (half live only two hours) renders this substance unsuited for blood substitution. However, half life of polymerized hemoglobin is 13 hours, and from this point of view the polymerized form is suited for blood substitution. Considering the histologically demonstrable alterations additional experiments are required before hemoglobin solutions are used in human subjects.", "contents": "[The use of stroma-free hemoglobin solutions as blood substitute]. Solutions of stroma free human hemoglobin and of polymerized hemoglobin were used for perfusion of isolated organs of the experimental animal (Wistar rats). Both preparations proved to be suited for maintainance of sufficient oxygen transport. Following intravenous infusion of greater amounts of hemoglobin or polymerized hemoglobin in the experimental animals (3.0 g/kg body weight), the renal losses amounted 30% and less than 10% respectively. Half live was only two hours in the case of hemoglobin and 13 hours with the polymerized hemoglobin, despite molecular weight was only doubled in the latter preparation. Since the minor amount of the different hemoglobin preparation was excreted by the kidneys, the greater amount was stored in the organism or metabolized respectively. The intravenous infusion did not cause chemically demonstrable signs of liver toxicity. Neither bilirubin concentration nor enzyme activity showed significant alterations. Additionally, all animals survived the high dosed intravenous infusions. However, histological evaluations showed distinct alterations caused by the hemoglobin preparations. Hemoglobin was found inside the liver parenchymal cells. The liver cells and kidney cells showed signs of toxic effects. The polymerized hemoglobin was not found in liver parenchymal cells. In contrast to hemoglobin this preparation was stored inside the Kupffer's cells. In contrast to hemoglobin the polymerized form behaves like erythrocytes. The rapid elimination of hemoglobin (half live only two hours) renders this substance unsuited for blood substitution. However, half life of polymerized hemoglobin is 13 hours, and from this point of view the polymerized form is suited for blood substitution. Considering the histologically demonstrable alterations additional experiments are required before hemoglobin solutions are used in human subjects.", "PMID": 558158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3391", "title": "[Changes in body composition during various reducing diets].", "content": "A method of measuring body density is presented which allows much greater precision in calculating the fat content of the human body than the usual methods of under-water weighing. Using this method, body fat was determined for three groups: normal weight, moderately overweight, and obese subjects. In spite of vast amounts of energy stored in the obese patient, no advantages for the pre- or post-surgical phase result. The explanation for this paradoxical situation is seen in two factors: 1. The cardiovascular system is not capable of delivering more energy because mobilisation of fat depends on corresponding oxygen intake. 2. Aside from this, a metabolic limiting factor exists in the mobilisation of protein reserves for the production of glucose, which leads to a considerable protein loss the first few weeks of a period of abstinence. In posttraumatic or post-operative situations, this protein mobilisation is particularly strong, especially when connected with a high metabolic intake. The high nitrogen loss and/or the high metabolic rate, is illustrated on the basis of severe skull and brain traumas. The differences between absolute fasting and a 200kcal-protein formula diet were experimentally investigated. The nitrogen loss under the protein diet was decisively less. An anabolic phase even reappeared after three weeks of the diet. The 200kcal-diet therefore represents a means of pre-operative weight reduction without protein loss. The alterations in body composition are almost exclusively the results of reduction in excess fat. This is demonstrated by means of clinical examples.", "contents": "[Changes in body composition during various reducing diets]. A method of measuring body density is presented which allows much greater precision in calculating the fat content of the human body than the usual methods of under-water weighing. Using this method, body fat was determined for three groups: normal weight, moderately overweight, and obese subjects. In spite of vast amounts of energy stored in the obese patient, no advantages for the pre- or post-surgical phase result. The explanation for this paradoxical situation is seen in two factors: 1. The cardiovascular system is not capable of delivering more energy because mobilisation of fat depends on corresponding oxygen intake. 2. Aside from this, a metabolic limiting factor exists in the mobilisation of protein reserves for the production of glucose, which leads to a considerable protein loss the first few weeks of a period of abstinence. In posttraumatic or post-operative situations, this protein mobilisation is particularly strong, especially when connected with a high metabolic intake. The high nitrogen loss and/or the high metabolic rate, is illustrated on the basis of severe skull and brain traumas. The differences between absolute fasting and a 200kcal-protein formula diet were experimentally investigated. The nitrogen loss under the protein diet was decisively less. An anabolic phase even reappeared after three weeks of the diet. The 200kcal-diet therefore represents a means of pre-operative weight reduction without protein loss. The alterations in body composition are almost exclusively the results of reduction in excess fat. This is demonstrated by means of clinical examples.", "PMID": 558159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3392", "title": "[Biokinetic characterization of human glycerin utilization].", "content": "23 patients received controlled infusions of 10% glycerol solution using an \"Infusomat\". During various rates of infusion biokinetic parameters and renal excretion were measured. The concentration of glycerol in the serum rises over-proportional with increasing rates of infusion. The extrapolated maximal metabolic turnover capacity is 54 micronmol.kg-1.min-1. Halb-maximal turnover rate is reached at a serum level of 0,56 micronmol.ml-1. After an infusion of 0,3 g.kg-1.min-1 glycerol disappears from the blood with an elimination constant of 0,024 min-1 and a half life of 28,9 minutes. Renal excretion increases with the dose but remains below 10% of the dose in the investigated range. From the data it can be concluded that glycerol cannot be applicated in higher doses than other polyols. No adverse reactions have been observed in the range up to 0,3 g.kg-1.min-1.", "contents": "[Biokinetic characterization of human glycerin utilization]. 23 patients received controlled infusions of 10% glycerol solution using an \"Infusomat\". During various rates of infusion biokinetic parameters and renal excretion were measured. The concentration of glycerol in the serum rises over-proportional with increasing rates of infusion. The extrapolated maximal metabolic turnover capacity is 54 micronmol.kg-1.min-1. Halb-maximal turnover rate is reached at a serum level of 0,56 micronmol.ml-1. After an infusion of 0,3 g.kg-1.min-1 glycerol disappears from the blood with an elimination constant of 0,024 min-1 and a half life of 28,9 minutes. Renal excretion increases with the dose but remains below 10% of the dose in the investigated range. From the data it can be concluded that glycerol cannot be applicated in higher doses than other polyols. No adverse reactions have been observed in the range up to 0,3 g.kg-1.min-1.", "PMID": 558160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3393", "title": "[Dangers of a wrong diet in patients with renal insufficiency in the predialytic state or during chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "Patients with chronic renal failure and on chronic intermittent hemodialysis have several metabolic risks such as retention of urea and other products of nitrogen metabolism, catabolism, acidosis, edema, dehydration, hyper- and hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal osteopathy, and renal anemia. Uremic coma is usually avoided by balanced nutritional therapy and treatment with hemodialysis. A dietary regimen containing protein with high amounts of essential amino acids is an important part of treatment. In patients on chronic hemodialysis disorders of protein and amino acid metabolism are caused by either deficiency of essential ingredients of the food or by the metabolic defects due to chronic uremia.", "contents": "[Dangers of a wrong diet in patients with renal insufficiency in the predialytic state or during chronic hemodialysis]. Patients with chronic renal failure and on chronic intermittent hemodialysis have several metabolic risks such as retention of urea and other products of nitrogen metabolism, catabolism, acidosis, edema, dehydration, hyper- and hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal osteopathy, and renal anemia. Uremic coma is usually avoided by balanced nutritional therapy and treatment with hemodialysis. A dietary regimen containing protein with high amounts of essential amino acids is an important part of treatment. In patients on chronic hemodialysis disorders of protein and amino acid metabolism are caused by either deficiency of essential ingredients of the food or by the metabolic defects due to chronic uremia.", "PMID": 558161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3394", "title": "[Nutritional habits and protein status of surgical patients during the preclinical phase].", "content": "In this study the importance of nutrition during the preoperative period has to be find out. Three methods are helpful in it: 1. anamnesis of nutrition; 2. status of the subcutaneous fat tissue by measuring the skinfolds with a Harpenden-Caliper; 3. proteinstatus. 24 patients after gastric surgery and 20 patients of a control group were investigated. There was found a loss of weight inabout half of these 24 \"gastric patients\" preoperatively. These special patients showed a malnutrition in their anamnesis, thin skinfolds, low serum albumin and total protein concentration and a decreased concentration of immunoglobulins. They got six times more infectious complicationes than the patients without a preoperative loss of weight. It is proposed to develop an adequate plan for preoperative and post-operative nutrition.", "contents": "[Nutritional habits and protein status of surgical patients during the preclinical phase]. In this study the importance of nutrition during the preoperative period has to be find out. Three methods are helpful in it: 1. anamnesis of nutrition; 2. status of the subcutaneous fat tissue by measuring the skinfolds with a Harpenden-Caliper; 3. proteinstatus. 24 patients after gastric surgery and 20 patients of a control group were investigated. There was found a loss of weight inabout half of these 24 \"gastric patients\" preoperatively. These special patients showed a malnutrition in their anamnesis, thin skinfolds, low serum albumin and total protein concentration and a decreased concentration of immunoglobulins. They got six times more infectious complicationes than the patients without a preoperative loss of weight. It is proposed to develop an adequate plan for preoperative and post-operative nutrition.", "PMID": 558162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3395", "title": "[Risks to donor and recipient in blood collection and blood transfusion].", "content": "A summary is given on the local and general risks of blood donation for the donor and especially on the recipient's risks to blood transfusion itself, including massive transfusion. The transfusion reactions are grouped in (1) risks in connection with the technique and physics of transfusion (cooling, air embolism, microaggregation, circulatory overload), (2) biochemical-metabolic risks (citrate intoxication, acidity, coagulation deficiencies), (3) immunological-serological risks (allergic and hemolytic reaction, addendum: pyrogenic reaction), (4) dangers of infection (bacteria: septic-toxic reaction, protozoae: malaria, viruses: herpes group, cytomegaly, hepatitis). In order to cut down the overall frequency of transfusion reactions, the use of blood derivatives instead of whole blood has been described.", "contents": "[Risks to donor and recipient in blood collection and blood transfusion]. A summary is given on the local and general risks of blood donation for the donor and especially on the recipient's risks to blood transfusion itself, including massive transfusion. The transfusion reactions are grouped in (1) risks in connection with the technique and physics of transfusion (cooling, air embolism, microaggregation, circulatory overload), (2) biochemical-metabolic risks (citrate intoxication, acidity, coagulation deficiencies), (3) immunological-serological risks (allergic and hemolytic reaction, addendum: pyrogenic reaction), (4) dangers of infection (bacteria: septic-toxic reaction, protozoae: malaria, viruses: herpes group, cytomegaly, hepatitis). In order to cut down the overall frequency of transfusion reactions, the use of blood derivatives instead of whole blood has been described.", "PMID": 558163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3396", "title": "[The manufacture and transfusion of deep frozen preserved blood].", "content": "For the past ten years we have been evaluating the preservation of human red cells by freezing. A comparative study of several techniques revealed no major differences as far as clinical effectiveness is concerned. The recovery percentage varies from 90-95%. Due to the washing procedure, necessary for removing the intracellular cryophylactic substance glycerol, no side effects from these ghosts have been observed. The maximum storage time in the post-thaw period should not exceed 24 hours, because the so-called \"closed system\" is interrupted. Since the preparations and storage of these cells is laborious and expensive, frozen blood should be used in selected clinical situations, i.e. rare blood types, autologous transfusions.", "contents": "[The manufacture and transfusion of deep frozen preserved blood]. For the past ten years we have been evaluating the preservation of human red cells by freezing. A comparative study of several techniques revealed no major differences as far as clinical effectiveness is concerned. The recovery percentage varies from 90-95%. Due to the washing procedure, necessary for removing the intracellular cryophylactic substance glycerol, no side effects from these ghosts have been observed. The maximum storage time in the post-thaw period should not exceed 24 hours, because the so-called \"closed system\" is interrupted. Since the preparations and storage of these cells is laborious and expensive, frozen blood should be used in selected clinical situations, i.e. rare blood types, autologous transfusions.", "PMID": 558164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3397", "title": "[Blood transfusion and cross matching].", "content": "To avoid hemolytic transfusion reactions different methods of cross match techniques are described and the relation between the recipient's and the donor's blood quantities are discussed in this regard.", "contents": "[Blood transfusion and cross matching]. To avoid hemolytic transfusion reactions different methods of cross match techniques are described and the relation between the recipient's and the donor's blood quantities are discussed in this regard.", "PMID": 558165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3398", "title": "[Forensic problems in blood transfusion].", "content": "According to the Austrian Criminal Law the physician is made responsible for damages caused by blood-transfusion, because of criminal carelessness, unless, no serious guilt is proven and the sequences of the transfusion--incident are so insignificant that neither a damage of health nor any inability to carry on a profession longer than fourteen days has been caused. The physician is obliged to make the patient aware of the dangers of blood-transfusion in the limits of this comfort of such procedure and is not allowed to proceed the transfusion against the declaired will of an adult even though according to medical conception this would be necessary. In urgent indicated cases the physician has the possibility to ignore the wish of a non-adult person and decide against the will of the guardian without exposing himself to the danger of criminal pursuit. Consequences of Civil Law are not considered.", "contents": "[Forensic problems in blood transfusion]. According to the Austrian Criminal Law the physician is made responsible for damages caused by blood-transfusion, because of criminal carelessness, unless, no serious guilt is proven and the sequences of the transfusion--incident are so insignificant that neither a damage of health nor any inability to carry on a profession longer than fourteen days has been caused. The physician is obliged to make the patient aware of the dangers of blood-transfusion in the limits of this comfort of such procedure and is not allowed to proceed the transfusion against the declaired will of an adult even though according to medical conception this would be necessary. In urgent indicated cases the physician has the possibility to ignore the wish of a non-adult person and decide against the will of the guardian without exposing himself to the danger of criminal pursuit. Consequences of Civil Law are not considered.", "PMID": 558166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3399", "title": "[Transfusion problems relative to the HL-A system].", "content": "The importance of the HL-A system for blood transfusions (febrile reactions, substitution of leukocytes and platelets, prevention of anti-HL-A immunisation) is described. Furthermore, the problem of finding an HL-A identical donor for a given recipient which arises from the polymorphism of the HL-A system is discussed.", "contents": "[Transfusion problems relative to the HL-A system]. The importance of the HL-A system for blood transfusions (febrile reactions, substitution of leukocytes and platelets, prevention of anti-HL-A immunisation) is described. Furthermore, the problem of finding an HL-A identical donor for a given recipient which arises from the polymorphism of the HL-A system is discussed.", "PMID": 558167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3400", "title": "Ureaplasmal epithelial lesions related to ammonia.", "content": "The pathological effects of ureaplasmas on oviductal epithelium (ciliostasis and deciliation) were duplicated by adding ammonia to the medium as ammonium sulfate or by adding jack bean urease, which hydrolyzed the urea in the medium.", "contents": "Ureaplasmal epithelial lesions related to ammonia. The pathological effects of ureaplasmas on oviductal epithelium (ciliostasis and deciliation) were duplicated by adding ammonia to the medium as ammonium sulfate or by adding jack bean urease, which hydrolyzed the urea in the medium.", "PMID": 558168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3401", "title": "Effect of maternal immunization on the antibody response of low responder rats.", "content": "The offspring of low responder F344 female rats that were immunized with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) aggregated with MeBSA prior to mating showed a higher antibody response to the polypeptide antigen than did the offspring of unimmunized females. Immunization of the mothers with unaggregated polypeptide, or with DNP-BGG, did not affect the antibody response of the offspring even when high doses of antigen were used. When the polypeptide used to immunize the mothers was given as an aggregate, some crossed the placenta to the fetus. The antigen was first detected in the placenta, blood and liver of the fetus at 15 days of gestational age. After birth, it was in the liver and spleen up to 6 weeks af age, and thereafter it was present only in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Effect of maternal immunization on the antibody response of low responder rats. The offspring of low responder F344 female rats that were immunized with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) aggregated with MeBSA prior to mating showed a higher antibody response to the polypeptide antigen than did the offspring of unimmunized females. Immunization of the mothers with unaggregated polypeptide, or with DNP-BGG, did not affect the antibody response of the offspring even when high doses of antigen were used. When the polypeptide used to immunize the mothers was given as an aggregate, some crossed the placenta to the fetus. The antigen was first detected in the placenta, blood and liver of the fetus at 15 days of gestational age. After birth, it was in the liver and spleen up to 6 weeks af age, and thereafter it was present only in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 558169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3402", "title": "Immunoglobulins in human cervico-vaginal secretions.", "content": "The concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM has been measured in the cervico-vaginal secretions of 8 women with a normal menstrual cycle, 52 pregnant women, 6 post-menopausal women and 12 women with total hysterectomy. No significant difference in immunoglobulin levels was found in the cervico-vaginal secretions of women with a normal cycle as compared to those of post-menopausal or pregnant women. A significant decrease of the IgG/IgA ratio was noticed during ovulation as a consequence of increased IgA secretion. In patients with hysterectomy, the secretions are of vaginal origin only and contain negligible quantities of IgA. Secretory IgA is found essentially in the superior genital tract. IgM is present in trace amounts in all secretions and does not vary considerably. The secretion of immunoglobulins may be under hormonal control: in addition to ovarian hormones, corticosteroids seem also to be involved. The local application of a fluorinated corticosteroid into the vagina has produced a significant decrease of secretory IgA production. The therapeutic possibilities of administering a fluorinated corticosteroid in cases of sterility which are due to the production of anti-spermatozoal antibodies are discussed.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in human cervico-vaginal secretions. The concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM has been measured in the cervico-vaginal secretions of 8 women with a normal menstrual cycle, 52 pregnant women, 6 post-menopausal women and 12 women with total hysterectomy. No significant difference in immunoglobulin levels was found in the cervico-vaginal secretions of women with a normal cycle as compared to those of post-menopausal or pregnant women. A significant decrease of the IgG/IgA ratio was noticed during ovulation as a consequence of increased IgA secretion. In patients with hysterectomy, the secretions are of vaginal origin only and contain negligible quantities of IgA. Secretory IgA is found essentially in the superior genital tract. IgM is present in trace amounts in all secretions and does not vary considerably. The secretion of immunoglobulins may be under hormonal control: in addition to ovarian hormones, corticosteroids seem also to be involved. The local application of a fluorinated corticosteroid into the vagina has produced a significant decrease of secretory IgA production. The therapeutic possibilities of administering a fluorinated corticosteroid in cases of sterility which are due to the production of anti-spermatozoal antibodies are discussed.", "PMID": 558170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3403", "title": "Respiration and ATP level in BHK21/13S cells during the earlist stages of rubella virus replication.", "content": "This study is concerned with the effect of virus infection on the energy balance of the cell and the possible involvement of mitochondria in virus replication. The process of rubella virus adsorption and penetration is immediately associated with a stimulation of O2 uptake. Shortly afterwards, ATP levels decline, possible because of increased ATP utilization. Virus infection appears to protect mitochondria against the uncoupling effect of dinitrophenol.", "contents": "Respiration and ATP level in BHK21/13S cells during the earlist stages of rubella virus replication. This study is concerned with the effect of virus infection on the energy balance of the cell and the possible involvement of mitochondria in virus replication. The process of rubella virus adsorption and penetration is immediately associated with a stimulation of O2 uptake. Shortly afterwards, ATP levels decline, possible because of increased ATP utilization. Virus infection appears to protect mitochondria against the uncoupling effect of dinitrophenol.", "PMID": 558175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3404", "title": "Detection of double-stranded RNA in Semliki Forest virus-infected cells by an indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay: an assay for interferon.", "content": "An indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay using rabbit antibodies to the synthetic double-stranded RNA poly rI-rC and 125I-labelled sheep anti-rabbit IgG could detect 1 ng of poly rI-rC. This assay could also detect the presence of double-stranded RNA in Semliki Forest virus-infected chick fibroblasts and can be used as an assay for interferon activity.", "contents": "Detection of double-stranded RNA in Semliki Forest virus-infected cells by an indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay: an assay for interferon. An indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay using rabbit antibodies to the synthetic double-stranded RNA poly rI-rC and 125I-labelled sheep anti-rabbit IgG could detect 1 ng of poly rI-rC. This assay could also detect the presence of double-stranded RNA in Semliki Forest virus-infected chick fibroblasts and can be used as an assay for interferon activity.", "PMID": 558176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3405", "title": "Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 19 group A coxsackievirus serotypes.", "content": "This paper describes the preparation of seven combination pools of equine antisera, designated J though P, for identification of 19 coxsackievirus A immunotypes. Each pool is composed of 4 to 6 antisera; the serotypes included are A1-6, 8, 10-15, and 17-22. These pools, unlike the previously prepared A-H enterovirus pools, were lyophilized from volumes of 0.5 ml dispensed into 5-ml vials, and when rehydrated with 5 ml of diluent provide 50-antibody-unit material ready for use in identification tests without further dilution. Procedures for using the antiserum pools are given, and guidance is provided for interpreting the results of serum neutralization tests in identifying field isolates.", "contents": "Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 19 group A coxsackievirus serotypes. This paper describes the preparation of seven combination pools of equine antisera, designated J though P, for identification of 19 coxsackievirus A immunotypes. Each pool is composed of 4 to 6 antisera; the serotypes included are A1-6, 8, 10-15, and 17-22. These pools, unlike the previously prepared A-H enterovirus pools, were lyophilized from volumes of 0.5 ml dispensed into 5-ml vials, and when rehydrated with 5 ml of diluent provide 50-antibody-unit material ready for use in identification tests without further dilution. Procedures for using the antiserum pools are given, and guidance is provided for interpreting the results of serum neutralization tests in identifying field isolates.", "PMID": 558177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3406", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of urinary free cortisol.", "content": "The radioimmunoassay for urinary free cortisol described in this paper is simple, rapid, and reproducible. The method uses a commercially available antibody preparation and is performed in two steps. The first step includes an extraction and a column purification to remove materials antigenically similar to cortisol from the urine. The second step is the radioimmunoassay using dextran-coated charcoal to separate bound and unbound cortisol. 3H-cortisol is added prior to any mechanical manipulation to allow calculation of analytical recovery for the purification procedure. The coefficient of variation for interassay determinations was a maximum of 10.3% and for intraassay determinations a maximum of 5.7%. Analytical recovery averaged 97.7%. One technician can analyze 100 samples per week.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of urinary free cortisol. The radioimmunoassay for urinary free cortisol described in this paper is simple, rapid, and reproducible. The method uses a commercially available antibody preparation and is performed in two steps. The first step includes an extraction and a column purification to remove materials antigenically similar to cortisol from the urine. The second step is the radioimmunoassay using dextran-coated charcoal to separate bound and unbound cortisol. 3H-cortisol is added prior to any mechanical manipulation to allow calculation of analytical recovery for the purification procedure. The coefficient of variation for interassay determinations was a maximum of 10.3% and for intraassay determinations a maximum of 5.7%. Analytical recovery averaged 97.7%. One technician can analyze 100 samples per week.", "PMID": 558178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3407", "title": "The location of nuclei of different labelling intensities in autoradiographs of the anterior forebrain of postnatial mice injected with [3H]thymidine on the eleventh and twelfth days post-conception.", "content": "The location of neuron nuclei of different labelling intensities in autoradiographs of the anterior forebrain of two 22 day old mice which had been injected with [3H]thymidine at 11 and 12 days post-conception respectively was charted on photocollages of sections enlarges 175 times. The pattern of distribution of the heavily labelled nuclei, i.e. those nuclei belonging to cells most likely to have been born shortly after the time of [3H]thymidine injection, indicated that the inner two thirds of the neocortex is laid down along a ventro-dorsal gradient, i.e. the lateral neocortex starts to form before the dorsal; and that cells born at a particular time lie in cortical layer VI at the dorsal edge of the gradient is traced ventrally. Progressively more weakly labelled cells formed intermediate steps in this migration. A model or cortical growth fitting these findings is presented. Some inferences are also made about the possible role of the ganglionic eminences in providing cortical cells, at least during the initial stages of cortical histogenesis.", "contents": "The location of nuclei of different labelling intensities in autoradiographs of the anterior forebrain of postnatial mice injected with [3H]thymidine on the eleventh and twelfth days post-conception. The location of neuron nuclei of different labelling intensities in autoradiographs of the anterior forebrain of two 22 day old mice which had been injected with [3H]thymidine at 11 and 12 days post-conception respectively was charted on photocollages of sections enlarges 175 times. The pattern of distribution of the heavily labelled nuclei, i.e. those nuclei belonging to cells most likely to have been born shortly after the time of [3H]thymidine injection, indicated that the inner two thirds of the neocortex is laid down along a ventro-dorsal gradient, i.e. the lateral neocortex starts to form before the dorsal; and that cells born at a particular time lie in cortical layer VI at the dorsal edge of the gradient is traced ventrally. Progressively more weakly labelled cells formed intermediate steps in this migration. A model or cortical growth fitting these findings is presented. Some inferences are also made about the possible role of the ganglionic eminences in providing cortical cells, at least during the initial stages of cortical histogenesis.", "PMID": 558181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3408", "title": "Survey of finfish and shellfish for volatile N-nitrosamines.", "content": "A variety of finfish and shellfish obtained on the local retail market were analyzed for 14 volatile N-nitrosamines by using a gas-liquid chromatographic method demonstrated to be sensitive to 10 ppb (microng/kg). A total of 78 samples (fresh, frozen, and canned), representing 26 varieties of fish, were analyzed. No nitrosamines were found.", "contents": "Survey of finfish and shellfish for volatile N-nitrosamines. A variety of finfish and shellfish obtained on the local retail market were analyzed for 14 volatile N-nitrosamines by using a gas-liquid chromatographic method demonstrated to be sensitive to 10 ppb (microng/kg). A total of 78 samples (fresh, frozen, and canned), representing 26 varieties of fish, were analyzed. No nitrosamines were found.", "PMID": 558184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3409", "title": "Direct plating versus dilution plating in qualitatively determining the mold flora of dried beans and soybeans.", "content": "Two methods presently used for examining whole foods and feeds for viable molds were evaluated for their relative effectiveness in the qualitative determination of the total number of mold species present in soybeans and dried beans: the direct plating method and the serial dilution method. Sixty-nine soybean samples and 40 dried bean samples were examined. Although the quantitative results of this study were inconclusive, the qualitative results show that the direct plating method was substantially more effective in detecting individual mold species. An average of 12.9 and 10.9 species was detected by the direct plating method in whole soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. An average of 4.4 and 2.8 species was detected by the dilution method in ground soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. A total of at least 37 mold species were found in the study, including 10 toxicogenic species. With few exceptions, detection rates of the 37 individual species were substantially greater among the samples examined by direct plating than those examined by serial dilution.", "contents": "Direct plating versus dilution plating in qualitatively determining the mold flora of dried beans and soybeans. Two methods presently used for examining whole foods and feeds for viable molds were evaluated for their relative effectiveness in the qualitative determination of the total number of mold species present in soybeans and dried beans: the direct plating method and the serial dilution method. Sixty-nine soybean samples and 40 dried bean samples were examined. Although the quantitative results of this study were inconclusive, the qualitative results show that the direct plating method was substantially more effective in detecting individual mold species. An average of 12.9 and 10.9 species was detected by the direct plating method in whole soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. An average of 4.4 and 2.8 species was detected by the dilution method in ground soybean and dried bean samples, respectively. A total of at least 37 mold species were found in the study, including 10 toxicogenic species. With few exceptions, detection rates of the 37 individual species were substantially greater among the samples examined by direct plating than those examined by serial dilution.", "PMID": 558185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3410", "title": "Negative chemotaxis in cellular slime molds.", "content": "This study confirms the suggestion of earlier workers that the vegetative amoebae of Dictyostelium repel each other while those of Polysphondylium violaceum do not. When Dictyostelium amoebae were placed in drops on thin and thick agar, the cells moved out faster on the thin agar, presumably because the repellent was more concentrated. This did not occur with Polysphondylium amoebae. Also, if 2 drops of cells were placed side by side, or a single drop was placed near an edge, in Dictyostelium there were fewer cells emerging between the drops (or near an edge) than on the far side. Polysphondylium showed no such difference. However, Polysphondylium amoebae were repelled by Dictyostelium cells (but not vice versa) when drops of each were placed beside one another. Finally, if Dictyostelium discoideum cells were placed in drops over thick and thin agar, but separated from the agar by a dialysis membrane, the cells again spread farther on the thin agar, indicating that the repellent is a dialyzable molecule.", "contents": "Negative chemotaxis in cellular slime molds. This study confirms the suggestion of earlier workers that the vegetative amoebae of Dictyostelium repel each other while those of Polysphondylium violaceum do not. When Dictyostelium amoebae were placed in drops on thin and thick agar, the cells moved out faster on the thin agar, presumably because the repellent was more concentrated. This did not occur with Polysphondylium amoebae. Also, if 2 drops of cells were placed side by side, or a single drop was placed near an edge, in Dictyostelium there were fewer cells emerging between the drops (or near an edge) than on the far side. Polysphondylium showed no such difference. However, Polysphondylium amoebae were repelled by Dictyostelium cells (but not vice versa) when drops of each were placed beside one another. Finally, if Dictyostelium discoideum cells were placed in drops over thick and thin agar, but separated from the agar by a dialysis membrane, the cells again spread farther on the thin agar, indicating that the repellent is a dialyzable molecule.", "PMID": 558186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3411", "title": "Kinetic studies dealing with immobilized reversible enzyme system. Experimental evidence for shift of apparent equilibrium constant within bienzyme system.", "content": "Two chemostat methods for studying the immobilized enzyme kinetics are presented. The methods are applied to glucose-6-phosphate isomerase immobilized within a proteic membrane. The first method is based on the steady state behavior of a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (C.S.T.R.) and the second one on a diffusion-reaction process. The apparent equilibrium ratio between glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate is measured for the immobilized enzyme system. No modification is observed with a monoenzyme membrane. In the presence of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity the product of the first reaction is trapped by the second one and due to the local intramembrane concentrations an apparent modification of the equilibrium ratio is observed. The apparent modification is studied with the bienzyme membrane as a function of the concentration of NADP co-substrate of the second enzyme. A \"Michaelian\" relationship is observed.", "contents": "Kinetic studies dealing with immobilized reversible enzyme system. Experimental evidence for shift of apparent equilibrium constant within bienzyme system. Two chemostat methods for studying the immobilized enzyme kinetics are presented. The methods are applied to glucose-6-phosphate isomerase immobilized within a proteic membrane. The first method is based on the steady state behavior of a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (C.S.T.R.) and the second one on a diffusion-reaction process. The apparent equilibrium ratio between glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate is measured for the immobilized enzyme system. No modification is observed with a monoenzyme membrane. In the presence of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity the product of the first reaction is trapped by the second one and due to the local intramembrane concentrations an apparent modification of the equilibrium ratio is observed. The apparent modification is studied with the bienzyme membrane as a function of the concentration of NADP co-substrate of the second enzyme. A \"Michaelian\" relationship is observed.", "PMID": 558187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3412", "title": "Synthesis of myelin glycosphingolipids (galactosylceramide and galactosyl(3-O-sulfate)ceramide (sulfatide)) by cloned cell lines derived from mouse neurotumors.", "content": "Clonal cell lines derived from both spontaneous and chemically induced rat and mouse brain tumors were screened for their ability to incorporate H232SO4 into galactosyl(3-O-sulfate)ceramide (sulfatide). High levels of 35SO4 incorporation into sulfatide were found only in two of the mouse cell lines studied (G26-20 and -24). Tumors produced by subcutaneous injection of these cell lines into C57BL/6 mice were also unique in that they contained high levels of both sulfatide and galactosylceramide. The synthesis of large amounts of sulfatide and galactosylceramide by a clonal cell line of neurological origin suggests that the original tumor was of oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell origin. In common with a large number of mouse and rat astrocyte cell strains and their derived tumors, these glial cells lacked the ability to synthesize gangliosides such as monosialotetraglycosylceramide and disialotetraglycosylceramide (as judged by analytical and [3H]GlcNH2 incorporation studies). This appears to be a unique characteristic of neuroblastoma-derived cell strains such as N18, NB2a, and NB41A.", "contents": "Synthesis of myelin glycosphingolipids (galactosylceramide and galactosyl(3-O-sulfate)ceramide (sulfatide)) by cloned cell lines derived from mouse neurotumors. Clonal cell lines derived from both spontaneous and chemically induced rat and mouse brain tumors were screened for their ability to incorporate H232SO4 into galactosyl(3-O-sulfate)ceramide (sulfatide). High levels of 35SO4 incorporation into sulfatide were found only in two of the mouse cell lines studied (G26-20 and -24). Tumors produced by subcutaneous injection of these cell lines into C57BL/6 mice were also unique in that they contained high levels of both sulfatide and galactosylceramide. The synthesis of large amounts of sulfatide and galactosylceramide by a clonal cell line of neurological origin suggests that the original tumor was of oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell origin. In common with a large number of mouse and rat astrocyte cell strains and their derived tumors, these glial cells lacked the ability to synthesize gangliosides such as monosialotetraglycosylceramide and disialotetraglycosylceramide (as judged by analytical and [3H]GlcNH2 incorporation studies). This appears to be a unique characteristic of neuroblastoma-derived cell strains such as N18, NB2a, and NB41A.", "PMID": 558188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3413", "title": "Immobilization of enzymes on slowly soluble carriers.", "content": "The preparation and some properties of microspheres composed of oxidized polysaccharides and some vinyl polymers are described. The microspheres contain immobilized enzyme and can be slowly solubilized in water solutions, thereby releasing active a enzyme into the surrounding medium. The kinetic characteristics of the immobilized enzyme bound with a fragment of matrix after complete solubilization are unchanged, but the enzyme exhibits high thermostability. These preparations could have a wide range of medical applications, e.g., to form a drug \"depot\" directly in an affected organ.", "contents": "Immobilization of enzymes on slowly soluble carriers. The preparation and some properties of microspheres composed of oxidized polysaccharides and some vinyl polymers are described. The microspheres contain immobilized enzyme and can be slowly solubilized in water solutions, thereby releasing active a enzyme into the surrounding medium. The kinetic characteristics of the immobilized enzyme bound with a fragment of matrix after complete solubilization are unchanged, but the enzyme exhibits high thermostability. These preparations could have a wide range of medical applications, e.g., to form a drug \"depot\" directly in an affected organ.", "PMID": 558189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3414", "title": "Microtubule and microfilament rearrangements during capping of concanavalin A receptors on cultured ovarian granulosa cells.", "content": "Thin-section electron microscope analysis of rat and rabbit-cultured granulosa cells treated with concanavalin A (Con A) at 37 degrees C revealed coordinated changes in the cytoplasmic disposition of microfilaments, thick filaments, and microtubules during cap formation and internalization of lectin-receptor complexes. Con A-receptor clustering is accompanied by an accumulation of subplasmalemmal microfilaments which assemble into a loosely woven ring as patches of receptor move centrally on the cell surface. Periodic densities appear in the microfilament ring which becomes reduced in diameter as patches coalesce to form a single central cap. Microtubules and thick filaments emerge associated with the capped membrane. Capping is followed by endocytosis of the con A-receptor complexes. During this process, the microfilament ring is displaced basally into the cytoplasm and endocytic vesicles are transported to the paranuclear Golgi complex along microtubules and thick filaments. Eventually, these vesicles aggregate near the cell center where they are embedded in a dense meshwork of thick filaments. Freeze-fracture analysis of Con A-capped granulosa cells revealed no alteration in the arrangement of peripheral intramembrane particles but large, smooth domains were conspicuous in the capped region of the plasma membrane. The data are discussed with reference to the participation of microtubules and microfilaments in the capping process.", "contents": "Microtubule and microfilament rearrangements during capping of concanavalin A receptors on cultured ovarian granulosa cells. Thin-section electron microscope analysis of rat and rabbit-cultured granulosa cells treated with concanavalin A (Con A) at 37 degrees C revealed coordinated changes in the cytoplasmic disposition of microfilaments, thick filaments, and microtubules during cap formation and internalization of lectin-receptor complexes. Con A-receptor clustering is accompanied by an accumulation of subplasmalemmal microfilaments which assemble into a loosely woven ring as patches of receptor move centrally on the cell surface. Periodic densities appear in the microfilament ring which becomes reduced in diameter as patches coalesce to form a single central cap. Microtubules and thick filaments emerge associated with the capped membrane. Capping is followed by endocytosis of the con A-receptor complexes. During this process, the microfilament ring is displaced basally into the cytoplasm and endocytic vesicles are transported to the paranuclear Golgi complex along microtubules and thick filaments. Eventually, these vesicles aggregate near the cell center where they are embedded in a dense meshwork of thick filaments. Freeze-fracture analysis of Con A-capped granulosa cells revealed no alteration in the arrangement of peripheral intramembrane particles but large, smooth domains were conspicuous in the capped region of the plasma membrane. The data are discussed with reference to the participation of microtubules and microfilaments in the capping process.", "PMID": 558195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3415", "title": "Muscle actin filaments bind pituitary secretory granules in vitro.", "content": "Hog anterior pituitary secretory granules sediment at 3,000 g. When rat or rabbit skeletal muscle actin filaments are present with the granules, the sedimentation decreases markedly. Depolymerized actin or viscous solutions of Ficoll and collagen have no effect on granule sedimentation. With this assay, actin filaments bind secretory granules (consisting of the proteinaceous core plus limiting membrane), secretory granule membranes, mitochondria, artificial lecithin liposomes, and styrene-butadiene microspheres, but have little or no interaction with membrane-free secretory granule cores and albumin microspheres. A secretory granule-actin complex sedimentable between 3,000 g and 25,000 g can be isolated. Metal ions, nucleotides, salts, dithiothreitol, or pretreatment of the granules with trypsin do not destroy the binding, which appears to be a lipophilic interaction.", "contents": "Muscle actin filaments bind pituitary secretory granules in vitro. Hog anterior pituitary secretory granules sediment at 3,000 g. When rat or rabbit skeletal muscle actin filaments are present with the granules, the sedimentation decreases markedly. Depolymerized actin or viscous solutions of Ficoll and collagen have no effect on granule sedimentation. With this assay, actin filaments bind secretory granules (consisting of the proteinaceous core plus limiting membrane), secretory granule membranes, mitochondria, artificial lecithin liposomes, and styrene-butadiene microspheres, but have little or no interaction with membrane-free secretory granule cores and albumin microspheres. A secretory granule-actin complex sedimentable between 3,000 g and 25,000 g can be isolated. Metal ions, nucleotides, salts, dithiothreitol, or pretreatment of the granules with trypsin do not destroy the binding, which appears to be a lipophilic interaction.", "PMID": 558196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3416", "title": "Transport of sodium, potassium, and calcium across rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes. Effect of chemotactic factor.", "content": "The transport properties of the rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) plasma membrane to Na+, K+, and Ca2+ have been characterized. The use of a silicone oil centrifugation technique provided a rapid and reliable method for measuring ion fluxes in these cells. Na+ and K+ movements across PMN membranes were found to be rapid. The value for the unifirectional steady-state fluxes (in meq/liter cell X min) were of the order of 3.0 for Na+ and 7.4 for K+. Ouabian inhibited both K+ influx and Na+ efflux, the latter being also dependent on the presence of extracellular potassium. The rate constant (in min-1) for 45Ca influx was found to be .05 and that for 45Ca efflux .04. The synthetic chemotactic factor formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was found to affect the fluxes of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ at concentrations as low as 10(-10)M. FMLP induced a large and rapid increase in the permeability of the PMN plasma membrane to 22Na. Smaller and delayed enhancements of 42K influx and 22Na efflux were also noted. Some evidence that the latter findings are a consequence of the increased 22Na influx is presented. 45Ca influx and efflux were also stimulated by FMLP. In the presence of 0.25 mM extracellular calcium, FMLP induced an increase in the steady-state level of cell-associated 45Ca. In the presence of .01 mM extracellular calcium, however, a transient decrease in the steady-state level of cell-associated 45Ca was induced by FMLP. The curves relating the concentration of FMLP to its effects on cation fluxes are very similar to those found for its enhancement of migration.", "contents": "Transport of sodium, potassium, and calcium across rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes. Effect of chemotactic factor. The transport properties of the rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) plasma membrane to Na+, K+, and Ca2+ have been characterized. The use of a silicone oil centrifugation technique provided a rapid and reliable method for measuring ion fluxes in these cells. Na+ and K+ movements across PMN membranes were found to be rapid. The value for the unifirectional steady-state fluxes (in meq/liter cell X min) were of the order of 3.0 for Na+ and 7.4 for K+. Ouabian inhibited both K+ influx and Na+ efflux, the latter being also dependent on the presence of extracellular potassium. The rate constant (in min-1) for 45Ca influx was found to be .05 and that for 45Ca efflux .04. The synthetic chemotactic factor formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was found to affect the fluxes of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ at concentrations as low as 10(-10)M. FMLP induced a large and rapid increase in the permeability of the PMN plasma membrane to 22Na. Smaller and delayed enhancements of 42K influx and 22Na efflux were also noted. Some evidence that the latter findings are a consequence of the increased 22Na influx is presented. 45Ca influx and efflux were also stimulated by FMLP. In the presence of 0.25 mM extracellular calcium, FMLP induced an increase in the steady-state level of cell-associated 45Ca. In the presence of .01 mM extracellular calcium, however, a transient decrease in the steady-state level of cell-associated 45Ca was induced by FMLP. The curves relating the concentration of FMLP to its effects on cation fluxes are very similar to those found for its enhancement of migration.", "PMID": 558197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3417", "title": "Dynamic aspects of filopodial formation by reorganization of microfilaments.", "content": "The coelomocytes of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, may be prevented from clotting with 50 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8 and subsequently separated into various cell types on sucrose gradients. One cell type, the petaloid coelomocyte, spontaneously undergoes a striking morphological transformation to a form  exhibiting numerous, t-in cytoplasmic projections (filopodia). Moreover, the transformation is reversible. Ultrastructurally, the formation of the filopodia results from a progressive reorganization of actin-containing filaments into bundles that are radially oriented. The formation of the filament bundles is initiated at the cell's periphery and proceeds inward. Simultaneously, the cytoplasm in between the bundles is withdrawn, exposing finger-like filopodia. Ultimately, the filopodia can be extended by up to four times their original length. Biochemically, actin is the most abundant protein in while cell homogenates and is extractable in milligram quantities via acetone powders. An actomyosin complex may also be isolated from these cells and is presumed to be active in producing the various forms of motility observed.", "contents": "Dynamic aspects of filopodial formation by reorganization of microfilaments. The coelomocytes of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, may be prevented from clotting with 50 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8 and subsequently separated into various cell types on sucrose gradients. One cell type, the petaloid coelomocyte, spontaneously undergoes a striking morphological transformation to a form  exhibiting numerous, t-in cytoplasmic projections (filopodia). Moreover, the transformation is reversible. Ultrastructurally, the formation of the filopodia results from a progressive reorganization of actin-containing filaments into bundles that are radially oriented. The formation of the filament bundles is initiated at the cell's periphery and proceeds inward. Simultaneously, the cytoplasm in between the bundles is withdrawn, exposing finger-like filopodia. Ultimately, the filopodia can be extended by up to four times their original length. Biochemically, actin is the most abundant protein in while cell homogenates and is extractable in milligram quantities via acetone powders. An actomyosin complex may also be isolated from these cells and is presumed to be active in producing the various forms of motility observed.", "PMID": 558198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3418", "title": "Modification of tubulin by tyrosylation in cells and extracts and its effect on assembly in vitro.", "content": "A post-translational modification of tubulin with potential regulatory significance has been revealed by the discovery of an enzyme (tubulin-tyrosine ligase) in brain extracts which can add a tyrosine residue to the alpha chain, apparently through peptide bond linkage to a C-terminal glutamate. We have investigated whether this modification also occurs in vivo, and whether it alters the extent to which tubulin can assemble in vitro. Cytoplasmic tubulin purified from bovine brain by cycles of assembly was shown to be partially tyrosylated. Carboxypeptidase A digestion of isolated alpha chains liberated about 0.3 equivalent of tyrosine. Brief digestion of native tubulin increased the proportion of alpha chains which could be tyrosylated by ligase, from 25 to 45%. The tubulin assembled to the same extent before and after carboxypeptidase treatment. When tubulin was purified after introducing labeled tyrosine with ligase, the labeled species assembled in the same proportion as unlabeled. Thus tubulin can be incorporated into microbubules in vitro with or without C-terminal tyrosine. An apparent resolution of alpha chain into two components by hydroxylapatite chromatography was shown not to be due to the presence or absence of C-terminal tyrosine. Tubulin-tyrosine ligase was found in extracts of every rat tissue examined, but was not detected in sea urchin eggs before or after fertilization, in Tetrahymena cells or cilia, or in yeast. Cultured neuroblastoma cells fixed tyrosine into tubulin alpha chains under conditions where protein synthesis was inhibited; this in vivo fixation appeared to be into an insoluble moiety of tubulin. Incidental to these studies, a new assay utilizing an enamine substrate for carboxypeptidase was investigated.", "contents": "Modification of tubulin by tyrosylation in cells and extracts and its effect on assembly in vitro. A post-translational modification of tubulin with potential regulatory significance has been revealed by the discovery of an enzyme (tubulin-tyrosine ligase) in brain extracts which can add a tyrosine residue to the alpha chain, apparently through peptide bond linkage to a C-terminal glutamate. We have investigated whether this modification also occurs in vivo, and whether it alters the extent to which tubulin can assemble in vitro. Cytoplasmic tubulin purified from bovine brain by cycles of assembly was shown to be partially tyrosylated. Carboxypeptidase A digestion of isolated alpha chains liberated about 0.3 equivalent of tyrosine. Brief digestion of native tubulin increased the proportion of alpha chains which could be tyrosylated by ligase, from 25 to 45%. The tubulin assembled to the same extent before and after carboxypeptidase treatment. When tubulin was purified after introducing labeled tyrosine with ligase, the labeled species assembled in the same proportion as unlabeled. Thus tubulin can be incorporated into microbubules in vitro with or without C-terminal tyrosine. An apparent resolution of alpha chain into two components by hydroxylapatite chromatography was shown not to be due to the presence or absence of C-terminal tyrosine. Tubulin-tyrosine ligase was found in extracts of every rat tissue examined, but was not detected in sea urchin eggs before or after fertilization, in Tetrahymena cells or cilia, or in yeast. Cultured neuroblastoma cells fixed tyrosine into tubulin alpha chains under conditions where protein synthesis was inhibited; this in vivo fixation appeared to be into an insoluble moiety of tubulin. Incidental to these studies, a new assay utilizing an enamine substrate for carboxypeptidase was investigated.", "PMID": 558199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3419", "title": "Development of spike potentials in skeletal muscle cells differentiated in vitro from chick embryo.", "content": "The development of spike potential mechanisms during cell differentiation was studied in chick myotubes formed in vitro from trypsin-dissociated myoblasts. The spike potential and its rate of rise were measured in myotubes from 4-14 day old cultures. A depolarizing current pulse was delivered to evoke the spike potential after the steady membrane potential had been adjusted to a standard level of -80 mV in all cases. This gives the greatest maximum rate of rise of the spike potential and eliminates variation due to differences in the resting membrane potential of the myotubes. The size and maximum rate of rise of the spike potential increased significantly during the period examined. The spike potential was blocked by tetrodotoxin in almost all myotubes. These results suggest that during differentiation myotubes develop the ability to generate a spike potential due to an inward current carried by sodium ions.", "contents": "Development of spike potentials in skeletal muscle cells differentiated in vitro from chick embryo. The development of spike potential mechanisms during cell differentiation was studied in chick myotubes formed in vitro from trypsin-dissociated myoblasts. The spike potential and its rate of rise were measured in myotubes from 4-14 day old cultures. A depolarizing current pulse was delivered to evoke the spike potential after the steady membrane potential had been adjusted to a standard level of -80 mV in all cases. This gives the greatest maximum rate of rise of the spike potential and eliminates variation due to differences in the resting membrane potential of the myotubes. The size and maximum rate of rise of the spike potential increased significantly during the period examined. The spike potential was blocked by tetrodotoxin in almost all myotubes. These results suggest that during differentiation myotubes develop the ability to generate a spike potential due to an inward current carried by sodium ions.", "PMID": 558200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3420", "title": "Coordinate regulation of protein synthesis and messenger RNA content during growth arrest of suspension Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "We have found Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, cultured in suspension, are subject to growth control by serum. When suspended in medium containing 0.5% serum the cells becomes reversibly arrested in the beginning of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and can be maintained in this viable, nonproliferating state for several days. This system was used to examine the regulation of protein synthesis with growth rate. In particular, the experiments addressed the question whether mRNA content is the principal controlling factor determining the rate of protein synthesis. The rate of leucine incorporation in resting cells in low serum is 2-to 2.5-fold lower than that of cells growing in 10% serum. The steady-state number of cytoplasmic poly A (+) RNA molecules shows a proportional decrease, consistent with it being a determining factor controlling the rate of protein synthesis. Furthermore, the rate of production of poly A (+) and poly A (-) RNA appears to be regulated coordinately. Regulation of the rate of initiation of translation would result in fewer ribosomes bound per active message and/or a lower proportion of total mRNA's being active. Our measurements indicate that the fraction of cytoplasmic poly A (+) mRNA in polyribosomes and the relative degree of loading of each active poly A(+) mRNA with ribosomes is the same in resting and growing cells. Thus these cells resemble 3T6 and translational control does not appear to be an important part of the change in protein synthetic rate with teh state of growth.", "contents": "Coordinate regulation of protein synthesis and messenger RNA content during growth arrest of suspension Chinese hamster ovary cells. We have found Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, cultured in suspension, are subject to growth control by serum. When suspended in medium containing 0.5% serum the cells becomes reversibly arrested in the beginning of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and can be maintained in this viable, nonproliferating state for several days. This system was used to examine the regulation of protein synthesis with growth rate. In particular, the experiments addressed the question whether mRNA content is the principal controlling factor determining the rate of protein synthesis. The rate of leucine incorporation in resting cells in low serum is 2-to 2.5-fold lower than that of cells growing in 10% serum. The steady-state number of cytoplasmic poly A (+) RNA molecules shows a proportional decrease, consistent with it being a determining factor controlling the rate of protein synthesis. Furthermore, the rate of production of poly A (+) and poly A (-) RNA appears to be regulated coordinately. Regulation of the rate of initiation of translation would result in fewer ribosomes bound per active message and/or a lower proportion of total mRNA's being active. Our measurements indicate that the fraction of cytoplasmic poly A (+) mRNA in polyribosomes and the relative degree of loading of each active poly A(+) mRNA with ribosomes is the same in resting and growing cells. Thus these cells resemble 3T6 and translational control does not appear to be an important part of the change in protein synthetic rate with teh state of growth.", "PMID": 558201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3421", "title": "Chloride-stimulated sulfate efflux in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: evidence for 1:1 coupling.", "content": "The kinetics of Cl-SO4-(2) exchange in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated in an attempt to determine the stoichiometry of this process. When tumor cells, equilibrated in Cl--free, 25 mM SO4-(2) medium are placed in SO4-(2)-free, 25 mm Cl-medium, both the net amount and rate of Cl-uptake far exceeds SO4-(2) loss.. Addition of the anion transport inhibitor SITS (4-acetamido-4,-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) greatly reduces sulfate efflux (97%), but has no measurable effect on chloride uptake. Addition of furosemide, a Cl-transport inhibitor, reduces chloride uptake 94% but is without effect on sulfate efflux. These findings suggest that a chloride permeability pathway exists distinct from that utilized by SO4-(2). SITS, when added to furosemide treated cells, further reduces chloride uptake as well as inhibiting sulfate efflux, and under these experimental conditions, a linear relationship exists between SITS-sensitive, net chloride uptake and sulfate loss. The slope of this line is 1.05 (correlation coefficient = 0.996) which suggests the stoichiometry of Cl-SO4-(2) exchange is 1:1. Assuming a 1:1 stoichiometry, measurement of the initial chloride influx and initial sulfate efflux indicate that 92% of net chloride uptake is independent of sulfate efflux. Taken altogether, these results support the contention that the tumor cell possesses a permeability pathway which facilitates the exchange of one sulfate for one chloride. Under conditions where anion transport is not inhibited, this coupling is obscured by a second and quantitatively more important pathway for chloride uptake. This pathway is SITS-insensitive, although partially inhibited by furosemide.", "contents": "Chloride-stimulated sulfate efflux in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: evidence for 1:1 coupling. The kinetics of Cl-SO4-(2) exchange in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated in an attempt to determine the stoichiometry of this process. When tumor cells, equilibrated in Cl--free, 25 mM SO4-(2) medium are placed in SO4-(2)-free, 25 mm Cl-medium, both the net amount and rate of Cl-uptake far exceeds SO4-(2) loss.. Addition of the anion transport inhibitor SITS (4-acetamido-4,-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) greatly reduces sulfate efflux (97%), but has no measurable effect on chloride uptake. Addition of furosemide, a Cl-transport inhibitor, reduces chloride uptake 94% but is without effect on sulfate efflux. These findings suggest that a chloride permeability pathway exists distinct from that utilized by SO4-(2). SITS, when added to furosemide treated cells, further reduces chloride uptake as well as inhibiting sulfate efflux, and under these experimental conditions, a linear relationship exists between SITS-sensitive, net chloride uptake and sulfate loss. The slope of this line is 1.05 (correlation coefficient = 0.996) which suggests the stoichiometry of Cl-SO4-(2) exchange is 1:1. Assuming a 1:1 stoichiometry, measurement of the initial chloride influx and initial sulfate efflux indicate that 92% of net chloride uptake is independent of sulfate efflux. Taken altogether, these results support the contention that the tumor cell possesses a permeability pathway which facilitates the exchange of one sulfate for one chloride. Under conditions where anion transport is not inhibited, this coupling is obscured by a second and quantitatively more important pathway for chloride uptake. This pathway is SITS-insensitive, although partially inhibited by furosemide.", "PMID": 558202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3422", "title": "The effects of neuraminidase on concanavalin A agglutination of erythrocytes: evidence for adsorption of neuraminidase to erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Neuraminidase-treated human erythrocytes, but not untreated erythrocytes, were agglutinated by concanavalin A. The degree of concanavalin A agglutinability was not directly related to sialic acid removal by neuraminidase. While maximal sialic acid release was obtained with 5 units neuraminidase/2 x10(9) erythrocytes, maximal concanavalin A agglutination was only obtained after exposure to 20 units neuramindase. Binding of 3H-concanavalin A by erythrocytes was 10-fold higher with rabbit compared to human red cells. Neuraminidase treatment of human erythrocytes caused a relative increase in 3H-concanavalin binding, but the absolute amount was still 10-fold less than that bound to rabbit erythrocytes. Specific adherence of neuraminidase to Con A-Agarose could not be demonstrated. There was no evidence for contamination of the neuraminidase preparation with proteases using a sensitive assay. These studies suggest that neuraminidase absorbs to erythrocytes by a mechanism other than removal of sialic acid.", "contents": "The effects of neuraminidase on concanavalin A agglutination of erythrocytes: evidence for adsorption of neuraminidase to erythrocyte membrane. Neuraminidase-treated human erythrocytes, but not untreated erythrocytes, were agglutinated by concanavalin A. The degree of concanavalin A agglutinability was not directly related to sialic acid removal by neuraminidase. While maximal sialic acid release was obtained with 5 units neuraminidase/2 x10(9) erythrocytes, maximal concanavalin A agglutination was only obtained after exposure to 20 units neuramindase. Binding of 3H-concanavalin A by erythrocytes was 10-fold higher with rabbit compared to human red cells. Neuraminidase treatment of human erythrocytes caused a relative increase in 3H-concanavalin binding, but the absolute amount was still 10-fold less than that bound to rabbit erythrocytes. Specific adherence of neuraminidase to Con A-Agarose could not be demonstrated. There was no evidence for contamination of the neuraminidase preparation with proteases using a sensitive assay. These studies suggest that neuraminidase absorbs to erythrocytes by a mechanism other than removal of sialic acid.", "PMID": 558203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3423", "title": "Determination of various drugs in rodent diet mixtures.", "content": "Methods employing solvent extraction, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and UV spectrophotometry are described for the quantitative determination of halofenate, cyclobenzaprine and sulindac in rodent diet mixtures. Halofenate was hydrolyzed to its free acid derivative and converted to a methyl ester prior to assay. The drugs were shown to be stable when stored in food mixtures at room temperature for seven days. Diet mixtures containing the three drugs were demonstrated to be uniformly mixed by the procedure employed.", "contents": "Determination of various drugs in rodent diet mixtures. Methods employing solvent extraction, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and UV spectrophotometry are described for the quantitative determination of halofenate, cyclobenzaprine and sulindac in rodent diet mixtures. Halofenate was hydrolyzed to its free acid derivative and converted to a methyl ester prior to assay. The drugs were shown to be stable when stored in food mixtures at room temperature for seven days. Diet mixtures containing the three drugs were demonstrated to be uniformly mixed by the procedure employed.", "PMID": 558222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3424", "title": "Pituitary and plasma lipotropins: demonstration of the artificial nature of betaMSH.", "content": "Evidence has been presented by others that betaMSH immunoreactivity in human plasma is due to beta and gamma lipotropin rather than betaMSH. We have studied this question in normal subjects utilizing a sensitive human betaMSH radioimmunoassay capable of quantifying betaMSH in unextracted plasma with a sensitivity of 7.5 pg/ml. Purified human beta lipotropin cross-reacted 30% on a molar basis with synthetic human betaMSH in this assay. ACTH related peptides showed less than 0.1% cross-reactivity. Normal values at 0800 h were 19.6+/-2.4 pg/ml and suppressed to 9.3+/-1.3 pg/mol following dexamethasone. Metyrapone increased 0800 h values to 379.6+/-89.9 pg/ml. Chromatographic studies on Sephadex G-50 demonstrated no betaMSH per se in human pituitaries, plasma from metyrapone treated normals, patients with Cushing's disease. Nelson's syndrome, or Addison's disease. betaMSH immunoreactivity showed the elution pattern of beta lipotropin.", "contents": "Pituitary and plasma lipotropins: demonstration of the artificial nature of betaMSH. Evidence has been presented by others that betaMSH immunoreactivity in human plasma is due to beta and gamma lipotropin rather than betaMSH. We have studied this question in normal subjects utilizing a sensitive human betaMSH radioimmunoassay capable of quantifying betaMSH in unextracted plasma with a sensitivity of 7.5 pg/ml. Purified human beta lipotropin cross-reacted 30% on a molar basis with synthetic human betaMSH in this assay. ACTH related peptides showed less than 0.1% cross-reactivity. Normal values at 0800 h were 19.6+/-2.4 pg/ml and suppressed to 9.3+/-1.3 pg/mol following dexamethasone. Metyrapone increased 0800 h values to 379.6+/-89.9 pg/ml. Chromatographic studies on Sephadex G-50 demonstrated no betaMSH per se in human pituitaries, plasma from metyrapone treated normals, patients with Cushing's disease. Nelson's syndrome, or Addison's disease. betaMSH immunoreactivity showed the elution pattern of beta lipotropin.", "PMID": 558223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3425", "title": "Heterogeneity of circulating C-peptide.", "content": "Serum C-peptide levels vary when measured with different immunoassay systems. In order to assess the factors contributing to this finding, serum C-peptide was measured in two assays utilizing different antisera, but the same standards and labeled peptide. The antisera were characterized with synthetic C-peptide fragments and their reactivities towards some of these fragments differed. The results of dilution and recovery tests and stability of the C-peptide during storage showed differences between the two assays. Gel filtration experiments indicated heterogeneity within the major C-peptide peak, and, in addition, a smaller peak of lower molecular weight material was present in some sera. Although degradation of serum C-peptide may occur during storage or with freezing and thawing, fragments of C-peptide may also be secreted or arise during in vivo metabolism.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of circulating C-peptide. Serum C-peptide levels vary when measured with different immunoassay systems. In order to assess the factors contributing to this finding, serum C-peptide was measured in two assays utilizing different antisera, but the same standards and labeled peptide. The antisera were characterized with synthetic C-peptide fragments and their reactivities towards some of these fragments differed. The results of dilution and recovery tests and stability of the C-peptide during storage showed differences between the two assays. Gel filtration experiments indicated heterogeneity within the major C-peptide peak, and, in addition, a smaller peak of lower molecular weight material was present in some sera. Although degradation of serum C-peptide may occur during storage or with freezing and thawing, fragments of C-peptide may also be secreted or arise during in vivo metabolism.", "PMID": 558224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3426", "title": "Serum prolactin levels during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Serum prolactin has been measured in blood samples collected daily during 51 menstrual cycles using an homologous human radioimmunoassay for 17 cycles and an homologous ovine radioimmunoassay for 34 cycles. There was a progressive and significant increase in serum prolactin during the late follicular phase, with a maximal value concomitant to the LH peak. Serum prolactin levels were also significantly higher during the luteal phase than during early follicular phase. In some 70% of the individual cycles, the highest serum prolactin level was found at mid-cycle. Similar patterns were obtained with both radioimmunoassays. However, when using the same laboratory serum standard, the average serum prolactin level calculated for the entire cycle was 1.6 times higher with the homologous ovine assay than with the homologous human assay. The overall pattern of serum prolactin during the menstrual cycle resembles that reported for circulating 17beta-estradiol.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels during the menstrual cycle. Serum prolactin has been measured in blood samples collected daily during 51 menstrual cycles using an homologous human radioimmunoassay for 17 cycles and an homologous ovine radioimmunoassay for 34 cycles. There was a progressive and significant increase in serum prolactin during the late follicular phase, with a maximal value concomitant to the LH peak. Serum prolactin levels were also significantly higher during the luteal phase than during early follicular phase. In some 70% of the individual cycles, the highest serum prolactin level was found at mid-cycle. Similar patterns were obtained with both radioimmunoassays. However, when using the same laboratory serum standard, the average serum prolactin level calculated for the entire cycle was 1.6 times higher with the homologous ovine assay than with the homologous human assay. The overall pattern of serum prolactin during the menstrual cycle resembles that reported for circulating 17beta-estradiol.", "PMID": 558225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3427", "title": "Display reinforcement in the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens: aggressive motivation or curiosity?", "content": "Fish were tested in a runway T-maze apparatus. The experiments compared performance (measured by swimming speed and percent choice correct) to a variety of stimuli in the goal box. The stimulus that evoked the most vigorous aggressive display (a live conspecific) supported the highest level of performance; a stimulus that evoked no display (a marble) failed to sustain operant behavior. Stimuli that induced some aggression, but also some escape (live nondisplaying fish), supported performance at reduced levels. These results implicate aggression and not curiosity as the primary motivating factor. They also show that the responsiveness of the stimulus is a critical aspect of reinforcement and that the level of performance is determined by escape tendencies as well as aggression. It is proposed that failure of a stimulus to provide appropriate feedback constitutes an aversive event.", "contents": "Display reinforcement in the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens: aggressive motivation or curiosity? Fish were tested in a runway T-maze apparatus. The experiments compared performance (measured by swimming speed and percent choice correct) to a variety of stimuli in the goal box. The stimulus that evoked the most vigorous aggressive display (a live conspecific) supported the highest level of performance; a stimulus that evoked no display (a marble) failed to sustain operant behavior. Stimuli that induced some aggression, but also some escape (live nondisplaying fish), supported performance at reduced levels. These results implicate aggression and not curiosity as the primary motivating factor. They also show that the responsiveness of the stimulus is a critical aspect of reinforcement and that the level of performance is determined by escape tendencies as well as aggression. It is proposed that failure of a stimulus to provide appropriate feedback constitutes an aversive event.", "PMID": 558228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3428", "title": "Mouse aggression and the intruder-familiarity effect: evidence for multiple-factor determination c57bl.", "content": "Male house mice attack their familiar cagemates less than novel intruders-an effect often attributed to habituation of aggression toward odors emanating from the cagemate. This interpretation is overly simplistic in that the effects of familiarizing preexposure depend additionally upon two factors. One factor is the aggression-inhibiting odors emanating from the test male that are deposited onto the cagemate by cohabitation. Supporting evidence is that attack inhibition to the cagemate failed to generalize to noncohabiting same-strain intruders and that eliminating physical contact between subject and cagemate during preexposure prevented the usual postexposure decline in aggression. The second factor is nonolfactory social stimuli emanating from the cagemate during aggressive encounters. The same intruder odors that elicited aggression when placed on a socially active mouse elicited only investigation when placed on models. When subjects were preexposed to an intruder's odor while prevented from socially interacting with the intruder, this investigation subsequently declined while aggression paradoxically increased.", "contents": "Mouse aggression and the intruder-familiarity effect: evidence for multiple-factor determination c57bl. Male house mice attack their familiar cagemates less than novel intruders-an effect often attributed to habituation of aggression toward odors emanating from the cagemate. This interpretation is overly simplistic in that the effects of familiarizing preexposure depend additionally upon two factors. One factor is the aggression-inhibiting odors emanating from the test male that are deposited onto the cagemate by cohabitation. Supporting evidence is that attack inhibition to the cagemate failed to generalize to noncohabiting same-strain intruders and that eliminating physical contact between subject and cagemate during preexposure prevented the usual postexposure decline in aggression. The second factor is nonolfactory social stimuli emanating from the cagemate during aggressive encounters. The same intruder odors that elicited aggression when placed on a socially active mouse elicited only investigation when placed on models. When subjects were preexposed to an intruder's odor while prevented from socially interacting with the intruder, this investigation subsequently declined while aggression paradoxically increased.", "PMID": 558229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3429", "title": "Maternal age and male behavior in relation to successful reproduction by female rats (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "This research demonstrated that multiple ejaculatory series may be critically important for successful reproduction by multiparous old females near the end of their active reproductive lives. Multiple series were essential for successful pregnancy, apparently because more than one series was necessary to induce functional luteal activity. Thus, (a) females receiving just one series failed to show the cessation of regular estrous cycles which characteristically follows induction of a functional luteal phase; (b) direct measurement of plasma progestins by radioimmunoassay revealed that only those females receiving more than one series had circulating levels significantly higher than unmated, normally cycling controls; and (c) administration of exogenous progesterone increased significantly the incidence of successful pregnancy among females allowed to mate through only one series. In addition to facilitating the occurrence of pregnancy, multiple series also increased both the number of eggs released at ovulation and the number of embryos present and developing 12 days later. It is concluded that multiple series may function as a behavioral mechanism for prolonging the female's active reproductive life.", "contents": "Maternal age and male behavior in relation to successful reproduction by female rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research demonstrated that multiple ejaculatory series may be critically important for successful reproduction by multiparous old females near the end of their active reproductive lives. Multiple series were essential for successful pregnancy, apparently because more than one series was necessary to induce functional luteal activity. Thus, (a) females receiving just one series failed to show the cessation of regular estrous cycles which characteristically follows induction of a functional luteal phase; (b) direct measurement of plasma progestins by radioimmunoassay revealed that only those females receiving more than one series had circulating levels significantly higher than unmated, normally cycling controls; and (c) administration of exogenous progesterone increased significantly the incidence of successful pregnancy among females allowed to mate through only one series. In addition to facilitating the occurrence of pregnancy, multiple series also increased both the number of eggs released at ovulation and the number of embryos present and developing 12 days later. It is concluded that multiple series may function as a behavioral mechanism for prolonging the female's active reproductive life.", "PMID": 558230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3430", "title": "Suppression of VMH-lesion-induced reactivity and aggressiveness in the rat by stimulation of lateral septum, but not medial septum or cingulate cortex.", "content": "Animals made vicious with bilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions had bipolar electrodes implanted unilaterally in the lateral septum, medial septum, or cingulate cortex. Four days later, the animals' reactivity and aggressiveness were evaluated 5 min before, during, and 5 min after stimulation at 20 micronA (60 Hz, sine wave). Lateral septal stimulation suppressed reactivity and aggressiveness by almost 80% compared with pre- and poststimulation levels. Stimulation of neither the cingulate cortex nor the medial septum produced a change reliably different from that seen in unstimulated control animals. Further tests with stimulation of the lateral septum at the 20-micronA level showed that neither rewarding self-stimulation nor disruption of ongoing water drinking was produced. These results are congruent with evidence from lesion studies that the lateral septum normally acts to suppress reactivity and aggressiveness in the rat; they do not support previous suggestions that the medial septum is involved in the modulation of these behaviors.", "contents": "Suppression of VMH-lesion-induced reactivity and aggressiveness in the rat by stimulation of lateral septum, but not medial septum or cingulate cortex. Animals made vicious with bilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions had bipolar electrodes implanted unilaterally in the lateral septum, medial septum, or cingulate cortex. Four days later, the animals' reactivity and aggressiveness were evaluated 5 min before, during, and 5 min after stimulation at 20 micronA (60 Hz, sine wave). Lateral septal stimulation suppressed reactivity and aggressiveness by almost 80% compared with pre- and poststimulation levels. Stimulation of neither the cingulate cortex nor the medial septum produced a change reliably different from that seen in unstimulated control animals. Further tests with stimulation of the lateral septum at the 20-micronA level showed that neither rewarding self-stimulation nor disruption of ongoing water drinking was produced. These results are congruent with evidence from lesion studies that the lateral septum normally acts to suppress reactivity and aggressiveness in the rat; they do not support previous suggestions that the medial septum is involved in the modulation of these behaviors.", "PMID": 558231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3431", "title": "Effects of olfactory bulbectomy on social behavior of male guinea pigs (Cavia procellus).", "content": "Effects of olfactory bulbectomy on social behavior in male guinea pigs were studied. Both brief-exposure pairing techniques and a group-living observation period were employed to test for disruption. During short-term testing sessions bulbectomized animals courted females less than but mounted them as frequently as control subjects. While the groups did not differ in fighting behavior during short-term tests, control subjects scent-marked more frequently. Subsequently, animals were observed as same-treatment pairs living continuously with females, and behavior was sampled over a 3-wk period. Under these conditions bulbectomized males, unlike controls, failed to form dominance orders, exhibited virtually no intermale aggressive activity, had markedly depressed sexual activity, and scent-marked rarely. It is concluded that olfactory bulbectomy profoundly alters the behavior of male domestic guinea pigs and that hose alterations are most evident when experimental subjects are observed in a species-typical group-living environment.", "contents": "Effects of olfactory bulbectomy on social behavior of male guinea pigs (Cavia procellus). Effects of olfactory bulbectomy on social behavior in male guinea pigs were studied. Both brief-exposure pairing techniques and a group-living observation period were employed to test for disruption. During short-term testing sessions bulbectomized animals courted females less than but mounted them as frequently as control subjects. While the groups did not differ in fighting behavior during short-term tests, control subjects scent-marked more frequently. Subsequently, animals were observed as same-treatment pairs living continuously with females, and behavior was sampled over a 3-wk period. Under these conditions bulbectomized males, unlike controls, failed to form dominance orders, exhibited virtually no intermale aggressive activity, had markedly depressed sexual activity, and scent-marked rarely. It is concluded that olfactory bulbectomy profoundly alters the behavior of male domestic guinea pigs and that hose alterations are most evident when experimental subjects are observed in a species-typical group-living environment.", "PMID": 558232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3432", "title": "Somatic and autonomic indexes of recovery from electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia in rats.", "content": "Autonomic response indexes of experimental amnesia have recently been found to have higher electroconvulsive shock (ECS) intensity thresholds and steeper retrograde gradients than have traditional somatic indexes. The present studies examined the hypothesis that recovery from somatically indexed experimental amnesia depends upon the existence of autonomically available residual memory. In a between-subjects design, a 200-mA ECS was used to produce amnesia for a tone-footshock pairing as indicated by lick suppression, defection, and bradycardia. The next day, these amnesic animals received a reminder footshock outside of the training apparatus, which was found to restore memory on a test trial 24 hr later. The behavior of control groups indicated that this reminder effect was due to the restoration of specific memory rather than systemic consequences of treatment. With a within-subjects design, a second experiment obtained a reminder effect in animals individually shown to be \"fully\" amnesic by all three response indexes monitored. A third experiment varied the intensity of the reminder footshock and revealed that the different memory indexes examined do not have reminder-footshock thresholds inversely related to their initial resistance to amnesia. The results support a retrieval-failure view of experimental amnesia and suggest that the same fundamental physiological processes underlie both autonomically indexed memory and somatically indexed memory.", "contents": "Somatic and autonomic indexes of recovery from electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia in rats. Autonomic response indexes of experimental amnesia have recently been found to have higher electroconvulsive shock (ECS) intensity thresholds and steeper retrograde gradients than have traditional somatic indexes. The present studies examined the hypothesis that recovery from somatically indexed experimental amnesia depends upon the existence of autonomically available residual memory. In a between-subjects design, a 200-mA ECS was used to produce amnesia for a tone-footshock pairing as indicated by lick suppression, defection, and bradycardia. The next day, these amnesic animals received a reminder footshock outside of the training apparatus, which was found to restore memory on a test trial 24 hr later. The behavior of control groups indicated that this reminder effect was due to the restoration of specific memory rather than systemic consequences of treatment. With a within-subjects design, a second experiment obtained a reminder effect in animals individually shown to be \"fully\" amnesic by all three response indexes monitored. A third experiment varied the intensity of the reminder footshock and revealed that the different memory indexes examined do not have reminder-footshock thresholds inversely related to their initial resistance to amnesia. The results support a retrieval-failure view of experimental amnesia and suggest that the same fundamental physiological processes underlie both autonomically indexed memory and somatically indexed memory.", "PMID": 558233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3433", "title": "Studies on milk yield and composition of the West African dwarf goat in Nigeria.", "content": "Six adult West African dwarf does, about 2 1/2 years old and weighing from 24 to 29 kg, were kept for 18 weeks/lactation, and for 2 lactation periods in all. During these periods the does were hand-milked twice daily and the daily samples were bulked for each animal for subsequent analysis. Milk yields for the period were low. Colostrum was characterized by a high content of total solids of 19-2%, fat 8-3%, total protein 5-1% and a gross energy of 517 kJ/100 g milk, but a low lactose content of 4-9%. The composition tended to approach that of mature goat milk between the second and third d after parturition. The mature goat's milk contained higher mean percentages of fat (6-9) and lactose (6-3) than any temperate breeds of goats and indigenous dairy cattle, but their protein (3-9%) and total ash (0-8%) contents were comparable with any temperate breeds of goats. The percentage protein, lactose, fat and total solids declined slightly with advance in lactation and there was a steady fall in milk yield which was statistically significant (P less than 0-01).", "contents": "Studies on milk yield and composition of the West African dwarf goat in Nigeria. Six adult West African dwarf does, about 2 1/2 years old and weighing from 24 to 29 kg, were kept for 18 weeks/lactation, and for 2 lactation periods in all. During these periods the does were hand-milked twice daily and the daily samples were bulked for each animal for subsequent analysis. Milk yields for the period were low. Colostrum was characterized by a high content of total solids of 19-2%, fat 8-3%, total protein 5-1% and a gross energy of 517 kJ/100 g milk, but a low lactose content of 4-9%. The composition tended to approach that of mature goat milk between the second and third d after parturition. The mature goat's milk contained higher mean percentages of fat (6-9) and lactose (6-3) than any temperate breeds of goats and indigenous dairy cattle, but their protein (3-9%) and total ash (0-8%) contents were comparable with any temperate breeds of goats. The percentage protein, lactose, fat and total solids declined slightly with advance in lactation and there was a steady fall in milk yield which was statistically significant (P less than 0-01).", "PMID": 558234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3434", "title": "Psychologic and behavioral assessment of geriatric patients: a review.", "content": "A review of the literature and a study conducted at a state hospital indicated that valid psychologic test results on geriatric patients are often difficult to obtain. Reasons most frequently offered by psychometricians for inconclusive or incomplete findings were the patient's uncooperativeness, unavailability, or severity of physical/mental dysfunction. A need was apparent for alternate assessment instruments for measuring current and potential levels of functioning in the elderly. In the investigation, attention was focused on the following areas: 1) studies in which the more traditional measurements were used, 2) articles stressing the need for caution in using the traditional techniques, and 3) studies in which behavioral rating scales and checklists were used as the evaluative devices. A large number of checklists and behavioral rating scales were found to be relevant and applicable to an institutional setting. Five were selected and are reviewed in depth.", "contents": "Psychologic and behavioral assessment of geriatric patients: a review. A review of the literature and a study conducted at a state hospital indicated that valid psychologic test results on geriatric patients are often difficult to obtain. Reasons most frequently offered by psychometricians for inconclusive or incomplete findings were the patient's uncooperativeness, unavailability, or severity of physical/mental dysfunction. A need was apparent for alternate assessment instruments for measuring current and potential levels of functioning in the elderly. In the investigation, attention was focused on the following areas: 1) studies in which the more traditional measurements were used, 2) articles stressing the need for caution in using the traditional techniques, and 3) studies in which behavioral rating scales and checklists were used as the evaluative devices. A large number of checklists and behavioral rating scales were found to be relevant and applicable to an institutional setting. Five were selected and are reviewed in depth.", "PMID": 558241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3435", "title": "[Unsaponifiable fractions of the avocado and soy bean in gyneocology].", "content": "The experimental work of Robert on the action of the unsaponifiable fractions of the avocado pear and soya bean on inflammatory granulomata of the rat gives rise to the supposition that these have a selective action on inflamed connective tissue by a process of katabolism of collagen through proteolytic enzymes. We have used this anti-inflammatory and collagenolytic action in gynaecology, with favourable results particularly in post-inflammatory and post-infective conditions as well as scarring in the pelvis. The decongesting action of the unsaponifiables of the avocado pear and the soya bean seems also to have a role to play in cellular tissue reactions in the pelvis after cobalt therapy, and in recent retractile scars and in breast inflammations, as well as to prevent scar reactions after operations. Since treatment has to be for a long time and well tolerated, the blood lipids should be estimated as a safety measure. If this is done the unsaponifiables seem to  have a place in the treatment of inflammatory conditions in gynaecology.", "contents": "[Unsaponifiable fractions of the avocado and soy bean in gyneocology]. The experimental work of Robert on the action of the unsaponifiable fractions of the avocado pear and soya bean on inflammatory granulomata of the rat gives rise to the supposition that these have a selective action on inflamed connective tissue by a process of katabolism of collagen through proteolytic enzymes. We have used this anti-inflammatory and collagenolytic action in gynaecology, with favourable results particularly in post-inflammatory and post-infective conditions as well as scarring in the pelvis. The decongesting action of the unsaponifiables of the avocado pear and the soya bean seems also to have a role to play in cellular tissue reactions in the pelvis after cobalt therapy, and in recent retractile scars and in breast inflammations, as well as to prevent scar reactions after operations. Since treatment has to be for a long time and well tolerated, the blood lipids should be estimated as a safety measure. If this is done the unsaponifiables seem to  have a place in the treatment of inflammatory conditions in gynaecology.", "PMID": 558245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3436", "title": "On the origin of urinary fibrin-fibrinogen-related antigen in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A model of antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis in the rat was used to elucidate the origin of urinary fibrin-fibrinogen-related antigen (FRA). The intrarenal distribution and excretion of 125I-rat fibrinogen was examined to determine whether there was increased filtration of bibrinogen or fibrin degradation products (FDP) or lysis of intraglomerular fibrin. 125I-protein appeared in the urine immediately after injection of 125I-fibrinogen and fell in parallel with the fall in plasma 125I-fibrinogen. Renal retention of 125I-fibrin averaged less than 0.2 percent of the administered dose of 125I-fibrinogen. The infusion of epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) had no significant effect on either FRA excretion or 125I-protein excretion. Plasma FDP levels and the elution patteren of 125I-protein from the urine were not significantly changed by EACA infusion. These observations support the view that ruinary FRA excretion in glomerulonephritis is derived predominantly from increased filtration of plasma fibrinogen rather than from breakdown of intraglomerular fibrin.", "contents": "On the origin of urinary fibrin-fibrinogen-related antigen in glomerulonephritis. A model of antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis in the rat was used to elucidate the origin of urinary fibrin-fibrinogen-related antigen (FRA). The intrarenal distribution and excretion of 125I-rat fibrinogen was examined to determine whether there was increased filtration of bibrinogen or fibrin degradation products (FDP) or lysis of intraglomerular fibrin. 125I-protein appeared in the urine immediately after injection of 125I-fibrinogen and fell in parallel with the fall in plasma 125I-fibrinogen. Renal retention of 125I-fibrin averaged less than 0.2 percent of the administered dose of 125I-fibrinogen. The infusion of epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) had no significant effect on either FRA excretion or 125I-protein excretion. Plasma FDP levels and the elution patteren of 125I-protein from the urine were not significantly changed by EACA infusion. These observations support the view that ruinary FRA excretion in glomerulonephritis is derived predominantly from increased filtration of plasma fibrinogen rather than from breakdown of intraglomerular fibrin.", "PMID": 558266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3437", "title": "Simultaneous infusion of prostaglandin E2 antagonizes the luteolytic action of prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo.", "content": "Corpora lutea of ewes bearing ovarian autotransplants were infused for 4 h with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) (10 microng/h), PGF2alpha+PGE2 (10microng/h of each), PGE2 (10 microng/h) or saline on day 10 of the cycle. Ovarian venous blood obtained before, during, and up to 12 h after the infusion period, was assayed for progesterone. Prostaglandin F2alpha produced an immediate, rapid and sustained decline in progesterone secretion, but infusion of PGE2 together with PGF2alpha prevented the decline until after the infusion. Progesterone secretion was unaffected by infusion of PGE2 alone. Oestrous behaviour was observed in four out of seven animals infused with PGF2alpha but in only one out of six infused with PGF2Alpha+PGE2. None of the animals infused with PGE2 alone or saline only came into heat.", "contents": "Simultaneous infusion of prostaglandin E2 antagonizes the luteolytic action of prostaglandin F2alpha in vivo. Corpora lutea of ewes bearing ovarian autotransplants were infused for 4 h with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) (10 microng/h), PGF2alpha+PGE2 (10microng/h of each), PGE2 (10 microng/h) or saline on day 10 of the cycle. Ovarian venous blood obtained before, during, and up to 12 h after the infusion period, was assayed for progesterone. Prostaglandin F2alpha produced an immediate, rapid and sustained decline in progesterone secretion, but infusion of PGE2 together with PGF2alpha prevented the decline until after the infusion. Progesterone secretion was unaffected by infusion of PGE2 alone. Oestrous behaviour was observed in four out of seven animals infused with PGF2alpha but in only one out of six infused with PGF2Alpha+PGE2. None of the animals infused with PGE2 alone or saline only came into heat.", "PMID": 558267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3438", "title": "Exogenous progesterone: influence on ovulation and hormone levels in the cyclic hamster.", "content": "The oestrous cycle of the hamster is lengthened by 2 to 3 days when 2-5 or 5-0 mg progesterone are injected on day 1 of the cycle (day of ovulation). Antral follicles develop on day 2 but their growth is significantly retarded in progesterone-treated hamsters. Administration of progesterone is followed within 6 h by an abrupt decline in serum FSH and LH concentration but by day 3 the level of FSH is higher than normal. Serum LH is slower to recover in hamsters receiving 5 mg progesterone but normal levels are also restored by days 3 or 4. Increased serum levels of progesterone are maintained until days 3-5 in animals injected with progesterone. Despite the presence of antral follicles on day 2 and the fairly prompt restoration of normal levels of gonadotrophins, the serum concentration of oestradiol is suppressed for several days in the progesterone-treated hamster. This suggests that progesterone, in addition to affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system, may also directly inhibit oestrogen secretion by the antral follicles.", "contents": "Exogenous progesterone: influence on ovulation and hormone levels in the cyclic hamster. The oestrous cycle of the hamster is lengthened by 2 to 3 days when 2-5 or 5-0 mg progesterone are injected on day 1 of the cycle (day of ovulation). Antral follicles develop on day 2 but their growth is significantly retarded in progesterone-treated hamsters. Administration of progesterone is followed within 6 h by an abrupt decline in serum FSH and LH concentration but by day 3 the level of FSH is higher than normal. Serum LH is slower to recover in hamsters receiving 5 mg progesterone but normal levels are also restored by days 3 or 4. Increased serum levels of progesterone are maintained until days 3-5 in animals injected with progesterone. Despite the presence of antral follicles on day 2 and the fairly prompt restoration of normal levels of gonadotrophins, the serum concentration of oestradiol is suppressed for several days in the progesterone-treated hamster. This suggests that progesterone, in addition to affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system, may also directly inhibit oestrogen secretion by the antral follicles.", "PMID": 558270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3439", "title": "Glycosyltransferase and UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase activities in the endometrium during oestrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "UDP-galactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase, CMP-sialic acid: glycoprotein sialyltransferase and UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase activities were measured in the endometrium of rat uteri during the oestrous cycle. The galactosyltransferase activity started to increase at dioestrus and reached a maximum on the afternoon of pro-estrus. The UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase activity changed in a direction opposite to that of galactosyltransferase. The sialyltransferase activity was low during metoestrus and dioestrus, but began to rise on the morning of pro-oestrus, reaching a peak on the morning of oestrus. Previously, we have shown that oestradiol administration stimulated galactosyl- and sialyltransferase and inhibited pyrophosphatase activities several-fold in the endometrium of ovariectomized rats. Progesterone prevented the oestradiol effect on the enzymes. The changes in glycosyltransferase and pyrophosphatase activities during the oestrous cycle possibly bear a direct relationship to the ovarian hormones in the rat during the normal oestrous cycle. This relationship will then be conducive to increased synthesis of glycopolymers during ovulation. Furthermore, the lag of 18 h for a maximal rise of sialyltransferase following that of galactosyltransferase is consistent with the normal sequence of glycosylation that occurs in glycoprotein secretion.", "contents": "Glycosyltransferase and UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase activities in the endometrium during oestrous cycle of the rat. UDP-galactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase, CMP-sialic acid: glycoprotein sialyltransferase and UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase activities were measured in the endometrium of rat uteri during the oestrous cycle. The galactosyltransferase activity started to increase at dioestrus and reached a maximum on the afternoon of pro-estrus. The UDP-galactose pyrophosphatase activity changed in a direction opposite to that of galactosyltransferase. The sialyltransferase activity was low during metoestrus and dioestrus, but began to rise on the morning of pro-oestrus, reaching a peak on the morning of oestrus. Previously, we have shown that oestradiol administration stimulated galactosyl- and sialyltransferase and inhibited pyrophosphatase activities several-fold in the endometrium of ovariectomized rats. Progesterone prevented the oestradiol effect on the enzymes. The changes in glycosyltransferase and pyrophosphatase activities during the oestrous cycle possibly bear a direct relationship to the ovarian hormones in the rat during the normal oestrous cycle. This relationship will then be conducive to increased synthesis of glycopolymers during ovulation. Furthermore, the lag of 18 h for a maximal rise of sialyltransferase following that of galactosyltransferase is consistent with the normal sequence of glycosylation that occurs in glycoprotein secretion.", "PMID": 558272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3440", "title": "A possible interrelationship between gonadotrophin stimulation and prostaglandin F2alpha inhibition of steroidogenesis by granulosa-luteal cells in vitro.", "content": "The newly formed corpus luteum of many species is refractory to the lytic action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). This phenomenon was studied utilizing porcine, bovine and human granulosa-luteal cells in tissue culture. The steroidogenic potential of the granulosa-luteal cells was critical in determining whether PGF2alpha could inhibit progesterone production. Since the steroidogenic potential of the granulosa-luteal cell is related to the amount of LH bound to the cell, the bound LH may protect the granulosa-luteal cells from the lytic action of PGF2alpha. Finally, a 'see-saw' type of interaction between LH and PGF2alpha is postulated to account for the resistance of the newly formed corpus luteum to PGF2alpha.", "contents": "A possible interrelationship between gonadotrophin stimulation and prostaglandin F2alpha inhibition of steroidogenesis by granulosa-luteal cells in vitro. The newly formed corpus luteum of many species is refractory to the lytic action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). This phenomenon was studied utilizing porcine, bovine and human granulosa-luteal cells in tissue culture. The steroidogenic potential of the granulosa-luteal cells was critical in determining whether PGF2alpha could inhibit progesterone production. Since the steroidogenic potential of the granulosa-luteal cell is related to the amount of LH bound to the cell, the bound LH may protect the granulosa-luteal cells from the lytic action of PGF2alpha. Finally, a 'see-saw' type of interaction between LH and PGF2alpha is postulated to account for the resistance of the newly formed corpus luteum to PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 558273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3441", "title": "Hormone receptor levels and hormone, RNA and protein metabolism in the genital tract during the oestrous cycle of the ewe.", "content": "The concentrations of soluble oestradiol and progesterone receptor proteins and several metabolic activities were measured in the genital tracts of ewes killed on Days 0 (oestrus), 2, 5, 10 or 14 of the oestrous cycle. In caruncular endometrium and in whole uterus the concentrations of oestradiol receptor (pmol steroid bound/mg tissue DNA) were highest at oestrus and declined steadily thereafter to minimal values at Day 14. The concentrations of progesterone receptor were highest on Days 0-5, then declined to low levels on Day 10-14. There was little metabolism of either [3H]oestradiol or [3H]progesterone in minces of whole uterus and with either steroid the pattern of metabolism did not change at any stage of the cycle. The in-vivo rates of synthesis of protein in caruncular endometrium and in isthmic oviduct were highest at or shortly after oestrus (Days 0-2), then declined to low levels on Days 10-14. RNA:DNA ratios in these two tissues were also greatest at oestrus and subsequently fell to minimal values by Day 14. The results are discussed in relation to ovarian secretion of oestradiol and progesterone during the oestrous cycle of the ewe.", "contents": "Hormone receptor levels and hormone, RNA and protein metabolism in the genital tract during the oestrous cycle of the ewe. The concentrations of soluble oestradiol and progesterone receptor proteins and several metabolic activities were measured in the genital tracts of ewes killed on Days 0 (oestrus), 2, 5, 10 or 14 of the oestrous cycle. In caruncular endometrium and in whole uterus the concentrations of oestradiol receptor (pmol steroid bound/mg tissue DNA) were highest at oestrus and declined steadily thereafter to minimal values at Day 14. The concentrations of progesterone receptor were highest on Days 0-5, then declined to low levels on Day 10-14. There was little metabolism of either [3H]oestradiol or [3H]progesterone in minces of whole uterus and with either steroid the pattern of metabolism did not change at any stage of the cycle. The in-vivo rates of synthesis of protein in caruncular endometrium and in isthmic oviduct were highest at or shortly after oestrus (Days 0-2), then declined to low levels on Days 10-14. RNA:DNA ratios in these two tissues were also greatest at oestrus and subsequently fell to minimal values by Day 14. The results are discussed in relation to ovarian secretion of oestradiol and progesterone during the oestrous cycle of the ewe.", "PMID": 558274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3442", "title": "A method for enucleating oocytes of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "A method is described for the enucleation and complete healing of Xenopus oocytes so that the enucleated oocytes withstand multiple injections and culture for several days. The oocytes are defolliculated and enucleated manually and allowed to heal in a potassium phosphate buffer. Oocytes enucleated in this way support RNA synthesis by injected HeLa-cell nuclei 3 days later. This method is valuable in providing a low-background system in which transcription of injected nuclei can be studied.", "contents": "A method for enucleating oocytes of Xenopus laevis. A method is described for the enucleation and complete healing of Xenopus oocytes so that the enucleated oocytes withstand multiple injections and culture for several days. The oocytes are defolliculated and enucleated manually and allowed to heal in a potassium phosphate buffer. Oocytes enucleated in this way support RNA synthesis by injected HeLa-cell nuclei 3 days later. This method is valuable in providing a low-background system in which transcription of injected nuclei can be studied.", "PMID": 558275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3443", "title": "The effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on collagen synthesis by mouse molar tooth germs in organ culture.", "content": "Second molar tooth germs from 2-day-old Swiss-Webster mice, grown in organ culture for 7 days in ascorbic-acid-deficient medium, synthesized about 65% as much protein (measured by incorporation of [14C]proline during a 24-h pulse) as did ascorbic-acid-supplemented controls. The newly synthesized proteins from ascorbic-acid-deficient cultures contained only about 7% of the hydroxyproline content of the controls. Collagenase digestion of the newly synthesized proteins showed that collagen comprised the same fraction of the total protein synthesized under both culture conditions. This result indicates that the ascorbate-deficient cultures made significant quantities of underhydroxylated collagen. Partial characterization of the collagen alpha chains on carboxymethyl cellulose columns showed an alpha1/alpha2 ratio of about 5, suggesting that at least two different species of collagen were synthesized. The alpha1/alpha2 ratio of the chains recovered from the ascorbate-deficient cultures was also about 5 but the chains were slightly underhydroxylated and the total amount of these chains which could be identified accounted for only a small fraction of the total collagen which was synthesized. A large fraction of the synthesized collagenous protein was found in the culture medium, mostly in the form of lower molecular weight peptides. It is concluded that most of the collagen which is synthesized by ascorbate-deficient tooth-bud cultures is not utilized by the component tissues, but is probably degraded and released into the medium.", "contents": "The effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on collagen synthesis by mouse molar tooth germs in organ culture. Second molar tooth germs from 2-day-old Swiss-Webster mice, grown in organ culture for 7 days in ascorbic-acid-deficient medium, synthesized about 65% as much protein (measured by incorporation of [14C]proline during a 24-h pulse) as did ascorbic-acid-supplemented controls. The newly synthesized proteins from ascorbic-acid-deficient cultures contained only about 7% of the hydroxyproline content of the controls. Collagenase digestion of the newly synthesized proteins showed that collagen comprised the same fraction of the total protein synthesized under both culture conditions. This result indicates that the ascorbate-deficient cultures made significant quantities of underhydroxylated collagen. Partial characterization of the collagen alpha chains on carboxymethyl cellulose columns showed an alpha1/alpha2 ratio of about 5, suggesting that at least two different species of collagen were synthesized. The alpha1/alpha2 ratio of the chains recovered from the ascorbate-deficient cultures was also about 5 but the chains were slightly underhydroxylated and the total amount of these chains which could be identified accounted for only a small fraction of the total collagen which was synthesized. A large fraction of the synthesized collagenous protein was found in the culture medium, mostly in the form of lower molecular weight peptides. It is concluded that most of the collagen which is synthesized by ascorbate-deficient tooth-bud cultures is not utilized by the component tissues, but is probably degraded and released into the medium.", "PMID": 558276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3444", "title": "Effects of extremely low osmolarity on fertilized mouse eggs.", "content": "When fertilized one-cell eggs are subjected to distilled water treatment for 2-6 min, cytoplasm bulges through the sperm-slit in the zona pellucida and forms a cytoplasmic fragment (CF). CFs were observed in 86-5% of eggs; in 20-9% of cases CFs contained a pronucleus (or pronuclei). In 53-4% of eggs permanent incorporation of the second polar body (2 P.B.) into the egg cytoplasm occurred. These phenomena occurring in different combinations produced 6-2% of haploid eggs, 10-3% of diploid eggs with a pronucleus replaced by 2 P.B. nucleus, and 43-1% of triploid eggs. 4-4% of eggs were enucleated. The remaining group comprised diploid eggs which were either not affected by the treatment (6-4%) or lost a certain amount of cytoplasm by formation of an anucleate CF (29-6%). The frequencies of the types of reaction were related to the post-fertilization stage of eggs. All eggs except the enucleated ones were able to develop to the stage of morula or blastocyst. Triploids developed until the 12th day of pregnancy and diploids that had lost up to 15% of the cytoplasm developed to term. There was a twofold reduction in the percentage of preimplantation development when treated eggs originated from induced rather than spontaneous ovulation.", "contents": "Effects of extremely low osmolarity on fertilized mouse eggs. When fertilized one-cell eggs are subjected to distilled water treatment for 2-6 min, cytoplasm bulges through the sperm-slit in the zona pellucida and forms a cytoplasmic fragment (CF). CFs were observed in 86-5% of eggs; in 20-9% of cases CFs contained a pronucleus (or pronuclei). In 53-4% of eggs permanent incorporation of the second polar body (2 P.B.) into the egg cytoplasm occurred. These phenomena occurring in different combinations produced 6-2% of haploid eggs, 10-3% of diploid eggs with a pronucleus replaced by 2 P.B. nucleus, and 43-1% of triploid eggs. 4-4% of eggs were enucleated. The remaining group comprised diploid eggs which were either not affected by the treatment (6-4%) or lost a certain amount of cytoplasm by formation of an anucleate CF (29-6%). The frequencies of the types of reaction were related to the post-fertilization stage of eggs. All eggs except the enucleated ones were able to develop to the stage of morula or blastocyst. Triploids developed until the 12th day of pregnancy and diploids that had lost up to 15% of the cytoplasm developed to term. There was a twofold reduction in the percentage of preimplantation development when treated eggs originated from induced rather than spontaneous ovulation.", "PMID": 558277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3445", "title": "Taste aversions conditioned by the aversiveness of insulin and formalin: role of CS specificity.", "content": "Experimenters in the past have reported that when insulin is used as the unconditioned stimulus (US), rats will learn an aversion to a sodium chloride but not a sucrose solution, whereas with formalin as the US, they will learn an aversion to a sucrose but not a saline solution. The present experiments failed to confirm these findings. Aversions to sucrose were conditioned with insulin and aversions to sodium chloride were conditioned with formalin. The use of a more concentrated sucrose solution in the present study may have been responsible for the successful sucrose-aversion conditioning with insulin. Although the source of the discrepancy in findings concerning aversion conditioning with formalin remains unclear, experiments ruled out numerous possibilities. These experiments also showed that sodium chloride aversion conditioning with formalin is a highly robust phenomenon that occurs with a variety of conditioned stimulus durations and formalin doses, with distributed and massed training, in male and female rats, and even if saline is not the only novel solution presented during conditioning. Furthermore, the aversion can be detected with both single-stimulus and choice test procedures.", "contents": "Taste aversions conditioned by the aversiveness of insulin and formalin: role of CS specificity. Experimenters in the past have reported that when insulin is used as the unconditioned stimulus (US), rats will learn an aversion to a sodium chloride but not a sucrose solution, whereas with formalin as the US, they will learn an aversion to a sucrose but not a saline solution. The present experiments failed to confirm these findings. Aversions to sucrose were conditioned with insulin and aversions to sodium chloride were conditioned with formalin. The use of a more concentrated sucrose solution in the present study may have been responsible for the successful sucrose-aversion conditioning with insulin. Although the source of the discrepancy in findings concerning aversion conditioning with formalin remains unclear, experiments ruled out numerous possibilities. These experiments also showed that sodium chloride aversion conditioning with formalin is a highly robust phenomenon that occurs with a variety of conditioned stimulus durations and formalin doses, with distributed and massed training, in male and female rats, and even if saline is not the only novel solution presented during conditioning. Furthermore, the aversion can be detected with both single-stimulus and choice test procedures.", "PMID": 558278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3446", "title": "Replication of equine herpesvirus type 3: kinetics of infectious particle formation and virus nucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "The kinetics of equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3) multiplication and of the synthesis of EHV-3 specific DNA and RNA were investigated. A one-step growth curve of EHV-3 in equine epithelial cells from a transitional cell carcinoma was characterized by: (1) a short eclipse period (4 h); (2) an exponential increase in infectious virus between 5 and 10 h post-inoculation; and (3) a slow, inefficient release of newly formed virus into the extracellular fluid. Two hours after infection of cells with EHV-3, the rates of incorporation of specific precursors into total cell RNA or DNA were reduced to 30% and 10%, respectively, of that seen in uninfected cells. With the aid of DNA-RNA hybridization and caesium chloride isopycnic centrifugation techniques, the rates of synthesis of EHV-3 specific nucleic acids at different stages of the virus replication cycle were determined. Virus RNA and DNA synthesis was detectable 2 h after infection and reached maximum levels at an interval (4 to 7 h post-inoculation) corresponding to that period of the virus replication cycle just preceding the time of maximal synthesis of infectious virus.", "contents": "Replication of equine herpesvirus type 3: kinetics of infectious particle formation and virus nucleic acid synthesis. The kinetics of equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3) multiplication and of the synthesis of EHV-3 specific DNA and RNA were investigated. A one-step growth curve of EHV-3 in equine epithelial cells from a transitional cell carcinoma was characterized by: (1) a short eclipse period (4 h); (2) an exponential increase in infectious virus between 5 and 10 h post-inoculation; and (3) a slow, inefficient release of newly formed virus into the extracellular fluid. Two hours after infection of cells with EHV-3, the rates of incorporation of specific precursors into total cell RNA or DNA were reduced to 30% and 10%, respectively, of that seen in uninfected cells. With the aid of DNA-RNA hybridization and caesium chloride isopycnic centrifugation techniques, the rates of synthesis of EHV-3 specific nucleic acids at different stages of the virus replication cycle were determined. Virus RNA and DNA synthesis was detectable 2 h after infection and reached maximum levels at an interval (4 to 7 h post-inoculation) corresponding to that period of the virus replication cycle just preceding the time of maximal synthesis of infectious virus.", "PMID": 558280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3447", "title": "Studies on the inhibitory effect of lectins on myxo-virus release.", "content": "Lectins of different specificities do not interfere with the maturation of myxo-viruses; their inhibitory effect on virus replication is mainly due to prevention of the detachment of infectious virus particles from the host cell. In chick embryo fibroblasts infected with an influenza virus and treated with concanavalin A, budding occurs into intracytoplasmic vacuoles, but this phenomenon is not observed with a parainfluenza virus and with different cells.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibitory effect of lectins on myxo-virus release. Lectins of different specificities do not interfere with the maturation of myxo-viruses; their inhibitory effect on virus replication is mainly due to prevention of the detachment of infectious virus particles from the host cell. In chick embryo fibroblasts infected with an influenza virus and treated with concanavalin A, budding occurs into intracytoplasmic vacuoles, but this phenomenon is not observed with a parainfluenza virus and with different cells.", "PMID": 558281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3448", "title": "Plasma tryptophan levels and brain serotonin metabolism in chronically uremic rats.", "content": "Plasma tryptophan (Trp) levels and brain concentrations of Trp, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in chronically uremic rats fed either 11% or 18% casein diets for 8 to 12 weeks. Uremic rats had increased levels of plasma urea nitrogen and 5-HIAA when compared with sham-operated pair-fed controls. The level of plasma total Trp decreased in both uremic groups and the level of plasma free Trp increased only in those fed an 11% casein diet. Uremic rats fed 11% casein had a higher level of plasma free Trp than those fed 18% casein. The ratio of plasma total Trp to the sum of five amino acids competing for the blood-brain transport system was decreased in both uremic groups, and the ratio of plasma free Trp to the same amino acids was increased only in uremic rats fed 11% casein. The concentration of brain 5-HIAA increased in uremic rats fed 11% casein, and that of Trp and serotonin decreased in uremic rats fed 18% casein. These results indicate that uremic stress and changes in protein intake in chronic uremia alter plasma Trp levels and brain serotonin metabolism.", "contents": "Plasma tryptophan levels and brain serotonin metabolism in chronically uremic rats. Plasma tryptophan (Trp) levels and brain concentrations of Trp, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in chronically uremic rats fed either 11% or 18% casein diets for 8 to 12 weeks. Uremic rats had increased levels of plasma urea nitrogen and 5-HIAA when compared with sham-operated pair-fed controls. The level of plasma total Trp decreased in both uremic groups and the level of plasma free Trp increased only in those fed an 11% casein diet. Uremic rats fed 11% casein had a higher level of plasma free Trp than those fed 18% casein. The ratio of plasma total Trp to the sum of five amino acids competing for the blood-brain transport system was decreased in both uremic groups, and the ratio of plasma free Trp to the same amino acids was increased only in uremic rats fed 11% casein. The concentration of brain 5-HIAA increased in uremic rats fed 11% casein, and that of Trp and serotonin decreased in uremic rats fed 18% casein. These results indicate that uremic stress and changes in protein intake in chronic uremia alter plasma Trp levels and brain serotonin metabolism.", "PMID": 558284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3449", "title": "Galactorrhea in a 12-year-old boy with a chromophobe adenoma.", "content": "A 12-year-old with galactorrhea is presented. He was in early puberty, had gynecomastia, and was markedly obese. Roentgenograms of the skull showed an asymmetrically enlarged sella trucica, but pneumoencephalography did not indicate suprasellar extension of the pituitary tumor. Preoperative studies of anterior pituitary function were normal except for persistent hyperprolactinemia. By transsphenoidal approach, a microadenoma of the pituitary was removed. Lactation ceased within a week, and four months postoperatively the patient had normal anterior pituitary function studies. A review of the literature indicates that galactorrhea in males is very rare. The most frequently documented cause, excluding drug ingestion, is a pituitary tumor.", "contents": "Galactorrhea in a 12-year-old boy with a chromophobe adenoma. A 12-year-old with galactorrhea is presented. He was in early puberty, had gynecomastia, and was markedly obese. Roentgenograms of the skull showed an asymmetrically enlarged sella trucica, but pneumoencephalography did not indicate suprasellar extension of the pituitary tumor. Preoperative studies of anterior pituitary function were normal except for persistent hyperprolactinemia. By transsphenoidal approach, a microadenoma of the pituitary was removed. Lactation ceased within a week, and four months postoperatively the patient had normal anterior pituitary function studies. A review of the literature indicates that galactorrhea in males is very rare. The most frequently documented cause, excluding drug ingestion, is a pituitary tumor.", "PMID": 558298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3450", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of methicillin in neonates.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic properties of methicillin were investigated in 59 newborn infants. Concentrations of methicillin in serum were approximately 58 and 80 microng/ml at one hour after 25 and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. The average serum half-life values ranged from one to three hours and were inversely correlated with birth weight and chronologic age. The half-life values, volumes of distribution, and plasma clearances of methicillin are shown in relationship to gestational age and chronologic age. A dosage of 25 mg/kg is recommended for therapy of most neonatal staphylococcal diseases; the frequency of administration is altered on the basis of birth weight and chronologic age.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of methicillin in neonates. The pharmacokinetic properties of methicillin were investigated in 59 newborn infants. Concentrations of methicillin in serum were approximately 58 and 80 microng/ml at one hour after 25 and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. The average serum half-life values ranged from one to three hours and were inversely correlated with birth weight and chronologic age. The half-life values, volumes of distribution, and plasma clearances of methicillin are shown in relationship to gestational age and chronologic age. A dosage of 25 mg/kg is recommended for therapy of most neonatal staphylococcal diseases; the frequency of administration is altered on the basis of birth weight and chronologic age.", "PMID": 558302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3451", "title": "Experimental infection of bovines with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Calves aged 3 months were readily infected with oocysts and cysts of Toxoplasma gondii administered by oral route. Fever, respiratory distress, nasal discharge and hyperemia of the conjunctivas were the most significant clinical signs noted in the infected animals. Parasitemia was demonstrated in all infected calves. It occurred on different days and up to 62 days after the infection. Toxoplasma was demonstrated in tissues of all infected calves, and the organ most frequently parasitized was the lymph node. Parasitism of the retina was demonstrated in two calves. All infected animals had antibody against T. gondii in their serum. The Sabin-Feldman dye test and the indirect immunofluorescent test were both useful in detecting antitoxoplasma antibody.", "contents": "Experimental infection of bovines with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Calves aged 3 months were readily infected with oocysts and cysts of Toxoplasma gondii administered by oral route. Fever, respiratory distress, nasal discharge and hyperemia of the conjunctivas were the most significant clinical signs noted in the infected animals. Parasitemia was demonstrated in all infected calves. It occurred on different days and up to 62 days after the infection. Toxoplasma was demonstrated in tissues of all infected calves, and the organ most frequently parasitized was the lymph node. Parasitism of the retina was demonstrated in two calves. All infected animals had antibody against T. gondii in their serum. The Sabin-Feldman dye test and the indirect immunofluorescent test were both useful in detecting antitoxoplasma antibody.", "PMID": 558305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3452", "title": "Chemical attraction between adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: description of the phenomenon and effects of host immunity.", "content": "Attraction between adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was studied both in vivo and in vitro particularly with regard to the effects of host immunity on the behavior of the parasite. Most worms were found in clusters in the intestines of larval-infected rats but the number of isolated worms, particularly females, was greater in 14-day (immune) than in 7-day infected (nonimmune) hosts. Intubation of small numbers of normal adults into uninfected rats resulted in recovery of mostly aggregated worms unless infections consisted only of males. In contrast, immune-damaged worms exhibited little aggregation regardless of the sexes of worms instilled. Analysis of pairing between worms in vitro indicated that attraction occurred in the absence of host factors between all permutations of normal worms except male-male combinations. Pairing between damaged worms occurred only between males and females and not between worms of the same sex. Attraction to worm excretory and secretory products (ES) indicated that chemical factors mediated pairing. Normal female ES was attractive to both sexes whereas damaged female ES failed to attract either sex. ES from both normal and damaged males attracted females but not males thereby confirming the results of other experiments.", "contents": "Chemical attraction between adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: description of the phenomenon and effects of host immunity. Attraction between adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was studied both in vivo and in vitro particularly with regard to the effects of host immunity on the behavior of the parasite. Most worms were found in clusters in the intestines of larval-infected rats but the number of isolated worms, particularly females, was greater in 14-day (immune) than in 7-day infected (nonimmune) hosts. Intubation of small numbers of normal adults into uninfected rats resulted in recovery of mostly aggregated worms unless infections consisted only of males. In contrast, immune-damaged worms exhibited little aggregation regardless of the sexes of worms instilled. Analysis of pairing between worms in vitro indicated that attraction occurred in the absence of host factors between all permutations of normal worms except male-male combinations. Pairing between damaged worms occurred only between males and females and not between worms of the same sex. Attraction to worm excretory and secretory products (ES) indicated that chemical factors mediated pairing. Normal female ES was attractive to both sexes whereas damaged female ES failed to attract either sex. ES from both normal and damaged males attracted females but not males thereby confirming the results of other experiments.", "PMID": 558306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3453", "title": "Sexual attraction and pheromonal dosage response of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.", "content": "Seven-day-old male and female Nippostrongylus brasiliensis exhibit mutual heterosexual attraction in vitro. A strong dosage-dependency to female pheromone was present in responding male N. brasiliensis. Male helminths were significantly attracted to as few as three female worms. Female helminths were less responsive to male pheromone dosage in vitro. No indication of male homosexual attraction, arrestment, or repulsion was evident. Female homosexual trials suggested that an inhibition of movement occurred in the responding female helminths.", "contents": "Sexual attraction and pheromonal dosage response of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Seven-day-old male and female Nippostrongylus brasiliensis exhibit mutual heterosexual attraction in vitro. A strong dosage-dependency to female pheromone was present in responding male N. brasiliensis. Male helminths were significantly attracted to as few as three female worms. Female helminths were less responsive to male pheromone dosage in vitro. No indication of male homosexual attraction, arrestment, or repulsion was evident. Female homosexual trials suggested that an inhibition of movement occurred in the responding female helminths.", "PMID": 558307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3454", "title": "A guide to research on the Rorschach prognostic rating scale.", "content": "Research on the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale done in the last 25 years is summarized. The study results are organized into six topics: ability to predict outcome, numerical correlations, populations differentiated, populations not differentiated, specific therapies. The scale significantly predicts outcome and is thereby a valuable prognostic instrument.", "contents": "A guide to research on the Rorschach prognostic rating scale. Research on the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale done in the last 25 years is summarized. The study results are organized into six topics: ability to predict outcome, numerical correlations, populations differentiated, populations not differentiated, specific therapies. The scale significantly predicts outcome and is thereby a valuable prognostic instrument.", "PMID": 558308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3455", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of indomethacin in biological fluids.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of indomethacin in biological fluids at concentrations as low as 50 ng/ml. Antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and indomethacin. This conjugate was prepared by an N-hydroxysuccinimide active ester procedure. Antiserums exhibited minimal cross-reactivity with the O-desmethyl and deschlorobenzoyl metabolites. However, the glucuronide conjugate was about three times as reactive as indomethacin, thus invalidating direct determinations of indomethacin in urine. This difficulty was circumvented by analyzing urine aliquots before and after conjugate hydrolysis. Concentrations of free and conjugated indomethacin were calculated by difference.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of indomethacin in biological fluids. A radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of indomethacin in biological fluids at concentrations as low as 50 ng/ml. Antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and indomethacin. This conjugate was prepared by an N-hydroxysuccinimide active ester procedure. Antiserums exhibited minimal cross-reactivity with the O-desmethyl and deschlorobenzoyl metabolites. However, the glucuronide conjugate was about three times as reactive as indomethacin, thus invalidating direct determinations of indomethacin in urine. This difficulty was circumvented by analyzing urine aliquots before and after conjugate hydrolysis. Concentrations of free and conjugated indomethacin were calculated by difference.", "PMID": 558327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3456", "title": "Comparison of the effects of morphine on locomotor activity, analgesia and primary and protracted physical dependence in six mouse strains.", "content": "Mice of the DBA/2J, A/J, C3H, C57BL/L, ICR and Swiss strains were studied with respect to acute and chronic morphine administration. The acute administration of morphine resulted in a dose-dependent running response in C57BL/6, C3H, ICR and Swiss strains, but no running response in DBA/2J and A/J strains. Strain differences in sensitivity to morphine-induced running activity did not parallel differences in sensitivity to morphine-induced running activity did not parallel differences in sensitivity to antinociception in the abdominal constriction test (r = 0.404), but significantly correlated with differences in the expression of physical dependence as measured by either precipitated (r = 0.957) or abrupt (r = 0.927) withdrawal jumping behavior in mice made dependent by morphine pellent implantation. Mortality for 3 days of pellet implantation ranged from 5% in ICR mice to 84% in A/J mice. Strain differences in degree of initial physical dependence. These results suggest the possibility that the running response and withdrawal jumping may involve at least part of the same neuronal pathway. This pathway may include dopamine-containing neurons which terminate in the neostriatum.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of morphine on locomotor activity, analgesia and primary and protracted physical dependence in six mouse strains. Mice of the DBA/2J, A/J, C3H, C57BL/L, ICR and Swiss strains were studied with respect to acute and chronic morphine administration. The acute administration of morphine resulted in a dose-dependent running response in C57BL/6, C3H, ICR and Swiss strains, but no running response in DBA/2J and A/J strains. Strain differences in sensitivity to morphine-induced running activity did not parallel differences in sensitivity to morphine-induced running activity did not parallel differences in sensitivity to antinociception in the abdominal constriction test (r = 0.404), but significantly correlated with differences in the expression of physical dependence as measured by either precipitated (r = 0.957) or abrupt (r = 0.927) withdrawal jumping behavior in mice made dependent by morphine pellent implantation. Mortality for 3 days of pellet implantation ranged from 5% in ICR mice to 84% in A/J mice. Strain differences in degree of initial physical dependence. These results suggest the possibility that the running response and withdrawal jumping may involve at least part of the same neuronal pathway. This pathway may include dopamine-containing neurons which terminate in the neostriatum.", "PMID": 558328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3457", "title": "Hysterography and Hysteroscopy in the infertile patient.", "content": "Hysterography and hysteroscopy are diagnostic techniques currently utilized in searching for intrauterine defects that can cause infertility. The purpose of this paper is to describe the basic procedures, discuss their indications and compare results obtained in the infertile patient.", "contents": "Hysterography and Hysteroscopy in the infertile patient. Hysterography and hysteroscopy are diagnostic techniques currently utilized in searching for intrauterine defects that can cause infertility. The purpose of this paper is to describe the basic procedures, discuss their indications and compare results obtained in the infertile patient.", "PMID": 558334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3458", "title": "The effect of the nitroimidazole drug dimetridazole on microaerophilic campylobacters.", "content": "Dimetridazole, a nitroimidazole drug reported to act only on obligately anaerobic micro-organisms, is widely used for the prevention and treatment of swine dysentery. Forty-four strains of the microaerophilic bacterium Campylobacter coli isolated from either healthy or diseased pigs, and a strain of Campylobacter fetus, were all sensitive to dimetridazole. The sensitivities (minimal inhibitory concentration less than 10 microng per ml) were similar to those of anaerobic bacteria. Dimetridazole inhibited growth of campylobacters in a shaken culture in air, but did not inhibit uptake of oxygen. Inhibition of growth appeared to result from an inhibition of nucleic-acid synthesis and does not seem to depend upon interference with electron transport in the catabolism of pyruvate.", "contents": "The effect of the nitroimidazole drug dimetridazole on microaerophilic campylobacters. Dimetridazole, a nitroimidazole drug reported to act only on obligately anaerobic micro-organisms, is widely used for the prevention and treatment of swine dysentery. Forty-four strains of the microaerophilic bacterium Campylobacter coli isolated from either healthy or diseased pigs, and a strain of Campylobacter fetus, were all sensitive to dimetridazole. The sensitivities (minimal inhibitory concentration less than 10 microng per ml) were similar to those of anaerobic bacteria. Dimetridazole inhibited growth of campylobacters in a shaken culture in air, but did not inhibit uptake of oxygen. Inhibition of growth appeared to result from an inhibition of nucleic-acid synthesis and does not seem to depend upon interference with electron transport in the catabolism of pyruvate.", "PMID": 558335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3459", "title": "A suggested schema for utilization review for a Community Mental Health Center.", "content": "Three record-keeping models were examined by an interdisciplinary committee at the Rochester Mental Health Center to see which would best meet the needs for a standardized record format that could be used by an outpatient comprehensive community mental health center. The systems examined were: (1) Model Criteria Set, (2) Problem Oriented Record, and (3) a Combination Diagnosis and Standardized Problem List. A modification of the Combination System used at the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital was developed. Using this tool, an audit committee began the process of Utilization Review. It is a suggested schema to other outpatient mental health centers who are in the process of developing a utilization review process.", "contents": "A suggested schema for utilization review for a Community Mental Health Center. Three record-keeping models were examined by an interdisciplinary committee at the Rochester Mental Health Center to see which would best meet the needs for a standardized record format that could be used by an outpatient comprehensive community mental health center. The systems examined were: (1) Model Criteria Set, (2) Problem Oriented Record, and (3) a Combination Diagnosis and Standardized Problem List. A modification of the Combination System used at the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital was developed. Using this tool, an audit committee began the process of Utilization Review. It is a suggested schema to other outpatient mental health centers who are in the process of developing a utilization review process.", "PMID": 558336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3460", "title": "Rabies virus protein synthesis in infected BHK-21 cells.", "content": "Rabies virus specific polypeptide synthesis was examined under hypertonic conditions, which selectively inhibit cellular protein synthesis. The rabies virus proteins (L, G, N, M1, M2) were synthesized throughout the course of infection, with little change in their relative rates of synthesis. The rates of synthesis of the G and M1 polypeptides were more sensitive to increasing osmolarity than those of the L, N, and M2 polypeptides. Extrapolation to isotonicity of the results obtained under hypertonic conditions indicated that the molar ratios of the polypeptides synthesized under normal conditions were 0.4 (L), 64 (G), 100 (N), 75 (M1) and 35 (M2). A high-molecular-weight polypeptide (190,000), designated polypeptide L, was repeatedly detected both in infected cells and in extracellular virus. The estimated number of L polypeptide molecules per virion was 33. The synthesis of a viral glycoprotein precursor, designated gp78, , preceded the appearance of the mature viral glycoprotein in infected cells labeled with [3H]glucosamine under isotonic conditions. In cells labeled under hypertonic conditions, little or no mature viral glycoprotein was detected, but a virus-specific glycoprotein with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of gp78 was observed. This glycoprotein could be chased into mature viral glycoprotein when the hypertonic conditions were made isotonic. These results suggest that a reversible block of viral glycoprotein synthesis occurs under hypertonic conditions.", "contents": "Rabies virus protein synthesis in infected BHK-21 cells. Rabies virus specific polypeptide synthesis was examined under hypertonic conditions, which selectively inhibit cellular protein synthesis. The rabies virus proteins (L, G, N, M1, M2) were synthesized throughout the course of infection, with little change in their relative rates of synthesis. The rates of synthesis of the G and M1 polypeptides were more sensitive to increasing osmolarity than those of the L, N, and M2 polypeptides. Extrapolation to isotonicity of the results obtained under hypertonic conditions indicated that the molar ratios of the polypeptides synthesized under normal conditions were 0.4 (L), 64 (G), 100 (N), 75 (M1) and 35 (M2). A high-molecular-weight polypeptide (190,000), designated polypeptide L, was repeatedly detected both in infected cells and in extracellular virus. The estimated number of L polypeptide molecules per virion was 33. The synthesis of a viral glycoprotein precursor, designated gp78, , preceded the appearance of the mature viral glycoprotein in infected cells labeled with [3H]glucosamine under isotonic conditions. In cells labeled under hypertonic conditions, little or no mature viral glycoprotein was detected, but a virus-specific glycoprotein with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of gp78 was observed. This glycoprotein could be chased into mature viral glycoprotein when the hypertonic conditions were made isotonic. These results suggest that a reversible block of viral glycoprotein synthesis occurs under hypertonic conditions.", "PMID": 558341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3461", "title": "Control of protein synthesis in Semliki forest virus-infected cells.", "content": "Protein synthesis in Semliki forest virus-infected chicken embryo cells was studied by labeling them with [35S]methionine for short periods at different times after infection, with or without synchronization of protein synthesis by the hypertonic block technique. The rate of host-cell protein synthesis declined almost linearly in inverse correlation to the increase in the amount of virus specific RNA. At 5.5 h postinfection, the host-cell protein synthesis was reduced by about 70%. The viral structural proteins were detectable with certainty at 3.5 h postinfection, and their rate of synthesis increased linearly parallel to the amount of their messenger, the 26S RNA. This suggests that the rate of synthesis of the structural proteins is controlled at the level of transcription. The rate of synthesis of the virus-specific nonstructural proteins attained its maximum between 3 and 4 h postinfection and declined thereafter, wheras the amount of their messenger, the 42S RNA, continued to increase linearly in the cells. Thus, the messenger activity of the 42S RNA is reduced in the late phase of infection compared with its activity in the early phase.", "contents": "Control of protein synthesis in Semliki forest virus-infected cells. Protein synthesis in Semliki forest virus-infected chicken embryo cells was studied by labeling them with [35S]methionine for short periods at different times after infection, with or without synchronization of protein synthesis by the hypertonic block technique. The rate of host-cell protein synthesis declined almost linearly in inverse correlation to the increase in the amount of virus specific RNA. At 5.5 h postinfection, the host-cell protein synthesis was reduced by about 70%. The viral structural proteins were detectable with certainty at 3.5 h postinfection, and their rate of synthesis increased linearly parallel to the amount of their messenger, the 26S RNA. This suggests that the rate of synthesis of the structural proteins is controlled at the level of transcription. The rate of synthesis of the virus-specific nonstructural proteins attained its maximum between 3 and 4 h postinfection and declined thereafter, wheras the amount of their messenger, the 42S RNA, continued to increase linearly in the cells. Thus, the messenger activity of the 42S RNA is reduced in the late phase of infection compared with its activity in the early phase.", "PMID": 558342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3462", "title": "Biophysical studies of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus.", "content": "The molecular weight of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) has been determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering. The sedimentation coefficient of the virus was found to be 435S. The average value for molecular weight is (55 +/- 7) x 106. The virus genome consists of two segments of double-stranded RNA (molecular weights, 2.5 x 106 and 2.3 x 106), which represents 8.7% of the virion mass. The capsid protein moiety of IPNV consists of four species of polypeptides, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The number of molecules of each polypeptide in the virion has been determined. There are 22 molecules of the internal polypeptide alpha (molecular weight, 90,000), 544 molecules of the outer capsid polypeptide beta (molecular weight, 57,000), and 550 and 122 molecules, respectively, of the internal polypeptides gamma1 (molecular weight, 29,000) and gamma2 (molecular weight, 27,000). IPNV top component contains only the beta polypeptide species, and its molecular weight is estimated to be 31 x 106. The hydrodynamic diameter and electron microscopic diameter (calculated by catalase crystal-calibrated electron microscopy) of IPNV was compared with those of reovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus. Due to the swelling of the outer capsid, reovirus particles were found to be much larger when hydrated (96-nm diameter) than when dehydrated (76-nm diameter), having a large water content content and low average density. In contrast, IPNV particles are more rigid, having nearly the same average diameter under hydrous (64 nm) as under anhydrous conditions (59.3 nm). Encephalomyocarditis virus has a very low water content and does not shrink at all when prepared for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Biophysical studies of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. The molecular weight of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) has been determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering. The sedimentation coefficient of the virus was found to be 435S. The average value for molecular weight is (55 +/- 7) x 106. The virus genome consists of two segments of double-stranded RNA (molecular weights, 2.5 x 106 and 2.3 x 106), which represents 8.7% of the virion mass. The capsid protein moiety of IPNV consists of four species of polypeptides, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The number of molecules of each polypeptide in the virion has been determined. There are 22 molecules of the internal polypeptide alpha (molecular weight, 90,000), 544 molecules of the outer capsid polypeptide beta (molecular weight, 57,000), and 550 and 122 molecules, respectively, of the internal polypeptides gamma1 (molecular weight, 29,000) and gamma2 (molecular weight, 27,000). IPNV top component contains only the beta polypeptide species, and its molecular weight is estimated to be 31 x 106. The hydrodynamic diameter and electron microscopic diameter (calculated by catalase crystal-calibrated electron microscopy) of IPNV was compared with those of reovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus. Due to the swelling of the outer capsid, reovirus particles were found to be much larger when hydrated (96-nm diameter) than when dehydrated (76-nm diameter), having a large water content content and low average density. In contrast, IPNV particles are more rigid, having nearly the same average diameter under hydrous (64 nm) as under anhydrous conditions (59.3 nm). Encephalomyocarditis virus has a very low water content and does not shrink at all when prepared for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 558343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3463", "title": "Autoradiographic method for detection of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus-infected cells in primary mouse macrophage cultures.", "content": "Peritoneal cells from starch-injected Swiss mice were propagated in plastic petri dishes and on cover slips in a mouse L-cell-conditioned medium for 12 to 24 h and then infected with various multiplicities of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Over 95% of the cells in these cultures phagocytosed latex particles and were, therefore, considered macrophages. Infected and mock infected macrophage cultures were supplemented with [3H]uridine at various times after infection and with actinomycin D 30 min before addition of the [3H]uridine. After 1 or 2 h of further incubation, plate cultures were analyzed for LDV-specific RNA, and cover slip cultures were investigated by autoradiography. Other cultures were labeled in the absence of actinomycin D, and the culture fluid was analyzed for labeled LDV. There was a good correlation between the production of LDV-specific RNA and LDV and the number of heavily labeled cells in these cultures. The labeled cells in these cultures. The labeled cells, therefore, were equated with productively infected cells. Only a maximum of about 20% of the macrophages, however, became heavily labeled regardless of the multiplicity of infection or the time, after infection, at which the cells were exposed to [3H]uridine. Only background labeling was observed in the remainder of the cells and in mock-infected cells treated with actinomycin D. The highest proportion of labeled cells was observed when the cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of about 2,000 mouse infectious units per cell and labeled from 6 to 8 h after infection. Thereafter, the proportion of productively infected cells decreased progressively, concomitant with a decrease in the amounts of viral specific RNA and of LDV produced by the cultures. The results indicate that the majority of the macrophages in primary macrophage cultures do not support LDV replication. Their nonpermissiveness may depend on the physiological state of the cells or reflect the presence of subpopulations of macrophages, but no morphological differences between productively infected an uninfected cells were detectable.", "contents": "Autoradiographic method for detection of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus-infected cells in primary mouse macrophage cultures. Peritoneal cells from starch-injected Swiss mice were propagated in plastic petri dishes and on cover slips in a mouse L-cell-conditioned medium for 12 to 24 h and then infected with various multiplicities of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Over 95% of the cells in these cultures phagocytosed latex particles and were, therefore, considered macrophages. Infected and mock infected macrophage cultures were supplemented with [3H]uridine at various times after infection and with actinomycin D 30 min before addition of the [3H]uridine. After 1 or 2 h of further incubation, plate cultures were analyzed for LDV-specific RNA, and cover slip cultures were investigated by autoradiography. Other cultures were labeled in the absence of actinomycin D, and the culture fluid was analyzed for labeled LDV. There was a good correlation between the production of LDV-specific RNA and LDV and the number of heavily labeled cells in these cultures. The labeled cells in these cultures. The labeled cells, therefore, were equated with productively infected cells. Only a maximum of about 20% of the macrophages, however, became heavily labeled regardless of the multiplicity of infection or the time, after infection, at which the cells were exposed to [3H]uridine. Only background labeling was observed in the remainder of the cells and in mock-infected cells treated with actinomycin D. The highest proportion of labeled cells was observed when the cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection of about 2,000 mouse infectious units per cell and labeled from 6 to 8 h after infection. Thereafter, the proportion of productively infected cells decreased progressively, concomitant with a decrease in the amounts of viral specific RNA and of LDV produced by the cultures. The results indicate that the majority of the macrophages in primary macrophage cultures do not support LDV replication. Their nonpermissiveness may depend on the physiological state of the cells or reflect the presence of subpopulations of macrophages, but no morphological differences between productively infected an uninfected cells were detectable.", "PMID": 558344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3464", "title": "The clinical utility of plasma and urinary carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with genitourinary disease.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen was measured in the urine and plasma of 108 patients with several types and various stages of genitourinary cancer. The value of the carcinoembryonic antigen assay as an early indicator of neoplastic disease was evaluated and a correlation was made between the extent of disease and the concentration of urinary and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen. Patients were classified according to stage of tumor involvement as follows: no evidence of disease, non-malignant disease, non-invasive disease, no known metastasis, regional metastasis and disseminated metastasis. The urinary carcinoembryonic antigen levels more closely paralleled the extent of disease than did the plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with bladder cancer. Neither urinary nor plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels were useful in assessing the extent of disease in patients with prostatic or testicular cancer. Studies related to microbiological interference in the carcinoembryonic antigen assay indicated that bacterial counts up to 10(5) organisms per ml. did not interfere. Cytological studies indicated that the presence of white blood cells, atypical cells and malignant cells could result in elevated urinary carcinoembryonic antigen levels.", "contents": "The clinical utility of plasma and urinary carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with genitourinary disease. Carcinoembryonic antigen was measured in the urine and plasma of 108 patients with several types and various stages of genitourinary cancer. The value of the carcinoembryonic antigen assay as an early indicator of neoplastic disease was evaluated and a correlation was made between the extent of disease and the concentration of urinary and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen. Patients were classified according to stage of tumor involvement as follows: no evidence of disease, non-malignant disease, non-invasive disease, no known metastasis, regional metastasis and disseminated metastasis. The urinary carcinoembryonic antigen levels more closely paralleled the extent of disease than did the plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with bladder cancer. Neither urinary nor plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels were useful in assessing the extent of disease in patients with prostatic or testicular cancer. Studies related to microbiological interference in the carcinoembryonic antigen assay indicated that bacterial counts up to 10(5) organisms per ml. did not interfere. Cytological studies indicated that the presence of white blood cells, atypical cells and malignant cells could result in elevated urinary carcinoembryonic antigen levels.", "PMID": 558345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3465", "title": "Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profilometry before and after external sphincterotomy in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "Seven spinal cord injury patients were studied before and after transurethral external sphincterotomy with combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry. The technique was simple, rapid, accurate and reproducible in evaluating the completeness of external sphicterotomy. A significant reduction in maximum urethral closure pressure, as well as in the residual urine volume, was a consistent after spincterotomy. The electromyographic profile showed evidence of periurethral striated muscle activity preoperatively in 2 patients with lower motor neuron lesions in whom the bulbocavernosus reflex could not be elicited. Thus, absence of the bulbocavernosus reflex did not eliminate sphincter reflex activity.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profilometry before and after external sphincterotomy in spinal cord injury patients. Seven spinal cord injury patients were studied before and after transurethral external sphincterotomy with combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry. The technique was simple, rapid, accurate and reproducible in evaluating the completeness of external sphicterotomy. A significant reduction in maximum urethral closure pressure, as well as in the residual urine volume, was a consistent after spincterotomy. The electromyographic profile showed evidence of periurethral striated muscle activity preoperatively in 2 patients with lower motor neuron lesions in whom the bulbocavernosus reflex could not be elicited. Thus, absence of the bulbocavernosus reflex did not eliminate sphincter reflex activity.", "PMID": 558346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3466", "title": "[Treatment of obstruction of retinal vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of retinal thrombosis is an unresolved problem, mainly because of the numerous factors which participate in their formation; modifications in the walls of veins and arteries, external compressions, changes in the blood count--particularly of the platelets--slowing down of the blood flow, increase in blood viscosity etc. No drug provides constant results. Some widely employed drugs such as vasodilators may be useless or even contra-indicated. Emphasis is placed on anti-coagulants, fibrinolytics, antiaggregating agents and methods of lowering blood viscosity. Their action is difficult to test objectively. Some do appear to be useful, especially in cases of central vein thrombosis. Thrombi of branches of the central vein are apparently inacessible to medical therapy, but occasionally improvement is seen after laser coagulation. This seems to apply also to hemorrhagic glaucoma secondary to retinal obstruction.", "contents": "[Treatment of obstruction of retinal vessels (author's transl)]. The treatment of retinal thrombosis is an unresolved problem, mainly because of the numerous factors which participate in their formation; modifications in the walls of veins and arteries, external compressions, changes in the blood count--particularly of the platelets--slowing down of the blood flow, increase in blood viscosity etc. No drug provides constant results. Some widely employed drugs such as vasodilators may be useless or even contra-indicated. Emphasis is placed on anti-coagulants, fibrinolytics, antiaggregating agents and methods of lowering blood viscosity. Their action is difficult to test objectively. Some do appear to be useful, especially in cases of central vein thrombosis. Thrombi of branches of the central vein are apparently inacessible to medical therapy, but occasionally improvement is seen after laser coagulation. This seems to apply also to hemorrhagic glaucoma secondary to retinal obstruction.", "PMID": 558461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3467", "title": "[Physical and biological effects of laser radiation (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey on the present concepts about the physics of laser radiation and its effects upon biological structures is presented. An approach has been chosen which also considers the influence of quantities such as bean geometry, heat conduction and absorption upon the lesions produced. Finally the physical and biological effects of short-pulse, high power density laser pulses are described.", "contents": "[Physical and biological effects of laser radiation (author's transl)]. A survey on the present concepts about the physics of laser radiation and its effects upon biological structures is presented. An approach has been chosen which also considers the influence of quantities such as bean geometry, heat conduction and absorption upon the lesions produced. Finally the physical and biological effects of short-pulse, high power density laser pulses are described.", "PMID": 558462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3468", "title": "[Biological effect of laser-photo-coagulation on the retina (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of laser-photo-coagulation on retina, pigment epithelium and choroid has been studied in animals (rabbit and mini-pig). During the first two hours after photocoagulation the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier and of the pigment epithelium is temporarily increased. Later on (2-4 days) pigment epithelial cells proliferate within the coagulated areas and \"tighten\" the epithelial leaks. Photoreceptor outer segments undergo during the same period reversible breakdown. Normal retinal blood vessels are hardly altered by photocoagulation whereas pathological or neoformed vessels may be obliterated. Functional deficiences are observed after extensive photocoagulations only and even then rarely implicated by the patients.", "contents": "[Biological effect of laser-photo-coagulation on the retina (author's transl)]. The effects of laser-photo-coagulation on retina, pigment epithelium and choroid has been studied in animals (rabbit and mini-pig). During the first two hours after photocoagulation the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier and of the pigment epithelium is temporarily increased. Later on (2-4 days) pigment epithelial cells proliferate within the coagulated areas and \"tighten\" the epithelial leaks. Photoreceptor outer segments undergo during the same period reversible breakdown. Normal retinal blood vessels are hardly altered by photocoagulation whereas pathological or neoformed vessels may be obliterated. Functional deficiences are observed after extensive photocoagulations only and even then rarely implicated by the patients.", "PMID": 558463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3469", "title": "[Laser-therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The chairman of this roundtable discussion summarizes the topics of the session. As an introduction the advantages and disadvantages of Laser coagulation versus Xenon coagulation are discussed. Several diseases are analysed mainly with respect to indications or contraindications for Laser coagulation: prophylactic treatment of retinal detachment, dry senile maculopathies, exsudative maculopathies (central serous retinopathy, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, Fuchs myopic maculopathy, exudative senile maculopathy, Junius-Kuhnt pseudotumor), diabetic non proliferative and proflierative retinopathy.", "contents": "[Laser-therapy (author's transl)]. The chairman of this roundtable discussion summarizes the topics of the session. As an introduction the advantages and disadvantages of Laser coagulation versus Xenon coagulation are discussed. Several diseases are analysed mainly with respect to indications or contraindications for Laser coagulation: prophylactic treatment of retinal detachment, dry senile maculopathies, exsudative maculopathies (central serous retinopathy, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, Fuchs myopic maculopathy, exudative senile maculopathy, Junius-Kuhnt pseudotumor), diabetic non proliferative and proflierative retinopathy.", "PMID": 558464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3470", "title": "[Cysteine--an essential amino acid? Biochemical thoughts about the position of cysteine in the metabolism of the premature neonate (author's transl)].", "content": "Liver cystathionase activity is absent in the fetal organism. This makes cysteine an essential amino acid for the prematurely born infant. The existing enzyme activity is shifting serine into DNA-synthesis. The placental transfer of cysteine from the mother to the fetus is decreased in comparison to other amino acids. A low fetal cysteine level is giving the shift to DNA-synthesis a further stimulation.", "contents": "[Cysteine--an essential amino acid? Biochemical thoughts about the position of cysteine in the metabolism of the premature neonate (author's transl)]. Liver cystathionase activity is absent in the fetal organism. This makes cysteine an essential amino acid for the prematurely born infant. The existing enzyme activity is shifting serine into DNA-synthesis. The placental transfer of cysteine from the mother to the fetus is decreased in comparison to other amino acids. A low fetal cysteine level is giving the shift to DNA-synthesis a further stimulation.", "PMID": 558465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3471", "title": "[Acrocephalopolysyndactyly (type II (McKusick) acrocephalosyndactyly or Carpenter's syndrome. Report on 4 cases and an observation of the syndrome of Marshall-Smith (author's transl)].", "content": "Four observations of Carpenter's Syndrome, two siblings and two unrelated children, and a case of Marshall-Smith's Syndrome are reported, all sharing duplication of the terminal phalanx of the big toe and a dyskephaly. Carpenter's Syndrome has been noted in at least 27 cases inheritance; is autosomalcessive. Main features are: oxycephaly, odd facies, brachyclinosyndactyly of the hands, polysyndactyly of the feet, cardiac malformation. The question is to be answered whether all cases are genetically identical.", "contents": "[Acrocephalopolysyndactyly (type II (McKusick) acrocephalosyndactyly or Carpenter's syndrome. Report on 4 cases and an observation of the syndrome of Marshall-Smith (author's transl)]. Four observations of Carpenter's Syndrome, two siblings and two unrelated children, and a case of Marshall-Smith's Syndrome are reported, all sharing duplication of the terminal phalanx of the big toe and a dyskephaly. Carpenter's Syndrome has been noted in at least 27 cases inheritance; is autosomalcessive. Main features are: oxycephaly, odd facies, brachyclinosyndactyly of the hands, polysyndactyly of the feet, cardiac malformation. The question is to be answered whether all cases are genetically identical.", "PMID": 558466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3472", "title": "[The influence of norephedrinetheophylline-noradrenalinetheophylline on the orthostatic disturbance of the circulatory regulation in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 children with orthostasis syndrome of the sympathicotonic type of cardiac and circulatory parameters were studied with sphygmography according to Broemster-Ranke and the time values of cardiac action according to Blumberger for 10 minutes both in horizontal and vertical positions (reclinable tabel 65 degrees). These tests were done prior to and 30 minutes after application of 1 tablet of Akrinor and following four weeks of treatment with 1 tablet Akrinor/die. In comparison to orthostasis tests without medication we found after application of Akrinor an increase in the amplitude of blood pressure and cardiac output, a reduction of the excessive centralization together with a decrease in the resistance of the peripheral vessels. The time values, lengthened due to orthostasis, are shortened.", "contents": "[The influence of norephedrinetheophylline-noradrenalinetheophylline on the orthostatic disturbance of the circulatory regulation in children (author's transl)]. In 20 children with orthostasis syndrome of the sympathicotonic type of cardiac and circulatory parameters were studied with sphygmography according to Broemster-Ranke and the time values of cardiac action according to Blumberger for 10 minutes both in horizontal and vertical positions (reclinable tabel 65 degrees). These tests were done prior to and 30 minutes after application of 1 tablet of Akrinor and following four weeks of treatment with 1 tablet Akrinor/die. In comparison to orthostasis tests without medication we found after application of Akrinor an increase in the amplitude of blood pressure and cardiac output, a reduction of the excessive centralization together with a decrease in the resistance of the peripheral vessels. The time values, lengthened due to orthostasis, are shortened.", "PMID": 558467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3473", "title": "[Immunglobulin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of children. Studies regarding age dependency and changes during inflammatory disease of CNS (author's transl)].", "content": "75 children of different age groups were examined for immunglobulin concentrations in spinal fluid. No statistical significant differences were found between the age groups a) 1 month to 1 year, b) 1 year to 5 years and c) 5 years to 12 years. The average level for IgG was 1,41 +/- 0,8 mg%, for total protein 34,8 +/- 9,6 mg%. IgA and IgM were detectable not or only in small quantities even when the spinal fluid was concentrated. Furthermore 21 children with viral and 9 with purulent meningitis and 2 with encephalitis were examined. Patients with meningitis had a distinct increase in IgG, IgA and IgM. The increase was more pronounced in purulent than in viral meningitis. Children with encephalitis had an increase of IgG and in one case an increase of IgA. Continous examination of immunglobulins in spinal fluid from a child with inoperable hydrocephalus revealed a steady increase of all 3 immunglobulins which was probably a result of elevated vascular permeability.", "contents": "[Immunglobulin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of children. Studies regarding age dependency and changes during inflammatory disease of CNS (author's transl)]. 75 children of different age groups were examined for immunglobulin concentrations in spinal fluid. No statistical significant differences were found between the age groups a) 1 month to 1 year, b) 1 year to 5 years and c) 5 years to 12 years. The average level for IgG was 1,41 +/- 0,8 mg%, for total protein 34,8 +/- 9,6 mg%. IgA and IgM were detectable not or only in small quantities even when the spinal fluid was concentrated. Furthermore 21 children with viral and 9 with purulent meningitis and 2 with encephalitis were examined. Patients with meningitis had a distinct increase in IgG, IgA and IgM. The increase was more pronounced in purulent than in viral meningitis. Children with encephalitis had an increase of IgG and in one case an increase of IgA. Continous examination of immunglobulins in spinal fluid from a child with inoperable hydrocephalus revealed a steady increase of all 3 immunglobulins which was probably a result of elevated vascular permeability.", "PMID": 558468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3474", "title": "[Normal range of free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid of children (author's transl)].", "content": "Free amino acids were determined quantitatively in cerebrospinal fluid of 80 boys and 69 girls (ages 1 month-14years). On the basis of the cliniclal criterions these children were considered to be \"\"healthy''. The total number of examined children was 2000. Cerebrospinal fluid was mixed with an equal volume of 5% sulphosalicylic acid and the amino acids were separated by ion exchange column chromatography. 1. The sexspecific investigation of the 1 month -2 years old children showed that the boys had a statistical significant hgher concentration of lysine and that no statistical significant differences existed between the groups of 2-14 years old children. 2. The age specific comparison revealed that the amino acid concentrations ofaspartic acid, citrulline, histidine, lysine, serine, threonine and tyrosine were in the cerebrospinal fluid of the younger boys statistical significant higher as compared to the older boys and that the concentration of serine in the cerebrospinal fluid of the younger girls was statistical significant higher than in the group of older girls.", "contents": "[Normal range of free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid of children (author's transl)]. Free amino acids were determined quantitatively in cerebrospinal fluid of 80 boys and 69 girls (ages 1 month-14years). On the basis of the cliniclal criterions these children were considered to be \"\"healthy''. The total number of examined children was 2000. Cerebrospinal fluid was mixed with an equal volume of 5% sulphosalicylic acid and the amino acids were separated by ion exchange column chromatography. 1. The sexspecific investigation of the 1 month -2 years old children showed that the boys had a statistical significant hgher concentration of lysine and that no statistical significant differences existed between the groups of 2-14 years old children. 2. The age specific comparison revealed that the amino acid concentrations ofaspartic acid, citrulline, histidine, lysine, serine, threonine and tyrosine were in the cerebrospinal fluid of the younger boys statistical significant higher as compared to the older boys and that the concentration of serine in the cerebrospinal fluid of the younger girls was statistical significant higher than in the group of older girls.", "PMID": 558469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3475", "title": "[Thorax drainage with the Matthys-tube].", "content": "The Thorax-Tube according to Matthys and its successful application in 18 premature and mature newborns and older children is described. The advantages of this new device are discussed.", "contents": "[Thorax drainage with the Matthys-tube]. The Thorax-Tube according to Matthys and its successful application in 18 premature and mature newborns and older children is described. The advantages of this new device are discussed.", "PMID": 558470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3476", "title": "[The clinical data of infected umbilical sinus].", "content": "We report the case of a female baby, three months of age, with anemia of chronic infection, hematuria and umbilical sinus. The patient did survive a sepsis and the extirpation of the umbilical sinus and died in a septic shock. Diagnosis and therapy of the anomalies of the umbilicus are discussed and a possible explanation for the hematuria is presented.", "contents": "[The clinical data of infected umbilical sinus]. We report the case of a female baby, three months of age, with anemia of chronic infection, hematuria and umbilical sinus. The patient did survive a sepsis and the extirpation of the umbilical sinus and died in a septic shock. Diagnosis and therapy of the anomalies of the umbilicus are discussed and a possible explanation for the hematuria is presented.", "PMID": 558471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3477", "title": "[Specific points of view on the education and psychological developement in children with cystic fibrosis].", "content": "A sample of 21 parents were interviewed about the psychological development of their Cystic Fibrosis children and their way of education. Additionally 18 children - 6 to 15 years old - were examined by means of psychological tests. The results of the interviews demonstrate favourable behaviour in education, the parents being tolerant and consequent. The children were often described as reasonable and mature. There were seldom complaints about problems in education and behaviour. Some families are exercising an overprotecting way of education. The positive general impression with regard to the emotional and social develoment of these children was confirmed by the applied personality tests. Concerning the factor \"\"emotional stability'' there were no important statistical discreptancies to healthy children of the same age; examination phobias, aversion against school and conscious fears were found significantly more seldom in comparison to other children. It was stated, however, that aggressive emotions were inhibited. Finally there was a marked sense for responsibility beside a deficit in the development of independance.", "contents": "[Specific points of view on the education and psychological developement in children with cystic fibrosis]. A sample of 21 parents were interviewed about the psychological development of their Cystic Fibrosis children and their way of education. Additionally 18 children - 6 to 15 years old - were examined by means of psychological tests. The results of the interviews demonstrate favourable behaviour in education, the parents being tolerant and consequent. The children were often described as reasonable and mature. There were seldom complaints about problems in education and behaviour. Some families are exercising an overprotecting way of education. The positive general impression with regard to the emotional and social develoment of these children was confirmed by the applied personality tests. Concerning the factor \"\"emotional stability'' there were no important statistical discreptancies to healthy children of the same age; examination phobias, aversion against school and conscious fears were found significantly more seldom in comparison to other children. It was stated, however, that aggressive emotions were inhibited. Finally there was a marked sense for responsibility beside a deficit in the development of independance.", "PMID": 558472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3478", "title": "[The frequency of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah) in Munich (author's transl)].", "content": "In Munich the frequency of homozygotes of CAH (with and without salt losing syndrome) in the years 1963-1972 was 1; 9831. The CAH gen frequency was 1:99 and the frequency of heterozygote carriers was 1: 50. From these observations it was concluded that the number of undiagnosed boys suffering from CAH without salt losing syndrome must be very high. Assuming a sex ration of 1:1 for the children without salt losing syndrome the frequency of homozygotes (with and without salt losing syndrome) can be calculated to 1:7520. The statistical comparison of the frequency for Munich and for Z\u00fcrich (Prader 1958) does not show a significant difference.", "contents": "[The frequency of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah) in Munich (author's transl)]. In Munich the frequency of homozygotes of CAH (with and without salt losing syndrome) in the years 1963-1972 was 1; 9831. The CAH gen frequency was 1:99 and the frequency of heterozygote carriers was 1: 50. From these observations it was concluded that the number of undiagnosed boys suffering from CAH without salt losing syndrome must be very high. Assuming a sex ration of 1:1 for the children without salt losing syndrome the frequency of homozygotes (with and without salt losing syndrome) can be calculated to 1:7520. The statistical comparison of the frequency for Munich and for Z\u00fcrich (Prader 1958) does not show a significant difference.", "PMID": 558473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3479", "title": "[Pathological findings in galactosemia caused by a galactose-1-phosphaturidyltransferase defect (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past, galactosemis was considered to be one disorder; today it is subdivided into various enzymopathies. The enzymopathy occuring most frequently is the disorder with galactose-i-phosphaturidyl transferase. The morphologic equivalent of this desease was described on the basis of two letal cases involving siblings. The parents and the third child in this family (born 6 years later) showed only a 50% reduction in galactose-1-phosphaturidyltransferease activity in the erythrocytes. This was a heterozygous form of glactosemia without manifestations.", "contents": "[Pathological findings in galactosemia caused by a galactose-1-phosphaturidyltransferase defect (author's transl)]. In the past, galactosemis was considered to be one disorder; today it is subdivided into various enzymopathies. The enzymopathy occuring most frequently is the disorder with galactose-i-phosphaturidyl transferase. The morphologic equivalent of this desease was described on the basis of two letal cases involving siblings. The parents and the third child in this family (born 6 years later) showed only a 50% reduction in galactose-1-phosphaturidyltransferease activity in the erythrocytes. This was a heterozygous form of glactosemia without manifestations.", "PMID": 558474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3480", "title": "[Neonatal hypocalcemia in hyperparathyroidism of the mother (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a female neonate with hypocalcemia and spasms. The cause was parathyroid insufficiency due to hyperparathroidism of the mother. The hypocalcemia was treated with a massive dose of Vitamin D; this led to a sharp rise of 25-OH-vitamin D levels in serum. The mother had kidney stones. There was hypercalcemia and a raised parathormone level. Diagnosis was confirmed by surgery. An adenoma weighing 7 g was removed.", "contents": "[Neonatal hypocalcemia in hyperparathyroidism of the mother (author's transl)]. Case report of a female neonate with hypocalcemia and spasms. The cause was parathyroid insufficiency due to hyperparathroidism of the mother. The hypocalcemia was treated with a massive dose of Vitamin D; this led to a sharp rise of 25-OH-vitamin D levels in serum. The mother had kidney stones. There was hypercalcemia and a raised parathormone level. Diagnosis was confirmed by surgery. An adenoma weighing 7 g was removed.", "PMID": 558475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3481", "title": "[Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 17 months old boy with the minor form of asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. The clinical picture is characterized by a rigid, narrow, and extended thorax and by dyspnea and tendency to develop pneumonitis during early infancy. Later on there is gradual improvement by increase of the thoracic volume. At the age of 17 months there are no more radiographic pelvic deformities which the infant had initially. Up to now the boy shows no skeletal changes of the hands, and no symptoms of renal involvement frequently developing in this disease. Since the a. th. d. is inherited by an autosoma recessive gene, the recognition also of the minor forme is important for genetic counseling. The differentiation between the a. th. d. and the chondroektodermal dysplasia Ellis-van Crefeld is discussed.", "contents": "[Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (author's transl)]. Report on a 17 months old boy with the minor form of asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. The clinical picture is characterized by a rigid, narrow, and extended thorax and by dyspnea and tendency to develop pneumonitis during early infancy. Later on there is gradual improvement by increase of the thoracic volume. At the age of 17 months there are no more radiographic pelvic deformities which the infant had initially. Up to now the boy shows no skeletal changes of the hands, and no symptoms of renal involvement frequently developing in this disease. Since the a. th. d. is inherited by an autosoma recessive gene, the recognition also of the minor forme is important for genetic counseling. The differentiation between the a. th. d. and the chondroektodermal dysplasia Ellis-van Crefeld is discussed.", "PMID": 558476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3482", "title": "Mitral valve replacement versus reconstruction. An analysis of indications and results of mitral valve procedures in a consecutive series of 80 patients.", "content": "Case histories of 80 patients undergoing mitral valve procedures over a 2 year period were analyzed to determine the preoperative and intraoperative factors favoring reconstruction. Of 34 patients undergoing valve reconstruction, 31 (90 per cent) were women, and the average age of patients undergoing reconstruction was 41 versus 51 for patients who underwent replacement. Absence of calcification on fluoroscopic study and at operation favored reconstruction, as did the finding of good leaflet mobility by preoperative echocardiograms and operative assessment. Pure lesions, i.e., stenosis or insufficiency, favored reconstruction. In this regard, the use of new annuloplasty techniques has facilitated the surgeon's ability to reconstruct regurgitant mitral valves. No operative deaths and excellent functional and clinical results obtained in 80 per cent of patients undergoing mitral reconstruction justify the aggressive application of this technique in properly selected patients.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement versus reconstruction. An analysis of indications and results of mitral valve procedures in a consecutive series of 80 patients. Case histories of 80 patients undergoing mitral valve procedures over a 2 year period were analyzed to determine the preoperative and intraoperative factors favoring reconstruction. Of 34 patients undergoing valve reconstruction, 31 (90 per cent) were women, and the average age of patients undergoing reconstruction was 41 versus 51 for patients who underwent replacement. Absence of calcification on fluoroscopic study and at operation favored reconstruction, as did the finding of good leaflet mobility by preoperative echocardiograms and operative assessment. Pure lesions, i.e., stenosis or insufficiency, favored reconstruction. In this regard, the use of new annuloplasty techniques has facilitated the surgeon's ability to reconstruct regurgitant mitral valves. No operative deaths and excellent functional and clinical results obtained in 80 per cent of patients undergoing mitral reconstruction justify the aggressive application of this technique in properly selected patients.", "PMID": 558482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3483", "title": "A structural model for the cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine complexes in bilayer membranes.", "content": "Based on the structural properties of phospholipid and cholesterol molecules, and making use of the known structural and motional effects of cholesterol and its analogs on phospholipid bilayers, a model for the cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine complex is proposed. In this model, the 3beta-hydroxyl group of cholesterol is assumed to engage in hydrogen bonding with the carbonyl oxygen of the fatty acyl groups in phospholipids. Some specific configurations of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acyl chains of the phospholipid are suggested to participate in van der Waals attractive interactions with the apha and beta surface of the steroid nucleus.", "contents": "A structural model for the cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine complexes in bilayer membranes. Based on the structural properties of phospholipid and cholesterol molecules, and making use of the known structural and motional effects of cholesterol and its analogs on phospholipid bilayers, a model for the cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine complex is proposed. In this model, the 3beta-hydroxyl group of cholesterol is assumed to engage in hydrogen bonding with the carbonyl oxygen of the fatty acyl groups in phospholipids. Some specific configurations of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acyl chains of the phospholipid are suggested to participate in van der Waals attractive interactions with the apha and beta surface of the steroid nucleus.", "PMID": 558491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3484", "title": "Pancreatic and microbial lipases: a comparison of the interaction of pancreatic colipase with lipases of various origins.", "content": "Conjugated bile salts inhibit the the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG) by the lipases from Rhizopus arrhizus and Geotrichum candidum. This occurs for detergent concentrations similar to those which suppress the action of mammalian pancreatic lipases upon the same substrates. However, in opposition with what is observed with the latter enzymes, the activity is not restored by the addition of pancreatic colipase. Both pancreatic and R. arrhizus lipases are inactivated at tributyrin/water interface, but only the first enzyme is protected against this surface denaturation by the pancreatic cofactor. These observations suggest that colipases synthesized in mammalian pancreas display specific interaction towards the lipases made by the same organ.", "contents": "Pancreatic and microbial lipases: a comparison of the interaction of pancreatic colipase with lipases of various origins. Conjugated bile salts inhibit the the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG) by the lipases from Rhizopus arrhizus and Geotrichum candidum. This occurs for detergent concentrations similar to those which suppress the action of mammalian pancreatic lipases upon the same substrates. However, in opposition with what is observed with the latter enzymes, the activity is not restored by the addition of pancreatic colipase. Both pancreatic and R. arrhizus lipases are inactivated at tributyrin/water interface, but only the first enzyme is protected against this surface denaturation by the pancreatic cofactor. These observations suggest that colipases synthesized in mammalian pancreas display specific interaction towards the lipases made by the same organ.", "PMID": 558492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3485", "title": "Field estimation of VO2 max in children eight years of age.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to explore the validity of using timed distance runs as predictorr of cardiorespiratory fitness in young untrained children. Maximal oxygen consumption and performance in runs of 549, 1207, and 1609 meters (600 yards, 3/4 mile, and 1 mile) were compared in 38 children eight years of age. Males were found to exceed females on Vo2max and possessed significantly faster times in the 1207 and 1609 meter runs. The females exhibited greater six-site skinfold totals. The 1609 meter run proved to be the best predictor of Vo2max (ml/kg) in males. However, none of the three distances was acceptable for females.", "contents": "Field estimation of VO2 max in children eight years of age. The purpose of the investigation was to explore the validity of using timed distance runs as predictorr of cardiorespiratory fitness in young untrained children. Maximal oxygen consumption and performance in runs of 549, 1207, and 1609 meters (600 yards, 3/4 mile, and 1 mile) were compared in 38 children eight years of age. Males were found to exceed females on Vo2max and possessed significantly faster times in the 1207 and 1609 meter runs. The females exhibited greater six-site skinfold totals. The 1609 meter run proved to be the best predictor of Vo2max (ml/kg) in males. However, none of the three distances was acceptable for females.", "PMID": 558493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3486", "title": "The clinical profile of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Seven cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, presenting in a cardiological practice over a period of three years, are documented to illustrate the clinical spectrum of this disease. Frequently this disorder presents with symptoms resembling those of ischaemic heart disease accompanied by left ventricular hypertrophy without obvious cause. It is often familial. The clinical course is variable, but in general slowly progressive; the prognosis depends largely on the severity of disease when the patient presents for treatment. Although no fully satisfactory treatment is available, beta-blockade often ameliorates symptoms, and surgery may benefit selected patients with advanced disease.", "contents": "The clinical profile of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Seven cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, presenting in a cardiological practice over a period of three years, are documented to illustrate the clinical spectrum of this disease. Frequently this disorder presents with symptoms resembling those of ischaemic heart disease accompanied by left ventricular hypertrophy without obvious cause. It is often familial. The clinical course is variable, but in general slowly progressive; the prognosis depends largely on the severity of disease when the patient presents for treatment. Although no fully satisfactory treatment is available, beta-blockade often ameliorates symptoms, and surgery may benefit selected patients with advanced disease.", "PMID": 558498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3487", "title": "[Hearing- and vestibular functions after neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Cochlear- and vestibular function were investigated in 72 patients, aged between 4 and 7 years who had neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Markedly more and more serious damage was found in the group of patients, who as neonates had serum bilirubin levels above 25 mg-%. The frequency of loss of cochlear and vestibular function was significantly higher in patients with hyperbilirubinaemia for more than 4 days. Contrary to data published until now, it can be concluded that the vestibular apparatus is the most sensitive part of the nervous system to bilirubin.", "contents": "[Hearing- and vestibular functions after neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (author's transl)]. Cochlear- and vestibular function were investigated in 72 patients, aged between 4 and 7 years who had neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Markedly more and more serious damage was found in the group of patients, who as neonates had serum bilirubin levels above 25 mg-%. The frequency of loss of cochlear and vestibular function was significantly higher in patients with hyperbilirubinaemia for more than 4 days. Contrary to data published until now, it can be concluded that the vestibular apparatus is the most sensitive part of the nervous system to bilirubin.", "PMID": 558506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3488", "title": "[Production of yeast biomasses from starch].", "content": "The well known fodder yeasts do not accumulate extracellular amylolytic enzymes and are therefore unable to utilize starches for the production of microbial biomasses. Some of the Endomycopsis yeasts produce glucoamylase but their specific growth rate is so small that continuous cultivation in starch containing media results in low productivites. In the \"Symba-process\" this drawback is overcome by a twostage fermentation process. In the first stage only Endomycopsis fibuliger yeasts are continuously cultivated and in the second stage the main part of the starch containing medium is converted to microbial biomasses by a mixed culture consisting of fodder yeasts (p.a. Candida utilis) and Endomycopsis fibuliger transferred continously from the first stage. In this work methods for evaluating conditions of cultivation of such a process are presented and a two stage continuous fermentation of a starch containing medium is performed. In the second stage with a dilution rate of D Y 0,174 h-1 a productivity of 1,7 g dry biomasses/1-h was attained Methods for improving the productivity are discussed.", "contents": "[Production of yeast biomasses from starch]. The well known fodder yeasts do not accumulate extracellular amylolytic enzymes and are therefore unable to utilize starches for the production of microbial biomasses. Some of the Endomycopsis yeasts produce glucoamylase but their specific growth rate is so small that continuous cultivation in starch containing media results in low productivites. In the \"Symba-process\" this drawback is overcome by a twostage fermentation process. In the first stage only Endomycopsis fibuliger yeasts are continuously cultivated and in the second stage the main part of the starch containing medium is converted to microbial biomasses by a mixed culture consisting of fodder yeasts (p.a. Candida utilis) and Endomycopsis fibuliger transferred continously from the first stage. In this work methods for evaluating conditions of cultivation of such a process are presented and a two stage continuous fermentation of a starch containing medium is performed. In the second stage with a dilution rate of D Y 0,174 h-1 a productivity of 1,7 g dry biomasses/1-h was attained Methods for improving the productivity are discussed.", "PMID": 558511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3489", "title": "Sterol composition of Bulgarian soya and corn oils.", "content": "The free sterols, the sterol esters and the sterol glycosides of the raw soya and corn oils as well as those of the technical lecithin and the deodorizer distillated of the latter oils were isolated by preparative TLC. The composition of each of the isolated sterol derivatives was determined by GLC and MS. Sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and an unknown sterol with a molecular weight of 428 are contained in almost all of the examined fractions of the soya oil and its refinement byproducts. Dehydrocampesterol is present in the free sterols of the raw soya oil and the soya lecithin. Stigmasterol is contained in the soya deodorizer distillate in high amounts. It was established that cholesterol was present in the sterol esters of the raw soya oil high amounts. Delta7-stigmastenol occurs only in the sterol esters of the latter oil. Sitosterol, campesterol and stimgasterol are the main components of all sterol fractions of the corn oil and its refinement products. Dehydrocampesterol and unknown sterols with molecular weights of 428 are present in the free sterols of the raw corn oil. Some sterol glycosides of the soya and corn lecithin are esterified with the same major fatty acid components of the glycerides, palmitic acid being the main one. The fatty acid compositon of sterol esters of the raw soya and corn oil roughly corresponds to the fatty acid composition of oils.", "contents": "Sterol composition of Bulgarian soya and corn oils. The free sterols, the sterol esters and the sterol glycosides of the raw soya and corn oils as well as those of the technical lecithin and the deodorizer distillated of the latter oils were isolated by preparative TLC. The composition of each of the isolated sterol derivatives was determined by GLC and MS. Sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and an unknown sterol with a molecular weight of 428 are contained in almost all of the examined fractions of the soya oil and its refinement byproducts. Dehydrocampesterol is present in the free sterols of the raw soya oil and the soya lecithin. Stigmasterol is contained in the soya deodorizer distillate in high amounts. It was established that cholesterol was present in the sterol esters of the raw soya oil high amounts. Delta7-stigmastenol occurs only in the sterol esters of the latter oil. Sitosterol, campesterol and stimgasterol are the main components of all sterol fractions of the corn oil and its refinement products. Dehydrocampesterol and unknown sterols with molecular weights of 428 are present in the free sterols of the raw corn oil. Some sterol glycosides of the soya and corn lecithin are esterified with the same major fatty acid components of the glycerides, palmitic acid being the main one. The fatty acid compositon of sterol esters of the raw soya and corn oil roughly corresponds to the fatty acid composition of oils.", "PMID": 558512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3490", "title": "[Production of pullulan].", "content": "Optimum conditions for the production of pullulan by Pullularia pullulans were elaborated by examinating growth and production with different carbohydrates and mixtures of carbohydrates. With starch hydrolysates or mixtures of starch and simple sugars, p.e. glucose or saccharose, better results were achieved than with simple sugars alone or with starch. Condtions for optimum pullulan production are fast undisturbed growth, mediated by fast utilizable simple sugars like glucose followed by a substantial decreased growth rate in which production occurs, mediated by a sufficient supply of nutrite substances and a slow utilizable carbohydrate like starch.", "contents": "[Production of pullulan]. Optimum conditions for the production of pullulan by Pullularia pullulans were elaborated by examinating growth and production with different carbohydrates and mixtures of carbohydrates. With starch hydrolysates or mixtures of starch and simple sugars, p.e. glucose or saccharose, better results were achieved than with simple sugars alone or with starch. Condtions for optimum pullulan production are fast undisturbed growth, mediated by fast utilizable simple sugars like glucose followed by a substantial decreased growth rate in which production occurs, mediated by a sufficient supply of nutrite substances and a slow utilizable carbohydrate like starch.", "PMID": 558513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3491", "title": "Quantitative assessment of tolerance to and dependence on morphine in mice.", "content": "1. Tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia (hot plate and acetic acid whrithing test), hypothermia and lethality can be quantified in mice by measuring the degree of parallel shifts of semilog. dose-response relationships induced by repeated opioid administration. 2. A similar procedure can be used for the quantification of naloxone-induced withdrawal as an indicator of dependence. 3. The intensity of tolerance development with respect to time of administration and dosage of morphine varies with the test procedure. It is closely parallel, however, in both analgesic tests during acquisition of tolerance. 4. Log-log-linear relationships exist between tolerance in analgesic tests and physical dependence as determined by naloxone-induced withdrawal. 5. The minimum tolerance-inducing dose of morphine in different tests could not be correlated to the ED50's in these tests. 6. Chronic opiate treatment leads to a decrease or an increase in motility response to morphine, depending on the time that has elapsed after the last morphine administration.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of tolerance to and dependence on morphine in mice. 1. Tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia (hot plate and acetic acid whrithing test), hypothermia and lethality can be quantified in mice by measuring the degree of parallel shifts of semilog. dose-response relationships induced by repeated opioid administration. 2. A similar procedure can be used for the quantification of naloxone-induced withdrawal as an indicator of dependence. 3. The intensity of tolerance development with respect to time of administration and dosage of morphine varies with the test procedure. It is closely parallel, however, in both analgesic tests during acquisition of tolerance. 4. Log-log-linear relationships exist between tolerance in analgesic tests and physical dependence as determined by naloxone-induced withdrawal. 5. The minimum tolerance-inducing dose of morphine in different tests could not be correlated to the ED50's in these tests. 6. Chronic opiate treatment leads to a decrease or an increase in motility response to morphine, depending on the time that has elapsed after the last morphine administration.", "PMID": 558528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3492", "title": "The interaction of clonidine with dopamine-dependent behaviour in rodents.", "content": "The effect of clonidine on a number of behavioural parameters believed to be expressed through central dopaminergic mechanisms has been studied in rodents. 1. Clonidine (0.06-2 mg/kg) potentiated the circling response to standard doses of both apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) and amphetamine (3 mg/kg) in mice with unilateral destruction of nigro-neostriatal dopamine nerve terminals. Similarly, clonidine (0.06-2 mg/kg) enhanced the locomotor effect of apomorphine in reserpinised mice. 2. Clonidine (0.5 mg/kg) was without effect on the patterns of stereotypyd behaviours induced by the dopamine agonist apomorphine (0.1-5 mg/kg) in the rat. Unilateral intrastriatal injections of clonidine (5-100 microng) caused no discernable behavioural effects in rats. 3. Injection of apomorphine (10 microng) bilaterally into the region of the nucleus accumbens of the rat resulted in a hyperactive response, while bilateral injection of clonidine (50 microng) into this region caused marked sedation, thus mimicking the effects of these drugs on motor activity when administered systemically. Combinations of systemic or nucleus accumbens apomorphine and clonidine resulted in potentiated stereotype and prolonged hyperactivity responses. 4. Clonidine (0.5 mg/kg) potentiated the cataleptic effect of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (0.1-2 mg/kg) in rats. Clonidine therefore potentiated those behavioural responses exhibiting a locomotor component (viz. circling and hyperactivity), but was without effect on stereotypy. The potentiation of catalepsy induced by clonidine may be explained in non-specific sedatory terms. It is apparent that clonidine acts through a secondary neurone system which modifies the effects of dopamine receptor stimulation, although the exact site of this interaction is not clear. The tentative conclusion might be that clonidine inhibits 5-HT neuronal activity, and the possible relationships between 5-HT and NA and dopamine are discussed.", "contents": "The interaction of clonidine with dopamine-dependent behaviour in rodents. The effect of clonidine on a number of behavioural parameters believed to be expressed through central dopaminergic mechanisms has been studied in rodents. 1. Clonidine (0.06-2 mg/kg) potentiated the circling response to standard doses of both apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) and amphetamine (3 mg/kg) in mice with unilateral destruction of nigro-neostriatal dopamine nerve terminals. Similarly, clonidine (0.06-2 mg/kg) enhanced the locomotor effect of apomorphine in reserpinised mice. 2. Clonidine (0.5 mg/kg) was without effect on the patterns of stereotypyd behaviours induced by the dopamine agonist apomorphine (0.1-5 mg/kg) in the rat. Unilateral intrastriatal injections of clonidine (5-100 microng) caused no discernable behavioural effects in rats. 3. Injection of apomorphine (10 microng) bilaterally into the region of the nucleus accumbens of the rat resulted in a hyperactive response, while bilateral injection of clonidine (50 microng) into this region caused marked sedation, thus mimicking the effects of these drugs on motor activity when administered systemically. Combinations of systemic or nucleus accumbens apomorphine and clonidine resulted in potentiated stereotype and prolonged hyperactivity responses. 4. Clonidine (0.5 mg/kg) potentiated the cataleptic effect of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (0.1-2 mg/kg) in rats. Clonidine therefore potentiated those behavioural responses exhibiting a locomotor component (viz. circling and hyperactivity), but was without effect on stereotypy. The potentiation of catalepsy induced by clonidine may be explained in non-specific sedatory terms. It is apparent that clonidine acts through a secondary neurone system which modifies the effects of dopamine receptor stimulation, although the exact site of this interaction is not clear. The tentative conclusion might be that clonidine inhibits 5-HT neuronal activity, and the possible relationships between 5-HT and NA and dopamine are discussed.", "PMID": 558529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3493", "title": "[Computerized transverse axial tomography in intracerebral, intracerebellar and intraventricular hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "Computerized transverse axial tomography (CT) of the brain is a recently developed method which allows non-invasive roentgenologic evaluation of intracranial diseases. The advent of CT represents a great advance in the diagnosis of a very wide variety of intracranial lesions, including cerebrovascular diseases. Especially, CT was found to be extremely informative in evaluating intracerebral, intracerebellar and intraventricular hemorrhage. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of CT in the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage. From the seven hundreds cases of various intracranial diseases hitherto examined by the EMI-scanner (160 X 160 matrix), twenty-three cases of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage were selected for the present study. Fifteen cases of fresh hemorrhage consisted of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, arterio-venous malformation, aneurysm and unknown etiology, number of cases being six, three, four and two, respectively. All cases were examined within fifteen days after the ictus and the positive findings were obtained in all cases. The characteristic feature of the hematoma is the circumscribed and increased density area surrounded by the decreased density zone probably representing the accompanied brain edema. The sequential CT studies revealed that the hematoma area was gradually decreased in its density and finally transformed into the rather low density one in four weeks or so after the ictus. The smallest hematoma detected by CT was the cerebellar hematoma about five grams in weight, which was failed to be recognized by the angiography. In cases of the old hemorrhage, besides the decreased density area of the hematoma, such findings were obtained as cerebral atrophy, ventricular dilatation and porencephalic change. It would be concluded that CT study is the most useful aid at present available in the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage. The precise anatomic extent of the hematoma, associated brain edema, ventricular deformity and displacement and hydrocephalus are all readily assessed by CT.", "contents": "[Computerized transverse axial tomography in intracerebral, intracerebellar and intraventricular hemorrhage (author's transl)]. Computerized transverse axial tomography (CT) of the brain is a recently developed method which allows non-invasive roentgenologic evaluation of intracranial diseases. The advent of CT represents a great advance in the diagnosis of a very wide variety of intracranial lesions, including cerebrovascular diseases. Especially, CT was found to be extremely informative in evaluating intracerebral, intracerebellar and intraventricular hemorrhage. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of CT in the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage. From the seven hundreds cases of various intracranial diseases hitherto examined by the EMI-scanner (160 X 160 matrix), twenty-three cases of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage were selected for the present study. Fifteen cases of fresh hemorrhage consisted of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, arterio-venous malformation, aneurysm and unknown etiology, number of cases being six, three, four and two, respectively. All cases were examined within fifteen days after the ictus and the positive findings were obtained in all cases. The characteristic feature of the hematoma is the circumscribed and increased density area surrounded by the decreased density zone probably representing the accompanied brain edema. The sequential CT studies revealed that the hematoma area was gradually decreased in its density and finally transformed into the rather low density one in four weeks or so after the ictus. The smallest hematoma detected by CT was the cerebellar hematoma about five grams in weight, which was failed to be recognized by the angiography. In cases of the old hemorrhage, besides the decreased density area of the hematoma, such findings were obtained as cerebral atrophy, ventricular dilatation and porencephalic change. It would be concluded that CT study is the most useful aid at present available in the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage. The precise anatomic extent of the hematoma, associated brain edema, ventricular deformity and displacement and hydrocephalus are all readily assessed by CT.", "PMID": 558535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3494", "title": "[Cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy--analysis of 300 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three hundred cases of cranioplasty, following large decompressive craniectomy for various diseases, were analyzed. 1. Neurological status was evaluated before and after cranioplasty in 52 patients with remaining neurological deficit. There observed no changes in 13 patients with skin flap of full or bulging type. However, 4 (10%) among 39 patients with skin flap of sinking or flat type showed unquestionable objective improvement within a few days following cranioplasty, after stationary period of more than 2 and half months. In these situation, placement of acrylic plate has presumably corrected deformity of underlying brain tissue secondary to pressure gradient between extra- and intracranial spaces, which might have unidentifiably caused unfavorable eflects on neural function. 2. Seven children underwent procedure within 24 months of age and all of them had troublesome bluging of skin flap. This deformity was extreme in 5, in whom the dura mater was not repaired in the previous surgery. Those children had various intracranial problems as causes of bulging skin flap-hydrocephaly in 2, porencephaly in 1, CSF collection under the skin flap in 4, brain migration in 2, enlarged subarachnoid space over the bulging brain surface in 2, deformity of the skull resembling growing skull fracture in 5; and as complications of cranioplasty in 3 and infection in 2. 3. Fracture of the cranioplasty was seen in 7 (2%) among 300 cases and 6 of them were under the age of 7. In one case, there occurred 3 episodes of fracture. 4. Infected cranioplasty, in all as epidural empyema, was seen in 10 (3%) of 300 cases. One of the most important factors related to infection, was the time interval after the primary surgery; all infected cases were operated on within 3 months.", "contents": "[Cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy--analysis of 300 cases (author's transl)]. Three hundred cases of cranioplasty, following large decompressive craniectomy for various diseases, were analyzed. 1. Neurological status was evaluated before and after cranioplasty in 52 patients with remaining neurological deficit. There observed no changes in 13 patients with skin flap of full or bulging type. However, 4 (10%) among 39 patients with skin flap of sinking or flat type showed unquestionable objective improvement within a few days following cranioplasty, after stationary period of more than 2 and half months. In these situation, placement of acrylic plate has presumably corrected deformity of underlying brain tissue secondary to pressure gradient between extra- and intracranial spaces, which might have unidentifiably caused unfavorable eflects on neural function. 2. Seven children underwent procedure within 24 months of age and all of them had troublesome bluging of skin flap. This deformity was extreme in 5, in whom the dura mater was not repaired in the previous surgery. Those children had various intracranial problems as causes of bulging skin flap-hydrocephaly in 2, porencephaly in 1, CSF collection under the skin flap in 4, brain migration in 2, enlarged subarachnoid space over the bulging brain surface in 2, deformity of the skull resembling growing skull fracture in 5; and as complications of cranioplasty in 3 and infection in 2. 3. Fracture of the cranioplasty was seen in 7 (2%) among 300 cases and 6 of them were under the age of 7. In one case, there occurred 3 episodes of fracture. 4. Infected cranioplasty, in all as epidural empyema, was seen in 10 (3%) of 300 cases. One of the most important factors related to infection, was the time interval after the primary surgery; all infected cases were operated on within 3 months.", "PMID": 558536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3495", "title": "[The combination of STA-MCA anastomosis with another operation for the occlusive cerebrovascular disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Case 1. A 65 year old male had left hemiparesis with sudden onset since 8 years ago, which gradually aggravated for these 2 years. On Sept. 27, 1973, he was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Kitano Hospital. There was left spastic hemiparesis with hemisensory disturbance and he could not walk without help for the maked spasticity. Left carotid angiogram revealed the complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery and marked stenosis of the external carotid artery at the common carotid bifurcation. External carotid endarterectomy was performed on Nov. 19, 1973, which was followed by STA-MCA anastomosis 2 months later. The spasticity of extremities and left hemisparesis were gradually improved and he was able to walk without help. Case 2. On Apr. 14, 1974, a 63 year old female developed complete stroke with right hemiparesis and speech disturbance after transient ischemic attacks of 5 days duration. On Aug. 9, he was admitted and had emotional incontinence, right hemiparesis, Gerstmann's syndrome and motor aphasia. Left carotid angiogram revealed a saccular aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery and the occlusion of the distal middle cerebral arterys. These findings suggested that the occlusion was caused by embolus from the middle cerebral aneurysm, and the combined surgery with STA-MCA anastomosis and operation for the aneurysm was planned. On Aug. 30, 1974, under left frontotemporal craniotomy, aneurysmal neck clipping and aneurysmectomy were performed and thereafter, STA-MCA double anastomosis was done. One week after operation, the gradual improvement of pre-operative symptomes was noted. Recently, STA-MCA anatomosis is well known to be one of the effective operative methods for the occlusive methods for the occlusive cerebrovascular diseases and in addition, we found that the combination of STA-MCA anastomosis with other operations was effective for unusual cases presenting in this report. Furthermore, except for the occlusive cerebrovascular diseases, we usually plan STA-MCA anastomosis for the cases of 1) carotid ligation or trapping for carotid-cavernous sinus fistula and some internal carotid aneurysms, 2) some intracranial tumors with the danger involving the main cerebral arteries by operation to protect the cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "[The combination of STA-MCA anastomosis with another operation for the occlusive cerebrovascular disease (author's transl)]. Case 1. A 65 year old male had left hemiparesis with sudden onset since 8 years ago, which gradually aggravated for these 2 years. On Sept. 27, 1973, he was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Kitano Hospital. There was left spastic hemiparesis with hemisensory disturbance and he could not walk without help for the maked spasticity. Left carotid angiogram revealed the complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery and marked stenosis of the external carotid artery at the common carotid bifurcation. External carotid endarterectomy was performed on Nov. 19, 1973, which was followed by STA-MCA anastomosis 2 months later. The spasticity of extremities and left hemisparesis were gradually improved and he was able to walk without help. Case 2. On Apr. 14, 1974, a 63 year old female developed complete stroke with right hemiparesis and speech disturbance after transient ischemic attacks of 5 days duration. On Aug. 9, he was admitted and had emotional incontinence, right hemiparesis, Gerstmann's syndrome and motor aphasia. Left carotid angiogram revealed a saccular aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery and the occlusion of the distal middle cerebral arterys. These findings suggested that the occlusion was caused by embolus from the middle cerebral aneurysm, and the combined surgery with STA-MCA anastomosis and operation for the aneurysm was planned. On Aug. 30, 1974, under left frontotemporal craniotomy, aneurysmal neck clipping and aneurysmectomy were performed and thereafter, STA-MCA double anastomosis was done. One week after operation, the gradual improvement of pre-operative symptomes was noted. Recently, STA-MCA anatomosis is well known to be one of the effective operative methods for the occlusive methods for the occlusive cerebrovascular diseases and in addition, we found that the combination of STA-MCA anastomosis with other operations was effective for unusual cases presenting in this report. Furthermore, except for the occlusive cerebrovascular diseases, we usually plan STA-MCA anastomosis for the cases of 1) carotid ligation or trapping for carotid-cavernous sinus fistula and some internal carotid aneurysms, 2) some intracranial tumors with the danger involving the main cerebral arteries by operation to protect the cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 558537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3496", "title": "[A case of HCG-producing ectopic pinealoma in a girl with precocious puberty (author's transl)].", "content": "HCG-producing ectopic pinealoma of two cell pattern type was demonstrated in a 5-year old girl who presented precocious puberty and bilateral choked discs. The tumor was localized at the anterior third ventricle and suprasellar region. Endocrinological findings are as following: Plasma basal LH was markedly elevated to 306 mIU/ml and HCG was elevated to 1,192 ng/ml. Provocative test of hypophyseal function revealed low response. Plasma estrogen was not detectable. HCG content of resected tumor tissue was elevated to 400 ng/mg. FSH, however, was not detectable. Histological findings of this tumor showed atypical teratoma, so-called two cell pattern pinealoma. Electron microscopic findings revealed two types of cells, dark and clear cells. Many secreting granules were found in the dark cells. In this case, HCG in plasma, CSF and tumor tissue was remarkably elevated. In addition, plasma FSH was also elevated to 8.9 mIU/ml. Precocious puberty associated with tumor in the pineal-suprasellar region has been seen only in boys. There has been no case report of precocious puberty in girls. This case is the first female case is which HCG-producing ectopic penealoma is caused in precocious puberty.", "contents": "[A case of HCG-producing ectopic pinealoma in a girl with precocious puberty (author's transl)]. HCG-producing ectopic pinealoma of two cell pattern type was demonstrated in a 5-year old girl who presented precocious puberty and bilateral choked discs. The tumor was localized at the anterior third ventricle and suprasellar region. Endocrinological findings are as following: Plasma basal LH was markedly elevated to 306 mIU/ml and HCG was elevated to 1,192 ng/ml. Provocative test of hypophyseal function revealed low response. Plasma estrogen was not detectable. HCG content of resected tumor tissue was elevated to 400 ng/mg. FSH, however, was not detectable. Histological findings of this tumor showed atypical teratoma, so-called two cell pattern pinealoma. Electron microscopic findings revealed two types of cells, dark and clear cells. Many secreting granules were found in the dark cells. In this case, HCG in plasma, CSF and tumor tissue was remarkably elevated. In addition, plasma FSH was also elevated to 8.9 mIU/ml. Precocious puberty associated with tumor in the pineal-suprasellar region has been seen only in boys. There has been no case report of precocious puberty in girls. This case is the first female case is which HCG-producing ectopic penealoma is caused in precocious puberty.", "PMID": 558538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3497", "title": "[Traumatic cerebral aneurysm showing remarkable extravasation into  the lateral ventricle--report of a case in an infant (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of traumatic cerebral aneurysm showing remarkable extravasation into the lateral ventricle was reported. This 9-month-old female baby fell down from 30 cm height and hit the right occipital area against the concrete floor. Immediately after the accident she cried, but three minutes later apnea and cardiac arrest were developed. On admission, plain craniogram showed a linear skull fracture extending from the parietal to occipital area on her right side. Since the retrograde vertebral angiography performed through the right brachial artery revealed no finding of hematoma, the patient was treated conservatively. On the third day from the accident, she developed convulsion on her right leg and the left CAG showed an aneurysm of 5 mm X 3 mm size at C2 portion of the carotid artery but no hematoma was detected. As plain craniograms taken with intervals revealed progressive suture separation, V-P shunt was performed. Immediately after the operation, mydriasis was noted on the left side. The left CAG showed remarkable extravasation of the contrast medium from the aneurysm into the left lateral ventricle. Trapping of the aneurysm was performed and the clot was removed out of the left lateral ventricle as much as possible. Ten months after surgery, she was able to eat. Development and treatment of traumatic aneurysms and extravasation from aneurysms of various origin have been discussed.", "contents": "[Traumatic cerebral aneurysm showing remarkable extravasation into  the lateral ventricle--report of a case in an infant (author's transl)]. A case of traumatic cerebral aneurysm showing remarkable extravasation into the lateral ventricle was reported. This 9-month-old female baby fell down from 30 cm height and hit the right occipital area against the concrete floor. Immediately after the accident she cried, but three minutes later apnea and cardiac arrest were developed. On admission, plain craniogram showed a linear skull fracture extending from the parietal to occipital area on her right side. Since the retrograde vertebral angiography performed through the right brachial artery revealed no finding of hematoma, the patient was treated conservatively. On the third day from the accident, she developed convulsion on her right leg and the left CAG showed an aneurysm of 5 mm X 3 mm size at C2 portion of the carotid artery but no hematoma was detected. As plain craniograms taken with intervals revealed progressive suture separation, V-P shunt was performed. Immediately after the operation, mydriasis was noted on the left side. The left CAG showed remarkable extravasation of the contrast medium from the aneurysm into the left lateral ventricle. Trapping of the aneurysm was performed and the clot was removed out of the left lateral ventricle as much as possible. Ten months after surgery, she was able to eat. Development and treatment of traumatic aneurysms and extravasation from aneurysms of various origin have been discussed.", "PMID": 558539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3498", "title": "[Intracranial neurinoma of jugular foramen--report of a case and reference, its clinical manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the 28th case report of jugular foramen neurinoma in the world. A 24-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of dizziness and impaired balance. Neurological examination revealed IX, XI and XII cranial nerves and cerebellar involvements, e.g., Brun's-Cushing nystagmus, curtain sign on the left, weakness of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle and deviation of the tongue to the left, accompanied with atrophy. Choked discs and other signs of increased intracranial pressure were not recognized. There were no cerebellar symptoms except impaired balance and nystagmus. Lateral view of vertebral angiography showed that the posterior inferior cerebellar artery was displaced backward and upward, the basilar artery was imposed to the clivus, and the superior cerebellar artery was elevated. A-P view of vertebral angiography showed that the posterior inferior cerebellar artery was displaced to the left. Enlargement of the left jugular foramen was revealed especially by tomograms of horizontal section at the level of 0.3 cm below the external acoustic meatus and 0.5 cm behind the external acoustic meatus. The jugular foramen margins were smooth and somewhat sclerotic. We confirmed the diagnosis of the jugular foramen neurinoma on the left. Suboccipital craniectomy confirmed a huge tumor which covered the left jugular foramen and the bulk of which was in the cisterna magna. These findings were supposed to explain that the patient did not show increased intracranial pressure. The tumor was encapsuled with smooth and thin capsule. This tumor was totally removed and the postoperative course was uneventful. Histological diagnosis was neurinoma. We consider that this tumor arose on the IXth or XIth cranial nerve.", "contents": "[Intracranial neurinoma of jugular foramen--report of a case and reference, its clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. This is the 28th case report of jugular foramen neurinoma in the world. A 24-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of dizziness and impaired balance. Neurological examination revealed IX, XI and XII cranial nerves and cerebellar involvements, e.g., Brun's-Cushing nystagmus, curtain sign on the left, weakness of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle and deviation of the tongue to the left, accompanied with atrophy. Choked discs and other signs of increased intracranial pressure were not recognized. There were no cerebellar symptoms except impaired balance and nystagmus. Lateral view of vertebral angiography showed that the posterior inferior cerebellar artery was displaced backward and upward, the basilar artery was imposed to the clivus, and the superior cerebellar artery was elevated. A-P view of vertebral angiography showed that the posterior inferior cerebellar artery was displaced to the left. Enlargement of the left jugular foramen was revealed especially by tomograms of horizontal section at the level of 0.3 cm below the external acoustic meatus and 0.5 cm behind the external acoustic meatus. The jugular foramen margins were smooth and somewhat sclerotic. We confirmed the diagnosis of the jugular foramen neurinoma on the left. Suboccipital craniectomy confirmed a huge tumor which covered the left jugular foramen and the bulk of which was in the cisterna magna. These findings were supposed to explain that the patient did not show increased intracranial pressure. The tumor was encapsuled with smooth and thin capsule. This tumor was totally removed and the postoperative course was uneventful. Histological diagnosis was neurinoma. We consider that this tumor arose on the IXth or XIth cranial nerve.", "PMID": 558540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3499", "title": "[A case of deep sylvian meningioma (author's transl)].", "content": "So called intracerebral or subcortical meningioma with no relation to the ventricles is extremely rare. In 1938 Cushing and Eisenhardt reported two cases of this type of tumor as \"Deep Sylvian Meningiomas\" The authors reported a case of \"deep sylvian meningioma\" because of its rarity and interesting diagnostical questions, and 16 cases reported in the literature were reviewed.", "contents": "[A case of deep sylvian meningioma (author's transl)]. So called intracerebral or subcortical meningioma with no relation to the ventricles is extremely rare. In 1938 Cushing and Eisenhardt reported two cases of this type of tumor as \"Deep Sylvian Meningiomas\" The authors reported a case of \"deep sylvian meningioma\" because of its rarity and interesting diagnostical questions, and 16 cases reported in the literature were reviewed.", "PMID": 558541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3500", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme in detecting carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Thirty mothers of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied with serum enzyme tests, including serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. In addition, females from the mothers' pedigrees were studied. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 determinations were as senitive an indicator of carrier status as creatine kinase and also identified several mothers who had normal dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 determinations, as well as extensive pedigree testing, identified 28 to 30 mothers as probable heterozygotes. These data independently support the suggestion that cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy as a result of spontaneous mutation are more uncommon than currently accepted.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme in detecting carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Thirty mothers of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied with serum enzyme tests, including serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. In addition, females from the mothers' pedigrees were studied. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 determinations were as senitive an indicator of carrier status as creatine kinase and also identified several mothers who had normal dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 determinations, as well as extensive pedigree testing, identified 28 to 30 mothers as probable heterozygotes. These data independently support the suggestion that cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy as a result of spontaneous mutation are more uncommon than currently accepted.", "PMID": 558544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3501", "title": "Experimental spinal cord compression by epidural neoplasm.", "content": "We have developed an experimental model of spinal cord compression in rats. Tumor injected anterior to the T-12 vertebral body grows through the intervertebral foramina to compress the cord and produces paraplegia in 3 to 4 weeks. Evidence for vasogenic edema in spinal cord compressed by tumor includes increased water content, leakage of horseradish peroxidase into gray matter, and histologic evidence of edema. The vascular supply to the cord overlying the tumor appears to be compromised. Both spinal cord edema and clinical symptoms are lessened by treating symptomatic animals with dexamethasone.", "contents": "Experimental spinal cord compression by epidural neoplasm. We have developed an experimental model of spinal cord compression in rats. Tumor injected anterior to the T-12 vertebral body grows through the intervertebral foramina to compress the cord and produces paraplegia in 3 to 4 weeks. Evidence for vasogenic edema in spinal cord compressed by tumor includes increased water content, leakage of horseradish peroxidase into gray matter, and histologic evidence of edema. The vascular supply to the cord overlying the tumor appears to be compromised. Both spinal cord edema and clinical symptoms are lessened by treating symptomatic animals with dexamethasone.", "PMID": 558545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3502", "title": "Achondroplasia and hydrocephalus. A computerized tomographic, roentgenographic, and psychometric study.", "content": "Nine achondroplastic dwafts were studied with computerized tomography, skull and cervical spine films, and psychometric testing. All had large ventricles that ranged from the top limits of normal to severe hydrocephalus. Three had enlarged cortical sulci. Skull and cervical spine films were typical for achondroplasia, but in addition significant asymmetry of the petrous ridge was noted. Psychometric testing disclosed generally average intelligence quotients which fell below the expected performance level in each case. These findings may be explained on the basis of the abnormal endochondral bone formation found in achondroplasia.", "contents": "Achondroplasia and hydrocephalus. A computerized tomographic, roentgenographic, and psychometric study. Nine achondroplastic dwafts were studied with computerized tomography, skull and cervical spine films, and psychometric testing. All had large ventricles that ranged from the top limits of normal to severe hydrocephalus. Three had enlarged cortical sulci. Skull and cervical spine films were typical for achondroplasia, but in addition significant asymmetry of the petrous ridge was noted. Psychometric testing disclosed generally average intelligence quotients which fell below the expected performance level in each case. These findings may be explained on the basis of the abnormal endochondral bone formation found in achondroplasia.", "PMID": 558546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3503", "title": "Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with intracranial disease by intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf.", "content": "In a randomized study of 128 patients, we evaluated intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf in the prevention of leg scan-detected venous thrombosis in intracranial disease. Pneumatic compression of the calf for 5 days reduced the rate of venous thrombosis from 12 of 63 control patients (19.1 percent) to one of 65 patients (1.5 percent) given prophylaxis (p = 0.00082). In patients who had craniotomy for brain tumor, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or subdural hematomas, calf compression reduced the incidence of venous thrombosis from nine of 49 control patients (18.4 percent) to one of 53 patients (1.9 percent) given prophylaxis (p - 0.0051). In patients who remained at risk after 5 days, the rate of venous thrombosis was no different in the control group than in the group that had received prophylaxis.", "contents": "Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with intracranial disease by intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf. In a randomized study of 128 patients, we evaluated intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf in the prevention of leg scan-detected venous thrombosis in intracranial disease. Pneumatic compression of the calf for 5 days reduced the rate of venous thrombosis from 12 of 63 control patients (19.1 percent) to one of 65 patients (1.5 percent) given prophylaxis (p = 0.00082). In patients who had craniotomy for brain tumor, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or subdural hematomas, calf compression reduced the incidence of venous thrombosis from nine of 49 control patients (18.4 percent) to one of 53 patients (1.9 percent) given prophylaxis (p - 0.0051). In patients who remained at risk after 5 days, the rate of venous thrombosis was no different in the control group than in the group that had received prophylaxis.", "PMID": 558547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3504", "title": "Comparison between the effects of pindolol and propranolol on essential tremor.", "content": "The effects of 120 mg propranolol and 15 mg pindolol daily on positional tremor of 24 patients with benign essential tremor were analyzed with a double-blind crossover trial and electrical tremor recording. Compared with the placebo effect, tremor amplitude was smaller under propranolol and larger under pindolol, whereas the frequency did not change.", "contents": "Comparison between the effects of pindolol and propranolol on essential tremor. The effects of 120 mg propranolol and 15 mg pindolol daily on positional tremor of 24 patients with benign essential tremor were analyzed with a double-blind crossover trial and electrical tremor recording. Compared with the placebo effect, tremor amplitude was smaller under propranolol and larger under pindolol, whereas the frequency did not change.", "PMID": 558548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3505", "title": "The effect of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa) on monoamine and neuroendocrine function in man.", "content": "Carbidopa, a selective extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor, was given to 10 normal volunteers to determine its effects on endogenous catecholamine, indoleamine, and endocrine function.  Tryptamine, which is largely extracerebral in origin, was inhibited markedly (80 percent) by the carbidopa; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolglycol (MHPG) excretion also were inhibited by the drug but not to the same degree as tryptamine. These differential results may be due partly to the higher central nervous system origin of the 5-HIAA and MHPG but also to a peripheral \"stores\" effect. In addition, carbidopa resulted in significant increases in plasma prolactin and a small but significant decrease in plasma glucagon.", "contents": "The effect of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa) on monoamine and neuroendocrine function in man. Carbidopa, a selective extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor, was given to 10 normal volunteers to determine its effects on endogenous catecholamine, indoleamine, and endocrine function.  Tryptamine, which is largely extracerebral in origin, was inhibited markedly (80 percent) by the carbidopa; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolglycol (MHPG) excretion also were inhibited by the drug but not to the same degree as tryptamine. These differential results may be due partly to the higher central nervous system origin of the 5-HIAA and MHPG but also to a peripheral \"stores\" effect. In addition, carbidopa resulted in significant increases in plasma prolactin and a small but significant decrease in plasma glucagon.", "PMID": 558549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3506", "title": "The in vivo development of plasma cells: a morphologic study of human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "This is a case study of a patient with the clinical diagnosis of meningoencephalitis. It demonstrates the in vivo development of plasma cells in the central nervous system. All the stages of in vitro mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation previously described by light and electron microscopy are recapitulated in this analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. It is postulated that this represents a local humoral immune reaction in the central nervous system and provides morphologic support for the concept that the gamma globulin in cerebrospinal fluid is produced locally in part, in addition to its origin from the plasma proteins.", "contents": "The in vivo development of plasma cells: a morphologic study of human cerebrospinal fluid. This is a case study of a patient with the clinical diagnosis of meningoencephalitis. It demonstrates the in vivo development of plasma cells in the central nervous system. All the stages of in vitro mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation previously described by light and electron microscopy are recapitulated in this analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. It is postulated that this represents a local humoral immune reaction in the central nervous system and provides morphologic support for the concept that the gamma globulin in cerebrospinal fluid is produced locally in part, in addition to its origin from the plasma proteins.", "PMID": 558550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3507", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid turnover and convexity block in mental impairment. A controlled prospective study.", "content": "A prospective study with a 3-year follow-up was made of 82 patients examined consecutively by pneumoencephalography. Several types of cerebral diseases were represented. The degree of mental impairment was rated. Qauntitative cisternography was performed in 70 of these patients, in which the exponential elimination of injected iodine 131-l human serum albumin from the basal cisterns was calculated. Mental impairment was found to be strongly correlated with a lack of air filling over the parietal convexities and with a slow isotope elimination from the basal cisterns, indicating a slow cerebrospinal fluid turnover. Hydrocephalus was not always present. Only eight had a convexity block for the passage of isotopes.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid turnover and convexity block in mental impairment. A controlled prospective study. A prospective study with a 3-year follow-up was made of 82 patients examined consecutively by pneumoencephalography. Several types of cerebral diseases were represented. The degree of mental impairment was rated. Qauntitative cisternography was performed in 70 of these patients, in which the exponential elimination of injected iodine 131-l human serum albumin from the basal cisterns was calculated. Mental impairment was found to be strongly correlated with a lack of air filling over the parietal convexities and with a slow isotope elimination from the basal cisterns, indicating a slow cerebrospinal fluid turnover. Hydrocephalus was not always present. Only eight had a convexity block for the passage of isotopes.", "PMID": 558551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3508", "title": "Angiographic manifestations in postrecanalized cerebral infarction.", "content": "In 14 stroke patients showing angiographic recanalization of the occluded internal carotid artery or middle cerebral arterial axis, the postrecanalized angiograms demonstrated several findings that have been considered to be generally rare in cerebral infarction. These findings principally consisted of narrowing of arterial caliber in six cases (43 percent), mass effect in eight cases (57 percent) and capillary blush in five cases (36 percent).", "contents": "Angiographic manifestations in postrecanalized cerebral infarction. In 14 stroke patients showing angiographic recanalization of the occluded internal carotid artery or middle cerebral arterial axis, the postrecanalized angiograms demonstrated several findings that have been considered to be generally rare in cerebral infarction. These findings principally consisted of narrowing of arterial caliber in six cases (43 percent), mass effect in eight cases (57 percent) and capillary blush in five cases (36 percent).", "PMID": 558552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3509", "title": "Carbamazepine as an anticonvulsant in children.", "content": "Forty-five children with major motor or psychomotor seizure disorders were treated with carbamazepine in place of sedative anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, primidone) because of chronic behavioral difficulties. A batter of measures believed to reflect attentional and perceptual abilities was administered initially and repeated 4 to 6 months later following the drug crossover. At the conclusion of the study, 37 of the 45 children were judged to be drug \"successes\"; that is, general alertness and attentiveness were improved, while seizures were adequately controlled. This study indicates that therapeutic regimens of carbamazepine are less likely to interfere with mental functions in children than are equivalent doses of sedative anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Carbamazepine as an anticonvulsant in children. Forty-five children with major motor or psychomotor seizure disorders were treated with carbamazepine in place of sedative anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, primidone) because of chronic behavioral difficulties. A batter of measures believed to reflect attentional and perceptual abilities was administered initially and repeated 4 to 6 months later following the drug crossover. At the conclusion of the study, 37 of the 45 children were judged to be drug \"successes\"; that is, general alertness and attentiveness were improved, while seizures were adequately controlled. This study indicates that therapeutic regimens of carbamazepine are less likely to interfere with mental functions in children than are equivalent doses of sedative anticonvulsants.", "PMID": 558553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3510", "title": "Rapid fluorometric assay for cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G.", "content": "Using a new quantitative immunofluorometric procedure, we measured cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G levels in 59 patients and compared the results with values obtained by the most precise currently available method--the immunoprecipitin method of Kabat--and a radial immunodiffusion technique. The absolute immunoglobulin G values determined by the fluorometric assay correlated closely with the other methods. This technique offers several advantages over most conventional techniques for measuring low levels of immunoglobulin G: (1) Small, drop-sized (5 to 10 micronl) samp les of cerebrospinal fluid are used, (2) a large number of samples can be tested, (3) the range of sensitivity is sufficiently wide that cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels can be determined simultaneously, and (4) the technique is fast, requiring 3.5 hours to perform. The fluorometric method is rapid, reproducible, and easy. It suitability for laboratories engaged in the measurement of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G appears promising.", "contents": "Rapid fluorometric assay for cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G. Using a new quantitative immunofluorometric procedure, we measured cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G levels in 59 patients and compared the results with values obtained by the most precise currently available method--the immunoprecipitin method of Kabat--and a radial immunodiffusion technique. The absolute immunoglobulin G values determined by the fluorometric assay correlated closely with the other methods. This technique offers several advantages over most conventional techniques for measuring low levels of immunoglobulin G: (1) Small, drop-sized (5 to 10 micronl) samp les of cerebrospinal fluid are used, (2) a large number of samples can be tested, (3) the range of sensitivity is sufficiently wide that cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels can be determined simultaneously, and (4) the technique is fast, requiring 3.5 hours to perform. The fluorometric method is rapid, reproducible, and easy. It suitability for laboratories engaged in the measurement of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G appears promising.", "PMID": 558554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3511", "title": "Imidazole myopathy. Production of the myopathy and its dependence on acetylcholine.", "content": "An acetylcholine-mediated myopathy has been produced in the soleus muscle of the rat by the daily injection of imidazole, a compound that accelerates the metabolism of adenosine 3':5' cyclic phosphate by activating the enzyme phosphodiesterase. The imidazole-treated muscles were found to have a lowered resting membrane potential. This study suggests that a decrease in resting membrane potential may make skeletal muscle more vulnerable to necrosis by acetylcholine released during normal activity.", "contents": "Imidazole myopathy. Production of the myopathy and its dependence on acetylcholine. An acetylcholine-mediated myopathy has been produced in the soleus muscle of the rat by the daily injection of imidazole, a compound that accelerates the metabolism of adenosine 3':5' cyclic phosphate by activating the enzyme phosphodiesterase. The imidazole-treated muscles were found to have a lowered resting membrane potential. This study suggests that a decrease in resting membrane potential may make skeletal muscle more vulnerable to necrosis by acetylcholine released during normal activity.", "PMID": 558555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3512", "title": "Korsakoff's syndrome resulting from bilateral fornix lesions.", "content": "A patient with a well-circumscribed neoplasm, which destroyed the posterior fornix bilaterally, developed a profound disturbance of recent memory. Unlike previously reported patients who had undergone anterior fornix sections and whose memories were not severely disturbed, this patient's posteriorly located lesion may have cut off hippocampal input into the mamillary bodies and the dorsomesial nucleus, thereby producing a severe amnestic state.", "contents": "Korsakoff's syndrome resulting from bilateral fornix lesions. A patient with a well-circumscribed neoplasm, which destroyed the posterior fornix bilaterally, developed a profound disturbance of recent memory. Unlike previously reported patients who had undergone anterior fornix sections and whose memories were not severely disturbed, this patient's posteriorly located lesion may have cut off hippocampal input into the mamillary bodies and the dorsomesial nucleus, thereby producing a severe amnestic state.", "PMID": 558556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3513", "title": "Polyradiculoneuropathy in Addison's disease. Case report and review of literature.", "content": "A 19-year-old woman is described who had features of adrenal insufficiency and the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. We presume these entities are causally related. The patient responded well to treatment with steroids. The literature has been reviewed for a possible relationship between adrenal disease and disorders of the nervous system.", "contents": "Polyradiculoneuropathy in Addison's disease. Case report and review of literature. A 19-year-old woman is described who had features of adrenal insufficiency and the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. We presume these entities are causally related. The patient responded well to treatment with steroids. The literature has been reviewed for a possible relationship between adrenal disease and disorders of the nervous system.", "PMID": 558557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3514", "title": "Neurologic complications of cardiac catheterization.", "content": "A retrospective survey was made of neurologic complications of cardiac catheterization. Of 10 patients, only one had a diffuse disorder, with seizures of a type associated with reaction to contrast agents. Disorders in the other nine patients appeared to be embolic in nature. Five of these nine involved deficits indicating damage in the vertebrobasilar territories, suggesting local trauma to vessels as a source of the embolic material.", "contents": "Neurologic complications of cardiac catheterization. A retrospective survey was made of neurologic complications of cardiac catheterization. Of 10 patients, only one had a diffuse disorder, with seizures of a type associated with reaction to contrast agents. Disorders in the other nine patients appeared to be embolic in nature. Five of these nine involved deficits indicating damage in the vertebrobasilar territories, suggesting local trauma to vessels as a source of the embolic material.", "PMID": 558558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3515", "title": "Attitudes of departments of medicine in the United States toward provision of internal medicine training for prospective neurologists.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to directors of training programs in internal medicine to assess attitudes towards providing a year of internal medicine training for prospecitve neurologists. Such applicants are handled in a variety of ways. Among the 92 responding institutions with neurology training programs, three were not willing to accept prospective neurologists for 1 year of internal medicine. Seventy-three percent would either reserve places for prospective neurologists, arrange with neurology for a position through the intern matching program, or arrange medical rotations for candidates accepted by neurology. Twenty-four percent would accept neurologists for a single year without specifying any special arrangement.", "contents": "Attitudes of departments of medicine in the United States toward provision of internal medicine training for prospective neurologists. A questionnaire was sent to directors of training programs in internal medicine to assess attitudes towards providing a year of internal medicine training for prospecitve neurologists. Such applicants are handled in a variety of ways. Among the 92 responding institutions with neurology training programs, three were not willing to accept prospective neurologists for 1 year of internal medicine. Seventy-three percent would either reserve places for prospective neurologists, arrange with neurology for a position through the intern matching program, or arrange medical rotations for candidates accepted by neurology. Twenty-four percent would accept neurologists for a single year without specifying any special arrangement.", "PMID": 558559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3516", "title": "The pulmonary metastases of choriocarcinoma.", "content": "The radiographic appearance of the pulmonary metastases of choriocarcinoma and other malignancies of gestational trophoblastic origin is described. Quantitative, though not qualitative, differences from other large series in the literature are noted. These observations may more accurately reflect the experience with this disease in North America. Three basic types of metastases are described--typical, alveolar, and embolic with emphasis placed on the most common typical metastatic lesion. The possible relation of methotrexate therapy to alveolar metastases is queried. That residual pulmonary nodules in the appropriate clinical setting need not represent viable tumor is noted.", "contents": "The pulmonary metastases of choriocarcinoma. The radiographic appearance of the pulmonary metastases of choriocarcinoma and other malignancies of gestational trophoblastic origin is described. Quantitative, though not qualitative, differences from other large series in the literature are noted. These observations may more accurately reflect the experience with this disease in North America. Three basic types of metastases are described--typical, alveolar, and embolic with emphasis placed on the most common typical metastatic lesion. The possible relation of methotrexate therapy to alveolar metastases is queried. That residual pulmonary nodules in the appropriate clinical setting need not represent viable tumor is noted.", "PMID": 558566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3517", "title": "[Parinaud's syndrome with false localization signs in supra-and infratentorial space-occupying lesions].", "content": "Parinaud's syndromes may occur in infra- and supratentorial space-occupying lesions, but very careful differential diagnosis must be made in those cases. Occurring peripheral signs are due to brain mass displacements caused by transtentorial brain herniae. The prognosis is relatively good if the space-occupying lesions may be entirely or at least sufficiently removed. Five corresponding cases are described and clinical, neuroradiological and surgical findings discussed.", "contents": "[Parinaud's syndrome with false localization signs in supra-and infratentorial space-occupying lesions]. Parinaud's syndromes may occur in infra- and supratentorial space-occupying lesions, but very careful differential diagnosis must be made in those cases. Occurring peripheral signs are due to brain mass displacements caused by transtentorial brain herniae. The prognosis is relatively good if the space-occupying lesions may be entirely or at least sufficiently removed. Five corresponding cases are described and clinical, neuroradiological and surgical findings discussed.", "PMID": 558567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3518", "title": "[Williams-beuren-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In the initial descriptions of the elfin-facies-syndrome by Williams and Beuren, supravalvular aortic stenosis was considered to be a constant feature of the syndrome, combined with retardation of mental and physical development, dentition anomalies and the peculiar face. According to newer findings, the missing of this deformity is no proof against the existence of the above-mentioned syndrome. Usually an elevation of the calcium-level is not found in the serum of these children, although there seems to be some relation to the calcium-metabolism. The characteristic picture of this deformity is demonstrated by two, very typical cases.", "contents": "[Williams-beuren-syndrome (author's transl)]. In the initial descriptions of the elfin-facies-syndrome by Williams and Beuren, supravalvular aortic stenosis was considered to be a constant feature of the syndrome, combined with retardation of mental and physical development, dentition anomalies and the peculiar face. According to newer findings, the missing of this deformity is no proof against the existence of the above-mentioned syndrome. Usually an elevation of the calcium-level is not found in the serum of these children, although there seems to be some relation to the calcium-metabolism. The characteristic picture of this deformity is demonstrated by two, very typical cases.", "PMID": 558571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3519", "title": "A new hybrid haemoglobin: haemoglobin Strumica/Beograd occurring in an individual with four haemoglobins.", "content": "An investigation of the cord blood from full term twin infants revealed an additional haemoglobin F component due to an abnormal alpha chain. The father of the twins, whose blood picture was normal, was shown to have normal alpha and beta polypeptide chains together with variant alpha and beta polypeptide chains. Electrophoresis showed that he had four major haemoglobin components. Separation of the haemoglobin fractions by column chromatography, globin preparation, chain separation, tryptic and chymotryptic digestion and peptide map preparation led to the identification of haemaglobin A, haemoglobin Strumica (alpha2 112His leads to Arg beta2), haemoglobin D Beograd (alpha2beta2 121 Glu leads to Val) and a hybrid haemoglobin Strumica D/Beograd (alpha2 112His leads to Argbeta2 121Glu leads to Val).", "contents": "A new hybrid haemoglobin: haemoglobin Strumica/Beograd occurring in an individual with four haemoglobins. An investigation of the cord blood from full term twin infants revealed an additional haemoglobin F component due to an abnormal alpha chain. The father of the twins, whose blood picture was normal, was shown to have normal alpha and beta polypeptide chains together with variant alpha and beta polypeptide chains. Electrophoresis showed that he had four major haemoglobin components. Separation of the haemoglobin fractions by column chromatography, globin preparation, chain separation, tryptic and chymotryptic digestion and peptide map preparation led to the identification of haemaglobin A, haemoglobin Strumica (alpha2 112His leads to Arg beta2), haemoglobin D Beograd (alpha2beta2 121 Glu leads to Val) and a hybrid haemoglobin Strumica D/Beograd (alpha2 112His leads to Argbeta2 121Glu leads to Val).", "PMID": 558572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3520", "title": "Temperature greater than or equal to 40 C in children less than 24 months of age: a prospective study.", "content": "In a prospective study, 330 consecutive children less than 24 months old coming to the emergency room of Yale-New Haven Hospital with a temperature greater than or equal to 40 C were evaluated. Nearly all patients had a white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (Wintrobe), blood culture, and chest roentgenogram. Eighty-eight percent were evaluated 24 to 48 hours later. The mean WBC count and ESR were significantly elevated in children with positive blood cultures or pneumonia. The risk of bacteremia was increased threefold and the risk of pneumonia was increased twofold in children with a WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm or an ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr compared to children without leukocytosis or elevated ESR. Sixty-one percent of children with bacteremia or pneumonia. 63% of children in whom these diagnoses were not apparent on physical examination, and 86% of children with otitis media complicated by pneumonia or bacteremia had either a WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm or an ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr. A WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm and an ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr were more effective than a polymorphonuclear leukocyte count greater than or equal to 10,000/cu mm and/or a band count greater than or equal to 500/cu mm in screening young children with high fever for bacteremia, pneumonia, or complicated otitis media.", "contents": "Temperature greater than or equal to 40 C in children less than 24 months of age: a prospective study. In a prospective study, 330 consecutive children less than 24 months old coming to the emergency room of Yale-New Haven Hospital with a temperature greater than or equal to 40 C were evaluated. Nearly all patients had a white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (Wintrobe), blood culture, and chest roentgenogram. Eighty-eight percent were evaluated 24 to 48 hours later. The mean WBC count and ESR were significantly elevated in children with positive blood cultures or pneumonia. The risk of bacteremia was increased threefold and the risk of pneumonia was increased twofold in children with a WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm or an ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr compared to children without leukocytosis or elevated ESR. Sixty-one percent of children with bacteremia or pneumonia. 63% of children in whom these diagnoses were not apparent on physical examination, and 86% of children with otitis media complicated by pneumonia or bacteremia had either a WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm or an ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr. A WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm and an ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr were more effective than a polymorphonuclear leukocyte count greater than or equal to 10,000/cu mm and/or a band count greater than or equal to 500/cu mm in screening young children with high fever for bacteremia, pneumonia, or complicated otitis media.", "PMID": 558575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3521", "title": "Soy protein intolerance: four patients with concomitant cow's milk intolerance.", "content": "An infrequently encountered and poorly understood infantile disorder is gastrointestinal soy protein intolerance. Four patients who had intractable diarrhea of infancy and who failed to thrive were tested by oral challenge with soy protein isolate and were found to have soy protein intolerance. All four exhibited concomitant sensitivity to cow's milk protein. The response to challenge with soy protein included diarrhea, vomiting, hypotension, lethargy, and fever. These symptoms were immediate, of short duration, and occurred with each subsequent challenge dose. No patient exhibited cutaneous, pulmonary, or hematologic evidence of allergy although it was prominent in their families. A diet devoid of intact soy and cow's milk protein allowed symptomatic recovery and rapid weight gain. Oral disodium cromoglycate therapy was ineffective in one trial. Soy protein intolerance should be suspected in infants with diarrhea resistant to therapy with soy based formulas.", "contents": "Soy protein intolerance: four patients with concomitant cow's milk intolerance. An infrequently encountered and poorly understood infantile disorder is gastrointestinal soy protein intolerance. Four patients who had intractable diarrhea of infancy and who failed to thrive were tested by oral challenge with soy protein isolate and were found to have soy protein intolerance. All four exhibited concomitant sensitivity to cow's milk protein. The response to challenge with soy protein included diarrhea, vomiting, hypotension, lethargy, and fever. These symptoms were immediate, of short duration, and occurred with each subsequent challenge dose. No patient exhibited cutaneous, pulmonary, or hematologic evidence of allergy although it was prominent in their families. A diet devoid of intact soy and cow's milk protein allowed symptomatic recovery and rapid weight gain. Oral disodium cromoglycate therapy was ineffective in one trial. Soy protein intolerance should be suspected in infants with diarrhea resistant to therapy with soy based formulas.", "PMID": 558576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3522", "title": "Electrophysiological and contractile properties of the levator ani muscle after castration and testosterone administration.", "content": "Electrical and contractile properties of the levator ani muscle were studied in normal rats, in castrated rats and in castrated rats treated with testosterone. 2. No significant changes in the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials were found 6 months after castration. The frequency increased already 6 h after testosterone treatment; an increase of about 100% was observed after 7 days of testosterone treatment. 3. Castration led to a 2-fold increase of the input resistance of the muscle fibres. After 7 days of testosterone treatment the input resistance was only slightly higher than normal. 4. The weight of the muscle was decreased to 18% of the control value after 6 months castration. It increased to 46% after 7 days of testosterone treatment. 5. The muscles of castrated animals revealed a prolongation of contraction time and marked changes in maximal rate of tension development and half relaxation time. Partial recovery of these parameters was found after 7 days of testosterone treatment. 6. Long-term castration did not induce any denervation-like changes of action potential parameters, and no tetrodotoxin resistance was found in spite of marked muscle atrophy.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and contractile properties of the levator ani muscle after castration and testosterone administration. Electrical and contractile properties of the levator ani muscle were studied in normal rats, in castrated rats and in castrated rats treated with testosterone. 2. No significant changes in the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials were found 6 months after castration. The frequency increased already 6 h after testosterone treatment; an increase of about 100% was observed after 7 days of testosterone treatment. 3. Castration led to a 2-fold increase of the input resistance of the muscle fibres. After 7 days of testosterone treatment the input resistance was only slightly higher than normal. 4. The weight of the muscle was decreased to 18% of the control value after 6 months castration. It increased to 46% after 7 days of testosterone treatment. 5. The muscles of castrated animals revealed a prolongation of contraction time and marked changes in maximal rate of tension development and half relaxation time. Partial recovery of these parameters was found after 7 days of testosterone treatment. 6. Long-term castration did not induce any denervation-like changes of action potential parameters, and no tetrodotoxin resistance was found in spite of marked muscle atrophy.", "PMID": 558582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3523", "title": "Relative organ blood flow in rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia.", "content": "Circulating blood volume, cardiac output and relative organ perfusion changes were studied, using the Sapirstein method of 86RB tissue uptake, in male 75-day-old rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia (gradually up to 7000 m, 4 h daily, 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 24). Intermittent hypobaric exposure caused a significant rise of the erythrocyte volume, whereas the plasma volume remained unchanged. The relative perfusion of the left and particularly of the right ventricular myocardium, as well as of the spleen, liver, lung, small intestine and skeletal muscle, was significantly higher. The cardiac output determined in other experimental animals similarly treated was significantly higher after 24 exposures to the intermittent high altitude hypoxia. We suggest that these changes are triggered by tissue hypoxia and a greater blood flow demand.", "contents": "Relative organ blood flow in rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia. Circulating blood volume, cardiac output and relative organ perfusion changes were studied, using the Sapirstein method of 86RB tissue uptake, in male 75-day-old rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia (gradually up to 7000 m, 4 h daily, 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 24). Intermittent hypobaric exposure caused a significant rise of the erythrocyte volume, whereas the plasma volume remained unchanged. The relative perfusion of the left and particularly of the right ventricular myocardium, as well as of the spleen, liver, lung, small intestine and skeletal muscle, was significantly higher. The cardiac output determined in other experimental animals similarly treated was significantly higher after 24 exposures to the intermittent high altitude hypoxia. We suggest that these changes are triggered by tissue hypoxia and a greater blood flow demand.", "PMID": 558583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3524", "title": "Factors controlling the release of renin. A micropuncture study in the cat.", "content": "Blood was collected by micropuncture from the efferent arteriole and superficial venules of the cat's kidney. Blood samples were also collected from the femoral artery and the renal vein. The blood renin concentrations (ng A1 m1-1 2h-1) in a basal state were 37.2 +/- 3.5 (S.E.M.) (n equal to 60) (artery), 32.5 +/- 5.2 [7] (efferent arteriole), 53.5 +/- 4(116) (superficial venule), 54.2+/- 5.4 (43) (renal vein). The corresponding values after haemorrhase were 389 +/- 98 (21), 345 +/- 115 (6), 963 +/- 208 (37), 907 +/- 290 (17), ng A1 m1-1 2h-1. The efferent arteriolar renin did not differ from that in the artery but the concentrations in superficial venular blood and renal vein were higher than arterial concentration. Thus renin entered the circulation between the efferent arteriole and the superficial venule. The blood renin concentration of different superficial venules at a steady arterial renin concentration varied markedly. Into certain venules there appeared to be little or no renin secretion, into others a marked renin secretion, suggesting a heterogeneity of renin secretion by the different nephrons. When the flow of tubular fluid to the macula densa of a group of nephrons was blocked, the renin concentration fell and was significantly less than the renin concentration in venules draining non blocked nephrons and less than in the renal vein. These results suggest that the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the nephrons do not release renin in a synchronous fashion. The release appears to be episodic and is inhibited when flow to the macula densa is ceased. This implies that a high sodium concentration at the macula densa stimulates renin release.", "contents": "Factors controlling the release of renin. A micropuncture study in the cat. Blood was collected by micropuncture from the efferent arteriole and superficial venules of the cat's kidney. Blood samples were also collected from the femoral artery and the renal vein. The blood renin concentrations (ng A1 m1-1 2h-1) in a basal state were 37.2 +/- 3.5 (S.E.M.) (n equal to 60) (artery), 32.5 +/- 5.2 [7] (efferent arteriole), 53.5 +/- 4(116) (superficial venule), 54.2+/- 5.4 (43) (renal vein). The corresponding values after haemorrhase were 389 +/- 98 (21), 345 +/- 115 (6), 963 +/- 208 (37), 907 +/- 290 (17), ng A1 m1-1 2h-1. The efferent arteriolar renin did not differ from that in the artery but the concentrations in superficial venular blood and renal vein were higher than arterial concentration. Thus renin entered the circulation between the efferent arteriole and the superficial venule. The blood renin concentration of different superficial venules at a steady arterial renin concentration varied markedly. Into certain venules there appeared to be little or no renin secretion, into others a marked renin secretion, suggesting a heterogeneity of renin secretion by the different nephrons. When the flow of tubular fluid to the macula densa of a group of nephrons was blocked, the renin concentration fell and was significantly less than the renin concentration in venules draining non blocked nephrons and less than in the renal vein. These results suggest that the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the nephrons do not release renin in a synchronous fashion. The release appears to be episodic and is inhibited when flow to the macula densa is ceased. This implies that a high sodium concentration at the macula densa stimulates renin release.", "PMID": 558584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3525", "title": "An automatic device for single-breath CO diffusing capacity in dogs.", "content": "We describe a very simply operated system by which single-breath CO diffusing capacity (DLCO) can be measured in anesthetized dogs. All controls and the automatic system are operated pneumatically. Cams forming an integral part of the pistons of the inspiratory and expiratory syringes activate push buttons which control the valves, enabling dead spaces to be flushed, a specific volume of air to be injected into the dog's lungs, and expiratory samples to be taken. Our results, due account being taken of the dogs' weight, are in the upper range of normal values published in earlier studies; the reproducibility of the method is good.", "contents": "An automatic device for single-breath CO diffusing capacity in dogs. We describe a very simply operated system by which single-breath CO diffusing capacity (DLCO) can be measured in anesthetized dogs. All controls and the automatic system are operated pneumatically. Cams forming an integral part of the pistons of the inspiratory and expiratory syringes activate push buttons which control the valves, enabling dead spaces to be flushed, a specific volume of air to be injected into the dog's lungs, and expiratory samples to be taken. Our results, due account being taken of the dogs' weight, are in the upper range of normal values published in earlier studies; the reproducibility of the method is good.", "PMID": 558585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3526", "title": "The influence of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and other buffers on the potential of antimony microelectrodes.", "content": "Antimony microelectrodes were calibrated at 37 degrees C in phosphate buffers, in different bicarbonate solutions at various CO2-partial pressures and in buffers like TRIS1, TES2, MES3 and malonic acid. By use of the latter buffers (with exception of malonic acid) the most reliable calibration curves were obtained (\"normal values\"). The usual calibration in 67 mmol/l standard phosphate buffers turned out to be unacceptable because the obtained mV-values were too high (negative) in comparison to all other buffers. Different calibration curves resulted from the use of pure bicarbonate solution whether the pH-values were changed by variation of pCO2 or of the bicarbonate concentration. Low bicarbonate concentrations in combination with low pCO2 gave mV-values which were too low relative to the other buffers. Both the increase of pCO2 as well as of the bicarbonate concentration caused a shift of the potential of the antimony electrodes toward \"normal values\". In solutions containing other buffers the influence of bicarbonate and pCO2 became negligible with increasing buffer concentration. Decreasing oxygen partial pressure was found to cause an increase of the potential of the antimony electrodes. The influence of liquid junction potentials at the reference electrode is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and other buffers on the potential of antimony microelectrodes. Antimony microelectrodes were calibrated at 37 degrees C in phosphate buffers, in different bicarbonate solutions at various CO2-partial pressures and in buffers like TRIS1, TES2, MES3 and malonic acid. By use of the latter buffers (with exception of malonic acid) the most reliable calibration curves were obtained (\"normal values\"). The usual calibration in 67 mmol/l standard phosphate buffers turned out to be unacceptable because the obtained mV-values were too high (negative) in comparison to all other buffers. Different calibration curves resulted from the use of pure bicarbonate solution whether the pH-values were changed by variation of pCO2 or of the bicarbonate concentration. Low bicarbonate concentrations in combination with low pCO2 gave mV-values which were too low relative to the other buffers. Both the increase of pCO2 as well as of the bicarbonate concentration caused a shift of the potential of the antimony electrodes toward \"normal values\". In solutions containing other buffers the influence of bicarbonate and pCO2 became negligible with increasing buffer concentration. Decreasing oxygen partial pressure was found to cause an increase of the potential of the antimony electrodes. The influence of liquid junction potentials at the reference electrode is discussed.", "PMID": 558586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3527", "title": "Photoelectric device for contact-free recording of the diameters of exposed arteries in situ.", "content": "A photoelctric device is described which permits contact-free recording of the diameter of an in situ exposed artery. The light emitted by the filament of a bulb (6 W) is collimated by a projection lens (1:2.8, 50 mm) and directed onto the surface of a silicone photocell (12.6X6.2 mm) covered by a neutral light filter. The voltage drop caused by the photocell current flowing through an adjustable load resistor represents the signal voltage which is fed into the input of an instrumentation amplifer. The artery under investigation is positioned above the photocell parallel to its short axis. The signal voltage decreases linearly with increasing area of the shadow cast by the artery on the photocell and thus the output voltage of the amplifier is linearly proportional to the diameter of the artery. The combined frequency response of photocell and amplifier was examined by sinusoidally modulated light emitted by a luminescent diode. The amplitude ratio was constant up to 200 Hz and the time lag was about 0.2 ms. The device was used on the canine carotid and femoral arteries. An example is shown.", "contents": "Photoelectric device for contact-free recording of the diameters of exposed arteries in situ. A photoelctric device is described which permits contact-free recording of the diameter of an in situ exposed artery. The light emitted by the filament of a bulb (6 W) is collimated by a projection lens (1:2.8, 50 mm) and directed onto the surface of a silicone photocell (12.6X6.2 mm) covered by a neutral light filter. The voltage drop caused by the photocell current flowing through an adjustable load resistor represents the signal voltage which is fed into the input of an instrumentation amplifer. The artery under investigation is positioned above the photocell parallel to its short axis. The signal voltage decreases linearly with increasing area of the shadow cast by the artery on the photocell and thus the output voltage of the amplifier is linearly proportional to the diameter of the artery. The combined frequency response of photocell and amplifier was examined by sinusoidally modulated light emitted by a luminescent diode. The amplitude ratio was constant up to 200 Hz and the time lag was about 0.2 ms. The device was used on the canine carotid and femoral arteries. An example is shown.", "PMID": 558587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3528", "title": "A simple method for beveling micropipettes for intracellular recording and current injection.", "content": "A simple equipment for beveling intracellular microelectrodes has been made by modifying a conventional turntable. An agar disc containing ceric oxide polishing compound which was put on a flat glass disc was found to be suitable for beveling of Pyrex single- and double-barreled micropipette electrodes with a tip diameter larger than 0.1 mum. Although the beveled microelectrodes have not always been shown to give better cell penetration into the frog retinal rods than unbeveled find ones, better records could usually be obtained when electric currents were injected into cells, probably being due to their lower resistance, noise, tip potentials and coupling resistance between two barrels.", "contents": "A simple method for beveling micropipettes for intracellular recording and current injection. A simple equipment for beveling intracellular microelectrodes has been made by modifying a conventional turntable. An agar disc containing ceric oxide polishing compound which was put on a flat glass disc was found to be suitable for beveling of Pyrex single- and double-barreled micropipette electrodes with a tip diameter larger than 0.1 mum. Although the beveled microelectrodes have not always been shown to give better cell penetration into the frog retinal rods than unbeveled find ones, better records could usually be obtained when electric currents were injected into cells, probably being due to their lower resistance, noise, tip potentials and coupling resistance between two barrels.", "PMID": 558588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3529", "title": "Nucleus of the solitary tract and the J reflex.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on cats anaesthetized with chloralose-urethane with a view to defining certain central pathways for the J reflex elicited by the right atrial injection of phenyldiguanide. The resulting motor inhibition was manifested by reduction in the amplitude of the knee jerk. The dorsal surface of the medulla was exposed and free riding platinum quartz electrodes were introduced into the nucleus of solitary tract. Lesions were made in the NTS by passing current of know intensity through the electrodes. The J reflex was abolished by bilateral lesions in the NTS. It was concluded that the nucleus of solitary tractisan essential part of the central pathway of the J reflex.", "contents": "Nucleus of the solitary tract and the J reflex. Experiments were carried out on cats anaesthetized with chloralose-urethane with a view to defining certain central pathways for the J reflex elicited by the right atrial injection of phenyldiguanide. The resulting motor inhibition was manifested by reduction in the amplitude of the knee jerk. The dorsal surface of the medulla was exposed and free riding platinum quartz electrodes were introduced into the nucleus of solitary tract. Lesions were made in the NTS by passing current of know intensity through the electrodes. The J reflex was abolished by bilateral lesions in the NTS. It was concluded that the nucleus of solitary tractisan essential part of the central pathway of the J reflex.", "PMID": 558589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3530", "title": "Origin of the impedance cardiogram investigated in the dog by exchange transfusion with a stroma-free haemoglobin solution.", "content": "In an anaesthetized dog an exchange transfusion was carried out with stroma-free haemoglobin solution. The total circulating blood volume was kept constant. The heart-syncronous changes in the thoracic electrical impedance (Zo) were measured before and after the exchange transfusion. Zo consists of a parallel connection of a tissue impedance (Zt) and a blood impedance (Zb). With the aid of this model for Zo the relative variations in Zb (delta Zb/Zb) were calculated from the relative variations in Zo (delta Zo/Zo). The marked decrease of delta Zb/Zb during the experiment can only be explained by the fact that apart from the heart-synchronous changes in vascular volume the impedance changes are also caused by flow dependent changes in the electrical conductivity of blood caused by variations in orientation of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Origin of the impedance cardiogram investigated in the dog by exchange transfusion with a stroma-free haemoglobin solution. In an anaesthetized dog an exchange transfusion was carried out with stroma-free haemoglobin solution. The total circulating blood volume was kept constant. The heart-syncronous changes in the thoracic electrical impedance (Zo) were measured before and after the exchange transfusion. Zo consists of a parallel connection of a tissue impedance (Zt) and a blood impedance (Zb). With the aid of this model for Zo the relative variations in Zb (delta Zb/Zb) were calculated from the relative variations in Zo (delta Zo/Zo). The marked decrease of delta Zb/Zb during the experiment can only be explained by the fact that apart from the heart-synchronous changes in vascular volume the impedance changes are also caused by flow dependent changes in the electrical conductivity of blood caused by variations in orientation of the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 558590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3531", "title": "Stress relaxation compared with relaxation after contraction in smooth muscles.", "content": "The time courses of relaxation after contraction and of stress relaxation were found to be different. In the first case, but not in the latter, the time curves have a sigmoid shape. Furthermore, stress relaxation is characterized by a remaining higher resting tension. The differences can be explained by different functional conditions underlying both events.", "contents": "Stress relaxation compared with relaxation after contraction in smooth muscles. The time courses of relaxation after contraction and of stress relaxation were found to be different. In the first case, but not in the latter, the time curves have a sigmoid shape. Furthermore, stress relaxation is characterized by a remaining higher resting tension. The differences can be explained by different functional conditions underlying both events.", "PMID": 558592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3532", "title": "Left atrial pressure and postprandial diuresis in conscious dogs on a high sodium intake.", "content": "5 conscious, well trained, female dogs kept on a high sodium intake (14 meq Na/kg bw) were used to measure left atrial pressure (LAP), urine volume (V), sodium and potassium excretion (UNaV, UKV) as well as plasma osmolality (Posm) before and up to 180 min after food intake. The dogs were fitted with a catheter in the left atrium (thoracotomy). In all experiments (n=23) LAP increased postprandially (pp) above fasting controls. The mean peak increase ranged from 4 to 6 cm H2O and was observed as early as 61-80 and as late as 161-180 min pp. Increase in LAP was closely correlated to V which rose from 36+28 to 160+51/ul/min. kg. pp V was also correlated to pp UNa V, which increased from 4.8 +/- 3.3 to 34.O+/-8.5/ueq/min-kg. The pp increase in LAP and its close relation to pp V and pp UNav emphasize the assumption that intrathoracic receptors are involved in the regulation of body fluids.", "contents": "Left atrial pressure and postprandial diuresis in conscious dogs on a high sodium intake. 5 conscious, well trained, female dogs kept on a high sodium intake (14 meq Na/kg bw) were used to measure left atrial pressure (LAP), urine volume (V), sodium and potassium excretion (UNaV, UKV) as well as plasma osmolality (Posm) before and up to 180 min after food intake. The dogs were fitted with a catheter in the left atrium (thoracotomy). In all experiments (n=23) LAP increased postprandially (pp) above fasting controls. The mean peak increase ranged from 4 to 6 cm H2O and was observed as early as 61-80 and as late as 161-180 min pp. Increase in LAP was closely correlated to V which rose from 36+28 to 160+51/ul/min. kg. pp V was also correlated to pp UNa V, which increased from 4.8 +/- 3.3 to 34.O+/-8.5/ueq/min-kg. The pp increase in LAP and its close relation to pp V and pp UNav emphasize the assumption that intrathoracic receptors are involved in the regulation of body fluids.", "PMID": 558593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3533", "title": "Depletion and accumulation of potassium in the extracellular clefts of cardiac Purkinje fibers during voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization.", "content": "1. Voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization elicited current records consistent with depletion and accumulation, respectively, of potassium in the extracellular clefts of cardiac Purkinje fibers. Hyperpolarization was shown to shift the reversal potential for the pacemaker current, ik2, a measure of Ek, to more negative potentials. Upon depolarization, a slowly increasing outward current was observed. Analysis of the tail currents elicited by hyperpolarization revealed that a time-dependent change in gx could not explain the time-dependent outward current. However, the tail currents were consistent with a shift of Ek to more positive potentials during the depolarization. 2. Alteration in potassium driving force over time results in a time-dependent ik1 even though the underlying conductance is time-independent [29]. This time-dependent current may contribute to the currents usually identified as ik2 and ix. 3. The potential at which ik2 reverses direction is altered by the clamp program used to elicit it and is obscured by the superimposition of a time-dependent current due to depletion. 4. Records consistent with the extracellular cleft potassium concentration being less than that of the bulk phase in the quiescent fiber were obtained. However, an unequivocal interpretation of these current reocrds could not be made. 5. These results suggest that conclusions based on the assumption that potassium driving force remains constant during a voltage clamp pulse may be in error. Thus, time-dependent currents cannot be assumed to result solely from time-dependent conductance changes.", "contents": "Depletion and accumulation of potassium in the extracellular clefts of cardiac Purkinje fibers during voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization. 1. Voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization elicited current records consistent with depletion and accumulation, respectively, of potassium in the extracellular clefts of cardiac Purkinje fibers. Hyperpolarization was shown to shift the reversal potential for the pacemaker current, ik2, a measure of Ek, to more negative potentials. Upon depolarization, a slowly increasing outward current was observed. Analysis of the tail currents elicited by hyperpolarization revealed that a time-dependent change in gx could not explain the time-dependent outward current. However, the tail currents were consistent with a shift of Ek to more positive potentials during the depolarization. 2. Alteration in potassium driving force over time results in a time-dependent ik1 even though the underlying conductance is time-independent [29]. This time-dependent current may contribute to the currents usually identified as ik2 and ix. 3. The potential at which ik2 reverses direction is altered by the clamp program used to elicit it and is obscured by the superimposition of a time-dependent current due to depletion. 4. Records consistent with the extracellular cleft potassium concentration being less than that of the bulk phase in the quiescent fiber were obtained. However, an unequivocal interpretation of these current reocrds could not be made. 5. These results suggest that conclusions based on the assumption that potassium driving force remains constant during a voltage clamp pulse may be in error. Thus, time-dependent currents cannot be assumed to result solely from time-dependent conductance changes.", "PMID": 558594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3534", "title": "Effect of hypertonic urea and mannitol on distal nephron permeability.", "content": "The paracellular pathway permeability is known to increase in perfused amphibian kidneys if the luminal fluid is made hyperosmotic with mannitol or urea. To investigate whether luminal hypertonicity increases paracellular pathway permeability in the mammalian nephron, early rat distal tubules were micropunctured and perfused through one micropipette with either isosmotic saline (IS), hyperosmotic urea (HU) or hyperosmotic mannitol (HM) solutions. A second micropipette was placed down-stream in the same tubule and test solutions of 30 nl of a mixture of 14C-inulin and 3H-mannitol or of 3H-inulin and 14C-urea were injected. Similar intratubular injections of tracers were performed in a second group of rats undergoing diuresis induced either by infusing intravenously saline alone (VS) or receiving saline plus 0.4 M urea (VU). In the latter group (VU) luminal urea concentration was increased without the tubular lumen being made hyperosmotic to its peritubular fluid. Urinary unulin recovery was essentially complete and unaffected by experimental procedures. Difference between mannitol recoveries in isosmotic saline and hyperosmotic urea perfusions IS-HU was 2.6 +/- 0.8% (P  less than 0.001). Difference in urea recoveries IS-HM was 4.1 +/- 5.1% (P greater than 0.40), IS-HU was 13.9 +/- 5.3% (P equal to 0.015) and, VS-VU equal to 17.0 +/- 3.4 (P less than 0.001). Therefore, elevated luminal urea concentration increased tracer mannitol and also tracer urea permeability, both in the presence and absence of tubular hyperosmolarity. Electron microscopic observations showed changes in geometry of tubular junctional complexes compatible with the observed increase in permeability.", "contents": "Effect of hypertonic urea and mannitol on distal nephron permeability. The paracellular pathway permeability is known to increase in perfused amphibian kidneys if the luminal fluid is made hyperosmotic with mannitol or urea. To investigate whether luminal hypertonicity increases paracellular pathway permeability in the mammalian nephron, early rat distal tubules were micropunctured and perfused through one micropipette with either isosmotic saline (IS), hyperosmotic urea (HU) or hyperosmotic mannitol (HM) solutions. A second micropipette was placed down-stream in the same tubule and test solutions of 30 nl of a mixture of 14C-inulin and 3H-mannitol or of 3H-inulin and 14C-urea were injected. Similar intratubular injections of tracers were performed in a second group of rats undergoing diuresis induced either by infusing intravenously saline alone (VS) or receiving saline plus 0.4 M urea (VU). In the latter group (VU) luminal urea concentration was increased without the tubular lumen being made hyperosmotic to its peritubular fluid. Urinary unulin recovery was essentially complete and unaffected by experimental procedures. Difference between mannitol recoveries in isosmotic saline and hyperosmotic urea perfusions IS-HU was 2.6 +/- 0.8% (P  less than 0.001). Difference in urea recoveries IS-HM was 4.1 +/- 5.1% (P greater than 0.40), IS-HU was 13.9 +/- 5.3% (P equal to 0.015) and, VS-VU equal to 17.0 +/- 3.4 (P less than 0.001). Therefore, elevated luminal urea concentration increased tracer mannitol and also tracer urea permeability, both in the presence and absence of tubular hyperosmolarity. Electron microscopic observations showed changes in geometry of tubular junctional complexes compatible with the observed increase in permeability.", "PMID": 558595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3535", "title": "Antidiuretic responses to thermal stimulation of hypothalamus and spinal cord in the conscious goat.", "content": "At various ambient temperatures the effects of hypothalamus temperature and spinal cord temperature on urine formation and heat production were studied in conscious goats with chronically implanted thermodes. At neutral air temperature cooling hypothalamus or spinal cord induced a fall in urine volume and a rise in urine osmolality. This antidiuretic response was concurrent with a rise in heat production. Simultaneous occurrence of antidiuresis and increased heat production was also found after cessation of hypothalamic warming. At hot ambient temperature cooling hypothalamus affected neither urine formation nor heat production. Since hypothalamic cooling and spinal cord cooling produce identical effects on kidney function it is concluded that this response is linked to the complex cold defence activity as a whole. The predominent change of free water clearance is tentatively interpreted as caused by an increased ADH concentration in the blood during the cold defence activity.", "contents": "Antidiuretic responses to thermal stimulation of hypothalamus and spinal cord in the conscious goat. At various ambient temperatures the effects of hypothalamus temperature and spinal cord temperature on urine formation and heat production were studied in conscious goats with chronically implanted thermodes. At neutral air temperature cooling hypothalamus or spinal cord induced a fall in urine volume and a rise in urine osmolality. This antidiuretic response was concurrent with a rise in heat production. Simultaneous occurrence of antidiuresis and increased heat production was also found after cessation of hypothalamic warming. At hot ambient temperature cooling hypothalamus affected neither urine formation nor heat production. Since hypothalamic cooling and spinal cord cooling produce identical effects on kidney function it is concluded that this response is linked to the complex cold defence activity as a whole. The predominent change of free water clearance is tentatively interpreted as caused by an increased ADH concentration in the blood during the cold defence activity.", "PMID": 558596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3536", "title": "Response of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors and vibratory sensitivity in human hairy skin.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded percutaneously with microelectrodes from 38 rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors of the dorsal surface of the hand in 49 awake human subjects. Tuning characteristics were determined for 28 RA-fibers at various frequencies between 5 and 100 cps of sinusoidal mechanical stimulation. In separate experiments human thresholds of vibration perception were studied under comparable conditions. Several RA-mechanoreceptive fibers were broadly tuned, showing no clearly defined best frequency in the range between 5 and 20 cps. Other RA-fibers had a minimum of sensitivity between 20 and 40 cps. For either lower or higher frequencies, stronger stimuli were required to elicit one nerve impulse per stimulus cycle. These RA-receptors may be related to the perception of low frequency oscillation (flutter). They cannot account for human vibration sensitivity in the higher frequency range, since tuning of the receptors required considerably higher amplitudes than perception. Sixteen slowly adapting (SA) mechanoreceptors of Type I and II showed a frequency modulation in phase with low frequency mechanical oscillations of stimulus amplitudes far below human thresholds for perception of movement.", "contents": "Response of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors and vibratory sensitivity in human hairy skin. Single unit activity was recorded percutaneously with microelectrodes from 38 rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors of the dorsal surface of the hand in 49 awake human subjects. Tuning characteristics were determined for 28 RA-fibers at various frequencies between 5 and 100 cps of sinusoidal mechanical stimulation. In separate experiments human thresholds of vibration perception were studied under comparable conditions. Several RA-mechanoreceptive fibers were broadly tuned, showing no clearly defined best frequency in the range between 5 and 20 cps. Other RA-fibers had a minimum of sensitivity between 20 and 40 cps. For either lower or higher frequencies, stronger stimuli were required to elicit one nerve impulse per stimulus cycle. These RA-receptors may be related to the perception of low frequency oscillation (flutter). They cannot account for human vibration sensitivity in the higher frequency range, since tuning of the receptors required considerably higher amplitudes than perception. Sixteen slowly adapting (SA) mechanoreceptors of Type I and II showed a frequency modulation in phase with low frequency mechanical oscillations of stimulus amplitudes far below human thresholds for perception of movement.", "PMID": 558597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3537", "title": "Stationary microperfusion study of phosphate reabsorption in proximal and distal nephron segments.", "content": "Micropuncture studies demonstrate phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubules and between the late proximal and early distal convoluted tubule accessible to micropuncture. To further define the sites of phosphate reabsorption, the stationary microperfusion technique was applied to proximal and distal nephron segments. Phosphate reabsorption was evaluated in superficial loops of proximal tubules, descending segments beyound late proximal tubules accessible to micropuncture, ascending segments up to the point of micropuncture in the distal tubule, and superficial loops of distal tubules of thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Microperfusates of 1.3 or 2.6 nl (100 mmol/1 mannitol, 100 mmol/l NaCL, 32P-phosphate and 3H-inulin) were injected and then withdrawn after contact times of 2--108 s. Phosphate recovery relative to that of inulin was determined. A steep exponential decline of phosphate recovery (R) iwth increasing contact time (t) was observed in the superficial proximal tubule and descending segments. The slopes of the logarithmic regressions (10log R)/t, +/- SEM) were: -1.68 +/- 0.33 and -1.21 +/- 0.24min-1 in superficial proximal tubules and descending segments respectively. In contrast, no significant decline in phosphate recoveries (-0.02 +/- 0.04 and + 0.11 +/- 0.10 min-1) was apparent in the ascending segments and distal tubule. It is concluded that phosphate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule and adjacent descending segments of the superficial nephron and that there is no significant phosphate reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules and adjacent ascending segments.", "contents": "Stationary microperfusion study of phosphate reabsorption in proximal and distal nephron segments. Micropuncture studies demonstrate phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubules and between the late proximal and early distal convoluted tubule accessible to micropuncture. To further define the sites of phosphate reabsorption, the stationary microperfusion technique was applied to proximal and distal nephron segments. Phosphate reabsorption was evaluated in superficial loops of proximal tubules, descending segments beyound late proximal tubules accessible to micropuncture, ascending segments up to the point of micropuncture in the distal tubule, and superficial loops of distal tubules of thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Microperfusates of 1.3 or 2.6 nl (100 mmol/1 mannitol, 100 mmol/l NaCL, 32P-phosphate and 3H-inulin) were injected and then withdrawn after contact times of 2--108 s. Phosphate recovery relative to that of inulin was determined. A steep exponential decline of phosphate recovery (R) iwth increasing contact time (t) was observed in the superficial proximal tubule and descending segments. The slopes of the logarithmic regressions (10log R)/t, +/- SEM) were: -1.68 +/- 0.33 and -1.21 +/- 0.24min-1 in superficial proximal tubules and descending segments respectively. In contrast, no significant decline in phosphate recoveries (-0.02 +/- 0.04 and + 0.11 +/- 0.10 min-1) was apparent in the ascending segments and distal tubule. It is concluded that phosphate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule and adjacent descending segments of the superficial nephron and that there is no significant phosphate reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules and adjacent ascending segments.", "PMID": 558598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3538", "title": "Effect of adrenalectomy on medullary collecting-duct function in rats before and during blood volume expansion.", "content": "Adrenalectomized rats, kept on tap water for 3 days and infused with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone during the experiment, were compared to similarly treated sham-operated rats. Using the microcatheterization technique, reabsorption of fluid, sodium and potassium in the medullary collecting duct was studied before and after infusion of donor blood (2.3% of body weight). Before intravascular volume expansion sodium excretion in adrenalectomized rats was greater than in sham-operated ones. Extensive overlap between the two groups made this difference not statistically significant. However, the fraction of filtered sodium excreted was significantly greater after adrenalectomy, indicating the expected tubular transport defect. Fluid reabsorption from the medullary collecting-duct system was comparable in both series. Adrenalectomy did not inhibit net sodium reabsorption from the inner medullary duct, although reduction of Na transport in the outer medullary collecting system could be inferred. Renal excretion of potassium was not associated with net K secretion in the collecting duct in either group. During hypervolemia induced by intravenous infusion of donor blood, marked diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis were observed in all animals, associated with inhibition of net fluid and sodium reabsorption along the collecting system in both inner and outer medulla. Small, but statistically significant secretion of potassium became evident. The relatively reduced renal response in adrenalectomized animals could be attributed in part to a decreased filtered load compared to sham-operated rats. It is concluded: (1) that lack of mineralocorticoid does not prevent the normal fluid and sodium reabsorption from the lumen of the inner medullary collecting system, and (2) that the inhibition of this reabsorption consequent to hypervolemia is independent of changes in plasma aldosterone levels.", "contents": "Effect of adrenalectomy on medullary collecting-duct function in rats before and during blood volume expansion. Adrenalectomized rats, kept on tap water for 3 days and infused with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone during the experiment, were compared to similarly treated sham-operated rats. Using the microcatheterization technique, reabsorption of fluid, sodium and potassium in the medullary collecting duct was studied before and after infusion of donor blood (2.3% of body weight). Before intravascular volume expansion sodium excretion in adrenalectomized rats was greater than in sham-operated ones. Extensive overlap between the two groups made this difference not statistically significant. However, the fraction of filtered sodium excreted was significantly greater after adrenalectomy, indicating the expected tubular transport defect. Fluid reabsorption from the medullary collecting-duct system was comparable in both series. Adrenalectomy did not inhibit net sodium reabsorption from the inner medullary duct, although reduction of Na transport in the outer medullary collecting system could be inferred. Renal excretion of potassium was not associated with net K secretion in the collecting duct in either group. During hypervolemia induced by intravenous infusion of donor blood, marked diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis were observed in all animals, associated with inhibition of net fluid and sodium reabsorption along the collecting system in both inner and outer medulla. Small, but statistically significant secretion of potassium became evident. The relatively reduced renal response in adrenalectomized animals could be attributed in part to a decreased filtered load compared to sham-operated rats. It is concluded: (1) that lack of mineralocorticoid does not prevent the normal fluid and sodium reabsorption from the lumen of the inner medullary collecting system, and (2) that the inhibition of this reabsorption consequent to hypervolemia is independent of changes in plasma aldosterone levels.", "PMID": 558599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3539", "title": "The influence of the position of the oxygen dissociation curve on oxygen-dependent functions of the isolated perfused rat liver. III. Studies at different levels of anaemic hypoxia.", "content": "The influence of a 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)-induced displacement of the oxygen dissociation curve (O.D.C.) on the isolated perfused rat liver was studied at different levels of anaemic hypoxia. Rat livers were perfused either with fresh or with 2,3-DPG-depleted human erythrocytes at different haematocrit values (from 30% to 2.5%) at constant Po2 of the inflowing perfusate and at constant blood flow rate. The 2,3-DPG-induced difference in oxygen affinity of the red cells did not cause a significant difference in perfusion pressure during the perfusion experiments. Therefore, there is no evidence that 2,3-DPG did alter the vascular resistance of the liver, since blood flow rate could be adusted at equal values. The decrease in oxygen supply brought about by decrease of haematocrit caused a decrease of O2 consumption, of bile flow rate and of venous Po2 and an increase of lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio and of beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate (betaOH/Acac) ratio. There was no influence of a difference in 2,3-DPG content of the erythrocytes on the above-metioned parameters during severe anaemic hypoxia. At moderate anaemic hypoxia the venous Po2 was higher during perfusion with fresh erythrocytes than during perfusion with 2,3-DPG-depleted erythrocytes. Thus, although 2,3-DPG may play a compensatory role during conditions of mild anaemia, no such effects can be observed during conditions of severe hypoxia.", "contents": "The influence of the position of the oxygen dissociation curve on oxygen-dependent functions of the isolated perfused rat liver. III. Studies at different levels of anaemic hypoxia. The influence of a 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)-induced displacement of the oxygen dissociation curve (O.D.C.) on the isolated perfused rat liver was studied at different levels of anaemic hypoxia. Rat livers were perfused either with fresh or with 2,3-DPG-depleted human erythrocytes at different haematocrit values (from 30% to 2.5%) at constant Po2 of the inflowing perfusate and at constant blood flow rate. The 2,3-DPG-induced difference in oxygen affinity of the red cells did not cause a significant difference in perfusion pressure during the perfusion experiments. Therefore, there is no evidence that 2,3-DPG did alter the vascular resistance of the liver, since blood flow rate could be adusted at equal values. The decrease in oxygen supply brought about by decrease of haematocrit caused a decrease of O2 consumption, of bile flow rate and of venous Po2 and an increase of lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio and of beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate (betaOH/Acac) ratio. There was no influence of a difference in 2,3-DPG content of the erythrocytes on the above-metioned parameters during severe anaemic hypoxia. At moderate anaemic hypoxia the venous Po2 was higher during perfusion with fresh erythrocytes than during perfusion with 2,3-DPG-depleted erythrocytes. Thus, although 2,3-DPG may play a compensatory role during conditions of mild anaemia, no such effects can be observed during conditions of severe hypoxia.", "PMID": 558600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3540", "title": "Effects of sytemic hypoxia and hypercapnia on cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones to the cat's hindlimb.", "content": "1. Reactions of cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones to the hindlimb on systemic hypoxia and systemic hypercapnia were investigated in chloralose anaesthetized cats. Mainly four types of preparations were used: brain intact and decrebrate (pontomedullary) animals with and without carotid sinus (CSN) and vagal nerves (VN). 2. In brain intact animals with intact CSN and VN most cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones were depressed and most muscle vasoconstrictor neurones were excited during systemic hypoxia and hypercapnia. The responses to hypercapnia were smaller than those to hypoxia. 3. In brain intact deafferented animals and in decerebrate animals with and without intact CSN and VN systemic hypoxia and hypercapnia induced excitation in both cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones. The responses to hypoxia were significantly smaller in deafferented preparations when compared to those in preparations with intact CSN and VN. Furthermore in muscle vasoconstrictor neurones the size of the responses was not significantly different in decerebrate preparations from that in brain intact preparations. 4. These results indicate a distinct neuronal organization of the chemoreceptor reflexes in the vasoconstrictor systems in the brain stem. Suprapontine brain structures are most important for producing the inhibition of the cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones during hypoxia and hypercapnia.", "contents": "Effects of sytemic hypoxia and hypercapnia on cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones to the cat's hindlimb. 1. Reactions of cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones to the hindlimb on systemic hypoxia and systemic hypercapnia were investigated in chloralose anaesthetized cats. Mainly four types of preparations were used: brain intact and decrebrate (pontomedullary) animals with and without carotid sinus (CSN) and vagal nerves (VN). 2. In brain intact animals with intact CSN and VN most cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones were depressed and most muscle vasoconstrictor neurones were excited during systemic hypoxia and hypercapnia. The responses to hypercapnia were smaller than those to hypoxia. 3. In brain intact deafferented animals and in decerebrate animals with and without intact CSN and VN systemic hypoxia and hypercapnia induced excitation in both cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones. The responses to hypoxia were significantly smaller in deafferented preparations when compared to those in preparations with intact CSN and VN. Furthermore in muscle vasoconstrictor neurones the size of the responses was not significantly different in decerebrate preparations from that in brain intact preparations. 4. These results indicate a distinct neuronal organization of the chemoreceptor reflexes in the vasoconstrictor systems in the brain stem. Suprapontine brain structures are most important for producing the inhibition of the cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones during hypoxia and hypercapnia.", "PMID": 558601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3541", "title": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. I. Effects on circulation.", "content": "Mongrel dogs weighing 15-25 kg and anesthetized with thiopental-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid were used to investigate the effects of pulmonary gas embolism on pulmonary arterial pressure (Pap), systemic arterial pressure (Pa) and cardiac output (Q). Pulmonary gas embolism was produced either by venous injecton or by venous infusion. The most marked effect of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation was an increase in Pap which returned to the original level after stopping the gas administration. 1. After gas injection Pap rose to a maximum within 30--60 s. The extent of this rise in Pap showed a positive correlation with the volume  of the injected gas. The kind of gas (oxygen, helium, neon, nitrogen, air), however, did not influence the extent of the rise in Pap, but did influence the time of return of Pap to the original level. Carbon dioxide showed an exceptional behavior in that it had almost no effect on Pap at all. P a hardly changed with the volume of the gas injections (20--60 ml injected within 1 s); Q was not measured after gas injection (the direct Fick method is not usable in this situation). 2. Gas infusion caused a slow rise of Pap, its steepness and extent depending on the rate of infusion and on the physical properties of the infused gas. When the right ventricle was able to maintain its output, a constant level of Pap was reached after 10--15 min. In this circulatory steady state Pap appeared to be a measure of the degree of embolization. However, this relationship no longer held when the right ventricle failed as evidenced by a fall in Pap, Pa and Q. It may be concluded that pulmonary gas embolism produces a transient partial obstruction in the pulmonary circulation and that the performance of the right ventricle determines the maximum degree of embolization compatible with a sufficient circulation.", "contents": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. I. Effects on circulation. Mongrel dogs weighing 15-25 kg and anesthetized with thiopental-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid were used to investigate the effects of pulmonary gas embolism on pulmonary arterial pressure (Pap), systemic arterial pressure (Pa) and cardiac output (Q). Pulmonary gas embolism was produced either by venous injecton or by venous infusion. The most marked effect of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation was an increase in Pap which returned to the original level after stopping the gas administration. 1. After gas injection Pap rose to a maximum within 30--60 s. The extent of this rise in Pap showed a positive correlation with the volume  of the injected gas. The kind of gas (oxygen, helium, neon, nitrogen, air), however, did not influence the extent of the rise in Pap, but did influence the time of return of Pap to the original level. Carbon dioxide showed an exceptional behavior in that it had almost no effect on Pap at all. P a hardly changed with the volume of the gas injections (20--60 ml injected within 1 s); Q was not measured after gas injection (the direct Fick method is not usable in this situation). 2. Gas infusion caused a slow rise of Pap, its steepness and extent depending on the rate of infusion and on the physical properties of the infused gas. When the right ventricle was able to maintain its output, a constant level of Pap was reached after 10--15 min. In this circulatory steady state Pap appeared to be a measure of the degree of embolization. However, this relationship no longer held when the right ventricle failed as evidenced by a fall in Pap, Pa and Q. It may be concluded that pulmonary gas embolism produces a transient partial obstruction in the pulmonary circulation and that the performance of the right ventricle determines the maximum degree of embolization compatible with a sufficient circulation.", "PMID": 558602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3542", "title": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. II. Effects on respiration.", "content": "In mongrel dogs weighing 15--25 kg and anesthetized with thiopental-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid the effects of venous gas infusion and injection on several respiratory variables were investigated. During spontaneous respiration pulmonary gas embolism caused an increase of the ventilatory minute volume depending on the degree of embolization. The contribution of breathing frequency and tidal volume to the increase of ventilatory minute volume varied from one animal to the other. During constant artificial ventilation pulmonary gas embolism impaired the pulmonary gas exchange depending on the degree of embolization. How far a steady-state phase in gas exchange can be reached during continuous venous gas infusion depended on the adaptation of the circulation. At severe degrees of embolization circulation as well as gas exchange became deficient. Increasing artificial ventilation during pulmonary gas embolism improved the wash-out of carbon dioxide, but hardly affected the uptake of oxygen. The most important origin of the disturbed gas exchange in pulmonary gas embolism seemed to be an increased inequality of the ventilation-perfusion ratio distribution.", "contents": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. II. Effects on respiration. In mongrel dogs weighing 15--25 kg and anesthetized with thiopental-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid the effects of venous gas infusion and injection on several respiratory variables were investigated. During spontaneous respiration pulmonary gas embolism caused an increase of the ventilatory minute volume depending on the degree of embolization. The contribution of breathing frequency and tidal volume to the increase of ventilatory minute volume varied from one animal to the other. During constant artificial ventilation pulmonary gas embolism impaired the pulmonary gas exchange depending on the degree of embolization. How far a steady-state phase in gas exchange can be reached during continuous venous gas infusion depended on the adaptation of the circulation. At severe degrees of embolization circulation as well as gas exchange became deficient. Increasing artificial ventilation during pulmonary gas embolism improved the wash-out of carbon dioxide, but hardly affected the uptake of oxygen. The most important origin of the disturbed gas exchange in pulmonary gas embolism seemed to be an increased inequality of the ventilation-perfusion ratio distribution.", "PMID": 558603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3543", "title": "[Testicular choriocarcinomas masked by predominating seminomas].", "content": "Testicular choriocarcinomas may be disguised by the histological appearance of pure seminomas with apparently normal HCG levels. As demonstrated by the 5 cases reported here, a definite diagnosis by further histological specimens, more often by the development of abnormal HCG levels, may be delayed. Early chemotherapy appears to offer the best chance to such patients. Suspicious signs: HCG levels at the limit of normal before castration, suspect histology (marked hypertrophy of the interstitial gland, zones of necrosis, an unusual clinical appearance with large lymph node lesions, an unusual course with early lymph node or metastic recurrences, may suggest the presence of choriocarcinoma and lead to routine chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Testicular choriocarcinomas masked by predominating seminomas]. Testicular choriocarcinomas may be disguised by the histological appearance of pure seminomas with apparently normal HCG levels. As demonstrated by the 5 cases reported here, a definite diagnosis by further histological specimens, more often by the development of abnormal HCG levels, may be delayed. Early chemotherapy appears to offer the best chance to such patients. Suspicious signs: HCG levels at the limit of normal before castration, suspect histology (marked hypertrophy of the interstitial gland, zones of necrosis, an unusual clinical appearance with large lymph node lesions, an unusual course with early lymph node or metastic recurrences, may suggest the presence of choriocarcinoma and lead to routine chemotherapy.", "PMID": 558604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3544", "title": "Resuscitation of the newborn.", "content": "Effective resuscitation of the newborn requires knowledge of the cause of depression. Four major causes are trauma, asphyxia, medication, and malformation. More than one of these may contribute to depression in a single infant. The first principles of resuscitation are to avoid cooling the infant and to establish an airway. Infants with an Apgar score of 3 to 4 at one minute usually need bag-and-mask ventilation, while those with scores of 0 to 2 require immediate ventilation, preferably by means of endotracheal intubation. Severely depressed infants may also require chemical resuscitation and closed cardiac massage. Fetal depression caused by narcotic analgesics given to the mother can be reversed with the use of naloxone hydrochloride (Narcan). Infants asphyxiated on the basis of malformations may benefit from expeditious diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed in the delivery room.", "contents": "Resuscitation of the newborn. Effective resuscitation of the newborn requires knowledge of the cause of depression. Four major causes are trauma, asphyxia, medication, and malformation. More than one of these may contribute to depression in a single infant. The first principles of resuscitation are to avoid cooling the infant and to establish an airway. Infants with an Apgar score of 3 to 4 at one minute usually need bag-and-mask ventilation, while those with scores of 0 to 2 require immediate ventilation, preferably by means of endotracheal intubation. Severely depressed infants may also require chemical resuscitation and closed cardiac massage. Fetal depression caused by narcotic analgesics given to the mother can be reversed with the use of naloxone hydrochloride (Narcan). Infants asphyxiated on the basis of malformations may benefit from expeditious diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed in the delivery room.", "PMID": 558608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3545", "title": "Activity pattern and convulsions in the abstinence period after barbital treatment in the rat.", "content": "Barbital solution was given as the only drinking fluid to male rats for 50 weeks (daily dose around 200 mg/kg). During the treatment and in the abstinence period activity and convulsive episodes were recorded with jiggle cages. Sensitivity to hexobarbital was tested with a threshold method. A 12:12 HR L:D schedule was used. During the barbital treatment the activity of the treated rats started earlier (prior to light off) and ended earlier (prior to light on) compared with controls. A clear 24-hr pattern remained and the total activity was same as in the controls. In the first part of the abstinence period there was a large increase in activity with loss of the 24-hr pattern. Later in the abstinence period the activity was still increased both during light and darkness but a 24-hr pattern influenced by the L:D cycle was re-established. The changes in activity seemed to occur in a least two phases with the second phase lasting between abstinent Days 20-60. A similar two phase pattern was seen also in the changes of the hexobarbital thresholds. The convulsive episodes had several maxima during the abstinence period. The first one occurred around abstinent Days 3--4 and the second one was seen around Day 12. After Day 37 no convulsions were seen. All recorded changes can tentatively be explained by a common increased excitation in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Activity pattern and convulsions in the abstinence period after barbital treatment in the rat. Barbital solution was given as the only drinking fluid to male rats for 50 weeks (daily dose around 200 mg/kg). During the treatment and in the abstinence period activity and convulsive episodes were recorded with jiggle cages. Sensitivity to hexobarbital was tested with a threshold method. A 12:12 HR L:D schedule was used. During the barbital treatment the activity of the treated rats started earlier (prior to light off) and ended earlier (prior to light on) compared with controls. A clear 24-hr pattern remained and the total activity was same as in the controls. In the first part of the abstinence period there was a large increase in activity with loss of the 24-hr pattern. Later in the abstinence period the activity was still increased both during light and darkness but a 24-hr pattern influenced by the L:D cycle was re-established. The changes in activity seemed to occur in a least two phases with the second phase lasting between abstinent Days 20-60. A similar two phase pattern was seen also in the changes of the hexobarbital thresholds. The convulsive episodes had several maxima during the abstinence period. The first one occurred around abstinent Days 3--4 and the second one was seen around Day 12. After Day 37 no convulsions were seen. All recorded changes can tentatively be explained by a common increased excitation in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 558618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3546", "title": "Biochemical correlates in mouse-killing behavior of the rat: prolonged isolation and brain cholinergic function.", "content": "After 30 days of isolation, 45% of the rats exhibited mouse-killing behavior. The killing response was suppressed by atropine (5 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg, IP) and scopolamine (8 mg/kg, IP), whereas methylatropine was ineffective. Acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were measured in 5 discrete areas of rat brain. As compared with the aggregated rats only the killer rats exhibited higher ACh levels in the diencephalon. The activity of AChE in all brain areas was unchanged by isolation; no significant difference was found between the killer and nonkiller rats. These results suggest that central cholinergic mechanisms participate in the mediation of mouse-killing behavior in the rat.", "contents": "Biochemical correlates in mouse-killing behavior of the rat: prolonged isolation and brain cholinergic function. After 30 days of isolation, 45% of the rats exhibited mouse-killing behavior. The killing response was suppressed by atropine (5 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg, IP) and scopolamine (8 mg/kg, IP), whereas methylatropine was ineffective. Acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were measured in 5 discrete areas of rat brain. As compared with the aggregated rats only the killer rats exhibited higher ACh levels in the diencephalon. The activity of AChE in all brain areas was unchanged by isolation; no significant difference was found between the killer and nonkiller rats. These results suggest that central cholinergic mechanisms participate in the mediation of mouse-killing behavior in the rat.", "PMID": 558619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3547", "title": "Retrograde amnesia production by the intracisternal injection of 20 micronl of saline in rats.", "content": "The intracisternal injection of 20 micronl of saline into a rat within an hour after training it in an active avoidance response was found to induce retrograde amnesia. The results obtained by combining this procedure with the intracisternal injection of 2,6 Diaminopurine (DAP), which inhibits RNA synthesis and prevents long-term memory formation when administered at the proper time and in the correct dosage, suggest the existence of a medium term memory (MTM) mechanism. MTM was normally evident up to 75 min after training but was demonstrable up to 210 min when LTM formation was prevented by DAP.", "contents": "Retrograde amnesia production by the intracisternal injection of 20 micronl of saline in rats. The intracisternal injection of 20 micronl of saline into a rat within an hour after training it in an active avoidance response was found to induce retrograde amnesia. The results obtained by combining this procedure with the intracisternal injection of 2,6 Diaminopurine (DAP), which inhibits RNA synthesis and prevents long-term memory formation when administered at the proper time and in the correct dosage, suggest the existence of a medium term memory (MTM) mechanism. MTM was normally evident up to 75 min after training but was demonstrable up to 210 min when LTM formation was prevented by DAP.", "PMID": 558620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3548", "title": "Deficits in food and water intake after knife cuts that deplete striatal DA or hypothalamic NE in rats.", "content": "Knife cuts ventral or medial to the striatum were used to interrupt some of the principal connections of this structure. All of the cuts depleted striatal dopamine and produced aphagia and adipsia but there was no indication that the two classes of effects were always correlated. Cuts medial to the striatum produced the most severe DA depletions, persistent aphagia and adipsia, and the full complement of deficits in responding to glucoprivic and hydrational challenges that characterize rats that have recovered from lateral hypothalamic lesions. Cuts ventral to posterior portions of the striatum produced comparable periods of aphagia and adipsia (but few of the persisting impairments in responsiveness to regulatory challenges) even though their effect on striatal DA was relatively small (the average depletion was 51% compared to 89% for rats with cuts medial to the striatum). A second group of rats with cuts below more anterior aspects of the striatum sustained severe DA depletions (70%) but only very brief periods of aphagia and adipsia and only slight deficits in responding to osmotic challenges. The effects of the DA depleting cuts were compared with the behavioral consequences of coronal cuts in the midbrain tegmentum which selectively depleted hypothalamic norepinephrine. These cuts did not produce reliable effects on either food or water intake but abolished the normal feeding response to 2-deoxy-d-glucose without affecting the response to insulin. A correlational analysis of the biochemical and behavioral results of our cuts indicated a significant positive relationship between drinking in response to cellular thirst stimuli and hypothalamic NE as well as striatal DA. The postoperative body weights of our experimental animals were positively correlated with striatal dopamine and negatively related to hypothalamic norepinephrine.", "contents": "Deficits in food and water intake after knife cuts that deplete striatal DA or hypothalamic NE in rats. Knife cuts ventral or medial to the striatum were used to interrupt some of the principal connections of this structure. All of the cuts depleted striatal dopamine and produced aphagia and adipsia but there was no indication that the two classes of effects were always correlated. Cuts medial to the striatum produced the most severe DA depletions, persistent aphagia and adipsia, and the full complement of deficits in responding to glucoprivic and hydrational challenges that characterize rats that have recovered from lateral hypothalamic lesions. Cuts ventral to posterior portions of the striatum produced comparable periods of aphagia and adipsia (but few of the persisting impairments in responsiveness to regulatory challenges) even though their effect on striatal DA was relatively small (the average depletion was 51% compared to 89% for rats with cuts medial to the striatum). A second group of rats with cuts below more anterior aspects of the striatum sustained severe DA depletions (70%) but only very brief periods of aphagia and adipsia and only slight deficits in responding to osmotic challenges. The effects of the DA depleting cuts were compared with the behavioral consequences of coronal cuts in the midbrain tegmentum which selectively depleted hypothalamic norepinephrine. These cuts did not produce reliable effects on either food or water intake but abolished the normal feeding response to 2-deoxy-d-glucose without affecting the response to insulin. A correlational analysis of the biochemical and behavioral results of our cuts indicated a significant positive relationship between drinking in response to cellular thirst stimuli and hypothalamic NE as well as striatal DA. The postoperative body weights of our experimental animals were positively correlated with striatal dopamine and negatively related to hypothalamic norepinephrine.", "PMID": 558621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3549", "title": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide on tail pinch-induced eating in rats.", "content": "The effects of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide on tail pinch (TP)-induced behavior were investigated. Five mg/kg enhanced TP-induced eating in terms of both latency and duration. Twenty mg/kg had decremental effects. All doses of the drug reduced the incidence of clip-directed behavior, but increased locomotor activity during the TP trials in a dose-dependent manner. On control trials, the drug increased locomotor activity at the low dose and eating at the high dose. The results are examined in terms of the various behavioral actions of the minor tranquilizers. The implications for the behavioral and neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying TP-induced and other forms of stimulus-bound behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide on tail pinch-induced eating in rats. The effects of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide on tail pinch (TP)-induced behavior were investigated. Five mg/kg enhanced TP-induced eating in terms of both latency and duration. Twenty mg/kg had decremental effects. All doses of the drug reduced the incidence of clip-directed behavior, but increased locomotor activity during the TP trials in a dose-dependent manner. On control trials, the drug increased locomotor activity at the low dose and eating at the high dose. The results are examined in terms of the various behavioral actions of the minor tranquilizers. The implications for the behavioral and neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying TP-induced and other forms of stimulus-bound behavior are discussed.", "PMID": 558622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3550", "title": "Influence of fasting on the absorption and effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol after oral administration in sesame oil.", "content": "Tissue levels of 3H were higher 2 hr after oral administration of 3H-delta9-THC (10 mg/kg in sesame oil) to male Fischer rats in the morning compared with treatment in the afternoon. A corresponding reduction in potency was seen for the impairing effect of delta9-THC on performance of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR). The hypothesis that these effects were related to the interval between feeding (which normally occurs during the night in the nocturnal rat) and drug administration was supported when they were mimicked in overnight fasted and ad lib fed rats. Food deprivation decreased the rate of gastrointestinal absorption of 14C-delta9-THC in sesame oil. Peak plasma levels of 14C occurred 2-4 hr after administration in fed rats compared with 8 hr in fasted rats. When tested 2 hr after oral administration, delta9-THC caused significantly greater impairment of CAR performance in fed than fasted rats, whereas the opposite was found after 8 hr. Extraction and subsequent thin layer chromatography of plasma and brain from fed and fasted rats sacrificed 2 or 8 hr after oral administration of 10 mg/kg 14C-delta9-THC showed that brain levels of 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC rather than delta9-THC were correlated with the behavioral effect.", "contents": "Influence of fasting on the absorption and effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol after oral administration in sesame oil. Tissue levels of 3H were higher 2 hr after oral administration of 3H-delta9-THC (10 mg/kg in sesame oil) to male Fischer rats in the morning compared with treatment in the afternoon. A corresponding reduction in potency was seen for the impairing effect of delta9-THC on performance of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR). The hypothesis that these effects were related to the interval between feeding (which normally occurs during the night in the nocturnal rat) and drug administration was supported when they were mimicked in overnight fasted and ad lib fed rats. Food deprivation decreased the rate of gastrointestinal absorption of 14C-delta9-THC in sesame oil. Peak plasma levels of 14C occurred 2-4 hr after administration in fed rats compared with 8 hr in fasted rats. When tested 2 hr after oral administration, delta9-THC caused significantly greater impairment of CAR performance in fed than fasted rats, whereas the opposite was found after 8 hr. Extraction and subsequent thin layer chromatography of plasma and brain from fed and fasted rats sacrificed 2 or 8 hr after oral administration of 10 mg/kg 14C-delta9-THC showed that brain levels of 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC rather than delta9-THC were correlated with the behavioral effect.", "PMID": 558623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3551", "title": "Caffeine potentiation of amphetamine: implications for hyperkinesis therapy.", "content": "Neither 0.05 mg/kg d-amphetamine nor 15 mg/kg caffeine alone produce amphetamine-like responding in rats trained in two-lever operant chambers to discriminate 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine from saline. The co-administration of the two drug doses produced responding similar to the 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine dose. A suggestion for the mechanism of action and a regimen of administration for caffeine in hyperkinetic children are discussed.", "contents": "Caffeine potentiation of amphetamine: implications for hyperkinesis therapy. Neither 0.05 mg/kg d-amphetamine nor 15 mg/kg caffeine alone produce amphetamine-like responding in rats trained in two-lever operant chambers to discriminate 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine from saline. The co-administration of the two drug doses produced responding similar to the 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine dose. A suggestion for the mechanism of action and a regimen of administration for caffeine in hyperkinetic children are discussed.", "PMID": 558624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3552", "title": "A study of agoraphobic housewives.", "content": "Thirty married agoraphobic women referred to out-patient clinics in Edinburgh were compared with 'normal' controls (selected from GP records and screened for the absence of psychiatric symptoms) matched on age, sex social class and marital status. The agoraphobics' husbands were similarly compared with the husbands of the controls. On most measures of attitudes, behaviour, domestic organization and marital interaction, the 2 groups were strikingly similar.", "contents": "A study of agoraphobic housewives. Thirty married agoraphobic women referred to out-patient clinics in Edinburgh were compared with 'normal' controls (selected from GP records and screened for the absence of psychiatric symptoms) matched on age, sex social class and marital status. The agoraphobics' husbands were similarly compared with the husbands of the controls. On most measures of attitudes, behaviour, domestic organization and marital interaction, the 2 groups were strikingly similar.", "PMID": 558626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3553", "title": "Imidazole: a selective inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase.", "content": "Imidazole inhibits the enzymic conversion of the endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2) to thromboxane A2 by platelet microsomes (IC50: 22 MICRONG/ML; DETERMINED BY BIOASSAY). The inhibitor is selective, for prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase is only affected at high doses. Radiochemical data confirms that imidazole blocks the formation of 14C-thromboxane B2 from 14C-PGH2. Several imidazole analogues and other substances were tested but only 1-methyl-imidazole was more potent than imidazole itself. The use of imidazole to inhibit thromboxane formation could help to elucidate the role of thromboxanes in physiology or pathophysiology.", "contents": "Imidazole: a selective inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase. Imidazole inhibits the enzymic conversion of the endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2) to thromboxane A2 by platelet microsomes (IC50: 22 MICRONG/ML; DETERMINED BY BIOASSAY). The inhibitor is selective, for prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase is only affected at high doses. Radiochemical data confirms that imidazole blocks the formation of 14C-thromboxane B2 from 14C-PGH2. Several imidazole analogues and other substances were tested but only 1-methyl-imidazole was more potent than imidazole itself. The use of imidazole to inhibit thromboxane formation could help to elucidate the role of thromboxanes in physiology or pathophysiology.", "PMID": 558637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3554", "title": "Demethylation of O-methyl metabolites of catecholamines in erythrocytes: a methanol-forming reaction.", "content": "When lysates of erythrocytes of 11 species, including man, were incubated at pH 7.8 with L-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy [U-14C]phenylalanine or with [7-3H]normetanephrine, these were demethylated and formed 3,4-dihydroxy[14C]phenylalanine or [3H]norepinephrine. These catechols were identified by column and paper chromatographic methods. When [14C-methoxy]normetanephrine was incubated with lysates of rat erythrocytes, the one-carbon product was identified as [14C]methanol by the isolation in the incubation mixture of [14C]methanol-3,5-dinitrobenzoate and its recrystallization to constant specific radioactivity. Metanephrine, 3-methoxytyramine, vanilmandelic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol were also O-demethylated by rat erythrocytes; epinephrine was not N-demethylated. The reaction was not influenced by the addition of S-adenosylmethionine. The reaction appears to be different from that catalyzed by the \"methanol-forming enzyme\" previously described in erythrocytes and in other tissues.", "contents": "Demethylation of O-methyl metabolites of catecholamines in erythrocytes: a methanol-forming reaction. When lysates of erythrocytes of 11 species, including man, were incubated at pH 7.8 with L-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy [U-14C]phenylalanine or with [7-3H]normetanephrine, these were demethylated and formed 3,4-dihydroxy[14C]phenylalanine or [3H]norepinephrine. These catechols were identified by column and paper chromatographic methods. When [14C-methoxy]normetanephrine was incubated with lysates of rat erythrocytes, the one-carbon product was identified as [14C]methanol by the isolation in the incubation mixture of [14C]methanol-3,5-dinitrobenzoate and its recrystallization to constant specific radioactivity. Metanephrine, 3-methoxytyramine, vanilmandelic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol were also O-demethylated by rat erythrocytes; epinephrine was not N-demethylated. The reaction was not influenced by the addition of S-adenosylmethionine. The reaction appears to be different from that catalyzed by the \"methanol-forming enzyme\" previously described in erythrocytes and in other tissues.", "PMID": 558643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3555", "title": "Hypothalamic self-stimulation under the chronic morphine treatment in the rat.", "content": "The influence of morphine on self-stimulation (SS) under chronic morphine administration (30 injections for 15 days) in increasing doses (from 20 to 20 mg/kg/injection) has been studied. Initial doses had a depressive effect varying in degree in different animals. Subsequent injections activated \"reward\" behavior. This activation is suggested as one of the neurophysiological mechanisms of morphine abuse and addiction.", "contents": "Hypothalamic self-stimulation under the chronic morphine treatment in the rat. The influence of morphine on self-stimulation (SS) under chronic morphine administration (30 injections for 15 days) in increasing doses (from 20 to 20 mg/kg/injection) has been studied. Initial doses had a depressive effect varying in degree in different animals. Subsequent injections activated \"reward\" behavior. This activation is suggested as one of the neurophysiological mechanisms of morphine abuse and addiction.", "PMID": 558644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3556", "title": "Morphological changes in the organs of ewes grazing oestrogenic subterranean clover.", "content": "The morphological effects of phytooestrogen exposure were determined in 10 ewes exposed to subterranean clover for 60 days, compared with 10 controls. In a second experiment, the time course of the development of the changes was studied. Typically oestrogenic changes were observed in ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and mammary glands. There was an early increase in cervical mucus, followed by a decrease. The delta basophils of the pituitary became degranulated, and hyperactive in appearance. The adrenal and thyroid glands increased in weight, and thyroid epithelium increased in height. There appeared to be a temporary increase in neurophysin storage in the hypothalamus, and shrunken, hyperchromatic neurones were observed in the hypothalamus of some affected ewes. All changes were observed within three weeks of exposure.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the organs of ewes grazing oestrogenic subterranean clover. The morphological effects of phytooestrogen exposure were determined in 10 ewes exposed to subterranean clover for 60 days, compared with 10 controls. In a second experiment, the time course of the development of the changes was studied. Typically oestrogenic changes were observed in ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and mammary glands. There was an early increase in cervical mucus, followed by a decrease. The delta basophils of the pituitary became degranulated, and hyperactive in appearance. The adrenal and thyroid glands increased in weight, and thyroid epithelium increased in height. There appeared to be a temporary increase in neurophysin storage in the hypothalamus, and shrunken, hyperchromatic neurones were observed in the hypothalamus of some affected ewes. All changes were observed within three weeks of exposure.", "PMID": 558645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3557", "title": "[Catherer embolization of malignant urological tumors].", "content": "Transcatheter therapeutic arterial embolization with Spongostan was performed in 10 patients with inoperable malignant tumors of the urinary tract. It resulted in prompt and to some extent permanent relief and/or reduction of local tumor symptoms. Despite frequent transient side effects following occlusion, no permanent or serious complications have been directly attributable to the embolization.", "contents": "[Catherer embolization of malignant urological tumors]. Transcatheter therapeutic arterial embolization with Spongostan was performed in 10 patients with inoperable malignant tumors of the urinary tract. It resulted in prompt and to some extent permanent relief and/or reduction of local tumor symptoms. Despite frequent transient side effects following occlusion, no permanent or serious complications have been directly attributable to the embolization.", "PMID": 558649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3558", "title": "Sesquiterpene progenitor, germacrene A: an alarm pheromone in aphids.", "content": "Germacrene A, the elusive biogenetic \"parent\" of many sesquiterpenes, has been isolated from the spotted alfalfa aphid and identified as a new intrageneric aphid alarm pheromone.", "contents": "Sesquiterpene progenitor, germacrene A: an alarm pheromone in aphids. Germacrene A, the elusive biogenetic \"parent\" of many sesquiterpenes, has been isolated from the spotted alfalfa aphid and identified as a new intrageneric aphid alarm pheromone.", "PMID": 558651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3559", "title": "African trypanosomes: cultivation of animal-infective Trypanosoma brucei in vitro.", "content": "Trypanosoma brucei grew in the presence of bovine fibroblast-like cells in Hepes-buffered RPMI 1640 medium with 20 percent fetal bovine serum for more than 220 days at 37 degrees C. The organisms grown in this system were infective to mammalian hosts, retained the  morphological and biochemical characteristics of long slender bloodstream forms, and displayed variant-antigen on their surfaces.", "contents": "African trypanosomes: cultivation of animal-infective Trypanosoma brucei in vitro. Trypanosoma brucei grew in the presence of bovine fibroblast-like cells in Hepes-buffered RPMI 1640 medium with 20 percent fetal bovine serum for more than 220 days at 37 degrees C. The organisms grown in this system were infective to mammalian hosts, retained the  morphological and biochemical characteristics of long slender bloodstream forms, and displayed variant-antigen on their surfaces.", "PMID": 558652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3560", "title": "Licking behavior: evidence of hypoglossal oscillator.", "content": "Action potentials and slow waves were recorded from the hypoglossal nucleus of rats during licking of water from a drinking tube. Periods of licking and of rhythmic neural activity were usually highly correlated, as were their frequencies. Neural activity sometimes continued after cessation of licking; at other times, it stopped during a short interruption of licking and resumed in rhythm with licking. These observations are consistent with an oscillatory model of the control of licking.", "contents": "Licking behavior: evidence of hypoglossal oscillator. Action potentials and slow waves were recorded from the hypoglossal nucleus of rats during licking of water from a drinking tube. Periods of licking and of rhythmic neural activity were usually highly correlated, as were their frequencies. Neural activity sometimes continued after cessation of licking; at other times, it stopped during a short interruption of licking and resumed in rhythm with licking. These observations are consistent with an oscillatory model of the control of licking.", "PMID": 558653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3561", "title": "Cardiac malformations presenting as congenital atrial flutter.", "content": "A case of congenital atrial flutter with tetralogy of Fallot is presented. Fetal tachycardia was detected three weeks prior to birth and digitalization converted the arrhythmia to a normal sinus rhythm at two days of age. The seven previously reported cases of congenital atrial flutter associated with congenitally malformed hearts are reviewed.", "contents": "Cardiac malformations presenting as congenital atrial flutter. A case of congenital atrial flutter with tetralogy of Fallot is presented. Fetal tachycardia was detected three weeks prior to birth and digitalization converted the arrhythmia to a normal sinus rhythm at two days of age. The seven previously reported cases of congenital atrial flutter associated with congenitally malformed hearts are reviewed.", "PMID": 558654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3562", "title": "Mycetomas in Madras.", "content": "In 90 of 150 cases clinically diagnosed as mycetoma in the Department of Pathology, Madras Medical College, from January 1964 to June 1975, histopathological study revealed granules. Besides special staining procedures, cultural methods were undertaken in recent cases. The age and sex incidence, site of lesion and the species of fungi identified on the basis of histological morphology of the granules are analysed. The disease was predominatly seen in the age group 21-40. Men were more frequently affected than women and the commonest site of the lesion was foot. Actinomycotic mycetoma (68-9%) was more often found than the maduromycotic type. Madurella mycetomi (37-8%) and Actinomadura madurae (26-7%) were the commonest causal agents. Nocardia spp. were the next most common (21-1%) followed by A. pelletieri (15-5%), S. somaliensis (5-6%) and presumably Allescheria/Cephalosporium spp. from only 3 cases of white grain mycetoma.", "contents": "Mycetomas in Madras. In 90 of 150 cases clinically diagnosed as mycetoma in the Department of Pathology, Madras Medical College, from January 1964 to June 1975, histopathological study revealed granules. Besides special staining procedures, cultural methods were undertaken in recent cases. The age and sex incidence, site of lesion and the species of fungi identified on the basis of histological morphology of the granules are analysed. The disease was predominatly seen in the age group 21-40. Men were more frequently affected than women and the commonest site of the lesion was foot. Actinomycotic mycetoma (68-9%) was more often found than the maduromycotic type. Madurella mycetomi (37-8%) and Actinomadura madurae (26-7%) were the commonest causal agents. Nocardia spp. were the next most common (21-1%) followed by A. pelletieri (15-5%), S. somaliensis (5-6%) and presumably Allescheria/Cephalosporium spp. from only 3 cases of white grain mycetoma.", "PMID": 558655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3563", "title": "Radiology of blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Blunt abdominal trauma can produce injury to any of the intra-abdominal organs. While diagnostic studies may be necessary to help determine the most appropriate therapy, all these procedures take time, which in some instances can be better used to treat the patient actively. The condition of the patient and the clinical findings take precedence in the handling of the injured patient. Certain skeletal injuries are often a first clue and can help focus further investigations. Plain films and regular contrast examinations are adequate to evaluate most intra-abdominal injuries. When time is available, a variety of other radiologic techniques are available in most hospitals. Nuclear imaging is of considerable value in studying the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Thus far, ultrasound techniques have left much to be desired although theoretically of considerable potential. Angiography can be of great diagnostic and potentially of some therapeutic value. No diagnostic test beats a good history and careful examination. Radiologic studies, ideally, should be done to confirm a clinical suspicion, not just for the sake of \"completeness.\"", "contents": "Radiology of blunt abdominal trauma. Blunt abdominal trauma can produce injury to any of the intra-abdominal organs. While diagnostic studies may be necessary to help determine the most appropriate therapy, all these procedures take time, which in some instances can be better used to treat the patient actively. The condition of the patient and the clinical findings take precedence in the handling of the injured patient. Certain skeletal injuries are often a first clue and can help focus further investigations. Plain films and regular contrast examinations are adequate to evaluate most intra-abdominal injuries. When time is available, a variety of other radiologic techniques are available in most hospitals. Nuclear imaging is of considerable value in studying the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Thus far, ultrasound techniques have left much to be desired although theoretically of considerable potential. Angiography can be of great diagnostic and potentially of some therapeutic value. No diagnostic test beats a good history and careful examination. Radiologic studies, ideally, should be done to confirm a clinical suspicion, not just for the sake of \"completeness.\"", "PMID": 558659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3564", "title": "The use of multivariable standard curves in the radioimmunoassay of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone.", "content": "Multivariable calibration curves have been used to enable testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to be assayed directly in plasma extracts without further pre-purification of the sample. Two antisera were used, both with relatively high, but different affinities for the substances measured, and with relatively low affinity towards all other substances tested. The antisera were obtained from rabbits immunized against testosterone-3-BSA and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-3-BSA. The technique was of adequate precision, accuracy and specificity. The last was examined by comparison of values obtained by the present method and those obtained following pre-purification by thin layer chromatography.", "contents": "The use of multivariable standard curves in the radioimmunoassay of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Multivariable calibration curves have been used to enable testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to be assayed directly in plasma extracts without further pre-purification of the sample. Two antisera were used, both with relatively high, but different affinities for the substances measured, and with relatively low affinity towards all other substances tested. The antisera were obtained from rabbits immunized against testosterone-3-BSA and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-3-BSA. The technique was of adequate precision, accuracy and specificity. The last was examined by comparison of values obtained by the present method and those obtained following pre-purification by thin layer chromatography.", "PMID": 558665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3565", "title": "Q fever and animal abortion in Cyprus.", "content": "Seventy-eight British soldiers stationed in the Eastern Sovereign Base Area (ESBA) in Cyprus contracted Q fever in the period December 1974 to June 1975. Pneumonia developed in 59% of cases. Of 31 patients  tested, 81% had biochemical evidence of hepatitis although only one became clinically jaundiced. Three patients (4%) suffered pericarditis. Treatment with tetracycline had no apparent effect on the course of the disease. Investigation revealed an abortion epidemic involving 21 mixed flocks of sheep and goats in the south-eastern coastal region. 11 of the flocks grazed in and around the ESBA. A serological survey of 10 affected flocks, and evidence collected from previous years, indicated that the abortion epidemic was the result of infection with Coxiella burneti. Infection in the humans was almost certainly acquired by inhalation of dust from brush contaminated with rickettsial parturition products of the aborting flocks. A human serological survey revealed a number of cases of subclinical Q fever in a susceptivle military population, and an asymptomatic epidemic in a largely immune local position.", "contents": "Q fever and animal abortion in Cyprus. Seventy-eight British soldiers stationed in the Eastern Sovereign Base Area (ESBA) in Cyprus contracted Q fever in the period December 1974 to June 1975. Pneumonia developed in 59% of cases. Of 31 patients  tested, 81% had biochemical evidence of hepatitis although only one became clinically jaundiced. Three patients (4%) suffered pericarditis. Treatment with tetracycline had no apparent effect on the course of the disease. Investigation revealed an abortion epidemic involving 21 mixed flocks of sheep and goats in the south-eastern coastal region. 11 of the flocks grazed in and around the ESBA. A serological survey of 10 affected flocks, and evidence collected from previous years, indicated that the abortion epidemic was the result of infection with Coxiella burneti. Infection in the humans was almost certainly acquired by inhalation of dust from brush contaminated with rickettsial parturition products of the aborting flocks. A human serological survey revealed a number of cases of subclinical Q fever in a susceptivle military population, and an asymptomatic epidemic in a largely immune local position.", "PMID": 558666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3566", "title": "Urodynamic study of 15 patients with postmicturition dribble.", "content": "Fifteen patients presenting with postmicturition dribbling as their only symptom were studied in the urodynamic laboratory. Seven of these patients had no urodynamic abnormality but left a significant bulbar residue after micturition. Five patients had normal detrusor function but failed to milk back contrast from the prostatic urethra during voluntary interruption of the steam. Two of these also had a small amount of bulbar residue. The remaining three  had unstable detrusor function. One had classic bladder neck obstruction. One had a bulbar residue and the other failed to milk back properly. Despite the various mechanisms for postmicturition dribble, the management is the same in all cases. The patient is instructed to press the bulbar urethra manually in the perineum after micturition and evacuate the residue, and symptomatic relief is almost always obtained. Urodynamic studies in these patients are not justified unless this maneuver fails to alleviate the symptoms.", "contents": "Urodynamic study of 15 patients with postmicturition dribble. Fifteen patients presenting with postmicturition dribbling as their only symptom were studied in the urodynamic laboratory. Seven of these patients had no urodynamic abnormality but left a significant bulbar residue after micturition. Five patients had normal detrusor function but failed to milk back contrast from the prostatic urethra during voluntary interruption of the steam. Two of these also had a small amount of bulbar residue. The remaining three  had unstable detrusor function. One had classic bladder neck obstruction. One had a bulbar residue and the other failed to milk back properly. Despite the various mechanisms for postmicturition dribble, the management is the same in all cases. The patient is instructed to press the bulbar urethra manually in the perineum after micturition and evacuate the residue, and symptomatic relief is almost always obtained. Urodynamic studies in these patients are not justified unless this maneuver fails to alleviate the symptoms.", "PMID": 558674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3567", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of spermatic cord.", "content": "A case of extraosseous chondrosarcoma arising from the spermatic cord is reported and the literature reviewed. Chondrosarcoma arising from nonosseous tissue is rare, and only a handful of cases have been reported. However, unlike chondrosarcoma of bone, extraosseous myxoid chondrosarcoma behaves in a less aggressive fashion making the distinction between the two entities prognostically significant.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of spermatic cord. A case of extraosseous chondrosarcoma arising from the spermatic cord is reported and the literature reviewed. Chondrosarcoma arising from nonosseous tissue is rare, and only a handful of cases have been reported. However, unlike chondrosarcoma of bone, extraosseous myxoid chondrosarcoma behaves in a less aggressive fashion making the distinction between the two entities prognostically significant.", "PMID": 558675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3568", "title": "Uropharmacology: IV. Parasympathomimetic drugs.", "content": "Parasympathomimetic drugs include (1) acetylcholine and several synthetic choline esters and related derivatives, and (2) naturally occurring cholinomimetic alkaloids and certain related synthetic compounds. Pharmacology of acetylcholine, the prototype parasympathomimetic, is presented, as well as an introduction to other parasympathomimetic drugs and choline esters.", "contents": "Uropharmacology: IV. Parasympathomimetic drugs. Parasympathomimetic drugs include (1) acetylcholine and several synthetic choline esters and related derivatives, and (2) naturally occurring cholinomimetic alkaloids and certain related synthetic compounds. Pharmacology of acetylcholine, the prototype parasympathomimetic, is presented, as well as an introduction to other parasympathomimetic drugs and choline esters.", "PMID": 558676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3569", "title": "Spontaneous glomerulonephritis in dogs. II. Correlation of glomerulonephritis with age, chronic interstitial nephritis and extrarenal lesions.", "content": "A morphologic study of 103 dogs, including two with renal amyloidosis, showed that different types of diffuse glomerulonephritis are correlated with different age groups. Membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were more common in middle-aged and older animals, whereas mesangial lesions were found predominantly in younger dogs and considered to be early glomerular changes. Glomerulonephritis largely occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. The incidence of interstitial lesions was 71%. Chronic interstitial nephritis was rare in dogs under 1 year old. Glomerulonephritis did not seem to induce interstitial nephritis. Glomerulonephritis occurred not only in kidneys with severe interstitial damage, but also in those with slight damage. The indicated that glomerulonephritis occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. In end-stage kidneys with severe fibrosis, mesangial changes seemed to predominate.", "contents": "Spontaneous glomerulonephritis in dogs. II. Correlation of glomerulonephritis with age, chronic interstitial nephritis and extrarenal lesions. A morphologic study of 103 dogs, including two with renal amyloidosis, showed that different types of diffuse glomerulonephritis are correlated with different age groups. Membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were more common in middle-aged and older animals, whereas mesangial lesions were found predominantly in younger dogs and considered to be early glomerular changes. Glomerulonephritis largely occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. The incidence of interstitial lesions was 71%. Chronic interstitial nephritis was rare in dogs under 1 year old. Glomerulonephritis did not seem to induce interstitial nephritis. Glomerulonephritis occurred not only in kidneys with severe interstitial damage, but also in those with slight damage. The indicated that glomerulonephritis occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. In end-stage kidneys with severe fibrosis, mesangial changes seemed to predominate.", "PMID": 558678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3570", "title": "Studies on the biosynthetic pathway of human P erythrocyte antigen using genetic complementation tests between fibroblasts from rare p and Pk phenotype donors.", "content": "Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, P antigen is not detected on skin fibroblasts from Pk1, Pk2 or p donors. P antigen is reexpressed on polykaryon cells obtained by fusion of Pk x p fibroblasts. On the contrary, P antigen is not expressed on polykaryon cells from Pk x Pk or p x p fusion. All these data suggest that in Pk and p fibroblasts, at least two distinct genes are modified, one in the p phenotype, and the other in the Pk phenotype. The two Pk phenotypes studied seem to be homogeneous from a genetic point of view, as do the five p phenotypes.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthetic pathway of human P erythrocyte antigen using genetic complementation tests between fibroblasts from rare p and Pk phenotype donors. Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, P antigen is not detected on skin fibroblasts from Pk1, Pk2 or p donors. P antigen is reexpressed on polykaryon cells obtained by fusion of Pk x p fibroblasts. On the contrary, P antigen is not expressed on polykaryon cells from Pk x Pk or p x p fusion. All these data suggest that in Pk and p fibroblasts, at least two distinct genes are modified, one in the p phenotype, and the other in the Pk phenotype. The two Pk phenotypes studied seem to be homogeneous from a genetic point of view, as do the five p phenotypes.", "PMID": 558685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3571", "title": "The social behaviour of captive muntjacs Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby 1839).", "content": "The social behaviour of 8 captive muntjacs was studied from May to October 1970 and 1971. In 1970 close range observation and photography resulted in a descriptive account of the animal's social behaviour patterns. In 1971, 450 h of observation of undisturbed muntjacs living in a 2200 m2 enclosure were devoted to a quantitative study of social interactions. It was found that the social relationships of muntjacs are complex and subtale, maybe more than one might expect from a solitary and primitive mammal. Because of the animal's similarities with the ancestors of the Artiodactyls, a knowledge of the muntjac's social behaviour is essential for a proper understanding of the evolution and social behaviour of the order.", "contents": "The social behaviour of captive muntjacs Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby 1839). The social behaviour of 8 captive muntjacs was studied from May to October 1970 and 1971. In 1970 close range observation and photography resulted in a descriptive account of the animal's social behaviour patterns. In 1971, 450 h of observation of undisturbed muntjacs living in a 2200 m2 enclosure were devoted to a quantitative study of social interactions. It was found that the social relationships of muntjacs are complex and subtale, maybe more than one might expect from a solitary and primitive mammal. Because of the animal's similarities with the ancestors of the Artiodactyls, a knowledge of the muntjac's social behaviour is essential for a proper understanding of the evolution and social behaviour of the order.", "PMID": 558696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3572", "title": "[Formation of combined stereotypes of systems of secretory conditioned reflexes].", "content": "A rhythmic stereotype, followed by a rhythmic-mozaic one of positive and inhibitory conditioned secretory reflexes were successively elaborated in dogs with stabile stereotype of three heteromodal randomely organized systems. Thus a combined stereotype was formed of five randomely and stereotypically organized systems of conditioned reflexes, achieved at intervals of 24 hours or longer in a regular sequence. It has been shown that in the course of formation of the combined stereotype the general functional state (tone) of the cerebral cortex is enhanced. The preliminarily formed specialized systemic nervous process with a similar structure is of major importance for the rate of formation of the complex rhythmic-mozaic stereotype.", "contents": "[Formation of combined stereotypes of systems of secretory conditioned reflexes]. A rhythmic stereotype, followed by a rhythmic-mozaic one of positive and inhibitory conditioned secretory reflexes were successively elaborated in dogs with stabile stereotype of three heteromodal randomely organized systems. Thus a combined stereotype was formed of five randomely and stereotypically organized systems of conditioned reflexes, achieved at intervals of 24 hours or longer in a regular sequence. It has been shown that in the course of formation of the combined stereotype the general functional state (tone) of the cerebral cortex is enhanced. The preliminarily formed specialized systemic nervous process with a similar structure is of major importance for the rate of formation of the complex rhythmic-mozaic stereotype.", "PMID": 558691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3573", "title": "[Neurotic disorders in monkeys during increased stress on analytic-synthetic processes].", "content": "It has been shown in experiments on three rhesus monkeys that an enhanced stress of analytical-synthetic processes consisting in learning to differentiate a sequence of tones, leads to neurotic disorders of monkeys higher nervous activity. They are manifested individually and consist in disturbances of general behaviour, in forced movements, breakdowns of differentiations, the missing of positive responses in the previously elaborated conditioned stereotype and in typical dynamics of the formation of positive and negative conditioned reflexes to a chain of tones (2000 + + 4000 c/s; 2000 + 2000 c/s; 4000 + 2000 c/s; 4000 + 4000 c/s).", "contents": "[Neurotic disorders in monkeys during increased stress on analytic-synthetic processes]. It has been shown in experiments on three rhesus monkeys that an enhanced stress of analytical-synthetic processes consisting in learning to differentiate a sequence of tones, leads to neurotic disorders of monkeys higher nervous activity. They are manifested individually and consist in disturbances of general behaviour, in forced movements, breakdowns of differentiations, the missing of positive responses in the previously elaborated conditioned stereotype and in typical dynamics of the formation of positive and negative conditioned reflexes to a chain of tones (2000 + + 4000 c/s; 2000 + 2000 c/s; 4000 + 2000 c/s; 4000 + 4000 c/s).", "PMID": 558693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3574", "title": "[Interrelationship between the neocortex and limbic system in emotional stress and epileptiform syndromes].", "content": "The paper describes bioelectrical correlates of negative emotional states on three models: 1) states caused by local, chronic electric stimulation of negative emotiogenic zones (in cats, rabbits); 2) by a neurogenic stress in rats resulting from a conflict of afferent excitations; 3) by an experimental syndrome--\"expectation stress\". The data attest that hypersynchronization of bioelectrical activity in limbic and cortical structures is a sufficiently significant correlate of an emotional stress. It is assumed that hypersynchronization reflects one of the general mechanisms of involvement of brain structures in a state of neurogenic stress and its manifestation.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between the neocortex and limbic system in emotional stress and epileptiform syndromes]. The paper describes bioelectrical correlates of negative emotional states on three models: 1) states caused by local, chronic electric stimulation of negative emotiogenic zones (in cats, rabbits); 2) by a neurogenic stress in rats resulting from a conflict of afferent excitations; 3) by an experimental syndrome--\"expectation stress\". The data attest that hypersynchronization of bioelectrical activity in limbic and cortical structures is a sufficiently significant correlate of an emotional stress. It is assumed that hypersynchronization reflects one of the general mechanisms of involvement of brain structures in a state of neurogenic stress and its manifestation.", "PMID": 558692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3575", "title": "[Taxonomical investigations in sexual strains of Rhodotorula glutinis (Fres.) Harrison, Rh. aurantiaca (Saito) Lodder and Rh. rubra (Demme) Lodder (author's transl)].", "content": "Several strains of Rhodotorula were crossed with the strains IFO 0559a and IFO 0880alpha of Rhodotorula glutinis. We found nine new sexual Rhodotorula strains, belongong to the species Rh. glutinis, Rh. aurantiaca and Rh. rubra. 22 combinations, whose physiological and biochemical qualities were found out, followed from crossings of all sexual strains. The cell walls of some selected mycel combinations contained a pore in the center. Resting spores and life cycles of all combinations correspond to Rhodosporidium toruloides Banno. Results and taxonomical problems are being discussed.", "contents": "[Taxonomical investigations in sexual strains of Rhodotorula glutinis (Fres.) Harrison, Rh. aurantiaca (Saito) Lodder and Rh. rubra (Demme) Lodder (author's transl)]. Several strains of Rhodotorula were crossed with the strains IFO 0559a and IFO 0880alpha of Rhodotorula glutinis. We found nine new sexual Rhodotorula strains, belongong to the species Rh. glutinis, Rh. aurantiaca and Rh. rubra. 22 combinations, whose physiological and biochemical qualities were found out, followed from crossings of all sexual strains. The cell walls of some selected mycel combinations contained a pore in the center. Resting spores and life cycles of all combinations correspond to Rhodosporidium toruloides Banno. Results and taxonomical problems are being discussed.", "PMID": 558700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3576", "title": "[Moulds of bakery dusts (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 260 samples from bakery dusts were investigated. The samples were taken in the great part with the sedimentation-method. A large concentration of moulds was found in the meal-room. The fungal flora was here charcterized by species of Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor and Circinella. With a new volumetric sampler a total quantity of 8 680 fungus spores of particles in 1 m3 was registrated. By a re-examination we found 4473. In the baker's rooms besides moulds (Aspergillus, Penicillium etc.) the yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei) dominated. With the swab-method it was possible to found reservoirs of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Aspergillus niger. In the small bakeries the fungus Endomycopsis burtonii (Trichosporon variable) was most isolated.", "contents": "[Moulds of bakery dusts (author's transl)]. A total of 260 samples from bakery dusts were investigated. The samples were taken in the great part with the sedimentation-method. A large concentration of moulds was found in the meal-room. The fungal flora was here charcterized by species of Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor and Circinella. With a new volumetric sampler a total quantity of 8 680 fungus spores of particles in 1 m3 was registrated. By a re-examination we found 4473. In the baker's rooms besides moulds (Aspergillus, Penicillium etc.) the yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei) dominated. With the swab-method it was possible to found reservoirs of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Aspergillus niger. In the small bakeries the fungus Endomycopsis burtonii (Trichosporon variable) was most isolated.", "PMID": 558701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3577", "title": "[Evaluation of fetal maturity using various components of amniotic fluid].", "content": "It is reported on the lecithin-sphingomyelin-ratio, the total phospholipids, creatinine, glucose and content of orange cells in the liquor amnii in dependence on the age of pregnancy. All methods are criticized in their value for the diagnosis of fetal maturity. Basing on the results of this report is proposed a table of points of maturity like the model of womens hospital at the University of Halle (GDR). This table enables the shure judgement of the actual fetal maturity from the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "[Evaluation of fetal maturity using various components of amniotic fluid]. It is reported on the lecithin-sphingomyelin-ratio, the total phospholipids, creatinine, glucose and content of orange cells in the liquor amnii in dependence on the age of pregnancy. All methods are criticized in their value for the diagnosis of fetal maturity. Basing on the results of this report is proposed a table of points of maturity like the model of womens hospital at the University of Halle (GDR). This table enables the shure judgement of the actual fetal maturity from the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 558702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3578", "title": "[Decapitation using the Wenner-Lacreta procedure].", "content": "The author describes a modification of Wenner's decapitation technic. A guitar string placed around fetus neck is used as the cutting instrument. Based on 23 cases published in medical literature, the author concludes that the decapitation technic by the guitar string (6 degrees string) is simple, easy and harmless to the mother.", "contents": "[Decapitation using the Wenner-Lacreta procedure]. The author describes a modification of Wenner's decapitation technic. A guitar string placed around fetus neck is used as the cutting instrument. Based on 23 cases published in medical literature, the author concludes that the decapitation technic by the guitar string (6 degrees string) is simple, easy and harmless to the mother.", "PMID": 558703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3579", "title": "[Participation of the hippocampus in regulating a pathologic inactive motor reaction in dogs].", "content": "A local pathological inert motor reaction, involving a forced flexion of the forepaw, was formed after simultaneous stimulation with NaCl solution of a part of the tongue brought out to the cheek and electrical stimulation of the forepaw. The reaction decreased (by 70 to 80%) after electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus (beyond CA3). At the same time the animal's emotional stress diminished, as evidenced by the reduced heart rate and a reduced theta-rhythm in the hippocampus.", "contents": "[Participation of the hippocampus in regulating a pathologic inactive motor reaction in dogs]. A local pathological inert motor reaction, involving a forced flexion of the forepaw, was formed after simultaneous stimulation with NaCl solution of a part of the tongue brought out to the cheek and electrical stimulation of the forepaw. The reaction decreased (by 70 to 80%) after electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus (beyond CA3). At the same time the animal's emotional stress diminished, as evidenced by the reduced heart rate and a reduced theta-rhythm in the hippocampus.", "PMID": 558694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3580", "title": "The effects of denervation on the localization of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the rat ovary during pregnancy.", "content": "The effect of denervation on delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity with pregnenolone as substrate was studied during pregnancy. The enzyme activity, that is interpreted as the capacity to secrete progesterone, was studied in both control and experimental pregnant rats. The ovaries of experimental rats were denervated 96 h prior to sacrifice. Denervation during early pregnancy did not affect 3beta-HSD activity in the interstitial gland (IG) and corpus luteum (CL). However, denervation resulted in decreased activity in both the IG and CL on days 10, 14 and 18. This reduced activity is interpreted as a decreased capacity of denervated ovaries to synthesize progesterone at this time in pregnancy.", "contents": "The effects of denervation on the localization of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the rat ovary during pregnancy. The effect of denervation on delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity with pregnenolone as substrate was studied during pregnancy. The enzyme activity, that is interpreted as the capacity to secrete progesterone, was studied in both control and experimental pregnant rats. The ovaries of experimental rats were denervated 96 h prior to sacrifice. Denervation during early pregnancy did not affect 3beta-HSD activity in the interstitial gland (IG) and corpus luteum (CL). However, denervation resulted in decreased activity in both the IG and CL on days 10, 14 and 18. This reduced activity is interpreted as a decreased capacity of denervated ovaries to synthesize progesterone at this time in pregnancy.", "PMID": 558706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3581", "title": "Effects on hamster vaginal development of a single dose of testosterone or estradiol given neonatally.", "content": "Postnatal injections of a single dose of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate to newborn female hamsters produce a precocious vaginal opening at 5 days of age. Vaginal postnatal development, histologically, has shown that in testosterone-propionate-injected animals sinusal vagina is absent. The M\u00fcllerian vagina presented a stimulated epithelium at early ages. After 40 days, the M\u00fcllerian epithelium was stratified keratinized, with zones of stratified cuboidal epithelium. In estradiol-benzoate-treated animals, the M\u00fcllerian epithelium rapidly changes to stratified keratinized epithelium (10 days), with zones of stratified cuboidal after 20 days of life. The sinusal epithelium was stratified squamous at 10 days, and after 40 days changes to stratified keratinized epithelium were seen. Probably, early changes are due to a direct effect of steroid action. Later effects are due to ovarian secretion. Histologically, no significant changes were observed in the preputial and urethral glands. The clitoris showed malformations.", "contents": "Effects on hamster vaginal development of a single dose of testosterone or estradiol given neonatally. Postnatal injections of a single dose of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate to newborn female hamsters produce a precocious vaginal opening at 5 days of age. Vaginal postnatal development, histologically, has shown that in testosterone-propionate-injected animals sinusal vagina is absent. The M\u00fcllerian vagina presented a stimulated epithelium at early ages. After 40 days, the M\u00fcllerian epithelium was stratified keratinized, with zones of stratified cuboidal epithelium. In estradiol-benzoate-treated animals, the M\u00fcllerian epithelium rapidly changes to stratified keratinized epithelium (10 days), with zones of stratified cuboidal after 20 days of life. The sinusal epithelium was stratified squamous at 10 days, and after 40 days changes to stratified keratinized epithelium were seen. Probably, early changes are due to a direct effect of steroid action. Later effects are due to ovarian secretion. Histologically, no significant changes were observed in the preputial and urethral glands. The clitoris showed malformations.", "PMID": 558707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3582", "title": "Postnatal development of vagina, clitoris and urethral glands of the golden hamster.", "content": "We have made a histological study of the postnatal development of the clitoris, preputial glands, urethral glands and vagina of the golden hamster. The 'phallic groove' of the clitoris is closed at 10 days of life, then the urethra has a cuboidal stratified, a stratified squamous and a stratified keratinized epithelium. The preputial glands are composed of branched saccular glands. These glands develop, with few changes during their maturation period. Formation of the urethral glands begins at 5 days and the alveoli are fully developed at puberty. The hamster vagina has two origins; the upper part is M\u00fcllerian, the caudal part is sinusal. The wall of the M\u00fcllerian vagina has a cylindrical epithelium at birth, which becomes 'double epithelium' at puberty and thereafter changes cyclically in connection with the estrous cycle. The sinusal vagina is solid at birth, its lumen being formed in the first 10 days of life and its wall having a cuboidal stratified epithelium. At 15 days it becomes a stratified keratinized epithelium, which will later line the vaginal pouch. At the 5th day, an ectodermic invagination (stratified keratinized epithelium) is observed in the zone of the future introitus. At the time of vaginal opening this zone forms the distal segment.", "contents": "Postnatal development of vagina, clitoris and urethral glands of the golden hamster. We have made a histological study of the postnatal development of the clitoris, preputial glands, urethral glands and vagina of the golden hamster. The 'phallic groove' of the clitoris is closed at 10 days of life, then the urethra has a cuboidal stratified, a stratified squamous and a stratified keratinized epithelium. The preputial glands are composed of branched saccular glands. These glands develop, with few changes during their maturation period. Formation of the urethral glands begins at 5 days and the alveoli are fully developed at puberty. The hamster vagina has two origins; the upper part is M\u00fcllerian, the caudal part is sinusal. The wall of the M\u00fcllerian vagina has a cylindrical epithelium at birth, which becomes 'double epithelium' at puberty and thereafter changes cyclically in connection with the estrous cycle. The sinusal vagina is solid at birth, its lumen being formed in the first 10 days of life and its wall having a cuboidal stratified epithelium. At 15 days it becomes a stratified keratinized epithelium, which will later line the vaginal pouch. At the 5th day, an ectodermic invagination (stratified keratinized epithelium) is observed in the zone of the future introitus. At the time of vaginal opening this zone forms the distal segment.", "PMID": 558708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3583", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with cerebral involvement. Light and electron microscopic study of a case.", "content": "Light and EM study of a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis revealed a pleomorphic lymphoreticular cell infiltrate, angitis and necrosis with involvement of the brain, lungs, skin and right ear of a 30 year old woman. Cells comprising the infiltrate were classified as lymphocytoid, plasmacytoid, immunoblastic (histocytic) and phagocytic. A number of elements partook of the ultrastructural features of two cell types and were considered to be intermediate forms (plasmacytoid lymphocytes, lymphocytoid immunoblasts, and plasmacytoid immunoblasts). It is believed that the various cell elements form part of a wide spectrum in which transformation of cell types takes place by maturation. This suggests an immunologic process as the main pathogenetic factor in the development of LG.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with cerebral involvement. Light and electron microscopic study of a case. Light and EM study of a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis revealed a pleomorphic lymphoreticular cell infiltrate, angitis and necrosis with involvement of the brain, lungs, skin and right ear of a 30 year old woman. Cells comprising the infiltrate were classified as lymphocytoid, plasmacytoid, immunoblastic (histocytic) and phagocytic. A number of elements partook of the ultrastructural features of two cell types and were considered to be intermediate forms (plasmacytoid lymphocytes, lymphocytoid immunoblasts, and plasmacytoid immunoblasts). It is believed that the various cell elements form part of a wide spectrum in which transformation of cell types takes place by maturation. This suggests an immunologic process as the main pathogenetic factor in the development of LG.", "PMID": 558711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3584", "title": "Noonan syndrome with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "A case of a 20 years old female who had Noonan syndrome associated with obstructive cardiomyopathy was presented. It is well known that Noonan syndrome is frequently complicated with cardiac anomaly, and although no autopsies were performed two cases have been diagnosed clinically as Noonan syndrome accompanied with idiopathic cardiomyopathy in our country. The present case would be the first autopsied case in Japan of Noonan syndrome associated with idiopathic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Noonan syndrome with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A case of a 20 years old female who had Noonan syndrome associated with obstructive cardiomyopathy was presented. It is well known that Noonan syndrome is frequently complicated with cardiac anomaly, and although no autopsies were performed two cases have been diagnosed clinically as Noonan syndrome accompanied with idiopathic cardiomyopathy in our country. The present case would be the first autopsied case in Japan of Noonan syndrome associated with idiopathic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 558713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3585", "title": "Parameters for argon laser surgery of the lower human turbinates. In vitro experiments.", "content": "On 8 human lower turbinates in vitro, experiments were performed using an argon laser with a power of 1-10 W, a beam diameter of 0.2 and 2 mm. For clinical laser surgery of the turbinates 1-2 W is sufficient. Drilling, incision, coagulation and vaporizing experiments, were done on the tissue of the lower turbinates. The results of this laser surgery are discussed and compared with present-day surgical methods such as conchotomy, cutting of the posterior ends by slinging, and electrocautery of the lower turbinates.", "contents": "Parameters for argon laser surgery of the lower human turbinates. In vitro experiments. On 8 human lower turbinates in vitro, experiments were performed using an argon laser with a power of 1-10 W, a beam diameter of 0.2 and 2 mm. For clinical laser surgery of the turbinates 1-2 W is sufficient. Drilling, incision, coagulation and vaporizing experiments, were done on the tissue of the lower turbinates. The results of this laser surgery are discussed and compared with present-day surgical methods such as conchotomy, cutting of the posterior ends by slinging, and electrocautery of the lower turbinates.", "PMID": 558712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3586", "title": "Ultrastructure of pericytes in mouse heart.", "content": "The pericytes of mouse myocardium are extensively branched cells that form an incomplete layer around the endothelium of capillaries and postcapillary venules. The membranes of pericytes and endothelial cells are connected by specialized junctions. Microtubules, intermediate (10-nm) filaments and microfilaments are oriented within circumferentially-arranged cytoplasmic processes of pericytes so as partially to encircle the endothelial cylinder. The intracellular organization of these myocardial pericytes suggests that they are smooth muscle-like cells which may be capable of influencing microvascular dynamics in the heart.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of pericytes in mouse heart. The pericytes of mouse myocardium are extensively branched cells that form an incomplete layer around the endothelium of capillaries and postcapillary venules. The membranes of pericytes and endothelial cells are connected by specialized junctions. Microtubules, intermediate (10-nm) filaments and microfilaments are oriented within circumferentially-arranged cytoplasmic processes of pericytes so as partially to encircle the endothelial cylinder. The intracellular organization of these myocardial pericytes suggests that they are smooth muscle-like cells which may be capable of influencing microvascular dynamics in the heart.", "PMID": 558725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3587", "title": "Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Clinical findings, endocrine features and therapeutic responses in 56 cases.", "content": "The clinical and endocrine features, and the responses to different treatment modalities, were examined in 56 patients with galactorrhea and/or hyperprolactinemia after a two month to six year follow-up period. A pituitary adenoma was diagnosed in 17 patients. A prolactin-cell adenoma was identified histologically in eight patients. Other etiologic factors were myxedema (two patients), phenothiazine ingestion (six patients) and breast manipulation (four patients). In 27 patients, including three with abnormalities of the sella turcica, no causal factor was found, and their condition was labelled as dysfunctional in origin. Symptoms were preceded by childbirth in 11 patients and by estrogen-progestin contraception in 22; pituitary adenomas were discovered in both groups in approximately the same frequency (30%) as in the over-all study group. Aside from roentgenographic studies, as well as visual field perimetry in a few cases, a serum prolactin level above 100 ng/ml was the only indicator of a pituitary prolactin-cell adenoma. Prolactin-suppression tests (L-DOPA and 2alpha-Br-ergocryptine) were found to be of no value in discriminating between tumoral and dysfunctional conditions. No significant alterations in prolactin levels occurred after water loading irrespective of basal levels or the nature of the pathologic process. Selective pituitary tumor excision (eight patients) was followed by rapid normalization of prolactin levels and disappearance of clinical abnormalities. Conversely, after pituitary irradiation (eight patients), improvement tended to be slower. Treatment of infertility in those patients without an apparent organic lesion was more successful with 2alpha-Br-ergocryptine (three of three) than with clomiphene (two of seven). Pregnancies following the administration of drugs or after surgical treatment were uneventful. Since follow-up resulted in the early diagnosis of pituitary tumors from seven to 56 months after initial investigation, and since no diagnostic tools are currently available which help to discriminate between tumoral and dysfunctional conditions before abnormalities become evident on roentgenograms, prolonged observation of these patients remains essential.", "contents": "Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Clinical findings, endocrine features and therapeutic responses in 56 cases. The clinical and endocrine features, and the responses to different treatment modalities, were examined in 56 patients with galactorrhea and/or hyperprolactinemia after a two month to six year follow-up period. A pituitary adenoma was diagnosed in 17 patients. A prolactin-cell adenoma was identified histologically in eight patients. Other etiologic factors were myxedema (two patients), phenothiazine ingestion (six patients) and breast manipulation (four patients). In 27 patients, including three with abnormalities of the sella turcica, no causal factor was found, and their condition was labelled as dysfunctional in origin. Symptoms were preceded by childbirth in 11 patients and by estrogen-progestin contraception in 22; pituitary adenomas were discovered in both groups in approximately the same frequency (30%) as in the over-all study group. Aside from roentgenographic studies, as well as visual field perimetry in a few cases, a serum prolactin level above 100 ng/ml was the only indicator of a pituitary prolactin-cell adenoma. Prolactin-suppression tests (L-DOPA and 2alpha-Br-ergocryptine) were found to be of no value in discriminating between tumoral and dysfunctional conditions. No significant alterations in prolactin levels occurred after water loading irrespective of basal levels or the nature of the pathologic process. Selective pituitary tumor excision (eight patients) was followed by rapid normalization of prolactin levels and disappearance of clinical abnormalities. Conversely, after pituitary irradiation (eight patients), improvement tended to be slower. Treatment of infertility in those patients without an apparent organic lesion was more successful with 2alpha-Br-ergocryptine (three of three) than with clomiphene (two of seven). Pregnancies following the administration of drugs or after surgical treatment were uneventful. Since follow-up resulted in the early diagnosis of pituitary tumors from seven to 56 months after initial investigation, and since no diagnostic tools are currently available which help to discriminate between tumoral and dysfunctional conditions before abnormalities become evident on roentgenograms, prolonged observation of these patients remains essential.", "PMID": 558726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3588", "title": "Low 'gynecologic': an obstetric risk factor.", "content": "The records of patients who were 17 years of age and younger at delivery were reviewed in order to ascertain whether or not a patient's gynecologic age (GA, defined as chronologic age minus age at menarche) independently relates to pregnancy risk. Low GA in a pregnant adolescent increases the chance of delivery of a low--birth weight infant. However, pre-eclampsia and other pregnancy complications studied were not related GA.", "contents": "Low 'gynecologic': an obstetric risk factor. The records of patients who were 17 years of age and younger at delivery were reviewed in order to ascertain whether or not a patient's gynecologic age (GA, defined as chronologic age minus age at menarche) independently relates to pregnancy risk. Low GA in a pregnant adolescent increases the chance of delivery of a low--birth weight infant. However, pre-eclampsia and other pregnancy complications studied were not related GA.", "PMID": 558727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3589", "title": "Effects of salbutamol and isoxsuprine on uterine and umbilical blood flow in pregnant sheep.", "content": "The effects of salbutamol and isoxsuprine upon uterine artery blood flow (UtBF) and umbilical vein blood flow (UmBF) were investigated in near-term, nonlaboring chronic sheep preparations. During both intravenous salbutamol and isoxsuprine infusions to the ewe, UtBF and mean maternal arterial pressure decreased significantly. Also, dose-related maternal tachycardia, hyperglycemia, and relative acidemia occurred. There were no significant changes in UmBF, mean fetal arterial pressure, or fetal heart rate (FHR) during salbutamol infusions, but UmBF and FHR increased during isoxsuprine infusions. During the 120 minute postinfusion recovery period, UtBF rose significantly after the salbutamol infusions but not after the isoxsupine infusions. The effects and structure-activity relationship of these two drugs are comparable to those of ritodrine and fenoterol, two other beta-adrenergic agonists.", "contents": "Effects of salbutamol and isoxsuprine on uterine and umbilical blood flow in pregnant sheep. The effects of salbutamol and isoxsuprine upon uterine artery blood flow (UtBF) and umbilical vein blood flow (UmBF) were investigated in near-term, nonlaboring chronic sheep preparations. During both intravenous salbutamol and isoxsuprine infusions to the ewe, UtBF and mean maternal arterial pressure decreased significantly. Also, dose-related maternal tachycardia, hyperglycemia, and relative acidemia occurred. There were no significant changes in UmBF, mean fetal arterial pressure, or fetal heart rate (FHR) during salbutamol infusions, but UmBF and FHR increased during isoxsuprine infusions. During the 120 minute postinfusion recovery period, UtBF rose significantly after the salbutamol infusions but not after the isoxsupine infusions. The effects and structure-activity relationship of these two drugs are comparable to those of ritodrine and fenoterol, two other beta-adrenergic agonists.", "PMID": 558728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3590", "title": "Paralysis of accommodation in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A case report of a 22-year-old patient with accommodative paralysis is presented including (1) the five-year history beginning with infectious mononucleosis; (2) recent clinical examination showing accomodative paralysis and reduced pupilary responses to light and near; (3) objective recordings confirming both the absence of any accommodation and the presence of pupillary responses to monocular and binocular near stimuli and to light, the latter with pupillary escape; and finally (4) neuropharmacological tests showing 7-diopter accommodative responses to pilocarpine (an acetylcholine substitute acting directly on the ciliary muscle receptor sites) and absent responses to demecarium bromide (a cholinesterase blocking agent which potentiates neurally released acetylcholine). Infectious mononucleosis includes ocular signs and symptoms. In young persons with accommodative difficulties, infectious mononucleosis should be suspected.", "contents": "Paralysis of accommodation in infectious mononucleosis. A case report of a 22-year-old patient with accommodative paralysis is presented including (1) the five-year history beginning with infectious mononucleosis; (2) recent clinical examination showing accomodative paralysis and reduced pupilary responses to light and near; (3) objective recordings confirming both the absence of any accommodation and the presence of pupillary responses to monocular and binocular near stimuli and to light, the latter with pupillary escape; and finally (4) neuropharmacological tests showing 7-diopter accommodative responses to pilocarpine (an acetylcholine substitute acting directly on the ciliary muscle receptor sites) and absent responses to demecarium bromide (a cholinesterase blocking agent which potentiates neurally released acetylcholine). Infectious mononucleosis includes ocular signs and symptoms. In young persons with accommodative difficulties, infectious mononucleosis should be suspected.", "PMID": 558729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3591", "title": "Family functioning and childhood accident occurrence.", "content": "The relationship between family functioning and childhood accident occurrence is examined, and family assessment is suggested as a diagnostic tool capable of identifying children prone to repetitive accidents. Implications for clinical intervention are discussed.", "contents": "Family functioning and childhood accident occurrence. The relationship between family functioning and childhood accident occurrence is examined, and family assessment is suggested as a diagnostic tool capable of identifying children prone to repetitive accidents. Implications for clinical intervention are discussed.", "PMID": 558730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3592", "title": "Histomorphological and histochemical studies on the female genitalia of ageing goat. IV. Histomorphology of ovarian cortex.", "content": "The germinal epithelium of goat ovary was found to be lined with simple cuboidal cells which became taller and then pseudostratified columnar towards its continuity with the epithelium lining the fallopian tube. Flattened germinal epithelium and interruptions in it were common in animals older than 3 years of age. Thickness of tunica albuginea increased with age. Total number of follicles per unit sectional area and percentage of primary follicles were computed to increase upto one year of age, whereafter decreased considerably by over five years. Percent secondary follicles, percent large follicles (including those at very early stages of atresia) and percent advanced atretic follicles were recorded to increase with age over one year and onwards. Considering estrous cyclic changes it was interpreted that the tunica albuginea was thickest at proestrus and gradually thinned towards diestrus, whereas, total number of follicles and number of primary follicles per unit sectional area and percent primary follicles were calculated to be the highest at proestrus showing decreasing trend towards diestrus where it was the lowest. However, percent secondary follicles, percent large follicles and percent advanced atretic follicles showed increasing trend towards the end of diestrus though comparatively greater variation was recorded at early periods in the cycle.", "contents": "Histomorphological and histochemical studies on the female genitalia of ageing goat. IV. Histomorphology of ovarian cortex. The germinal epithelium of goat ovary was found to be lined with simple cuboidal cells which became taller and then pseudostratified columnar towards its continuity with the epithelium lining the fallopian tube. Flattened germinal epithelium and interruptions in it were common in animals older than 3 years of age. Thickness of tunica albuginea increased with age. Total number of follicles per unit sectional area and percentage of primary follicles were computed to increase upto one year of age, whereafter decreased considerably by over five years. Percent secondary follicles, percent large follicles (including those at very early stages of atresia) and percent advanced atretic follicles were recorded to increase with age over one year and onwards. Considering estrous cyclic changes it was interpreted that the tunica albuginea was thickest at proestrus and gradually thinned towards diestrus, whereas, total number of follicles and number of primary follicles per unit sectional area and percent primary follicles were calculated to be the highest at proestrus showing decreasing trend towards diestrus where it was the lowest. However, percent secondary follicles, percent large follicles and percent advanced atretic follicles showed increasing trend towards the end of diestrus though comparatively greater variation was recorded at early periods in the cycle.", "PMID": 558732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3593", "title": "[Tribuliphorus salilotae gen. et spec. nov., a new representative of the monogena].", "content": "Belonging to the Monogenean family Diclidophoridae, Tribuliphorus salitotae nov. gen. nov. spec. is described from a gadiform fish, Salilota australia (family Moridae). Its specific characteristics are: big and sharp clasps at the anterior lateral and the posterior lateral plates of the adhesing valves. All 8 valves are structured in the same manner, but they differ in their situation and size: the first 3 pairs are smaller and are inverted (180 degrees to the body's length exis) the hind pair is twice as big and situated normally. --In respect to its morphology, Tribuliphorus nov. gen. could belong to the lowes (most primitive) genera of the subfamily Diclidophorinae, which parasitize the Macruriformes. On the other side, the genus shows affinities to Anchophorus, whose only representative (A. sinensis Bychovsky & Nagibina, 1958) has been found on cynoglossids (an apart group of the Pleuronectiformes), and which has been put in a monotypic family Anchophoridae. By this, the parasitological data again support the previously expressed view (by one of the authors) regarding the relationship of the Pleuronectiformes to the Gadiformes and Goryphaenoididae = Macruriformes).", "contents": "[Tribuliphorus salilotae gen. et spec. nov., a new representative of the monogena]. Belonging to the Monogenean family Diclidophoridae, Tribuliphorus salitotae nov. gen. nov. spec. is described from a gadiform fish, Salilota australia (family Moridae). Its specific characteristics are: big and sharp clasps at the anterior lateral and the posterior lateral plates of the adhesing valves. All 8 valves are structured in the same manner, but they differ in their situation and size: the first 3 pairs are smaller and are inverted (180 degrees to the body's length exis) the hind pair is twice as big and situated normally. --In respect to its morphology, Tribuliphorus nov. gen. could belong to the lowes (most primitive) genera of the subfamily Diclidophorinae, which parasitize the Macruriformes. On the other side, the genus shows affinities to Anchophorus, whose only representative (A. sinensis Bychovsky & Nagibina, 1958) has been found on cynoglossids (an apart group of the Pleuronectiformes), and which has been put in a monotypic family Anchophoridae. By this, the parasitological data again support the previously expressed view (by one of the authors) regarding the relationship of the Pleuronectiformes to the Gadiformes and Goryphaenoididae = Macruriformes).", "PMID": 558733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3594", "title": "Individual differences in aggressiveness of female hamsters: response to intact and castrated males and to females.", "content": "The aggressive behaviour of female hamsters was studied while they were housed in large enclosures with males and in brief tests with males or females. Some females are not aggressive with any male, whereas others are very aggressive toward all males in both testing conditions. Females that are not aggressive toward intact males may be very aggressive toward castrated males or females. When the animals are housed together for long periods of time, males dominate only if they are much heavier. Male dominance takes a relatively long time to establish and often there is an equivocal period characterized by reversals of dominance. Female dominance is rapidly established. Unless the male is much heavier, the female determines the presence or absence of agonistic behaviour.", "contents": "Individual differences in aggressiveness of female hamsters: response to intact and castrated males and to females. The aggressive behaviour of female hamsters was studied while they were housed in large enclosures with males and in brief tests with males or females. Some females are not aggressive with any male, whereas others are very aggressive toward all males in both testing conditions. Females that are not aggressive toward intact males may be very aggressive toward castrated males or females. When the animals are housed together for long periods of time, males dominate only if they are much heavier. Male dominance takes a relatively long time to establish and often there is an equivocal period characterized by reversals of dominance. Female dominance is rapidly established. Unless the male is much heavier, the female determines the presence or absence of agonistic behaviour.", "PMID": 558734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3595", "title": "[Correlation between the 'active' and 'passive' mechanisms of chlortetracycline penetration in the cells of a sensitive and resistant strains of mycobacteria].", "content": "The value of chlortetracycline physical diffusion into the cells of the strains of Mycobacterium citreum sensitive and resistant to tetracyclines was estimated. Exclusion of the active transport was achieved with the use of 4 per cent formalin. It was shown that the scale of the 'passive' penetration of chlortetracycline into the cells of the sensitive and resistant strains was the same. Because of the physical diffusion up to 1/3 the absorbed antibiotic appeared to be transferred into the cells of the sensitive strain. When the sensitive strain was grown on the glucose medium, partial repression of formation of the transport system common for chlortetracycline and oxalacetic acid observed. In case of resistant strains the 'glucose effect' was absent.", "contents": "[Correlation between the 'active' and 'passive' mechanisms of chlortetracycline penetration in the cells of a sensitive and resistant strains of mycobacteria]. The value of chlortetracycline physical diffusion into the cells of the strains of Mycobacterium citreum sensitive and resistant to tetracyclines was estimated. Exclusion of the active transport was achieved with the use of 4 per cent formalin. It was shown that the scale of the 'passive' penetration of chlortetracycline into the cells of the sensitive and resistant strains was the same. Because of the physical diffusion up to 1/3 the absorbed antibiotic appeared to be transferred into the cells of the sensitive strain. When the sensitive strain was grown on the glucose medium, partial repression of formation of the transport system common for chlortetracycline and oxalacetic acid observed. In case of resistant strains the 'glucose effect' was absent.", "PMID": 558735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3596", "title": "[Biotransformation of rifampicin in pulmonary tuberculosis patients].", "content": "Biotransformation of rifampicin in 39 tuberculosis patients treated with the drug was studied. The studies showed that biotransformation of rifampicin was most intensive during the first 3--6 hours after its use, which was confirmed by excretion of maximum amounts of rifampicin and its metabolites with the urine. 2--4 weeks after the beginning of the treatment with rifampicin excretion of its metabolism products decreased. When rifampicin was used simultaneously in a single dose with tubazid excretion of rifampicin transformation product and desacetylation of the antibiotic slowed down.", "contents": "[Biotransformation of rifampicin in pulmonary tuberculosis patients]. Biotransformation of rifampicin in 39 tuberculosis patients treated with the drug was studied. The studies showed that biotransformation of rifampicin was most intensive during the first 3--6 hours after its use, which was confirmed by excretion of maximum amounts of rifampicin and its metabolites with the urine. 2--4 weeks after the beginning of the treatment with rifampicin excretion of its metabolism products decreased. When rifampicin was used simultaneously in a single dose with tubazid excretion of rifampicin transformation product and desacetylation of the antibiotic slowed down.", "PMID": 558736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3597", "title": "Adequacy of expressed breast milk for early growth of preterm infants.", "content": "Poor weight gain observed in preterm infants who were fed expressed breast milk compared with those fed a cows' milk formular prompted a detailed study of early postnatal growth in preterm infants fed these two milks. 68 infants were divided into two categories by gestational age at birth (i) 28-32 weeks (n=28), (ii) 33-36 weeks (n=40). They were randomly allocated to a feed of expressed breast milk or a milk formula (Ostermilk 1). Rates of weight gain, linear growth, and head circumference growth were evaluated over two periods: birth-1 month, 1-2 months. The younger group who were fed breast milk showed slower overall growth rates over the first month than those fed formula. In the second month, and for the older infants over both of the 2-monthly periods, growth rates were similar in the two feeding regimens. It is concluded that expressed breast milk is inadequate for the growth of very immature preterm infants during early postnatal life.", "contents": "Adequacy of expressed breast milk for early growth of preterm infants. Poor weight gain observed in preterm infants who were fed expressed breast milk compared with those fed a cows' milk formular prompted a detailed study of early postnatal growth in preterm infants fed these two milks. 68 infants were divided into two categories by gestational age at birth (i) 28-32 weeks (n=28), (ii) 33-36 weeks (n=40). They were randomly allocated to a feed of expressed breast milk or a milk formula (Ostermilk 1). Rates of weight gain, linear growth, and head circumference growth were evaluated over two periods: birth-1 month, 1-2 months. The younger group who were fed breast milk showed slower overall growth rates over the first month than those fed formula. In the second month, and for the older infants over both of the 2-monthly periods, growth rates were similar in the two feeding regimens. It is concluded that expressed breast milk is inadequate for the growth of very immature preterm infants during early postnatal life.", "PMID": 558739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3598", "title": "[Studies on development of the phycomycete Allomyces arbuscula. III. Polysome formation and RNA metabolism during differentiation of gametangia (author's transl)].", "content": "Polysomes were isolated both from growing gametophytes of Allomyces arbuscula and from gametangia prepared from mycelia at different periods during gametogenesis. Analysis of polysomes by sucrose gradients showed that ribosomes present in the gametangia monosome pool were shifted into polysomes. This shift was found to be correlated with gametangia differentiation. The ribosome distribution remained virtually unchanged during the early stage of gamete formation. In mature gametes and swarming zygotes a low level of polysomes was detected. Labeling of rRNA by 32PO4 demonstrated a de novo synthesis of monosomes throughout the period of gametangia differentiation. No incorporation of 32PO4 was found to be present in ribosomes prepared from gametangia after onset of gamete formation. On the basis of these labeling experiments it is concluded that radioactivity in polysomes extracted from mature gametes and swarming zygotes can be attributed in part to conserved mRNA. Synchronous formation of gametangia was induced by transferring the vegetative mycelia from growth medium into a low salt buffer. Under these conditions the incorporation of either 32PO4 or 3H-uridine into RNA, particularly into rRNA, was found to be markedly decreased. This obviously indicates a shutdown of RNA synthesis. rRNA from induced mycelia examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to be severely degraded. In contrast to this, rRNA isolated from ribosomes of developing gametangia and from gametes exhibited no degradation products. It is suggested that endonucleases cause rRNA hydrolysis in the hyphal cytoplasm during gametangia differentiation. Ribosomes compartmentalized in gametangia seem to be inaccessible to nucleases during the later process for gametogenesis.", "contents": "[Studies on development of the phycomycete Allomyces arbuscula. III. Polysome formation and RNA metabolism during differentiation of gametangia (author's transl)]. Polysomes were isolated both from growing gametophytes of Allomyces arbuscula and from gametangia prepared from mycelia at different periods during gametogenesis. Analysis of polysomes by sucrose gradients showed that ribosomes present in the gametangia monosome pool were shifted into polysomes. This shift was found to be correlated with gametangia differentiation. The ribosome distribution remained virtually unchanged during the early stage of gamete formation. In mature gametes and swarming zygotes a low level of polysomes was detected. Labeling of rRNA by 32PO4 demonstrated a de novo synthesis of monosomes throughout the period of gametangia differentiation. No incorporation of 32PO4 was found to be present in ribosomes prepared from gametangia after onset of gamete formation. On the basis of these labeling experiments it is concluded that radioactivity in polysomes extracted from mature gametes and swarming zygotes can be attributed in part to conserved mRNA. Synchronous formation of gametangia was induced by transferring the vegetative mycelia from growth medium into a low salt buffer. Under these conditions the incorporation of either 32PO4 or 3H-uridine into RNA, particularly into rRNA, was found to be markedly decreased. This obviously indicates a shutdown of RNA synthesis. rRNA from induced mycelia examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to be severely degraded. In contrast to this, rRNA isolated from ribosomes of developing gametangia and from gametes exhibited no degradation products. It is suggested that endonucleases cause rRNA hydrolysis in the hyphal cytoplasm during gametangia differentiation. Ribosomes compartmentalized in gametangia seem to be inaccessible to nucleases during the later process for gametogenesis.", "PMID": 558740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3599", "title": "Increased norepinephrine levels and decreased dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in primary autism.", "content": "The sympathetic nervous system was evaluated in 11 primary autistic patients and their families. The plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, was higher in the patients than in age-controlled normal volunteers both while supine and after standing. The plasma activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts dopamine to NE, was significantly lower in the autistic patients and their healthy relatives than in control groups. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase does not appear to provide an index of sympathetic activity in this group of patients who, on the basis of the elevated plasma levels of NE, may demonstrate a chronic state of hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Low enzyme activity found in both the autistic patients and their immediate families may be associated with this disorder.", "contents": "Increased norepinephrine levels and decreased dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in primary autism. The sympathetic nervous system was evaluated in 11 primary autistic patients and their families. The plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, was higher in the patients than in age-controlled normal volunteers both while supine and after standing. The plasma activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts dopamine to NE, was significantly lower in the autistic patients and their healthy relatives than in control groups. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase does not appear to provide an index of sympathetic activity in this group of patients who, on the basis of the elevated plasma levels of NE, may demonstrate a chronic state of hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Low enzyme activity found in both the autistic patients and their immediate families may be associated with this disorder.", "PMID": 558741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3600", "title": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on second-degree burn wound healing.", "content": "We present a controlled study that indicates faster epithelialization of blister-removed second-degree burn wounds in guinea pigs treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). Assessment of vascularity by india ink perfusion indicated earlier return of capillary patency in the HBO-treated group. An examination of the question of a comparative increase in DNA synthetic activity in the HBO-treated animals showed a slightly higher absolute ratio of labeled to unlabeled cells, but the difference was not statistically significant. It is likely that the mechanisms whereby HBO influenced the above events were mediated not only by increased oxygen delivery, but by increased atmospheric pressure on the wound.", "contents": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on second-degree burn wound healing. We present a controlled study that indicates faster epithelialization of blister-removed second-degree burn wounds in guinea pigs treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). Assessment of vascularity by india ink perfusion indicated earlier return of capillary patency in the HBO-treated group. An examination of the question of a comparative increase in DNA synthetic activity in the HBO-treated animals showed a slightly higher absolute ratio of labeled to unlabeled cells, but the difference was not statistically significant. It is likely that the mechanisms whereby HBO influenced the above events were mediated not only by increased oxygen delivery, but by increased atmospheric pressure on the wound.", "PMID": 558743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3601", "title": "An electron microscopic study of MDBK cells persistently infected with Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of a line of MDBK cells persistently infected with Newcastle disease virus (MDBKpi cells) revealed the presence of cytoplasmic aggregates of both smooth and granular nucleocapsids. Only granular nucleocapsids aligned under modified areas  of plasma membrane and were incorporated into virus particles. On the grounds of morphogenesis, there was no apparent explanation for the persistent, not-cytocidal nature of the infection. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates of smooth nucleocapsids were present in MDBKpi cells which had been held without subculture for between 40 and 130 days (aged MDBKpi cells). Modified areas of plasma membrane with associated alignment of nucleocapsids were not present in aged MDBKpi cells, and neither budding nor released virus particles were observed, indicating a block in virus maturation. It is suggested that the granular material coating granular nucleocapsids allows them to interact with modified areas of plasma membrane, thereby inducing virus budding. A deficiency of this material, as apparently occurs in aged MDBKpi cells, would therefore cause a block in virus maturation. The nature of this granular material is discussed, and we suggest that it consists of M protein.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of MDBK cells persistently infected with Newcastle disease virus. Ultrastructural examination of a line of MDBK cells persistently infected with Newcastle disease virus (MDBKpi cells) revealed the presence of cytoplasmic aggregates of both smooth and granular nucleocapsids. Only granular nucleocapsids aligned under modified areas  of plasma membrane and were incorporated into virus particles. On the grounds of morphogenesis, there was no apparent explanation for the persistent, not-cytocidal nature of the infection. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates of smooth nucleocapsids were present in MDBKpi cells which had been held without subculture for between 40 and 130 days (aged MDBKpi cells). Modified areas of plasma membrane with associated alignment of nucleocapsids were not present in aged MDBKpi cells, and neither budding nor released virus particles were observed, indicating a block in virus maturation. It is suggested that the granular material coating granular nucleocapsids allows them to interact with modified areas of plasma membrane, thereby inducing virus budding. A deficiency of this material, as apparently occurs in aged MDBKpi cells, would therefore cause a block in virus maturation. The nature of this granular material is discussed, and we suggest that it consists of M protein.", "PMID": 558744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3602", "title": "[Intrauterine mycoplasmosis].", "content": "Comparative studies of pathological anatomy of intrauterine mycoplasmosis of man and cattle were carried out. On the basis of investigations of 22 deceased newborns and of 3 stillborns with uterine infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia descriptions of lesions of various organs are presented. They most regularly were defected in the liver. In the respiratory organs in this infection, in contrast to respiratory mycoplasmosis, lesions of respiratory departments, not of the respiratory tract, were predominantly observed. The investigation of 18 liveborn and 5 stillborn calfs with intrauterine infection caused by Mycoplasma bovirhinis revealed the same regularities of the pathological process. The localisation of lesions and the presence of changes in the placenta justify the conclusion that the disease developed, as a rule, as a result of hematogenic transplacental infection.", "contents": "[Intrauterine mycoplasmosis]. Comparative studies of pathological anatomy of intrauterine mycoplasmosis of man and cattle were carried out. On the basis of investigations of 22 deceased newborns and of 3 stillborns with uterine infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia descriptions of lesions of various organs are presented. They most regularly were defected in the liver. In the respiratory organs in this infection, in contrast to respiratory mycoplasmosis, lesions of respiratory departments, not of the respiratory tract, were predominantly observed. The investigation of 18 liveborn and 5 stillborn calfs with intrauterine infection caused by Mycoplasma bovirhinis revealed the same regularities of the pathological process. The localisation of lesions and the presence of changes in the placenta justify the conclusion that the disease developed, as a rule, as a result of hematogenic transplacental infection.", "PMID": 558745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3603", "title": "Ocular penetration of chloramphenicol. Effects of route of administration.", "content": "Chloramphenicol was applied topically to the eye in ointment, as a powder, or injected subconjunctivally and intravenously in rabbits. Aqueous humor samples were taken at varying time intervals up to six hours and analyzed for chloramphenicol using gas-liquid chromatography. The topical route using ointment and the subconjunctival injection route produced bacteriostatic concentrations of chloramphenicol in the aqueous humor lasting for several hours, while the topical powder and intravenous routes yielded relatively low concentrations. As compared with the other means of drug delivery, ointment was the most efficient in that it provided the highest aqueous concentration per total amount of drug administered.", "contents": "Ocular penetration of chloramphenicol. Effects of route of administration. Chloramphenicol was applied topically to the eye in ointment, as a powder, or injected subconjunctivally and intravenously in rabbits. Aqueous humor samples were taken at varying time intervals up to six hours and analyzed for chloramphenicol using gas-liquid chromatography. The topical route using ointment and the subconjunctival injection route produced bacteriostatic concentrations of chloramphenicol in the aqueous humor lasting for several hours, while the topical powder and intravenous routes yielded relatively low concentrations. As compared with the other means of drug delivery, ointment was the most efficient in that it provided the highest aqueous concentration per total amount of drug administered.", "PMID": 558746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3604", "title": "Is obesity an endocrine condition?", "content": "Obesity is an extremely common condition, affecting one-third of the adult population of Australia. In the great majority of cases, the problem is due to calorie imbalance resulting from an excessive food intake coupled with inadequate exercise. Endocrine causes of obesity are relatively uncommon, but should be excluded in every case. This article compares the clinical features of primary obesity and endocrine obesity, and outlines the investigations which may be used to exclude endocrine causes for obesity.", "contents": "Is obesity an endocrine condition? Obesity is an extremely common condition, affecting one-third of the adult population of Australia. In the great majority of cases, the problem is due to calorie imbalance resulting from an excessive food intake coupled with inadequate exercise. Endocrine causes of obesity are relatively uncommon, but should be excluded in every case. This article compares the clinical features of primary obesity and endocrine obesity, and outlines the investigations which may be used to exclude endocrine causes for obesity.", "PMID": 558747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3605", "title": "[Use of normalized velocities in the echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular performance].", "content": "The mean circumferential contraction rate of the myocardial fiber cell (Mvcf) and the ejection fraction (EF) are echocardiographic parameters commonly employed in the assessment of left ventricular performance. In cases where septal asynchonism due to fibrosis or bundle-branch block make their determination impossible, however, one is forced to use parameters obtained from movement of the posterior wall. Investigation of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis showed that the \"normalized\" systolic velocity of the posterior wall (Vpws) and the non-normalized mean velocity (PWV) closely fitted Mvcf and that Vpws offered a good fit with EF. It is suggested that a non-invasive way of obtaining sufficiently reliable data for the evaluation of cardiac performance is offered by these two parameters.", "contents": "[Use of normalized velocities in the echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular performance]. The mean circumferential contraction rate of the myocardial fiber cell (Mvcf) and the ejection fraction (EF) are echocardiographic parameters commonly employed in the assessment of left ventricular performance. In cases where septal asynchonism due to fibrosis or bundle-branch block make their determination impossible, however, one is forced to use parameters obtained from movement of the posterior wall. Investigation of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis showed that the \"normalized\" systolic velocity of the posterior wall (Vpws) and the non-normalized mean velocity (PWV) closely fitted Mvcf and that Vpws offered a good fit with EF. It is suggested that a non-invasive way of obtaining sufficiently reliable data for the evaluation of cardiac performance is offered by these two parameters.", "PMID": 558742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3606", "title": "The prevalence of tapeworms in dogs during the Hydatid Limitation program in Tasmania.", "content": "The hydatid Limitation Program in Tasmania began in 1965 with the annual purging of dogs to identify areas of high prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus combined with a strong educational program aimed at preventing access to offal by dogs. From 1969 to 1975 aenia spp detected in dog purges were submitted for identification and changes in annual prevalences analysed for each species. Despite a significant reduction in the prevalence of E. granulosus since the beginning of the program, the control measures involved have apparently not predisposed to any significant change in the prevalence of T. ovis and T. hydatigena during the period of this survey.", "contents": "The prevalence of tapeworms in dogs during the Hydatid Limitation program in Tasmania. The hydatid Limitation Program in Tasmania began in 1965 with the annual purging of dogs to identify areas of high prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus combined with a strong educational program aimed at preventing access to offal by dogs. From 1969 to 1975 aenia spp detected in dog purges were submitted for identification and changes in annual prevalences analysed for each species. Despite a significant reduction in the prevalence of E. granulosus since the beginning of the program, the control measures involved have apparently not predisposed to any significant change in the prevalence of T. ovis and T. hydatigena during the period of this survey.", "PMID": 558749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3607", "title": "Comparison of clinical features in HLA-B27 positive and negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "The clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were compared in 63 HLA-B 27 positive (+) and 15 B27 negative (-) individuals with this disease. There were no differences in age at onset, functional class, degree of deformity, pain, severity of X-ray changes, or frequency of peripheral joint involvement or of reconstructive orthopedic surgery. These data demonstrated that skeletal manifestations of AS were essentially the same in B27(+) and (-) patients, and provide no evidence for the speculation that AS in B27(-) patients is milder or is a different disease from that occurring in B27(+) patients. On the other hand, acute anterior uveitis was found to be significantly more common in B27(+) patients, a fact suggesting that the \"uveitis of AS\" may in fact be an independent condition occurring in B27(+) individuals, rather than a manifestation of AS per se.", "contents": "Comparison of clinical features in HLA-B27 positive and negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were compared in 63 HLA-B 27 positive (+) and 15 B27 negative (-) individuals with this disease. There were no differences in age at onset, functional class, degree of deformity, pain, severity of X-ray changes, or frequency of peripheral joint involvement or of reconstructive orthopedic surgery. These data demonstrated that skeletal manifestations of AS were essentially the same in B27(+) and (-) patients, and provide no evidence for the speculation that AS in B27(-) patients is milder or is a different disease from that occurring in B27(+) patients. On the other hand, acute anterior uveitis was found to be significantly more common in B27(+) patients, a fact suggesting that the \"uveitis of AS\" may in fact be an independent condition occurring in B27(+) individuals, rather than a manifestation of AS per se.", "PMID": 558764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3608", "title": "[Biological properties of 1,2-benzisothiazole compounds. Spasmolytic effect of N-(cyclohexylaminoethyl)-1,2-benzisothiazole-3-carboxyamides benzene-substituted on segments of human myometrium in virto].", "content": "A report is given on the spasmolytic effect of two benzisothiazolcarboxyamides (compound A and compound B). These drugs were able to inhibit the stimulant action of histamine on human isolated myometrium. The potency of the two compounds exceeded by ten times that of ritodrine (a beta adrenergic stimulant), the efficacy was slightly higher (20-30%) than that of papaverine. This pharmacological effect is discussed on the light of the spectrum of activites of the benzisothiazolcarboxyamidic compounds.", "contents": "[Biological properties of 1,2-benzisothiazole compounds. Spasmolytic effect of N-(cyclohexylaminoethyl)-1,2-benzisothiazole-3-carboxyamides benzene-substituted on segments of human myometrium in virto]. A report is given on the spasmolytic effect of two benzisothiazolcarboxyamides (compound A and compound B). These drugs were able to inhibit the stimulant action of histamine on human isolated myometrium. The potency of the two compounds exceeded by ten times that of ritodrine (a beta adrenergic stimulant), the efficacy was slightly higher (20-30%) than that of papaverine. This pharmacological effect is discussed on the light of the spectrum of activites of the benzisothiazolcarboxyamidic compounds.", "PMID": 558765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3609", "title": "Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets. Part 7. Interaction of animal or vegetable protein with fiber.", "content": "Rabbits were maintained for 10 months on a semipurified, cholesterol-free atherogenic regimen. All diets contained sucrose (40%) and hydrogenated coconut oil (14%). The protein (25%) was either casein or soya protein and the fiber (15%) was either wheat straw, alfalfa, or cellulose. Within either protein group the order for induction of cholesteremia was cellulose=wheat straw greater than alfalfa. For atherogenesis, the effect was cellulose greater than wheat straw greater than alfalfa Soya-wheat straw or soya-cellulose diets were less cholesteremic and atherogenic than their casein counterparts. When alfalfa was the fiber, the two types of protein were almost equivalent. Our results show that casein may be more cholesteremic and atherogenic than soya protein under certain conditions (cellulose or wheat straw as fiber) but the addition of alfalfa to the diet renders the two proteins equivalent.", "contents": "Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets. Part 7. Interaction of animal or vegetable protein with fiber. Rabbits were maintained for 10 months on a semipurified, cholesterol-free atherogenic regimen. All diets contained sucrose (40%) and hydrogenated coconut oil (14%). The protein (25%) was either casein or soya protein and the fiber (15%) was either wheat straw, alfalfa, or cellulose. Within either protein group the order for induction of cholesteremia was cellulose=wheat straw greater than alfalfa. For atherogenesis, the effect was cellulose greater than wheat straw greater than alfalfa Soya-wheat straw or soya-cellulose diets were less cholesteremic and atherogenic than their casein counterparts. When alfalfa was the fiber, the two types of protein were almost equivalent. Our results show that casein may be more cholesteremic and atherogenic than soya protein under certain conditions (cellulose or wheat straw as fiber) but the addition of alfalfa to the diet renders the two proteins equivalent.", "PMID": 558766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3610", "title": "Acute dietary effects on diurnal plasma lipids in normal subjects.", "content": "The effects of different dietary carbohydrates and different dietary fats as well as of differently spaced dietary constituents on 24-h plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides were determined in healthy young males. If, in an isocaloric diet containing 15-20% protein, 37% fat and 43--48% carbohydrates, sucrose is compared with glucose, 24-h plasma triglycerides are significantly higher with the former carbohydrate. When palm oil (mainly 16 : 0 fatty acids) is compared with olive oil (mainly 18 : 1 fatty acids), 24-h triglycerides are significantly higher with the latter. If the carbohydrate component of a mixed meal is removed, alimentary lipemia is considerably greater. Our findings supplement long term studies regarding the effect of different dietary fats and carbohydrates on plasma lipids and allow calculation of \"upper normal limits\" for 24-h plasma triglycerides and free fatty acid patterns on isocaloric diets of \"prudent\" composition.", "contents": "Acute dietary effects on diurnal plasma lipids in normal subjects. The effects of different dietary carbohydrates and different dietary fats as well as of differently spaced dietary constituents on 24-h plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides were determined in healthy young males. If, in an isocaloric diet containing 15-20% protein, 37% fat and 43--48% carbohydrates, sucrose is compared with glucose, 24-h plasma triglycerides are significantly higher with the former carbohydrate. When palm oil (mainly 16 : 0 fatty acids) is compared with olive oil (mainly 18 : 1 fatty acids), 24-h triglycerides are significantly higher with the latter. If the carbohydrate component of a mixed meal is removed, alimentary lipemia is considerably greater. Our findings supplement long term studies regarding the effect of different dietary fats and carbohydrates on plasma lipids and allow calculation of \"upper normal limits\" for 24-h plasma triglycerides and free fatty acid patterns on isocaloric diets of \"prudent\" composition.", "PMID": 558767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3611", "title": "Type and amount of dietary fat affect relative concentration of cholesterol in blood and other tissues of rats.", "content": "The effects of diet on tissue cholesterol disposition in the rat were studied. Growing rats were fed a nonfat dry milk supplemented with two levels of soy-bean oil (SBO) and tallow (T) such that either 30% or 50% of total dietary calories came from fat. Two of four groups of rats fed the diets with 50% of calories from fat were supplemented with 20% ground whole oats. Considering all diets, rats fed SBO had higher blood and kidney cholesterol than did rats fed T; supplementation of the diet with oats increased the plasma cholesterol of the \"50%\" SBO rats and , conversely, decreased plasma cholesterol of the \"50%\" T rats. Muscle cholesterol content was not affected by variations in dietary fat and oats. In all treatments, cholesterol concentration of epididymal fat and liver were greater in the SBO-fed than in the T-fed rats.", "contents": "Type and amount of dietary fat affect relative concentration of cholesterol in blood and other tissues of rats. The effects of diet on tissue cholesterol disposition in the rat were studied. Growing rats were fed a nonfat dry milk supplemented with two levels of soy-bean oil (SBO) and tallow (T) such that either 30% or 50% of total dietary calories came from fat. Two of four groups of rats fed the diets with 50% of calories from fat were supplemented with 20% ground whole oats. Considering all diets, rats fed SBO had higher blood and kidney cholesterol than did rats fed T; supplementation of the diet with oats increased the plasma cholesterol of the \"50%\" SBO rats and , conversely, decreased plasma cholesterol of the \"50%\" T rats. Muscle cholesterol content was not affected by variations in dietary fat and oats. In all treatments, cholesterol concentration of epididymal fat and liver were greater in the SBO-fed than in the T-fed rats.", "PMID": 558768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3612", "title": "[Indirect measurement of intracranial pressure, with special reference to its principles and experiments with animals].", "content": "A new technique for measurement of intracranial pressure was presented. By using this method a) absolute value of pressure, b) easy, simple and inexpensive long-term measurement and c) decrease in danger of infection are obtained. The apparatus consists of an external device which converts displacement of its membrane into quantitative change of beam and an internal chamber with two membranes that is implanted in a burr hole between scalp and dura mater. These devices have the same diameter and no direct connection each other. When a pressure in the external device is varied, a pressure-displacement curve of its membrane is resulted. The pressure of the external device at the point of inflexion of the curve is representative of the pressure in the internal chamber. In the animal experiment, satisfactory results were obtained.", "contents": "[Indirect measurement of intracranial pressure, with special reference to its principles and experiments with animals]. A new technique for measurement of intracranial pressure was presented. By using this method a) absolute value of pressure, b) easy, simple and inexpensive long-term measurement and c) decrease in danger of infection are obtained. The apparatus consists of an external device which converts displacement of its membrane into quantitative change of beam and an internal chamber with two membranes that is implanted in a burr hole between scalp and dura mater. These devices have the same diameter and no direct connection each other. When a pressure in the external device is varied, a pressure-displacement curve of its membrane is resulted. The pressure of the external device at the point of inflexion of the curve is representative of the pressure in the internal chamber. In the animal experiment, satisfactory results were obtained.", "PMID": 558775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3613", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of vinblastine and vincristine.", "content": "1 The cytotoxic agent, vinblastine, was conjugated to albumin, using the Mannich reaction. Rabbits immunized with two conjugates, containing differing amounts of hapten, produce antibodies which bound [3H]-vinblastine. 2 Antisera from one rabbit cross-reacted with both vinblastine and vincristine and were used to develop radioimmunoassays for measuring their concentration in plasma. 3 The antisera showed no cross-reactivity with other alkaloids or cytotoxic drugs and provided assays sensitive to a concentration of 2.1 ng vinblastine or 3.8 ng vincristine/ml of plasma added direct to the assay tubes. 4 This is sufficiently sensitive to permit the measurement of plasma vinblastine levels for up to 24 h after the intravenous administration of 15 mg of the drug.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of vinblastine and vincristine. 1 The cytotoxic agent, vinblastine, was conjugated to albumin, using the Mannich reaction. Rabbits immunized with two conjugates, containing differing amounts of hapten, produce antibodies which bound [3H]-vinblastine. 2 Antisera from one rabbit cross-reacted with both vinblastine and vincristine and were used to develop radioimmunoassays for measuring their concentration in plasma. 3 The antisera showed no cross-reactivity with other alkaloids or cytotoxic drugs and provided assays sensitive to a concentration of 2.1 ng vinblastine or 3.8 ng vincristine/ml of plasma added direct to the assay tubes. 4 This is sufficiently sensitive to permit the measurement of plasma vinblastine levels for up to 24 h after the intravenous administration of 15 mg of the drug.", "PMID": 558786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3614", "title": "Pulmonary haemorrhage in disseminated cardiac haemangiosarcoma.", "content": "A male forestry worker presented with chest pain followed by severe continuing haemoptysis and an extensive bilateral nodular pulmonary infiltrate. A needle biopsy of lung demonstrated micronodular deposits of malignant tissue. The patient died from respiratory failure. Necropsy showed a disseminated haemangiosarcoma arising in the right atrium. Haemoglobin and serum iron levels were normal. Electron microscopy of the lung biopsy showed a close relationship between tumour cells and basement membrane and suggested that haemorrhage occurred directly from the tumour nodules. The ultrastructure of alveoli adjacent to tumour deposits was normal. This case provides further indirect evidence that the clinical and histological features of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis cannot be explained by the mere occurrence of alveolar haemorrhage.", "contents": "Pulmonary haemorrhage in disseminated cardiac haemangiosarcoma. A male forestry worker presented with chest pain followed by severe continuing haemoptysis and an extensive bilateral nodular pulmonary infiltrate. A needle biopsy of lung demonstrated micronodular deposits of malignant tissue. The patient died from respiratory failure. Necropsy showed a disseminated haemangiosarcoma arising in the right atrium. Haemoglobin and serum iron levels were normal. Electron microscopy of the lung biopsy showed a close relationship between tumour cells and basement membrane and suggested that haemorrhage occurred directly from the tumour nodules. The ultrastructure of alveoli adjacent to tumour deposits was normal. This case provides further indirect evidence that the clinical and histological features of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis cannot be explained by the mere occurrence of alveolar haemorrhage.", "PMID": 558787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3615", "title": "The pregnant guinea-pig as a model for studying influenza virus infection in utero: infection of foetal tissues in organ culture and in vivo.", "content": "Organ cultures of guinea-pig foetal tissues showed a similar pattern of susceptibility to influenza virus to that already observed for human (Rosztoczy et al., 1975) and ferret (Sweet, Toms and Smith, 1977) foetal tissues. Respiratory, alimentary and urogenital tract tissues were susceptible whereas neural and lymphopoietic tissues were insusceptible. However, of the foetal membranes (amnion, chorion, umbilical cord and placenta) only the chorion was susceptible, in contrast to the corresponding ferret tissues, all of which were susceptible. The insusceptibility of the placenta paralleled that of human placenta which is similarly haemomonochorial in structure. Following intracardial inoculation of high titre virus (ca 10(9-4) EBID50) into pregnant guinea-pigs virus was isolated from all foetal membranes (amnion, chorion, umbilical cord and placenta), but in low titre. Although sporadic isolations were made from foetal tissues (intestine, kidney, heart, liver and spleen) there was no evidence for viral replication in these tissues. These results are discussed in relation to possible infection of the human foetus in utero with influenza virus.", "contents": "The pregnant guinea-pig as a model for studying influenza virus infection in utero: infection of foetal tissues in organ culture and in vivo. Organ cultures of guinea-pig foetal tissues showed a similar pattern of susceptibility to influenza virus to that already observed for human (Rosztoczy et al., 1975) and ferret (Sweet, Toms and Smith, 1977) foetal tissues. Respiratory, alimentary and urogenital tract tissues were susceptible whereas neural and lymphopoietic tissues were insusceptible. However, of the foetal membranes (amnion, chorion, umbilical cord and placenta) only the chorion was susceptible, in contrast to the corresponding ferret tissues, all of which were susceptible. The insusceptibility of the placenta paralleled that of human placenta which is similarly haemomonochorial in structure. Following intracardial inoculation of high titre virus (ca 10(9-4) EBID50) into pregnant guinea-pigs virus was isolated from all foetal membranes (amnion, chorion, umbilical cord and placenta), but in low titre. Although sporadic isolations were made from foetal tissues (intestine, kidney, heart, liver and spleen) there was no evidence for viral replication in these tissues. These results are discussed in relation to possible infection of the human foetus in utero with influenza virus.", "PMID": 558788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3616", "title": "X-ray microanalysis as applied to fungal tissues.", "content": "Analytical electron microscopy combines the techniques of high-resolution electron microscopy and high-sensitivity X-ray microanalysis of samples. Spectrometry of the elements (characteristic X-rays produced by a scanning electron microprobe) was employed to detect some elements of Mendeleev's classification in pathogenic fungi for humans. X-ray microanalysis applied in wavelength dispersive spectrometry was used to study Coccidio\u00efdes immitis, Paracoccidio\u00efdes brasiliensis and Trichosporum cutaneum.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis as applied to fungal tissues. Analytical electron microscopy combines the techniques of high-resolution electron microscopy and high-sensitivity X-ray microanalysis of samples. Spectrometry of the elements (characteristic X-rays produced by a scanning electron microprobe) was employed to detect some elements of Mendeleev's classification in pathogenic fungi for humans. X-ray microanalysis applied in wavelength dispersive spectrometry was used to study Coccidio\u00efdes immitis, Paracoccidio\u00efdes brasiliensis and Trichosporum cutaneum.", "PMID": 558789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3617", "title": "Nutritive value of mixed proteins. 2. As determined by net protein utilization and protein efficiency ratio tests.", "content": "1. A fish meal, meat meal, soya-bean meal, groundnut meal and sunflower-seed meal of known amino acid composition were evaluated individually, and combined in all possible pairs, by the estimation of net protein utilization (NPU) and protein efficiency ratio (body-weight gain: crude protein intake; PER) using rats. Each pair provided a total of 100 g protein/kg diet made up so that the amounts of the constituents were (w/w) 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 20:80, and 0:100. 2. Marked synergistic effects were noted only for mixtures of sunflower-seed meal with soya-bean, fish and meat meals. 3. Chemical score ([amount of limiting amino acid/the rat's requirement for the same amino acid] X100; CS), but not essential amino acid index; geometric mean for the ratio, amount of essential amino acid: the rat's requirement for that amino acid, for all ten essential amino acids; EAAI), successfully predicted the rankings of all mixtures except groundnut meal-meat meal and groundnut meal-soya-bean meal, by both PER and NPU tests. 4. Although there is broad agreement linking results of PER and NPU tests with results obtained by a more practical feeding trial in which the mixtures were evaluated as supplements to cereals, neither of these two standard tests is capable of predicting in every instance the advantages to be gained by mixing protein concentrates.", "contents": "Nutritive value of mixed proteins. 2. As determined by net protein utilization and protein efficiency ratio tests. 1. A fish meal, meat meal, soya-bean meal, groundnut meal and sunflower-seed meal of known amino acid composition were evaluated individually, and combined in all possible pairs, by the estimation of net protein utilization (NPU) and protein efficiency ratio (body-weight gain: crude protein intake; PER) using rats. Each pair provided a total of 100 g protein/kg diet made up so that the amounts of the constituents were (w/w) 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 20:80, and 0:100. 2. Marked synergistic effects were noted only for mixtures of sunflower-seed meal with soya-bean, fish and meat meals. 3. Chemical score ([amount of limiting amino acid/the rat's requirement for the same amino acid] X100; CS), but not essential amino acid index; geometric mean for the ratio, amount of essential amino acid: the rat's requirement for that amino acid, for all ten essential amino acids; EAAI), successfully predicted the rankings of all mixtures except groundnut meal-meat meal and groundnut meal-soya-bean meal, by both PER and NPU tests. 4. Although there is broad agreement linking results of PER and NPU tests with results obtained by a more practical feeding trial in which the mixtures were evaluated as supplements to cereals, neither of these two standard tests is capable of predicting in every instance the advantages to be gained by mixing protein concentrates.", "PMID": 558791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3618", "title": "Studies on conformation of soluble and immobilized enzymes using differential scanning calorimetry. 2. Specific activity and thermal stability of enzymes bound weakly and strongly to Sepharose CL 4B.", "content": "Ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.4.22) and alpha-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) have been covalently coupled, by a varying number of bonds, to Sepharose CL 4B which was activated with different amounts of CNBr. Upon increasing the number (1-8) of points of attachment between the enzyme and the matrix, the specific activities of immobilized ribonuclease A relative to its soluble counterpart decreased from 60 to 15% while the amount of protein coupled increased from 5 to 37 mg per g of sucked gel. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine whether the immobilization caused any changes in the physicochemical properties of the enzyme. Ribonuclease A, weakly bound to the matrix, showed almost the same behavior as the soluble enzyme. By contrast strongly immobilized enzyme exhibited a higher transition temperature (by about 5 degrees C) and a broader endotherm. Similar results were found for alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Studies on conformation of soluble and immobilized enzymes using differential scanning calorimetry. 2. Specific activity and thermal stability of enzymes bound weakly and strongly to Sepharose CL 4B. Ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.4.22) and alpha-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) have been covalently coupled, by a varying number of bonds, to Sepharose CL 4B which was activated with different amounts of CNBr. Upon increasing the number (1-8) of points of attachment between the enzyme and the matrix, the specific activities of immobilized ribonuclease A relative to its soluble counterpart decreased from 60 to 15% while the amount of protein coupled increased from 5 to 37 mg per g of sucked gel. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine whether the immobilization caused any changes in the physicochemical properties of the enzyme. Ribonuclease A, weakly bound to the matrix, showed almost the same behavior as the soluble enzyme. By contrast strongly immobilized enzyme exhibited a higher transition temperature (by about 5 degrees C) and a broader endotherm. Similar results were found for alpha-chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 558793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3619", "title": "Conformation studies of biologically active fragments of bovine growth hormone.", "content": "Conformations of bovine growth hormone active fragments were studied using far ultraviolet circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The small fragment, A-II (segment 96-133 of bovine growth hormone), undergoes a helix to random coil structural transition between pH 5 and 10 (pKa = 7.15). At pH9, the random coil state of A-II reverts back to helix conformation as ionic strength increases from 0.01 to 1. The A-II fluorophore, Tyr-110, is quenched by a neighboring carboxyl group of Glu-111, but is only slightly affected by the secondary structural transition. The large fragment, A-I (segments 1-95 and 134-191, connected via a disulfide linkage, of bovine growth hormone), is a rigidly structured molecule with a large amount of beta-sheet structure. Trp-86 of A-I was found to reside in an aromatic and hydrophobic amino acid cluster which is only destroyed by a high concentration of denaturant. Based on the primary sequence of bovine growth hormone, conformation predictions were made using the Chou-Fasman method ((1974) Biochemistry 13, 222). Bovine growth hormone helical structures are predicted to be in segments 10-34, 66-87, 111-127, and 186-191, beta-Sheet structures are predicted to be in segments 45-54, 90-94, 101-105, 136-142, 161-165, and 174-179. Tetrapeptides 37-40, 41-44, 60-63, 129-132, 146-149, and 156-159 were predicted to be beta turns. The prediction scheme confirmed several spectroscopic observations, but it did not completely explain the behavior of bovine growth hormone peptide fragments.", "contents": "Conformation studies of biologically active fragments of bovine growth hormone. Conformations of bovine growth hormone active fragments were studied using far ultraviolet circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The small fragment, A-II (segment 96-133 of bovine growth hormone), undergoes a helix to random coil structural transition between pH 5 and 10 (pKa = 7.15). At pH9, the random coil state of A-II reverts back to helix conformation as ionic strength increases from 0.01 to 1. The A-II fluorophore, Tyr-110, is quenched by a neighboring carboxyl group of Glu-111, but is only slightly affected by the secondary structural transition. The large fragment, A-I (segments 1-95 and 134-191, connected via a disulfide linkage, of bovine growth hormone), is a rigidly structured molecule with a large amount of beta-sheet structure. Trp-86 of A-I was found to reside in an aromatic and hydrophobic amino acid cluster which is only destroyed by a high concentration of denaturant. Based on the primary sequence of bovine growth hormone, conformation predictions were made using the Chou-Fasman method ((1974) Biochemistry 13, 222). Bovine growth hormone helical structures are predicted to be in segments 10-34, 66-87, 111-127, and 186-191, beta-Sheet structures are predicted to be in segments 45-54, 90-94, 101-105, 136-142, 161-165, and 174-179. Tetrapeptides 37-40, 41-44, 60-63, 129-132, 146-149, and 156-159 were predicted to be beta turns. The prediction scheme confirmed several spectroscopic observations, but it did not completely explain the behavior of bovine growth hormone peptide fragments.", "PMID": 558794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3620", "title": "Interaction of DNA with poly(L-Lys-L-Ala-Gly) and poly(L-Lys-L-Ala-L-Pro). Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies.", "content": "Complexes of DNA with polypeptides composed of Lys, Ala, and Gly in both a sequential order, poly(L-lysine-L-alanine-glycine), and a statistical distribution, poly(L-lysine36-L-alanine28-glycine), were prepared using gradient dialysis. These polypeptide-DNA complexes were studied using ultraviolet absorption (UV) and circular dichroism (CD) to probe the conformation, binding, and melting behavior of DNA in the complex. Complexes with the sequential polypeptide showed no structural change in the DNA; however, the complexes with the random polypeptide yield CD spectra similar to phi DNA [Maniatis, T., Venable, Jr., J.S., and Lerman, L.S. (1974), J. Mol. Biol. 84, 37]. A second sequential polypeptide, poly(L-Lys-L-Ala-L-Pro)n, -DNA complex was also studied. It was found to exhibit pronounced structural changes as a function of ionic strength and poly-peptide-DNA ratio, more similar to the random sequence that the ordered sequence of the Lys, Ala, Gly polymer. Thus the importance of the composition and amino acid sequence in polypeptides which bind to DNA, even in such simple systems, is demonstrated. Evidence from thermal denaturation, employing simultaneous monitoring of CD and UV changes, supports a model in which specific polypeptides cause condensation of the DNA in the complex into an asymmetric tertiary structure. The relevance of these model systems to chromatin is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA with poly(L-Lys-L-Ala-Gly) and poly(L-Lys-L-Ala-L-Pro). Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies. Complexes of DNA with polypeptides composed of Lys, Ala, and Gly in both a sequential order, poly(L-lysine-L-alanine-glycine), and a statistical distribution, poly(L-lysine36-L-alanine28-glycine), were prepared using gradient dialysis. These polypeptide-DNA complexes were studied using ultraviolet absorption (UV) and circular dichroism (CD) to probe the conformation, binding, and melting behavior of DNA in the complex. Complexes with the sequential polypeptide showed no structural change in the DNA; however, the complexes with the random polypeptide yield CD spectra similar to phi DNA [Maniatis, T., Venable, Jr., J.S., and Lerman, L.S. (1974), J. Mol. Biol. 84, 37]. A second sequential polypeptide, poly(L-Lys-L-Ala-L-Pro)n, -DNA complex was also studied. It was found to exhibit pronounced structural changes as a function of ionic strength and poly-peptide-DNA ratio, more similar to the random sequence that the ordered sequence of the Lys, Ala, Gly polymer. Thus the importance of the composition and amino acid sequence in polypeptides which bind to DNA, even in such simple systems, is demonstrated. Evidence from thermal denaturation, employing simultaneous monitoring of CD and UV changes, supports a model in which specific polypeptides cause condensation of the DNA in the complex into an asymmetric tertiary structure. The relevance of these model systems to chromatin is discussed.", "PMID": 558795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3621", "title": "Ethoxyformylation and photooxidation of histidines in transferrins.", "content": "The chemical reactivity of histidines in ovotransferrin and human serum transferrin was studied utilizing two different reactions. Upon dye-sensitized photooxidation of ovotransferrin and ethoxyformylation of human serum transferrin and ovotransferrin, losses in histidine and iron-binding activity were observed. All of the histidines in both apoproteins could be ethoxyformylated by the use of 170 to 400 molar excesses of reagent resulting in complete loss in activity. The histidines of human serum transferrin showed a greater reactivity toward the reagent than did those of ovotransferrin. The binding of each iron protected two histidines from ethoxyformylation, and in both cases the proteins remained completely active. First-order losses in histidine and iron-binding activity were observed when ovotransferrin was irradiated in the presence of methylene blue. Comparison of the first-order rates indicates the loss of two histidines per binding site accounts for the inactivation of the protein. However, iron binding did not protect ovotransferrin from photoinactivation as expected. Evidence from both modification technqiues indicates: (1) Histidines are essential for iron-binding activity. (2) There are two essential histidines in each binding site. The advantages of using two modification reactions, ethoxyformylation and photooxidation, in the study of the functional role of histidines in proteins are demonstrated in this work.", "contents": "Ethoxyformylation and photooxidation of histidines in transferrins. The chemical reactivity of histidines in ovotransferrin and human serum transferrin was studied utilizing two different reactions. Upon dye-sensitized photooxidation of ovotransferrin and ethoxyformylation of human serum transferrin and ovotransferrin, losses in histidine and iron-binding activity were observed. All of the histidines in both apoproteins could be ethoxyformylated by the use of 170 to 400 molar excesses of reagent resulting in complete loss in activity. The histidines of human serum transferrin showed a greater reactivity toward the reagent than did those of ovotransferrin. The binding of each iron protected two histidines from ethoxyformylation, and in both cases the proteins remained completely active. First-order losses in histidine and iron-binding activity were observed when ovotransferrin was irradiated in the presence of methylene blue. Comparison of the first-order rates indicates the loss of two histidines per binding site accounts for the inactivation of the protein. However, iron binding did not protect ovotransferrin from photoinactivation as expected. Evidence from both modification technqiues indicates: (1) Histidines are essential for iron-binding activity. (2) There are two essential histidines in each binding site. The advantages of using two modification reactions, ethoxyformylation and photooxidation, in the study of the functional role of histidines in proteins are demonstrated in this work.", "PMID": 558796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3622", "title": "Binding specificity of the juvenile hormone carrier protein from the hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta Johannson (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae).", "content": "A series of analogues of insect juvenile hormone (four geometric isomers of methyl epoxyfarnesenate, several para-substituted epoxygeranyl phenyl ethers, and epoxyfarnesol and its acetate and haloacetate derivatives) was prepared to investigate the binding specificity of the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein from the tobacco hornworm Manduct sexta. The relative binding affinities were determined by a competition assay against radiolabeled methyl (E,E)-3,11-dimethyl-7-ethyl-cis-10,11-epoxytrideca-2,6-dienoate (JH I). The ratio of dissociation constants was estimated by plotting competitor data according to a linear transformation of the dissociation equations describing competition of two ligands for a binding protein. The importance of the geometry of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon chain is indicated by the fact that the binding affinity is decreased as Z (cis) double bonds are substituted for E (trans) double bonds in the methyl epoxyfarnesenate series; the unepoxidized analogues do not bind. A carboxylic ester function is important although its orientation can be reversed, as indicated by the good binding of epoxyfarnesyl acetate. In the monoterpene series, methyl epoxygeranoate shows no affinity for the binding protein, but substitution of a phenyl or p-carbomethoxyphenyl ether for the ester function imparts a low, but significant affinity. These data taken together with earlier results indicate that the binding site for juvenile hormone in the hemolymph binding protein is characterized by a sterically defined hydrophobic region with polar sites that recognize the epoxide and the ester functions.", "contents": "Binding specificity of the juvenile hormone carrier protein from the hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta Johannson (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). A series of analogues of insect juvenile hormone (four geometric isomers of methyl epoxyfarnesenate, several para-substituted epoxygeranyl phenyl ethers, and epoxyfarnesol and its acetate and haloacetate derivatives) was prepared to investigate the binding specificity of the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein from the tobacco hornworm Manduct sexta. The relative binding affinities were determined by a competition assay against radiolabeled methyl (E,E)-3,11-dimethyl-7-ethyl-cis-10,11-epoxytrideca-2,6-dienoate (JH I). The ratio of dissociation constants was estimated by plotting competitor data according to a linear transformation of the dissociation equations describing competition of two ligands for a binding protein. The importance of the geometry of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon chain is indicated by the fact that the binding affinity is decreased as Z (cis) double bonds are substituted for E (trans) double bonds in the methyl epoxyfarnesenate series; the unepoxidized analogues do not bind. A carboxylic ester function is important although its orientation can be reversed, as indicated by the good binding of epoxyfarnesyl acetate. In the monoterpene series, methyl epoxygeranoate shows no affinity for the binding protein, but substitution of a phenyl or p-carbomethoxyphenyl ether for the ester function imparts a low, but significant affinity. These data taken together with earlier results indicate that the binding site for juvenile hormone in the hemolymph binding protein is characterized by a sterically defined hydrophobic region with polar sites that recognize the epoxide and the ester functions.", "PMID": 558797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3623", "title": "Purification using polyethylenimine precipitation and low molecular weight subunit analyses of calf thymus and wheat germ DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from calf thymus has been successfully purified using polythylenimine precipitation. Thus, 5-6 mg of nearly homogeneous homogeneous trna polymerase II (greater than 96% pure) can be prepared from 1 kg of calf thymus with three chromatography steps following extraction and precipitation of the enzyme from the polyethylenimine pellet. This procedure eliminates the high salt extraction of chromatin previously used in purification of this enzyme and makes possible the large scale preparation of mammalian RNA polymerase II. Calf thymus polymerase II prepared by this method is greater than 90% form IIb and consists of ten different subunits having the following molecular weights: 180 000; 145 000; 36 000; 25 000; 20 000; 18 500; 16 000; 15 000; 12 000; 11 500. The homologous enzyme isolated from wheat germ is greater than 90% form IIa and contains subunits of the following molecular weights: 206 000; 145 000; 44 000-47 000; 24 500; 21 000; 19 000; 17 000; 14 000; 13 500. The wheat germ and calf thymus enzymes exhibit similar subunits structures, but the molecular weights of individual subunits are clearly different between the enzymes. Wheat germ RNA polymerase II is 50% inhibited by 0.271 microng/mL of alpha-amanitin, a level 30-fold higher than that found for calf thymus RNA polymerase II. These enzymes are further distinguished by the absence of antigenic cross reactivity.", "contents": "Purification using polyethylenimine precipitation and low molecular weight subunit analyses of calf thymus and wheat germ DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from calf thymus has been successfully purified using polythylenimine precipitation. Thus, 5-6 mg of nearly homogeneous homogeneous trna polymerase II (greater than 96% pure) can be prepared from 1 kg of calf thymus with three chromatography steps following extraction and precipitation of the enzyme from the polyethylenimine pellet. This procedure eliminates the high salt extraction of chromatin previously used in purification of this enzyme and makes possible the large scale preparation of mammalian RNA polymerase II. Calf thymus polymerase II prepared by this method is greater than 90% form IIb and consists of ten different subunits having the following molecular weights: 180 000; 145 000; 36 000; 25 000; 20 000; 18 500; 16 000; 15 000; 12 000; 11 500. The homologous enzyme isolated from wheat germ is greater than 90% form IIa and contains subunits of the following molecular weights: 206 000; 145 000; 44 000-47 000; 24 500; 21 000; 19 000; 17 000; 14 000; 13 500. The wheat germ and calf thymus enzymes exhibit similar subunits structures, but the molecular weights of individual subunits are clearly different between the enzymes. Wheat germ RNA polymerase II is 50% inhibited by 0.271 microng/mL of alpha-amanitin, a level 30-fold higher than that found for calf thymus RNA polymerase II. These enzymes are further distinguished by the absence of antigenic cross reactivity.", "PMID": 558798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3624", "title": "Effect of anisomycin on the cellular level of native ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Treatment of Ehrlich ascites cells with anisomycin induces an almost threefold increase in the level of native 60S ribosomal subunits. This increase is not the result of an increase in rate of synthesis or transport of these subunits but is caused by a defect in the joining of the 60S subunits to the smaller initiation complex to form an 80S complex. Experimental evidence for such a blocking of the \"joining reaction\" could be found in the formation of \"half-mer\"-type oligosomes and by the release of extra 40S subunits when these oligosomes were treated with ribonuclease. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of the translocation reaction, and inhibitors of the initiation prevent the increase of native 60S subunits induced by anisomycin. Our results imply that the increse of 60S subunits induced by anisomycin may be helpful in estimating the amount of initiating mRNAs in the cell.", "contents": "Effect of anisomycin on the cellular level of native ribosomal subunits. Treatment of Ehrlich ascites cells with anisomycin induces an almost threefold increase in the level of native 60S ribosomal subunits. This increase is not the result of an increase in rate of synthesis or transport of these subunits but is caused by a defect in the joining of the 60S subunits to the smaller initiation complex to form an 80S complex. Experimental evidence for such a blocking of the \"joining reaction\" could be found in the formation of \"half-mer\"-type oligosomes and by the release of extra 40S subunits when these oligosomes were treated with ribonuclease. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of the translocation reaction, and inhibitors of the initiation prevent the increase of native 60S subunits induced by anisomycin. Our results imply that the increse of 60S subunits induced by anisomycin may be helpful in estimating the amount of initiating mRNAs in the cell.", "PMID": 558799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3625", "title": "Reconstitution of bovine procarboxypeptidase A-S6 from the free subunits.", "content": "The three subunits I, II, and III of bovine procarboxypeptidase A separated by reversible dimethylmaleylation can reassociate to form the reconstituted complexes I + II, I + III, and I + II + III. Since the association II + III is not possible, subunit I appears to play a central role in the formation of the complex. It is suggested that subunit I possesses two independent and specific sites for the recognition of subunits II and III. The liberation of subunit I from any of the complexes was observed to increase its activability, although to a lesser extent than predicted by assays carried out with the succinylated protein. By contrast, the bound form of subunit II was activated faster than the free form. The potential activity of the bound form and the activity of the preformed endopentidase were also higher, suggesting a conformational change induced by association. This suggestion was fully supported by the observed modifications of the heat stability and intrinsic fluorescence spectrum of the subunit resulting form association.", "contents": "Reconstitution of bovine procarboxypeptidase A-S6 from the free subunits. The three subunits I, II, and III of bovine procarboxypeptidase A separated by reversible dimethylmaleylation can reassociate to form the reconstituted complexes I + II, I + III, and I + II + III. Since the association II + III is not possible, subunit I appears to play a central role in the formation of the complex. It is suggested that subunit I possesses two independent and specific sites for the recognition of subunits II and III. The liberation of subunit I from any of the complexes was observed to increase its activability, although to a lesser extent than predicted by assays carried out with the succinylated protein. By contrast, the bound form of subunit II was activated faster than the free form. The potential activity of the bound form and the activity of the preformed endopentidase were also higher, suggesting a conformational change induced by association. This suggestion was fully supported by the observed modifications of the heat stability and intrinsic fluorescence spectrum of the subunit resulting form association.", "PMID": 558800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3626", "title": "Distinct properties of uridine transport systems in growing, quiescent and serum-stimulated hamster embryo cells.", "content": "The kinetics of uridine uptake in growing, quiescent and serum-activated hamster embryo cells are investigated. The maximum velocity of uridine uptake in growing hamster embryo cells, is lower than in the methylcholanthrene transformed hamster cell line (MCT). This kinetic constant is further reduced in quiescent cells. The Km values in growing and in quiescent hamster embryo cells, as well as in MCT cells are of the same magnitude. Distinct alterations in the pattern of inhibition by nitrobenzyl 6-mercaptoinosin (NBMI) are detected as growing hamster embryo cells become quiescent. In quiescent cells the maximum level of inhibition is lower and the apparent Ki value for the inhibition is much higher. These changes are due to the lower apparent K'm values of NBMI-bound carriers and to the slower rate of formation of the carrier-inhibitor complex. The changes in the kinetic properties of the carriers are partly reversed by serum-activation. The number of inhibitor binding sites (i.e. nucleoside carriers) does not increase by serum-stimulation of quiescent cells (0.36 and 0.34-10(5) sites/cell in quiescent and serum-stimulated cells, respectively). It is implied that the reduction in uridine transport in quiescent cells is probably due to changes in the turnover of the carriers. These changes may be connected with the observed alterations in the properties of carriers or their immediate environment in quiescent cells.", "contents": "Distinct properties of uridine transport systems in growing, quiescent and serum-stimulated hamster embryo cells. The kinetics of uridine uptake in growing, quiescent and serum-activated hamster embryo cells are investigated. The maximum velocity of uridine uptake in growing hamster embryo cells, is lower than in the methylcholanthrene transformed hamster cell line (MCT). This kinetic constant is further reduced in quiescent cells. The Km values in growing and in quiescent hamster embryo cells, as well as in MCT cells are of the same magnitude. Distinct alterations in the pattern of inhibition by nitrobenzyl 6-mercaptoinosin (NBMI) are detected as growing hamster embryo cells become quiescent. In quiescent cells the maximum level of inhibition is lower and the apparent Ki value for the inhibition is much higher. These changes are due to the lower apparent K'm values of NBMI-bound carriers and to the slower rate of formation of the carrier-inhibitor complex. The changes in the kinetic properties of the carriers are partly reversed by serum-activation. The number of inhibitor binding sites (i.e. nucleoside carriers) does not increase by serum-stimulation of quiescent cells (0.36 and 0.34-10(5) sites/cell in quiescent and serum-stimulated cells, respectively). It is implied that the reduction in uridine transport in quiescent cells is probably due to changes in the turnover of the carriers. These changes may be connected with the observed alterations in the properties of carriers or their immediate environment in quiescent cells.", "PMID": 558801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3627", "title": "Induction and repair of strand breaks and 3'-hydroxy terminals in the DNA of mammalian cells in culture following gamma-ray irradiation.", "content": "DNA was isolated in a fairly pure and intact state from cultured mouse leukaemia cells (L5178Y) after gamma-ray irradiation using a hydroxyapatite column chromatography method, and analysed further by sucrose gradient centrifugation or DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7, enzyme A of Klenow from Escherichia coli) assay. Irradiation of the cells induced single- and double-strand breaks in the DNA with an efficiency of 100 eV/break and 1300 eV/break, respecitvely. Approximately 50% of the single-strand breaks were estimated to be those arising from allali-labile lesions. A linear, dose-dependent increase was found in the template activity of the DNA, indicating the induction of 3'-OH terminals by gamma-irradiation. Post-irradiation incubation of the cells in serum-free medium allowed the majority of the breaks to rejoin within a few hours. Repair of the alkali-labile lesions was, however, found to be much slower than that of \"actual\" single-strand breaks. A slight increase of the DNA template activity was found during the period of post-irradiation incubation. The reason for the increase is discussed.", "contents": "Induction and repair of strand breaks and 3'-hydroxy terminals in the DNA of mammalian cells in culture following gamma-ray irradiation. DNA was isolated in a fairly pure and intact state from cultured mouse leukaemia cells (L5178Y) after gamma-ray irradiation using a hydroxyapatite column chromatography method, and analysed further by sucrose gradient centrifugation or DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7, enzyme A of Klenow from Escherichia coli) assay. Irradiation of the cells induced single- and double-strand breaks in the DNA with an efficiency of 100 eV/break and 1300 eV/break, respecitvely. Approximately 50% of the single-strand breaks were estimated to be those arising from allali-labile lesions. A linear, dose-dependent increase was found in the template activity of the DNA, indicating the induction of 3'-OH terminals by gamma-irradiation. Post-irradiation incubation of the cells in serum-free medium allowed the majority of the breaks to rejoin within a few hours. Repair of the alkali-labile lesions was, however, found to be much slower than that of \"actual\" single-strand breaks. A slight increase of the DNA template activity was found during the period of post-irradiation incubation. The reason for the increase is discussed.", "PMID": 558803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3628", "title": "Lack of fatty acid specificity in the lipolysis of oligo and polyunsaturated triacylglycerols by milk lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "Native soybean and rapeseed oils and native and rearranged cod liver and peanut oils were subjected to partial hydrolysis with milk lipoprotein lipase and the fatty acid composition and molecular association in the substrates and lipolysis products were determined. In both native and rearranged oils the lack of significant differences in the fatty acid composition and molecular association between the residual and total triacylglycerols suggested that all triacylglycerols were attacked by the lipoprotein lipase at about the same rate. Any enrichment of a specific fatty acid in the diacyl- or monoacylglycerol products of a native oil generally reflected the preferential association of the fatty acid with the 2-position, and to a lesser extent the sn-3-position of the glycerol molecule and was accompanied by a decreased level of the corresponding free fatty acid product. In general, the products of the rearranged oils closely resembled the original triacylglycerols in the fatty acid composition. It is concluded that lipoprotein lipase does not show any detectable specificity for the unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds located at carbons 3 to 19 from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid molecules. These findings are compatible with the possible binding of the substrate to lipoprotein lipase through atoms involved in the acyl ester groups of the triacylglycerol molecules.", "contents": "Lack of fatty acid specificity in the lipolysis of oligo and polyunsaturated triacylglycerols by milk lipoprotein lipase. Native soybean and rapeseed oils and native and rearranged cod liver and peanut oils were subjected to partial hydrolysis with milk lipoprotein lipase and the fatty acid composition and molecular association in the substrates and lipolysis products were determined. In both native and rearranged oils the lack of significant differences in the fatty acid composition and molecular association between the residual and total triacylglycerols suggested that all triacylglycerols were attacked by the lipoprotein lipase at about the same rate. Any enrichment of a specific fatty acid in the diacyl- or monoacylglycerol products of a native oil generally reflected the preferential association of the fatty acid with the 2-position, and to a lesser extent the sn-3-position of the glycerol molecule and was accompanied by a decreased level of the corresponding free fatty acid product. In general, the products of the rearranged oils closely resembled the original triacylglycerols in the fatty acid composition. It is concluded that lipoprotein lipase does not show any detectable specificity for the unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds located at carbons 3 to 19 from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid molecules. These findings are compatible with the possible binding of the substrate to lipoprotein lipase through atoms involved in the acyl ester groups of the triacylglycerol molecules.", "PMID": 558804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3629", "title": "Isolectins from soybean (Glycine max).", "content": "The major lectin in seeds of a soybean cultivar (Glycine max cv D68-127) has been purified to apparent homogeneity by hydroxyapatite and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In the latter, the behavior of the lectin was similar to that of the minor isolectins previously described in other soybean cultivars. Molecular weights of 92 000 for the molecule and 23 000 for the subunits were determined by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis; these are smaller than those previously reported for the major lectin in another soybean variety. Hemagglutination by the lectin was inhibited specifically by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and galactose-containing sugars.", "contents": "Isolectins from soybean (Glycine max). The major lectin in seeds of a soybean cultivar (Glycine max cv D68-127) has been purified to apparent homogeneity by hydroxyapatite and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In the latter, the behavior of the lectin was similar to that of the minor isolectins previously described in other soybean cultivars. Molecular weights of 92 000 for the molecule and 23 000 for the subunits were determined by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis; these are smaller than those previously reported for the major lectin in another soybean variety. Hemagglutination by the lectin was inhibited specifically by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and galactose-containing sugars.", "PMID": 558805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3630", "title": "[Detection and preliminary characterization of a particular estrogen-binding protein in the liver of male rats].", "content": "Properties and isolation possibilities of an estradiol (E2) binding protein from male rat liver cytosol as possible estrogen receptor are studied. The protein is found to differ considerably in a number of characteristics from well-known receptor and non-receptor rat proteins, specifically binding estrogen. Equilibrium constant of E2-protein interaction is 1-10(8) M-1, the concentration of protein binding sites is 1.3 million per cell. Processes of E2 association with protein and the complex dissociation proceed with a very high rate. E2 and, at lesser degree, estrone, testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone compete for binding sites of protein with 3H-E2. Progesterone, corticosterone and a synthetic estrogen, hexestrol, denot compete. The protein studied is thermolabile and sensitive to the effect of pronase and sulfhydryl reagents. Characteristics of the protein are as follows: sedimentation coefficient--3.6S; Stockes' radius--23--25 A; friction coefficients ratio--1.05--1.12; molecular weight--36000--39000. The protein is not revealed in the liver of female rats. Ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and ionic exchange chromatography made possible to obtain 50-fold purified protein preparation.", "contents": "[Detection and preliminary characterization of a particular estrogen-binding protein in the liver of male rats]. Properties and isolation possibilities of an estradiol (E2) binding protein from male rat liver cytosol as possible estrogen receptor are studied. The protein is found to differ considerably in a number of characteristics from well-known receptor and non-receptor rat proteins, specifically binding estrogen. Equilibrium constant of E2-protein interaction is 1-10(8) M-1, the concentration of protein binding sites is 1.3 million per cell. Processes of E2 association with protein and the complex dissociation proceed with a very high rate. E2 and, at lesser degree, estrone, testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone compete for binding sites of protein with 3H-E2. Progesterone, corticosterone and a synthetic estrogen, hexestrol, denot compete. The protein studied is thermolabile and sensitive to the effect of pronase and sulfhydryl reagents. Characteristics of the protein are as follows: sedimentation coefficient--3.6S; Stockes' radius--23--25 A; friction coefficients ratio--1.05--1.12; molecular weight--36000--39000. The protein is not revealed in the liver of female rats. Ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and ionic exchange chromatography made possible to obtain 50-fold purified protein preparation.", "PMID": 558807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3631", "title": "[Kinetics of fibroblast spreading].", "content": "For normal mouse fibroblasts four stages of their spreading in vitro are distinguished: the spherical cell stage; the stage of early appearance of processes, Lamellae formation; the stage of maximal cell spreading. Measurements of the duration of every stage were performed by means of time-lapse microcinematography under phase-contrast microscope. It is proved that the first and second stages are elementary ones of Puasson's kinetics and the following ones are complex stages of the same kinetic model. The mean time at these stages is respectively: 25+/-3.2, 12.5+/-1.5; 123+/-8; 162+/-25 minutes.", "contents": "[Kinetics of fibroblast spreading]. For normal mouse fibroblasts four stages of their spreading in vitro are distinguished: the spherical cell stage; the stage of early appearance of processes, Lamellae formation; the stage of maximal cell spreading. Measurements of the duration of every stage were performed by means of time-lapse microcinematography under phase-contrast microscope. It is proved that the first and second stages are elementary ones of Puasson's kinetics and the following ones are complex stages of the same kinetic model. The mean time at these stages is respectively: 25+/-3.2, 12.5+/-1.5; 123+/-8; 162+/-25 minutes.", "PMID": 558806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3632", "title": "Alterations in cell free brain protein synthesis following ethanol withdrawal in physically dependent rats.", "content": "The effects of ethanol withdrawal were determined on cell free brain protein synthesis in physically dependent rats. Following the development of physical dependence, ethanol abstinence for 24 h resulted in decreased protein synthesis in cerebral tissue. The observed inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation into protein was found to be reversible after 7 days of ethanol withdrawal. Although the ribosomes from control, ethanol-treated and ethanol-withdrawn animals were highly responsive to polyuridylic acid stimulation, the ribosomes from the control group consistently exhibited higher activity. The determination of protein content of the ribosomal fraction showed a significant increase following ethanol administration and was further enhanced by ethanol abstinence. The results suggest that ethanol-induced changes at the ribosomal level may result in defective association of mRNA causing depression of brain protein synthesis.", "contents": "Alterations in cell free brain protein synthesis following ethanol withdrawal in physically dependent rats. The effects of ethanol withdrawal were determined on cell free brain protein synthesis in physically dependent rats. Following the development of physical dependence, ethanol abstinence for 24 h resulted in decreased protein synthesis in cerebral tissue. The observed inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation into protein was found to be reversible after 7 days of ethanol withdrawal. Although the ribosomes from control, ethanol-treated and ethanol-withdrawn animals were highly responsive to polyuridylic acid stimulation, the ribosomes from the control group consistently exhibited higher activity. The determination of protein content of the ribosomal fraction showed a significant increase following ethanol administration and was further enhanced by ethanol abstinence. The results suggest that ethanol-induced changes at the ribosomal level may result in defective association of mRNA causing depression of brain protein synthesis.", "PMID": 558814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3633", "title": "Inactivation of Clostridium haemolyticum toxic fluids and their antigenicity.", "content": "One hundred fifty-one isolates of Clostridium haemolyticum were examined for consistent toxin production following repeated serial transfers in laboratory media. Most of these isolates produced only small amounts of toxic materials and serial transfers appeared to reduce toxigenic characteristics. Eleven of the isolates consistenly produced measurable  amounts of toxic materials. One of these isolates was used for production of toxic fluids that were concentrated by lyophilization and reconstitution to a smaller volume or by precipitation with ammonium sulphate followed by dialysis against water and glycerol. Known amounts of these substances were inactivated with formalin, heat, beta-propiolactone, ultra-violet irradiation and glutathione. The resulting toxoids were inoculated into guinea pigs and most were judged to be nonimmunogenic because the animals were unable to resist dermal challenge. Toxic materials with added glycine were inactivated with formaldehyde as readily as those without the amino acid but the resulting toxoids were immunogenic while those prepared without the amino acid were not.", "contents": "Inactivation of Clostridium haemolyticum toxic fluids and their antigenicity. One hundred fifty-one isolates of Clostridium haemolyticum were examined for consistent toxin production following repeated serial transfers in laboratory media. Most of these isolates produced only small amounts of toxic materials and serial transfers appeared to reduce toxigenic characteristics. Eleven of the isolates consistenly produced measurable  amounts of toxic materials. One of these isolates was used for production of toxic fluids that were concentrated by lyophilization and reconstitution to a smaller volume or by precipitation with ammonium sulphate followed by dialysis against water and glycerol. Known amounts of these substances were inactivated with formalin, heat, beta-propiolactone, ultra-violet irradiation and glutathione. The resulting toxoids were inoculated into guinea pigs and most were judged to be nonimmunogenic because the animals were unable to resist dermal challenge. Toxic materials with added glycine were inactivated with formaldehyde as readily as those without the amino acid but the resulting toxoids were immunogenic while those prepared without the amino acid were not.", "PMID": 558816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3634", "title": "Fatty acid utilization by L1210 murine leukemia cells.", "content": "L1210 murine leukemia cells grow in an ascites plasma that contains lipids, including 0.62 +/- 0.046 (S.E.) MICRONEq free fatty acid per ml. in vitro incubations demonstrated that isolated L1210 cells readily utilize free fatty acid that is added to the incubation medium. When the cells were incubated with albumin-bound [1-14C]palmitate, about 12 times more radioactivity was incorporated into cell lipids than was oxidized to CO2. Triacylglycerols contained 1.5 to 4 times more radioactivity than phospholipids, and from 48 to 69% of the phospholipid radioactivity was recovered in the choline phosphoglycerides. [1-14C]Palmitate utilization increased as the fatty acid concentration of the medium was raised, the largest increase occurring in the triacylglycerol fraction. Palmitate utilization also was increased by the presence of carbohydrates in the medium, their effectiveness (in descending order) being glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, and glycerol. By contrast, ribose did not produce any stimulatory effect. During a 1-hr incubation, between 82 and 87% of the [1-14C]palmitate that was taken up remained as palmitic acid. From 8 to 15% was elongated to stearate, and only 2 to 3% was desaturated to palmitoleate and oleate. Based upon the lipid content, growth rate, and palmitate utilization rate of the cells, it appears that a major portion of the lipid requirements of the L1210 cell may be supplied by the fatty acid contained in the ascites plasma. In addition, our results suggest that most of the saturated fatty acid taken up is incorporated into cell lipids without structural modification.", "contents": "Fatty acid utilization by L1210 murine leukemia cells. L1210 murine leukemia cells grow in an ascites plasma that contains lipids, including 0.62 +/- 0.046 (S.E.) MICRONEq free fatty acid per ml. in vitro incubations demonstrated that isolated L1210 cells readily utilize free fatty acid that is added to the incubation medium. When the cells were incubated with albumin-bound [1-14C]palmitate, about 12 times more radioactivity was incorporated into cell lipids than was oxidized to CO2. Triacylglycerols contained 1.5 to 4 times more radioactivity than phospholipids, and from 48 to 69% of the phospholipid radioactivity was recovered in the choline phosphoglycerides. [1-14C]Palmitate utilization increased as the fatty acid concentration of the medium was raised, the largest increase occurring in the triacylglycerol fraction. Palmitate utilization also was increased by the presence of carbohydrates in the medium, their effectiveness (in descending order) being glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, and glycerol. By contrast, ribose did not produce any stimulatory effect. During a 1-hr incubation, between 82 and 87% of the [1-14C]palmitate that was taken up remained as palmitic acid. From 8 to 15% was elongated to stearate, and only 2 to 3% was desaturated to palmitoleate and oleate. Based upon the lipid content, growth rate, and palmitate utilization rate of the cells, it appears that a major portion of the lipid requirements of the L1210 cell may be supplied by the fatty acid contained in the ascites plasma. In addition, our results suggest that most of the saturated fatty acid taken up is incorporated into cell lipids without structural modification.", "PMID": 558821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3635", "title": "Morphological evidence for an antimitochondrial action by methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone).", "content": "Exposure of cultured leukemia L1210 cells to 0.1 micron methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation, beginning after about 1 to 2 generation times (12 to 24 hr). Ultrastructural examination of the cells treated at and above 1.0 micron concentrations of drug for 24 hr revealed unifrom damage to mitochondria. The basic lesion involved extensive swelling of the mitochondrion, a deterioration and eventual loss of cristae, and a decrease in the matrix density. This damage preceded growth inhibition by about 12 hr and did not immediately affect cell viability as detected by trypan blue dye exclusion. Whether these findings are related to the known actions of the drug on polyamine metabolism is not clear at present.", "contents": "Morphological evidence for an antimitochondrial action by methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone). Exposure of cultured leukemia L1210 cells to 0.1 micron methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation, beginning after about 1 to 2 generation times (12 to 24 hr). Ultrastructural examination of the cells treated at and above 1.0 micron concentrations of drug for 24 hr revealed unifrom damage to mitochondria. The basic lesion involved extensive swelling of the mitochondrion, a deterioration and eventual loss of cristae, and a decrease in the matrix density. This damage preceded growth inhibition by about 12 hr and did not immediately affect cell viability as detected by trypan blue dye exclusion. Whether these findings are related to the known actions of the drug on polyamine metabolism is not clear at present.", "PMID": 558824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3636", "title": "Changes in the morphology of ribosomes in uterine epithelial cells under various hormonal conditions.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphology of \"free\" cytoplasmic ribosomes of rat uterine epithelial cells was studied during diestrus, estrus, after ovariectomy, and after estradiol-17 beta administration to rats that were ovariectomized 1 to 25 weeks before hormone treatment. A change in size and contrast of ribosomes was observed concomitant with a transition from pre-existing monosomes to polysomes depending on the dose of estradiol and its route of application. In 3 weeks ovariectomized rats these changes in ribosomal granules take place at approximately the same time (30-45 min) when synthesis of \"induced protein\" was described biochemically. The morphological events after estradiol administration are discussed with respect to a primary site of estrogen action.", "contents": "Changes in the morphology of ribosomes in uterine epithelial cells under various hormonal conditions. The ultrastructural morphology of \"free\" cytoplasmic ribosomes of rat uterine epithelial cells was studied during diestrus, estrus, after ovariectomy, and after estradiol-17 beta administration to rats that were ovariectomized 1 to 25 weeks before hormone treatment. A change in size and contrast of ribosomes was observed concomitant with a transition from pre-existing monosomes to polysomes depending on the dose of estradiol and its route of application. In 3 weeks ovariectomized rats these changes in ribosomal granules take place at approximately the same time (30-45 min) when synthesis of \"induced protein\" was described biochemically. The morphological events after estradiol administration are discussed with respect to a primary site of estrogen action.", "PMID": 558826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3637", "title": "The primary structure of rabbit beta-globin mRNA as determined from cloned DNA.", "content": "The rabbit beta-globin DNA insertion of the hybrid plasmid PbetaG1 (Maniatis et al., 1976) was sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert (1977). A sequence of 576 nucleotides was determined and verified by pyrimidine tract analysis of double-stranded DNA, synthesized in vitro starting from beta-globin mRNA. The derived sequence is in complete agreement with previously reported partial mRNA sequencing data and with the predictions from the primary structure of the protein. Moreover, the globin DNA insertion is missing only 13 nucleotides corresponding to the 5' terminal sequence of the mRNA. The rabbit beta-globin mRNA consists of a coding region of 438 nucleotides, flanked by a 5' noncoding region of 56 nucleotides (including the initiation codon AUG but not the 7-methyl-guanine of the \"cap structure\") and by a 3' noncoding region of 95 nucleotides (including a UGA termination codon). The features of the mRNA sequence are discussed with specific attention to the selective use of particular codons, the probable existence extensively base-paired segments at the 5' terminal region and the ribosome binding site. The faithful representation of beta-globin mRNA in the PbetaG1 DNA insertion establishes the validity of used cloned DNA, initially derived from double-stranded DNA transcripts of mRNA, for studying the structure of eucaryotic genes.", "contents": "The primary structure of rabbit beta-globin mRNA as determined from cloned DNA. The rabbit beta-globin DNA insertion of the hybrid plasmid PbetaG1 (Maniatis et al., 1976) was sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert (1977). A sequence of 576 nucleotides was determined and verified by pyrimidine tract analysis of double-stranded DNA, synthesized in vitro starting from beta-globin mRNA. The derived sequence is in complete agreement with previously reported partial mRNA sequencing data and with the predictions from the primary structure of the protein. Moreover, the globin DNA insertion is missing only 13 nucleotides corresponding to the 5' terminal sequence of the mRNA. The rabbit beta-globin mRNA consists of a coding region of 438 nucleotides, flanked by a 5' noncoding region of 56 nucleotides (including the initiation codon AUG but not the 7-methyl-guanine of the \"cap structure\") and by a 3' noncoding region of 95 nucleotides (including a UGA termination codon). The features of the mRNA sequence are discussed with specific attention to the selective use of particular codons, the probable existence extensively base-paired segments at the 5' terminal region and the ribosome binding site. The faithful representation of beta-globin mRNA in the PbetaG1 DNA insertion establishes the validity of used cloned DNA, initially derived from double-stranded DNA transcripts of mRNA, for studying the structure of eucaryotic genes.", "PMID": 558827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3638", "title": "Post-transcriptional regulation of ribosome accumulation during myoblast differentiation.", "content": "The synthesis, accumulation and stability of rRNA were examined in embryonic quail myoblasts differentiating in cell culture. Quail myoblasts initially divide rapidly in culture, and accumulate 28S and 18S rRNA and ribosomes at a rate which maintains a constant ribosome content during cell division. After these myoblasts fuse, cell division ceases and ribosomes accumulate in fibers, but at a reduced rate which is only one fourth that in dividing myoblasts. Measurements of rRNA stability by 3H-methyl-methionine pulse-chase analysis show that 28S and 18S rRNA formed by fibers turn over with half-lives of 45 hr, and rRNA formed by myoblasts remains stable until fusion and then also turns over in fibers. Turnover of rRNA in fibers accounts for only half the reduction in ribosome accumulation following myoblast fusion. Measurements of the incorporation of 3H-adenosine into rRNA and ATP pools show that the rates of synthesis of rRNA precursor do not decrease after myoblast fuse, but half the rRNA molecules synthesized by fibers are degraded during processing. Degradation of rRNA during processing reduces the rate of formation of 28S and 18S rRNA, and together with rRNA turnover quantitatively accounts for the reduced rate of ribosome accumulation in fibers.", "contents": "Post-transcriptional regulation of ribosome accumulation during myoblast differentiation. The synthesis, accumulation and stability of rRNA were examined in embryonic quail myoblasts differentiating in cell culture. Quail myoblasts initially divide rapidly in culture, and accumulate 28S and 18S rRNA and ribosomes at a rate which maintains a constant ribosome content during cell division. After these myoblasts fuse, cell division ceases and ribosomes accumulate in fibers, but at a reduced rate which is only one fourth that in dividing myoblasts. Measurements of rRNA stability by 3H-methyl-methionine pulse-chase analysis show that 28S and 18S rRNA formed by fibers turn over with half-lives of 45 hr, and rRNA formed by myoblasts remains stable until fusion and then also turns over in fibers. Turnover of rRNA in fibers accounts for only half the reduction in ribosome accumulation following myoblast fusion. Measurements of the incorporation of 3H-adenosine into rRNA and ATP pools show that the rates of synthesis of rRNA precursor do not decrease after myoblast fuse, but half the rRNA molecules synthesized by fibers are degraded during processing. Degradation of rRNA during processing reduces the rate of formation of 28S and 18S rRNA, and together with rRNA turnover quantitatively accounts for the reduced rate of ribosome accumulation in fibers.", "PMID": 558828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3639", "title": "Relationship between nuclear and polysomal RNA populations of Achlya: a simple eucaryotic system.", "content": "The relationship between hnRNA and mRNA in the water mold Achlya has been investigated in several ways. Analysis of the nuclear and polysomal poly(A) RNA by sucrose density gradient centrifugation under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions showed that the populations have indistinguishable size distributions. The number average sizes were calculated to be 1150 nucleotides for nuclear and 1140 nucleotides for polysomal poly(A) RNA. Selective inhibition of rRNA synthesis was used to investigate the size distribution of hnRNA without regard to poly(A) content. Very little hnRNA was observed which sedimented more rapidly than polysomal poly(A) RNA. Hybridization experiments in which an excess of nuclear DNA was reacted with 3H-poly(A) hnRNA or 3H-poly(A) mRNA showed that both populations contain repetitive transcripts (9-10%) as well as single-copy transcripts (44%). Analysis of hybrids on hydroxyapatite in the presence of 8 M urea demonstrated that the poly(A) RNA complementary to repetitive DNA sequence components represented a population of molecules distinct from the population complementary to single-copy DNA. The complexity of whole cell, nuclear and polysomal RNA was determined by saturation hypbridization to single-copy 3H-DNA. All three populations were complementary to essentially the same fraction of the DNA. Terminal hybridization values were 3.84, 3.76 and 3.76% for whole cell, nuclear and polysomal RNA, respectively, representing a complexity of 2.1 X 10(6) nucleotides. These data suggest that the composition of the hnRNA and mRNA populations are essentially identical. No evidence for selective turnover of any sequence component or size class within the nucleus was observed.", "contents": "Relationship between nuclear and polysomal RNA populations of Achlya: a simple eucaryotic system. The relationship between hnRNA and mRNA in the water mold Achlya has been investigated in several ways. Analysis of the nuclear and polysomal poly(A) RNA by sucrose density gradient centrifugation under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions showed that the populations have indistinguishable size distributions. The number average sizes were calculated to be 1150 nucleotides for nuclear and 1140 nucleotides for polysomal poly(A) RNA. Selective inhibition of rRNA synthesis was used to investigate the size distribution of hnRNA without regard to poly(A) content. Very little hnRNA was observed which sedimented more rapidly than polysomal poly(A) RNA. Hybridization experiments in which an excess of nuclear DNA was reacted with 3H-poly(A) hnRNA or 3H-poly(A) mRNA showed that both populations contain repetitive transcripts (9-10%) as well as single-copy transcripts (44%). Analysis of hybrids on hydroxyapatite in the presence of 8 M urea demonstrated that the poly(A) RNA complementary to repetitive DNA sequence components represented a population of molecules distinct from the population complementary to single-copy DNA. The complexity of whole cell, nuclear and polysomal RNA was determined by saturation hypbridization to single-copy 3H-DNA. All three populations were complementary to essentially the same fraction of the DNA. Terminal hybridization values were 3.84, 3.76 and 3.76% for whole cell, nuclear and polysomal RNA, respectively, representing a complexity of 2.1 X 10(6) nucleotides. These data suggest that the composition of the hnRNA and mRNA populations are essentially identical. No evidence for selective turnover of any sequence component or size class within the nucleus was observed.", "PMID": 558829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3640", "title": "Immediate glycosylation of Sindbis virus membrane proteins.", "content": "The mechanism by which the membrane proteins of Sindbis virus are initially glycosylated during growth of the virus in chick cells was studied. The experiments suggest strongly that the two viral glycoproteins are glycosylated before release from the polysome, and that this glycosylation involves transfer of a large 1800 dalton oligosaccharide to the polypeptide chains. The donor of the oligosaccharide is most probably a lipid.", "contents": "Immediate glycosylation of Sindbis virus membrane proteins. The mechanism by which the membrane proteins of Sindbis virus are initially glycosylated during growth of the virus in chick cells was studied. The experiments suggest strongly that the two viral glycoproteins are glycosylated before release from the polysome, and that this glycosylation involves transfer of a large 1800 dalton oligosaccharide to the polypeptide chains. The donor of the oligosaccharide is most probably a lipid.", "PMID": 558830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3641", "title": "Mammalian cells with defective mitochondrial functions: a Chinese hamster mutant cell line lacking succinate dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "A mutant cell line derived from Chinese hamster fibroblasts is described which is defective in oxidative energy metabolism. Glucose is continuously required in the medium. As a result of a block in the Krebs cycle, these cells are auxotrophs for carbon dioxide and asparagine. Several experiments support our conclusion that the mutant cells lack appreciable levels of succinate dehydorgenase activity. Other components of the electron transport chain appear to be fully functional, although there is the possibility that electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are uncoupled.", "contents": "Mammalian cells with defective mitochondrial functions: a Chinese hamster mutant cell line lacking succinate dehydrogenase activity. A mutant cell line derived from Chinese hamster fibroblasts is described which is defective in oxidative energy metabolism. Glucose is continuously required in the medium. As a result of a block in the Krebs cycle, these cells are auxotrophs for carbon dioxide and asparagine. Several experiments support our conclusion that the mutant cells lack appreciable levels of succinate dehydorgenase activity. Other components of the electron transport chain appear to be fully functional, although there is the possibility that electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are uncoupled.", "PMID": 558831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3642", "title": "Mutations causing rapid development of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "A mutation affecting the speed of slime mold development has been genetically analyzed. Strain FR17 carries a recessive mutation on linkage group IV. A selection procedure for isolating more mutants of this type has been developed and new mutations have been tested for complementation. The aberrant morphology of these strains can be partially corrected by development in the presence of glucose.", "contents": "Mutations causing rapid development of Dictyostelium discoideum. A mutation affecting the speed of slime mold development has been genetically analyzed. Strain FR17 carries a recessive mutation on linkage group IV. A selection procedure for isolating more mutants of this type has been developed and new mutations have been tested for complementation. The aberrant morphology of these strains can be partially corrected by development in the presence of glucose.", "PMID": 558832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3643", "title": "A non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay of testosterone in serum.", "content": "Convenient methodology based on separation of testosterone from non-alcoholic neutral steroids by means of a sulfation procedure has been developed for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of testosterone in male and in female serum. When coordinated with our previously published non-chromatographic procedure (1) for the RIA of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol in serum all 3 steroids can be determined in the same specimen. With only minor modification (14) progesterone also can be determined. Validation of the procedure was based on: 1. agreement between results obtained using TLC and sulfation to fractionate testosterone (r=0.99; b=1.03), 2. accurate recovery of different quatities of testosterone added to serum, 3. independence of the concentration of testosterone and volume of serum used for assay, 4. low procedural blanks (1.1+/-0.7 pg), 5. low intra-assay (4.7-4.8%) and interassay (4.8-8.8%) variability and 6. correspondence of observed values for testosterone in male serum (7.00+/-2.03 ng/ml) and in femal serum (420+/-115 pg/ml) with those reported previously by others.", "contents": "A non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay of testosterone in serum. Convenient methodology based on separation of testosterone from non-alcoholic neutral steroids by means of a sulfation procedure has been developed for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of testosterone in male and in female serum. When coordinated with our previously published non-chromatographic procedure (1) for the RIA of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol in serum all 3 steroids can be determined in the same specimen. With only minor modification (14) progesterone also can be determined. Validation of the procedure was based on: 1. agreement between results obtained using TLC and sulfation to fractionate testosterone (r=0.99; b=1.03), 2. accurate recovery of different quatities of testosterone added to serum, 3. independence of the concentration of testosterone and volume of serum used for assay, 4. low procedural blanks (1.1+/-0.7 pg), 5. low intra-assay (4.7-4.8%) and interassay (4.8-8.8%) variability and 6. correspondence of observed values for testosterone in male serum (7.00+/-2.03 ng/ml) and in femal serum (420+/-115 pg/ml) with those reported previously by others.", "PMID": 558835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3644", "title": "The occurrence of circulating immune complexes and viral antigens in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "The sera of seventy-two patients with ITP were tested for their inhibitory activity on the agglutination of IgG-coated particles by RF or C1q. The majority (83%) displayed an inhibitory effect toward both agglutinators, whereas 17% were found to contain endogenous RF. A negative correlation was observed between the number of platelets and the titres of inhibitory factors. Some sera were fractionated by gel filtration. The inhibitory factors and sometimes trace amounts of IgG were distributed over several peaks eluted before monomeric 7S IgG. The IgG detected in the heavy fractions of two ITP sera corresponded to antigen-antibody complexes as shown by dissociation experiments at acid pH. In all ITP sera analysed by chromatography, DNA has been detected in the heavy fractions and appears to be the antigen of certain complexes. The sera from forty-two patients with ITP were analysed by counter-electrophoresis for the presence of viral antigens. HBs antigen was detected in twenty sera, EBV antigen in five, and adenovirus antigen in six.", "contents": "The occurrence of circulating immune complexes and viral antigens in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The sera of seventy-two patients with ITP were tested for their inhibitory activity on the agglutination of IgG-coated particles by RF or C1q. The majority (83%) displayed an inhibitory effect toward both agglutinators, whereas 17% were found to contain endogenous RF. A negative correlation was observed between the number of platelets and the titres of inhibitory factors. Some sera were fractionated by gel filtration. The inhibitory factors and sometimes trace amounts of IgG were distributed over several peaks eluted before monomeric 7S IgG. The IgG detected in the heavy fractions of two ITP sera corresponded to antigen-antibody complexes as shown by dissociation experiments at acid pH. In all ITP sera analysed by chromatography, DNA has been detected in the heavy fractions and appears to be the antigen of certain complexes. The sera from forty-two patients with ITP were analysed by counter-electrophoresis for the presence of viral antigens. HBs antigen was detected in twenty sera, EBV antigen in five, and adenovirus antigen in six.", "PMID": 558848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3645", "title": "Ultrasound scanning in the radiotherapy department.", "content": "Apart from its use by diagnostic radiologists in the detection and staging of tumours, ultrasound scanning appears to offer particular advantages to the radiotherapist in treatment field planning. The following merits are almost self-evident: tumour, organ and body outlines are visualised, with the patient usually in the treatment position, sufficiently accurately for measurement, field planning and for checking of the treatment fields. Moreover, the safety and high patient-acceptability of the scanning technique allows reassessment of tumour morphology with early modification of the treatment regime. In certain cases, heavy reliance is now made on the information from ultrasound scanning since more conventional investigation would not allow imaging of the tumour-affected area in the treatment planes. On occasions carefully planned treatments based on conventional planning procedures have had to be modified because subsequent ultrasound scans have revealed inadequate cover of the tumour or non-optimal treatment field positioning. It would seem advisable that radiotherapy departments should acquire the expertise and personnel to ensure access to ultrasound scanning systems, both to increase the accuracy of defining the tumour-bearing area for treatment planning and to avoid methods of investigation involving invasive techniques.", "contents": "Ultrasound scanning in the radiotherapy department. Apart from its use by diagnostic radiologists in the detection and staging of tumours, ultrasound scanning appears to offer particular advantages to the radiotherapist in treatment field planning. The following merits are almost self-evident: tumour, organ and body outlines are visualised, with the patient usually in the treatment position, sufficiently accurately for measurement, field planning and for checking of the treatment fields. Moreover, the safety and high patient-acceptability of the scanning technique allows reassessment of tumour morphology with early modification of the treatment regime. In certain cases, heavy reliance is now made on the information from ultrasound scanning since more conventional investigation would not allow imaging of the tumour-affected area in the treatment planes. On occasions carefully planned treatments based on conventional planning procedures have had to be modified because subsequent ultrasound scans have revealed inadequate cover of the tumour or non-optimal treatment field positioning. It would seem advisable that radiotherapy departments should acquire the expertise and personnel to ensure access to ultrasound scanning systems, both to increase the accuracy of defining the tumour-bearing area for treatment planning and to avoid methods of investigation involving invasive techniques.", "PMID": 558861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3646", "title": "Factors affecting angiotensin II concentrations in the human infant at birth.", "content": "1. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of angiotensin II in 1 ml of plasma has been developed and used to measure angiotensin II in maternal peripheral, cord venous and cord arterial blood in 45 patients at delivery. 2. In babies delivered vaginally, cord venous and cord arterial concentrations of angiotensin II were significantly higher than maternal venous blood concentrations. There was a significant relationship between both cord venous and cord arterial concentrations and maternal concentrations of angiotensin II. 3. Cord venous concentrations of angiotensin II were significantly greater than those in cord arterial blood in babies delivered vaginally but not in those delivered by lower-segment Caesarean section. This suggests the possibility that, during labour, the placenta may contribute to foetal concentrations of angiotensin II. 4. Maternal and cord venous concentrations of angiotensin II were significantly higher in patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy than in those who had remained normotensive throughout pregnancy. 5. Cord venous concentrations of angiotensin II increased significantly with increasing duration of the second stage of labour.", "contents": "Factors affecting angiotensin II concentrations in the human infant at birth. 1. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of angiotensin II in 1 ml of plasma has been developed and used to measure angiotensin II in maternal peripheral, cord venous and cord arterial blood in 45 patients at delivery. 2. In babies delivered vaginally, cord venous and cord arterial concentrations of angiotensin II were significantly higher than maternal venous blood concentrations. There was a significant relationship between both cord venous and cord arterial concentrations and maternal concentrations of angiotensin II. 3. Cord venous concentrations of angiotensin II were significantly greater than those in cord arterial blood in babies delivered vaginally but not in those delivered by lower-segment Caesarean section. This suggests the possibility that, during labour, the placenta may contribute to foetal concentrations of angiotensin II. 4. Maternal and cord venous concentrations of angiotensin II were significantly higher in patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy than in those who had remained normotensive throughout pregnancy. 5. Cord venous concentrations of angiotensin II increased significantly with increasing duration of the second stage of labour.", "PMID": 558862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3647", "title": "Gila monster bite: a case report.", "content": "Transient electrocardiogram abnormalities are described in a young man who was bitten by a Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). The patient's pain subsided spontaneously without narcotics and the vascular status of his bitten extremity was monitored by Doppler examination. The patient was discharged in 24 hr after conservative management.", "contents": "Gila monster bite: a case report. Transient electrocardiogram abnormalities are described in a young man who was bitten by a Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). The patient's pain subsided spontaneously without narcotics and the vascular status of his bitten extremity was monitored by Doppler examination. The patient was discharged in 24 hr after conservative management.", "PMID": 558863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3648", "title": "Origin of triploidy and tetraploidy in man: 11 cases with chromosomes markers.", "content": "Sixteen triploid and one tetraploid human abortuses were studied for the origin of polyploidy using a sequential Q- and R-banding technique. Ten triploid abortuses provided informative data: one originated in the maternal first meiotic division; five apparently resulted from dispermy; two derived from an error during either the paternal second meiotic division or the first mitotic division; and the last two were of paternal origin. The results indicate that paternal factors, especially dispermy, are the predominant sources of triploidy in man. The tetraploid abortus showed duplication of both the maternal and paternal haploid sets, suggesting normal division of chromosomes and suppression of cytoplasmic cleavage at the first mitotic division. No correlation was found between the origin of polyploidy and the phenotype of the triploid abortuses, nor between the origin of polyploidy and the maternal use of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Origin of triploidy and tetraploidy in man: 11 cases with chromosomes markers. Sixteen triploid and one tetraploid human abortuses were studied for the origin of polyploidy using a sequential Q- and R-banding technique. Ten triploid abortuses provided informative data: one originated in the maternal first meiotic division; five apparently resulted from dispermy; two derived from an error during either the paternal second meiotic division or the first mitotic division; and the last two were of paternal origin. The results indicate that paternal factors, especially dispermy, are the predominant sources of triploidy in man. The tetraploid abortus showed duplication of both the maternal and paternal haploid sets, suggesting normal division of chromosomes and suppression of cytoplasmic cleavage at the first mitotic division. No correlation was found between the origin of polyploidy and the phenotype of the triploid abortuses, nor between the origin of polyploidy and the maternal use of oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 558867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3649", "title": "Presence of subunit structure in bovine follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "Highly purified bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) potency 164 X NIH-FSH-S-1 by bioassay was estimated to be 210 +/- 4.2 X NIH-FSH-S-1 by radioligant-receptor assay using 125I-bovine FSH as tracer but only 120 +/- 1.8 X NIH-FSH-S-1 when 125I-human FSH tracer was used. The presence of subunit structure in bovine FSH was revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, treatment of bovine FSH with 1 M propionic acid resulted in marked changes of mobilities upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and elution profiles after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 in addition to loss of biological activity by radioligand-receptor assay. After incubation, the propionic acid-treated bovine FSH recovered about 75% of the receptor-binding activity and regenerated protein bands of identical electrophoretic mobilities as the native hormone.", "contents": "Presence of subunit structure in bovine follicle-stimulating hormone. Highly purified bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) potency 164 X NIH-FSH-S-1 by bioassay was estimated to be 210 +/- 4.2 X NIH-FSH-S-1 by radioligant-receptor assay using 125I-bovine FSH as tracer but only 120 +/- 1.8 X NIH-FSH-S-1 when 125I-human FSH tracer was used. The presence of subunit structure in bovine FSH was revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, treatment of bovine FSH with 1 M propionic acid resulted in marked changes of mobilities upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and elution profiles after gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 in addition to loss of biological activity by radioligand-receptor assay. After incubation, the propionic acid-treated bovine FSH recovered about 75% of the receptor-binding activity and regenerated protein bands of identical electrophoretic mobilities as the native hormone.", "PMID": 558870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3650", "title": "Does androgen influence prolactin secretion?", "content": "In both intact and castrated male and female rats, administration of the A-ring reduced androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), consistently failed to stimulate prolactin (PRL) secretion although it inhibited LH release and, in males, stimulated ventral prostate growth. In intact females, but not in the other types of rat, DHT actually suppressed PRL release. These findings do not support generalizations, based entirely on findings with testosterone, that both \"androgens\" and estrogens exert stimulatory actions on PRL secretion. The distinct stimulatory effects of testosterone and its esters on PRL secretion seem attributable, not to their androgenic actions per se, but to the ability of testosterone to form estrogenic metabolites. This ability does not appear to be shared by the \"pure\" androgen, DHT.", "contents": "Does androgen influence prolactin secretion? In both intact and castrated male and female rats, administration of the A-ring reduced androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), consistently failed to stimulate prolactin (PRL) secretion although it inhibited LH release and, in males, stimulated ventral prostate growth. In intact females, but not in the other types of rat, DHT actually suppressed PRL release. These findings do not support generalizations, based entirely on findings with testosterone, that both \"androgens\" and estrogens exert stimulatory actions on PRL secretion. The distinct stimulatory effects of testosterone and its esters on PRL secretion seem attributable, not to their androgenic actions per se, but to the ability of testosterone to form estrogenic metabolites. This ability does not appear to be shared by the \"pure\" androgen, DHT.", "PMID": 558871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3651", "title": "The effect of triiodothyronine on 2-deoxy-D-(1-3H)glucose uptake in cultured chick embryo heart cells.", "content": "The uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[1-3H]glucose ([1-3H]DOG)by cultured chick embryo heart cells was stimulated by exposure to triiodothyronine (T3). The concentration of free T3 for half maximal stimulation of [1-3H]DOG uptake was 8.7 x 10(-10)M. Nuclear binding studies revealed that the Kd for T3 was 4.2 x 10(-10)M. The molar potencies of other thyroactive compounds in stimulating [1-3H]DOG uptake, relative to L-T3, were: 500% for 3'-isopropyl-3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine, 20% for L-thyroxine (T4), 17% for D-T3, 2.2% for D-T4, 0.6% for 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and less than 0.1% for 3',5',3-triiodo-L-thyronine and L-thyronine. These data suggest that cultured chick embryo heart cells may serve in the study of the mode of action of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "The effect of triiodothyronine on 2-deoxy-D-(1-3H)glucose uptake in cultured chick embryo heart cells. The uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[1-3H]glucose ([1-3H]DOG)by cultured chick embryo heart cells was stimulated by exposure to triiodothyronine (T3). The concentration of free T3 for half maximal stimulation of [1-3H]DOG uptake was 8.7 x 10(-10)M. Nuclear binding studies revealed that the Kd for T3 was 4.2 x 10(-10)M. The molar potencies of other thyroactive compounds in stimulating [1-3H]DOG uptake, relative to L-T3, were: 500% for 3'-isopropyl-3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine, 20% for L-thyroxine (T4), 17% for D-T3, 2.2% for D-T4, 0.6% for 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and less than 0.1% for 3',5',3-triiodo-L-thyronine and L-thyronine. These data suggest that cultured chick embryo heart cells may serve in the study of the mode of action of thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 558872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3652", "title": "The effects of actinomycin D, puromycin, cycloheximide and hydroxyurea on 3',5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in chick embryo heart cells in vitro.", "content": "The uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[1-3H]glucose ([1-3H]DOG) by cultured chick embryo heart cells was stimulated by L-triiodothyronine (T3). This stimulation began with the exposure to T3, rose linearly for about 8 h and reached a plateau around 24h. Actinomycin D, puromycin and cyclohexmide had no effect on the stimulated sugar uptake during the first 6h. These agents prevented the further increase in the rate of [1-3H]DOG uptake in T3-treated cultures that occurred between 6 and 24h. In the presence of hydroxyurea the uptake of [1-3H]DOG in both control and T3-treated cells was unchanged. These results suggest that some of the effects of T3 may not require new synthesis of either RNA, proteins or DNA.", "contents": "The effects of actinomycin D, puromycin, cycloheximide and hydroxyurea on 3',5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in chick embryo heart cells in vitro. The uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[1-3H]glucose ([1-3H]DOG) by cultured chick embryo heart cells was stimulated by L-triiodothyronine (T3). This stimulation began with the exposure to T3, rose linearly for about 8 h and reached a plateau around 24h. Actinomycin D, puromycin and cyclohexmide had no effect on the stimulated sugar uptake during the first 6h. These agents prevented the further increase in the rate of [1-3H]DOG uptake in T3-treated cultures that occurred between 6 and 24h. In the presence of hydroxyurea the uptake of [1-3H]DOG in both control and T3-treated cells was unchanged. These results suggest that some of the effects of T3 may not require new synthesis of either RNA, proteins or DNA.", "PMID": 558873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3653", "title": "A comparison of the disappearance rates of luteinizing hormone from intact and ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Hypophysectomy was performed on intact female rats during the proestrous LH surge and on ovariectomized rats, and plasma concentrations of LH were measured every 5 min for approximately the next hour. The disappearance rate of LH from ovariectomized rats corresponded to an initial half-life of 23.1 +/- 2.9 min, which is within the range previously reported for this species. The disappearance of LH from intact rats, however, corresponded to an initial half-life of 13.7 +/- 0.7 min. In a second experiment, blood was taken from ovariectomized rats and from intact female rats during the LH surge. The sera were injected iv into hypophysectomized female rats (with ovaries intact) bearing chronic venous catheters, and plasma concentrations of LH were measured every 5 min for the next hour. LH from ovariectomized rats disappeared at a rate corresponding to an initial half-life of 22.7 +/- 2.2 min, while the half-life for LH from proestrous intact rats was 13.4 +/- 1.2 min. These results suggest a change in the circulating form of LH following ovariectomy, in that LH in the ovariectomized rat is cleared more slowly. Further, it appears that LH is removed from the circulation of the intact rat at a higher rate than has previously been reported.", "contents": "A comparison of the disappearance rates of luteinizing hormone from intact and ovariectomized rats. Hypophysectomy was performed on intact female rats during the proestrous LH surge and on ovariectomized rats, and plasma concentrations of LH were measured every 5 min for approximately the next hour. The disappearance rate of LH from ovariectomized rats corresponded to an initial half-life of 23.1 +/- 2.9 min, which is within the range previously reported for this species. The disappearance of LH from intact rats, however, corresponded to an initial half-life of 13.7 +/- 0.7 min. In a second experiment, blood was taken from ovariectomized rats and from intact female rats during the LH surge. The sera were injected iv into hypophysectomized female rats (with ovaries intact) bearing chronic venous catheters, and plasma concentrations of LH were measured every 5 min for the next hour. LH from ovariectomized rats disappeared at a rate corresponding to an initial half-life of 22.7 +/- 2.2 min, while the half-life for LH from proestrous intact rats was 13.4 +/- 1.2 min. These results suggest a change in the circulating form of LH following ovariectomy, in that LH in the ovariectomized rat is cleared more slowly. Further, it appears that LH is removed from the circulation of the intact rat at a higher rate than has previously been reported.", "PMID": 558874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3654", "title": "Virilizing activities of various steroids in female rat fetuses.", "content": "Virilizing activities of nineteen steroids were examined by a method measuring the abridgment of urovaginal septum length of female rat fetuses directly under microscope, following oral administration of the steroids to the mothers for 4 days during the late period of gestation. The characteristics of the virilizing activities of the steroids seemed to depend on their chemical structures. No virilizing activities were observed in progesterone, retroprogesterone, chlormadinone acetate and nandrolone phenpropionate. The introduction of 6-methyl and 17-acetoxy groups into progesterone exhibited a marked virilizing activity. With testosterone and its derivatives, the introduction of 17alpha-ethynyl group into testosterone slightly decreased the virilizing activity compared with the parent compound. On the contrary, the introduction of [3, 2-C] pyrazole ring in addition to the saturation of A-ring strikingly increased the virilizing activity. The most active virilizing steroid in this group was stanozolol followed by oxymetholone, methyl-testosterone and dimethysterone. Testosterone propionate was assumed to be less active than methyltestosterone by this route. With 19-nortestosterone derivatives, the virilizing activities of compounds with 17alpha-ethynyl group were moderate, but the presence of 17alpha-ethyl group caused a marked increase of virilizing activity. While, nandrolone phenpropionate with long side chain at C-17 exhibited no significant virilizing activity. The present results show the possibility of the evaluation on a potential virilizing activity of compounds in the female fetus, and also suggest that a dossociation between the virilizing activity and the androgenic activity may exist among some compounds.", "contents": "Virilizing activities of various steroids in female rat fetuses. Virilizing activities of nineteen steroids were examined by a method measuring the abridgment of urovaginal septum length of female rat fetuses directly under microscope, following oral administration of the steroids to the mothers for 4 days during the late period of gestation. The characteristics of the virilizing activities of the steroids seemed to depend on their chemical structures. No virilizing activities were observed in progesterone, retroprogesterone, chlormadinone acetate and nandrolone phenpropionate. The introduction of 6-methyl and 17-acetoxy groups into progesterone exhibited a marked virilizing activity. With testosterone and its derivatives, the introduction of 17alpha-ethynyl group into testosterone slightly decreased the virilizing activity compared with the parent compound. On the contrary, the introduction of [3, 2-C] pyrazole ring in addition to the saturation of A-ring strikingly increased the virilizing activity. The most active virilizing steroid in this group was stanozolol followed by oxymetholone, methyl-testosterone and dimethysterone. Testosterone propionate was assumed to be less active than methyltestosterone by this route. With 19-nortestosterone derivatives, the virilizing activities of compounds with 17alpha-ethynyl group were moderate, but the presence of 17alpha-ethyl group caused a marked increase of virilizing activity. While, nandrolone phenpropionate with long side chain at C-17 exhibited no significant virilizing activity. The present results show the possibility of the evaluation on a potential virilizing activity of compounds in the female fetus, and also suggest that a dossociation between the virilizing activity and the androgenic activity may exist among some compounds.", "PMID": 558879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3655", "title": "Ovulation in light-estrous rats induced by darkness.", "content": "Adult female rats show continual vaginal cornification and cease ovulation a few weeks after they are exposed to continuous lighting (light-estrous rats). When these rats were placed in the darkness for 10 hr, 80% of the animal ovulated approximately 46 hr later. Peripheral LH increased to a small peak immediately after placing in darkness concomitant with a decrease in pituitary LH content; a large peak, 20 times higher than the basal LH level, was observed at 20 to 22 hr. Progesterone concentration in ovarian vein blood remained at extremely low levels while estrogen levels tended to rise after small LH peak. This estrogen rise appeared to play an important role in inducing the main LH peak. Simulation of the small LH peak by low doses of exogenous LH succeeded in inducing ovulation of light-estrous rats in similar fashion to the exposure of light-estrous rats to 10-hr darkness. Therefore, the small amount of LH secretion observed after the initiation of the darkness-treatment may be considered as a trigger for the whole sequence of hormonal changes leading to ovulation.", "contents": "Ovulation in light-estrous rats induced by darkness. Adult female rats show continual vaginal cornification and cease ovulation a few weeks after they are exposed to continuous lighting (light-estrous rats). When these rats were placed in the darkness for 10 hr, 80% of the animal ovulated approximately 46 hr later. Peripheral LH increased to a small peak immediately after placing in darkness concomitant with a decrease in pituitary LH content; a large peak, 20 times higher than the basal LH level, was observed at 20 to 22 hr. Progesterone concentration in ovarian vein blood remained at extremely low levels while estrogen levels tended to rise after small LH peak. This estrogen rise appeared to play an important role in inducing the main LH peak. Simulation of the small LH peak by low doses of exogenous LH succeeded in inducing ovulation of light-estrous rats in similar fashion to the exposure of light-estrous rats to 10-hr darkness. Therefore, the small amount of LH secretion observed after the initiation of the darkness-treatment may be considered as a trigger for the whole sequence of hormonal changes leading to ovulation.", "PMID": 558880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3656", "title": "Interferon-induced antibody suppression: a selective effect on high density, late responding precursor cells.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells have been fractionated into three subpopulations by density gradient centrifugation and the effect of interferon on the ability of each fraction to generate an antibody response in vitro has been examined. The results show that only the antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP) of the high density, late responding fraction are suppressed by interferon. The presence of interferon had no effect on either the number or the mean size of clones of antibody-forming cells in cultures of the low and medium density fractions. Interferon-mediated suppression of the response of high density precursors was due to a decrease in the number but not the size of responding clones. These results suggest that interferon suppresses antibody responses by affecting the degree to which high density AFCP can becoming activated rather than the degree to which precursors proliferate.", "contents": "Interferon-induced antibody suppression: a selective effect on high density, late responding precursor cells. Mouse spleen cells have been fractionated into three subpopulations by density gradient centrifugation and the effect of interferon on the ability of each fraction to generate an antibody response in vitro has been examined. The results show that only the antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP) of the high density, late responding fraction are suppressed by interferon. The presence of interferon had no effect on either the number or the mean size of clones of antibody-forming cells in cultures of the low and medium density fractions. Interferon-mediated suppression of the response of high density precursors was due to a decrease in the number but not the size of responding clones. These results suggest that interferon suppresses antibody responses by affecting the degree to which high density AFCP can becoming activated rather than the degree to which precursors proliferate.", "PMID": 558882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3657", "title": "Comparison of the production rates of bacteria in the rumen estimated by using labelled live and formaldehyde treated mixed bacterial cells.", "content": "The bacteria production rates in the rumen have been estimated by injecting 14C- and 35S-labelled mixed rumen bacteria, either live or killed by treatment with formaldehyde, into the rumen and applying isotope dilution technique. The rate of bacteria production when estimated by using either live- or dead-(protected-)labelled bacterial cells were comparable.", "contents": "Comparison of the production rates of bacteria in the rumen estimated by using labelled live and formaldehyde treated mixed bacterial cells. The bacteria production rates in the rumen have been estimated by injecting 14C- and 35S-labelled mixed rumen bacteria, either live or killed by treatment with formaldehyde, into the rumen and applying isotope dilution technique. The rate of bacteria production when estimated by using either live- or dead-(protected-)labelled bacterial cells were comparable.", "PMID": 558908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3658", "title": "Preferential neurotoxicity of pentobarbital on nerve and glial cells in culture.", "content": "The effect of pentobarbital was studied in a mixed population of nerve and glial cells dissociated from brains of 7-day chick embryos and maintained in culture. Pentobarbital-Na was added in various concentrations ranging from 5 X 10(-5) M to 1 X 10(-3) M. The neuronal density was monitored by counting the neurons, neuronal identity was established by staining for Nissl Bodies and acetylcholinesterase. Over a culture period of 3 weeks, it was found that the barbiturate exerts a preferential dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on neurons.", "contents": "Preferential neurotoxicity of pentobarbital on nerve and glial cells in culture. The effect of pentobarbital was studied in a mixed population of nerve and glial cells dissociated from brains of 7-day chick embryos and maintained in culture. Pentobarbital-Na was added in various concentrations ranging from 5 X 10(-5) M to 1 X 10(-3) M. The neuronal density was monitored by counting the neurons, neuronal identity was established by staining for Nissl Bodies and acetylcholinesterase. Over a culture period of 3 weeks, it was found that the barbiturate exerts a preferential dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on neurons.", "PMID": 558910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3659", "title": "Changes in brain dopamine levels and aggressive behavior with aging in 2 mouse strains.", "content": "The genetic programming of brain monoamine changes with aging show remarkable differences in 2 mouse strains. A marked increase in dopamine occurred in 32-week-old grouped ICR mice and the males showed intense irritability and aggressive behavior. Brain amines changed only slightly in old C57BL6J mice and behavior remained benign. Old females showed similar amine changes but aggresive behavior did not occur in either strain.", "contents": "Changes in brain dopamine levels and aggressive behavior with aging in 2 mouse strains. The genetic programming of brain monoamine changes with aging show remarkable differences in 2 mouse strains. A marked increase in dopamine occurred in 32-week-old grouped ICR mice and the males showed intense irritability and aggressive behavior. Brain amines changed only slightly in old C57BL6J mice and behavior remained benign. Old females showed similar amine changes but aggresive behavior did not occur in either strain.", "PMID": 558913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3660", "title": "Incidence of antisperm antibody levels and granulomas in men.", "content": "Blood samples were collected from 77 men at the time of vasovasostomy and tested for the presence of antisperm antibodies. More men with granulomas had sperm-immobilizing antibodies than did those without granulomas.", "contents": "Incidence of antisperm antibody levels and granulomas in men. Blood samples were collected from 77 men at the time of vasovasostomy and tested for the presence of antisperm antibodies. More men with granulomas had sperm-immobilizing antibodies than did those without granulomas.", "PMID": 558921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3661", "title": "Publicity and the public health: the elimination of IUD-related abortion deaths.", "content": "Widespread publicity in the mass media about the dangers of leaving an IUD in place in a pregnant uterus was apparently more effective than traditional scientific publication and drug package inserts in getting doctors to remove devices from pregnant patients. This suggests that such publicity could be effective in improving clinical practice and the public health in other instances, such as getting doctors to prescribe and women to request birth control pills with lower doses of estrogen, and persuading women to obtain early rather than the riskier midtrimester abortions.", "contents": "Publicity and the public health: the elimination of IUD-related abortion deaths. Widespread publicity in the mass media about the dangers of leaving an IUD in place in a pregnant uterus was apparently more effective than traditional scientific publication and drug package inserts in getting doctors to remove devices from pregnant patients. This suggests that such publicity could be effective in improving clinical practice and the public health in other instances, such as getting doctors to prescribe and women to request birth control pills with lower doses of estrogen, and persuading women to obtain early rather than the riskier midtrimester abortions.", "PMID": 558916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3662", "title": "The management of premature ejaculation.", "content": "The problems associated with the treatment of premature ejaculation are discussed. The types of men who present with premature ejaculation are described. Behavioural procedures and the role played by clomipramine (Anafranil) in the treatment of the condition are mentioned, and a rational approach to treatment is presented.", "contents": "The management of premature ejaculation. The problems associated with the treatment of premature ejaculation are discussed. The types of men who present with premature ejaculation are described. Behavioural procedures and the role played by clomipramine (Anafranil) in the treatment of the condition are mentioned, and a rational approach to treatment is presented.", "PMID": 558923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3663", "title": "[Considerations on the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Several physiopathological, diagnostic and therapeutic considerations have arisen from the observation of an operated case of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis associated with mitralic insufficiency and fibrosis of the interventricular septum. Keeping in mind the variability of the clinical pictures and the functional and anatomical factors which determine the clinical picture of the hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, it is concluded that a careful, unbiassed, clinical approach is necessary to determine the therapeutic procedure in each individual case.", "contents": "[Considerations on the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (author's transl)]. Several physiopathological, diagnostic and therapeutic considerations have arisen from the observation of an operated case of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis associated with mitralic insufficiency and fibrosis of the interventricular septum. Keeping in mind the variability of the clinical pictures and the functional and anatomical factors which determine the clinical picture of the hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, it is concluded that a careful, unbiassed, clinical approach is necessary to determine the therapeutic procedure in each individual case.", "PMID": 558929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3664", "title": "Relation of food consumption to cancer mortality in Japan, with special reference to international figures.", "content": "The present study was designed to examine the epidemiological association of food consumption with cancer mortality in Japan, if any, in comparison with similar examinations in developed countries including Japan, in a search for dietary factors in cancer etiology. Whereas food consumption patterns in Japan was believed to be specific among developed countries, this study revealed that the correlation matrix among major foods both for international and Japanese data made it possible to categorize these foods into two groups with some similar patterns, since there should be observed a positive or negative correlation for each pair of foods. The patterns for correlation of food consumption to cancer mortality in Japan were found to be considerably different from those in developed countries, and this suggested that the epidemiological association between the two in Japan, if any, could be specifically evaluated from that in develop countries. The urban-type region for food consumption in Japan, however, indicated a possible westernization for the relation of food consumption to cancer mortality as well as for food consumption patterns, whereas the traditional Japanese region for food consumption did not indicate any similarity with westernization for the relationship between food consumption and cancer mortality, as well as for food consumption patterns. The above findings also suggested that there might be a possible significance for the regionalization of Japan in such studies, and that the urbanization of food consumption patterns in Japan would show that this country has a similar pattern of association between food consumption and cancer mortality as observed among developed countries in Europe and/or North America.", "contents": "Relation of food consumption to cancer mortality in Japan, with special reference to international figures. The present study was designed to examine the epidemiological association of food consumption with cancer mortality in Japan, if any, in comparison with similar examinations in developed countries including Japan, in a search for dietary factors in cancer etiology. Whereas food consumption patterns in Japan was believed to be specific among developed countries, this study revealed that the correlation matrix among major foods both for international and Japanese data made it possible to categorize these foods into two groups with some similar patterns, since there should be observed a positive or negative correlation for each pair of foods. The patterns for correlation of food consumption to cancer mortality in Japan were found to be considerably different from those in developed countries, and this suggested that the epidemiological association between the two in Japan, if any, could be specifically evaluated from that in develop countries. The urban-type region for food consumption in Japan, however, indicated a possible westernization for the relation of food consumption to cancer mortality as well as for food consumption patterns, whereas the traditional Japanese region for food consumption did not indicate any similarity with westernization for the relationship between food consumption and cancer mortality, as well as for food consumption patterns. The above findings also suggested that there might be a possible significance for the regionalization of Japan in such studies, and that the urbanization of food consumption patterns in Japan would show that this country has a similar pattern of association between food consumption and cancer mortality as observed among developed countries in Europe and/or North America.", "PMID": 558930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3665", "title": "Effect of the inoculum size of cells on the maintenance of diploidy in cultured liver cells of the rat.", "content": "In culture, a cloned rat liver cell line, J-5-2, exhibited a high diploidy for 200 days after the last cloning (diploid line) but, thereafter, pseudodiploid cells gradually increased in number (pseudodiploid line). These diploid and pseudodiploid lines were inoculated at various sizes, and chromosome analysis was performed for 75 days of serial passages. Diploid line showed an increase of pseudodiploid cells at a large inoculum size. On the other hand, more than 80% of the cells examined maintained the diploid karyotype at a small inoculum size. Pseudodiploid line showed an increase of pseudodiploid cells at a large inoculum size and of diploid cells at a small inoculum size. These pseudodiploid cells contained three types of marker chromosomes, in which number 1 chromosome was found to be involved by the G-banding methods. The saturation density of the pseudodiploid line was much higher than that of the diploid line, and plating efficiency of the diploid line was also significantly higher than that of the pseudodiploid line, although the populating doubling time of these two lines was almost the same. Possible mechanisms for the effect of different inoculum sizes on the incidence of diploid cells and pseudodiploid cells are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of the inoculum size of cells on the maintenance of diploidy in cultured liver cells of the rat. In culture, a cloned rat liver cell line, J-5-2, exhibited a high diploidy for 200 days after the last cloning (diploid line) but, thereafter, pseudodiploid cells gradually increased in number (pseudodiploid line). These diploid and pseudodiploid lines were inoculated at various sizes, and chromosome analysis was performed for 75 days of serial passages. Diploid line showed an increase of pseudodiploid cells at a large inoculum size. On the other hand, more than 80% of the cells examined maintained the diploid karyotype at a small inoculum size. Pseudodiploid line showed an increase of pseudodiploid cells at a large inoculum size and of diploid cells at a small inoculum size. These pseudodiploid cells contained three types of marker chromosomes, in which number 1 chromosome was found to be involved by the G-banding methods. The saturation density of the pseudodiploid line was much higher than that of the diploid line, and plating efficiency of the diploid line was also significantly higher than that of the pseudodiploid line, although the populating doubling time of these two lines was almost the same. Possible mechanisms for the effect of different inoculum sizes on the incidence of diploid cells and pseudodiploid cells are discussed.", "PMID": 558931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3666", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro of human lymphocytes against a cervical cancer cell line.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with uterine cervical cancer were tested against a cervical cancer cell line by micro-cytotoxicity assay. In stage O, high degree of cytotoxicity was observed but it decreased with progression of disease. In stage IV and recurrent cases, cytotoxic activity was negligible. Lymphocytes from healthy controls and myoma patients were not cytotoxic against target cells. On the other hand, lymphocyte response of phytohemagglutinin as a nonspecific T-cell activity was as high as the of healthy control in stage O, but the response decreased in stages I to IV and recurrent cases. In stages I to III, several cases showed cytotoxic activity but decreased response to phytohemagglutinin.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro of human lymphocytes against a cervical cancer cell line. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with uterine cervical cancer were tested against a cervical cancer cell line by micro-cytotoxicity assay. In stage O, high degree of cytotoxicity was observed but it decreased with progression of disease. In stage IV and recurrent cases, cytotoxic activity was negligible. Lymphocytes from healthy controls and myoma patients were not cytotoxic against target cells. On the other hand, lymphocyte response of phytohemagglutinin as a nonspecific T-cell activity was as high as the of healthy control in stage O, but the response decreased in stages I to IV and recurrent cases. In stages I to III, several cases showed cytotoxic activity but decreased response to phytohemagglutinin.", "PMID": 558932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3667", "title": "Genetic analysis of a strain of mice plateaued for litter size.", "content": "A strain of mice (S1) was successfully selected for large litter size for 31 generations, increasing the mean by 4.2 young per litter. After generation 31, there was no further progress and it was concluded that a selection plateau had been reached. Realized heritability decreased during the course of the experiment from 0.16+/-0.06 for the first 15 generations to 0.00+/-0.03 for generations 30 through 45.--In order to explore the nature of the selection plateau, the following groups were derived from line S1 at generation 34 or 35: Upward selection with inbreeding (SF), random (relaxed) selection (SO), and downward selection (SR). Selections were carried out for 10 to 11 generations. The means of SO and SF were similar to those of S1, ruling out any major effect of natural selection or overdominance. SR decreased, the mean averaging 2.3 young per litter below that of S1 during the last three generations. The fact that SR responded to selection indicates that genetic variance was still present in the plateaued population. The SF sublines were crossed when the inbreeding was 95% and a new line, SX, was formed. SX was maintained for three generations and the difference of +0.7 young per litter above the contemporary generations of S1 was significant. The results from this experiment suggest that the selection plateau in line S1 was caused by reduction of additive genetic variance to a very low level. Some nonadditive genetic variance remained, however, and was attributed to recessive alleles at low frequency. In agreement with results reported by Falconer (1971), inbreeding with selection followed by crossing of the inbred sublines proved to be effective in overcoming a selection plateau in litter size.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of a strain of mice plateaued for litter size. A strain of mice (S1) was successfully selected for large litter size for 31 generations, increasing the mean by 4.2 young per litter. After generation 31, there was no further progress and it was concluded that a selection plateau had been reached. Realized heritability decreased during the course of the experiment from 0.16+/-0.06 for the first 15 generations to 0.00+/-0.03 for generations 30 through 45.--In order to explore the nature of the selection plateau, the following groups were derived from line S1 at generation 34 or 35: Upward selection with inbreeding (SF), random (relaxed) selection (SO), and downward selection (SR). Selections were carried out for 10 to 11 generations. The means of SO and SF were similar to those of S1, ruling out any major effect of natural selection or overdominance. SR decreased, the mean averaging 2.3 young per litter below that of S1 during the last three generations. The fact that SR responded to selection indicates that genetic variance was still present in the plateaued population. The SF sublines were crossed when the inbreeding was 95% and a new line, SX, was formed. SX was maintained for three generations and the difference of +0.7 young per litter above the contemporary generations of S1 was significant. The results from this experiment suggest that the selection plateau in line S1 was caused by reduction of additive genetic variance to a very low level. Some nonadditive genetic variance remained, however, and was attributed to recessive alleles at low frequency. In agreement with results reported by Falconer (1971), inbreeding with selection followed by crossing of the inbred sublines proved to be effective in overcoming a selection plateau in litter size.", "PMID": 558934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3668", "title": "Determination of tissue thromboplastin activity.", "content": "The one-stage prothrombin time test for tissue thromboplastin activity was evaluated using the correction method. A strong influence of the intrinsic system was seen depending on the clotting time and the type of tubes. This test was unsuitable for quantitative comparison of thromboplastin activity of different preparations. Subsequently a two-stage assay for human thromboplastin is described using purified human factor VII, artifically prepared factor VII reagent, and a phospholipid suspension. The correction method, applicated to this two-stage assay, resulted in a rectilinear dose-response curve when the clotting times of a thromboplastin dilution series were plotted against the reciprocal of the concentrations. Using this test system it could be shown that thromboplastin from porcine tissue can activate human factor VII quite well, while that from bovine tissue cannot.", "contents": "Determination of tissue thromboplastin activity. The one-stage prothrombin time test for tissue thromboplastin activity was evaluated using the correction method. A strong influence of the intrinsic system was seen depending on the clotting time and the type of tubes. This test was unsuitable for quantitative comparison of thromboplastin activity of different preparations. Subsequently a two-stage assay for human thromboplastin is described using purified human factor VII, artifically prepared factor VII reagent, and a phospholipid suspension. The correction method, applicated to this two-stage assay, resulted in a rectilinear dose-response curve when the clotting times of a thromboplastin dilution series were plotted against the reciprocal of the concentrations. Using this test system it could be shown that thromboplastin from porcine tissue can activate human factor VII quite well, while that from bovine tissue cannot.", "PMID": 558936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3669", "title": "[Effects of secretin on renal functions in the dog].", "content": "In anesthetized mongreal dogs, the intrarenal arterial (0.2 approximately 1.0 unit/kg-min) and the intravenous infusion (0.4 approximately 2.0 unit/kg-min) of secretin caused dose-dependent increase of RBF, accompanied by decreases of the calculated afferent arteriolar resistance (Ra) and efferent arteriolar resistance (Re), but produced no significant effect on GFR, urine flow, electrolyte excretion, osmolar clearance and free water reabsorption. The distribution of cortical blood flow was examined using the radioactive microsphere technique. The intrarenal infusion of secretin (1.0 unit/kg-min) increased renal cortical blood flow in the juxtamedullary area much more than in the superficial area, shifting the blood flow from the outer to the inner zone. Simultaneous intrarenal infusion of secretin (1.0 unit/kg-min) and glucagon (0.5 microng/kg-min) produced increases in GFR, urine flow and electrolyte excretion to a lesser degree than those induced by glucagon alone, whereas the increment in RBF and the decreases in Ra and Re were almost to the same degree as those caused by secretin alone. The present results indicate that secretin produces the dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles, resulting in an increase in RBF, with no change in GFR and urine flow, and that the effects of glucagon on renal functions are masked by secretin mainly through the effects of renal hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Effects of secretin on renal functions in the dog]. In anesthetized mongreal dogs, the intrarenal arterial (0.2 approximately 1.0 unit/kg-min) and the intravenous infusion (0.4 approximately 2.0 unit/kg-min) of secretin caused dose-dependent increase of RBF, accompanied by decreases of the calculated afferent arteriolar resistance (Ra) and efferent arteriolar resistance (Re), but produced no significant effect on GFR, urine flow, electrolyte excretion, osmolar clearance and free water reabsorption. The distribution of cortical blood flow was examined using the radioactive microsphere technique. The intrarenal infusion of secretin (1.0 unit/kg-min) increased renal cortical blood flow in the juxtamedullary area much more than in the superficial area, shifting the blood flow from the outer to the inner zone. Simultaneous intrarenal infusion of secretin (1.0 unit/kg-min) and glucagon (0.5 microng/kg-min) produced increases in GFR, urine flow and electrolyte excretion to a lesser degree than those induced by glucagon alone, whereas the increment in RBF and the decreases in Ra and Re were almost to the same degree as those caused by secretin alone. The present results indicate that secretin produces the dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles, resulting in an increase in RBF, with no change in GFR and urine flow, and that the effects of glucagon on renal functions are masked by secretin mainly through the effects of renal hemodynamics.", "PMID": 558940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3670", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of 2-(5H-(1)benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)propionic acid (Y-8004). (3) Its interaction with anti-inflammatory agents].", "content": "Interactions of Y-8004 with anti-inflammatory agents were examined in the carrageenin foot edema and adjuvant induced arthritis tests. The combined administration of hydrocortisone with Y-8004 or other acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents resulted in a synergistic inhibition of edema. The therapeutic effect of a combination of hydrocortisone and Y-8004 was found to be greater than the effect produced by each of the component agents at corresponding doses in the adjuvant induced arthritis test. Y-8004 also maintained the therapeutic effect of prednisolone by alternative administration in succession to prednisolone therapy as well as indomethacin. On the other hand, the combined effect of acetylsalicylic acid with Y-8004 was antagonistic at the combined ratio in 25 to 1, but synergistic at the combined ratio in 100 to 1. Similar results were obtained in combinations of Y-8004 and indomethacin. The acute toxicity of Y-8004 in rats was potentiated by the combined administration of hydrocortisone or acetylsalicylic acid. The toxicity of indomethacin was, however, antagonized by a combined administration with acetylsalicylic acid as well as the anti-inflammatory activity of indomethacin. These results suggest that Y-8004 may make feasible a reduction in dosage or a withdrawal of the steroid prescription. Antagonism between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents has yet to be established.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of 2-(5H-(1)benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)propionic acid (Y-8004). (3) Its interaction with anti-inflammatory agents]. Interactions of Y-8004 with anti-inflammatory agents were examined in the carrageenin foot edema and adjuvant induced arthritis tests. The combined administration of hydrocortisone with Y-8004 or other acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents resulted in a synergistic inhibition of edema. The therapeutic effect of a combination of hydrocortisone and Y-8004 was found to be greater than the effect produced by each of the component agents at corresponding doses in the adjuvant induced arthritis test. Y-8004 also maintained the therapeutic effect of prednisolone by alternative administration in succession to prednisolone therapy as well as indomethacin. On the other hand, the combined effect of acetylsalicylic acid with Y-8004 was antagonistic at the combined ratio in 25 to 1, but synergistic at the combined ratio in 100 to 1. Similar results were obtained in combinations of Y-8004 and indomethacin. The acute toxicity of Y-8004 in rats was potentiated by the combined administration of hydrocortisone or acetylsalicylic acid. The toxicity of indomethacin was, however, antagonized by a combined administration with acetylsalicylic acid as well as the anti-inflammatory activity of indomethacin. These results suggest that Y-8004 may make feasible a reduction in dosage or a withdrawal of the steroid prescription. Antagonism between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents has yet to be established.", "PMID": 558941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3671", "title": "[Pharmacological study on 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (ID-690), with special reference to the effects on motor systems].", "content": "Effects of ID-690 on motor systems were compared with those of clonazepam, diazepam and nitrazepam. ID-690 exerted muscle relaxant action in the rotarod method using rats and mice; this action was almost equal in potency to clonazepam and nitrazepam and more potent than diazepam. Pretreatment with ID-690, clonazepam and nitrazepam increased the sleeping time of mice under thiopental anesthesia to the same degree, whereas diazepam produced a lesser effect. ID-690 was almost equal in potency to diazepam and nitrazepam in protecting against oxotremorine-induced tremor in mice, and approximately 10 times as potent as clonazepam. The anticonvulsant action of ID-690 was similar to that of clonazepam. These benzodiazepines effectively augmented the dorsal root reflexes, while showing no effects on the ventral root reflexes. Rigidity in rats due to anemic decerebration was not affected after intraduodenal administration of these drugs, while phasic augmentation of the rigidity by mechanical stimulation of the hind limb was clearly depressed. These drugs had no effects on the neuromuscular junction. From these results, it is concluded that ID-690 has a wider pharmacological spectrum than clonazepam, is almost equal in potency to nitrazepam and is more potent than diazepam.", "contents": "[Pharmacological study on 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (ID-690), with special reference to the effects on motor systems]. Effects of ID-690 on motor systems were compared with those of clonazepam, diazepam and nitrazepam. ID-690 exerted muscle relaxant action in the rotarod method using rats and mice; this action was almost equal in potency to clonazepam and nitrazepam and more potent than diazepam. Pretreatment with ID-690, clonazepam and nitrazepam increased the sleeping time of mice under thiopental anesthesia to the same degree, whereas diazepam produced a lesser effect. ID-690 was almost equal in potency to diazepam and nitrazepam in protecting against oxotremorine-induced tremor in mice, and approximately 10 times as potent as clonazepam. The anticonvulsant action of ID-690 was similar to that of clonazepam. These benzodiazepines effectively augmented the dorsal root reflexes, while showing no effects on the ventral root reflexes. Rigidity in rats due to anemic decerebration was not affected after intraduodenal administration of these drugs, while phasic augmentation of the rigidity by mechanical stimulation of the hind limb was clearly depressed. These drugs had no effects on the neuromuscular junction. From these results, it is concluded that ID-690 has a wider pharmacological spectrum than clonazepam, is almost equal in potency to nitrazepam and is more potent than diazepam.", "PMID": 558942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3672", "title": "[Analgesic effect of pentazocine and its action on nociceptive afferent pathway].", "content": "Nociceptive stimulus was applied to the skin of adult cats by pinching with a serrated forceps or by radiant heat with Pain meter. This stimulation caused motor or emotional responses such as movements of the head and trunk, vocalization, escape and attack. After the administration of pentazocine, these responses disappeared and the animals behaved normally. Analgesic action appeared approximately 15 min after the administration and lasted more than 90 min. Effects of pentazocine on pain-afferent pathways were studied and the evoked potential was recorded by tibial nerve stimulation. Though pentazocine did not influence the evoked potential recorded from somatic sensory area I and mesencephalic central gray, the evoked potential in pre-central association area, nucleus centralis lateralis, nucleus suprageniculatus-limitans and reticularis pontis caudalis was reduced by pentazocine.", "contents": "[Analgesic effect of pentazocine and its action on nociceptive afferent pathway]. Nociceptive stimulus was applied to the skin of adult cats by pinching with a serrated forceps or by radiant heat with Pain meter. This stimulation caused motor or emotional responses such as movements of the head and trunk, vocalization, escape and attack. After the administration of pentazocine, these responses disappeared and the animals behaved normally. Analgesic action appeared approximately 15 min after the administration and lasted more than 90 min. Effects of pentazocine on pain-afferent pathways were studied and the evoked potential was recorded by tibial nerve stimulation. Though pentazocine did not influence the evoked potential recorded from somatic sensory area I and mesencephalic central gray, the evoked potential in pre-central association area, nucleus centralis lateralis, nucleus suprageniculatus-limitans and reticularis pontis caudalis was reduced by pentazocine.", "PMID": 558943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3673", "title": "[Central effects of beta-phenylethylamines. (8). Increase in spontaneous motor activities of mice caused by intracerebrally administered metaramino].", "content": "Metaraminol (MA) (40, 80 and 160 microng) was injected i.c. into mice and spontaneous motor activity (SMA) measured by photo-cell counters method was found to increase 30 min after the injection. Ninety min after, the SMA was restored to the saline treated control. MA (80 microng i.c.) was also injected into isocarboxazide (Iso) pretreated mice and the SMA markdly increased as compared with the Iso+saline treated group or tween+MA treated group. When MA was injected i.c. into alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) pretreated mice, the SMA significantly increased as compared with that of the alpha-MT+saline treated group, but there was a decrease as compared with that of the tween+saline or tween+MA treated group. In alpha-MT treated mice. L-Dopa restored the hyper-motor activity of animals treated with MA. Diethyldithiocarbamate (700mg/kg i.p.) had no influence, whereas haloperidol markedly blocked the hyper-motor activity induced by MA. The hyper-motor activity induced by MA in mice raised the question of a possible role of noradrenaline and dopamine in the mediation of this action.", "contents": "[Central effects of beta-phenylethylamines. (8). Increase in spontaneous motor activities of mice caused by intracerebrally administered metaramino]. Metaraminol (MA) (40, 80 and 160 microng) was injected i.c. into mice and spontaneous motor activity (SMA) measured by photo-cell counters method was found to increase 30 min after the injection. Ninety min after, the SMA was restored to the saline treated control. MA (80 microng i.c.) was also injected into isocarboxazide (Iso) pretreated mice and the SMA markdly increased as compared with the Iso+saline treated group or tween+MA treated group. When MA was injected i.c. into alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) pretreated mice, the SMA significantly increased as compared with that of the alpha-MT+saline treated group, but there was a decrease as compared with that of the tween+saline or tween+MA treated group. In alpha-MT treated mice. L-Dopa restored the hyper-motor activity of animals treated with MA. Diethyldithiocarbamate (700mg/kg i.p.) had no influence, whereas haloperidol markedly blocked the hyper-motor activity induced by MA. The hyper-motor activity induced by MA in mice raised the question of a possible role of noradrenaline and dopamine in the mediation of this action.", "PMID": 558944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3674", "title": "[Study of intracranial dynamics by applying a water-soluble contrast medium, N-methylglucamine iothalamate, to the dog brain].", "content": "The water-soluble contrast medium, N-methylglucamine iothalamate (NMGI), when injected in a dose of 1 ml into the cerebral parenchyma space of dogs (Feldberg's method), diffused within the lateral ventricle at a constant rate of flow against the nerve fibers running therein. Such was recorded by X-ray television and 16 mm cinecamera. Injection of the same dose into the subarachnoid space, however, did not produce these phenomena. Differences in the mode of transfer from brain to heart as the result of three different sites of application (ventricle, parenchyma and subarachnoid space) were investigated using 131I labeled NMBI, the determination of radioactivity being made by two scintillation detectors situated at the head and the heart. The determination of RI activity revealed that the above mentioned three areas of brain have their own characteristic pattern of attenuation from brain to heart, particularly in the case of subarachnoid application. Clonic convulsions after intracranial administration of NMGI in dogs occurred when NMGI was given into the parenchyma but not when given into the ventricle.", "contents": "[Study of intracranial dynamics by applying a water-soluble contrast medium, N-methylglucamine iothalamate, to the dog brain]. The water-soluble contrast medium, N-methylglucamine iothalamate (NMGI), when injected in a dose of 1 ml into the cerebral parenchyma space of dogs (Feldberg's method), diffused within the lateral ventricle at a constant rate of flow against the nerve fibers running therein. Such was recorded by X-ray television and 16 mm cinecamera. Injection of the same dose into the subarachnoid space, however, did not produce these phenomena. Differences in the mode of transfer from brain to heart as the result of three different sites of application (ventricle, parenchyma and subarachnoid space) were investigated using 131I labeled NMBI, the determination of radioactivity being made by two scintillation detectors situated at the head and the heart. The determination of RI activity revealed that the above mentioned three areas of brain have their own characteristic pattern of attenuation from brain to heart, particularly in the case of subarachnoid application. Clonic convulsions after intracranial administration of NMGI in dogs occurred when NMGI was given into the parenchyma but not when given into the ventricle.", "PMID": 558945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3675", "title": "[Effects of adenosine compounds of the vascular bed and effects of dilazep, theophylline, and indomethacin on blood flow changes of the postocclusive renal vessels].", "content": "In anesthetized dogs, intrarenal arterial injections of adenosine (Ads) and adenosine 5' monophosphate (AMP) caused transient, vasoconstrictions, but those of adenosine 5' diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) caused vasodilations. All of these agents produced marked vasodilations in the mesenteric and femoral vascular beds. An i.v. injection of dilazep (10--30 microng/kg) enhanced significnatly the effects of Ads and AMP at these three vascular beds, whereas this compound had no effects on results with ADP, ATP, norepinephrine and angiotensin. Administration of theophylline (10--30 mg/kg) given intravenously attenuated Ads and AMP actions, but had no effects on the other four agents. Renal vasoconstrictions induced by Ads. AMP, norepinephrine and angiotensin were followed by slight vasodilations which were abolished by indomethacin (2--5 mg/kg) given intravenously. Based on these findings postocclusive renal vascular responses were examined. The responses were divided into two phases. Phase1 was the initial decrease and phase2 was the successive gradual increase in renal blood flow (RBF). Phase 1 was significantly potentiated by dilazep, but inhibited by theophylline. Phase2 was abolished by indomethacin. These results indicate that the postocclusive renal vascular responses may be mediated through Ads and/or AMP and prostaglandins released from the kidney.", "contents": "[Effects of adenosine compounds of the vascular bed and effects of dilazep, theophylline, and indomethacin on blood flow changes of the postocclusive renal vessels]. In anesthetized dogs, intrarenal arterial injections of adenosine (Ads) and adenosine 5' monophosphate (AMP) caused transient, vasoconstrictions, but those of adenosine 5' diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) caused vasodilations. All of these agents produced marked vasodilations in the mesenteric and femoral vascular beds. An i.v. injection of dilazep (10--30 microng/kg) enhanced significnatly the effects of Ads and AMP at these three vascular beds, whereas this compound had no effects on results with ADP, ATP, norepinephrine and angiotensin. Administration of theophylline (10--30 mg/kg) given intravenously attenuated Ads and AMP actions, but had no effects on the other four agents. Renal vasoconstrictions induced by Ads. AMP, norepinephrine and angiotensin were followed by slight vasodilations which were abolished by indomethacin (2--5 mg/kg) given intravenously. Based on these findings postocclusive renal vascular responses were examined. The responses were divided into two phases. Phase1 was the initial decrease and phase2 was the successive gradual increase in renal blood flow (RBF). Phase 1 was significantly potentiated by dilazep, but inhibited by theophylline. Phase2 was abolished by indomethacin. These results indicate that the postocclusive renal vascular responses may be mediated through Ads and/or AMP and prostaglandins released from the kidney.", "PMID": 558949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3676", "title": "The effect of diazepam, chlorpromazine and amobarbital on the contingent negative variation.", "content": "The effects of diazepam (5 mg), chlorpromazine (CPZ, 12.5 mg) and amobarbital (100 mg) on the contingent negative variation (CNV) at Cz and Oz were studied in groups of 10 subjects each. Amobarbital and placebo were given by the double-blind crossover method. Two kinds of experimental paradigms were used: Click (warning stimulus, S1)--flashes (imperative stimulus, S2)--and click--electrical stimulation--motor response. The results obtained were as follows; 1) CNV amplitudes were decreased significantly by administration of diazepam only at Cz when S2 was flashes and at both Cz and Oz when S2 was electrical stimulation. 2) CPZ-induced effects were of either augmentation or decrement in CNV amplitudes depending on the subject and on the modality of S2. Involvement of dose-dependent factor was suggested. 3) Amobarbital and placebo did not give any significant changes to the CNV. 4) Significant correlations between CNV amplitudes at Cz and Oz were found before drug administration and even after taking drugs exclusive of diazepam. Its decremental ratio from Cz to Oz was approximately 0.6 to 0.8. The correlation coefficient became to be insignificant after taking diazepam only when S2 was flashes.", "contents": "The effect of diazepam, chlorpromazine and amobarbital on the contingent negative variation. The effects of diazepam (5 mg), chlorpromazine (CPZ, 12.5 mg) and amobarbital (100 mg) on the contingent negative variation (CNV) at Cz and Oz were studied in groups of 10 subjects each. Amobarbital and placebo were given by the double-blind crossover method. Two kinds of experimental paradigms were used: Click (warning stimulus, S1)--flashes (imperative stimulus, S2)--and click--electrical stimulation--motor response. The results obtained were as follows; 1) CNV amplitudes were decreased significantly by administration of diazepam only at Cz when S2 was flashes and at both Cz and Oz when S2 was electrical stimulation. 2) CPZ-induced effects were of either augmentation or decrement in CNV amplitudes depending on the subject and on the modality of S2. Involvement of dose-dependent factor was suggested. 3) Amobarbital and placebo did not give any significant changes to the CNV. 4) Significant correlations between CNV amplitudes at Cz and Oz were found before drug administration and even after taking drugs exclusive of diazepam. Its decremental ratio from Cz to Oz was approximately 0.6 to 0.8. The correlation coefficient became to be insignificant after taking diazepam only when S2 was flashes.", "PMID": 558950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3677", "title": "Plasma free fatty acids in pregnant insulin-independent Natal Indian diabetics.", "content": "A study was undertaken in Natal Indians to determine the insulin secretory response and the comparative degree of free fatty acidaemia in normal and insulin-independent diabetic pregnant women. The fasting plasma FFA and glucose levels were found to be substantially greater in the diabetic subjects. The pattern of plasma FFA and glucose response to exogenous insulin was similar in both groups. Endogenous insulin produced a similar FFA response, but a markedly obtunded blood sugar response occurred among the diabetics despite adequate plasma insulin levels. The significance of the differential effect of endogenous insulin on FFA and glucose metabolism in pregnant insulin-independent Natal Indian diabetics is discussed.", "contents": "Plasma free fatty acids in pregnant insulin-independent Natal Indian diabetics. A study was undertaken in Natal Indians to determine the insulin secretory response and the comparative degree of free fatty acidaemia in normal and insulin-independent diabetic pregnant women. The fasting plasma FFA and glucose levels were found to be substantially greater in the diabetic subjects. The pattern of plasma FFA and glucose response to exogenous insulin was similar in both groups. Endogenous insulin produced a similar FFA response, but a markedly obtunded blood sugar response occurred among the diabetics despite adequate plasma insulin levels. The significance of the differential effect of endogenous insulin on FFA and glucose metabolism in pregnant insulin-independent Natal Indian diabetics is discussed.", "PMID": 558952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3678", "title": "Possible localization of Gc-System on chromosome 4. Loss of long arm 4 material associated with father-child incompatibility within the Gc-System.", "content": "A mentally retarded girl with a sporadically occurring B/F translocation was reexamined with new banding techniques. Chromosome material from the long arm of chromosome 4 was inserted into the long arm of chromosome 20. The segment 4q11 leads to q13 was lost. The formerly reported abnormal segregation of the Gc-system was verified. The localization of the Gc-locus on the lost segment cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Possible localization of Gc-System on chromosome 4. Loss of long arm 4 material associated with father-child incompatibility within the Gc-System. A mentally retarded girl with a sporadically occurring B/F translocation was reexamined with new banding techniques. Chromosome material from the long arm of chromosome 4 was inserted into the long arm of chromosome 20. The segment 4q11 leads to q13 was lost. The formerly reported abnormal segregation of the Gc-system was verified. The localization of the Gc-locus on the lost segment cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 558959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3679", "title": "Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A from Rhodospirillaceae.", "content": "The lipopolysaccharides and free lipid A from several strains of Rhodospirillaceae were assayed comparatively with those of Enterobacteriaceae in a number of biological tests. Free lipid A's from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodospirillum tenue exhibited strong serological cross-reactions with each other and with free lipid A from Salmonella. Lipid A's from Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris, although cross-reacting with each other, did not do so with either the lipid A of R. gelatinosa or R. tenue or with that of Salmonella. The presence or absence of the above cross-reactions agreed with corresponding similarities or differences in the chemical structure of the lipid A preparations. The lipopolysaccharide of R. gelatinosa was highly toxic for adrenalectomized mice and pyrogenic for rabbits; however, it exhibited no anti-complementary activity. The activity of the R. tenue lipopolysaccharide was very low in both the lethality and pyrogenicity tests. Its corresponding free lipid A also exhibited low pyrogenic activity; however, its lethal toxicity for adrenalectomized mice was considerably higher than that of the intact parent lipopolysaccharide. Both intact lipopolysaccharide and, unexpectedly, the free lipid A exhibited no anti-complementary activity. The lipopolysaccharides of R. viridis and R. palustris were virtually nontoxic for mice and nonpyrogenic for rabbits. Both lipopolysaccharides were highly potent in their interaction with complement. They therefore represent the first example of nontoxic lipopolysaccharides exhibiting high anti-complementary activity.", "contents": "Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A from Rhodospirillaceae. The lipopolysaccharides and free lipid A from several strains of Rhodospirillaceae were assayed comparatively with those of Enterobacteriaceae in a number of biological tests. Free lipid A's from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodospirillum tenue exhibited strong serological cross-reactions with each other and with free lipid A from Salmonella. Lipid A's from Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris, although cross-reacting with each other, did not do so with either the lipid A of R. gelatinosa or R. tenue or with that of Salmonella. The presence or absence of the above cross-reactions agreed with corresponding similarities or differences in the chemical structure of the lipid A preparations. The lipopolysaccharide of R. gelatinosa was highly toxic for adrenalectomized mice and pyrogenic for rabbits; however, it exhibited no anti-complementary activity. The activity of the R. tenue lipopolysaccharide was very low in both the lethality and pyrogenicity tests. Its corresponding free lipid A also exhibited low pyrogenic activity; however, its lethal toxicity for adrenalectomized mice was considerably higher than that of the intact parent lipopolysaccharide. Both intact lipopolysaccharide and, unexpectedly, the free lipid A exhibited no anti-complementary activity. The lipopolysaccharides of R. viridis and R. palustris were virtually nontoxic for mice and nonpyrogenic for rabbits. Both lipopolysaccharides were highly potent in their interaction with complement. They therefore represent the first example of nontoxic lipopolysaccharides exhibiting high anti-complementary activity.", "PMID": 558961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3680", "title": "Protective effect of vaccines on Mycoplasma pulmonis-induced respiratory disease of mice.", "content": "Mice inoculated intranasally with either a virulent or an avirulent strain of live Mycoplasma pulmonis were resistant to respiratory disease induced by a subsequent intranasal challenge with virulent organisms. Similarly, mice inoculated intravenously with the virulent strain were resistant to intranasal challenge with the same strain. In contrast, mice inoculated intravenously with avirulent M. pulmonis were not resistant to intranasal challenge with the virulent mycoplasma strain. Studies on mice inoculated intravenously with the two strains of M. pulmonis indicated that persistance of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tract may be important in inducing resistance to intranasal challenge with M. pulmonis. These observations, together with the lack of correlation between the level of serum antibodies and resistance to M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease, suggested that local immune mechanisms were important in resistance. It is proposed that an effective vaccination schedule to protect mice against M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease may be one that stimulates both systemic and local immune defenses. This suggestion is supported by the observation that systemic followed by local administration of inactivated M. pulmonis was more effective in inducing resistance in mice to intranasal challenge with live organisms than was systemic administration alone. In addition, mice inoculated solely by the intranasal route with inactivated mycoplasmas were resistant to M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease. These studies indicate the importance of local defense mechanisms in the induction of resistance to M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease in mice.", "contents": "Protective effect of vaccines on Mycoplasma pulmonis-induced respiratory disease of mice. Mice inoculated intranasally with either a virulent or an avirulent strain of live Mycoplasma pulmonis were resistant to respiratory disease induced by a subsequent intranasal challenge with virulent organisms. Similarly, mice inoculated intravenously with the virulent strain were resistant to intranasal challenge with the same strain. In contrast, mice inoculated intravenously with avirulent M. pulmonis were not resistant to intranasal challenge with the virulent mycoplasma strain. Studies on mice inoculated intravenously with the two strains of M. pulmonis indicated that persistance of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tract may be important in inducing resistance to intranasal challenge with M. pulmonis. These observations, together with the lack of correlation between the level of serum antibodies and resistance to M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease, suggested that local immune mechanisms were important in resistance. It is proposed that an effective vaccination schedule to protect mice against M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease may be one that stimulates both systemic and local immune defenses. This suggestion is supported by the observation that systemic followed by local administration of inactivated M. pulmonis was more effective in inducing resistance in mice to intranasal challenge with live organisms than was systemic administration alone. In addition, mice inoculated solely by the intranasal route with inactivated mycoplasmas were resistant to M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease. These studies indicate the importance of local defense mechanisms in the induction of resistance to M. pulmonis-induced respiratory disease in mice.", "PMID": 558962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3681", "title": "Mycoplasma-induced hydrocephalus in rats and hamsters.", "content": "Mycoplasma pulmonis, a pathogen of the respiratory tract in rats, was inoculated intracerebrally into neonate rats and hamsters to determine if it would induce lesions in the ependyma. Hydrocephalus was induced in 116 of 120 rats and in 23 of 28 hamsters. The severity of hydrocephalus was greater in the rats than in the hamsters. Hydrocephalus induction occurred only subsequent to inoculation of viable M. pulmonis. At 2 weeks of age, rats became refractory to induction of hydrocephalus. Light microscopy indicated that the hydrocephalus was communicating without an inflammatory response in the ventricles and meninges. Preliminary electron microscopy revealed that amorphous material covered portions of the ependymal surface and that cilia were sometimes matted together. It was suggested that the hydrocephalus was due to ciliary dysfunction or to an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid secretion and absorption. This M. pulmonis-induced hydrocephalus may be a useful model for elucidating the pathogenesis of certain types of congenital hydrocephalus in humans.", "contents": "Mycoplasma-induced hydrocephalus in rats and hamsters. Mycoplasma pulmonis, a pathogen of the respiratory tract in rats, was inoculated intracerebrally into neonate rats and hamsters to determine if it would induce lesions in the ependyma. Hydrocephalus was induced in 116 of 120 rats and in 23 of 28 hamsters. The severity of hydrocephalus was greater in the rats than in the hamsters. Hydrocephalus induction occurred only subsequent to inoculation of viable M. pulmonis. At 2 weeks of age, rats became refractory to induction of hydrocephalus. Light microscopy indicated that the hydrocephalus was communicating without an inflammatory response in the ventricles and meninges. Preliminary electron microscopy revealed that amorphous material covered portions of the ependymal surface and that cilia were sometimes matted together. It was suggested that the hydrocephalus was due to ciliary dysfunction or to an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid secretion and absorption. This M. pulmonis-induced hydrocephalus may be a useful model for elucidating the pathogenesis of certain types of congenital hydrocephalus in humans.", "PMID": 558963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3682", "title": "Differences among medical professionals in their attitude toward drugs.", "content": "This study was designed to explore the characteristics of medical personnel who might be related to illicit opiate use. Physicians, veterinarians, and dentists, all professionals having relatively high access to opiates, were compared on a number of attitudinal variable relating to drugs. Group differences were observed in regard to the perceived benefit and potential danger of specific drugs. The authors advocate a focus on the role demands of the professional rather than an analysis of the personality characteristics of individuals within the profession.", "contents": "Differences among medical professionals in their attitude toward drugs. This study was designed to explore the characteristics of medical personnel who might be related to illicit opiate use. Physicians, veterinarians, and dentists, all professionals having relatively high access to opiates, were compared on a number of attitudinal variable relating to drugs. Group differences were observed in regard to the perceived benefit and potential danger of specific drugs. The authors advocate a focus on the role demands of the professional rather than an analysis of the personality characteristics of individuals within the profession.", "PMID": 558964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3683", "title": "Sulfur metabolism of a mutant of Cephalosporium acremonium with enhanced potential to utilize sulfate for cephalosporin C production.", "content": "Characteristics of a mutant of Cephalosporium acremonium with enhanced potential to utilize sulfate for cephalosporin C production were investigated with sulfur-starved cells. DL-Norleucine showed an inhibitory effect on cephalosporin C and penicillin N production by the mutant in the presence of a sulfur source such as sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and L-cystine, but it exhibited no effect when it was added after a certain period of incubation. On the contrary, antibiotic production by the parent was stimulated by norleucine regardless of the addition time. An increase in the intracellular cysteine pool was found when the cells were incubated with L-methionine or norleucine and sulfate. Enzymatic studies revealed that methionine and norleucine stimulated the cysteine desulfhydrase formation, and this effect was significant in the mutant. Finally the mutant was found to have an enhanced L-serine sulfhydrylase activity. The increase in this enzyme activity in the mutant seems responsible for the increase in the sulfate-utilizing ability and the methionine sensitivity by maintaining a high level of the cysteine pool. Accordingly, the effect of methionine and norleucine is assumed to be exerted through cysteine.", "contents": "Sulfur metabolism of a mutant of Cephalosporium acremonium with enhanced potential to utilize sulfate for cephalosporin C production. Characteristics of a mutant of Cephalosporium acremonium with enhanced potential to utilize sulfate for cephalosporin C production were investigated with sulfur-starved cells. DL-Norleucine showed an inhibitory effect on cephalosporin C and penicillin N production by the mutant in the presence of a sulfur source such as sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and L-cystine, but it exhibited no effect when it was added after a certain period of incubation. On the contrary, antibiotic production by the parent was stimulated by norleucine regardless of the addition time. An increase in the intracellular cysteine pool was found when the cells were incubated with L-methionine or norleucine and sulfate. Enzymatic studies revealed that methionine and norleucine stimulated the cysteine desulfhydrase formation, and this effect was significant in the mutant. Finally the mutant was found to have an enhanced L-serine sulfhydrylase activity. The increase in this enzyme activity in the mutant seems responsible for the increase in the sulfate-utilizing ability and the methionine sensitivity by maintaining a high level of the cysteine pool. Accordingly, the effect of methionine and norleucine is assumed to be exerted through cysteine.", "PMID": 558969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3684", "title": "Adaptations to endurance training at three intensities of exercise.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of exercise intensity (running speed) on a number of alterations that are known to occur with exercise training. Rats were trained on three treadmill running schedules: 20 m/min, 27 m/min, and 35 m/min for 1 h/day. After 6 wk, lean body mass and body fat content were decreased to the same extent in all three trained groups. Thus, exercise appears to lower body fat by some mechanism that is not related to the amount of energy expended during exercise. Heart and adrenal gland weight-to-lean body mass ratios were increased by training. Heart weight-to-lean body mass ratio increased with increasing intensity of exercise but the adrenal weight-to-lean body mass ratio was independent of exercise intensity. Training increased muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity to the same extent in all three trained groups which suggests that the adaptation in respiratory capacity is not altered greatly by the intensity of training.", "contents": "Adaptations to endurance training at three intensities of exercise. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of exercise intensity (running speed) on a number of alterations that are known to occur with exercise training. Rats were trained on three treadmill running schedules: 20 m/min, 27 m/min, and 35 m/min for 1 h/day. After 6 wk, lean body mass and body fat content were decreased to the same extent in all three trained groups. Thus, exercise appears to lower body fat by some mechanism that is not related to the amount of energy expended during exercise. Heart and adrenal gland weight-to-lean body mass ratios were increased by training. Heart weight-to-lean body mass ratio increased with increasing intensity of exercise but the adrenal weight-to-lean body mass ratio was independent of exercise intensity. Training increased muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity to the same extent in all three trained groups which suggests that the adaptation in respiratory capacity is not altered greatly by the intensity of training.", "PMID": 558973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3685", "title": "Glucocorticoid induction of growth hormone synthesis in a strain of rat pituitary cells.", "content": "Conditions were determined for measuring growth hormone synthesis by a clonal strain of rat pituitary cells grown in suspension culture. Incubation of the cells with [3H]leucine in either continuous labeling or pulse-chase experiments showed that secretion of newly synthesized growth hormone commences only after a lag of about 15 min. The pulse-chase experiments also demonstrated that there is no detectable degradation by the cells of growth hormone. Thus growth hormone synthesis could be measured, in the absence of complications arising either from secretion or degradation of growth hormone, by incubating the cells with [3H]leucine for 10 min. Exposure of cells grown under the usual culture conditions to dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) led to an average stimulation of specific growth hormone synthesis (growth hormone synthesis/total cytoplasmic protein synthesis) of only 2.6-fold. However, two other growth conditions were found in which dexamethasone routinely yielded a 5- to 15-fold stimulation of specific growth hormone synthesis. One of these conditions, involving substitution of 10% fetal calf serum for the normal serum supplement, was employed in subsequent experiments. A stimulation of specific growth hormone synthesis could be observed at 10(-9) M dexamethasone, and the maximum stimulation was observed at dexamethasone concentrations of about 10(-8) to 10(-7) M. There was a lag of about 6 h before a stimulation by dexamethasone of specific growth hormone synthesis was detected. Thereafter, the stimulation increased in a nearly linear fashion until maximum stimulation was reached at about 48 h.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid induction of growth hormone synthesis in a strain of rat pituitary cells. Conditions were determined for measuring growth hormone synthesis by a clonal strain of rat pituitary cells grown in suspension culture. Incubation of the cells with [3H]leucine in either continuous labeling or pulse-chase experiments showed that secretion of newly synthesized growth hormone commences only after a lag of about 15 min. The pulse-chase experiments also demonstrated that there is no detectable degradation by the cells of growth hormone. Thus growth hormone synthesis could be measured, in the absence of complications arising either from secretion or degradation of growth hormone, by incubating the cells with [3H]leucine for 10 min. Exposure of cells grown under the usual culture conditions to dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) led to an average stimulation of specific growth hormone synthesis (growth hormone synthesis/total cytoplasmic protein synthesis) of only 2.6-fold. However, two other growth conditions were found in which dexamethasone routinely yielded a 5- to 15-fold stimulation of specific growth hormone synthesis. One of these conditions, involving substitution of 10% fetal calf serum for the normal serum supplement, was employed in subsequent experiments. A stimulation of specific growth hormone synthesis could be observed at 10(-9) M dexamethasone, and the maximum stimulation was observed at dexamethasone concentrations of about 10(-8) to 10(-7) M. There was a lag of about 6 h before a stimulation by dexamethasone of specific growth hormone synthesis was detected. Thereafter, the stimulation increased in a nearly linear fashion until maximum stimulation was reached at about 48 h.", "PMID": 558976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3686", "title": "Precursors of ribosomal RNA in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "The pathway of ribosomal RNA biogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum has been defined through identification, isolation, and characterization of the rapidly labeled nuclear RNAs which are intermediates in the process. Comparison of the methylation patterns, base compositions, two-dimensional oligonucleotide maps, and hybridization properties of these intermediate RNAs with those of mature rRNAs has established clearly the precursor-product sequence relationships supporting the following scheme for rRNA production and processing: (formula: see text) The relationship of the 37 S RNA of Dictyostelium to primary rRNA transcripts of prokaryotes and other eukaryotes is discussed.", "contents": "Precursors of ribosomal RNA in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Isolation and characterization. The pathway of ribosomal RNA biogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum has been defined through identification, isolation, and characterization of the rapidly labeled nuclear RNAs which are intermediates in the process. Comparison of the methylation patterns, base compositions, two-dimensional oligonucleotide maps, and hybridization properties of these intermediate RNAs with those of mature rRNAs has established clearly the precursor-product sequence relationships supporting the following scheme for rRNA production and processing: (formula: see text) The relationship of the 37 S RNA of Dictyostelium to primary rRNA transcripts of prokaryotes and other eukaryotes is discussed.", "PMID": 558979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3687", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis by Cl-.", "content": "Optimum K+ concentration for protein synthesis in four eukaryotic cell-free systems is obtained with 70 to 80 mM added KCl or with 110 to 150 mM added K(OAc). The different K+ optima are due to inhibition of protein synthesis by Cl- at concentrations higher than those present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Initiation of protein synthesis is severely inhibited with 150 mM added KCl. This inhibition results from an impairment of mRNA binding to ribosomes. The binding of initiator Met-tRNAt, however, is only slightly inhibited by 150 mM KCl.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis by Cl-. Optimum K+ concentration for protein synthesis in four eukaryotic cell-free systems is obtained with 70 to 80 mM added KCl or with 110 to 150 mM added K(OAc). The different K+ optima are due to inhibition of protein synthesis by Cl- at concentrations higher than those present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Initiation of protein synthesis is severely inhibited with 150 mM added KCl. This inhibition results from an impairment of mRNA binding to ribosomes. The binding of initiator Met-tRNAt, however, is only slightly inhibited by 150 mM KCl.", "PMID": 558980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3688", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two enzymatic activities from chick embryos which degrade double-stranded RNA.", "content": "Enzymatic activities capable of degrading double-stranded RNA have been solubilized from whole 9-day-old chick embryos and separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into two classes, designated nucleases DI and DII. Nuclease DI exhibits an absolute requirement for Mn2+ in the range of 5 to 10 mM. Monovalent cations, including K+, Na+, and NH4+, are inhibitory. The molecular weight of DI is 60,000 to 62,500 as estimated from sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Following gradient fractionation, nuclease DI possesses the ability to degrade several substrates exhibiting a 250-fold preference for poly(rC) as compared to poly(rC)-poly(rG). The activity responsible for degrading double-stranded RNA functions as an endonuclease generating oligonucleotides with 5'-phosphate termini. Nuclease DII requires both monovalent and divalent cations. Optimal degradation of poly[r(A-U)] is seen at 75 to 100 mM salt and 0.5 to 1.0 mM MgCl2 or MnCl2. The molecular weight estimated from sucrose gradient sedimentation is in the range of 38,000 to 40,000. Nuclease DII acts endonucleolytically producing oligonucleotides terminating in 5'-phosphates. During the isolation and characterization of nucleases DI and DII, a third activity was detected which degrades single-stranded RNA substrates but which, in the presence of either DII or RNase H, significantly enhances the degradation of poly[r(A-U)] or poly(rA)-poly(dT) substrates.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two enzymatic activities from chick embryos which degrade double-stranded RNA. Enzymatic activities capable of degrading double-stranded RNA have been solubilized from whole 9-day-old chick embryos and separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into two classes, designated nucleases DI and DII. Nuclease DI exhibits an absolute requirement for Mn2+ in the range of 5 to 10 mM. Monovalent cations, including K+, Na+, and NH4+, are inhibitory. The molecular weight of DI is 60,000 to 62,500 as estimated from sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Following gradient fractionation, nuclease DI possesses the ability to degrade several substrates exhibiting a 250-fold preference for poly(rC) as compared to poly(rC)-poly(rG). The activity responsible for degrading double-stranded RNA functions as an endonuclease generating oligonucleotides with 5'-phosphate termini. Nuclease DII requires both monovalent and divalent cations. Optimal degradation of poly[r(A-U)] is seen at 75 to 100 mM salt and 0.5 to 1.0 mM MgCl2 or MnCl2. The molecular weight estimated from sucrose gradient sedimentation is in the range of 38,000 to 40,000. Nuclease DII acts endonucleolytically producing oligonucleotides terminating in 5'-phosphates. During the isolation and characterization of nucleases DI and DII, a third activity was detected which degrades single-stranded RNA substrates but which, in the presence of either DII or RNase H, significantly enhances the degradation of poly[r(A-U)] or poly(rA)-poly(dT) substrates.", "PMID": 558981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3689", "title": "Cation specificity of propranolol-induced changes in RBC membrane permeability: comparative effects in human, dog and cat erythrocytes.", "content": "Propranolol, in the presence of calcium, causes marked K efflux from human red blood cells (high K, low Na). The studies reported here indicate this effect of propranolol is specific for K and does not represent a nonspecific permeability increase for intracellular cations to leave the cell. Amphotericin-treated human RBC's (high Na, low K) and dog RBC's (high Na, low K) both gain K and increase in size when incubated in a K-medium containing propranolol and calcium. No effect was noted when cat RBC's (high Na, low K) were similarly treated. Propranolol, independent of added calcium, also inhibited the normally increased Na efflux observed when dog RBC's are suspended in K-medium. These species differences in response to propranolol thus may serve as a focus for elucidating the mechanism by which this drug alters normal membrane physiology. The unique drug effect on Na permeability of canine erythrocytes also may be a useful probe for the study of dog RBC volume regulation.", "contents": "Cation specificity of propranolol-induced changes in RBC membrane permeability: comparative effects in human, dog and cat erythrocytes. Propranolol, in the presence of calcium, causes marked K efflux from human red blood cells (high K, low Na). The studies reported here indicate this effect of propranolol is specific for K and does not represent a nonspecific permeability increase for intracellular cations to leave the cell. Amphotericin-treated human RBC's (high Na, low K) and dog RBC's (high Na, low K) both gain K and increase in size when incubated in a K-medium containing propranolol and calcium. No effect was noted when cat RBC's (high Na, low K) were similarly treated. Propranolol, independent of added calcium, also inhibited the normally increased Na efflux observed when dog RBC's are suspended in K-medium. These species differences in response to propranolol thus may serve as a focus for elucidating the mechanism by which this drug alters normal membrane physiology. The unique drug effect on Na permeability of canine erythrocytes also may be a useful probe for the study of dog RBC volume regulation.", "PMID": 558987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3690", "title": "Cells regulate their proliferation through alterations in transition probability.", "content": "The proliferation of 3T3, 3T6 and SV3T3 cells was examined by time lapse cinephotography under a number of different growth conditions. It was found that the frequency distributions of intermitotic times of cells with widely different proliferation rates are qualitatively and quantitatively explained by the transition probability model of the cell cycle (Smith and Martin, '73). The behaviour of quiescent cells was characterized by very low values of the transition probability. No \"out of cycle\" or GO compartment of cells was detectable. From a consideration of these results and those in the literature it appears that the rate of cell proliferation is determined by the value of the \"transition probability\" (P), and that it is the biochemical manifestation of this parameter that regulates cell growth in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Cells regulate their proliferation through alterations in transition probability. The proliferation of 3T3, 3T6 and SV3T3 cells was examined by time lapse cinephotography under a number of different growth conditions. It was found that the frequency distributions of intermitotic times of cells with widely different proliferation rates are qualitatively and quantitatively explained by the transition probability model of the cell cycle (Smith and Martin, '73). The behaviour of quiescent cells was characterized by very low values of the transition probability. No \"out of cycle\" or GO compartment of cells was detectable. From a consideration of these results and those in the literature it appears that the rate of cell proliferation is determined by the value of the \"transition probability\" (P), and that it is the biochemical manifestation of this parameter that regulates cell growth in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 558988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3691", "title": "Combined valvular aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and coronary artery disease: successful surgical correction.", "content": "A 51 year old woman with angina pectoris due to combined valvular aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and coronary artery disease is described. The diagnosis was first suspected following echocardiography. Discussed is the importance of excluding associated coronary artery disease and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in patients with valvular aortic stenosis. A pre- and post-PVC aortic pressure response is described pathognomonic of coexistent valvular and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The patient underwent successful surgical correction of all three lesions.", "contents": "Combined valvular aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and coronary artery disease: successful surgical correction. A 51 year old woman with angina pectoris due to combined valvular aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and coronary artery disease is described. The diagnosis was first suspected following echocardiography. Discussed is the importance of excluding associated coronary artery disease and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in patients with valvular aortic stenosis. A pre- and post-PVC aortic pressure response is described pathognomonic of coexistent valvular and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The patient underwent successful surgical correction of all three lesions.", "PMID": 558983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3692", "title": "Proline oxidase in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "We sought a cultured cell line with Proline Oxidase activity to study the regulation and physiologic role of the enzyme in mammalian tissues. Among the cell lines tested, only LLC-RK1 cells, derived from rabbit kidney, had significant Proline Oxidase activity; the Km for proline of the enzyme from these cells was similar to that for the liver enzyme. LLC cells, Proline Oxidase positive, were able to convert proline to CO2. In contrast, CHL cells, Proline Oxidase negative, did not have this capability. The presence of Proline Oxidase in LLC cells and the absence of the enzyme in fibroblasts suggest that Proline Oxidase may serve as a marker enzyme for distinguishing parenchymal kidney cells from fibroblasts in culture. Cells transformed by SV40 virus and cells transformed by methylcholanthrene had activities higher that the parent cell line, but this effect of transformation could not be generalized to all transformed cells. Finally, L-hydroxy proline at 100-fold greater concentration than substrate L-proline failed to decrease proline oxidation. This finding suggests distinct degradative enzymes for these two amino acids.", "contents": "Proline oxidase in cultured mammalian cells. We sought a cultured cell line with Proline Oxidase activity to study the regulation and physiologic role of the enzyme in mammalian tissues. Among the cell lines tested, only LLC-RK1 cells, derived from rabbit kidney, had significant Proline Oxidase activity; the Km for proline of the enzyme from these cells was similar to that for the liver enzyme. LLC cells, Proline Oxidase positive, were able to convert proline to CO2. In contrast, CHL cells, Proline Oxidase negative, did not have this capability. The presence of Proline Oxidase in LLC cells and the absence of the enzyme in fibroblasts suggest that Proline Oxidase may serve as a marker enzyme for distinguishing parenchymal kidney cells from fibroblasts in culture. Cells transformed by SV40 virus and cells transformed by methylcholanthrene had activities higher that the parent cell line, but this effect of transformation could not be generalized to all transformed cells. Finally, L-hydroxy proline at 100-fold greater concentration than substrate L-proline failed to decrease proline oxidation. This finding suggests distinct degradative enzymes for these two amino acids.", "PMID": 558989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3693", "title": "Embryonal carcinoma cells (and their somatic cell hybrids) are resistant to infection by the murine parvovirus MVM, which does infect other teratocarcinoma-derived cell lines.", "content": "Minute virus of mice (MVM), a non-defective parvovirus, has been shown to infect cultures of non-pluripotent differentiated teratocarcinoma-derived cells, but pluripotent (and \"nullipotent\") embryonal carcinoma cells derived from the same teratocarcinoma resist MVN infection. Somatic cell hybrids between an embryonal carcinoma line and Friend erythroblastic leukemia cells are also resistant to MVM, even though Friend cells are susceptible. Among three blastocyst-derived lines tested, only one, a parietal yolk sac cell line, resists MVM infection. These results suggest that teratocarcinoma cultures may provide useful systems in which to study the cellular factors which mediate susceptibility to this teratogenic and oncolytic virus.", "contents": "Embryonal carcinoma cells (and their somatic cell hybrids) are resistant to infection by the murine parvovirus MVM, which does infect other teratocarcinoma-derived cell lines. Minute virus of mice (MVM), a non-defective parvovirus, has been shown to infect cultures of non-pluripotent differentiated teratocarcinoma-derived cells, but pluripotent (and \"nullipotent\") embryonal carcinoma cells derived from the same teratocarcinoma resist MVN infection. Somatic cell hybrids between an embryonal carcinoma line and Friend erythroblastic leukemia cells are also resistant to MVM, even though Friend cells are susceptible. Among three blastocyst-derived lines tested, only one, a parietal yolk sac cell line, resists MVM infection. These results suggest that teratocarcinoma cultures may provide useful systems in which to study the cellular factors which mediate susceptibility to this teratogenic and oncolytic virus.", "PMID": 558990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3694", "title": "Influence of flow velocity and cell concentration on dynamic adhesion of erythrocytes to glass surface.", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on dynamic adhesion of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes to the surface of glass beads in the presence of serum in the medium (50 microng of protein/ml) and in protein-free medium. The influence of cell concentration (within the range 4 X 10(5) to 8 X 10(6)/ml) and of cellular flow velocity (within the range 1.5-0.4 cm/min) on the value of adhesion was investigated. It was found that when serum was present in the medium, the decisive influence on erythrocyte adhesion was exerted by the velocity with which the cells pass though the glass bead layer. Cell concentration under these conditions has only a very slight effect. When the medium does not contain serum, erythrocyte adhesion to the bead layer seems to depend on both cell concentration and flow velocity. Preliminary data were obtained concerning the release of 51Cr from the bead layer after erythrocyte adhesion.", "contents": "Influence of flow velocity and cell concentration on dynamic adhesion of erythrocytes to glass surface. Comparative studies were carried out on dynamic adhesion of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes to the surface of glass beads in the presence of serum in the medium (50 microng of protein/ml) and in protein-free medium. The influence of cell concentration (within the range 4 X 10(5) to 8 X 10(6)/ml) and of cellular flow velocity (within the range 1.5-0.4 cm/min) on the value of adhesion was investigated. It was found that when serum was present in the medium, the decisive influence on erythrocyte adhesion was exerted by the velocity with which the cells pass though the glass bead layer. Cell concentration under these conditions has only a very slight effect. When the medium does not contain serum, erythrocyte adhesion to the bead layer seems to depend on both cell concentration and flow velocity. Preliminary data were obtained concerning the release of 51Cr from the bead layer after erythrocyte adhesion.", "PMID": 558991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3695", "title": "Effects of withdrawal of a mitogenic stimulus on progression of fibroblasts into S phase: differences between serum and purified multiplication-stimulating activity.", "content": "Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) for chicken embryo fibroblasts was purified from serum-free medium conditioned by the growth of a rat liver cell line. A comparison between calf serum and purified MSA was made regarding the regulation of the fibroblast cell cycle. Addition of serum or MSA to stationary, quiescent cells stimulates them to enter the DNA synthetic phase after a characteristic lag period. Exposure to serum for shorter periods of time will irreverisbly commit cells to continue through the cell cycle and initiate DNA replication in the absence of serum. In contrast, the withdrawal of purified MSA from the medium results in an abrupt halt in the progression of cells towards S phase. The results of labeled thymidine incorporation and autoradiographic experiments clearly indicate that the point at which cells become irreversibly committed to enter the DNA synthetic period is at or near the G1-S boundary. The abrupt decay of the stimulation upon withdrawal of purified MSA provides a unique opportunity to investigate the biochemistry of this discrete phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Effects of withdrawal of a mitogenic stimulus on progression of fibroblasts into S phase: differences between serum and purified multiplication-stimulating activity. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) for chicken embryo fibroblasts was purified from serum-free medium conditioned by the growth of a rat liver cell line. A comparison between calf serum and purified MSA was made regarding the regulation of the fibroblast cell cycle. Addition of serum or MSA to stationary, quiescent cells stimulates them to enter the DNA synthetic phase after a characteristic lag period. Exposure to serum for shorter periods of time will irreverisbly commit cells to continue through the cell cycle and initiate DNA replication in the absence of serum. In contrast, the withdrawal of purified MSA from the medium results in an abrupt halt in the progression of cells towards S phase. The results of labeled thymidine incorporation and autoradiographic experiments clearly indicate that the point at which cells become irreversibly committed to enter the DNA synthetic period is at or near the G1-S boundary. The abrupt decay of the stimulation upon withdrawal of purified MSA provides a unique opportunity to investigate the biochemistry of this discrete phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 558992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3696", "title": "Milk and tissue lipid composition after feeding cows protected polyunsaturated fat for two years.", "content": "The long-term effects of feeding Holstein cows plant lipids protected from microbial hydrogenation in the rumen were studied. Of particular interest were cow health and changes in fatty acid and cholesterol concentrations of milk and meat. Safflower oil-casein or safflower oil-casein treated with formaldehyde to impede microbial attack were fed to two groups of three cows as 10% of the concentrate ration for two lactations. Production of milk fat of cows fed the protected concentrate increased significantly. Linoleic acid of milk fat was twice normal, providing a polyunsaturated milk. Cholesterol of milk or meat did not increase even though cholesterol of blood plasma was higher in both groups fed safflower oil than in control cows. Cardiovascular systems showed no marked abnormalities and no differences that could be due to treatment. All cows maintained normal health and milk production throughout the experiment.", "contents": "Milk and tissue lipid composition after feeding cows protected polyunsaturated fat for two years. The long-term effects of feeding Holstein cows plant lipids protected from microbial hydrogenation in the rumen were studied. Of particular interest were cow health and changes in fatty acid and cholesterol concentrations of milk and meat. Safflower oil-casein or safflower oil-casein treated with formaldehyde to impede microbial attack were fed to two groups of three cows as 10% of the concentrate ration for two lactations. Production of milk fat of cows fed the protected concentrate increased significantly. Linoleic acid of milk fat was twice normal, providing a polyunsaturated milk. Cholesterol of milk or meat did not increase even though cholesterol of blood plasma was higher in both groups fed safflower oil than in control cows. Cardiovascular systems showed no marked abnormalities and no differences that could be due to treatment. All cows maintained normal health and milk production throughout the experiment.", "PMID": 559013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3697", "title": "Relationships between radioimmunoassays of alpha lactalbumin and prolactin in bovine skim milk.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay developed for alpha-lactalbumin was sensitive between 5 and 140 ng alpha lactalbumin. Addition of increasing volumes of milk to assay tubes progressively decreased binding of iodine-125-labeled alpha-lactalbumin to the antisera in a manner which paralleled the binding curve generated by increasing concentrations of standard alpha-lactalbumin. The addition of 10, 20, 30, or 40 ng of alpha-lactalbumin to diluted milk samples gave 90, 100, 105, and 102% recoveries. Alpha-lactalbumin antisera did not crossreact with 1000 ng of bovine casein, blood serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, prolactin, or growth hormone. Milk from each of approximately 100 Holstein Friesian cows at different stages of lactation was sampled monthly for 12 mo. Concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin (1.63 mg/ml) and prolactin (24.9 ng/ml) in samples of skim milk collected in the 1st mo of lactation were greater than those in the remaining months of lactation. Monthly concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin and prolactin in skim milk did not change significantly during seasons of the year. The correlation between concentrations of prolactin and alpha-lactalbumin pooled within subclasses of month of lactation within month of year was .08 for 1125 pairs.", "contents": "Relationships between radioimmunoassays of alpha lactalbumin and prolactin in bovine skim milk. A radioimmunoassay developed for alpha-lactalbumin was sensitive between 5 and 140 ng alpha lactalbumin. Addition of increasing volumes of milk to assay tubes progressively decreased binding of iodine-125-labeled alpha-lactalbumin to the antisera in a manner which paralleled the binding curve generated by increasing concentrations of standard alpha-lactalbumin. The addition of 10, 20, 30, or 40 ng of alpha-lactalbumin to diluted milk samples gave 90, 100, 105, and 102% recoveries. Alpha-lactalbumin antisera did not crossreact with 1000 ng of bovine casein, blood serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, prolactin, or growth hormone. Milk from each of approximately 100 Holstein Friesian cows at different stages of lactation was sampled monthly for 12 mo. Concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin (1.63 mg/ml) and prolactin (24.9 ng/ml) in samples of skim milk collected in the 1st mo of lactation were greater than those in the remaining months of lactation. Monthly concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin and prolactin in skim milk did not change significantly during seasons of the year. The correlation between concentrations of prolactin and alpha-lactalbumin pooled within subclasses of month of lactation within month of year was .08 for 1125 pairs.", "PMID": 559014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3698", "title": "Effect of age on the saturated lecithin contents of human and rat lung tissues.", "content": "Changes with age in the lecithin (especially saturated lecithin) content of human and rat lung and in lecithin synthetic activities in rat lung were examined to obtain information on lecithin metabolism in the lung in old age. In lung tissues of humans and rats, the content of saturated lecithin as a percentage of total lecithin was fairly constant (about 35%) throughout adult and old age; The percentage content in bronchial wash was 55--60% in both young and old rats. The radioactivities incorporated into lung tissue per milligram total and saturated lecithin after intravenous administration of palmitic acid3-H were similar in young and old rats. These results suggest that lung tissue contains a rather constant amount of saturated lecithin throughout adult and old age and that lecithin synthesis in the lung is still active in old age.", "contents": "Effect of age on the saturated lecithin contents of human and rat lung tissues. Changes with age in the lecithin (especially saturated lecithin) content of human and rat lung and in lecithin synthetic activities in rat lung were examined to obtain information on lecithin metabolism in the lung in old age. In lung tissues of humans and rats, the content of saturated lecithin as a percentage of total lecithin was fairly constant (about 35%) throughout adult and old age; The percentage content in bronchial wash was 55--60% in both young and old rats. The radioactivities incorporated into lung tissue per milligram total and saturated lecithin after intravenous administration of palmitic acid3-H were similar in young and old rats. These results suggest that lung tissue contains a rather constant amount of saturated lecithin throughout adult and old age and that lecithin synthesis in the lung is still active in old age.", "PMID": 559016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3699", "title": "Aging and ovarian steroidogenesis in the rat.", "content": "Ovaries obtained from rats of 4 and 18 mo of age were incubated in vitro with 3H-pregnenolone as the added precursor. Incorporation of radioactivity into progesterone (P), 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-P), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17alpha-OHP), androstenedione, and testosterone were studied by serial paper and thin-layer chromatography. Significantly more P, 17alpha-OHP and androgen was produced by the older ovaries. Addition of hCG (100 I.U.) to the incubate increased 20alpha-P production in the ovaries of both age groups, depressed 17alpha-OHP and androgen formation in the ovaries of older rats, and had no effect on progesterone synthesis in either age group. Serum progesterone in 4-mo-old rats was 13.5 +/- 1.91 ng/ml at estrus and 3.69 +/- 0.9 ng/ml at diestrus, whereas serum progesterone in 18-mo-old rats was 0.85 +/- 0.15 ng/ml at constant estrus and 1.23 +/- 0.54 ng/ml at constant diestrus. Treatment with hCG for 20 days increased serum progesterone to 29.6 ng/ml in young rats and to 4.21 +/- 2.0 ng/ml in older rats. Shorter treatments were less effective. These data reveal a definite change in steroidogenic competence in older rat ovaries.", "contents": "Aging and ovarian steroidogenesis in the rat. Ovaries obtained from rats of 4 and 18 mo of age were incubated in vitro with 3H-pregnenolone as the added precursor. Incorporation of radioactivity into progesterone (P), 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-P), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17alpha-OHP), androstenedione, and testosterone were studied by serial paper and thin-layer chromatography. Significantly more P, 17alpha-OHP and androgen was produced by the older ovaries. Addition of hCG (100 I.U.) to the incubate increased 20alpha-P production in the ovaries of both age groups, depressed 17alpha-OHP and androgen formation in the ovaries of older rats, and had no effect on progesterone synthesis in either age group. Serum progesterone in 4-mo-old rats was 13.5 +/- 1.91 ng/ml at estrus and 3.69 +/- 0.9 ng/ml at diestrus, whereas serum progesterone in 18-mo-old rats was 0.85 +/- 0.15 ng/ml at constant estrus and 1.23 +/- 0.54 ng/ml at constant diestrus. Treatment with hCG for 20 days increased serum progesterone to 29.6 ng/ml in young rats and to 4.21 +/- 2.0 ng/ml in older rats. Shorter treatments were less effective. These data reveal a definite change in steroidogenic competence in older rat ovaries.", "PMID": 559017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3700", "title": "Stability of perceived tension as a function of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The stability of tension judgments among males and females who were either taking or not taking combination low-progestin oral contraceptive pills was investigated. Judgments of interpersonal pressure in videotaped vignettes provided tension measures. The vignettes were presented in two sessions separated by two weeks. Correlations between pressure judgments of .94 for males, .79 for pill females and .40 for non-pill females (all sig less than .002) supported the prediction that non-pill females experience the largest fluctuations in tension across the menstrual cycle. A significant number of non-pill females who changed their scores and who changed from midcycle to premenstrual-menstrual phases or vice versa between the two experimental sessions shifted their tension scores in the predicted direction (p less than .04). As predicted, non-pill females scoring in the lower half on premenstrual-menstrual symptomatology were more consistent in pressure judgments than those high on symptomatology, with correlations of .51 (sig less than .004) and .24 (NS) respectively. Analysis of pressure judgments as a function of menstrual phase and high-low symptomatology indicated a main effect for symptomatology (sig less than .01) with the high group perceiving more pressure. Lack of a main effect for menstrual phase was attributed to large individual variations in tension scores. Results were interpreted as indicating physiological causality underlying the variability in tension across the menstrual cycle. Substituting the Repression-Sensitization dimension for symptomatology yielded no significant results which could lead to a psychological interpretation of such variability.", "contents": "Stability of perceived tension as a function of the menstrual cycle. The stability of tension judgments among males and females who were either taking or not taking combination low-progestin oral contraceptive pills was investigated. Judgments of interpersonal pressure in videotaped vignettes provided tension measures. The vignettes were presented in two sessions separated by two weeks. Correlations between pressure judgments of .94 for males, .79 for pill females and .40 for non-pill females (all sig less than .002) supported the prediction that non-pill females experience the largest fluctuations in tension across the menstrual cycle. A significant number of non-pill females who changed their scores and who changed from midcycle to premenstrual-menstrual phases or vice versa between the two experimental sessions shifted their tension scores in the predicted direction (p less than .04). As predicted, non-pill females scoring in the lower half on premenstrual-menstrual symptomatology were more consistent in pressure judgments than those high on symptomatology, with correlations of .51 (sig less than .004) and .24 (NS) respectively. Analysis of pressure judgments as a function of menstrual phase and high-low symptomatology indicated a main effect for symptomatology (sig less than .01) with the high group perceiving more pressure. Lack of a main effect for menstrual phase was attributed to large individual variations in tension scores. Results were interpreted as indicating physiological causality underlying the variability in tension across the menstrual cycle. Substituting the Repression-Sensitization dimension for symptomatology yielded no significant results which could lead to a psychological interpretation of such variability.", "PMID": 559019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3701", "title": "Gnome and other effects of a small translocation in the mouse.", "content": "A semisterile F1 male mouse from an X-ray experiment produced about 25 percent lethal gnome young in outcrosses. These animals were about half normal size, with short tail and small eyes, and died at birth. Surviving progeny were of four classes: 1) like the sire, 2) semisterile, 3) normal, and 4) gnome-producing, but not semisterile. Two independent reciprocal translocations have been identified from the original male, one of the classic type giving semisterile heterozygotes and involving chromosomes 5 and 15. The second translocation seems to be very small, giving the gnome type as one duplication-deficiency product, and the other unbalanced type seeming to pass for normal, although large body size and occasional agnathism may be produced. The small translocation has been found linked with the loci of v (waltzing) and Sl (steel) on chromosome 10. Cytological study has not revealed obvious structural changes. The translocation is now maintained in the homozygous state. The designation T(10;?)2Ho is proposed.", "contents": "Gnome and other effects of a small translocation in the mouse. A semisterile F1 male mouse from an X-ray experiment produced about 25 percent lethal gnome young in outcrosses. These animals were about half normal size, with short tail and small eyes, and died at birth. Surviving progeny were of four classes: 1) like the sire, 2) semisterile, 3) normal, and 4) gnome-producing, but not semisterile. Two independent reciprocal translocations have been identified from the original male, one of the classic type giving semisterile heterozygotes and involving chromosomes 5 and 15. The second translocation seems to be very small, giving the gnome type as one duplication-deficiency product, and the other unbalanced type seeming to pass for normal, although large body size and occasional agnathism may be produced. The small translocation has been found linked with the loci of v (waltzing) and Sl (steel) on chromosome 10. Cytological study has not revealed obvious structural changes. The translocation is now maintained in the homozygous state. The designation T(10;?)2Ho is proposed.", "PMID": 559018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3702", "title": "Concentration of oestradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the jugular venous plasma of ewes during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "Changes in the concentrations of ovarian steroids and pituitary gonadotrophins were measured by radioimmunoassay in the jugular plasma of six Clun Forest ewes throughout the oestrous cycle. The concentration of oestradiol began to rise 12-14 h before the onset of oestrus from values of 11-2 +/- 0-36 (S.E.M.) pg/ml during the luteal phase to 21-1 +/- 2-01 pg/ml at -8 to 0 h (oestrus). There was no distinct increase during the luteal phase. Circulating progesterone varied in a cyclic manner with the highest values at the mid-luteal phase (3-70 +/- 0-28 ng/ml; n = 28). In five out of six ewes the concentration was still quite high (1-86 +/- 0-43 ng/ml) at 35 h before the onset of oestrus. The concentration declined rapidly thereafter, reaching minimum values about 12 h before oestrus coincident with the increase in oestradiol concentration. Plasma LH increased from very low values of 2-59 +/- 0-09 ng/ml during the luteal phase to 75-3 +/- 7-4 ng/ml about 9 h after the onset of oestrus. Two peaks of plasma FSH concentration were detected after the onset of oestrus. The first peak (171-0 +/- 35-5 ng/ml) coincided with the LH peak and the second (133-0 +/- 10-7 ng/ml) occurred about 24 h later at a time when LH values were low. The mean FSH concentration at other times during the cycle was 61-9 +/- 2-8 ng/ml.", "contents": "Concentration of oestradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the jugular venous plasma of ewes during the oestrous cycle. Changes in the concentrations of ovarian steroids and pituitary gonadotrophins were measured by radioimmunoassay in the jugular plasma of six Clun Forest ewes throughout the oestrous cycle. The concentration of oestradiol began to rise 12-14 h before the onset of oestrus from values of 11-2 +/- 0-36 (S.E.M.) pg/ml during the luteal phase to 21-1 +/- 2-01 pg/ml at -8 to 0 h (oestrus). There was no distinct increase during the luteal phase. Circulating progesterone varied in a cyclic manner with the highest values at the mid-luteal phase (3-70 +/- 0-28 ng/ml; n = 28). In five out of six ewes the concentration was still quite high (1-86 +/- 0-43 ng/ml) at 35 h before the onset of oestrus. The concentration declined rapidly thereafter, reaching minimum values about 12 h before oestrus coincident with the increase in oestradiol concentration. Plasma LH increased from very low values of 2-59 +/- 0-09 ng/ml during the luteal phase to 75-3 +/- 7-4 ng/ml about 9 h after the onset of oestrus. Two peaks of plasma FSH concentration were detected after the onset of oestrus. The first peak (171-0 +/- 35-5 ng/ml) coincided with the LH peak and the second (133-0 +/- 10-7 ng/ml) occurred about 24 h later at a time when LH values were low. The mean FSH concentration at other times during the cycle was 61-9 +/- 2-8 ng/ml.", "PMID": 559057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3703", "title": "Changes in aggressive and sexual responsiveness of male golden hamsters after neonatal androgen administration.", "content": "On day 1 after birth, male golden hamsters received either 300 microng of an androgen (testosterone propionate, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone or androstenedione) in 0-03 ml arachis oil, or oil alone. As intact adults, their aggressiveness towards unreceptive females was measured. After this, all animals were castrated. At least 3 weeks after the operation all animals received oestradiol benzoate (10 microng) + progesterone (500 microng), after which their capacity to show patterns of female sexual behaviour towards a stud male was tested. Control hamsters which had received oil as neonates showed less aggression than the females with which they interacted; these controls also readily assumed lordosis after castration and priming with ovarian steroids. Conversely, animals which had received testosterone propionate or androstenedione neonatally were as aggressive as the female hamsters, and showed a markedly decreased ability to display lordotic behaviour after castration. The behaviour of male hamsters which received testosterone or dihydrotestosterone was unaffected. Thus, at the level of treatment used, increased aggressiveness appeared to co-vary with a decreased capacity to show female sexual behaviour patterns. However, within each treatment there was little evidence of such a relationship at the level of the individual animal.", "contents": "Changes in aggressive and sexual responsiveness of male golden hamsters after neonatal androgen administration. On day 1 after birth, male golden hamsters received either 300 microng of an androgen (testosterone propionate, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone or androstenedione) in 0-03 ml arachis oil, or oil alone. As intact adults, their aggressiveness towards unreceptive females was measured. After this, all animals were castrated. At least 3 weeks after the operation all animals received oestradiol benzoate (10 microng) + progesterone (500 microng), after which their capacity to show patterns of female sexual behaviour towards a stud male was tested. Control hamsters which had received oil as neonates showed less aggression than the females with which they interacted; these controls also readily assumed lordosis after castration and priming with ovarian steroids. Conversely, animals which had received testosterone propionate or androstenedione neonatally were as aggressive as the female hamsters, and showed a markedly decreased ability to display lordotic behaviour after castration. The behaviour of male hamsters which received testosterone or dihydrotestosterone was unaffected. Thus, at the level of treatment used, increased aggressiveness appeared to co-vary with a decreased capacity to show female sexual behaviour patterns. However, within each treatment there was little evidence of such a relationship at the level of the individual animal.", "PMID": 559058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3704", "title": "Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor I. Ultrastructure of the tubular gland in the post-ecdysial adult male.", "content": "The tubular accessory reproductive glands of the male mealworm beetle consist of a secretory epithelium surrounded by a thin muscular sheath. Each columnar secretory cell is divisible into three zones: basal which is adjacent to the muscle layer and contains rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, intermediate, which contains endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi zones in the immature gland and is filled with secretory vesicles in the mature gland, and apical. Maturation also involves proliferation and organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the basal and intermediate zone. The process appears to be complete at four days after ecdysis. Parallels with other insect glands and with the mammalian prostate are striking.", "contents": "Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor I. Ultrastructure of the tubular gland in the post-ecdysial adult male. The tubular accessory reproductive glands of the male mealworm beetle consist of a secretory epithelium surrounded by a thin muscular sheath. Each columnar secretory cell is divisible into three zones: basal which is adjacent to the muscle layer and contains rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, intermediate, which contains endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi zones in the immature gland and is filled with secretory vesicles in the mature gland, and apical. Maturation also involves proliferation and organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the basal and intermediate zone. The process appears to be complete at four days after ecdysis. Parallels with other insect glands and with the mammalian prostate are striking.", "PMID": 559059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3705", "title": "Some effects of mating in female tsetse, Glossina austeni Newst.", "content": "Virgin females of G. austeni were mated at carefully chosen physiological states to determine the effect of mating on ovulation, neurosecretion and blood meal size. The results suggest that ovulation and larviposition are controlled by neurosecretion, and that the release of neurosecretion requires both a mating stimulus and the presence of a mature egg in one of the ovarioles. The mating stimulus was also found to lead to an increase in blood meal size. Unmated female flies do not ovulate and their mature eggs eventually disintegrate. Virgin blood meal sizes remain relatively low.", "contents": "Some effects of mating in female tsetse, Glossina austeni Newst. Virgin females of G. austeni were mated at carefully chosen physiological states to determine the effect of mating on ovulation, neurosecretion and blood meal size. The results suggest that ovulation and larviposition are controlled by neurosecretion, and that the release of neurosecretion requires both a mating stimulus and the presence of a mature egg in one of the ovarioles. The mating stimulus was also found to lead to an increase in blood meal size. Unmated female flies do not ovulate and their mature eggs eventually disintegrate. Virgin blood meal sizes remain relatively low.", "PMID": 559060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3706", "title": "Cyclic accumulation of zinc by Candida utilis during growth in batch culture.", "content": "Intracellular accumulation of zinc by Candida utilis NRRL-Y-7634 was mediated by an energy-and temperature-dependent, highly specific process exhibiting saturation kinetics. In zinc-supplemented medium, uptake occured only during the lad and late-exponential phases; this type of transport did not occur with zinc in bacteria nor with iron in either yeast or bacteria. Cells of C. utilis did not possess a zinc-efflux system; they could reduce their level of intracellular zinc only by dilution of the metal into daughter cells. Zinc-deficient organisms accumulated 12 times more zinc than did cells of the same culture age grown in zinc-supplemented medium. The varied, but experimentally reproducible levels of intracellular zinc that occured in response to the physiological and environmental parameters had no detectable effects on respiration, rate of growth, total cell yield, or cell viability. Neither the mechanism underlying the cyclic accumulation of sinc nor the function of such behaviour are understood.", "contents": "Cyclic accumulation of zinc by Candida utilis during growth in batch culture. Intracellular accumulation of zinc by Candida utilis NRRL-Y-7634 was mediated by an energy-and temperature-dependent, highly specific process exhibiting saturation kinetics. In zinc-supplemented medium, uptake occured only during the lad and late-exponential phases; this type of transport did not occur with zinc in bacteria nor with iron in either yeast or bacteria. Cells of C. utilis did not possess a zinc-efflux system; they could reduce their level of intracellular zinc only by dilution of the metal into daughter cells. Zinc-deficient organisms accumulated 12 times more zinc than did cells of the same culture age grown in zinc-supplemented medium. The varied, but experimentally reproducible levels of intracellular zinc that occured in response to the physiological and environmental parameters had no detectable effects on respiration, rate of growth, total cell yield, or cell viability. Neither the mechanism underlying the cyclic accumulation of sinc nor the function of such behaviour are understood.", "PMID": 559061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3707", "title": "The applicability of inescapable shock as a source of animal depression.", "content": "Male rats (N = 27) were given initial experience with escapable shock, equivalent amounts of inescapable shock, or no shock. Measures were then obtained in the ensuing 15 hours on food intake, water intake, number of cage crossings, and weight change for all groups. Following this, animals were tested on an escape task. Inescapably shocked animals showed significant decreases in food and water consumption in comparison to both nonshocked and escapably shocked control rats. Weight gains were significantly decreased by exposure to shock irrespective of the availability of a coping response. Consistency of these findings with proposals suggesting that exposure to inescapable shock leads to a state of animal depression (learned helplessness) is discussed and compared to alternative stress explanations.", "contents": "The applicability of inescapable shock as a source of animal depression. Male rats (N = 27) were given initial experience with escapable shock, equivalent amounts of inescapable shock, or no shock. Measures were then obtained in the ensuing 15 hours on food intake, water intake, number of cage crossings, and weight change for all groups. Following this, animals were tested on an escape task. Inescapably shocked animals showed significant decreases in food and water consumption in comparison to both nonshocked and escapably shocked control rats. Weight gains were significantly decreased by exposure to shock irrespective of the availability of a coping response. Consistency of these findings with proposals suggesting that exposure to inescapable shock leads to a state of animal depression (learned helplessness) is discussed and compared to alternative stress explanations.", "PMID": 559062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3708", "title": "Effect of dietary composition on hepatic lipid accumulation of rats with chronic ethanol intake.", "content": "Diets higher in carbohydrate, fat or protein (diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were formulated isoenergetically with or without ethanol to study their effects on the accumulation of hepatic total lipids in rats fed for a period of 8 weeks. Ethanol ingestion did not affect body weight gain of rats fed diet 1, but diets 2 and 3 resulted in decreased weight gain as compared to the pair-fed controls. These body weight changes between control and ethanol groups were significant 2 weeks after beginning the treatment. Ethanol administration did not change hepatic weights of rats fed diet 1, but increased hepatic weights of rats fed diets 2 and 3. Higher protein alone in the diet increased liver weight. Ethanol intake increased the hepatic total lipid content of rats fed diets 2 and 3, but did not affect those fed diet 1 compared to their pair-fed controls. Hepatic cholesterol content increased in rats fed both the higher protein and higher fat diets. Both weight gain, liver weight, and hepatic total lipids consistently showed that the rats consuming 39% wheat starch as carbohydrate were not adversely affected by ethanol ingestion while those groups fed higher fat or higher protein with ethanol were adversely affected. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of dietary composition on hepatic lipid accumulation of rats with chronic ethanol intake. Diets higher in carbohydrate, fat or protein (diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were formulated isoenergetically with or without ethanol to study their effects on the accumulation of hepatic total lipids in rats fed for a period of 8 weeks. Ethanol ingestion did not affect body weight gain of rats fed diet 1, but diets 2 and 3 resulted in decreased weight gain as compared to the pair-fed controls. These body weight changes between control and ethanol groups were significant 2 weeks after beginning the treatment. Ethanol administration did not change hepatic weights of rats fed diet 1, but increased hepatic weights of rats fed diets 2 and 3. Higher protein alone in the diet increased liver weight. Ethanol intake increased the hepatic total lipid content of rats fed diets 2 and 3, but did not affect those fed diet 1 compared to their pair-fed controls. Hepatic cholesterol content increased in rats fed both the higher protein and higher fat diets. Both weight gain, liver weight, and hepatic total lipids consistently showed that the rats consuming 39% wheat starch as carbohydrate were not adversely affected by ethanol ingestion while those groups fed higher fat or higher protein with ethanol were adversely affected. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 559064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3709", "title": "Occurrence and survival of the larval nematode Anisakis sp. in the flesh of fresh, frozen, brined, and smoked pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, were divided into five groups to test the effects of various methods of handling and processing (fresh, frozen, brined, cold smoked, and cold smoked-gibbed) on the occurrence and survival of Anisakis larvae in the flesh. Viscera and flesh were digested separately using a pepsin-HC1 technique, and counts were taken of Anisakis larvae. Parasite loads were statistically largest in the flesh of frozen, brined, and smoked fish. Smoked fish harbored the greatest proportions of larvae in the flesh. Human consumption of brined or cold smoked Pacific herring represents a potential public health hazard.", "contents": "Occurrence and survival of the larval nematode Anisakis sp. in the flesh of fresh, frozen, brined, and smoked pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi. Two hundred and twenty Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, were divided into five groups to test the effects of various methods of handling and processing (fresh, frozen, brined, cold smoked, and cold smoked-gibbed) on the occurrence and survival of Anisakis larvae in the flesh. Viscera and flesh were digested separately using a pepsin-HC1 technique, and counts were taken of Anisakis larvae. Parasite loads were statistically largest in the flesh of frozen, brined, and smoked fish. Smoked fish harbored the greatest proportions of larvae in the flesh. Human consumption of brined or cold smoked Pacific herring represents a potential public health hazard.", "PMID": 559067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3710", "title": "Revision of Mediorhynchus van cleave 1916 (acanthocephala) with a key to species.", "content": "Species characters in Mediorhynchus are discussed, and a consistent method of describing hook arrangement, longitudinal rows, is proposed. Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave 1916, and M. orientalis Belopol'skaya 1953 are redescribed, and M. edmondsi sp. n. is described from Palawan. The new species is most similar to M. rodensis Cosin 1971 in armature, but differs from it in proboscis shape and overall size. Among other new records are M. gallinarum (Bhalerao, 1937) in chickens in Palawan, and M. turnixena (Tubangui, 1933) from a button quail in Palawan. Several synonymies are pointed out and several unidentifiable species are mentioned. A key to 29 species recognized as valid is provided.", "contents": "Revision of Mediorhynchus van cleave 1916 (acanthocephala) with a key to species. Species characters in Mediorhynchus are discussed, and a consistent method of describing hook arrangement, longitudinal rows, is proposed. Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave 1916, and M. orientalis Belopol'skaya 1953 are redescribed, and M. edmondsi sp. n. is described from Palawan. The new species is most similar to M. rodensis Cosin 1971 in armature, but differs from it in proboscis shape and overall size. Among other new records are M. gallinarum (Bhalerao, 1937) in chickens in Palawan, and M. turnixena (Tubangui, 1933) from a button quail in Palawan. Several synonymies are pointed out and several unidentifiable species are mentioned. A key to 29 species recognized as valid is provided.", "PMID": 559066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3711", "title": "Comparative activity and properties of lactate dehydrogenase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and dihydrofolate reductase in normal and Brugia pagangi-infected Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The amount of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in crude extracts of 4- to 5-day-old adult Aedes aegypti was determined, and the properties of these enzymes were partially characterized. It was then found that the amount and other selected characteristics of XDH and LDH in extracts of female Ae. aegypti processed 5 to 7 days and 12 to 14 days after they had fed upon either normal or Brugia pahangi-infected jirds were indistinguishable from those of these two enzymes in extracts of female mosquitoes that did not have a blood meal. Under the same circumstances, the selected characteristics of DHFR were also unaffected. However, there was a suggestion that the amount of DHFR was slightly increased in extracts of female Ae. aegypti processed 5 to 7 days after they had fed upon B. pahangi-infected jirds; by 12 to 14 days after the blood meal, there was a consistent 30% to 60% increase in the amount of DHFR inextracts of infected mosquitoes. DHFR activity could not be detected in a similarly prepared extract of 4,000 to 5,000 infective (L-3) B. pagangi larvae, the approximate number present in the infected mosquito extracts. It would appear, therefore, that the increased amount of turnover of DHFR in the mosquito host occurs in response to advanced infection with B. pahangi.", "contents": "Comparative activity and properties of lactate dehydrogenase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and dihydrofolate reductase in normal and Brugia pagangi-infected Aedes aegypti. The amount of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in crude extracts of 4- to 5-day-old adult Aedes aegypti was determined, and the properties of these enzymes were partially characterized. It was then found that the amount and other selected characteristics of XDH and LDH in extracts of female Ae. aegypti processed 5 to 7 days and 12 to 14 days after they had fed upon either normal or Brugia pahangi-infected jirds were indistinguishable from those of these two enzymes in extracts of female mosquitoes that did not have a blood meal. Under the same circumstances, the selected characteristics of DHFR were also unaffected. However, there was a suggestion that the amount of DHFR was slightly increased in extracts of female Ae. aegypti processed 5 to 7 days after they had fed upon B. pahangi-infected jirds; by 12 to 14 days after the blood meal, there was a consistent 30% to 60% increase in the amount of DHFR inextracts of infected mosquitoes. DHFR activity could not be detected in a similarly prepared extract of 4,000 to 5,000 infective (L-3) B. pagangi larvae, the approximate number present in the infected mosquito extracts. It would appear, therefore, that the increased amount of turnover of DHFR in the mosquito host occurs in response to advanced infection with B. pahangi.", "PMID": 559068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3712", "title": "The breeding system of Polysphondylium pallidum, a cellular slime mold.", "content": "A mating type analysis was performed on 231 isolates of the cellular slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum found in 61 samples collected in eastern North America between northern Florida and sourthern Canada. Seventy-eight percent of the isolates belonged to one of 2 mating types; 18% were incapable of mating with any partner; 3% were homothallic; and 1%, consisting of 2 isolates from a Florida sample, belonged to a separate breeding group. It is suggested that the majority of isolates represent a species capable of local genetic adaptation to a niche, the parameters of which undergo considerable variation over space and time.", "contents": "The breeding system of Polysphondylium pallidum, a cellular slime mold. A mating type analysis was performed on 231 isolates of the cellular slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum found in 61 samples collected in eastern North America between northern Florida and sourthern Canada. Seventy-eight percent of the isolates belonged to one of 2 mating types; 18% were incapable of mating with any partner; 3% were homothallic; and 1%, consisting of 2 isolates from a Florida sample, belonged to a separate breeding group. It is suggested that the majority of isolates represent a species capable of local genetic adaptation to a niche, the parameters of which undergo considerable variation over space and time.", "PMID": 559083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3713", "title": "Life cycles of two isopora species in the canary, Serinus canarius Linnaeus.", "content": "The endogenous stages of Isospora serini Arog\u00e3o and Isospora canaria Box are described from experimentally infected canaries, Serinus canarius Linnaeus. Unlike other Coccidia, the first part of the I. serini life cycle takes place in mononuclear phagocytes. Five asexual generations are described from this cell type; 2 additional asexual generations and the sexual stages take place in the intestinal epithelium. Isospora canaria, on the other hand, has a conventional coccidian life cycle in that all of the endogenous stages are in the epithelium of the small intestine, with 3 asexual generations and the sexual generation described in the duodenal epithelium. The 2 species differ in their position relative to the nucleus of the intestinal epithelial cell. Isospora serini is usually on the lumenal side of the nucleus while I. canaria is below the nucleus, toward the basement membrane. The prepatent period is 4-5 days for I. canaria and 9-10 days for I. serini. Patency lasts for 11-13 days in I. canaria infections, but duration of oocyst output is more chronic in I. serini infections, persisting for as long as 231 days. Both species have a diurnal periodicity of oocyst discharge which occurs in late afternoon and evening.", "contents": "Life cycles of two isopora species in the canary, Serinus canarius Linnaeus. The endogenous stages of Isospora serini Arog\u00e3o and Isospora canaria Box are described from experimentally infected canaries, Serinus canarius Linnaeus. Unlike other Coccidia, the first part of the I. serini life cycle takes place in mononuclear phagocytes. Five asexual generations are described from this cell type; 2 additional asexual generations and the sexual stages take place in the intestinal epithelium. Isospora canaria, on the other hand, has a conventional coccidian life cycle in that all of the endogenous stages are in the epithelium of the small intestine, with 3 asexual generations and the sexual generation described in the duodenal epithelium. The 2 species differ in their position relative to the nucleus of the intestinal epithelial cell. Isospora serini is usually on the lumenal side of the nucleus while I. canaria is below the nucleus, toward the basement membrane. The prepatent period is 4-5 days for I. canaria and 9-10 days for I. serini. Patency lasts for 11-13 days in I. canaria infections, but duration of oocyst output is more chronic in I. serini infections, persisting for as long as 231 days. Both species have a diurnal periodicity of oocyst discharge which occurs in late afternoon and evening.", "PMID": 559084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3714", "title": "Formation of amino acids and related oligomers from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a solution of transition metal ions.", "content": "In a solution of transition metal ions with or without kaolin not only amino acids but also their oligomers were formed. The maximum ratio of amino acids after to before acid hydrolysis 5  6.", "contents": "Formation of amino acids and related oligomers from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a solution of transition metal ions. In a solution of transition metal ions with or without kaolin not only amino acids but also their oligomers were formed. The maximum ratio of amino acids after to before acid hydrolysis 5  6.", "PMID": 559097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3715", "title": "Insulin stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in human breast cancer cells.", "content": "Four human breast cancer cell lines were tested for their response to hormones with respect to the lactational function, fatty acid synthesis. Physiologic concentrations of insulin enhanced the incorporation of [14C]acetate into fatty acids in two of four cell lines tested. All cell lines had specific, high-affinity insulin receptors; therefore, the failure of two lines to respond could not be attributed to the absence of receptor. The effect of insulin involved an increase in the maximun velocity of incorporation rather than a decrease in the Michaelis constant.", "contents": "Insulin stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in human breast cancer cells. Four human breast cancer cell lines were tested for their response to hormones with respect to the lactational function, fatty acid synthesis. Physiologic concentrations of insulin enhanced the incorporation of [14C]acetate into fatty acids in two of four cell lines tested. All cell lines had specific, high-affinity insulin receptors; therefore, the failure of two lines to respond could not be attributed to the absence of receptor. The effect of insulin involved an increase in the maximun velocity of incorporation rather than a decrease in the Michaelis constant.", "PMID": 559098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3716", "title": "Cell-free coupling of influenza virus RNA transcription and translation.", "content": "A cell-free coupled system for the transcription and translation of fowl plague virus RNA is described. The system utilizes a new nuclease-preincubated rabbit reticulocyte lysate that has a high sensitivity to exogenous mRNA and a very low level of nuclease activity. Translation of the viral proteins in the coupled system is strictly dependent upon the viral transcriptase activity. In the coupled system the optimal concentration of magnesium is intermediate between the optimum for transcription and that for translation. Translation of the viral proteins seems faithful. The products represent the major viral peptides M and NP and two peptides with the same electrophoretic mobility as HA and P2. Viron NA is not resolved in the kind of polyacrylamide gels described. Proteins M and NP were immunoprecipitable with monospecific antisera. It is concluded that the virion-associated RNA polymerase transcribes the negative-stranded segments of the viral genome coding for these major structural proteins into fully functional mRNA's.", "contents": "Cell-free coupling of influenza virus RNA transcription and translation. A cell-free coupled system for the transcription and translation of fowl plague virus RNA is described. The system utilizes a new nuclease-preincubated rabbit reticulocyte lysate that has a high sensitivity to exogenous mRNA and a very low level of nuclease activity. Translation of the viral proteins in the coupled system is strictly dependent upon the viral transcriptase activity. In the coupled system the optimal concentration of magnesium is intermediate between the optimum for transcription and that for translation. Translation of the viral proteins seems faithful. The products represent the major viral peptides M and NP and two peptides with the same electrophoretic mobility as HA and P2. Viron NA is not resolved in the kind of polyacrylamide gels described. Proteins M and NP were immunoprecipitable with monospecific antisera. It is concluded that the virion-associated RNA polymerase transcribes the negative-stranded segments of the viral genome coding for these major structural proteins into fully functional mRNA's.", "PMID": 559102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3717", "title": "Synthesis of Sindbis virus nonstructural polypeptides in chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "The identification of eight previously undescribed polypeptides in chicken embryo cells infected with Sindbis virus is reported. Seven of these polypeptides were distinguishable from the virus structural polypeptides and their precursors by their molecular weights and tryptic peptide maps. The eighth was closely related to pE2 (Schlesinger and Schlesinger, 1973), a precursor to one of the virus particle glycoproteins. Pulse-chase experiments and the use of an inhibitor of proteolytic cleavage allowed a division of the seven nonstructural (NS) polypeptides into three stable end products (NS p89, NS p82, and NS p60) and four precursors (p230, p215, p150, and p76). The labeling kinetics after synchronous initiation of translation indicated that synthesis of the NS polypeptides started at a single site and showed that the order of the genes coding for the NS polypeptides was (5' leads to 3') NS p60, NS p89, and NS p82. Short-pulse experiments under conditions of both synchronized and nonsynchronized translation suggested that cleavage of the primary translation product of the NS genes occurred only after its synthesis was completed and that the first cleavage removed the C-terminal polypeptide. From these and other experiments, we propose a detailed scheme for the synthesis and processing of Sindbis virus NS polypeptides.", "contents": "Synthesis of Sindbis virus nonstructural polypeptides in chicken embryo fibroblasts. The identification of eight previously undescribed polypeptides in chicken embryo cells infected with Sindbis virus is reported. Seven of these polypeptides were distinguishable from the virus structural polypeptides and their precursors by their molecular weights and tryptic peptide maps. The eighth was closely related to pE2 (Schlesinger and Schlesinger, 1973), a precursor to one of the virus particle glycoproteins. Pulse-chase experiments and the use of an inhibitor of proteolytic cleavage allowed a division of the seven nonstructural (NS) polypeptides into three stable end products (NS p89, NS p82, and NS p60) and four precursors (p230, p215, p150, and p76). The labeling kinetics after synchronous initiation of translation indicated that synthesis of the NS polypeptides started at a single site and showed that the order of the genes coding for the NS polypeptides was (5' leads to 3') NS p60, NS p89, and NS p82. Short-pulse experiments under conditions of both synchronized and nonsynchronized translation suggested that cleavage of the primary translation product of the NS genes occurred only after its synthesis was completed and that the first cleavage removed the C-terminal polypeptide. From these and other experiments, we propose a detailed scheme for the synthesis and processing of Sindbis virus NS polypeptides.", "PMID": 559103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3718", "title": "Three unique viral RNA species of snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses.", "content": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoreses of RNase T1-derived oligonucleotides of the three individual RNA segments of the bunyavirus snowshow hare virus indicate that its three RNA segments possess distinct nucleotide sequences. The fingerprints of the RNA species of snowshoe hare virus differ from those of the antigenically closely related La Crosse virus. Three viral RNA species have been identified in preparations of Melao and Trivittatus as well as snowshoe hare, Lumbo, and La Crosse bunyaviruses.", "contents": "Three unique viral RNA species of snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses. Two-dimensional gel electrophoreses of RNase T1-derived oligonucleotides of the three individual RNA segments of the bunyavirus snowshow hare virus indicate that its three RNA segments possess distinct nucleotide sequences. The fingerprints of the RNA species of snowshoe hare virus differ from those of the antigenically closely related La Crosse virus. Three viral RNA species have been identified in preparations of Melao and Trivittatus as well as snowshoe hare, Lumbo, and La Crosse bunyaviruses.", "PMID": 559104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3719", "title": "Virus-directed post-translational cleavage in Sindbus virus-infected cells.", "content": "The viral polypeptides synthesized in cells coinfected with group C and group D or E Sindbis virus mutants were studied. Cleavage of the ts2 protein occurs in cells coinfected with ts2 and ts20. Since the ts2 protein fails to chase in cells infected with ts2 alone, the activity effecting this cleavage must be, at least in part, virus specified.", "contents": "Virus-directed post-translational cleavage in Sindbus virus-infected cells. The viral polypeptides synthesized in cells coinfected with group C and group D or E Sindbis virus mutants were studied. Cleavage of the ts2 protein occurs in cells coinfected with ts2 and ts20. Since the ts2 protein fails to chase in cells infected with ts2 alone, the activity effecting this cleavage must be, at least in part, virus specified.", "PMID": 559105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3720", "title": "RNA synthesized in calicivirus-infected cells is atypical of picornaviruses.", "content": "RNA labeled with [3H]uridine from Vero cells infected with San Miguel sea lion virus in the presence of actinomycin D was analyzed by glycerol density gradient sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The predominant single-stranded RNA (36S, 2.6 x 10(6) molecular weight) was genome size. There was also a prominent 22S, 1.1 x 10(6)-molecular weight, single-stranded component and one or more double-stranded or partially double-stranded classes. Replicative forms, sedimenting at 18S, contained single-stranded RNA corresponding to the larger-molecular-weight class. All classes of intracellular RNA and virion RNA were polyadenylated. These findings and results with pig kidney cells infected with vesicular exanthema of swine virus and feline cells infected with feline calicivirus indicate that caliciviruses exhibit a strategy of replication different from typical picornaviruses and supports removal of the caliciviruses from the family Picornaviridae.", "contents": "RNA synthesized in calicivirus-infected cells is atypical of picornaviruses. RNA labeled with [3H]uridine from Vero cells infected with San Miguel sea lion virus in the presence of actinomycin D was analyzed by glycerol density gradient sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The predominant single-stranded RNA (36S, 2.6 x 10(6) molecular weight) was genome size. There was also a prominent 22S, 1.1 x 10(6)-molecular weight, single-stranded component and one or more double-stranded or partially double-stranded classes. Replicative forms, sedimenting at 18S, contained single-stranded RNA corresponding to the larger-molecular-weight class. All classes of intracellular RNA and virion RNA were polyadenylated. These findings and results with pig kidney cells infected with vesicular exanthema of swine virus and feline cells infected with feline calicivirus indicate that caliciviruses exhibit a strategy of replication different from typical picornaviruses and supports removal of the caliciviruses from the family Picornaviridae.", "PMID": 559106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3721", "title": "Contagious ecthyma in mountain goat of coastal British Columbia.", "content": "Contagious ecthyma has been reported previously from mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) in one restricted area of eastern British Columbia. A second focus of infection is reported for mountain goat from western British Columbia. Diagnosis was based on appearance of lesions at necropsy, histopathology and demonstration of poxvirus with the electron microscope. The epizootiology of this infection in mountain goat is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Contagious ecthyma in mountain goat of coastal British Columbia. Contagious ecthyma has been reported previously from mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) in one restricted area of eastern British Columbia. A second focus of infection is reported for mountain goat from western British Columbia. Diagnosis was based on appearance of lesions at necropsy, histopathology and demonstration of poxvirus with the electron microscope. The epizootiology of this infection in mountain goat is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 559107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3722", "title": "An epizootic of waterfowl associated with a red tide episode in Florida.", "content": "During February and March, 1974, an epizootic involving lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) occurred in the Tampa Bay area on the west coast of Florida. Several thousand ducks are estimated to have died. Concurrent with this epizootic was a red tide caused by heavy blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve intoxication were evident in some of the lesser scaup. A controlled experimental feeding of G. breve toxic material to White Pekin ducklings produced illness and death with signs comparable to some of those seen in the scaup.", "contents": "An epizootic of waterfowl associated with a red tide episode in Florida. During February and March, 1974, an epizootic involving lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) occurred in the Tampa Bay area on the west coast of Florida. Several thousand ducks are estimated to have died. Concurrent with this epizootic was a red tide caused by heavy blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve intoxication were evident in some of the lesser scaup. A controlled experimental feeding of G. breve toxic material to White Pekin ducklings produced illness and death with signs comparable to some of those seen in the scaup.", "PMID": 559108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3723", "title": "Physiological and clinical studies on norms and variations in counts of circulating basophile leucocytes.", "content": "Variations in the counts of circulating basophile leucocytes in 225 subjects were studied. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The counts (per mm3) show a gradual rise with growth, from infancy to adolescence, and maintain a fair constancy in adults. 2) No significant sex difference was found in the peripheral basophile counts. 3) A definite diurnal variation in the counts exists, which is lowest in the morning and highest in the evening. 4) the counts are altered in different phases of the menstrual cycle. 5) Pregnant women show lower counts than nonpregnant women. 6) Surgical trauma and a single electroconvulsive shock lowers the counts significantly but variations are not significant after meals and physical exercise. 7) Smokers have slightly higher counts than non-smokers. 8) course of irradiation therapy lowers the counts significantly in patients with inoperable noplastic diseases. 9) Counts show insignificant variation with alteration of blood glucose level. The results mentioned above are discussed.", "contents": "Physiological and clinical studies on norms and variations in counts of circulating basophile leucocytes. Variations in the counts of circulating basophile leucocytes in 225 subjects were studied. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The counts (per mm3) show a gradual rise with growth, from infancy to adolescence, and maintain a fair constancy in adults. 2) No significant sex difference was found in the peripheral basophile counts. 3) A definite diurnal variation in the counts exists, which is lowest in the morning and highest in the evening. 4) the counts are altered in different phases of the menstrual cycle. 5) Pregnant women show lower counts than nonpregnant women. 6) Surgical trauma and a single electroconvulsive shock lowers the counts significantly but variations are not significant after meals and physical exercise. 7) Smokers have slightly higher counts than non-smokers. 8) course of irradiation therapy lowers the counts significantly in patients with inoperable noplastic diseases. 9) Counts show insignificant variation with alteration of blood glucose level. The results mentioned above are discussed.", "PMID": 559189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3724", "title": "Hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase system: further studies of assay procedure.", "content": "Rat hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was measured by detecting the amount of formaldehyde produced from aminopyrine. Some optimal conditions for the N-demethylation were determined using both isolated microsomes and whole homogenates, and the standard assay method is described. Formaldehyde production from the substrate by microsomal enzyme system was linear to the amount of microsomes added during 3 min reaction time, whereas long-time incubation caused a decrease in the apparent activity of aminopyrine N-demethylation. The N-demethylase activity observed in normal rat liver homogenate was quite similar to that in microsomes when the activity was expressed on the basis of cytochrome P-450 as molecular activity. Pretreatment of animals with typical inducers, phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, resulted in alteration of the aminopyrine N-demethylase system, which was detectable in both microsomes and whole homogenates.", "contents": "Hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase system: further studies of assay procedure. Rat hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was measured by detecting the amount of formaldehyde produced from aminopyrine. Some optimal conditions for the N-demethylation were determined using both isolated microsomes and whole homogenates, and the standard assay method is described. Formaldehyde production from the substrate by microsomal enzyme system was linear to the amount of microsomes added during 3 min reaction time, whereas long-time incubation caused a decrease in the apparent activity of aminopyrine N-demethylation. The N-demethylase activity observed in normal rat liver homogenate was quite similar to that in microsomes when the activity was expressed on the basis of cytochrome P-450 as molecular activity. Pretreatment of animals with typical inducers, phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, resulted in alteration of the aminopyrine N-demethylase system, which was detectable in both microsomes and whole homogenates.", "PMID": 559190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3725", "title": "[Online CRT visual masking system].", "content": "To analyse the human visual perception process by backward masking, thousands of TS's and MS's must be exposed even in an experiment. If a mechanical tachistoscope should be used, labors for making such stimuli, for changing them at each exposure and for arranging data of the S's reaction would be exceedingly great. In order to save the lavors, a computer-controlled visual masking system is designed. The computer generates the TS and MS, exposes them on the CRT and collects the S's reaction. A command language named OLM-1 is used to described forms of TS's and MS's and other parameters of backward masking. Using this system one thousand TS's can be exposed within an hour or so.", "contents": "[Online CRT visual masking system]. To analyse the human visual perception process by backward masking, thousands of TS's and MS's must be exposed even in an experiment. If a mechanical tachistoscope should be used, labors for making such stimuli, for changing them at each exposure and for arranging data of the S's reaction would be exceedingly great. In order to save the lavors, a computer-controlled visual masking system is designed. The computer generates the TS and MS, exposes them on the CRT and collects the S's reaction. A command language named OLM-1 is used to described forms of TS's and MS's and other parameters of backward masking. Using this system one thousand TS's can be exposed within an hour or so.", "PMID": 559191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3726", "title": "[Phakofragmentation and aspiration through the pars plana ciliaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Not until Machemer et al. started doing what they called posterior lensectomies with the vitreous-infusion-suction-cutter did removal of the lens through the pars plana become standard procedure. Effected originally as a first step in eyes undergoing vitrectomy, when an opaque lens interfered with fundus visibility, it has started to be used as an independant procedure in the case of soft-mostly traumatic-cataracts, and in that of ectopic or subluxated lenses. In 40 out of 43 operated cases the results have been as good as could be expected from the condition of the macula. Three cases, or 6.9%, developed serious complications: one a retinal detachment which could not be cured by surgery, one a chronic corneal edema, and one a secondary glaucoma which reacted poorly to medical therapy.", "contents": "[Phakofragmentation and aspiration through the pars plana ciliaris (author's transl)]. Not until Machemer et al. started doing what they called posterior lensectomies with the vitreous-infusion-suction-cutter did removal of the lens through the pars plana become standard procedure. Effected originally as a first step in eyes undergoing vitrectomy, when an opaque lens interfered with fundus visibility, it has started to be used as an independant procedure in the case of soft-mostly traumatic-cataracts, and in that of ectopic or subluxated lenses. In 40 out of 43 operated cases the results have been as good as could be expected from the condition of the macula. Three cases, or 6.9%, developed serious complications: one a retinal detachment which could not be cured by surgery, one a chronic corneal edema, and one a secondary glaucoma which reacted poorly to medical therapy.", "PMID": 559217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3727", "title": "Morphologic changes during incubation of renal slices.", "content": "The progression of ultrastructural changes was studied during various conditions of incubation of rat and mice renal cortex slices. The kidneys were sliced with a Stadie-Riggs microtome and incubated in various media (tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris), Tris-proline, and Hanks), in different oxygenation conditions (O2-CO2, 6 liters per minute; N2, 0.5 liter per minute), at different temperatures (37 degrees C, 23 degrees C.) and different time intervals (0 to 120 minutes). The most conspicious changes appear to involve plasma membranes and mitochondria. Early changes (0 to 30 minutes) are mainly confined to mitochondria cristae and matrix; there is also light swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum. After 30 minutes of incubation, the majority of mitochondria have a condensed form: dense matrix and slight dilation of the cristae. These modifications are more accentuated at 75 minutes and many mitochondria are swollen and contain dense material. The modification of the membrane takes place at 30 minutes by vesiculation and/or a diffuse dilation of brush border and is followed by myelinization. The antiluminal membrane appears less sensitive but the same modification pattern appears after 75 minutes. These changes appear more slowly at 23 degrees C. than at 37 degrees C. Kinetic studies were also carried out confirming findings of various authors; cellular uptake and accumulation of 14C-glycine still take place after 2 hours of incubation. The kidney cortex slicing technique does not seem to be suitable for the study of absorption at the luminal membrane. Furthermore, our observations suggest that the generally accepted ultrastructure of some organelles does not correspond to their appearance in the noramlly functioning state in vivo.", "contents": "Morphologic changes during incubation of renal slices. The progression of ultrastructural changes was studied during various conditions of incubation of rat and mice renal cortex slices. The kidneys were sliced with a Stadie-Riggs microtome and incubated in various media (tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris), Tris-proline, and Hanks), in different oxygenation conditions (O2-CO2, 6 liters per minute; N2, 0.5 liter per minute), at different temperatures (37 degrees C, 23 degrees C.) and different time intervals (0 to 120 minutes). The most conspicious changes appear to involve plasma membranes and mitochondria. Early changes (0 to 30 minutes) are mainly confined to mitochondria cristae and matrix; there is also light swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum. After 30 minutes of incubation, the majority of mitochondria have a condensed form: dense matrix and slight dilation of the cristae. These modifications are more accentuated at 75 minutes and many mitochondria are swollen and contain dense material. The modification of the membrane takes place at 30 minutes by vesiculation and/or a diffuse dilation of brush border and is followed by myelinization. The antiluminal membrane appears less sensitive but the same modification pattern appears after 75 minutes. These changes appear more slowly at 23 degrees C. than at 37 degrees C. Kinetic studies were also carried out confirming findings of various authors; cellular uptake and accumulation of 14C-glycine still take place after 2 hours of incubation. The kidney cortex slicing technique does not seem to be suitable for the study of absorption at the luminal membrane. Furthermore, our observations suggest that the generally accepted ultrastructure of some organelles does not correspond to their appearance in the noramlly functioning state in vivo.", "PMID": 559220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3728", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of experimental portal-systemic (ammonia) encephalopathy. Progression and reversal of the disorder.", "content": "A sequential light and electron microscopic study of cerebral cortex was performed in a rat model of portal-systemic encephalopathy produced by creating a portacaval shunt and followed by ammoniate resin feedings. Prior to coma, astrocytes were characterized ultrastructurally by marked cytoplasmic enlargement, proliferation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and an accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen. The Alzheimer type II astrocyte change was seen only in coma and was characterized ultrastructurally by additional hydropic and degenerative mitochondrial and nuclear changes. Attempts at reversal of the encephalopathy were successful only if ammoniated resin feedings were discontinued prior to coma. Results suggest (1) that the astrocyte response initially reflects an ammonia-induced increased metabolic activity in that cell; (2) that subsequently a gliopathy develops having the light microscopic appearance of the Alzheimer type II change; and (3) that the Alzheimer type II astrocyte change may be responsible for an irreversible clinical course in this experimental condition.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of experimental portal-systemic (ammonia) encephalopathy. Progression and reversal of the disorder. A sequential light and electron microscopic study of cerebral cortex was performed in a rat model of portal-systemic encephalopathy produced by creating a portacaval shunt and followed by ammoniate resin feedings. Prior to coma, astrocytes were characterized ultrastructurally by marked cytoplasmic enlargement, proliferation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and an accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen. The Alzheimer type II astrocyte change was seen only in coma and was characterized ultrastructurally by additional hydropic and degenerative mitochondrial and nuclear changes. Attempts at reversal of the encephalopathy were successful only if ammoniated resin feedings were discontinued prior to coma. Results suggest (1) that the astrocyte response initially reflects an ammonia-induced increased metabolic activity in that cell; (2) that subsequently a gliopathy develops having the light microscopic appearance of the Alzheimer type II change; and (3) that the Alzheimer type II astrocyte change may be responsible for an irreversible clinical course in this experimental condition.", "PMID": 559221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3729", "title": "Tobacco chewing an unusual case of drug dependence.", "content": "This case report is that of a 53-year-old man without current evidence of significant psychiatric disorder who requested treatment for dependence on chewing-tobbaco. During his successful treatment in the Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Unit, we noted several similarities between his tobacco chewing and other drug dependencies.", "contents": "Tobacco chewing an unusual case of drug dependence. This case report is that of a 53-year-old man without current evidence of significant psychiatric disorder who requested treatment for dependence on chewing-tobbaco. During his successful treatment in the Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Unit, we noted several similarities between his tobacco chewing and other drug dependencies.", "PMID": 559223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3730", "title": "[Formaldehyde determination in adhesives and in work environment (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method is presented for analysis of urea-formaldehyde resins and other substances used in glueing operations, in relation to the environmental control of formaldehyde, considered as a pollutant in furniture plants.", "contents": "[Formaldehyde determination in adhesives and in work environment (author's transl)]. A simple method is presented for analysis of urea-formaldehyde resins and other substances used in glueing operations, in relation to the environmental control of formaldehyde, considered as a pollutant in furniture plants.", "PMID": 559226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3731", "title": "PSRO and the dissolution of the malpractice suit.", "content": "The effect of PSRO on the practice of defensive medicine and the effect of the civil immunity provision on the numbers of malpractice suits may well be substantial. Cost savings in terms of control of overutilization and of the potential for patient injury engendered by that overutilization will ensue. While substantial, those effects will be small compared to the effect of PSRO on the present medical malpractice system. As a social system, malpractice has two positive purposes. It serves as a measure of quality control on outcomes of medical care, and it serves to compensate people for injuries received in medically related situations. How well it serves these purposes is unknown, but what few data exist indicate that it does not significantly enhance the quality of care nor provide an efficient method of compensation. It exists in theory because it is the final check and balance on physician practice--the only existing control on the outcomes of care. Until some system other than malpractice could be conceived which was at least as efficient in outcomes control, malpractice was destined to continue, and no other method of patient compensation could be considered seriously since the compensation and quality control aspects of malpractice were so inextricably bound. With the advent of PSRO, another means of outcomes control came into existence, and as PSRO becomes operational nationwide, that system will prove an efficient and effective system of control over the quality of outcomes of medical care. Within the environment of PSRO, malpractice as a system of outcomes control has little reason to exist, and its worth as a system of patient compensation can be reexamined. It is within the framework of PSRO that other systems of compensation of the injured patient can be considered and developed--systems hopefully more just and more efficient than malpractice. This is the greatest impact PSRO will have on malpractice. It is, of course, a long-term process, and one which will not produce immediate results. In fact, the role of PSRO in effecting a change in patient compensation may never be recognized directly. It is only within the existence of a working system controlling the quality of outcomes of medical care that the injustices of the malpractice system can be righted and alternatives to that system can be considered.", "contents": "PSRO and the dissolution of the malpractice suit. The effect of PSRO on the practice of defensive medicine and the effect of the civil immunity provision on the numbers of malpractice suits may well be substantial. Cost savings in terms of control of overutilization and of the potential for patient injury engendered by that overutilization will ensue. While substantial, those effects will be small compared to the effect of PSRO on the present medical malpractice system. As a social system, malpractice has two positive purposes. It serves as a measure of quality control on outcomes of medical care, and it serves to compensate people for injuries received in medically related situations. How well it serves these purposes is unknown, but what few data exist indicate that it does not significantly enhance the quality of care nor provide an efficient method of compensation. It exists in theory because it is the final check and balance on physician practice--the only existing control on the outcomes of care. Until some system other than malpractice could be conceived which was at least as efficient in outcomes control, malpractice was destined to continue, and no other method of patient compensation could be considered seriously since the compensation and quality control aspects of malpractice were so inextricably bound. With the advent of PSRO, another means of outcomes control came into existence, and as PSRO becomes operational nationwide, that system will prove an efficient and effective system of control over the quality of outcomes of medical care. Within the environment of PSRO, malpractice as a system of outcomes control has little reason to exist, and its worth as a system of patient compensation can be reexamined. It is within the framework of PSRO that other systems of compensation of the injured patient can be considered and developed--systems hopefully more just and more efficient than malpractice. This is the greatest impact PSRO will have on malpractice. It is, of course, a long-term process, and one which will not produce immediate results. In fact, the role of PSRO in effecting a change in patient compensation may never be recognized directly. It is only within the existence of a working system controlling the quality of outcomes of medical care that the injustices of the malpractice system can be righted and alternatives to that system can be considered.", "PMID": 559227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3732", "title": "Fatty acid compositions of lipid fractions from vegetative cells and mature sorocarps of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "A wild-type strain of Dictyostelium discoideum was grown upon Aerobacter aerogenes. Fatty acid compositions of lipid fractions and of total lipids obtained from vegetative amoebae and mature sorocarps were compared. Fatty acids isolated from vegetative cells were found to include large quantities of 17- and 19-carbon cyclopropane fatty acids while straight-chain, saturated fatty acids represented only 10% (w/w) of total fatty acids. These cyclopropane fatty acids appear to be derived from ingested bacteria and are preferentially incorporated into neutral lipids of the slime mold. Development of amoebae to mature sorocarps is accompanied by a substantial decrease in cyclopropane fatty acid content and a concomitant increase in unsaturated fatty acids, mostly as octadeca-5,11-dienoic acid. The delta-22 stigmastenyl ester fraction is the richest source of this acid. Fully 65% of the fatty acids in this fraction are the octadecadienoate.", "contents": "Fatty acid compositions of lipid fractions from vegetative cells and mature sorocarps of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. A wild-type strain of Dictyostelium discoideum was grown upon Aerobacter aerogenes. Fatty acid compositions of lipid fractions and of total lipids obtained from vegetative amoebae and mature sorocarps were compared. Fatty acids isolated from vegetative cells were found to include large quantities of 17- and 19-carbon cyclopropane fatty acids while straight-chain, saturated fatty acids represented only 10% (w/w) of total fatty acids. These cyclopropane fatty acids appear to be derived from ingested bacteria and are preferentially incorporated into neutral lipids of the slime mold. Development of amoebae to mature sorocarps is accompanied by a substantial decrease in cyclopropane fatty acid content and a concomitant increase in unsaturated fatty acids, mostly as octadeca-5,11-dienoic acid. The delta-22 stigmastenyl ester fraction is the richest source of this acid. Fully 65% of the fatty acids in this fraction are the octadecadienoate.", "PMID": 559228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3733", "title": "Combination therapy for osteoporosis.", "content": "The effect of therapy that simultaneously stimulates bone formation and inhibits bone resporption was evaluated in five patients with primary osteoporosis. The technique of in vivo neutron activation analysis was used to measure total body calcium (TB-Ca). The patients were treated with calcium supplements and salmon calcitonin combined with either a low or a high dose of growth hormond (hGH). There was no significant increase in skeletal mass (TB-Ca) during the low-dose hGH regimen. An increase in skeletal mass was observed in all patients following the high-dose regimen, except for one patient who developed secondary hyperparathyroidism. Although this study must be considered to be of a preliminary nature, the magnitude of the response in calcium balance suggests that skeletal mass can be increased in osteoporosis if combination therapy is employed.", "contents": "Combination therapy for osteoporosis. The effect of therapy that simultaneously stimulates bone formation and inhibits bone resporption was evaluated in five patients with primary osteoporosis. The technique of in vivo neutron activation analysis was used to measure total body calcium (TB-Ca). The patients were treated with calcium supplements and salmon calcitonin combined with either a low or a high dose of growth hormond (hGH). There was no significant increase in skeletal mass (TB-Ca) during the low-dose hGH regimen. An increase in skeletal mass was observed in all patients following the high-dose regimen, except for one patient who developed secondary hyperparathyroidism. Although this study must be considered to be of a preliminary nature, the magnitude of the response in calcium balance suggests that skeletal mass can be increased in osteoporosis if combination therapy is employed.", "PMID": 559229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3734", "title": "Modulative effect of endogenous granuloid inhibitors on cell proliferation.", "content": "The particle-free crude extract of differentiated granulocytes (GCE) and the GI-1, GI-2, GI-3 proliferation inhibitory fractions (M.W. larger than or equal to 70,000 approximately 11,500 and less than or equal to 4000) were studied for the effects they exert on cultured cells. As shown by the curve, in bone marrow suspension cultures, in the dose range of 0.01-10.0 microng/ml, GCE maximally inhibits 3H-TdR incorporation into the DNA for 5.5 hours. In agar-gel cultures, 1.0-5.0 microng/ml of GCE reduces both the number (by 50.6-54.8%) and the size of the colonies formed. The manifestation of the inhibitory effect of GI-1, GI-2 and GI-3 fractions requires 2.5-3.5 hours. The inhibitors designated GI-2 and GI-2 are target-cell specific but they do not reduce 3H-TdR incorporation either in thymocyte suspension or HeLa monolayer cultures. On the other hand GI-1 inhibis the proliferation in HeLa cultures, as well. These endogenous inhibitors exert their optimum effect, even in a partially purified state at 2-4 orders or magnitude lower concentrations than does 1,2/5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAD), a cell-aspecific inhibitor used for comparison in the same system.", "contents": "Modulative effect of endogenous granuloid inhibitors on cell proliferation. The particle-free crude extract of differentiated granulocytes (GCE) and the GI-1, GI-2, GI-3 proliferation inhibitory fractions (M.W. larger than or equal to 70,000 approximately 11,500 and less than or equal to 4000) were studied for the effects they exert on cultured cells. As shown by the curve, in bone marrow suspension cultures, in the dose range of 0.01-10.0 microng/ml, GCE maximally inhibits 3H-TdR incorporation into the DNA for 5.5 hours. In agar-gel cultures, 1.0-5.0 microng/ml of GCE reduces both the number (by 50.6-54.8%) and the size of the colonies formed. The manifestation of the inhibitory effect of GI-1, GI-2 and GI-3 fractions requires 2.5-3.5 hours. The inhibitors designated GI-2 and GI-2 are target-cell specific but they do not reduce 3H-TdR incorporation either in thymocyte suspension or HeLa monolayer cultures. On the other hand GI-1 inhibis the proliferation in HeLa cultures, as well. These endogenous inhibitors exert their optimum effect, even in a partially purified state at 2-4 orders or magnitude lower concentrations than does 1,2/5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAD), a cell-aspecific inhibitor used for comparison in the same system.", "PMID": 559224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3735", "title": "Clinical manifestations of tansy ragwort poisoning.", "content": "The clinical signs of tansy ragwort poisoning are variable and in 5 cases included diarrhea, tenesmus, ascites, bloody feces, icterus, paresis, CNS involvement, rectal prolapse, poor appetite and weight loss. It is thus apparent that the disease can be confused clinically with many others, and tansy ragwort poisoning should be considered in animals exhibiting ascites, diarrhea and rectal prolapse. Several cases of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) poisoning occurring from 1969 to 1976 are reported to illustrate the numerous clinical pictures that might confront a practitioner. The disease is sporadic in this area. The poisonous principles in tansy ragwort are pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which cause gradual alteration and necrosis of liver cells with replacement by fibrous tissue. The development of signs in all of these cases could be attributed to failure of one or more liver functions.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of tansy ragwort poisoning. The clinical signs of tansy ragwort poisoning are variable and in 5 cases included diarrhea, tenesmus, ascites, bloody feces, icterus, paresis, CNS involvement, rectal prolapse, poor appetite and weight loss. It is thus apparent that the disease can be confused clinically with many others, and tansy ragwort poisoning should be considered in animals exhibiting ascites, diarrhea and rectal prolapse. Several cases of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) poisoning occurring from 1969 to 1976 are reported to illustrate the numerous clinical pictures that might confront a practitioner. The disease is sporadic in this area. The poisonous principles in tansy ragwort are pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which cause gradual alteration and necrosis of liver cells with replacement by fibrous tissue. The development of signs in all of these cases could be attributed to failure of one or more liver functions.", "PMID": 559240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3736", "title": "Anisomycin sensitive mutants of Physarum polycephalum isolated by cyst selection.", "content": "The haploid myxamoebae of Physarum polycephalum reversibly differentiate to form dormant microcysts under conditions of starvation. The thin-walled cysts can be selective recovered from a cell suspension which has been treated with the surfactant Triton X-100 to lyse amoeboid forms. Excystment, which is initiated by suspension in liquid medium, is inhibited by antibiotics which block protein synthesis. Cysts of drug resistant mutants excyst rapidly in media containing sufficient antibiotic to maintain drug sensitive strains in the encysted state. The selective survival of non-excysted cells following Triton X-100 treatment has been employed to enrich for drug sensitive mutants. Several anisomycin sensitive mutants have been isolated, one of which has been analysed genetically. The possible applications of this mutant enrichment technique are discussed.", "contents": "Anisomycin sensitive mutants of Physarum polycephalum isolated by cyst selection. The haploid myxamoebae of Physarum polycephalum reversibly differentiate to form dormant microcysts under conditions of starvation. The thin-walled cysts can be selective recovered from a cell suspension which has been treated with the surfactant Triton X-100 to lyse amoeboid forms. Excystment, which is initiated by suspension in liquid medium, is inhibited by antibiotics which block protein synthesis. Cysts of drug resistant mutants excyst rapidly in media containing sufficient antibiotic to maintain drug sensitive strains in the encysted state. The selective survival of non-excysted cells following Triton X-100 treatment has been employed to enrich for drug sensitive mutants. Several anisomycin sensitive mutants have been isolated, one of which has been analysed genetically. The possible applications of this mutant enrichment technique are discussed.", "PMID": 559241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3737", "title": "Evidence against mutational \"hot-spots\" at aggregation loci in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Complementation tests were performed on 10 strains of Dictyostelium discoideum which carry developmental mutations representing aggregation loci identified previously in two independent studies. When the 5 aggregation-deficient strains representing loci CGI-5 were fused with the 5 strains carrying mutations at loci ago A-E, all 25 crosses produced aggregation-competent diploids. Complicating factors, such as negative gene interactions and possible interallelic complementation are discussed. The results of this experiment suggest that the 10 aggregation loci identified in the two studies are different and that aggregation loci in D. discoideum are probably not associated with significant mutational \"hot-spots\".", "contents": "Evidence against mutational \"hot-spots\" at aggregation loci in Dictyostelium discoideum. Complementation tests were performed on 10 strains of Dictyostelium discoideum which carry developmental mutations representing aggregation loci identified previously in two independent studies. When the 5 aggregation-deficient strains representing loci CGI-5 were fused with the 5 strains carrying mutations at loci ago A-E, all 25 crosses produced aggregation-competent diploids. Complicating factors, such as negative gene interactions and possible interallelic complementation are discussed. The results of this experiment suggest that the 10 aggregation loci identified in the two studies are different and that aggregation loci in D. discoideum are probably not associated with significant mutational \"hot-spots\".", "PMID": 559242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3738", "title": "Linkage analysis of developmental mutations in aggregation-deficient mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Simple parasexual genetic techniques have been employed to extend the linkage analysis initiated in an earlier study (Coukell, 1975) of developmental mutations (agg mutations) in 40 independently isolated aggregation-deficient mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum. Using these techniques, agg mutations in 28 of the 40 mutants have been assigned to 4 linkage groups: 16 in group II, 1 in group III, 10 in group IV, and 1 in group VI. None of the agg mutations analyzed appear to map in linkage group I. In addition, a new temperature-sensitive growth locus, designated tsgJ, was mapped in group III. It was also found that diploid strains of D. discoideum are readily induced to undergo haploidization when grown on 0.1% p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) at 25.5 degrees C. Growth of diploid strains on PFP had no effect on the type of segregant classes obtained (i.e. PFP does not induce mitotic crossing-over), the subsequent growth and/or development of the segregants, or the ability of the segregants to reform stable diploids.", "contents": "Linkage analysis of developmental mutations in aggregation-deficient mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum. Simple parasexual genetic techniques have been employed to extend the linkage analysis initiated in an earlier study (Coukell, 1975) of developmental mutations (agg mutations) in 40 independently isolated aggregation-deficient mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum. Using these techniques, agg mutations in 28 of the 40 mutants have been assigned to 4 linkage groups: 16 in group II, 1 in group III, 10 in group IV, and 1 in group VI. None of the agg mutations analyzed appear to map in linkage group I. In addition, a new temperature-sensitive growth locus, designated tsgJ, was mapped in group III. It was also found that diploid strains of D. discoideum are readily induced to undergo haploidization when grown on 0.1% p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) at 25.5 degrees C. Growth of diploid strains on PFP had no effect on the type of segregant classes obtained (i.e. PFP does not induce mitotic crossing-over), the subsequent growth and/or development of the segregants, or the ability of the segregants to reform stable diploids.", "PMID": 559243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3739", "title": "Mutational synergism between p-fluorophenylalanine and UV in Coprinus lagopus.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that the amino acid analogue p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) is mutagenic to Coprinus lagopus due to its incorporation into proteins [32]. Spontaneous mutations, PFP and UV mutagenesis and PFP/UV synergism have been studied in a UV resistant strain and in two complementing UV sensitive mutant strains. By comparison to the UV resistant strain, one UV sensitive strain shows normal spontaneous mutations, 1.4% PFP-induced mutations and 50-fold UV mutagenesis. The second UV sensitive strain has 19-fold spontaneous mutation frequency, 8% PFP induced mutations and slightly elevated UV mutagenesis. In all 3 strains the PFP/UV synergism is comparable (4--5 times the arithmetic expected). The results indicate that PFP mutagenesis is due to the incorporation of PFP into enzymes normally functioning in the organism but which also participate in UV repair mechanisms. A model is proposed for UV repair which is based on a PFP sensitive excision repair system of at least two enzymes, and alternative \"error proof\" pathway which is not suscetible to PFP and an \"error prone\" pathway which is responsible for UV mutagenesis and is susceptible to PFP as shown by the PFP/UV synergism. Because PFP is given before UV treatment, this implies a UV inducible cofactor and a PFP sensitive enzyme which only functions after UV activation.", "contents": "Mutational synergism between p-fluorophenylalanine and UV in Coprinus lagopus. Previous studies have shown that the amino acid analogue p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) is mutagenic to Coprinus lagopus due to its incorporation into proteins [32]. Spontaneous mutations, PFP and UV mutagenesis and PFP/UV synergism have been studied in a UV resistant strain and in two complementing UV sensitive mutant strains. By comparison to the UV resistant strain, one UV sensitive strain shows normal spontaneous mutations, 1.4% PFP-induced mutations and 50-fold UV mutagenesis. The second UV sensitive strain has 19-fold spontaneous mutation frequency, 8% PFP induced mutations and slightly elevated UV mutagenesis. In all 3 strains the PFP/UV synergism is comparable (4--5 times the arithmetic expected). The results indicate that PFP mutagenesis is due to the incorporation of PFP into enzymes normally functioning in the organism but which also participate in UV repair mechanisms. A model is proposed for UV repair which is based on a PFP sensitive excision repair system of at least two enzymes, and alternative \"error proof\" pathway which is not suscetible to PFP and an \"error prone\" pathway which is responsible for UV mutagenesis and is susceptible to PFP as shown by the PFP/UV synergism. Because PFP is given before UV treatment, this implies a UV inducible cofactor and a PFP sensitive enzyme which only functions after UV activation.", "PMID": 559244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3740", "title": "Cerebral mucormycosis following experimental inoculation with Mortierella wolfii.", "content": "A strain of Mortierella wolfii isolated from a case of bovine mycotic abortion in the United Kingdom did not produce disease in mice when inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous routes. When injected by the intracerebral route, it induced a chronic granulomatous infection of the brain resulting in hydrocephalus and eventually death.", "contents": "Cerebral mucormycosis following experimental inoculation with Mortierella wolfii. A strain of Mortierella wolfii isolated from a case of bovine mycotic abortion in the United Kingdom did not produce disease in mice when inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous routes. When injected by the intracerebral route, it induced a chronic granulomatous infection of the brain resulting in hydrocephalus and eventually death.", "PMID": 559251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3741", "title": "Importance of free living mustelid carnivores in circulation of adiaspiromycosis.", "content": "The study of adiaspiromycosis in 8 species of free living mustelid carnivores (266 specimens) revealed the average intensity of infection to be 41.4%. The highest incidence rate was found in the exoanthropic species Putorius eversmanni (73.1%) and Martes martes (72.2%) while the lowest was observed in the hemisynanthropic species Putorius putorius (30.6%). The stone marten (Martes foina)) is a new, still unknown reservoir host of C. parvum var. crescens, C. parvum for which Putorius eversmanni and mustela nivalis are new hosts, was also demonstrated in 3 cases. In the present paper, the role of mustelid carnivores in natural foci of adiaspiromycosis is discussed and evaluated. The importance of these predators in the circulation of C. parvum var. crescens is relatively wide. They make possible the liberation of adiaspores from the lungs of their prey - primarily small mammals - into the environment and participate in the spread of infection in both the horizontal and vertical directions. They play a part in the process of distributing of the organism to the vicinity of human dwellings, in the development of new elementary foci, and also act as important reservoir hosts of C. parvum var. crescens.", "contents": "Importance of free living mustelid carnivores in circulation of adiaspiromycosis. The study of adiaspiromycosis in 8 species of free living mustelid carnivores (266 specimens) revealed the average intensity of infection to be 41.4%. The highest incidence rate was found in the exoanthropic species Putorius eversmanni (73.1%) and Martes martes (72.2%) while the lowest was observed in the hemisynanthropic species Putorius putorius (30.6%). The stone marten (Martes foina)) is a new, still unknown reservoir host of C. parvum var. crescens, C. parvum for which Putorius eversmanni and mustela nivalis are new hosts, was also demonstrated in 3 cases. In the present paper, the role of mustelid carnivores in natural foci of adiaspiromycosis is discussed and evaluated. The importance of these predators in the circulation of C. parvum var. crescens is relatively wide. They make possible the liberation of adiaspores from the lungs of their prey - primarily small mammals - into the environment and participate in the spread of infection in both the horizontal and vertical directions. They play a part in the process of distributing of the organism to the vicinity of human dwellings, in the development of new elementary foci, and also act as important reservoir hosts of C. parvum var. crescens.", "PMID": 559252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3742", "title": "Familial spastic ataxia: occurrence in childhood.", "content": "The childhood form of familial spastic ataxia differs in many aspects from the disease of adult onset but as yet has received little attention in the literature. Five children with familial spastic ataxia are presented. A general review of the pertinent literature on familial spastic ataxia is included. The clinical and pathologic features of the childhood form of this disease are variable. Because this recessive disease has no known metabolic marker, differential diagnosis is difficult, requiring detailed history and careful observation.", "contents": "Familial spastic ataxia: occurrence in childhood. The childhood form of familial spastic ataxia differs in many aspects from the disease of adult onset but as yet has received little attention in the literature. Five children with familial spastic ataxia are presented. A general review of the pertinent literature on familial spastic ataxia is included. The clinical and pathologic features of the childhood form of this disease are variable. Because this recessive disease has no known metabolic marker, differential diagnosis is difficult, requiring detailed history and careful observation.", "PMID": 559257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3743", "title": "Acute cerebellar hemorrhage. Analysis of clinical findings and outcome in 12 cases.", "content": "Although a majority of reported cases of cerebellar hemorrhage are subacute or chronic, an acute form of cerebellar hemorrhage occurs that results in coma within 48 hours of onset and is probably always fatal without surgical intervention. Our experience with 12 consecutive patients with proved acute cerebellar hemorrhage is summarized. Of three patients treated with aggressive medical therapy alone, none survived more than 48 hours. In seven of nine operated cases, emergency surgery was undertaken solely on the strength of clinical diagnosis without radiologic confirmation. Three died postoperatively. Of six survivors, two recovered fully, and two show mild and two moderate residua. The major factors influencing survival were the rate of evolution of signs and the level of consciousness at the moment of surgery.", "contents": "Acute cerebellar hemorrhage. Analysis of clinical findings and outcome in 12 cases. Although a majority of reported cases of cerebellar hemorrhage are subacute or chronic, an acute form of cerebellar hemorrhage occurs that results in coma within 48 hours of onset and is probably always fatal without surgical intervention. Our experience with 12 consecutive patients with proved acute cerebellar hemorrhage is summarized. Of three patients treated with aggressive medical therapy alone, none survived more than 48 hours. In seven of nine operated cases, emergency surgery was undertaken solely on the strength of clinical diagnosis without radiologic confirmation. Three died postoperatively. Of six survivors, two recovered fully, and two show mild and two moderate residua. The major factors influencing survival were the rate of evolution of signs and the level of consciousness at the moment of surgery.", "PMID": 559258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3744", "title": "Alexia without agraphia in a left-handed patient with prosopagnosia.", "content": "A left-handed patient was studied who had the acute onset of alexia without agraphia, a left homonymous hemianopia, and prosopagnosia. Neurodiagnostic tests including computerized axial tomography and angiography disclosed bilateral lesions in the posterior cerebral hemispheres involving the splenium of the corpus callosum. Neuropsychologic examination indicated marked impairment of facial discrimination, deficient naming and memory of presented visual material, and mild visual agnosia with relative preservation of other cognitive functions. These findings are consistent with a double disconnection syndrome involving disconnection of the dominant angular gyrus and right inferotemporal cortex from their bilateral visual inputs.", "contents": "Alexia without agraphia in a left-handed patient with prosopagnosia. A left-handed patient was studied who had the acute onset of alexia without agraphia, a left homonymous hemianopia, and prosopagnosia. Neurodiagnostic tests including computerized axial tomography and angiography disclosed bilateral lesions in the posterior cerebral hemispheres involving the splenium of the corpus callosum. Neuropsychologic examination indicated marked impairment of facial discrimination, deficient naming and memory of presented visual material, and mild visual agnosia with relative preservation of other cognitive functions. These findings are consistent with a double disconnection syndrome involving disconnection of the dominant angular gyrus and right inferotemporal cortex from their bilateral visual inputs.", "PMID": 559259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3745", "title": "Failure of inactivation of Duchenne dystrophy X-chromosome in one of female identical twins.", "content": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy manifested in one of girl twins. The twins were monozygous on the basis of red cell and HL antigens and skin graft compatibility. Karyotyping, including banding techniques, showed a normal number of chromosomes and a normal configuration of the X-chromosome in both twins. The twins were identical in appearance until symptoms of Duchenne dystrophy developed in  one at age 4 years. The maternal uncle had classic Duchenne dystrophy; the mother and the nonmanifesting twin showed evidence of being heterozygous for Duchenne dystrophy. The phenotypic difference in monozygous twins is readily explained by lyonization of the X-chromosome after twinning has occurred. The findings substantiate the existence of Duchenne dystrophy manifesting in females with normal karyotypes.", "contents": "Failure of inactivation of Duchenne dystrophy X-chromosome in one of female identical twins. Duchenne muscular dystrophy manifested in one of girl twins. The twins were monozygous on the basis of red cell and HL antigens and skin graft compatibility. Karyotyping, including banding techniques, showed a normal number of chromosomes and a normal configuration of the X-chromosome in both twins. The twins were identical in appearance until symptoms of Duchenne dystrophy developed in  one at age 4 years. The maternal uncle had classic Duchenne dystrophy; the mother and the nonmanifesting twin showed evidence of being heterozygous for Duchenne dystrophy. The phenotypic difference in monozygous twins is readily explained by lyonization of the X-chromosome after twinning has occurred. The findings substantiate the existence of Duchenne dystrophy manifesting in females with normal karyotypes.", "PMID": 559260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3746", "title": "Nonhypoxemic hazards of prolonged myoclonus.", "content": "Hyperkalemia, hyperthermia, and systemic hypotension developed in a patient with generalized myoclonus. These disorders reached life-threatening proportions but were rapidly and completely corrected after the patient was paralyzed with pharmacologic agents. Induced neuromuscular blockade may be indicated when the systemic effects of pathologically contracting muscle become life-threatening.", "contents": "Nonhypoxemic hazards of prolonged myoclonus. Hyperkalemia, hyperthermia, and systemic hypotension developed in a patient with generalized myoclonus. These disorders reached life-threatening proportions but were rapidly and completely corrected after the patient was paralyzed with pharmacologic agents. Induced neuromuscular blockade may be indicated when the systemic effects of pathologically contracting muscle become life-threatening.", "PMID": 559261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3747", "title": "Myasthenia gravis and myotonic dystrophy in a 13-year-old girl. G. Milton Shy Award Essay, 1976.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl demonstrated clinical, pharmacologic, and electromyographic evidence of myasthenia gravis, as well as clinical, electromyographic, and genetic evidence of myotonic dystrophy. Although myotonic dystrophy was documented in the family, no other family members were found to have myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis and myotonic dystrophy in a 13-year-old girl. G. Milton Shy Award Essay, 1976. A 13-year-old girl demonstrated clinical, pharmacologic, and electromyographic evidence of myasthenia gravis, as well as clinical, electromyographic, and genetic evidence of myotonic dystrophy. Although myotonic dystrophy was documented in the family, no other family members were found to have myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 559262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3748", "title": "Effective treatment of infantile myasthenia gravis by combined prednisone and thymectomy.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis developed in two children at 2 and 3 years of age respectively. Minimal improvement followed chronic oral administration of cholinesterase inhibitors. Patient 1 had ptosis and ophthalmoplegia but no clinical or electromyographic involvement of muscles of the extremities, although a quadriceps muscle biopsy revealed lymphorrhages. Patient 2 had progressive generalized myasthenia for 3 1/2 years. Both children were given a 3-month course of prednisone followed by thymectomy. They both are in remission, 12 and 8 months after thymectomy, with only minimal residual ocular weakness, but this weakness is much more responsive to anticholinesterase drugs than before thymectomy. Long-term administration of steroids, with the attendant complication of growth retardation, is avoided.", "contents": "Effective treatment of infantile myasthenia gravis by combined prednisone and thymectomy. Myasthenia gravis developed in two children at 2 and 3 years of age respectively. Minimal improvement followed chronic oral administration of cholinesterase inhibitors. Patient 1 had ptosis and ophthalmoplegia but no clinical or electromyographic involvement of muscles of the extremities, although a quadriceps muscle biopsy revealed lymphorrhages. Patient 2 had progressive generalized myasthenia for 3 1/2 years. Both children were given a 3-month course of prednisone followed by thymectomy. They both are in remission, 12 and 8 months after thymectomy, with only minimal residual ocular weakness, but this weakness is much more responsive to anticholinesterase drugs than before thymectomy. Long-term administration of steroids, with the attendant complication of growth retardation, is avoided.", "PMID": 559263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3749", "title": "Retrobulbar neuritis. In vitro evidence of sensitization to myelin basic protein in patients without multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Thirty-six normal subjects and 34 patients with retrobulbar neuritis were studied with use of the technique of macrophage migration inhibition factor assay and myelin basic protein as antigen. Serial studies were carried out when possible. Normal subjects gave a mean migration index of 100.9+/-9. Eleven patients with retrobulbar neuritis alone gave a mean migration index of 55+/-16 in the first 3 weeks of illness, 89+/-17.3 during the fourth to the twenty-fourth weeks, and 100.9+/-9.0 after the twenty-fourth week. Ten multiple sclerosis patients with retrobulbar neuritis gave values of 61+/-21 in the first 3 weeks of an attack and 92+/-22.8 during the fourth to the twenty-fourth weeks, and 12 other multiple sclerosis patients 24 weeks or longer after an attack gave a value of 101.9+/-12.6. In a mean follow-up period of 1.9 years, only two patients presenting with retrobulbar neuritis alone have had a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis established; three others have weakness and reflex change in one limb only; and four have minor psychiatric problems. One retrobulbar neuritis patient has a family history of multiple sclerosis, but has no neurologic abnormalities. Comparison of these studies in both groups shows no statistical differences and supports the concept that cell-mediated hypersensitization to central nervous system myelin basic protein, however initiated, is a factor in the pathogenesis of retrobulbar neuritis.", "contents": "Retrobulbar neuritis. In vitro evidence of sensitization to myelin basic protein in patients without multiple sclerosis. Thirty-six normal subjects and 34 patients with retrobulbar neuritis were studied with use of the technique of macrophage migration inhibition factor assay and myelin basic protein as antigen. Serial studies were carried out when possible. Normal subjects gave a mean migration index of 100.9+/-9. Eleven patients with retrobulbar neuritis alone gave a mean migration index of 55+/-16 in the first 3 weeks of illness, 89+/-17.3 during the fourth to the twenty-fourth weeks, and 100.9+/-9.0 after the twenty-fourth week. Ten multiple sclerosis patients with retrobulbar neuritis gave values of 61+/-21 in the first 3 weeks of an attack and 92+/-22.8 during the fourth to the twenty-fourth weeks, and 12 other multiple sclerosis patients 24 weeks or longer after an attack gave a value of 101.9+/-12.6. In a mean follow-up period of 1.9 years, only two patients presenting with retrobulbar neuritis alone have had a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis established; three others have weakness and reflex change in one limb only; and four have minor psychiatric problems. One retrobulbar neuritis patient has a family history of multiple sclerosis, but has no neurologic abnormalities. Comparison of these studies in both groups shows no statistical differences and supports the concept that cell-mediated hypersensitization to central nervous system myelin basic protein, however initiated, is a factor in the pathogenesis of retrobulbar neuritis.", "PMID": 559264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3750", "title": "Multiple neuroepithelial (colloid) cysts: association with other congenital anomalies.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy had three neuroepithelial cysts, one in the third ventricle and two in the supratentorial subarachnoid space, and also had stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct, obstructive internal hydrocephalus, frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele, and right microphthalmia. The occurence of these combined lesions supports the congenitially derived nature of the cysts. The cysts originated from neuroepithelium including ectopic ependyma-lined structures. The exception may be those cysts arising in or near the floor of the third ventricle; these cysts could be derived from the cleft of Rathke's pouch, an endodermal derivative. Folding of the neuroepithelium in contact with mesenchyma or neuroglial tissue is proposed as the mode of formation of most \"colloid\" cysts. Review of the literature as well as our experience indicates that neuroepithelial cysts are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system.", "contents": "Multiple neuroepithelial (colloid) cysts: association with other congenital anomalies. A 4-year-old boy had three neuroepithelial cysts, one in the third ventricle and two in the supratentorial subarachnoid space, and also had stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct, obstructive internal hydrocephalus, frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele, and right microphthalmia. The occurence of these combined lesions supports the congenitially derived nature of the cysts. The cysts originated from neuroepithelium including ectopic ependyma-lined structures. The exception may be those cysts arising in or near the floor of the third ventricle; these cysts could be derived from the cleft of Rathke's pouch, an endodermal derivative. Folding of the neuroepithelium in contact with mesenchyma or neuroglial tissue is proposed as the mode of formation of most \"colloid\" cysts. Review of the literature as well as our experience indicates that neuroepithelial cysts are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system.", "PMID": 559265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3751", "title": "Epileptogenic action of intraventricularly injected antimelatonin antibody.", "content": "In rats, intraventricularly injected antimelatonin antibody caused the appearance of transitory epileptiform abnormalities. Epileptic activity arose from and was limited to the cortical mantle of the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injection side. The occasional occurrence of lateralized seizures has also been observed. Control injection of saline, of the vehicle (rabbit serum), or of antibody saturated with melatonin induced flattening and desynchronization of the electroencephalogram but not epileptiform activity. Repeated antimelatonin injections caused reappearance of the same type of epileptic abnormalities that lasted slightly longer than the first time. Melatonin may play an inhibitory role in neuronal excitability.", "contents": "Epileptogenic action of intraventricularly injected antimelatonin antibody. In rats, intraventricularly injected antimelatonin antibody caused the appearance of transitory epileptiform abnormalities. Epileptic activity arose from and was limited to the cortical mantle of the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injection side. The occasional occurrence of lateralized seizures has also been observed. Control injection of saline, of the vehicle (rabbit serum), or of antibody saturated with melatonin induced flattening and desynchronization of the electroencephalogram but not epileptiform activity. Repeated antimelatonin injections caused reappearance of the same type of epileptic abnormalities that lasted slightly longer than the first time. Melatonin may play an inhibitory role in neuronal excitability.", "PMID": 559266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3752", "title": "Progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, psychomotor retardation, and hexosaminidase deficiency in a 10-year-old child: juvenile Sandhoff disease.", "content": "During the course of investigating a 10-year-old boy because of progressive deterioration of intellectual functioning, ataxia, and hemiplegia, an absence of serum hexosaminidase activity was noted. A skin biopsy examined by electron microscopy showed axonal accumulations of dense osmiophilic deposits. Because of the patient's age at onset and the slowly progressive nature of his ilness, we are reporting an atypical juvenile case of Sandhoff disease.", "contents": "Progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, psychomotor retardation, and hexosaminidase deficiency in a 10-year-old child: juvenile Sandhoff disease. During the course of investigating a 10-year-old boy because of progressive deterioration of intellectual functioning, ataxia, and hemiplegia, an absence of serum hexosaminidase activity was noted. A skin biopsy examined by electron microscopy showed axonal accumulations of dense osmiophilic deposits. Because of the patient's age at onset and the slowly progressive nature of his ilness, we are reporting an atypical juvenile case of Sandhoff disease.", "PMID": 559267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3753", "title": "The electroencephalogram in childhood basilar artery migraine.", "content": "In two pediatric patients with the clinical picture of basilar artery migraine, transient electroencephalographic disturbances were seen. Both children manifested posterior rhythmic delta activity in close temporal proximity to their attacks. Resolution of these abnormalities was documented by serial electroencephalographic tracings. These electroencephalographic findings are consistent with transient dysfunction in the neural structures supplied by the basilar artery and its branches. Pediatric patients in whom there is a clinical picture of basilar artery migraine and who have a family history of migraine and transient electroencephalographic changes of the type herein described need not undergo invasive neurodiagnostic study.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram in childhood basilar artery migraine. In two pediatric patients with the clinical picture of basilar artery migraine, transient electroencephalographic disturbances were seen. Both children manifested posterior rhythmic delta activity in close temporal proximity to their attacks. Resolution of these abnormalities was documented by serial electroencephalographic tracings. These electroencephalographic findings are consistent with transient dysfunction in the neural structures supplied by the basilar artery and its branches. Pediatric patients in whom there is a clinical picture of basilar artery migraine and who have a family history of migraine and transient electroencephalographic changes of the type herein described need not undergo invasive neurodiagnostic study.", "PMID": 559268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3754", "title": "Herpes simplex infection and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. An experimental model system for reactivation of EAE.", "content": "The effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection on the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) were studied in rats. Fifty percent of animals given two intracerebral injections of HSV-1, one before and one after induction of EAE, showed clinical and pathologic evidence of recently exacerbated EAE 16 days after the second HSV-1 injection. When HSV-1 injections were administered subcutaneously before and after induction of EAE, 45% of survivors showed pathologic changes of recent EAE. A single injection intracerebally or subcutaneously of HSV-1 given before the development of EAE did not change the clinical severity or time course of EAE. A single injection intracerebrally or subcutaneously of HSV-1 given after the development of EAE did not cause clinical recrudescence of the EAE. Pathologic but not clinical evidence of EAE recurrence was found in three of nine animals given one injection of HSV-1 intracerebrally before and one of control material intracerebrally after induction of EAE. Pathologic evidence of EAE recurrence was found in six of 14 rats given one injection of control material intracerebrally before and one of HSV-1 intracebrally after induction of EAE. Cell suspensions, free of HSV-1, given prior and subsequent to the development of EAE did not cause a change in the EAE severity or a recrudescence of the EAE.", "contents": "Herpes simplex infection and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. An experimental model system for reactivation of EAE. The effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection on the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) were studied in rats. Fifty percent of animals given two intracerebral injections of HSV-1, one before and one after induction of EAE, showed clinical and pathologic evidence of recently exacerbated EAE 16 days after the second HSV-1 injection. When HSV-1 injections were administered subcutaneously before and after induction of EAE, 45% of survivors showed pathologic changes of recent EAE. A single injection intracerebally or subcutaneously of HSV-1 given before the development of EAE did not change the clinical severity or time course of EAE. A single injection intracerebrally or subcutaneously of HSV-1 given after the development of EAE did not cause clinical recrudescence of the EAE. Pathologic but not clinical evidence of EAE recurrence was found in three of nine animals given one injection of HSV-1 intracerebrally before and one of control material intracerebrally after induction of EAE. Pathologic evidence of EAE recurrence was found in six of 14 rats given one injection of control material intracerebrally before and one of HSV-1 intracebrally after induction of EAE. Cell suspensions, free of HSV-1, given prior and subsequent to the development of EAE did not cause a change in the EAE severity or a recrudescence of the EAE.", "PMID": 559269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3755", "title": "Granulomatous angiitis of the brain: a successfully treated case.", "content": "A patient with clinical and radiographic findings initially suggesting a neoplasm was diagnosed as having Hodgkin disease. Computerized axial tomography demonstrated profound diffuse decreased density similar to that seen in cases of cerebral edema or leukomalacia. Cerebral angiography showed blood vessels with a beaded appearance. A diagnosis of granulomatous angitis was made on the basis of brain biopsy specimens. Viral cultures were negative. Skin testing revealed poor response to antigens. The patient improved dramatically following a combination of radiotherapy and steroid therapy. Resolution of the low-density abnormally seen on serial EMI scanning and resolution of the vasculitis demonstrated in the post-therapy brain biopsy specimen was dramatic. This is the first case of granulomatous angitis of the brain diagnosed during life, and it points out the value of radiation and steroid therapy for relief of neurologic symptoms.", "contents": "Granulomatous angiitis of the brain: a successfully treated case. A patient with clinical and radiographic findings initially suggesting a neoplasm was diagnosed as having Hodgkin disease. Computerized axial tomography demonstrated profound diffuse decreased density similar to that seen in cases of cerebral edema or leukomalacia. Cerebral angiography showed blood vessels with a beaded appearance. A diagnosis of granulomatous angitis was made on the basis of brain biopsy specimens. Viral cultures were negative. Skin testing revealed poor response to antigens. The patient improved dramatically following a combination of radiotherapy and steroid therapy. Resolution of the low-density abnormally seen on serial EMI scanning and resolution of the vasculitis demonstrated in the post-therapy brain biopsy specimen was dramatic. This is the first case of granulomatous angitis of the brain diagnosed during life, and it points out the value of radiation and steroid therapy for relief of neurologic symptoms.", "PMID": 559270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3756", "title": "Normal cerebral arteriography in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Previous studies have reported that 18 to 27% of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage have normal cerebral arteriograms. Our series of 220 patients from three hospitals demonstrated normal arteriograms in only 16 (7%). Recent improvements in neuroradiologic techniques, such as femoral catheterization, magnification angiography, oblique and basal projections, and subtraction most probably contribute to the improved yield. Nonvisualization of a cerebral aneurysm probably represents the most common explanation for a normal cerebral arteriogram.", "contents": "Normal cerebral arteriography in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Previous studies have reported that 18 to 27% of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage have normal cerebral arteriograms. Our series of 220 patients from three hospitals demonstrated normal arteriograms in only 16 (7%). Recent improvements in neuroradiologic techniques, such as femoral catheterization, magnification angiography, oblique and basal projections, and subtraction most probably contribute to the improved yield. Nonvisualization of a cerebral aneurysm probably represents the most common explanation for a normal cerebral arteriogram.", "PMID": 559271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3757", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis by homogenates of tumor tissues.", "content": "Homogenates of human cancer tissues were assayed for chemotactic activity in modified Boyden chambers utilizing polycarbonate filters with an 8micron pore size. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of guinea pigs were used as indicator cells in the assays and the chemotactic responses of both eosinophilic and neutrophilic leukocytes were recorded. The chemotactic responsiveness of leukocytes to the majority of homogenates was significantly less than that observed with the negative controls. It is suggested that the anti-chemotactic activity observed in vitro may operate in vivo to abrogate inflammatory responses and tumor rejection.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis by homogenates of tumor tissues. Homogenates of human cancer tissues were assayed for chemotactic activity in modified Boyden chambers utilizing polycarbonate filters with an 8micron pore size. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of guinea pigs were used as indicator cells in the assays and the chemotactic responses of both eosinophilic and neutrophilic leukocytes were recorded. The chemotactic responsiveness of leukocytes to the majority of homogenates was significantly less than that observed with the negative controls. It is suggested that the anti-chemotactic activity observed in vitro may operate in vivo to abrogate inflammatory responses and tumor rejection.", "PMID": 559276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3758", "title": "Invasion of malignant cells into 51Cr-labeled host tissues in organotypical culture.", "content": "We have attempted to quantitate malignant invasion in vitro. Therefore we adapted the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity test to organotypical culture systems, that proved useful for morphological analysis of invasion. We counted 51Cr-release from labeled fragments of embryonic chick heart and mesonephros, cultured either on semi-solid or in fluid medium, during their invasion by HeLa cells. Although demonstrated morphologically, malignant invasion did not bring about significant changes of 51Cr-release as compared to control cultures without HeLa cells. The failure of the 51Cr-release test in our experimental device might shed some light on the mechanisms of malignant invasion.", "contents": "Invasion of malignant cells into 51Cr-labeled host tissues in organotypical culture. We have attempted to quantitate malignant invasion in vitro. Therefore we adapted the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity test to organotypical culture systems, that proved useful for morphological analysis of invasion. We counted 51Cr-release from labeled fragments of embryonic chick heart and mesonephros, cultured either on semi-solid or in fluid medium, during their invasion by HeLa cells. Although demonstrated morphologically, malignant invasion did not bring about significant changes of 51Cr-release as compared to control cultures without HeLa cells. The failure of the 51Cr-release test in our experimental device might shed some light on the mechanisms of malignant invasion.", "PMID": 559277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3759", "title": "Neonatal red cell superoxide dismutase enzyme levels: possible role as a cellular defense mechanism against pulmonary oxygen toxicity.", "content": "Red cell superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was determined in 58 cord blood specimens obtained from infants over a range of gestational ages. An inverse relationship between red cell SOD activity and gestational age was demonstrated. Red cell SOD activity showed a progressive fall from 263.1 +/- 30.5 units/mg non-hemoglobin protein (NHP) in infants of less than 29 weeks of gestation to 168.9 +/- 21.3 units/mg NHP in infants of more than 36 weeks of gestation (P less than 0.05). Infants treated for RDS showed an increase in red cell SOD activity which reached significance at 72 hr when compared to cord blood levels from the same population (P less than 0.05). No similar significant difference could be demonstrated in gestational age-matched control subjects over the same time period. However, initial cord blood SOD enzyme levels were lower in premature infants with RDS (229.5 +/- 30.6 units/mg NHP) than in premature infants without RDS (264.0 +/- 38.0 units/mg NHP). When infants with RDS were examined for oxygen toxicity and survival, red cell SOD levels were noted to decrease over 24 hr in four of five infants who died, three of whom developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In the surviving infants, red cell SOD levels showed a significant increase by 48 hr (P less than 0.05). None developed bronchopulmonary dyplasia and all survived.", "contents": "Neonatal red cell superoxide dismutase enzyme levels: possible role as a cellular defense mechanism against pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Red cell superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was determined in 58 cord blood specimens obtained from infants over a range of gestational ages. An inverse relationship between red cell SOD activity and gestational age was demonstrated. Red cell SOD activity showed a progressive fall from 263.1 +/- 30.5 units/mg non-hemoglobin protein (NHP) in infants of less than 29 weeks of gestation to 168.9 +/- 21.3 units/mg NHP in infants of more than 36 weeks of gestation (P less than 0.05). Infants treated for RDS showed an increase in red cell SOD activity which reached significance at 72 hr when compared to cord blood levels from the same population (P less than 0.05). No similar significant difference could be demonstrated in gestational age-matched control subjects over the same time period. However, initial cord blood SOD enzyme levels were lower in premature infants with RDS (229.5 +/- 30.6 units/mg NHP) than in premature infants without RDS (264.0 +/- 38.0 units/mg NHP). When infants with RDS were examined for oxygen toxicity and survival, red cell SOD levels were noted to decrease over 24 hr in four of five infants who died, three of whom developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In the surviving infants, red cell SOD levels showed a significant increase by 48 hr (P less than 0.05). None developed bronchopulmonary dyplasia and all survived.", "PMID": 559282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3760", "title": "Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient infants.", "content": "The effectiveness of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient infants was studied. \"Prophylactic\" phototherapy for six continuous days commencing from the first day of life was effective in preventing a significant rise in bilirubin levels in 12 G6PD-deficient infants in the first three days, during which period a rapid rise was observed in a control group of G6PD-deficient infants. The hemoglobin levels on the first and eighth postnatal days were comparable in both groups. \"Therapeutic\" phototherapy proved equally effective in reducing bilirubin levels in 24 infants with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia and an equal number of infnats with hyperbilirubinemia associated with G6PD deficiency. Phototherapy was efficacious in the prevention or treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia associated with G6PD deficiency; even if its use is prolonged it does not cause hemolysis in such infants.", "contents": "Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient infants. The effectiveness of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient infants was studied. \"Prophylactic\" phototherapy for six continuous days commencing from the first day of life was effective in preventing a significant rise in bilirubin levels in 12 G6PD-deficient infants in the first three days, during which period a rapid rise was observed in a control group of G6PD-deficient infants. The hemoglobin levels on the first and eighth postnatal days were comparable in both groups. \"Therapeutic\" phototherapy proved equally effective in reducing bilirubin levels in 24 infants with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia and an equal number of infnats with hyperbilirubinemia associated with G6PD deficiency. Phototherapy was efficacious in the prevention or treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia associated with G6PD deficiency; even if its use is prolonged it does not cause hemolysis in such infants.", "PMID": 559284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3761", "title": "[Cleavage and gastrulation in Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma (Cyclophyllidea, Cestoda)].", "content": "On the basis of hystological studies a description of fission and gastrulation in Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma (gasowska, 1931) is given. Eggs lacking morphological characters of polarity and symmetry display features of duet and spiral fission characteristic of lower groups of Turbellaria. Serial sections (5 mcm thick) have shown that the fission ends in the formation of coeloblastula consisting of 26 +/- 3 cells. Gastrulation is expressed in immigration into blastocoel of two micromeres which later degenerate. These micromeres are homologous to entomesodermal micromeres of other Platodes. Blastocoel disappears as a result of local reproduction of ectodermal cells that is regarded as an anlage of ectomesenchyma. Ectoderm and mesenchyma are not morphologically separated from each other.", "contents": "[Cleavage and gastrulation in Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma (Cyclophyllidea, Cestoda)]. On the basis of hystological studies a description of fission and gastrulation in Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma (gasowska, 1931) is given. Eggs lacking morphological characters of polarity and symmetry display features of duet and spiral fission characteristic of lower groups of Turbellaria. Serial sections (5 mcm thick) have shown that the fission ends in the formation of coeloblastula consisting of 26 +/- 3 cells. Gastrulation is expressed in immigration into blastocoel of two micromeres which later degenerate. These micromeres are homologous to entomesodermal micromeres of other Platodes. Blastocoel disappears as a result of local reproduction of ectodermal cells that is regarded as an anlage of ectomesenchyma. Ectoderm and mesenchyma are not morphologically separated from each other.", "PMID": 559281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3762", "title": "Response-selection processes in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia.", "content": "Previous research (Marshall, 1973) has shown that the most pronounced component of deficit on a choice reaction time task among a mixed schizophrenic sample involved response-selection processes. Other evidence has indicated that paranoids may be more deficient in this respect than nonparanoids. Hence, it was hypothesized that the former subgroup of schizophrenics would display response-selection deficit while the latter subgroup would display either less or no deficit. Response-selection processes were re-examined using the CRT paradigm with comparisons carried out among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and a group of nonschizophrenic controls. Results indicated that only the paranoid schizophrenics displayed abnormally retarded response-selection operations, the nonparanoid schizophrenics being nonsignificantly discriminable from the controls. It was suggested that past evidence of CRT response-selection deficit among mixed schizophrenics might have been attributable primarily to the performance of the paranoids, whose performance appears to be adversely affected by an increase in the number of dimensions relevant to response selection.", "contents": "Response-selection processes in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia. Previous research (Marshall, 1973) has shown that the most pronounced component of deficit on a choice reaction time task among a mixed schizophrenic sample involved response-selection processes. Other evidence has indicated that paranoids may be more deficient in this respect than nonparanoids. Hence, it was hypothesized that the former subgroup of schizophrenics would display response-selection deficit while the latter subgroup would display either less or no deficit. Response-selection processes were re-examined using the CRT paradigm with comparisons carried out among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and a group of nonschizophrenic controls. Results indicated that only the paranoid schizophrenics displayed abnormally retarded response-selection operations, the nonparanoid schizophrenics being nonsignificantly discriminable from the controls. It was suggested that past evidence of CRT response-selection deficit among mixed schizophrenics might have been attributable primarily to the performance of the paranoids, whose performance appears to be adversely affected by an increase in the number of dimensions relevant to response selection.", "PMID": 559287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3763", "title": "Effect of splanchnicotomy on the renal excretion of uric acid in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "The renal excretion of uric acid was examined during acute i.v. urate (Ua) loading on unilaterally splanchnicotomized (\"renal denervation\") anaesthetized mongrel dogs. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in general was not different in innervated and denervated kidneys, whereas urine flow (V) and urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV) on the splanchnicotomized side were significantly increased at any plasma concentration of Ua. The excretion (UUaV) and tubular transport (TUa) of urate calculated for unit GFR were considerably increased and depressed, respectively, at normal plasma Ua level and during minor urate loading (plasma concentration up to 4.7 mg%). Above this plasma level, i.e. up to 24.6 mg%, no difference in net urate reabsorption between intact and sympathectomized organs was found. It is suggested that both reabsorption and secretion of Ua in denervated kidneys are diminished.", "contents": "Effect of splanchnicotomy on the renal excretion of uric acid in anaesthetized dogs. The renal excretion of uric acid was examined during acute i.v. urate (Ua) loading on unilaterally splanchnicotomized (\"renal denervation\") anaesthetized mongrel dogs. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in general was not different in innervated and denervated kidneys, whereas urine flow (V) and urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV) on the splanchnicotomized side were significantly increased at any plasma concentration of Ua. The excretion (UUaV) and tubular transport (TUa) of urate calculated for unit GFR were considerably increased and depressed, respectively, at normal plasma Ua level and during minor urate loading (plasma concentration up to 4.7 mg%). Above this plasma level, i.e. up to 24.6 mg%, no difference in net urate reabsorption between intact and sympathectomized organs was found. It is suggested that both reabsorption and secretion of Ua in denervated kidneys are diminished.", "PMID": 559288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3764", "title": "Effects of aldosterone on lipid metabolism and renal oxygen consumption in the rat.", "content": "The plasma level of free fatty acids (FFA) in adrenalectomized rats increases by 50% after treatment with aldosterone (2 microng/100 g rat). Lipolytic activity in peripheral fat tissue is lowered after adrenalectomy and doubles after in vivo administration of aldosterone to adrenalectomized rats (measured as free fatty acid release in vitro from epididymal fat tissue). Lypolysis of adipose tissue stimulated by the in vitro presence of ACTH also increases after in vivo administration of aldosterone. Incorporation of intravenously administered label from U-14C-palmitate into total extractable lipid of renal tissue is augmented 3 h after aldosterone administration to adrenalectomized rats, while no increase of the radioactivity is observed in total lipid from liver tissue. Treatment with aldosterone does not affect the total lipid content of kidney or liver in adrenalectomized rats. The oxygen consumption rate of kidney cortex slices with lactate, beta-hydroxybuterate or acetoacetate as substrates is lowered after in vivo administration of aldosterone to adrenalectomized rats. With slccinate, however, the respiratory rate of kidney slices increases after aldosterone treatment of adrenalectomized rats, the ouabain-sensitive respiration being more affected than the ouabain-insensitive respiration. An interpretation of the O2 consumption data implicating competition of lipid metabolism for CoA-SH is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of aldosterone on lipid metabolism and renal oxygen consumption in the rat. The plasma level of free fatty acids (FFA) in adrenalectomized rats increases by 50% after treatment with aldosterone (2 microng/100 g rat). Lipolytic activity in peripheral fat tissue is lowered after adrenalectomy and doubles after in vivo administration of aldosterone to adrenalectomized rats (measured as free fatty acid release in vitro from epididymal fat tissue). Lypolysis of adipose tissue stimulated by the in vitro presence of ACTH also increases after in vivo administration of aldosterone. Incorporation of intravenously administered label from U-14C-palmitate into total extractable lipid of renal tissue is augmented 3 h after aldosterone administration to adrenalectomized rats, while no increase of the radioactivity is observed in total lipid from liver tissue. Treatment with aldosterone does not affect the total lipid content of kidney or liver in adrenalectomized rats. The oxygen consumption rate of kidney cortex slices with lactate, beta-hydroxybuterate or acetoacetate as substrates is lowered after in vivo administration of aldosterone to adrenalectomized rats. With slccinate, however, the respiratory rate of kidney slices increases after aldosterone treatment of adrenalectomized rats, the ouabain-sensitive respiration being more affected than the ouabain-insensitive respiration. An interpretation of the O2 consumption data implicating competition of lipid metabolism for CoA-SH is discussed.", "PMID": 559289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3765", "title": "Effect of contraction on lymphatic, venous, and tissue electr-lytes and metabolites in rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of muscle contraction on lymphatic and plasma [K+], [Na+], [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Cl-], [Pi], [lactate] ([Lac-]); [creatine] ([Cr]), ideal osmolality (OSM), and [protein] was evaluated in femoral venous blood and lymph specimens sampled from the calf muscles of rabbits before, in the course of, and after contractions. In addition, total [K+], [Na+], [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Cl-], and [H2O] were analyzed in the muscle tissue. To facilitate lymph sampling both hind limbs were passively flexed and extended, in imitation of natural running movements, by an electrically driven crank. The muscles of one side also performed superimposed rhythmic isotonic contractions. Before contractions, lymphatic [K+], [Na+], [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Lac-], [Cr], and OSM did not significantly differ from corresponding femoral venous concentrations, [Cl-], and [Pi] were significantly higher, [protein] significantly lower in the lymph than in the plasma. During contractions lymphatic [K+], OSM, [Lac-], and [Pi] were raised significantly more in the lymph compared with the plasma concentrations. [Na+], [Cl-], [Ca2+], and [Mg2+] showed only small changes in the course of contractions and thereafter, and they were altered in a similar way in the lymph and plasma. It was suggested that lymphatic and interstitial concentrations were in equilibrium. Comparing inactive with active muscles, the latter lost K+ but gained Na+, Cl-, and H2O, whereas minimal changes occurred in the [Ca2+] and [Mg2+]. The changes were discussed in connection with the hypothesis that electrolyte shifts might be involved in the activation of the muscular non-proprioceptive interstitial nerve endings which appear to play a role in reflexogenic cardiovascular and respiratory control.", "contents": "Effect of contraction on lymphatic, venous, and tissue electr-lytes and metabolites in rabbit skeletal muscle. The effect of muscle contraction on lymphatic and plasma [K+], [Na+], [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Cl-], [Pi], [lactate] ([Lac-]); [creatine] ([Cr]), ideal osmolality (OSM), and [protein] was evaluated in femoral venous blood and lymph specimens sampled from the calf muscles of rabbits before, in the course of, and after contractions. In addition, total [K+], [Na+], [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Cl-], and [H2O] were analyzed in the muscle tissue. To facilitate lymph sampling both hind limbs were passively flexed and extended, in imitation of natural running movements, by an electrically driven crank. The muscles of one side also performed superimposed rhythmic isotonic contractions. Before contractions, lymphatic [K+], [Na+], [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Lac-], [Cr], and OSM did not significantly differ from corresponding femoral venous concentrations, [Cl-], and [Pi] were significantly higher, [protein] significantly lower in the lymph than in the plasma. During contractions lymphatic [K+], OSM, [Lac-], and [Pi] were raised significantly more in the lymph compared with the plasma concentrations. [Na+], [Cl-], [Ca2+], and [Mg2+] showed only small changes in the course of contractions and thereafter, and they were altered in a similar way in the lymph and plasma. It was suggested that lymphatic and interstitial concentrations were in equilibrium. Comparing inactive with active muscles, the latter lost K+ but gained Na+, Cl-, and H2O, whereas minimal changes occurred in the [Ca2+] and [Mg2+]. The changes were discussed in connection with the hypothesis that electrolyte shifts might be involved in the activation of the muscular non-proprioceptive interstitial nerve endings which appear to play a role in reflexogenic cardiovascular and respiratory control.", "PMID": 559290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3766", "title": "Studies on the lithium transport across the red cell membrane. III. Factors contributing to the intraindividual variability of the in vitro Li+ distribution across the human red cell membrane.", "content": "1. Extracellular potassium bicarbonate, ouabain, dipyridamole and the Na+ distribution between red cells and plasma influence Li+ transport across the human red cell membrane. The significance of these parameters for the intraindividual variability of the steady-state ratio of external to internal Li+ was studied in vitro. 2. Elevation of external K+ in the physiological concentration range increases the steady-state distribution ratio Lie+/Lii+ indirectly by increasing the ratio Nae+/Nai+ through activation of the Na+-K+ pump, and directly by inhibiting ouabain-sensitive Li+ uptake. 3. A rise in bicarbonate concentration decreases the Li+ ratio directly by accelerating Li+ uptake through a leak, and indirectly by increasing the Na+ leak, thus reducing the Na+ ratio. 4. Dipyridamole blocks both bicarbonate effects. 5. Ouabain decreases the Na+ ratio and inhibits Li+ uptake by the Na+-K+ pump, thereby exerting two opposite effects on the Li+ distribution ratio. 6. The results confirm the previous observation that the steady-state Li+ distribution depends strongly on the Na+ distribution ratio, i-e., the driving force for Na+-dependent Li+ uphill countertransport. It is concluded that the Na+ distribution between red cells and plasma and the concentrations of K+ and bicarbonate in plasma need to be considered as factors influencing the in vivo Li+ distribution. However, the considerable interindividual differences of Li+ distribution cannot be ascribed to variations in these parameters.", "contents": "Studies on the lithium transport across the red cell membrane. III. Factors contributing to the intraindividual variability of the in vitro Li+ distribution across the human red cell membrane. 1. Extracellular potassium bicarbonate, ouabain, dipyridamole and the Na+ distribution between red cells and plasma influence Li+ transport across the human red cell membrane. The significance of these parameters for the intraindividual variability of the steady-state ratio of external to internal Li+ was studied in vitro. 2. Elevation of external K+ in the physiological concentration range increases the steady-state distribution ratio Lie+/Lii+ indirectly by increasing the ratio Nae+/Nai+ through activation of the Na+-K+ pump, and directly by inhibiting ouabain-sensitive Li+ uptake. 3. A rise in bicarbonate concentration decreases the Li+ ratio directly by accelerating Li+ uptake through a leak, and indirectly by increasing the Na+ leak, thus reducing the Na+ ratio. 4. Dipyridamole blocks both bicarbonate effects. 5. Ouabain decreases the Na+ ratio and inhibits Li+ uptake by the Na+-K+ pump, thereby exerting two opposite effects on the Li+ distribution ratio. 6. The results confirm the previous observation that the steady-state Li+ distribution depends strongly on the Na+ distribution ratio, i-e., the driving force for Na+-dependent Li+ uphill countertransport. It is concluded that the Na+ distribution between red cells and plasma and the concentrations of K+ and bicarbonate in plasma need to be considered as factors influencing the in vivo Li+ distribution. However, the considerable interindividual differences of Li+ distribution cannot be ascribed to variations in these parameters.", "PMID": 559291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3767", "title": "Extracellular fluid volume and central circulation after long lasting exercise and dehydration in conscious dogs.", "content": "Two aspects of the recovery period after endurance exercise were investigated: a) the fluid distribution between the intra- and extravascular parts of the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) induced by exercise dehydration, b) the cardiovascular response pattern [blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and central venous pressure (CVP)] to the heat load which results from the preceding exercise. Seven conscious dogs performed endurance exercise in a cool environment (16 degrees C) on a horizontal treadmill till 4% of the body weight was lost. It was found that about 70% of the total fluid loss of the body came from intracellular water. During exercise sodium and chloride concentrations rose by 6 mMol and 7 mMol respectively (P less than 0.005) and remained elevated throughout the early recovery period indicating a fluid loss of about 100-200 ml out of the ECFV. Direct measurements of the ECFV as sulfate space confirmed these values. Since the plasma volume remained unchanged, this fluid loss was carried totally by the interstitial fluid volume. Immediately after exercise body temperature was elevated by 1.5 degrees C and returned towards control within 90 min. Cardiac output was above control level for 2 h after the end of exercise, at first due to an increased HR and thereafter to an elevated stroke volume (SV) (P less than 0.02). CVP and TPR were below control levels for at least 2 h (P less than 0.01). A linear correlation was found between CVP and TPR. A close correlation existed between the body temperature and the cardiovascular parameters. It can be concluded that even long after exercise the cardiovascular system has to serve thermoregulatory needs.", "contents": "Extracellular fluid volume and central circulation after long lasting exercise and dehydration in conscious dogs. Two aspects of the recovery period after endurance exercise were investigated: a) the fluid distribution between the intra- and extravascular parts of the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) induced by exercise dehydration, b) the cardiovascular response pattern [blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and central venous pressure (CVP)] to the heat load which results from the preceding exercise. Seven conscious dogs performed endurance exercise in a cool environment (16 degrees C) on a horizontal treadmill till 4% of the body weight was lost. It was found that about 70% of the total fluid loss of the body came from intracellular water. During exercise sodium and chloride concentrations rose by 6 mMol and 7 mMol respectively (P less than 0.005) and remained elevated throughout the early recovery period indicating a fluid loss of about 100-200 ml out of the ECFV. Direct measurements of the ECFV as sulfate space confirmed these values. Since the plasma volume remained unchanged, this fluid loss was carried totally by the interstitial fluid volume. Immediately after exercise body temperature was elevated by 1.5 degrees C and returned towards control within 90 min. Cardiac output was above control level for 2 h after the end of exercise, at first due to an increased HR and thereafter to an elevated stroke volume (SV) (P less than 0.02). CVP and TPR were below control levels for at least 2 h (P less than 0.01). A linear correlation was found between CVP and TPR. A close correlation existed between the body temperature and the cardiovascular parameters. It can be concluded that even long after exercise the cardiovascular system has to serve thermoregulatory needs.", "PMID": 559292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3768", "title": "Time-dependent changes in the rate of noradrenaline synthesis in various rat brain areas during cold exposure.", "content": "The synthesis of noradrenaline (NA) was studied in vivo in the hypothalamus, the brain stem and the \"rest of brain\" of rats which were exposed to 4 degrees C for 0.5, 2.5 or 24 h. The rate of NA synthesis was estimated 30 min after an i.v. injection of 3H tyrosine (TY) by evaluation of the ratio: 3H-NA specific activity/3H-TY specific activity. Cold exposure did not have the same effect on NA synthesis in the three brain areas. In the hypothalamus, the rate of NA synthesis was increased by a factor of 1.7 and 2 after 0.5 and 2.5 h of cold exposure, respectively and returned to control values after 24 h of cold exposure. In the brain stem, NA synthesis was enhanced by a factor of 1.5 at 2.5 h and returned also to control values at 24 h. In the \"rest of brain\", cold exposure did not alter NA synthesis at the three intervals studied. These results indicate that the activation of central noradrenergic neurones by cold is only a transient response which is restricted to specific brain areas and which can be interpreted as the consequence of an initial general stress associated with cold exposure.", "contents": "Time-dependent changes in the rate of noradrenaline synthesis in various rat brain areas during cold exposure. The synthesis of noradrenaline (NA) was studied in vivo in the hypothalamus, the brain stem and the \"rest of brain\" of rats which were exposed to 4 degrees C for 0.5, 2.5 or 24 h. The rate of NA synthesis was estimated 30 min after an i.v. injection of 3H tyrosine (TY) by evaluation of the ratio: 3H-NA specific activity/3H-TY specific activity. Cold exposure did not have the same effect on NA synthesis in the three brain areas. In the hypothalamus, the rate of NA synthesis was increased by a factor of 1.7 and 2 after 0.5 and 2.5 h of cold exposure, respectively and returned to control values after 24 h of cold exposure. In the brain stem, NA synthesis was enhanced by a factor of 1.5 at 2.5 h and returned also to control values at 24 h. In the \"rest of brain\", cold exposure did not alter NA synthesis at the three intervals studied. These results indicate that the activation of central noradrenergic neurones by cold is only a transient response which is restricted to specific brain areas and which can be interpreted as the consequence of an initial general stress associated with cold exposure.", "PMID": 559293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3769", "title": "A comparison of the electrical properties and morphological characteristics of the smooth muscle of the rat and guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "Microelectrodes were used to compare a variety of electrophysiological parameters of the rat and guinea-pig vas deferens. In comparison to the guinea pig, spontaneous junction potentials in the rat tissue were of shorter duration and occurred with greater frequency and amplitude. Action potentials induced by nerve stimulation could be observed in the smooth muscle of both species. However, in the rat tissue the majority of action potentials were generated in the impaled cell while 60% of the action potentials in the guinea-pig vas deferens were propagated. When current was intracellularly applied, spike potentials could be induced in approximately 90% of the cells of the rat vas deferens but in less than 10% of the cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens. The space constant was 1.48 mm for the guinea-pig vas deferens, but less than 0.5 mm for the rat vas deferens. Electromicroscopic examination of the homologous tissues indicates that the differences in electrical properties can be accounted for in part by differences in morphology. The incidence and intimacy of neuromuscular contacts was greater in the rat vas deferens while the incidence of nexuses between smooth muscle cells was greater in the guinea-pig tissue.", "contents": "A comparison of the electrical properties and morphological characteristics of the smooth muscle of the rat and guinea-pig vas deferens. Microelectrodes were used to compare a variety of electrophysiological parameters of the rat and guinea-pig vas deferens. In comparison to the guinea pig, spontaneous junction potentials in the rat tissue were of shorter duration and occurred with greater frequency and amplitude. Action potentials induced by nerve stimulation could be observed in the smooth muscle of both species. However, in the rat tissue the majority of action potentials were generated in the impaled cell while 60% of the action potentials in the guinea-pig vas deferens were propagated. When current was intracellularly applied, spike potentials could be induced in approximately 90% of the cells of the rat vas deferens but in less than 10% of the cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens. The space constant was 1.48 mm for the guinea-pig vas deferens, but less than 0.5 mm for the rat vas deferens. Electromicroscopic examination of the homologous tissues indicates that the differences in electrical properties can be accounted for in part by differences in morphology. The incidence and intimacy of neuromuscular contacts was greater in the rat vas deferens while the incidence of nexuses between smooth muscle cells was greater in the guinea-pig tissue.", "PMID": 559295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3770", "title": "Effects of verapamil on excitation-contraction coupling in single crab muscle fibers.", "content": "The effects of verapamil and its optical isomers on the electrical and mechanical characteristics of single muscle fibers of Callinectes danae were studied. Verapamil (10-20 microng/ml) blocked the procaine- and TEA-induced spikes; the blockade was preceded by reduction in the rate of rise of the upstroke and increase in the duration of the action potentials. Inhibition of Ba-spikes required higher concentrations of verapamil (greater than 50 microng/ml). These concentrations reduced the amplitude of the normally occurring graded electrogenic membrane responses and reduced the rate of development of the current-induced tensions. With lower concentrations (10-30 microng/ml) verapamil enhanced the negative afterpotentials and the peak amplitude of the local contractions elicited by depolarizing current pulses, while the graded membrane responses were not markedly modified. Verapamil (1-100 microng/ml) did not affect the resting membrane potential but increased the effective membrane resistance. Determination of the cable characteristics by DC pulses indicated that verapamil (1-10 microng/ml) shortens the membrane length constant, increases the specific resistivity of the sarcoplasm and, in most cases, increases the membrane time constant. Verapamil (10 microng/ml) induced tension in these crab fibers. The contractions were potentiated in Na-deficient media, by increase in [Ca]0, and by membrane depolarization; \"Ca-free\" salines depressed, and procaine abolished these contractions. The results suggest that verapamil affects both Ca and K conductances and interferes with the Ca-sequestering mechanisms of these fibers. The (-)-isomer of verapamil was more effective than the (+)-isomer with respect to tension development, prolongation and subsequent blockade of procaine-spikes and enhancement of current-induced after-potentials and contractions.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil on excitation-contraction coupling in single crab muscle fibers. The effects of verapamil and its optical isomers on the electrical and mechanical characteristics of single muscle fibers of Callinectes danae were studied. Verapamil (10-20 microng/ml) blocked the procaine- and TEA-induced spikes; the blockade was preceded by reduction in the rate of rise of the upstroke and increase in the duration of the action potentials. Inhibition of Ba-spikes required higher concentrations of verapamil (greater than 50 microng/ml). These concentrations reduced the amplitude of the normally occurring graded electrogenic membrane responses and reduced the rate of development of the current-induced tensions. With lower concentrations (10-30 microng/ml) verapamil enhanced the negative afterpotentials and the peak amplitude of the local contractions elicited by depolarizing current pulses, while the graded membrane responses were not markedly modified. Verapamil (1-100 microng/ml) did not affect the resting membrane potential but increased the effective membrane resistance. Determination of the cable characteristics by DC pulses indicated that verapamil (1-10 microng/ml) shortens the membrane length constant, increases the specific resistivity of the sarcoplasm and, in most cases, increases the membrane time constant. Verapamil (10 microng/ml) induced tension in these crab fibers. The contractions were potentiated in Na-deficient media, by increase in [Ca]0, and by membrane depolarization; \"Ca-free\" salines depressed, and procaine abolished these contractions. The results suggest that verapamil affects both Ca and K conductances and interferes with the Ca-sequestering mechanisms of these fibers. The (-)-isomer of verapamil was more effective than the (+)-isomer with respect to tension development, prolongation and subsequent blockade of procaine-spikes and enhancement of current-induced after-potentials and contractions.", "PMID": 559294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3771", "title": "Intravascular heat exchanger for conscious goats.", "content": "Polyethylene tubings were chronically implanted into the vascular system of goats and served as heat exchangers to remove heat directly from the body core at a rate equalling several times resting heat production.", "contents": "Intravascular heat exchanger for conscious goats. Polyethylene tubings were chronically implanted into the vascular system of goats and served as heat exchangers to remove heat directly from the body core at a rate equalling several times resting heat production.", "PMID": 559296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3772", "title": "[Treatment of arterial hypertension with propranolol in pregnant women. 10 cases].", "content": "Ten hypertensive patients were treated with propranolol throughout pregnancy. Propranolol had a favorable effect on blood pressure and perhaps on other signs of pre-eclampsia too. No increase in uterine contractility, causing premature delivery, was noted. Weight at birth and APGAR index in infants was apparently not unfavorably influenced. Cardiac rhythm and blood glucose levels at birth were not studied. Theoretical risks of beta-blockers during pregnancy (premature delivery, danger to the foetus) may be overestimated and should be reevaluated in a prospective way.", "contents": "[Treatment of arterial hypertension with propranolol in pregnant women. 10 cases]. Ten hypertensive patients were treated with propranolol throughout pregnancy. Propranolol had a favorable effect on blood pressure and perhaps on other signs of pre-eclampsia too. No increase in uterine contractility, causing premature delivery, was noted. Weight at birth and APGAR index in infants was apparently not unfavorably influenced. Cardiac rhythm and blood glucose levels at birth were not studied. Theoretical risks of beta-blockers during pregnancy (premature delivery, danger to the foetus) may be overestimated and should be reevaluated in a prospective way.", "PMID": 559299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3773", "title": "Interactions of Hg(II) ions with DNA as revealed by CD measurements.", "content": "The circular dichroism spectra of Hg(II) complexes with native calf thymus DNA, chemically methylated Streptomyces chrysomallus DNA and with Ag(I)-DNA complexes were measured in the region of 220 - 340 nm. As a main result a conversion of the conservative CD spectrum of DNA to a distinct nonconservative type of CD spectrum for the complexes occurs with increasing Hg(II) concentration. The CD spectra of the Hg(II) complexes as well as some additional arguments strongly support the idea, that DNA in the complex undergoes a structural transition to a more condensed state with 4 -like character.", "contents": "Interactions of Hg(II) ions with DNA as revealed by CD measurements. The circular dichroism spectra of Hg(II) complexes with native calf thymus DNA, chemically methylated Streptomyces chrysomallus DNA and with Ag(I)-DNA complexes were measured in the region of 220 - 340 nm. As a main result a conversion of the conservative CD spectrum of DNA to a distinct nonconservative type of CD spectrum for the complexes occurs with increasing Hg(II) concentration. The CD spectra of the Hg(II) complexes as well as some additional arguments strongly support the idea, that DNA in the complex undergoes a structural transition to a more condensed state with 4 -like character.", "PMID": 559300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3774", "title": "Transcriptional organization of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA cistron in Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA.", "content": "Hybridization of purified, 32p-labeled 5.8S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis to fragments generated from X. laevis rDNA by the restriction endonuclease, EcoRI, demonstrates that the 5.8S rRNA cistron lies within the transcribed region that links the 18S and 28S rRNA cistrons.", "contents": "Transcriptional organization of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA cistron in Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA. Hybridization of purified, 32p-labeled 5.8S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis to fragments generated from X. laevis rDNA by the restriction endonuclease, EcoRI, demonstrates that the 5.8S rRNA cistron lies within the transcribed region that links the 18S and 28S rRNA cistrons.", "PMID": 559301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3775", "title": "Purification of uricase by biospecific adsorption-desorption.", "content": "A simple procedure for the purification of uricase from bovine kidney is described. The procedure involves the following steps: 1) processing of kidney mince by borate/butanol, 2) ammonium sulphate precipitation, and 3) biospecific adsorption-desorption. The adsorbents were prepared by chemical attachment of urate or xanthine to agarose gel beads. The desorption was performed by a xanthine solution. The adsorption-desorption procedure resulted in an 11 000-12 000-fold purification. The specific activity of the purified uricase was 19.8 U/mg using either \"urate\" adsorbent. The recovery was about 70%. The adsorbents were also used for the purification of commercial uricase preparations from hog liver. In this case the purified uricase also possessed a specific activity of 19.8 U/mg. The products were homogenous as judged by gradipore electrophoresis and gel filtration.", "contents": "Purification of uricase by biospecific adsorption-desorption. A simple procedure for the purification of uricase from bovine kidney is described. The procedure involves the following steps: 1) processing of kidney mince by borate/butanol, 2) ammonium sulphate precipitation, and 3) biospecific adsorption-desorption. The adsorbents were prepared by chemical attachment of urate or xanthine to agarose gel beads. The desorption was performed by a xanthine solution. The adsorption-desorption procedure resulted in an 11 000-12 000-fold purification. The specific activity of the purified uricase was 19.8 U/mg using either \"urate\" adsorbent. The recovery was about 70%. The adsorbents were also used for the purification of commercial uricase preparations from hog liver. In this case the purified uricase also possessed a specific activity of 19.8 U/mg. The products were homogenous as judged by gradipore electrophoresis and gel filtration.", "PMID": 559302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3776", "title": "A method for isolation of 2S, 7S and 11S proteins of soybean.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of 2S, 7S and 11S proteins of soybean. The unfractionated proteins are first precipitated with Mg (11) which yields a 11S-rich precipitate and this is further purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. From Mg(11) supernatant which is rich in 7S and 2S proteins, they are separated by the use of (NH4)2SO4 and cold ethanol. The 7S and 11S protein are obtained in a highly purified form as indicated by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "A method for isolation of 2S, 7S and 11S proteins of soybean. A method is described for the isolation of 2S, 7S and 11S proteins of soybean. The unfractionated proteins are first precipitated with Mg (11) which yields a 11S-rich precipitate and this is further purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. From Mg(11) supernatant which is rich in 7S and 2S proteins, they are separated by the use of (NH4)2SO4 and cold ethanol. The 7S and 11S protein are obtained in a highly purified form as indicated by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 559303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3777", "title": "[Influence of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the chemical composition and enzyme activity of the buds of mother cells of Candida utilis IBFM-405 yeasts].", "content": "The effect of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the chemical composition and enzyme activity of buds and mother cells of yeast Candida utilis IBPM-405 was studied. Upon transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions buds and mother cells of yeast Candida utilis IBPM-405 showed significant changes in the qualitative composition of exchange pool of free intracellular amino acids and quantitative content of its individual components. The transition did not influence the amino acid composition of proteins. Upon the transition from aerobic to anerobic conditions the activity of phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase andn glutaminase in mother cells increased and in buds decreased, inadequate changes in the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA-syntheses occurring.", "contents": "[Influence of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the chemical composition and enzyme activity of the buds of mother cells of Candida utilis IBFM-405 yeasts]. The effect of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the chemical composition and enzyme activity of buds and mother cells of yeast Candida utilis IBPM-405 was studied. Upon transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions buds and mother cells of yeast Candida utilis IBPM-405 showed significant changes in the qualitative composition of exchange pool of free intracellular amino acids and quantitative content of its individual components. The transition did not influence the amino acid composition of proteins. Upon the transition from aerobic to anerobic conditions the activity of phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase andn glutaminase in mother cells increased and in buds decreased, inadequate changes in the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA-syntheses occurring.", "PMID": 559305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3778", "title": "Metastic tumor presenting as intracerebral hemorrhage. Report of 6 cases examined by computed tomography.", "content": "Six patients with intracranial metastases were studied with computed tomography (CT). The initial appearance suggested cerebral hemorrhage. Atypical location, contrast enhancement, or multiplicity proved helpful in differentiating tumors from other causes of intracerebral hemorrhage. Four patients showed contrast enhancement and 3 had multiple lesions. Metastases with associated intracerebral hematoma may simulate a spontaneous hematoma.", "contents": "Metastic tumor presenting as intracerebral hemorrhage. Report of 6 cases examined by computed tomography. Six patients with intracranial metastases were studied with computed tomography (CT). The initial appearance suggested cerebral hemorrhage. Atypical location, contrast enhancement, or multiplicity proved helpful in differentiating tumors from other causes of intracerebral hemorrhage. Four patients showed contrast enhancement and 3 had multiple lesions. Metastases with associated intracerebral hematoma may simulate a spontaneous hematoma.", "PMID": 559323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3779", "title": "The endocrinology of testicular tumors.", "content": "The endocrine manifestations of testicular tumors can be produced by one of three mehcansims: (1) direct synthesis of androgens or estrogens by the tumors; (2) synthesis of gonadotropins that stimulate secondary secretion of androgens or estrogens; (3) alteration of the peripheral metabolism of androgens. In this manuscript we have discussed these mechanisms in relationship to steroid-secreting tumors and gonadotrepin-secreting tumors. In postpubertal males, the most common manifestation of these tumors is the production of gynecomastia. Because the breast is a target organ for the action of both androgens and estrogens, gynecomastia occurs when there is an alterartion in the normal androgen/estrogen ratio. Consequently, gynecomastia may be produced by either deficient androgen production or excessive estrogen secretion. The endocrinology of testicular tumors is a fascinating subject and recent development of sensitiv specific radioimmunoassays for the measurement of tumor markers has opened a new area of investigation into the biology of these neoplasms.", "contents": "The endocrinology of testicular tumors. The endocrine manifestations of testicular tumors can be produced by one of three mehcansims: (1) direct synthesis of androgens or estrogens by the tumors; (2) synthesis of gonadotropins that stimulate secondary secretion of androgens or estrogens; (3) alteration of the peripheral metabolism of androgens. In this manuscript we have discussed these mechanisms in relationship to steroid-secreting tumors and gonadotrepin-secreting tumors. In postpubertal males, the most common manifestation of these tumors is the production of gynecomastia. Because the breast is a target organ for the action of both androgens and estrogens, gynecomastia occurs when there is an alterartion in the normal androgen/estrogen ratio. Consequently, gynecomastia may be produced by either deficient androgen production or excessive estrogen secretion. The endocrinology of testicular tumors is a fascinating subject and recent development of sensitiv specific radioimmunoassays for the measurement of tumor markers has opened a new area of investigation into the biology of these neoplasms.", "PMID": 559326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3780", "title": "Follow-up of prostate carcinoma with serial bone scanning using cyclotron-produced 18-fluorine.", "content": "Seventy-four patients with carcinoma of the prostate were studied annually by combined radiological and 18F scintigraphy over a 5-year period. Of the patients who have no radiological evidence of bone metastases, 25% have a positive 18F bone scan. Follow-up of these patients has shown that scan abnormalities perceded x-ray changes from between 1 to 4 years. False negative scans were not seen with 18F which allows for greater accuracy in the detection of skeletal metastases. Teh accurate staging of carcinoma of the prostate cannot be made without bone scanning. Preliminary results with 111In bleomycin as an adjunct to 18F have shown this to be a useful radio-pharmaceutical to distinguish metastases from benign lesions, and further studies are warranted.", "contents": "Follow-up of prostate carcinoma with serial bone scanning using cyclotron-produced 18-fluorine. Seventy-four patients with carcinoma of the prostate were studied annually by combined radiological and 18F scintigraphy over a 5-year period. Of the patients who have no radiological evidence of bone metastases, 25% have a positive 18F bone scan. Follow-up of these patients has shown that scan abnormalities perceded x-ray changes from between 1 to 4 years. False negative scans were not seen with 18F which allows for greater accuracy in the detection of skeletal metastases. Teh accurate staging of carcinoma of the prostate cannot be made without bone scanning. Preliminary results with 111In bleomycin as an adjunct to 18F have shown this to be a useful radio-pharmaceutical to distinguish metastases from benign lesions, and further studies are warranted.", "PMID": 559327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3781", "title": "Perinatal mortality in the St. Louis metropolitan area.", "content": "Statistical data in fetal, neonatal, perinatal, and infant mortality were collected from various sources for the St. Louis metropolitan area (St. Louis City and St. Louis County). The overall perinatal mortality rate of 25.8 for the St. Louis metropolitan area in 1973 compares favorably with the national rate of 25.5 in 1973. The prematurity rate at St. Louis City Hospital (SLCH) is almost three times that of St. Mary's Health Center (SMHC), 12.7 in contrast to 4.8. Both the neonatal and perinatal mortality rates at SLCH are about twice the rate of SMHC, neonatal 19.5 versus 7.4 and perinatal 31.7 in contrast to 19.6. Prematurity and its complications still seem to be the leading cause of neonatal mortality. With modern obstetrical and intensive neonatal care, the survival rates for low birth weight infants has improved markedly. The combined survival rates at SLCH and SMHC, 1972 through 1974 for infants weighing 501-1,000 gms 28 percent; 1,001-1,500 gms, 74 percent; 1,501-2,5000 gms, 95.5 percent; and greater than 2,500 gms. 99.7 percent. Recent studies have shown that the long-term prognosis for these low birth weight infants, in terms of neurological or intellectual sequelae is good. Thus, a more aggressive approach to the management of perinatal problems can be expected to yield excellent results.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality in the St. Louis metropolitan area. Statistical data in fetal, neonatal, perinatal, and infant mortality were collected from various sources for the St. Louis metropolitan area (St. Louis City and St. Louis County). The overall perinatal mortality rate of 25.8 for the St. Louis metropolitan area in 1973 compares favorably with the national rate of 25.5 in 1973. The prematurity rate at St. Louis City Hospital (SLCH) is almost three times that of St. Mary's Health Center (SMHC), 12.7 in contrast to 4.8. Both the neonatal and perinatal mortality rates at SLCH are about twice the rate of SMHC, neonatal 19.5 versus 7.4 and perinatal 31.7 in contrast to 19.6. Prematurity and its complications still seem to be the leading cause of neonatal mortality. With modern obstetrical and intensive neonatal care, the survival rates for low birth weight infants has improved markedly. The combined survival rates at SLCH and SMHC, 1972 through 1974 for infants weighing 501-1,000 gms 28 percent; 1,001-1,500 gms, 74 percent; 1,501-2,5000 gms, 95.5 percent; and greater than 2,500 gms. 99.7 percent. Recent studies have shown that the long-term prognosis for these low birth weight infants, in terms of neurological or intellectual sequelae is good. Thus, a more aggressive approach to the management of perinatal problems can be expected to yield excellent results.", "PMID": 559322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3782", "title": "[Radiology of portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the applications of radiology to portal hypertension, mainly of the 2 most common conditions, the secondary prehepatic block and the intra-hepatic block in cirrhosis of the liver. In prehepatic block the veins in the splanchnic area which will have to be anastomosed to relieve pressure must be shown. This can be done with direct and indirect spleno-portography and by contrasting the proximal and, possibly, the distal mesenteric veins. For intrahepatic postsinusoidal block of cirrhosis of the liver the portal vein and its major contributaries must be shown. In addition, circulation and pressure in the liver and its surroundings have to be elucidated. For this, catheterisation of the umbilical vein and the veins of the liver are suitable. In addition splenoportography and mesentericography have to be used, when transumbilical portohepatography cannot be done.", "contents": "[Radiology of portal hypertension (author's transl)]. Description of the applications of radiology to portal hypertension, mainly of the 2 most common conditions, the secondary prehepatic block and the intra-hepatic block in cirrhosis of the liver. In prehepatic block the veins in the splanchnic area which will have to be anastomosed to relieve pressure must be shown. This can be done with direct and indirect spleno-portography and by contrasting the proximal and, possibly, the distal mesenteric veins. For intrahepatic postsinusoidal block of cirrhosis of the liver the portal vein and its major contributaries must be shown. In addition, circulation and pressure in the liver and its surroundings have to be elucidated. For this, catheterisation of the umbilical vein and the veins of the liver are suitable. In addition splenoportography and mesentericography have to be used, when transumbilical portohepatography cannot be done.", "PMID": 559343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3783", "title": "Lens cataract formation and reversible alteration in crystallin synthesis in cultured lenses.", "content": "Embryonic chick lenses developed cortical cataracts and altered their pattern of delta-crystallin synthesis within 3 hours, if cultured without their vitreous body or traumatized with their vitreous body attached. delta-Crystallin reverted to the normal pattern by 24 hours in the cataractous lenses. Thus, biochemical differences that are only observable during the initial stages of cataractogenesis can exist between opaque and normal lenses.", "contents": "Lens cataract formation and reversible alteration in crystallin synthesis in cultured lenses. Embryonic chick lenses developed cortical cataracts and altered their pattern of delta-crystallin synthesis within 3 hours, if cultured without their vitreous body or traumatized with their vitreous body attached. delta-Crystallin reverted to the normal pattern by 24 hours in the cataractous lenses. Thus, biochemical differences that are only observable during the initial stages of cataractogenesis can exist between opaque and normal lenses.", "PMID": 559349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3784", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata fungaemia. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of Torulopsis glabrata fungaemia are presented. The literature on detection of micro-organisms in peripheral blood and on systemic T. glabrata infection is briefly reviewed. Microscopical examination of a buffy coat preparation, a simple and rapid procedure for diagnosing this condition, is described. A scheme of criteria which may be helpful in the diagnosis of clinically significant fungaemia is offered.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata fungaemia. A report of two cases. Two cases of Torulopsis glabrata fungaemia are presented. The literature on detection of micro-organisms in peripheral blood and on systemic T. glabrata infection is briefly reviewed. Microscopical examination of a buffy coat preparation, a simple and rapid procedure for diagnosing this condition, is described. A scheme of criteria which may be helpful in the diagnosis of clinically significant fungaemia is offered.", "PMID": 559352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3785", "title": "[Aetiology and pathogenesis of abomasal displacement (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of abnormal displacement continues to show a gradual increase. The need for preventive measures has therefore become a pressing matter. Successful prevention of abomasal displacement is based on adequate knowledge of the aetiology and pathogenesis. The present state of affairs is reviewed on the basis of the literature, personal experience and studies. Obviously, a large number of factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of abomassal displacement. Although the knowledge of the aetiology of abomasal displacement is anything but complete, a number of (probably useful) preventive measures are suggested.", "contents": "[Aetiology and pathogenesis of abomasal displacement (author's transl)]. The incidence of abnormal displacement continues to show a gradual increase. The need for preventive measures has therefore become a pressing matter. Successful prevention of abomasal displacement is based on adequate knowledge of the aetiology and pathogenesis. The present state of affairs is reviewed on the basis of the literature, personal experience and studies. Obviously, a large number of factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of abomassal displacement. Although the knowledge of the aetiology of abomasal displacement is anything but complete, a number of (probably useful) preventive measures are suggested.", "PMID": 559359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3786", "title": "[Mange caused by Trixacarus in guinea-pigs (authors transl)].", "content": "Six cases of mange in guinea-pigs due to the mite Trixacarus caviae (F ain et al., 1972) are reported. The clinical and histological features are described. In spite of the alarming symptoms occasionally shown by guinea-pigs, the usual antiparasitic therapy was effective. Morphological features by which T. caviae may be differentiated from Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres muris, are reviewed.", "contents": "[Mange caused by Trixacarus in guinea-pigs (authors transl)]. Six cases of mange in guinea-pigs due to the mite Trixacarus caviae (F ain et al., 1972) are reported. The clinical and histological features are described. In spite of the alarming symptoms occasionally shown by guinea-pigs, the usual antiparasitic therapy was effective. Morphological features by which T. caviae may be differentiated from Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres muris, are reviewed.", "PMID": 559360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3787", "title": "Ocular manifestations of sickle hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "The ocular manifestations of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, while often not severe enough to affect vision, may develop in proliferative stages, resulting in arteriolar-venular anastomoses, neovascular proliferations, vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. The authors review the historical, biochemical, and geographic aspects of the disease, and provide detailed descriptions of findings in theconjunctiva, uvea and fundus, with particular emphasis on the retina. Pathogenesis, histopathologic and clinical appearance, and modes of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of sickle hemoglobinopathies. The ocular manifestations of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, while often not severe enough to affect vision, may develop in proliferative stages, resulting in arteriolar-venular anastomoses, neovascular proliferations, vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. The authors review the historical, biochemical, and geographic aspects of the disease, and provide detailed descriptions of findings in theconjunctiva, uvea and fundus, with particular emphasis on the retina. Pathogenesis, histopathologic and clinical appearance, and modes of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 559355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3788", "title": "[Quantitative characteristics of serum antitryptic activity].", "content": "The method suggested includes incubation of trypsin with native blood serum and subsequent quantitative determination of trypsin, that did not react with inhibitor, by means of the antitryptic precipitating serum. The method is based on the principle of radial immunodiffusion. In native serum that was not subjected to dilution the antitryptic capacity is 210.0 +/- 27.3 microng/ml in people, 238.7 +/- 33.1 microng/ml in rabbits. A distinct dynamics of changes in the antitryptic capacity of blood serum is observed with experimental hypertrypsinemia.", "contents": "[Quantitative characteristics of serum antitryptic activity]. The method suggested includes incubation of trypsin with native blood serum and subsequent quantitative determination of trypsin, that did not react with inhibitor, by means of the antitryptic precipitating serum. The method is based on the principle of radial immunodiffusion. In native serum that was not subjected to dilution the antitryptic capacity is 210.0 +/- 27.3 microng/ml in people, 238.7 +/- 33.1 microng/ml in rabbits. A distinct dynamics of changes in the antitryptic capacity of blood serum is observed with experimental hypertrypsinemia.", "PMID": 559362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3789", "title": "The use of cloprostenol for the termination of pregnancy and the expulsion of mummified fetus in cattle.", "content": "Misalliance and mummification are two indications for treatment with cloprostenol. Of 56 animals mated accidentally that were treated with 0-5 mg cloprostenol, 12 were more than 150 days pregnant and of those, nine required more than one treatment. The animals treated early in pregnancy aborted promptly and completely whereas two, considered to be 200 days pregnant at the first treatment, failed to respond at all. There were no reports of retained fetal membranes or any adverse side effects. Eight cases of fetal mummification were also submitted for treatment. All aborted within three to five days, the fetus being removed manually per vaginam in each case. Serial blood progesterone assays indicated that successful treatment was associated with leutolysis in all cases. It was concluded that cloprostenol may successfully be used for the treatment of misalliance and mummification of the fetus.", "contents": "The use of cloprostenol for the termination of pregnancy and the expulsion of mummified fetus in cattle. Misalliance and mummification are two indications for treatment with cloprostenol. Of 56 animals mated accidentally that were treated with 0-5 mg cloprostenol, 12 were more than 150 days pregnant and of those, nine required more than one treatment. The animals treated early in pregnancy aborted promptly and completely whereas two, considered to be 200 days pregnant at the first treatment, failed to respond at all. There were no reports of retained fetal membranes or any adverse side effects. Eight cases of fetal mummification were also submitted for treatment. All aborted within three to five days, the fetus being removed manually per vaginam in each case. Serial blood progesterone assays indicated that successful treatment was associated with leutolysis in all cases. It was concluded that cloprostenol may successfully be used for the treatment of misalliance and mummification of the fetus.", "PMID": 559369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3790", "title": "[Cytospectrophotometric study of the concentration of RNA and SH-groups in swine embryos].", "content": "Cytospectrophotometry was used to study the contents of RNA and SH-groups in zygotes as well as in 8- and 12-day embryos embryos of the pig large white breed. Significant correlation is found between the content of RNA in the embryos and their survival level in sows. A high degree of variability within one generation is established for the indexes under study. The data obbtained give reasons for a conclusion on the important role of RNA and SH-groups, as their content determines to a considerable extent the biological quality of the embryos and thus their survival rate too.", "contents": "[Cytospectrophotometric study of the concentration of RNA and SH-groups in swine embryos]. Cytospectrophotometry was used to study the contents of RNA and SH-groups in zygotes as well as in 8- and 12-day embryos embryos of the pig large white breed. Significant correlation is found between the content of RNA in the embryos and their survival level in sows. A high degree of variability within one generation is established for the indexes under study. The data obbtained give reasons for a conclusion on the important role of RNA and SH-groups, as their content determines to a considerable extent the biological quality of the embryos and thus their survival rate too.", "PMID": 559363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3791", "title": "Germ cell tumors of the testes.", "content": "Most malignant testicular neoplasms are of germ cell origin. They are divided into five basic types: seminomas, embryonal carcinomas, teratocarcinomas, adult teratomas and choriocarcinomas. Clinically they may present as an enlarging testicular mass, or with symptoms resulting from metastases or hormonal secretions. The treatment of choice for patients with seminomas is orchiectomy, followed by radiation therapy. This combination results in an 80 to 100 percent five-year survival rate in patients with nonmetastatic or locally metastatic disease. The treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors is more controversial. An aggressive approach, however, with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy has resulted in an overall 78 percent survival rate. Several placental and fetal proteins are secreted by these tumors. Two of these, human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein, have been shown to be useful for the diagnosis of these neoplasms, for following the disease activity during therapy and for detection of recurrences.", "contents": "Germ cell tumors of the testes. Most malignant testicular neoplasms are of germ cell origin. They are divided into five basic types: seminomas, embryonal carcinomas, teratocarcinomas, adult teratomas and choriocarcinomas. Clinically they may present as an enlarging testicular mass, or with symptoms resulting from metastases or hormonal secretions. The treatment of choice for patients with seminomas is orchiectomy, followed by radiation therapy. This combination results in an 80 to 100 percent five-year survival rate in patients with nonmetastatic or locally metastatic disease. The treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors is more controversial. An aggressive approach, however, with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy has resulted in an overall 78 percent survival rate. Several placental and fetal proteins are secreted by these tumors. Two of these, human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein, have been shown to be useful for the diagnosis of these neoplasms, for following the disease activity during therapy and for detection of recurrences.", "PMID": 559372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3792", "title": "Persistent measles virus infection in a calf kidney cell line. Note I. Establishment of calf kidney cell lines chronically infected with measles virus and some of their biological characteristics.", "content": "Several types of persistent measles virus infection resulting in lytic infections could be established in a calf kidney cell line, according to the passage level of the substrate and to the virus strain inoculated. Persistent measles virus infection in calf kidney cells was characterized by the limited proportion of infected cells, the large amount of infectant virus, and the alteration of morphological and growth characteristics of the cells. The mechanism of this persistent infection is discussed.", "contents": "Persistent measles virus infection in a calf kidney cell line. Note I. Establishment of calf kidney cell lines chronically infected with measles virus and some of their biological characteristics. Several types of persistent measles virus infection resulting in lytic infections could be established in a calf kidney cell line, according to the passage level of the substrate and to the virus strain inoculated. Persistent measles virus infection in calf kidney cells was characterized by the limited proportion of infected cells, the large amount of infectant virus, and the alteration of morphological and growth characteristics of the cells. The mechanism of this persistent infection is discussed.", "PMID": 559370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3793", "title": "[Cortical influences on thyroid and sex gland function in neurotic dogs].", "content": "Disturbances of higher nervous activity charactetized by the development of an experimental neurosis were elicited in three male dogs by means of functional influences. This was accompanied by an increase, decrease or no change in the level of total thyroxine in the blood with greater fluctuations of its content on different days. An euthyreoid state persisted in the dogs throughout all periods of the neurosis, which is testified by the absence of changes of the free thyroxine coefficient. In the first three to four weeks of the experimental neurosis the testosterone content in the blood plasma was enhanced, its level not correlating with the variations of thyroxine content in the blood.", "contents": "[Cortical influences on thyroid and sex gland function in neurotic dogs]. Disturbances of higher nervous activity charactetized by the development of an experimental neurosis were elicited in three male dogs by means of functional influences. This was accompanied by an increase, decrease or no change in the level of total thyroxine in the blood with greater fluctuations of its content on different days. An euthyreoid state persisted in the dogs throughout all periods of the neurosis, which is testified by the absence of changes of the free thyroxine coefficient. In the first three to four weeks of the experimental neurosis the testosterone content in the blood plasma was enhanced, its level not correlating with the variations of thyroxine content in the blood.", "PMID": 559379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3794", "title": "[Effect of prolonged alcoholization on the cerebral electical activity and emotional behavior of rats].", "content": "Two stages of alcohol intoxication were detected in an experiment on 21 rats during formation of addiction to alcohol. It has been shown that the emotiogenic hypothalamic zones may play the part of trigger mechanisms with infolvement of limbic and neocortical apparatuses. At the same time a different type of integration of addiction to alcohol food is possible, in which the emotiogenic zones do not play the principal part. The late stages of formation of addiction to alcohol are characterized by EEG hypersynchronia with a qualitatively different structure in the periods of abstinence and \"saturation\" with alcohol. A close connection has been recorded between the mechanisms of emotion, hypersynchronia and behavioral epileptic phenomena.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged alcoholization on the cerebral electical activity and emotional behavior of rats]. Two stages of alcohol intoxication were detected in an experiment on 21 rats during formation of addiction to alcohol. It has been shown that the emotiogenic hypothalamic zones may play the part of trigger mechanisms with infolvement of limbic and neocortical apparatuses. At the same time a different type of integration of addiction to alcohol food is possible, in which the emotiogenic zones do not play the principal part. The late stages of formation of addiction to alcohol are characterized by EEG hypersynchronia with a qualitatively different structure in the periods of abstinence and \"saturation\" with alcohol. A close connection has been recorded between the mechanisms of emotion, hypersynchronia and behavioral epileptic phenomena.", "PMID": 559380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3795", "title": "[Dysontogenetic giant cyst].", "content": "Casuistics of congenital dysontogenetic giant cyst which has lead to the displacement and the restriction of the function of the two kidneys. Therapeutic experiment with repeated instillations of formaldehyde for the obliteration of cysts.", "contents": "[Dysontogenetic giant cyst]. Casuistics of congenital dysontogenetic giant cyst which has lead to the displacement and the restriction of the function of the two kidneys. Therapeutic experiment with repeated instillations of formaldehyde for the obliteration of cysts.", "PMID": 559395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3796", "title": "[Comparative studies of placentar diffusion of propanidid (Sombrevin) and barbiturate in premature pregnancies and cesarean sections].", "content": "The placental diffusion and fetal elimination of propanidid (Sombrevin) and hexobarbituralnatrium adhibited for the introduction of narcosis in cases of prematures requiring caesarean section is studied by virtue of maternal, umbilical cord, and new-born blood samples. On the basis of the results we come to the conclusion that for the introduction of narcosis in prematures requiring caesarean section, Sombrevin seems to be more suitable than hexobarbituralnatrium, owing to the quicker propanidid elimination.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of placentar diffusion of propanidid (Sombrevin) and barbiturate in premature pregnancies and cesarean sections]. The placental diffusion and fetal elimination of propanidid (Sombrevin) and hexobarbituralnatrium adhibited for the introduction of narcosis in cases of prematures requiring caesarean section is studied by virtue of maternal, umbilical cord, and new-born blood samples. On the basis of the results we come to the conclusion that for the introduction of narcosis in prematures requiring caesarean section, Sombrevin seems to be more suitable than hexobarbituralnatrium, owing to the quicker propanidid elimination.", "PMID": 559397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3797", "title": "[The role of colposcopy in the follow-up examinations of the treated genital carcinoma in women].", "content": "The authors present their own experience about the colposcopic findings in the vagina after radical operative interventions, radiological or combined radiological and surgical treatment of carcinome of the genitals in women. On the basis of 902 checkups of such patients in whom there were 65 (7,20%) suspect colposcopic findings and 43 (4,76%) relapses the authors present detailed descriptions of the colposcopic patterns of relapses, that is, metastases and degenerative changes in the vagina after the above mentioned therapeutical procedures.", "contents": "[The role of colposcopy in the follow-up examinations of the treated genital carcinoma in women]. The authors present their own experience about the colposcopic findings in the vagina after radical operative interventions, radiological or combined radiological and surgical treatment of carcinome of the genitals in women. On the basis of 902 checkups of such patients in whom there were 65 (7,20%) suspect colposcopic findings and 43 (4,76%) relapses the authors present detailed descriptions of the colposcopic patterns of relapses, that is, metastases and degenerative changes in the vagina after the above mentioned therapeutical procedures.", "PMID": 559398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3798", "title": "[A contribution to infection with yellow fever virus 17D in chick embryos (author's transl)].", "content": "During the production of yellow fever virus 17 D vaccine from chick embryos, few embryos die in the time between injection of the eggs and harvest of the embryos. In order to answer the question whether the death of the embryos is due to the infection or to the injury caused by the injection, it is necessary to examine the embryos macro- and microscopically for pathological changes. 8 and 9 days old chick embryos were inoculated into the amniotic cavity with different concentrations of yellow fever virus 17 D (table 1). The embryos were removed from the eggs between the 2nd and 7th day after inoculation. Heart, lung, kidney, brain, liver, and spleen were removed. Macroscopically observable pathological symptoms of the embryos and their organs were recorded. Sections of the organs were histologically investigated. Some embryos died soon after the infection, others on the 5th and 6th day of incubation (table 2). Their death was dependent on the dosage of the inoculum. Macroscopically, some embryos showed oedemas, petechiae on head and trunk, haemorrhages of liver and kidney, enlargement of liver and spleen, and a yellow discolouration of the liver (table 3). Microscopically, liver and brain showed the greatest pathological changes; heart and kidney were also affected, whereas lungs and spleen seemed to be unaffected. The following pathological changes were observed: slight fatty degeneration, oedemas, vascular inflammation, perivascular infiltrates, diffuse infiltrations, infiltrations in form of small nodules and necroses (table 3 and figures 1-12). the severity of the symptoms was evaluated using arbitrary units. These units are summarized on table 3 according to time of occurrence p.i., to virus dilution, to organ, and to type of symptom. An index of pathological changes was allived by dividing the sum of units by the number of organs. The maximum value of the index was demonstrable in liver and brain (table 4). Figure 13 adn table 5 show the development of the lesions during the infection. The maximum value of  the index was reached on the 5th day p.i. The most significant pathological changes, as necrosis and perivascular infiltrate, were mainly observed from the 5th day p.i. on (table 6). The perivascular infiltrates were found in heart and brain, the necroses in brain and liver (table 7).", "contents": "[A contribution to infection with yellow fever virus 17D in chick embryos (author's transl)]. During the production of yellow fever virus 17 D vaccine from chick embryos, few embryos die in the time between injection of the eggs and harvest of the embryos. In order to answer the question whether the death of the embryos is due to the infection or to the injury caused by the injection, it is necessary to examine the embryos macro- and microscopically for pathological changes. 8 and 9 days old chick embryos were inoculated into the amniotic cavity with different concentrations of yellow fever virus 17 D (table 1). The embryos were removed from the eggs between the 2nd and 7th day after inoculation. Heart, lung, kidney, brain, liver, and spleen were removed. Macroscopically observable pathological symptoms of the embryos and their organs were recorded. Sections of the organs were histologically investigated. Some embryos died soon after the infection, others on the 5th and 6th day of incubation (table 2). Their death was dependent on the dosage of the inoculum. Macroscopically, some embryos showed oedemas, petechiae on head and trunk, haemorrhages of liver and kidney, enlargement of liver and spleen, and a yellow discolouration of the liver (table 3). Microscopically, liver and brain showed the greatest pathological changes; heart and kidney were also affected, whereas lungs and spleen seemed to be unaffected. The following pathological changes were observed: slight fatty degeneration, oedemas, vascular inflammation, perivascular infiltrates, diffuse infiltrations, infiltrations in form of small nodules and necroses (table 3 and figures 1-12). the severity of the symptoms was evaluated using arbitrary units. These units are summarized on table 3 according to time of occurrence p.i., to virus dilution, to organ, and to type of symptom. An index of pathological changes was allived by dividing the sum of units by the number of organs. The maximum value of the index was demonstrable in liver and brain (table 4). Figure 13 adn table 5 show the development of the lesions during the infection. The maximum value of  the index was reached on the 5th day p.i. The most significant pathological changes, as necrosis and perivascular infiltrate, were mainly observed from the 5th day p.i. on (table 6). The perivascular infiltrates were found in heart and brain, the necroses in brain and liver (table 7).", "PMID": 559399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3799", "title": "[Influence of extrapyramidal disorders induced by haloperidol on phenamine stereotypy and the effects of schizophrenic patients' serum (experimental study)].", "content": "Experiments on white mice demonstrated that the appearance of extrapyramidal disturbances depends upon the scheme of haloperidol administration. A long-term use of the preparation leads to development of habituation, while its cessation--to symptoms similar to withdrawal. The development of extrapyramidal disturbances does not increase the antagonism of haloperidol in relation to phenamine, but distinctly increases and prolongs the activizing action of the blood serum of schizophrenic patients on the behaviour of animals.", "contents": "[Influence of extrapyramidal disorders induced by haloperidol on phenamine stereotypy and the effects of schizophrenic patients' serum (experimental study)]. Experiments on white mice demonstrated that the appearance of extrapyramidal disturbances depends upon the scheme of haloperidol administration. A long-term use of the preparation leads to development of habituation, while its cessation--to symptoms similar to withdrawal. The development of extrapyramidal disturbances does not increase the antagonism of haloperidol in relation to phenamine, but distinctly increases and prolongs the activizing action of the blood serum of schizophrenic patients on the behaviour of animals.", "PMID": 559400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3800", "title": "[Discriminant analysis applied to blood components in dairy cows before and after delivery].", "content": "Ten blood properties--total protein, cholesterol, zinc turbidity test, leucine amino peptidase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red and white blood cell counts--were measured in primiparous cows at three different stages near parturition, 260 days of pregnancy, 5 days and 35 days after parturition. Experiments were performed in two seasons, winter (January to April) and summer (June to September), using eleven cows in each seasonal group. The degree of inclusive variation of the ten blood properties by discriminant analysis was low in winter and very high in summer between 260 days of pregnancy and 5 days after parturition. It was high in both seasons between 5 days and 35 days after parturition. In addition, in comparison between the corresponding stages in the two seasonal groups, the degree was higher in summer than in winter. The discrepancy in the seasonal patterns seemed to occur by the differences in environmental factors, such as temperature and feeding conditions, in addition to stresses due to pregnancy, parturition and lactation. It was verified that discriminant analysis, one of the multivariate analyses was useful for an inclusive, objective judgment on data of multiple clinical examinations in dairy cows.", "contents": "[Discriminant analysis applied to blood components in dairy cows before and after delivery]. Ten blood properties--total protein, cholesterol, zinc turbidity test, leucine amino peptidase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red and white blood cell counts--were measured in primiparous cows at three different stages near parturition, 260 days of pregnancy, 5 days and 35 days after parturition. Experiments were performed in two seasons, winter (January to April) and summer (June to September), using eleven cows in each seasonal group. The degree of inclusive variation of the ten blood properties by discriminant analysis was low in winter and very high in summer between 260 days of pregnancy and 5 days after parturition. It was high in both seasons between 5 days and 35 days after parturition. In addition, in comparison between the corresponding stages in the two seasonal groups, the degree was higher in summer than in winter. The discrepancy in the seasonal patterns seemed to occur by the differences in environmental factors, such as temperature and feeding conditions, in addition to stresses due to pregnancy, parturition and lactation. It was verified that discriminant analysis, one of the multivariate analyses was useful for an inclusive, objective judgment on data of multiple clinical examinations in dairy cows.", "PMID": 559401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3801", "title": "Measles as a cause of fetal defects. A retrospective study of tem measles epidemics in Greenland.", "content": "In a retrospective study of ten epidemics of measles in virgin-soil populations in Greenland, 368 women were found to be pregnant at the time of their infection with measles. Information on the course of the pregnancies was obtained in 327 of these women and a clinical examination was made of 252 of their children. The risk of fetal death among women infected in the first trimester was found to be high. About half of 20 women infected during their first two months of pregnancy and a fifth of 31 women infected in the third month had abortions. 9% of 64 women infected in the first trimester and going to term had stillbirths. 28 women infected in the first two months of pregnancy had live children, but four of these had congenital malformations, three of extreme rarity and severity, leading to death. The rate of perinatal mortality and prematurity was equal among infants exposed to measles in the first, second and third trimester of fetal life.", "contents": "Measles as a cause of fetal defects. A retrospective study of tem measles epidemics in Greenland. In a retrospective study of ten epidemics of measles in virgin-soil populations in Greenland, 368 women were found to be pregnant at the time of their infection with measles. Information on the course of the pregnancies was obtained in 327 of these women and a clinical examination was made of 252 of their children. The risk of fetal death among women infected in the first trimester was found to be high. About half of 20 women infected during their first two months of pregnancy and a fifth of 31 women infected in the third month had abortions. 9% of 64 women infected in the first trimester and going to term had stillbirths. 28 women infected in the first two months of pregnancy had live children, but four of these had congenital malformations, three of extreme rarity and severity, leading to death. The rate of perinatal mortality and prematurity was equal among infants exposed to measles in the first, second and third trimester of fetal life.", "PMID": 559402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3802", "title": "Systolic time intervals utilizing ear densitography. Advantages and reliability for stress testing.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were determined in 10 volunteer subjects at rest and during a variety of cardiocirculatory stresses to further evaluate the ear densitogram derivative as a replacement for the carotid pulse curve. There was close tracking of the two methods not only for left ventricular ejection time (r = +0.98), but also for pre-ejection period (r = +0.98). The results confirmed that this technically simple and remarkably stable wave form permits reliable measurement of the systolic time intervals both at rest and during the actual performance of stress.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals utilizing ear densitography. Advantages and reliability for stress testing. Systolic time intervals were determined in 10 volunteer subjects at rest and during a variety of cardiocirculatory stresses to further evaluate the ear densitogram derivative as a replacement for the carotid pulse curve. There was close tracking of the two methods not only for left ventricular ejection time (r = +0.98), but also for pre-ejection period (r = +0.98). The results confirmed that this technically simple and remarkably stable wave form permits reliable measurement of the systolic time intervals both at rest and during the actual performance of stress.", "PMID": 559405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3803", "title": "Left ventricle to aorta valved conduit for relief of diffuse left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "content": "Operative relief of congenital tunnel subaortic stenosis by means of local incision or excision, or both, has generally been unsatisfactory. The use of a valve-bearing conduit between the left ventricular apex and thoracic aorta offers a predictable means of bypassing the left ventricular outflow obstruction. The procedure was used in a 17 year old girl with an excellent hemodynamic result. The history of operative management with diverting plantation of valved conduits in this position have not been defined, but use of these prostheses appears advisable in severe subvalvular, valvular and supravalvular obstructions that are not readily amenable to predictable and safe surgical palliation. The operation may prove useful in selected cases of idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Left ventricle to aorta valved conduit for relief of diffuse left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Operative relief of congenital tunnel subaortic stenosis by means of local incision or excision, or both, has generally been unsatisfactory. The use of a valve-bearing conduit between the left ventricular apex and thoracic aorta offers a predictable means of bypassing the left ventricular outflow obstruction. The procedure was used in a 17 year old girl with an excellent hemodynamic result. The history of operative management with diverting plantation of valved conduits in this position have not been defined, but use of these prostheses appears advisable in severe subvalvular, valvular and supravalvular obstructions that are not readily amenable to predictable and safe surgical palliation. The operation may prove useful in selected cases of idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 559407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3804", "title": "Amnion nodosum and congenital ichthyosis.", "content": "Histologic characteristics of the placentas in four cases of amnion nodosum and congenital ichthyosis, a rare association, are presented. Two cases were missed abortions of a single multiparous woman, supporting the hypothesis that in congenital ichthyosis amnion and skin share an abnormal genetic trait. As the amnion showed no hyperkeratosis, it is likely that the amniotic lesions are related to an increased deposition of keratotic plugs on the amnion. Oligohydramnios was verified in two cases; urinary tract malformations were absent in all. The histologic characteristics of the placentas were similar. Noteworthy was the aspect of the chorionic vessels, whose lumens were reduced or obliterated. Perhaps this feature contributed to the poor nutrition of the amnion, a fact assumed by some authors to explain lesions of amnion nodosum. As these vascular alterations are common after fetal death, it is only in the placenta of the newborn that the vascular changes, compatible with rubella vasculitis, may have altered the nutrition of the amnion.", "contents": "Amnion nodosum and congenital ichthyosis. Histologic characteristics of the placentas in four cases of amnion nodosum and congenital ichthyosis, a rare association, are presented. Two cases were missed abortions of a single multiparous woman, supporting the hypothesis that in congenital ichthyosis amnion and skin share an abnormal genetic trait. As the amnion showed no hyperkeratosis, it is likely that the amniotic lesions are related to an increased deposition of keratotic plugs on the amnion. Oligohydramnios was verified in two cases; urinary tract malformations were absent in all. The histologic characteristics of the placentas were similar. Noteworthy was the aspect of the chorionic vessels, whose lumens were reduced or obliterated. Perhaps this feature contributed to the poor nutrition of the amnion, a fact assumed by some authors to explain lesions of amnion nodosum. As these vascular alterations are common after fetal death, it is only in the placenta of the newborn that the vascular changes, compatible with rubella vasculitis, may have altered the nutrition of the amnion.", "PMID": 559408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3805", "title": "Diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infestation. Study of two methods for collection of specimens.", "content": "Two methods for collecting fecal specimens for parasitologic examination were compared: the usual samples from different days to be studied separately (\"triads\") and the alternate procedure of mixing three daily specimens in a single flask with thimerosal-iodine-formaldehyde as preservative (\"blend\"), in order to save time and effort on the part of the microscopist. Stool samples totalling 284 from 71 heavily parasitized persons were examined. No significant difference was found in the results of studying \"triads\" and \"blends\" by two concentration technics.", "contents": "Diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infestation. Study of two methods for collection of specimens. Two methods for collecting fecal specimens for parasitologic examination were compared: the usual samples from different days to be studied separately (\"triads\") and the alternate procedure of mixing three daily specimens in a single flask with thimerosal-iodine-formaldehyde as preservative (\"blend\"), in order to save time and effort on the part of the microscopist. Stool samples totalling 284 from 71 heavily parasitized persons were examined. No significant difference was found in the results of studying \"triads\" and \"blends\" by two concentration technics.", "PMID": 559409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3806", "title": "Hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome. A case masquerading as an encephalocele.", "content": "The association of hemangioma and thrombocytopenia has been recognized since 1940. We cared for a newborn boy whose hemangioma resembled an occipital encephalocele. The true diagnosis was suspected only when his platelet count dropped to 3,000/cu mm with severe intestinal hemorrhage on the third day of life. The diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography. The hemangioma was excised surgically, and the platelet count returned quickly to normal. The baby has done well subsequently. When feasible, surgical excision of the platelet-trapping hemangioma is the treatment of choice in the hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome.", "contents": "Hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome. A case masquerading as an encephalocele. The association of hemangioma and thrombocytopenia has been recognized since 1940. We cared for a newborn boy whose hemangioma resembled an occipital encephalocele. The true diagnosis was suspected only when his platelet count dropped to 3,000/cu mm with severe intestinal hemorrhage on the third day of life. The diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography. The hemangioma was excised surgically, and the platelet count returned quickly to normal. The baby has done well subsequently. When feasible, surgical excision of the platelet-trapping hemangioma is the treatment of choice in the hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome.", "PMID": 559410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3807", "title": "The threatening stare: differential response latencies in mild and profoundly retarded adults.", "content": "Institutionalized retarded adults (N = 120) were studied using a 2 (mild, profound) x 2 (stare, no stare) x 2 (close, far) analysis of variance design. It was expected that threatening-stare conditions would produce smaller response latencies for avoidance and aggressive behavior than would the no-stare condition and, further, that the stare would have greater impact on the profoundly as compared with mildly retarded subjects, especially in the close conditions. These expectations were supported by the response latency data that yielded a highly significant main effect for stare and significant Stare x Retardation and Stare x Distance interactions.", "contents": "The threatening stare: differential response latencies in mild and profoundly retarded adults. Institutionalized retarded adults (N = 120) were studied using a 2 (mild, profound) x 2 (stare, no stare) x 2 (close, far) analysis of variance design. It was expected that threatening-stare conditions would produce smaller response latencies for avoidance and aggressive behavior than would the no-stare condition and, further, that the stare would have greater impact on the profoundly as compared with mildly retarded subjects, especially in the close conditions. These expectations were supported by the response latency data that yielded a highly significant main effect for stare and significant Stare x Retardation and Stare x Distance interactions.", "PMID": 559412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3808", "title": "Detection, evaluation, and treatment of pituitary microadenomas in patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea.", "content": "Over a period of two and a half years, 34 women with galactorrhea or amenorrhea, all with an abnormal sellar polytomogram, underwent transsphenoidal microsurgical exploration of the sella. Eighteen women and microadenomas (less than or equal to 1 cm. in diameter), seven had macroadenomas (greater than than 1 cm. in diameter), and five had unidentified lesions. Only one women had a normal pituitary gland. Three women had cryosurgery without biopsy. Preoperatively, hyperprolactinemia occurred in 24 of 25 women with adenomas and two of five with nonadenomatous lesions. There were no operative deaths. Significant morbidity occurred in only three patients, none of whom had microadenomas. Postoperatively, menses resumed in 16 of the 17 women with microadenomas and in two of the seven with macroadenomas who presented with amenorrhea. Galactorrhea disappeared in 15 of the 17 women with microadenomas and in four of the seven with macroadenomas who presented with galactorrhea. In five patients with unidentified lesions, a return of menses occurred in two of four with previous amenorrhea, and galactorrhea abated in two of three who presented with lactation. We conclude that sellar polytomography in women with hyperprolactinemia is a useful technique technique for the diagnosis of pituitary adenomas, a lesion which may occur more frequently than previously realized. In addition, transsphenoidal microresection of microadenomas is safe and effective.", "contents": "Detection, evaluation, and treatment of pituitary microadenomas in patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Over a period of two and a half years, 34 women with galactorrhea or amenorrhea, all with an abnormal sellar polytomogram, underwent transsphenoidal microsurgical exploration of the sella. Eighteen women and microadenomas (less than or equal to 1 cm. in diameter), seven had macroadenomas (greater than than 1 cm. in diameter), and five had unidentified lesions. Only one women had a normal pituitary gland. Three women had cryosurgery without biopsy. Preoperatively, hyperprolactinemia occurred in 24 of 25 women with adenomas and two of five with nonadenomatous lesions. There were no operative deaths. Significant morbidity occurred in only three patients, none of whom had microadenomas. Postoperatively, menses resumed in 16 of the 17 women with microadenomas and in two of the seven with macroadenomas who presented with amenorrhea. Galactorrhea disappeared in 15 of the 17 women with microadenomas and in four of the seven with macroadenomas who presented with galactorrhea. In five patients with unidentified lesions, a return of menses occurred in two of four with previous amenorrhea, and galactorrhea abated in two of three who presented with lactation. We conclude that sellar polytomography in women with hyperprolactinemia is a useful technique technique for the diagnosis of pituitary adenomas, a lesion which may occur more frequently than previously realized. In addition, transsphenoidal microresection of microadenomas is safe and effective.", "PMID": 559413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3809", "title": "Psychiatric Eclecticism: a cognitive view.", "content": "Pluralism is necessary in psychiatry to compensate for the errors and biases characteristic of the equipment we use to appraise clinical \"reality\"--our own perceptual-cognitive apparatus. Our attention to clinical situations is skewed: we notice \"data\" consistent with past assumptions and formulations, and consequently, those views are reinforced by our perceptions. The eclectic posture involves approaching each clinical situation from multiple theoretical perspectives and settling on a perspective that most closely agrees with the patient's needs and wishes without sacrificing the best information available to the psychiatrist. Such eclecticism defines the psychiatrist's role as that of a broad-based scholar who can apply what he knows to the clinical situation. The author discusses the implications for clinical practice and psychiatric education.", "contents": "Psychiatric Eclecticism: a cognitive view. Pluralism is necessary in psychiatry to compensate for the errors and biases characteristic of the equipment we use to appraise clinical \"reality\"--our own perceptual-cognitive apparatus. Our attention to clinical situations is skewed: we notice \"data\" consistent with past assumptions and formulations, and consequently, those views are reinforced by our perceptions. The eclectic posture involves approaching each clinical situation from multiple theoretical perspectives and settling on a perspective that most closely agrees with the patient's needs and wishes without sacrificing the best information available to the psychiatrist. Such eclecticism defines the psychiatrist's role as that of a broad-based scholar who can apply what he knows to the clinical situation. The author discusses the implications for clinical practice and psychiatric education.", "PMID": 559417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3810", "title": "Regional variation in the surface morphology of the epithelium of the rat ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis and vas deferens.", "content": "The luminal surface of epithelial cells lining the ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis and first portion of the vas deferens were studied with the scanning electron microscope. In ductuli efferentes obvious ciliated cells are identified and it is shown that on non-ciliated cells the short microvilli adhere to one another to form clumps of microvilli. In the epididymis two cell types are described and can be identified as principal cells and clear cells based on the presence or absence of microvilli. Clear cells vary in number along the duct, being most numerous distally. Their surface morphology is also most variable distally. In the vas deferens, principal cells with surface microfilli are easily identified; but, in addition, a second cell type is seen, the identity of which is not known.", "contents": "Regional variation in the surface morphology of the epithelium of the rat ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis and vas deferens. The luminal surface of epithelial cells lining the ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis and first portion of the vas deferens were studied with the scanning electron microscope. In ductuli efferentes obvious ciliated cells are identified and it is shown that on non-ciliated cells the short microvilli adhere to one another to form clumps of microvilli. In the epididymis two cell types are described and can be identified as principal cells and clear cells based on the presence or absence of microvilli. Clear cells vary in number along the duct, being most numerous distally. Their surface morphology is also most variable distally. In the vas deferens, principal cells with surface microfilli are easily identified; but, in addition, a second cell type is seen, the identity of which is not known.", "PMID": 559426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3811", "title": "Ultrastructure of in vitro type 2 epithelial cell cysts derived from adult rabbit lung cells.", "content": "Fragments of adult rabbit lung, composed chiefly of terminal airway obtained by a trypsin digestion technique were maintained on collagen-coated cellulose sponges in Ham's F12 medium. Cell-sponge associations were examined with light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy over a period from 6 to 28 days. After an initial 24- to 48-hour period of cell migration from the airway fragment, sponge matrices became lined with cells suggestive of alveolar macrophages. After one week in culture, cysts appeared to be composed entirely of type 2 epithelial cells. These were characterized by a microvillous apical border and an elaborate junctional complex. The lumen of these cysts contained both myelin-like lamellar configurations and tubular myelin structures such as have been described from pulmonary washings. Consistent with the age of the sponge cultures, one or more cyst types described as young, middle and late could be found simultaneously. Middle aged cysts showed signs of active secretion into the lumen. Late cysts showed changes in the epithelium comprising the cyst wall suggestive of a cell type intermediate between type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of in vitro type 2 epithelial cell cysts derived from adult rabbit lung cells. Fragments of adult rabbit lung, composed chiefly of terminal airway obtained by a trypsin digestion technique were maintained on collagen-coated cellulose sponges in Ham's F12 medium. Cell-sponge associations were examined with light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy over a period from 6 to 28 days. After an initial 24- to 48-hour period of cell migration from the airway fragment, sponge matrices became lined with cells suggestive of alveolar macrophages. After one week in culture, cysts appeared to be composed entirely of type 2 epithelial cells. These were characterized by a microvillous apical border and an elaborate junctional complex. The lumen of these cysts contained both myelin-like lamellar configurations and tubular myelin structures such as have been described from pulmonary washings. Consistent with the age of the sponge cultures, one or more cyst types described as young, middle and late could be found simultaneously. Middle aged cysts showed signs of active secretion into the lumen. Late cysts showed changes in the epithelium comprising the cyst wall suggestive of a cell type intermediate between type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells.", "PMID": 559427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3812", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of atropine sulfate preparations in vagotomized dogs under halothane anesthesia.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of 3 preparations of atropine sulfate were studied acutely in open-chest, vagotomized dogs under endotracheal halothane anesthesia. Indices of myocardial performance (LVdp/dt/CPIP and maximum ascending aortic blood acceleration) showed insignificant changes when varying doses of IV atropine (0.04 mg/kg and 0.04 mg/kg) were given. However, mean ascending aortic pressure fell by 20 percent following the larger doses of 2 commercial preparations containing antibacterial preservatives, and only 9 percent following a \"pure\" (USP) atropine preparation. Calculated changes in systemic vascular resistance closely followed actual pressure values. These results indicate that atropine, even in large doses, causes little or no depression of ventricular function independently of its chronotropic action. However, atropine does cause a fall in blood pressure, seemingly due to peripheral vasodilation, particularly in commercial preparations containing preservatives.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of atropine sulfate preparations in vagotomized dogs under halothane anesthesia. The cardiovascular effects of 3 preparations of atropine sulfate were studied acutely in open-chest, vagotomized dogs under endotracheal halothane anesthesia. Indices of myocardial performance (LVdp/dt/CPIP and maximum ascending aortic blood acceleration) showed insignificant changes when varying doses of IV atropine (0.04 mg/kg and 0.04 mg/kg) were given. However, mean ascending aortic pressure fell by 20 percent following the larger doses of 2 commercial preparations containing antibacterial preservatives, and only 9 percent following a \"pure\" (USP) atropine preparation. Calculated changes in systemic vascular resistance closely followed actual pressure values. These results indicate that atropine, even in large doses, causes little or no depression of ventricular function independently of its chronotropic action. However, atropine does cause a fall in blood pressure, seemingly due to peripheral vasodilation, particularly in commercial preparations containing preservatives.", "PMID": 559429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3813", "title": "Anesthetic considerations for cerebral computer tomography.", "content": "Cerebral computer tomography is a recently introduced neuroradiologic procedure involving tomographic x-rays of horizontal brain sections. Although most adults undergo the procedure without anesthesia, children and uncooperative adults must be given general anesthesia for absolute immobility. Of 84 procedures under general anesthesia, 10 employed ketamine, 6 used oral chloral hydrate; 60, endotracheal anesthesia enflurane or halothane; 7 used combinations of various sedatives. One was performed with local anesthesia standby. Ketamine and heavy sedation were found to be totally unsatisfactory because of airway problems and unpredicatability of motion, which produced image artifacts. General endotracheal anesthesia with either halothane or enflurane in N2O-O2 was found most satisfactory because of better control of airway and prevention of motion.", "contents": "Anesthetic considerations for cerebral computer tomography. Cerebral computer tomography is a recently introduced neuroradiologic procedure involving tomographic x-rays of horizontal brain sections. Although most adults undergo the procedure without anesthesia, children and uncooperative adults must be given general anesthesia for absolute immobility. Of 84 procedures under general anesthesia, 10 employed ketamine, 6 used oral chloral hydrate; 60, endotracheal anesthesia enflurane or halothane; 7 used combinations of various sedatives. One was performed with local anesthesia standby. Ketamine and heavy sedation were found to be totally unsatisfactory because of airway problems and unpredicatability of motion, which produced image artifacts. General endotracheal anesthesia with either halothane or enflurane in N2O-O2 was found most satisfactory because of better control of airway and prevention of motion.", "PMID": 559430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3814", "title": "The oculocardiac reflex in eye-surgery anesthesia.", "content": "A case of oculocardiac reflex occurring during general anesthesia for cataract removal is presented. The prevention and treatment of such reflexes is discussed with particular attention to the importance of ECG monitoring at all times in ophthalmic surgery.", "contents": "The oculocardiac reflex in eye-surgery anesthesia. A case of oculocardiac reflex occurring during general anesthesia for cataract removal is presented. The prevention and treatment of such reflexes is discussed with particular attention to the importance of ECG monitoring at all times in ophthalmic surgery.", "PMID": 559428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3815", "title": "Physostigmine reversal of diazepam-induced depression.", "content": "Diazepam is a valuable and widely-used adjunct to many inpatient and outpatient diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. However, the occasional and often unexpected delirium or coma induced by even modest doses of diazepam can be life threatening. Four cases are reported which demonstrate the prompt and effective reversal of diazepam-induced delirium and coma by the administration of physostigmine.", "contents": "Physostigmine reversal of diazepam-induced depression. Diazepam is a valuable and widely-used adjunct to many inpatient and outpatient diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. However, the occasional and often unexpected delirium or coma induced by even modest doses of diazepam can be life threatening. Four cases are reported which demonstrate the prompt and effective reversal of diazepam-induced delirium and coma by the administration of physostigmine.", "PMID": 559431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3816", "title": "Sympathetic recovery following lumbar epidural and spinal analgesia.", "content": "During recovery from spinal and epidural block, the progressive reduction of digital blood flow is regarded as evidence of sympathetic recovery of the extremity. This was demostrated by the decreasing amplitude of a digital pulse-wave (photoelectric plethysmographic) recording. As the level of analgesia regressed to T8-11 following spinal or epidural block, the toe pulse-wave amplitudes began to decrease. In the presence of good motor and sensory block in the lower extremity with low spinal or epidural anesthesia (level of analgesia T-11 or below), the clinical or photoeletric plethysmographic evidence of sympathetic denervation was minimal or absent. According to these findings, the authors postulate that some preganglionic sympathetic fibers which conduct sympathetic stimulation to the lower extremity originate at spinal cord segments T-10 or above.", "contents": "Sympathetic recovery following lumbar epidural and spinal analgesia. During recovery from spinal and epidural block, the progressive reduction of digital blood flow is regarded as evidence of sympathetic recovery of the extremity. This was demostrated by the decreasing amplitude of a digital pulse-wave (photoelectric plethysmographic) recording. As the level of analgesia regressed to T8-11 following spinal or epidural block, the toe pulse-wave amplitudes began to decrease. In the presence of good motor and sensory block in the lower extremity with low spinal or epidural anesthesia (level of analgesia T-11 or below), the clinical or photoeletric plethysmographic evidence of sympathetic denervation was minimal or absent. According to these findings, the authors postulate that some preganglionic sympathetic fibers which conduct sympathetic stimulation to the lower extremity originate at spinal cord segments T-10 or above.", "PMID": 559432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3817", "title": "Postintubation acute respiratory distress due to annular slough of laryngotracheal mucosa.", "content": "A case of postintubation acute respiratory distress due to annular mucosal slough from the laryngotracheal area is reported, with accompanying histopathologic-section slides. An optimal therapeutic approach to prevention of, and possible origins of such injuries are proposed.", "contents": "Postintubation acute respiratory distress due to annular slough of laryngotracheal mucosa. A case of postintubation acute respiratory distress due to annular mucosal slough from the laryngotracheal area is reported, with accompanying histopathologic-section slides. An optimal therapeutic approach to prevention of, and possible origins of such injuries are proposed.", "PMID": 559433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3818", "title": "Corneal abrasions during general anesthesia.", "content": "The eyes of 200 healthy adult patients undergoing general anesthesia were stained with fluorescein strips for detection of corneal abrasion in the immediate postoperative period. Twenty-six of 59 patients in whom the eyes remained partly open showed positive staining--an incidence of 44 percent. The remaining 141 patients in whom the eyes were naturally closed or protected with adhesive tape or vaseline gauze did not develop exposure keratitis. It is suggested that covering of eyes is necessary in all cases undergoing general anesthesia so as to avoid this frequent complication of anesthesia.", "contents": "Corneal abrasions during general anesthesia. The eyes of 200 healthy adult patients undergoing general anesthesia were stained with fluorescein strips for detection of corneal abrasion in the immediate postoperative period. Twenty-six of 59 patients in whom the eyes remained partly open showed positive staining--an incidence of 44 percent. The remaining 141 patients in whom the eyes were naturally closed or protected with adhesive tape or vaseline gauze did not develop exposure keratitis. It is suggested that covering of eyes is necessary in all cases undergoing general anesthesia so as to avoid this frequent complication of anesthesia.", "PMID": 559435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3819", "title": "Faulty anesthesia circuits: a source of environmental pollution in the operating room.", "content": "Commonly used disposable anesthesia circuits were studied for leak and gas spillage. Trace anesthetic gas concentrations produced by these circuits in the anesthesiologist's breathing zone were analyzed by a Hewlett-Packard Gas Chromatograph. These measurements demonstrated ambient halothane (3.29 +/- 0.1 ppm) and N2O (333.5 +/- 2.31 ppm) concentrations well above target levels, when swivel-type disposable anesthesia circuits were used, despite the presence of standard gas-scavenging devices and appropriate operating room fresh air exchange rates. Lower ambient concentration levels (0.38 +/- 0.03 ppm halothane and 31.3 +/- 1.49 ppm N2O) were measured when Y-type disposable anesthesia circuits were used.", "contents": "Faulty anesthesia circuits: a source of environmental pollution in the operating room. Commonly used disposable anesthesia circuits were studied for leak and gas spillage. Trace anesthetic gas concentrations produced by these circuits in the anesthesiologist's breathing zone were analyzed by a Hewlett-Packard Gas Chromatograph. These measurements demonstrated ambient halothane (3.29 +/- 0.1 ppm) and N2O (333.5 +/- 2.31 ppm) concentrations well above target levels, when swivel-type disposable anesthesia circuits were used, despite the presence of standard gas-scavenging devices and appropriate operating room fresh air exchange rates. Lower ambient concentration levels (0.38 +/- 0.03 ppm halothane and 31.3 +/- 1.49 ppm N2O) were measured when Y-type disposable anesthesia circuits were used.", "PMID": 559434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3820", "title": "Hepatitis and operating-room personnel: an approach to diagnosis and management.", "content": "Hepatitis represents a common problem in operating room (OR) personnel. The differential diagnosis is usually narrowed to viral hepatitis versus halothane-associated hepatitis. While specific immunologic technics are available to diagnose viral hepatitis, halothane hepatitis cannot presently be unequivocally diagnosed with available clinical, biochemical, immunologic, or pathologic technics. Suggestions for management of OR personnel with hepatitis can only be based on insufficient evidence at present. The authors have initiated a prospective study to help clarify this situation.", "contents": "Hepatitis and operating-room personnel: an approach to diagnosis and management. Hepatitis represents a common problem in operating room (OR) personnel. The differential diagnosis is usually narrowed to viral hepatitis versus halothane-associated hepatitis. While specific immunologic technics are available to diagnose viral hepatitis, halothane hepatitis cannot presently be unequivocally diagnosed with available clinical, biochemical, immunologic, or pathologic technics. Suggestions for management of OR personnel with hepatitis can only be based on insufficient evidence at present. The authors have initiated a prospective study to help clarify this situation.", "PMID": 559436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3821", "title": "Some characteristics of an exceptionally potent inhaled anesthetic: thiomethoxyflurane.", "content": "The authors sought to test whether a deviation existed for the correlation between anesthetic potency and the oil/gas partition coefficient at an extreme of lipid solubility. For thiomethoxyflurane, the sulfur analog of methoxyflurane, the oil/gas partition coefficient was 7230 +/- 50 SEM, and MAC (minimum alveolar concentration of thiomethoxyflurane required for anesthesia) in 4 dogs was 0.035 +/- 0.008 percent of 1 atm. This agrees with the potency predicted by the lipid solubility, although thiomethoxyflurane is 7 1/2 times more potent than methoxyflurane, to date the most potent available anesthetic. Thiomethoxyflurane water/gas and blood/gas partition coefficients were 5.4 +/- 0.3 and 68.1 +/- 1.5, respectively. The latter coefficient accords with the prolonged recovery associated with this agent. Renal and hepatic blood chemistries measured on the 1st and 7th days following anesthesia showed only small changes from preanesthetic values.", "contents": "Some characteristics of an exceptionally potent inhaled anesthetic: thiomethoxyflurane. The authors sought to test whether a deviation existed for the correlation between anesthetic potency and the oil/gas partition coefficient at an extreme of lipid solubility. For thiomethoxyflurane, the sulfur analog of methoxyflurane, the oil/gas partition coefficient was 7230 +/- 50 SEM, and MAC (minimum alveolar concentration of thiomethoxyflurane required for anesthesia) in 4 dogs was 0.035 +/- 0.008 percent of 1 atm. This agrees with the potency predicted by the lipid solubility, although thiomethoxyflurane is 7 1/2 times more potent than methoxyflurane, to date the most potent available anesthetic. Thiomethoxyflurane water/gas and blood/gas partition coefficients were 5.4 +/- 0.3 and 68.1 +/- 1.5, respectively. The latter coefficient accords with the prolonged recovery associated with this agent. Renal and hepatic blood chemistries measured on the 1st and 7th days following anesthesia showed only small changes from preanesthetic values.", "PMID": 559438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3822", "title": "Halothane effects on conductivity of the AV node and His-Purkinje system in the dog.", "content": "His-bundle electrocardiography was used to evaluate the effect of halothane on AV nodal and His-Purkinje system conduction times in the spontaneously beating dog heart. During artrial pacing at basic heart rates of 120 or 200 beats per minute (bpm), an extrastimulus (cycle length longer or shorter than that of the basic rate) was delivered to test the effect of halothane on several parameters of AV nodal conductivity. Included were the functional refractory period, basal conduction time, and fatigue effect (prolongation of basal conduction time as heart rate was increased from 120 to 200 bpm). Increasing MAC level of halothane (1.25 to 2.75 MAC) prolonged both AV node and His-Purkinje conduction times, yet had little effect on the parameters of nodal conductivity tested for. These effects of halothane could be potentially dangerous in the clinical setting for patients with defective AV conduction. In addition, changes in conduction may be in part responsible for arrhythmias seen during halothane anesthesia.", "contents": "Halothane effects on conductivity of the AV node and His-Purkinje system in the dog. His-bundle electrocardiography was used to evaluate the effect of halothane on AV nodal and His-Purkinje system conduction times in the spontaneously beating dog heart. During artrial pacing at basic heart rates of 120 or 200 beats per minute (bpm), an extrastimulus (cycle length longer or shorter than that of the basic rate) was delivered to test the effect of halothane on several parameters of AV nodal conductivity. Included were the functional refractory period, basal conduction time, and fatigue effect (prolongation of basal conduction time as heart rate was increased from 120 to 200 bpm). Increasing MAC level of halothane (1.25 to 2.75 MAC) prolonged both AV node and His-Purkinje conduction times, yet had little effect on the parameters of nodal conductivity tested for. These effects of halothane could be potentially dangerous in the clinical setting for patients with defective AV conduction. In addition, changes in conduction may be in part responsible for arrhythmias seen during halothane anesthesia.", "PMID": 559437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3823", "title": "Response time of the Narkotest anesthetic gas monitor.", "content": "Response time (RT) of the Narkotest anesthetic gas monitor was measured for 7 inhalation anesthetics, using a 5 L/min fresh gas flow (FGF). Time to 63 percent of maximum response (RT63) and to 95 percent of maximum response (RT95) was directly related to rubber/gas and oil/gas partition coefficients. RT95 ranged from 7 seconds for N2O to 843 seconds for methoxyflurane. RT measured at 0.5 L/min FGF was markedly prolonged over RT at 5 L/min. When the Narkotest was placed on the expiratory limbs of circle-absorber breathing circuits, the difference between the calibrated Narkotest reading (Fn) and the mixed expired circuit concentration (Fc) was shown to depend on the rate of increase of the circuit concentration.", "contents": "Response time of the Narkotest anesthetic gas monitor. Response time (RT) of the Narkotest anesthetic gas monitor was measured for 7 inhalation anesthetics, using a 5 L/min fresh gas flow (FGF). Time to 63 percent of maximum response (RT63) and to 95 percent of maximum response (RT95) was directly related to rubber/gas and oil/gas partition coefficients. RT95 ranged from 7 seconds for N2O to 843 seconds for methoxyflurane. RT measured at 0.5 L/min FGF was markedly prolonged over RT at 5 L/min. When the Narkotest was placed on the expiratory limbs of circle-absorber breathing circuits, the difference between the calibrated Narkotest reading (Fn) and the mixed expired circuit concentration (Fc) was shown to depend on the rate of increase of the circuit concentration.", "PMID": 559440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3824", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside-produced hypotension during anesthesia and operation in the head-up position.", "content": "Measurements before, during and after prolonged hypotension (148 +/- 40 min, mean +/- SE) produced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 2.4 +/- 1.1 microng/kg/min) were obtained from 5 anesthetized adult patients in the head-up position. Reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 81 to 54 torr (at the level of the circle of Willis) while maintaining similar concentrations of N2O and halothane was associated with an unchanged arterial oxygenation and pH, decreased systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.05), increased heart rate (HR p less than 0.05) and an unchanged (2 patients) or increased (3 patients) cardiac output as compared with measurements during normotension. After SNP was discontinues, the MAP recovered within 3 to 5 minutes and the cardiac output and HR decreased. Two of these patients also received trimethaphan (TMP). In 1, TMP decreased MAP, but this was associated with a reduction in cardiac output. In the same patient, SNP produced a similar fall in MAP, but cardiac output was unchanged. In the 2nd patient, TMP did not reduce MAP, while SNP resulted in a prompt decrease. The authors conclude that circulatory changes during SNP administration for prolonged controlled hypotension in the semi-sitting position are similar to hemodynamic changes observed during short-term SNP administration to supine patients.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside-produced hypotension during anesthesia and operation in the head-up position. Measurements before, during and after prolonged hypotension (148 +/- 40 min, mean +/- SE) produced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 2.4 +/- 1.1 microng/kg/min) were obtained from 5 anesthetized adult patients in the head-up position. Reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 81 to 54 torr (at the level of the circle of Willis) while maintaining similar concentrations of N2O and halothane was associated with an unchanged arterial oxygenation and pH, decreased systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.05), increased heart rate (HR p less than 0.05) and an unchanged (2 patients) or increased (3 patients) cardiac output as compared with measurements during normotension. After SNP was discontinues, the MAP recovered within 3 to 5 minutes and the cardiac output and HR decreased. Two of these patients also received trimethaphan (TMP). In 1, TMP decreased MAP, but this was associated with a reduction in cardiac output. In the same patient, SNP produced a similar fall in MAP, but cardiac output was unchanged. In the 2nd patient, TMP did not reduce MAP, while SNP resulted in a prompt decrease. The authors conclude that circulatory changes during SNP administration for prolonged controlled hypotension in the semi-sitting position are similar to hemodynamic changes observed during short-term SNP administration to supine patients.", "PMID": 559439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3825", "title": "Ketamine anesthesia in dermolytic bullous dermatosis (epidermolysis bullosa).", "content": "An unusual hereditary disease entity of the integument, dermolytic bullous dermatosis (epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica), recessive type, is presented. The disease is characterized by the formation of bullae, vesicles, and erosions upon the application of the least trauma. Healing results in scarring and incapacitating deformities which require extensive reconstructive surgery. A technic utilizing ketamine-diazepam \"dissociative anesthesia\" for several surgical procedures for this condition is described. The technic enabled the patient to undergo 3 complex operations over a 2-year period with minimum complications.", "contents": "Ketamine anesthesia in dermolytic bullous dermatosis (epidermolysis bullosa). An unusual hereditary disease entity of the integument, dermolytic bullous dermatosis (epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica), recessive type, is presented. The disease is characterized by the formation of bullae, vesicles, and erosions upon the application of the least trauma. Healing results in scarring and incapacitating deformities which require extensive reconstructive surgery. A technic utilizing ketamine-diazepam \"dissociative anesthesia\" for several surgical procedures for this condition is described. The technic enabled the patient to undergo 3 complex operations over a 2-year period with minimum complications.", "PMID": 559441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3826", "title": "Left heart assist device: early clinical experiences with management of postperfusion low cardiac output.", "content": "Low cardiac output is a continuing cause of mortality after intracardiac operation in patients coming to surgery with advanced myocardial dysfunction. A simple method using a left heart assist device (LHAD) after open heart surgery to manage low cardiac output resistant to all adjuvant therapy is described. Except for the special cannulas, all equipment necessary for the LHAD is available in any unit performing open-heart surgery. Fifteen patients who could not be separated from conventional cardiopulmonary bypass underwent postoperative support with the LHAD (up to 501 hours). Ten patients were weaned from the device and 6 were dismissed from the hospital. Four patients remain alive, the longest period after operation being 24 months. A major asset of the LHAD is that thoracic reentry is not required at termination of LHAD support, since their design permits the cannulas to remain permanently in situ. This is thought to be an important concept, since critically ill patients requiring support are precisely those in whom added risk would be imposed by a second operation.", "contents": "Left heart assist device: early clinical experiences with management of postperfusion low cardiac output. Low cardiac output is a continuing cause of mortality after intracardiac operation in patients coming to surgery with advanced myocardial dysfunction. A simple method using a left heart assist device (LHAD) after open heart surgery to manage low cardiac output resistant to all adjuvant therapy is described. Except for the special cannulas, all equipment necessary for the LHAD is available in any unit performing open-heart surgery. Fifteen patients who could not be separated from conventional cardiopulmonary bypass underwent postoperative support with the LHAD (up to 501 hours). Ten patients were weaned from the device and 6 were dismissed from the hospital. Four patients remain alive, the longest period after operation being 24 months. A major asset of the LHAD is that thoracic reentry is not required at termination of LHAD support, since their design permits the cannulas to remain permanently in situ. This is thought to be an important concept, since critically ill patients requiring support are precisely those in whom added risk would be imposed by a second operation.", "PMID": 559442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3827", "title": "Alcohol-induced adenolysis of the pituitary gland: a new approach to control of intractable cancer pain.", "content": "In exploring new modalities to control or ameliorate unbearable intractable pain associated with invasive cancer, the authors studied the effectiveness and safety of a new method involving the destruction of the pituitary by injection of absolute alcohol into the gland. Of a series of 24 patients undergoing pituitary adenolysis for control of cancer pain, 13 patients experienced complete and lasting relief and 10 showed significant improvement. The authors hope that the encouraging results obtained in this preliminary study will stimulate other investigators also to employ the transnasal, transphenoidal approach to alcohol-induced hypophysectomy for the control of intractable pain due to advanced cancer.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced adenolysis of the pituitary gland: a new approach to control of intractable cancer pain. In exploring new modalities to control or ameliorate unbearable intractable pain associated with invasive cancer, the authors studied the effectiveness and safety of a new method involving the destruction of the pituitary by injection of absolute alcohol into the gland. Of a series of 24 patients undergoing pituitary adenolysis for control of cancer pain, 13 patients experienced complete and lasting relief and 10 showed significant improvement. The authors hope that the encouraging results obtained in this preliminary study will stimulate other investigators also to employ the transnasal, transphenoidal approach to alcohol-induced hypophysectomy for the control of intractable pain due to advanced cancer.", "PMID": 559444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3828", "title": "Thrombophlebitis after intravenous diazepam--can it be prevented?", "content": "Although pain and subsequent thrombophlebitis are complications in patients receiving intravenous (IV) diazepam, the mechanism and accompanying histology are unknown. To further elucidate the pathogenesis for this and determine whether it can be minimized, adult female rats received IV diazepam, diazepam vehicle, lidocaine, a combination of lidocaine and diazepam, or N saline solution, and underwent subsequent tissue light microscopy. Vascular tissue from animals receiving IV diazepam alone revealed marked inflammation with inflammatory edema and intramural polymorphonuclear-cell infiltration. Intravascular thrombosis and complete vein-wall destruction were also present in some animals as early as 48 hours after IV diazepam. Diazepam vehicle and diluted diazepam produced similar morphologic alterations. Lidocaine or saline IV resulted in no histologic alterations, while lidocaine added to diazepam did not reduce the inflammatory response. These results represent the first systematic morphologic evaluation of vein response to intravascular diazepam and suggest that it produces rapid and detrimental morphologic alterations. The dilution of diazepam or combination with lidocaine does not appear to alter these findings, and diazepam vehicle appears to assume a role in the production of the vascular injury.", "contents": "Thrombophlebitis after intravenous diazepam--can it be prevented? Although pain and subsequent thrombophlebitis are complications in patients receiving intravenous (IV) diazepam, the mechanism and accompanying histology are unknown. To further elucidate the pathogenesis for this and determine whether it can be minimized, adult female rats received IV diazepam, diazepam vehicle, lidocaine, a combination of lidocaine and diazepam, or N saline solution, and underwent subsequent tissue light microscopy. Vascular tissue from animals receiving IV diazepam alone revealed marked inflammation with inflammatory edema and intramural polymorphonuclear-cell infiltration. Intravascular thrombosis and complete vein-wall destruction were also present in some animals as early as 48 hours after IV diazepam. Diazepam vehicle and diluted diazepam produced similar morphologic alterations. Lidocaine or saline IV resulted in no histologic alterations, while lidocaine added to diazepam did not reduce the inflammatory response. These results represent the first systematic morphologic evaluation of vein response to intravascular diazepam and suggest that it produces rapid and detrimental morphologic alterations. The dilution of diazepam or combination with lidocaine does not appear to alter these findings, and diazepam vehicle appears to assume a role in the production of the vascular injury.", "PMID": 559443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3829", "title": "Inflammatory potential of foreign particulates in parenteral drugs.", "content": "Particulate and bacterial contamination of IV fluids and drugs have been implicated in venous thrombosis, infusion phlebitis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, pyrogenic reactions, and systemic sepsis. In a study of the inflammatory potential of the filterable residue of sodium cephalothin, we have found a tissue-specific reaction with venous endothelium but not with cutaneous or subcutaneous tissues. In a controlled animal model, removal of particulates from an infusion by use of a 0.45 micron in-line membrane filter reduces the incidence and severity of infusion phlebitis.", "contents": "Inflammatory potential of foreign particulates in parenteral drugs. Particulate and bacterial contamination of IV fluids and drugs have been implicated in venous thrombosis, infusion phlebitis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, pyrogenic reactions, and systemic sepsis. In a study of the inflammatory potential of the filterable residue of sodium cephalothin, we have found a tissue-specific reaction with venous endothelium but not with cutaneous or subcutaneous tissues. In a controlled animal model, removal of particulates from an infusion by use of a 0.45 micron in-line membrane filter reduces the incidence and severity of infusion phlebitis.", "PMID": 559445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3830", "title": "Oxygen-jet ventilation during tracheal reconstruction in patients with tracheal stenosis.", "content": "Intermittent jets of O2 at 60 psi via a small bore (5 mm), cuffed tracheal tube have been used relaxants to ventilate adult patients with tracheal stenosis undergoing surgical resection and reconstruction. Before resection, the tube was maintained proximal to the stenosis. During resection and reconstruction, the tube bypassed the resected gap into the distal tracheal segment. The technic allows the surgeon to mobilize, resect, and reconstruct the trachea around the small tube in an unhurried manner, and provides adequate ventilation and oxygenation throughout the procedure.", "contents": "Oxygen-jet ventilation during tracheal reconstruction in patients with tracheal stenosis. Intermittent jets of O2 at 60 psi via a small bore (5 mm), cuffed tracheal tube have been used relaxants to ventilate adult patients with tracheal stenosis undergoing surgical resection and reconstruction. Before resection, the tube was maintained proximal to the stenosis. During resection and reconstruction, the tube bypassed the resected gap into the distal tracheal segment. The technic allows the surgeon to mobilize, resect, and reconstruct the trachea around the small tube in an unhurried manner, and provides adequate ventilation and oxygenation throughout the procedure.", "PMID": 559446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3831", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension associated with echocardiographic pseudohypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "An echocardiographic study of a 67-year-old patient with pseudoidiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis due to secondary pulmonary hypertension is reported. Autopsy revealed findings consistent with pulmonary hypertension, and no evidence of idiopathic subaortic stenosis was found.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension associated with echocardiographic pseudohypertrophic subaortic stenosis. An echocardiographic study of a 67-year-old patient with pseudoidiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis due to secondary pulmonary hypertension is reported. Autopsy revealed findings consistent with pulmonary hypertension, and no evidence of idiopathic subaortic stenosis was found.", "PMID": 559460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3832", "title": "An improved double antibody radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of ragweed antigen E.", "content": "Antigen E, the principal antigen of short ragweed pollen, usually has been measured by immunodiffusion or, more recently, by radioimmunoassay. Several technical improvements were made in the radioimmunoassay method which allow the test to be completed in less than a day and which increase sensitivity to 30 picograms per ml of antigen E.", "contents": "An improved double antibody radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of ragweed antigen E. Antigen E, the principal antigen of short ragweed pollen, usually has been measured by immunodiffusion or, more recently, by radioimmunoassay. Several technical improvements were made in the radioimmunoassay method which allow the test to be completed in less than a day and which increase sensitivity to 30 picograms per ml of antigen E.", "PMID": 559461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3833", "title": "Myocardial infarction after general anesthesia.", "content": "During 1967 and 1968, a total of 32,877 patients had general anesthesia at the Mayo Clinic; 422 had previous myocardial infarction. Of these 6.6% experienced another infarction during the first postoperative week. There was no relationship between incidence of postoperative reinfarction and type or duration of anesthesia. However, operations on the thorax and upper abdomen were followed by three times as many reinfarctions as operations at other sites. Patients who were operated on within three months of infarction had a 37% reinfarction rate. This rate decreased to 16% in patients at three to six months after infarction, and remained at 4% to 5% when infarction had occurred more than six months previously. A significantly higher number of myocardial infarctions occurred during the third postoperative day.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction after general anesthesia. During 1967 and 1968, a total of 32,877 patients had general anesthesia at the Mayo Clinic; 422 had previous myocardial infarction. Of these 6.6% experienced another infarction during the first postoperative week. There was no relationship between incidence of postoperative reinfarction and type or duration of anesthesia. However, operations on the thorax and upper abdomen were followed by three times as many reinfarctions as operations at other sites. Patients who were operated on within three months of infarction had a 37% reinfarction rate. This rate decreased to 16% in patients at three to six months after infarction, and remained at 4% to 5% when infarction had occurred more than six months previously. A significantly higher number of myocardial infarctions occurred during the third postoperative day.", "PMID": 559452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3834", "title": "[Menke's disease. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A seven month old male with Menkes' disease (\"Kinky hair\") is presented. Low ranges of copper and caeruloplasmin were found. The angiogram of all intracranial arteries revealed torturous form. Biopsy of an extracranial artery (branch of the temporal artery) was normal. Authors review previously reported cases and possible causes that can contribute to hypomyelination of central nervous system.", "contents": "[Menke's disease. A case report (author's transl)]. A seven month old male with Menkes' disease (\"Kinky hair\") is presented. Low ranges of copper and caeruloplasmin were found. The angiogram of all intracranial arteries revealed torturous form. Biopsy of an extracranial artery (branch of the temporal artery) was normal. Authors review previously reported cases and possible causes that can contribute to hypomyelination of central nervous system.", "PMID": 559462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3835", "title": "[Klinefelter's syndrome in 19 year old adolescents. (100 cases detected during selection for National Service)].", "content": "An analysis of 100 cases detected at the age of 19 years during selection for National Service. A somatic, genetic, psychological and hormonal profile emerges from this homogeneous sample. A study of olfactory function and insulin secretion was made. Testosterone deficiency was moderate, DHT deficiency being much more marked and insensitive to stimulation, suggestive of a 5 alpha-reductase defect. Impairment of oestrogenic function of the testis was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Klinefelter's syndrome in 19 year old adolescents. (100 cases detected during selection for National Service)]. An analysis of 100 cases detected at the age of 19 years during selection for National Service. A somatic, genetic, psychological and hormonal profile emerges from this homogeneous sample. A study of olfactory function and insulin secretion was made. Testosterone deficiency was moderate, DHT deficiency being much more marked and insensitive to stimulation, suggestive of a 5 alpha-reductase defect. Impairment of oestrogenic function of the testis was demonstrated.", "PMID": 559464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3836", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation treatment of diabetic cystoid maculopathy.", "content": "Forty-one patients with diabetic cystoid macular edema were treated with argon laser photocoagulation and followed for a mean period of 22 months. The fellow eye was held as control. In the treated group (33 eyes), 6 had an improvement in visual acuity (greater than 2 lines), 19 had visual acuity which remained the same (+/- 1 line), and 8 had a decrease in visual acuity (more than 2 lines). In the control group (33 eyes untreated), 18 had a visual acuity which remained the same, one had an improvement in visual acuity (greater than 2 lines) and 14 had a decrease (greater than 2 lines) in visual acuity. The control eyes of 14 patients were treated because of significant reduction in visual acuity. Although the general tendency toward stabilization in the treated group and toward deterioration in the untreated group was definitely observed, statistical evaluation did not show a significant difference between the 2 groups. Occasionally, patients with cystoid in the control eye cleared spontaneously without treatment.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation treatment of diabetic cystoid maculopathy. Forty-one patients with diabetic cystoid macular edema were treated with argon laser photocoagulation and followed for a mean period of 22 months. The fellow eye was held as control. In the treated group (33 eyes), 6 had an improvement in visual acuity (greater than 2 lines), 19 had visual acuity which remained the same (+/- 1 line), and 8 had a decrease in visual acuity (more than 2 lines). In the control group (33 eyes untreated), 18 had a visual acuity which remained the same, one had an improvement in visual acuity (greater than 2 lines) and 14 had a decrease (greater than 2 lines) in visual acuity. The control eyes of 14 patients were treated because of significant reduction in visual acuity. Although the general tendency toward stabilization in the treated group and toward deterioration in the untreated group was definitely observed, statistical evaluation did not show a significant difference between the 2 groups. Occasionally, patients with cystoid in the control eye cleared spontaneously without treatment.", "PMID": 559465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3837", "title": "Eversion of upper eyelids.", "content": "Tarsorrhaphy was effective in correcting a case of bilateral total eversion of the upper eyelids in a newborn infant.", "contents": "Eversion of upper eyelids. Tarsorrhaphy was effective in correcting a case of bilateral total eversion of the upper eyelids in a newborn infant.", "PMID": 559466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3838", "title": "The sex ratio of monoamniotic twin pairs.", "content": "Data on more than 300 monoamniotic twin pairs have been reviewed. The sec ratios (proportions of males) and of malformed monoamniotic twins seem to be lower than that of all monozygotic twins as a whole. The sex ratio of acardiac monsters (which are all members of monochorionic monozygotic twins) seems to be lower than that of monozygotic twins as a whole. Taken in conjunction, these two pieces of evidence suggest that monochorionic monozygotic twins have a lower sex ratio than dichorionic monozygotic twins. It is argued that this is evidence for the hypothesis that the sex of a zygote is associated with the time within the menstrual cycle that it is formed.", "contents": "The sex ratio of monoamniotic twin pairs. Data on more than 300 monoamniotic twin pairs have been reviewed. The sec ratios (proportions of males) and of malformed monoamniotic twins seem to be lower than that of all monozygotic twins as a whole. The sex ratio of acardiac monsters (which are all members of monochorionic monozygotic twins) seems to be lower than that of monozygotic twins as a whole. Taken in conjunction, these two pieces of evidence suggest that monochorionic monozygotic twins have a lower sex ratio than dichorionic monozygotic twins. It is argued that this is evidence for the hypothesis that the sex of a zygote is associated with the time within the menstrual cycle that it is formed.", "PMID": 559468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3839", "title": "Produciton and biological activity of patulin and citrinin from Penicillium expansum.", "content": "Penicillium expansum isolated from meat and apples produced both patulin and citrinin. Toxin identity was confirmed by spectroscopic and physical methods. The mean lethal dose in chicken embryos was determined for toxins administered both singly and in various ratios. Data from simultaneous administration of mycotoxin combinations plotted as isobolograms showed and additive effect. Both toxins were teratogenic in chicken embryos.", "contents": "Produciton and biological activity of patulin and citrinin from Penicillium expansum. Penicillium expansum isolated from meat and apples produced both patulin and citrinin. Toxin identity was confirmed by spectroscopic and physical methods. The mean lethal dose in chicken embryos was determined for toxins administered both singly and in various ratios. Data from simultaneous administration of mycotoxin combinations plotted as isobolograms showed and additive effect. Both toxins were teratogenic in chicken embryos.", "PMID": 559470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3840", "title": "Unaltered metabolism of taurolithocholic acid with changes in composition of rat intestinal microflora.", "content": "Changes in composition of both total aerobes and anaerobes of rat intestinal microflora do not appear to affect the metabolism of taurolithocholic acid.", "contents": "Unaltered metabolism of taurolithocholic acid with changes in composition of rat intestinal microflora. Changes in composition of both total aerobes and anaerobes of rat intestinal microflora do not appear to affect the metabolism of taurolithocholic acid.", "PMID": 559471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3841", "title": "Exponential growth kinetics for Polyporus versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged culture.", "content": "Simple mathematical models for a batch culture of pellet-forming fungi in submerged culture were tested on growth data for Polyporus versicolor (ATCC 12679) and Pleurotus ostreatus (ATCC 9415). A kinetic model based on a growth rate proportional to the two-thirds power of the cell mass was shown to be satisfactory. A model based on a growth rate directly proportional to the cell mass fitted the data equally well, however, and may be preferable because of mathematical simplicity.", "contents": "Exponential growth kinetics for Polyporus versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged culture. Simple mathematical models for a batch culture of pellet-forming fungi in submerged culture were tested on growth data for Polyporus versicolor (ATCC 12679) and Pleurotus ostreatus (ATCC 9415). A kinetic model based on a growth rate proportional to the two-thirds power of the cell mass was shown to be satisfactory. A model based on a growth rate directly proportional to the cell mass fitted the data equally well, however, and may be preferable because of mathematical simplicity.", "PMID": 559472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3842", "title": "Primary cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Drechslera spicifera.", "content": "A primary cutaneous lesion in a 5-year-old boy who had recently received chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia was found to be caused by a dematiaceous fungus, Drechslera spicifera. The lesion was an erythematous macule that rapidly developed necrotic ulcerations. The fungus, which is commonly found in soil and as a plant pathogen, was isolated from cultures of the lesion and from an excisional biopsy specimen. Hyphae and swollen hyphal cells resembling chlamydospores were observed in the biopsy specimen. Septate pigmented hyphae were found in the tissue, which is consistent with phaeohyphomycosis. Resolution of the infection occurred following excisional biopsy and systemic amphotericin B therapy. There was a concomitant recovery from neutropenia.", "contents": "Primary cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Drechslera spicifera. A primary cutaneous lesion in a 5-year-old boy who had recently received chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia was found to be caused by a dematiaceous fungus, Drechslera spicifera. The lesion was an erythematous macule that rapidly developed necrotic ulcerations. The fungus, which is commonly found in soil and as a plant pathogen, was isolated from cultures of the lesion and from an excisional biopsy specimen. Hyphae and swollen hyphal cells resembling chlamydospores were observed in the biopsy specimen. Septate pigmented hyphae were found in the tissue, which is consistent with phaeohyphomycosis. Resolution of the infection occurred following excisional biopsy and systemic amphotericin B therapy. There was a concomitant recovery from neutropenia.", "PMID": 559473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3843", "title": "Characterization of allergens in Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica and Echinococcus granulosus.", "content": "Various antigens interacting specifically with IgE antibodies from infected humans were identified in S. mansoni, F. hepatica and E. granulosus soluble extracts by means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Two allergens common to adult worm and cercariae were identified in S. mansoni extracts. They proved to be distinct from genus--or species--specific antigens previously identified in the parasite. In adult F. hepatica extract a species-specific antigen and another lipoprotein were shown to interact with IgE antibodies of patients with fasciolasis. Two major allergens were also found in whole fluid of sheep E. granulosus cysts. One of them corresponded to Echinococcus genus specific antigen. These results are discussed according to immunological findings in parasitic infections.", "contents": "Characterization of allergens in Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica and Echinococcus granulosus. Various antigens interacting specifically with IgE antibodies from infected humans were identified in S. mansoni, F. hepatica and E. granulosus soluble extracts by means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Two allergens common to adult worm and cercariae were identified in S. mansoni extracts. They proved to be distinct from genus--or species--specific antigens previously identified in the parasite. In adult F. hepatica extract a species-specific antigen and another lipoprotein were shown to interact with IgE antibodies of patients with fasciolasis. Two major allergens were also found in whole fluid of sheep E. granulosus cysts. One of them corresponded to Echinococcus genus specific antigen. These results are discussed according to immunological findings in parasitic infections.", "PMID": 559469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3844", "title": "Organ culture of the mammalian and avian embryo otocyst.", "content": "The use of a chemically defined medium supplemented with serum has proved most suitable for the growth of the isolated embryonic otocyst in vitro. Complete differentiation of the cochlear duct and of the vestibular apparatus ensued and is described. The system is reliable for organ cultures of both the avian and mammalian otocyst and for the study of various lesions affecting the inner ear and middle ear.", "contents": "Organ culture of the mammalian and avian embryo otocyst. The use of a chemically defined medium supplemented with serum has proved most suitable for the growth of the isolated embryonic otocyst in vitro. Complete differentiation of the cochlear duct and of the vestibular apparatus ensued and is described. The system is reliable for organ cultures of both the avian and mammalian otocyst and for the study of various lesions affecting the inner ear and middle ear.", "PMID": 559467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3845", "title": "Studies of the aetiology of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia.", "content": "Aetiological factors were sought prospectively in 55 babies with extrahepatic biliary atresia, in 105 with neonatal hepatitis, and in 11 with intrahepatic biliary atresia, seen as a result of nearly complete ascertainment of these conditions in the State of Victoria between 1963 and 1974. In neonatal hepatitis infective causes were shown in 22 babies, galactosaemia in 6 and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in 8; familial occurrence was noted in 10 further babies and unrelated second diseases were present in 24 of the remaining 59 babies. The only clues to aetiology in extrahepatic biliary atresia were a suspicion of time-space clusters, a deficiency of affected babies born to young primiparous women, and an unexpected number of spontaneous abortions in the histories given by the mothers. Genetic factors appeared to be important in intrahepatic biliary atresia, but are not reported in detail. Hypotheses for the aetiology of neonatal hepatitis and of extrahepatic biliary atresia are presented. Both are considered syndromes with multiple causes. Recurrence risks in sibs are discussed, and are 1 in 7 for neonatal hepatitis of unknown cause, negligible in extrahepatic biliary atresia, and usually 1 in 2 or 1 in 4 in intrahepatic biliary atresia, depending upon the family history.", "contents": "Studies of the aetiology of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia. Aetiological factors were sought prospectively in 55 babies with extrahepatic biliary atresia, in 105 with neonatal hepatitis, and in 11 with intrahepatic biliary atresia, seen as a result of nearly complete ascertainment of these conditions in the State of Victoria between 1963 and 1974. In neonatal hepatitis infective causes were shown in 22 babies, galactosaemia in 6 and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in 8; familial occurrence was noted in 10 further babies and unrelated second diseases were present in 24 of the remaining 59 babies. The only clues to aetiology in extrahepatic biliary atresia were a suspicion of time-space clusters, a deficiency of affected babies born to young primiparous women, and an unexpected number of spontaneous abortions in the histories given by the mothers. Genetic factors appeared to be important in intrahepatic biliary atresia, but are not reported in detail. Hypotheses for the aetiology of neonatal hepatitis and of extrahepatic biliary atresia are presented. Both are considered syndromes with multiple causes. Recurrence risks in sibs are discussed, and are 1 in 7 for neonatal hepatitis of unknown cause, negligible in extrahepatic biliary atresia, and usually 1 in 2 or 1 in 4 in intrahepatic biliary atresia, depending upon the family history.", "PMID": 559475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3846", "title": "Effects of cyproterone acetate and carboxylic acid derivatives on the sebaceous glands of the Syrian hamster.", "content": "The Syrian hamster ear model was used to study effects of the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate and of the anti-lipogenic compound 17beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester and its ethyl ester. The steroid derivatives were applied topically in a 1-2% concentration or given systemically. Response of sebaceous gland was measured by means of cell proliferation (3H-TdR autoradiography) and by gland size (histoplanimetry). Cyproterone acetate significantly reduced the labelling and the planimetric value, both topically and systemically. The carboxylic acid derivatives, which block the 5alpha-reductase were ineffective. The new animal model is a sensitive and suitable means to study inhibition of sebum production.", "contents": "Effects of cyproterone acetate and carboxylic acid derivatives on the sebaceous glands of the Syrian hamster. The Syrian hamster ear model was used to study effects of the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate and of the anti-lipogenic compound 17beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester and its ethyl ester. The steroid derivatives were applied topically in a 1-2% concentration or given systemically. Response of sebaceous gland was measured by means of cell proliferation (3H-TdR autoradiography) and by gland size (histoplanimetry). Cyproterone acetate significantly reduced the labelling and the planimetric value, both topically and systemically. The carboxylic acid derivatives, which block the 5alpha-reductase were ineffective. The new animal model is a sensitive and suitable means to study inhibition of sebum production.", "PMID": 559477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3847", "title": "Platelet-latelet-.", "content": "Two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura were seen. Aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone were administered to patient 1 after splenectomy, and administration of high-dose prednisone and methylprednisolone failed to induce remission. The platelet count rose, but the patient had a relapse when the dipyridamole dose was tapered. This condition responded to an increase of the drug, and the patient obtained a long-lasting remission. A splenectomy was not performed on patient 2, and all three platelet-inhibiting drugs, together with prednisone, were given. This resulted in a prompt remission that has been sustained for 29 weeks. Morphologic changes in the peripheral blood smear remained for several weeks after other features of the disease had resolved. Thus, in both cases, platelet-inhibiting drugs appeared to induce a remission.", "contents": "Platelet-latelet-. Two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura were seen. Aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone were administered to patient 1 after splenectomy, and administration of high-dose prednisone and methylprednisolone failed to induce remission. The platelet count rose, but the patient had a relapse when the dipyridamole dose was tapered. This condition responded to an increase of the drug, and the patient obtained a long-lasting remission. A splenectomy was not performed on patient 2, and all three platelet-inhibiting drugs, together with prednisone, were given. This resulted in a prompt remission that has been sustained for 29 weeks. Morphologic changes in the peripheral blood smear remained for several weeks after other features of the disease had resolved. Thus, in both cases, platelet-inhibiting drugs appeared to induce a remission.", "PMID": 559478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3848", "title": "Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of immunologic iridocyclitis in the rabbit.", "content": "Effectiveness of selected nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs was studied on an immunologic model of uveitis. Intensity of inflammatory reactions was assessed on the basis of biochemical parameters (Levels of protein, seromucoid, sialic acid and hydrolytic activity of the aqueous humor) and morphologic criteria pertaining to the anterior eye chamber. All drugs studied diminished intensity of inflammation as judged by biochemical tests, as well as morphologic changes observed with the biomicroscope. Closest correlation was found between hyperemia of the iris, numbers of cells and fibrin in the anterior eye chamber on the one hand, and values of protein and sialic acid in the aqueous humor. Levels of seromucoid and hydrolytic activity were less clearly related to the changes observed with the biomicroscope. Sodium salicylate showed the weakest action, and ibuprofen and oxyphenbutazone were somewhat more effective. However, indometacin showed strongest anti-inflammatory activity.", "contents": "Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of immunologic iridocyclitis in the rabbit. Effectiveness of selected nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs was studied on an immunologic model of uveitis. Intensity of inflammatory reactions was assessed on the basis of biochemical parameters (Levels of protein, seromucoid, sialic acid and hydrolytic activity of the aqueous humor) and morphologic criteria pertaining to the anterior eye chamber. All drugs studied diminished intensity of inflammation as judged by biochemical tests, as well as morphologic changes observed with the biomicroscope. Closest correlation was found between hyperemia of the iris, numbers of cells and fibrin in the anterior eye chamber on the one hand, and values of protein and sialic acid in the aqueous humor. Levels of seromucoid and hydrolytic activity were less clearly related to the changes observed with the biomicroscope. Sodium salicylate showed the weakest action, and ibuprofen and oxyphenbutazone were somewhat more effective. However, indometacin showed strongest anti-inflammatory activity.", "PMID": 559479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3849", "title": "Host induced modifications of Newcastle disease virus virion polypeptides.", "content": "The polypeptide composition of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) virions grown in two host cell cystems--chorioallantlic membrane (CAM) and BHK-21 cells--was studied. Two strains of virus were compared, one highly virulent, the other completely avirulent. No significant differences in the polypeptide composition of the two strains of virus could be detected. However, differences were found in virions grown in different hosts, the same differences being found in both strains. An additional polypeptide is found in BHK grown virus which is not present in CAM grown virus and this is associated with a decreased relative amount of nucleocapsid protein in BHK grown virus. The possibility of this new polypeptide being a degradation product of the nucleocapsid protein is discussed. BHK grown virions also contain increased amounts of a polypeptide migrating to a position which might be expected of the FO precursor glycoprotein. However, in contrast to the FO polypeptide, this polypeptide does not appear to be glycosylated.", "contents": "Host induced modifications of Newcastle disease virus virion polypeptides. The polypeptide composition of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) virions grown in two host cell cystems--chorioallantlic membrane (CAM) and BHK-21 cells--was studied. Two strains of virus were compared, one highly virulent, the other completely avirulent. No significant differences in the polypeptide composition of the two strains of virus could be detected. However, differences were found in virions grown in different hosts, the same differences being found in both strains. An additional polypeptide is found in BHK grown virus which is not present in CAM grown virus and this is associated with a decreased relative amount of nucleocapsid protein in BHK grown virus. The possibility of this new polypeptide being a degradation product of the nucleocapsid protein is discussed. BHK grown virions also contain increased amounts of a polypeptide migrating to a position which might be expected of the FO precursor glycoprotein. However, in contrast to the FO polypeptide, this polypeptide does not appear to be glycosylated.", "PMID": 559482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3850", "title": "[Effect of various factors on the mitotic activity of corneal epithelium of mice].", "content": "The results of this work carried out in cell populations of mice corneal epithelium have shown the diurnal rhythm of the cell mitotic activity (MA) to be highly dependent upon experimental conditions, seasonal and diurnal regulation. The studied factors have been established to cause dynamic shifts in the kinetics of MA. Comparison of the pattern of the MA curve for the whole cell population with that for the subpopulation of labeled cells shows difference in their forms. These results cast some doubts on the validity of studies of the MA regimen while using some general criterion of index methods for the whole cell population irrespectively of the difference between the mitotic indices of their subgroups. Such method of evaluation is likely to introduce errors in its results. These errors may have their origin in diurnal flutuations of the mitotic duration, the beginning and end of the cell periods of immobility and in a loss of synchronism in the cell population.", "contents": "[Effect of various factors on the mitotic activity of corneal epithelium of mice]. The results of this work carried out in cell populations of mice corneal epithelium have shown the diurnal rhythm of the cell mitotic activity (MA) to be highly dependent upon experimental conditions, seasonal and diurnal regulation. The studied factors have been established to cause dynamic shifts in the kinetics of MA. Comparison of the pattern of the MA curve for the whole cell population with that for the subpopulation of labeled cells shows difference in their forms. These results cast some doubts on the validity of studies of the MA regimen while using some general criterion of index methods for the whole cell population irrespectively of the difference between the mitotic indices of their subgroups. Such method of evaluation is likely to introduce errors in its results. These errors may have their origin in diurnal flutuations of the mitotic duration, the beginning and end of the cell periods of immobility and in a loss of synchronism in the cell population.", "PMID": 559483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3851", "title": "[Hemangioblastoma of supra-tentorial location].", "content": "A case of hemangioblastoma with supra-tentorial localization is reported. General considerations are made.", "contents": "[Hemangioblastoma of supra-tentorial location]. A case of hemangioblastoma with supra-tentorial localization is reported. General considerations are made.", "PMID": 559484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3852", "title": "Hermaphrodites in australian pigs. Occurrence and morphology in an abattoir survey.", "content": "In an abattoir study in Brisbane 19 hermaphrodites were found amongst 4000 pigs (0.475%). All pigs had female secondary genitalia with a tendency towards clitoridean enlargement and excessive erectile tissue below the vulva. The gonads had developed as testes, ovotestes or ovaries and were in the position of the ovaries in normal females. Ovaries were as in normal females, apart from a possibly higher incidence of cysts. Ovarian activity was reflected by the different cyclic stages of the normal uteri at the time of slaughter. In testes and ovotestes there was no spermatogenesis, but an increased proportion of interstitial cells of Leydig and a large amount of fat. It is estimated that in a herd of pigs about 1% of apparent females may be hermaphrodites, most of which are sterile. Economic loss may be caused if these animals are selected for breeding, apart from the possibility of other congenital abnormalities in herds with a high incidence of hermaphroditism. Tainting of meat products prepared from hermaphrodite pigs may also cause economic loss. It is pointed out that the phenotypic classification of hermaphrodites is of limited value and it is suggested that a pathogenetic classification should be established for domestic animals.", "contents": "Hermaphrodites in australian pigs. Occurrence and morphology in an abattoir survey. In an abattoir study in Brisbane 19 hermaphrodites were found amongst 4000 pigs (0.475%). All pigs had female secondary genitalia with a tendency towards clitoridean enlargement and excessive erectile tissue below the vulva. The gonads had developed as testes, ovotestes or ovaries and were in the position of the ovaries in normal females. Ovaries were as in normal females, apart from a possibly higher incidence of cysts. Ovarian activity was reflected by the different cyclic stages of the normal uteri at the time of slaughter. In testes and ovotestes there was no spermatogenesis, but an increased proportion of interstitial cells of Leydig and a large amount of fat. It is estimated that in a herd of pigs about 1% of apparent females may be hermaphrodites, most of which are sterile. Economic loss may be caused if these animals are selected for breeding, apart from the possibility of other congenital abnormalities in herds with a high incidence of hermaphroditism. Tainting of meat products prepared from hermaphrodite pigs may also cause economic loss. It is pointed out that the phenotypic classification of hermaphrodites is of limited value and it is suggested that a pathogenetic classification should be established for domestic animals.", "PMID": 559485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3853", "title": "[Standardized protodiastolic median velocity of the posterior wall (dpwV) used as an index of relaxation in the construction of left ventricular function curves].", "content": "The standardized mean protodiastolic speed of the posterior wall (Vpwd), non standardized speed (DEV) and maximum speed (DEVM) obtained with ultrasounds, are capable of distinguishing subjects with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), in whom there is a diminution in compliance, from normal subjects. As this compliance diminution is liable to limit fibrocell lengthening to the extent of its distension speed, the Vpwd has been used in the plotting of ventricular function curves in replacement of telediastolic volume (as an expression of fibre lengthening). An excellent correlation was found between Vpwd and mean speed of circumferential shortening of the fibre (Mvcf) and the ejection fraction (EF) used as indices of cardiac work. The comparison shows that the two groups lie on the same curve of ventricular function and that subjects with IHSS operate low down owing to the brevity of their sarcomeres. The Vpwd can thus be utilized as an indirect index of fibre length and in the plotting of left ventricular function curves.", "contents": "[Standardized protodiastolic median velocity of the posterior wall (dpwV) used as an index of relaxation in the construction of left ventricular function curves]. The standardized mean protodiastolic speed of the posterior wall (Vpwd), non standardized speed (DEV) and maximum speed (DEVM) obtained with ultrasounds, are capable of distinguishing subjects with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), in whom there is a diminution in compliance, from normal subjects. As this compliance diminution is liable to limit fibrocell lengthening to the extent of its distension speed, the Vpwd has been used in the plotting of ventricular function curves in replacement of telediastolic volume (as an expression of fibre lengthening). An excellent correlation was found between Vpwd and mean speed of circumferential shortening of the fibre (Mvcf) and the ejection fraction (EF) used as indices of cardiac work. The comparison shows that the two groups lie on the same curve of ventricular function and that subjects with IHSS operate low down owing to the brevity of their sarcomeres. The Vpwd can thus be utilized as an indirect index of fibre length and in the plotting of left ventricular function curves.", "PMID": 559481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3854", "title": "Diurnal rhythms of visual accommodation and blink responses: implication for flight-deck visual standards.", "content": "The major purpose of this study was to determine whether 24-h variations in accommodation responses occur and, if they do, whether they should be considered in setting visual standards for flight-deck tasks. A recently developed servo-controlled optometer and focus stimulator were used to obtain monocular accommodation response data on four college-age subjects. No 24-h rhythm in accommodation was shown. Heart rate and blink rate also were measured and periodicity analysis showed a mean 24-h rhythm for both; however, blink rate periodograms were significant (p less than or equal to 0.003) for only two of the four subjects. Thus, with the qualifications that college students were tested instead of pilots and that they performed monocular laboratory tasks imstead of binocular flight-deck task, it is concluded that 24-h rhythms in accommodation responses need not be considered in setting visual standards for flight-deck task.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythms of visual accommodation and blink responses: implication for flight-deck visual standards. The major purpose of this study was to determine whether 24-h variations in accommodation responses occur and, if they do, whether they should be considered in setting visual standards for flight-deck tasks. A recently developed servo-controlled optometer and focus stimulator were used to obtain monocular accommodation response data on four college-age subjects. No 24-h rhythm in accommodation was shown. Heart rate and blink rate also were measured and periodicity analysis showed a mean 24-h rhythm for both; however, blink rate periodograms were significant (p less than or equal to 0.003) for only two of the four subjects. Thus, with the qualifications that college students were tested instead of pilots and that they performed monocular laboratory tasks imstead of binocular flight-deck task, it is concluded that 24-h rhythms in accommodation responses need not be considered in setting visual standards for flight-deck task.", "PMID": 559486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3855", "title": "Interval histograms of period of the electroencephalogram and the reaction time in twins.", "content": "Measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis of interval histograms of half wavelengths in the electroencephalogram (EEF) and performance on an auditory reaction time (RT) task were compared in seven pairs of male monozygotic twins aged 101-134 months and seven pairs of unrelated boys matched to the twins for age. Interval histograms were formed from measurements of 780 half waves taken from EEGs recorded from the left parietal-occipital derivation while subjects performed the RT task. Except in the case of the dispersion of the EEG distributions,the F ratios of within-pair variance in unrelated pairs to within-pair variance in twins were all statistically significant  at  the 0.05 level of confidence. Statistically significant intraclass correlations of means, medians, and modes of the histograms were found in the group of monozygotic twins but not in the sample of unrelated subjects. Intraclass correlations for dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis of the histograms and for RT were not significantly different from zero in either the twins or unrelated subjects. EEG findings suggested that the basic frequency of the brain's rhythmic electrical activity may be genetically determined; RT findings were inconclusive.", "contents": "Interval histograms of period of the electroencephalogram and the reaction time in twins. Measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis of interval histograms of half wavelengths in the electroencephalogram (EEF) and performance on an auditory reaction time (RT) task were compared in seven pairs of male monozygotic twins aged 101-134 months and seven pairs of unrelated boys matched to the twins for age. Interval histograms were formed from measurements of 780 half waves taken from EEGs recorded from the left parietal-occipital derivation while subjects performed the RT task. Except in the case of the dispersion of the EEG distributions,the F ratios of within-pair variance in unrelated pairs to within-pair variance in twins were all statistically significant  at  the 0.05 level of confidence. Statistically significant intraclass correlations of means, medians, and modes of the histograms were found in the group of monozygotic twins but not in the sample of unrelated subjects. Intraclass correlations for dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis of the histograms and for RT were not significantly different from zero in either the twins or unrelated subjects. EEG findings suggested that the basic frequency of the brain's rhythmic electrical activity may be genetically determined; RT findings were inconclusive.", "PMID": 559487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3856", "title": "Fertility and offspring survival in mice selected for different sensitivities to alcohol.", "content": "The LS (long-sleep) and SS (short-sleep) selected lines of mice exhibit relatively high and low sensitivity to alcohol, respectively, because of their previous history of selective breeding. The present study identifies other differences between the two lines. SS animals are almost twice as fertile as LS animals. Analysis of vaginal plug formation suggested that higher sexual activity of SS mice is an important component of their greater fertility. Forced maternal drinking of a 10% ethanol solution during gestation, and especially during lactation, caused a decrease in survival of LS but not of SS offspring. Increased cannibalism of pups by LS mothers was probably an important component of this decrease in progeny survival. Maternal consumption of liquid in both lines was decreased during gestation, and especially during lactation, when 10% ethanol was the only available liquid in each case. The physiological basis for decreased survival of LS progeny may involve either direct effects of alcohol on progeny or indirect effects caused by water, nutritional, or hormonal imbalance in LS mothers when they are exposed to alcohol stress. The relationship of fertility and progeny survival differences in the two lines to their differences in alcohol sensitivity produced by selective breeding is discussed.", "contents": "Fertility and offspring survival in mice selected for different sensitivities to alcohol. The LS (long-sleep) and SS (short-sleep) selected lines of mice exhibit relatively high and low sensitivity to alcohol, respectively, because of their previous history of selective breeding. The present study identifies other differences between the two lines. SS animals are almost twice as fertile as LS animals. Analysis of vaginal plug formation suggested that higher sexual activity of SS mice is an important component of their greater fertility. Forced maternal drinking of a 10% ethanol solution during gestation, and especially during lactation, caused a decrease in survival of LS but not of SS offspring. Increased cannibalism of pups by LS mothers was probably an important component of this decrease in progeny survival. Maternal consumption of liquid in both lines was decreased during gestation, and especially during lactation, when 10% ethanol was the only available liquid in each case. The physiological basis for decreased survival of LS progeny may involve either direct effects of alcohol on progeny or indirect effects caused by water, nutritional, or hormonal imbalance in LS mothers when they are exposed to alcohol stress. The relationship of fertility and progeny survival differences in the two lines to their differences in alcohol sensitivity produced by selective breeding is discussed.", "PMID": 559488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3857", "title": "Expression of esterases during ontogenesis of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae; Coleoptera).", "content": "Two electrophoretically fast-migrating, nonspecific esterases were detected in two strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and designated F (fast) and S (slow) according to their relative migration distances. Both isozymes are associated with the alimentary canal and display ontogenetic changes. Their activity is very low in the egg stage, increases in the larva, and declines dramatically in the pharate pupa and pupa. The overall activity in the pupal stage is low, yet increases gradually throughout this period. In the adult, the activity of the esterases rises sharply. The larval and adult F and S isozymes were found to hydrolyze alpha- and beta-naphthylacetate and alpha-naphthylpropionate with almost equal capacity. alpha-Naphthyl laurate was cleaved by the F enzyme of both larvae and adults. The F and S were insensitive to inhibitors of arylesterases and cholinesterases and were markedly inhibited by the organophosphate di-isopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) and could be classified as carboxylesterases. Differential sensitivities of larval and adult esterases to urea and heat treatment as well as to DFP may indicate the expression of different genes during metamorphosis.", "contents": "Expression of esterases during ontogenesis of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae; Coleoptera). Two electrophoretically fast-migrating, nonspecific esterases were detected in two strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and designated F (fast) and S (slow) according to their relative migration distances. Both isozymes are associated with the alimentary canal and display ontogenetic changes. Their activity is very low in the egg stage, increases in the larva, and declines dramatically in the pharate pupa and pupa. The overall activity in the pupal stage is low, yet increases gradually throughout this period. In the adult, the activity of the esterases rises sharply. The larval and adult F and S isozymes were found to hydrolyze alpha- and beta-naphthylacetate and alpha-naphthylpropionate with almost equal capacity. alpha-Naphthyl laurate was cleaved by the F enzyme of both larvae and adults. The F and S were insensitive to inhibitors of arylesterases and cholinesterases and were markedly inhibited by the organophosphate di-isopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) and could be classified as carboxylesterases. Differential sensitivities of larval and adult esterases to urea and heat treatment as well as to DFP may indicate the expression of different genes during metamorphosis.", "PMID": 559489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3858", "title": "Studies on the cell-free biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Cell walls of Cephalosporium acremonium mycelia were lysed by enzyme preparations from either Helix pomatia (snail) digestive juice or Cytophaga. The yield of protoplasts depended on the lytic-enzyme preparation and the age of the culture, and it increased after the mycelia were pretreated with dithiothreitol. A cell-free preparation, obtained by osmotic lysis of protoplasts, synthesized labelled penicillin N from L-[14C]valine. Approx. 0.03-0.06% of the amino acid was incorporated into penicillin N. Under conditions of penicillin N synthesis, the broken-protoplast preparation failed to produce significant amounts of cephalosporin C or its precursors, deacetylcephalosporin C and deacetoxycephalosporin C.", "contents": "Studies on the cell-free biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. Cell walls of Cephalosporium acremonium mycelia were lysed by enzyme preparations from either Helix pomatia (snail) digestive juice or Cytophaga. The yield of protoplasts depended on the lytic-enzyme preparation and the age of the culture, and it increased after the mycelia were pretreated with dithiothreitol. A cell-free preparation, obtained by osmotic lysis of protoplasts, synthesized labelled penicillin N from L-[14C]valine. Approx. 0.03-0.06% of the amino acid was incorporated into penicillin N. Under conditions of penicillin N synthesis, the broken-protoplast preparation failed to produce significant amounts of cephalosporin C or its precursors, deacetylcephalosporin C and deacetoxycephalosporin C.", "PMID": 559491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3859", "title": "Human beta-glucuronidase: assignment of the structural gene to chromosome 7 using somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "beta-Glucuronidase (GUS) has become an important enzyme model for the genetic study of molecular disease, enzyme realization, and therapy, and for the biogenesis and function of the lysosome and lysosomal enzymes. The genetics of human beta-glucuronidase was investigated utilizing 188 primary man-mouse and man-chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids segregating human chromosomes. Cell hybrids were derived from 16 different fusion experiments involving cells from ten different and unrelated individuals and six different rodent cell lines. The genetic relationship of GUS to 28 enzyme markers representing 19 linkage groups was determined, and chromosome studies on selected cell hybrids were performed. The evidence indicates that the beta-glucuronidase gene is assigned to chromosome 7 in man. Comparative linkage data in man and mouse indicate that the structural gene GUS is located in a region on chromosome 7 that has remained conserved during evolution. Involvement of other chromosomes whose genes may be important in the final expression of GUS was not observed. A tetrameric structure of human beta-glucuronidase was demonstrated by the formation of three heteropolymers migrating between the human and mouse molecular forms in chromosome 7 positive cell hybrids. Linkage of GUS to other lysosomal enzyme genes was investigated. beta-Hexosaminidase (HEXB) was assigned to chromosome 5; acid phosphatase2 (ACP2) and esterase A4 (ES-A4) were assigned to chromosome 11; HEXA was not linked to GUS; and alpha-galactosidase (alpha-GAL) was localized on the X chromosome. These assignments are consistent with previous reports. Evidence was not obtained for a cluster of lysosomal enzyme structural genes. In demonstrating that GUS was not assigned to chromosome 9 utilizing an X/9 translocation segregating in cell hybrids, the gene coding for human adenylate kinase1 was confirmed to be located on chromosome 9.", "contents": "Human beta-glucuronidase: assignment of the structural gene to chromosome 7 using somatic cell hybrids. beta-Glucuronidase (GUS) has become an important enzyme model for the genetic study of molecular disease, enzyme realization, and therapy, and for the biogenesis and function of the lysosome and lysosomal enzymes. The genetics of human beta-glucuronidase was investigated utilizing 188 primary man-mouse and man-chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids segregating human chromosomes. Cell hybrids were derived from 16 different fusion experiments involving cells from ten different and unrelated individuals and six different rodent cell lines. The genetic relationship of GUS to 28 enzyme markers representing 19 linkage groups was determined, and chromosome studies on selected cell hybrids were performed. The evidence indicates that the beta-glucuronidase gene is assigned to chromosome 7 in man. Comparative linkage data in man and mouse indicate that the structural gene GUS is located in a region on chromosome 7 that has remained conserved during evolution. Involvement of other chromosomes whose genes may be important in the final expression of GUS was not observed. A tetrameric structure of human beta-glucuronidase was demonstrated by the formation of three heteropolymers migrating between the human and mouse molecular forms in chromosome 7 positive cell hybrids. Linkage of GUS to other lysosomal enzyme genes was investigated. beta-Hexosaminidase (HEXB) was assigned to chromosome 5; acid phosphatase2 (ACP2) and esterase A4 (ES-A4) were assigned to chromosome 11; HEXA was not linked to GUS; and alpha-galactosidase (alpha-GAL) was localized on the X chromosome. These assignments are consistent with previous reports. Evidence was not obtained for a cluster of lysosomal enzyme structural genes. In demonstrating that GUS was not assigned to chromosome 9 utilizing an X/9 translocation segregating in cell hybrids, the gene coding for human adenylate kinase1 was confirmed to be located on chromosome 9.", "PMID": 559490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3860", "title": "[Signs of fetal immunology. Embryopathy caused by viruses: clinical and anatomopathological aspects. Determination of IgM and IgA in the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants in relation to intrauterine infections. Control clinical examination of infants with high levels of IgM and IgA at birth].", "content": "The Authors report the results of IgM and IgA assays in blood of the umbilical cord of 1694 newborns during the period from October 1973 to July 1974 after a rubella epidemic occurred in Piedmont. 11.67% of the newborns showed a IgM value higher than 20 mg/100 ml; 0.88% gave values higher than 40 mg/100 ml. For 3.49% IgA values were higher than 3 mg/100 ml; in 0.89% cases it was higher than 6 mg/100 ml. These newborns with high levels of IgM and IgA have been observed: the Authors conclude that there is no correlation between high levels of IgM and IgA and prenatal infection.", "contents": "[Signs of fetal immunology. Embryopathy caused by viruses: clinical and anatomopathological aspects. Determination of IgM and IgA in the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants in relation to intrauterine infections. Control clinical examination of infants with high levels of IgM and IgA at birth]. The Authors report the results of IgM and IgA assays in blood of the umbilical cord of 1694 newborns during the period from October 1973 to July 1974 after a rubella epidemic occurred in Piedmont. 11.67% of the newborns showed a IgM value higher than 20 mg/100 ml; 0.88% gave values higher than 40 mg/100 ml. For 3.49% IgA values were higher than 3 mg/100 ml; in 0.89% cases it was higher than 6 mg/100 ml. These newborns with high levels of IgM and IgA have been observed: the Authors conclude that there is no correlation between high levels of IgM and IgA and prenatal infection.", "PMID": 559496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3861", "title": "[Nephropathology caused by congenital syphilis. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of congenital syphilis is reported. It deals with a three-month-old girl  suffering from a nephropathy clinically characterized by edema,  hematuria, severe proteinuria and slight renal insufficiency. On light an delectron microscopy, a mesangial proliferative and focal extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with abundant intermembranoepithelial deposits was observed.", "contents": "[Nephropathology caused by congenital syphilis. Report of a case]. A case of congenital syphilis is reported. It deals with a three-month-old girl  suffering from a nephropathy clinically characterized by edema,  hematuria, severe proteinuria and slight renal insufficiency. On light an delectron microscopy, a mesangial proliferative and focal extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with abundant intermembranoepithelial deposits was observed.", "PMID": 559495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3862", "title": "[Study of fetal malnutrition. IV. Acid-base equilibrium in normal and in intrauterine-growth-deficient newborn infants].", "content": "Acid-base equilibrium parameters were studied in 11 full-term newborns with adequate weights for their gestational age and in 10 with deficit in their intrauterine  growth, during the first 72 hours of life. Significant differences were found. Apparently, malnourished subjects who overcome chronic asphyxia are able to compensate the metabolic disturbances brought about through hyperventilation. The low figures of PaO2 found in babies show they will need higher concentration of oxygen in the air they inhale.", "contents": "[Study of fetal malnutrition. IV. Acid-base equilibrium in normal and in intrauterine-growth-deficient newborn infants]. Acid-base equilibrium parameters were studied in 11 full-term newborns with adequate weights for their gestational age and in 10 with deficit in their intrauterine  growth, during the first 72 hours of life. Significant differences were found. Apparently, malnourished subjects who overcome chronic asphyxia are able to compensate the metabolic disturbances brought about through hyperventilation. The low figures of PaO2 found in babies show they will need higher concentration of oxygen in the air they inhale.", "PMID": 559494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3863", "title": "[Studies on the prognosis of Moyamoya disease--diagnostic capability of CT scanning].", "content": "The author evaluated the diagnostic values of CT-Scanning on 20 cases of Moyamoya. No visualization of Moyamoya vessel was obtained, even after enhancement, but the author could differentiate 3 types of atrophic findings; normal pattern, cortical atrophic pattern, and wedged pattern. Futhormore, there was a considerable correlation between these findings and angiographic findings. CT-Scanning dose not have a diffinite diagnostic value in Moyamoya but is a very effective examination for the follow up study in Moyamoya.", "contents": "[Studies on the prognosis of Moyamoya disease--diagnostic capability of CT scanning]. The author evaluated the diagnostic values of CT-Scanning on 20 cases of Moyamoya. No visualization of Moyamoya vessel was obtained, even after enhancement, but the author could differentiate 3 types of atrophic findings; normal pattern, cortical atrophic pattern, and wedged pattern. Futhormore, there was a considerable correlation between these findings and angiographic findings. CT-Scanning dose not have a diffinite diagnostic value in Moyamoya but is a very effective examination for the follow up study in Moyamoya.", "PMID": 559507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3864", "title": "[Electroencephalography of Moyamoya disease].", "content": "Attempts were made to evaluate the EEG findings in 16 children and 12 adults with Moyamoya disease. (1) The children revealed specific findings such as hemispheric posterior slow (HP slow), centrotemporal slow (CT slow) and re-build-up after the end of hyperventilation. (2) HP slow was mainly observed in EEG examined within one year after the initial onset. In children in whom EEG was performed more than three years after the onset, chronic suppressive findings were found on EEG. (3) Buildup after the end of hyperventilation was revealed in almost all the children, which we called \"Re-build-up\". (4) No specific findings were verified on EEG in adult Moyamoya, beside slight abnormalities.", "contents": "[Electroencephalography of Moyamoya disease]. Attempts were made to evaluate the EEG findings in 16 children and 12 adults with Moyamoya disease. (1) The children revealed specific findings such as hemispheric posterior slow (HP slow), centrotemporal slow (CT slow) and re-build-up after the end of hyperventilation. (2) HP slow was mainly observed in EEG examined within one year after the initial onset. In children in whom EEG was performed more than three years after the onset, chronic suppressive findings were found on EEG. (3) Buildup after the end of hyperventilation was revealed in almost all the children, which we called \"Re-build-up\". (4) No specific findings were verified on EEG in adult Moyamoya, beside slight abnormalities.", "PMID": 559510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3865", "title": "Presumed choroidal naevi and sensory retinal detachment.", "content": "Two cases of choroidal naevus in patients with presenting complaints of blurred central vision and subsequent findings of abnormal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) overlying the pigmented choroidal lesion are presented. Fluoroangiographic evidence of sensory retinal elevation in these areas is provided. Both cases were treated with low-intensity argon laser photocoagulation, with return of central vision without complication. The diagnostic importance of morphologically altered RPE, particularly lipofuscin pigment, overlying such choroidal tumours is stressed. A significant period of follow-up in each case is documented photographically.", "contents": "Presumed choroidal naevi and sensory retinal detachment. Two cases of choroidal naevus in patients with presenting complaints of blurred central vision and subsequent findings of abnormal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) overlying the pigmented choroidal lesion are presented. Fluoroangiographic evidence of sensory retinal elevation in these areas is provided. Both cases were treated with low-intensity argon laser photocoagulation, with return of central vision without complication. The diagnostic importance of morphologically altered RPE, particularly lipofuscin pigment, overlying such choroidal tumours is stressed. A significant period of follow-up in each case is documented photographically.", "PMID": 559514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3866", "title": "Platelet-associated IgG in immune thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A method for the measurement of immunoglobulin G associated with gel-filtered platelets is described and finding in 70 control subjects and 37 patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are reported. Control platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) levels (nanograms IgG per 10(9) platelets) averaged (+/-SD) 1231+/-424; samples studied after 24 and 48 hr remained within the control range. PAIgG values of 19 adult and 12 childhood patients with chronic ITP averaged 4711+/-3025 and 4923+/-3955, respectively, and differed significantly from controls (p less than 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between PAIgG values and the chronic ITP patient's platelet count. Six patients with childhood acute ITP had PAIgG levels ranging from 5588 to 56,250 and appeared to represent a different statistical population from those with chronic ITP. In chronic ITP patients responding to splenectomy, there was an immediate normalization of PAIgG levels; however, a certain percentage of patients studied several months after splenectomy evidenced elevated PAIgG levels in association with normal platelet counts. These data showed that the direct measurement of platelet associated antibody is a useful technique in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with chronic ITP. Preliminary studies in patients with acute ITP have suggested that this method may be useful in differentiating acute and chronic childhood ITP.", "contents": "Platelet-associated IgG in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. A method for the measurement of immunoglobulin G associated with gel-filtered platelets is described and finding in 70 control subjects and 37 patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are reported. Control platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) levels (nanograms IgG per 10(9) platelets) averaged (+/-SD) 1231+/-424; samples studied after 24 and 48 hr remained within the control range. PAIgG values of 19 adult and 12 childhood patients with chronic ITP averaged 4711+/-3025 and 4923+/-3955, respectively, and differed significantly from controls (p less than 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between PAIgG values and the chronic ITP patient's platelet count. Six patients with childhood acute ITP had PAIgG levels ranging from 5588 to 56,250 and appeared to represent a different statistical population from those with chronic ITP. In chronic ITP patients responding to splenectomy, there was an immediate normalization of PAIgG levels; however, a certain percentage of patients studied several months after splenectomy evidenced elevated PAIgG levels in association with normal platelet counts. These data showed that the direct measurement of platelet associated antibody is a useful technique in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with chronic ITP. Preliminary studies in patients with acute ITP have suggested that this method may be useful in differentiating acute and chronic childhood ITP.", "PMID": 559516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3867", "title": "The ultimate audit.", "content": "The necropsy diagnoses in 78 stillborn and young infants have been compared with the clinical diagnoses in an attempt to justify post-morten examination in this age group. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed in over 88% of cases but unexpected changes in diagnosis were made in six cases, which indicates that selection is of no value.", "contents": "The ultimate audit. The necropsy diagnoses in 78 stillborn and young infants have been compared with the clinical diagnoses in an attempt to justify post-morten examination in this age group. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed in over 88% of cases but unexpected changes in diagnosis were made in six cases, which indicates that selection is of no value.", "PMID": 559521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3868", "title": "Mood changes in puerperium, and plasma tryptophan and cortisol concentrations.", "content": "Eighteen women aged 18-31 years were studied daily during the second to fifth postpartum days to assess mood changes and plasma tryptophan and cortisol concentrations. Psychiatric rating scales, clinical interviews, and published biochemical methods were used. Over the period plasma free tryptophan concentrations tended to rise and plasma cortisol concentrations to decline. There was a positive correlation between plasma free tryptophan concentrations and mood state.", "contents": "Mood changes in puerperium, and plasma tryptophan and cortisol concentrations. Eighteen women aged 18-31 years were studied daily during the second to fifth postpartum days to assess mood changes and plasma tryptophan and cortisol concentrations. Psychiatric rating scales, clinical interviews, and published biochemical methods were used. Over the period plasma free tryptophan concentrations tended to rise and plasma cortisol concentrations to decline. There was a positive correlation between plasma free tryptophan concentrations and mood state.", "PMID": 559524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3869", "title": "Modulation of the proestrous surge of luteinizing hormone by electrochemical stimulation of the amygdala and hippocampus in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "The roles played by the amygdala and hippocampus in controlling the release of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) were studied in the freely moving rat. Monopolar stainless steel electrodes were implanted into the corticomedial (CM) amygdala, basolateral (BL) amygdala and dorsal hippocampus of female rats. When the animal had recovered from surgery and shown two consecutive 4-day estrous cycles, a chronic atrial cannula was introduced during the afternoon of diestrus II. On the following day (proestrus) electrochemical stimulation (ECS) was applied (20--50 micronA anodal DC 120 sec) bilaterally to the amygdala or hippocampus and blood samples were taken every 90 min from 12.00 to 21.00 h for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of LH. Next day, uterine tubes were examined for ova as evidence of ovulation. ECS of the amygdala exerted two divergent influences on LH release. Stimulation of the BL amygdala at 13.45 h, just before the critical period (14.00--16.00 h), was effective in delaying and reducing the LH surge, whereas ECS of the CM amygdala at 12.00 h resulted in an early synchronization in the timing of the LH curves. All of the rats in both groups ovulated, in contrast to the results of applying ECS to the dorsal hippocampus; there the LH surge and ovulation were completely blocked in 7 out of 9 rats. Thus, in the freely moving rat, the hippocampus can exert a potent inhibitory influence on LH release whereas the amygdala plays a modulatory role in the process.", "contents": "Modulation of the proestrous surge of luteinizing hormone by electrochemical stimulation of the amygdala and hippocampus in the unanesthetized rat. The roles played by the amygdala and hippocampus in controlling the release of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) were studied in the freely moving rat. Monopolar stainless steel electrodes were implanted into the corticomedial (CM) amygdala, basolateral (BL) amygdala and dorsal hippocampus of female rats. When the animal had recovered from surgery and shown two consecutive 4-day estrous cycles, a chronic atrial cannula was introduced during the afternoon of diestrus II. On the following day (proestrus) electrochemical stimulation (ECS) was applied (20--50 micronA anodal DC 120 sec) bilaterally to the amygdala or hippocampus and blood samples were taken every 90 min from 12.00 to 21.00 h for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of LH. Next day, uterine tubes were examined for ova as evidence of ovulation. ECS of the amygdala exerted two divergent influences on LH release. Stimulation of the BL amygdala at 13.45 h, just before the critical period (14.00--16.00 h), was effective in delaying and reducing the LH surge, whereas ECS of the CM amygdala at 12.00 h resulted in an early synchronization in the timing of the LH curves. All of the rats in both groups ovulated, in contrast to the results of applying ECS to the dorsal hippocampus; there the LH surge and ovulation were completely blocked in 7 out of 9 rats. Thus, in the freely moving rat, the hippocampus can exert a potent inhibitory influence on LH release whereas the amygdala plays a modulatory role in the process.", "PMID": 559528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3870", "title": "Neostriatal administration of somatostatin:differential effect of small and large doses on behavior and motor control.", "content": "The administration of small doses of somatostatin (SRIF) (0.01 and 0.1 microgram) into the neostriatal complex of unrestrained, freely moving rats induced general behavioral excitation associated with a variety of stereotyped movements, tremors, and a reduction of rapid eye movements (REM) and deep slow wave sleep (SWS). In contrast, the higher doses of SRIF (1.0 and 10.0 microgram) caused movements to be uncoordinated and frequently induced more severe difficulties in motor control such as contralateral hemiplegia-in-extension which restricted or completely prevented the expression of normal behavioral patterns. As a result, the animals appeared drowsy and inhibited. Analysis of the sleep-waking cycle revealed prolonged periods of a shallow SWS while REM sleep and deep SWS were markedly reduced; electroencephalogram recordings revealed periods of dissociation from behavior. The administration of endocrinologically inactive as well as the active analogues of SRIF failed to induce effects comparable with those observed after the administration of the same dose of the native hormone (10.0 microgram).", "contents": "Neostriatal administration of somatostatin:differential effect of small and large doses on behavior and motor control. The administration of small doses of somatostatin (SRIF) (0.01 and 0.1 microgram) into the neostriatal complex of unrestrained, freely moving rats induced general behavioral excitation associated with a variety of stereotyped movements, tremors, and a reduction of rapid eye movements (REM) and deep slow wave sleep (SWS). In contrast, the higher doses of SRIF (1.0 and 10.0 microgram) caused movements to be uncoordinated and frequently induced more severe difficulties in motor control such as contralateral hemiplegia-in-extension which restricted or completely prevented the expression of normal behavioral patterns. As a result, the animals appeared drowsy and inhibited. Analysis of the sleep-waking cycle revealed prolonged periods of a shallow SWS while REM sleep and deep SWS were markedly reduced; electroencephalogram recordings revealed periods of dissociation from behavior. The administration of endocrinologically inactive as well as the active analogues of SRIF failed to induce effects comparable with those observed after the administration of the same dose of the native hormone (10.0 microgram).", "PMID": 559530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3871", "title": "Electron-microscopic study of the development of an equine adenovirus in cultured fetal equine kidney cells.", "content": "Sequential changes induced by an equine adenovirus in cultured fetal equine kidney cells were studied by electron microscopy. The first morphological change was the appearance of type I inclusions. These inclusions developed to type II inclusions which appeared as ring forms. Type III inclusions were formed within the central part of type II inclusions and finally filled up most of the nuclear space. As the infection proceeded, type IV inclusions which appeared as dense dark-staining spheres were formed at the center of the type III inclusions and also inside the cytoplasm. These dark-staining spheres developed and their center was filed with light-staining material and virus particles which eventually resulted in the formation of type V inclusions. Autoradiography study showed that types I, II, and III were composed of nucleoprotein and type IV was composed of protein.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic study of the development of an equine adenovirus in cultured fetal equine kidney cells. Sequential changes induced by an equine adenovirus in cultured fetal equine kidney cells were studied by electron microscopy. The first morphological change was the appearance of type I inclusions. These inclusions developed to type II inclusions which appeared as ring forms. Type III inclusions were formed within the central part of type II inclusions and finally filled up most of the nuclear space. As the infection proceeded, type IV inclusions which appeared as dense dark-staining spheres were formed at the center of the type III inclusions and also inside the cytoplasm. These dark-staining spheres developed and their center was filed with light-staining material and virus particles which eventually resulted in the formation of type V inclusions. Autoradiography study showed that types I, II, and III were composed of nucleoprotein and type IV was composed of protein.", "PMID": 559531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3872", "title": "Induction of encystment of Polysphondylium pallidum amoeba.", "content": "The induction of microcyst formation could be triggered in washed amoebae of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum (strain-2) by the addition of 2 mM ethionine. Methionine at a ratio of 2: 1 with ethionine would inhibit microcyst induction by ethionine. The involvement of polyamines in morphogenesis was also shown. Putrescine (0.02 to 0.1 M) induced the formation of microcysts, whereas spermidine (2 to 4 mM) was capable of causing a fourfold reduction in 0.05 M putrescine-induced microcysts but incapable of inhibiting microcyst induction by 0.08 M itrescine. Glycerol (0.5 M or 0.4 mM) was also found to be an effective inducer of microcysts.", "contents": "Induction of encystment of Polysphondylium pallidum amoeba. The induction of microcyst formation could be triggered in washed amoebae of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum (strain-2) by the addition of 2 mM ethionine. Methionine at a ratio of 2: 1 with ethionine would inhibit microcyst induction by ethionine. The involvement of polyamines in morphogenesis was also shown. Putrescine (0.02 to 0.1 M) induced the formation of microcysts, whereas spermidine (2 to 4 mM) was capable of causing a fourfold reduction in 0.05 M putrescine-induced microcysts but incapable of inhibiting microcyst induction by 0.08 M itrescine. Glycerol (0.5 M or 0.4 mM) was also found to be an effective inducer of microcysts.", "PMID": 559532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3873", "title": "Ultrastructure of soybean nodules. I: release of rhizobia from the infection thread.", "content": "Root nodules on soybeans (var. Clark 63) were examined by transmission electron microscopy 10-12 days after seed inoculation and planting. The cell infection process appeared identical in both effective nodules, induced by Rhizobium japonicum strain 138 (USDA) and in ineffective nodules, induced by strain 8-0 (Iowa). Electron micrographs are presented which suggest that  rhizobia are freed from the infection thread by disintegration of the thread wall and compartmentalization of the distintegrated wall material in membrane-bound vesicles derived from the membrane surrounding the thread. As the thread wall is removed in this manner, the bacteria are released into the host cytoplasm by a process which encloses each in an envelope also dervide from the thread membrane. Any thread wall material remaining around a bacterium after it has dissociated from the thread is removed from the envelope space by vesiculation of the membrane envelope. thus, it appears that endocytosis of both the bacteria and the material composing the infection thread wall occurs during release of rhizobia into the host cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of soybean nodules. I: release of rhizobia from the infection thread. Root nodules on soybeans (var. Clark 63) were examined by transmission electron microscopy 10-12 days after seed inoculation and planting. The cell infection process appeared identical in both effective nodules, induced by Rhizobium japonicum strain 138 (USDA) and in ineffective nodules, induced by strain 8-0 (Iowa). Electron micrographs are presented which suggest that  rhizobia are freed from the infection thread by disintegration of the thread wall and compartmentalization of the distintegrated wall material in membrane-bound vesicles derived from the membrane surrounding the thread. As the thread wall is removed in this manner, the bacteria are released into the host cytoplasm by a process which encloses each in an envelope also dervide from the thread membrane. Any thread wall material remaining around a bacterium after it has dissociated from the thread is removed from the envelope space by vesiculation of the membrane envelope. thus, it appears that endocytosis of both the bacteria and the material composing the infection thread wall occurs during release of rhizobia into the host cell.", "PMID": 559533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3874", "title": "Physarum polycephalum malate dehydrogenase: inhibitor analyses of the mitochondrial and supernatant isozymes.", "content": "The effects of naturally occurring metabolites were tested on the malate dehydrogenase (L-malate: NAD+oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) isozymes from the eucaryotic protist Physarum polycephalum. Several of the Krebs cycle intermediates were inhibitors for each isozyme indicating that a similar catalytic process was involved for both forms. The metabolites ATP, ADP, and AMP were inhibitors competitive with NAD for the  mitochondrial isozyme but not the  supernatant form. Several other nucleoside phosphates had no effects. Tests of protein sulfhydryl, arginine- and tyrosine-modifying reagents revealed a similar functional sensitivity by both isozymes to these reagents. Those results are compared with data on isozymes from more complex tissue with comments on the physiological significance of those combined data.", "contents": "Physarum polycephalum malate dehydrogenase: inhibitor analyses of the mitochondrial and supernatant isozymes. The effects of naturally occurring metabolites were tested on the malate dehydrogenase (L-malate: NAD+oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) isozymes from the eucaryotic protist Physarum polycephalum. Several of the Krebs cycle intermediates were inhibitors for each isozyme indicating that a similar catalytic process was involved for both forms. The metabolites ATP, ADP, and AMP were inhibitors competitive with NAD for the  mitochondrial isozyme but not the  supernatant form. Several other nucleoside phosphates had no effects. Tests of protein sulfhydryl, arginine- and tyrosine-modifying reagents revealed a similar functional sensitivity by both isozymes to these reagents. Those results are compared with data on isozymes from more complex tissue with comments on the physiological significance of those combined data.", "PMID": 559534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3875", "title": "[Effects of elevated salt concentrations on growth, sporulation and pigmentation of Trichoderma spp].", "content": "On agar media supplemented with NaCl (5% = 856 mM), seven Trichoderma species aggregates and an isolate intermediate between T. harzianum and T. viride (T. 410) grew more slowly, sporulated poorly, and there was no characteristic pigmentation of the colonies. NaCl or KCl concentrations inducing 'albinization' differed with different isolates. CaCl2 (90-270 mM) reversed the anti-sporulating effect of NaCl (856 mM) on T. 410, and stimulated conidiation in media with no NaCl added. Gliocladium virens but not G. roseum, reacted like Trichoderma to NaCl. Fourteen other fungal genera offered various reactions. Since 856 mM NaCl decreases osmotic potential (eta) of the media used from-1.2 to -41 bars, the influence of eta on T. 410 was examined. After 3 to 4 days, maximal growth was observed between-1.2 and -10 bars. Growth was reduced to 50% at about -30 bars. No growth occurred at about -90 bars. No pigmentation was observed at -32 bars (NaCl) and -41 bars (KCl). Abundant sporulation and pigmentation occurred at -31 bars with CaCl2 as sole electrolyte added. Na+ was toxic at high concentration. Results are discussed in view of possible use of Trichoderma in biological control.", "contents": "[Effects of elevated salt concentrations on growth, sporulation and pigmentation of Trichoderma spp]. On agar media supplemented with NaCl (5% = 856 mM), seven Trichoderma species aggregates and an isolate intermediate between T. harzianum and T. viride (T. 410) grew more slowly, sporulated poorly, and there was no characteristic pigmentation of the colonies. NaCl or KCl concentrations inducing 'albinization' differed with different isolates. CaCl2 (90-270 mM) reversed the anti-sporulating effect of NaCl (856 mM) on T. 410, and stimulated conidiation in media with no NaCl added. Gliocladium virens but not G. roseum, reacted like Trichoderma to NaCl. Fourteen other fungal genera offered various reactions. Since 856 mM NaCl decreases osmotic potential (eta) of the media used from-1.2 to -41 bars, the influence of eta on T. 410 was examined. After 3 to 4 days, maximal growth was observed between-1.2 and -10 bars. Growth was reduced to 50% at about -30 bars. No growth occurred at about -90 bars. No pigmentation was observed at -32 bars (NaCl) and -41 bars (KCl). Abundant sporulation and pigmentation occurred at -31 bars with CaCl2 as sole electrolyte added. Na+ was toxic at high concentration. Results are discussed in view of possible use of Trichoderma in biological control.", "PMID": 559535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3876", "title": "The use of cell cultures from the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos for studies of chlamydiae.", "content": "Cells of the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos were processed into monolayer cell cultures by a recently described technique of Cursiefen and Brecht. The cultures provided a sensitive substrate for the quantification of infectivity of C. psittaci strain 6BC and meningo-pneumonitis.", "contents": "The use of cell cultures from the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos for studies of chlamydiae. Cells of the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos were processed into monolayer cell cultures by a recently described technique of Cursiefen and Brecht. The cultures provided a sensitive substrate for the quantification of infectivity of C. psittaci strain 6BC and meningo-pneumonitis.", "PMID": 559536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3877", "title": "Sucrose density differences of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC in relation to its host.", "content": "Previous studies on Chlamydia psittaci 6BC propagated in different hosts have shown differences in cytotoxicity but no differences in the ultrastructure of the individual particles. It is shown here that the 6BC strain derived from yolk sac of infected chick embryo sedimented in sucrose gradients at lower densities than the 6BC strain derived from L-cells. Host-related modifications of lipid concentrations of the 6BC strains have been previously documented by others. It is thought that the phenomenon of host-induced modifications of physical properties of the agent might provide a new approach to the study of chlamydial pathogenicity.", "contents": "Sucrose density differences of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC in relation to its host. Previous studies on Chlamydia psittaci 6BC propagated in different hosts have shown differences in cytotoxicity but no differences in the ultrastructure of the individual particles. It is shown here that the 6BC strain derived from yolk sac of infected chick embryo sedimented in sucrose gradients at lower densities than the 6BC strain derived from L-cells. Host-related modifications of lipid concentrations of the 6BC strains have been previously documented by others. It is thought that the phenomenon of host-induced modifications of physical properties of the agent might provide a new approach to the study of chlamydial pathogenicity.", "PMID": 559537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3878", "title": "Improved selective medium for isolating Cylindrocladium crotalariae microsclerotia from naturally infested soils.", "content": "Reduced development of fusaria and other undesired fungi, and improved recognition of Cylindrocladium crotalariae colonies on soil-dilution plates were accomplished by supplementing a previously used medium (sucrose-TBZ medium) with three quaternary ammonium compounds, replacing peptone with tyrosine, and increasing the concentration of sucrose to yield a water potential of - 10 bars. These changes eliminated the need to treat soil with NaClO to control undesired fungi. The new medium, designated sucrose-QT medium, allowed increased recovery of C. crotalariae microsclerotia from all 16 naturally infested soils tested.", "contents": "Improved selective medium for isolating Cylindrocladium crotalariae microsclerotia from naturally infested soils. Reduced development of fusaria and other undesired fungi, and improved recognition of Cylindrocladium crotalariae colonies on soil-dilution plates were accomplished by supplementing a previously used medium (sucrose-TBZ medium) with three quaternary ammonium compounds, replacing peptone with tyrosine, and increasing the concentration of sucrose to yield a water potential of - 10 bars. These changes eliminated the need to treat soil with NaClO to control undesired fungi. The new medium, designated sucrose-QT medium, allowed increased recovery of C. crotalariae microsclerotia from all 16 naturally infested soils tested.", "PMID": 559538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3879", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the breast.", "content": "The authors report a case of angiosarcoma of the breast. The patient, a 44-year-old woman, remains free of disease 7 years after biopsy and 6 years after a simple mastectomy. The authors emphasize the benign appearance of the tumour and the importance of early detection and adequate surgical treatment.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the breast. The authors report a case of angiosarcoma of the breast. The patient, a 44-year-old woman, remains free of disease 7 years after biopsy and 6 years after a simple mastectomy. The authors emphasize the benign appearance of the tumour and the importance of early detection and adequate surgical treatment.", "PMID": 559539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3880", "title": "Lethal and sublethal effects of hydroxyurea in relation to drug concentration and duration of drug exposure in sarcoma 180 in vitro.", "content": "The lethal and sublethal effects of hydroxyurea were studied in Sarcoma 180 in vitro in relation to drug concentration and drug exposure duration using cloning methods, radioautography, and flow microfluorometry. It was shown that postperturbation changes in radioautographic labeling intensity reflected real changes in the rate of DNA synthesis in individual cells. The data suggest that both the lethal and sublethal effects of hydroxyurea are dependent on the rate of DNA synthesis. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of DNA content distributions under perturbation conditions and for the development of drug treatment regimens that are based on cell kinetics.", "contents": "Lethal and sublethal effects of hydroxyurea in relation to drug concentration and duration of drug exposure in sarcoma 180 in vitro. The lethal and sublethal effects of hydroxyurea were studied in Sarcoma 180 in vitro in relation to drug concentration and drug exposure duration using cloning methods, radioautography, and flow microfluorometry. It was shown that postperturbation changes in radioautographic labeling intensity reflected real changes in the rate of DNA synthesis in individual cells. The data suggest that both the lethal and sublethal effects of hydroxyurea are dependent on the rate of DNA synthesis. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of DNA content distributions under perturbation conditions and for the development of drug treatment regimens that are based on cell kinetics.", "PMID": 559543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3881", "title": "Collagen synthesis as a marker for cell type in mouse 3T3 lines.", "content": "Collagen synthesis was applied as a test of the fibroblastic or endothelial origin of the 3T3 mouse lines. Swiss/3T3 lines and Balb/3T3 (clone A31) were compared with respect to the amounts and types of collagen synthesized. All lines symthesized collagen at relatively high and similar rates. For all lines, 75-90% of the collagen synthesized was type I, and the remainder was type III. There was no evidence for synthesis of type IV collagen. By all these parameters, Swiss and Balb/3T3 lines resemble cultured fibroblasts rather than cultured vascular endothelia.", "contents": "Collagen synthesis as a marker for cell type in mouse 3T3 lines. Collagen synthesis was applied as a test of the fibroblastic or endothelial origin of the 3T3 mouse lines. Swiss/3T3 lines and Balb/3T3 (clone A31) were compared with respect to the amounts and types of collagen synthesized. All lines symthesized collagen at relatively high and similar rates. For all lines, 75-90% of the collagen synthesized was type I, and the remainder was type III. There was no evidence for synthesis of type IV collagen. By all these parameters, Swiss and Balb/3T3 lines resemble cultured fibroblasts rather than cultured vascular endothelia.", "PMID": 559546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3882", "title": "Prelinimary report on combination therapy for advanced prostatic cancer.", "content": "Fifteen patients with carcinoma of the prostate (ten, stage D; three, stage C; and two, stage B) were treated with the combination of radical retropubic prostatectomy, bilateral orchiectomy, estrogen therapy, and chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. Fourteen patients have been clinically free of disease from 2 to 20 months. One patient died free of disease from myocardial infarction in the post-operative period. Lymphangiography was accurate in 14 of the 15 patients. Acid phosphatase levels in serum did not reflect with precision the extension of the tumor in seven of ten patients with stage D disease. The rationale of this therapeutic approach is discussed.", "contents": "Prelinimary report on combination therapy for advanced prostatic cancer. Fifteen patients with carcinoma of the prostate (ten, stage D; three, stage C; and two, stage B) were treated with the combination of radical retropubic prostatectomy, bilateral orchiectomy, estrogen therapy, and chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. Fourteen patients have been clinically free of disease from 2 to 20 months. One patient died free of disease from myocardial infarction in the post-operative period. Lymphangiography was accurate in 14 of the 15 patients. Acid phosphatase levels in serum did not reflect with precision the extension of the tumor in seven of ten patients with stage D disease. The rationale of this therapeutic approach is discussed.", "PMID": 559544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3883", "title": "Phosphorylation of initiation factor elF-2 and the control of reticulocyte protein synthesis.", "content": "When rabbit reticulocyte lysates are incubated in the absence of hemin or in the presence of low concentrations of double-stranded RNA, the rate of initiation of protein synthesis is severely reduced after a lag period in which control rates are observed. This reduced initiation rate is due to inhibition of the binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to native 40S ribosomal subunits and is caused by a macromolecular inhibitor which is activated under these conditions. This paper shows that the inhibitors activated in these two situations appear to be different entities, but that in both cases, the inhibitor has an associated protein kinase activity which is highly selective for the small subunit of elF-2, the initiation factor which catalyzes binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to 40S subunits. We present several lines of evidence in support of the hypothesis that the phosphorylation of elF-2 by these kinases is basis of the control of initiation in lysates incubated under these conditions.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of initiation factor elF-2 and the control of reticulocyte protein synthesis. When rabbit reticulocyte lysates are incubated in the absence of hemin or in the presence of low concentrations of double-stranded RNA, the rate of initiation of protein synthesis is severely reduced after a lag period in which control rates are observed. This reduced initiation rate is due to inhibition of the binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to native 40S ribosomal subunits and is caused by a macromolecular inhibitor which is activated under these conditions. This paper shows that the inhibitors activated in these two situations appear to be different entities, but that in both cases, the inhibitor has an associated protein kinase activity which is highly selective for the small subunit of elF-2, the initiation factor which catalyzes binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to 40S subunits. We present several lines of evidence in support of the hypothesis that the phosphorylation of elF-2 by these kinases is basis of the control of initiation in lysates incubated under these conditions.", "PMID": 559547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3884", "title": "Concentrations of serum protein fractions in white women: effects of age, weight, smoking, tonsillectomy, and other factors;.", "content": "We measured the concentrations of protein in electrophoretic fractions (albumin and alpha1-, alpha2-, beta, and gamma-globulins) of serum from 9547 white women to determine their relations to age, weight, smoking and other factors. Albumin concentration decreases with age, beta globulin concentration increases. Increasing weight is associated with a decrease in albumin, but with increases in all the globulins. Cigarrete smoking is associated with highly significant differences in all the protein fractions. Surprisingly, very significantly lower concentrations of beta- and gamma-globulins were also found in women who reported a history of tonsillectomy. Height, amenorrhea, education, and alcohol and coffee consumption have some small but statistically significant effects upon the various fractions. Diurnal variation was also slight.", "contents": "Concentrations of serum protein fractions in white women: effects of age, weight, smoking, tonsillectomy, and other factors;. We measured the concentrations of protein in electrophoretic fractions (albumin and alpha1-, alpha2-, beta, and gamma-globulins) of serum from 9547 white women to determine their relations to age, weight, smoking and other factors. Albumin concentration decreases with age, beta globulin concentration increases. Increasing weight is associated with a decrease in albumin, but with increases in all the globulins. Cigarrete smoking is associated with highly significant differences in all the protein fractions. Surprisingly, very significantly lower concentrations of beta- and gamma-globulins were also found in women who reported a history of tonsillectomy. Height, amenorrhea, education, and alcohol and coffee consumption have some small but statistically significant effects upon the various fractions. Diurnal variation was also slight.", "PMID": 559554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3885", "title": "Inhibitor-neutralisation assay and electro-immuno assay of human factor IX (Christmas factor).", "content": "A rabbit antibody specifically precipitating human factor IX has been used in the assay of factor IX antigen. The results obtained with two different methods (inhibitor-neutralisation assay and electro-immunoassay) have been compared in a group of healthy individuals and in a group of hemophilia B patients and carriers. In general, identical results are obtained with both methods, except in some hemophilia B+ carriers and patients, where the electroimmuno assay gives 1.5-2.0 times higher levels. Results obtained by electroimmuno assay are more accurate and reproducible than those obtained by inhibitor-neutralisation assay, which is of importance for its potential use in carrier detection.", "contents": "Inhibitor-neutralisation assay and electro-immuno assay of human factor IX (Christmas factor). A rabbit antibody specifically precipitating human factor IX has been used in the assay of factor IX antigen. The results obtained with two different methods (inhibitor-neutralisation assay and electro-immunoassay) have been compared in a group of healthy individuals and in a group of hemophilia B patients and carriers. In general, identical results are obtained with both methods, except in some hemophilia B+ carriers and patients, where the electroimmuno assay gives 1.5-2.0 times higher levels. Results obtained by electroimmuno assay are more accurate and reproducible than those obtained by inhibitor-neutralisation assay, which is of importance for its potential use in carrier detection.", "PMID": 559555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3886", "title": "Nyctohemeral secretion of growth hormone in normal children of short stature and in children with hypopituitarism and intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "A continuous blood sampling technique has been used to monitor human growth hormone (GH) during sleep in fourteen normal short children (age range 6.5-15.0 years), twelve hypopituitary children (2.8-17.3 years), three children with psychosocial GH deficiency (4.0-13.0 years), and three children with intrauterine growth retardation (9.5-11.3 years). The mean GH level of a 5 h sleep period (22.30-03.30 hours) was used to represent the GH response to sleep. The GH response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia (IST) was also determined. In normal short children there was a significant relationship between 5 h mean GH levels and chronological age. The curve defining this relationship was similar to the third centile linear growth velocity curve. The 5 h mean GH levels of the hypopituitary and psychosocial GH deficiency children were more than 2 SD below the age related mean established for normal short children. The children with intrauterine growth retardation demonstrated values which were more than 2 SD above the age related mean.", "contents": "Nyctohemeral secretion of growth hormone in normal children of short stature and in children with hypopituitarism and intrauterine growth retardation. A continuous blood sampling technique has been used to monitor human growth hormone (GH) during sleep in fourteen normal short children (age range 6.5-15.0 years), twelve hypopituitary children (2.8-17.3 years), three children with psychosocial GH deficiency (4.0-13.0 years), and three children with intrauterine growth retardation (9.5-11.3 years). The mean GH level of a 5 h sleep period (22.30-03.30 hours) was used to represent the GH response to sleep. The GH response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia (IST) was also determined. In normal short children there was a significant relationship between 5 h mean GH levels and chronological age. The curve defining this relationship was similar to the third centile linear growth velocity curve. The 5 h mean GH levels of the hypopituitary and psychosocial GH deficiency children were more than 2 SD below the age related mean established for normal short children. The children with intrauterine growth retardation demonstrated values which were more than 2 SD above the age related mean.", "PMID": 559556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3887", "title": "Preliminary evaluation of a new psychotropic drug, lenperone, in the treatment of acute schizophrenia.", "content": "An open trial of a new psychotropic drug, lenperone, was carried out in 10 patients with acute schizophrenia. The duration of treatment was 28 days and the maximum dose administered was 60 mg per day. A pronounced antipsychotic effect was seen in half of the patients, although all 10 patients showed a pharmacological response to the drug. The incidence of side-effects was low. Haematological, biochemical and electrocardiographic tests failed to demonstrate any abnormality due to treatment.", "contents": "Preliminary evaluation of a new psychotropic drug, lenperone, in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. An open trial of a new psychotropic drug, lenperone, was carried out in 10 patients with acute schizophrenia. The duration of treatment was 28 days and the maximum dose administered was 60 mg per day. A pronounced antipsychotic effect was seen in half of the patients, although all 10 patients showed a pharmacological response to the drug. The incidence of side-effects was low. Haematological, biochemical and electrocardiographic tests failed to demonstrate any abnormality due to treatment.", "PMID": 559569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3888", "title": "Induction of persistent estrus by electrolytic lesions placed neonatally in the hypothalamus of the female rat.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions were placed in the hypothalamus of two-day-old female rats. Destruction of the mediobasal part of the preoptic area resulted in persistent vaginal estrus starting on the day of vaginal opening, while lesions placed laterally in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area did not interfere with normal cycles. Therefore, the mediobasal hypothalamus is capable of undergoing maturation without any postnatal influence from at least the mediobasal part of the anterior hypothalamus. Destruction of the anterior wall of the third ventricle also caused persistent or prolonged vaginal estrus preceded by normal cycles. The relationship between the loci of lesions and the occurrence of sexual cyclicity was discussed.", "contents": "Induction of persistent estrus by electrolytic lesions placed neonatally in the hypothalamus of the female rat. Electrolytic lesions were placed in the hypothalamus of two-day-old female rats. Destruction of the mediobasal part of the preoptic area resulted in persistent vaginal estrus starting on the day of vaginal opening, while lesions placed laterally in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area did not interfere with normal cycles. Therefore, the mediobasal hypothalamus is capable of undergoing maturation without any postnatal influence from at least the mediobasal part of the anterior hypothalamus. Destruction of the anterior wall of the third ventricle also caused persistent or prolonged vaginal estrus preceded by normal cycles. The relationship between the loci of lesions and the occurrence of sexual cyclicity was discussed.", "PMID": 559574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3889", "title": "Noradrenergic supersensitivity in the rat vas deferens during barbital withdrawal.", "content": "Three days' withdrawal from long-term barbital administration results in a shift to the left and increase in the maximum response of the concentration--effect curve to norepinephrine in the isolated rat vas deferens. The maximum response to carbachol and potassium was also increased without a leftward displacement of the concentration--effect curves. This specific increase in sensitivity to norpinephrine could indicate an adaptive alteration of the adrenoreceptors of the rat vas deferens (receptor supersentivity) as has been proposed for supersensitivity in the central nervous system during withdrawal from neuroleptics and barbiturates.", "contents": "Noradrenergic supersensitivity in the rat vas deferens during barbital withdrawal. Three days' withdrawal from long-term barbital administration results in a shift to the left and increase in the maximum response of the concentration--effect curve to norepinephrine in the isolated rat vas deferens. The maximum response to carbachol and potassium was also increased without a leftward displacement of the concentration--effect curves. This specific increase in sensitivity to norpinephrine could indicate an adaptive alteration of the adrenoreceptors of the rat vas deferens (receptor supersentivity) as has been proposed for supersensitivity in the central nervous system during withdrawal from neuroleptics and barbiturates.", "PMID": 559576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3890", "title": "Effect of long-term forced oral barbital administration on endogenous acetylcholine in different regions of rat brain.", "content": "Rats received a solution of sodium barbital as their only drinking fluid for 25 and 30 weeks. Four groups were studied: (1) control; (2) barbital until sacrifice; (3) barbital withheld (abstinent) for 3 days; (4) abstinent for 12 days. Abstinence convulsions in groups 3 and 4 were recorded with jiggle cages. The rats were killed by decapitation and the concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) was measured in 3 parts of the brain: striatum, hippocampus + cerebral cortex, cerebellum + medulla oblongata + midbrain. In animals receiving barbital until sacrifice, no significant change in ACh content was found in any of the brain regions compared with controls. In animals abstinent for 3 days and with a maximal frequency of spontaneous convulsions a decreased content of ACh (--35%) was found in the striatum. On the 12th day of abstinence, when the convulsive activity clearly had decreased, the ACh content was still decreased (--30%) in the striatum and a significant decrease compared with controls was also found in the cerebellum + medulla oblongata + midbrain.", "contents": "Effect of long-term forced oral barbital administration on endogenous acetylcholine in different regions of rat brain. Rats received a solution of sodium barbital as their only drinking fluid for 25 and 30 weeks. Four groups were studied: (1) control; (2) barbital until sacrifice; (3) barbital withheld (abstinent) for 3 days; (4) abstinent for 12 days. Abstinence convulsions in groups 3 and 4 were recorded with jiggle cages. The rats were killed by decapitation and the concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) was measured in 3 parts of the brain: striatum, hippocampus + cerebral cortex, cerebellum + medulla oblongata + midbrain. In animals receiving barbital until sacrifice, no significant change in ACh content was found in any of the brain regions compared with controls. In animals abstinent for 3 days and with a maximal frequency of spontaneous convulsions a decreased content of ACh (--35%) was found in the striatum. On the 12th day of abstinence, when the convulsive activity clearly had decreased, the ACh content was still decreased (--30%) in the striatum and a significant decrease compared with controls was also found in the cerebellum + medulla oblongata + midbrain.", "PMID": 559577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3891", "title": "Clomiphene treatment in oligospermic infertile males.", "content": "This study of the effects of long-term clomiphene administration on semen analyses of oligospermic infertile males once again points to the potential therapeutic efficacy of clomiphene in certain subjects. Although the group of 16 subjects was small, all were men with long-standing infertility that had been refractory to previous treatments such as exogenous injections of human chorionic gonadotropin and varicocelectomy; 10 of the 16 men (62.5%) showed improvement in sperm counts within 2 to 5 months of starting clomiphene. Sperm motility improved moderately when counts improved; no effects on sperm morphology were noted. Of the 10 men classified as semen responders to clomiphene, 5 (50%) were successful in impregnating their wives within 2 to 8 months of starting treatment. These results approach the therapeutic efficacy seen with clomiphene in appropriately selected females with ovulatory disturbances. We have been unable to predict or characterize the patient who might be expected to show a semen response to clomiphene by history, physical examination response to previous treatment, or changes in blood testosterone levels while taking clomiphene.", "contents": "Clomiphene treatment in oligospermic infertile males. This study of the effects of long-term clomiphene administration on semen analyses of oligospermic infertile males once again points to the potential therapeutic efficacy of clomiphene in certain subjects. Although the group of 16 subjects was small, all were men with long-standing infertility that had been refractory to previous treatments such as exogenous injections of human chorionic gonadotropin and varicocelectomy; 10 of the 16 men (62.5%) showed improvement in sperm counts within 2 to 5 months of starting clomiphene. Sperm motility improved moderately when counts improved; no effects on sperm morphology were noted. Of the 10 men classified as semen responders to clomiphene, 5 (50%) were successful in impregnating their wives within 2 to 8 months of starting treatment. These results approach the therapeutic efficacy seen with clomiphene in appropriately selected females with ovulatory disturbances. We have been unable to predict or characterize the patient who might be expected to show a semen response to clomiphene by history, physical examination response to previous treatment, or changes in blood testosterone levels while taking clomiphene.", "PMID": 559584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3892", "title": "Pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulate ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in aged mice.", "content": "Aged (12- to 14-month-old) estrous and diestrous C57BL mice exhibited lower histochemically demonstrable ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity in thecal, luteal, and interstitial cells, and lower (P less than 0.01) ovarian 3beta-HSD concentration and total content than did young (3-month-old) estrous animals. Administration of pregnant mare serum (PMS, 10 IU subcutaneously), followed in 40 hours by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, 5 IU subcutaneously) or HCG (2 IU daily for 4 days) alone, restored luteal and interstitial 3beta-HSD in aged mice. Follicular, lutea, and interstitial 3beta-HSD activity was increased in aged mice by a single PMS injection (10 IU). The total ovarian dehydrogenase concentration was increased 100% in aged animals by PMS and/or HCG administration. Restoration of histochemically demonstrable ovarian 3beta-HSD and total enzyme content in aged mice by PMS and/or HCG indicates ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropin and subnormal tropic hormone stimulation of the ovary in situ.", "contents": "Pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulate ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in aged mice. Aged (12- to 14-month-old) estrous and diestrous C57BL mice exhibited lower histochemically demonstrable ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity in thecal, luteal, and interstitial cells, and lower (P less than 0.01) ovarian 3beta-HSD concentration and total content than did young (3-month-old) estrous animals. Administration of pregnant mare serum (PMS, 10 IU subcutaneously), followed in 40 hours by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, 5 IU subcutaneously) or HCG (2 IU daily for 4 days) alone, restored luteal and interstitial 3beta-HSD in aged mice. Follicular, lutea, and interstitial 3beta-HSD activity was increased in aged mice by a single PMS injection (10 IU). The total ovarian dehydrogenase concentration was increased 100% in aged animals by PMS and/or HCG administration. Restoration of histochemically demonstrable ovarian 3beta-HSD and total enzyme content in aged mice by PMS and/or HCG indicates ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropin and subnormal tropic hormone stimulation of the ovary in situ.", "PMID": 559585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3893", "title": "A comparative study of epicillin and chloramphenicol in the treatment of enteric fever.", "content": "One hundred patients with acute enteric fever were randomly assigned to treatment with either chloramphenicol 50 mg/kg body-weight or epicillin 1 g six hourly. Eighty-one patients had a positive blood culture for typhoid or paratyphoid bacilli and nineteen had a positive stool culture with a significant Widal titre. All fifty patients in the group treated with chloramphenicol responded, however there was one relapse with bacteraemia. In the group treated with epicillin, six from the total of fifty patients were considred treatment failures. Treatment was considred as a failure if the patient was febrile after ten days treatment or if there was a deterioration despite antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "A comparative study of epicillin and chloramphenicol in the treatment of enteric fever. One hundred patients with acute enteric fever were randomly assigned to treatment with either chloramphenicol 50 mg/kg body-weight or epicillin 1 g six hourly. Eighty-one patients had a positive blood culture for typhoid or paratyphoid bacilli and nineteen had a positive stool culture with a significant Widal titre. All fifty patients in the group treated with chloramphenicol responded, however there was one relapse with bacteraemia. In the group treated with epicillin, six from the total of fifty patients were considred treatment failures. Treatment was considred as a failure if the patient was febrile after ten days treatment or if there was a deterioration despite antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 559593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3894", "title": "Postnatal behavioral alterations resulting from prenatal administration of dl-alphamethylparatyrosine.", "content": "We have previously reported that injection of dl-alphamethylparatyrosine methylester (AMPT) into the yolk sac of fertilized chicken eggs prior to incubation results in dose-related increases in the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at 29 days postnatally. We now report that injection of 10.0 and 33.3 mg/kg of AMPT prior to incubation results in dose-related increases in acquisition rates of 2 operant responses. Between 1 and 3 weeks of postnatal age, we observed a dose-related decrease in latency to perform a detour response and, at 55-60 days of postnatal age, an increased rate of acquisition of a key peck response in an autoshaping paradigm. We could not discern any significant alteration in several measures of unconditioned behaviors in an open field situation at 3 weeks of postnatal age. Our data support the contention that early catecholamine (CA) depletion can produce long-term alterations in postnatal behavior.", "contents": "Postnatal behavioral alterations resulting from prenatal administration of dl-alphamethylparatyrosine. We have previously reported that injection of dl-alphamethylparatyrosine methylester (AMPT) into the yolk sac of fertilized chicken eggs prior to incubation results in dose-related increases in the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at 29 days postnatally. We now report that injection of 10.0 and 33.3 mg/kg of AMPT prior to incubation results in dose-related increases in acquisition rates of 2 operant responses. Between 1 and 3 weeks of postnatal age, we observed a dose-related decrease in latency to perform a detour response and, at 55-60 days of postnatal age, an increased rate of acquisition of a key peck response in an autoshaping paradigm. We could not discern any significant alteration in several measures of unconditioned behaviors in an open field situation at 3 weeks of postnatal age. Our data support the contention that early catecholamine (CA) depletion can produce long-term alterations in postnatal behavior.", "PMID": 559606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3895", "title": "Interactive effects of parity and pup stress on the maternal behavior of Rattus norvegicus.", "content": "Litters of primiparous and multiparous rat mothers received 0,2, or 5 min of cold stress for the 1st 5 days postpartum. Primiparae showed increasing maternal responsiveness over the treatment period. Multiparae were initially maternally responsive to moderate stress cues from pups, but habituated to them over days. From Days 6 to 20, when pups were not stressed, lactation behavior of stressed groups declined in primiparous mothers but not in multiparous mothers.", "contents": "Interactive effects of parity and pup stress on the maternal behavior of Rattus norvegicus. Litters of primiparous and multiparous rat mothers received 0,2, or 5 min of cold stress for the 1st 5 days postpartum. Primiparae showed increasing maternal responsiveness over the treatment period. Multiparae were initially maternally responsive to moderate stress cues from pups, but habituated to them over days. From Days 6 to 20, when pups were not stressed, lactation behavior of stressed groups declined in primiparous mothers but not in multiparous mothers.", "PMID": 559607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3896", "title": "Insulin, S-sulphonate A and S-sulphonate B-chain receptor binding to human cultured lymphocytes.", "content": "The ability of insulin and the S-sulphonate A and B-chain derivatives to bind to a receptor on cultured human lymphocytes was evaluated. A receptor site for the S-sulphonate A-chain was identified and was strongly influenced by the intact insulin molecule. S-sulphonate A-chain weakly interfered with insulin binding. S-sulphonate B-chain showed no evidence of significant binding and did not interfere with insulin or S-sulphonate A chain binding. 14CO2 production from 14C-1-glucose was stimulated by insulin in cultured lymphocytes and this effect was blunted by S-sulphonate A-chain. The sulphhydryl blocking agent used in the production of insulin A-chain appears to be of critical importance.", "contents": "Insulin, S-sulphonate A and S-sulphonate B-chain receptor binding to human cultured lymphocytes. The ability of insulin and the S-sulphonate A and B-chain derivatives to bind to a receptor on cultured human lymphocytes was evaluated. A receptor site for the S-sulphonate A-chain was identified and was strongly influenced by the intact insulin molecule. S-sulphonate A-chain weakly interfered with insulin binding. S-sulphonate B-chain showed no evidence of significant binding and did not interfere with insulin or S-sulphonate A chain binding. 14CO2 production from 14C-1-glucose was stimulated by insulin in cultured lymphocytes and this effect was blunted by S-sulphonate A-chain. The sulphhydryl blocking agent used in the production of insulin A-chain appears to be of critical importance.", "PMID": 559608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3897", "title": "[Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: excito-conduction disturbances and sudden death (author's transl)].", "content": "By referring to one of their own observed cases and reviewing the literature, the authors discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of sudden death from obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and conclude with some practical comments on how to keep under observation patients affected with this cardiopathy, complicated by rhythm disturbances.", "contents": "[Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: excito-conduction disturbances and sudden death (author's transl)]. By referring to one of their own observed cases and reviewing the literature, the authors discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of sudden death from obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and conclude with some practical comments on how to keep under observation patients affected with this cardiopathy, complicated by rhythm disturbances.", "PMID": 559609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3898", "title": "The diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology of childhood schizophrenia.", "content": "About half the Australian population of children who were functioning at a moderate or greater level of intellectual subnormality and who also presented schizophrenic behaviors were surveyed. From more than 300 such cases only 21 were confirmed as schizophrenic. Their average age was seven years eight months, four were girls, and eight had histories of normal physical health. Individual data were collected on antenatal and perinatal factors, childhood health, developmental progress, family history, physical characteristics, neurological signs, biochemical anomalies, and behavioral and psychiatric characteristics. These data sustained the hypotheses that the (a) incidence of the condition is slight, that (b) childhood schizophrenia is the result of a multicausal transactional process; that (c) there is a continuum from organic to functional conditions and that (d) the intellectual potential of these children is generally overrated.", "contents": "The diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology of childhood schizophrenia. About half the Australian population of children who were functioning at a moderate or greater level of intellectual subnormality and who also presented schizophrenic behaviors were surveyed. From more than 300 such cases only 21 were confirmed as schizophrenic. Their average age was seven years eight months, four were girls, and eight had histories of normal physical health. Individual data were collected on antenatal and perinatal factors, childhood health, developmental progress, family history, physical characteristics, neurological signs, biochemical anomalies, and behavioral and psychiatric characteristics. These data sustained the hypotheses that the (a) incidence of the condition is slight, that (b) childhood schizophrenia is the result of a multicausal transactional process; that (c) there is a continuum from organic to functional conditions and that (d) the intellectual potential of these children is generally overrated.", "PMID": 559610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3899", "title": "[Chemico-analytical studies on the water content of the human tissues. 2. Significance of the variation of water content (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have calculated the amounts of solid matters from the values of water contents determined on 14 sorts of tissues of 41 cadavers and have found that the variation of amounts of solid matters among the same sort of tissue are very big. Accordingly it may be rational to express the values of concentration based on dry weight as to the substances mainly bound to solid matters in tissues and based on fresh weight as to those mainly dissolved in water in tissues.", "contents": "[Chemico-analytical studies on the water content of the human tissues. 2. Significance of the variation of water content (author's transl)]. The authors have calculated the amounts of solid matters from the values of water contents determined on 14 sorts of tissues of 41 cadavers and have found that the variation of amounts of solid matters among the same sort of tissue are very big. Accordingly it may be rational to express the values of concentration based on dry weight as to the substances mainly bound to solid matters in tissues and based on fresh weight as to those mainly dissolved in water in tissues.", "PMID": 559627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3900", "title": "[Interaction between electrode mercury of polarography and dissolved oxygen in sample solution (author's transl)].", "content": "The dissolved oxygen in sample solution produces the reduction wave with remarkable maximum by D.C. polarograph. The height of the maximum wave decreases with the increase of surface and duration of contact with electrode mercury. It has been demonstrated that the decrease of height of maximum wave depends on the decrease of dissolved oxygen in sample solution and the authors have assumed that the decrease of dissolved oxygen is due to the adsorption of oxygen on electrode mercury.", "contents": "[Interaction between electrode mercury of polarography and dissolved oxygen in sample solution (author's transl)]. The dissolved oxygen in sample solution produces the reduction wave with remarkable maximum by D.C. polarograph. The height of the maximum wave decreases with the increase of surface and duration of contact with electrode mercury. It has been demonstrated that the decrease of height of maximum wave depends on the decrease of dissolved oxygen in sample solution and the authors have assumed that the decrease of dissolved oxygen is due to the adsorption of oxygen on electrode mercury.", "PMID": 559628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3901", "title": "[A study of the method for microdetermination of proteins using polarographic oxygen maximum (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen dissolved in solutions is reduced at the dropping-mercury electrode of direct-current polarograph to produce two waves. The first oxygen wave displays a very pronounced maximum under some conditions. The conditions displaying or suppressing the maximum have been demonstrated experimentally. It has been found that proteins have two orders of suppressive power over other biological substances and the amount suppressed is proportional to the concentrations of proteins in lower range of concentrations. A method for microdetermination of proteins has been developed using the phenomenon. The reagent required is sodium chloride alone and oxygen dissolved naturally in a sample solution from air is utilized for the determination. The procedure required is merely to dilute a sample solution to an optimum concentration for the determination with a solution of sodium chloride. The method has been demonstrated to be specific for proteins under a certain condition and to be applicable to hematological, serological and biochemical investigations in the area of medicine.", "contents": "[A study of the method for microdetermination of proteins using polarographic oxygen maximum (author's transl)]. Oxygen dissolved in solutions is reduced at the dropping-mercury electrode of direct-current polarograph to produce two waves. The first oxygen wave displays a very pronounced maximum under some conditions. The conditions displaying or suppressing the maximum have been demonstrated experimentally. It has been found that proteins have two orders of suppressive power over other biological substances and the amount suppressed is proportional to the concentrations of proteins in lower range of concentrations. A method for microdetermination of proteins has been developed using the phenomenon. The reagent required is sodium chloride alone and oxygen dissolved naturally in a sample solution from air is utilized for the determination. The procedure required is merely to dilute a sample solution to an optimum concentration for the determination with a solution of sodium chloride. The method has been demonstrated to be specific for proteins under a certain condition and to be applicable to hematological, serological and biochemical investigations in the area of medicine.", "PMID": 559629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3902", "title": "[Application of non-invasive methods to assessment of left ventricular function in cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular function in cardiomyopathy was studied by non-invasive methods. Various indices of left ventricular function were measured in patients with cardiomyopathy by mechanocardiography and echocardiography and were compared with indices in normal subjects and the following conclusions were obtained. 1) Patients with Congestive cardiomyopathy had high PEP/LVET, low mVcf, low EF, and low mPWV, suggesting depressed cardiac function. 2) Patients with Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy had characteristic findings, such as low DDR, high IVST/PWT, and SAM. 3) Patients with Hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy had no characteristic changes in indices, however in some of the findings transition to Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy was suggested.", "contents": "[Application of non-invasive methods to assessment of left ventricular function in cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. Left ventricular function in cardiomyopathy was studied by non-invasive methods. Various indices of left ventricular function were measured in patients with cardiomyopathy by mechanocardiography and echocardiography and were compared with indices in normal subjects and the following conclusions were obtained. 1) Patients with Congestive cardiomyopathy had high PEP/LVET, low mVcf, low EF, and low mPWV, suggesting depressed cardiac function. 2) Patients with Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy had characteristic findings, such as low DDR, high IVST/PWT, and SAM. 3) Patients with Hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy had no characteristic changes in indices, however in some of the findings transition to Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy was suggested.", "PMID": 559630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3903", "title": "Changes in fine structure of rat skeletal muscle related to cold acclimation.", "content": "Mitochondria became larger and some numerous in the internal red fibers of M. quadriceps femoris and neck muscle in cold-acclimated rats than in warm-acclimated ones, while they became less in number in spite of remarkable increase of size in the external white fibers of the former muscle. Mitochondrial cristae and sarcoplasmic reticuli developed better in the muscles of cold-acclimated rats.", "contents": "Changes in fine structure of rat skeletal muscle related to cold acclimation. Mitochondria became larger and some numerous in the internal red fibers of M. quadriceps femoris and neck muscle in cold-acclimated rats than in warm-acclimated ones, while they became less in number in spite of remarkable increase of size in the external white fibers of the former muscle. Mitochondrial cristae and sarcoplasmic reticuli developed better in the muscles of cold-acclimated rats.", "PMID": 559631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3904", "title": "Marsupial cells in long-term culture.", "content": "Cell lines have been developed from several species of Australian marsupials and studied during long-term growth. Cell lines developed from macropodid skin or heart tissues all had reproducible finite life-spans. However, cell lines developed from dasyurids showed bariable behavior in culture: lines developed from Antechinus stuartii and Dasyurus viverrinus had finite life-spans, while lines developed from Sminthopsis crassicaudata had indefinite life-spans. S. crassicaudata lines usually became heteroplloid, but one was still diploid after 150 population doublings, while another contained a proportion (10%) of haploid cells. Other lines were developed from the peramelid, Perameles nasuta, and the phanlngerid, Trichosurus vulpecula.", "contents": "Marsupial cells in long-term culture. Cell lines have been developed from several species of Australian marsupials and studied during long-term growth. Cell lines developed from macropodid skin or heart tissues all had reproducible finite life-spans. However, cell lines developed from dasyurids showed bariable behavior in culture: lines developed from Antechinus stuartii and Dasyurus viverrinus had finite life-spans, while lines developed from Sminthopsis crassicaudata had indefinite life-spans. S. crassicaudata lines usually became heteroplloid, but one was still diploid after 150 population doublings, while another contained a proportion (10%) of haploid cells. Other lines were developed from the peramelid, Perameles nasuta, and the phanlngerid, Trichosurus vulpecula.", "PMID": 559639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3905", "title": "Induction of hyperplasia and anaplasia by carcinogens in organ cultures of mouse prostate.", "content": "In an effort to establish a test system to examine the carcinogenic potential of chemicals, mouse prostate explants were maintained as organ cultures and the effects of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic compounds were examined at various intervals after treatment. The degree of hyperplasia produced by a compound was determined by the colcemid metaphase arrest technique. Extensive hyperplasia of the prostatic epithelium occurred at 8 days after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene, the 11-12 epoxide of methylcholanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. At 12 days most carcinogen-treated explants were anaplastic. The noncarcinogenic compounds, pyrene and phenanthrene, did not produce a mitotic stimulatory effect on the epithelium of the explants. The data suggest that the organ culture system of mouse prostate may be employed as a test system to obtain preliminary information regarding the cardinogenicity of a compound.", "contents": "Induction of hyperplasia and anaplasia by carcinogens in organ cultures of mouse prostate. In an effort to establish a test system to examine the carcinogenic potential of chemicals, mouse prostate explants were maintained as organ cultures and the effects of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic compounds were examined at various intervals after treatment. The degree of hyperplasia produced by a compound was determined by the colcemid metaphase arrest technique. Extensive hyperplasia of the prostatic epithelium occurred at 8 days after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene, the 11-12 epoxide of methylcholanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. At 12 days most carcinogen-treated explants were anaplastic. The noncarcinogenic compounds, pyrene and phenanthrene, did not produce a mitotic stimulatory effect on the epithelium of the explants. The data suggest that the organ culture system of mouse prostate may be employed as a test system to obtain preliminary information regarding the cardinogenicity of a compound.", "PMID": 559640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3906", "title": "The effects of various mammalian sera on attachment efficiency and thymidine incorporation in primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells.", "content": "Mammary epithelial cells from 16- to 17-day pregnant BALB/c mice were cultured in various mammalian sera to determine the kind of serum which stimulates optimal attachment efficiency and thymidine incorporation. Of those sera tested, horse, bovine, lamb, goat and fetal bovine provided the highest attachment efficiency, whereas rat, mouse and human gave the lowest. Rabbit serum stimulated the highest thymidine incorporation into TCA-insoluble material with goat and rat providing the lowest. These results suggest that sera which provide the highest attachment efficiency for primary cultures are not the best stimulants of DNA synthesis and show that an inverse relationship exists between cell attachment and thymidine incorporation for any given type of mammalian serum.", "contents": "The effects of various mammalian sera on attachment efficiency and thymidine incorporation in primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells. Mammary epithelial cells from 16- to 17-day pregnant BALB/c mice were cultured in various mammalian sera to determine the kind of serum which stimulates optimal attachment efficiency and thymidine incorporation. Of those sera tested, horse, bovine, lamb, goat and fetal bovine provided the highest attachment efficiency, whereas rat, mouse and human gave the lowest. Rabbit serum stimulated the highest thymidine incorporation into TCA-insoluble material with goat and rat providing the lowest. These results suggest that sera which provide the highest attachment efficiency for primary cultures are not the best stimulants of DNA synthesis and show that an inverse relationship exists between cell attachment and thymidine incorporation for any given type of mammalian serum.", "PMID": 559641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3907", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis in cell culture. II. Susceptibility of seven established mammalian cell types in vitro. Adaptation of trachoma organisms to McCoy and BHK-21 cells.", "content": "Trachoma organisms of serotype B were grown serially in irradiated cells (McCoy, BHK-21, Microbiological Associates, and BHK-21, Lister) and tested for infectivity in monolayers of five mammalian cell lines (BHK-21, CHO, HeLa S3, McCoy and OWMK) and two diploid strains (ST/BTL and WI-38). All cell types had low susceptibility to chlamydial infection but the number of inclusions increased when the inoculum was centrifuged onto the monolayers, or when the cells were irradiated. Infection was higher in non-irradiated CHO than in irradiated CHO in three out of a total of six experiments. Inclusion number was increased 300 times in HeLa S3 and up to three times in the other cell types after treatment with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D). Serial passage of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype B (strain Har-36) in CO60 McCoy and CO60 BHK-21 Lister resulted in partial adaptation of the strain to the host cell. The phenomenon of adaptation of serotype B to McCoy compensated for the lower susceptibility of this cell revealed when McCoy cells were inoculated with trachoma elementary bodies grown in BHK-21 Lister or in chick embryo yolk sac. Trachoma organisms of immunotypes A, B and C prepared in yolk sac produced more inclusion-forming units per ml in CO60 BHK-21 Lister than in CO60 McCoy.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis in cell culture. II. Susceptibility of seven established mammalian cell types in vitro. Adaptation of trachoma organisms to McCoy and BHK-21 cells. Trachoma organisms of serotype B were grown serially in irradiated cells (McCoy, BHK-21, Microbiological Associates, and BHK-21, Lister) and tested for infectivity in monolayers of five mammalian cell lines (BHK-21, CHO, HeLa S3, McCoy and OWMK) and two diploid strains (ST/BTL and WI-38). All cell types had low susceptibility to chlamydial infection but the number of inclusions increased when the inoculum was centrifuged onto the monolayers, or when the cells were irradiated. Infection was higher in non-irradiated CHO than in irradiated CHO in three out of a total of six experiments. Inclusion number was increased 300 times in HeLa S3 and up to three times in the other cell types after treatment with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D). Serial passage of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype B (strain Har-36) in CO60 McCoy and CO60 BHK-21 Lister resulted in partial adaptation of the strain to the host cell. The phenomenon of adaptation of serotype B to McCoy compensated for the lower susceptibility of this cell revealed when McCoy cells were inoculated with trachoma elementary bodies grown in BHK-21 Lister or in chick embryo yolk sac. Trachoma organisms of immunotypes A, B and C prepared in yolk sac produced more inclusion-forming units per ml in CO60 BHK-21 Lister than in CO60 McCoy.", "PMID": 559642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3908", "title": "Maintenance and induction of morphological differentiation in dissociated mammary epithelium on floating collagen membranes.", "content": "Dissociated normal mammary epithelial cells from prelactating mice were plated on different substrates in various medium-serum-hormone combinations to find conditions that would permit maintenance of morphological differentiation. Cells cultured on floating collagen membranes in medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin maintain differentiation through 1 month in culture. The surface cells form a continous epithelial pavement. Some epithelial cells below the surface layer rearrange themselves to form alveolus-like structures. Cells at both sites display surface polarization; microvilli and tight junctions are present at their medium-facing of luminal surface and a basal lamina separates the epithelial components from the gel and stromal cells. Occasional myoepithelial cells, characterized by myofilaments and plasmalemmmal vesicles, are identified at the basal surface of the secretory epithelium. In contrast, cells cultured on plastic, glass or collagen gels attached to Petri dishes form a confluent epithelial sheet showing surface polarization, but lose secretory and myoepithelial specializations. If these dedifferentiated cells are subsequently maintained on floating collagen membranes, they redifferentiate. There is little DNA synthesis in cells on collagen gels, in contrast to Petri-dish controls. Protein synthesis in cells on floating collagen membranes increases over TO values and remains constant through 7 days in culture whereas it decreases on attached gels; however, if the gels are freed to float, protein synthesis increases sharply and parallels that seen on floating membranes.", "contents": "Maintenance and induction of morphological differentiation in dissociated mammary epithelium on floating collagen membranes. Dissociated normal mammary epithelial cells from prelactating mice were plated on different substrates in various medium-serum-hormone combinations to find conditions that would permit maintenance of morphological differentiation. Cells cultured on floating collagen membranes in medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin maintain differentiation through 1 month in culture. The surface cells form a continous epithelial pavement. Some epithelial cells below the surface layer rearrange themselves to form alveolus-like structures. Cells at both sites display surface polarization; microvilli and tight junctions are present at their medium-facing of luminal surface and a basal lamina separates the epithelial components from the gel and stromal cells. Occasional myoepithelial cells, characterized by myofilaments and plasmalemmmal vesicles, are identified at the basal surface of the secretory epithelium. In contrast, cells cultured on plastic, glass or collagen gels attached to Petri dishes form a confluent epithelial sheet showing surface polarization, but lose secretory and myoepithelial specializations. If these dedifferentiated cells are subsequently maintained on floating collagen membranes, they redifferentiate. There is little DNA synthesis in cells on collagen gels, in contrast to Petri-dish controls. Protein synthesis in cells on floating collagen membranes increases over TO values and remains constant through 7 days in culture whereas it decreases on attached gels; however, if the gels are freed to float, protein synthesis increases sharply and parallels that seen on floating membranes.", "PMID": 559643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3909", "title": "How much heroin maintenance (containment) in Britain?", "content": "The British policy of providing heroin legally to a few addicts at Drug Treatment Centres (DTCs) is referred to as \"heroin maintenance\" in America and as \"containment\" of heroin in Britain. Virtually unknown statistics produced by the Home Office for the United Nations are reproduced in some detail to make them widely available to professional researchers. These statistics indicate that the provision of legal heroin is very rare: about 4% of British opiate addicts at DTCs receive heroin without methadone for over one year. About 12% receive heroin and/or methadone for a year or more. The majority of British addicts are maintained on methadone only. Shifts in drugs being prescribed are due more to patient turnover than to physicians switching addicts from heroin to methadone. Implications of this data for the transatlantic debate on heroin maintenance are considered. An appendix of references on British opium policy is included.", "contents": "How much heroin maintenance (containment) in Britain? The British policy of providing heroin legally to a few addicts at Drug Treatment Centres (DTCs) is referred to as \"heroin maintenance\" in America and as \"containment\" of heroin in Britain. Virtually unknown statistics produced by the Home Office for the United Nations are reproduced in some detail to make them widely available to professional researchers. These statistics indicate that the provision of legal heroin is very rare: about 4% of British opiate addicts at DTCs receive heroin without methadone for over one year. About 12% receive heroin and/or methadone for a year or more. The majority of British addicts are maintained on methadone only. Shifts in drugs being prescribed are due more to patient turnover than to physicians switching addicts from heroin to methadone. Implications of this data for the transatlantic debate on heroin maintenance are considered. An appendix of references on British opium policy is included.", "PMID": 559644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3910", "title": "Attitudes regarding alcoholism among a group of drinking drivers.", "content": "Ninety-four drinking drivers were surveyed to assess their attitudes on nine factors related to alcoholism and the alcoholic. Each of the factors was assessed according to Marcus' criterion. Two factors were extracted which differed from those of the general population norm group. These drinking drivers were positive in their belief that periodic excessive drinkers can be alcoholics and negative in their attitude regarding alcoholism as an illness. It was noted that apart from these two factors, these drinking drivers were equally ambivalent in their attitudes toward alcoholism and the alcoholic when compared to the norm group.", "contents": "Attitudes regarding alcoholism among a group of drinking drivers. Ninety-four drinking drivers were surveyed to assess their attitudes on nine factors related to alcoholism and the alcoholic. Each of the factors was assessed according to Marcus' criterion. Two factors were extracted which differed from those of the general population norm group. These drinking drivers were positive in their belief that periodic excessive drinkers can be alcoholics and negative in their attitude regarding alcoholism as an illness. It was noted that apart from these two factors, these drinking drivers were equally ambivalent in their attitudes toward alcoholism and the alcoholic when compared to the norm group.", "PMID": 559645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3911", "title": "Prevention of spontaneous abortion by cervical suture of the malformed uterus.", "content": "In a group of 82 women with congenital or acquired uterine malformation (such as intrauterine adhesions or uterus myomatosus), cerclage was successfully performed according to the McDonald method. The percentage of term deliveries increased from 29.8% to 69.2% and the percentage of spontaneous abortions decreased from 67.9% to 6.6%. Cerclage should be performed in all cases of uterine malformation, even if the patient previously suffered only one spontaneous abortion, as this is the best way to end the pregnancy with a viable fetus.", "contents": "Prevention of spontaneous abortion by cervical suture of the malformed uterus. In a group of 82 women with congenital or acquired uterine malformation (such as intrauterine adhesions or uterus myomatosus), cerclage was successfully performed according to the McDonald method. The percentage of term deliveries increased from 29.8% to 69.2% and the percentage of spontaneous abortions decreased from 67.9% to 6.6%. Cerclage should be performed in all cases of uterine malformation, even if the patient previously suffered only one spontaneous abortion, as this is the best way to end the pregnancy with a viable fetus.", "PMID": 559650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3912", "title": "[Changes of heart rate in relation to diurnal variations in endogenic depression in women].", "content": "Heart rate data as produced by the subjects under investigation both in resting conditions and taken as total means per trial initially showed a trend towards ergotropic, clearly tachycardiac behavior; with the onset of thymoleptic drug therapy, there followed a further increase in heart rate, frequencies remaining more or less stationary on this level during the 26-day period observed by us. We found differences between morning and evening data of session A with 50% of subjects, 25% showing higher frequencies in their morning data, the reverse applying to a further 25%. The remaining 50% did not show any differences worth mentioning. At the end of the investigation period, the relation changed in favor of an increase in heart rate in the evening with 50% of subjects, whereas only 12.5% showed increased heart rate in the morning; 37.5% did not show significant differences. We could not demonstrate these results to be related to diurnal variation, degree of depression or course of the disease.", "contents": "[Changes of heart rate in relation to diurnal variations in endogenic depression in women]. Heart rate data as produced by the subjects under investigation both in resting conditions and taken as total means per trial initially showed a trend towards ergotropic, clearly tachycardiac behavior; with the onset of thymoleptic drug therapy, there followed a further increase in heart rate, frequencies remaining more or less stationary on this level during the 26-day period observed by us. We found differences between morning and evening data of session A with 50% of subjects, 25% showing higher frequencies in their morning data, the reverse applying to a further 25%. The remaining 50% did not show any differences worth mentioning. At the end of the investigation period, the relation changed in favor of an increase in heart rate in the evening with 50% of subjects, whereas only 12.5% showed increased heart rate in the morning; 37.5% did not show significant differences. We could not demonstrate these results to be related to diurnal variation, degree of depression or course of the disease.", "PMID": 559651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3913", "title": "Electric pelvic floor stimulation. Mechanism of action.", "content": "This canine study delineates two mechanisms of action for electric pelvic floor stimulation. The electric stimulation increases urethral resistance by activating the pelvic floor skeletal muscle. Direct pudendal nerve stimulation is the most effective method for applying the electric stimulus. The two electric devices presently employed clinically, the pelvic floor stimulator and the transrectal stimulator, are less effective methods for increasing pelvic floor skeletal muscle contraction. Electric stimulation also activates a pudendal-to-pelvic nerve reflex that depresses or eliminates uninhibited detrusor contractions.", "contents": "Electric pelvic floor stimulation. Mechanism of action. This canine study delineates two mechanisms of action for electric pelvic floor stimulation. The electric stimulation increases urethral resistance by activating the pelvic floor skeletal muscle. Direct pudendal nerve stimulation is the most effective method for applying the electric stimulus. The two electric devices presently employed clinically, the pelvic floor stimulator and the transrectal stimulator, are less effective methods for increasing pelvic floor skeletal muscle contraction. Electric stimulation also activates a pudendal-to-pelvic nerve reflex that depresses or eliminates uninhibited detrusor contractions.", "PMID": 559652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3914", "title": "The age of onset of leprosy.", "content": "The age of onset was determined in 1,053 consecutive patients having different types of leprosy. There were 675 males and 378 females. The majority had onset of the disease between ages 20 and 39, although all age groups were affected. The age of onset was significantly related to the type of leprosy; the mean was lowest in tuberculoid, highest in neuritic, while in borderline and lepromatous it was in between. The comparison of reports of the age of onset from India and elsewhere suggest that this varies in different regions with the country, and from country to country.", "contents": "The age of onset of leprosy. The age of onset was determined in 1,053 consecutive patients having different types of leprosy. There were 675 males and 378 females. The majority had onset of the disease between ages 20 and 39, although all age groups were affected. The age of onset was significantly related to the type of leprosy; the mean was lowest in tuberculoid, highest in neuritic, while in borderline and lepromatous it was in between. The comparison of reports of the age of onset from India and elsewhere suggest that this varies in different regions with the country, and from country to country.", "PMID": 559646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3915", "title": "[Effect of the external use of triamcinolone acetonide under foil occlussive dressings on the plasma cortisol level and on the diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol].", "content": "Plasma cortisole concentration was measured in 44 patients with chronic dermatitis before, during, and after occlusive treatment with corticosteroid-containing ointment (triamcinolone-acetonide). In all patients plasma cortisole concentration decreased (p less than 0.001) and the day-night-rhythm disappeared. Five patients in whom less than 20% of the body-surface was treated, showed the same but less significant changes in the plasma cortisole concentration. In some patients the plasma coritsole concentrations increased three days after therapy, and their day-night-rhythm returned. This \"systemic effect\" of topical treatment with triamcinolone-acetonide is not the reason for the therpeutic efficacy, but rather the local concentration of steroids in the skin.", "contents": "[Effect of the external use of triamcinolone acetonide under foil occlussive dressings on the plasma cortisol level and on the diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol]. Plasma cortisole concentration was measured in 44 patients with chronic dermatitis before, during, and after occlusive treatment with corticosteroid-containing ointment (triamcinolone-acetonide). In all patients plasma cortisole concentration decreased (p less than 0.001) and the day-night-rhythm disappeared. Five patients in whom less than 20% of the body-surface was treated, showed the same but less significant changes in the plasma cortisole concentration. In some patients the plasma coritsole concentrations increased three days after therapy, and their day-night-rhythm returned. This \"systemic effect\" of topical treatment with triamcinolone-acetonide is not the reason for the therpeutic efficacy, but rather the local concentration of steroids in the skin.", "PMID": 559653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3916", "title": "Ocular leprosy in the Canal Zone.", "content": "The results of a two year survey of eye problems among the patients at the Palo Seco Hospital in the Canal Zone are presented. Only two patients, one classified as having lepromatous leprosy and the other as having the tuberculoid form of the disease, failed to exhibit ocular complications. The high prevalence of leprotic ocular disease (96%) is most probably due to the advanced age of the patients, the lengthy duration of their illness, and the high percentage of patients afflicted by the lepromatous form of the disease.", "contents": "Ocular leprosy in the Canal Zone. The results of a two year survey of eye problems among the patients at the Palo Seco Hospital in the Canal Zone are presented. Only two patients, one classified as having lepromatous leprosy and the other as having the tuberculoid form of the disease, failed to exhibit ocular complications. The high prevalence of leprotic ocular disease (96%) is most probably due to the advanced age of the patients, the lengthy duration of their illness, and the high percentage of patients afflicted by the lepromatous form of the disease.", "PMID": 559647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3917", "title": "[In heretability of functional properties of the skin].", "content": "The sum of the skin surface lipids, the alkali neutralization time and the alkali resistance of the skin were determined in 15 uniovular and 26 binovular pairs of twins. The mean difference between both twins were evaluated. These were then correlated with the average absolute values. A genetical regulation of the investigated factor can be assumed when the relative mean differences were significantly smaller in the uniovular twins than in the binovular twins. An influence of genetical factors could be demonstrated for the above three parameters. From the results it is assumed that the influence of genetical factors is also of quantitative importance.", "contents": "[In heretability of functional properties of the skin]. The sum of the skin surface lipids, the alkali neutralization time and the alkali resistance of the skin were determined in 15 uniovular and 26 binovular pairs of twins. The mean difference between both twins were evaluated. These were then correlated with the average absolute values. A genetical regulation of the investigated factor can be assumed when the relative mean differences were significantly smaller in the uniovular twins than in the binovular twins. An influence of genetical factors could be demonstrated for the above three parameters. From the results it is assumed that the influence of genetical factors is also of quantitative importance.", "PMID": 559654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3918", "title": "[Lichen sclerosus at atrophicus. First observation on a boy's genitalia].", "content": "First report of a case of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the genitals in a twelve-year-old boy. The beginning of this disease at the time of the first growth of his pubic hairs coincides with the activity of the gonads, demonstrating apparently the influence of sexual hormones. The meaning of this factor is stressed by the fact that until now not a single case of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus at a boy's genitals has been published in the literature, in contrast to the relative frequency of this disease in girls. The chromosomal analysis of the buccal smear however revealed a chromatin negative result.", "contents": "[Lichen sclerosus at atrophicus. First observation on a boy's genitalia]. First report of a case of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the genitals in a twelve-year-old boy. The beginning of this disease at the time of the first growth of his pubic hairs coincides with the activity of the gonads, demonstrating apparently the influence of sexual hormones. The meaning of this factor is stressed by the fact that until now not a single case of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus at a boy's genitals has been published in the literature, in contrast to the relative frequency of this disease in girls. The chromosomal analysis of the buccal smear however revealed a chromatin negative result.", "PMID": 559655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3919", "title": "Evaluation of induced infections as a research method.", "content": "Induced intramammary infections have been used to elucidate the route of invasion and the response of the gland once invading microorganisms have entered the teat cistern. Currently, such infections have been employed to study factors affecting the efficacy and excretion of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic products infused into the mammary gland for treatment and control of mastitis. They provide a means for controlled standardized conditions which cannot be obtained in commercial herds often employed in field studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of induced infections as a research method. Induced intramammary infections have been used to elucidate the route of invasion and the response of the gland once invading microorganisms have entered the teat cistern. Currently, such infections have been employed to study factors affecting the efficacy and excretion of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic products infused into the mammary gland for treatment and control of mastitis. They provide a means for controlled standardized conditions which cannot be obtained in commercial herds often employed in field studies.", "PMID": 559662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3920", "title": "Practical mastitis control in the field.", "content": "Research has shown the effectiveness of teat dipping and medically treating all nonlactating cows to control mastitis. However, there is a problem of getting dairy-men to accept the program. Improved educational programs might be helpful. Some means of visual evaluation is essential to acceptance. Use of indirect tests for estimating cell content can be helpful in evaluating control efforts and in demonstrating results. More intense coordinated effort by professional persons advising dairy-men is necessary.", "contents": "Practical mastitis control in the field. Research has shown the effectiveness of teat dipping and medically treating all nonlactating cows to control mastitis. However, there is a problem of getting dairy-men to accept the program. Improved educational programs might be helpful. Some means of visual evaluation is essential to acceptance. Use of indirect tests for estimating cell content can be helpful in evaluating control efforts and in demonstrating results. More intense coordinated effort by professional persons advising dairy-men is necessary.", "PMID": 559664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3921", "title": "Glucose catabolism in two derivatives of a Rhizobium japonicum strain differing in nitrogen-fixing efficiency.", "content": "Radiorespirometric and enzymatic analyses reveal that glucose-grown cells of Rhizobium japonicum isolates I-110 and L1-110, both derivatives of R. japonicum strain 3I1b110, possess an active tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolize glucose by simultaneous operation of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. The hexose cycle may play a minor role in the dissimilation of glucose. Failure to detect the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent decarboxylating 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) evidences absence of the pentose phosphate pathway. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions, however, enable R. japonicum to produce the precursors for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. A constitutive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase has been detected. The enzyme is stimulated by either mannitol or fuctose and might initiate a new catabolic pathway. R. japonicum isolate I-110, characterized by shorter generation times on glucose and greater nitrogen-fixing efficiency, oxidizes glucose more extensively than type L1-110 and utilizes preferentially the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, whereas the Entner-Doudoroff pathway apparently predominates in type L1-110.", "contents": "Glucose catabolism in two derivatives of a Rhizobium japonicum strain differing in nitrogen-fixing efficiency. Radiorespirometric and enzymatic analyses reveal that glucose-grown cells of Rhizobium japonicum isolates I-110 and L1-110, both derivatives of R. japonicum strain 3I1b110, possess an active tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolize glucose by simultaneous operation of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. The hexose cycle may play a minor role in the dissimilation of glucose. Failure to detect the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent decarboxylating 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) evidences absence of the pentose phosphate pathway. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions, however, enable R. japonicum to produce the precursors for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. A constitutive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase has been detected. The enzyme is stimulated by either mannitol or fuctose and might initiate a new catabolic pathway. R. japonicum isolate I-110, characterized by shorter generation times on glucose and greater nitrogen-fixing efficiency, oxidizes glucose more extensively than type L1-110 and utilizes preferentially the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, whereas the Entner-Doudoroff pathway apparently predominates in type L1-110.", "PMID": 559670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3922", "title": "A mutation (gad) linked to mt and affecting asexual plasmodium formation in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Amoebae of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum convert to plasmodia both asexually and sexually. Genetic analysis of a mutant that exhibits enhanced asexual plasmodium formation is reported. The mutant carries a single lesion (gad-11) located 12.3 map units from mt, a gene that controls mating specificity in sexual plasmodium formation. The mutation, which was isolated in an mt3 strain, is also expressed in mth and mt4 strains.", "contents": "A mutation (gad) linked to mt and affecting asexual plasmodium formation in Physarum polycephalum. Amoebae of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum convert to plasmodia both asexually and sexually. Genetic analysis of a mutant that exhibits enhanced asexual plasmodium formation is reported. The mutant carries a single lesion (gad-11) located 12.3 map units from mt, a gene that controls mating specificity in sexual plasmodium formation. The mutation, which was isolated in an mt3 strain, is also expressed in mth and mt4 strains.", "PMID": 559671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3923", "title": "New prospects for a prolonged functional life-span of artificial hip joints by using the material combination polyethylene/aluminium oxide ceramin/metal.", "content": "Investigations over the years have shown that the mirror-finished Al2O3 ceramic is a much more suitable frictional counterpart to ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene than metal. Despite the extremely gread hardness difference between polyethylene and Al2O3 ceramic, a considerable lower wear rate is obtained for the polyethylene socked with this new low-friction material combination. The unexpectedly favorable tribological behavior of this ceramic material in contact with polyethylene may be attributed to the following factors: better values for corrosion resistance characteristics, wettability with liquids, surfact gloss, hardness, and scratch resistance of the ceramic material in comparison with those of the hitherto used metallic implant materials (AISI-316L steel or cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy). It appears that, by using this new combination of materials for the socket and the ball, it will be possible to prolong the service life of artificial hip joints considerably without having effecy any fundamental changes in the present design and implantation principle retaining the hitherto used anchorage shaft made of wrought Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti alloy Protasul-10 of extremely high corrosion fatigue strength.", "contents": "New prospects for a prolonged functional life-span of artificial hip joints by using the material combination polyethylene/aluminium oxide ceramin/metal. Investigations over the years have shown that the mirror-finished Al2O3 ceramic is a much more suitable frictional counterpart to ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene than metal. Despite the extremely gread hardness difference between polyethylene and Al2O3 ceramic, a considerable lower wear rate is obtained for the polyethylene socked with this new low-friction material combination. The unexpectedly favorable tribological behavior of this ceramic material in contact with polyethylene may be attributed to the following factors: better values for corrosion resistance characteristics, wettability with liquids, surfact gloss, hardness, and scratch resistance of the ceramic material in comparison with those of the hitherto used metallic implant materials (AISI-316L steel or cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy). It appears that, by using this new combination of materials for the socket and the ball, it will be possible to prolong the service life of artificial hip joints considerably without having effecy any fundamental changes in the present design and implantation principle retaining the hitherto used anchorage shaft made of wrought Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti alloy Protasul-10 of extremely high corrosion fatigue strength.", "PMID": 559675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3924", "title": "The pericentriolar material in Chinese hamster ovary cells nucleates microtubule formation.", "content": "The structure and function of the centrosomes from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were investigated by electron microscopy of negatively stained wholemount preparations of cell lysates. Cells were trypsinized from culture dishes, lysed with Triton X-100, sedimented onto ionized, carbon-coated grids, and negatively stained with phosphotungstate. The centrosomes from both interphase and dividing cells consisted of pairs of centrioles, a fibrous pericentriolar material, and a group of virus-like particles which were characteristic of the CHO cells and which served as markers for the pericentriolar material. Interphase centrosomes anchored up to two dozen microtubules when cells were lysed under conditions which preserved native microtubules. When Colcemid-blocked mitotic cells, initially devoid of microtubules, were allowed to recover for 10 min, microtubules formed at the pericentriolar material, but not at the centrioles. When lysates of Colcemid-blocked cells were incubated in vitro with micotubule protein purified from porcine brain tissue, up to 250 microtubules assembled at the centrosomes, similar to the number of microtubules that would normally form at the centrosome during cell division. A few microtubules could also be assembled in vitro onto the ends of isolated centrioles from which the pericentriolar material had been removed, forming characteristic axoneme- like bundles. In addition, microtubules; were assembled onto fragments of densely staining, fibrous material which was tentatively identified as periocentriolar material by its association of CHO can initiate and anchor microtubules both in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "The pericentriolar material in Chinese hamster ovary cells nucleates microtubule formation. The structure and function of the centrosomes from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were investigated by electron microscopy of negatively stained wholemount preparations of cell lysates. Cells were trypsinized from culture dishes, lysed with Triton X-100, sedimented onto ionized, carbon-coated grids, and negatively stained with phosphotungstate. The centrosomes from both interphase and dividing cells consisted of pairs of centrioles, a fibrous pericentriolar material, and a group of virus-like particles which were characteristic of the CHO cells and which served as markers for the pericentriolar material. Interphase centrosomes anchored up to two dozen microtubules when cells were lysed under conditions which preserved native microtubules. When Colcemid-blocked mitotic cells, initially devoid of microtubules, were allowed to recover for 10 min, microtubules formed at the pericentriolar material, but not at the centrioles. When lysates of Colcemid-blocked cells were incubated in vitro with micotubule protein purified from porcine brain tissue, up to 250 microtubules assembled at the centrosomes, similar to the number of microtubules that would normally form at the centrosome during cell division. A few microtubules could also be assembled in vitro onto the ends of isolated centrioles from which the pericentriolar material had been removed, forming characteristic axoneme- like bundles. In addition, microtubules; were assembled onto fragments of densely staining, fibrous material which was tentatively identified as periocentriolar material by its association of CHO can initiate and anchor microtubules both in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 559676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3925", "title": "A freeze-fracture study of early membrane events during mast cell secretion.", "content": "The early membrane events taking place during mast cell secretion were followed in transmission and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In order to slow down exocytosis and capture intermediate stages of membrane fusion, special conditions of incubation and stimulation were used. These were as follows: (a) the use of incubation media with altered ionic composition, and (b) stimulation with a low dosage of polymyxin B sulfate (4 microgram/ml) at low temperature (18 degrees C) for very short incubation times (30-60 s), with or without the presence of formaldehyde (0.8%). Under these conditions, unetchable circular impressions are found on the E face of the plasma membrane, 80-100 nm in diameter, with particles associated with their perimeters. In granule-to-granule fusion, the zone involved is demarcated by one or two rows of particles on the E face. In addition, raised circular areas of varying diameters (43-87 nm) surrounded by similar particles, also found on the E face, may represent potential sites before completion of fusion. Neither the circular impressions on the plasma membrane nor the sites on the granule membrane are permanent, but their appearance coincides with initiation of membrane fusion.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study of early membrane events during mast cell secretion. The early membrane events taking place during mast cell secretion were followed in transmission and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In order to slow down exocytosis and capture intermediate stages of membrane fusion, special conditions of incubation and stimulation were used. These were as follows: (a) the use of incubation media with altered ionic composition, and (b) stimulation with a low dosage of polymyxin B sulfate (4 microgram/ml) at low temperature (18 degrees C) for very short incubation times (30-60 s), with or without the presence of formaldehyde (0.8%). Under these conditions, unetchable circular impressions are found on the E face of the plasma membrane, 80-100 nm in diameter, with particles associated with their perimeters. In granule-to-granule fusion, the zone involved is demarcated by one or two rows of particles on the E face. In addition, raised circular areas of varying diameters (43-87 nm) surrounded by similar particles, also found on the E face, may represent potential sites before completion of fusion. Neither the circular impressions on the plasma membrane nor the sites on the granule membrane are permanent, but their appearance coincides with initiation of membrane fusion.", "PMID": 559677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3926", "title": "Cytasters from sea urchin eggs parthenogenetically activated by procaine.", "content": "A method is presented for the isolation of cytasters from unfertilized sea urchin eggs parthenogenetically activated by procaine. These cytasters do not appear to contain centrioles. The microtubules seem to grow out from the condensed chromosomes. The chromosomes have an unusual morphology.", "contents": "Cytasters from sea urchin eggs parthenogenetically activated by procaine. A method is presented for the isolation of cytasters from unfertilized sea urchin eggs parthenogenetically activated by procaine. These cytasters do not appear to contain centrioles. The microtubules seem to grow out from the condensed chromosomes. The chromosomes have an unusual morphology.", "PMID": 559678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3927", "title": "Identification of concanavalin A receptors and galactose-binding proteins in purified plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Two techniques have been modified to provide simple means for the identification of molecules which bind concanavalin A (Con A). Crossed immunoelectrophoresis was altered by replacing antibody with Con A, and receptors were identified by the precipitin arcs which they produced. Con A, tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate, was also diffused into prefixed sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels, and additional receptors identified by fluorescence. More than 35 molecules in the plasma membranes of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum which bind Con A were identified with these techniques. At least 12 of these diminish and 12 increase in importance as receptors during differentiation of the cells from the vegetative to the preculmination stage of development. In the course of these experiments, it was possible to confirm the presence of the galactose-binding protein discoidin, in the plasma membrane, by electrophoresing membrane proteins into an agarose gel. This lectin regains its sugar-binding activity after denaturation and electrophoresis in SDS.", "contents": "Identification of concanavalin A receptors and galactose-binding proteins in purified plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum. Two techniques have been modified to provide simple means for the identification of molecules which bind concanavalin A (Con A). Crossed immunoelectrophoresis was altered by replacing antibody with Con A, and receptors were identified by the precipitin arcs which they produced. Con A, tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate, was also diffused into prefixed sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels, and additional receptors identified by fluorescence. More than 35 molecules in the plasma membranes of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum which bind Con A were identified with these techniques. At least 12 of these diminish and 12 increase in importance as receptors during differentiation of the cells from the vegetative to the preculmination stage of development. In the course of these experiments, it was possible to confirm the presence of the galactose-binding protein discoidin, in the plasma membrane, by electrophoresing membrane proteins into an agarose gel. This lectin regains its sugar-binding activity after denaturation and electrophoresis in SDS.", "PMID": 559679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3928", "title": "Developmental decline in DNA repair in neural retina cells of chick embryos. Persistent deficiency of repair competence in a cell line derived from late embryos.", "content": "Neural retinas of 6-day-old chick embryos synthesize DNA and are able to carry out DNA excision repair. However, in contrast to the situation in human cells, the maximum rate of repair induced by N-acetoxy acetylaminofluorene (AAAF) is no greater than that induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). With advancing differentiation of the retina in the embryo, cell multiplication and DNA synthesis decline and cease, and concurrently the cells lose the ability to carry out DNA excision repair. Thus, in 15-16-day embryos, in which the level of DNA synthesis is very low, DNA repair is barely detectable. If retinas from 14-day embryos are dissociated with trypsin and the cell suspension is plated in growth- promoting medium, DNA synthesis is reinitiated; however, in these cultures there is no detectable repair of MMS-induced damage, and only low levels of repair are observed after treatment with AAAF. A cell line was produced, by repeated passaging of these cultures, in which the cell population reached a steady state of DNA replication. However, the cell population remained deficient in the ability to repair MMS-induced damage. This cell line most likely predominantly comprises cells of retino-glial origin. Possible correlations between deficiency in DNA repair mechanisms in replicating cells and carcinogenesis in neural tissues are discussed.", "contents": "Developmental decline in DNA repair in neural retina cells of chick embryos. Persistent deficiency of repair competence in a cell line derived from late embryos. Neural retinas of 6-day-old chick embryos synthesize DNA and are able to carry out DNA excision repair. However, in contrast to the situation in human cells, the maximum rate of repair induced by N-acetoxy acetylaminofluorene (AAAF) is no greater than that induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). With advancing differentiation of the retina in the embryo, cell multiplication and DNA synthesis decline and cease, and concurrently the cells lose the ability to carry out DNA excision repair. Thus, in 15-16-day embryos, in which the level of DNA synthesis is very low, DNA repair is barely detectable. If retinas from 14-day embryos are dissociated with trypsin and the cell suspension is plated in growth- promoting medium, DNA synthesis is reinitiated; however, in these cultures there is no detectable repair of MMS-induced damage, and only low levels of repair are observed after treatment with AAAF. A cell line was produced, by repeated passaging of these cultures, in which the cell population reached a steady state of DNA replication. However, the cell population remained deficient in the ability to repair MMS-induced damage. This cell line most likely predominantly comprises cells of retino-glial origin. Possible correlations between deficiency in DNA repair mechanisms in replicating cells and carcinogenesis in neural tissues are discussed.", "PMID": 559680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3929", "title": "Morphometry and ultrastructure of prismatic cristae in mitochondria of a crayfish muscle. A hypothesis of the structural principle.", "content": "Approximately 40% of the mitochondria in the sphincter muscle of the crayfish vas deferens have prismatic-type cristae. In cross section,  the angular cristae have either triangular or rhomboid profiles which are surrounded by a hexagonal array of electron-dense dots. In longitudinal section, these mitochondria exhibit both thick and thin parallel lines, which represent cristae and filaments, respectively. It is postulated that the matrix of the prismatic-type mitochondria is packed with rodlets composed of an electron-dense core and a less dense shell. Close packing of these rodlets results in the regular hexagonal dot array. Deletion of fascicles of 3 or 4 rodlets results in spaces with triangular or rectangular cross sections. Lining of these spaces with membranes results in cristae with triangular or rhomboid cross sections.", "contents": "Morphometry and ultrastructure of prismatic cristae in mitochondria of a crayfish muscle. A hypothesis of the structural principle. Approximately 40% of the mitochondria in the sphincter muscle of the crayfish vas deferens have prismatic-type cristae. In cross section,  the angular cristae have either triangular or rhomboid profiles which are surrounded by a hexagonal array of electron-dense dots. In longitudinal section, these mitochondria exhibit both thick and thin parallel lines, which represent cristae and filaments, respectively. It is postulated that the matrix of the prismatic-type mitochondria is packed with rodlets composed of an electron-dense core and a less dense shell. Close packing of these rodlets results in the regular hexagonal dot array. Deletion of fascicles of 3 or 4 rodlets results in spaces with triangular or rectangular cross sections. Lining of these spaces with membranes results in cristae with triangular or rhomboid cross sections.", "PMID": 559682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3930", "title": "Ion-exchange chromatographic study of amino acid degradation during hydrolysis of avian protein.", "content": "The losses of amino acid during acid hydrolysis of oviduct magnum protein from the domestic fowl have been measured using a Technicon TSM-1 amino acid analyser. The results were subjected to statistical analysis and a linear regression was obtained for each amino acid investigated. Methionine, in the presence of oxygen, did not exhibit significant degradation. A loss of 5.5% was found for phenylalanine after 24 h of hydrolysis under nitrogen. It is suggested that the results could be applied to animal proteins from tissue of similar composition but not to analysis of protein from plant materials.", "contents": "Ion-exchange chromatographic study of amino acid degradation during hydrolysis of avian protein. The losses of amino acid during acid hydrolysis of oviduct magnum protein from the domestic fowl have been measured using a Technicon TSM-1 amino acid analyser. The results were subjected to statistical analysis and a linear regression was obtained for each amino acid investigated. Methionine, in the presence of oxygen, did not exhibit significant degradation. A loss of 5.5% was found for phenylalanine after 24 h of hydrolysis under nitrogen. It is suggested that the results could be applied to animal proteins from tissue of similar composition but not to analysis of protein from plant materials.", "PMID": 559688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3931", "title": "Ineffectiveness of pyridoxine (B6) to alter secretion of growth hormone and prolactin and absence of therapeutic effects on galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes.", "content": "The acute effect of pyridoxine (B6) on serum GH and PRL levels and its chronic effects on galactorrhea in nine subjects (group I, n=4, idiopathic galactorrhea with normal PRL levels and normal menses; Group II, n=5, galactorrhea-amenorrhea with increased PRL levels) have been studied. Pyridoxine did not acutely alter GH or PRL levels. There was no decrease in galactorrhea, no resumption of menses and no decrease in PRL following tow months of B6 therapy. In contrast, bromocriptine was effective in suppressing galactorrhea and restoring normal menses in group II subjects and remains the therapy of choice for this purpose.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of pyridoxine (B6) to alter secretion of growth hormone and prolactin and absence of therapeutic effects on galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes. The acute effect of pyridoxine (B6) on serum GH and PRL levels and its chronic effects on galactorrhea in nine subjects (group I, n=4, idiopathic galactorrhea with normal PRL levels and normal menses; Group II, n=5, galactorrhea-amenorrhea with increased PRL levels) have been studied. Pyridoxine did not acutely alter GH or PRL levels. There was no decrease in galactorrhea, no resumption of menses and no decrease in PRL following tow months of B6 therapy. In contrast, bromocriptine was effective in suppressing galactorrhea and restoring normal menses in group II subjects and remains the therapy of choice for this purpose.", "PMID": 559690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3932", "title": "Salicylate metabolism in twins. Evidence suggesting a genetic influence and induction of salicylurate formation.", "content": "To evaluate the contribution of genetic influences on the individual variation in plateau serum salicylate levels, salicylate metabolism was studied in seven pairs of identical and six pairs of fraternal twins.Under the conditions of this study, after a single i.v. dose (40 mg/kg) of sodium salicylate, the serum salicylate concentration versus time curve approximated a straight line on linear coordinates (appeared approximately zero order). The slopes of the decay curves ranged between 0.64 and 1.02. The intrapair variation for identical twin pairs was significantly less than for fraternal twin pairs (P = 0.044). Likewise pleateau serum salicylic acid concentrations (milligrams/deciliter) and total salicylic acid excretion rate after multiple doses demonstrated significantly less intrapair variation for identical twins than for fraternal twins (P = 0.043 and 0.006). Plateau salicylurate excretion (milligram/kilogram per hour) differences after multiple dosing had a P = 0.067. Michaelis-Menton constant for salicylurate formation and hours to 50% excretion after the i.v. dose were not different when comparing identical and nonidentical twins. Salicylurate formation rates were increased after 3 days of oral therapy, and this induction phenomenon may account for much of the apparent discrepancy between genetic influences on salicylurate formation rates observed after single and multiple dose salicylate administration. This study suggests that the plateau concentration of serum salicylate varies among individuals given the same weight-adjusted dose in part because of genetically determined variations in their metabolism of salicylate.", "contents": "Salicylate metabolism in twins. Evidence suggesting a genetic influence and induction of salicylurate formation. To evaluate the contribution of genetic influences on the individual variation in plateau serum salicylate levels, salicylate metabolism was studied in seven pairs of identical and six pairs of fraternal twins.Under the conditions of this study, after a single i.v. dose (40 mg/kg) of sodium salicylate, the serum salicylate concentration versus time curve approximated a straight line on linear coordinates (appeared approximately zero order). The slopes of the decay curves ranged between 0.64 and 1.02. The intrapair variation for identical twin pairs was significantly less than for fraternal twin pairs (P = 0.044). Likewise pleateau serum salicylic acid concentrations (milligrams/deciliter) and total salicylic acid excretion rate after multiple doses demonstrated significantly less intrapair variation for identical twins than for fraternal twins (P = 0.043 and 0.006). Plateau salicylurate excretion (milligram/kilogram per hour) differences after multiple dosing had a P = 0.067. Michaelis-Menton constant for salicylurate formation and hours to 50% excretion after the i.v. dose were not different when comparing identical and nonidentical twins. Salicylurate formation rates were increased after 3 days of oral therapy, and this induction phenomenon may account for much of the apparent discrepancy between genetic influences on salicylurate formation rates observed after single and multiple dose salicylate administration. This study suggests that the plateau concentration of serum salicylate varies among individuals given the same weight-adjusted dose in part because of genetically determined variations in their metabolism of salicylate.", "PMID": 559691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3933", "title": "The production of antibody against human leukocytic pyrogen.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leukocytes were stimulated with killed staphylococci in vitro to release leukocytic pyrogen (LP). Supernates from these stimulated leukocytes were concentrated, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, and injected intradermally into rabbits. After seven monthly booster injections, rabbit antiserum destroyed the pyrogenic activity of human LP, and the titer of this neutralizing ability increased in the subsequent 7 mo. The pyrogen-neutralizing capacity of the rabbit antiserum was recovered in the globulin fraction, the IgG and IgM peaks of Sephadex G-200, and the acid-eluted fraction of a goat anti-rabbit IgG immunoadsorbant. The neutralizing antibody was specific for human LP inasmuch as it had no effect on rabbit, guinea pig, or monkey LP. When coupled to Sepharose, this antibody bound human LP; after acid elution from this immunoadsorbant, LP was recovered without loss of biologic or chemical characteristics. The antiserum was also absorbed with stimulated leukocyte supernates which did not contain LP, and this had no effect on the titer of anti-LP. Crude human LP, eluted from immunoadsorbant columns prepared from absorbed antiserum, contained significantly reduced contaminating protein when evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These studies have established that specific antibody to human leukocytic pyrogen can be produced. This antibody is useful in the further study and purification of leukocytic pyrogen and its role in the pathogenesis of human fever.", "contents": "The production of antibody against human leukocytic pyrogen. Human peripheral blood leukocytes were stimulated with killed staphylococci in vitro to release leukocytic pyrogen (LP). Supernates from these stimulated leukocytes were concentrated, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, and injected intradermally into rabbits. After seven monthly booster injections, rabbit antiserum destroyed the pyrogenic activity of human LP, and the titer of this neutralizing ability increased in the subsequent 7 mo. The pyrogen-neutralizing capacity of the rabbit antiserum was recovered in the globulin fraction, the IgG and IgM peaks of Sephadex G-200, and the acid-eluted fraction of a goat anti-rabbit IgG immunoadsorbant. The neutralizing antibody was specific for human LP inasmuch as it had no effect on rabbit, guinea pig, or monkey LP. When coupled to Sepharose, this antibody bound human LP; after acid elution from this immunoadsorbant, LP was recovered without loss of biologic or chemical characteristics. The antiserum was also absorbed with stimulated leukocyte supernates which did not contain LP, and this had no effect on the titer of anti-LP. Crude human LP, eluted from immunoadsorbant columns prepared from absorbed antiserum, contained significantly reduced contaminating protein when evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These studies have established that specific antibody to human leukocytic pyrogen can be produced. This antibody is useful in the further study and purification of leukocytic pyrogen and its role in the pathogenesis of human fever.", "PMID": 559692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3934", "title": "Aggressive behavior in female hamsters: the hormonal basis for fluctuations in female aggressiveness correlated with estrous state.", "content": "The frequency and sequencing of aggressive behaviors by naive female hamsters change during series of brief encounters, probably because of the lack of stable dominance relations. Such initial encounters seem most representative of interactions likely in free-ranging hamsters and have been emphasized in studies of the hormonal mediation of female aggression. Nonestrous females exhibit intense aggression toward conspecifics of either sex. Estrous females are not aggressive and spend much time in lordosis, indicative of sexual receptivity. The inhibition of fighting on estrous day depends on estrogen and progesterone. Whereas oil-injected adrenalectomized-ovariectomized females fight at high levels, comparable with intact nonestrous females, the combination of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate and progeterone suppresses fighting completely. In contrast, replacement of estradiol, progesterone, or testosterone propionate individually has on consistent effect. Hypophysectomized females also fight at high levels, indicating that pituitary hormones are not required for vigorous aggression. Further, individual anterior pituitary hormones did not produce marked changes in fighting. These results emphasize the roles of estrogen and progesterone in synchronizing aggression with current reproductive state.", "contents": "Aggressive behavior in female hamsters: the hormonal basis for fluctuations in female aggressiveness correlated with estrous state. The frequency and sequencing of aggressive behaviors by naive female hamsters change during series of brief encounters, probably because of the lack of stable dominance relations. Such initial encounters seem most representative of interactions likely in free-ranging hamsters and have been emphasized in studies of the hormonal mediation of female aggression. Nonestrous females exhibit intense aggression toward conspecifics of either sex. Estrous females are not aggressive and spend much time in lordosis, indicative of sexual receptivity. The inhibition of fighting on estrous day depends on estrogen and progesterone. Whereas oil-injected adrenalectomized-ovariectomized females fight at high levels, comparable with intact nonestrous females, the combination of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate and progeterone suppresses fighting completely. In contrast, replacement of estradiol, progesterone, or testosterone propionate individually has on consistent effect. Hypophysectomized females also fight at high levels, indicating that pituitary hormones are not required for vigorous aggression. Further, individual anterior pituitary hormones did not produce marked changes in fighting. These results emphasize the roles of estrogen and progesterone in synchronizing aggression with current reproductive state.", "PMID": 559693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3935", "title": "Exogenous androgen activates female behavior in noncopulating, prenatally stressed male rats.", "content": "Male copulatory behavior was severely impaired in the male offspring of female rats stressed during pregnancy. This deficiency persisted even after castration and prolonged treatment with testosterone propionate and after exposure to electric skin shock. However, androgen treatment effectively activated female lordotic behavior in a large percentage of prenatally stressed males but not in any control animals and in only a negligible number of postnatally stressed males. Although prenatal stress demasculinizes and feminizes behavior, no modifications of reproductive morphology were detectable. It is postulated that prenatal stress alters normal sexual behavior differentiation by attenuating testosterone secretion from the fetal testes.", "contents": "Exogenous androgen activates female behavior in noncopulating, prenatally stressed male rats. Male copulatory behavior was severely impaired in the male offspring of female rats stressed during pregnancy. This deficiency persisted even after castration and prolonged treatment with testosterone propionate and after exposure to electric skin shock. However, androgen treatment effectively activated female lordotic behavior in a large percentage of prenatally stressed males but not in any control animals and in only a negligible number of postnatally stressed males. Although prenatal stress demasculinizes and feminizes behavior, no modifications of reproductive morphology were detectable. It is postulated that prenatal stress alters normal sexual behavior differentiation by attenuating testosterone secretion from the fetal testes.", "PMID": 559694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3936", "title": "Predation, aggression, and activity levels in food-deprived sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus and L. gibbosus): motivational interactions.", "content": "Three experiments investigated the effects of food deprivation on several behavioral categories in two species of sunfish. In Experiment 1, predatory behavior and general activity were observed under five levels of deprivation. For both species, predation measures increased in a similar negatively accelerating manner with increasing deprivation, while activity changed in a more complex fashion. Experiment 2 examined the effects of deprivation on activity in a novel environment and showed that the deprivation effects of Experiment 1 were masked by the response to the new setting. In Experiment 3, measures of aggression toward intruders of each species were recorded from resident fish of both species under three levels of food deprivation. Both species were more aggressive toward conspecifics, and bluegills were more aggressive overall. Aggression was significatly influenced by food deprivation, with the effects dependent on the species making up the pair. Theories of motivational summation, generalized drive, and activity-mediated aggression were unable to explain the differential effects of hunger on the three behavioral categories observed. A dynamic boundary-state model of behavior control was found to predict the motivational interactions observed between distinct behavioral control systems.", "contents": "Predation, aggression, and activity levels in food-deprived sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus and L. gibbosus): motivational interactions. Three experiments investigated the effects of food deprivation on several behavioral categories in two species of sunfish. In Experiment 1, predatory behavior and general activity were observed under five levels of deprivation. For both species, predation measures increased in a similar negatively accelerating manner with increasing deprivation, while activity changed in a more complex fashion. Experiment 2 examined the effects of deprivation on activity in a novel environment and showed that the deprivation effects of Experiment 1 were masked by the response to the new setting. In Experiment 3, measures of aggression toward intruders of each species were recorded from resident fish of both species under three levels of food deprivation. Both species were more aggressive toward conspecifics, and bluegills were more aggressive overall. Aggression was significatly influenced by food deprivation, with the effects dependent on the species making up the pair. Theories of motivational summation, generalized drive, and activity-mediated aggression were unable to explain the differential effects of hunger on the three behavioral categories observed. A dynamic boundary-state model of behavior control was found to predict the motivational interactions observed between distinct behavioral control systems.", "PMID": 559695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3937", "title": "Burrows of wild and albino rats: effects of domestication, outdoor raising, age, experience, and maternal state.", "content": "Burrows dug by albino rats were compared with those of wild Norway rats in an outdoor pen and in observation chambers in the laboratory. Burrows, in terms of measurements, configurations, or sequential development, were indistinguishable in wild and domestic rats. Burrowing for both wild and domestic rats was unaffected by raising in outdoor burrows, by availability of nesting material, or by pregnancy. Prior experience in burrowing did make it more efficient in a second trial, which suggests that learning may have a limited role in what appears to be a behavior with a strong genetic basis. Feralization of domestic rats in the outdoor pen was especially productive in answering claims of degeneracy in these animals: Albino rats were hardy throughout climatic extremes, they maintained a stable population for two years, they constructed and lived in burrows, and they showed a vaiety of wild-type behaviors.", "contents": "Burrows of wild and albino rats: effects of domestication, outdoor raising, age, experience, and maternal state. Burrows dug by albino rats were compared with those of wild Norway rats in an outdoor pen and in observation chambers in the laboratory. Burrows, in terms of measurements, configurations, or sequential development, were indistinguishable in wild and domestic rats. Burrowing for both wild and domestic rats was unaffected by raising in outdoor burrows, by availability of nesting material, or by pregnancy. Prior experience in burrowing did make it more efficient in a second trial, which suggests that learning may have a limited role in what appears to be a behavior with a strong genetic basis. Feralization of domestic rats in the outdoor pen was especially productive in answering claims of degeneracy in these animals: Albino rats were hardy throughout climatic extremes, they maintained a stable population for two years, they constructed and lived in burrows, and they showed a vaiety of wild-type behaviors.", "PMID": 559696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3938", "title": "Undernutrition by rearing in large litters delays the development of reflexive, locomotor, and memory processes in mice.", "content": "In three experiments, the effects of early postnatal undernutrition on the ontogeny of several behavioral capacities of varying complexity were investigated in the mouse. Following birth, mouse pups in all experiments were reared in either \"normally nourished\" or \"undernourished\" conditions by maintaining litter sizes at 6 or 16, respectively. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the development of adultlike patterns of swimming behaviors and spontaneous locomotor activity, respectively, as a function of litter size. The maturation of both behavior patterns was delayed by about 2 days in the 16-litter mice. In Experiment 3, normally nourished and undernourished mice received 25 trials in a shock-escape T-maze at 9, 11, and 13 days of age, followed by similar retention tests 24 hr later. Although litter size had little effect upon correct turns at each age during training, mice reared in litters of six exhibited significant retention of prior training by 12 days of age, whereas comparable retention was not noted for the large litter mice until 14 days of age. Overall, these results suggest that nutritional deficits, imposed by rearing in large litters during the postnatal period of rapid central nervous system maturation, retard the development of behavioral capacities involving both unlearned and learned responses.", "contents": "Undernutrition by rearing in large litters delays the development of reflexive, locomotor, and memory processes in mice. In three experiments, the effects of early postnatal undernutrition on the ontogeny of several behavioral capacities of varying complexity were investigated in the mouse. Following birth, mouse pups in all experiments were reared in either \"normally nourished\" or \"undernourished\" conditions by maintaining litter sizes at 6 or 16, respectively. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the development of adultlike patterns of swimming behaviors and spontaneous locomotor activity, respectively, as a function of litter size. The maturation of both behavior patterns was delayed by about 2 days in the 16-litter mice. In Experiment 3, normally nourished and undernourished mice received 25 trials in a shock-escape T-maze at 9, 11, and 13 days of age, followed by similar retention tests 24 hr later. Although litter size had little effect upon correct turns at each age during training, mice reared in litters of six exhibited significant retention of prior training by 12 days of age, whereas comparable retention was not noted for the large litter mice until 14 days of age. Overall, these results suggest that nutritional deficits, imposed by rearing in large litters during the postnatal period of rapid central nervous system maturation, retard the development of behavioral capacities involving both unlearned and learned responses.", "PMID": 559697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3939", "title": "Professionalism and accountability. Controlling health services in the United States and West Germany.", "content": "This paper examines the new Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) program in light of a similar program (\"Economic Monitoring\")  that has been used in West Germany for over forty years. In the first section the PSRO program is described as government-mandated peer review by professional organizations, and is compared with that of the West Germany system. The second section argues that the PSROs are likely to strengthen the organization of established medicine, to increase the bargaining power of professional organizations, and to further insulate professional behavior from public scrutiny. The third section describes some of the effects of bureaucratic rigidities in peer review on the practice of medicine: the preservation of old technologies, the development of fixed patterns of practice, and the strengthening of the technical and interventionist biases in medical care. The final section evaluates the PSRO program as a complete delegation of congressional authority and a failure of Congress to set any rules for the development and application of norms and standards. The lack of any mechanism for accountability of the PSROs to public and choices is emphasized.", "contents": "Professionalism and accountability. Controlling health services in the United States and West Germany. This paper examines the new Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) program in light of a similar program (\"Economic Monitoring\")  that has been used in West Germany for over forty years. In the first section the PSRO program is described as government-mandated peer review by professional organizations, and is compared with that of the West Germany system. The second section argues that the PSROs are likely to strengthen the organization of established medicine, to increase the bargaining power of professional organizations, and to further insulate professional behavior from public scrutiny. The third section describes some of the effects of bureaucratic rigidities in peer review on the practice of medicine: the preservation of old technologies, the development of fixed patterns of practice, and the strengthening of the technical and interventionist biases in medical care. The final section evaluates the PSRO program as a complete delegation of congressional authority and a failure of Congress to set any rules for the development and application of norms and standards. The lack of any mechanism for accountability of the PSROs to public and choices is emphasized.", "PMID": 559699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3940", "title": "On the mechanism of cell membrane damage by complement: evidence on insertion of polypeptide chains from C8 and C9 into the lipid bilayer of erythrocytes.", "content": "The preceding paper (Hammer, C.H., A. Nicholson, and M. M. Mayer, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 72:5076) presented evidence on insertion of polypeptide chains from the C5b and C7 subunits of C5b, 6, 7 complex into the phospholipid bilayer of erythrocyte membranes. In the present study, EAC1-8 and EAC1-9 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit antibody and complement proteins C1 through C8 or C9, respectively), prepared with either 125I-C8 or 125I-C9, were incubated with trypsin or chymotrypsin and the release of 125I was measured. Only 9 to 19% of the specifically bound radioactivity was released. In addition, elution experiments were performed with 0.02 M EDTA-1.0 M NaCl. This solution did not elute C9 from EAC1-9. By contrast cellbound C9 was recovered from erythrocyte membranes with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Thus, enzymatic stripping and elution experiments indicate that cellbound C9 behaves like an integral membrane protein, presumably due to insertion into the lipid bilayer. EAC1-9 membranes that had been subjected to extended digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin were extracted with SDS to recover the enzyme-resistant part of the C9 molecule from the membrane. Even though this domain of C9 carried 90% of the radioiodine associated with native C9, its m.w. was found to be only 18,000 daltons by analysis on SDS-PAGE. This represents one-quarter of the native C9 molecule.", "contents": "On the mechanism of cell membrane damage by complement: evidence on insertion of polypeptide chains from C8 and C9 into the lipid bilayer of erythrocytes. The preceding paper (Hammer, C.H., A. Nicholson, and M. M. Mayer, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 72:5076) presented evidence on insertion of polypeptide chains from the C5b and C7 subunits of C5b, 6, 7 complex into the phospholipid bilayer of erythrocyte membranes. In the present study, EAC1-8 and EAC1-9 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit antibody and complement proteins C1 through C8 or C9, respectively), prepared with either 125I-C8 or 125I-C9, were incubated with trypsin or chymotrypsin and the release of 125I was measured. Only 9 to 19% of the specifically bound radioactivity was released. In addition, elution experiments were performed with 0.02 M EDTA-1.0 M NaCl. This solution did not elute C9 from EAC1-9. By contrast cellbound C9 was recovered from erythrocyte membranes with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Thus, enzymatic stripping and elution experiments indicate that cellbound C9 behaves like an integral membrane protein, presumably due to insertion into the lipid bilayer. EAC1-9 membranes that had been subjected to extended digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin were extracted with SDS to recover the enzyme-resistant part of the C9 molecule from the membrane. Even though this domain of C9 carried 90% of the radioiodine associated with native C9, its m.w. was found to be only 18,000 daltons by analysis on SDS-PAGE. This represents one-quarter of the native C9 molecule.", "PMID": 559700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3941", "title": "A new method of applying the Sips equation.", "content": "The Sips equation is frequently used in immunochemistry to describe the relationship between antibody-binding site concentration (n0[Ab]), antigen concentration, intrinsic affinity constant (K), and the heterogeneity index (a) of the affinity constant. Usually n0[Ab] is determined before calculating the remaining parameters (K and a). A new method is proposed which does not require knowledge of n0[Ab] nor an extensive calculation to determine K and a. The method can also be used to determine the antibody-binding site concentration without purified antibody or ligand saturation of the binding sites. This method can be applied to any antibody which binds a monovalent ligand and which can be obtained at a concentration greater than 1/K. Since the Sips equation can be applied to any ordinary chemical reaction by setting a=1, the proposed method can be used generally to determine the affinity constant and the initial concentration of one of the reactants.", "contents": "A new method of applying the Sips equation. The Sips equation is frequently used in immunochemistry to describe the relationship between antibody-binding site concentration (n0[Ab]), antigen concentration, intrinsic affinity constant (K), and the heterogeneity index (a) of the affinity constant. Usually n0[Ab] is determined before calculating the remaining parameters (K and a). A new method is proposed which does not require knowledge of n0[Ab] nor an extensive calculation to determine K and a. The method can also be used to determine the antibody-binding site concentration without purified antibody or ligand saturation of the binding sites. This method can be applied to any antibody which binds a monovalent ligand and which can be obtained at a concentration greater than 1/K. Since the Sips equation can be applied to any ordinary chemical reaction by setting a=1, the proposed method can be used generally to determine the affinity constant and the initial concentration of one of the reactants.", "PMID": 559701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3942", "title": "Release of phospholipids from liposomal model membrane damaged by antibody and complement.", "content": "When liposomal membranes were attacked by antibody and complement, enzymatic degradation of membrane phospholipids was not observed. However, intact membrane phospholipids were released into the surrounding medium in amounts beyond that expected from nonspecific protein-phospholipid interaction. On the other hand, when liposomal membranes were treated with phospholipase A purified from venom of \"Habu\" snake (Trimeresurus flavoviridis), trapped glucose marker was easily released, but phospholipids or their degradation products were not released into the medium and remained in the membrane structure.", "contents": "Release of phospholipids from liposomal model membrane damaged by antibody and complement. When liposomal membranes were attacked by antibody and complement, enzymatic degradation of membrane phospholipids was not observed. However, intact membrane phospholipids were released into the surrounding medium in amounts beyond that expected from nonspecific protein-phospholipid interaction. On the other hand, when liposomal membranes were treated with phospholipase A purified from venom of \"Habu\" snake (Trimeresurus flavoviridis), trapped glucose marker was easily released, but phospholipids or their degradation products were not released into the medium and remained in the membrane structure.", "PMID": 559702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3943", "title": "The kinetics of IgG and IgM antibody-forming cells in ACI and F344 rats immunized with poly(glu52lys33tyr15).", "content": "The cellular kinetics of antibody production in high and low responder rats immunized with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) or with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)/MeBSA were characterized: serum antibody and IgG and IgM antibody-forming cells in the spleen and in selected lymph nodes were assayed in male and female rats following immunization by several routes. Aggregation of the antigen with MeBSA enabled the poorly responding F344 rats to produce antibody, which was almost exclusively IgG. High responder ACI rats, under the same conditions, produced antibody of both IgG AND IgM classes. These data suggest that in low responders one defect, possibly at the T-cell level, can be overcome by aggregation but that a second defect, involving the regulation of IgM production, still exists.", "contents": "The kinetics of IgG and IgM antibody-forming cells in ACI and F344 rats immunized with poly(glu52lys33tyr15). The cellular kinetics of antibody production in high and low responder rats immunized with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) or with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)/MeBSA were characterized: serum antibody and IgG and IgM antibody-forming cells in the spleen and in selected lymph nodes were assayed in male and female rats following immunization by several routes. Aggregation of the antigen with MeBSA enabled the poorly responding F344 rats to produce antibody, which was almost exclusively IgG. High responder ACI rats, under the same conditions, produced antibody of both IgG AND IgM classes. These data suggest that in low responders one defect, possibly at the T-cell level, can be overcome by aggregation but that a second defect, involving the regulation of IgM production, still exists.", "PMID": 559703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3944", "title": "Progestagen effects on elicitation of aggressive behaviour in male mice.", "content": "Effects of progesterone on production of androgen-dependent aggression-eliciting pheromones were investigated. Two groups of anosmic (non-fighting) castrated mice treated with testosterone or with testosterone and progesterone, respectively, were attacked to the same degree by intact, isolated (fighting) mice while control mice (castrated only) were attacked less. The findings support the ideas that progesterone may inhibit androgen-induced aggression via a neural and not via a somatic mechanism.", "contents": "Progestagen effects on elicitation of aggressive behaviour in male mice. Effects of progesterone on production of androgen-dependent aggression-eliciting pheromones were investigated. Two groups of anosmic (non-fighting) castrated mice treated with testosterone or with testosterone and progesterone, respectively, were attacked to the same degree by intact, isolated (fighting) mice while control mice (castrated only) were attacked less. The findings support the ideas that progesterone may inhibit androgen-induced aggression via a neural and not via a somatic mechanism.", "PMID": 559718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3945", "title": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway with rabbit erythrocytes by circumvention of the regulatory action of endogenous control proteins.", "content": "Cleavage of C3 by the alternative complement pathway occurs in at least two distinct phases: continuous low grade generation of C3b by the interaction of native C3, B, D, and P, and subsequent amplified cleavage of C3 by the interaction of C3b, B, D, and P which forms the amplification convertase, P,C3b,Bb. Transition to C3b-dependent amplification is necessary to achieve substantial C3 cleavage and is normally limited by the combined action of C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and betalH. An activator of the alternative pathway, such as rabbit erythrocytes (E(r)), provides sites that protect bound C3b and P,C3b,Bb from the action of these regulatory proteins and permits C3b deposited by the low grade fluid phase reaction to assemble a membrane-associated amplification convertase which can deposit additional protected C3b. Under conditions in which the control proteins, C3bINA and beta1H, almost completely inactivated C3b bound to sheep erythrocytes (E(s)), which does not activate the alternative pathway, the function of C3b bound to E(r) was diminished by less than one-fifth. Further, the P- stabilized amplification convertase on E(r) was 10-fold less sensitive to beta1H-mediated decay-dissociation than the convertase on E(s). The addition of E(r) to a regulated mixture of purified C3, B, D, P, C3bINA, and beta1H resulted in amplified inactivation of C3 and B by formation of the amplification convertase on E(r) as indicated by its lysis with subsequent exposure to C3-C9. In contrast, E(s) did not advance the low grade fluid phase inactivation of C3 and B to amplified inactivation and the cell was not converted to an intermediate susceptible to lysis by C3- C9. Since E(r) and E(s) did not differ in their inefficient fixation of C3b generated during an unregulated fluid phase reaction, the activating capacity of E(r) must reside in its protection of bound C3b and P, C3b,Bb from the regulatory proteins rather than in enhanced capacity to bind C3b from the fluid phase. When the reaction is limited to low grade fluid phase turnover, introduction of E(r) but not E(s) results in a 100-fold increase in the deposition of C3b, indicating that surface-dependent activation of the alternative pathway is characterized by efficient deposition of C3b on the initiating surface. Thus, the activating surfaces advance the interaction of the alternative pathway proteins to the amplification phase because of the selective inability of the regulatory proteins to deal with their substrates when deposited on these surfaces and results in a specificity that is not necessarily dependent on adaptive immunity.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway with rabbit erythrocytes by circumvention of the regulatory action of endogenous control proteins. Cleavage of C3 by the alternative complement pathway occurs in at least two distinct phases: continuous low grade generation of C3b by the interaction of native C3, B, D, and P, and subsequent amplified cleavage of C3 by the interaction of C3b, B, D, and P which forms the amplification convertase, P,C3b,Bb. Transition to C3b-dependent amplification is necessary to achieve substantial C3 cleavage and is normally limited by the combined action of C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and betalH. An activator of the alternative pathway, such as rabbit erythrocytes (E(r)), provides sites that protect bound C3b and P,C3b,Bb from the action of these regulatory proteins and permits C3b deposited by the low grade fluid phase reaction to assemble a membrane-associated amplification convertase which can deposit additional protected C3b. Under conditions in which the control proteins, C3bINA and beta1H, almost completely inactivated C3b bound to sheep erythrocytes (E(s)), which does not activate the alternative pathway, the function of C3b bound to E(r) was diminished by less than one-fifth. Further, the P- stabilized amplification convertase on E(r) was 10-fold less sensitive to beta1H-mediated decay-dissociation than the convertase on E(s). The addition of E(r) to a regulated mixture of purified C3, B, D, P, C3bINA, and beta1H resulted in amplified inactivation of C3 and B by formation of the amplification convertase on E(r) as indicated by its lysis with subsequent exposure to C3-C9. In contrast, E(s) did not advance the low grade fluid phase inactivation of C3 and B to amplified inactivation and the cell was not converted to an intermediate susceptible to lysis by C3- C9. Since E(r) and E(s) did not differ in their inefficient fixation of C3b generated during an unregulated fluid phase reaction, the activating capacity of E(r) must reside in its protection of bound C3b and P, C3b,Bb from the regulatory proteins rather than in enhanced capacity to bind C3b from the fluid phase. When the reaction is limited to low grade fluid phase turnover, introduction of E(r) but not E(s) results in a 100-fold increase in the deposition of C3b, indicating that surface-dependent activation of the alternative pathway is characterized by efficient deposition of C3b on the initiating surface. Thus, the activating surfaces advance the interaction of the alternative pathway proteins to the amplification phase because of the selective inability of the regulatory proteins to deal with their substrates when deposited on these surfaces and results in a specificity that is not necessarily dependent on adaptive immunity.", "PMID": 559720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3946", "title": "Ultrastructural study of concanavalin-A binding to the surface of preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "Receptors for Con-A were labelled (using the peroxidase-diaminobenzidine technique) on the plasma membrane of unfertilized and fertilized mouse eggs, cleavage stage embryos, trophoblast and inner cell mass (ICM)  of the blastocyst. Embryos were exposed to Con-A concentrations of 10 microgram/ml, 50 microgram/ml, or 1,000 microgram/ml and the lowest concentration was observed to be the most suitable for discerning differences between stages of embryonic development. On the surface of unfertilized and fertilized eggs and 2-cell embryos, reaction product appeared as a thin, discontinuous layer. The surface of 4- and 16-cell stage embryos had a thicker, continuous, although non-uniform, layer of the reaction product. On the surface of the cells of the late morula, and on the trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst, clustering of reaction product was observed. Cells of ICM of intact blastocyst were free of the reaction product, showing that either Con-A and/or peroxidase cannot penetrate tight junctions between trophoblastic cells. Reaction product in the form of a thin, uniform layer covered the free surface of the cells of the ICM after they had been isolated (using immunosurgery) and exposed to 50 microgram/ml of Con-A. The amount  and distribution of Con-A receptors is discussed, along with their redistribution and mobility in relation to the agglutinability of preimplantation mouse embryos.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of concanavalin-A binding to the surface of preimplantation mouse embryos. Receptors for Con-A were labelled (using the peroxidase-diaminobenzidine technique) on the plasma membrane of unfertilized and fertilized mouse eggs, cleavage stage embryos, trophoblast and inner cell mass (ICM)  of the blastocyst. Embryos were exposed to Con-A concentrations of 10 microgram/ml, 50 microgram/ml, or 1,000 microgram/ml and the lowest concentration was observed to be the most suitable for discerning differences between stages of embryonic development. On the surface of unfertilized and fertilized eggs and 2-cell embryos, reaction product appeared as a thin, discontinuous layer. The surface of 4- and 16-cell stage embryos had a thicker, continuous, although non-uniform, layer of the reaction product. On the surface of the cells of the late morula, and on the trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst, clustering of reaction product was observed. Cells of ICM of intact blastocyst were free of the reaction product, showing that either Con-A and/or peroxidase cannot penetrate tight junctions between trophoblastic cells. Reaction product in the form of a thin, uniform layer covered the free surface of the cells of the ICM after they had been isolated (using immunosurgery) and exposed to 50 microgram/ml of Con-A. The amount  and distribution of Con-A receptors is discussed, along with their redistribution and mobility in relation to the agglutinability of preimplantation mouse embryos.", "PMID": 559721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3947", "title": "A possible baculovirus in the insect-parasitic fungus, Strongwellsea magna.", "content": "Particles similar in appearance to the virions of the invertebrate baculoviruses have been found in large numbers in hyphae of the insect-parasitic fungus, Strongwellsea magna, growing in the fly, Fannia canicularis. The particles (100 X 390 nm) consisted to a densely staining core (50 X 340 nm) within a poorly staining envelope. The envelope of some of the particles was contiguous with vesicles derived from unit membranes originating at the hyphal plasma membrane. The structure and aspects of the apparent morphogenesis of these particles suggest they may belong to a virus of the genus Baculovirus.", "contents": "A possible baculovirus in the insect-parasitic fungus, Strongwellsea magna. Particles similar in appearance to the virions of the invertebrate baculoviruses have been found in large numbers in hyphae of the insect-parasitic fungus, Strongwellsea magna, growing in the fly, Fannia canicularis. The particles (100 X 390 nm) consisted to a densely staining core (50 X 340 nm) within a poorly staining envelope. The envelope of some of the particles was contiguous with vesicles derived from unit membranes originating at the hyphal plasma membrane. The structure and aspects of the apparent morphogenesis of these particles suggest they may belong to a virus of the genus Baculovirus.", "PMID": 559724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3948", "title": "Quantitative histochemistry of the spinal motor neurone nucleus during human fetal development.", "content": "A quantitative histochemical study of the developing anterior horn cell nucleus was undertaken. The DNA, the arginine and lysine-rich histones as well as the acidic nuclear proteins of the spinal motor neurone nucleus were estimated during normal fetal development by means of scanning microdensitometry. The arginine-rich histones and the acidic nuclear proteins were found to be increased at the 12-14 week period, a finding which suggests that this period is critical in the differentiation of the spinal motor neurone.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemistry of the spinal motor neurone nucleus during human fetal development. A quantitative histochemical study of the developing anterior horn cell nucleus was undertaken. The DNA, the arginine and lysine-rich histones as well as the acidic nuclear proteins of the spinal motor neurone nucleus were estimated during normal fetal development by means of scanning microdensitometry. The arginine-rich histones and the acidic nuclear proteins were found to be increased at the 12-14 week period, a finding which suggests that this period is critical in the differentiation of the spinal motor neurone.", "PMID": 559725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3949", "title": "The relation between purine metabolism and flavinogenesis in Eremothecium ashbyii. The identification of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine accumulated in non-growing cells of E. ashbyii.", "content": "When adenine was added to the non-growing cell medium of Eremothecium ashbyii, riboflavin production of the mold was increasingly inhibited with increasing concentration of adenine. Under these conditions, a cationic compound was accumulated in the mycelia. The compound was isolated from the mycelia and highly purified. The purified compound was proved to be S-adenosylhomocysteine through IR analysis. In the control experiment, or in the addition of other purines which stimulated riboflavin production of the mold, another cationic compound was accumulated in the non-growing cells. The compound was largely accumulated in the presence of both adenine and methionine, isolated from the mycelia and purified. The purified compound was concluded to be S-adenosylmethionine through IR and NMR analyses. The significance of these compounds on the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway was argued under \"Discussion\".", "contents": "The relation between purine metabolism and flavinogenesis in Eremothecium ashbyii. The identification of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine accumulated in non-growing cells of E. ashbyii. When adenine was added to the non-growing cell medium of Eremothecium ashbyii, riboflavin production of the mold was increasingly inhibited with increasing concentration of adenine. Under these conditions, a cationic compound was accumulated in the mycelia. The compound was isolated from the mycelia and highly purified. The purified compound was proved to be S-adenosylhomocysteine through IR analysis. In the control experiment, or in the addition of other purines which stimulated riboflavin production of the mold, another cationic compound was accumulated in the non-growing cells. The compound was largely accumulated in the presence of both adenine and methionine, isolated from the mycelia and purified. The purified compound was concluded to be S-adenosylmethionine through IR and NMR analyses. The significance of these compounds on the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway was argued under \"Discussion\".", "PMID": 559727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3950", "title": "Nutritional requirements for folate compounds and some enzyme activities involved in the folate biosynthesis.", "content": "Dihydrofolate synthetase activity is widely distributed in various microorganisms and mushrooms. Animals and microorganisms i.e., rat and chicken (in the liver), L. casei and P. cerevisiae, which require essentially pteroylglutamic acid as a nutrient for growth showed no detectable dihydrofolate synthetase activity. S. faecalis R, which can replace pteroylglutamic acid with pteroic acid as a nutrient for growth, had little dihydropteroate synthetase activity but showed normal dihydrofolate synthetase activity. This suggests that the nutritional requirements for folate compounds shown in vivo is in good agreement with the results obtained with dihydropteroate and dihydrofolate synthetase activities in vitro, and that the pathway through dihydropteroic acid as an intermediate is the main route in folate biosynthesis in nature.", "contents": "Nutritional requirements for folate compounds and some enzyme activities involved in the folate biosynthesis. Dihydrofolate synthetase activity is widely distributed in various microorganisms and mushrooms. Animals and microorganisms i.e., rat and chicken (in the liver), L. casei and P. cerevisiae, which require essentially pteroylglutamic acid as a nutrient for growth showed no detectable dihydrofolate synthetase activity. S. faecalis R, which can replace pteroylglutamic acid with pteroic acid as a nutrient for growth, had little dihydropteroate synthetase activity but showed normal dihydrofolate synthetase activity. This suggests that the nutritional requirements for folate compounds shown in vivo is in good agreement with the results obtained with dihydropteroate and dihydrofolate synthetase activities in vitro, and that the pathway through dihydropteroic acid as an intermediate is the main route in folate biosynthesis in nature.", "PMID": 559728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3951", "title": "Cervical cytology: the need for routine screening in the sexually active adolescent.", "content": "Pelvic examinations, including a Papanicolaou smear of the uterine cervix, were performed on 403 asymptomatic, sexually active adolescent girls aged from 12 to 16 years who were in a youth detention center in New York City. The smears were negative for precancerous abnormalities in 389 girls, but 168 of these had evidence of inflammation or nonspecific atypia. In the remaining 14 smears there was cytologic evidence of early precancerous changes (low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia). The prevalence rate for early neoplastic changes was 35/1,000, far higher than previously reported. Further evaluation of three of these girls, by colposcopy and biopsy, revealed precancerous epithelial abnormalities of varying degrees of severity in two of them. Since all patients screened were sexually active and were asyptomatic, no clinical feature distinguished the 389 with negative cytology from the 14 with intraepithelial neoplasia. Five of the patients with precancerous cellular abnormalities had histories of sexual activity of less than two years. The data suggest that cervical cytologic screening should be incorporated into the routine examination of sexually active female adolescents.", "contents": "Cervical cytology: the need for routine screening in the sexually active adolescent. Pelvic examinations, including a Papanicolaou smear of the uterine cervix, were performed on 403 asymptomatic, sexually active adolescent girls aged from 12 to 16 years who were in a youth detention center in New York City. The smears were negative for precancerous abnormalities in 389 girls, but 168 of these had evidence of inflammation or nonspecific atypia. In the remaining 14 smears there was cytologic evidence of early precancerous changes (low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia). The prevalence rate for early neoplastic changes was 35/1,000, far higher than previously reported. Further evaluation of three of these girls, by colposcopy and biopsy, revealed precancerous epithelial abnormalities of varying degrees of severity in two of them. Since all patients screened were sexually active and were asyptomatic, no clinical feature distinguished the 389 with negative cytology from the 14 with intraepithelial neoplasia. Five of the patients with precancerous cellular abnormalities had histories of sexual activity of less than two years. The data suggest that cervical cytologic screening should be incorporated into the routine examination of sexually active female adolescents.", "PMID": 559731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3952", "title": "Aminophylline therapy in children: guidelines for dosage.", "content": "The oral dosage of aminophylline required for therapeutic \"trough\" serum theophylline levels was studied in 150 children, 16 months to 19 years old (mean 8.28 years). Dosage requirements tended to be higher for children under 10 years, but marked person-to-person variability in the relation of dose to serum level was seen at all ages. Individual patients generally maintained consistent serum levels when receiving unchanging doses, although intercurrent disease sometimes disrupted this relationship. Individualization of oral dosage based on frequent serum measurements is necessary to maintain theophylline levels in the therapeutic range and to avoid toxicity.", "contents": "Aminophylline therapy in children: guidelines for dosage. The oral dosage of aminophylline required for therapeutic \"trough\" serum theophylline levels was studied in 150 children, 16 months to 19 years old (mean 8.28 years). Dosage requirements tended to be higher for children under 10 years, but marked person-to-person variability in the relation of dose to serum level was seen at all ages. Individual patients generally maintained consistent serum levels when receiving unchanging doses, although intercurrent disease sometimes disrupted this relationship. Individualization of oral dosage based on frequent serum measurements is necessary to maintain theophylline levels in the therapeutic range and to avoid toxicity.", "PMID": 559735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3953", "title": "Diaphragmatic paralysis and eventration: newer approaches to diagnosis and operative correction.", "content": "Positive contrast peritoneography allows the preoperative demonstration of the exact diaphragmatic contour in suspected eventration or paralysis. Anatomical appearances of bilateral elevation or infracardiac involvement will indicate the need for abdominal rather than transthoracic approach for repair. The use of peritoneography should permit rapid evaluation of newborns with respiratory distress and allow repair before long-standing respirator support has produced pulmonary parenchymal damage.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic paralysis and eventration: newer approaches to diagnosis and operative correction. Positive contrast peritoneography allows the preoperative demonstration of the exact diaphragmatic contour in suspected eventration or paralysis. Anatomical appearances of bilateral elevation or infracardiac involvement will indicate the need for abdominal rather than transthoracic approach for repair. The use of peritoneography should permit rapid evaluation of newborns with respiratory distress and allow repair before long-standing respirator support has produced pulmonary parenchymal damage.", "PMID": 559736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3954", "title": "Surgical management of urogenital sinus abnormalities.", "content": "This report describes 12 cases of urogenital sinus malformations and their management in female infants, 10 with imperforate anus. Excluded were cases of urogenital sinus malformation secondary to the adrenogenital syndrome or primary sexual ambiguity. Immediate definition of the anatomy by appropritae endoscopy and radiography is essential to plan the correct operative approach. This can be a relatively simple flap vaginoplasty from below, together with perineal anoplasty in some cases. Others may require an extensive combined abdominal-perineal approach with vaginal pullthrough, ureteral reimplantation, creation of a urethra from the urogenital sinus, resection of vaginal septum, and creation of perineal skin flaps to join to the pulled through vagina which may be too short to reach the perineum.", "contents": "Surgical management of urogenital sinus abnormalities. This report describes 12 cases of urogenital sinus malformations and their management in female infants, 10 with imperforate anus. Excluded were cases of urogenital sinus malformation secondary to the adrenogenital syndrome or primary sexual ambiguity. Immediate definition of the anatomy by appropritae endoscopy and radiography is essential to plan the correct operative approach. This can be a relatively simple flap vaginoplasty from below, together with perineal anoplasty in some cases. Others may require an extensive combined abdominal-perineal approach with vaginal pullthrough, ureteral reimplantation, creation of a urethra from the urogenital sinus, resection of vaginal septum, and creation of perineal skin flaps to join to the pulled through vagina which may be too short to reach the perineum.", "PMID": 559737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3955", "title": "GLC-mass spectral analysis of psilocin and psilocybin.", "content": "With the combined technique of GLC-mass spectrometry, psilocin and psilocybin, two hallucinogenic indoles, were analyzed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The method was applied to these two components in an extract of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing.", "contents": "GLC-mass spectral analysis of psilocin and psilocybin. With the combined technique of GLC-mass spectrometry, psilocin and psilocybin, two hallucinogenic indoles, were analyzed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The method was applied to these two components in an extract of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing.", "PMID": 559753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3956", "title": "Phytochemical investigation of xanthones of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners.", "content": "Six polyoxygenated xanthones were isolated from the roots of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners collected in Texas. Structural elucidation of five of these xanthones (1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyxanthone, and 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone) was accomplished via UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry; traditional physical-chemical methods; or direct comparison with a prepared derivative. The sixth xanthone derivative was characterized incompletely. The pentamethoxyxanthone is a new compound and has been designated generically as eustomin. The probable occurrence of these six xanthone compounds in the plant as glycosides is reported.", "contents": "Phytochemical investigation of xanthones of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners. Six polyoxygenated xanthones were isolated from the roots of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners collected in Texas. Structural elucidation of five of these xanthones (1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyxanthone, and 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone) was accomplished via UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry; traditional physical-chemical methods; or direct comparison with a prepared derivative. The sixth xanthone derivative was characterized incompletely. The pentamethoxyxanthone is a new compound and has been designated generically as eustomin. The probable occurrence of these six xanthone compounds in the plant as glycosides is reported.", "PMID": 559754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3957", "title": "Cytotoxic agents from Bursera morelensis (Burseraceae): deoxypodophyllotoxin and a new lignan, 5'-desmethoxydeoxypodophyllotoxin.", "content": "The isolation and identification of deoxypodophyllotoxin and a new lignan, 5'-desmethoxydeoxypodophyllotoxin, from the dried exudate of Bursera morelensis (Burseraceae) are reported. Deoxypodophyllotoxin showed high activity in the KB and PS test systems; the new lignan, although highly active against the KB test system, demonstrated only marginal activity against the PS test system. A structure is suggested for the new lignan, which was named morelensin.", "contents": "Cytotoxic agents from Bursera morelensis (Burseraceae): deoxypodophyllotoxin and a new lignan, 5'-desmethoxydeoxypodophyllotoxin. The isolation and identification of deoxypodophyllotoxin and a new lignan, 5'-desmethoxydeoxypodophyllotoxin, from the dried exudate of Bursera morelensis (Burseraceae) are reported. Deoxypodophyllotoxin showed high activity in the KB and PS test systems; the new lignan, although highly active against the KB test system, demonstrated only marginal activity against the PS test system. A structure is suggested for the new lignan, which was named morelensin.", "PMID": 559755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3958", "title": "Sensory fibres in ventral roots L7 and Si in the cat.", "content": "1. Receptive fields were determined for ninety-eight unmyelinated and 132 myelinated axons in the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots.2. Seventy of the ninety-eight unmyelinated axons had their receptive fields in somatic structures, the skin and deep tissues.3. Of the seventy unmyelinated axons with somatic receptive fields, thirty-five were mechanical nociceptors, fifteen were mechanical and thermal nociceptors, eleven were deep nociceptors, six were thermal receptors, and three were low threshold mechanoceptors.4. Twenty-four of the ninety-eight unmyelinated axons had their receptive fields in visceral structures: the intestine, bladder and vagina.5. We confirm the work of others that myelinated fibres attached to peripheral receptive fields can be found in ventral roots and that the receptive fields and functional qualities of these fibres are as one would expect of dorsal root fibres for the same segments.6. A previous study demonstrated that approximately 30% of the axons in the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots are unmyelinated and arise from dorsal root ganglion cells. The present study confirms that these axons are sensory and that the axons are predominantly cutaneous nociceptors and visceral afferents. Thus it is concluded that the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots have a major sensory component.", "contents": "Sensory fibres in ventral roots L7 and Si in the cat. 1. Receptive fields were determined for ninety-eight unmyelinated and 132 myelinated axons in the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots.2. Seventy of the ninety-eight unmyelinated axons had their receptive fields in somatic structures, the skin and deep tissues.3. Of the seventy unmyelinated axons with somatic receptive fields, thirty-five were mechanical nociceptors, fifteen were mechanical and thermal nociceptors, eleven were deep nociceptors, six were thermal receptors, and three were low threshold mechanoceptors.4. Twenty-four of the ninety-eight unmyelinated axons had their receptive fields in visceral structures: the intestine, bladder and vagina.5. We confirm the work of others that myelinated fibres attached to peripheral receptive fields can be found in ventral roots and that the receptive fields and functional qualities of these fibres are as one would expect of dorsal root fibres for the same segments.6. A previous study demonstrated that approximately 30% of the axons in the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots are unmyelinated and arise from dorsal root ganglion cells. The present study confirms that these axons are sensory and that the axons are predominantly cutaneous nociceptors and visceral afferents. Thus it is concluded that the L7 and S1 cat ventral roots have a major sensory component.", "PMID": 559756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3959", "title": "The action potential of chick dorsal root ganglion neurones maintained in cell culture.", "content": "1. The directly evoked action potential of dissociated, embryonic, chick, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones maintained in cell culture is prolonged compared to spinal cord cell spikes and the re-polarization phase is marked by a plateau. 2. Evidence was obtained that both Ca2+ and Na+ carry inward current across the active soma membrane. Ca2+ because: overshooting spikes persist in tetrodotoxin (TTX) or Na+-free media; in the presence of TTX (or absence of Na+) spike size varies directly with extracellular Ca2+ and spikes are eliminated by Co2+. Na+ because: spikes persist in the presence of Co2+ or Ca2+-free media; in the presence of Co2+ (or absence of Ca2+) spike varies directly with extracellular Na+ and spikes are blocked by TTX. 3. On the other hand, Ca2+ plays less if any role in action potentials conducted along sensory nerve cell processes. Conducted spikes could not be evoked in TTX containing or Na+-free media. 4. A long-lasting depolarization follows the action potential in some neurones. This depolarization is associated with an increase in membrane conductance and appears to drive the membrane potential to ca. -30mV. It persists when conducted impulses are blocked so it is probably not a recurrent synaptic potential. 5. It is suggested that combined Ca2+-Na+ spikes observed in isolated sensory neurones in vitro reflect the action potential of adult sensory cells but the possibility that they represent an early stage in development is also discussed.", "contents": "The action potential of chick dorsal root ganglion neurones maintained in cell culture. 1. The directly evoked action potential of dissociated, embryonic, chick, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones maintained in cell culture is prolonged compared to spinal cord cell spikes and the re-polarization phase is marked by a plateau. 2. Evidence was obtained that both Ca2+ and Na+ carry inward current across the active soma membrane. Ca2+ because: overshooting spikes persist in tetrodotoxin (TTX) or Na+-free media; in the presence of TTX (or absence of Na+) spike size varies directly with extracellular Ca2+ and spikes are eliminated by Co2+. Na+ because: spikes persist in the presence of Co2+ or Ca2+-free media; in the presence of Co2+ (or absence of Ca2+) spike varies directly with extracellular Na+ and spikes are blocked by TTX. 3. On the other hand, Ca2+ plays less if any role in action potentials conducted along sensory nerve cell processes. Conducted spikes could not be evoked in TTX containing or Na+-free media. 4. A long-lasting depolarization follows the action potential in some neurones. This depolarization is associated with an increase in membrane conductance and appears to drive the membrane potential to ca. -30mV. It persists when conducted impulses are blocked so it is probably not a recurrent synaptic potential. 5. It is suggested that combined Ca2+-Na+ spikes observed in isolated sensory neurones in vitro reflect the action potential of adult sensory cells but the possibility that they represent an early stage in development is also discussed.", "PMID": 559758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3960", "title": "[Activation of contraction by voltage-clamped stimulation in crayfish muscle fibers (author's transl)].", "content": "It is known that the properties of the excitation-contraction coupling of crayfish skeletal muscle are different in some respects from those of frog muscle. In the present study, activation of contraction of the crayfish muscle induced by short depolarizing pulses was investigated and it was compared with the results of frog muscle obtained by Adrian, Chandler and Hodgkin (1969). Two glass microelectrodes were inserted into the thoracal muscle of the crayfish. The muscle was stimulated by the voltage-clamped pulses of different durations and the resulting contractions were observed under the binocular microscope with the magnification of 60 X at 20 approximately 23 degrees C. The rheobasic membrane potential was -55mV. The mechanical threshold potential was -42 mV for 10 msec, -15 mV for 2.5 msec, +18 mV for 1 msec and around +90 mV for 0.5 msec pulses. For short pulses where the threshold potential was more positive than -20 mV, the area of the depolarization above -30 mV was 51 mV-msec. Subthreshold pulses produced contraction if applied repetitively. The effect of a just suprathreshold short pulse on the activation of contraction was cancelled by the hyperpolarizing pulse.", "contents": "[Activation of contraction by voltage-clamped stimulation in crayfish muscle fibers (author's transl)]. It is known that the properties of the excitation-contraction coupling of crayfish skeletal muscle are different in some respects from those of frog muscle. In the present study, activation of contraction of the crayfish muscle induced by short depolarizing pulses was investigated and it was compared with the results of frog muscle obtained by Adrian, Chandler and Hodgkin (1969). Two glass microelectrodes were inserted into the thoracal muscle of the crayfish. The muscle was stimulated by the voltage-clamped pulses of different durations and the resulting contractions were observed under the binocular microscope with the magnification of 60 X at 20 approximately 23 degrees C. The rheobasic membrane potential was -55mV. The mechanical threshold potential was -42 mV for 10 msec, -15 mV for 2.5 msec, +18 mV for 1 msec and around +90 mV for 0.5 msec pulses. For short pulses where the threshold potential was more positive than -20 mV, the area of the depolarization above -30 mV was 51 mV-msec. Subthreshold pulses produced contraction if applied repetitively. The effect of a just suprathreshold short pulse on the activation of contraction was cancelled by the hyperpolarizing pulse.", "PMID": 559760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3961", "title": "Ionic currents through the membrane of the mammalian oocyte and their comparison with those in the tunicate and sea urchin.", "content": "1. The action potential and the membrane current of the mouse oocyte were analysed by current-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques and they were compared with those of other animal oocytes. 2. The matured and unfertilized oocyte of the mouse in standard medium with 6 mM-K showed the resting potential of -23-1+/-2-9 mV. The resting potential was relatively large in the medium with 20 mM-Ca or 10 mM-Mn, being -35-7+/-2-6 mV and further increased to -46-9+/-4-8 mV with replacement of Na in the medium by choline. 3. At the cessation of large hyperpolarization below -90 mV in standard medium, a regenerative potential was often elicited in the form of an off-response. The off-response depended upon the external concentration of Ca. In 20 mM-Ca medium it was constantly observed with hyperpolarization below -60 mV. Its critical level was -40 mV and its overshoot was +15 mV. 4. The time and potential-dependent inward current was observed both in standard and 20 mM-Ca media under voltage-clamp condition. In 20 mM-Ca medium the inward current was observed by depolarization beyond -40 mV and showed its maximum at -15 mV. It was greatly reduced by replacing the external Ca with Mn but retained by substituting Sr or Ba for Ca. The selectivity ratios among these alkali earth cations were Ca:Sr:Ba=1-0:1-4:0-7. 5. The current-voltage relation in Ca and Na-deficient and 10 mM-Mn medium was linear from -200 to +25 mV. The hyperpolarization below -200 mV revealed an inward-going rectification. The depolarization above +50 mV under voltage-clamp condition induced the outward surge current with activation and inactivation processes. 6. In contrast to the mouse oocyte, the matured and unfertilized oocyte of the sea urchin showed a large resting potential of -70 mV in 30 Ca ASW and the depolarization beyond -40 mV elicited an action potential with an overshoot of 20 mV. The action potential showed a notch in the rising phase and lasted about 1 to 2 sec. 7. Under the voltage-clamp condition both Ca inward current and the outward surge current were observed in the sea urchin oocyte membrane just as in the mouse oocyte membrane. 8. The selectivity ratios among alkali earth cations, Ca:Sr:Ba, for 'Ca  channels' of the oocyte membranes were 1-0:1-4:0-7 in the mouse, 1-0:1-7:1-1 in the tunicate and 1-0:0-7:0-5 in the sea urchin. When the current density through Ca channels are revised in terms of the respective critical levels for Ca channels, the revised selectivity sequences become Ca greater than Sr greater than Ba, being common to all three species.", "contents": "Ionic currents through the membrane of the mammalian oocyte and their comparison with those in the tunicate and sea urchin. 1. The action potential and the membrane current of the mouse oocyte were analysed by current-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques and they were compared with those of other animal oocytes. 2. The matured and unfertilized oocyte of the mouse in standard medium with 6 mM-K showed the resting potential of -23-1+/-2-9 mV. The resting potential was relatively large in the medium with 20 mM-Ca or 10 mM-Mn, being -35-7+/-2-6 mV and further increased to -46-9+/-4-8 mV with replacement of Na in the medium by choline. 3. At the cessation of large hyperpolarization below -90 mV in standard medium, a regenerative potential was often elicited in the form of an off-response. The off-response depended upon the external concentration of Ca. In 20 mM-Ca medium it was constantly observed with hyperpolarization below -60 mV. Its critical level was -40 mV and its overshoot was +15 mV. 4. The time and potential-dependent inward current was observed both in standard and 20 mM-Ca media under voltage-clamp condition. In 20 mM-Ca medium the inward current was observed by depolarization beyond -40 mV and showed its maximum at -15 mV. It was greatly reduced by replacing the external Ca with Mn but retained by substituting Sr or Ba for Ca. The selectivity ratios among these alkali earth cations were Ca:Sr:Ba=1-0:1-4:0-7. 5. The current-voltage relation in Ca and Na-deficient and 10 mM-Mn medium was linear from -200 to +25 mV. The hyperpolarization below -200 mV revealed an inward-going rectification. The depolarization above +50 mV under voltage-clamp condition induced the outward surge current with activation and inactivation processes. 6. In contrast to the mouse oocyte, the matured and unfertilized oocyte of the sea urchin showed a large resting potential of -70 mV in 30 Ca ASW and the depolarization beyond -40 mV elicited an action potential with an overshoot of 20 mV. The action potential showed a notch in the rising phase and lasted about 1 to 2 sec. 7. Under the voltage-clamp condition both Ca inward current and the outward surge current were observed in the sea urchin oocyte membrane just as in the mouse oocyte membrane. 8. The selectivity ratios among alkali earth cations, Ca:Sr:Ba, for 'Ca  channels' of the oocyte membranes were 1-0:1-4:0-7 in the mouse, 1-0:1-7:1-1 in the tunicate and 1-0:0-7:0-5 in the sea urchin. When the current density through Ca channels are revised in terms of the respective critical levels for Ca channels, the revised selectivity sequences become Ca greater than Sr greater than Ba, being common to all three species.", "PMID": 559759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3962", "title": "[Trypsin inhibitors in human urine (author's transl)].", "content": "By using ammonium sulfate, Arg-Sepharose and gel filtration, an urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) with molecular weight of 67,000 (UTI7) was isolated from normal human urine. The yield of UTI7 was about 3,200 U per liter of urine. When urine was acidified, an uropepsin-like substance was activated which caused molecular weight change of UTI7. New UTIs had molecular weight of 45,000 and 22,000 (UTI4-5 and UTI-2-2), respectively. These inhibitors showed a strong effect on trypsin, alpha--chymotrypsin and lesser extent on plasmin and elastase, but had no effect on esterolytic activity on thrombin and the first components of complement Cls an Clr.", "contents": "[Trypsin inhibitors in human urine (author's transl)]. By using ammonium sulfate, Arg-Sepharose and gel filtration, an urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) with molecular weight of 67,000 (UTI7) was isolated from normal human urine. The yield of UTI7 was about 3,200 U per liter of urine. When urine was acidified, an uropepsin-like substance was activated which caused molecular weight change of UTI7. New UTIs had molecular weight of 45,000 and 22,000 (UTI4-5 and UTI-2-2), respectively. These inhibitors showed a strong effect on trypsin, alpha--chymotrypsin and lesser extent on plasmin and elastase, but had no effect on esterolytic activity on thrombin and the first components of complement Cls an Clr.", "PMID": 559761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3963", "title": "Vitamin B6 antagonists obtained by replacing or modifying the 2-methyl group.", "content": "The 2-methyl group of pyridoxol was replaced with various other groups, including 2-amino and 2-methylamino as examples of electron-donating substituents and including 2-carboxyl, 2-carboxamide, and 2-halo as examples of electron-withdrawing substituents. The key intermediate in the synthesis was 3-O-benzyl-alpha4,alpha5-O-isopropylidene-alpha2-pyridoxol (15) or the corresponding 2-aldehyde (2). Another approach for modifying the 2 position, but chemically less successful, started with 3-O-methylpyridoxol, which was oxidized to the tricarboxylic acid, decarboxylated, esterfied, and reduced with LiAlH4, providing derivatives in which the 2-CH3 group was replaced with H. The analogues were tested for their growth-inhibitory activity against mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells in culture. The 2-azine, 2-chloro, and 2-amino analogues were active as inhibitors at ID50 approximately or equal to 10(-5) M, whereas the 2-fluoro and 2-carboxylic acid analogues were inactive at 1 X 10(-4) M. The results are contrasted with those found earlier for similar modifications in other positions of the vitamin B6 molecule. Although the 2-chloro analogue was found to inhibit pyridoxal phosphokinase (KI=24 micron), the 6-chloro analogue was inactive as an inhibitor at 1 mM.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 antagonists obtained by replacing or modifying the 2-methyl group. The 2-methyl group of pyridoxol was replaced with various other groups, including 2-amino and 2-methylamino as examples of electron-donating substituents and including 2-carboxyl, 2-carboxamide, and 2-halo as examples of electron-withdrawing substituents. The key intermediate in the synthesis was 3-O-benzyl-alpha4,alpha5-O-isopropylidene-alpha2-pyridoxol (15) or the corresponding 2-aldehyde (2). Another approach for modifying the 2 position, but chemically less successful, started with 3-O-methylpyridoxol, which was oxidized to the tricarboxylic acid, decarboxylated, esterfied, and reduced with LiAlH4, providing derivatives in which the 2-CH3 group was replaced with H. The analogues were tested for their growth-inhibitory activity against mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells in culture. The 2-azine, 2-chloro, and 2-amino analogues were active as inhibitors at ID50 approximately or equal to 10(-5) M, whereas the 2-fluoro and 2-carboxylic acid analogues were inactive at 1 X 10(-4) M. The results are contrasted with those found earlier for similar modifications in other positions of the vitamin B6 molecule. Although the 2-chloro analogue was found to inhibit pyridoxal phosphokinase (KI=24 micron), the 6-chloro analogue was inactive as an inhibitor at 1 mM.", "PMID": 559765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3964", "title": "Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of nucleosides of naphthoquinone heterocycles.", "content": "The synthesis, characterization, and biochemical evaluation of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylnaphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione (3), 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylnaphtho[2,3-d]pyrazole-4,9-dione (6), and 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylnaphthol[2,3-d]triazole-4,9-dione (9) are reported. These quinone nucleosides and the corresponding quinone heterocycles were tested as inhibitors of purine nucleotide biosynthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells. The nucleosides 3 and 9 and naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione were effective inhibitors of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "contents": "Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of nucleosides of naphthoquinone heterocycles. The synthesis, characterization, and biochemical evaluation of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylnaphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione (3), 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylnaphtho[2,3-d]pyrazole-4,9-dione (6), and 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylnaphthol[2,3-d]triazole-4,9-dione (9) are reported. These quinone nucleosides and the corresponding quinone heterocycles were tested as inhibitors of purine nucleotide biosynthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells. The nucleosides 3 and 9 and naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione were effective inhibitors of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "PMID": 559766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3965", "title": "Detection of concanavalin A receptors by affinity to peroxidase and iron dextran by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "A method of cell surface mapping has been developed on spermatozoa. Concanavalin A binding sites have been simultaneously revelaed both by peroxidase DAB reaction and by iron dextran coupling. The areas are examined in scanning and transmission electron microscopes and submitted to electron probe X-ray microanalysis.", "contents": "Detection of concanavalin A receptors by affinity to peroxidase and iron dextran by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. A method of cell surface mapping has been developed on spermatozoa. Concanavalin A binding sites have been simultaneously revelaed both by peroxidase DAB reaction and by iron dextran coupling. The areas are examined in scanning and transmission electron microscopes and submitted to electron probe X-ray microanalysis.", "PMID": 559767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3966", "title": "[Generalized congenital fibromatosis. A new case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a new case of generalized congenital fibromatosis in a young white girl who presented at birth a sub-cutaneous frontal localization with osteolytic lesions. At three and a half months of age, a complete auriculo-ventricular block was discovered secondary to a myocardial localization and she died of acute respiratory failure without showing early anormal pulmonary radiological lesions. In reviewing ten cases of this generalized congenital form of the osteolytic lesions encountered, and stress the fact that the discrete radiological pulmonary signs that condition the prognosis. The then discuss the utility of distinguishing diffus and generalized forms of congenital fibromatosis.", "contents": "[Generalized congenital fibromatosis. A new case report (author's transl)]. The authors report a new case of generalized congenital fibromatosis in a young white girl who presented at birth a sub-cutaneous frontal localization with osteolytic lesions. At three and a half months of age, a complete auriculo-ventricular block was discovered secondary to a myocardial localization and she died of acute respiratory failure without showing early anormal pulmonary radiological lesions. In reviewing ten cases of this generalized congenital form of the osteolytic lesions encountered, and stress the fact that the discrete radiological pulmonary signs that condition the prognosis. The then discuss the utility of distinguishing diffus and generalized forms of congenital fibromatosis.", "PMID": 559763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3967", "title": "Comparative studies on the structure of reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians.", "content": "Reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians, Botryllus primigenus, Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides violaceus and Botrylloides leachi, were studied histologically. In every species, the egg follicle consisting of an egg and its inner and outer follicles, is attached to the follicle stalk, the vesicle being composed of a flat epithelium, which in its turn is connected to the atrial epithelium or to the brood pouch specialized from it. In B. schlosseri, the egg is ovulated into the atrial cavity and remains there held by the brood cup, of which the inner epithelium is derived from the follicle stalk and the outer one from the atrial epithelium. In B. primigenus, the brood pouch develops as a diverticulum of the atrial cavity, around the entrance of which a fold differentiates from the atrial epithelium and closes the pouch during embryogenesis. In both species of Botrylloides, the brood pouch is formed by the outgrowth of the thickened atrial epithelium into the blood space, the entrance of which is closed during embryogenesis. The discarded outer follicle completely disintegrates soon after ovulation in B. schlosseri, but part of it remains throughout embryogenesis in the blood space in B. primigenus or projecting into the interior of the brood pouch in Botrylloides. In primigenus, the testis, when it accompanies the egg follicle, is placed at the bottom of the brood pouch and the sperm is shed through the pouch prior to ovulation. In B. schlosseri and the Botrylloides species, the testis is located independently from the egg follicle and the sperm matures after ovulation.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the structure of reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians. Reproductive organs of four botryllid ascidians, Botryllus primigenus, Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides violaceus and Botrylloides leachi, were studied histologically. In every species, the egg follicle consisting of an egg and its inner and outer follicles, is attached to the follicle stalk, the vesicle being composed of a flat epithelium, which in its turn is connected to the atrial epithelium or to the brood pouch specialized from it. In B. schlosseri, the egg is ovulated into the atrial cavity and remains there held by the brood cup, of which the inner epithelium is derived from the follicle stalk and the outer one from the atrial epithelium. In B. primigenus, the brood pouch develops as a diverticulum of the atrial cavity, around the entrance of which a fold differentiates from the atrial epithelium and closes the pouch during embryogenesis. In both species of Botrylloides, the brood pouch is formed by the outgrowth of the thickened atrial epithelium into the blood space, the entrance of which is closed during embryogenesis. The discarded outer follicle completely disintegrates soon after ovulation in B. schlosseri, but part of it remains throughout embryogenesis in the blood space in B. primigenus or projecting into the interior of the brood pouch in Botrylloides. In primigenus, the testis, when it accompanies the egg follicle, is placed at the bottom of the brood pouch and the sperm is shed through the pouch prior to ovulation. In B. schlosseri and the Botrylloides species, the testis is located independently from the egg follicle and the sperm matures after ovulation.", "PMID": 559771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3968", "title": "An ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of oogenesis in the squid, Loligo pealei.", "content": "Oogenesis has been investigated utilizing both light and electron microscopical techniques in the squid, Loligo pealei. This complex process has been divided into five stages according to the structure of the follicle. Because of the highly coordinated differentiation of the follicle cells (and follicular syncytium) and the oocyte, their development is described in concert. Specific attention is given to the contribution of the follicular syncytium to vitellogenesis and the formation of the extracellular egg envelope or chorion. Our observations indicate heterosynthetic yolk production and the synthesis of the secondary envelope by the follicular syncytium.", "contents": "An ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of oogenesis in the squid, Loligo pealei. Oogenesis has been investigated utilizing both light and electron microscopical techniques in the squid, Loligo pealei. This complex process has been divided into five stages according to the structure of the follicle. Because of the highly coordinated differentiation of the follicle cells (and follicular syncytium) and the oocyte, their development is described in concert. Specific attention is given to the contribution of the follicular syncytium to vitellogenesis and the formation of the extracellular egg envelope or chorion. Our observations indicate heterosynthetic yolk production and the synthesis of the secondary envelope by the follicular syncytium.", "PMID": 559772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3969", "title": "Kinetics of assembly of a parvovirus, minute virus of mice, in synchronized rat brain cells.", "content": "The rates of assembly of the three classes of particles of minute virus of mice were examined in synchronized rat brain cells by a combination of electron microscopy and biochemical techniques. We observed a burst of virus assembly beginning about 8 h after the end of cellular S phase. Labeled thymidine incorporated into the 1.46 g/cm3 class of full virus particles was transferred almost quantitatively to the 1.42 g/cm3 class. The 1.46 g/cm3 virus appeared to be an immediate precursor to the 1.42 g/cm3 class. Conversion of the 1.46 density virus to the 1.42 density particles was observed at the time of virus assembly. The processing was rapid and occurred primarily in the nucleus. Infected cells did not contain significant pools of viral DNA in a form that could be encapsulated in the absence of DNA synthesis. The role of the empty virus capsids in the assembly process is discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of assembly of a parvovirus, minute virus of mice, in synchronized rat brain cells. The rates of assembly of the three classes of particles of minute virus of mice were examined in synchronized rat brain cells by a combination of electron microscopy and biochemical techniques. We observed a burst of virus assembly beginning about 8 h after the end of cellular S phase. Labeled thymidine incorporated into the 1.46 g/cm3 class of full virus particles was transferred almost quantitatively to the 1.42 g/cm3 class. The 1.46 g/cm3 virus appeared to be an immediate precursor to the 1.42 g/cm3 class. Conversion of the 1.46 density virus to the 1.42 density particles was observed at the time of virus assembly. The processing was rapid and occurred primarily in the nucleus. Infected cells did not contain significant pools of viral DNA in a form that could be encapsulated in the absence of DNA synthesis. The role of the empty virus capsids in the assembly process is discussed.", "PMID": 559779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3970", "title": "Virion RNA polymerases of two salmonid rhabdoviruses.", "content": "RNA-dependent RNA polymerases were found to be associated with two salmonid rhabdoviruses: infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus and the virus of hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). The protein composition of these rhabdoviruses closely resembles that of rabies virus rather than that of vesicular stomatitis virus (McAllister and Wagner, 1975). The optimal temperature for in vitro transcription was found to be approximately 18 degrees C for IHN virus and approximately 15 degrees for VHS,, closely approximating optimal temperatures for growth of these viruses in salmonid cells. Unlike vesicular stomatitis virus, manganese ion (1 mM) could be used as a divalent cation substitute for magnesium ion (5 mM). The in vitro transcription products of IHN and VHS viruses hybridized completely to the homologous genome but not at all to the heterologous genome.", "contents": "Virion RNA polymerases of two salmonid rhabdoviruses. RNA-dependent RNA polymerases were found to be associated with two salmonid rhabdoviruses: infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus and the virus of hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). The protein composition of these rhabdoviruses closely resembles that of rabies virus rather than that of vesicular stomatitis virus (McAllister and Wagner, 1975). The optimal temperature for in vitro transcription was found to be approximately 18 degrees C for IHN virus and approximately 15 degrees for VHS,, closely approximating optimal temperatures for growth of these viruses in salmonid cells. Unlike vesicular stomatitis virus, manganese ion (1 mM) could be used as a divalent cation substitute for magnesium ion (5 mM). The in vitro transcription products of IHN and VHS viruses hybridized completely to the homologous genome but not at all to the heterologous genome.", "PMID": 559780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3971", "title": "The physical basis of some urodynamic measurements.", "content": "This report concerns certain principles of physics that are relevant to the clinical practice of Urology as well as the research urodynamicist. Supplemental material is available in previous publications for the physiologist, cardiovascular, dynamicist, anesthesiologist and the like. The material is fairly recent only in its application to the lower urinary tract. Pressure-volume relationships were applied to be cardiovascular system more than 20 years age. Indeed, for those interested in urodynamic methods, there is a vast fund of useful pertinent information in the literature on vascular dynamics. The problems of steady and unsteady flow in flexible structures are common to both specialties. It would be unfortunate if urodynamicists were required to learn of the phenomena and their implications by the drudgery of repeated measurements rather than taking guidance from previous work. This report is intended to serve as an introduction to the approach and, hopefully, will stimulate those who are interested in urodynamic methods to seek out this information and to interpret their measurements in the light of fundamental physical phenomena that have been described and analyzed.", "contents": "The physical basis of some urodynamic measurements. This report concerns certain principles of physics that are relevant to the clinical practice of Urology as well as the research urodynamicist. Supplemental material is available in previous publications for the physiologist, cardiovascular, dynamicist, anesthesiologist and the like. The material is fairly recent only in its application to the lower urinary tract. Pressure-volume relationships were applied to be cardiovascular system more than 20 years age. Indeed, for those interested in urodynamic methods, there is a vast fund of useful pertinent information in the literature on vascular dynamics. The problems of steady and unsteady flow in flexible structures are common to both specialties. It would be unfortunate if urodynamicists were required to learn of the phenomena and their implications by the drudgery of repeated measurements rather than taking guidance from previous work. This report is intended to serve as an introduction to the approach and, hopefully, will stimulate those who are interested in urodynamic methods to seek out this information and to interpret their measurements in the light of fundamental physical phenomena that have been described and analyzed.", "PMID": 559781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3972", "title": "Experience with management of posterior urethral injury associated with pelvic fracture.", "content": "Review of records from 205 patients with pelvic fracture and hematuria revealed that 121 underwent urologic and radiographic evaluation. Of these patients 20 had severe posterior urethral injuries documented by urethrography of voiding cystourethrography: 9 underwent primary repair and 11 had delayed scrotal-inlay urethroplasty after initial cystostomy alone. Patients who underwent primary repair had a 77 per cent incidence of stricture, a 22 per cent incidence of incontinence and a 33 per cent incidence of impotency. Patients who underwent delayed closure had no incidence of stricture, incontinence or impotence. Patients in both groups had urinary tract infections. Simple cystostomy followed by delayed scrotal-inlay urethroplasty appears superior to primary realignment in the management of patients with posterior urethral injuries.", "contents": "Experience with management of posterior urethral injury associated with pelvic fracture. Review of records from 205 patients with pelvic fracture and hematuria revealed that 121 underwent urologic and radiographic evaluation. Of these patients 20 had severe posterior urethral injuries documented by urethrography of voiding cystourethrography: 9 underwent primary repair and 11 had delayed scrotal-inlay urethroplasty after initial cystostomy alone. Patients who underwent primary repair had a 77 per cent incidence of stricture, a 22 per cent incidence of incontinence and a 33 per cent incidence of impotency. Patients who underwent delayed closure had no incidence of stricture, incontinence or impotence. Patients in both groups had urinary tract infections. Simple cystostomy followed by delayed scrotal-inlay urethroplasty appears superior to primary realignment in the management of patients with posterior urethral injuries.", "PMID": 559782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3973", "title": "Experience with carcinoma of the scrotum.", "content": "The natural history, management and prognosis of scrotal carcinoma are reviewed in 19 cases and a method to stage the tumor is presented. Ten patients were rendered free of evidence of cancer, 9 of whom have survived more than 5 years. Wide local excision of the primary lesion with radical ilioinguinal dissection for proved inguinal lymph node metastases is the present recommendation. For non-resectable regional metastatic disease no treatment of established effectiveness is available. Irradiation has produced benefit on rare occasions and hemipelvectomy may be considered in selected cases.", "contents": "Experience with carcinoma of the scrotum. The natural history, management and prognosis of scrotal carcinoma are reviewed in 19 cases and a method to stage the tumor is presented. Ten patients were rendered free of evidence of cancer, 9 of whom have survived more than 5 years. Wide local excision of the primary lesion with radical ilioinguinal dissection for proved inguinal lymph node metastases is the present recommendation. For non-resectable regional metastatic disease no treatment of established effectiveness is available. Irradiation has produced benefit on rare occasions and hemipelvectomy may be considered in selected cases.", "PMID": 559784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3974", "title": "Mass screening program for prostatic diseases with transrectal ultrasonotomography.", "content": "A special chair-type apparatus for transrectal ultrasonotomography was developed in our laboratory 3 years ago. We did a mass screening program for prostatic disease, using this equipment as the primary study in the system. The 132 apparently normal men evaluated ranged in age from 40 to 76 years (mean 55.0). The 48 patients suspected of having prostatic disease underwent secondary studies, consisting of the usual urological examinations. Prostatic disease was detected in 24 cases, including 18 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Thus, the model program revealed an extraordinarily high prevalence of latent prostatic disease among apparently normal older men.", "contents": "Mass screening program for prostatic diseases with transrectal ultrasonotomography. A special chair-type apparatus for transrectal ultrasonotomography was developed in our laboratory 3 years ago. We did a mass screening program for prostatic disease, using this equipment as the primary study in the system. The 132 apparently normal men evaluated ranged in age from 40 to 76 years (mean 55.0). The 48 patients suspected of having prostatic disease underwent secondary studies, consisting of the usual urological examinations. Prostatic disease was detected in 24 cases, including 18 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Thus, the model program revealed an extraordinarily high prevalence of latent prostatic disease among apparently normal older men.", "PMID": 559785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3975", "title": "Carbon dioxide-urethral pressure profile in female incontinence.", "content": "Herein we describe a method to assess urethral dynamics in women with urinary incontinence, using a carbon dioxide cystometer. The parameters evaluated are the maximum urethral closing pressure, functional urethral length, active continence, transmission of intra-abdominal pressure to the urethral pressure and changes when patients are in the supine and erect positions.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide-urethral pressure profile in female incontinence. Herein we describe a method to assess urethral dynamics in women with urinary incontinence, using a carbon dioxide cystometer. The parameters evaluated are the maximum urethral closing pressure, functional urethral length, active continence, transmission of intra-abdominal pressure to the urethral pressure and changes when patients are in the supine and erect positions.", "PMID": 559786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3976", "title": "A new approach to electromyography of the external urethral sphincter.", "content": "Detailed electromyographic investigation of the external urethral sphincter was done as part of a urodynamic evaluation of 119 patients. The sphincter was located by inserting electrodes alongside the urethra. The electromyogram was viewed on an oscilloscope and recorded on paper. Normal and abnormal sphincter electromyograms were defined and the role of sphincter electromyography in urodynamic studies was discussed. It was observed that electromyographic activity does not always correlate with urethral resistance but must be interpreted in conjunction with other urodynamic parameters, such as urethral pressures, urinary flow rates and voiding cystourethrography. In addition, sphincter electromyography provides valuable information to define the various neural pathways involved in micturition and continence.", "contents": "A new approach to electromyography of the external urethral sphincter. Detailed electromyographic investigation of the external urethral sphincter was done as part of a urodynamic evaluation of 119 patients. The sphincter was located by inserting electrodes alongside the urethra. The electromyogram was viewed on an oscilloscope and recorded on paper. Normal and abnormal sphincter electromyograms were defined and the role of sphincter electromyography in urodynamic studies was discussed. It was observed that electromyographic activity does not always correlate with urethral resistance but must be interpreted in conjunction with other urodynamic parameters, such as urethral pressures, urinary flow rates and voiding cystourethrography. In addition, sphincter electromyography provides valuable information to define the various neural pathways involved in micturition and continence.", "PMID": 559787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3977", "title": "Perinatal asphyxia and renal failure in neonatal patients.", "content": "Herein we discuss oliguria and azotemia in neonatal patients associated with perinatal complications, including difficult labor and delivery, and respiratory asphyxia. Renal failure in these patients is accompanied by proteinuria, microscopic hematuria and red blood cell casts, and it generally resolves in 7 to 10 days. Umbilical aortography can be helpful in determining the presence of normal kidneys in these patients.", "contents": "Perinatal asphyxia and renal failure in neonatal patients. Herein we discuss oliguria and azotemia in neonatal patients associated with perinatal complications, including difficult labor and delivery, and respiratory asphyxia. Renal failure in these patients is accompanied by proteinuria, microscopic hematuria and red blood cell casts, and it generally resolves in 7 to 10 days. Umbilical aortography can be helpful in determining the presence of normal kidneys in these patients.", "PMID": 559790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3978", "title": "[24 hour recording of gastric movements in the conscious dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric movements were monitored in five conscious dogs weighing 9 to 13 kg by extraluminal force transducers (EFTs) which were independently developed and constructed in our own laboratory. After chronically implanting EFTs both in the canine gastric body and antrum we succeeded in making continuous recordings of their movements over several days. Dogs fed once a day with regular meals showed a circadian rhythm which was divided into three phases; digestive, intermediate, and an interdigestive phase. The digestive phase, which continued for about 8 to 10 hours after feeding, was characterized by a lack of movement in the body and repetitive rhythmical contractions having a rather small amplitude in the antrum. The interdigestive phase was distinguished from other phases by a peculiar sequence of gastric movements (interdigestive contractions) which did not make their appearance until 16 hours after feeding. These interdigestive contractions were the highest amplitude contractions to occur in both the body and antrum during the day. They continued for 70 minutes and repetitively recurred after intervening quiet periods of about 22 minutes. The intermediate phase was the period interposed between the digestive and interdigestive phase.", "contents": "[24 hour recording of gastric movements in the conscious dog (author's transl)]. Gastric movements were monitored in five conscious dogs weighing 9 to 13 kg by extraluminal force transducers (EFTs) which were independently developed and constructed in our own laboratory. After chronically implanting EFTs both in the canine gastric body and antrum we succeeded in making continuous recordings of their movements over several days. Dogs fed once a day with regular meals showed a circadian rhythm which was divided into three phases; digestive, intermediate, and an interdigestive phase. The digestive phase, which continued for about 8 to 10 hours after feeding, was characterized by a lack of movement in the body and repetitive rhythmical contractions having a rather small amplitude in the antrum. The interdigestive phase was distinguished from other phases by a peculiar sequence of gastric movements (interdigestive contractions) which did not make their appearance until 16 hours after feeding. These interdigestive contractions were the highest amplitude contractions to occur in both the body and antrum during the day. They continued for 70 minutes and repetitively recurred after intervening quiet periods of about 22 minutes. The intermediate phase was the period interposed between the digestive and interdigestive phase.", "PMID": 559860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3979", "title": "[The influence of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve on the gastric inhibitory and excitatory motor reflexes (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of electrical stimulation of central cut end of the glossopharyngeal nerve on the vagal inhibitory and excitatory reflexes of gastric movements were investigated. Frogs and bullfrogs were employed in all experiments under urethan anaesthesia and also immobilized with 1% solution of d-tubocurarine chloride. Bilateral splanchnic nerves were previously severd, and so the stomach was innervated through the vagus nerves only. 1. The vago-vagal inhibitory reflex of gastric movements was depressed or abolished during the maintenance of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve. But, the vago-vagal excitatory reflex of gastric movements was augmented in the one example and in the other example it was depressed during the glossopharyngeal stimulation. 2. The labyrintho-vagal excitatory reflex of gastric movements was excited during the maintenance of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve.", "contents": "[The influence of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve on the gastric inhibitory and excitatory motor reflexes (author's transl)]. The influence of electrical stimulation of central cut end of the glossopharyngeal nerve on the vagal inhibitory and excitatory reflexes of gastric movements were investigated. Frogs and bullfrogs were employed in all experiments under urethan anaesthesia and also immobilized with 1% solution of d-tubocurarine chloride. Bilateral splanchnic nerves were previously severd, and so the stomach was innervated through the vagus nerves only. 1. The vago-vagal inhibitory reflex of gastric movements was depressed or abolished during the maintenance of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve. But, the vago-vagal excitatory reflex of gastric movements was augmented in the one example and in the other example it was depressed during the glossopharyngeal stimulation. 2. The labyrintho-vagal excitatory reflex of gastric movements was excited during the maintenance of stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve.", "PMID": 559861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3980", "title": "[An extraluminal strain gage force transducer: its construction and implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Extraluminal strain gage force transducers have been designed and constructed in this laboratory. This device was originally developed to measure contractile force of the heart by Walton et al in 1950, however, we concentrated our effort upon durability and waterproof of the transducer in the present study. 2. Strain gages which were made for measuring large strain were prepared and bonded onto the both surfaces of CuBe strips with epoxy lesin. Water proof was then made by applying silicone (KE 45 RTV), which was excellent in waterproof, insulation and flexibility. The silicone was also found no significant influence upon the surrounding tissues as a foreign body. 3. The transducer constructed in this way had useful life for 3-6 months after implantation. Chronically implanted transducer units offer several advantages: they provide prolanged observation of gastrointestinal mechanical activity directly in conscious animals. They can be sutured on the outer surface of the gastrointestinal tract and do not interfere flow of intraluminal contents. They can measure separate contractile force of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. 4. Major limination of the transducer is difficulty to determine if a given sequence of movements are mixing or propulsion of the contents. Application of these transducers is currently limited in animal only.", "contents": "[An extraluminal strain gage force transducer: its construction and implantation (author's transl)]. 1. Extraluminal strain gage force transducers have been designed and constructed in this laboratory. This device was originally developed to measure contractile force of the heart by Walton et al in 1950, however, we concentrated our effort upon durability and waterproof of the transducer in the present study. 2. Strain gages which were made for measuring large strain were prepared and bonded onto the both surfaces of CuBe strips with epoxy lesin. Water proof was then made by applying silicone (KE 45 RTV), which was excellent in waterproof, insulation and flexibility. The silicone was also found no significant influence upon the surrounding tissues as a foreign body. 3. The transducer constructed in this way had useful life for 3-6 months after implantation. Chronically implanted transducer units offer several advantages: they provide prolanged observation of gastrointestinal mechanical activity directly in conscious animals. They can be sutured on the outer surface of the gastrointestinal tract and do not interfere flow of intraluminal contents. They can measure separate contractile force of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. 4. Major limination of the transducer is difficulty to determine if a given sequence of movements are mixing or propulsion of the contents. Application of these transducers is currently limited in animal only.", "PMID": 559862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3981", "title": "[Effects of loperamide on the gastric and intestinal motilities in the guinea pig and dog (author's transl)].", "content": "In anesthetized dogs, intravenous administration or intrajejunal infusion of Loperamide produced the excitatory effect of gastric, small and large bowel motilities accompanied with elevation of the muscle tone. The excitatory response was slightly suppressed by administration of atropine. Such effects were similar to those of morphine and methadone. In non-anesthetized spinal guinea pigs, Loperamide increased colonic motility accompanied with the augmentation of the colonic muscle tone, but the conduction of the contraction waves was prevented. In anesthetized guinea pigs, intravenous administration of Loperamide reduced the rate of the rhythmic contraction waves of the small intestine, but its effect on the muscle tone was not evident. The activity of Loperamide as an antidiarrheal agent was discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of loperamide on the gastric and intestinal motilities in the guinea pig and dog (author's transl)]. In anesthetized dogs, intravenous administration or intrajejunal infusion of Loperamide produced the excitatory effect of gastric, small and large bowel motilities accompanied with elevation of the muscle tone. The excitatory response was slightly suppressed by administration of atropine. Such effects were similar to those of morphine and methadone. In non-anesthetized spinal guinea pigs, Loperamide increased colonic motility accompanied with the augmentation of the colonic muscle tone, but the conduction of the contraction waves was prevented. In anesthetized guinea pigs, intravenous administration of Loperamide reduced the rate of the rhythmic contraction waves of the small intestine, but its effect on the muscle tone was not evident. The activity of Loperamide as an antidiarrheal agent was discussed.", "PMID": 559863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3982", "title": "[Effects of various types of vagotomy on electrical and contractile activities of the canine stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen mongrel dogs equipped with four bipolar electrodes and three strain gauges on the anterior wall of the stomach underwent three types of vagotomy: truncal vagotomy (TV)-6 dogs; selective proximal vagotomy (SPV)-3 dogs; and antral vagotomy (AV)-4 dogs. Electrical and contractile activities of the stomach were examined before and after these vagotomies on both the fasting and postprandial states. TV caused an increased incidence of dysrhythmia and a 12 to 33% reduction of the propagation velocity of the basic electrical rhythm (BER). Following feeding, the characteristic waxing and waning pattern of normal gastric contraction was altered to a monotonic steady pattern, increasing overall contraction activity of the pyloric sphincter. These changes seem to be attributable to delayed gastric emptying following truncal vagotomy. SPV reduced the propagation velocity of the BER slightly (2.5-7.3%), preserving the inherent physiological contractile activity in the antrum and pyloric sphincter, and transforming the contractile activity in the corpus to a more monotonic pattern. AV effected a localized monotonic contractile activity in the antral region with no changes discernible in the body and pyloric sphincter. The propagation velocity was not changed significantly by antral vagotomy. The discharge interval of the BER was not altered significantly by these vagotomies.", "contents": "[Effects of various types of vagotomy on electrical and contractile activities of the canine stomach (author's transl)]. Thirteen mongrel dogs equipped with four bipolar electrodes and three strain gauges on the anterior wall of the stomach underwent three types of vagotomy: truncal vagotomy (TV)-6 dogs; selective proximal vagotomy (SPV)-3 dogs; and antral vagotomy (AV)-4 dogs. Electrical and contractile activities of the stomach were examined before and after these vagotomies on both the fasting and postprandial states. TV caused an increased incidence of dysrhythmia and a 12 to 33% reduction of the propagation velocity of the basic electrical rhythm (BER). Following feeding, the characteristic waxing and waning pattern of normal gastric contraction was altered to a monotonic steady pattern, increasing overall contraction activity of the pyloric sphincter. These changes seem to be attributable to delayed gastric emptying following truncal vagotomy. SPV reduced the propagation velocity of the BER slightly (2.5-7.3%), preserving the inherent physiological contractile activity in the antrum and pyloric sphincter, and transforming the contractile activity in the corpus to a more monotonic pattern. AV effected a localized monotonic contractile activity in the antral region with no changes discernible in the body and pyloric sphincter. The propagation velocity was not changed significantly by antral vagotomy. The discharge interval of the BER was not altered significantly by these vagotomies.", "PMID": 559864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3983", "title": "[Treatment of chronic infantile hepatitis with D-penicillamine (author's transl)].", "content": "Detailed discussion of action, indication and side effects of D-Penicillamine which was used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis of infancy. Of 18 patients, 7 had chronic-active hepatitis, 6 chronic persisting hepatitis, 2 subacute hepatitis and 3 fibrosis of the liver. Control of results was based on numerous clinical chemical investigations and repeated liver biopsies. The transaminases and histology of the biopsies were the essential parameters. Doses between 15 and 35 mg/kg of body weight gave very favorable results in these 18 patients, treated over 5 to 24 months. Australia antigen-negative, chronic active hepatitis appeared to be particularly suited for this type of treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic infantile hepatitis with D-penicillamine (author's transl)]. Detailed discussion of action, indication and side effects of D-Penicillamine which was used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis of infancy. Of 18 patients, 7 had chronic-active hepatitis, 6 chronic persisting hepatitis, 2 subacute hepatitis and 3 fibrosis of the liver. Control of results was based on numerous clinical chemical investigations and repeated liver biopsies. The transaminases and histology of the biopsies were the essential parameters. Doses between 15 and 35 mg/kg of body weight gave very favorable results in these 18 patients, treated over 5 to 24 months. Australia antigen-negative, chronic active hepatitis appeared to be particularly suited for this type of treatment.", "PMID": 559874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3984", "title": "[Social development and state of the illness in hemophilic boys (author's transl)].", "content": "Data on state of the illness and social development are reported in 43 hemophilic boys. The items cover factor activity, degree of physical handicap, frequency of bleedings and hospitalisations as well as the topic of a psychophysiological mechanism in the genesis of bleedings. Further items of social development pertain to school, leisure-time activities and ideas of future occupation.", "contents": "[Social development and state of the illness in hemophilic boys (author's transl)]. Data on state of the illness and social development are reported in 43 hemophilic boys. The items cover factor activity, degree of physical handicap, frequency of bleedings and hospitalisations as well as the topic of a psychophysiological mechanism in the genesis of bleedings. Further items of social development pertain to school, leisure-time activities and ideas of future occupation.", "PMID": 559876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3985", "title": "[Sex-specific differences in free, inorganic sulfate excretion in 24 hours urine of healthy children (author's transl)].", "content": "Free, inorganic sulfate was determined quantitatively in the 24 h urine of 65 boys and 53 girls (age 6--14 years). The determination of sulfate was carried out by the aid of the spectrophotometric method with barium chloranilate. The following values were obtained for the boys and girls: Boys (ages 6--10 years) 17,66 +/- 11,70 mmol/24 h, girls (6--10 years) 10,70 +/- 10,26 mmol/24 h, boys (10--14 years) 17,40 +/- 12,32 mmol/24 h, girls (10-14 years) 7,26 +/- 8,90 mmol/24 h. No statistical age-specific differences were observed, but the sex-specific investigation revealed that the younger and older boys had a statistical higher excretion of sulfate in 24 h urine as compared to the younger and older girls.", "contents": "[Sex-specific differences in free, inorganic sulfate excretion in 24 hours urine of healthy children (author's transl)]. Free, inorganic sulfate was determined quantitatively in the 24 h urine of 65 boys and 53 girls (age 6--14 years). The determination of sulfate was carried out by the aid of the spectrophotometric method with barium chloranilate. The following values were obtained for the boys and girls: Boys (ages 6--10 years) 17,66 +/- 11,70 mmol/24 h, girls (6--10 years) 10,70 +/- 10,26 mmol/24 h, boys (10--14 years) 17,40 +/- 12,32 mmol/24 h, girls (10-14 years) 7,26 +/- 8,90 mmol/24 h. No statistical age-specific differences were observed, but the sex-specific investigation revealed that the younger and older boys had a statistical higher excretion of sulfate in 24 h urine as compared to the younger and older girls.", "PMID": 559877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3986", "title": "[Non-rheumatic carditis. A diagnostic study in a period of 11 years (author's transl)].", "content": "23 paediatric cases of non-rheumatic carditis seen in the period between 1965 and 1976 are reviewed. Neonatal carditis is very letal, but the prognosis improves with increasing age. Males and females are equally affected. There is a rise in frequency since 1971. 9 of the 23 cases ended letally. In further 9 cases congenital heart lesions occurred simultaneously, 3 of which were ventricle septal defects. The most important diagnostic feature is the cardiac enlargement (94% of our cases). Other important signs and symptoms are dyspnoea at rest tachycardia and fever. The ECG changes (89%) are non-specific. Very often, it is not possible to classify the disease into endo-, myo- or pericarditis; the term \"carditis\" is, therefore, preferred. Virological and bacteriological findings were found in only 35% of the cases.", "contents": "[Non-rheumatic carditis. A diagnostic study in a period of 11 years (author's transl)]. 23 paediatric cases of non-rheumatic carditis seen in the period between 1965 and 1976 are reviewed. Neonatal carditis is very letal, but the prognosis improves with increasing age. Males and females are equally affected. There is a rise in frequency since 1971. 9 of the 23 cases ended letally. In further 9 cases congenital heart lesions occurred simultaneously, 3 of which were ventricle septal defects. The most important diagnostic feature is the cardiac enlargement (94% of our cases). Other important signs and symptoms are dyspnoea at rest tachycardia and fever. The ECG changes (89%) are non-specific. Very often, it is not possible to classify the disease into endo-, myo- or pericarditis; the term \"carditis\" is, therefore, preferred. Virological and bacteriological findings were found in only 35% of the cases.", "PMID": 559878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3987", "title": "[The mitral valve prolapse syndrome in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "45 children with echocardiographically proven mitral valve prolapse are the basis to give a review about this syndrome (MVPS). Symptoms in this syndrome, like palpitations and fatigue are rare. Only half of the patients show the typical auscultatory findings: the midsystolic click and the late systolic murmur. The ECG abnormalities are disturbances of rhythm, left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular T-wave inversion. The hemodynamic is mostly normal or depends upon the degree of the mitral insufficiency. The angiocardiograms show often abnormalities of the contraction of the left ventricle. Echocardiographically one ought to obtain the pattern of the mid-systolic backward motion of the leaflet. As additional lesions we found in 11% of the patients with MVPS an ASD, in 16% an ASH or IHSS of different degrees corresponding to the echocardiographical sign of the ASH. The pathogenetic ideas of the valvular and myocardial theory are discussed. The prognosis is good. Complications are disturbances of rhythm, bacterial endocarditis and in case of a chordal rupture a mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "[The mitral valve prolapse syndrome in childhood (author's transl)]. 45 children with echocardiographically proven mitral valve prolapse are the basis to give a review about this syndrome (MVPS). Symptoms in this syndrome, like palpitations and fatigue are rare. Only half of the patients show the typical auscultatory findings: the midsystolic click and the late systolic murmur. The ECG abnormalities are disturbances of rhythm, left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular T-wave inversion. The hemodynamic is mostly normal or depends upon the degree of the mitral insufficiency. The angiocardiograms show often abnormalities of the contraction of the left ventricle. Echocardiographically one ought to obtain the pattern of the mid-systolic backward motion of the leaflet. As additional lesions we found in 11% of the patients with MVPS an ASD, in 16% an ASH or IHSS of different degrees corresponding to the echocardiographical sign of the ASH. The pathogenetic ideas of the valvular and myocardial theory are discussed. The prognosis is good. Complications are disturbances of rhythm, bacterial endocarditis and in case of a chordal rupture a mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 559879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3988", "title": "[Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia in childhood. Review and report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia (AIHA) in childhood is associated with antibodies produced by the patient himself, which coat his red cells causing their hemolysis. Although in some cases no underlying disease could be found, in the majority of children a virus etiology is apparent. There are very few reports regarding the use of treatment with immunsuppressive agents and the possible benefit. The article reports one case of AIHA. The patient developed at age 6 months a prolonged chronic form of AIHA complicated by thrombopenic purpura. The recent knowledge about pathogenesis, clinical phenomena, serology and prognosis is discussed. Treatment with corticosteroids, azathioprine or cyclophosphamide failed to benefit. Splenectomy and 6-mercaptopurin therapy (3 months) resulted in a complete remission.", "contents": "[Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia in childhood. Review and report of one case (author's transl)]. Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia (AIHA) in childhood is associated with antibodies produced by the patient himself, which coat his red cells causing their hemolysis. Although in some cases no underlying disease could be found, in the majority of children a virus etiology is apparent. There are very few reports regarding the use of treatment with immunsuppressive agents and the possible benefit. The article reports one case of AIHA. The patient developed at age 6 months a prolonged chronic form of AIHA complicated by thrombopenic purpura. The recent knowledge about pathogenesis, clinical phenomena, serology and prognosis is discussed. Treatment with corticosteroids, azathioprine or cyclophosphamide failed to benefit. Splenectomy and 6-mercaptopurin therapy (3 months) resulted in a complete remission.", "PMID": 559880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3989", "title": "[Two cases of cold hemagglutinin syndrome in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of acute, short-term cold agglutinin disease in infants were presented. This rare disease must be considered in infants when the BSR is distinctly elevated without any corresponding clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Two cases of cold hemagglutinin syndrome in infants (author's transl)]. Two cases of acute, short-term cold agglutinin disease in infants were presented. This rare disease must be considered in infants when the BSR is distinctly elevated without any corresponding clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 559881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3990", "title": "[Congenital hepatic fibrosis and polycystic disease of the kidneys in two siblings (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of 2 siblings, aged 12 1/2 and 9 years, with congenital hepatic fibrosis and polycystic disease of the kidneys. Hepatosplenomegaly had been noted in both children at birth. The younger child had suffered from oliguria aged 2 1/2 years. At diagnosis both children had low platelet counts, one also had leucopenia. The cystic disease of the kidneys was verified by angiography. Coeliacography and splenopartography were diagnostically irrelevant. The diagnosis only became apparent from liver biopsy which was performed during splenectomy. After splenectomy there was an increase of platelets, white blood cells and the clotting factors II, V and X. The three years follow-up showed a constancy of renal impairment and of the minor oesophageal varices observed in the one patient who did not have a spontaneous spleno-renal anastomosis. So far no bleeding has been observed. Porto caval anastomosis was omitted in both children. Pros and cons are being discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital hepatic fibrosis and polycystic disease of the kidneys in two siblings (author's transl)]. Report of 2 siblings, aged 12 1/2 and 9 years, with congenital hepatic fibrosis and polycystic disease of the kidneys. Hepatosplenomegaly had been noted in both children at birth. The younger child had suffered from oliguria aged 2 1/2 years. At diagnosis both children had low platelet counts, one also had leucopenia. The cystic disease of the kidneys was verified by angiography. Coeliacography and splenopartography were diagnostically irrelevant. The diagnosis only became apparent from liver biopsy which was performed during splenectomy. After splenectomy there was an increase of platelets, white blood cells and the clotting factors II, V and X. The three years follow-up showed a constancy of renal impairment and of the minor oesophageal varices observed in the one patient who did not have a spontaneous spleno-renal anastomosis. So far no bleeding has been observed. Porto caval anastomosis was omitted in both children. Pros and cons are being discussed.", "PMID": 559882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3991", "title": "Metastatic choriocarcinoma of the nasal mucosa.", "content": "A patient with a chief complaint of epestaxis coughed persistently during her visit to the emergency room. Questioning revealed she also had vaginal bleeding and occasional bloody sputum. Gynecological examination, a Pap smear, and pathological evaluation showed choriocarinoma. A chest X ray disclosed metastatic pulmonary choriocarcinoma. An ENT examination was carried out and showed a suspected area in the nasal mucosa which was bleeding. A Pap smear and biopsy taken from the suspected area also revealed choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "Metastatic choriocarcinoma of the nasal mucosa. A patient with a chief complaint of epestaxis coughed persistently during her visit to the emergency room. Questioning revealed she also had vaginal bleeding and occasional bloody sputum. Gynecological examination, a Pap smear, and pathological evaluation showed choriocarinoma. A chest X ray disclosed metastatic pulmonary choriocarcinoma. An ENT examination was carried out and showed a suspected area in the nasal mucosa which was bleeding. A Pap smear and biopsy taken from the suspected area also revealed choriocarcinoma.", "PMID": 559884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3992", "title": "Combined tricuspid and pulmonic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, surgical, and pathological features.", "content": "A 30-year-old man with a history of a murmur since childhood had progressive ascites for 2 years. The patient was found to have severe stenoses of the pulmonic and tricuspid valves with a well-developed right ventricle. Impressive clinical improvement occurred after pulmonic valvotomy, infundibulectomy, and replacement of the stenotic tricuspid valve with a porcine xenograft. The clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, surgical, and pathological features are presented.", "contents": "Combined tricuspid and pulmonic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, surgical, and pathological features. A 30-year-old man with a history of a murmur since childhood had progressive ascites for 2 years. The patient was found to have severe stenoses of the pulmonic and tricuspid valves with a well-developed right ventricle. Impressive clinical improvement occurred after pulmonic valvotomy, infundibulectomy, and replacement of the stenotic tricuspid valve with a porcine xenograft. The clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, surgical, and pathological features are presented.", "PMID": 559886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3993", "title": "Aortic dissection after aortic valve replacement in patients with valvular aortic stenosis.", "content": "Aortic dissection occurred after aortic valve replacement in two patients with valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical and necropsy findings are described.", "contents": "Aortic dissection after aortic valve replacement in patients with valvular aortic stenosis. Aortic dissection occurred after aortic valve replacement in two patients with valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical and necropsy findings are described.", "PMID": 559887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3994", "title": "Psychological aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "This paper describes a number of psychological variables useful in the care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Attention to these factors does not replace destroyed lung tissue. Yet such efforts can lead to meaningful improvement in performance for many patients. The prolongation of life is not the only goal of comprehensive care. Equally important to the patient and his family are efforts to function as well and as comfortably as possible throughout the remainder of his life.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This paper describes a number of psychological variables useful in the care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Attention to these factors does not replace destroyed lung tissue. Yet such efforts can lead to meaningful improvement in performance for many patients. The prolongation of life is not the only goal of comprehensive care. Equally important to the patient and his family are efforts to function as well and as comfortably as possible throughout the remainder of his life.", "PMID": 559893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3995", "title": "Age-dependence of nuclear RNA processing.", "content": "Following a 3 hour in vivo labelling of cytoplasmic RNA in rat liver with orotic acid-6-14C under conditions where ribosomal RNA synthesis was suppressed, the proportion of labelled messenger-like RNA released to the cytoplasm which contained polyadenylate (poly(A)) tracts was about 3.0 times higher in the livers of juvenile (50 day) as compared to adult (180 day) rats. This discrepancy was confirmed in a cell-free system which consisted of isolated prelabelled nuclei in fortified cytosol. Thus under conditions where approximately 80% of the released labelled RNA was messenger-like, the proportion of polyadenylated labelled RNA transported to the homologous cytosol was 3.4-fold greater in the systems derived from juvenile as compared to adult rat liver. Through comparisons of homologous and heterologous systems it was determined that the age-dependent change in the metabolism of polyadenylated messenger RNA resides in the nucleus and not in the cytoplasm. This change, furthermore does not involve the known ATP-dependence of nuclear RNA release. Rather it must involve other age-dependent changes in the processing or transport of polyadenylated messenger RNA.", "contents": "Age-dependence of nuclear RNA processing. Following a 3 hour in vivo labelling of cytoplasmic RNA in rat liver with orotic acid-6-14C under conditions where ribosomal RNA synthesis was suppressed, the proportion of labelled messenger-like RNA released to the cytoplasm which contained polyadenylate (poly(A)) tracts was about 3.0 times higher in the livers of juvenile (50 day) as compared to adult (180 day) rats. This discrepancy was confirmed in a cell-free system which consisted of isolated prelabelled nuclei in fortified cytosol. Thus under conditions where approximately 80% of the released labelled RNA was messenger-like, the proportion of polyadenylated labelled RNA transported to the homologous cytosol was 3.4-fold greater in the systems derived from juvenile as compared to adult rat liver. Through comparisons of homologous and heterologous systems it was determined that the age-dependent change in the metabolism of polyadenylated messenger RNA resides in the nucleus and not in the cytoplasm. This change, furthermore does not involve the known ATP-dependence of nuclear RNA release. Rather it must involve other age-dependent changes in the processing or transport of polyadenylated messenger RNA.", "PMID": 559890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3996", "title": "Amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita species of the northeastern United States.", "content": "The amatoxin and phallotoxin content of some American specimens of green A. phalloides and white A. bisporigera, A. verna and A. virosa was determined. The analytical procedure consisted of extracting the toxins from dried mushroom tissue, defatting, fractionating the toxins by adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, desalting and running thin-layer chromatograms of appropriate fractions along with authentic toxin samples. One amatoxin, amanin, was identified by hydrolysis to its components amino acids. Except for some difference in relative amounts of toxins, American and European varieties of A. phalloides were quite similar. Neither phallotoxins nor amatoxins were present in three out of four collections of A. verna; the fourth contained only a trace of beta-amanitin. Amanin was the sole of amatoxin present in two out of four collections of A. virosa; alpha-amanitin was the chief amatoxin in the other two. None of the white Amanita species contained phallacidin. The taxonomy of the above species is discussed. A literature report that edible A. rubescens contains phallotixins was not confirmed.", "contents": "Amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita species of the northeastern United States. The amatoxin and phallotoxin content of some American specimens of green A. phalloides and white A. bisporigera, A. verna and A. virosa was determined. The analytical procedure consisted of extracting the toxins from dried mushroom tissue, defatting, fractionating the toxins by adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, desalting and running thin-layer chromatograms of appropriate fractions along with authentic toxin samples. One amatoxin, amanin, was identified by hydrolysis to its components amino acids. Except for some difference in relative amounts of toxins, American and European varieties of A. phalloides were quite similar. Neither phallotoxins nor amatoxins were present in three out of four collections of A. verna; the fourth contained only a trace of beta-amanitin. Amanin was the sole of amatoxin present in two out of four collections of A. virosa; alpha-amanitin was the chief amatoxin in the other two. None of the white Amanita species contained phallacidin. The taxonomy of the above species is discussed. A literature report that edible A. rubescens contains phallotixins was not confirmed.", "PMID": 559898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3997", "title": "Porcine calcitonin in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone: experience with 32 patients.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with osteitis deformans were treated with porcine calcitonin for 240 patient-months. Relief of pain occurred in 10 patients, while a fall in the serum alkaline phosphatase level was observed in 22 out of 24 patients whose treatment lasted for more than two weeks. Pain relief occurred predominantly in patients with pain in the lower limbs, although not all patients with lower limb pain showed improvement. Side effects, usually mild in nature, were reported by half the patients. Antiporcine calcitonin antibodies were detected in sera of six out of 14 patients. The presence of circulating antibodies seemed unrelated to the effect of therapy or to the occurrence of side effects.", "contents": "Porcine calcitonin in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone: experience with 32 patients. Thirty-two patients with osteitis deformans were treated with porcine calcitonin for 240 patient-months. Relief of pain occurred in 10 patients, while a fall in the serum alkaline phosphatase level was observed in 22 out of 24 patients whose treatment lasted for more than two weeks. Pain relief occurred predominantly in patients with pain in the lower limbs, although not all patients with lower limb pain showed improvement. Side effects, usually mild in nature, were reported by half the patients. Antiporcine calcitonin antibodies were detected in sera of six out of 14 patients. The presence of circulating antibodies seemed unrelated to the effect of therapy or to the occurrence of side effects.", "PMID": 559908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3998", "title": "[Clinical observations to characterize splenomegalic immunocytomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten patients with predominant splenomegaly the clinical development and progress of disease following the course of some years are described. The hematological values showed a moderate relative lymphocytosis with a slight but inconstant increase in white blood cell counts. A more or less small number of a morphologically distinctive population of plasmacytoid lymphocytes was an important diagnostic criterion and a decrease of at least one class of immunoglobulins could be shown. Only one patient presented a paraproteinemia (IgM). In the serum of six patients atypical unspecific antibodies were found. The histologic and cytologic feature of the spleens which were removed therapeutically was characterized by a mixed infiltration of lymphocytes and plasmocytoid or plasmacellular elements. By this pattern it was possible to classify these cases as lymphoplasmocytoid (resp. lymphoplasmocytic) immunocytomas according to the new Kiel-lymphoma-classification. From the clinical point of view they represented a subunit with markedly prevalent splenic proliferation. Liver and/or bone-marrow however showed in all cases primarily circumscribed infiltrations of pathognomonic cells or did develop them during the course of disease, even after splenectomy. According to the presented observations this disease is to be placed between chronic lymphocytic leukemia and M. Waldenstr\u00f6m not only by pathological but also by clinical criteria.", "contents": "[Clinical observations to characterize splenomegalic immunocytomas (author's transl)]. In ten patients with predominant splenomegaly the clinical development and progress of disease following the course of some years are described. The hematological values showed a moderate relative lymphocytosis with a slight but inconstant increase in white blood cell counts. A more or less small number of a morphologically distinctive population of plasmacytoid lymphocytes was an important diagnostic criterion and a decrease of at least one class of immunoglobulins could be shown. Only one patient presented a paraproteinemia (IgM). In the serum of six patients atypical unspecific antibodies were found. The histologic and cytologic feature of the spleens which were removed therapeutically was characterized by a mixed infiltration of lymphocytes and plasmocytoid or plasmacellular elements. By this pattern it was possible to classify these cases as lymphoplasmocytoid (resp. lymphoplasmocytic) immunocytomas according to the new Kiel-lymphoma-classification. From the clinical point of view they represented a subunit with markedly prevalent splenic proliferation. Liver and/or bone-marrow however showed in all cases primarily circumscribed infiltrations of pathognomonic cells or did develop them during the course of disease, even after splenectomy. According to the presented observations this disease is to be placed between chronic lymphocytic leukemia and M. Waldenstr\u00f6m not only by pathological but also by clinical criteria.", "PMID": 559910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_3999", "title": "Fundus reflectometry: a step towards optimization of the retina photocoagulation.", "content": "A method is described for monitoring the light reflected from exposed areas during and after argon laser photocoagulation of rabbit eyes.  The light serves as a measure of the retinal blanching and thus of the tissue reaction. It is shown, that the reflected light changes its time-dependent behavior qualitatively if hemorrhages occur. The energy necessary for a therapeutic coagulation is shown to decrease with decreasing exposure time as does the therapeutic band width for clinical coagulations. A relationship between exposure time and therapeutic band width was found and is discussed.", "contents": "Fundus reflectometry: a step towards optimization of the retina photocoagulation. A method is described for monitoring the light reflected from exposed areas during and after argon laser photocoagulation of rabbit eyes.  The light serves as a measure of the retinal blanching and thus of the tissue reaction. It is shown, that the reflected light changes its time-dependent behavior qualitatively if hemorrhages occur. The energy necessary for a therapeutic coagulation is shown to decrease with decreasing exposure time as does the therapeutic band width for clinical coagulations. A relationship between exposure time and therapeutic band width was found and is discussed.", "PMID": 559922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4000", "title": "Retinal detachment treated by argon laser photocoagulation.", "content": "Argon laser photocoagulation was applied 2-3 weeks after implantation of episcleral silicone sponges as a second-step operation in 130 cases of retinal detachment. The chorioretinal scar for the occlusion of the tears was obtained exclusively with this procedure. Argon Laser used in cases with pronounced retinal elevation, i.e. where cryoapplication had proved inadequate or where a choroidal or retinal hemorrhage could be expected following cryoapplication. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are evaluated with respect to the experience with cryoapplication.", "contents": "Retinal detachment treated by argon laser photocoagulation. Argon laser photocoagulation was applied 2-3 weeks after implantation of episcleral silicone sponges as a second-step operation in 130 cases of retinal detachment. The chorioretinal scar for the occlusion of the tears was obtained exclusively with this procedure. Argon Laser used in cases with pronounced retinal elevation, i.e. where cryoapplication had proved inadequate or where a choroidal or retinal hemorrhage could be expected following cryoapplication. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are evaluated with respect to the experience with cryoapplication.", "PMID": 559923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4001", "title": "Argon laser barrage as complementary therapy in surgery with minimal plombage.", "content": "A group of patients with retinal detachments was selected whose characteristics allowed the employment of much less traumatizing surgical techniques, such as localized plombs, cryotherapy or diathermy. Once the patient was operated and the retina flattened out itself completely, usually after 1 or 2 days, we proceeded to photocoagulate the degenerative areas of the retina which were usually present with argon laser. Also, a laser barrier was performed, generally at the equatorial level in order to avoid manipulative techniques in the operating room as much as possible. The study comprises the main clinical features of the detachment, the surgical technique employed, and the commented results. The follow-up time of the group in study ranged from 6 months to 2 years.", "contents": "Argon laser barrage as complementary therapy in surgery with minimal plombage. A group of patients with retinal detachments was selected whose characteristics allowed the employment of much less traumatizing surgical techniques, such as localized plombs, cryotherapy or diathermy. Once the patient was operated and the retina flattened out itself completely, usually after 1 or 2 days, we proceeded to photocoagulate the degenerative areas of the retina which were usually present with argon laser. Also, a laser barrier was performed, generally at the equatorial level in order to avoid manipulative techniques in the operating room as much as possible. The study comprises the main clinical features of the detachment, the surgical technique employed, and the commented results. The follow-up time of the group in study ranged from 6 months to 2 years.", "PMID": 559924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4002", "title": "Cataract surgery in eyes predisposed to retinal detachment.", "content": "Modifications in cataract surgery technique in patients who have had previous retinal detachment surgery is considered in the following groups: previous \"phakic\" retinal detachment, in the same eye, in the fellow eye, and previous aphakic retinal detachment in the fellow eye. Prophylactic treatment prior to cataract surgery in these groups is also discussed as well as the prophylaxis of predisposing lesions prior to lens extraction. Finally, the place of cataract surgery in the presence of a retinal detachment is reviewed.", "contents": "Cataract surgery in eyes predisposed to retinal detachment. Modifications in cataract surgery technique in patients who have had previous retinal detachment surgery is considered in the following groups: previous \"phakic\" retinal detachment, in the same eye, in the fellow eye, and previous aphakic retinal detachment in the fellow eye. Prophylactic treatment prior to cataract surgery in these groups is also discussed as well as the prophylaxis of predisposing lesions prior to lens extraction. Finally, the place of cataract surgery in the presence of a retinal detachment is reviewed.", "PMID": 559925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4003", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the terminal villi of the placenta in placental insufficiency].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes of the placenta in toxemia of pregnancy and in diabetes are described. In toxemia of pregnancy in the placenta definite morphological changes were observed; marked atrophy of the syntitial layer was followed by hyperplasia of the cytotrophoblastie cells. The most expressed changes occurred in the vessel wall: swelling of the endothelium, narrowing of the vessel-lumen, deposition of filamentous material in the cytoplasma. Morphological changes in the placenta in diabetes are moderate as compared to those observed in toxemia. Thickening of the basal membrane seems to be most characteristic. Ultrastructural changes are almost identical to those observed in toxemia. Morphological changes revealed may be responsible for the insufficiency of the placenta and the intrauterine damage to the foetus.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the terminal villi of the placenta in placental insufficiency]. Ultrastructural changes of the placenta in toxemia of pregnancy and in diabetes are described. In toxemia of pregnancy in the placenta definite morphological changes were observed; marked atrophy of the syntitial layer was followed by hyperplasia of the cytotrophoblastie cells. The most expressed changes occurred in the vessel wall: swelling of the endothelium, narrowing of the vessel-lumen, deposition of filamentous material in the cytoplasma. Morphological changes in the placenta in diabetes are moderate as compared to those observed in toxemia. Thickening of the basal membrane seems to be most characteristic. Ultrastructural changes are almost identical to those observed in toxemia. Morphological changes revealed may be responsible for the insufficiency of the placenta and the intrauterine damage to the foetus.", "PMID": 559932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4004", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations and morphological transformation in hamster embryonic cells treated with potassium dichromate in vitro.", "content": "The addition of K2Cr2O7, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 microng/ml, to hamster total embryonic cells for 24 h, resulted in consistent and drastic chromosomal aberrations including gaps, breaks and exchanges. The above effect, however, was reduced successfully by the addition of a reducing agent, Na2SO3. Among other chromium compounds examined, divalent and trivalent chromium salts were ineffective on chromosome morphology even at a concentration of 3.5 microng/ml as chromium, whereas a hexavalent compound, CrO3, was highly effective. K2Cr2O7 also enhanced the morphological transformation rate in a short-term colony assay, in whicy hamster embryonic cells (1x10(4) cells/60-mm dish) were treated and the morphology was observed 8 to 10 days after the treatment.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations and morphological transformation in hamster embryonic cells treated with potassium dichromate in vitro. The addition of K2Cr2O7, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 microng/ml, to hamster total embryonic cells for 24 h, resulted in consistent and drastic chromosomal aberrations including gaps, breaks and exchanges. The above effect, however, was reduced successfully by the addition of a reducing agent, Na2SO3. Among other chromium compounds examined, divalent and trivalent chromium salts were ineffective on chromosome morphology even at a concentration of 3.5 microng/ml as chromium, whereas a hexavalent compound, CrO3, was highly effective. K2Cr2O7 also enhanced the morphological transformation rate in a short-term colony assay, in whicy hamster embryonic cells (1x10(4) cells/60-mm dish) were treated and the morphology was observed 8 to 10 days after the treatment.", "PMID": 559933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4005", "title": "Binding of soluble immune complexes in serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease to tissue cultures derived from the tumor.", "content": "We examined 90 serums from patients with Hodgkin's disease for immune complexes and for reactivity with established monolayer tissue cultures prepared from the tumor. All 23 serums with immune complex levels greater than 20 microgram per milliliter were found to react with cultured cells of patients with Hodgkin's disease when tested with antiserums against immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and the C3 component of complement. Five of 11 serums with borderline elevations of immune complexes (10 to 20 microgram per milliliter) and only four of 56 with levels less than 10 microgram per milliliter reacted. Absorption of patients' serums with cultured cells removed immune complexes and eliminated binding to monolayers. Immune-complex-containing serums from 19 control patients did react with cultured cells of patients with Hodgkin's disease; none of serums reacted with normal cultured spleen. Antibodies within complement-containing immune complexes in serums of patients with Hodgkin's disease react with an antigen on the surface of cultured cells of such patients.", "contents": "Binding of soluble immune complexes in serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease to tissue cultures derived from the tumor. We examined 90 serums from patients with Hodgkin's disease for immune complexes and for reactivity with established monolayer tissue cultures prepared from the tumor. All 23 serums with immune complex levels greater than 20 microgram per milliliter were found to react with cultured cells of patients with Hodgkin's disease when tested with antiserums against immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and the C3 component of complement. Five of 11 serums with borderline elevations of immune complexes (10 to 20 microgram per milliliter) and only four of 56 with levels less than 10 microgram per milliliter reacted. Absorption of patients' serums with cultured cells removed immune complexes and eliminated binding to monolayers. Immune-complex-containing serums from 19 control patients did react with cultured cells of patients with Hodgkin's disease; none of serums reacted with normal cultured spleen. Antibodies within complement-containing immune complexes in serums of patients with Hodgkin's disease react with an antigen on the surface of cultured cells of such patients.", "PMID": 559938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4006", "title": "[The relation of intracranial air to C.S.F. rhinorrhoea in the traumatic pneumocephalus (intracerebral and ventricular) (author's transl)].", "content": "The relation of intracranial air to C.S.F. rhinorrhoea in our four cases, one intracerebral and the others intracerebral-ventricular pneumocephalus, were investigated on their clinical course, operative findings and RI-cisternographic findings. In the occurrence of the pneumocephalus, it seemed important for the damaged brain to herniate into the defect of the bone and dura matar. Clinically in the stage of an intracerebral pneumocephalus, the C.S.F. rhinorrhoea was not recognized as a rule. And next stage, the sudden effusions of C.S.F. appeared when the intracerebral pneumocephalus developed to the intracerebral-ventricular pneumocephalus.", "contents": "[The relation of intracranial air to C.S.F. rhinorrhoea in the traumatic pneumocephalus (intracerebral and ventricular) (author's transl)]. The relation of intracranial air to C.S.F. rhinorrhoea in our four cases, one intracerebral and the others intracerebral-ventricular pneumocephalus, were investigated on their clinical course, operative findings and RI-cisternographic findings. In the occurrence of the pneumocephalus, it seemed important for the damaged brain to herniate into the defect of the bone and dura matar. Clinically in the stage of an intracerebral pneumocephalus, the C.S.F. rhinorrhoea was not recognized as a rule. And next stage, the sudden effusions of C.S.F. appeared when the intracerebral pneumocephalus developed to the intracerebral-ventricular pneumocephalus.", "PMID": 559954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4007", "title": "[Isocount scanning in the diagnosis of the brain abscess (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study is to investigate salient diagnostic features of the brain abscess in RI brain scanning. In 27 patients  with brain abscess, 37 scannings were performed in the various stages of their clinical courses. The results were positive in all cases. Among 27 cases, ten cases were investigated by means of the ISOCOUNT SCANNING SYSTEM, the technical detail of which was reported previously. It was proved that the isocount scanning method combined with the multilevel analysis was more sensitive diagnostic aid than the conventional RI scintigraphy. Using the newly developed method, it was not difficult to diagnose the brain abscess in its early stage, even in the stage of presuppurative cerebritis. Doughnut sign was seemed to be more frequently visualized by this method. Surgical indication of the brain abscess was discussed from nucleomedical view point, and it was emphasized that so-called doughnut sign in brain scanning would indicate the appropriate stage of the brain abscess to be operated on.", "contents": "[Isocount scanning in the diagnosis of the brain abscess (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study is to investigate salient diagnostic features of the brain abscess in RI brain scanning. In 27 patients  with brain abscess, 37 scannings were performed in the various stages of their clinical courses. The results were positive in all cases. Among 27 cases, ten cases were investigated by means of the ISOCOUNT SCANNING SYSTEM, the technical detail of which was reported previously. It was proved that the isocount scanning method combined with the multilevel analysis was more sensitive diagnostic aid than the conventional RI scintigraphy. Using the newly developed method, it was not difficult to diagnose the brain abscess in its early stage, even in the stage of presuppurative cerebritis. Doughnut sign was seemed to be more frequently visualized by this method. Surgical indication of the brain abscess was discussed from nucleomedical view point, and it was emphasized that so-called doughnut sign in brain scanning would indicate the appropriate stage of the brain abscess to be operated on.", "PMID": 559955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4008", "title": "[\"Compensated hydrocephalus\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 60 consective cases with hydrocephalus of pediatric age group, 8 cases were found to be so-called \"compensated\" hydrocephalus and their clinical features were reported. \"Compensation\" of hydrocephalus in our cases was probably induced by increased ventricular absorption of cerebrospinal fluid since moderate to severe ventricular dilatation was present in all cases. Such \"compensation\" of hydrocephalus is apparently made at the expense of normal development of the brain function. Therefore, such \"compensation\" of hydrocephalus is not the condition to be aimed for, but to be avoided for preservation of normal brain function. In order to prevent such \"compensation\" of hydrocephalus, shunt function should be followed carefully especially in those whose initial shunts were placed at older age, and in whom symptoms of increased intracranial pressure were not so apparent before the initial shunt-placement. Further treatment for hydrocephalus was considered to be necessary in our cases since unrolling of the anterior cerebral artery was invariably present. Unrolling of the anterior cerebral artery was found even in such cases whose cerebrospinal fluid pressure was normal, head circumference did not show any increase, and IQ test was normal. In one case, \"compensated\" hydrocephalus became later \"decompensated\" with apparent signs of increased intracranial pressure. Other supplementary tests for cerebrospinal fluid dynamic such as saline infusion test or RISA cisternography were also discussed.", "contents": "[\"Compensated hydrocephalus\" (author's transl)]. Out of 60 consective cases with hydrocephalus of pediatric age group, 8 cases were found to be so-called \"compensated\" hydrocephalus and their clinical features were reported. \"Compensation\" of hydrocephalus in our cases was probably induced by increased ventricular absorption of cerebrospinal fluid since moderate to severe ventricular dilatation was present in all cases. Such \"compensation\" of hydrocephalus is apparently made at the expense of normal development of the brain function. Therefore, such \"compensation\" of hydrocephalus is not the condition to be aimed for, but to be avoided for preservation of normal brain function. In order to prevent such \"compensation\" of hydrocephalus, shunt function should be followed carefully especially in those whose initial shunts were placed at older age, and in whom symptoms of increased intracranial pressure were not so apparent before the initial shunt-placement. Further treatment for hydrocephalus was considered to be necessary in our cases since unrolling of the anterior cerebral artery was invariably present. Unrolling of the anterior cerebral artery was found even in such cases whose cerebrospinal fluid pressure was normal, head circumference did not show any increase, and IQ test was normal. In one case, \"compensated\" hydrocephalus became later \"decompensated\" with apparent signs of increased intracranial pressure. Other supplementary tests for cerebrospinal fluid dynamic such as saline infusion test or RISA cisternography were also discussed.", "PMID": 559956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4009", "title": "[Aneurysmal bone cyst of the frontal bone (author's transl)].", "content": "A six year-old boy. He complained of a swelling of the left forehead since October of 1971, the region of his upper eyelid has then been gradually swollen. He was admitted to our institute on the 24th of February, 1973, without the past history of head trauma. We found that the swollen region had a diameter of about 4 centimeters covered from the left upper eyelid to the forehead with a slight tenderness on pressure. We had no neurological findings. According to the results of skull X rays, the superior margin of left orbit and zygomatic process of frontal bone were swollen and like honey combs. An irregular, long and narrow osteolytic legion was found, which was about 4 centimeters long and 5 centimeters wide. According to the results of the left selective external carotid angiography, after injection of 60% Urografin, for more than 2.5- 10 seconds, at the left frontal bone an abnormal shadow (patchy contrast filling) was noted, which was about 4 centimeters long and 5 centimeters wide. After the direct injection of Urografid into the lesion, the cyst of one centimeter long and 3 centimeters wide was observed at the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. Operation was performed to excise the outer plate of the swollen bone and to curette the lesion after the ligature of the left external carotid artery. Histological examination showed many blood lakes and some multinuclear giant cells in the specimens and we diagnosed it was an aneurysmall bone cyst. This case is the first one of aneurysmall bone cyst confirmed by the selective external carotid angiography and the direct puncture of lesion.", "contents": "[Aneurysmal bone cyst of the frontal bone (author's transl)]. A six year-old boy. He complained of a swelling of the left forehead since October of 1971, the region of his upper eyelid has then been gradually swollen. He was admitted to our institute on the 24th of February, 1973, without the past history of head trauma. We found that the swollen region had a diameter of about 4 centimeters covered from the left upper eyelid to the forehead with a slight tenderness on pressure. We had no neurological findings. According to the results of skull X rays, the superior margin of left orbit and zygomatic process of frontal bone were swollen and like honey combs. An irregular, long and narrow osteolytic legion was found, which was about 4 centimeters long and 5 centimeters wide. According to the results of the left selective external carotid angiography, after injection of 60% Urografin, for more than 2.5- 10 seconds, at the left frontal bone an abnormal shadow (patchy contrast filling) was noted, which was about 4 centimeters long and 5 centimeters wide. After the direct injection of Urografid into the lesion, the cyst of one centimeter long and 3 centimeters wide was observed at the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. Operation was performed to excise the outer plate of the swollen bone and to curette the lesion after the ligature of the left external carotid artery. Histological examination showed many blood lakes and some multinuclear giant cells in the specimens and we diagnosed it was an aneurysmall bone cyst. This case is the first one of aneurysmall bone cyst confirmed by the selective external carotid angiography and the direct puncture of lesion.", "PMID": 559958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4010", "title": "[A case of enchondroma of the skull base--a manifestation of generalized chondromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cartilaginous tumors arising from the skull or intracranial structures are infrequently seen. There have been 112 such cases reported. They are most commonly found in the middle fossa and the parasellar region. They arise from cartilaginous rests in the base of the skull, particularly around the basal synchondroses. Occasional cases of intracranial growths also show lesions in peripheral bones. The authors have encountered a case in which chondroma was a manifestation of generalized chondromatosis. The patient was a 25-year-old male, who complained of diplopia in May 1975. He noted ptosis in his left eyelid which gradually progressed over a 2 months period to complete ptosis. When he was admitted in July 1975 to Nagoya National Hospital, the neurologic signs revealed a palsy of the IIIrd cranial nerve on the left side. The patient has been suffering from generalized enchondromatosis during a period of 20 years. Roentgenograms revealed extensive areas of bone destruction and pathological calcification of the phalanx, ribs, hip bone, femur, tibia, ulna and radius. Roentgenograms of the skull revealed calcification on the left middle fossa. After a left carotid angiography, an osteoplastic craniotomy was performed on August 5, 1975. The tumor was located in the extradural space of the middle cranial fossa. After incision of the capsule, gelatinous semisolid tissue was removed piecemeal. Its total removal proved to be impossible. Histological examination of this tumor revealed enchondroma.", "contents": "[A case of enchondroma of the skull base--a manifestation of generalized chondromatosis (author's transl)]. Cartilaginous tumors arising from the skull or intracranial structures are infrequently seen. There have been 112 such cases reported. They are most commonly found in the middle fossa and the parasellar region. They arise from cartilaginous rests in the base of the skull, particularly around the basal synchondroses. Occasional cases of intracranial growths also show lesions in peripheral bones. The authors have encountered a case in which chondroma was a manifestation of generalized chondromatosis. The patient was a 25-year-old male, who complained of diplopia in May 1975. He noted ptosis in his left eyelid which gradually progressed over a 2 months period to complete ptosis. When he was admitted in July 1975 to Nagoya National Hospital, the neurologic signs revealed a palsy of the IIIrd cranial nerve on the left side. The patient has been suffering from generalized enchondromatosis during a period of 20 years. Roentgenograms revealed extensive areas of bone destruction and pathological calcification of the phalanx, ribs, hip bone, femur, tibia, ulna and radius. Roentgenograms of the skull revealed calcification on the left middle fossa. After a left carotid angiography, an osteoplastic craniotomy was performed on August 5, 1975. The tumor was located in the extradural space of the middle cranial fossa. After incision of the capsule, gelatinous semisolid tissue was removed piecemeal. Its total removal proved to be impossible. Histological examination of this tumor revealed enchondroma.", "PMID": 559959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4011", "title": "[Extracalvarial meningioma--report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of extracalvarial meningioma was reported. 75-year-old man was admitted to our department on November 11, 1974 because of a slowly growing tumor in the right frontoparietal area. The tumor was ovoid and 15x13 cm in size, protruding 5 cm above the skin level, and covered by the normal scalp. Neurological and electroencephalographic examination were negative. Spinal tap showed an opening pressure of 90 mm of water and clear CSF with 62 mg/dl of protein content. Plain roentgenogram and laminagram of the skull revealed both osteolytic and osteoblastic change in the outer and inner table of the skull just beneath the tumor. A right external carotid angiography disclosed a homogeneous extracalvarial tumor stain supplied by the superficial temporal artery and draining into the superficial temporal vein. A right carotid angiogram showed a 1 cm thick avacular area. The segmentally occluded superior sagittal sinus was displaced inward together with bridging collateral channels. Radiologically these picture corresponded to \"intracranial non-globoid shape or avascular meningioma\" discussed by Huckman et al. The tumor was well-circumscribed, encapsulated and loosely adherent to the periosteum and the skull except for a small portion through which the tumor was communicated with its intracranial part. Histological examination revealed that it was a typical endotheliomatous meningioma. This case should be allocated to the transitional or intermediate type between Lopez II and III type. In the schematical presentation (Fig. 6) we tried to readjust the rather confusing concept and classification of the extracalvarial meningioma.", "contents": "[Extracalvarial meningioma--report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of extracalvarial meningioma was reported. 75-year-old man was admitted to our department on November 11, 1974 because of a slowly growing tumor in the right frontoparietal area. The tumor was ovoid and 15x13 cm in size, protruding 5 cm above the skin level, and covered by the normal scalp. Neurological and electroencephalographic examination were negative. Spinal tap showed an opening pressure of 90 mm of water and clear CSF with 62 mg/dl of protein content. Plain roentgenogram and laminagram of the skull revealed both osteolytic and osteoblastic change in the outer and inner table of the skull just beneath the tumor. A right external carotid angiography disclosed a homogeneous extracalvarial tumor stain supplied by the superficial temporal artery and draining into the superficial temporal vein. A right carotid angiogram showed a 1 cm thick avacular area. The segmentally occluded superior sagittal sinus was displaced inward together with bridging collateral channels. Radiologically these picture corresponded to \"intracranial non-globoid shape or avascular meningioma\" discussed by Huckman et al. The tumor was well-circumscribed, encapsulated and loosely adherent to the periosteum and the skull except for a small portion through which the tumor was communicated with its intracranial part. Histological examination revealed that it was a typical endotheliomatous meningioma. This case should be allocated to the transitional or intermediate type between Lopez II and III type. In the schematical presentation (Fig. 6) we tried to readjust the rather confusing concept and classification of the extracalvarial meningioma.", "PMID": 559960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4012", "title": "The effect of oral glycerol on intraventricular pressure in man.", "content": "Oral glycerol was administered to eight patients with meningeal carcinomatosis or acute leukemia in whom ventricular catheters and Ommaya reservoirs had been implanted for the purpose of intrathecal chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis. Intraventricular pressure was monitored continuously via the Ommaya reservoirs before and after single doses of 0.5, 1.0 or l.5 gm per kilogram of body weight. The interrelationship between initial pressure, change in pressure, serum osmolarity, and duration of action was investigated, and the ratio of CSF-to-plasma osmolarity was determined 4 to 5 hours after glycerol administration. The effects of chronic 6-hourly and 4-hourly 1 gm per kilogram glycerol doses were studied in a patient with meningeal carcinomatosis and increased intracranial pressure. Our data suggest that as a cerebral dehydrating agent oral glycerol is most effective in patients with markedly increased intracranial pressure. A single 1 gm per kilogram dose is adequate to lower raised intraventricular pressure acutely, but its effect is short-lived. Continuous oral administration must be carefully monitored to avoid the establishment or a reverse osmotic gradient, secondarily increased intracranial pressure, and clinical deterioration.", "contents": "The effect of oral glycerol on intraventricular pressure in man. Oral glycerol was administered to eight patients with meningeal carcinomatosis or acute leukemia in whom ventricular catheters and Ommaya reservoirs had been implanted for the purpose of intrathecal chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis. Intraventricular pressure was monitored continuously via the Ommaya reservoirs before and after single doses of 0.5, 1.0 or l.5 gm per kilogram of body weight. The interrelationship between initial pressure, change in pressure, serum osmolarity, and duration of action was investigated, and the ratio of CSF-to-plasma osmolarity was determined 4 to 5 hours after glycerol administration. The effects of chronic 6-hourly and 4-hourly 1 gm per kilogram glycerol doses were studied in a patient with meningeal carcinomatosis and increased intracranial pressure. Our data suggest that as a cerebral dehydrating agent oral glycerol is most effective in patients with markedly increased intracranial pressure. A single 1 gm per kilogram dose is adequate to lower raised intraventricular pressure acutely, but its effect is short-lived. Continuous oral administration must be carefully monitored to avoid the establishment or a reverse osmotic gradient, secondarily increased intracranial pressure, and clinical deterioration.", "PMID": 559964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4013", "title": "Subclinical eye movement disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Eye movements were quantitatively evaluated in 16 patients with well-documented multiple sclerosis who had minimal or no clinically apparent eye movement disorder. Induced saccade and pursuit eye movements were recorded with electro-oculography and analyzed with newly developed programs on a laboratory digital computer. Thirteen of the 16 patients had significant (p less than 0.05) impairment of saccades and/or smooth pursuit when compared with 25 normal subjects tested in our laboratory. The type and frequency of abnormalities were as follows: saccade dysmetria, eight; delayed saccade reaction time, five; bilateral saccade slowing, four; slowing of adducting saccades only (medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome), one; and impaired smooth pursuit, both directions, three, and one direction only, three. In addition, four patients had vestibular nystagmus with eyes closed, and one patient had typical rebound nystagmus. These data suggest that quantitative assessment of eye movements in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis can help in identifying the important \"second lesion.\"", "contents": "Subclinical eye movement disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eye movements were quantitatively evaluated in 16 patients with well-documented multiple sclerosis who had minimal or no clinically apparent eye movement disorder. Induced saccade and pursuit eye movements were recorded with electro-oculography and analyzed with newly developed programs on a laboratory digital computer. Thirteen of the 16 patients had significant (p less than 0.05) impairment of saccades and/or smooth pursuit when compared with 25 normal subjects tested in our laboratory. The type and frequency of abnormalities were as follows: saccade dysmetria, eight; delayed saccade reaction time, five; bilateral saccade slowing, four; slowing of adducting saccades only (medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome), one; and impaired smooth pursuit, both directions, three, and one direction only, three. In addition, four patients had vestibular nystagmus with eyes closed, and one patient had typical rebound nystagmus. These data suggest that quantitative assessment of eye movements in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis can help in identifying the important \"second lesion.\"", "PMID": 559965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4014", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of brain plaques from two patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies were performed on selected plaques from two multiple sclerosis patients. Positive staining revealed the corresponding presence of immunoglobulin G and complement fraction C1q within the plaque areas. These components could be removed only after low pH washing. On the basis of these observations, we discuss the possibility of the presence of immunocomplexes within the multiple sclerosis brain.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of brain plaques from two patients with multiple sclerosis. Immunofluorescence studies were performed on selected plaques from two multiple sclerosis patients. Positive staining revealed the corresponding presence of immunoglobulin G and complement fraction C1q within the plaque areas. These components could be removed only after low pH washing. On the basis of these observations, we discuss the possibility of the presence of immunocomplexes within the multiple sclerosis brain.", "PMID": 559966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4015", "title": "Language and the cerebral hemispheres. Observations of verbal and nonverbal responses during 18 months following left (\"dominant\") hemisphrerectomy.", "content": "The only reported data of initial and later effects of left hemispherectomy for glioma were obtained in one patient who survived 2 years postoperatively. This report summarizes similar studies of another adult after removal of the left hemisphere and the subfalcial right frontal cortex invaded by a glioma, until death 18 months after surgery. Despite inclusion of a portion of the right frontal lobe in excision of the left hemisphere, initial language deficits were comparable, but until recurrence of the neoplasm, recovery of singing and language functions was more rapid and extensive than in the previously reported patient.", "contents": "Language and the cerebral hemispheres. Observations of verbal and nonverbal responses during 18 months following left (\"dominant\") hemisphrerectomy. The only reported data of initial and later effects of left hemispherectomy for glioma were obtained in one patient who survived 2 years postoperatively. This report summarizes similar studies of another adult after removal of the left hemisphere and the subfalcial right frontal cortex invaded by a glioma, until death 18 months after surgery. Despite inclusion of a portion of the right frontal lobe in excision of the left hemisphere, initial language deficits were comparable, but until recurrence of the neoplasm, recovery of singing and language functions was more rapid and extensive than in the previously reported patient.", "PMID": 559967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4016", "title": "Treatment of vascular hemiballism and hemichorea.", "content": "Hemichorea and hemiballism have been considered debilitating and irreversible disorders. Eight patients with vascular hemichorea were treated with perphenazine. All were elderly and hypertensive. Three had primarily choreic movements while five had, in addition, proximal flailing movements of hemiballism. In seven, dramatic response to perphenazine therapy was seen, with virtual cessation of movements. In one case, only partial response was obtained with a high dose of perphenazine, and this dose had to be reduced because of drowsiness and hepatotoxicity. In four patients, movement did not recur after the drug was stopped. This study indicates that perphenazine can be a highly effective agent for the treatment of hemichorea and hemiballism and that improvement can be maintained in some patients even after therapy is discontinued.", "contents": "Treatment of vascular hemiballism and hemichorea. Hemichorea and hemiballism have been considered debilitating and irreversible disorders. Eight patients with vascular hemichorea were treated with perphenazine. All were elderly and hypertensive. Three had primarily choreic movements while five had, in addition, proximal flailing movements of hemiballism. In seven, dramatic response to perphenazine therapy was seen, with virtual cessation of movements. In one case, only partial response was obtained with a high dose of perphenazine, and this dose had to be reduced because of drowsiness and hepatotoxicity. In four patients, movement did not recur after the drug was stopped. This study indicates that perphenazine can be a highly effective agent for the treatment of hemichorea and hemiballism and that improvement can be maintained in some patients even after therapy is discontinued.", "PMID": 559968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4017", "title": "Visual electroencephalographic computer analysis (VECA). A new electrophysiologic test for the diagnosis of optic nerve lesions.", "content": "The function of optic pathways was studied by visual electroencephalographic computer analysis (VECA). Pattern and flash stimuli were used. The VECA profile was abnormal in two types of lesions: pathology involving the eye, and pathology involving the optic nerve. When ocular pathology is excluded, an abnormal profile indicates optic nerve dysfunction. Of the multiple sclerosis patients tested, 77 percent had an abnormal VECA profile. The test was always abnormal in patients with optic neuritis. Delayed visual evoked responses occurred in 18 of 29 multiple sclerosis patients judged to be clinically without visual deficits. VECA is reliable and sensitive for detecting clinical and subclinical optic nerve pathology.", "contents": "Visual electroencephalographic computer analysis (VECA). A new electrophysiologic test for the diagnosis of optic nerve lesions. The function of optic pathways was studied by visual electroencephalographic computer analysis (VECA). Pattern and flash stimuli were used. The VECA profile was abnormal in two types of lesions: pathology involving the eye, and pathology involving the optic nerve. When ocular pathology is excluded, an abnormal profile indicates optic nerve dysfunction. Of the multiple sclerosis patients tested, 77 percent had an abnormal VECA profile. The test was always abnormal in patients with optic neuritis. Delayed visual evoked responses occurred in 18 of 29 multiple sclerosis patients judged to be clinically without visual deficits. VECA is reliable and sensitive for detecting clinical and subclinical optic nerve pathology.", "PMID": 559969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4018", "title": "Imitation synkinesia and sensory control of movement.", "content": "Immitation synkinesia is usually associated with thalamic or parietal lesions. Analysis of three cases shows that the lesions may affect the posterior columns of the spinal cord or even the peripheral nervous system. In our cases, two facts stand out, a large measure of integrity of motor activity and predominant disturbances of lemniscal sensation. Imitation synkinesia should therefore not be seen as due to a lesion of a particular structure but to the disorganization of the lemniscal system at any level. Functional interconnection between the lemniscal and motor systems occurs only in the cerebral cortex. In the light of this fact, imitation synkinesia can be interpreted as the loss of particular functions in the principal cortical motor neurons.", "contents": "Imitation synkinesia and sensory control of movement. Immitation synkinesia is usually associated with thalamic or parietal lesions. Analysis of three cases shows that the lesions may affect the posterior columns of the spinal cord or even the peripheral nervous system. In our cases, two facts stand out, a large measure of integrity of motor activity and predominant disturbances of lemniscal sensation. Imitation synkinesia should therefore not be seen as due to a lesion of a particular structure but to the disorganization of the lemniscal system at any level. Functional interconnection between the lemniscal and motor systems occurs only in the cerebral cortex. In the light of this fact, imitation synkinesia can be interpreted as the loss of particular functions in the principal cortical motor neurons.", "PMID": 559970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4019", "title": "Intracranial hemorrhage caused by metastatic tumors.", "content": "Fifteen cases of metastatic brain tumors associated with massive subarachnoid, intracerebral, or intraventricular hemorrhage or a combination thereof are reported. Four patients had multiple bleeding cerebral metastasis. In 10 patients, stroke was the first manifestation of the neoplastic disease. It is concluded that metastases of choriocarcinoma, melanoma, and bronchogenic carcinoma are most prone to massive bleeding. The average survival from the beginning of neurologic symptoms was 65 days, but in seven patients, it was 11 days or less. Surgery seems to be beneficial in selected patients. Massive hemorrhage was a complication in 14 percent of our patients with metastases to brain versus 0.8 percent of those with gliomas.", "contents": "Intracranial hemorrhage caused by metastatic tumors. Fifteen cases of metastatic brain tumors associated with massive subarachnoid, intracerebral, or intraventricular hemorrhage or a combination thereof are reported. Four patients had multiple bleeding cerebral metastasis. In 10 patients, stroke was the first manifestation of the neoplastic disease. It is concluded that metastases of choriocarcinoma, melanoma, and bronchogenic carcinoma are most prone to massive bleeding. The average survival from the beginning of neurologic symptoms was 65 days, but in seven patients, it was 11 days or less. Surgery seems to be beneficial in selected patients. Massive hemorrhage was a complication in 14 percent of our patients with metastases to brain versus 0.8 percent of those with gliomas.", "PMID": 559971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4020", "title": "Dynamic radionuclide scanning in the diagnosis of thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus.", "content": "Two cases of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis were diagnosed using a new technique of dynamic radionuclide brain-imaging. With the patient's head in the posterior oblique position, and 80-lens optical camera records the appearance of radionuclides in the superior sagittal sinus. This technique is quick and noninvasive, and serial studies are easily performed. Dural sinus thrombosis is difficult to diagnose on clinical findings alone. Dynamic canning should be used to screen high risk patients, such as those having pseudotumor syndrome or clotting disorders and elderly patients having pulmonary emboli or unexplained deterioration of mental status.", "contents": "Dynamic radionuclide scanning in the diagnosis of thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus. Two cases of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis were diagnosed using a new technique of dynamic radionuclide brain-imaging. With the patient's head in the posterior oblique position, and 80-lens optical camera records the appearance of radionuclides in the superior sagittal sinus. This technique is quick and noninvasive, and serial studies are easily performed. Dural sinus thrombosis is difficult to diagnose on clinical findings alone. Dynamic canning should be used to screen high risk patients, such as those having pseudotumor syndrome or clotting disorders and elderly patients having pulmonary emboli or unexplained deterioration of mental status.", "PMID": 559972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4021", "title": "The application of F-wave measurements in the differentiation of proximal and distal upper limb entrapments.", "content": "Conduction velocities of the proximal segments of the median and ulnar nerves were measured by evoking F-wave responses. The results of these and conventional motor and sensory studies from 60 control subjects were compared with the results in 30 patients with carpal tunnel syndromes, 18 patients with cubital tunnel syndromes, and 23 patients with suspected proximal entrapments. Sixty-seven percent of patients with proximal lesions (confirmed by myelography in 60 percent of cases) had abnormalities in their F-wave studies. Conventional motor studies were normal. Twenty-three percent of the patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and 11 percent of the patients with cubital tunnel syndrome also had abnormal F-wave studies, indicating an additional element of proximal entrapment. This technique is felt bo be useful in differentiating between distal and proximal entrapments.", "contents": "The application of F-wave measurements in the differentiation of proximal and distal upper limb entrapments. Conduction velocities of the proximal segments of the median and ulnar nerves were measured by evoking F-wave responses. The results of these and conventional motor and sensory studies from 60 control subjects were compared with the results in 30 patients with carpal tunnel syndromes, 18 patients with cubital tunnel syndromes, and 23 patients with suspected proximal entrapments. Sixty-seven percent of patients with proximal lesions (confirmed by myelography in 60 percent of cases) had abnormalities in their F-wave studies. Conventional motor studies were normal. Twenty-three percent of the patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and 11 percent of the patients with cubital tunnel syndrome also had abnormal F-wave studies, indicating an additional element of proximal entrapment. This technique is felt bo be useful in differentiating between distal and proximal entrapments.", "PMID": 559973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4022", "title": "The effect of denervation on subsequent in vitro induction of myotonia.", "content": "In order to study the influence of innervation on myotonia, an attempt was made to induce myotonia in previously denervated rat hemidiaphragm preparations in vitro with use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and low chloride solutions. Prior denervation prevented the onset of myotonia in both media except during the first 24 hours after nerve section. On the basis of already available data, we propose that the reduced potassium conductance accompanying denervation may be the main factor preventing induciton of myotonia in denervated muscle.", "contents": "The effect of denervation on subsequent in vitro induction of myotonia. In order to study the influence of innervation on myotonia, an attempt was made to induce myotonia in previously denervated rat hemidiaphragm preparations in vitro with use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and low chloride solutions. Prior denervation prevented the onset of myotonia in both media except during the first 24 hours after nerve section. On the basis of already available data, we propose that the reduced potassium conductance accompanying denervation may be the main factor preventing induciton of myotonia in denervated muscle.", "PMID": 559974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4023", "title": "Polyneuropathy, skin hyperpigmentation, edema, and hypertrichosis in localized osteosclerotic myeloma.", "content": "1 61-year-old man had osteosclerotic myeloma that was localized in the eleventh thoracic vertebral body and associated with sensorimotor polyneuropathy, skin hyperipigmentation, edema, hypertrichosis, gynecomastia, and white nails. Cases of osteosclerotic myeloma with and without polyneuropathy in the literature were reviewed with special reference to accompanying dermatologic and endocrinologic signs and synmptoms. We assume that the polyneuropathy, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, edema, hypertrichosis, gynecomastia, and white nails are causally related to each other and are a remote effect of osteosclerotic myeloma. Quantitative histologic analysis of two sural nerves biopsied within 2 years of each other during the course of the disease indicated that both large and small myelinated fibers degenerated progressively, with relative preservation of unmyelinated fibers.", "contents": "Polyneuropathy, skin hyperpigmentation, edema, and hypertrichosis in localized osteosclerotic myeloma. 1 61-year-old man had osteosclerotic myeloma that was localized in the eleventh thoracic vertebral body and associated with sensorimotor polyneuropathy, skin hyperipigmentation, edema, hypertrichosis, gynecomastia, and white nails. Cases of osteosclerotic myeloma with and without polyneuropathy in the literature were reviewed with special reference to accompanying dermatologic and endocrinologic signs and synmptoms. We assume that the polyneuropathy, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, edema, hypertrichosis, gynecomastia, and white nails are causally related to each other and are a remote effect of osteosclerotic myeloma. Quantitative histologic analysis of two sural nerves biopsied within 2 years of each other during the course of the disease indicated that both large and small myelinated fibers degenerated progressively, with relative preservation of unmyelinated fibers.", "PMID": 559975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4024", "title": "The value of carotid endarterectomy in treating transient cerebral ischemia of the posterior circulation.", "content": "The results of a retrospective study of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for hemispheric and/or nonhemispheric symptoms of transient ischemic attacks are presented. During an approximately 3-year period of follow-up observation, recurrent cerebral ischemia following carotid endarterectomy was two to three times more frequent among patients with nonhemispheric transient ischemia than among those with hemispheric transient ischemia. Patients with symptoms of both hemispheric and nonhemispheric transient ischemia had the highest frequency of transient ischemic attacks and stroke during the follow-up period and also had the greatest surgical morbidity and mortality. The results of this study suggest that carotid endarterectomy has little or no therapeutic value in treating patients with vertebral-basilar ischemia.", "contents": "The value of carotid endarterectomy in treating transient cerebral ischemia of the posterior circulation. The results of a retrospective study of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for hemispheric and/or nonhemispheric symptoms of transient ischemic attacks are presented. During an approximately 3-year period of follow-up observation, recurrent cerebral ischemia following carotid endarterectomy was two to three times more frequent among patients with nonhemispheric transient ischemia than among those with hemispheric transient ischemia. Patients with symptoms of both hemispheric and nonhemispheric transient ischemia had the highest frequency of transient ischemic attacks and stroke during the follow-up period and also had the greatest surgical morbidity and mortality. The results of this study suggest that carotid endarterectomy has little or no therapeutic value in treating patients with vertebral-basilar ischemia.", "PMID": 559976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4025", "title": "Alexia without agraphia and the inferior splenium.", "content": "A patient who had alexia without agraphia, right homonymous hemianopia, and intact color-naming was studied anatomically. Pathologic involvement of the splenium and related forceps was restricted to the inferior third, supporting published suggestions that inferior elements of this commissure and left peristriate cortex may be essential to the decoding to the written word, while color-naming may be functionally aligned to more dorsal elements.", "contents": "Alexia without agraphia and the inferior splenium. A patient who had alexia without agraphia, right homonymous hemianopia, and intact color-naming was studied anatomically. Pathologic involvement of the splenium and related forceps was restricted to the inferior third, supporting published suggestions that inferior elements of this commissure and left peristriate cortex may be essential to the decoding to the written word, while color-naming may be functionally aligned to more dorsal elements.", "PMID": 559977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4026", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in dizygotic twins.", "content": "A pair of dizygotic twins developed typical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during adulthood. The concordance for this disease in these two patients of nonconsanguineous parentage with no family history of the disorder suggests the possibility of sublethal intrauterine injury to anterior horn cells. Infectious or toxic exposure during the twins' intimately shared milieu in the prenatal period could have resulted in a neuronal \"abiotrophy\" that would not have become clinically apparent until decades later. If such a prenatal neuronal injury plays a role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it becomes clear that attempts at experimental animal transmission of the disease from affected adults would fail even if the offending agent were viral.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in dizygotic twins. A pair of dizygotic twins developed typical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during adulthood. The concordance for this disease in these two patients of nonconsanguineous parentage with no family history of the disorder suggests the possibility of sublethal intrauterine injury to anterior horn cells. Infectious or toxic exposure during the twins' intimately shared milieu in the prenatal period could have resulted in a neuronal \"abiotrophy\" that would not have become clinically apparent until decades later. If such a prenatal neuronal injury plays a role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it becomes clear that attempts at experimental animal transmission of the disease from affected adults would fail even if the offending agent were viral.", "PMID": 559978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4027", "title": "Abdominoperineal urethral suspension: a ten-year experience in the management of recurrent stress incontinence of urine.", "content": "The most important factors in the management of recurrent stress incontinence in the absence of genital prolapse are proper case selection and the proper choice of surgical intervention. All suitable patients at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, since 1965 have been managed by the technic of abdominoperineal urethral suspension, which involves passing two aponeurotic bands, cut from the anterior abdominal wall, through the paraurethral attachment of the posterior pubourethral ligament on either side. It is our conviction that urinary continence control in the human female is effected by this upper urethral anatomy and that for a technic to be successful it must exert its influence at this precise point. It is suggested that this technic is the procedure of choice in the management of recurrent stress incontinence.", "contents": "Abdominoperineal urethral suspension: a ten-year experience in the management of recurrent stress incontinence of urine. The most important factors in the management of recurrent stress incontinence in the absence of genital prolapse are proper case selection and the proper choice of surgical intervention. All suitable patients at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, since 1965 have been managed by the technic of abdominoperineal urethral suspension, which involves passing two aponeurotic bands, cut from the anterior abdominal wall, through the paraurethral attachment of the posterior pubourethral ligament on either side. It is our conviction that urinary continence control in the human female is effected by this upper urethral anatomy and that for a technic to be successful it must exert its influence at this precise point. It is suggested that this technic is the procedure of choice in the management of recurrent stress incontinence.", "PMID": 559984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4028", "title": "Assessment and treatment of female urinary incontinence by cystometrogram and bladder retraining programs.", "content": "One hundred female patients complaining of urinary incontinence without evidence of associated disease or urinary infection were assessed by clinical appraisal and by simple cystometrogram. Discrepancies were apparent between the two methods of patients assessment. Treatment was primarily based on cystometrogram patterns, and included the surgical correction of the urethrovesical defect, the institution of a program of micturition retraining, or a combination of both methods. Based on a short follow-up assessment period, of those 68 patients chosen for surgery, 78% were cured and 91% were markedly improved. Bladder retraining programs alone were instituted for 32 patients, and a marked (72%) improvement rate was demonstrated. It is suggested that the cystometrogram has an integral and essential place in the assessment of female urinary incontinence and may be easily integrated into practice. Bladder retraining programs may be most usefully employed for some patients found to have bladder dysfunction.", "contents": "Assessment and treatment of female urinary incontinence by cystometrogram and bladder retraining programs. One hundred female patients complaining of urinary incontinence without evidence of associated disease or urinary infection were assessed by clinical appraisal and by simple cystometrogram. Discrepancies were apparent between the two methods of patients assessment. Treatment was primarily based on cystometrogram patterns, and included the surgical correction of the urethrovesical defect, the institution of a program of micturition retraining, or a combination of both methods. Based on a short follow-up assessment period, of those 68 patients chosen for surgery, 78% were cured and 91% were markedly improved. Bladder retraining programs alone were instituted for 32 patients, and a marked (72%) improvement rate was demonstrated. It is suggested that the cystometrogram has an integral and essential place in the assessment of female urinary incontinence and may be easily integrated into practice. Bladder retraining programs may be most usefully employed for some patients found to have bladder dysfunction.", "PMID": 559985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4029", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the urethra during pregnancy: report of a case.", "content": "The first case of adenocarcinoma of the urethra occurring during pregnancy is discussed. The patient was in her second trimester, and the pregnancy was allowed to continue to term. The patient was delivered vaginally of a healthy infant. Following delivery, she was treated with radiotherapy. After completion of the radiotherapy, the distal half of the urethra was excised. The patient has been followed for 7 years, and there is no evidence of recurrence.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the urethra during pregnancy: report of a case. The first case of adenocarcinoma of the urethra occurring during pregnancy is discussed. The patient was in her second trimester, and the pregnancy was allowed to continue to term. The patient was delivered vaginally of a healthy infant. Following delivery, she was treated with radiotherapy. After completion of the radiotherapy, the distal half of the urethra was excised. The patient has been followed for 7 years, and there is no evidence of recurrence.", "PMID": 559986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4030", "title": "Survival following thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy.", "content": "When thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) occurs in pregnancy, survival of either the mother or fetus is exceedingly rare. A patient is reported who developed this disease in the 17th week of pregnancy and recovered after treatment with antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, dipyridamole) and corticosteroids. The rationale and potential hazards of antiplatelet therapy in TTP are discussed.", "contents": "Survival following thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. When thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) occurs in pregnancy, survival of either the mother or fetus is exceedingly rare. A patient is reported who developed this disease in the 17th week of pregnancy and recovered after treatment with antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, dipyridamole) and corticosteroids. The rationale and potential hazards of antiplatelet therapy in TTP are discussed.", "PMID": 559987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4031", "title": "Unusual protozoal infestation of the cervical mucus.", "content": "The transient colonization of the female genital tract with an unusual multiflagellated protozoan is reported. The presence of active organisms in large numbers in the mucus of the endocervical canal and their absence from the gastrointestinal tract and other areas indicates true colonization rather than contamination. The colonization resolved spontaneously. The organism has been classified as a Polymastigidan.", "contents": "Unusual protozoal infestation of the cervical mucus. The transient colonization of the female genital tract with an unusual multiflagellated protozoan is reported. The presence of active organisms in large numbers in the mucus of the endocervical canal and their absence from the gastrointestinal tract and other areas indicates true colonization rather than contamination. The colonization resolved spontaneously. The organism has been classified as a Polymastigidan.", "PMID": 559988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4032", "title": "[Microstructure characteristics of the egg envelopes of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L].", "content": "The patterns of the microstructure of the egg envelopes in C. carpio and its changes during embryogenesis were studied by means of scanning electron microscope. The structure of envelopes was shown to suffer definite changes during the formation of perivitelline space, embryogenesis and prior to hatching.", "contents": "[Microstructure characteristics of the egg envelopes of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L]. The patterns of the microstructure of the egg envelopes in C. carpio and its changes during embryogenesis were studied by means of scanning electron microscope. The structure of envelopes was shown to suffer definite changes during the formation of perivitelline space, embryogenesis and prior to hatching.", "PMID": 559994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4033", "title": "Nematode larvae (Spirurida: Physalopteridae) causing infarction of the bowel in an infant.", "content": "A case is reported of an 11-month-old baby suffering from gangrene of the distal portion of the small bowel due to infestation by larval worms belonging to the order Spirurida, family Physalopteridae and probably the genus Physaloptera. Microscopically, the resected bowel showed ischaemic necrosis, eosinophilic granulomata and larval worms in the lumen and wall of blood vessels. The inflammatory process extended into the mesentery, where the vessels showed focal necroses, thrombosis and endarteritis. Infection in this child in the Queensland countryside is considered to have resulted from ingestion of insects on grass eaten when at play, the grass having been contaminated by bandicoots.", "contents": "Nematode larvae (Spirurida: Physalopteridae) causing infarction of the bowel in an infant. A case is reported of an 11-month-old baby suffering from gangrene of the distal portion of the small bowel due to infestation by larval worms belonging to the order Spirurida, family Physalopteridae and probably the genus Physaloptera. Microscopically, the resected bowel showed ischaemic necrosis, eosinophilic granulomata and larval worms in the lumen and wall of blood vessels. The inflammatory process extended into the mesentery, where the vessels showed focal necroses, thrombosis and endarteritis. Infection in this child in the Queensland countryside is considered to have resulted from ingestion of insects on grass eaten when at play, the grass having been contaminated by bandicoots.", "PMID": 559997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4034", "title": "Release of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine from the isolated guinea pig heart during hypoxia, flow-autoregulation and reactive hyperemia.", "content": "In an attempt to test the hypothesis whether adenosine is involved in the regulation of coronary flow adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine were measured in the effluent perfusate and in the tissue of isolated guinea pig hearts under various experimental conditions. In addition, the release of 14C-adenosine, 14C-inosine and 14C-hypoxanthine was determined  after prelabeling cardiac adenine nucleotides with 14C-adenine. The decrease in coronary resistance induced by hypoxic perfusion (30% and 20% in the gas phase) and during autoregulation was associated with a considerable increase in the release of adenosine and hypoxanthine. Under both conditions the concentrations of adenosine in the effluent perfusate were clearly within the coronary vasodilating range of exogenously administered adenosine. The tissue content of adenosine also increased significantly when the perfusion pressure was reduced. The release of 14C-adenosine closely paralleled the changes in coronary resistance during hypoxic perfusion, autoregulation and during reactive hyperemia. The specific activity of adenosine in the effluent perfusate, however, decreased substantially upon reduction of the oxygen supply to the heart, indicating that the release of 14C-adenosine does not provide an absolute measure of total adenosine release by the heart. Our data indicate that the greater part of the adaptive changes of vascular resistance during hypoxia and autoregulation can be attributed to adenosine which is formed at an enhanced rate under these conditions. However, other factors might be involved as well.", "contents": "Release of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine from the isolated guinea pig heart during hypoxia, flow-autoregulation and reactive hyperemia. In an attempt to test the hypothesis whether adenosine is involved in the regulation of coronary flow adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine were measured in the effluent perfusate and in the tissue of isolated guinea pig hearts under various experimental conditions. In addition, the release of 14C-adenosine, 14C-inosine and 14C-hypoxanthine was determined  after prelabeling cardiac adenine nucleotides with 14C-adenine. The decrease in coronary resistance induced by hypoxic perfusion (30% and 20% in the gas phase) and during autoregulation was associated with a considerable increase in the release of adenosine and hypoxanthine. Under both conditions the concentrations of adenosine in the effluent perfusate were clearly within the coronary vasodilating range of exogenously administered adenosine. The tissue content of adenosine also increased significantly when the perfusion pressure was reduced. The release of 14C-adenosine closely paralleled the changes in coronary resistance during hypoxic perfusion, autoregulation and during reactive hyperemia. The specific activity of adenosine in the effluent perfusate, however, decreased substantially upon reduction of the oxygen supply to the heart, indicating that the release of 14C-adenosine does not provide an absolute measure of total adenosine release by the heart. Our data indicate that the greater part of the adaptive changes of vascular resistance during hypoxia and autoregulation can be attributed to adenosine which is formed at an enhanced rate under these conditions. However, other factors might be involved as well.", "PMID": 560002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4035", "title": "Thermoregulatory behaviour after repetitive cooling of the preoptic area and of the spinal cord in the rat.", "content": "The thermoregulatory behaviour of 6 rats was studied during exposure to cold and warm ambient temperatures after either the preoptic area or the cervical spinal cord had been intermittently cooled for an average of 130 h. The precooled animals worked more for heat in cold environments and for cool air in a warm environment than the control animals. This behaviour, probably due to a decreased ability of the precooled animals to retain heat, suggested that the precooled animals were not fully adapted to cold. 1974) will learn to press a lever to modify their thermal environment, and this paper describes the thermoregulatory behaviour of rats after prolonged cooling of the preoptic area, and of the spinal cord. The thermoregulatory behaviour of cold exposed and cold adapted animals has already been studied in several species (Carlton and Marks, 1958; Laties and Weiss, 1960; Revusky, 1966; balwin and Ingram, 1967).", "contents": "Thermoregulatory behaviour after repetitive cooling of the preoptic area and of the spinal cord in the rat. The thermoregulatory behaviour of 6 rats was studied during exposure to cold and warm ambient temperatures after either the preoptic area or the cervical spinal cord had been intermittently cooled for an average of 130 h. The precooled animals worked more for heat in cold environments and for cool air in a warm environment than the control animals. This behaviour, probably due to a decreased ability of the precooled animals to retain heat, suggested that the precooled animals were not fully adapted to cold. 1974) will learn to press a lever to modify their thermal environment, and this paper describes the thermoregulatory behaviour of rats after prolonged cooling of the preoptic area, and of the spinal cord. The thermoregulatory behaviour of cold exposed and cold adapted animals has already been studied in several species (Carlton and Marks, 1958; Laties and Weiss, 1960; Revusky, 1966; balwin and Ingram, 1967).", "PMID": 560003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4036", "title": "Lak of influence of glucagon on glucose homeostasis after prolonged exercise in rats.", "content": "The significance of glucagon for post-exercise glucose homeostasis has been studied in rats fasted overnight. Immediately after exhaustive swimming either rabbit-antiglucagon serum or normal rabbit serum was injected by cardiac puncture. Cardiac blood and samples of liver and muscle tissue were collected before exercise and repeatedly during a 120 min recovery period after exercise. During the post-exercise period plasma glucagon concentrations decreased but remained above pre-exercise values in rats treated with normal serum, while rats treated with antiglucagon serum has excess antibody in plasma throughout. Nevertheless, all other parameters measured showed similar changes in the two groups. Thus after exercise the grossly diminished hepatic glycogen concentrations remained constant, while the decreased blood glucose concentrations were partially restored. Simultaneously concentrations in blood and serum of the main gluconeogenic substrates, lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol declined markedly. During the post-exercise period NEFA concentrations in serum and plasma insulin concentrations remained increased and decreased, respectively, while plasma catecholamines did not differ from basal values. Muscle glycogen concentration decreased slightly. These findings suggest that in the recovery period after exhausiive exercise the increased glucagon glucagon concentrations in plasma do not influence gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Lak of influence of glucagon on glucose homeostasis after prolonged exercise in rats. The significance of glucagon for post-exercise glucose homeostasis has been studied in rats fasted overnight. Immediately after exhaustive swimming either rabbit-antiglucagon serum or normal rabbit serum was injected by cardiac puncture. Cardiac blood and samples of liver and muscle tissue were collected before exercise and repeatedly during a 120 min recovery period after exercise. During the post-exercise period plasma glucagon concentrations decreased but remained above pre-exercise values in rats treated with normal serum, while rats treated with antiglucagon serum has excess antibody in plasma throughout. Nevertheless, all other parameters measured showed similar changes in the two groups. Thus after exercise the grossly diminished hepatic glycogen concentrations remained constant, while the decreased blood glucose concentrations were partially restored. Simultaneously concentrations in blood and serum of the main gluconeogenic substrates, lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol declined markedly. During the post-exercise period NEFA concentrations in serum and plasma insulin concentrations remained increased and decreased, respectively, while plasma catecholamines did not differ from basal values. Muscle glycogen concentration decreased slightly. These findings suggest that in the recovery period after exhausiive exercise the increased glucagon glucagon concentrations in plasma do not influence gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 560004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4037", "title": "Electrodermal reflexes in the cat's paws elicited by natural stimulation of skin.", "content": "Electrodermal reflexes recorded from the central pads on the hind-and forepaws were elicited by natural stimulation of skin in ketamine anaesthetised cats. 2. Stimuli which excite the Pacinian corpuscles in the paws (air jet stimuli applied to the paw, vibrational stimuli produced by tapping on the experimental frame) and the cutaneous nociceptors (mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli) elicit electrodermal reflexes. Stimuli exciting hair follicle receptors on the trunk or legs or slowly adapting receptors in the feet are without effect. 3. Electrodermal reflexes elicited by non-noxious mechanical stimulation of skin in the hindpaws have a clear-cut spatial organization. Air jet stimuli can only produce them from the distal hindpaws but not from any other skin area indicating that this reflex may be organized at the spinal level. Electrodermal reflexes on noxious stimulation too have some spatial organization.", "contents": "Electrodermal reflexes in the cat's paws elicited by natural stimulation of skin. Electrodermal reflexes recorded from the central pads on the hind-and forepaws were elicited by natural stimulation of skin in ketamine anaesthetised cats. 2. Stimuli which excite the Pacinian corpuscles in the paws (air jet stimuli applied to the paw, vibrational stimuli produced by tapping on the experimental frame) and the cutaneous nociceptors (mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli) elicit electrodermal reflexes. Stimuli exciting hair follicle receptors on the trunk or legs or slowly adapting receptors in the feet are without effect. 3. Electrodermal reflexes elicited by non-noxious mechanical stimulation of skin in the hindpaws have a clear-cut spatial organization. Air jet stimuli can only produce them from the distal hindpaws but not from any other skin area indicating that this reflex may be organized at the spinal level. Electrodermal reflexes on noxious stimulation too have some spatial organization.", "PMID": 560005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4038", "title": "Metabolic component in the epithelial intracellular potential of rabbit cornea.", "content": "Effects of the change of external ionic composition and the addition of metabolic inhibitors on rabbit cornea were studied by recording the epithelial intracellular potential. High K and Li Ringer's solutions, applied to the corneal endothelial side, caused a marked depolarization of the epithelial cells, but no potential change was seen when applied to the epithelial side. Ouabain, MIAA and NaCN applied to the endothelial side reduced the epithelial potential, while those applied to the epithelial side did not change the potential. DNP and FDNB also had no effect when applied to the epithelial side only. The thermal dependence of the epithelial intracellular potentials of whole eye (0.85 mV/degrees C) and excised cornea (2.01 mV/degrees C) preparations were greater than about 0.2 mV/degrees C predicted by the Nernst equation. It is concluded that the epithelial cell layer of rabbit cornea act as a tight barrier against diffusion of K ion and metabolic inhibitors from the tear side to the epithelial basal cell. A high thermal dependence of the epithelial intracellular potential may depend greatly on the pump ingibition.", "contents": "Metabolic component in the epithelial intracellular potential of rabbit cornea. Effects of the change of external ionic composition and the addition of metabolic inhibitors on rabbit cornea were studied by recording the epithelial intracellular potential. High K and Li Ringer's solutions, applied to the corneal endothelial side, caused a marked depolarization of the epithelial cells, but no potential change was seen when applied to the epithelial side. Ouabain, MIAA and NaCN applied to the endothelial side reduced the epithelial potential, while those applied to the epithelial side did not change the potential. DNP and FDNB also had no effect when applied to the epithelial side only. The thermal dependence of the epithelial intracellular potentials of whole eye (0.85 mV/degrees C) and excised cornea (2.01 mV/degrees C) preparations were greater than about 0.2 mV/degrees C predicted by the Nernst equation. It is concluded that the epithelial cell layer of rabbit cornea act as a tight barrier against diffusion of K ion and metabolic inhibitors from the tear side to the epithelial basal cell. A high thermal dependence of the epithelial intracellular potential may depend greatly on the pump ingibition.", "PMID": 560006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4039", "title": "Effect of reflex stimuli on vascular resistance and glycerol release in in vivo dog subcutaneous adipose tissue.", "content": "Although direct autonomic nerve stimulation and infusion of catecholamine has been shown to result in substantial amounts of lipolysis in dog subcutaneous adipose tissue, there is no evidence to indicate that reflex autonomic stimulation will result in qualitatively and quantitatively similar changes. The present studies were performed to evaluate the effects of reflex autonomic stimulation on vascular resistance and glycerol release in isolated, innervated and blood-perfused subcutaneous fat pad. Autonomic nerve stimulation at physiological frequencies was performed and resulted in release of glycerol that was compatible with previously reported data. Reflex stimulation by moderate and severe hypoxemia did not result in a significant glycerol release, but a maximal reflex stimulus (ventricular fibrillation) did. Since the majority of these reflex stimuli resulted in large change in vascular resistance, it would appear that reflex hemodynamic changes can occur in these preparations without concomitant changes in glycerol release. Alpha blockade of the vasoconstriction resulted in the appearance of rising glycerol output suggesting that vasoconstriction prevents lipolysis.", "contents": "Effect of reflex stimuli on vascular resistance and glycerol release in in vivo dog subcutaneous adipose tissue. Although direct autonomic nerve stimulation and infusion of catecholamine has been shown to result in substantial amounts of lipolysis in dog subcutaneous adipose tissue, there is no evidence to indicate that reflex autonomic stimulation will result in qualitatively and quantitatively similar changes. The present studies were performed to evaluate the effects of reflex autonomic stimulation on vascular resistance and glycerol release in isolated, innervated and blood-perfused subcutaneous fat pad. Autonomic nerve stimulation at physiological frequencies was performed and resulted in release of glycerol that was compatible with previously reported data. Reflex stimulation by moderate and severe hypoxemia did not result in a significant glycerol release, but a maximal reflex stimulus (ventricular fibrillation) did. Since the majority of these reflex stimuli resulted in large change in vascular resistance, it would appear that reflex hemodynamic changes can occur in these preparations without concomitant changes in glycerol release. Alpha blockade of the vasoconstriction resulted in the appearance of rising glycerol output suggesting that vasoconstriction prevents lipolysis.", "PMID": 560007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4040", "title": "Thermoregulation during entrance into hibernation.", "content": "The hypothalamic temperature (Thy) and the rate of oxygen consumption of golden-mantled ground squirrels were continuously measured as they entered hibernation. Thy was manipulated with chronically implanted, water-perfused thermodes. A threshold Thy for eliciting an increase in metabolic heat production was demonstrable at all times during entry. During smooth entries this threshold Thy showed a progressive decline so that it was below actual Thy at all times. These results are interpreted to mean that the normal mammalian central nervous regulator of body temperature is functional throughout the entrance into hibernation, and it can be reset to any level over the 35 degrees C range body temperatures experienced by the hibernator.", "contents": "Thermoregulation during entrance into hibernation. The hypothalamic temperature (Thy) and the rate of oxygen consumption of golden-mantled ground squirrels were continuously measured as they entered hibernation. Thy was manipulated with chronically implanted, water-perfused thermodes. A threshold Thy for eliciting an increase in metabolic heat production was demonstrable at all times during entry. During smooth entries this threshold Thy showed a progressive decline so that it was below actual Thy at all times. These results are interpreted to mean that the normal mammalian central nervous regulator of body temperature is functional throughout the entrance into hibernation, and it can be reset to any level over the 35 degrees C range body temperatures experienced by the hibernator.", "PMID": 560008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4041", "title": "Development changes of monosaccharide uptake into skeletal muscle of the lamb.", "content": "Uptake of the nonmetabolizable model sugar 3-o-methylgucose (3-MG) into skeletal muscle (musculi cricothyreoidei) of the lamb decreases with advancing age. Forestomach development does not affect 3-MG uptake. The stimulating effect of insulin upon 3-MG uptake also declines with age. Forestomach development does not influence the insulin effect.", "contents": "Development changes of monosaccharide uptake into skeletal muscle of the lamb. Uptake of the nonmetabolizable model sugar 3-o-methylgucose (3-MG) into skeletal muscle (musculi cricothyreoidei) of the lamb decreases with advancing age. Forestomach development does not affect 3-MG uptake. The stimulating effect of insulin upon 3-MG uptake also declines with age. Forestomach development does not influence the insulin effect.", "PMID": 560009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4042", "title": "Studies on the termination of sinus nerve afferents.", "content": "Compound action potentials evoked by electrical stimulation in the brainstem of anaesthetized, paralyzed cats and rabbits were recorded distally in the carotid sinus nerve. The latencies of the components of the responses were indicatives of fibres with conduction velocities between 0.5 and 32 m/s. These include both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. Using histological reconstruction of the 'responsive sites', the termination of the primary afferent fibres of the sinus nerve within the medulla was mapped. In both cat and rabbit these responsive sites were restricted to the doromedial medulla in the vicinity of the NTS 0--3 mm rostral to the obex. Although in the cat the fast conducting myelinated fibres (conduction velocities greater than 12.5 m/s) were discretely localized to the ventrolateral area of the NTS, the slower conducting myelinated and unmyelinated fibres were found more diffusely, spreading into areas dorsal and medial to the NTS. In the the rabbit the terminals of all types of fibre were mainly confined to the NTS although some C fibres appeared to be grouped in the juxta-alar region. Responses were never evoked from the medial reticular formation or nucleus ambigus in either cats or rabbits. The organization of the sinus nerve input to the medulla is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Studies on the termination of sinus nerve afferents. Compound action potentials evoked by electrical stimulation in the brainstem of anaesthetized, paralyzed cats and rabbits were recorded distally in the carotid sinus nerve. The latencies of the components of the responses were indicatives of fibres with conduction velocities between 0.5 and 32 m/s. These include both myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. Using histological reconstruction of the 'responsive sites', the termination of the primary afferent fibres of the sinus nerve within the medulla was mapped. In both cat and rabbit these responsive sites were restricted to the doromedial medulla in the vicinity of the NTS 0--3 mm rostral to the obex. Although in the cat the fast conducting myelinated fibres (conduction velocities greater than 12.5 m/s) were discretely localized to the ventrolateral area of the NTS, the slower conducting myelinated and unmyelinated fibres were found more diffusely, spreading into areas dorsal and medial to the NTS. In the the rabbit the terminals of all types of fibre were mainly confined to the NTS although some C fibres appeared to be grouped in the juxta-alar region. Responses were never evoked from the medial reticular formation or nucleus ambigus in either cats or rabbits. The organization of the sinus nerve input to the medulla is discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 560010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4043", "title": "Water absorption and swelling in the rat small intestine in vitro.", "content": "Net mucosal-to-serosal water transport and water retention within the tissue were simultaneously measured in the isolated, everted rat jejunum and ileum along with time. The swelling of the epithelium (delta w/DW-delta w/DW-delta v/DW) precedes the absorption of fluid and then it remains contant throughout the experiment. The water uptake, determined as a weight increase, (delta w/DW) and the net water transport determined as a serosal volume increase (delta v/DW) were higher in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate than in a Krebs-Ringer-phosphate medium. In the jejunum glucose markedly stimulated both the tissue retention and net transport of water, but such effect was not seen in the ileum. Replacement of chloride with sulphate in the medium diminishes both water transport and retention, but both were markedly stimulated by the addition of glucose to such medium. As a conclusion it seems that during water transport the epithelial layer swells and the swelling increases when the amount of water transported is increased.", "contents": "Water absorption and swelling in the rat small intestine in vitro. Net mucosal-to-serosal water transport and water retention within the tissue were simultaneously measured in the isolated, everted rat jejunum and ileum along with time. The swelling of the epithelium (delta w/DW-delta w/DW-delta v/DW) precedes the absorption of fluid and then it remains contant throughout the experiment. The water uptake, determined as a weight increase, (delta w/DW) and the net water transport determined as a serosal volume increase (delta v/DW) were higher in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate than in a Krebs-Ringer-phosphate medium. In the jejunum glucose markedly stimulated both the tissue retention and net transport of water, but such effect was not seen in the ileum. Replacement of chloride with sulphate in the medium diminishes both water transport and retention, but both were markedly stimulated by the addition of glucose to such medium. As a conclusion it seems that during water transport the epithelial layer swells and the swelling increases when the amount of water transported is increased.", "PMID": 560011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4044", "title": "Effect of splanchnicotomy on the renal excretion of d-glucose in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "The effects of acute intravenous d-glucose (G) loading were studied on anaesthetized, unilaterally splanchnicotomized (\"renal denervation\") dogs. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was generally not different on the innervated and denervated side, while urine flow (V), sodium excretion (UNaV) and urinary excretion (UGV) of glucose on the splanchnicotomized side were significantly increased at any plasma G concentration. Tubular reabsorption (TG) as well as Tm of G in denervated kidneys was considerably depressed. In a series of experiments with moderately elevated plasma glucose level glucosuria on the sympathectomized side was found that seems to be the consequence of a lower threshold for G in denervated kidneys. The positive correlation between the tubular reabsorption of Na and G was not influenced by renal denervation.", "contents": "Effect of splanchnicotomy on the renal excretion of d-glucose in the anaesthetized dog. The effects of acute intravenous d-glucose (G) loading were studied on anaesthetized, unilaterally splanchnicotomized (\"renal denervation\") dogs. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was generally not different on the innervated and denervated side, while urine flow (V), sodium excretion (UNaV) and urinary excretion (UGV) of glucose on the splanchnicotomized side were significantly increased at any plasma G concentration. Tubular reabsorption (TG) as well as Tm of G in denervated kidneys was considerably depressed. In a series of experiments with moderately elevated plasma glucose level glucosuria on the sympathectomized side was found that seems to be the consequence of a lower threshold for G in denervated kidneys. The positive correlation between the tubular reabsorption of Na and G was not influenced by renal denervation.", "PMID": 560012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4045", "title": "[An independent gas chromatographic procedure for measuring the composition of gases (author's transl].", "content": "The volume fraction of gas mixtures may be measured gas chromatographically by application of the 100% method, provided they can be separated. In case of gases it is not necessary to calibrate with another method. The specific character of the detector signals can be eliminated by measurements with pure components. The procedure is compared with the Scholander method. In case of O2/N2 mixtures the results agree within reproducibility, but in case of O2/CO2/N2 mixtures a systematic deviation of the CO2 fractions to smaller values is found as concerns the Scholander method. A gas mixture with 5.6 Vol% CO2 shows a difference of approximately 0.3 Vol%. The gas chromatographic method is almost 100 times as sensitive as the Scholander method. High fractions may be measured without problems and the method is not restricted to O2 and CO2.", "contents": "[An independent gas chromatographic procedure for measuring the composition of gases (author's transl]. The volume fraction of gas mixtures may be measured gas chromatographically by application of the 100% method, provided they can be separated. In case of gases it is not necessary to calibrate with another method. The specific character of the detector signals can be eliminated by measurements with pure components. The procedure is compared with the Scholander method. In case of O2/N2 mixtures the results agree within reproducibility, but in case of O2/CO2/N2 mixtures a systematic deviation of the CO2 fractions to smaller values is found as concerns the Scholander method. A gas mixture with 5.6 Vol% CO2 shows a difference of approximately 0.3 Vol%. The gas chromatographic method is almost 100 times as sensitive as the Scholander method. High fractions may be measured without problems and the method is not restricted to O2 and CO2.", "PMID": 560013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4046", "title": "Determination of electrolytes in small biological fluid samples using energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "A technique is reported for the application of the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis for the simultaneous determination of electrolytes in picoliter samples of biological fluids. The preparation is characterized by the use of thin films as a specimen support. Using this arrangement, the X-rays generated in the support are kept to a minimum. At an acceleration voltage of 25 kV the specimen preparation can be regarded as 'thin', i.e. the intensity of an emitted characteristic radiation is almost uninfluenced by the gross element composition, and, therefore, is only dependent upon the content of elements. Quantification was achieved by comparing the intensities of the characteristic radiations with that of a standard. Electrolyte concentrations of 1 mM can be detected with an accuracy of 0.1 mM SD.", "contents": "Determination of electrolytes in small biological fluid samples using energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. A technique is reported for the application of the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis for the simultaneous determination of electrolytes in picoliter samples of biological fluids. The preparation is characterized by the use of thin films as a specimen support. Using this arrangement, the X-rays generated in the support are kept to a minimum. At an acceleration voltage of 25 kV the specimen preparation can be regarded as 'thin', i.e. the intensity of an emitted characteristic radiation is almost uninfluenced by the gross element composition, and, therefore, is only dependent upon the content of elements. Quantification was achieved by comparing the intensities of the characteristic radiations with that of a standard. Electrolyte concentrations of 1 mM can be detected with an accuracy of 0.1 mM SD.", "PMID": 560014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4047", "title": "Congestive cardiomyopathy in a family of Becker's X-linked muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Ths dissociation of gross congestive cardiomyopathy and muscle disease in different members of a family affected with Becker's benign X-linked muscular dystrophy is described. The possibility that cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy may be the expressions of the same mutant gene has been suggested.", "contents": "Congestive cardiomyopathy in a family of Becker's X-linked muscular dystrophy. Ths dissociation of gross congestive cardiomyopathy and muscle disease in different members of a family affected with Becker's benign X-linked muscular dystrophy is described. The possibility that cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy may be the expressions of the same mutant gene has been suggested.", "PMID": 560017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4048", "title": "Medical documentation for third-party payers.", "content": "Medical documentation of patient care by physical therapy has become a requirement for reimbursement of health services paid by federal and state programs or by other third-party payers. The medical record of physical therapy must satisfy several specific requirements of third-party payers before health services can be reimbursed. The fiscal intermediaries require a precise, written statement of the patient's physical problems, treatment goals and plan, and objective information on the patient's response to treatment. The criteria reflected for third-party payment must be satisfied and evident in succinct and accurate documentation in  the medical record. Medical documentation must show evidence of a prescription, medical reason for treatment, a viable discharge plan, outcome of treatment, coordination of medical services, patient instruction, and discontinuance or adaptation of services when necessary. The requirements for third-party payment based on medical documentation are discussed.", "contents": "Medical documentation for third-party payers. Medical documentation of patient care by physical therapy has become a requirement for reimbursement of health services paid by federal and state programs or by other third-party payers. The medical record of physical therapy must satisfy several specific requirements of third-party payers before health services can be reimbursed. The fiscal intermediaries require a precise, written statement of the patient's physical problems, treatment goals and plan, and objective information on the patient's response to treatment. The criteria reflected for third-party payment must be satisfied and evident in succinct and accurate documentation in  the medical record. Medical documentation must show evidence of a prescription, medical reason for treatment, a viable discharge plan, outcome of treatment, coordination of medical services, patient instruction, and discontinuance or adaptation of services when necessary. The requirements for third-party payment based on medical documentation are discussed.", "PMID": 560022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4049", "title": "[Determination of similarity and dissimilarity of endogenous psychoses in  monozygotic twins based on a differential diagnosis].", "content": "The frequently published opinion that endogenous psychoses in monozygotic twins often show a marked lack of similarity could not be confirmed by the results of studies performed by the author and his associates. In general, differenting diagnosis allows the particular syndrome, on which the establishment of the respective diagnosis is based, to be nearly always observed in either partner. On the other hand, changes of mood, which are accessory symptoms, often show a different picture which may perhaps be regarded as being due to the fact that monozygotic twins often differ in their respective temperaments. The course and severity of the disease also usually show considerable differences which may in part be due to additional affections.", "contents": "[Determination of similarity and dissimilarity of endogenous psychoses in  monozygotic twins based on a differential diagnosis]. The frequently published opinion that endogenous psychoses in monozygotic twins often show a marked lack of similarity could not be confirmed by the results of studies performed by the author and his associates. In general, differenting diagnosis allows the particular syndrome, on which the establishment of the respective diagnosis is based, to be nearly always observed in either partner. On the other hand, changes of mood, which are accessory symptoms, often show a different picture which may perhaps be regarded as being due to the fact that monozygotic twins often differ in their respective temperaments. The course and severity of the disease also usually show considerable differences which may in part be due to additional affections.", "PMID": 560023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4050", "title": "The nucleus accumbens--possible site of antipsychotic action of neuroleptic drugs?", "content": "The hypothesis that neuroleptic drugs exert their therapeutic effects by blocking dopaminergic transmission has been investigated by examining the effects of 3 neuroleptic drugs on dopamine turnover in 2 dopaminergically innervated regions of brain--the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens. The drugs chlorpromazine, thioridazine and fluphenazine, known to be therapeutically active in the treatment of schizophrenia, but to have differing incidences of extrapyramidal side effects, were administered to rats in dose ratios approximating to those effective in man. All 3 drugs induced a similar rise in the content of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in the nucleus accumbens, whilst the changes in HVA observed in the neostriatum were in the rank order in which these drugs produce extrapyramidal side effects. While the concentrations of dopamine metabolites in the frontal cortex were too low to assess the possibility that neuroleptic drugs have actions at this level, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that these drugs exert their therapeutic effects by dopamine receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens.", "contents": "The nucleus accumbens--possible site of antipsychotic action of neuroleptic drugs? The hypothesis that neuroleptic drugs exert their therapeutic effects by blocking dopaminergic transmission has been investigated by examining the effects of 3 neuroleptic drugs on dopamine turnover in 2 dopaminergically innervated regions of brain--the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens. The drugs chlorpromazine, thioridazine and fluphenazine, known to be therapeutically active in the treatment of schizophrenia, but to have differing incidences of extrapyramidal side effects, were administered to rats in dose ratios approximating to those effective in man. All 3 drugs induced a similar rise in the content of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in the nucleus accumbens, whilst the changes in HVA observed in the neostriatum were in the rank order in which these drugs produce extrapyramidal side effects. While the concentrations of dopamine metabolites in the frontal cortex were too low to assess the possibility that neuroleptic drugs have actions at this level, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that these drugs exert their therapeutic effects by dopamine receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens.", "PMID": 560024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4051", "title": "3H-etorphine levels in CNS of tolerant and non-tolerant rats.", "content": "Rats were rendered tolerant to etorphine by administering it daily for 5 days at doses of either 10 microgram/kg i.v. or 5 microgram/kg s.c..3H-etorphine was then injected to tolerant and non-tolerant rats; after 15 min their brain and spinal cord were removed for 3H-etorphine assay. Tolerant rats had lower 3H-etorphine levels in both tissues than control rats.", "contents": "3H-etorphine levels in CNS of tolerant and non-tolerant rats. Rats were rendered tolerant to etorphine by administering it daily for 5 days at doses of either 10 microgram/kg i.v. or 5 microgram/kg s.c..3H-etorphine was then injected to tolerant and non-tolerant rats; after 15 min their brain and spinal cord were removed for 3H-etorphine assay. Tolerant rats had lower 3H-etorphine levels in both tissues than control rats.", "PMID": 560034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4052", "title": "Adrenocortical involution in rats during oestrus synchronisation with medroxyprogesterone.", "content": "Daily treatment of female rats with medroxyprogesterone acetate in aqueous suspension resulted in adrenocortical atrophy. The doses given were those used for oestrus synchronisation. Intramuscular injections of 2-0 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate were used to investigate the atrophic process. Adrenocortical involution was associated with extensive single cell deletion (apoptosis). It is suggested that theses changes were due to suppression of pituitary ACTH secretion. The cytological changes support the concept that single cell death plays an important role in organ remodelling. Biochemical determinations of DNA, RNA, protein and dry matter, and histological examination, did not reveal significant changes in the liver.", "contents": "Adrenocortical involution in rats during oestrus synchronisation with medroxyprogesterone. Daily treatment of female rats with medroxyprogesterone acetate in aqueous suspension resulted in adrenocortical atrophy. The doses given were those used for oestrus synchronisation. Intramuscular injections of 2-0 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate were used to investigate the atrophic process. Adrenocortical involution was associated with extensive single cell deletion (apoptosis). It is suggested that theses changes were due to suppression of pituitary ACTH secretion. The cytological changes support the concept that single cell death plays an important role in organ remodelling. Biochemical determinations of DNA, RNA, protein and dry matter, and histological examination, did not reveal significant changes in the liver.", "PMID": 560035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4053", "title": "Synchronisation of oestrus in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was used intramuscularly in two preliminary trials to determine its effect in cycling buffalo cows. In the first trial, animals with corpora lutea in their ovaries responded to either two doses of 15 mg on two consecutive days, or to a single dose of 30 mg, by showing signs of oestrus commencing 31 to 55h after the initial injection. In the second trial two doses of 30 mg PGF2alpha given 11 days apart resulted in oestrus on the third day after the second injection.", "contents": "Synchronisation of oestrus in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using prostaglandin F2alpha. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was used intramuscularly in two preliminary trials to determine its effect in cycling buffalo cows. In the first trial, animals with corpora lutea in their ovaries responded to either two doses of 15 mg on two consecutive days, or to a single dose of 30 mg, by showing signs of oestrus commencing 31 to 55h after the initial injection. In the second trial two doses of 30 mg PGF2alpha given 11 days apart resulted in oestrus on the third day after the second injection.", "PMID": 560036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4054", "title": "Resistance of nematode eggs to the ovicidal activity of benzimidazoles.", "content": "Eggs of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis are resistant to the ovicidal activity of benzimidazoles. The possiblity is raised of using this as a simple screen for detection of resistance in nematodes of domesticated animals.", "contents": "Resistance of nematode eggs to the ovicidal activity of benzimidazoles. Eggs of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis are resistant to the ovicidal activity of benzimidazoles. The possiblity is raised of using this as a simple screen for detection of resistance in nematodes of domesticated animals.", "PMID": 560037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4055", "title": "Premenstrual symptoms: a reinterpretation.", "content": "Conclusions regarding the physiological basis and disruptive effects of premenstrual symptoms may be biased because of the reliance on self-report questionnaires as a source of data. In order to examine this possible bias, women's perceptions of their cycle phase were separated experimentally from actual cycle phase. Women who were led to believe that they were premenstrual reported experiencing a significantly higher degree of several physical symptoms, such as water retention, than did women who were led to believe they were intermenstrual. Thus, because of these psychosocial influences on symptom reports, it seems necessary to reexamine previous conclusions regarding the magnitude of menstrual-related changes as well as their physiolocical basis.", "contents": "Premenstrual symptoms: a reinterpretation. Conclusions regarding the physiological basis and disruptive effects of premenstrual symptoms may be biased because of the reliance on self-report questionnaires as a source of data. In order to examine this possible bias, women's perceptions of their cycle phase were separated experimentally from actual cycle phase. Women who were led to believe that they were premenstrual reported experiencing a significantly higher degree of several physical symptoms, such as water retention, than did women who were led to believe they were intermenstrual. Thus, because of these psychosocial influences on symptom reports, it seems necessary to reexamine previous conclusions regarding the magnitude of menstrual-related changes as well as their physiolocical basis.", "PMID": 560058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4056", "title": "Goblet cells in embryonic intestine: accelerated differentiation in culture.", "content": "If duodenal tissue from 14-day chick embryos is cultured in chemically defined medium, more than twice as many goblet cells appear within 48 hours as in intact embryos during the same time. The increase in goblet cell number is further accelerated by 10(-9) molar thyroxine but is prevented by 10(-6) molar hydrocortisone. The results suggest that differentiation of intestinal epithelium is regulated in part by a circulating inhibitor.", "contents": "Goblet cells in embryonic intestine: accelerated differentiation in culture. If duodenal tissue from 14-day chick embryos is cultured in chemically defined medium, more than twice as many goblet cells appear within 48 hours as in intact embryos during the same time. The increase in goblet cell number is further accelerated by 10(-9) molar thyroxine but is prevented by 10(-6) molar hydrocortisone. The results suggest that differentiation of intestinal epithelium is regulated in part by a circulating inhibitor.", "PMID": 560059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4057", "title": "Organ formation caused by nucleic acid from different class.--Urodele DNA mediated balancer formation in goldfish.", "content": "DNA was isolated from visceral organs of urodele and injected into fertilized eggs of goldfish. Approximately 1% of the young fish developed one balancer. From gross and microscopical structures, site of development, and nature of absorption, it resembles the balancer of urodelian species.", "contents": "Organ formation caused by nucleic acid from different class.--Urodele DNA mediated balancer formation in goldfish. DNA was isolated from visceral organs of urodele and injected into fertilized eggs of goldfish. Approximately 1% of the young fish developed one balancer. From gross and microscopical structures, site of development, and nature of absorption, it resembles the balancer of urodelian species.", "PMID": 560055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4058", "title": "The effect of carp EGG-mRNA on the transformation of goldfish tail.", "content": "Poly A attached mRNA was prepared from carp's mature ovarian eggs. When injected into fertilized eggs from different strains of goldfish, it mediated tail transformation from the double to single. The frequency varied according to the strain of goldfish. This discovery provides new information not only supporting but also expanding the previous report that crucian egg-mRNA mediated tail transformation in goldfish.", "contents": "The effect of carp EGG-mRNA on the transformation of goldfish tail. Poly A attached mRNA was prepared from carp's mature ovarian eggs. When injected into fertilized eggs from different strains of goldfish, it mediated tail transformation from the double to single. The frequency varied according to the strain of goldfish. This discovery provides new information not only supporting but also expanding the previous report that crucian egg-mRNA mediated tail transformation in goldfish.", "PMID": 560056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4059", "title": "Cell differentiation in ascidian studied by nuclear transplantation.", "content": "The egg of the ascidian Ciona Intestinalis was divided 20 min after fertilization into two fragments, one nucleated and the other non-nucleated. Nucleus of ectodermal, mesodermal, or endodermal cell, taken from gastrula or tail-bud embryo was transplanted into the non-nucleated fragment. The fragment developed into abnormal or partial embryo, of which the cells or tissues were differentiated mainly according to the regional distribution of presumptive organ-forming substances of the egg cytoplasm that the fragment contained. The result indicated that differentiation of cells in ascidians was principally determined by the components of the mature egg cytoplasm, not by the transplanted nucleus, and the activity of the nucleus was, to some degree, controlled by the surrounding cytoplasm.", "contents": "Cell differentiation in ascidian studied by nuclear transplantation. The egg of the ascidian Ciona Intestinalis was divided 20 min after fertilization into two fragments, one nucleated and the other non-nucleated. Nucleus of ectodermal, mesodermal, or endodermal cell, taken from gastrula or tail-bud embryo was transplanted into the non-nucleated fragment. The fragment developed into abnormal or partial embryo, of which the cells or tissues were differentiated mainly according to the regional distribution of presumptive organ-forming substances of the egg cytoplasm that the fragment contained. The result indicated that differentiation of cells in ascidians was principally determined by the components of the mature egg cytoplasm, not by the transplanted nucleus, and the activity of the nucleus was, to some degree, controlled by the surrounding cytoplasm.", "PMID": 560057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4060", "title": "Secondary structure of histones and DNA in chromatin.", "content": "Laser Raman spectroscopy indicates that the inner histones which are bound to DNA in chromatin or in isolated nu bodies are similar in conformation to the inner histones which are dissociated from DNA in high-salt solutions. This structure contains, on the average, 51+/-5% alpha-helix and no substantial beta-sheet conformation. It is proposed that the protein core of the nu body has a high alpha-helix content.", "contents": "Secondary structure of histones and DNA in chromatin. Laser Raman spectroscopy indicates that the inner histones which are bound to DNA in chromatin or in isolated nu bodies are similar in conformation to the inner histones which are dissociated from DNA in high-salt solutions. This structure contains, on the average, 51+/-5% alpha-helix and no substantial beta-sheet conformation. It is proposed that the protein core of the nu body has a high alpha-helix content.", "PMID": 560060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4061", "title": "Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells.", "content": "A simple method has been developed to support human tumor stem cell colony growth in soft agar. The technique appears suitable for culture of a variety of neoplasms of differing histopathology. Tumor stem cell colonies arising from different types of cancer have differing growth characteristics and colony morphology. This bioassay should be suitable for clinical studies of effects of anticancer drugs or irradiation on human tumor stem cells.", "contents": "Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells. A simple method has been developed to support human tumor stem cell colony growth in soft agar. The technique appears suitable for culture of a variety of neoplasms of differing histopathology. Tumor stem cell colonies arising from different types of cancer have differing growth characteristics and colony morphology. This bioassay should be suitable for clinical studies of effects of anticancer drugs or irradiation on human tumor stem cells.", "PMID": 560061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4062", "title": "Limbic system interrelations: functional division among hippocampal-septal connections.", "content": "Neuronal activity was recorded simultaneously from hippocampus and medical or lateral septum during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Although similarities exist between hippocampal and lateral septal patterns of activity, medial septal unit discharges indicate a different role during learning.", "contents": "Limbic system interrelations: functional division among hippocampal-septal connections. Neuronal activity was recorded simultaneously from hippocampus and medical or lateral septum during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Although similarities exist between hippocampal and lateral septal patterns of activity, medial septal unit discharges indicate a different role during learning.", "PMID": 560062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4063", "title": "Nonpuerperal inversion of the uterus by endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterine fundus.", "content": "Nonpuerperal inversion of the uterus is rare; the 69th such case in the English literature is reported. Although caused most frequently by submucous leiomyoma, nonpuerperal uterine inversion may be caused by carcinoma or, as in this report, a sarcoma of the uterine fundus. For optimal therapy and to reduce surgical complications, the correct preoperative diagnosis of uterine inversion and any concomitant disease is mandatory.", "contents": "Nonpuerperal inversion of the uterus by endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterine fundus. Nonpuerperal inversion of the uterus is rare; the 69th such case in the English literature is reported. Although caused most frequently by submucous leiomyoma, nonpuerperal uterine inversion may be caused by carcinoma or, as in this report, a sarcoma of the uterine fundus. For optimal therapy and to reduce surgical complications, the correct preoperative diagnosis of uterine inversion and any concomitant disease is mandatory.", "PMID": 560064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4064", "title": "A neutralization test survey for Lassa Fever activity in Lassa, Nigeria.", "content": "5-8% of 434 sera collected in Lassa village, Nigeria, in August 1970 were positive by neutralization test for Lassa fever (LF) virus. A second survey in March 1971 found 15 of 47 complete compounds tested in Lassa, Dille and Yuba villages had at least one peron with serologically demonstrable experience with LF virus. 67% of positive compounds had more than one infected member. Four of 17 hospital staff sero-converted between August 1970 and March 1971 without symptoms, evidence that subclinical infections of LF occr.", "contents": "A neutralization test survey for Lassa Fever activity in Lassa, Nigeria. 5-8% of 434 sera collected in Lassa village, Nigeria, in August 1970 were positive by neutralization test for Lassa fever (LF) virus. A second survey in March 1971 found 15 of 47 complete compounds tested in Lassa, Dille and Yuba villages had at least one peron with serologically demonstrable experience with LF virus. 67% of positive compounds had more than one infected member. Four of 17 hospital staff sero-converted between August 1970 and March 1971 without symptoms, evidence that subclinical infections of LF occr.", "PMID": 560072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4065", "title": "Bovine mycotic abortion: some epidemiological aspects.", "content": "Records from 898 cases of bovine mycotic abortion occurring over the five years 1969 to 1974 in South Wales were examined with particular reference to incidence and climate. Mean incidence was lowest in September and highest in January and February. Annual incidence of Aspergillus-type infection decreased but that of Mucortype did not alter significantly. Most abortions occurred during the last trimester of pregnancy. The abortion rate for cattle fed hay in cowsheds was extremely high compared with that for other management systems. No correlation could be detected between total rainfall or number of raindays in June and September and mycotic abortions occurring over the succeeding 12 months. Fungal abortion was followed by pregnancy in most cases where subsequent breeding performance was known.", "contents": "Bovine mycotic abortion: some epidemiological aspects. Records from 898 cases of bovine mycotic abortion occurring over the five years 1969 to 1974 in South Wales were examined with particular reference to incidence and climate. Mean incidence was lowest in September and highest in January and February. Annual incidence of Aspergillus-type infection decreased but that of Mucortype did not alter significantly. Most abortions occurred during the last trimester of pregnancy. The abortion rate for cattle fed hay in cowsheds was extremely high compared with that for other management systems. No correlation could be detected between total rainfall or number of raindays in June and September and mycotic abortions occurring over the succeeding 12 months. Fungal abortion was followed by pregnancy in most cases where subsequent breeding performance was known.", "PMID": 560075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4066", "title": "Arthrogryposis-palatoschisis and a 1/29 translocation in a Charolais herd.", "content": "The congenital condition of arthrogryposis palatoschisis was found in two closely related Charolais calves and has subsequently been found in a number of other related animals. It would appear from this and earlier reports that the condition is inherited, possibly as an autosomal recessive. A 1/29 Robertsonian translocation was also found in one of the calves and this was inherited from its dam. It is considered that the two conditions are not directly related.", "contents": "Arthrogryposis-palatoschisis and a 1/29 translocation in a Charolais herd. The congenital condition of arthrogryposis palatoschisis was found in two closely related Charolais calves and has subsequently been found in a number of other related animals. It would appear from this and earlier reports that the condition is inherited, possibly as an autosomal recessive. A 1/29 Robertsonian translocation was also found in one of the calves and this was inherited from its dam. It is considered that the two conditions are not directly related.", "PMID": 560081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4067", "title": "[Examination and composition of some legume seeds (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemical composition of some legume seeds is reviewed. It was found that soy (Glycine soja), field beans (Vicia faba), Vicia sativa and Lens culingris (red seeds) have the highest protein content. There were only minor differences in amino acid composition except for glutamic acid. The lysine content of legume seeds was high. Lysine is the most limiting essential amino acid in cereal proteins, therefore cereal products can be improved nutritionally by addition of legume seed flour. Examination of polar lipids by thin layer chromatography revealed that lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol were the major components. However, Lupinus angustifolius contained two unknown polar lipid classes.--In contrary to previous literature the ripe legume seeds contained only a very small amount of galactosyl diglycerides; however legume seeds contain higher amounts of the compounds. The conection between biosynthesis of linolenic acid and the presence of galactosyl diglycerides in higher plants is discussed.", "contents": "[Examination and composition of some legume seeds (author's transl)]. The chemical composition of some legume seeds is reviewed. It was found that soy (Glycine soja), field beans (Vicia faba), Vicia sativa and Lens culingris (red seeds) have the highest protein content. There were only minor differences in amino acid composition except for glutamic acid. The lysine content of legume seeds was high. Lysine is the most limiting essential amino acid in cereal proteins, therefore cereal products can be improved nutritionally by addition of legume seed flour. Examination of polar lipids by thin layer chromatography revealed that lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol were the major components. However, Lupinus angustifolius contained two unknown polar lipid classes.--In contrary to previous literature the ripe legume seeds contained only a very small amount of galactosyl diglycerides; however legume seeds contain higher amounts of the compounds. The conection between biosynthesis of linolenic acid and the presence of galactosyl diglycerides in higher plants is discussed.", "PMID": 560092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4068", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of mistletoe extracts (Viscum album L.). II. Effect of agglutinating and cytotoxic fractions on mouse ascites tumor cells].", "content": "Lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) was studied for its relations with the toxins from Viscum album, ascites tumor cells of mouse, and human immunoglobulins. Using affinity chromatography on glutaraldehyde-crosslinked IgG (human) from viscum crude extract, a fraction was isolated which exhibited full agglutination capacity and high toxicity. The supernatant showed no agglutination capacity but a strong toxic effect on mouse ascites tumor cells. This toxic effect could not be influenced by further additions of insolubilized IgG. Chromatography on DEAE cellulose also gave agglutinating fractions with toxic effects and a non-agglutinating toxic portion. Column chromatography on Sephadex G 75 allowed separation of toxic from agglutinating components. The molecular weight of the toxin remaining after lectin removal was above 10,000. Lectin was found to bind more readily to mouse ascites tumor cells than to erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of mistletoe extracts (Viscum album L.). II. Effect of agglutinating and cytotoxic fractions on mouse ascites tumor cells]. Lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) was studied for its relations with the toxins from Viscum album, ascites tumor cells of mouse, and human immunoglobulins. Using affinity chromatography on glutaraldehyde-crosslinked IgG (human) from viscum crude extract, a fraction was isolated which exhibited full agglutination capacity and high toxicity. The supernatant showed no agglutination capacity but a strong toxic effect on mouse ascites tumor cells. This toxic effect could not be influenced by further additions of insolubilized IgG. Chromatography on DEAE cellulose also gave agglutinating fractions with toxic effects and a non-agglutinating toxic portion. Column chromatography on Sephadex G 75 allowed separation of toxic from agglutinating components. The molecular weight of the toxin remaining after lectin removal was above 10,000. Lectin was found to bind more readily to mouse ascites tumor cells than to erythrocytes.", "PMID": 560094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4069", "title": "[Case of an operated patient with congenital localized supravalvular and valvular aortic stenosis].", "content": "The authors presented a rare case with localised congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis associated with bicuspid aortic valvular stenosis which has been surgically treated. The clinical diagnosis was suggested in the presented patient by typical \"elfin\" face and conformed by left cardiac catheterisation and angiography. The operative procedure with cardiopulmonary by pass consisted of longitudinal aortotomy and insertion of Dacron prosthesis. In addition \"open\" commissurotomy of partially fused commissures of the bicuspid aortic valve was done. This effectively released the obstruction and enlarged the orifice. The postoperative course was uneventful.", "contents": "[Case of an operated patient with congenital localized supravalvular and valvular aortic stenosis]. The authors presented a rare case with localised congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis associated with bicuspid aortic valvular stenosis which has been surgically treated. The clinical diagnosis was suggested in the presented patient by typical \"elfin\" face and conformed by left cardiac catheterisation and angiography. The operative procedure with cardiopulmonary by pass consisted of longitudinal aortotomy and insertion of Dacron prosthesis. In addition \"open\" commissurotomy of partially fused commissures of the bicuspid aortic valve was done. This effectively released the obstruction and enlarged the orifice. The postoperative course was uneventful.", "PMID": 560095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4070", "title": "Increased blood-brain barrier permeability around cerebral stab wounds, aggravated by acute ethanol intoxication.", "content": "Control and ethanol-intoxicated rats were injured with a small cerebral stab wound and the extravasation of Evans blue-labelled albumin (EBA) was studied. Control rats displayed an extravasation of EBA in the immediate peri-traumatic area with subsequent uptake of EBA in neurons and glia. Ethanol-intoxicated rats showed a greater leakage of EBA as well as a wider area of leaking blood vessels around the stab wound, both in the peri-traumatic and in the early post-traumatic period. Neuronal uptake of EBA was enhanced and observed in a wider area in intoxicated than control rats. The difference in distribution of EBA among neurons and glia between intoxicated and control rats was partly a consequence of the difference in leakage of EBA in the experimental groups. However, part of the increased neuronal uptake of EBA might be explained by an effect of ethanol on nueronal plasmalemma. The results obtained indicated a more pronounced injury to endothelial and neuronal cells after small cerebral stab wounds in ethanol-intoxicated compared to control rats.", "contents": "Increased blood-brain barrier permeability around cerebral stab wounds, aggravated by acute ethanol intoxication. Control and ethanol-intoxicated rats were injured with a small cerebral stab wound and the extravasation of Evans blue-labelled albumin (EBA) was studied. Control rats displayed an extravasation of EBA in the immediate peri-traumatic area with subsequent uptake of EBA in neurons and glia. Ethanol-intoxicated rats showed a greater leakage of EBA as well as a wider area of leaking blood vessels around the stab wound, both in the peri-traumatic and in the early post-traumatic period. Neuronal uptake of EBA was enhanced and observed in a wider area in intoxicated than control rats. The difference in distribution of EBA among neurons and glia between intoxicated and control rats was partly a consequence of the difference in leakage of EBA in the experimental groups. However, part of the increased neuronal uptake of EBA might be explained by an effect of ethanol on nueronal plasmalemma. The results obtained indicated a more pronounced injury to endothelial and neuronal cells after small cerebral stab wounds in ethanol-intoxicated compared to control rats.", "PMID": 560096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4071", "title": "Enhanced blood-brain barrier leakage to evans blue-labelled albumin after air embolism in ethanol-intoxicated rats.", "content": "Control and ethanol-intoxicated rats were given a small air embolus in the right common carotid artery after ligation of the external carotid branch. The extravasation of Evans blue-labelled albumin (EBA) was studied. Control rats dispalyed a slight extravasation of EBA through arteries and arterioles at the surface of the right hemisphere with a slight spread into adjacent brain parenchyma. Additionally, ethanol-intoxicated rats showed a great leakage through small blood vessels even deep in the right hemisphere and a blue-staining of most of the embolized hemisphere. Thus it was shown that during embolization, ethanol increases the vascular permeability to macromolecules. It is proposed that this phenomenon mainly is due to injury to the endothelial cells.", "contents": "Enhanced blood-brain barrier leakage to evans blue-labelled albumin after air embolism in ethanol-intoxicated rats. Control and ethanol-intoxicated rats were given a small air embolus in the right common carotid artery after ligation of the external carotid branch. The extravasation of Evans blue-labelled albumin (EBA) was studied. Control rats dispalyed a slight extravasation of EBA through arteries and arterioles at the surface of the right hemisphere with a slight spread into adjacent brain parenchyma. Additionally, ethanol-intoxicated rats showed a great leakage through small blood vessels even deep in the right hemisphere and a blue-staining of most of the embolized hemisphere. Thus it was shown that during embolization, ethanol increases the vascular permeability to macromolecules. It is proposed that this phenomenon mainly is due to injury to the endothelial cells.", "PMID": 560097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4072", "title": "Pathology of the anal glands with special reference to their mucin histochemistry.", "content": "The anal gland pathology comprises cystic anal glands (so-called anal gland cyst hamartomas), anal gland carcinomas, and anal fistulas with or without carcinoma. The differential diagnosis of these conditions from other cysts and carcinomas of the anal region can be difficult. The authors have therefore compared conventional history with mucin histochemistry in normal and pathological anal glands. In contrast to normal rectal mucosa the mucus of anal glands was characterized by strong PAS-reactivity that was completely abolished after periodate borohydride saponification indicating scarcity of absence of O-acylated sialic acids in the anal gland mucus. A pattern similar to this was found in one of two tumours classified histologically as anal gland carcinomas, in four of eight colloid carcinomas arising in preexisting fistulas, and in two cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the anal region. The results indicate that the method in some cases may be of value in differentiating between carcinomas arising in anal gland epithelium and in rectal mucosa. The cystic anal glands showed decreased secretion but no qualitative histochemical differences from anal glands. On the basis of the patients' histories it is suggested that the so-called anal gland cyst hamartoma at least in some cases could be an inclusion cyst of anal glands on the inflammatory basis.", "contents": "Pathology of the anal glands with special reference to their mucin histochemistry. The anal gland pathology comprises cystic anal glands (so-called anal gland cyst hamartomas), anal gland carcinomas, and anal fistulas with or without carcinoma. The differential diagnosis of these conditions from other cysts and carcinomas of the anal region can be difficult. The authors have therefore compared conventional history with mucin histochemistry in normal and pathological anal glands. In contrast to normal rectal mucosa the mucus of anal glands was characterized by strong PAS-reactivity that was completely abolished after periodate borohydride saponification indicating scarcity of absence of O-acylated sialic acids in the anal gland mucus. A pattern similar to this was found in one of two tumours classified histologically as anal gland carcinomas, in four of eight colloid carcinomas arising in preexisting fistulas, and in two cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the anal region. The results indicate that the method in some cases may be of value in differentiating between carcinomas arising in anal gland epithelium and in rectal mucosa. The cystic anal glands showed decreased secretion but no qualitative histochemical differences from anal glands. On the basis of the patients' histories it is suggested that the so-called anal gland cyst hamartoma at least in some cases could be an inclusion cyst of anal glands on the inflammatory basis.", "PMID": 560100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4073", "title": "Pitfalls and limitations of M-mode echocardiography.", "content": "Newer diagnostic applications as well as the ability of obtaining physiologic information has resulted in a greater interest in echocardiography. As with any new technique, certain classical criteria have not been found to be as specific and diagnostic as was originally believed. This review has focused on the more important clinical applications in echocardiography. We have not attampted to discuss every single clinical entity. A critical evaluation as to the sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography in each clinical application is necessary. A thorough knowledge of the basic principles of ultrasound, a familiarity with recording devices, and a realization of the pitfalls and limitations of the technique in each cardiac disorder is essential. Hazards of echocardiographic interpretation may actually hamper its development as a diagnostic tool. Before embarking on complex and sophisticated two-dimensional echocardiography, problems with regard to technique and interpretation of M-mode echocardiography must be overcome.", "contents": "Pitfalls and limitations of M-mode echocardiography. Newer diagnostic applications as well as the ability of obtaining physiologic information has resulted in a greater interest in echocardiography. As with any new technique, certain classical criteria have not been found to be as specific and diagnostic as was originally believed. This review has focused on the more important clinical applications in echocardiography. We have not attampted to discuss every single clinical entity. A critical evaluation as to the sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography in each clinical application is necessary. A thorough knowledge of the basic principles of ultrasound, a familiarity with recording devices, and a realization of the pitfalls and limitations of the technique in each cardiac disorder is essential. Hazards of echocardiographic interpretation may actually hamper its development as a diagnostic tool. Before embarking on complex and sophisticated two-dimensional echocardiography, problems with regard to technique and interpretation of M-mode echocardiography must be overcome.", "PMID": 560114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4074", "title": "Coexisting right and left hypertrophic subvalvular stenosis and fixed left ventricular outflow obstruction due to aortic valve stenosis.", "content": "A case of fixed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to aortic valve stenosis coexisting with right- and left-sided subvalvular hypertrophic stenosis is documented with hemodynamic data, angiograms, echocardiograms and findings at surgery. Histologic examination of the septal muscle with light and electron microscopy revealed hypertrophy of the muscle but none of the characteristics of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Septal hypertrophy with subvalvular obstruction can occur secondary to left ventricular pressure overload due to fixed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and is not always the chance occurrence of two separate diseases.", "contents": "Coexisting right and left hypertrophic subvalvular stenosis and fixed left ventricular outflow obstruction due to aortic valve stenosis. A case of fixed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to aortic valve stenosis coexisting with right- and left-sided subvalvular hypertrophic stenosis is documented with hemodynamic data, angiograms, echocardiograms and findings at surgery. Histologic examination of the septal muscle with light and electron microscopy revealed hypertrophy of the muscle but none of the characteristics of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Septal hypertrophy with subvalvular obstruction can occur secondary to left ventricular pressure overload due to fixed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and is not always the chance occurrence of two separate diseases.", "PMID": 560117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4075", "title": "Catecholamine accumulation in neural crest cells and the primary sympathetic chain.", "content": "Catecholamine accumulation in chick embryos of stages 16 to 24 was investigated using formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. Fluorescence first appeared at stage 21 in the anterior sympathetic chain. After L-DOPA treatment, this fluorescence appeared at stage 18. Noradrenaline could not advance the onset of fluorescence or reconstitute fluorescence after its depletion by reserpine at stages 22 to 24. Under no conditions could fluorescence be identified in neural crest cells prior to their aggregation to form the primary sympathetic chain. Noradrenaline induced fluorescence in the neural tube, notochord, myotome, sclerotome, gut mesenchyme and suprarenal cortical cells. In addition to these structures, the dorsal pancreas and some blood cells were fluorescent after l-DOPA treatment. The implication of the results for the neural crest origin of APUD (Amine Precursor Uptake Decaboxylase) cells is considered.", "contents": "Catecholamine accumulation in neural crest cells and the primary sympathetic chain. Catecholamine accumulation in chick embryos of stages 16 to 24 was investigated using formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. Fluorescence first appeared at stage 21 in the anterior sympathetic chain. After L-DOPA treatment, this fluorescence appeared at stage 18. Noradrenaline could not advance the onset of fluorescence or reconstitute fluorescence after its depletion by reserpine at stages 22 to 24. Under no conditions could fluorescence be identified in neural crest cells prior to their aggregation to form the primary sympathetic chain. Noradrenaline induced fluorescence in the neural tube, notochord, myotome, sclerotome, gut mesenchyme and suprarenal cortical cells. In addition to these structures, the dorsal pancreas and some blood cells were fluorescent after l-DOPA treatment. The implication of the results for the neural crest origin of APUD (Amine Precursor Uptake Decaboxylase) cells is considered.", "PMID": 560119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4076", "title": "Proteolytic activity of guinea pig spermatozoa after induction of the acrosomal reaction in vitro.", "content": "After inducing the acrosomal reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa in vitro, the sperm were tested for proteolytic activity by applying them to membranes of fixed gelatin. One to 5% of them showed slight evidence of proteolytic activity, while the rest were completely negative. Sperm that had retained their acrosomes throughout the incubation period displayed intense proteolytic activity. These results suggest that proteinases may be lost from spermatozoa as a result of the acrosomal reaction.", "contents": "Proteolytic activity of guinea pig spermatozoa after induction of the acrosomal reaction in vitro. After inducing the acrosomal reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa in vitro, the sperm were tested for proteolytic activity by applying them to membranes of fixed gelatin. One to 5% of them showed slight evidence of proteolytic activity, while the rest were completely negative. Sperm that had retained their acrosomes throughout the incubation period displayed intense proteolytic activity. These results suggest that proteinases may be lost from spermatozoa as a result of the acrosomal reaction.", "PMID": 560120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4077", "title": "Maternal smoking, pregnancy complications, and perinatal mortality.", "content": "Analysis of data from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study has shown that perinatal mortality increases directly with the level of maternal smoking during pregnancy. Increases in smoking level are associated with increases in the frequency of early fetal deaths and of neonatal deaths due to premature delivery. These deaths in turn are associated with smoking-related increases in the incidence of bleeding during pregnancy, abruptio placentae, placenta previa, and premature and prolonged rupture of the membranes.", "contents": "Maternal smoking, pregnancy complications, and perinatal mortality. Analysis of data from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study has shown that perinatal mortality increases directly with the level of maternal smoking during pregnancy. Increases in smoking level are associated with increases in the frequency of early fetal deaths and of neonatal deaths due to premature delivery. These deaths in turn are associated with smoking-related increases in the incidence of bleeding during pregnancy, abruptio placentae, placenta previa, and premature and prolonged rupture of the membranes.", "PMID": 560121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4078", "title": "Studies on the cytodynamics of experimental endometrial regeneration in the rabbit. I. Historadioautography and ultrastructure.", "content": "The kinetic and fine structural characteristics and site of origin of the resurfacing uterine lining, as well as the influence of ovarian hormonal stimuli on the reparative processes of experimentally injured endometrium in the rabbit, were studied by means of in vivo historadioautography and electron microscopy. The first-generation, resurfacing spindle-shaped cells lacked mitosis and expanded by ameboid migration. This was followed by a rapid increase in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, which presumably provided for accelerated mitosis-mediated surface epithelial proliferation and maturation. By Day 3 after injury, endometrial regeneration was completed with a return of labeling index to base-line levels. The newly formed surface lining was derived exclusively from the persistent surface epithelium bordering the denuded regions. The isotope uptake and morphologic alterations of the regenerating endometrium in castrated rabbits which were similar to those of intact rabbits suggest that endometrial repair is not mediated by the hormones of the reproductive system.", "contents": "Studies on the cytodynamics of experimental endometrial regeneration in the rabbit. I. Historadioautography and ultrastructure. The kinetic and fine structural characteristics and site of origin of the resurfacing uterine lining, as well as the influence of ovarian hormonal stimuli on the reparative processes of experimentally injured endometrium in the rabbit, were studied by means of in vivo historadioautography and electron microscopy. The first-generation, resurfacing spindle-shaped cells lacked mitosis and expanded by ameboid migration. This was followed by a rapid increase in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, which presumably provided for accelerated mitosis-mediated surface epithelial proliferation and maturation. By Day 3 after injury, endometrial regeneration was completed with a return of labeling index to base-line levels. The newly formed surface lining was derived exclusively from the persistent surface epithelium bordering the denuded regions. The isotope uptake and morphologic alterations of the regenerating endometrium in castrated rabbits which were similar to those of intact rabbits suggest that endometrial repair is not mediated by the hormones of the reproductive system.", "PMID": 560122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4079", "title": "Corynebacterium parvum as an immunotherapeutic agent in an ovarian cancer model.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum, an anaerobic diptheroid, has been demonstrated to be therapeutic in several tumor models by stimulating immunologic defenses. Formalin-killed C. parvum was investigated in the present study as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of murine ovarian cancer, a model that closely simulates the activity of clinical disease. C. parvum successfully prolonged survival in murine ovarian cancer and its effectiveness improved with increasing dosage. The efficacy of C. parvum was further enhanced by a multiple-dose regimen. A previous report demonstrated the efficacy of heterologous tumor antisera in the serologic treatment of murine ovarian cancer. At the dosages investigated, the combination of C. parvum and heterologous tumor antisera (SG-200) provided longer survival than either modality independently. C. parvum is an effective anti-cancer agent in murine ovarian cancer and may find utility in a clinical setting.", "contents": "Corynebacterium parvum as an immunotherapeutic agent in an ovarian cancer model. Corynebacterium parvum, an anaerobic diptheroid, has been demonstrated to be therapeutic in several tumor models by stimulating immunologic defenses. Formalin-killed C. parvum was investigated in the present study as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of murine ovarian cancer, a model that closely simulates the activity of clinical disease. C. parvum successfully prolonged survival in murine ovarian cancer and its effectiveness improved with increasing dosage. The efficacy of C. parvum was further enhanced by a multiple-dose regimen. A previous report demonstrated the efficacy of heterologous tumor antisera in the serologic treatment of murine ovarian cancer. At the dosages investigated, the combination of C. parvum and heterologous tumor antisera (SG-200) provided longer survival than either modality independently. C. parvum is an effective anti-cancer agent in murine ovarian cancer and may find utility in a clinical setting.", "PMID": 560124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4080", "title": "Nonrandom frequency distribution of mitoses in rat lobuloaveolar mammary gland epithelium.", "content": "A quantitative microscopic technique was employed to examine the distribution of mitotic activity in the rat mammary gland. The frequency distribution of mitoses per unit volume of lobuloalveolar mammary gland epithelium in virgin Lewis/Mai rats at each phase of the estrous cycle were determined and compared to the expected Poisson frequency distributions, assuming random mitotic activity. Both pooled data and data from individual rats were compared to expected Poisson distributions. At each phase of the estrous cycle, the pooled observed distributions deviated significantly from Poisson distributions. Sixty-seven percent (72/108) of the observed frequency distributions obtained from individual rats also deviated significantly from expected Poisson distributions. These data indicate a nonrandom distribution of mitoses in rat lobuloalveolar mammary gland epithelium. This observation suggests that local cell products and/or a variation in the extent of replicative synchrony of lobuloalveolar cell populations may determine in part the pattern of mitotic activity in this tissue. A nonrandom distribution of mitoses in mammary epithelium may have significance in relation to the genesis of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the mammary gland.", "contents": "Nonrandom frequency distribution of mitoses in rat lobuloaveolar mammary gland epithelium. A quantitative microscopic technique was employed to examine the distribution of mitotic activity in the rat mammary gland. The frequency distribution of mitoses per unit volume of lobuloalveolar mammary gland epithelium in virgin Lewis/Mai rats at each phase of the estrous cycle were determined and compared to the expected Poisson frequency distributions, assuming random mitotic activity. Both pooled data and data from individual rats were compared to expected Poisson distributions. At each phase of the estrous cycle, the pooled observed distributions deviated significantly from Poisson distributions. Sixty-seven percent (72/108) of the observed frequency distributions obtained from individual rats also deviated significantly from expected Poisson distributions. These data indicate a nonrandom distribution of mitoses in rat lobuloalveolar mammary gland epithelium. This observation suggests that local cell products and/or a variation in the extent of replicative synchrony of lobuloalveolar cell populations may determine in part the pattern of mitotic activity in this tissue. A nonrandom distribution of mitoses in mammary epithelium may have significance in relation to the genesis of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the mammary gland.", "PMID": 560125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4081", "title": "Tonofilaments in normal human bronchial epithelium and in squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Tonofilaments in the cells of squamous cell carcinoma of human bronchial epithelium were observed and compared to those in normal bronchial epithelium in 2 patients. In the normal tissue, only small numbers of tonofilaments were observed, and these were found only in the basal cells of the epithelium. In the tumor cells, the quantity of filaments increased considerably. They appeared in the cytoplasm both as branching and anastomosing bundles (tonofibrils) and also as single filaments about 40 A in thickness. These bundles were particularly well developed in the core of narrow cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells. The thickness and appearance of single tonofilaments were similar to those of the cytoplasmic microfilaments also observed in this study. It is suggested that the development of tonofilament bundles in the cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells may provide direct motive force for the deformation of the shape of the cell and potential invasiveness of these tumor cells.", "contents": "Tonofilaments in normal human bronchial epithelium and in squamous cell carcinoma. Tonofilaments in the cells of squamous cell carcinoma of human bronchial epithelium were observed and compared to those in normal bronchial epithelium in 2 patients. In the normal tissue, only small numbers of tonofilaments were observed, and these were found only in the basal cells of the epithelium. In the tumor cells, the quantity of filaments increased considerably. They appeared in the cytoplasm both as branching and anastomosing bundles (tonofibrils) and also as single filaments about 40 A in thickness. These bundles were particularly well developed in the core of narrow cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells. The thickness and appearance of single tonofilaments were similar to those of the cytoplasmic microfilaments also observed in this study. It is suggested that the development of tonofilament bundles in the cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells may provide direct motive force for the deformation of the shape of the cell and potential invasiveness of these tumor cells.", "PMID": 560126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4082", "title": "Regional distribution of autonomic nerves in guinea pig uterus.", "content": "Uterine adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were examined histochemically and chemically in combination with surgical denervation. There was a clear regional variation with a greater number of axon terminals in the tubal end of the uterine horn and in the cervix compared to the remainder (major part) of the uterine horn. No cholinergic nerves were found in the uterus but were abundant around the uterine artery and its primary ramifications. Clusters of ganglion cells were located near the cervix: the majority were acetylcholinesterase positive, whereas the remainder stored catecholamines. Unexpectedly, the suspensory ligament (connecting the tubal end of the uterine horn with the two lower ribs) was found to contain an extensive number of adrenergic nerves. The major part of the uterine horns, as well as the cervix, was innervated mainly from two sources contributing almost equally: the paracervical ganglia (short adrenergic neurons) and postganglionic fibers running in the hypogastric nerves. A restricted area at the tubal end of the uterus received most of its via the suspensory ligament.", "contents": "Regional distribution of autonomic nerves in guinea pig uterus. Uterine adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were examined histochemically and chemically in combination with surgical denervation. There was a clear regional variation with a greater number of axon terminals in the tubal end of the uterine horn and in the cervix compared to the remainder (major part) of the uterine horn. No cholinergic nerves were found in the uterus but were abundant around the uterine artery and its primary ramifications. Clusters of ganglion cells were located near the cervix: the majority were acetylcholinesterase positive, whereas the remainder stored catecholamines. Unexpectedly, the suspensory ligament (connecting the tubal end of the uterine horn with the two lower ribs) was found to contain an extensive number of adrenergic nerves. The major part of the uterine horns, as well as the cervix, was innervated mainly from two sources contributing almost equally: the paracervical ganglia (short adrenergic neurons) and postganglionic fibers running in the hypogastric nerves. A restricted area at the tubal end of the uterus received most of its via the suspensory ligament.", "PMID": 560127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4083", "title": "Hormonal control of neutrophil chemotactic activity in the rat vagina.", "content": "A sexual-hormone-dependent neutrophil chemotactic factor(s), operative under physiological conditions, is described. Rat vaginal washouts were shown to be both chemotactic and chemokinetic for rat neutrophils in vitro, whereas macrophages were not attracted. Peak activity was observed at the end of estrus and preceded maximal neutrophil infiltration in the vagina. In order to mimic these events, gonadectomized animals were treated with estradiol for a week. They showed a similar peak of chemotactic activity 30-36 h after estradiol withdrawal, accompanied by a massive neutrophil accumulation. These data suggest that a decrease in estradiol level permits the expression of the chemotactic signal. There was no evidence for chemotaxis and/or migration inhibitors before and during estrus or during long-term estradiol treatment of gonadectomized rats. Induced neutrophil accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and chemotactic responsiveness of these cells in vitro were similar in all stages during the estrus cycle. Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and hydrocortisone neither promoted nor significantly inhibited the neutrophil migratory behavior over a wide range of concentrations. Our experiments suggest that the periodic neutrophil accumulation in the rat vagina after estrus is triggered by locally expressed chemotactic mechanisms that are controlled by sexual hormones. The data provide the first evidence that hormonal changes can control chemotactic factors and thus indirectly control cell migration.", "contents": "Hormonal control of neutrophil chemotactic activity in the rat vagina. A sexual-hormone-dependent neutrophil chemotactic factor(s), operative under physiological conditions, is described. Rat vaginal washouts were shown to be both chemotactic and chemokinetic for rat neutrophils in vitro, whereas macrophages were not attracted. Peak activity was observed at the end of estrus and preceded maximal neutrophil infiltration in the vagina. In order to mimic these events, gonadectomized animals were treated with estradiol for a week. They showed a similar peak of chemotactic activity 30-36 h after estradiol withdrawal, accompanied by a massive neutrophil accumulation. These data suggest that a decrease in estradiol level permits the expression of the chemotactic signal. There was no evidence for chemotaxis and/or migration inhibitors before and during estrus or during long-term estradiol treatment of gonadectomized rats. Induced neutrophil accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and chemotactic responsiveness of these cells in vitro were similar in all stages during the estrus cycle. Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and hydrocortisone neither promoted nor significantly inhibited the neutrophil migratory behavior over a wide range of concentrations. Our experiments suggest that the periodic neutrophil accumulation in the rat vagina after estrus is triggered by locally expressed chemotactic mechanisms that are controlled by sexual hormones. The data provide the first evidence that hormonal changes can control chemotactic factors and thus indirectly control cell migration.", "PMID": 560128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4084", "title": "Subjects' rights, freedom of inquiry, and the future of research in the addictions.", "content": "Since the recent passage of regulations concerning subjects' rights and freedom on inquiry, opposition by the public and others to some areas of research in the addictions has prevented its implementation or continuation. Research investigators in the biomedical and behavioral sciences have been placed in the position of defending their work in an adversary climate. The author points out the importance of transmitting to the public, the scientific community, and legislators the investigators' concern that \"subjects' rights\" not be viewed only in a legalistic context, but also in the context of not harming the patient.", "contents": "Subjects' rights, freedom of inquiry, and the future of research in the addictions. Since the recent passage of regulations concerning subjects' rights and freedom on inquiry, opposition by the public and others to some areas of research in the addictions has prevented its implementation or continuation. Research investigators in the biomedical and behavioral sciences have been placed in the position of defending their work in an adversary climate. The author points out the importance of transmitting to the public, the scientific community, and legislators the investigators' concern that \"subjects' rights\" not be viewed only in a legalistic context, but also in the context of not harming the patient.", "PMID": 560129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4085", "title": "Ischemia of the upper extremity due to noncardiac emboli.", "content": "Nine cases of microemboli of arterial origin to the upper extremity are reported. The source of emboli in five of these cases was in the subclavian artery compressed by osseous anomalies in the thoracic outlet. Three aneurysms, one in a subclavian vein graft and two traumatic false aneurysms in the hand, were also noted to be the sources of distal emboli. One unproved case of emboli from an atherosclerotic plaque of the subclavian artery is also reported. Chronicity of symptoms and delay in operation are often noted and lead to difficulties in surgical management. The compressing osseous structures causing the vascular lesion in the thoracic outlet syndrome must be resected, along with removal of the source of emboli. Cervicodorsal sympathectomy is often needed in cases of extensive thrombosis and/or long-standing ischemia. Embolectomy is usually a futile procedure when the main arterial trunk contains old, organized thrombus. Differential diagnostic problems between collagen vascular disease, vasculitis, vasospastic disease, and microembolic disease in cases of unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon are pointed out.", "contents": "Ischemia of the upper extremity due to noncardiac emboli. Nine cases of microemboli of arterial origin to the upper extremity are reported. The source of emboli in five of these cases was in the subclavian artery compressed by osseous anomalies in the thoracic outlet. Three aneurysms, one in a subclavian vein graft and two traumatic false aneurysms in the hand, were also noted to be the sources of distal emboli. One unproved case of emboli from an atherosclerotic plaque of the subclavian artery is also reported. Chronicity of symptoms and delay in operation are often noted and lead to difficulties in surgical management. The compressing osseous structures causing the vascular lesion in the thoracic outlet syndrome must be resected, along with removal of the source of emboli. Cervicodorsal sympathectomy is often needed in cases of extensive thrombosis and/or long-standing ischemia. Embolectomy is usually a futile procedure when the main arterial trunk contains old, organized thrombus. Differential diagnostic problems between collagen vascular disease, vasculitis, vasospastic disease, and microembolic disease in cases of unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon are pointed out.", "PMID": 560130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4086", "title": "Postintubation croup in children.", "content": "Incidence of and contributory factors in postintubation laryngeal edema were determined in 7875 children under 17 years of age. Data were assembled in the manner of a prospective study. With an overall incidence of 1 percent, children between ages 1 and 4 were most susceptible. Excessive size of the endotracheal tube was suspect in half of the cases. Other factors that increase trauma to the larynx while an endotracheal tube is in place showed significant correlation to the total incidence of postintubation laryngeal edema. No tracheostomies were required.", "contents": "Postintubation croup in children. Incidence of and contributory factors in postintubation laryngeal edema were determined in 7875 children under 17 years of age. Data were assembled in the manner of a prospective study. With an overall incidence of 1 percent, children between ages 1 and 4 were most susceptible. Excessive size of the endotracheal tube was suspect in half of the cases. Other factors that increase trauma to the larynx while an endotracheal tube is in place showed significant correlation to the total incidence of postintubation laryngeal edema. No tracheostomies were required.", "PMID": 560135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4087", "title": "Comparison of gallamine and atropine as pretreatment before anesthetic induction and succinylcholine administration.", "content": "Heart-rate changes following pretreatment with IV gallamine 0.3 mg/kg (40 patients) or atropine 0.006 mg/kg (40 patients) and the incidence of heart-rate slowing and/or junctional rhythm after thiamylal anesthetic induction and 2 injections of succinylcholine (SCh) were determined in adult patients. Awake heart rate increased 13 and 16 bpm (p less than 0.05) 1 and 3 minutes after gallamine. In contrast, heart rate was unchanged 1 minute after atropine and then was increased about 10 bpm (p less than 0.05) 3 minutes later. Heart-rate slowing (greater than 15% as compared with the rate immediately before SCh) and junctional rhythm occurred in 1 patient from each group following the 1st SCh dose. Heart-rate slowing after the 2nd SCh injection occurred in 1 patient pretreated with gallamine and in 14 patients pretreated with atropine. Junctional rhythm did not occur in any patient after the 2nd SCh dose. The authors conclude that IV gallamine is more effective than atropine in preventing heart-rate slowing after repeated SCh administration.", "contents": "Comparison of gallamine and atropine as pretreatment before anesthetic induction and succinylcholine administration. Heart-rate changes following pretreatment with IV gallamine 0.3 mg/kg (40 patients) or atropine 0.006 mg/kg (40 patients) and the incidence of heart-rate slowing and/or junctional rhythm after thiamylal anesthetic induction and 2 injections of succinylcholine (SCh) were determined in adult patients. Awake heart rate increased 13 and 16 bpm (p less than 0.05) 1 and 3 minutes after gallamine. In contrast, heart rate was unchanged 1 minute after atropine and then was increased about 10 bpm (p less than 0.05) 3 minutes later. Heart-rate slowing (greater than 15% as compared with the rate immediately before SCh) and junctional rhythm occurred in 1 patient from each group following the 1st SCh dose. Heart-rate slowing after the 2nd SCh injection occurred in 1 patient pretreated with gallamine and in 14 patients pretreated with atropine. Junctional rhythm did not occur in any patient after the 2nd SCh dose. The authors conclude that IV gallamine is more effective than atropine in preventing heart-rate slowing after repeated SCh administration.", "PMID": 560134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4088", "title": "Interaction of halothane and antibiotics on isometric contractions on rat-heart muscle.", "content": "Halothane (H), kanamycin (KM), streptomycin (SM), and chloramphenicol (CM) had direct negative inotropic effects on isometric contractions of isolated rat-heart muscles. Potassium penicillin-G did not show any significant changes in isometric contractions. The depression produced by these antibiotics was characterized by an abrupt onset, rapid progression, and rapid complete recovery, which suggests direct physicochemical rather than metabolic effects. On the other hand, the depression produced by H progressed slowly. When KM, SM, or CM were combined with H, there was a greater depression in isometric contractions than seen in the absence of H, suggesting that the innate characteristics of the antibiotics are augmented when any of them is administered together with halothane.", "contents": "Interaction of halothane and antibiotics on isometric contractions on rat-heart muscle. Halothane (H), kanamycin (KM), streptomycin (SM), and chloramphenicol (CM) had direct negative inotropic effects on isometric contractions of isolated rat-heart muscles. Potassium penicillin-G did not show any significant changes in isometric contractions. The depression produced by these antibiotics was characterized by an abrupt onset, rapid progression, and rapid complete recovery, which suggests direct physicochemical rather than metabolic effects. On the other hand, the depression produced by H progressed slowly. When KM, SM, or CM were combined with H, there was a greater depression in isometric contractions than seen in the absence of H, suggesting that the innate characteristics of the antibiotics are augmented when any of them is administered together with halothane.", "PMID": 560138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4089", "title": "Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma following diazoxide, anesthesia and operation.", "content": "Unsuspected hyperglycemia caused prolonged postanesthetic coma in a nondiabetic patient treated with IV diazoxide and furosemide. The combined effect of these drugs with general anesthesia and surgical stress was postulated as the cause of the hyperglycemia. Blood glucose should be measured during and after general anesthesia in patients who are potential candidates for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma following diazoxide, anesthesia and operation. Unsuspected hyperglycemia caused prolonged postanesthetic coma in a nondiabetic patient treated with IV diazoxide and furosemide. The combined effect of these drugs with general anesthesia and surgical stress was postulated as the cause of the hyperglycemia. Blood glucose should be measured during and after general anesthesia in patients who are potential candidates for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.", "PMID": 560136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4090", "title": "Effect of halothane on systolic time intervals.", "content": "By simultaneous rapid-strip recordings of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and carotid pulse wave, systolic time intervals (STI) can be calculated and used to assess cardiac activity during general anesthesia. The principal advantage of this methodology over more conventional technics of determining anesthetic effects on the heart is that it is noninvasive. One anesthetic agent, halothane, was chosen to illustrate the usefulness of the technic. Results obtained by using STI supported the well-documented effect of myocardial depression produced by halothane. Becuase the equipment and technic are relatively simple, this procedure has definite clinical applications.", "contents": "Effect of halothane on systolic time intervals. By simultaneous rapid-strip recordings of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and carotid pulse wave, systolic time intervals (STI) can be calculated and used to assess cardiac activity during general anesthesia. The principal advantage of this methodology over more conventional technics of determining anesthetic effects on the heart is that it is noninvasive. One anesthetic agent, halothane, was chosen to illustrate the usefulness of the technic. Results obtained by using STI supported the well-documented effect of myocardial depression produced by halothane. Becuase the equipment and technic are relatively simple, this procedure has definite clinical applications.", "PMID": 560139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4091", "title": "Anesthesia induction technics in pediatric patients: a controlled study of behavioral consequences.", "content": "A study of the post-hospitalization behavior of 122 children, 85 of whom underwent surgical anesthesia, revealed that an asleep anesthetic induction technic is not harmful to the young psyche; its use results in a greater likelihood of freedom from behavioral upset in the 1st postoperative month than when awake induction technics are employed.", "contents": "Anesthesia induction technics in pediatric patients: a controlled study of behavioral consequences. A study of the post-hospitalization behavior of 122 children, 85 of whom underwent surgical anesthesia, revealed that an asleep anesthetic induction technic is not harmful to the young psyche; its use results in a greater likelihood of freedom from behavioral upset in the 1st postoperative month than when awake induction technics are employed.", "PMID": 560141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4092", "title": "General anesthesia in the presence of Eisenmenger's syndrome.", "content": "The theoretical implications of anesthetizing patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome are discussed and the anesthetic management of 16 such patients is described. A variety of technics were chosen which caused minimal depression of the cardiovascular system. These patients tolerate general anesthesia well and do not present the risks that have been suggested on theoretical grounds.", "contents": "General anesthesia in the presence of Eisenmenger's syndrome. The theoretical implications of anesthetizing patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome are discussed and the anesthetic management of 16 such patients is described. A variety of technics were chosen which caused minimal depression of the cardiovascular system. These patients tolerate general anesthesia well and do not present the risks that have been suggested on theoretical grounds.", "PMID": 560142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4093", "title": "Neonatal neurobehabioral tests following vaginal delivery under ketamine, thiopental, and extradural anesthesia.", "content": "Scanlon's neurobehavioral tests were administered to 274 neonates on the 1st and 2nd days of life. Ketamine-N2O anesthesia had been given to 45 mothers, thiopental-N2O to 52, and lumbar extradural anesthesia with chloroprocaine to 177. All babies delivered from mothers receiving meperidine within 5 hours of delivery were excluded. All babies tested were over 2500 grams in weight, apparently normal, and with Apgar scores of at least 8 at 1 minute and 10 at 5 minutes. All were delivered from healthy women aged 18 to 35 years following a normal labor. Lumbar extradural anesthesia was associated with the greatest percentage of high scores on both the 1st and 2nd days for overall assessment, tone, rooting, sucking, Moro's response, placing, alertness, and habituation to pinprick. The scores were lowest after thiopental and intermediate following ketamine. No relationship was found between neurobehavior and low-forceps extraction, oxytocin augmentation, parity, or duration of labor.", "contents": "Neonatal neurobehabioral tests following vaginal delivery under ketamine, thiopental, and extradural anesthesia. Scanlon's neurobehavioral tests were administered to 274 neonates on the 1st and 2nd days of life. Ketamine-N2O anesthesia had been given to 45 mothers, thiopental-N2O to 52, and lumbar extradural anesthesia with chloroprocaine to 177. All babies delivered from mothers receiving meperidine within 5 hours of delivery were excluded. All babies tested were over 2500 grams in weight, apparently normal, and with Apgar scores of at least 8 at 1 minute and 10 at 5 minutes. All were delivered from healthy women aged 18 to 35 years following a normal labor. Lumbar extradural anesthesia was associated with the greatest percentage of high scores on both the 1st and 2nd days for overall assessment, tone, rooting, sucking, Moro's response, placing, alertness, and habituation to pinprick. The scores were lowest after thiopental and intermediate following ketamine. No relationship was found between neurobehavior and low-forceps extraction, oxytocin augmentation, parity, or duration of labor.", "PMID": 560143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4094", "title": "Suspected sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication has been demonstrated in the laboratory animal and has been experienced clinically during induced hypotensive anesthesia. This is a care report of a successful resuscitation of a severe cardiovascular collapse secondary to suspected sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication.", "contents": "Suspected sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication. Sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication has been demonstrated in the laboratory animal and has been experienced clinically during induced hypotensive anesthesia. This is a care report of a successful resuscitation of a severe cardiovascular collapse secondary to suspected sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication.", "PMID": 560140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4095", "title": "The anesthetic and perioperative management of a patient with documented hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "content": "A patient with documented hereditary angioneurotic edema was admitted for elective surgical extraction of 3 impacted 3rd molars under local anesthesia. In order to increase his C'1-INH level, he was prepared for operation with 2 units of fresh-frozen plasma 24 hours preoperatively. Postoperatively, he was observed in the ICU for 24 hours and on the ward for 2 days, and was discharged without any complications from the surgical trauma.", "contents": "The anesthetic and perioperative management of a patient with documented hereditary angioneurotic edema. A patient with documented hereditary angioneurotic edema was admitted for elective surgical extraction of 3 impacted 3rd molars under local anesthesia. In order to increase his C'1-INH level, he was prepared for operation with 2 units of fresh-frozen plasma 24 hours preoperatively. Postoperatively, he was observed in the ICU for 24 hours and on the ward for 2 days, and was discharged without any complications from the surgical trauma.", "PMID": 560146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4096", "title": "Toxicologic and teratologic studies of oxibendazole in ruminants and laboratory animals.", "content": "Acute toxicity of oxibendazole was assessed with single oral doses given to mice (4 to 32 g/kg of body weight), sheep (230 to 600 mg/kg), and cattle (600 mg/kg); there were no ill effects. Subacute toxicity did not occur with multiple doses given 5 days to cattle (30 to 75 mg/kg/day) and to sheep (10 to 50 mg/kg/day). Chronic effects did not occur with daily doses of 3 to 30 mg/kg given 98 days to rats and dogs. Teratogenicity of the compound was studied in mice, rats, and sheep medicated at a dose level of 30 mg of oxibendazole/kg and in cattle given 75 mg/kg on selected dates during pregnancy. Microscopically, rodent fetuses seemed normal, and on gross physical examination, lambs and calves were free of malformations and ossification variations.", "contents": "Toxicologic and teratologic studies of oxibendazole in ruminants and laboratory animals. Acute toxicity of oxibendazole was assessed with single oral doses given to mice (4 to 32 g/kg of body weight), sheep (230 to 600 mg/kg), and cattle (600 mg/kg); there were no ill effects. Subacute toxicity did not occur with multiple doses given 5 days to cattle (30 to 75 mg/kg/day) and to sheep (10 to 50 mg/kg/day). Chronic effects did not occur with daily doses of 3 to 30 mg/kg given 98 days to rats and dogs. Teratogenicity of the compound was studied in mice, rats, and sheep medicated at a dose level of 30 mg of oxibendazole/kg and in cattle given 75 mg/kg on selected dates during pregnancy. Microscopically, rodent fetuses seemed normal, and on gross physical examination, lambs and calves were free of malformations and ossification variations.", "PMID": 560153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4097", "title": "Azoospermia in dogs induced by injection of sclerosing agents into the caudae of the epididymides.", "content": "Injections of sclerosing agents into the caudae of the epididymides of adult and prepubertal dogs induced a long-lasting and probably irreversible azoospermia. The technique is easy to do and inexpensive, does not seem to cause undesirable side effects, and appears suitable for large-scale sterilization programs in male dogs.", "contents": "Azoospermia in dogs induced by injection of sclerosing agents into the caudae of the epididymides. Injections of sclerosing agents into the caudae of the epididymides of adult and prepubertal dogs induced a long-lasting and probably irreversible azoospermia. The technique is easy to do and inexpensive, does not seem to cause undesirable side effects, and appears suitable for large-scale sterilization programs in male dogs.", "PMID": 560154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4098", "title": "Plasma heparin activity and antagonism during cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermia.", "content": "Plasma heparin activity in 11 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was measured by comparing thrombin time of patient plasma to thrombin time of plasma containing known heparin concentrations. Although all patients received 300 units/kg of heparin, their initial plasma heparin levels varied significantly, from 1.8 units/ml in lighter petients to 3 units/ml in heavier patients. During hypothermia (25 degrees C), heparin decay was insignificant. At 37 degrees C, heparin decayed at a rate between 0.37 and 2.01 units/ml/hr. This decay was significantly faster in those patients with higher initial posthypothermia plasma heparin levels. When heparin was reversed with a protamine dose based on circulating plasma heparin levels, the mean difference between the predicted and the actual residual heparin activity was 0.025 units/ml. Heparin levels vary widely becuase of the influence of temperature on decay rates and because the space into which heparin is distributed is not simply proportional to weight. Evaluation and reversal of plasma heparin activity require ongoing analysis rather than any 1 dosage protocol.", "contents": "Plasma heparin activity and antagonism during cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermia. Plasma heparin activity in 11 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was measured by comparing thrombin time of patient plasma to thrombin time of plasma containing known heparin concentrations. Although all patients received 300 units/kg of heparin, their initial plasma heparin levels varied significantly, from 1.8 units/ml in lighter petients to 3 units/ml in heavier patients. During hypothermia (25 degrees C), heparin decay was insignificant. At 37 degrees C, heparin decayed at a rate between 0.37 and 2.01 units/ml/hr. This decay was significantly faster in those patients with higher initial posthypothermia plasma heparin levels. When heparin was reversed with a protamine dose based on circulating plasma heparin levels, the mean difference between the predicted and the actual residual heparin activity was 0.025 units/ml. Heparin levels vary widely becuase of the influence of temperature on decay rates and because the space into which heparin is distributed is not simply proportional to weight. Evaluation and reversal of plasma heparin activity require ongoing analysis rather than any 1 dosage protocol.", "PMID": 560145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4099", "title": "Functional closure of the ductus venosus during early postnatal life in the dog.", "content": "Radiographic contrast studies of the ductus venosus performed in 12 pups between the 60th day of intrauterine life and the 5th day after birth indicated that blood flow through the ductus venosus had ceased between the 2nd and 3rd days of extrauterine life. The time of functional closure was not identical with the time of morphologic closure. The functional closure of the ductus venosus was a gradual process and was related to an increase in liver perfusion through the portal vein branches. Both in specimens injected with a radiopaque gum acacia mass and in a corrosion cast of umbilical vein and portal system of the liver, persistence of the lumen of the ductus venosus up to the time of its functional closure was confirmed. The rate of closure in the dog was discussed in relation to that in man and the horse, pig, goat, and sheep.", "contents": "Functional closure of the ductus venosus during early postnatal life in the dog. Radiographic contrast studies of the ductus venosus performed in 12 pups between the 60th day of intrauterine life and the 5th day after birth indicated that blood flow through the ductus venosus had ceased between the 2nd and 3rd days of extrauterine life. The time of functional closure was not identical with the time of morphologic closure. The functional closure of the ductus venosus was a gradual process and was related to an increase in liver perfusion through the portal vein branches. Both in specimens injected with a radiopaque gum acacia mass and in a corrosion cast of umbilical vein and portal system of the liver, persistence of the lumen of the ductus venosus up to the time of its functional closure was confirmed. The rate of closure in the dog was discussed in relation to that in man and the horse, pig, goat, and sheep.", "PMID": 560155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4100", "title": "Tobramycin-curare interaction.", "content": "A 59-year-old patient had urologic surgery under d-tubocurarine-fentanyl-N2O anesthesia. The muscle relaxant was reversed with prostigmine at the end of the 5-hour procedure. Reparalysis occurred after the administration of IV tobramycin and was successfully reversed with prostigmine.", "contents": "Tobramycin-curare interaction. A 59-year-old patient had urologic surgery under d-tubocurarine-fentanyl-N2O anesthesia. The muscle relaxant was reversed with prostigmine at the end of the 5-hour procedure. Reparalysis occurred after the administration of IV tobramycin and was successfully reversed with prostigmine.", "PMID": 560151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4101", "title": "[Renal venous thrombosis in infants of diabetic mothers (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of renal venous thrombosis in infants of diabetic mothers, out of a series of 61 infants under two months old affected of R.V.T. (9.8%), are reported. The clinical, metabolic and histopathological features of these cases are discussed, as well as the different etiological theories that exist in the literature. An etiopathogenic hypothesis that maintains a similarity with the theory that explains the origin of R.V.T. in classical cases, is suggested. Prophilactic attitudes in order to prevent R.V.T. by a control of diabetes in the pregnant and close control of the newborn in the 10 first days of life, are pointed out.", "contents": "[Renal venous thrombosis in infants of diabetic mothers (author's transl)]. Six cases of renal venous thrombosis in infants of diabetic mothers, out of a series of 61 infants under two months old affected of R.V.T. (9.8%), are reported. The clinical, metabolic and histopathological features of these cases are discussed, as well as the different etiological theories that exist in the literature. An etiopathogenic hypothesis that maintains a similarity with the theory that explains the origin of R.V.T. in classical cases, is suggested. Prophilactic attitudes in order to prevent R.V.T. by a control of diabetes in the pregnant and close control of the newborn in the 10 first days of life, are pointed out.", "PMID": 560156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4102", "title": "Fatal hepatic necrosis after halothane anesthesia in a boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a case report.", "content": "Hepatitis from halothane is usually diagnosed by excluding other possible causes. Whether preexisting hepatic damage, which can occur in certain autoimmune disorders, contraindicates the use of halothane has yet to be proven. The case of a 14-year-old boy with early-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who developed fatal hepatic necrosis 13 days after halothane anesthesia is presented.", "contents": "Fatal hepatic necrosis after halothane anesthesia in a boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a case report. Hepatitis from halothane is usually diagnosed by excluding other possible causes. Whether preexisting hepatic damage, which can occur in certain autoimmune disorders, contraindicates the use of halothane has yet to be proven. The case of a 14-year-old boy with early-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who developed fatal hepatic necrosis 13 days after halothane anesthesia is presented.", "PMID": 560152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4103", "title": "Hog cholera virus : sensitivity to hydrolytic enzymes.", "content": "The actions of trypsin and phospholipase C on th infectivity of Hog Cholera virus (HCV) were studied. Inactivation kinetics reveal a marked decrease of the infectivity of HC virus in the presence of these two agents. The particular sensitivity of this virus towards proteolytic action sheds light on certain of its behavior characteristics in the field. Virus infectivity seems to be dependent on the integrity of membrane phospholipids. No relation was observed between the rate of inactivation  and the pathogenicity of the strains.", "contents": "Hog cholera virus : sensitivity to hydrolytic enzymes. The actions of trypsin and phospholipase C on th infectivity of Hog Cholera virus (HCV) were studied. Inactivation kinetics reveal a marked decrease of the infectivity of HC virus in the presence of these two agents. The particular sensitivity of this virus towards proteolytic action sheds light on certain of its behavior characteristics in the field. Virus infectivity seems to be dependent on the integrity of membrane phospholipids. No relation was observed between the rate of inactivation  and the pathogenicity of the strains.", "PMID": 560170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4104", "title": "Medical and social aspects of pregnancy among adolescents. Part II. Comparative study of abortions and deliveries.", "content": "Socio-medical aspects concerning 193 pregnant patients under the age of 18 were analysed. Of these patients 131 had an interruption of the pregnancy and 62 gave birth to a baby. All the abortion patients were unmarried. The mean age in the abortion group was 16.8 years and in the delivery group 17.2 years. The girls of this study had their first experience of sexual intercourse very early, 32% under the age of 15. The frequency of complications after abortion was 18.5%. In the delivery group the prematurity and prenatal mortality were at least twice as great as in the general population. The girls who gave birth to their babies often came from lower social strata and the relationships in their families were more harmonious than in those who had had abortions. The birth of the baby or the decision to have an abortion is not accidental. The different behaviour patterns have a different background regarding both the personal and the environmental characteristics. The decision of the patient whether to abort or not was influenced by the attitude of the immediate family. The relations between family members were better in the homes of the girls who had a baby than in the homes of those who belonged to the abortion group. In both groups more than 40% of the subjects had suffered the risk of being emotionally deprived because of environmental conditions, including crowded housing and limited economic means. Almost all the subjects knew about the means of prevention, although they may not have had proper instruction and sufficient knowledge of their use. The services given by the goverment to adolescent pregnant patients are insufficient and require immediate attention by society.", "contents": "Medical and social aspects of pregnancy among adolescents. Part II. Comparative study of abortions and deliveries. Socio-medical aspects concerning 193 pregnant patients under the age of 18 were analysed. Of these patients 131 had an interruption of the pregnancy and 62 gave birth to a baby. All the abortion patients were unmarried. The mean age in the abortion group was 16.8 years and in the delivery group 17.2 years. The girls of this study had their first experience of sexual intercourse very early, 32% under the age of 15. The frequency of complications after abortion was 18.5%. In the delivery group the prematurity and prenatal mortality were at least twice as great as in the general population. The girls who gave birth to their babies often came from lower social strata and the relationships in their families were more harmonious than in those who had had abortions. The birth of the baby or the decision to have an abortion is not accidental. The different behaviour patterns have a different background regarding both the personal and the environmental characteristics. The decision of the patient whether to abort or not was influenced by the attitude of the immediate family. The relations between family members were better in the homes of the girls who had a baby than in the homes of those who belonged to the abortion group. In both groups more than 40% of the subjects had suffered the risk of being emotionally deprived because of environmental conditions, including crowded housing and limited economic means. Almost all the subjects knew about the means of prevention, although they may not have had proper instruction and sufficient knowledge of their use. The services given by the goverment to adolescent pregnant patients are insufficient and require immediate attention by society.", "PMID": 560171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4105", "title": "Aggregation-dependent changes in susceptibility of Dictyostelium discoideum to amphotericin B.", "content": "In this study, the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B was used to induce changes in permeability and viability of the eucaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. The results show that as the cells progress from the growth phase through stationary phase to eventual aggregation, they become increasingly resistant to both permeability changes and lysis. Plasma membranes were prepared from cells harvested at exponential growth, stationary phase, and the aggregation-competent stage, and both the neutral lipid and phospholipid content were determined. An increase in the neutral lipid and a decrease in the phospholipid were observed as the cells progressed from growth into aggregation, with the overall result that the phospholipid-sterol ratio decreased during this period. The extent of amphotericin B binding by cells from the different stages was also determined. Aggregation cells exhibited a small but significant increase in binding compared to cells from either of the other two stages. The permeability changes produced by the drug were measured as a function of temperature. Exponentially growing cells showed a marked temperature dependence for the drug effect, whereas aggregating cells did not. Rates of inactivation by the drug were also determined over a range of temperatures. With exponentially growing cells, the rate of inactivation was temperature dependent, whereas with aggregating cells it was not. Finally, drug binding for both growing and aggregating cells was temperature dependent. Thus, no binding was observed for cells of either type at 4 degrees C. This finding suggests that the differences in the temperature dependence of the permeability changes and inactivation between the cells involve parameters other than drug binding.", "contents": "Aggregation-dependent changes in susceptibility of Dictyostelium discoideum to amphotericin B. In this study, the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B was used to induce changes in permeability and viability of the eucaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. The results show that as the cells progress from the growth phase through stationary phase to eventual aggregation, they become increasingly resistant to both permeability changes and lysis. Plasma membranes were prepared from cells harvested at exponential growth, stationary phase, and the aggregation-competent stage, and both the neutral lipid and phospholipid content were determined. An increase in the neutral lipid and a decrease in the phospholipid were observed as the cells progressed from growth into aggregation, with the overall result that the phospholipid-sterol ratio decreased during this period. The extent of amphotericin B binding by cells from the different stages was also determined. Aggregation cells exhibited a small but significant increase in binding compared to cells from either of the other two stages. The permeability changes produced by the drug were measured as a function of temperature. Exponentially growing cells showed a marked temperature dependence for the drug effect, whereas aggregating cells did not. Rates of inactivation by the drug were also determined over a range of temperatures. With exponentially growing cells, the rate of inactivation was temperature dependent, whereas with aggregating cells it was not. Finally, drug binding for both growing and aggregating cells was temperature dependent. Thus, no binding was observed for cells of either type at 4 degrees C. This finding suggests that the differences in the temperature dependence of the permeability changes and inactivation between the cells involve parameters other than drug binding.", "PMID": 560172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4106", "title": "Alterations in blood pressure during exchange transfusion.", "content": "Blood pressure changes as a function of the rates of blood withdrawal and infusion were determined during exchange blood transfusion in 2 preterm newborn infants. 10 ml blood withdrawal and infusion completed within 3 minutes resulted in reversible changes in aortic pressure, whereas the same procedure completed within 45 to 60 seconds resulted in a progressive fall in the systolic pressure and in narrowing of the pulse pressure. In one of the cases this was associated with respiratory arrest. An exchange rate of 5 ml/kg per 3 minutes is recommended.", "contents": "Alterations in blood pressure during exchange transfusion. Blood pressure changes as a function of the rates of blood withdrawal and infusion were determined during exchange blood transfusion in 2 preterm newborn infants. 10 ml blood withdrawal and infusion completed within 3 minutes resulted in reversible changes in aortic pressure, whereas the same procedure completed within 45 to 60 seconds resulted in a progressive fall in the systolic pressure and in narrowing of the pulse pressure. In one of the cases this was associated with respiratory arrest. An exchange rate of 5 ml/kg per 3 minutes is recommended.", "PMID": 560176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4107", "title": "Central anticholinergic effects of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidylmethyl-cyclopentylphenyl glycollate.", "content": "The following effects of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidyl-methyl-cyclopentylphenyl glycollate (PMCG) have been studied: effects on aggressive behaviour in mice and on general behaviour in rats, protective effects against central action of arecoline and nicotine in mice, thermo-regulatory effects in mice, protective action in poisonings with fluostigmine in mice and rats, and effects on bioelectrical activity of the brain in cats. It was stated that PMCG possesses a strong central anticholinergic activity blocking predominantly central muscarinic receptors; PMCG had also strong protective effects in anticholinesterase intoxications. It is suggested that this drug could have antiemotional and antiparkinsonian properties.", "contents": "Central anticholinergic effects of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidylmethyl-cyclopentylphenyl glycollate. The following effects of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidyl-methyl-cyclopentylphenyl glycollate (PMCG) have been studied: effects on aggressive behaviour in mice and on general behaviour in rats, protective effects against central action of arecoline and nicotine in mice, thermo-regulatory effects in mice, protective action in poisonings with fluostigmine in mice and rats, and effects on bioelectrical activity of the brain in cats. It was stated that PMCG possesses a strong central anticholinergic activity blocking predominantly central muscarinic receptors; PMCG had also strong protective effects in anticholinesterase intoxications. It is suggested that this drug could have antiemotional and antiparkinsonian properties.", "PMID": 560177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4108", "title": "Fatty acid composition of Simonsiella strains.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters of bound fatty acids extracted from the cells of 48 Simonsiella strains showed that these aerobic, gliding, multicellular-filamentous bacteria have fatty acid profiles of the pattern considered typical of Gram-negative eubacteria. All strains contained predominantly tetradecanoic acid (29.5%), 9-hexadecenoic acid (22.2%), an unidentified acid with an equivalent chain length of approximately 20 carbon atoms (15.8%), and dodecanoic acid (11.4%). Discriminant analysis of the mean relative percentages of 12 fatty acids correctly assigned 94% of the strains to groups based on their source of origin (i.e., the oral cavities of sheep, cat, human or dog); the relative amounts of only 3 of the fatty acids (9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid) provided most of this discrimination.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of Simonsiella strains. Gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters of bound fatty acids extracted from the cells of 48 Simonsiella strains showed that these aerobic, gliding, multicellular-filamentous bacteria have fatty acid profiles of the pattern considered typical of Gram-negative eubacteria. All strains contained predominantly tetradecanoic acid (29.5%), 9-hexadecenoic acid (22.2%), an unidentified acid with an equivalent chain length of approximately 20 carbon atoms (15.8%), and dodecanoic acid (11.4%). Discriminant analysis of the mean relative percentages of 12 fatty acids correctly assigned 94% of the strains to groups based on their source of origin (i.e., the oral cavities of sheep, cat, human or dog); the relative amounts of only 3 of the fatty acids (9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid) provided most of this discrimination.", "PMID": 560178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4109", "title": "Abnormal-pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Evidence for a genetic indicator.", "content": "Disordered smooth-pursuit eye movements occur in a high percentage of schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives. A Test of the hypothesis that these disorders represent a genetic indicator of schizophrenia was undertaken by testing pursuit eye movements in a sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant for clinical schizophrenia. Deviant eye tracking is significantly concordant within monozygotic twin pairs, and less so with dizygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. A genetic interpretation is consistent with these results.", "contents": "Abnormal-pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Evidence for a genetic indicator. Disordered smooth-pursuit eye movements occur in a high percentage of schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives. A Test of the hypothesis that these disorders represent a genetic indicator of schizophrenia was undertaken by testing pursuit eye movements in a sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant for clinical schizophrenia. Deviant eye tracking is significantly concordant within monozygotic twin pairs, and less so with dizygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. A genetic interpretation is consistent with these results.", "PMID": 560179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4110", "title": "Quadruplet hallucinations. Phenotypic variations of a schizophrenic genotype.", "content": "This article provides an in-depth analysis of hallucinations in monozygous quadruplets concordant for schizophrenia. Since all four are genetically identical, deviations among them with regard to various aspects of hallucinations probably represent the effects that nongenetic factors can produce in hallucinating schizophrenics. Concordance probably represent the effects of genetic factors. We present here findings based on this research strategy, and a brief review of the literature on hallucinations.", "contents": "Quadruplet hallucinations. Phenotypic variations of a schizophrenic genotype. This article provides an in-depth analysis of hallucinations in monozygous quadruplets concordant for schizophrenia. Since all four are genetically identical, deviations among them with regard to various aspects of hallucinations probably represent the effects that nongenetic factors can produce in hallucinating schizophrenics. Concordance probably represent the effects of genetic factors. We present here findings based on this research strategy, and a brief review of the literature on hallucinations.", "PMID": 560180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4111", "title": "Human metabolism and steroid contraceptives. Part 1.", "content": "Metabolic activation of mestranol and certain progestagens is necessary before combination with their specific receptors. This process is subject to inhibition by other drugs. It is suggested that it is preferable to use agents not requiring metabolic activation. Widespread variation of human metabolic parameters is induced by oral contraceptives. A dose related effect of synthetic oestrogens on the synthesis and release of liver-derived plasma proteins is a major cause of this variation. The changes induced may be modified by norgestrel but not by other available progestagens. Changes in various specific plasma proteins, carrier proteins, enzymes and coagulation factors are discussed.", "contents": "Human metabolism and steroid contraceptives. Part 1. Metabolic activation of mestranol and certain progestagens is necessary before combination with their specific receptors. This process is subject to inhibition by other drugs. It is suggested that it is preferable to use agents not requiring metabolic activation. Widespread variation of human metabolic parameters is induced by oral contraceptives. A dose related effect of synthetic oestrogens on the synthesis and release of liver-derived plasma proteins is a major cause of this variation. The changes induced may be modified by norgestrel but not by other available progestagens. Changes in various specific plasma proteins, carrier proteins, enzymes and coagulation factors are discussed.", "PMID": 560182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4112", "title": "Human metabolism and steroid contraceptives. Part 2.", "content": "Biochemical studies on large groups of apparently healthy women taking oral contraceptives are intended to find which organs and tissues are most stressed, in the hope than an indication of clinical side effects will result. If contraceptive steroid dose is reduced, the incidence of systemic side effects decreases and this correlates well with the decreased abnormality of many metabolic and biochemical parameters. Reduction of dosage has an equivocal effect on gynaecological side affects-some increase, some decrease. An account is given of the possible relationship between clinical side effects of oral contraceptives, and dose-related changes in plasma proteins, vitamin status and tissue enzymes.", "contents": "Human metabolism and steroid contraceptives. Part 2. Biochemical studies on large groups of apparently healthy women taking oral contraceptives are intended to find which organs and tissues are most stressed, in the hope than an indication of clinical side effects will result. If contraceptive steroid dose is reduced, the incidence of systemic side effects decreases and this correlates well with the decreased abnormality of many metabolic and biochemical parameters. Reduction of dosage has an equivocal effect on gynaecological side affects-some increase, some decrease. An account is given of the possible relationship between clinical side effects of oral contraceptives, and dose-related changes in plasma proteins, vitamin status and tissue enzymes.", "PMID": 560183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4113", "title": "The rational use of antibiotics in general practice.", "content": "Many antibiotics produce serious adverse effects which, though uncommon, may be lethal or carry a high morbidity. This article provides a rational basis for the choice of antibiotics in common infections involving various anatomical sites. Short notes on the more useful antibacterial agents, dosage, major side effects and contraindications are included.", "contents": "The rational use of antibiotics in general practice. Many antibiotics produce serious adverse effects which, though uncommon, may be lethal or carry a high morbidity. This article provides a rational basis for the choice of antibiotics in common infections involving various anatomical sites. Short notes on the more useful antibacterial agents, dosage, major side effects and contraindications are included.", "PMID": 560184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4114", "title": "Immunological relationships and a genetic interpretation of major and minor acidic proteins in human parotid saliva.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing was performed on parotid salivas selected for their electrophoretic phenotypes of proline-rich acidic salivary proteins. Fractions encompassing narrow pH regions were pooled and examined by polyacrylamide  gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing yielded partial purification of major and minor acidic proline-rich proteins which were subsequently compared by immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion against goat anti-human parotid saliva. Cross-reactivity without spurring between all fractions containing major Pr proteins in both immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion suggests that these proteins are immunologically very similar or identical.", "contents": "Immunological relationships and a genetic interpretation of major and minor acidic proteins in human parotid saliva. Isoelectric focusing was performed on parotid salivas selected for their electrophoretic phenotypes of proline-rich acidic salivary proteins. Fractions encompassing narrow pH regions were pooled and examined by polyacrylamide  gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing yielded partial purification of major and minor acidic proline-rich proteins which were subsequently compared by immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion against goat anti-human parotid saliva. Cross-reactivity without spurring between all fractions containing major Pr proteins in both immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion suggests that these proteins are immunologically very similar or identical.", "PMID": 560186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4115", "title": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in nuclear and chromatin composition and genomic activity during spermatogenesis in the maturing rooster testis.", "content": "We developed a technique to separate nuclei of rooster testis by centrifugation through a discontinuous sucrose density gradient and by sedimentation at unit gravity. Four different major fractions obtained from testicular nuclei and one from the vas deferens were characterized according to their velocity of sedimentation, morphology and DNA content. The ratios (w/w) of basic proteins, non-histone proteins and RNA to DNA decreased during spermiogenesis both in nuclei and chromatin. Changes in the electrophoretic patterns of histones and non-histone proteins were detected especially in the elongated spermatids. The lack of uptake of [3H]uridine in elongating and elongated spermatids and in spermatozoa was demonstrated by radioautography and by the detection of labelled RNA extracted from different fractions of nuclei. Template activity for RNA synthesis and the binding of actinomycin D by testicular nuclei reached a peak in the elongated spermatid stage, when the histones are replaced by the protamine.", "contents": "Studies on sex-organ development. Changes in nuclear and chromatin composition and genomic activity during spermatogenesis in the maturing rooster testis. We developed a technique to separate nuclei of rooster testis by centrifugation through a discontinuous sucrose density gradient and by sedimentation at unit gravity. Four different major fractions obtained from testicular nuclei and one from the vas deferens were characterized according to their velocity of sedimentation, morphology and DNA content. The ratios (w/w) of basic proteins, non-histone proteins and RNA to DNA decreased during spermiogenesis both in nuclei and chromatin. Changes in the electrophoretic patterns of histones and non-histone proteins were detected especially in the elongated spermatids. The lack of uptake of [3H]uridine in elongating and elongated spermatids and in spermatozoa was demonstrated by radioautography and by the detection of labelled RNA extracted from different fractions of nuclei. Template activity for RNA synthesis and the binding of actinomycin D by testicular nuclei reached a peak in the elongated spermatid stage, when the histones are replaced by the protamine.", "PMID": 560187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4116", "title": "The transport and metabolism of glutamine by kidney-cortex mitochondria from normal and acidotic rats.", "content": "1. The oxidation of glutamine by kidney-cortex mitochondria from normal and acidotic rats was not inhibited by avenaciolide, which did inhibit glutamate uptake and oxidation. The oxidation of glutamine by these mitochondria was always greater than that of glutamate. Direct measurements of the metabolism of [1-14C]glutamine in the presence of glutamate, and of [1-14C]glutamate in the presence of glutamine, demonstrated that the uptake and metabolism of external glutamate is insufficient to account for the observed rate of glutamine uptake and metabolism. Thus the postulated glutamine/glutamate antiport does not play a quantitatively important role in the metabolism of glutamine by renal mitochondria. 2. Rapid swelling of these mitochondria was observed in iso-osmotic solutions of L-glutamine and L-glutamyl-gamma-monohydroxamate but not in D-glutamine or L-isoglutamine (1-amido-2-aminoglutaric acid). Thus a relatively specific glutamine uniport exists in these mitochondria. 3. The utilization of glutamine was increased about 3-fold in mitochondria from chronically acidotic rats. Thus mitochondrial adaptations play an important part in the renal response to metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "The transport and metabolism of glutamine by kidney-cortex mitochondria from normal and acidotic rats. 1. The oxidation of glutamine by kidney-cortex mitochondria from normal and acidotic rats was not inhibited by avenaciolide, which did inhibit glutamate uptake and oxidation. The oxidation of glutamine by these mitochondria was always greater than that of glutamate. Direct measurements of the metabolism of [1-14C]glutamine in the presence of glutamate, and of [1-14C]glutamate in the presence of glutamine, demonstrated that the uptake and metabolism of external glutamate is insufficient to account for the observed rate of glutamine uptake and metabolism. Thus the postulated glutamine/glutamate antiport does not play a quantitatively important role in the metabolism of glutamine by renal mitochondria. 2. Rapid swelling of these mitochondria was observed in iso-osmotic solutions of L-glutamine and L-glutamyl-gamma-monohydroxamate but not in D-glutamine or L-isoglutamine (1-amido-2-aminoglutaric acid). Thus a relatively specific glutamine uniport exists in these mitochondria. 3. The utilization of glutamine was increased about 3-fold in mitochondria from chronically acidotic rats. Thus mitochondrial adaptations play an important part in the renal response to metabolic acidosis.", "PMID": 560188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4117", "title": "[4 cases of one and a half syndrome' observed following surgery of primary pontine hemmorhage].", "content": "In 1967, Fisher named the \"one and a half syndrome\" for a particular ocular movement which is observed in the lesion of pontine tegmentum, when horizontal movement of one eye is totally disabled and the abducence of another eye is only preserved associating mono-ocular nystagmus in the same eye. Vertical movement and convergence are preserved. We experienced this syndrome in four cases of small localized hematoma of the pontine tegmentum which were all removed under operative microscope. All patients are alive more than 10 months under consciousness and with improved neurological sign. Three of them were probably due to hypertensive hemorrhage and the rest was due to arterio-venous malformation of the pontine tegmentum. Three of them showed this syndrome before operation and observed even after operation. One patient was operated on one and a half hours after the apoplectic attack under semicomatous condition and he improved with this syndrome postoperatively. In most previous reports, this syndrome was noted in severe cases of pontine hematoma or basilar artery thrombosis and they expired soon thereafter. All our cases survived in satisfactory condition and ocular movement could be followed up for a long time. The mechanism of this syndrome was also discussed.", "contents": "[4 cases of one and a half syndrome' observed following surgery of primary pontine hemmorhage]. In 1967, Fisher named the \"one and a half syndrome\" for a particular ocular movement which is observed in the lesion of pontine tegmentum, when horizontal movement of one eye is totally disabled and the abducence of another eye is only preserved associating mono-ocular nystagmus in the same eye. Vertical movement and convergence are preserved. We experienced this syndrome in four cases of small localized hematoma of the pontine tegmentum which were all removed under operative microscope. All patients are alive more than 10 months under consciousness and with improved neurological sign. Three of them were probably due to hypertensive hemorrhage and the rest was due to arterio-venous malformation of the pontine tegmentum. Three of them showed this syndrome before operation and observed even after operation. One patient was operated on one and a half hours after the apoplectic attack under semicomatous condition and he improved with this syndrome postoperatively. In most previous reports, this syndrome was noted in severe cases of pontine hematoma or basilar artery thrombosis and they expired soon thereafter. All our cases survived in satisfactory condition and ocular movement could be followed up for a long time. The mechanism of this syndrome was also discussed.", "PMID": 560193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4118", "title": "[Initial EEG findings and the prognosis of epilepsy with generalized convulsive seizures].", "content": "Correlation between the initial EEG's and the prognosis of generalized convulsive seizures without other seizures was investigated. The subjects of this study was 437 epileptics with the period of the follow-up over 3 years. They were devided into 2 groups from view point of prognosis: \"good prognosis\" group, in which their seizures were completely controlled, the \"poor prognosis\", not well controlled. Most of the EEG findings appear to be not of value in predicting the prognosis. Exceptionally, however, the localized seizure discharged in the areas of T3,4, C3, 4 and P3,4 and 14--6 Hz positive spikes related closely to good prognosis, in the group of 7 to 12 years of the age.", "contents": "[Initial EEG findings and the prognosis of epilepsy with generalized convulsive seizures]. Correlation between the initial EEG's and the prognosis of generalized convulsive seizures without other seizures was investigated. The subjects of this study was 437 epileptics with the period of the follow-up over 3 years. They were devided into 2 groups from view point of prognosis: \"good prognosis\" group, in which their seizures were completely controlled, the \"poor prognosis\", not well controlled. Most of the EEG findings appear to be not of value in predicting the prognosis. Exceptionally, however, the localized seizure discharged in the areas of T3,4, C3, 4 and P3,4 and 14--6 Hz positive spikes related closely to good prognosis, in the group of 7 to 12 years of the age.", "PMID": 560195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4119", "title": "Structural investigations of chromatin core protein by nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "A complex derived from chromatin containing one molecule of each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, termed core protein, was studied by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. 13C line widths, when analyzed and compared with those of native and thermally unfolded representative globular proteins, showed that regions of the core protein possess considerable mobility. Studies of Calpha and Cbeta line widths, and Calpha spin-spin relaxation times, show that this mobility arises from sections of random-coil polypeptide. It is argued that these regions are N-terminal \"tails\", attached to C-terminal globular polypeptides. The 270-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum shows numerous ring current shifted resonances, indicating that the C-terminal globular domain has a precise tertiary structure. The globular domain most likely forms the histone \"core\" of the chromatin monomer particle, whilst the basic tails probably wind around the grooves of the double helix, enabling the basic side chains to interact with the DNA phosphate groups. Some biological implications of this model are considered.", "contents": "Structural investigations of chromatin core protein by nuclear magnetic resonance. A complex derived from chromatin containing one molecule of each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, termed core protein, was studied by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. 13C line widths, when analyzed and compared with those of native and thermally unfolded representative globular proteins, showed that regions of the core protein possess considerable mobility. Studies of Calpha and Cbeta line widths, and Calpha spin-spin relaxation times, show that this mobility arises from sections of random-coil polypeptide. It is argued that these regions are N-terminal \"tails\", attached to C-terminal globular polypeptides. The 270-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum shows numerous ring current shifted resonances, indicating that the C-terminal globular domain has a precise tertiary structure. The globular domain most likely forms the histone \"core\" of the chromatin monomer particle, whilst the basic tails probably wind around the grooves of the double helix, enabling the basic side chains to interact with the DNA phosphate groups. Some biological implications of this model are considered.", "PMID": 560200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4120", "title": "Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in mammalian cells: effect of toyocamycin.", "content": "The present study shows that the antitumor agent toyocamycin (4-amino-5-cyano-7beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo(2-3d)pyrimidine) affects rRNA transcription in Ehrlich ascites cells. This action of the antibiotic is dependent on the amino acid composition of the cell culture medium. In cells incubated in a medium rich in amino acids, the high transcription rate of rRNA is lowered by the addition of 2 X 10(-6) M toyocamycin, while in amino acid starved cells the decreased level of rRNA synthesis remains unaffected. Processing of the 45S rRNA precursor is markedly inhibited by toyocamycin in cells incubated in either medium, indicating that the uptake of the drug is unimpaired by amino acid starvation. Toyocamycin does not affect RNA polymerase I (RNA nucleotidyltransferase EC 2.7.7.6) activity when added to in vitro assay systems derived from cells grown in complete or in amino acid deficient media. The drug prevents the activation of rRNA synthesis following the refeeding of amino acid starved cells without affecting the stimulation of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in mammalian cells: effect of toyocamycin. The present study shows that the antitumor agent toyocamycin (4-amino-5-cyano-7beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo(2-3d)pyrimidine) affects rRNA transcription in Ehrlich ascites cells. This action of the antibiotic is dependent on the amino acid composition of the cell culture medium. In cells incubated in a medium rich in amino acids, the high transcription rate of rRNA is lowered by the addition of 2 X 10(-6) M toyocamycin, while in amino acid starved cells the decreased level of rRNA synthesis remains unaffected. Processing of the 45S rRNA precursor is markedly inhibited by toyocamycin in cells incubated in either medium, indicating that the uptake of the drug is unimpaired by amino acid starvation. Toyocamycin does not affect RNA polymerase I (RNA nucleotidyltransferase EC 2.7.7.6) activity when added to in vitro assay systems derived from cells grown in complete or in amino acid deficient media. The drug prevents the activation of rRNA synthesis following the refeeding of amino acid starved cells without affecting the stimulation of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 560201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4121", "title": "Conformational prediction for snake venom toxins and laser Raman scattering of a cardiotoxin from Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom.", "content": "Secondary structure regions in snake venom toxins were predicted using the prediction method of Chou and Fasman (Chou, P. Y., and Fasman, G. D. (1974), biochemistry 13,222) and an averaging scheme assuming structural homology in each type of toxins. The results indicate that, in general, snake toxins contain only some beta-sheet regions and beta bends. The content of secondary structures thus predicted does vary to some extent. The predicted results correlate well with conclusions from physicochemical studies. Interestingly, beta-bend regions predicted for the two types of neurotoxins, short-neurotoxin-type and long-neurotoxin-type, are primarily located in the middle of disulfide loops in spite of large differences in primary sequences. Comparisons between predicted results and the crystal structure of erabutoxin b determined at 2.75 A resolution suggest that the two types of neurotoxin are both sequencely and conformationally related while cardiotoxins could have an entirely different molecular topology. The Raman spectrum of a Taiwan cobra cardiotoxin indicates that the content of beta-pleated-sheet structure could be greater than that in neurotoxins.", "contents": "Conformational prediction for snake venom toxins and laser Raman scattering of a cardiotoxin from Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom. Secondary structure regions in snake venom toxins were predicted using the prediction method of Chou and Fasman (Chou, P. Y., and Fasman, G. D. (1974), biochemistry 13,222) and an averaging scheme assuming structural homology in each type of toxins. The results indicate that, in general, snake toxins contain only some beta-sheet regions and beta bends. The content of secondary structures thus predicted does vary to some extent. The predicted results correlate well with conclusions from physicochemical studies. Interestingly, beta-bend regions predicted for the two types of neurotoxins, short-neurotoxin-type and long-neurotoxin-type, are primarily located in the middle of disulfide loops in spite of large differences in primary sequences. Comparisons between predicted results and the crystal structure of erabutoxin b determined at 2.75 A resolution suggest that the two types of neurotoxin are both sequencely and conformationally related while cardiotoxins could have an entirely different molecular topology. The Raman spectrum of a Taiwan cobra cardiotoxin indicates that the content of beta-pleated-sheet structure could be greater than that in neurotoxins.", "PMID": 560203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4122", "title": "Stimulation by acidic phospholipids of protein-catalyzed phosphatidylcholine transfer.", "content": "1. The catalyzed transfer of phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes to mitochondria by phospholipids exchange protein from beef heart or from beef liver is stimulated by the presence of up to 20 mol% acidic phospholipid (phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidic acid) in the liposome. Co-sedimentation of liposomes with mitochondria increases with increasing mol% acidic phospholipid. 2. The catalyzed transfer of phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes to multilamellar vesicles by beef heart or beef liver exchange proteins is also stimulated by the presence of acidic phospholipid. No co-sedimentation of negatively charged transfer of phosphatidylcholine from multilamellar vesicles to unilamellar liposomes by phospholipid exchange protein from beef heart or beef liver reaches a maximum at 7.5% phosphatidylinositol in the liposomes. Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine transfer was observed at levels of liposome phosphatiylinositol of greater than 15 mol% only in the presence of beef liver exchange protein. 4. Changes in the surface charge of liposomes by the addition of acidic phospholipid were verified by a novel application of polyvinylchloride block electrophoresis that allows the direct measurement of the relative electrophoretic mobility of sonicated vesicles.", "contents": "Stimulation by acidic phospholipids of protein-catalyzed phosphatidylcholine transfer. 1. The catalyzed transfer of phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes to mitochondria by phospholipids exchange protein from beef heart or from beef liver is stimulated by the presence of up to 20 mol% acidic phospholipid (phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidic acid) in the liposome. Co-sedimentation of liposomes with mitochondria increases with increasing mol% acidic phospholipid. 2. The catalyzed transfer of phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes to multilamellar vesicles by beef heart or beef liver exchange proteins is also stimulated by the presence of acidic phospholipid. No co-sedimentation of negatively charged transfer of phosphatidylcholine from multilamellar vesicles to unilamellar liposomes by phospholipid exchange protein from beef heart or beef liver reaches a maximum at 7.5% phosphatidylinositol in the liposomes. Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine transfer was observed at levels of liposome phosphatiylinositol of greater than 15 mol% only in the presence of beef liver exchange protein. 4. Changes in the surface charge of liposomes by the addition of acidic phospholipid were verified by a novel application of polyvinylchloride block electrophoresis that allows the direct measurement of the relative electrophoretic mobility of sonicated vesicles.", "PMID": 560206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4123", "title": "Induction of a relatively fast transbilayer movement of phosphatidylcholine in vesicles. A 13CNMR study.", "content": "[N-13CH3]Phosphatidylcholines are introduced into the outer monolayer of phosphatidylcholine vesicles with the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. The transbilayer distribution of the [N-13CH3]phosphatidyl-choline is measured with 13C NMR. The transbilayer movements of [N-13CH3]-dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and [N-13CH3]dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at 30 degrees C in vesicles composed of these phosphatidylcholines are extremely slow processes with estimated half-times of days. [N-13CH3]Dioleoyl phosphatidyl-choline introduced into dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles migrates from the outer to the inner monolayer with a half-time of less than 12 h. The data suggest that differential changes in the lateral packing of the two monolayers might be a driving force for transbilayer transport of phospholipids.", "contents": "Induction of a relatively fast transbilayer movement of phosphatidylcholine in vesicles. A 13CNMR study. [N-13CH3]Phosphatidylcholines are introduced into the outer monolayer of phosphatidylcholine vesicles with the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. The transbilayer distribution of the [N-13CH3]phosphatidyl-choline is measured with 13C NMR. The transbilayer movements of [N-13CH3]-dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and [N-13CH3]dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at 30 degrees C in vesicles composed of these phosphatidylcholines are extremely slow processes with estimated half-times of days. [N-13CH3]Dioleoyl phosphatidyl-choline introduced into dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles migrates from the outer to the inner monolayer with a half-time of less than 12 h. The data suggest that differential changes in the lateral packing of the two monolayers might be a driving force for transbilayer transport of phospholipids.", "PMID": 560207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4124", "title": "Binding of uranyl to phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Liposome aggregation effect on surface area.", "content": "The binding of uranyl ion, UO2+2, to egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes was studied as a potential method for the determination of liposome surface areas. Unbound uranyl was determined spectrophotometrically as the Arsenazo III complex with centrifuge supernatant. There is an apparent positive cooperativity in uranyl binding at phosphatidylcholine concentrations above approx. 0.1 mM. The binding capacity per mol increases upon liposome dilution. The data are consistent with liposomes existing in a highly aggregated state. The binding constant in the limit of low concentration of bound uranyl was 9+/-3)-10(6) M-1 in 0.1 M NaCl, pH 4.1. At saturation about four uranyl ions are bound per 100 phosphatidylcholine molecules. Relative surface areas of different dispersions may be calculated from intercepts of extrapolated binding isotherms, and absolute surface areas may be calculated if a value for the uranyl-phosphatidylcholine stoichiometry is assumed.", "contents": "Binding of uranyl to phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Liposome aggregation effect on surface area. The binding of uranyl ion, UO2+2, to egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes was studied as a potential method for the determination of liposome surface areas. Unbound uranyl was determined spectrophotometrically as the Arsenazo III complex with centrifuge supernatant. There is an apparent positive cooperativity in uranyl binding at phosphatidylcholine concentrations above approx. 0.1 mM. The binding capacity per mol increases upon liposome dilution. The data are consistent with liposomes existing in a highly aggregated state. The binding constant in the limit of low concentration of bound uranyl was 9+/-3)-10(6) M-1 in 0.1 M NaCl, pH 4.1. At saturation about four uranyl ions are bound per 100 phosphatidylcholine molecules. Relative surface areas of different dispersions may be calculated from intercepts of extrapolated binding isotherms, and absolute surface areas may be calculated if a value for the uranyl-phosphatidylcholine stoichiometry is assumed.", "PMID": 560209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4125", "title": "Quantitation and characterisation of poly(A)-containing messenger RNAs from mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Comparison of several isolation procedures for neuroblastoma poly(A)-containing mRNAs shows that the highest percentage recovery of undegraded and biologically active messenger RNAs is obtained using proteinase K prior to phenol extraction. The messenger RNAs thus isolated comprise approximately 1.5% of the total ribosomal RNAs and have negligible contamination with 18 and 28 S RNAs. On denaturing polyacrylamide gels they have an average molecular weight of 6.5-10(5) with a range from 2.2-10(5) to 1.53-10(6). The messenger RNAs have an average poly(A) content of 154 nucleotides. They are highly active in wheat germ in vitro protein synthesizing systems, giving as much as 4.3 pmol [35S]methionine incorporation into total protein per mol of mRNA. This is almost as active as a control globin mRNA preparation.", "contents": "Quantitation and characterisation of poly(A)-containing messenger RNAs from mouse neuroblastoma cells. Comparison of several isolation procedures for neuroblastoma poly(A)-containing mRNAs shows that the highest percentage recovery of undegraded and biologically active messenger RNAs is obtained using proteinase K prior to phenol extraction. The messenger RNAs thus isolated comprise approximately 1.5% of the total ribosomal RNAs and have negligible contamination with 18 and 28 S RNAs. On denaturing polyacrylamide gels they have an average molecular weight of 6.5-10(5) with a range from 2.2-10(5) to 1.53-10(6). The messenger RNAs have an average poly(A) content of 154 nucleotides. They are highly active in wheat germ in vitro protein synthesizing systems, giving as much as 4.3 pmol [35S]methionine incorporation into total protein per mol of mRNA. This is almost as active as a control globin mRNA preparation.", "PMID": 560210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4126", "title": "Purification and properties of soybean leghemoglobin messenger RNA.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing leghemoglobin mRNA from soybean root nodules has been purified 84-fold, as judged by its ability to direct the in vitro synthesis of leghemoglobin in a wheat germ system. It has a poly(A) content of 8.6% and a molecular weight, estimated by formamide gel electrophoresis, of 260 000. mRNA with a molecular weight of around 143 000 would be sufficient to code for leghemoglobin. Thus, with respect to both its poly(A) content and its unexpectedly high molecular weight, leghemoglobin mRNA is similar to mRNAs isolated from animal tissues.", "contents": "Purification and properties of soybean leghemoglobin messenger RNA. Poly(A)-containing leghemoglobin mRNA from soybean root nodules has been purified 84-fold, as judged by its ability to direct the in vitro synthesis of leghemoglobin in a wheat germ system. It has a poly(A) content of 8.6% and a molecular weight, estimated by formamide gel electrophoresis, of 260 000. mRNA with a molecular weight of around 143 000 would be sufficient to code for leghemoglobin. Thus, with respect to both its poly(A) content and its unexpectedly high molecular weight, leghemoglobin mRNA is similar to mRNAs isolated from animal tissues.", "PMID": 560211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4127", "title": "Stereospecific ring opening of conduritol-B-epoxide by an active site asparatate residue of sucrase-isomaltase.", "content": "Conduritol-B-epoxide inactivates sucrase-isomaltase (sucrose alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48-dextrin 6-alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.10) irreversibly with incorporation of 1 mol inhibitor/mol subunit, the affinity label being bound in both subunits to a beta-carboxyl group of an aspartic acid (Quaroni, A. and Semnza; G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3250-3253). Conduritol-B-epoxide is a racemic mixture of 1-L-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol and 1-D-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol, but only the latter one is the reactive component, since 1-L-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol alone did not inactivate the enzyme. After inactivation by 1-D-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol the label was released by hydroxylamine and identified as scyllo-inositol. One can decide now which C atom of the epoxide ring has been attacked by the enzyme's aspartate residue. This explains why only the D-enantiomer is the reactive species and provides further information about the role of the carboxylate residue during enzymic hydrolysis.", "contents": "Stereospecific ring opening of conduritol-B-epoxide by an active site asparatate residue of sucrase-isomaltase. Conduritol-B-epoxide inactivates sucrase-isomaltase (sucrose alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48-dextrin 6-alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.10) irreversibly with incorporation of 1 mol inhibitor/mol subunit, the affinity label being bound in both subunits to a beta-carboxyl group of an aspartic acid (Quaroni, A. and Semnza; G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3250-3253). Conduritol-B-epoxide is a racemic mixture of 1-L-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol and 1-D-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol, but only the latter one is the reactive component, since 1-L-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol alone did not inactivate the enzyme. After inactivation by 1-D-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol the label was released by hydroxylamine and identified as scyllo-inositol. One can decide now which C atom of the epoxide ring has been attacked by the enzyme's aspartate residue. This explains why only the D-enantiomer is the reactive species and provides further information about the role of the carboxylate residue during enzymic hydrolysis.", "PMID": 560212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4128", "title": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase with altered substrate affinity in mutant mouse lymphoma cells.", "content": "Cells with altered hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) have been selected. Compared to wild type, mutant enzyme has a reduced affinity for the substrate phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and is more labile to heat inactivation. Mutant cells are resistant to 6-thioguanine at 33-39 degrees C and sensitive to hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine at 37-39 degrees C, but not at 33 degrees C. We hypothesize that a single structural mutation of HPRT can explain these results.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase with altered substrate affinity in mutant mouse lymphoma cells. Cells with altered hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) have been selected. Compared to wild type, mutant enzyme has a reduced affinity for the substrate phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and is more labile to heat inactivation. Mutant cells are resistant to 6-thioguanine at 33-39 degrees C and sensitive to hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine at 37-39 degrees C, but not at 33 degrees C. We hypothesize that a single structural mutation of HPRT can explain these results.", "PMID": 560213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4129", "title": "Stabilization of bovine trypsin by reductive methylation.", "content": "Reductive methylation has little or no detectable effect on the catalytic or physicochemical properties of bovine trypsin but reduces its susceptibility to autolysis. Increased stability after methylation appears to result from the conversion of trypsin-susceptible lysine residues to trypsin-resistant epsilon-N,N-dimethyllysine residues. Reductively methylated trypsin is easily prepared and may be useful in place of trypsin where autolysis is otherwise difficult to control.", "contents": "Stabilization of bovine trypsin by reductive methylation. Reductive methylation has little or no detectable effect on the catalytic or physicochemical properties of bovine trypsin but reduces its susceptibility to autolysis. Increased stability after methylation appears to result from the conversion of trypsin-susceptible lysine residues to trypsin-resistant epsilon-N,N-dimethyllysine residues. Reductively methylated trypsin is easily prepared and may be useful in place of trypsin where autolysis is otherwise difficult to control.", "PMID": 560214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4130", "title": "Differential scanning calorimetry of the thermal denaturation of lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study the thermal denaturation of lactate dehydrogenase. At pH 7.0 in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, only one transition was observed. Both the enthalpy of denaturation and the melting temperature are linear function of heating rate. The enthalpy is 430 kcal/mol and the melting temperature 61 degrees C at 0 degrees C/min heating rate. The ratio of the calorimetric heat to the effective enthalpy indicated that the denaturation is highly cooperative. Subunit association does not appear to significantly contribute to the enthalpy of denaturation. 2. Both cofactor and sucrose addition stabilized the protein against thermal denaturation. Pyruvate addition produced no changes. Only a small time-dependent destabilization was observed at low concentrations of urea. Large effects were observed in concentrated NaCl solutions and with sulfhydryl-modified lactate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Differential scanning calorimetry of the thermal denaturation of lactate dehydrogenase. 1. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study the thermal denaturation of lactate dehydrogenase. At pH 7.0 in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, only one transition was observed. Both the enthalpy of denaturation and the melting temperature are linear function of heating rate. The enthalpy is 430 kcal/mol and the melting temperature 61 degrees C at 0 degrees C/min heating rate. The ratio of the calorimetric heat to the effective enthalpy indicated that the denaturation is highly cooperative. Subunit association does not appear to significantly contribute to the enthalpy of denaturation. 2. Both cofactor and sucrose addition stabilized the protein against thermal denaturation. Pyruvate addition produced no changes. Only a small time-dependent destabilization was observed at low concentrations of urea. Large effects were observed in concentrated NaCl solutions and with sulfhydryl-modified lactate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 560215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4131", "title": "Effect of heparin modification on its activity in enhancing the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the effect of modifying specific functional groups of heparin on its antithrombin III-enhancing activity. The derivatives employed were heparin methyl ester, heparinylglycine and N-desulfated heparin. The carboxyl-modified derivatives increase the rate of inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III, although not to the same extent as heparin. N-Desulfated heparin is devoid of any activity. Heparin methyl ester is more potent than heparinylglycine in activating antithrombin III, as exhibited by its immediate effect on the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. However, heparinylglycine is the more effective of the two, in increasing the rate of thrombin deactivation by antithrombin III. The results indicate that although free carboxyl groups of heparin are not crucial for its binding to antithrombin III, they are important for the combination of the latter with thromobin. In contrast, N-sulfates are critical for the interaction of heparin with antithrombin III.", "contents": "Effect of heparin modification on its activity in enhancing the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of modifying specific functional groups of heparin on its antithrombin III-enhancing activity. The derivatives employed were heparin methyl ester, heparinylglycine and N-desulfated heparin. The carboxyl-modified derivatives increase the rate of inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III, although not to the same extent as heparin. N-Desulfated heparin is devoid of any activity. Heparin methyl ester is more potent than heparinylglycine in activating antithrombin III, as exhibited by its immediate effect on the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. However, heparinylglycine is the more effective of the two, in increasing the rate of thrombin deactivation by antithrombin III. The results indicate that although free carboxyl groups of heparin are not crucial for its binding to antithrombin III, they are important for the combination of the latter with thromobin. In contrast, N-sulfates are critical for the interaction of heparin with antithrombin III.", "PMID": 560216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4132", "title": "Vitamin A receptors. II. Characteristics of retinol binding in chick retina and pigment epithelium.", "content": "Gel filtration studies demonstrate that retinol receptors of chick retinal and pigment epithelial cytosols are (1) of very similar nature (2) of small molecular size (about 18000 daltons) and are different in character from serum proteins. Citral inhibits the binding of [3H]retinol to the retinal 2 S receptor. Retinol acetate competes with retinol for binding to 2 S receptor in both retina and pigment epithelium whereas retinol palmitate is an effective competitor only in the pigment epithelium. Dithiothreitol maximizes 2 S binding in retina and pigment epithelial cytosol; its absence does not lead to receptor aggregation however. A limited number of high affinity binding sites (2 S receptor) appear to be present in retina and pigment epithelium. A 5 S binding species is also present in pigment epithelium; it is similar in character to [3H]retinol binding in serum and may arise from serum contamination of the pigment epithelial preparation. Binding affinity in retina is high with possibly two classes of retinol binding sites present of KD about 1 - 10(-9) and 4 - 10(-8).", "contents": "Vitamin A receptors. II. Characteristics of retinol binding in chick retina and pigment epithelium. Gel filtration studies demonstrate that retinol receptors of chick retinal and pigment epithelial cytosols are (1) of very similar nature (2) of small molecular size (about 18000 daltons) and are different in character from serum proteins. Citral inhibits the binding of [3H]retinol to the retinal 2 S receptor. Retinol acetate competes with retinol for binding to 2 S receptor in both retina and pigment epithelium whereas retinol palmitate is an effective competitor only in the pigment epithelium. Dithiothreitol maximizes 2 S binding in retina and pigment epithelial cytosol; its absence does not lead to receptor aggregation however. A limited number of high affinity binding sites (2 S receptor) appear to be present in retina and pigment epithelium. A 5 S binding species is also present in pigment epithelium; it is similar in character to [3H]retinol binding in serum and may arise from serum contamination of the pigment epithelial preparation. Binding affinity in retina is high with possibly two classes of retinol binding sites present of KD about 1 - 10(-9) and 4 - 10(-8).", "PMID": 560217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4133", "title": "Synthesis of a mannosyl phosphoryl polyprenol by the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "A membrane fraction isolated from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum was incubated with GDP-[14C]mannose and found to catalyze the incorporation of [14C]mannose into an endogenous acceptor to yield a product with the chemical and chromatographic properties of a polyprenol phosphate sugar derivative. These results suggest that D. discoideum can synthesize a mannosyl phosphoryl polyprenol.", "contents": "Synthesis of a mannosyl phosphoryl polyprenol by the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. A membrane fraction isolated from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum was incubated with GDP-[14C]mannose and found to catalyze the incorporation of [14C]mannose into an endogenous acceptor to yield a product with the chemical and chromatographic properties of a polyprenol phosphate sugar derivative. These results suggest that D. discoideum can synthesize a mannosyl phosphoryl polyprenol.", "PMID": 560218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4134", "title": "[Photoregulation of L-phenylalanine ammia-lyase: an immunochemical approach].", "content": "The photoregulation of L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is studied by immunochemical methods. We used a partly purified L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase: F1 light fraction, the corresponding inactive one provided from dark-grown cotyledons: F1 dark fraction and the antisera specific of these two fractions. The complete absorption of PAL activity from F1 light fraction with the anti-F1 light immune serum shows the antigenicity of PAL and the specificity of this serum for all forms of PAL present in F1 light fraction. The presence of an inactive L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the 36 h dark-grown cotyledons suggested by preliminary results of absorption is conformed by showing that less PAL activity is precipitated from the fraction F1 light by a same amount of IgG anti-F1 light when F1 dark fraction is added. This result is explained by a competition between active and inactive forms of PAL for the IgG extracted from an immune serum specific for F1 light fraction. By measuring the absorption of PAL activity from FO fraction (crude extract) obtained from 18 h, 36 h and 48 h light-grown cotyledons when increasing amounts of IgG anti-F1 36 h light are added, we demonstrate the presence of at least two isozymes A and B, the synthesis of B being shifted in time in comparison to A.", "contents": "[Photoregulation of L-phenylalanine ammia-lyase: an immunochemical approach]. The photoregulation of L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is studied by immunochemical methods. We used a partly purified L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase: F1 light fraction, the corresponding inactive one provided from dark-grown cotyledons: F1 dark fraction and the antisera specific of these two fractions. The complete absorption of PAL activity from F1 light fraction with the anti-F1 light immune serum shows the antigenicity of PAL and the specificity of this serum for all forms of PAL present in F1 light fraction. The presence of an inactive L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the 36 h dark-grown cotyledons suggested by preliminary results of absorption is conformed by showing that less PAL activity is precipitated from the fraction F1 light by a same amount of IgG anti-F1 light when F1 dark fraction is added. This result is explained by a competition between active and inactive forms of PAL for the IgG extracted from an immune serum specific for F1 light fraction. By measuring the absorption of PAL activity from FO fraction (crude extract) obtained from 18 h, 36 h and 48 h light-grown cotyledons when increasing amounts of IgG anti-F1 36 h light are added, we demonstrate the presence of at least two isozymes A and B, the synthesis of B being shifted in time in comparison to A.", "PMID": 560219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4135", "title": "Some mechanical property considerations of reconstituted collagen for drug release supports.", "content": "Reconstituted collagen, having been shown previously to be biodegradable and to have low immunologic activity, has been further evaluated here as a vehicle for drug delivery. Mechanical stress-strain (Young's Modulus), mechanical abrasion resistance, and steroid (medroxyprogesterone) diffusion rates have been determined for collagen films subjected to nine different chemical preparative treatments. The treatments fall into three categories: formaldehyde crosslinking, chrome tanning, and a combination of formaldehyde and chrome. Based on our conditions, the formaldehyde films have been found to have higher Young's Moduli and lower diffusion release rates of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) than the untreated films. The largest chrome complexes apparently open up the collagen matrix to yield higher diffusion release rates than the untreated film. The Young's Modulus is 2--3 times higher for the chrome films that the untreated film but the abrasion resistance is generally substantially less. Combination chrome/formaldehyde treatments yield film properties between those of the two separate treatments.", "contents": "Some mechanical property considerations of reconstituted collagen for drug release supports. Reconstituted collagen, having been shown previously to be biodegradable and to have low immunologic activity, has been further evaluated here as a vehicle for drug delivery. Mechanical stress-strain (Young's Modulus), mechanical abrasion resistance, and steroid (medroxyprogesterone) diffusion rates have been determined for collagen films subjected to nine different chemical preparative treatments. The treatments fall into three categories: formaldehyde crosslinking, chrome tanning, and a combination of formaldehyde and chrome. Based on our conditions, the formaldehyde films have been found to have higher Young's Moduli and lower diffusion release rates of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) than the untreated films. The largest chrome complexes apparently open up the collagen matrix to yield higher diffusion release rates than the untreated film. The Young's Modulus is 2--3 times higher for the chrome films that the untreated film but the abrasion resistance is generally substantially less. Combination chrome/formaldehyde treatments yield film properties between those of the two separate treatments.", "PMID": 560220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4136", "title": "Cellobiase from Trichoderma viride: purification, properties, kinetics, and mechanism.", "content": "Three distinct cellobiase components were isolated from a commercial Trichoderma viride cellulase preparation by repeated chromatography on DEAE cellulose eluting by a salt gradient. The purified cellobiase preparations were evaluated for physical properties, kinetics, and mechanism. Results from this work include: 1) development of one step enzyme purification procedure using DEAE-cellulose; 2) isolation of three chromatographically distinct, yet kinetically similar, cellobiase fractions of molecular weight of approximately 76,000; 3) determination of kinetics which shows that cellobiase hydrolyzes cellobiose by a noncompetitive mechanism and that the product, glucose, inhibits the enzyme, and 4) development of an equation, based on the mechanism of cellobiase action, which accurately predicts the time course of cellobiose hydrolysis over an eightfold range of substrate concentration and conversions of up to 90%. Based on the data presented in the paper, it is shown that product inhibition of cellobiase significantly retards the rate of cellobiose hydrolysis.", "contents": "Cellobiase from Trichoderma viride: purification, properties, kinetics, and mechanism. Three distinct cellobiase components were isolated from a commercial Trichoderma viride cellulase preparation by repeated chromatography on DEAE cellulose eluting by a salt gradient. The purified cellobiase preparations were evaluated for physical properties, kinetics, and mechanism. Results from this work include: 1) development of one step enzyme purification procedure using DEAE-cellulose; 2) isolation of three chromatographically distinct, yet kinetically similar, cellobiase fractions of molecular weight of approximately 76,000; 3) determination of kinetics which shows that cellobiase hydrolyzes cellobiose by a noncompetitive mechanism and that the product, glucose, inhibits the enzyme, and 4) development of an equation, based on the mechanism of cellobiase action, which accurately predicts the time course of cellobiose hydrolysis over an eightfold range of substrate concentration and conversions of up to 90%. Based on the data presented in the paper, it is shown that product inhibition of cellobiase significantly retards the rate of cellobiose hydrolysis.", "PMID": 560223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4137", "title": "Phenotypic modifications in amino acid profiles of cell residues of Candida utilis and Enterobacter aerogenes.", "content": "Glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Candida utilis were cultivated at various pH levels (3.0-7.5), temperatures (15-37.5 degrees C), dilution rates (0.006-0.42 hr-1), and with one of two nitrogen sources (NH+4 or NO-3). Enterobacter aerogenes was also cultivated in the chemostat under nitrogen and phosphorus limitations. The amino acid profile of total cell protein is expressed as the content of each amino acid relative to the sum of all amino acids recovered ater acid hydrolysis. Cell residues obtained after hot trichloracetic acid extraction display small variations in amino acid profile. Some of these variations correlate with the growth rate at satisfactory levels of statistical significance. In C. utilis, the correlations cover increased levels of lysine, arginine, and leucine and decreased levels of serine and glutamic acid with increased \"reduced dilution rate\" (D/Dc). In E. aerogenes, increased levels of lysine and arginine and a decreased level of glutamic acid correlate with increased dilution rate. The directions of most of these correlations and the extents of those pertaining to lysine and arginine are consistent with the change predicted to occur simultaneously in the relative level of the ribosomal protein group.", "contents": "Phenotypic modifications in amino acid profiles of cell residues of Candida utilis and Enterobacter aerogenes. Glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Candida utilis were cultivated at various pH levels (3.0-7.5), temperatures (15-37.5 degrees C), dilution rates (0.006-0.42 hr-1), and with one of two nitrogen sources (NH+4 or NO-3). Enterobacter aerogenes was also cultivated in the chemostat under nitrogen and phosphorus limitations. The amino acid profile of total cell protein is expressed as the content of each amino acid relative to the sum of all amino acids recovered ater acid hydrolysis. Cell residues obtained after hot trichloracetic acid extraction display small variations in amino acid profile. Some of these variations correlate with the growth rate at satisfactory levels of statistical significance. In C. utilis, the correlations cover increased levels of lysine, arginine, and leucine and decreased levels of serine and glutamic acid with increased \"reduced dilution rate\" (D/Dc). In E. aerogenes, increased levels of lysine and arginine and a decreased level of glutamic acid correlate with increased dilution rate. The directions of most of these correlations and the extents of those pertaining to lysine and arginine are consistent with the change predicted to occur simultaneously in the relative level of the ribosomal protein group.", "PMID": 560224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4138", "title": "[Effect of neurotropic substances on sleep disorders caused by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in cats].", "content": "The total period of sleep decreased as a result of the REM-sleep deficite following rage reaction induced in cats by the electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Haloperidol (1, 2, 3 mg/kg), diazepam (0.5, 1 mg/kg), nitrazepam (1, 6 mg/kg), glutetymide (10, 30, 60 mg/kg), pentobarbital (5, 15, 30 mg/kg) failed to eliminate sleep disturbances induced by rage reaction; lithium hydroxybutyrate (100, 150 mg/kg), dimedrol (1.5, 6 mg/kg) and imipramine increased the total sleep time on account of the slow wave phase; sodium hydroxybutyrate (100 mg/kg) normalized the electrophysiological pattern of sleep, decreasing the REM-sleep latency and the number of waking cats, and increasing the total REM-sleep time and the number of REM-sleep episodes.", "contents": "[Effect of neurotropic substances on sleep disorders caused by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in cats]. The total period of sleep decreased as a result of the REM-sleep deficite following rage reaction induced in cats by the electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Haloperidol (1, 2, 3 mg/kg), diazepam (0.5, 1 mg/kg), nitrazepam (1, 6 mg/kg), glutetymide (10, 30, 60 mg/kg), pentobarbital (5, 15, 30 mg/kg) failed to eliminate sleep disturbances induced by rage reaction; lithium hydroxybutyrate (100, 150 mg/kg), dimedrol (1.5, 6 mg/kg) and imipramine increased the total sleep time on account of the slow wave phase; sodium hydroxybutyrate (100 mg/kg) normalized the electrophysiological pattern of sleep, decreasing the REM-sleep latency and the number of waking cats, and increasing the total REM-sleep time and the number of REM-sleep episodes.", "PMID": 560225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4139", "title": "[Effect of lithium chloride on ethanol uptake by rats].", "content": "A selective uptake of ethanol by presenting its 5% solution as the only source of fluid was elaborated in rats for 2 months. It was found that lithium chloride injected intravenously in a dose of 35 mg/kg twice per 24 hours for 14 days depressed the ethanol preference causing a motivation inversion whose mechanism was associated with the changes in the activity of the hypothalamic centres of the neuroendocrine regulation. A possibility of lithium salts in the therapy of chronic alcoholism is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium chloride on ethanol uptake by rats]. A selective uptake of ethanol by presenting its 5% solution as the only source of fluid was elaborated in rats for 2 months. It was found that lithium chloride injected intravenously in a dose of 35 mg/kg twice per 24 hours for 14 days depressed the ethanol preference causing a motivation inversion whose mechanism was associated with the changes in the activity of the hypothalamic centres of the neuroendocrine regulation. A possibility of lithium salts in the therapy of chronic alcoholism is discussed.", "PMID": 560226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4140", "title": "[Influence of psychotropic substances on elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex in experimental neurosis].", "content": "Neurosis resulting in alteration of the motor-defense conditioned reflex development occurred in rats subjected to a long-term action of a negative-emotional factor--neighbour-rat's reaction to pain. Benactyzine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and sodium hydroxybutyrate improved the formation of defense conditioned reflex during this form of neurosis. Trioxazin, trifluoperazine, and amphetamine produced no such effect. The proposed model of experimental neurosis can be used to reveal the tranquilizing activity of psychotropic drugs.", "contents": "[Influence of psychotropic substances on elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex in experimental neurosis]. Neurosis resulting in alteration of the motor-defense conditioned reflex development occurred in rats subjected to a long-term action of a negative-emotional factor--neighbour-rat's reaction to pain. Benactyzine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and sodium hydroxybutyrate improved the formation of defense conditioned reflex during this form of neurosis. Trioxazin, trifluoperazine, and amphetamine produced no such effect. The proposed model of experimental neurosis can be used to reveal the tranquilizing activity of psychotropic drugs.", "PMID": 560227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4141", "title": "[Primary and secondary immune response in animals following spontaneous loss of tolerance].", "content": "Mice subjected to tolerogenic treatment by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and cyclophosphamide were immunized at various intervals (from 1 to 8 weeks after treatment) either by a single injection of 5 X 10(8) SRBC or by a double-injection of 1 X 10(6) SRBC. In control mice both immunization methods proved to be equally successful. In the experimental animals the immunological memory formation and/or its realization was destroyed to a greater extent and was restored more slowly than the capacity to the primary response.", "contents": "[Primary and secondary immune response in animals following spontaneous loss of tolerance]. Mice subjected to tolerogenic treatment by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and cyclophosphamide were immunized at various intervals (from 1 to 8 weeks after treatment) either by a single injection of 5 X 10(8) SRBC or by a double-injection of 1 X 10(6) SRBC. In control mice both immunization methods proved to be equally successful. In the experimental animals the immunological memory formation and/or its realization was destroyed to a greater extent and was restored more slowly than the capacity to the primary response.", "PMID": 560228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4142", "title": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) have recovered completely after intensive plasmapheresis. The mechanisms responsible for the improvement in these instances are most likely related to the removal of an inciting or damaging agent. The possibility that this agent may be an immune complex is discussed. Plasmapheresis appears to be useful therapy for some patients with this syndrome.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) have recovered completely after intensive plasmapheresis. The mechanisms responsible for the improvement in these instances are most likely related to the removal of an inciting or damaging agent. The possibility that this agent may be an immune complex is discussed. Plasmapheresis appears to be useful therapy for some patients with this syndrome.", "PMID": 560229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4143", "title": "Interactive effect of chromium compounds and a fungal parasite on carp eggs.", "content": "A fungal parasite (Saprolegniales) of carp eggs was exposed to hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds at concentrations identical to those used in a study of the effects of the same compounds on carp eggs hatchability. Comparison of data from both experiments revealed that increased egg mortality and increased fungal growth were cooupled at low concentrations of the compounds. A mechanism for the interaction of a chemical stress and a biological stress on carp egg survival in natural systems is presented.", "contents": "Interactive effect of chromium compounds and a fungal parasite on carp eggs. A fungal parasite (Saprolegniales) of carp eggs was exposed to hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds at concentrations identical to those used in a study of the effects of the same compounds on carp eggs hatchability. Comparison of data from both experiments revealed that increased egg mortality and increased fungal growth were cooupled at low concentrations of the compounds. A mechanism for the interaction of a chemical stress and a biological stress on carp egg survival in natural systems is presented.", "PMID": 560230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4144", "title": "[Prognostic significance of histological and cytological parameters in biopsies].", "content": "In cancer and precancerous conditions, cytologic and histologic investigation of biopsies can serve to establish prognosis as well as for diagnosis. All prognostic factors must be taken into account in modifying a particular tumor therapy. Additional determination of biochemical parameters on the basis of biopsy material makes it possible to characterize the biology of tumor cells with greater precision. Transplant of tumor fragments into nude mice offers a further means of investigating tumor cell properties more closely in vivo.", "contents": "[Prognostic significance of histological and cytological parameters in biopsies]. In cancer and precancerous conditions, cytologic and histologic investigation of biopsies can serve to establish prognosis as well as for diagnosis. All prognostic factors must be taken into account in modifying a particular tumor therapy. Additional determination of biochemical parameters on the basis of biopsy material makes it possible to characterize the biology of tumor cells with greater precision. Transplant of tumor fragments into nude mice offers a further means of investigating tumor cell properties more closely in vivo.", "PMID": 560232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4145", "title": "Sex differences in the distribution of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors in rat brain and pituitary: effects of gonadectomy and neonatal androgen treatment.", "content": "High affinity binding of 17 beta-oestradiol was measured in cytosols of hypothalamus, amygdaloid region, pituitary and (in females) uterus of adult male and female rats. There were no differences between intact or gonadectomised male and female animals in any of the tissues in the equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd). The number of available binding sites (n) in brain and pituitary in intact females at metoestrus is higher than at proestrus but only in hypothalamus is n greater than in ovariectomised animals. Binding sites in male hypothalamus, amygdala and pituitary are significantly less than in metoestrous females; the sex difference is seen also in gonadectomised rats but is significant only in pituitary. In all female animals the highest concentration of binding sites in the hypothalamus is in the anterior part and the lowest in the posterior part. The distribution of binding sites and Kd values in adult females treated neonatally with testosterone propionate were not different from those of intact proestrous rats. In intact males the highest level of n was in mid-hypothalamus; after gonadectomy the pattern reverted to that in females. It is suggest that these results support the concept that testicular androgen is conversted in brain to a substance with affinity for cytosol oestrogen receptor.", "contents": "Sex differences in the distribution of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptors in rat brain and pituitary: effects of gonadectomy and neonatal androgen treatment. High affinity binding of 17 beta-oestradiol was measured in cytosols of hypothalamus, amygdaloid region, pituitary and (in females) uterus of adult male and female rats. There were no differences between intact or gonadectomised male and female animals in any of the tissues in the equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd). The number of available binding sites (n) in brain and pituitary in intact females at metoestrus is higher than at proestrus but only in hypothalamus is n greater than in ovariectomised animals. Binding sites in male hypothalamus, amygdala and pituitary are significantly less than in metoestrous females; the sex difference is seen also in gonadectomised rats but is significant only in pituitary. In all female animals the highest concentration of binding sites in the hypothalamus is in the anterior part and the lowest in the posterior part. The distribution of binding sites and Kd values in adult females treated neonatally with testosterone propionate were not different from those of intact proestrous rats. In intact males the highest level of n was in mid-hypothalamus; after gonadectomy the pattern reverted to that in females. It is suggest that these results support the concept that testicular androgen is conversted in brain to a substance with affinity for cytosol oestrogen receptor.", "PMID": 560238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4146", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in mouse L cells temperature sensitive in nuclear DNA replication.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive (ts) A 1S9 mouse L cells continue to synthesize double-stranded covalently closed mitochondrial (mt) DNA at a temperature (38.5 degrees C) which is nonpermissive for chromosomal DNA replication. The amount of mt DNA made appears to be quantitatively linked to nuclear DNA synthesis. Nuclear DNA replication proceeds normally for 6-8 h after the cells are shifted to 38.5 degrees C, and then declines to reach a minimum at 20-24 h. The level of mt DNA synthesis remains high during this period and decreases once the ts lesion has been established.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in mouse L cells temperature sensitive in nuclear DNA replication. Temperature-sensitive (ts) A 1S9 mouse L cells continue to synthesize double-stranded covalently closed mitochondrial (mt) DNA at a temperature (38.5 degrees C) which is nonpermissive for chromosomal DNA replication. The amount of mt DNA made appears to be quantitatively linked to nuclear DNA synthesis. Nuclear DNA replication proceeds normally for 6-8 h after the cells are shifted to 38.5 degrees C, and then declines to reach a minimum at 20-24 h. The level of mt DNA synthesis remains high during this period and decreases once the ts lesion has been established.", "PMID": 560242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4147", "title": "Kinetics of the hydrolysis of cellulose by beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase of Trichoderma viride.", "content": "The cellulolytic enzyme beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase (CBH) has been isolated from the crude mixture of cellulase enzymes of Trichoderma viride by gel filtration and ion-exchange methods, and some aspects of its kinetic behaviour have been examined. Studies of the initial rates of the CBH-catalyzed production of cellobiose from fibrous alpha-cellulose show that (i) the dissociation constant for cellobiose competitive product inhibition of the reaction is Ki = (1.13 +/- 0.37) X 10(-3) M, (ii) the adsorption of CBH on fibrous alpha-cellulose and its subsequent reaction conform to kinetic equations developed in conjunction with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, (iii) the rate-pH curve has a maximum at pH 5.2 and decreases at higher and lower pH values, exhibiting enzyme pK values of 3.8 and 6.5, and (iv) the energy of activation of the overall reaction between 5 and 60 degrees C is 5.3 +/- 0.3 kcal mol-1 at pH 5.2. Studies of the time course of the reaction over extended periods of time up to 40% hydrolysis of the cellulose show that (v) the data fit better to a competitive product inhibition model than to models of anticompetitive product inhibition or noncompetitive product inhibition.", "contents": "Kinetics of the hydrolysis of cellulose by beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase of Trichoderma viride. The cellulolytic enzyme beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase (CBH) has been isolated from the crude mixture of cellulase enzymes of Trichoderma viride by gel filtration and ion-exchange methods, and some aspects of its kinetic behaviour have been examined. Studies of the initial rates of the CBH-catalyzed production of cellobiose from fibrous alpha-cellulose show that (i) the dissociation constant for cellobiose competitive product inhibition of the reaction is Ki = (1.13 +/- 0.37) X 10(-3) M, (ii) the adsorption of CBH on fibrous alpha-cellulose and its subsequent reaction conform to kinetic equations developed in conjunction with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, (iii) the rate-pH curve has a maximum at pH 5.2 and decreases at higher and lower pH values, exhibiting enzyme pK values of 3.8 and 6.5, and (iv) the energy of activation of the overall reaction between 5 and 60 degrees C is 5.3 +/- 0.3 kcal mol-1 at pH 5.2. Studies of the time course of the reaction over extended periods of time up to 40% hydrolysis of the cellulose show that (v) the data fit better to a competitive product inhibition model than to models of anticompetitive product inhibition or noncompetitive product inhibition.", "PMID": 560243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4148", "title": "Factors in the survival of stored corneas.", "content": "In studying the survival of stored corneas we wished to know if excising the cornea was the most critical step or if one storage medium was superior to another. Rabbit corneas were excised and stored in various media at 4 degrees C or 23 degrees C for four days. The storage media included M-K medium, balanced salt solution (BSS) and 10(-8)M concentration of hydrocortisone in M-K medium and BSS. Comparisons were made by measuring acid phosphatase as an index of autolysis. Results showed a reduced amount of autolysis at 4 degrees C as compared to 23 degrees C. No statistical difference between M-K medium and BSS was seen but steroid decreased autolysis. M-K medium plus hydrocortisone seemed to be the best of the solutions studied, but removal of the cornea seemed to be the most important factor in its survival.", "contents": "Factors in the survival of stored corneas. In studying the survival of stored corneas we wished to know if excising the cornea was the most critical step or if one storage medium was superior to another. Rabbit corneas were excised and stored in various media at 4 degrees C or 23 degrees C for four days. The storage media included M-K medium, balanced salt solution (BSS) and 10(-8)M concentration of hydrocortisone in M-K medium and BSS. Comparisons were made by measuring acid phosphatase as an index of autolysis. Results showed a reduced amount of autolysis at 4 degrees C as compared to 23 degrees C. No statistical difference between M-K medium and BSS was seen but steroid decreased autolysis. M-K medium plus hydrocortisone seemed to be the best of the solutions studied, but removal of the cornea seemed to be the most important factor in its survival.", "PMID": 560244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4149", "title": "[Role of photocoagulation in central serous choroidopathy].", "content": "We reviewed thirty-two cases of central serous choroidopathy and retained twenty-five for a twelve-month study of the natural history of this disease. The main conclusions are that the disease is benign and self-limited; it sometimes leaves sequelae such as subnormal visual acuity because of faveolar leak through Bruch's membrane; photocoagulation is useful only in a minority of cases.", "contents": "[Role of photocoagulation in central serous choroidopathy]. We reviewed thirty-two cases of central serous choroidopathy and retained twenty-five for a twelve-month study of the natural history of this disease. The main conclusions are that the disease is benign and self-limited; it sometimes leaves sequelae such as subnormal visual acuity because of faveolar leak through Bruch's membrane; photocoagulation is useful only in a minority of cases.", "PMID": 560245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4150", "title": "Clinical studies of cancer etiology.", "content": "Clues to causes of cancer in man can be identified through clinical observation of patients. Alert practitioners have, for example, recently discovered carcinogenic effects of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride and of diethylstilbestrol therapy during gestation. Clinical case studies have also clarified the role of host susceptibility in development of cancer. In most instances, validity of initial clinical observations was established by more detailed epidemiologic and laboratory studies. Clinicians can contribute to carcinogenesis studies by being alert to causes of cancer in their patients, and by referring exceptional observations to clinical epidemiologists and basic scientists for further study. Knowledge of risk factors can be applied to cancer prevention and early detection.", "contents": "Clinical studies of cancer etiology. Clues to causes of cancer in man can be identified through clinical observation of patients. Alert practitioners have, for example, recently discovered carcinogenic effects of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride and of diethylstilbestrol therapy during gestation. Clinical case studies have also clarified the role of host susceptibility in development of cancer. In most instances, validity of initial clinical observations was established by more detailed epidemiologic and laboratory studies. Clinicians can contribute to carcinogenesis studies by being alert to causes of cancer in their patients, and by referring exceptional observations to clinical epidemiologists and basic scientists for further study. Knowledge of risk factors can be applied to cancer prevention and early detection.", "PMID": 560247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4151", "title": "Antimitotic and antitubulin activity of the tumor inhibitor steganacin.", "content": "Steganacin, a newly isolated tumor inhibitor, completely inhibits cleavage in sea urchin eggs at 3 X 10(-7) M by preventing the formation of the mitotic apparatus. Steganacin inhibits the polymerization of tubulin in vitro and also causes a slow depolymerization of preformed microtubules. Optical ultracentrifuge studies of steganacin-treated tubulin show a small reduction in 20 S and 30 S peaks at 0 degree. In electron microscope studies the ring structure of tubulin is seen at 0 degree but disappears if the temperature of tubulin incubated with steganacin is raised to 37 degrees. Steganacin inhibits the binding of colchicine to tubulin and thus resembles podophyllotoxin, which also competitively inhibits colchicine binding. Steganacin had a trimethoxybenzene ring and probably interacts with that portion of the colchicine-binding site that recognizes the trimethoxybenzene ring of colchicine.", "contents": "Antimitotic and antitubulin activity of the tumor inhibitor steganacin. Steganacin, a newly isolated tumor inhibitor, completely inhibits cleavage in sea urchin eggs at 3 X 10(-7) M by preventing the formation of the mitotic apparatus. Steganacin inhibits the polymerization of tubulin in vitro and also causes a slow depolymerization of preformed microtubules. Optical ultracentrifuge studies of steganacin-treated tubulin show a small reduction in 20 S and 30 S peaks at 0 degree. In electron microscope studies the ring structure of tubulin is seen at 0 degree but disappears if the temperature of tubulin incubated with steganacin is raised to 37 degrees. Steganacin inhibits the binding of colchicine to tubulin and thus resembles podophyllotoxin, which also competitively inhibits colchicine binding. Steganacin had a trimethoxybenzene ring and probably interacts with that portion of the colchicine-binding site that recognizes the trimethoxybenzene ring of colchicine.", "PMID": 560248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4152", "title": "Partial synchronization of L1210 cells by 5-fluorouracil and its use in drug combinations.", "content": "When L1210 cells growing logarithmically were exposed for 8 hr to a nonlethal dose of 5-fluorouracil (FU) (0.25 microgram/ml), the percentage of cells in S phase increased from 74.9% in the asynchronous culture to 93% in the FU-treated culture. This resulted in increased cell-kill by S-phase-specific inhibitors [1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), 5-hydroxy-2-formylpyridinethiosemicarbazone] when they were added to a culture partially synchronized by pretreatment with FU. For example, 2 hr exposure to ara-C alone or ara-C plus FU (added simultaneously to asynchronous culture) gave 28.8 and 25.8% survival, respectively, compared to 6.8% survival when ara-C was added for 2 hr to the partially synchronized culture. Eight to 12 hr after FU removal, the culture became asynchronous, such that ara-C addition at this time did not result in increased cell-kill. Cultures pretreated with FU were also highly sensitive to vincristine and Adriamycin. Adriamycin acted synergistically with FU (after 8 hr pretreatment) in killing L1210 cells.", "contents": "Partial synchronization of L1210 cells by 5-fluorouracil and its use in drug combinations. When L1210 cells growing logarithmically were exposed for 8 hr to a nonlethal dose of 5-fluorouracil (FU) (0.25 microgram/ml), the percentage of cells in S phase increased from 74.9% in the asynchronous culture to 93% in the FU-treated culture. This resulted in increased cell-kill by S-phase-specific inhibitors [1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), 5-hydroxy-2-formylpyridinethiosemicarbazone] when they were added to a culture partially synchronized by pretreatment with FU. For example, 2 hr exposure to ara-C alone or ara-C plus FU (added simultaneously to asynchronous culture) gave 28.8 and 25.8% survival, respectively, compared to 6.8% survival when ara-C was added for 2 hr to the partially synchronized culture. Eight to 12 hr after FU removal, the culture became asynchronous, such that ara-C addition at this time did not result in increased cell-kill. Cultures pretreated with FU were also highly sensitive to vincristine and Adriamycin. Adriamycin acted synergistically with FU (after 8 hr pretreatment) in killing L1210 cells.", "PMID": 560250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4153", "title": "Chromosome analysis and alkaline phosphatase of C41, a cell line of human cervical origin distinct from HeLa.", "content": "The C41 cell line, which was derived from a human squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix, has been characterized by analysis of quinacrine-banded metaphase chromosomes and study of alkaline phosphatase. C41 cells have a distinctive karyotype. They are hypodiploid, with a highly characteristic series of marker chromosomes, most of them derived by translocation or deletion. They contain no HeLa cell marker chromosomes, and the cell line shows no evidence of HeLa cell contamination. Nevertheless, the C41 and the HeLa cell line, both derived from cervix cancer, although of a different histological type, produce similar alkaline phosphatases. The enzyme is heat stable (placental type), is inhibited by L-phenylalanine, and responds to the inducing effects of prednisolone and/or hyperosmolality.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis and alkaline phosphatase of C41, a cell line of human cervical origin distinct from HeLa. The C41 cell line, which was derived from a human squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix, has been characterized by analysis of quinacrine-banded metaphase chromosomes and study of alkaline phosphatase. C41 cells have a distinctive karyotype. They are hypodiploid, with a highly characteristic series of marker chromosomes, most of them derived by translocation or deletion. They contain no HeLa cell marker chromosomes, and the cell line shows no evidence of HeLa cell contamination. Nevertheless, the C41 and the HeLa cell line, both derived from cervix cancer, although of a different histological type, produce similar alkaline phosphatases. The enzyme is heat stable (placental type), is inhibited by L-phenylalanine, and responds to the inducing effects of prednisolone and/or hyperosmolality.", "PMID": 560251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4154", "title": "Effects of promoters on DNA synthesis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The synthesis of DNA has been studied by autoradiography and by measurements of tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation in cultured C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts. The cells were first treated with 3-methylcholanthrene as an initiator and then with promoters according to schedules that produce oncogenic transformation. The levels of 3-methylcholanthrene used did not affect the growth or [3H]TdR incorporation of the cells. Treatment during the log phase of growth with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, phorbol didecanoate, or 4alpha-phorbol didecanoate produced a transient inhibition of [3H]TdR incorporation with the maximum at 12 hr after treatment. This resulted in a temporary delay of growth followed by recovery of the normal cell-doubling time. Phorbol did not produce these effects, suggesting that the inhibition of DNA synthesis is associated with the process of promotion. Although treatment of the cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate during stationary phase resulted in a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of [3H]TdR incorporation, multiple treatments spanning log and stationary phases were found to be necessary for promotion.", "contents": "Effects of promoters on DNA synthesis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts. The synthesis of DNA has been studied by autoradiography and by measurements of tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation in cultured C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts. The cells were first treated with 3-methylcholanthrene as an initiator and then with promoters according to schedules that produce oncogenic transformation. The levels of 3-methylcholanthrene used did not affect the growth or [3H]TdR incorporation of the cells. Treatment during the log phase of growth with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, phorbol didecanoate, or 4alpha-phorbol didecanoate produced a transient inhibition of [3H]TdR incorporation with the maximum at 12 hr after treatment. This resulted in a temporary delay of growth followed by recovery of the normal cell-doubling time. Phorbol did not produce these effects, suggesting that the inhibition of DNA synthesis is associated with the process of promotion. Although treatment of the cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate during stationary phase resulted in a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of [3H]TdR incorporation, multiple treatments spanning log and stationary phases were found to be necessary for promotion.", "PMID": 560252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4155", "title": "DNA repair in V-79 cells treated with combinations of ultraviolet radiation and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "Earlier experiments on human cells showed that N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene mimics ultraviolet radiation in biological and repair characteristics and that the amount of repair from a combined treatment was additive. Chinese hamster V-79 cells are less proficient than human cells in excision repair of pyrimidine dimers resulting from irradiation. We therefore investigated the combined effects of both agents on repair in V-79 cells to see whether they follow the same pattern as in human cells. They did not. Measurements of unscheduled DNA synthesis and the photolysis of DNA repaired in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine gave information about repair due to both agents, and the use of an endonuclease in an extract of Micrococcus luteus allowed us to measure repair of only ultraviolet damage in the presence of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene damage. Each technique indicated that the amount of repair from a combined treatment was less than additive and in some cases less than that due to either agent. We conclude that V-79 cells are different from human fibroblasts in the excision repair of both ultraviolet and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene damage and suggest that both kinds of damages inhibit repair of damage due to the other agent.", "contents": "DNA repair in V-79 cells treated with combinations of ultraviolet radiation and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Earlier experiments on human cells showed that N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene mimics ultraviolet radiation in biological and repair characteristics and that the amount of repair from a combined treatment was additive. Chinese hamster V-79 cells are less proficient than human cells in excision repair of pyrimidine dimers resulting from irradiation. We therefore investigated the combined effects of both agents on repair in V-79 cells to see whether they follow the same pattern as in human cells. They did not. Measurements of unscheduled DNA synthesis and the photolysis of DNA repaired in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine gave information about repair due to both agents, and the use of an endonuclease in an extract of Micrococcus luteus allowed us to measure repair of only ultraviolet damage in the presence of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene damage. Each technique indicated that the amount of repair from a combined treatment was less than additive and in some cases less than that due to either agent. We conclude that V-79 cells are different from human fibroblasts in the excision repair of both ultraviolet and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene damage and suggest that both kinds of damages inhibit repair of damage due to the other agent.", "PMID": 560253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4156", "title": "Effects of ethidium and isometamidium on adenosine triphosphate catabolism and purine nucleotide synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "Ethidium and isometamidium induce the breakdown of intracellular adenosine triphosphate in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells incubated in vitro. Ethidium induces appreciable adenosine triphosphate breakdown only when cells are incubated without glucose, whereas isometamidium produces this effect both in the presence and absence of glucose. In cells treated with isometamidium, purine nucleoside monophosphates accumulate, whereas these are mostly dephosphorylated when ethidium is used. Both ethidium and isometamidium inhibit purine nucleotide synthesis and incorporation of precursors into nucleic acids, although the magnitudes of these effects varied with the precursor used. Isometamidium inhibited the conversion of inosinate to adenine and guanine nucleotides, and both compounds partially inhibited the accumulation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate.", "contents": "Effects of ethidium and isometamidium on adenosine triphosphate catabolism and purine nucleotide synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Ethidium and isometamidium induce the breakdown of intracellular adenosine triphosphate in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells incubated in vitro. Ethidium induces appreciable adenosine triphosphate breakdown only when cells are incubated without glucose, whereas isometamidium produces this effect both in the presence and absence of glucose. In cells treated with isometamidium, purine nucleoside monophosphates accumulate, whereas these are mostly dephosphorylated when ethidium is used. Both ethidium and isometamidium inhibit purine nucleotide synthesis and incorporation of precursors into nucleic acids, although the magnitudes of these effects varied with the precursor used. Isometamidium inhibited the conversion of inosinate to adenine and guanine nucleotides, and both compounds partially inhibited the accumulation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate.", "PMID": 560254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4157", "title": "Synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in full-grown oocytes of Xenopus laevis (Daudin).", "content": "At various times following injection of either 3H-GTP or 32PO4 into full-grown (stage 6) Xenopus laevis oocytes, RNA has been extracted and fractionated on polyacrylamide gels. Based on size, base composition and incorporation data, we have defined  the kinetics of synthesis and accumulation of ribosomal RNA (40S, 28S, 18S), heterogeneous RNA of high molecular weight (greater than 40S) and heterogeneous RNA migrating with molecular weights of from 4S to 40S. Nuclear isolations have been performed to determine the cellular distribution of these classes of RNA as a function of time. Evidence is presented which shows that stage 6 oocytes synthesize RNA which by virtue of its size, base composition, rapid turnover and nuclear location is equivalent to the heterogeneous nuclear RNA observed in somatic cells. In addition, the data suggest synthesis of a class of nuclear RNA with a half-life of several hours. A small fraction (5%) of the nuclear RNA is stable, enters the cytoplasm and may represent RNA  added to the stockpile of maternal transcripts known to be present in stage 6 oocytes.", "contents": "Synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in full-grown oocytes of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). At various times following injection of either 3H-GTP or 32PO4 into full-grown (stage 6) Xenopus laevis oocytes, RNA has been extracted and fractionated on polyacrylamide gels. Based on size, base composition and incorporation data, we have defined  the kinetics of synthesis and accumulation of ribosomal RNA (40S, 28S, 18S), heterogeneous RNA of high molecular weight (greater than 40S) and heterogeneous RNA migrating with molecular weights of from 4S to 40S. Nuclear isolations have been performed to determine the cellular distribution of these classes of RNA as a function of time. Evidence is presented which shows that stage 6 oocytes synthesize RNA which by virtue of its size, base composition, rapid turnover and nuclear location is equivalent to the heterogeneous nuclear RNA observed in somatic cells. In addition, the data suggest synthesis of a class of nuclear RNA with a half-life of several hours. A small fraction (5%) of the nuclear RNA is stable, enters the cytoplasm and may represent RNA  added to the stockpile of maternal transcripts known to be present in stage 6 oocytes.", "PMID": 560257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4158", "title": "The dynamics of maternal poly(A)-containing mRNA in fertilized sea urchin eggs.", "content": "Cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA with the characteristics of sequestered mRNA exists in the unfertilized sea urchin egg. Following egg activation, the amount of poly(A) doubles, but total RNA content stays constant. Chromatography of the RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose shows that the amount of RNA that bears a poly(A) tract increases slightly (approximately 20-30%) during the 2 hr after fertilization. When a cDNA transcript of the poly(A)+ mRNA from 2 hr zygotes is reacted against poly(A)+ RNA from either eggs or zygotes, the kinetics of reassociation of the two preparations seem identical; hence the RNA sequences bearing poly(A) are the same in eggs and zygotes. Measurement of the length of the poly(A) tract in eggs and zygotes shows an increase in number average length from about 45 bases to 60 bases. Measurement of tract length of poly(A) in two cell zygotes by adenosine/AMP ratios of radioactive RNA shows that the poly(A) tract of the zygote is solely accounted for radioactive RNA, indicating extensive turnover of the poly(A). It is concluded that the poly(A) tract in these cells is subject to both lengthening and shortening, with the former predominating in this instance. the increase in poly(A) does not involve polyadenylation of different sequences, but is due to an increase in the number of polyadenylated sequences and the length of the poly(A) tracts that they bear.", "contents": "The dynamics of maternal poly(A)-containing mRNA in fertilized sea urchin eggs. Cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA with the characteristics of sequestered mRNA exists in the unfertilized sea urchin egg. Following egg activation, the amount of poly(A) doubles, but total RNA content stays constant. Chromatography of the RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose shows that the amount of RNA that bears a poly(A) tract increases slightly (approximately 20-30%) during the 2 hr after fertilization. When a cDNA transcript of the poly(A)+ mRNA from 2 hr zygotes is reacted against poly(A)+ RNA from either eggs or zygotes, the kinetics of reassociation of the two preparations seem identical; hence the RNA sequences bearing poly(A) are the same in eggs and zygotes. Measurement of the length of the poly(A) tract in eggs and zygotes shows an increase in number average length from about 45 bases to 60 bases. Measurement of tract length of poly(A) in two cell zygotes by adenosine/AMP ratios of radioactive RNA shows that the poly(A) tract of the zygote is solely accounted for radioactive RNA, indicating extensive turnover of the poly(A). It is concluded that the poly(A) tract in these cells is subject to both lengthening and shortening, with the former predominating in this instance. the increase in poly(A) does not involve polyadenylation of different sequences, but is due to an increase in the number of polyadenylated sequences and the length of the poly(A) tracts that they bear.", "PMID": 560258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4159", "title": "Subcellular compartmentation of albumin and globin made in oocytes under the direction of injected messenger RNA.", "content": "The Xenopus oocyte can be used to study the nature and specificity of the translational and post-translational systems of a normal living cell. We describe experiments combining messenger RNA microinjection and subcellular fractionation. Total Xenopus liver RNA directs the synthesis of albumin and vitellogenin contained within membrane vesicles; similarly, guinea pig mammary gland mRNA codes for membrane-bound protease-resistant milk proteins. In contrast, iodinated albumin protein injected into oocytes remains in the supernatant fraction, as does globin made on mRNA. The information encoded in the albumin messenger is therefore sufficient to specify synthesis of a membrane-bound product; moreoever, this highly efficient coupled translation-processing system may be of use in the study of the transfer of newly made proteins across membranes. A significant proportion (up to 20%) of newly made oocyte proteins enter a light membrane fraction, and many remain there. We speculate that these vesicles represent part of an important storage system.", "contents": "Subcellular compartmentation of albumin and globin made in oocytes under the direction of injected messenger RNA. The Xenopus oocyte can be used to study the nature and specificity of the translational and post-translational systems of a normal living cell. We describe experiments combining messenger RNA microinjection and subcellular fractionation. Total Xenopus liver RNA directs the synthesis of albumin and vitellogenin contained within membrane vesicles; similarly, guinea pig mammary gland mRNA codes for membrane-bound protease-resistant milk proteins. In contrast, iodinated albumin protein injected into oocytes remains in the supernatant fraction, as does globin made on mRNA. The information encoded in the albumin messenger is therefore sufficient to specify synthesis of a membrane-bound product; moreoever, this highly efficient coupled translation-processing system may be of use in the study of the transfer of newly made proteins across membranes. A significant proportion (up to 20%) of newly made oocyte proteins enter a light membrane fraction, and many remain there. We speculate that these vesicles represent part of an important storage system.", "PMID": 560259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4160", "title": "DNA replication during muscle cell differentiation: identification of multiple DNA-dependent DNA polymerases.", "content": "DNA-dependent DNA polymerases have been studied during chick embryo muscle differentiation in vitro. The total activity, extracted at both low and high ionic strengths, does not change throughout the differentiative process, although DNA synthesis stops at the moment of fusion. Analyses by glycerol gradient centrifugation of the extracts at low and high ionic strengths show two major DNA polymerase forms, one sedimenting at 7.5 S and another at 3-4 S. Both enzymes are present in similar amounts in duplicating myoblasts and in post-mitotic myotubes. These data suggest that the arrest of DNA synthesis which accompanies myoblast differentiation is not dependent on the disappearance or decrease of the major DNA polymerase activities described.", "contents": "DNA replication during muscle cell differentiation: identification of multiple DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. DNA-dependent DNA polymerases have been studied during chick embryo muscle differentiation in vitro. The total activity, extracted at both low and high ionic strengths, does not change throughout the differentiative process, although DNA synthesis stops at the moment of fusion. Analyses by glycerol gradient centrifugation of the extracts at low and high ionic strengths show two major DNA polymerase forms, one sedimenting at 7.5 S and another at 3-4 S. Both enzymes are present in similar amounts in duplicating myoblasts and in post-mitotic myotubes. These data suggest that the arrest of DNA synthesis which accompanies myoblast differentiation is not dependent on the disappearance or decrease of the major DNA polymerase activities described.", "PMID": 560260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4161", "title": "Angled views in cineangiocardiography of congenital heart disease.", "content": "Simple and compound sagittally angled views of the heart obtained cineangiocardiographically with a parallelographic U-arm device were evaluated clinically in 132 patients with congenital heart disease. The principle advantage of the apparatus was the case with which axial and oblique projections were obtained without repositioning of the patient, although rotation and angulation of the image intensifier-X-ray tube unit resulted in some increase in scattered radiation. Certain angled views, particularly the 40 degree cranial and the compound 25 degrees cranial/70 degrees left oblique projections, were better than standard frontal and lateral views for visualization of pulmonary arteries in the mediastinum, in ventricular septal defects and anomalies of the left ventricular outflow tract.", "contents": "Angled views in cineangiocardiography of congenital heart disease. Simple and compound sagittally angled views of the heart obtained cineangiocardiographically with a parallelographic U-arm device were evaluated clinically in 132 patients with congenital heart disease. The principle advantage of the apparatus was the case with which axial and oblique projections were obtained without repositioning of the patient, although rotation and angulation of the image intensifier-X-ray tube unit resulted in some increase in scattered radiation. Certain angled views, particularly the 40 degree cranial and the compound 25 degrees cranial/70 degrees left oblique projections, were better than standard frontal and lateral views for visualization of pulmonary arteries in the mediastinum, in ventricular septal defects and anomalies of the left ventricular outflow tract.", "PMID": 560261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4162", "title": "Surgical treatment of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Postoperative results in 30 patients following ventricular septal myotomy and myectomy (Morrow procedure).", "content": "Since 1971 we have employed the Morrow procedure in 30 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). All manifested obstruction to left ventricular outflow either at rest or with provocation (Valsalva) and 17 had moderate or severe mitral regurgitation. There were no operative deaths. Obstruction was abolished in all patients except one in whom a trivial 15-mm pressure gradient persisted, and all patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation evidenced marked amelioration of the mitral regurgitation. Distinct symptomatic improvement has been experienced by all patients, and 20 are entirely asymptomatic postoperatively. No patient has experienced syncope postoperatively although 15 experienced syncope before operation. In 12 patients the electrocardiogram recorded postoperatively was essentially unchanged from the preoperative record. In 16 patients a left anterior hemiblock was apparent postoperatively. In one patient a complete left bundle branch block appeared postoperatively and one patient demonstrated Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. One patient died suddenly and unexpectedly 2 years following operation. This patient continued to have palpitations after operation although all other symptoms as well as the left ventricular outflow obstruction were abolished by operation. It is suggested that propranalol administration be continued postoperatively in those patients experiencing palpitations or manifesting arrhythmias. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy dislocates the cardiac apex and papillary muscles anteriosuperiorly producing abnormal systolic anterior mitral leaflet mition. The Morrow procedure restores more normal ventricular geometry and thereby eliminates the pathophysiological mechanism of obstruction and mitral regurgitation. The myotomies and myectomy should be extended far inferior through the entire width of the septum onto the free lateral ventricular wall. The procedure can be accomplished easily and safely through a transaortic approach. Since the operative risk at present appears to be negligible, prosthetic material is not required, and the risk of significant injury to the conduction tissue is small, we feel the current status of surgery for IHSS is such that the Morrow procedure should be performed earlier in the course of patients with IHSS manifesting obstruction or mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Postoperative results in 30 patients following ventricular septal myotomy and myectomy (Morrow procedure). Since 1971 we have employed the Morrow procedure in 30 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). All manifested obstruction to left ventricular outflow either at rest or with provocation (Valsalva) and 17 had moderate or severe mitral regurgitation. There were no operative deaths. Obstruction was abolished in all patients except one in whom a trivial 15-mm pressure gradient persisted, and all patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation evidenced marked amelioration of the mitral regurgitation. Distinct symptomatic improvement has been experienced by all patients, and 20 are entirely asymptomatic postoperatively. No patient has experienced syncope postoperatively although 15 experienced syncope before operation. In 12 patients the electrocardiogram recorded postoperatively was essentially unchanged from the preoperative record. In 16 patients a left anterior hemiblock was apparent postoperatively. In one patient a complete left bundle branch block appeared postoperatively and one patient demonstrated Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. One patient died suddenly and unexpectedly 2 years following operation. This patient continued to have palpitations after operation although all other symptoms as well as the left ventricular outflow obstruction were abolished by operation. It is suggested that propranalol administration be continued postoperatively in those patients experiencing palpitations or manifesting arrhythmias. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy dislocates the cardiac apex and papillary muscles anteriosuperiorly producing abnormal systolic anterior mitral leaflet mition. The Morrow procedure restores more normal ventricular geometry and thereby eliminates the pathophysiological mechanism of obstruction and mitral regurgitation. The myotomies and myectomy should be extended far inferior through the entire width of the septum onto the free lateral ventricular wall. The procedure can be accomplished easily and safely through a transaortic approach. Since the operative risk at present appears to be negligible, prosthetic material is not required, and the risk of significant injury to the conduction tissue is small, we feel the current status of surgery for IHSS is such that the Morrow procedure should be performed earlier in the course of patients with IHSS manifesting obstruction or mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 560262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4163", "title": "The radioimmunoassay of human lactalbumin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of human lactalbumin, using the protein isolated in pure form from breast milk. Under disequilibrium conditions with second antibody separation the system will detect 20 pg of lactalbumin. Lactalbumin is detectable in the serum of approximately a third of normal male subjects; among women theproportion having measurable serum levels is age-related. Very much higher levels are present in the serum of lactating women.", "contents": "The radioimmunoassay of human lactalbumin. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of human lactalbumin, using the protein isolated in pure form from breast milk. Under disequilibrium conditions with second antibody separation the system will detect 20 pg of lactalbumin. Lactalbumin is detectable in the serum of approximately a third of normal male subjects; among women theproportion having measurable serum levels is age-related. Very much higher levels are present in the serum of lactating women.", "PMID": 560263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4164", "title": "Clinical picture of orf in Northern California.", "content": "Eighteen cases of orf are reported, six with multiple lesions and twelve with only one. Iridoform bullae were seen in every case, and untraumatized lesions healed without scar. The fingers and hands were involved in fourteen instances, the remainder occurring on the forearms, nose, forehead, and eyelid. Lack of systemic symptoms was usual, although several patients had regional adenopathy, malaise, and fever. Treatment was purely symptomatic, and x-ray therapy was not effective.", "contents": "Clinical picture of orf in Northern California. Eighteen cases of orf are reported, six with multiple lesions and twelve with only one. Iridoform bullae were seen in every case, and untraumatized lesions healed without scar. The fingers and hands were involved in fourteen instances, the remainder occurring on the forearms, nose, forehead, and eyelid. Lack of systemic symptoms was usual, although several patients had regional adenopathy, malaise, and fever. Treatment was purely symptomatic, and x-ray therapy was not effective.", "PMID": 560287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4165", "title": "[Clinical aspects, radiology and therapy of angiosarcoma of the breast gland].", "content": "A case of angiosarcoma of the breast is described. The problems of clinical appearance, roentgenology and therapy are discussed. The case described is similar to those seen in the literature, of which 44 cases are known in the literature. Problems of diagnosis even during surgery are evident.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects, radiology and therapy of angiosarcoma of the breast gland]. A case of angiosarcoma of the breast is described. The problems of clinical appearance, roentgenology and therapy are discussed. The case described is similar to those seen in the literature, of which 44 cases are known in the literature. Problems of diagnosis even during surgery are evident.", "PMID": 560289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4166", "title": "Laser application to the angle structures in rabbits, cats, and in human glaucomatous eyes.", "content": "Argon laser lesions were induced to the structures of the anterior chamber angle in rabbits and cats and in a pre-enucleated infant's eye. Histopathological changes at different follow-up periods were analyzed. The argon laser beam was also applied to 28 uncontrolled glaucomatous eyes. Twenty-five eyes responded by an abrupt hypotensive effect, but in 21 of them, elevated pressure recurred after 20 to 40 days. Eight eyes maintained low intraocular pressure throughout the 12 to 20 month follow-up period. Of these, 3 were eyes of babies with congenital glaucoma, and 3 had simple glaucoma following an unsuccessful filtering operation. Seven eyes were medically controlled postoperatively and 13 eyes were failures which had to undergo further surgery.", "contents": "Laser application to the angle structures in rabbits, cats, and in human glaucomatous eyes. Argon laser lesions were induced to the structures of the anterior chamber angle in rabbits and cats and in a pre-enucleated infant's eye. Histopathological changes at different follow-up periods were analyzed. The argon laser beam was also applied to 28 uncontrolled glaucomatous eyes. Twenty-five eyes responded by an abrupt hypotensive effect, but in 21 of them, elevated pressure recurred after 20 to 40 days. Eight eyes maintained low intraocular pressure throughout the 12 to 20 month follow-up period. Of these, 3 were eyes of babies with congenital glaucoma, and 3 had simple glaucoma following an unsuccessful filtering operation. Seven eyes were medically controlled postoperatively and 13 eyes were failures which had to undergo further surgery.", "PMID": 560290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4167", "title": "Drug-seeking behavior in the dog: lack of effect of prior passive dependence on morphine.", "content": "Twelve dogs were made dependent on morphine (20 mg/kg per 24 hours) by intravenous passive administration of the drug. Six were gradually withdrawn and six were withdrawn abruptly. Subsequent tests for self-administration of morphine began within 8 to 18 weeks after morphine was last administered passively. Morphine was available for self-administration at several unit dose levels for 8 weeks. In comparison with control dogs administered with saline, there was no evidence that prior dependence on morphine influences subsequent self-administration of morphine, or that morphine is a primary reinforcer for dogs. Possible implications of these and related observations are discussed.", "contents": "Drug-seeking behavior in the dog: lack of effect of prior passive dependence on morphine. Twelve dogs were made dependent on morphine (20 mg/kg per 24 hours) by intravenous passive administration of the drug. Six were gradually withdrawn and six were withdrawn abruptly. Subsequent tests for self-administration of morphine began within 8 to 18 weeks after morphine was last administered passively. Morphine was available for self-administration at several unit dose levels for 8 weeks. In comparison with control dogs administered with saline, there was no evidence that prior dependence on morphine influences subsequent self-administration of morphine, or that morphine is a primary reinforcer for dogs. Possible implications of these and related observations are discussed.", "PMID": 560293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4168", "title": "L-Dopa inhibits prolactin secretion in proestrous rats.", "content": "Female rats received an ip injection of L-dopa on the afternoon of proestrus. L-Dopa reduced serum prolactin concentrations within 1 h, whether administered just prior to, or during, the normal surge in serum hormone level. This inhibition lasted for 2-3 h, after which serum prolactin concentrations rose substantially. Pretreatment of proestrous rats with MK-486, a peripheral inhibitor of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase, did not block the effect of L-dopa on serum prolactin levels. In fact, MK-486 pretreatment appeared to prolong the effectiveness of L-dopa. Pretreatment with RO4-4602 at a dose sufficient to block central decarboxylase activity, however, did prevent dopa from inhibiting the proestrous surge in serum prolactin. These data are consistent with a role for dopamine in the control of prolactin secretion and suggest that the mechanism of action of L-dopa apparently does not require peripheral decarboxylation.", "contents": "L-Dopa inhibits prolactin secretion in proestrous rats. Female rats received an ip injection of L-dopa on the afternoon of proestrus. L-Dopa reduced serum prolactin concentrations within 1 h, whether administered just prior to, or during, the normal surge in serum hormone level. This inhibition lasted for 2-3 h, after which serum prolactin concentrations rose substantially. Pretreatment of proestrous rats with MK-486, a peripheral inhibitor of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase, did not block the effect of L-dopa on serum prolactin levels. In fact, MK-486 pretreatment appeared to prolong the effectiveness of L-dopa. Pretreatment with RO4-4602 at a dose sufficient to block central decarboxylase activity, however, did prevent dopa from inhibiting the proestrous surge in serum prolactin. These data are consistent with a role for dopamine in the control of prolactin secretion and suggest that the mechanism of action of L-dopa apparently does not require peripheral decarboxylation.", "PMID": 560295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4169", "title": "Effect of melatonin administered during the night on reproductive function in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Syrian hamsters were maintained on a long photoperiod (lights on 0600-2000 h) and injected daily with melatonin (10 microgram per injection) for 6-7 weeks. Females injected at 2000 h or 0400 h ceased estrous cyclicity, and males treated similarly at these times had reduced testis weights by the sixth week of treatment. Daily administration of the same dosage of melatonin at 2400 and 0100 h failed to interrupt estrous cyclicity or reduce testis weight. These observations suggest that exogenous melatonin administered at 2000 h or 0400 h may be temporally adding to endogenous circulating melatonin, inducing gonadal quiescence.", "contents": "Effect of melatonin administered during the night on reproductive function in the Syrian hamster. Syrian hamsters were maintained on a long photoperiod (lights on 0600-2000 h) and injected daily with melatonin (10 microgram per injection) for 6-7 weeks. Females injected at 2000 h or 0400 h ceased estrous cyclicity, and males treated similarly at these times had reduced testis weights by the sixth week of treatment. Daily administration of the same dosage of melatonin at 2400 and 0100 h failed to interrupt estrous cyclicity or reduce testis weight. These observations suggest that exogenous melatonin administered at 2000 h or 0400 h may be temporally adding to endogenous circulating melatonin, inducing gonadal quiescence.", "PMID": 560297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4170", "title": "Two immunologically distinct human acidic beta-galactosidase A isozymes.", "content": "Two acidic beta-galactosidase isozymes (designated A1 and A2) were separated by isoelectric focusing from beta-galactosidase A of human liver. Kinetic studies with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside substrate revealed similar parameters for both. The Km value was 0.32 mmol/1 for A1 and 0.30 mmol/1 for A2 and Vmax values of 59.3 and mumol min-1 mg-1, respectively. The pH optimum was 4.2 for beta-galactosidase A1 and 4.5 for the A2 form. The A1 enzyme form was shown to be more heat labile than the A2. Significant differences were observed with antibody preparations against the two enzyme forms. Using the anti-A1 antibodies two precipitin arcs with residual enzymatic activity were obtained by immunoelectrophoresis of beta-galactosidase A whereas only one with anti-A2 antibodies. Anti-A1 precipated 85% of the original activity present in beta-galactosidase A and only 56% could be precipated by anti-A2. The possibility of common structural components is suggested.", "contents": "Two immunologically distinct human acidic beta-galactosidase A isozymes. Two acidic beta-galactosidase isozymes (designated A1 and A2) were separated by isoelectric focusing from beta-galactosidase A of human liver. Kinetic studies with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside substrate revealed similar parameters for both. The Km value was 0.32 mmol/1 for A1 and 0.30 mmol/1 for A2 and Vmax values of 59.3 and mumol min-1 mg-1, respectively. The pH optimum was 4.2 for beta-galactosidase A1 and 4.5 for the A2 form. The A1 enzyme form was shown to be more heat labile than the A2. Significant differences were observed with antibody preparations against the two enzyme forms. Using the anti-A1 antibodies two precipitin arcs with residual enzymatic activity were obtained by immunoelectrophoresis of beta-galactosidase A whereas only one with anti-A2 antibodies. Anti-A1 precipated 85% of the original activity present in beta-galactosidase A and only 56% could be precipated by anti-A2. The possibility of common structural components is suggested.", "PMID": 560298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4171", "title": "The determination of molecular-motion parameters from proton-relaxation-enhancement measurements in a number of Gd(III) - antibody-fragment complexes. A comparative study.", "content": "Longitudinal and transverse proton relaxation rates for water in the hydration spheres of Gd(III) bound to the non-immune rabbit IgG fragments Fc (C-terminal half of heavy-chain dimer), pFc' (C-terminal quarter of heavy-chain dimer) and Fab (N-terminal half of heavy and light chain) have been measured at a number of frequencies and temperatures using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. For the fragments Fc and pFc', a full computer analysis showed that the results could be fitted by parameters of similar magnitude to those found previously for IgG. In contrast to the results for the other complexes the Fab -Gd(III) complex showed no slow exchange contribution to the relaxation rates. Under these circumstances it was found possible to obtain an accurate value for the hydration number (q) from measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates at a chosen frequency such that the product of the nuclear Larmor frequency (omega1) and the correlation time for the dipolar relaxation processes (tauc) was approximately unity. Water-proton relaxation rates were also determined for the complex of Gd(III) with the Fv fragment of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315. A computer analysis of the results revealed a slow exchange contribution to the rates and this gave errors in the variable parameters similar to those observed previously for IgG, Fc and pFc'. The conclusions drawn from the different systems are discussed in terms of the present state of application of the proton relaxation enhancement technique in biology.", "contents": "The determination of molecular-motion parameters from proton-relaxation-enhancement measurements in a number of Gd(III) - antibody-fragment complexes. A comparative study. Longitudinal and transverse proton relaxation rates for water in the hydration spheres of Gd(III) bound to the non-immune rabbit IgG fragments Fc (C-terminal half of heavy-chain dimer), pFc' (C-terminal quarter of heavy-chain dimer) and Fab (N-terminal half of heavy and light chain) have been measured at a number of frequencies and temperatures using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. For the fragments Fc and pFc', a full computer analysis showed that the results could be fitted by parameters of similar magnitude to those found previously for IgG. In contrast to the results for the other complexes the Fab -Gd(III) complex showed no slow exchange contribution to the relaxation rates. Under these circumstances it was found possible to obtain an accurate value for the hydration number (q) from measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates at a chosen frequency such that the product of the nuclear Larmor frequency (omega1) and the correlation time for the dipolar relaxation processes (tauc) was approximately unity. Water-proton relaxation rates were also determined for the complex of Gd(III) with the Fv fragment of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315. A computer analysis of the results revealed a slow exchange contribution to the rates and this gave errors in the variable parameters similar to those observed previously for IgG, Fc and pFc'. The conclusions drawn from the different systems are discussed in terms of the present state of application of the proton relaxation enhancement technique in biology.", "PMID": 560299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4172", "title": "The organisation of genes for transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA in amoebae and plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "1. Using hybridisation techniques nuclei from both amoebae and plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were found to contain 275 genes each coding for 5.8-S, 19-S and 26-S rRNA, 685 genes for 5-S rRNA and 1050 genes for tRNA. 2. Hybridisation of these RNA species to both amoebal and plasmodial DNA fractionated on CsCl gradients reveal that the 5.8-S, 19-S and 26-S rRNA genes are located at a satellite position (formula: see text) with respect to the main band of DNA, whereas 4-S RNA genes are located exclusively in the main band of DNA (formula: see text). 3. This result was confirmed by demonstrating that only the 5.8-S, 19-S and 26-S rRNA species hybridise to purified plasmodial ribosomal DNA. 4. The 19-S and 26-S rRNA genes of amoebae are located on extrachromosomal DNA molecules of a discrete size (Mr = 38 X 10(6)) with identical properties to plasmodial ribosomal DNA.", "contents": "The organisation of genes for transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA in amoebae and plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. 1. Using hybridisation techniques nuclei from both amoebae and plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were found to contain 275 genes each coding for 5.8-S, 19-S and 26-S rRNA, 685 genes for 5-S rRNA and 1050 genes for tRNA. 2. Hybridisation of these RNA species to both amoebal and plasmodial DNA fractionated on CsCl gradients reveal that the 5.8-S, 19-S and 26-S rRNA genes are located at a satellite position (formula: see text) with respect to the main band of DNA, whereas 4-S RNA genes are located exclusively in the main band of DNA (formula: see text). 3. This result was confirmed by demonstrating that only the 5.8-S, 19-S and 26-S rRNA species hybridise to purified plasmodial ribosomal DNA. 4. The 19-S and 26-S rRNA genes of amoebae are located on extrachromosomal DNA molecules of a discrete size (Mr = 38 X 10(6)) with identical properties to plasmodial ribosomal DNA.", "PMID": 560300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4173", "title": "Tuberculosis and infertility in men.", "content": "In 50 patients, all under 40, a diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis and a spermiogram have been made in order to see if there was any cytomorphological or biochemical alteration. We have divided them into two groups: the first one including the patients showing clinical alterations of the genital structures, and the second one including those for whom it had not been possible to demonstrate any clinical symptomatology, e.g. at the external genitalia. The modification of the spermiogram in accordance with the evolution of the urinary tuberculosis lesion and the specific treatment employed has also been evaluated. All patients with clinical alterations in the genital structures showed alterations in the cytomorphological and/or in the biochemical study. 75% of the patients without genital lesions showed oligoasthenozoospermia. We have not been able to observe any improvement whatsoever in the spermiogram in spite of the treatment established.", "contents": "Tuberculosis and infertility in men. In 50 patients, all under 40, a diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis and a spermiogram have been made in order to see if there was any cytomorphological or biochemical alteration. We have divided them into two groups: the first one including the patients showing clinical alterations of the genital structures, and the second one including those for whom it had not been possible to demonstrate any clinical symptomatology, e.g. at the external genitalia. The modification of the spermiogram in accordance with the evolution of the urinary tuberculosis lesion and the specific treatment employed has also been evaluated. All patients with clinical alterations in the genital structures showed alterations in the cytomorphological and/or in the biochemical study. 75% of the patients without genital lesions showed oligoasthenozoospermia. We have not been able to observe any improvement whatsoever in the spermiogram in spite of the treatment established.", "PMID": 560301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4174", "title": "Immunological evaluation in patients with urological cancers.", "content": "The immunological competence of 100 patients bearing urological cancers was evaluated by means of skin tests and serum immunoelectrophoresis. Cell-mediated immunodepressions were observed in 93.3% of prostatic cancers, 68.6% of bladder cancers and 38.4% of renal cancers. The immunoglobulin values increased in 80% of prostatic cancers, 31.3% of bladder cancers and in 23% of renal cancers. IgA was elevated in almost all the prostatic growths. In bladder and renal cancers a clear correlation between immunodepression and tumour stage was found. Treatment significantly improved the skin test reactivity in the evaluated patients. Metastases and recurrences occurred more frequently in immunodepressed subjects.", "contents": "Immunological evaluation in patients with urological cancers. The immunological competence of 100 patients bearing urological cancers was evaluated by means of skin tests and serum immunoelectrophoresis. Cell-mediated immunodepressions were observed in 93.3% of prostatic cancers, 68.6% of bladder cancers and 38.4% of renal cancers. The immunoglobulin values increased in 80% of prostatic cancers, 31.3% of bladder cancers and in 23% of renal cancers. IgA was elevated in almost all the prostatic growths. In bladder and renal cancers a clear correlation between immunodepression and tumour stage was found. Treatment significantly improved the skin test reactivity in the evaluated patients. Metastases and recurrences occurred more frequently in immunodepressed subjects.", "PMID": 560302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4175", "title": "The kinetics of ethanol absorption and elimination in twins and supplementary repetitive experiments in singleton subjects.", "content": "The influence of genetic and environmental factors on the metabolism of a single oral dose of ethanol 1.2 ml per kg body weight was analysed in 19 identical and 21 fraternal healthy, adult, un-selected male twin pairs. The heritability values of the rates of absorption, degradation and elimination of ethanol were 0.57, 0.41 and 0.46 respectively. Environmental factors, such as daily alcohol intake and smoking, increased the rate of elimination of blood alcohol. Intrasubject variation in ethanol metabolism was studied by repeated tests in 11 male volunteers at intervals of at least 2 months, under the same conditions as in the twins; the coefficients of variation for parameters of metabolism was about 8%. The results demonstrate both genetic control of ethanol absorption, degradation and elimination and the appreciable influence of environmental factors. The almost total genetic control of ethanol metabolism postulated by Vesell et al. (1971) could not be confirmed.", "contents": "The kinetics of ethanol absorption and elimination in twins and supplementary repetitive experiments in singleton subjects. The influence of genetic and environmental factors on the metabolism of a single oral dose of ethanol 1.2 ml per kg body weight was analysed in 19 identical and 21 fraternal healthy, adult, un-selected male twin pairs. The heritability values of the rates of absorption, degradation and elimination of ethanol were 0.57, 0.41 and 0.46 respectively. Environmental factors, such as daily alcohol intake and smoking, increased the rate of elimination of blood alcohol. Intrasubject variation in ethanol metabolism was studied by repeated tests in 11 male volunteers at intervals of at least 2 months, under the same conditions as in the twins; the coefficients of variation for parameters of metabolism was about 8%. The results demonstrate both genetic control of ethanol absorption, degradation and elimination and the appreciable influence of environmental factors. The almost total genetic control of ethanol metabolism postulated by Vesell et al. (1971) could not be confirmed.", "PMID": 560303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4176", "title": "Brain serotonin turnover and morphine tolerance-dependence induced by multiple injections in the rat.", "content": "Tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in the rat was induced by injecting increasing doses of morphine sulfate (M.S.) administered i.p. twice daily for 14 days. The last dose of M.S. was 200 mg/kg. This procedure produced a 4-fold tolerance to morphine as evidence by the increased dose of morphine required to produce analgesia. The degree of dependence was quantified by determining the naloxone ED50 for the stereotyped withdrawal jumping response. Body weight loss and hypothermic responses during abrupt and naloxone-induced withdrawal were also measured. The degree of tolerance and dependence produced by multiple injection procedure was comparable to that produced by 2 pellets containing 75 mg of morphine base implanted for 3 days. The level and turnover of brain serotonin, determined 6 or 12 h after the last morphine sulfate injection did not differ significantly from that of saline injected control animals. These data indicate that multiple injection technique produces a mild degree of tolerance to, and physical dependence on, morphine which was not related to changes in brain serotonin level or turnover.", "contents": "Brain serotonin turnover and morphine tolerance-dependence induced by multiple injections in the rat. Tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in the rat was induced by injecting increasing doses of morphine sulfate (M.S.) administered i.p. twice daily for 14 days. The last dose of M.S. was 200 mg/kg. This procedure produced a 4-fold tolerance to morphine as evidence by the increased dose of morphine required to produce analgesia. The degree of dependence was quantified by determining the naloxone ED50 for the stereotyped withdrawal jumping response. Body weight loss and hypothermic responses during abrupt and naloxone-induced withdrawal were also measured. The degree of tolerance and dependence produced by multiple injection procedure was comparable to that produced by 2 pellets containing 75 mg of morphine base implanted for 3 days. The level and turnover of brain serotonin, determined 6 or 12 h after the last morphine sulfate injection did not differ significantly from that of saline injected control animals. These data indicate that multiple injection technique produces a mild degree of tolerance to, and physical dependence on, morphine which was not related to changes in brain serotonin level or turnover.", "PMID": 560305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4177", "title": "Comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.", "content": "The dopaminergic actions of various hallucinogenic drugs were assessed by examining their effects on turning behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. LSD (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) produced strong contralateral turning, indicating that it is a potent dopamine receptor agonist, while BOL (5 mg/kg), a non-hallucinogenic congener of LSD, was found to be a weak dopamine receptor agonist. STP (2 and 5 mg/kg) and mescaline (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant ipsilateral turning, indicating that these compounds have a moderate dopamine-releasing action. DMT (10 and 20 mg/kg) and 5-M-DMT (0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg) produced weak ipsilateral turning, which was not significantly different from that produced by the nonhallucinogenic compounds tryptamine (40 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg). Psilocin (1-20 mg/kg) produced no significant turning in either direction. These data, in conjunction with previous studies, indicate that while inactivation of the brain serotonin system may be a necessary and sufficient condition for hallucinogenesis, the ability to activate dopamine receptors may be an important factor in determining the potency of hallucinogens.", "contents": "Comparative effects of hallucinogenic drugs on rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. The dopaminergic actions of various hallucinogenic drugs were assessed by examining their effects on turning behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. LSD (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) produced strong contralateral turning, indicating that it is a potent dopamine receptor agonist, while BOL (5 mg/kg), a non-hallucinogenic congener of LSD, was found to be a weak dopamine receptor agonist. STP (2 and 5 mg/kg) and mescaline (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant ipsilateral turning, indicating that these compounds have a moderate dopamine-releasing action. DMT (10 and 20 mg/kg) and 5-M-DMT (0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg) produced weak ipsilateral turning, which was not significantly different from that produced by the nonhallucinogenic compounds tryptamine (40 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg). Psilocin (1-20 mg/kg) produced no significant turning in either direction. These data, in conjunction with previous studies, indicate that while inactivation of the brain serotonin system may be a necessary and sufficient condition for hallucinogenesis, the ability to activate dopamine receptors may be an important factor in determining the potency of hallucinogens.", "PMID": 560306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4178", "title": "[Comparative studies on bone growth in experimental animals. 1. Bone growth and ossification in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies are needed on the bilogical stage of the bone growth in experimental animals and human to extrapolate the data from animals to for estimating the risk of bone seeking redionuclides in man. The growth of bone length and the appearance and fusion of the secondary ossification centers of seven long bones were compared between both species. The stage of ossification was determined radiographically. The results showed that the ossifying process of the secondary ossification centers could be divided into the following three categories in mice; (1) acute ossification type, (2) remaining metastable stage type which is specific in mice and generally at the proximal end of bone, and (3) delayed ossification type. Compared with the average life span, differences in ossification between both species were that the appearance of secondary ossification centers was observed within concentrated period in mice and not in man, and that the fusion of these was observed with long duration in mice and not in man. From 17 weeks of age, the metastable status of the bone appeared in mice without complete fusion even at 27 weeks of age, for the experiment with bone seeking radionuclides, mice of age 17 weeks or more should be used consequently.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on bone growth in experimental animals. 1. Bone growth and ossification in mice (author's transl)]. Comparative studies are needed on the bilogical stage of the bone growth in experimental animals and human to extrapolate the data from animals to for estimating the risk of bone seeking redionuclides in man. The growth of bone length and the appearance and fusion of the secondary ossification centers of seven long bones were compared between both species. The stage of ossification was determined radiographically. The results showed that the ossifying process of the secondary ossification centers could be divided into the following three categories in mice; (1) acute ossification type, (2) remaining metastable stage type which is specific in mice and generally at the proximal end of bone, and (3) delayed ossification type. Compared with the average life span, differences in ossification between both species were that the appearance of secondary ossification centers was observed within concentrated period in mice and not in man, and that the fusion of these was observed with long duration in mice and not in man. From 17 weeks of age, the metastable status of the bone appeared in mice without complete fusion even at 27 weeks of age, for the experiment with bone seeking radionuclides, mice of age 17 weeks or more should be used consequently.", "PMID": 560307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4179", "title": "[An outbreak of \"wet tail\" in hamsters due to Tyzzer's organism (author's transl)].", "content": "In a colony of Golden hamsters, many animals were found to show signs of \"wet tail\", and spontaneous deaths occurred during two months. With this outbreak of wet tail and death, etiologic and pathologic studies were made on 11 cases supplied from the colony. Gross pathologic examination disclosed hemorrhagic enteritis in 10 and necrotic foci in the liver in 5 out of 10 cases examined. A number of bacilli morphologically suggestive of Tyzzer's organisms were detected on smears of cut surfaces of the affected intestines and livers. After inoculation with homogenate of the intestines from the moribund cases into hamsters by oral route, the same clinical manifestations as observed in spontaneous cases were reproduced, and the inoculated animals died in 10 to 14 days with numerous Tyzzer's organisms in their intestines and livers. When apparently healthy hamsters were introduced into contaminated cages with soiled bedding which were allowed to stand at room temperature for about 2 months, most of them developed signs of wet tail and died in 5 to 19 days having liver necrosis characteristic of Tyzzer's disease.", "contents": "[An outbreak of \"wet tail\" in hamsters due to Tyzzer's organism (author's transl)]. In a colony of Golden hamsters, many animals were found to show signs of \"wet tail\", and spontaneous deaths occurred during two months. With this outbreak of wet tail and death, etiologic and pathologic studies were made on 11 cases supplied from the colony. Gross pathologic examination disclosed hemorrhagic enteritis in 10 and necrotic foci in the liver in 5 out of 10 cases examined. A number of bacilli morphologically suggestive of Tyzzer's organisms were detected on smears of cut surfaces of the affected intestines and livers. After inoculation with homogenate of the intestines from the moribund cases into hamsters by oral route, the same clinical manifestations as observed in spontaneous cases were reproduced, and the inoculated animals died in 10 to 14 days with numerous Tyzzer's organisms in their intestines and livers. When apparently healthy hamsters were introduced into contaminated cages with soiled bedding which were allowed to stand at room temperature for about 2 months, most of them developed signs of wet tail and died in 5 to 19 days having liver necrosis characteristic of Tyzzer's disease.", "PMID": 560308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4180", "title": "[A simple operation method on removal of olfactory bulbs of small rodents (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple operation method was described for removing the olfactory bulbs of small rodents. The procedure was as follows: 1. Animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium. 2. The hair of the head was clipped (Fig. 9). 3. The scalp was cut along the midline between the eyes (Fig. 10). 4. A hole was drilled in the skull overlying the olfactory bulbs (Fig, 14, 15). 5. The olfactory bulbs were aspirated with a glass pipette (Fig. 18). 6. After removing the bulbs by suction, the skin was closed by a single suture (Fig. 21).", "contents": "[A simple operation method on removal of olfactory bulbs of small rodents (author's transl)]. A simple operation method was described for removing the olfactory bulbs of small rodents. The procedure was as follows: 1. Animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium. 2. The hair of the head was clipped (Fig. 9). 3. The scalp was cut along the midline between the eyes (Fig. 10). 4. A hole was drilled in the skull overlying the olfactory bulbs (Fig, 14, 15). 5. The olfactory bulbs were aspirated with a glass pipette (Fig. 18). 6. After removing the bulbs by suction, the skin was closed by a single suture (Fig. 21).", "PMID": 560309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4181", "title": "[A new microtiter plate agglutination method for Brucella canis antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "A micro-agglutination test method for detecting antibodies to Brucella canis was developed. Heat-killed Brucella canis antigens were diluted to an optical density of 0.8 at 420 nm using a spectrophotometer. A volume of 0.025 ml of the antigen was incubated with the same volume of serially diluted sera for 18 to 24 hr at 37 C. Titers of selected dog sera obtained by the present micro-test method were well correlated with those obtained by the classical tube test with satisfactory reproducibility. The micro-test method is more advantageous for screening the antibodies of dog sera because the test can be performed with: (1) smaller volume of the test sera and the antigen (2) shorter period for incubation, and (3) lesser labor.", "contents": "[A new microtiter plate agglutination method for Brucella canis antibodies (author's transl)]. A micro-agglutination test method for detecting antibodies to Brucella canis was developed. Heat-killed Brucella canis antigens were diluted to an optical density of 0.8 at 420 nm using a spectrophotometer. A volume of 0.025 ml of the antigen was incubated with the same volume of serially diluted sera for 18 to 24 hr at 37 C. Titers of selected dog sera obtained by the present micro-test method were well correlated with those obtained by the classical tube test with satisfactory reproducibility. The micro-test method is more advantageous for screening the antibodies of dog sera because the test can be performed with: (1) smaller volume of the test sera and the antigen (2) shorter period for incubation, and (3) lesser labor.", "PMID": 560310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4182", "title": "Aerophagia induced by the nasal obstruction on experimental animals.", "content": "The excessive accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tracts was invariably induced on experimental animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits) by simply obstructing nasal passages. The analysis of the gas showed the almost identical composition to the ambient air or flutus which was largely due to swallowed air. Also the numerous small foams were found on and underneath the epithelial lining of small intestine. The pathological evaluation was done both macroscopically and microscopically. Dying animals after nasal obstruction showed hemorrhagic and necrotic changes in the jejunum and ileum. This observation may cast some light to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis in human neonatal.", "contents": "Aerophagia induced by the nasal obstruction on experimental animals. The excessive accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tracts was invariably induced on experimental animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits) by simply obstructing nasal passages. The analysis of the gas showed the almost identical composition to the ambient air or flutus which was largely due to swallowed air. Also the numerous small foams were found on and underneath the epithelial lining of small intestine. The pathological evaluation was done both macroscopically and microscopically. Dying animals after nasal obstruction showed hemorrhagic and necrotic changes in the jejunum and ileum. This observation may cast some light to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis in human neonatal.", "PMID": 560312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4183", "title": "Spontaneous lesions detected in the beagles used in toxicity studies.", "content": "Four hundred and twenty beagles 1 to 4 years of age were examined for spontaneous pathological changes. In the liver were seen fine granular gallstones (87.5%), granulomas (59.9%), intranuclear hyaline inclusions (52.6%), lipofuscin deposition (50%) and eosinophilic inclusions (3.7%) in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and parenchymal necrosis at the base of the ligaments (7.3%). Intranuclear hyaline inclusions and lipofuscin deposition were more frequently seen in dogs after being subjected to tests for more than 13 weeks. Besides, hyperplasia of follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland (46.3%), Gandy-Gamna like bodies of the splenic capsule (43.1%), small cysts in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis (35.1%) and prostatitis (13,7%) were observed. Lesions due to migration of Toxocara canis larvae were detected in the liver, kidney, lung and other organs from 33.1% of cases examined.", "contents": "Spontaneous lesions detected in the beagles used in toxicity studies. Four hundred and twenty beagles 1 to 4 years of age were examined for spontaneous pathological changes. In the liver were seen fine granular gallstones (87.5%), granulomas (59.9%), intranuclear hyaline inclusions (52.6%), lipofuscin deposition (50%) and eosinophilic inclusions (3.7%) in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and parenchymal necrosis at the base of the ligaments (7.3%). Intranuclear hyaline inclusions and lipofuscin deposition were more frequently seen in dogs after being subjected to tests for more than 13 weeks. Besides, hyperplasia of follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland (46.3%), Gandy-Gamna like bodies of the splenic capsule (43.1%), small cysts in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis (35.1%) and prostatitis (13,7%) were observed. Lesions due to migration of Toxocara canis larvae were detected in the liver, kidney, lung and other organs from 33.1% of cases examined.", "PMID": 560313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4184", "title": "Diurnal variation of visual field size in patients with postretinal lesions.", "content": "Perimetry at various times of day in patients with large visual field defects due to postretinal lesions showed significant variations of visual field size. The largest visual fields were observed at noon, the smallest in the evening. Such systematic variations were observed only in patients who showed a gradual increase of increment threshold between the intact parts of the visual field and the scotoma. In two patients who showed an abrupt transition between intact and blind areas of the visual field, no obvious diurnal variation was observed. It is suggested that an endogenous modulation of neuronal sensitivity coupled to a hypothetical circadian oscillator is the basis of the diurnal variation.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of visual field size in patients with postretinal lesions. Perimetry at various times of day in patients with large visual field defects due to postretinal lesions showed significant variations of visual field size. The largest visual fields were observed at noon, the smallest in the evening. Such systematic variations were observed only in patients who showed a gradual increase of increment threshold between the intact parts of the visual field and the scotoma. In two patients who showed an abrupt transition between intact and blind areas of the visual field, no obvious diurnal variation was observed. It is suggested that an endogenous modulation of neuronal sensitivity coupled to a hypothetical circadian oscillator is the basis of the diurnal variation.", "PMID": 560315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4185", "title": "Time course of ovum transport in guinea pigs.", "content": "The time course of ovum transport was determined in cycling guinea pigs. The occurrence of ovulation was determined in assessing changes in vaginal cytology. The day of the postovulatory leukocyte influx was considered day 1 of the cycle. Ovum transport in guinea pigs is characterized by a relatively long sojourn in the ampulla, followed by rapid transport through the isthmus. This pattern is similar to that seen in women and subhuman primates and different from the pattern in rabbits.", "contents": "Time course of ovum transport in guinea pigs. The time course of ovum transport was determined in cycling guinea pigs. The occurrence of ovulation was determined in assessing changes in vaginal cytology. The day of the postovulatory leukocyte influx was considered day 1 of the cycle. Ovum transport in guinea pigs is characterized by a relatively long sojourn in the ampulla, followed by rapid transport through the isthmus. This pattern is similar to that seen in women and subhuman primates and different from the pattern in rabbits.", "PMID": 560318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4186", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine and insulin on nitrogen metabolism in the gastrointestinal system and mammary glands of lactating cows].", "content": "In 9 cows giving 6-10 kg of milk daily and fed with 4 kg of combined food, administration of 50 mg of thyroxin increased extraction of some serum proteins from the blood by the digestive system (alpha- and beta-globulin factions in particular). Apsorption of amino-nitrogen from the blood by the mammary gland was increased by 3.5 times, and of ammonia by 5 times. Excretion of urine into the blood displayed a three-fold increase. Insulin in dosage 1 unit per 1 kg of body weight increased excretion of serum proteins and urine from the digestive system into the blood. Excretion of gamma-globulins into the lactic vein's blood increased by 3 times, and 0.17% of albumins were exctracted by the mammary gland from the coming blood. Subcutaneous administration of thyroxin and insulin obviously increases the amount of protein, casein and nitrogen substances in the milk.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine and insulin on nitrogen metabolism in the gastrointestinal system and mammary glands of lactating cows]. In 9 cows giving 6-10 kg of milk daily and fed with 4 kg of combined food, administration of 50 mg of thyroxin increased extraction of some serum proteins from the blood by the digestive system (alpha- and beta-globulin factions in particular). Apsorption of amino-nitrogen from the blood by the mammary gland was increased by 3.5 times, and of ammonia by 5 times. Excretion of urine into the blood displayed a three-fold increase. Insulin in dosage 1 unit per 1 kg of body weight increased excretion of serum proteins and urine from the digestive system into the blood. Excretion of gamma-globulins into the lactic vein's blood increased by 3 times, and 0.17% of albumins were exctracted by the mammary gland from the coming blood. Subcutaneous administration of thyroxin and insulin obviously increases the amount of protein, casein and nitrogen substances in the milk.", "PMID": 560319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4187", "title": "Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Ten mutations are described that transform genotypic hermaphrodites of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans into phenotypic males. These fall into three autosomal complementation groups, termed tra-1, tra-2, and tra-3. Two alleles of tra-1 produce almost complete transformation, to a fertile male phenotype; such transformed animals are useful for analyzing sex-linked genes. All alleles of tra-1 and tra-2 are recessive; the one known allele of tra-3 is both recessive and maternal in effect. Where tested, both XX and XXX hermaphrodites are transformed into males, but XO males (true males) are unaffected by these mutations. It is suggested that these genes are actually involved in hermaphrodite development and have no role in male development.", "contents": "Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ten mutations are described that transform genotypic hermaphrodites of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans into phenotypic males. These fall into three autosomal complementation groups, termed tra-1, tra-2, and tra-3. Two alleles of tra-1 produce almost complete transformation, to a fertile male phenotype; such transformed animals are useful for analyzing sex-linked genes. All alleles of tra-1 and tra-2 are recessive; the one known allele of tra-3 is both recessive and maternal in effect. Where tested, both XX and XXX hermaphrodites are transformed into males, but XO males (true males) are unaffected by these mutations. It is suggested that these genes are actually involved in hermaphrodite development and have no role in male development.", "PMID": 560330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4188", "title": "Avirulence and decreased virulence in mutants of Emmonsia crescens, a causative agent of adiaspiromycosis.", "content": "Three mutants of Emmonsia crescens with altered morphology and pathogenicity for mice are described. The mutant M-1 is avirulent and does not form adiaspores of normal morphology on agar medium at 37 degree C. The mutants M-2 and M-12 have a considerably decreased virulence. The pathogenicity of E. crescens depends on the ability to differentiate adiaspores of perfect morphology. The loss of virulence and the decrease of virulence of mutants seem to be caused by the pleiotrophic effect of mutation of the genetic base, which regulates the differentiation of adiaspores. The conidia of the wild strain of E. crescens killed by UV-irradiation do not induce the formation of granulomas with adiaspores after i.p. inoculation into mice.", "contents": "Avirulence and decreased virulence in mutants of Emmonsia crescens, a causative agent of adiaspiromycosis. Three mutants of Emmonsia crescens with altered morphology and pathogenicity for mice are described. The mutant M-1 is avirulent and does not form adiaspores of normal morphology on agar medium at 37 degree C. The mutants M-2 and M-12 have a considerably decreased virulence. The pathogenicity of E. crescens depends on the ability to differentiate adiaspores of perfect morphology. The loss of virulence and the decrease of virulence of mutants seem to be caused by the pleiotrophic effect of mutation of the genetic base, which regulates the differentiation of adiaspores. The conidia of the wild strain of E. crescens killed by UV-irradiation do not induce the formation of granulomas with adiaspores after i.p. inoculation into mice.", "PMID": 560338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4189", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of Shikon and Tooki. (2) Pharmacological effects of the pigment components, Shikonin and acetylshikonin].", "content": "Pharmacological effects of Shikonin and Acetylshikonin, pigment components of Shikon were studied in mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. The only difference between the chemical structures of the two pigments is that Acetylshikonin has the acetyl radical, while Shikonin does not. Though the activity was slightly different between the two compounds, the pharmacological effect of Shikonin was similar to that of Acetylshikonin. As the two pigments were extracted by ether from Shikon, systemic administration of these pigments showed the same effect as that of ether extract of Shikon as outlined in the first report(1). These compounds had no effect on blood coagulation, but inhibited the anticoagulant effect of heparin in rats. Topical application of both pigments (50 mg of 0.1% ointment) inhibited an increased vascular permeability and acute edema induced by histamine, anti-rat rabbit serum and heat. The activity was similar to that of 0.1% phenylbutazone ointment. On the other hand, these pigments increased proliferation of granuloma tissue in the cotton pellet method and promoted would healing in rats. The results suggest that Shiunko, a main prescription of Shikon, is an effective ointment for cutaneous injuries.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of Shikon and Tooki. (2) Pharmacological effects of the pigment components, Shikonin and acetylshikonin]. Pharmacological effects of Shikonin and Acetylshikonin, pigment components of Shikon were studied in mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. The only difference between the chemical structures of the two pigments is that Acetylshikonin has the acetyl radical, while Shikonin does not. Though the activity was slightly different between the two compounds, the pharmacological effect of Shikonin was similar to that of Acetylshikonin. As the two pigments were extracted by ether from Shikon, systemic administration of these pigments showed the same effect as that of ether extract of Shikon as outlined in the first report(1). These compounds had no effect on blood coagulation, but inhibited the anticoagulant effect of heparin in rats. Topical application of both pigments (50 mg of 0.1% ointment) inhibited an increased vascular permeability and acute edema induced by histamine, anti-rat rabbit serum and heat. The activity was similar to that of 0.1% phenylbutazone ointment. On the other hand, these pigments increased proliferation of granuloma tissue in the cotton pellet method and promoted would healing in rats. The results suggest that Shiunko, a main prescription of Shikon, is an effective ointment for cutaneous injuries.", "PMID": 560339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4190", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of Shikon and Tooki. (3) Effect of topical application of the ether extracts and Shiunko on inflammatory reactions].", "content": "Pharmacological effects of topical application of Shiunko, a main prescription of Shikon (Lithospermum Officinale Lin\u0144e var. erythrorhizon Maximowicz), were studied in comparison with that of ether extracts of Shikon and Tooki. Ointment of Shikon ether extract (50 mg/site) inhibited markedly an increased vascular permeability and acute edema induced by histamine, serotonin, bromelain, anti-rat rabbit serum and heat. It also inhibited an increase of local cutaneous temperature induced by phlogistic stimulation (ultraviolet irradiation and heat). On the other hand, it accelerated wound healing in rats. The activity of Shikon ether extract on inflammatory reaction was the most potent in 0.2 approximately 0.1% of ointment concentration and was diminished in higher or lower concentrations. Tooki extract inhibited slightly an acute inflammatory reaction, but had no effect on increase of cutaneous temperature and wound healing in rats. Shiunko contains about 0.2% of Shikon and 0.04% of Tooki extract. The effect of Shiunko was similar to that of Shikon ether extract, but the activity was slightly more potent than that of Shikon. Shiunko inhibited rubor, calor and tumor in acute inflammatory reaction and promoted wound healing. Furthermore, it was reported that pigments of Shikon have antibiotic activity. The results suggest that Shiunko is an effective ointment for cutaneous injuries.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of Shikon and Tooki. (3) Effect of topical application of the ether extracts and Shiunko on inflammatory reactions]. Pharmacological effects of topical application of Shiunko, a main prescription of Shikon (Lithospermum Officinale Lin\u0144e var. erythrorhizon Maximowicz), were studied in comparison with that of ether extracts of Shikon and Tooki. Ointment of Shikon ether extract (50 mg/site) inhibited markedly an increased vascular permeability and acute edema induced by histamine, serotonin, bromelain, anti-rat rabbit serum and heat. It also inhibited an increase of local cutaneous temperature induced by phlogistic stimulation (ultraviolet irradiation and heat). On the other hand, it accelerated wound healing in rats. The activity of Shikon ether extract on inflammatory reaction was the most potent in 0.2 approximately 0.1% of ointment concentration and was diminished in higher or lower concentrations. Tooki extract inhibited slightly an acute inflammatory reaction, but had no effect on increase of cutaneous temperature and wound healing in rats. Shiunko contains about 0.2% of Shikon and 0.04% of Tooki extract. The effect of Shiunko was similar to that of Shikon ether extract, but the activity was slightly more potent than that of Shikon. Shiunko inhibited rubor, calor and tumor in acute inflammatory reaction and promoted wound healing. Furthermore, it was reported that pigments of Shikon have antibiotic activity. The results suggest that Shiunko is an effective ointment for cutaneous injuries.", "PMID": 560340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4191", "title": "[Effects of morphine on the single unit activity of nucleus dorsal raphe].", "content": "Effects of morphine were studied in 36 gallamine triethiodide immobilized adult cats under light N2O anesthesia. Single units were recorded from the nucleus dorsal raphe using a stainless steel microelectrode. Dorsal raphe neurons were divided into two types; one was a clock-like (CL) neuron which was typically slow in rate, rhythmic and stable throughout recording time, and the other was a non-clock like (NCL) neuron which was relatively irregular in pattern as compared with CL neuron. Out of 36 neurons recorded in this experiment, 13 were CL neurons and 23 were NCL neurons. Mean discharge rates (spikes per sec) of CL neuron and NCL neuron were 2.84 (range of 2.01 approximately 3.68) and 4.11 (range of 0.10 approximately 35.09), respectively. None of the 13 CL neurons responded to the nociceptive (pinch and/or brdaykinin) and non-nociceptive (hair bending and/or tapping) stimuli. On the contrary, out of 23 NCL neurons, 13 responded to both nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimuli, 4 were responsive to only non-nociceptive stimuli and 6 were not responsive to these stimuli. Receptive fields of NCL neurons were wide with various somatic modalities. The latency for bradykinin (3 microgram) was 6.46 +/- 0.77 sec. Effects of morphine were examined in 6 CL neurons and 12 NCL neurons. After morphine, no nociceptive neuron responded to nociceptive stimuli, although there was no appreciable change in the responsiveness to non-nociceptive stimuli. Firing frequency and pattern of all CL neurons were unaffected by morphine. Out of 12 NCL neurons, 7 were unaffected in firing frequency and 5 were decreased after morphine.", "contents": "[Effects of morphine on the single unit activity of nucleus dorsal raphe]. Effects of morphine were studied in 36 gallamine triethiodide immobilized adult cats under light N2O anesthesia. Single units were recorded from the nucleus dorsal raphe using a stainless steel microelectrode. Dorsal raphe neurons were divided into two types; one was a clock-like (CL) neuron which was typically slow in rate, rhythmic and stable throughout recording time, and the other was a non-clock like (NCL) neuron which was relatively irregular in pattern as compared with CL neuron. Out of 36 neurons recorded in this experiment, 13 were CL neurons and 23 were NCL neurons. Mean discharge rates (spikes per sec) of CL neuron and NCL neuron were 2.84 (range of 2.01 approximately 3.68) and 4.11 (range of 0.10 approximately 35.09), respectively. None of the 13 CL neurons responded to the nociceptive (pinch and/or brdaykinin) and non-nociceptive (hair bending and/or tapping) stimuli. On the contrary, out of 23 NCL neurons, 13 responded to both nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimuli, 4 were responsive to only non-nociceptive stimuli and 6 were not responsive to these stimuli. Receptive fields of NCL neurons were wide with various somatic modalities. The latency for bradykinin (3 microgram) was 6.46 +/- 0.77 sec. Effects of morphine were examined in 6 CL neurons and 12 NCL neurons. After morphine, no nociceptive neuron responded to nociceptive stimuli, although there was no appreciable change in the responsiveness to non-nociceptive stimuli. Firing frequency and pattern of all CL neurons were unaffected by morphine. Out of 12 NCL neurons, 7 were unaffected in firing frequency and 5 were decreased after morphine.", "PMID": 560342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4192", "title": "[Behavioral effects of 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (ID-690)].", "content": "Effects on the central nervous system of ID-690, a new benzodiazepine derivative were investigated and compared mainly with those of diazepam in mice and rats. Locomotor activity of the rat was increased with ID-690, at doses of 2 approximately 5 mg/kg p.o., as with diazepam. ID-690 was approximately 5 times more potent than diazepam in inhibiting fighting behavior of long-term isolated mice. Hyperemotionality induced by either septal lesions or olfactory bulbectomy was also inhibited by ID-690. This effect was almost the same in potency as that of diazepam. ID-690 was only 1/30 as potent as diazepam in preventing maximal electroshock convulsion, while it was approximately 18 times more potent that diazepam in suppressing pentetrazol convulsion in mice. ID-690 was approximately 5 times as potent as diazepam in impairing rotarod performance in mice. The muscle relaxant effect of ID-690 was approximately 10 times as potent as diazepam, as measured with an inclined screen test in mice. Thus the effect of ID-690, as compared with diazepam, was characterized by its relatively potent muscle relaxant and extremely potent anti-pentetrazol convulsant action.", "contents": "[Behavioral effects of 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (ID-690)]. Effects on the central nervous system of ID-690, a new benzodiazepine derivative were investigated and compared mainly with those of diazepam in mice and rats. Locomotor activity of the rat was increased with ID-690, at doses of 2 approximately 5 mg/kg p.o., as with diazepam. ID-690 was approximately 5 times more potent than diazepam in inhibiting fighting behavior of long-term isolated mice. Hyperemotionality induced by either septal lesions or olfactory bulbectomy was also inhibited by ID-690. This effect was almost the same in potency as that of diazepam. ID-690 was only 1/30 as potent as diazepam in preventing maximal electroshock convulsion, while it was approximately 18 times more potent that diazepam in suppressing pentetrazol convulsion in mice. ID-690 was approximately 5 times as potent as diazepam in impairing rotarod performance in mice. The muscle relaxant effect of ID-690 was approximately 10 times as potent as diazepam, as measured with an inclined screen test in mice. Thus the effect of ID-690, as compared with diazepam, was characterized by its relatively potent muscle relaxant and extremely potent anti-pentetrazol convulsant action.", "PMID": 560343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4193", "title": "The digestive utilization of the diet in calves experimentally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi.", "content": "The experimental infection of calves with 250,000 L larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi per animal did not produce great variations in the digestibility of the diet administered. The infection retarded normal growth the resulted in an unfavourable conversion index.", "contents": "The digestive utilization of the diet in calves experimentally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi. The experimental infection of calves with 250,000 L larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi per animal did not produce great variations in the digestibility of the diet administered. The infection retarded normal growth the resulted in an unfavourable conversion index.", "PMID": 560346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4194", "title": "A 3/4 reciprocal translocation in two unrelated families.", "content": "Two cases of reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 3 and 4 found in unrelated families are described. The meiotic consequences of this rearrangement are discussed.", "contents": "A 3/4 reciprocal translocation in two unrelated families. Two cases of reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 3 and 4 found in unrelated families are described. The meiotic consequences of this rearrangement are discussed.", "PMID": 560351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4195", "title": "The 48, XXXX/49,XXXXY/49,XXXX,i(Yq) mosaicism in a 3-year-old boy from a twin pregnancy.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy from twin pregnancy with the features of marked dystrophia from birth, deficient growth, considerable retardation of physical and mental development, numerous somatic defects, suspected congenital heart disease, and hypoplastic external genitalia, is reported. The 48,XXXX/49,XXXXY/49,XXXX,i(Yq) karyotype was diagnosed. The boy's brother, normally developed, had a 46,XY karyotype. It was found on the basis of serologic findings that the brothers were dizygotic twins.", "contents": "The 48, XXXX/49,XXXXY/49,XXXX,i(Yq) mosaicism in a 3-year-old boy from a twin pregnancy. A 3-year-old boy from twin pregnancy with the features of marked dystrophia from birth, deficient growth, considerable retardation of physical and mental development, numerous somatic defects, suspected congenital heart disease, and hypoplastic external genitalia, is reported. The 48,XXXX/49,XXXXY/49,XXXX,i(Yq) karyotype was diagnosed. The boy's brother, normally developed, had a 46,XY karyotype. It was found on the basis of serologic findings that the brothers were dizygotic twins.", "PMID": 560352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4196", "title": "Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activity of mycoplasma and infected cell cultures.", "content": "Human H.Ep-2 and mouse 3T6 cells infected by Mycoplasma hyorhinis showed an increase in [3H]uracil uptake and a more than 20-fold increase in the activity of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UraPRT). Uninfected cell cultures gave background levels of this enzyme activity. A survey of 16 strains of mycoplasma showed 13 to possess UraPRT activity. Rabbit kidney cells (RK13) were infected with eight different strains of four mycoplasma species known to be common cell culture contaminants. Seven of the eight cell cultures showed elevated UraPRT activities four days after infection. This enzyme activity may be of value in monitoring cell cultures for mycoplasma and aid in classification.", "contents": "Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activity of mycoplasma and infected cell cultures. Human H.Ep-2 and mouse 3T6 cells infected by Mycoplasma hyorhinis showed an increase in [3H]uracil uptake and a more than 20-fold increase in the activity of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UraPRT). Uninfected cell cultures gave background levels of this enzyme activity. A survey of 16 strains of mycoplasma showed 13 to possess UraPRT activity. Rabbit kidney cells (RK13) were infected with eight different strains of four mycoplasma species known to be common cell culture contaminants. Seven of the eight cell cultures showed elevated UraPRT activities four days after infection. This enzyme activity may be of value in monitoring cell cultures for mycoplasma and aid in classification.", "PMID": 560353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4197", "title": "Effects of polynucleotides and levamisole on alveolar macrophage morphology and receptor activity.", "content": "Incubation of rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages in vitro with polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I-C)] or levamisole results in enhanced immunoglobulin G receptor activity in comparison to untreated cells, Electron microscopy of cells treated with levamisole or poly(I-C) revealed mitochondrial swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The modulation of receptor activity by these agents suggests that their immunopotentiating effects are due to direct simulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Lavaged alveolar macrophages have the capacity to change membrane function in vitro, and these cells provide a convenient system for studying agents with potential effects on macrophages.", "contents": "Effects of polynucleotides and levamisole on alveolar macrophage morphology and receptor activity. Incubation of rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages in vitro with polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I-C)] or levamisole results in enhanced immunoglobulin G receptor activity in comparison to untreated cells, Electron microscopy of cells treated with levamisole or poly(I-C) revealed mitochondrial swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The modulation of receptor activity by these agents suggests that their immunopotentiating effects are due to direct simulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Lavaged alveolar macrophages have the capacity to change membrane function in vitro, and these cells provide a convenient system for studying agents with potential effects on macrophages.", "PMID": 560355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4198", "title": "Value of ultrasound as a presurgical diagnostic tool in Obstetrics and Gynecology.", "content": "Although relatively new, diagnostic ultrasound is an important part of the surgeon's armamentarium in preoperative diagnosis and patient preparation. In the field of gynecology, it is possible to differentiate between solid and cystic tumors, measure the extent of tumors in the pelvis and abdomen, define normal structures in relationship to pathologic changes and diagnose and follow patients with malignant disease. In obstetrics, ultrasound has proved effective in the evaluation of the fetus and detection of obstetric problems such as estimation of fetal weight and gestational age, diagnosis of placenta previa, hydatidiform mole and missed and incomplete abortions.", "contents": "Value of ultrasound as a presurgical diagnostic tool in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Although relatively new, diagnostic ultrasound is an important part of the surgeon's armamentarium in preoperative diagnosis and patient preparation. In the field of gynecology, it is possible to differentiate between solid and cystic tumors, measure the extent of tumors in the pelvis and abdomen, define normal structures in relationship to pathologic changes and diagnose and follow patients with malignant disease. In obstetrics, ultrasound has proved effective in the evaluation of the fetus and detection of obstetric problems such as estimation of fetal weight and gestational age, diagnosis of placenta previa, hydatidiform mole and missed and incomplete abortions.", "PMID": 560358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4199", "title": "Occurrence of 11-cis-retinal-binding protein restricted to the retina.", "content": "A binding protein for retinal (vitamin A aldehyde), the 11-cis-retinal-binding protein, was present in the soluble protein fraction of rat retina but was absent from brain, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine, and testes. The binding protein was also found in human retina but not human liver. The binding protein for retinal from human retina did not bind retinol and was larger than, and readily separable from, the cellular retinol-binding protein which did not bind retinal. It would appear that the occurrence of a soluble binding protein for retinal, unlike the more widely distributed binding proteins for retinol and retinoic acid, may be unique to the retina.", "contents": "Occurrence of 11-cis-retinal-binding protein restricted to the retina. A binding protein for retinal (vitamin A aldehyde), the 11-cis-retinal-binding protein, was present in the soluble protein fraction of rat retina but was absent from brain, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine, and testes. The binding protein was also found in human retina but not human liver. The binding protein for retinal from human retina did not bind retinol and was larger than, and readily separable from, the cellular retinol-binding protein which did not bind retinal. It would appear that the occurrence of a soluble binding protein for retinal, unlike the more widely distributed binding proteins for retinol and retinoic acid, may be unique to the retina.", "PMID": 560359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4200", "title": "Effects of exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in bitches.", "content": "Ten mixed-breed bitches of unknown ages, weighing 10 to 15 kg, were given a series of subcutaneous injections of follicle-stimulating hormone according to 2 different schedules, for total doses of 35 or 50 mg. Forty-eight hours after the last injection of follicle-stimulating hormone, each bitch was given 15 mg of luteinizing hormone, intravenously. The internal genitalia of 8 of the 10 bitches were recovered 24 hours after the luteinizing hormone injection and were examined histologically. External signs of estrus developed in 7 of 10 bitches in the 2 groups, indicating that estrogen was being secreted by the ovaries. Histologic examination of the ovaries revealed that many follicles had grown to the antral stage, but none had developed to the preovulatory stage, and all were atretic. Ovulation did not occur in any bitch. Endometrial proliferation and vaginal cornification that occurred in 7 of the 10 bitches were further evidence of estrogen production by the ovaries.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in bitches. Ten mixed-breed bitches of unknown ages, weighing 10 to 15 kg, were given a series of subcutaneous injections of follicle-stimulating hormone according to 2 different schedules, for total doses of 35 or 50 mg. Forty-eight hours after the last injection of follicle-stimulating hormone, each bitch was given 15 mg of luteinizing hormone, intravenously. The internal genitalia of 8 of the 10 bitches were recovered 24 hours after the luteinizing hormone injection and were examined histologically. External signs of estrus developed in 7 of 10 bitches in the 2 groups, indicating that estrogen was being secreted by the ovaries. Histologic examination of the ovaries revealed that many follicles had grown to the antral stage, but none had developed to the preovulatory stage, and all were atretic. Ovulation did not occur in any bitch. Endometrial proliferation and vaginal cornification that occurred in 7 of the 10 bitches were further evidence of estrogen production by the ovaries.", "PMID": 560363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4201", "title": "Estrous cycle variations of food and water intake in rats in the heat.", "content": "Effects of heat and estrous cycle on food and water intake and on the kinetics of water metabolism were studied in Holtzmann rats, 12 adult females per group. The animals were housed individually in metabolic cages, in series, in a controlled-environment room at (24.5 degrees C) followed by two experimental temperatures (29.2 degrees C and 34.0 degrees C). In all cases relative humidity was 50% and the photoperiod 12L:12D (L = 0600--1800 h). Intake of food and water, available ad libitum, were measured and recorded daily for at least five consecutive estrous cycle (about 25 days). Water turnover was measured using tritiated water. The results indicate that the experimental conditions constituted stressful environments for the rats. Their corticosterone levels were significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated and a relative lymphopenia and neutrophilia (P less than 0.01) were observed. Additionally, food intake was decreased and water intake increased, both significantly (P less than 0.01). Body water turnover was increased (P less than 0.01) while body water pool size and the biological half-life for 3H2O were reduced. However, the cyclic variation of food and water intake and its relationhsip to the estrous cycle were unchanged.", "contents": "Estrous cycle variations of food and water intake in rats in the heat. Effects of heat and estrous cycle on food and water intake and on the kinetics of water metabolism were studied in Holtzmann rats, 12 adult females per group. The animals were housed individually in metabolic cages, in series, in a controlled-environment room at (24.5 degrees C) followed by two experimental temperatures (29.2 degrees C and 34.0 degrees C). In all cases relative humidity was 50% and the photoperiod 12L:12D (L = 0600--1800 h). Intake of food and water, available ad libitum, were measured and recorded daily for at least five consecutive estrous cycle (about 25 days). Water turnover was measured using tritiated water. The results indicate that the experimental conditions constituted stressful environments for the rats. Their corticosterone levels were significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated and a relative lymphopenia and neutrophilia (P less than 0.01) were observed. Additionally, food intake was decreased and water intake increased, both significantly (P less than 0.01). Body water turnover was increased (P less than 0.01) while body water pool size and the biological half-life for 3H2O were reduced. However, the cyclic variation of food and water intake and its relationhsip to the estrous cycle were unchanged.", "PMID": 560365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4202", "title": "Viability of Physarum polycephalum spores and ploidy of plasmodial nuclei.", "content": "Amoebae of Physarum polycephalum carrying the mth mating-type allele may differentiate into plasmodia in the absence of mating. Such plasmodia are haploid and, upon sporulation, produce mainly inviable spores. We have asked whether the viable spores arise from meiotic or mitotic divisions. Using a microfluorometric measurement of the deoxyribonucleic acid content of individual nuclei, we found the fraction of viable spores to be correlated with the proportion of rare, diploid nuclei containing in the generally haploid plasmodium. When homozygous diploid plasmodia were created by heat shocking, spore viability increased dramatically. We suggest that viable spores are produced via meiosis in mth plasmodia, that the mth allele has no effect on sporulation per se, and that the normal source of viable haploid spores is a small fraction of diploid nuclei ubiquitous in haploid plasmodia.", "contents": "Viability of Physarum polycephalum spores and ploidy of plasmodial nuclei. Amoebae of Physarum polycephalum carrying the mth mating-type allele may differentiate into plasmodia in the absence of mating. Such plasmodia are haploid and, upon sporulation, produce mainly inviable spores. We have asked whether the viable spores arise from meiotic or mitotic divisions. Using a microfluorometric measurement of the deoxyribonucleic acid content of individual nuclei, we found the fraction of viable spores to be correlated with the proportion of rare, diploid nuclei containing in the generally haploid plasmodium. When homozygous diploid plasmodia were created by heat shocking, spore viability increased dramatically. We suggest that viable spores are produced via meiosis in mth plasmodia, that the mth allele has no effect on sporulation per se, and that the normal source of viable haploid spores is a small fraction of diploid nuclei ubiquitous in haploid plasmodia.", "PMID": 560366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4203", "title": "Affinity of glucose analogs for alpha-glucan phosphorylases from rabbit muscle and potato tubers.", "content": "The action of phosphorylase b from rabbit muscle and potato phosphorylase was inhibited to various extents by several glucose analogs. Like glucose itself, all of the glucosidic oxygen-substituted analogs tested in kinetic experiments showed a nonlinear competitive inhibition for muscle phosphorylase b and a linear competitive one for potato phosphorylase. 5-Thio-D-glucose, one of the ring oxygen-substituted analogs, also inhibited the action of muscle phosphorylase b in the same manner, while the inhibition pattern of 5-amino-D-glucose (nojirimycin) was of a linear noncompetitive type. Since the conformation of 5-amino-D-glucose in aqueous solution is half-chair (Reese et al. (1971) Carbohyd. Res. 18, 381-388), the unusual kinetic behavior of the compound toward muscle phosphorylase b was supposed to be due to its half-chair conformation. In the glucosidic oxygen-substituted analogs, the affinity for both muscle phosphorylase b and potato phosphorylase decreased with decreasing order of magnitude of electronegativity of the glucosidic atom. The strong positive correlation between the affinity and the electronegativity suggests that D-glucose-1-P, the substrate, may bind to phosphorylase with the formation of a hydrogen bond between its glucosidic oxygen and a hydrogen donor of the enzyme.", "contents": "Affinity of glucose analogs for alpha-glucan phosphorylases from rabbit muscle and potato tubers. The action of phosphorylase b from rabbit muscle and potato phosphorylase was inhibited to various extents by several glucose analogs. Like glucose itself, all of the glucosidic oxygen-substituted analogs tested in kinetic experiments showed a nonlinear competitive inhibition for muscle phosphorylase b and a linear competitive one for potato phosphorylase. 5-Thio-D-glucose, one of the ring oxygen-substituted analogs, also inhibited the action of muscle phosphorylase b in the same manner, while the inhibition pattern of 5-amino-D-glucose (nojirimycin) was of a linear noncompetitive type. Since the conformation of 5-amino-D-glucose in aqueous solution is half-chair (Reese et al. (1971) Carbohyd. Res. 18, 381-388), the unusual kinetic behavior of the compound toward muscle phosphorylase b was supposed to be due to its half-chair conformation. In the glucosidic oxygen-substituted analogs, the affinity for both muscle phosphorylase b and potato phosphorylase decreased with decreasing order of magnitude of electronegativity of the glucosidic atom. The strong positive correlation between the affinity and the electronegativity suggests that D-glucose-1-P, the substrate, may bind to phosphorylase with the formation of a hydrogen bond between its glucosidic oxygen and a hydrogen donor of the enzyme.", "PMID": 560367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4204", "title": "Intramolecular disulfide linked alphabeta and alphaalpha in oxidized tropomyosin: separation, identification, and process of formation.", "content": "The oxidation of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin (TM) by repeated cycles of freezing and melting in 0.3 mM Na bicarbonate was studied by electrophoresis and column chromatography. The oxidized TM showed two bands at ca. 70,000 daltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. Each band component was separated into disulfide-linked alphabeta and alphaalpha by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) column chromatography in urea. Oxidized TM before fractionation, as well as the alphabeta and alphaalpha components, was found to have a molecular weight of about 80,000 daltons, indicating the disulfide bonds to be primarily intramolecular. Oxidation of dilute TM in 1 M NaCl by exposure to air also produced disulfide-linked alphabeta. Partially oxidized TM was found to separate into beta, alphabeta, alpha, and alphaalpha on CMC chromatography, and these were eluted with a linear gradient of NaCl at molarities of ca. 0.09, 0.11, 0.12, and 0.14 M, respectively. The oxidation process was investigated by CMC chromatography, and a possible mechanism is presented. The alphabeta and alphaalpha components may exist as dominant component in TM in vitro rather than as a random mixture of two subunits. A splitting of the electrophoretic band of the alpha subunit into a doublet was observed.", "contents": "Intramolecular disulfide linked alphabeta and alphaalpha in oxidized tropomyosin: separation, identification, and process of formation. The oxidation of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin (TM) by repeated cycles of freezing and melting in 0.3 mM Na bicarbonate was studied by electrophoresis and column chromatography. The oxidized TM showed two bands at ca. 70,000 daltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. Each band component was separated into disulfide-linked alphabeta and alphaalpha by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) column chromatography in urea. Oxidized TM before fractionation, as well as the alphabeta and alphaalpha components, was found to have a molecular weight of about 80,000 daltons, indicating the disulfide bonds to be primarily intramolecular. Oxidation of dilute TM in 1 M NaCl by exposure to air also produced disulfide-linked alphabeta. Partially oxidized TM was found to separate into beta, alphabeta, alpha, and alphaalpha on CMC chromatography, and these were eluted with a linear gradient of NaCl at molarities of ca. 0.09, 0.11, 0.12, and 0.14 M, respectively. The oxidation process was investigated by CMC chromatography, and a possible mechanism is presented. The alphabeta and alphaalpha components may exist as dominant component in TM in vitro rather than as a random mixture of two subunits. A splitting of the electrophoretic band of the alpha subunit into a doublet was observed.", "PMID": 560368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4205", "title": "Structure and function of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from Torulopsis utilis. III. Detection of single-stranded regions by digestion with nuclease S1.", "content": "Identification of single-stranded regions in Torulopsis utilis 5S RNA was attempted by the use of Nuclease S1,  a single-strand specific endonuclease. When T. utilis 5S RNA was subjected to prolonged incubation with Nuclease S1, about 50% of the substrate 5S RNA remained as large oligonucleotide \"cores.\" Such Nuclease S1-resistant fragments were purified and sequenced by column chromatographic procedures. These analyses revealed that regions around positions 12, 40, 57, and 110 are in exposed single-stranded loops at 37 degrees C and that regions around positions 12 and 40 are most exposed at 20 degrees C. These results are compatible with our secondary structure model for T. utilis 5S RNA (Nishikawa & Takemura (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 935-947) except that the 5' part of the molecule (from the region around position 22 to that around position 57) might have a somewhat looser conformation than our secondary structure model suggests. The implications of such results are also discussed in relation to the presumed function of the sequence C-G-A-U-C (around position 40) as one of the recognition sites for initiator tRNA binding on ribosomes.", "contents": "Structure and function of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from Torulopsis utilis. III. Detection of single-stranded regions by digestion with nuclease S1. Identification of single-stranded regions in Torulopsis utilis 5S RNA was attempted by the use of Nuclease S1,  a single-strand specific endonuclease. When T. utilis 5S RNA was subjected to prolonged incubation with Nuclease S1, about 50% of the substrate 5S RNA remained as large oligonucleotide \"cores.\" Such Nuclease S1-resistant fragments were purified and sequenced by column chromatographic procedures. These analyses revealed that regions around positions 12, 40, 57, and 110 are in exposed single-stranded loops at 37 degrees C and that regions around positions 12 and 40 are most exposed at 20 degrees C. These results are compatible with our secondary structure model for T. utilis 5S RNA (Nishikawa & Takemura (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 935-947) except that the 5' part of the molecule (from the region around position 22 to that around position 57) might have a somewhat looser conformation than our secondary structure model suggests. The implications of such results are also discussed in relation to the presumed function of the sequence C-G-A-U-C (around position 40) as one of the recognition sites for initiator tRNA binding on ribosomes.", "PMID": 560370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4206", "title": "Reaction of DNA with glycidaldehyde. Isolation and identification of a deoxyguanosine reaction product.", "content": "Glycidaldehyde, a bifunctional carcinogenic alkylating agent, has been found to react with calf thymus DNA in vitro under alkaline conditions. A product was isolated and identified to be the result of a fusion of a delta4-imidazoline ring to the pyrimidine ring of deoxyguanosine at the N-1 and 2-NH2 positions. Following reaction and dialysis, the DNA was hydrolyzed enzymatically to nucleosides. The structural assignment of the product was based on comparison of the elution volume from a Sephadex G-10 column, the ultraviolet spectra at various conditions of pH, and the thin layer chromatographic properties with respect to an authentic sample. The formation of the extended ring system with DNA-derived guanosine may be related to the mode of carcinogenic action of this difunctional alkylating agent.", "contents": "Reaction of DNA with glycidaldehyde. Isolation and identification of a deoxyguanosine reaction product. Glycidaldehyde, a bifunctional carcinogenic alkylating agent, has been found to react with calf thymus DNA in vitro under alkaline conditions. A product was isolated and identified to be the result of a fusion of a delta4-imidazoline ring to the pyrimidine ring of deoxyguanosine at the N-1 and 2-NH2 positions. Following reaction and dialysis, the DNA was hydrolyzed enzymatically to nucleosides. The structural assignment of the product was based on comparison of the elution volume from a Sephadex G-10 column, the ultraviolet spectra at various conditions of pH, and the thin layer chromatographic properties with respect to an authentic sample. The formation of the extended ring system with DNA-derived guanosine may be related to the mode of carcinogenic action of this difunctional alkylating agent.", "PMID": 560373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4207", "title": "Isolation and properties of beta-D-galactoside-specific lectin from chick embryo thigh muscle.", "content": "A beta-galactoside-specific lectin, capable of agglutinating trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, was isolated from 13-day-old embryonic chick thigh muscle and purified 1000-fold by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin/Sepharose and Sephadex G-100. A quantitative hemagglutinin assay based on the disappearance of single erythrocytes in a Coulter electronic particle counter was devised to measure lectin activity at different steps of purification. The molecular weight of the lectin was determined by gel filtration to be approximately 31,000, whereas polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gave a value of approximately 15,000, suggesting that the lectin is a dimer. The lectin is unstable below pH 5, and it requires the presence of dithiothreitol for the retention of maximal activity. The major portion of this lectin is membrane-bound; only 50% of the activity present in the muscle homogenate could be isolated in soluble form by extraction of muscle acetone powder with a buffer of high ionic strength. In view of the lack of a calcium requirement for its activity, the role of this lectin in myoblast fusion, a calcium-dependent phenomenon, is not clear.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of beta-D-galactoside-specific lectin from chick embryo thigh muscle. A beta-galactoside-specific lectin, capable of agglutinating trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, was isolated from 13-day-old embryonic chick thigh muscle and purified 1000-fold by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin/Sepharose and Sephadex G-100. A quantitative hemagglutinin assay based on the disappearance of single erythrocytes in a Coulter electronic particle counter was devised to measure lectin activity at different steps of purification. The molecular weight of the lectin was determined by gel filtration to be approximately 31,000, whereas polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gave a value of approximately 15,000, suggesting that the lectin is a dimer. The lectin is unstable below pH 5, and it requires the presence of dithiothreitol for the retention of maximal activity. The major portion of this lectin is membrane-bound; only 50% of the activity present in the muscle homogenate could be isolated in soluble form by extraction of muscle acetone powder with a buffer of high ionic strength. In view of the lack of a calcium requirement for its activity, the role of this lectin in myoblast fusion, a calcium-dependent phenomenon, is not clear.", "PMID": 560374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4208", "title": "Concerning the catalytic hydrogenation of polyprenyl phosphate-mannose synthesized by the retina.", "content": "Catalytic hydrogenolysis has been used as a means of distinguishing between classes of polyprenyl phosphate sugars which contain saturated alpha-isoprene units from those in which this grouping is allylic. Catalytic hydrogenation of dolichyl phosphate-[14C]mannose, synthesized by the retina of the embryonic chick was examined using different solvents and catalysts. When performed in chloroform:methanol (2:1), extensive cleavage to water-soluble radioactive material occurred due to hydrolysis caused by the reaction medium, even when buffered with tributylamine. When other solvents were used, considerable adsorption of radio-activity to the catalyst, in addition to variable amounts of hydrolysis, was encountered. Thus, the method is encumbered with artifact and extreme variability depending upon the reaction conditions employed, rendering it less than reliable for the purpose for which it was intended.", "contents": "Concerning the catalytic hydrogenation of polyprenyl phosphate-mannose synthesized by the retina. Catalytic hydrogenolysis has been used as a means of distinguishing between classes of polyprenyl phosphate sugars which contain saturated alpha-isoprene units from those in which this grouping is allylic. Catalytic hydrogenation of dolichyl phosphate-[14C]mannose, synthesized by the retina of the embryonic chick was examined using different solvents and catalysts. When performed in chloroform:methanol (2:1), extensive cleavage to water-soluble radioactive material occurred due to hydrolysis caused by the reaction medium, even when buffered with tributylamine. When other solvents were used, considerable adsorption of radio-activity to the catalyst, in addition to variable amounts of hydrolysis, was encountered. Thus, the method is encumbered with artifact and extreme variability depending upon the reaction conditions employed, rendering it less than reliable for the purpose for which it was intended.", "PMID": 560375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4209", "title": "Ribonuclease inhibitor from human placenta. Purification and properties.", "content": "A soluble ribonuclease inhibitor from the human placenta has been purified 4000-fold by a combination of ion exchange and affinity chromatography. The inhibitor has been isolated in 45% yield (about 2 mg/placenta) as a protein that is homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. In common with the inhibitors of pancreatic ribonuclease from other tissues that have been studied earlier, the placental inhibitor is an acidic protein of molecular weight near 50,000; it forms a 1:1 complex with bovine pancreatic RNase A and is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the pancreatic enzyme, with a Ki of 3 X 10(-10) M. The amino acid composition of the protein has been determined. The protein contains 30 half-cystine plus cysteine residues determined as cysteic acid after performic acid oxidation. At pH 8.6 the nondenatured protein alkylated with iodoacetic acid in the presence of free thiol has 8 free sulfhydryl groups. The inhibitor is irreversibly inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents and also by removal of free thiol from solutions of the protein. Inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents causes the dissociation of the RNase - inhibitor complex into active RNase and inactive inhibitor.", "contents": "Ribonuclease inhibitor from human placenta. Purification and properties. A soluble ribonuclease inhibitor from the human placenta has been purified 4000-fold by a combination of ion exchange and affinity chromatography. The inhibitor has been isolated in 45% yield (about 2 mg/placenta) as a protein that is homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. In common with the inhibitors of pancreatic ribonuclease from other tissues that have been studied earlier, the placental inhibitor is an acidic protein of molecular weight near 50,000; it forms a 1:1 complex with bovine pancreatic RNase A and is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the pancreatic enzyme, with a Ki of 3 X 10(-10) M. The amino acid composition of the protein has been determined. The protein contains 30 half-cystine plus cysteine residues determined as cysteic acid after performic acid oxidation. At pH 8.6 the nondenatured protein alkylated with iodoacetic acid in the presence of free thiol has 8 free sulfhydryl groups. The inhibitor is irreversibly inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents and also by removal of free thiol from solutions of the protein. Inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents causes the dissociation of the RNase - inhibitor complex into active RNase and inactive inhibitor.", "PMID": 560377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4210", "title": "Rearrangements of integral membrane components during in vitro aging of sheep erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "In vitro aged sheep erythrocytes and sheep erythrocyte ghosts spontaneously release vesicles that consist of long protrusions affixed to flattened headlike structures. The intramembranous particles seen on the protoplasmic face of freeze fracture electron micrographs of vesicle protrusions are arranged in paired particle rows. On the equivalent fracture face of headlike structures, the particle density is low; if particles are present, they are clustered along the rim of the flattened headlike structure and at the junction with the protrusion. The released vesicles are depleted of the intramembranous particles seen on the exoplasmic face of ghost but retain almost exclusively particles of the protoplasmic face. Correspondingly, the exoplasmic face of ghosts that have released vesicles reveals a 28 percent higher density of intramembranous particles than that of fresh ghosts. Purified vesicles are depleted of spectrin but retain integral membrane proteins, with one of an apparent mol wt of 160,000 accounting for nearly 50 percent of the total protein (Lutz, H.U.,R. Barber, and R.F. McGuire. 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251:3500-3510). When vesicles are modified with the cleavable cross-linking reagent [(35)S]dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate)at 0 degrees C, the 160,000 mol wt protein is rapidly converted to disulfide-linked dimers and higher oligomers. Exposure of intact ghosts to the reagent in the same way fails to yield equivalent polymers. A comparison of the morphological and biochemical aspects of ghosts and vesicles suggest that a marked rearrangement of membrane proteins accompanies the supramolecular redistribution of intramembranous particles during spontaneous vesiculation. The results also suggest that the paired particles of the protoplasmic face of vesicle protrusions are arranged in paired helices and contain the 160,000 mol wt protein as dimers.", "contents": "Rearrangements of integral membrane components during in vitro aging of sheep erythrocyte membranes. In vitro aged sheep erythrocytes and sheep erythrocyte ghosts spontaneously release vesicles that consist of long protrusions affixed to flattened headlike structures. The intramembranous particles seen on the protoplasmic face of freeze fracture electron micrographs of vesicle protrusions are arranged in paired particle rows. On the equivalent fracture face of headlike structures, the particle density is low; if particles are present, they are clustered along the rim of the flattened headlike structure and at the junction with the protrusion. The released vesicles are depleted of the intramembranous particles seen on the exoplasmic face of ghost but retain almost exclusively particles of the protoplasmic face. Correspondingly, the exoplasmic face of ghosts that have released vesicles reveals a 28 percent higher density of intramembranous particles than that of fresh ghosts. Purified vesicles are depleted of spectrin but retain integral membrane proteins, with one of an apparent mol wt of 160,000 accounting for nearly 50 percent of the total protein (Lutz, H.U.,R. Barber, and R.F. McGuire. 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251:3500-3510). When vesicles are modified with the cleavable cross-linking reagent [(35)S]dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate)at 0 degrees C, the 160,000 mol wt protein is rapidly converted to disulfide-linked dimers and higher oligomers. Exposure of intact ghosts to the reagent in the same way fails to yield equivalent polymers. A comparison of the morphological and biochemical aspects of ghosts and vesicles suggest that a marked rearrangement of membrane proteins accompanies the supramolecular redistribution of intramembranous particles during spontaneous vesiculation. The results also suggest that the paired particles of the protoplasmic face of vesicle protrusions are arranged in paired helices and contain the 160,000 mol wt protein as dimers.", "PMID": 560378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4211", "title": "New method for the isolation of Streptococcus mutans and its differentiation from other oral streptococci.", "content": "A new, improved agar medium for the isolation of Streptococcus mutans, the etiological agent of dental caries, was developed. In contrast to mitis-salivarius agar, this medium not only recovers a greater number of S. mutans strains from most oral specimens but, because of its mannitol and sorbitol content, it also facilitates the differentiation of S. mutans from other oral streptococci, e.g., S. salivarius, S. mitis, and S. sanguis, which do not grow or produce scanty growth only after 10 days of incubation. The medium is easy to prepare because of its simple and unique composition, is characterized by the presence of an acid indicator, and can be utilized under aerobic and anaerobic conditions as well. The medium cannot be used to distinguish among the eight serotypes, a to g and SL-1, of S. mutans. Mannitol-utilizing bacteria such as streptococci (e.g., S. faecalis) and other microorganisms (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) are able to grow on this medium and can be distinguished from S. mutans by their unique colony morphology.", "contents": "New method for the isolation of Streptococcus mutans and its differentiation from other oral streptococci. A new, improved agar medium for the isolation of Streptococcus mutans, the etiological agent of dental caries, was developed. In contrast to mitis-salivarius agar, this medium not only recovers a greater number of S. mutans strains from most oral specimens but, because of its mannitol and sorbitol content, it also facilitates the differentiation of S. mutans from other oral streptococci, e.g., S. salivarius, S. mitis, and S. sanguis, which do not grow or produce scanty growth only after 10 days of incubation. The medium is easy to prepare because of its simple and unique composition, is characterized by the presence of an acid indicator, and can be utilized under aerobic and anaerobic conditions as well. The medium cannot be used to distinguish among the eight serotypes, a to g and SL-1, of S. mutans. Mannitol-utilizing bacteria such as streptococci (e.g., S. faecalis) and other microorganisms (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) are able to grow on this medium and can be distinguished from S. mutans by their unique colony morphology.", "PMID": 560395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4212", "title": "Isolation of Mycobacterium chelonei from a granulomatous lesion in a pig.", "content": "A rapidly growing, non-photochromogenic acid-fast organism was isolated from a lesion in a 6-month-old pig. The isolate was subsequently identified as Mycobacterium chelonei by its growth rate, but its failure to reduce nitrates, and by being arylsulfatase positive at 3 days.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycobacterium chelonei from a granulomatous lesion in a pig. A rapidly growing, non-photochromogenic acid-fast organism was isolated from a lesion in a 6-month-old pig. The isolate was subsequently identified as Mycobacterium chelonei by its growth rate, but its failure to reduce nitrates, and by being arylsulfatase positive at 3 days.", "PMID": 560396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4213", "title": "A case study of embarrassment.", "content": "The psychoanalytic references to embarrassment are reviewed. Embarrassment, in the literature, is seen largely as an affect involving exhibitionistic and scopophilic conflicts and defenses against these. A case in which embarrassment was prominent is discussed. Embarrassment in the patient was an ego response which implied an external object for its manifestation. It involved exhibitionistic and scopophilic conflicts and projective defenses, but also operated in ego-gratifying and adaptive ways. Her embarrassment was understood through the analysis of an initial embarrassing dream of nakedness and other dreams and associated material as the defensive out-grouth of repeated exposures to the primal scene. Embarrassment was a resistance to remembering in the analysis, and the primal-scene experiences were partially reconstructed. The analytic situation was, in many ways, a symbolic re-creation of the primal scene, including the patient's response of embarrassment. The development of embarrassment in the patient's childhood was furthered and confirmed by its being an identification with the attitudes of both parents. Finally, some reflections on embarrassment and shame in its various forms are set forth.", "contents": "A case study of embarrassment. The psychoanalytic references to embarrassment are reviewed. Embarrassment, in the literature, is seen largely as an affect involving exhibitionistic and scopophilic conflicts and defenses against these. A case in which embarrassment was prominent is discussed. Embarrassment in the patient was an ego response which implied an external object for its manifestation. It involved exhibitionistic and scopophilic conflicts and projective defenses, but also operated in ego-gratifying and adaptive ways. Her embarrassment was understood through the analysis of an initial embarrassing dream of nakedness and other dreams and associated material as the defensive out-grouth of repeated exposures to the primal scene. Embarrassment was a resistance to remembering in the analysis, and the primal-scene experiences were partially reconstructed. The analytic situation was, in many ways, a symbolic re-creation of the primal scene, including the patient's response of embarrassment. The development of embarrassment in the patient's childhood was furthered and confirmed by its being an identification with the attitudes of both parents. Finally, some reflections on embarrassment and shame in its various forms are set forth.", "PMID": 560404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4214", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of mycobacterial phages isolated from the material of sarcoid patients.", "content": "Mycophages DNAIII, Legendre and Clark, isolated from sarcoid material by Mankiewicz, belongs with respect to their ultrastructural morphology, to the systematic group B according to Bradley or to group IV according to Tikhonenko. These phages contain 2-DNA, their head is a regular icosahedron, the tail consisting of a helix of protein subunits is attached to the head by a narrowed segment and is fixed in it by means of a disc-like structure. It is terminated by a ball-shoped or conical end structure. By their dimensions, these phages belong to the smallest ones in this systematic group. In comparison with other mycobacterial phages, the studied phages exhibit very low mechanical resistance. This characteristic is most pronounced in phage DNAIII. This group of mycophages is also very sensitive lipid solvents and increased temeprature. This phenomenon is also most pronounced in phage DNAIII. The explanation of these findings will be the subject of our further study.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of mycobacterial phages isolated from the material of sarcoid patients. Mycophages DNAIII, Legendre and Clark, isolated from sarcoid material by Mankiewicz, belongs with respect to their ultrastructural morphology, to the systematic group B according to Bradley or to group IV according to Tikhonenko. These phages contain 2-DNA, their head is a regular icosahedron, the tail consisting of a helix of protein subunits is attached to the head by a narrowed segment and is fixed in it by means of a disc-like structure. It is terminated by a ball-shoped or conical end structure. By their dimensions, these phages belong to the smallest ones in this systematic group. In comparison with other mycobacterial phages, the studied phages exhibit very low mechanical resistance. This characteristic is most pronounced in phage DNAIII. This group of mycophages is also very sensitive lipid solvents and increased temeprature. This phenomenon is also most pronounced in phage DNAIII. The explanation of these findings will be the subject of our further study.", "PMID": 560406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4215", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the oxygen consumption of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdaloid in rats.", "content": "The oxygen consumption of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, of both sexes, ranging in age from 21-805 days for male rats and from 21-780 days for the estrus and diestrus female rats, was measured. The oxidative activity of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala decreased rapidly from Day 21 until the 4th mo. and stabilized till the 27th mo. in the hippocampus and amygdala and gradually decreased from the 12th mo. to the 27th mo. in the hypothalamus. The cerebral cortex showed a different pattern which kept a constant level from day 21 to 12 mo. of age. There was no statistically significant change in any of the regions at the time of vaginal opening. Low oxidative activity of the hypothalamus and amygdala in old age was still observed in castrated/hypophysectomized male rats compared with young ones. Therefore, the decreased oxygen consumption in old age seems to be due primarily to changes in the brain tissue itself and not due secondarily to changes in the gonadotropin and sex hormone levels. Female rats had higher oxygen consumption values than males in the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. In the amygdala the males had a higher consumption. Estrus female rats showed significantly higher oxygen consumption than diestrus females only in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the oxygen consumption of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdaloid in rats. The oxygen consumption of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, of both sexes, ranging in age from 21-805 days for male rats and from 21-780 days for the estrus and diestrus female rats, was measured. The oxidative activity of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala decreased rapidly from Day 21 until the 4th mo. and stabilized till the 27th mo. in the hippocampus and amygdala and gradually decreased from the 12th mo. to the 27th mo. in the hypothalamus. The cerebral cortex showed a different pattern which kept a constant level from day 21 to 12 mo. of age. There was no statistically significant change in any of the regions at the time of vaginal opening. Low oxidative activity of the hypothalamus and amygdala in old age was still observed in castrated/hypophysectomized male rats compared with young ones. Therefore, the decreased oxygen consumption in old age seems to be due primarily to changes in the brain tissue itself and not due secondarily to changes in the gonadotropin and sex hormone levels. Female rats had higher oxygen consumption values than males in the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. In the amygdala the males had a higher consumption. Estrus female rats showed significantly higher oxygen consumption than diestrus females only in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 560405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4216", "title": "A microhaemagllutination test in the diagnostics of syphilis.", "content": "The authors present the results of evaluation of a new, commercially produced haemagglutination test for the diagnosis of syphilis; they examined a total of 2 037 sera and compared the results with some classical and specific reactions for lues, used in the National Reference Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Syphilis in Prague. The authors clearly arrive at the conclusion that the haemagglutination test is a great contribution to the diagnostic lues which can be used in practice in the field with minimum expenditure and modest equipment.", "contents": "A microhaemagllutination test in the diagnostics of syphilis. The authors present the results of evaluation of a new, commercially produced haemagglutination test for the diagnosis of syphilis; they examined a total of 2 037 sera and compared the results with some classical and specific reactions for lues, used in the National Reference Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Syphilis in Prague. The authors clearly arrive at the conclusion that the haemagglutination test is a great contribution to the diagnostic lues which can be used in practice in the field with minimum expenditure and modest equipment.", "PMID": 560408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4217", "title": "Bacterial multiresistance to antibiotics. Study of types of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in the environment and in clinical material of a resuscitation ward.", "content": "Types of resistance were studied in clinical material and in the environment a resuscitation ward in the period from September 1973 to February 1974. Identical strains with the same types of resistance were isolated in both groups. They were verified by qualitative and quantitative tests of sensitivity to selected antibacterial substances. A high degeee of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ampicillin was found in all gram-negative bacilli. High effectivity of colimycin, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole was confirmed in vitro. The strains of Staphylococcus aureus were fully sensitive only to oxacillin, lincomycin, spiramycin, vancomycin, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole. The strains of Streptococcus faecalis were found sensitive only to ampicillin and vancomycin.", "contents": "Bacterial multiresistance to antibiotics. Study of types of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in the environment and in clinical material of a resuscitation ward. Types of resistance were studied in clinical material and in the environment a resuscitation ward in the period from September 1973 to February 1974. Identical strains with the same types of resistance were isolated in both groups. They were verified by qualitative and quantitative tests of sensitivity to selected antibacterial substances. A high degeee of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ampicillin was found in all gram-negative bacilli. High effectivity of colimycin, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole was confirmed in vitro. The strains of Staphylococcus aureus were fully sensitive only to oxacillin, lincomycin, spiramycin, vancomycin, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole. The strains of Streptococcus faecalis were found sensitive only to ampicillin and vancomycin.", "PMID": 560409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4218", "title": "Antigenic relations of Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia canada, established in the study of sera of patients with Brill's disease.", "content": "Sera of patients with Brill's disease and of healthy persons with spotted fever in their past history were examined in the complement fixation reaction (CFR) to determine antigenic relations between R. prowazekii and R. canada. R. canada was found to have common antigenic determinants with R. prowazekii and R. mooseri. However, the antigenic determinants of R. canada differed from those of the mentioned rickettsiae. The titres of complement-fixing antibodies in the sera of patients with Brill's disease with the antigen of R. mooseri were lower than the titres with the homologous antigen within the range of 1-2 twofold dilutions of the serum. However, the oscillations of the titres with the antigen of R. canada in the study of the same sera were expressed in 1-5 twofold dilutions. In serological identification of canada rickettsiosis, antigens of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group should invariably be included in the investigation of the sera.", "contents": "Antigenic relations of Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia canada, established in the study of sera of patients with Brill's disease. Sera of patients with Brill's disease and of healthy persons with spotted fever in their past history were examined in the complement fixation reaction (CFR) to determine antigenic relations between R. prowazekii and R. canada. R. canada was found to have common antigenic determinants with R. prowazekii and R. mooseri. However, the antigenic determinants of R. canada differed from those of the mentioned rickettsiae. The titres of complement-fixing antibodies in the sera of patients with Brill's disease with the antigen of R. mooseri were lower than the titres with the homologous antigen within the range of 1-2 twofold dilutions of the serum. However, the oscillations of the titres with the antigen of R. canada in the study of the same sera were expressed in 1-5 twofold dilutions. In serological identification of canada rickettsiosis, antigens of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group should invariably be included in the investigation of the sera.", "PMID": 560410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4219", "title": "Levels of immunoglobulins and lysozyme in 10-year-old children from different regions and the condition of the lymphatic apparatus. I. Condition of tonsils in connection with some immunological parameters and different environment.", "content": "The condition of tonsils was investigated and the levels of serum IgG, IgA, IgM and lysozyme were measured in 305 ten-year-old children from three localities of the Central-Bohemian Region. The tonsils were not enlarged in 30.8% of children, in 26.2% they were enlarged, in 35.5% furrowed and in 7.5% of children tonsillectomy had been carried out. Mean levels of IgA were significantly higher in two localities in children with enlarged tonsils, insignificantly lower in children with furrowed tonsils and lowest in tonsilectomized children. The difference in the distribution of IgM levels were significant between girls with enlarged furrowed tonsils. The levels of lysozyme were not correlated with the finding in the tonsils, but a significant difference was found in the groups with enlarged tonsils between the three locailties under observation and in the groups with furrowed tonsils between two localities. The importance of the findings observed is discussed from the point of view of a possible influence of air pollution in two of the three localities under study.", "contents": "Levels of immunoglobulins and lysozyme in 10-year-old children from different regions and the condition of the lymphatic apparatus. I. Condition of tonsils in connection with some immunological parameters and different environment. The condition of tonsils was investigated and the levels of serum IgG, IgA, IgM and lysozyme were measured in 305 ten-year-old children from three localities of the Central-Bohemian Region. The tonsils were not enlarged in 30.8% of children, in 26.2% they were enlarged, in 35.5% furrowed and in 7.5% of children tonsillectomy had been carried out. Mean levels of IgA were significantly higher in two localities in children with enlarged tonsils, insignificantly lower in children with furrowed tonsils and lowest in tonsilectomized children. The difference in the distribution of IgM levels were significant between girls with enlarged furrowed tonsils. The levels of lysozyme were not correlated with the finding in the tonsils, but a significant difference was found in the groups with enlarged tonsils between the three locailties under observation and in the groups with furrowed tonsils between two localities. The importance of the findings observed is discussed from the point of view of a possible influence of air pollution in two of the three localities under study.", "PMID": 560412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4220", "title": "Similarity of the carbohydrate structures of H-2 and Ia glycoproteins.", "content": "The glycopeptides produced by pronase digestion of two H-2K, two H-2D, and three Ia glycoprotein antigens were examined for size and charge. The glycopeptides derived from all of the antigens examined were found to have m.w. of 3250 +/- 200 daltons with a similar and variable composition of sialic acid residues. These data, when combined with the similarity in monosaccharide incorporation, suggest that the general parameters of the carbohydrate structure of the Ia glycoproteins from different I subregions and H-2 glycoproteins are highly similar if not identical.", "contents": "Similarity of the carbohydrate structures of H-2 and Ia glycoproteins. The glycopeptides produced by pronase digestion of two H-2K, two H-2D, and three Ia glycoprotein antigens were examined for size and charge. The glycopeptides derived from all of the antigens examined were found to have m.w. of 3250 +/- 200 daltons with a similar and variable composition of sialic acid residues. These data, when combined with the similarity in monosaccharide incorporation, suggest that the general parameters of the carbohydrate structure of the Ia glycoproteins from different I subregions and H-2 glycoproteins are highly similar if not identical.", "PMID": 560414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4221", "title": "Sera and the in vitro induction of immune responses. III. Adjuvant obtained from gliding bacteria with properties distinct from enteric bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "We have extended our studies on the role of bacterial contamination in the generation of fetal calf sera which support primary in vitro humoral responses by cultured mouse spleen cells. Gram-negative, gliding bacteria were isolated from a strongly supportive sample of fetal calf sera. Medium conditioned by the growth of these microorganisms had strong adjuvant effects in cultures of mouse spleen cells supplemented with a non supportive, deficient sera. The adjuvant and mitogenic activities of the bacterial conditioned medium were then compared to those of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa 0901 in cultures of LPS responder and LPS nonresponder spleen cells. From the results of these comparative studies, we conclude that the active factor(s) obtained from the gliding bacteria is an adjuvant with properties very distinct from those of highly purified enteric bacterial LPS.", "contents": "Sera and the in vitro induction of immune responses. III. Adjuvant obtained from gliding bacteria with properties distinct from enteric bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We have extended our studies on the role of bacterial contamination in the generation of fetal calf sera which support primary in vitro humoral responses by cultured mouse spleen cells. Gram-negative, gliding bacteria were isolated from a strongly supportive sample of fetal calf sera. Medium conditioned by the growth of these microorganisms had strong adjuvant effects in cultures of mouse spleen cells supplemented with a non supportive, deficient sera. The adjuvant and mitogenic activities of the bacterial conditioned medium were then compared to those of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa 0901 in cultures of LPS responder and LPS nonresponder spleen cells. From the results of these comparative studies, we conclude that the active factor(s) obtained from the gliding bacteria is an adjuvant with properties very distinct from those of highly purified enteric bacterial LPS.", "PMID": 560415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4222", "title": "Serodiagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection by antibody to core antigen.", "content": "In a military population antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was found in 39% of acute hepatitis cases negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) and in 96% of HBs Ag-positive cases. Persistence of antibody to HBs Ag (anti-HBs) in convalescent-phase sera was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in individuals with acute HBs Ag-positive hepatitis B than in patients with clinical HBs Ag-negative hepatitis B. The prevalence of anti-HBc in the absence of HBs Ag, anti-HBs, and clinical disease was 3.2% in this military population. In longitudinal studies of hepatitis B  infection, the presence of anti-HBc preceded anti-HBs and improved the ability to determine the onset of sublicnical infection. Anti-HBc is a useful serologic marker for the study of the epidemiology of hepatitis B and improves the efficiency of detection of hepatitis B virus infection.", "contents": "Serodiagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection by antibody to core antigen. In a military population antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was found in 39% of acute hepatitis cases negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) and in 96% of HBs Ag-positive cases. Persistence of antibody to HBs Ag (anti-HBs) in convalescent-phase sera was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in individuals with acute HBs Ag-positive hepatitis B than in patients with clinical HBs Ag-negative hepatitis B. The prevalence of anti-HBc in the absence of HBs Ag, anti-HBs, and clinical disease was 3.2% in this military population. In longitudinal studies of hepatitis B  infection, the presence of anti-HBc preceded anti-HBs and improved the ability to determine the onset of sublicnical infection. Anti-HBc is a useful serologic marker for the study of the epidemiology of hepatitis B and improves the efficiency of detection of hepatitis B virus infection.", "PMID": 560416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4223", "title": "Mouse teratomas and embryoid bodies: their induction and differentiation.", "content": "Teratomas were induced by the transfer of mouse blastocysts (C3H and 129/J strains) and egg-cylinders (C3H) to extra-uterine sites. C3H and 129/J blastocysts cultured in vitro for 4 or 5 days could also form teratomas in extra-uterine sites. Four transplantable teratomas, or teratocarcinomas, were derived from C3H embryos; embryoid bodies were derived from each line. The differentiative capacity of a teratocarcinoma was shown to be similar whether it was maintained as a solid tumour or as embryoid bodies.", "contents": "Mouse teratomas and embryoid bodies: their induction and differentiation. Teratomas were induced by the transfer of mouse blastocysts (C3H and 129/J strains) and egg-cylinders (C3H) to extra-uterine sites. C3H and 129/J blastocysts cultured in vitro for 4 or 5 days could also form teratomas in extra-uterine sites. Four transplantable teratomas, or teratocarcinomas, were derived from C3H embryos; embryoid bodies were derived from each line. The differentiative capacity of a teratocarcinoma was shown to be similar whether it was maintained as a solid tumour or as embryoid bodies.", "PMID": 560420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4224", "title": "Differentiation of primordial germ cells in the embryonic development of Thermobia domestica, Pack. (Thysanura): an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The primordial germ cells(PGCs) of Thermobia domestica undergo some morphological changes during the embryonic development. Most conspicuous are the changes in the ultrastructure of the nucleus, whose envelope shows a high degree of activity. Two types of vesicles bled off from the nucleus; the ones with the light interior are called the accessory nuclei, the others, with electron-opaque contents, have been termed the dense bodies. The nucleolus, initially clustered at the nucleus centre, undergoes dispersion and assembles again towards the end of embryonic development. At the same time, the sex differentiation of PGCs takes place. It is preceded by an increase in the activity of Golgi complexes and in the volume of lysosomes and lamellar bodies, the latter giving rise to lipid droplets. At the early stages of postembryonic development, preoogonia and prespermatogonia can readily be distinguished. Preoogonia have a wavy-surfaced nucleus and their cytoplasm contains dense bodies. In prespermatogonia, the nucleus is spherical with smooth envelope and there are no dense bodies in the cytoplasm. Throughout the period studied there occur nucleolus-like bodies and nuage material considered to be the germ-cell determinants in this species.", "contents": "Differentiation of primordial germ cells in the embryonic development of Thermobia domestica, Pack. (Thysanura): an ultrastructural study. The primordial germ cells(PGCs) of Thermobia domestica undergo some morphological changes during the embryonic development. Most conspicuous are the changes in the ultrastructure of the nucleus, whose envelope shows a high degree of activity. Two types of vesicles bled off from the nucleus; the ones with the light interior are called the accessory nuclei, the others, with electron-opaque contents, have been termed the dense bodies. The nucleolus, initially clustered at the nucleus centre, undergoes dispersion and assembles again towards the end of embryonic development. At the same time, the sex differentiation of PGCs takes place. It is preceded by an increase in the activity of Golgi complexes and in the volume of lysosomes and lamellar bodies, the latter giving rise to lipid droplets. At the early stages of postembryonic development, preoogonia and prespermatogonia can readily be distinguished. Preoogonia have a wavy-surfaced nucleus and their cytoplasm contains dense bodies. In prespermatogonia, the nucleus is spherical with smooth envelope and there are no dense bodies in the cytoplasm. Throughout the period studied there occur nucleolus-like bodies and nuage material considered to be the germ-cell determinants in this species.", "PMID": 560421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4225", "title": "Properties of extra-embryonic ectoderm isolated from postimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "Extra-embryonic ectoderm isolated from the mouse embryo as late as 81/2 days post coitum can form cells with the morphological characteristics of trophoblast giant cells both in ectopic sites and in vitro. This similarity to the properties of ectoplacental cone tissue provides further support for the postulated common origin of both tissues from the trophectoderm of the blastocyst.", "contents": "Properties of extra-embryonic ectoderm isolated from postimplantation mouse embryos. Extra-embryonic ectoderm isolated from the mouse embryo as late as 81/2 days post coitum can form cells with the morphological characteristics of trophoblast giant cells both in ectopic sites and in vitro. This similarity to the properties of ectoplacental cone tissue provides further support for the postulated common origin of both tissues from the trophectoderm of the blastocyst.", "PMID": 560422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4226", "title": "Effects of prenatal administration of hadacidin, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, on the development of hamster fetuses.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of 1-2-5 g/kg body weight of hadacidin was teratogenic when administered to pregnant hamsters between days 8 and 11 of gestation. Both the frequency of malformation and resorption were related to the dose and time of hadacidin administration. The drug produced both gross and microscopic malformation in the fetus and impaired its general growth. The malformation involved craniofacial structures, central nervous system, respiratory, digestive and urinary systems, limbs and tail. Morphologically different types of cleft lip and cleft palate were related to the dose and time of hadacidin treatment. An association was observed between cleft lip, cleft palate and micrognathia on one hand, and between cleft palate and micrognathia on the other. Significance of association between the lip, the palate and the mandibular malformation was discussed and the hypothesis that human cases of Pierre Robin syndrome may result from an environmental assault was supported. It was suggested that the fetal weight and the microscopic analysis should be included in the criteria for the teratological drug safety evaluation procedures.", "contents": "Effects of prenatal administration of hadacidin, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, on the development of hamster fetuses. A single intraperitoneal injection of 1-2-5 g/kg body weight of hadacidin was teratogenic when administered to pregnant hamsters between days 8 and 11 of gestation. Both the frequency of malformation and resorption were related to the dose and time of hadacidin administration. The drug produced both gross and microscopic malformation in the fetus and impaired its general growth. The malformation involved craniofacial structures, central nervous system, respiratory, digestive and urinary systems, limbs and tail. Morphologically different types of cleft lip and cleft palate were related to the dose and time of hadacidin treatment. An association was observed between cleft lip, cleft palate and micrognathia on one hand, and between cleft palate and micrognathia on the other. Significance of association between the lip, the palate and the mandibular malformation was discussed and the hypothesis that human cases of Pierre Robin syndrome may result from an environmental assault was supported. It was suggested that the fetal weight and the microscopic analysis should be included in the criteria for the teratological drug safety evaluation procedures.", "PMID": 560423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4227", "title": "Replication of minute virus of mice in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts.", "content": "Minute virus of mice (MVM), a parvovirus, replicates in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Although replication of the virus cannot readily be detected by haemagglutination, it can be measured by plaque assay on mouse strain LM cells.", "contents": "Replication of minute virus of mice in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts. Minute virus of mice (MVM), a parvovirus, replicates in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Although replication of the virus cannot readily be detected by haemagglutination, it can be measured by plaque assay on mouse strain LM cells.", "PMID": 560425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4228", "title": "Heterogeneity among strains of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 2.", "content": "Five isolates of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 2 (MV-L2) derived from bovine strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii were shown to differ in host range, plaque morphology and neutralization tests with MV-L2 antiserum. Cross-testing using virus resistant clones of A. laidlawii confirmed the heterogeneity of this group. Adaptation of viruses to sub-optimal host was demonstrated.", "contents": "Heterogeneity among strains of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 2. Five isolates of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 2 (MV-L2) derived from bovine strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii were shown to differ in host range, plaque morphology and neutralization tests with MV-L2 antiserum. Cross-testing using virus resistant clones of A. laidlawii confirmed the heterogeneity of this group. Adaptation of viruses to sub-optimal host was demonstrated.", "PMID": 560426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4229", "title": "Interaction of non-specific inhibitor and rabies virus haemagglutinim.", "content": "In order to elucidate the properties of an inhibitor of rabies virus haemagglutinin in normal animal sera, experiments were made with the HEP Flury strain and calf serum which contains the inhibitor. The results of physico-chemical treatment, gel-filtration and density analysis suggested lipoprotein involvement. When inhibitor and haemagglutinin were mixed, the separate activities could be recovered from the mixture by centrifuging on a sucrose density gradient. By contrast, neither haemagglutinin nor inhibitor could be recovered by this treamtnet when the inhibitor was added at the start of virus growth. The binding of inhibitor with rabies virus during virus growth seems irreversible and different from the binding of inhibitor with pre-formed rabies haemagglutinin.", "contents": "Interaction of non-specific inhibitor and rabies virus haemagglutinim. In order to elucidate the properties of an inhibitor of rabies virus haemagglutinin in normal animal sera, experiments were made with the HEP Flury strain and calf serum which contains the inhibitor. The results of physico-chemical treatment, gel-filtration and density analysis suggested lipoprotein involvement. When inhibitor and haemagglutinin were mixed, the separate activities could be recovered from the mixture by centrifuging on a sucrose density gradient. By contrast, neither haemagglutinin nor inhibitor could be recovered by this treamtnet when the inhibitor was added at the start of virus growth. The binding of inhibitor with rabies virus during virus growth seems irreversible and different from the binding of inhibitor with pre-formed rabies haemagglutinin.", "PMID": 560427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4230", "title": "Malonaldehyde content of food.", "content": "Several types of commercially available food both cooked and uncooked were tested for the presence of the carcinogenic initiator and mutagen, malonaldehyde, which is a breakdown product of unsaturated fatty acids. The thiobarbituric acid derivative of malonaldehyde from meat extract was identified either by thin layer chromatography or by gas chromatography after silylation. Malonaldehyde was also identified directly by gas chromatography. Among the meats purchased from supermarkets, beef had the greatest amounts of malonaldehyde. Turkey and cooked chicken had high levels. Most cheeses had only small amounts of malonaldehyde. In contrast, many vegetables and fruits had either minute amounts or no malonaldehyde.", "contents": "Malonaldehyde content of food. Several types of commercially available food both cooked and uncooked were tested for the presence of the carcinogenic initiator and mutagen, malonaldehyde, which is a breakdown product of unsaturated fatty acids. The thiobarbituric acid derivative of malonaldehyde from meat extract was identified either by thin layer chromatography or by gas chromatography after silylation. Malonaldehyde was also identified directly by gas chromatography. Among the meats purchased from supermarkets, beef had the greatest amounts of malonaldehyde. Turkey and cooked chicken had high levels. Most cheeses had only small amounts of malonaldehyde. In contrast, many vegetables and fruits had either minute amounts or no malonaldehyde.", "PMID": 560430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4231", "title": "Zinc requirement of the young guinea pig.", "content": "The zinc requirement and signs of zinc deficiency of the young guinea pig were investigated. One-week-old Hartley guinea pigs were fed low-zinc, semipurified diets with either 30% EDTA-treated casein or 30% EDTA-treated soybean protein as the protein source. Zinc was supplemented as ZnCO3 at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 60 ppm (casein diets) and 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 60 ppm (soybean protein diets). Specificity of zinc deficiency was determined by rapid growth response to zinc supplementation following a 4-week period of zinc depletion. Significant growth retardation and decreased feed efficiency were seen in guinea pigs fed casein diets with 3 ppm zinc or less added, or soybean diets with 5 ppm zinc or less added. Plasma zinc concentration was significantly decreased in guinea pigs fed soybean diets supplemented with 20 ppm zinc or less. Less dramatic trends of decreased plasma zinc level were seen when low-zinc casein diets were fed. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity showed significant decreases when 9 ppm zinc or less was added to casein diets and when 20 ppm zinc or less was added to soybean protein diets. Zinc (12 ppm) added to casein diets and 20 ppm zinc added to zinc soybean protein diets supported maximal growth rate for the 3-week duration of the feeding trials.", "contents": "Zinc requirement of the young guinea pig. The zinc requirement and signs of zinc deficiency of the young guinea pig were investigated. One-week-old Hartley guinea pigs were fed low-zinc, semipurified diets with either 30% EDTA-treated casein or 30% EDTA-treated soybean protein as the protein source. Zinc was supplemented as ZnCO3 at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 60 ppm (casein diets) and 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 60 ppm (soybean protein diets). Specificity of zinc deficiency was determined by rapid growth response to zinc supplementation following a 4-week period of zinc depletion. Significant growth retardation and decreased feed efficiency were seen in guinea pigs fed casein diets with 3 ppm zinc or less added, or soybean diets with 5 ppm zinc or less added. Plasma zinc concentration was significantly decreased in guinea pigs fed soybean diets supplemented with 20 ppm zinc or less. Less dramatic trends of decreased plasma zinc level were seen when low-zinc casein diets were fed. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity showed significant decreases when 9 ppm zinc or less was added to casein diets and when 20 ppm zinc or less was added to soybean protein diets. Zinc (12 ppm) added to casein diets and 20 ppm zinc added to zinc soybean protein diets supported maximal growth rate for the 3-week duration of the feeding trials.", "PMID": 560431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4232", "title": "Premature contraction of the ductus arteriosus: a cause of foetal death.", "content": "Necropsy findings are presented of two cases of foetal heart failure secondary to premature, in-utero contraction should lead to a redirection of the right heart output either through the pulmonary vascular bed or to the systemic circulation via the foramen ovale. The muscular pulmonary arteries, however, were not dilated, indicating that no excessive pulmonary flow had occurred. The increased volume load on the right heart may have rendered the foramen ovale restrictive, with right-sided heart failures as a consequence. Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus should be considered a cause of foetal or early neonatal death.", "contents": "Premature contraction of the ductus arteriosus: a cause of foetal death. Necropsy findings are presented of two cases of foetal heart failure secondary to premature, in-utero contraction should lead to a redirection of the right heart output either through the pulmonary vascular bed or to the systemic circulation via the foramen ovale. The muscular pulmonary arteries, however, were not dilated, indicating that no excessive pulmonary flow had occurred. The increased volume load on the right heart may have rendered the foramen ovale restrictive, with right-sided heart failures as a consequence. Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus should be considered a cause of foetal or early neonatal death.", "PMID": 560447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4233", "title": "Neoplastic macrophages grown from human leukaemic monocytes.", "content": "Leucocyte suspensions from some cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia produced large numbers of macrophages when cultured in vitro. The macrophages increased steadily in number during the first 1-2 wk of culture. The increase was partly derived from division of the macrophages themselves, partly from augmentation from supernatant cells not adherent to the surface of the culture flask. This augmentation occurred mostly in the first 24 hr of culture. The leukaemic macrophages had many features of normal macrophages as regards light microscopy, surface receptors, phagocytic activity and cytochemistry. Under the electron microscope, however, they had many abnormal characteristics, all of which have been recorded previously as features of malignant transformation. Cultures containing the abnormal macrophages and their precursor cells caused local solid tumours when injected into immune-deprived mice. The tumours were composed of rather uniform cells many of which resembled neoplastic reticulum cells. It is concluded that human leukaemic monocytes or promonocytes can develop into macrophages with ultrastructural features of malignancy. This appears to be the first demonstration of the development of neoplastic macrophages. It is suggested that some lymph node tumours of man may be composed of similar neoplastic macrophages and their precursor cells.", "contents": "Neoplastic macrophages grown from human leukaemic monocytes. Leucocyte suspensions from some cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia produced large numbers of macrophages when cultured in vitro. The macrophages increased steadily in number during the first 1-2 wk of culture. The increase was partly derived from division of the macrophages themselves, partly from augmentation from supernatant cells not adherent to the surface of the culture flask. This augmentation occurred mostly in the first 24 hr of culture. The leukaemic macrophages had many features of normal macrophages as regards light microscopy, surface receptors, phagocytic activity and cytochemistry. Under the electron microscope, however, they had many abnormal characteristics, all of which have been recorded previously as features of malignant transformation. Cultures containing the abnormal macrophages and their precursor cells caused local solid tumours when injected into immune-deprived mice. The tumours were composed of rather uniform cells many of which resembled neoplastic reticulum cells. It is concluded that human leukaemic monocytes or promonocytes can develop into macrophages with ultrastructural features of malignancy. This appears to be the first demonstration of the development of neoplastic macrophages. It is suggested that some lymph node tumours of man may be composed of similar neoplastic macrophages and their precursor cells.", "PMID": 560448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4234", "title": "Ecology of Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft 1893) (Nematoda). II. Egg-releasing mechanisms and transmission.", "content": "The egg-releasing mechanism and transmission ecology of Capillaria hepatica among Norway rat populations of the Baltimore Zoo were studied from 1972 to 1974. Nearly all adult rats were infected, while 65% of juveniles had infections. The mean egg count per liver was calculated to be 457,783 (N = 39 livers) and ranged from 11,270 to 1,400,000 eggs per liver. Data from the present study suggest that cannibalism serves as a primary egg-releasing mechanism and is a source of infection within the burrows. Increased infection rates among juveniles in spring support the hypothesis of maintenance of C. hepatica infections within the burrow system through cannibalism. Predation was responsible for scattered foci of infection throughout the study area and considered as a secondary source of infection. Decomposition was an important egg-releasing mechanism in secondary foci and in the warmer season when insects were active. However, of 849 carrion-associated insects and soil invertebrates collected from around decomposing rats, eggs of C. hepatica were found in only two species of beetles. This suggests a minor role for insects and soil invertebrates as egg disseminators.", "contents": "Ecology of Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft 1893) (Nematoda). II. Egg-releasing mechanisms and transmission. The egg-releasing mechanism and transmission ecology of Capillaria hepatica among Norway rat populations of the Baltimore Zoo were studied from 1972 to 1974. Nearly all adult rats were infected, while 65% of juveniles had infections. The mean egg count per liver was calculated to be 457,783 (N = 39 livers) and ranged from 11,270 to 1,400,000 eggs per liver. Data from the present study suggest that cannibalism serves as a primary egg-releasing mechanism and is a source of infection within the burrows. Increased infection rates among juveniles in spring support the hypothesis of maintenance of C. hepatica infections within the burrow system through cannibalism. Predation was responsible for scattered foci of infection throughout the study area and considered as a secondary source of infection. Decomposition was an important egg-releasing mechanism in secondary foci and in the warmer season when insects were active. However, of 849 carrion-associated insects and soil invertebrates collected from around decomposing rats, eggs of C. hepatica were found in only two species of beetles. This suggests a minor role for insects and soil invertebrates as egg disseminators.", "PMID": 560449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4235", "title": "Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of latentiated derivatives of 3-methyleneoxindole.", "content": "Several latentiated derivatives of 3-methyleneoxindole were synthesized and examined for cytotoxic activity. The latentiated forms are represented by three general types which differ in leaving and cleaved groups. All are expected to be converted into 3-methyleneoxindole by bioactivation processes normally occurring in the cell. Two compounds were tested against L-1210 lymphoid leukemia, and six were tested against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia; all were inactive.", "contents": "Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of latentiated derivatives of 3-methyleneoxindole. Several latentiated derivatives of 3-methyleneoxindole were synthesized and examined for cytotoxic activity. The latentiated forms are represented by three general types which differ in leaving and cleaved groups. All are expected to be converted into 3-methyleneoxindole by bioactivation processes normally occurring in the cell. Two compounds were tested against L-1210 lymphoid leukemia, and six were tested against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia; all were inactive.", "PMID": 560471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4236", "title": "GLC determination of ethinamate and its hydroxy derivative in biological fluids.", "content": "A sensitive, specific GLC assay was developed for the determination of ethinamate in plasma and its major metabolite, trans-4-hydroxyethinamate, in urine. The assay uses a mass internal standard of dimethylethinamate. Ethinamate is extracted from alkalinized plasma with dichloromethane. Urine samples require beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis prior to extraction of hydroxyethinamate. The dichloromethane is removed by evaporation, and the compounds are measured by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. By using GLC-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry, the compounds measured were identified as the intact ethinamates. Plasma and urine data are presented from a bioavailability study to demonstrate the utility of this method. From these data, the ethinamate plasma half-life was calculated as 1.9 +/- 0.3 hr.", "contents": "GLC determination of ethinamate and its hydroxy derivative in biological fluids. A sensitive, specific GLC assay was developed for the determination of ethinamate in plasma and its major metabolite, trans-4-hydroxyethinamate, in urine. The assay uses a mass internal standard of dimethylethinamate. Ethinamate is extracted from alkalinized plasma with dichloromethane. Urine samples require beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis prior to extraction of hydroxyethinamate. The dichloromethane is removed by evaporation, and the compounds are measured by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. By using GLC-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry, the compounds measured were identified as the intact ethinamates. Plasma and urine data are presented from a bioavailability study to demonstrate the utility of this method. From these data, the ethinamate plasma half-life was calculated as 1.9 +/- 0.3 hr.", "PMID": 560472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4237", "title": "Evaluation of anticonvulsants in barbiturate withdrawal.", "content": "Four prototypic anticonvulsants were tested for their effectiveness against barbiturate withdrawal in cats. The effects were evaluated on a total of over 20 motor, autonomic and behavioral withdrawal signs. The animals were made physically dependent by 5 weeks of twice daily \"maximally tolerable\" sodium pentobarbital dosing intragastrically. Anticonvulsants were administered by intravenous infusion 25 hours after the final dose of chronic pentobarbital treatment when all withdrawal signs had become severe and grand mal type withdrawal convulsions were observed. Phenobarbital blocked withdrawal signs quite effectively at doses that caused no significant acute central nervous system depression. Trimethadione also reversed most withdrawal signs, but some signs persisted even at doses causing overt acute toxicity. Dimethadione was less effective than the parent compound, trimethadione, in reversing withdrawal but caused greater acute toxicity. Phenytoin was in effective for most withdrawal signs and some signs were made worse. The clonic phase of withdrawal convulsions was accentuated and the overall condition of the animals worsened. During withdrawal, the animals were less sensitive (tolerant) to phenobarbital but were more sensitive to acute toxicity from the other drugs tested.", "contents": "Evaluation of anticonvulsants in barbiturate withdrawal. Four prototypic anticonvulsants were tested for their effectiveness against barbiturate withdrawal in cats. The effects were evaluated on a total of over 20 motor, autonomic and behavioral withdrawal signs. The animals were made physically dependent by 5 weeks of twice daily \"maximally tolerable\" sodium pentobarbital dosing intragastrically. Anticonvulsants were administered by intravenous infusion 25 hours after the final dose of chronic pentobarbital treatment when all withdrawal signs had become severe and grand mal type withdrawal convulsions were observed. Phenobarbital blocked withdrawal signs quite effectively at doses that caused no significant acute central nervous system depression. Trimethadione also reversed most withdrawal signs, but some signs persisted even at doses causing overt acute toxicity. Dimethadione was less effective than the parent compound, trimethadione, in reversing withdrawal but caused greater acute toxicity. Phenytoin was in effective for most withdrawal signs and some signs were made worse. The clonic phase of withdrawal convulsions was accentuated and the overall condition of the animals worsened. During withdrawal, the animals were less sensitive (tolerant) to phenobarbital but were more sensitive to acute toxicity from the other drugs tested.", "PMID": 560473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4238", "title": "Ionic membrane conductance during the time course of the cardiac action potential.", "content": "1. Membrane ionic current-voltage (I-V) relations of the frog ventricular myocardium were measured during the action potential with a new single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. 2. The I-V relation is linear during the plateau and rapid repolarization phases of the action potential and during the development of the regenerative threshold of repolarization. 3. Time dependent I-V relation during a series of voltage clamp pulses of clamp initiation. 4. The membrane conductance is remarkably constant during the plateau and is about 85 mumhos/muF of membrane capacitance. 5. Chloride conductance is about 18% of the total ionic conductance during the plateau and is not time dependent. Two inward Cl-movement during a normal action potential is sufficient to approximately halve the action potential duration. 6. Membrane conductance did not change significantly when Ca2+ was omitted from the bathing medium. 7. Epinephrine increased the duration of the action potential and the total ionic conductance during the platiau in normal and Ca-free media. 8. Separation of Na+ and K+ currents in muscles bathed in 'zero' Ca2+, 'zero' Cl- solution indicates that the inward and outward currents are balanced to within 2% during the slow repolarization. 9. The results indicates that a fine balance between conductance changes cardiac action potential. The possibility of a cross ionic interaction in the heart cell membrane is suggested.", "contents": "Ionic membrane conductance during the time course of the cardiac action potential. 1. Membrane ionic current-voltage (I-V) relations of the frog ventricular myocardium were measured during the action potential with a new single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. 2. The I-V relation is linear during the plateau and rapid repolarization phases of the action potential and during the development of the regenerative threshold of repolarization. 3. Time dependent I-V relation during a series of voltage clamp pulses of clamp initiation. 4. The membrane conductance is remarkably constant during the plateau and is about 85 mumhos/muF of membrane capacitance. 5. Chloride conductance is about 18% of the total ionic conductance during the plateau and is not time dependent. Two inward Cl-movement during a normal action potential is sufficient to approximately halve the action potential duration. 6. Membrane conductance did not change significantly when Ca2+ was omitted from the bathing medium. 7. Epinephrine increased the duration of the action potential and the total ionic conductance during the platiau in normal and Ca-free media. 8. Separation of Na+ and K+ currents in muscles bathed in 'zero' Ca2+, 'zero' Cl- solution indicates that the inward and outward currents are balanced to within 2% during the slow repolarization. 9. The results indicates that a fine balance between conductance changes cardiac action potential. The possibility of a cross ionic interaction in the heart cell membrane is suggested.", "PMID": 560474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4239", "title": "N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and UV induced mutants of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii.", "content": "Mutant strains were chemically induced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and UV irradiation. UV and NTG mutation rates were obtained that were both consistent with the organism being haploid. Three types of mutants were produced: (a) strains deficient in both beta- and gamma-carotene, the only carotenoids found in the wild type; phenotypes include albinos (translucent, dull white, \"snow white\") and cream-colored on agar as compared to the yellow-orange color of wild type colonies; (b) strains requiring adenine, guanine or cytosine in addition to the minimal medium for growth; (c) mutants that grow at a rate less than 40% of the wild type in minimal medium.", "contents": "N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and UV induced mutants of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Mutant strains were chemically induced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and UV irradiation. UV and NTG mutation rates were obtained that were both consistent with the organism being haploid. Three types of mutants were produced: (a) strains deficient in both beta- and gamma-carotene, the only carotenoids found in the wild type; phenotypes include albinos (translucent, dull white, \"snow white\") and cream-colored on agar as compared to the yellow-orange color of wild type colonies; (b) strains requiring adenine, guanine or cytosine in addition to the minimal medium for growth; (c) mutants that grow at a rate less than 40% of the wild type in minimal medium.", "PMID": 560475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4240", "title": "Twins with nonconcordant sexual aneuploidy.", "content": "We present a pair of dizygotic twins with different abnormal karyotypes. The chromosome anomaly is a sexual aneuploidy in both cases: 48,XXXXY in one, 47,XXY in the second. The origin of the chromosomal anomaly and the hypothetical relation between sexual aneuploidy and twinning is discussed. It is concluded that further studies in twins are necessary to prove the not yet solved problems of non-disjunction and double ovulation.", "contents": "Twins with nonconcordant sexual aneuploidy. We present a pair of dizygotic twins with different abnormal karyotypes. The chromosome anomaly is a sexual aneuploidy in both cases: 48,XXXXY in one, 47,XXY in the second. The origin of the chromosomal anomaly and the hypothetical relation between sexual aneuploidy and twinning is discussed. It is concluded that further studies in twins are necessary to prove the not yet solved problems of non-disjunction and double ovulation.", "PMID": 560486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4241", "title": "Growth orientation of heart cells on nylon monofilament. Determination of the volume-to-surface area ratio and intracellular potassium concentration.", "content": "A new method is described for orienting the growth of embryonic chick heart cells as thin annuli about nylon monofilament. Analytical measurements of cell water, intracellular potassium, cell volume, and cell surface area incorporate several new techniques and provide the quantitative basis for characterizing the respective cell types in the preparation. The measurements support the hypothesis that tissue culture methodology does not alter the morphological and physiological properties of cardiac muscle cells. The preparations are ideally suited for radiotracer studies since tissue mass can be increased while retaining a relatively short diffusional distance.", "contents": "Growth orientation of heart cells on nylon monofilament. Determination of the volume-to-surface area ratio and intracellular potassium concentration. A new method is described for orienting the growth of embryonic chick heart cells as thin annuli about nylon monofilament. Analytical measurements of cell water, intracellular potassium, cell volume, and cell surface area incorporate several new techniques and provide the quantitative basis for characterizing the respective cell types in the preparation. The measurements support the hypothesis that tissue culture methodology does not alter the morphological and physiological properties of cardiac muscle cells. The preparations are ideally suited for radiotracer studies since tissue mass can be increased while retaining a relatively short diffusional distance.", "PMID": 560487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4242", "title": "Effect of sugars on salt reception in true slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Physicochemical interpretation of interaction between salt and sugar receptions.", "content": "Interaction between salt and sugar receptions in plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum was studied by using double-chamber method. Effect of sugars on salt reception was evaluated by measuring membrane potential and the motive force of tactic movement of the slime mold, where salt concentration in one compartment was increased successively with a fixed sugar concentration. Results are summarized as follows: (1) The presence of D-glucose, D-mannose, D-maltose, or sucrose in medium led to increase of the threshold concentration Cth, for salts (chlorides and nitrates of Li, Na, K), whereas D-ribose decreased the threshold for salt reception. D-galactose showed no appreciable effect on Cth of every salt species examined. No change in Cth for salt reception was observed until concentration of sugars exceeded their respective thresholds. (2) Double logarithmic plots of Cth for salts against sugar concentration followed different straight lines for different cations, whose slopes being closely correlated with the effects of lyotropic number of anions in the absence of sugars. (3) Plots of log Cth against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature, 1/T, gave linear relations, and the slopes of the straight line became small with increase of sugar concentration above their respective thresholds. Experimental results obtained here suggest that the structure of water at the interface of cell membrane plays an indispensable role in the interaction between salt and sugar receptions.", "contents": "Effect of sugars on salt reception in true slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Physicochemical interpretation of interaction between salt and sugar receptions. Interaction between salt and sugar receptions in plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum was studied by using double-chamber method. Effect of sugars on salt reception was evaluated by measuring membrane potential and the motive force of tactic movement of the slime mold, where salt concentration in one compartment was increased successively with a fixed sugar concentration. Results are summarized as follows: (1) The presence of D-glucose, D-mannose, D-maltose, or sucrose in medium led to increase of the threshold concentration Cth, for salts (chlorides and nitrates of Li, Na, K), whereas D-ribose decreased the threshold for salt reception. D-galactose showed no appreciable effect on Cth of every salt species examined. No change in Cth for salt reception was observed until concentration of sugars exceeded their respective thresholds. (2) Double logarithmic plots of Cth for salts against sugar concentration followed different straight lines for different cations, whose slopes being closely correlated with the effects of lyotropic number of anions in the absence of sugars. (3) Plots of log Cth against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature, 1/T, gave linear relations, and the slopes of the straight line became small with increase of sugar concentration above their respective thresholds. Experimental results obtained here suggest that the structure of water at the interface of cell membrane plays an indispensable role in the interaction between salt and sugar receptions.", "PMID": 560489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4243", "title": "Compartmental analysis of potassium efflux from growth-oriented heart cells.", "content": "Radioisotopic flux studies were initiated with a new preparation of growth-oriented heart cells to determine the contribution of heterogeneous cell types and the limitations of extracellular diffusion in quantitating the passive movement of potassium ions. The efflux of potassium-42 from contractile preparations, which contain two populations of cells, cardiac muscle and fibroblastlike, could be resolved into two components similar to that described for naturally occurring preparations of cardiac muscle. Compartmental analysis of the efflux data, using analog and digital computational methods, resolved the tracer kinetics into a slow compartment (k=0.015 min-1) associated with fibroblastlike cells and a fast compartment (k=0.067 min-1) associated with the cardiac muscle cells. The rate constants derived from compartmental analysis were independent of tracer equilibration and preparation dry weight. Analytical measurements of the preparations provided a quantitative basis for determing the transmembrane potassium fluxes from the tracer kinetics. Cardiac muscle cells stimulated at a rate of 150 min-1 in the presence of 5.4 mM external potassium were found to have a potassium efflux of 15.7 pmoles cm-2sec-1 whereas the value obtained for the fibroblastlike cells was 1.88 pmoles cm-2sec-1. Diffusional limitations of 42K efflux were analyzed for several important variables which can affect isotopic reflux, namely, transmembrane flux, cell volume-to-surface area and cell packing fraction.", "contents": "Compartmental analysis of potassium efflux from growth-oriented heart cells. Radioisotopic flux studies were initiated with a new preparation of growth-oriented heart cells to determine the contribution of heterogeneous cell types and the limitations of extracellular diffusion in quantitating the passive movement of potassium ions. The efflux of potassium-42 from contractile preparations, which contain two populations of cells, cardiac muscle and fibroblastlike, could be resolved into two components similar to that described for naturally occurring preparations of cardiac muscle. Compartmental analysis of the efflux data, using analog and digital computational methods, resolved the tracer kinetics into a slow compartment (k=0.015 min-1) associated with fibroblastlike cells and a fast compartment (k=0.067 min-1) associated with the cardiac muscle cells. The rate constants derived from compartmental analysis were independent of tracer equilibration and preparation dry weight. Analytical measurements of the preparations provided a quantitative basis for determing the transmembrane potassium fluxes from the tracer kinetics. Cardiac muscle cells stimulated at a rate of 150 min-1 in the presence of 5.4 mM external potassium were found to have a potassium efflux of 15.7 pmoles cm-2sec-1 whereas the value obtained for the fibroblastlike cells was 1.88 pmoles cm-2sec-1. Diffusional limitations of 42K efflux were analyzed for several important variables which can affect isotopic reflux, namely, transmembrane flux, cell volume-to-surface area and cell packing fraction.", "PMID": 560488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4244", "title": "Intracellular compartmentation of Na+, K+ and Cl- in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell: correlation with the membrane potential.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of Na+, K+, Cl- and water has been studied in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Comparison of the ion and water contents of whole cells with those of cells exposed to La3+ and mechanical stress indicated that La3+ treatment results in selective damage to the cell membrane and permits evaluation of cytoplasmic and nuclear ion concentrations. The results show that Na+ is sequestered within the nucleus, while K+ and Cl- are more highly concentrated in the cell cytoplasm. Reduction of the [Na+] of the incubation medium by replacement with K+ results in reduced cytoplasmic [Na+], increased [Cl-] and no change in [K+]. Nuclear concentrations of these ions are virtually insensitive to the cation composition of the medium. Concomitant measurements of the membrane potential were made. The potential in control cells was -13.7 mV. Reduction of [Na+] in the medium caused significant depolarization. The measured potential is describable by the Cl- equilibrium potential and can be accounted for in terms of cation distributions and permeabilities. The energetic implications of the intracellular compartmentation of ions are discussed.", "contents": "Intracellular compartmentation of Na+, K+ and Cl- in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell: correlation with the membrane potential. The intracellular distribution of Na+, K+, Cl- and water has been studied in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Comparison of the ion and water contents of whole cells with those of cells exposed to La3+ and mechanical stress indicated that La3+ treatment results in selective damage to the cell membrane and permits evaluation of cytoplasmic and nuclear ion concentrations. The results show that Na+ is sequestered within the nucleus, while K+ and Cl- are more highly concentrated in the cell cytoplasm. Reduction of the [Na+] of the incubation medium by replacement with K+ results in reduced cytoplasmic [Na+], increased [Cl-] and no change in [K+]. Nuclear concentrations of these ions are virtually insensitive to the cation composition of the medium. Concomitant measurements of the membrane potential were made. The potential in control cells was -13.7 mV. Reduction of [Na+] in the medium caused significant depolarization. The measured potential is describable by the Cl- equilibrium potential and can be accounted for in terms of cation distributions and permeabilities. The energetic implications of the intracellular compartmentation of ions are discussed.", "PMID": 560490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4245", "title": "Sexual enhancement groups for dysfunctional women: an evaluation.", "content": "Three groups of women with sexual dysfunction were evaluated pretreatment and posttreatment. Two of the groups (mixed sexual dysfunctions and primary orgasmic dysfunction) did not involve partner participation, while the third group (mixed sexual dysfunctions) included partners on two occasions. Results for all groups were similar. Of the 16 women involved, 14 became reliably orgasmic through self-stimulation. Generalization of orgasm to partner stimulation or coitus was less reliable. Although partner presence did not enhance behavioral outcome measures, highly significant findings were achieved in terms of enhanced marital and sexual satisfaction. The question of whether orgasm through coitus alone is a reasonable goal is raised and challenged.", "contents": "Sexual enhancement groups for dysfunctional women: an evaluation. Three groups of women with sexual dysfunction were evaluated pretreatment and posttreatment. Two of the groups (mixed sexual dysfunctions and primary orgasmic dysfunction) did not involve partner participation, while the third group (mixed sexual dysfunctions) included partners on two occasions. Results for all groups were similar. Of the 16 women involved, 14 became reliably orgasmic through self-stimulation. Generalization of orgasm to partner stimulation or coitus was less reliable. Although partner presence did not enhance behavioral outcome measures, highly significant findings were achieved in terms of enhanced marital and sexual satisfaction. The question of whether orgasm through coitus alone is a reasonable goal is raised and challenged.", "PMID": 560492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4246", "title": "Reassociation of complementary strand-specific adenovirus type 2 DNA with viral DNA sequences of transformed cells.", "content": "Complementary strand-specific adenovirus DNA, either full length or from restriction enzyme cleavage fragments, was used to estimate the fractional representation and abundance of viral sequences in two adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-transformed rat cell lines, A2F19 and A2T2C4. The reassociation method introduced is based on the linear relationship, after exhaustive hybridization, between the inverted fraction of hybrid DNA and the molar ratio of probe to cellular DNA in the reaction mixture. The amount of viral DNA in A2F19 cells represents 12 to 14% of the viral genome at a level of around seven copies per diploid cell equivalent. For the cell line A2T2C4, the pattern of integrated viral DNA sequences is more complex. With full-length Ad2 DNA strands as a probe, about 56% of the probe was represented in cellular DNA. When each of the four BamHI fragment strands of Ad2 DNA was used as a probe, the fraction of the viral DNA present also amounted to around 56% with one to five copies from different regions of the viral genome. The results demonstrate the advantage of using strand-specific viral DNA as a probe in reassociation analysis with denatured cell DNA. The method should be useful in any system in which complementary strand separation of viral DNA sequences can be achieved.", "contents": "Reassociation of complementary strand-specific adenovirus type 2 DNA with viral DNA sequences of transformed cells. Complementary strand-specific adenovirus DNA, either full length or from restriction enzyme cleavage fragments, was used to estimate the fractional representation and abundance of viral sequences in two adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-transformed rat cell lines, A2F19 and A2T2C4. The reassociation method introduced is based on the linear relationship, after exhaustive hybridization, between the inverted fraction of hybrid DNA and the molar ratio of probe to cellular DNA in the reaction mixture. The amount of viral DNA in A2F19 cells represents 12 to 14% of the viral genome at a level of around seven copies per diploid cell equivalent. For the cell line A2T2C4, the pattern of integrated viral DNA sequences is more complex. With full-length Ad2 DNA strands as a probe, about 56% of the probe was represented in cellular DNA. When each of the four BamHI fragment strands of Ad2 DNA was used as a probe, the fraction of the viral DNA present also amounted to around 56% with one to five copies from different regions of the viral genome. The results demonstrate the advantage of using strand-specific viral DNA as a probe in reassociation analysis with denatured cell DNA. The method should be useful in any system in which complementary strand separation of viral DNA sequences can be achieved.", "PMID": 560494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4247", "title": "Two \"early\" mRNA species in adenovirus type 2-transformed rat cells.", "content": "mRNA isolated from adenovirus 2-infected HeLa cells at early times during the productive cycle and from two lines of adenovirus 2-transformed rat embryo cells (F17 and T2C4) was fractionated on sucrose gradients after disaggregation. Viral mRNA species were identified by hybridization across such gradients with the separated strands of restriction endonuclease fragments of 32P-labeled DNA known to be complementary to adeovirus 2 \"early\" and adenovirus 2-transformed cell mRNA. mRNA transcribed from the left-hand 14% of the adenovirus 2 genome was found to comprise two species, 16 to 17S and 20 to 21S: the same sized mRNA's were present both at early times during productive infection and in the two transformed rat cell lines. Direct comparison of the sequences present in these two mRNA species by additional saturation hybridizations suggests that they are not related to one another. Three additional regions of the adenovirus 2 genome, all of which are located in the right-hand 40% of the adenovirus 2 genome, are complementary to early mRNA sequences: each of these appears to specify one major mRNA species of about 22S. Thus, five major species of adenovirus type 2 early mRNA have been identified. Two of these, copied from the left-hand 14% of the viral genome, are also present in adenovirus 2-transformed rat cells.", "contents": "Two \"early\" mRNA species in adenovirus type 2-transformed rat cells. mRNA isolated from adenovirus 2-infected HeLa cells at early times during the productive cycle and from two lines of adenovirus 2-transformed rat embryo cells (F17 and T2C4) was fractionated on sucrose gradients after disaggregation. Viral mRNA species were identified by hybridization across such gradients with the separated strands of restriction endonuclease fragments of 32P-labeled DNA known to be complementary to adeovirus 2 \"early\" and adenovirus 2-transformed cell mRNA. mRNA transcribed from the left-hand 14% of the adenovirus 2 genome was found to comprise two species, 16 to 17S and 20 to 21S: the same sized mRNA's were present both at early times during productive infection and in the two transformed rat cell lines. Direct comparison of the sequences present in these two mRNA species by additional saturation hybridizations suggests that they are not related to one another. Three additional regions of the adenovirus 2 genome, all of which are located in the right-hand 40% of the adenovirus 2 genome, are complementary to early mRNA sequences: each of these appears to specify one major mRNA species of about 22S. Thus, five major species of adenovirus type 2 early mRNA have been identified. Two of these, copied from the left-hand 14% of the viral genome, are also present in adenovirus 2-transformed rat cells.", "PMID": 560495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4248", "title": "Titration of murine leukemia viruses with rat cell line RFL.", "content": "Normal rat embryo cell (RFL) from syncytia after infection with murine leukemia virus. The assay for counting the number of syncytium foci produced in RFL cells is a sensitive method for a direct infectivity assay of murine leukemia virus.", "contents": "Titration of murine leukemia viruses with rat cell line RFL. Normal rat embryo cell (RFL) from syncytia after infection with murine leukemia virus. The assay for counting the number of syncytium foci produced in RFL cells is a sensitive method for a direct infectivity assay of murine leukemia virus.", "PMID": 560496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4249", "title": "[Evoked skin potential reflex during sleep (author's transl)].", "content": "The evoked skin potential reflex (SPR) to a 1-sec tone (80 dB, 1000 Hz) was examined on ten subjects during sleep. The magnitude of evoked SPR was larger than that of spontaneous SPR, and the per cent appearance of SPR showed a cyclic decrease and SPR was never absent in any sleep stages. Thus, contrary to previous studies, there was little inhibition of evoked SPR during sleep. Like spontaneous SPR, the evoked SPR showed the regional differences in waveform and in magnitude between the palm and the dorsal hand but there was no relation between sleep stages and SPR variables. The mechanisms underlying the evoked SPR would be too complex to be explained by a simple disinhibition model, and would involve some psychophysiological functions.", "contents": "[Evoked skin potential reflex during sleep (author's transl)]. The evoked skin potential reflex (SPR) to a 1-sec tone (80 dB, 1000 Hz) was examined on ten subjects during sleep. The magnitude of evoked SPR was larger than that of spontaneous SPR, and the per cent appearance of SPR showed a cyclic decrease and SPR was never absent in any sleep stages. Thus, contrary to previous studies, there was little inhibition of evoked SPR during sleep. Like spontaneous SPR, the evoked SPR showed the regional differences in waveform and in magnitude between the palm and the dorsal hand but there was no relation between sleep stages and SPR variables. The mechanisms underlying the evoked SPR would be too complex to be explained by a simple disinhibition model, and would involve some psychophysiological functions.", "PMID": 560581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4250", "title": "[Characteristics of disorders of renal function in circulatory insufficiency (according to I131-hippuran clearance and diurnal rhythm of the indicators of renal function].", "content": "The paper is based on a study of 270 cases of different stages of chronic circulatory insufficiency. A whole set of functional-diagnostic (radio-isotope including) methods of examination was employed to solve the task in question. It was found that one of the early signs of functional disorders in the kidneys in cases of circulatory insufficiency is, along with renal ischaemia, the pathology that is discovered during the examination of the functional phases of renograms. The characteristics of the circadian fluctuations of some renal function parameters are given. Two stages of the formation of the so-call renal syndrome in cases of chronic circulatory insufficiency were distinguished and discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of disorders of renal function in circulatory insufficiency (according to I131-hippuran clearance and diurnal rhythm of the indicators of renal function]. The paper is based on a study of 270 cases of different stages of chronic circulatory insufficiency. A whole set of functional-diagnostic (radio-isotope including) methods of examination was employed to solve the task in question. It was found that one of the early signs of functional disorders in the kidneys in cases of circulatory insufficiency is, along with renal ischaemia, the pathology that is discovered during the examination of the functional phases of renograms. The characteristics of the circadian fluctuations of some renal function parameters are given. Two stages of the formation of the so-call renal syndrome in cases of chronic circulatory insufficiency were distinguished and discussed.", "PMID": 560604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4251", "title": "Surgical resection in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with a combined approach through aorta and left ventricle.", "content": "The operative technique and the immediate and long-term results are described in 49 patients who have undergone myectomy for IHSS. There was a 4 percent early and 12 percent late mortality rate and surviving patients have been followed for up to 13 years. The operation has resulted in a striking symptomatic improvement in most patients in association with relief of outflow obstruction and mitral regurgitation. Chronic atrial fibrillation was poorly tolerated but has not occurred as a late complication in any of the patients operated upon.", "contents": "Surgical resection in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with a combined approach through aorta and left ventricle. The operative technique and the immediate and long-term results are described in 49 patients who have undergone myectomy for IHSS. There was a 4 percent early and 12 percent late mortality rate and surviving patients have been followed for up to 13 years. The operation has resulted in a striking symptomatic improvement in most patients in association with relief of outflow obstruction and mitral regurgitation. Chronic atrial fibrillation was poorly tolerated but has not occurred as a late complication in any of the patients operated upon.", "PMID": 560608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4252", "title": "[The antigenic relationship between Torulopsis glabrata and Syringospora claussenii].", "content": "The agglutinating serum against Torulopsis glabrata antigen agglutinated Syringospora claussenii, and the serum against this fungus cross-agglutinated Torulopsis glabrata. Cross agglutinations and absorption experiments show that there is a common antigenic determinant between Torulopsis glabrata and Syringospora claussenii.", "contents": "[The antigenic relationship between Torulopsis glabrata and Syringospora claussenii]. The agglutinating serum against Torulopsis glabrata antigen agglutinated Syringospora claussenii, and the serum against this fungus cross-agglutinated Torulopsis glabrata. Cross agglutinations and absorption experiments show that there is a common antigenic determinant between Torulopsis glabrata and Syringospora claussenii.", "PMID": 560619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4253", "title": "[Methanol metabolism by Pseudomonas oleovorans].", "content": "A typical facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans oxidizes methanol to formaldehyde by a specific dehydrogenase which is active towards phenazine metosulphate. Direct oxidation of formalydehyde to CO2 via formiate is a minor pathway because the activities of dehydrogenases of formaldehyde and formiate are lwo. Most formaldehyde molecules are involved in the hexulose phosphate cycle, which is confirmed by a high activity of hexulose phosphate synthase. Formaldehyde is oxidized to CO2 in the dissimilation branch of the cycle providing energy for biosynthesis; this confirmed by higher levels of dehydrogenases of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate during the methylotrophous growth of the cells. The acceptor of formaldehyde (ribulose-5-phosphate) is regenerated and pyruvate is synthesized in the assimilation branch of the hexulose phosphate cycle. Aldolase of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate plays an important role in this process. Further metabolism of trioses involves reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle which performs mainly an anabolic function due to complete repression of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase during the methylotrophous growth. The carbon of methanol is partially assimilated as CO2 by the carboxylation of pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate. NH+4 is assimilated by the reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate.", "contents": "[Methanol metabolism by Pseudomonas oleovorans]. A typical facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans oxidizes methanol to formaldehyde by a specific dehydrogenase which is active towards phenazine metosulphate. Direct oxidation of formalydehyde to CO2 via formiate is a minor pathway because the activities of dehydrogenases of formaldehyde and formiate are lwo. Most formaldehyde molecules are involved in the hexulose phosphate cycle, which is confirmed by a high activity of hexulose phosphate synthase. Formaldehyde is oxidized to CO2 in the dissimilation branch of the cycle providing energy for biosynthesis; this confirmed by higher levels of dehydrogenases of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate during the methylotrophous growth of the cells. The acceptor of formaldehyde (ribulose-5-phosphate) is regenerated and pyruvate is synthesized in the assimilation branch of the hexulose phosphate cycle. Aldolase of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate plays an important role in this process. Further metabolism of trioses involves reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle which performs mainly an anabolic function due to complete repression of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase during the methylotrophous growth. The carbon of methanol is partially assimilated as CO2 by the carboxylation of pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate. NH+4 is assimilated by the reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate.", "PMID": 560617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4254", "title": "Incidences and types of malformations in newborn infants.", "content": "The incidence of fetal malformations in a teaching hospital was determined by prospective study of 10,454 consecutively born infants. One or more major malformation was detected in 424 (4-1%) and one or more minor malformation was detected in 680 (6-5%). Major malformations were more common in stillborn infants (14-1%), in those who died in the neonatal period (36-7%) and in those who were small for dates (8-6%). Small for dates infants were the only group with a significant increase in the incidence of minor malformations (9-7%). The most common major malformations involved the genital organs (17-8%), limbs (14-2%), heart (11-4%) and central nervous system (10-6%). The most common minor malformations involved the skin, hair and nails (67-3%), limbs (7-7%) and genital organs (5-5%). Small for dates infants should be carefully examined to exclude major and minor malformations.", "contents": "Incidences and types of malformations in newborn infants. The incidence of fetal malformations in a teaching hospital was determined by prospective study of 10,454 consecutively born infants. One or more major malformation was detected in 424 (4-1%) and one or more minor malformation was detected in 680 (6-5%). Major malformations were more common in stillborn infants (14-1%), in those who died in the neonatal period (36-7%) and in those who were small for dates (8-6%). Small for dates infants were the only group with a significant increase in the incidence of minor malformations (9-7%). The most common major malformations involved the genital organs (17-8%), limbs (14-2%), heart (11-4%) and central nervous system (10-6%). The most common minor malformations involved the skin, hair and nails (67-3%), limbs (7-7%) and genital organs (5-5%). Small for dates infants should be carefully examined to exclude major and minor malformations.", "PMID": 560620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4255", "title": "2'(3'),5'-ADP inhibits initiation-dependent protein synthesis in a cell-free system from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "When tested in a poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesizing system and in a postnuclear supernatant, both derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, 2'(3'),5'-ADP did not affect chain elongation of polypeptide synthesis. In a cell-free system which was dependent on initiation and programmed by natural mRNA, however, the amino acid incorporating activity was suppressed to about 10% of the control in the presence of 1 mM 2'(3'),5'-ADP. The inhibitor was shown not to interfere with the attachment of poly(U) to the small ribosomal subunit and with the formation of mRNA-80S ribosome complexes in a complete protein synthesizing system. The subsequent attachment of a 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA-80S ribosome complex and the formation of polysomes, however, was depressed by the inhibitor. The experimental results suggest that 2',(3'),5'-ADP inhibits initiation-dependent protein synthesis between monosome formation and the formation of the first peptide bond(s).", "contents": "2'(3'),5'-ADP inhibits initiation-dependent protein synthesis in a cell-free system from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. When tested in a poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesizing system and in a postnuclear supernatant, both derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, 2'(3'),5'-ADP did not affect chain elongation of polypeptide synthesis. In a cell-free system which was dependent on initiation and programmed by natural mRNA, however, the amino acid incorporating activity was suppressed to about 10% of the control in the presence of 1 mM 2'(3'),5'-ADP. The inhibitor was shown not to interfere with the attachment of poly(U) to the small ribosomal subunit and with the formation of mRNA-80S ribosome complexes in a complete protein synthesizing system. The subsequent attachment of a 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA-80S ribosome complex and the formation of polysomes, however, was depressed by the inhibitor. The experimental results suggest that 2',(3'),5'-ADP inhibits initiation-dependent protein synthesis between monosome formation and the formation of the first peptide bond(s).", "PMID": 560626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4256", "title": "Red-cell and platelet fragmentation in idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "We investigated the abnormal small-particle spike discerned in the platelet-rich plasma of patients with severe idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. By electron microscopy, erythrocyte as well as platelet fragments were found in the 27,000 X g plasma sediment of 15 patients with severe disease. These fragments were not observed in the plasma sediment of 12 normal subjects, two healthy asplenic subjects, three patients with thrombocytopenia of nonimmunologic origin, and two with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in remission. Weak complement sensitization of red blood cells was noted in seven out of 12 patients with the disease. Coating of red blood cells with IgG or IgM was not detected in these patients. Whereas erythrophagocytosis was conspicuously absent, phagocytosis of intact platelets as well as platelet fragments and other cellular debris was frequently observed. Autoimmune mechanisms may be directed against erythrocytes as well as platelets in most cases of severe idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Red-cell and platelet fragmentation in idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. We investigated the abnormal small-particle spike discerned in the platelet-rich plasma of patients with severe idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. By electron microscopy, erythrocyte as well as platelet fragments were found in the 27,000 X g plasma sediment of 15 patients with severe disease. These fragments were not observed in the plasma sediment of 12 normal subjects, two healthy asplenic subjects, three patients with thrombocytopenia of nonimmunologic origin, and two with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in remission. Weak complement sensitization of red blood cells was noted in seven out of 12 patients with the disease. Coating of red blood cells with IgG or IgM was not detected in these patients. Whereas erythrophagocytosis was conspicuously absent, phagocytosis of intact platelets as well as platelet fragments and other cellular debris was frequently observed. Autoimmune mechanisms may be directed against erythrocytes as well as platelets in most cases of severe idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 560627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4257", "title": "Chicken kidney cell culture in medium without serum.", "content": "When chicken kidney cell (CKC) culture in a petri dish was prepared in medium with or without serum and incubated in a humidified incubator at 38 degreesC with no addition of CO2, monolayers of CKCs were formed completely on the 5th day of cultivation. Growth medium used for CKC culture was Eagle's minimum essential medium containing 0.3% of dehydrated tryptose phosphate broth. The number of cells in both cultures prepared in medium with or without serum was the same when measured on the 5th day of cultivation. Monolayers of CKC culture prepared in medium with or without serum were maintained up to 21 days of cultivation, while maintenance medium was changed every 4th day. The time of appearance and degree of cytopathic effect, plaque-forming ability, and propagation of some avian viruses were similar in both cultures prepared in medium with or without serum.", "contents": "Chicken kidney cell culture in medium without serum. When chicken kidney cell (CKC) culture in a petri dish was prepared in medium with or without serum and incubated in a humidified incubator at 38 degreesC with no addition of CO2, monolayers of CKCs were formed completely on the 5th day of cultivation. Growth medium used for CKC culture was Eagle's minimum essential medium containing 0.3% of dehydrated tryptose phosphate broth. The number of cells in both cultures prepared in medium with or without serum was the same when measured on the 5th day of cultivation. Monolayers of CKC culture prepared in medium with or without serum were maintained up to 21 days of cultivation, while maintenance medium was changed every 4th day. The time of appearance and degree of cytopathic effect, plaque-forming ability, and propagation of some avian viruses were similar in both cultures prepared in medium with or without serum.", "PMID": 560632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4258", "title": "Noradrenergic involvement in dopamine-dependent stereotyped and cataleptic responses in the rat.", "content": "Two animal models were used to investigate the effect of lowered central noradrenaline levels on two dopamine-dependent behavioural parameters in the rat. Newborn rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine or adult animals had bilateral electro-lesions placed in the region of the locus coeruleus in the brain stem. The effect of these two lesions on amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour and on haloperidol-induced catalepsy was studied. 1. Both 6-hydroxydopamine treatment at birth and bilateral locus coeruleus lesions specifically harmed the ascending dorsal noradrenergic pathway, causing significant decreases in cortical and limbic forebrain noradrenaline concentrations. 2. Both types of lesion had no apparent effect on stereotyped behaviour induced by either amphetamine and apomorphine. 3. Both types of lesions significantly enhanced the cataleptic response induced by varying doses of the neuroleptic agent haloperidol. 4. The results indicate that noradrenergic function may partly influence some dopaminergic mechanisms, and its possible site of action in terms of neostriatal and limbic populations of dopamine receptors is discussed.", "contents": "Noradrenergic involvement in dopamine-dependent stereotyped and cataleptic responses in the rat. Two animal models were used to investigate the effect of lowered central noradrenaline levels on two dopamine-dependent behavioural parameters in the rat. Newborn rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine or adult animals had bilateral electro-lesions placed in the region of the locus coeruleus in the brain stem. The effect of these two lesions on amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour and on haloperidol-induced catalepsy was studied. 1. Both 6-hydroxydopamine treatment at birth and bilateral locus coeruleus lesions specifically harmed the ascending dorsal noradrenergic pathway, causing significant decreases in cortical and limbic forebrain noradrenaline concentrations. 2. Both types of lesion had no apparent effect on stereotyped behaviour induced by either amphetamine and apomorphine. 3. Both types of lesions significantly enhanced the cataleptic response induced by varying doses of the neuroleptic agent haloperidol. 4. The results indicate that noradrenergic function may partly influence some dopaminergic mechanisms, and its possible site of action in terms of neostriatal and limbic populations of dopamine receptors is discussed.", "PMID": 560634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4259", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of vascular spinal abnormalities].", "content": "The authors describe 6 cases of intraspinal haemangiomas, their manifestations clinical and radiological treatment. In 2 cases vascular anomalies were located in the cervical segment, in 3 cases in the thoracic segment and in 1 case in both of these segments. The diagnosis was established by means of selective catheterization of posterior intervertebral arteries and lumbar arteries (4 cases), aortic arch angiography (1 case) and subclavian artery arteriography (1 case) by the Seldinger method. The authors describe in detail the method of selective sinal arteriographies and their role in establishing the extent and location of the lesions and the supplying arteries.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of vascular spinal abnormalities]. The authors describe 6 cases of intraspinal haemangiomas, their manifestations clinical and radiological treatment. In 2 cases vascular anomalies were located in the cervical segment, in 3 cases in the thoracic segment and in 1 case in both of these segments. The diagnosis was established by means of selective catheterization of posterior intervertebral arteries and lumbar arteries (4 cases), aortic arch angiography (1 case) and subclavian artery arteriography (1 case) by the Seldinger method. The authors describe in detail the method of selective sinal arteriographies and their role in establishing the extent and location of the lesions and the supplying arteries.", "PMID": 560636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4260", "title": "[Evaluation of the role of brain scintigraphy in pineal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "From January, 1969 to December, 1975, 1700 patients underwent sequential brain scintigraphy with Tc-99-m-pertechnetate. All the scintigrams were obtained on a scintillation camera with high-resolution collimator in our clinic. Intracranial tumors were confirmed in 449 cases and 21 cases out of those were pineal tumors which were diagnosed by clinical symptoms, air study, angiography and Conray-or Myodil-ventriculography. In these pineal tumors, 14 (67%) out of the 21 cases had positive scan on scintigrams. All of our cases of teratoma (one case) and teratocarcinoma (two cases) showed clear abnormal uptake, though it had been reported that they do not tend to have positive results on scintigrams. We also performed scintigraphy on 11 cases out of the 21, both before and after 60Co radiation therapy. In the cases which showed either same grade or more increased abnormal uptake on scintigrams after radiation therapy, compared with that before radiation therapy, compared with that before radiation, their prognoses were poor. On the other hand, those cases which showed decreased abnormal uptake after radiation, have had a healthy daily activities. From these experiences, it may be concluded that brain scintigraphy is clinically valuable not only for making the diagnosis, but for evaluating the effect of radiation therapy and the prognosis in the cases of pineal tumor.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the role of brain scintigraphy in pineal tumors (author's transl)]. From January, 1969 to December, 1975, 1700 patients underwent sequential brain scintigraphy with Tc-99-m-pertechnetate. All the scintigrams were obtained on a scintillation camera with high-resolution collimator in our clinic. Intracranial tumors were confirmed in 449 cases and 21 cases out of those were pineal tumors which were diagnosed by clinical symptoms, air study, angiography and Conray-or Myodil-ventriculography. In these pineal tumors, 14 (67%) out of the 21 cases had positive scan on scintigrams. All of our cases of teratoma (one case) and teratocarcinoma (two cases) showed clear abnormal uptake, though it had been reported that they do not tend to have positive results on scintigrams. We also performed scintigraphy on 11 cases out of the 21, both before and after 60Co radiation therapy. In the cases which showed either same grade or more increased abnormal uptake on scintigrams after radiation therapy, compared with that before radiation therapy, compared with that before radiation, their prognoses were poor. On the other hand, those cases which showed decreased abnormal uptake after radiation, have had a healthy daily activities. From these experiences, it may be concluded that brain scintigraphy is clinically valuable not only for making the diagnosis, but for evaluating the effect of radiation therapy and the prognosis in the cases of pineal tumor.", "PMID": 560639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4261", "title": "[Computerized tomography (CT), EMI scanner, in the diagnosis of acute traumatic intracranial hematomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen examinations of acute head trauma have been performed using computerized tomography (CT), EMI scanner, before and after operation in our department since September, 1975. Diagnostic findings in CT before emergency operations of 5 cases including epidural hematoma (1), subdural hematoma (2), intracerebral hematoma (1), and combined hematoma (1) were presented and the diagnostic value of this new method was compared with that of cerebral angiography. CT was proved to be highly valuable in the diagnosis of not only intracranial hematomas but also cerebral edema, cerebral contusion and other abnormalities of the brain structures in head injury.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography (CT), EMI scanner, in the diagnosis of acute traumatic intracranial hematomas (author's transl)]. Eighteen examinations of acute head trauma have been performed using computerized tomography (CT), EMI scanner, before and after operation in our department since September, 1975. Diagnostic findings in CT before emergency operations of 5 cases including epidural hematoma (1), subdural hematoma (2), intracerebral hematoma (1), and combined hematoma (1) were presented and the diagnostic value of this new method was compared with that of cerebral angiography. CT was proved to be highly valuable in the diagnosis of not only intracranial hematomas but also cerebral edema, cerebral contusion and other abnormalities of the brain structures in head injury.", "PMID": 560641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4262", "title": "[Interesting radiological and pathological findings of the internal carotid artery observed in a case of cavernous sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 47-year-old man was admitted to the neurosurgical department of Nagasaki University Hospital with complaints of high fever, deteriorated conciousness and nonpulsating exophthalmus on the left side. The first carotid angiography which had been done 2 days prior to admission, showed only an irregular narrowing in the cavernous portion of the left carotid artery. The right carotid angiogram did not show any recognizable abnormality. The second angiography which was performed 4 days after the admission, revealed an cylindrical aneurysmal opacification about 0.8 cm in diameter in the left intracavernous portion. The right angiography could not be done at that time. On the 47th hospital day, the third angiogram was performed. There noted again, the aneurysmal opacification in the left carotid artery and furthermore, the right carotid artery was occluded completely at its entrance into the cavernous sinus. On post-mortem examination, the cavernous sinus was filled with coagulated blood which drived from the ruptured left internal carotid artery. Microscopic examination revealed marked invasion of leucocytes to the wall of the internal carotid artery at the cavernous portion in both sides. These findings suggested that a mycotic aneurysm which resulted from the cavernous sinusitis ruptured into the left cavernous sinus and spelled blood compressed the opposite (right) carotid artery within the carvernous sinus which resulted in occlusion of the artery.", "contents": "[Interesting radiological and pathological findings of the internal carotid artery observed in a case of cavernous sinusitis (author's transl)]. A 47-year-old man was admitted to the neurosurgical department of Nagasaki University Hospital with complaints of high fever, deteriorated conciousness and nonpulsating exophthalmus on the left side. The first carotid angiography which had been done 2 days prior to admission, showed only an irregular narrowing in the cavernous portion of the left carotid artery. The right carotid angiogram did not show any recognizable abnormality. The second angiography which was performed 4 days after the admission, revealed an cylindrical aneurysmal opacification about 0.8 cm in diameter in the left intracavernous portion. The right angiography could not be done at that time. On the 47th hospital day, the third angiogram was performed. There noted again, the aneurysmal opacification in the left carotid artery and furthermore, the right carotid artery was occluded completely at its entrance into the cavernous sinus. On post-mortem examination, the cavernous sinus was filled with coagulated blood which drived from the ruptured left internal carotid artery. Microscopic examination revealed marked invasion of leucocytes to the wall of the internal carotid artery at the cavernous portion in both sides. These findings suggested that a mycotic aneurysm which resulted from the cavernous sinusitis ruptured into the left cavernous sinus and spelled blood compressed the opposite (right) carotid artery within the carvernous sinus which resulted in occlusion of the artery.", "PMID": 560642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4263", "title": "Cerebral commissurotomy for control of intractable seizures.", "content": "Cerebral commissurotomy or the \"split-brain\" procedure may be a valuable adjunct to anticonvulsants for the control of seizures in people whose epilepsy cannot be relieved by anticonvulsants alone, and who are not candidate for the standard methods of surgery. Corpus callosotomy, a revised form of the usual division of many commissures, is a safer operation and appears to be equally effective. The complex clinical aspects of cure and treatment are emphasized.", "contents": "Cerebral commissurotomy for control of intractable seizures. Cerebral commissurotomy or the \"split-brain\" procedure may be a valuable adjunct to anticonvulsants for the control of seizures in people whose epilepsy cannot be relieved by anticonvulsants alone, and who are not candidate for the standard methods of surgery. Corpus callosotomy, a revised form of the usual division of many commissures, is a safer operation and appears to be equally effective. The complex clinical aspects of cure and treatment are emphasized.", "PMID": 560644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4264", "title": "Failure of tyramine to induce migraine.", "content": "In a double-blind study of 80 migraine patients, headache was precipitated by ingestion of 200 mg tyramine and not by placebo in eight individuals, but retesting of seven of these patients did not produce the same results. Placebo produced as severe headache as tyramine and in an even larger number of patients. It is concluded that dietary tyramine alone is rarely, if ever, the major precipitant of a migraine attack, although the possibility remains that it has such a role in the presence of particular physiologic states.", "contents": "Failure of tyramine to induce migraine. In a double-blind study of 80 migraine patients, headache was precipitated by ingestion of 200 mg tyramine and not by placebo in eight individuals, but retesting of seven of these patients did not produce the same results. Placebo produced as severe headache as tyramine and in an even larger number of patients. It is concluded that dietary tyramine alone is rarely, if ever, the major precipitant of a migraine attack, although the possibility remains that it has such a role in the presence of particular physiologic states.", "PMID": 560645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4265", "title": "Galactocerebrosidase activity in canine globoid leukodystrophy.", "content": "In an investigation of canine globoid leukodystrophy, cerebroside beta-galactosidase activities were assayed in 24 brains from neonatal and older dogs and in 90 canine leukocyte pellets from nine samplings. The neonatal brains had significantly less enzyme activity than the brains of older dogs, which indicates a potential complication in making neonatal and fetal enzymatic diagnoses. For leukocytes, heterozygous activities averaged 51 percent and globoid leukodystrophy activities 18 percent of mean enzyme activity of normal leukocytes. Variability of leukocyte enzyme activities among the nine samplings was large, but within each sample, variability per genotypic category was moderate. A statistical model was developed to facilitate enzyme diagnosis in the dog and, by implication, in human globoid leukodystrophy and other sphingolipidoses.", "contents": "Galactocerebrosidase activity in canine globoid leukodystrophy. In an investigation of canine globoid leukodystrophy, cerebroside beta-galactosidase activities were assayed in 24 brains from neonatal and older dogs and in 90 canine leukocyte pellets from nine samplings. The neonatal brains had significantly less enzyme activity than the brains of older dogs, which indicates a potential complication in making neonatal and fetal enzymatic diagnoses. For leukocytes, heterozygous activities averaged 51 percent and globoid leukodystrophy activities 18 percent of mean enzyme activity of normal leukocytes. Variability of leukocyte enzyme activities among the nine samplings was large, but within each sample, variability per genotypic category was moderate. A statistical model was developed to facilitate enzyme diagnosis in the dog and, by implication, in human globoid leukodystrophy and other sphingolipidoses.", "PMID": 560646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4266", "title": "Cerebral revascularization for transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with cerebral transient ischemic, attacks and ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion without contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion or stenosis were treated with a surgical anastomosis between a superficial temporal artery and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery of the symptomatic hemisphere. The anastomosis was successful in 28 patients. Recurrent transient ischemic attacks were abolished in 23 patients and reduced in three. Two patients, one with a patent anastomosis, had strokes during the follow-up period. Of seven patients who refused the operation, two had strokes, two noted a reduction of transient ischemic attacks, two noted no change, and one became asymptomatic.", "contents": "Cerebral revascularization for transient ischemic attacks. Thirty-one patients with cerebral transient ischemic, attacks and ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion without contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion or stenosis were treated with a surgical anastomosis between a superficial temporal artery and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery of the symptomatic hemisphere. The anastomosis was successful in 28 patients. Recurrent transient ischemic attacks were abolished in 23 patients and reduced in three. Two patients, one with a patent anastomosis, had strokes during the follow-up period. Of seven patients who refused the operation, two had strokes, two noted a reduction of transient ischemic attacks, two noted no change, and one became asymptomatic.", "PMID": 560647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4267", "title": "Experimental serotonin myopathy.", "content": "One hundred and eight Wistar rats were injected with serotonin (20 mg per kilogram of body weight intraperitoneally) or imipramine hydrochloride (20 mg per kilogram intraperitoneally), or both, in a single cycle or in multiple (up to 18 weeks) weekly cycles. In contrast to previous reports, a characteristic myopathy was produced with serotonin alone, identical to that produced by serotonin and imipramine in combination. Imipramine alone produced no significant change. The myopathy produced was characterized by (1) preferential damage to myofibers with high oxidative capacity (types I and IIA), (2) prominent regenerative activity occurring as early as 48 hours, and (3) degeneratio of capillary endothelium (thickening, vacuolar degeneration, proliferation of marginal folds, dissolution of mitochondria). Small groups of degenerating fibers and increased connective tissue were not observed. There was no loss of myofibers or fat replacement. The changes suggested repeated acute insults followed the complete recovery. These observations suggest that although the pathogenesis of serotonin and serotonin-imipramine myopathy is primarily ischemic, it is not a satisfactory model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Experimental serotonin myopathy. One hundred and eight Wistar rats were injected with serotonin (20 mg per kilogram of body weight intraperitoneally) or imipramine hydrochloride (20 mg per kilogram intraperitoneally), or both, in a single cycle or in multiple (up to 18 weeks) weekly cycles. In contrast to previous reports, a characteristic myopathy was produced with serotonin alone, identical to that produced by serotonin and imipramine in combination. Imipramine alone produced no significant change. The myopathy produced was characterized by (1) preferential damage to myofibers with high oxidative capacity (types I and IIA), (2) prominent regenerative activity occurring as early as 48 hours, and (3) degeneratio of capillary endothelium (thickening, vacuolar degeneration, proliferation of marginal folds, dissolution of mitochondria). Small groups of degenerating fibers and increased connective tissue were not observed. There was no loss of myofibers or fat replacement. The changes suggested repeated acute insults followed the complete recovery. These observations suggest that although the pathogenesis of serotonin and serotonin-imipramine myopathy is primarily ischemic, it is not a satisfactory model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 560648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4268", "title": "Memory and cognitive function in man: does the cholinergic system have a specific role?", "content": "Interference with cholinergic function produces disruption of memory/cognitive (M/C) performance in both animals and man. It is uncertain whether this disruption is due to a specific relation of cholinergic neurons to M/C functions, or whether the effect is nonspecific, resulting either from alteration of alertness and attention, or from a \"mass action\" effect, with loss of functioning neurons. Scopolamine was given to normal subjects to produce an M/C impairment. Half the test subjects then received physostigmine and half d-amphetamine. Physostigmine, a pharmacologic antagonist of scopolamine, markedly improved M/C functions; amphetamine failed to produce M/C improvement, although alertness was improved, and activity in catecholaminergic neurons presumably increased. This comparison supports a specific role for cholinergic neurons in M/C processes. Possible mechanisms of cholinergic neural functioning in memory include plasticity of cholinergic synapses, as well as other acetylcholine-depended operations of the limbic system crucial to memory.", "contents": "Memory and cognitive function in man: does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Interference with cholinergic function produces disruption of memory/cognitive (M/C) performance in both animals and man. It is uncertain whether this disruption is due to a specific relation of cholinergic neurons to M/C functions, or whether the effect is nonspecific, resulting either from alteration of alertness and attention, or from a \"mass action\" effect, with loss of functioning neurons. Scopolamine was given to normal subjects to produce an M/C impairment. Half the test subjects then received physostigmine and half d-amphetamine. Physostigmine, a pharmacologic antagonist of scopolamine, markedly improved M/C functions; amphetamine failed to produce M/C improvement, although alertness was improved, and activity in catecholaminergic neurons presumably increased. This comparison supports a specific role for cholinergic neurons in M/C processes. Possible mechanisms of cholinergic neural functioning in memory include plasticity of cholinergic synapses, as well as other acetylcholine-depended operations of the limbic system crucial to memory.", "PMID": 560649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4269", "title": "Intracranial involvement of giant-cell arteritis.", "content": "Two cases of giant-cell arteritis with cerebral arteritis are presented. The clinical situation and the suggestive but nonspecific angiographic features make the antemortem diagnosis possible. Greater awareness of this entity will facilitate its diagnosis and the institution of effective steroid therapy.", "contents": "Intracranial involvement of giant-cell arteritis. Two cases of giant-cell arteritis with cerebral arteritis are presented. The clinical situation and the suggestive but nonspecific angiographic features make the antemortem diagnosis possible. Greater awareness of this entity will facilitate its diagnosis and the institution of effective steroid therapy.", "PMID": 560650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4270", "title": "[Patterns in the cellular organization of ovule growth in the pine, Pinus silvestris L. I. Growth processes in endosperm].", "content": "The dynamics of growth processes was studied in the endosperm of Pinus silvestris during the year of fertilization. The growth of endosperm is described by an diauxic curve where the period of delay corresponds, by time, to fertilization. The growth of tissue proceeds, mainly, at the expense of cell proliferation. The mitotic activity is preserved in the endosperm till the beginning of formation of reserve substances in the cells; cell division and elongation occur simultaneously. The unfavourable environmental conditions influence the mitotic activity of cells only. The size of fully grown cells is relatively constant and somewhat decreases later, during maturation. One can distinguish rather early those regions in the endosperm where the cell size is 2-3 times less than in the rest tissue; the size of cells and nuclei in these regions suffers only insignificant changes during the growth. The large nuclei are observed in the beginning of the cell endosperm formation and, then, their size decreases 1.5-2 times; the second increase in nuclear size in the endosperm is observed during the period prior to the formation of reserve substances.", "contents": "[Patterns in the cellular organization of ovule growth in the pine, Pinus silvestris L. I. Growth processes in endosperm]. The dynamics of growth processes was studied in the endosperm of Pinus silvestris during the year of fertilization. The growth of endosperm is described by an diauxic curve where the period of delay corresponds, by time, to fertilization. The growth of tissue proceeds, mainly, at the expense of cell proliferation. The mitotic activity is preserved in the endosperm till the beginning of formation of reserve substances in the cells; cell division and elongation occur simultaneously. The unfavourable environmental conditions influence the mitotic activity of cells only. The size of fully grown cells is relatively constant and somewhat decreases later, during maturation. One can distinguish rather early those regions in the endosperm where the cell size is 2-3 times less than in the rest tissue; the size of cells and nuclei in these regions suffers only insignificant changes during the growth. The large nuclei are observed in the beginning of the cell endosperm formation and, then, their size decreases 1.5-2 times; the second increase in nuclear size in the endosperm is observed during the period prior to the formation of reserve substances.", "PMID": 560659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4271", "title": "Sickle cell anemia in the newborn.", "content": "The clinical presentation of homozygous sickle cell disease is unusual in the neonatal period. Recently, we have encountered a newborn infant whose disease was apparent at birth and who died at 5 days of age. The findings at autopsy suggested a sickle cell crisis with multisystem involvement that was present prior to birth. Laboratory findings confirmed homozygous sickle cell disease without the presence of elevated levels of hemoglobin S. The cause of the unusually severe clinical course of the disease in our patient is the object of the discussion.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia in the newborn. The clinical presentation of homozygous sickle cell disease is unusual in the neonatal period. Recently, we have encountered a newborn infant whose disease was apparent at birth and who died at 5 days of age. The findings at autopsy suggested a sickle cell crisis with multisystem involvement that was present prior to birth. Laboratory findings confirmed homozygous sickle cell disease without the presence of elevated levels of hemoglobin S. The cause of the unusually severe clinical course of the disease in our patient is the object of the discussion.", "PMID": 560668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4272", "title": "DDT and DDE in the blood and diet of eskimo children from Hooper Bay, Alaska.", "content": "An analysis of the levels of DDT and DDE in the blood of some Alaskan Eskimo children and in the fat of some local marine mammals taken for food suggests that the children's pesticide burdin is only modestly lower than that of other American children. Authors suggest that some other food source, perhaps packaged food, supplies a portion of the dietary chlorohydrocarbon pesticide.", "contents": "DDT and DDE in the blood and diet of eskimo children from Hooper Bay, Alaska. An analysis of the levels of DDT and DDE in the blood of some Alaskan Eskimo children and in the fat of some local marine mammals taken for food suggests that the children's pesticide burdin is only modestly lower than that of other American children. Authors suggest that some other food source, perhaps packaged food, supplies a portion of the dietary chlorohydrocarbon pesticide.", "PMID": 560672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4273", "title": "Site of renal phosphate reabsorption. Micropuncture and microinfusion study.", "content": "Using modified microinfusion and free flow micropuncture techniques in the same intact and acutely thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) Munich-Wistar rats the nephron sites for phosphate reabsorption were reinvestigated. In intact animals, 62% of filtered phosphate was reabsorbed in the proximal tubule but none in the loop of Henle, here defined as the nephron segment between the last accessible proximal and the first distal convolution. Delivery of phosphate to the superficial distal tubule significantly exceeded urinary phosphate excretion but no phosphate reabsorption could be detected in the terminal nephron by distal microinfusions of radioactively labelled phosphate (32P). In TPTX rats, proximal phosphate reabsorption was enhanced and there was marked phosphate reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Similarly, 32P microinfused in the late proximal tubule was almost completely reabsorbed. Again, no phosphate tracer outflux was detected after distal microinfusion. It is concluded that phosphate reabsorption is confined to the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle.", "contents": "Site of renal phosphate reabsorption. Micropuncture and microinfusion study. Using modified microinfusion and free flow micropuncture techniques in the same intact and acutely thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) Munich-Wistar rats the nephron sites for phosphate reabsorption were reinvestigated. In intact animals, 62% of filtered phosphate was reabsorbed in the proximal tubule but none in the loop of Henle, here defined as the nephron segment between the last accessible proximal and the first distal convolution. Delivery of phosphate to the superficial distal tubule significantly exceeded urinary phosphate excretion but no phosphate reabsorption could be detected in the terminal nephron by distal microinfusions of radioactively labelled phosphate (32P). In TPTX rats, proximal phosphate reabsorption was enhanced and there was marked phosphate reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Similarly, 32P microinfused in the late proximal tubule was almost completely reabsorbed. Again, no phosphate tracer outflux was detected after distal microinfusion. It is concluded that phosphate reabsorption is confined to the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle.", "PMID": 560673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4274", "title": "The effect of long-term stimulation of fast muscles on their blood flow, metabolism and ability to withstand fatigue.", "content": "Chronic stimulation of fast rabbit muscles (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and the peroneal muscle group) at a frequency naturally occurring in nerves to slow muscles increased their ability to withstand fatigue. Isometric tension decreased during a 10-min period of contractions at 4 Hz by 75% in control muscles, but only 55% in muscles chronically stimulated for 4 days, and 23% in muscles stimulated for 28 days. Chronic stimulation had little effect on resting blood flow, oxygen or glucose consumption. The output or consumption of lactate and free fatty acids (FFA) at rest were also unaffected. The glycogen content was regularly increased, and was apparent after only 2 days of stimulation. The activity of fatty acid activating enzyme was increased after 28 days. During a 10-min period of isometric contractions at 4 Hz, there was a markedly greater increase in blood flow and oxygen consumption in muscles stimulated for 14-28 days than in control muscles; lactic acid output was lower in muscles stimulated for 28 days, and the uptake of FFA was significantly higher. It is therefore suggested that muscles chronically stimulated for 14-28 days use fats as the main source of energy during isometric contractions. The predominantly oxidative metabolism is probably facilitated by the higher density of capillaries. The latter also enables more efficient delivery of oxygen, and therefore smaller fatiguability, already after 4 days of chronic stimulation.", "contents": "The effect of long-term stimulation of fast muscles on their blood flow, metabolism and ability to withstand fatigue. Chronic stimulation of fast rabbit muscles (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and the peroneal muscle group) at a frequency naturally occurring in nerves to slow muscles increased their ability to withstand fatigue. Isometric tension decreased during a 10-min period of contractions at 4 Hz by 75% in control muscles, but only 55% in muscles chronically stimulated for 4 days, and 23% in muscles stimulated for 28 days. Chronic stimulation had little effect on resting blood flow, oxygen or glucose consumption. The output or consumption of lactate and free fatty acids (FFA) at rest were also unaffected. The glycogen content was regularly increased, and was apparent after only 2 days of stimulation. The activity of fatty acid activating enzyme was increased after 28 days. During a 10-min period of isometric contractions at 4 Hz, there was a markedly greater increase in blood flow and oxygen consumption in muscles stimulated for 14-28 days than in control muscles; lactic acid output was lower in muscles stimulated for 28 days, and the uptake of FFA was significantly higher. It is therefore suggested that muscles chronically stimulated for 14-28 days use fats as the main source of energy during isometric contractions. The predominantly oxidative metabolism is probably facilitated by the higher density of capillaries. The latter also enables more efficient delivery of oxygen, and therefore smaller fatiguability, already after 4 days of chronic stimulation.", "PMID": 560675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4275", "title": "Evidence for phosphate as a mediator of functional hyperaemia in skeletal muscles.", "content": "Maximal twitch contractions of fast muscles of the cat caused an increase in phosphate concentration in the venous plasma from them: this efflux was greater as the contraction frequency was increased. At any given frequency of contraction, the phosphate efflux from contracting gastrocnemius was less than that from tibialis anterior and extersor digitorum longus, which have a higher proportion of fast fibres and exhibit greater functional hyperaemia. Soleus muscles, when contracting, released hardly any additional phosphate, except in the one experiment in which the muscle exhibited a functional hyperaemia. There was thus a consistent relationship between the extent of functional hyperaemia and phosphate efflux in different muscles and within any one group of muscles. Inorganic phosphate, given close arterially as NaH2PO4, was shown to be vasodilator.NaH2PO4 was much more potent than Na2HPO4, though this did not seem due simply to the associated change of pH. The functional hyperaemia of fast muscles could be matched, qualitatively and quantitatively, by injections or infusions of NaH2PO4. The possibility is discussed that the contraction hyperaemia of fast muscles is functionally related to phosphate release into the interstitial fluid during contractions.", "contents": "Evidence for phosphate as a mediator of functional hyperaemia in skeletal muscles. Maximal twitch contractions of fast muscles of the cat caused an increase in phosphate concentration in the venous plasma from them: this efflux was greater as the contraction frequency was increased. At any given frequency of contraction, the phosphate efflux from contracting gastrocnemius was less than that from tibialis anterior and extersor digitorum longus, which have a higher proportion of fast fibres and exhibit greater functional hyperaemia. Soleus muscles, when contracting, released hardly any additional phosphate, except in the one experiment in which the muscle exhibited a functional hyperaemia. There was thus a consistent relationship between the extent of functional hyperaemia and phosphate efflux in different muscles and within any one group of muscles. Inorganic phosphate, given close arterially as NaH2PO4, was shown to be vasodilator.NaH2PO4 was much more potent than Na2HPO4, though this did not seem due simply to the associated change of pH. The functional hyperaemia of fast muscles could be matched, qualitatively and quantitatively, by injections or infusions of NaH2PO4. The possibility is discussed that the contraction hyperaemia of fast muscles is functionally related to phosphate release into the interstitial fluid during contractions.", "PMID": 560676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4276", "title": "Activity of neurons in the deep layers of the cat superior colliculus correlated with slow eye movements.", "content": "In the enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cats in state of drowsiness and sleep and in darkness, the spike activity of a population of neurons in the superior collicules is modulated in relation to the slow movement of the eyes. These neurons are all located in the deep layers of the colliculus and belong to a larger population which had been previously to discharge in correspondence with saccadic movements. The correlation between neuronal activity and slow movements is not present continuously and may be obscured by a number of factors. Also when the correlation is present there is always some degree of independence between strength and time course of the discharge on one side, and extent and time course of movement on the other.", "contents": "Activity of neurons in the deep layers of the cat superior colliculus correlated with slow eye movements. In the enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cats in state of drowsiness and sleep and in darkness, the spike activity of a population of neurons in the superior collicules is modulated in relation to the slow movement of the eyes. These neurons are all located in the deep layers of the colliculus and belong to a larger population which had been previously to discharge in correspondence with saccadic movements. The correlation between neuronal activity and slow movements is not present continuously and may be obscured by a number of factors. Also when the correlation is present there is always some degree of independence between strength and time course of the discharge on one side, and extent and time course of movement on the other.", "PMID": 560677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4277", "title": "Hypertension in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. The role of age.", "content": "The effect of age, sex and salt intake on the hypertension produced in homozygous (DI) and heterozygous (non-DI) Brattleboro rats and Long Evans rats was studied. The left kidney was removed at the age of 25, 35, 50 and 80 days (UNX 25, UNX 35, UNX 50, UNX 80), and 0.6% NaCl solution or water was offered as drinking fluid. In UNX DI rats drinking saline the mean value of blood pressure (BP) exceeded 150 torr. The highest values of BP were observed in DI UNX 25 females while no hypertension occurred in rats UNX 80. There was no correlation between individual values of BP and saline consumption in DI females with hypertension. However, individual BP values correlated with the urinary Na+/K+ ratio measured in the course of 24 h of water deprivation, due to age-dependent sodium excretion the values of which were highest in the UNX 25 group. Hydronephrosis was present in all DI rats with manifest hypertension. In hypertensive animals, BP values, Na+/K+ ratio and the frequency of hydronephrosis exhibited the same age dependence. The role of age and adaptability to the increased saline intake in the susceptibility of DI rats to experimental hypertension is discussed.", "contents": "Hypertension in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. The role of age. The effect of age, sex and salt intake on the hypertension produced in homozygous (DI) and heterozygous (non-DI) Brattleboro rats and Long Evans rats was studied. The left kidney was removed at the age of 25, 35, 50 and 80 days (UNX 25, UNX 35, UNX 50, UNX 80), and 0.6% NaCl solution or water was offered as drinking fluid. In UNX DI rats drinking saline the mean value of blood pressure (BP) exceeded 150 torr. The highest values of BP were observed in DI UNX 25 females while no hypertension occurred in rats UNX 80. There was no correlation between individual values of BP and saline consumption in DI females with hypertension. However, individual BP values correlated with the urinary Na+/K+ ratio measured in the course of 24 h of water deprivation, due to age-dependent sodium excretion the values of which were highest in the UNX 25 group. Hydronephrosis was present in all DI rats with manifest hypertension. In hypertensive animals, BP values, Na+/K+ ratio and the frequency of hydronephrosis exhibited the same age dependence. The role of age and adaptability to the increased saline intake in the susceptibility of DI rats to experimental hypertension is discussed.", "PMID": 560679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4278", "title": "A technique for recording local blood flow and neuronal activity with a single microelectrode.", "content": "A technique is presented for recording both local blood flow, by means of hydrogen clearance method, and neuronal activity of the cat's cortex using a single microelectrode. The requirements of electrodes for recording cerebral blood flow are different from those for recording extracellular spikes. Only electrodes within a small range of impedance (measured at 10 Hz) are suitable to record both. A bridge method is used for the recordings. The bridge signal is split in order to amplify cell activities and H2 responses separately. Three examples demonstrate the method and the importance of appropriately selected electrodes.", "contents": "A technique for recording local blood flow and neuronal activity with a single microelectrode. A technique is presented for recording both local blood flow, by means of hydrogen clearance method, and neuronal activity of the cat's cortex using a single microelectrode. The requirements of electrodes for recording cerebral blood flow are different from those for recording extracellular spikes. Only electrodes within a small range of impedance (measured at 10 Hz) are suitable to record both. A bridge method is used for the recordings. The bridge signal is split in order to amplify cell activities and H2 responses separately. Three examples demonstrate the method and the importance of appropriately selected electrodes.", "PMID": 560680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4279", "title": "[Phalloidine intoxication. Results of various forms of treatment in 47 patients].", "content": "The effectiveness of three plasma cleansing techniques (exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis and plasmapheresis) is studied in the treatment of phalloides intoxication. The severity of the latter is dependent upon the amount of toxin ingested, with can now be measured by radio-immunology, as well as the fixation of the toxin in the liver. Methods to ensure its elimination must be instituted as soon as possible. Thus in 43 patients who had consumed more than 50 g of fresh fungi, there were no deaths amongst those treated during the first 36 hours and 7 deaths out of 22 patients treated late. It is not yet possible to define the respective values of each method.", "contents": "[Phalloidine intoxication. Results of various forms of treatment in 47 patients]. The effectiveness of three plasma cleansing techniques (exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis and plasmapheresis) is studied in the treatment of phalloides intoxication. The severity of the latter is dependent upon the amount of toxin ingested, with can now be measured by radio-immunology, as well as the fixation of the toxin in the liver. Methods to ensure its elimination must be instituted as soon as possible. Thus in 43 patients who had consumed more than 50 g of fresh fungi, there were no deaths amongst those treated during the first 36 hours and 7 deaths out of 22 patients treated late. It is not yet possible to define the respective values of each method.", "PMID": 560682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4280", "title": "Central action of narcotic analgesics. I. Catalepsy and stereotypy in rats and narcotic analgesics.", "content": "The action of four analgesics, belonging to various pharmacological groups (morphine, codeine, fentanyl, pentazocine), was investigated in rats in tests for catalepsy and stereotypy, the tests depending on dopaminergic brain mechanisms. Interactions of the analgesics with a number of compounds known to affect dopaminergic brain functions in tests of catalepsy and stereotypy were also studied. In some experiments nalorphine, an antagonist of narcotic analgesics, was used. Morphine, codeine and fentanyl produced catalepsy, while pentazocine, at doses up to 60 microgram/kg, did not produce this effect. Reserpine, 2 mg/kg 3 hr before drugs, potentiated catalepsy produced by analgesics, while haloperidol, 0.2 mg/kg, 2 hr earlier, did not influence morphine and codeine catalepsy, but moderately potentiated fentanyl-induced catalepsy. alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine potentiated the cataleptogenic action of fentanyl and codeine, and also, less markedly, the action morphine. D-amphetamine (2.5-10 mg/kg) and apomorphine (5 mg/kg) moderately antagonized the catalepsy induced by analgesics, while atropine did not affect it. Nalorphine, 5 mg/kg, effectively abolished the catalepsy produced by narcotic analgesics, but did not affect that produced by neuroleptics. Morphine, codeine and fentanyl slightly inhibited apomorphine stereotypy, and evidently antagonized stereotypy produced by amphetamine. Pentazocine did not affect or slightly potentiated the both types of stereotypy. It is concluded that morphine, codeine and fentanyl, in contrast to pentazocine, inhibit behavioral activities depending on central dopaminergic functions in the rat. The mechanism of this action is most probably indirect, and seems to be related to the dopaminergic presynaptic functions.", "contents": "Central action of narcotic analgesics. I. Catalepsy and stereotypy in rats and narcotic analgesics. The action of four analgesics, belonging to various pharmacological groups (morphine, codeine, fentanyl, pentazocine), was investigated in rats in tests for catalepsy and stereotypy, the tests depending on dopaminergic brain mechanisms. Interactions of the analgesics with a number of compounds known to affect dopaminergic brain functions in tests of catalepsy and stereotypy were also studied. In some experiments nalorphine, an antagonist of narcotic analgesics, was used. Morphine, codeine and fentanyl produced catalepsy, while pentazocine, at doses up to 60 microgram/kg, did not produce this effect. Reserpine, 2 mg/kg 3 hr before drugs, potentiated catalepsy produced by analgesics, while haloperidol, 0.2 mg/kg, 2 hr earlier, did not influence morphine and codeine catalepsy, but moderately potentiated fentanyl-induced catalepsy. alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine potentiated the cataleptogenic action of fentanyl and codeine, and also, less markedly, the action morphine. D-amphetamine (2.5-10 mg/kg) and apomorphine (5 mg/kg) moderately antagonized the catalepsy induced by analgesics, while atropine did not affect it. Nalorphine, 5 mg/kg, effectively abolished the catalepsy produced by narcotic analgesics, but did not affect that produced by neuroleptics. Morphine, codeine and fentanyl slightly inhibited apomorphine stereotypy, and evidently antagonized stereotypy produced by amphetamine. Pentazocine did not affect or slightly potentiated the both types of stereotypy. It is concluded that morphine, codeine and fentanyl, in contrast to pentazocine, inhibit behavioral activities depending on central dopaminergic functions in the rat. The mechanism of this action is most probably indirect, and seems to be related to the dopaminergic presynaptic functions.", "PMID": 560683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4281", "title": "Influence of fibrinogen degradation products on the action of amphetamine in the central nervous system.", "content": "Fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in a dose dependent manner potentiated the action of amphetamine in the tests for locomotor activity (Knoll's motimeter) and stereotypy. They also antagonized the haloperidol-induced catalepsy. FDP increased the level of amphetamine 90 min after the drug administration, and depressed it 120 min after the treatment. FDP slightly depressed the level of dopamine, and increased that of homovanillic acid in the striatum. They also potentiated the accumulation of noradrenaline in the hippocampus, produced by amphetamine, but did not affect the concentrations of dopamine and serotonin. It is suggested that the change in action of amphetamine under the influence of FDP depends on the direct effect of the peptides on amphetamine level in the brain, and on the level of some neuromediators.", "contents": "Influence of fibrinogen degradation products on the action of amphetamine in the central nervous system. Fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in a dose dependent manner potentiated the action of amphetamine in the tests for locomotor activity (Knoll's motimeter) and stereotypy. They also antagonized the haloperidol-induced catalepsy. FDP increased the level of amphetamine 90 min after the drug administration, and depressed it 120 min after the treatment. FDP slightly depressed the level of dopamine, and increased that of homovanillic acid in the striatum. They also potentiated the accumulation of noradrenaline in the hippocampus, produced by amphetamine, but did not affect the concentrations of dopamine and serotonin. It is suggested that the change in action of amphetamine under the influence of FDP depends on the direct effect of the peptides on amphetamine level in the brain, and on the level of some neuromediators.", "PMID": 560684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4282", "title": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis complicating ampicillin therapy.", "content": "A case of fatal pseudomembranous enterocolitis associated with ampicillin therapy is described and possible mechanisms for its production discussed.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis complicating ampicillin therapy. A case of fatal pseudomembranous enterocolitis associated with ampicillin therapy is described and possible mechanisms for its production discussed.", "PMID": 560690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4283", "title": "Valvar aortic stenosis with unusual features.", "content": "This case report documents the co-existence of valvar aortic stenosis and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with systemic hypertension and calcific mitral annulus, a combination which has not hitherto been reported. It is the purpose of this paper to help assess the true incidence of the co-existence of aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Valvar aortic stenosis with unusual features. This case report documents the co-existence of valvar aortic stenosis and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with systemic hypertension and calcific mitral annulus, a combination which has not hitherto been reported. It is the purpose of this paper to help assess the true incidence of the co-existence of aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 560691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4284", "title": "[\"Immuno-allergic\" complications of rifampicin therapy].", "content": "From 8 cases of immuno-allergic accidents attributed to Rifampicine, the authors review the literature on the subject. The \"flue like\" syndrome is the most frequent and characteristic of those accidents, worsened by haematological and renal involvements. These accidents probably belong to a pathology of immuno-complexes in relaiton with the production of anti-Rifampicine antibodies. Among the different means of in vitro diagnosis, the test with the anti-complement antiglobulin is the most reliable, though not always in good correlation with clinical signs. Though rare and most often benign, these accidents should lead to prudence in treating recurrent tuberculosis or reusing Rifampicine after a momentary interruption.", "contents": "[\"Immuno-allergic\" complications of rifampicin therapy]. From 8 cases of immuno-allergic accidents attributed to Rifampicine, the authors review the literature on the subject. The \"flue like\" syndrome is the most frequent and characteristic of those accidents, worsened by haematological and renal involvements. These accidents probably belong to a pathology of immuno-complexes in relaiton with the production of anti-Rifampicine antibodies. Among the different means of in vitro diagnosis, the test with the anti-complement antiglobulin is the most reliable, though not always in good correlation with clinical signs. Though rare and most often benign, these accidents should lead to prudence in treating recurrent tuberculosis or reusing Rifampicine after a momentary interruption.", "PMID": 560692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4285", "title": "The effect of testosterone and cyproterone acetate on the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain areas of aggressive and non-aggressive mice.", "content": "Mice which had been housed in groups were introduced into the home cages of isolated mice and the aggressive defensive behaviour assessed. The grouped mice were chronically treated with testosterone, cyproterone acetate or arachis oil. The concentration of GABA was determined in 10 regions following the last behavioural assessment. The grouped mice which were treated with testosterone or with the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, were subjected to fewer aggressive attacks by the isolated mice thatn the grouped controls. The concentration of GABA in particular brain areas appears to depend on the degree of aggressive behaviour exhibited, the type of environment into which the mouse is introduced, the hormone treatment, and the housing conditions.", "contents": "The effect of testosterone and cyproterone acetate on the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain areas of aggressive and non-aggressive mice. Mice which had been housed in groups were introduced into the home cages of isolated mice and the aggressive defensive behaviour assessed. The grouped mice were chronically treated with testosterone, cyproterone acetate or arachis oil. The concentration of GABA was determined in 10 regions following the last behavioural assessment. The grouped mice which were treated with testosterone or with the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, were subjected to fewer aggressive attacks by the isolated mice thatn the grouped controls. The concentration of GABA in particular brain areas appears to depend on the degree of aggressive behaviour exhibited, the type of environment into which the mouse is introduced, the hormone treatment, and the housing conditions.", "PMID": 560698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4286", "title": "[Determination of human blood and urine progestins by the method of competitive protein binding on the basis of guinea pig transprogestin].", "content": "The use as a testing system of transprogestin or of progesterone-binding protein (obtained from a pregnant guinea pig) with a high specificity to progesterone and a number of its affiliated metabolites increased the sensitivity of the method considerably, permitting to determine progestins in the blood and urine of nonpregnant women (at various phases of the sexual cycle) and in men. Dynamics of the given progestins in the urine correlates with the changes of their blood level and permits complete and objective assessment of the ovarian and placental functions in women with various physiological conditions.", "contents": "[Determination of human blood and urine progestins by the method of competitive protein binding on the basis of guinea pig transprogestin]. The use as a testing system of transprogestin or of progesterone-binding protein (obtained from a pregnant guinea pig) with a high specificity to progesterone and a number of its affiliated metabolites increased the sensitivity of the method considerably, permitting to determine progestins in the blood and urine of nonpregnant women (at various phases of the sexual cycle) and in men. Dynamics of the given progestins in the urine correlates with the changes of their blood level and permits complete and objective assessment of the ovarian and placental functions in women with various physiological conditions.", "PMID": 560696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4287", "title": "[Changes in the indicators of hormonal activity of the adrenal glands, sympathetic-adrenal system and hemodynamics in healthy persons at different times during the 24-hour period].", "content": "The following were studied in 24 healthy men aged from 20 to 40 years: circadian rhythm of catecholamines and their precursors production, 17-ketosteroids, 17-oxycorticosteroids, variational pulsometry indices, arterial pressure parameters, resilient-viscous properties of large arterial vessels and arterioles, indices characterizing the mechanical activity of the myocardium. Comparison of the results obtained indicated that, although there existed no complete correlation between these indices, there proved to be a nocturnal tendency to reduction of noradrenaline and dopamine production, to reduction of 17-ketosteroids and 17-oxycorticosteroids, along with rarefaction of cardiac contractions, increased variation in the rhythm, and diminution of arterial pressure and cardiac output parameters. Reverse changes were noted during the day-time.", "contents": "[Changes in the indicators of hormonal activity of the adrenal glands, sympathetic-adrenal system and hemodynamics in healthy persons at different times during the 24-hour period]. The following were studied in 24 healthy men aged from 20 to 40 years: circadian rhythm of catecholamines and their precursors production, 17-ketosteroids, 17-oxycorticosteroids, variational pulsometry indices, arterial pressure parameters, resilient-viscous properties of large arterial vessels and arterioles, indices characterizing the mechanical activity of the myocardium. Comparison of the results obtained indicated that, although there existed no complete correlation between these indices, there proved to be a nocturnal tendency to reduction of noradrenaline and dopamine production, to reduction of 17-ketosteroids and 17-oxycorticosteroids, along with rarefaction of cardiac contractions, increased variation in the rhythm, and diminution of arterial pressure and cardiac output parameters. Reverse changes were noted during the day-time.", "PMID": 560695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4288", "title": "Effects of dietary tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan on aggression in mice.", "content": "Dietary amino acid regimens designed to enhance catecholaminergic and serotonergic functioning were found to differentially affect territorial-induced attacks in mice. Male albino mice were maintained on a semi-synthetic 12% casein protein diet for 2 weeks, then switched to diets modified by the addition of a 4% L-amino acid supplement, or 4% casein (control). Measures of aggressive behavior and open-field locomotor activity were obtained before and after the dietary supplements were administered. Resident mice fed supplements of L-tyrosine displayed a marked increase in the number of attacks on intruders and shorter attack latencies, but their locomotor activity was unaffected. L-phenylalanine supplements alone or in combination with L-tyrosine reduced the latency to attack and increased motility but did not affect the number of attacks. As a whole, the group of animals fed L-tryptophan showed no changes in aggression or motility.", "contents": "Effects of dietary tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan on aggression in mice. Dietary amino acid regimens designed to enhance catecholaminergic and serotonergic functioning were found to differentially affect territorial-induced attacks in mice. Male albino mice were maintained on a semi-synthetic 12% casein protein diet for 2 weeks, then switched to diets modified by the addition of a 4% L-amino acid supplement, or 4% casein (control). Measures of aggressive behavior and open-field locomotor activity were obtained before and after the dietary supplements were administered. Resident mice fed supplements of L-tyrosine displayed a marked increase in the number of attacks on intruders and shorter attack latencies, but their locomotor activity was unaffected. L-phenylalanine supplements alone or in combination with L-tyrosine reduced the latency to attack and increased motility but did not affect the number of attacks. As a whole, the group of animals fed L-tryptophan showed no changes in aggression or motility.", "PMID": 560699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4289", "title": "The interfacing of constituencies.", "content": "Within a public human service organization interaction occurs among diverse constituencies such as clients, donors, and professionals. Several recent trends affecting relationships among constituencies are identified and problems emerging from these trends are considered. Since various changes within human service organizations have occurred during the 1960s and early to mid-1970s, one may speculate about future developments which may result from these trends. It is suggested that each constituency must adapt to changing circumstances in a spirit of cooperation if the organization is to be effective.", "contents": "The interfacing of constituencies. Within a public human service organization interaction occurs among diverse constituencies such as clients, donors, and professionals. Several recent trends affecting relationships among constituencies are identified and problems emerging from these trends are considered. Since various changes within human service organizations have occurred during the 1960s and early to mid-1970s, one may speculate about future developments which may result from these trends. It is suggested that each constituency must adapt to changing circumstances in a spirit of cooperation if the organization is to be effective.", "PMID": 560701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4290", "title": "Reentry: a study of the movement of young drug users toward mainstream society.", "content": "In the middle 1960s hundreds of thousands of young people dramatically left American mainstream society to join the hippie movement. Almost ten years after the height of the hippie phenomenon, there has been little longitudinal investigation of the predictions by social scientists that these young people would be lost from future mainstream involvement. In the late 1960s, through a study of young drug users in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, my colleagues and I began to assess the degree of movement taken by hippie drug users toward mainstream society. This research focused on the differential outcome of three groups of young drug users, approximately two and a half years after they were initially studied.", "contents": "Reentry: a study of the movement of young drug users toward mainstream society. In the middle 1960s hundreds of thousands of young people dramatically left American mainstream society to join the hippie movement. Almost ten years after the height of the hippie phenomenon, there has been little longitudinal investigation of the predictions by social scientists that these young people would be lost from future mainstream involvement. In the late 1960s, through a study of young drug users in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, my colleagues and I began to assess the degree of movement taken by hippie drug users toward mainstream society. This research focused on the differential outcome of three groups of young drug users, approximately two and a half years after they were initially studied.", "PMID": 560702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4291", "title": "Elbow fat pads with new signs and extended differential diagnosis.", "content": "Although fat pad signs are classically associated with fracture, there are many nontraumatic disease processes which lead to positive fat pad signs. Any intraarticular fluid or tissue accumulation may result in an abnormal posterior fat pad. A \"paradoxical\" positive posterior fat pad sign may occur in some instances of extraarticular disease. An extended differential diagnosis is presented.", "contents": "Elbow fat pads with new signs and extended differential diagnosis. Although fat pad signs are classically associated with fracture, there are many nontraumatic disease processes which lead to positive fat pad signs. Any intraarticular fluid or tissue accumulation may result in an abnormal posterior fat pad. A \"paradoxical\" positive posterior fat pad sign may occur in some instances of extraarticular disease. An extended differential diagnosis is presented.", "PMID": 560705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4292", "title": "Bile acid concentrations in systemic and portal serum in presumably normal man and in cholestatic and cirrhotic conditions.", "content": "Total bile acid concentration was determined in systemic and portal serum and in liver tissue from patients with presumably normal liver function, and from patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Systemic and portal serum bile acids were also determined in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. In 5 patients, in whom a portal catheter was inserted through the umbilical vein, the diurnal variation in systemic and portal serum bile acid concentration was studied. In patients with presumably normal liver function the fasting systemic serum bile acid concentration was 4.8+/-0.5 mumol times 1(-1), and the portal concentration was 12.9+/-1.5 mumol times 1(-1). In cholestasis and liver cirrhosis the systemic and portal bile acid concentration was substantially elevated. The bile acid concentration gradient between systemic serum, portal serum, liver tissue, and hepatic bile was 1:3:80:2600 in the patients with normal liver function. In both the cholestatic and cirrhotic condition the systemic and portal serum bile acid concentration was equilibrated. Postprandially both the systemic and portal bile acid concentration increased, but the gradient between these concentrations was unchanged. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that portal and systemic serum bile acid concentrations are determined by the intestinal absorption rate in subjects with normal liver function and by the hepatic and renal clearance capacity in cholestatic and cirrhotic conditions.", "contents": "Bile acid concentrations in systemic and portal serum in presumably normal man and in cholestatic and cirrhotic conditions. Total bile acid concentration was determined in systemic and portal serum and in liver tissue from patients with presumably normal liver function, and from patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Systemic and portal serum bile acids were also determined in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. In 5 patients, in whom a portal catheter was inserted through the umbilical vein, the diurnal variation in systemic and portal serum bile acid concentration was studied. In patients with presumably normal liver function the fasting systemic serum bile acid concentration was 4.8+/-0.5 mumol times 1(-1), and the portal concentration was 12.9+/-1.5 mumol times 1(-1). In cholestasis and liver cirrhosis the systemic and portal bile acid concentration was substantially elevated. The bile acid concentration gradient between systemic serum, portal serum, liver tissue, and hepatic bile was 1:3:80:2600 in the patients with normal liver function. In both the cholestatic and cirrhotic condition the systemic and portal serum bile acid concentration was equilibrated. Postprandially both the systemic and portal bile acid concentration increased, but the gradient between these concentrations was unchanged. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that portal and systemic serum bile acid concentrations are determined by the intestinal absorption rate in subjects with normal liver function and by the hepatic and renal clearance capacity in cholestatic and cirrhotic conditions.", "PMID": 560715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4293", "title": "Ultrasound emission in infant rats as an indicant of arousal during appetitive learning and extinction.", "content": "Infant rats rewarded for crawling by being allowed to suckle on the dry nipple of an anesthetized dam showed a decreasing rate of ultrasound production during acquisition and an increasing rate during extinction. These results suggest that infant rats can be stressed and are aroused as a result of successive nonrewards just as adult rats are. In addition, these results do not support the hypothesis that infant rats lack inhibitory mechanisms related to poorly developed neural centers.", "contents": "Ultrasound emission in infant rats as an indicant of arousal during appetitive learning and extinction. Infant rats rewarded for crawling by being allowed to suckle on the dry nipple of an anesthetized dam showed a decreasing rate of ultrasound production during acquisition and an increasing rate during extinction. These results suggest that infant rats can be stressed and are aroused as a result of successive nonrewards just as adult rats are. In addition, these results do not support the hypothesis that infant rats lack inhibitory mechanisms related to poorly developed neural centers.", "PMID": 560717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4294", "title": "Defective phagocytosis of isolated rod outer segments by RCS rat retinal pigment epithelium in culture.", "content": "Retinal pigment epithelium cultured from normal rats phagocytizes large amounts of rod outer segment fragments isolated from normal rats and from RCS rats with inherited retinal degeneration. Cultured RCS rat pigment epithelium rarely ingests outer segment material, although the cells extend cellular processes around fragments of either type. Both normal and RCS pigment epithelium phagocytize polystyrene spheres. This demonstrates that RCS rat pigment epithelial cells contain a defect in the mechanism for phagocytizing outer segments.", "contents": "Defective phagocytosis of isolated rod outer segments by RCS rat retinal pigment epithelium in culture. Retinal pigment epithelium cultured from normal rats phagocytizes large amounts of rod outer segment fragments isolated from normal rats and from RCS rats with inherited retinal degeneration. Cultured RCS rat pigment epithelium rarely ingests outer segment material, although the cells extend cellular processes around fragments of either type. Both normal and RCS pigment epithelium phagocytize polystyrene spheres. This demonstrates that RCS rat pigment epithelial cells contain a defect in the mechanism for phagocytizing outer segments.", "PMID": 560718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4295", "title": "Temporal lobe aggression in rats.", "content": "Although reports of aggressive behavior in temporal lobe epileptics are common, it has proven difficult in clinical settings to gain the experimental control necessary to systematically investigate temporal lobe aggression or even to provide unequivocal evidence of its existence. Increases in aggressive behavior were observed in rats with experimentally induced epileptic foci in temporal lobe structures but not in control rats or those with foci in the caudate.", "contents": "Temporal lobe aggression in rats. Although reports of aggressive behavior in temporal lobe epileptics are common, it has proven difficult in clinical settings to gain the experimental control necessary to systematically investigate temporal lobe aggression or even to provide unequivocal evidence of its existence. Increases in aggressive behavior were observed in rats with experimentally induced epileptic foci in temporal lobe structures but not in control rats or those with foci in the caudate.", "PMID": 560719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4296", "title": "Capgras' syndrome presenting as postpartum psychosis.", "content": "A 25-year-old white woman was hospitalized with a postpartum psychosis presenting as an affective disorder with the delusion of Capgras. She was treated with electroconvulsive therapy with resolution of her affective and delusional states.", "contents": "Capgras' syndrome presenting as postpartum psychosis. A 25-year-old white woman was hospitalized with a postpartum psychosis presenting as an affective disorder with the delusion of Capgras. She was treated with electroconvulsive therapy with resolution of her affective and delusional states.", "PMID": 560720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4297", "title": "Leprechaunism (Donohue's syndrome) in a low birth weight infant.", "content": "A 910 gm infant with leprechaunism, the smallest reported infant with this syndrome, was described. Marked discrepancies were noted between gestational age as assessed by physical examination, bone and dental roentgenographic studies, and renal histology. Radiographic and pathologic features of this syndrome were discussed. Failure to thrive characterized the course of this infant despite adequate caloric intake. The precarious nature of these infants and difficulties encountered in obtaining adequate studies to delineate the cause of this syndrome were emphasized.", "contents": "Leprechaunism (Donohue's syndrome) in a low birth weight infant. A 910 gm infant with leprechaunism, the smallest reported infant with this syndrome, was described. Marked discrepancies were noted between gestational age as assessed by physical examination, bone and dental roentgenographic studies, and renal histology. Radiographic and pathologic features of this syndrome were discussed. Failure to thrive characterized the course of this infant despite adequate caloric intake. The precarious nature of these infants and difficulties encountered in obtaining adequate studies to delineate the cause of this syndrome were emphasized.", "PMID": 560721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4298", "title": "Murine typhus in a Malaysian village.", "content": "A high prevalence of murine typhus was found in the human and rodent populations of Senaling, West Malaysia. In addition to 2 index cases which prompted the investigation, 45% of the humans and 35% of the rodents had IFA titers of 1/50 or greater. Serological studies provided evidence of recent infections in 3 human subjects. In a control group of Malaysian soldiers IFA titers of 1/50 or greater were found in only 13 (5%) of 265 sera tested.", "contents": "Murine typhus in a Malaysian village. A high prevalence of murine typhus was found in the human and rodent populations of Senaling, West Malaysia. In addition to 2 index cases which prompted the investigation, 45% of the humans and 35% of the rodents had IFA titers of 1/50 or greater. Serological studies provided evidence of recent infections in 3 human subjects. In a control group of Malaysian soldiers IFA titers of 1/50 or greater were found in only 13 (5%) of 265 sera tested.", "PMID": 560722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4299", "title": "Granulomatous mastitis. A review of 5 cases.", "content": "A review of 67 cases diagnosed as granulomatous, tuberculous or fungal mastitis revealed 5 cases which were similar, clinically and histopathologically, to the new entity of granulomatous mastitis described by Kessler and Wolloch. The 5 patients were young women of childbearing age, 4 with breast lesions clinically simulating carcinoma of the breast. Histopathological examination showed granulomata and abscess formation confined to the breast lobules. No acid-fast bacilli or fungi were demonstrated. Granulomatous mastitis may be caused by a chemical reaction associated with contraceptive pill therapy, or may have an auto-immune or infective aetiology.", "contents": "Granulomatous mastitis. A review of 5 cases. A review of 67 cases diagnosed as granulomatous, tuberculous or fungal mastitis revealed 5 cases which were similar, clinically and histopathologically, to the new entity of granulomatous mastitis described by Kessler and Wolloch. The 5 patients were young women of childbearing age, 4 with breast lesions clinically simulating carcinoma of the breast. Histopathological examination showed granulomata and abscess formation confined to the breast lobules. No acid-fast bacilli or fungi were demonstrated. Granulomatous mastitis may be caused by a chemical reaction associated with contraceptive pill therapy, or may have an auto-immune or infective aetiology.", "PMID": 560723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4300", "title": "Nonpenetrating trauma to the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients underwent surgical repair for nonpenetrating injuries of the thoracic aorta. Emergency operation was performed in 19 patients with acute aortic injury and there were 12 survivors. Left heart bypass (LHB), external shunts, and simple aortic cross-clamping were methods employed during repair. All operative deaths occurred in the left heart bypass group. Morbidity, hospital stay, operative time, and blood loss all were markedly less in patients repaired with an external shunt or simple cross-clamping. Systemic heparinization related adversely to mortality and morbidity. Eight patients had repair of chronic post-traumatic descending aortic aneurysms. One of these had previous repair elsewhere with paraplegia and subsequent mycotic aneurysm at the graft repair site. He presented to us with massive hemoptysis. Surgical correction in the chronic group was performed using either left heart bypass, external shunt, or simple aortic cross-clamp with graft interposition. The only death occurred in a patient repaired on left heart bypass.", "contents": "Nonpenetrating trauma to the thoracic aorta. Twenty-seven patients underwent surgical repair for nonpenetrating injuries of the thoracic aorta. Emergency operation was performed in 19 patients with acute aortic injury and there were 12 survivors. Left heart bypass (LHB), external shunts, and simple aortic cross-clamping were methods employed during repair. All operative deaths occurred in the left heart bypass group. Morbidity, hospital stay, operative time, and blood loss all were markedly less in patients repaired with an external shunt or simple cross-clamping. Systemic heparinization related adversely to mortality and morbidity. Eight patients had repair of chronic post-traumatic descending aortic aneurysms. One of these had previous repair elsewhere with paraplegia and subsequent mycotic aneurysm at the graft repair site. He presented to us with massive hemoptysis. Surgical correction in the chronic group was performed using either left heart bypass, external shunt, or simple aortic cross-clamp with graft interposition. The only death occurred in a patient repaired on left heart bypass.", "PMID": 560724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4301", "title": "The fetal alcohol syndrome in mice: an animal model.", "content": "CBA and C3H female mice were maintained on liquid diets--Metrecal plus ethanol--containing 15-35% ethanol-derived calories. These diets, which resulted in alcohol blood levels of 73-398 mg/100 ml blood in nonpregnant females, were the sole sustenance for the females for at least 30 days before and throughout gestation. Females were killed on day 18 of gestation and offspring examined for skeletal and soft tissue anomalies. Prenatal death and maldevelopment increased with the level of alcohol intake. Deficient occiput ossification, neural anomalies, and low fetal weight occurred with low ethanol diets, and cardiac and eye-lid dysmorphology with higher ethanol diets. This pattern of malformations, which exhibited both a dose-response effect and strain differences in susceptibility, indicated that chronic maternal alcoholism is embryolethal and teratogenic in mice.", "contents": "The fetal alcohol syndrome in mice: an animal model. CBA and C3H female mice were maintained on liquid diets--Metrecal plus ethanol--containing 15-35% ethanol-derived calories. These diets, which resulted in alcohol blood levels of 73-398 mg/100 ml blood in nonpregnant females, were the sole sustenance for the females for at least 30 days before and throughout gestation. Females were killed on day 18 of gestation and offspring examined for skeletal and soft tissue anomalies. Prenatal death and maldevelopment increased with the level of alcohol intake. Deficient occiput ossification, neural anomalies, and low fetal weight occurred with low ethanol diets, and cardiac and eye-lid dysmorphology with higher ethanol diets. This pattern of malformations, which exhibited both a dose-response effect and strain differences in susceptibility, indicated that chronic maternal alcoholism is embryolethal and teratogenic in mice.", "PMID": 560725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4302", "title": "The acardiac anomaly.", "content": "Karyotype analysis of a premature human acardiac twin disclosed normal chromosomes. A review of previous cytogenetic, placental and animal studies suggests that chromosomal errors are not the cause of the acardiac anomaly. Rather, they point to the placental vascular anastomoses as the principal pathogenetic event.", "contents": "The acardiac anomaly. Karyotype analysis of a premature human acardiac twin disclosed normal chromosomes. A review of previous cytogenetic, placental and animal studies suggests that chromosomal errors are not the cause of the acardiac anomaly. Rather, they point to the placental vascular anastomoses as the principal pathogenetic event.", "PMID": 560726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4303", "title": "[Cyathostominosis: a form of severe strongylidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A form of strongyle infection in young horses and ponies, observed during the period from November to May, is described. Large numbers of larvae of Cyathostominae in the fourth or early fifth stage of development are found to be present in the (often watery) faeces. This excretion of larvae is not affected by treatment with anthelmintics. A large number of these patients die from the sequelae of verminous enteritis.", "contents": "[Cyathostominosis: a form of severe strongylidosis (author's transl)]. A form of strongyle infection in young horses and ponies, observed during the period from November to May, is described. Large numbers of larvae of Cyathostominae in the fourth or early fifth stage of development are found to be present in the (often watery) faeces. This excretion of larvae is not affected by treatment with anthelmintics. A large number of these patients die from the sequelae of verminous enteritis.", "PMID": 560729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4304", "title": "Growth behavior of ascites tumor cells in three-dimensional agar culture.", "content": "Growth behavior in vitro of ascites tumor cells was examined for a model study on the invasion in cancer. For this purpose three-dimensional agar culture was used. Seventeen strains of tumor cells were used. These tumor cells grow floating in ascites as single isolated cells (single cell strain) or forming different per cent of cell aggregates (island type strain). Plating efficiencies of tumor cells were variable, depending on the kinds of tumor stain. It was noted that FM3A cells of the cultured cell line showed almost 100% plating efficiency irrespective of the number of cells inoculated. Tumor cells formed 3 types of colony; that is solid type, mushroom-shaped and disk-shaped colony. These three types of colony were observed in all the tumor strains tested, depending on the position in agar layer. The cells of single cell strains showed the tendency to form loose colonies in which cell contact was loose and cells were easy to liberate from the periphery of the colony. The cells of island type strains showed the tendency to form packed colonies in which cell contact was tight. Growth behavior of cells of ascites tumor in agar medium showed good correlation with that in susceptible animals.", "contents": "Growth behavior of ascites tumor cells in three-dimensional agar culture. Growth behavior in vitro of ascites tumor cells was examined for a model study on the invasion in cancer. For this purpose three-dimensional agar culture was used. Seventeen strains of tumor cells were used. These tumor cells grow floating in ascites as single isolated cells (single cell strain) or forming different per cent of cell aggregates (island type strain). Plating efficiencies of tumor cells were variable, depending on the kinds of tumor stain. It was noted that FM3A cells of the cultured cell line showed almost 100% plating efficiency irrespective of the number of cells inoculated. Tumor cells formed 3 types of colony; that is solid type, mushroom-shaped and disk-shaped colony. These three types of colony were observed in all the tumor strains tested, depending on the position in agar layer. The cells of single cell strains showed the tendency to form loose colonies in which cell contact was loose and cells were easy to liberate from the periphery of the colony. The cells of island type strains showed the tendency to form packed colonies in which cell contact was tight. Growth behavior of cells of ascites tumor in agar medium showed good correlation with that in susceptible animals.", "PMID": 560730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4305", "title": "[New cell line of mouse ependymoblastoma].", "content": "A new cell line derived from transplanted mouse ependimoblastoma consists of typical fibroblast-like cells with well-defined pleomorphism. The line is characterized by a rapid increase and decrease of proliferative activity, by a short stationary phase and early degeneration. The average time of themitotic cycle was determined as being 22-24, tG1-11-12, ts-8-9, tG2-3 and tM-near 0.9 hours. The cytophotometrical evaluation of DNA content revealed two cell subpopulations with different ploidy, both in culture and in tumor in vivo. As compared to the original tumor cells, the cultured cells differ in wider variability of DNA content and a higher average ploidy per nucleus.", "contents": "[New cell line of mouse ependymoblastoma]. A new cell line derived from transplanted mouse ependimoblastoma consists of typical fibroblast-like cells with well-defined pleomorphism. The line is characterized by a rapid increase and decrease of proliferative activity, by a short stationary phase and early degeneration. The average time of themitotic cycle was determined as being 22-24, tG1-11-12, ts-8-9, tG2-3 and tM-near 0.9 hours. The cytophotometrical evaluation of DNA content revealed two cell subpopulations with different ploidy, both in culture and in tumor in vivo. As compared to the original tumor cells, the cultured cells differ in wider variability of DNA content and a higher average ploidy per nucleus.", "PMID": 560733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4306", "title": "[Effect of colcemid on the radial spreading of fibroblasts in culture].", "content": "Effect of colcemide upon the spreading of mouse embryo fibroblast-like cells on the substrate was studied with the aid of time-lapse microcinematography and scanning electron microscopy. On the glass, colcemide did not prevent the transition of cells into a well-attached state, however, the time needed for this transition was seen considerably increased as compared with the control cultures. Intermediate stages of spreading on flat glass had the following abnormal features in colcemide-containing medium: a) shapes of cytoplasmic outgrowths formed by the cell were altered and their distribution along the cell border appeared less regular; b) partial detachments of the attached parts of cells occurred very frequently; c) the spreading of various parts of the cells was not correlated. Possible mechanisms of colcemide action on  the cell spreading are discussed, and it is suggested that intracellular structures sensitive to colcemide are essential for coordination of reactions that occur in various parts of the cell in the course of spreading.", "contents": "[Effect of colcemid on the radial spreading of fibroblasts in culture]. Effect of colcemide upon the spreading of mouse embryo fibroblast-like cells on the substrate was studied with the aid of time-lapse microcinematography and scanning electron microscopy. On the glass, colcemide did not prevent the transition of cells into a well-attached state, however, the time needed for this transition was seen considerably increased as compared with the control cultures. Intermediate stages of spreading on flat glass had the following abnormal features in colcemide-containing medium: a) shapes of cytoplasmic outgrowths formed by the cell were altered and their distribution along the cell border appeared less regular; b) partial detachments of the attached parts of cells occurred very frequently; c) the spreading of various parts of the cells was not correlated. Possible mechanisms of colcemide action on  the cell spreading are discussed, and it is suggested that intracellular structures sensitive to colcemide are essential for coordination of reactions that occur in various parts of the cell in the course of spreading.", "PMID": 560734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4307", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of interphase in a culture of fibroblast-like cells].", "content": "The analysis of the ultrastructural changes of fibroblast-like cells of Chinese hamster at different periods of the cell cycle demonstrates that the most reliable morphological criteria for identification of different periods of the interphase are changes of the nuclear chromatin and nucleolus and the dynamics of development of the daughter centrioles. No prominent changes of the morphology of the protein-synthesizing apparatus during interphase were noted.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of interphase in a culture of fibroblast-like cells]. The analysis of the ultrastructural changes of fibroblast-like cells of Chinese hamster at different periods of the cell cycle demonstrates that the most reliable morphological criteria for identification of different periods of the interphase are changes of the nuclear chromatin and nucleolus and the dynamics of development of the daughter centrioles. No prominent changes of the morphology of the protein-synthesizing apparatus during interphase were noted.", "PMID": 560735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4308", "title": "[Dynamics of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation into the nuclei of a rabbit kidney cell culture during the S period].", "content": "Using a combined cytophotometric-autoradiographic method a study was made of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation rates into the interphase nuclei of rabbit kidney cell culture during the S-period. The rate of 3H-deoxycytidine (10(-4) M--10(-6) M) incorporation into nuclei increases throughout the first part of the S-period and decreases from its middle to the end. The patterns of variations of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation rates into the nuclei of cultured rabbit kidney cells during the S-period were identical.", "contents": "[Dynamics of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation into the nuclei of a rabbit kidney cell culture during the S period]. Using a combined cytophotometric-autoradiographic method a study was made of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation rates into the interphase nuclei of rabbit kidney cell culture during the S-period. The rate of 3H-deoxycytidine (10(-4) M--10(-6) M) incorporation into nuclei increases throughout the first part of the S-period and decreases from its middle to the end. The patterns of variations of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation rates into the nuclei of cultured rabbit kidney cells during the S-period were identical.", "PMID": 560736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4309", "title": "[Effect of colchicine on polarization of cells on narrow strips of an adherent substrate].", "content": "Effect of antitubulin colcemide on polarization of mouse fibroblast-like cells on anisotropic substrate was studied. Such a substrate was obtained by scratching narrow strips in lipid films, adsorbed on the glass. The control cells were seen spread only along the strips, and in 4-6 hours they approached the length of120-150 mcm. In colcemide-containing media, the cells remain in an unspread state for a long time; they extrude their outgrowths both along the strip and perpendicularly to it. Due to frequent refractions of outgrowths, two thirds of colcemide-treated cells were detached from the substrate. Possible mechanisms of these effects of antitubulins are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of colchicine on polarization of cells on narrow strips of an adherent substrate]. Effect of antitubulin colcemide on polarization of mouse fibroblast-like cells on anisotropic substrate was studied. Such a substrate was obtained by scratching narrow strips in lipid films, adsorbed on the glass. The control cells were seen spread only along the strips, and in 4-6 hours they approached the length of120-150 mcm. In colcemide-containing media, the cells remain in an unspread state for a long time; they extrude their outgrowths both along the strip and perpendicularly to it. Due to frequent refractions of outgrowths, two thirds of colcemide-treated cells were detached from the substrate. Possible mechanisms of these effects of antitubulins are discussed.", "PMID": 560737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4310", "title": "[Pyrogen-free sterile water for operative endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "In transurethral endoscopic operations we have maximal demands for the water conditions where, as in urology, for the diagnostic endoscopy one mostly uses sterile filtered but on principle hydrant water containing pyrogen. First the determinations of the order for drinking water and its possible consequences for irrigator systems are laid down. Water for injections like the irrigator water in operative endoscopy must conform to the demands in pharmacopoeia of the different countries. With the new combination of reverse osmosis system with an irrigator, hydrant water can be purified to pyrogen-free sterile water in the place of treatment.", "contents": "[Pyrogen-free sterile water for operative endoscopy (author's transl)]. In transurethral endoscopic operations we have maximal demands for the water conditions where, as in urology, for the diagnostic endoscopy one mostly uses sterile filtered but on principle hydrant water containing pyrogen. First the determinations of the order for drinking water and its possible consequences for irrigator systems are laid down. Water for injections like the irrigator water in operative endoscopy must conform to the demands in pharmacopoeia of the different countries. With the new combination of reverse osmosis system with an irrigator, hydrant water can be purified to pyrogen-free sterile water in the place of treatment.", "PMID": 560738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4311", "title": "[Replacement of the trigonum vesicae by silicone rubber in mini pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Prostheses of the trigonum vesicae made of silicone rubber and covered with a textile layer were implanted in 18 mini pigs. Investigations were done in two series: in the first the prostheses were covered on the outside with a narrow woven textile layer, in the second with Dacron-velour. While the narrow woven textile-lined prostheses were rejected into the urinary bladder after a short period, the Dacron-velour-lined prostheses remained well attached to the bladder wall.", "contents": "[Replacement of the trigonum vesicae by silicone rubber in mini pigs (author's transl)]. Prostheses of the trigonum vesicae made of silicone rubber and covered with a textile layer were implanted in 18 mini pigs. Investigations were done in two series: in the first the prostheses were covered on the outside with a narrow woven textile layer, in the second with Dacron-velour. While the narrow woven textile-lined prostheses were rejected into the urinary bladder after a short period, the Dacron-velour-lined prostheses remained well attached to the bladder wall.", "PMID": 560739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4312", "title": "Duplication of the renal pelvis and blind-ending bifid ureter in twins.", "content": "Blind-ending bifid ureter in a woman with urinary tract infection and a duplicated renal pelvis in her twin sister are reported. The blind-ending bifid ureter terminated as a fibrous cord with a terminal mass of immature renal tissue. This type of ureter may be a transitional form between histologically blind-ending bifid ureter and duplication of the renal pelvis and/or kidneys. Findings in twins support this opinion.", "contents": "Duplication of the renal pelvis and blind-ending bifid ureter in twins. Blind-ending bifid ureter in a woman with urinary tract infection and a duplicated renal pelvis in her twin sister are reported. The blind-ending bifid ureter terminated as a fibrous cord with a terminal mass of immature renal tissue. This type of ureter may be a transitional form between histologically blind-ending bifid ureter and duplication of the renal pelvis and/or kidneys. Findings in twins support this opinion.", "PMID": 560740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4313", "title": "Spontaneous listeric encephalitis and neuritis in sheep. Light microscopic studies.", "content": "Sixteen of 17 sheep with spontaneous listeric encephalitis had neuritis characterized by diffuse and focal intrafascicular and perineural accumulations of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and neutrophils in one or more cranial nerves. Nine sheep had extensive trigeminal neuritis which was usually unilateral. Brain lesions were mainly in the stem and were foci of macrophages or neutrophils or both, malacia, neutrophilic neuronophagia, vascular cuffing, and meningitis. Lesions in the brain and trigeminal ganglia were most severe on the same side as the affected trigeminal nerve. Gram-positive bacilli were in proximal parts of cranial nerves in foci of inflammatory cells and occasionally in morphologically intact nerve fibers. Organisms in the brain were in phagocytes in areas of inflammation and in scattered neurons and axons. The results were consistent with centripetal migration of the infectious agent along one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve to the brain and dissemination in the brain stem occurring, at least partly, along fiber tracts. Intraaxonal movement of bacteria probably is a mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "Spontaneous listeric encephalitis and neuritis in sheep. Light microscopic studies. Sixteen of 17 sheep with spontaneous listeric encephalitis had neuritis characterized by diffuse and focal intrafascicular and perineural accumulations of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and neutrophils in one or more cranial nerves. Nine sheep had extensive trigeminal neuritis which was usually unilateral. Brain lesions were mainly in the stem and were foci of macrophages or neutrophils or both, malacia, neutrophilic neuronophagia, vascular cuffing, and meningitis. Lesions in the brain and trigeminal ganglia were most severe on the same side as the affected trigeminal nerve. Gram-positive bacilli were in proximal parts of cranial nerves in foci of inflammatory cells and occasionally in morphologically intact nerve fibers. Organisms in the brain were in phagocytes in areas of inflammation and in scattered neurons and axons. The results were consistent with centripetal migration of the infectious agent along one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve to the brain and dissemination in the brain stem occurring, at least partly, along fiber tracts. Intraaxonal movement of bacteria probably is a mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 560741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4314", "title": "Mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis propria and peritoneum in Fischer rats.", "content": "Nine mesotheliomas were found in a group of 384 mature, male, Fischer-derived rats maintained on various experimental diets in long-term feeding studies. The tumors apparently were unrelated to any of the test materials. They ranged from solid, raised serosal growths to delicate papillary structures, and occurred primarily on the tunica vaginalis propria of the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord. Four of the nine cases were unusual because there was mesotheliomatous involvement of the peritoneal as well as of the genital mesothelium.", "contents": "Mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis propria and peritoneum in Fischer rats. Nine mesotheliomas were found in a group of 384 mature, male, Fischer-derived rats maintained on various experimental diets in long-term feeding studies. The tumors apparently were unrelated to any of the test materials. They ranged from solid, raised serosal growths to delicate papillary structures, and occurred primarily on the tunica vaginalis propria of the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord. Four of the nine cases were unusual because there was mesotheliomatous involvement of the peritoneal as well as of the genital mesothelium.", "PMID": 560742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4315", "title": "Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in Beagle dogs. III. Terminal renal ultrastructural alterations.", "content": "The extent and type of renal ultrastructural changes in Beagle dogs varied with the administration of ochratoxin A and citrinin alone and in the two dosage combinations. The three predominant changes were cytoplasmic vacuolation, myelin figure formation and lesions designated as cytoplasmic disarray. These changes were mainly of the endomembane system of the tubular epithelial cells. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were within proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts and were most numerous in dogs given 10 mg/kg critrinin. Vacuolation of similar distribution, but less severe, was seen in renal tubular cells of dogs given the higher dose of the combined mycotoxins (0.2 mg/kg ochratoxin A + 10 mg/kg citrinin). This damage was limited to the proximal tubular cells in dogs given only ochratoxin A (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg). Myelin figures were in proximal epithelial cells of dogs given ochratoxin A alone or combined with citrinin. There was cytoplasmic disarray in dogs of all groups except for dogs given 5 mg/kg citrinin. This lesions was usually limited to the proximal tubules. The lesions, however, was found in cells of the distal tubules of dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin alone.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in Beagle dogs. III. Terminal renal ultrastructural alterations. The extent and type of renal ultrastructural changes in Beagle dogs varied with the administration of ochratoxin A and citrinin alone and in the two dosage combinations. The three predominant changes were cytoplasmic vacuolation, myelin figure formation and lesions designated as cytoplasmic disarray. These changes were mainly of the endomembane system of the tubular epithelial cells. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were within proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts and were most numerous in dogs given 10 mg/kg critrinin. Vacuolation of similar distribution, but less severe, was seen in renal tubular cells of dogs given the higher dose of the combined mycotoxins (0.2 mg/kg ochratoxin A + 10 mg/kg citrinin). This damage was limited to the proximal tubular cells in dogs given only ochratoxin A (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg). Myelin figures were in proximal epithelial cells of dogs given ochratoxin A alone or combined with citrinin. There was cytoplasmic disarray in dogs of all groups except for dogs given 5 mg/kg citrinin. This lesions was usually limited to the proximal tubules. The lesions, however, was found in cells of the distal tubules of dogs given 10 mg/kg citrinin alone.", "PMID": 560743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4316", "title": "The effect on reproductive performance of porcine parvovirus infection in a susceptible pig herd.", "content": "An acute episode of reproductive failure occurred following natural introduction of porcine parvovirus to a susceptible herd of 48 breeding sows. Serological data gave a close estimate of the time that infection spread through the herd, and enabled a correct forecast of the reproductive failure that followed. Severe fetal mummification was seen over a three-week period. Epidemiological data is presented strongly linking in utero parvovirus infection with the mummification that occurred, and the significance of this data is discussed in connection with the present knowledge of transplacental porcine parvovirus infection.", "contents": "The effect on reproductive performance of porcine parvovirus infection in a susceptible pig herd. An acute episode of reproductive failure occurred following natural introduction of porcine parvovirus to a susceptible herd of 48 breeding sows. Serological data gave a close estimate of the time that infection spread through the herd, and enabled a correct forecast of the reproductive failure that followed. Severe fetal mummification was seen over a three-week period. Epidemiological data is presented strongly linking in utero parvovirus infection with the mummification that occurred, and the significance of this data is discussed in connection with the present knowledge of transplacental porcine parvovirus infection.", "PMID": 560744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4317", "title": "The effects of progesterone and oestrogen treatment in heifers on oestrous cycle control and plasma progesterone levels.", "content": "Data are presented on the effects of a short-term progesterone treatment for oestrous cycle control in cattle. Progesterone was administered by intravaginal sponge pessaries inserted for a 10-day period. Progesterone pessaries alone did not affect oestrous cycle length or corpus luteum function at either early (day 2) or midluteal (day 12) cycle stages. However, when progesterone (250 mg) and oestradiol benzoate (7-5 mg) were given intramuscularly on the day of pessary insertion corpus luteum development was inhibited in animals treated at day 2 and was regressed in animals at day 12. This combined oestrogen-progesterone treatment efficiently controlled oestrous cycle length.", "contents": "The effects of progesterone and oestrogen treatment in heifers on oestrous cycle control and plasma progesterone levels. Data are presented on the effects of a short-term progesterone treatment for oestrous cycle control in cattle. Progesterone was administered by intravaginal sponge pessaries inserted for a 10-day period. Progesterone pessaries alone did not affect oestrous cycle length or corpus luteum function at either early (day 2) or midluteal (day 12) cycle stages. However, when progesterone (250 mg) and oestradiol benzoate (7-5 mg) were given intramuscularly on the day of pessary insertion corpus luteum development was inhibited in animals treated at day 2 and was regressed in animals at day 12. This combined oestrogen-progesterone treatment efficiently controlled oestrous cycle length.", "PMID": 560745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4318", "title": "Terminal disinfection of calf houses by formaldehyde fumigation.", "content": "Trials were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of various methods of formaldehyde fumigation as a means of disinfecting calf houses. Houses were cleaned by the farmer, sealed and then fumigated. A significant reduction in bacterial numbers was obtained when the gas was produced by heating paraformaldehyde, mixing formalin with potassium permanganate or boiling formalin in calf houses that could be effectively sealed. Aerosol generators did not give satisfactory results. Efficient pre-cleaning and sealing of the houses were of paramount importance; relative humidity and temperature were less important.", "contents": "Terminal disinfection of calf houses by formaldehyde fumigation. Trials were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of various methods of formaldehyde fumigation as a means of disinfecting calf houses. Houses were cleaned by the farmer, sealed and then fumigated. A significant reduction in bacterial numbers was obtained when the gas was produced by heating paraformaldehyde, mixing formalin with potassium permanganate or boiling formalin in calf houses that could be effectively sealed. Aerosol generators did not give satisfactory results. Efficient pre-cleaning and sealing of the houses were of paramount importance; relative humidity and temperature were less important.", "PMID": 560746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4319", "title": "[Blastomogenesis in mice due to postnatal effect of N-nitrosoethylurea and x-ray irradiation].", "content": "N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) is found to show an intensive transplacental carcinogenic effect inducing in mice different neoplasms, mainly lung adenomas. Postnatal x-ray irradiation of control animals resulted in the occurrence of ovarian tumors in some female mice. Delivary and feeding of the progeny would lead to the development of mammary gland tumors in a number of control female animals. Postnatal exposure to x-rays of mice exposed to transplacental effect of NEU resulted in the increased incidence of lung neoplasms, mainly adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "[Blastomogenesis in mice due to postnatal effect of N-nitrosoethylurea and x-ray irradiation]. N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) is found to show an intensive transplacental carcinogenic effect inducing in mice different neoplasms, mainly lung adenomas. Postnatal x-ray irradiation of control animals resulted in the occurrence of ovarian tumors in some female mice. Delivary and feeding of the progeny would lead to the development of mammary gland tumors in a number of control female animals. Postnatal exposure to x-rays of mice exposed to transplacental effect of NEU resulted in the increased incidence of lung neoplasms, mainly adenocarcinomas.", "PMID": 560756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4320", "title": "[Radiotherapy of metastases of malignant neoplasms into the lungs].", "content": "The results of radiation therapy in 800 patients with lung metastases of different malignant neoplasms are reported. Metastases were multiple--in 53 cases, single--in 7, solitory--in 14. In 6 patients metastatic nodes were noted in the pleura. Total irradiation was employed (of one lung in 36 patients, of both lungs--in 44). In 15 patients an additional local irradiation of separate metastatic foci was performed. As a result of the treatment an immediate objective effect was gained in 44 of 80 patients (55%), metastases completely disappeared in 12 cases (15%). The period of remission ranged from 1 month to 2.5 years, making 8 months on the average. The data obtained indicate the rationality to further improve the technic concerned and to study simultaneously the opportunities of using radiotherapy, supplemented with the use of different antitumor drugs, taking into account the sensitivity of some or other malignant tumor to them.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of metastases of malignant neoplasms into the lungs]. The results of radiation therapy in 800 patients with lung metastases of different malignant neoplasms are reported. Metastases were multiple--in 53 cases, single--in 7, solitory--in 14. In 6 patients metastatic nodes were noted in the pleura. Total irradiation was employed (of one lung in 36 patients, of both lungs--in 44). In 15 patients an additional local irradiation of separate metastatic foci was performed. As a result of the treatment an immediate objective effect was gained in 44 of 80 patients (55%), metastases completely disappeared in 12 cases (15%). The period of remission ranged from 1 month to 2.5 years, making 8 months on the average. The data obtained indicate the rationality to further improve the technic concerned and to study simultaneously the opportunities of using radiotherapy, supplemented with the use of different antitumor drugs, taking into account the sensitivity of some or other malignant tumor to them.", "PMID": 560757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4321", "title": "[Excretion of corticosteroids and catecholamines in cancer of the rectum and stomach].", "content": "In patients with cancer of the rectum and stomach the excretion of 17-ketosteroids was reduced, compared with the normal level, most of these patients showing a decreased adrenal glucocorticoid function too. In patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion was lower than normal values. There is a distinct correlation between the indices of catecholamines and corticosteroids excretion in the urine of patients with rectal and gastric cancer.", "contents": "[Excretion of corticosteroids and catecholamines in cancer of the rectum and stomach]. In patients with cancer of the rectum and stomach the excretion of 17-ketosteroids was reduced, compared with the normal level, most of these patients showing a decreased adrenal glucocorticoid function too. In patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion was lower than normal values. There is a distinct correlation between the indices of catecholamines and corticosteroids excretion in the urine of patients with rectal and gastric cancer.", "PMID": 560758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4322", "title": "[Effect of N-nitrosoethylurea dosage and postnatal x-ray irradiation on transplacental blastomogenesis in mice].", "content": "In transplacental exposure to nitrosoethylurea in a dose of 2 mg/Kg the frequency of occurrence of different neoplasms in mice would not change as compared with a dose of 20 mg/Kg. However, in a dose of 2 mg/Kg the time of lung tumor development was prolonged. Postnatal roentgen irradiation increased the incidence of lung adenomas and ovarian tumors in female mice, exposed in embryogenesis to NEU effect in a dose of 2 mg/Kg; male mice showed a somewhat delayed development of tumors. In animals, subjected to NEU effect transplacentally in a dose of 20 mg/Kg, postnatal roentgen irradiation resulted in the appearance of lung adenocarcinomas, tumors of other lacolizations being developed neither in female nor in male mice.", "contents": "[Effect of N-nitrosoethylurea dosage and postnatal x-ray irradiation on transplacental blastomogenesis in mice]. In transplacental exposure to nitrosoethylurea in a dose of 2 mg/Kg the frequency of occurrence of different neoplasms in mice would not change as compared with a dose of 20 mg/Kg. However, in a dose of 2 mg/Kg the time of lung tumor development was prolonged. Postnatal roentgen irradiation increased the incidence of lung adenomas and ovarian tumors in female mice, exposed in embryogenesis to NEU effect in a dose of 2 mg/Kg; male mice showed a somewhat delayed development of tumors. In animals, subjected to NEU effect transplacentally in a dose of 20 mg/Kg, postnatal roentgen irradiation resulted in the appearance of lung adenocarcinomas, tumors of other lacolizations being developed neither in female nor in male mice.", "PMID": 560759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4323", "title": "[Proteolytic activity in rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "An enzymatic fraction, possessing the proteolytic activity, was isolated from destructed rat liver mitochondria. The preparation obtained exhibited the distinct activity with membrane proteins and mitochondrial structural proteins used as substrates and dissolved in solutions, containing EDTA and sodium dodecylsulphate, respectively. The proteolytic activity was shown to be due to protease, found in the preparation of mitochondria; it did not depend on the contamination by lysosomal cathepsins.", "contents": "[Proteolytic activity in rat liver mitochondria]. An enzymatic fraction, possessing the proteolytic activity, was isolated from destructed rat liver mitochondria. The preparation obtained exhibited the distinct activity with membrane proteins and mitochondrial structural proteins used as substrates and dissolved in solutions, containing EDTA and sodium dodecylsulphate, respectively. The proteolytic activity was shown to be due to protease, found in the preparation of mitochondria; it did not depend on the contamination by lysosomal cathepsins.", "PMID": 560754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4324", "title": "[Fetal heart rate patterns at death in utero (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative description of norm- and anencephal fetus typical heart rate patterns at death in utero are demonstrated and the imminent danger is described by 5 characteristic parameters. As several figures show heart rate patterns are not influenced by fetal deformation and immaturity. The sinusoidal oscillation is not imparative in prefinal stage.", "contents": "[Fetal heart rate patterns at death in utero (author's transl)]. In a comparative description of norm- and anencephal fetus typical heart rate patterns at death in utero are demonstrated and the imminent danger is described by 5 characteristic parameters. As several figures show heart rate patterns are not influenced by fetal deformation and immaturity. The sinusoidal oscillation is not imparative in prefinal stage.", "PMID": 560766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4325", "title": "Why the healing gods are twins.", "content": "The association of twins with health-giving powers is widespread in mythology, folklore, and religion. The Ashvins of the Rig-Veda, the classical Dioscuri, and the early Christian saints Cosmos and Damian are among the many examples of twins divinely empowered in the area of health and fertility. A characteristic set of attributes of twins recurs in different mythologies of wide distribution. In addition to healing, divine twins are often empowered with the ability to revive the dead, increase the fertility of man, animals, and crops, influence the weather, predict the future, and insure victory in battle. In some traditional societies these special attributes are thought to extend to all of the twins and their parents in the tribe.Ancient and primitive societies supposed that the birth of twins was associated with divine influence, the mother having been visited or otherwise affected by supernatural powers. A frequent explanation was that twins were the result of superfetation, a divine impregnation occurring along with that by the lawful husband. The specific powers of divine twins appear to be a reflection of the particular form of origin of twins through divine interference with the fertilization process. The twins thus share some of the powers of the divine parent, particularly those pertaining to fertility. Their dual paternity and its inherent competition is related to their martial interests as well as their ability to resolve ambivalent or ambiguous situations and predict outcomes.", "contents": "Why the healing gods are twins. The association of twins with health-giving powers is widespread in mythology, folklore, and religion. The Ashvins of the Rig-Veda, the classical Dioscuri, and the early Christian saints Cosmos and Damian are among the many examples of twins divinely empowered in the area of health and fertility. A characteristic set of attributes of twins recurs in different mythologies of wide distribution. In addition to healing, divine twins are often empowered with the ability to revive the dead, increase the fertility of man, animals, and crops, influence the weather, predict the future, and insure victory in battle. In some traditional societies these special attributes are thought to extend to all of the twins and their parents in the tribe.Ancient and primitive societies supposed that the birth of twins was associated with divine influence, the mother having been visited or otherwise affected by supernatural powers. A frequent explanation was that twins were the result of superfetation, a divine impregnation occurring along with that by the lawful husband. The specific powers of divine twins appear to be a reflection of the particular form of origin of twins through divine interference with the fertilization process. The twins thus share some of the powers of the divine parent, particularly those pertaining to fertility. Their dual paternity and its inherent competition is related to their martial interests as well as their ability to resolve ambivalent or ambiguous situations and predict outcomes.", "PMID": 560764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4326", "title": "[Induced abortion with intramuscular administration of 15(S)-15methyl-prostaglandin F 2 alpha].", "content": "15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha was administered by the intramuscular route in 10 patients between 12. and 18. weeks gestation. All these patients aborted within 20 hours, with mean induction-abortion intervall of 14,1 hours. 250 microgram 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha was administered 3 hourly. 8 patients had side effects, mainly nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.", "contents": "[Induced abortion with intramuscular administration of 15(S)-15methyl-prostaglandin F 2 alpha]. 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha was administered by the intramuscular route in 10 patients between 12. and 18. weeks gestation. All these patients aborted within 20 hours, with mean induction-abortion intervall of 14,1 hours. 250 microgram 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha was administered 3 hourly. 8 patients had side effects, mainly nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.", "PMID": 560770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4327", "title": "[Can the high percentage of premature twins be reduced? Thoughts based on an analysis of 243 twin births].", "content": "243 twinpregnancies of the university hospital at Hamburg between 1960 to 1969 have been analysed retrospectively (1960 to 1964 = Group A, 1965 to 1969 = Group B). It was found that the main risk factors of gemellary gravidity are the high rate of born before term babies the high rate of EPH-gestosis, and the high rate of perinatal mortality. 57 respectively 65% of all gemellipara had one or more symptoms of EPH-gestosis. Measured by birth weight (less than 2500 g = pre-term and small for gestational age infants) greater than 50% of the twins of group A and B were of low birth weight. The perinatal mortality of multiple pregnancy of all groups of birth weight was 11.6% in group A and 13.3% in group B. The perinatal mortality of not premature newborn with greater than 2500 g was 10 times lower and has been corrected from 1.1% (group A) to 0.5% (group B). Gemellipara, younger than 20 and elder than 30 years of age, show the maximum rate of perinatal mortality. Twins should be diagnosed in time of pregnancy. This allows pre-term hospitalisation with routine testing of placental function and if necessary prophylactic therapy of immature labour. This offers more promise to prevention of prematurity and leads to progress satisfactorily with multiple pregnancy.", "contents": "[Can the high percentage of premature twins be reduced? Thoughts based on an analysis of 243 twin births]. 243 twinpregnancies of the university hospital at Hamburg between 1960 to 1969 have been analysed retrospectively (1960 to 1964 = Group A, 1965 to 1969 = Group B). It was found that the main risk factors of gemellary gravidity are the high rate of born before term babies the high rate of EPH-gestosis, and the high rate of perinatal mortality. 57 respectively 65% of all gemellipara had one or more symptoms of EPH-gestosis. Measured by birth weight (less than 2500 g = pre-term and small for gestational age infants) greater than 50% of the twins of group A and B were of low birth weight. The perinatal mortality of multiple pregnancy of all groups of birth weight was 11.6% in group A and 13.3% in group B. The perinatal mortality of not premature newborn with greater than 2500 g was 10 times lower and has been corrected from 1.1% (group A) to 0.5% (group B). Gemellipara, younger than 20 and elder than 30 years of age, show the maximum rate of perinatal mortality. Twins should be diagnosed in time of pregnancy. This allows pre-term hospitalisation with routine testing of placental function and if necessary prophylactic therapy of immature labour. This offers more promise to prevention of prematurity and leads to progress satisfactorily with multiple pregnancy.", "PMID": 560771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4328", "title": "[Differential inhibition of synthesis and methylation of DNA fragments by hydroxyurea in L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro].", "content": "In cultures of mouse L5178Y lymphoblasts treated with low concentrations of hydroxyurea during the logarithmic phase of growth differential inhibition of synthesis and methylation of various DNA fragments was observed. Some evidence is presented that the effect may be due to different sensitivity of cells to the action of hydroxyurea at various times of the S-phase.", "contents": "[Differential inhibition of synthesis and methylation of DNA fragments by hydroxyurea in L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro]. In cultures of mouse L5178Y lymphoblasts treated with low concentrations of hydroxyurea during the logarithmic phase of growth differential inhibition of synthesis and methylation of various DNA fragments was observed. Some evidence is presented that the effect may be due to different sensitivity of cells to the action of hydroxyurea at various times of the S-phase.", "PMID": 560773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4329", "title": "Development of trophoblast and placenta of the mouse. A reinvestigation with regard to the in vitro culture of mouse trophoblast and placenta.", "content": "At 5 days post conceptionem (p.c.) shortly after implantation, giant cell transformation starts at the abembryonic pole of the blastocyst, spreading over the mural trophoblast; 1 day later, the first ectoplacental giant cells appear at the base of the fast growing ectoplacental cone (derived from the polar trophoblast). Giant cell transformation expands over it periphery. Thus, by the 8th day p.c., the conceptus is separated from the maternal tissue by a continuous layer of giant cells, variable in thickness. Giant cells reach their greatest size by 10 days p.c. in the mural tophoblast and by 12 days p.c. in the chorioallantoic placenta. They are probably no longer formed after that stage. Around the 8th day p.c., the allantois reaches contact with the ectoplacental cone, which develops into the chorioallantoic (definitive) placenta. At 9 days p.c., its four zones can already be discriminated: chorionic plate, labyrinth, junctional zone (trophospongium), and zone of giant cells, respectively. Within the next day, the chorioallantoic placental circulation is established. The yolk sac placental circulation is established by the 9th day p.c. The villi of the proximal layer of the yolk sac increase in size and number, and their capillary network becomes more dense until the 12th to 14th day p.c. This provides evidence that the yolk sac placenta exerts its function--to a certain extent--beyond the establishment of the definitive placenta. Around the 14th day p.c., the placental labyrinth reaches its definitive features. Fetal capillaries in the labyrinth, branching from unbilical blood vessels within the septa of connective tissue are surrounded by trophoblast cells. They form a dense vascular network bathing in maternal blood. The structures of the placental zones remain almost the same during further development, the borders becoming sometimes little blurred. Adjacent to the chorionic plate, subchorionic clefts appear at the 14th day p.c. These clefts become confluent to form the intraplacental space, regularly communicating with the yolk sac cavity. At the end of gestation (19th day p.c.) there is a considerable amount of eosinophilic material ('fibrinoid') between the zone of giant cells and the decidua, probably produced by the giant cells.", "contents": "Development of trophoblast and placenta of the mouse. A reinvestigation with regard to the in vitro culture of mouse trophoblast and placenta. At 5 days post conceptionem (p.c.) shortly after implantation, giant cell transformation starts at the abembryonic pole of the blastocyst, spreading over the mural trophoblast; 1 day later, the first ectoplacental giant cells appear at the base of the fast growing ectoplacental cone (derived from the polar trophoblast). Giant cell transformation expands over it periphery. Thus, by the 8th day p.c., the conceptus is separated from the maternal tissue by a continuous layer of giant cells, variable in thickness. Giant cells reach their greatest size by 10 days p.c. in the mural tophoblast and by 12 days p.c. in the chorioallantoic placenta. They are probably no longer formed after that stage. Around the 8th day p.c., the allantois reaches contact with the ectoplacental cone, which develops into the chorioallantoic (definitive) placenta. At 9 days p.c., its four zones can already be discriminated: chorionic plate, labyrinth, junctional zone (trophospongium), and zone of giant cells, respectively. Within the next day, the chorioallantoic placental circulation is established. The yolk sac placental circulation is established by the 9th day p.c. The villi of the proximal layer of the yolk sac increase in size and number, and their capillary network becomes more dense until the 12th to 14th day p.c. This provides evidence that the yolk sac placenta exerts its function--to a certain extent--beyond the establishment of the definitive placenta. Around the 14th day p.c., the placental labyrinth reaches its definitive features. Fetal capillaries in the labyrinth, branching from unbilical blood vessels within the septa of connective tissue are surrounded by trophoblast cells. They form a dense vascular network bathing in maternal blood. The structures of the placental zones remain almost the same during further development, the borders becoming sometimes little blurred. Adjacent to the chorionic plate, subchorionic clefts appear at the 14th day p.c. These clefts become confluent to form the intraplacental space, regularly communicating with the yolk sac cavity. At the end of gestation (19th day p.c.) there is a considerable amount of eosinophilic material ('fibrinoid') between the zone of giant cells and the decidua, probably produced by the giant cells.", "PMID": 560784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4330", "title": "[Origin and function of globular leukocytes].", "content": "The morphology of the globule leukocyte (GL) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy in normal (decidua of mouse placenta) and pathologically altered tissues (tumors of epidermis and mucous membrane in men). The results make it probable that the GL my originate from mast cells as well as from eosinophil granulocytes. The high content of basic proteins within the globules of GL has been interpreted as a nutritive function by this cell type to the surrounding tissue.", "contents": "[Origin and function of globular leukocytes]. The morphology of the globule leukocyte (GL) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy in normal (decidua of mouse placenta) and pathologically altered tissues (tumors of epidermis and mucous membrane in men). The results make it probable that the GL my originate from mast cells as well as from eosinophil granulocytes. The high content of basic proteins within the globules of GL has been interpreted as a nutritive function by this cell type to the surrounding tissue.", "PMID": 560785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4331", "title": "The innervation of the umbilical cord of the rat. A histochemical study.", "content": "The umbilical cords of 21 days old rat foetuses were investigated using histochemical methods for acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines. An AChE positive nerve plexus is situated only around the vitelline vessels. At regular intervals the bundles of this plexus exhibit small ganglia. These ganglia are made up of nerve cells, which are AChE positive and show formaldehyde induced fluorescence, thus indicating an adrenergic nature of these cells. No innervation could be found in the allantoic part of the umbilical cord.", "contents": "The innervation of the umbilical cord of the rat. A histochemical study. The umbilical cords of 21 days old rat foetuses were investigated using histochemical methods for acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines. An AChE positive nerve plexus is situated only around the vitelline vessels. At regular intervals the bundles of this plexus exhibit small ganglia. These ganglia are made up of nerve cells, which are AChE positive and show formaldehyde induced fluorescence, thus indicating an adrenergic nature of these cells. No innervation could be found in the allantoic part of the umbilical cord.", "PMID": 560789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4332", "title": "Echocardiographic features of combined membranous subaortic stenosis and acquired calcific aortic valvulopathy.", "content": "The M-mode echocardiographic features of aortic valve structure and motion in a 45-year-old male with combined congenital subaortic diaphragm and acquired deformity of the aortic valve are described. Clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic studies suggested calcific aortic valve disease with stenosis and insufficiency, but the additional presence of a subaortic diaphragm was not appreciated. Cardiac ultrasonography demonstrated multiple, central diastolic aortic valve cusp echoes consistent with a thickened, calcified, tricuspid aortic valve. Despite calcification of the cusps, however, enough systolic cusp excursion remained to demonstrate an early systolic, rapid movement toward closure of the right coronary cusp-a finding suggestive of fixed subvalvular obstruction. Surgery confirmed a discrete subaortic diaphragm and a tricuspid, thichened, mildly calcified aortic valve with fusion of the cusp commissures at their origins and rolling back of the cusp edges. The value of echocardiography in the evaluation of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic valve is emphasized.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of combined membranous subaortic stenosis and acquired calcific aortic valvulopathy. The M-mode echocardiographic features of aortic valve structure and motion in a 45-year-old male with combined congenital subaortic diaphragm and acquired deformity of the aortic valve are described. Clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic studies suggested calcific aortic valve disease with stenosis and insufficiency, but the additional presence of a subaortic diaphragm was not appreciated. Cardiac ultrasonography demonstrated multiple, central diastolic aortic valve cusp echoes consistent with a thickened, calcified, tricuspid aortic valve. Despite calcification of the cusps, however, enough systolic cusp excursion remained to demonstrate an early systolic, rapid movement toward closure of the right coronary cusp-a finding suggestive of fixed subvalvular obstruction. Surgery confirmed a discrete subaortic diaphragm and a tricuspid, thichened, mildly calcified aortic valve with fusion of the cusp commissures at their origins and rolling back of the cusp edges. The value of echocardiography in the evaluation of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic valve is emphasized.", "PMID": 560795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4333", "title": "Trichinosis in bears of western and northcentral United States.", "content": "Black bears (Ursus americanus) from 10 states were examined for Trichinella spiralis during the 1970-1975 period. Trichinae were found in 14 (3.1%) of 454 bears examined. Infected bears were found from California, seven (13.2%) of 54; Idaho, one (2.3%) of 44; and Wisconsin, six (3.8%) of 163. Trichina counts per gram of tissue obtained by the artificial digestion-Baermann method ranged from 1390 to 0.02. Six California bears and one from Wisconsin contained more than one trichina per gram, a level considered capable of inducing clinical trichinosis in man.", "contents": "Trichinosis in bears of western and northcentral United States. Black bears (Ursus americanus) from 10 states were examined for Trichinella spiralis during the 1970-1975 period. Trichinae were found in 14 (3.1%) of 454 bears examined. Infected bears were found from California, seven (13.2%) of 54; Idaho, one (2.3%) of 44; and Wisconsin, six (3.8%) of 163. Trichina counts per gram of tissue obtained by the artificial digestion-Baermann method ranged from 1390 to 0.02. Six California bears and one from Wisconsin contained more than one trichina per gram, a level considered capable of inducing clinical trichinosis in man.", "PMID": 560797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4334", "title": "\"Prostatic acid phosphatase?\" A comparison of acid phosphatase activities in epithelial cells, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets purified by velocity sedimentation in isokinetic gradients of Ficoll in tissue culture medium.", "content": "Numerous investigators have found several substrates and inhibitors to be particularly suited for the demonstration of acid phosphatase of prostatic origin. There has been much controversy over the specificity or lack of specificity of several substrates and inhibitors. We have investigated acid phosphatase activities obtained from several kinds of purified cells. None of the substrates or inhibitors which we studied permitted us to discriminate \"prostatic\" acid phosphatase from acid phosphatase activities obtained from other kinds of cells.", "contents": "\"Prostatic acid phosphatase?\" A comparison of acid phosphatase activities in epithelial cells, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets purified by velocity sedimentation in isokinetic gradients of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. Numerous investigators have found several substrates and inhibitors to be particularly suited for the demonstration of acid phosphatase of prostatic origin. There has been much controversy over the specificity or lack of specificity of several substrates and inhibitors. We have investigated acid phosphatase activities obtained from several kinds of purified cells. None of the substrates or inhibitors which we studied permitted us to discriminate \"prostatic\" acid phosphatase from acid phosphatase activities obtained from other kinds of cells.", "PMID": 560800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4335", "title": "Rape: a sexual deviation.", "content": "Clinical work with offenders and victims is cited to support the concept of rape as a sexual deviation, as well as a sexual offense. It is suggested that rape is directed toward the sexual expression and gratification of needs that are not basically sexual, and that it represents a developmental crisis for the offender, which in turn triggers a situational crisis for the victim.", "contents": "Rape: a sexual deviation. Clinical work with offenders and victims is cited to support the concept of rape as a sexual deviation, as well as a sexual offense. It is suggested that rape is directed toward the sexual expression and gratification of needs that are not basically sexual, and that it represents a developmental crisis for the offender, which in turn triggers a situational crisis for the victim.", "PMID": 560801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4336", "title": "Influence of personality attributes on abortion experiences.", "content": "Questionnaire responses of women who underwent legal abortions reveal a range of complex emotional reactions. This study suggests that both the resolution of negative feelings post-abortion and the motivation to use contraception are related to individual personality characteristics. Implications are offered for therapeutic intervention and for contraceptive counseling with young, unmarried women.", "contents": "Influence of personality attributes on abortion experiences. Questionnaire responses of women who underwent legal abortions reveal a range of complex emotional reactions. This study suggests that both the resolution of negative feelings post-abortion and the motivation to use contraception are related to individual personality characteristics. Implications are offered for therapeutic intervention and for contraceptive counseling with young, unmarried women.", "PMID": 560802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4337", "title": "Trematode eggs in the peritoneal cavity of man in Honduras.", "content": "Surgical repair of an inguinal hernia in a 19-year-old man in Honduras revealed massive numbers of small granulomata containing trematode eggs on the omentum and other peritoneal surfaces. The eggs resembled those of Achillurbainia recondita Travassos, 1942, a species found in the maxillary sinuses of the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Species of Achillurbainis (syn. Poikilorchis Fain and Vandepitte, 1957) have been reported in retroauricular cysts or abscesses in residents of West Africa and Southeast Asia.", "contents": "Trematode eggs in the peritoneal cavity of man in Honduras. Surgical repair of an inguinal hernia in a 19-year-old man in Honduras revealed massive numbers of small granulomata containing trematode eggs on the omentum and other peritoneal surfaces. The eggs resembled those of Achillurbainia recondita Travassos, 1942, a species found in the maxillary sinuses of the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Species of Achillurbainis (syn. Poikilorchis Fain and Vandepitte, 1957) have been reported in retroauricular cysts or abscesses in residents of West Africa and Southeast Asia.", "PMID": 560803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4338", "title": "[Influence of ionizing radiation on the formation of chondrocranium in merino-sheep. II (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of ionizing radiation on the formation of chondrocranium in merino-sheep was studied on the 28th, 29th and 30th day of fetus development following the exposition of 250 R. On the 28th day, after the radiation, delayed growth of fetus head was evoked. From the whole of chondrocranium, it was found that only lamina basalis and membranous parts of nasal and optical capsules were developed. On the 29th and 30th day after radiation, a prolonged period of development of chondrocranium was noticed. The greatest changes were seen in capsula nasalis and otica. In all the three groups some abnormal findings were found on the bases of the eyes.", "contents": "[Influence of ionizing radiation on the formation of chondrocranium in merino-sheep. II (author's transl)]. The influence of ionizing radiation on the formation of chondrocranium in merino-sheep was studied on the 28th, 29th and 30th day of fetus development following the exposition of 250 R. On the 28th day, after the radiation, delayed growth of fetus head was evoked. From the whole of chondrocranium, it was found that only lamina basalis and membranous parts of nasal and optical capsules were developed. On the 29th and 30th day after radiation, a prolonged period of development of chondrocranium was noticed. The greatest changes were seen in capsula nasalis and otica. In all the three groups some abnormal findings were found on the bases of the eyes.", "PMID": 560809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4339", "title": "The morphodynamic patterns of the paraventricular nucleus in rats under experimental conditions. I. Cytoarchitectonic studies.", "content": "An elaboration of the cytoarchitectonics of the PVN and the topography of the neurosecretory cells scattered in the anterior hypothalamus in rats subjected to various experiments is presented. The most distinct and complete patterns were obtained from rats with experimental occlusion of the small intestine, in the early post-laparotomy period and after withdrawal of food and water for periods of 6, 12, 24 hours. A hitherto undiscovered group of neurosecretory cells was found in the stria terminalis and single cells of that type near the anterior commissura.", "contents": "The morphodynamic patterns of the paraventricular nucleus in rats under experimental conditions. I. Cytoarchitectonic studies. An elaboration of the cytoarchitectonics of the PVN and the topography of the neurosecretory cells scattered in the anterior hypothalamus in rats subjected to various experiments is presented. The most distinct and complete patterns were obtained from rats with experimental occlusion of the small intestine, in the early post-laparotomy period and after withdrawal of food and water for periods of 6, 12, 24 hours. A hitherto undiscovered group of neurosecretory cells was found in the stria terminalis and single cells of that type near the anterior commissura.", "PMID": 560810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4340", "title": "Histomorphological and morphometric changes in the spleen of ageing goats.", "content": "The spleens of twenty four goats of both the sex and the females at various phases of estrus cycle aged from 20 days to over five years have been studied for their varying histomorphology with age. The morphometric studies included the computation of percent white pulp, percent red pulp, percent trabecular tissue, size of white pulp follicles and number of white pulp follicles per cm2 area. Agewise and sexual and cyclic changes in these parameters have been presented with the help of statistically analysed data by applying multiple range test and computing the correlation coefficients and regression equations. The interrelationship between different parameters have also been considered. The results have been discussed in light of above with graphic presentation including the scatter diagrams and the regression lines.", "contents": "Histomorphological and morphometric changes in the spleen of ageing goats. The spleens of twenty four goats of both the sex and the females at various phases of estrus cycle aged from 20 days to over five years have been studied for their varying histomorphology with age. The morphometric studies included the computation of percent white pulp, percent red pulp, percent trabecular tissue, size of white pulp follicles and number of white pulp follicles per cm2 area. Agewise and sexual and cyclic changes in these parameters have been presented with the help of statistically analysed data by applying multiple range test and computing the correlation coefficients and regression equations. The interrelationship between different parameters have also been considered. The results have been discussed in light of above with graphic presentation including the scatter diagrams and the regression lines.", "PMID": 560811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4341", "title": "The causation of two scent-marking behaviour patterns in female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "Social, olfactory, and oestrous cycle influences on the frequency of flank-marking and vaginal marking were studied in female hamsters. Vaginal marking was more frequent in the presence of males or their odours than females or their odours. Vaginal marking frequency was greatest the day before oestrus (day 4), intermediate on days 2 and 3, and zero on the oestrous day. The probable sexual advertisement functions of vaginal marking were discussed. In contrast, flank-marking by females was stimulated more by other female odours than by male odours. The frequency of flank-marking was elevated by agonistic encounters and was reduced by sexual encounters. Flank-marking seems to have functions related to functions of aggression among hamsters.", "contents": "The causation of two scent-marking behaviour patterns in female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Social, olfactory, and oestrous cycle influences on the frequency of flank-marking and vaginal marking were studied in female hamsters. Vaginal marking was more frequent in the presence of males or their odours than females or their odours. Vaginal marking frequency was greatest the day before oestrus (day 4), intermediate on days 2 and 3, and zero on the oestrous day. The probable sexual advertisement functions of vaginal marking were discussed. In contrast, flank-marking by females was stimulated more by other female odours than by male odours. The frequency of flank-marking was elevated by agonistic encounters and was reduced by sexual encounters. Flank-marking seems to have functions related to functions of aggression among hamsters.", "PMID": 560812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4342", "title": "Space utilization of Peromyscus: social and spatial factors.", "content": "Space utilization of Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi and P. leucopus noveboracensis was studied in laboratory enclosures. After 1 week, individuals were given access to twice as much space for an additional week. The new rea was either vacant or was occupied by a similarly experienced conspecific of the same or opposite sex. Patterns of space utilization and reaction to the doubling of space were species specific. Each species displayed specific patterns of social behaviour and only P. maniculatus reproduced. Both species exhibited similar patterns of space utilization in the presence of another individual. Social regulation of space utilization did not result from territorial defence of mutually exclusive areas, but from the initial mutual avoidance of two individuals.", "contents": "Space utilization of Peromyscus: social and spatial factors. Space utilization of Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi and P. leucopus noveboracensis was studied in laboratory enclosures. After 1 week, individuals were given access to twice as much space for an additional week. The new rea was either vacant or was occupied by a similarly experienced conspecific of the same or opposite sex. Patterns of space utilization and reaction to the doubling of space were species specific. Each species displayed specific patterns of social behaviour and only P. maniculatus reproduced. Both species exhibited similar patterns of space utilization in the presence of another individual. Social regulation of space utilization did not result from territorial defence of mutually exclusive areas, but from the initial mutual avoidance of two individuals.", "PMID": 560813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4343", "title": "Experimental and naturally occurring transplacental transmission of canine distemper virus.", "content": "In the present study, 2 different effects of experimentally induced infection with virulent canine distemper virus (CDV) on pregnant CDV-susceptible dogs were studied. In 1 bitch, abortion occurred 7 days after viral inoculation and there was no evidence of fetal infection. Another bitch had subclinical infection and delivered 3 CDV-infected pups. Sequential clinical, immunologic, and virologic studies of a litter of gnotobiotic pups (3rd bitch) that were congenitally infected with CDV demonstrated the heightened susceptibility to CDV in the neonatal period. The data presented add canine distemper to the list of transplacental infectious diseases in the canine species.", "contents": "Experimental and naturally occurring transplacental transmission of canine distemper virus. In the present study, 2 different effects of experimentally induced infection with virulent canine distemper virus (CDV) on pregnant CDV-susceptible dogs were studied. In 1 bitch, abortion occurred 7 days after viral inoculation and there was no evidence of fetal infection. Another bitch had subclinical infection and delivered 3 CDV-infected pups. Sequential clinical, immunologic, and virologic studies of a litter of gnotobiotic pups (3rd bitch) that were congenitally infected with CDV demonstrated the heightened susceptibility to CDV in the neonatal period. The data presented add canine distemper to the list of transplacental infectious diseases in the canine species.", "PMID": 560815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4344", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and alanine aminotransferase activities with obstructive and toxic hepatic disease in cats.", "content": "The activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (serum ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (serum LAP), and alanine aminotransferase (serum ALT) were determined in 15 cats before and after treatment by 3 methods: common bile duct occlusion, left hepatic duct(s) occlusion, and carbon tetrachloride administration. Significant increases in serum ALP, LAP, and ALT activities occurred in all cats in the 3 groups. Sustained mean increases of ninefold in ALP and 13-fold in LAP occurred in the cats with common bile duct occlusion. Lesser mean increases of these enzymes (fourfold) occurred in the cats with partial biliary occlusion. Transient mean increases (100-fold) in ALT occurred in the carbon tetrachloride-treated cats. Urine ALP excretion was measured in 3 cats with common bile duct occlusion. There was no significant difference between rates of urine ALP excretion before and after common bile duct occlusion. Specific ALP activities of hepatic extracts from normal cats and biliary-obstructed cats were compared. Mean specific activity was onefold higher in liver from cats with common bile duct occlusion of 21 days' duration. The findings in the present studies were interpreted to indicate that serum ALP and LAP are useful to detect biliary occlusive disease in cats and, in conjunction with serum ALT, may be used to differentiate primary hepatodegenerative disease  and biliary occlusive disease.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and alanine aminotransferase activities with obstructive and toxic hepatic disease in cats. The activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (serum ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (serum LAP), and alanine aminotransferase (serum ALT) were determined in 15 cats before and after treatment by 3 methods: common bile duct occlusion, left hepatic duct(s) occlusion, and carbon tetrachloride administration. Significant increases in serum ALP, LAP, and ALT activities occurred in all cats in the 3 groups. Sustained mean increases of ninefold in ALP and 13-fold in LAP occurred in the cats with common bile duct occlusion. Lesser mean increases of these enzymes (fourfold) occurred in the cats with partial biliary occlusion. Transient mean increases (100-fold) in ALT occurred in the carbon tetrachloride-treated cats. Urine ALP excretion was measured in 3 cats with common bile duct occlusion. There was no significant difference between rates of urine ALP excretion before and after common bile duct occlusion. Specific ALP activities of hepatic extracts from normal cats and biliary-obstructed cats were compared. Mean specific activity was onefold higher in liver from cats with common bile duct occlusion of 21 days' duration. The findings in the present studies were interpreted to indicate that serum ALP and LAP are useful to detect biliary occlusive disease in cats and, in conjunction with serum ALT, may be used to differentiate primary hepatodegenerative disease  and biliary occlusive disease.", "PMID": 560816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4345", "title": "[Effect of antibiotics on the structure and function of the ovaries].", "content": "Streptomycin, penicillin, levomycetin, florimycin, cycloserin, erythromycin, sekazin, novobiocin, tetracyclines and neomycins had a stimulating effect on the sexual organs of the tests animals during the 1st decade of their administration. With long-term use some of the drugs induced dystrophic changes in the ovary. The signs of stimulation in the ovary were evident from increased activity of the oxidation-reduction enzymes in the inner membrane of the follicles and the interstitial cells of the stroma, as well as in an increase in the number of the maturating follicles. With long-term long use of erythromycin, sekasin or novobiocin, disappearance of the primordial follicles, an increase in the number of the atretic follicles and death of the ovocytes in the mature follicles were observed in the ovary.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotics on the structure and function of the ovaries]. Streptomycin, penicillin, levomycetin, florimycin, cycloserin, erythromycin, sekazin, novobiocin, tetracyclines and neomycins had a stimulating effect on the sexual organs of the tests animals during the 1st decade of their administration. With long-term use some of the drugs induced dystrophic changes in the ovary. The signs of stimulation in the ovary were evident from increased activity of the oxidation-reduction enzymes in the inner membrane of the follicles and the interstitial cells of the stroma, as well as in an increase in the number of the maturating follicles. With long-term long use of erythromycin, sekasin or novobiocin, disappearance of the primordial follicles, an increase in the number of the atretic follicles and death of the ovocytes in the mature follicles were observed in the ovary.", "PMID": 560820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4346", "title": "Valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards and Hancock prostheses: comparative analysis of late morbidity and mortality.", "content": "Although the Starr-Edwards caged-ball valve remains a standard of comparison for more recently introduced prostheses, a substantial incidence of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications prompted our evaluation of the Hancock glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft. We have compared the results of 435 aortic valve replacements using the Starr- Edwards valve (SE-AVR), 515 mitral valve replacements (SE-MVR), and 121 double-valve replacements (SE-AVRMVR) with 251 aortic valve replacements using the xenograft aortic valve (X-AVR), 338 mitral valve replacements (X-MVR), and 88 double-valve replacements (X-AVR-MVR). The Starr- Edwards valves were used during the period 1963 through 1973 and the xenograft valves between 1971 and 1976. No significant differences in patient age, sex, or preoperative hemodynamic data were noted between comparable groups. All patients with Starr-Edwards valves received long-term anticoagulation while anticoagulants were used only for specific indications in patients with xenograft valves. Total follow up was 3944 patient years for the Starr-Edwards patients and 947 patient years for the xenograft patients. Hospital mortality was not significantly different for comparable groups: SE-AVR 6.9% vs. X-AVR 6.4%, SE-MVR 9.7% vs X-MVR 8.6%, and SE-AVR-MVR 7.5% vs. X-AVR-MVR 10.2%. Linearized mortality and morbidity data expressed as percent per patient- year are tabulated below. Pairs which differ significantly (p < .05) are italicized.", "contents": "Valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards and Hancock prostheses: comparative analysis of late morbidity and mortality. Although the Starr-Edwards caged-ball valve remains a standard of comparison for more recently introduced prostheses, a substantial incidence of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications prompted our evaluation of the Hancock glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft. We have compared the results of 435 aortic valve replacements using the Starr- Edwards valve (SE-AVR), 515 mitral valve replacements (SE-MVR), and 121 double-valve replacements (SE-AVRMVR) with 251 aortic valve replacements using the xenograft aortic valve (X-AVR), 338 mitral valve replacements (X-MVR), and 88 double-valve replacements (X-AVR-MVR). The Starr- Edwards valves were used during the period 1963 through 1973 and the xenograft valves between 1971 and 1976. No significant differences in patient age, sex, or preoperative hemodynamic data were noted between comparable groups. All patients with Starr-Edwards valves received long-term anticoagulation while anticoagulants were used only for specific indications in patients with xenograft valves. Total follow up was 3944 patient years for the Starr-Edwards patients and 947 patient years for the xenograft patients. Hospital mortality was not significantly different for comparable groups: SE-AVR 6.9% vs. X-AVR 6.4%, SE-MVR 9.7% vs X-MVR 8.6%, and SE-AVR-MVR 7.5% vs. X-AVR-MVR 10.2%. Linearized mortality and morbidity data expressed as percent per patient- year are tabulated below. Pairs which differ significantly (p < .05) are italicized.", "PMID": 560824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4347", "title": "Ophiocordin, an antifungal antibiotic of Cordyceps ophioglossoides.", "content": "An unknown antibiotic, ophiocordin, C21H22N2O8, MW: 430, was isolated from submerged cultures of Cordyceps ophioglossoides, strain TU 276, grown in a glycerol soybean meal medium at 27 degrees C. The antibiotic was extracted from acidified culture fluids with n-butanol and purified by subsequent column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and cellulose. Studies including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry resulted in proposals of partial structures of the molecule. Inhibition by ophiocordin could be demonstrated for a small number of fungi belonging to different taxonomic groups. Bacteria were not inhibited. The antifungal effect was antagonized by ammonia and nitrate ions and by certain amino acids.", "contents": "Ophiocordin, an antifungal antibiotic of Cordyceps ophioglossoides. An unknown antibiotic, ophiocordin, C21H22N2O8, MW: 430, was isolated from submerged cultures of Cordyceps ophioglossoides, strain TU 276, grown in a glycerol soybean meal medium at 27 degrees C. The antibiotic was extracted from acidified culture fluids with n-butanol and purified by subsequent column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and cellulose. Studies including nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry resulted in proposals of partial structures of the molecule. Inhibition by ophiocordin could be demonstrated for a small number of fungi belonging to different taxonomic groups. Bacteria were not inhibited. The antifungal effect was antagonized by ammonia and nitrate ions and by certain amino acids.", "PMID": 560831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4348", "title": "Sophorose metabolism and cellulase induction in Trichoderma.", "content": "The cellulase inducer sophorose was rapidly catabolized to CO2 and H2O by Trichoderma: only small amounts were used to induce the synthesis of cellulase. 3H-sophorose uptake began after a lag of 1 h and its half-life in the medium was less than 5 h. Cellulase activity in the medium did not increase till 6 h after the addition of sophorose and reached a half maximum value at 14 h. The presence of free sophorose in the medium was required for continuous cellulase production. Several small sophorose addition induced much more cellulase than an equivalent single dose. These results are attributed to two pathways of sophorose utilization, a catabolic pathway that has a high capacity but low affinity for sophorose and an inductive pathway having a lower capacity but higher affinity for sophorose.", "contents": "Sophorose metabolism and cellulase induction in Trichoderma. The cellulase inducer sophorose was rapidly catabolized to CO2 and H2O by Trichoderma: only small amounts were used to induce the synthesis of cellulase. 3H-sophorose uptake began after a lag of 1 h and its half-life in the medium was less than 5 h. Cellulase activity in the medium did not increase till 6 h after the addition of sophorose and reached a half maximum value at 14 h. The presence of free sophorose in the medium was required for continuous cellulase production. Several small sophorose addition induced much more cellulase than an equivalent single dose. These results are attributed to two pathways of sophorose utilization, a catabolic pathway that has a high capacity but low affinity for sophorose and an inductive pathway having a lower capacity but higher affinity for sophorose.", "PMID": 560832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4349", "title": "Influence of specific growth limitation and dilution rate on the phosphorylation efficiency and cytochrome content of mitochondria of Candida utilis NCYC 321.", "content": "With Candida utilis cells that had been removed directly from a 61 chemostat culture, in steady state, well-coupled mitochondria generally could be isolated. This requires a modified snail-gut enzyme procedure that allowed the total processing time to be decreased to 3 h, or less. Examination of these mitochondria in an oxygraph showed the presence of 3 sites of energy conservation when the cells were grown at various dilution rates between 0.1 and 0.45 h-1 in environments that were, successively, glucose-, ammonia-, magnesium-, phosphate- and sulphate-limited. Potassium-limited cells also apparently possessed 3 sites of oxidative phosphorylation when growing at dilution rates greater than 0.2 h-1, but only 2 sites when growing at lower dilution rates. Analysis of cytochrome spectra obtained with these intact mitochondria revealed large quantitative (but not qualitative) differences, depending on the environmental conditions under which the yeast had been cultured. In particular, comparison of the ratio of cytochrome b to cytochrome a showed a pattern of change with dilution rate in mitochondria from potassium-limited cells that was distinctly different from those evident in mitochondria from cells that had been limited in their growth by the availability of other nutrients.", "contents": "Influence of specific growth limitation and dilution rate on the phosphorylation efficiency and cytochrome content of mitochondria of Candida utilis NCYC 321. With Candida utilis cells that had been removed directly from a 61 chemostat culture, in steady state, well-coupled mitochondria generally could be isolated. This requires a modified snail-gut enzyme procedure that allowed the total processing time to be decreased to 3 h, or less. Examination of these mitochondria in an oxygraph showed the presence of 3 sites of energy conservation when the cells were grown at various dilution rates between 0.1 and 0.45 h-1 in environments that were, successively, glucose-, ammonia-, magnesium-, phosphate- and sulphate-limited. Potassium-limited cells also apparently possessed 3 sites of oxidative phosphorylation when growing at dilution rates greater than 0.2 h-1, but only 2 sites when growing at lower dilution rates. Analysis of cytochrome spectra obtained with these intact mitochondria revealed large quantitative (but not qualitative) differences, depending on the environmental conditions under which the yeast had been cultured. In particular, comparison of the ratio of cytochrome b to cytochrome a showed a pattern of change with dilution rate in mitochondria from potassium-limited cells that was distinctly different from those evident in mitochondria from cells that had been limited in their growth by the availability of other nutrients.", "PMID": 560833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4350", "title": "Cell wall formation in zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula. III. Carbohydrate composition of cell walls during development from meiospores to hyphae.", "content": "Carbohydrate composition was determined in isolated cell walls of meiospores of Allomyces arbuscula after incubation for 15 min (encysted meiospores: cysts), 150 min (germlings: cysts + rhizoids) and 24 h (cysts + rhizoids + hyphae). The principal constituent in all cell wall samples is chitin, accounting for about 75% of the recovered carbohydrates. In addition, cell walls of all stages examined contain polysaccharides which release galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, and rhamnose on acid hydrolysis. While different developmental stages show minor quantitative changes in chitin, the ratio of galactose to glucose decreases sharply during differentiation of ungerminated cysts into germlings with rhizoids and hyphae. The increase in glucose is accompanied by a decrease in the amount of xylose and/or fucose and of galactose.", "contents": "Cell wall formation in zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula. III. Carbohydrate composition of cell walls during development from meiospores to hyphae. Carbohydrate composition was determined in isolated cell walls of meiospores of Allomyces arbuscula after incubation for 15 min (encysted meiospores: cysts), 150 min (germlings: cysts + rhizoids) and 24 h (cysts + rhizoids + hyphae). The principal constituent in all cell wall samples is chitin, accounting for about 75% of the recovered carbohydrates. In addition, cell walls of all stages examined contain polysaccharides which release galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, and rhamnose on acid hydrolysis. While different developmental stages show minor quantitative changes in chitin, the ratio of galactose to glucose decreases sharply during differentiation of ungerminated cysts into germlings with rhizoids and hyphae. The increase in glucose is accompanied by a decrease in the amount of xylose and/or fucose and of galactose.", "PMID": 560834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4351", "title": "An alkali-soluble polysaccharide from the cell walls of Coprinus lagopus.", "content": "An alkali-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the purified mycelial walls of Coprinus lagopus. The hydrolysis products, optical rotation, and infrared spectrum indicate a beta-glucan. Hydrolysis of the glucan after permethylation gave only 2,3,4,6-tetra-, 2,4,6-tri-, and 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-glucose. These methylated sugars and their relative quantities reveal that the glucan is a polysaccharide containing beta-1,3-linked glucose units with about 14% of the sugars having 1,6-linked branch points. Partial hydrolysis of the product derived from Smith degradation of the glucan released laminaribiose and gentiobiose suggesting that the branches are generally longer than a single glucose unit.", "contents": "An alkali-soluble polysaccharide from the cell walls of Coprinus lagopus. An alkali-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the purified mycelial walls of Coprinus lagopus. The hydrolysis products, optical rotation, and infrared spectrum indicate a beta-glucan. Hydrolysis of the glucan after permethylation gave only 2,3,4,6-tetra-, 2,4,6-tri-, and 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-glucose. These methylated sugars and their relative quantities reveal that the glucan is a polysaccharide containing beta-1,3-linked glucose units with about 14% of the sugars having 1,6-linked branch points. Partial hydrolysis of the product derived from Smith degradation of the glucan released laminaribiose and gentiobiose suggesting that the branches are generally longer than a single glucose unit.", "PMID": 560835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4352", "title": "Feedback inhibition of IgM memory cells by high antigen dose.", "content": "The ability of high and low antigen doses (SRBC) to recruit IgM memory cells has been compared in several strains of mice. In intact animals priming with low doses was more efficient than priming with high doses. If, however, mice of different strains were X-irradiated two days after priming and repopulated, regardless of whether syngeneic or allogeneic splenocytes were used, they fell into two categories--those in which more memory cells were found after low antigen priming and those in which the reverse was true (Swiss mice). Two possible explanations are offered to explain these interstrain differences--antibody mediated suppression, and generation of suppressor T cells. Our data favor the latter, and we assume that suppressor T cells appear at different intervals after priming in different strains of mice, and that these cells are radioresistant.", "contents": "Feedback inhibition of IgM memory cells by high antigen dose. The ability of high and low antigen doses (SRBC) to recruit IgM memory cells has been compared in several strains of mice. In intact animals priming with low doses was more efficient than priming with high doses. If, however, mice of different strains were X-irradiated two days after priming and repopulated, regardless of whether syngeneic or allogeneic splenocytes were used, they fell into two categories--those in which more memory cells were found after low antigen priming and those in which the reverse was true (Swiss mice). Two possible explanations are offered to explain these interstrain differences--antibody mediated suppression, and generation of suppressor T cells. Our data favor the latter, and we assume that suppressor T cells appear at different intervals after priming in different strains of mice, and that these cells are radioresistant.", "PMID": 560837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4353", "title": "The phosphoglucomutase group system of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Frequency of PGM1 phenotypes and their corresponding genes in the Polish population was determined in two samples: in 760 adults and 240 children. The frequency of the PGM1 1 gene in adults was 0-748, and in children 0-765. A statistically significant deficiency of heterozygotes was found in adults. Heredity of the phosphoglucomutase system was studied in 52 families with 162 children, in 223 mother-child pairs, and in 73 twin pairs of the same sex. In all groups, phenotypes of PGM1 agreed with the hypothesis of heredity, assuming a pair of alleles of the PGM1 system. In the parent combinations PGM1 1-1 X PGM1 2-1 a deficiency of PGM1 2-1 children was found. Analysis of linkage of genes of the PGM1 system with eight group systems provided data indicating a possibility of linkage of the PGM1 system with the Rh system. The theoretical usefulness of the PGM1 system in paternity investigations in the Polish population was estimated to be 14-24%.", "contents": "The phosphoglucomutase group system of human erythrocytes. Frequency of PGM1 phenotypes and their corresponding genes in the Polish population was determined in two samples: in 760 adults and 240 children. The frequency of the PGM1 1 gene in adults was 0-748, and in children 0-765. A statistically significant deficiency of heterozygotes was found in adults. Heredity of the phosphoglucomutase system was studied in 52 families with 162 children, in 223 mother-child pairs, and in 73 twin pairs of the same sex. In all groups, phenotypes of PGM1 agreed with the hypothesis of heredity, assuming a pair of alleles of the PGM1 system. In the parent combinations PGM1 1-1 X PGM1 2-1 a deficiency of PGM1 2-1 children was found. Analysis of linkage of genes of the PGM1 system with eight group systems provided data indicating a possibility of linkage of the PGM1 system with the Rh system. The theoretical usefulness of the PGM1 system in paternity investigations in the Polish population was estimated to be 14-24%.", "PMID": 560838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4354", "title": "Biological and biophysical characteristics of mouse adenovirus, strain FL.", "content": "Mouse adenovirus, strain FL (MAV), is best propagated in primary rather than secondary cultures of mouse kidney cells. Virus release from the cells into the medium is fairly efficient; the average yield per cell is about 1000 TCID50. Morphological and other biophysical characteristics are those of a typical adenovirus: the icosahedral shell with a diameter of 74 nm, fiber projections of 29 nm length, its localization inside the infected kidney cells, a buoyant density in CsC1 of 1.34 g/ml, inhibition of multiplication by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. The thermostability is higher than that of human adenoviruses, whereas, in contrast to these, MAV is inactivated to a great extent by trypsin. Complete or incomplete hemagglutinin or toxin-like activity were not detected. The virus shows no cross-neutralization with human adenoviruses and a one-side cross-reaction with another murine adenovirus strain K-87. Soluble complement-fixing antigen of MAX exhibits a sedimentation rate of 12S identical to the hexon component of human adenoviruses; both antigens show a partial antigenic relationship in tests with appropriate antisera.", "contents": "Biological and biophysical characteristics of mouse adenovirus, strain FL. Mouse adenovirus, strain FL (MAV), is best propagated in primary rather than secondary cultures of mouse kidney cells. Virus release from the cells into the medium is fairly efficient; the average yield per cell is about 1000 TCID50. Morphological and other biophysical characteristics are those of a typical adenovirus: the icosahedral shell with a diameter of 74 nm, fiber projections of 29 nm length, its localization inside the infected kidney cells, a buoyant density in CsC1 of 1.34 g/ml, inhibition of multiplication by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. The thermostability is higher than that of human adenoviruses, whereas, in contrast to these, MAV is inactivated to a great extent by trypsin. Complete or incomplete hemagglutinin or toxin-like activity were not detected. The virus shows no cross-neutralization with human adenoviruses and a one-side cross-reaction with another murine adenovirus strain K-87. Soluble complement-fixing antigen of MAX exhibits a sedimentation rate of 12S identical to the hexon component of human adenoviruses; both antigens show a partial antigenic relationship in tests with appropriate antisera.", "PMID": 560839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4355", "title": "Improved method for the purification of hog cholera virus grown in tissue culture.", "content": "A method for purification of Hog Cholera Virus (HCV) is presented. Cell-associated virus was extracted from PK15 cells 17 hours p.i. by fluorocarbon treatment. The virus was concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation and partially purified by pelleting on a fluorocarbon cushion. Final purification was achieved by rate zonal centrifugation in a 7--35 per cent sucrose gradient. This procedure permits a recovery of approximately 40 per cent of viral infectivity. A specific infectivity of about 2 X 10(7) PFU/microgram of protein was achieved. An apparent density d=1.13 g/ml in sucrose and a Sw20 value of about 150 was determined for purified HC virions.", "contents": "Improved method for the purification of hog cholera virus grown in tissue culture. A method for purification of Hog Cholera Virus (HCV) is presented. Cell-associated virus was extracted from PK15 cells 17 hours p.i. by fluorocarbon treatment. The virus was concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation and partially purified by pelleting on a fluorocarbon cushion. Final purification was achieved by rate zonal centrifugation in a 7--35 per cent sucrose gradient. This procedure permits a recovery of approximately 40 per cent of viral infectivity. A specific infectivity of about 2 X 10(7) PFU/microgram of protein was achieved. An apparent density d=1.13 g/ml in sucrose and a Sw20 value of about 150 was determined for purified HC virions.", "PMID": 560840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4356", "title": "The effect of chemical treatments of albumin and orosomucoid on rate of clearance from the rat bloodstream and rate of pinocytic capture of rat yolk sac cultured in vitro.", "content": "Portions of a 125I-iodinated bovine serum albumin preparation were exposed to freezing, acetic acid (pH 3.5, 3.0 or 2.5), urea or formaldehyde, and the effect of these treatments on the rates of pinocytic uptake by yolk sacs from 17.5-day-pregnant rats cultured in vitro and of clearance from the rat bloodstream were studied. Uptake of albumin by the yolk sac was followed by rapid release of [125I]iodo-L-tyrosine into the culture medium. Similarly clearance of albumin in vivo was accompanied by the appearance of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity in the bloodstream. In both systems the rates of uptake of modified albumin preparations formed a series: formaldehyde or urea greater than acetic acid greater than freezing. The increased rates of uptake of modified albumin preparations could not be ascribed to the formation of aggregates nor, in the yolk-sac system, to an increase in the rate of pinosome formation. It is concluded that the various treatments to which the albumin was subjected increase to varying degrees the affinity of the albumin molecule for binding sites on that region of the plasma membrane from which pinocytic vesicles are formed. Some comparable experiments with native and desialylated human orosomucoid indicate that the rat yolk-sac epithelial cells do not possess the recognition system for uptake of asialoglycoproteins that exists on the surface of hepatic parenchymal cells.", "contents": "The effect of chemical treatments of albumin and orosomucoid on rate of clearance from the rat bloodstream and rate of pinocytic capture of rat yolk sac cultured in vitro. Portions of a 125I-iodinated bovine serum albumin preparation were exposed to freezing, acetic acid (pH 3.5, 3.0 or 2.5), urea or formaldehyde, and the effect of these treatments on the rates of pinocytic uptake by yolk sacs from 17.5-day-pregnant rats cultured in vitro and of clearance from the rat bloodstream were studied. Uptake of albumin by the yolk sac was followed by rapid release of [125I]iodo-L-tyrosine into the culture medium. Similarly clearance of albumin in vivo was accompanied by the appearance of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity in the bloodstream. In both systems the rates of uptake of modified albumin preparations formed a series: formaldehyde or urea greater than acetic acid greater than freezing. The increased rates of uptake of modified albumin preparations could not be ascribed to the formation of aggregates nor, in the yolk-sac system, to an increase in the rate of pinosome formation. It is concluded that the various treatments to which the albumin was subjected increase to varying degrees the affinity of the albumin molecule for binding sites on that region of the plasma membrane from which pinocytic vesicles are formed. Some comparable experiments with native and desialylated human orosomucoid indicate that the rat yolk-sac epithelial cells do not possess the recognition system for uptake of asialoglycoproteins that exists on the surface of hepatic parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 560846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4357", "title": "Methods of recording fetal movement.", "content": "Patient, observer and instrumental methods for recording fetal movements are described. Significant correlations between both patient and observer, and patient and instrumental fetal movement counts, were found. Significant diurnal, daily and weekly variation in fetal movement counts occurred which need to be considered in the interpretation of the frequency of fetal movements as an indication of fetal welfare.", "contents": "Methods of recording fetal movement. Patient, observer and instrumental methods for recording fetal movements are described. Significant correlations between both patient and observer, and patient and instrumental fetal movement counts, were found. Significant diurnal, daily and weekly variation in fetal movement counts occurred which need to be considered in the interpretation of the frequency of fetal movements as an indication of fetal welfare.", "PMID": 560853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4358", "title": "Conformation of DNA modified with a dihydrodiol epoxide derivative of benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "The conformation of calf thymus DNA modified by reaction with (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, which binds covalently mainly to the 2-amino group of guanosine residues, was studied. With samples in which 1.5 or 2.2% of the bases were modified, there was a slight decrease in Tm during heat denaturation and a slight increase in susceptibility to the single strand specific nuclease S1. In a DNA sample in which 4.5% of the bases were modified, there was an appreciable decrease in Tm and a marked increase in susceptibility to S1 nuclease. The kinetics of the reaction of the modified DNAs with formaldehyde provided evidence for locally destabilized regions ranging from 1 to 7 base plates, depending on the extent of modification. Alkaline and neutral sucrose gradient analyses revealed no evidence for strand breakage in the 1.5 and 2.2% modified samples, although single-strand breaks were found in the 4.5% modified samples. Taken together, these results suggest that DNA molecules containing a covalently bound benzo[a]pyrene derivative have an altered conformation characterized by small localized regions which are destabilized and easily denatured. The conformational changes associated with the covalent binding of the benzo[a]pyrene derivative to native DNA appear to be different from, and less marked, than those associated with the covalent binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene to native DNA.", "contents": "Conformation of DNA modified with a dihydrodiol epoxide derivative of benzo[a]pyrene. The conformation of calf thymus DNA modified by reaction with (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, which binds covalently mainly to the 2-amino group of guanosine residues, was studied. With samples in which 1.5 or 2.2% of the bases were modified, there was a slight decrease in Tm during heat denaturation and a slight increase in susceptibility to the single strand specific nuclease S1. In a DNA sample in which 4.5% of the bases were modified, there was an appreciable decrease in Tm and a marked increase in susceptibility to S1 nuclease. The kinetics of the reaction of the modified DNAs with formaldehyde provided evidence for locally destabilized regions ranging from 1 to 7 base plates, depending on the extent of modification. Alkaline and neutral sucrose gradient analyses revealed no evidence for strand breakage in the 1.5 and 2.2% modified samples, although single-strand breaks were found in the 4.5% modified samples. Taken together, these results suggest that DNA molecules containing a covalently bound benzo[a]pyrene derivative have an altered conformation characterized by small localized regions which are destabilized and easily denatured. The conformational changes associated with the covalent binding of the benzo[a]pyrene derivative to native DNA appear to be different from, and less marked, than those associated with the covalent binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene to native DNA.", "PMID": 560857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4359", "title": "Mutants of CHO cells resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitors, cryptopleurine and tylocrebrine: genetic and biochemical evidence for common site of action of emetine, cryptopleurine, tylocrebine, and tubulosine.", "content": "Stable mutants resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitors cryptopleurine and tylocrebine can be isolated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, in a single step. The frequency of occurrence of cryptopleurine (CryR) and tylocrebrine (TylR) resistant mutants in normal and mutagenized cell populations is similar to that observed for emetine resistant (EmtR) mutants. The CryR, TylR, and EmtR mutants exhibit strikingly similar cross-resistance to the three drugs used for selection, to tubulosine and also to two emetine derivatives cephaeline and dehydroemetine, based on assays of in vivo cytotoxicity and on assays of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts. The identity of cross-resistance patterns of the CryR, TylR, and EmtR mutants indicates that the resistance to all these compounds results from the same primary lesion, which in the case of EmtR cells has been shown to affect the 40S ribosomal subunit. This conclusion is strongly supported by the failure of EmtR, TylR, and CryR mutants to complement each other in somatic cell hybrids. Based on these results it is suggested that the above group of compounds possesses common structural determinants which are responsible for their activity. The above mutants, however, do not show any cross-resistance to other inhibitors of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide, trichodermin, anisomycin, pactamycin, and sparsomycin, either in vivo or in vitro, indicating that the site of action of these inhibitors is different from that of the emetine-like compounds.", "contents": "Mutants of CHO cells resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitors, cryptopleurine and tylocrebrine: genetic and biochemical evidence for common site of action of emetine, cryptopleurine, tylocrebine, and tubulosine. Stable mutants resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitors cryptopleurine and tylocrebine can be isolated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, in a single step. The frequency of occurrence of cryptopleurine (CryR) and tylocrebrine (TylR) resistant mutants in normal and mutagenized cell populations is similar to that observed for emetine resistant (EmtR) mutants. The CryR, TylR, and EmtR mutants exhibit strikingly similar cross-resistance to the three drugs used for selection, to tubulosine and also to two emetine derivatives cephaeline and dehydroemetine, based on assays of in vivo cytotoxicity and on assays of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts. The identity of cross-resistance patterns of the CryR, TylR, and EmtR mutants indicates that the resistance to all these compounds results from the same primary lesion, which in the case of EmtR cells has been shown to affect the 40S ribosomal subunit. This conclusion is strongly supported by the failure of EmtR, TylR, and CryR mutants to complement each other in somatic cell hybrids. Based on these results it is suggested that the above group of compounds possesses common structural determinants which are responsible for their activity. The above mutants, however, do not show any cross-resistance to other inhibitors of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide, trichodermin, anisomycin, pactamycin, and sparsomycin, either in vivo or in vitro, indicating that the site of action of these inhibitors is different from that of the emetine-like compounds.", "PMID": 560858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4360", "title": "Structural transitions of calf thymus DNA in concentrated LiCl solutions.", "content": "The solubility, sedimentation, circular dichroism, and absorption spectral characteristics of calf thymus DNA have been examined in concentrated solutions of LiCl (6-13 m) at 25 to 27 degree C. At all concentrations of LiCl, the DNA is base stacked and exhibits normal hypochromicty, At the upper end of this range of LiCl concentrations, DNA aggregates and ultimately precipitates completely from solution between 13 and 14 m LiCl. This aggregation process is dependent on concentration, base composition, and molecular weight of DNA. The sedimentation velocity data taken together with the absorbance spectral data suggest that the aggregation process leading to the formaiton of large structures beings at approximately equal to 9 m. Prior to the onset of aggregation, the circular dichroism (CD) spectra can be adequately fitted by a linear combination of contributions of the B, C, and A forms of DNA (Hanlon, S., Brudno, S., Wu, T. T., and Wolf, B. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 1648). Above 9 m LiCl, both factor analysis and a primitive version of matrix rank order analysis indicate that at least one additional spectral component is required to account for the observed CD spectra above 260 nm. The general shape of this additional component or distortion resembles the psi form of DNA.", "contents": "Structural transitions of calf thymus DNA in concentrated LiCl solutions. The solubility, sedimentation, circular dichroism, and absorption spectral characteristics of calf thymus DNA have been examined in concentrated solutions of LiCl (6-13 m) at 25 to 27 degree C. At all concentrations of LiCl, the DNA is base stacked and exhibits normal hypochromicty, At the upper end of this range of LiCl concentrations, DNA aggregates and ultimately precipitates completely from solution between 13 and 14 m LiCl. This aggregation process is dependent on concentration, base composition, and molecular weight of DNA. The sedimentation velocity data taken together with the absorbance spectral data suggest that the aggregation process leading to the formaiton of large structures beings at approximately equal to 9 m. Prior to the onset of aggregation, the circular dichroism (CD) spectra can be adequately fitted by a linear combination of contributions of the B, C, and A forms of DNA (Hanlon, S., Brudno, S., Wu, T. T., and Wolf, B. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 1648). Above 9 m LiCl, both factor analysis and a primitive version of matrix rank order analysis indicate that at least one additional spectral component is required to account for the observed CD spectra above 260 nm. The general shape of this additional component or distortion resembles the psi form of DNA.", "PMID": 560862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4361", "title": "Kinetic properties of carboxypeptidase B in solutions and crystals.", "content": "The correlation of the structure of crystalline enzymes with their activities in solution assumes that the catalytic properties are identical in the two physical states. The present data demonstrate that in bovine carboxypeptidase B they differ significantly. Normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics characterize the hydrolysis of several esters and peptide substrates in both physical states. Crystallization reduces kcat 16 to 320-fold, while it affects KM variably and less dramatically. Small molecules inhibit catalytic activity both in solution and in crystals, but the carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes (molecular weight 4200) does no inhibit the crystals. The activities of bovine carboxypeptidases A and B toward identical substrates are more similar in their crystals than in their solutions. This suggests that, over and above the structural dissimilarity of their crystals, conformational differences may additionally determine the activities of the two enzymes in solution. The findings demonstrate that the catalytic properties of carboxypeptidase B depend critically on its physical state.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of carboxypeptidase B in solutions and crystals. The correlation of the structure of crystalline enzymes with their activities in solution assumes that the catalytic properties are identical in the two physical states. The present data demonstrate that in bovine carboxypeptidase B they differ significantly. Normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics characterize the hydrolysis of several esters and peptide substrates in both physical states. Crystallization reduces kcat 16 to 320-fold, while it affects KM variably and less dramatically. Small molecules inhibit catalytic activity both in solution and in crystals, but the carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes (molecular weight 4200) does no inhibit the crystals. The activities of bovine carboxypeptidases A and B toward identical substrates are more similar in their crystals than in their solutions. This suggests that, over and above the structural dissimilarity of their crystals, conformational differences may additionally determine the activities of the two enzymes in solution. The findings demonstrate that the catalytic properties of carboxypeptidase B depend critically on its physical state.", "PMID": 560863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4362", "title": "Stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A. Temperature-dependent effect of fatty acid replacements.", "content": "The membrane fatty acyl composition of lymphocytes was altered by growth in lipid-depleted serum containing fatty acid supplements, as well as avidin to block endogenous synthesis of fatty acids. Under these growth conditions over 50% of the total fatty acid in membrane phospholipid were derived from the added fatty acid. Enrichment of lymphocyte membranes with oleate (cis C18:1) or elaidate (trans C18:1) shifted the optimum temperature for mitogenic stimulation by concanavalin A as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. These results suggest that the fluidity of the membrane lipid phase plays a role in the process of lymphocyte stimulation by lectins.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A. Temperature-dependent effect of fatty acid replacements. The membrane fatty acyl composition of lymphocytes was altered by growth in lipid-depleted serum containing fatty acid supplements, as well as avidin to block endogenous synthesis of fatty acids. Under these growth conditions over 50% of the total fatty acid in membrane phospholipid were derived from the added fatty acid. Enrichment of lymphocyte membranes with oleate (cis C18:1) or elaidate (trans C18:1) shifted the optimum temperature for mitogenic stimulation by concanavalin A as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. These results suggest that the fluidity of the membrane lipid phase plays a role in the process of lymphocyte stimulation by lectins.", "PMID": 560864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4363", "title": "Spontaneous reactivation of acetylcholinesterase following organophosphate inhibition. II. Characterization of the reactivating components.", "content": "Repeated cycles of inhibition by a variety of organophosphates followed by spontaneous reactivation reveal a component of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) which preferentially reactivates. That the observed enzymatic activity truly resides in acetylcholinesterase is indicated by its sensitivity to a specific inhibitor and by molecular weights for subunits and native enzyme which are approximately the same as those for the major fraction of enzymatic activity which behaves in the classical manner. The Km values for phenyl acetate of the two components are similar but the rate constant for covalent bond formation, k2, with isopropyl m-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate is greatly reduced in the spontaneously reactivating species. The molecular basis for these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous reactivation of acetylcholinesterase following organophosphate inhibition. II. Characterization of the reactivating components. Repeated cycles of inhibition by a variety of organophosphates followed by spontaneous reactivation reveal a component of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) which preferentially reactivates. That the observed enzymatic activity truly resides in acetylcholinesterase is indicated by its sensitivity to a specific inhibitor and by molecular weights for subunits and native enzyme which are approximately the same as those for the major fraction of enzymatic activity which behaves in the classical manner. The Km values for phenyl acetate of the two components are similar but the rate constant for covalent bond formation, k2, with isopropyl m-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate is greatly reduced in the spontaneously reactivating species. The molecular basis for these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 560865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4364", "title": "Physical and kinetic distinction of two ornithine decarboxylase forms in Physarum.", "content": "Two forms of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) can be isolated from crude plasmodial homogenates of Physarum polycephalum. Both forms catalyze the stoichiometric production of putrescine and CO2 from ornithine, yet they are distinguished by (a) a large difference in their affinity for coenzyme (apparent Km values of 0.13 and 33 muM); (b) a differential stability to extended dialysis of crude homogenates at 4 degrees C; and (c) the tendency of the low affinity form to polymerize when suspended in low ionic strength borate and phosphate buffers. These forms appear to be alternate states of a basic catalytic subunit in that (a) they both demonstrate monomer and dimer molecular forms of 80 000 and 160 000 daltons, respectively, depending on the buffer content; (b) they coelute from DEAE-Cellulose ion-exchange columns; and (c) they vary in activity in approximately equivalent yet opposite directions in response to factors which alter this organism's growth or metabolism. These data suggest that ornithine decarboxylase activity may be modulated by the control of the transition of this enzyme between the active and the relatively less active form.", "contents": "Physical and kinetic distinction of two ornithine decarboxylase forms in Physarum. Two forms of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) can be isolated from crude plasmodial homogenates of Physarum polycephalum. Both forms catalyze the stoichiometric production of putrescine and CO2 from ornithine, yet they are distinguished by (a) a large difference in their affinity for coenzyme (apparent Km values of 0.13 and 33 muM); (b) a differential stability to extended dialysis of crude homogenates at 4 degrees C; and (c) the tendency of the low affinity form to polymerize when suspended in low ionic strength borate and phosphate buffers. These forms appear to be alternate states of a basic catalytic subunit in that (a) they both demonstrate monomer and dimer molecular forms of 80 000 and 160 000 daltons, respectively, depending on the buffer content; (b) they coelute from DEAE-Cellulose ion-exchange columns; and (c) they vary in activity in approximately equivalent yet opposite directions in response to factors which alter this organism's growth or metabolism. These data suggest that ornithine decarboxylase activity may be modulated by the control of the transition of this enzyme between the active and the relatively less active form.", "PMID": 560866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4365", "title": "Substrate-inhibiton by acetyl-CoA in the condensation reaction between oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA catalyzed by citrate synthase from pig heart.", "content": "Deviations from Michealis-Menten kinetics in the pig-heart citrate synthase (citrate-oxaloacetate-lyase(pro-3S-CH2-COO-leads to acetyl-CoA), EC 4.1.3.7) system have been characterized and analyzed in view of the kinetic theory described in the preceding paper. The enzymic condensation reaction between acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate is subject to substrate-inhibition by acetyl-CoA. This can be attributed to the formation of a productive enzyme-acetyl-CoA complex with a dissociation constant of 110 uM. The binding of acetyl-CoA to the enzyme decreases the on-velocity constant for oxaloacetate-binding from 4000 min-1- micrometer-1 to 1700 min-1-micrometer-1. The affinity of citrate synthase for oxaloacetate increase at least 20-fold on the binding of acetyl-CoA. The latter cooperativity effect can be attributed to a more than 45-fold decrease of the off-velocity constant for oxaloacetate-binding.", "contents": "Substrate-inhibiton by acetyl-CoA in the condensation reaction between oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA catalyzed by citrate synthase from pig heart. Deviations from Michealis-Menten kinetics in the pig-heart citrate synthase (citrate-oxaloacetate-lyase(pro-3S-CH2-COO-leads to acetyl-CoA), EC 4.1.3.7) system have been characterized and analyzed in view of the kinetic theory described in the preceding paper. The enzymic condensation reaction between acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate is subject to substrate-inhibition by acetyl-CoA. This can be attributed to the formation of a productive enzyme-acetyl-CoA complex with a dissociation constant of 110 uM. The binding of acetyl-CoA to the enzyme decreases the on-velocity constant for oxaloacetate-binding from 4000 min-1- micrometer-1 to 1700 min-1-micrometer-1. The affinity of citrate synthase for oxaloacetate increase at least 20-fold on the binding of acetyl-CoA. The latter cooperativity effect can be attributed to a more than 45-fold decrease of the off-velocity constant for oxaloacetate-binding.", "PMID": 560867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4366", "title": "The enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylserine and purification by CM-cellulose column chromatography.", "content": "Phosphatidylserine has been prepared from phosphatidylcholine by a one-step transphosphatidylation catalyzed by phospholipase D in the presence of L-serine. The resulting mixture of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid is easily and rapidly separated by CM-cellulose column chromatography using step=wise elution with solvents containing increasing percentages of methanol in chloroform. The over-all yield of the procedure is 40-50% depending on the scale of the preparation. CM-Cellulose column chromatography proved to be extremely useful in separating phospholipid mixtures obtained by phosphatidyltransferase reactions of phospholipase D and is also suitable for fractionation of other lipid extracts.", "contents": "The enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylserine and purification by CM-cellulose column chromatography. Phosphatidylserine has been prepared from phosphatidylcholine by a one-step transphosphatidylation catalyzed by phospholipase D in the presence of L-serine. The resulting mixture of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid is easily and rapidly separated by CM-cellulose column chromatography using step=wise elution with solvents containing increasing percentages of methanol in chloroform. The over-all yield of the procedure is 40-50% depending on the scale of the preparation. CM-Cellulose column chromatography proved to be extremely useful in separating phospholipid mixtures obtained by phosphatidyltransferase reactions of phospholipase D and is also suitable for fractionation of other lipid extracts.", "PMID": 560868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4367", "title": "Conformational transitions of antibodies induced by hapten binding.", "content": "The conformational changes of antibody structure induced by hapten molecule binding were investigated by means of thermal perturbation difference spectroscopy. The studies of the free rabit anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies show the conformational transition at temperatures between 25 and 35 degrees C. The changes occurring at the higher temperature are accompanied by the screening of the significant part of exposed tyrosine residues. Binding of the hapten molecules induces a similar transition to that which occurs between the two temperature dependent states of the free antibody. In contrast to our previous results with anti-dansyl rabbit antibodies the dinitrophenyl lysine stabilizes the \"low temperature\" native state of the protein. The investigation of the MOPC-315 mouse immunoglobulin A myeloma protein possessing anti-dinitrophenyl activity indicates no conformational transition at temperatures between 25 and 35 degrees C and only a small decrease of tyrosine exposure induced by the hapten binding. Our present and previous results indicate that most of the free immunoglobulins exist in two native conformational states which have a small difference in free energy. Hapten binding causes the transition in equilibrium between the two states towards the one of better binding. It is possible that this transition is necessary but not sufficient step for inducing the effector function of antibodies.", "contents": "Conformational transitions of antibodies induced by hapten binding. The conformational changes of antibody structure induced by hapten molecule binding were investigated by means of thermal perturbation difference spectroscopy. The studies of the free rabit anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies show the conformational transition at temperatures between 25 and 35 degrees C. The changes occurring at the higher temperature are accompanied by the screening of the significant part of exposed tyrosine residues. Binding of the hapten molecules induces a similar transition to that which occurs between the two temperature dependent states of the free antibody. In contrast to our previous results with anti-dansyl rabbit antibodies the dinitrophenyl lysine stabilizes the \"low temperature\" native state of the protein. The investigation of the MOPC-315 mouse immunoglobulin A myeloma protein possessing anti-dinitrophenyl activity indicates no conformational transition at temperatures between 25 and 35 degrees C and only a small decrease of tyrosine exposure induced by the hapten binding. Our present and previous results indicate that most of the free immunoglobulins exist in two native conformational states which have a small difference in free energy. Hapten binding causes the transition in equilibrium between the two states towards the one of better binding. It is possible that this transition is necessary but not sufficient step for inducing the effector function of antibodies.", "PMID": 560870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4368", "title": "Purification of a bovine counterpart to human prealbumin and its interaction with a bovine retinol-binding protein.", "content": "A bovine counterpart to human prealbumin was purified from bovine serum by thiol-disulfide exchange chromatography on thiol-Sepharose 4B and affinity chromatography on human retinol-binding protein linked to Sepharose 4B. The bovine prealbumin had alpha1-mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6. It has the same molecular weight as human prealbumin on gel filtration and consisted of subunits with a molecular weight of 12 500. This is compatible with a tetrameric structure for the bovine protein. Antiserum against human prealbumin cross-reacted with bovine prealbumin and vice versa. The bovine prealbumin formed at high ionic strength complexes with another bovine serum protein which were dissociated at low ionic strength. This property was used to isolate a protein from bovine serum, by chromatography on bovine prealbumin linked to Sepharose which cross-reacted with antiserum against human retinol-binding protein; had a molecular weight of 21 000 and alpha 2-mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis. It was concluded that the latter protein was a bovine retinol-binding protein.", "contents": "Purification of a bovine counterpart to human prealbumin and its interaction with a bovine retinol-binding protein. A bovine counterpart to human prealbumin was purified from bovine serum by thiol-disulfide exchange chromatography on thiol-Sepharose 4B and affinity chromatography on human retinol-binding protein linked to Sepharose 4B. The bovine prealbumin had alpha1-mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6. It has the same molecular weight as human prealbumin on gel filtration and consisted of subunits with a molecular weight of 12 500. This is compatible with a tetrameric structure for the bovine protein. Antiserum against human prealbumin cross-reacted with bovine prealbumin and vice versa. The bovine prealbumin formed at high ionic strength complexes with another bovine serum protein which were dissociated at low ionic strength. This property was used to isolate a protein from bovine serum, by chromatography on bovine prealbumin linked to Sepharose which cross-reacted with antiserum against human retinol-binding protein; had a molecular weight of 21 000 and alpha 2-mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis. It was concluded that the latter protein was a bovine retinol-binding protein.", "PMID": 560871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4369", "title": "Developmental changes in collagen glycosyltransferase activities in chick embryos.", "content": "The developmental pattern of collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase activities was determined in chick embryos between the 4th and 21st day of growth. Both enzyme activities increased up to the 16th day and decreased thereafter in whole chick embryos and in most tissues studied. The highest collagen glycosyltransferase activities were found in the leg tendons of the 16-day-old embryos, and the activities found in cartilage were higher than those noted in either skin or skull, indicating that the the activities of the collagen glycosyltransferases may play a part in the regulation of the carbohydrate content of the collagen synthesized by a given tissue. The changes observed in the collagen glycosyltransferase activities agree with previous data on the development of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase activities and also with findings on collagen turnover in the developing chick embryo.", "contents": "Developmental changes in collagen glycosyltransferase activities in chick embryos. The developmental pattern of collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase activities was determined in chick embryos between the 4th and 21st day of growth. Both enzyme activities increased up to the 16th day and decreased thereafter in whole chick embryos and in most tissues studied. The highest collagen glycosyltransferase activities were found in the leg tendons of the 16-day-old embryos, and the activities found in cartilage were higher than those noted in either skin or skull, indicating that the the activities of the collagen glycosyltransferases may play a part in the regulation of the carbohydrate content of the collagen synthesized by a given tissue. The changes observed in the collagen glycosyltransferase activities agree with previous data on the development of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase activities and also with findings on collagen turnover in the developing chick embryo.", "PMID": 560872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4370", "title": "Effect of nitrite upon leghemoglobin and interaction with nitrogen fixation.", "content": "Nitrite (0.4 mM) added to soybean bacteroid preparations strongly inhibited C2H2 reduction. In the presence of leghemoglobin (0.1mM), a 3-fold enhancement of nitrogen fixation occurred but the inhibitory effect of nitrite was delayed. Spectra of leghemoglobin showed a rapid disappearance of the 574 nm and 541 nm peaks of oxyleghemoglobin the presence of nitrite. Concomitant oxidation of this hemoprotein gave ferric leghemoglobin as the single final product. High nitrite levels could depress nitrogen fixation both by inactivation of nitrogenase and by conversion of leghemoglobin into an inactive form. Nitrite present at low concentrations reacts with this hemoprotein and is then no longer able to penetrate into bacteroids.", "contents": "Effect of nitrite upon leghemoglobin and interaction with nitrogen fixation. Nitrite (0.4 mM) added to soybean bacteroid preparations strongly inhibited C2H2 reduction. In the presence of leghemoglobin (0.1mM), a 3-fold enhancement of nitrogen fixation occurred but the inhibitory effect of nitrite was delayed. Spectra of leghemoglobin showed a rapid disappearance of the 574 nm and 541 nm peaks of oxyleghemoglobin the presence of nitrite. Concomitant oxidation of this hemoprotein gave ferric leghemoglobin as the single final product. High nitrite levels could depress nitrogen fixation both by inactivation of nitrogenase and by conversion of leghemoglobin into an inactive form. Nitrite present at low concentrations reacts with this hemoprotein and is then no longer able to penetrate into bacteroids.", "PMID": 560873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4371", "title": "Bioaffinity chromatography of thyrotropin using immobilized concanavalin A.", "content": "The behavior of crude preparations of whale and bovine thyrotropins was studied on an affinity column packed with concanavalin A-Sepharose. Only a small portion of the proteins applied was adsorbed to the column and eluted quantitatively with 0.5 M methyl-alpha-D-glucoside or -mannoside. Immunoreactive as well as hormonally active thyrotropin was recovered exclusively in the absorbed fraction. The usefulness of this chromatographic procedure for the group separation of pituitary glycoprotein hormones is discussed.", "contents": "Bioaffinity chromatography of thyrotropin using immobilized concanavalin A. The behavior of crude preparations of whale and bovine thyrotropins was studied on an affinity column packed with concanavalin A-Sepharose. Only a small portion of the proteins applied was adsorbed to the column and eluted quantitatively with 0.5 M methyl-alpha-D-glucoside or -mannoside. Immunoreactive as well as hormonally active thyrotropin was recovered exclusively in the absorbed fraction. The usefulness of this chromatographic procedure for the group separation of pituitary glycoprotein hormones is discussed.", "PMID": 560874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4372", "title": "Alteration of human placental lactogen by mammary gland.", "content": "Human placental lactogen was prepared in high purity and in good yield applying a minimum of purification steps. The isolated hormone was characterized with respect to isoelectric and electrophoretic properties, molecular size (estimated mol. wt. 23 000) and stability to heat, pH and organic solvents. Investigation of in vitro interaction between placental lactogen and mammary gland (mouse, rat) revealed a rapid alteration of hormone with loss of immunoreactivity resulting. The target organ as a selective alteration site of placental lactogen was suggested by a lack of similar action on the hormone by a number of other tissues tested, including liver, kidney and lung. The reaction involving hormone alteration by mammary gland was localized to a particulate-bound enzyme, sedimentable at 10 000 X g and undissociated by sonication in 0.5% Triton X-100. Examination of the reaction products revealed hormone degradation with formation of diffusible components and loss of original electrophoretic identity as well as immunoreactive properties. The reaction characteristics included: pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.0, an absolute salt requirement (NaCl, KCl, at concentration greater than 0.15 M for maximal activation), inhibition by Cleland's reagent and lack of reaction interference by pituitary prolactin.", "contents": "Alteration of human placental lactogen by mammary gland. Human placental lactogen was prepared in high purity and in good yield applying a minimum of purification steps. The isolated hormone was characterized with respect to isoelectric and electrophoretic properties, molecular size (estimated mol. wt. 23 000) and stability to heat, pH and organic solvents. Investigation of in vitro interaction between placental lactogen and mammary gland (mouse, rat) revealed a rapid alteration of hormone with loss of immunoreactivity resulting. The target organ as a selective alteration site of placental lactogen was suggested by a lack of similar action on the hormone by a number of other tissues tested, including liver, kidney and lung. The reaction involving hormone alteration by mammary gland was localized to a particulate-bound enzyme, sedimentable at 10 000 X g and undissociated by sonication in 0.5% Triton X-100. Examination of the reaction products revealed hormone degradation with formation of diffusible components and loss of original electrophoretic identity as well as immunoreactive properties. The reaction characteristics included: pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.0, an absolute salt requirement (NaCl, KCl, at concentration greater than 0.15 M for maximal activation), inhibition by Cleland's reagent and lack of reaction interference by pituitary prolactin.", "PMID": 560875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4373", "title": "Purification and specificity of antibodies to inosine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Antibodies to inosine 5'-monophosphate elicited in rabbits by immunization with a conjugate of IMP (oxidized with periodate) and bovine serum albumin have been purified by affinity chromatography. By the use of two affinity columns, Sepharose-IMP and Sepharose-oligo(I), the antibodies have been fractionated into three fractions. By gel diffusion, the three fractions were found to react with the conjugates of bovine serum albumin and IMP, GMP and AMP respectively. The association constants for the binding of the Fab fragments purified on the Sepharose-oligo(I) column and several haptens have been deduced from fluorescence experiments. It is shown that the base and the phosphate group play an important part in the binding of IMP to Fab fragments. No reaction has been found between the antibodies and poly(I).poly(C) by gel diffusion. However, the antibodies interact with poly(I).poly(C) since they decrease the thermal stability of poly(I).poly(C).", "contents": "Purification and specificity of antibodies to inosine 5'-monophosphate. Antibodies to inosine 5'-monophosphate elicited in rabbits by immunization with a conjugate of IMP (oxidized with periodate) and bovine serum albumin have been purified by affinity chromatography. By the use of two affinity columns, Sepharose-IMP and Sepharose-oligo(I), the antibodies have been fractionated into three fractions. By gel diffusion, the three fractions were found to react with the conjugates of bovine serum albumin and IMP, GMP and AMP respectively. The association constants for the binding of the Fab fragments purified on the Sepharose-oligo(I) column and several haptens have been deduced from fluorescence experiments. It is shown that the base and the phosphate group play an important part in the binding of IMP to Fab fragments. No reaction has been found between the antibodies and poly(I).poly(C) by gel diffusion. However, the antibodies interact with poly(I).poly(C) since they decrease the thermal stability of poly(I).poly(C).", "PMID": 560876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4374", "title": "Isolation of nematode inhibitor from hemolymph of the snail, Helix aspersa.", "content": "Hemolymph plasma of the snail Helix aspersa which inhibits maturation and reproduction of its mantle cavity-inhabiting nematode, Rhabditis maupasi, was separated biochemically for the active proteinaceous component. Isolation of the active inhibitor was performed using ion-exchange chromatography in combination with subsequent gel filtration. The isolated peaks were bio-assayed in vitro on nematode larvae. The fractions harboring inhibitory protein suppressed larval growth and adult reproduction in vitro. The isolated fraction was purified by gel filtration and characterized on the basis of a single band on starch zone electrophoresis and positive reaction only with folin-phenol reagent.", "contents": "Isolation of nematode inhibitor from hemolymph of the snail, Helix aspersa. Hemolymph plasma of the snail Helix aspersa which inhibits maturation and reproduction of its mantle cavity-inhabiting nematode, Rhabditis maupasi, was separated biochemically for the active proteinaceous component. Isolation of the active inhibitor was performed using ion-exchange chromatography in combination with subsequent gel filtration. The isolated peaks were bio-assayed in vitro on nematode larvae. The fractions harboring inhibitory protein suppressed larval growth and adult reproduction in vitro. The isolated fraction was purified by gel filtration and characterized on the basis of a single band on starch zone electrophoresis and positive reaction only with folin-phenol reagent.", "PMID": 560877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4375", "title": "[Comparative study of histones from slime mold Physarum polycephalum and calf thymus].", "content": "The histones from slime mold Physarum polycephalum and calf thymus were characterized in terms of some physico-chemical properties. The molecular weights of six principal histone fractions of Ph. polycephalum were found to be the following: P1--22 700, P3--15 700, P4a--15 000, P4b--14 300, P5--12 800 and P6--10 500. Electrophoretically homogenous histone fractions H1, H2b and H4 of calf thymus and histones P1, P3, P4b and P6 of slime mold were obtained by gel-filtration on Acrylex P-60. These findings suggest that fractions P1, P4a, P4b, P5 and P6 of slime mold Ph. polycephalum are homologus with respect to the histone fractions H1, H3, H2b, H2a and H4 of calf thymus. Only fraction P3 has no corresponding fraction in the calf thymus histones; a fraction corresponding to histone P3 of slime mold was absent.", "contents": "[Comparative study of histones from slime mold Physarum polycephalum and calf thymus]. The histones from slime mold Physarum polycephalum and calf thymus were characterized in terms of some physico-chemical properties. The molecular weights of six principal histone fractions of Ph. polycephalum were found to be the following: P1--22 700, P3--15 700, P4a--15 000, P4b--14 300, P5--12 800 and P6--10 500. Electrophoretically homogenous histone fractions H1, H2b and H4 of calf thymus and histones P1, P3, P4b and P6 of slime mold were obtained by gel-filtration on Acrylex P-60. These findings suggest that fractions P1, P4a, P4b, P5 and P6 of slime mold Ph. polycephalum are homologus with respect to the histone fractions H1, H3, H2b, H2a and H4 of calf thymus. Only fraction P3 has no corresponding fraction in the calf thymus histones; a fraction corresponding to histone P3 of slime mold was absent.", "PMID": 560879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4376", "title": "Agglutinins and lysins in the molluscan family Planorbidae: a survey of hemolymph, egg-masses, and albumen-gland extracts.", "content": "1. Thirty-one strains representing eight species and four genera of the molluscan family Planorbidae were surveyed for the presence of hemagglutinins and hemolysins. Extracts prepared from albumen-glands and egg-masses, as well as hemolymph, were assayed by a micro-hemagglutination technique in which human erythrocytes were used as receptors. 2. Hemagglutinins and hemolysins for human erythrocytes were not uniformly present in all members of the family and detection of these substances depended, in part, on the material tested. 3. Neither heating to 56 degrees C, dialysis, storage at -20 degrees C for up to a year, nor repeated freezing and thawing appeared to effect the agglutinating activity of egg or albumen-gland extracts. 4. Inhibition of the agglutinating activity of Helisoma hemolymph could be accomplished with N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine, but this sugar had no effect on the activity of Biomphalaria agglutinins. 5. There is evidence to suggest that the source and nature of agglutinins from Helisoma and Biomphalaria species are different. 6. Lectins may be of some value in characterizing snail populations and as an aid in the taxonomic discrimination of species.", "contents": "Agglutinins and lysins in the molluscan family Planorbidae: a survey of hemolymph, egg-masses, and albumen-gland extracts. 1. Thirty-one strains representing eight species and four genera of the molluscan family Planorbidae were surveyed for the presence of hemagglutinins and hemolysins. Extracts prepared from albumen-glands and egg-masses, as well as hemolymph, were assayed by a micro-hemagglutination technique in which human erythrocytes were used as receptors. 2. Hemagglutinins and hemolysins for human erythrocytes were not uniformly present in all members of the family and detection of these substances depended, in part, on the material tested. 3. Neither heating to 56 degrees C, dialysis, storage at -20 degrees C for up to a year, nor repeated freezing and thawing appeared to effect the agglutinating activity of egg or albumen-gland extracts. 4. Inhibition of the agglutinating activity of Helisoma hemolymph could be accomplished with N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine, but this sugar had no effect on the activity of Biomphalaria agglutinins. 5. There is evidence to suggest that the source and nature of agglutinins from Helisoma and Biomphalaria species are different. 6. Lectins may be of some value in characterizing snail populations and as an aid in the taxonomic discrimination of species.", "PMID": 560878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4377", "title": "[Homology of histones H2B from calf thymus and P4B from slime mold Physarum polycephalum].", "content": "A comparative study of the amino acid composition of histone fractions P4b from slime mold Physarum polycephalum and H2B from calf thymus was carried out using peptide mapping. It was shown that 75% of peptides are common for both proteins. The slime mold histones contain two fractions (P4B and P3), which are homologous to the H2B histone fraction of calf thymus. The data of amino acid analysis, peptide mapping and some physico-chemical properties of the histones revealed the following correlation of the two types of histone fractions: P1--H1, P4a--H3, P4b and P3--H2B, P5-H2A, P6--H4.", "contents": "[Homology of histones H2B from calf thymus and P4B from slime mold Physarum polycephalum]. A comparative study of the amino acid composition of histone fractions P4b from slime mold Physarum polycephalum and H2B from calf thymus was carried out using peptide mapping. It was shown that 75% of peptides are common for both proteins. The slime mold histones contain two fractions (P4B and P3), which are homologous to the H2B histone fraction of calf thymus. The data of amino acid analysis, peptide mapping and some physico-chemical properties of the histones revealed the following correlation of the two types of histone fractions: P1--H1, P4a--H3, P4b and P3--H2B, P5-H2A, P6--H4.", "PMID": 560880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4378", "title": "[A method for determination of alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation patterns of DNA for nondividing and slowly dividing cells].", "content": "A radiometric method for developing the alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation patterns of DNA from non-labeled cells is described. The method is based on labeling of DNA in the gradient fractions by means of a labeled amino acid binding to DNA in the presence of formaldehyde. The procedure involves incubation of the fractions with a mixture of the labeled amino acid and formaldehyde, filtration of the incubation mixtures through nitrocellulose filters and radiometry of the filters. Relationship between the radioactivity on the filter and DNA concentration in the sample is linear. DNA detection sensitivity and specificity are satisfactory for the use under gradient ultracentrifugation condition. The non-labeled cells DNA sedimentation patterns developed by the method described and those of DNA from the same cells labeled with 3H-thimidine in vivo are found to be similar.", "contents": "[A method for determination of alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation patterns of DNA for nondividing and slowly dividing cells]. A radiometric method for developing the alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation patterns of DNA from non-labeled cells is described. The method is based on labeling of DNA in the gradient fractions by means of a labeled amino acid binding to DNA in the presence of formaldehyde. The procedure involves incubation of the fractions with a mixture of the labeled amino acid and formaldehyde, filtration of the incubation mixtures through nitrocellulose filters and radiometry of the filters. Relationship between the radioactivity on the filter and DNA concentration in the sample is linear. DNA detection sensitivity and specificity are satisfactory for the use under gradient ultracentrifugation condition. The non-labeled cells DNA sedimentation patterns developed by the method described and those of DNA from the same cells labeled with 3H-thimidine in vivo are found to be similar.", "PMID": 560881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4379", "title": "Intensification of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome following periodic electroconvulsive shocks.", "content": "Repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs) administered once every 3 days to rats at either of two current intensities led to a progressive intensification of the motor seizure pattern. Moreover, the incidence of convulsive symptoms elicited by subsequent alcohol exposure and withdrawal was greatly increased by prior exposure to the repeated ECSs. These results illustrate a treatment--drug interaction which could have hazardous consequences for patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. Thus, until the appropriate tests can be conducted on human patients, drug intake following electroconvulsive therapy should be carefully regulated.", "contents": "Intensification of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome following periodic electroconvulsive shocks. Repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs) administered once every 3 days to rats at either of two current intensities led to a progressive intensification of the motor seizure pattern. Moreover, the incidence of convulsive symptoms elicited by subsequent alcohol exposure and withdrawal was greatly increased by prior exposure to the repeated ECSs. These results illustrate a treatment--drug interaction which could have hazardous consequences for patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. Thus, until the appropriate tests can be conducted on human patients, drug intake following electroconvulsive therapy should be carefully regulated.", "PMID": 560882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4380", "title": "Maternal alcohol and neonatal health.", "content": "The disappearance of alcohol from blood following a single dose is a function of age, but by the time the animals are 90 days old the results are consistent from animal to animal. A single dose given to a pregnant female is distributed between fetus and maternal tissues and fluids, with a portion of the alcohol trapped in the amniotic fluid. Kittens born to mothers receiving alcohol during the last 2 weeks of pregnancy demonstrate hyperactivity, small size with unimpaired growth rate, and slow maturation of the righting reflex. It would require more experimentation to decide whether these changes are due to alcohol withdrawal or to toxic effects of the alcohol per se.", "contents": "Maternal alcohol and neonatal health. The disappearance of alcohol from blood following a single dose is a function of age, but by the time the animals are 90 days old the results are consistent from animal to animal. A single dose given to a pregnant female is distributed between fetus and maternal tissues and fluids, with a portion of the alcohol trapped in the amniotic fluid. Kittens born to mothers receiving alcohol during the last 2 weeks of pregnancy demonstrate hyperactivity, small size with unimpaired growth rate, and slow maturation of the righting reflex. It would require more experimentation to decide whether these changes are due to alcohol withdrawal or to toxic effects of the alcohol per se.", "PMID": 560883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4381", "title": "Lithium inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine receptors.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g), serving as their own controls, were evaluated for hyperactivity (HyA) and stereotyped behavior (SB) produced by chronic (1 week) ip administration of different doses of drugs that have differential NE and DA \" agonist\" properties. Drugs utilized were d- and l-amphetamine, metamphetamine, cocaine, and the specific and direct DA receptor agonist apomorphine. This was followed by 1 week of rest after which all rats received 3 weeks of lithium chloride (Li) subcutaneously. In the last week of Li administration, each rat also was given the same drug administered previously at the same dose. In all cases, Li decreased both HyA and SB, suggesting Li effects both at the pre- and postsynaptic neuron (receptor).", "contents": "Lithium inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine receptors. Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g), serving as their own controls, were evaluated for hyperactivity (HyA) and stereotyped behavior (SB) produced by chronic (1 week) ip administration of different doses of drugs that have differential NE and DA \" agonist\" properties. Drugs utilized were d- and l-amphetamine, metamphetamine, cocaine, and the specific and direct DA receptor agonist apomorphine. This was followed by 1 week of rest after which all rats received 3 weeks of lithium chloride (Li) subcutaneously. In the last week of Li administration, each rat also was given the same drug administered previously at the same dose. In all cases, Li decreased both HyA and SB, suggesting Li effects both at the pre- and postsynaptic neuron (receptor).", "PMID": 560884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4382", "title": "Histochemical study of cholinergic activities in exocrine pancreas of dogs. Modifications related to chronic alcoholism.", "content": "An histochemical study has been made of pancreatic biopsies from 5 dogs with gastric and pancreatic Thomas cannulae. 3 dogs received 2 g kg-1 day-1 ethanol for 3, 4 and 48 months; 2 dogs which did not received alcohol served as controls. Acetylcholinesterase has been studied by the histochemical method of Koelle. Choline acetyl transferase by the method of Burt. Our results suggest that there is less acetylcholinesterase activity in the pancreas of alcoholic dogs than in control dogs. This is as more pronounced when the alcohol consumption is prolonged. On the contrary, the intensity of the histochemical reaction for choline acetyl transferase is greater in alcoholic dogs than in controls. Although histochemical methods are only semi-quantitative, these results suggest that the cholinergic tone of the exocrine pancreas is increased in chronic alcoholic dogs. This has already been suggested by previous physiological experiments performed on the same animals.", "contents": "Histochemical study of cholinergic activities in exocrine pancreas of dogs. Modifications related to chronic alcoholism. An histochemical study has been made of pancreatic biopsies from 5 dogs with gastric and pancreatic Thomas cannulae. 3 dogs received 2 g kg-1 day-1 ethanol for 3, 4 and 48 months; 2 dogs which did not received alcohol served as controls. Acetylcholinesterase has been studied by the histochemical method of Koelle. Choline acetyl transferase by the method of Burt. Our results suggest that there is less acetylcholinesterase activity in the pancreas of alcoholic dogs than in control dogs. This is as more pronounced when the alcohol consumption is prolonged. On the contrary, the intensity of the histochemical reaction for choline acetyl transferase is greater in alcoholic dogs than in controls. Although histochemical methods are only semi-quantitative, these results suggest that the cholinergic tone of the exocrine pancreas is increased in chronic alcoholic dogs. This has already been suggested by previous physiological experiments performed on the same animals.", "PMID": 560887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4383", "title": "Spectral studies on the conformation of rhodopsin.", "content": "A summary is given of visible and ultraviolet spectral studies which deal with the conformation of rhodopsin in situ and solubilized with detergent. Emphasis is placed on studies which give specific information about the macromolecular structure and which set quantitative limits on the magnitude of light-induced conformational changes.", "contents": "Spectral studies on the conformation of rhodopsin. A summary is given of visible and ultraviolet spectral studies which deal with the conformation of rhodopsin in situ and solubilized with detergent. Emphasis is placed on studies which give specific information about the macromolecular structure and which set quantitative limits on the magnitude of light-induced conformational changes.", "PMID": 560888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4384", "title": "Mass spectrometry of Alternaria mali toxins and related cyclodepsipeptides.", "content": "The structures of AM-toxins I, II and III, host specific phytotoxic metabolites of Alternaria mali, can be readily deduced from low and high resolution mass spectral data, since the amino acids and their sequences are demonstrated by this technique. Additionally, the general fragmentation of these compounds by electron impact is discussed by comparing the spectra of analogous synthetic compounds.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of Alternaria mali toxins and related cyclodepsipeptides. The structures of AM-toxins I, II and III, host specific phytotoxic metabolites of Alternaria mali, can be readily deduced from low and high resolution mass spectral data, since the amino acids and their sequences are demonstrated by this technique. Additionally, the general fragmentation of these compounds by electron impact is discussed by comparing the spectra of analogous synthetic compounds.", "PMID": 560889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4385", "title": "[Antagonism between L-DOPA and apomorphine in their effects on rat behavior].", "content": "The effect of simultaneous injections of apomorphine and l-DOPA on stereotypy, aggressiveness, on the exploratory motor activity, the threshold of emotional reactivity and aggressiveness elicited by painful electrical stimulation was studied in experiments on male albino rats. When injected separately, in control experiments, both compounds had similar effects on the exploratory-motor activity and the emotional behaviour, but when injected simultaneously in various doses a distinct antagonism between l-DOPA and apomorphine, according to all the behaviour tests, was noted (a decrease of sterotypy, aggressiveness and emotional reactivity). Against the background of l-DOPA apomorphine (5 mg/kg) increased the dopamine content in the forebrain and in the diencephalon even more. It is suggested that the increased level of the functionally active mediator suppressed the activity of postsynaptic receptors sensitive to it.", "contents": "[Antagonism between L-DOPA and apomorphine in their effects on rat behavior]. The effect of simultaneous injections of apomorphine and l-DOPA on stereotypy, aggressiveness, on the exploratory motor activity, the threshold of emotional reactivity and aggressiveness elicited by painful electrical stimulation was studied in experiments on male albino rats. When injected separately, in control experiments, both compounds had similar effects on the exploratory-motor activity and the emotional behaviour, but when injected simultaneously in various doses a distinct antagonism between l-DOPA and apomorphine, according to all the behaviour tests, was noted (a decrease of sterotypy, aggressiveness and emotional reactivity). Against the background of l-DOPA apomorphine (5 mg/kg) increased the dopamine content in the forebrain and in the diencephalon even more. It is suggested that the increased level of the functionally active mediator suppressed the activity of postsynaptic receptors sensitive to it.", "PMID": 560890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4386", "title": "[Low-molecular homogeneous thymus fraction stimulating immunogenesis].", "content": "The influence of purified acetic acid thymus extract (thymarin) and its three fractions isolated by ion-exchange chromatography upon immune response to SRBC in mice was studied. Each fraction was identified as homogeneous individual material of polypeptide nature. Crude thymus extract and one of its fractions with an approximate molecular weight of 5000 exerted a strong stimulating effect on the thymus-dependent response: formation of IgM- and IgG-antibody producing cells and on the circulating antibody level.", "contents": "[Low-molecular homogeneous thymus fraction stimulating immunogenesis]. The influence of purified acetic acid thymus extract (thymarin) and its three fractions isolated by ion-exchange chromatography upon immune response to SRBC in mice was studied. Each fraction was identified as homogeneous individual material of polypeptide nature. Crude thymus extract and one of its fractions with an approximate molecular weight of 5000 exerted a strong stimulating effect on the thymus-dependent response: formation of IgM- and IgG-antibody producing cells and on the circulating antibody level.", "PMID": 560891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4387", "title": "[Antigen-dependent induction of a non-specific humoral factor blocking rosette-forming cells in experiments in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "Isologous serum of CBA mice immunized with rabbit immunoglobulins (ARIS) contained a factor capable of inactivating rosette-forming splenocytes (RFC) in vitro from the same strain of mice immunized with SRBC. When mouse SRBC immunization was carried out against the background of ARIS injection the court of RFC to SRBC at the peak of immune response was 30% of that of mice injected with SRBC and normal isologous serum. A decrease of RFC count was the result of disappearance of the theta-negative RFC. Passive ARIS immunization failed to influence the antigen-induced proliferation of the antibody-forming cells and the synthesis of antibodies against SRBC.", "contents": "[Antigen-dependent induction of a non-specific humoral factor blocking rosette-forming cells in experiments in vitro and in vivo]. Isologous serum of CBA mice immunized with rabbit immunoglobulins (ARIS) contained a factor capable of inactivating rosette-forming splenocytes (RFC) in vitro from the same strain of mice immunized with SRBC. When mouse SRBC immunization was carried out against the background of ARIS injection the court of RFC to SRBC at the peak of immune response was 30% of that of mice injected with SRBC and normal isologous serum. A decrease of RFC count was the result of disappearance of the theta-negative RFC. Passive ARIS immunization failed to influence the antigen-induced proliferation of the antibody-forming cells and the synthesis of antibodies against SRBC.", "PMID": 560892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4388", "title": "C-fragment of lipotropin--an endogenous potent analgesic peptide.", "content": "1 A series of peptides derived from porcine lipotropin was examined for analgesic and other morphine-like properties on infusion into the cannulated third ventricle of cats.2 Lipotropin (LPH 1-91) itself produced no analgesia or other morphine-like effects when infused in a dose of 150 mug.3 C-fragment (LPH 61-91) produced strong long-lasting analgesia when infused in a dose of 10 or 20 mug; on a molar basis the potency was between 90 and 180 times that of morphine. The following morphine-like effects were also produced: shivering leading to fever, vasodilatation of the pinnae, mydriasis, opening of the palpebral fissures, tachypnoea with bouts of panting, vocalization, hyperexcitability, restlessness and catalepsy. All the effects, including analgesia, were abolished by an intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg).4 Hyperglycaemia, another central effect produced by morphine, was obtained with C-fragment infused in a dose of 60 mug.5 On intravenous injection, C-fragment produced analgesia with a dose of about 200 mug/kg. Administered by this route, C-fragment was again more potent than morphine.6 C'-fragment (LPH 61-87), LPH 61-78 and LPH 61-69, either had no analgesic effect or produced weak short-lasting analgesia when infused in doses up to 100 mug.7 Methionine enkephalin (LPH 61-65) either produced very weak short-lasting analgesia or had no analgesic effect when infused in doses of between 30 and 400 mug.8N-methyl methionine enkephalin amide in which both termini of methionine enkephalin were protected against degradation by exopeptidases produced long-lasting analgesia when infused in doses of 150 to 180 mug; its analgesic potency was approximately 100 times less than that of C-fragment. Blocking only one terminus of methionine enkephalin did not appear to endow the peptide with analgesic properties. The N-methyl pentapeptide amide produced other morphine-like effects of which the most striking was catalepsy. All the effects were abolished by intraperitoneal naloxone (1 mg/kg).", "contents": "C-fragment of lipotropin--an endogenous potent analgesic peptide. 1 A series of peptides derived from porcine lipotropin was examined for analgesic and other morphine-like properties on infusion into the cannulated third ventricle of cats.2 Lipotropin (LPH 1-91) itself produced no analgesia or other morphine-like effects when infused in a dose of 150 mug.3 C-fragment (LPH 61-91) produced strong long-lasting analgesia when infused in a dose of 10 or 20 mug; on a molar basis the potency was between 90 and 180 times that of morphine. The following morphine-like effects were also produced: shivering leading to fever, vasodilatation of the pinnae, mydriasis, opening of the palpebral fissures, tachypnoea with bouts of panting, vocalization, hyperexcitability, restlessness and catalepsy. All the effects, including analgesia, were abolished by an intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg).4 Hyperglycaemia, another central effect produced by morphine, was obtained with C-fragment infused in a dose of 60 mug.5 On intravenous injection, C-fragment produced analgesia with a dose of about 200 mug/kg. Administered by this route, C-fragment was again more potent than morphine.6 C'-fragment (LPH 61-87), LPH 61-78 and LPH 61-69, either had no analgesic effect or produced weak short-lasting analgesia when infused in doses up to 100 mug.7 Methionine enkephalin (LPH 61-65) either produced very weak short-lasting analgesia or had no analgesic effect when infused in doses of between 30 and 400 mug.8N-methyl methionine enkephalin amide in which both termini of methionine enkephalin were protected against degradation by exopeptidases produced long-lasting analgesia when infused in doses of 150 to 180 mug; its analgesic potency was approximately 100 times less than that of C-fragment. Blocking only one terminus of methionine enkephalin did not appear to endow the peptide with analgesic properties. The N-methyl pentapeptide amide produced other morphine-like effects of which the most striking was catalepsy. All the effects were abolished by intraperitoneal naloxone (1 mg/kg).", "PMID": 560894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4389", "title": "Electrochemically stimulated release of luteinizing hormone and ovulation after surgical interruption of lateral hypothalamic connections in the rat.", "content": "Plasma LH and FSH were studied in adult female rats following bilateral electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). By stereotaxic surgery frontal (FC) and frontal-lateral (LFC) retrochiasmatic \"deafferenting\" cuts were made with a Hal\u00e1sz knife (1.5 mm radius). At 3 and 10 weeks after surgery rats were given pentobarbital (32 mg/kg, i.p.) at 13:30h and stimulated at 15:00h with anodal direct current (20 muA for 60 sec) via concentric bipolar steel electrodes placed bilaterally 0.9 mm from the midline. Stimulation at 3 weeks after FC increased plasma LH from a prestimulation level of 95 +/- ng/ml to 227 +/- 51 ng/ml 80 min after ECS, from which it fell to 111 +/- 29 ng/ml at 160 min, with 2 of 7 animals ovulating the next day. LFC females had similar pre-ECS plasma LH levels 3 weeks after surgery (71 +/- 10 ng/ml), but LH concentrations at 80 min (104 +/- 21 ng/ml) and 160 min post-ECS were significantly lower than those of FC rats, and 0 of 5 rats ovulated. Following a similar protocol 10 weeks after surgery, stimulating the MPOA resulted in comparable elevations in plasma LH and 4 of 10 FC animals ovulated; however, the LFC group still retained a significant blocking effect on ovulation (only 1 of 12 ovulated) when compared with controls the next day. Plasma FSH concentrations were not significantly altered by MPOA stimulation at the parameters employed, either before or after deafferentation. However, LFC resulted in reduced ovarian and uterine weights when compared with controls at both 3 and 10 weeks, whereas FC exerted no observable effect on these organs at these intervals of study. The results of these studies suggest that lateral input to the media basal hypothalamus contributes to MPOA mediated release of LH and ovulation as well as to tonic maintenance of ovarian and uterine function.", "contents": "Electrochemically stimulated release of luteinizing hormone and ovulation after surgical interruption of lateral hypothalamic connections in the rat. Plasma LH and FSH were studied in adult female rats following bilateral electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). By stereotaxic surgery frontal (FC) and frontal-lateral (LFC) retrochiasmatic \"deafferenting\" cuts were made with a Hal\u00e1sz knife (1.5 mm radius). At 3 and 10 weeks after surgery rats were given pentobarbital (32 mg/kg, i.p.) at 13:30h and stimulated at 15:00h with anodal direct current (20 muA for 60 sec) via concentric bipolar steel electrodes placed bilaterally 0.9 mm from the midline. Stimulation at 3 weeks after FC increased plasma LH from a prestimulation level of 95 +/- ng/ml to 227 +/- 51 ng/ml 80 min after ECS, from which it fell to 111 +/- 29 ng/ml at 160 min, with 2 of 7 animals ovulating the next day. LFC females had similar pre-ECS plasma LH levels 3 weeks after surgery (71 +/- 10 ng/ml), but LH concentrations at 80 min (104 +/- 21 ng/ml) and 160 min post-ECS were significantly lower than those of FC rats, and 0 of 5 rats ovulated. Following a similar protocol 10 weeks after surgery, stimulating the MPOA resulted in comparable elevations in plasma LH and 4 of 10 FC animals ovulated; however, the LFC group still retained a significant blocking effect on ovulation (only 1 of 12 ovulated) when compared with controls the next day. Plasma FSH concentrations were not significantly altered by MPOA stimulation at the parameters employed, either before or after deafferentation. However, LFC resulted in reduced ovarian and uterine weights when compared with controls at both 3 and 10 weeks, whereas FC exerted no observable effect on these organs at these intervals of study. The results of these studies suggest that lateral input to the media basal hypothalamus contributes to MPOA mediated release of LH and ovulation as well as to tonic maintenance of ovarian and uterine function.", "PMID": 560897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4390", "title": "Urease activity in the digestive tract of the chick and its role in the utilisation of urea as a source of non-amino nitrogen.", "content": "Urease activity was found in caecal contents (about 10 mg urea metabolised/g h) and crop contents (about 0-5 mg urea metabolised/g h):there was very low activity in the contents of the colon but none in the rest of the digestive tract. 2. The urease activity of the crop contents was not bacterial in origin but the soyabean meal contained in the diet was found to have comparable activity. 3. Diets low in non-essential nitrogen and based on soyabean, fish meal or fish meal plus 0-2% jack bean urease, did not support higher growth rates when supplemented with urea. 4. The livers of chicks fed on the diet containing fish meal, urea and urease had significantly higher concentrations of free non-essential amino acids than those of chicks fed on the same diet but with urease excluded This suggested that dietary urease affects the availability of ammonia for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids but not for growth.", "contents": "Urease activity in the digestive tract of the chick and its role in the utilisation of urea as a source of non-amino nitrogen. Urease activity was found in caecal contents (about 10 mg urea metabolised/g h) and crop contents (about 0-5 mg urea metabolised/g h):there was very low activity in the contents of the colon but none in the rest of the digestive tract. 2. The urease activity of the crop contents was not bacterial in origin but the soyabean meal contained in the diet was found to have comparable activity. 3. Diets low in non-essential nitrogen and based on soyabean, fish meal or fish meal plus 0-2% jack bean urease, did not support higher growth rates when supplemented with urea. 4. The livers of chicks fed on the diet containing fish meal, urea and urease had significantly higher concentrations of free non-essential amino acids than those of chicks fed on the same diet but with urease excluded This suggested that dietary urease affects the availability of ammonia for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids but not for growth.", "PMID": 560898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4391", "title": "Use of 13C in biosynthetic studies. The labelling pattern in tenellin enriched from isotope-labelled acetate, methionine, and phenylalanine.", "content": "The biogenetic origin of the carbon atoms in tenellin has been established by adding 13C-enriched compounds to cultures of Beauveria bassiana, and determining the isotopic distribution in the metabolite by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Tenellin is formed by condensation of an acetate-derived polyketide chain with a phenylpropanoid unit that may be phenylalanine. Alternate carbon atoms of the polyketide chain were labelled with sodium [1(-13C)]- and [2-(13C]-acetate; sodium [1,2-(13C)]acetate was incorporated as intact two-carbon units, the presence of which in tenellin was apparent from coupling between adjacent 13C-enriched carbons. Substituent methyl groups of the polyketide-derived alkenyl chain were labelled with L-[Me-13C]methionine. The labelling patterns from DL-[carboxy-13C]phenylalanine and DL-[alpha-13C]phenylalanine indicated a rearrangement of the propanoid component at some stage in the synthesis. The mass spectrum of tenellin from cultures administered L-[15N]phenylalanine showed isotopic enrichment similar to that obtained with 13C- or 14C-labelled phenylalanine. During incorporation of L-[carboxy-14C, beta-3H]phenylalanine 96% of the tritium label was lost, discounting the possibility of a 1,2-hydride shift during biosynthesis of the metabolite.", "contents": "Use of 13C in biosynthetic studies. The labelling pattern in tenellin enriched from isotope-labelled acetate, methionine, and phenylalanine. The biogenetic origin of the carbon atoms in tenellin has been established by adding 13C-enriched compounds to cultures of Beauveria bassiana, and determining the isotopic distribution in the metabolite by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Tenellin is formed by condensation of an acetate-derived polyketide chain with a phenylpropanoid unit that may be phenylalanine. Alternate carbon atoms of the polyketide chain were labelled with sodium [1(-13C)]- and [2-(13C]-acetate; sodium [1,2-(13C)]acetate was incorporated as intact two-carbon units, the presence of which in tenellin was apparent from coupling between adjacent 13C-enriched carbons. Substituent methyl groups of the polyketide-derived alkenyl chain were labelled with L-[Me-13C]methionine. The labelling patterns from DL-[carboxy-13C]phenylalanine and DL-[alpha-13C]phenylalanine indicated a rearrangement of the propanoid component at some stage in the synthesis. The mass spectrum of tenellin from cultures administered L-[15N]phenylalanine showed isotopic enrichment similar to that obtained with 13C- or 14C-labelled phenylalanine. During incorporation of L-[carboxy-14C, beta-3H]phenylalanine 96% of the tritium label was lost, discounting the possibility of a 1,2-hydride shift during biosynthesis of the metabolite.", "PMID": 560900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4392", "title": "Biosynthesis of gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi. Gibberellin A47.", "content": "Two minor radioactive products in cultures of G. fujikuroi strain ACC917 supplemented with labeled gibberellin A4 have been identified as the 2alpha-hydroxy derivative, gibberellin A47, and the hydrate, gibberellin A2. In addition, evidence was obtained by combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for the formation of 3-O-acetylgibberellin A1,3-O-acetylgibberellin A3, and gibberellin A20 by the culture. The time course of gibberellin synthesis in defined and complex media, as well as changes in the relative amounts of radioactive gibberellins formed when [4C]gibberellin A4 was added to cultures at different ages, suggest that the composition of the gibberellin mixture produced is determined by the balance between synthesis and decay of key enzymes in the branching pathway.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi. Gibberellin A47. Two minor radioactive products in cultures of G. fujikuroi strain ACC917 supplemented with labeled gibberellin A4 have been identified as the 2alpha-hydroxy derivative, gibberellin A47, and the hydrate, gibberellin A2. In addition, evidence was obtained by combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for the formation of 3-O-acetylgibberellin A1,3-O-acetylgibberellin A3, and gibberellin A20 by the culture. The time course of gibberellin synthesis in defined and complex media, as well as changes in the relative amounts of radioactive gibberellins formed when [4C]gibberellin A4 was added to cultures at different ages, suggest that the composition of the gibberellin mixture produced is determined by the balance between synthesis and decay of key enzymes in the branching pathway.", "PMID": 560901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4393", "title": "Role of orthophosphate concentration in the regulation of ribose phosphate synthesis and purine metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Concentrations of intracellular orthophosphate were determined in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells incubated with glucose, inosine, or uridine in media of different orthophosphate concentration. The effects of orthophosphate concentration on the accumulation of lactate and of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and on concentrations of ribose 1-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate in tumor cells incubated with glucose were also determined. Both the phosphorolysis of inosine and the rate of catabolism of ATP in cells incubated with 2-deoxyglucose were also influenced by the orthophosphate concentration of the medium.", "contents": "Role of orthophosphate concentration in the regulation of ribose phosphate synthesis and purine metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Concentrations of intracellular orthophosphate were determined in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells incubated with glucose, inosine, or uridine in media of different orthophosphate concentration. The effects of orthophosphate concentration on the accumulation of lactate and of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and on concentrations of ribose 1-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate in tumor cells incubated with glucose were also determined. Both the phosphorolysis of inosine and the rate of catabolism of ATP in cells incubated with 2-deoxyglucose were also influenced by the orthophosphate concentration of the medium.", "PMID": 560902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4394", "title": "The relationship between rhythmic hyphal growth and circadian formation of sclerotia in Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.", "content": "The mycelium of the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii type R (ATCC 26326) grown on a solid medium supplemented with 70 mM l-threonine exhibits a synchronous formation of sclerotia in circles whereas both leading and lateral hyphae enter into a rhythmic growth rate. A rhythmic activity of malate synthetase (malate synthase, EC 4.1.3.2) which accompanied the hyphal rhythm and preceded the formation of sclerotial circles was demonstrated. Both translocation of L-[14C]threonine and incorporation of L-[14C]leucine were significantly related to the circadian formation of sclerotia.", "contents": "The relationship between rhythmic hyphal growth and circadian formation of sclerotia in Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The mycelium of the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii type R (ATCC 26326) grown on a solid medium supplemented with 70 mM l-threonine exhibits a synchronous formation of sclerotia in circles whereas both leading and lateral hyphae enter into a rhythmic growth rate. A rhythmic activity of malate synthetase (malate synthase, EC 4.1.3.2) which accompanied the hyphal rhythm and preceded the formation of sclerotial circles was demonstrated. Both translocation of L-[14C]threonine and incorporation of L-[14C]leucine were significantly related to the circadian formation of sclerotia.", "PMID": 560903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4395", "title": "Effect of rj1rj1 (non-nodulating) soybeans on nodulation of near isogenic Rj1Rj1 plants in nutrient culture.", "content": "An earlier proposal (Can. J. Microbiol. 7: 851; 1961) that rj1rj1 (non-nodulating) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) excrete a substance that inhibits nodulation of Rj1 Rj1 (nodulating) plants was tested. Using near isogenic lines (isolines) of \"Clark\" and \"Harosoy\" soybeans, we consistently found nonsignificant reduction in nodule number and acetylene reduction per Rj1Rj1 plant grown in association with their rj1rj1 counterparts: these results suggest that a nodulation inhibitor is not associated with the rj1 gene. Reducing the number of plants grown in each pot produced significant (P = 0.05) reductions in nodule number per Rj1Rj1 plant, and resembled the observations of the earlier report. On this basis, we suggest that the reported inhibition of nodulation was due to a failure to detoxify or remove an inhibitor (possibly nitrate) already present in the nutrient solution. Both Clark isolines removed nitrate from their nutrient solutions at similar rates. Harosoy rj1rj1 plants removed nitrate at a significantly (P - 0.05) slower rate than Harosoy Rj1Rj1 plants, but the differences were not correlated (P = 0.05) with the small observed decreases in nodulation. These differences in nitrate uptake were highly correlated (P = 0.01) with reduced dry weight per Harosoy rj1rj1 plant.", "contents": "Effect of rj1rj1 (non-nodulating) soybeans on nodulation of near isogenic Rj1Rj1 plants in nutrient culture. An earlier proposal (Can. J. Microbiol. 7: 851; 1961) that rj1rj1 (non-nodulating) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) excrete a substance that inhibits nodulation of Rj1 Rj1 (nodulating) plants was tested. Using near isogenic lines (isolines) of \"Clark\" and \"Harosoy\" soybeans, we consistently found nonsignificant reduction in nodule number and acetylene reduction per Rj1Rj1 plant grown in association with their rj1rj1 counterparts: these results suggest that a nodulation inhibitor is not associated with the rj1 gene. Reducing the number of plants grown in each pot produced significant (P = 0.05) reductions in nodule number per Rj1Rj1 plant, and resembled the observations of the earlier report. On this basis, we suggest that the reported inhibition of nodulation was due to a failure to detoxify or remove an inhibitor (possibly nitrate) already present in the nutrient solution. Both Clark isolines removed nitrate from their nutrient solutions at similar rates. Harosoy rj1rj1 plants removed nitrate at a significantly (P - 0.05) slower rate than Harosoy Rj1Rj1 plants, but the differences were not correlated (P = 0.05) with the small observed decreases in nodulation. These differences in nitrate uptake were highly correlated (P = 0.01) with reduced dry weight per Harosoy rj1rj1 plant.", "PMID": 560904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4396", "title": "Growing human sarcomas in culture.", "content": "Efforts to establish human soft tissue and bone sarcomas in long-term cultures are described. Of 49 attempts 22 (45%) were successful, yielding cells that proliferated in vitro for 6 months or longer. Infrequent medium changes, maintenance of pH in physiologic range and avoidance of early trypsinization all appear to be important for survival of explanted cells and their initial growth under culture conditions. Cytologic criteria can be used to confirm that cells in established lines derive from malignant mesenchymal cells present in the tumors of origin.", "contents": "Growing human sarcomas in culture. Efforts to establish human soft tissue and bone sarcomas in long-term cultures are described. Of 49 attempts 22 (45%) were successful, yielding cells that proliferated in vitro for 6 months or longer. Infrequent medium changes, maintenance of pH in physiologic range and avoidance of early trypsinization all appear to be important for survival of explanted cells and their initial growth under culture conditions. Cytologic criteria can be used to confirm that cells in established lines derive from malignant mesenchymal cells present in the tumors of origin.", "PMID": 560905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4397", "title": "Population kinetics of an Ehrlich ascites tumor following treatment with methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), a polyamine synthesis inhibitor.", "content": "Population kinetics of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells grown in vivo were studied following treatment with methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MeGAG; NSC-32946), a potent chemotherapeutic agent and a specific polyamine synthesis inhibitor. MeGAG-treatment resulted in a continuous accumulation of cells in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, and, as a consequence, the rate of cell proliferation decreased. This finding emphasizes the importance of the polyamines for progression through the cell cycle.", "contents": "Population kinetics of an Ehrlich ascites tumor following treatment with methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), a polyamine synthesis inhibitor. Population kinetics of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells grown in vivo were studied following treatment with methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MeGAG; NSC-32946), a potent chemotherapeutic agent and a specific polyamine synthesis inhibitor. MeGAG-treatment resulted in a continuous accumulation of cells in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, and, as a consequence, the rate of cell proliferation decreased. This finding emphasizes the importance of the polyamines for progression through the cell cycle.", "PMID": 560907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4398", "title": "Potentiation of the action of azaserine on the rat pancreas by raw soya bean flour.", "content": "Rats were treated with raw soya flour to produce pancreatic hypertrophy and also received azaserine, a pancreatic carcinogen. The combined treatment resulted in the development of large numbers of hyperplastic nodules in the acinar tissue of the rat pancreas. We conclude that the pancreas of the rat stimulated to proliferate by raw soya flour provides a sensitive model for detecting and studying pancreatic carcinogens.", "contents": "Potentiation of the action of azaserine on the rat pancreas by raw soya bean flour. Rats were treated with raw soya flour to produce pancreatic hypertrophy and also received azaserine, a pancreatic carcinogen. The combined treatment resulted in the development of large numbers of hyperplastic nodules in the acinar tissue of the rat pancreas. We conclude that the pancreas of the rat stimulated to proliferate by raw soya flour provides a sensitive model for detecting and studying pancreatic carcinogens.", "PMID": 560908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4399", "title": "RNA metabolism of murine leukemia virus: size analysis of nuclear pulse-labeled virus-specific RNA.", "content": "A system for excess DNA hybridization of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV)-specific RNA from infected mouse cells with M-MuLV cDNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters was developed. In the presence of unlabeled heterologous rabbit liver RNA, 0.3-0.5% of labeled, infected cell nuclear RNA bound to the filters, while 0.05% or less of nuclear RNA from uninfected cells bound. Sedimentation analysis of pulse-labeled nuclear RNA was performed, and hybridization across sucrose gradients indicated that the major pulse-labeled, virus-specific RNA was 38S, similar or identical in sedimentation to the virion subunit RNA. A minor component of pulse-labeled, virus-specific RNA larger than 38S, was detected (40-60S), but kinetic experiments indicated that it was not an obligate precursor to 38S virus-specific RNA. Simultaneous analysis of steady state and pulse-labeled, virus-specific nuclear RNA across sucrose gradients indicated that the 38S virus-specific RNA was not detectably different from the steady state \"35S\" nuclear RNA previously identified. More detailed resolution on agarose gels also showed no difference. Thus the primary transcript of M-MuLV-specific RNA appears to be 38S, the same size as stable cellular virus-specific RNA, and no evidence for a higher molecular weight precursor was found.", "contents": "RNA metabolism of murine leukemia virus: size analysis of nuclear pulse-labeled virus-specific RNA. A system for excess DNA hybridization of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV)-specific RNA from infected mouse cells with M-MuLV cDNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters was developed. In the presence of unlabeled heterologous rabbit liver RNA, 0.3-0.5% of labeled, infected cell nuclear RNA bound to the filters, while 0.05% or less of nuclear RNA from uninfected cells bound. Sedimentation analysis of pulse-labeled nuclear RNA was performed, and hybridization across sucrose gradients indicated that the major pulse-labeled, virus-specific RNA was 38S, similar or identical in sedimentation to the virion subunit RNA. A minor component of pulse-labeled, virus-specific RNA larger than 38S, was detected (40-60S), but kinetic experiments indicated that it was not an obligate precursor to 38S virus-specific RNA. Simultaneous analysis of steady state and pulse-labeled, virus-specific nuclear RNA across sucrose gradients indicated that the 38S virus-specific RNA was not detectably different from the steady state \"35S\" nuclear RNA previously identified. More detailed resolution on agarose gels also showed no difference. Thus the primary transcript of M-MuLV-specific RNA appears to be 38S, the same size as stable cellular virus-specific RNA, and no evidence for a higher molecular weight precursor was found.", "PMID": 560909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4400", "title": "Heterogeneity of the ribosomal genes in mice and men.", "content": "The structures of mouse and human ribosomal DNA were studied using the restriction enzymes Eco R1 and Hind III. Individual mice or humans showed a heterogeneous pattern of restriction fragments resulting from differences in the non-transcribed spacer DNA. Six individual mice from the inbred strain CBA/H-T6 had identical patterns. The same pattern was shown by another CBA strain and by C3H. These strains were originally derived from a BALB X DBA cross made in 1920. Different patterns were found for BALB/c, C57BL and Mus poschiavinus. Cultured cells derived from C3H mice (L cells) showed a pattern quantitatively different from that of the parent strain, but two myeloma cell lines derived from BALB/c showed the same pattern as BALB/c mice. Ribosomal DNA in man is also heterogeneous. Differences were observed between human DNAs in the amounts of the different spacer classes. Studies on mouse-human cell hybrids suggest that some spacer classes are present on more than one of the five human nucleolus organizers.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the ribosomal genes in mice and men. The structures of mouse and human ribosomal DNA were studied using the restriction enzymes Eco R1 and Hind III. Individual mice or humans showed a heterogeneous pattern of restriction fragments resulting from differences in the non-transcribed spacer DNA. Six individual mice from the inbred strain CBA/H-T6 had identical patterns. The same pattern was shown by another CBA strain and by C3H. These strains were originally derived from a BALB X DBA cross made in 1920. Different patterns were found for BALB/c, C57BL and Mus poschiavinus. Cultured cells derived from C3H mice (L cells) showed a pattern quantitatively different from that of the parent strain, but two myeloma cell lines derived from BALB/c showed the same pattern as BALB/c mice. Ribosomal DNA in man is also heterogeneous. Differences were observed between human DNAs in the amounts of the different spacer classes. Studies on mouse-human cell hybrids suggest that some spacer classes are present on more than one of the five human nucleolus organizers.", "PMID": 560912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4401", "title": "Mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA molecules are selected randomly for replication throughout the cell cycle.", "content": "The number of mitochondrial DNA molecules in a cell population doubles at the same rate as the cell generation time. This could occur by a random selection of molecules for replication or by a process that ensures the replication of each individual molecule in the cell. We have investigated the rate at which mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA molecules labeled with 3H-thymidine during one round of replication are reselected for a second round of replication. Mouse L cells were labeled with 3H-thymidine for 2 hr, chased for various periods of time and then labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 4 hr immediately before mitochondrial DNA isolation. A constant fraction of 3H-thymidine-labeled mitochondrial DNA incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine after chase intervals ranging from 1.5-22 hr. This result demonstrates that mitochondrial DNA molecules replicated in a short time interval are randomly selected for later rounds of replication, and that replication of mitochondrial DNA continues throughout the cell cycle in mouse L cells.", "contents": "Mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA molecules are selected randomly for replication throughout the cell cycle. The number of mitochondrial DNA molecules in a cell population doubles at the same rate as the cell generation time. This could occur by a random selection of molecules for replication or by a process that ensures the replication of each individual molecule in the cell. We have investigated the rate at which mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA molecules labeled with 3H-thymidine during one round of replication are reselected for a second round of replication. Mouse L cells were labeled with 3H-thymidine for 2 hr, chased for various periods of time and then labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 4 hr immediately before mitochondrial DNA isolation. A constant fraction of 3H-thymidine-labeled mitochondrial DNA incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine after chase intervals ranging from 1.5-22 hr. This result demonstrates that mitochondrial DNA molecules replicated in a short time interval are randomly selected for later rounds of replication, and that replication of mitochondrial DNA continues throughout the cell cycle in mouse L cells.", "PMID": 560914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4402", "title": "A very large repeating unit of mouse DNA containing the 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNA genes.", "content": "The organization of the 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNA genes in the mouse has been elucidated by mapping with restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hind III and Bam HI. Ribosomal DNA fragments were detected in electrophoretically fractionated digests of total nuclear DNA by in situ hybridization with radioiodinated rRNAs or with complementary RNA synthesized directly on rRNA templates. A map of the rDNA which includes 13 restriction sites was constructed from the sizes of rDNA fragments and their labeling by different probes The map indicates that the rRNA genes lie within remarkably large units of reiterated DNA, at least 44,000 base pairs long. At least two, and possibly four, classes of repeating unit can be distinguished, the heterogeneity probably residing in the very large nontranscribed spacer region. The 5.8S rRNA gene lies in the transcribed region between the 18S and 28S genes.", "contents": "A very large repeating unit of mouse DNA containing the 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNA genes. The organization of the 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNA genes in the mouse has been elucidated by mapping with restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hind III and Bam HI. Ribosomal DNA fragments were detected in electrophoretically fractionated digests of total nuclear DNA by in situ hybridization with radioiodinated rRNAs or with complementary RNA synthesized directly on rRNA templates. A map of the rDNA which includes 13 restriction sites was constructed from the sizes of rDNA fragments and their labeling by different probes The map indicates that the rRNA genes lie within remarkably large units of reiterated DNA, at least 44,000 base pairs long. At least two, and possibly four, classes of repeating unit can be distinguished, the heterogeneity probably residing in the very large nontranscribed spacer region. The 5.8S rRNA gene lies in the transcribed region between the 18S and 28S genes.", "PMID": 560915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4403", "title": "'Cleavage fields': hypothesis on early embryonic development.", "content": "The hypothesis is put forward that events of the early embryonic development can be interpreted on the basis of a radial distribution of cytoplasmic components, i.e. of a 'cleavage field', progressively established during the growth of the oocyte. The orientations of the cleavage spindles and the corresponding furrows' positions are assumed to be correlated to the field's temporal evolution which, in turn, is determined by flows of cytoplasmic components originated by the changes in the membrane shape. From this viewpoint, a simple explanation of egg regulation is proposed, and the particular case of the sea urchin embryo is briefly discussed.", "contents": "'Cleavage fields': hypothesis on early embryonic development. The hypothesis is put forward that events of the early embryonic development can be interpreted on the basis of a radial distribution of cytoplasmic components, i.e. of a 'cleavage field', progressively established during the growth of the oocyte. The orientations of the cleavage spindles and the corresponding furrows' positions are assumed to be correlated to the field's temporal evolution which, in turn, is determined by flows of cytoplasmic components originated by the changes in the membrane shape. From this viewpoint, a simple explanation of egg regulation is proposed, and the particular case of the sea urchin embryo is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 560917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4404", "title": "Differences in agglutinability of adult and fetal human fibroblasts using phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "Whereas Concanavalin A (Con A) and Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) detect differences in the agglutinability of transformed, established and secondary cultures, Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) detects differences between cultured adult and fetal human fibroblasts. Adult cells agglutinate with PHA to the same extent as transformed cells, whereas fetal cells show significant agglutination only after trypsinization. Differences in cell size, growth rate, surface architecture or binding of fluorescent PHA could not be demonstrated between adult and fetal cells. Although the basis for this apparent difference in agglutinability remains unknown, it is the first demonstration that fetal cells (even after prolonged in vitro culture) retain at least some surface properties not shared by adult or transformed cells.", "contents": "Differences in agglutinability of adult and fetal human fibroblasts using phytohemagglutinin. Whereas Concanavalin A (Con A) and Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) detect differences in the agglutinability of transformed, established and secondary cultures, Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) detects differences between cultured adult and fetal human fibroblasts. Adult cells agglutinate with PHA to the same extent as transformed cells, whereas fetal cells show significant agglutination only after trypsinization. Differences in cell size, growth rate, surface architecture or binding of fluorescent PHA could not be demonstrated between adult and fetal cells. Although the basis for this apparent difference in agglutinability remains unknown, it is the first demonstration that fetal cells (even after prolonged in vitro culture) retain at least some surface properties not shared by adult or transformed cells.", "PMID": 560918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4405", "title": "Effects of mercuric chloride on synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells: survival and DNA replication.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro were treated with HgCl2 at various stages in the cell cycle and the effects of this chemical on cell survival, DNA replication, and cell division were observed. In terms of survival the early G1 cells were the most sensitive to treatment, followed by late G1 and early S, while mid S and late S-G2 treated cells were the least sensitive. Treatment with HgCl2 also resulted in reduced rates of DNA replication and delays in cell division. The early G1 treated cells showed substantially reduced rates of DNA replication followed by 4--5 h division delay. The early S and late S-G2 treated cells had some reduction in their rates of DNA replication followed by corresponding division delay of 2.5 h in the early S treated cells and 1 h in the late S-G2 treated cells.", "contents": "Effects of mercuric chloride on synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells: survival and DNA replication. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro were treated with HgCl2 at various stages in the cell cycle and the effects of this chemical on cell survival, DNA replication, and cell division were observed. In terms of survival the early G1 cells were the most sensitive to treatment, followed by late G1 and early S, while mid S and late S-G2 treated cells were the least sensitive. Treatment with HgCl2 also resulted in reduced rates of DNA replication and delays in cell division. The early G1 treated cells showed substantially reduced rates of DNA replication followed by 4--5 h division delay. The early S and late S-G2 treated cells had some reduction in their rates of DNA replication followed by corresponding division delay of 2.5 h in the early S treated cells and 1 h in the late S-G2 treated cells.", "PMID": 560920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4406", "title": "Quantitative method for estimating myoglobin in urine.", "content": "A simple, rapid, and quantitative immunochemical technique is described for quantitation of urinary myoglobin. The test is specific for myoglobin in the presence of hemoglobin or tissue constituents, can be completed within 1 h or less, and can detect 1 to 2 mg/liter. Normal urinary myoglobin concentrations are less than this.", "contents": "Quantitative method for estimating myoglobin in urine. A simple, rapid, and quantitative immunochemical technique is described for quantitation of urinary myoglobin. The test is specific for myoglobin in the presence of hemoglobin or tissue constituents, can be completed within 1 h or less, and can detect 1 to 2 mg/liter. Normal urinary myoglobin concentrations are less than this.", "PMID": 560922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4407", "title": "Genetic variance of erythrocyte parameters in adult male twins.", "content": "Erythrocyte count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and reticulocyte counts were measured in 59 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 69 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) adult, Caucasian male twins. The means of MZ and DZ twins were not significantly different for any of the traits measured. Erythrocyte count and mean corpuscular volume had significant estimates of genetic variance (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Genetic variance of erythrocyte parameters in adult male twins. Erythrocyte count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and reticulocyte counts were measured in 59 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 69 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) adult, Caucasian male twins. The means of MZ and DZ twins were not significantly different for any of the traits measured. Erythrocyte count and mean corpuscular volume had significant estimates of genetic variance (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 560934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4408", "title": "Humoral response in blood group P phenotype persons subjected to an avian environment.", "content": "The avian environment contains among many antigens, the blood group substance P1-P1 antigen is present in certain Enterobacteriaceae found in bird droppings. Examples include Enterobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter Haffniae and Proteus. P2 persons exposed to the avian environment may develop anti-P1 activity. A greater percentage of precipitins to bird antigens was found in P2 than in P1 persons. In P1 persons seven out of twenty-eight (25%) had precipitins to bird droppings. In P2 persons, ten out of thirteen (77%) had anti-P1 activity and nine out of thirteen (69%) had precipitins to bird droppings. This greater response in P2 persons may be explained by the constant stimulation of these persons lacking the P1 antigen that triggers more response with other antigens in addition to the P1 antige. In the study of immunological responses to inhaled antigens, the blood group of the patients should be determined in order to assess the importance of constant stimulation by foreign material in persons lacking some blood group antigens.", "contents": "Humoral response in blood group P phenotype persons subjected to an avian environment. The avian environment contains among many antigens, the blood group substance P1-P1 antigen is present in certain Enterobacteriaceae found in bird droppings. Examples include Enterobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter Haffniae and Proteus. P2 persons exposed to the avian environment may develop anti-P1 activity. A greater percentage of precipitins to bird antigens was found in P2 than in P1 persons. In P1 persons seven out of twenty-eight (25%) had precipitins to bird droppings. In P2 persons, ten out of thirteen (77%) had anti-P1 activity and nine out of thirteen (69%) had precipitins to bird droppings. This greater response in P2 persons may be explained by the constant stimulation of these persons lacking the P1 antigen that triggers more response with other antigens in addition to the P1 antige. In the study of immunological responses to inhaled antigens, the blood group of the patients should be determined in order to assess the importance of constant stimulation by foreign material in persons lacking some blood group antigens.", "PMID": 560935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4409", "title": "Metabolism of pentaerythritol trinitrate.", "content": "The absorption, excretion, and biotransformation of 14C-labeled pentaerythritol (PE) trinitrate was studied in man. The administration of a single sublingual dose was followed by rapid absorption and extensive biotransformation. Six drug metabolites were identified. Final excretion of the drug and its metabolites was almost totally through the kidney. Low levels of unchanged drug were present in plasma and urine. PE mononitrate was the major drug metabolite in plasma and urine. Glucuronides of PE trinitrate, dinitrate, and mononitrate were identified for the first time in man. PE trinitrate glucuronide appeared in plasma rapidly and about 8% of the dose was excreted in urine. Reversible and irreversible pathways are proposed for the formation of the metabolites. The reconversion of PE trinitrate glucuronide to PE trinitrate is postulated to explain the duration of drug activity and excretion.", "contents": "Metabolism of pentaerythritol trinitrate. The absorption, excretion, and biotransformation of 14C-labeled pentaerythritol (PE) trinitrate was studied in man. The administration of a single sublingual dose was followed by rapid absorption and extensive biotransformation. Six drug metabolites were identified. Final excretion of the drug and its metabolites was almost totally through the kidney. Low levels of unchanged drug were present in plasma and urine. PE mononitrate was the major drug metabolite in plasma and urine. Glucuronides of PE trinitrate, dinitrate, and mononitrate were identified for the first time in man. PE trinitrate glucuronide appeared in plasma rapidly and about 8% of the dose was excreted in urine. Reversible and irreversible pathways are proposed for the formation of the metabolites. The reconversion of PE trinitrate glucuronide to PE trinitrate is postulated to explain the duration of drug activity and excretion.", "PMID": 560936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4410", "title": "Lipid hemodialysis versus charcoal hemoperfusion in imipramine poisoning.", "content": "Previous experimental results have demonstrated the possibility of eliminating imipramine (14 C-IP) by hemodialysis. A simultaneous uptake of the substance by the polyvinyl chloride extracorporeal blood lines could be shown. Based on these results the imipramine absorption capacity of the blood lines and of the artificial kidney (Hollow Fiber Artificial Kidney, HFAK, Model 4) were studied. Imipramine (IP) absorption capacity of a usual blood-line set (arterial and venous, surface area 86,000 mm) was estimated to be 43 mg, and that of the HFAK to be 207 mg. Charcoal hemoperfusion (300 gm of coated activated coconut charcoal) eliminated more than 90% of IP from the blood within 3 hr if the initial IP blood concentration was 2 mg/ml. In comparison, lipid hemodialysis using 20% soybean oil as dialysate eliminated 95% of IP from the blood when the initial IP blood concentration was 1 mg/ml and 98% when the initial IP blood concentration was 2 mg/ml. In vivo studies on the elimination of IP by lipid (10%) hemodialysis demonstrated a substantial removal of the substance. Within 2 hr of treatment, 12% of the administered dose (75% of the LD50) was eliminated.", "contents": "Lipid hemodialysis versus charcoal hemoperfusion in imipramine poisoning. Previous experimental results have demonstrated the possibility of eliminating imipramine (14 C-IP) by hemodialysis. A simultaneous uptake of the substance by the polyvinyl chloride extracorporeal blood lines could be shown. Based on these results the imipramine absorption capacity of the blood lines and of the artificial kidney (Hollow Fiber Artificial Kidney, HFAK, Model 4) were studied. Imipramine (IP) absorption capacity of a usual blood-line set (arterial and venous, surface area 86,000 mm) was estimated to be 43 mg, and that of the HFAK to be 207 mg. Charcoal hemoperfusion (300 gm of coated activated coconut charcoal) eliminated more than 90% of IP from the blood within 3 hr if the initial IP blood concentration was 2 mg/ml. In comparison, lipid hemodialysis using 20% soybean oil as dialysate eliminated 95% of IP from the blood when the initial IP blood concentration was 1 mg/ml and 98% when the initial IP blood concentration was 2 mg/ml. In vivo studies on the elimination of IP by lipid (10%) hemodialysis demonstrated a substantial removal of the substance. Within 2 hr of treatment, 12% of the administered dose (75% of the LD50) was eliminated.", "PMID": 560937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4411", "title": "Design and synthesis of parathyroid hormone analogues of enhanced biological activity.", "content": "Three analogues of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH), [Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34) amide, [Nle-8,Nle-18,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide, and [Nle-8,Nle-18, o-NPS-Trp-23,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide were synthesized by the solid-phase method. The synthetic peptides were found to be homogeneous in multiple analytical systems. These analogues represent the NH2-terminal one-third of the hormone, previously shown to contain all the structural requirements necessary for biological activity, but containing several structural modifications associated with enhancement and stabilization of biological activity. When tested in the in vitro renal adenylylcyclase assay, in which unsubstituted bPTH-(1--34) has a potency of 5400 MRC Units/mg, [Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide had a potency of 16,1000 MRC Units/mg, [Nle-8,Nle-18,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide was 10,100 MRC Units/mg, and [Nle-8,Nle-18,o-NPS-Trp-23,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide was 10,600 MRC Units/mg. The diverse structural features incorporated in these hormone analogues, resulting in a several-fold increase in biological activity in vitro, demonstrate additive effects on biological activity and should prove valuable in certain biological applications, as well as in the design of other parathyroid hormone analogues of enhanced potency.", "contents": "Design and synthesis of parathyroid hormone analogues of enhanced biological activity. Three analogues of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH), [Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34) amide, [Nle-8,Nle-18,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide, and [Nle-8,Nle-18, o-NPS-Trp-23,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide were synthesized by the solid-phase method. The synthetic peptides were found to be homogeneous in multiple analytical systems. These analogues represent the NH2-terminal one-third of the hormone, previously shown to contain all the structural requirements necessary for biological activity, but containing several structural modifications associated with enhancement and stabilization of biological activity. When tested in the in vitro renal adenylylcyclase assay, in which unsubstituted bPTH-(1--34) has a potency of 5400 MRC Units/mg, [Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide had a potency of 16,1000 MRC Units/mg, [Nle-8,Nle-18,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide was 10,100 MRC Units/mg, and [Nle-8,Nle-18,o-NPS-Trp-23,Tyr-34]bPTH-(1--34)amide was 10,600 MRC Units/mg. The diverse structural features incorporated in these hormone analogues, resulting in a several-fold increase in biological activity in vitro, demonstrate additive effects on biological activity and should prove valuable in certain biological applications, as well as in the design of other parathyroid hormone analogues of enhanced potency.", "PMID": 560953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4412", "title": "A new concept for control of the estrous cycle of the ewe based on the temporal relationships between luteinizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone in peripheral serum and evidence that progesterone inhibits tonic LH secretion.", "content": "The temporal relationships between LH, estradiol and progesterone in peripheral serum of the ewe were characterized throughout the estrous cycle. Between successive preovulatory LH sruges, serum concentrations of LH fluctuated markedly in a manner indicative of pulsatile discharges. Mean serum LH and progesterone concentrations were inversely related, LH being highest during the early and late luteal phases of the estrous cycle and lowest in the mid-luteal phase. A progressive, 5-fold increase in serum LH concentrations occurred between the onset of the precipitous fall in circulating progesterone attendant to luteolysis and the initiation of the preovulatory LH surge. Two major increments in circulating estradiol were observed in each cycle, both occurring when serum LH concentrations were relatively high. One estradiol increment occurred during the early luteal phase, the other during the 2-3 days prior to onset of the preovulatory LH surge. The latter estradiol increment thus accompanied the progressive, 5-fold increase in circulating LH which precedes the LH surge. The observations are inconsistent with the view that tonic LH secretion in the ewe is solely a function of a negative feedback action of estradiol. Rather, the temporal relationships between circulating hormones, in conjunction with recent findings that progesterone can inhibit tonic LH secretion in the ewe, lead to the conclusion that progesterone plays a major role in the regulation of tonic LH secretion during the estrous cycle of sheep.", "contents": "A new concept for control of the estrous cycle of the ewe based on the temporal relationships between luteinizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone in peripheral serum and evidence that progesterone inhibits tonic LH secretion. The temporal relationships between LH, estradiol and progesterone in peripheral serum of the ewe were characterized throughout the estrous cycle. Between successive preovulatory LH sruges, serum concentrations of LH fluctuated markedly in a manner indicative of pulsatile discharges. Mean serum LH and progesterone concentrations were inversely related, LH being highest during the early and late luteal phases of the estrous cycle and lowest in the mid-luteal phase. A progressive, 5-fold increase in serum LH concentrations occurred between the onset of the precipitous fall in circulating progesterone attendant to luteolysis and the initiation of the preovulatory LH surge. Two major increments in circulating estradiol were observed in each cycle, both occurring when serum LH concentrations were relatively high. One estradiol increment occurred during the early luteal phase, the other during the 2-3 days prior to onset of the preovulatory LH surge. The latter estradiol increment thus accompanied the progressive, 5-fold increase in circulating LH which precedes the LH surge. The observations are inconsistent with the view that tonic LH secretion in the ewe is solely a function of a negative feedback action of estradiol. Rather, the temporal relationships between circulating hormones, in conjunction with recent findings that progesterone can inhibit tonic LH secretion in the ewe, lead to the conclusion that progesterone plays a major role in the regulation of tonic LH secretion during the estrous cycle of sheep.", "PMID": 560959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4413", "title": "Joint-ill and other bacterial infections on thoroughbred studs.", "content": "From a perinatal survey carried out on Thoroughbred studs, information was obtained on the incidence, mortality and long-term effects of joint-ill and other bacterial infections. Many of these infections occurred in foals with a history of other perinatal abnormalities, and in foals in which receipt of colostrum was delayed. There was no direct relationship between the incidence of infection and maternal age, but prenatal lactation and loss of colostrum were more frequent in older mares. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of infections in foals given neomycin and framomycin during the first 30 days of life.", "contents": "Joint-ill and other bacterial infections on thoroughbred studs. From a perinatal survey carried out on Thoroughbred studs, information was obtained on the incidence, mortality and long-term effects of joint-ill and other bacterial infections. Many of these infections occurred in foals with a history of other perinatal abnormalities, and in foals in which receipt of colostrum was delayed. There was no direct relationship between the incidence of infection and maternal age, but prenatal lactation and loss of colostrum were more frequent in older mares. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of infections in foals given neomycin and framomycin during the first 30 days of life.", "PMID": 560963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4414", "title": "Immobilised lipoamide dehydrogenase. 2. Properties of the enzyme immobilised to agarose through spacer molecules of various lengths.", "content": "1. Pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase (NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.3) has been immobilised to Sepharose by thiol-disulphide interchange via a series of thiolated spacer molecules of increasing length. A number of properties of the immobilised enzyme have been investigated in order to ascertain the effects of proximity to the matrix backbone. 2. Proximity to the matrix backbone reduced the specific activity for lipoamide as substrate but enhanced by 3-8-fold the diaphorase activity with 2,6-dichloroindophenol. These observations are explained in part by an increase in the apparent Km for lipoamide when the enzyme is covalently attached to Sepharose via a short spacer molecule. 3. Both the thermal stability at 90 degrees C and the stability in 30% (v/v) dioxane are enhanced by up to 200% when the enzyme resides close to the matrix but approach those of the native enzyme as the length of the spacer molecule is increased. 4. These data have been correlated with measures of the accessibility of the enzyme as the nominal length of the spacer arm was increased. Thus, as the chain length increased, the rate of cleavage of the disulphide linkage between the enzyme and spacer increased and the enzyme became more susceptible to proteolysis by thermolysin. In contrast, increasing the chain length of the spacer made the enzyme less amenable to inhibition by a specific antibody. 5. These data are discussed in terms of the effect of the matrix on the conformation of the bound enzyme.", "contents": "Immobilised lipoamide dehydrogenase. 2. Properties of the enzyme immobilised to agarose through spacer molecules of various lengths. 1. Pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase (NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.3) has been immobilised to Sepharose by thiol-disulphide interchange via a series of thiolated spacer molecules of increasing length. A number of properties of the immobilised enzyme have been investigated in order to ascertain the effects of proximity to the matrix backbone. 2. Proximity to the matrix backbone reduced the specific activity for lipoamide as substrate but enhanced by 3-8-fold the diaphorase activity with 2,6-dichloroindophenol. These observations are explained in part by an increase in the apparent Km for lipoamide when the enzyme is covalently attached to Sepharose via a short spacer molecule. 3. Both the thermal stability at 90 degrees C and the stability in 30% (v/v) dioxane are enhanced by up to 200% when the enzyme resides close to the matrix but approach those of the native enzyme as the length of the spacer molecule is increased. 4. These data have been correlated with measures of the accessibility of the enzyme as the nominal length of the spacer arm was increased. Thus, as the chain length increased, the rate of cleavage of the disulphide linkage between the enzyme and spacer increased and the enzyme became more susceptible to proteolysis by thermolysin. In contrast, increasing the chain length of the spacer made the enzyme less amenable to inhibition by a specific antibody. 5. These data are discussed in terms of the effect of the matrix on the conformation of the bound enzyme.", "PMID": 560966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4415", "title": "Coprophagia as seen in thoroughbred foals.", "content": "Four Thoroughbred foals were seen to quickly eat part of the faeces deposited by their own dams on some 40 per cent of the mare-defaecating occasions observed between the second and fifth week after birth. They did not do it before or after this period. This behaviour was thought to be a feeding pattern which formed a normal part of the foal's development.", "contents": "Coprophagia as seen in thoroughbred foals. Four Thoroughbred foals were seen to quickly eat part of the faeces deposited by their own dams on some 40 per cent of the mare-defaecating occasions observed between the second and fifth week after birth. They did not do it before or after this period. This behaviour was thought to be a feeding pattern which formed a normal part of the foal's development.", "PMID": 560965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4416", "title": "The efficacy of fenbendazole in the control of immature strongyle infections in ponies.", "content": "The efficacy of fenbendazole against immature stages of Trichonema spp., Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus was evaluated. Naturally infected 6 to 12 month old ponies were given single, oral doses of 0, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg of body weight. A dose response relationship was noted between increasing dose levels and efficiency against larval trichonemes and migrating stages of S. vulgaris and S. edentatus. Dose levels of 30 mg/kg and higher removed 93 per cent of mucosal stages of Trichonema spp., while doses of 60 mg/kg removed 83 per cent and 89 per cent of the migrating larvae of S. vulgaris and S. edentatus respectively.", "contents": "The efficacy of fenbendazole in the control of immature strongyle infections in ponies. The efficacy of fenbendazole against immature stages of Trichonema spp., Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus was evaluated. Naturally infected 6 to 12 month old ponies were given single, oral doses of 0, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg of body weight. A dose response relationship was noted between increasing dose levels and efficiency against larval trichonemes and migrating stages of S. vulgaris and S. edentatus. Dose levels of 30 mg/kg and higher removed 93 per cent of mucosal stages of Trichonema spp., while doses of 60 mg/kg removed 83 per cent and 89 per cent of the migrating larvae of S. vulgaris and S. edentatus respectively.", "PMID": 560964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4417", "title": "Two dopamine receptors: supportive evidence with the rat rotational model.", "content": "Di-isobutyryl apomorphine (5 mg/kg i.p.) and lergotrile (5 mg/kg i.p.) produce long lasting turning behaviour in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions at the level of the substantia nigra. Haloperidol (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg p.o.) blocks the rotational behaviour due to the apomorphine ester but has no effect on lergotrile turning. Clozapine (10 and 20 mg/kg p.o.) blocks the lergotrile turning but stimulates the rotational behaviour produced by the apomorphine ester. The results support the concept of two anatomically separate dopamine receptors and their relevance to the study of antipsychotic activity is discussed.", "contents": "Two dopamine receptors: supportive evidence with the rat rotational model. Di-isobutyryl apomorphine (5 mg/kg i.p.) and lergotrile (5 mg/kg i.p.) produce long lasting turning behaviour in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions at the level of the substantia nigra. Haloperidol (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg p.o.) blocks the rotational behaviour due to the apomorphine ester but has no effect on lergotrile turning. Clozapine (10 and 20 mg/kg p.o.) blocks the lergotrile turning but stimulates the rotational behaviour produced by the apomorphine ester. The results support the concept of two anatomically separate dopamine receptors and their relevance to the study of antipsychotic activity is discussed.", "PMID": 560970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4418", "title": "Initiation of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Ribonucleotide triphosphates, labeled at the beta position, were synthesized and used directly to quantify RNA chain initiation in nuclei isolated from Friend cells grown in tissue culture. At the optimal salt concentration, low-molecular-weight RNAs (4-5 S) synthesized by RNA polymerase III were the predominant species initiated. Less than 5% of the molecules were initiated by polymerase II. We calculate that 50-80% of the small RNA molecules synthesized in vitro were also initiated in vitro. Assuming that a substantial fraction of the nuclei were active in vitro, the number of 4-5 S RNA molecules initiated per nucleus was about 100 molecules/min.", "contents": "Initiation of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Ribonucleotide triphosphates, labeled at the beta position, were synthesized and used directly to quantify RNA chain initiation in nuclei isolated from Friend cells grown in tissue culture. At the optimal salt concentration, low-molecular-weight RNAs (4-5 S) synthesized by RNA polymerase III were the predominant species initiated. Less than 5% of the molecules were initiated by polymerase II. We calculate that 50-80% of the small RNA molecules synthesized in vitro were also initiated in vitro. Assuming that a substantial fraction of the nuclei were active in vitro, the number of 4-5 S RNA molecules initiated per nucleus was about 100 molecules/min.", "PMID": 560967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4419", "title": "Changes in striatal dopamine metabolism during precipitated morphine withdrawal.", "content": "Precipitation of withdrawal in morphine tolerant/dependent rats by either naloxone or the partial agonist ZK 48491 caused a significant increase in the contration of striatal DA, which persisted for at least 1 h. During the same time the probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA and DOPAC was reduced in the striatum in relation to probenecid-treated tolerant/dependent controls. 20 min after precipitation of withdrawal by naloxone, the striatal concentration of 3-methoxytyramine was decreased by about 40%, while the activity of the DA metabolizing enzymes, MAO and COMT, remained unchanged. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was, further, found to delay the depletion of striatal DA caused by inhibition of synthesis 90 min after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine treatment. All these results provide evidence for a decreased release of DA from the striatum during precipitated morphine withdrawal.", "contents": "Changes in striatal dopamine metabolism during precipitated morphine withdrawal. Precipitation of withdrawal in morphine tolerant/dependent rats by either naloxone or the partial agonist ZK 48491 caused a significant increase in the contration of striatal DA, which persisted for at least 1 h. During the same time the probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA and DOPAC was reduced in the striatum in relation to probenecid-treated tolerant/dependent controls. 20 min after precipitation of withdrawal by naloxone, the striatal concentration of 3-methoxytyramine was decreased by about 40%, while the activity of the DA metabolizing enzymes, MAO and COMT, remained unchanged. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was, further, found to delay the depletion of striatal DA caused by inhibition of synthesis 90 min after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine treatment. All these results provide evidence for a decreased release of DA from the striatum during precipitated morphine withdrawal.", "PMID": 560969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4420", "title": "Effects of carmine and carminic acid on embryonic tissue cell cultures.", "content": "The biological reaction to carmine and carminic acid at cellular level on 'in vitro' cultures was tested and significant variables were controlled. Results suggested that proliferation and metabolism of these cultures were not affected by the 2 stains.", "contents": "Effects of carmine and carminic acid on embryonic tissue cell cultures. The biological reaction to carmine and carminic acid at cellular level on 'in vitro' cultures was tested and significant variables were controlled. Results suggested that proliferation and metabolism of these cultures were not affected by the 2 stains.", "PMID": 560978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4421", "title": "Binding of indole-acetic acid to cytosol proteins of embryonic chicken liver.", "content": "3H-Indole acetic acid bound to cytosol proteins of embryonic chicken liver in vitro to an average capacity of at least 20 pmoles/mg binding protein. The auxin-binding protein complexes could be resolved into 4 major zones by anion exchange chromatography; they sedimented at 3-7 S in sucrose density gradients, and were also heterogenous in agarose gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Binding of indole-acetic acid to cytosol proteins of embryonic chicken liver. 3H-Indole acetic acid bound to cytosol proteins of embryonic chicken liver in vitro to an average capacity of at least 20 pmoles/mg binding protein. The auxin-binding protein complexes could be resolved into 4 major zones by anion exchange chromatography; they sedimented at 3-7 S in sucrose density gradients, and were also heterogenous in agarose gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 560979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4422", "title": "How to view stereoscopic pictures of crystal structures and molecular models.", "content": "Methods are presented for practicing the viewing of stereoscopic pictures of crystal structures and molecular models without optical aids.", "contents": "How to view stereoscopic pictures of crystal structures and molecular models. Methods are presented for practicing the viewing of stereoscopic pictures of crystal structures and molecular models without optical aids.", "PMID": 560982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4423", "title": "Effect of antiblastokinin on rabbit pregnancy.", "content": "On different days following coitus, i.e., during the first stages of pregnancy, adult female rabbits were treated with antiblastokinin obtained from a chicken. A high prenatal mortality was observed and a reduction of the weight in the stillborn of the rabbits treated. The antiblastokinin produces evident biological effect about the 4th day following coitus, during the period of maximum production of blastokinin by the endometrium in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of antiblastokinin on rabbit pregnancy. On different days following coitus, i.e., during the first stages of pregnancy, adult female rabbits were treated with antiblastokinin obtained from a chicken. A high prenatal mortality was observed and a reduction of the weight in the stillborn of the rabbits treated. The antiblastokinin produces evident biological effect about the 4th day following coitus, during the period of maximum production of blastokinin by the endometrium in vivo.", "PMID": 560984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4424", "title": "Desmosomal abnormalities in the liver of methotrexate-treated psoriatics.", "content": "Electron microscopy of the liver of methotrexate-treated psoriatic patients revealed junctional abnormalities consisting of detachment of desmosomal plaques between hepatocytes. Mitochondria anchoring desmosomal microfilaments were frequently noted.", "contents": "Desmosomal abnormalities in the liver of methotrexate-treated psoriatics. Electron microscopy of the liver of methotrexate-treated psoriatic patients revealed junctional abnormalities consisting of detachment of desmosomal plaques between hepatocytes. Mitochondria anchoring desmosomal microfilaments were frequently noted.", "PMID": 560985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4425", "title": "Effects of the antibiotic netropsin on mouse ascites tumour chromosomes in vitro.", "content": "The antibiotic netropsin was found to induce an increase of the aberration frequency of up to 10% and a decondensation and elongation of centromeric regions of the chromosomes in mouse ascites tumour cells cultivated in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of the antibiotic netropsin on mouse ascites tumour chromosomes in vitro. The antibiotic netropsin was found to induce an increase of the aberration frequency of up to 10% and a decondensation and elongation of centromeric regions of the chromosomes in mouse ascites tumour cells cultivated in vitro.", "PMID": 560986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4426", "title": "Effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on differentiation of cultured sympathicoblasts.", "content": "The 2 cholinesterase inhibitors, eserine and BW 284C 51, inhibited the nerve fibre growth and differentiation of immature sympatheticoblasts at low concentrations. The effect was nerve cell-specific and appeared in the course of the in vitro development, indicating that cholinesterases might play an important role in the early differentiation of sympathicoblasts.", "contents": "Effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on differentiation of cultured sympathicoblasts. The 2 cholinesterase inhibitors, eserine and BW 284C 51, inhibited the nerve fibre growth and differentiation of immature sympatheticoblasts at low concentrations. The effect was nerve cell-specific and appeared in the course of the in vitro development, indicating that cholinesterases might play an important role in the early differentiation of sympathicoblasts.", "PMID": 560987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4427", "title": "Androgen-binding activity in the human testis and epididymis.", "content": "The quantitation of androgen-binding activity in human testes, epididymides, and serum is reported and compared with that of similar tissue in the rat. By using steady-state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a tritiated 0.5 nM testosterone label, values for specific binding activity, reported as picomoles per milligram of protein, were found to be 0.21 +/- 0.01 in normal human, epididymides, 0.03 in testes, and 0.44 +/- 0.07 in human serum. Tissues from men receiving exogenous estrogen were also similarly analyzed and found to possess significantly higher androgen-binding activity: 4.10 +/- 0.48 pmoles/mg of protein (epididymides), 4.01 (testes), and 5.63 +/- 1.15 (serum). Since man possesses a sex steroid-binding globulin, attempts were made to differentiate Ion-exchange chromatography, steroid specificity, and dissociation half-time determinations were suggestive but did not conclusively demonstrate the existence of two distinctly different androgen transport macromolecules in man.", "contents": "Androgen-binding activity in the human testis and epididymis. The quantitation of androgen-binding activity in human testes, epididymides, and serum is reported and compared with that of similar tissue in the rat. By using steady-state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a tritiated 0.5 nM testosterone label, values for specific binding activity, reported as picomoles per milligram of protein, were found to be 0.21 +/- 0.01 in normal human, epididymides, 0.03 in testes, and 0.44 +/- 0.07 in human serum. Tissues from men receiving exogenous estrogen were also similarly analyzed and found to possess significantly higher androgen-binding activity: 4.10 +/- 0.48 pmoles/mg of protein (epididymides), 4.01 (testes), and 5.63 +/- 1.15 (serum). Since man possesses a sex steroid-binding globulin, attempts were made to differentiate Ion-exchange chromatography, steroid specificity, and dissociation half-time determinations were suggestive but did not conclusively demonstrate the existence of two distinctly different androgen transport macromolecules in man.", "PMID": 561003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4428", "title": "[Regional redistribution of blood during emotional excitation in rats].", "content": "Shifts in general circulation (GC) and changes of relative blood volume in 46 vascular areas were studied in unanesthetized rats closed in a small cell for 10 min, 1, 3, 4.5 hrs as well as in rats tied with their backs down for 1 hr. The GC increased in the latter case. Regional redistribution of the blood volume was not related to the position of the body but its intensity was related to the degree of emotional excitation. All the tests reduced the relative blood volume in a number of abdominal organs and in small pelvis; in muscles and bones of limbs, abdomen and pelvis; in skin of the breast and hindlimbs. The percent blood volume increase occurred in the brain, heart, lungs, muscles and bones of the head, neck, and breast. Regional blood redistribution in rats tied to a bar with their backs down for 4 hrs involved a decrease of the relative blood volume in the skin, muscles and bones, in a number or organs of the small pelvis and abdomen, while the volume increased in the liver, heart, and lungs.", "contents": "[Regional redistribution of blood during emotional excitation in rats]. Shifts in general circulation (GC) and changes of relative blood volume in 46 vascular areas were studied in unanesthetized rats closed in a small cell for 10 min, 1, 3, 4.5 hrs as well as in rats tied with their backs down for 1 hr. The GC increased in the latter case. Regional redistribution of the blood volume was not related to the position of the body but its intensity was related to the degree of emotional excitation. All the tests reduced the relative blood volume in a number of abdominal organs and in small pelvis; in muscles and bones of limbs, abdomen and pelvis; in skin of the breast and hindlimbs. The percent blood volume increase occurred in the brain, heart, lungs, muscles and bones of the head, neck, and breast. Regional blood redistribution in rats tied to a bar with their backs down for 4 hrs involved a decrease of the relative blood volume in the skin, muscles and bones, in a number or organs of the small pelvis and abdomen, while the volume increased in the liver, heart, and lungs.", "PMID": 561004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4429", "title": "[2 cases of subaortic stenosis with subvalvular diaphragm complicated by postendocarditis aortic insufficiency].", "content": "Two cases of patients with discrete subaortic stenosis complicated by aortic regurgitation resulting from the sequelae of bacterial endocarditis and treated by valvular replacement are described. A correct preoperative evaluation was due to echocardiographic data and pressure curves; left ventriculography did not show any evidence of subaortic obstruction in any of the cases. In one patient, bacterial endocarditis involved mitral valve too, which was replaced by an artificial prostheses. Bacterial endocarditis is very rare in patients with discrete subaortic stenosis, but it must be regarded as a factor complicating the natural history of cardiopathy.", "contents": "[2 cases of subaortic stenosis with subvalvular diaphragm complicated by postendocarditis aortic insufficiency]. Two cases of patients with discrete subaortic stenosis complicated by aortic regurgitation resulting from the sequelae of bacterial endocarditis and treated by valvular replacement are described. A correct preoperative evaluation was due to echocardiographic data and pressure curves; left ventriculography did not show any evidence of subaortic obstruction in any of the cases. In one patient, bacterial endocarditis involved mitral valve too, which was replaced by an artificial prostheses. Bacterial endocarditis is very rare in patients with discrete subaortic stenosis, but it must be regarded as a factor complicating the natural history of cardiopathy.", "PMID": 561012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4430", "title": "Influences of ulcerogenic stimulations in the stomach with the clamping ulcers in rats.", "content": "Ulcerogenic stimulations such as histamine and restraint water immersion stress were given to rats after the gastric ulcers were made by the clamping method. Development of the stress and histamine ulcers were distinctly inhibited after the clamping ulcers were made, and this inhibition reached a maximum at the 7th clamping ulcer day and lowered gradually thereafter. In control rats, the stress and histamine ulcers usually develop in the lesser curvature, but in animals with the clamping ulcers they develop in the greater curvature where the clamping ulcer was made. The histological changes of the stress ulcers in the stomach with the clamping ulcer were slighter compared with those of the control (without clamping ulcers) rats. Furthermore, the relationships between the development of the stress ulcers and the changes of the uronic acid content in the stomach were observed. The uronic acid content increased after the clamping ulcer was made and reached a maximum at the 7th clamping ulcer day. Thereafter it began to decrease and returned to the normal level. From the results of the studies, it was strongly suggested that the mechanism of inhibition to development of the stress ulcers might be attributed to an increase of acid mucopolysaccharide in the gastric wall after the clamping ulcer was induced.", "contents": "Influences of ulcerogenic stimulations in the stomach with the clamping ulcers in rats. Ulcerogenic stimulations such as histamine and restraint water immersion stress were given to rats after the gastric ulcers were made by the clamping method. Development of the stress and histamine ulcers were distinctly inhibited after the clamping ulcers were made, and this inhibition reached a maximum at the 7th clamping ulcer day and lowered gradually thereafter. In control rats, the stress and histamine ulcers usually develop in the lesser curvature, but in animals with the clamping ulcers they develop in the greater curvature where the clamping ulcer was made. The histological changes of the stress ulcers in the stomach with the clamping ulcer were slighter compared with those of the control (without clamping ulcers) rats. Furthermore, the relationships between the development of the stress ulcers and the changes of the uronic acid content in the stomach were observed. The uronic acid content increased after the clamping ulcer was made and reached a maximum at the 7th clamping ulcer day. Thereafter it began to decrease and returned to the normal level. From the results of the studies, it was strongly suggested that the mechanism of inhibition to development of the stress ulcers might be attributed to an increase of acid mucopolysaccharide in the gastric wall after the clamping ulcer was induced.", "PMID": 561014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4431", "title": "[Hybridization of Chinese hamster cells sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation].", "content": "Resistance to UV-light was studied in two UV-sensitive aneuploid Chinese hamster cell clones to different origin and degree of sensitivity, their respective polyploids and somatic cell hybrids. The karyotype of the parental clones, cell hybrids and polyploids was analyzed in parallel. A great variability of karyotypes was detected in hybrid cells. Serial cultivation of hybrids was accompanied by chromosome loss. Soon after fusion the hybrid clones proved to be more resistant to UV than the parental sensitive cells. However, their sensitivity increased with passages. The comparison of UV-sensitivity with data on karyotype analysis allowed to assume that the increase in sensitivity was correlated with the loss of particular chromosomes or chromosome regions. The results obtained indicated the existence of a polygenic control of UV-sensitivity, the multiple genes being assigned to different chromosomes. A reverse effect of ploidy was detected, i.e. a decrease in the resistance to the lethal action of UV-light in polyploids as compared to the parental clones.", "contents": "[Hybridization of Chinese hamster cells sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation]. Resistance to UV-light was studied in two UV-sensitive aneuploid Chinese hamster cell clones to different origin and degree of sensitivity, their respective polyploids and somatic cell hybrids. The karyotype of the parental clones, cell hybrids and polyploids was analyzed in parallel. A great variability of karyotypes was detected in hybrid cells. Serial cultivation of hybrids was accompanied by chromosome loss. Soon after fusion the hybrid clones proved to be more resistant to UV than the parental sensitive cells. However, their sensitivity increased with passages. The comparison of UV-sensitivity with data on karyotype analysis allowed to assume that the increase in sensitivity was correlated with the loss of particular chromosomes or chromosome regions. The results obtained indicated the existence of a polygenic control of UV-sensitivity, the multiple genes being assigned to different chromosomes. A reverse effect of ploidy was detected, i.e. a decrease in the resistance to the lethal action of UV-light in polyploids as compared to the parental clones.", "PMID": 561015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4432", "title": "The metabolism of caffeine by a Pseudomonas putida strain.", "content": "1) A bacterium capable of growing aerobically with caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) as sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil. The morphological and physiological characteristics of the bacterium were examined. The organism was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas putida and is referred to as Pseudomonas putida C1. 15 additional caffeine-degrading bacteria were isolated, and all of them were also identified as Pseudomonas putida strains. The properties of the isolates are discussed in comparison with 6 Pseudomonas putida strains of the American Type Culture Collection. 2) The degradation of caffeine by Pseudomonas putida C1 was investigated; the following 14 metabolites were identified: 3,7-dimethylxanthine (theobromine), 1,7-dimethylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, xanthine, 3,7-dimethyluric acid, 1,7-dimethyluric acid, 7-methyluric acid, uric acid, allantoin, allantoic acid, ureidoglycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, urea, and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has been demonstrated to be the product of oxidative N-demethylation mediated by an inducible demethylase. A pathway of caffeine degradation is proposed.", "contents": "The metabolism of caffeine by a Pseudomonas putida strain. 1) A bacterium capable of growing aerobically with caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) as sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil. The morphological and physiological characteristics of the bacterium were examined. The organism was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas putida and is referred to as Pseudomonas putida C1. 15 additional caffeine-degrading bacteria were isolated, and all of them were also identified as Pseudomonas putida strains. The properties of the isolates are discussed in comparison with 6 Pseudomonas putida strains of the American Type Culture Collection. 2) The degradation of caffeine by Pseudomonas putida C1 was investigated; the following 14 metabolites were identified: 3,7-dimethylxanthine (theobromine), 1,7-dimethylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, xanthine, 3,7-dimethyluric acid, 1,7-dimethyluric acid, 7-methyluric acid, uric acid, allantoin, allantoic acid, ureidoglycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, urea, and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has been demonstrated to be the product of oxidative N-demethylation mediated by an inducible demethylase. A pathway of caffeine degradation is proposed.", "PMID": 561017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4433", "title": "Are globin coding sequences expressed in nuclear RNA of chick embryo brain?", "content": "The content of globin coding sequences in nuclear RNA from chicken embryo red blood cells and chicken embryo brain was determined by hybridization with globin cDNA to be 0.27% for embryonic red blood cells and 0.001% for embryo brain, i.e. 0.37% of globin coding sequences relative to embryonic red blood cells. By transfusion of [3H]uridine labelled red blood cells it could be shown that the brain nuclear RNA preparation was contaminated by 0.41% RNA originating from blood cells. As this value is in the same range as the hybridization rate there is no evidence for globin transcripts in brain nuclear RNA. It has also not been possible to detect a short-lived globin mRNA precursor in pulse labelled brain nuclear RNA. In further experiments the RNAs were translated in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free system. No globin synthesis could be observed with brain RNA.", "contents": "Are globin coding sequences expressed in nuclear RNA of chick embryo brain? The content of globin coding sequences in nuclear RNA from chicken embryo red blood cells and chicken embryo brain was determined by hybridization with globin cDNA to be 0.27% for embryonic red blood cells and 0.001% for embryo brain, i.e. 0.37% of globin coding sequences relative to embryonic red blood cells. By transfusion of [3H]uridine labelled red blood cells it could be shown that the brain nuclear RNA preparation was contaminated by 0.41% RNA originating from blood cells. As this value is in the same range as the hybridization rate there is no evidence for globin transcripts in brain nuclear RNA. It has also not been possible to detect a short-lived globin mRNA precursor in pulse labelled brain nuclear RNA. In further experiments the RNAs were translated in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free system. No globin synthesis could be observed with brain RNA.", "PMID": 561018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4434", "title": "[Comparative study on the volume effect of a 2/3 electrolyte solution and of a 4 per cent dextran solution during the 1st stage of anesthesia].", "content": "In 224 orthopedic patients the volume effect of a 2/3 strength electrolyte solution was compared to a 4% dextran solution of low molecular weight during the early period of anesthesia. Basic circulatory parameters like medium arterial pressure, pressure amplitude and heart beats per minute were measured. It was supposed that a different volume effect could be expected according to the difference in composition of the two solutions. However no statistically significant difference of the determined circulatory parameters could be demonstrated after comparison of both populations. It was concluded that both intravenous solutions have the same effect on the circulatory volume within the time period under investigation i.e. 20 minutes before until 15 minutes after intubation.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the volume effect of a 2/3 electrolyte solution and of a 4 per cent dextran solution during the 1st stage of anesthesia]. In 224 orthopedic patients the volume effect of a 2/3 strength electrolyte solution was compared to a 4% dextran solution of low molecular weight during the early period of anesthesia. Basic circulatory parameters like medium arterial pressure, pressure amplitude and heart beats per minute were measured. It was supposed that a different volume effect could be expected according to the difference in composition of the two solutions. However no statistically significant difference of the determined circulatory parameters could be demonstrated after comparison of both populations. It was concluded that both intravenous solutions have the same effect on the circulatory volume within the time period under investigation i.e. 20 minutes before until 15 minutes after intubation.", "PMID": 561026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4435", "title": "[Mineral content of various organs in experimentally induced water-electrolyte imbalance].", "content": "Experimentally induced disorders of mineral metabolism are caused in rats in order to examine differences of electrolyte concentrations in several organs (heart muscle, skeletal muscle, liver, brain). Specimens are taken immediately after death or 24 hours after death. Water overload causes pointed deviations in mineral content of tissue in relation to the control group, deficiency of water results in only minimal changes. Hypotonic hydration increases the water content of skeletal muscle, the \"cationic osmolality\" is decreased in all organs. Overload with hypertonic solutions decreases water content of tissues, the concentrations of potassium and sodium are increased. Arrest of water intake for a few days leads to minimal changes in mineral concentrations in tissue although the organs seem to be \"dry\". In relation to specimen taken immediately after death the mineral content of tissues shows increased sodium and decreased potassium concentrations after 24 hours of death. The experimentally induced deviations of the organ mineral concentrations are preserved.", "contents": "[Mineral content of various organs in experimentally induced water-electrolyte imbalance]. Experimentally induced disorders of mineral metabolism are caused in rats in order to examine differences of electrolyte concentrations in several organs (heart muscle, skeletal muscle, liver, brain). Specimens are taken immediately after death or 24 hours after death. Water overload causes pointed deviations in mineral content of tissue in relation to the control group, deficiency of water results in only minimal changes. Hypotonic hydration increases the water content of skeletal muscle, the \"cationic osmolality\" is decreased in all organs. Overload with hypertonic solutions decreases water content of tissues, the concentrations of potassium and sodium are increased. Arrest of water intake for a few days leads to minimal changes in mineral concentrations in tissue although the organs seem to be \"dry\". In relation to specimen taken immediately after death the mineral content of tissues shows increased sodium and decreased potassium concentrations after 24 hours of death. The experimentally induced deviations of the organ mineral concentrations are preserved.", "PMID": 561027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4436", "title": "[Technical problems in platelet-concentrate preparation and their clinical significance].", "content": "To obtain platelet concentrates the following procedure is in routine use in the German Red Cross Blood Bank in Ulm: 1. Harvesting of donor blood in a double bag system; 2. two step centrifugation of a) whole blood, and b) platelet rich plasma at room temperature (22 degrees C) at 300 X g for 20 min, and 1200 X g for 30 min respectively; 3, resuspension of platelets in a minimum of 50 ml of plasma. Platelet yield averages 60%. The white cell content is less than 5% as compared to the original material. Although red cells are nearly absent the ABO blood group system and the D antigen are considered for compatibility. Platelet concentrates are stores up to 72 hours at 22 degrees C at constant slow rotation. Technical and biological variables affecting platelet yield and viability are discussed in some detail.", "contents": "[Technical problems in platelet-concentrate preparation and their clinical significance]. To obtain platelet concentrates the following procedure is in routine use in the German Red Cross Blood Bank in Ulm: 1. Harvesting of donor blood in a double bag system; 2. two step centrifugation of a) whole blood, and b) platelet rich plasma at room temperature (22 degrees C) at 300 X g for 20 min, and 1200 X g for 30 min respectively; 3, resuspension of platelets in a minimum of 50 ml of plasma. Platelet yield averages 60%. The white cell content is less than 5% as compared to the original material. Although red cells are nearly absent the ABO blood group system and the D antigen are considered for compatibility. Platelet concentrates are stores up to 72 hours at 22 degrees C at constant slow rotation. Technical and biological variables affecting platelet yield and viability are discussed in some detail.", "PMID": 561028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4437", "title": "[Glucose and K+ balance during high-dosage intravenous glucose infusion].", "content": "Intravenous infusion of glucose in high dosage was given to 42 tumor patients, attaining a hyperglycemia of about 40 mg/100 ml over a period of 24 hours. This hyperglycemia is a part of the so-called \"cancer-multistep-therapie\". During the period of glucose-infusion a water-turnover of about 6,000 ml can be registered which is connected with a requirement of glucose of about 2,000 g. Only 1/3 of this amount is loosing by renal excretion, but 2/3 are metabolised to correspond with a glucose-uptake of 0,94 g and a glucosuria of 0,32 g per kg bodyweight and hour. Requirement of glucose and glucose uptake are in inverse proportion to the age of the patients and to the duration of hyperglycemia. Further a \"glucose-potassium-equivalent\" existed: about 10 mval potassium per 100 g infused glucose, whereas the netto uptake of potassium is 0,049 mval per g of metabolised glucose. Acid-base-equilibrium and red blood-picture did not show any relevant variations while typical deviations of some other parameters (cardiac-frequency, body-temperature), white blood-picture) are can be associated with the so-called \"general adaptation syndrom\". The findings are discussed in view of their general importance for the parenteral application of glucose.", "contents": "[Glucose and K+ balance during high-dosage intravenous glucose infusion]. Intravenous infusion of glucose in high dosage was given to 42 tumor patients, attaining a hyperglycemia of about 40 mg/100 ml over a period of 24 hours. This hyperglycemia is a part of the so-called \"cancer-multistep-therapie\". During the period of glucose-infusion a water-turnover of about 6,000 ml can be registered which is connected with a requirement of glucose of about 2,000 g. Only 1/3 of this amount is loosing by renal excretion, but 2/3 are metabolised to correspond with a glucose-uptake of 0,94 g and a glucosuria of 0,32 g per kg bodyweight and hour. Requirement of glucose and glucose uptake are in inverse proportion to the age of the patients and to the duration of hyperglycemia. Further a \"glucose-potassium-equivalent\" existed: about 10 mval potassium per 100 g infused glucose, whereas the netto uptake of potassium is 0,049 mval per g of metabolised glucose. Acid-base-equilibrium and red blood-picture did not show any relevant variations while typical deviations of some other parameters (cardiac-frequency, body-temperature), white blood-picture) are can be associated with the so-called \"general adaptation syndrom\". The findings are discussed in view of their general importance for the parenteral application of glucose.", "PMID": 561030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4438", "title": "Differences in the attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells and membranes to tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Hamster trachea organ cultures were exposed to isolated membranes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, PI 1428. Attachment, monitored by the uptake of tritiated membranes, was relatively insensitive to neuraminidase pretreatment, unlike the attachment of viable cells. Membrane attachment was optimal when explants were incubated with 50 to 100 micrograms of membrane protein per ml in minimal essential medium broth while gently being rotated (1 rpm) in a roller apparatus for 90 to 120 min at 37 degrees C. Saturation of the receptor sites with viable cells failed to inhibit subsequent membrane attachment. Induction of squamous metaplasia by extended cultivation of tracheal explants in a vitamin A-free medium reduced the content of ciliated cells without significantly affecting total cell viability, but did not alter the attachment of M. pneumoniae membranes. Collectively, the data indicate that the mechanism of attachment of M. pneumoniae membranes to respiratory epithelium is distinct from the receptor site-mediated attachment of M. pneumoniae cells.", "contents": "Differences in the attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells and membranes to tracheal epithelium. Hamster trachea organ cultures were exposed to isolated membranes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, PI 1428. Attachment, monitored by the uptake of tritiated membranes, was relatively insensitive to neuraminidase pretreatment, unlike the attachment of viable cells. Membrane attachment was optimal when explants were incubated with 50 to 100 micrograms of membrane protein per ml in minimal essential medium broth while gently being rotated (1 rpm) in a roller apparatus for 90 to 120 min at 37 degrees C. Saturation of the receptor sites with viable cells failed to inhibit subsequent membrane attachment. Induction of squamous metaplasia by extended cultivation of tracheal explants in a vitamin A-free medium reduced the content of ciliated cells without significantly affecting total cell viability, but did not alter the attachment of M. pneumoniae membranes. Collectively, the data indicate that the mechanism of attachment of M. pneumoniae membranes to respiratory epithelium is distinct from the receptor site-mediated attachment of M. pneumoniae cells.", "PMID": 561031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4439", "title": "Exocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal contents induced by dental plaque.", "content": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes were incubated with a sonically treated suspension of pooled dental plaque to determine if the plaque would induce release of lysosomal enzymes from the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cells incubated with plaque at 37 degrees C released significantly greater amounts of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, than did cells incubated with plaque at 0 degrees C or without plaque at 37 degrees C. This response was both dose and time dependent. Release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase was minimal, and there were no significant differences in lactate dehydrogenase release between cells at 0 and 37 degrees C, or without plaque. These results indicate that dental plaque can induce the selective release of lysosomal enzymes, which could be involved in the periodontal injury produced by dental plaque.", "contents": "Exocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal contents induced by dental plaque. Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes were incubated with a sonically treated suspension of pooled dental plaque to determine if the plaque would induce release of lysosomal enzymes from the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cells incubated with plaque at 37 degrees C released significantly greater amounts of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, than did cells incubated with plaque at 0 degrees C or without plaque at 37 degrees C. This response was both dose and time dependent. Release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase was minimal, and there were no significant differences in lactate dehydrogenase release between cells at 0 and 37 degrees C, or without plaque. These results indicate that dental plaque can induce the selective release of lysosomal enzymes, which could be involved in the periodontal injury produced by dental plaque.", "PMID": 561032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4440", "title": "Role of lysozyme in the microbicidal activity of rat alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Lysozyme release from alveolar macrophages is stimulated by exposure to particles, such as latex and zymosan, and to bacteria. Rat alveolar marcophages contain 10-fold-greater intracellualr concentrations of lysozyme and release more lysozyme after stimulation than rat blood neutrophils. During 30 min of incubation in vitro, alveolar macrophages kill more than 99% of Micrococcus lysodeikticus in the incubation mixture, whereas neutrophils kill approximately 50% of the bacteria. The bactericidal capacity of alveolar macrophages for M. lysodeikticus exceeds that of neutrophils at all bacteria-to-cell ratios tested. This bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages is inhibited when specific rabbit antirat lysozyme serum is added to the incubation mixture. Electron microscopy studies indicate that bacterial killing occurs extracellularly. Initial degradation of bacteria occurs within 5 min, and lysis is complete by 25 to 30 min. Phagocytosis of lysed bacteria is maximum after 25 to 30 min. The greater quantities of lysozyme, both intracellularly and released into the extracellular environment by alveolar macrophages, suggest that this  factor may be a mechanism by which alveolar macrophages contribute to pulmonary defense.", "contents": "Role of lysozyme in the microbicidal activity of rat alveolar macrophages. Lysozyme release from alveolar macrophages is stimulated by exposure to particles, such as latex and zymosan, and to bacteria. Rat alveolar marcophages contain 10-fold-greater intracellualr concentrations of lysozyme and release more lysozyme after stimulation than rat blood neutrophils. During 30 min of incubation in vitro, alveolar macrophages kill more than 99% of Micrococcus lysodeikticus in the incubation mixture, whereas neutrophils kill approximately 50% of the bacteria. The bactericidal capacity of alveolar macrophages for M. lysodeikticus exceeds that of neutrophils at all bacteria-to-cell ratios tested. This bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages is inhibited when specific rabbit antirat lysozyme serum is added to the incubation mixture. Electron microscopy studies indicate that bacterial killing occurs extracellularly. Initial degradation of bacteria occurs within 5 min, and lysis is complete by 25 to 30 min. Phagocytosis of lysed bacteria is maximum after 25 to 30 min. The greater quantities of lysozyme, both intracellularly and released into the extracellular environment by alveolar macrophages, suggest that this  factor may be a mechanism by which alveolar macrophages contribute to pulmonary defense.", "PMID": 561033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4441", "title": "Effect immunization with highly purified alpha- and beta-toxins on staphylococcal mastitis in rabbits.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine whether immunization of female rabbits with highly purified staphylococcal alpha- or beta-toxins would protect them against intramammary challenge with staphylococci. High circulating anti-alpha-toxin titers reduced the lethal hemorrhagic edematous form of the disease (\"blue-breast\") produced by strains BB and Compton 201 to a localized chronic abscess form. No such protection was afforded by high anti-beta-toxin titers. Immunization with alpha- or beta-toxins produced no change in the clinical picture of the disease produced by CN.6708, a strain of Staphylococcus responsible for a natural outbreak of abscess-type rabbit mastitis. From these experiments it would appear that alpha-toxin is a key antigen in the blue-breast form of rabbit mastitis. Since the abscess form of the disease was not prevented by immunization with either alpha- or beta-toxin, other virulence factors must be acting to produce this more localized disease.", "contents": "Effect immunization with highly purified alpha- and beta-toxins on staphylococcal mastitis in rabbits. Experiments were carried out to determine whether immunization of female rabbits with highly purified staphylococcal alpha- or beta-toxins would protect them against intramammary challenge with staphylococci. High circulating anti-alpha-toxin titers reduced the lethal hemorrhagic edematous form of the disease (\"blue-breast\") produced by strains BB and Compton 201 to a localized chronic abscess form. No such protection was afforded by high anti-beta-toxin titers. Immunization with alpha- or beta-toxins produced no change in the clinical picture of the disease produced by CN.6708, a strain of Staphylococcus responsible for a natural outbreak of abscess-type rabbit mastitis. From these experiments it would appear that alpha-toxin is a key antigen in the blue-breast form of rabbit mastitis. Since the abscess form of the disease was not prevented by immunization with either alpha- or beta-toxin, other virulence factors must be acting to produce this more localized disease.", "PMID": 561034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4442", "title": "Antipsychotic effects, side effects and effective dosis of the butyrophenone lenperone (AHR 2277).", "content": "Three open studies with Lenperone were performed. 50 hospitalized schizophrenic patients were treated 20-30 days with Lenperone. The therapeutic effective dose was 30-50 mg/day. The highest daily dosage was 90 mg. Patients were examined on fixed observation days and the findings were documented by means of the AMP system. AMP data were analyzed at symptom and syndrome level and compared using an analysis of covariance. In the described dosage Lenperone acted only little sedating, strong antipsychotic and caused only a few single extrapyramidal and little autonomic side effects. The dosage is limited because of the effect on heart and blood circulation. Lenperone caused a good improvement of depressive symptoms in the schizophrenic patients. Lenperone was well tolerated and slowed a rapid onset of its antipsychotic effect. It caused a steady improvement of productive schizophrenic symptoms. For better knowledge of the profile of the effects of Lenperone, a trial in depressive paranoid syndromes, for example schizoaffective psychoses, would be interesting; a double-blind trial in comparison to a well-known antipsychotic would be very useful.", "contents": "Antipsychotic effects, side effects and effective dosis of the butyrophenone lenperone (AHR 2277). Three open studies with Lenperone were performed. 50 hospitalized schizophrenic patients were treated 20-30 days with Lenperone. The therapeutic effective dose was 30-50 mg/day. The highest daily dosage was 90 mg. Patients were examined on fixed observation days and the findings were documented by means of the AMP system. AMP data were analyzed at symptom and syndrome level and compared using an analysis of covariance. In the described dosage Lenperone acted only little sedating, strong antipsychotic and caused only a few single extrapyramidal and little autonomic side effects. The dosage is limited because of the effect on heart and blood circulation. Lenperone caused a good improvement of depressive symptoms in the schizophrenic patients. Lenperone was well tolerated and slowed a rapid onset of its antipsychotic effect. It caused a steady improvement of productive schizophrenic symptoms. For better knowledge of the profile of the effects of Lenperone, a trial in depressive paranoid syndromes, for example schizoaffective psychoses, would be interesting; a double-blind trial in comparison to a well-known antipsychotic would be very useful.", "PMID": 561037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4443", "title": "Localization of cellular retinal-binding protein in bovine retina and retinal pigment epithelium, with a consideration of the pigment epithelium isolation technique.", "content": "Bovine RPE was isolated by commonly used brushout procedures and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The preparation was found to consist almost entirely of cells with retained organelles (mitochondria, pigment, and other granules) but with broken surface membranes and extracted cytoplasm. In keeping with this, the wash obtained by sedimenting these broken cells contained approximately 97 percent of the cellular retinol-binding protein present in the suspension. Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein, present in bovine retinal extracts, was found in low amounts in the wash from RPE. The cellular retinol-binding protein present in the RPE wash was of high specific activity and similar in properties to that obtained from bovine retina. Supernatant obtained from sonicated rod outer segments contained approximately 10 percent of the retinol-binding protein of the retina. No retinoic acid-binding protein was found. The relatively large amount of cellular retinol-binding protein present in the RPE (more than is found in the retina) is consistent with a functional role of this protein in uptake and transport of retinol by the RPE.", "contents": "Localization of cellular retinal-binding protein in bovine retina and retinal pigment epithelium, with a consideration of the pigment epithelium isolation technique. Bovine RPE was isolated by commonly used brushout procedures and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The preparation was found to consist almost entirely of cells with retained organelles (mitochondria, pigment, and other granules) but with broken surface membranes and extracted cytoplasm. In keeping with this, the wash obtained by sedimenting these broken cells contained approximately 97 percent of the cellular retinol-binding protein present in the suspension. Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein, present in bovine retinal extracts, was found in low amounts in the wash from RPE. The cellular retinol-binding protein present in the RPE wash was of high specific activity and similar in properties to that obtained from bovine retina. Supernatant obtained from sonicated rod outer segments contained approximately 10 percent of the retinol-binding protein of the retina. No retinoic acid-binding protein was found. The relatively large amount of cellular retinol-binding protein present in the RPE (more than is found in the retina) is consistent with a functional role of this protein in uptake and transport of retinol by the RPE.", "PMID": 561038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4444", "title": "Connective tissue changes and mast cell variations in benign and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix.", "content": "We have studied mast cell variations and stromal changes in 100 benign and 100 malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Mast cells were found in close proximity to the cervical glands or young proliferating fibroblasts. Comparison of mast cell densities in benign and malignant conditions revealed an increase in inflammatory processes, while in cancers there is diminution in number or total absence of mast cells. There is no conclusive correlation between the age of the patients and the density of these cells. An inverse relationship existed between the mast cell population and degree of anaplasia as well as of mitotic figures.", "contents": "Connective tissue changes and mast cell variations in benign and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. We have studied mast cell variations and stromal changes in 100 benign and 100 malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Mast cells were found in close proximity to the cervical glands or young proliferating fibroblasts. Comparison of mast cell densities in benign and malignant conditions revealed an increase in inflammatory processes, while in cancers there is diminution in number or total absence of mast cells. There is no conclusive correlation between the age of the patients and the density of these cells. An inverse relationship existed between the mast cell population and degree of anaplasia as well as of mitotic figures.", "PMID": 561036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4445", "title": "Seasonal incidence of estrus and interestrous interval for bitches of seven breeds.", "content": "For 7 breeds of bitches (Toy Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, Basset Hound, Boston Terrier, German Shepherd Dog, Pekingese, and Beagle), estrous activity occurred in all seasons. Differences in seasonal incidence of estrus were not statistically significant when compared within the total group or within and between breeds. The German Shepherd Dog breed had the shortest interestrous interval (149 +/- 28.5 days), which was significantly different from that of the other breeds. Means interestrous interval in parous Beagle bitches was not significantly different from that in nonparous Beagle bitches. In Beagle bitches, the mean interval between fertile estrous periods was not significantly different from the mean interval between nonfertile estrous periods.", "contents": "Seasonal incidence of estrus and interestrous interval for bitches of seven breeds. For 7 breeds of bitches (Toy Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, Basset Hound, Boston Terrier, German Shepherd Dog, Pekingese, and Beagle), estrous activity occurred in all seasons. Differences in seasonal incidence of estrus were not statistically significant when compared within the total group or within and between breeds. The German Shepherd Dog breed had the shortest interestrous interval (149 +/- 28.5 days), which was significantly different from that of the other breeds. Means interestrous interval in parous Beagle bitches was not significantly different from that in nonparous Beagle bitches. In Beagle bitches, the mean interval between fertile estrous periods was not significantly different from the mean interval between nonfertile estrous periods.", "PMID": 561046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4446", "title": "Cytochrome P450-linked p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in the perfused lung.", "content": "Oxidative demethylation of p-nitroanisole, a cytochrome P450-linked mixed-function oxidation, was evaluated in isolated perfused rat and rabbit lungs. The product, p-nitrophenol, was monitored continuously in the lung effluent by spectrophotometric measurement. Pulmonary p-nitrophenol production in mumol/h per g dry wt was 6.2+/-0.4 by rabbits and 2.0+/-0.3 by rats (mean+/-SE). Maximal activity of the reaction required pulmonary perfusion rates in excess of 60-80 ml/min per g of dry lung. The half-maximal rate of p-nitrophenol production was observed with p-nitroanisole concentration of 13 micron. Pretreatment of rabbits with chlorpromazine increased p-nitroanisole O-demethylation activity by 63% but phenobarbital pretreatment had no effect. Ventilation with 75% carbon monoxide plus 20% O2 reversibly inhibited the reaction. Specific activity of p-nitroanisole demethylase in the microsomal fraction was 0.5 nmol/min per mg protein in rabbit lungs and 0.1 nmol/min per mg protein in rat lungs. Other rabbit lung subcellular fractions compared with microsomes had significantly lower specific activity. This study demonstrates that p-nitroanisole O-demethylation can be continuously monitored in the intact lung and describes conditions necessary for maximal activity of this pathway.", "contents": "Cytochrome P450-linked p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in the perfused lung. Oxidative demethylation of p-nitroanisole, a cytochrome P450-linked mixed-function oxidation, was evaluated in isolated perfused rat and rabbit lungs. The product, p-nitrophenol, was monitored continuously in the lung effluent by spectrophotometric measurement. Pulmonary p-nitrophenol production in mumol/h per g dry wt was 6.2+/-0.4 by rabbits and 2.0+/-0.3 by rats (mean+/-SE). Maximal activity of the reaction required pulmonary perfusion rates in excess of 60-80 ml/min per g of dry lung. The half-maximal rate of p-nitrophenol production was observed with p-nitroanisole concentration of 13 micron. Pretreatment of rabbits with chlorpromazine increased p-nitroanisole O-demethylation activity by 63% but phenobarbital pretreatment had no effect. Ventilation with 75% carbon monoxide plus 20% O2 reversibly inhibited the reaction. Specific activity of p-nitroanisole demethylase in the microsomal fraction was 0.5 nmol/min per mg protein in rabbit lungs and 0.1 nmol/min per mg protein in rat lungs. Other rabbit lung subcellular fractions compared with microsomes had significantly lower specific activity. This study demonstrates that p-nitroanisole O-demethylation can be continuously monitored in the intact lung and describes conditions necessary for maximal activity of this pathway.", "PMID": 561048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4447", "title": "Survey of 1975 wheat and soybeans for aflatoxin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin.", "content": "Wheat samples (102 lots) were collected from Virginia, North Carolina, southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, and Kentucky. Soybean samples (180 lots) were collected from Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas. Samples of both commodities were analyzed for zearalenone, aflatoxin, and ochratoxin by the Eppley method. None of the 3 mycotoxins was detected in soybeans. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were not detected in wheat, but zearalenone was detected in 19 of 42 samples collected in Virginia. Half of the Virginia samples were collected because they were mold-damaged. Zearalenone levels ranged from 0.36 to 11.05 ppm; the identity of the zearalenone was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Gibberella zea infection (6-60%) was detected in all of the zearalenone-positive samples; 6-60% of the kernels in the samples tested contained G. zea.", "contents": "Survey of 1975 wheat and soybeans for aflatoxin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin. Wheat samples (102 lots) were collected from Virginia, North Carolina, southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, and Kentucky. Soybean samples (180 lots) were collected from Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas. Samples of both commodities were analyzed for zearalenone, aflatoxin, and ochratoxin by the Eppley method. None of the 3 mycotoxins was detected in soybeans. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were not detected in wheat, but zearalenone was detected in 19 of 42 samples collected in Virginia. Half of the Virginia samples were collected because they were mold-damaged. Zearalenone levels ranged from 0.36 to 11.05 ppm; the identity of the zearalenone was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Gibberella zea infection (6-60%) was detected in all of the zearalenone-positive samples; 6-60% of the kernels in the samples tested contained G. zea.", "PMID": 561049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4448", "title": "Rapid digestion and flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy of mercury in fish: collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study of the determination of mercury in fish has been completed in which wet oxidation of fish tissue in nitric acid, using vanadium as a catalyst, is compared with the AOAC official final action digestion technique, 25.103-25.105, involving a nitric-perchloric acid mixture. The study used tuna fish samples of known mercury content and included spike recovery studies in which methyl mercury solutions of known composition were provided to each laboratory. The study was designed to provide recovery information that bracketed the regulatory level of mercury in fish. The results indicate that the proposed digestion method is at least as precise and accurate as the AOAC method. The proposed method is also more rapid and less hazardous. It has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Rapid digestion and flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy of mercury in fish: collaborative study. A collaborative study of the determination of mercury in fish has been completed in which wet oxidation of fish tissue in nitric acid, using vanadium as a catalyst, is compared with the AOAC official final action digestion technique, 25.103-25.105, involving a nitric-perchloric acid mixture. The study used tuna fish samples of known mercury content and included spike recovery studies in which methyl mercury solutions of known composition were provided to each laboratory. The study was designed to provide recovery information that bracketed the regulatory level of mercury in fish. The results indicate that the proposed digestion method is at least as precise and accurate as the AOAC method. The proposed method is also more rapid and less hazardous. It has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 561050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4449", "title": "Collaborative study of gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methaqualone in pharmaceutical and clandestine preparations.", "content": "Eight laboratories collaboratively studied a procedure for the quantitative determination of methaqualone. HC1 in pharmaceutical and clandestine preparations. Methaqualone is extracted from an aqueous bicarbonate solution into chloroform and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography on a 3% OV-1 column. Tetraphenylethylene is used as an internal standard. Two commerical preparations and 4 sample mixtures prepared by the author were studied. Recoveries for the 4 prepared samples ranged from 100.0 to 102.6%, and the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.58 to 4.15% for the 6 samples studied. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methaqualone in pharmaceutical and clandestine preparations. Eight laboratories collaboratively studied a procedure for the quantitative determination of methaqualone. HC1 in pharmaceutical and clandestine preparations. Methaqualone is extracted from an aqueous bicarbonate solution into chloroform and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography on a 3% OV-1 column. Tetraphenylethylene is used as an internal standard. Two commerical preparations and 4 sample mixtures prepared by the author were studied. Recoveries for the 4 prepared samples ranged from 100.0 to 102.6%, and the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.58 to 4.15% for the 6 samples studied. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 561051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4450", "title": "Preliminary collaborative study of modified spectrophotometric determination of pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds by the method of standard additions.", "content": "A modified spectrophotometric method for determining pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds was subjected to a preliminary collaborative study. Two small-scale commercial pyrantel-medicated feed samples (0.0881 and 0.0106%) were assayed in replicate by 4 collaborators. The mean results of all laboratories were 0.0862 and 0.0112%. The mean coefficients of variation were 10.57 and 6.48%, repectively. Suggestions for improving recovery include the following: complete dissolution of standard, use of analytical grade KI, careful phase separation, thorough mixing, and minimum exposure of compound to light.", "contents": "Preliminary collaborative study of modified spectrophotometric determination of pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds by the method of standard additions. A modified spectrophotometric method for determining pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds was subjected to a preliminary collaborative study. Two small-scale commercial pyrantel-medicated feed samples (0.0881 and 0.0106%) were assayed in replicate by 4 collaborators. The mean results of all laboratories were 0.0862 and 0.0112%. The mean coefficients of variation were 10.57 and 6.48%, repectively. Suggestions for improving recovery include the following: complete dissolution of standard, use of analytical grade KI, careful phase separation, thorough mixing, and minimum exposure of compound to light.", "PMID": 561052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4451", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfanitran and dinsed in medicated feeds and premixes.", "content": "A simple reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining sulfanitran (acetyl-p-nitrophenylsulfanilamide) and Dinsed (dinitrodiphenylsulfonylethylenediamine) in a variety of feed premixes and formulations. Feed premixes are extracted with dimethylformamide, and formulated feeds are extracted with hot methanol. The extract is filtered through medium porosity paper and injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with a 254 nm ultraviolet detector and a 30 cm column packed with muBondapak C18. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (45 + 55) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Chromatography was complete in 10 min and peak heights were used for quantitation. Comparison of analyses of commercial samples by this method and by the AOAC colorimetric method, 42.176-42.179, showed close agreement. Recovery of spiked feed samples ranged from 98 to 105%. Butynorate and roxarsone, 2 other drugs which are normally found in combination with sulfanitran and Dinsed, do not interfere.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfanitran and dinsed in medicated feeds and premixes. A simple reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining sulfanitran (acetyl-p-nitrophenylsulfanilamide) and Dinsed (dinitrodiphenylsulfonylethylenediamine) in a variety of feed premixes and formulations. Feed premixes are extracted with dimethylformamide, and formulated feeds are extracted with hot methanol. The extract is filtered through medium porosity paper and injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with a 254 nm ultraviolet detector and a 30 cm column packed with muBondapak C18. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (45 + 55) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Chromatography was complete in 10 min and peak heights were used for quantitation. Comparison of analyses of commercial samples by this method and by the AOAC colorimetric method, 42.176-42.179, showed close agreement. Recovery of spiked feed samples ranged from 98 to 105%. Butynorate and roxarsone, 2 other drugs which are normally found in combination with sulfanitran and Dinsed, do not interfere.", "PMID": 561053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4452", "title": "Extraction, gas-liquid chromatographic detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene residues from plant tissues high in lipid content.", "content": "A method has been developed for the extraction, cleanup, derivatization, detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene (HCP) residues from 2 types of plant storage tissue high in lipid content. Wet soybean or peanut tissue was homogenized and extracted with ethyl ether and chromatographed on silica gel to remove the neutral lipids. The cleaned up sample was methylated with diazomethane and the dimethoxyhexachlorophene was eluted from a second silical gel column and chromatographed on a 6' glass column packed with 3% OV-1 or 3% SE-30 on Gas-Chrom Q. The instrument detection limit for the 63Ni electron capture detector was less than 0.1 ng for dimethoxyhexachlorophene and about 1 ppb HCP residue in plant issue. Recovery of 10-420 ppb HCP added to tissue averaged 90.9 +/- 5.7%. Interfering substances were removed, column life was increased, peak sharpness was increased, and tailing of the parent compound was decreased by using appropriate column chromatography.", "contents": "Extraction, gas-liquid chromatographic detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene residues from plant tissues high in lipid content. A method has been developed for the extraction, cleanup, derivatization, detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene (HCP) residues from 2 types of plant storage tissue high in lipid content. Wet soybean or peanut tissue was homogenized and extracted with ethyl ether and chromatographed on silica gel to remove the neutral lipids. The cleaned up sample was methylated with diazomethane and the dimethoxyhexachlorophene was eluted from a second silical gel column and chromatographed on a 6' glass column packed with 3% OV-1 or 3% SE-30 on Gas-Chrom Q. The instrument detection limit for the 63Ni electron capture detector was less than 0.1 ng for dimethoxyhexachlorophene and about 1 ppb HCP residue in plant issue. Recovery of 10-420 ppb HCP added to tissue averaged 90.9 +/- 5.7%. Interfering substances were removed, column life was increased, peak sharpness was increased, and tailing of the parent compound was decreased by using appropriate column chromatography.", "PMID": 561054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4453", "title": "Fluorometric determination of histamine in tuna: development of method.", "content": "Tuna extracts are treated with an anion exchange resin to remove interfering materials, histamine is derivatized with o-phthaladehyde, and the fluorescence of the resulting compound is measured fluorometrically. Replicate analyses of acceptable and decomposed tuna packed in oil or water agreed within 1 mg at a level of 10 mg/100 g and within 12 mg at a level of 100 mg/100 g. Recoveries of histamine added to fish were greater than 90 and greater than 83% at levels of 10 and 100 mg/100 g, respectively. The new method is more rapid and specific and is simpler than previous methods because no liquid-liquid extractions or chromatographic separations of histamine are required. The sensitivity of the method allows quantitation of less than 10 mg histamine/100 g sample. The accuracy and precision of the fluorometric method are comparable to those of the official AOAC colorimetric method.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of histamine in tuna: development of method. Tuna extracts are treated with an anion exchange resin to remove interfering materials, histamine is derivatized with o-phthaladehyde, and the fluorescence of the resulting compound is measured fluorometrically. Replicate analyses of acceptable and decomposed tuna packed in oil or water agreed within 1 mg at a level of 10 mg/100 g and within 12 mg at a level of 100 mg/100 g. Recoveries of histamine added to fish were greater than 90 and greater than 83% at levels of 10 and 100 mg/100 g, respectively. The new method is more rapid and specific and is simpler than previous methods because no liquid-liquid extractions or chromatographic separations of histamine are required. The sensitivity of the method allows quantitation of less than 10 mg histamine/100 g sample. The accuracy and precision of the fluorometric method are comparable to those of the official AOAC colorimetric method.", "PMID": 561055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4454", "title": "Fluorometric determination of histamine in tuna: collaborative study.", "content": "Six samples of canned tuna, albacore, yellowfin, and skipjack, in water or oil pack were analyzed in duplicate by a fluorometric method and the AOAC colorimetric method. For the fluorometric method, recoveries of histamine added to acceptable tuna averaged 99% with a range of 91 to 107%. Agreement between laboratories for the analyses of decomposed tuna containing 20-200 mg histamine/100 g sample was excellent. Results from the fluorometric method are comparable with those from the AOAC colorimetric method; the fluorometric method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of histamine in tuna: collaborative study. Six samples of canned tuna, albacore, yellowfin, and skipjack, in water or oil pack were analyzed in duplicate by a fluorometric method and the AOAC colorimetric method. For the fluorometric method, recoveries of histamine added to acceptable tuna averaged 99% with a range of 91 to 107%. Agreement between laboratories for the analyses of decomposed tuna containing 20-200 mg histamine/100 g sample was excellent. Results from the fluorometric method are comparable with those from the AOAC colorimetric method; the fluorometric method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 561056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4455", "title": "Differentiating the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and the merchant grain beetle, O. mercator (Fauv.), by morphology of the male genitalia.", "content": "Male saw-toothed grain beetles (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and merchant grain beetles (O. mercator) were dissected, and the major differences in their genitalia were reviewed. Differences in the morphology of the internal sac, setae of the lateral lobes, chitinous rods of the median lobe, and setae on the eighth sternite are illustrated with photomicrographs. The only other difference between the 2 species is the outline of the adult head. The dissection procedure is described briefly.", "contents": "Differentiating the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and the merchant grain beetle, O. mercator (Fauv.), by morphology of the male genitalia. Male saw-toothed grain beetles (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and merchant grain beetles (O. mercator) were dissected, and the major differences in their genitalia were reviewed. Differences in the morphology of the internal sac, setae of the lateral lobes, chitinous rods of the median lobe, and setae on the eighth sternite are illustrated with photomicrographs. The only other difference between the 2 species is the outline of the adult head. The dissection procedure is described briefly.", "PMID": 561057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4456", "title": "Calcium-binding subunit of myosin light chain kinase.", "content": "Myosin light chain kinase from frozen rabbit skeletal muscle was separated into two protein components by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. One component (MW 20,000) was a Ca2+-binding protein. Both components and Ca2+ were essential for the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Calcium-binding subunit of myosin light chain kinase. Myosin light chain kinase from frozen rabbit skeletal muscle was separated into two protein components by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. One component (MW 20,000) was a Ca2+-binding protein. Both components and Ca2+ were essential for the enzyme activity.", "PMID": 561063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4457", "title": "The complete amino acid seqeunce of mitochondrial asparatate aminotransferase from pig heart.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart was determined by analyses of the fragments obtained from tryptic digestion and cyanogen bromide treatment of the protein. The sequence analyzer was useful for establishing the primary structure of the N-terminal portion of the whole protein. There are 401 amino acid residues in the molecule. The sequence was compared with that of the cytoplasmic isozyme, showing 48% homology.", "contents": "The complete amino acid seqeunce of mitochondrial asparatate aminotransferase from pig heart. The complete amino acid sequence of the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart was determined by analyses of the fragments obtained from tryptic digestion and cyanogen bromide treatment of the protein. The sequence analyzer was useful for establishing the primary structure of the N-terminal portion of the whole protein. There are 401 amino acid residues in the molecule. The sequence was compared with that of the cytoplasmic isozyme, showing 48% homology.", "PMID": 561064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4458", "title": "Calcium-sensitivity of the microtubule reassembly system. Difference between crude brain extract and purified microtubular proteins.", "content": "Microtubule reassembly in crude extracts of porcine brain was inhibited by 10(-5) M Ca2+, wherease 10(-3) M Ca2+ was required for inhibition of the reassembly from purified microtubular proteins. This accounts for the apparent discrepancies between the results reported by other investigators. Furthermore, the Ca-sensitivity of the purified microtubular proteins was nearly completely recovered on addition of a fraction obtained from crude brain extract.", "contents": "Calcium-sensitivity of the microtubule reassembly system. Difference between crude brain extract and purified microtubular proteins. Microtubule reassembly in crude extracts of porcine brain was inhibited by 10(-5) M Ca2+, wherease 10(-3) M Ca2+ was required for inhibition of the reassembly from purified microtubular proteins. This accounts for the apparent discrepancies between the results reported by other investigators. Furthermore, the Ca-sensitivity of the purified microtubular proteins was nearly completely recovered on addition of a fraction obtained from crude brain extract.", "PMID": 561065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4459", "title": "Nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles containing rapidly labeled RNA were isolated from interphase cells of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum and characterized. The size of the isolated RNP particles was small (10S to 50S) in comparison with that of nuclear RNP particles found in higher eukaryotes. These small RNP particles do not seem to be artifacts due to degradation during the preparation of nuclear extracts. The rapidly labeled RNA of the nuclear RNP particles was heterogeneous in size and a considerable amount contained polyadenylic acid sequences. Synthesis of RNA in the nuclear RNP particles was resistant to a relatively high concentration of actinomycin D. The protein component of the RNP particle consists of at least four proteins with molecular weights of 80,000, 66,000, 60,000, and 42,000. Thus it is suggested that almost all of the nuclear RNP particles containing rapidly labeled RNA in interphase cells are RNP complexes consisting of Heterogeneous nuclear RNA and several protein species.", "contents": "Nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles containing rapidly labeled RNA were isolated from interphase cells of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum and characterized. The size of the isolated RNP particles was small (10S to 50S) in comparison with that of nuclear RNP particles found in higher eukaryotes. These small RNP particles do not seem to be artifacts due to degradation during the preparation of nuclear extracts. The rapidly labeled RNA of the nuclear RNP particles was heterogeneous in size and a considerable amount contained polyadenylic acid sequences. Synthesis of RNA in the nuclear RNP particles was resistant to a relatively high concentration of actinomycin D. The protein component of the RNP particle consists of at least four proteins with molecular weights of 80,000, 66,000, 60,000, and 42,000. Thus it is suggested that almost all of the nuclear RNP particles containing rapidly labeled RNA in interphase cells are RNP complexes consisting of Heterogeneous nuclear RNA and several protein species.", "PMID": 561066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4460", "title": "Trifluoroacetyl tripeptides as potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase.", "content": "Trifluoroacetylated peptides are much more potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase than the corresponding unblocked, acylated or benzyloxycarbonylated peptides. The most active compound was trifluoroacetyl-Val-Tyr-Val (Ki = 1.3 micron). A number of free and NH2-terminal-substituted peptides exhibited similar affinities for porcine pancreatic and human leukocyte elastase, indicating that these two enzymes must have similar specificity sites.", "contents": "Trifluoroacetyl tripeptides as potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. Trifluoroacetylated peptides are much more potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase than the corresponding unblocked, acylated or benzyloxycarbonylated peptides. The most active compound was trifluoroacetyl-Val-Tyr-Val (Ki = 1.3 micron). A number of free and NH2-terminal-substituted peptides exhibited similar affinities for porcine pancreatic and human leukocyte elastase, indicating that these two enzymes must have similar specificity sites.", "PMID": 561067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4461", "title": "Regulation of chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Effect of beta-xylosides on synthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, chondroitin sulfate chains, and core protein.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of embryonic chick chondrocytes were incubated with 35SO42- in the presence and absence of 1.0 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-xyloside for 2 days. The relative amounts of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and free polysaccharide chains were measured following gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Synthesis of beta-xyloside-initiated polysaccharide chains was accompanied by an apparent decrease in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production by the treated cultures. When levels of cartilage-specific core protein were determined by a radioimmunoassay, similar amounts of core protein were found in both beta-xyloside and control cultures, indicating that decreased synthesis of core protein is not responsible for the observed decrease in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production. Activity levels of the chain-initiating glycosyltransferases (UDP-D-xylose: core protein xylosyltransferase and UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase) as well as the extent of xylosylation of core protein were found to be similar in cell extracts from both culture types. Furthermore, beta-xylosides did not inhibit the xylosyltransferase reaction in cell-free studies. In contrast, the beta-xylosides effectively competed with several galactose acceptors, including an enzymatically synthesized xylosylated core protein acceptor, in the first galactosyltransferase reaction.", "contents": "Regulation of chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Effect of beta-xylosides on synthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, chondroitin sulfate chains, and core protein. Monolayer cultures of embryonic chick chondrocytes were incubated with 35SO42- in the presence and absence of 1.0 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-xyloside for 2 days. The relative amounts of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and free polysaccharide chains were measured following gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Synthesis of beta-xyloside-initiated polysaccharide chains was accompanied by an apparent decrease in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production by the treated cultures. When levels of cartilage-specific core protein were determined by a radioimmunoassay, similar amounts of core protein were found in both beta-xyloside and control cultures, indicating that decreased synthesis of core protein is not responsible for the observed decrease in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production. Activity levels of the chain-initiating glycosyltransferases (UDP-D-xylose: core protein xylosyltransferase and UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase) as well as the extent of xylosylation of core protein were found to be similar in cell extracts from both culture types. Furthermore, beta-xylosides did not inhibit the xylosyltransferase reaction in cell-free studies. In contrast, the beta-xylosides effectively competed with several galactose acceptors, including an enzymatically synthesized xylosylated core protein acceptor, in the first galactosyltransferase reaction.", "PMID": 561070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4462", "title": "DNA-directed in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase. Studies with purified factors.", "content": "The phage DNA-directed synthesis of beta-galactosidase has been examined in a system containing the following purified Escherichia coli factors: RNA polymerase; cyclic AMP receptor protein; N10-formyltetrahydrofolate Met-tRNAf transformylase; initiation factors 1, 2, and 3; elongation factors Tu, Ts, and G; release factors 1 and 2; 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases; L factor (Kung, H. F., Spears, C., and Weissbach, H. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1556-1562); and Lalpha (Kung, H.-F., Spears, C., and Weissbach, H. (1976) Fed. proc. 35, 1537). Under these conditions, beta-galactosidase synthesis occurs at less than 1% of the rate obtained with unfractionated extracts, which suggested that other required components were lacking. The difficulty in obtaining large amounts of the purified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for these studies made it necessary to modify the system. It was possible to conserve many of the purified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases since at least 13 of them could be replaced by an Ehrlich ascites extract. The ascites extract plus other E. coli purified factors was used as a basic system to search for additional components required for beta-galactosidase synthesis. The present report describes the purification from E. coli extracts of three fractions, called Lbeta, Lgamma, and Ldelta, that are needed to restore enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "DNA-directed in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase. Studies with purified factors. The phage DNA-directed synthesis of beta-galactosidase has been examined in a system containing the following purified Escherichia coli factors: RNA polymerase; cyclic AMP receptor protein; N10-formyltetrahydrofolate Met-tRNAf transformylase; initiation factors 1, 2, and 3; elongation factors Tu, Ts, and G; release factors 1 and 2; 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases; L factor (Kung, H. F., Spears, C., and Weissbach, H. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1556-1562); and Lalpha (Kung, H.-F., Spears, C., and Weissbach, H. (1976) Fed. proc. 35, 1537). Under these conditions, beta-galactosidase synthesis occurs at less than 1% of the rate obtained with unfractionated extracts, which suggested that other required components were lacking. The difficulty in obtaining large amounts of the purified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for these studies made it necessary to modify the system. It was possible to conserve many of the purified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases since at least 13 of them could be replaced by an Ehrlich ascites extract. The ascites extract plus other E. coli purified factors was used as a basic system to search for additional components required for beta-galactosidase synthesis. The present report describes the purification from E. coli extracts of three fractions, called Lbeta, Lgamma, and Ldelta, that are needed to restore enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 561072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4463", "title": "Stress-generated potentials in bone: effects of collagen modifications.", "content": "The effect of collagen modification on the magnitude of stress-generated potentials has been studied. A whole bone model has been developed for determining the effects of collagen crosslinking on the electrical signals. Increased crosslinking results in larger electrical signals, and such increases result whether in vivo or in vitro changes in the collagen are made.", "contents": "Stress-generated potentials in bone: effects of collagen modifications. The effect of collagen modification on the magnitude of stress-generated potentials has been studied. A whole bone model has been developed for determining the effects of collagen crosslinking on the electrical signals. Increased crosslinking results in larger electrical signals, and such increases result whether in vivo or in vitro changes in the collagen are made.", "PMID": 561074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4464", "title": "The effect of TLCK on transcription and its role in modifying cell growth.", "content": "The synthetic protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine-chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) acts to inhibit transcription when added to cell lines growing in vitro. This inhibition of transcription is most pronounced in transformed cells where TLCK is very toxic at concentrations as low as 25 mug/ml of culture medium. Non-transformed cells are more resistant to the effect of TLCK, requiring ten times more TLCK to produce a comparable inhibition of transcription. The effect of this protease inhibitor on transcription can be prevented by preincubation of the cells in reduced glutathione or cysteine; however, the cells can not be rescued from the effect of TLCK even if glutathione or cysteine are added to the culture medium within five minutes of the addition of TLCK.", "contents": "The effect of TLCK on transcription and its role in modifying cell growth. The synthetic protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine-chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) acts to inhibit transcription when added to cell lines growing in vitro. This inhibition of transcription is most pronounced in transformed cells where TLCK is very toxic at concentrations as low as 25 mug/ml of culture medium. Non-transformed cells are more resistant to the effect of TLCK, requiring ten times more TLCK to produce a comparable inhibition of transcription. The effect of this protease inhibitor on transcription can be prevented by preincubation of the cells in reduced glutathione or cysteine; however, the cells can not be rescued from the effect of TLCK even if glutathione or cysteine are added to the culture medium within five minutes of the addition of TLCK.", "PMID": 561076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4465", "title": "Effects of temperature, metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors on the rate of BHK cell adhesion to polystyrene.", "content": "Adhesion of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK cells) to a Falcon tissue culture flask was measured under various physiological conditions. While 75-80% of the fibroblasts adhere at temperatures from 19-50 degrees, cellular adhesion decreased dramatically below 19 degrees. Less than 10% of the cells adhere to the substratum even after prolonged incubations at temperatures of 8 degrees or below. This lack of adhesion at low temperatures cannot be overcome by the application of increased gravitational force to the cells. No correlation exists between cellular ATP concentrations or respiration rates and the rate of cell adhesion to the substratum. One millimolar Na F and 1 mM 2,4 dinitrophenol together lower cellular ATP concentration by 95% but adhesion is reduced by only 50%. NaN3 and KCN greatly lower cellular ATP concentrations without a corresponding inhibition of adhesion. Inhibition of cellular respiration by these compounds occurs at lower concentrations than does the inhibition of adhesion. Two micrograms/milliliters of cytochalasin B inhibits adhesion by 90%, 0.1 mM vinblastine sulphate or colchicine by less than 50% and 50 microgram/ml colcemid by less than 30%. Fixing the cells with formaldehyde, hardening their membranes with ZnCl2 or treating the cells with toluene, all cause an inhibition in adhesion. Again, application of increased gravitational force cannot overcome these latter inhibitions of BHK cell adhesion to the surface of the flasks.", "contents": "Effects of temperature, metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors on the rate of BHK cell adhesion to polystyrene. Adhesion of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK cells) to a Falcon tissue culture flask was measured under various physiological conditions. While 75-80% of the fibroblasts adhere at temperatures from 19-50 degrees, cellular adhesion decreased dramatically below 19 degrees. Less than 10% of the cells adhere to the substratum even after prolonged incubations at temperatures of 8 degrees or below. This lack of adhesion at low temperatures cannot be overcome by the application of increased gravitational force to the cells. No correlation exists between cellular ATP concentrations or respiration rates and the rate of cell adhesion to the substratum. One millimolar Na F and 1 mM 2,4 dinitrophenol together lower cellular ATP concentration by 95% but adhesion is reduced by only 50%. NaN3 and KCN greatly lower cellular ATP concentrations without a corresponding inhibition of adhesion. Inhibition of cellular respiration by these compounds occurs at lower concentrations than does the inhibition of adhesion. Two micrograms/milliliters of cytochalasin B inhibits adhesion by 90%, 0.1 mM vinblastine sulphate or colchicine by less than 50% and 50 microgram/ml colcemid by less than 30%. Fixing the cells with formaldehyde, hardening their membranes with ZnCl2 or treating the cells with toluene, all cause an inhibition in adhesion. Again, application of increased gravitational force cannot overcome these latter inhibitions of BHK cell adhesion to the surface of the flasks.", "PMID": 561077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4466", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on the phosphorylation of non-histones from cultured bone cells.", "content": "32P-uptake into non-histones from bone cell cultures was selectively stimulated in the presence of calcitonin. Comparison of the control and experimental radioactivity profiles of non-histones fractionated by SDS gel electrophoresis showed that, in response to calcitonin stimulation, there was a 2- to 3-fold increase in the specific activity associated with non-histone proteins in the molecular weight range of 10,000 to 45,000 daltons while that of bands between 50,000 to 200,000 decreased.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on the phosphorylation of non-histones from cultured bone cells. 32P-uptake into non-histones from bone cell cultures was selectively stimulated in the presence of calcitonin. Comparison of the control and experimental radioactivity profiles of non-histones fractionated by SDS gel electrophoresis showed that, in response to calcitonin stimulation, there was a 2- to 3-fold increase in the specific activity associated with non-histone proteins in the molecular weight range of 10,000 to 45,000 daltons while that of bands between 50,000 to 200,000 decreased.", "PMID": 561078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4467", "title": "Rapid cell surface-related stimulation of alkaline phosphatase in HeLa cells by dimethyl DL-2,3-distearoylotypropyl-2'-hydroxyethylammonium acetate (Rosenthal's inhibitor).", "content": "Cultures of HeLa cells, strains S3G (HeLa65) and S3K (HeLa71) were grown in plastic dishes until firmly attached and were then treated with sonic dispersions of Rosenthal's phospholipase inhibitor. A rapid increase in alkaline phosphatase activity occurred following this treatment in the S3G strain (low inducible alkaline phosphatase) but not in the S3K strain (high constitutive alkaline phosphatase). The stimulatory effect was dependent on the presence of bovine serum in the medium. No stimulation of alkaline phosphatase was observed in a variety of soluble preparations of this enzyme.", "contents": "Rapid cell surface-related stimulation of alkaline phosphatase in HeLa cells by dimethyl DL-2,3-distearoylotypropyl-2'-hydroxyethylammonium acetate (Rosenthal's inhibitor). Cultures of HeLa cells, strains S3G (HeLa65) and S3K (HeLa71) were grown in plastic dishes until firmly attached and were then treated with sonic dispersions of Rosenthal's phospholipase inhibitor. A rapid increase in alkaline phosphatase activity occurred following this treatment in the S3G strain (low inducible alkaline phosphatase) but not in the S3K strain (high constitutive alkaline phosphatase). The stimulatory effect was dependent on the presence of bovine serum in the medium. No stimulation of alkaline phosphatase was observed in a variety of soluble preparations of this enzyme.", "PMID": 561080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4468", "title": "Plasma membrane intramembranous particle topography in 3T3 and SV3T3 cells: the effect of cytochalasin B.", "content": "The topography of plasma membrane intramembranous particles in contact-inhibited and transformed cells is a topic of current controversy. We have reported that particles are aggregated in 3T3 cells and that they are randomly distributed in SV3T3 cells. Other investigators have, however, proposed that these differences result from the effect of cryoprotectants and are blocked by aldehyde fixation. The experiments described in this paper re-examine PMP topography in large samples of 3T3 and SV3T3 cells prepared by a variety of preparative methods. The results confirm that 3T3 cells contain aggregated intramembranous particles and that native SV3T3 cells do not, regardless of whether cells are prepared in glycerol, sucrose, tissue culture medium or following prefixation in paraformaldehyde. Data presented in this paper also show that cytochalasin B induces dose- and time-dependent disaggregations of particles in contact-inhibited 3T3 cells. Particle disaggregation results from exposure of cells in situ for 1-3 h to 1-500 ng/ml cytochalasin B. Removal of the drug by washing with reincubation of cells in medium containing serum results in particle reaggregation within 1 to 3 h. These observations suggest that intramembranous particles in 3T3 cells are aggregated in the native state and that membrane-active drugs modulate their distribution by a mechanism possibly involving disruption of linkages between membrane components and the cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Plasma membrane intramembranous particle topography in 3T3 and SV3T3 cells: the effect of cytochalasin B. The topography of plasma membrane intramembranous particles in contact-inhibited and transformed cells is a topic of current controversy. We have reported that particles are aggregated in 3T3 cells and that they are randomly distributed in SV3T3 cells. Other investigators have, however, proposed that these differences result from the effect of cryoprotectants and are blocked by aldehyde fixation. The experiments described in this paper re-examine PMP topography in large samples of 3T3 and SV3T3 cells prepared by a variety of preparative methods. The results confirm that 3T3 cells contain aggregated intramembranous particles and that native SV3T3 cells do not, regardless of whether cells are prepared in glycerol, sucrose, tissue culture medium or following prefixation in paraformaldehyde. Data presented in this paper also show that cytochalasin B induces dose- and time-dependent disaggregations of particles in contact-inhibited 3T3 cells. Particle disaggregation results from exposure of cells in situ for 1-3 h to 1-500 ng/ml cytochalasin B. Removal of the drug by washing with reincubation of cells in medium containing serum results in particle reaggregation within 1 to 3 h. These observations suggest that intramembranous particles in 3T3 cells are aggregated in the native state and that membrane-active drugs modulate their distribution by a mechanism possibly involving disruption of linkages between membrane components and the cytoskeleton.", "PMID": 561081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4469", "title": "A model of pattern formation in insect embryogenesis.", "content": "A model is proposed in which the interaction of an autocatalytic substance with a short diffusion range--the activator--and its more diffusible antagonist--the inhibitor--leads to a local high concentration of activator at the posterior pole of the egg. The inhibitor, which is then produced mainly in this activated region, diffuses into the rest of the egg, where it acts as a 'morphogen', forming a concentration gradient which supplies positional information. This model can account quantitatively for the patterns resulting from a large number of different experiments performed during early insect development, including ligation, u.v.-irradiation and microsurgical manipulations. The formation of additional posterior structures is interpreted as the result of the appearance of a new activator peak. Omission of segments after ligation of the egg is explained as the result of accumulation of morphogen (the inhibitor) at the posterior side of the ligation and a decrease of morphogen on the anterior side. In order to account for certain quantitative features of the ligation experiments it is necessary to assume that determination in response to the morphogen gradient is a slow, stepwise process, in which the nuclei or cells first pass through determination stages characteristic for more anterior structures until they ultimately form a given structure. The mutual interactions of activator and inhibitor are expressed as a set of partial differential equations. The individual experiments are simulated by solving these equations by use of a computer.", "contents": "A model of pattern formation in insect embryogenesis. A model is proposed in which the interaction of an autocatalytic substance with a short diffusion range--the activator--and its more diffusible antagonist--the inhibitor--leads to a local high concentration of activator at the posterior pole of the egg. The inhibitor, which is then produced mainly in this activated region, diffuses into the rest of the egg, where it acts as a 'morphogen', forming a concentration gradient which supplies positional information. This model can account quantitatively for the patterns resulting from a large number of different experiments performed during early insect development, including ligation, u.v.-irradiation and microsurgical manipulations. The formation of additional posterior structures is interpreted as the result of the appearance of a new activator peak. Omission of segments after ligation of the egg is explained as the result of accumulation of morphogen (the inhibitor) at the posterior side of the ligation and a decrease of morphogen on the anterior side. In order to account for certain quantitative features of the ligation experiments it is necessary to assume that determination in response to the morphogen gradient is a slow, stepwise process, in which the nuclei or cells first pass through determination stages characteristic for more anterior structures until they ultimately form a given structure. The mutual interactions of activator and inhibitor are expressed as a set of partial differential equations. The individual experiments are simulated by solving these equations by use of a computer.", "PMID": 561082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4470", "title": "Mechanochemical coupling in flagella. V. Effects of viscosity on movement and ATP-dephosphorylation of Triton-demembranated sea-urchin spermatozoa.", "content": "Improved techniques have been used to measure movement-coupled ATP-dephosphorylation by suspensions of motile, reactivated sea-urchin spermatozoa. The results confirm that the movement-coupled ATP-dephosphorylation is proportional to beat frequency under conditions where the bend angle remains constant. Some observations suggest that the rate of ATP-dephosphorylation is also related to the amplitude of sliding between flagellar tubules, but our attempts to measure this relationship have been unsuccessful.", "contents": "Mechanochemical coupling in flagella. V. Effects of viscosity on movement and ATP-dephosphorylation of Triton-demembranated sea-urchin spermatozoa. Improved techniques have been used to measure movement-coupled ATP-dephosphorylation by suspensions of motile, reactivated sea-urchin spermatozoa. The results confirm that the movement-coupled ATP-dephosphorylation is proportional to beat frequency under conditions where the bend angle remains constant. Some observations suggest that the rate of ATP-dephosphorylation is also related to the amplitude of sliding between flagellar tubules, but our attempts to measure this relationship have been unsuccessful.", "PMID": 561083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4471", "title": "Studies on the function and composition of the 10-NM(100-A) filaments of vertebrate smooth muscle.", "content": "The extraction of isolated vertebrate smooth muscle cells at high and low ionic strength yields cell ghosts which are seen in the electron microscope to be composed of a complex network of 10-nm filaments, together with residual actin. After SDS-gel electrophoresis of the cell ghosts only 2 bands may be recognized, one corresponding to actin and the other migrating at about 55 000 mol. wt that arises from the 10-nm filaments. The 10-nm filaments are extremely sensitive to proteolysis and are absent from cells exposed to crude collagenase in the presence of Triton X-100. Such cells, lacking 10-nm filaments, still contract in response to ATP. The data indicate that the 10-nm filaments are not essential for contraction, but rather form a specialized intracellular cytoskeleton. While completely insoluble in concentrated salt solutions the 55 000 mol. wt protein is readily extracted with acetic acid from homogenized and salt-extracted smooth muscle residue. The extracted protein reassembles, on dialysis, into filaments of about 10-nm diameter and has an amino acid composition almost identical to that deduced for vertebrate neurofilaments. From the cytoskeletal role that the 10-nm filaments play in smooth muscle and, as appears likely, in other cell types the filament protein has been tentatively termed 'skeletin'. Results relating to the proportion of skeletin in smooth muscle and the structure of the 10-nm filaments are described and discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the function and composition of the 10-NM(100-A) filaments of vertebrate smooth muscle. The extraction of isolated vertebrate smooth muscle cells at high and low ionic strength yields cell ghosts which are seen in the electron microscope to be composed of a complex network of 10-nm filaments, together with residual actin. After SDS-gel electrophoresis of the cell ghosts only 2 bands may be recognized, one corresponding to actin and the other migrating at about 55 000 mol. wt that arises from the 10-nm filaments. The 10-nm filaments are extremely sensitive to proteolysis and are absent from cells exposed to crude collagenase in the presence of Triton X-100. Such cells, lacking 10-nm filaments, still contract in response to ATP. The data indicate that the 10-nm filaments are not essential for contraction, but rather form a specialized intracellular cytoskeleton. While completely insoluble in concentrated salt solutions the 55 000 mol. wt protein is readily extracted with acetic acid from homogenized and salt-extracted smooth muscle residue. The extracted protein reassembles, on dialysis, into filaments of about 10-nm diameter and has an amino acid composition almost identical to that deduced for vertebrate neurofilaments. From the cytoskeletal role that the 10-nm filaments play in smooth muscle and, as appears likely, in other cell types the filament protein has been tentatively termed 'skeletin'. Results relating to the proportion of skeletin in smooth muscle and the structure of the 10-nm filaments are described and discussed.", "PMID": 561084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4472", "title": "Ultrastructural and radioautographic investigation of the nucleolar cycle in Physarum polycephalum. Characterization of DNA-containing subunits.", "content": "The present study has been mainly focused on the nucleolar cycle in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The ultrastructural characteristics of the interphase nucleolus, in this species, are quite similar to those of nucleoli in other organisms: it is essentially constituted of large particulate zones surrounding denser regions which are predominantly fibrillar in texture. The latter nucleolar zones, following fixation with osmium tetroxide, are characterized by the presence of opaque granules approximately 25 nm in diameter. Contrary to the situation which generally prevails in other eukaryotes, the late prophase nucleolus fragments into numerous globular bodies which are recognizable by the presence of opaque particles. These fibrillogranular nucleolar fragments persist during mitosis and are observed to become incorporated in the newly formed nucleolus. High-resolution radioautographic observations reveal that these nucleolar remnants contain DNA. The present observations together with recent biochemical data from other authors on the characteristics and mode of duplication of nucleolar DNA in P. polycephalum have led us to the hypothesis that the nucleolus, in this organism, contains several distinct globular subunits each containing ribosomal DNA as a key component. The existence of such morphological subunits appears to account for the unusual behaviour of the nucleolus during the cell cycle.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and radioautographic investigation of the nucleolar cycle in Physarum polycephalum. Characterization of DNA-containing subunits. The present study has been mainly focused on the nucleolar cycle in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The ultrastructural characteristics of the interphase nucleolus, in this species, are quite similar to those of nucleoli in other organisms: it is essentially constituted of large particulate zones surrounding denser regions which are predominantly fibrillar in texture. The latter nucleolar zones, following fixation with osmium tetroxide, are characterized by the presence of opaque granules approximately 25 nm in diameter. Contrary to the situation which generally prevails in other eukaryotes, the late prophase nucleolus fragments into numerous globular bodies which are recognizable by the presence of opaque particles. These fibrillogranular nucleolar fragments persist during mitosis and are observed to become incorporated in the newly formed nucleolus. High-resolution radioautographic observations reveal that these nucleolar remnants contain DNA. The present observations together with recent biochemical data from other authors on the characteristics and mode of duplication of nucleolar DNA in P. polycephalum have led us to the hypothesis that the nucleolus, in this organism, contains several distinct globular subunits each containing ribosomal DNA as a key component. The existence of such morphological subunits appears to account for the unusual behaviour of the nucleolus during the cell cycle.", "PMID": 561085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4473", "title": "Separation and biochemical characterization of the two cell types present in the pseudoplasmodium of Dictyostelium mucoroides.", "content": "The pseudoplasmodium (slug) of the cellular slime mould, Dictyostelium mucoroides consists of prestalk and prespore cells. These 2 differentiated types of cells were separated by modification of the previous methods using density-gradient centrifugation. Major improvements made in the present study were the use of a density column of different specific gravities and the use of a discontinuous gradient rather than a continuous one. With these improvements, it became possible to obtain efficiently a large number of prestalk and prespore cells. After separation of the 2 types of cells, activities and electrophoretic patterns of some developmentally regulated enzymes were compared. The hydrolases such as beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, acetylglucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase showed higher activities in the prestalk than in the prespore cells. The results are consistent with the fact that more autophagic vacuoles are present in the prestalk than in the prespore cells. On the other hand, UDP-galactose polysaccharide transferase was almost exclusively found in the prespore cells. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels of slug, prestalk and prespore extracts showed that one among 4 isozymes of beta-galactosidase recognized in the slug extract was present only in the prestalk extract. Electrophoretic patterns of acid phosphatase revealed that one of the two isozymes present in the slug was specifically found in the prestalk cell. Finding of such prestalk specific isozymes was significant, since no specific markers have been known for the prestalk cell.", "contents": "Separation and biochemical characterization of the two cell types present in the pseudoplasmodium of Dictyostelium mucoroides. The pseudoplasmodium (slug) of the cellular slime mould, Dictyostelium mucoroides consists of prestalk and prespore cells. These 2 differentiated types of cells were separated by modification of the previous methods using density-gradient centrifugation. Major improvements made in the present study were the use of a density column of different specific gravities and the use of a discontinuous gradient rather than a continuous one. With these improvements, it became possible to obtain efficiently a large number of prestalk and prespore cells. After separation of the 2 types of cells, activities and electrophoretic patterns of some developmentally regulated enzymes were compared. The hydrolases such as beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, acetylglucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase showed higher activities in the prestalk than in the prespore cells. The results are consistent with the fact that more autophagic vacuoles are present in the prestalk than in the prespore cells. On the other hand, UDP-galactose polysaccharide transferase was almost exclusively found in the prespore cells. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels of slug, prestalk and prespore extracts showed that one among 4 isozymes of beta-galactosidase recognized in the slug extract was present only in the prestalk extract. Electrophoretic patterns of acid phosphatase revealed that one of the two isozymes present in the slug was specifically found in the prestalk cell. Finding of such prestalk specific isozymes was significant, since no specific markers have been known for the prestalk cell.", "PMID": 561087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4474", "title": "The structure of nuclear ribonucleoprotein of amphibian oocytes.", "content": "Nuclear RNP from Triturus oocytes is organized as strings of beads which can be converted into 20-nm-diameter monoparticles with mild RNase treatment or into 5-nm-thick linear fibrils with low salt treatment. The protein component comprises a heterogeneous size-range of polypeptides which differ from the polypeptides of the other nucleoproteins of oocytes. The RNA is of high molecular weight, sediments mostly in excess of 50 S, and is capable of assuming considerable secondary structure. Duplex regions in the form of hairpin loops are present and may serve as focal points in the condensation of the RNP transcript fibres to generate the periodic beaded structure. The structure of the beads may be maintained by means of protein-protein interaction since at salt concentrations between 1 and 2 M NaC1 all of the proteins are released in a cooperative manner as various sized aggregates which sediment at 15-30 s. There are no specific proteins obviously peculiar to either the beaded or the fibrillar RNP configuration. The various properties of nuclear RNP are compared with those of chromatin.", "contents": "The structure of nuclear ribonucleoprotein of amphibian oocytes. Nuclear RNP from Triturus oocytes is organized as strings of beads which can be converted into 20-nm-diameter monoparticles with mild RNase treatment or into 5-nm-thick linear fibrils with low salt treatment. The protein component comprises a heterogeneous size-range of polypeptides which differ from the polypeptides of the other nucleoproteins of oocytes. The RNA is of high molecular weight, sediments mostly in excess of 50 S, and is capable of assuming considerable secondary structure. Duplex regions in the form of hairpin loops are present and may serve as focal points in the condensation of the RNP transcript fibres to generate the periodic beaded structure. The structure of the beads may be maintained by means of protein-protein interaction since at salt concentrations between 1 and 2 M NaC1 all of the proteins are released in a cooperative manner as various sized aggregates which sediment at 15-30 s. There are no specific proteins obviously peculiar to either the beaded or the fibrillar RNP configuration. The various properties of nuclear RNP are compared with those of chromatin.", "PMID": 561088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4475", "title": "The isolation of plasma membrane from protoplasts of soybean suspension cultures.", "content": "A procedure for the isolation of plasma membranes from protoplasts of suspension-cultured soybean is described. Protoplasts were prepared by enzymic digestion of the cell wall and the plasma membrane was labelled with radioactive diazotized sulphanilic acid. The membrane systems from broken protoplasts were separated by continuous isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation. Radioactivity was localized in a band possessing a buoyant density of 1-14 g ml-1. The activities of NADPH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductase, fumarase, Mg2+-ATPase, IDPase and acid phosphodiesterase in the various regions of the density gradient were determined. A plasma membrane fraction was selected which was relatively uncontaminated with membranes derived from endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplasts and mitochondria. The results indicated that Mg2+-ATPase and possibly acid phosphodiesterase were associated with the plasma membrane.", "contents": "The isolation of plasma membrane from protoplasts of soybean suspension cultures. A procedure for the isolation of plasma membranes from protoplasts of suspension-cultured soybean is described. Protoplasts were prepared by enzymic digestion of the cell wall and the plasma membrane was labelled with radioactive diazotized sulphanilic acid. The membrane systems from broken protoplasts were separated by continuous isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation. Radioactivity was localized in a band possessing a buoyant density of 1-14 g ml-1. The activities of NADPH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductase, fumarase, Mg2+-ATPase, IDPase and acid phosphodiesterase in the various regions of the density gradient were determined. A plasma membrane fraction was selected which was relatively uncontaminated with membranes derived from endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplasts and mitochondria. The results indicated that Mg2+-ATPase and possibly acid phosphodiesterase were associated with the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 561089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4476", "title": "Studies on isolated smooth muscle cells: The contractile apparatus.", "content": "Smooth muscle cells may be isolated from the taenia coli muscle of the guinea pig which, when made permeable by treatment with Triton X-100 (0-05%) show a sensitivity to Ca for contraction with MgATP. The rate of contraction, about 10 micron s-1, corresponds closely to the maximum velocity of shortening of the intact muscle. Electron microscopy of such partially demembranated muscle cells shows that myosin filaments of about 16-nm diameter are present in both the rigor and the relaxes states. In addition, the actin and myosin filaments are commonly seen to be associated in groups corresponding approximately in size to the fibrils recognizable in cells in rigor in the light microscope. The dense bodies and the 10-nm filaments are found located between the actin-myosin filament groups. The thick myosin filaments may be isolated by fragmentation of the cells under relaxing conditions. These native filaments range up to about 8 micron in length and show the same structural organization as filaments aseembled from purified smooth muscle myosin: there is no central bare zone and bare edges, about 0-2 micrin long, occur at the filament ends. The lack of bipolarity of the native smooth muscle muosin filaments and the absence, in the contractile apparatus, of actin-associated structures equivalent to Z-lines suggests that the amount of shearing that can occur between the actin and myosin filaments is considerably greater than in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Studies on isolated smooth muscle cells: The contractile apparatus. Smooth muscle cells may be isolated from the taenia coli muscle of the guinea pig which, when made permeable by treatment with Triton X-100 (0-05%) show a sensitivity to Ca for contraction with MgATP. The rate of contraction, about 10 micron s-1, corresponds closely to the maximum velocity of shortening of the intact muscle. Electron microscopy of such partially demembranated muscle cells shows that myosin filaments of about 16-nm diameter are present in both the rigor and the relaxes states. In addition, the actin and myosin filaments are commonly seen to be associated in groups corresponding approximately in size to the fibrils recognizable in cells in rigor in the light microscope. The dense bodies and the 10-nm filaments are found located between the actin-myosin filament groups. The thick myosin filaments may be isolated by fragmentation of the cells under relaxing conditions. These native filaments range up to about 8 micron in length and show the same structural organization as filaments aseembled from purified smooth muscle myosin: there is no central bare zone and bare edges, about 0-2 micrin long, occur at the filament ends. The lack of bipolarity of the native smooth muscle muosin filaments and the absence, in the contractile apparatus, of actin-associated structures equivalent to Z-lines suggests that the amount of shearing that can occur between the actin and myosin filaments is considerably greater than in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 561090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4477", "title": "Nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers throughout the life cycle of the Colonia strain of the myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Nuclear DNA content and ploidy have been determined at different stages of the life cycle of the Colonia strain of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Analyses at the plasmodial stage showed that (a) Burton and Fuelgen DNA analyses agreed within 15% with strains which ranged from 0-6 to 3-6 pg of DNA per nucleus; (b) S-phase in Colonia is during the early part of interphase as in the Wisconsin strain; (c) in heterothallic and heterothallic x Colonia crossed strains there are 1-0-1-2 pg of DNA and 70 chromosomes per nucleus and in Colonia 0-6 pg of DNA and 40 chromosomes. Germinating spores of all strains contained one population of cells with about 0-5 pg of DNA and 40 chromosomes and another of larger cells with up to 2-5 pg of DNA and 200 chromosomes. The polyploid nuclei comprised 2-20% of the total in heterothallic strains, 2-65% in heterothallic x Colonia crosses and 25-75% in Colonia. A method was devised for making chromosome spreads of amoebae grown on bacterial lawns. Cells were first exposed to dilute formaldehyde at 26 degrees C for 30 min, then spread on slides with hot lactic acid and strained. Such spreads of CLd (Colonia) and RSD4 (heterothallic) amoebae both contained about 40 chromosomes. The data are consistent with the view that Colonia is haploid throughout its life cycle and that chromosome number is neither halved during sporulation nor doubled during plasmoidal formation. However, the possibility exists that an alternance of ploidy occurs by way of the few diploid nuclei present in the plasmodium.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers throughout the life cycle of the Colonia strain of the myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum. Nuclear DNA content and ploidy have been determined at different stages of the life cycle of the Colonia strain of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Analyses at the plasmodial stage showed that (a) Burton and Fuelgen DNA analyses agreed within 15% with strains which ranged from 0-6 to 3-6 pg of DNA per nucleus; (b) S-phase in Colonia is during the early part of interphase as in the Wisconsin strain; (c) in heterothallic and heterothallic x Colonia crossed strains there are 1-0-1-2 pg of DNA and 70 chromosomes per nucleus and in Colonia 0-6 pg of DNA and 40 chromosomes. Germinating spores of all strains contained one population of cells with about 0-5 pg of DNA and 40 chromosomes and another of larger cells with up to 2-5 pg of DNA and 200 chromosomes. The polyploid nuclei comprised 2-20% of the total in heterothallic strains, 2-65% in heterothallic x Colonia crosses and 25-75% in Colonia. A method was devised for making chromosome spreads of amoebae grown on bacterial lawns. Cells were first exposed to dilute formaldehyde at 26 degrees C for 30 min, then spread on slides with hot lactic acid and strained. Such spreads of CLd (Colonia) and RSD4 (heterothallic) amoebae both contained about 40 chromosomes. The data are consistent with the view that Colonia is haploid throughout its life cycle and that chromosome number is neither halved during sporulation nor doubled during plasmoidal formation. However, the possibility exists that an alternance of ploidy occurs by way of the few diploid nuclei present in the plasmodium.", "PMID": 561091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4478", "title": "The nucleolar cycle in man.", "content": "Tissue cultures of human embryonal kidney and ovary were examined. In the nuclei of both tissues, one to ten nucleoli have been found. The maximum number of nucleoli is connected with the gene expression of rDNA of the 10 nucleolus organizers of chromosome pairs Nos. 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, which have secondary constrictions and are the satellite chromosomes in man. The small percentage of cells with 10, 9 and 8 nucleoli is attributed to the rapid association of 3 of the homologous acrocentrics (perhaps of group D). Two of the satellite (SAT) pairs probably associate later after mitosis. The process of fusion is dynamic, resulting in one interphase nucleous--a manifestation of the association of all SAT chromosomes. Dissociation of the nucleolus occurs upon entering prophase, due to the condensation of the chromosomes and retreat of rDNA to the respective secondary constrictions. As a result, the nucleolar number increases again. The pattern of the nucleolar kinetics within the course of one mitotic division is described.", "contents": "The nucleolar cycle in man. Tissue cultures of human embryonal kidney and ovary were examined. In the nuclei of both tissues, one to ten nucleoli have been found. The maximum number of nucleoli is connected with the gene expression of rDNA of the 10 nucleolus organizers of chromosome pairs Nos. 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, which have secondary constrictions and are the satellite chromosomes in man. The small percentage of cells with 10, 9 and 8 nucleoli is attributed to the rapid association of 3 of the homologous acrocentrics (perhaps of group D). Two of the satellite (SAT) pairs probably associate later after mitosis. The process of fusion is dynamic, resulting in one interphase nucleous--a manifestation of the association of all SAT chromosomes. Dissociation of the nucleolus occurs upon entering prophase, due to the condensation of the chromosomes and retreat of rDNA to the respective secondary constrictions. As a result, the nucleolar number increases again. The pattern of the nucleolar kinetics within the course of one mitotic division is described.", "PMID": 561092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4479", "title": "Gene transfer by means of cell fusion I. Statistical mapping of the human X-chromosome by analysis of radiation-induced gene segregation.", "content": "Hybrid cells were obtained by virus-induced fusion of hamster cells with irradiated human cells. The analysis of such hybrids permits a study of the effects of lethal doses of radiation on human cells and provides a method of sub-chromosomal genetic mapping that is independent of karyological analysis. Radiation-induced chromosome exchanges are shown to be extremely localized, and a map of 4 X-linked genes is presented.", "contents": "Gene transfer by means of cell fusion I. Statistical mapping of the human X-chromosome by analysis of radiation-induced gene segregation. Hybrid cells were obtained by virus-induced fusion of hamster cells with irradiated human cells. The analysis of such hybrids permits a study of the effects of lethal doses of radiation on human cells and provides a method of sub-chromosomal genetic mapping that is independent of karyological analysis. Radiation-induced chromosome exchanges are shown to be extremely localized, and a map of 4 X-linked genes is presented.", "PMID": 561093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4480", "title": "High-density induction of a quiescent cell state in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The non-histone protein complement of Physarum polycephalum changes rapidly when microplasmodia are subjected to conditions of high density. The changes in these proteins induced by high density are similar to the changes observed during starvation-induced encystment. A 50% decrease in DNA synthesis, observed after 7 h of starvation, is observed after only 1 h of high density. High density also results in a decrease in RNA synthesis comparable to decreases induced by prolonged starvation. Total heterochromatin increases in response to either high density or starvation. Increased heterochromatization is preceded by an increase in nuclear actin. Mitochondrial morphology and cytoplasmic organization are also similarly altered by starvation and high density. These observations suggest the possibility of a generalized mechanism for cellular transition from active growth to a non-proliferative cell state.", "contents": "High-density induction of a quiescent cell state in Physarum polycephalum. The non-histone protein complement of Physarum polycephalum changes rapidly when microplasmodia are subjected to conditions of high density. The changes in these proteins induced by high density are similar to the changes observed during starvation-induced encystment. A 50% decrease in DNA synthesis, observed after 7 h of starvation, is observed after only 1 h of high density. High density also results in a decrease in RNA synthesis comparable to decreases induced by prolonged starvation. Total heterochromatin increases in response to either high density or starvation. Increased heterochromatization is preceded by an increase in nuclear actin. Mitochondrial morphology and cytoplasmic organization are also similarly altered by starvation and high density. These observations suggest the possibility of a generalized mechanism for cellular transition from active growth to a non-proliferative cell state.", "PMID": 561094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4481", "title": "Computer evidence concerning the chemotactic signal in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Observed pulsatile aggregation of cellular slime mould amoebae is simulated on a computer. One spatial dimension is considered. In the simulation, attractant is rapidly secreted by the cells, after a delay period, when a superthreshold attractant concentration is sensed. Cells are refractory to further signals after secretion. Once secreted, the attractant diffuses and is hydrolysed. Movement results if a cell's extending pseudopods sense a supercritical increase of attractant; if increases are sensed on both sides, a sufficiently large difference can also initiate movement. The movement continues for a period independently of further signals, but then can be reversed by a attractant increase (at the back of the cell) that surpasses a high threshold. After 100s, motion stops and the threshold for movement reverts to normal. With the above rules, and with parameter values taken, as far as possible, from the literature, the simulation provides the observed pattern of aggration. Outward moving waves of attractant and organized inward pulsatile 'steps' of cell movement surround a cell that sevretes autonomously every few minutes. Other rules fail to give this picture, or give it only for a relatively narrow range of parameter values. It appears that of the various possible signals for chemotaxos, the most likely to be used by the amoebae is a temporal increase of attractant as sensed by extending pseudopods. Nonetheless, we connot rule out the 'classical' hypothesis that cells directly sense concentration differences.", "contents": "Computer evidence concerning the chemotactic signal in Dictyostelium discoideum. Observed pulsatile aggregation of cellular slime mould amoebae is simulated on a computer. One spatial dimension is considered. In the simulation, attractant is rapidly secreted by the cells, after a delay period, when a superthreshold attractant concentration is sensed. Cells are refractory to further signals after secretion. Once secreted, the attractant diffuses and is hydrolysed. Movement results if a cell's extending pseudopods sense a supercritical increase of attractant; if increases are sensed on both sides, a sufficiently large difference can also initiate movement. The movement continues for a period independently of further signals, but then can be reversed by a attractant increase (at the back of the cell) that surpasses a high threshold. After 100s, motion stops and the threshold for movement reverts to normal. With the above rules, and with parameter values taken, as far as possible, from the literature, the simulation provides the observed pattern of aggration. Outward moving waves of attractant and organized inward pulsatile 'steps' of cell movement surround a cell that sevretes autonomously every few minutes. Other rules fail to give this picture, or give it only for a relatively narrow range of parameter values. It appears that of the various possible signals for chemotaxos, the most likely to be used by the amoebae is a temporal increase of attractant as sensed by extending pseudopods. Nonetheless, we connot rule out the 'classical' hypothesis that cells directly sense concentration differences.", "PMID": 561095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4482", "title": "A study of the arrangement of osteoblasts of rat calvarium cultured in medium with, or without, added parathyroid extract.", "content": "The osteoblast layers on the inner surfaces of the half-calvaria of neonatal rats of 2 litters were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Some halves were fixed immediately on dissection. Others were carried through incubation in an Eagle's medium, with or without the addition of parathyroid extract (PTE): for 2, 4, 8 or, most importantly, 24 h. In their initial state, presumed as like the o-h material, the osteoblasts presented as a dense tesselation. After 24 h of culture in the medium, osteoblasts were more sparse in the fields examined and although, in a set of 4 preparations, they retained significant alignment, their orientation had become more random. In addition, they were broader and larger in area. By contrast, with PTE added to the medium, osteoblasts almost maintained their number per field, did maintain their cell area, but became longer and narrower and strikingly parallel in their array. The aligning effect of the PTE preceded, and thus was independent of, its elongating effect.", "contents": "A study of the arrangement of osteoblasts of rat calvarium cultured in medium with, or without, added parathyroid extract. The osteoblast layers on the inner surfaces of the half-calvaria of neonatal rats of 2 litters were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Some halves were fixed immediately on dissection. Others were carried through incubation in an Eagle's medium, with or without the addition of parathyroid extract (PTE): for 2, 4, 8 or, most importantly, 24 h. In their initial state, presumed as like the o-h material, the osteoblasts presented as a dense tesselation. After 24 h of culture in the medium, osteoblasts were more sparse in the fields examined and although, in a set of 4 preparations, they retained significant alignment, their orientation had become more random. In addition, they were broader and larger in area. By contrast, with PTE added to the medium, osteoblasts almost maintained their number per field, did maintain their cell area, but became longer and narrower and strikingly parallel in their array. The aligning effect of the PTE preceded, and thus was independent of, its elongating effect.", "PMID": 561096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4483", "title": "Gene transfer by means of cell fusion. II. The mapping of 8 loci on human chromosome 1 by statistical analysis of gene assortment in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "A method is described which should permit determination of the order and spacing of genes on all human chromosomes by the analysis of just one set of man-mouse hybrid cells. This method is used to determine the map of 8 loci on human chromosome I. A comparison of the statistical maps of chromosome I and of the X-chromosome with the cytogenetic maps of these chromosomes at metaphase indicates that the statistically derived distances between genes are related to the amount of Giemsa light-band material between the genes.", "contents": "Gene transfer by means of cell fusion. II. The mapping of 8 loci on human chromosome 1 by statistical analysis of gene assortment in somatic cell hybrids. A method is described which should permit determination of the order and spacing of genes on all human chromosomes by the analysis of just one set of man-mouse hybrid cells. This method is used to determine the map of 8 loci on human chromosome I. A comparison of the statistical maps of chromosome I and of the X-chromosome with the cytogenetic maps of these chromosomes at metaphase indicates that the statistically derived distances between genes are related to the amount of Giemsa light-band material between the genes.", "PMID": 561097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4484", "title": "Rapid micro-method for the measurement of ethchlorvynol in blood plasma and in urine by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for use in the measurement of the hypnotic drug ethchlorvynol in small (50 microliter) volumes of either blood plasma or urine. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are used in the procedure and sources of interference have proved to be minimal. The method has been applied primarily to the analysis of specimens obtained from patients who had ingested an overdose of this drug. However with slight modification, the technique may be used in the measurement of the plasma concentrations of ethchlorvynol attained during therapy.", "contents": "Rapid micro-method for the measurement of ethchlorvynol in blood plasma and in urine by gas-liquid chromatography. A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for use in the measurement of the hypnotic drug ethchlorvynol in small (50 microliter) volumes of either blood plasma or urine. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are used in the procedure and sources of interference have proved to be minimal. The method has been applied primarily to the analysis of specimens obtained from patients who had ingested an overdose of this drug. However with slight modification, the technique may be used in the measurement of the plasma concentrations of ethchlorvynol attained during therapy.", "PMID": 561113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4485", "title": "A simple procedure for combined gas chromatographic analysis of neutral sugars, hexosamines and alditols. Determination of degree of polymerization of oligo- and polysaccharides and chain weights of glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "A reliable and reproducible method that allows the combined, simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) determination of neutral sugars, hexosamines, alditols, identification and quantitation of the reducing aldose end-group in oligo and polysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans has been described. It involves the following steps: release of the reducing end-group from its protein linkage in glycosaminoglycans and reduction of this reducing end-group into alditol, release of the components of the reduced polymer by resin-catalysed hydrolysis, nitrous acid deamination of the resin-bound hexosamines in this hydrolysate into anhydroaldoses and a combined derivatization and GC determination of the neutral sugars as aldononitrile acetates, anhydroaldoses as peracetylated oximes and alditols as alditol acetates. Application of the method to determination of degree of polymerization of oligo-and polysaccharides and chain weights of proteoglycans has been described. This method has several advantages over the previous methods.", "contents": "A simple procedure for combined gas chromatographic analysis of neutral sugars, hexosamines and alditols. Determination of degree of polymerization of oligo- and polysaccharides and chain weights of glycosaminoglycans. A reliable and reproducible method that allows the combined, simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) determination of neutral sugars, hexosamines, alditols, identification and quantitation of the reducing aldose end-group in oligo and polysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans has been described. It involves the following steps: release of the reducing end-group from its protein linkage in glycosaminoglycans and reduction of this reducing end-group into alditol, release of the components of the reduced polymer by resin-catalysed hydrolysis, nitrous acid deamination of the resin-bound hexosamines in this hydrolysate into anhydroaldoses and a combined derivatization and GC determination of the neutral sugars as aldononitrile acetates, anhydroaldoses as peracetylated oximes and alditols as alditol acetates. Application of the method to determination of degree of polymerization of oligo-and polysaccharides and chain weights of proteoglycans has been described. This method has several advantages over the previous methods.", "PMID": 561115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4486", "title": "Quantitative analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in serum from psychiatric patients.", "content": "A method for the quantitative analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in the serum of psychiatric patients is described. The method can be used for determining amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, demethyllimipramine, clomipramine, demethylclomipramine, trimipramine and protriptyline. The method consists in a series of extraction steps followed by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector. The drugs are determined in their native state. The internal standard method is used for the quantitation.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in serum from psychiatric patients. A method for the quantitative analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in the serum of psychiatric patients is described. The method can be used for determining amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, demethyllimipramine, clomipramine, demethylclomipramine, trimipramine and protriptyline. The method consists in a series of extraction steps followed by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector. The drugs are determined in their native state. The internal standard method is used for the quantitation.", "PMID": 561116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4487", "title": "Analysis of formaldehyde in tobacco smoke by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Formaldehyde in tobacco smoke is allowed to react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form the dinitrophenylhydrazone. This derivative is extracted with chloroform and concentrated. The residue in methylene chloride is separated and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. A column packed with 10-micron silica is used for separation. The internal standard is triphenylene. This method can also be used for the analysis of other carbonyl compounds in tobacco smoke that react to form hydrazone derivatives.", "contents": "Analysis of formaldehyde in tobacco smoke by high performance liquid chromatography. Formaldehyde in tobacco smoke is allowed to react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form the dinitrophenylhydrazone. This derivative is extracted with chloroform and concentrated. The residue in methylene chloride is separated and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. A column packed with 10-micron silica is used for separation. The internal standard is triphenylene. This method can also be used for the analysis of other carbonyl compounds in tobacco smoke that react to form hydrazone derivatives.", "PMID": 561117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4488", "title": "Pathogenesis of alcohol-induced accumulation of protein in the liver.", "content": "Alcohol feeding to rats produced hepatomegaly, associated with enlargement of the hepatocytes. The increase in liver dry weight was accounted for not only by fat but also by protein accumulation, primarily in microsomes and cytosol, with a selective increase in export proteins: concentrations of both immunoreactive albumin and transferrin were augmented in liver microsomes and cytosol of ethanol-fed rats. To investigate the mechanism of this protein accumulation, [14C]leucine was injected intravenously and its incorporation into both liver and serum proteins was measured after various time intervals. Rates of synthesis and export were assessed from protein labeling and specific activities of leucyl-tRNA. Synthesis of liver protein and proalbumin were enhanced by chronic ethanol feeding, but this was not associated with a corresponding rise in serum albumin output. Actually, there was a significant retention of the label in liver albumin and transferrin with delayed appearance in the serum of ethanol-fed rats. This indicated that, regardless of the changes in synthesis, the export of protein from the liver into the plasma was impaired. This alteration in export was associated with a decreased amount of polymerized tubulin in the liver of ethanol-treated animals. Thus, both enhanced protein synthesis and defective export contribute to the ethanol-induced accumulation of liver protein, and the decrease in liver microtubules represents a possible site for impairment of protein export.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of alcohol-induced accumulation of protein in the liver. Alcohol feeding to rats produced hepatomegaly, associated with enlargement of the hepatocytes. The increase in liver dry weight was accounted for not only by fat but also by protein accumulation, primarily in microsomes and cytosol, with a selective increase in export proteins: concentrations of both immunoreactive albumin and transferrin were augmented in liver microsomes and cytosol of ethanol-fed rats. To investigate the mechanism of this protein accumulation, [14C]leucine was injected intravenously and its incorporation into both liver and serum proteins was measured after various time intervals. Rates of synthesis and export were assessed from protein labeling and specific activities of leucyl-tRNA. Synthesis of liver protein and proalbumin were enhanced by chronic ethanol feeding, but this was not associated with a corresponding rise in serum albumin output. Actually, there was a significant retention of the label in liver albumin and transferrin with delayed appearance in the serum of ethanol-fed rats. This indicated that, regardless of the changes in synthesis, the export of protein from the liver into the plasma was impaired. This alteration in export was associated with a decreased amount of polymerized tubulin in the liver of ethanol-treated animals. Thus, both enhanced protein synthesis and defective export contribute to the ethanol-induced accumulation of liver protein, and the decrease in liver microtubules represents a possible site for impairment of protein export.", "PMID": 561118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4489", "title": "Hormonal control of sexual attraction in pseudohermaphroditic female dogs.", "content": "Groups of female dogs exposed to different degrees of androgenic stimulation during development and a control group of ovariectomized females were tested for their attraction to tethered male and female stimulus animals. Attraction to the male was measured before and after administration of estradiol, and attraction to an estrous female was tested before and after administration of testosterone propionate (TP). Time spent visiting the tethered male was approximately equal for all groups prior to hormone treatment, but after receiving estradiol, control females exhibited a pronounced increase in visiting time; the second longest visits were paid by females that had received moderate amounts of androgen before birth; more heavily androgenized females exhibited no increase in attraction to the male despite estradiol injections. Visits to the estrous female before administration of TP were longer for some groups than for others, but there was no relation between the degree of perinatal androgenization and mean visiting time. After injections to TP the most pronounced increase in visiting was shown by females that had received the largest amounts of androgen during development, and the second largest increase occurred in the prenatally androgenized group. Control females showed the smallest increase in visiting time.", "contents": "Hormonal control of sexual attraction in pseudohermaphroditic female dogs. Groups of female dogs exposed to different degrees of androgenic stimulation during development and a control group of ovariectomized females were tested for their attraction to tethered male and female stimulus animals. Attraction to the male was measured before and after administration of estradiol, and attraction to an estrous female was tested before and after administration of testosterone propionate (TP). Time spent visiting the tethered male was approximately equal for all groups prior to hormone treatment, but after receiving estradiol, control females exhibited a pronounced increase in visiting time; the second longest visits were paid by females that had received moderate amounts of androgen before birth; more heavily androgenized females exhibited no increase in attraction to the male despite estradiol injections. Visits to the estrous female before administration of TP were longer for some groups than for others, but there was no relation between the degree of perinatal androgenization and mean visiting time. After injections to TP the most pronounced increase in visiting was shown by females that had received the largest amounts of androgen during development, and the second largest increase occurred in the prenatally androgenized group. Control females showed the smallest increase in visiting time.", "PMID": 561119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4490", "title": "Gastric secretion and activity-stress lesions in the rat.", "content": "In Experiment 1, gastric samples were obtained by means of a pylorus ligation procedure on either the first or last day of the activity-stress procedure. Experimental rats had more stomach lesions and showed a drop in gastric acid on the last day collection. In Experiment 2, rats were surgically prepared with gastric cannulas and pyloric cuffs, and first and last day collections were obtained from the same animal. Experimental activity rats revealed more stomach lesions and a corresponding drop in gastric acid on the last collection than did control rats, which thereby suggests that acid was not a significant etiological variable. The destruction of acid-bearing parietal cells or the back diffusion of hydrogen ions could also explain the low acid values in rats with stomach lesions.", "contents": "Gastric secretion and activity-stress lesions in the rat. In Experiment 1, gastric samples were obtained by means of a pylorus ligation procedure on either the first or last day of the activity-stress procedure. Experimental rats had more stomach lesions and showed a drop in gastric acid on the last day collection. In Experiment 2, rats were surgically prepared with gastric cannulas and pyloric cuffs, and first and last day collections were obtained from the same animal. Experimental activity rats revealed more stomach lesions and a corresponding drop in gastric acid on the last collection than did control rats, which thereby suggests that acid was not a significant etiological variable. The destruction of acid-bearing parietal cells or the back diffusion of hydrogen ions could also explain the low acid values in rats with stomach lesions.", "PMID": 561120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4491", "title": "Symmetrical gangrene of the extremities associated with the use of dopamine subsequent to ergometrine administration.", "content": "The occurrence of symmetrical gangrene of all 4 extremities after the use of dopamine, subsequent to the administration of egometrine, is described. It is suggested that the concomitant use of these 2 agents should be avoided.", "contents": "Symmetrical gangrene of the extremities associated with the use of dopamine subsequent to ergometrine administration. The occurrence of symmetrical gangrene of all 4 extremities after the use of dopamine, subsequent to the administration of egometrine, is described. It is suggested that the concomitant use of these 2 agents should be avoided.", "PMID": 561121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4492", "title": "Partial purification of antigens from eggs of Schistosoma mansoni that elicit delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens that elicit delayed hypersensitivity in appropriately sensitized guinea pigs were partially characterized by using ion exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. At least three skin-reactive antigens were found, one of which was purified to homogeneity, as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). This antigen was not adsorbed to CM cellulose, migrated cathodal to guinea pig albumin on electrophoresis, and was adsorbed to DEAE cellulose. A second pool of antigenic activity was obtained by adsorption to CM cellulose and subsequent elution. DEAE cellulose chromatography and preparative electrophoresis of this pool indicated the presence of more than one antigen.", "contents": "Partial purification of antigens from eggs of Schistosoma mansoni that elicit delayed hypersensitivity. Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens that elicit delayed hypersensitivity in appropriately sensitized guinea pigs were partially characterized by using ion exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. At least three skin-reactive antigens were found, one of which was purified to homogeneity, as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). This antigen was not adsorbed to CM cellulose, migrated cathodal to guinea pig albumin on electrophoresis, and was adsorbed to DEAE cellulose. A second pool of antigenic activity was obtained by adsorption to CM cellulose and subsequent elution. DEAE cellulose chromatography and preparative electrophoresis of this pool indicated the presence of more than one antigen.", "PMID": 561125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4493", "title": "On the mechanism of membrane damage by C: exposure of hydrophobic sites on activated C proteins.", "content": "In previous papers we have presented evidence that peptides from C proteins C5b, C7, C8, and C9 become inserted in the lipid bilayer membranes and form a transmembrane channel. Presumably, this insertion follows exposure of hydrophobic domains by C activation. In the present experiments liposomes were made with 14C-phosphatidyl choline (PC) and Forssman antigen in the bilayer, and with 86Rb+ in the aqueous compartments. When such liposomes were incubated with anti-Forssman antibody (A) and guinea pig serum (GPS) as a source of C, substantially more 14C-PC and 86Rb+ were released than from liposomes treated with A and C4-deficient GPS, or with A and heated C, or with C alone, or with A alone. The specific release of PC was dependent on the dose of C. Prior treatment of GPS with cobra venom factor abolished its capacity to release PC. The release of PC by A and C7-deficient human serum (C7D-HS) was the same as that of GPS alone, i.e., there was no specific release. A and C8D-HS produced much less specific release than A and GPS; addition of purified guinea pig C7 or C8 to C7D-HS or C8D-HS, respectively, restored the PC release to its full extent. Hence, part of the PC removal is mediated by C5b,6,7; the remainder is attributable to C8 and/or C9.", "contents": "On the mechanism of membrane damage by C: exposure of hydrophobic sites on activated C proteins. In previous papers we have presented evidence that peptides from C proteins C5b, C7, C8, and C9 become inserted in the lipid bilayer membranes and form a transmembrane channel. Presumably, this insertion follows exposure of hydrophobic domains by C activation. In the present experiments liposomes were made with 14C-phosphatidyl choline (PC) and Forssman antigen in the bilayer, and with 86Rb+ in the aqueous compartments. When such liposomes were incubated with anti-Forssman antibody (A) and guinea pig serum (GPS) as a source of C, substantially more 14C-PC and 86Rb+ were released than from liposomes treated with A and C4-deficient GPS, or with A and heated C, or with C alone, or with A alone. The specific release of PC was dependent on the dose of C. Prior treatment of GPS with cobra venom factor abolished its capacity to release PC. The release of PC by A and C7-deficient human serum (C7D-HS) was the same as that of GPS alone, i.e., there was no specific release. A and C8D-HS produced much less specific release than A and GPS; addition of purified guinea pig C7 or C8 to C7D-HS or C8D-HS, respectively, restored the PC release to its full extent. Hence, part of the PC removal is mediated by C5b,6,7; the remainder is attributable to C8 and/or C9.", "PMID": 561127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4494", "title": "Abnormal polyclonal B cell activation in NZB/NZW F1 mice.", "content": "Spleen cells from autoimmune (10-mont-old) NZB/NZW (B/W) mice failed to generate appreciable numbers of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in vitro to TNP-substituted sheep erythrocytes in response to the polyclonal B cell activators (PBA), LPS and PPD, despite normal DNA synthetic responses to these agents and normal AFC responses to TNP-Ficoll. The failure to respond to PBA in old B/W mice was not due to suppressor T cells since anti-brain-associated-theta-treated spleen cells still failed to generate AFC in response to PBA. The defect was age-related since cells from young B/W mice generated vigorous AFC responses to PBA. It is suggested that the failure of the spleen cells of old B/W mice to generate AFC is a result of in vitro polyclonal B cell activation in the course of autoantibody formation.", "contents": "Abnormal polyclonal B cell activation in NZB/NZW F1 mice. Spleen cells from autoimmune (10-mont-old) NZB/NZW (B/W) mice failed to generate appreciable numbers of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in vitro to TNP-substituted sheep erythrocytes in response to the polyclonal B cell activators (PBA), LPS and PPD, despite normal DNA synthetic responses to these agents and normal AFC responses to TNP-Ficoll. The failure to respond to PBA in old B/W mice was not due to suppressor T cells since anti-brain-associated-theta-treated spleen cells still failed to generate AFC in response to PBA. The defect was age-related since cells from young B/W mice generated vigorous AFC responses to PBA. It is suggested that the failure of the spleen cells of old B/W mice to generate AFC is a result of in vitro polyclonal B cell activation in the course of autoantibody formation.", "PMID": 561128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4495", "title": "Hydration characteristics and electrical resistivity of stratum corneum using a noninvasive four-point microelectrode method.", "content": "We have used a four-microelectrode probe to study the relationship between electrical resistivity (p), water content (wf) water binding, and electrolyte levels in samples of plantar stratum corneum. Untreated samples characteristically showed an exponential relationship between log p and wf. This characteristic was retained but altered quantitatively by factors which increase and decrease the ratio of bound to unbound water, by lipid extraction, and (following extraction) by electrolyte presoak. The theoretical aspects of obtaining similar data from intact stratum corneum are discussed.", "contents": "Hydration characteristics and electrical resistivity of stratum corneum using a noninvasive four-point microelectrode method. We have used a four-microelectrode probe to study the relationship between electrical resistivity (p), water content (wf) water binding, and electrolyte levels in samples of plantar stratum corneum. Untreated samples characteristically showed an exponential relationship between log p and wf. This characteristic was retained but altered quantitatively by factors which increase and decrease the ratio of bound to unbound water, by lipid extraction, and (following extraction) by electrolyte presoak. The theoretical aspects of obtaining similar data from intact stratum corneum are discussed.", "PMID": 561129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4496", "title": "Streptococcal M protein: an antiphagocytic molecule assembled on the cell wall.", "content": "After extraction with nonionic detergent, type 6 streptococcal M protein was found to be composed of multiple proteins ranging in molecular weight from 35,000 to 6,000 daltons. The antiphagocytic proteins, however, were found to be limited to three species having molecular weights of 28,000, 31,000, and 35,000 daltons. These molecules which removed opsonic antibodies from immune serum could be separated from those proteins that had only type specificity. Pulse chase experiments supported by chemical and immunological data suggest that the smaller, type-specific molecules are used to assemble the larger, antiphagocytic proteins. Type 6 M protein was radialabeled and used in a binding assay for the measurement of opsonic antibodies in human serum. Good correlation was observed between binding and the presence of opsonic antibodies in both systems. However, certain sera did exhibit binding but lacked type-specific opsonic activity. Results of competitive inhibition experiments demonstrated that the nonopsonic serum was deficient in certain antibodies that were present in opsonics serum and that the anitphagocytic molecules contained the sites necessary to bind these antibodies.", "contents": "Streptococcal M protein: an antiphagocytic molecule assembled on the cell wall. After extraction with nonionic detergent, type 6 streptococcal M protein was found to be composed of multiple proteins ranging in molecular weight from 35,000 to 6,000 daltons. The antiphagocytic proteins, however, were found to be limited to three species having molecular weights of 28,000, 31,000, and 35,000 daltons. These molecules which removed opsonic antibodies from immune serum could be separated from those proteins that had only type specificity. Pulse chase experiments supported by chemical and immunological data suggest that the smaller, type-specific molecules are used to assemble the larger, antiphagocytic proteins. Type 6 M protein was radialabeled and used in a binding assay for the measurement of opsonic antibodies in human serum. Good correlation was observed between binding and the presence of opsonic antibodies in both systems. However, certain sera did exhibit binding but lacked type-specific opsonic activity. Results of competitive inhibition experiments demonstrated that the nonopsonic serum was deficient in certain antibodies that were present in opsonics serum and that the anitphagocytic molecules contained the sites necessary to bind these antibodies.", "PMID": 561131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4497", "title": "Capillary blood flow in the genital tracts of conscious ewes: cyclic changes and the effect of ovarian hormones.", "content": "The indicator fractionation technique with [86Rb]rubidium chloride as the indicator was used in conscious animals to determine the relative blood flow (RBF) as a measure of capillary blood flow in regions of the genital tract of cyclic ewes and of hormonally treated ovariectomized ewes. The RBF values in the ampulla, isthmus, uterus and cervix of cyclic ewes were markedly raised at pro-oestrus and declined thereafter to low levels during the remainder of the oestrous cycle. On Day 4 a small secondary rise in flow occurred in the ampulla and isthmus. In ovariectomized ewes, oestradiol induced high levels of RBF in the ampulla, isthmus, uterus and cervix whether the animals had been treated previously with progesterone or given concurrent small doses of progesterone. Though progesterone given alone caused a significant rise in RBF in the uterus, this effect appeared to be one occurring only during active re-growth of regressed tracts. The findings are discussed in relation to oestradiol inducing a stimulatory effect on RBF in the genital tract of the ewe around oestrus but not at Days 3-4 of the oestrous cycle.", "contents": "Capillary blood flow in the genital tracts of conscious ewes: cyclic changes and the effect of ovarian hormones. The indicator fractionation technique with [86Rb]rubidium chloride as the indicator was used in conscious animals to determine the relative blood flow (RBF) as a measure of capillary blood flow in regions of the genital tract of cyclic ewes and of hormonally treated ovariectomized ewes. The RBF values in the ampulla, isthmus, uterus and cervix of cyclic ewes were markedly raised at pro-oestrus and declined thereafter to low levels during the remainder of the oestrous cycle. On Day 4 a small secondary rise in flow occurred in the ampulla and isthmus. In ovariectomized ewes, oestradiol induced high levels of RBF in the ampulla, isthmus, uterus and cervix whether the animals had been treated previously with progesterone or given concurrent small doses of progesterone. Though progesterone given alone caused a significant rise in RBF in the uterus, this effect appeared to be one occurring only during active re-growth of regressed tracts. The findings are discussed in relation to oestradiol inducing a stimulatory effect on RBF in the genital tract of the ewe around oestrus but not at Days 3-4 of the oestrous cycle.", "PMID": 561150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4498", "title": "Binding of methyltrienolone (R1881) to a progesterone receptor-like component of human prostatic cytosol.", "content": "The synthetic steroid methyltrienolone (R1881, 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-estra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) binds with high affinity to protein in cytosols prepared from human hyperplastic prostate. R1881 also binds to the androgen receptor of rat prostate and the progesterone receptor of rabbit uterus. Other steroids compete with R1881 for unoccupied binding sites in the human prostatic cytosols in a manner similar to that observed with the rabbit uterine progesterone receptor, rather than the rat prostatic androgen receptor. The progesterone receptor-like binding sites are a feature of the prostatic stroma rather than the epithelium.", "contents": "Binding of methyltrienolone (R1881) to a progesterone receptor-like component of human prostatic cytosol. The synthetic steroid methyltrienolone (R1881, 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-estra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) binds with high affinity to protein in cytosols prepared from human hyperplastic prostate. R1881 also binds to the androgen receptor of rat prostate and the progesterone receptor of rabbit uterus. Other steroids compete with R1881 for unoccupied binding sites in the human prostatic cytosols in a manner similar to that observed with the rabbit uterine progesterone receptor, rather than the rat prostatic androgen receptor. The progesterone receptor-like binding sites are a feature of the prostatic stroma rather than the epithelium.", "PMID": 561151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4499", "title": "Sensitivity of anterior hypothalamic areas to gonadal steroid implantation in androgenized female rats.", "content": "A single injection of 1 mg of a complex of testosterone esters on day 5 of life was used to prepare constantly oestrous rats. Such androgenized female rats were then ovariectomized and submitted to stereotaxical implantation of 1 microgram oestradiol benzoate, 5 microgram testosterone isobutyrate or, as a control, 10 microgram cholesterol in the anterior hypothalamic areas. The effects of the steroids on plasma and pituitary FSH and LH were assessed by radioimmunoassay. As reported previously by us in normal female and male rats, the preoptic-suprachiasmatic area (POA) was able to control synthesis and secretion of both gonadotrophins and did not lose its sensitivity to oestradiol and testosterone in andorgenized rats. Evidence for enhanced prolactin secretion in androgenized rats was derived from immunofluorescence studies of the pituitary gland and from histology of the mammary glands. In this respect the condition of the androgenized females was opposite to that of the males. The present work demonstrated that stimulation of prolactin secretion in androgenized female rats resulted from oestrogen action due to permanent oestrus rather than from impairment of hypothalamo-hypophysial relationships. Indeed, prolactin stimulation was suppressed when the androgenized rats were ovariectomized and restored when they were subsequently implanted with oestradiol in the POA.", "contents": "Sensitivity of anterior hypothalamic areas to gonadal steroid implantation in androgenized female rats. A single injection of 1 mg of a complex of testosterone esters on day 5 of life was used to prepare constantly oestrous rats. Such androgenized female rats were then ovariectomized and submitted to stereotaxical implantation of 1 microgram oestradiol benzoate, 5 microgram testosterone isobutyrate or, as a control, 10 microgram cholesterol in the anterior hypothalamic areas. The effects of the steroids on plasma and pituitary FSH and LH were assessed by radioimmunoassay. As reported previously by us in normal female and male rats, the preoptic-suprachiasmatic area (POA) was able to control synthesis and secretion of both gonadotrophins and did not lose its sensitivity to oestradiol and testosterone in andorgenized rats. Evidence for enhanced prolactin secretion in androgenized rats was derived from immunofluorescence studies of the pituitary gland and from histology of the mammary glands. In this respect the condition of the androgenized females was opposite to that of the males. The present work demonstrated that stimulation of prolactin secretion in androgenized female rats resulted from oestrogen action due to permanent oestrus rather than from impairment of hypothalamo-hypophysial relationships. Indeed, prolactin stimulation was suppressed when the androgenized rats were ovariectomized and restored when they were subsequently implanted with oestradiol in the POA.", "PMID": 561152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4500", "title": "Oscillating contractions in protoplasmic strands of Physarum: simultaneous tensiometry of longitudinal and radial rhythms, periodicity analysis and temperature dependence.", "content": "1. The construction of a 'twin-tension transducer' allows the simultaneous measurement of the same or different contraction rhythms at any selected sites of living plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. This method has been used to analyse the relation of longitudinal and radial contraction activity within migrating plasmodia and plasmodial veins, under isometric as well as under isotonic conditions of measurement. 2. A periodicity analysis of the oscillating contraction rhythms revealed average period values for the longitudinal contraction cycle of 2-1 min and for the radial contraction cycle of 1-3 min at a temperature of 22 degrees C. 3. The periods of longitudinal contraction depend on the environment of the strands. The mean value under submerged conditions was 2-9 min. 4. The temperature dependences for both longitudinal and radial contraction cycles were determined to provide reliable values for the normal reaction range of the contractile system (cytoplasmic actomyosin). The values for radial contraction activity are 2-0 min at 16 degrees C, 1-5 min at 20 degrees C, and 1-2 min at 24 degrees C. The range between 16 degrees and 24 degrees C can be regarded as physiological. 5. The possibility is discussed that only one 'genuine' contraction frequency of cytoplasmic actomyosin exists in Physarum.", "contents": "Oscillating contractions in protoplasmic strands of Physarum: simultaneous tensiometry of longitudinal and radial rhythms, periodicity analysis and temperature dependence. 1. The construction of a 'twin-tension transducer' allows the simultaneous measurement of the same or different contraction rhythms at any selected sites of living plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. This method has been used to analyse the relation of longitudinal and radial contraction activity within migrating plasmodia and plasmodial veins, under isometric as well as under isotonic conditions of measurement. 2. A periodicity analysis of the oscillating contraction rhythms revealed average period values for the longitudinal contraction cycle of 2-1 min and for the radial contraction cycle of 1-3 min at a temperature of 22 degrees C. 3. The periods of longitudinal contraction depend on the environment of the strands. The mean value under submerged conditions was 2-9 min. 4. The temperature dependences for both longitudinal and radial contraction cycles were determined to provide reliable values for the normal reaction range of the contractile system (cytoplasmic actomyosin). The values for radial contraction activity are 2-0 min at 16 degrees C, 1-5 min at 20 degrees C, and 1-2 min at 24 degrees C. The range between 16 degrees and 24 degrees C can be regarded as physiological. 5. The possibility is discussed that only one 'genuine' contraction frequency of cytoplasmic actomyosin exists in Physarum.", "PMID": 561153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4501", "title": "Biosynthesis of pro-C3, a precursor of the third component of complement.", "content": "A precusor of the third component of complement, pro-C3, was detected in studies of cell-free synthesis and intracellularly in homogenates of liver tissue cultures. The molecular weight of pro-C3 was indistinguishable from that of intact native C3 secreted in vitro by liver or peritoneal macrophages, but its structure was different. Pro-C3 is a single polypeptide chain, whereas C3 secreted by cells in culture consists of two polypeptide chains (mol wt 120,000 and 76,000) linked by disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of pro-C3, a precursor of the third component of complement. A precusor of the third component of complement, pro-C3, was detected in studies of cell-free synthesis and intracellularly in homogenates of liver tissue cultures. The molecular weight of pro-C3 was indistinguishable from that of intact native C3 secreted in vitro by liver or peritoneal macrophages, but its structure was different. Pro-C3 is a single polypeptide chain, whereas C3 secreted by cells in culture consists of two polypeptide chains (mol wt 120,000 and 76,000) linked by disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 561154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4502", "title": "Cellular and genetic control of antibody responses in vitro. II. Ir gene control of primary IgM responses to trinitrophenyl conjugates of poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys and poly-L-(His,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys.", "content": "The in vitro primary IgM anti-hapten responses to trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugates of poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala-poly-L-Lys (T,G)-A--L and poly-L(His,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys (H,G)-A--L were shown to be T-cell dependent and under autosomal dominant H-2-linked Ir gene control which mapped within the K or I-A regions of the H-2 complex. The in vitro response to TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, while T-dependent, was not under demonstrable genetic control. The genes governing the in vitro primary IgM anti-hapten responses to TNP-(T,G)-A--L and TNP-(H,G)-A--L resemble the Ir genes controlling the in vivo secondary IgG responses to (T,G)-A--L and (H,G)-A--L in that they are autosomal dominant, map identically within the H-2 complex, and have identical responder and nonresponder haplotypes. It is concluded that Ir genes can govern the ability to generate an IgM response upon initial exposure to antigen.", "contents": "Cellular and genetic control of antibody responses in vitro. II. Ir gene control of primary IgM responses to trinitrophenyl conjugates of poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys and poly-L-(His,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys. The in vitro primary IgM anti-hapten responses to trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugates of poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala-poly-L-Lys (T,G)-A--L and poly-L(His,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys (H,G)-A--L were shown to be T-cell dependent and under autosomal dominant H-2-linked Ir gene control which mapped within the K or I-A regions of the H-2 complex. The in vitro response to TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, while T-dependent, was not under demonstrable genetic control. The genes governing the in vitro primary IgM anti-hapten responses to TNP-(T,G)-A--L and TNP-(H,G)-A--L resemble the Ir genes controlling the in vivo secondary IgG responses to (T,G)-A--L and (H,G)-A--L in that they are autosomal dominant, map identically within the H-2 complex, and have identical responder and nonresponder haplotypes. It is concluded that Ir genes can govern the ability to generate an IgM response upon initial exposure to antigen.", "PMID": 561155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4503", "title": "Synthesis and distribution of H-2 antigens in preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "Synthesis of H-2 antigens by preimplantation mouse embryos is first detectable at the late blastocyst stage. These antigens were detected using immune precipitation assays of extracts of embryos labeled by incorporation of radioactive amino acids but not by surface iodination. Experiments using isolated inner cell massess and trophoblast vesicles indicate that it is the cells of the inner cell mass that synthesize these antigens. H-2 antigens were not detected in either early blastocysts or at earlier cleavage stages.", "contents": "Synthesis and distribution of H-2 antigens in preimplantation mouse embryos. Synthesis of H-2 antigens by preimplantation mouse embryos is first detectable at the late blastocyst stage. These antigens were detected using immune precipitation assays of extracts of embryos labeled by incorporation of radioactive amino acids but not by surface iodination. Experiments using isolated inner cell massess and trophoblast vesicles indicate that it is the cells of the inner cell mass that synthesize these antigens. H-2 antigens were not detected in either early blastocysts or at earlier cleavage stages.", "PMID": 561156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4504", "title": "Nucleic acid synthesis in preimplantation rabbit embryos. III. A \"dark period\" immediately following fertilization, and the early predominance low molecular weight RNA synthesis.", "content": "This report stems from efforts to characterize the products of transcription during the initial stages of cleavage in the rabbit embryo, since previous studies have suggested that RNA synthesis is required during this period for the continuation of normal development. Early cleaving embryos were exposed to radiolabeled precursors of nucleic acids in vitro and RNA extracted and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and BD-cellulose chromatography. No unequivocal evidence of RNA synthesis could be obtained during the first three cleavage divisions; all apparent \"embryonic\" RNA synthesis could be ascribed to contaminating follicle cells. After the fourth cleavage, however, there is readily detectable incorporation of radioisotope into RNA by embryos which have been denuded of follicle cells. Two-thirds of the cytoplasmic RNA labeled during a 4-hour period is 25-30 X 10(3) daltons in size, and some of this low molecular weight RNA can be aminoacylated and shown to be transfer RNA. A low level of ribosomal RNA synthesis is detectable at this stage. The contribution, if any, of the rabbit embryonic genome to development prior to the 16-cell stage remains to be defined.", "contents": "Nucleic acid synthesis in preimplantation rabbit embryos. III. A \"dark period\" immediately following fertilization, and the early predominance low molecular weight RNA synthesis. This report stems from efforts to characterize the products of transcription during the initial stages of cleavage in the rabbit embryo, since previous studies have suggested that RNA synthesis is required during this period for the continuation of normal development. Early cleaving embryos were exposed to radiolabeled precursors of nucleic acids in vitro and RNA extracted and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and BD-cellulose chromatography. No unequivocal evidence of RNA synthesis could be obtained during the first three cleavage divisions; all apparent \"embryonic\" RNA synthesis could be ascribed to contaminating follicle cells. After the fourth cleavage, however, there is readily detectable incorporation of radioisotope into RNA by embryos which have been denuded of follicle cells. Two-thirds of the cytoplasmic RNA labeled during a 4-hour period is 25-30 X 10(3) daltons in size, and some of this low molecular weight RNA can be aminoacylated and shown to be transfer RNA. A low level of ribosomal RNA synthesis is detectable at this stage. The contribution, if any, of the rabbit embryonic genome to development prior to the 16-cell stage remains to be defined.", "PMID": 561157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4505", "title": "The estrous cycle in golden hamsters: a circadian pacemaker times preovulatory gonadotropin release.", "content": "In a population of cycling female hamsters entrained to an LD 6:18 light cycle (lights 1000-1600 hours), preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone occurred in some animals at 1300-1400 hours and in others at 1900 hours. In every case peak release was phase-locked (2-3-hour positive phase angle) to the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. The pattern of entrainment of gonadotropin release on LD 6:18 is fully explicable in terms of the hamster's phase response curve to light. We conclude that periodic gonadotropin release in cycling females is timed by a circadian oscillator (biological clock) that is probably the same oscillator driving the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity.", "contents": "The estrous cycle in golden hamsters: a circadian pacemaker times preovulatory gonadotropin release. In a population of cycling female hamsters entrained to an LD 6:18 light cycle (lights 1000-1600 hours), preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone occurred in some animals at 1300-1400 hours and in others at 1900 hours. In every case peak release was phase-locked (2-3-hour positive phase angle) to the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. The pattern of entrainment of gonadotropin release on LD 6:18 is fully explicable in terms of the hamster's phase response curve to light. We conclude that periodic gonadotropin release in cycling females is timed by a circadian oscillator (biological clock) that is probably the same oscillator driving the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity.", "PMID": 561158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4506", "title": "Homozygous mouse embryos produced by microsurgery.", "content": "Homozygous mouse blastocysts have been produced following microsurgical removal of one pronucleus from the fertilized egg, diploidization in cytochalasin B, and culture in vitro. This combination of techniques should greatly shorten the time required to obtain homozygous strains of mice.", "contents": "Homozygous mouse embryos produced by microsurgery. Homozygous mouse blastocysts have been produced following microsurgical removal of one pronucleus from the fertilized egg, diploidization in cytochalasin B, and culture in vitro. This combination of techniques should greatly shorten the time required to obtain homozygous strains of mice.", "PMID": 561159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4507", "title": "A reassessment of decreased amino acid accumulation by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in the presence of metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the mechanism by which metabolic inhibition reduces amino acid active transport in ehrlich ascites tumor cells. At 37 degrees C the metabolic inhibitor combination 0.1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) + 10 mM 2- deoxy-D-glucose (DOG) reduced the cell ATP concentration to 0.10- 0.15 mM in less than 5 min. This inhibition was associated with a 20.6 percent +/- 6.4 percent (SD) decrease in the initial influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), and a two- to fourfold increase in the unidirectional efflux. These effects could be dissociated from changes in cell Na(+) or K(+) concentrations. Cells incubated to the steady state in 1.0-1.5 mM AIB showed an increased steady-state flux in the presence of DNP + DOG. Steady- state fluxes were consistent with trans-inhibition of AIB influx and trans-stimulation of efflux in control cells, but trans- stimulation of both fluxes in inhibited cells. In spite of the reduction of the cell ATP concentration to less than 0.15 mM and greatly reduced transmembrane concentration gradients of Na(+) and K(+), cells incubated to the steady state in the presence of the inhibitors still established an AIB distribution ration 13.8 +/- 2.6. The results are interpreted to indicate that a component of the reduction of AIB transport produced by metabolic inhibition is attributable to other actions in addition to the reduction of cation concentration gradients. Reduction of cell ATP alone is not responsible for the effects of metabolic inhibition, and both the transmembrane voltage and direct coupling to substrate oxidation via plasma-membrane-bound enzymes must be considered as possible energy sources for amino acid active transport.", "contents": "A reassessment of decreased amino acid accumulation by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. This study was undertaken to examine the mechanism by which metabolic inhibition reduces amino acid active transport in ehrlich ascites tumor cells. At 37 degrees C the metabolic inhibitor combination 0.1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) + 10 mM 2- deoxy-D-glucose (DOG) reduced the cell ATP concentration to 0.10- 0.15 mM in less than 5 min. This inhibition was associated with a 20.6 percent +/- 6.4 percent (SD) decrease in the initial influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), and a two- to fourfold increase in the unidirectional efflux. These effects could be dissociated from changes in cell Na(+) or K(+) concentrations. Cells incubated to the steady state in 1.0-1.5 mM AIB showed an increased steady-state flux in the presence of DNP + DOG. Steady- state fluxes were consistent with trans-inhibition of AIB influx and trans-stimulation of efflux in control cells, but trans- stimulation of both fluxes in inhibited cells. In spite of the reduction of the cell ATP concentration to less than 0.15 mM and greatly reduced transmembrane concentration gradients of Na(+) and K(+), cells incubated to the steady state in the presence of the inhibitors still established an AIB distribution ration 13.8 +/- 2.6. The results are interpreted to indicate that a component of the reduction of AIB transport produced by metabolic inhibition is attributable to other actions in addition to the reduction of cation concentration gradients. Reduction of cell ATP alone is not responsible for the effects of metabolic inhibition, and both the transmembrane voltage and direct coupling to substrate oxidation via plasma-membrane-bound enzymes must be considered as possible energy sources for amino acid active transport.", "PMID": 561160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4508", "title": "Anomalous permeabilities of the egg cell membrane of a starfish in K+-Tl+ mixtures.", "content": "The electrical properties of \"inward\" rectifying egg cell membranes of the starfish mediastera aequalis have been studied in the presence of K(+)-Tl(+) mixtures. When the ratio of the external concentrations of these ions is changed while their sum is kept constant, both the conductance and the zero-current membrane potential go through a minimum, showing clear discrepancies from theoretical results based on conventional electrodiffusion models (E.g., Goldman's equation). By contrast, when the ration of the two concentrations is fixed and their sum varied, the potential follows an ideal Nernst slope, consistent with Goldman's equation. The membrane conductance which, according to previous studies on similar membranes, is to be viewed as a function of the displacement of the membrane potential from its resting value deltaV, shows marked differences between the cases in which K(+) or Tl(+) are the predominant ions: when K(+) is the predominant permeant ion in solution, the addition of small amounts of Tl(+) inhibits the current, while corresponding blocking effects of K(+) on the current are not observed when Tl(+) is the predominant permeant ion. Also, the time course of the conductance during voltage clamp is different in the two cases, being much faster in Tl(+) than in K(+) solution for comparable values of deltaV. Most of the above features are accounted for by a model in which it is assumed that the ionic channels have external binding sites for cations and that their permeability properties depend on the species of the cation bound (K(+)or Tl(+) in the present experiments).", "contents": "Anomalous permeabilities of the egg cell membrane of a starfish in K+-Tl+ mixtures. The electrical properties of \"inward\" rectifying egg cell membranes of the starfish mediastera aequalis have been studied in the presence of K(+)-Tl(+) mixtures. When the ratio of the external concentrations of these ions is changed while their sum is kept constant, both the conductance and the zero-current membrane potential go through a minimum, showing clear discrepancies from theoretical results based on conventional electrodiffusion models (E.g., Goldman's equation). By contrast, when the ration of the two concentrations is fixed and their sum varied, the potential follows an ideal Nernst slope, consistent with Goldman's equation. The membrane conductance which, according to previous studies on similar membranes, is to be viewed as a function of the displacement of the membrane potential from its resting value deltaV, shows marked differences between the cases in which K(+) or Tl(+) are the predominant ions: when K(+) is the predominant permeant ion in solution, the addition of small amounts of Tl(+) inhibits the current, while corresponding blocking effects of K(+) on the current are not observed when Tl(+) is the predominant permeant ion. Also, the time course of the conductance during voltage clamp is different in the two cases, being much faster in Tl(+) than in K(+) solution for comparable values of deltaV. Most of the above features are accounted for by a model in which it is assumed that the ionic channels have external binding sites for cations and that their permeability properties depend on the species of the cation bound (K(+)or Tl(+) in the present experiments).", "PMID": 561161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4509", "title": "Characterization of virus-specific messenger RNAs from avian fibroblasts infected with fowl plague virus.", "content": "In cell-free protein synthesizing systems from wheat embryos, messenger RNAs extracted from chick embryo fibroblasts infected with fowl plague virus direct the synthesis of nine virus-specific polypeptides, two of which may be related to the virus-specific glycopolypeptides. All of the mRNAs are complementary in sequence to virion RNA, and RNAs which do not contain poly A appear to be translated as efficiently as their polyadenylated counterparts. Under certain conditions of incubation, virion RNA also directs the synthesis of discrete polypeptides but these products are not detected in infected cells.", "contents": "Characterization of virus-specific messenger RNAs from avian fibroblasts infected with fowl plague virus. In cell-free protein synthesizing systems from wheat embryos, messenger RNAs extracted from chick embryo fibroblasts infected with fowl plague virus direct the synthesis of nine virus-specific polypeptides, two of which may be related to the virus-specific glycopolypeptides. All of the mRNAs are complementary in sequence to virion RNA, and RNAs which do not contain poly A appear to be translated as efficiently as their polyadenylated counterparts. Under certain conditions of incubation, virion RNA also directs the synthesis of discrete polypeptides but these products are not detected in infected cells.", "PMID": 561162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4510", "title": "Amantadine-resistance as a genetic marker for influenza viruses.", "content": "The infection of eggs, cell cultures or mice with a mixture of amantadine-resistant and amantadine-sensitive strains of influenza virus resulted in the transfer of amantadine-resistance or sensitivity between strains. The response of a recombinant virus to amantadine was not related to either of its surface antigens. Resistance to amantadine was transferred as an all-or-none character. It is concluded that amantadine-resistance is a useful genetic marker for influenza viruses.", "contents": "Amantadine-resistance as a genetic marker for influenza viruses. The infection of eggs, cell cultures or mice with a mixture of amantadine-resistant and amantadine-sensitive strains of influenza virus resulted in the transfer of amantadine-resistance or sensitivity between strains. The response of a recombinant virus to amantadine was not related to either of its surface antigens. Resistance to amantadine was transferred as an all-or-none character. It is concluded that amantadine-resistance is a useful genetic marker for influenza viruses.", "PMID": 561163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4511", "title": "Failure of the RA 27/3 strain of rubella virus to induce intrinsic interference.", "content": "Unlike other strains tested, the RA 27/3 vaccine strain of rubella virus, attenuated in human fibroblasts, failed to inhibit superinfection with Newcastle disease virus (i.e. induce intrinsic interference). Since proteins of the input virion are known to lead to intrinsic interference, these may differ in the RA 27/3 strain from those in other rubella strains.", "contents": "Failure of the RA 27/3 strain of rubella virus to induce intrinsic interference. Unlike other strains tested, the RA 27/3 vaccine strain of rubella virus, attenuated in human fibroblasts, failed to inhibit superinfection with Newcastle disease virus (i.e. induce intrinsic interference). Since proteins of the input virion are known to lead to intrinsic interference, these may differ in the RA 27/3 strain from those in other rubella strains.", "PMID": 561164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4512", "title": "Sensory factors which affect the acceptance of raw and heated defatted soybeans by rats.", "content": "The acceptability of heated soybean meal (HS) compared to raw soybean flakes (RS) was studied by means of diet selection in free choice situations. The selection by rats of diets containing HS over those containing RS was shown in short- and long-term preference tests. Texture did not seem to be an important factor in the acceptability difference between HS and RS. Rats selected a less nutritious diet containing RS + sodium saccharin (appealing taste) over a diet containing HS + sucrose octaacetate (aversive taste) for an initial 6 to 7 days, suggesting that post-ingestional factors did not markedly affect the acceptability during that period. However, after this initial period, the rats selected the diet of higher nutritive value, even though it had added sucrose octaacetate. Preference tests before and after producing anosmia indicated that RS contains an aversive odor(s) which could be removed by vacuum treatment. Heated soybean meal was found to contain an appealing taste stimulus (i) which could also be removed by vacuum treatment.", "contents": "Sensory factors which affect the acceptance of raw and heated defatted soybeans by rats. The acceptability of heated soybean meal (HS) compared to raw soybean flakes (RS) was studied by means of diet selection in free choice situations. The selection by rats of diets containing HS over those containing RS was shown in short- and long-term preference tests. Texture did not seem to be an important factor in the acceptability difference between HS and RS. Rats selected a less nutritious diet containing RS + sodium saccharin (appealing taste) over a diet containing HS + sucrose octaacetate (aversive taste) for an initial 6 to 7 days, suggesting that post-ingestional factors did not markedly affect the acceptability during that period. However, after this initial period, the rats selected the diet of higher nutritive value, even though it had added sucrose octaacetate. Preference tests before and after producing anosmia indicated that RS contains an aversive odor(s) which could be removed by vacuum treatment. Heated soybean meal was found to contain an appealing taste stimulus (i) which could also be removed by vacuum treatment.", "PMID": 561170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4513", "title": "Colitis, persistent diarrhea, and soy protein intolerance.", "content": "Four infants with suspected soy protein intolerance were studied prospectively. All had vomiting, diarrhea, hematochezia, and weight loss of more than 10%. Laboratory abnormalities included anemia (3), acidosis (3), hypoalbuminemia (3), hypernatremia (1), hyponatremia (3), and mild eosinophilia (2). Symptoms developed between three hours and five days after systematic testing with increasing volumes of soy formula. After challenge with soy protein formula, proctosigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy were performed within 24 hours of developing stools with gross blood. Proctosigmoidoscopy showed both spontaneous and induced friability and loss of vascular pattern in mucosa. Rectal biopsy showed acute colitis with crypt abscesses, depletion of mucus from rectal glands, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes within the lamina propria. Soy protein-induced colitis should be suspected in those infants who present with persistent and bloody diarrhea after being fed soy formula.", "contents": "Colitis, persistent diarrhea, and soy protein intolerance. Four infants with suspected soy protein intolerance were studied prospectively. All had vomiting, diarrhea, hematochezia, and weight loss of more than 10%. Laboratory abnormalities included anemia (3), acidosis (3), hypoalbuminemia (3), hypernatremia (1), hyponatremia (3), and mild eosinophilia (2). Symptoms developed between three hours and five days after systematic testing with increasing volumes of soy formula. After challenge with soy protein formula, proctosigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy were performed within 24 hours of developing stools with gross blood. Proctosigmoidoscopy showed both spontaneous and induced friability and loss of vascular pattern in mucosa. Rectal biopsy showed acute colitis with crypt abscesses, depletion of mucus from rectal glands, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes within the lamina propria. Soy protein-induced colitis should be suspected in those infants who present with persistent and bloody diarrhea after being fed soy formula.", "PMID": 561179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4514", "title": "Congenital thyroid cyst of ultimobranchial gland origin.", "content": "The ultimobranchial gland (UBG) is an endocrine gland which contributes C cells to the thyroid gland in mammals. Dysembryonic tissues derived from the UBG have been described as cystic bodies. The following case illustrates the criteria which characterize dysembryogenesis of the UBG.", "contents": "Congenital thyroid cyst of ultimobranchial gland origin. The ultimobranchial gland (UBG) is an endocrine gland which contributes C cells to the thyroid gland in mammals. Dysembryonic tissues derived from the UBG have been described as cystic bodies. The following case illustrates the criteria which characterize dysembryogenesis of the UBG.", "PMID": 561181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4515", "title": "Plant anticancer agents III: Isolation of indole and bisindole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana holstii roots.", "content": "Certain active antileukemic and cytotoxic fractions prepared from Tabernaemontana holstii roots were investigated, resulting in the isolation of the known indole alkaloids conoduramine, conodurine, coronaridine, gabunine, 19-oxocoronaridine, pericyclivine, perivine, and vobasine. Two new alkaloids were assigned the structures 19-oxoconodurine and 19-(2-oxopropyl)conodurine. Both gabunine and 19-(2-oxopropyl)conodurine showed significant inhibitory activity against P-388 cell culture. All of the alkaloids are reported for the first time from T. holstii; conodurine, conoduramine, gabunine, perivine, and pericyclivine are reported for the first time from any Tabernaemontana species.", "contents": "Plant anticancer agents III: Isolation of indole and bisindole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana holstii roots. Certain active antileukemic and cytotoxic fractions prepared from Tabernaemontana holstii roots were investigated, resulting in the isolation of the known indole alkaloids conoduramine, conodurine, coronaridine, gabunine, 19-oxocoronaridine, pericyclivine, perivine, and vobasine. Two new alkaloids were assigned the structures 19-oxoconodurine and 19-(2-oxopropyl)conodurine. Both gabunine and 19-(2-oxopropyl)conodurine showed significant inhibitory activity against P-388 cell culture. All of the alkaloids are reported for the first time from T. holstii; conodurine, conoduramine, gabunine, perivine, and pericyclivine are reported for the first time from any Tabernaemontana species.", "PMID": 561182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4516", "title": "Antitumor agents XXIII: Helenalin, and antitumor principle from Anaphalis morrisonicola HAY.", "content": "A chloroform extract of the whole plant of Anaphalis morrisonicola HAY, showed significant antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. Systematic fractionation of the extract led to isolation and characterization of helenalin, a pseudoguaianolide, as the major active principle.", "contents": "Antitumor agents XXIII: Helenalin, and antitumor principle from Anaphalis morrisonicola HAY. A chloroform extract of the whole plant of Anaphalis morrisonicola HAY, showed significant antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. Systematic fractionation of the extract led to isolation and characterization of helenalin, a pseudoguaianolide, as the major active principle.", "PMID": 561183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4517", "title": "Psoriasis associated with anterior uveitis.", "content": "A patient with psoriasis and anterior uveitis is described. In her family the two entities of iridocyclitis and psoriasis occurred separately in two generations and appeared associated in the third generation. Tissue typing of the family revealed HL-A 27 antigen in two members and HL-A 17 in the other two members. The possible relevance of HL-A antigens to the two clinical entities is discussed.", "contents": "Psoriasis associated with anterior uveitis. A patient with psoriasis and anterior uveitis is described. In her family the two entities of iridocyclitis and psoriasis occurred separately in two generations and appeared associated in the third generation. Tissue typing of the family revealed HL-A 27 antigen in two members and HL-A 17 in the other two members. The possible relevance of HL-A antigens to the two clinical entities is discussed.", "PMID": 561180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4518", "title": "A twin study of temperament in young children.", "content": "Temperament was assessed in 182 young children (91 pairs of twins, average age of 3.6 years) with use of the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory (CCTI). The CCTI represents a merger of dimensions suggested by two approaches to the study of the development of temperament: the New York Longitudinal Study and Buss and Plomin's temperament theory. Of the six traits measured by the CCTI, genetic factors were implicated in the etiology of five (sociability, emotionality, activity, attention span-persistence, and soothability). One trait, reaction to food, showed no genetic influence and indicated strong between-family environmental effects. A negative correlation between emotionality and soothability may also have a genetic basis. These results suggest that the development of certain personality traits--those that we include as temperament--are substantially influenced by heredity.", "contents": "A twin study of temperament in young children. Temperament was assessed in 182 young children (91 pairs of twins, average age of 3.6 years) with use of the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory (CCTI). The CCTI represents a merger of dimensions suggested by two approaches to the study of the development of temperament: the New York Longitudinal Study and Buss and Plomin's temperament theory. Of the six traits measured by the CCTI, genetic factors were implicated in the etiology of five (sociability, emotionality, activity, attention span-persistence, and soothability). One trait, reaction to food, showed no genetic influence and indicated strong between-family environmental effects. A negative correlation between emotionality and soothability may also have a genetic basis. These results suggest that the development of certain personality traits--those that we include as temperament--are substantially influenced by heredity.", "PMID": 561186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4519", "title": "Prevalence of venereal disease in indigent pregnant adolescents.", "content": "The prevalence of venereal disease in an indigent adolescent maternity population was determined. Of 740 teenagers examined for gonorrhea and syphilis, 2,4% were found to have gonorrhea, whereas 0.6% had primary syphilis. A concomitant study of 740 adult maternity cases at the same hospital revealed a somewhate higher incidence. Some factors in venereal disease prevalence in pregnant teenagers are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Prevalence of venereal disease in indigent pregnant adolescents. The prevalence of venereal disease in an indigent adolescent maternity population was determined. Of 740 teenagers examined for gonorrhea and syphilis, 2,4% were found to have gonorrhea, whereas 0.6% had primary syphilis. A concomitant study of 740 adult maternity cases at the same hospital revealed a somewhate higher incidence. Some factors in venereal disease prevalence in pregnant teenagers are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 561188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4520", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of 8-arylergolines.", "content": "9,10-Didehydro-6-methyl-8beta-arylergolines 2, in which the carboxyl group of lysergic acid and isolysergic acid is replaced by various aryl groups, were prepared in two steps by alkylation of aromatic substrates with the tetracyclic allylic alcohol 3, followed by aromatization with MnO2. The new ergolines 2 have modest prolactin-inhibiting and rat antimuricidal activities and possess significant alpha-blocking and antiserotonin properties.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of 8-arylergolines. 9,10-Didehydro-6-methyl-8beta-arylergolines 2, in which the carboxyl group of lysergic acid and isolysergic acid is replaced by various aryl groups, were prepared in two steps by alkylation of aromatic substrates with the tetracyclic allylic alcohol 3, followed by aromatization with MnO2. The new ergolines 2 have modest prolactin-inhibiting and rat antimuricidal activities and possess significant alpha-blocking and antiserotonin properties.", "PMID": 561190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4521", "title": "Intercellular communication and tissue growth: IX. Junctional membrane structure of hybrids between communication-competent and communication-incompetent cells.", "content": "The structure of the membrane junctions of the hybrid cell system, examined in the companion paper in respect to competence for communication through cell-to-cell membrane channels, is here examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The junctions of the channel-competent parent cell and of the channel-competent hybrid cells present aggregates of intramembranous particles typical of \"gap junction\"; those of the channel-incompetent parent cell and channel-incompetent segregant hybrid cells do not. Competence for junctional communication and for gap junction formation are genetically related. The junctions of the intermediate hybrid cells with incomplete channel-competence (characterized by cell-to-cell transfer of small inorganic ions but not of fluorescein), present special intramembranous fibrillar structures instead of discrete gap-junctional particles. The possibility that these structures may constitute coupling elements with subnormal permeability is discussed in terms of incomplete dominance of the genetic determinants of gap junction.", "contents": "Intercellular communication and tissue growth: IX. Junctional membrane structure of hybrids between communication-competent and communication-incompetent cells. The structure of the membrane junctions of the hybrid cell system, examined in the companion paper in respect to competence for communication through cell-to-cell membrane channels, is here examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The junctions of the channel-competent parent cell and of the channel-competent hybrid cells present aggregates of intramembranous particles typical of \"gap junction\"; those of the channel-incompetent parent cell and channel-incompetent segregant hybrid cells do not. Competence for junctional communication and for gap junction formation are genetically related. The junctions of the intermediate hybrid cells with incomplete channel-competence (characterized by cell-to-cell transfer of small inorganic ions but not of fluorescein), present special intramembranous fibrillar structures instead of discrete gap-junctional particles. The possibility that these structures may constitute coupling elements with subnormal permeability is discussed in terms of incomplete dominance of the genetic determinants of gap junction.", "PMID": 561191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4522", "title": "Role of extracellular virus on the maintenance of the persistent infection induced in Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells by Sindbis virus.", "content": "Sindbis virus infection of cultured mosquito cells was found to have no effect on the growth of these cells; instead, a persistent infection of the culture followed an initial acute phase of rapid virus synthesis. Nearly all of the cells in the acute stage of infection were found to actively release virus in an infectious-center assay and to contain significant amounts of virus antigen as determined by immunofluorescence. Cells in the persistent phase of infection released few virions into the media, and only a small percentage of the cultured cells could be demonstrated to contain detectable amounts of virus antigen by immunofluorescence assay. In spite of the fact that nearly 100% of the cells in the persistent phase of infection were found to be virus negative by the two assays described above, the culture as a whole totally excluded the expression of superinfecting virus, as did cells in the acute phase, suggesting that most of the persistently infected cells did, indeed, contain virus information. Prevention of reinfection of the cells in the persistent phase by eliminating extracellular virus resulted in a curing of the culture such that it responded to infection by added virus much as would an uninfected culture.", "contents": "Role of extracellular virus on the maintenance of the persistent infection induced in Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells by Sindbis virus. Sindbis virus infection of cultured mosquito cells was found to have no effect on the growth of these cells; instead, a persistent infection of the culture followed an initial acute phase of rapid virus synthesis. Nearly all of the cells in the acute stage of infection were found to actively release virus in an infectious-center assay and to contain significant amounts of virus antigen as determined by immunofluorescence. Cells in the persistent phase of infection released few virions into the media, and only a small percentage of the cultured cells could be demonstrated to contain detectable amounts of virus antigen by immunofluorescence assay. In spite of the fact that nearly 100% of the cells in the persistent phase of infection were found to be virus negative by the two assays described above, the culture as a whole totally excluded the expression of superinfecting virus, as did cells in the acute phase, suggesting that most of the persistently infected cells did, indeed, contain virus information. Prevention of reinfection of the cells in the persistent phase by eliminating extracellular virus resulted in a curing of the culture such that it responded to infection by added virus much as would an uninfected culture.", "PMID": 561193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4523", "title": "Mechanism of murine leukemia virus-induced fusion in rat myoblasts defective in differentiation.", "content": "fu-1 cells, a line of rat myoblasts defective in differentiation, can be fused into multinucleate syncytia by Moloney murine leukemia virus. The effects of treating the virus with specific antibody, UV irradiation, and elevated temperature and the requirements for cellular RNA and protein synthesis have been studied as they relate to this virus-induced fusion. The results indicate that intact, but not necessarily infectious, virions are required to promote fusion of fu-1 cells. Neither actinomycin D nor cycloheximide altered the formation of syncytia; thus, neither viral nor cellular RNA or protein synthesis is required for fusion. fu-1 cells infected with the ts3 temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus accumlate large amounts of budding  virus on their cell membrane; however, this membrane-associated virus failed to induce syncytia. Upon release of the virus at the permissive temperature, fusion did occur. We conclude that contact or attachment of the immature virus to the cell membrane is not sufficient to promote murine leukemia virus-induced cell fusion; complete virions are required. From these data, we propose that adsorption and penetration of the virus may induce a change in the cell membrane that subsequently promotes the fusion of susceptible cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of murine leukemia virus-induced fusion in rat myoblasts defective in differentiation. fu-1 cells, a line of rat myoblasts defective in differentiation, can be fused into multinucleate syncytia by Moloney murine leukemia virus. The effects of treating the virus with specific antibody, UV irradiation, and elevated temperature and the requirements for cellular RNA and protein synthesis have been studied as they relate to this virus-induced fusion. The results indicate that intact, but not necessarily infectious, virions are required to promote fusion of fu-1 cells. Neither actinomycin D nor cycloheximide altered the formation of syncytia; thus, neither viral nor cellular RNA or protein synthesis is required for fusion. fu-1 cells infected with the ts3 temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus accumlate large amounts of budding  virus on their cell membrane; however, this membrane-associated virus failed to induce syncytia. Upon release of the virus at the permissive temperature, fusion did occur. We conclude that contact or attachment of the immature virus to the cell membrane is not sufficient to promote murine leukemia virus-induced cell fusion; complete virions are required. From these data, we propose that adsorption and penetration of the virus may induce a change in the cell membrane that subsequently promotes the fusion of susceptible cells.", "PMID": 561194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4524", "title": "Effect of interferon on dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells: ultrastructural and biochemical study.", "content": "Treatment of dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells (clone 745) with mouse interferon (50 U/ml) led to the following changes: (i) a net decrease (40 to 60%) in both the total number of apparently newly synthesized virion particles per cell section and in the average number of cell sections containing one or more virion particles; (ii) a large decrease (80 to 90%) in the number of particles released into the supernatant fluid, as assayed by reverse transcriptase activity; (iii) an initial increase in the number of \"immature\" or \"enveloped A-type\" virions followed by an increase in the accumulation of empty, core shell-like particles; and (iv) a decrease in the number of cytoplasmic vacuolar structures, which have been implicated as a major site of virus production and which we show here by serial sectioning to be, in several instances, invaginations of the plasma membrane. The effects on virus production were noticeable 2 h after interferon addition and reached their full extent by 13 h. We conclude from these observations that interferon acts upon the late stage(s) of virion maturation, leading both to a decrease in virion production as well as to the formation of defective particles. In contrast, a small but significant increase in the rate at which globin mRNA and hemoglobin accumulate is observed after interferon treatment.", "contents": "Effect of interferon on dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells: ultrastructural and biochemical study. Treatment of dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells (clone 745) with mouse interferon (50 U/ml) led to the following changes: (i) a net decrease (40 to 60%) in both the total number of apparently newly synthesized virion particles per cell section and in the average number of cell sections containing one or more virion particles; (ii) a large decrease (80 to 90%) in the number of particles released into the supernatant fluid, as assayed by reverse transcriptase activity; (iii) an initial increase in the number of \"immature\" or \"enveloped A-type\" virions followed by an increase in the accumulation of empty, core shell-like particles; and (iv) a decrease in the number of cytoplasmic vacuolar structures, which have been implicated as a major site of virus production and which we show here by serial sectioning to be, in several instances, invaginations of the plasma membrane. The effects on virus production were noticeable 2 h after interferon addition and reached their full extent by 13 h. We conclude from these observations that interferon acts upon the late stage(s) of virion maturation, leading both to a decrease in virion production as well as to the formation of defective particles. In contrast, a small but significant increase in the rate at which globin mRNA and hemoglobin accumulate is observed after interferon treatment.", "PMID": 561195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4525", "title": "Synthesis of influenza virus polypeptides in cells resistant to alpha-amanitin: evidence for the involvement of cellular RNA polymerase II in virus replication.", "content": "Influenza virus polypeptides were not synthesized in wild-type CHO-S-infected cells in the presence of alpha-amanitin, but were synthesized in CHO-Amal cells, a mutant cell line whose DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II is specifically resistant to this drug, indicating that this cellular enzyme is involved in influenza virus replication. The results of experiments designed to detect viral polypeptides synthesized from primary transcripts suggest that the synthesis of a cellular RNA species by RNA polymerase II is required for primary transcription of the influenza virus genome.", "contents": "Synthesis of influenza virus polypeptides in cells resistant to alpha-amanitin: evidence for the involvement of cellular RNA polymerase II in virus replication. Influenza virus polypeptides were not synthesized in wild-type CHO-S-infected cells in the presence of alpha-amanitin, but were synthesized in CHO-Amal cells, a mutant cell line whose DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II is specifically resistant to this drug, indicating that this cellular enzyme is involved in influenza virus replication. The results of experiments designed to detect viral polypeptides synthesized from primary transcripts suggest that the synthesis of a cellular RNA species by RNA polymerase II is required for primary transcription of the influenza virus genome.", "PMID": 561196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4526", "title": "The bacterial flora of the vaginal vestibule, urethra and vagina in the normal premenopausal woman.", "content": "A study of 100 healthy, premenopausal women demonstrated that lactobacilli and staphylococci are the predominant normal bacterial flora in the vaginal vestibule, urethra and vagina, with diphtheroids, streptococci and micrococci occurring in decreasing order. Gram-negative enterobacteria are a rare occurrence in the normal bacterial flora of the vaginal vestibule (7 per cent), urethra (9 per cent) and vagina (6 per cent). A second study of 10 healthy premenopausal women in whom serial examinations were done confirmed the findings of the first study and revealed that when gram-negative enterobacteria do colonize the normal vaginal vestibule, urethra and vagina colonization is of a transitory nature since enterobacteria tend to disappear spontaneously.", "contents": "The bacterial flora of the vaginal vestibule, urethra and vagina in the normal premenopausal woman. A study of 100 healthy, premenopausal women demonstrated that lactobacilli and staphylococci are the predominant normal bacterial flora in the vaginal vestibule, urethra and vagina, with diphtheroids, streptococci and micrococci occurring in decreasing order. Gram-negative enterobacteria are a rare occurrence in the normal bacterial flora of the vaginal vestibule (7 per cent), urethra (9 per cent) and vagina (6 per cent). A second study of 10 healthy premenopausal women in whom serial examinations were done confirmed the findings of the first study and revealed that when gram-negative enterobacteria do colonize the normal vaginal vestibule, urethra and vagina colonization is of a transitory nature since enterobacteria tend to disappear spontaneously.", "PMID": 561197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4527", "title": "[Correlation between the indicators of blood coagulation and lipid metabolism in patients with stenocardia during the 24-hour period].", "content": "The correlation between the main parameters of blood coagulation and lipid metabolism were examined dynamically during 24 hours in 49 patients with angina pectoris. Circadian fluctuations of varying degrees of direct and inverse correlation were found in the concentration of cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, non-esterified fatty acids, lecitin, total lipids, triglycerids, on the one hand, and the level of free heparin, the fibrinolytic activity, fibrinogen, thrombine time, platelets count in 1 mm3 of blood, on the other hand.", "contents": "[Correlation between the indicators of blood coagulation and lipid metabolism in patients with stenocardia during the 24-hour period]. The correlation between the main parameters of blood coagulation and lipid metabolism were examined dynamically during 24 hours in 49 patients with angina pectoris. Circadian fluctuations of varying degrees of direct and inverse correlation were found in the concentration of cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, non-esterified fatty acids, lecitin, total lipids, triglycerids, on the one hand, and the level of free heparin, the fibrinolytic activity, fibrinogen, thrombine time, platelets count in 1 mm3 of blood, on the other hand.", "PMID": 561259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4528", "title": "[The indications for the preventive treatment of retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes the genuine indications for the preventive treatment of retinal detachment. He was above all guided by the minute observations of the eye fundus of two eyes with the Goldmann-glass. The author's long experience and his auto-observation of the retinal detachment operation and of preventive treatment show the confidence which can be given to the ideas published in this article.", "contents": "[The indications for the preventive treatment of retinal detachment (author's transl)]. The author describes the genuine indications for the preventive treatment of retinal detachment. He was above all guided by the minute observations of the eye fundus of two eyes with the Goldmann-glass. The author's long experience and his auto-observation of the retinal detachment operation and of preventive treatment show the confidence which can be given to the ideas published in this article.", "PMID": 561260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4529", "title": "[Retinopathy in the course of a homozygous haemoglobinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Fundus examination of a young African female affected with acute benign unilateral iridocyclitis showed lesions similar to those of sickle cell disease. She had a homozygous C/C hemoglobinosis, which was previously unknown. Certain hematological lesions confirmed the pathogenesis of these pathological entities in absence of sickle cell formation.", "contents": "[Retinopathy in the course of a homozygous haemoglobinopathy (author's transl)]. Fundus examination of a young African female affected with acute benign unilateral iridocyclitis showed lesions similar to those of sickle cell disease. She had a homozygous C/C hemoglobinosis, which was previously unknown. Certain hematological lesions confirmed the pathogenesis of these pathological entities in absence of sickle cell formation.", "PMID": 561261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4530", "title": "[Experience with cryotherapy of iridocyclitis (author's transl)].", "content": "As a method of treating iridocyclitis, cryotherapy, combined with the universally accepted systemic and topical treatment, is becoming important since it is able to alleviate the symptoms and to speed up the healing of the inflammatory condition of the iris and ciliary body.", "contents": "[Experience with cryotherapy of iridocyclitis (author's transl)]. As a method of treating iridocyclitis, cryotherapy, combined with the universally accepted systemic and topical treatment, is becoming important since it is able to alleviate the symptoms and to speed up the healing of the inflammatory condition of the iris and ciliary body.", "PMID": 561262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4531", "title": "[Simultaneous occurrence of juvenile diabetes and Addison's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of diabetes mellitus and Addison's disease together is discussed by the authors. The female patient described here had diabetes at the age of four; Addison's disease appeared when the patient was 19 years old. Four years prior to the appearance of Addison's disease, an ophthalmoscopic examination revealed microaneurysms. The examination of the fundus of the eye was negative when Addison's disease, was diagnosed. An HLA-B8 antigen positivity was established. The authors discussed the pathogenetic relationship of HLA-B8 antigen positivity, diabetes mellitus, and Addison's disease.", "contents": "[Simultaneous occurrence of juvenile diabetes and Addison's disease (author's transl)]. The occurrence of diabetes mellitus and Addison's disease together is discussed by the authors. The female patient described here had diabetes at the age of four; Addison's disease appeared when the patient was 19 years old. Four years prior to the appearance of Addison's disease, an ophthalmoscopic examination revealed microaneurysms. The examination of the fundus of the eye was negative when Addison's disease, was diagnosed. An HLA-B8 antigen positivity was established. The authors discussed the pathogenetic relationship of HLA-B8 antigen positivity, diabetes mellitus, and Addison's disease.", "PMID": 561263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4532", "title": "[Transcutaneous PO2 measurement during balloon atrioseptostomy in an infant with transposition of great vessels].", "content": "During ballonatrioseptostomy PO2 was measured transcutaneously and continuously. This allows to control the increasing of the left to right shunt at atrial level and other changes of haemodynamic.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous PO2 measurement during balloon atrioseptostomy in an infant with transposition of great vessels]. During ballonatrioseptostomy PO2 was measured transcutaneously and continuously. This allows to control the increasing of the left to right shunt at atrial level and other changes of haemodynamic.", "PMID": 561264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4533", "title": "[Timing of a letal intracranial hemorrhage by means of the HbA/HbF ratio (author's transl)].", "content": "Possibilities and limits of the method for timing an intracranial hemorrhage by means of the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio are investigated in six newborns. The effect of labeling HbF erythrocyte containing newborn blood by transfusion and exchange transfusion of HbA erythrocyte containing donor blood as well as \"self-labeling\" after the first transfusion as a result of HbA--and HbF erythrocytes decaying at a different rate, is described. If a coagulum can be clearly allocated to the blood where it originates from, depends a) on the alteration of the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio by the above mentioned ways of labeling and b) on the size of the sample i.e. on the number of erythrocytes counted to determine the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio. The confidence limits of the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio for a given number of counted erythrocytes have been determined. It was taken into account whether the blood was labelled by a transfusion or by \"self-labeling\". The analysis of the period before, during and after the intracranial hemorrhage made a preliminary evaluation of etiological factors and some symptoms possible. The hypothesis that sodium bicarbonate dosages of 8 mEqu/kg/24 h are an important cause of intracranial hemorrhage has to be rejected on the grounds of this study's results.", "contents": "[Timing of a letal intracranial hemorrhage by means of the HbA/HbF ratio (author's transl)]. Possibilities and limits of the method for timing an intracranial hemorrhage by means of the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio are investigated in six newborns. The effect of labeling HbF erythrocyte containing newborn blood by transfusion and exchange transfusion of HbA erythrocyte containing donor blood as well as \"self-labeling\" after the first transfusion as a result of HbA--and HbF erythrocytes decaying at a different rate, is described. If a coagulum can be clearly allocated to the blood where it originates from, depends a) on the alteration of the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio by the above mentioned ways of labeling and b) on the size of the sample i.e. on the number of erythrocytes counted to determine the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio. The confidence limits of the HbA/HbF erythrocyte ratio for a given number of counted erythrocytes have been determined. It was taken into account whether the blood was labelled by a transfusion or by \"self-labeling\". The analysis of the period before, during and after the intracranial hemorrhage made a preliminary evaluation of etiological factors and some symptoms possible. The hypothesis that sodium bicarbonate dosages of 8 mEqu/kg/24 h are an important cause of intracranial hemorrhage has to be rejected on the grounds of this study's results.", "PMID": 561265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4534", "title": "[Agammaglobulinemia and secretory IgA (author's transl)].", "content": "After serum IgA has been intravenously administered, it appears immediately in secretions, sputum, and urine. At about the same time, a mechanism is employed which leads to the concentration of IgA in the sputum. In urine, 7sIgA and SC were separately eliminated; a linkage with 11sIgA did not occur. Similar relationships are probably present in the sputum, but exact proof could not be provided. By administrating immunoglobulin concentrates which contain IgA in 7s-serum form, the IgA concentration in external secretions can be raised; replacing the physiological 11s-IgA however, is not possible. The extent to which 7sIgA can take over the function of 11sIgA in these secretions has not yet been clarified. In this connection, the use of local 11sIgA inhalation therapy rather than ultrasound atomazation seems to be well founded theoretically and also promising. Whether such therapy can be carried out practically and is successful remains to be seen.", "contents": "[Agammaglobulinemia and secretory IgA (author's transl)]. After serum IgA has been intravenously administered, it appears immediately in secretions, sputum, and urine. At about the same time, a mechanism is employed which leads to the concentration of IgA in the sputum. In urine, 7sIgA and SC were separately eliminated; a linkage with 11sIgA did not occur. Similar relationships are probably present in the sputum, but exact proof could not be provided. By administrating immunoglobulin concentrates which contain IgA in 7s-serum form, the IgA concentration in external secretions can be raised; replacing the physiological 11s-IgA however, is not possible. The extent to which 7sIgA can take over the function of 11sIgA in these secretions has not yet been clarified. In this connection, the use of local 11sIgA inhalation therapy rather than ultrasound atomazation seems to be well founded theoretically and also promising. Whether such therapy can be carried out practically and is successful remains to be seen.", "PMID": 561266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4535", "title": "[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a young child (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a boy aged 4. The whole of the right kidney showed changes of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. dense granulomatous infiltrations of xanthome cells, epitheloid and plurinuclear giant-cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Diagnostic proof was based on the xanthome cells, large histocells with partially pycnotic nucleus and wide margin of cytoplasm. This condition has, so far, been seen only very rarely in children.", "contents": "[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a young child (author's transl)]. Case report on a boy aged 4. The whole of the right kidney showed changes of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. dense granulomatous infiltrations of xanthome cells, epitheloid and plurinuclear giant-cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Diagnostic proof was based on the xanthome cells, large histocells with partially pycnotic nucleus and wide margin of cytoplasm. This condition has, so far, been seen only very rarely in children.", "PMID": 561267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4536", "title": "[Tri-iodine-thyronin (T3)-hyperthyreosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a girl aged 12 years and 2 months and a boy aged almost 14. The first always had normal T4- with always raised T3, belongs, therefore, to the entity T3-hyperthyreosis described by Hollander in 1968. The boy had clear clinical signs of hyperthyreosis, but was untreated for 14 months, because a nuclear medical institute had found T4 to be normal and did not investigate T3. One suspects that proper treatment would have been given, if T3 would have been examined early. Discussion of the entity: T3 hyperthyreosis and of the circumstances under which T3 may be found to be raised even in the absence of the disease.", "contents": "[Tri-iodine-thyronin (T3)-hyperthyreosis (author's transl)]. Report on a girl aged 12 years and 2 months and a boy aged almost 14. The first always had normal T4- with always raised T3, belongs, therefore, to the entity T3-hyperthyreosis described by Hollander in 1968. The boy had clear clinical signs of hyperthyreosis, but was untreated for 14 months, because a nuclear medical institute had found T4 to be normal and did not investigate T3. One suspects that proper treatment would have been given, if T3 would have been examined early. Discussion of the entity: T3 hyperthyreosis and of the circumstances under which T3 may be found to be raised even in the absence of the disease.", "PMID": 561268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4537", "title": "Discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis. An evaluation of operative therapy.", "content": "Angiocardiographic and operative observations support the validity of classifying the spectrum of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis into a membrane, fibromuscular collar, and tunnel. Our current operative method is to excise a thin membrane or thick fibrous ridge, and, if a fibromuscular collar or tunnel is identified, to effect a left ventricular myomectomy as described by Morrow for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Data from experience with 35 children indicate that this approach is effective and safe. Gradients are substantially reduced and residual obstruction acceptable. Successive clinical evaluations (100 percent of 33 survivors) over an interval of 1 to 13 years (mean of 6) affirm that amelioration of the obstruction endures.", "contents": "Discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis. An evaluation of operative therapy. Angiocardiographic and operative observations support the validity of classifying the spectrum of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis into a membrane, fibromuscular collar, and tunnel. Our current operative method is to excise a thin membrane or thick fibrous ridge, and, if a fibromuscular collar or tunnel is identified, to effect a left ventricular myomectomy as described by Morrow for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Data from experience with 35 children indicate that this approach is effective and safe. Gradients are substantially reduced and residual obstruction acceptable. Successive clinical evaluations (100 percent of 33 survivors) over an interval of 1 to 13 years (mean of 6) affirm that amelioration of the obstruction endures.", "PMID": 561270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4538", "title": "[Epidemica of hand-foot and mouth disease].", "content": "After describing the affections caused by the virus Coxsackie, the characteristics of disease in mouth-hands-feet are looked over reporting the principal epidemic outbreak as well as the isolated forms of exhibition. The illness can be shown in a complete, incomplete or moderate way. This outbreak occurred in Mendoza (Argentina) in 1975-1976: 25 school aged children were controlled and no other relatives of different ages fell ill. No predisposition for either sex. They didn't come from the same school. A sudden eclosion and without general display. In some of them the buccal were absent. All of them had palm and sole lesions and only four of them had buttock lesions. Everybody recovered after a short eruptive period and without any complications.", "contents": "[Epidemica of hand-foot and mouth disease]. After describing the affections caused by the virus Coxsackie, the characteristics of disease in mouth-hands-feet are looked over reporting the principal epidemic outbreak as well as the isolated forms of exhibition. The illness can be shown in a complete, incomplete or moderate way. This outbreak occurred in Mendoza (Argentina) in 1975-1976: 25 school aged children were controlled and no other relatives of different ages fell ill. No predisposition for either sex. They didn't come from the same school. A sudden eclosion and without general display. In some of them the buccal were absent. All of them had palm and sole lesions and only four of them had buttock lesions. Everybody recovered after a short eruptive period and without any complications.", "PMID": 561271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4539", "title": "[Epidermotropic reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease)].", "content": "The Woringer-Kolopp's disease must be considered a clinical-pathologic variant of mycosis fungoides. It is characterized by heterogenous clinical features and a peculiar histological aspect given by the cellular infiltration of the epidermis. The orgin of the reticular elements is discussed. Though some investigators think they originate in the dermis, others consider their origin to be \"in situ\". The evolution and prognosis are not well defined, as is the case with the hyperplastic, heteromorphic and polymorphic reticuloses. The case presented has had Hodgkin's disease and then developed a picture of pagetoid reticulosis.", "contents": "[Epidermotropic reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease)]. The Woringer-Kolopp's disease must be considered a clinical-pathologic variant of mycosis fungoides. It is characterized by heterogenous clinical features and a peculiar histological aspect given by the cellular infiltration of the epidermis. The orgin of the reticular elements is discussed. Though some investigators think they originate in the dermis, others consider their origin to be \"in situ\". The evolution and prognosis are not well defined, as is the case with the hyperplastic, heteromorphic and polymorphic reticuloses. The case presented has had Hodgkin's disease and then developed a picture of pagetoid reticulosis.", "PMID": 561272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4540", "title": "[Esophageal localizations of Darier's disease. Radiological description apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "The oesophagic affectation seems very frequent in Darier's disease. The authors have found oesophagic lesions in 4 cases examined. The radiologic aspect of this localization shows an oesophagic border in \"post stamp\" and a definite irregularity of the fasciculation. This fibroscopic examination shows the presence of keratotic papules similar to the skin lesions of this disease.", "contents": "[Esophageal localizations of Darier's disease. Radiological description apropos of 4 cases]. The oesophagic affectation seems very frequent in Darier's disease. The authors have found oesophagic lesions in 4 cases examined. The radiologic aspect of this localization shows an oesophagic border in \"post stamp\" and a definite irregularity of the fasciculation. This fibroscopic examination shows the presence of keratotic papules similar to the skin lesions of this disease.", "PMID": 561273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4541", "title": "[Uncombable hair syndrome].", "content": "Two cases of new hair defect syndrome, recently described by French dermatologists, are reported. They are characterized by clinically dry, bright and uncombable hair. Pathologic and scanning electron microscope studies, show: -- Angulation of the hair bulb with adherence between the inner root sheath and the hair shaft. -- Canalicular formations longitudinally disposed on the cuticular surface with irregular stratification of the external sheath. A malformation of the hair bulb of unknown aetiology is postulated. This malformation, probably familial, is not associated with any other abnormalities. This defect would result in hair shaft surface abnormality.", "contents": "[Uncombable hair syndrome]. Two cases of new hair defect syndrome, recently described by French dermatologists, are reported. They are characterized by clinically dry, bright and uncombable hair. Pathologic and scanning electron microscope studies, show: -- Angulation of the hair bulb with adherence between the inner root sheath and the hair shaft. -- Canalicular formations longitudinally disposed on the cuticular surface with irregular stratification of the external sheath. A malformation of the hair bulb of unknown aetiology is postulated. This malformation, probably familial, is not associated with any other abnormalities. This defect would result in hair shaft surface abnormality.", "PMID": 561274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4542", "title": "[Cowden's disease].", "content": "We report a typical case of Cowden disease or Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome in a 32 year old female without a family history of this illness. The patient suffered bilateral fibrocystic disease of the breast, having been subjected to mastectomy because of carcinomatous degeneration. She complained of gastric symptoms, and the x-ray examination showed multiple polyposis. On physical examination an asymptomatic thyroid nodule was noted. The skin showed multiple wart-like lesions, lichenoid papules, localized hyperkeratosis and pigmented spots. She had many papillomas in her mouth a rasberry tongue and bilateral perleches.", "contents": "[Cowden's disease]. We report a typical case of Cowden disease or Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome in a 32 year old female without a family history of this illness. The patient suffered bilateral fibrocystic disease of the breast, having been subjected to mastectomy because of carcinomatous degeneration. She complained of gastric symptoms, and the x-ray examination showed multiple polyposis. On physical examination an asymptomatic thyroid nodule was noted. The skin showed multiple wart-like lesions, lichenoid papules, localized hyperkeratosis and pigmented spots. She had many papillomas in her mouth a rasberry tongue and bilateral perleches.", "PMID": 561275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4543", "title": "[EMG syndrome. Review apropo of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of EMG syndrome are reported (exomphalos, macroglossia, gigantism). One of them died some hours after the birth. A review of clinical findings, pathogenesis and evolution is presented. Only 60 cases of this rare disease are reported in the world literature.", "contents": "[EMG syndrome. Review apropo of 2 cases]. Two cases of EMG syndrome are reported (exomphalos, macroglossia, gigantism). One of them died some hours after the birth. A review of clinical findings, pathogenesis and evolution is presented. Only 60 cases of this rare disease are reported in the world literature.", "PMID": 561276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4544", "title": "[A case of lichen nitidus].", "content": "A case of Lichen Nitidus exclusively localized on the arms and palms of an 8 year old girl with ten years of evolution and a good response to treatment, is described.", "contents": "[A case of lichen nitidus]. A case of Lichen Nitidus exclusively localized on the arms and palms of an 8 year old girl with ten years of evolution and a good response to treatment, is described.", "PMID": 561277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4545", "title": "[Multiple trichoepithelioma with variable evolution of its lesions (malignancy and spontaneous remission)].", "content": "A case of Multiple Trichoepithelioma with extensive skin involvement without familial history is reported. Some of the lesions showed spontaneous remission over the years, and in two, the microscopcal examination, demonstrated malignant changes (Basal cell Epithelioma).", "contents": "[Multiple trichoepithelioma with variable evolution of its lesions (malignancy and spontaneous remission)]. A case of Multiple Trichoepithelioma with extensive skin involvement without familial history is reported. Some of the lesions showed spontaneous remission over the years, and in two, the microscopcal examination, demonstrated malignant changes (Basal cell Epithelioma).", "PMID": 561278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4546", "title": "Central auditory imperception.", "content": "The development of clinically applicable techniques for the evaluation of hearing impairment caused by lesions of the central auditory pathways has increased clinical interest in the anatomy and physiology of these pathways. A conceptualization of present understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the central auditory pathways is presented. Clinical tests based on reduction of redundancy of the speech message, degradation of speech and binaural interations are presented. Specifically performance-intensity functions, filtered speech tests, competing message tests and time-compressed speech tests are presented with the emphasis on our experience with time-compressed speech tests. With proper use of these tests not only can central auditory impairments by detected, but brain stem lesions can be distinguished from cortical lesions.", "contents": "Central auditory imperception. The development of clinically applicable techniques for the evaluation of hearing impairment caused by lesions of the central auditory pathways has increased clinical interest in the anatomy and physiology of these pathways. A conceptualization of present understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the central auditory pathways is presented. Clinical tests based on reduction of redundancy of the speech message, degradation of speech and binaural interations are presented. Specifically performance-intensity functions, filtered speech tests, competing message tests and time-compressed speech tests are presented with the emphasis on our experience with time-compressed speech tests. With proper use of these tests not only can central auditory impairments by detected, but brain stem lesions can be distinguished from cortical lesions.", "PMID": 561280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4547", "title": "Suitability of antidigoxin antiserum for digoxin in plant extracts.", "content": "Antiserum specificity for digoxin was demonstrated by means of three tests: cross-reactivities test, dilutions test and thin-layer chromatography test. The cross-reactivities test examined quantitatively the cross-reactivities with specific compounds and provided an explanation for the basis of the dilutions test. The dilutions test was used to demonstrate the suitability or unsuitability of the antiserum for use in the radioimmunoassay of digoxin in a crude biological sample. The tlc test examined for antiserum cross-reactivity with digoxin and related compounds in a crude extract.", "contents": "Suitability of antidigoxin antiserum for digoxin in plant extracts. Antiserum specificity for digoxin was demonstrated by means of three tests: cross-reactivities test, dilutions test and thin-layer chromatography test. The cross-reactivities test examined quantitatively the cross-reactivities with specific compounds and provided an explanation for the basis of the dilutions test. The dilutions test was used to demonstrate the suitability or unsuitability of the antiserum for use in the radioimmunoassay of digoxin in a crude biological sample. The tlc test examined for antiserum cross-reactivity with digoxin and related compounds in a crude extract.", "PMID": 561284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4548", "title": "Heart valve replacement by porcine aortic valve (Hancock prosthesis).", "content": "Glutaraldehyde preservation of heterograft valves has increased their durability. Sixty-nine Hancock prostheses have been implanted, 30 in the mitral position and 39 in the aortic position. Anticoagulants have not been administered. There has been one important thromboembolic complication and periprosthetic mitral incompetence has occurred in three instances, but prosthetic incompetence has not developed. Two asymptomatic aortic diastolic murmurs have been noted. After a follow-up ranging between two and 19 months, it appears that the Hancock prosthesis offers a valuable alternative to mechanical valve replacement and anticoagulants are not required as a routine.", "contents": "Heart valve replacement by porcine aortic valve (Hancock prosthesis). Glutaraldehyde preservation of heterograft valves has increased their durability. Sixty-nine Hancock prostheses have been implanted, 30 in the mitral position and 39 in the aortic position. Anticoagulants have not been administered. There has been one important thromboembolic complication and periprosthetic mitral incompetence has occurred in three instances, but prosthetic incompetence has not developed. Two asymptomatic aortic diastolic murmurs have been noted. After a follow-up ranging between two and 19 months, it appears that the Hancock prosthesis offers a valuable alternative to mechanical valve replacement and anticoagulants are not required as a routine.", "PMID": 561297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4549", "title": "[Several parameters of the growth of chemostatic culture of Candida utilis in the presence of optimal and submaximal temperatures].", "content": "Candida utilis BKM Y-1668 was cultivated in the chemostat (limitation with glycerol) with the rate of flow D from 0.05 to 0.3 hr-1; the economic coefficient Y and Ks were constant at the optimum temperature of growth (30 degrees C). The maximum growth rate was 0.35 hr-1. The content of ATP in the cells and the energy charge of the cell decreased, and the content of ADP and AMP and the activity of phoshohydrolases increased in the cell, with an increase in D from 0.05 to 0.3 hr-1. Small amounts of glycerol and phosphorus were expended for maintaining life without multiplication (m) at 30 degrees C. At the submaximum temperature (40 degrees C), growth of the cells was inhibited, the rate of assimilation of glycerol and phosphorus, and m, increased. The content of ATP in the cells and their energy charge also increased.", "contents": "[Several parameters of the growth of chemostatic culture of Candida utilis in the presence of optimal and submaximal temperatures]. Candida utilis BKM Y-1668 was cultivated in the chemostat (limitation with glycerol) with the rate of flow D from 0.05 to 0.3 hr-1; the economic coefficient Y and Ks were constant at the optimum temperature of growth (30 degrees C). The maximum growth rate was 0.35 hr-1. The content of ATP in the cells and the energy charge of the cell decreased, and the content of ADP and AMP and the activity of phoshohydrolases increased in the cell, with an increase in D from 0.05 to 0.3 hr-1. Small amounts of glycerol and phosphorus were expended for maintaining life without multiplication (m) at 30 degrees C. At the submaximum temperature (40 degrees C), growth of the cells was inhibited, the rate of assimilation of glycerol and phosphorus, and m, increased. The content of ATP in the cells and their energy charge also increased.", "PMID": 561292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4550", "title": "[Common action of limiting and inhibiting factors on the growth of yeasts in a continuous culture].", "content": "Candida utilis was cultivated under conditions of chemostat and continuous growth which was limited by phosphates. An excess of glucose inhibited the growth. The limiting and inhibiting factors produced simultaneous cooperative action. At a constant velocity of the medium flow, the concentration of biomass decreased, as a result of the inhibition of growth with residual glucose (0.96 and 1.36 per cent), by 5.5 and 15.6 per cent of the absolute value, respectively. The economic coefficient decreased in this case from 40 to 28 per cent. The inhibition of yeast growth resulted also in a decrease of phosphorus content in the cells; moreover, the cells could not utilize all oxygen dissolved in the medium.", "contents": "[Common action of limiting and inhibiting factors on the growth of yeasts in a continuous culture]. Candida utilis was cultivated under conditions of chemostat and continuous growth which was limited by phosphates. An excess of glucose inhibited the growth. The limiting and inhibiting factors produced simultaneous cooperative action. At a constant velocity of the medium flow, the concentration of biomass decreased, as a result of the inhibition of growth with residual glucose (0.96 and 1.36 per cent), by 5.5 and 15.6 per cent of the absolute value, respectively. The economic coefficient decreased in this case from 40 to 28 per cent. The inhibition of yeast growth resulted also in a decrease of phosphorus content in the cells; moreover, the cells could not utilize all oxygen dissolved in the medium.", "PMID": 561291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4551", "title": "[Regulation of synthesis of GTP-cyclohydrolase participating in yeast falvinogenesis by iron].", "content": "Pichia guilliermondii, Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Torulopsis candida and several riboflavin-dependent mutants of Torulopsis candida were grown in a medium with a low concentration of iron. In these conditions, the activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase which catalyzes the first step of flavinogenesis increases. The activity of the enzyme increases also when the cells of T. candida and P. guilliermondii with a high content of iron are incubated with alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl which induces overproduction of riboflavin; this action of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl is eliminated by cycloheximide. Therefore, iron deficiency in the cells of these yeasts causes derepression of GTP-cyclohydrolase participating in riboflavin biosynthesis. The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by FAD but not by FMN and riboflavin.", "contents": "[Regulation of synthesis of GTP-cyclohydrolase participating in yeast falvinogenesis by iron]. Pichia guilliermondii, Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Torulopsis candida and several riboflavin-dependent mutants of Torulopsis candida were grown in a medium with a low concentration of iron. In these conditions, the activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase which catalyzes the first step of flavinogenesis increases. The activity of the enzyme increases also when the cells of T. candida and P. guilliermondii with a high content of iron are incubated with alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl which induces overproduction of riboflavin; this action of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl is eliminated by cycloheximide. Therefore, iron deficiency in the cells of these yeasts causes derepression of GTP-cyclohydrolase participating in riboflavin biosynthesis. The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by FAD but not by FMN and riboflavin.", "PMID": 561294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4552", "title": "Redistribution of polycations bound to lymphocytes.", "content": "The redistribution of surface-bound polycations on human lymphocytes and mouse-spleen lymphocytes was studied by fluorescence microscopy. A redistribution pattern after incubation with protamine, polylysine and DEAE-dextran resembling patching and capping processes was observed both at 20 degrees C and at 4 degrees C. The interaction between polycations and the cell surface is considered to represent non-specific binding to the membrane proteins. The redistribution process is regarded as precipitaion processes. This is in accordance with the finding that no effect on the binding and redistribution of polycations was noticed in the presence of NaN3, vinblastine sulphate, vincristine sulphate, colchichine, cytochalasin B or trypsin treatment. When incubation periods longer than 5 min. were employed beginning internalization of flourescent material is observed. Interaction with the nuclear membrane similarly resulted in rearrangements and capping.", "contents": "Redistribution of polycations bound to lymphocytes. The redistribution of surface-bound polycations on human lymphocytes and mouse-spleen lymphocytes was studied by fluorescence microscopy. A redistribution pattern after incubation with protamine, polylysine and DEAE-dextran resembling patching and capping processes was observed both at 20 degrees C and at 4 degrees C. The interaction between polycations and the cell surface is considered to represent non-specific binding to the membrane proteins. The redistribution process is regarded as precipitaion processes. This is in accordance with the finding that no effect on the binding and redistribution of polycations was noticed in the presence of NaN3, vinblastine sulphate, vincristine sulphate, colchichine, cytochalasin B or trypsin treatment. When incubation periods longer than 5 min. were employed beginning internalization of flourescent material is observed. Interaction with the nuclear membrane similarly resulted in rearrangements and capping.", "PMID": 561301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4553", "title": "Chromosome damage in Chinese hamster cells sensitized to near-ultraviolet light by psoralen and angelicin.", "content": "The clastogenic effect of furocoumarins psoralen and angelicin in the presence of near-UV (320-380 nm) differs greatly, as do their modes of interaction with DNA. Psoralen, which requires only one-fifth as much light energy to produce the same lethal effect as angelicin at equimolar concentrations, is able to cross-link DNA whereas angelicin cannot. The frequency of micronuclei which arise from chromosomal fragments shows the same differential effect as lethality. Indeed aberrations account for much or all of the lethality observed. Metaphase analysis at comparable aberration frequencies revealed that angelicin and psoralen both induce chromatid deletions and a wide spectrum of chromatid exchanges. These data show that both cross-links and monoadducts to the DNA can result in chromosomal aberrations. The relative contributions of cross-links and monoadducts to chromosomal aberrations still remain to be determined. It is noteworthy that extensive chromosomal damage is induced in mammalian cells by the combination of psoralen and near-UV, a treatment which is currently widely used in the therapy of psoriasis.", "contents": "Chromosome damage in Chinese hamster cells sensitized to near-ultraviolet light by psoralen and angelicin. The clastogenic effect of furocoumarins psoralen and angelicin in the presence of near-UV (320-380 nm) differs greatly, as do their modes of interaction with DNA. Psoralen, which requires only one-fifth as much light energy to produce the same lethal effect as angelicin at equimolar concentrations, is able to cross-link DNA whereas angelicin cannot. The frequency of micronuclei which arise from chromosomal fragments shows the same differential effect as lethality. Indeed aberrations account for much or all of the lethality observed. Metaphase analysis at comparable aberration frequencies revealed that angelicin and psoralen both induce chromatid deletions and a wide spectrum of chromatid exchanges. These data show that both cross-links and monoadducts to the DNA can result in chromosomal aberrations. The relative contributions of cross-links and monoadducts to chromosomal aberrations still remain to be determined. It is noteworthy that extensive chromosomal damage is induced in mammalian cells by the combination of psoralen and near-UV, a treatment which is currently widely used in the therapy of psoriasis.", "PMID": 561302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4554", "title": "Chromosomal aberration, mutation and morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryonic cells after exposure to methylnitrosocyanamide.", "content": "Hamster embryonic fibroblasts were treated directly with various concentrations of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC), a nitrosated product of methylguanidine (MG) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Then they were examined for chromosomal aberrations, morphological transformation and mutations resistant to 8-azaguanine (8AG) and 6-thioguanine (6TG). Direct treatment with 2 to 10 X 10(-6) M MNC caused a marked, dose-dependent appearance of 8AG- and 6TG-resistant mutations. The ability of MNC to induce mutations was similar to that of MNNG. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in metaphase plates also showed a marked dose-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations within 24 h after direct treatment with MNC or MNNG. Moreover, MNC and MNNG caused similar rates of morphological transformation.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberration, mutation and morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryonic cells after exposure to methylnitrosocyanamide. Hamster embryonic fibroblasts were treated directly with various concentrations of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC), a nitrosated product of methylguanidine (MG) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Then they were examined for chromosomal aberrations, morphological transformation and mutations resistant to 8-azaguanine (8AG) and 6-thioguanine (6TG). Direct treatment with 2 to 10 X 10(-6) M MNC caused a marked, dose-dependent appearance of 8AG- and 6TG-resistant mutations. The ability of MNC to induce mutations was similar to that of MNNG. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in metaphase plates also showed a marked dose-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations within 24 h after direct treatment with MNC or MNNG. Moreover, MNC and MNNG caused similar rates of morphological transformation.", "PMID": 561303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4555", "title": "A correlative study of the genetic damage induced by chemical mutagens in bone marrow and spermatogonia of mice. III. 1,3-Bis (2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (BCNU).", "content": "Cytogenetic damage induced by various concentrations of BCNU was evaluated by determining the frequencies of (a) micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow, (b) chromatid aberrations in bone marrow, (c) chromatid aberrations in spermatogonia, and (d) reciprocal translocations induced in spermatogonia and scored in spermatocytes. The order of sensitivity for the four parameters tested was: micronuclei greater than chromatid aberrations in bone marrow greater than aberrations in spermatogonia greater than translocations in spermatocytes, a situation similar to that found in an earlier study with CNU-ethanol. When the effect of concentration of the chemical was taken into consideration there was no correlation among the four parameters tested, so that information on induced frequencies of one parameter does not have predictive value for the frequencies of the others. A comparison of the results obtained with the bifunctional BCNU and the mono-functional CNU-ethanol at equal concentrations indicated that BCNU had a similar or a lesser clastogenic effect than did CNU-ethanol. In an experiment in vitro the situation was different in that BCNU was more effective than CNU-ethanol.", "contents": "A correlative study of the genetic damage induced by chemical mutagens in bone marrow and spermatogonia of mice. III. 1,3-Bis (2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (BCNU). Cytogenetic damage induced by various concentrations of BCNU was evaluated by determining the frequencies of (a) micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow, (b) chromatid aberrations in bone marrow, (c) chromatid aberrations in spermatogonia, and (d) reciprocal translocations induced in spermatogonia and scored in spermatocytes. The order of sensitivity for the four parameters tested was: micronuclei greater than chromatid aberrations in bone marrow greater than aberrations in spermatogonia greater than translocations in spermatocytes, a situation similar to that found in an earlier study with CNU-ethanol. When the effect of concentration of the chemical was taken into consideration there was no correlation among the four parameters tested, so that information on induced frequencies of one parameter does not have predictive value for the frequencies of the others. A comparison of the results obtained with the bifunctional BCNU and the mono-functional CNU-ethanol at equal concentrations indicated that BCNU had a similar or a lesser clastogenic effect than did CNU-ethanol. In an experiment in vitro the situation was different in that BCNU was more effective than CNU-ethanol.", "PMID": 561304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4556", "title": "Initiation of check cell division by trypsin action at the cell surface.", "content": "Trypsin immobilised on polystyrene beads causes initiation of cell division which cannot be accounted for by trypsin released into the medium or into the cells. Also, initiation by soluble trypsin is inhibited by immobilised soybean trypsin inhibitor. These results demonstrate that trypsin can initiate proliferation at the cell surface.", "contents": "Initiation of check cell division by trypsin action at the cell surface. Trypsin immobilised on polystyrene beads causes initiation of cell division which cannot be accounted for by trypsin released into the medium or into the cells. Also, initiation by soluble trypsin is inhibited by immobilised soybean trypsin inhibitor. These results demonstrate that trypsin can initiate proliferation at the cell surface.", "PMID": 561313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4557", "title": "[Clinical study of ventriculo-lumbar perfusion in the patients of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid dynamics were studied in the ten patients between 33 and 67 years old with signs of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus by the technique of ventriculo-lumbar perfusion. The perfusion fluid with Ringer's solution or Hartmann's solution containing tracer amounts (25 mg/dl) of insulin. The inflow fluid warmed up to the body temperature was introduced by the infusion pump to the trigone of the lateral ventricle through the ventricular tube. The outflow fluid was collected from the lumbar subarachnoid space through the spinal needle inserted into the L4-5 interspace. The perfusion pressure was adjusted by raising and lowering the height of the outflow manometric pressure relative to the spinous process. The distribution volume of the perfusion system was the range of 94 - 209 ml (average 136 ml) and exceeded the normal range. The formation rate of cerebrospinal fluid was the range of 0.21 - 0.69 ml/min (average 0.39 ml/min) at the opening pressure, and nearly equal to the bulk absorption rate. There was the relationship between the bulk absorption rate and the perfusion pressure, and the regression coefficients in nine cases were lower than reported in normals. The clinical condition of seven of the nine patients demonstrating this absorptive deficit improved after cerebrospinal fluid shunting. The perfusion test was useful to recognize the cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and also to determine the indication of cerebrospinal fluid shunt in the patients of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "contents": "[Clinical study of ventriculo-lumbar perfusion in the patients of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. The cerebrospinal fluid dynamics were studied in the ten patients between 33 and 67 years old with signs of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus by the technique of ventriculo-lumbar perfusion. The perfusion fluid with Ringer's solution or Hartmann's solution containing tracer amounts (25 mg/dl) of insulin. The inflow fluid warmed up to the body temperature was introduced by the infusion pump to the trigone of the lateral ventricle through the ventricular tube. The outflow fluid was collected from the lumbar subarachnoid space through the spinal needle inserted into the L4-5 interspace. The perfusion pressure was adjusted by raising and lowering the height of the outflow manometric pressure relative to the spinous process. The distribution volume of the perfusion system was the range of 94 - 209 ml (average 136 ml) and exceeded the normal range. The formation rate of cerebrospinal fluid was the range of 0.21 - 0.69 ml/min (average 0.39 ml/min) at the opening pressure, and nearly equal to the bulk absorption rate. There was the relationship between the bulk absorption rate and the perfusion pressure, and the regression coefficients in nine cases were lower than reported in normals. The clinical condition of seven of the nine patients demonstrating this absorptive deficit improved after cerebrospinal fluid shunting. The perfusion test was useful to recognize the cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and also to determine the indication of cerebrospinal fluid shunt in the patients of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 561322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4558", "title": "[Studies on the fibrinolytic system in ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Part 1. Monitoring of the antifibrinolytic therapy through repeated measurement of SK-euglobulin lysis time and FDP (author's transl)].", "content": "Streptokinase euglobulin lysis time (SK-ELK), fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrinogen in the blood were determined to know the proper dosage of t-AMCHA which would not cause the ischemic complications yet suffice to prevent the rebleeding of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. SK-ELT was almost doubled(130 sec) by the administration of 6-8g/day of t-AMCHA within 24-48h in normal control. On the other hand, SK-ELT in SAH patients fluctuated tremendously during ten days after the first bleeding. FDP took a high value soon after the first bleeding in grade IV and V patients. Increase in FDP was also observed following rebleeding in one case, following severe vasospasm, and following progressive neurological deterioration, and the increase in FDP was concentrated 4-10 days after SAH. Fibrinogen showed a tendency to increase gradually after the administration of t-AMCHA, and this increase of fibrinogen would be one of the alarming signs of the development of ischemic complications. From these results, it was suggested that the dosis of t-AMCHA should be determined precisely according to the result of repeated monitoring, and the dosis should be as such that it could constantly keep SK-ELT at 130-150 sec.", "contents": "[Studies on the fibrinolytic system in ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Part 1. Monitoring of the antifibrinolytic therapy through repeated measurement of SK-euglobulin lysis time and FDP (author's transl)]. Streptokinase euglobulin lysis time (SK-ELK), fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrinogen in the blood were determined to know the proper dosage of t-AMCHA which would not cause the ischemic complications yet suffice to prevent the rebleeding of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. SK-ELT was almost doubled(130 sec) by the administration of 6-8g/day of t-AMCHA within 24-48h in normal control. On the other hand, SK-ELT in SAH patients fluctuated tremendously during ten days after the first bleeding. FDP took a high value soon after the first bleeding in grade IV and V patients. Increase in FDP was also observed following rebleeding in one case, following severe vasospasm, and following progressive neurological deterioration, and the increase in FDP was concentrated 4-10 days after SAH. Fibrinogen showed a tendency to increase gradually after the administration of t-AMCHA, and this increase of fibrinogen would be one of the alarming signs of the development of ischemic complications. From these results, it was suggested that the dosis of t-AMCHA should be determined precisely according to the result of repeated monitoring, and the dosis should be as such that it could constantly keep SK-ELT at 130-150 sec.", "PMID": 561325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4559", "title": "[Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extracranial region--report of a case with review of literatures (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extracranial region is rare. The case presented here is a woman aged 29. She gave a history of swelling of the scalp at the left temporat region and noticed a rhythmic pulsating noise in the left ear of five mon ths duration, especially when she placed that side of her head against a pillow. Physical examination revealed a pulsating compressible tumor mass measuring 10 cmx8cm in the left temporal area of the head. There was a bruit synchronous with the pulse and an associated thrill over the mass. A left external carotid angiogram demonstrated that the deep temporat branches of the marked dilated internal maxillary artery as well as the branch of the superficial temporal artery fed the arteriovenous malformation at the extracranial region. Venous drainage to the superficial temporal vein and the maxillary vein were present. Multiple arteriovenous fistulas and persistent pooling of contrast medium were noted. At operation. At operation, the left external carotid artery was ligated and the malformation was excised. The postoperative course was entirely uncomplicated. The bruit disappeared and she was discharged on the 12th postoperative day. Histologically, the arteriovenous malformation was demonstrated. We reviewed the literatures and discussed the etiology, clinical and roentgraphic findings of the congenital arteriovenous malformation at the extracranial region.", "contents": "[Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extracranial region--report of a case with review of literatures (author's transl)]. Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extracranial region is rare. The case presented here is a woman aged 29. She gave a history of swelling of the scalp at the left temporat region and noticed a rhythmic pulsating noise in the left ear of five mon ths duration, especially when she placed that side of her head against a pillow. Physical examination revealed a pulsating compressible tumor mass measuring 10 cmx8cm in the left temporal area of the head. There was a bruit synchronous with the pulse and an associated thrill over the mass. A left external carotid angiogram demonstrated that the deep temporat branches of the marked dilated internal maxillary artery as well as the branch of the superficial temporal artery fed the arteriovenous malformation at the extracranial region. Venous drainage to the superficial temporal vein and the maxillary vein were present. Multiple arteriovenous fistulas and persistent pooling of contrast medium were noted. At operation. At operation, the left external carotid artery was ligated and the malformation was excised. The postoperative course was entirely uncomplicated. The bruit disappeared and she was discharged on the 12th postoperative day. Histologically, the arteriovenous malformation was demonstrated. We reviewed the literatures and discussed the etiology, clinical and roentgraphic findings of the congenital arteriovenous malformation at the extracranial region.", "PMID": 561327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4560", "title": "Determination of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin activities in the pineal gland, retina, harderian gland, brain and serum of rats and chickens.", "content": "An N-acetylserotonin/melatonin radioimmunoassay (NAS/Mel RIA) and a Mel RIA were developed to measure NAS and Mel contents in tissues of rats and chickens. Anti-NAS and anti-Mel sera were produced by immunization of rabbits with NAS-M-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Mel-M-BSA, respectively. Anti-NAS serum used in the NAS/Mel RIA reacts equally well with NAS and Mel, while anti-Mel serum used in the Mel/RIA reacts specifically with Mel. The NAS and Mel levels in the pineal and Harderian gland, the retina and the brain of rats and chickens and Mel levels in chicken serum were determined using these RIAs. Levels of NAS and Mel in the rat pineal demonstrated diurnal rhythms with high levels during the dark period and low levels during the light period. The indole levels determined in this study correlate well with those obtained by other methods.", "contents": "Determination of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin activities in the pineal gland, retina, harderian gland, brain and serum of rats and chickens. An N-acetylserotonin/melatonin radioimmunoassay (NAS/Mel RIA) and a Mel RIA were developed to measure NAS and Mel contents in tissues of rats and chickens. Anti-NAS and anti-Mel sera were produced by immunization of rabbits with NAS-M-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Mel-M-BSA, respectively. Anti-NAS serum used in the NAS/Mel RIA reacts equally well with NAS and Mel, while anti-Mel serum used in the Mel/RIA reacts specifically with Mel. The NAS and Mel levels in the pineal and Harderian gland, the retina and the brain of rats and chickens and Mel levels in chicken serum were determined using these RIAs. Levels of NAS and Mel in the rat pineal demonstrated diurnal rhythms with high levels during the dark period and low levels during the light period. The indole levels determined in this study correlate well with those obtained by other methods.", "PMID": 561329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4561", "title": "Effects of neutralization of circulating melatonin and N-acetylserotonin on plasma prolactin levels.", "content": "The effect of pinealectomy or immunization against melatonin (Mel) and N-acetylserotonin (NAS) on plasma prolactin (Prl) levels was studied in rats following pineal stimulation induced by blinding or exposure to short photoperiods (1 h light and 23 h darkness daily). Blinding alone or together with pinealectomy or immunization did not alter resting Prl levels or the response to novelty stimulation. Exposure to short photoperiods flattened the diurnal Rrl rhythm seen in control rats kept in 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness daily. Pinealectomy slightly lowered Prl levels but did not affect the diurnal rhythm. Immunization caused a significant reduction in Prl levels, although the diurnal Prl rhythm persisted. These data suggest that Mel and/or NAS may be involved in the maintenance of basal Prl levels.", "contents": "Effects of neutralization of circulating melatonin and N-acetylserotonin on plasma prolactin levels. The effect of pinealectomy or immunization against melatonin (Mel) and N-acetylserotonin (NAS) on plasma prolactin (Prl) levels was studied in rats following pineal stimulation induced by blinding or exposure to short photoperiods (1 h light and 23 h darkness daily). Blinding alone or together with pinealectomy or immunization did not alter resting Prl levels or the response to novelty stimulation. Exposure to short photoperiods flattened the diurnal Rrl rhythm seen in control rats kept in 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness daily. Pinealectomy slightly lowered Prl levels but did not affect the diurnal rhythm. Immunization caused a significant reduction in Prl levels, although the diurnal Prl rhythm persisted. These data suggest that Mel and/or NAS may be involved in the maintenance of basal Prl levels.", "PMID": 561330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4562", "title": "Diurnal variation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male rat.", "content": "The phenomenon of diurnal variation in secretion of FSH, LH and prolactin (Prl) has been investigated in adult male Wistar rats. When these animals were decapitated at 2 h intervals throughout the 24 h day, a highly significant elevation of serum FSH was observed at 12.30 and 14.30 h. No definite diurnal pattern was observed for LH and Prl. The basic FSH rhythm was found to persist in animals bled via an indwelling atrial cannula or by cardiac puncture. However, these techniques of blood collection were found to produce some variation in the timing of the surge. These observations suggest the existence of diurnal variation in the secretion of FSH in the adult male rat.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male rat. The phenomenon of diurnal variation in secretion of FSH, LH and prolactin (Prl) has been investigated in adult male Wistar rats. When these animals were decapitated at 2 h intervals throughout the 24 h day, a highly significant elevation of serum FSH was observed at 12.30 and 14.30 h. No definite diurnal pattern was observed for LH and Prl. The basic FSH rhythm was found to persist in animals bled via an indwelling atrial cannula or by cardiac puncture. However, these techniques of blood collection were found to produce some variation in the timing of the surge. These observations suggest the existence of diurnal variation in the secretion of FSH in the adult male rat.", "PMID": 561331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4563", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in women with premenstrual syndrome.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and RBC catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were studied in 12 women suffering from premenstrual syndrome. No significant variation of platelet MAO or RBC COMT was found during the menstrual cycle, as opposed to previous studies on normal women and monkeys, which report a significant decline of platelet MAO activity in the 5-day period before menses.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in women with premenstrual syndrome. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and RBC catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were studied in 12 women suffering from premenstrual syndrome. No significant variation of platelet MAO or RBC COMT was found during the menstrual cycle, as opposed to previous studies on normal women and monkeys, which report a significant decline of platelet MAO activity in the 5-day period before menses.", "PMID": 561332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4564", "title": "Platelet aggregability in migraine.", "content": "Employing optical density methods, platelet aggregation in response to 1.275, 1.7, and 3.4 micrometer adenosine diphosphate was tested in 46 patients with migraine and 46 controls matched by age, sex, and race. The migraine patients demonstrated platelet hyperaggregability when compared with controls, as manifested by a lower threshold for the platelet-release reaction and increased platelet stickiness following aggregation. There was no correlation of platelet hyperaggregability with the severity of migraine or with the occurrence of migraine-associated neurologic symptoms, suggesting that platelet hyperaggregability is a concomitant feature of the migraine syndrome but not dependent on the occurrence of the actual headache. As platelet hyperaggregability may predispose to development of intravascular platelet aggregates or mural thrombi, the hyperaggregability found here may help explain the increased incidence of stroke and heart attack in migraine patients that has been reported elsewhere.", "contents": "Platelet aggregability in migraine. Employing optical density methods, platelet aggregation in response to 1.275, 1.7, and 3.4 micrometer adenosine diphosphate was tested in 46 patients with migraine and 46 controls matched by age, sex, and race. The migraine patients demonstrated platelet hyperaggregability when compared with controls, as manifested by a lower threshold for the platelet-release reaction and increased platelet stickiness following aggregation. There was no correlation of platelet hyperaggregability with the severity of migraine or with the occurrence of migraine-associated neurologic symptoms, suggesting that platelet hyperaggregability is a concomitant feature of the migraine syndrome but not dependent on the occurrence of the actual headache. As platelet hyperaggregability may predispose to development of intravascular platelet aggregates or mural thrombi, the hyperaggregability found here may help explain the increased incidence of stroke and heart attack in migraine patients that has been reported elsewhere.", "PMID": 561334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4565", "title": "Neurologic status and prognosis after cardiopulmonary arrest: I. A retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective survey of survivors of cardiorespiratory arrest included 34 patients. Twenty-one had a good outcome neurologically and 13 were seriously impaired. Depth and duration of postarrest coma correlated significantly with poor neurologic function. Seventy percent of the seriously impaired patients never regained consciousness and none emerged from coma within 5 days; 90 percent of patients with good outcome were alert within 18 hours after resuscitation. Coma motor unresponsiveness, absent pupillary light reflexes, and absent oculocephalic responses were closely associated with dismal prognosis for neurologic functioning. This retrospective study cannot provide a basis for discontinuation of life support at any specific time.", "contents": "Neurologic status and prognosis after cardiopulmonary arrest: I. A retrospective study. A retrospective survey of survivors of cardiorespiratory arrest included 34 patients. Twenty-one had a good outcome neurologically and 13 were seriously impaired. Depth and duration of postarrest coma correlated significantly with poor neurologic function. Seventy percent of the seriously impaired patients never regained consciousness and none emerged from coma within 5 days; 90 percent of patients with good outcome were alert within 18 hours after resuscitation. Coma motor unresponsiveness, absent pupillary light reflexes, and absent oculocephalic responses were closely associated with dismal prognosis for neurologic functioning. This retrospective study cannot provide a basis for discontinuation of life support at any specific time.", "PMID": 561336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4566", "title": "The declining electrical response of muscle to repetitive nerve stimulation in myotonia.", "content": "The electrical response of muscle to repetitive nerve stimulation was studied in patients with various myotonic disorders. A decrementing response was common but not invariable finding, and was unrelated to the severity or diagnosis. The decrement either continued throughout the period of stimulation or \"leveled off\", sometimes being followed by an increment. If it occurred at low rates of stimulation, a greater decrement occurred at higher rates, usually after a shorter latent period. It was not related consistently to the presence of weakness, but in patients with myotonia congenita it was more conspicuous and elicited by lower rates of stimulation when transient weakness was a feature of the history.", "contents": "The declining electrical response of muscle to repetitive nerve stimulation in myotonia. The electrical response of muscle to repetitive nerve stimulation was studied in patients with various myotonic disorders. A decrementing response was common but not invariable finding, and was unrelated to the severity or diagnosis. The decrement either continued throughout the period of stimulation or \"leveled off\", sometimes being followed by an increment. If it occurred at low rates of stimulation, a greater decrement occurred at higher rates, usually after a shorter latent period. It was not related consistently to the presence of weakness, but in patients with myotonia congenita it was more conspicuous and elicited by lower rates of stimulation when transient weakness was a feature of the history.", "PMID": 561337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4567", "title": "Phenytoin, phospholipids, and calcium.", "content": "Binding of phenytoin to phospholipids was found to be related to fatty acid composition. Dipalmitoyl and dioleoyl lecithins, the most abundant lecithins in brain, showed the greatest binding activity. There was an exact correlation between binding activity and phosphorous content in lipids derived from fractionation of total lipids of rabbit and human brain. Phenobarbital showed little interaction with phospholipids. Phospholipid binding of 45Ca++ could be increased up to five times by the addition of 1 x 10(-4) M phenytoin. This enhancement of Ca++-binding may explain the effectiveness of phenytoins in the treatment of hypocalcemic symptoms. Ca++ and phospholipid binding may be important factors in the stabilizing action of phenytoin.", "contents": "Phenytoin, phospholipids, and calcium. Binding of phenytoin to phospholipids was found to be related to fatty acid composition. Dipalmitoyl and dioleoyl lecithins, the most abundant lecithins in brain, showed the greatest binding activity. There was an exact correlation between binding activity and phosphorous content in lipids derived from fractionation of total lipids of rabbit and human brain. Phenobarbital showed little interaction with phospholipids. Phospholipid binding of 45Ca++ could be increased up to five times by the addition of 1 x 10(-4) M phenytoin. This enhancement of Ca++-binding may explain the effectiveness of phenytoins in the treatment of hypocalcemic symptoms. Ca++ and phospholipid binding may be important factors in the stabilizing action of phenytoin.", "PMID": 561338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4568", "title": "Cervical myelopathy complicating cerebral angiography. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Transverse cervical myelopathy, at C-6 level, followed injection of Renografin-60 into the right thyrocervical trunk during cerebral angiography. Review of the literature yielded only two cases in which attempted posterior fossa angiography resulted in cervical myelopathy. Two more cases were found. In one, cervical myelopathy occurred during aortography in a patient with coractation of the aorta, and in the other it followed mediastinal angiography. Summation of anoxia, hemorrhage, and cellular toxicity is responsible for spinal cord necrosis following arterial injection of contrast material.", "contents": "Cervical myelopathy complicating cerebral angiography. Report of a case and review of the literature. Transverse cervical myelopathy, at C-6 level, followed injection of Renografin-60 into the right thyrocervical trunk during cerebral angiography. Review of the literature yielded only two cases in which attempted posterior fossa angiography resulted in cervical myelopathy. Two more cases were found. In one, cervical myelopathy occurred during aortography in a patient with coractation of the aorta, and in the other it followed mediastinal angiography. Summation of anoxia, hemorrhage, and cellular toxicity is responsible for spinal cord necrosis following arterial injection of contrast material.", "PMID": 561339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4569", "title": "Computerized tomography in demyelinating disease of the young.", "content": "We have used computerized tomography (CT) to look for evidence of cerebral demyelination in children with progressive neurologic disorders. Fourteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of a demyelinating disorder were examined by CT, and five had CT findings suggesting cerebral demyelination. In two patients with a so-called myelinoclastic demyelinating disease, CT showed asymmetric, circumscribed areas of diminished radiodensity, and in three patients with a leukodystrophy, scans showed diffuse symmetric areas of low density in the centrum ovale. Autopsy examination in one patient confirmed the diagnosis of sudanophilic leukodystrophy and substantiated the abnormalities suspected from CT.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in demyelinating disease of the young. We have used computerized tomography (CT) to look for evidence of cerebral demyelination in children with progressive neurologic disorders. Fourteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of a demyelinating disorder were examined by CT, and five had CT findings suggesting cerebral demyelination. In two patients with a so-called myelinoclastic demyelinating disease, CT showed asymmetric, circumscribed areas of diminished radiodensity, and in three patients with a leukodystrophy, scans showed diffuse symmetric areas of low density in the centrum ovale. Autopsy examination in one patient confirmed the diagnosis of sudanophilic leukodystrophy and substantiated the abnormalities suspected from CT.", "PMID": 561340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4570", "title": "Hereditary nonprogressive athetotic hemiplegia: a new syndrome.", "content": "A family with four affected members showed a stereotyped unilateral neurologic deficit. The disorder was characterized in each member by congenital left hemiparesis, with subsequent development of left hemihypoplasia and athetoid posturing of the left hand. Although the proband was initially considered a \"cerebral palsy\" victim, the autosomal dominant pattern and the stereotyped clinical features in all affected family members suggest a hereditary process. Hereditary factors may be an uncommon cause of static unilateral neurologic motor defects.", "contents": "Hereditary nonprogressive athetotic hemiplegia: a new syndrome. A family with four affected members showed a stereotyped unilateral neurologic deficit. The disorder was characterized in each member by congenital left hemiparesis, with subsequent development of left hemihypoplasia and athetoid posturing of the left hand. Although the proband was initially considered a \"cerebral palsy\" victim, the autosomal dominant pattern and the stereotyped clinical features in all affected family members suggest a hereditary process. Hereditary factors may be an uncommon cause of static unilateral neurologic motor defects.", "PMID": 561341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4571", "title": "Alteration of skeletal muscle cellular structures by potassium depletion.", "content": "After rats had been fed a low-potassium diet for 4 to 8 weeks, skeletal muscle showed ultrastructural changes involving membranous organelles. Mitochondria were often swollen, condensed, or disintegrated. The transverse tubules were disoriented, focally dilated, and tortuous. The sarcoplasmic reticulum showed various degrees of dilatation. Vacuoles of different sizes occurred frequently. Whirls of membranes were closely associated with any of the membranous organelles, especially near an orifice of a transverse tubule. Supplementation of potassium reversed these changes. These findings are very similar to those in patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The vacuolar myopathy in these patients may be secondary to the electrolyte alteration in skeletal muscles, and the chronic weakness of some patients may be due to excitation-contraction uncoupling as a result of the involvement of sarcotubular systems.", "contents": "Alteration of skeletal muscle cellular structures by potassium depletion. After rats had been fed a low-potassium diet for 4 to 8 weeks, skeletal muscle showed ultrastructural changes involving membranous organelles. Mitochondria were often swollen, condensed, or disintegrated. The transverse tubules were disoriented, focally dilated, and tortuous. The sarcoplasmic reticulum showed various degrees of dilatation. Vacuoles of different sizes occurred frequently. Whirls of membranes were closely associated with any of the membranous organelles, especially near an orifice of a transverse tubule. Supplementation of potassium reversed these changes. These findings are very similar to those in patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The vacuolar myopathy in these patients may be secondary to the electrolyte alteration in skeletal muscles, and the chronic weakness of some patients may be due to excitation-contraction uncoupling as a result of the involvement of sarcotubular systems.", "PMID": 561342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4572", "title": "Blood vessel structure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. I. Light and electron microscopic observations in resting muscle.", "content": "Skeletal muscle blood vessels from eight patients with documented Duchenne type muscular dystrophy were examined by light and electron microscopy, with particular attention to the capillary-venous bed. The characteristic lesions of vasoactive amine injury were not present. Endothelial degeneration and regeneration also were absent. Lamellation of capillary basement membranes was noted without true hypertrophy or  evidence of discontunuities. Thrombus formation and platelet interaction were absent. Lumenal obliteration was not noted at the arterial level. Rarely, venous obliteration was present in association with nodular connective tissue overgrowth. The minimal abnormalities appear to be nonspecific and do not substantiate postulated vascular injury by vasoactive mediators or ischemia. The role of a nonspecific chronic inflammatory reaction with phagocytes derived from the vascular compartment should be considered with respect to those described basement membrane changes.", "contents": "Blood vessel structure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. I. Light and electron microscopic observations in resting muscle. Skeletal muscle blood vessels from eight patients with documented Duchenne type muscular dystrophy were examined by light and electron microscopy, with particular attention to the capillary-venous bed. The characteristic lesions of vasoactive amine injury were not present. Endothelial degeneration and regeneration also were absent. Lamellation of capillary basement membranes was noted without true hypertrophy or  evidence of discontunuities. Thrombus formation and platelet interaction were absent. Lumenal obliteration was not noted at the arterial level. Rarely, venous obliteration was present in association with nodular connective tissue overgrowth. The minimal abnormalities appear to be nonspecific and do not substantiate postulated vascular injury by vasoactive mediators or ischemia. The role of a nonspecific chronic inflammatory reaction with phagocytes derived from the vascular compartment should be considered with respect to those described basement membrane changes.", "PMID": 561343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4573", "title": "Antagonism by piperidine of levodopa effects in Parkinson disease.", "content": "The nicotinic cholinergic amine piperidine diminished both the dyskinesia and the symptomatic control in some patients with Parkinson disease receiving levodopa. Since the piperdine configuration is contained in the molecules of the apomorphine and N-propylnoraporphine, it might be responsible for the antagonism of these drugs to some effects of levodopa in Parkinson disease and for the palliation by apomorphine of some dopamine-mediated symptoms in other extrapyramidal disorders.", "contents": "Antagonism by piperidine of levodopa effects in Parkinson disease. The nicotinic cholinergic amine piperidine diminished both the dyskinesia and the symptomatic control in some patients with Parkinson disease receiving levodopa. Since the piperdine configuration is contained in the molecules of the apomorphine and N-propylnoraporphine, it might be responsible for the antagonism of these drugs to some effects of levodopa in Parkinson disease and for the palliation by apomorphine of some dopamine-mediated symptoms in other extrapyramidal disorders.", "PMID": 561344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4574", "title": "CT scanning and diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "On computerized tomography scanning, two patients with adrenoleukodystrophy had low-density abnormalities in the parieto-occipital lobes, which enhanced anteriorly with contrast infusion. Computerized tomographic correlation with the published pathology is discussed. CT scanning may be an important diagnostic procedure in the early diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy.", "contents": "CT scanning and diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy. On computerized tomography scanning, two patients with adrenoleukodystrophy had low-density abnormalities in the parieto-occipital lobes, which enhanced anteriorly with contrast infusion. Computerized tomographic correlation with the published pathology is discussed. CT scanning may be an important diagnostic procedure in the early diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy.", "PMID": 561345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4575", "title": "Plaque of multiple sclerosis seen on computerized transaxial tomogram.", "content": "The spectrum of computerized transaxial tomographic lesions in multiple sclerosis is not yet known. Low density lesions have been reported. We are reporting contrast enhanced lesions, occurring at different times and neurologic sites in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Such CT lesions might be of diagnostic significance.", "contents": "Plaque of multiple sclerosis seen on computerized transaxial tomogram. The spectrum of computerized transaxial tomographic lesions in multiple sclerosis is not yet known. Low density lesions have been reported. We are reporting contrast enhanced lesions, occurring at different times and neurologic sites in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Such CT lesions might be of diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 561346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4576", "title": "The orbicularis oculi reflex: pathologic studies in childhood.", "content": "The orbicularis oculi reflex was studied in 12 children with intrinsic brain stem gliomas and in six children with other posterior fossa pathology. The results were compared with previously established childhood normal values. Seventy-eight percent of the children demonstrated a pathologic alteration of the reflex comparable to reported results in adult patients. The orgicularis oculi reflex test in childhood in a relatively simple and risk-free procedure in the evaluation of brain stem disease in childhood.", "contents": "The orbicularis oculi reflex: pathologic studies in childhood. The orbicularis oculi reflex was studied in 12 children with intrinsic brain stem gliomas and in six children with other posterior fossa pathology. The results were compared with previously established childhood normal values. Seventy-eight percent of the children demonstrated a pathologic alteration of the reflex comparable to reported results in adult patients. The orgicularis oculi reflex test in childhood in a relatively simple and risk-free procedure in the evaluation of brain stem disease in childhood.", "PMID": 561347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4577", "title": "Primary intramedullary malignant lymphoma of the spinal cord.", "content": "The clinical and histologic features of a malignant intramedullary lymphoma of the spinal cord are reported. The duration of the disease was 9 months and the course was similar to other malignant intramedullary cord tumors. The tumor was confined to the cervical segment of the cord and histologically was composed of lymphocytes and plasmacytoid histiocytes. Effective treatment depends on tissue diagnosis.", "contents": "Primary intramedullary malignant lymphoma of the spinal cord. The clinical and histologic features of a malignant intramedullary lymphoma of the spinal cord are reported. The duration of the disease was 9 months and the course was similar to other malignant intramedullary cord tumors. The tumor was confined to the cervical segment of the cord and histologically was composed of lymphocytes and plasmacytoid histiocytes. Effective treatment depends on tissue diagnosis.", "PMID": 561348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4578", "title": "Fat emulsions with added free cholesterol or fatty acid cholesteryl esters. Studies on removal mechanisms in vivo and hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase in vitro.", "content": "The fractional elimination rate of fat emulsions of soybean oil, emulsified with egg yolk phosphatides with 1% addition of cholesterol or various cholesteryl fatty acid esters, was studied in rabbits. The fractional removal rate k2%/min was the same after addition of free cholesterol or esters with fatty acids up to eight carbon esters. The k2 values were twice as high for emulsions with cholesteryl-stearate, three times higher with added cholesteryl-palmitate and four times higher when cholesteryl-linoleate was added. The triglyceride (TG) lipase activity was determined with human or rabbit post-heparin plasma and with purified bovine lipoprotein lipase. All these enzyme sources gave similar results. Addition of saturated cholesteryl esters did not affect the lipase activity, but addition of 1% cholesterol markedly decreased the lipase activity. Furthermore, addition of cholesteryl-linoleate and linolenate reduced post-heparin TG lipase activity.", "contents": "Fat emulsions with added free cholesterol or fatty acid cholesteryl esters. Studies on removal mechanisms in vivo and hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase in vitro. The fractional elimination rate of fat emulsions of soybean oil, emulsified with egg yolk phosphatides with 1% addition of cholesterol or various cholesteryl fatty acid esters, was studied in rabbits. The fractional removal rate k2%/min was the same after addition of free cholesterol or esters with fatty acids up to eight carbon esters. The k2 values were twice as high for emulsions with cholesteryl-stearate, three times higher with added cholesteryl-palmitate and four times higher when cholesteryl-linoleate was added. The triglyceride (TG) lipase activity was determined with human or rabbit post-heparin plasma and with purified bovine lipoprotein lipase. All these enzyme sources gave similar results. Addition of saturated cholesteryl esters did not affect the lipase activity, but addition of 1% cholesterol markedly decreased the lipase activity. Furthermore, addition of cholesteryl-linoleate and linolenate reduced post-heparin TG lipase activity.", "PMID": 561351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4579", "title": "Primary empty sella syndrome with elevated serum prolactin.", "content": "A young, adult, white female with long-standing amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome and known pituitary enlargement since 1969 is presented. Further evaluation revealed PRL levels elevated in the microadenoma range and an empty sella. The presence of a pituitary adenoma, however, could not be confirmed by our studies. The question now arises--in a young woman desirous of pregnancy, should an induction of ovulation be attempted in view of the elevated serum PRL and an empty sella?", "contents": "Primary empty sella syndrome with elevated serum prolactin. A young, adult, white female with long-standing amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome and known pituitary enlargement since 1969 is presented. Further evaluation revealed PRL levels elevated in the microadenoma range and an empty sella. The presence of a pituitary adenoma, however, could not be confirmed by our studies. The question now arises--in a young woman desirous of pregnancy, should an induction of ovulation be attempted in view of the elevated serum PRL and an empty sella?", "PMID": 561354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4580", "title": "Arterial macroaneurysm of the retina.", "content": "Macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries were found in both eyes of a patient suffering from systemic hypertension. The development of the aneurysms were related to high blood pressure attacks. Treatments with low energy laser coagulation reduced the aneurysms, preserving good patency of the vessels. In the right inferior temporal artery, an untreated focal narrowing deteriorated to an occlusive fibroblastic proliferation, emphasizing how damaging the course of the disease may be.", "contents": "Arterial macroaneurysm of the retina. Macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries were found in both eyes of a patient suffering from systemic hypertension. The development of the aneurysms were related to high blood pressure attacks. Treatments with low energy laser coagulation reduced the aneurysms, preserving good patency of the vessels. In the right inferior temporal artery, an untreated focal narrowing deteriorated to an occlusive fibroblastic proliferation, emphasizing how damaging the course of the disease may be.", "PMID": 561358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4581", "title": "Salivary gland neoplasms in children.", "content": "Salivary gland neoplasms in children represent an uncommon entity. However, the presence of such a tumor demands an accurate diagnostic evaluation in view of the commonplace occurrence of malignancy. Observation of fluctuant masses and surgical resection of firm masses are the recommended principles of management, with the majority of these neoplasms having a favorable prognosis.", "contents": "Salivary gland neoplasms in children. Salivary gland neoplasms in children represent an uncommon entity. However, the presence of such a tumor demands an accurate diagnostic evaluation in view of the commonplace occurrence of malignancy. Observation of fluctuant masses and surgical resection of firm masses are the recommended principles of management, with the majority of these neoplasms having a favorable prognosis.", "PMID": 561359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4582", "title": "Bilateral dorsal root potentials in the lower sacral spinal cord.", "content": "Bilateral dorsal root potentials (DRPs) evoked in the S3 dorsal roots by stimulation of the S2 and L6 dorsal roots and the cutaneous afferents entering the spinal cord in the lumbar segments have been studied in spinal cats. Stimulation of all these afferents produces DRPs which have the same amplitude on both sides of the spinal cord. During long-lasting repetitive stimulation the negativity of the ipsilateral dorsal root is maintained only when this stimulation is applied to the neighbouring dorsal root. Depression of the testing DRPs produced by preceding single volleys or repetitive stimulation is only slightly larger on the contralateral side of the cord. The difference between depression of the DRPs on both sides of the cord is significantly smaller in the S3 than in the L7 segment. Following conditioning tetanization both ipsi- and contralateral DRPs undergo depression. The pattern of bilateral DRPs in the S3 segment significantly differs from that observed in the L7 segment and these differences correspond to the already known distinct arrangement of the substantia gelatinosa in the two parts of the cord.", "contents": "Bilateral dorsal root potentials in the lower sacral spinal cord. Bilateral dorsal root potentials (DRPs) evoked in the S3 dorsal roots by stimulation of the S2 and L6 dorsal roots and the cutaneous afferents entering the spinal cord in the lumbar segments have been studied in spinal cats. Stimulation of all these afferents produces DRPs which have the same amplitude on both sides of the spinal cord. During long-lasting repetitive stimulation the negativity of the ipsilateral dorsal root is maintained only when this stimulation is applied to the neighbouring dorsal root. Depression of the testing DRPs produced by preceding single volleys or repetitive stimulation is only slightly larger on the contralateral side of the cord. The difference between depression of the DRPs on both sides of the cord is significantly smaller in the S3 than in the L7 segment. Following conditioning tetanization both ipsi- and contralateral DRPs undergo depression. The pattern of bilateral DRPs in the S3 segment significantly differs from that observed in the L7 segment and these differences correspond to the already known distinct arrangement of the substantia gelatinosa in the two parts of the cord.", "PMID": 561366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4583", "title": "The relationship between stimulation-induced potassium release and amylase secretion in the mouse parotid.", "content": "1. The output of amylase from superfused mouse parotid segments in response to stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine and isoprenaline during exposure to solutions with varying potassium concentrations was monitored by an on line automated fluorometric method. 2. During stimulation with ACh or phenylephrine a 10-fold increase in superfusion fluid potassium concentration caused an immediate very marked reduction in amylase output which was fully reversible. A 10-fold reduction in potassium concentration resulted in a prominent rise in amylase output. During stimulation with isoprenaline there was no effect on the amylase output of varying the extracellular potassium concentration. Acetylcholine and phenylephrine caused potassium release from the mouse parotid whereas isoprenaline had no such effect. 3. It appears that under conditions where stimulation-induced potassium release is enhanced there is also an enhanced amylase secretion and vice cersa. There may therefore be a link between passive potassium transport and amylase secretion.", "contents": "The relationship between stimulation-induced potassium release and amylase secretion in the mouse parotid. 1. The output of amylase from superfused mouse parotid segments in response to stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine and isoprenaline during exposure to solutions with varying potassium concentrations was monitored by an on line automated fluorometric method. 2. During stimulation with ACh or phenylephrine a 10-fold increase in superfusion fluid potassium concentration caused an immediate very marked reduction in amylase output which was fully reversible. A 10-fold reduction in potassium concentration resulted in a prominent rise in amylase output. During stimulation with isoprenaline there was no effect on the amylase output of varying the extracellular potassium concentration. Acetylcholine and phenylephrine caused potassium release from the mouse parotid whereas isoprenaline had no such effect. 3. It appears that under conditions where stimulation-induced potassium release is enhanced there is also an enhanced amylase secretion and vice cersa. There may therefore be a link between passive potassium transport and amylase secretion.", "PMID": 561368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4584", "title": "Concentration and dilution of the urine in partially hepatectomized, conscious rats.", "content": "1. The influence of partial hepatectomy on urinary concentrating ability and renal tissue sodium was determined in conscious rats deprived of water for 24 h. In comparison with a sham operation, partial hepatectomy resulted in: a) a 50% reduction in free-water reabsorption, urinary osmolality, and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio; b) depression of free-water reabsorption at similar levels of osmolal clearance above 200 microliter/min per ml of GFR during the infusion of hypertonic NaCl and vasopressin; and c) a 30% reduction in sodium content of the renal papilla and outer medulla. 2. The renal response to an intravenous water load (2.5% glucose infused to 2.5% of body wt at 0.4 ml/min) was determined in sham-operated and partially hepatectomized, conscious rats. By 60 min after the water load, both groups had excreted practically all of the load. However, during and for 30 min after the infusion in the partially hepatectomized group, the percent of the water load excreted, urine flow, and free-water clearance were significantly reduced while urinary osmolality and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio were significantly elevated. 3. These experiments demonstrate that shortly after partial removal of the liver the renal concentrating ability is defective and the excretion of a water load is not grossly impaired.", "contents": "Concentration and dilution of the urine in partially hepatectomized, conscious rats. 1. The influence of partial hepatectomy on urinary concentrating ability and renal tissue sodium was determined in conscious rats deprived of water for 24 h. In comparison with a sham operation, partial hepatectomy resulted in: a) a 50% reduction in free-water reabsorption, urinary osmolality, and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio; b) depression of free-water reabsorption at similar levels of osmolal clearance above 200 microliter/min per ml of GFR during the infusion of hypertonic NaCl and vasopressin; and c) a 30% reduction in sodium content of the renal papilla and outer medulla. 2. The renal response to an intravenous water load (2.5% glucose infused to 2.5% of body wt at 0.4 ml/min) was determined in sham-operated and partially hepatectomized, conscious rats. By 60 min after the water load, both groups had excreted practically all of the load. However, during and for 30 min after the infusion in the partially hepatectomized group, the percent of the water load excreted, urine flow, and free-water clearance were significantly reduced while urinary osmolality and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio were significantly elevated. 3. These experiments demonstrate that shortly after partial removal of the liver the renal concentrating ability is defective and the excretion of a water load is not grossly impaired.", "PMID": 561370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4585", "title": "Changes in interstitial pressure during acute interstitial volume depletion in normally hydrated rats.", "content": "Interstitial fluid pressure was measured in normally hydrated rats during acute interstitial volume depletion by intravenous hyperoncotic bovine serum albumin infusion. Body fluid volumes, systemic arterial and venous pressure and selected blood and urine variables were also measured. The infusion increased plasma volume twice as much as do iso-oncotic infusions which cause comparable increases in mean central venous pressure. The kidneys responded with a diuresis and natriuresis closely resembling those which follow iso-oncotic infusion in normally hydrated rats. At the end of the elevated renal response plasma volume and plasma protein concentration were not restored to pre-infusion values; total interstitial fluid volume was decreased to one half its control value. Interstitial fluid pressure decreased linearly with volume so that effective interstitial compliance was constant at 0.0717 ml/mm Hg per gram dry tissue weight (1.79 ml/mm Hg per 100 g BW). This was not significantly different from the value 0.0704 previously found in normally hydrated rats but very significantly higher than that in dehydrated rats with comparable interstitial depletion. It is concluded that interstitial compliance is normal over a wide range of interstitial fluid volume in normally hydrated rats but that it can be altered in states of chronic body water depletion.", "contents": "Changes in interstitial pressure during acute interstitial volume depletion in normally hydrated rats. Interstitial fluid pressure was measured in normally hydrated rats during acute interstitial volume depletion by intravenous hyperoncotic bovine serum albumin infusion. Body fluid volumes, systemic arterial and venous pressure and selected blood and urine variables were also measured. The infusion increased plasma volume twice as much as do iso-oncotic infusions which cause comparable increases in mean central venous pressure. The kidneys responded with a diuresis and natriuresis closely resembling those which follow iso-oncotic infusion in normally hydrated rats. At the end of the elevated renal response plasma volume and plasma protein concentration were not restored to pre-infusion values; total interstitial fluid volume was decreased to one half its control value. Interstitial fluid pressure decreased linearly with volume so that effective interstitial compliance was constant at 0.0717 ml/mm Hg per gram dry tissue weight (1.79 ml/mm Hg per 100 g BW). This was not significantly different from the value 0.0704 previously found in normally hydrated rats but very significantly higher than that in dehydrated rats with comparable interstitial depletion. It is concluded that interstitial compliance is normal over a wide range of interstitial fluid volume in normally hydrated rats but that it can be altered in states of chronic body water depletion.", "PMID": 561371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4586", "title": "Renal clearances of 14C-inulin and polyfructosan in the rat. Effect of increased ureteral pressure.", "content": "Polyfructosan has been used as a substitute for inulin in GFR determinations. However, the validity of this substitution in conditions where renal tubular permeability to other substances, such as mannitol, sucrose and other substances, such as mannitol, sucrose and iothalamate, is increased has not been tested. Experiments were performed on 8 rats to compare the clearances of polyfructosan (CPF) and 14C-inulin (CIN) during hydropenia, 3% BW saline expansion, elevation of one ureteral catheter by 30 cm, and following return of increased ureteral pressure to the control level. No significant difference between CPF and CIN could be detected except in the kidney subjected to increased ureteral pressure. However, the magnitude of this difference--which may relate to the different molecular weights of the two compounds--was so small that we conclude that the use of CPF, as an index of GFR, is no less reliable than CIN under the conditions tested.", "contents": "Renal clearances of 14C-inulin and polyfructosan in the rat. Effect of increased ureteral pressure. Polyfructosan has been used as a substitute for inulin in GFR determinations. However, the validity of this substitution in conditions where renal tubular permeability to other substances, such as mannitol, sucrose and other substances, such as mannitol, sucrose and iothalamate, is increased has not been tested. Experiments were performed on 8 rats to compare the clearances of polyfructosan (CPF) and 14C-inulin (CIN) during hydropenia, 3% BW saline expansion, elevation of one ureteral catheter by 30 cm, and following return of increased ureteral pressure to the control level. No significant difference between CPF and CIN could be detected except in the kidney subjected to increased ureteral pressure. However, the magnitude of this difference--which may relate to the different molecular weights of the two compounds--was so small that we conclude that the use of CPF, as an index of GFR, is no less reliable than CIN under the conditions tested.", "PMID": 561374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4587", "title": "Baroreflex \"resetting\" by arterial hypoxia in the renal and cardiac sympathetic nerves of the rabbit.", "content": "1. Renal and cardiac sympathetic baroreflex functions were studied in sodium pentobarbitone anaesthetized rabbits given succinylcholine, during constant artificial ventilation with air and with hypoxic gas mixtures. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was raised and lowered between values of 40 and 140 mm Hg by means of aortic and vena caval periovascular balloons and integrated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) was recordered. 2. The relationship between MAP and SNA was sigmoid, with upper and lower plateau levels. The curves were defined by calculating median blood pressure, SNA Range and reflex gain. In both renal and cardiac sympathetics section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves completely abolished the MAP-related changes in SNA. 3. The renal baroreflex curves were reset from control levels during hypoxia. Median blood pressure increased, as did SNA Range and gain. These effects were due to central interactions between arterial baroreceptor, arterial chemoreceptor and vagal afferent activity. 4. The cardiac sympathetic baroreflex curves were shifted in the opposite direction from control with reduction in median blood pressure, SNA Range and reflex gain. These changes were due to chemoreceptor-arterial baroreceptor interactions. 5. Arterial hypoxia thus evokes a differentiated pattern of baroreflex resetting in the renal and cardiac sympathetic montoneuron pools with differing changes in neural response range and sensitivity to arterial pressure changes.", "contents": "Baroreflex \"resetting\" by arterial hypoxia in the renal and cardiac sympathetic nerves of the rabbit. 1. Renal and cardiac sympathetic baroreflex functions were studied in sodium pentobarbitone anaesthetized rabbits given succinylcholine, during constant artificial ventilation with air and with hypoxic gas mixtures. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was raised and lowered between values of 40 and 140 mm Hg by means of aortic and vena caval periovascular balloons and integrated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) was recordered. 2. The relationship between MAP and SNA was sigmoid, with upper and lower plateau levels. The curves were defined by calculating median blood pressure, SNA Range and reflex gain. In both renal and cardiac sympathetics section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves completely abolished the MAP-related changes in SNA. 3. The renal baroreflex curves were reset from control levels during hypoxia. Median blood pressure increased, as did SNA Range and gain. These effects were due to central interactions between arterial baroreceptor, arterial chemoreceptor and vagal afferent activity. 4. The cardiac sympathetic baroreflex curves were shifted in the opposite direction from control with reduction in median blood pressure, SNA Range and reflex gain. These changes were due to chemoreceptor-arterial baroreceptor interactions. 5. Arterial hypoxia thus evokes a differentiated pattern of baroreflex resetting in the renal and cardiac sympathetic montoneuron pools with differing changes in neural response range and sensitivity to arterial pressure changes.", "PMID": 561376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4588", "title": "A modified Langendorff technique for metabolic investigations.", "content": "A small amount of fluid keeps dripping from the apex of the isolated, perfused heart, after cannulating the pulmonary artery and carefully preventing leakage from caval and pulmonary veins. This fluid has a high absorbance at 280 nm, which points to a high protein content; it shows a fall in glucose, and a rise in lactate concentration almost corresponding with the heart's total glucose uptake and lactate release respectively. The data suggest that a small amount of the perfusion fluid reaches the surface of the heart via the interstitial space.", "contents": "A modified Langendorff technique for metabolic investigations. A small amount of fluid keeps dripping from the apex of the isolated, perfused heart, after cannulating the pulmonary artery and carefully preventing leakage from caval and pulmonary veins. This fluid has a high absorbance at 280 nm, which points to a high protein content; it shows a fall in glucose, and a rise in lactate concentration almost corresponding with the heart's total glucose uptake and lactate release respectively. The data suggest that a small amount of the perfusion fluid reaches the surface of the heart via the interstitial space.", "PMID": 561377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4589", "title": "Thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones in a hibernator at high and low ambient temperatures.", "content": "The effect of ambient temperature on the thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones was studied in euthermic golden hamsters. At skin temperatures (Tsk) of 20 degrees C, preoptic units were still responsive to hypothalamic temperatures (Thy) below 10 degrees C, while at Tsk = 36 degrees C these neurones became inactive at Thy = 15 degrees C on the average. These studies suggest that thermoreceptive preoptic neurones, influenced by a high activity of cutaneous cold-receptors, are capable of sensing core temperatures even in deep hibernation.", "contents": "Thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones in a hibernator at high and low ambient temperatures. The effect of ambient temperature on the thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones was studied in euthermic golden hamsters. At skin temperatures (Tsk) of 20 degrees C, preoptic units were still responsive to hypothalamic temperatures (Thy) below 10 degrees C, while at Tsk = 36 degrees C these neurones became inactive at Thy = 15 degrees C on the average. These studies suggest that thermoreceptive preoptic neurones, influenced by a high activity of cutaneous cold-receptors, are capable of sensing core temperatures even in deep hibernation.", "PMID": 561378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4590", "title": "The dynamic response of warm units in human skin nerves.", "content": "Electrophysiological recordings were made from 12 specific warm receptors in the sensory nerves of human hairy skin. In all cases examined, single warm fibers were spontaneously active at normal skin temperature from about 32 degrees C upwards, while touch, stretching, vibration or pricking the skin did not elicit any response within the receptive fields of warm units. Moderate warming of the skin using linear temperature rates from 0.5 degrees C/s to 1.5 degrees C/s caused a transient overshoot in the frequency of discharge with peak frequencies depending on the rate of change of temperature (dT/dt), the magnitude of thermal increment (deltaT) and the adapting temperature (TA). Cooling the skin caused a transient inhibition of discharge.", "contents": "The dynamic response of warm units in human skin nerves. Electrophysiological recordings were made from 12 specific warm receptors in the sensory nerves of human hairy skin. In all cases examined, single warm fibers were spontaneously active at normal skin temperature from about 32 degrees C upwards, while touch, stretching, vibration or pricking the skin did not elicit any response within the receptive fields of warm units. Moderate warming of the skin using linear temperature rates from 0.5 degrees C/s to 1.5 degrees C/s caused a transient overshoot in the frequency of discharge with peak frequencies depending on the rate of change of temperature (dT/dt), the magnitude of thermal increment (deltaT) and the adapting temperature (TA). Cooling the skin caused a transient inhibition of discharge.", "PMID": 561379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4591", "title": "The continuous high-precision measurement of the density of flowing blood.", "content": "The \"mechanical oscillator\" technique for the measurement of the density of fluids is based on the influence of mass on the natural frequency of a mechanical oscillator. The practical application of this principle was worked out by Kratky et al. (1969) and Leopold (1970). It is demonstrated in this study that the method permits the continuous high-precision measurement of the density of flowing blood in anesthetized animals. The accuracy is 10(5) g/ml, the maximum sampling rate 20/min. As found in rabbits and cats during the control state, physiological blood density changes related to spontaneous blood pressure variations are up to 2-10(4) g/ml. The method can be combined with i.v. injections of isotonic and iso-oncotic solutions to determine cardiac output and blood volume on the basis of a \"density dilution\" principle. Since the density of the interstitial fluid is lower than that of blood, fluid shifts through the capillary walls can be detected. The effects of hypertonic glucose and of hyperoncotic dextran have been examined. Changes in the density of the arterial blood appear within 10 s after i.v. injection of these fluids. Similarly, density changes result from hemorrhage and reinfusion. During and after i.v. administration of vasoactive drugs (noradrenaline, angiotensin II, acetylcholine), marked transient changes in blood density are seen which obviously reflect the effects of fluid shifts through the capillary walls. During hemorrhagic hypotension we found periodic variations in the blood density synchronous with spontaneously occurring Mayer waves. The new method seems to be a promising tool for investigations physiological and pathological capillary fluid dynamics.", "contents": "The continuous high-precision measurement of the density of flowing blood. The \"mechanical oscillator\" technique for the measurement of the density of fluids is based on the influence of mass on the natural frequency of a mechanical oscillator. The practical application of this principle was worked out by Kratky et al. (1969) and Leopold (1970). It is demonstrated in this study that the method permits the continuous high-precision measurement of the density of flowing blood in anesthetized animals. The accuracy is 10(5) g/ml, the maximum sampling rate 20/min. As found in rabbits and cats during the control state, physiological blood density changes related to spontaneous blood pressure variations are up to 2-10(4) g/ml. The method can be combined with i.v. injections of isotonic and iso-oncotic solutions to determine cardiac output and blood volume on the basis of a \"density dilution\" principle. Since the density of the interstitial fluid is lower than that of blood, fluid shifts through the capillary walls can be detected. The effects of hypertonic glucose and of hyperoncotic dextran have been examined. Changes in the density of the arterial blood appear within 10 s after i.v. injection of these fluids. Similarly, density changes result from hemorrhage and reinfusion. During and after i.v. administration of vasoactive drugs (noradrenaline, angiotensin II, acetylcholine), marked transient changes in blood density are seen which obviously reflect the effects of fluid shifts through the capillary walls. During hemorrhagic hypotension we found periodic variations in the blood density synchronous with spontaneously occurring Mayer waves. The new method seems to be a promising tool for investigations physiological and pathological capillary fluid dynamics.", "PMID": 561380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4592", "title": "On the mechanism of glucagon stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "content": "The addition of L-alanine as substrate to a perfused rat liver preparation produced a five-fold increase in the rate of glucose production. This enhancement of the gluconeogenic flux seems to be a consequence of a rise in the steady-state levels of pyruvate and oxaloacetate subsequent to the rise in alanine concentration. Glucagon (2 X 10(-9) M) increased the gluconeogenic flux from alanine (10 mM) by 50 percent, even though the concentration of the substrate in the perfusion fluid was at saturation. This effect was accompanied by a rise in the intracellular concentration of alanine. However, the steady-state concentration of pyruvate and oxaloacetate were decreased, probably as a consequence of a more reduced state of the nicotinamide-nucleotide system. In vivo, the intraperitoneal administration of glucagon to starved rats was accompanied by a decrease in the hepatic alanine and pyruvate concentrations despite the striking effects raising the plasma glucose levels. These observations seem to indicate that the effect of the hormone increasing the hepatic glucose output must be mediated through some other mechanism(s) independent of the intracellular variations in the hepatic amino acids levels.", "contents": "On the mechanism of glucagon stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The addition of L-alanine as substrate to a perfused rat liver preparation produced a five-fold increase in the rate of glucose production. This enhancement of the gluconeogenic flux seems to be a consequence of a rise in the steady-state levels of pyruvate and oxaloacetate subsequent to the rise in alanine concentration. Glucagon (2 X 10(-9) M) increased the gluconeogenic flux from alanine (10 mM) by 50 percent, even though the concentration of the substrate in the perfusion fluid was at saturation. This effect was accompanied by a rise in the intracellular concentration of alanine. However, the steady-state concentration of pyruvate and oxaloacetate were decreased, probably as a consequence of a more reduced state of the nicotinamide-nucleotide system. In vivo, the intraperitoneal administration of glucagon to starved rats was accompanied by a decrease in the hepatic alanine and pyruvate concentrations despite the striking effects raising the plasma glucose levels. These observations seem to indicate that the effect of the hormone increasing the hepatic glucose output must be mediated through some other mechanism(s) independent of the intracellular variations in the hepatic amino acids levels.", "PMID": 561381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4593", "title": "Renal function changes during preoptic-anterior hypothalamic heating in the rabbit.", "content": "Thermoregulatory reactions evoked by selective preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) heating in conscious rabbits were associated with significant changes in renal function. Urine flow rate decreased from a control value of 0.92 +/- (S.E.) 0.08 to 0.47 +/- 0.07 ml/min after 10-20 min of heating, urine osmolality increased from 273 +/- 34 to 417 +/- 46 Osm/kg H2O, and free water clearance per 100 ml GFR decreased from 1.11 +/- 0.46 to -0.50 +/- 0.23 ml/min. These changes were followed by a gradual recovery despite continued heating. Clearances of exogenous creatinine and p-aminohippurate fell transiently during the first 10 min of heating and then returned to normal. Plasma antidiuretic activity (ADA) measured by rat bioassay increased regularly and markedly during PO/AH heating but was poorly correlated with changes in urine concentration. Moreover, a similar increase in plasma ADA observed with selective heating of a different brain area (supraoptic nucleus) never produced urine concentration or other renal changes. This suggests that a large and variable fraction of ADA appearing in rabbit blood in response to thermal stimuli was not identical with antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, the causal relationship of ADH release and antidiuresis associated with thermoregulatory reactions could not be clearly demonstrated. The physiological role of renal water conservation would be to compensate for extrarenal water loss related to thermal sweating or panting.", "contents": "Renal function changes during preoptic-anterior hypothalamic heating in the rabbit. Thermoregulatory reactions evoked by selective preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) heating in conscious rabbits were associated with significant changes in renal function. Urine flow rate decreased from a control value of 0.92 +/- (S.E.) 0.08 to 0.47 +/- 0.07 ml/min after 10-20 min of heating, urine osmolality increased from 273 +/- 34 to 417 +/- 46 Osm/kg H2O, and free water clearance per 100 ml GFR decreased from 1.11 +/- 0.46 to -0.50 +/- 0.23 ml/min. These changes were followed by a gradual recovery despite continued heating. Clearances of exogenous creatinine and p-aminohippurate fell transiently during the first 10 min of heating and then returned to normal. Plasma antidiuretic activity (ADA) measured by rat bioassay increased regularly and markedly during PO/AH heating but was poorly correlated with changes in urine concentration. Moreover, a similar increase in plasma ADA observed with selective heating of a different brain area (supraoptic nucleus) never produced urine concentration or other renal changes. This suggests that a large and variable fraction of ADA appearing in rabbit blood in response to thermal stimuli was not identical with antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, the causal relationship of ADH release and antidiuresis associated with thermoregulatory reactions could not be clearly demonstrated. The physiological role of renal water conservation would be to compensate for extrarenal water loss related to thermal sweating or panting.", "PMID": 561382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4594", "title": "Left atrial pressure and sodium balance in conscious dogs on a low sodium intake.", "content": "10 conscious chronically prepared dogs were used. After recovery from thoracotomy (catheter into the left atrium, nylon purse string around the mitral annulus) they were kept chronically on a low sodium intake (less than 0.5 meq Na/kg bw daily). On 51 days left atrial pressure (LAP) was increased for 60 min about 10 cm H2O once daily by tightening the purse string (distension period: DP). During (DP) urine volume (V) increased about threefold, and sodium excretion (ENa) about sixfold. The amount of renal sodium loss on the days when LAP was increased exceeded the daily intake considerably. The application of DOCA (15 mg i.m.) did not diminish ENa during DP and 60 min therere increased by about 15 mm Hg. The data suggest that stimulation of intrathoracic receptors by a reversible mitral stenosis augments renal sodium excretion even in a state of a highly stimulated tubular sodium resorption.", "contents": "Left atrial pressure and sodium balance in conscious dogs on a low sodium intake. 10 conscious chronically prepared dogs were used. After recovery from thoracotomy (catheter into the left atrium, nylon purse string around the mitral annulus) they were kept chronically on a low sodium intake (less than 0.5 meq Na/kg bw daily). On 51 days left atrial pressure (LAP) was increased for 60 min about 10 cm H2O once daily by tightening the purse string (distension period: DP). During (DP) urine volume (V) increased about threefold, and sodium excretion (ENa) about sixfold. The amount of renal sodium loss on the days when LAP was increased exceeded the daily intake considerably. The application of DOCA (15 mg i.m.) did not diminish ENa during DP and 60 min therere increased by about 15 mm Hg. The data suggest that stimulation of intrathoracic receptors by a reversible mitral stenosis augments renal sodium excretion even in a state of a highly stimulated tubular sodium resorption.", "PMID": 561383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4595", "title": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. III. Excretion of venous gas bubbles by the lung.", "content": "Intravenous injection of gas (10-60 ml) causes acute pulmonary embolism, which disappears completely within 10-20 min. Intravenous infusion of gas (1-5 ml min-1) can be continued for a long time. During these infusions a steady state is reached in which pulmonary arterial pressure is increased and cardiac output remains unaltered. This indicates that the degree of embolization has reached a constant level despite the continuous gas infusion. These findings can be explained by a gradual disappearance of the bubbles from the pulmonary circulation. The purpose of this study was to measure the possible excretion of gas from the intravascular gas bubbles into the alveolar air after venous administration. Neon was used as a test gas since its fractional concentration in ambient air is low (0.00018) and it can be detected by gas chromatography with sufficient accuracy. It could be demonstrated that after injection neon was present in the expiration gas. During the steady state of infusion the rate of excretion in the expiration gas appeared to be equal to the rate of infusion. Changes in the pulmonary arterial pressure curve were reflected in the neon wash-out curve. It may be concluded that during pulmonary gas embolism the administered gas is excreted into the alveolar air and that the excretion rate largely depends on the increased pulmonary arterial pressure due to the obstructing bubbles themselves.", "contents": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. III. Excretion of venous gas bubbles by the lung. Intravenous injection of gas (10-60 ml) causes acute pulmonary embolism, which disappears completely within 10-20 min. Intravenous infusion of gas (1-5 ml min-1) can be continued for a long time. During these infusions a steady state is reached in which pulmonary arterial pressure is increased and cardiac output remains unaltered. This indicates that the degree of embolization has reached a constant level despite the continuous gas infusion. These findings can be explained by a gradual disappearance of the bubbles from the pulmonary circulation. The purpose of this study was to measure the possible excretion of gas from the intravascular gas bubbles into the alveolar air after venous administration. Neon was used as a test gas since its fractional concentration in ambient air is low (0.00018) and it can be detected by gas chromatography with sufficient accuracy. It could be demonstrated that after injection neon was present in the expiration gas. During the steady state of infusion the rate of excretion in the expiration gas appeared to be equal to the rate of infusion. Changes in the pulmonary arterial pressure curve were reflected in the neon wash-out curve. It may be concluded that during pulmonary gas embolism the administered gas is excreted into the alveolar air and that the excretion rate largely depends on the increased pulmonary arterial pressure due to the obstructing bubbles themselves.", "PMID": 561384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4596", "title": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow in the rat.", "content": "Renal blood flow was measured in rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium by employing the PAH clearance method and the 133Xe washout technique. Both methods were in good agreement. In 17 rats a 25% decrement of blood pressure was attained through haemorrhage: RBF measured by PAH clearance declined by 3%, according to 133Xe washout by 2.7%. In futher 21 rats an increase of blood pressure by an average of 26% was achieved by occlusion of the carotid arteries; RBF measured by PAH clearance declined by 3% according to 133Xe washout by 1.1%. RBF was therefore almost perfectly autoregulated during both experimental manoeuvres: glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) was autoregulated in a similar manner. Water and sodium excretion changed in proportion to changes of blood pressure.", "contents": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow in the rat. Renal blood flow was measured in rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium by employing the PAH clearance method and the 133Xe washout technique. Both methods were in good agreement. In 17 rats a 25% decrement of blood pressure was attained through haemorrhage: RBF measured by PAH clearance declined by 3%, according to 133Xe washout by 2.7%. In futher 21 rats an increase of blood pressure by an average of 26% was achieved by occlusion of the carotid arteries; RBF measured by PAH clearance declined by 3% according to 133Xe washout by 1.1%. RBF was therefore almost perfectly autoregulated during both experimental manoeuvres: glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) was autoregulated in a similar manner. Water and sodium excretion changed in proportion to changes of blood pressure.", "PMID": 561386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4597", "title": "Postnatal development of inotropic responses to nerve stimulation and tyramine in rat atria.", "content": "Inotropic responses were measured in isolated rat left atria using an isometric force transducer. In atria from adult rats tyramine administration or field stimulation of intramural cardiac nerves (in the presence of atropine) caused a positive inotropic response which was as great as that obtainable with exogenous noradrenaline. In contrast, atria from newborn animals showed very poor inotropic responses to nerve stimulation or tyramine  although they already responded well to noradrenaline. The responses developed progressively with age, reaching adult levels at 3 to 4 weeks of age. It is concluded that the postnatal development of myocardial sympathetic nerves is correlated with a development of the positive inotropic response to sympathetic nerve stimulation or to tyramine.", "contents": "Postnatal development of inotropic responses to nerve stimulation and tyramine in rat atria. Inotropic responses were measured in isolated rat left atria using an isometric force transducer. In atria from adult rats tyramine administration or field stimulation of intramural cardiac nerves (in the presence of atropine) caused a positive inotropic response which was as great as that obtainable with exogenous noradrenaline. In contrast, atria from newborn animals showed very poor inotropic responses to nerve stimulation or tyramine  although they already responded well to noradrenaline. The responses developed progressively with age, reaching adult levels at 3 to 4 weeks of age. It is concluded that the postnatal development of myocardial sympathetic nerves is correlated with a development of the positive inotropic response to sympathetic nerve stimulation or to tyramine.", "PMID": 561388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4598", "title": "Synthesis of messenger RNA-like molecules in isolated myeloma nuclei.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from mouse myeloma cells grown in tissue culture are capable of synthesizing RNA for prolonged periods of time. Addition of cytoplasmic extracts to the system stimulates slightly the rate and prolongs the time of synthesis. As judges by sedimentation in SDS and in formamide gradients, the size of the RNA synthesized is heterogeneous from smaller than 10S to larger than 45S, thus resembling in vivo made RNA. The characteristics of some of the RNA are in keeping with those expected to be for mRNA. Fifty percent of the RNA synthesis is sensitive to alpha-amanitin. After an incubation of two hours in the absence of alpha-amanitin about 10 percent of the newly synthesized RNA is found outside of the nuclei; it sediments with a broad distribution at 18S. A considerable fraction of the RNA that is released from nuclei in vitro can promote the formation of polyribosomes, and contains molecules that are polyadenylated and \"capped\".", "contents": "Synthesis of messenger RNA-like molecules in isolated myeloma nuclei. Nuclei isolated from mouse myeloma cells grown in tissue culture are capable of synthesizing RNA for prolonged periods of time. Addition of cytoplasmic extracts to the system stimulates slightly the rate and prolongs the time of synthesis. As judges by sedimentation in SDS and in formamide gradients, the size of the RNA synthesized is heterogeneous from smaller than 10S to larger than 45S, thus resembling in vivo made RNA. The characteristics of some of the RNA are in keeping with those expected to be for mRNA. Fifty percent of the RNA synthesis is sensitive to alpha-amanitin. After an incubation of two hours in the absence of alpha-amanitin about 10 percent of the newly synthesized RNA is found outside of the nuclei; it sediments with a broad distribution at 18S. A considerable fraction of the RNA that is released from nuclei in vitro can promote the formation of polyribosomes, and contains molecules that are polyadenylated and \"capped\".", "PMID": 561391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4599", "title": "Nucleotide sequence neighbouring a late modified guanylic residue within the 28S ribosomal RNA of several eukaryotic cells.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a particular T1 oligonucleotide found in 41S and 28S RNAs of several cellular cell lines (human, mouse, rat and chicken fibroblast) but absent in 45S ribosomal RNA has been deduced. Its primary structure : A-U-U*-G*-psi-U-C-A-C-C-C-A-C-U-A-A-U-A-Gp shows the presence of a modified G residue which explains the existence of this oligonucleotide in the T1 fingerprint of 41S RNA and 28S. Its absence on the 45S RNA T1 fingerprint is accounted for by a late modification.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence neighbouring a late modified guanylic residue within the 28S ribosomal RNA of several eukaryotic cells. The nucleotide sequence of a particular T1 oligonucleotide found in 41S and 28S RNAs of several cellular cell lines (human, mouse, rat and chicken fibroblast) but absent in 45S ribosomal RNA has been deduced. Its primary structure : A-U-U*-G*-psi-U-C-A-C-C-C-A-C-U-A-A-U-A-Gp shows the presence of a modified G residue which explains the existence of this oligonucleotide in the T1 fingerprint of 41S RNA and 28S. Its absence on the 45S RNA T1 fingerprint is accounted for by a late modification.", "PMID": 561392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4600", "title": "The origin of nascent single-stranded DNA extracted from mammalian cells.", "content": "In vitro cultured bovine liver cells were labelled with radioactive thymidine and dissolved in 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Centrifugation of the lysate through sucrose gradients in a zonal rotor revealed a slowly sedimenting fraction of preferentially pulse labelled DNA. The DNA of this zone was further analysed by chromatography on hydroxy-apatite, banding in CsCl density gradients, and sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. It contained besides small amounts of fragmented bulk DNA, single-stranded nascent DNA and single-stranded pre-labelled DNA which could be separated from each other by using BrdU as a density label. The density labelling also revealed small amounts of nascent-nascent DNA duplexes. The slowly sedimenting fraction was practically absent from cell lysates which were prepared in 2 M NaCl - 50 microgram/ml pronase. The results suggest that nascent single-strands and nascent-nascent duplexes are released from the forks of replicating DNA by branch migration. Pre-labelled single strands may be released by the same branch migration. Pre-labelled single strands may be released by the same mechanism, but the in vivo structure from which they originate has yet to be elucidated.", "contents": "The origin of nascent single-stranded DNA extracted from mammalian cells. In vitro cultured bovine liver cells were labelled with radioactive thymidine and dissolved in 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Centrifugation of the lysate through sucrose gradients in a zonal rotor revealed a slowly sedimenting fraction of preferentially pulse labelled DNA. The DNA of this zone was further analysed by chromatography on hydroxy-apatite, banding in CsCl density gradients, and sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. It contained besides small amounts of fragmented bulk DNA, single-stranded nascent DNA and single-stranded pre-labelled DNA which could be separated from each other by using BrdU as a density label. The density labelling also revealed small amounts of nascent-nascent DNA duplexes. The slowly sedimenting fraction was practically absent from cell lysates which were prepared in 2 M NaCl - 50 microgram/ml pronase. The results suggest that nascent single-strands and nascent-nascent duplexes are released from the forks of replicating DNA by branch migration. Pre-labelled single strands may be released by the same branch migration. Pre-labelled single strands may be released by the same mechanism, but the in vivo structure from which they originate has yet to be elucidated.", "PMID": 561393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4601", "title": "Counteractive effects of norepinephrine and amphetamine on quabain-induced amnesia.", "content": "Ouabain, administered 5 min prior to learning induces amnesia for a single-trial passive avoidance task in day-old chickens by inhibiting memory formation during the labile sodium-pump dependent phase. Amphetamine and norepinephrine (NE) successfully counteract ouabain-induced amnesia when administered immediately after learning. The actions of these drugs on ouabain-induced amnesia parallel that of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and within similar time constraints. It is concluded that amphetamine (through release of NE) and norepinephrine exert their effects through stimulation of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. This conclusion is supported by the observation that these drugs do not overcome potassium chloride (KCl) inhibition of memory formation in the short-term phase prior to formation of labile sodium-pump dependent memory, and the fact that the noradrenergic blockers, propranolol and piperoxane do not alter the couteractive influence of DPH on cycloheximide (CXM) inhibition of the protein synthesis dependent long term memory phase which follows the labile phase.", "contents": "Counteractive effects of norepinephrine and amphetamine on quabain-induced amnesia. Ouabain, administered 5 min prior to learning induces amnesia for a single-trial passive avoidance task in day-old chickens by inhibiting memory formation during the labile sodium-pump dependent phase. Amphetamine and norepinephrine (NE) successfully counteract ouabain-induced amnesia when administered immediately after learning. The actions of these drugs on ouabain-induced amnesia parallel that of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and within similar time constraints. It is concluded that amphetamine (through release of NE) and norepinephrine exert their effects through stimulation of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. This conclusion is supported by the observation that these drugs do not overcome potassium chloride (KCl) inhibition of memory formation in the short-term phase prior to formation of labile sodium-pump dependent memory, and the fact that the noradrenergic blockers, propranolol and piperoxane do not alter the couteractive influence of DPH on cycloheximide (CXM) inhibition of the protein synthesis dependent long term memory phase which follows the labile phase.", "PMID": 561405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4602", "title": "Metabolic and experimental factors in the behavioral response to repeated amphetamine.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that repeated administration of d-amphetamine results in a progressive augmentation of locomotor activity and stereotypy. The present studies demonstrate that rats also exhibit an enhanced behavioral response following multiple daily injections of l-amphetamine and methylphenidate. Furthermore, behavioral augmentation is shown to persist for at least six days after a single injection of d-amphetamine. These results demonstrate the generality of the reverse tolerance phenomenon and indicate that metabolic factors, such as the formation of false neurotransmitters, do not account for the enhanced behavioral responsiveness observed with multiple injections of these drugs. The role of experiential factors in the behavioral augmentation was studied by (1) varying the amount of continuous exposure to the experimental environment prior to d-amphetamine administration, and (2) examining the effects of repeated injections of saline or d-amphetamine in different environments prior to testing in the experimental chambers. The results, which revealed a behavioral augmentation independent of pretreatment condition, indicate that neither acclimation to the test chamber nor state-dependent conditioning to external stimuli accounts for the enhanced locomotor activity and stereotypy observed with repeated administration of psychomotor stimulants.", "contents": "Metabolic and experimental factors in the behavioral response to repeated amphetamine. Previous studies have shown that repeated administration of d-amphetamine results in a progressive augmentation of locomotor activity and stereotypy. The present studies demonstrate that rats also exhibit an enhanced behavioral response following multiple daily injections of l-amphetamine and methylphenidate. Furthermore, behavioral augmentation is shown to persist for at least six days after a single injection of d-amphetamine. These results demonstrate the generality of the reverse tolerance phenomenon and indicate that metabolic factors, such as the formation of false neurotransmitters, do not account for the enhanced behavioral responsiveness observed with multiple injections of these drugs. The role of experiential factors in the behavioral augmentation was studied by (1) varying the amount of continuous exposure to the experimental environment prior to d-amphetamine administration, and (2) examining the effects of repeated injections of saline or d-amphetamine in different environments prior to testing in the experimental chambers. The results, which revealed a behavioral augmentation independent of pretreatment condition, indicate that neither acclimation to the test chamber nor state-dependent conditioning to external stimuli accounts for the enhanced locomotor activity and stereotypy observed with repeated administration of psychomotor stimulants.", "PMID": 561406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4603", "title": "Evidence for withdrawal from caffeine by rats.", "content": "Injections of caffeine produced avoidance of a novel flavor. Rats which had previously received injections of caffeine on each of twelve days avoided a novel solution which had been associated with the absence of caffeine. This and other controls suggest that physiological withdrqwal from caffeine is the mechanism for this avoidance.", "contents": "Evidence for withdrawal from caffeine by rats. Injections of caffeine produced avoidance of a novel flavor. Rats which had previously received injections of caffeine on each of twelve days avoided a novel solution which had been associated with the absence of caffeine. This and other controls suggest that physiological withdrqwal from caffeine is the mechanism for this avoidance.", "PMID": 561407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4604", "title": "Sustained release methadone salts and methadone-naloxone mixtures. Part 2: In vitro studies of methadone release.", "content": "Various tablet formulations, using two methadone salts namely methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate and a number of methadone-naloxone combinations were prepared. The quantities of methadone released from these tablets in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids were examined using spectrophoto-metric studies. All formulations followed a typical release pattern, indicating a high degree of consistency of the formulations.", "contents": "Sustained release methadone salts and methadone-naloxone mixtures. Part 2: In vitro studies of methadone release. Various tablet formulations, using two methadone salts namely methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate and a number of methadone-naloxone combinations were prepared. The quantities of methadone released from these tablets in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids were examined using spectrophoto-metric studies. All formulations followed a typical release pattern, indicating a high degree of consistency of the formulations.", "PMID": 561410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4605", "title": "Quality physical therapy: one Chapter's approach.", "content": "Quality care is a goal for which physical therapists strive. Federal legislation has provided the impetus to create quality assessment mechanisms. The Utah Chapter of the American Physical Therapy Association has been instrumental in establishing three distinctly different approaches to assure the quality of physical therapy services within the state. This article describes the three approaches.", "contents": "Quality physical therapy: one Chapter's approach. Quality care is a goal for which physical therapists strive. Federal legislation has provided the impetus to create quality assessment mechanisms. The Utah Chapter of the American Physical Therapy Association has been instrumental in establishing three distinctly different approaches to assure the quality of physical therapy services within the state. This article describes the three approaches.", "PMID": 561411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4606", "title": "Schedule-induced chronic hypertension.", "content": "Rats were fed on an intermittent-feeding schedule one 45-mg food pellet every 90 sec for 5 hours per day (experimental group) or an equivalent food ration as a single, daily feeding (control group). All animals were mononephrectomized and given saline to drink. Experimental animals became polydipsic (schedule-induced polydipsia). The rate and amount of fluid intakes between the two groups were controlled in the second experiment. In both experiments a significant blood pressure difference developed between the groups and remained terminally after water replaced saline as the drinking fluid for about 3 weeks. The development of chronic hypertension in the experimental group in the second experiment is regarded as a psychosomatic counterpart of other excessive and persistent behaviors (e.g., polydipsia, aggression), which can be induced by certain intermittent-feeding schedules. Observations on the heart (increased weight), kidney (minor pathologic changes), and adrenals (no change) were consistent with essential hypertension.", "contents": "Schedule-induced chronic hypertension. Rats were fed on an intermittent-feeding schedule one 45-mg food pellet every 90 sec for 5 hours per day (experimental group) or an equivalent food ration as a single, daily feeding (control group). All animals were mononephrectomized and given saline to drink. Experimental animals became polydipsic (schedule-induced polydipsia). The rate and amount of fluid intakes between the two groups were controlled in the second experiment. In both experiments a significant blood pressure difference developed between the groups and remained terminally after water replaced saline as the drinking fluid for about 3 weeks. The development of chronic hypertension in the experimental group in the second experiment is regarded as a psychosomatic counterpart of other excessive and persistent behaviors (e.g., polydipsia, aggression), which can be induced by certain intermittent-feeding schedules. Observations on the heart (increased weight), kidney (minor pathologic changes), and adrenals (no change) were consistent with essential hypertension.", "PMID": 561421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4607", "title": "Short- and long-term effects of a massive dose of 6-OH-DA upon marsh mice.", "content": "Single, sublethal subcutaneous doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) were given to young adult male and female Marsh mice. The ability of 6/8 males to sire 15 or more days later was not abolished. Of 10 females dosed during pregnancy, 6 failed to deliver and lost substantially in body weight. Of the 4 that delivered, 2 cannabalized their young. The offspring of the 6-OH-DA-dosed fathers and mothers showed no gross anatomical defects nor lessened survival rates. Confrontation of 6-OH-DA-dosed males with control males as pairs demonstrated increased anal sniffing as compared with control-pair confrontation. In a long-term series with males, liver anomalies including tumor development were demonstrated for 6-OH-DA. Lymphoid tumor induction was not affected. However, 3 local fibrosarcomas and 1 intrasorbital giant cell sarcoma arose. A sublethal dose of L-dopa had no lasting effect on male mouse aggression nor on other behavioral manifestations that would implicate 6-OH-DA formation as a metabolic route.", "contents": "Short- and long-term effects of a massive dose of 6-OH-DA upon marsh mice. Single, sublethal subcutaneous doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) were given to young adult male and female Marsh mice. The ability of 6/8 males to sire 15 or more days later was not abolished. Of 10 females dosed during pregnancy, 6 failed to deliver and lost substantially in body weight. Of the 4 that delivered, 2 cannabalized their young. The offspring of the 6-OH-DA-dosed fathers and mothers showed no gross anatomical defects nor lessened survival rates. Confrontation of 6-OH-DA-dosed males with control males as pairs demonstrated increased anal sniffing as compared with control-pair confrontation. In a long-term series with males, liver anomalies including tumor development were demonstrated for 6-OH-DA. Lymphoid tumor induction was not affected. However, 3 local fibrosarcomas and 1 intrasorbital giant cell sarcoma arose. A sublethal dose of L-dopa had no lasting effect on male mouse aggression nor on other behavioral manifestations that would implicate 6-OH-DA formation as a metabolic route.", "PMID": 561426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4608", "title": "Accessory lung arising from the upper esophagus. A rare congenital anomaly in the adult.", "content": "A lung infiltrate found incidentally in an adult was shown radiologically to be the result of a fistula arising from the upper esophagus. At the pulmonary site, the fistula demonstrated several branches with the typical configuration of a rudimentary bronchial three. The findings are consistent with an unusual type of congenital bronchopulmonary malformation. Ordinarily, accessory lungs are located at the lung base communicating in selected cases with the lower esophagus or the stomach. The embryological explanation lies in an incomplete separation of the tracheobronchial tree from the esophagus.", "contents": "Accessory lung arising from the upper esophagus. A rare congenital anomaly in the adult. A lung infiltrate found incidentally in an adult was shown radiologically to be the result of a fistula arising from the upper esophagus. At the pulmonary site, the fistula demonstrated several branches with the typical configuration of a rudimentary bronchial three. The findings are consistent with an unusual type of congenital bronchopulmonary malformation. Ordinarily, accessory lungs are located at the lung base communicating in selected cases with the lower esophagus or the stomach. The embryological explanation lies in an incomplete separation of the tracheobronchial tree from the esophagus.", "PMID": 561428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4609", "title": "Breast milk jaundice: an in vitro study of the effect of free fatty acids on the bilirubin-serum albumin complex.", "content": "Oleic and palmitic acids at concentrations above 1.1 mg percent (40 micrometer) are capable of displacing bilirubin from the serum albumin-bilirubin conjugates. The release of bilirubin is also demonstrated by thin layer gel chromatography. Since both oleate and palmitate constitute the major fatty acids in breast milk, the results may indicate that the development of jaundice in breast-fed infants could result at least in part from elevated levels of free fatty acids present in the blood serum of these neonates.", "contents": "Breast milk jaundice: an in vitro study of the effect of free fatty acids on the bilirubin-serum albumin complex. Oleic and palmitic acids at concentrations above 1.1 mg percent (40 micrometer) are capable of displacing bilirubin from the serum albumin-bilirubin conjugates. The release of bilirubin is also demonstrated by thin layer gel chromatography. Since both oleate and palmitate constitute the major fatty acids in breast milk, the results may indicate that the development of jaundice in breast-fed infants could result at least in part from elevated levels of free fatty acids present in the blood serum of these neonates.", "PMID": 561427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4610", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of the retrochiasmatic optic tract in man: recent data].", "content": "The authors study the arterial vascularisation of the retro chiasmatic optic tracts in man by means of total or selective arterial injections on 200 brain specimens. They underline the important vascularisation of the optic tracts, the lateral geniculate body and the first part of the optic radiations contrasting with the precarious vascularization of the latero-ventricular part of the optic radiations. The importance of the Sylvian contribution is noted at the origin of the optic radiations and on the occipital cortex level.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of the retrochiasmatic optic tract in man: recent data]. The authors study the arterial vascularisation of the retro chiasmatic optic tracts in man by means of total or selective arterial injections on 200 brain specimens. They underline the important vascularisation of the optic tracts, the lateral geniculate body and the first part of the optic radiations contrasting with the precarious vascularization of the latero-ventricular part of the optic radiations. The importance of the Sylvian contribution is noted at the origin of the optic radiations and on the occipital cortex level.", "PMID": 561432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4611", "title": "[Diagnostic radiology for tumors for the small intestine(author's transl)].", "content": "The fractionated gastrointestinal tract presents technical problems which result in a large number of diagnostic errors in regard to tumors of the small intestine. Pharmacoradiologic processes and Sellink's sounding method deal successfully with these problems. The methods were described and their advantages for tumor diagnostics in the small intestine were stressed. The mesenteric angiography is important as an alternative and supplementary examination for small intestine diagnostics. Indications and interpretation possibilities were described.", "contents": "[Diagnostic radiology for tumors for the small intestine(author's transl)]. The fractionated gastrointestinal tract presents technical problems which result in a large number of diagnostic errors in regard to tumors of the small intestine. Pharmacoradiologic processes and Sellink's sounding method deal successfully with these problems. The methods were described and their advantages for tumor diagnostics in the small intestine were stressed. The mesenteric angiography is important as an alternative and supplementary examination for small intestine diagnostics. Indications and interpretation possibilities were described.", "PMID": 561435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4612", "title": "Differences in the mode of phagocytosis with Fc and C3 receptors in macrophages.", "content": "Mouse macrophages, activated in vivo or in vitro, were made to internalize sheep erythrocytes opsonized with IgG or IgM and complement. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed at various times after the transfer of the cultures from conditions favoring attachment to conditions favoring internalization. The receptors for Fc and C3 were distributed randomly over the macrophage surface with the exception of the extreme periphery, were Fc receptors were more abundant. The E-IgG were ingested by means of thin membrane extensions rising from the macrophage surface and enclosing the opsonized particles tightly in a cup-like structure protruding from the macrophage surface. Only afterwards were the covered particles drawn into the cell body proper. The E-IgMC were seen to sink directly into the macrophage cytoplasm without apparent involvement of membrane extensions. Experiments with cytochalasin B suggested that microfilaments were essential for the phagocytosis by Fc but much less important with the C3 receptor.", "contents": "Differences in the mode of phagocytosis with Fc and C3 receptors in macrophages. Mouse macrophages, activated in vivo or in vitro, were made to internalize sheep erythrocytes opsonized with IgG or IgM and complement. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed at various times after the transfer of the cultures from conditions favoring attachment to conditions favoring internalization. The receptors for Fc and C3 were distributed randomly over the macrophage surface with the exception of the extreme periphery, were Fc receptors were more abundant. The E-IgG were ingested by means of thin membrane extensions rising from the macrophage surface and enclosing the opsonized particles tightly in a cup-like structure protruding from the macrophage surface. Only afterwards were the covered particles drawn into the cell body proper. The E-IgMC were seen to sink directly into the macrophage cytoplasm without apparent involvement of membrane extensions. Experiments with cytochalasin B suggested that microfilaments were essential for the phagocytosis by Fc but much less important with the C3 receptor.", "PMID": 561436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4613", "title": "The effects of emeprone on intravesical and intra-urethral pressure in women with urgency incontinence.", "content": "By use of a sensitive technique, simultaneous registration of intravesical and intra-urethral pressure changes was performed in 14 patients with urgency incontinence before and after intramuscular or oral administraiton of emeprone. The serum concentrations of the drug at different times after administration were also measured. After intramuscular injection, emeprone caused an increased bladder capacity in all the patients, and they experienced urge at larger bladder volumes. The urethral pressure was little affected. Thus, there were no significant changes of the maximum urethral pressure or of the functinal length of the urethra. Eight out of nine patients got a residual urine. After oral administration of emeprone, two out of five patients got an increased bladder capacity, and experienced urge at a larger bladder volume. They had no residual urine. In the patients receiving emeprone intramuscularly, the maximum plasma concentrations ranged from 1171 ng/ml to 378 ng/ml; they were found after 15 or 30 min. After oral intake, the maximum concentrations ranged from 36 ng/ml to 64 ng/ml and were found after 60 to 180 min. The results suggest that emeprone has actions mainly on the bladder; the effects on the urethra seem to be small.", "contents": "The effects of emeprone on intravesical and intra-urethral pressure in women with urgency incontinence. By use of a sensitive technique, simultaneous registration of intravesical and intra-urethral pressure changes was performed in 14 patients with urgency incontinence before and after intramuscular or oral administraiton of emeprone. The serum concentrations of the drug at different times after administration were also measured. After intramuscular injection, emeprone caused an increased bladder capacity in all the patients, and they experienced urge at larger bladder volumes. The urethral pressure was little affected. Thus, there were no significant changes of the maximum urethral pressure or of the functinal length of the urethra. Eight out of nine patients got a residual urine. After oral administration of emeprone, two out of five patients got an increased bladder capacity, and experienced urge at a larger bladder volume. They had no residual urine. In the patients receiving emeprone intramuscularly, the maximum plasma concentrations ranged from 1171 ng/ml to 378 ng/ml; they were found after 15 or 30 min. After oral intake, the maximum concentrations ranged from 36 ng/ml to 64 ng/ml and were found after 60 to 180 min. The results suggest that emeprone has actions mainly on the bladder; the effects on the urethra seem to be small.", "PMID": 561438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4614", "title": "Intramyocardial gas tensions in the canine heart.", "content": "Intramyocardial gas tensions were determined in the left ventricular wall of the canine heart by means of chronically implanted silastic tonometers. In the central zone of the myocardial wall the mean baseline PO2 was 22 mmHg and the mean baseline PCO2 28 mmHg. Breathing of pure oxygen elevated the myocardial PO2 to a level of 60 to 90 mmHg. Hypovolaemic shock induced by shedding 30% of the blood volume resulted in a sharp decrease of the myocardial PO2 and a marked increase of the myocardial PCO2. During hypovolaemia, ventilation with pure oxygen elevated the oxygen tension to the control level and, after re-infusion of the shed blood, the response of the myocardial PO2 to oxygen breathing became higher than normal. Correction of hypovolaemic with a plasma expander Haemaccel restored the myocardial oxygen tension to the baseline level. Ligation of the left anteior descending coronary artery produced a rapid fall of PO2 and a profound increase of PCO2 in the corresponding myocardial area. After coronary ligation, developing tissue ischaemia usually resulted in ventricular fibrillation within a few minutes. Cardiac massage was started immediately, but produced no correction of tissue gas tensions, although the arterial blood gases remained normal. Ligation of the right coronary artery or the left circumflex coronary artery for short periods increased the myocardial PO2 in the vicinity of the left anterior descending branch, probably due to reactive hyperaemia around the ischaemic tissue.", "contents": "Intramyocardial gas tensions in the canine heart. Intramyocardial gas tensions were determined in the left ventricular wall of the canine heart by means of chronically implanted silastic tonometers. In the central zone of the myocardial wall the mean baseline PO2 was 22 mmHg and the mean baseline PCO2 28 mmHg. Breathing of pure oxygen elevated the myocardial PO2 to a level of 60 to 90 mmHg. Hypovolaemic shock induced by shedding 30% of the blood volume resulted in a sharp decrease of the myocardial PO2 and a marked increase of the myocardial PCO2. During hypovolaemia, ventilation with pure oxygen elevated the oxygen tension to the control level and, after re-infusion of the shed blood, the response of the myocardial PO2 to oxygen breathing became higher than normal. Correction of hypovolaemic with a plasma expander Haemaccel restored the myocardial oxygen tension to the baseline level. Ligation of the left anteior descending coronary artery produced a rapid fall of PO2 and a profound increase of PCO2 in the corresponding myocardial area. After coronary ligation, developing tissue ischaemia usually resulted in ventricular fibrillation within a few minutes. Cardiac massage was started immediately, but produced no correction of tissue gas tensions, although the arterial blood gases remained normal. Ligation of the right coronary artery or the left circumflex coronary artery for short periods increased the myocardial PO2 in the vicinity of the left anterior descending branch, probably due to reactive hyperaemia around the ischaemic tissue.", "PMID": 561439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4615", "title": "Ratio of plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine as an empirical marker of alcoholism: diagnostic value.", "content": "The ratio of plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine was raised in patients with both alcohol-related and nonalchol-related liver disease. This ratio appears to act as a relatively nonsensitive index of hepatocellular dysfunction rather than an index of alcoholism.", "contents": "Ratio of plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine as an empirical marker of alcoholism: diagnostic value. The ratio of plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine was raised in patients with both alcohol-related and nonalchol-related liver disease. This ratio appears to act as a relatively nonsensitive index of hepatocellular dysfunction rather than an index of alcoholism.", "PMID": 561441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4616", "title": "Subcutaneous zygomycosis (phycomycosis).", "content": "Decrease of host resistance in subcutaneous zygomycosis appears to be very specific. Potassium iodide causes nonspecific resolution of the eosinophilic granuloma. The disease offers a unique direct human model for the study of host resistance and granuloma resolution.", "contents": "Subcutaneous zygomycosis (phycomycosis). Decrease of host resistance in subcutaneous zygomycosis appears to be very specific. Potassium iodide causes nonspecific resolution of the eosinophilic granuloma. The disease offers a unique direct human model for the study of host resistance and granuloma resolution.", "PMID": 561446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4617", "title": "Pregnancy in the unwed White South African.", "content": "A sociological and obstetric analysis of 130 unwed Afrikaans- and English-speaking mothers showed that 78% of English-speaking and 61% of Afrikaans-speaking mothers preferred to keep their babies. More than 80% of women in both language groups did not use contraceptives. There were no statistically significant differences between the unwed mothers and a married control group as regards antenatal anaemia, toxaemia of pregnancy, antepartum haemorrhage and breech presentation. Labour lasted longer than 18 hours in 8.6% of English-speaking unwed mothers but in none of the Afrikaans group. English-speaking mothers who gave up their babies for adoption had a higher incidence of prolonged labour, toxaemia, forceps delivery and premature birth.", "contents": "Pregnancy in the unwed White South African. A sociological and obstetric analysis of 130 unwed Afrikaans- and English-speaking mothers showed that 78% of English-speaking and 61% of Afrikaans-speaking mothers preferred to keep their babies. More than 80% of women in both language groups did not use contraceptives. There were no statistically significant differences between the unwed mothers and a married control group as regards antenatal anaemia, toxaemia of pregnancy, antepartum haemorrhage and breech presentation. Labour lasted longer than 18 hours in 8.6% of English-speaking unwed mothers but in none of the Afrikaans group. English-speaking mothers who gave up their babies for adoption had a higher incidence of prolonged labour, toxaemia, forceps delivery and premature birth.", "PMID": 561447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4618", "title": "Labial fold reconstruction with relocation of the phallus and urethra in an intersex patient.", "content": "An intersex patient is reported and a description of the correction of the external genital appearance to resemble that of a female is given. Relocation of the phallus and contained urethra was carried out, the emphasis having been placed on the creation of labial folds. The reason for preservation of the phallus and urethra is discussed.", "contents": "Labial fold reconstruction with relocation of the phallus and urethra in an intersex patient. An intersex patient is reported and a description of the correction of the external genital appearance to resemble that of a female is given. Relocation of the phallus and contained urethra was carried out, the emphasis having been placed on the creation of labial folds. The reason for preservation of the phallus and urethra is discussed.", "PMID": 561448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4619", "title": "The Klippel-Feil anomalad as part of the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "A brother and sister and described with malformations and handicaps consistent with both the Klippel-Feil Anomalad and the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The mother was known to be a chronic alcholic throughout both pregnancies. It is suggested that these anomalies are not purely fortuitous but rather that maternal alcoholism may cause errors in cervical vertebrae segmentation.", "contents": "The Klippel-Feil anomalad as part of the fetal alcohol syndrome. A brother and sister and described with malformations and handicaps consistent with both the Klippel-Feil Anomalad and the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The mother was known to be a chronic alcholic throughout both pregnancies. It is suggested that these anomalies are not purely fortuitous but rather that maternal alcoholism may cause errors in cervical vertebrae segmentation.", "PMID": 561452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4620", "title": "[Using the computer in processing data on reproduction in dairy herds (author's transl)].", "content": "A computer program is described, by which data on reproduction (data on calving, oestrus and insemination, pregnancy diagnosis) in dairy herds may be processed. This program is designed to supply dairy farmers with information facilitating herd management. Thus, each month the famer is sent an advisory list stating which cows should be inseminated, which should be dried off and which can be expected to calve. In addition, he will receive an annual report on the fertility of his herd. Among others, the following items are listed: the pregnancy rate after the first insemination, the interval between parturition and first insemination, the interval between parturition and conception and the number of cows disposed of because of failure to conceive. The intention is to test this computer program for efficiency on 500 dairy cattle farms.", "contents": "[Using the computer in processing data on reproduction in dairy herds (author's transl)]. A computer program is described, by which data on reproduction (data on calving, oestrus and insemination, pregnancy diagnosis) in dairy herds may be processed. This program is designed to supply dairy farmers with information facilitating herd management. Thus, each month the famer is sent an advisory list stating which cows should be inseminated, which should be dried off and which can be expected to calve. In addition, he will receive an annual report on the fertility of his herd. Among others, the following items are listed: the pregnancy rate after the first insemination, the interval between parturition and first insemination, the interval between parturition and conception and the number of cows disposed of because of failure to conceive. The intention is to test this computer program for efficiency on 500 dairy cattle farms.", "PMID": 561456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4621", "title": "[Strongyloides westeri Ihle, 1917 (Nematoda: Strongyloididae). I. Parasitological features of natural infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Patent S. westeri infection is particularly common in unweaned foals (61.2 per cent). It is much less common in foals which have been weaned (15.4 per cent). Examination of the faeces of ten artificially reared foals (free from worms) did not supply any evidence of possible prenatal (intra-uterine) helminth infection. In one Shetland pony mare, larvae of S. westeri were found to be present in the milk on the tenth, twenty-fourth and thirty-second day after parturition. Larvae were not detected in the milk of the other mares but all foals showed patent S. westeri infection within from thirteen to sixteen days after parturition. In view of the conditions in which the animals were kept, this can only have been due to galactogenous (trans-mammary) infection.", "contents": "[Strongyloides westeri Ihle, 1917 (Nematoda: Strongyloididae). I. Parasitological features of natural infection (author's transl)]. Patent S. westeri infection is particularly common in unweaned foals (61.2 per cent). It is much less common in foals which have been weaned (15.4 per cent). Examination of the faeces of ten artificially reared foals (free from worms) did not supply any evidence of possible prenatal (intra-uterine) helminth infection. In one Shetland pony mare, larvae of S. westeri were found to be present in the milk on the tenth, twenty-fourth and thirty-second day after parturition. Larvae were not detected in the milk of the other mares but all foals showed patent S. westeri infection within from thirteen to sixteen days after parturition. In view of the conditions in which the animals were kept, this can only have been due to galactogenous (trans-mammary) infection.", "PMID": 561457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4622", "title": "Ultrastructural effects of Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin on mitochondria of corn roots and protoplasts.", "content": "Zea mays inbred W64A in Texas (T, toxin sensitive) male sterile and non-male sterile (N, toxin resistant) cytoplasms were utilized. Roots of freshly germinated seeds were treated for 15 min of 2 hr with culture filtrate from liquid grown Helminthosporium maydis Race T, or with a chloroform extractable purified fraction from the culture filtrate. In the susceptible W64A T line, toxin treatment, both crude and purified, caused swelling and loss of matrix densiy in mitochondria of root cap and vacuolated cells in the region of elongation. One hour treatment with the chloroform extractable toxin fraction caused similar effects or mitochondria of isolated leaf protoplasts. This is the first report of such rapid in vivo effects of HmT toxin on mitochondria. Difficulty in obtaining consistent preservation of meristem mitochondria precluded drawing firm conclusions concerning that region of the root. In the resistant W64A N line, protoplast and root mitochondria were unaffected by the toxin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural effects of Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin on mitochondria of corn roots and protoplasts. Zea mays inbred W64A in Texas (T, toxin sensitive) male sterile and non-male sterile (N, toxin resistant) cytoplasms were utilized. Roots of freshly germinated seeds were treated for 15 min of 2 hr with culture filtrate from liquid grown Helminthosporium maydis Race T, or with a chloroform extractable purified fraction from the culture filtrate. In the susceptible W64A T line, toxin treatment, both crude and purified, caused swelling and loss of matrix densiy in mitochondria of root cap and vacuolated cells in the region of elongation. One hour treatment with the chloroform extractable toxin fraction caused similar effects or mitochondria of isolated leaf protoplasts. This is the first report of such rapid in vivo effects of HmT toxin on mitochondria. Difficulty in obtaining consistent preservation of meristem mitochondria precluded drawing firm conclusions concerning that region of the root. In the resistant W64A N line, protoplast and root mitochondria were unaffected by the toxin.", "PMID": 561458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4623", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the mammary glands of white rats during the estrus cycle].", "content": "Secretory granules of milk protein were found in the apical cytoplasm of some ductal cells in the mammary gland of non-lactating albino rats. During the estrous period, the diestrous phase, the number of \"coated\" vesicles increased essentially. Some of the \"coated\" vesicles contained secretory granules and granular debris. The functional relationship of the \"coated\" vesicles to lysosomes and to some other cytoplasmic structures is discussed. The results suggest that during the estrous phase formation and release of secretory products prevail, whereas at the diestrous the process of their removal and destruction is predominant.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the mammary glands of white rats during the estrus cycle]. Secretory granules of milk protein were found in the apical cytoplasm of some ductal cells in the mammary gland of non-lactating albino rats. During the estrous period, the diestrous phase, the number of \"coated\" vesicles increased essentially. Some of the \"coated\" vesicles contained secretory granules and granular debris. The functional relationship of the \"coated\" vesicles to lysosomes and to some other cytoplasmic structures is discussed. The results suggest that during the estrous phase formation and release of secretory products prevail, whereas at the diestrous the process of their removal and destruction is predominant.", "PMID": 561462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4624", "title": "[Cell population mechanisms of the diurnal rhythm of mouse hepatocyte mitotic activity].", "content": "The dynamics of 3H-thymidine labeled mitosis and diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity was studied. The isotope was injected to BALB/c male mice at the peak of diurnal rhythm of DNA synthetic activity of hepatocytes. It has been established that the increase in the mitotic index during 24 hours depends on the increase in number of cells being in S-period. On the 2nd and 3rd days of investigation no labeled dividing hepatocytes were observed at the phases of increased mitotic index. The data allow to conclude that the increase of mitotic index at diurnal rhythm is at the expense of new GO-cells which entered the mitotic cycle, rather than due to the re-entering of cells that had divided during the maximal mitotic activity the day before.", "contents": "[Cell population mechanisms of the diurnal rhythm of mouse hepatocyte mitotic activity]. The dynamics of 3H-thymidine labeled mitosis and diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity was studied. The isotope was injected to BALB/c male mice at the peak of diurnal rhythm of DNA synthetic activity of hepatocytes. It has been established that the increase in the mitotic index during 24 hours depends on the increase in number of cells being in S-period. On the 2nd and 3rd days of investigation no labeled dividing hepatocytes were observed at the phases of increased mitotic index. The data allow to conclude that the increase of mitotic index at diurnal rhythm is at the expense of new GO-cells which entered the mitotic cycle, rather than due to the re-entering of cells that had divided during the maximal mitotic activity the day before.", "PMID": 561463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4625", "title": "[Effectiveness of evaluating bulls according to their progeny by the \"daughters-mothers\" and \"daughters-peers\" methods].", "content": "The repeatability coefficient of sire evaluation by daughters performance in different lactations was 0.38-0.70, that suggests the necessity to specify annually the previous sire evaluation on receiving new daughters performance data. When using the \"daughters-mothers\" method the repeatability coefficients of sire evaluation by dairy indexes, milk fat content and total milk fat production (0.41, 0.52 and 0.45 respectively) were significantly higher than those obtained by the \"daughters-herdmates\" method (0.25, 0.30 and 0.28 respectively). Thus, sire progeny testing evaluation should be carried out simultaneously by both methods. Nevertheless, the \"daughters-mothers\" method is preferable.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of evaluating bulls according to their progeny by the \"daughters-mothers\" and \"daughters-peers\" methods]. The repeatability coefficient of sire evaluation by daughters performance in different lactations was 0.38-0.70, that suggests the necessity to specify annually the previous sire evaluation on receiving new daughters performance data. When using the \"daughters-mothers\" method the repeatability coefficients of sire evaluation by dairy indexes, milk fat content and total milk fat production (0.41, 0.52 and 0.45 respectively) were significantly higher than those obtained by the \"daughters-herdmates\" method (0.25, 0.30 and 0.28 respectively). Thus, sire progeny testing evaluation should be carried out simultaneously by both methods. Nevertheless, the \"daughters-mothers\" method is preferable.", "PMID": 561459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4626", "title": "Membrane catheter: effective for recording pressure in lower urinary tract.", "content": "A membrane catheter operating on the principle of pressure transmission across a latex membrane and permitting simultaneous recording of intravesical and urethral pressure is presented. A single and double membrane model are described in detail. Their use for accurate recording of urethral pressure profile and sphincteric activity, and responses to progressive bladder filling at the initiation and during the act of voiding are discussed. This catheter is also useful in neurophysiologic experimental studies as a means to record detrusor and sphinteric responses to various drugs, nerve stimulation, blocking. It is superior to water  and gas perfusion catheters.", "contents": "Membrane catheter: effective for recording pressure in lower urinary tract. A membrane catheter operating on the principle of pressure transmission across a latex membrane and permitting simultaneous recording of intravesical and urethral pressure is presented. A single and double membrane model are described in detail. Their use for accurate recording of urethral pressure profile and sphincteric activity, and responses to progressive bladder filling at the initiation and during the act of voiding are discussed. This catheter is also useful in neurophysiologic experimental studies as a means to record detrusor and sphinteric responses to various drugs, nerve stimulation, blocking. It is superior to water  and gas perfusion catheters.", "PMID": 561471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4627", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the breast.", "content": "Two cases of angiosarcoma of the breast are presented. In spite of the often differentiated histologic pattern, this neoplasm is highly malignant and has a very poor prognosis due to its proclivity for hematogenous metastases. A short review of the recent literature corroborates this.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the breast. Two cases of angiosarcoma of the breast are presented. In spite of the often differentiated histologic pattern, this neoplasm is highly malignant and has a very poor prognosis due to its proclivity for hematogenous metastases. A short review of the recent literature corroborates this.", "PMID": 561465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4628", "title": "Blood chimeric twins: an example of blood cell chimerism.", "content": "A man and his twin sister were found to have two types of circulating red cells. The man had 89% A1 cells of his own and 11% A1B cells derived from his sister. The woman had 12% A1B cells of her own and 88% A1 cells derived from her brother. The two lines of red cells also had different Duffy and Kidd groups. The lymphocyte karyotype in the brother was 68% XY and 32% XX, and that in the sister was 60% XX and 40% XY. The possible mechanisms for producing different proportions of red cells and lymphocytes are discussed.", "contents": "Blood chimeric twins: an example of blood cell chimerism. A man and his twin sister were found to have two types of circulating red cells. The man had 89% A1 cells of his own and 11% A1B cells derived from his sister. The woman had 12% A1B cells of her own and 88% A1 cells derived from her brother. The two lines of red cells also had different Duffy and Kidd groups. The lymphocyte karyotype in the brother was 68% XY and 32% XX, and that in the sister was 60% XX and 40% XY. The possible mechanisms for producing different proportions of red cells and lymphocytes are discussed.", "PMID": 561479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4629", "title": "Goniophotocoagulation for neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "A new treatment, goniophotocoagulation, for neovascularization of the anterior chamber angle has been applied with the argon laser to 21 eyes of 20 patients. Three of the eyes had neovascularization related to central retinal vein occlusion. In the other 18 eyes the neovascularization was related to diabetic retinopathy. A specific protocol has been followed since January 1973. The results so far indicate that closure of the angle and progression of the usual chain of pathologic events in neovascular glaucoma were prevented in 10 (77%) of the 13 eyes having an average follow-up of 22 months. We believe that goniophotocoagulation of the angle deserves more extensive, judicious, and carefully monitored clinical use. Our results suggest that this new technique is safe and reasonably effective in preventing progressive neovascularization of the angle, synechial closure, and severe nonvascular glaucoma.", "contents": "Goniophotocoagulation for neovascular glaucoma. A new treatment, goniophotocoagulation, for neovascularization of the anterior chamber angle has been applied with the argon laser to 21 eyes of 20 patients. Three of the eyes had neovascularization related to central retinal vein occlusion. In the other 18 eyes the neovascularization was related to diabetic retinopathy. A specific protocol has been followed since January 1973. The results so far indicate that closure of the angle and progression of the usual chain of pathologic events in neovascular glaucoma were prevented in 10 (77%) of the 13 eyes having an average follow-up of 22 months. We believe that goniophotocoagulation of the angle deserves more extensive, judicious, and carefully monitored clinical use. Our results suggest that this new technique is safe and reasonably effective in preventing progressive neovascularization of the angle, synechial closure, and severe nonvascular glaucoma.", "PMID": 561472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4630", "title": "[Luteotropic hormone (LTH) level in men with alcoholism].", "content": "The authors examined 46 male patients with alcoholic disease and 10 healthy ones, aged from 20 to 50. The LTH dosing is performed by radioimmunologic method with double antibodies. A significant LTH decrease was found in the alcoholic male patients, as compared with the healthy control ones, convincingly speaking of the LTH affection in chronic alcoholism. The absence of discrepancy in LTH level in patients with and without sexual disorders gave grounds to the authors to persume that that hormone has not a definite participation in the sexual disturbances origination in alcoholism.", "contents": "[Luteotropic hormone (LTH) level in men with alcoholism]. The authors examined 46 male patients with alcoholic disease and 10 healthy ones, aged from 20 to 50. The LTH dosing is performed by radioimmunologic method with double antibodies. A significant LTH decrease was found in the alcoholic male patients, as compared with the healthy control ones, convincingly speaking of the LTH affection in chronic alcoholism. The absence of discrepancy in LTH level in patients with and without sexual disorders gave grounds to the authors to persume that that hormone has not a definite participation in the sexual disturbances origination in alcoholism.", "PMID": 561482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4631", "title": "Stimulation by inlfuenza virus RNA of 3H-phenylalanine incorporation in a cell-free system.", "content": "Purified and unpurified cell-free systems prepared from the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs were tested for polypeptide synthesis in the presence and absence of influenza virus RNA. Both systems exhibited an endogenous messenger activity determining 3H-phenylalanine incorporation into polypeptides in the absence of virus RNA. However, addition of influenza virus RNA to the systems clearly stimulated amino acid incorporation into polypeptides, offering the possibility of studying some aspects of the viral protein biosynthesis mechanism.", "contents": "Stimulation by inlfuenza virus RNA of 3H-phenylalanine incorporation in a cell-free system. Purified and unpurified cell-free systems prepared from the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs were tested for polypeptide synthesis in the presence and absence of influenza virus RNA. Both systems exhibited an endogenous messenger activity determining 3H-phenylalanine incorporation into polypeptides in the absence of virus RNA. However, addition of influenza virus RNA to the systems clearly stimulated amino acid incorporation into polypeptides, offering the possibility of studying some aspects of the viral protein biosynthesis mechanism.", "PMID": 561474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4632", "title": "[Comparative study of 2 transplantable lines of murine L cells].", "content": "A continuous line of mouse L cells chronically infected with SV5 paramyxovirus differs from mouse L0 cells free from this virus in the mitotic activity and karyologic features. The LSV5 line is characterized by inhibition of the mitotic activity, a decrease in the number of chromosomes and the presence of the marker chromosome. LSV5 and L0 cell cultures do not differ in the number of pathological mitoses, structural aberrations of chromosomes and the cytomorphological picture. The persisting SV5 virus can be detected in LSV5 line cultures by a number of methods (immunofluorescence, virological methods, etc.).", "contents": "[Comparative study of 2 transplantable lines of murine L cells]. A continuous line of mouse L cells chronically infected with SV5 paramyxovirus differs from mouse L0 cells free from this virus in the mitotic activity and karyologic features. The LSV5 line is characterized by inhibition of the mitotic activity, a decrease in the number of chromosomes and the presence of the marker chromosome. LSV5 and L0 cell cultures do not differ in the number of pathological mitoses, structural aberrations of chromosomes and the cytomorphological picture. The persisting SV5 virus can be detected in LSV5 line cultures by a number of methods (immunofluorescence, virological methods, etc.).", "PMID": 561481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4633", "title": "[Possible mutagenic activity of beef irradiated with gamma-rays in its raw and roast form and its influence on the reproductive function of white rats].", "content": "With albino rats fed on beef irradiated raw with gamma-rays in a dose of 0.6 Mrad (given to animals cooked) and on fried meat irradiated with gamma-rays in a dose of 0.8 Mrad the mutagenic properties of these products and their effect on the sexual glands of male-rats were studied. The mutagenic activity of the irradiated meat products was assessed with reference to induction of dominant lethal mutations, the gonadotropic effect being judged about by the functional state of the sexual glands in the male rats. Within the limit of described experiment no mutagenic and gonadotropic influence of the irradiated study products was detected.", "contents": "[Possible mutagenic activity of beef irradiated with gamma-rays in its raw and roast form and its influence on the reproductive function of white rats]. With albino rats fed on beef irradiated raw with gamma-rays in a dose of 0.6 Mrad (given to animals cooked) and on fried meat irradiated with gamma-rays in a dose of 0.8 Mrad the mutagenic properties of these products and their effect on the sexual glands of male-rats were studied. The mutagenic activity of the irradiated meat products was assessed with reference to induction of dominant lethal mutations, the gonadotropic effect being judged about by the functional state of the sexual glands in the male rats. Within the limit of described experiment no mutagenic and gonadotropic influence of the irradiated study products was detected.", "PMID": 561478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4634", "title": "[Significance of phenacetin abuse in urology].", "content": "With the help of the biotransformation the dangerousness of phenacetine is explained. The sequels of the phenacetine abuse for the urinary system are demonstrated. Conditioned by the increase of the consumption of analgesics during the next years in the GDR must be reckoned with an increased number of diseases of drug-conditioned chronic interstitial nephritis and tumours of the urinary tracts.", "contents": "[Significance of phenacetin abuse in urology]. With the help of the biotransformation the dangerousness of phenacetine is explained. The sequels of the phenacetine abuse for the urinary system are demonstrated. Conditioned by the increase of the consumption of analgesics during the next years in the GDR must be reckoned with an increased number of diseases of drug-conditioned chronic interstitial nephritis and tumours of the urinary tracts.", "PMID": 561492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4635", "title": "[Cardiovascular effect of infukoll 6% on normotensive late pregnancy].", "content": "By means of quantitative sphygmometry and the unbloody recording of arterial blood pressure the hemodynamic effect of an infusion of 500 ml dextrane 75 (Infukoll 6%) on the cardiovascular systeme in 10 normovolemic normotensive healthy late pregnant women is examined. Hematocrit decreases as an expression of increasing plasma volume. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate remain unchanged. Stroke volume and cardiac output increase significantly. Simultaneously total peripheral resistance decreases. Therefore dextrane 75 is indicated in pregnancy for therapy and prophylaxis of circulatory conditions with lowered plasma volume.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effect of infukoll 6% on normotensive late pregnancy]. By means of quantitative sphygmometry and the unbloody recording of arterial blood pressure the hemodynamic effect of an infusion of 500 ml dextrane 75 (Infukoll 6%) on the cardiovascular systeme in 10 normovolemic normotensive healthy late pregnant women is examined. Hematocrit decreases as an expression of increasing plasma volume. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate remain unchanged. Stroke volume and cardiac output increase significantly. Simultaneously total peripheral resistance decreases. Therefore dextrane 75 is indicated in pregnancy for therapy and prophylaxis of circulatory conditions with lowered plasma volume.", "PMID": 561493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4636", "title": "[8-year-old perforation of a Graefenberg ring into the lig. latum without symptoms. A case report].", "content": "A case of an 8 years old and symptomless perforation of a Graefenberg ring into the lig. latum is presented.", "contents": "[8-year-old perforation of a Graefenberg ring into the lig. latum without symptoms. A case report]. A case of an 8 years old and symptomless perforation of a Graefenberg ring into the lig. latum is presented.", "PMID": 561494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4637", "title": "[Induction of lung maturation in pending premature delivery and scheduled premature delivery].", "content": "At the Women's Hospital of the Medical Academy of Erfurt we have examined the efficiency of dexamethasone on fetal lungs maturation at imminent premature birth and planned untimely delivery. Dexamethasone was given in a randomized series at a dosage of 12-mg per day orally on three successive days. The effectiveness of induction was measured at the percentage of the total phospholipid fraction in the amniotic fluid and at the mortality of RDS in both groups. A successful induction with dexamethasone we can only reach after the 32nd week of pregnancy.--Because this effect is not always continuous, we recommend to make the induction of fetal lungs maturation with dexamethasone and--if it necessary--its repetition after one week conditional upon the content of total phospholipids in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "[Induction of lung maturation in pending premature delivery and scheduled premature delivery]. At the Women's Hospital of the Medical Academy of Erfurt we have examined the efficiency of dexamethasone on fetal lungs maturation at imminent premature birth and planned untimely delivery. Dexamethasone was given in a randomized series at a dosage of 12-mg per day orally on three successive days. The effectiveness of induction was measured at the percentage of the total phospholipid fraction in the amniotic fluid and at the mortality of RDS in both groups. A successful induction with dexamethasone we can only reach after the 32nd week of pregnancy.--Because this effect is not always continuous, we recommend to make the induction of fetal lungs maturation with dexamethasone and--if it necessary--its repetition after one week conditional upon the content of total phospholipids in amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 561495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4638", "title": "[Amino acid determination in amniotic fluid and plasma during normal pregnancies and suspected intrauterine growth retardation].", "content": "Report is made on the determination of 14 amino-acids in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma with normal pregnancy and with the presence of a fetal growth retardation. Mean values of 9 amino-acids determined in amniotic fluid with pregnancies and with a nutritive placental insufficiency are blow the mean values with normal pregnancies. These investigations are deemed as preliminary for treating small-for-dates fetus by injections of amino-acids into the amniotic sac.", "contents": "[Amino acid determination in amniotic fluid and plasma during normal pregnancies and suspected intrauterine growth retardation]. Report is made on the determination of 14 amino-acids in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma with normal pregnancy and with the presence of a fetal growth retardation. Mean values of 9 amino-acids determined in amniotic fluid with pregnancies and with a nutritive placental insufficiency are blow the mean values with normal pregnancies. These investigations are deemed as preliminary for treating small-for-dates fetus by injections of amino-acids into the amniotic sac.", "PMID": 561496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4639", "title": "[Regulation of the total functional state of the brain in dogs in the presence of the 1st and repeated increases in total illumination].", "content": "The influence of the first and repeated increases of total illumination of the experimental chamber on conditioned activity was studied in chronic experiments on six dogs by the secretory alimentary conditioned reflex method. It was found that such repeated functional loads exert a training effect on the mechanism regulating the general functional state of the brain. In preliminarily trained animals different components of the conditioned reflex are rapidly and synchronously reorganized. In non-trained animals the reorganization of the brain general functional state was prolonged and accompanied by development of a pronounced emotional stress. It has been assumed that training of the functions controlling the general functional state of the brain is based on conditioned mechanisms. An important part is played by the mechanism of conditioned inhibition, which prevents a prolonged retention and reproduction of an excessively intensive level of emotional stress.", "contents": "[Regulation of the total functional state of the brain in dogs in the presence of the 1st and repeated increases in total illumination]. The influence of the first and repeated increases of total illumination of the experimental chamber on conditioned activity was studied in chronic experiments on six dogs by the secretory alimentary conditioned reflex method. It was found that such repeated functional loads exert a training effect on the mechanism regulating the general functional state of the brain. In preliminarily trained animals different components of the conditioned reflex are rapidly and synchronously reorganized. In non-trained animals the reorganization of the brain general functional state was prolonged and accompanied by development of a pronounced emotional stress. It has been assumed that training of the functions controlling the general functional state of the brain is based on conditioned mechanisms. An important part is played by the mechanism of conditioned inhibition, which prevents a prolonged retention and reproduction of an excessively intensive level of emotional stress.", "PMID": 561491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4640", "title": "[Possibilities of using fungal polysaccharides as the stimulants of accumulation of antibody-producing cells].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of yeast polysaccharides of definite structure and mol wt on the accumulation of anitbody forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of mice belonging to different strains. Yeast mannans Rh. rubra and Sp. species, and also glucan Aur. pullulans with all or chiefly beta-bonds between the monosaccharide units were capable of activating the cell antibody formation, this being expressed in increased AFC production in the animals with a high immune reaction to the administration of sheep red blood cells and in the intensification of the immune response in mice with a low reaction to the antigen administered. The activity of dextrans directly depended on their mol wt. Besides, there was revealed a different reaction to polysaccharides in the animals of different genotypes.", "contents": "[Possibilities of using fungal polysaccharides as the stimulants of accumulation of antibody-producing cells]. A study was made of the influence of yeast polysaccharides of definite structure and mol wt on the accumulation of anitbody forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of mice belonging to different strains. Yeast mannans Rh. rubra and Sp. species, and also glucan Aur. pullulans with all or chiefly beta-bonds between the monosaccharide units were capable of activating the cell antibody formation, this being expressed in increased AFC production in the animals with a high immune reaction to the administration of sheep red blood cells and in the intensification of the immune response in mice with a low reaction to the antigen administered. The activity of dextrans directly depended on their mol wt. Besides, there was revealed a different reaction to polysaccharides in the animals of different genotypes.", "PMID": 561497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4641", "title": "[Principles of epidemiologic and epizootologic research in foci of brucellosis].", "content": "Principles of epidemiological and epizootological investigations in a brucellosis focus are presented in this work. A founded determination of a focus and methodological approaches to its study and systematization of the data concerning all the foci of a definite administrative territory is given. Also approaches to the realization of out-patient observation over the population in the brucellosis foci are characterized. The author believes that only such scientifically founded and all-round approach to the study of epizootological and epidemiological regularities of the brucellosis foci existence would aid successful solution of the most important problems pertinent to reduction of brucellosis incidence among humans.", "contents": "[Principles of epidemiologic and epizootologic research in foci of brucellosis]. Principles of epidemiological and epizootological investigations in a brucellosis focus are presented in this work. A founded determination of a focus and methodological approaches to its study and systematization of the data concerning all the foci of a definite administrative territory is given. Also approaches to the realization of out-patient observation over the population in the brucellosis foci are characterized. The author believes that only such scientifically founded and all-round approach to the study of epizootological and epidemiological regularities of the brucellosis foci existence would aid successful solution of the most important problems pertinent to reduction of brucellosis incidence among humans.", "PMID": 561499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4642", "title": "[Effect of inhibitors of nucleic synthesis on induction of the secondary immunologic response in vitro].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of the DNA and RNA inhibitors on the formation of antibody-forming cell populations in induction of a secondary immunological response in vitro. Low concentrations of cytosine-arabinoside, the DNA synthesis inhibitor, increased the count of indirect hemolysin-forming and rosette-forming cells; its high concentrations depressed the secondary immunological response induction in the direct hemolysin-forming cell system more intensively than in the indirect cell system. Actinomycin D depressed the stimulation of secondary immunological response in vitro both in the systems of direct and indirect hemolysin-forming, and of rosette-forming cells.", "contents": "[Effect of inhibitors of nucleic synthesis on induction of the secondary immunologic response in vitro]. The authors studied the influence of the DNA and RNA inhibitors on the formation of antibody-forming cell populations in induction of a secondary immunological response in vitro. Low concentrations of cytosine-arabinoside, the DNA synthesis inhibitor, increased the count of indirect hemolysin-forming and rosette-forming cells; its high concentrations depressed the secondary immunological response induction in the direct hemolysin-forming cell system more intensively than in the indirect cell system. Actinomycin D depressed the stimulation of secondary immunological response in vitro both in the systems of direct and indirect hemolysin-forming, and of rosette-forming cells.", "PMID": 561500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4643", "title": "[Role of genetic factors in increasing the serum lactate dehydrogenase activity of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "To elucidate the role of genetic factors in the increase of the blood serum LDH activity in schizophrenics', there have been studied 103 patients, 97 first degree nonpsychotic relatives, 58 healthy people and 32 pairs of likesex MZ and DZ twins (schizophrenics and normals). A correlation between the enzyme activity in the probands and their relatives is marked. With the aid of a quantitative estimation of the degree of genetic determination of the studied characteristic and special and twin methods the authors obtained the results fitting the hypothesis of additive polygenic inheritance with threshold manifestation.", "contents": "[Role of genetic factors in increasing the serum lactate dehydrogenase activity of schizophrenic patients]. To elucidate the role of genetic factors in the increase of the blood serum LDH activity in schizophrenics', there have been studied 103 patients, 97 first degree nonpsychotic relatives, 58 healthy people and 32 pairs of likesex MZ and DZ twins (schizophrenics and normals). A correlation between the enzyme activity in the probands and their relatives is marked. With the aid of a quantitative estimation of the degree of genetic determination of the studied characteristic and special and twin methods the authors obtained the results fitting the hypothesis of additive polygenic inheritance with threshold manifestation.", "PMID": 561501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4644", "title": "[Experimental study of the emotiontropic effect of lithium: ambivalent dose-dependent effect in \"reserpine depression\" and preventive anti-stress effect].", "content": "Experiments on male-rats with a chronic administration of lithium show that it exerts a dose-dependence ambivalent action on the biochemical and behavioural characterisics of \"reseprine depressions\". In this way changes in the catecholeamine excretion and disturbances of conditioned reactions of advoidance are prevented (in dosages 10 mg/kg , and increasing them to 50 mg/kg). An opposite influence of different doses of lithium was also seen in a study of the hypothalamic resources of noradrenalin in the remote period of an after action of reserpine. The use of lithium exerts an expressed preventive effect in experimental emotional stress, preventing the development of suprarenal reactions and disorders of conditioned reflexes of avoidance. The authors discuss some neurochemical mechanisms of ambivalent and emotiotropic effect of lithium and the exedience of an enlargement of its prophylactic use.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the emotiontropic effect of lithium: ambivalent dose-dependent effect in \"reserpine depression\" and preventive anti-stress effect]. Experiments on male-rats with a chronic administration of lithium show that it exerts a dose-dependence ambivalent action on the biochemical and behavioural characterisics of \"reseprine depressions\". In this way changes in the catecholeamine excretion and disturbances of conditioned reactions of advoidance are prevented (in dosages 10 mg/kg , and increasing them to 50 mg/kg). An opposite influence of different doses of lithium was also seen in a study of the hypothalamic resources of noradrenalin in the remote period of an after action of reserpine. The use of lithium exerts an expressed preventive effect in experimental emotional stress, preventing the development of suprarenal reactions and disorders of conditioned reflexes of avoidance. The authors discuss some neurochemical mechanisms of ambivalent and emotiotropic effect of lithium and the exedience of an enlargement of its prophylactic use.", "PMID": 561503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4645", "title": "[Therapeutic pathomorphosis of affective psychoses during the process of long-term treatment with lithium salts].", "content": "The authors report of some results in a long-term (not less than 3 years) prophylactical administration of lithium preparations in 123 patients wiht manic-depressive psychosis and with favourable recurrent schizophrenia. The data contain some considerations in relation to variants of fractional, even and a partial reduction of the psychopathological phasic signs. In 28 patients in the interphasic period there was an anesthetic subdepression. The achieved results are analyzed by the authors from the point of view of a positive and negative therapeutical pathomorphosis.", "contents": "[Therapeutic pathomorphosis of affective psychoses during the process of long-term treatment with lithium salts]. The authors report of some results in a long-term (not less than 3 years) prophylactical administration of lithium preparations in 123 patients wiht manic-depressive psychosis and with favourable recurrent schizophrenia. The data contain some considerations in relation to variants of fractional, even and a partial reduction of the psychopathological phasic signs. In 28 patients in the interphasic period there was an anesthetic subdepression. The achieved results are analyzed by the authors from the point of view of a positive and negative therapeutical pathomorphosis.", "PMID": 561504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4646", "title": "[Study of 100 patients with intracranial tumors using computed axial tomography].", "content": "The results of examination of 100 patients with intracranial tumors by means of computer axial tomography are discussed. It is shown that the method is highly effective in cases with different intracranial tumors, providing for a more precise determination of their character and localization.", "contents": "[Study of 100 patients with intracranial tumors using computed axial tomography]. The results of examination of 100 patients with intracranial tumors by means of computer axial tomography are discussed. It is shown that the method is highly effective in cases with different intracranial tumors, providing for a more precise determination of their character and localization.", "PMID": 561505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4647", "title": "Ultrastructure of reticulum cells in the bone marrow.", "content": "In this study the attempt was made to classify the reticulum cells of the bone marrow on the basis of electron-microscopic findings. The basis of the differentiation was the ability of the cells to phagocytize substances or not. For two cell types the intracytoplasmic filaments were used as distinctive marks. The following classification resulted: (a) phagocytic reticulum cells, (b) undifferentiated reticulum cells, (c) fibrous reticulum cells of type I, which contain filaments of 4-8 nm diameter and are located near the blood sinus of the bone marrow, (d) fibrous reticulum cells of type II, which contain intracytoplasmic filaments of 10 nm diameter; since these cells contain neutral fat bodies, the possibility of a reversible conversion to fat cells has to be assumed and (e) fibroblasts, cells which synthesize the substance of the extracellular space. A connection of reticulum cells to haematopoietic functions or to stem cell functions could be found.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of reticulum cells in the bone marrow. In this study the attempt was made to classify the reticulum cells of the bone marrow on the basis of electron-microscopic findings. The basis of the differentiation was the ability of the cells to phagocytize substances or not. For two cell types the intracytoplasmic filaments were used as distinctive marks. The following classification resulted: (a) phagocytic reticulum cells, (b) undifferentiated reticulum cells, (c) fibrous reticulum cells of type I, which contain filaments of 4-8 nm diameter and are located near the blood sinus of the bone marrow, (d) fibrous reticulum cells of type II, which contain intracytoplasmic filaments of 10 nm diameter; since these cells contain neutral fat bodies, the possibility of a reversible conversion to fat cells has to be assumed and (e) fibroblasts, cells which synthesize the substance of the extracellular space. A connection of reticulum cells to haematopoietic functions or to stem cell functions could be found.", "PMID": 561512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4648", "title": "[Delayed cerebellar histogenesis in \"embryofetal alcohol syndrome\". Light microscopic study of the rat cerebellum (author's transl)].", "content": "The cerebellar postnatal development of young rats (Wistar) was investigated, whose mothers were given a 12% (W/V) ethyl alcohol solution for 7 days before and during pregnancy. Besides weighing less at birth, the experimental animals had a slower postnatal linear growth and gained weight less rapidly. Histological examination of the cerebellum showed an inpeded histogenesis, which could be observed in the Purkinje cells up to the 10th postnatal day. Moreover, a thick layer of embryonal granular cells with numerous mitoses could still be seen in the experimental animals at 3 weeks of age. After 30 days there was no histological difference between the controls and experimental animals. Because the Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum represent the units were ribosomes are most abundant, it seems appropriate to ask, whether the observed inhibition of histogenesis could derived from an impaired cerebral protein synthesis. Disturbance of organogenesis was observed in three experimental animals afflicted with an extreme internal hydrocephalus.", "contents": "[Delayed cerebellar histogenesis in \"embryofetal alcohol syndrome\". Light microscopic study of the rat cerebellum (author's transl)]. The cerebellar postnatal development of young rats (Wistar) was investigated, whose mothers were given a 12% (W/V) ethyl alcohol solution for 7 days before and during pregnancy. Besides weighing less at birth, the experimental animals had a slower postnatal linear growth and gained weight less rapidly. Histological examination of the cerebellum showed an inpeded histogenesis, which could be observed in the Purkinje cells up to the 10th postnatal day. Moreover, a thick layer of embryonal granular cells with numerous mitoses could still be seen in the experimental animals at 3 weeks of age. After 30 days there was no histological difference between the controls and experimental animals. Because the Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum represent the units were ribosomes are most abundant, it seems appropriate to ask, whether the observed inhibition of histogenesis could derived from an impaired cerebral protein synthesis. Disturbance of organogenesis was observed in three experimental animals afflicted with an extreme internal hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 561513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4649", "title": "Cross-sectional studies of physical growth in twins. Postmature and small-for-dates children.", "content": "From 16955 live births which occurred throughout the United Kingdom in April 1970, three groups of children who might have suffered from fetal malnutrition, i.e. the multiple, postmature and small-for-dates births were selected with a 10% random sample. Their birthweights and weights, heights and head circumference measurements were compared at the ages of 22 months and 3 1/2 years. Differences between the random and postmature groups still present at 22 months disappeared at 3 1/2 years. Variations in the other groups persisted and the compensation occurring at 22 months had apparently ceased at 3 1/2 years. The three examinations were linked and the children including those in the control group showed considerable mobility in their quartile ratings. Only a minority remained unchanged. At the same time the weights of the heavier and lighter children tended to go towards the mean. As the velocity of growth slowed the redistribution tended to lessen but was still taking place at the age of 3 1/2 years.", "contents": "Cross-sectional studies of physical growth in twins. Postmature and small-for-dates children. From 16955 live births which occurred throughout the United Kingdom in April 1970, three groups of children who might have suffered from fetal malnutrition, i.e. the multiple, postmature and small-for-dates births were selected with a 10% random sample. Their birthweights and weights, heights and head circumference measurements were compared at the ages of 22 months and 3 1/2 years. Differences between the random and postmature groups still present at 22 months disappeared at 3 1/2 years. Variations in the other groups persisted and the compensation occurring at 22 months had apparently ceased at 3 1/2 years. The three examinations were linked and the children including those in the control group showed considerable mobility in their quartile ratings. Only a minority remained unchanged. At the same time the weights of the heavier and lighter children tended to go towards the mean. As the velocity of growth slowed the redistribution tended to lessen but was still taking place at the age of 3 1/2 years.", "PMID": 561514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4650", "title": "The early life of Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy. A review of some aspects.", "content": "Sixty-eight Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy were compared with 54 non-psychiatric patients. The patients showed a greater preponderance of negative feelings towards their fathers and the opposite towards their mothers. Parental loss and disharmony were not significant contributory factors. More control subjects slept alone between the ages of 7 and 12 years. More patients slept with their brothers and sisters during the same interval. The rank distribution showed that the eldest first males figured prominently among the patients. The sexually inadequate patients showed a higher incidence of neurotic symptoms during childhood. A positive family history of mental illness did not differentiate patients from control subjects. The relevance of these findings in relation to cultural factors is discussed.", "contents": "The early life of Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy. A review of some aspects. Sixty-eight Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy were compared with 54 non-psychiatric patients. The patients showed a greater preponderance of negative feelings towards their fathers and the opposite towards their mothers. Parental loss and disharmony were not significant contributory factors. More control subjects slept alone between the ages of 7 and 12 years. More patients slept with their brothers and sisters during the same interval. The rank distribution showed that the eldest first males figured prominently among the patients. The sexually inadequate patients showed a higher incidence of neurotic symptoms during childhood. A positive family history of mental illness did not differentiate patients from control subjects. The relevance of these findings in relation to cultural factors is discussed.", "PMID": 561516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4651", "title": "Evaluation of obstructive characteristics of mitral disc valve implants with ultrasound doppler techniques.", "content": "Ten adult patients with mitral disc valve implants have been examined on the catheterization table. Non-invasive ultrasound Doppler data, pulmonary artery wedge pressure and left ventricular pressure were recorded simultaneously. The cardiac output was determined with the direct Fick method. The effective valve area was taken as a measure of the flow obstruction in the disc valve implants. This area was calculated from the ultrasound data and the cardiac output as well as from the manometric data and the cardiac output. The resulting two sets of areas demonstrated a linear correlation coefficient of 0.86. The effective valve areas calculated from the ultrasound data were reasonable when compared with the results of in vitro studies of disc valve performance and demonstrated good agreement with the findings of other investigators.", "contents": "Evaluation of obstructive characteristics of mitral disc valve implants with ultrasound doppler techniques. Ten adult patients with mitral disc valve implants have been examined on the catheterization table. Non-invasive ultrasound Doppler data, pulmonary artery wedge pressure and left ventricular pressure were recorded simultaneously. The cardiac output was determined with the direct Fick method. The effective valve area was taken as a measure of the flow obstruction in the disc valve implants. This area was calculated from the ultrasound data and the cardiac output as well as from the manometric data and the cardiac output. The resulting two sets of areas demonstrated a linear correlation coefficient of 0.86. The effective valve areas calculated from the ultrasound data were reasonable when compared with the results of in vitro studies of disc valve performance and demonstrated good agreement with the findings of other investigators.", "PMID": 561517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4652", "title": "A possible relationship between high-extraction cereal and rickets and osteomalacia.", "content": "The evidence of the present study suggests a strong and possibly causal relationship between high-extraction cereal and rickets and osteomalacia. It seems likely that this occurs when vitamin-D status is border-line. The rachitogenic component of high-extraction cereal remains to be identified; dietary phytate now seems unlikely and phytate-derived polyphosphate esters or dietary phosphorus may be incriminated. The present study strongly indicates that Mellanby's original suggestion of an \"anti-calcifying substance\" in high-extraction cereal remains valid.", "contents": "A possible relationship between high-extraction cereal and rickets and osteomalacia. The evidence of the present study suggests a strong and possibly causal relationship between high-extraction cereal and rickets and osteomalacia. It seems likely that this occurs when vitamin-D status is border-line. The rachitogenic component of high-extraction cereal remains to be identified; dietary phytate now seems unlikely and phytate-derived polyphosphate esters or dietary phosphorus may be incriminated. The present study strongly indicates that Mellanby's original suggestion of an \"anti-calcifying substance\" in high-extraction cereal remains valid.", "PMID": 561518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4653", "title": "The effects of 4-imidazolyl-3-amino-2-butanone (McN-A-1293), a specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, on the expression of morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice.", "content": "McN-A-1293, a specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor administered intracisternally in the 'withdrawal' phase, significantly suppressed the expression of morphine tolerance. Severity of withdrawal, assessed by percentage body weight loss, was significantly enhanced although incidence of jumping was unaltered. The opposite effects of this compound on morphine tolerance and withdrawal suggest that tolerance and physical dependence are based on different underlying mechanisms.", "contents": "The effects of 4-imidazolyl-3-amino-2-butanone (McN-A-1293), a specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, on the expression of morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice. McN-A-1293, a specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor administered intracisternally in the 'withdrawal' phase, significantly suppressed the expression of morphine tolerance. Severity of withdrawal, assessed by percentage body weight loss, was significantly enhanced although incidence of jumping was unaltered. The opposite effects of this compound on morphine tolerance and withdrawal suggest that tolerance and physical dependence are based on different underlying mechanisms.", "PMID": 561519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4654", "title": "The effects of D-histiding on the expression of morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice.", "content": "D-Histidine, administered in the 'wthdrawal' phase of morphine addiction, failed to modify the expression of tolerance and physical dependence in mice. L-Histidine, on the contrary, can enhance tolerance and inhibit physical dependence. Whole brain histamine is markedly increased by L-histidine administration, but only minimally by D-histidine. This confirms that the actions of L-histidine on morphine addiction are stereospecific, and so can be more confidently correlated with the increase in brain histamine levels produced by the natural amino acid precursor.", "contents": "The effects of D-histiding on the expression of morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice. D-Histidine, administered in the 'wthdrawal' phase of morphine addiction, failed to modify the expression of tolerance and physical dependence in mice. L-Histidine, on the contrary, can enhance tolerance and inhibit physical dependence. Whole brain histamine is markedly increased by L-histidine administration, but only minimally by D-histidine. This confirms that the actions of L-histidine on morphine addiction are stereospecific, and so can be more confidently correlated with the increase in brain histamine levels produced by the natural amino acid precursor.", "PMID": 561520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4655", "title": "Behavioral effects of apomorphine during development of rats.", "content": "The behavioral effects of apomorphine in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg i.p. were studied in male Wistar rats at the age of 3,4,6 weeks and 3,5,6 months. Behavioral features typical for apomorphine were observed in rats from the 6th week of life. It is concluded that maturation of central dopaminergic receptors in rats occurs at about 6th week of life.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of apomorphine during development of rats. The behavioral effects of apomorphine in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg i.p. were studied in male Wistar rats at the age of 3,4,6 weeks and 3,5,6 months. Behavioral features typical for apomorphine were observed in rats from the 6th week of life. It is concluded that maturation of central dopaminergic receptors in rats occurs at about 6th week of life.", "PMID": 561515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4656", "title": "Opposite effects of gastrin on cell proliferation in the antrum and other parts of the upper-gastrointestinal tract in the rat.", "content": "The effect of gastrin on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in the mucosa of the upper-gastrointestinal tract was explored in unanesthetized rats with a gastric fistula. Animals were killed at 4-hr intervals, after starting a 3-hr intravenous infusion with the lowest dose of gastrin provoking a maximal acid output. Tritiated thymidine was injected 1 hr before killing. Autoradiography was used, and labeling and mitotic indices were estimated in the fundic, antral, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa. The proliferative activity in the fundic, duodenal, and jejunal glands was significantly increased 16 hr after the administration of gastrin. In the antral glands, however, a significant decrease in both labeling and mitotic indices was observed. Rhythmic variations in proliferative activity were observed in the antral, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa in control animals. They were different from those in the gastrin-treated animals. Our data confirm the trophic action of gastrin in the fundic, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa. They also indicate an inhibitory effect of this hormone on cell proliferation in the antral mucosa.", "contents": "Opposite effects of gastrin on cell proliferation in the antrum and other parts of the upper-gastrointestinal tract in the rat. The effect of gastrin on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in the mucosa of the upper-gastrointestinal tract was explored in unanesthetized rats with a gastric fistula. Animals were killed at 4-hr intervals, after starting a 3-hr intravenous infusion with the lowest dose of gastrin provoking a maximal acid output. Tritiated thymidine was injected 1 hr before killing. Autoradiography was used, and labeling and mitotic indices were estimated in the fundic, antral, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa. The proliferative activity in the fundic, duodenal, and jejunal glands was significantly increased 16 hr after the administration of gastrin. In the antral glands, however, a significant decrease in both labeling and mitotic indices was observed. Rhythmic variations in proliferative activity were observed in the antral, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa in control animals. They were different from those in the gastrin-treated animals. Our data confirm the trophic action of gastrin in the fundic, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa. They also indicate an inhibitory effect of this hormone on cell proliferation in the antral mucosa.", "PMID": 561537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4657", "title": "Fetal exsanguination and other vascular injuries from midtrimester genetic amniocentesis.", "content": "A case of fetal exsanguination after midtrimester genetic amniocentesis is reported. Examination of the ration of fetal-to-meternal red cells in the amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis for genetic study from 242 consecutive patients, including the reported case, suggests that fetal hemorrhage is relatively common and difficult to avoid during this procedure. It also appears that hemorrhage occurs significantly more oftern when the placenta is located anteriorly. Reasons as to why the accident is rarely fatal are considered, and some recommendations for patient counselling and management are discussed.", "contents": "Fetal exsanguination and other vascular injuries from midtrimester genetic amniocentesis. A case of fetal exsanguination after midtrimester genetic amniocentesis is reported. Examination of the ration of fetal-to-meternal red cells in the amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis for genetic study from 242 consecutive patients, including the reported case, suggests that fetal hemorrhage is relatively common and difficult to avoid during this procedure. It also appears that hemorrhage occurs significantly more oftern when the placenta is located anteriorly. Reasons as to why the accident is rarely fatal are considered, and some recommendations for patient counselling and management are discussed.", "PMID": 561540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4658", "title": "Neonatal scalp abscess and fetal monitoring: factors associated with infection.", "content": "Forty-two of 929 (4.5 per cent) newborn infants prospectively studied following continuous, direct fetal heart rate monitoring during labor developed a scalp abscess at the site of electrode application during the neonatal period. Factors associated with infection with the use of a multivariate analysis were duration of monitoring (p less than 0.01) and high-risk indications for monitoring (p less than 0.01). Of the 42 infected neonates, 33 had complete bacteriologic studies. Microorganisms were isolated from all the infection tended to be polymicrobial, most commonly containing both aerobes and anaerobes. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Peptococcus were the predominant isolates. These data indicate that scalp abscess complicating intrapartum fetal monitoring may be nosocomial importance, and infants monitored should be closely observed in order to prevent more serious infectious complications.", "contents": "Neonatal scalp abscess and fetal monitoring: factors associated with infection. Forty-two of 929 (4.5 per cent) newborn infants prospectively studied following continuous, direct fetal heart rate monitoring during labor developed a scalp abscess at the site of electrode application during the neonatal period. Factors associated with infection with the use of a multivariate analysis were duration of monitoring (p less than 0.01) and high-risk indications for monitoring (p less than 0.01). Of the 42 infected neonates, 33 had complete bacteriologic studies. Microorganisms were isolated from all the infection tended to be polymicrobial, most commonly containing both aerobes and anaerobes. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Peptococcus were the predominant isolates. These data indicate that scalp abscess complicating intrapartum fetal monitoring may be nosocomial importance, and infants monitored should be closely observed in order to prevent more serious infectious complications.", "PMID": 561542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4659", "title": "Dysfunctional detrusor control.", "content": "Detrusor muscle dysfunction is a common reason for lower urinary tract symptomatology in women. This report summarizes observations in 35 patients diagnosed as having detrusor dysfunction. Similar involuntary detrusor contractions were observed in 25 incontinent patients and in five patients who were not incontinent but who had urgency and frequency of urination. The incontinent patients were separated into the \"urge incontinence\" group and the \"detrusor dyssynergia\" group, based on whether or not the detrusor contraction was preceded by a strong sensation of urge. The patients who were not incontinent were grouped as \"urgency frequency syndrome.\" No patient had urinary tract infection, neurological, urologic, or metabolic disease. Thirty patients responded satisfactorily to similar management consisting of bladder drills and anticholinergic drug therapy. Decreased cortical inhibitory activity seems to be a common pathophysiologic mechanism.", "contents": "Dysfunctional detrusor control. Detrusor muscle dysfunction is a common reason for lower urinary tract symptomatology in women. This report summarizes observations in 35 patients diagnosed as having detrusor dysfunction. Similar involuntary detrusor contractions were observed in 25 incontinent patients and in five patients who were not incontinent but who had urgency and frequency of urination. The incontinent patients were separated into the \"urge incontinence\" group and the \"detrusor dyssynergia\" group, based on whether or not the detrusor contraction was preceded by a strong sensation of urge. The patients who were not incontinent were grouped as \"urgency frequency syndrome.\" No patient had urinary tract infection, neurological, urologic, or metabolic disease. Thirty patients responded satisfactorily to similar management consisting of bladder drills and anticholinergic drug therapy. Decreased cortical inhibitory activity seems to be a common pathophysiologic mechanism.", "PMID": 561544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4660", "title": "Photocoagulation in the diagnosis of senile retinoschisis.", "content": "In five of seven patients treated with argon laser photocoagulation, lesions were placed around retinal breaks and in the center of the breaks directly on exposed pigment epithelium. In a sixth patient, the lesions were placed through an area of atrophic detached retina on the bare pigment epithelium. In the last patient, the lesions were placed in the center of a large outer wall hole in an area of senile retinoschisis directly on bare pigment epithelium. The white reaction to photocoagulation, previously thought to differentiate between retinoschisis and retinal detachment, was produced in the eye with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The white reaction also was produced in the center of retinal breaks where the photoreceptor layer was not in contact with the retinal pigment epithelium. Photocoagulation was not a definitive test, and must be evaluated with other clinical findings.", "contents": "Photocoagulation in the diagnosis of senile retinoschisis. In five of seven patients treated with argon laser photocoagulation, lesions were placed around retinal breaks and in the center of the breaks directly on exposed pigment epithelium. In a sixth patient, the lesions were placed through an area of atrophic detached retina on the bare pigment epithelium. In the last patient, the lesions were placed in the center of a large outer wall hole in an area of senile retinoschisis directly on bare pigment epithelium. The white reaction to photocoagulation, previously thought to differentiate between retinoschisis and retinal detachment, was produced in the eye with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The white reaction also was produced in the center of retinal breaks where the photoreceptor layer was not in contact with the retinal pigment epithelium. Photocoagulation was not a definitive test, and must be evaluated with other clinical findings.", "PMID": 561545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4661", "title": "Fever of unknown origin: a view from the community hospital.", "content": "A prospective study was performed in a community hospital to determine the specific diseases responsible for \"fever of unknown origin.\" Thirty-four adults with persistent unexplained fever were subjected to extensive diagnostic evaluations. Alcoholic hepatitis and recurrent pulmonary emboli were found to be frequent causes of \"fever of unknown origin\" in this patient population. Approximately a third of the patients had no disease identified which would have explained the persistent fever. This group of patients, for whom no diagnosis was established, shared an important characteristic: failure to lose more than two pounds/week during the hospitalization.", "contents": "Fever of unknown origin: a view from the community hospital. A prospective study was performed in a community hospital to determine the specific diseases responsible for \"fever of unknown origin.\" Thirty-four adults with persistent unexplained fever were subjected to extensive diagnostic evaluations. Alcoholic hepatitis and recurrent pulmonary emboli were found to be frequent causes of \"fever of unknown origin\" in this patient population. Approximately a third of the patients had no disease identified which would have explained the persistent fever. This group of patients, for whom no diagnosis was established, shared an important characteristic: failure to lose more than two pounds/week during the hospitalization.", "PMID": 561539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4662", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation of inner wound vascularization after cataract extraction.", "content": "A 64-year-old man had vascular ingrowth of a surgical wound resulting in recurrent hyphema and pupillary block glaucoma three years after cataract extraction. Argon laser photocoagulation of an abnormal vessel in the inner lip of the wound resulted in complete clearing of a chronic hyphema, with a four-month follow-up. We used 500-micron laser spots of 2,000 mW and 0.5 seconds' duration to closr the vessels. This approach is recommended for its relative safety and simplicity.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation of inner wound vascularization after cataract extraction. A 64-year-old man had vascular ingrowth of a surgical wound resulting in recurrent hyphema and pupillary block glaucoma three years after cataract extraction. Argon laser photocoagulation of an abnormal vessel in the inner lip of the wound resulted in complete clearing of a chronic hyphema, with a four-month follow-up. We used 500-micron laser spots of 2,000 mW and 0.5 seconds' duration to closr the vessels. This approach is recommended for its relative safety and simplicity.", "PMID": 561546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4663", "title": "Reopening of occluded filtering blebs by argon laser photocoagulation.", "content": "We attempted to re-establish filtration in 11 glaucomatous eyes of patients who had undergone fistulizing surgery in the past, had poor or no filtration at various periods of time after surgery, and intraocular pressure above normal levels. Our technique consisted of applying an argon laser beam to the anterior chamber angle at the sclerotomy site of previous filtering and anterior to the iridectomy. Approximately 200 spots of 50 mu size were applied to this target with the help of a Goldmann prismatic goniolens. In five of 11 eyes the fistulizing blebs showed signs of activity shortly after the laser treatment with normalization of IOP during a follow-up period of over one year. Success was obtained in eyes with incomplete scarring of their fistulizing blebs with poor and nonfunctioning filtering cysts. Pigmentation of the target at the occluded sclerotomy site was significant.", "contents": "Reopening of occluded filtering blebs by argon laser photocoagulation. We attempted to re-establish filtration in 11 glaucomatous eyes of patients who had undergone fistulizing surgery in the past, had poor or no filtration at various periods of time after surgery, and intraocular pressure above normal levels. Our technique consisted of applying an argon laser beam to the anterior chamber angle at the sclerotomy site of previous filtering and anterior to the iridectomy. Approximately 200 spots of 50 mu size were applied to this target with the help of a Goldmann prismatic goniolens. In five of 11 eyes the fistulizing blebs showed signs of activity shortly after the laser treatment with normalization of IOP during a follow-up period of over one year. Success was obtained in eyes with incomplete scarring of their fistulizing blebs with poor and nonfunctioning filtering cysts. Pigmentation of the target at the occluded sclerotomy site was significant.", "PMID": 561547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4664", "title": "Anger and fear.", "content": "The author proposes that fear and anger are innate defensive mechanisms mobilized by preceived threats to the individual. Both mechanisms are accompanied by anxiety and an urge to escape or attack. The individual's lifestyle, which is the result of interaction between his innate qualities and life experiences, determines whether he will attempt to deal with threats, his fear and/or anger, and the resulting anxiety in an objective or pathological manner. This formulation underscores the need to learn methods of coping with anger and fear from early childhood, so that they do not develop into pathological behavior patterns.", "contents": "Anger and fear. The author proposes that fear and anger are innate defensive mechanisms mobilized by preceived threats to the individual. Both mechanisms are accompanied by anxiety and an urge to escape or attack. The individual's lifestyle, which is the result of interaction between his innate qualities and life experiences, determines whether he will attempt to deal with threats, his fear and/or anger, and the resulting anxiety in an objective or pathological manner. This formulation underscores the need to learn methods of coping with anger and fear from early childhood, so that they do not develop into pathological behavior patterns.", "PMID": 561549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4665", "title": "Medical histories of delinquent and nondelinquent children: an epidemiological study.", "content": "The authors studies the hospital records of 109 delinquent children and a matched comparison group of 109 nondelinquent children. The number, reasons for, and timing of hospital contacts significantly differentiated the delinquent from the nondelinquent children; perinatal difficulties did not. The authors hypothesize that an interaction of developmental factors and parental inadequacies accounts for the clustering of hospital contacts before age 4 and between ages 14 and 16 in the delinquent sample. They discuss the implications of their findings for prevention.", "contents": "Medical histories of delinquent and nondelinquent children: an epidemiological study. The authors studies the hospital records of 109 delinquent children and a matched comparison group of 109 nondelinquent children. The number, reasons for, and timing of hospital contacts significantly differentiated the delinquent from the nondelinquent children; perinatal difficulties did not. The authors hypothesize that an interaction of developmental factors and parental inadequacies accounts for the clustering of hospital contacts before age 4 and between ages 14 and 16 in the delinquent sample. They discuss the implications of their findings for prevention.", "PMID": 561551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4666", "title": "Twin relationships and depression.", "content": "The authors investigated closeness and other variables measuring depression in 22 identical and 13 fraternal twin pairs. Each twin rated him/herself on a two-part questionnaire; part 1 included questions on demographic characteristics and the twin relationship, and part 2, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, measured depressive symptoms. There was a high degree of agreement across all variables for the total sample, and degrees of depression were comparable to that in the general population. Closeness was found to be inversely correlated with depression. The authors suggest that future studies include other groups (siblings, spouses, etc.) and follow-up data.", "contents": "Twin relationships and depression. The authors investigated closeness and other variables measuring depression in 22 identical and 13 fraternal twin pairs. Each twin rated him/herself on a two-part questionnaire; part 1 included questions on demographic characteristics and the twin relationship, and part 2, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, measured depressive symptoms. There was a high degree of agreement across all variables for the total sample, and degrees of depression were comparable to that in the general population. Closeness was found to be inversely correlated with depression. The authors suggest that future studies include other groups (siblings, spouses, etc.) and follow-up data.", "PMID": 561552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4667", "title": "Adsorption of halothane from a paediatric T-piece circuit by activated charcoal.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy of six commonly available charcoals in adsorbing halothane in a paediatric T-piece system. Tests were also done to compare the effect of mass of charcoal and canister shape and size on adsorption and airways resistance. It was found that charcoals vary in their adsorptive capacity and that the size and shape of cannisters is important.", "contents": "Adsorption of halothane from a paediatric T-piece circuit by activated charcoal. Experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy of six commonly available charcoals in adsorbing halothane in a paediatric T-piece system. Tests were also done to compare the effect of mass of charcoal and canister shape and size on adsorption and airways resistance. It was found that charcoals vary in their adsorptive capacity and that the size and shape of cannisters is important.", "PMID": 561557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4668", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural study on the subcommissural organ of Bradypus tridactylus.", "content": "The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the Bradypus tridactylus was studied from the histological and ultrastructural point of view. The methods of GOMORI (alum-chromic-hematoxylin-phloxine), AZAN (M. Heidenhain), KLUVER and BARRERA (for nerve cells and myelinated fibers) and silver impregnation according to PALMGREN and CAJAL-DE CASTRO, were used. The material prepared for ultrastructural analize was submitted to the sequence of gluteraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate and lead citrate. In function of the secretory phenomenon, a systematic study is made of different hystological and ultrastructural characteristics of the SCO and hypendymal rosettes, which were considered in the B. tridactylus as a morphofunctional unit. Fine vascular and nerve networks were observed, by the basal parts of the compact tubule alveolar system (hypendymal rosettes) which composes part of the SCO. Nerve fibers were seen between its cells reaching even up to the lumen, and they may end there in bulbar dilatations which seem to show secretory characteristics at the ultrastructural examination.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural study on the subcommissural organ of Bradypus tridactylus. The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the Bradypus tridactylus was studied from the histological and ultrastructural point of view. The methods of GOMORI (alum-chromic-hematoxylin-phloxine), AZAN (M. Heidenhain), KLUVER and BARRERA (for nerve cells and myelinated fibers) and silver impregnation according to PALMGREN and CAJAL-DE CASTRO, were used. The material prepared for ultrastructural analize was submitted to the sequence of gluteraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate and lead citrate. In function of the secretory phenomenon, a systematic study is made of different hystological and ultrastructural characteristics of the SCO and hypendymal rosettes, which were considered in the B. tridactylus as a morphofunctional unit. Fine vascular and nerve networks were observed, by the basal parts of the compact tubule alveolar system (hypendymal rosettes) which composes part of the SCO. Nerve fibers were seen between its cells reaching even up to the lumen, and they may end there in bulbar dilatations which seem to show secretory characteristics at the ultrastructural examination.", "PMID": 561559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4669", "title": "An autoradiographic study of long-term follicular development in the cyclic hamster.", "content": "The time required for ovarian follicular development in the cyclic hamster was determined by marking follicles with [3H]-thymidine on day 1 of the estrous cycle (day of ovulation) and by following their fate over the next three cycles by autoradiography. A model of follicular development was formulated, based on the total number of follicles and the changing percentage of labelled follicles with time. It was estimated that 20 days elapsed before a preantral follicle with two to three layers of granulosa cells (stage 1) was able to ovulate. Follicles spent eight days in stage 1 and an additional eight days in stage 2 (4-5 granulosa layers). Preantral follicles entering stage 3 (6-7 granulosa layers) and 4 (greater than 8 layers) on day 1 of the cycle ovulated four days later. Approximately 30 follicles per ovary entered and left stage 1 each cycle, representing a 50% turnover. Of the follicles leaving stage 1, about 50% were transformed into stage 2 follicles; the remaining ones underwent atresia. Stage 2 follicles also had a 50% turnover each cycle. Half of the stage 2 follicles underwent atresia; the remainder developed into stages 3 and 4 follicles. Fifty percent of the stages 3 and 4 follicles present on day 1 of the cycle ovulated at the next estrus with the remainder undergoing atresia.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of long-term follicular development in the cyclic hamster. The time required for ovarian follicular development in the cyclic hamster was determined by marking follicles with [3H]-thymidine on day 1 of the estrous cycle (day of ovulation) and by following their fate over the next three cycles by autoradiography. A model of follicular development was formulated, based on the total number of follicles and the changing percentage of labelled follicles with time. It was estimated that 20 days elapsed before a preantral follicle with two to three layers of granulosa cells (stage 1) was able to ovulate. Follicles spent eight days in stage 1 and an additional eight days in stage 2 (4-5 granulosa layers). Preantral follicles entering stage 3 (6-7 granulosa layers) and 4 (greater than 8 layers) on day 1 of the cycle ovulated four days later. Approximately 30 follicles per ovary entered and left stage 1 each cycle, representing a 50% turnover. Of the follicles leaving stage 1, about 50% were transformed into stage 2 follicles; the remaining ones underwent atresia. Stage 2 follicles also had a 50% turnover each cycle. Half of the stage 2 follicles underwent atresia; the remainder developed into stages 3 and 4 follicles. Fifty percent of the stages 3 and 4 follicles present on day 1 of the cycle ovulated at the next estrus with the remainder undergoing atresia.", "PMID": 561560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4670", "title": "Plasma cortisol in glaucoma.", "content": "Plasma cortisol level and intraocular tension were determined diurnally in 40 normal and 40 glaucomatous patients at 8 AM and 8 PM. It was observed that (1) plasma cortisol level was higher in glaucomatous patients at both the periods; (2) the diurnal variation in plasma cortisol was parallel to diurnal variation in intraocular tension in both glaucomatous and normal persons; and (3) the diurnal variation in plasma cortisol level also was more marked in glaucomatous patients as compared to normal persons.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol in glaucoma. Plasma cortisol level and intraocular tension were determined diurnally in 40 normal and 40 glaucomatous patients at 8 AM and 8 PM. It was observed that (1) plasma cortisol level was higher in glaucomatous patients at both the periods; (2) the diurnal variation in plasma cortisol was parallel to diurnal variation in intraocular tension in both glaucomatous and normal persons; and (3) the diurnal variation in plasma cortisol level also was more marked in glaucomatous patients as compared to normal persons.", "PMID": 561563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4671", "title": "[Gongylonema pithyusensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Spiruridae), a parasite of the oesophagus of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Formentera (Balearic Islands) (author's transl)].", "content": "A new Nematode, Gongylonema pithyusensis n. sp., parasitizing the oesophagus mucosa of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 in the balearic island of Formentera (Spain) is described. The male of the new species is characterized by the size of spicules and gubernaculum; the female by the morphology of the tail, the posteriour situation of the vulva and the dimensions of the eggs. It is the only Gongylonema species to be known parasitizing Rodents of the family Gliridae.", "contents": "[Gongylonema pithyusensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Spiruridae), a parasite of the oesophagus of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Formentera (Balearic Islands) (author's transl)]. A new Nematode, Gongylonema pithyusensis n. sp., parasitizing the oesophagus mucosa of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 in the balearic island of Formentera (Spain) is described. The male of the new species is characterized by the size of spicules and gubernaculum; the female by the morphology of the tail, the posteriour situation of the vulva and the dimensions of the eggs. It is the only Gongylonema species to be known parasitizing Rodents of the family Gliridae.", "PMID": 561564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4672", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 on milk ejection, blood pressure and mammary artery blood flow in the cow.", "content": "Injections of prostaglandins F2alpha (threshold dose: 1 to 5 microgram) and E2 (threshold dose: 1000 to 300 microgram) in the jugular vein or the carotid artery induced milk ejection in lactating cows after a relatively long latency period. In several cases with PGF2alpha and in one case with PGE2, milk ejection was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in blood flow through the mammary artery. Both routes of administration showed the same response. It is suggested that the effect of the prostaglandins on milk ejection is indirect, possibly secondary to a release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 on milk ejection, blood pressure and mammary artery blood flow in the cow. Injections of prostaglandins F2alpha (threshold dose: 1 to 5 microgram) and E2 (threshold dose: 1000 to 300 microgram) in the jugular vein or the carotid artery induced milk ejection in lactating cows after a relatively long latency period. In several cases with PGF2alpha and in one case with PGE2, milk ejection was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in blood flow through the mammary artery. Both routes of administration showed the same response. It is suggested that the effect of the prostaglandins on milk ejection is indirect, possibly secondary to a release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 561570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4673", "title": "Mitral annular calcification. Clinical and echocardiographic correlations.", "content": "Clinical, echocardiographic, and radiographic findings in 41 patients with mital annular calcification are presented. Clinical diagnosis included rheumatic heart disease (32%), noninflammatory calcific disease (34%), and chronic renal failure (32%). Mitral annular calcification is recognized echocardiographically as a dense echo band beneath the posterior mitral leaflet with motion paralleling that of the free left ventricular wall. Only two patients of 41 (5%) with mitral annular calcification had calcification on routine x-ray films, and six of 16 (38%) on cinefluoroscopy. The left atrial size is enlarged, and the mitral leaflets are thickened, with reduced motion (D-E) in rheumatic heart disease, but the leaflet motion is well preserved in the nonrheumatic patients. The association of mitral annular calcification with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, chronic renal failure, and bacterial endocarditis is discussed. Echocardiography appears to be a sensitive method of detecting mitral annular calcification and may be helpful in differentiating rheumatic and nonrheumatic etiologies.", "contents": "Mitral annular calcification. Clinical and echocardiographic correlations. Clinical, echocardiographic, and radiographic findings in 41 patients with mital annular calcification are presented. Clinical diagnosis included rheumatic heart disease (32%), noninflammatory calcific disease (34%), and chronic renal failure (32%). Mitral annular calcification is recognized echocardiographically as a dense echo band beneath the posterior mitral leaflet with motion paralleling that of the free left ventricular wall. Only two patients of 41 (5%) with mitral annular calcification had calcification on routine x-ray films, and six of 16 (38%) on cinefluoroscopy. The left atrial size is enlarged, and the mitral leaflets are thickened, with reduced motion (D-E) in rheumatic heart disease, but the leaflet motion is well preserved in the nonrheumatic patients. The association of mitral annular calcification with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, chronic renal failure, and bacterial endocarditis is discussed. Echocardiography appears to be a sensitive method of detecting mitral annular calcification and may be helpful in differentiating rheumatic and nonrheumatic etiologies.", "PMID": 561571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4674", "title": "Infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus mutans. A complication of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Three patients with endocarditis caused by Streptococcus mutans were seen during a six-month period. All had clinical features of subacute bacterial endocarditis, including fever, heart murmurs, and positive blood cultures. One had underlying aortic insufficiency and two had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. All patients were treated with parenteral antibiotics and were cured. Streptococcus mutans is a pleomorphic, microaerophilic organism that is associated with dental caries and plaque. Differentiation of S mutans from enterococcal endocarditis is important because the former condition can be treated for a shorter period of time with penicillin alone, without the addition of aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus mutans. A complication of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Three patients with endocarditis caused by Streptococcus mutans were seen during a six-month period. All had clinical features of subacute bacterial endocarditis, including fever, heart murmurs, and positive blood cultures. One had underlying aortic insufficiency and two had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. All patients were treated with parenteral antibiotics and were cured. Streptococcus mutans is a pleomorphic, microaerophilic organism that is associated with dental caries and plaque. Differentiation of S mutans from enterococcal endocarditis is important because the former condition can be treated for a shorter period of time with penicillin alone, without the addition of aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "PMID": 561572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4675", "title": "[Some comments on the biological properties of calcitonin: an eventual new therapeutic utilization (author's transl)].", "content": "The calcitonin-adrenal antagonism brings the authors to propose a new therapeutic use of calcitonin. That hormone could minimize the effects of externe stimulations and its use as sedative is proposed.", "contents": "[Some comments on the biological properties of calcitonin: an eventual new therapeutic utilization (author's transl)]. The calcitonin-adrenal antagonism brings the authors to propose a new therapeutic use of calcitonin. That hormone could minimize the effects of externe stimulations and its use as sedative is proposed.", "PMID": 561566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4676", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the lymphatic capillaries of the diaphragm and their interrelationship with peritoneal mesothelium].", "content": "In 28 mature rats, ultrastructure of the diaphragmal lymphatic capillaries and mesothelial tegmen was studied. Interrelation of their cellular elements and possible ways of metabolic absorbtion from the abdomen were clarified. The diaphragmal lymphatic capillaries were demonstrated to situate under mesothelial cells and they are separated by a thin layer of longitudial collagenic fibers. As cross section of the lymphatic capillary demonstrates, the capillary wall consists of 3--6 endothelial cells with a set of organelles, among which are: mitochondria, Golgi's complex, some pinocytotic vesicles.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the lymphatic capillaries of the diaphragm and their interrelationship with peritoneal mesothelium]. In 28 mature rats, ultrastructure of the diaphragmal lymphatic capillaries and mesothelial tegmen was studied. Interrelation of their cellular elements and possible ways of metabolic absorbtion from the abdomen were clarified. The diaphragmal lymphatic capillaries were demonstrated to situate under mesothelial cells and they are separated by a thin layer of longitudial collagenic fibers. As cross section of the lymphatic capillary demonstrates, the capillary wall consists of 3--6 endothelial cells with a set of organelles, among which are: mitochondria, Golgi's complex, some pinocytotic vesicles.", "PMID": 561588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4677", "title": "Evolution of neovascularization in sickle cell retinopathy. A prospective fluorescein angiographic study.", "content": "With prospective observations we have documented by fluorescein angiography the development of retinal neovascularization in the eyes of patients with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC). In each patient, arteriolarvenular (AV) anastomoses occurred before the development of neovascular sea fans. To our knowledge, this report constitutes the first such documentation in the literature. New sea fans from AV anastomoses appeared throughout an average interval of 18 months (range, 8 to 36 months) in approximately 21% of young adults with hemoglobin SC. Each year approximately 14% of young patients with hemoglobin SC may develop retinal neovascularization.", "contents": "Evolution of neovascularization in sickle cell retinopathy. A prospective fluorescein angiographic study. With prospective observations we have documented by fluorescein angiography the development of retinal neovascularization in the eyes of patients with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC). In each patient, arteriolarvenular (AV) anastomoses occurred before the development of neovascular sea fans. To our knowledge, this report constitutes the first such documentation in the literature. New sea fans from AV anastomoses appeared throughout an average interval of 18 months (range, 8 to 36 months) in approximately 21% of young adults with hemoglobin SC. Each year approximately 14% of young patients with hemoglobin SC may develop retinal neovascularization.", "PMID": 561589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4678", "title": "Concentrations of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized ewes and the effect of disturbance, starvation and vascular cannulation.", "content": "Neither routine experimental procedures, including vascular cannulation and venipuncture, nor starvation or disturbance caused significant fluctuations in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in ovariectomized ewes. Samples obtained at 5-min intervals revealed episodic LH releases occurring every 10-35 min. Hourly sampling over 3 days revealed large LH variations but no distinct diurnal variation.", "contents": "Concentrations of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized ewes and the effect of disturbance, starvation and vascular cannulation. Neither routine experimental procedures, including vascular cannulation and venipuncture, nor starvation or disturbance caused significant fluctuations in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in ovariectomized ewes. Samples obtained at 5-min intervals revealed episodic LH releases occurring every 10-35 min. Hourly sampling over 3 days revealed large LH variations but no distinct diurnal variation.", "PMID": 561592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4679", "title": "Studies of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of bromelain-pretreated red blood cells.", "content": "The effects of the proteolytic enzyme bromelain (Br) on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of sheep and mouse red blood cells (RBC) have been investigated. The results presented support the previous claim that there are antigens present on Br RBC that are not present in an exposed form on untreated RBC and that Br RBC have lost some of the antigens present on the surface of normal RBC. The susceptibility of Br RBC to osmotic lysis was very similar to that of normal RBC, implying that the modified RBC were not more fragile than normal RBC. Injection of mice with Br mouse-RBC did not increase the unusually high \"background\" number of cells producing IgM antibodies against Br mouse-RBC and mice did not mount delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions against Br mouse-RBC, either before or after sensitizing injections of Br mouse-RBC. However, mouse-RBC and Br mouse-RBC elicited similar antibody responses in rabbits and guinea pigs. Although mice appeared unresponsive to Br mouse-RBC injections, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and antibody production in primary and secondary responses were of similar levels irrespective of whether sheep-RBC or Br sheep-RBC were used as immunogens. From these studies it appears that mice have B-cells producing antibodies against the \"new\" antigens on Br mouse-RBC, but there are no T-cells that respond to these antigens by way of \"helper\" activity in antibody production or by way of cell-mediated immune reactions.", "contents": "Studies of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of bromelain-pretreated red blood cells. The effects of the proteolytic enzyme bromelain (Br) on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of sheep and mouse red blood cells (RBC) have been investigated. The results presented support the previous claim that there are antigens present on Br RBC that are not present in an exposed form on untreated RBC and that Br RBC have lost some of the antigens present on the surface of normal RBC. The susceptibility of Br RBC to osmotic lysis was very similar to that of normal RBC, implying that the modified RBC were not more fragile than normal RBC. Injection of mice with Br mouse-RBC did not increase the unusually high \"background\" number of cells producing IgM antibodies against Br mouse-RBC and mice did not mount delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions against Br mouse-RBC, either before or after sensitizing injections of Br mouse-RBC. However, mouse-RBC and Br mouse-RBC elicited similar antibody responses in rabbits and guinea pigs. Although mice appeared unresponsive to Br mouse-RBC injections, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and antibody production in primary and secondary responses were of similar levels irrespective of whether sheep-RBC or Br sheep-RBC were used as immunogens. From these studies it appears that mice have B-cells producing antibodies against the \"new\" antigens on Br mouse-RBC, but there are no T-cells that respond to these antigens by way of \"helper\" activity in antibody production or by way of cell-mediated immune reactions.", "PMID": 561593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4680", "title": "Eumycotic mycetoma due to Drechslera rostrata infection in a cow.", "content": "A case of eumycotic mycetoma with lesions in the skin, nasal cavity and lymph nodes of a cow is reported. The case history, clinical course, macroscopic and microscopic appearance of lesions, and fungal isolation are described. Drechslera rostrata was isolated from pathological tissue and Koch's postulates were satisfied on mouse inoculation. This is the first infection of its type recorded in Australia and features contrasting with cases reported in other countries are discussed.", "contents": "Eumycotic mycetoma due to Drechslera rostrata infection in a cow. A case of eumycotic mycetoma with lesions in the skin, nasal cavity and lymph nodes of a cow is reported. The case history, clinical course, macroscopic and microscopic appearance of lesions, and fungal isolation are described. Drechslera rostrata was isolated from pathological tissue and Koch's postulates were satisfied on mouse inoculation. This is the first infection of its type recorded in Australia and features contrasting with cases reported in other countries are discussed.", "PMID": 561594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4681", "title": "Mycotic nasal granuloma in cattle.", "content": "Seven cases of eosinophilic granulomas containing fungal chlamydospores and short septate hyphae in the submucosa of the anterior nasal cavity were described from Queensland beef cattle during 1966-75. Drechslera rostrata was isolated from 2 cases and unidentified dematiaceous fungi from 2 others.", "contents": "Mycotic nasal granuloma in cattle. Seven cases of eosinophilic granulomas containing fungal chlamydospores and short septate hyphae in the submucosa of the anterior nasal cavity were described from Queensland beef cattle during 1966-75. Drechslera rostrata was isolated from 2 cases and unidentified dematiaceous fungi from 2 others.", "PMID": 561595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4682", "title": "[Absence of cutaneous phenomena of delayed hypersensitivity in the use of zymosan as adjuvant in comparison with Freund's complete adjuvant in autoimmune experimental orchitis].", "content": "In previous researches some of the Authors proved that Zymosan acts as adjuvant in determining the experimental autoimmune aspermatogenesis, in absence of skin reactivity of delayed type. The aim of the present investigations was to ascertain if Zymosan possess some components analogous to those of mycobacteria, which can be considered responsible in determining hypersensitivity reactions of delayed type. The results, obtained also in cross experiments, don't confirm this hypothesis.", "contents": "[Absence of cutaneous phenomena of delayed hypersensitivity in the use of zymosan as adjuvant in comparison with Freund's complete adjuvant in autoimmune experimental orchitis]. In previous researches some of the Authors proved that Zymosan acts as adjuvant in determining the experimental autoimmune aspermatogenesis, in absence of skin reactivity of delayed type. The aim of the present investigations was to ascertain if Zymosan possess some components analogous to those of mycobacteria, which can be considered responsible in determining hypersensitivity reactions of delayed type. The results, obtained also in cross experiments, don't confirm this hypothesis.", "PMID": 561608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4683", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the binding of selectively 13C-enriched oxytocins to the neurophypophyseal protein, bovine neurophysin II.", "content": "Complex formation between bovine neurophysin II and oxytocin molecules containing 85% 13C enrichment in specific amino acid residues was studied using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chemical shift and relaxation time values of the analogue [13C-Leu3]oxytocin, [13C-Gly9]oxytocin, and the doubly labeled [13C-Ile3 Gly9]oxytocin were obtained for the hormones in the absence and presence of neurophysin. The results showed that certain 13C nuclear magnetic resonance parameters of residue 3 but not of residue 9 of oxytocin are altered upon binding to neurophysin. These observations suggest that residue 3 but not residue 9 is involved in the protein-hormone interaction and they demonstrate the general applicability of selective 13C enrichment for the study of peptide-protein interactions.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the binding of selectively 13C-enriched oxytocins to the neurophypophyseal protein, bovine neurophysin II. Complex formation between bovine neurophysin II and oxytocin molecules containing 85% 13C enrichment in specific amino acid residues was studied using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chemical shift and relaxation time values of the analogue [13C-Leu3]oxytocin, [13C-Gly9]oxytocin, and the doubly labeled [13C-Ile3 Gly9]oxytocin were obtained for the hormones in the absence and presence of neurophysin. The results showed that certain 13C nuclear magnetic resonance parameters of residue 3 but not of residue 9 of oxytocin are altered upon binding to neurophysin. These observations suggest that residue 3 but not residue 9 is involved in the protein-hormone interaction and they demonstrate the general applicability of selective 13C enrichment for the study of peptide-protein interactions.", "PMID": 561612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4684", "title": "Surface potential effects on metal ion binding to phosphatidylcholine membranes 31P NMR study of lanthanide and calcium ion binding to egg-yolk lecithin vesicles.", "content": "31P NMR of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) from egg-yolk in sonicated vesicles has been measured in the presence of various ions. Addition of Ln3+ or Ca2+ shifted the 31P resonance of the phosphate groups of the outer surface of the vesicles. These shifts were measured at varied lanthanide or Ca2+  concentration at different ionic strengths obtained by addition of NaCl. The shifts induced by Tb3+ and Ca2+ have been analyzed using the theory of the diffuse double layer. Corrections were introduced for the effect of the ionic strength on the activities of the ions. The binding efficiency is shown to be controlled by the electrostatic potential produced by the bound cations at the membrane surface. This potential is slightly modified due to weak chloride binding. Binding constants have been derived.", "contents": "Surface potential effects on metal ion binding to phosphatidylcholine membranes 31P NMR study of lanthanide and calcium ion binding to egg-yolk lecithin vesicles. 31P NMR of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) from egg-yolk in sonicated vesicles has been measured in the presence of various ions. Addition of Ln3+ or Ca2+ shifted the 31P resonance of the phosphate groups of the outer surface of the vesicles. These shifts were measured at varied lanthanide or Ca2+  concentration at different ionic strengths obtained by addition of NaCl. The shifts induced by Tb3+ and Ca2+ have been analyzed using the theory of the diffuse double layer. Corrections were introduced for the effect of the ionic strength on the activities of the ions. The binding efficiency is shown to be controlled by the electrostatic potential produced by the bound cations at the membrane surface. This potential is slightly modified due to weak chloride binding. Binding constants have been derived.", "PMID": 561615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4685", "title": "Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on membrane transport.", "content": "(1) Low concentrations of wheat germ agglutinin are cytotoxic toward several tissue culture lines, including Chinese hamster ovary cells, Swiss 3T3 cells, mouse L cells and baby hamster kidney cells. The LD50 ranged from 1 to 5 microgram wheat germ agglutinin per ml. Similar concentrations of the lectin inhibited the transport of the non-utilizable amino acids alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and cycloleucine and inhibited the uptake of thymidine. In contrast, 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake was not altered and colchicine uptake was enhanced. (2) The inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake occurred within minutes after lectin addition and was maximal by 1 h. Maximal inhibition ranged from 50 to 70% of control values. Studies of the kinetics of the uptake demonstrated that wheat germ agglutinin decreased the V of the uptake by 70% without affecting the apparent Km. Ovomucoid, a haptene inhibitor of wheat germ agglutinin-binding to cell surface receptors, prevented the wheat germ agglutinin-induced inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport. Three other lectins (Concanavalin A, Phaseolus vulgaris E-phytohemagglutinin and L-phytohemagglutinin) inhibited the uptake by 20% or less at doses up to 50 microgram/ml. (3) We propose that the cytotoxicity of wheat germ agglutinin probably results in part, if not totally, from membrane alterations which impair multiple membrane transport systems.", "contents": "Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on membrane transport. (1) Low concentrations of wheat germ agglutinin are cytotoxic toward several tissue culture lines, including Chinese hamster ovary cells, Swiss 3T3 cells, mouse L cells and baby hamster kidney cells. The LD50 ranged from 1 to 5 microgram wheat germ agglutinin per ml. Similar concentrations of the lectin inhibited the transport of the non-utilizable amino acids alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and cycloleucine and inhibited the uptake of thymidine. In contrast, 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake was not altered and colchicine uptake was enhanced. (2) The inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake occurred within minutes after lectin addition and was maximal by 1 h. Maximal inhibition ranged from 50 to 70% of control values. Studies of the kinetics of the uptake demonstrated that wheat germ agglutinin decreased the V of the uptake by 70% without affecting the apparent Km. Ovomucoid, a haptene inhibitor of wheat germ agglutinin-binding to cell surface receptors, prevented the wheat germ agglutinin-induced inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport. Three other lectins (Concanavalin A, Phaseolus vulgaris E-phytohemagglutinin and L-phytohemagglutinin) inhibited the uptake by 20% or less at doses up to 50 microgram/ml. (3) We propose that the cytotoxicity of wheat germ agglutinin probably results in part, if not totally, from membrane alterations which impair multiple membrane transport systems.", "PMID": 561616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4686", "title": "Does the non-saturable cell entry apply to the charge-free form of amino acids?", "content": "The slow cellular entry shown by neutral alpha-amino acids at very high concentrations appears not to arise from diffusion of the totally uncharged species through the plasma membrane of the Ehrlich cell, judging from a similarity of the rates observed for the two conformational isomers of 1-amino-2-hydroxy-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid. One of these isomers provides in neutral solution 4 times as large a proportion of the charge-free species as the other, and 5 times the proportion calculated for alanine.", "contents": "Does the non-saturable cell entry apply to the charge-free form of amino acids? The slow cellular entry shown by neutral alpha-amino acids at very high concentrations appears not to arise from diffusion of the totally uncharged species through the plasma membrane of the Ehrlich cell, judging from a similarity of the rates observed for the two conformational isomers of 1-amino-2-hydroxy-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid. One of these isomers provides in neutral solution 4 times as large a proportion of the charge-free species as the other, and 5 times the proportion calculated for alanine.", "PMID": 561617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4687", "title": "Electrophysiology of phagocytic membranes. I. Potassium-dependent slow membrane hyperpolarizations in mice macrophages.", "content": "Electrophysiological properties of activated mouse macrophages cultured in vitro were studied using microelectrode techniques. In a high percentage of the individual cells analysed a slow hyperpolarization (SH) was observed with a concomitant decrease (2--4 times) of the input resistance. Increasing doses of tetraethyl ammonium progressively reduce the amplitude of the SH and at a concentration of 15 mM complete blockade of the phenomena is observed. Valinomycin, at a concentration of 10(-7) M produces rapid and permanent hyperpolarization, with a shift in the membrane potential to about --50 mV. These data strongly support the previously proposed hypothesis that the development of SH is due to an increase in the membrane permeability to potassium ions.", "contents": "Electrophysiology of phagocytic membranes. I. Potassium-dependent slow membrane hyperpolarizations in mice macrophages. Electrophysiological properties of activated mouse macrophages cultured in vitro were studied using microelectrode techniques. In a high percentage of the individual cells analysed a slow hyperpolarization (SH) was observed with a concomitant decrease (2--4 times) of the input resistance. Increasing doses of tetraethyl ammonium progressively reduce the amplitude of the SH and at a concentration of 15 mM complete blockade of the phenomena is observed. Valinomycin, at a concentration of 10(-7) M produces rapid and permanent hyperpolarization, with a shift in the membrane potential to about --50 mV. These data strongly support the previously proposed hypothesis that the development of SH is due to an increase in the membrane permeability to potassium ions.", "PMID": 561618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4688", "title": "Calcium metabolism in Ehrlich Ascites tumour cells.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumour cells are able, under the proper experimental conditions, to extrude a substantial amount of Ca2+ from the intracellular space. The Ca2+ extrusion mechanism, probably located at the plasma membrane level, appears to be similar to that found in red blood cells. It is energy-dependent and both respiration and glycolysis are able to drive it. The use of some inhibitors and uncouplers, besides showing that this activity is different from that linked to the mitochondrial Ca2+ pump which acts in the opposite direction, proposes some speculations on the energy compartmentation in the Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism in Ehrlich Ascites tumour cells. Ehrlich ascites tumour cells are able, under the proper experimental conditions, to extrude a substantial amount of Ca2+ from the intracellular space. The Ca2+ extrusion mechanism, probably located at the plasma membrane level, appears to be similar to that found in red blood cells. It is energy-dependent and both respiration and glycolysis are able to drive it. The use of some inhibitors and uncouplers, besides showing that this activity is different from that linked to the mitochondrial Ca2+ pump which acts in the opposite direction, proposes some speculations on the energy compartmentation in the Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.", "PMID": 561619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4689", "title": "Developmental regulation of nuclear glycosyl transfer in Cictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Glycosyltransferases are active in isolated cell nuclei of Dictyostelium discoideum. Since the biological role of these nuclear enzymes is unknown we assayed their activity in nuclear fractions from vegetatively growing and differentiating amoebae. The nuclear N-acetylglucosaminyl transfer is highest in the vegetative stage and shortly after induction of differentiation, then declines gradually. This result is discussed with respect to a possible role for glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides in the structure or in the transcriptional and replicative functions of the genome.", "contents": "Developmental regulation of nuclear glycosyl transfer in Cictyostelium discoideum. Glycosyltransferases are active in isolated cell nuclei of Dictyostelium discoideum. Since the biological role of these nuclear enzymes is unknown we assayed their activity in nuclear fractions from vegetatively growing and differentiating amoebae. The nuclear N-acetylglucosaminyl transfer is highest in the vegetative stage and shortly after induction of differentiation, then declines gradually. This result is discussed with respect to a possible role for glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides in the structure or in the transcriptional and replicative functions of the genome.", "PMID": 561622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4690", "title": "Isolation of the porcine ileal intrinsic factor receptor by sequential affinity chromatography.", "content": "An extract containing solubilised receptor was passed through four columns containing Sepharose to which had been covalently coupled anti-cobalophilin IgG, vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor, vitamin B-12, and free intrinsic factor, respectively. Following a wash the receptor was eluted with EDTA, then residual Triton X-100 micelles and vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor were removed by Sephadex G-200 filtration. The receptor was purified 84 000-fold, sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis indicated two subunits and gel filtration of its vitamin B-12-inttrinsic factor complex resolved it into two molecular species.", "contents": "Isolation of the porcine ileal intrinsic factor receptor by sequential affinity chromatography. An extract containing solubilised receptor was passed through four columns containing Sepharose to which had been covalently coupled anti-cobalophilin IgG, vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor, vitamin B-12, and free intrinsic factor, respectively. Following a wash the receptor was eluted with EDTA, then residual Triton X-100 micelles and vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor were removed by Sephadex G-200 filtration. The receptor was purified 84 000-fold, sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis indicated two subunits and gel filtration of its vitamin B-12-inttrinsic factor complex resolved it into two molecular species.", "PMID": 561623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4691", "title": "Differential effect of pre- and postnatal litter size reduction on body weight and development of stress response in the rat.", "content": "The postnatal development of pups belonging to the small, prenatally reduced litters (PRN) was compared to that of pups of the postnatally reduced litters (PST) and to that of pups of intact, normal-size litters (CON). Body adrenal and pituitary weight gain as well as maturation of the pituitary-adrenal system were enhanced in the PRN and PST pups as compared to the CON pups in the 3 postnatal weeks. However, significant differences in some data between the PRN and PST pups were found, indicating the more pronounced beneficial effect of the prenatal reduction of litter size. The postnatal litter size reduction abolished the weight gain of the testes. The prenatal reduction of litter size resulted in a similar, although less pronounced negative effect.", "contents": "Differential effect of pre- and postnatal litter size reduction on body weight and development of stress response in the rat. The postnatal development of pups belonging to the small, prenatally reduced litters (PRN) was compared to that of pups of the postnatally reduced litters (PST) and to that of pups of intact, normal-size litters (CON). Body adrenal and pituitary weight gain as well as maturation of the pituitary-adrenal system were enhanced in the PRN and PST pups as compared to the CON pups in the 3 postnatal weeks. However, significant differences in some data between the PRN and PST pups were found, indicating the more pronounced beneficial effect of the prenatal reduction of litter size. The postnatal litter size reduction abolished the weight gain of the testes. The prenatal reduction of litter size resulted in a similar, although less pronounced negative effect.", "PMID": 561625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4692", "title": "[Hypnogenic action of a modulated electromagnetic field].", "content": "Behavioristic and electroencephalographic changes in rats under long-lasting modulated electromagnetic field (frequency of 40 MHz, modulation frequency 50 Hz, intensity 100--120 V/m) were studied. Some phasic disorders in the conditioned feeding and defense reactions were observed, including cataleptic state as a result of the action of modulated electromagnetic field. These behavioristic disorders are determined by the changes in the normal cortico-subcortical relationships.", "contents": "[Hypnogenic action of a modulated electromagnetic field]. Behavioristic and electroencephalographic changes in rats under long-lasting modulated electromagnetic field (frequency of 40 MHz, modulation frequency 50 Hz, intensity 100--120 V/m) were studied. Some phasic disorders in the conditioned feeding and defense reactions were observed, including cataleptic state as a result of the action of modulated electromagnetic field. These behavioristic disorders are determined by the changes in the normal cortico-subcortical relationships.", "PMID": 561631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4693", "title": "Activation of bovine factor VII by hageman factor fragments.", "content": "During the early events of coagulation of human blood by the intrinsic pathway, factor XII is activated to a form which can activate factor XI, and is proteolytically fragmented to smaller species (30,000 daltons and 70,000 daltons) which have lost most of the ability to activate factor XI but which can activate prekallikrein rapidly. The effect of these fragments on factor VII was studied. It was found that these Hageman factor fragments promoted rapid proteolysis of one-chain factor VII to a more active two-chain form. The amino-terminal sequences of the chains of activated factor VII were found to be Ala-Asx-Gly- and Ile-Val-Gly-, the same as were earlier observed after activation of factor VII by activated factor X. This finding indicates that initiation of coagulation by the intrinsic pathway also primes the extrinsic pathway.", "contents": "Activation of bovine factor VII by hageman factor fragments. During the early events of coagulation of human blood by the intrinsic pathway, factor XII is activated to a form which can activate factor XI, and is proteolytically fragmented to smaller species (30,000 daltons and 70,000 daltons) which have lost most of the ability to activate factor XI but which can activate prekallikrein rapidly. The effect of these fragments on factor VII was studied. It was found that these Hageman factor fragments promoted rapid proteolysis of one-chain factor VII to a more active two-chain form. The amino-terminal sequences of the chains of activated factor VII were found to be Ala-Asx-Gly- and Ile-Val-Gly-, the same as were earlier observed after activation of factor VII by activated factor X. This finding indicates that initiation of coagulation by the intrinsic pathway also primes the extrinsic pathway.", "PMID": 561632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4694", "title": "Erythroid cell growth from normal and W/WV murine bone marrow on macrophage-coated membranes.", "content": "Cellulose acetate membranes (CAM) placed in the peritoneal cavity of mice develop a macrophage layer capable of supporting in vivo hematopoietic colonies from intraperitoneally injected bone marrow cells. Modifications allowing for routine morphologic identification of colonies showed that both erythrocytic (E) and granulocytic (G) colonies occur with a consistent E:G ratio of 0.19 +/- 0.037. Stimulating recipients by bleeding or phenylhydrazine injection did not produce a significant change in the total number of colonies and a reduction in granulocytic colonies so that the E:G ratio significnatly increased. Hypertransfusion of donor animals had no effect on the number of erythroid colonies that grew on CAM of average recipients. The total colony-forming ability of bone marrow cells from genetically anemic W/WV mice was found not to differ from that of normal +/+ littermates; however, the E:G ratio of W/WV marrow in bled recipients was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) then that of +/+ marrow. These studies suggest that a CAM system supports an erythroid progenitor which is not affected by hypotransfusion of the donor animal, yet is dependent upon erythropoietin for colony formation, and that it is defective in the W/WV mouse.", "contents": "Erythroid cell growth from normal and W/WV murine bone marrow on macrophage-coated membranes. Cellulose acetate membranes (CAM) placed in the peritoneal cavity of mice develop a macrophage layer capable of supporting in vivo hematopoietic colonies from intraperitoneally injected bone marrow cells. Modifications allowing for routine morphologic identification of colonies showed that both erythrocytic (E) and granulocytic (G) colonies occur with a consistent E:G ratio of 0.19 +/- 0.037. Stimulating recipients by bleeding or phenylhydrazine injection did not produce a significant change in the total number of colonies and a reduction in granulocytic colonies so that the E:G ratio significnatly increased. Hypertransfusion of donor animals had no effect on the number of erythroid colonies that grew on CAM of average recipients. The total colony-forming ability of bone marrow cells from genetically anemic W/WV mice was found not to differ from that of normal +/+ littermates; however, the E:G ratio of W/WV marrow in bled recipients was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) then that of +/+ marrow. These studies suggest that a CAM system supports an erythroid progenitor which is not affected by hypotransfusion of the donor animal, yet is dependent upon erythropoietin for colony formation, and that it is defective in the W/WV mouse.", "PMID": 561634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4695", "title": "Cellular fluxes of vitamin B12.", "content": "Incorporation of vitamin B12 into L1210 cells requires the protein binder transcobalamin II (TCII). The process is saturable, follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 2.5 X 10(-9) M at 37 degrees C), is both temperature and calcium (K50 - 1 X 10(-6) M) dependent, and is inhibited by apo-TCII, indicating the presence of a TCII specific receptor on the cell membrane. B12 also leaves the cell by a calcium-independent pathway bound to either TCII or to a protein with chromatographic properties similar to those of TCIII. Since intact TCII-B12 can be found  in the cytosol and can promote B12 uptake by mitochondria, it is proposed that the B12 released from the cell bound to the TCIII-like protein is derived by mitochondrial processing of incorporated TCII-B12. The slower time course of release of the latter B12 is consistent with this postulate.", "contents": "Cellular fluxes of vitamin B12. Incorporation of vitamin B12 into L1210 cells requires the protein binder transcobalamin II (TCII). The process is saturable, follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 2.5 X 10(-9) M at 37 degrees C), is both temperature and calcium (K50 - 1 X 10(-6) M) dependent, and is inhibited by apo-TCII, indicating the presence of a TCII specific receptor on the cell membrane. B12 also leaves the cell by a calcium-independent pathway bound to either TCII or to a protein with chromatographic properties similar to those of TCIII. Since intact TCII-B12 can be found  in the cytosol and can promote B12 uptake by mitochondria, it is proposed that the B12 released from the cell bound to the TCIII-like protein is derived by mitochondrial processing of incorporated TCII-B12. The slower time course of release of the latter B12 is consistent with this postulate.", "PMID": 561635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4696", "title": "Diurnal plasma free fatty acid profiles in normal and diabetic pregnancies.", "content": "Diurnal plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose concentrations were measured in 23 normal women, 13 chemical diabetics, and 11 insulin-dependent diabetics in late pregnancy. The mean diurnal FFA value was lowest in the insulin-requiring diabetics and highest in the chemical diabetics. Although no association was found between percentile birthweight and maternal mean fasting or diurnal FFA, there was a positive correlation between percentile birthweight and both mean maternal fasting plasma glucose and mean diurnal glucose in normal and chemical diabetic women. These observations support the view that glucose is the major substrate used by the fetus, but birthweight may be influenced more by the total substrate crossing the placenta than by maternal levels of either glucose or FFA alone.", "contents": "Diurnal plasma free fatty acid profiles in normal and diabetic pregnancies. Diurnal plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose concentrations were measured in 23 normal women, 13 chemical diabetics, and 11 insulin-dependent diabetics in late pregnancy. The mean diurnal FFA value was lowest in the insulin-requiring diabetics and highest in the chemical diabetics. Although no association was found between percentile birthweight and maternal mean fasting or diurnal FFA, there was a positive correlation between percentile birthweight and both mean maternal fasting plasma glucose and mean diurnal glucose in normal and chemical diabetic women. These observations support the view that glucose is the major substrate used by the fetus, but birthweight may be influenced more by the total substrate crossing the placenta than by maternal levels of either glucose or FFA alone.", "PMID": 561638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4697", "title": "Effects on germ-free and conventional quail of substituting isolated soya protein for free amino acids in a purified diet.", "content": "1. Germ-free and conventional Japanese quail reared on a diet in which the nitrogen was supplied solely in the form of free amino acids grew well, but growth was significantly better in both environments when some of the amino acids were replaced by an equivalent quantity of isolated soya protein. 2. Although the small intestine was shorter in the birds given the soya protein supplement, its weight per unit of length was greater; histological examination suggested that its circumference and wall thickness were both increased. 3. Results of a small experiment with conventional quail given the diets marked with 14C-polyethylene glycol indicated that the free amino acid diet passed through the gut more rapidly than the supplemented diet. 4. It was concluded that the growth-promoting effect of the isolated soya protein was unrelated to the activities of the gut microflora but might be due to changes in the digestive and absorptive capacities of the small intestine induced by the different physical nature of the supplemented diet.", "contents": "Effects on germ-free and conventional quail of substituting isolated soya protein for free amino acids in a purified diet. 1. Germ-free and conventional Japanese quail reared on a diet in which the nitrogen was supplied solely in the form of free amino acids grew well, but growth was significantly better in both environments when some of the amino acids were replaced by an equivalent quantity of isolated soya protein. 2. Although the small intestine was shorter in the birds given the soya protein supplement, its weight per unit of length was greater; histological examination suggested that its circumference and wall thickness were both increased. 3. Results of a small experiment with conventional quail given the diets marked with 14C-polyethylene glycol indicated that the free amino acid diet passed through the gut more rapidly than the supplemented diet. 4. It was concluded that the growth-promoting effect of the isolated soya protein was unrelated to the activities of the gut microflora but might be due to changes in the digestive and absorptive capacities of the small intestine induced by the different physical nature of the supplemented diet.", "PMID": 561641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4698", "title": "Formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase from porcine liver. A sulfhydryl essential for the deaminase activity of the bifunctional enzyme.", "content": "Reaction of the bifunctional enzyme formiminoglutamate:tetrahydrofolate formiminotransferase (EC 2.1.2.5) - formiminotetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase (EC 4.3.1.4) with the sulfhydryl reagent 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) selectively inactivates the cyclodeaminase. Loss of activity correlates with the modification of two sulfhydryl groups per subunit. The inhibitor folic acid reduces the rates of inactivation and sulfhydryl modification, and protection experiments demonstrate that only one of the two sulfhydryls modified is important for enzyme activity. The results indicate the presence of a cyclodeaminase site on each polypeptide, assuming one sulfhydryl per site, in agreement with a quaternary structure containing identical polypeptides. Modification does not cause dissociation of the enzyme and is reversible with dithiothreitol.", "contents": "Formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase from porcine liver. A sulfhydryl essential for the deaminase activity of the bifunctional enzyme. Reaction of the bifunctional enzyme formiminoglutamate:tetrahydrofolate formiminotransferase (EC 2.1.2.5) - formiminotetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase (EC 4.3.1.4) with the sulfhydryl reagent 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) selectively inactivates the cyclodeaminase. Loss of activity correlates with the modification of two sulfhydryl groups per subunit. The inhibitor folic acid reduces the rates of inactivation and sulfhydryl modification, and protection experiments demonstrate that only one of the two sulfhydryls modified is important for enzyme activity. The results indicate the presence of a cyclodeaminase site on each polypeptide, assuming one sulfhydryl per site, in agreement with a quaternary structure containing identical polypeptides. Modification does not cause dissociation of the enzyme and is reversible with dithiothreitol.", "PMID": 561642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4699", "title": "Comparison of colony morphology, salt tolerance, and effectiveness in Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "Four strains of Rhizobium japonicum, two of which produce slimy and non-slimy colony types and two others which produce large and small colony types, were isolated and cloned. All were infective and nodulated Lee soybean host plants. Each colony type was characterized as to its salt sensitivity to Na+ and K+ ions, relative level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and relative level of free-living nitrogen fixation. Growth studies performed in the presence of salts demonstrated that the non-slimy or small colony types were sensitive to salt with significantly depressed growth rates and cell yields. Growth rates and cell yields of slimy, large, colony types were relatively unaffected by salt. Both symbiotic and free-living (non-associative) nitrogen fixation analyses (by acetylene reduction) revealed that the non-slimy, small colonies were significantly more effective than slimy, large colonies.", "contents": "Comparison of colony morphology, salt tolerance, and effectiveness in Rhizobium japonicum. Four strains of Rhizobium japonicum, two of which produce slimy and non-slimy colony types and two others which produce large and small colony types, were isolated and cloned. All were infective and nodulated Lee soybean host plants. Each colony type was characterized as to its salt sensitivity to Na+ and K+ ions, relative level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and relative level of free-living nitrogen fixation. Growth studies performed in the presence of salts demonstrated that the non-slimy or small colony types were sensitive to salt with significantly depressed growth rates and cell yields. Growth rates and cell yields of slimy, large, colony types were relatively unaffected by salt. Both symbiotic and free-living (non-associative) nitrogen fixation analyses (by acetylene reduction) revealed that the non-slimy, small colonies were significantly more effective than slimy, large colonies.", "PMID": 561643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4700", "title": "Contrasting effects of rabbit and human platelets on chikungunya virus infectivity.", "content": "Chikungunya virus infectivity was markedly stabilized in the presence of washed suspensions of human platelets but rapidly disappeared in similar preparations of rabbit platelets. Supernatant fluids collected from human platelets had some stabilizing effect on chikungunya virus over a 6-day incubation period at 37 degrees C. Rabbit platelet supernatant fluid had no virus-stabilizing effect, nor did it demonstrate any capacity to inactivate virus as compared to whole rabbit platelet preparations. Thin-section election microscopy demonstrated that chikungunya virus formed an associated with human platelets by becoming entrapped in platelet aggregates; during this process some of the platelets appeared to have undergone degranulation and lysis. Rabbit platelets exposed to chikungunya virus for 24 h demonstrated a considerable amount of platelet degranulation and lysis but virus was not visualized either in association with platelet membranes or within phagocytic vacuoles in the platelet cytoplasm. Human platelets, which appear to be more stable under these incubation conditions, may protect chikungunya virus infectivity from heat inactivation by surrounding viruses with large platelet aggregates whereas rabbit platelets, which appear to be more fragile, do not afford this type of protection. Thus, chikungunya virus in the presence of rabbit platelets may become inactivated by heat or may become bound irreversibly to membranes in such a fashion that infectivity assay and electron microscopy techniques may prove to be too insensitive for detection of virus.", "contents": "Contrasting effects of rabbit and human platelets on chikungunya virus infectivity. Chikungunya virus infectivity was markedly stabilized in the presence of washed suspensions of human platelets but rapidly disappeared in similar preparations of rabbit platelets. Supernatant fluids collected from human platelets had some stabilizing effect on chikungunya virus over a 6-day incubation period at 37 degrees C. Rabbit platelet supernatant fluid had no virus-stabilizing effect, nor did it demonstrate any capacity to inactivate virus as compared to whole rabbit platelet preparations. Thin-section election microscopy demonstrated that chikungunya virus formed an associated with human platelets by becoming entrapped in platelet aggregates; during this process some of the platelets appeared to have undergone degranulation and lysis. Rabbit platelets exposed to chikungunya virus for 24 h demonstrated a considerable amount of platelet degranulation and lysis but virus was not visualized either in association with platelet membranes or within phagocytic vacuoles in the platelet cytoplasm. Human platelets, which appear to be more stable under these incubation conditions, may protect chikungunya virus infectivity from heat inactivation by surrounding viruses with large platelet aggregates whereas rabbit platelets, which appear to be more fragile, do not afford this type of protection. Thus, chikungunya virus in the presence of rabbit platelets may become inactivated by heat or may become bound irreversibly to membranes in such a fashion that infectivity assay and electron microscopy techniques may prove to be too insensitive for detection of virus.", "PMID": 561645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4701", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of certain species of the genus Bacteroides.", "content": "The moles percent guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA (% G + C) of 15 Bacteroides strains representing six species was determined. One group, including three strains of Bacteroides ruminicola, two strains of B. melaninogenicus, two strains of B. succinogenes, and one strain of B. oralis (JI), had a % G + C of 47.6--50.3 and a second group including two strains of B. amylophilus, four strains of B. fragilis, and one strain of B. succinogenes had a lower % G + C of 40.3--42.7. The taxonomic relationships among these bacteroides species were discussed.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of certain species of the genus Bacteroides. The moles percent guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA (% G + C) of 15 Bacteroides strains representing six species was determined. One group, including three strains of Bacteroides ruminicola, two strains of B. melaninogenicus, two strains of B. succinogenes, and one strain of B. oralis (JI), had a % G + C of 47.6--50.3 and a second group including two strains of B. amylophilus, four strains of B. fragilis, and one strain of B. succinogenes had a lower % G + C of 40.3--42.7. The taxonomic relationships among these bacteroides species were discussed.", "PMID": 561646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4702", "title": "Characterization and radiobiologic parameters of medulloblastoma in vitro.", "content": "Cultured cells from human medulloblastomas were demonstrated to have distinctive features and a \"glial\" potential from the morphological and ultrastructural parameters. The in vitro radiobiological survival curve parameters of cultured human medulloblastoma and non-malignant skin fibroblasts obtained under the same conditions of exponential growth were similar. In vitro conditions may underestimate the shoulder region of the survival curve. Since the shoulder region is the most important in clinical fractionated radiotherapy, multiple dose experiments might be useful in examining this portion of the survival curve more closely.", "contents": "Characterization and radiobiologic parameters of medulloblastoma in vitro. Cultured cells from human medulloblastomas were demonstrated to have distinctive features and a \"glial\" potential from the morphological and ultrastructural parameters. The in vitro radiobiological survival curve parameters of cultured human medulloblastoma and non-malignant skin fibroblasts obtained under the same conditions of exponential growth were similar. In vitro conditions may underestimate the shoulder region of the survival curve. Since the shoulder region is the most important in clinical fractionated radiotherapy, multiple dose experiments might be useful in examining this portion of the survival curve more closely.", "PMID": 561648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4703", "title": "Ultrastructure of gonadoblastoma and disgerminoma (seminoma) in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "The gross and fine morphology of gonadoblastoma and disgerminoma in a young phenotypic female with male karyotype and gonadal dysgenesis is described. Both the rudimentary gonads contain gonadoblastomas on the left side in association with a disgerminoma. In the light microscope the gonadoblastomas show peculiar hyaline masses, surrounded by Sertoli-like cells. In some areas a direct continuation between hyaline masses and basement membranes of round nests or large anomalous seminiferous tubules is obvious. At the ultrastructural level the hyaline masses consist of densely packed, largely concentric membranes closely similar to basement membranes or basal laminae of seminiferous tubules. These observations and the finding of transitional zones with gonadoblastoma elements in enlarged tubular structures suggest that gonadoblastomas originate inside tubules of dysgenetic testes. The peculiar hyaline masses with their concentric membranes might reflect hyperplasia and death of the Sertoli cells, each new generation of cells producing a basement membrane outside the preceding one.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of gonadoblastoma and disgerminoma (seminoma) in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesis. The gross and fine morphology of gonadoblastoma and disgerminoma in a young phenotypic female with male karyotype and gonadal dysgenesis is described. Both the rudimentary gonads contain gonadoblastomas on the left side in association with a disgerminoma. In the light microscope the gonadoblastomas show peculiar hyaline masses, surrounded by Sertoli-like cells. In some areas a direct continuation between hyaline masses and basement membranes of round nests or large anomalous seminiferous tubules is obvious. At the ultrastructural level the hyaline masses consist of densely packed, largely concentric membranes closely similar to basement membranes or basal laminae of seminiferous tubules. These observations and the finding of transitional zones with gonadoblastoma elements in enlarged tubular structures suggest that gonadoblastomas originate inside tubules of dysgenetic testes. The peculiar hyaline masses with their concentric membranes might reflect hyperplasia and death of the Sertoli cells, each new generation of cells producing a basement membrane outside the preceding one.", "PMID": 561649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4704", "title": "Lymphangiography in patients with ovarian epithelial cancer: an evaluation of 289 consecutive cases.", "content": "From January, 1973, to June, 1976, 226 patients with palpable ovarian masses were evaluated preoperatively by lymphography. Histology showed 166 cases of malignant epithelial tumors, 26 benign tumors, and 34 malignant special tumors (not included in this report). Furthermore, the group of patients included 99 recurrences of ovarian epithelial cancer and 24 patients who underwent restaging diagnostic procedures without clinical evidence of disease. Lymphography was negative in all patients with benign tumors. In the 289 cases of epithelial cancer, lymphangiography gave evidence of nodal metastases in 88 (30%). When the histological subtype was considered, the highest incidence of metastases was in undifferentiated carcinoma (50%) and the lowest, in mesonephroid carcinoma (14%). According to the stage before lymphography, nodal metastases were found in 8% of Stage I, 0% of Stage II, 29% of Stage III, and 53% of Stage IV cases. The incidence of metastases was 46% in patients studied for recurrent disease and 17% in patients studied for restaging. Fifty-four percent of patients had metastases only in the pelvic nodes and 18% only in the para-aortic chains; in 28% both chains were involved simultaneously. Bilateral involvement was found in 63% of the positive cases. Retroperitoneal node biopsies were performed in 68 patients (36%). The radiologic/histologic correlation was 100% in the lymphangiographically positive cases; 81% in the negative cases, with nine false-negative reports; and 87% in all cases.", "contents": "Lymphangiography in patients with ovarian epithelial cancer: an evaluation of 289 consecutive cases. From January, 1973, to June, 1976, 226 patients with palpable ovarian masses were evaluated preoperatively by lymphography. Histology showed 166 cases of malignant epithelial tumors, 26 benign tumors, and 34 malignant special tumors (not included in this report). Furthermore, the group of patients included 99 recurrences of ovarian epithelial cancer and 24 patients who underwent restaging diagnostic procedures without clinical evidence of disease. Lymphography was negative in all patients with benign tumors. In the 289 cases of epithelial cancer, lymphangiography gave evidence of nodal metastases in 88 (30%). When the histological subtype was considered, the highest incidence of metastases was in undifferentiated carcinoma (50%) and the lowest, in mesonephroid carcinoma (14%). According to the stage before lymphography, nodal metastases were found in 8% of Stage I, 0% of Stage II, 29% of Stage III, and 53% of Stage IV cases. The incidence of metastases was 46% in patients studied for recurrent disease and 17% in patients studied for restaging. Fifty-four percent of patients had metastases only in the pelvic nodes and 18% only in the para-aortic chains; in 28% both chains were involved simultaneously. Bilateral involvement was found in 63% of the positive cases. Retroperitoneal node biopsies were performed in 68 patients (36%). The radiologic/histologic correlation was 100% in the lymphangiographically positive cases; 81% in the negative cases, with nine false-negative reports; and 87% in all cases.", "PMID": 561650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4705", "title": "Fibrosarcoma in infants and children: a review of 110 cases.", "content": "This retrospective study summarizes the clinicopathologic findings in 110 children with fibrosarcoma. Seventy cases were selected from previous reports and 40 were from our files. The histologic criteria used for diagnosis are the same as those used for adults. Sixty-eight patients were in the first quinquennium of life, 13 in the second, and 29 in the third. Eleven patients died of their tumor, three in the first quinquennium and eight in ght third. Our findings indicate that children who are less than 5 years old have a 7.3% chance of developing metastatic spread even though the local recurrence rate is 43%. Children who are 10 years old or older had a metastatic rate of 50% at 5-year follow-up, a figure closely approximating that for adults. We believe that infants and children less than 5 years old may be treated initially by local excision of the lesion, without sacrificing significant function of the part. Recurrent tumor does not seem to predispose to metastatic disease.", "contents": "Fibrosarcoma in infants and children: a review of 110 cases. This retrospective study summarizes the clinicopathologic findings in 110 children with fibrosarcoma. Seventy cases were selected from previous reports and 40 were from our files. The histologic criteria used for diagnosis are the same as those used for adults. Sixty-eight patients were in the first quinquennium of life, 13 in the second, and 29 in the third. Eleven patients died of their tumor, three in the first quinquennium and eight in ght third. Our findings indicate that children who are less than 5 years old have a 7.3% chance of developing metastatic spread even though the local recurrence rate is 43%. Children who are 10 years old or older had a metastatic rate of 50% at 5-year follow-up, a figure closely approximating that for adults. We believe that infants and children less than 5 years old may be treated initially by local excision of the lesion, without sacrificing significant function of the part. Recurrent tumor does not seem to predispose to metastatic disease.", "PMID": 561651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4706", "title": "Induction of tumors in mice with the herbicide succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide.", "content": "A solution of 2% succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide was given continuously in the drinking water of 6-week-old randomly bred albino mice for the remainder of their lives. The treatment gave rise to tumors of blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys. The tumor incidences in these tissues in the controls were 6, 18, and 0%, whereas in the treated groups the corresponding tumor incidences were 73, 73, and 5%. Light microscopic examination revealed typical angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs, and adenomas of kidneys. The study thus demonstrates the tumorigenicity of the herbicide, succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide. Since the residues of this chemical occur in fruit, the human population is exposed to it. The environmental implication of this finding and the fact that the hydrazines as a class have tumorigenic properties are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of tumors in mice with the herbicide succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide. A solution of 2% succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide was given continuously in the drinking water of 6-week-old randomly bred albino mice for the remainder of their lives. The treatment gave rise to tumors of blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys. The tumor incidences in these tissues in the controls were 6, 18, and 0%, whereas in the treated groups the corresponding tumor incidences were 73, 73, and 5%. Light microscopic examination revealed typical angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs, and adenomas of kidneys. The study thus demonstrates the tumorigenicity of the herbicide, succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide. Since the residues of this chemical occur in fruit, the human population is exposed to it. The environmental implication of this finding and the fact that the hydrazines as a class have tumorigenic properties are discussed.", "PMID": 561652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4707", "title": "Growth stimulation of endothelial cells by simultaneous culture with Sarcoma 180 cells in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Endothelial cells derived from pig aorta were cultured in Petri dishes containing Sarcoma 180 cells growing in Millipore diffusion chambers. The presence of tumor cells consistently increased the colony-forming ability of the endothelial cells, an effect not produced by control-killed cells or 3T3 fibroblasts. This observation suggests that the cultured tumor cell retains the ability to produce diffusible substances that stimulate endothelial cell growth. These products may be similar to the angiogenic factors elaborated by malignant cells in vivo. The use of such a method may allow a closer study of the effect of tumor cells on the growth of a variety of tissues.", "contents": "Growth stimulation of endothelial cells by simultaneous culture with Sarcoma 180 cells in diffusion chambers. Endothelial cells derived from pig aorta were cultured in Petri dishes containing Sarcoma 180 cells growing in Millipore diffusion chambers. The presence of tumor cells consistently increased the colony-forming ability of the endothelial cells, an effect not produced by control-killed cells or 3T3 fibroblasts. This observation suggests that the cultured tumor cell retains the ability to produce diffusible substances that stimulate endothelial cell growth. These products may be similar to the angiogenic factors elaborated by malignant cells in vivo. The use of such a method may allow a closer study of the effect of tumor cells on the growth of a variety of tissues.", "PMID": 561653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4708", "title": "Transferrin promotion of 67Ga and 59Fe uptake by cultured mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "Radiotracer 67Ga-citrate is used as a tumor-seeking agent in clinical imaging investigations although fundamental reasons for its high uptake in certain malignant lesions remain unexplained. The mechanism by which 67Ga becomes concentrated in tumor cells has been investigated by comparing 67Ga and 59Fe uptake by cultured mouse myeloma cells with particular reference to uptake stimulation by transferrin. Concentrations of human transferrin down to 2 microgram/ml greatly stimulated cellular uptake of both tracers, whereas bovine transferrin proved relatively inactive. The rates of stimulated uptake of both tracers were similar as was their high degree of retention by cells, but their quantitative dependencies on transferrin concentration showed characteristic differences. Pretreatment of human transferrin with saturating amounts of nonradioactive Fe3+ canceled its ability to promote 59Fe uptake, but it had little effect on its promotion of 67Ga uptake. Further increase in the amount of added Fe3+ did cause a progressive depression of 67Ga uptake, but this effect probably relates to the iron distribution in the whole-cell culture system including the fetal calf serum component of cell growth medium. The results suggest that 67Ga and 59Fe reveal different aspects of the interaction of transferrin with cells.", "contents": "Transferrin promotion of 67Ga and 59Fe uptake by cultured mouse myeloma cells. Radiotracer 67Ga-citrate is used as a tumor-seeking agent in clinical imaging investigations although fundamental reasons for its high uptake in certain malignant lesions remain unexplained. The mechanism by which 67Ga becomes concentrated in tumor cells has been investigated by comparing 67Ga and 59Fe uptake by cultured mouse myeloma cells with particular reference to uptake stimulation by transferrin. Concentrations of human transferrin down to 2 microgram/ml greatly stimulated cellular uptake of both tracers, whereas bovine transferrin proved relatively inactive. The rates of stimulated uptake of both tracers were similar as was their high degree of retention by cells, but their quantitative dependencies on transferrin concentration showed characteristic differences. Pretreatment of human transferrin with saturating amounts of nonradioactive Fe3+ canceled its ability to promote 59Fe uptake, but it had little effect on its promotion of 67Ga uptake. Further increase in the amount of added Fe3+ did cause a progressive depression of 67Ga uptake, but this effect probably relates to the iron distribution in the whole-cell culture system including the fetal calf serum component of cell growth medium. The results suggest that 67Ga and 59Fe reveal different aspects of the interaction of transferrin with cells.", "PMID": 561654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4709", "title": "Sensitivity of different cell lines and of different phases in the cell cycle to hyperthermia.", "content": "The sensitivity of different cell lines (Chinese hamster ovary, HeLa, L1210, and P388) to 43 degrees was compared Chinese hamster ovary and HeLa cells were much less temperature sensitive than were L1210 or P388 cells. This difference persisted even when HeLa and L1210 cells were grown in the same medium and suggested that this was an inherent difference between the cell lines. Of all the cell lines, 7-day L1210 ascites, maintained by transfer in mice, were the most sensitive. The greater sensitivity of these cells, as compared to 4-day L1210 ascites or cells in culture, may be explained by the difference in their growth stages. The 7-day ascites cells would be in stationary growth as compared to the exponentially growing 4-day ascites or the cells in culture. The temperature sensitivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells in different parts of the cell cycle was determined. Mid and late-S-phase cells were more sensitive than cells in mitosis or early S; G1 and G2 cells were the least sensitive. In a partially synchronized culture, the heat sensitivity of L1210 cells increased with increased percentage of cells in S phase.", "contents": "Sensitivity of different cell lines and of different phases in the cell cycle to hyperthermia. The sensitivity of different cell lines (Chinese hamster ovary, HeLa, L1210, and P388) to 43 degrees was compared Chinese hamster ovary and HeLa cells were much less temperature sensitive than were L1210 or P388 cells. This difference persisted even when HeLa and L1210 cells were grown in the same medium and suggested that this was an inherent difference between the cell lines. Of all the cell lines, 7-day L1210 ascites, maintained by transfer in mice, were the most sensitive. The greater sensitivity of these cells, as compared to 4-day L1210 ascites or cells in culture, may be explained by the difference in their growth stages. The 7-day ascites cells would be in stationary growth as compared to the exponentially growing 4-day ascites or the cells in culture. The temperature sensitivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells in different parts of the cell cycle was determined. Mid and late-S-phase cells were more sensitive than cells in mitosis or early S; G1 and G2 cells were the least sensitive. In a partially synchronized culture, the heat sensitivity of L1210 cells increased with increased percentage of cells in S phase.", "PMID": 561655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4710", "title": "Mantel-Haenszel analyses of litter-matched time-to-response data, with modifications for recovery of interlitter information.", "content": "The Mantel-Haenszel procedure for comparing sets of time-to-response data is adaptable to data that can be stratified on other variables. A particular adaptation, which we have used, is one in which animals from the same litter have been assigned to different treatment groups, e.g., some to a control group and some to a drug treatment group. The time to response used was that of tumor appearance; death from other causes was considered a loss to observation. The initial litter-adjusted analysis seemed to have only limited advantages compared to analysis that ignored litters and could be interpreted as suggesting that litter matchihg was not advantageous. Contributing to the difficulty was the fact that in the litter-matched analysis no further information was forthcoming from the remaining similarly treated animals in a litter when there were no remaining contrastingly treated littermates. Several devices for recovering interlitter information from such remnants and for combining it with intralitter information are examined and applied.", "contents": "Mantel-Haenszel analyses of litter-matched time-to-response data, with modifications for recovery of interlitter information. The Mantel-Haenszel procedure for comparing sets of time-to-response data is adaptable to data that can be stratified on other variables. A particular adaptation, which we have used, is one in which animals from the same litter have been assigned to different treatment groups, e.g., some to a control group and some to a drug treatment group. The time to response used was that of tumor appearance; death from other causes was considered a loss to observation. The initial litter-adjusted analysis seemed to have only limited advantages compared to analysis that ignored litters and could be interpreted as suggesting that litter matchihg was not advantageous. Contributing to the difficulty was the fact that in the litter-matched analysis no further information was forthcoming from the remaining similarly treated animals in a litter when there were no remaining contrastingly treated littermates. Several devices for recovering interlitter information from such remnants and for combining it with intralitter information are examined and applied.", "PMID": 561656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4711", "title": "Retinoic acid-binding protein in experimental tumors and in tissues with metastatic tumor foci.", "content": "Screening for retinoic acid-binding protein (RABP) in experimental tumors revealed the presence of this protein in three mammary tumors, two metastatic colon tumors, B16 melanoma. Lewis lung carcinoma, Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, and keratoacanthoma. RABP was below the limits of detection in two weakly metastatic colon tumors and in Sarcoma 180. After s.c. implantation of RABP-containing tumors into mice, this protein could be traced in the lungs due to pulmonary metastasis. Following implantation of Lewis lung tumors, RABP was detected in the lung on the 6th day. On the 15th day after implantation, RABP was present in lung and brain, but not in other tissues where this protein was normally lacking. In primary cultures of Lewis lung carcinoma, the lower limit for detection of RABP by sucrose gradient sedimentation technique corresponded to 0.12 mg protein that was extractable from 3 X 10(5) cells. Both chick embryo skin and rabbit ear skin extracts contained RABP; the level of cellular retinol-binding protein was high in chick embryo skin but only marginal in rabbit ear. The amounts of these proteins on chick embryo skin and rabbit ear skin correlate with the biological potency of retinol and retinoic acid, as observed by others.", "contents": "Retinoic acid-binding protein in experimental tumors and in tissues with metastatic tumor foci. Screening for retinoic acid-binding protein (RABP) in experimental tumors revealed the presence of this protein in three mammary tumors, two metastatic colon tumors, B16 melanoma. Lewis lung carcinoma, Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, and keratoacanthoma. RABP was below the limits of detection in two weakly metastatic colon tumors and in Sarcoma 180. After s.c. implantation of RABP-containing tumors into mice, this protein could be traced in the lungs due to pulmonary metastasis. Following implantation of Lewis lung tumors, RABP was detected in the lung on the 6th day. On the 15th day after implantation, RABP was present in lung and brain, but not in other tissues where this protein was normally lacking. In primary cultures of Lewis lung carcinoma, the lower limit for detection of RABP by sucrose gradient sedimentation technique corresponded to 0.12 mg protein that was extractable from 3 X 10(5) cells. Both chick embryo skin and rabbit ear skin extracts contained RABP; the level of cellular retinol-binding protein was high in chick embryo skin but only marginal in rabbit ear. The amounts of these proteins on chick embryo skin and rabbit ear skin correlate with the biological potency of retinol and retinoic acid, as observed by others.", "PMID": 561658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4712", "title": "Influence of histone H1 on chromatin structure.", "content": "Removal of histone H1 produces a transition in the structure of chromatin fibers as observed by electron microscopy. Chromatin containing all histone proteins appears as fibers with a diameter of about 250 A. The nucleosomes within these fibers are closely packed. If histone H1 is selectively removed with 50-100 mM NaCl in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in the presence of the ion-exchange resin AG 50 W - X2, chromatin appears as \"beads-on-a-string\" with the nucleosomes separated from each other by distances of about 150-200 A. If chromatin is treated in the presence of the resin with NaCl at concentrations of 650 mM or more, the structural organization of the chromatin is decreased, yielding fibers of irregular appearance.", "contents": "Influence of histone H1 on chromatin structure. Removal of histone H1 produces a transition in the structure of chromatin fibers as observed by electron microscopy. Chromatin containing all histone proteins appears as fibers with a diameter of about 250 A. The nucleosomes within these fibers are closely packed. If histone H1 is selectively removed with 50-100 mM NaCl in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in the presence of the ion-exchange resin AG 50 W - X2, chromatin appears as \"beads-on-a-string\" with the nucleosomes separated from each other by distances of about 150-200 A. If chromatin is treated in the presence of the resin with NaCl at concentrations of 650 mM or more, the structural organization of the chromatin is decreased, yielding fibers of irregular appearance.", "PMID": 561660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4713", "title": "A pseudogene structure in 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis, coding for oocyte-type 5S RNA, consists of many copies of a tandemly repeated unit of about 700 base pairs. Each unit contains a \"pseudogene\" in addition to the gene. The pseudogene has been partly sequenced and appears to be an almost perfect repeat of 101 residues of the gene. The order of components in the repeat unit is (5') long spacer--gene--linker--pseudogene (3') in the \"+\" strand (or H strand) of the DNA. The possible function of the pseudogene is discussed.", "contents": "A pseudogene structure in 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis. The 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis, coding for oocyte-type 5S RNA, consists of many copies of a tandemly repeated unit of about 700 base pairs. Each unit contains a \"pseudogene\" in addition to the gene. The pseudogene has been partly sequenced and appears to be an almost perfect repeat of 101 residues of the gene. The order of components in the repeat unit is (5') long spacer--gene--linker--pseudogene (3') in the \"+\" strand (or H strand) of the DNA. The possible function of the pseudogene is discussed.", "PMID": 561661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4714", "title": "Recombinant DNA formation in a cell-free system from Xenopus laevis eggs.", "content": "A cell-free system is described which formed very high levels of recombinant DNA structures in 4 hr at 26 degrees C. It consisted of a single fraction of a high speed supernatant prepared from an extract of unfertilized eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. This fraction eluted at 0.16-0.18 M Tris homogenization buffer from a DEAE-cellulose column. When two partially homologous supercoiled DNA molecules of different contour lengths were incubated simultaneously in this system, high levels of heterologous figure eight DNA structures were formed and observed by electron microscopy. Subsequently cleavage of the newly formed figure eight structures with Bam HI and Eco RI restriction endonucleases gave rise to \"alpha structures\" and \"chi structures.\" The observed figure eight structures presumably represent the recombination intermediate predicted by the Holliday model for genetic recombination.", "contents": "Recombinant DNA formation in a cell-free system from Xenopus laevis eggs. A cell-free system is described which formed very high levels of recombinant DNA structures in 4 hr at 26 degrees C. It consisted of a single fraction of a high speed supernatant prepared from an extract of unfertilized eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. This fraction eluted at 0.16-0.18 M Tris homogenization buffer from a DEAE-cellulose column. When two partially homologous supercoiled DNA molecules of different contour lengths were incubated simultaneously in this system, high levels of heterologous figure eight DNA structures were formed and observed by electron microscopy. Subsequently cleavage of the newly formed figure eight structures with Bam HI and Eco RI restriction endonucleases gave rise to \"alpha structures\" and \"chi structures.\" The observed figure eight structures presumably represent the recombination intermediate predicted by the Holliday model for genetic recombination.", "PMID": 561663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4715", "title": "Translational control of protein synthesis during the early stages of differentiation of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "As analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, no new proteins are synthesized during the first 60 min of differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum. The major change observed is the cessation of synthesis of five polypeptides and the reduction in the relative rates of synthesis of several more. We show here that this specific inhibition of protein synthesis is under translational control; the mRNAs for these proteins persevere in the cell in a translatable form for as long as 4 hr of differentiation, but these proteins are not synthesized by the cells after 2 min of development. As determined by analysis of the subcellular distribution of ribosomes and messenger RNA, there is a precipitous drop in the overall rate of polypeptide chain initiation during the first 5 min of differentiation. To interrelate and explain these phenomena, we show that a recent kinetic analysis of mRNA translation can explain how a reduction in the activity of a component of the initiation machinery required for translation of all mRNAs, such as an initiation factor, could result in a reduction in the overall rate of chain initiation and also a preferential inhibition of translation of certain mRNAs.", "contents": "Translational control of protein synthesis during the early stages of differentiation of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. As analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, no new proteins are synthesized during the first 60 min of differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum. The major change observed is the cessation of synthesis of five polypeptides and the reduction in the relative rates of synthesis of several more. We show here that this specific inhibition of protein synthesis is under translational control; the mRNAs for these proteins persevere in the cell in a translatable form for as long as 4 hr of differentiation, but these proteins are not synthesized by the cells after 2 min of development. As determined by analysis of the subcellular distribution of ribosomes and messenger RNA, there is a precipitous drop in the overall rate of polypeptide chain initiation during the first 5 min of differentiation. To interrelate and explain these phenomena, we show that a recent kinetic analysis of mRNA translation can explain how a reduction in the activity of a component of the initiation machinery required for translation of all mRNAs, such as an initiation factor, could result in a reduction in the overall rate of chain initiation and also a preferential inhibition of translation of certain mRNAs.", "PMID": 561666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4716", "title": "Animal dander allergy.", "content": "In a group of twenty-three atopic patients skin tests were performed with the dander allergens of horse, cat and guinea-pig, and with house dust and Timothy pollen allergens. A good agreement was observed between positive skin reactions and the results of RAST with these various allergens. In a number of cases, positive skin reactions were not related to the clinical histories. Likewise, positive RAST scores in several instances proved clinically meaningless. In patients with history-related skin reactions better correlation with RAST was observed. In such patients, skin reactions with photo-inactivated allergens remained strongly positive.", "contents": "Animal dander allergy. In a group of twenty-three atopic patients skin tests were performed with the dander allergens of horse, cat and guinea-pig, and with house dust and Timothy pollen allergens. A good agreement was observed between positive skin reactions and the results of RAST with these various allergens. In a number of cases, positive skin reactions were not related to the clinical histories. Likewise, positive RAST scores in several instances proved clinically meaningless. In patients with history-related skin reactions better correlation with RAST was observed. In such patients, skin reactions with photo-inactivated allergens remained strongly positive.", "PMID": 561669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4717", "title": "Pulmonary hypersensitivity to Alternaria and Aspergillus in baker's asthma.", "content": "In two cases of baker's asthma pulmonary hypersensitivity was found to the fungi Alternaria and Aspergillus. Provocative bronchial challenge revealed a dual response; an immediate and an Arthus type hypersensitivity to Aspergillus in the first case. A primary binding assay revealed high titres of anti-Aspergillus antibody in the serum. In the second case intradermal and bronchial challenge suggested an immediate type I hypersensitivity response to Alternaria. The suspected organisms were present in the room air of the bakeries. It is suggested that an immunological response to these airborne fungi may have contributed to the pathogenesis of baker's asthma.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypersensitivity to Alternaria and Aspergillus in baker's asthma. In two cases of baker's asthma pulmonary hypersensitivity was found to the fungi Alternaria and Aspergillus. Provocative bronchial challenge revealed a dual response; an immediate and an Arthus type hypersensitivity to Aspergillus in the first case. A primary binding assay revealed high titres of anti-Aspergillus antibody in the serum. In the second case intradermal and bronchial challenge suggested an immediate type I hypersensitivity response to Alternaria. The suspected organisms were present in the room air of the bakeries. It is suggested that an immunological response to these airborne fungi may have contributed to the pathogenesis of baker's asthma.", "PMID": 561668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4718", "title": "A semi-automated fluorometric method for total estrogens in pregnancy urine.", "content": "We report a continuous-flow fluorometric method for total urinary estrogens that involves the Kober reaction, with extraction of the reaction product into dichloroethane containing trichloroacetic acid as described by Hahnel and Jones [Clin. Chim. Acta 16, 185 (1967)]. The dichloroethane extraction gives greater stability to the Kober color and sharper separation of aqueous and organic phases. The analytical system is adjusted to give maximum response to estriol 16alpha,beta-D-glucuronide, the principal estrogen conjugate in urine from late pregnancy, when calibrated with estriol standards. An initial 20-fold dilution of the sample with water increased analytical recovery of estriol conjugates from urine while maintaining adequate fluorescent response. Glucose interference was reduced by dilution and eliminated by treatment with sodium borohydride. Urinary protein up to 20 g/liter did not interfere. Total estriol, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography, comprises about 70% of total urinary estrogens in late pregnancy as measured by our continuous-flow fluorometric method. A reference range is presented based on 209 randomly collected urine specimens in which total urinary estrogens are expressed as a ratio to creatinine.", "contents": "A semi-automated fluorometric method for total estrogens in pregnancy urine. We report a continuous-flow fluorometric method for total urinary estrogens that involves the Kober reaction, with extraction of the reaction product into dichloroethane containing trichloroacetic acid as described by Hahnel and Jones [Clin. Chim. Acta 16, 185 (1967)]. The dichloroethane extraction gives greater stability to the Kober color and sharper separation of aqueous and organic phases. The analytical system is adjusted to give maximum response to estriol 16alpha,beta-D-glucuronide, the principal estrogen conjugate in urine from late pregnancy, when calibrated with estriol standards. An initial 20-fold dilution of the sample with water increased analytical recovery of estriol conjugates from urine while maintaining adequate fluorescent response. Glucose interference was reduced by dilution and eliminated by treatment with sodium borohydride. Urinary protein up to 20 g/liter did not interfere. Total estriol, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography, comprises about 70% of total urinary estrogens in late pregnancy as measured by our continuous-flow fluorometric method. A reference range is presented based on 209 randomly collected urine specimens in which total urinary estrogens are expressed as a ratio to creatinine.", "PMID": 561670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4719", "title": "The foetus in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: muscle growth in tissue culture.", "content": "In tissue culture of muscle from five normal foetuses and four male foetuses at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, no differences were found with regard to the ease with which cultures could be established and maintained, or in gross morphology or rate of growth and differentiation in culture. Yet before culture, muscle histology was clearly abnormal in at least one of the at-risk foetuses. The identification of the particular conditions of culture which prevent the full expression of the dystrophic process might be profitably pursued as a possible first step to finding a treatment.", "contents": "The foetus in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: muscle growth in tissue culture. In tissue culture of muscle from five normal foetuses and four male foetuses at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, no differences were found with regard to the ease with which cultures could be established and maintained, or in gross morphology or rate of growth and differentiation in culture. Yet before culture, muscle histology was clearly abnormal in at least one of the at-risk foetuses. The identification of the particular conditions of culture which prevent the full expression of the dystrophic process might be profitably pursued as a possible first step to finding a treatment.", "PMID": 561672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4720", "title": "Study on the binding of dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and oestradiol with sex hormone binding globulin.", "content": "Saturation studies on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were performed with increasing levels of the three steroids: dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) in normal female sera. The curves obtained showed the clearly increasing SHBG affinity for E2, T and DHT, respectively. With T as saturating ligand, the mean values of SHBG binding capacity in normal and pathological sera, expressed as 10(-8) M SHBG were, for normal women, 5.87 +/- 0.2, for normal men, 3.69 +/- 0.1 and for hirsute women, 5.05 +/- 0.2. In hirsutism, SHBG levels were measured together with T and DHT levels. Hyperandrogenia was often better reflected by the T/SHBG ratio than by T levels alone. SHBG binding capacity, measured in pregnancy from the 7th to the 40th week, increased progressively as far as the 30th week. Values up to 5 times those of the mean value of the cycle were observed at the end of pregnancy. Variations in DHT, T and E2 binding as functions of SHBG concentrations, were also studied by adding a constant amount of each steroid to increasing SHBG concentrations in serum. DHT showed the greatest binding capacity, followed by T and then E2. Since the unbound fractions of T and DHT are believed to be biologically active, and since T and DHT are more sensitive than E2 to SHBG variations, the results obtained further support the hypothesis that SHBG plays an important role in the sex steroids balance.", "contents": "Study on the binding of dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and oestradiol with sex hormone binding globulin. Saturation studies on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were performed with increasing levels of the three steroids: dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) in normal female sera. The curves obtained showed the clearly increasing SHBG affinity for E2, T and DHT, respectively. With T as saturating ligand, the mean values of SHBG binding capacity in normal and pathological sera, expressed as 10(-8) M SHBG were, for normal women, 5.87 +/- 0.2, for normal men, 3.69 +/- 0.1 and for hirsute women, 5.05 +/- 0.2. In hirsutism, SHBG levels were measured together with T and DHT levels. Hyperandrogenia was often better reflected by the T/SHBG ratio than by T levels alone. SHBG binding capacity, measured in pregnancy from the 7th to the 40th week, increased progressively as far as the 30th week. Values up to 5 times those of the mean value of the cycle were observed at the end of pregnancy. Variations in DHT, T and E2 binding as functions of SHBG concentrations, were also studied by adding a constant amount of each steroid to increasing SHBG concentrations in serum. DHT showed the greatest binding capacity, followed by T and then E2. Since the unbound fractions of T and DHT are believed to be biologically active, and since T and DHT are more sensitive than E2 to SHBG variations, the results obtained further support the hypothesis that SHBG plays an important role in the sex steroids balance.", "PMID": 561671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4721", "title": "Acute abdominal pain.", "content": "Acute abdominal pain is a daily problem in a busy pediatric practice and in hospital emergency rooms. An initial, carefully performed history and physical examination should differentiate the child who has a surgical disease from one who requires medical therapy or only reassurance. Whenever there is doubt about the diagnosis, the child must be admitted to the hospital for observation and appropriate laboratory examinations. This will allow for the early diagnosis of appendicitis and other diseases requiring an operation and will prevent needless operations on children with medical illnesses.", "contents": "Acute abdominal pain. Acute abdominal pain is a daily problem in a busy pediatric practice and in hospital emergency rooms. An initial, carefully performed history and physical examination should differentiate the child who has a surgical disease from one who requires medical therapy or only reassurance. Whenever there is doubt about the diagnosis, the child must be admitted to the hospital for observation and appropriate laboratory examinations. This will allow for the early diagnosis of appendicitis and other diseases requiring an operation and will prevent needless operations on children with medical illnesses.", "PMID": 561673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4722", "title": "Meiotic studies of translocations causing male sterility in the mouse. I. Autosomal reciprocal translocations.", "content": "A new meiotic phenomenon is described in male heterozygous for the male-sterile translocations T(10;13)199H, T(16;17)43H, and T(7;19)145H. The phenomenon consists of a nonrandom contact between the C bands of the X chromosome and the translocation configuration in diakinesis/metaphase I plates. Translocation configurations with positively heteropycnotic regions, oftern associated with the allocyclic X chromosome, are found in some early diakineses that have not been overtreated with alkali. Such heteropycnosis of a part of translocated autosome, apparently in phase with the allocyclic X, is typical for all three male-sterile translocations. In contrast to these findings, neither nonrandom contacts nor positive heteropycnosis of the translocation configuration can be found in males heterozygous for the translocation T(9;17)138Ca, which does not impair spermatogenesis. Dissociation of the X and Y at diakinesis is significantly enhanced in sterile males, though the occurrence of dissociation is evidently not related to the presence of the C-band contact between translocated chromosomes and the X. A working hypothesis is proposed, relating the observed nonrandom C-band contact and heteropycnosis of translocated chromosomes to a presumed impairment of X inactivation in primary spermatocytes and to consequent failure of spermatogenesis. An alternative explanation cannot be excluded, however, which would account for the hitherto available data wihtout postulating any causal relationship between the meiotic findings and male sterility. Both alternatives are amenable to experimental verification.", "contents": "Meiotic studies of translocations causing male sterility in the mouse. I. Autosomal reciprocal translocations. A new meiotic phenomenon is described in male heterozygous for the male-sterile translocations T(10;13)199H, T(16;17)43H, and T(7;19)145H. The phenomenon consists of a nonrandom contact between the C bands of the X chromosome and the translocation configuration in diakinesis/metaphase I plates. Translocation configurations with positively heteropycnotic regions, oftern associated with the allocyclic X chromosome, are found in some early diakineses that have not been overtreated with alkali. Such heteropycnosis of a part of translocated autosome, apparently in phase with the allocyclic X, is typical for all three male-sterile translocations. In contrast to these findings, neither nonrandom contacts nor positive heteropycnosis of the translocation configuration can be found in males heterozygous for the translocation T(9;17)138Ca, which does not impair spermatogenesis. Dissociation of the X and Y at diakinesis is significantly enhanced in sterile males, though the occurrence of dissociation is evidently not related to the presence of the C-band contact between translocated chromosomes and the X. A working hypothesis is proposed, relating the observed nonrandom C-band contact and heteropycnosis of translocated chromosomes to a presumed impairment of X inactivation in primary spermatocytes and to consequent failure of spermatogenesis. An alternative explanation cannot be excluded, however, which would account for the hitherto available data wihtout postulating any causal relationship between the meiotic findings and male sterility. Both alternatives are amenable to experimental verification.", "PMID": 561677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4723", "title": "Nonpairing of the X and Y chromosomes in the spermtocytes of BDF1 mice.", "content": "In the hybrid mouse strain BDF1, some 35--40% of spermatocytes had unpaired X and Y choromosomes in stages ranging from diplotene to first meiotic metaphase. This phenomenon varied significantly from mouse to mouse. In pooled material from Swiss Albino and CF1 mice, the corresponding frequency was 5.7%. In C57 BL/6 mice, one of the parent strains of BDF1 mice, the X and Y were separate in 7.7% of the spermatocytes. Based on the behavior of the X and Y in the BDF1 strain, it is concluded that they do not pair, rather than initially pairing and then precociously separating. The factor interfering with the pairing of the X and Y does not affect the autosomes; possibly it is an incompatibility of the two sex chromosomes, which come from different inbred lines.", "contents": "Nonpairing of the X and Y chromosomes in the spermtocytes of BDF1 mice. In the hybrid mouse strain BDF1, some 35--40% of spermatocytes had unpaired X and Y choromosomes in stages ranging from diplotene to first meiotic metaphase. This phenomenon varied significantly from mouse to mouse. In pooled material from Swiss Albino and CF1 mice, the corresponding frequency was 5.7%. In C57 BL/6 mice, one of the parent strains of BDF1 mice, the X and Y were separate in 7.7% of the spermatocytes. Based on the behavior of the X and Y in the BDF1 strain, it is concluded that they do not pair, rather than initially pairing and then precociously separating. The factor interfering with the pairing of the X and Y does not affect the autosomes; possibly it is an incompatibility of the two sex chromosomes, which come from different inbred lines.", "PMID": 561678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4724", "title": "The distribution of sequences complementary to human satellite DNAs I, II and IV in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus).", "content": "Human satellite DNAs I, II and IV were transcribed to yield radioactive complementary RNAs (cRNAs). These cRNAs were hybridised to metaphase chromosomes of man, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus). The results of this in situ hybridisation were analysed quantitatively and compared with accepted chromosome homologies based on Giemsa banding patterns. The cRNA to satellite II (cRNAII) did not hybridise to chimpanzee chromosomes, although its hybridisation to chromosomes of gorilla and orang utan yielded more autoradiograph grains than hybridisation to human chromosomes, and cRNAIV hybridised to many chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee but was almost entirely restricted to the Y chromosome in orang utan. Most sites of hybridisation were located on homologous chromosomes in all four species, but there were a number of sites which showed no correspondence between satellite DNA location and chromosome banding patterns, and others where a given chromosomal location hybridised with different cRNAs in each species. These results are in contrast to those found for many transcribed DNA sequences, where the same sequence is usually located at homologous chromosome sites in different species, and appear to cast doubt on many proposed models of satellite DNA function.", "contents": "The distribution of sequences complementary to human satellite DNAs I, II and IV in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus). Human satellite DNAs I, II and IV were transcribed to yield radioactive complementary RNAs (cRNAs). These cRNAs were hybridised to metaphase chromosomes of man, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus). The results of this in situ hybridisation were analysed quantitatively and compared with accepted chromosome homologies based on Giemsa banding patterns. The cRNA to satellite II (cRNAII) did not hybridise to chimpanzee chromosomes, although its hybridisation to chromosomes of gorilla and orang utan yielded more autoradiograph grains than hybridisation to human chromosomes, and cRNAIV hybridised to many chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee but was almost entirely restricted to the Y chromosome in orang utan. Most sites of hybridisation were located on homologous chromosomes in all four species, but there were a number of sites which showed no correspondence between satellite DNA location and chromosome banding patterns, and others where a given chromosomal location hybridised with different cRNAs in each species. These results are in contrast to those found for many transcribed DNA sequences, where the same sequence is usually located at homologous chromosome sites in different species, and appear to cast doubt on many proposed models of satellite DNA function.", "PMID": 561680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4725", "title": "The case of the numb testicles.", "content": "Both psychiatrists and neurologists must be able to recognize illnesses that have atypical presentations so as to insure prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. The disease described in this case report graphically illustrates this point.", "contents": "The case of the numb testicles. Both psychiatrists and neurologists must be able to recognize illnesses that have atypical presentations so as to insure prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. The disease described in this case report graphically illustrates this point.", "PMID": 561683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4726", "title": "FSH and LH stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity: studies with porcine granulosa cells in vitro.", "content": "Under defined conditions in vitro FSH and LH caused a dose-dependent stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in granulosa cells isolated from porcine ovarian follicles. In cells from small follicles, FSH was at least twice as potent an inducer of the enzyme activity as LH. The cells from medium-sized follicles were more responsive to both hormones than cells from small follicles. In addition, the cells from medium-sized follicles were approximately equally responsive to maximal FSH and LH stimulation. Incubation of cells from either small follicles or medium-sized follicles with maximum effective doses of LH plus FSH caused no additive effects.", "contents": "FSH and LH stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity: studies with porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Under defined conditions in vitro FSH and LH caused a dose-dependent stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in granulosa cells isolated from porcine ovarian follicles. In cells from small follicles, FSH was at least twice as potent an inducer of the enzyme activity as LH. The cells from medium-sized follicles were more responsive to both hormones than cells from small follicles. In addition, the cells from medium-sized follicles were approximately equally responsive to maximal FSH and LH stimulation. Incubation of cells from either small follicles or medium-sized follicles with maximum effective doses of LH plus FSH caused no additive effects.", "PMID": 561691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4727", "title": "Various effects of arsenic in Japan depending on type of exposure.", "content": "Since 1955, a number of outbreaks of arsenic poisoning have occurred throughout Japan among industrial workers and the general population. The sources and types of exposure differ according to the incident, and the victims vary in sex and age. These incidents include arsenic poisoning in milk, soy sauce, and well water, pollution originating from the Toroku Mine on the island of Kyushu, the Matsuo Mine in Shimane Prefecture and Saganoseki Smelter on Kyushu. The type, routes, and dose of exposure as well as major symptoms are given. The clinical signs and symptoms are discussed in relation to the various types of exposure which occurred in these incidents. Dose-response relationships will be considered where data are available.", "contents": "Various effects of arsenic in Japan depending on type of exposure. Since 1955, a number of outbreaks of arsenic poisoning have occurred throughout Japan among industrial workers and the general population. The sources and types of exposure differ according to the incident, and the victims vary in sex and age. These incidents include arsenic poisoning in milk, soy sauce, and well water, pollution originating from the Toroku Mine on the island of Kyushu, the Matsuo Mine in Shimane Prefecture and Saganoseki Smelter on Kyushu. The type, routes, and dose of exposure as well as major symptoms are given. The clinical signs and symptoms are discussed in relation to the various types of exposure which occurred in these incidents. Dose-response relationships will be considered where data are available.", "PMID": 561692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4728", "title": "X-ray investigation of the binding of 1,10-phenanthroline and imidazole to horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "We have studied the binding of two inhibitor molecules, imidazole and 1,10-phenanthroline, to liver alcohol dehydrogenase by crystallographic methods. X-ray data for the imidazole complex were collected to 0.29-nm resolution and for the 1,10-phenanthroline complex to 0.45-nm resolution. In both cases we found only one peak in the difference electron density maps close to the active zinc atom. The peak corresponding to 1,10-phenanthroline overlaps the site of the density of the zinc-bound water in the apoenzyme and the imidazole density partly overlaps this density. We can not discern any additional peaks close to the zinc atom which would correspond to new positions of bound water. We thus conclude that both these inhibitors bind to the catalytic zinc atom and that upon binding they displace the water molecule that is firmly bound to this zinc atom in the apoenzyme. We do not see any structural changes in the remaining part of the molecule.", "contents": "X-ray investigation of the binding of 1,10-phenanthroline and imidazole to horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase. We have studied the binding of two inhibitor molecules, imidazole and 1,10-phenanthroline, to liver alcohol dehydrogenase by crystallographic methods. X-ray data for the imidazole complex were collected to 0.29-nm resolution and for the 1,10-phenanthroline complex to 0.45-nm resolution. In both cases we found only one peak in the difference electron density maps close to the active zinc atom. The peak corresponding to 1,10-phenanthroline overlaps the site of the density of the zinc-bound water in the apoenzyme and the imidazole density partly overlaps this density. We can not discern any additional peaks close to the zinc atom which would correspond to new positions of bound water. We thus conclude that both these inhibitors bind to the catalytic zinc atom and that upon binding they displace the water molecule that is firmly bound to this zinc atom in the apoenzyme. We do not see any structural changes in the remaining part of the molecule.", "PMID": 561693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4729", "title": "Demonstration of angiogenesis-activity in the corpus luteum of cattle.", "content": "The angiogenetic potency of corpus luteum tissue and of extracts of it was tested in three different biological model systems: the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken (CMA), the ventral subcutaneous pouch of the mouse and the cheeck pouch of the Syrian hamster. The formation of new capillaries after transplantation of the materials was scored macroscopically and stereomicroscopically. In all three systems strong capillary reactions at the periphery of the transplants could be observed indicating the presence of a capillary inducing potency in the tissue of corpus luteum of the cattle.", "contents": "Demonstration of angiogenesis-activity in the corpus luteum of cattle. The angiogenetic potency of corpus luteum tissue and of extracts of it was tested in three different biological model systems: the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken (CMA), the ventral subcutaneous pouch of the mouse and the cheeck pouch of the Syrian hamster. The formation of new capillaries after transplantation of the materials was scored macroscopically and stereomicroscopically. In all three systems strong capillary reactions at the periphery of the transplants could be observed indicating the presence of a capillary inducing potency in the tissue of corpus luteum of the cattle.", "PMID": 561701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4730", "title": "The effect of a low protein diet on the adipocytes of rat perigenital fat.", "content": "Weanling rats were fed a low protein diet for 6 weeks and their weights were 50% less than controls. There were significantly fewer adipocytes per microgram adipose tissue, but estimates of the number of adipocytes per rat indicated that the diet had much less effect on adipocyte number than on b. wt.", "contents": "The effect of a low protein diet on the adipocytes of rat perigenital fat. Weanling rats were fed a low protein diet for 6 weeks and their weights were 50% less than controls. There were significantly fewer adipocytes per microgram adipose tissue, but estimates of the number of adipocytes per rat indicated that the diet had much less effect on adipocyte number than on b. wt.", "PMID": 561702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4731", "title": "Induction of rotational behaviour by intranigral baclofen suggests possible GABA-agonist activity.", "content": "In rats, unilateral injections of the GABA-derivative baclofen into the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra produced a contralateral rotation that was translated to ipsilateral rotation under the influence of amphetamine. These results mimic those following unilateral elevation of GABA levels in the substantia nigra and suggest that baclofen may have some GABA agonist activity following intracerebral injection.", "contents": "Induction of rotational behaviour by intranigral baclofen suggests possible GABA-agonist activity. In rats, unilateral injections of the GABA-derivative baclofen into the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra produced a contralateral rotation that was translated to ipsilateral rotation under the influence of amphetamine. These results mimic those following unilateral elevation of GABA levels in the substantia nigra and suggest that baclofen may have some GABA agonist activity following intracerebral injection.", "PMID": 561703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4732", "title": "The effects of intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in failed abortions.", "content": "Intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-Me-PGF2alpha) induced abortion in 38 patients who had failed to abort with other techniques, such as intra-amniotic instillation of saline or PGF2alpha and intravaginal insertion of prostaglandin-impragnated Silastic devices. The intramuscular injections of 15-Me-PGF2alpha were initiated when the original abortion techniques, even when augmented by intravenous oxytocin, failed to produce expulsion of the fetus. The dose schedule was 250 microgram or 500 microgram every 2 to 4 hours, and the concomitant intravenous oxytocin was continued at a rate of 167 mU/minute. Of the 38 patients, 26 aborted with two or fewer injections of 15-Me-PGF2alpha, and 30 patients required only 1 mg of the drug to expel the fetus successfully. The mean time from the first injection of 15-Me-PGF2alpha to the expulsion of the fetus was 5.25 hours; one-half of the patients aborted in less than 4 hours. The placenta was expelled spontaneously in 15 patients, removed manually from the vagina in 18, and removed by sponge forceps in 3. Two abortions were incomplete and surgical intervention was required. Twenty-eight patients (74%) experienced gastrointestinal disturbances, chiefly vomiting and diarrhea. Intramuscular administration of 15-Me-PGF2alpha eliminates the need for repeated amniocentesis, and the dose may be adjusted to meet the precise requirements of the clinical situation.", "contents": "The effects of intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in failed abortions. Intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-Me-PGF2alpha) induced abortion in 38 patients who had failed to abort with other techniques, such as intra-amniotic instillation of saline or PGF2alpha and intravaginal insertion of prostaglandin-impragnated Silastic devices. The intramuscular injections of 15-Me-PGF2alpha were initiated when the original abortion techniques, even when augmented by intravenous oxytocin, failed to produce expulsion of the fetus. The dose schedule was 250 microgram or 500 microgram every 2 to 4 hours, and the concomitant intravenous oxytocin was continued at a rate of 167 mU/minute. Of the 38 patients, 26 aborted with two or fewer injections of 15-Me-PGF2alpha, and 30 patients required only 1 mg of the drug to expel the fetus successfully. The mean time from the first injection of 15-Me-PGF2alpha to the expulsion of the fetus was 5.25 hours; one-half of the patients aborted in less than 4 hours. The placenta was expelled spontaneously in 15 patients, removed manually from the vagina in 18, and removed by sponge forceps in 3. Two abortions were incomplete and surgical intervention was required. Twenty-eight patients (74%) experienced gastrointestinal disturbances, chiefly vomiting and diarrhea. Intramuscular administration of 15-Me-PGF2alpha eliminates the need for repeated amniocentesis, and the dose may be adjusted to meet the precise requirements of the clinical situation.", "PMID": 561711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4733", "title": "Early first-trimester abortion induction by Silastic vaginal devices for continuous release of 15(S)=15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester.", "content": "The abortifacient efficacy of four Silastic devices containing 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester (15-Me-PGF2alpha methyl ester) was evaluated by single vaginal insertion and retention for 24 hours in four groups of ten patients each at 31 to 49 days beyond the 1st day of the last menstrual period. There were eight complete and two incomplete abortions in the group receiving a device with a drug concentration of 0.5% and a surface area of 20 sq cm. Four complete abortions, four incomplete abortions, and two failures occurred with a 0.2%, 10 sq cm device. Seven complete and two incomplete abortions were obtained with a 0.5%, 10 dq cm device; one patient in this group was found to have aborted prior to treatment. A 0.5%, 2o sq cm device with one-half the thickness of the other 0.5% devices yielded five complete abortions, one incomplete abortion, and four failures. Side effects were minor and well tolerated in each group. Serial determinations of plasma progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and 15-Me-PGF2alpha were obtained and related to the outcome of therapy. Because of failure to achieve sustained blood levels of drug or satisfactory rates of complete abortions, this technique, with the devices used in this study, is not believed to be acceptable for routine early first-trimester pregnancy termination.", "contents": "Early first-trimester abortion induction by Silastic vaginal devices for continuous release of 15(S)=15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester. The abortifacient efficacy of four Silastic devices containing 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester (15-Me-PGF2alpha methyl ester) was evaluated by single vaginal insertion and retention for 24 hours in four groups of ten patients each at 31 to 49 days beyond the 1st day of the last menstrual period. There were eight complete and two incomplete abortions in the group receiving a device with a drug concentration of 0.5% and a surface area of 20 sq cm. Four complete abortions, four incomplete abortions, and two failures occurred with a 0.2%, 10 sq cm device. Seven complete and two incomplete abortions were obtained with a 0.5%, 10 dq cm device; one patient in this group was found to have aborted prior to treatment. A 0.5%, 2o sq cm device with one-half the thickness of the other 0.5% devices yielded five complete abortions, one incomplete abortion, and four failures. Side effects were minor and well tolerated in each group. Serial determinations of plasma progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and 15-Me-PGF2alpha were obtained and related to the outcome of therapy. Because of failure to achieve sustained blood levels of drug or satisfactory rates of complete abortions, this technique, with the devices used in this study, is not believed to be acceptable for routine early first-trimester pregnancy termination.", "PMID": 561712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4734", "title": "Abortion of early pregnancy on an outpatient basis using Silastic 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha vaginal devices.", "content": "Hormonal changes associated with the use of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in a Silastic device as an abortifacient were evaluated during very early first-trimester pregnancy. Five of six patients aborted completely with drug alone. Measurement of plasma samples demonstrated rapid drug absorption with apparent effective concentrations of 600 to 3000 pg/ml but without a pattern of sustained release and absorption. Routine serial determination of both serum chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and beta-subunit hCG were used to assess the efficacy of treatment. Although more sensitive, beta-hCG measurement offered no advantage clinically over the standard hCG assay. Plasma progesterone values also reflected success or failure of the technique. Vomiting and diarrhea continue to be problems associated with the use of these compounds. The Silastic device may be the forerunner of a self-administered early abortifacient. Continued efforts are necessary to elucidate mechanisms of action and to find an analog specific for myometrial stimulation.", "contents": "Abortion of early pregnancy on an outpatient basis using Silastic 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha vaginal devices. Hormonal changes associated with the use of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in a Silastic device as an abortifacient were evaluated during very early first-trimester pregnancy. Five of six patients aborted completely with drug alone. Measurement of plasma samples demonstrated rapid drug absorption with apparent effective concentrations of 600 to 3000 pg/ml but without a pattern of sustained release and absorption. Routine serial determination of both serum chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and beta-subunit hCG were used to assess the efficacy of treatment. Although more sensitive, beta-hCG measurement offered no advantage clinically over the standard hCG assay. Plasma progesterone values also reflected success or failure of the technique. Vomiting and diarrhea continue to be problems associated with the use of these compounds. The Silastic device may be the forerunner of a self-administered early abortifacient. Continued efforts are necessary to elucidate mechanisms of action and to find an analog specific for myometrial stimulation.", "PMID": 561713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4735", "title": "[Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the activity of several dehydrogenases and aminotransferases in rat brain tissue].", "content": "An acute intraperitoneal administration of ethanol (4-8 g/kg) produced a fall in the activity of malate-dehydrogenase (MDG), alanine- and aspartate-aminotransferase in homogenates and mitochondria of the cerebellum, large hemispheres and liver of the rats by 25 and 50 per cent, respectively. The activity of succinate-dehydrogenase (SDG) increased by 24 per cent in the large hemispheres and fell by 20 per cent in the liver and in the cerebellum homogenate. The activity of lactate-dehydrogenase (LDG) of the large hemispheres and liver mitochondria decreased by 30 per cent. A chronic (1 1/2-2 month long) ethanol intoxication produced a drop of the LDG and MDG in the mitochondria of the nerve structures and of aminotransferase in the liver. The SDG activity rose in the homogenate of the cerebellum, large hemispheres and of the liver by 80, 50 and 20 percent, respectively. The dehydrogenases and aminotransferases activity in the liver and nerve structures of rats in the state of abstinence was somewhat below the normal, but higher than in animals chronically consuming alcohol.", "contents": "[Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the activity of several dehydrogenases and aminotransferases in rat brain tissue]. An acute intraperitoneal administration of ethanol (4-8 g/kg) produced a fall in the activity of malate-dehydrogenase (MDG), alanine- and aspartate-aminotransferase in homogenates and mitochondria of the cerebellum, large hemispheres and liver of the rats by 25 and 50 per cent, respectively. The activity of succinate-dehydrogenase (SDG) increased by 24 per cent in the large hemispheres and fell by 20 per cent in the liver and in the cerebellum homogenate. The activity of lactate-dehydrogenase (LDG) of the large hemispheres and liver mitochondria decreased by 30 per cent. A chronic (1 1/2-2 month long) ethanol intoxication produced a drop of the LDG and MDG in the mitochondria of the nerve structures and of aminotransferase in the liver. The SDG activity rose in the homogenate of the cerebellum, large hemispheres and of the liver by 80, 50 and 20 percent, respectively. The dehydrogenases and aminotransferases activity in the liver and nerve structures of rats in the state of abstinence was somewhat below the normal, but higher than in animals chronically consuming alcohol.", "PMID": 561707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4736", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of 35S-tomizin in mice with leukemia L-1210].", "content": "A comparative study of the distribution of 35S-tomisin in the organism of intact (without neoplasia) mice and those with L-1210 leucosis was carried out. In both animal groups the tagged drug was found to be largely accumulating early after its introduction in the tissues of the liver, kidneys, intestines, spleen and lymph nodes. In 30 minutes time following introduction of 35-S-tomison 7.3 +/- 0.7 per cent of its amount was detected in the ascitic fluid. On centrifugation of the tagged drug its bulk (92-95 per cent) remained in the supernatant fluid. During the first 24 hours the drug leaves the body: 25-35 per cent with urine, 3-5 per cent--with feces and 0.1-0.3 per cent--with bile. In the urine of mice with leucosis the products of the 35S-tomisin biotransformation appear earlier than in intact animals. The most marked immunodepressive effect of tomisin was marked with its administration 24 and 48 hours after immunization.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of 35S-tomizin in mice with leukemia L-1210]. A comparative study of the distribution of 35S-tomisin in the organism of intact (without neoplasia) mice and those with L-1210 leucosis was carried out. In both animal groups the tagged drug was found to be largely accumulating early after its introduction in the tissues of the liver, kidneys, intestines, spleen and lymph nodes. In 30 minutes time following introduction of 35-S-tomison 7.3 +/- 0.7 per cent of its amount was detected in the ascitic fluid. On centrifugation of the tagged drug its bulk (92-95 per cent) remained in the supernatant fluid. During the first 24 hours the drug leaves the body: 25-35 per cent with urine, 3-5 per cent--with feces and 0.1-0.3 per cent--with bile. In the urine of mice with leucosis the products of the 35S-tomisin biotransformation appear earlier than in intact animals. The most marked immunodepressive effect of tomisin was marked with its administration 24 and 48 hours after immunization.", "PMID": 561708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4737", "title": "[Effect of single and chronic administration of ethanol on several metabolic indices in animals].", "content": "The effect of one-time and 10-day long administration of ethanol (2 ml of  a 20% solution per 100 g of body weight) on the activity of alcohol-, lactate-dehydrogenase, aspartate- and alanine-aminotransferase in cytostructures of different rats' organs was studied. One-time introduction of ethanol intensifies the processes of the amino acids transamination in individual cytostructures, reduces the activity of alcohol- and lactate-dehydrogenase. A course-wise administration of ethanol produces a still greater reduction of their activity.", "contents": "[Effect of single and chronic administration of ethanol on several metabolic indices in animals]. The effect of one-time and 10-day long administration of ethanol (2 ml of  a 20% solution per 100 g of body weight) on the activity of alcohol-, lactate-dehydrogenase, aspartate- and alanine-aminotransferase in cytostructures of different rats' organs was studied. One-time introduction of ethanol intensifies the processes of the amino acids transamination in individual cytostructures, reduces the activity of alcohol- and lactate-dehydrogenase. A course-wise administration of ethanol produces a still greater reduction of their activity.", "PMID": 561706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4738", "title": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. III. Hemispaying and the reversal of the antifertility faculty of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin.", "content": "A single injection of 10 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) on day 5 of pregancy caused wastage of the fetoplacental unit by day 16 of pregnancy. Semispaying, which seems to subtract approximately 50% of the ovarian steroid contribution, at 24, 48, and 72 hours following the PMSG schedule prevented the antifertility faculty of the hormone preparation. However, hemicastration at 96 hours following the gonadotropin regimen was found to be ineffective, and 100% of the test animals showed complete termination of pregnancy. Experimental data collectively tempt us to propose that an estrogen excess, particularly of follicular origin in both ovaries, is essential for more than 72 hours following gonadotropin sensitization before the antifertility faculty of PMSG can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. III. Hemispaying and the reversal of the antifertility faculty of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. A single injection of 10 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) on day 5 of pregancy caused wastage of the fetoplacental unit by day 16 of pregnancy. Semispaying, which seems to subtract approximately 50% of the ovarian steroid contribution, at 24, 48, and 72 hours following the PMSG schedule prevented the antifertility faculty of the hormone preparation. However, hemicastration at 96 hours following the gonadotropin regimen was found to be ineffective, and 100% of the test animals showed complete termination of pregnancy. Experimental data collectively tempt us to propose that an estrogen excess, particularly of follicular origin in both ovaries, is essential for more than 72 hours following gonadotropin sensitization before the antifertility faculty of PMSG can be demonstrated.", "PMID": 561714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4739", "title": "Action of A RNase and AS RNase on growth of cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of bovine pancreatic A RNase and bull seminal vesicle AS RNase on proliferation of HeLa cells and LEP cells in vitro was studied. The ribonucleases were used in doses of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 microgram per ml of medium and 100 000 inoculated cells. Proliferation was evaluated by the growth curves. Both in single and long-term experiments. A RNase in all doses used had no effect on cell proliferation, whereas AS RNase exerted inhibitory activity beginning with the dose of 10 microgram, and affected more markedly the LEP cells (a diploid non-malignant cell line) than the malignant heteroploid HeLa cells. When added to the cell suspension, AS RNase was shown by indirect immunofluorescence to bind to HeLa cell membranes in all phases of growth, whereas AS RNase was found on membranes of LEP cells only when they were derived from the log phase of growth.", "contents": "Action of A RNase and AS RNase on growth of cells in vitro. The effect of bovine pancreatic A RNase and bull seminal vesicle AS RNase on proliferation of HeLa cells and LEP cells in vitro was studied. The ribonucleases were used in doses of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 microgram per ml of medium and 100 000 inoculated cells. Proliferation was evaluated by the growth curves. Both in single and long-term experiments. A RNase in all doses used had no effect on cell proliferation, whereas AS RNase exerted inhibitory activity beginning with the dose of 10 microgram, and affected more markedly the LEP cells (a diploid non-malignant cell line) than the malignant heteroploid HeLa cells. When added to the cell suspension, AS RNase was shown by indirect immunofluorescence to bind to HeLa cell membranes in all phases of growth, whereas AS RNase was found on membranes of LEP cells only when they were derived from the log phase of growth.", "PMID": 561715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4740", "title": "[Monitoring of the results of the treatment of chorionic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of the high sensitivity and specificity of the method, radio-immunologic determination of the Beta Subunit HCG in the serum is superior to other methods of monitoring the therapeutic results of the treatment of chorionic carcinoma. A ratio of 225 to 1 of HCG concentrations in the serum versus the cerebral spinal fluid is evidence against the probability of a metastasis of chorionic carcinoma in the central nervous system. Following successful treatment of chorionic carcinoma it is advisable to determine the serum HCG with the Beta Subunit method weekly during the first two months and montly in the succeeding two years and thereafter at three months intervals.", "contents": "[Monitoring of the results of the treatment of chorionic carcinoma (author's transl)]. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity of the method, radio-immunologic determination of the Beta Subunit HCG in the serum is superior to other methods of monitoring the therapeutic results of the treatment of chorionic carcinoma. A ratio of 225 to 1 of HCG concentrations in the serum versus the cerebral spinal fluid is evidence against the probability of a metastasis of chorionic carcinoma in the central nervous system. Following successful treatment of chorionic carcinoma it is advisable to determine the serum HCG with the Beta Subunit method weekly during the first two months and montly in the succeeding two years and thereafter at three months intervals.", "PMID": 561730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4741", "title": "[Report of a case of trichophyton fungus granulomatosis of the breast and its differential diagnosis to inflammatory carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 34 year old patient is reported who suffered from a chronic dermatatomycosis. The trichophyton fungus granula matosis secondarily invaded the parenchyma of the breast and clinically first presented with signs and mammographic findings suggestive of an inflammatory carcinoma. A similar case report was not located in the international literature. Therefore the clinical and mammographic details and the conclusive microscopic findings of the biopsy of this case are reported for the purpose  of differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Report of a case of trichophyton fungus granulomatosis of the breast and its differential diagnosis to inflammatory carcinoma (author's transl)]. The case of a 34 year old patient is reported who suffered from a chronic dermatatomycosis. The trichophyton fungus granula matosis secondarily invaded the parenchyma of the breast and clinically first presented with signs and mammographic findings suggestive of an inflammatory carcinoma. A similar case report was not located in the international literature. Therefore the clinical and mammographic details and the conclusive microscopic findings of the biopsy of this case are reported for the purpose  of differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 561731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4742", "title": "[Studies on the physical dependence liability of chlorphenesin carbamate (author's transl)].", "content": "Physical dependence liability of chlorphenesin carbamate (CPC) was studied in parallel with phenobarbital-Na (PB). Beagle dogs were used and the overall duration of the experiment was 85 days, i.e. the first dosing period was 42 dyas (6 weeks) in which drugs were repeatedly administered orally once daily, followed by a withdrawal period (7 days), the second dosing period was continued from the 50th-78th day in which the form and schedule of drug administration was as in the first dosing period. The last 79th to 85th days were used for substitution experiments. In both dosing periods, PB but not CPC showed signs of tolerance formation. Severe withdrawal syndrome was observed in PB administered dogs whereas there were no changes of behavior observed in CPC-dogs by withdrawal and substitution procedures, respectively. CPC apparently does not have a physical dependence liability.", "contents": "[Studies on the physical dependence liability of chlorphenesin carbamate (author's transl)]. Physical dependence liability of chlorphenesin carbamate (CPC) was studied in parallel with phenobarbital-Na (PB). Beagle dogs were used and the overall duration of the experiment was 85 days, i.e. the first dosing period was 42 dyas (6 weeks) in which drugs were repeatedly administered orally once daily, followed by a withdrawal period (7 days), the second dosing period was continued from the 50th-78th day in which the form and schedule of drug administration was as in the first dosing period. The last 79th to 85th days were used for substitution experiments. In both dosing periods, PB but not CPC showed signs of tolerance formation. Severe withdrawal syndrome was observed in PB administered dogs whereas there were no changes of behavior observed in CPC-dogs by withdrawal and substitution procedures, respectively. CPC apparently does not have a physical dependence liability.", "PMID": 561735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4743", "title": "Mechanism of histopathological changes of nerve cells experimentally induced by chronic alcohol poisoning.", "content": "Experimental alcoholism was produced in rats by supplying them with 15% ethanol as the only source of liquid for a whole year. Histopathological examination revealed that Purkinje cells and granule cells in the cerebellum mainly showed such changes as decrease of ER, ribosomes and severe atrophy of the nerve cells. It might be speculated that these changes were caused by the disturbance of protein synthesis in the nerve cells induced by chronic alcohol effect.", "contents": "Mechanism of histopathological changes of nerve cells experimentally induced by chronic alcohol poisoning. Experimental alcoholism was produced in rats by supplying them with 15% ethanol as the only source of liquid for a whole year. Histopathological examination revealed that Purkinje cells and granule cells in the cerebellum mainly showed such changes as decrease of ER, ribosomes and severe atrophy of the nerve cells. It might be speculated that these changes were caused by the disturbance of protein synthesis in the nerve cells induced by chronic alcohol effect.", "PMID": 561736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4744", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of melatonin: human serum and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Using a newly characterized anti-melatonin serum it has been possible to establish human serum melatonin concentrations at short time intervals during 24h. A clear circadian rhythm with peak values during the dark phase was demonstrated in both men and women. Values (pg/ml;mean +/- SE) were as follows: females 02.00h: 130 +/- 7, 18.00h: 45 +/- 5 males 02.00h: 140  +/- 11, 18,00H: 70 +/- 5. The estimation (pg/ml; mean +/- SE) of melatonin in human serum (males: 63 +/- 22 and females: 100 +/- 45) and cerebrospinal fluid simultaneously taken has shown that melatonin is lower in cerebrospinal fluid (males: 59 +/- 33 and females: 57 +/- 28). Blanks are not subtracted.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of melatonin: human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Using a newly characterized anti-melatonin serum it has been possible to establish human serum melatonin concentrations at short time intervals during 24h. A clear circadian rhythm with peak values during the dark phase was demonstrated in both men and women. Values (pg/ml;mean +/- SE) were as follows: females 02.00h: 130 +/- 7, 18.00h: 45 +/- 5 males 02.00h: 140  +/- 11, 18,00H: 70 +/- 5. The estimation (pg/ml; mean +/- SE) of melatonin in human serum (males: 63 +/- 22 and females: 100 +/- 45) and cerebrospinal fluid simultaneously taken has shown that melatonin is lower in cerebrospinal fluid (males: 59 +/- 33 and females: 57 +/- 28). Blanks are not subtracted.", "PMID": 561743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4745", "title": "Isochromosome Yq in a woman with atypical Turner's syndrome.", "content": "A female with 46,X,i(Yq) in all cells and a survey of previous cases of isochromosome Yq is presented. She was first admitted to hospital 15 years old due to nanismus and retarded sexual development. Gonadal dysgenesia was observed, and the diagnosis 'atypical Turner's syndrome' was applied. The patient, who presents only a few Turner stigmata, has been given cyclic estrogen treatment since the age of 16. She has developed normal secondary sex characteristics, cyclic bleedings and has attained normal height (161 cm). Since the age of 18 the patient has suffered various periods of anemia caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This hemorrhage is probably due to intestinal teleangiectasiae which are found with increased frequency in patients with Turner's syndrome.", "contents": "Isochromosome Yq in a woman with atypical Turner's syndrome. A female with 46,X,i(Yq) in all cells and a survey of previous cases of isochromosome Yq is presented. She was first admitted to hospital 15 years old due to nanismus and retarded sexual development. Gonadal dysgenesia was observed, and the diagnosis 'atypical Turner's syndrome' was applied. The patient, who presents only a few Turner stigmata, has been given cyclic estrogen treatment since the age of 16. She has developed normal secondary sex characteristics, cyclic bleedings and has attained normal height (161 cm). Since the age of 18 the patient has suffered various periods of anemia caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This hemorrhage is probably due to intestinal teleangiectasiae which are found with increased frequency in patients with Turner's syndrome.", "PMID": 561748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4746", "title": "Estimating the parameters of the incompletely penetrant single locus model using multiple populations.", "content": "A method involving the comparison of two or more populations is suggested as a means of obtaining a unique solution to the parameters of the incompletely penetrant single locus model. The proposed method allows a test of the assumptions of the model when three or more populations are compared. Equations that allow the inclusion of data on twin concordance rates and/or the proportion of affected children given neither, one or both parents affected are also given. Finally, some implications of fitting the model are discussed in terms of genetic counseling, residual environmental variance and the concept of heritability as applied to dichotomous traits.", "contents": "Estimating the parameters of the incompletely penetrant single locus model using multiple populations. A method involving the comparison of two or more populations is suggested as a means of obtaining a unique solution to the parameters of the incompletely penetrant single locus model. The proposed method allows a test of the assumptions of the model when three or more populations are compared. Equations that allow the inclusion of data on twin concordance rates and/or the proportion of affected children given neither, one or both parents affected are also given. Finally, some implications of fitting the model are discussed in terms of genetic counseling, residual environmental variance and the concept of heritability as applied to dichotomous traits.", "PMID": 561749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4747", "title": "Palmar dermatoglyphic patterns in twins.", "content": "The role of genetic factors in the determination of palmar dermatoglyphic patterns was investigated in a series of 49 MZ and 51 DZ twins, using Spearman's rank correlation and analysis of variance. Both methods indicated that the genetic effect in the distribution of patterns is highest in the interdigital III and lowest in the interdigital IV regions, the hypothenar and thenar showing intermediate values. As for interdigital II, no evaluation of genetic effects was possible using the nonparametric test, but the estimates of genetic variance indicate that inherited factors may play a relatively minor role in the pattern distribution of this area.", "contents": "Palmar dermatoglyphic patterns in twins. The role of genetic factors in the determination of palmar dermatoglyphic patterns was investigated in a series of 49 MZ and 51 DZ twins, using Spearman's rank correlation and analysis of variance. Both methods indicated that the genetic effect in the distribution of patterns is highest in the interdigital III and lowest in the interdigital IV regions, the hypothenar and thenar showing intermediate values. As for interdigital II, no evaluation of genetic effects was possible using the nonparametric test, but the estimates of genetic variance indicate that inherited factors may play a relatively minor role in the pattern distribution of this area.", "PMID": 561750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4748", "title": "Long-term organ culture of mouse mammary gland.", "content": "A method for maintaining mouse mammary gland in organ culture for periods of at least 30 days is described. Strips of the number four mammary glands were cultured in individual tubes while fully submerged in Medium 199 supplemented with insulin, aldosterone, ovine prolactin and bovine growth hormone. Exchange processes were aided by slowly rotating the tubes during culture. Mammary tissue from midpregnant BALB/c and virgin GR/A mice was induced to undergo lobulo-alveolar development, secrete and remain differentiated and metabolically active for the period of culture. Cells of both the ductal and alveolar epithelium continued to synthesize DNA and divide. The submerged roller-tube culture allows the use of larger pieces of tissue than can be accommodated in static culture, and the technique may prove applicable to culture of a variety of tissues.", "contents": "Long-term organ culture of mouse mammary gland. A method for maintaining mouse mammary gland in organ culture for periods of at least 30 days is described. Strips of the number four mammary glands were cultured in individual tubes while fully submerged in Medium 199 supplemented with insulin, aldosterone, ovine prolactin and bovine growth hormone. Exchange processes were aided by slowly rotating the tubes during culture. Mammary tissue from midpregnant BALB/c and virgin GR/A mice was induced to undergo lobulo-alveolar development, secrete and remain differentiated and metabolically active for the period of culture. Cells of both the ductal and alveolar epithelium continued to synthesize DNA and divide. The submerged roller-tube culture allows the use of larger pieces of tissue than can be accommodated in static culture, and the technique may prove applicable to culture of a variety of tissues.", "PMID": 561751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4749", "title": "Intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate in hamster trachea organ cultures exposed to Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells or membranes.", "content": "The amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in hamster trachea organ cultures was determined with a technique based on light emission from a luciferin/luciferase/ATP reaction. The amount of ATP, expressed as ng per mg dry weight, was consistent in tracheal explants prepared from various animals and changed negligibly when explants were cultivated in vitro for several days. The amount of ATP was related directly to cellular activity and integrity in the epithelium since inactivation by heat or freeze-thaw rapidly depleted measurable ATP, and ciliary activity and ATP content were related directly. When tracheal explants were infected with 10(5) to 10(7) CFU of virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells, both ciliary activity and ATP content in the tissue dropped dramatically after approximately 5 to 8 days (up to 85% and 60% decreases, respectively). Exposure of explants to 50 to 200 microgram per ml of purified M. pneumoniae membranes also caused significant decreases in ciliary activity and ATP. When explants were infected with attenuated or nonvirulent mycoplasmas, ciliary activity was only slightly decreased, while ATP values often rose slightly. The technology associated with the determination of ATP levels in tracheal explants should prove useful as a new, objective, analytical approach to cell viability in organ cultures.", "contents": "Intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate in hamster trachea organ cultures exposed to Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells or membranes. The amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in hamster trachea organ cultures was determined with a technique based on light emission from a luciferin/luciferase/ATP reaction. The amount of ATP, expressed as ng per mg dry weight, was consistent in tracheal explants prepared from various animals and changed negligibly when explants were cultivated in vitro for several days. The amount of ATP was related directly to cellular activity and integrity in the epithelium since inactivation by heat or freeze-thaw rapidly depleted measurable ATP, and ciliary activity and ATP content were related directly. When tracheal explants were infected with 10(5) to 10(7) CFU of virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells, both ciliary activity and ATP content in the tissue dropped dramatically after approximately 5 to 8 days (up to 85% and 60% decreases, respectively). Exposure of explants to 50 to 200 microgram per ml of purified M. pneumoniae membranes also caused significant decreases in ciliary activity and ATP. When explants were infected with attenuated or nonvirulent mycoplasmas, ciliary activity was only slightly decreased, while ATP values often rose slightly. The technology associated with the determination of ATP levels in tracheal explants should prove useful as a new, objective, analytical approach to cell viability in organ cultures.", "PMID": 561752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4750", "title": "An improved organ culture method for adult mammalian lung.", "content": "An improved method for maintaining adult rat lung in submerged organ culture is described in which the alveoli were inflated with agar and 200-micron-thick hand-cut sections were mounted in Rose chambers. The conventional single-compartmented Rose culture chamber was modified by adding a second chamber separated from the first by a gaspermeable membrane. One compartment functioned as an air reservoir and the other housed the explants submerged in nutrient medium. Visking dialysis membrane used underneath the explants prevented cell outgrowth and facilitated the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the glass-tissue interface. Because of the excellent optical properties of the Rose chamber and the thinness of the explants, individual cell types can be identified in the living tissue. The explants were studied with time-lapse cinematography, light microcoscopy, histology, and erythrosine B for dye exclusion. With this modified system the functional life span of the explants was increased from 1 week to 1 month.", "contents": "An improved organ culture method for adult mammalian lung. An improved method for maintaining adult rat lung in submerged organ culture is described in which the alveoli were inflated with agar and 200-micron-thick hand-cut sections were mounted in Rose chambers. The conventional single-compartmented Rose culture chamber was modified by adding a second chamber separated from the first by a gaspermeable membrane. One compartment functioned as an air reservoir and the other housed the explants submerged in nutrient medium. Visking dialysis membrane used underneath the explants prevented cell outgrowth and facilitated the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the glass-tissue interface. Because of the excellent optical properties of the Rose chamber and the thinness of the explants, individual cell types can be identified in the living tissue. The explants were studied with time-lapse cinematography, light microcoscopy, histology, and erythrosine B for dye exclusion. With this modified system the functional life span of the explants was increased from 1 week to 1 month.", "PMID": 561753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4751", "title": "[Preventive-medicine screening methods in the examination of blood donors].", "content": "From a blood transfusion service with ca. 7000 donors a year, there was a loss of donors whose blood, having undergone medical tests, was found to be unsuitable. Details of all such donors were carefully documented. The results were ascertained by attentive control of the health of the donors which, in part, exceeded the minimum requirements laid down by the existing regulations. The relatively high loss of donors and the kind of disease underline the importance of these control checks, as an aspect of preventive medicine. This is of particular importance with regard to the results of so-called \"new donors\", who register for the first time. They had to undergo examination, and were only allowed to give blood when all the results of the tests had been submitted. The question then arises as to whether the regulations for the differing minimum requirements for the examination of \"occasional donors\" and \"regular donors\" can be maintained. A reduction of the expenditure on the present regulation examination of donors is not advocated because of both responsibility towards the blood donors, and in view of the increasing significance, to the medical care of patients, of the proximity of a clinic to an expedient transfusion service.", "contents": "[Preventive-medicine screening methods in the examination of blood donors]. From a blood transfusion service with ca. 7000 donors a year, there was a loss of donors whose blood, having undergone medical tests, was found to be unsuitable. Details of all such donors were carefully documented. The results were ascertained by attentive control of the health of the donors which, in part, exceeded the minimum requirements laid down by the existing regulations. The relatively high loss of donors and the kind of disease underline the importance of these control checks, as an aspect of preventive medicine. This is of particular importance with regard to the results of so-called \"new donors\", who register for the first time. They had to undergo examination, and were only allowed to give blood when all the results of the tests had been submitted. The question then arises as to whether the regulations for the differing minimum requirements for the examination of \"occasional donors\" and \"regular donors\" can be maintained. A reduction of the expenditure on the present regulation examination of donors is not advocated because of both responsibility towards the blood donors, and in view of the increasing significance, to the medical care of patients, of the proximity of a clinic to an expedient transfusion service.", "PMID": 561754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4752", "title": "[Perioperative infusion therapy during childhood. II. Balance studies on pre-, intra- and postoperative infusion of basic solutions].", "content": "For a period of 63 hours totally, 4 different infusion solutions were administered to infants and children of 3 age groups (I = 10th day to the 6th month of age, II = 6th month to the 3rd year of age and III = above 3 years of age) during the pre-, intra- and postoperative period. The serum sodium, potassium-, chloride-, phosphate- and blood urea concentrations remained completely unchanged as well as the acid base parameters. Even between the age groups, no significant differences could be observed, as far as the above mentioned criteria are concerned. But the blood glucose concentrations increased within all age group in the immediate postoperative phase. The potassium concentrations in the urine decreased throughout in age group I. From these results, one can conclude, that these specific infusion solutions for paediatric surgical procedures with exception of solution I contained the most important electrolytes adaequately and that the amounts of fluids, which were given can be considered as sufficient. Nevertheless, the question remains, whether these different types of infusion therapy can be simplified by using more standardized solutions. This problem was subject to more sophisticated studies, which will be reported in the 3rd part of this publication, to be published at a later date.", "contents": "[Perioperative infusion therapy during childhood. II. Balance studies on pre-, intra- and postoperative infusion of basic solutions]. For a period of 63 hours totally, 4 different infusion solutions were administered to infants and children of 3 age groups (I = 10th day to the 6th month of age, II = 6th month to the 3rd year of age and III = above 3 years of age) during the pre-, intra- and postoperative period. The serum sodium, potassium-, chloride-, phosphate- and blood urea concentrations remained completely unchanged as well as the acid base parameters. Even between the age groups, no significant differences could be observed, as far as the above mentioned criteria are concerned. But the blood glucose concentrations increased within all age group in the immediate postoperative phase. The potassium concentrations in the urine decreased throughout in age group I. From these results, one can conclude, that these specific infusion solutions for paediatric surgical procedures with exception of solution I contained the most important electrolytes adaequately and that the amounts of fluids, which were given can be considered as sufficient. Nevertheless, the question remains, whether these different types of infusion therapy can be simplified by using more standardized solutions. This problem was subject to more sophisticated studies, which will be reported in the 3rd part of this publication, to be published at a later date.", "PMID": 561755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4753", "title": "[Faulty nutrition as viewed by the hepatologist].", "content": "Looking back over the past centuries, a survey shows that for the past 2000 years definite dietetic rules have existed for the treatment of liver diseases, which to a great extent have disregarded the distribution of protein and carbohydrates. Deviations from the principles of nutrition followed as a result of intensive physiological-chemical research during the 19th century. This new knowledge, however, lead to misinterpretation and exaggerations in the recommended dietary proportions of fat, protein and carbohydrates. Protein deficiency, which is particularly disadvantageous in cases of hepatitis during pregnancy, and lack of vitamins, along with other types of malnutrition, became apparent. Various attempts providing diets rich in protein and fat, for the treatment of hepatitis, proved rather the tolerance of these nutrients than discovering a new, more efficient therapy. In spite of some resignation, recommendations made on the basis of experience should rather be dispensed with, as regards diet, and the search for further knowledge of the supply of nutrients in liver diseases should be continued. In addition, the study of endotoxins and toxic amines in the metabolism of the brain offers a source of future research.", "contents": "[Faulty nutrition as viewed by the hepatologist]. Looking back over the past centuries, a survey shows that for the past 2000 years definite dietetic rules have existed for the treatment of liver diseases, which to a great extent have disregarded the distribution of protein and carbohydrates. Deviations from the principles of nutrition followed as a result of intensive physiological-chemical research during the 19th century. This new knowledge, however, lead to misinterpretation and exaggerations in the recommended dietary proportions of fat, protein and carbohydrates. Protein deficiency, which is particularly disadvantageous in cases of hepatitis during pregnancy, and lack of vitamins, along with other types of malnutrition, became apparent. Various attempts providing diets rich in protein and fat, for the treatment of hepatitis, proved rather the tolerance of these nutrients than discovering a new, more efficient therapy. In spite of some resignation, recommendations made on the basis of experience should rather be dispensed with, as regards diet, and the search for further knowledge of the supply of nutrients in liver diseases should be continued. In addition, the study of endotoxins and toxic amines in the metabolism of the brain offers a source of future research.", "PMID": 561756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4754", "title": "Mitogenic stimulation of murine spleen cells by brief exposure to Staphylococcus aureus enteroxin B.", "content": "Staphylococcal enterotoxin B rapidly and firmly attached to external membrane surfaces of C57BL/6 spleen cells and, unless neutralized by specific antitoxin, committed the spleen cells to strong blastogenic responses.", "contents": "Mitogenic stimulation of murine spleen cells by brief exposure to Staphylococcus aureus enteroxin B. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B rapidly and firmly attached to external membrane surfaces of C57BL/6 spleen cells and, unless neutralized by specific antitoxin, committed the spleen cells to strong blastogenic responses.", "PMID": 561757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4755", "title": "An abnormal luteal-phase evening peak of plasma prolactin in women with a family history of breast cancer.", "content": "In earlier study an abnormally high lutealphase evening peak of plasma prolactin in women with a family history of breast cancer was first noted, but there were few observations. The current study confirms the original findings. Other groups, e.g. nulliparous women and tall and heavy women also appear to show the same abnormality. Further work is required to establish this finding. However, the abnormally high luteal-phase evening peak of plasma prolactin in the family history group is still present when such women are disregarded. The possible relevance of the restriction of elevated prolactin levels, in enhanced-risk women, to the luteal phase, when both oestradiol and progresterone levels are also elevated, is discussed briefly as is the question why a minor peak at 19.00 h is important when plasma prolactin levels show a massive increase between 03.00 and 09.00 h.", "contents": "An abnormal luteal-phase evening peak of plasma prolactin in women with a family history of breast cancer. In earlier study an abnormally high lutealphase evening peak of plasma prolactin in women with a family history of breast cancer was first noted, but there were few observations. The current study confirms the original findings. Other groups, e.g. nulliparous women and tall and heavy women also appear to show the same abnormality. Further work is required to establish this finding. However, the abnormally high luteal-phase evening peak of plasma prolactin in the family history group is still present when such women are disregarded. The possible relevance of the restriction of elevated prolactin levels, in enhanced-risk women, to the luteal phase, when both oestradiol and progresterone levels are also elevated, is discussed briefly as is the question why a minor peak at 19.00 h is important when plasma prolactin levels show a massive increase between 03.00 and 09.00 h.", "PMID": 561758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4756", "title": "Secondary amyloidosis and the serum amyloid precursor in leprosy: geographical variation and association with leukocytosis.", "content": "The prevalence of the amyloid-related serum component, protein SAA, was investigated in two groups of leprosy patients from different areas of Papua New Guinea. Protein SAA was more prevalent in coastal leprosy patients (49% positive) than in highland patients (21% positive). Paradoxically, many more cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed in the highland group (17 of 199) than in the coastal group (3 of 112). In the highland patient group, SAA was found to correlate with the leprosy disease spectrum, being more prevalent in patients toward the lepromatous pole. Borderline and tuberculoid patients who had detectable SAA usually had neurotrophic ulcers. No such relationships were observed in the coastal patient group, probably because other infections, more common on the coast, were also responsible for causing increased concentrations of SAA which is known to behave as an acute phase reactant. A correlation was observed between SAA positivity and neutrophil leukocytosis. This suggests that various inflammatory stimuli such as erythema nodosum leprosum reactions, neurotrophic ulcers and intercurrent infections, all contribute to the prevalence of SAA in leprosy patients.", "contents": "Secondary amyloidosis and the serum amyloid precursor in leprosy: geographical variation and association with leukocytosis. The prevalence of the amyloid-related serum component, protein SAA, was investigated in two groups of leprosy patients from different areas of Papua New Guinea. Protein SAA was more prevalent in coastal leprosy patients (49% positive) than in highland patients (21% positive). Paradoxically, many more cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed in the highland group (17 of 199) than in the coastal group (3 of 112). In the highland patient group, SAA was found to correlate with the leprosy disease spectrum, being more prevalent in patients toward the lepromatous pole. Borderline and tuberculoid patients who had detectable SAA usually had neurotrophic ulcers. No such relationships were observed in the coastal patient group, probably because other infections, more common on the coast, were also responsible for causing increased concentrations of SAA which is known to behave as an acute phase reactant. A correlation was observed between SAA positivity and neutrophil leukocytosis. This suggests that various inflammatory stimuli such as erythema nodosum leprosum reactions, neurotrophic ulcers and intercurrent infections, all contribute to the prevalence of SAA in leprosy patients.", "PMID": 561759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4757", "title": "Effect of urethral stretch on urethral pressure profile.", "content": "Urethral pressure profiles were recorded in anesthetized dogs with the urethra in both the relaxed and stretched positions. Similar studies were done with fresh specimens of intact dog bladder and urethra removed en bloc. Clinical studies were performed on women during surgical correction of stress incontinence. The pressure profiles reflected the intrinsic smooth muscular activity of the urethra, inasmuch as they were all obtained under full relaxation by anesthesia and with the abdomen open. In all cases, functional as well as anatomical lengths of the urethra were increased with stretch. The rise in urethral closure pressure was most marked in the proximal third of the urethra. Changes were more notable in women with stress incontinence than in the normal dog. Similar results were noted in the in vitro studies. Length-tension properties of smooth and striated muscles offer a clear explanation for the rationale and effectiveness of surgical procedures done for the correction of stress incontinence.", "contents": "Effect of urethral stretch on urethral pressure profile. Urethral pressure profiles were recorded in anesthetized dogs with the urethra in both the relaxed and stretched positions. Similar studies were done with fresh specimens of intact dog bladder and urethra removed en bloc. Clinical studies were performed on women during surgical correction of stress incontinence. The pressure profiles reflected the intrinsic smooth muscular activity of the urethra, inasmuch as they were all obtained under full relaxation by anesthesia and with the abdomen open. In all cases, functional as well as anatomical lengths of the urethra were increased with stretch. The rise in urethral closure pressure was most marked in the proximal third of the urethra. Changes were more notable in women with stress incontinence than in the normal dog. Similar results were noted in the in vitro studies. Length-tension properties of smooth and striated muscles offer a clear explanation for the rationale and effectiveness of surgical procedures done for the correction of stress incontinence.", "PMID": 561766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4758", "title": "Effect of pelvic and retroperitoneal surgery on the urethral pressure profile and perineal floor electromyogram in dogs.", "content": "Study of the urethral pressure profile and perineal floor electromyogram in 12 dogs subjected to colonic resection, abdominal vascular stripping, and pudenal nerve transection suggest that specific defects in urethral continence function may follow pelvic and retroperitoneal surgical dissection. These alterations, attributable to damage of the pudendal nerves and the sympathetic fibers in the posterior peritoneum, must be accurately evaluated before treatment of postoperative urodynamic problems.", "contents": "Effect of pelvic and retroperitoneal surgery on the urethral pressure profile and perineal floor electromyogram in dogs. Study of the urethral pressure profile and perineal floor electromyogram in 12 dogs subjected to colonic resection, abdominal vascular stripping, and pudenal nerve transection suggest that specific defects in urethral continence function may follow pelvic and retroperitoneal surgical dissection. These alterations, attributable to damage of the pudendal nerves and the sympathetic fibers in the posterior peritoneum, must be accurately evaluated before treatment of postoperative urodynamic problems.", "PMID": 561767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4759", "title": "Acute renal failure in leprosy.", "content": "Three patients having lepromatous leprosy developed acute renal failure. Two patients completely recovered and one was left with a moderate degree of renal insufficiency. Renal tissue obtained by percutaneous biopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis in two and diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis in the third case.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in leprosy. Three patients having lepromatous leprosy developed acute renal failure. Two patients completely recovered and one was left with a moderate degree of renal insufficiency. Renal tissue obtained by percutaneous biopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis in two and diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis in the third case.", "PMID": 561762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4760", "title": "Striated muscle determinants of intraurethral resistance.", "content": "Urethral resistance was measured in dogs subjected to alterations in periurethral striated muscle activity before and after muscle paralysis. Changes in periurethral striated muscle activity that could be abolished by curare significantly affected intraurethral resistance measurements. Control of striated muscle is necessary for true assessment of other urinary sphincter components.", "contents": "Striated muscle determinants of intraurethral resistance. Urethral resistance was measured in dogs subjected to alterations in periurethral striated muscle activity before and after muscle paralysis. Changes in periurethral striated muscle activity that could be abolished by curare significantly affected intraurethral resistance measurements. Control of striated muscle is necessary for true assessment of other urinary sphincter components.", "PMID": 561768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4761", "title": "Atresia coli in a twin calf.", "content": "Atresia coli was diagnosed in a newborn calf. The calf was an identical twin, as evidenced by identical blood type and identical electrophoretic patterns for hemoglobin, transferrin, and amylase. The other calf was clinically normal. The calves resulted from embryo transfer and represented cleavage of a single embryo in the recipient animal. These findings indicate atresia coli in this calf was probably not hereditary.", "contents": "Atresia coli in a twin calf. Atresia coli was diagnosed in a newborn calf. The calf was an identical twin, as evidenced by identical blood type and identical electrophoretic patterns for hemoglobin, transferrin, and amylase. The other calf was clinically normal. The calves resulted from embryo transfer and represented cleavage of a single embryo in the recipient animal. These findings indicate atresia coli in this calf was probably not hereditary.", "PMID": 561771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4762", "title": "A histopathologic study of renal biopsies in fifty cases of leprosy.", "content": "Renal biopsies from 50 cases of leprosy, including 45 cases of lepromatous and 5 cases of tuberculoid, have been studied in detail histopathologically with special reference to any specific leprosy lesion such as the presence of leproma or granuloma, the presence of acid-fast bacilli and the occurrence of amyloid deposit. Leproma or granuloma, acid-fast bacilli and amyloid deposit could not be detected in any of these cases. Pathologic features of nephritis of various types were seen in only 40% of cases. Similar observations made by previous authors have been reviewed. The question is raised as to why kidney tissue should escape from developing specific leprosy lesions in either type of leprosy when other tissues such as liver, striated muscles and lymph nodes are known to develop such lesions. A greater immunologic resistance of the renal tissue to lepra bacilli or local physiochemical factors which may render renal tissue an unfavorable site for the settling and multiplication of lepra bacilli are considered as possible related factors.", "contents": "A histopathologic study of renal biopsies in fifty cases of leprosy. Renal biopsies from 50 cases of leprosy, including 45 cases of lepromatous and 5 cases of tuberculoid, have been studied in detail histopathologically with special reference to any specific leprosy lesion such as the presence of leproma or granuloma, the presence of acid-fast bacilli and the occurrence of amyloid deposit. Leproma or granuloma, acid-fast bacilli and amyloid deposit could not be detected in any of these cases. Pathologic features of nephritis of various types were seen in only 40% of cases. Similar observations made by previous authors have been reviewed. The question is raised as to why kidney tissue should escape from developing specific leprosy lesions in either type of leprosy when other tissues such as liver, striated muscles and lymph nodes are known to develop such lesions. A greater immunologic resistance of the renal tissue to lepra bacilli or local physiochemical factors which may render renal tissue an unfavorable site for the settling and multiplication of lepra bacilli are considered as possible related factors.", "PMID": 561761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4763", "title": "Structure of the tubulin dimer.", "content": "Microtubules are formed from a 110,000-dalton dimeric subunit called tubulin. Two forms of 55,000-dalton monomer, alpha and beta, are found in all microtubule preparations. The dimers could thus theoretically be either heterodimers (alphabeta) or homodimers (alphaalpha and betabeta). This problem was investigated by stigated by chemical cross-linking using several bifunctional reagents, of which one, dimethyl-3,3-(tetrame thylenedioxy) dipropionimidate dihydrochloride (DTDI), was able to make intradimer bonds in tubulin. When soluble chick brain tubulin was cross-linked with DTDI and analyzed by electrophoresis in an acrylamide gel system capable of resolving alphaalpha, alphabeta, and betabeta, 60 to 90% of the cross-linked dimer was alphabeta. If tubulin was incubated at 24 degrees prior to cross-linking with DTDI the total yield of cross-linked dimer increased with time, indicating that tubulin was forming loose aggregates. The relative amounts of cross-linked dimer alphaalpha and betabeta also increase with time, indicating that soluble tubulin is largely alphabeta, and suggesting that cross-linked alphaalpha and betabeta arise from nonspecific aggregation during tubulin purification. The aggregation observed by cross-linking with DTDI was strongly influenced by colchicine and Vinca alkaloids in a pattern similar to the effects of these drugs on tubulin polymerization.", "contents": "Structure of the tubulin dimer. Microtubules are formed from a 110,000-dalton dimeric subunit called tubulin. Two forms of 55,000-dalton monomer, alpha and beta, are found in all microtubule preparations. The dimers could thus theoretically be either heterodimers (alphabeta) or homodimers (alphaalpha and betabeta). This problem was investigated by stigated by chemical cross-linking using several bifunctional reagents, of which one, dimethyl-3,3-(tetrame thylenedioxy) dipropionimidate dihydrochloride (DTDI), was able to make intradimer bonds in tubulin. When soluble chick brain tubulin was cross-linked with DTDI and analyzed by electrophoresis in an acrylamide gel system capable of resolving alphaalpha, alphabeta, and betabeta, 60 to 90% of the cross-linked dimer was alphabeta. If tubulin was incubated at 24 degrees prior to cross-linking with DTDI the total yield of cross-linked dimer increased with time, indicating that tubulin was forming loose aggregates. The relative amounts of cross-linked dimer alphaalpha and betabeta also increase with time, indicating that soluble tubulin is largely alphabeta, and suggesting that cross-linked alphaalpha and betabeta arise from nonspecific aggregation during tubulin purification. The aggregation observed by cross-linking with DTDI was strongly influenced by colchicine and Vinca alkaloids in a pattern similar to the effects of these drugs on tubulin polymerization.", "PMID": 561780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4764", "title": "The amino acid sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein, a component of nitrogenase. I. Tryptic peptides.", "content": "A total of 25 tryptic peptides was isolated from the S-beta-carboxymethyl derivative of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein (N2). In order to obtain the various peptides in pure state, a combination of gel permeation, cation and anion exchange column chromatographic methods, as well as various ascending paper chromatographic methods were adopted. Sequence studies of the tryptic peptides were carried out mainly by a modified manual Edman degradation procedure and also by automated analysis, carboxypeptidase digestion, and by hydrazinolysis. Thus, 242 residues (88.6%) out of a total of 273 amino acid residues were sequenced in the present study. The sum of the amino acid residues in the tryptic peptides isolated from iron protein (N2) accounted for the 273 amino acid residues present in the iron protein.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein, a component of nitrogenase. I. Tryptic peptides. A total of 25 tryptic peptides was isolated from the S-beta-carboxymethyl derivative of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein (N2). In order to obtain the various peptides in pure state, a combination of gel permeation, cation and anion exchange column chromatographic methods, as well as various ascending paper chromatographic methods were adopted. Sequence studies of the tryptic peptides were carried out mainly by a modified manual Edman degradation procedure and also by automated analysis, carboxypeptidase digestion, and by hydrazinolysis. Thus, 242 residues (88.6%) out of a total of 273 amino acid residues were sequenced in the present study. The sum of the amino acid residues in the tryptic peptides isolated from iron protein (N2) accounted for the 273 amino acid residues present in the iron protein.", "PMID": 561781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4765", "title": "The amino acid sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein, a component of nitrogenase. II. Cyanogen bromide peptides.", "content": "A total of 10 cyanogen bromide peptides were isolated from the S-beta-carboxymethyl iron protein of nitrogenase. Purification of these peptides was performed mainly by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50; by ascending paper chromatography using the solvent system of pyridine, isoamyl alcohol, 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide; and also, in some cases, with additional steps such as anion exchange column chromatography on Dowex 1-X2 or ascending paper chromatography in an acidic solvent system or by pyridine precipitation of the cyanogen bromide fragment. Sequenator analyses of three large cyanogen bromide peptides (53 to 72 residues) provided tryptic peptide overlap data for the inner portion of the protein. The cyanogen bromide peptides accounted for all of the 273 amino acid residues which were present in the tryptic peptides isolated from carboxymethyl-iron protein (Tanaka, M., Haniu, M., Yasunobu, K. T., and Mortenson, L. E. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7081-7088).", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum iron protein, a component of nitrogenase. II. Cyanogen bromide peptides. A total of 10 cyanogen bromide peptides were isolated from the S-beta-carboxymethyl iron protein of nitrogenase. Purification of these peptides was performed mainly by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50; by ascending paper chromatography using the solvent system of pyridine, isoamyl alcohol, 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide; and also, in some cases, with additional steps such as anion exchange column chromatography on Dowex 1-X2 or ascending paper chromatography in an acidic solvent system or by pyridine precipitation of the cyanogen bromide fragment. Sequenator analyses of three large cyanogen bromide peptides (53 to 72 residues) provided tryptic peptide overlap data for the inner portion of the protein. The cyanogen bromide peptides accounted for all of the 273 amino acid residues which were present in the tryptic peptides isolated from carboxymethyl-iron protein (Tanaka, M., Haniu, M., Yasunobu, K. T., and Mortenson, L. E. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7081-7088).", "PMID": 561782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4766", "title": "Decarboxylation-dependent transamination catalyzed by mammalian 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase.", "content": "In addition to the usual decarboxylation, pig kidney 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) decarboxylase catalyzes a decarboxylation-dependent transamination which converts dopa into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and sinultaneously converts enzyme-bound pyridoxal-P into pyridoxamine-P. Similar reactions occur when this enzyme acts on m-tyrosine, alpha-methyldopa, and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine. The transamination occurs in about 0.02% of decarboxylations of dopa and m-tyrosine and in about 2% of decarboxylations of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine. The fraction of decarboxylations proceeding by the transamination pathway is independent of pH. This reaction appears to result from a divergence in the normal mechanism of decarboxylation; the quinoid intermediate which is formed by decarboxylation of the substrate-pyridoxal-P-Schiff base ordinarily protonates on the alpha carbon of the amino acid, but protonation occasionally occurs at the benzylic carbon of the coenzyme, and this latter route leads to transamination.", "contents": "Decarboxylation-dependent transamination catalyzed by mammalian 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase. In addition to the usual decarboxylation, pig kidney 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) decarboxylase catalyzes a decarboxylation-dependent transamination which converts dopa into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and sinultaneously converts enzyme-bound pyridoxal-P into pyridoxamine-P. Similar reactions occur when this enzyme acts on m-tyrosine, alpha-methyldopa, and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine. The transamination occurs in about 0.02% of decarboxylations of dopa and m-tyrosine and in about 2% of decarboxylations of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine. The fraction of decarboxylations proceeding by the transamination pathway is independent of pH. This reaction appears to result from a divergence in the normal mechanism of decarboxylation; the quinoid intermediate which is formed by decarboxylation of the substrate-pyridoxal-P-Schiff base ordinarily protonates on the alpha carbon of the amino acid, but protonation occasionally occurs at the benzylic carbon of the coenzyme, and this latter route leads to transamination.", "PMID": 561784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4767", "title": "The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure.", "content": "Compression tests of human and bovine trabecular bone specimens with and without marrow in situ were conducted at strain rates of from 0.001 to 10.0 per second. A porous platen above the specimens allowed the escape of marrow during testing. The presence of marrow increased the strength, modulus, and energy absorption of specimens only at the highest strain rate of 10.0 per second. This enhancement of material properties at the highest strain rate was due primarily to the restricted viscous flow of marrow through the platen rather than the flow through the pores of the trabecular bone. In specimens without marrow, the strength was proportional to the square of the apparent density and the modulus was proportional to the cube of the apparent density. Both strength and modulus were approximately proportional to the strain rate raised to the 0.06 power. These power relationships, which were shown to hold for all bone in the skeleton, allow meaningful predictions of bone tissue strength and stiffness based on in vivo density measurements.", "contents": "The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. Compression tests of human and bovine trabecular bone specimens with and without marrow in situ were conducted at strain rates of from 0.001 to 10.0 per second. A porous platen above the specimens allowed the escape of marrow during testing. The presence of marrow increased the strength, modulus, and energy absorption of specimens only at the highest strain rate of 10.0 per second. This enhancement of material properties at the highest strain rate was due primarily to the restricted viscous flow of marrow through the platen rather than the flow through the pores of the trabecular bone. In specimens without marrow, the strength was proportional to the square of the apparent density and the modulus was proportional to the cube of the apparent density. Both strength and modulus were approximately proportional to the strain rate raised to the 0.06 power. These power relationships, which were shown to hold for all bone in the skeleton, allow meaningful predictions of bone tissue strength and stiffness based on in vivo density measurements.", "PMID": 561786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4768", "title": "Heat-induced reversible hexagonal packing of spindle microtubules.", "content": "Epithelial cells cultured from the lung of the Northwest rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa granulosa) were subjected to brief (10-15 min) elevated temperature shocks of 33 degrees-36 degrees C during metaphase. Electron microscope studies on these cells reveal that the spindle microtubules (Mts) are differentially stable to heat treatment. The great majority of nonkinetochore Mts are destroyed within the first few minutes of the shock while kinetochore and adjacent Mts rearrange to form hexagonal closely packed structures before disassembling, the latter occurring only after prolonged heat treatment. The significance and theoretical implications of the formation of hexagonal closely packed Mt structures and of the differential stability of spindle Mts to heating are discussed. The data suggest the existence of one or more heat-sensitive structural component(s) which maintain the individual minimum spacing seen between spindle Mts. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of the experimental rearrangement of kinetochore Mts into reversible, hexagonal closely packed bundles.", "contents": "Heat-induced reversible hexagonal packing of spindle microtubules. Epithelial cells cultured from the lung of the Northwest rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa granulosa) were subjected to brief (10-15 min) elevated temperature shocks of 33 degrees-36 degrees C during metaphase. Electron microscope studies on these cells reveal that the spindle microtubules (Mts) are differentially stable to heat treatment. The great majority of nonkinetochore Mts are destroyed within the first few minutes of the shock while kinetochore and adjacent Mts rearrange to form hexagonal closely packed structures before disassembling, the latter occurring only after prolonged heat treatment. The significance and theoretical implications of the formation of hexagonal closely packed Mt structures and of the differential stability of spindle Mts to heating are discussed. The data suggest the existence of one or more heat-sensitive structural component(s) which maintain the individual minimum spacing seen between spindle Mts. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of the experimental rearrangement of kinetochore Mts into reversible, hexagonal closely packed bundles.", "PMID": 561787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4769", "title": "Homogeneous cell populations from rabbit kidney cortex. Proximal, distal tubule, and renin-active cell isolated by free-flow electrophoresis.", "content": "A single-cell suspension has been prepared from rabbit kidney cortex by using a Ca-binding medium and gentle mechanical forces. The suspension was subjected to carrier-free electrophoresis, and several cell fractions were obtained. Proximal and distal tubule cell populations could be identified by their morphology. Renin-containing cells were located by means of radioimmunoassay. The morphology of the cells and their vitality (uridine incorporation) are discussed.", "contents": "Homogeneous cell populations from rabbit kidney cortex. Proximal, distal tubule, and renin-active cell isolated by free-flow electrophoresis. A single-cell suspension has been prepared from rabbit kidney cortex by using a Ca-binding medium and gentle mechanical forces. The suspension was subjected to carrier-free electrophoresis, and several cell fractions were obtained. Proximal and distal tubule cell populations could be identified by their morphology. Renin-containing cells were located by means of radioimmunoassay. The morphology of the cells and their vitality (uridine incorporation) are discussed.", "PMID": 561788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4770", "title": "Membrane transport by guinea pig peritoneal exudate leukocytes: effect of phagocytosis on hexose and amino acid transport.", "content": "Short term, carrier mediated transport of D-glucose, L-leucine and L-lysine by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages was characterized. Analysis of the amino acid transport demonstrated two-limbed double reciprocal plots suggesting two transport systems for each amino acid. The low concentration limb of the curves established a Km of 0.1 mM for L-leucine and 0.05 mM for L-lysine; Vmax values were 2.0 and 2.85 nmole/mg protein/90 seconds, respectively. Leucine and lysine were shown to be competitive inhibitors of each other. Further competition studies revealed that other amino acids also had affinity for these carriers. Amino acid transport was found to be sensitive to sulfhydryl active compounds. Colchicine treatment of peritoneal macrophages did not inhibit the transport of the amino acids tested. Preloading macrophages with latex beads or heat-killed staphylococci by phagocytosis stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dOG) uptake markedly, but had no measurable effect on amino acid transport. Although total transport of 2-dOG increased in post-phagocytic macrophages, the kinetics of the system were not altered significantly. The Km for both pre- and post-phagocytic transport of 2-dOG was shown to be 1.2 mM and the Vmax was shown to increase from a pre-phagocytic value of 20 nmoles/mg protein/90 seconds to a post-phagocytic 27 nmoles/mg protein/90 seconds. Phagocytosis of heat-killed staphylococci by guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), however, did not cause an augmentation in hexose transport in the cells. The presence of colchicine during phagocytosis did not alter subsequent uptake of amino acids by the macrophages.", "contents": "Membrane transport by guinea pig peritoneal exudate leukocytes: effect of phagocytosis on hexose and amino acid transport. Short term, carrier mediated transport of D-glucose, L-leucine and L-lysine by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages was characterized. Analysis of the amino acid transport demonstrated two-limbed double reciprocal plots suggesting two transport systems for each amino acid. The low concentration limb of the curves established a Km of 0.1 mM for L-leucine and 0.05 mM for L-lysine; Vmax values were 2.0 and 2.85 nmole/mg protein/90 seconds, respectively. Leucine and lysine were shown to be competitive inhibitors of each other. Further competition studies revealed that other amino acids also had affinity for these carriers. Amino acid transport was found to be sensitive to sulfhydryl active compounds. Colchicine treatment of peritoneal macrophages did not inhibit the transport of the amino acids tested. Preloading macrophages with latex beads or heat-killed staphylococci by phagocytosis stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dOG) uptake markedly, but had no measurable effect on amino acid transport. Although total transport of 2-dOG increased in post-phagocytic macrophages, the kinetics of the system were not altered significantly. The Km for both pre- and post-phagocytic transport of 2-dOG was shown to be 1.2 mM and the Vmax was shown to increase from a pre-phagocytic value of 20 nmoles/mg protein/90 seconds to a post-phagocytic 27 nmoles/mg protein/90 seconds. Phagocytosis of heat-killed staphylococci by guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), however, did not cause an augmentation in hexose transport in the cells. The presence of colchicine during phagocytosis did not alter subsequent uptake of amino acids by the macrophages.", "PMID": 561790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4771", "title": "Repetitive DNA in differentiating chick tissues.", "content": "Embryonic chick DNA from different tissues was examined for differences in relative content of highly repetitive DNA which might indicate specific DNA amplification in somatic cells. The content of repetitive sequences in DNA isolated from cerebrum, muscle, and neural retina tissues, at the same and at different embryonic stages, was determined by hydroxyapatite fractionation of partially reassociated DNA samples. An unrenatured marker DNA (C14-labeled E. coli DNA) was added to each chick DNA sample in order to monitor the nonspecific single-stranded DNA retention by each hydroxyapatite column. When chick DNA samples were sheared to a double-stranded length of 1,300 nucleotide pairs, an average of 20.2% +/- 2.2% of the DNA was found to reassociate at a Cot value of 10. The quantity of the fast reassociating sequences was found to constitute the same fraction of the DNA in all the tissues studied. In addition, all the reassociated DNA samples exhibited the same CsCl density classes. The studies also indicated that most chick DNA repetitive sequences are interspersed with nonrepetitive sequences.", "contents": "Repetitive DNA in differentiating chick tissues. Embryonic chick DNA from different tissues was examined for differences in relative content of highly repetitive DNA which might indicate specific DNA amplification in somatic cells. The content of repetitive sequences in DNA isolated from cerebrum, muscle, and neural retina tissues, at the same and at different embryonic stages, was determined by hydroxyapatite fractionation of partially reassociated DNA samples. An unrenatured marker DNA (C14-labeled E. coli DNA) was added to each chick DNA sample in order to monitor the nonspecific single-stranded DNA retention by each hydroxyapatite column. When chick DNA samples were sheared to a double-stranded length of 1,300 nucleotide pairs, an average of 20.2% +/- 2.2% of the DNA was found to reassociate at a Cot value of 10. The quantity of the fast reassociating sequences was found to constitute the same fraction of the DNA in all the tissues studied. In addition, all the reassociated DNA samples exhibited the same CsCl density classes. The studies also indicated that most chick DNA repetitive sequences are interspersed with nonrepetitive sequences.", "PMID": 561791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4772", "title": "Separation of proximal tubule cells from suspensions of rat kidney cells by free-flow electrophoresis.", "content": "Suspensions of rat kidney cells obtained by disaggregation of the kidney with 0.25% trypsin were separated by electrophoresis. Previously, we found a correlation between cells with histochemically demonstrable alkaline phosphatase (HDAP) and cells with brush borders which established that HDAP is a useful marker for rat proximal tubule cells (Kreisberg et al., '77). The starting suspension of cells for electrophoresis consisted of 38.4 +/- 5.7% nucleated cells with HDAP, 39.8 +/- 5.7% nucleated cells without HDAP, and 20.8 +/- 9.2% red blood cells. After electrophoresis, the purest fraction contained 85.8 +/- 3.5% nucleated cells with HDAP, 8.4 +/- 2.2% nucleated cells lacking HDAP, and 5.8 +/- 2.8% red blood cells; 91.9 +/- 2.4% of the nucleated cells in the purest fractions had HDAP.", "contents": "Separation of proximal tubule cells from suspensions of rat kidney cells by free-flow electrophoresis. Suspensions of rat kidney cells obtained by disaggregation of the kidney with 0.25% trypsin were separated by electrophoresis. Previously, we found a correlation between cells with histochemically demonstrable alkaline phosphatase (HDAP) and cells with brush borders which established that HDAP is a useful marker for rat proximal tubule cells (Kreisberg et al., '77). The starting suspension of cells for electrophoresis consisted of 38.4 +/- 5.7% nucleated cells with HDAP, 39.8 +/- 5.7% nucleated cells without HDAP, and 20.8 +/- 9.2% red blood cells. After electrophoresis, the purest fraction contained 85.8 +/- 3.5% nucleated cells with HDAP, 8.4 +/- 2.2% nucleated cells lacking HDAP, and 5.8 +/- 2.8% red blood cells; 91.9 +/- 2.4% of the nucleated cells in the purest fractions had HDAP.", "PMID": 561792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4773", "title": "Concanavalin A-binding by cells of the early chick embryo.", "content": "The surfaces of cells from the early embryo of the chick were examined using electron microscope techniques for the visualization of concanavalin A-binding sites. Horseradish peroxidase and Ferritin labelled concanavalin A were used to determine the distribution of the binding sites. All surfaces of the epiblast and hypoblast layers which were accessible to concanavalin A showed the presence of binding sites in stage 1 embryos. The ventral surface of the epiblast showed a high lectin affinity which may reflect the development of a basal lamina on this surface. The individual hypoblast cells at this stage showed a non-uniform distribution of binding sites, having a greater affinity on the dorsal surface than the ventral. By the time of primitive streak formation (stage 4-5) the dorsal surface of the epiblast displayed increased binding sites, while the frequency of sites on the ventral surface of the endoblast was reduced. The latter may reflect a change from one cell population to another, which occurs in the lower layer of the embryo at this time. No consistent correlation could be drawn between changes in motility of cells actually invaginating through the primitive streak and changes in affinity for concanavalin A. An overall increase in affinity of the dorsal surface of the epiblast was revealed by Ferritin and may reflect the changes in surface structure occurring in readiness for the morphogenetic migrations of gastrulation.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-binding by cells of the early chick embryo. The surfaces of cells from the early embryo of the chick were examined using electron microscope techniques for the visualization of concanavalin A-binding sites. Horseradish peroxidase and Ferritin labelled concanavalin A were used to determine the distribution of the binding sites. All surfaces of the epiblast and hypoblast layers which were accessible to concanavalin A showed the presence of binding sites in stage 1 embryos. The ventral surface of the epiblast showed a high lectin affinity which may reflect the development of a basal lamina on this surface. The individual hypoblast cells at this stage showed a non-uniform distribution of binding sites, having a greater affinity on the dorsal surface than the ventral. By the time of primitive streak formation (stage 4-5) the dorsal surface of the epiblast displayed increased binding sites, while the frequency of sites on the ventral surface of the endoblast was reduced. The latter may reflect a change from one cell population to another, which occurs in the lower layer of the embryo at this time. No consistent correlation could be drawn between changes in motility of cells actually invaginating through the primitive streak and changes in affinity for concanavalin A. An overall increase in affinity of the dorsal surface of the epiblast was revealed by Ferritin and may reflect the changes in surface structure occurring in readiness for the morphogenetic migrations of gastrulation.", "PMID": 561795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4774", "title": "Alteration of membrane electrical activity in rat myocardial cells following selective laser microbeam irradiation.", "content": "Laser microirradiation of neonatal rat (1 to 2-day-old) ventricular cells in tissue culture results in overt changes in contractility. The intracellular study of their ongoing electrical activity prior to, during, and after laser microirradiation demonstrates that definite membrane alteration occurs concomitantly with induced contractile responses. Although all ventricular cells are depolarized by laser microirradiation, the ultimate response elicited seems to differ according to the type of myocardial cell impaled. Typical fibrillation potentials were induced mainly in pacemaker cells.", "contents": "Alteration of membrane electrical activity in rat myocardial cells following selective laser microbeam irradiation. Laser microirradiation of neonatal rat (1 to 2-day-old) ventricular cells in tissue culture results in overt changes in contractility. The intracellular study of their ongoing electrical activity prior to, during, and after laser microirradiation demonstrates that definite membrane alteration occurs concomitantly with induced contractile responses. Although all ventricular cells are depolarized by laser microirradiation, the ultimate response elicited seems to differ according to the type of myocardial cell impaled. Typical fibrillation potentials were induced mainly in pacemaker cells.", "PMID": 561796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4775", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricular floor of the rat.", "content": "By utilizing a horizontal dissection technique the entire floor of the third ventricle has been examined. When viewed in toto the ventricular floor was seen to have an hourglass shape with the supraoptic and infundibular recesses equalling the widened portions. Consistent regional differnces were also noted. The rostral half of the floor was densely ciliated while the caudal portion, containing ependymal elements of the underlying median emience, possessed few cilia. The ciliated cells ended in an abrupt transition zone located about halfway along the floor. The rostral portion of the infundibular recess had many more apical blebs and microvilli than did the caudal areas. Supraepen dymal cells of both the phagocyte-like and neuron-like variety were observed in all of the animals examined. In some animals, complex, branching, interconnecting networks of fine calibered fibers interconnected neuron-like cells that occurred singly and occasionally in clusters. Female rats examined at all phases of the estrus cycle demonstrated no cyclic alterations of the ependymal surface.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricular floor of the rat. By utilizing a horizontal dissection technique the entire floor of the third ventricle has been examined. When viewed in toto the ventricular floor was seen to have an hourglass shape with the supraoptic and infundibular recesses equalling the widened portions. Consistent regional differnces were also noted. The rostral half of the floor was densely ciliated while the caudal portion, containing ependymal elements of the underlying median emience, possessed few cilia. The ciliated cells ended in an abrupt transition zone located about halfway along the floor. The rostral portion of the infundibular recess had many more apical blebs and microvilli than did the caudal areas. Supraepen dymal cells of both the phagocyte-like and neuron-like variety were observed in all of the animals examined. In some animals, complex, branching, interconnecting networks of fine calibered fibers interconnected neuron-like cells that occurred singly and occasionally in clusters. Female rats examined at all phases of the estrus cycle demonstrated no cyclic alterations of the ependymal surface.", "PMID": 561807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4776", "title": "Wheat germ agglutinin inhibits basal- and stimulated-adenylate cyclase activity as well as the binding of [3H] caerulein to rat pancreatic plasma membranes.", "content": "Wheat germ agglutinin, but not concanavalin A or soybean lectin, inhibited the basal-and stimulated-adenylate cyclase activity which was present in a plasma membrane preparation from the rat pancreas. The inhibition by wheat germ agglutinin was rapid and sustained. It was of the non-competitive type and never exceeded 20% for Gpp (NH) p- and NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The inhibition of secretin-stimulated activity was also non-competitive but more pronounced (57% inhibition at a wheat germ agglutinin concentration of 20 microgram/ml). For the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (OC-PZ)-stimulated cyclase, the inhibition amounted to 68% and was of a mixed type (both competitive and non-competitive). This last observation might be explained by the competitive inhibition exerted by wheat germ agglutinin on the binding of peptides of the OC-PZ family to their membrane specific receptors. The various inhibitory effects of wheat germ agglutinin were completely suppressed by incubating the membranes in the presence of ovomucoid, a N-acetyl-D-glucosamine rich glycoprotein. The possible functional implication of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Wheat germ agglutinin inhibits basal- and stimulated-adenylate cyclase activity as well as the binding of [3H] caerulein to rat pancreatic plasma membranes. Wheat germ agglutinin, but not concanavalin A or soybean lectin, inhibited the basal-and stimulated-adenylate cyclase activity which was present in a plasma membrane preparation from the rat pancreas. The inhibition by wheat germ agglutinin was rapid and sustained. It was of the non-competitive type and never exceeded 20% for Gpp (NH) p- and NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The inhibition of secretin-stimulated activity was also non-competitive but more pronounced (57% inhibition at a wheat germ agglutinin concentration of 20 microgram/ml). For the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (OC-PZ)-stimulated cyclase, the inhibition amounted to 68% and was of a mixed type (both competitive and non-competitive). This last observation might be explained by the competitive inhibition exerted by wheat germ agglutinin on the binding of peptides of the OC-PZ family to their membrane specific receptors. The various inhibitory effects of wheat germ agglutinin were completely suppressed by incubating the membranes in the presence of ovomucoid, a N-acetyl-D-glucosamine rich glycoprotein. The possible functional implication of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 561809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4777", "title": "Survival of mouse embryos after freezing in medium containing dimethylsulphoxide and yolk extract.", "content": "The ability of the cryoprotective solution containing dimethylsulphoxide in combination with yolk extract (DYG 550) to protect mouse embryos at ultra low temperatures is reported. Of the embryos of 46.1% frozen to -196 C at various rates formed blastocysts in vitro compared to 41.2% and 23.2% survivals protected by 1M dimethylsulphoxide and 1M glycerol.", "contents": "Survival of mouse embryos after freezing in medium containing dimethylsulphoxide and yolk extract. The ability of the cryoprotective solution containing dimethylsulphoxide in combination with yolk extract (DYG 550) to protect mouse embryos at ultra low temperatures is reported. Of the embryos of 46.1% frozen to -196 C at various rates formed blastocysts in vitro compared to 41.2% and 23.2% survivals protected by 1M dimethylsulphoxide and 1M glycerol.", "PMID": 561810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4778", "title": "Detection of antibody to rubella virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Titers of antibody to rubella virus in 68 human sera were compared by hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In general, the titers measured by ELISA were higher than those found by hemagglutination inhibition. Although the titers differed, the two methods showed parallel trends. Use of purified rubella virus and addition of 1% bovine serum albumin to the test wash solution aided in reducing false-positive titers in ELISA.", "contents": "Detection of antibody to rubella virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Titers of antibody to rubella virus in 68 human sera were compared by hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In general, the titers measured by ELISA were higher than those found by hemagglutination inhibition. Although the titers differed, the two methods showed parallel trends. Use of purified rubella virus and addition of 1% bovine serum albumin to the test wash solution aided in reducing false-positive titers in ELISA.", "PMID": 561819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4779", "title": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) with use of alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibody to HBS Ag.", "content": "An enzyme-labeled \"sandwich\" assay was developed for the detection of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) with use of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase and horse antibody to HBS Ag. It involved a total incubation time of 2.5 hr in three steps and was approximately equivalent in sensitivity to one of the commercially available radioimunoassays. The confirmatory test was of the neutralization type and required an additional 30-min incubation step. The enzyme-labeled antibody solution and the solid-phase antibody were extremely stable. They withstood storage at 2 C-8 C for longer than one year with virtually no decrease in activity. Accelerated tests of stability in storage at room temperature (20 C-24 C) showed only a small loss of potency over a one-year period. Three specimens were encountered that were confirmably positive by enzyme-labeled immunoassay but negative by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) with use of alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibody to HBS Ag. An enzyme-labeled \"sandwich\" assay was developed for the detection of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) with use of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase and horse antibody to HBS Ag. It involved a total incubation time of 2.5 hr in three steps and was approximately equivalent in sensitivity to one of the commercially available radioimunoassays. The confirmatory test was of the neutralization type and required an additional 30-min incubation step. The enzyme-labeled antibody solution and the solid-phase antibody were extremely stable. They withstood storage at 2 C-8 C for longer than one year with virtually no decrease in activity. Accelerated tests of stability in storage at room temperature (20 C-24 C) showed only a small loss of potency over a one-year period. Three specimens were encountered that were confirmably positive by enzyme-labeled immunoassay but negative by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 561820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4780", "title": "Microfilament and microtubule function in human monocytes.", "content": "The functions of microfilaments and microtubules in human monocytes were examined by exposing peripheral blood monocytes to cytochalasin B, a microfilament inhibitor, and to colchicine, an antitubulin. Cytochalasin B, 10 microgram/ml, inhibited all monocyte functions tested: chemotaxis was reduced by 96% of control levels (p less than 0.01), random mobility by 88% (p less than 0.01), candidacidal activity by 57% (p less than 0.01), and phagocytosis by 34% (p less than 0.01). Monocyte adherence was also significantly reduced (by 65%). Colchicine, 10 microgram/ml, significantly reduced monocyte chemotaxis by 39% (p less than 0.01) and random mobility by 59% (p less than 0.01), but phagocytosis and candidacidal activity were not diminished at 0.1 to 100 microgram/ml. Monocyte adherence was modestly decreased (46%) by 10 microgram/ml of colchicine. Thus, cytochalasin B, a microfilament inhibitor, reduced all five functions tested. In contrast, colchicine, an antitubulin, inhibited only chemotaxis, random mobility, and adherence. These data suggest that in monocytes (1) microfilaments are the structural element of cell membrane and cytoplasm required for most cellular functions and (2) microtubules facilitate membrane surface interaction in chemotaxis, random mobility, and adherence.", "contents": "Microfilament and microtubule function in human monocytes. The functions of microfilaments and microtubules in human monocytes were examined by exposing peripheral blood monocytes to cytochalasin B, a microfilament inhibitor, and to colchicine, an antitubulin. Cytochalasin B, 10 microgram/ml, inhibited all monocyte functions tested: chemotaxis was reduced by 96% of control levels (p less than 0.01), random mobility by 88% (p less than 0.01), candidacidal activity by 57% (p less than 0.01), and phagocytosis by 34% (p less than 0.01). Monocyte adherence was also significantly reduced (by 65%). Colchicine, 10 microgram/ml, significantly reduced monocyte chemotaxis by 39% (p less than 0.01) and random mobility by 59% (p less than 0.01), but phagocytosis and candidacidal activity were not diminished at 0.1 to 100 microgram/ml. Monocyte adherence was modestly decreased (46%) by 10 microgram/ml of colchicine. Thus, cytochalasin B, a microfilament inhibitor, reduced all five functions tested. In contrast, colchicine, an antitubulin, inhibited only chemotaxis, random mobility, and adherence. These data suggest that in monocytes (1) microfilaments are the structural element of cell membrane and cytoplasm required for most cellular functions and (2) microtubules facilitate membrane surface interaction in chemotaxis, random mobility, and adherence.", "PMID": 561822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4781", "title": "Regulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase in rat leukocytes.", "content": "Methods were developed for the assay of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity in microsomes from rat leukocytes. The activity in freshly isolated leukocytes is low compared to rat liver but can be assayed reliably. The patterns of response of leukocyte reductase in the assay to variation in substrate concentration, protein concentration, and time mimic those of rat liver reductase. Reductase activity in leukocyte microsomes, as in liver microsomes, is depressed by dietary cholesterol and by fasting and is elevated by dietary cholestyramine. Unlike liver reductase, leukocyte reductase activity does not exhibit a detectable diurnal rhythm. We conclude that the assay of reductase in freshly isolated leukocytes holds promise as a technique for detecting the effects of various factors on cholesterol synthesis in vivo.", "contents": "Regulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase in rat leukocytes. Methods were developed for the assay of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity in microsomes from rat leukocytes. The activity in freshly isolated leukocytes is low compared to rat liver but can be assayed reliably. The patterns of response of leukocyte reductase in the assay to variation in substrate concentration, protein concentration, and time mimic those of rat liver reductase. Reductase activity in leukocyte microsomes, as in liver microsomes, is depressed by dietary cholesterol and by fasting and is elevated by dietary cholestyramine. Unlike liver reductase, leukocyte reductase activity does not exhibit a detectable diurnal rhythm. We conclude that the assay of reductase in freshly isolated leukocytes holds promise as a technique for detecting the effects of various factors on cholesterol synthesis in vivo.", "PMID": 561823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4782", "title": "Tensiometric studies of cytokinesis in cleaving sand dollar eggs.", "content": "Tensions exerted by cleavage furrows of Echinarachnius parma were measured by means of calibrated, flexible glass needles. The tensions exerted by the first and second furrows in isometric contraction were, respectively, 1.58 X 10(-3) dyne (S.D. 0.41 X 10(-3) dyne) and 1.43 X 10(-3) dyne (S.D. 0.44 X 10(-3) dyne). The difference between the two means is not significant. The tensions exerted by the same cleavage furrow at two different lengths, of which the shorter was about 66% the length of the longer, were not significantly different. When the progress of a second cleavage furrow was mechanically blocked, it continued to exert maximum tension up to 9 minutes after its companion blastomere, which served as a time control, completed cleavage.", "contents": "Tensiometric studies of cytokinesis in cleaving sand dollar eggs. Tensions exerted by cleavage furrows of Echinarachnius parma were measured by means of calibrated, flexible glass needles. The tensions exerted by the first and second furrows in isometric contraction were, respectively, 1.58 X 10(-3) dyne (S.D. 0.41 X 10(-3) dyne) and 1.43 X 10(-3) dyne (S.D. 0.44 X 10(-3) dyne). The difference between the two means is not significant. The tensions exerted by the same cleavage furrow at two different lengths, of which the shorter was about 66% the length of the longer, were not significantly different. When the progress of a second cleavage furrow was mechanically blocked, it continued to exert maximum tension up to 9 minutes after its companion blastomere, which served as a time control, completed cleavage.", "PMID": 561826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4783", "title": "Synthesis of RNA by male pronuclei of fertilized sea urchin eggs.", "content": "Experiments have been conducted in an effort to determine when the paternally derived genome of sea urchin embryos becomes active in RNA synthesis. Participation of the paternal genome in RNA transcription as early as fertilization has been indicated by the following: (1) polyspermic zygotes consistently demonstrate greater levels of incorporation of labelled precursor (3H-uridine) into RNA when compared to monospermic eggs. (2) Monospermic and polyspermic eggs treated with actinomycin D show the same levels of incorporation of label into RNA. (3) Analysis of autoradiographs demonstrates the incorporation of 3H-uridine into male and female pronuclei.", "contents": "Synthesis of RNA by male pronuclei of fertilized sea urchin eggs. Experiments have been conducted in an effort to determine when the paternally derived genome of sea urchin embryos becomes active in RNA synthesis. Participation of the paternal genome in RNA transcription as early as fertilization has been indicated by the following: (1) polyspermic zygotes consistently demonstrate greater levels of incorporation of labelled precursor (3H-uridine) into RNA when compared to monospermic eggs. (2) Monospermic and polyspermic eggs treated with actinomycin D show the same levels of incorporation of label into RNA. (3) Analysis of autoradiographs demonstrates the incorporation of 3H-uridine into male and female pronuclei.", "PMID": 561827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4784", "title": "Mitosis in beating cardiac myoblasts treated with cytochalasin-B.", "content": "Time-lapse pictures of isolated chick cardiac myoblasts grown in a medium with cytochalasin-B reveal that normal mitotic chromosomal separation and muscle contraction can take place simultaneously. These observations indicate that the contractile stimulation for the cells' myogibrils does not affect the movement of the chromosomes and that the cell can regulate two different motile systems inside one cell.", "contents": "Mitosis in beating cardiac myoblasts treated with cytochalasin-B. Time-lapse pictures of isolated chick cardiac myoblasts grown in a medium with cytochalasin-B reveal that normal mitotic chromosomal separation and muscle contraction can take place simultaneously. These observations indicate that the contractile stimulation for the cells' myogibrils does not affect the movement of the chromosomes and that the cell can regulate two different motile systems inside one cell.", "PMID": 561828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4785", "title": "Release of acetylcholinesterase by cultured spinal cord cells.", "content": "The release of acetylcholinesterase from neurons was studied using cultured chick-embryo spinal-cord cells. Cells dissociated from 12-day-old chick-embryo spinal cords were grown in culture for 10-12 days. Numerous well differentiated spinal neurons were found after 7-10 days in culture. Acetylcholinesterase activity per dish increased by 60-fold from days 2-12. Acetylcholinesterase was released into the surrounding media by the cells when they were incubated either in the standard culture medium or the serum-free medium. Acetylcholinesterase release was significantly reduced when protein synthesis and microtubules were disrupted by cycloheximide and colchicine, respectively. Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase indicated that the synthesis and relase of acetylcholinesterase are attributable to neurons. Cultured chick-embryo brain and neuroblastoma cells also released acetylcholinesterase into the media. These results are discussed with regard to possible physiological roles for acetylcholinesterase secretion from neurons.", "contents": "Release of acetylcholinesterase by cultured spinal cord cells. The release of acetylcholinesterase from neurons was studied using cultured chick-embryo spinal-cord cells. Cells dissociated from 12-day-old chick-embryo spinal cords were grown in culture for 10-12 days. Numerous well differentiated spinal neurons were found after 7-10 days in culture. Acetylcholinesterase activity per dish increased by 60-fold from days 2-12. Acetylcholinesterase was released into the surrounding media by the cells when they were incubated either in the standard culture medium or the serum-free medium. Acetylcholinesterase release was significantly reduced when protein synthesis and microtubules were disrupted by cycloheximide and colchicine, respectively. Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase indicated that the synthesis and relase of acetylcholinesterase are attributable to neurons. Cultured chick-embryo brain and neuroblastoma cells also released acetylcholinesterase into the media. These results are discussed with regard to possible physiological roles for acetylcholinesterase secretion from neurons.", "PMID": 561829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4786", "title": "Amino acid absorption along the intestinal tract of chicks fed heated and raw soybean meal.", "content": "Net absorption of individual amino acids along the intestinal tract was determined in chicks fed heated soybean meal (HS) and raw soybean meal (RS) using 91Y as a reference substance. In the duodenum of chicks fed either diet, the absorption of the amino acids varied. In chicks fed the RS diet, the differences were greater than in chicks fed the HS diet, and most of the values were negative. Methionine was the most rapidly absorbed amino acid. No cystine was found in the upper parts of the intestinal tract of chicks fed either diet. A linear relationship was obtained between the amino acid absorption values in the duodenum of chicks fed either diet. The differences recorded seem to be due to nitrogen secretion, which is enhanced in RS-fed chicks. The differences between individual amino acid absorption decreased gradually in the other segments and attained in the lower ileum an average cumulative value of 90% and 70% in chicks fed on HS and RS respectively. The 20% difference was probably a result of the inhibited digestion in the intestine (duodenum excluded) of chicks fed RS. The results indicate that the absorption process can proceed even when the digestion is inhibited.", "contents": "Amino acid absorption along the intestinal tract of chicks fed heated and raw soybean meal. Net absorption of individual amino acids along the intestinal tract was determined in chicks fed heated soybean meal (HS) and raw soybean meal (RS) using 91Y as a reference substance. In the duodenum of chicks fed either diet, the absorption of the amino acids varied. In chicks fed the RS diet, the differences were greater than in chicks fed the HS diet, and most of the values were negative. Methionine was the most rapidly absorbed amino acid. No cystine was found in the upper parts of the intestinal tract of chicks fed either diet. A linear relationship was obtained between the amino acid absorption values in the duodenum of chicks fed either diet. The differences recorded seem to be due to nitrogen secretion, which is enhanced in RS-fed chicks. The differences between individual amino acid absorption decreased gradually in the other segments and attained in the lower ileum an average cumulative value of 90% and 70% in chicks fed on HS and RS respectively. The 20% difference was probably a result of the inhibited digestion in the intestine (duodenum excluded) of chicks fed RS. The results indicate that the absorption process can proceed even when the digestion is inhibited.", "PMID": 561830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4787", "title": "Effects of geophagia (kaolin ingestion) on the maternal blood and embryonic development in the pregnant rat.", "content": "Geophagia, in the form of clay-eating, is often observed during pregnancy in the human population. The intent of this study was to determine the effects of kaolin (clay) ingestion on the maternal blood and embryonic development of the pregnant rat. Thirty-six Sprague-dawley female rats were divided into three groups: control diet, 20% kaolin diet, and iron-supplemented 20% kaolin diet. The diets were fed 37 to 68 days, 69 to 95 days, and 96 to 117 days prior to fertilization, and the same diets were fed for the duration of the gestation period. The rats fed the kaolin diet exhibited significant reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell levels, thus indicating maternal anemia. There was also a significant reduction in the birth weight of the pups born to kaolin fed rats. The kaolin fed rats receiving an iron supplement maintained hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell levels, and pup weight within the normal range.", "contents": "Effects of geophagia (kaolin ingestion) on the maternal blood and embryonic development in the pregnant rat. Geophagia, in the form of clay-eating, is often observed during pregnancy in the human population. The intent of this study was to determine the effects of kaolin (clay) ingestion on the maternal blood and embryonic development of the pregnant rat. Thirty-six Sprague-dawley female rats were divided into three groups: control diet, 20% kaolin diet, and iron-supplemented 20% kaolin diet. The diets were fed 37 to 68 days, 69 to 95 days, and 96 to 117 days prior to fertilization, and the same diets were fed for the duration of the gestation period. The rats fed the kaolin diet exhibited significant reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell levels, thus indicating maternal anemia. There was also a significant reduction in the birth weight of the pups born to kaolin fed rats. The kaolin fed rats receiving an iron supplement maintained hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell levels, and pup weight within the normal range.", "PMID": 561832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4788", "title": "Vinyl chloride: its impact on occupational medicine practice in Iran.", "content": "Upon the establishment of a positive relationship between occupational exposure to VCM and angiosarcoma of the liver, strict precautionary measures for the protection of VCM exposed employees in the Abadan Petrochemical Company have been instituted. All such workers have been required to have pre-employment and annual medical examinations with emphasis on liver functions. Among 43 such employees who have undergone regular medical evaluation in the past three years, no instance of liver dysfunction of angiosarcoma has been discovered. The Iranian Standards Institute reviewing occupational health data and local conditions provisionally set in 1976 a TLV of VCM of 25 ppm TWA for 8 hours with revision foreseen for 1977. It is believed that such precautionary measures should be revised and improved according to available data and knowledge and that variations in other environmental and local factors which may well play an important role in the potential pathogenicity of the exposure should be carefully considered in determining the extent of the precautionary measures and standards in each locality.", "contents": "Vinyl chloride: its impact on occupational medicine practice in Iran. Upon the establishment of a positive relationship between occupational exposure to VCM and angiosarcoma of the liver, strict precautionary measures for the protection of VCM exposed employees in the Abadan Petrochemical Company have been instituted. All such workers have been required to have pre-employment and annual medical examinations with emphasis on liver functions. Among 43 such employees who have undergone regular medical evaluation in the past three years, no instance of liver dysfunction of angiosarcoma has been discovered. The Iranian Standards Institute reviewing occupational health data and local conditions provisionally set in 1976 a TLV of VCM of 25 ppm TWA for 8 hours with revision foreseen for 1977. It is believed that such precautionary measures should be revised and improved according to available data and knowledge and that variations in other environmental and local factors which may well play an important role in the potential pathogenicity of the exposure should be carefully considered in determining the extent of the precautionary measures and standards in each locality.", "PMID": 561833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4789", "title": "Hepatitis and pregnancy.", "content": "The maternal and fetal outcomes of 50 pregnancies complicated by acute viral hepatitis were examined. Twenty (40%) cases were due to type B hepatitis virus. The clinical course of the maternal hepatitis was unaffected by the pregnant state. Maternal hepatitis (type B or nontype B) had no effect on the incidence of congenital malformations, stillbirths, abortions, or intrauterine malnutrition; it did increase the incidence of prematurity (type B 31.6%; nontype B 25%; overall 27.6%) over that seen in the general delivery population (10 to 11%). Eight mothers acquired acute type B hepatitis during the third trimester; two of their infants (25%) were found to be chronic asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen and to have mild, persistent elevations of SGOT for up to 45 months.", "contents": "Hepatitis and pregnancy. The maternal and fetal outcomes of 50 pregnancies complicated by acute viral hepatitis were examined. Twenty (40%) cases were due to type B hepatitis virus. The clinical course of the maternal hepatitis was unaffected by the pregnant state. Maternal hepatitis (type B or nontype B) had no effect on the incidence of congenital malformations, stillbirths, abortions, or intrauterine malnutrition; it did increase the incidence of prematurity (type B 31.6%; nontype B 25%; overall 27.6%) over that seen in the general delivery population (10 to 11%). Eight mothers acquired acute type B hepatitis during the third trimester; two of their infants (25%) were found to be chronic asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen and to have mild, persistent elevations of SGOT for up to 45 months.", "PMID": 561834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4790", "title": "Congenital skin defects and fetus papyraceus.", "content": "Two unrelated infants with congenital skin defects (aplasia cutis congenita) involving the trunk and limbs, each with an associated monozygotic twin fetus papyraceus, are described. Evidence from these two cases and a review of the literature indicate that congenital skin defects of other body areas, as represented by these two children, is a specific pattern of malformation distinct from isolated small congenital skin defects involving the vertex of the scalp. The frequent occurrence of fetus papyraceus in patients with congenital skin defects of other body areas suggests a common etiology for these two phenomena.", "contents": "Congenital skin defects and fetus papyraceus. Two unrelated infants with congenital skin defects (aplasia cutis congenita) involving the trunk and limbs, each with an associated monozygotic twin fetus papyraceus, are described. Evidence from these two cases and a review of the literature indicate that congenital skin defects of other body areas, as represented by these two children, is a specific pattern of malformation distinct from isolated small congenital skin defects involving the vertex of the scalp. The frequent occurrence of fetus papyraceus in patients with congenital skin defects of other body areas suggests a common etiology for these two phenomena.", "PMID": 561835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4791", "title": "Clinical evaluation and preliminary studies on the use of an artificial pancreatic beta cell in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A newly developed artificial pancreatic beta cell is described and its use in five children with diabetes mellitus is evaluated. This device can be programmed to bring the blood glucose concentration rapidly to a preselected level and normalize glucose tolerance in juvenile diabetic patients with markedly different insulin requirements. It is portable, can be operated by one person, and has been used to regulate the blood glucose concentration before, during, and after surgery requiring general anesthesia. The potential value of the device as an investigational tool is shown by demonstrating that regulation of the blood glucose concentration with insulin for seven to 24 hours does not alter circulating glucagon concentrations in the juvenile diabetic patients studied.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation and preliminary studies on the use of an artificial pancreatic beta cell in juvenile diabetes mellitus. A newly developed artificial pancreatic beta cell is described and its use in five children with diabetes mellitus is evaluated. This device can be programmed to bring the blood glucose concentration rapidly to a preselected level and normalize glucose tolerance in juvenile diabetic patients with markedly different insulin requirements. It is portable, can be operated by one person, and has been used to regulate the blood glucose concentration before, during, and after surgery requiring general anesthesia. The potential value of the device as an investigational tool is shown by demonstrating that regulation of the blood glucose concentration with insulin for seven to 24 hours does not alter circulating glucagon concentrations in the juvenile diabetic patients studied.", "PMID": 561836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4792", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of minoxidil in human serum.", "content": "A simple, sensitive, and specific radioimmunoassay for determining minoxidil was developed. Antiserums to two minoxidil haptens were compared for cross-reactivity and assay levels on human serums. One antiserum had little cross-reactivity with minoxidil metabolites. The radioimmunoassay is specific for determining minoxidil directly in serum without extraction. Human serum minoxidil levels were determined from a single oral dose.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of minoxidil in human serum. A simple, sensitive, and specific radioimmunoassay for determining minoxidil was developed. Antiserums to two minoxidil haptens were compared for cross-reactivity and assay levels on human serums. One antiserum had little cross-reactivity with minoxidil metabolites. The radioimmunoassay is specific for determining minoxidil directly in serum without extraction. Human serum minoxidil levels were determined from a single oral dose.", "PMID": 561841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4793", "title": "A comparison of thalidomide and pentobarbital - new methods for identifying novel hypnotic drugs.", "content": "We have compared the sleep-producing effects of thalidomide and pentobarbital. In a dose range that did not produce ataxia, thalidomide increased slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in cats (2-8 mg/kg p.o.) and rats (16 mg/kg p.o.). Pentobarbital had hypnotic activity in the same dose range but produced ataxia also at these doses. Thalidomide reduced spontaneous activity of both mice and rats. This occurred over a dose range of 8 to 1000 mg/kg p.o., but plateaued at a level of activity well above the complete inactivity of anesthesia that occurred with pentobarbital at well above the complete inactivity of anesthesia that occurred with pentobarbital at doses (greater than or equal to 32 mg/kg p.o.) above the hypnotic range. Several simple screens for thalidomide-like activity have been described which, together, could facilitate the search for thalidomide-like hypnotics. Pentobarbital, at doses 3 to 10 times the hypnotic range, prevented audiogenic seizures in physically dependent rats withdrawn from sodium barbital but thalidomide did not substitute for barbiturates even at doses 30 times those that increased sleep. Thalidomide, but not pentobarbital, enhanced the sleep-producing effect of electrical stimulation of basal forebrain in cats. The latter two findings suggest that thalidomide probably has a mechanism of action different from that of pentobarbital and that this may involve the activation of a sleep center in the forebrain.", "contents": "A comparison of thalidomide and pentobarbital - new methods for identifying novel hypnotic drugs. We have compared the sleep-producing effects of thalidomide and pentobarbital. In a dose range that did not produce ataxia, thalidomide increased slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in cats (2-8 mg/kg p.o.) and rats (16 mg/kg p.o.). Pentobarbital had hypnotic activity in the same dose range but produced ataxia also at these doses. Thalidomide reduced spontaneous activity of both mice and rats. This occurred over a dose range of 8 to 1000 mg/kg p.o., but plateaued at a level of activity well above the complete inactivity of anesthesia that occurred with pentobarbital at well above the complete inactivity of anesthesia that occurred with pentobarbital at doses (greater than or equal to 32 mg/kg p.o.) above the hypnotic range. Several simple screens for thalidomide-like activity have been described which, together, could facilitate the search for thalidomide-like hypnotics. Pentobarbital, at doses 3 to 10 times the hypnotic range, prevented audiogenic seizures in physically dependent rats withdrawn from sodium barbital but thalidomide did not substitute for barbiturates even at doses 30 times those that increased sleep. Thalidomide, but not pentobarbital, enhanced the sleep-producing effect of electrical stimulation of basal forebrain in cats. The latter two findings suggest that thalidomide probably has a mechanism of action different from that of pentobarbital and that this may involve the activation of a sleep center in the forebrain.", "PMID": 561842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4794", "title": "The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on tolerance to and dependence on ethanol.", "content": "The intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine before chronic ethanol exposure prevented the development of tolerance to the hypnotic and hypothermic effects of ethanol as well as cross-tolerance to barbiturates. The injection of 6-hydroxydopamine depleted brain norepinephrine but had little effect on levels of dopamine and serotonin. Although mice pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine did not develop tolerance to ethanol, they exhibited signs of physical dependence after chronic treatment with ethanol. If 6-hydroxydopamine was administered after tolerance to ethanol was established, the destruction of noradrenergic neurons had little effect in disrupting the tolerance. Noradrenergic systems may be necessary for the \"consolidation\" but not the expression of tolerance.", "contents": "The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on tolerance to and dependence on ethanol. The intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine before chronic ethanol exposure prevented the development of tolerance to the hypnotic and hypothermic effects of ethanol as well as cross-tolerance to barbiturates. The injection of 6-hydroxydopamine depleted brain norepinephrine but had little effect on levels of dopamine and serotonin. Although mice pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine did not develop tolerance to ethanol, they exhibited signs of physical dependence after chronic treatment with ethanol. If 6-hydroxydopamine was administered after tolerance to ethanol was established, the destruction of noradrenergic neurons had little effect in disrupting the tolerance. Noradrenergic systems may be necessary for the \"consolidation\" but not the expression of tolerance.", "PMID": 561843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4795", "title": "Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological activity of aminoalkoxy isosteres of glycolate ester anticholinergics.", "content": "A sides of 2-(N-substituted amino)alkoxy-1,1-diphenylethanols was synthesized and evaluated for anticholinergic activity. The compounds differ structurally from the glycolate ester-type anticholinergic compounds by the bioisosteric substitution of a methylene group for the ester carbonyl moiety. The ethers which result from this change have increased lipophilicity compared to their ability to inhibit perphenazine-induced catatonia in rats. Structure-activity relationships of the compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological activity of aminoalkoxy isosteres of glycolate ester anticholinergics. A sides of 2-(N-substituted amino)alkoxy-1,1-diphenylethanols was synthesized and evaluated for anticholinergic activity. The compounds differ structurally from the glycolate ester-type anticholinergic compounds by the bioisosteric substitution of a methylene group for the ester carbonyl moiety. The ethers which result from this change have increased lipophilicity compared to their ability to inhibit perphenazine-induced catatonia in rats. Structure-activity relationships of the compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 561845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4796", "title": "Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. 82.1 5-Pyrimidyl-and 5-pyrazinylbenzodiazepines.", "content": "Analogues of bromazepam [7-bromo-1,3-dihydro-5(2-pyridyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, A], which is a clinically useful minor tranquilizer, have been prepared by replacing the 2-pyridyl group at position 5 with 4-pyrimidyl (5), 2-pyrazinyl (8), 2,5-dimethylpyrazin-3-yl (10), and 2-pyrimidyl (12) groups. Low to moderate CNS activities in both mice and cat were found for all the new compounds. For the screening procedures used, the 2-pyrimidyl-substituted derivatives were found to be the most active new analogues although none of the activities exceeded those observed for bromazepam.", "contents": "Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. 82.1 5-Pyrimidyl-and 5-pyrazinylbenzodiazepines. Analogues of bromazepam [7-bromo-1,3-dihydro-5(2-pyridyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, A], which is a clinically useful minor tranquilizer, have been prepared by replacing the 2-pyridyl group at position 5 with 4-pyrimidyl (5), 2-pyrazinyl (8), 2,5-dimethylpyrazin-3-yl (10), and 2-pyrimidyl (12) groups. Low to moderate CNS activities in both mice and cat were found for all the new compounds. For the screening procedures used, the 2-pyrimidyl-substituted derivatives were found to be the most active new analogues although none of the activities exceeded those observed for bromazepam.", "PMID": 561846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4797", "title": "Synthesis and determination of antiviral activity of the 2'(3')-O-methyl derivatives of ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide).", "content": "Diazomethane treatment of ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) in the presence of SnCl2 as catalyst led to quantitative formation of the 2'-O-methyl and 3'-O-methyl derivatives of the parent compound. The products were successfully fractionated on a basic ion-exchange column and isolated in crystalline form. Indentification was based on the elution sequence from the column and on 1H NMR spectroscopy. Both derivatives were found to be inactive, relative to the parent compound, against several virus types in cell culture. Unlike ribavirin itself, the 2'(3')-O-methyl derivatives did not suppress cellular DNA synthesis. NMR data showed that the loss of biologic activity upon 2'(3')-O-methylation was not due to a change of conformation of the nucleoside sugar moiety.", "contents": "Synthesis and determination of antiviral activity of the 2'(3')-O-methyl derivatives of ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide). Diazomethane treatment of ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) in the presence of SnCl2 as catalyst led to quantitative formation of the 2'-O-methyl and 3'-O-methyl derivatives of the parent compound. The products were successfully fractionated on a basic ion-exchange column and isolated in crystalline form. Indentification was based on the elution sequence from the column and on 1H NMR spectroscopy. Both derivatives were found to be inactive, relative to the parent compound, against several virus types in cell culture. Unlike ribavirin itself, the 2'(3')-O-methyl derivatives did not suppress cellular DNA synthesis. NMR data showed that the loss of biologic activity upon 2'(3')-O-methylation was not due to a change of conformation of the nucleoside sugar moiety.", "PMID": 561847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4798", "title": "Structural and spectroscopic characteristics of bacteriorhodopsin in air-water interface films.", "content": "A suspension of purple membrane fragments in a solution of soya phosphatidyl-choline in hexane is spread at an air-water interface. Surface pressure and surface potential measurements indicate that the membrane fragments and lipids organize at the interface as an insoluble film. Electron microscopy of shadow-cast replicas of the film reveal that in the bacteriorhodopsin to soya PC weight ratio range of 2:1 to 10:1, these films consist of nonoverlapping membrane fragments which occupy approximately 35% of the surface area and are separated by a lipid monolayer. Furthermore, the membrane fragments are oriented with their intracellular surface towards the aqueous subphase. Nearly all the bacteriorhodopsin molecules at the interface are spectroscopically intact and exhibit visible spectral characteristics identical to those in aqueous suspensions of purple membrane and in intact bacteria. In addition, bacteriorhodopsin in air-dried interface films show spectral changes upon dark-adaptation and upon flash illumination similar to those observed in aqueous suspensions of purple membrane, but with slower kinetics. The kinetics of the spectral changes in interface films can be made nearly the same as in aqueous suspension by immersing the films in water.", "contents": "Structural and spectroscopic characteristics of bacteriorhodopsin in air-water interface films. A suspension of purple membrane fragments in a solution of soya phosphatidyl-choline in hexane is spread at an air-water interface. Surface pressure and surface potential measurements indicate that the membrane fragments and lipids organize at the interface as an insoluble film. Electron microscopy of shadow-cast replicas of the film reveal that in the bacteriorhodopsin to soya PC weight ratio range of 2:1 to 10:1, these films consist of nonoverlapping membrane fragments which occupy approximately 35% of the surface area and are separated by a lipid monolayer. Furthermore, the membrane fragments are oriented with their intracellular surface towards the aqueous subphase. Nearly all the bacteriorhodopsin molecules at the interface are spectroscopically intact and exhibit visible spectral characteristics identical to those in aqueous suspensions of purple membrane and in intact bacteria. In addition, bacteriorhodopsin in air-dried interface films show spectral changes upon dark-adaptation and upon flash illumination similar to those observed in aqueous suspensions of purple membrane, but with slower kinetics. The kinetics of the spectral changes in interface films can be made nearly the same as in aqueous suspension by immersing the films in water.", "PMID": 561850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4799", "title": "Proton transport by bacteriorhodopsin through an interface film.", "content": "Interface films of purple membrane and lipid containing spectroscopically intact and oriented bacteriorhodopsin have been used as a model system to study the function of this protein. Small positive charges in surface potential (less than 1 mV) are detected upon illumination of these films at the air-water interface. These photopotentials are not affected by overlaying the interface film with a thin layer (0.3 mm) of decane. However, they are dramatically increased when lipid soluble proton carriers FCCP or DNP are added to the decane. The polarity of the photopotential indicates that, in the light, positive charges are transported through the interface from the aqueous to the organic phase. The action spectrum of the photopotential is identical to the absorption spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin. Since bacteriorhodopsin molecules are oriented with their intracellular surface towards the aqueous subphase, the characteristics of the photopotential indicate that in the light bacteriorhodopsin translocates protons from its intracellular to its extracellular surface. The kinetics of the photopotential reveal that the rate and extent of proton transport are proportional both to the fraction of bacteriorhodopsin molecules excited and to the concentration of proton acceptor. The photopotentials result from changes in the ionic distribution across the decane-water interface and can be cancelled by lipid soluble anions.", "contents": "Proton transport by bacteriorhodopsin through an interface film. Interface films of purple membrane and lipid containing spectroscopically intact and oriented bacteriorhodopsin have been used as a model system to study the function of this protein. Small positive charges in surface potential (less than 1 mV) are detected upon illumination of these films at the air-water interface. These photopotentials are not affected by overlaying the interface film with a thin layer (0.3 mm) of decane. However, they are dramatically increased when lipid soluble proton carriers FCCP or DNP are added to the decane. The polarity of the photopotential indicates that, in the light, positive charges are transported through the interface from the aqueous to the organic phase. The action spectrum of the photopotential is identical to the absorption spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin. Since bacteriorhodopsin molecules are oriented with their intracellular surface towards the aqueous subphase, the characteristics of the photopotential indicate that in the light bacteriorhodopsin translocates protons from its intracellular to its extracellular surface. The kinetics of the photopotential reveal that the rate and extent of proton transport are proportional both to the fraction of bacteriorhodopsin molecules excited and to the concentration of proton acceptor. The photopotentials result from changes in the ionic distribution across the decane-water interface and can be cancelled by lipid soluble anions.", "PMID": 561851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4800", "title": "Esophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: results of population studies--a prodrome. Joint Iran-International Agency for Research on Cancer Study Group.", "content": "Epidemiologic studies were undertaken on the Caspian littoral of Iran to investigate the geographic distribution of factors that might underlie the signal differences in incidence of cancer of the esophagus. In zones of contrasting incidence and sex ratio, information was obtained on food intake, smoking and drinking patterns (including tea), other personal habits, occupation, economic and agricultural practices, and methods of food storage preservation, and preparation. The diet in the highest incidence area was markedly restricted to bread and tea. The poor quality of the diet itself was thought to have a role in the increased risk of developing esophageal cancer. The use of opium and sesame oil, consumption of sheep's milk and yogurt, the chewing of nass (confined to men), and the use of dyes (confined to women) were also more prevalent in the high incidence areas. Typical dietary items were analyzed for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile nitrosamines, aflatoxins, nitrates, and nitrites. The results showed no unusual levels of any of the carcinogens tested or geographic differences.", "contents": "Esophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: results of population studies--a prodrome. Joint Iran-International Agency for Research on Cancer Study Group. Epidemiologic studies were undertaken on the Caspian littoral of Iran to investigate the geographic distribution of factors that might underlie the signal differences in incidence of cancer of the esophagus. In zones of contrasting incidence and sex ratio, information was obtained on food intake, smoking and drinking patterns (including tea), other personal habits, occupation, economic and agricultural practices, and methods of food storage preservation, and preparation. The diet in the highest incidence area was markedly restricted to bread and tea. The poor quality of the diet itself was thought to have a role in the increased risk of developing esophageal cancer. The use of opium and sesame oil, consumption of sheep's milk and yogurt, the chewing of nass (confined to men), and the use of dyes (confined to women) were also more prevalent in the high incidence areas. Typical dietary items were analyzed for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile nitrosamines, aflatoxins, nitrates, and nitrites. The results showed no unusual levels of any of the carcinogens tested or geographic differences.", "PMID": 561853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4801", "title": "Kinetics of nornicotine and anabasine nitrosation in relation to N'-nitrosonornicotine occurrence in tobacco and to tobacco-induced cancer.", "content": "The kinetics of nornicotine and anabasine nitrosation, studied in aqueous solution, obeyed equations typical for the nitrosation of aliphatic secondary amines, with third-order stoichiometric rate constants of 1.15 (nornicotine) and 0.86 (anabasine) M-2 sec-1. The similarity of the two rate constants suggested that the nitrosonornicotine occurring in tobacco arises from nicotine rather than nornicotine, because tobacco contains anabasine but apparently does not contain nitrosoanabasine. The high rate constants suggested that in vivo nitrosation of these secondary amines may constitute a hazard to tobacco smokers and chewers, in addition to that presented by preformed nitrosonornicotine.", "contents": "Kinetics of nornicotine and anabasine nitrosation in relation to N'-nitrosonornicotine occurrence in tobacco and to tobacco-induced cancer. The kinetics of nornicotine and anabasine nitrosation, studied in aqueous solution, obeyed equations typical for the nitrosation of aliphatic secondary amines, with third-order stoichiometric rate constants of 1.15 (nornicotine) and 0.86 (anabasine) M-2 sec-1. The similarity of the two rate constants suggested that the nitrosonornicotine occurring in tobacco arises from nicotine rather than nornicotine, because tobacco contains anabasine but apparently does not contain nitrosoanabasine. The high rate constants suggested that in vivo nitrosation of these secondary amines may constitute a hazard to tobacco smokers and chewers, in addition to that presented by preformed nitrosonornicotine.", "PMID": 561854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4802", "title": "Altered intracellular transport of exogenous DNA by murine mammary tumor cell lines.", "content": "The uptake of exogenous DNA by a series of murine mammary tumor cell lines was compared with DNA uptake by normal cells and other types of transformed cells. The mammary tumor cell lines all exhibited a decreased efficiency in the transport of DNase-resistant exogenous DNA into the nuclear fraction. None of the DNA facilitators tested were able to surmount this transport defect. Normal mouse mammary gland cells, mouse embryo cells, and normal kidney cells from various species efficiently transported exogenous DNA into the nucleus. Similarly, the transport defect was not exhibited by a series of transformed cell lines, including those of mouse origin and those transformed by C-type oncornaviruses. The only exception was a murine leukemia virus-producing mouse line that displayed decreased nuclear uptake of the DNA. The nature of the exogenous DNA was apparently not a factor, since identical results were obtained with simian virus 40 and mammalian cell DNA's. The inducing agents of the mammary tumor cells also did not appear to be a factor, since cell lines derived from tumors induced spontaneously or by viral, hormonal, or chemical carcinogens all behaved similarly.", "contents": "Altered intracellular transport of exogenous DNA by murine mammary tumor cell lines. The uptake of exogenous DNA by a series of murine mammary tumor cell lines was compared with DNA uptake by normal cells and other types of transformed cells. The mammary tumor cell lines all exhibited a decreased efficiency in the transport of DNase-resistant exogenous DNA into the nuclear fraction. None of the DNA facilitators tested were able to surmount this transport defect. Normal mouse mammary gland cells, mouse embryo cells, and normal kidney cells from various species efficiently transported exogenous DNA into the nucleus. Similarly, the transport defect was not exhibited by a series of transformed cell lines, including those of mouse origin and those transformed by C-type oncornaviruses. The only exception was a murine leukemia virus-producing mouse line that displayed decreased nuclear uptake of the DNA. The nature of the exogenous DNA was apparently not a factor, since identical results were obtained with simian virus 40 and mammalian cell DNA's. The inducing agents of the mammary tumor cells also did not appear to be a factor, since cell lines derived from tumors induced spontaneously or by viral, hormonal, or chemical carcinogens all behaved similarly.", "PMID": 561855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4803", "title": "Influence of dietary fat on the induction of mammary tumors by N-nitrosomethylurea: associated hormone changes and differences between Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats.", "content": "A single iv dose of N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU, 50 mg/kg) given to 50-day-old F344 and Sprague-Dawley rats was sufficient to induce mammary adenocarcinomas. The Sprague-Dawley rats were more sensitive to the carcinogenic action of NMU than were the F344 rats. Moreover, regardless of strain, tumors developed in greater numbers and with a shorter latent period in animals fed a high-fat (HF) diet compared with animals fed a low-fat (LF) diet. The tumor-enhancing effect of HF diet was not related to body weight, since the mean body weight of the rats on the two diets was similar. In addition, no correlation was found between body weight and tumor incidence in individual rats under either dietary regimen. Since the most pronounced difference in tumor incidence between groups fed HF and LF diets was exhibited by the F344 rats, hormone analyses were performed on this group. At termination of the experiment, prolactin levels in the group fed an HF diet were significantly higher than those in the group fed an LF diet. Total estrogen levels were also significantly higher in the group fed an HF diet, compared with the group fed an LF diet, but this difference was seen only at the metestrus-diestrus stage. Regardless of diet or estrous cycle, when animals with tumors were compared with those without tumors, the former exhibited higher prolactin-estrogen (P/E) ratios. The results suggested a relationship between the ingestion of high levels of dietary fat, a high P/E ratio, and increased mammary tumor incidence.", "contents": "Influence of dietary fat on the induction of mammary tumors by N-nitrosomethylurea: associated hormone changes and differences between Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats. A single iv dose of N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU, 50 mg/kg) given to 50-day-old F344 and Sprague-Dawley rats was sufficient to induce mammary adenocarcinomas. The Sprague-Dawley rats were more sensitive to the carcinogenic action of NMU than were the F344 rats. Moreover, regardless of strain, tumors developed in greater numbers and with a shorter latent period in animals fed a high-fat (HF) diet compared with animals fed a low-fat (LF) diet. The tumor-enhancing effect of HF diet was not related to body weight, since the mean body weight of the rats on the two diets was similar. In addition, no correlation was found between body weight and tumor incidence in individual rats under either dietary regimen. Since the most pronounced difference in tumor incidence between groups fed HF and LF diets was exhibited by the F344 rats, hormone analyses were performed on this group. At termination of the experiment, prolactin levels in the group fed an HF diet were significantly higher than those in the group fed an LF diet. Total estrogen levels were also significantly higher in the group fed an HF diet, compared with the group fed an LF diet, but this difference was seen only at the metestrus-diestrus stage. Regardless of diet or estrous cycle, when animals with tumors were compared with those without tumors, the former exhibited higher prolactin-estrogen (P/E) ratios. The results suggested a relationship between the ingestion of high levels of dietary fat, a high P/E ratio, and increased mammary tumor incidence.", "PMID": 561856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4804", "title": "Superiority of adriamycin-14-octanoate over adriamycin in reducing viability of methotrexate-resistant L5178Y cells: brief communication.", "content": "Adriamycin-14-octanoate (ADR-OCT) was superior to adriamycin (ADR) in reducing the viability of L5178Y cells resistant to methotrexate (MTX). This effect was seen in logarithmically growing and plateau-phase cultures and increased both with dose and duration of exposure. Both ADR-OCT and ADR were effective inhibitors of the exogenous Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in vitro and of the endogenous polymerase in mammalian cultured cells. Drug concentrations required for approximately 50% enzyme inhibition in both systems were comparable for both agents, being of the order of 10(-5) M. These experimental studies suggested that ADR-OCT may be a valuable agent for treating neoplasms resistant to MTX.", "contents": "Superiority of adriamycin-14-octanoate over adriamycin in reducing viability of methotrexate-resistant L5178Y cells: brief communication. Adriamycin-14-octanoate (ADR-OCT) was superior to adriamycin (ADR) in reducing the viability of L5178Y cells resistant to methotrexate (MTX). This effect was seen in logarithmically growing and plateau-phase cultures and increased both with dose and duration of exposure. Both ADR-OCT and ADR were effective inhibitors of the exogenous Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in vitro and of the endogenous polymerase in mammalian cultured cells. Drug concentrations required for approximately 50% enzyme inhibition in both systems were comparable for both agents, being of the order of 10(-5) M. These experimental studies suggested that ADR-OCT may be a valuable agent for treating neoplasms resistant to MTX.", "PMID": 561857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4805", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the liver: an epidemiologic survey.", "content": "Diagnosed from 1970 through 1975, the annual incidence rate for angiosarcoma of the liver among residents of New York State (excluding New York City) was 0.25 per million. A case-control study indicated that direct exposure to arsenic, vinyl chloride (VC), and thorium dioxide was a significantly important factor in the etiology of this disorder (P less than 0.02). Direct exposure to these chemicals could not be demonstrated for 19 (73%) of the 26 study patients. The fact that 5 of these patients lived nearer to VC fabrication or polymerization plants than did their matched controls lent some support to the hypothesis that indirect modes of exposure, not specifically related to occupation, might be important in the etiology of this disorder.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the liver: an epidemiologic survey. Diagnosed from 1970 through 1975, the annual incidence rate for angiosarcoma of the liver among residents of New York State (excluding New York City) was 0.25 per million. A case-control study indicated that direct exposure to arsenic, vinyl chloride (VC), and thorium dioxide was a significantly important factor in the etiology of this disorder (P less than 0.02). Direct exposure to these chemicals could not be demonstrated for 19 (73%) of the 26 study patients. The fact that 5 of these patients lived nearer to VC fabrication or polymerization plants than did their matched controls lent some support to the hypothesis that indirect modes of exposure, not specifically related to occupation, might be important in the etiology of this disorder.", "PMID": 561858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4806", "title": "Virulence factors of influenza A viruses: WSN virus neuraminidase required for plaque production in MDBK cells.", "content": "The genetic basis for the distinctive capacity of influenza A/WSN/33 (H0N1) virus (WSN virus) to produce plaques on bovine kidney (MDBK) cells was found to be related to virus neuraminidase. Recombinant viruses that derived only the neuraminidase of WSN virus were capable of producing plaques, whereas recombinant viruses identical to WSN except for neuraminidase did not produce plaques. With viruses that do not contain WSN neuraminidase, infectivity of virus yields from MDBK cells was increased approximately 1,000-fold after in vitro treatment with trypsin. In contrast, no significant increase in infectivity was observed after trypsin treatment of viruses containing WSN neuraminidase. In addition, polyacrylamide gel analysis of proteins of WSN virus obtained after infection of MDBK cells demonstrated that hemagglutinin was present in the cleaved form (HA1 + HA2), whereas only uncleaved hemagglutinin was obtained with a recombinant virus that derived all of its genes from WSN virus except its neuraminidase. These data are in accord with the hypothesis that neuraminidase may facilitate production of infectious particles by removing sialic acid residues and exposing appropriate cleavage sites on hemagglutinin.", "contents": "Virulence factors of influenza A viruses: WSN virus neuraminidase required for plaque production in MDBK cells. The genetic basis for the distinctive capacity of influenza A/WSN/33 (H0N1) virus (WSN virus) to produce plaques on bovine kidney (MDBK) cells was found to be related to virus neuraminidase. Recombinant viruses that derived only the neuraminidase of WSN virus were capable of producing plaques, whereas recombinant viruses identical to WSN except for neuraminidase did not produce plaques. With viruses that do not contain WSN neuraminidase, infectivity of virus yields from MDBK cells was increased approximately 1,000-fold after in vitro treatment with trypsin. In contrast, no significant increase in infectivity was observed after trypsin treatment of viruses containing WSN neuraminidase. In addition, polyacrylamide gel analysis of proteins of WSN virus obtained after infection of MDBK cells demonstrated that hemagglutinin was present in the cleaved form (HA1 + HA2), whereas only uncleaved hemagglutinin was obtained with a recombinant virus that derived all of its genes from WSN virus except its neuraminidase. These data are in accord with the hypothesis that neuraminidase may facilitate production of infectious particles by removing sialic acid residues and exposing appropriate cleavage sites on hemagglutinin.", "PMID": 561860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4807", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VII. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of virus gene expression.", "content": "We have used improved techniques for separating individual species of RNA and protein to study the mechanisms that control gene expression by frog virus 3, a eucaryotic DNA virus. Forty-seven species of viral RNA and 35 viral polypeptide species were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative molar ratios of virus-specific polypeptides synthesized at various times after infection were determined by computer planimetry and were compared with the molar ratios of appropriate-sized viral RNAs to code for each polypeptide. Viral polypeptides were classified according to the time during the growth cycle at which their maximal rate of synthesis occurred - early, 2 to 2.5 h; intermediate, 4 to 4.5 h; and late, 6 to 6.5 h. The viral RNAs, which were assumed to be mRNA's, could not be classified according to time of maximum synthesis; once their synthesis had begun, most of the RNAs continued to be synthesized at the same or higher rates. However, only 10 of the 47 viral RNA bands were plainly visible after electrophoresis of extracts from cells labeled from 1 to 1.5 h after infection; these 10 RNAs were designated \"early\" RNA. The early pattern of both RNA and polypeptide synthesis was maintained for at least 6 h in the presence of the amino acid analog fluorophenylalanine, which indicates that a functional viral polypeptide was required for \"late\" transcription and translation. The presumptive mRNA's for late polypeptides did not appear until 2 h after infection, but two of these \"late\" RNAs became the major products of transcription by 4 h into the infectious cycle. In contrast to the declining rate of synthesis of the early proteins, corresponding early RNA species continued to be synthesized at the same or higher rates throughout the replicative cycle. Although the synthesis of late virus-specific proteins appeared to be regulated at the level of transcription, our results suggest that the synthesis of both early and intermediate proteins was regulated at the post-transcriptional level.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VII. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of virus gene expression. We have used improved techniques for separating individual species of RNA and protein to study the mechanisms that control gene expression by frog virus 3, a eucaryotic DNA virus. Forty-seven species of viral RNA and 35 viral polypeptide species were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative molar ratios of virus-specific polypeptides synthesized at various times after infection were determined by computer planimetry and were compared with the molar ratios of appropriate-sized viral RNAs to code for each polypeptide. Viral polypeptides were classified according to the time during the growth cycle at which their maximal rate of synthesis occurred - early, 2 to 2.5 h; intermediate, 4 to 4.5 h; and late, 6 to 6.5 h. The viral RNAs, which were assumed to be mRNA's, could not be classified according to time of maximum synthesis; once their synthesis had begun, most of the RNAs continued to be synthesized at the same or higher rates. However, only 10 of the 47 viral RNA bands were plainly visible after electrophoresis of extracts from cells labeled from 1 to 1.5 h after infection; these 10 RNAs were designated \"early\" RNA. The early pattern of both RNA and polypeptide synthesis was maintained for at least 6 h in the presence of the amino acid analog fluorophenylalanine, which indicates that a functional viral polypeptide was required for \"late\" transcription and translation. The presumptive mRNA's for late polypeptides did not appear until 2 h after infection, but two of these \"late\" RNAs became the major products of transcription by 4 h into the infectious cycle. In contrast to the declining rate of synthesis of the early proteins, corresponding early RNA species continued to be synthesized at the same or higher rates throughout the replicative cycle. Although the synthesis of late virus-specific proteins appeared to be regulated at the level of transcription, our results suggest that the synthesis of both early and intermediate proteins was regulated at the post-transcriptional level.", "PMID": 561861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4808", "title": "Two-stage urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease.", "content": "Of 97 patients who underwent first-stage urethroplasty 23 per cent required at least 1 revision. Sixty-seven patients underwent second-stage reconstruction with a 90 per cent success rate. The various factors influencing the outcome of 2-stage urethroplasty procedures are analyzed critically.", "contents": "Two-stage urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease. Of 97 patients who underwent first-stage urethroplasty 23 per cent required at least 1 revision. Sixty-seven patients underwent second-stage reconstruction with a 90 per cent success rate. The various factors influencing the outcome of 2-stage urethroplasty procedures are analyzed critically.", "PMID": 561862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4809", "title": "Response of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) to gonadotropins and steroids.", "content": "Adult male and female, nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) were treated with exogenous gonadotropins and steroids to induce mating in captivity. Gonadotropin treatment induced follicular development and ovulation in the female but failed to enhance semen quality in the male. The number of ovarian follicles increased as the dosage of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin increased; ovulation rate appeared to be inversely related to dose. Mating behavior was not detected in any of the trials, but a pattern of cyclic cytological changes in urogenital smears, which could be used to detect the follicular phase of the estrous cycle, was observed. The modal duration of the estrous cycle was found to be 4 days.", "contents": "Response of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) to gonadotropins and steroids. Adult male and female, nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) were treated with exogenous gonadotropins and steroids to induce mating in captivity. Gonadotropin treatment induced follicular development and ovulation in the female but failed to enhance semen quality in the male. The number of ovarian follicles increased as the dosage of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin increased; ovulation rate appeared to be inversely related to dose. Mating behavior was not detected in any of the trials, but a pattern of cyclic cytological changes in urogenital smears, which could be used to detect the follicular phase of the estrous cycle, was observed. The modal duration of the estrous cycle was found to be 4 days.", "PMID": 561866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4810", "title": "Plasma membrane vesiculation: correlation between macrophage spreading and the shedding of cell surface vesicles.", "content": "The data presented in this paper establish a correlation between the extent of macrophage spreading and the ability of macrophages to shed plasma membrane vesicles following incubation in a membrane vesiculant. Maximal macrophage spreading was observed following incubation in buffers containing Mn2+ or dithiothreitol. Scanning electron microscopy showed that such macrophages have a uniformly flat surface morphology. Exposure of these macrophage monolayers to a vesiculant containing 25 mM formaldehyde-2 mM dithiothreitol induced plasma membrane vesiculation. Scanning electron microscopy further demonstrated that vesicles were formed and released randomly over the cell surface and that vesicles varied in size from 1 to 15 micrometer. diameter. A variety of chemicals that share the common ability to bind to free sulfhydryl groups have been shown to act as membrane vesiculants as a result of their apparent ability to induce a unique form of cell injury which results in the shedding of cell surface vesicles. The differential effect of vesiculants on cells grown in suspension and as monolayer is interpreted to suggest that reorganization of the cellular cytoskeleton associated with cell spreading may underlie the ability of membrane vesiculants to induce plasma membrane vesiculation in highly spread and adherent macrophage monolayers.", "contents": "Plasma membrane vesiculation: correlation between macrophage spreading and the shedding of cell surface vesicles. The data presented in this paper establish a correlation between the extent of macrophage spreading and the ability of macrophages to shed plasma membrane vesicles following incubation in a membrane vesiculant. Maximal macrophage spreading was observed following incubation in buffers containing Mn2+ or dithiothreitol. Scanning electron microscopy showed that such macrophages have a uniformly flat surface morphology. Exposure of these macrophage monolayers to a vesiculant containing 25 mM formaldehyde-2 mM dithiothreitol induced plasma membrane vesiculation. Scanning electron microscopy further demonstrated that vesicles were formed and released randomly over the cell surface and that vesicles varied in size from 1 to 15 micrometer. diameter. A variety of chemicals that share the common ability to bind to free sulfhydryl groups have been shown to act as membrane vesiculants as a result of their apparent ability to induce a unique form of cell injury which results in the shedding of cell surface vesicles. The differential effect of vesiculants on cells grown in suspension and as monolayer is interpreted to suggest that reorganization of the cellular cytoskeleton associated with cell spreading may underlie the ability of membrane vesiculants to induce plasma membrane vesiculation in highly spread and adherent macrophage monolayers.", "PMID": 561868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4811", "title": "[Effect of long-term hypokinesia on the course of acute aseptic inflammation].", "content": "White rats were kept under hypokinetic conditions for 15, 28 and 60 days. By physiological, microbiological and morphological methods it was demonstrated that hypokinesia had an adverse effect on the clinical development of aseptic inflammation. This effect included a more marked edema and its delayed resorption, an increased temperature of the inflammatory focus, an increased number of infectious complications, involving necrotic foci and ulcerations, enhanced alteration processes, inhibited formation of the demarcation zone, generalized inflammation, etc. Resistance to phlogogenic stimulation fell down to a minimum during the first two hypokinetic weeks; afterwards it gradually returned to normal but did not recover entirely even after 60 days of hypokinesia. Following 15- and 28-day hypokinetic experiments resistance to phlogogenic agents reached the pretest level within 7 days of the recovery period.", "contents": "[Effect of long-term hypokinesia on the course of acute aseptic inflammation]. White rats were kept under hypokinetic conditions for 15, 28 and 60 days. By physiological, microbiological and morphological methods it was demonstrated that hypokinesia had an adverse effect on the clinical development of aseptic inflammation. This effect included a more marked edema and its delayed resorption, an increased temperature of the inflammatory focus, an increased number of infectious complications, involving necrotic foci and ulcerations, enhanced alteration processes, inhibited formation of the demarcation zone, generalized inflammation, etc. Resistance to phlogogenic stimulation fell down to a minimum during the first two hypokinetic weeks; afterwards it gradually returned to normal but did not recover entirely even after 60 days of hypokinesia. Following 15- and 28-day hypokinetic experiments resistance to phlogogenic agents reached the pretest level within 7 days of the recovery period.", "PMID": 561865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4812", "title": "A dog bite wound infected with Pasteurella pneumotropica.", "content": "A case is described of a dog bite of a finger which was infected with Pasteurella pneumotropica; it was successfully treated with amoxycillin.", "contents": "A dog bite wound infected with Pasteurella pneumotropica. A case is described of a dog bite of a finger which was infected with Pasteurella pneumotropica; it was successfully treated with amoxycillin.", "PMID": 561881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4813", "title": "[Growth of epiphytic and soil yeasts on wheat seedlings].", "content": "Colonization of wheat seedlings by epiphytic (Rhodotorula glutinis) and soil (Lipomyces starkeyi) yeasts was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Epiphytic yeast cells dominated on the plant surface. Soil yeast cells were randomly distributed among both the zones of a seedling and the particles of an inorganic substrate. It has been found that epiphytic yeast strains can readily grow on the surface of a plant.", "contents": "[Growth of epiphytic and soil yeasts on wheat seedlings]. Colonization of wheat seedlings by epiphytic (Rhodotorula glutinis) and soil (Lipomyces starkeyi) yeasts was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Epiphytic yeast cells dominated on the plant surface. Soil yeast cells were randomly distributed among both the zones of a seedling and the particles of an inorganic substrate. It has been found that epiphytic yeast strains can readily grow on the surface of a plant.", "PMID": 561879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4814", "title": "[The 18p-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Mental retardation, short stature, microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, ptosis, short, broadbased nose, carp mouth, abnormalities of teeth, microretrognathy, big, protruding and low set ears, short neck, pterygium colli, broad chest, incurved fifth fingers, muscular hypotonia and low birth wieght establish a clinical diagnosis of the 18p-syndrome in many instances even before the result of chromosomal analyis is known.", "contents": "[The 18p-syndrome (author's transl)]. Mental retardation, short stature, microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, ptosis, short, broadbased nose, carp mouth, abnormalities of teeth, microretrognathy, big, protruding and low set ears, short neck, pterygium colli, broad chest, incurved fifth fingers, muscular hypotonia and low birth wieght establish a clinical diagnosis of the 18p-syndrome in many instances even before the result of chromosomal analyis is known.", "PMID": 561886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4815", "title": "Banding pattern analysis of initial structural chromosome alterations induced by n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine in Syrian hamster cells.", "content": "Cultured secondary Syrian hamster embryo cells exposed to 0.5 N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) microgram/ml medium exhibited chromatid type of aberrations consisting of gaps, breaks and exchanges. Although no specific chromosome or chromosome segment was preferentially affected, chromosomes belonging to the larger groups tended to more often involved. G-band analysis demonstrated that 80% of the lesions occurred in negative bands, 9% involved the centromere, 3% were on non-banded heterochromatin, and approximately 8% of the lesions could not be definitely categorized by G-band analysis. Whether the lesions occur at positive bands or at the interface between negative and positive bands is difficult to discern by the G-band resolution. The Y chromosome compared to autosomes of similar size rarely had lesions. X chromosome damage was found in both the euchromatic and heterochromatic arms. However, both sex chromosomes, as well as an autosome (E20) which is heterochromatic on its long arm, were not found joined to the chromatids of other chromosomes, further emphasizing that chromosomes with large heterochromatic areas are isolated in terms of chromatid exchange events. The analysis of MNNG induced chromosome damage indicates that the negative bands are the primary site of damage and points of exchange.", "contents": "Banding pattern analysis of initial structural chromosome alterations induced by n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine in Syrian hamster cells. Cultured secondary Syrian hamster embryo cells exposed to 0.5 N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) microgram/ml medium exhibited chromatid type of aberrations consisting of gaps, breaks and exchanges. Although no specific chromosome or chromosome segment was preferentially affected, chromosomes belonging to the larger groups tended to more often involved. G-band analysis demonstrated that 80% of the lesions occurred in negative bands, 9% involved the centromere, 3% were on non-banded heterochromatin, and approximately 8% of the lesions could not be definitely categorized by G-band analysis. Whether the lesions occur at positive bands or at the interface between negative and positive bands is difficult to discern by the G-band resolution. The Y chromosome compared to autosomes of similar size rarely had lesions. X chromosome damage was found in both the euchromatic and heterochromatic arms. However, both sex chromosomes, as well as an autosome (E20) which is heterochromatic on its long arm, were not found joined to the chromatids of other chromosomes, further emphasizing that chromosomes with large heterochromatic areas are isolated in terms of chromatid exchange events. The analysis of MNNG induced chromosome damage indicates that the negative bands are the primary site of damage and points of exchange.", "PMID": 561887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4816", "title": "Insulin receptors in the newborn. Increase in receptor affinity and number.", "content": "Insulin hs been implicated as a growth factor in fetal life. To clarify the role of insulin in the fetus, we studied insulin receptors on mononuclear leukocytes in placental-cord blood from 12 normal newborns. Eight healthy young adults served as controls. Specific binding (mean +/- S.E.M.) in the absence of unlabeled insulin per 10(7) monocytes was, respectively, 24.3+/-3.5 and 4.7+/-0.9 per cent in newborns and adults. This increase in binding is due to a rise in number of receptor sites per cell (newborns, 44,600, and adults, 7100) as well as an increase in receptor affinity (Ke for newborns = 5.9 X 10(8) M(-1), and that for adults = 2.9 X 10(8) M(-1). This finding of markedly high concentrations of high-affinity receptors for insulin on fetal cells supports the importance of insulin in intrauterine growth and development.", "contents": "Insulin receptors in the newborn. Increase in receptor affinity and number. Insulin hs been implicated as a growth factor in fetal life. To clarify the role of insulin in the fetus, we studied insulin receptors on mononuclear leukocytes in placental-cord blood from 12 normal newborns. Eight healthy young adults served as controls. Specific binding (mean +/- S.E.M.) in the absence of unlabeled insulin per 10(7) monocytes was, respectively, 24.3+/-3.5 and 4.7+/-0.9 per cent in newborns and adults. This increase in binding is due to a rise in number of receptor sites per cell (newborns, 44,600, and adults, 7100) as well as an increase in receptor affinity (Ke for newborns = 5.9 X 10(8) M(-1), and that for adults = 2.9 X 10(8) M(-1). This finding of markedly high concentrations of high-affinity receptors for insulin on fetal cells supports the importance of insulin in intrauterine growth and development.", "PMID": 561889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4817", "title": "The neurologist as a health resource. Facts, estimates, and aspirations for the supply of neurologists.", "content": "In recent years, three thorough analyses have documented the present status of the availability of neurologists and estimated future needs and availability. The productivity of ongoing training programs would appear to be able to meet the minimal needs for neurologic services by 1985. Pending federal legislation may regulate the total number of residencies available in the future. The American Academy of Neurology has a role in maintaining a data base and analyzing the issues of quality maintenance, utilization of resources, and distribution of personnel.", "contents": "The neurologist as a health resource. Facts, estimates, and aspirations for the supply of neurologists. In recent years, three thorough analyses have documented the present status of the availability of neurologists and estimated future needs and availability. The productivity of ongoing training programs would appear to be able to meet the minimal needs for neurologic services by 1985. Pending federal legislation may regulate the total number of residencies available in the future. The American Academy of Neurology has a role in maintaining a data base and analyzing the issues of quality maintenance, utilization of resources, and distribution of personnel.", "PMID": 561902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4818", "title": "Cerebral blood flow, oxygen utilization, and blood volume in dementia.", "content": "Patients with dementia had significant decreases in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen utilization and a mild, but not significant, increase in cerebral blood volume. These studies were not useful in distinguishing patients with cerebral atrophy from patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, as similar changes in cerebral circulation and metabolism were seen in both groups. Changes in cerebral blood flow after acute decrease in the intracranial pressure also were not helpful differentiating patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus from patients with cerebral atrophy.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow, oxygen utilization, and blood volume in dementia. Patients with dementia had significant decreases in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen utilization and a mild, but not significant, increase in cerebral blood volume. These studies were not useful in distinguishing patients with cerebral atrophy from patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, as similar changes in cerebral circulation and metabolism were seen in both groups. Changes in cerebral blood flow after acute decrease in the intracranial pressure also were not helpful differentiating patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus from patients with cerebral atrophy.", "PMID": 561903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4819", "title": "Postural hypotension: adrenergic responsivity and levodopa therapy.", "content": "Four subjects with orthostatic hypotension were given intravenous infusions of methoxamine and isoproterenol. Methoxamine caused an elevation in systolic blood pressure. Isoproterenol resulted in a fall in blood pressure in three of the subjects. The heart rate decreased with methoxamine, but increased with isoproterenol. The responsivity in orthostatic hypotension was compatible with denervation supersensitivity. These effects were compared with the responsivity to methoxamine and isoproterenol of five labile hypertensives. Two patients with severe orthostatic hypotension were treated with regimens including levodopa. Levodopa alone would further aggravate postural hypotension. But in one subject given levodopa, ephedrine, and fludrocortisone and in the other managed on levodopa, tranylcypromine, and fludrocortisone, symptomatic orthostatic hypotension was successfully eliminated. These results support the usefulness of levodopa, in combination with adrenergic agents, as a therapeutic measure for advanced forms of orthostatic hypotension.", "contents": "Postural hypotension: adrenergic responsivity and levodopa therapy. Four subjects with orthostatic hypotension were given intravenous infusions of methoxamine and isoproterenol. Methoxamine caused an elevation in systolic blood pressure. Isoproterenol resulted in a fall in blood pressure in three of the subjects. The heart rate decreased with methoxamine, but increased with isoproterenol. The responsivity in orthostatic hypotension was compatible with denervation supersensitivity. These effects were compared with the responsivity to methoxamine and isoproterenol of five labile hypertensives. Two patients with severe orthostatic hypotension were treated with regimens including levodopa. Levodopa alone would further aggravate postural hypotension. But in one subject given levodopa, ephedrine, and fludrocortisone and in the other managed on levodopa, tranylcypromine, and fludrocortisone, symptomatic orthostatic hypotension was successfully eliminated. These results support the usefulness of levodopa, in combination with adrenergic agents, as a therapeutic measure for advanced forms of orthostatic hypotension.", "PMID": 561904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4820", "title": "Adrenoleukodystrophy. Accumulation of cholesterol esters with very long chain fatty acids.", "content": "An accumulation of fatty acids having chain lengths of C22 to C26 was demonstrated in the cholesterol ester fraction of white matter from two boys with adrenoleukodystrophy. A similar accumulation of very long chain fatty acids was also shown in gangliosides and cerebrosides. A disorder of the one-carbon degradation system responsible for the metabolism of some of the very long chain fatty acids may be the basic enzymatic defect in this condition.", "contents": "Adrenoleukodystrophy. Accumulation of cholesterol esters with very long chain fatty acids. An accumulation of fatty acids having chain lengths of C22 to C26 was demonstrated in the cholesterol ester fraction of white matter from two boys with adrenoleukodystrophy. A similar accumulation of very long chain fatty acids was also shown in gangliosides and cerebrosides. A disorder of the one-carbon degradation system responsible for the metabolism of some of the very long chain fatty acids may be the basic enzymatic defect in this condition.", "PMID": 561905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4821", "title": "Metachromatic leukodystrophy: comparison of early-and late-onset forms.", "content": "Comparative study of peripheral nerve biopsies and cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with late infantile and early adult-onset forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy revealed similar pathologic changes in the early stages of nerve degeneration. However, the peripheral nerves in the adult-onset cases eventually reached a more chronically demyelinated fibrotic state than did nerves in the infantile cases. Cultured skin fibroblasts from the adult-onset patients, although clearly abnormal, were able to catabolize sulfatide significantly more effectively than the cultured skin fibroblasts from late infantile patients.", "contents": "Metachromatic leukodystrophy: comparison of early-and late-onset forms. Comparative study of peripheral nerve biopsies and cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with late infantile and early adult-onset forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy revealed similar pathologic changes in the early stages of nerve degeneration. However, the peripheral nerves in the adult-onset cases eventually reached a more chronically demyelinated fibrotic state than did nerves in the infantile cases. Cultured skin fibroblasts from the adult-onset patients, although clearly abnormal, were able to catabolize sulfatide significantly more effectively than the cultured skin fibroblasts from late infantile patients.", "PMID": 561906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4822", "title": "Spinal myoclonus.", "content": "The focal involuntary muscular contractions of spinal myoclonus have been associated with neoplastic, infectious, traumatic, and degenerative lesions of the spinal cord. Four patients are described here. In two, the myoclonus is associated with severe cervical spondylitis. One patient had herpes zoster. In the fourth, a segment of thoracic spinal cord is narrow and probably atrophic. Both tetrabenazine and clonazepam were therapeutically effective.", "contents": "Spinal myoclonus. The focal involuntary muscular contractions of spinal myoclonus have been associated with neoplastic, infectious, traumatic, and degenerative lesions of the spinal cord. Four patients are described here. In two, the myoclonus is associated with severe cervical spondylitis. One patient had herpes zoster. In the fourth, a segment of thoracic spinal cord is narrow and probably atrophic. Both tetrabenazine and clonazepam were therapeutically effective.", "PMID": 561907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4823", "title": "Discrimination and evocation of affectively intoned speech in patients with right parietal disease.", "content": "Patients with right parietal disease have disturbed comprehension of affective speech. Ability to discriminate affective speech (make same/different discriminations) and ability to repeat emotionally bland sentences with affective tones were tested in three groups of subjects--patients with right parietal dysfunction and neglect, conduction aphasics with left hemispheric lesions, and patients without intracranial disease. Patients with right parietal dysfunction performed significantly poorer than did aphasic controls on both a recognition and discrimination task. Patients with right parietal dysfunction also scored poorer on the evocative task than the nonaphasic controls.", "contents": "Discrimination and evocation of affectively intoned speech in patients with right parietal disease. Patients with right parietal disease have disturbed comprehension of affective speech. Ability to discriminate affective speech (make same/different discriminations) and ability to repeat emotionally bland sentences with affective tones were tested in three groups of subjects--patients with right parietal dysfunction and neglect, conduction aphasics with left hemispheric lesions, and patients without intracranial disease. Patients with right parietal dysfunction performed significantly poorer than did aphasic controls on both a recognition and discrimination task. Patients with right parietal dysfunction also scored poorer on the evocative task than the nonaphasic controls.", "PMID": 561908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4824", "title": "The seizures of frontal lobe epilepsy. A study of clinical manifestations.", "content": "We describe ictal clinical manifestations of frontal lobe epileptic seizures in 22 patients. After examination of all ictal clinical data, 14 catergories of signs and symptoms were established. The validity of the ictal clinical data used was confirmed on the basis of 99 frontal lobe seizures recorded by tele-electroencephalogram or tele-stereo-electroencephalogram. The main conclusion is that the frontal lobe appears to be partially connected with motor acitivity.", "contents": "The seizures of frontal lobe epilepsy. A study of clinical manifestations. We describe ictal clinical manifestations of frontal lobe epileptic seizures in 22 patients. After examination of all ictal clinical data, 14 catergories of signs and symptoms were established. The validity of the ictal clinical data used was confirmed on the basis of 99 frontal lobe seizures recorded by tele-electroencephalogram or tele-stereo-electroencephalogram. The main conclusion is that the frontal lobe appears to be partially connected with motor acitivity.", "PMID": 561909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4825", "title": "Methyl bromide intoxication: neurologic features, including simulation of Reye syndrome.", "content": "Three family members intoxicated with methyl bromide presented with a variety of neuropsychiatric manifestations including coma, severe status epilepticus, hyporeflexia, and acute psychosis. The simulation of Reye syndrome in the child emphasizes the need for careful toxicologic screening of all children presenting with this syndrome. The initial diagnostic difficulty encountered in these cases emphasizes the need for heightened awareness of the toxic chemicals used in local industries and the clinical manifestations of their intoxication.", "contents": "Methyl bromide intoxication: neurologic features, including simulation of Reye syndrome. Three family members intoxicated with methyl bromide presented with a variety of neuropsychiatric manifestations including coma, severe status epilepticus, hyporeflexia, and acute psychosis. The simulation of Reye syndrome in the child emphasizes the need for careful toxicologic screening of all children presenting with this syndrome. The initial diagnostic difficulty encountered in these cases emphasizes the need for heightened awareness of the toxic chemicals used in local industries and the clinical manifestations of their intoxication.", "PMID": 561910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4826", "title": "Ophthalmoplegia as a sign of metabolic disease in the newborn.", "content": "Fluctuating ophthalmoplegia in the neonatal period is unusual. We report two infants, one with branched-chain keto-aminoaciduria, the other with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, who demonstrated varying degrees of ophthalmoplegia. In one, the abnormalities of extraocular motility best correlated with elevations of serum leucine. In the other case, increased CSF glycine was implicated. Varying ophthalmoplegia during the neonatal period should alert the clinician to consider an underlying metabolic disorder.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegia as a sign of metabolic disease in the newborn. Fluctuating ophthalmoplegia in the neonatal period is unusual. We report two infants, one with branched-chain keto-aminoaciduria, the other with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, who demonstrated varying degrees of ophthalmoplegia. In one, the abnormalities of extraocular motility best correlated with elevations of serum leucine. In the other case, increased CSF glycine was implicated. Varying ophthalmoplegia during the neonatal period should alert the clinician to consider an underlying metabolic disorder.", "PMID": 561911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4827", "title": "Neonatal ophthalmoplegia with microfibers: a reversible myopathy?", "content": "An infant born with marked hypotonia showed prompt regression of skeletal muscle weakness, but by 7 weeks of age had total external ophthalmoplegia. Biopsy of the gluteus muscle at 14 days showed marked variation in fiber size with a large proportion of very small fibers (less than 3 mu). By 10 months of age, biopsy of the vastus was virtually normal. The inferior oblique muscle was replaced by fibrous tissue containing a few remaining degenerating fibers. The child was normal at 2 years of age except for mild facial weakness and ophthalmoplegia. This syndrome may be the result of a reversible intrauterine process.", "contents": "Neonatal ophthalmoplegia with microfibers: a reversible myopathy? An infant born with marked hypotonia showed prompt regression of skeletal muscle weakness, but by 7 weeks of age had total external ophthalmoplegia. Biopsy of the gluteus muscle at 14 days showed marked variation in fiber size with a large proportion of very small fibers (less than 3 mu). By 10 months of age, biopsy of the vastus was virtually normal. The inferior oblique muscle was replaced by fibrous tissue containing a few remaining degenerating fibers. The child was normal at 2 years of age except for mild facial weakness and ophthalmoplegia. This syndrome may be the result of a reversible intrauterine process.", "PMID": 561912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4828", "title": "Assessment of muscle strength in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Muscle strength in 23 patients with Duchenne dystrophy was tested against gravity and manual resistance during an 8-year period. The data show striking linearity in rate of loss of strength with age for any given patient. The tempo does not appear altered during growth spurts, bracing, or loss of ambulation. Variability in disease severity was documented clearly by 7 years of age and appears to be related to earlier age at onset of symptoms. This long ignored method of muscle strength assessment provides a precise measure of disease progression and, since the technique is widely used by physical therapists, it should be incorporated in clinical studies and therapeutic trials.", "contents": "Assessment of muscle strength in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle strength in 23 patients with Duchenne dystrophy was tested against gravity and manual resistance during an 8-year period. The data show striking linearity in rate of loss of strength with age for any given patient. The tempo does not appear altered during growth spurts, bracing, or loss of ambulation. Variability in disease severity was documented clearly by 7 years of age and appears to be related to earlier age at onset of symptoms. This long ignored method of muscle strength assessment provides a precise measure of disease progression and, since the technique is widely used by physical therapists, it should be incorporated in clinical studies and therapeutic trials.", "PMID": 561913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4829", "title": "Chronic meningitis caused by Sporotrichum schenckii.", "content": "The fungus Sporotrichum schenckii caused chronic meningitis in a 48-year-old man. Only three other firmly diagnosed cases were reported previously.", "contents": "Chronic meningitis caused by Sporotrichum schenckii. The fungus Sporotrichum schenckii caused chronic meningitis in a 48-year-old man. Only three other firmly diagnosed cases were reported previously.", "PMID": 561914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4830", "title": "Hypoliquorreic headache and pneumocephalus caused by thoraco-subarachnoid fistula.", "content": "One month after having a right upper lobectomy to remove a squamous cell carcinoma, a 43-year-old man presented with a 4-day history of postural headache, worsened by standing and relieved by lying. Skull films showed prominent ventricular pneumocephalus. Iophendylate myelography was unrewarding, but isotope cisternography revealed a CSF fistula at the T4 level, extending into the thoracic cavity. Thoracoplastic removal of the first four ribs successfully prevented air passage and the patient had a rapid uneventful recovery.", "contents": "Hypoliquorreic headache and pneumocephalus caused by thoraco-subarachnoid fistula. One month after having a right upper lobectomy to remove a squamous cell carcinoma, a 43-year-old man presented with a 4-day history of postural headache, worsened by standing and relieved by lying. Skull films showed prominent ventricular pneumocephalus. Iophendylate myelography was unrewarding, but isotope cisternography revealed a CSF fistula at the T4 level, extending into the thoracic cavity. Thoracoplastic removal of the first four ribs successfully prevented air passage and the patient had a rapid uneventful recovery.", "PMID": 561915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4831", "title": "[Behavior of the somatotropic hormone during neonatal exchange transfusion].", "content": "Plasma growth hormone values in newborns subjected to exsanguinotransfusion for haemolytic disease were compared with those in a sample group of neonates with physiological icterus. Basal HGH values in infants with EF were significantly higher than those noted in the controls, whereas blood sugar values were within the limits of normal. These results suggest that enhanced HGH secretion attributable to the stress of exsanguinotransfusion is accompanied by direct stimulation of hypothalamic cells producing GH releasing factor on the part of bilirubin.", "contents": "[Behavior of the somatotropic hormone during neonatal exchange transfusion]. Plasma growth hormone values in newborns subjected to exsanguinotransfusion for haemolytic disease were compared with those in a sample group of neonates with physiological icterus. Basal HGH values in infants with EF were significantly higher than those noted in the controls, whereas blood sugar values were within the limits of normal. These results suggest that enhanced HGH secretion attributable to the stress of exsanguinotransfusion is accompanied by direct stimulation of hypothalamic cells producing GH releasing factor on the part of bilirubin.", "PMID": 561918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4832", "title": "Human umbilical arterial and venous progesterone concentrations: effect of fetal sex, weight, and mode of delivery.", "content": "Umbilical venous and umbilical arterial progesterone concentrations were determined in 99 pregnancies by radioimmunoassay. The mean +/- SE plasma progesterone in the umbilical vein was 1295 +/- 73 ng/ml, and in the umbilical artery it was 520 +/- 38 ng/ml with an arterio-venous difference of 775 +/- 58 ng/ml and a vein:artery progesterone ratio of 3.6 +/- 0.3. The secretion rate of progesterone into the fetal compartment was calculated to be 84 mg/24 hr. There was no significant difference in these parameters between male and female fetuses, fetal weight, mode of delivery, Apgar score, and duration of labor. It was therefore concluded that the fetal genotype and stress on the fetus did not appear to significantly affect fetal extraction and utilization of progesterone.", "contents": "Human umbilical arterial and venous progesterone concentrations: effect of fetal sex, weight, and mode of delivery. Umbilical venous and umbilical arterial progesterone concentrations were determined in 99 pregnancies by radioimmunoassay. The mean +/- SE plasma progesterone in the umbilical vein was 1295 +/- 73 ng/ml, and in the umbilical artery it was 520 +/- 38 ng/ml with an arterio-venous difference of 775 +/- 58 ng/ml and a vein:artery progesterone ratio of 3.6 +/- 0.3. The secretion rate of progesterone into the fetal compartment was calculated to be 84 mg/24 hr. There was no significant difference in these parameters between male and female fetuses, fetal weight, mode of delivery, Apgar score, and duration of labor. It was therefore concluded that the fetal genotype and stress on the fetus did not appear to significantly affect fetal extraction and utilization of progesterone.", "PMID": 561922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4833", "title": "[Effect of aminopterin on pre-implantation rat embryos cultivated outside the body].", "content": "The rat embryos at the stage of 8 blastomeres were explanted in the Biggers' medium with 20% of blood serum from the rats obtained different doses of aminopterin. The marked delay of cleavage rate, morphological anomalies of blastocysts, selective damaging effect of aminopterin upon the inner cells mass (embryoblast) and high resistance of trophectoderm cells against this drug were observed. The role of dihydrololate reductase at the preimplantation developmental stages, the resistance against aminopterin of the early rat embryos within the maternal organism and high sensitivity to this drug of the embryos in vitro are discussed. A conclusion is drawn on the presence of the barrier function of oviducts with respect to aminopterin.", "contents": "[Effect of aminopterin on pre-implantation rat embryos cultivated outside the body]. The rat embryos at the stage of 8 blastomeres were explanted in the Biggers' medium with 20% of blood serum from the rats obtained different doses of aminopterin. The marked delay of cleavage rate, morphological anomalies of blastocysts, selective damaging effect of aminopterin upon the inner cells mass (embryoblast) and high resistance of trophectoderm cells against this drug were observed. The role of dihydrololate reductase at the preimplantation developmental stages, the resistance against aminopterin of the early rat embryos within the maternal organism and high sensitivity to this drug of the embryos in vitro are discussed. A conclusion is drawn on the presence of the barrier function of oviducts with respect to aminopterin.", "PMID": 561923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4834", "title": "[Testosterone-7alpha-3H uptake by the anlage of organs related to reproduction in female rate embryos in experiments in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "The dynamics of testosterone-7alpha-3H (T-3H) uptake by the developing genital system organs, as well as by the suprarenals, brain cortex and muscles was studied in vivo experiments with the 14-20 days old female rat embryos. Besides, the T3H uptake by the reproductive tract tissues and muscles just after the isolation of embryos from the uterus and after 2 days cultivation in the diffusion chambers implanted in the abdominal cavity of the adult castrated rats was studied in in vitro experiments. Moreover, the T3H uptake by the embryonic tissues was determined in the absence of ovaries. The specific uptake was noted in all the tissues at all developmental stages under all experimental conditions. The selective T3H uptake was noted during the periods corresponding to the rudiments' morphogenesis carachteristic for males. In the absence of ovaries, the T3H uptake by the reproductive tract tissues in vitro experiments decreased, but after 2 days cultivation in the diffusion chambers increased. The possible participation of ovaries in the female sex differentiation and the bisexual nature of rudiments determined by the presence of receptors both to estro- and androgens are discussed.", "contents": "[Testosterone-7alpha-3H uptake by the anlage of organs related to reproduction in female rate embryos in experiments in vivo and in vitro]. The dynamics of testosterone-7alpha-3H (T-3H) uptake by the developing genital system organs, as well as by the suprarenals, brain cortex and muscles was studied in vivo experiments with the 14-20 days old female rat embryos. Besides, the T3H uptake by the reproductive tract tissues and muscles just after the isolation of embryos from the uterus and after 2 days cultivation in the diffusion chambers implanted in the abdominal cavity of the adult castrated rats was studied in in vitro experiments. Moreover, the T3H uptake by the embryonic tissues was determined in the absence of ovaries. The specific uptake was noted in all the tissues at all developmental stages under all experimental conditions. The selective T3H uptake was noted during the periods corresponding to the rudiments' morphogenesis carachteristic for males. In the absence of ovaries, the T3H uptake by the reproductive tract tissues in vitro experiments decreased, but after 2 days cultivation in the diffusion chambers increased. The possible participation of ovaries in the female sex differentiation and the bisexual nature of rudiments determined by the presence of receptors both to estro- and androgens are discussed.", "PMID": 561924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4835", "title": "[Induction of oocyte maturation at stages of incomplete vitellogenesis in toads and the starred sturgeon].", "content": "The intracellular injection of cytoplasm from the maturing oocytes of X. laevis and A. stellatus in oocytes of the same species which did not complete the vitellogenesis and are not able to mature under the effect of progesterone resulted in the disintegration of the germinal vesicle membrane in the oocytes of all sizes under study. In X. laevis the ability to mature under the effect of progesterone appears in the oocytes with the diameter over 1.1 mm. Cycloheximide inhibits the germinal vesicle membrane disintegration in the X. laevis oocytes, but not in those of A. stellatus. Cycloheximide inhibits the pseudogastrulation which was observed in the X. laevis oocytes with the diameter from 0.8 to 1.4 mm.", "contents": "[Induction of oocyte maturation at stages of incomplete vitellogenesis in toads and the starred sturgeon]. The intracellular injection of cytoplasm from the maturing oocytes of X. laevis and A. stellatus in oocytes of the same species which did not complete the vitellogenesis and are not able to mature under the effect of progesterone resulted in the disintegration of the germinal vesicle membrane in the oocytes of all sizes under study. In X. laevis the ability to mature under the effect of progesterone appears in the oocytes with the diameter over 1.1 mm. Cycloheximide inhibits the germinal vesicle membrane disintegration in the X. laevis oocytes, but not in those of A. stellatus. Cycloheximide inhibits the pseudogastrulation which was observed in the X. laevis oocytes with the diameter from 0.8 to 1.4 mm.", "PMID": 561926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4836", "title": "[Invariance of asymmetric cleavage during structural changes in Pulmonata zygotes].", "content": "The zygotes of Lymnaea stagnalis L. were centrifuged and, as a result, normal and small size zygotes were obtained. The small zygotes either contained the major part of heavy yolk granules and were characterized by complete cortical polarity, or were devoid of heavy yolk and significant part of vegetal cortex. Following the trypsinization of zygotes, the reciprocal rotation of sister blastomers around the spindle axis was observed during the first cleavage division. The direction of rotation did not depend on zygote size, cytoplasm and cortex composition, or the direction of cleavage furrow with respect to the axis of stratification of the zygote content and was always dexiotropic (as in the control zygotes). The dexiotropic rotations of blastomeres were also observed during the division of the trypsinized zygotes with the tripolar mitotic apparatus. The data obtained are considered in favour of the hypothesis of spiral contractile ring which accounts for hereditary dissymmetry of early cleavage in mollusces.", "contents": "[Invariance of asymmetric cleavage during structural changes in Pulmonata zygotes]. The zygotes of Lymnaea stagnalis L. were centrifuged and, as a result, normal and small size zygotes were obtained. The small zygotes either contained the major part of heavy yolk granules and were characterized by complete cortical polarity, or were devoid of heavy yolk and significant part of vegetal cortex. Following the trypsinization of zygotes, the reciprocal rotation of sister blastomers around the spindle axis was observed during the first cleavage division. The direction of rotation did not depend on zygote size, cytoplasm and cortex composition, or the direction of cleavage furrow with respect to the axis of stratification of the zygote content and was always dexiotropic (as in the control zygotes). The dexiotropic rotations of blastomeres were also observed during the division of the trypsinized zygotes with the tripolar mitotic apparatus. The data obtained are considered in favour of the hypothesis of spiral contractile ring which accounts for hereditary dissymmetry of early cleavage in mollusces.", "PMID": 561927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4837", "title": "Goldenhar's syndrome, oculo-auricular malformation, in a Bantu girl.", "content": "The first case of Goldenhar's syndrome, oculo-auricular dysplasia, found in Bantu, is described. Besides the usual eye and ear manifestations a facial paresis at both sides was found. There were no signs of vertebral anomalies on X-rays. The use of a hearing aid showed that the apparent mental retardation was of a secondary nature, due to the hearing loss. The mother had not been ill in the first trimester of pregnancy and had not used any medicine.", "contents": "Goldenhar's syndrome, oculo-auricular malformation, in a Bantu girl. The first case of Goldenhar's syndrome, oculo-auricular dysplasia, found in Bantu, is described. Besides the usual eye and ear manifestations a facial paresis at both sides was found. There were no signs of vertebral anomalies on X-rays. The use of a hearing aid showed that the apparent mental retardation was of a secondary nature, due to the hearing loss. The mother had not been ill in the first trimester of pregnancy and had not used any medicine.", "PMID": 561929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4838", "title": "Viral lesions of the respiratory tract compared to iatrogenic trauma.", "content": "A comparison between the mucosal pathology of the respiratory tract in cases of viral infections and of iatrogenic trauma after bronchoscopy and tantalum bronchography indicates that the respiratory mucosa has a very high degree of resistance against infection after trauma and is capable of rapid regeneration as long as the production of mucus continues and the surface remains moist. Viral infection might primarily inhibit mucus production and open the road to secondary infection.", "contents": "Viral lesions of the respiratory tract compared to iatrogenic trauma. A comparison between the mucosal pathology of the respiratory tract in cases of viral infections and of iatrogenic trauma after bronchoscopy and tantalum bronchography indicates that the respiratory mucosa has a very high degree of resistance against infection after trauma and is capable of rapid regeneration as long as the production of mucus continues and the surface remains moist. Viral infection might primarily inhibit mucus production and open the road to secondary infection.", "PMID": 561928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4839", "title": "Cluster formation in human nasal polyps. A light- and electron-microscopic investigation.", "content": "There is evidence from many functional studies, that lymphocytes and macrophages can cooperate during the immune response. In human nasal polyps, cell clusters were demonstrated which consisted mainly of macrophages and lymphoid cells. Within the clusters, the cells showed intimate physical contacts which were performed by microvilli of varying lenth suggesting cellular cooperation. These cell clusters resemble morphologically those found in vitro and in vivo in the course of immunisation processes.", "contents": "Cluster formation in human nasal polyps. A light- and electron-microscopic investigation. There is evidence from many functional studies, that lymphocytes and macrophages can cooperate during the immune response. In human nasal polyps, cell clusters were demonstrated which consisted mainly of macrophages and lymphoid cells. Within the clusters, the cells showed intimate physical contacts which were performed by microvilli of varying lenth suggesting cellular cooperation. These cell clusters resemble morphologically those found in vitro and in vivo in the course of immunisation processes.", "PMID": 561930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4840", "title": "The effect of an expectorant on the tracheal mucosa. A scanning-electron microscopic study.", "content": "The effect of an intravenous expectorant agent, i.e. Bisolvon, on the secretory activity of the tracheal mucosa of the dog was studied with the scanning electron microscope. A marked increase in the production of tracheal secretion was observed 15 and 30 min following the injection. Both the goblet cells in the epithelium and the seromucinous glands in the tunica propria contributed to the formation of the secretion. 60 min after the injection, the submucosal glands were shrunken or empty. The rapid secretory response to the expectorant, Bisolvon, confirmed the active and important role of the tracheal mucociliary clearance mechanism for the protection of the lower respiratory tract.", "contents": "The effect of an expectorant on the tracheal mucosa. A scanning-electron microscopic study. The effect of an intravenous expectorant agent, i.e. Bisolvon, on the secretory activity of the tracheal mucosa of the dog was studied with the scanning electron microscope. A marked increase in the production of tracheal secretion was observed 15 and 30 min following the injection. Both the goblet cells in the epithelium and the seromucinous glands in the tunica propria contributed to the formation of the secretion. 60 min after the injection, the submucosal glands were shrunken or empty. The rapid secretory response to the expectorant, Bisolvon, confirmed the active and important role of the tracheal mucociliary clearance mechanism for the protection of the lower respiratory tract.", "PMID": 561931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4841", "title": "Influence on flow resistance in translaryngeal tubes and tracheostomy tubes by bronchofiberscope.", "content": "The use of flexible bronchofiberscopy through endotracheal tubes is limited by the respiratory obstruction it causes in the tube. In the present investigation, airflow resistance was determined in translaryngeal and tracheostomy tubes with and without a flexible bronchofiberscope with an outer diameter of 5.4 mm. In tubes with a bore diameter exceeding 8.0 mm, the resistance increase by the bronchofiberscope was found to be so small, that endoscopy could be carried out with any precautions in most cases. In tubes with a bore diameter less than 8.0 mm, the bronchofiberscope caused high resistance to flow. Measures that reduce the risks of bronchofiberscopy at increased flow resistance are discussed.", "contents": "Influence on flow resistance in translaryngeal tubes and tracheostomy tubes by bronchofiberscope. The use of flexible bronchofiberscopy through endotracheal tubes is limited by the respiratory obstruction it causes in the tube. In the present investigation, airflow resistance was determined in translaryngeal and tracheostomy tubes with and without a flexible bronchofiberscope with an outer diameter of 5.4 mm. In tubes with a bore diameter exceeding 8.0 mm, the resistance increase by the bronchofiberscope was found to be so small, that endoscopy could be carried out with any precautions in most cases. In tubes with a bore diameter less than 8.0 mm, the bronchofiberscope caused high resistance to flow. Measures that reduce the risks of bronchofiberscopy at increased flow resistance are discussed.", "PMID": 561932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4842", "title": "Tubal function in chronic secretory otitis media in children.", "content": "In 100 children (150 ears) with chronic secretory otitis media the function of the Eustachian tube during treatment with grommet was investigated by air equalisation methods. Tubal function proved poor in the great majority at the beginning of the treatment, but towards its completion there was some improvement. After extrusion of the grommet, tubal function was investigated on the same material by tympanometry. 34% had normal middle-ear pressure initially, and 43% 12-18 months after closure of the perforation. There was no relation between tubal function shown by air equalisation methods and by tympanometry, and the air equalisation methods proved of less value than tympanometry in assessing the course and prognosis of secretory otitis. The pathogenetic theories - the ex vacuo and the secretory theory - are discussed in relation to the chronic tubal dysfunction found to be the most common direct cause of the disease.", "contents": "Tubal function in chronic secretory otitis media in children. In 100 children (150 ears) with chronic secretory otitis media the function of the Eustachian tube during treatment with grommet was investigated by air equalisation methods. Tubal function proved poor in the great majority at the beginning of the treatment, but towards its completion there was some improvement. After extrusion of the grommet, tubal function was investigated on the same material by tympanometry. 34% had normal middle-ear pressure initially, and 43% 12-18 months after closure of the perforation. There was no relation between tubal function shown by air equalisation methods and by tympanometry, and the air equalisation methods proved of less value than tympanometry in assessing the course and prognosis of secretory otitis. The pathogenetic theories - the ex vacuo and the secretory theory - are discussed in relation to the chronic tubal dysfunction found to be the most common direct cause of the disease.", "PMID": 561933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4843", "title": "Stapedectomy and fatal meningitis. A human temporal bone study.", "content": "Temporal bone histopathology is reported on a case of acute suppurative otitis media, acute suppurative labyrinthitis, and meningitis with death of the patient 20 days after stapes surgery. Purulent exudate invaded the vestibule by the oval window through a displaced footplate. The main pathway of infection to the menings was extension along the branches of the vesticular nerve to the internal auditory meatus and to the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Stapedectomy and fatal meningitis. A human temporal bone study. Temporal bone histopathology is reported on a case of acute suppurative otitis media, acute suppurative labyrinthitis, and meningitis with death of the patient 20 days after stapes surgery. Purulent exudate invaded the vestibule by the oval window through a displaced footplate. The main pathway of infection to the menings was extension along the branches of the vesticular nerve to the internal auditory meatus and to the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 561934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4844", "title": "Epidemiological aspects of melanoma: a review.", "content": "The principal factors in the incidence of melanoma are racial susceptibility, skin pigmentation and latitude of domicile. Celts, Norwegians and Swedes all have higher incidences of melanoma than people of similar skin colour living in the same latitude. Skin pigment protects but the pigmented races have higher incidences of melanoma in the less pigmented regions such as the sole of the foot and the various squamous mucosae. There is a direct relationship with latitude of residence and its duration, melanoma incidence being higher with proximity to the equator. Apart from these racial and environmental factors, there seem also to be endogenous factors responsible for familial melanoma and for the development of melanoma in young persons. Multiplicity of primary growths is a feature in familial cases.", "contents": "Epidemiological aspects of melanoma: a review. The principal factors in the incidence of melanoma are racial susceptibility, skin pigmentation and latitude of domicile. Celts, Norwegians and Swedes all have higher incidences of melanoma than people of similar skin colour living in the same latitude. Skin pigment protects but the pigmented races have higher incidences of melanoma in the less pigmented regions such as the sole of the foot and the various squamous mucosae. There is a direct relationship with latitude of residence and its duration, melanoma incidence being higher with proximity to the equator. Apart from these racial and environmental factors, there seem also to be endogenous factors responsible for familial melanoma and for the development of melanoma in young persons. Multiplicity of primary growths is a feature in familial cases.", "PMID": 561938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4845", "title": "Recent advances in clinical immunology.", "content": "In this brief presentation I have attempted to summarize some of the major advances in basic and clinical immunology which have had an impact on clinical medicine. These have ranged from the prevention of Rh hemolytic disease to the discovery of secretory IgA and IgE and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in man to the recent knowledge of specialization, differentiation and regulation of lymphocyte populations and their application in immunotherapy of malignant disease. Further investigation in immunology should provide exciting prospects to find the solutions to diseases which heretofore had been diagnostic and therapeutic orphans.", "contents": "Recent advances in clinical immunology. In this brief presentation I have attempted to summarize some of the major advances in basic and clinical immunology which have had an impact on clinical medicine. These have ranged from the prevention of Rh hemolytic disease to the discovery of secretory IgA and IgE and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in man to the recent knowledge of specialization, differentiation and regulation of lymphocyte populations and their application in immunotherapy of malignant disease. Further investigation in immunology should provide exciting prospects to find the solutions to diseases which heretofore had been diagnostic and therapeutic orphans.", "PMID": 561939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4846", "title": "Effect of cow's milk on the gastrointestinal tract: a persistent dilemma for the pediatrician.", "content": "The confusing area of cow's milk intolerance is explored in an attempt to define the various mechanisms whereby milk affects gastrointestinal function, resulting in clinical symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, etc.). The adverse reaction of infants to cow's milk ingestion may relate to lactose intolerance (enzymatic), a direct toxic reaction to the mucosal surface resulting in epithelial damage, or it may be immunologically mediated. Factors such as increased intestinal permeability to milk proteins during the newborn period may also contribute to susceptibility of young infants to milk sensitivity. The relative roles of systemic (milk agglutinins) and local immunity (SIgA antibodies) in milk intolerance are discussed and differential immunologic responses (IgE versus IgA/IgM) considered in the pathogenesis. It was concluded that new techniques such as organ culture of intestinal biopsy specimens are needed to establish the diagnosis of hypersensitivity and to begin to provide ways of adequately treating the condition.", "contents": "Effect of cow's milk on the gastrointestinal tract: a persistent dilemma for the pediatrician. The confusing area of cow's milk intolerance is explored in an attempt to define the various mechanisms whereby milk affects gastrointestinal function, resulting in clinical symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, etc.). The adverse reaction of infants to cow's milk ingestion may relate to lactose intolerance (enzymatic), a direct toxic reaction to the mucosal surface resulting in epithelial damage, or it may be immunologically mediated. Factors such as increased intestinal permeability to milk proteins during the newborn period may also contribute to susceptibility of young infants to milk sensitivity. The relative roles of systemic (milk agglutinins) and local immunity (SIgA antibodies) in milk intolerance are discussed and differential immunologic responses (IgE versus IgA/IgM) considered in the pathogenesis. It was concluded that new techniques such as organ culture of intestinal biopsy specimens are needed to establish the diagnosis of hypersensitivity and to begin to provide ways of adequately treating the condition.", "PMID": 561940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4847", "title": "[Structure of ova and larvae of Diplozoon megan (Monogenoidea: Diplozoidae)].", "content": "Data are given on the structure of eggs and larvae of Diplozoon megan from the gills of the ide. The occurrence of local stock of these fishes in the Kurish Gulf is suggested.", "contents": "[Structure of ova and larvae of Diplozoon megan (Monogenoidea: Diplozoidae)]. Data are given on the structure of eggs and larvae of Diplozoon megan from the gills of the ide. The occurrence of local stock of these fishes in the Kurish Gulf is suggested.", "PMID": 561937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4848", "title": "An inexpensive unit for demonstrations of the phi and autokinetic phenomena.", "content": "This paper describes a small apparatus for demonstrating the phi phenomenon and the autokinetic effect and provides circuit diagrams whereby the apparatus may be constructed.", "contents": "An inexpensive unit for demonstrations of the phi and autokinetic phenomena. This paper describes a small apparatus for demonstrating the phi phenomenon and the autokinetic effect and provides circuit diagrams whereby the apparatus may be constructed.", "PMID": 561943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4849", "title": "Infectious causes of infertility/abortion of cattle in Malawi.", "content": "A survey to demonstrate the presence or absence in Malawi of Vibriosis, Brucellosis, Trichomoniasis and Rift Valley Fever was carried out during 1974-1976. 4,876 serum samples were collected from Zebu cattle from 231 dip tanks throughout the country and 145 serum samples were taken from exotic cattle at 14 estates. Sheath washings were collected from 295 bulls representing indigenous Zebus and 54 bulls representing exotic cattle from all parts of Malawi. 245 vaginal mucus samples were taken from exotic breeds and 106 from Malawi Zebus. Vibriosis was found in 34 indigenous bulls and in 6 exotic bulls, 11,5 pct. and 11.1 pct. respectively. 33 vaginal mucus samples from exotic cattle of 13.4 of the samples examined were positive, corresponding to 53.8 pct. of the herds examined. From Malawi Zebus 16 vaginal samples or 15.1 pct. of the samples examined were positive. 5 of the Malawi Zebus tested for Brucellosis using S.A.T. contained a minimum of 100 IU/ml.", "contents": "Infectious causes of infertility/abortion of cattle in Malawi. A survey to demonstrate the presence or absence in Malawi of Vibriosis, Brucellosis, Trichomoniasis and Rift Valley Fever was carried out during 1974-1976. 4,876 serum samples were collected from Zebu cattle from 231 dip tanks throughout the country and 145 serum samples were taken from exotic cattle at 14 estates. Sheath washings were collected from 295 bulls representing indigenous Zebus and 54 bulls representing exotic cattle from all parts of Malawi. 245 vaginal mucus samples were taken from exotic breeds and 106 from Malawi Zebus. Vibriosis was found in 34 indigenous bulls and in 6 exotic bulls, 11,5 pct. and 11.1 pct. respectively. 33 vaginal mucus samples from exotic cattle of 13.4 of the samples examined were positive, corresponding to 53.8 pct. of the herds examined. From Malawi Zebus 16 vaginal samples or 15.1 pct. of the samples examined were positive. 5 of the Malawi Zebus tested for Brucellosis using S.A.T. contained a minimum of 100 IU/ml.", "PMID": 561945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4850", "title": "A nucleosome-like structure containing DNA and the arginine-rich histones H3 and H4.", "content": "The low-angle X-ray diffraction pattern from fibres of reconstituted H3/H4/DNA complexes is very similar to that of chromatin and has well defined maxima at 10.6, 5.4, 3.4 and 2.6 nm. Staphyloccal nuclease digestion of reconstituted H3/H4/DNA yields DNA fragments of length 49, 69, 100, 128, 193 and 255 b.p. as principal components. Comparison of the relative amounts of DNA fragments shows that the larger components (100 and 128 b.p.) increase with respect to the smaller (49 and 69 b.p.) as the histone to DNA ratio increases. A structural unit containing intergral of 65 b.p. of DNA and tetrameric (H3/H4)2 is proposed such that longer DNA fragments result from multiples of this unit. The principal nucleo-protein particle resulting from nuclease digestion contains 128/139 b.p. of DNA and has electrophoretic mobility very close to that of 'core' nucleosome. It probably represents a dimer of the basic structural unit.", "contents": "A nucleosome-like structure containing DNA and the arginine-rich histones H3 and H4. The low-angle X-ray diffraction pattern from fibres of reconstituted H3/H4/DNA complexes is very similar to that of chromatin and has well defined maxima at 10.6, 5.4, 3.4 and 2.6 nm. Staphyloccal nuclease digestion of reconstituted H3/H4/DNA yields DNA fragments of length 49, 69, 100, 128, 193 and 255 b.p. as principal components. Comparison of the relative amounts of DNA fragments shows that the larger components (100 and 128 b.p.) increase with respect to the smaller (49 and 69 b.p.) as the histone to DNA ratio increases. A structural unit containing intergral of 65 b.p. of DNA and tetrameric (H3/H4)2 is proposed such that longer DNA fragments result from multiples of this unit. The principal nucleo-protein particle resulting from nuclease digestion contains 128/139 b.p. of DNA and has electrophoretic mobility very close to that of 'core' nucleosome. It probably represents a dimer of the basic structural unit.", "PMID": 561948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4851", "title": "Specific interactions of distamycin A and its analogs with (A-T) rich and (G-C) rich duplex regions of DNA and deoxypolynucleotides.", "content": "The specific interaction of distamycin A and analogs with DNA's and synthetic deoxypolynucleotide duplexes were studied in detail by means of circular dichroism and the data were analyzed together with viscosity results of several natural DNA's. At low ligand to nucleotide ratio the previously reported specific binding to (A-T) pairs of DNA is verified by a highly favoured interaction with (A-T)-enriched segments of distamycins containing four and five methylpyrrole carboxamide units. At higher distamycin concentration a second specific binding to (G-C) pairs most probably through hydrogen bonding is established. Viscometric results suggest a distamycin-induced local bending of the helix and could support the idea of a preferential alignment of the ligand molecule along only one strand in the groove which differs from the netropsin interaction mechanism. The possibility of an overlapping binding of the oligopeptides in the small groove is discussed.", "contents": "Specific interactions of distamycin A and its analogs with (A-T) rich and (G-C) rich duplex regions of DNA and deoxypolynucleotides. The specific interaction of distamycin A and analogs with DNA's and synthetic deoxypolynucleotide duplexes were studied in detail by means of circular dichroism and the data were analyzed together with viscosity results of several natural DNA's. At low ligand to nucleotide ratio the previously reported specific binding to (A-T) pairs of DNA is verified by a highly favoured interaction with (A-T)-enriched segments of distamycins containing four and five methylpyrrole carboxamide units. At higher distamycin concentration a second specific binding to (G-C) pairs most probably through hydrogen bonding is established. Viscometric results suggest a distamycin-induced local bending of the helix and could support the idea of a preferential alignment of the ligand molecule along only one strand in the groove which differs from the netropsin interaction mechanism. The possibility of an overlapping binding of the oligopeptides in the small groove is discussed.", "PMID": 561949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4852", "title": "Antibodies specific to two deoxyribotrinucleotide sequences.", "content": "Antibodies to the deoxyribotrinucleotides dpApTpA and dpApApT were prepared by injecting the bovine serum albumin conjugates of the respective haptens in rabbits. The specificities of the antibodies were determined by estimating the inhibition of the binding of the tritiated haptens to the immunoglobulins by various nonradioactive mono- and oligonucleotides, using nitrocellulose membrane binding assay. Anti-dpApTpA and anti-dpApApT antisera were found to contain antibodies which were highly specific to the respective hapten sequence.", "contents": "Antibodies specific to two deoxyribotrinucleotide sequences. Antibodies to the deoxyribotrinucleotides dpApTpA and dpApApT were prepared by injecting the bovine serum albumin conjugates of the respective haptens in rabbits. The specificities of the antibodies were determined by estimating the inhibition of the binding of the tritiated haptens to the immunoglobulins by various nonradioactive mono- and oligonucleotides, using nitrocellulose membrane binding assay. Anti-dpApTpA and anti-dpApApT antisera were found to contain antibodies which were highly specific to the respective hapten sequence.", "PMID": 561950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4853", "title": "Preferential binding of S-phase proteins to temporally-characteristic units of replication in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Synchronous plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine in early or late portions of the S-phase, and the binding capacity of the replicated DNA for isochronous S-phase plasmodial proteins assessed by nitrocellulose filter binding assay. Replication units replicating during the first one-third of the S-phase preferentially bind cytosol proteins present in plasmodia engaged in early S DNA replication, while late S replicating DNA exhibits a corresponding preferential binding of plasmodial proteins present only in late S plasmodia. Temporally-characteristic nascent replication units were isolated by Hydroxylapatite column chromatography and were found to contain binding sites for isochronous proteins.", "contents": "Preferential binding of S-phase proteins to temporally-characteristic units of replication in Physarum polycephalum. Synchronous plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine in early or late portions of the S-phase, and the binding capacity of the replicated DNA for isochronous S-phase plasmodial proteins assessed by nitrocellulose filter binding assay. Replication units replicating during the first one-third of the S-phase preferentially bind cytosol proteins present in plasmodia engaged in early S DNA replication, while late S replicating DNA exhibits a corresponding preferential binding of plasmodial proteins present only in late S plasmodia. Temporally-characteristic nascent replication units were isolated by Hydroxylapatite column chromatography and were found to contain binding sites for isochronous proteins.", "PMID": 561951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4854", "title": "The structure of the chromatin core particle in solution.", "content": "The shape and size of the nucleosomal core particle from chromatin has been examined by analysis of neutron and X-ray scattering data from dilute solutions. Calculations of scattering for many different models have been made and only one model was able to account for both the X-ray and neutron profiles. This model is an oblate structure with height about 50A and diameter 110A. The DNA is mainly confined to two annuli located at the top and bottom respectively of the core particle positioned on the outside of a compact protein core which has a height of about 40A and diameter about 73A.", "contents": "The structure of the chromatin core particle in solution. The shape and size of the nucleosomal core particle from chromatin has been examined by analysis of neutron and X-ray scattering data from dilute solutions. Calculations of scattering for many different models have been made and only one model was able to account for both the X-ray and neutron profiles. This model is an oblate structure with height about 50A and diameter 110A. The DNA is mainly confined to two annuli located at the top and bottom respectively of the core particle positioned on the outside of a compact protein core which has a height of about 40A and diameter about 73A.", "PMID": 561952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4855", "title": "Similarity of satilite DNA properties in the order Rodentia.", "content": "We have characterized satellite DNAs from 9 species of kangaroo rat (Dipodomys) and have shown that the HS-alpha and HS-beta satellites, where present, are nearly identical in all species as to melting transition midpoint (Tm), and density in neutral CsCl, alkaline CsCl, and Cs(2)SO(4)-Ag(+) gradients. However, the MS satellites exist in two internally similar classes. The satellite DNAs from three other rodents were characterized (densities listed are in neutral CsCl). The pocket gopher, Thomomysbottae, contains Th-alpha (1.713 g/ml) and Th-beta (1.703 g/ml). The guinea pig (Caviaporcellus) contains Ca-alpha, Ca-beta and Ca-gamma at densities of 1.706 g/ml, 1.704 g/ml and 1.704 g/ml, respectively. The antelope ground squirrel (Ammospermophilusharrisi) contains Am-alpha, 1.708 g/ml, Am-beta, 1.717 g/ml, and Am-gamma, 1.707 g/ml. The physical and chemical properties of the alpha-satellites from the above four rodents representing four different families in two suborders of Rodentia were compared. They show nearly identical Tm, nucleoside composition of single strands, and single strand densities in alkaline CsCl. Similar comparisons on the second or third satellite DNAs from these rodents also indicate a close relationship to each other. Thus the high degree of similarity of satellite sequences found in such a diverse group of rodents suggests a cellular function that is subject to natural selection, and implies that these sequences have been conserved over a considerable span of evolutionary time since the divergence of these rodents about 50 million years ago.", "contents": "Similarity of satilite DNA properties in the order Rodentia. We have characterized satellite DNAs from 9 species of kangaroo rat (Dipodomys) and have shown that the HS-alpha and HS-beta satellites, where present, are nearly identical in all species as to melting transition midpoint (Tm), and density in neutral CsCl, alkaline CsCl, and Cs(2)SO(4)-Ag(+) gradients. However, the MS satellites exist in two internally similar classes. The satellite DNAs from three other rodents were characterized (densities listed are in neutral CsCl). The pocket gopher, Thomomysbottae, contains Th-alpha (1.713 g/ml) and Th-beta (1.703 g/ml). The guinea pig (Caviaporcellus) contains Ca-alpha, Ca-beta and Ca-gamma at densities of 1.706 g/ml, 1.704 g/ml and 1.704 g/ml, respectively. The antelope ground squirrel (Ammospermophilusharrisi) contains Am-alpha, 1.708 g/ml, Am-beta, 1.717 g/ml, and Am-gamma, 1.707 g/ml. The physical and chemical properties of the alpha-satellites from the above four rodents representing four different families in two suborders of Rodentia were compared. They show nearly identical Tm, nucleoside composition of single strands, and single strand densities in alkaline CsCl. Similar comparisons on the second or third satellite DNAs from these rodents also indicate a close relationship to each other. Thus the high degree of similarity of satellite sequences found in such a diverse group of rodents suggests a cellular function that is subject to natural selection, and implies that these sequences have been conserved over a considerable span of evolutionary time since the divergence of these rodents about 50 million years ago.", "PMID": 561953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4856", "title": "[Dynamics of free, total and antibody-bound insulin in diabetes mellitus patients in the process of treatment with swine insulin].", "content": "Active free, total and antibody-bound insulin was studied in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with swine and bovine insulin. A tendency to increase in the blood serum of active free insulin was noted in the patients given swine insulin. Free insulin decreased in the patients treated with bovine insulin preparations, or its amount remained unchanged. No regular changes in the antibody-bound insulin were noted.", "contents": "[Dynamics of free, total and antibody-bound insulin in diabetes mellitus patients in the process of treatment with swine insulin]. Active free, total and antibody-bound insulin was studied in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with swine and bovine insulin. A tendency to increase in the blood serum of active free insulin was noted in the patients given swine insulin. Free insulin decreased in the patients treated with bovine insulin preparations, or its amount remained unchanged. No regular changes in the antibody-bound insulin were noted.", "PMID": 561956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4857", "title": "[Cortisol 6beta-hydroxylation pathway in the early neonatal period].", "content": "The method of thin-layer chromatography was applied to the study of renal excretion of 6beta-hydroxycortisol in 56 healthy neonates whose mothers were sufferin from late toxemia and in  9 women with 39-40 weeks of gestation. The proportional of 6beta-hydroxycortisol in the sum total of cortisol metabolites excreted in neonates the first week after birth was found to constitute 23.5-26.9%. However, as in adults the predominant route of cortisol metabolism was formation of tetrahydroderivatives whose proportion in the sum total of the excreted compounds constituted 47.7-55.0%. A high 6beta-hydroxycortisol excretion level was noted at the end of pregnancy. Equal amounts of 6beta-hydroxycortisol were excreted in healthy neonates and in children whose mothers were suffering from late toxemia of pregnancy. 6beta-hydroxycortisol formation is the usual independent route of cortisol metabolism in neonates the first week after birth.", "contents": "[Cortisol 6beta-hydroxylation pathway in the early neonatal period]. The method of thin-layer chromatography was applied to the study of renal excretion of 6beta-hydroxycortisol in 56 healthy neonates whose mothers were sufferin from late toxemia and in  9 women with 39-40 weeks of gestation. The proportional of 6beta-hydroxycortisol in the sum total of cortisol metabolites excreted in neonates the first week after birth was found to constitute 23.5-26.9%. However, as in adults the predominant route of cortisol metabolism was formation of tetrahydroderivatives whose proportion in the sum total of the excreted compounds constituted 47.7-55.0%. A high 6beta-hydroxycortisol excretion level was noted at the end of pregnancy. Equal amounts of 6beta-hydroxycortisol were excreted in healthy neonates and in children whose mothers were suffering from late toxemia of pregnancy. 6beta-hydroxycortisol formation is the usual independent route of cortisol metabolism in neonates the first week after birth.", "PMID": 561957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4858", "title": "Behavioral effects of low level neonatal lead exposure.", "content": "Rats exposed to lead via maternal milk were tested at various stages of development on a number of behavioral tasks. Beginning at paturition, the dams were given either tap water, 0.02%, or 0.10% lead acetate in the drinking water. Pups from all three groups were weaned to normal chow and tap water at 21 days of age. The mean lead concentration of the dam's blood and of neonatal (20 days of age) brain and blood were all below 50 microgram/100 ml. No significant differences were found between the high lead-exposed group and controls in general as measured by wheel running over a 21 day period beginning at 30 days of age. However, there was a significant difference in wheel running behavior during the first three hr of testing. Both lead-exposed groups were found to display significantly less aggressive behavior as measured by the shock-elicited aggression test. Low level lead exposure had no discernable effect on the acquisition and subsequent reversal of a successive brightness discrimination task. Lead exposure under these conditions appears to affect some aspects of emotional behavior, while having little effect on general activity or cognitive function.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of low level neonatal lead exposure. Rats exposed to lead via maternal milk were tested at various stages of development on a number of behavioral tasks. Beginning at paturition, the dams were given either tap water, 0.02%, or 0.10% lead acetate in the drinking water. Pups from all three groups were weaned to normal chow and tap water at 21 days of age. The mean lead concentration of the dam's blood and of neonatal (20 days of age) brain and blood were all below 50 microgram/100 ml. No significant differences were found between the high lead-exposed group and controls in general as measured by wheel running over a 21 day period beginning at 30 days of age. However, there was a significant difference in wheel running behavior during the first three hr of testing. Both lead-exposed groups were found to display significantly less aggressive behavior as measured by the shock-elicited aggression test. Low level lead exposure had no discernable effect on the acquisition and subsequent reversal of a successive brightness discrimination task. Lead exposure under these conditions appears to affect some aspects of emotional behavior, while having little effect on general activity or cognitive function.", "PMID": 561962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4859", "title": "Oral intake of morphine in selectively bred rats.", "content": "Oral intake of morphine was investigated in selectively bred strains of rats. It was possible to induce all the five genetic lines to consume morphine in distilled water. Withdrawal of morphine resulted in significant decrease in the body weights of all the genetic lines in both the experiments. Significant drug-preference behavior was found only in three genetic lines with a common characteristic of relatively high emotional reactivity as compared to the two lines not showing such a behavior.", "contents": "Oral intake of morphine in selectively bred rats. Oral intake of morphine was investigated in selectively bred strains of rats. It was possible to induce all the five genetic lines to consume morphine in distilled water. Withdrawal of morphine resulted in significant decrease in the body weights of all the genetic lines in both the experiments. Significant drug-preference behavior was found only in three genetic lines with a common characteristic of relatively high emotional reactivity as compared to the two lines not showing such a behavior.", "PMID": 561963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4860", "title": "[Biogenic amines in the epiphysis and hypothalamus under normal conditions and following ovariectomy].", "content": "Melatonin content in the epiphysis, serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine-in the hypothalamus, gonadotropins--in the hypophysis of rats was studied under normal conditions and following ovariectomy; regularly of the estral cycle phases was studied as well. Two series of experiments were conducted on 120 rats with regular estral cycles. The animals were divided into groups according to the estral cycle phase. Melatonin concentration in the epiphysis, serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine--in the hypothalamus was subject to variations coinciding with the estral cycle phases. Serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine content decreased in the hypophysis of ovariectomized rats in comparison with control; melatonin content rose in the epiphysis. There was no complete extinction of the estral cycle in the course of investigation (20 days). The action of castration on the sexual cycle depended on the phase at which the rats were subjected to ovariectomy. A reverse relationship existed between the melatonin content in the epiphysis and serotonin content in the hypothalamus, this serving as one of the important factors in the regulation of the sexual function.", "contents": "[Biogenic amines in the epiphysis and hypothalamus under normal conditions and following ovariectomy]. Melatonin content in the epiphysis, serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine-in the hypothalamus, gonadotropins--in the hypophysis of rats was studied under normal conditions and following ovariectomy; regularly of the estral cycle phases was studied as well. Two series of experiments were conducted on 120 rats with regular estral cycles. The animals were divided into groups according to the estral cycle phase. Melatonin concentration in the epiphysis, serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine--in the hypothalamus was subject to variations coinciding with the estral cycle phases. Serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine content decreased in the hypophysis of ovariectomized rats in comparison with control; melatonin content rose in the epiphysis. There was no complete extinction of the estral cycle in the course of investigation (20 days). The action of castration on the sexual cycle depended on the phase at which the rats were subjected to ovariectomy. A reverse relationship existed between the melatonin content in the epiphysis and serotonin content in the hypothalamus, this serving as one of the important factors in the regulation of the sexual function.", "PMID": 561958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4861", "title": "Effect of lysine vasopressin on pentylenetetrazol-induced retrograde amnesia in rats.", "content": "Lysine vasopressin (1 microgram/rat SC) administered 1 hr prior to either the acquisition trial or 24 hr retention trial facilitated passive avoidance retention. Amnesia was produced when a single 50 mg/kg (IP) injection of pentylenetetrazol was given immediately following the passive avoidance acquisition trial. A single injection of lysine vasopressin (1 microgram/rat SC) administered 1 hr prior to either the acquisition trial or 24 hr retention trial antagonized the amnesia.", "contents": "Effect of lysine vasopressin on pentylenetetrazol-induced retrograde amnesia in rats. Lysine vasopressin (1 microgram/rat SC) administered 1 hr prior to either the acquisition trial or 24 hr retention trial facilitated passive avoidance retention. Amnesia was produced when a single 50 mg/kg (IP) injection of pentylenetetrazol was given immediately following the passive avoidance acquisition trial. A single injection of lysine vasopressin (1 microgram/rat SC) administered 1 hr prior to either the acquisition trial or 24 hr retention trial antagonized the amnesia.", "PMID": 561964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4862", "title": "Failure of signs of physical dependence to develop in hamsters after prolonged consumption of large doses of ethanol.", "content": "Male Golden Hamsters drank large amounts of ethanol with food and water freely available, when ethanol was presented in water at concentrations of 10-40% (w/v). Although the hamsters consumed an average of 13.8 g/kg/day of ethanol for 3 months, no withdrawal signs were observed during 4 days without ethanol, nor were withdrawal signs observed during withdrawal after 4 more months of ethanol consumption. Although the Golden Hamster consumes large amounts of ethanol without the need for food or water deprivation, the Golden Hamsters may have limited usefulness as a model of physical dependence.", "contents": "Failure of signs of physical dependence to develop in hamsters after prolonged consumption of large doses of ethanol. Male Golden Hamsters drank large amounts of ethanol with food and water freely available, when ethanol was presented in water at concentrations of 10-40% (w/v). Although the hamsters consumed an average of 13.8 g/kg/day of ethanol for 3 months, no withdrawal signs were observed during 4 days without ethanol, nor were withdrawal signs observed during withdrawal after 4 more months of ethanol consumption. Although the Golden Hamster consumes large amounts of ethanol without the need for food or water deprivation, the Golden Hamsters may have limited usefulness as a model of physical dependence.", "PMID": 561965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4863", "title": "Antagonism of behavioral effects of cocaine by lithium.", "content": "Ten rats, serving as their own controls, were tested for hyperactivity (HyA) (by number of turns of an activity wheel cage) and stereotyped behavior (SB). The animals were given one week each of acclimation to the cages, saline, cocaine (19 mg/kg in 1 cc/kg saline), rest, two weeks on LiCl, and a week on LiCl plus the same dose of cocaine. LiCl produced a nonsignificant decrease of HyA and significantly decreased cocaine SB. The same procedure was duplicated using two different doses of cocaine in five animals each with identical results. The author concludes that Li seems to inhibit cocaine effects in animals and suggests a potential area of research for the use of Li in humans.", "contents": "Antagonism of behavioral effects of cocaine by lithium. Ten rats, serving as their own controls, were tested for hyperactivity (HyA) (by number of turns of an activity wheel cage) and stereotyped behavior (SB). The animals were given one week each of acclimation to the cages, saline, cocaine (19 mg/kg in 1 cc/kg saline), rest, two weeks on LiCl, and a week on LiCl plus the same dose of cocaine. LiCl produced a nonsignificant decrease of HyA and significantly decreased cocaine SB. The same procedure was duplicated using two different doses of cocaine in five animals each with identical results. The author concludes that Li seems to inhibit cocaine effects in animals and suggests a potential area of research for the use of Li in humans.", "PMID": 561966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4864", "title": "Opposed effects of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra lesions on  social behavior in rat colonies.", "content": "Rats were observed in enriched colony environments following radio-frequency lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC), zona compacta of substantia nigra (SN, or control operations. LC-lesioned animals were initially inactive, stayed in the burrows, and fell when climbing ropes and ramps. SN-lesioned rats were opposite to LC animals in many ways. They were hyperactive, had minimal motor disturbances, and were hyperaggressive. SN animals self-isolated and were not social-groomers, whereas LC rats socially-groomed and mounted other animals more than controls. These results provide evidence that the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and the noradrenergic fibers innervating the cerebral cortex and limbic forebrain exert opposed effects upon behavior.", "contents": "Opposed effects of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra lesions on  social behavior in rat colonies. Rats were observed in enriched colony environments following radio-frequency lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC), zona compacta of substantia nigra (SN, or control operations. LC-lesioned animals were initially inactive, stayed in the burrows, and fell when climbing ropes and ramps. SN-lesioned rats were opposite to LC animals in many ways. They were hyperactive, had minimal motor disturbances, and were hyperaggressive. SN animals self-isolated and were not social-groomers, whereas LC rats socially-groomed and mounted other animals more than controls. These results provide evidence that the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and the noradrenergic fibers innervating the cerebral cortex and limbic forebrain exert opposed effects upon behavior.", "PMID": 561967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4865", "title": "Proton NMR relaxation times in the peripheral blood of cancer patients.", "content": "The proton spin lattice relaxation time (T1) of serum and leucocytes of cancer patients and normal volunteers was measured using pulsed NMR techniques. There was no statistically significant difference in the serum T1 values of cancer patients relative to normal. An increase in T1 relative to normal values was detected in the white blood cells of patients with active leukaemia. In these patients T1 fell to normal levels after the initiation of treatment. The variation of leucocyte T1 with the course of the disease for five patients having leukaemia is presented.", "contents": "Proton NMR relaxation times in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. The proton spin lattice relaxation time (T1) of serum and leucocytes of cancer patients and normal volunteers was measured using pulsed NMR techniques. There was no statistically significant difference in the serum T1 values of cancer patients relative to normal. An increase in T1 relative to normal values was detected in the white blood cells of patients with active leukaemia. In these patients T1 fell to normal levels after the initiation of treatment. The variation of leucocyte T1 with the course of the disease for five patients having leukaemia is presented.", "PMID": 561969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4866", "title": "Significance of androgen levels in the aetiology and treatment of homosexuality.", "content": "Serum total androgens were estimated by radioimmunoassay on blood samples of treatment-seeking homosexuals and heterosexual controls. There was no significant difference in androgen levels between the homosexual and control group, nor was there any relationship between androgen levels and response to treatment. These results suggest that androgen levels have no aetiological significance in treatment-seeking homosexuals and have no relevance as indicators of treatment outcome.", "contents": "Significance of androgen levels in the aetiology and treatment of homosexuality. Serum total androgens were estimated by radioimmunoassay on blood samples of treatment-seeking homosexuals and heterosexual controls. There was no significant difference in androgen levels between the homosexual and control group, nor was there any relationship between androgen levels and response to treatment. These results suggest that androgen levels have no aetiological significance in treatment-seeking homosexuals and have no relevance as indicators of treatment outcome.", "PMID": 561980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4867", "title": "Failure of exogenous LH to prevent PGF2alpha-induced luteolysis in beef cows.", "content": "Henderson and McNatty (Prostaglandins 9:779, 1975) proposed that LH from the preovulatory LH surge attached to receptors on luteal cells and that this attachment might protect the early corpus luteum from PGF2alpha induced luteolysis. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed on heifers at day 10-12 of the cycle. Both jugular veins were catheterized and infusions of either saline (0.64 ml/min) or LH-NIH-B9 (10 microgram/min; 0.64 ml/min) were given. Saline infusions were from 0-12 h; LH infusions were for 10 h and were preceded by a 2 h saline infusion. All animals were given 25 mg PGF2alpha im at 6 h (6 h into the saline infusion and 4 h into the LH infusion). Blood samples were taken at 0.5 h, 1 h and 4 h intervals from 0-12h, 13-18 h and 12-42 h respectively. Serum was assayed for LH and progesterone by radioimmunoassay methods. Two animals received saline and two received LH in each experiment. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. LH infusion resulted in a mean serum LH of 75 ng/ml compared to 0.90 ng/ml in saline infused animals. This elevation of LH did not alter PGF2alpha induced luteolysis as indicated by decline in serum progesterone. This experiment does not support the hypothesis that the newly formed corpus luteum is resistant to PGF2alpha because of protection afforded by the proestrus LH surge.", "contents": "Failure of exogenous LH to prevent PGF2alpha-induced luteolysis in beef cows. Henderson and McNatty (Prostaglandins 9:779, 1975) proposed that LH from the preovulatory LH surge attached to receptors on luteal cells and that this attachment might protect the early corpus luteum from PGF2alpha induced luteolysis. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed on heifers at day 10-12 of the cycle. Both jugular veins were catheterized and infusions of either saline (0.64 ml/min) or LH-NIH-B9 (10 microgram/min; 0.64 ml/min) were given. Saline infusions were from 0-12 h; LH infusions were for 10 h and were preceded by a 2 h saline infusion. All animals were given 25 mg PGF2alpha im at 6 h (6 h into the saline infusion and 4 h into the LH infusion). Blood samples were taken at 0.5 h, 1 h and 4 h intervals from 0-12h, 13-18 h and 12-42 h respectively. Serum was assayed for LH and progesterone by radioimmunoassay methods. Two animals received saline and two received LH in each experiment. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. LH infusion resulted in a mean serum LH of 75 ng/ml compared to 0.90 ng/ml in saline infused animals. This elevation of LH did not alter PGF2alpha induced luteolysis as indicated by decline in serum progesterone. This experiment does not support the hypothesis that the newly formed corpus luteum is resistant to PGF2alpha because of protection afforded by the proestrus LH surge.", "PMID": 561987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4868", "title": "On the analysis of platelet survival curves and the calculation of platelet production and destruction.", "content": "Platelet survival, platelet production and megakaryocyte quantifications were studied in control subjects and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and primary thrombocythaemia (PT). A platelet death probability function (DPF), which gives the expected probability of a randomly chosen platelet to be destroyed within the nextcoming short time interval, was constructed on the basis of the present knowledge of platelet function and the factors that influence its survival. Starting from this function platelet age and life span distributions and the function for the survival curve were derived. Platelet mean life span (MLS) was in controls 6.9d, in PT 5.2Dd and in ITP 0.44d. Determinations of platelet life span and platelet age distributions revealed a considerable variation in platelet life spans about these means and a great difference in platelet age compositions between the 3 groups of subjects studied. The function for the platelet survival curve, derived from the DPF, was employed in the calculation of platelet production and there was a highly significant relationship between platelet production and megakaryocyte volume per microliter bone marrow giving mutual confirmation to the 2 determinations and to the correctness of the death probability function.", "contents": "On the analysis of platelet survival curves and the calculation of platelet production and destruction. Platelet survival, platelet production and megakaryocyte quantifications were studied in control subjects and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and primary thrombocythaemia (PT). A platelet death probability function (DPF), which gives the expected probability of a randomly chosen platelet to be destroyed within the nextcoming short time interval, was constructed on the basis of the present knowledge of platelet function and the factors that influence its survival. Starting from this function platelet age and life span distributions and the function for the survival curve were derived. Platelet mean life span (MLS) was in controls 6.9d, in PT 5.2Dd and in ITP 0.44d. Determinations of platelet life span and platelet age distributions revealed a considerable variation in platelet life spans about these means and a great difference in platelet age compositions between the 3 groups of subjects studied. The function for the platelet survival curve, derived from the DPF, was employed in the calculation of platelet production and there was a highly significant relationship between platelet production and megakaryocyte volume per microliter bone marrow giving mutual confirmation to the 2 determinations and to the correctness of the death probability function.", "PMID": 561991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4869", "title": "College women's attitudes and expectations concerning menstrual-related changes.", "content": "The present study examined college women's expectations, attitudes, and knowledge about menstrual-related changes in order to provide a more complete picture of how women perceive the experience of menstruation and to explore the interrelationships of these variables. The women responded to the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire as if they were premenstrual and as if they were intermenstrual in order to examine expectations about symptom changes for themselves. They also responded to a series of agree/disagree items, which yielded five dimensions of attitudes or styles of coping with menstruation. In general, the results suggested that these college women accepted menstruation rather routinely and did not perceive it as overly disruptive. Furthermore, it appears that beliefs about menstruation are more complex than previously thought, involving differential perceptions of physical versus psychological symptoms and a variety of dimensions of menstrual-related attitudes.", "contents": "College women's attitudes and expectations concerning menstrual-related changes. The present study examined college women's expectations, attitudes, and knowledge about menstrual-related changes in order to provide a more complete picture of how women perceive the experience of menstruation and to explore the interrelationships of these variables. The women responded to the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire as if they were premenstrual and as if they were intermenstrual in order to examine expectations about symptom changes for themselves. They also responded to a series of agree/disagree items, which yielded five dimensions of attitudes or styles of coping with menstruation. In general, the results suggested that these college women accepted menstruation rather routinely and did not perceive it as overly disruptive. Furthermore, it appears that beliefs about menstruation are more complex than previously thought, involving differential perceptions of physical versus psychological symptoms and a variety of dimensions of menstrual-related attitudes.", "PMID": 561986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4870", "title": "[Scocial deviance and drug consumption (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of epidemiological and psychometric studies we have persued the question how social deviation and drug-consumption could cohere. According to our research the danger of a social deviation (drop out) is the greater the earlier the juveniles begin to take drugs, the more deranged are their original surroundings and the further advanced towards polytoxicomania is their drug abuse. The frequency of drug-consumption corresponds with the number of personal (especially interpersonal) conflicts. In an examination of 4082 20-year-old Swiss men (recruits) 80.2% of the drug-users admitted to have personal difficulties compared to 48.1% of those who take no drgus. 61.2% of the drug-consumers complained about psychic and somatic ailments compared to 33.8% of the drug-abstainers. Youngest and single children consumed drugs significantly more often than elder and eldest brothers and sisters (p less than 0.01). Socio- and psychodynamic backgrounds of the social deviation of drug-consumers are discussed.", "contents": "[Scocial deviance and drug consumption (author's transl)]. On the basis of epidemiological and psychometric studies we have persued the question how social deviation and drug-consumption could cohere. According to our research the danger of a social deviation (drop out) is the greater the earlier the juveniles begin to take drugs, the more deranged are their original surroundings and the further advanced towards polytoxicomania is their drug abuse. The frequency of drug-consumption corresponds with the number of personal (especially interpersonal) conflicts. In an examination of 4082 20-year-old Swiss men (recruits) 80.2% of the drug-users admitted to have personal difficulties compared to 48.1% of those who take no drgus. 61.2% of the drug-consumers complained about psychic and somatic ailments compared to 33.8% of the drug-abstainers. Youngest and single children consumed drugs significantly more often than elder and eldest brothers and sisters (p less than 0.01). Socio- and psychodynamic backgrounds of the social deviation of drug-consumers are discussed.", "PMID": 561992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4871", "title": "[Child as a victim of abuse and negligence. Plea for a pluridisciplinary approach and for public education].", "content": "The phenomenon of child abuse and neglect is universal and involves all population groups or classes. It is more the expression of a socio-affective deficiency than of economic poverty. Cultural factors are more important in its pathogenesis than traditional alienating factors such as schizophrenia and alcoholism. The victims are pre-school children and infants. The most common lesions are multiple hematomas, sometimes associated with fractures and epiphyseal wrenching. Subdural hematomas and bursting of abdominal viscera represent acute threats to the child's life. Risk factors are now better known and alarm signals of predictive value can be identified, which allow preventive steps to be taken. These alarm signals are to be observed during pregnancy, during delivery and in the neonatal period. They emanate from the mother but also from the married couple as a functional unit. After the fact, intervention in the form of control is only effective by the fear it produces. It is not therapeutic, because denial and lack of motivation for psychotherapy are prevalent. Effective therapy can only be prophylactic; hence the importance of identifying the risk. Primary prevention in the authors' opinion, must begin with adolescents, who must be informed and educated while still at school and before they are faced with the problems leading to this interpersonal disorder.", "contents": "[Child as a victim of abuse and negligence. Plea for a pluridisciplinary approach and for public education]. The phenomenon of child abuse and neglect is universal and involves all population groups or classes. It is more the expression of a socio-affective deficiency than of economic poverty. Cultural factors are more important in its pathogenesis than traditional alienating factors such as schizophrenia and alcoholism. The victims are pre-school children and infants. The most common lesions are multiple hematomas, sometimes associated with fractures and epiphyseal wrenching. Subdural hematomas and bursting of abdominal viscera represent acute threats to the child's life. Risk factors are now better known and alarm signals of predictive value can be identified, which allow preventive steps to be taken. These alarm signals are to be observed during pregnancy, during delivery and in the neonatal period. They emanate from the mother but also from the married couple as a functional unit. After the fact, intervention in the form of control is only effective by the fear it produces. It is not therapeutic, because denial and lack of motivation for psychotherapy are prevalent. Effective therapy can only be prophylactic; hence the importance of identifying the risk. Primary prevention in the authors' opinion, must begin with adolescents, who must be informed and educated while still at school and before they are faced with the problems leading to this interpersonal disorder.", "PMID": 561993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4872", "title": "Nutritional outputs and energy inputs in seafoods.", "content": "Energy used by U.S. ships in harvesting seafoods can vary by a factor of more than 100 when the seafoods are compared on the basis of their content of edible protein or line weight. This energy difference bears no relationship to the nutritive value in the food. When protein yield is compared, the energy to harvest some seafoods is in the same range as that needed to grow field crops. There is a large increase in energy consumption after processing, partly because of the small percent of the live weight used for human food.", "contents": "Nutritional outputs and energy inputs in seafoods. Energy used by U.S. ships in harvesting seafoods can vary by a factor of more than 100 when the seafoods are compared on the basis of their content of edible protein or line weight. This energy difference bears no relationship to the nutritive value in the food. When protein yield is compared, the energy to harvest some seafoods is in the same range as that needed to grow field crops. There is a large increase in energy consumption after processing, partly because of the small percent of the live weight used for human food.", "PMID": 561995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4873", "title": "Beef production options and requirements for fossil fuel.", "content": "A large percentage of the feed resources used in beef production cannot be used by man or most other animals. These noncompetitive feeds could be used in different ways to increase beef production, but fossil fuel consumption by the beef industry would not be greatly reduced.", "contents": "Beef production options and requirements for fossil fuel. A large percentage of the feed resources used in beef production cannot be used by man or most other animals. These noncompetitive feeds could be used in different ways to increase beef production, but fossil fuel consumption by the beef industry would not be greatly reduced.", "PMID": 561996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4874", "title": "Diazepam maintenance of alcohol preference during alcohol withdrawal.", "content": "After forced intragastric intubation of alcohol, rats will show a greatly increased tendency to self-administer alcohol in a free-choice situation. Diazepam (Valium) dosage (5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) during the period ow withdrawal serves to maintain undiminished such alcohol self-administration. Without such diazepam dosage the tendency to self-administer alcohol returns to control levels.", "contents": "Diazepam maintenance of alcohol preference during alcohol withdrawal. After forced intragastric intubation of alcohol, rats will show a greatly increased tendency to self-administer alcohol in a free-choice situation. Diazepam (Valium) dosage (5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) during the period ow withdrawal serves to maintain undiminished such alcohol self-administration. Without such diazepam dosage the tendency to self-administer alcohol returns to control levels.", "PMID": 561997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4875", "title": "Hyperalgesia induced by naloxone follows diurnal rhythm in responsivity to painful stimuli.", "content": "A diurnal rhythm was observed in the responsiveness of mice to nociceptive stimuli and in the hyperalgesic activity of endogenous opioid peptides and may partly account for previous controversy over the direct action of naloxone in opiate-naive animals.", "contents": "Hyperalgesia induced by naloxone follows diurnal rhythm in responsivity to painful stimuli. A diurnal rhythm was observed in the responsiveness of mice to nociceptive stimuli and in the hyperalgesic activity of endogenous opioid peptides and may partly account for previous controversy over the direct action of naloxone in opiate-naive animals.", "PMID": 561998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4876", "title": "Splenoportography--a valuable diagnostic technic, revisited.", "content": "The value of splenoportography in evaluating patients with portal hypertension was assessed. The technic was found to be useful in estimating portal-venous pressure, ruling out portal vein thrombosis, evaluating the superior mesenteric and portal veins as to their suitability for shunt procedures, and defining anatomy and collateral pathways. Splenoportography is a relatively simple procedure which provides excellent visualization of the portal venous system. Other methods may require special expertise and may not yield sufficient diagnostic information.", "contents": "Splenoportography--a valuable diagnostic technic, revisited. The value of splenoportography in evaluating patients with portal hypertension was assessed. The technic was found to be useful in estimating portal-venous pressure, ruling out portal vein thrombosis, evaluating the superior mesenteric and portal veins as to their suitability for shunt procedures, and defining anatomy and collateral pathways. Splenoportography is a relatively simple procedure which provides excellent visualization of the portal venous system. Other methods may require special expertise and may not yield sufficient diagnostic information.", "PMID": 562000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4877", "title": "The use of nutritional tests for the differentiation of dermatophytes.", "content": "One hundred and forty-seven isolates distributed among 22 species of dermatophytes were tested for ability to assimilate 23 carbon sources and 4 nitrogen sources, and to hydrolyse casein, tyrosine, gelatine, starch and urea. Differences were found among species in the rate of growth on 11 of the carbon sources, 2 of the nitrogen sources and the time taken to hydrolyse urea. Based on these findings, a practical scheme allowing differentiation of the 22 species investigated is presented. Since the differences in assimilation pattern did not correlate with morphological divisions, this scheme may prove useful in situations where conventional morphological techniques fail to provide an adequate identification of an unknown isolate.", "contents": "The use of nutritional tests for the differentiation of dermatophytes. One hundred and forty-seven isolates distributed among 22 species of dermatophytes were tested for ability to assimilate 23 carbon sources and 4 nitrogen sources, and to hydrolyse casein, tyrosine, gelatine, starch and urea. Differences were found among species in the rate of growth on 11 of the carbon sources, 2 of the nitrogen sources and the time taken to hydrolyse urea. Based on these findings, a practical scheme allowing differentiation of the 22 species investigated is presented. Since the differences in assimilation pattern did not correlate with morphological divisions, this scheme may prove useful in situations where conventional morphological techniques fail to provide an adequate identification of an unknown isolate.", "PMID": 562003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4878", "title": "[Sterilization of plastic culture boxes by formaldehyde vapour (author's transl)].", "content": "Various experiments showed that plastic culture boxes may be sterilized by formaldehyde vapour in an exsiccator. Detectable quanties of formaldehyde were no longer found to be present when the dishes had been stored at room temperature for 24 hours after sterilization. A striking fature in these experiments consisted in the fact that colonies failed to grow on those agar plates, the surfaces of which had been in contact with formaldehyde vapour. The dishes used should be meticulously cleaned as studies showed that complete sterilization was not achieved when bacteria were present in or on agar. When Petri dishes cleansed in alcohol and then sterilized were used in assessing aerobic bacterial counts in minced meat by the mixed plate technique, significantly higher average numbers of colonies were recorded than was the case when commercially available sterilized Petri dishes were used. When the streak plate method was adopted, however, no significant differences were observed. When all the required manoeuvres are performed with meticulous care, the method is a practicable one ensuring that plastic culture boxes may be used again several times.", "contents": "[Sterilization of plastic culture boxes by formaldehyde vapour (author's transl)]. Various experiments showed that plastic culture boxes may be sterilized by formaldehyde vapour in an exsiccator. Detectable quanties of formaldehyde were no longer found to be present when the dishes had been stored at room temperature for 24 hours after sterilization. A striking fature in these experiments consisted in the fact that colonies failed to grow on those agar plates, the surfaces of which had been in contact with formaldehyde vapour. The dishes used should be meticulously cleaned as studies showed that complete sterilization was not achieved when bacteria were present in or on agar. When Petri dishes cleansed in alcohol and then sterilized were used in assessing aerobic bacterial counts in minced meat by the mixed plate technique, significantly higher average numbers of colonies were recorded than was the case when commercially available sterilized Petri dishes were used. When the streak plate method was adopted, however, no significant differences were observed. When all the required manoeuvres are performed with meticulous care, the method is a practicable one ensuring that plastic culture boxes may be used again several times.", "PMID": 562005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4879", "title": "Analysis of tissue progesterone residues by gas chromatography - mass spectral and radioimmunological detection methods.", "content": "Methods for the extraction, isolation and analysis of tissue concentrations of progesterone suitable for studying residue levels from livestock treated with this steroid for the control and synchronization of estrus are presented. The system employs biphasic partitioning for the extraction and silica gel chromatography for the isolation and demonstrates 80 to 90% recovery of 14C-labeled progesterone added as an internal standard. Residue analysis of fat, kidney, liver and muscle tissue samples from ovariectomized non-treated and progesterone treated ewes are compared employing a competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay system which appears to be less specific for progesterone than the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method employing selective ion monitoring detection.", "contents": "Analysis of tissue progesterone residues by gas chromatography - mass spectral and radioimmunological detection methods. Methods for the extraction, isolation and analysis of tissue concentrations of progesterone suitable for studying residue levels from livestock treated with this steroid for the control and synchronization of estrus are presented. The system employs biphasic partitioning for the extraction and silica gel chromatography for the isolation and demonstrates 80 to 90% recovery of 14C-labeled progesterone added as an internal standard. Residue analysis of fat, kidney, liver and muscle tissue samples from ovariectomized non-treated and progesterone treated ewes are compared employing a competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay system which appears to be less specific for progesterone than the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method employing selective ion monitoring detection.", "PMID": 562006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4880", "title": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus in the Sudan.", "content": "The histopathological reports of 135 specimens of carcinoma of the oesophagus received in the Central Research Laboratory in Khartoum during the period 1965 to 1974 and the clinical data of 14 cases treated at the University Department of Surgery in the period 1970 to 1974 are analysed. The incidence in the Sudan is 1.4% of all malignant tumours. The disease affected both sexes equally; is most common at the age of 50-69 and is commoner in patients from the North. Of the different aetiological factors mentioned in the literature the habit of placing tobacco under the tongue or in the labiodental groove seems to be associated with a high incidence of oral cancer and possibly also of oesophageal cancer in much the same way as in Russia. The low resectability rate of 16.3% is due to the high surgical risk of the patients and the lack of supportive measures. Radiotherapy and palliation by indwelling tubes are commonly used with the objective of enabling the patient to swallow.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus in the Sudan. The histopathological reports of 135 specimens of carcinoma of the oesophagus received in the Central Research Laboratory in Khartoum during the period 1965 to 1974 and the clinical data of 14 cases treated at the University Department of Surgery in the period 1970 to 1974 are analysed. The incidence in the Sudan is 1.4% of all malignant tumours. The disease affected both sexes equally; is most common at the age of 50-69 and is commoner in patients from the North. Of the different aetiological factors mentioned in the literature the habit of placing tobacco under the tongue or in the labiodental groove seems to be associated with a high incidence of oral cancer and possibly also of oesophageal cancer in much the same way as in Russia. The low resectability rate of 16.3% is due to the high surgical risk of the patients and the lack of supportive measures. Radiotherapy and palliation by indwelling tubes are commonly used with the objective of enabling the patient to swallow.", "PMID": 562007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4881", "title": "The effect of natural exposure to Anaplasma and Babesia infections on native calves in an endemic area of Colombia.", "content": "The age at which native calves first became infected with Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina and the effect of the infections as characterised by anaemia was determined by the biweekly examination of newly born calves on four ranches located in an endemic area of anaplasmosis and babesiosis on the north coast of Colombia. All of the calves examined became infected with A. marginale at 4-24 weeks of age and with B. bigemina at 2-34 weeks of age. The mean age at first infection with both haemoparasites was 11 weeks. A  significant decrease occurred in the mean packed cell volumes of the calves following infection. However, the packed cell volumes returned to preinfection levels with 4 weeks following infection and most calves recovered from their first natural infections without apparent serious consequences. The mild clinical response and rapid recovery indicated that the protection of native calves through immunisation or other procedures prior to natural exposure would be of questionable value.", "contents": "The effect of natural exposure to Anaplasma and Babesia infections on native calves in an endemic area of Colombia. The age at which native calves first became infected with Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina and the effect of the infections as characterised by anaemia was determined by the biweekly examination of newly born calves on four ranches located in an endemic area of anaplasmosis and babesiosis on the north coast of Colombia. All of the calves examined became infected with A. marginale at 4-24 weeks of age and with B. bigemina at 2-34 weeks of age. The mean age at first infection with both haemoparasites was 11 weeks. A  significant decrease occurred in the mean packed cell volumes of the calves following infection. However, the packed cell volumes returned to preinfection levels with 4 weeks following infection and most calves recovered from their first natural infections without apparent serious consequences. The mild clinical response and rapid recovery indicated that the protection of native calves through immunisation or other procedures prior to natural exposure would be of questionable value.", "PMID": 562010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4882", "title": "The planning and construction of veterinary investigation laboratories in tropical and sub-tropical countries. IV. Ancillary buildings and carcass disposal.", "content": "Suggestions are made for the siting and construction of a post mortem unit, animal accommodation and other ancillary buildings for veterinary investigation laboratories in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The disposal of carcasses and other waste is also considered.", "contents": "The planning and construction of veterinary investigation laboratories in tropical and sub-tropical countries. IV. Ancillary buildings and carcass disposal. Suggestions are made for the siting and construction of a post mortem unit, animal accommodation and other ancillary buildings for veterinary investigation laboratories in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The disposal of carcasses and other waste is also considered.", "PMID": 562011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4883", "title": "[Relationship between environmental pollution and genetic monitoring of human populations].", "content": "The basis of genetic monitoring is the knowledge of laws of the spontaneous mutation process. These laws are determined for human chromosome and genome mutations by cytogenetic examination of newborns, infants with congenital defects, and the material of spontaneous abortions. Confidence intervals and all the necessary sample sizes were calculated when registering the mutagenic effects of different intensity in the general population as well as to the groups of closer contact with mutagens. Such calculations were made for controlling the spontaneous mutation process in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood on the basis of registering chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "[Relationship between environmental pollution and genetic monitoring of human populations]. The basis of genetic monitoring is the knowledge of laws of the spontaneous mutation process. These laws are determined for human chromosome and genome mutations by cytogenetic examination of newborns, infants with congenital defects, and the material of spontaneous abortions. Confidence intervals and all the necessary sample sizes were calculated when registering the mutagenic effects of different intensity in the general population as well as to the groups of closer contact with mutagens. Such calculations were made for controlling the spontaneous mutation process in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood on the basis of registering chromosome aberrations.", "PMID": 562009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4884", "title": "A new technique for simultaneous urethrocystometry including measurements of the urethral pressure profile.", "content": "A new standardized technique for continuous recording of the urethral pressure profile simultaneously with intravesical pressure has been developed. The pressure are recorded using two microtransducers enclosed in a thin Dacron catheter. The catheter is moved at a constant speed through the urethra with the aid of a specially designed withdrawal instrument. Using electronic subtraction the closure pressure can easily be measured simultaneously with the intravesical and intraurethral pressure. About 900 investigations have been performed with this technique. It has been testified that very detailed information about normal micturition as well as stress and urgency incontinence can be obtained. The functional as well as the absolute length of the urethra can be estimated within half a millimeter.", "contents": "A new technique for simultaneous urethrocystometry including measurements of the urethral pressure profile. A new standardized technique for continuous recording of the urethral pressure profile simultaneously with intravesical pressure has been developed. The pressure are recorded using two microtransducers enclosed in a thin Dacron catheter. The catheter is moved at a constant speed through the urethra with the aid of a specially designed withdrawal instrument. Using electronic subtraction the closure pressure can easily be measured simultaneously with the intravesical and intraurethral pressure. About 900 investigations have been performed with this technique. It has been testified that very detailed information about normal micturition as well as stress and urgency incontinence can be obtained. The functional as well as the absolute length of the urethra can be estimated within half a millimeter.", "PMID": 562017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4885", "title": "Treatment of stress incontinence with estrogen in postmenopausal women.", "content": "41 female patients with a stress incontinence of grade II or III were treated with 2 mg estriol daily over a period of 2-4 months. The function of the bladder was objectively evaluated by urethrocystotonometry. A significant rise of the urethral pressure profile could be demonstrated in 95% (39/41) of patients. An improvement of the stress incontinence by one clinical grade could be shown, but in no case a completely continent bladder sphincter.", "contents": "Treatment of stress incontinence with estrogen in postmenopausal women. 41 female patients with a stress incontinence of grade II or III were treated with 2 mg estriol daily over a period of 2-4 months. The function of the bladder was objectively evaluated by urethrocystotonometry. A significant rise of the urethral pressure profile could be demonstrated in 95% (39/41) of patients. An improvement of the stress incontinence by one clinical grade could be shown, but in no case a completely continent bladder sphincter.", "PMID": 562018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4886", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of urge urinary incontinence in women.", "content": "Under standardized conditions, simultaneous urethrocystometry and recording of urethral pressure profile were performed in 10 healthy volunteers and 20 patients suffering from urge incontinence. In the normal subjects, desire to void occurred at a bladder volume of about 300 cm3. At maximum bladder capacity (approximately 500 cm3), variations in intraurethral pressure were recorded at a time when the intravesical pressure remained stable. Immediately before voiding, there was a marked reduction in intraurethral pressure and then the intravesical pressure increased. In 10 of the patients with symptoms of urge incontinence, the findings did not differ from those in the normal subjects. In the other 10 patients, urgency was reported at bladder volumes between 125 and 150 cm3, and the maximum bladder capacity did not exceed 200 cm3. In 8 of them, marked variations in intraurethral pressure were recorded when urge was experienced, whereas the bladder pressure remained stable. In 2 of the patients, variations in intraurethral and intravesical pressure occurred simultaneously. The role of the urethra in urge incontinence is discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of urge urinary incontinence in women. Under standardized conditions, simultaneous urethrocystometry and recording of urethral pressure profile were performed in 10 healthy volunteers and 20 patients suffering from urge incontinence. In the normal subjects, desire to void occurred at a bladder volume of about 300 cm3. At maximum bladder capacity (approximately 500 cm3), variations in intraurethral pressure were recorded at a time when the intravesical pressure remained stable. Immediately before voiding, there was a marked reduction in intraurethral pressure and then the intravesical pressure increased. In 10 of the patients with symptoms of urge incontinence, the findings did not differ from those in the normal subjects. In the other 10 patients, urgency was reported at bladder volumes between 125 and 150 cm3, and the maximum bladder capacity did not exceed 200 cm3. In 8 of them, marked variations in intraurethral pressure were recorded when urge was experienced, whereas the bladder pressure remained stable. In 2 of the patients, variations in intraurethral and intravesical pressure occurred simultaneously. The role of the urethra in urge incontinence is discussed.", "PMID": 562020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4887", "title": "[Short and long-term results of the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula by the vaginal approach (author's transl)].", "content": "Gynecologists prefer the vaginal route for closure of vesicovaginal fistulae. Urologists, however, have some doubts as to the long-term results as far as proper function is concerned. The purpose of this investigation was to discover the limits of the vaginal fistula operations with reference to patients at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg. From 1962 to 1976, 40 women with vesicovaginal, urethrovaginal and vesicocervicovaginal fistulae were treated. Forty-five operations were necessary. In one patient, surgery in two sessions was planned from the beginning. Besides 4 obstetric fistulae, gynecological operations were the original cause of the fistulae in 34 cases. Two women had actinic fistulae (overdosage of intracavitary radium application). Attempts to close the fistulae here failed utterly. The Latzko technique was used in 27 women. F\u00fcth's method, in 7. In the remaining cases various vaginal procedures were chosen, for example, interposition of the bulbocavernosus muscle or interposition of the uterus. Three late complecations with recess formation (in 2 cases with concrements) after the Latzko operation could be treated trans-urethrally. Ten years after a F\u00fcth's operation one patient had to undergo vaginal surgery for an urethral diverticulum with concrement. The precedure of choice in the typical post-hysterectomy fistula is the Latzko operation. For fistulae patients who still have a uterus, other vaginal procedures are preferable. No attempt should be made to close a radiogenic fistula--usually following inadequate radiation therapy--by a vaginal operation. Details of our indications are fully dealt with in the discussion.", "contents": "[Short and long-term results of the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula by the vaginal approach (author's transl)]. Gynecologists prefer the vaginal route for closure of vesicovaginal fistulae. Urologists, however, have some doubts as to the long-term results as far as proper function is concerned. The purpose of this investigation was to discover the limits of the vaginal fistula operations with reference to patients at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg. From 1962 to 1976, 40 women with vesicovaginal, urethrovaginal and vesicocervicovaginal fistulae were treated. Forty-five operations were necessary. In one patient, surgery in two sessions was planned from the beginning. Besides 4 obstetric fistulae, gynecological operations were the original cause of the fistulae in 34 cases. Two women had actinic fistulae (overdosage of intracavitary radium application). Attempts to close the fistulae here failed utterly. The Latzko technique was used in 27 women. F\u00fcth's method, in 7. In the remaining cases various vaginal procedures were chosen, for example, interposition of the bulbocavernosus muscle or interposition of the uterus. Three late complecations with recess formation (in 2 cases with concrements) after the Latzko operation could be treated trans-urethrally. Ten years after a F\u00fcth's operation one patient had to undergo vaginal surgery for an urethral diverticulum with concrement. The precedure of choice in the typical post-hysterectomy fistula is the Latzko operation. For fistulae patients who still have a uterus, other vaginal procedures are preferable. No attempt should be made to close a radiogenic fistula--usually following inadequate radiation therapy--by a vaginal operation. Details of our indications are fully dealt with in the discussion.", "PMID": 562021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4888", "title": "The effect of oestrus on milk production in cows.", "content": "The rectal temperatures, pulse rates and milk yields of 44 Ayrshire and 38 Friesian cows were recorded during oestrus and compared with values obtained after oestrus had ceased. The fat, solids-non-fat (SNF) and protein percentages and the cell counts of milk samples were also compared. Forty of the cows were housed in cubicles and 42 were kept loose in yards. During oestrus rectal temperatures and pulse rates were significantly raised and milk yields were lowered. Milk had, on average, significantly higher fat contents and cell counts and lower SNF and protein contents than post-oestrous milk. The differences due to oestrus between the cows kept in cubicles and yards were minimal, but the Ayrshire cows tended to show more significant effects than the Friesians, except in the milk cell counts, where the difference was higher in the Friesians.", "contents": "The effect of oestrus on milk production in cows. The rectal temperatures, pulse rates and milk yields of 44 Ayrshire and 38 Friesian cows were recorded during oestrus and compared with values obtained after oestrus had ceased. The fat, solids-non-fat (SNF) and protein percentages and the cell counts of milk samples were also compared. Forty of the cows were housed in cubicles and 42 were kept loose in yards. During oestrus rectal temperatures and pulse rates were significantly raised and milk yields were lowered. Milk had, on average, significantly higher fat contents and cell counts and lower SNF and protein contents than post-oestrous milk. The differences due to oestrus between the cows kept in cubicles and yards were minimal, but the Ayrshire cows tended to show more significant effects than the Friesians, except in the milk cell counts, where the difference was higher in the Friesians.", "PMID": 562025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4889", "title": "[Effect of glucose and insulin on sheep fertility].", "content": "Tested was the effect of glucose and insulin given in various doses to a total of 372 ewes at the time of artificial insemination of the animals' conception rate. Glucose was administered per os at the rate of 50 to 150 g, once to three times at 50 g, and insulin--via the parenteral route at rates of from 80 up to 160 IU, once or twice at 80 IU, every eight hours from the beginning of estrus. It was found that the oral application of glucose during insemination raised the level of blood sugar in the second half of the estrus cycle by 20.50 to 23.30 per cent, and the rate of conception--by 10.00 to 12.56 per cent more as against the values of these indices in the control animals. The optimal dose proved to be 100 g divided in two portions and administered at an eight-hpur interval. Insulin, injected twice at an 8-hour interval at a dose of 80 IU each time at the time of insemination lowered the level of blood sugar by 25.9 per cent, and the conception rate--by 80.40 per cent as compared with the controls.", "contents": "[Effect of glucose and insulin on sheep fertility]. Tested was the effect of glucose and insulin given in various doses to a total of 372 ewes at the time of artificial insemination of the animals' conception rate. Glucose was administered per os at the rate of 50 to 150 g, once to three times at 50 g, and insulin--via the parenteral route at rates of from 80 up to 160 IU, once or twice at 80 IU, every eight hours from the beginning of estrus. It was found that the oral application of glucose during insemination raised the level of blood sugar in the second half of the estrus cycle by 20.50 to 23.30 per cent, and the rate of conception--by 10.00 to 12.56 per cent more as against the values of these indices in the control animals. The optimal dose proved to be 100 g divided in two portions and administered at an eight-hpur interval. Insulin, injected twice at an 8-hour interval at a dose of 80 IU each time at the time of insemination lowered the level of blood sugar by 25.9 per cent, and the conception rate--by 80.40 per cent as compared with the controls.", "PMID": 562029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4890", "title": "[Studies of the etiology of infectious abortion in cows in Ruse District].", "content": "A total of 28,159 blood serum samples have been examined for brucellosis, 87--for leptospirosis, 84--for toxoplasmosis, 554--for the presence of rickettsii and neoreckettsii, and 193--for total protein content, albumin, and protein fractions, taken from cows in the course of the years on 40 dairy farms in the district of Rousse. Bacteriologically were examined 349 aborted fetuses, 178 samples of estral secretion, 57 placentae, and 1002 samples of washings and seminal fluid from bulls for vibriosis. Bacteriologic investigations were also carried out on 383 fetuses for salmonellosis, listeriosis, and colibacteriosis, and virologic studies of 398 placentae and parenchymal organs of fetuses. Twenty-eight fetuses were studied parasitologically for toxoplasmosis, and 118 blood smears were examined for hemosporidiosis. It was established that most important in the etiology of the infectious abortions in cows in the district of Rousse were Vibrio organisms. They were found in 36.9 per cent of the studied bovine fetuses and in 24.4 per cent of all materials examined bacteriologically. Only 4 cases were noted of neorickettsii from fetuses and placentae. Serologically, there were 23.6 per cent cases positive for neorickettsiosis, and 12.6 per cent--for Q fever; 56.4 per cent of the investigated sera proved positive for leptospirosis. In 0.8 per cent of the examined fetuses there was Escherichia coli. Abortions in cows were also due to anaplasmosis and francaillelosis; 14.2 per cent of the investigated respective sera were positive for toxoplasmosis. On the days of abortions the amount of total protein was 7.13 mg%, that of albumins--36%, and of globulins--64%. It is considered imperative to elucidate the cause of abortions of infectious nature in cows in connection with the establishing of cattle-breeding complexes.", "contents": "[Studies of the etiology of infectious abortion in cows in Ruse District]. A total of 28,159 blood serum samples have been examined for brucellosis, 87--for leptospirosis, 84--for toxoplasmosis, 554--for the presence of rickettsii and neoreckettsii, and 193--for total protein content, albumin, and protein fractions, taken from cows in the course of the years on 40 dairy farms in the district of Rousse. Bacteriologically were examined 349 aborted fetuses, 178 samples of estral secretion, 57 placentae, and 1002 samples of washings and seminal fluid from bulls for vibriosis. Bacteriologic investigations were also carried out on 383 fetuses for salmonellosis, listeriosis, and colibacteriosis, and virologic studies of 398 placentae and parenchymal organs of fetuses. Twenty-eight fetuses were studied parasitologically for toxoplasmosis, and 118 blood smears were examined for hemosporidiosis. It was established that most important in the etiology of the infectious abortions in cows in the district of Rousse were Vibrio organisms. They were found in 36.9 per cent of the studied bovine fetuses and in 24.4 per cent of all materials examined bacteriologically. Only 4 cases were noted of neorickettsii from fetuses and placentae. Serologically, there were 23.6 per cent cases positive for neorickettsiosis, and 12.6 per cent--for Q fever; 56.4 per cent of the investigated sera proved positive for leptospirosis. In 0.8 per cent of the examined fetuses there was Escherichia coli. Abortions in cows were also due to anaplasmosis and francaillelosis; 14.2 per cent of the investigated respective sera were positive for toxoplasmosis. On the days of abortions the amount of total protein was 7.13 mg%, that of albumins--36%, and of globulins--64%. It is considered imperative to elucidate the cause of abortions of infectious nature in cows in connection with the establishing of cattle-breeding complexes.", "PMID": 562030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4891", "title": "[Effect of diazepam on the exocrine pancreatic secretion in the alcoholized and nonalcoholized dog].", "content": "Diazepam did not appreciably alter the exocrine pancreatic response to exogenous hormones in nonalcoholic and chronicalcoholic dogs. The use of diazepam during experiments in dogs will therefore not significantly affect measurement of pancreatic secretory capacity.", "contents": "[Effect of diazepam on the exocrine pancreatic secretion in the alcoholized and nonalcoholized dog]. Diazepam did not appreciably alter the exocrine pancreatic response to exogenous hormones in nonalcoholic and chronicalcoholic dogs. The use of diazepam during experiments in dogs will therefore not significantly affect measurement of pancreatic secretory capacity.", "PMID": 562035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4892", "title": "Quantitative studies on acetylcholinesterase in seven species of digenetic trematodes.", "content": "Quantitative estimation of absolute levels and in vitro  release of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in seven species of digenetic trematodes: Isoparorchis hypselobagri from the swim bladder of catfish, Wallago attu; Srivastavaia indica and Gastrothylax crumenifer from the rumen, and Gigantocotyle explanatum from the liver of the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis; Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma malayanum from the small intestine and Gastrodiscoides hominis from the caecum of the pig, Sus scrofa revealed that the enzyme is present in remarkably high quantities in species which inhibit gastrointestinal tract compared with those that parasitize liver and swim bladder. The rate of in vitro release of AChE also varies with the species which supports the view that such differential secretion probably takes place in situ as well to counteract peristalsis and it is a biochemical adaptation on the part of these trematodes.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on acetylcholinesterase in seven species of digenetic trematodes. Quantitative estimation of absolute levels and in vitro  release of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in seven species of digenetic trematodes: Isoparorchis hypselobagri from the swim bladder of catfish, Wallago attu; Srivastavaia indica and Gastrothylax crumenifer from the rumen, and Gigantocotyle explanatum from the liver of the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis; Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma malayanum from the small intestine and Gastrodiscoides hominis from the caecum of the pig, Sus scrofa revealed that the enzyme is present in remarkably high quantities in species which inhibit gastrointestinal tract compared with those that parasitize liver and swim bladder. The rate of in vitro release of AChE also varies with the species which supports the view that such differential secretion probably takes place in situ as well to counteract peristalsis and it is a biochemical adaptation on the part of these trematodes.", "PMID": 562036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4893", "title": "[Persistent infection of pig embryo kidney cell cultures caused by a variant of tick-borne encephalitis virus].", "content": "The results of modelling and study of persistent infection of pig embryo kidney cell cultures (PEK) with MF variant of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus are presented. In the life of chronically infected cultures periods of formation and stabilization were observed which were characterized by different types of relationships between the persisting virus and the cells. By the characters under study the persisting virus did not differ significantly from the initial MF variant. Inoculation of PEK and BHK-21 cell monolayers with samples of DNA from chronically infected cultures permitted to isolate transfected agents. Their identification by the neutralization tests and the indirect immunofluorescence procedure confirmed that they belonged to TBE virus. It is suggested that the mechanism of TBE virus persistence in PEK-MF system is based on the integration of TBE virus genome with DNA of chronically infected PEK cells.", "contents": "[Persistent infection of pig embryo kidney cell cultures caused by a variant of tick-borne encephalitis virus]. The results of modelling and study of persistent infection of pig embryo kidney cell cultures (PEK) with MF variant of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus are presented. In the life of chronically infected cultures periods of formation and stabilization were observed which were characterized by different types of relationships between the persisting virus and the cells. By the characters under study the persisting virus did not differ significantly from the initial MF variant. Inoculation of PEK and BHK-21 cell monolayers with samples of DNA from chronically infected cultures permitted to isolate transfected agents. Their identification by the neutralization tests and the indirect immunofluorescence procedure confirmed that they belonged to TBE virus. It is suggested that the mechanism of TBE virus persistence in PEK-MF system is based on the integration of TBE virus genome with DNA of chronically infected PEK cells.", "PMID": 562031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4894", "title": "Immune mechanism of rats on Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in vitro. II. The influence of lymphocytes and peritoneal cells.", "content": "Nippostrongylus were collected from the intestines of rats 6 days p.i. and kept under sterile conditions in cultures. Serum, lymphocytes and peritoneal cells of immune or non-infected animals were added in various combinations to the culture media. The culture media were changed 2-3 times in an experimental period of 10 days, resp. serum and cells were added. The lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood or from the mesenterial lymph nodes whereas the mononuclear cells were obtained from the peritoneal cavity. Serum and lymphocytes from the peripheral blood both from immune and non-infected rats, had no increased lethal effect on Nippostrongylus. The highest lethality rate of adults (65-68%) was achieved in cultures with peritoneal cells and lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of sensitized rats. Serum of infected or non-infected animals had no influence on adult Nippostrongylus in cultures with these cell combinations. In the controls without any cell-supplements the survival rate of the parasites was up to 88%.", "contents": "Immune mechanism of rats on Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in vitro. II. The influence of lymphocytes and peritoneal cells. Nippostrongylus were collected from the intestines of rats 6 days p.i. and kept under sterile conditions in cultures. Serum, lymphocytes and peritoneal cells of immune or non-infected animals were added in various combinations to the culture media. The culture media were changed 2-3 times in an experimental period of 10 days, resp. serum and cells were added. The lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood or from the mesenterial lymph nodes whereas the mononuclear cells were obtained from the peritoneal cavity. Serum and lymphocytes from the peripheral blood both from immune and non-infected rats, had no increased lethal effect on Nippostrongylus. The highest lethality rate of adults (65-68%) was achieved in cultures with peritoneal cells and lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of sensitized rats. Serum of infected or non-infected animals had no influence on adult Nippostrongylus in cultures with these cell combinations. In the controls without any cell-supplements the survival rate of the parasites was up to 88%.", "PMID": 562037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4895", "title": "[Preparation of ribonucleoproteins and virion envelopes of the Zaisan-260 and R-16225 strains of Semliki Forest virus antibody production].", "content": "Conditions for the preparation of subviral structures, envelope and ribonucleoprotein, of the Zaisan-260 and R-16225 strains of Semliki Forest virus inducing antibody response in rabbits inoculated into lymph nodes were developed. The virus was cultivated in chick embryo fibroblasts in a medium containing rabbit serum. Ribonucleoproteins and envelopes were isolated by virus disruption with Nonidet P-40 at 25 degrees C for 20 min followed by fractionation in a linear sucrose density gradient 15-30% at 150,000 X g for 50 min, and identification of envelopes and ribonculeoprotein by 14C and 3H labels. Rabbit immune sera to virions, envelope and nucleopsid fragments of the both Semliki Forest strains wer prepared. The immune sera to the intact virion had slightly higher antibody titres than sera to subunits.", "contents": "[Preparation of ribonucleoproteins and virion envelopes of the Zaisan-260 and R-16225 strains of Semliki Forest virus antibody production]. Conditions for the preparation of subviral structures, envelope and ribonucleoprotein, of the Zaisan-260 and R-16225 strains of Semliki Forest virus inducing antibody response in rabbits inoculated into lymph nodes were developed. The virus was cultivated in chick embryo fibroblasts in a medium containing rabbit serum. Ribonucleoproteins and envelopes were isolated by virus disruption with Nonidet P-40 at 25 degrees C for 20 min followed by fractionation in a linear sucrose density gradient 15-30% at 150,000 X g for 50 min, and identification of envelopes and ribonculeoprotein by 14C and 3H labels. Rabbit immune sera to virions, envelope and nucleopsid fragments of the both Semliki Forest strains wer prepared. The immune sera to the intact virion had slightly higher antibody titres than sera to subunits.", "PMID": 562032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4896", "title": "[Influence of raw milk processing on the aflatoxin M content of milk products (author's transl)].", "content": "Several contracdictory results in the literature lead us to the conclusion, that the influence of raw milk processing on aflatoxin content should be tested under as close as possible practical conditions. Even though storage at 5 degrees C for 1-3 days does not greatly influence aflatoxin content (11-25% reduction), this might still be important for food inspection. Although experiments on exposure to light resp. oxygen were repeated ten times, the results could not be definitely be shown as due to oxidation. Part of the contradictory literature references also in the case of freeze drying in our opinion caused by the way in which aflatoxins was added. The loss was less pronounced when milk was contaminated naturally than when it was added artificially. Heating of milk, depending on the conditions, caused a decrease of the aflatoxin-content of between 12 and 35% when making butter from naturally contaminated cream 23% (18-28%) of the aflatoxin M1 appeared in the butter, whereas the buttermilk contained the major amount of aflatoxin.", "contents": "[Influence of raw milk processing on the aflatoxin M content of milk products (author's transl)]. Several contracdictory results in the literature lead us to the conclusion, that the influence of raw milk processing on aflatoxin content should be tested under as close as possible practical conditions. Even though storage at 5 degrees C for 1-3 days does not greatly influence aflatoxin content (11-25% reduction), this might still be important for food inspection. Although experiments on exposure to light resp. oxygen were repeated ten times, the results could not be definitely be shown as due to oxidation. Part of the contradictory literature references also in the case of freeze drying in our opinion caused by the way in which aflatoxins was added. The loss was less pronounced when milk was contaminated naturally than when it was added artificially. Heating of milk, depending on the conditions, caused a decrease of the aflatoxin-content of between 12 and 35% when making butter from naturally contaminated cream 23% (18-28%) of the aflatoxin M1 appeared in the butter, whereas the buttermilk contained the major amount of aflatoxin.", "PMID": 562039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4897", "title": "Selenium content of mushrooms.", "content": "The selenium contents of 83 species of wild mushrooms were determined by oxygen combustion of the sample, followed by conversion of selenite to bromopiazselenol and final estimation by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Selenium concentration were found to range from 0.012-20.0 mg/kg dry weight. Selenium content was species-dependent. High concentrations were found in Agaricaceae and in certain Boletaceae of the genus Tubiporus, whereas in Russulaceae, Amanitaceae and Cantharellaceae selenium-rich species were absent or rare. Ascomycetes and all mushrooms growing on wood had a very low selenium content. The highest selenium concentrations (up to 20 ppm) were found in Boletus (Tubiporus) edulis, a most popular edible mushroom. Analyses of various parts of carpophores of B. edulis, Suillus luteus and Amanita muscaria indicate that in all three species the stalk contains less selenium than the fleshy part of the cap. In Boletus and Suillus the highest selenium content was found in the tubes.", "contents": "Selenium content of mushrooms. The selenium contents of 83 species of wild mushrooms were determined by oxygen combustion of the sample, followed by conversion of selenite to bromopiazselenol and final estimation by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Selenium concentration were found to range from 0.012-20.0 mg/kg dry weight. Selenium content was species-dependent. High concentrations were found in Agaricaceae and in certain Boletaceae of the genus Tubiporus, whereas in Russulaceae, Amanitaceae and Cantharellaceae selenium-rich species were absent or rare. Ascomycetes and all mushrooms growing on wood had a very low selenium content. The highest selenium concentrations (up to 20 ppm) were found in Boletus (Tubiporus) edulis, a most popular edible mushroom. Analyses of various parts of carpophores of B. edulis, Suillus luteus and Amanita muscaria indicate that in all three species the stalk contains less selenium than the fleshy part of the cap. In Boletus and Suillus the highest selenium content was found in the tubes.", "PMID": 562040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4898", "title": "[Determination of connective tissue content of meat products using the hydroxyproline methods (author's transl)].", "content": "The amino acids of collagenous and elastic connective tissue of beef and pork and of commercial meat products were determined by gaschromatography. A correlation was established between hydroxyproline and glycine and also between hydroxyproline and proline. Thus the content of elastic connective tissue in meat products is quite constant and compared with the amount of collagenous material insignificant.--Determination of amount of connective tissue in meat products from the amount of hydroxyproline this is suitable for the needs of food control.", "contents": "[Determination of connective tissue content of meat products using the hydroxyproline methods (author's transl)]. The amino acids of collagenous and elastic connective tissue of beef and pork and of commercial meat products were determined by gaschromatography. A correlation was established between hydroxyproline and glycine and also between hydroxyproline and proline. Thus the content of elastic connective tissue in meat products is quite constant and compared with the amount of collagenous material insignificant.--Determination of amount of connective tissue in meat products from the amount of hydroxyproline this is suitable for the needs of food control.", "PMID": 562041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4899", "title": "[Cadmium uptake by mushrooms (author's transl)].", "content": "Mushrooms of the subgenus Rubescentes (for example Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris) accumulate for less cadmium than most species of the subgenus Flavescentes (for example Agaricus arvensis and Agaricus silvicola). Hence it appears there is no danger for human health, from too much cadmium, when eating the often gathered Agaricus campestris. The caps of the mushrooms enrich cadmium to twice the amount present in the stems. The authors analysed 32 samples of wild mushrooms of the subgenus Rubescentes and 39 samples of wild mushrooms of the subgenus Flavescentes. They furthermore cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on substrates with different amounts of added cadmium.", "contents": "[Cadmium uptake by mushrooms (author's transl)]. Mushrooms of the subgenus Rubescentes (for example Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris) accumulate for less cadmium than most species of the subgenus Flavescentes (for example Agaricus arvensis and Agaricus silvicola). Hence it appears there is no danger for human health, from too much cadmium, when eating the often gathered Agaricus campestris. The caps of the mushrooms enrich cadmium to twice the amount present in the stems. The authors analysed 32 samples of wild mushrooms of the subgenus Rubescentes and 39 samples of wild mushrooms of the subgenus Flavescentes. They furthermore cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on substrates with different amounts of added cadmium.", "PMID": 562042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4900", "title": "[Influence of cooling temperatures on aflatoxin formation in milk products (author's transl)].", "content": "In the literature several contradictionary results have been published on the aflatoxin formation at temperatures below 10 degrees C. Therefore experiments with pastes made from milk and cheese powder artificially contaminated with Aspergillus parasiticus, were performed at temperatures of 1 degree C, 5 degrees C, and 10 degrees C for 28 days at a relative humidity of 90--95%. Even at 1 degree C, the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1 could be determined quantitatively. The lactose content did not have a significant influence on the aflatoxin values. Even storage of cheese (camembert and cottage cheese) in a 10% salt solution did not inhibit aflatoxin formation at 20 degrees C.", "contents": "[Influence of cooling temperatures on aflatoxin formation in milk products (author's transl)]. In the literature several contradictionary results have been published on the aflatoxin formation at temperatures below 10 degrees C. Therefore experiments with pastes made from milk and cheese powder artificially contaminated with Aspergillus parasiticus, were performed at temperatures of 1 degree C, 5 degrees C, and 10 degrees C for 28 days at a relative humidity of 90--95%. Even at 1 degree C, the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1 could be determined quantitatively. The lactose content did not have a significant influence on the aflatoxin values. Even storage of cheese (camembert and cottage cheese) in a 10% salt solution did not inhibit aflatoxin formation at 20 degrees C.", "PMID": 562043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4901", "title": "Effect of volatile and gaseous exudates of germinating seeds of some plants on the germinative potentialities of some fungal spores in relation to their ability of absorption of some sugars and nitrogen sources.", "content": "Volatile and gaseous exudates of germinating seeds of Z. mays, P. armeniaca, C. sativus, and C. olitorius stimulated the spore germination of B. piluliferum. This stimulation was accompanied with an increase in sugar and nitrogen source absorption during the spore germination. On the other hand, the volatile and gaseous exudates of the germinating seeds of P. sativum inhibited the absorption of both sugar and nitrogen source, as well as the percentage of spore germination. In case of B. cinerea, the effect of the volatile and gaseous exudates of the germinating seeds of all plants used on the fungal spore germination differed according to both the sugar and nitrogen source absorbed.", "contents": "Effect of volatile and gaseous exudates of germinating seeds of some plants on the germinative potentialities of some fungal spores in relation to their ability of absorption of some sugars and nitrogen sources. Volatile and gaseous exudates of germinating seeds of Z. mays, P. armeniaca, C. sativus, and C. olitorius stimulated the spore germination of B. piluliferum. This stimulation was accompanied with an increase in sugar and nitrogen source absorption during the spore germination. On the other hand, the volatile and gaseous exudates of the germinating seeds of P. sativum inhibited the absorption of both sugar and nitrogen source, as well as the percentage of spore germination. In case of B. cinerea, the effect of the volatile and gaseous exudates of the germinating seeds of all plants used on the fungal spore germination differed according to both the sugar and nitrogen source absorbed.", "PMID": 562044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4902", "title": "[Occupational and extra-occupational stresses during pregnancy subjectively assessed by the gravida and their significance in relation to other perinatal risks for the newborn infant].", "content": "6780 mothers postpartaly were asked how they assess their occupational employment. We made following groups: the work is physically very strain, middle strain or not strain, the work is mentally very exert, middle exert or not exert. We selected 2/3 or all cases to have high risk in pregnancy or neonatal period. We found statistical coherences between the subjective judgement and the social status. The correlations between the subjective judgement of the occupational employment and the risk factors of the perinatal period were loose. The correlations between the perinatal risk factors and the objective social dates (trade, number of children, age of the mother etc.) are better than between perinatal dates and subjective assessment of their occupational employment by the mother.", "contents": "[Occupational and extra-occupational stresses during pregnancy subjectively assessed by the gravida and their significance in relation to other perinatal risks for the newborn infant]. 6780 mothers postpartaly were asked how they assess their occupational employment. We made following groups: the work is physically very strain, middle strain or not strain, the work is mentally very exert, middle exert or not exert. We selected 2/3 or all cases to have high risk in pregnancy or neonatal period. We found statistical coherences between the subjective judgement and the social status. The correlations between the subjective judgement of the occupational employment and the risk factors of the perinatal period were loose. The correlations between the perinatal risk factors and the objective social dates (trade, number of children, age of the mother etc.) are better than between perinatal dates and subjective assessment of their occupational employment by the mother.", "PMID": 562045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4903", "title": "[Direct fetal electrocardiography in umbilical cord complications and congenital heart abnormalities].", "content": "The modern obstetrics allows with help of electronical control a prenatale and intranatale state-diagnosis of the fetal heart. By use of direct fetal electrocardiography is it possible under consideration of QRS-deformations and ST-segment-depressions to add a suspicious diagnosis, so that can avoid dangerous complications of the umbilical cord or in case of absence of such complications can early detect congenital heart diseases.", "contents": "[Direct fetal electrocardiography in umbilical cord complications and congenital heart abnormalities]. The modern obstetrics allows with help of electronical control a prenatale and intranatale state-diagnosis of the fetal heart. By use of direct fetal electrocardiography is it possible under consideration of QRS-deformations and ST-segment-depressions to add a suspicious diagnosis, so that can avoid dangerous complications of the umbilical cord or in case of absence of such complications can early detect congenital heart diseases.", "PMID": 562046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4904", "title": "[Maturation diagnosis in full term hypotrophic fetuses].", "content": "Foam-Test by Clements is a valuable method for determining the foetus maturity of lungs. We introduce this test along with other parameters for the maturity-diagnosis since one year. In 15% result, the Foam-Test was not applicable because of blood, or meconic amniotic fluid, other wise wrong negative and in 0% wrong positive results. By unmatured child, there was doubtable results with Foam-Test. Since it is important to determine the early delivery of unmatured children, particularly the case of foetus maturity of lungs must be exact, we therefore decided to use the Lecithin/Sphingomyelinquotients in some cases. The results of Lecithin/Sphingomyelinquotient in unmatured children are almost with the approximated date under two. From this, one must deduce from these children, that the intrauterine unmatured lungs lately took place.", "contents": "[Maturation diagnosis in full term hypotrophic fetuses]. Foam-Test by Clements is a valuable method for determining the foetus maturity of lungs. We introduce this test along with other parameters for the maturity-diagnosis since one year. In 15% result, the Foam-Test was not applicable because of blood, or meconic amniotic fluid, other wise wrong negative and in 0% wrong positive results. By unmatured child, there was doubtable results with Foam-Test. Since it is important to determine the early delivery of unmatured children, particularly the case of foetus maturity of lungs must be exact, we therefore decided to use the Lecithin/Sphingomyelinquotients in some cases. The results of Lecithin/Sphingomyelinquotient in unmatured children are almost with the approximated date under two. From this, one must deduce from these children, that the intrauterine unmatured lungs lately took place.", "PMID": 562047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4905", "title": "[Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in female sex organs].", "content": "In the course of isolation experiments on 18 gynaecological patients Mycoplasma hominis was found in the genital organs of five and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in those of three other women. In 2 cases both agents were present. Antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma orale were in 8,3, respectively 1 serumtests verified. The anamnesis, diagnostics and therapy of the 3 women is reported.", "contents": "[Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in female sex organs]. In the course of isolation experiments on 18 gynaecological patients Mycoplasma hominis was found in the genital organs of five and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in those of three other women. In 2 cases both agents were present. Antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma orale were in 8,3, respectively 1 serumtests verified. The anamnesis, diagnostics and therapy of the 3 women is reported.", "PMID": 562048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4906", "title": "A genetic study of erythrocyte arginine-tRNA synthetase activity in man.", "content": "To search for evidence of genetic variation among the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, a semi-automated assay procedure employing a Technicon AutoAnalyzer was used to measure erythrocyte arginine-tRNA synthetase activity in samples obtained from normal human twins of various ages. Variation in enzyme activity within the older DZ twins was five times that of the MZ twins suggesting the existence of genetically determined variation in enzyme activity. Higher enzyme activity was observed in newborn DZ unlike-sexed twins than in like-sexed twins for either zygosity. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.", "contents": "A genetic study of erythrocyte arginine-tRNA synthetase activity in man. To search for evidence of genetic variation among the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, a semi-automated assay procedure employing a Technicon AutoAnalyzer was used to measure erythrocyte arginine-tRNA synthetase activity in samples obtained from normal human twins of various ages. Variation in enzyme activity within the older DZ twins was five times that of the MZ twins suggesting the existence of genetically determined variation in enzyme activity. Higher enzyme activity was observed in newborn DZ unlike-sexed twins than in like-sexed twins for either zygosity. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 562050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4907", "title": "A proposed test of the difference between the means of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.", "content": "The rationale for using an approximate t' test of the difference between the means for MZ and DZ twins is presented. This test avoids pooling the among-MZ and among-DZ twin-pair mean squares and has approximate degrees of freedom based upon the relative number of MZ and DZ twin pairs as well as the relative sizes of the among-MZ and among-DZ twin-pair mean squares. Sampling experiments simulating twin studies were used to show that the rate of Type I error for this t' test was appropriate while other tests could give either too many or too few Type I errors depending upon the relative sizes of the mean squares and the relative numbers of MZ and DZ twin pairs.", "contents": "A proposed test of the difference between the means of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The rationale for using an approximate t' test of the difference between the means for MZ and DZ twins is presented. This test avoids pooling the among-MZ and among-DZ twin-pair mean squares and has approximate degrees of freedom based upon the relative number of MZ and DZ twin pairs as well as the relative sizes of the among-MZ and among-DZ twin-pair mean squares. Sampling experiments simulating twin studies were used to show that the rate of Type I error for this t' test was appropriate while other tests could give either too many or too few Type I errors depending upon the relative sizes of the mean squares and the relative numbers of MZ and DZ twin pairs.", "PMID": 562051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4908", "title": "Efficiency of genetic systems for diagnosis of twin zygosity.", "content": "A definition of efficiency is presented to aid a researcher in the choice of the genetic systems for the diagnosis of twin zygosity. An expression is given that produces a numeric value that indicates which systems do the most effective job of discriminating DZ twins from a sample of twin pairs. This definition of efficiency is illustrated with eight blood groups commonly used in twin zygosity diagnosis.", "contents": "Efficiency of genetic systems for diagnosis of twin zygosity. A definition of efficiency is presented to aid a researcher in the choice of the genetic systems for the diagnosis of twin zygosity. An expression is given that produces a numeric value that indicates which systems do the most effective job of discriminating DZ twins from a sample of twin pairs. This definition of efficiency is illustrated with eight blood groups commonly used in twin zygosity diagnosis.", "PMID": 562053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4909", "title": "Sources of information for discriminating MZ and DZ twins by dermatoglyphic patterns.", "content": "It is shown that the within twin-pair difference is the most important source of information in determination of twin zygosity using dermatoglyphic data. Inclusion of a measure of among-pair variability provides added discrimination beyond that found with the within-pair difference alone.", "contents": "Sources of information for discriminating MZ and DZ twins by dermatoglyphic patterns. It is shown that the within twin-pair difference is the most important source of information in determination of twin zygosity using dermatoglyphic data. Inclusion of a measure of among-pair variability provides added discrimination beyond that found with the within-pair difference alone.", "PMID": 562054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4910", "title": "Simulation of twin data controlling population mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis.", "content": "A computer system for simulation of quantitative twin data is being developed. The capability is being built in a simulate distributions with known means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis.", "contents": "Simulation of twin data controlling population mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis. A computer system for simulation of quantitative twin data is being developed. The capability is being built in a simulate distributions with known means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis.", "PMID": 562055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4911", "title": "Anti-stress ulcer and anti-secretory effect of somatostatin in rats -- failure to suppress serum gastrin.", "content": "In rats the influence of arresting free motions (= controls; mild stress) and of restraint (= severe stress) without and with additional somatostatin (SRIF) on gastric secretion, mucosal microcirculation and stress ulcer formation was studied. Severe stress alone reduces volume, acid and pepsin secretion, acid concentration, aminopyrine clearance and ratio. The ulcer index is elevated. Under both conditions SRIF inhibits in a dose-dependent manner volume and acid secretion, and ulcer incidence is lower. The interaction between severe stress and the antiulcer component of SRIF is characterized as non-competitive. Under these conditions and a continuous infusion of SRIF (10.0 microgram/kg.h over 8 h) acid concentration, acid and pepsin secretion fall subtotally, ulcer index to 50 percent of vehicle (saline) treated rats, if gastric fistula drains juice outside stomach. Microcirculation and serum gastrin are unchanged. In animals with closed fistula ulcer index is reduced by 85 percent, average gastrin again is unchanged. It is concluded that stress ulcers develop at a low secretory and microcirculatory state of gastric mucosa. The prophylactic effect of SRIF results from direct inhibition of parietal and chief cells and additional yet unknown factors.", "contents": "Anti-stress ulcer and anti-secretory effect of somatostatin in rats -- failure to suppress serum gastrin. In rats the influence of arresting free motions (= controls; mild stress) and of restraint (= severe stress) without and with additional somatostatin (SRIF) on gastric secretion, mucosal microcirculation and stress ulcer formation was studied. Severe stress alone reduces volume, acid and pepsin secretion, acid concentration, aminopyrine clearance and ratio. The ulcer index is elevated. Under both conditions SRIF inhibits in a dose-dependent manner volume and acid secretion, and ulcer incidence is lower. The interaction between severe stress and the antiulcer component of SRIF is characterized as non-competitive. Under these conditions and a continuous infusion of SRIF (10.0 microgram/kg.h over 8 h) acid concentration, acid and pepsin secretion fall subtotally, ulcer index to 50 percent of vehicle (saline) treated rats, if gastric fistula drains juice outside stomach. Microcirculation and serum gastrin are unchanged. In animals with closed fistula ulcer index is reduced by 85 percent, average gastrin again is unchanged. It is concluded that stress ulcers develop at a low secretory and microcirculatory state of gastric mucosa. The prophylactic effect of SRIF results from direct inhibition of parietal and chief cells and additional yet unknown factors.", "PMID": 562056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4912", "title": "Microcephaly with peculiar demyelination mimicking Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.", "content": "The neuropathological studies of a 4-year old idiot with microcephaly revealed a striking demyelinating disease compatible with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. The case seemed to be best classified as the patchy demyelination type, but the most unusual finding was a prominent vasculature in some demyelinated areas. Intrauterine hypoxia was proposed as a causative factor of this type of demyelinative lesions.", "contents": "Microcephaly with peculiar demyelination mimicking Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. The neuropathological studies of a 4-year old idiot with microcephaly revealed a striking demyelinating disease compatible with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. The case seemed to be best classified as the patchy demyelination type, but the most unusual finding was a prominent vasculature in some demyelinated areas. Intrauterine hypoxia was proposed as a causative factor of this type of demyelinative lesions.", "PMID": 562057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4913", "title": "Two distinctive types of lipid histiocytes appearing in the spleen of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Sea-blue histiocyte and foam cell.", "content": "In 11 of 18 spleens surgically removed from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), the occurrence of sea-blue histiocytes or foam cells were observed. In a few cases, sea-blue histiocytes were found in the lymph nodes or bone marrow. Histochemically the sea-blue histiocytes were proved to contain ceroid or ceroid-like pigments in their cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally numerous intracytoplasmic membrane-bound inclusions, mostly containing tightly laminated materials and intermingling electron-dense amorphous materials or osmiophilic lipid droplets, were present in these cells. In the foam cells, accumulation of excess amounts of phospholipids was histochemically demonstrated in frozen sections, often accompanied by deposition of cholesterol, particularly in advanced cases. Electron microscopically, vacuolar membrane-bound inclusions were found to predominate in their cytoplasm, most of which contained irregularly or loosely laminated materials. Transitional cells between both types of cells were also found light or electron microscopically and ultrastructural transition of sea-blue histiocytes to foam cells was traced. Enhanced phagocytosis of blood cells, including platelets, by sea-blue histiocytes, and gradual transition of the ingested blood cells to the inclusions were confirmed.", "contents": "Two distinctive types of lipid histiocytes appearing in the spleen of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Sea-blue histiocyte and foam cell. In 11 of 18 spleens surgically removed from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), the occurrence of sea-blue histiocytes or foam cells were observed. In a few cases, sea-blue histiocytes were found in the lymph nodes or bone marrow. Histochemically the sea-blue histiocytes were proved to contain ceroid or ceroid-like pigments in their cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally numerous intracytoplasmic membrane-bound inclusions, mostly containing tightly laminated materials and intermingling electron-dense amorphous materials or osmiophilic lipid droplets, were present in these cells. In the foam cells, accumulation of excess amounts of phospholipids was histochemically demonstrated in frozen sections, often accompanied by deposition of cholesterol, particularly in advanced cases. Electron microscopically, vacuolar membrane-bound inclusions were found to predominate in their cytoplasm, most of which contained irregularly or loosely laminated materials. Transitional cells between both types of cells were also found light or electron microscopically and ultrastructural transition of sea-blue histiocytes to foam cells was traced. Enhanced phagocytosis of blood cells, including platelets, by sea-blue histiocytes, and gradual transition of the ingested blood cells to the inclusions were confirmed.", "PMID": 562058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4914", "title": "External carotid pulse recordings in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "External carotid pulse tracings were examined in 15 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), the diagnosis being confirmed by catheterization of the left heart. Of 12 patients with intraventricular gradients at rest, 9 had a typical bifid pulse with midsystolic dipping. In one patient without a gradient at rest, midsystolic dipping occurred only in beats following extrasystoles (Brockenbrough phenomenon). The upstroke of the pulse wave was rapid in all the patients, a finding that distinguishes them from patients with valvular aortic stenosis. There was a correlation between the length of the left ventricular ejection time and the intraventricular gradient (r = 0.71) but as more than half the patients had normal or shortened ejection times, the diagnosis of HOCM cannot be based on measurements of this parameter. It is concluded that carotid pulse registrations are of considerable diagnostic value in patients suspected of having HOCM. As the pulse changes are correlated to the degree of left ventricular outflow obstruction, it is suggested that repeated pulse tracings may be used as a means for controlling the degree of obstruction once the diagnosis has been established in the individual patient.", "contents": "External carotid pulse recordings in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. External carotid pulse tracings were examined in 15 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), the diagnosis being confirmed by catheterization of the left heart. Of 12 patients with intraventricular gradients at rest, 9 had a typical bifid pulse with midsystolic dipping. In one patient without a gradient at rest, midsystolic dipping occurred only in beats following extrasystoles (Brockenbrough phenomenon). The upstroke of the pulse wave was rapid in all the patients, a finding that distinguishes them from patients with valvular aortic stenosis. There was a correlation between the length of the left ventricular ejection time and the intraventricular gradient (r = 0.71) but as more than half the patients had normal or shortened ejection times, the diagnosis of HOCM cannot be based on measurements of this parameter. It is concluded that carotid pulse registrations are of considerable diagnostic value in patients suspected of having HOCM. As the pulse changes are correlated to the degree of left ventricular outflow obstruction, it is suggested that repeated pulse tracings may be used as a means for controlling the degree of obstruction once the diagnosis has been established in the individual patient.", "PMID": 562059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4915", "title": "[The heritabilities of tests of physical fitness, calculated from the performances of ten years old twin pairs (author's transl)].", "content": "In the German Democratic Republic a representative sample of 300 twin pairs of normal 10 years old school children was measured and tested. From a subset of 480 pairs (153 pairs of opposite sex and 327 of the same sex) the heritabilities are calculated: stature 0,89; weight 0,88; 60 meters run 0,85; long jump 0,74; cricketball throw 0,54; push up 0,85; hop jump 0,66; endurance run 0,93; shot throw 0,71. The use of heritabilities as weighting factors in the construction of selection indices for purposes of personnel selection is discussed.", "contents": "[The heritabilities of tests of physical fitness, calculated from the performances of ten years old twin pairs (author's transl)]. In the German Democratic Republic a representative sample of 300 twin pairs of normal 10 years old school children was measured and tested. From a subset of 480 pairs (153 pairs of opposite sex and 327 of the same sex) the heritabilities are calculated: stature 0,89; weight 0,88; 60 meters run 0,85; long jump 0,74; cricketball throw 0,54; push up 0,85; hop jump 0,66; endurance run 0,93; shot throw 0,71. The use of heritabilities as weighting factors in the construction of selection indices for purposes of personnel selection is discussed.", "PMID": 562061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4916", "title": "Conversion of hydroxo(aquo) cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the absence of light: a reaction of importance in the identification of the forms of vitamin B12, with possible clinical significance.", "content": "During determinations of the forms of vitamin B12 in foods and human tissues several samples yielded a growth zone on bioautography which was distinct from those due to methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, or cyanocobalamin. The material responsible for this growth zone was identified as sulfitocobalamin and the mechanisms in its formation from hydroxocobalamin involve absence of light and the presence of bisulphite ions derived from atmospheric sulfur dioxide or indigenous sulfite ions. The formation of sulfitocobalamin during the extraction of cobalamins from foods and tissues can be prevented by reception and homogenization of the material in an ammonia buffer instead of water; the hydroxocobalamin is then converted to ammonia cobalamin, which is more resistant to attack by (bi)sulfite ions. The conversion of hydroxo(aquo)cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the dark can be rapid, and materials for analysis should be placed in the ammonia buffer before darkroom work is begun. The rapid conversion of hydroxo(aquo)cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the dark raises the possibility that hydroxocobalamin in foods may be converted to the less well absorbed sulfitocobalamin in the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Conversion of hydroxo(aquo) cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the absence of light: a reaction of importance in the identification of the forms of vitamin B12, with possible clinical significance. During determinations of the forms of vitamin B12 in foods and human tissues several samples yielded a growth zone on bioautography which was distinct from those due to methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, or cyanocobalamin. The material responsible for this growth zone was identified as sulfitocobalamin and the mechanisms in its formation from hydroxocobalamin involve absence of light and the presence of bisulphite ions derived from atmospheric sulfur dioxide or indigenous sulfite ions. The formation of sulfitocobalamin during the extraction of cobalamins from foods and tissues can be prevented by reception and homogenization of the material in an ammonia buffer instead of water; the hydroxocobalamin is then converted to ammonia cobalamin, which is more resistant to attack by (bi)sulfite ions. The conversion of hydroxo(aquo)cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the dark can be rapid, and materials for analysis should be placed in the ammonia buffer before darkroom work is begun. The rapid conversion of hydroxo(aquo)cobalamin to sulfitocobalamin in the dark raises the possibility that hydroxocobalamin in foods may be converted to the less well absorbed sulfitocobalamin in the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 562065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4917", "title": "The NHLBI twin study of cardiovascular disease risk factors: methodology and summary of results.", "content": "Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors were studied in 250 monozygotic (MZ) and 264 dizygotic (DZ) male veteran twin pairs, aged 42-56. All coronary heart disease risk factors studied showed significant correlations in both MZ and DZ twins. Substantial genetic variation was detected for height, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, uric acid, plasma triglyceride, and relative weight but little or no significant genetic variability in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total plasma cholesterol or hematocrit was demonstrable. These findings suggest that familial aggregation results from genetic influence on blood pressure, glucose intolerance, uric acid, triglyceride and, possibly, obesity, while largely shared environmental factors contribute to familial similarities in HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and hematocrit.", "contents": "The NHLBI twin study of cardiovascular disease risk factors: methodology and summary of results. Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors were studied in 250 monozygotic (MZ) and 264 dizygotic (DZ) male veteran twin pairs, aged 42-56. All coronary heart disease risk factors studied showed significant correlations in both MZ and DZ twins. Substantial genetic variation was detected for height, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, uric acid, plasma triglyceride, and relative weight but little or no significant genetic variability in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total plasma cholesterol or hematocrit was demonstrable. These findings suggest that familial aggregation results from genetic influence on blood pressure, glucose intolerance, uric acid, triglyceride and, possibly, obesity, while largely shared environmental factors contribute to familial similarities in HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and hematocrit.", "PMID": 562066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4918", "title": "Genital malignancy in pregnancy.", "content": "The clinical problems associated with the presence of genital malignancies occurring during pregnancy are presented. This report represents the clinical experience at one medical institution over a 20 year period. Eighty cases of cervical neoplasm, four cases of ovarian carcinoma, five vulva carcinomas, and one vaginal carcinoma are presented. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to malignant neoplasia of each area are discussed separately.", "contents": "Genital malignancy in pregnancy. The clinical problems associated with the presence of genital malignancies occurring during pregnancy are presented. This report represents the clinical experience at one medical institution over a 20 year period. Eighty cases of cervical neoplasm, four cases of ovarian carcinoma, five vulva carcinomas, and one vaginal carcinoma are presented. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to malignant neoplasia of each area are discussed separately.", "PMID": 562068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4919", "title": "Observations on the surface area of the abnormal transformation zone associated with intraepithelial and early invasive squamous cell lesions of the cervix.", "content": "The apparent area of the abnormal transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix was measured in a total of 104 patients by a simple method with the use of the 1 and 5 mm. diameter circle in the center of the field of the Leisegang colposcope and the field of the colposcope itself. The visible area (mean +/- S.E.M.) of the abnormal TZ for five patients with microinvasive or occult carcinoma of the cervix (180.8 mm.2 +/- 62.2) was significantly larger (p less than 0.01) than that of 64 patients with major intraepithelial lesions (62.5 sq. mm.2 +/- 7.3) and 35 patients with minor intraepithelial lesions (45.8 sq. mm.2 +/- 11.7). The visible area of the abnormal TZ measured over 40 mm.2 in each of the five patients with invasive lesions but in only 42 of 99 (42%) patients with intraepithelial lesions. The TZ extended into the endocervical canal and could not be fully visualized in four (80%) of the patients with invasive lesions, 24 (38%) of patients with major intraepithelial lesions, and 11 (31%) of patients with minor intraepithelial lesions. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Observations on the surface area of the abnormal transformation zone associated with intraepithelial and early invasive squamous cell lesions of the cervix. The apparent area of the abnormal transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix was measured in a total of 104 patients by a simple method with the use of the 1 and 5 mm. diameter circle in the center of the field of the Leisegang colposcope and the field of the colposcope itself. The visible area (mean +/- S.E.M.) of the abnormal TZ for five patients with microinvasive or occult carcinoma of the cervix (180.8 mm.2 +/- 62.2) was significantly larger (p less than 0.01) than that of 64 patients with major intraepithelial lesions (62.5 sq. mm.2 +/- 7.3) and 35 patients with minor intraepithelial lesions (45.8 sq. mm.2 +/- 11.7). The visible area of the abnormal TZ measured over 40 mm.2 in each of the five patients with invasive lesions but in only 42 of 99 (42%) patients with intraepithelial lesions. The TZ extended into the endocervical canal and could not be fully visualized in four (80%) of the patients with invasive lesions, 24 (38%) of patients with major intraepithelial lesions, and 11 (31%) of patients with minor intraepithelial lesions. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 562069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4920", "title": "Keratitis with hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Chronic kiratitis developed in two children with nonsurgical hypoparathyroidism, as part of an autosomal recessive syndrome that included adrenal insufficiency and moniliasis in what was postulated to be an autoimmune disease. The corneal changes may also have been caused by autoimmune mechanism. Activity of the keratitis diminished once the hypoparathyroidism had been brought under control. However, these patients were thought to be at risk for adrenal insufficiency: neither had moniliasis or adrenocortical insufficiency at present, but the features of the hypoparathyroidism adrenal insufficiency-moniliasis syndrome appeared at different ages and in differing sequences.", "contents": "Keratitis with hypoparathyroidism. Chronic kiratitis developed in two children with nonsurgical hypoparathyroidism, as part of an autosomal recessive syndrome that included adrenal insufficiency and moniliasis in what was postulated to be an autoimmune disease. The corneal changes may also have been caused by autoimmune mechanism. Activity of the keratitis diminished once the hypoparathyroidism had been brought under control. However, these patients were thought to be at risk for adrenal insufficiency: neither had moniliasis or adrenocortical insufficiency at present, but the features of the hypoparathyroidism adrenal insufficiency-moniliasis syndrome appeared at different ages and in differing sequences.", "PMID": 562071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4921", "title": "Cardiac cellular responses to altered nutrition in the neonatal rat.", "content": "Rats reared in litters of 18, 12, and 6 to determine whether preweanling nutritional state would alter rates of cardiac cell division, weighed 31.7, 39.1, 48.2 g, respectively, at 21 days of age. Weights of left ventricles also increased (93.2, 123.5, and 167.2 mg) as did those of right ventricles (29.9, 43.2, and 54.3 mg). Total DNA content rose in both ventricles in the pups reared 6 per litter vs. those reared 18 per litter (6/litter vs. 18/litter), but more so in the left ventricle (79%) than in the right (24%). Autoradiography confirmed that this increase in ventricular DNA resulted from increased proliferation of cardiac muscle cells, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. When 3H-labeled thymidine was injected on day 1, autoradiographs prepared on day 21 reflected an increased dilution of label in the 6/litter rats, consistent with enhanced proliferation. The labeling index and grains per nucleus of left ventricular muscle cells of the 6/litter rats were 29% (P less than 0.005) and 20% (P less than 0.001) less than those of the 18/litter rats. Less vigorous but definite hyperplasia occurred in the right ventricle, which appeared to respond with an increase more in cell size than in cell number.", "contents": "Cardiac cellular responses to altered nutrition in the neonatal rat. Rats reared in litters of 18, 12, and 6 to determine whether preweanling nutritional state would alter rates of cardiac cell division, weighed 31.7, 39.1, 48.2 g, respectively, at 21 days of age. Weights of left ventricles also increased (93.2, 123.5, and 167.2 mg) as did those of right ventricles (29.9, 43.2, and 54.3 mg). Total DNA content rose in both ventricles in the pups reared 6 per litter vs. those reared 18 per litter (6/litter vs. 18/litter), but more so in the left ventricle (79%) than in the right (24%). Autoradiography confirmed that this increase in ventricular DNA resulted from increased proliferation of cardiac muscle cells, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. When 3H-labeled thymidine was injected on day 1, autoradiographs prepared on day 21 reflected an increased dilution of label in the 6/litter rats, consistent with enhanced proliferation. The labeling index and grains per nucleus of left ventricular muscle cells of the 6/litter rats were 29% (P less than 0.005) and 20% (P less than 0.001) less than those of the 18/litter rats. Less vigorous but definite hyperplasia occurred in the right ventricle, which appeared to respond with an increase more in cell size than in cell number.", "PMID": 562072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4922", "title": "Vitamin A and retinol-binding protein metabolism during fetal development in the rat.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the metabolism and placental transport of vitamin A and plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) during fetal development in the rat. Vitamin A accumulated in the conceptus in three phases: an early phase (days 7-9 of gestation) characterized by a high vitamin A concentration; a second phase (days 11-14) where vitamin A and RBP accumulated in parallel; and a third phase of continued vitamin A and RBP accumulation (days 16-20) in which vitamin A was stored in the fetal liver. The early phase of vitamin A accumulation may reflect a mechanism that exists to prepare the conceptus to meet the presumably higher vitamin A requirements of the critical period (days 10-14) of organ differentiation. Fetuses and placentas from retinol-deficient dams showed low levels of RBP through days 16-18 of gestation. A retinol-repletion study suggested, moreover, that the maternal retinol-RBP complex crossed the placenta. The various studies all suggest that vitamin A is transported from dam to fetus, from and after day 11, mainly by transplacental transport of maternal retinol-RBP. Finally, evidence was obtained indicating that the fetal liver begins to synthesize RBP around the 16th day of gestation and that by the 20th day, the fetal liver has a considerable capacity for RBP synthesis.", "contents": "Vitamin A and retinol-binding protein metabolism during fetal development in the rat. Studies were conducted on the metabolism and placental transport of vitamin A and plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) during fetal development in the rat. Vitamin A accumulated in the conceptus in three phases: an early phase (days 7-9 of gestation) characterized by a high vitamin A concentration; a second phase (days 11-14) where vitamin A and RBP accumulated in parallel; and a third phase of continued vitamin A and RBP accumulation (days 16-20) in which vitamin A was stored in the fetal liver. The early phase of vitamin A accumulation may reflect a mechanism that exists to prepare the conceptus to meet the presumably higher vitamin A requirements of the critical period (days 10-14) of organ differentiation. Fetuses and placentas from retinol-deficient dams showed low levels of RBP through days 16-18 of gestation. A retinol-repletion study suggested, moreover, that the maternal retinol-RBP complex crossed the placenta. The various studies all suggest that vitamin A is transported from dam to fetus, from and after day 11, mainly by transplacental transport of maternal retinol-RBP. Finally, evidence was obtained indicating that the fetal liver begins to synthesize RBP around the 16th day of gestation and that by the 20th day, the fetal liver has a considerable capacity for RBP synthesis.", "PMID": 562073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4923", "title": "Leukocyte emigration and migration in the vagina following mating in the rabbit.", "content": "Within 45 minutes after mating in the rabbit, numerous heterophil leukocytes adhere to the endothelium of venules in the vagina. Initial association appears to occur via small protuberances from the leukocyte which fit into small indentions in the endothelial cell. Following adherence, leukocytes flatten and pass between endothelial cells. A regular intercellular space separates the leukocyte from the endothelial cells. Leukocytes subsequently migrate through the connective tissue to the epithelium. By three hours postcoitus, the region beneath the basement lamina of the vaginal epithelium is crowded with numerous juxtaposed leukocytes. Leukocytes subsequently migrate between epithelial cells into the vaginal lumen where they actively engulf spermatozoa. Spermatozoa appear to be ingested head first. Numerous small filaments are observed in the leukocyte cytoplasm in the region adjacent to the sperm head. Degranulation of azurophyl granules follows sperm uptake. The leukocyte response can be elicited either by spermatozoa (from the epididymis) or by semen (from vasectomized bucks), but is not elicited by ovulation (with human chorionic gonadotropin). It is suggested that the response may be initiated because the vagina does not distinguish between semen, spermatozoa and bacterial infection.", "contents": "Leukocyte emigration and migration in the vagina following mating in the rabbit. Within 45 minutes after mating in the rabbit, numerous heterophil leukocytes adhere to the endothelium of venules in the vagina. Initial association appears to occur via small protuberances from the leukocyte which fit into small indentions in the endothelial cell. Following adherence, leukocytes flatten and pass between endothelial cells. A regular intercellular space separates the leukocyte from the endothelial cells. Leukocytes subsequently migrate through the connective tissue to the epithelium. By three hours postcoitus, the region beneath the basement lamina of the vaginal epithelium is crowded with numerous juxtaposed leukocytes. Leukocytes subsequently migrate between epithelial cells into the vaginal lumen where they actively engulf spermatozoa. Spermatozoa appear to be ingested head first. Numerous small filaments are observed in the leukocyte cytoplasm in the region adjacent to the sperm head. Degranulation of azurophyl granules follows sperm uptake. The leukocyte response can be elicited either by spermatozoa (from the epididymis) or by semen (from vasectomized bucks), but is not elicited by ovulation (with human chorionic gonadotropin). It is suggested that the response may be initiated because the vagina does not distinguish between semen, spermatozoa and bacterial infection.", "PMID": 562080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4924", "title": "Phagocytosis of spermatozoa by the rabbit vagina.", "content": "Twenty-four hours after mating in the rabbit, numerous spermatozoa are observed attached to the surgace of the vaginal epithelium. Spermatozoa appear to be attached by their heads to microvilli of the simple columnar cells which compose the vaginal epithelium. Spermatozoa are taken up by the epithelial cells, and they are found within the cells in various stages of degeneration up to seven days after mating. Epithelial cells frequently appear to be filled with numerous vacuoles containing sperm components in various stages of degeneration. It is suggested that some property of the surface of sperm heads may render them particularly susceptible to phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of spermatozoa may not have long-term harmful effects for the epithelium since these epithelial cells presumably have a high rate of turnover.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of spermatozoa by the rabbit vagina. Twenty-four hours after mating in the rabbit, numerous spermatozoa are observed attached to the surgace of the vaginal epithelium. Spermatozoa appear to be attached by their heads to microvilli of the simple columnar cells which compose the vaginal epithelium. Spermatozoa are taken up by the epithelial cells, and they are found within the cells in various stages of degeneration up to seven days after mating. Epithelial cells frequently appear to be filled with numerous vacuoles containing sperm components in various stages of degeneration. It is suggested that some property of the surface of sperm heads may render them particularly susceptible to phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of spermatozoa may not have long-term harmful effects for the epithelium since these epithelial cells presumably have a high rate of turnover.", "PMID": 562081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4925", "title": "Secretion of granules by the luteal cells of the sheep and the goat during the estrous cycle and pregnancy.", "content": "The fine structure of luteal tissue from sheep and goats at the mid-stage of the estrous cycle and during pregnancy was examined. At the mid-stage of the estrous cycle, when the corpus luteum of both species is secreting progesterone, the ultrastructure of the luteal cells is similar in that granule secretion is prevalent. In late pregnancy, the corpus luteum of the sheep produces very little progesterone and there is an absence of granule secretion. In the pregnant goat, the production of progesterone from the corpus luteum is high and there is plentiful evidence of granule formation and secretion.", "contents": "Secretion of granules by the luteal cells of the sheep and the goat during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. The fine structure of luteal tissue from sheep and goats at the mid-stage of the estrous cycle and during pregnancy was examined. At the mid-stage of the estrous cycle, when the corpus luteum of both species is secreting progesterone, the ultrastructure of the luteal cells is similar in that granule secretion is prevalent. In late pregnancy, the corpus luteum of the sheep produces very little progesterone and there is an absence of granule secretion. In the pregnant goat, the production of progesterone from the corpus luteum is high and there is plentiful evidence of granule formation and secretion.", "PMID": 562082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4926", "title": "X to Y spermatozoal ratio in normal and oligozoospermic human semen and its relationship to fertility parameters.", "content": "The ratio of X to Y spermatozoa in normo and oligozoospermic human semen is established with a fluorescent technic using quinacrine. The relationship between concentration of X and Y spermatozoa to factors that potentially control the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa (i.e. sperm count, vitality, motility and morphology) is analyzed. Out of a total of 44 samples (22 normo and 22 oligozoospermic samples) a ratio of 1:1 in X to Y spermatozoa is found in both groups. The frequency of X to Y spermatozoa in the evaculate is not related to sperm count. It is also independent from morphology, motility, and vitality of spermatozoa.", "contents": "X to Y spermatozoal ratio in normal and oligozoospermic human semen and its relationship to fertility parameters. The ratio of X to Y spermatozoa in normo and oligozoospermic human semen is established with a fluorescent technic using quinacrine. The relationship between concentration of X and Y spermatozoa to factors that potentially control the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa (i.e. sperm count, vitality, motility and morphology) is analyzed. Out of a total of 44 samples (22 normo and 22 oligozoospermic samples) a ratio of 1:1 in X to Y spermatozoa is found in both groups. The frequency of X to Y spermatozoa in the evaculate is not related to sperm count. It is also independent from morphology, motility, and vitality of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 562083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4927", "title": "The separation of X-and Y-spermatozoa with regard to the possible clinical application by means of artificial insemination.", "content": "With the sephadex gel-filtration method according to Steeno and Adimoelja (1974), X-spermatozoa have been successfully separated from the Y-spermatozoa in semen samples from 81 donors with the possibility of practical use with the aid of artificial insemination to promote pregnancy. A better quality of spermatozoa is obtained after this method of filtration, which will support these spermatozoa in having the potency of fertilization. There is indeed a decrease in concentration of spermatozoa after filtration, but the samples still fulfil the minimal concentration required in artificial insemination.", "contents": "The separation of X-and Y-spermatozoa with regard to the possible clinical application by means of artificial insemination. With the sephadex gel-filtration method according to Steeno and Adimoelja (1974), X-spermatozoa have been successfully separated from the Y-spermatozoa in semen samples from 81 donors with the possibility of practical use with the aid of artificial insemination to promote pregnancy. A better quality of spermatozoa is obtained after this method of filtration, which will support these spermatozoa in having the potency of fertilization. There is indeed a decrease in concentration of spermatozoa after filtration, but the samples still fulfil the minimal concentration required in artificial insemination.", "PMID": 562084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4928", "title": "Circulatory response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation with or without prior oropharyngeal viscous lidocaine.", "content": "Oropharyngeal topical anesthesia with viscous lidocaine (25 ml of 2% as a \"mouthwash and gargle\" 10 min before laryngoscopy) attenuated the pressor but not heart rate (HR) response during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Compared with control patients, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased less in response to tracheal intubation (23 +/- 5 torr versus 39 +/- 4 torr, p less than 0.05) and returned toward awake levels sooner in patients receiving viscous lidocaine. MAP increased more than 40 torr in response to intubation in 6/20 patients treated with viscous lidocaine, while 12/20 control patients manifested this degree of blood pressure elevation. HR increased about 20 bpm (p less than 0.05) with or without viscous lidocaine. Arterial lidocaine concentrations were less than 0.5 microgram/ml after oropharyngeal anesthesia. Prior topical anesthesia of the oropharynx with viscous lidocaine should be considered when pressor responses during tracheal intubation would be particularly likely or hazardous.", "contents": "Circulatory response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation with or without prior oropharyngeal viscous lidocaine. Oropharyngeal topical anesthesia with viscous lidocaine (25 ml of 2% as a \"mouthwash and gargle\" 10 min before laryngoscopy) attenuated the pressor but not heart rate (HR) response during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Compared with control patients, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased less in response to tracheal intubation (23 +/- 5 torr versus 39 +/- 4 torr, p less than 0.05) and returned toward awake levels sooner in patients receiving viscous lidocaine. MAP increased more than 40 torr in response to intubation in 6/20 patients treated with viscous lidocaine, while 12/20 control patients manifested this degree of blood pressure elevation. HR increased about 20 bpm (p less than 0.05) with or without viscous lidocaine. Arterial lidocaine concentrations were less than 0.5 microgram/ml after oropharyngeal anesthesia. Prior topical anesthesia of the oropharynx with viscous lidocaine should be considered when pressor responses during tracheal intubation would be particularly likely or hazardous.", "PMID": 562086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4929", "title": "Crystalloid hemodilution, hypothermia, and halothane blood solubility during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Sequential determinations of halothane blood solubility were determined in 8 patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), hypothermia, and crystalloid hemodilution. The mean temperature-corrected blood/gas partition coefficient (B/G) at the end of surgery (2.4) was lower than preceding induction (2.7). The greatest mean B/G (2.9) occurred after induction of anesthesia. The halothane B/G did not increase significantly at the inception of CPB but decreased from a mean 2.7 to 1.6 as the patients were rewarmed. The maximum range of B/G for a single patient was 1.4 to 3.1. For halothane, the increased blood solubility due to hypothermia was initially antagonized by the crystalloid hemodilution. This antagonism would also be anticipated for methoxyflurane, enflurane, and isoflurane. For N2O and diethyl ether, the increased blood solubility due to hypothermia would be unopposed by simultaneous crystalloid hemodilution.", "contents": "Crystalloid hemodilution, hypothermia, and halothane blood solubility during cardiopulmonary bypass. Sequential determinations of halothane blood solubility were determined in 8 patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), hypothermia, and crystalloid hemodilution. The mean temperature-corrected blood/gas partition coefficient (B/G) at the end of surgery (2.4) was lower than preceding induction (2.7). The greatest mean B/G (2.9) occurred after induction of anesthesia. The halothane B/G did not increase significantly at the inception of CPB but decreased from a mean 2.7 to 1.6 as the patients were rewarmed. The maximum range of B/G for a single patient was 1.4 to 3.1. For halothane, the increased blood solubility due to hypothermia was initially antagonized by the crystalloid hemodilution. This antagonism would also be anticipated for methoxyflurane, enflurane, and isoflurane. For N2O and diethyl ether, the increased blood solubility due to hypothermia would be unopposed by simultaneous crystalloid hemodilution.", "PMID": 562087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4930", "title": "Anesthetic management of pulmonary lavage in adults.", "content": "A 6-year experience in the anesthetic management of 34 successful whole-lung lavages on 11 adult patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is described. All patients were radiographically, physiologically, and symptomatically improved after the procedures. The anesthetic protocol for lung lavage includes: (1) unilateral whole-lung lavages 2 to 4 days apart; (2) general anesthesia with the placement of a Carlens tube; (3) isotonic saline as the lavage solution; (4) mechanical chest percussion during lavage; (5) serial arterial blood-gas determination and measurement of lung compliance in the intraoperative and immediate postlavage period. The authors conclude that whole-lung lavage is a safe and effective palliative procedure in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and in the treatment of patients with pulmonary disease, such as cystic fibrosis or asthma, in which filling of the lung acini by liquid or solid material impairs oxygenation of the pulmonary capillary blood.", "contents": "Anesthetic management of pulmonary lavage in adults. A 6-year experience in the anesthetic management of 34 successful whole-lung lavages on 11 adult patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is described. All patients were radiographically, physiologically, and symptomatically improved after the procedures. The anesthetic protocol for lung lavage includes: (1) unilateral whole-lung lavages 2 to 4 days apart; (2) general anesthesia with the placement of a Carlens tube; (3) isotonic saline as the lavage solution; (4) mechanical chest percussion during lavage; (5) serial arterial blood-gas determination and measurement of lung compliance in the intraoperative and immediate postlavage period. The authors conclude that whole-lung lavage is a safe and effective palliative procedure in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and in the treatment of patients with pulmonary disease, such as cystic fibrosis or asthma, in which filling of the lung acini by liquid or solid material impairs oxygenation of the pulmonary capillary blood.", "PMID": 562090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4931", "title": "Effect of chemical sympathectomy on muscle blood flow.", "content": "Lumbar chemical sympathectomy using 5% phenol in glycerin alleviated intermittent claudication and improved cutaneous blood flow. This technic permits instituting physiotherapy and exercises to improve collateral circulation. The procedure was performed 56 times on 29 cases. No significant complication was observed. Muscle blood flow (MBF) was measured by 133Xe clearance, at rest and following exercise. Total blood flow (TBF) of the leg was measured by the impedance method, and increased cutaneous blood flow was confirmed by thermogram and photoplethysmogram. TBF increased significantly following exercise after sympathectomy. The ratio of MBF at rest and after exercise increased significantly in m. gastrocnemius, a white muscle, but was not significant in m. anterior tibialis, a red muscle. Chemical lumbar sympathectomy also produces preganglionic neurolysis to suppress vascular hypersensitivity after surgical ganglionectomy.", "contents": "Effect of chemical sympathectomy on muscle blood flow. Lumbar chemical sympathectomy using 5% phenol in glycerin alleviated intermittent claudication and improved cutaneous blood flow. This technic permits instituting physiotherapy and exercises to improve collateral circulation. The procedure was performed 56 times on 29 cases. No significant complication was observed. Muscle blood flow (MBF) was measured by 133Xe clearance, at rest and following exercise. Total blood flow (TBF) of the leg was measured by the impedance method, and increased cutaneous blood flow was confirmed by thermogram and photoplethysmogram. TBF increased significantly following exercise after sympathectomy. The ratio of MBF at rest and after exercise increased significantly in m. gastrocnemius, a white muscle, but was not significant in m. anterior tibialis, a red muscle. Chemical lumbar sympathectomy also produces preganglionic neurolysis to suppress vascular hypersensitivity after surgical ganglionectomy.", "PMID": 562089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4932", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of meperidine-N2O anesthesia before and after pancuronium.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of 2 and 3 mg/kg of meperidine plus 60 to 67% N2O in O2 on cardiovascular dynamics in man were measured before and after the administration of 0.08 mg/kg of IV pancuronium. N2O and 2 mg/kg of meperidine did not change heart rate (HR) but produced a marked reduction (-49%) in cardiac output (QT) plus significant decreases in stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) and an increase in peripheral arterial resistance (PVR). Additional meperidine did not further alter any of the variables; however, surgical stimulation caused significant increases in HR, BP, and PVR. SV and QT were not significantly changed by surgical stimulation and were still markedly depressed when compared to control values. Pancuronium produced marked increases in HR, SV, QT, and BP and a reduction in PVR. These changes were maximal 4 to 8 minutes after pancuronium and returned toward pre-pancuronium values thereafter. These data demonstrate that N2O-meperidine anesthesia results in a moderate reduction in BP but a marked depression in QT. The findings also indicate that pancuronium reverses the cardiovascular depression produced by N2O-meperidine and is therefore, a desirable muscle relaxant when the above technic is employed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of meperidine-N2O anesthesia before and after pancuronium. The cardiovascular effects of 2 and 3 mg/kg of meperidine plus 60 to 67% N2O in O2 on cardiovascular dynamics in man were measured before and after the administration of 0.08 mg/kg of IV pancuronium. N2O and 2 mg/kg of meperidine did not change heart rate (HR) but produced a marked reduction (-49%) in cardiac output (QT) plus significant decreases in stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) and an increase in peripheral arterial resistance (PVR). Additional meperidine did not further alter any of the variables; however, surgical stimulation caused significant increases in HR, BP, and PVR. SV and QT were not significantly changed by surgical stimulation and were still markedly depressed when compared to control values. Pancuronium produced marked increases in HR, SV, QT, and BP and a reduction in PVR. These changes were maximal 4 to 8 minutes after pancuronium and returned toward pre-pancuronium values thereafter. These data demonstrate that N2O-meperidine anesthesia results in a moderate reduction in BP but a marked depression in QT. The findings also indicate that pancuronium reverses the cardiovascular depression produced by N2O-meperidine and is therefore, a desirable muscle relaxant when the above technic is employed.", "PMID": 562091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4933", "title": "Nausea and vomiting after anesthesia and minor surgery.", "content": "The antiemetic effects of droperidol, diphenidol, and placebo were compared in 210 patients subjected to minor gynecologic or urologic procedures. Atropine (0.6 mg), meperidine (1 mg/kg) body mass, and either droperidol (5 mg), diphenidol (40 mg), or 2 ml of 0.9% saline were administered IM, 1 hour before general anesthesia. Trial drugs were presented in coded ampules so that the study was conducted double-blind. Droperidol appeared superior to both diphenidol (p less than 0.01) and placebo (p less than 0.001) in the prevention of vomiting, and reduced the incidence of nausea when compared to saline (p less than 0.05). Forty-four patients experienced side effects, which occurred with similar frequency in the 3 groups studied.", "contents": "Nausea and vomiting after anesthesia and minor surgery. The antiemetic effects of droperidol, diphenidol, and placebo were compared in 210 patients subjected to minor gynecologic or urologic procedures. Atropine (0.6 mg), meperidine (1 mg/kg) body mass, and either droperidol (5 mg), diphenidol (40 mg), or 2 ml of 0.9% saline were administered IM, 1 hour before general anesthesia. Trial drugs were presented in coded ampules so that the study was conducted double-blind. Droperidol appeared superior to both diphenidol (p less than 0.01) and placebo (p less than 0.001) in the prevention of vomiting, and reduced the incidence of nausea when compared to saline (p less than 0.05). Forty-four patients experienced side effects, which occurred with similar frequency in the 3 groups studied.", "PMID": 562092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4934", "title": "Electroanesthesia (EA) studies: current applications to human volunteers to produce general and local anesthesia.", "content": "Electrical currents found to be of sufficient intensity to produce EA in animals were applied to human subjects several hundred times, to determine whether, and how, clinical general anesthesia, and local anesthesia in various parts of the body, could be obtained. General anesthesia was not produced in any subject in any test, the obstacle in every instance being pain. Local analgesia of the arm was obtained in one subject, but in all other subjects muscle spasm and vibration pain prevented application of enough current to produce analgesia or anesthesia in the arm. Anesthesia of the hand was produced several times in all subjects, with a total loss of pain sensation.", "contents": "Electroanesthesia (EA) studies: current applications to human volunteers to produce general and local anesthesia. Electrical currents found to be of sufficient intensity to produce EA in animals were applied to human subjects several hundred times, to determine whether, and how, clinical general anesthesia, and local anesthesia in various parts of the body, could be obtained. General anesthesia was not produced in any subject in any test, the obstacle in every instance being pain. Local analgesia of the arm was obtained in one subject, but in all other subjects muscle spasm and vibration pain prevented application of enough current to produce analgesia or anesthesia in the arm. Anesthesia of the hand was produced several times in all subjects, with a total loss of pain sensation.", "PMID": 562093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4935", "title": "Caudal anesthesia in infants.", "content": "This report summarizes experience with caudal anesthesia in 70 infants ranging in age from 4 to 110 weeks, selected at random from among infants undergoing routine surgical procedures. In 50 infants, lidocaine 1.5% and in 20 infants, mepivacaine 1.5%, was used. In 35 cases, the dosage of the drug to be administered was calculated on the basis of an empirical formula and in the other 35, the dose was based on body weight. The author concludes that infants can tolerate some local anesthetic agents in even higher proportional doses than adults.", "contents": "Caudal anesthesia in infants. This report summarizes experience with caudal anesthesia in 70 infants ranging in age from 4 to 110 weeks, selected at random from among infants undergoing routine surgical procedures. In 50 infants, lidocaine 1.5% and in 20 infants, mepivacaine 1.5%, was used. In 35 cases, the dosage of the drug to be administered was calculated on the basis of an empirical formula and in the other 35, the dose was based on body weight. The author concludes that infants can tolerate some local anesthetic agents in even higher proportional doses than adults.", "PMID": 562094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4936", "title": "Criteria for early extubation after intracardiac surgery in adults.", "content": "Of 142 adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 123 were extubated either in the operating room or within 3 hours after admission to the recovery room, to avoid the discomfort and risks of prolonged mechanical ventilation. The remaining 19 patients, who had impaired cardiac function, were mechanically ventilated for 1 to 7 days postoperatively. The most important criteria for cardiopulmonary malfunction indicating the need for continued mechnical ventilation were a low mixed venous O2 saturation (SVO2) of less than 60% and a high left atrial pressure (greater than 20 torr). Of the 123 patients, 118, had an uneventful postoperative recovery and 5 needed reintubation, 2 because of low SVO2 and 3 because of complications unrelated to respiratory management. Most adult patients can spontaneously breathe adequately immediately after or within 3 hours of completed open-heart surgery, but a thorough physiologic and clinical evaluation should precede extubation, to identify those who need prolonged mechanical ventilation in the postoperative phase. Criteria for selection of patients for early extubation are presented.", "contents": "Criteria for early extubation after intracardiac surgery in adults. Of 142 adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 123 were extubated either in the operating room or within 3 hours after admission to the recovery room, to avoid the discomfort and risks of prolonged mechanical ventilation. The remaining 19 patients, who had impaired cardiac function, were mechanically ventilated for 1 to 7 days postoperatively. The most important criteria for cardiopulmonary malfunction indicating the need for continued mechnical ventilation were a low mixed venous O2 saturation (SVO2) of less than 60% and a high left atrial pressure (greater than 20 torr). Of the 123 patients, 118, had an uneventful postoperative recovery and 5 needed reintubation, 2 because of low SVO2 and 3 because of complications unrelated to respiratory management. Most adult patients can spontaneously breathe adequately immediately after or within 3 hours of completed open-heart surgery, but a thorough physiologic and clinical evaluation should precede extubation, to identify those who need prolonged mechanical ventilation in the postoperative phase. Criteria for selection of patients for early extubation are presented.", "PMID": 562097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4937", "title": "Paracervical block with 2-chloroprocaine.", "content": "Thirty healthy term gravidas in active labor received a paracervical block (PCB) with the ester-type local anesthetic, 2-chloroprocaine (2CP). Good to excellent pain relief resulted in all but 1 case. The duration of action was short (mean 38.9 min), requiring repeat blocks in 6/30 cases. Fetal heart rate and uterine contractions were electronically monitored, and fetal acid-base status was periodically checked by fetal scalp pH measurements. PCB-related fetal bradycardia was observed in  3 cases, but in only 1 case was PCB the only cause for the bradycardia. Fetal acidosis was not observed. No instance of neonatal depression or acidosis as expressed by the 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores and cord blood acid-base evaluation was observed. No maternal complications were observed. It is concluded that paracervical block using 2CP is an effective though short-acting method of pain relief which, when properly monitored, is safe for both mother and fetus.", "contents": "Paracervical block with 2-chloroprocaine. Thirty healthy term gravidas in active labor received a paracervical block (PCB) with the ester-type local anesthetic, 2-chloroprocaine (2CP). Good to excellent pain relief resulted in all but 1 case. The duration of action was short (mean 38.9 min), requiring repeat blocks in 6/30 cases. Fetal heart rate and uterine contractions were electronically monitored, and fetal acid-base status was periodically checked by fetal scalp pH measurements. PCB-related fetal bradycardia was observed in  3 cases, but in only 1 case was PCB the only cause for the bradycardia. Fetal acidosis was not observed. No instance of neonatal depression or acidosis as expressed by the 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores and cord blood acid-base evaluation was observed. No maternal complications were observed. It is concluded that paracervical block using 2CP is an effective though short-acting method of pain relief which, when properly monitored, is safe for both mother and fetus.", "PMID": 562098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4938", "title": "Effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system.", "content": "Following intravenous injection of 0.3 mg/kg of etomidate, the only noteworthy change in measured cardiovascular parameters was a 10 percent increase in heart rate. This suggests relatively stable cardiovascular response associated with administration of this new nonbarbiturate anesthesia induction agent.", "contents": "Effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system. Following intravenous injection of 0.3 mg/kg of etomidate, the only noteworthy change in measured cardiovascular parameters was a 10 percent increase in heart rate. This suggests relatively stable cardiovascular response associated with administration of this new nonbarbiturate anesthesia induction agent.", "PMID": 562099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4939", "title": "Collapse of endotracheal tubes due to overinflation of high-compliance cuffs.", "content": "Overinflation of endotraceal-tube cuffs may seriously compromise the patient's airway, due to collapse of the wall of the endotracheal tube. Two case reports describe this complication, with x-ray demonstration of the hyperinflated cuffs.", "contents": "Collapse of endotracheal tubes due to overinflation of high-compliance cuffs. Overinflation of endotraceal-tube cuffs may seriously compromise the patient's airway, due to collapse of the wall of the endotracheal tube. Two case reports describe this complication, with x-ray demonstration of the hyperinflated cuffs.", "PMID": 562105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4940", "title": "Distribution of immunoglobulin and secretory component containing cells in chickens.", "content": "Distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing cells and secretory component in internal organs of two 15-day-old embryos and 17 chickens, 1 to 480 days old, were examined by fluorescent antibody technique. In 15-day-old embryos, Ig-containing cells were not found in gut, bursa, spleen, or thymus. The bursa of Fabricius synthesized IgM, IgG, and IgA in as young as 1-day-old chicks. In extrabursal organs, IgM-containing cells were already present in intestine of 1-day-old chicks, but IgA-containing cells appeared in intestine, thymus, and spleen between the 3rd and 7th day after hatching. Very few IgG-containing cells were in intestine on the 3rd and 7th day after hatching. Secretory component was found in epithelial surfaces of intestine and ductus choledochus of most chickens examined. The presence of secretory component and IgA-containing cells in intestine supported the existence of secretory-immunologic system in chickens.", "contents": "Distribution of immunoglobulin and secretory component containing cells in chickens. Distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing cells and secretory component in internal organs of two 15-day-old embryos and 17 chickens, 1 to 480 days old, were examined by fluorescent antibody technique. In 15-day-old embryos, Ig-containing cells were not found in gut, bursa, spleen, or thymus. The bursa of Fabricius synthesized IgM, IgG, and IgA in as young as 1-day-old chicks. In extrabursal organs, IgM-containing cells were already present in intestine of 1-day-old chicks, but IgA-containing cells appeared in intestine, thymus, and spleen between the 3rd and 7th day after hatching. Very few IgG-containing cells were in intestine on the 3rd and 7th day after hatching. Secretory component was found in epithelial surfaces of intestine and ductus choledochus of most chickens examined. The presence of secretory component and IgA-containing cells in intestine supported the existence of secretory-immunologic system in chickens.", "PMID": 562112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4941", "title": "Effects of milk from animals fed locoweed on kittens, calves, and lambs.", "content": "Calves, lambs, and kittens given milk from cows fed locoweeds developed microscopic lesions typical of locoweed poisoning. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activities increased markedly during the feeding period in both the cows given the locoweed and the animals receiving their milk. The results of this experiment indicate that the toxin in locoweed can be secreted in the milk.", "contents": "Effects of milk from animals fed locoweed on kittens, calves, and lambs. Calves, lambs, and kittens given milk from cows fed locoweeds developed microscopic lesions typical of locoweed poisoning. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activities increased markedly during the feeding period in both the cows given the locoweed and the animals receiving their milk. The results of this experiment indicate that the toxin in locoweed can be secreted in the milk.", "PMID": 562113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4942", "title": "Probable amniotic fluid embolism during curettage for a missed abortion: a case report.", "content": "Diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism is difficult in a patient under general anesthesia and may initially resemble several other conditions. Successful treatment requires maintenance of adequate cardiac output and oxygenation and prompt heparin treatment of  the disseminated intravascular coagulation. The presented case exemplifies another group of patients who are ar risk for amniotic fluid embolism.", "contents": "Probable amniotic fluid embolism during curettage for a missed abortion: a case report. Diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism is difficult in a patient under general anesthesia and may initially resemble several other conditions. Successful treatment requires maintenance of adequate cardiac output and oxygenation and prompt heparin treatment of  the disseminated intravascular coagulation. The presented case exemplifies another group of patients who are ar risk for amniotic fluid embolism.", "PMID": 562108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4943", "title": "Tenuazonic acid production by Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima isolated from cotton.", "content": "Cultures of Alternaria alternata (three isolates) and Alternaria tenuissima (three isolates) obtained from cottonseeds and bolls were toxigenic when cultured on various laboratory media. A mycotoxin was isolated and identified as tenuazonic acid by using solvent partition, thin-layer chromatography, and instrument analyses. Toxicity was monitored with brine shrimp and chicken embryo bioassays. All cultures except A. alternata 938 produced tenuazonic acid when grown on cottonseed and on yeast extract-sucrose broth. The most toxin (266 mg/kg) was produced by A. tenuissima 843 on cottonseed.", "contents": "Tenuazonic acid production by Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima isolated from cotton. Cultures of Alternaria alternata (three isolates) and Alternaria tenuissima (three isolates) obtained from cottonseeds and bolls were toxigenic when cultured on various laboratory media. A mycotoxin was isolated and identified as tenuazonic acid by using solvent partition, thin-layer chromatography, and instrument analyses. Toxicity was monitored with brine shrimp and chicken embryo bioassays. All cultures except A. alternata 938 produced tenuazonic acid when grown on cottonseed and on yeast extract-sucrose broth. The most toxin (266 mg/kg) was produced by A. tenuissima 843 on cottonseed.", "PMID": 562128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4944", "title": "Ethylene production by axenic fruiting cultures of Agaricus bisporus.", "content": "Axenic cultures of Agaricus bisporus were used to show that the rise in ethylene production during fruiting derives from its own metabolism.", "contents": "Ethylene production by axenic fruiting cultures of Agaricus bisporus. Axenic cultures of Agaricus bisporus were used to show that the rise in ethylene production during fruiting derives from its own metabolism.", "PMID": 562129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4945", "title": "Oxygen demand by lipid-accumulating yeasts in continuous culture.", "content": "Specific oxygen uptake rates [Q(02)] were highest when Candida 107 and Rhodotorula gracilis grew at their maximum dilution rates. In nitrogen-limited medium, which encourages lipid accumulation, Q(02) values of both yeasts decreased as the dilution rate was lowered.", "contents": "Oxygen demand by lipid-accumulating yeasts in continuous culture. Specific oxygen uptake rates [Q(02)] were highest when Candida 107 and Rhodotorula gracilis grew at their maximum dilution rates. In nitrogen-limited medium, which encourages lipid accumulation, Q(02) values of both yeasts decreased as the dilution rate was lowered.", "PMID": 562130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4946", "title": "Fermentation of cellulose by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in the presence and absence of Methanobacterium ruminantium.", "content": "The anaerobic cellulolytic rumen bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens normally produces succinic acid as a major fermentation product together with acetic and formic acids, H2, and CO2. When grown on cellulose and in the presence of the methanogenic rumen bacterium Methanobacterium ruminantium, acetate was the major fermentation product; succinate was formed in small amounts; little formate was detected; H2 did not accumulate; and large amounts of CH4 were formed. M. ruminantium depends for growth on the reduction of CO2 to CH4 by H2, which it can obtain directly or by producing H2 and CO2 from formate. In mixed culture, the methanobacterium utilized the H2 and possibly the formate produced by the ruminococcus and in so doing stimulated the flow of electrons generated during glycolysis by the ruminococcus toward H2 formation and away from formation of succinate. This type of interaction may be of significance in determining the flow of cellulose carbon to the normal rumen fermentation products.", "contents": "Fermentation of cellulose by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in the presence and absence of Methanobacterium ruminantium. The anaerobic cellulolytic rumen bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens normally produces succinic acid as a major fermentation product together with acetic and formic acids, H2, and CO2. When grown on cellulose and in the presence of the methanogenic rumen bacterium Methanobacterium ruminantium, acetate was the major fermentation product; succinate was formed in small amounts; little formate was detected; H2 did not accumulate; and large amounts of CH4 were formed. M. ruminantium depends for growth on the reduction of CO2 to CH4 by H2, which it can obtain directly or by producing H2 and CO2 from formate. In mixed culture, the methanobacterium utilized the H2 and possibly the formate produced by the ruminococcus and in so doing stimulated the flow of electrons generated during glycolysis by the ruminococcus toward H2 formation and away from formation of succinate. This type of interaction may be of significance in determining the flow of cellulose carbon to the normal rumen fermentation products.", "PMID": 562131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4947", "title": "[Evolutionary aspects of the distribution of Ascaridoidea in mammals (author's transl)].", "content": "In an attempt to interpret the distribution of Ascaridoidea in Mammals and Birds, a scheme is proposed, based on the concept of geological periods of evolutionary expansion for parasitic lines. It is assumed that the evolutionary expansion period of Ascaridoidea in Mammals occurred after the diversification of primitive mammals; this would explain the absence of ascarids in these groups. Periods of evolution appear to coincide with the diversification of Carnivora and Sirenia, the first to become invaded; Artiodactyla and Equidae became invaded later, at the time of their diversification. The other cases of parasitism of Mammals by Ascarids are thought to be \"captures\".", "contents": "[Evolutionary aspects of the distribution of Ascaridoidea in mammals (author's transl)]. In an attempt to interpret the distribution of Ascaridoidea in Mammals and Birds, a scheme is proposed, based on the concept of geological periods of evolutionary expansion for parasitic lines. It is assumed that the evolutionary expansion period of Ascaridoidea in Mammals occurred after the diversification of primitive mammals; this would explain the absence of ascarids in these groups. Periods of evolution appear to coincide with the diversification of Carnivora and Sirenia, the first to become invaded; Artiodactyla and Equidae became invaded later, at the time of their diversification. The other cases of parasitism of Mammals by Ascarids are thought to be \"captures\".", "PMID": 562127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4948", "title": "Cell wall metabolism during fruiting of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "During the development of fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, the alkali-insoluble (R glucan) and alkali-soluble (S glucan) cell wall fractions are synthesized during the entire course of morphogenesis. The water soluble glucan (WSG) is not synthesized after an early stage. There is also a relative increase in the proportion of S glucan during development with appears related to a change in the proportion of the components synthesized. Data are also presented to show that several fruiting mutants also have specific cell wall differences, and that there is a significant contribution to cell wall structure by genes which do not cause a macroscopically observable change in phenotype.", "contents": "Cell wall metabolism during fruiting of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. During the development of fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, the alkali-insoluble (R glucan) and alkali-soluble (S glucan) cell wall fractions are synthesized during the entire course of morphogenesis. The water soluble glucan (WSG) is not synthesized after an early stage. There is also a relative increase in the proportion of S glucan during development with appears related to a change in the proportion of the components synthesized. Data are also presented to show that several fruiting mutants also have specific cell wall differences, and that there is a significant contribution to cell wall structure by genes which do not cause a macroscopically observable change in phenotype.", "PMID": 562140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4949", "title": "The preferential cytotoxicity of reovirus for certain transformed cell lines.", "content": "The susceptibility of a variety of cell lines of different mammalian origin to cytotoxic (CT) induction by either ultraviolet light-irradiated reovirus type 2 (UVR2) or viable reovirus type 2 plus the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, was examined. The following groups of cells were found to be susceptible to CT-induction: certain tumor cells and spontaneously transformed cell lines of human origin and certain virally and spontaneously transformed cell lines of murine origin. The following groups of cells were found to be resistant: normal human diploid cell lines, primary and continuous cell cultures of subhuman primates, primary mouse cells, normal rat kidney cells and baby hamster kidney cells. Susceptibility to CT-induction could not be related to the adsorption of virus to cells, nor to the capacity of the cell to support virus replication.", "contents": "The preferential cytotoxicity of reovirus for certain transformed cell lines. The susceptibility of a variety of cell lines of different mammalian origin to cytotoxic (CT) induction by either ultraviolet light-irradiated reovirus type 2 (UVR2) or viable reovirus type 2 plus the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, was examined. The following groups of cells were found to be susceptible to CT-induction: certain tumor cells and spontaneously transformed cell lines of human origin and certain virally and spontaneously transformed cell lines of murine origin. The following groups of cells were found to be resistant: normal human diploid cell lines, primary and continuous cell cultures of subhuman primates, primary mouse cells, normal rat kidney cells and baby hamster kidney cells. Susceptibility to CT-induction could not be related to the adsorption of virus to cells, nor to the capacity of the cell to support virus replication.", "PMID": 562142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4950", "title": "Persistent infection of BHK21/WI-2 cells with rubella virus and characterization of rubella variants.", "content": "Persistently infected cell lines of BHK21/WI-2 cells have been established by infection with the wild type rubella virus strain M-33. These cell lines, BHK-MP1 and BHK-MP2, showed immunity-like resistance to superinfection with M-33 virus at both 34 degrees and 39.5 degrees C. They also showed intrinsic interference with the replication of Newcastle Disease Virus at 34 degrees C but not at 39.5 degrees C. They released a small number of infectious virus particles which were temperature sensitive variants, being able to form plaques at 34 degrees C, but not at 39.5 degrees C on BHK21/WI-2 and on its derivative, BSR. When BHK-MP1 cells were cultured at 34 degrees C in growth medium containing 10--20 microgram/ml of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BudR) there was a 5- to 10-fold increase in infectious virus in the medium as compared with the untreated controls. Mitomycin C (0.5 microgram/ml) treatment for 7 hours likewise stimulated the release of virus from these cells. The enhancement of viral release by BudR was completely blocked by pretreatment with actinomycin D (5 microgram/ml) for 3 hours prior to BudR treatment. Since the variant can be induced by these prophage inducers and inhibited by actinomycin D it is suggested that the viral genome is converted to a DNA provirus which is analogous to the lysogenic state of bacteriophage.", "contents": "Persistent infection of BHK21/WI-2 cells with rubella virus and characterization of rubella variants. Persistently infected cell lines of BHK21/WI-2 cells have been established by infection with the wild type rubella virus strain M-33. These cell lines, BHK-MP1 and BHK-MP2, showed immunity-like resistance to superinfection with M-33 virus at both 34 degrees and 39.5 degrees C. They also showed intrinsic interference with the replication of Newcastle Disease Virus at 34 degrees C but not at 39.5 degrees C. They released a small number of infectious virus particles which were temperature sensitive variants, being able to form plaques at 34 degrees C, but not at 39.5 degrees C on BHK21/WI-2 and on its derivative, BSR. When BHK-MP1 cells were cultured at 34 degrees C in growth medium containing 10--20 microgram/ml of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BudR) there was a 5- to 10-fold increase in infectious virus in the medium as compared with the untreated controls. Mitomycin C (0.5 microgram/ml) treatment for 7 hours likewise stimulated the release of virus from these cells. The enhancement of viral release by BudR was completely blocked by pretreatment with actinomycin D (5 microgram/ml) for 3 hours prior to BudR treatment. Since the variant can be induced by these prophage inducers and inhibited by actinomycin D it is suggested that the viral genome is converted to a DNA provirus which is analogous to the lysogenic state of bacteriophage.", "PMID": 562143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4951", "title": "[Autoimmune panhemopathy in lymphoid hyperplasia in a child].", "content": "The case reported concerns a 12 year old boy, admitted in 1970 with a clinical picture evoking a malignant hemopathy: thrombocytopenic purpura, leukopenia, multiple lymphadenopathies, enlarged spleen and, at histological examination, lympho-reticular hyperplasia of the spleen and lymphe nodes, simulating at the beginning, a nodular lymphoma. Immuno-hematological investigations revealed a complex auto-immune picture, which concerned essentially hematopoiesis. In fact, the pseudo-tumoral aspect of lymphenodes, was related to a dysfunction of the immune system, the pathogeny of which is presently better known.", "contents": "[Autoimmune panhemopathy in lymphoid hyperplasia in a child]. The case reported concerns a 12 year old boy, admitted in 1970 with a clinical picture evoking a malignant hemopathy: thrombocytopenic purpura, leukopenia, multiple lymphadenopathies, enlarged spleen and, at histological examination, lympho-reticular hyperplasia of the spleen and lymphe nodes, simulating at the beginning, a nodular lymphoma. Immuno-hematological investigations revealed a complex auto-immune picture, which concerned essentially hematopoiesis. In fact, the pseudo-tumoral aspect of lymphenodes, was related to a dysfunction of the immune system, the pathogeny of which is presently better known.", "PMID": 562141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4952", "title": "[Influence of sex on children's body measurements and indices of biological age (findings from a study of twins of different sexes)].", "content": "By antropometry and roentgenography methods in 52 twin pairs of different sex, body dimensions, the third metacarpal bone and the phalange of the third right hand finger, as well as the terms of permanent teeth eruption were studied. The investigation revealed no timely coincident periods in growth activity between girls and boys. During the first period (6,5--10 years), predominance of some dimentions is observed in boys, during the second (8,5--14 years)--in girls, and during the third (11--17 years)--in boys again. Somewhat different terms for permanent teeth eruption make it possible to distinguish two periods: 7 years when the boys surpass the girls in the number of permanent teeth (two teeth in average) and 8--14 years when the boys lag behind the girls in the number of permanent teeth.", "contents": "[Influence of sex on children's body measurements and indices of biological age (findings from a study of twins of different sexes)]. By antropometry and roentgenography methods in 52 twin pairs of different sex, body dimensions, the third metacarpal bone and the phalange of the third right hand finger, as well as the terms of permanent teeth eruption were studied. The investigation revealed no timely coincident periods in growth activity between girls and boys. During the first period (6,5--10 years), predominance of some dimentions is observed in boys, during the second (8,5--14 years)--in girls, and during the third (11--17 years)--in boys again. Somewhat different terms for permanent teeth eruption make it possible to distinguish two periods: 7 years when the boys surpass the girls in the number of permanent teeth (two teeth in average) and 8--14 years when the boys lag behind the girls in the number of permanent teeth.", "PMID": 562146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4953", "title": "[Histoenzymologic characteristics of the human fetal pituitary under conditions of maternal hyperestrogenism].", "content": "The development of the fetus adenohypophysis analyzed under the conditions of high doses of sinestrol, administered to mothers, revealed certain morphofunctional characteristics in the group studied in comparison with the control. In normal pregnancy, a gradual increase in protein content and in nucleic acids activity are noted, as well as an increase in the enzymes in protein synthesis and transport within the cell. Under maternal hyperestrogenity, however, in the adenohypophyseal cells of 7--14 week-old fetuses, a decrease in the content of hormonal protein-precursors, nucleic acid activity, inhibition of synthesis and trnsport processes are observed.", "contents": "[Histoenzymologic characteristics of the human fetal pituitary under conditions of maternal hyperestrogenism]. The development of the fetus adenohypophysis analyzed under the conditions of high doses of sinestrol, administered to mothers, revealed certain morphofunctional characteristics in the group studied in comparison with the control. In normal pregnancy, a gradual increase in protein content and in nucleic acids activity are noted, as well as an increase in the enzymes in protein synthesis and transport within the cell. Under maternal hyperestrogenity, however, in the adenohypophyseal cells of 7--14 week-old fetuses, a decrease in the content of hormonal protein-precursors, nucleic acid activity, inhibition of synthesis and trnsport processes are observed.", "PMID": 562147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4954", "title": "The origin of IgA-containing cells in intestinal lymph of sheep.", "content": "The origin of IgA-containing cells in sheep intestinal lymph was determined by antigenically stimulating a mesenteric lymph node and by studying afferent intestinal lymph. Since antigenic stimulation of the node resulted almost exclusively in the appearance of IgG1 antibody-containing cells, it was proposed that IgA-containing cells are normally produced either in the Peyer's patches or lamina propria of the intestine. These conclusions were supported by studying lymph obtained by cannulation of a lymphatic duct afferent to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Study of the cells in afferent lymph revealed the presence of a significant population of IgA-containing blast cells. This was convincing evidence that the IgA-containing cells normally found in intestinal lymph originate from sites in the intestine.", "contents": "The origin of IgA-containing cells in intestinal lymph of sheep. The origin of IgA-containing cells in sheep intestinal lymph was determined by antigenically stimulating a mesenteric lymph node and by studying afferent intestinal lymph. Since antigenic stimulation of the node resulted almost exclusively in the appearance of IgG1 antibody-containing cells, it was proposed that IgA-containing cells are normally produced either in the Peyer's patches or lamina propria of the intestine. These conclusions were supported by studying lymph obtained by cannulation of a lymphatic duct afferent to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Study of the cells in afferent lymph revealed the presence of a significant population of IgA-containing blast cells. This was convincing evidence that the IgA-containing cells normally found in intestinal lymph originate from sites in the intestine.", "PMID": 562149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4955", "title": "Micelles of cerebroside sulphate.", "content": "The critical micelle concentration of cerebroside sulphate in water is 0-01 mM: it increases with increasing concentrations of buffer to 0-07 mM in 0-1 M sodium acetate and formate buffers, pH 5-6 and 4-5 respectively. The partial specific volume of the micelles is about 0-94. The behaviour of the micelles in the ultracentrifuge and on Sephadex G-200 shows them to be grossly heterogeneous with respect to size. In 0-1 M buffer s20,w is about 26 S; in water or 0-01 M buffer smaller micelles with an s20,w of about 6 S are also present. In 0-01 M formate, pH 4-5, the smallest species detectable by equilibrium ultracentrifugation had a micellar weight of about 180,000 corresponding to an aggregation number of about 180. Much larger aggregates were also present. It is suggested that the smallest micelles are the substrate for sulphatase A when this is acting as a cerebroside sulphatase in buffers of low ionic strength.", "contents": "Micelles of cerebroside sulphate. The critical micelle concentration of cerebroside sulphate in water is 0-01 mM: it increases with increasing concentrations of buffer to 0-07 mM in 0-1 M sodium acetate and formate buffers, pH 5-6 and 4-5 respectively. The partial specific volume of the micelles is about 0-94. The behaviour of the micelles in the ultracentrifuge and on Sephadex G-200 shows them to be grossly heterogeneous with respect to size. In 0-1 M buffer s20,w is about 26 S; in water or 0-01 M buffer smaller micelles with an s20,w of about 6 S are also present. In 0-01 M formate, pH 4-5, the smallest species detectable by equilibrium ultracentrifugation had a micellar weight of about 180,000 corresponding to an aggregation number of about 180. Much larger aggregates were also present. It is suggested that the smallest micelles are the substrate for sulphatase A when this is acting as a cerebroside sulphatase in buffers of low ionic strength.", "PMID": 562150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4956", "title": "MZ or DZ? only your blood grouping laboratory knows for sure.", "content": "Data from individual interviews, blood grouping analyses, and ratings of photographs of a large sample of adolescent twins were examined in order to assess the accuracy of zygosity determination by alternate methods. Although the accuracy of the twins themselves and of the raters was above chance, it was not sufficiently high to justify diagnosis by these methods rather than by blood grouping analyses.", "contents": "MZ or DZ? only your blood grouping laboratory knows for sure. Data from individual interviews, blood grouping analyses, and ratings of photographs of a large sample of adolescent twins were examined in order to assess the accuracy of zygosity determination by alternate methods. Although the accuracy of the twins themselves and of the raters was above chance, it was not sufficiently high to justify diagnosis by these methods rather than by blood grouping analyses.", "PMID": 562155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4957", "title": "A genetic analysis of aggressive behavior in two strains of mice.", "content": "Examination of BALB/cJ and A/J mouse strains revealed marked differences in their levels of isolation-induced aggression. Using the dangler paradigm, we found that BALB/cJ males were uniformly aggressive, while A/J males showed no tendency to attack. Genetic analysis showed that the expression of aggressive behavior in the F1, F2, and backcross generations was consistent with the transmission of high aggressivity as a single, autosomal recessive trait. Although the data are consistent with a major-locus effect, more complex polygenic modes of inheritance have not been excluded.", "contents": "A genetic analysis of aggressive behavior in two strains of mice. Examination of BALB/cJ and A/J mouse strains revealed marked differences in their levels of isolation-induced aggression. Using the dangler paradigm, we found that BALB/cJ males were uniformly aggressive, while A/J males showed no tendency to attack. Genetic analysis showed that the expression of aggressive behavior in the F1, F2, and backcross generations was consistent with the transmission of high aggressivity as a single, autosomal recessive trait. Although the data are consistent with a major-locus effect, more complex polygenic modes of inheritance have not been excluded.", "PMID": 562156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4958", "title": "[Nutritional aspects of hydrogenated soy oils and their isomeric unsaturated fatty acids].", "content": "The results of long-term feeding experiments with three species of animals which received considerable amounts of soyabean oil hydrogenated in different ways confirm the safety-in-use of this type of product. Just like saturated or cis monoenoic fatty acids, monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids with the trans configuration always have to be supplemented with an adequate amount of cis-cis linoleic acid. The unfavourable effects observed in rabbits after prolonged feeding with one of the studied hydrogenated fats were to be expected in view of the marginal amounts of linoleic acid present in the diet they received. In human nutrition, considering the limited use as such of that particular type of extremely hydrogenated fat with a high melting point, it can be concluded on the basis of present knowledge and with an ample safety margin, that the fats investigated have no unfavourable nutritional effects. With regard to the prevention of cardiovascular disease it is desirable to limit the amount of saturated, as well as trans fatty acids, in order to be able to supply an adequate amount of linoleic acid in the diet.", "contents": "[Nutritional aspects of hydrogenated soy oils and their isomeric unsaturated fatty acids]. The results of long-term feeding experiments with three species of animals which received considerable amounts of soyabean oil hydrogenated in different ways confirm the safety-in-use of this type of product. Just like saturated or cis monoenoic fatty acids, monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids with the trans configuration always have to be supplemented with an adequate amount of cis-cis linoleic acid. The unfavourable effects observed in rabbits after prolonged feeding with one of the studied hydrogenated fats were to be expected in view of the marginal amounts of linoleic acid present in the diet they received. In human nutrition, considering the limited use as such of that particular type of extremely hydrogenated fat with a high melting point, it can be concluded on the basis of present knowledge and with an ample safety margin, that the fats investigated have no unfavourable nutritional effects. With regard to the prevention of cardiovascular disease it is desirable to limit the amount of saturated, as well as trans fatty acids, in order to be able to supply an adequate amount of linoleic acid in the diet.", "PMID": 562163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4959", "title": "Initiation and elongation of polyribonucleotide chains on rat ventral-prostate chromatin transcribed by homologous ribonucleic acid polymerase B.", "content": "The characteristics of initiation of RNA synthesis and the elongation of RNA chains on rat ventral-prostate chromatin by RNA polymerase B were investigated by two methods. 1. Initiation was carried out under low-salt conditions with three ribonucleoside triphosphates, and elongation was begun in the absence of reinitiation by the addition of the fourth ribonucleoside triphosphate and increasing the salt concentration. 2. Stable initiation complexes were formed by preincubation of enzyme with template at 37 degrees C, elongation was started by the addition of all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and reinitiation or spurious RNA synthesis was prevented by rifamycin AF/013. The latter method gave more reliable results. The dependence of those parameters on the androgenic status of the animal was studied. During the first 24h after castration, elongation was mainly affected, whereas after 72h a smaller number of initiation sites for RNA polymerase B on chromatin was evident. Considerable diurnal variations in the various parameters were observed. Changes in the relative concentrations of the chromatin-associated proteins were also observed after castration. In the rat ventral-prostate gland androgenic steroids may not only influence one stage of the transcriptional process, but may affect many factors involved in the control of gene expression.", "contents": "Initiation and elongation of polyribonucleotide chains on rat ventral-prostate chromatin transcribed by homologous ribonucleic acid polymerase B. The characteristics of initiation of RNA synthesis and the elongation of RNA chains on rat ventral-prostate chromatin by RNA polymerase B were investigated by two methods. 1. Initiation was carried out under low-salt conditions with three ribonucleoside triphosphates, and elongation was begun in the absence of reinitiation by the addition of the fourth ribonucleoside triphosphate and increasing the salt concentration. 2. Stable initiation complexes were formed by preincubation of enzyme with template at 37 degrees C, elongation was started by the addition of all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and reinitiation or spurious RNA synthesis was prevented by rifamycin AF/013. The latter method gave more reliable results. The dependence of those parameters on the androgenic status of the animal was studied. During the first 24h after castration, elongation was mainly affected, whereas after 72h a smaller number of initiation sites for RNA polymerase B on chromatin was evident. Considerable diurnal variations in the various parameters were observed. Changes in the relative concentrations of the chromatin-associated proteins were also observed after castration. In the rat ventral-prostate gland androgenic steroids may not only influence one stage of the transcriptional process, but may affect many factors involved in the control of gene expression.", "PMID": 562164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4960", "title": "Ultrastructure of proteoglycans in human renal arteries from end stage renal disease.", "content": "Although glycosaminoglycans, particularly proteoglycans, have been characterized biochemically in normal and diseased arteries, little is known regarding their ultrastructural characteristics in human arteries. The observations reported here were made in renal arteries from nephrectomy specimens from patients with endstage kidney disease and hypertension. By light microscopy, the diffusely thick intima is characterized by small, slender smooth muscle cells embedded in a finely fibrillar, strongly alcian-blue positive, intercellular matrix. Ultrastructurally, there is a loose meshwork of collagen fibrils, elastic units and abundant fibrillogranular units staining strongly with ruthenium red and identified as proteoglycans. These consist of ovoid or diamond-shaped electron-dense granules about 300-500 A in diameter, having fine filamentous processes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of proteoglycans in human renal arteries from end stage renal disease. Although glycosaminoglycans, particularly proteoglycans, have been characterized biochemically in normal and diseased arteries, little is known regarding their ultrastructural characteristics in human arteries. The observations reported here were made in renal arteries from nephrectomy specimens from patients with endstage kidney disease and hypertension. By light microscopy, the diffusely thick intima is characterized by small, slender smooth muscle cells embedded in a finely fibrillar, strongly alcian-blue positive, intercellular matrix. Ultrastructurally, there is a loose meshwork of collagen fibrils, elastic units and abundant fibrillogranular units staining strongly with ruthenium red and identified as proteoglycans. These consist of ovoid or diamond-shaped electron-dense granules about 300-500 A in diameter, having fine filamentous processes.", "PMID": 562169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4961", "title": "Left atrial metastasis of chorion carcinoma, presenting as mitral stenosis.", "content": "A 35-year-old women developed symptoms of multiple system disease. Three months later she was admitted to hospital and died six days after admission, with signs suggestive of mitral stenosis. Postmortem examination indicated primary chorion carcinoma of the right ovary with metastases to the left atrium, lungs, brain, kidneys, pancreas, mesenteric arteries, and spleen. The signs and symptoms, and the morphological and histological findings at necroscopy, are discussed.", "contents": "Left atrial metastasis of chorion carcinoma, presenting as mitral stenosis. A 35-year-old women developed symptoms of multiple system disease. Three months later she was admitted to hospital and died six days after admission, with signs suggestive of mitral stenosis. Postmortem examination indicated primary chorion carcinoma of the right ovary with metastases to the left atrium, lungs, brain, kidneys, pancreas, mesenteric arteries, and spleen. The signs and symptoms, and the morphological and histological findings at necroscopy, are discussed.", "PMID": 562174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4962", "title": "Comparison of the effects of human pregnancy serum and anti-inflammatory compounds on the release of lysosomal enzymes from macrophages.", "content": "Human sera and anti-inflammatory drugs were compared for their ability to inhibit the zymosan-induced release of beta-glucuronidase from cultured rat peritoneal macrophages. Late pregnancy serum was the most potent in this respect and produced a dose-related suppression with a maximum of 94% when 15% (v/v) serum was incorporated into the culture medium. The effect was not shown by male serum and was associated with compounds of low molecular weight. However, steroids, commonly elevated in level during pregnancy, did not appear to be responsible for the inhibition of enzyme release.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of human pregnancy serum and anti-inflammatory compounds on the release of lysosomal enzymes from macrophages. Human sera and anti-inflammatory drugs were compared for their ability to inhibit the zymosan-induced release of beta-glucuronidase from cultured rat peritoneal macrophages. Late pregnancy serum was the most potent in this respect and produced a dose-related suppression with a maximum of 94% when 15% (v/v) serum was incorporated into the culture medium. The effect was not shown by male serum and was associated with compounds of low molecular weight. However, steroids, commonly elevated in level during pregnancy, did not appear to be responsible for the inhibition of enzyme release.", "PMID": 562176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4963", "title": "[The diagnosis of infection in the neonatal period].", "content": "The laboratory tests used to establish the diagnosis of infection in the newborn period were studied and it was found that more than 700 band cells/mm3 in peripheral blood supported the diagnosis of sepsis and that concomitant thrombocytopenia increased these possibilities. Among the other tests, only the IgM was found of diagnostic value in cases of intrauterine infection.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of infection in the neonatal period]. The laboratory tests used to establish the diagnosis of infection in the newborn period were studied and it was found that more than 700 band cells/mm3 in peripheral blood supported the diagnosis of sepsis and that concomitant thrombocytopenia increased these possibilities. Among the other tests, only the IgM was found of diagnostic value in cases of intrauterine infection.", "PMID": 562171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4964", "title": "Autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy and the newborn.", "content": "The effects of autoimmune (or idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) on 51 pregnancies in 29 women is presented. There is no convincing evidence that the clinical course of ATP is influenced by pregnancy. There was no increased incidence of obstetric complications. No problems were encountered following spontaneous vaginal delivery or low forceps delivery. There were no perinatal deaths. Twenty newborn infants were studied in detail and significant thrombocytopenia was present in half of them. The severity of thrombocytopenia in the newborn correlated closely with the severity of maternal disease; those women in clinical remission following splenectomy but with presumed high levels of antiplatelet antibodies were those most likely to be delivered of affected newborn infants. The cord blood platelet count was the most reliable guide to the potential severity of the neonatal thrombocytopenia. Platelet counts were lowest between the second and fourth days of neonatal life. The management of the severely affected infant is discussed.", "contents": "Autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy and the newborn. The effects of autoimmune (or idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) on 51 pregnancies in 29 women is presented. There is no convincing evidence that the clinical course of ATP is influenced by pregnancy. There was no increased incidence of obstetric complications. No problems were encountered following spontaneous vaginal delivery or low forceps delivery. There were no perinatal deaths. Twenty newborn infants were studied in detail and significant thrombocytopenia was present in half of them. The severity of thrombocytopenia in the newborn correlated closely with the severity of maternal disease; those women in clinical remission following splenectomy but with presumed high levels of antiplatelet antibodies were those most likely to be delivered of affected newborn infants. The cord blood platelet count was the most reliable guide to the potential severity of the neonatal thrombocytopenia. Platelet counts were lowest between the second and fourth days of neonatal life. The management of the severely affected infant is discussed.", "PMID": 562177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4965", "title": "Hydroxyproline index as a tool for nutrition status surveys in malarial regions.", "content": "1. The efficiency of the urinary hydroxyproline index as an indicator of nutrition status in mass surveys was investigated. The index was determined in 364 children aged under 5 years who participated in the National Nutrition Status Survey of the Republic of Zambia. The results of these biochemical investigations are given for all children and also according to the presence of various tropical parasitic diseases. 2. In rural areas of Zambia the hydroxyproline index was not related to the age of the child during the first 5 years of life. A lower nutritional status as defined by weight-for-age was associated with a lower hydroxyproline index. 3. The main factor affecting the index was the presence of malaria parasites in the blood. Malaria was associated with a lower index in all circumstances investigated, including children with definite growth failure. The mean of the index for healthy children was 2-49. 4. It is concluded that the index is of value in surveys but only in addition to other assessments of nutritional status. In regions where malaria is endemic the index may be of little value in determining nutritional status unless the presence of malaria parasites in the blood is investigated in all subjects and interpretation of the hydroxyproline index where malaria is confirmed is very complex.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline index as a tool for nutrition status surveys in malarial regions. 1. The efficiency of the urinary hydroxyproline index as an indicator of nutrition status in mass surveys was investigated. The index was determined in 364 children aged under 5 years who participated in the National Nutrition Status Survey of the Republic of Zambia. The results of these biochemical investigations are given for all children and also according to the presence of various tropical parasitic diseases. 2. In rural areas of Zambia the hydroxyproline index was not related to the age of the child during the first 5 years of life. A lower nutritional status as defined by weight-for-age was associated with a lower hydroxyproline index. 3. The main factor affecting the index was the presence of malaria parasites in the blood. Malaria was associated with a lower index in all circumstances investigated, including children with definite growth failure. The mean of the index for healthy children was 2-49. 4. It is concluded that the index is of value in surveys but only in addition to other assessments of nutritional status. In regions where malaria is endemic the index may be of little value in determining nutritional status unless the presence of malaria parasites in the blood is investigated in all subjects and interpretation of the hydroxyproline index where malaria is confirmed is very complex.", "PMID": 562179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4966", "title": "Stereochemical studies of the pyruvate kinase reaction with (Z)- and (E)-phosphoenol-alpha-ketobutyrate.", "content": "(Z)-and (E)-phosphoenol-2-ketobutyrate were synthesized. [3-2H]-2-Ketobutyrates were formed from both isomers in the pyruvate kinase reaction in 2H2O and were converted to chiral propionates. Authentic (2S)-[2-2H]propionic acid was also prepared, and the optical rotatory dispersion curves of the propionates were compared. The rotation compared with standard propionate at 240 nm of sodium (2R)-[2-2H]propionate from the Z isomer was 47% (i.e., 53% was RS), and of (2S)-[2-2H]propionate from the E isomer was 29% (i.e., 71% was RS). Protonation at C-3 of the 2 si, 3 re face of the pseudosubstrates would have yielded (2R)- and (2S)-[2-2H]propionates from the Z and E analogues, respectively. An explanation offered for the nonstereoselective protonation that occurred is dissociation of the enol from the enzyme and subsequent random protonation in solution.", "contents": "Stereochemical studies of the pyruvate kinase reaction with (Z)- and (E)-phosphoenol-alpha-ketobutyrate. (Z)-and (E)-phosphoenol-2-ketobutyrate were synthesized. [3-2H]-2-Ketobutyrates were formed from both isomers in the pyruvate kinase reaction in 2H2O and were converted to chiral propionates. Authentic (2S)-[2-2H]propionic acid was also prepared, and the optical rotatory dispersion curves of the propionates were compared. The rotation compared with standard propionate at 240 nm of sodium (2R)-[2-2H]propionate from the Z isomer was 47% (i.e., 53% was RS), and of (2S)-[2-2H]propionate from the E isomer was 29% (i.e., 71% was RS). Protonation at C-3 of the 2 si, 3 re face of the pseudosubstrates would have yielded (2R)- and (2S)-[2-2H]propionates from the Z and E analogues, respectively. An explanation offered for the nonstereoselective protonation that occurred is dissociation of the enol from the enzyme and subsequent random protonation in solution.", "PMID": 562181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4967", "title": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of two distinct variants of histone H2A in Friend leukemia.", "content": "Changes in the relative amount of two histone H2A subfractions have been observed in cells at different proliferative stages of Friend leukemia. Biochemical analyses of the purified H2A subfractions reveal them to be different in primary structure, and not the result of postsynthetic modifications of the same parent protein. Antibodies raised against the purified H2A.2 subfraction cross react with H2A.1 and H2A.2, but show high specificity for the immunizing subfraction at higher sera dilutions. Only H2A.2 contains a methionine which appears critical to an antigenic difference that immunologically distinguishes H2A.2 from H2A.1. The observed change in the relative amounts of two nonallelic variants of a histone coincident with changes in the physiologic states of the cell may indicate a correlation between genome structure and function.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of two distinct variants of histone H2A in Friend leukemia. Changes in the relative amount of two histone H2A subfractions have been observed in cells at different proliferative stages of Friend leukemia. Biochemical analyses of the purified H2A subfractions reveal them to be different in primary structure, and not the result of postsynthetic modifications of the same parent protein. Antibodies raised against the purified H2A.2 subfraction cross react with H2A.1 and H2A.2, but show high specificity for the immunizing subfraction at higher sera dilutions. Only H2A.2 contains a methionine which appears critical to an antigenic difference that immunologically distinguishes H2A.2 from H2A.1. The observed change in the relative amounts of two nonallelic variants of a histone coincident with changes in the physiologic states of the cell may indicate a correlation between genome structure and function.", "PMID": 562183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4968", "title": "Influence of substituent ribose on transition state affinity in reactions catalyzed by adenosine deaminase.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase from calf intestine hydrolyzes adenine at a limiting rate four orders of magnitude lower than that for adenosine, while Km values for these substrates are about the same (Wolfenden, R., et al. (1969), Biochemistry 8, 2412-2415). Reactivity of 6-substituents, toward nucleophilic displacement, is found to be affected only slightly by removal of ribose as a 9-substituent, in model reactions. Substituent ribose thus appears to stabilize, selectively, the transition state for enzymatic deamination. In contrast with the small influence of substituent ribose on the apparent binding affinity of substrates, removal of substituent ribose from a potential transition state analogue, 1,6-dihydro-6-hydroxy-methylpurine ribonucleoside, results in a lowering of its affinity for the enzyme by several orders of magnitude. The synthesis of the analogue and related compounds is described, and their properties compared with those of other photoadducts and of the naturally occurring inhibitors covidarabine and coformycin. Binding of these inhibitors is found to result in the appearance of ultraviolet-absorbing bands in the neighborhood of 323 nm.", "contents": "Influence of substituent ribose on transition state affinity in reactions catalyzed by adenosine deaminase. Adenosine deaminase from calf intestine hydrolyzes adenine at a limiting rate four orders of magnitude lower than that for adenosine, while Km values for these substrates are about the same (Wolfenden, R., et al. (1969), Biochemistry 8, 2412-2415). Reactivity of 6-substituents, toward nucleophilic displacement, is found to be affected only slightly by removal of ribose as a 9-substituent, in model reactions. Substituent ribose thus appears to stabilize, selectively, the transition state for enzymatic deamination. In contrast with the small influence of substituent ribose on the apparent binding affinity of substrates, removal of substituent ribose from a potential transition state analogue, 1,6-dihydro-6-hydroxy-methylpurine ribonucleoside, results in a lowering of its affinity for the enzyme by several orders of magnitude. The synthesis of the analogue and related compounds is described, and their properties compared with those of other photoadducts and of the naturally occurring inhibitors covidarabine and coformycin. Binding of these inhibitors is found to result in the appearance of ultraviolet-absorbing bands in the neighborhood of 323 nm.", "PMID": 562185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4969", "title": "Characterization of Allomyces genome.", "content": "Allomyces arbuscula DNA isolated from whole cells (bulk DNA) is composed of a major (alpha) and two minor components (beta & gamma) with buoyant densities in neutral CsCl corresponding to 1.721, 1.710 and 1.702 g/cm3, respectively. The DNA obtained from purified nuclei contains alpha component only. The beta component corresponds to mitochondrial DNA. The gamma component is also extra-nuclear but has not been characterized. The reassociation kinetics of sheared, bulk and nuclear DNA show that (i) 25 % bulk and 10% of nuclear DNA reanneal very rapidly and contain highly repeated sequences; (ii) moderately repeated sequences, accounting for 15% of both bulk and nuclear DNA, have a sequence complexity of approximately 7.2-10(6) daltons and are repeated about 320 times; (iii) the slow reannealing fraction accounts for about 60% of the genome and has kinetic properties similar to single copy sequences. The sequence complexity of this fraction was determined in relation to that of Escherichia coli. After a correction for the size of the repeated sequences the genome size of A. arbuscula was calculated to be 1.7-10(10) daltons.", "contents": "Characterization of Allomyces genome. Allomyces arbuscula DNA isolated from whole cells (bulk DNA) is composed of a major (alpha) and two minor components (beta & gamma) with buoyant densities in neutral CsCl corresponding to 1.721, 1.710 and 1.702 g/cm3, respectively. The DNA obtained from purified nuclei contains alpha component only. The beta component corresponds to mitochondrial DNA. The gamma component is also extra-nuclear but has not been characterized. The reassociation kinetics of sheared, bulk and nuclear DNA show that (i) 25 % bulk and 10% of nuclear DNA reanneal very rapidly and contain highly repeated sequences; (ii) moderately repeated sequences, accounting for 15% of both bulk and nuclear DNA, have a sequence complexity of approximately 7.2-10(6) daltons and are repeated about 320 times; (iii) the slow reannealing fraction accounts for about 60% of the genome and has kinetic properties similar to single copy sequences. The sequence complexity of this fraction was determined in relation to that of Escherichia coli. After a correction for the size of the repeated sequences the genome size of A. arbuscula was calculated to be 1.7-10(10) daltons.", "PMID": 562187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4970", "title": "Ribosomal RNA cistrons in Allomyces arbuscula.", "content": "Bulk and nuclear DNA have been fractionated by preparative neutral CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation and each fraction hybridized to labeled rRNA (25 + 18 S). The cistrons coding for rRNA appeared on the light side of the main peak. Hybridization of the nuclear DNA fractionated by preparative Ag+-Cs2SO4 gradients at different pHs showed that the banding profile did not change as compared to the CsCl pattern. In Hg2+-Cs2SO4 gradients, however, the peak of the fRNA-DNA hybrids shifted on the heavier side of the profile. This indicates that the ribosomal RNA cistrons in Allomyces are A-T-rich. Hybridization with homologous rRNA showed that, at saturation, 3.25% of the DNA is complementary to rRNA. With the genome size of 1.7-10(10) daltons, the multiplicity of rRNA cistrons has been found to be close to 270.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA cistrons in Allomyces arbuscula. Bulk and nuclear DNA have been fractionated by preparative neutral CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation and each fraction hybridized to labeled rRNA (25 + 18 S). The cistrons coding for rRNA appeared on the light side of the main peak. Hybridization of the nuclear DNA fractionated by preparative Ag+-Cs2SO4 gradients at different pHs showed that the banding profile did not change as compared to the CsCl pattern. In Hg2+-Cs2SO4 gradients, however, the peak of the fRNA-DNA hybrids shifted on the heavier side of the profile. This indicates that the ribosomal RNA cistrons in Allomyces are A-T-rich. Hybridization with homologous rRNA showed that, at saturation, 3.25% of the DNA is complementary to rRNA. With the genome size of 1.7-10(10) daltons, the multiplicity of rRNA cistrons has been found to be close to 270.", "PMID": 562188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4971", "title": "Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from porcine liver. Isolation of a dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase fragment from the multifunctional enzyme.", "content": "Tryptic digestion of a multifunctional enzyme from porcine liver containing methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.5), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate 5-hydrolase, EC 3.5.4.9) and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase, EC 6.3.4.3) activities destroys the synthetase. A fragment containing both dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities has been isolated by affinity chromatography on an NADP+-Sepharose affinity column. The purified fragment is homogeneous on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis where its molecular weight was determined as 33 000 +/- 1200 compared with 100 000 for the undigested protein. The cyclohydrolase activity retains sensitivity to inhibition by NADP+, MgATP and ATP.", "contents": "Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from porcine liver. Isolation of a dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase fragment from the multifunctional enzyme. Tryptic digestion of a multifunctional enzyme from porcine liver containing methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.5), methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate 5-hydrolase, EC 3.5.4.9) and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase, EC 6.3.4.3) activities destroys the synthetase. A fragment containing both dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities has been isolated by affinity chromatography on an NADP+-Sepharose affinity column. The purified fragment is homogeneous on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis where its molecular weight was determined as 33 000 +/- 1200 compared with 100 000 for the undigested protein. The cyclohydrolase activity retains sensitivity to inhibition by NADP+, MgATP and ATP.", "PMID": 562190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4972", "title": "Gangliosides and phospholipids of the membranes from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules.", "content": "The lipid and ganglioside compositions of membranes of chromaffin granules isolated from bovine adrenal medulla have been investigated. The detailed lipid analysis revealed the presence of high levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, in agreement with previous studies, but also of sphingomyelin and plasmalogens. From these membranes, gangliosides have been extracted and separated by thin-layer chromatography and analysed. 95% of the total recovered gangliosides were hematosides (GM3), which migrated as three major species. Sugar analyses have been performed, as well as the fatty acid compositions. The three hematoside gangliosides appeared to differ on the basis of their fatty acid composition. Compared with the brain, chromaffin granule membranes showed a simple ganglioside composition, thus offering a good model for the study of the metabolism and the role of gangliosides. The simple ganglioside composition of chromaffin granule membranes has allowed us to state that there are 60 mol phospholipid and 30 mol cholesterol per mol ganglioside.", "contents": "Gangliosides and phospholipids of the membranes from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. The lipid and ganglioside compositions of membranes of chromaffin granules isolated from bovine adrenal medulla have been investigated. The detailed lipid analysis revealed the presence of high levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, in agreement with previous studies, but also of sphingomyelin and plasmalogens. From these membranes, gangliosides have been extracted and separated by thin-layer chromatography and analysed. 95% of the total recovered gangliosides were hematosides (GM3), which migrated as three major species. Sugar analyses have been performed, as well as the fatty acid compositions. The three hematoside gangliosides appeared to differ on the basis of their fatty acid composition. Compared with the brain, chromaffin granule membranes showed a simple ganglioside composition, thus offering a good model for the study of the metabolism and the role of gangliosides. The simple ganglioside composition of chromaffin granule membranes has allowed us to state that there are 60 mol phospholipid and 30 mol cholesterol per mol ganglioside.", "PMID": 562192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4973", "title": "The effect of calcium ion on the urea denaturation of immobilized bovine trypsin.", "content": "The effect of calcium ion on the urea denaturation of trypsin has been investigated. By using trypsin immobilized on glass beads, all possibilities of autolysis occurring during the denaturation process are eliminated. It was found that in 8 M urea calcium ion markedly decreases the denaturation rate of the immobilized trypsin. Conversely, the presence of calcium ion markedly accelerates the rate of renaturation of denatured immobilized trypsin. Calcium may exert its stabilizing effect on the tertiary structure of the protein by coordination to the side chains of Asp 194, Ser 190 and the carbonyl group of Ser 139 (using the chymotryptic numbering system).", "contents": "The effect of calcium ion on the urea denaturation of immobilized bovine trypsin. The effect of calcium ion on the urea denaturation of trypsin has been investigated. By using trypsin immobilized on glass beads, all possibilities of autolysis occurring during the denaturation process are eliminated. It was found that in 8 M urea calcium ion markedly decreases the denaturation rate of the immobilized trypsin. Conversely, the presence of calcium ion markedly accelerates the rate of renaturation of denatured immobilized trypsin. Calcium may exert its stabilizing effect on the tertiary structure of the protein by coordination to the side chains of Asp 194, Ser 190 and the carbonyl group of Ser 139 (using the chymotryptic numbering system).", "PMID": 562193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4974", "title": "Effect of temperature on dynamic viscoelasticity during the clotting reaction of fibrin.", "content": "The dynamic rigidity and loss moduli for fibrinogen-thrombin solution were determined during clotting in the temperature range between 15 and 45 degrees C. The rigidity of fibrin gel decreased with increasing clotting temperature, owing to the dissociation of cross-links. The rate constant of the dissociation of cross-links increased with increasing temperature. The rate constant of the cross-linking reaction increased and then decreased through a maximum with increasing temperature. It is explained by assuming that denaturation of fibrin occurs at high temperature. The irreversible denaturation becomes appreciable at high ionic strength. The activation energy and the enthalpy change for the cross-linking reaction of fibrin is about 35 and 15 kcal/mol, respectively. The enthalpy change for the reversible denaturation is about 46 kcal/mol.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on dynamic viscoelasticity during the clotting reaction of fibrin. The dynamic rigidity and loss moduli for fibrinogen-thrombin solution were determined during clotting in the temperature range between 15 and 45 degrees C. The rigidity of fibrin gel decreased with increasing clotting temperature, owing to the dissociation of cross-links. The rate constant of the dissociation of cross-links increased with increasing temperature. The rate constant of the cross-linking reaction increased and then decreased through a maximum with increasing temperature. It is explained by assuming that denaturation of fibrin occurs at high temperature. The irreversible denaturation becomes appreciable at high ionic strength. The activation energy and the enthalpy change for the cross-linking reaction of fibrin is about 35 and 15 kcal/mol, respectively. The enthalpy change for the reversible denaturation is about 46 kcal/mol.", "PMID": 562194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4975", "title": "[Structural characteristics (reassociation and melting kinetics) of kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia oncopelti].", "content": "A highly purified associate of kinetoplast DNA is isolated from C. oncopelti, and its physico-chemical properties are studied. Both native associate and its ultrasonic fragments are found to have a complex character of melting. 5-6 melting zones (3 of them being the main) are found on the melting curve. Analysis of reassociation kinetics of sonicated associate of kinetoplast DNA has revealed the presence of at least two components: fast reassociating component (65-70% of complex DNA), which reassociation kinetics is equivalent to the unique sequence with molecular weight of 2.3. - 10(6) daltons, and slow reassotiating component (15% of complex DNA), having reassociation kinetics equivalent to unique sequence of 26 - 10(6) daltons. The data obtained suggest that complex associate of kinetoplast DNA is heterogenous for its nucleotide sequence and base composition.", "contents": "[Structural characteristics (reassociation and melting kinetics) of kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia oncopelti]. A highly purified associate of kinetoplast DNA is isolated from C. oncopelti, and its physico-chemical properties are studied. Both native associate and its ultrasonic fragments are found to have a complex character of melting. 5-6 melting zones (3 of them being the main) are found on the melting curve. Analysis of reassociation kinetics of sonicated associate of kinetoplast DNA has revealed the presence of at least two components: fast reassociating component (65-70% of complex DNA), which reassociation kinetics is equivalent to the unique sequence with molecular weight of 2.3. - 10(6) daltons, and slow reassotiating component (15% of complex DNA), having reassociation kinetics equivalent to unique sequence of 26 - 10(6) daltons. The data obtained suggest that complex associate of kinetoplast DNA is heterogenous for its nucleotide sequence and base composition.", "PMID": 562195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4976", "title": "[Use of N-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine p-nitroanilide and hirudin for the detection of enzymatic activity under prothrombin acylation by citraconic anhydride].", "content": "Acylation of bovine prothrombin by cytraconic anhydride results in the formation of the thrombin active site, which provides the degradation of highly specific thrombin substrate, N-bensoyl-Phe-Val-Arg p-nitroanilide. This reaction is inhibited with hirudin, highly specific thrombin inhibitor.", "contents": "[Use of N-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine p-nitroanilide and hirudin for the detection of enzymatic activity under prothrombin acylation by citraconic anhydride]. Acylation of bovine prothrombin by cytraconic anhydride results in the formation of the thrombin active site, which provides the degradation of highly specific thrombin substrate, N-bensoyl-Phe-Val-Arg p-nitroanilide. This reaction is inhibited with hirudin, highly specific thrombin inhibitor.", "PMID": 562196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4977", "title": "[Application of nitrocellulose Nitrocell S for preparation of mouse globin mRNA].", "content": "Two methods of chromatography were applied and compared to purify individual mRNA for mouse globin. In one case commercial product Nitrocell S was used, in another affinity chromatography on oligo-dT-cellulose was applied. Translation of purified mRNA was performed in the heterological wheat germ system in vitro. Products of translation were identified as alpha- and beta-chains of mouse globin. The data obtained permits us to recommend Nitrocell S as efficient and cheap chromatographic material for purifing poly-A-containing RNA.", "contents": "[Application of nitrocellulose Nitrocell S for preparation of mouse globin mRNA]. Two methods of chromatography were applied and compared to purify individual mRNA for mouse globin. In one case commercial product Nitrocell S was used, in another affinity chromatography on oligo-dT-cellulose was applied. Translation of purified mRNA was performed in the heterological wheat germ system in vitro. Products of translation were identified as alpha- and beta-chains of mouse globin. The data obtained permits us to recommend Nitrocell S as efficient and cheap chromatographic material for purifing poly-A-containing RNA.", "PMID": 562197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4978", "title": "Insulin antagonism of dexamethasone-induced increase or argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase activities in cultured fetal rat liver.", "content": "In fetal rat liver explants maintained in organ culture, the addition of dexamethasone (4.6 X 10(-6)M) produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in the activity of argininosuccinate synthetase and in argininosuccinate lyase after 24 and 48 h of incubation. Insulin (1.8 X 10(-6)M) alone had no effect on the enzyme activities, but when incubated together with dexamethasone, it abolished the dexamethasone-induced increase of argininosuccinate synthetase and inhibited the argininosuccinate lyase activity by 80%, at 24 h. At 48 h, the inhibition of both enzyme activities was 68%. The antagonistic effect of insulin on the dexamethasone action is discussed in relation to the mechanism of perinatal enzyme induction. Hyperinsulinemia may interfere with the development of enzyme systems during the perinatal period. This could have relevance in the care of infants of diabetic mothers.", "contents": "Insulin antagonism of dexamethasone-induced increase or argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase activities in cultured fetal rat liver. In fetal rat liver explants maintained in organ culture, the addition of dexamethasone (4.6 X 10(-6)M) produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in the activity of argininosuccinate synthetase and in argininosuccinate lyase after 24 and 48 h of incubation. Insulin (1.8 X 10(-6)M) alone had no effect on the enzyme activities, but when incubated together with dexamethasone, it abolished the dexamethasone-induced increase of argininosuccinate synthetase and inhibited the argininosuccinate lyase activity by 80%, at 24 h. At 48 h, the inhibition of both enzyme activities was 68%. The antagonistic effect of insulin on the dexamethasone action is discussed in relation to the mechanism of perinatal enzyme induction. Hyperinsulinemia may interfere with the development of enzyme systems during the perinatal period. This could have relevance in the care of infants of diabetic mothers.", "PMID": 562198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4979", "title": "High maternal serum alkaline phosphatase as an index of meconial amniotic fluid.", "content": "High level of maternal serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) (above 4 Bessey-Lowry units) was found to be indicative of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AF). Simultaneous maternal serum AP and AF AP were measured in two groups: group A, the study group (78 cases), parturients with meconium-stained AF, and group B (29 cases), the control group, parturients with clear AF. A positive significant correlation was found between the level of AP in the AF and the level of AP in the parturient's serum, when meconium was present. It is our feeling that the high level of AP in the maternal serum is due to transfer of heat-labile AP from the meconium-stained AF, meconium being rich in AP. The mechanism has as yet to be elucidated.", "contents": "High maternal serum alkaline phosphatase as an index of meconial amniotic fluid. High level of maternal serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) (above 4 Bessey-Lowry units) was found to be indicative of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AF). Simultaneous maternal serum AP and AF AP were measured in two groups: group A, the study group (78 cases), parturients with meconium-stained AF, and group B (29 cases), the control group, parturients with clear AF. A positive significant correlation was found between the level of AP in the AF and the level of AP in the parturient's serum, when meconium was present. It is our feeling that the high level of AP in the maternal serum is due to transfer of heat-labile AP from the meconium-stained AF, meconium being rich in AP. The mechanism has as yet to be elucidated.", "PMID": 562199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4980", "title": "[Modeling neuropathologic syndromes by creating generators of pathologically enhanced excitation in the hypothalamus of rabbits].", "content": "In the experiments on free behavior rabbits, tetanus toxin was injected into \"pacemaker\" motivational emotiogenic regions of the hypothalamus to form generators of pathologically enhanced excitation; this produced stable, long-term disorders in motivational-emotional behavior. The changes were manifested by intensification of the feeding behavior activity, including increase of the \"secondary motivational reactions\", intensification of the motor activity, excessive number of automatic masticatory movements, appearance of aggression, fear reaction and corresponding vegetative changes. The character of these reactions depended on the site of the toxin administration and on its dose. Formation of long-term generators of the pathologically enhanced excitation in the \"pacemaker\" motivational-emotiogenic centers of the hypothalamus by tetanus toxin can be used the modelling of psychopathological states in animals. The data obtained on the new model have confirmed the theory of generative mechanisms of neuropathological syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of the systems.", "contents": "[Modeling neuropathologic syndromes by creating generators of pathologically enhanced excitation in the hypothalamus of rabbits]. In the experiments on free behavior rabbits, tetanus toxin was injected into \"pacemaker\" motivational emotiogenic regions of the hypothalamus to form generators of pathologically enhanced excitation; this produced stable, long-term disorders in motivational-emotional behavior. The changes were manifested by intensification of the feeding behavior activity, including increase of the \"secondary motivational reactions\", intensification of the motor activity, excessive number of automatic masticatory movements, appearance of aggression, fear reaction and corresponding vegetative changes. The character of these reactions depended on the site of the toxin administration and on its dose. Formation of long-term generators of the pathologically enhanced excitation in the \"pacemaker\" motivational-emotiogenic centers of the hypothalamus by tetanus toxin can be used the modelling of psychopathological states in animals. The data obtained on the new model have confirmed the theory of generative mechanisms of neuropathological syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of the systems.", "PMID": 562202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4981", "title": "[Influence of intrauterine hypoxia on protein synthesis in different regions of the brain and on functioning of the histo-hematic barrier during late ontogenesis in rats].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on sexually mature rats subjected to acute hypoxia at a definite antenatal period. The penetration of six labeled amino acids into the tissue of different regions of the brain and their incorporation into proteins was studied. Inhibition of protein synthesis especially in the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex was characteristic of the experimental animals; these findings correlated with disturbances of the conditioned reflex activity. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier for labeled amino acids and radioactive phosphorus was found in the experimental animals; as to the permeability of other histohematic barriers -- it was unchanged.", "contents": "[Influence of intrauterine hypoxia on protein synthesis in different regions of the brain and on functioning of the histo-hematic barrier during late ontogenesis in rats]. Experiments were conducted on sexually mature rats subjected to acute hypoxia at a definite antenatal period. The penetration of six labeled amino acids into the tissue of different regions of the brain and their incorporation into proteins was studied. Inhibition of protein synthesis especially in the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex was characteristic of the experimental animals; these findings correlated with disturbances of the conditioned reflex activity. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier for labeled amino acids and radioactive phosphorus was found in the experimental animals; as to the permeability of other histohematic barriers -- it was unchanged.", "PMID": 562203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4982", "title": "[Allergic reactions of pulsating cardiac cells in culture].", "content": "The authors describe a method of cultivation and growth peculiarities in a culture of beating cells of the human embryo heart. The influence of homologous anticardiac antibodies and of the ambrosia allergen antiambrosia antibody complex on the contracting cells of the heart of chick and duck embryos was studied in a culture. Pulsation of the cardiac cells was delayed and weakened under the effect of these factors; their vacuolization developed.", "contents": "[Allergic reactions of pulsating cardiac cells in culture]. The authors describe a method of cultivation and growth peculiarities in a culture of beating cells of the human embryo heart. The influence of homologous anticardiac antibodies and of the ambrosia allergen antiambrosia antibody complex on the contracting cells of the heart of chick and duck embryos was studied in a culture. Pulsation of the cardiac cells was delayed and weakened under the effect of these factors; their vacuolization developed.", "PMID": 562204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4983", "title": "[Rate of development of immunologic memory and features of the secondary immune response in mice of high and low-reacting strains].", "content": "Immunological memory to sheep red blood cells developed in mice of strain CBA, DBA/2, and hybrids (CBAXXC57BL/6) F1 24 hours after the administration of a low dose of the antigen, and in C57BL/6 mice -- in 48 hours. The level of the secondary immune response in CBA, C57BL/6, and hybrid F1 mice was much greater than in the DBA/2 mice. The maximal production of the antibody-forming cells in the spleen of CBA mice occurred after twofold administration of low antigen doses. In contrast to this, repeated administration of a high antigen dose is required to obtain a marked immune response in adoptive transfer of spleen cells of the C57BL/6 strain.", "contents": "[Rate of development of immunologic memory and features of the secondary immune response in mice of high and low-reacting strains]. Immunological memory to sheep red blood cells developed in mice of strain CBA, DBA/2, and hybrids (CBAXXC57BL/6) F1 24 hours after the administration of a low dose of the antigen, and in C57BL/6 mice -- in 48 hours. The level of the secondary immune response in CBA, C57BL/6, and hybrid F1 mice was much greater than in the DBA/2 mice. The maximal production of the antibody-forming cells in the spleen of CBA mice occurred after twofold administration of low antigen doses. In contrast to this, repeated administration of a high antigen dose is required to obtain a marked immune response in adoptive transfer of spleen cells of the C57BL/6 strain.", "PMID": 562205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4984", "title": "[Disorders in the adrenergic innervation of the stomachs of rats with stable regulation of cardiovascular function in the presence of emotional stress].", "content": "Changes of arterial pressure and of the frequency of cardiac contractions were analyzed in Wistar rats under acute immobilization stress; stability of the cardiovascular functions under emotional stress was revealed. An increased sensitivity of the adrenergic component of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the stomach that caused the development of its dystrophic processes was observed. Emotional stress proved to be accompanied by phasic dynamics of disorders in the adrenergic innervation: mobilization in the adrenergic innervation was followed by its exhaustion.", "contents": "[Disorders in the adrenergic innervation of the stomachs of rats with stable regulation of cardiovascular function in the presence of emotional stress]. Changes of arterial pressure and of the frequency of cardiac contractions were analyzed in Wistar rats under acute immobilization stress; stability of the cardiovascular functions under emotional stress was revealed. An increased sensitivity of the adrenergic component of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the stomach that caused the development of its dystrophic processes was observed. Emotional stress proved to be accompanied by phasic dynamics of disorders in the adrenergic innervation: mobilization in the adrenergic innervation was followed by its exhaustion.", "PMID": 562206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4985", "title": "[Influence of several factors on the formation of immunologic memory].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mice with the use of sheep erythrocytes as an antigen; the level of the secondary immune response of the spleen (in situ) cells or in adoptive transfer was in reverse relationship to the dose of erythrocytes used for primary immunization. Cyclophosphamide administered to the animals together with the antigen proved to stimulate the immune reaction of mice to the repeated erythrocyte administration; this occurred only in case of using comparatively high antigen doses for the priming. The mechanisms of the phenomenon described are discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of several factors on the formation of immunologic memory]. Experiments were conducted on mice with the use of sheep erythrocytes as an antigen; the level of the secondary immune response of the spleen (in situ) cells or in adoptive transfer was in reverse relationship to the dose of erythrocytes used for primary immunization. Cyclophosphamide administered to the animals together with the antigen proved to stimulate the immune reaction of mice to the repeated erythrocyte administration; this occurred only in case of using comparatively high antigen doses for the priming. The mechanisms of the phenomenon described are discussed.", "PMID": 562207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4986", "title": "[Sensitivity of embryonal lungs of mice, rats and humans to exposure to nitrosomethylurea in organ cultures].", "content": "With the direct action of nitrosomethylurea (NMU) in a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml on the organic cultures of the embryonic lung of mice of the A line, Wistar rats and man they developed a different degree of degenerative changes and hyperplastic epithelial proliferates. A toxic effect prevailed in the cultures at the initial experimental periods. The most sensitive to the toxic action of NMU was the lung tissue of rat embryos, and the least--of mice. The incidence of hyperplastic proliferates was, on the contrary, the greatest in the cultures of mouse lungs, and the least--of rat lungs. The sensitivity of the embryonic lungs of the man and rodents to the toxic action of NMU in repeated administration into the nutrient medium diminished during the cultivation. There was an increase of survival of the experimental cultures in comparison with the intact control.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of embryonal lungs of mice, rats and humans to exposure to nitrosomethylurea in organ cultures]. With the direct action of nitrosomethylurea (NMU) in a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml on the organic cultures of the embryonic lung of mice of the A line, Wistar rats and man they developed a different degree of degenerative changes and hyperplastic epithelial proliferates. A toxic effect prevailed in the cultures at the initial experimental periods. The most sensitive to the toxic action of NMU was the lung tissue of rat embryos, and the least--of mice. The incidence of hyperplastic proliferates was, on the contrary, the greatest in the cultures of mouse lungs, and the least--of rat lungs. The sensitivity of the embryonic lungs of the man and rodents to the toxic action of NMU in repeated administration into the nutrient medium diminished during the cultivation. There was an increase of survival of the experimental cultures in comparison with the intact control.", "PMID": 562208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4987", "title": "[Duration of mitosis in the corneal epithelium and spleen cells of mice with leukemia La].", "content": "Mitotic fluctuations during 24 hours and duration of motoses were studied in the corneal epithelium and in the leukemic-La spleen cells of mice. The existence of correlative changes between the mitotic index and the duration of mitosis in the course of 24 hours was revealed. It is supposed that a more rapid course of mitosis in the intensively proliferating tissues and a slower one in the tissues with a low proliferative capacity served as a reflection of general regularity.", "contents": "[Duration of mitosis in the corneal epithelium and spleen cells of mice with leukemia La]. Mitotic fluctuations during 24 hours and duration of motoses were studied in the corneal epithelium and in the leukemic-La spleen cells of mice. The existence of correlative changes between the mitotic index and the duration of mitosis in the course of 24 hours was revealed. It is supposed that a more rapid course of mitosis in the intensively proliferating tissues and a slower one in the tissues with a low proliferative capacity served as a reflection of general regularity.", "PMID": 562209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4988", "title": "Sex hormone binding globulin in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) was measured in 130 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Its level is raised in patients treated with oestrogen and it is possible that this may be of prognostic significance. The possible relevance of SHBG in oestrogen-treated patients is discussed.", "contents": "Sex hormone binding globulin in carcinoma of the prostate. Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) was measured in 130 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Its level is raised in patients treated with oestrogen and it is possible that this may be of prognostic significance. The possible relevance of SHBG in oestrogen-treated patients is discussed.", "PMID": 562212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4989", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the liver in Great Britain, 1963-73.", "content": "Deaths attributed to primary angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL) in Great Britain between 1963-73 were reviewed by submitting available histological material to a panel of histopathologists and by obtaining full occupational and residential histories for the cases agreed as ASL by the panel. On average four recorded cases of ASL occurred a year, but in only one-third of the cases submitted did the panel agree with the original diagnosis. Only one of the agreed cases could be confidently associated with exposure to vinyl chloride.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the liver in Great Britain, 1963-73. Deaths attributed to primary angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL) in Great Britain between 1963-73 were reviewed by submitting available histological material to a panel of histopathologists and by obtaining full occupational and residential histories for the cases agreed as ASL by the panel. On average four recorded cases of ASL occurred a year, but in only one-third of the cases submitted did the panel agree with the original diagnosis. Only one of the agreed cases could be confidently associated with exposure to vinyl chloride.", "PMID": 562215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4990", "title": "Changes in distribution of gestational age and birth weight among firstborn infants of Cardiff residents.", "content": "We studied data on firstborn singleton infants born to primiparous Cardiff residents during the decade 1965-1974. Both mean birth weight and gestational age at delivery fell appreciably during 1965-74. Changes in maternal age, height, smoking habits, or history of abortion did not explain these findings. The increased proportion of infants weighing less than 2500 g may be explained by the overall reduction in gestational age at delivery, which, in turn, may have resulted from increased use of elective delivery during the second quinquennium.", "contents": "Changes in distribution of gestational age and birth weight among firstborn infants of Cardiff residents. We studied data on firstborn singleton infants born to primiparous Cardiff residents during the decade 1965-1974. Both mean birth weight and gestational age at delivery fell appreciably during 1965-74. Changes in maternal age, height, smoking habits, or history of abortion did not explain these findings. The increased proportion of infants weighing less than 2500 g may be explained by the overall reduction in gestational age at delivery, which, in turn, may have resulted from increased use of elective delivery during the second quinquennium.", "PMID": 562216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4991", "title": "Dose-response relationships in attenuation of puromycin-induced amnesia by neurohypophyseal peptides.", "content": "Intracerebral injections of puromycin one day after training of mice in a Y-maze cause amnesia when the animals are tested 7 days later. This amnesia was shown to be attenuated by various neurohypophyseal hormones, analogs and fragments, administered subcutaneously immediately after training. Dose-response relationships have been obtained for the attenuation of puromycin-induced amnesia in mice by selected neurohypophyseal peptides. All of the compounds tested reduce the amnesia in a dose-related way, suggesting that these peptides may interact with specific receptors to induce their central effect. Among the peptides studied the two most potent--i.e., those that cause substantial retention of memory at the lowest doses--are the neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin and Z-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (Z-MIF).", "contents": "Dose-response relationships in attenuation of puromycin-induced amnesia by neurohypophyseal peptides. Intracerebral injections of puromycin one day after training of mice in a Y-maze cause amnesia when the animals are tested 7 days later. This amnesia was shown to be attenuated by various neurohypophyseal hormones, analogs and fragments, administered subcutaneously immediately after training. Dose-response relationships have been obtained for the attenuation of puromycin-induced amnesia in mice by selected neurohypophyseal peptides. All of the compounds tested reduce the amnesia in a dose-related way, suggesting that these peptides may interact with specific receptors to induce their central effect. Among the peptides studied the two most potent--i.e., those that cause substantial retention of memory at the lowest doses--are the neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin and Z-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (Z-MIF).", "PMID": 562219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4992", "title": "Modifications in gonadotropin control and reproductive behavior in the female rat by hypothalamic and preoptic lesions.", "content": "Effects of small hypothalamic and preoptic area lesions on vaginal cyclicity, ovulation and ovarian weights of female rats were examined. Animals were then gonadectomized and tested for lordosis behavior following injections of estrogen alone and estrogen plus progesterone. Male sex behavior was also measured during daily treatment with testosterone. Relative to sham operated rats, lesions in the dorsal preoptic area produced a significant increase in lordosis behavior, virtual elimination of male sex behavior, and only marginal effects on ovarian function. Animals with lesions in the ventral preoptic area showed constant vaginal cornification, lack of ovulation and significantly smaller ovaries than the other groups. These rats also tended to show more female sex behavior and less male sex behavior than sham operated rats. Animals with lesions in the anterior hypothalamus and dorsomedial hypothalamus showed normal ovarian function and levels of female and male sex behavior comparable to the ventral preoptic lesioned rats. Animals with lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus tended to show lower levels of lordosis behavior than sham animals but displayed a dramatic and significant increase in male copulatory behavior relative to the other groups. These data indicate a clear dissociation between the neural control of cyclic gonadotropin activity and sex specific reproductive behavior.", "contents": "Modifications in gonadotropin control and reproductive behavior in the female rat by hypothalamic and preoptic lesions. Effects of small hypothalamic and preoptic area lesions on vaginal cyclicity, ovulation and ovarian weights of female rats were examined. Animals were then gonadectomized and tested for lordosis behavior following injections of estrogen alone and estrogen plus progesterone. Male sex behavior was also measured during daily treatment with testosterone. Relative to sham operated rats, lesions in the dorsal preoptic area produced a significant increase in lordosis behavior, virtual elimination of male sex behavior, and only marginal effects on ovarian function. Animals with lesions in the ventral preoptic area showed constant vaginal cornification, lack of ovulation and significantly smaller ovaries than the other groups. These rats also tended to show more female sex behavior and less male sex behavior than sham operated rats. Animals with lesions in the anterior hypothalamus and dorsomedial hypothalamus showed normal ovarian function and levels of female and male sex behavior comparable to the ventral preoptic lesioned rats. Animals with lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus tended to show lower levels of lordosis behavior than sham animals but displayed a dramatic and significant increase in male copulatory behavior relative to the other groups. These data indicate a clear dissociation between the neural control of cyclic gonadotropin activity and sex specific reproductive behavior.", "PMID": 562221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4993", "title": "The binding site of skeletal alpha-tropomyosin on troponin-T.", "content": "The binding site for rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin on troponin-T has been localized to the cyanogen bromide fragment, CB2 (residues 71-151), using affinity chromatography. The entire fragment is required to bring about the correct secondary structure conducive to binding. CB2 contains about 80% alpha-helix and accounts for most of the helical content found in troponin-T (35%). The molecular weight of CB2 obtained by sedimentation equilibrium (9700) agrees closely with the value calculated from sequence analysis (9850). Circular dichroism and sedimentation velocity experiments indicate that the helix is stable and not affected by salt concentrations of 0.1 to 1.6 M KCl nor by composition of the buffer. The helical content is unaffected by pH from 3.3 to 9.1 but decreases at pH 10-11. Temperature denaturation studies CB2 and troponin-T show that both are similarly heat labile, with loss of 50% of the ellipticity at 39 degrees C. Binding of CB2 to alpha-tropomyosin occurs in the pH range of 5.0 to 9.1, but not at pH 3-4 or 10-11. It is concluded that the helical region of CB2, and perhaps the carboxyl side chains of aspartic and glutamic acids, may be involved in binding over a limited surface area of the double-stranded coiled coil of alpha-tropomyosin.", "contents": "The binding site of skeletal alpha-tropomyosin on troponin-T. The binding site for rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin on troponin-T has been localized to the cyanogen bromide fragment, CB2 (residues 71-151), using affinity chromatography. The entire fragment is required to bring about the correct secondary structure conducive to binding. CB2 contains about 80% alpha-helix and accounts for most of the helical content found in troponin-T (35%). The molecular weight of CB2 obtained by sedimentation equilibrium (9700) agrees closely with the value calculated from sequence analysis (9850). Circular dichroism and sedimentation velocity experiments indicate that the helix is stable and not affected by salt concentrations of 0.1 to 1.6 M KCl nor by composition of the buffer. The helical content is unaffected by pH from 3.3 to 9.1 but decreases at pH 10-11. Temperature denaturation studies CB2 and troponin-T show that both are similarly heat labile, with loss of 50% of the ellipticity at 39 degrees C. Binding of CB2 to alpha-tropomyosin occurs in the pH range of 5.0 to 9.1, but not at pH 3-4 or 10-11. It is concluded that the helical region of CB2, and perhaps the carboxyl side chains of aspartic and glutamic acids, may be involved in binding over a limited surface area of the double-stranded coiled coil of alpha-tropomyosin.", "PMID": 562229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4994", "title": "Long-term treatment of Paget's disease of bone with salmon calcitonin.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were treated with synthetic salmon calcitonin for periods of 9 to 42 months (average, 23 months). Serum alkaline phosphatase concentration and urinary hydroxyproline excretion, which had been elevated before treatment, were decreased by calcitonin treatment in all patients, and some decrease was sustained in 23 in association with variable decreases in pain, heat and stiffness of major joints. Improvement was sustained further in approximately half of these patients; the other half had partial return of symptoms. Calcium absorption was increased in 9 of 10 patients studied; the increase did not correlate with plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone. The mean endogenous fecal calcium excretion was decreased significantly but there was no significant change in mean urinary calcium excretion. Mean accretion rate of calcium to bone, studied in 10 patients, was decreased by 35% after 6 months of treatment and by a further 23% 1 year later. There was no consistent effect of calcitonin treatment on bone mineral mass. No serious adverse effects of treatment such as allergic reactions were observed. Calcitonin appears to be effective initially in most patients with Paget's disease of bone, but with long-term treatment resistance may be acquired.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of Paget's disease of bone with salmon calcitonin. Twenty-eight patients with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were treated with synthetic salmon calcitonin for periods of 9 to 42 months (average, 23 months). Serum alkaline phosphatase concentration and urinary hydroxyproline excretion, which had been elevated before treatment, were decreased by calcitonin treatment in all patients, and some decrease was sustained in 23 in association with variable decreases in pain, heat and stiffness of major joints. Improvement was sustained further in approximately half of these patients; the other half had partial return of symptoms. Calcium absorption was increased in 9 of 10 patients studied; the increase did not correlate with plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone. The mean endogenous fecal calcium excretion was decreased significantly but there was no significant change in mean urinary calcium excretion. Mean accretion rate of calcium to bone, studied in 10 patients, was decreased by 35% after 6 months of treatment and by a further 23% 1 year later. There was no consistent effect of calcitonin treatment on bone mineral mass. No serious adverse effects of treatment such as allergic reactions were observed. Calcitonin appears to be effective initially in most patients with Paget's disease of bone, but with long-term treatment resistance may be acquired.", "PMID": 562231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4995", "title": "The structure of unit B-type glycopeptides from porcine thyroglobulin.", "content": "The structure of Unit B-type glycopeptides (monosialo-type and disialo-type) was investigated by Smith degradation, methyllation, and mass spectral analysis. These glycopeptides contain three peripheral sugar chains. Two are composed of D-galactose residues linked at C-6 and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues linked at C-4, and the other is composed of a D-galactose residues linked at C-6, a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues linked at C-4, and a D-mannose residue linked at C-2. Most of these peripheral sugar chains are linked to two inner D-mannose residues which are substituted at C-3 and C-6, and constitute branching points. L-Fucose and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residues are nonreducing terminal groups, and a di-N-acetylchitobiose moiety is linked to an asparagine residue in the peptide moiety. By methylation analysis of the oligosaccharide obtained by hydrazinolysis of the disialoglycopeptide, the L-fucose residues was found to be linked to C-6 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residue linked to the asparagine residue. From these results, and from the previously reported data on the sugar sequence and the anomeric configurations of the linkages between sugar residues, structures for these glycopeptides are proposed.", "contents": "The structure of unit B-type glycopeptides from porcine thyroglobulin. The structure of Unit B-type glycopeptides (monosialo-type and disialo-type) was investigated by Smith degradation, methyllation, and mass spectral analysis. These glycopeptides contain three peripheral sugar chains. Two are composed of D-galactose residues linked at C-6 and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues linked at C-4, and the other is composed of a D-galactose residues linked at C-6, a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues linked at C-4, and a D-mannose residue linked at C-2. Most of these peripheral sugar chains are linked to two inner D-mannose residues which are substituted at C-3 and C-6, and constitute branching points. L-Fucose and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residues are nonreducing terminal groups, and a di-N-acetylchitobiose moiety is linked to an asparagine residue in the peptide moiety. By methylation analysis of the oligosaccharide obtained by hydrazinolysis of the disialoglycopeptide, the L-fucose residues was found to be linked to C-6 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residue linked to the asparagine residue. From these results, and from the previously reported data on the sugar sequence and the anomeric configurations of the linkages between sugar residues, structures for these glycopeptides are proposed.", "PMID": 562233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4996", "title": "Selective release of chromosomal proteins during limited DNAase 1 digestion of avian erythrocyte chromatin.", "content": "Duck erythrocyte chromatin has been treated with DNAase 1 under conditions that are known to digest selectively the structural genes coding for globin mRNAs. This limited digestion releases specific sets of nonhistone chromosomal proteins that are not preferentially released during limited digestion with micrococcal nuclease, which does not selectively attack the globin sequences. Analysis of nucleosome monomer and multimer peaks separated on sucrose gradients after limited digestion with micrococcal nuclease shows that the proteins which are released by DNAase 1 digestion remain associated with the chromatin subunits and can be removed by extraction in 0.5 M NaCl. These proteins are tentatively identified as members of the high mobility group (HMG) proteins (originally described by Goodwin, Sanders and Johns, 1973) in terms of their extractability, electrophoretic characteristics and amino acid composition.", "contents": "Selective release of chromosomal proteins during limited DNAase 1 digestion of avian erythrocyte chromatin. Duck erythrocyte chromatin has been treated with DNAase 1 under conditions that are known to digest selectively the structural genes coding for globin mRNAs. This limited digestion releases specific sets of nonhistone chromosomal proteins that are not preferentially released during limited digestion with micrococcal nuclease, which does not selectively attack the globin sequences. Analysis of nucleosome monomer and multimer peaks separated on sucrose gradients after limited digestion with micrococcal nuclease shows that the proteins which are released by DNAase 1 digestion remain associated with the chromatin subunits and can be removed by extraction in 0.5 M NaCl. These proteins are tentatively identified as members of the high mobility group (HMG) proteins (originally described by Goodwin, Sanders and Johns, 1973) in terms of their extractability, electrophoretic characteristics and amino acid composition.", "PMID": 562236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4997", "title": "The genes and mRNA coding for the heavy chains of chick embryonic skeletal myosin.", "content": "A size class of polysomes was isolated from chick embryonic leg skeletal muscle which synthesized almost exclusively a polypeptide chain with a molecular weight identical to the myosin heavy chain. The mRNA purified from these polysomes was shown to synthesize the 200,000 dalton polypeptide in the wheat germ cell-free translation system. At least 90% of the polypeptide had properties similar to the myosin heavy chain. Isoelectric focusing indicated that the myosin heavy chain synthesized in vitro contained two chains in equal amounts, as did purified embryonic leg skeletal muscle myosin. The kinetics of hybridization of the complementary DNA with an excess of the myosin heavy chain mRNA (MHC mRNA) indicated the presence of two different mRNA sequences. Reassociation of the cDNA to an excess of the DNA of the genome suggest that there is little, if any, reiteration of the myosin heavy chain genes.", "contents": "The genes and mRNA coding for the heavy chains of chick embryonic skeletal myosin. A size class of polysomes was isolated from chick embryonic leg skeletal muscle which synthesized almost exclusively a polypeptide chain with a molecular weight identical to the myosin heavy chain. The mRNA purified from these polysomes was shown to synthesize the 200,000 dalton polypeptide in the wheat germ cell-free translation system. At least 90% of the polypeptide had properties similar to the myosin heavy chain. Isoelectric focusing indicated that the myosin heavy chain synthesized in vitro contained two chains in equal amounts, as did purified embryonic leg skeletal muscle myosin. The kinetics of hybridization of the complementary DNA with an excess of the myosin heavy chain mRNA (MHC mRNA) indicated the presence of two different mRNA sequences. Reassociation of the cDNA to an excess of the DNA of the genome suggest that there is little, if any, reiteration of the myosin heavy chain genes.", "PMID": 562237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4998", "title": "Hemodynamic results of aortic valvular replacement with the porcine xenograft valve.", "content": "Twenty-three patients were evaluated by cardiac catheterization two to 12 months following aortic valve replacement with the porcine xenograft valve. These hemodynamic studies established a mean peak-to-peak systolic gradient across the prosthesis of 23 mm Hg with a range of 6-58 mm Hg. The mean effective orifice area was calculated to be 1.25 cm2. The effective orifice area increased with increasing valve size from 0.99 cm2 for the 19 mm prosthesis to 1.44 cm2 for the 25 mm prosthesis. While in general the hemodynamics of the porcine xenograft valve are comparable to other available prostheses, the exceedingly small orifice areas (0.99 cm2 and 1.03 cm2) calculated for the 19 mm and 21 mm prostheses render their use inadvisable.", "contents": "Hemodynamic results of aortic valvular replacement with the porcine xenograft valve. Twenty-three patients were evaluated by cardiac catheterization two to 12 months following aortic valve replacement with the porcine xenograft valve. These hemodynamic studies established a mean peak-to-peak systolic gradient across the prosthesis of 23 mm Hg with a range of 6-58 mm Hg. The mean effective orifice area was calculated to be 1.25 cm2. The effective orifice area increased with increasing valve size from 0.99 cm2 for the 19 mm prosthesis to 1.44 cm2 for the 25 mm prosthesis. While in general the hemodynamics of the porcine xenograft valve are comparable to other available prostheses, the exceedingly small orifice areas (0.99 cm2 and 1.03 cm2) calculated for the 19 mm and 21 mm prostheses render their use inadvisable.", "PMID": 562239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_4999", "title": "Estimation of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) in human plasma and tissue by a specific radioimmunoassay and the immunohistochemical identification of pancreozymin-producing cells in the duodenum of humans.", "content": "A reliable, sensitive, reproducible and specific radioimmunoassay for cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) has been developed, using rabbit antisera to highly purified porcine hormone. The natural occurring variant of CCK (39-CCK), in which the ordinary CCK is lengthened from its N-terminus by a hexapeptide, labelled with 125J, and repurified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-10 and on SP-Sephadex C-25, was used as tracer. Separation from antibody-bound labelled 39-CCK was carried out using a double antibody procedure. Non-specific interference with the assay system was abolished by ethanol extractions. Highly purified porcine CCK was used as standard. No significant crossreaction was found with gastrin, motilin, vasoactive polypeptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), natural and synthetic secretin, pancreatic glucagon or insulin. The sensitivity of the assay is approximately 40 pg/ml of test solution. The mean immunoreactive CCK concentration in 45 fasting normal subjects was 222 pg/ml increasing after food ingestion to 480 pg/ml. Somatostatin was able to abolish the stimulated CCK release. Elevated CCK concentrations were found in chronic pancreatitis. Immunohistochemical identification of pancreozymin cells was carried out either in surgical samples or in biopsy material. Approximately 1650 CCK cells per cross-section in the duodenum of humans have been found. The CCK cells usually appeared elongated, oval or pyramidal in shape and were observed to reach the lumen with their apical cell pole.", "contents": "Estimation of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) in human plasma and tissue by a specific radioimmunoassay and the immunohistochemical identification of pancreozymin-producing cells in the duodenum of humans. A reliable, sensitive, reproducible and specific radioimmunoassay for cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) has been developed, using rabbit antisera to highly purified porcine hormone. The natural occurring variant of CCK (39-CCK), in which the ordinary CCK is lengthened from its N-terminus by a hexapeptide, labelled with 125J, and repurified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-10 and on SP-Sephadex C-25, was used as tracer. Separation from antibody-bound labelled 39-CCK was carried out using a double antibody procedure. Non-specific interference with the assay system was abolished by ethanol extractions. Highly purified porcine CCK was used as standard. No significant crossreaction was found with gastrin, motilin, vasoactive polypeptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), natural and synthetic secretin, pancreatic glucagon or insulin. The sensitivity of the assay is approximately 40 pg/ml of test solution. The mean immunoreactive CCK concentration in 45 fasting normal subjects was 222 pg/ml increasing after food ingestion to 480 pg/ml. Somatostatin was able to abolish the stimulated CCK release. Elevated CCK concentrations were found in chronic pancreatitis. Immunohistochemical identification of pancreozymin cells was carried out either in surgical samples or in biopsy material. Approximately 1650 CCK cells per cross-section in the duodenum of humans have been found. The CCK cells usually appeared elongated, oval or pyramidal in shape and were observed to reach the lumen with their apical cell pole.", "PMID": 562241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5000", "title": "Lipoperoxide level of the retina of chick embryo exposed to high concentration of oxygen.", "content": "To approach the mechanism of degeneration of the retina in retinopathy of prematurity, a model experiment using chick embryo was carried out. Upon exposing chick embryo at various stages to a high concentration of oxygen at 2 atm pressure, lipoperoxide levels of both the blood and the retina were elevated. The change in lipoperoxide level of the liver was not significant, except for a slight increase at the 9th day of incubation. Upon exposing chick embryo of the 14th day to high concentration of oxygen at ambient pressure, lipoperoxide levels of both the blood and the retina were elevated at 6 h and 12 h of exposure, but significant change was not observed in the lipoperoxide level of the liver.", "contents": "Lipoperoxide level of the retina of chick embryo exposed to high concentration of oxygen. To approach the mechanism of degeneration of the retina in retinopathy of prematurity, a model experiment using chick embryo was carried out. Upon exposing chick embryo at various stages to a high concentration of oxygen at 2 atm pressure, lipoperoxide levels of both the blood and the retina were elevated. The change in lipoperoxide level of the liver was not significant, except for a slight increase at the 9th day of incubation. Upon exposing chick embryo of the 14th day to high concentration of oxygen at ambient pressure, lipoperoxide levels of both the blood and the retina were elevated at 6 h and 12 h of exposure, but significant change was not observed in the lipoperoxide level of the liver.", "PMID": 562242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5001", "title": "A comparison of the community psychology and medical models: teaching attitudes toward deviance to high school students.", "content": "There is increased recognition of the importance of early intervention as part of a comprehensive system of community psychology. Moreover, emphasis on intervention at the system level is recommended to maximize effectiveness. However, in designing early intervention system-related programs, the content of the intervention is a critical, though often ignored, feature. This study compared a traditional medical model content with a community psychology-oriented content in teaching attitudes toward deviance to high school students. Results indicated that the significant changes in attitudes differed markedly between groups exposed to the divergent explanatory models, and that, in general, the community psychology model produced more favorable outcomes.", "contents": "A comparison of the community psychology and medical models: teaching attitudes toward deviance to high school students. There is increased recognition of the importance of early intervention as part of a comprehensive system of community psychology. Moreover, emphasis on intervention at the system level is recommended to maximize effectiveness. However, in designing early intervention system-related programs, the content of the intervention is a critical, though often ignored, feature. This study compared a traditional medical model content with a community psychology-oriented content in teaching attitudes toward deviance to high school students. Results indicated that the significant changes in attitudes differed markedly between groups exposed to the divergent explanatory models, and that, in general, the community psychology model produced more favorable outcomes.", "PMID": 562245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5002", "title": "[Risk to humans through contact with golden hamsters carrying lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 291 persons of all age groups from Cologne or Frankfurt and environs who had been in contact with golden hamsters there were 17 (5.8%) with neutralizing antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), while such antibodies were present in only 5 (2%) of 251 persons without such contact, the difference between antibody rates representing a probability of error of 5% LCM-virus infections caused by golden hamsters occurred also in city dwellers, younger age groups and more females than has been previously the case, confirming an increased risk through contact with pet hamsters. Because of the danger of intra-uterine damage in case of infection, pregnant women had best avoid all contact with hamsters.", "contents": "[Risk to humans through contact with golden hamsters carrying lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (author's transl)]. Among 291 persons of all age groups from Cologne or Frankfurt and environs who had been in contact with golden hamsters there were 17 (5.8%) with neutralizing antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), while such antibodies were present in only 5 (2%) of 251 persons without such contact, the difference between antibody rates representing a probability of error of 5% LCM-virus infections caused by golden hamsters occurred also in city dwellers, younger age groups and more females than has been previously the case, confirming an increased risk through contact with pet hamsters. Because of the danger of intra-uterine damage in case of infection, pregnant women had best avoid all contact with hamsters.", "PMID": 562254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5003", "title": "Effect of ethanol on dopamine synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes.", "content": "We have examined the effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatment and of ethanol withdrawal on dopamine synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes in vitro. Our studies showed that acute exposure to ethanol produces a dose-related decrease in dopamine synthesis in synaptosomes. This effect of acute ethanol treatment is time-dependent, since there is an initial stimulation of dopamine synthesis, which then is followed by a depression of synthesis. Chronic exposure to ethanol in the form of a liquid diet for 2 weeks does not alter dopamine synthesis in striatal synaptosomes. After withdrawal from ethanol, dopamine synthesis in striatal synaptosomes is decreased.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on dopamine synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes. We have examined the effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatment and of ethanol withdrawal on dopamine synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes in vitro. Our studies showed that acute exposure to ethanol produces a dose-related decrease in dopamine synthesis in synaptosomes. This effect of acute ethanol treatment is time-dependent, since there is an initial stimulation of dopamine synthesis, which then is followed by a depression of synthesis. Chronic exposure to ethanol in the form of a liquid diet for 2 weeks does not alter dopamine synthesis in striatal synaptosomes. After withdrawal from ethanol, dopamine synthesis in striatal synaptosomes is decreased.", "PMID": 562249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5004", "title": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine or 5,7-dihydroxy-tryptamine on the development of physical dependence on ethanol.", "content": "Infant rats, treated intracisternally with 6-hydroxydopamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, alone or in combination with desmethylimipramine or pargyline, at 5 to 7 days of age, had significant specific depletions of brain norepinephrine, dopamine, both of these amines, or serotonin at 2.5 months of age. Despite apparent long-term depletions of brain biogenic amines, susceptibility to audiogenically-induced seizures following chronic ethanol withdrawal in these animals was similar to that of controls. Amine-depleted rats also displayed spontaneous withdrawal-induced tremors, spastic motor activity and irritability. The interpretation of these preliminary findings with regard to the proposed role of the biogenic amines in the development of physical dependence on ethanol is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine or 5,7-dihydroxy-tryptamine on the development of physical dependence on ethanol. Infant rats, treated intracisternally with 6-hydroxydopamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, alone or in combination with desmethylimipramine or pargyline, at 5 to 7 days of age, had significant specific depletions of brain norepinephrine, dopamine, both of these amines, or serotonin at 2.5 months of age. Despite apparent long-term depletions of brain biogenic amines, susceptibility to audiogenically-induced seizures following chronic ethanol withdrawal in these animals was similar to that of controls. Amine-depleted rats also displayed spontaneous withdrawal-induced tremors, spastic motor activity and irritability. The interpretation of these preliminary findings with regard to the proposed role of the biogenic amines in the development of physical dependence on ethanol is discussed.", "PMID": 562250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5005", "title": "The effect 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine on the kinetic parameters of sugar transport in cultured chick embryo heart cells.", "content": "The effect of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3; 10(-8)M) on sugar transport was studied in cultured chick embryo heart cells. T3 did not increase the uptake of L-glucose, a sugar which enters the cell by simple diffusion. The effect of T3 on the kinetic parameters of the uptake of both 3-0-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMET) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG) was studied after 6 and 24 h exposure to T3. T3 had no effect on the Km for either sugar. T3 increased the Vmax for the first 6 h or exposure for 3-OMET, a sugar which is only transported, and increased the Vmax after 6 and 24 h for 2-DOG, a sugar both transported and phosphorylated. T3 also increased the relative phosphorylation of 2-DOG within the cells in the period between 6 and 24 h. The data show a biphasic effect of T3 on sugar accumulation, an early effect on transport along and a later effect on phosphorylation as well.", "contents": "The effect 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine on the kinetic parameters of sugar transport in cultured chick embryo heart cells. The effect of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3; 10(-8)M) on sugar transport was studied in cultured chick embryo heart cells. T3 did not increase the uptake of L-glucose, a sugar which enters the cell by simple diffusion. The effect of T3 on the kinetic parameters of the uptake of both 3-0-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMET) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG) was studied after 6 and 24 h exposure to T3. T3 had no effect on the Km for either sugar. T3 increased the Vmax for the first 6 h or exposure for 3-OMET, a sugar which is only transported, and increased the Vmax after 6 and 24 h for 2-DOG, a sugar both transported and phosphorylated. T3 also increased the relative phosphorylation of 2-DOG within the cells in the period between 6 and 24 h. The data show a biphasic effect of T3 on sugar accumulation, an early effect on transport along and a later effect on phosphorylation as well.", "PMID": 562257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5006", "title": "Distribution of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in the higher vertebrates.", "content": "The presence of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in a variety of higher vertebrate species has been investigated by an ammonium sulphate precipitation technique. TeBG has been demonstrated in significant amounts in primates, carnivora, marsupiala, and some artiodactyla, even in circumstances where previously electrophoretic studies failed to identify it. For the first time it has also been shown in trace amounts in certain rodents and birds. TeBG in the kangaroo substantiates the primitiveness of the protein in the mammal line and its absence in certain orders and species of eutherian mammals must represent a secondary loss.", "contents": "Distribution of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in the higher vertebrates. The presence of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in a variety of higher vertebrate species has been investigated by an ammonium sulphate precipitation technique. TeBG has been demonstrated in significant amounts in primates, carnivora, marsupiala, and some artiodactyla, even in circumstances where previously electrophoretic studies failed to identify it. For the first time it has also been shown in trace amounts in certain rodents and birds. TeBG in the kangaroo substantiates the primitiveness of the protein in the mammal line and its absence in certain orders and species of eutherian mammals must represent a secondary loss.", "PMID": 562259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5007", "title": "Sex dimorphism in the thyroid gland. I. Morphometric studies on the thyroid gland of intact adult male and female rats.", "content": "Morphometric studies were performed on thyroid glands of intact adult male and female rats. Thyroid follicular cells are markedly higher in the male rats than in the females during estrus. The volume fraction of the epithelium is larger but the fraction of colloid is less in males than in females. Also epithelium/colloid ratio is higher in male than in female rats.", "contents": "Sex dimorphism in the thyroid gland. I. Morphometric studies on the thyroid gland of intact adult male and female rats. Morphometric studies were performed on thyroid glands of intact adult male and female rats. Thyroid follicular cells are markedly higher in the male rats than in the females during estrus. The volume fraction of the epithelium is larger but the fraction of colloid is less in males than in females. Also epithelium/colloid ratio is higher in male than in female rats.", "PMID": 562260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5008", "title": "Bovine alpha s0 casein; a phosphorylated homologue of alpha s1 casein.", "content": "After consideration of its electrophoretic behaviour, amino acid composition and phosphate content, bovine alpha s0 casein has been shown to differ from alpha s1 casein only in respect of its phosphate content. The presence in alpha s0 casein of one phosphate residue more than occurs in alpha s1 casein was confirmed by comparative degradative studies performed on both proteins. From these it was concluded that alpha s0 casein may be considered as being alpha s1 casein which has been modified by phosphorylation of the seryl residue located at position 41.", "contents": "Bovine alpha s0 casein; a phosphorylated homologue of alpha s1 casein. After consideration of its electrophoretic behaviour, amino acid composition and phosphate content, bovine alpha s0 casein has been shown to differ from alpha s1 casein only in respect of its phosphate content. The presence in alpha s0 casein of one phosphate residue more than occurs in alpha s1 casein was confirmed by comparative degradative studies performed on both proteins. From these it was concluded that alpha s0 casein may be considered as being alpha s1 casein which has been modified by phosphorylation of the seryl residue located at position 41.", "PMID": 562262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5009", "title": "X-linked dysosteosclerosis. Four familial cases.", "content": "Four Spanish children with clinical and radiological features corresponding to dysosteosclerosis are presented. All the children were male and belonged to the same family. The first known carrier is the maternal grandmother, who had three daughters by three different fathers who in turn had one or more sons with the disease. The four carriers were normal. Consanguinity did not occur in any case and the disorder was transmitted as a sex-linked recessive condition.", "contents": "X-linked dysosteosclerosis. Four familial cases. Four Spanish children with clinical and radiological features corresponding to dysosteosclerosis are presented. All the children were male and belonged to the same family. The first known carrier is the maternal grandmother, who had three daughters by three different fathers who in turn had one or more sons with the disease. The four carriers were normal. Consanguinity did not occur in any case and the disorder was transmitted as a sex-linked recessive condition.", "PMID": 562263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5010", "title": "[Nervous regulation of cardiac function during aging].", "content": "The hemodynamic changes and myocardium contractile capacity following the extracardiac nerves stimulation with acetylcholine, norepinephrine, inderal, regitin and atropine, as well as the activity of main enzymes of cholinergic and adrenergic metabolism, were studied in albino rats, rabbits, and cats of various age. With ageing, the thresholds of vagal and sympathetic nerves influences on the heart increased, the sensitivity of heart to acetylcholine and norepinephrine changed. In old animals, smaller atropine and in deral doses blocked the respective cholinergic and beta-adrenergic reactions. Alterations of transmitters metabolism play an important role in the mechanism of age-induced changes in nervous control of cardiac function.", "contents": "[Nervous regulation of cardiac function during aging]. The hemodynamic changes and myocardium contractile capacity following the extracardiac nerves stimulation with acetylcholine, norepinephrine, inderal, regitin and atropine, as well as the activity of main enzymes of cholinergic and adrenergic metabolism, were studied in albino rats, rabbits, and cats of various age. With ageing, the thresholds of vagal and sympathetic nerves influences on the heart increased, the sensitivity of heart to acetylcholine and norepinephrine changed. In old animals, smaller atropine and in deral doses blocked the respective cholinergic and beta-adrenergic reactions. Alterations of transmitters metabolism play an important role in the mechanism of age-induced changes in nervous control of cardiac function.", "PMID": 562281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5011", "title": "[Moder classification of dermatophytes].", "content": "Dermatophytes are classified according to two systems. The first, or parasitic classifications of Sabouraud, rests on the morphology of the dermatophytes on the hair in vivo (Achorion, Trichophyton endothrix or ectothrix microides and megaspores, Microsporum) or on the absence of growth on the hair in vivo (Epidermophyton). In the second type they are classified according to their saprophytic morphology. There are many classification of this type based on the asexual state of the dermatophytes, e.g. the classification of Emmons (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) or the classification of Vanbreuseghem and De Vroey (Microides, Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Keratinomyces). As the existence of a sexual state of the dermatophytes has been demonstrated, the dermatophytes are also classified in two perfect genera: Arthroderma and Nannizzia. In this paper it is assumed that both classification have to be used because they are not correlated.", "contents": "[Moder classification of dermatophytes]. Dermatophytes are classified according to two systems. The first, or parasitic classifications of Sabouraud, rests on the morphology of the dermatophytes on the hair in vivo (Achorion, Trichophyton endothrix or ectothrix microides and megaspores, Microsporum) or on the absence of growth on the hair in vivo (Epidermophyton). In the second type they are classified according to their saprophytic morphology. There are many classification of this type based on the asexual state of the dermatophytes, e.g. the classification of Emmons (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) or the classification of Vanbreuseghem and De Vroey (Microides, Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Keratinomyces). As the existence of a sexual state of the dermatophytes has been demonstrated, the dermatophytes are also classified in two perfect genera: Arthroderma and Nannizzia. In this paper it is assumed that both classification have to be used because they are not correlated.", "PMID": 562285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5012", "title": "The HLA system and the genetics of juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Eighteen families with a total of 68 children were completely typed for HLA-A, B, C, D and Bf. With only one exception, all affected children within each family with 2 or more diabetic siblings, shared both HLA-D alleles indicating that J.D.M. is a recessive trait. Since half of the siblings who are HLA-D identical to the first affected child developed J.D.M. (as is the case of monozygotic twins), the gene(s) in question is most likely the sole genetic requirement for this disease and has a penetrance of 50%. No evidence of association between J.D.M. and B8, Dw3 or Bw15 was observed by analyzing the segregation of J.D.M. and of each of the above HLA antigens in informative families. A total of 9 out of 68 children bore a recombinant HLA haplotype. This increased rate of crossing-over in J.D.M. seems to require a single J.D.M. gene since the parents (9) in whom recombinations occurred were non-diabetic. No association was seen between the presence of the disease and the existence of a recombinant hoplotype.", "contents": "The HLA system and the genetics of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Eighteen families with a total of 68 children were completely typed for HLA-A, B, C, D and Bf. With only one exception, all affected children within each family with 2 or more diabetic siblings, shared both HLA-D alleles indicating that J.D.M. is a recessive trait. Since half of the siblings who are HLA-D identical to the first affected child developed J.D.M. (as is the case of monozygotic twins), the gene(s) in question is most likely the sole genetic requirement for this disease and has a penetrance of 50%. No evidence of association between J.D.M. and B8, Dw3 or Bw15 was observed by analyzing the segregation of J.D.M. and of each of the above HLA antigens in informative families. A total of 9 out of 68 children bore a recombinant HLA haplotype. This increased rate of crossing-over in J.D.M. seems to require a single J.D.M. gene since the parents (9) in whom recombinations occurred were non-diabetic. No association was seen between the presence of the disease and the existence of a recombinant hoplotype.", "PMID": 562286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5013", "title": "Chronic and acute studies indicating absence of exocrine pancreatic feedback inhibition in dogs.", "content": "Chronic administration of raw soybean flour containing active trypsin inhibitor to dogs reduced the pancreatic output of trypsin and chymotrypsin in response to cholecystokinin. Dogs stimulated by a meat meal showed no consistent alteration in the output of trypsin and chymotrypsin when given additional duodenal infusions of trypsin and chymotrypsin, or canine pancreatic juice, or ovalbumin trypsin inhibitor. Two dogs, whose pancreas was stimulated by intraduodenal infusion of amino acids, showed no consistent change when trypsin, or trypsin together with trypsin inhibitors, or trypsin together with canine pancreatic juice was infused concurrently into the duodenum. These results indicate that feedback control of pancreatic enzyme secretion, of the type proposed on the basis of studies similar to the present in rats, does not exist in dogs.", "contents": "Chronic and acute studies indicating absence of exocrine pancreatic feedback inhibition in dogs. Chronic administration of raw soybean flour containing active trypsin inhibitor to dogs reduced the pancreatic output of trypsin and chymotrypsin in response to cholecystokinin. Dogs stimulated by a meat meal showed no consistent alteration in the output of trypsin and chymotrypsin when given additional duodenal infusions of trypsin and chymotrypsin, or canine pancreatic juice, or ovalbumin trypsin inhibitor. Two dogs, whose pancreas was stimulated by intraduodenal infusion of amino acids, showed no consistent change when trypsin, or trypsin together with trypsin inhibitors, or trypsin together with canine pancreatic juice was infused concurrently into the duodenum. These results indicate that feedback control of pancreatic enzyme secretion, of the type proposed on the basis of studies similar to the present in rats, does not exist in dogs.", "PMID": 562299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5014", "title": "Insulin binding capacity in patients changed from conventional to highly purified insulins. An indicator of likely response.", "content": "Highly purified insulins offer the possibility of reducing insulin antibody levels and insulin requirement. Those likely to respond cannot be predicted on clinical grounds and a simple laboratory test is recommended for this purpose. This is based on insulin binding capacity (IBC) of plasma and has been used to follow a group of 47 patients over six months. 47 patients previously treated with British soluble and isophane insulins were changed to highly purified Leo Neutral and Leo Retard. 36 showed a reduction of insulin requirement and two groups could be identified. An IBC of greater than 40 muU/ml was associated in 94% with a reduction of insulin dose; if the IBC was less the response was unpredictable. The initial IBC was related to the initial insulin requirement and to the eventual percentage reduction. Serial measurements in patients with high initial IBC showed a steady fall. Measurement of the IBC is a simple investigation; if the level is greater than 40 muU/ml changing to a highly purified insulin is likely to be associated with reduction of insulin requirement.", "contents": "Insulin binding capacity in patients changed from conventional to highly purified insulins. An indicator of likely response. Highly purified insulins offer the possibility of reducing insulin antibody levels and insulin requirement. Those likely to respond cannot be predicted on clinical grounds and a simple laboratory test is recommended for this purpose. This is based on insulin binding capacity (IBC) of plasma and has been used to follow a group of 47 patients over six months. 47 patients previously treated with British soluble and isophane insulins were changed to highly purified Leo Neutral and Leo Retard. 36 showed a reduction of insulin requirement and two groups could be identified. An IBC of greater than 40 muU/ml was associated in 94% with a reduction of insulin dose; if the IBC was less the response was unpredictable. The initial IBC was related to the initial insulin requirement and to the eventual percentage reduction. Serial measurements in patients with high initial IBC showed a steady fall. Measurement of the IBC is a simple investigation; if the level is greater than 40 muU/ml changing to a highly purified insulin is likely to be associated with reduction of insulin requirement.", "PMID": 562300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5015", "title": "Lamina propria macrophages of intestine of the guinea pig. Possible role in phagocytosis of migrating cells.", "content": "The macrophages of lamina propria were commonly found both in the small and the large intestine of guinea pigs, mice, rats, and in human duodenum. The frequency of macrophage occurrence was highest in the lamina propria of villous apices of the small intestine and beneath the lining epithelium of the large intestine. In the cytoplasm of lamina propria macrophages localized in those regions, Feulgen-positive (DNA-containing) granules could be observed particularly in the guinea pig intestine. Autoradiography of the latter, 3 to 5 days after [3H]thymidine injection, showed the coincidence of occurrence of labeled Feulgen-positive granules in the macrophage cytoplasm with the appearance of labeled epithelial cells and sheath-fibroblasts in the region of lamina propria containing the highest accumulation of macrophages, i.e., at the apices of villi of the small intestine and beneath the lining epithelium of the large intestine. Labeled nuclei of macrophages were observed scarcely and much less frequently than were labeled cytoplasmic granules. No labeled Feulgen-positive granules could be seen in macrophages 1/2 hr, 1, 2, and 7 days after [3H]thymidine injection. It is suggested that the lamina propria macrophages may play a role in the phagocytosis of some migrating cells of the intestinal mucosa, most probably of the sheath-fibroblasts and/or intraepithelial lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lamina propria macrophages of intestine of the guinea pig. Possible role in phagocytosis of migrating cells. The macrophages of lamina propria were commonly found both in the small and the large intestine of guinea pigs, mice, rats, and in human duodenum. The frequency of macrophage occurrence was highest in the lamina propria of villous apices of the small intestine and beneath the lining epithelium of the large intestine. In the cytoplasm of lamina propria macrophages localized in those regions, Feulgen-positive (DNA-containing) granules could be observed particularly in the guinea pig intestine. Autoradiography of the latter, 3 to 5 days after [3H]thymidine injection, showed the coincidence of occurrence of labeled Feulgen-positive granules in the macrophage cytoplasm with the appearance of labeled epithelial cells and sheath-fibroblasts in the region of lamina propria containing the highest accumulation of macrophages, i.e., at the apices of villi of the small intestine and beneath the lining epithelium of the large intestine. Labeled nuclei of macrophages were observed scarcely and much less frequently than were labeled cytoplasmic granules. No labeled Feulgen-positive granules could be seen in macrophages 1/2 hr, 1, 2, and 7 days after [3H]thymidine injection. It is suggested that the lamina propria macrophages may play a role in the phagocytosis of some migrating cells of the intestinal mucosa, most probably of the sheath-fibroblasts and/or intraepithelial lymphocytes.", "PMID": 562301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5016", "title": "Hepatic intramitochondrial filaments in morbidly obese patients undergoing intestinal bypass.", "content": "The characteristics of hepatocyte intramitochondrial filaments (IMF's) were studied in 16 patients undergoing jejunal ileal bypass for morbid obesity. At the time of bypass, all of the liver biopsies showed varying degrees of steatosis and IMF's were present in 13 of the 16 operative specimens. The IMF's were most prominent in the periportal cells, whereas the intracellular lipid was concentrated in centrilobular cells. Midzonal hepatocytes were intermediate in both respects. The IMF'S were more abundant in biopsies showing moderate steatosis than in those with marked lipid accumulation in which the IMF's were limited to hepatocytes in juxtaposition to portal triads. The IMF's appeared to originate from mitochondrial cristae. When steatosis resolved 12 to 18 months after intestinal bypass the prevalence of IMF's diminished also. It is hypothesized that the presence of IMF's is ultrastructural evidence of an adaption to an altered metabolic environment which resolves when the inciting influence is removed.", "contents": "Hepatic intramitochondrial filaments in morbidly obese patients undergoing intestinal bypass. The characteristics of hepatocyte intramitochondrial filaments (IMF's) were studied in 16 patients undergoing jejunal ileal bypass for morbid obesity. At the time of bypass, all of the liver biopsies showed varying degrees of steatosis and IMF's were present in 13 of the 16 operative specimens. The IMF's were most prominent in the periportal cells, whereas the intracellular lipid was concentrated in centrilobular cells. Midzonal hepatocytes were intermediate in both respects. The IMF'S were more abundant in biopsies showing moderate steatosis than in those with marked lipid accumulation in which the IMF's were limited to hepatocytes in juxtaposition to portal triads. The IMF's appeared to originate from mitochondrial cristae. When steatosis resolved 12 to 18 months after intestinal bypass the prevalence of IMF's diminished also. It is hypothesized that the presence of IMF's is ultrastructural evidence of an adaption to an altered metabolic environment which resolves when the inciting influence is removed.", "PMID": 562302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5017", "title": "New trends in psychosomatic research.", "content": "Advances in physiological psychology and neuroendocrinology, together with epidemiological studies, have added new dimensions to psychosomatic research. Psychological influences still are accepted as exacerbators or trigger mechanisms, if less often as causes. Theories of psychosomatics which connected specific personality profiles with specific psychosomatic illnesses have lost favor, and multifactorial explanations, which include heredity, environment, social class, life stress, endocrines, brain areas, neurohormones, and immunological mechanisms, are new areas of research. Research methods have become more sophisticated scientifically, particularly in the selection and size of samples tested, and the variety of situations investigated. Psychological reactions to illness in general, terminal disease, and death, and psychological experiences of pain, in addition to variable effects of psychotherapeutic methods and psychotherapists' personality, are identifiable but unquantified influences which seem acceptable as contributors to, if not causes of, psychophysiological disorders.", "contents": "New trends in psychosomatic research. Advances in physiological psychology and neuroendocrinology, together with epidemiological studies, have added new dimensions to psychosomatic research. Psychological influences still are accepted as exacerbators or trigger mechanisms, if less often as causes. Theories of psychosomatics which connected specific personality profiles with specific psychosomatic illnesses have lost favor, and multifactorial explanations, which include heredity, environment, social class, life stress, endocrines, brain areas, neurohormones, and immunological mechanisms, are new areas of research. Research methods have become more sophisticated scientifically, particularly in the selection and size of samples tested, and the variety of situations investigated. Psychological reactions to illness in general, terminal disease, and death, and psychological experiences of pain, in addition to variable effects of psychotherapeutic methods and psychotherapists' personality, are identifiable but unquantified influences which seem acceptable as contributors to, if not causes of, psychophysiological disorders.", "PMID": 562303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5018", "title": "[Studies on the physical dependence liability of analgesics. 5th report: Electron microscopic studies on the ultrastructural transformation of mitochondria in the cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in morphine pellet implanted mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Influence of morphine on the fine structure of mitochondria in the cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in mice in which a morphine pellet was subcutaneously implanted was studied using electron microscope. (1) Transformation of the mitochondrial structure, i.e. swelling, formation of lamellar or concentric circular cristae and decrease of electron density of the mitochondrial matrix, was observed 12 hr after implantation, and changes reached a maximum state at 48 hr. These transformations, however, disappeared wihtin 4 days. (2) On the 4th day after implantation, removal the pellet again produced transformation of the mitochondria with withdrawal symptoms, and a normal state was reverted to 72 hr later. Levallorphan challenge produced similar changes. (3) Injection of morphine into mice after removal of the pellet prevented the appearance of mitochondrial transformation. From the results obtained it may be concluded that there are correlations between the transformation of the mitochondria and physical dependence on morphine in mice.", "contents": "[Studies on the physical dependence liability of analgesics. 5th report: Electron microscopic studies on the ultrastructural transformation of mitochondria in the cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in morphine pellet implanted mice (author's transl)]. Influence of morphine on the fine structure of mitochondria in the cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in mice in which a morphine pellet was subcutaneously implanted was studied using electron microscope. (1) Transformation of the mitochondrial structure, i.e. swelling, formation of lamellar or concentric circular cristae and decrease of electron density of the mitochondrial matrix, was observed 12 hr after implantation, and changes reached a maximum state at 48 hr. These transformations, however, disappeared wihtin 4 days. (2) On the 4th day after implantation, removal the pellet again produced transformation of the mitochondria with withdrawal symptoms, and a normal state was reverted to 72 hr later. Levallorphan challenge produced similar changes. (3) Injection of morphine into mice after removal of the pellet prevented the appearance of mitochondrial transformation. From the results obtained it may be concluded that there are correlations between the transformation of the mitochondria and physical dependence on morphine in mice.", "PMID": 562304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5019", "title": "[Blood vessel coagulation with the argon laser].", "content": "Experimental studies on small blood vessels of the rat mesentery were performed in order to optimize current clinical argon laser coagulation technique of ocular neovascularization. The vessel effects were observed by means of vital microscopy and histological studies were done on coagulated vessels. Furthermore systematic variation of the coagulation parameters was done. The main results were as follows: Graded effects such as reversible vasoconstriction, endovascular thrombosis and complete separation of the vessel wall could be achieved with the argon laser on small vessels in surroundings of relatively low absorption. Short duration vessel closure resulted from endovascular thrombosis alone or in conjunction with downstream vasoconstrictions. Destroyed erythrocytes adhering to the vessel wall played a major role in endovascular thrombosis. Subendothelial structures were of minor importance. Longer lasting vessel closure could be achieved by summation of the effects of single exposures. Low risk vessel coagulation is only possible at exposure times of less than 20 msec. Currently available clinical argon lasers do not deliver the high laser powers needed for this purpose.", "contents": "[Blood vessel coagulation with the argon laser]. Experimental studies on small blood vessels of the rat mesentery were performed in order to optimize current clinical argon laser coagulation technique of ocular neovascularization. The vessel effects were observed by means of vital microscopy and histological studies were done on coagulated vessels. Furthermore systematic variation of the coagulation parameters was done. The main results were as follows: Graded effects such as reversible vasoconstriction, endovascular thrombosis and complete separation of the vessel wall could be achieved with the argon laser on small vessels in surroundings of relatively low absorption. Short duration vessel closure resulted from endovascular thrombosis alone or in conjunction with downstream vasoconstrictions. Destroyed erythrocytes adhering to the vessel wall played a major role in endovascular thrombosis. Subendothelial structures were of minor importance. Longer lasting vessel closure could be achieved by summation of the effects of single exposures. Low risk vessel coagulation is only possible at exposure times of less than 20 msec. Currently available clinical argon lasers do not deliver the high laser powers needed for this purpose.", "PMID": 562306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5020", "title": "[The effect of fructose on glucose formation and oxydation in healthy subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The effect of fructose infusions (1.0 g/kg/g) on serum glucose, insulin, lactate, free fatty acids, glucose production and glucose oxidation was investigated with 14C-glucose in 10 normals and 11 patients with liver cirrhosis. Elevation of glucose and insulin were small and only slightly higher in cases of cirrhosis. Decrease of free fatty acids and rise of lactate were approximately the same in both groups. During infusion of fructose glucose turnover increased up to 196 +/- 41% in the normals and up to 279 +/- 78% in the patients with cirrhosis. No influence on the specific activity of 14CO2 was observed. It was therefore suggested, that approximately the same amount of glucose leaving the liver in excess during infusion of fructose was taken up by the liver at the same time. This behaviour of glucose supply to the blood stream and removal from it would explain, why high rates of conversion of fructose to glucose were measured with 14C-fructose, while only small amounts of glucose production were estimated from hepatic arteriovenous differences.", "contents": "[The effect of fructose on glucose formation and oxydation in healthy subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis]. The effect of fructose infusions (1.0 g/kg/g) on serum glucose, insulin, lactate, free fatty acids, glucose production and glucose oxidation was investigated with 14C-glucose in 10 normals and 11 patients with liver cirrhosis. Elevation of glucose and insulin were small and only slightly higher in cases of cirrhosis. Decrease of free fatty acids and rise of lactate were approximately the same in both groups. During infusion of fructose glucose turnover increased up to 196 +/- 41% in the normals and up to 279 +/- 78% in the patients with cirrhosis. No influence on the specific activity of 14CO2 was observed. It was therefore suggested, that approximately the same amount of glucose leaving the liver in excess during infusion of fructose was taken up by the liver at the same time. This behaviour of glucose supply to the blood stream and removal from it would explain, why high rates of conversion of fructose to glucose were measured with 14C-fructose, while only small amounts of glucose production were estimated from hepatic arteriovenous differences.", "PMID": 562317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5021", "title": "[Studies on the metabolism of parenterally infused amino acids in healthy adults].", "content": "We studied the metabolic kinetics after short-time infusion of a 10% standardised L-amino-acid-mixture in 19 healthy adults. The following results were of special interest: 1. Nearly all amino-acids had half life times between 7 and 10 minutes. 2. The male adults showed averagely higher clearance and transfer rates in contrast to female. There was a statistical difference for serine and alanine in the transfer rates, for serine, methionine and glycine in the clearance. 3. The maximum of daily turnover could be calculated for about 5,6 g/kg body weight. Based on the measured transfer rates we discuss the composition of some standardised L-amino-acid-mixtures.", "contents": "[Studies on the metabolism of parenterally infused amino acids in healthy adults]. We studied the metabolic kinetics after short-time infusion of a 10% standardised L-amino-acid-mixture in 19 healthy adults. The following results were of special interest: 1. Nearly all amino-acids had half life times between 7 and 10 minutes. 2. The male adults showed averagely higher clearance and transfer rates in contrast to female. There was a statistical difference for serine and alanine in the transfer rates, for serine, methionine and glycine in the clearance. 3. The maximum of daily turnover could be calculated for about 5,6 g/kg body weight. Based on the measured transfer rates we discuss the composition of some standardised L-amino-acid-mixtures.", "PMID": 562318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5022", "title": "[Poisoning and forced diuresis].", "content": "The effect of two different methods of forced diuresis was investigated in two groups consisting of twelve patients. These groups were statistically selected from 86 cases with severe poisoning caused by hypnotic drugs, exhibiting a comparable metabolic and neurological symptomatology. Group 1 underwent the usual diuretic therapy group 2 was treated with standardised forced duiresis (SFD). In group 2 a significant higher hourly urinary output, a lower incidence of acidosis and more stability of the electrolyte balance were found. Therefore SFD was judged to be a useful help in elimination of hypnotic drugs.", "contents": "[Poisoning and forced diuresis]. The effect of two different methods of forced diuresis was investigated in two groups consisting of twelve patients. These groups were statistically selected from 86 cases with severe poisoning caused by hypnotic drugs, exhibiting a comparable metabolic and neurological symptomatology. Group 1 underwent the usual diuretic therapy group 2 was treated with standardised forced duiresis (SFD). In group 2 a significant higher hourly urinary output, a lower incidence of acidosis and more stability of the electrolyte balance were found. Therefore SFD was judged to be a useful help in elimination of hypnotic drugs.", "PMID": 562319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5023", "title": "[Hematological studies on changes caused by warming of the blood with microwaves].", "content": "Our examinations have shown, that through warming of blood with the micro-wave device \"Haemotherm\" there were no serious haematological alterations to be proved. The \"Haemotherm\" device can therefore be recommended as a useful and riskless equipment for warming blood in the usually used plastic covers during massive transfusions.", "contents": "[Hematological studies on changes caused by warming of the blood with microwaves]. Our examinations have shown, that through warming of blood with the micro-wave device \"Haemotherm\" there were no serious haematological alterations to be proved. The \"Haemotherm\" device can therefore be recommended as a useful and riskless equipment for warming blood in the usually used plastic covers during massive transfusions.", "PMID": 562320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5024", "title": "[Coagulation-physiological studies on the prevention of thromboembolism with dextran 60. I. The effect on platelet function].", "content": "Platelet aggregation, spreading capacity, adhesiveness (methods according to BREDDIN) have been investigated in 3 groups of 20 patients each after gynecological surgery. Group A (control group) got only 4-hydroxycumarin (Sintrom), group B--in addition to that--intraoperative 500 ml Dextran 60 (Macrodex 6%), group C 500 ml Dextran 60 as well intraoperative as on the 1., 2., 4., 7. and 10. day after surgery. The present data show that depending on the duration of Dextran application, platelet spreading capacity and adhesiveness are inhibited differently as to duration and extent. There was, above all, a reduction and with that a normalisation of the postoperatively increased spontaneous platelet aggregation. It is possible to influence the phase of early postoperative embolism in a favorable way by applicating Dextran already intraoperatively. After that one can use further infusions of Dextran, a prophylaxis by Cumarins or other anticoagulants. Giving dextran only once during surgery one can prove this normalisation of the increased platelet aggregation up to 24 hours postoperatively. By further infusions of Dextran 60 on the 1., 2., 4., 7. and 10. postoperative day it is possible to keep the extent of aggregation on a significantly reduced level till the complete mobilisation of the patient and consequently attain a protective effect on a possible development of deep venous thrombosis of the legs.", "contents": "[Coagulation-physiological studies on the prevention of thromboembolism with dextran 60. I. The effect on platelet function]. Platelet aggregation, spreading capacity, adhesiveness (methods according to BREDDIN) have been investigated in 3 groups of 20 patients each after gynecological surgery. Group A (control group) got only 4-hydroxycumarin (Sintrom), group B--in addition to that--intraoperative 500 ml Dextran 60 (Macrodex 6%), group C 500 ml Dextran 60 as well intraoperative as on the 1., 2., 4., 7. and 10. day after surgery. The present data show that depending on the duration of Dextran application, platelet spreading capacity and adhesiveness are inhibited differently as to duration and extent. There was, above all, a reduction and with that a normalisation of the postoperatively increased spontaneous platelet aggregation. It is possible to influence the phase of early postoperative embolism in a favorable way by applicating Dextran already intraoperatively. After that one can use further infusions of Dextran, a prophylaxis by Cumarins or other anticoagulants. Giving dextran only once during surgery one can prove this normalisation of the increased platelet aggregation up to 24 hours postoperatively. By further infusions of Dextran 60 on the 1., 2., 4., 7. and 10. postoperative day it is possible to keep the extent of aggregation on a significantly reduced level till the complete mobilisation of the patient and consequently attain a protective effect on a possible development of deep venous thrombosis of the legs.", "PMID": 562321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5025", "title": "[Coagulation-physiological studies on the prevention of thromboembolism with dextran 60. II. Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis].", "content": "The postoperative behavior of different parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis have been studied in three groups of 20 patients each. Group A got only 4-hydroxycumarin, group B 500 ml Dextran 60 intraoperatively in addition to that, group C 500 ml Dextran 60 during surgery and on the 1., 2., 4., 7. and 10. postoperative day. The results show that the hypercoagulability which occurs immediately after surgery can be prevented by infusion of Dextran 60. On the other hand there is no evidence that Dextran 60 may cause a consumptive coagulability. There is only little influence on fibrinolysis, so that no defect of haemostasis can be expected. So it is possible to use Dextran 60 both for bridging over the phase of early embolism after surgery until the change to other anticoagulants and as a substance which can be applicated for a longer period of time in prophylaxis of thromboembolism. It is referred to the additional properties of Dextran 60 in prevention of thrombosis due to reduction of blood viscosity and improvement of microcirculation.", "contents": "[Coagulation-physiological studies on the prevention of thromboembolism with dextran 60. II. Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis]. The postoperative behavior of different parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis have been studied in three groups of 20 patients each. Group A got only 4-hydroxycumarin, group B 500 ml Dextran 60 intraoperatively in addition to that, group C 500 ml Dextran 60 during surgery and on the 1., 2., 4., 7. and 10. postoperative day. The results show that the hypercoagulability which occurs immediately after surgery can be prevented by infusion of Dextran 60. On the other hand there is no evidence that Dextran 60 may cause a consumptive coagulability. There is only little influence on fibrinolysis, so that no defect of haemostasis can be expected. So it is possible to use Dextran 60 both for bridging over the phase of early embolism after surgery until the change to other anticoagulants and as a substance which can be applicated for a longer period of time in prophylaxis of thromboembolism. It is referred to the additional properties of Dextran 60 in prevention of thrombosis due to reduction of blood viscosity and improvement of microcirculation.", "PMID": 562322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5026", "title": "The influence of dietary purines and pyrimidines on purine.", "content": "Allopurinol-induced orotaciduria is reduced by dietary ribonucleic acid (RNA), RNA hydrolysate and different nucleotides. These findings are compatible with feedback regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by dietary nucleotides. Serum uric acid and urinary uric acid excretion on a purine-free isoenergetic diet reach a minimum after about 10 days and remain constant thereafter. When purines from different biochemical sources are added to such a diet there is always a linear relationship between dietary purines and serum uric acid level and urinary uric acid excretion. The findings suggest that dietary purines play a minor role if any in the regulation of purine biosynthesis in man.", "contents": "The influence of dietary purines and pyrimidines on purine. Allopurinol-induced orotaciduria is reduced by dietary ribonucleic acid (RNA), RNA hydrolysate and different nucleotides. These findings are compatible with feedback regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by dietary nucleotides. Serum uric acid and urinary uric acid excretion on a purine-free isoenergetic diet reach a minimum after about 10 days and remain constant thereafter. When purines from different biochemical sources are added to such a diet there is always a linear relationship between dietary purines and serum uric acid level and urinary uric acid excretion. The findings suggest that dietary purines play a minor role if any in the regulation of purine biosynthesis in man.", "PMID": 562323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5027", "title": "Lack of timing and ejaculatio praecox.", "content": "Underlying factors in ejaculatio praecox are investigated through excerpts from the analysis of a man who suffered from this symptom for many years. The literature is reviewed, and the symptom complex is related both to the patient's character structure and to the difficult resistances that he presented in analysis. The roles of the concept of time and of an inability to conceive completion are studied, as is the type of prevailing anxiety seen in these patients.", "contents": "Lack of timing and ejaculatio praecox. Underlying factors in ejaculatio praecox are investigated through excerpts from the analysis of a man who suffered from this symptom for many years. The literature is reviewed, and the symptom complex is related both to the patient's character structure and to the difficult resistances that he presented in analysis. The roles of the concept of time and of an inability to conceive completion are studied, as is the type of prevailing anxiety seen in these patients.", "PMID": 562326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5028", "title": "Abomasal infusion of soybean meal necessary to provide nitrogen retention equivalent to steer fed soybean meal.", "content": "Eight growing Angus steer calves averaging 213 kg were fitted with abomasal infusion cannulae to compare feeding 455 g of soybean meal (SBM) daily with infusing 120 g SBM abomasally (26% of intake) on nitrogen (N) retention and plasma urea and amino acid levels. A reversal design was used in which each steer received a SBM-supplemented diet plus water abomasally and an unsupplemented diet (basal) plus 120 g of SBM infused abomasally. Feeding a normal intake of SBM or infusing 26% of SBM intake post-ruminally (abomasally) resulted in similar daily N retention (18.4 g N for fed steers and 18.8 g N for infused steers). Total urinary output (liter/day), as well as urinary N losses (g/day), was 6.8 vs. 5.2 and 44.1 vs. 24.0 for the fed and infused groups of steers, respectively (P less than .05). Nitrogen retained expressed as a percent of N intake was 7.2% higher for SBM infusion. Daily fecal dry matter excretion was .25 kg greater for steers infused with SBM. Plasma urea levels were higher (P less than .05) for SBM-fed steers at each 2-hr sampling interval for 8 hr after feeding. Plasma free amino acid levels were similar for both groups of steers.", "contents": "Abomasal infusion of soybean meal necessary to provide nitrogen retention equivalent to steer fed soybean meal. Eight growing Angus steer calves averaging 213 kg were fitted with abomasal infusion cannulae to compare feeding 455 g of soybean meal (SBM) daily with infusing 120 g SBM abomasally (26% of intake) on nitrogen (N) retention and plasma urea and amino acid levels. A reversal design was used in which each steer received a SBM-supplemented diet plus water abomasally and an unsupplemented diet (basal) plus 120 g of SBM infused abomasally. Feeding a normal intake of SBM or infusing 26% of SBM intake post-ruminally (abomasally) resulted in similar daily N retention (18.4 g N for fed steers and 18.8 g N for infused steers). Total urinary output (liter/day), as well as urinary N losses (g/day), was 6.8 vs. 5.2 and 44.1 vs. 24.0 for the fed and infused groups of steers, respectively (P less than .05). Nitrogen retained expressed as a percent of N intake was 7.2% higher for SBM infusion. Daily fecal dry matter excretion was .25 kg greater for steers infused with SBM. Plasma urea levels were higher (P less than .05) for SBM-fed steers at each 2-hr sampling interval for 8 hr after feeding. Plasma free amino acid levels were similar for both groups of steers.", "PMID": 562327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5029", "title": "Oxygen consumption in the developing chick cornea.", "content": "Embryonic chick corneas at different stages of development were evaluated for O2 consumption. Some embryos were treated with thyroxine or thiouracil. In untreated animals, corneal QO2 (oxygen consumption/hr./mg. dry weight) decreased from 3.60 at stage 38 to 1.58 after hatching. The temperature coefficient Q10 increased from 1.55 at stage 40 to 2.03 after hatching. If O2 consumption is calculated as microliters of O2 consumed per hour per corneal pair, it increases between stage 38 (3.20) and hatched chicks (6.20) with a plateau between stages 40 and 45. Thiouracil treatment reduced O2 consumption by the cornea at stages 42 and 45, and thyroxine treatment elevated it at stage 40.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption in the developing chick cornea. Embryonic chick corneas at different stages of development were evaluated for O2 consumption. Some embryos were treated with thyroxine or thiouracil. In untreated animals, corneal QO2 (oxygen consumption/hr./mg. dry weight) decreased from 3.60 at stage 38 to 1.58 after hatching. The temperature coefficient Q10 increased from 1.55 at stage 40 to 2.03 after hatching. If O2 consumption is calculated as microliters of O2 consumed per hour per corneal pair, it increases between stage 38 (3.20) and hatched chicks (6.20) with a plateau between stages 40 and 45. Thiouracil treatment reduced O2 consumption by the cornea at stages 42 and 45, and thyroxine treatment elevated it at stage 40.", "PMID": 562328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5030", "title": "Congenital cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis in a pup.", "content": "One of 8 highly inbred Dalmatian pups was born with generalized body tremors, which interfered with the pup's ability to suckle, walk, and maintain sternal recumbency. The pup's head, neck, and limbs oscillated rhythmically when it attempted to perform any motor function. The pup was euthanatized at 8 weeks of age, after it became apparent that the disorder was likely to be permanent. The histologic diagnosis was cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis.", "contents": "Congenital cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis in a pup. One of 8 highly inbred Dalmatian pups was born with generalized body tremors, which interfered with the pup's ability to suckle, walk, and maintain sternal recumbency. The pup's head, neck, and limbs oscillated rhythmically when it attempted to perform any motor function. The pup was euthanatized at 8 weeks of age, after it became apparent that the disorder was likely to be permanent. The histologic diagnosis was cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis.", "PMID": 562333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5031", "title": "Efficacy of dichlorvos administered orally in single and repeated doses for removal of canine whipworms.", "content": "A single dose of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) was administered orally at a dosage of 30 mg/kg to 19 dogs naturally infected with Trichuris vulpis and to 13 dogs experimentally infected with T vulpis. Based on the presence or absence of whipworm eggs in the feces, 10 to 14 days after treatment, dogs were either killed and the number of remaining worms counted, or the dogs were given a 2nd treatment. After the initial treatment, 18 dogs had a mean of 0.5 worms (SD +/- 0.5) remaining, and 14 dogs had a mean of 55 worms (SD +/- 85) remaining. After these 14 dogs were given a 2nd treatment, the number of womrs remaining decreased to a mean of 14 (SD +/- 28). Although a high degree of efficacy was attained in 56% of the dogs after the 1st dose, the data suggested that additional treatment may often be necessary.", "contents": "Efficacy of dichlorvos administered orally in single and repeated doses for removal of canine whipworms. A single dose of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) was administered orally at a dosage of 30 mg/kg to 19 dogs naturally infected with Trichuris vulpis and to 13 dogs experimentally infected with T vulpis. Based on the presence or absence of whipworm eggs in the feces, 10 to 14 days after treatment, dogs were either killed and the number of remaining worms counted, or the dogs were given a 2nd treatment. After the initial treatment, 18 dogs had a mean of 0.5 worms (SD +/- 0.5) remaining, and 14 dogs had a mean of 55 worms (SD +/- 85) remaining. After these 14 dogs were given a 2nd treatment, the number of womrs remaining decreased to a mean of 14 (SD +/- 28). Although a high degree of efficacy was attained in 56% of the dogs after the 1st dose, the data suggested that additional treatment may often be necessary.", "PMID": 562334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5032", "title": "Impotence in bulls due to vascular shunts from the corpus cavernosum penis.", "content": "Eleven bulls were determined to be impotent due to vascular shunts from the corpus cavernosum penis to the extracorporeal circulation. Clinically, the bulls were unable to achieve erection when stimulated with an electroejaculator and in natural breeding trials. The vascular shunts were located by serial contrast radiography of the corpus cavernosum penis. Surgical correction of the shunts was attempted in 8 of the bulls by wedge resection of the tunica albuginea. In 4 bulls, the surgical correction was successful and the bulls were returned to service.", "contents": "Impotence in bulls due to vascular shunts from the corpus cavernosum penis. Eleven bulls were determined to be impotent due to vascular shunts from the corpus cavernosum penis to the extracorporeal circulation. Clinically, the bulls were unable to achieve erection when stimulated with an electroejaculator and in natural breeding trials. The vascular shunts were located by serial contrast radiography of the corpus cavernosum penis. Surgical correction of the shunts was attempted in 8 of the bulls by wedge resection of the tunica albuginea. In 4 bulls, the surgical correction was successful and the bulls were returned to service.", "PMID": 562336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5033", "title": "Some observations on the ultrastructure of the stellate cells of the pars distalis of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The ultrastructural appearance of the stellate cells of the guinea-pig adenohypophysis is described, and their functional significance discussed.", "contents": "Some observations on the ultrastructure of the stellate cells of the pars distalis of the guinea-pig. The ultrastructural appearance of the stellate cells of the guinea-pig adenohypophysis is described, and their functional significance discussed.", "PMID": 562337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5034", "title": "Variations in the adenylate energy charge during phased growth (cell cycle) of Candida utilis under energy excess and energy-limiting growth conditions.", "content": "The variations in the levels of adenine nucleotides during the phased growth (cell cycle) of the yeast Candida utilis growing under nitrogen, sulfate, or iron limitation with glycerol as carbon source have been determined. Synchronous cultures were obtained by the continuous phasing technique, and the results were compared with those of chemostat cultures growing at similar growth rates and under the same types of nutrient limitation. Whereas the chemostat experiments indicated only the average energy status of cultures growing at random, results from phased cultures showed that the adenylate energy charge, defined as (ATP + (1/2)ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP) (where ATP, ADP, and AMP signify adenosine 5'-triphosphate, -diphosphate, and -monophosphate, respectively), varied during the phased growth of the yeast. These variations were related to the stage of development of the cells and to the type of nutrient limitation. In every case the energy charge dropped to a low value during the first half of the phasing cycle (cell cycle). Whereas the energy charge was maintained at relatively high levels (ranging from 0.78 to 0.94), for sulfate- or nitrogen-limited cultures, it was very low when iron was the growth-limiting nutrient (0.44 to 0.78). In spite of the low energy charge, the yeast continued to grow under iron limitation. The main component of the adenylate pool of the iron-limited culture was ADP and not ATP as observed with other types of nutrient limitation. It is concluded that under iron limitation the growth of the organism is limited by energy and that under energy-limited growth the energy charge of a growing organism is maintained at low levels. The reason for maintaining a low energy charge in an energy-limited culture is discussed.", "contents": "Variations in the adenylate energy charge during phased growth (cell cycle) of Candida utilis under energy excess and energy-limiting growth conditions. The variations in the levels of adenine nucleotides during the phased growth (cell cycle) of the yeast Candida utilis growing under nitrogen, sulfate, or iron limitation with glycerol as carbon source have been determined. Synchronous cultures were obtained by the continuous phasing technique, and the results were compared with those of chemostat cultures growing at similar growth rates and under the same types of nutrient limitation. Whereas the chemostat experiments indicated only the average energy status of cultures growing at random, results from phased cultures showed that the adenylate energy charge, defined as (ATP + (1/2)ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP) (where ATP, ADP, and AMP signify adenosine 5'-triphosphate, -diphosphate, and -monophosphate, respectively), varied during the phased growth of the yeast. These variations were related to the stage of development of the cells and to the type of nutrient limitation. In every case the energy charge dropped to a low value during the first half of the phasing cycle (cell cycle). Whereas the energy charge was maintained at relatively high levels (ranging from 0.78 to 0.94), for sulfate- or nitrogen-limited cultures, it was very low when iron was the growth-limiting nutrient (0.44 to 0.78). In spite of the low energy charge, the yeast continued to grow under iron limitation. The main component of the adenylate pool of the iron-limited culture was ADP and not ATP as observed with other types of nutrient limitation. It is concluded that under iron limitation the growth of the organism is limited by energy and that under energy-limited growth the energy charge of a growing organism is maintained at low levels. The reason for maintaining a low energy charge in an energy-limited culture is discussed.", "PMID": 562339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5035", "title": "Selective formation of certain amino acids from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a modified sea medium enriched with molybdate.", "content": "Amino acids produced from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in modified sea mediums with different concentrations of molybdate were analyzed. The modified sea mediums contained lower concentration of sodium chloride and higher concentrations of transition metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+ each 10(-4)m, and Mo O4(2-)10(-6), 10(-4), or 10(-2)m) than sea water. The concentration of molybdate had apparently no remarkable effect on the total yields of primary amino groups, but a remarkable effect on the nature of amino acids produced. The formation of alanine, aspartic acid, beta-alanine and, in particular, proline was increased, and that of glycine and serine was decreased with the enrichment of molybdate. The results suggest the possibility of a natural selection of prebiotic organic molecules based on the nature of environmental catalysers in the course of chemical evolution.", "contents": "Selective formation of certain amino acids from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a modified sea medium enriched with molybdate. Amino acids produced from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in modified sea mediums with different concentrations of molybdate were analyzed. The modified sea mediums contained lower concentration of sodium chloride and higher concentrations of transition metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+ each 10(-4)m, and Mo O4(2-)10(-6), 10(-4), or 10(-2)m) than sea water. The concentration of molybdate had apparently no remarkable effect on the total yields of primary amino groups, but a remarkable effect on the nature of amino acids produced. The formation of alanine, aspartic acid, beta-alanine and, in particular, proline was increased, and that of glycine and serine was decreased with the enrichment of molybdate. The results suggest the possibility of a natural selection of prebiotic organic molecules based on the nature of environmental catalysers in the course of chemical evolution.", "PMID": 562340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5036", "title": "Study of the primary structures of the peptide core of bovine estrus cervical mucin. Possible existence of small similar subunits.", "content": "Two populations of tryptic peptides were isolated from bovine estrus cervical mucin (BCM). One contained all the carbohydrate, and was rich in threonine and serine. These glycopeptides had, like the whole mucin, alanine as their NH2-terminal residues. Their COOH-terminal residues were arginine. The second population of peptides was rich in carboxylic amino acids, contained two cysteinyl residues, and had, like the whole mucin, leucine as COOH-terminal residues. Their NH2-terminal residues were aspartic acid. The sum of the residues of one glycopeptide plus one cysteinyl-containing peptide corresponded to the number of residues constituting a putative subunit of BCM. The amino acid sequence of the major cysteinyl peptide was determined. A cluster of hydrophobic residues was found in the COOH-terminal region. The amino acid sequences of two of the glycopeptides were found identical up to the 22nd residue. The small number of tryptic peptides, as well as the large amount of NH2- and COOH-terminal amino acids found in BCM indicate that this glycoprotein is made up of similar subunits with a molecular weight of about 22,000, one of the glycopeptides representing the NH2-terminal part, and one of the cysteinyl peptides, the COOH-terminal part. However, the existence of these subunits was not confirmed by ultracentrifugation of BCM in dithiothreitol and sodium dodecyl sulfate. BCM was polydisperse and had a mean molecular weight of 507,000.", "contents": "Study of the primary structures of the peptide core of bovine estrus cervical mucin. Possible existence of small similar subunits. Two populations of tryptic peptides were isolated from bovine estrus cervical mucin (BCM). One contained all the carbohydrate, and was rich in threonine and serine. These glycopeptides had, like the whole mucin, alanine as their NH2-terminal residues. Their COOH-terminal residues were arginine. The second population of peptides was rich in carboxylic amino acids, contained two cysteinyl residues, and had, like the whole mucin, leucine as COOH-terminal residues. Their NH2-terminal residues were aspartic acid. The sum of the residues of one glycopeptide plus one cysteinyl-containing peptide corresponded to the number of residues constituting a putative subunit of BCM. The amino acid sequence of the major cysteinyl peptide was determined. A cluster of hydrophobic residues was found in the COOH-terminal region. The amino acid sequences of two of the glycopeptides were found identical up to the 22nd residue. The small number of tryptic peptides, as well as the large amount of NH2- and COOH-terminal amino acids found in BCM indicate that this glycoprotein is made up of similar subunits with a molecular weight of about 22,000, one of the glycopeptides representing the NH2-terminal part, and one of the cysteinyl peptides, the COOH-terminal part. However, the existence of these subunits was not confirmed by ultracentrifugation of BCM in dithiothreitol and sodium dodecyl sulfate. BCM was polydisperse and had a mean molecular weight of 507,000.", "PMID": 562341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5037", "title": "Kynuramine, a fluorescent substrate and probe of plasma amine oxidase.", "content": "The fluorescence substrate kynuramine was used as a probe of the catalytic site of plasma amine oxidase. Under anaerobic conditions, the binding of kynuramine causes several spectroscopic changes. The Stokes shift (deltav = 5326 cm-) associated with binding of the substrate to the enzyme can be attributed to nonpolar properties of the binding site, whereas the increase in emission anisotropy (A = 33) indicates rigid attachment of the substrate to the enzyme. The fluorescence enhancement that follows the binding of substrate was used to determine the association constant (Ka). The enzyme plasma amine oxidase binds only 1 molecule of substrate with a Ka = 1.8 X 10(5) M-1 under anaerobic conditions. The use of fluorescence substrates seems to offer the possibility of monitoring conformational changes occurring prior to the catalytic event.", "contents": "Kynuramine, a fluorescent substrate and probe of plasma amine oxidase. The fluorescence substrate kynuramine was used as a probe of the catalytic site of plasma amine oxidase. Under anaerobic conditions, the binding of kynuramine causes several spectroscopic changes. The Stokes shift (deltav = 5326 cm-) associated with binding of the substrate to the enzyme can be attributed to nonpolar properties of the binding site, whereas the increase in emission anisotropy (A = 33) indicates rigid attachment of the substrate to the enzyme. The fluorescence enhancement that follows the binding of substrate was used to determine the association constant (Ka). The enzyme plasma amine oxidase binds only 1 molecule of substrate with a Ka = 1.8 X 10(5) M-1 under anaerobic conditions. The use of fluorescence substrates seems to offer the possibility of monitoring conformational changes occurring prior to the catalytic event.", "PMID": 562342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5038", "title": "A model for the structure of bovine parathormone derived by dark field electron microsocpy.", "content": "We have analyzed images of parathormone obtained by dark field electron microscopy in order to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. The technique of autocorrelation was used to differentiate hormone particles from the background of noise in the electron micrographs. Our data suggest that parathormone is about 36 A in maximum dimension and is comprised of two interconnected domains of different mass that occur in a consistent orientation to each other. By means of the formulation of Chou and Fasman (Chou, P.Y., and Fasman, G.D. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 211-222), we predicted the secondary structure of the hormone and fitted this into the three-dimensional structure developed by microscopy. The resultant speculative model can explain certain physical and chemical properties of parathormone.", "contents": "A model for the structure of bovine parathormone derived by dark field electron microsocpy. We have analyzed images of parathormone obtained by dark field electron microscopy in order to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. The technique of autocorrelation was used to differentiate hormone particles from the background of noise in the electron micrographs. Our data suggest that parathormone is about 36 A in maximum dimension and is comprised of two interconnected domains of different mass that occur in a consistent orientation to each other. By means of the formulation of Chou and Fasman (Chou, P.Y., and Fasman, G.D. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 211-222), we predicted the secondary structure of the hormone and fitted this into the three-dimensional structure developed by microscopy. The resultant speculative model can explain certain physical and chemical properties of parathormone.", "PMID": 562343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5039", "title": "Morphometric and cytochemical studies of Dictyostelium discoideum in vegetative phase. Digestive system and membrane turnover.", "content": "The morphometric analysis of growing cells shows that the membranes of the digestive apparatus have a surface area equal to the cell surface area. After yeast phagocytosis, the surface area of the membrane surrounding the ingested yeast is equal to 40% of the surface area of the cell membrane. In spite of this internalization, the cell surface remains constant. Its renewal is insured by the translocation of the membrane of the digestive system, the surface area that concomitantly decreases by 40%. This means that the influx of plasma membrane is continually compensated for by the same outflow of internal membranes. During this turnover, the characteristic polysaccharide stainability (two different stains were used) of the plasma membrane is maintained after internalization, at the level of the digestive system, despite the presence of hydrolases in the digestive vacuoles. The cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase shows that this enzyme penetrates into phagosomes by fusion between phagosomes and vacloles of various sizes. The debris of digested yeast are released into the culture medium after 2 h. This process of defecation is accompanied by the appearance of new pinocytotic vacuoles, which indicates that the uptake of axenic medium has resumed. A model of membrane turnover is proposed to explain these observations.", "contents": "Morphometric and cytochemical studies of Dictyostelium discoideum in vegetative phase. Digestive system and membrane turnover. The morphometric analysis of growing cells shows that the membranes of the digestive apparatus have a surface area equal to the cell surface area. After yeast phagocytosis, the surface area of the membrane surrounding the ingested yeast is equal to 40% of the surface area of the cell membrane. In spite of this internalization, the cell surface remains constant. Its renewal is insured by the translocation of the membrane of the digestive system, the surface area that concomitantly decreases by 40%. This means that the influx of plasma membrane is continually compensated for by the same outflow of internal membranes. During this turnover, the characteristic polysaccharide stainability (two different stains were used) of the plasma membrane is maintained after internalization, at the level of the digestive system, despite the presence of hydrolases in the digestive vacuoles. The cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase shows that this enzyme penetrates into phagosomes by fusion between phagosomes and vacloles of various sizes. The debris of digested yeast are released into the culture medium after 2 h. This process of defecation is accompanied by the appearance of new pinocytotic vacuoles, which indicates that the uptake of axenic medium has resumed. A model of membrane turnover is proposed to explain these observations.", "PMID": 562347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5040", "title": "Biochemical investigations of retinotectal adhesive specificity.", "content": "The preferential adhesion of chick neural retina cells to surfaces of intact optic tecta has been investigated biochemically. The study uses a collection assay in which single cells from either dorsal or ventral halves of neural retain adhere preferentially to ventral or dorsal halves of optic tecta respectively. The data presented support the following conclusions: (a) The adhesion of ventral retina to dorsal tecta seems to depend on proteins located on ventral retina and on terminal beta-N-acetylgalactosamine residues on dorsal tecta. (b) The adhesion of dorsal retina to ventral tecta seems to depend on proteins located on ventral tecta and on terminal beta- N-acetylgalactosamine residues on dorsal retina. (c) A double gradient model for retinotectal adhesion along the dorsoventral axis is consistent with the data presented. The model utilizes only two complementary molecules. The molecule suggested to be concentrated dorsally in both retina and tectum seems to require terminal beta-N-acetylgalactosamine residues for adhesion. Its activity is not affected by protease. A molecule fitting these qualifications, the ganglioside GM(2), could not be detected in a gradient, but lecithin vesicles containing GM(2) adhered preferentially to ventral tectal surfaces. The second molecule, concentrated ventrally in both retina and tectum, is a protein and seems capable of binding terminal beta-N- acetylgalactosamine residues. One enzyme, UDP-galactose:GM(2) galactosyltransferase, has been found to be more concentrated in ventral retina than dorsal, but only by 30 percent.", "contents": "Biochemical investigations of retinotectal adhesive specificity. The preferential adhesion of chick neural retina cells to surfaces of intact optic tecta has been investigated biochemically. The study uses a collection assay in which single cells from either dorsal or ventral halves of neural retain adhere preferentially to ventral or dorsal halves of optic tecta respectively. The data presented support the following conclusions: (a) The adhesion of ventral retina to dorsal tecta seems to depend on proteins located on ventral retina and on terminal beta-N-acetylgalactosamine residues on dorsal tecta. (b) The adhesion of dorsal retina to ventral tecta seems to depend on proteins located on ventral tecta and on terminal beta- N-acetylgalactosamine residues on dorsal retina. (c) A double gradient model for retinotectal adhesion along the dorsoventral axis is consistent with the data presented. The model utilizes only two complementary molecules. The molecule suggested to be concentrated dorsally in both retina and tectum seems to require terminal beta-N-acetylgalactosamine residues for adhesion. Its activity is not affected by protease. A molecule fitting these qualifications, the ganglioside GM(2), could not be detected in a gradient, but lecithin vesicles containing GM(2) adhered preferentially to ventral tectal surfaces. The second molecule, concentrated ventrally in both retina and tectum, is a protein and seems capable of binding terminal beta-N- acetylgalactosamine residues. One enzyme, UDP-galactose:GM(2) galactosyltransferase, has been found to be more concentrated in ventral retina than dorsal, but only by 30 percent.", "PMID": 562348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5041", "title": "A requirement for trypsin-sensitive cell-surface components for cell-cell interactions of embryonic neural retina cells.", "content": "A quantitative assay was used to measure the rate of collection of a population of embryonic neural retina cells to the surface of cell aggregates. The rate of collection of freshly trysinized cells was limited in the initial stages by the rate of replacement of trypsin-sensitive cell- surface components. When cells were preincubated, or \"recovered,\" and then added to cell aggregates, collection occurred at a linear rate and was independent of protein and glycoprotein synthesis. The adhesion of recovered cells was temperature and energy dependent, and was reversibly inhibited by cytochalasin B. Colchicine had little effect on collection of recovered cells. Antiserum directed against recovered cell membranes was shown to bind to recovered cells by indirect immunofluorescence. The antiserum also was shown to inhibit collection of recovered cells to aggregates, suggesting that at least some of the antigens identified might be involved in the adhesion process. The inhibitory effect of the antiserum was dose dependent . Freshly trypsinized cells absorbed neither the immunofluorescence activity nor the adhesion-inhibiting activity. Recovered cells absorbed away both activities. In specificity studies, dorsal neural retina cells adhered to aggregates of ventral optic tectum in preference to aggregates of dorsal optic tectum. The adhesive specificity of the dorsal retina cells was less sensitive to trypsin than the adhesive specificity of ventral retina cells which adhered preferentially to dorsal tectal aggregates only after a period of recovery.", "contents": "A requirement for trypsin-sensitive cell-surface components for cell-cell interactions of embryonic neural retina cells. A quantitative assay was used to measure the rate of collection of a population of embryonic neural retina cells to the surface of cell aggregates. The rate of collection of freshly trysinized cells was limited in the initial stages by the rate of replacement of trypsin-sensitive cell- surface components. When cells were preincubated, or \"recovered,\" and then added to cell aggregates, collection occurred at a linear rate and was independent of protein and glycoprotein synthesis. The adhesion of recovered cells was temperature and energy dependent, and was reversibly inhibited by cytochalasin B. Colchicine had little effect on collection of recovered cells. Antiserum directed against recovered cell membranes was shown to bind to recovered cells by indirect immunofluorescence. The antiserum also was shown to inhibit collection of recovered cells to aggregates, suggesting that at least some of the antigens identified might be involved in the adhesion process. The inhibitory effect of the antiserum was dose dependent . Freshly trypsinized cells absorbed neither the immunofluorescence activity nor the adhesion-inhibiting activity. Recovered cells absorbed away both activities. In specificity studies, dorsal neural retina cells adhered to aggregates of ventral optic tectum in preference to aggregates of dorsal optic tectum. The adhesive specificity of the dorsal retina cells was less sensitive to trypsin than the adhesive specificity of ventral retina cells which adhered preferentially to dorsal tectal aggregates only after a period of recovery.", "PMID": 562349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5042", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of thromboxane B2 and its detection in semen and human aorta by selected ion monitoring.", "content": "The gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of some derivatives of thromboxane B2 methyl ester have been examined. Mass spectra were usually more informative at lower electron energies. The O-methyl- and O-n-propyloxime tri-trimethylsilyl ethers, and the tri-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl ether were used for selected ion monitoring (SIM). Thromboxane B2 was detected by SIM in bovine semen and in human aorta.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of thromboxane B2 and its detection in semen and human aorta by selected ion monitoring. The gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of some derivatives of thromboxane B2 methyl ester have been examined. Mass spectra were usually more informative at lower electron energies. The O-methyl- and O-n-propyloxime tri-trimethylsilyl ethers, and the tri-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl ether were used for selected ion monitoring (SIM). Thromboxane B2 was detected by SIM in bovine semen and in human aorta.", "PMID": 562354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5043", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia as a cause of delayed puberty: successful treatment with bromocriptine.", "content": "An 18-year-old male patient was referred because of galactorrhea and delayed puberty. There was no gynecomastia, but a white milky secretion could easily be expressed from each breast. The chest and skull X-rays were normal. The plasma prolactin was increased to 58 ng/ml and rose to 97 ng/ml after 200 microgram TRF iv. The patient was treated for one year with testosterone; his voice deepened, body hair developed, libido and sexual function became overt, and bone age advanced from 14 1/2 to 17 years, but the galactorrhea increased. After a satisfactory stage of pubertal development was reached, the testosterone was stopped. tthe galactorrhea then decreased to its pretreatment intensity; however, sexual potency diminished, sexual hair growth decreased, and the plasma prolactin levels rose to 246 ng/ml. After a 5-month interval without treatment, bromocriptine was given and brought about an impressive improvement. Virilization and general well being were superior to that during testosterone treatment, the galactorrhea vanished, plasma prolactin decreased, testosterone rose to normal values, and a normal semen analysis was recorded.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia as a cause of delayed puberty: successful treatment with bromocriptine. An 18-year-old male patient was referred because of galactorrhea and delayed puberty. There was no gynecomastia, but a white milky secretion could easily be expressed from each breast. The chest and skull X-rays were normal. The plasma prolactin was increased to 58 ng/ml and rose to 97 ng/ml after 200 microgram TRF iv. The patient was treated for one year with testosterone; his voice deepened, body hair developed, libido and sexual function became overt, and bone age advanced from 14 1/2 to 17 years, but the galactorrhea increased. After a satisfactory stage of pubertal development was reached, the testosterone was stopped. tthe galactorrhea then decreased to its pretreatment intensity; however, sexual potency diminished, sexual hair growth decreased, and the plasma prolactin levels rose to 246 ng/ml. After a 5-month interval without treatment, bromocriptine was given and brought about an impressive improvement. Virilization and general well being were superior to that during testosterone treatment, the galactorrhea vanished, plasma prolactin decreased, testosterone rose to normal values, and a normal semen analysis was recorded.", "PMID": 562355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5044", "title": "Cultivation of Chlamydia trachomatis in cycloheximide-treated mccoy cells.", "content": "An isolation technique for Chlamydia trachomatis using McCoy cells is described. In contrast to earlier techniques employing such cells, no pretreatment of the cells was used. The glutarimide antibiotic cycloheximide was added to the culture medium used for incubating the cells after infection. Cycloheximide was used at concentrations that depressed, but did not completely inhibit, the metabolism of the eucaryotic host cells. In studies on different immunotypes of C. trachomatis cultured in the yolk sac of embryonated hen eggs, the cycloheximide technique was compared with a method using pretreatment of cells with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. The cycloheximide method gave greater numbers of inclusion-forming units per cover slip for all the immunotypes of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis agents tested, i.e., A through I. In a study of 194 cervical and urethral specimens from women, cycloheximide treatment of McCoy cells was found to be more efficient than 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine treatment for the isolation of C. trachomatis.", "contents": "Cultivation of Chlamydia trachomatis in cycloheximide-treated mccoy cells. An isolation technique for Chlamydia trachomatis using McCoy cells is described. In contrast to earlier techniques employing such cells, no pretreatment of the cells was used. The glutarimide antibiotic cycloheximide was added to the culture medium used for incubating the cells after infection. Cycloheximide was used at concentrations that depressed, but did not completely inhibit, the metabolism of the eucaryotic host cells. In studies on different immunotypes of C. trachomatis cultured in the yolk sac of embryonated hen eggs, the cycloheximide technique was compared with a method using pretreatment of cells with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. The cycloheximide method gave greater numbers of inclusion-forming units per cover slip for all the immunotypes of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis agents tested, i.e., A through I. In a study of 194 cervical and urethral specimens from women, cycloheximide treatment of McCoy cells was found to be more efficient than 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine treatment for the isolation of C. trachomatis.", "PMID": 562356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5045", "title": "Reconstitution of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity: interaction of components following cell-cell and membrane-cell fusion.", "content": "Heterokaryons formed by the fusion of adenylate cyclase-deficient S49 cells and beta-adrenergic receptor-deficient B82 cells in the presence of cycloheximide display a catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. Similar complementation can be observed when receptor-replete membranes from the cyclase-deficient cell are fused with intact B82 cells. Using the cell fusion technique it can be demonstrated that the uncoupled S49 cell variant has a functional beta-adrenergic receptor but that this variant and the adenylate cyclase-deficient variant are not complementary. Hypothetically, both clones may share a common defect in regulatory components of adenylate cyclase or both may lack a specific coupling factor.", "contents": "Reconstitution of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity: interaction of components following cell-cell and membrane-cell fusion. Heterokaryons formed by the fusion of adenylate cyclase-deficient S49 cells and beta-adrenergic receptor-deficient B82 cells in the presence of cycloheximide display a catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. Similar complementation can be observed when receptor-replete membranes from the cyclase-deficient cell are fused with intact B82 cells. Using the cell fusion technique it can be demonstrated that the uncoupled S49 cell variant has a functional beta-adrenergic receptor but that this variant and the adenylate cyclase-deficient variant are not complementary. Hypothetically, both clones may share a common defect in regulatory components of adenylate cyclase or both may lack a specific coupling factor.", "PMID": 562358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5046", "title": "Effect of ultra-high-temperature steam injection processing on sulfur-containing amino acids in milk.", "content": "Raw skim milk was processed by a modified No-Bac Unitherm IV System (Cherry-Burrell Corp.) at 143 C for 8 s, vacuum cooled to 71 C, collected, and cooled to 4 C. Raw and ultra-high-temperature processed skim milks were oxidized with performic acid, hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, and analyzed for cysteine and cystine (as cysteic acid) and methionine (as methionine sulfone) on a Beckman Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer. A loss of approximately 34% of these amino acids was observed in ultra-high-temperature processed skim milk. Sulfhydryl and disulfide groups determined with Ellman's reagent [5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] indicated no free sulfhydryls in raw skim milk and .07 mmole per liter in ultra-high-temperature processed skim milk. Loss in total sulfhydryl and disulfide groups was approximately 16% in ultra-high-temperature processed milk. Volatile sulfur compounds were detected by odor in the vapor collected from the vacuum chamber, but they could not be identified. Amino acid analysis of milk deposit collected from the injection section revealed .09 microgram of cysteine and cystine (as cysteic acid) per gram of deposit and no detectable methionine.", "contents": "Effect of ultra-high-temperature steam injection processing on sulfur-containing amino acids in milk. Raw skim milk was processed by a modified No-Bac Unitherm IV System (Cherry-Burrell Corp.) at 143 C for 8 s, vacuum cooled to 71 C, collected, and cooled to 4 C. Raw and ultra-high-temperature processed skim milks were oxidized with performic acid, hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, and analyzed for cysteine and cystine (as cysteic acid) and methionine (as methionine sulfone) on a Beckman Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer. A loss of approximately 34% of these amino acids was observed in ultra-high-temperature processed skim milk. Sulfhydryl and disulfide groups determined with Ellman's reagent [5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] indicated no free sulfhydryls in raw skim milk and .07 mmole per liter in ultra-high-temperature processed skim milk. Loss in total sulfhydryl and disulfide groups was approximately 16% in ultra-high-temperature processed milk. Volatile sulfur compounds were detected by odor in the vapor collected from the vacuum chamber, but they could not be identified. Amino acid analysis of milk deposit collected from the injection section revealed .09 microgram of cysteine and cystine (as cysteic acid) per gram of deposit and no detectable methionine.", "PMID": 562360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5047", "title": "[Antenatal diagnosis of fetal sex. Method and implications].", "content": "An outline of fetal antenatal sex determination and its diagnostic methods are rapidly enumerated. Actual methods are based on direct and indirect identification of sexual chromosomes from three types of cells : desquamated ones in amniotic fluid, fetal lymphocytes circulating in maternal blood and desquamated chorionic cells from endocervical smear. Three methods are utilizable : evidence of sexual chromatine, fluorescence specificity of the Y chromosome and the karyotype. Cells from amniotic fluid permit a correct prediction up to 97,5 p.100. However, the high risk of contamination limits its use. There is a 86 p. 100 diagnostic certainty with fetal lymphocytes in maternal blood or cervical desquamated chorionic cells. Future sex preselection may be contemplated and along with this the speculative social consequences. On the other hand, sex determination and volontary selection are limited at the moment by available technics and also by scientific and medical ethics.", "contents": "[Antenatal diagnosis of fetal sex. Method and implications]. An outline of fetal antenatal sex determination and its diagnostic methods are rapidly enumerated. Actual methods are based on direct and indirect identification of sexual chromosomes from three types of cells : desquamated ones in amniotic fluid, fetal lymphocytes circulating in maternal blood and desquamated chorionic cells from endocervical smear. Three methods are utilizable : evidence of sexual chromatine, fluorescence specificity of the Y chromosome and the karyotype. Cells from amniotic fluid permit a correct prediction up to 97,5 p.100. However, the high risk of contamination limits its use. There is a 86 p. 100 diagnostic certainty with fetal lymphocytes in maternal blood or cervical desquamated chorionic cells. Future sex preselection may be contemplated and along with this the speculative social consequences. On the other hand, sex determination and volontary selection are limited at the moment by available technics and also by scientific and medical ethics.", "PMID": 562363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5048", "title": "Excess mortality--influenza epidemiological surveillance indicator.", "content": "Observations on \"excess mortality\" from influenza, carried out in the Moldavia area between 1957 and 1973, are presented in the paper. They made it possible to assess in time and space as well as in severity the knowledge on influenza epidemics. \"Excess mortality\" proved to be a valuable indicator of increase in influenza mortality, especially, on the occurrence of big epidemics the existence of which was closely related to the appearance of new types and variants of influenza viruses. Though \"excess mortality\" showed the highest values when death from acute pneumopathies recorded in the preepidemic and postepidemic periods was included in the calculation, it also pointed to the strong effect of influenza on all causes of death, especially chronic diseases of the respiratory and cardio-vascular systems.", "contents": "Excess mortality--influenza epidemiological surveillance indicator. Observations on \"excess mortality\" from influenza, carried out in the Moldavia area between 1957 and 1973, are presented in the paper. They made it possible to assess in time and space as well as in severity the knowledge on influenza epidemics. \"Excess mortality\" proved to be a valuable indicator of increase in influenza mortality, especially, on the occurrence of big epidemics the existence of which was closely related to the appearance of new types and variants of influenza viruses. Though \"excess mortality\" showed the highest values when death from acute pneumopathies recorded in the preepidemic and postepidemic periods was included in the calculation, it also pointed to the strong effect of influenza on all causes of death, especially chronic diseases of the respiratory and cardio-vascular systems.", "PMID": 562367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5049", "title": "[Serum enzymes and HBsAg in families with viral hepatitis].", "content": "Examinations of all families affected with viral hepatitis confirmed by enzyme screening tests by means of incubation and also by the test for HBAgs were carried out in a town district in the course of 7 years. 1. After triple biochemical examinations repeated always after 14 days, changes in the serum enzymes (SGPT, ALD, LDH) were stated in 15% cases from the total of 4328 persons from 1332 families. In the control group no changes were found. 2. From the number of 2215 persons from 726 families 32% were HBAgs-positive in CFT. Simultaneous evidence of HBAgs and enzymes changes were stated in 162 persons (7,4%). 3. Changes in the enzymes as well as simultaneous evidence of HBAgs were especially stated in children. Findings of HBAgs alone prevailed in the adults (P greater than 0,001).", "contents": "[Serum enzymes and HBsAg in families with viral hepatitis]. Examinations of all families affected with viral hepatitis confirmed by enzyme screening tests by means of incubation and also by the test for HBAgs were carried out in a town district in the course of 7 years. 1. After triple biochemical examinations repeated always after 14 days, changes in the serum enzymes (SGPT, ALD, LDH) were stated in 15% cases from the total of 4328 persons from 1332 families. In the control group no changes were found. 2. From the number of 2215 persons from 726 families 32% were HBAgs-positive in CFT. Simultaneous evidence of HBAgs and enzymes changes were stated in 162 persons (7,4%). 3. Changes in the enzymes as well as simultaneous evidence of HBAgs were especially stated in children. Findings of HBAgs alone prevailed in the adults (P greater than 0,001).", "PMID": 562368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5050", "title": "Experimental and epidemiological estimation of seasonal and climato-geographical features of non-specific resistance of the organism to influenza.", "content": "One and the same series of live influenza vaccine from the strains B/Dushanbe/66 and B/Leningrad/67 or A2/Moscow/21/65 administered intranasally to non-immune persons in Leningrad and 'krasnodar in winter caused an increase in body temperature in 6.7-8% of vaccinated subjects, but in summer in 0.8%. In the transitional seasons of the year (in May and in October), 6.3-16.8% of reactions were observed in Murmansk and 0.1% in Krasnodar. An increase in antibodies in the vaccinated in Leningrad and Arkhangelsk in winter was observed 1.5 times more frequently than in summer. In Krasnodar, seroconversion occurred in only 5.7% in May and october, but in 31.3% in January; in Murmansk in 41.2-48% in May and in 75.6-78.8% in October. The seasonal as well as latitudinal and climatic differences in reactogenicity and antigenic activity of the vaccine can be explained by seasonal oscillations in non-specific resistance of people of influenza viruses. The importance of this factor in the mechanism of seasonal occurrence of influenza is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental and epidemiological estimation of seasonal and climato-geographical features of non-specific resistance of the organism to influenza. One and the same series of live influenza vaccine from the strains B/Dushanbe/66 and B/Leningrad/67 or A2/Moscow/21/65 administered intranasally to non-immune persons in Leningrad and 'krasnodar in winter caused an increase in body temperature in 6.7-8% of vaccinated subjects, but in summer in 0.8%. In the transitional seasons of the year (in May and in October), 6.3-16.8% of reactions were observed in Murmansk and 0.1% in Krasnodar. An increase in antibodies in the vaccinated in Leningrad and Arkhangelsk in winter was observed 1.5 times more frequently than in summer. In Krasnodar, seroconversion occurred in only 5.7% in May and october, but in 31.3% in January; in Murmansk in 41.2-48% in May and in 75.6-78.8% in October. The seasonal as well as latitudinal and climatic differences in reactogenicity and antigenic activity of the vaccine can be explained by seasonal oscillations in non-specific resistance of people of influenza viruses. The importance of this factor in the mechanism of seasonal occurrence of influenza is discussed.", "PMID": 562369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5051", "title": "[Biological properties of the mumps virus. Behavior using the T50 marker].", "content": "The authors studied the behaviour of 11 mumps virus strains or variants including the thermolabile standard Jeryl Lynn strain under thermal charge (50 degrees C/30 min). Varants were obtained from the Soviet vaccinal strains Leningrad-3 by cultivation under various conditions. Incubation temperature and cellular substrate played an important role therein. Variants with various behaviour in the marker T50 resulted. It was found that passages at 32 degrees C at limited dilutions as well as those on chick embryos or in cultures of chicken fibroblasts increased their thermolability. Possible correlations between their behaviour in the marker T50 and the degree of di attenuation are discussed. (Ta)", "contents": "[Biological properties of the mumps virus. Behavior using the T50 marker]. The authors studied the behaviour of 11 mumps virus strains or variants including the thermolabile standard Jeryl Lynn strain under thermal charge (50 degrees C/30 min). Varants were obtained from the Soviet vaccinal strains Leningrad-3 by cultivation under various conditions. Incubation temperature and cellular substrate played an important role therein. Variants with various behaviour in the marker T50 resulted. It was found that passages at 32 degrees C at limited dilutions as well as those on chick embryos or in cultures of chicken fibroblasts increased their thermolability. Possible correlations between their behaviour in the marker T50 and the degree of di attenuation are discussed. (Ta)", "PMID": 562370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5052", "title": "Viremia and serum antibodies in Syrian hamster after inapparent infection with European tick-borne encephalitis virus.", "content": "1.) Adult Syrian hamsters (Cricetus auratus) are relatively insusceptible to the lethal affect of the ETBE virus after peripheral inoculation. After subcutaneous infection with 10(3) i. cer. mouse LD50 of the virus they manifest 25 per cent mortality. 2) In subcutaneously infected hamsters the virus is demonstrable in the CNS of only 20 per cent of the animals. CF- and VN-antibodies can be found in the blood from the 10th day; CF--antibodies culminate on the 20th-30th day receding relatively quickly, whereas VN-antibodies peak after the 28th day, dropping only partly and persisting. 3) The dynamics of CF- and VN-antibodies and a high number of clinically inapparent hamster infections resemble the situation in humans infected with ETBE under natural conditions.", "contents": "Viremia and serum antibodies in Syrian hamster after inapparent infection with European tick-borne encephalitis virus. 1.) Adult Syrian hamsters (Cricetus auratus) are relatively insusceptible to the lethal affect of the ETBE virus after peripheral inoculation. After subcutaneous infection with 10(3) i. cer. mouse LD50 of the virus they manifest 25 per cent mortality. 2) In subcutaneously infected hamsters the virus is demonstrable in the CNS of only 20 per cent of the animals. CF- and VN-antibodies can be found in the blood from the 10th day; CF--antibodies culminate on the 20th-30th day receding relatively quickly, whereas VN-antibodies peak after the 28th day, dropping only partly and persisting. 3) The dynamics of CF- and VN-antibodies and a high number of clinically inapparent hamster infections resemble the situation in humans infected with ETBE under natural conditions.", "PMID": 562371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5053", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica, indole-negative and indole-positive biotypes. Isolation, identification and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.", "content": "A population of 200 Y. enterocolitica strains of the serotype 03 and 100 strains belonging to other serotypes mostly, however, to the biotype 1 were examined for their sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. The serotype 03 strains were obtained from human material of diarrhoeal cases, the origin of other serotypes was various. They originated from human extraintestinal material, animals, water and foods. To summarize their results, the authors elaborated an antibiogram presented in graphs.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica, indole-negative and indole-positive biotypes. Isolation, identification and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. A population of 200 Y. enterocolitica strains of the serotype 03 and 100 strains belonging to other serotypes mostly, however, to the biotype 1 were examined for their sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. The serotype 03 strains were obtained from human material of diarrhoeal cases, the origin of other serotypes was various. They originated from human extraintestinal material, animals, water and foods. To summarize their results, the authors elaborated an antibiogram presented in graphs.", "PMID": 562372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5054", "title": "Negative seroconversion and circulating interferon in children vaccinated with live measles vaccine.", "content": "In none of the examined children, regardless of whether they manifested negative (17 children) or positive (25 children) seroconversion after vaccination with live measles vaccine, interferon activity could be demonstrated in the serum (starting with 1:4 dilution) withdrawn at the time of the vaccine administration.", "contents": "Negative seroconversion and circulating interferon in children vaccinated with live measles vaccine. In none of the examined children, regardless of whether they manifested negative (17 children) or positive (25 children) seroconversion after vaccination with live measles vaccine, interferon activity could be demonstrated in the serum (starting with 1:4 dilution) withdrawn at the time of the vaccine administration.", "PMID": 562373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5055", "title": "RNA-induced intensification of antibacterial resistance and aggravation of infection.", "content": "The injection of yeast total RNA, transfer RNA or sodium nucleinate into the organism of experimental animals induced the development of non-specific resistance to pathogenic salmonellae, staphylococci and escherichiae 4-6 hours after the administration of the preparations; this resistance persisted during several days. The content of serum lysozyme rose and interferon was induced in the stimulated animals, but the state of resistance was not transferred with serum. It was due to mobile phagocytes the number of which increased considerably and so did their digestive activity. Simultaneous administration of RNA and pathogenic salmonellae and staphylococci was accompanied by aggravation of infection and acceleration of the lethal outcome. The mechanism of this phenomenon consists in the acceleration of proliferation of the microorganisms and in the selection of their virulent clones under the effect of RNA which was demonstrated in experiments in vivo and in vitro. It is believed that endogenous nucleic acids participate in the development of the natural infectious process, in bacterial complications of viral infections and in autoinfection during radiation sickness.", "contents": "RNA-induced intensification of antibacterial resistance and aggravation of infection. The injection of yeast total RNA, transfer RNA or sodium nucleinate into the organism of experimental animals induced the development of non-specific resistance to pathogenic salmonellae, staphylococci and escherichiae 4-6 hours after the administration of the preparations; this resistance persisted during several days. The content of serum lysozyme rose and interferon was induced in the stimulated animals, but the state of resistance was not transferred with serum. It was due to mobile phagocytes the number of which increased considerably and so did their digestive activity. Simultaneous administration of RNA and pathogenic salmonellae and staphylococci was accompanied by aggravation of infection and acceleration of the lethal outcome. The mechanism of this phenomenon consists in the acceleration of proliferation of the microorganisms and in the selection of their virulent clones under the effect of RNA which was demonstrated in experiments in vivo and in vitro. It is believed that endogenous nucleic acids participate in the development of the natural infectious process, in bacterial complications of viral infections and in autoinfection during radiation sickness.", "PMID": 562374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5056", "title": "Field and laboratory investigations into the role of the Musca species in the transmission of intestinal parasitic cysts and eggs in Nigeria.", "content": "Houseflies caught on refuse dumps in six areas of Ibadan were dissected and the intestinal parasitic cysts and eggs which were found in their alimentary canal were similar to those found in the examined faeces of the community living in the environment. Strongly eggs were also found in the alimentary canal of Musca species which had fed on the faeces of an infected sheep. While the houseflies caught in the living quarters the high income group were free of parasites, some of these caught in and around low income group residential areas possessed various parasitic eggs and cysts. Musca domestica specimens were exposed in the laboratory to eggs of three intestinal parasites. Their ability to transmit these eggs by regurgitation was highest within 1/2 hour of ingestion and it decreased with time until it was lost after 2 hours.", "contents": "Field and laboratory investigations into the role of the Musca species in the transmission of intestinal parasitic cysts and eggs in Nigeria. Houseflies caught on refuse dumps in six areas of Ibadan were dissected and the intestinal parasitic cysts and eggs which were found in their alimentary canal were similar to those found in the examined faeces of the community living in the environment. Strongly eggs were also found in the alimentary canal of Musca species which had fed on the faeces of an infected sheep. While the houseflies caught in the living quarters the high income group were free of parasites, some of these caught in and around low income group residential areas possessed various parasitic eggs and cysts. Musca domestica specimens were exposed in the laboratory to eggs of three intestinal parasites. Their ability to transmit these eggs by regurgitation was highest within 1/2 hour of ingestion and it decreased with time until it was lost after 2 hours.", "PMID": 562375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5057", "title": "Observations on Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Zambia.", "content": "Microscopy and culture of high vaginal swabs from an ante-natal clinic showed that 38.5% of the women harboured Trichomonas vaginalis; the corresponding figure from a gynaecology clinic was 31.4%. The incorporation of the culture method together with direct microscopy as a diagnostic technique in a routine laboratory is emphasized. Urine microscopy in out-patients, in-patients and medical examinees indicates that T. vaginalis in both males and females is not a rare infestation but the prevalence rate of 4.8% in males is considered an underestimate. Asymptomatic and symptomatic trichomoniasis was evident during the study. The age group in which the infection is most common is noted; this evidence suggests that venereal transmission need not be the only source of infection. The role of urinary schistosomiasis as a possible cause of urethritis is discussed.", "contents": "Observations on Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Zambia. Microscopy and culture of high vaginal swabs from an ante-natal clinic showed that 38.5% of the women harboured Trichomonas vaginalis; the corresponding figure from a gynaecology clinic was 31.4%. The incorporation of the culture method together with direct microscopy as a diagnostic technique in a routine laboratory is emphasized. Urine microscopy in out-patients, in-patients and medical examinees indicates that T. vaginalis in both males and females is not a rare infestation but the prevalence rate of 4.8% in males is considered an underestimate. Asymptomatic and symptomatic trichomoniasis was evident during the study. The age group in which the infection is most common is noted; this evidence suggests that venereal transmission need not be the only source of infection. The role of urinary schistosomiasis as a possible cause of urethritis is discussed.", "PMID": 562376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5058", "title": "Interaction of erythrocytes with human serum proteins. II. Dependence of the process on the concentration of protein, exposure and temperature of medium.", "content": "The effect of concentration of human serum proteins, duration of contact and temperature of the medium on the process of their interaction with formalized, tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes was studied. Dependence of the process of specific haemosensitization on the enumerated factors was established. The character of the process of haemosensitization by serum proteins and its dependence on the concentration of sensitins and the duration of the contact with them can be expressed by Langmuir's equation. On the basis of limited preliminary experiments it is thus possible to define the optimum conditions for the loading of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Interaction of erythrocytes with human serum proteins. II. Dependence of the process on the concentration of protein, exposure and temperature of medium. The effect of concentration of human serum proteins, duration of contact and temperature of the medium on the process of their interaction with formalized, tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes was studied. Dependence of the process of specific haemosensitization on the enumerated factors was established. The character of the process of haemosensitization by serum proteins and its dependence on the concentration of sensitins and the duration of the contact with them can be expressed by Langmuir's equation. On the basis of limited preliminary experiments it is thus possible to define the optimum conditions for the loading of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 562377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5059", "title": "Sodium intake and health in infancy.", "content": "Although the healthy infant can tolerate the range of sodium intakes normally present in the variety of diets offered in Britain without developing hypernatraemia or evidence of serious disease, there is enough evidence to suggest that care is required in the amount of sodium given to babies. The consequence of excessive sodium intake may be short term or long term. The most common short term complication is hypertonic dehydration. In the long term, the fear is that high intakes of sodium in early infancy may predispose to hypertension in later life, though this is as yet unproven.", "contents": "Sodium intake and health in infancy. Although the healthy infant can tolerate the range of sodium intakes normally present in the variety of diets offered in Britain without developing hypernatraemia or evidence of serious disease, there is enough evidence to suggest that care is required in the amount of sodium given to babies. The consequence of excessive sodium intake may be short term or long term. The most common short term complication is hypertonic dehydration. In the long term, the fear is that high intakes of sodium in early infancy may predispose to hypertension in later life, though this is as yet unproven.", "PMID": 562378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5060", "title": "Intercellular junctions, intramembranous particles and cytoskeletal elements of deep cells of the Fundulus gastrula.", "content": "The fine structure of motile deep cells of the gastrula stage of Fundulus heteroclitus was studied with transmission electron microscopy, using both thin sectioning and freeze-cleave techniques. Gastrula deep cells form extensive non-junctiona appositions with each other, in which the apposed plasma membranes are parallel and separated by a distance of 26-28 nm. They also form gap junctions. Tight junctions, desmosomes, and extensive interdigitations of apposed plasma membranes were not observed. The plasma membranes of deep cells contain numerous unclustered intramembranous particles. Cytoplasmic microtubules were found, but they appear to be small in number, sparsely distributed, and mainly randomly oriented. Microfilaments are also present and are localized largely in the cortical cytoplasm and in thin cell extensions. The significance of these findings for the contact and locomotory behavior of deep cells is discussed.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions, intramembranous particles and cytoskeletal elements of deep cells of the Fundulus gastrula. The fine structure of motile deep cells of the gastrula stage of Fundulus heteroclitus was studied with transmission electron microscopy, using both thin sectioning and freeze-cleave techniques. Gastrula deep cells form extensive non-junctiona appositions with each other, in which the apposed plasma membranes are parallel and separated by a distance of 26-28 nm. They also form gap junctions. Tight junctions, desmosomes, and extensive interdigitations of apposed plasma membranes were not observed. The plasma membranes of deep cells contain numerous unclustered intramembranous particles. Cytoplasmic microtubules were found, but they appear to be small in number, sparsely distributed, and mainly randomly oriented. Microfilaments are also present and are localized largely in the cortical cytoplasm and in thin cell extensions. The significance of these findings for the contact and locomotory behavior of deep cells is discussed.", "PMID": 562384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5061", "title": "Somatic nuclei in amphibian oocytes: evidence for selective gene expression.", "content": "Previous work has shown that multiple HeLa nuclei injected into Xenopus oocytes remain transcriptionally active for many days and that the expression of HeLa genes in oocytes can be detected by 2-D gel electrophoresis. We show here that of 25 proteins which have the electrophoretic properties of HeLa gene products, only 3 are expressed in injected oocytes. To test that these proteins are products of HeLa genes, and not products of activated oocyte genes, we have injected HeLa nuclei into enucleated oocytes. Three days later, several HeLa proteins were synthesized. The turning off of most HeLa genes in injected oocytes is apparently not at the translational level. This is indicated by the fact that adenovirus mRNA is efficiently translated when injected into Xenopus oocytes. When adenovirus-infected HeLa cells nuclei are injected into oocytes the adenovirus genes are not expressed, although some HeLa genes are expressed by the same nuclei. The same HeLa genes as are expressed or switched off in injected Xenopus oocytes are also preferentially expressed or switched off in injected oocytes of a Urodele amphibian, Pleurodeles. This suggests that conditions or molecules may exist in oocytes which selectively impose on injected nuclei a new programme of gene expression.", "contents": "Somatic nuclei in amphibian oocytes: evidence for selective gene expression. Previous work has shown that multiple HeLa nuclei injected into Xenopus oocytes remain transcriptionally active for many days and that the expression of HeLa genes in oocytes can be detected by 2-D gel electrophoresis. We show here that of 25 proteins which have the electrophoretic properties of HeLa gene products, only 3 are expressed in injected oocytes. To test that these proteins are products of HeLa genes, and not products of activated oocyte genes, we have injected HeLa nuclei into enucleated oocytes. Three days later, several HeLa proteins were synthesized. The turning off of most HeLa genes in injected oocytes is apparently not at the translational level. This is indicated by the fact that adenovirus mRNA is efficiently translated when injected into Xenopus oocytes. When adenovirus-infected HeLa cells nuclei are injected into oocytes the adenovirus genes are not expressed, although some HeLa genes are expressed by the same nuclei. The same HeLa genes as are expressed or switched off in injected Xenopus oocytes are also preferentially expressed or switched off in injected oocytes of a Urodele amphibian, Pleurodeles. This suggests that conditions or molecules may exist in oocytes which selectively impose on injected nuclei a new programme of gene expression.", "PMID": 562385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5062", "title": "Effect of immunosuppression on dengue virus infection in mice.", "content": "Mean survival time following intracerebral inoculation of dengue virus was reduced and the titre of the virus in the brain of immunosuppressed mice was markedly increased. A single dose of cyclophosphamide given 24 h after dengue virus i.c. or i.p. substantially reduced the number of antibody forming cells in the spleen. Three doses of dengue virus, each followed by cyclophosphamide 24 h later, produced specific hyporesponsiveness to the dengue virus but not to a heterologous virus (Coxsackie B4), with a reduction in antibody forming cells in the spleen of such animals against dengue virus but not against Coxsackie B4 virus. Adoptive immunity by antiserum was abolished along with increased titres of the virus in the brain of immunosuppressed mice but the protection could be restored by a second dose of antiserum. Pre-treatment of mice with immune or normal spleen cells i.v. or reconstitution of immunosuppressed mice by such cells had no effect. Thus, humoral antibodies play a crucially important role in host defence mechanism in recovery of mice from primary dengue virus infection.", "contents": "Effect of immunosuppression on dengue virus infection in mice. Mean survival time following intracerebral inoculation of dengue virus was reduced and the titre of the virus in the brain of immunosuppressed mice was markedly increased. A single dose of cyclophosphamide given 24 h after dengue virus i.c. or i.p. substantially reduced the number of antibody forming cells in the spleen. Three doses of dengue virus, each followed by cyclophosphamide 24 h later, produced specific hyporesponsiveness to the dengue virus but not to a heterologous virus (Coxsackie B4), with a reduction in antibody forming cells in the spleen of such animals against dengue virus but not against Coxsackie B4 virus. Adoptive immunity by antiserum was abolished along with increased titres of the virus in the brain of immunosuppressed mice but the protection could be restored by a second dose of antiserum. Pre-treatment of mice with immune or normal spleen cells i.v. or reconstitution of immunosuppressed mice by such cells had no effect. Thus, humoral antibodies play a crucially important role in host defence mechanism in recovery of mice from primary dengue virus infection.", "PMID": 562388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5063", "title": "Replication of animal viruses in differentiating muscle cells: influenza virus A.", "content": "Cells were cultured from the breast muscle of 11- to 12-day-old chick embryos and were grown under conditions optimal for the development of the cells into terminally differentiated, fused myotubes. Myotubes were infected with influenza virus A/Ann Arbor/6/60(H2N2) at high multiplicity, and synthesis of virus-specific proteins and RNAs was detected by haemadsorption, fluorescence microscopy and/or isotope labelling and electrophoresis techniques. Provided that myotubes were maintained at temperatures below 39 degrees C after infection, production of virus components and yield of infectious virus in these cells was similar to those observed in infected chick kidney cells. However, if cells were maintained at temperatures of 39 degrees to 40 degrees C after infection, virus nucleoprotein was prominent in the nuclei, and synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides and of plus-strand RNA was reduced about fourfold to 20-fold compared to that detected at lower temperatures. Moreover, infectious virus was not produced when temperatures of 39 to 40 degrees C were used during virus replication. The results demonstrate that under suitable conditions avian myotubes formed in culture resemble epithelioid cells in their ability to support the productive replication of influenza virus.", "contents": "Replication of animal viruses in differentiating muscle cells: influenza virus A. Cells were cultured from the breast muscle of 11- to 12-day-old chick embryos and were grown under conditions optimal for the development of the cells into terminally differentiated, fused myotubes. Myotubes were infected with influenza virus A/Ann Arbor/6/60(H2N2) at high multiplicity, and synthesis of virus-specific proteins and RNAs was detected by haemadsorption, fluorescence microscopy and/or isotope labelling and electrophoresis techniques. Provided that myotubes were maintained at temperatures below 39 degrees C after infection, production of virus components and yield of infectious virus in these cells was similar to those observed in infected chick kidney cells. However, if cells were maintained at temperatures of 39 degrees to 40 degrees C after infection, virus nucleoprotein was prominent in the nuclei, and synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides and of plus-strand RNA was reduced about fourfold to 20-fold compared to that detected at lower temperatures. Moreover, infectious virus was not produced when temperatures of 39 to 40 degrees C were used during virus replication. The results demonstrate that under suitable conditions avian myotubes formed in culture resemble epithelioid cells in their ability to support the productive replication of influenza virus.", "PMID": 562389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5064", "title": "Frog virus 3 morphogenesis: effect of temperature and metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "The different stages of frog virus 3 (FV 3) morphogenesis have been investigated in chick embryo fibroblasts infected at an optimal temperature for virus growth (29 degrees C). The metabolic requirements for morphogenesis were determined by adding inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis at different periods in the virus growth cycle. The effect of a non-permissive temperature for FV 3 replication (37 degrees C) was also studied in shift up experiments. The following results were obtained: (I) when DNA replication was inhibited, neither immature nor mature virus particles appeared; (2) continuous protein synthesis was required for every stage of virus morphogenesis. However, the assembly of virions into paracrystalline arrays seemed to be a passive phenomenon. (3) Continuous mRNA transcription was not necessary for assembly of capsid constituents, although most of these capsids appeared empty; there was also a striking increase in the number of aberrant virus structures. (4) If infected cells were shifted to a non-permissive temperature, virus maturation was completely inhibited.", "contents": "Frog virus 3 morphogenesis: effect of temperature and metabolic inhibitors. The different stages of frog virus 3 (FV 3) morphogenesis have been investigated in chick embryo fibroblasts infected at an optimal temperature for virus growth (29 degrees C). The metabolic requirements for morphogenesis were determined by adding inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis at different periods in the virus growth cycle. The effect of a non-permissive temperature for FV 3 replication (37 degrees C) was also studied in shift up experiments. The following results were obtained: (I) when DNA replication was inhibited, neither immature nor mature virus particles appeared; (2) continuous protein synthesis was required for every stage of virus morphogenesis. However, the assembly of virions into paracrystalline arrays seemed to be a passive phenomenon. (3) Continuous mRNA transcription was not necessary for assembly of capsid constituents, although most of these capsids appeared empty; there was also a striking increase in the number of aberrant virus structures. (4) If infected cells were shifted to a non-permissive temperature, virus maturation was completely inhibited.", "PMID": 562390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5065", "title": "Depression spectrum disease versus pure depressive disease. Clinical, personality, and course differences.", "content": "In a group of 191 women admitted to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital for depression over a 45-year period and selected on the basis of alcoholism or antisocial personality, vs. depression, in a parent, 105 probands fit into the depression spectrum group (parental alcoholism or antisocial personality) and 86 into the pure depression group (parental depression). Few differences were found between the presenting clinical pictures (including precipitating factors) of the two groups; but depression spectrum patients and pure depressive patients showed study differences in the areas of personal problems and personality as well as course of illness. The depression spectrum patients were significantly less likely to have loss of interest in usual activities as a symptom at index admission. They were significantly more likely to have had a history of sexual problems, to have been divorced or separated before, to have been described as irritable, and to report having previously been depressed. They are nonetheless significantly more likely to recover completely and have no relapse of depression. The pure depression group were significantly more likely to have depressed sisters, and suicide was much more frequent in their ill parents. Thus, important personality and course differences separate depressive spectrum disease from pure depressive disease;", "contents": "Depression spectrum disease versus pure depressive disease. Clinical, personality, and course differences. In a group of 191 women admitted to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital for depression over a 45-year period and selected on the basis of alcoholism or antisocial personality, vs. depression, in a parent, 105 probands fit into the depression spectrum group (parental alcoholism or antisocial personality) and 86 into the pure depression group (parental depression). Few differences were found between the presenting clinical pictures (including precipitating factors) of the two groups; but depression spectrum patients and pure depressive patients showed study differences in the areas of personal problems and personality as well as course of illness. The depression spectrum patients were significantly less likely to have loss of interest in usual activities as a symptom at index admission. They were significantly more likely to have had a history of sexual problems, to have been divorced or separated before, to have been described as irritable, and to report having previously been depressed. They are nonetheless significantly more likely to recover completely and have no relapse of depression. The pure depression group were significantly more likely to have depressed sisters, and suicide was much more frequent in their ill parents. Thus, important personality and course differences separate depressive spectrum disease from pure depressive disease;", "PMID": 562391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5066", "title": "Diurnal and seasonal variations in human platelet serotonin in man.", "content": "Platelet serotonin (5-HT) was found to be an individually constant parameter correlating with the uptake of exogenous 5-HT. A pronounced diurnal pattern of 5-HT, with a minimum in the afternoon and higher values in the morning and evening, was similar to the diurnal variations in plasma free tryptophan. Platelet 5-HT was  significantly higher at 8 a.m. than 4 p.m. in spring but no longer in autumn, and was similar in both men and women. It appeared that peripheral diurnal variations in 5-HT were opposite in phase to the central 5-HT rhythm.", "contents": "Diurnal and seasonal variations in human platelet serotonin in man. Platelet serotonin (5-HT) was found to be an individually constant parameter correlating with the uptake of exogenous 5-HT. A pronounced diurnal pattern of 5-HT, with a minimum in the afternoon and higher values in the morning and evening, was similar to the diurnal variations in plasma free tryptophan. Platelet 5-HT was  significantly higher at 8 a.m. than 4 p.m. in spring but no longer in autumn, and was similar in both men and women. It appeared that peripheral diurnal variations in 5-HT were opposite in phase to the central 5-HT rhythm.", "PMID": 562392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5067", "title": "Choline acetyltrasferase activity in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary.", "content": "CAT activity was determined in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat's pituitary gland. The level of enzyme activity in the adult rat is of 386.2 +/- 39.1 picomoles/hour/neurointermediate lobe. CAT activity is present in the pituitary gland of the newborn animal and increases with age. In organo-typic cultured neurointermediates lobes CAT decreases progressively and practically disappears after 10 days.", "contents": "Choline acetyltrasferase activity in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary. CAT activity was determined in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat's pituitary gland. The level of enzyme activity in the adult rat is of 386.2 +/- 39.1 picomoles/hour/neurointermediate lobe. CAT activity is present in the pituitary gland of the newborn animal and increases with age. In organo-typic cultured neurointermediates lobes CAT decreases progressively and practically disappears after 10 days.", "PMID": 562393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5068", "title": "[Influence of the photoperiod on the ultrastructure of the pineal gland before and during the seasonal genital cycle in the female garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The pinealocyte of the female garden dormouse presents ultrastructural characteristics correlated with the sexual cycle. In winter, during the period of sexual quiescence, the pinealocyte is very rich in liposomes, myelinic bodies and lysosomes; the same holds during the summer quiescence state. These organelles and a great number of intracellular vacuoles are very well developed in dormice artificially maintained in anoestrous during the normal sexual activity period by light deprivation. In spring liposomes are strongly reduced in animals that are awake and sexually active, whereas the number of \"synaptic ribbons\" and of densecored vesicles increases. This ultrastructural aspect can be obtained during winter quiescence in animals living at 22 degrees C, under continuous light, and showing early sexual activation. If illumination is prolonged over the seasonal sexual phase dilated cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum, filled with proteinaceous material, appear in the cell. It seems that light no more activates, but inhibits gonadostimulator mechanisms. The pinealocyte's ultrastructural elements which are characteristic of a definite sexual state generally develop before this state is fully established. Actually, the functional significance of these organelles is not known.", "contents": "[Influence of the photoperiod on the ultrastructure of the pineal gland before and during the seasonal genital cycle in the female garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) (author's transl)]. The pinealocyte of the female garden dormouse presents ultrastructural characteristics correlated with the sexual cycle. In winter, during the period of sexual quiescence, the pinealocyte is very rich in liposomes, myelinic bodies and lysosomes; the same holds during the summer quiescence state. These organelles and a great number of intracellular vacuoles are very well developed in dormice artificially maintained in anoestrous during the normal sexual activity period by light deprivation. In spring liposomes are strongly reduced in animals that are awake and sexually active, whereas the number of \"synaptic ribbons\" and of densecored vesicles increases. This ultrastructural aspect can be obtained during winter quiescence in animals living at 22 degrees C, under continuous light, and showing early sexual activation. If illumination is prolonged over the seasonal sexual phase dilated cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum, filled with proteinaceous material, appear in the cell. It seems that light no more activates, but inhibits gonadostimulator mechanisms. The pinealocyte's ultrastructural elements which are characteristic of a definite sexual state generally develop before this state is fully established. Actually, the functional significance of these organelles is not known.", "PMID": 562394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5069", "title": "Determination of free monosaccharides and detection of sugar alcohols in mature soybean seeds.", "content": "Although the oligosaccharide contents of soybeans are well documented, the exact values of monosaccharide contents have not been reported. Elaborate methods of preparative paper chromatography together with gas chromatography established the following data for one variety, Kyushu No. 12. The air-dried cotyledon part (admixed with hypocotyls) contained 0.030% glucose and 0.039% fructose. The hull part contained 0.018% galactose, 0.028% glucose, 0.023% fructose, 0.005% arabinose, and 0.002% xylose. Gas chromatograms of trimethylsilated monosaccharide fractions revealed the existence of minute amounts of sorbitol, arabitol, xylitol, and mannitol in decreasing order (about 0.03% to 0.001% of whole seeds).", "contents": "Determination of free monosaccharides and detection of sugar alcohols in mature soybean seeds. Although the oligosaccharide contents of soybeans are well documented, the exact values of monosaccharide contents have not been reported. Elaborate methods of preparative paper chromatography together with gas chromatography established the following data for one variety, Kyushu No. 12. The air-dried cotyledon part (admixed with hypocotyls) contained 0.030% glucose and 0.039% fructose. The hull part contained 0.018% galactose, 0.028% glucose, 0.023% fructose, 0.005% arabinose, and 0.002% xylose. Gas chromatograms of trimethylsilated monosaccharide fractions revealed the existence of minute amounts of sorbitol, arabitol, xylitol, and mannitol in decreasing order (about 0.03% to 0.001% of whole seeds).", "PMID": 562395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5070", "title": "The ultrastructure of skeletal haemangiosarcomas induced in mice by strontium-90.", "content": "The commonest skeletal tumour occurring in male CBA and C3H mice injected with 7--13 muCi 90Sr (per mouse) at Harwell was diagnosed with the light microscope as haemangiosarcoma. On the other hand, Nilsson, using male CBA mice injected with similar amounts of 90Sr, recorded the predominant tumour as fibroblastic osteosarcoma. To resolve the apparent discrepancy, samples of non-osteogenic tumours induced by 90Sr at Harwell were examined with the electron microscope and their ultrastructure compared with that described for fibroblastic osteosarcoma by Nilsson. The tumours diagnosed as haemangiosarcoma at Harwell showed ultrastructural features not observed in the fibroblastic osteosarcomas. Vasoformation was marked, the vascular channels varying in shape, size and in the character of their lining cells. Some vascular channels were lined by cuboidal cells, crowded together, and surrounded by a basement membrane. Others were lined by an attenuated endothelium and often formed networks. The tumour cells showed great variation in shape, size and ultrastructure and were sometimes enclosed by a basement membrane. Thus the ultrastructure of the tumours described in this report supports the diagnosis of haemangiosarcoma, rather than fibroblastic osteosarcoma. The question of whether these haemangiosarcomas truly originate from vascular endothelium, or are mimics, is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of skeletal haemangiosarcomas induced in mice by strontium-90. The commonest skeletal tumour occurring in male CBA and C3H mice injected with 7--13 muCi 90Sr (per mouse) at Harwell was diagnosed with the light microscope as haemangiosarcoma. On the other hand, Nilsson, using male CBA mice injected with similar amounts of 90Sr, recorded the predominant tumour as fibroblastic osteosarcoma. To resolve the apparent discrepancy, samples of non-osteogenic tumours induced by 90Sr at Harwell were examined with the electron microscope and their ultrastructure compared with that described for fibroblastic osteosarcoma by Nilsson. The tumours diagnosed as haemangiosarcoma at Harwell showed ultrastructural features not observed in the fibroblastic osteosarcomas. Vasoformation was marked, the vascular channels varying in shape, size and in the character of their lining cells. Some vascular channels were lined by cuboidal cells, crowded together, and surrounded by a basement membrane. Others were lined by an attenuated endothelium and often formed networks. The tumour cells showed great variation in shape, size and ultrastructure and were sometimes enclosed by a basement membrane. Thus the ultrastructure of the tumours described in this report supports the diagnosis of haemangiosarcoma, rather than fibroblastic osteosarcoma. The question of whether these haemangiosarcomas truly originate from vascular endothelium, or are mimics, is discussed.", "PMID": 562397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5071", "title": "Characterization of the responses of oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurones in the supraoptic nucleus to osmotic stimulation.", "content": "1. Extracellular action potentials were recorded from forty antidromically identified single units in the supraoptic nucleus of lactating, urethane-anaesthetized female rats. The activity was monitored both during reflex milk ejection and during an increase of 10-15 m-osmole/kg in plasma osmotic pressure induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml. of 1.5 M-NaCl solution.2. About half (eighteen) the cells showed a burst of activity before reflex milk ejection and were dubbed oxytocin cells. Oxytocin cells responded to a hypertonic injection with a smooth sustained threefold increase in firing rate.3. The remainder (twenty-two) showed no burst of activity before reflex milk ejection and were dubbed vasopressin cells. Vasopressin cells doubled their firing rate as plasma osmotic pressure increased. Neither cell type increased its firing rate after injections of isotonic NaCl.4. A phasic firing pattern was rarely seen in slow firing vasopressin cells (< 2 spikes/sec) but was seen in almost all vasopressin cells (twelve out of fourteen) firing between 3 and 8 spikes/sec. Above 8 spikes/sec, some vasopressin cells fired continuously. Phasic firing was only once encountered in an oxytocin cell.5. The firing rate of both oxytocin and vasopressin cells decreased when plasma osmotic pressure was reduced 10-15 m-osmole/kg by an intragastric water load of 10 ml.6. Hypothalamic cells lying just outside the supraoptic nucleus did not show a consistent response to injection of hypertonic NaCl.7. Clearly, both oxytocin and vasopressin cells are osmoresponsive, but phasic firing is characteristic of stimulated vasopressin cells. Thus, osmotic activation allows discrimination between oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurones.", "contents": "Characterization of the responses of oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurones in the supraoptic nucleus to osmotic stimulation. 1. Extracellular action potentials were recorded from forty antidromically identified single units in the supraoptic nucleus of lactating, urethane-anaesthetized female rats. The activity was monitored both during reflex milk ejection and during an increase of 10-15 m-osmole/kg in plasma osmotic pressure induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml. of 1.5 M-NaCl solution.2. About half (eighteen) the cells showed a burst of activity before reflex milk ejection and were dubbed oxytocin cells. Oxytocin cells responded to a hypertonic injection with a smooth sustained threefold increase in firing rate.3. The remainder (twenty-two) showed no burst of activity before reflex milk ejection and were dubbed vasopressin cells. Vasopressin cells doubled their firing rate as plasma osmotic pressure increased. Neither cell type increased its firing rate after injections of isotonic NaCl.4. A phasic firing pattern was rarely seen in slow firing vasopressin cells (< 2 spikes/sec) but was seen in almost all vasopressin cells (twelve out of fourteen) firing between 3 and 8 spikes/sec. Above 8 spikes/sec, some vasopressin cells fired continuously. Phasic firing was only once encountered in an oxytocin cell.5. The firing rate of both oxytocin and vasopressin cells decreased when plasma osmotic pressure was reduced 10-15 m-osmole/kg by an intragastric water load of 10 ml.6. Hypothalamic cells lying just outside the supraoptic nucleus did not show a consistent response to injection of hypertonic NaCl.7. Clearly, both oxytocin and vasopressin cells are osmoresponsive, but phasic firing is characteristic of stimulated vasopressin cells. Thus, osmotic activation allows discrimination between oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurones.", "PMID": 562405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5072", "title": "Unilateral anophthalmos and absence of right cerebral hemisphere.", "content": "A case is presented of a new eight-month-old infant with congenital anophthalmos and ipsilateral absence of cerebral tissue. Various central nervous system anomalies are described as associated with anophthalmos. Therapy is directed toward enlargement of the socket by expansion and/or surgical techniques. Early expansion therapy within the first year of life appears warranted in view of differential orbital growth rates.", "contents": "Unilateral anophthalmos and absence of right cerebral hemisphere. A case is presented of a new eight-month-old infant with congenital anophthalmos and ipsilateral absence of cerebral tissue. Various central nervous system anomalies are described as associated with anophthalmos. Therapy is directed toward enlargement of the socket by expansion and/or surgical techniques. Early expansion therapy within the first year of life appears warranted in view of differential orbital growth rates.", "PMID": 562403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5073", "title": "Steroid-binding proteins in follicular fluid and peripheral plasma from pigs, cows and sheep.", "content": "No unusual steroid-binding proteins that might react with the oocyte or its investments could be detected in follicular fluid. Corticosteroid-binding globulin occurred in follicular fluid from pigs, sheep and cows, and sex hormone-binding globulin occurred in follicular fluid from sheep and cows. The bulk of the steroid in follicular fluid is bound to albumin with low affinity, indicating that steroid molecules can readily be released, and oestrogen can react with the oocyte and granulosa cells in a manner analogous to that demonstrated for target cells bathed with interstitial fluid. Pigs lack a sex-hormone binding globulin in blood plasma and, hence, in follicular fluid. Because no proteins exist in follicular fluid that would compete with antibodies to bind steroids, direct radioimmunoassay of follicular steroids appears to be a valid technique.", "contents": "Steroid-binding proteins in follicular fluid and peripheral plasma from pigs, cows and sheep. No unusual steroid-binding proteins that might react with the oocyte or its investments could be detected in follicular fluid. Corticosteroid-binding globulin occurred in follicular fluid from pigs, sheep and cows, and sex hormone-binding globulin occurred in follicular fluid from sheep and cows. The bulk of the steroid in follicular fluid is bound to albumin with low affinity, indicating that steroid molecules can readily be released, and oestrogen can react with the oocyte and granulosa cells in a manner analogous to that demonstrated for target cells bathed with interstitial fluid. Pigs lack a sex-hormone binding globulin in blood plasma and, hence, in follicular fluid. Because no proteins exist in follicular fluid that would compete with antibodies to bind steroids, direct radioimmunoassay of follicular steroids appears to be a valid technique.", "PMID": 562410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5074", "title": "Delay of sexual maturation in female house mice by exposure to grouped females or urine from grouped females.", "content": "The experiments examined the timing, duration and possible enhancement effects of group contact on the delay of sexual maturation produced in prepubertal female house mice by urine from grouped females. One or three days of pheromone stimulation at specified ages during the first 2 weeks after weaning was not sufficient to delay puberty in females caged singly. However, pheromone treatment for 7 days, beginning during the first week after weaning, did significantly delay the onset of first vaginal oestrus relative to control females treated with water. Both the timing and duration of pheromone stimulation appear to be critical factors affecting pheromone-induced delay of sexual maturation. Mean ages at first oestrus for females housed with a group of 7 other females, for 3 or 7 days at specified ages during the first 2 weeks after weaning, did not differ from mean ages recorded with urine stimulation only. Contact with other females does not appear to alter or enhance the delay-of-maturation effect achieved with urine stimulation. In all these respects the maturation-delay pheromone of grouped female mice appears to differ from the puberty-accelerating pheromone of male mice.", "contents": "Delay of sexual maturation in female house mice by exposure to grouped females or urine from grouped females. The experiments examined the timing, duration and possible enhancement effects of group contact on the delay of sexual maturation produced in prepubertal female house mice by urine from grouped females. One or three days of pheromone stimulation at specified ages during the first 2 weeks after weaning was not sufficient to delay puberty in females caged singly. However, pheromone treatment for 7 days, beginning during the first week after weaning, did significantly delay the onset of first vaginal oestrus relative to control females treated with water. Both the timing and duration of pheromone stimulation appear to be critical factors affecting pheromone-induced delay of sexual maturation. Mean ages at first oestrus for females housed with a group of 7 other females, for 3 or 7 days at specified ages during the first 2 weeks after weaning, did not differ from mean ages recorded with urine stimulation only. Contact with other females does not appear to alter or enhance the delay-of-maturation effect achieved with urine stimulation. In all these respects the maturation-delay pheromone of grouped female mice appears to differ from the puberty-accelerating pheromone of male mice.", "PMID": 562411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5075", "title": "Blood flow to the genital tract of oestrous and dioestrous guinea-pigs.", "content": "Ovarian, uterine and vaginal blood flow were determined in 22 virgin guinea-pigs by the tracer microsphere technique. Measurements were made during oestrus, when cornified cells appeared in the vaginal smear (Day 1), or during the luteal phase of the cycle (Day 11). The total rate of blood flow to the genital tract was 0-58 ml.min-1 on Day 11 and 2-92 ml.min-1 on Day 1. This difference was largely due to an 8-fold increase in uterine blood flow from 0-26 to 2-01 ml.min-1. Although uterine weight increased over the same period, there was a significant increase in uterine tissue perfusion from 0-32 to 1-18 ml.min-1.g-1. The vagina exhibited a similar pattern, including a significant increase in tissue perfusion. Ovarian blood flow decreased from a value of 0-19 ml.min-1 during the luteal phase to 0-10 ml.min-1 at oestrus. Perfusion of the ovarian tissue was considerably greater on Day 11 than on Day 1 (2-86 versus 1-39 ml.min-1.g-1).", "contents": "Blood flow to the genital tract of oestrous and dioestrous guinea-pigs. Ovarian, uterine and vaginal blood flow were determined in 22 virgin guinea-pigs by the tracer microsphere technique. Measurements were made during oestrus, when cornified cells appeared in the vaginal smear (Day 1), or during the luteal phase of the cycle (Day 11). The total rate of blood flow to the genital tract was 0-58 ml.min-1 on Day 11 and 2-92 ml.min-1 on Day 1. This difference was largely due to an 8-fold increase in uterine blood flow from 0-26 to 2-01 ml.min-1. Although uterine weight increased over the same period, there was a significant increase in uterine tissue perfusion from 0-32 to 1-18 ml.min-1.g-1. The vagina exhibited a similar pattern, including a significant increase in tissue perfusion. Ovarian blood flow decreased from a value of 0-19 ml.min-1 during the luteal phase to 0-10 ml.min-1 at oestrus. Perfusion of the ovarian tissue was considerably greater on Day 11 than on Day 1 (2-86 versus 1-39 ml.min-1.g-1).", "PMID": 562412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5076", "title": "The effects of prostaglandin and mating on release of LH in the female rabbit.", "content": "The release of LH in response to prostaglandin (PG) treatment of female rabbits in various reproductive states was compared with the surge following mating. Intracarotid infusion of PGE-2 or PGF-2alpha (0-3--900 microgram/h) into non-receptive and pseudopregnant does resulted in small, 2--4-fold elevations in jugular vein LH concentration. Similar doses of PGF-2alpha in oestrogen-pretreated, oestrous does stimulated a 13-fold increase in plasma LH levels. Mating resulted in a much larger release of LH, as plasma levels increased approximately 60-fold from 1-1 +/- 0-2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml to 67-8 +/- 10-5 ng/ml. These results indicate that PG can stimulate the hypothalamic-hypophysial axis to release LH in non-receptive, pseudopregnant and oestrogen-pretreated, oestrous rabbits.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandin and mating on release of LH in the female rabbit. The release of LH in response to prostaglandin (PG) treatment of female rabbits in various reproductive states was compared with the surge following mating. Intracarotid infusion of PGE-2 or PGF-2alpha (0-3--900 microgram/h) into non-receptive and pseudopregnant does resulted in small, 2--4-fold elevations in jugular vein LH concentration. Similar doses of PGF-2alpha in oestrogen-pretreated, oestrous does stimulated a 13-fold increase in plasma LH levels. Mating resulted in a much larger release of LH, as plasma levels increased approximately 60-fold from 1-1 +/- 0-2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml to 67-8 +/- 10-5 ng/ml. These results indicate that PG can stimulate the hypothalamic-hypophysial axis to release LH in non-receptive, pseudopregnant and oestrogen-pretreated, oestrous rabbits.", "PMID": 562413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5077", "title": "The gastroscope as an aid in veterinary diagnostics.", "content": "The gastrointestinal fibrescope is introduced to the veterinary profession and its uses are emphasized. Various anatomical structures were examined in 251 domestic mammals and two birds. The findings for referred cases and routine examinations are listed. Twenty colour pictures taken with the fibrescope are reproduced.", "contents": "The gastroscope as an aid in veterinary diagnostics. The gastrointestinal fibrescope is introduced to the veterinary profession and its uses are emphasized. Various anatomical structures were examined in 251 domestic mammals and two birds. The findings for referred cases and routine examinations are listed. Twenty colour pictures taken with the fibrescope are reproduced.", "PMID": 562414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5078", "title": "The incidence and nature of prohibited animal tissues in boerewors (\"country-style\" sausage).", "content": "Sixty boerewors (\"Country-style\" sausage) samples bought from butchers in Pretoria were examined microscopically. It was found that 97% of these samples contained animal tissues that are not permitted in boerewors under the regulations of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act (Act No. 54 of 1972). These regulations confine permitted tissues to fat and the musculature of cattle, sheep and pigs. Details of the tissues revealed in the survey are provided, and the implications of their presence are discussed.", "contents": "The incidence and nature of prohibited animal tissues in boerewors (\"country-style\" sausage). Sixty boerewors (\"Country-style\" sausage) samples bought from butchers in Pretoria were examined microscopically. It was found that 97% of these samples contained animal tissues that are not permitted in boerewors under the regulations of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act (Act No. 54 of 1972). These regulations confine permitted tissues to fat and the musculature of cattle, sheep and pigs. Details of the tissues revealed in the survey are provided, and the implications of their presence are discussed.", "PMID": 562415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5079", "title": "A specimen carrier, storage disc system for scanning electron microscopy (SEM): evaluation of stainless steel as a substratum for cell culture in vitro.", "content": "A method of sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies based on the use of stainless steel discs as a cell culture substratum is described in detail. A number of different cell lines were grown on stainless steel, and the growth patterns and biocompatibility of cells cultured on stainless steel were compared to identical cells cultured on aluminium, glass and plastic substrata. Stainless steel provides cells with an excellent growth surface which allows these cells to retain their normal growth characteristics and appearance. The non-toxic stainless steel discs can be manipulated through any combination of fixatives and organic solvents. The discs have been incorporated into a versatile system of sample preparation for SEM.", "contents": "A specimen carrier, storage disc system for scanning electron microscopy (SEM): evaluation of stainless steel as a substratum for cell culture in vitro. A method of sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies based on the use of stainless steel discs as a cell culture substratum is described in detail. A number of different cell lines were grown on stainless steel, and the growth patterns and biocompatibility of cells cultured on stainless steel were compared to identical cells cultured on aluminium, glass and plastic substrata. Stainless steel provides cells with an excellent growth surface which allows these cells to retain their normal growth characteristics and appearance. The non-toxic stainless steel discs can be manipulated through any combination of fixatives and organic solvents. The discs have been incorporated into a versatile system of sample preparation for SEM.", "PMID": 562416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5080", "title": "[Neurological control of micturition (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the literature is reported on the subject of the control centres in the brain and medulla of the bladder reflex and their central and peripheral connections. Reference is made to the modes of action, from a pharmacological and physiological standpoint, of the main drugs tested experimentally and used in clinical practice. The study concludes with a brief outline of the functioning of the normal bladder reflex.", "contents": "[Neurological control of micturition (author's transl)]. A study of the literature is reported on the subject of the control centres in the brain and medulla of the bladder reflex and their central and peripheral connections. Reference is made to the modes of action, from a pharmacological and physiological standpoint, of the main drugs tested experimentally and used in clinical practice. The study concludes with a brief outline of the functioning of the normal bladder reflex.", "PMID": 562422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5081", "title": "In vivo functional interaction between DNA polymerase and dCMP-hydroxymethylase of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Some mutations in the structural gene for T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43) behave as suppressors of a deficiency in T4 dCMP-hydroxymethylase (gene 42). The suppression appears to involve a functional interaction between the two enzymes at the level of DNA replication. The hydroxymethylase deficiency caused DNA structural abnormalities in replication, and DNA polymerase lesions appeared to partially reverse these abnormalities. The results do not necessarily imply protein-protein interactions between the two enzymes, although both enzymes appear to play roles in controlling the fidelity of phage DNA replication.", "contents": "In vivo functional interaction between DNA polymerase and dCMP-hydroxymethylase of bacteriophage T4. Some mutations in the structural gene for T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43) behave as suppressors of a deficiency in T4 dCMP-hydroxymethylase (gene 42). The suppression appears to involve a functional interaction between the two enzymes at the level of DNA replication. The hydroxymethylase deficiency caused DNA structural abnormalities in replication, and DNA polymerase lesions appeared to partially reverse these abnormalities. The results do not necessarily imply protein-protein interactions between the two enzymes, although both enzymes appear to play roles in controlling the fidelity of phage DNA replication.", "PMID": 562423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5082", "title": "Long-term unmaintained remissions after agressive multidisciplinary treatment of advanced non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors.", "content": "Five patients with disseminated non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors are described. These patients have been clinically free of disease for 25 to more than 99 months and may be cured, since the interval after last treatment ranges from 13 to more than 76 months. Two patients, including 1 with pure choriocarcinoma, represent chemotherapeutic successes. In 3 patients the advantages of an individualized, multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are shown. The benefits of continued aggressive treatment using residual therapeutic modalities despite prior failure with other therapy are documented.", "contents": "Long-term unmaintained remissions after agressive multidisciplinary treatment of advanced non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors. Five patients with disseminated non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors are described. These patients have been clinically free of disease for 25 to more than 99 months and may be cured, since the interval after last treatment ranges from 13 to more than 76 months. Two patients, including 1 with pure choriocarcinoma, represent chemotherapeutic successes. In 3 patients the advantages of an individualized, multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are shown. The benefits of continued aggressive treatment using residual therapeutic modalities despite prior failure with other therapy are documented.", "PMID": 562424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5083", "title": "Infertility in an XX male.", "content": "A case of an infertile male subject with 46XX female karyotype is reported. A testicular biopsy revealed hyalinized tubules with Sertoli cells and marked interstitial cell hyperplasia. Chromosomal studies showed the presence of 46 chromosomes with an XX sex chromosome constitution, confirmed with trypsin banding. XX male subjects present an interesting diagnostic problem and need to be differentiated from XXY male subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome. The clinical features of this rare syndrome are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Infertility in an XX male. A case of an infertile male subject with 46XX female karyotype is reported. A testicular biopsy revealed hyalinized tubules with Sertoli cells and marked interstitial cell hyperplasia. Chromosomal studies showed the presence of 46 chromosomes with an XX sex chromosome constitution, confirmed with trypsin banding. XX male subjects present an interesting diagnostic problem and need to be differentiated from XXY male subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome. The clinical features of this rare syndrome are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 562425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5084", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the supramembranous urethra.", "content": "We reviewed 38 patients treated by an immediate realignment of the urethra after a traumatic rupture by urethrography, panendoscopy and clinical assessment. Of these 38 patients 19 have not required urethral dilatation for 4 years or more and 26 for 2 years or more, thus accomplishing with 1 operation satisfactory urinary tract function without stricture. We believe that an immediate repair offers the best results to patients with minimum surgical procedures insofar as the formation of strictures is concerned. Evaluation of the interference with potency will have to await further study.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the supramembranous urethra. We reviewed 38 patients treated by an immediate realignment of the urethra after a traumatic rupture by urethrography, panendoscopy and clinical assessment. Of these 38 patients 19 have not required urethral dilatation for 4 years or more and 26 for 2 years or more, thus accomplishing with 1 operation satisfactory urinary tract function without stricture. We believe that an immediate repair offers the best results to patients with minimum surgical procedures insofar as the formation of strictures is concerned. Evaluation of the interference with potency will have to await further study.", "PMID": 562426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5085", "title": "An explanation for the persistence of residual urine after external sphincterotomy.", "content": "After external urethral sphincterotomy 7 patients were found to have residual urine in excess of 80 ml. By measurement of the urethral pressure and analysis of the cystometrogram it was found that these patients fail to sustain bladder contraction and, thereby, fail to empty the bladder completely.", "contents": "An explanation for the persistence of residual urine after external sphincterotomy. After external urethral sphincterotomy 7 patients were found to have residual urine in excess of 80 ml. By measurement of the urethral pressure and analysis of the cystometrogram it was found that these patients fail to sustain bladder contraction and, thereby, fail to empty the bladder completely.", "PMID": 562427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5086", "title": "Complete duplication of female urethra with vaginal atresia and supernumerary kidney.", "content": "Supernumerary kidney is the rarest of renal anomalies and complete duplication of the female urethra with a single bladder is even more unusual. A case of a supernumerary kidney associated with complete urethral duplication in a female patient with vaginal atresia is reported.", "contents": "Complete duplication of female urethra with vaginal atresia and supernumerary kidney. Supernumerary kidney is the rarest of renal anomalies and complete duplication of the female urethra with a single bladder is even more unusual. A case of a supernumerary kidney associated with complete urethral duplication in a female patient with vaginal atresia is reported.", "PMID": 562428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5087", "title": "Dopamine receptor blocking activity of sulpiride in the central nervous system.", "content": "Effects of sulpiride on the central nervous system were studied in catalepsy induction (I) and antagonism to gnawing behaviour (II) induced by apomorphine and methamphetamine in normal rats, and in antagonism to rotational behaviour (III) induced by apomorphine and methamphetamine in rats with substantia nigra unilaterally lesioned chronically by microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Sulpiride was administered orally and intraventricularly, and the effects of sulpiride were compared to those of haloperidol and chlorpromazine administered through the same routes. In oral administration, sulpiride was almost inactive in (I), and was several hundreds to a thousand times less potent than haloperidol in (II) and (III), while chlorpromazine was 20 to 150 times stronger than sulpiride. In intraventricular administration, sulpiride was almost equipotent to haloperidol in (I), and was equally effective to or 2 to 3 times more effective than halopridol in (III), although several times less in all respects. These findings suggest that sulpiride is essentially a potent inhibitory substance on dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and the rather weak central effects of peripherally given sulpiride are due to poor penetration through the blood brain barrier.", "contents": "Dopamine receptor blocking activity of sulpiride in the central nervous system. Effects of sulpiride on the central nervous system were studied in catalepsy induction (I) and antagonism to gnawing behaviour (II) induced by apomorphine and methamphetamine in normal rats, and in antagonism to rotational behaviour (III) induced by apomorphine and methamphetamine in rats with substantia nigra unilaterally lesioned chronically by microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Sulpiride was administered orally and intraventricularly, and the effects of sulpiride were compared to those of haloperidol and chlorpromazine administered through the same routes. In oral administration, sulpiride was almost inactive in (I), and was several hundreds to a thousand times less potent than haloperidol in (II) and (III), while chlorpromazine was 20 to 150 times stronger than sulpiride. In intraventricular administration, sulpiride was almost equipotent to haloperidol in (I), and was equally effective to or 2 to 3 times more effective than halopridol in (III), although several times less in all respects. These findings suggest that sulpiride is essentially a potent inhibitory substance on dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and the rather weak central effects of peripherally given sulpiride are due to poor penetration through the blood brain barrier.", "PMID": 562433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5088", "title": "Tissue culture studies of possible uremic neurotoxins: myoinositol.", "content": "Organotypic cultures of dorsal root ganglion cells revealed neuronal toxicity when exposed to myoinositol at doses of 1090 to 109 micrometer (500 to 50 microgram/ml). The ultrastructural changes consisted of membranous cytoplasmic bodies at high concentrations and dense bodies at lower concentrations. There were no changes at 0 to 22 micrometer (0 to 10 microgram/ml). This range of neurotoxicity parallels the levels of myoinositol found in the serum of uremic patients. Myelin loss occurred in a pattern suggesting \"secondary demyelination,\" similar to the pattern seen in uremic neuropathy. The relevance as a possible model for uremic neuropathy is discussed.", "contents": "Tissue culture studies of possible uremic neurotoxins: myoinositol. Organotypic cultures of dorsal root ganglion cells revealed neuronal toxicity when exposed to myoinositol at doses of 1090 to 109 micrometer (500 to 50 microgram/ml). The ultrastructural changes consisted of membranous cytoplasmic bodies at high concentrations and dense bodies at lower concentrations. There were no changes at 0 to 22 micrometer (0 to 10 microgram/ml). This range of neurotoxicity parallels the levels of myoinositol found in the serum of uremic patients. Myelin loss occurred in a pattern suggesting \"secondary demyelination,\" similar to the pattern seen in uremic neuropathy. The relevance as a possible model for uremic neuropathy is discussed.", "PMID": 562436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5089", "title": "[Binding capacity of some drugs to plasma proteins of newborns in comparison with adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies on binding capacity of some drugs to plasma proteins of newborns and adults were carried out. Plasma from the newborn and adult rabbits as well as human from 4 sources: a) from healthy adults, b) from cord blood, c) from 5 days old newborns, and 6 month old infants were used for the experiments. For methodological reasons in the first part of our studies we have chosen: two sulfonamides - sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxasole, chlorpromazine and sodium salicylate. In the experiments two different techniques were used 1) equilibrium dialysis, 2) ultrafiltration. On the basis of the results obtained in animals as well as in human beings it was noted that the degree of drug binding to plasma proteins in newborns was different from that observed in adults, it may be higher or lower according to the drug used. The knowledge of this fact is of great importance, and should be taken into consideration in the calculation of proper dosage of various drugs in the newborns and infants.", "contents": "[Binding capacity of some drugs to plasma proteins of newborns in comparison with adults (author's transl)]. Comparative studies on binding capacity of some drugs to plasma proteins of newborns and adults were carried out. Plasma from the newborn and adult rabbits as well as human from 4 sources: a) from healthy adults, b) from cord blood, c) from 5 days old newborns, and 6 month old infants were used for the experiments. For methodological reasons in the first part of our studies we have chosen: two sulfonamides - sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxasole, chlorpromazine and sodium salicylate. In the experiments two different techniques were used 1) equilibrium dialysis, 2) ultrafiltration. On the basis of the results obtained in animals as well as in human beings it was noted that the degree of drug binding to plasma proteins in newborns was different from that observed in adults, it may be higher or lower according to the drug used. The knowledge of this fact is of great importance, and should be taken into consideration in the calculation of proper dosage of various drugs in the newborns and infants.", "PMID": 562437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5090", "title": "[So-called Friedreich's foot (author's transl)].", "content": "Friedreich's foot represents a conspicuous, but diagnostically nonspecific, symptom of neurologic disorder in children. The importance of the differential diagnosis for this symptom is illustrated with the help of observations made by the authors.", "contents": "[So-called Friedreich's foot (author's transl)]. Friedreich's foot represents a conspicuous, but diagnostically nonspecific, symptom of neurologic disorder in children. The importance of the differential diagnosis for this symptom is illustrated with the help of observations made by the authors.", "PMID": 562438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5091", "title": "[Computer assisted heart and circulation analysis in experimental septic shock (author's transl)].", "content": "Developping a model of shock applying to the clinical manifestation is necessary to investigate the pathogenesis of septic shock and to identify the letality causing organ. Perhaps the hyperkinetic syndrome may play an important role. The extensive experimental data is processed by a digital computer. Explanations are given for the experimental apparatus and the structure of the Fortran-program.", "contents": "[Computer assisted heart and circulation analysis in experimental septic shock (author's transl)]. Developping a model of shock applying to the clinical manifestation is necessary to investigate the pathogenesis of septic shock and to identify the letality causing organ. Perhaps the hyperkinetic syndrome may play an important role. The extensive experimental data is processed by a digital computer. Explanations are given for the experimental apparatus and the structure of the Fortran-program.", "PMID": 562439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5092", "title": "[Changes on platelet adhesion, aggregation and production in course of mumps and mumps meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 children with mumps and mumps meningitis thrombocyte functions, the thrombopoiesis and the platelet count were examinated over a four week period. The spontaneous, standardized platelet adhesion and aggregation on silikonized glass surface showed a statistically significant increase from the 5th to the 15th day of the illness. Within the first four days a decrease of the megathrombocyte portion respectively of the youngest platelet forms was noted as revealed by the platelet spreading preparations. Then the thrombopoiesis index as well as the platelet count arised from the 5th day of the illness parallel to the other platelet functions. The enhanced thrombopoiesis diminished at the end of the 3rd week of the illness but the platelet adhesion and aggregation continued to be further increased. A distinct correlation could be established between the development of the specific antibodies and increased platelet adhesion, aggregation and thrombopoiesis in epidemic parotitis. The influence of the immune complexes and of the virus itself, furthermore the occurrence of the regenerating phase as well as the effects of the possible thromboplastic activity following a tissue damage or an inflammatory reaction were discussed.", "contents": "[Changes on platelet adhesion, aggregation and production in course of mumps and mumps meningitis (author's transl)]. In 20 children with mumps and mumps meningitis thrombocyte functions, the thrombopoiesis and the platelet count were examinated over a four week period. The spontaneous, standardized platelet adhesion and aggregation on silikonized glass surface showed a statistically significant increase from the 5th to the 15th day of the illness. Within the first four days a decrease of the megathrombocyte portion respectively of the youngest platelet forms was noted as revealed by the platelet spreading preparations. Then the thrombopoiesis index as well as the platelet count arised from the 5th day of the illness parallel to the other platelet functions. The enhanced thrombopoiesis diminished at the end of the 3rd week of the illness but the platelet adhesion and aggregation continued to be further increased. A distinct correlation could be established between the development of the specific antibodies and increased platelet adhesion, aggregation and thrombopoiesis in epidemic parotitis. The influence of the immune complexes and of the virus itself, furthermore the occurrence of the regenerating phase as well as the effects of the possible thromboplastic activity following a tissue damage or an inflammatory reaction were discussed.", "PMID": 562440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5093", "title": "[Body composition during the first two years of life: analysis with the potassium 40 method (author's transl)].", "content": "The potassium 40 method was used to determine the total amount of potassium in 51 premature babies, 52 newborns, and 24 infants. The mean body composition was calculated from the total amount of potassium and the body surface for various age groups via the method presented. Changes in body composition during the first two years of life and its significance for energy exchange were discussed.", "contents": "[Body composition during the first two years of life: analysis with the potassium 40 method (author's transl)]. The potassium 40 method was used to determine the total amount of potassium in 51 premature babies, 52 newborns, and 24 infants. The mean body composition was calculated from the total amount of potassium and the body surface for various age groups via the method presented. Changes in body composition during the first two years of life and its significance for energy exchange were discussed.", "PMID": 562441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5094", "title": "[Diagnostic procedure in congenital saccharase-deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic procedure is described in a 20 months old infant suffering from hereditary saccharase-deficiency. As a simple and adequate method the kinetic analysis of the oral disaccharide-tolerance-test can be used. The comparison of the areas under the glucose-concentration-curves in blood after the oral monosaccharide (glucose and fructose) and disaccharide (saccharose)-load, can be used as a measure for activity of saccharase in the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "[Diagnostic procedure in congenital saccharase-deficiency (author's transl)]. The diagnostic procedure is described in a 20 months old infant suffering from hereditary saccharase-deficiency. As a simple and adequate method the kinetic analysis of the oral disaccharide-tolerance-test can be used. The comparison of the areas under the glucose-concentration-curves in blood after the oral monosaccharide (glucose and fructose) and disaccharide (saccharose)-load, can be used as a measure for activity of saccharase in the intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 562442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5095", "title": "[Methodical approaches to the promotion and maintenance of breast-feeding (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last years work done in the field of child nutrition has shown the great advantage of breast-feeding as to artificial feeding. Therefore it is necessary to seek new ways to promote this type of feeding which is continuously falling. It could be shown that by an intensive health education in the public, in the obstetric clinics, and in the family, the disposition of the mothers to breast-feed can be raised even nowadays by convincing them of its value. This aim will be best supported by intensive teaching in the neonatal clinics of breast-feeding and of application of the system \"ad libitum\", in the clinic and even more after returning home. At home this system of nutrition is important for the maintenance of breastfeeding in the first weeks and even longer.", "contents": "[Methodical approaches to the promotion and maintenance of breast-feeding (author's transl)]. In the last years work done in the field of child nutrition has shown the great advantage of breast-feeding as to artificial feeding. Therefore it is necessary to seek new ways to promote this type of feeding which is continuously falling. It could be shown that by an intensive health education in the public, in the obstetric clinics, and in the family, the disposition of the mothers to breast-feed can be raised even nowadays by convincing them of its value. This aim will be best supported by intensive teaching in the neonatal clinics of breast-feeding and of application of the system \"ad libitum\", in the clinic and even more after returning home. At home this system of nutrition is important for the maintenance of breastfeeding in the first weeks and even longer.", "PMID": 562443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5096", "title": "[The tricho-onychotic subgroup of the hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) (author's transl)].", "content": "4 families suffering from hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) are reported. They belong to the tricho-onychotic subgroup, type Clouston. The trichologic investigations showed a disturbance of the cuticular pattern, being a constant feature of this HED-subgroup.", "contents": "[The tricho-onychotic subgroup of the hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) (author's transl)]. 4 families suffering from hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) are reported. They belong to the tricho-onychotic subgroup, type Clouston. The trichologic investigations showed a disturbance of the cuticular pattern, being a constant feature of this HED-subgroup.", "PMID": 562444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5097", "title": "[Risks involved in oxygen therapy in newborns and premature babies (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen supply in dyspnea syndrome in newborns can produce changes in the retina and fibrotic syndrome in the lungs. Reversal of the changes depends on the duration of exposure to O2 and on the O2 concentration in the inspired air. The mechanism of toxic action are described and additional causes for the development of lung fibrosis discussed. Therapeutic consequences in respect of oxygen treatment of newborns are derived from the results of the study.", "contents": "[Risks involved in oxygen therapy in newborns and premature babies (author's transl)]. Oxygen supply in dyspnea syndrome in newborns can produce changes in the retina and fibrotic syndrome in the lungs. Reversal of the changes depends on the duration of exposure to O2 and on the O2 concentration in the inspired air. The mechanism of toxic action are described and additional causes for the development of lung fibrosis discussed. Therapeutic consequences in respect of oxygen treatment of newborns are derived from the results of the study.", "PMID": 562445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5098", "title": "[Ifosfamide in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Ifosfamide, an alkylating agent was used successfully in the treatment of children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes. Remissions have persisted for about 6 years. Toxicity was very minor, and the regimen constitutes a useful advance in management of these patients. Ifosfamide had no significant effect on children with steroid resistence nephrotic syndrome or other morphological changes. Because the potential gonadal dysfunction Ifosfamide should be given only in patients with steroid toxicity or frequent relapsers.", "contents": "[Ifosfamide in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. Ifosfamide, an alkylating agent was used successfully in the treatment of children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes. Remissions have persisted for about 6 years. Toxicity was very minor, and the regimen constitutes a useful advance in management of these patients. Ifosfamide had no significant effect on children with steroid resistence nephrotic syndrome or other morphological changes. Because the potential gonadal dysfunction Ifosfamide should be given only in patients with steroid toxicity or frequent relapsers.", "PMID": 562447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5099", "title": "[Injury caused by glass splinters of the esophagus with smooth passage of the foreign body per vias naturales (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a 14 months old infant who swallowed a glas splinter while being fed from a jar with commercially prepared strained baby food (fruits). A perforating laceration in the upper posterior wall of the esophagus gave rise to a purulent inflammation of the paraesophageal tissue within 24 hours requiring incision and drainage. The suspected splinter was not found, neither by two esophagoscopies nor by the incision. Therefore the stools were collected for six days and carefully screened with a special technique. Thus a tiny curved glas splinter was detected fitting exactly into a corresponding defect of the upper inner rim of the used jar.", "contents": "[Injury caused by glass splinters of the esophagus with smooth passage of the foreign body per vias naturales (author's transl)]. Case report on a 14 months old infant who swallowed a glas splinter while being fed from a jar with commercially prepared strained baby food (fruits). A perforating laceration in the upper posterior wall of the esophagus gave rise to a purulent inflammation of the paraesophageal tissue within 24 hours requiring incision and drainage. The suspected splinter was not found, neither by two esophagoscopies nor by the incision. Therefore the stools were collected for six days and carefully screened with a special technique. Thus a tiny curved glas splinter was detected fitting exactly into a corresponding defect of the upper inner rim of the used jar.", "PMID": 562448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5100", "title": "[The bronze-baby-syndrome: a complication of phototherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of intense grey-brown discoloration of the skin, serum and urine in a premature twin is reported when phototherapy was used to reduce hyperbilirubinemia. All features made the diagnosis of bronze-baby-syndrome most probable. We were able to detect an increased level of coproporphyrin in serum. The patient did not show any signs of a kernicterus. Possible speculations about the pathogenetic and prognostic value of elevated levels of coproporphyrins in newborn infants under treatment with phototherapy are discussed. In these cases we must be aware of possible neurotoxic effects, since increased concentrations of bilirubin breakdown products may not be excreted as well through the normal biliary passage as normally.", "contents": "[The bronze-baby-syndrome: a complication of phototherapy (author's transl)]. A case of intense grey-brown discoloration of the skin, serum and urine in a premature twin is reported when phototherapy was used to reduce hyperbilirubinemia. All features made the diagnosis of bronze-baby-syndrome most probable. We were able to detect an increased level of coproporphyrin in serum. The patient did not show any signs of a kernicterus. Possible speculations about the pathogenetic and prognostic value of elevated levels of coproporphyrins in newborn infants under treatment with phototherapy are discussed. In these cases we must be aware of possible neurotoxic effects, since increased concentrations of bilirubin breakdown products may not be excreted as well through the normal biliary passage as normally.", "PMID": 562449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5101", "title": "[Cerebral AV fistula with cardiac insufficiency in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of arteriovenous aneurysm of the great vein of Galen with congestive heart failure in a newborn infant is presented. Efficiancy of medical management and stop of growth of the head circumference point towards a good prognosis. Patients with this malformation have been divided into four clinical groups presenting with different symptoms in different ages. Anatomy, hemodynamics, clinical picture and diagnosis are considered.", "contents": "[Cerebral AV fistula with cardiac insufficiency in newborns (author's transl)]. A case of arteriovenous aneurysm of the great vein of Galen with congestive heart failure in a newborn infant is presented. Efficiancy of medical management and stop of growth of the head circumference point towards a good prognosis. Patients with this malformation have been divided into four clinical groups presenting with different symptoms in different ages. Anatomy, hemodynamics, clinical picture and diagnosis are considered.", "PMID": 562450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5102", "title": "Differentiation of lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid in disorders of the central nervous system.", "content": "In 73 patients with variable CNS-disorders Slg-lymphocytes and RF-lymphocytes originating from CF were characterized by demonstration of surface markers. In the CF the Slg-lymphocytes were increased in comparison to the blood whereas the RF-lymphocytes generelly were decreased. Patients suffering from acute or chronic inflammatory diseases had significantly more Slg-lymphocytes while RF-lymphocytes were significantly decreased in those patients as well as in patients with malignancies. A correlation between the number of Slg-lymphocytes and immunoglobulin-levels was not seen. The respective data in blood did not follow the changes in CF. The results suggest a prevailing stimulation of the humoral immune system of the CNS during inflammatory diseases.", "contents": "Differentiation of lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid in disorders of the central nervous system. In 73 patients with variable CNS-disorders Slg-lymphocytes and RF-lymphocytes originating from CF were characterized by demonstration of surface markers. In the CF the Slg-lymphocytes were increased in comparison to the blood whereas the RF-lymphocytes generelly were decreased. Patients suffering from acute or chronic inflammatory diseases had significantly more Slg-lymphocytes while RF-lymphocytes were significantly decreased in those patients as well as in patients with malignancies. A correlation between the number of Slg-lymphocytes and immunoglobulin-levels was not seen. The respective data in blood did not follow the changes in CF. The results suggest a prevailing stimulation of the humoral immune system of the CNS during inflammatory diseases.", "PMID": 562451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5103", "title": "Increased aggressiveness and lower brain serotonin levels in offspring of mice given alcohol during gestation.", "content": "Male adult offspring of mice given alcohol during gestation showed more aggressive and locomotor activities and had lower brain serotonin concentrations than did control offspring.", "contents": "Increased aggressiveness and lower brain serotonin levels in offspring of mice given alcohol during gestation. Male adult offspring of mice given alcohol during gestation showed more aggressive and locomotor activities and had lower brain serotonin concentrations than did control offspring.", "PMID": 562457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5104", "title": "Selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol. An approach to an animal model of alcoholism. II. Behavioral measures.", "content": "Two lines of rats have been bred which differ in sensitivity to alcohol over a range of doses, but the difference is not reflected in blood alcohol concentration, alcohol intake or selection. The two lines respond similarly on tests of emotionality; however, differences in running-wheel activity suggest differences in neural apparatus.", "contents": "Selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol. An approach to an animal model of alcoholism. II. Behavioral measures. Two lines of rats have been bred which differ in sensitivity to alcohol over a range of doses, but the difference is not reflected in blood alcohol concentration, alcohol intake or selection. The two lines respond similarly on tests of emotionality; however, differences in running-wheel activity suggest differences in neural apparatus.", "PMID": 562458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5105", "title": "Prognostic significance and reversibility of cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics.", "content": "A follow-up study of 53 men alcoholics revealed that alcoholics with a poor prognosis were more psychometrically impaired than alcoholics with a good prognosis. Improvement in drinking behavior was related to better spatial problem solving, but not to ratings of rigidity and adaptability.", "contents": "Prognostic significance and reversibility of cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics. A follow-up study of 53 men alcoholics revealed that alcoholics with a poor prognosis were more psychometrically impaired than alcoholics with a good prognosis. Improvement in drinking behavior was related to better spatial problem solving, but not to ratings of rigidity and adaptability.", "PMID": 562459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5106", "title": "Acute hemodynamic alterations after aortic valve replacement with the glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterograft prosthesis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients underwent aortic valve replacement for acquired valvular heart disease with the porcine heterograft prosthesis. In the immediate postoperative period, a transient decrease in the cardiac index (CI) (preoperative 3.0 +/- 0.14 to 2.45 +/- 0.16 L. per minute per square meter, p less than 0.05) and an increase in the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (preoperative 1,078 +/- 62 to 1,287 +/- 103) dynes/sec./cm.-5, p greater 0.05) were seen; these values returned to preoperative levels by the first postoperative day. After valve replacement, an elevation in the heart rate (HR) (preoperative 75 +/- 2 to 87 +/- 4 beats per minute, p less than 0.05) and a reduction in the stroke volume (SV) and stroke work index (SWI) (preoperative 35 +/- 2 to 26 +/- 2 Gm.-M. per square meter, p less than 0.05) occurred which persisted throughout the study. The endocardial viability ration (EVR) increased after valve replacement. These findings suggest that, following aortic valve replacement, (1) an increase HR is the mechanism utilized to maintain cardiac output, (2) subendocardial perfusion is enhanced as indicated by an increase in the EVR, and (3) the hemodynamic alterations following insertion of the porcine heterograft prosthesis are not different from those observed when other valves are placed in similar patient populations.", "contents": "Acute hemodynamic alterations after aortic valve replacement with the glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterograft prosthesis. Twenty-two patients underwent aortic valve replacement for acquired valvular heart disease with the porcine heterograft prosthesis. In the immediate postoperative period, a transient decrease in the cardiac index (CI) (preoperative 3.0 +/- 0.14 to 2.45 +/- 0.16 L. per minute per square meter, p less than 0.05) and an increase in the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (preoperative 1,078 +/- 62 to 1,287 +/- 103) dynes/sec./cm.-5, p greater 0.05) were seen; these values returned to preoperative levels by the first postoperative day. After valve replacement, an elevation in the heart rate (HR) (preoperative 75 +/- 2 to 87 +/- 4 beats per minute, p less than 0.05) and a reduction in the stroke volume (SV) and stroke work index (SWI) (preoperative 35 +/- 2 to 26 +/- 2 Gm.-M. per square meter, p less than 0.05) occurred which persisted throughout the study. The endocardial viability ration (EVR) increased after valve replacement. These findings suggest that, following aortic valve replacement, (1) an increase HR is the mechanism utilized to maintain cardiac output, (2) subendocardial perfusion is enhanced as indicated by an increase in the EVR, and (3) the hemodynamic alterations following insertion of the porcine heterograft prosthesis are not different from those observed when other valves are placed in similar patient populations.", "PMID": 562461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5107", "title": "Filter paper disk techniques for assay of nucleotidase.", "content": "A DE filter disk technique for assaying the activity of nucleotidase is described. This method is based on the observation that nucleotides bind to the filters at 5 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8) while nucleosides do not. As parameter for the nucleotidase activity the decrease of bound nucleotides is determined. In parallel experiments the amount of the product (nucleoside) formed can be measured by DEAE Sephadex column chromatography. The filter disk technique can be applied for the determination of vmax and Km of a nucleotidase by using different ribonucleosidase monophosphate substrates.", "contents": "Filter paper disk techniques for assay of nucleotidase. A DE filter disk technique for assaying the activity of nucleotidase is described. This method is based on the observation that nucleotides bind to the filters at 5 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8) while nucleosides do not. As parameter for the nucleotidase activity the decrease of bound nucleotides is determined. In parallel experiments the amount of the product (nucleoside) formed can be measured by DEAE Sephadex column chromatography. The filter disk technique can be applied for the determination of vmax and Km of a nucleotidase by using different ribonucleosidase monophosphate substrates.", "PMID": 562467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5108", "title": "Immunochemical assay for information in cytoplasmic polysomes.", "content": "Only very small amounts of informatin could be detected in cytoplasmic polysomes with the aid of antiinformatin antibodies. This low amount of informatin cannot represent a structural component of polysomes or polysomal mRNP.", "contents": "Immunochemical assay for information in cytoplasmic polysomes. Only very small amounts of informatin could be detected in cytoplasmic polysomes with the aid of antiinformatin antibodies. This low amount of informatin cannot represent a structural component of polysomes or polysomal mRNP.", "PMID": 562468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5109", "title": "[Vaginal reflux during miction-cystourethrography in girls (author's transl)].", "content": "The cases of 57 girls with reflux of radioopaque iodin solution into the vagina during mictioncystourethrography are reported. In 52.6% (30 cases) no signs of anomalies of the urinary tract or of pyelonephritis were found. For this group of 30 girls pyuria (leucocyturia) was typical (in 86.6%). In contrast, a urinarty-tract infection was found only in a few cases (16.6%). The authors discuss the clinical importance of vaginal reflux and its role in the pathogenesis of urinary-tract infections.", "contents": "[Vaginal reflux during miction-cystourethrography in girls (author's transl)]. The cases of 57 girls with reflux of radioopaque iodin solution into the vagina during mictioncystourethrography are reported. In 52.6% (30 cases) no signs of anomalies of the urinary tract or of pyelonephritis were found. For this group of 30 girls pyuria (leucocyturia) was typical (in 86.6%). In contrast, a urinarty-tract infection was found only in a few cases (16.6%). The authors discuss the clinical importance of vaginal reflux and its role in the pathogenesis of urinary-tract infections.", "PMID": 562470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5110", "title": "Induced abortion and subsequent outcome of pregnancy in a series of American women.", "content": "We studied the effect of induced abortion on outcome of subsequent pregnancy in a sample of 4896 parturients in Seattle, Washington, from July, 1972, through June, 1976. We used a matched-pair analysis for 571 women with histories of prior abortions. In addition to analyses involving all women with histories of induced abortions, separate analyses were done for 97 black women and 277 primiparas. Histories of prior induced abortions were not related to low birth weight, premature delivery, stillbirth, neonatal death, miscarriage or congenital malformations in subsequent pregnancies. The termination procedure and weeks of gestation at time of termination were not related to the later occurrence of low birth weight or premature delivery.", "contents": "Induced abortion and subsequent outcome of pregnancy in a series of American women. We studied the effect of induced abortion on outcome of subsequent pregnancy in a sample of 4896 parturients in Seattle, Washington, from July, 1972, through June, 1976. We used a matched-pair analysis for 571 women with histories of prior abortions. In addition to analyses involving all women with histories of induced abortions, separate analyses were done for 97 black women and 277 primiparas. Histories of prior induced abortions were not related to low birth weight, premature delivery, stillbirth, neonatal death, miscarriage or congenital malformations in subsequent pregnancies. The termination procedure and weeks of gestation at time of termination were not related to the later occurrence of low birth weight or premature delivery.", "PMID": 562474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5111", "title": "The effect of osmotic pressure and salinity of the medium on the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces lilacinum species.", "content": "The effect of osmotic pressure and salinity on the production of conidia and growth of Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces lilacinum, isolated from the soil, have been studied in this investigation. The maximum production of conidia in both species was observed in the nutrient medium containing 1% NaCl wheras maximum growth was recorded in the nutrient medium containing 3% NaCl. It has been thus observed that the salinity and the osmotic pressure related to it effect the reproductive as well as the vegetative development of both species, and these effects have been observed to be different. The sensitivity of both fungal species to the salt was also investigated. Conidia were not observed in the P. lilacinum species grown in nutrient medium with 5% NaCl whereas conidial development did take place in the case of Aspergillus niger grown in the nutrient medium containing 5% NaCl.", "contents": "The effect of osmotic pressure and salinity of the medium on the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces lilacinum species. The effect of osmotic pressure and salinity on the production of conidia and growth of Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces lilacinum, isolated from the soil, have been studied in this investigation. The maximum production of conidia in both species was observed in the nutrient medium containing 1% NaCl wheras maximum growth was recorded in the nutrient medium containing 3% NaCl. It has been thus observed that the salinity and the osmotic pressure related to it effect the reproductive as well as the vegetative development of both species, and these effects have been observed to be different. The sensitivity of both fungal species to the salt was also investigated. Conidia were not observed in the P. lilacinum species grown in nutrient medium with 5% NaCl whereas conidial development did take place in the case of Aspergillus niger grown in the nutrient medium containing 5% NaCl.", "PMID": 562476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5112", "title": "[Different behavior of 22 strains of Emmonsia Cifferi and Montemartini 1959, a monilial fungus, in the lungs of laboratory mice in comparison with their parasitic morphology in vitro].", "content": "The 22 strains of Emmonsia Ciferri & Montemartini 1959, inoculated intranasally to laboratory mice are not equally virulent. One month after the inoculation, 15 of the strains had produced adiaspores 120 t9 190 micrometer in diameter in the lung. Another strain produced adiaspores measuring 44 micrometer and 2 others measuring 20 micrometer or 10 micrometer. The remaining 4 strains did not develop in the lung tissue. Four thermophilic strains, which in vitro have adiaspores measuring 8 to 15 micrometer, had adiaspores reaching 120-180 micrometer in vivo. Neither budding nor endosporulation could be observed in any adiaspore.", "contents": "[Different behavior of 22 strains of Emmonsia Cifferi and Montemartini 1959, a monilial fungus, in the lungs of laboratory mice in comparison with their parasitic morphology in vitro]. The 22 strains of Emmonsia Ciferri & Montemartini 1959, inoculated intranasally to laboratory mice are not equally virulent. One month after the inoculation, 15 of the strains had produced adiaspores 120 t9 190 micrometer in diameter in the lung. Another strain produced adiaspores measuring 44 micrometer and 2 others measuring 20 micrometer or 10 micrometer. The remaining 4 strains did not develop in the lung tissue. Four thermophilic strains, which in vitro have adiaspores measuring 8 to 15 micrometer, had adiaspores reaching 120-180 micrometer in vivo. Neither budding nor endosporulation could be observed in any adiaspore.", "PMID": 562477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5113", "title": "[Familial multiple hemangioblastomas--report of two cases in a family (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors reported their experience with two cases in a kindred with multiple hemangioblastomas in the cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord associated with von Hippel's disease, von Recklinghausen's disease and some visceral changes. (The members of this kindred died of similar disease.) Two patients, a 42-year-old man and his 14-year-old niece, showed various neurological signs involving central nervous system. Furthermore the man had some caf\u00e9-au-lait spots in the skin, a papillomatous tumors in the tongue and a vascular tumor in the right kidney. Both also had von Hippel's disease. Neuroradiological study and operations demonstrated multiple hemangioblastomas in the cerebellum, medulla oblongata and the spinal cord in association with abnormal enlargements of the medulla and the spinal cord which suggested coexistence of the parenchymatous tumor, probably glioma, in them. All hemangioblastomas in the cerebellum of both patients were removed. The literature of the familial multiple hemangioblastomas was reviewed and the coexistence of Lindau's disease, von Recklinghausen's disease and glioma was discussed.", "contents": "[Familial multiple hemangioblastomas--report of two cases in a family (author's transl)]. The authors reported their experience with two cases in a kindred with multiple hemangioblastomas in the cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord associated with von Hippel's disease, von Recklinghausen's disease and some visceral changes. (The members of this kindred died of similar disease.) Two patients, a 42-year-old man and his 14-year-old niece, showed various neurological signs involving central nervous system. Furthermore the man had some caf\u00e9-au-lait spots in the skin, a papillomatous tumors in the tongue and a vascular tumor in the right kidney. Both also had von Hippel's disease. Neuroradiological study and operations demonstrated multiple hemangioblastomas in the cerebellum, medulla oblongata and the spinal cord in association with abnormal enlargements of the medulla and the spinal cord which suggested coexistence of the parenchymatous tumor, probably glioma, in them. All hemangioblastomas in the cerebellum of both patients were removed. The literature of the familial multiple hemangioblastomas was reviewed and the coexistence of Lindau's disease, von Recklinghausen's disease and glioma was discussed.", "PMID": 562481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5114", "title": "[Aortic subvalvular stenosis].", "content": "Six cases of supravalvular aortic stenosis with other abnormalities are presented. Their causes, anatomical, pathological, and clinical aspects are discussed and reference is made to the excellent results of treatment.", "contents": "[Aortic subvalvular stenosis]. Six cases of supravalvular aortic stenosis with other abnormalities are presented. Their causes, anatomical, pathological, and clinical aspects are discussed and reference is made to the excellent results of treatment.", "PMID": 562486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5115", "title": "Metabolic consequences of alcohol consumption.", "content": "The metabolic effects of alcohol are closely related to organic as well as societal aspects of alcoholism. Individual differences in the biologic sensitivity to ethanol are thought to represent important features underlying these afflictions. The results of recent biomedical research provide evidence for a biochemical individuality with respect to the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism. Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase, the principle ethanol oxidizing enzyme in man, exists in multiple molecular forms (isoenzymes). In addition, a genetic polymorphism ('atypical' variant) is observed. Large racial differences are found for the prevalence of the variant enzyme, which is characterized by a high specific activity. Possible relationships of the individual isoenzyme pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase and of other alcohol metabolizing enzymes to the nature and extent of metabolic effects of ethanol are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic consequences of alcohol consumption. The metabolic effects of alcohol are closely related to organic as well as societal aspects of alcoholism. Individual differences in the biologic sensitivity to ethanol are thought to represent important features underlying these afflictions. The results of recent biomedical research provide evidence for a biochemical individuality with respect to the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism. Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase, the principle ethanol oxidizing enzyme in man, exists in multiple molecular forms (isoenzymes). In addition, a genetic polymorphism ('atypical' variant) is observed. Large racial differences are found for the prevalence of the variant enzyme, which is characterized by a high specific activity. Possible relationships of the individual isoenzyme pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase and of other alcohol metabolizing enzymes to the nature and extent of metabolic effects of ethanol are discussed.", "PMID": 562487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5116", "title": "Some biochemical aspects of chronic alcohol intoxication.", "content": "Pathways of ethanol transformation and its respective metabolic disorders in the cell have been considered. One should note the role of acetaldehyde in the ethanol toxic effect. Acetaldehyde produces a significant effect upon the metabolism of biogenic amines in brain tissue. Chronic alcohol intoxication at a certain stage is connected with a considerable reduction in the ratio of alcohol dehydrogenase:acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (this ratio determines the severity of clinical signs in intoxication). The inhibition of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity is an enzymological base of hallucinations and delirium tremens. The importance of the protective role of nutrition at chronic alcohol intoxication is shown.", "contents": "Some biochemical aspects of chronic alcohol intoxication. Pathways of ethanol transformation and its respective metabolic disorders in the cell have been considered. One should note the role of acetaldehyde in the ethanol toxic effect. Acetaldehyde produces a significant effect upon the metabolism of biogenic amines in brain tissue. Chronic alcohol intoxication at a certain stage is connected with a considerable reduction in the ratio of alcohol dehydrogenase:acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (this ratio determines the severity of clinical signs in intoxication). The inhibition of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity is an enzymological base of hallucinations and delirium tremens. The importance of the protective role of nutrition at chronic alcohol intoxication is shown.", "PMID": 562488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5117", "title": "5alpha-Reductase as a target enzyme for anti-prostatic drugs in organ culture.", "content": "Short-term organ culture of rat and human prostatic tissues has been utilized as a means of testing drlgs potentially useful in cancer of the prostate. Optimal conditions, particularly the concentration of T, have been established for organ culture of such tissues and the effects of various drugs on 5alpha-reductase activity (5alpha-RA) have been utilized as a means of ascertaining antiprostatic actions of the various compounds and drugs tested. Thus, it was shown that estracyt, estradiol-17beta, progesterone, and novel steroids and steroid-conjugates have definite effects on 5alpha-RA in this system.", "contents": "5alpha-Reductase as a target enzyme for anti-prostatic drugs in organ culture. Short-term organ culture of rat and human prostatic tissues has been utilized as a means of testing drlgs potentially useful in cancer of the prostate. Optimal conditions, particularly the concentration of T, have been established for organ culture of such tissues and the effects of various drugs on 5alpha-reductase activity (5alpha-RA) have been utilized as a means of ascertaining antiprostatic actions of the various compounds and drugs tested. Thus, it was shown that estracyt, estradiol-17beta, progesterone, and novel steroids and steroid-conjugates have definite effects on 5alpha-RA in this system.", "PMID": 562494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5118", "title": "Effect of expansion of extracellular fluid volume on the maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate in parathyroidectomized and intact rats.", "content": "Clearance studies were performed in order to examine the effect of expansion of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) on the maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate (TmPi) in acutely parathyroidectomized (PTX) and intact rats. TmPi values were obtained in both control and volume expansion. In PTX rats, the TmPi values in control and expansion were 8.25 +/- 1.52 and 6.14 +/- 1.02 micronmol/min (mean values +/- S.D.), respectively; the TmPi/GFR values were 2.96 +/- 0.31 and 2.09 +/- 0.30 micronmol/ml, respectively. In intact rats, the TmPi values in control and expansion were 3.56 +/- 0.94 and 2.98 +/- 0.94 micronmol/min, respectively, and the TmPi/GFR values were 1.34 +/- 0.23 and 1.05 +/- 0.23 micronmol/ml, respectively. From these results it is concluded that expansion of ECFV decreases the TmPi values both in the absence and presence of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Effect of expansion of extracellular fluid volume on the maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate in parathyroidectomized and intact rats. Clearance studies were performed in order to examine the effect of expansion of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) on the maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate (TmPi) in acutely parathyroidectomized (PTX) and intact rats. TmPi values were obtained in both control and volume expansion. In PTX rats, the TmPi values in control and expansion were 8.25 +/- 1.52 and 6.14 +/- 1.02 micronmol/min (mean values +/- S.D.), respectively; the TmPi/GFR values were 2.96 +/- 0.31 and 2.09 +/- 0.30 micronmol/ml, respectively. In intact rats, the TmPi values in control and expansion were 3.56 +/- 0.94 and 2.98 +/- 0.94 micronmol/min, respectively, and the TmPi/GFR values were 1.34 +/- 0.23 and 1.05 +/- 0.23 micronmol/ml, respectively. From these results it is concluded that expansion of ECFV decreases the TmPi values both in the absence and presence of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 562501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5119", "title": "Hyperosmolality and pancreatic blood flow.", "content": "In the cat pancreas, close intra-arterial infusions of hypertonic xylose, glucose and sucrose solutions caused a marked vasodilatation but no secretion. The magnitude of the vasodilator response correlated with the degree of induced glandular hyperosmolality but not with the substance per se. Stimulation of the vagus nerve as well as infusion of secretin and/or CCK evoked a pronounced secretion and a small to moderate increase in pancreatic blood flow, but did not significantly change the plasma osmolality in the venous effluent from the gland. Bradykinin, papaverine and isoprenaline caused large increments of pancreatic blood flow; none of these drugs evoked secretion nor did they change the venous osmolality. It is concluded that blood-bone hyperosmolality is a strong stimulus for pancreatic vasodilatation, but the functional hyperaemia of this gland is due to factors other than regional tissue hyperosmolality.", "contents": "Hyperosmolality and pancreatic blood flow. In the cat pancreas, close intra-arterial infusions of hypertonic xylose, glucose and sucrose solutions caused a marked vasodilatation but no secretion. The magnitude of the vasodilator response correlated with the degree of induced glandular hyperosmolality but not with the substance per se. Stimulation of the vagus nerve as well as infusion of secretin and/or CCK evoked a pronounced secretion and a small to moderate increase in pancreatic blood flow, but did not significantly change the plasma osmolality in the venous effluent from the gland. Bradykinin, papaverine and isoprenaline caused large increments of pancreatic blood flow; none of these drugs evoked secretion nor did they change the venous osmolality. It is concluded that blood-bone hyperosmolality is a strong stimulus for pancreatic vasodilatation, but the functional hyperaemia of this gland is due to factors other than regional tissue hyperosmolality.", "PMID": 562502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5120", "title": "The placental transfer of lactate and bicarbonate in the guinea-pig.", "content": "In order to study the lactic acid transfer in a hemochorial placenta, the placenta of the guinea-pig was perfused in situ through the umbilical circulation with a colloidal solution containing L(+)-lactate and bicarbonate in various concentrations. It was found that the transfer rates of lactate and bicarbonate were proportional to the respective materno-fetal arterial concentration differences. When the concentration gradients for lactate and bicarbonate were opposite to each other, an exchange of lactate for bicarbonate occurred which is equivalent to a lactic acid transfer. The placental permeability for lactate was found to be 25 micronmol(h - micronmol/ml) per g of placental weight (S.E. = 2). A similar value was obtained for bicarbonate (23 micronmol/(h - micronmol/ml) per g; S.E. = 1.3). It is calculated that fetal concentrations of lactate and bicarbonate follow maternal concentration changes with a half time of 23 min.", "contents": "The placental transfer of lactate and bicarbonate in the guinea-pig. In order to study the lactic acid transfer in a hemochorial placenta, the placenta of the guinea-pig was perfused in situ through the umbilical circulation with a colloidal solution containing L(+)-lactate and bicarbonate in various concentrations. It was found that the transfer rates of lactate and bicarbonate were proportional to the respective materno-fetal arterial concentration differences. When the concentration gradients for lactate and bicarbonate were opposite to each other, an exchange of lactate for bicarbonate occurred which is equivalent to a lactic acid transfer. The placental permeability for lactate was found to be 25 micronmol(h - micronmol/ml) per g of placental weight (S.E. = 2). A similar value was obtained for bicarbonate (23 micronmol/(h - micronmol/ml) per g; S.E. = 1.3). It is calculated that fetal concentrations of lactate and bicarbonate follow maternal concentration changes with a half time of 23 min.", "PMID": 562504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5121", "title": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. I. Intratubular pressure and obstruction.", "content": "Tubular obstruction in acute renal failure, postulated to cause the restricted excretory function, is suggested by raising intratubular pressure, to lower effective filtration pressure and diminish urine output. To examine the applicability of the obstruction hypothesis to the pathogenesis of experimental acute renal failure, proximal intratubular pressure and renal function were measured after renal insults of different origins and severity. Obstruction in acute renal failure kidneys should manifest itself as an increase in intratubular pressure for a least 12 h, for within this time period following ureteral occlusion, elevated pressures were found to reflect obstruction. The consistent existence of raised proximal intratubular pressure in acute renal failure kidneys could not be detected; ischaemic and nephrototoxic models were found in which no rise in intratubular pressure could be demonstrated. The oliguric nature of acute renal failure kidneys could not be verified; ischaemic and nephrotoxic models were found in which urine output was either normal or enhanced. Only for methaemoglobin induced renal failure were raised intratubular pressure, oliguria and casts concurrent. It is concluded that obstruction is not a consistent feature of experimental acute renal failure and that the obstruction hypothesis may be specifically applicable to only a few models, which include haeme pigment and folic acid induced renal failure.", "contents": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. I. Intratubular pressure and obstruction. Tubular obstruction in acute renal failure, postulated to cause the restricted excretory function, is suggested by raising intratubular pressure, to lower effective filtration pressure and diminish urine output. To examine the applicability of the obstruction hypothesis to the pathogenesis of experimental acute renal failure, proximal intratubular pressure and renal function were measured after renal insults of different origins and severity. Obstruction in acute renal failure kidneys should manifest itself as an increase in intratubular pressure for a least 12 h, for within this time period following ureteral occlusion, elevated pressures were found to reflect obstruction. The consistent existence of raised proximal intratubular pressure in acute renal failure kidneys could not be detected; ischaemic and nephrototoxic models were found in which no rise in intratubular pressure could be demonstrated. The oliguric nature of acute renal failure kidneys could not be verified; ischaemic and nephrotoxic models were found in which urine output was either normal or enhanced. Only for methaemoglobin induced renal failure were raised intratubular pressure, oliguria and casts concurrent. It is concluded that obstruction is not a consistent feature of experimental acute renal failure and that the obstruction hypothesis may be specifically applicable to only a few models, which include haeme pigment and folic acid induced renal failure.", "PMID": 562503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5122", "title": "Effect of extracellular K+ concentration on resting potential, caerulein-induced depolarization and amylase release from mouse pancreatic acinar cells.", "content": "Acinar cell membrane potentials and amylase release were measured from in vitro preparations of mouse pancreas. The effect of a 10-fold increase of the extracellular K+ concentration (to 47 mM) was studied on the resting membrane potential and amylase release as well as on the membrane depolarization and amylase release induced by the cholecystokinin-pancreozymin analogue, caerulein. In the presence of atropine (to exclude the effect of a possible release of endogenous acetylcholine), the increased K+ concentrations depolarized the cells from -45 to -20 mV without influencing the rate of the unstimulated release of amylase. Under these conditions, the depolarizing effect of caerulein was almost abolished, while the caerulein-induced amylase was not. It is concluded that caerulein-induced enzyme secretion from pancreatic acinar cells is independent of the level of the membrane potential as well as extracellular K+ concentration in the range from 4.7--47 mM.", "contents": "Effect of extracellular K+ concentration on resting potential, caerulein-induced depolarization and amylase release from mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Acinar cell membrane potentials and amylase release were measured from in vitro preparations of mouse pancreas. The effect of a 10-fold increase of the extracellular K+ concentration (to 47 mM) was studied on the resting membrane potential and amylase release as well as on the membrane depolarization and amylase release induced by the cholecystokinin-pancreozymin analogue, caerulein. In the presence of atropine (to exclude the effect of a possible release of endogenous acetylcholine), the increased K+ concentrations depolarized the cells from -45 to -20 mV without influencing the rate of the unstimulated release of amylase. Under these conditions, the depolarizing effect of caerulein was almost abolished, while the caerulein-induced amylase was not. It is concluded that caerulein-induced enzyme secretion from pancreatic acinar cells is independent of the level of the membrane potential as well as extracellular K+ concentration in the range from 4.7--47 mM.", "PMID": 562505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5123", "title": "The intensity-dependent changes of the visual evoked responses in man to patterned and blank stimulation.", "content": "The visual evoked responses (VERs) to blank and checkerboard-patterned stimuli of 6 degrees angular subtense were recorded referentially (OZ--A2) in 10 dark-adapted subjects using a range of 5.27 log units of intensity (maximum luminance = 6420 cd/m2). The mean peak latencies of the prominent positive-negative deflection of the VERs to the blank stimuli exhibit an exponential shortening with the rise of log stimulation intensity. The peak latencies of the positive-negative deflection of the VERs to the checkerboard-pattern stimulation at low and moderate intensities are by about 50 ms shorter, with the latency of the negative peak of the response to the patterned stimulation corresponding to the positive peak latency of the response to the blank stimuli. Accordingly, the VERs to both types of stimulation are of opposite polarity. With a further increase of the stimulation intensity, the latency of the negative peak of the VER to patterned stimulation gradually lengthens due to the glaring effects of the patterned stimuli. Therefore, at high stimulation intensities the VERs to both types of stimuli are of the same polarity. The mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of the VERs to both types of stimulation differ significantly at high-intensity end of the photostimulation range only, the amplitude of the VER to the patterned stimulation being higher.", "contents": "The intensity-dependent changes of the visual evoked responses in man to patterned and blank stimulation. The visual evoked responses (VERs) to blank and checkerboard-patterned stimuli of 6 degrees angular subtense were recorded referentially (OZ--A2) in 10 dark-adapted subjects using a range of 5.27 log units of intensity (maximum luminance = 6420 cd/m2). The mean peak latencies of the prominent positive-negative deflection of the VERs to the blank stimuli exhibit an exponential shortening with the rise of log stimulation intensity. The peak latencies of the positive-negative deflection of the VERs to the checkerboard-pattern stimulation at low and moderate intensities are by about 50 ms shorter, with the latency of the negative peak of the response to the patterned stimulation corresponding to the positive peak latency of the response to the blank stimuli. Accordingly, the VERs to both types of stimulation are of opposite polarity. With a further increase of the stimulation intensity, the latency of the negative peak of the VER to patterned stimulation gradually lengthens due to the glaring effects of the patterned stimuli. Therefore, at high stimulation intensities the VERs to both types of stimuli are of the same polarity. The mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of the VERs to both types of stimulation differ significantly at high-intensity end of the photostimulation range only, the amplitude of the VER to the patterned stimulation being higher.", "PMID": 562506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5124", "title": "[Bernard-Soulier syndrome from the clinical description (1948) to the molecular era (1977) (author's transl)].", "content": "Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a constitutional thrombopathy with  an impaired platelet adhesion to the vessel wall. Since the first description in 1948 many works had been reported, and recently a molecular abnormality of the platelet membrane was shown. Interactions between specific membrane sites and platelet functions are now proposed.", "contents": "[Bernard-Soulier syndrome from the clinical description (1948) to the molecular era (1977) (author's transl)]. Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a constitutional thrombopathy with  an impaired platelet adhesion to the vessel wall. Since the first description in 1948 many works had been reported, and recently a molecular abnormality of the platelet membrane was shown. Interactions between specific membrane sites and platelet functions are now proposed.", "PMID": 562511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5125", "title": "[Modification of patients positions in operation table during regional anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The comfort was improved by better positioning on the operating table in six patients undergoing extensive hand surgery with axillary plexus block. Opposite to that we could show in 16 similar cases with traditional position during surgery some pain, chills and discomfort despite optimal block technique.", "contents": "[Modification of patients positions in operation table during regional anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The comfort was improved by better positioning on the operating table in six patients undergoing extensive hand surgery with axillary plexus block. Opposite to that we could show in 16 similar cases with traditional position during surgery some pain, chills and discomfort despite optimal block technique.", "PMID": 562514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5126", "title": "[Induced hypocalcaemia test using salmon calcitonin as a means for the evaluation of osteoclastic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors measured the degree of hypocalcaemia (delta Ca S), hypophosphataemia and the fall in urinary hydroxyproline excretion induced by an intramuscular injection of 100 MRC U of synthetic salmon calcitonin (S.C.T.) during the 24 hours following the injection. In 15 control subjects, the fall in plasma calcium was slight ( - 2.1 +/- 0.9 mg/l) but significant. In bone diseases involving hyperosteoclastosis, the degree of hypocalcaemia was much greater: 10.6 +/- 1.1 mg/l in 24 cases of Paget's disease, - 9.0 +/- 1.6 mg/l in 5 cases of diffuse malignant disease of bone, - 8.0 +/- 1.4 mg/l in 6 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism and - 3.5 +/- 0.8 mg/l in 13 cases of algodystrophy of the limbs. In the subjects studied as a whole there was a significant linear relationship between the delta Ca S and the extent of the trabecular surfaces of osteoclastic resorption, but not between delta Ca S and total 24 hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The S.C.T. hypocalcaemia test would appear to be a simple means for the evaluation of osteoclastic activity within the skeleton, and thus to select those bone disorders which should respond to antiosteoclastic therapy (calcitonin, diphosphonates).", "contents": "[Induced hypocalcaemia test using salmon calcitonin as a means for the evaluation of osteoclastic activity (author's transl)]. The authors measured the degree of hypocalcaemia (delta Ca S), hypophosphataemia and the fall in urinary hydroxyproline excretion induced by an intramuscular injection of 100 MRC U of synthetic salmon calcitonin (S.C.T.) during the 24 hours following the injection. In 15 control subjects, the fall in plasma calcium was slight ( - 2.1 +/- 0.9 mg/l) but significant. In bone diseases involving hyperosteoclastosis, the degree of hypocalcaemia was much greater: 10.6 +/- 1.1 mg/l in 24 cases of Paget's disease, - 9.0 +/- 1.6 mg/l in 5 cases of diffuse malignant disease of bone, - 8.0 +/- 1.4 mg/l in 6 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism and - 3.5 +/- 0.8 mg/l in 13 cases of algodystrophy of the limbs. In the subjects studied as a whole there was a significant linear relationship between the delta Ca S and the extent of the trabecular surfaces of osteoclastic resorption, but not between delta Ca S and total 24 hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The S.C.T. hypocalcaemia test would appear to be a simple means for the evaluation of osteoclastic activity within the skeleton, and thus to select those bone disorders which should respond to antiosteoclastic therapy (calcitonin, diphosphonates).", "PMID": 562508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5127", "title": "Time course of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of predatory aggression.", "content": "Three studies assessed the time course of inhibition of predatory aggression and changes in levels of brain serotonin following administration of delta9-THC. In Study One, six groups of six rats each were administered 1.25 mg/kg delta9-THC IV and frog-killing behavior was measured at six postinjection intervals: 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, and 270 minutes. In Study Two, four groups of six rats each were tested. Group One received a vehicle control injection and was tested immediately, i.e. zero-minutes, postinjection. The remaining groups received 1.25 mg/kg delta9-THC, and behavior was measured at 0, 15, and 30 min postinjection. In Study Three, two groups of six rats were treated with the vehicle or 1.25 mg/kg delta9-THC and sacrificed one minute postinjection. Additional drug groups were sacrificed at 30 and 210 min postinjection. Levels of 5-HT were determined in four brain sections: cortex, midbrain, medulla, and cerebellum. Significant inhibition of predatory aggression was found for groups tested at 0, 15, and 30 min postinjection. Brain levels of 5-HT in the midbrain and/or medulla were significantly increased over the same period.", "contents": "Time course of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of predatory aggression. Three studies assessed the time course of inhibition of predatory aggression and changes in levels of brain serotonin following administration of delta9-THC. In Study One, six groups of six rats each were administered 1.25 mg/kg delta9-THC IV and frog-killing behavior was measured at six postinjection intervals: 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, and 270 minutes. In Study Two, four groups of six rats each were tested. Group One received a vehicle control injection and was tested immediately, i.e. zero-minutes, postinjection. The remaining groups received 1.25 mg/kg delta9-THC, and behavior was measured at 0, 15, and 30 min postinjection. In Study Three, two groups of six rats were treated with the vehicle or 1.25 mg/kg delta9-THC and sacrificed one minute postinjection. Additional drug groups were sacrificed at 30 and 210 min postinjection. Levels of 5-HT were determined in four brain sections: cortex, midbrain, medulla, and cerebellum. Significant inhibition of predatory aggression was found for groups tested at 0, 15, and 30 min postinjection. Brain levels of 5-HT in the midbrain and/or medulla were significantly increased over the same period.", "PMID": 562518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5128", "title": "Induced PKU in rats: effects of age and melatonin treatment.", "content": "Newborn rats injected on Days 1-8 of life with L-phenylalanine (2 g/kg) and p-chlorophenylalanine (80 mg/kg) displayed biochemical symptoms analogous to human phenylketonuria (PKU) and maze learning impairments. The behavioral effects were less evident in rats treated on Days 9-16 or 7-24. None of the symptoms observed were alleviated by simultaneous administration of melatonin (10 mg/kg/day).", "contents": "Induced PKU in rats: effects of age and melatonin treatment. Newborn rats injected on Days 1-8 of life with L-phenylalanine (2 g/kg) and p-chlorophenylalanine (80 mg/kg) displayed biochemical symptoms analogous to human phenylketonuria (PKU) and maze learning impairments. The behavioral effects were less evident in rats treated on Days 9-16 or 7-24. None of the symptoms observed were alleviated by simultaneous administration of melatonin (10 mg/kg/day).", "PMID": 562519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5129", "title": "[Formation of vitamin B6 by by the fungus Cladosporium resinae on media with n-dodecane or glucose].", "content": "Accumulation of vitamin B6 by the fungus Cladosporium resinae str. Moscow University eas investigated on media containing n-dodecane or glucose. Vitamin B6 was built up in the mycelium and the culture liquid filtrate. Under stationary condiditions of growth the maximum amount was found on the 28th day and reached 750/mkg and 925/mkg per 1 of the culture liquid on the glucose and n-dodecane containing medium, respectively.", "contents": "[Formation of vitamin B6 by by the fungus Cladosporium resinae on media with n-dodecane or glucose]. Accumulation of vitamin B6 by the fungus Cladosporium resinae str. Moscow University eas investigated on media containing n-dodecane or glucose. Vitamin B6 was built up in the mycelium and the culture liquid filtrate. Under stationary condiditions of growth the maximum amount was found on the 28th day and reached 750/mkg and 925/mkg per 1 of the culture liquid on the glucose and n-dodecane containing medium, respectively.", "PMID": 562515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5130", "title": "An analysis of the effects of cocaine on the responsiveness of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens to noradrenaline and other agonists.", "content": "In the isolated guinea pig vas deferens, 10(-4) M cocaine shifts to the left (13.5-fold at the EC50 level) the concentration-effect curve and increases the maximum response to noradrenaline, whilst supersensitivity to phenylephrine, an amine with a low affinity for the neuronal uptake, was smaller (4.1-fold) and the maximum response was not increased. Cocaine did not enhance sensitivity and maximum response to acetylcholine, potassium and calcium. Supersensitivity to noradrenaline was caused by a decreased dissociation constant (Km) for the agonist-adrenoreceptor interaction without alteration of the tissue's maximum response (Rmax). pA2 and pD'2 values in the presence of cocaine were not significantly different from control which indicates that cocaine did not increase the affinity of adrenoreceptors for the sympathomimetic amines used. It is concluded that the supersensitivity of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens to noradrenaline and phenylephrine by cocaine is entirely of prejunctional origin and results from the blockade of the neuronal uptake process.", "contents": "An analysis of the effects of cocaine on the responsiveness of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens to noradrenaline and other agonists. In the isolated guinea pig vas deferens, 10(-4) M cocaine shifts to the left (13.5-fold at the EC50 level) the concentration-effect curve and increases the maximum response to noradrenaline, whilst supersensitivity to phenylephrine, an amine with a low affinity for the neuronal uptake, was smaller (4.1-fold) and the maximum response was not increased. Cocaine did not enhance sensitivity and maximum response to acetylcholine, potassium and calcium. Supersensitivity to noradrenaline was caused by a decreased dissociation constant (Km) for the agonist-adrenoreceptor interaction without alteration of the tissue's maximum response (Rmax). pA2 and pD'2 values in the presence of cocaine were not significantly different from control which indicates that cocaine did not increase the affinity of adrenoreceptors for the sympathomimetic amines used. It is concluded that the supersensitivity of the isolated guinea pig vas deferens to noradrenaline and phenylephrine by cocaine is entirely of prejunctional origin and results from the blockade of the neuronal uptake process.", "PMID": 562520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5131", "title": "Regional distribution of barbital in the brain of mice during the development of tolerance and physical dependence.", "content": "ICR male mice each receiving a 16 mg barbital pellet implanted subcutaneously for three days developed about 40 percent tolerance to barbital and more than 50 percent tolerance to pentobarbital as measured by sleeping time. The development of physical dependence in these mice was demonstrated by an increased sensitivity to convulsions with pentylenetetrazol. The concentration of barbital rose to high levels in the subcortex and the cerebellum during the time between the implantation of the pellet and the loss of the righting reflex and distributed uniformly thereafter. After a challenge dose of the drug, higher barbital concentrations were found in these two areas as well as in the pons-medulla at 30 minutes and in all areas at the time of the loss of righting reflex, in withdrawn mice. The latter finding would indicate an increase in threshold for barbital anesthesia. The mechanisms of the higher uptake in the brain of withdrawn mice are discussed.", "contents": "Regional distribution of barbital in the brain of mice during the development of tolerance and physical dependence. ICR male mice each receiving a 16 mg barbital pellet implanted subcutaneously for three days developed about 40 percent tolerance to barbital and more than 50 percent tolerance to pentobarbital as measured by sleeping time. The development of physical dependence in these mice was demonstrated by an increased sensitivity to convulsions with pentylenetetrazol. The concentration of barbital rose to high levels in the subcortex and the cerebellum during the time between the implantation of the pellet and the loss of the righting reflex and distributed uniformly thereafter. After a challenge dose of the drug, higher barbital concentrations were found in these two areas as well as in the pons-medulla at 30 minutes and in all areas at the time of the loss of righting reflex, in withdrawn mice. The latter finding would indicate an increase in threshold for barbital anesthesia. The mechanisms of the higher uptake in the brain of withdrawn mice are discussed.", "PMID": 562525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5132", "title": "Immunological defects in healthy twin siblings to patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We studied the immunocompetence of 6 healthy twins, whose monozygotic or dizygotic same-sexed twin partner had died from Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by concanavalin A was markedly reduced at 3 different concentrations in all twins compared to an age-matched group of healthy controls. The lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen and to phytohaemagglutinin was  also impaired. PPD induced lymphocyte DNA synthesis was low in 3 twins and correlated well with their delayed skin hypersensitivity to the antigen. One twin was completely anergic to 3 different skin antigens. The mean total blood lymphocyte count did not differ from that of controls. There was no change in T or B-lymphocyte subpopulations. The presence of a functional lymphocyte deficiency in all twins strongly suggests that the immunodeficiency in Hodgkin's disease is partly caused by genetic and/or environmental factors.", "contents": "Immunological defects in healthy twin siblings to patients with Hodgkin's disease. We studied the immunocompetence of 6 healthy twins, whose monozygotic or dizygotic same-sexed twin partner had died from Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by concanavalin A was markedly reduced at 3 different concentrations in all twins compared to an age-matched group of healthy controls. The lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen and to phytohaemagglutinin was  also impaired. PPD induced lymphocyte DNA synthesis was low in 3 twins and correlated well with their delayed skin hypersensitivity to the antigen. One twin was completely anergic to 3 different skin antigens. The mean total blood lymphocyte count did not differ from that of controls. There was no change in T or B-lymphocyte subpopulations. The presence of a functional lymphocyte deficiency in all twins strongly suggests that the immunodeficiency in Hodgkin's disease is partly caused by genetic and/or environmental factors.", "PMID": 562530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5133", "title": "A radioimmunoassay of primary bile acid conjugates in human serum.", "content": "The fasting levels of chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid conjugates in various groups of patients [25 healthy subjects, 20 patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD), 21 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 5 patients with cholesterol gallstones before and after chenodeoxycholic acid therapy] were determined by using a sensitive, accurate and precise radioimmunoassay. The results obtained with this method were compared with those of a gas-chromatographic method with methylation and acetylation of the bile acids using a 2 m x 0.4 cm glass column packed with 3% of AN 600 on Anakrom Q 110-120 mesh. The results obtained with both methods are in agreement; therefore the method used can be applied for quantitative analysis. In diagnosis, the measurement of serum bile acid levels, fasting or after meals, proved to be a very sensitive method, although further correlations are necessary with standard liver function tests.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay of primary bile acid conjugates in human serum. The fasting levels of chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid conjugates in various groups of patients [25 healthy subjects, 20 patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD), 21 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 5 patients with cholesterol gallstones before and after chenodeoxycholic acid therapy] were determined by using a sensitive, accurate and precise radioimmunoassay. The results obtained with this method were compared with those of a gas-chromatographic method with methylation and acetylation of the bile acids using a 2 m x 0.4 cm glass column packed with 3% of AN 600 on Anakrom Q 110-120 mesh. The results obtained with both methods are in agreement; therefore the method used can be applied for quantitative analysis. In diagnosis, the measurement of serum bile acid levels, fasting or after meals, proved to be a very sensitive method, although further correlations are necessary with standard liver function tests.", "PMID": 562528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5134", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of morphine and morphine-like substances in biological fluids and human tissues.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is described for the determination of morphine and morphine-like substances in plasma, serum, biological fluids and tissue homogenates using an antiserum to morphine-6-hemisuccinyl-BSA and 125I-morphine as the labelled tracer. In the B/F separation with ammonium sulphate, calcium sulphate was added to make the precipitate more compact. Some parameters related to the use of this method in direct assay on plasma, serum, other biological fluids and tissue homogenates were evaluated.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of morphine and morphine-like substances in biological fluids and human tissues. A radioimmunoassay is described for the determination of morphine and morphine-like substances in plasma, serum, biological fluids and tissue homogenates using an antiserum to morphine-6-hemisuccinyl-BSA and 125I-morphine as the labelled tracer. In the B/F separation with ammonium sulphate, calcium sulphate was added to make the precipitate more compact. Some parameters related to the use of this method in direct assay on plasma, serum, other biological fluids and tissue homogenates were evaluated.", "PMID": 562529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5135", "title": "Alternative pathways for proline synthesis in mammalian cells.", "content": "Proline is synthesized in animal cells by way of two alternative pathways. Both of these pathways are functional in many cell lines. The relative contribution of a pathway to total proline synthesis may be altered by a mutational event. Differences in the developmental origin of a cell line are retained as differences in the pathways of proline synthesis.", "contents": "Alternative pathways for proline synthesis in mammalian cells. Proline is synthesized in animal cells by way of two alternative pathways. Both of these pathways are functional in many cell lines. The relative contribution of a pathway to total proline synthesis may be altered by a mutational event. Differences in the developmental origin of a cell line are retained as differences in the pathways of proline synthesis.", "PMID": 562538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5136", "title": "Chromosome loss is responsible for segregation at the HPRT locus in Chinese hamster cell hybrids.", "content": "The phenomenon of segregation of gene expression has been examined in intraspecific somatic cell hybrids. Specifically, segregation at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus has been studied in hybrids of Chinese hamster cell lines. The role of chromosome segregation, or other chromosomal events has been assessed by detailed comparison of karyotypes in the 6-thioguanine resistant segregants with those of the parental hybrid lines. The results clearly demonstrate that loss of an entire X chromosome is the primary event responsible for segregation at the HPRT locus, while deletion of a portion of the short arm of an X chromosome was also a frequent event. The results provide the first direct evidence for the assignment of the mapping of this locus to the distal region of the short arm. Analysis of chromosome number distributions in the hybrids and segregants suggests that in selecting chromosomal segregants one may also select for hybrid lines with reduced chromosome stability.", "contents": "Chromosome loss is responsible for segregation at the HPRT locus in Chinese hamster cell hybrids. The phenomenon of segregation of gene expression has been examined in intraspecific somatic cell hybrids. Specifically, segregation at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus has been studied in hybrids of Chinese hamster cell lines. The role of chromosome segregation, or other chromosomal events has been assessed by detailed comparison of karyotypes in the 6-thioguanine resistant segregants with those of the parental hybrid lines. The results clearly demonstrate that loss of an entire X chromosome is the primary event responsible for segregation at the HPRT locus, while deletion of a portion of the short arm of an X chromosome was also a frequent event. The results provide the first direct evidence for the assignment of the mapping of this locus to the distal region of the short arm. Analysis of chromosome number distributions in the hybrids and segregants suggests that in selecting chromosomal segregants one may also select for hybrid lines with reduced chromosome stability.", "PMID": 562539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5137", "title": "A new method for evaluating an increased general capillary permeability in patients.", "content": "The difference between total plasma volume determined with a substance which escapes from vascular beds in the presence of an increase of general capillary permeability and that determined with a substance which is confined to blood even in the presence of an increased capillary permeability may reflect the degree of an increase of general capillary permeability. The total plasma volume was determined by simultaneous injections of 131I-HSA and 51Cr tagged red cells. The capillary permeability was evaluated by calculating the difference (deltaTPV) between total plasma volume determined with 131I-HSA and that determined with 51Cr tagged red cell. deltaTPV in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and subacute baterial endocarditis was larger than that of controls, averaging 204ml/m2, 178 ml/m2, 82 ml/m2, 131 ml/m2 and 179 ml/m2, respectively. The increase of deltaTPV was considered to indicate the increase of capillary permeability in these patients. A permeability increasing factor was present in serum of patients with an elevated deltaTPV. There was a significant correlation between deltaTPV and the titer of serum capillary permeability increasing factor in these patients.", "contents": "A new method for evaluating an increased general capillary permeability in patients. The difference between total plasma volume determined with a substance which escapes from vascular beds in the presence of an increase of general capillary permeability and that determined with a substance which is confined to blood even in the presence of an increased capillary permeability may reflect the degree of an increase of general capillary permeability. The total plasma volume was determined by simultaneous injections of 131I-HSA and 51Cr tagged red cells. The capillary permeability was evaluated by calculating the difference (deltaTPV) between total plasma volume determined with 131I-HSA and that determined with 51Cr tagged red cell. deltaTPV in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and subacute baterial endocarditis was larger than that of controls, averaging 204ml/m2, 178 ml/m2, 82 ml/m2, 131 ml/m2 and 179 ml/m2, respectively. The increase of deltaTPV was considered to indicate the increase of capillary permeability in these patients. A permeability increasing factor was present in serum of patients with an elevated deltaTPV. There was a significant correlation between deltaTPV and the titer of serum capillary permeability increasing factor in these patients.", "PMID": 562543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5138", "title": "Myroridin, a new peptide antibiotic from Myrothecium SP. 285F.", "content": "Myroridin, a new basic peptide antibiotic was isolated from culture filtrate of a strain of Myrothecium, No. 285f. The present paper describes the production, isolation and characterization of this antibiotic.", "contents": "Myroridin, a new peptide antibiotic from Myrothecium SP. 285F. Myroridin, a new basic peptide antibiotic was isolated from culture filtrate of a strain of Myrothecium, No. 285f. The present paper describes the production, isolation and characterization of this antibiotic.", "PMID": 562544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5139", "title": "Direct radioimmunoassay of progesterone in mare plasma.", "content": "A rapid and low cost radioimmunologic procedure for progesterone assay in mare plasma is proposed. Radioimmunoassay is performed directly on 10 microliter of unextracted plasma. Free progesterone is adsorbed on dextran-charcoal, then the aqueous phase is decanted and extracted by 1 ml of scintillation fluid. Counting is performed directly on this two-phase system. Results are comparable to those obtained with radioimmunoassays using extracted plasma.", "contents": "Direct radioimmunoassay of progesterone in mare plasma. A rapid and low cost radioimmunologic procedure for progesterone assay in mare plasma is proposed. Radioimmunoassay is performed directly on 10 microliter of unextracted plasma. Free progesterone is adsorbed on dextran-charcoal, then the aqueous phase is decanted and extracted by 1 ml of scintillation fluid. Counting is performed directly on this two-phase system. Results are comparable to those obtained with radioimmunoassays using extracted plasma.", "PMID": 562545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5140", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of absolute pressure values in the urethra and bladder. Experimental model for the construction of a new measuring device.", "content": "In order to improve the accuracy of bladder and urethral pressure recording, a measurement system has been tested experimentally. It is possible to measure absolute pressure values during withdrawal of the catheter only when the system is constantly perfused. The optimum relationship between catheter diameter, perfusion rate, withdrawal rate, measurement inertia and systemic resistance has been analysed.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of absolute pressure values in the urethra and bladder. Experimental model for the construction of a new measuring device. In order to improve the accuracy of bladder and urethral pressure recording, a measurement system has been tested experimentally. It is possible to measure absolute pressure values during withdrawal of the catheter only when the system is constantly perfused. The optimum relationship between catheter diameter, perfusion rate, withdrawal rate, measurement inertia and systemic resistance has been analysed.", "PMID": 562548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5141", "title": "Alloplastic spermatocele: insemination from epididymal reservoir.", "content": "Insemination with the sperm of an epididymal reservoir three days after implantation of the prosthesis led to a successful pregnancy with subsequent delivery of five healthy sucklings. Alloplastic spermatocele can function longer than four months as proved by a successful pregnancy.", "contents": "Alloplastic spermatocele: insemination from epididymal reservoir. Insemination with the sperm of an epididymal reservoir three days after implantation of the prosthesis led to a successful pregnancy with subsequent delivery of five healthy sucklings. Alloplastic spermatocele can function longer than four months as proved by a successful pregnancy.", "PMID": 562549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5142", "title": "Effect of caffeine on urethral pressure.", "content": "Urethral pressure profiles have been a useful adjunct in the study of continence. Caffeine, a known smooth muscle inhibitor and skeletal muscle stimulator, is shown to decrease the urethral pressure profile in anesthetized dogs. This would lead one to believe that the smooth muscle component of urethral tonus is the determining factor. Discussions follow on the mechanism of caffeine action and the possible effect of caffeinated beverages on stress incontinence.", "contents": "Effect of caffeine on urethral pressure. Urethral pressure profiles have been a useful adjunct in the study of continence. Caffeine, a known smooth muscle inhibitor and skeletal muscle stimulator, is shown to decrease the urethral pressure profile in anesthetized dogs. This would lead one to believe that the smooth muscle component of urethral tonus is the determining factor. Discussions follow on the mechanism of caffeine action and the possible effect of caffeinated beverages on stress incontinence.", "PMID": 562550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5143", "title": "Transurethral vesicovaginal extraction of stone: nonoperative approach for intramural ureteral calculi in women.", "content": "Herein we describe a new technique for the removal of an impacted intramural ureteral calculus in a female patient. The stone was extracted by digital manipulation with the index finger of one hand in the bladder and the index and middle fingers of the other hand in the vagina. The relative ease of performing the procedure and the absence of any immediate and long-term postoperative morbidity and complications warrant further use of this technique.", "contents": "Transurethral vesicovaginal extraction of stone: nonoperative approach for intramural ureteral calculi in women. Herein we describe a new technique for the removal of an impacted intramural ureteral calculus in a female patient. The stone was extracted by digital manipulation with the index finger of one hand in the bladder and the index and middle fingers of the other hand in the vagina. The relative ease of performing the procedure and the absence of any immediate and long-term postoperative morbidity and complications warrant further use of this technique.", "PMID": 562551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5144", "title": "Diseases of the commercial rabbit.", "content": "Throughout its short history, the commercial rabbit industry has suffered from a poor home market due to the long national memory of the 1950s myxomatosis outbreak, the strong competition from the broiler chicken industry and of low-priced imported rabbit. In the past few years, a new market for British rabbit has opened up in Europe with a potential demand far in excess of the present production. The veterinary profession can assist in this expansion.", "contents": "Diseases of the commercial rabbit. Throughout its short history, the commercial rabbit industry has suffered from a poor home market due to the long national memory of the 1950s myxomatosis outbreak, the strong competition from the broiler chicken industry and of low-priced imported rabbit. In the past few years, a new market for British rabbit has opened up in Europe with a potential demand far in excess of the present production. The veterinary profession can assist in this expansion.", "PMID": 562555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5145", "title": "Diseases of aquarium fish--4: treatment.", "content": "Prevention and treatment of aquarium fish diseases is described. A variety of husbandry factors may predispose to disease development and these should always be considered. Any treatment should first be tried on a small sample of fish as toxicity does vary between species.", "contents": "Diseases of aquarium fish--4: treatment. Prevention and treatment of aquarium fish diseases is described. A variety of husbandry factors may predispose to disease development and these should always be considered. Any treatment should first be tried on a small sample of fish as toxicity does vary between species.", "PMID": 562556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5146", "title": "Effects of hormones on the aggressive behaviour and social organization of the scincid lizard, Sphenomorphus kosciuskoi.", "content": "In order to ascertain whether hormones influence social organization of lizards, caged Sphenomorphus kosciuskoi were studied both before and after treatment with testosterone, estradiol, adrenaline and thyroxine. Testosterone and estradiol increased aggressiveness in male lizards and caused shifts in dominance. Adrenaline caused a temporary increase in activity and agressiveness but no change in social structure. Thyroxine did not affect social behaviour.", "contents": "Effects of hormones on the aggressive behaviour and social organization of the scincid lizard, Sphenomorphus kosciuskoi. In order to ascertain whether hormones influence social organization of lizards, caged Sphenomorphus kosciuskoi were studied both before and after treatment with testosterone, estradiol, adrenaline and thyroxine. Testosterone and estradiol increased aggressiveness in male lizards and caused shifts in dominance. Adrenaline caused a temporary increase in activity and agressiveness but no change in social structure. Thyroxine did not affect social behaviour.", "PMID": 562565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5147", "title": "[On applicabilities of polarization microscopy in diagnostic histopathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Apart from its importance in ultrastructure research polarization microscopy turns out to be a valuable additional method in the daily hitological diagnostics of pathologist. By means of some examples the applicabilities of the polarization microscopy in this field are demonstrated. After some physical bases and practical hints for the use of polarization microscopes some staining reactions leading to an optical anisotropic effect are reported. Morever, it is reffered to the demonstration and characterization of crystals in biological fluids and tisdues. In our opinion, simple polarization optics should belong to the optical equipment of each pathologist.", "contents": "[On applicabilities of polarization microscopy in diagnostic histopathology (author's transl)]. Apart from its importance in ultrastructure research polarization microscopy turns out to be a valuable additional method in the daily hitological diagnostics of pathologist. By means of some examples the applicabilities of the polarization microscopy in this field are demonstrated. After some physical bases and practical hints for the use of polarization microscopes some staining reactions leading to an optical anisotropic effect are reported. Morever, it is reffered to the demonstration and characterization of crystals in biological fluids and tisdues. In our opinion, simple polarization optics should belong to the optical equipment of each pathologist.", "PMID": 562566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5148", "title": "[Cytopathic effect of the tularemia microbe on a culture of peritoneal macrophages].", "content": "Morphological analysis of the process of interaction of tularemia microbe strains differing by virulence with macrophages demonstrated that all these strains produced a lethal effect on macrophages obtained from the animales sensitive to the infection. The macrophages obtained from the animals were but little sensitive to tularemia and were resistant to the action of the causative agent of this infection. The data obtained led to a supposition on the presence in the tularemia causative agent of a factor responsible for its lethal action on the macrophages.", "contents": "[Cytopathic effect of the tularemia microbe on a culture of peritoneal macrophages]. Morphological analysis of the process of interaction of tularemia microbe strains differing by virulence with macrophages demonstrated that all these strains produced a lethal effect on macrophages obtained from the animales sensitive to the infection. The macrophages obtained from the animals were but little sensitive to tularemia and were resistant to the action of the causative agent of this infection. The data obtained led to a supposition on the presence in the tularemia causative agent of a factor responsible for its lethal action on the macrophages.", "PMID": 562567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5149", "title": "[Experimental neuroses in dogs caused by an increase in the intensity of (light) stimuli conditions].", "content": "The influence of enhanced intensity of general illumination on conditioned reactions of a different degree of complexity was studied on dogs by the classical method of secretory conditioned reflexes. In most of the dogs, increase of general illumination from 30 to 300 luxes leads to more intensive secretory conditioned and unconditioned reactions, a smaller number of errors in differentiation, and stabilization of parameters of conditioned activity, which testifies to the improved general functional state of the brain. In two animals in the same conditions of the experiment, an experimental neurosis set it, not connected with the complexity of the elaborated activity. It is assumed that the neurotizing agent was the superfluous situational (photic) stimulation which presented excessive requirements to the mechanisms regulating the general functional state of the brain.", "contents": "[Experimental neuroses in dogs caused by an increase in the intensity of (light) stimuli conditions]. The influence of enhanced intensity of general illumination on conditioned reactions of a different degree of complexity was studied on dogs by the classical method of secretory conditioned reflexes. In most of the dogs, increase of general illumination from 30 to 300 luxes leads to more intensive secretory conditioned and unconditioned reactions, a smaller number of errors in differentiation, and stabilization of parameters of conditioned activity, which testifies to the improved general functional state of the brain. In two animals in the same conditions of the experiment, an experimental neurosis set it, not connected with the complexity of the elaborated activity. It is assumed that the neurotizing agent was the superfluous situational (photic) stimulation which presented excessive requirements to the mechanisms regulating the general functional state of the brain.", "PMID": 562564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5150", "title": "[Immunodepressive activity of the different fractions of the antilymphocyte serum obtained after separation on DEAE-Sephadex].", "content": "Three protein fractions were obtained after the separation of the antilymphocytic sera (ALS). The first and the second ones chiefly consisted of gammaglobulins, and the third fraction contained the rest serum proteins. The second fraction possessed the greatest lymphocytotoxic activity in vitro, and also immunodepressive activity in vivo; administration of this fraction to mice caused depression of antibody-producing cells in the spleen to 9.1 +/- 2.8 (90 +/- 28.9 antibody-producing cells per 1 X 10(6) cells in control). The first fraction possessed a much lesser immunodepressive activity, and the third one practically failed to depress the immune response.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive activity of the different fractions of the antilymphocyte serum obtained after separation on DEAE-Sephadex]. Three protein fractions were obtained after the separation of the antilymphocytic sera (ALS). The first and the second ones chiefly consisted of gammaglobulins, and the third fraction contained the rest serum proteins. The second fraction possessed the greatest lymphocytotoxic activity in vitro, and also immunodepressive activity in vivo; administration of this fraction to mice caused depression of antibody-producing cells in the spleen to 9.1 +/- 2.8 (90 +/- 28.9 antibody-producing cells per 1 X 10(6) cells in control). The first fraction possessed a much lesser immunodepressive activity, and the third one practically failed to depress the immune response.", "PMID": 562569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5151", "title": "[Effect of chemical action on the biological activity of staphylococcal allergen].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of chemical action on the specific properties of staphylococcus allergen showing that deamination, iodation, and formalinization was accompanied by reduction of the allergenic capacity of the preparation; as to acetylation -- it produced an insignificant reduction of the allergen activity.", "contents": "[Effect of chemical action on the biological activity of staphylococcal allergen]. The authors present the results of study of chemical action on the specific properties of staphylococcus allergen showing that deamination, iodation, and formalinization was accompanied by reduction of the allergenic capacity of the preparation; as to acetylation -- it produced an insignificant reduction of the allergen activity.", "PMID": 562570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5152", "title": "Experimental preparation of deantigenized vascular heterografts and study of tolerance after transplantation.", "content": "A new technique in preparing a heterograft is presented. Deantigenized calf carotid arteries are obtained by papain digestion and formol tanning. The biochemical determinations show a pronounced reduction in total protein content after papain digestion. The formol tanning gives a good rigidity and elasticity in adapting to different blood volumes without aneurysmal dilatation. Eight dogs were grafted : two died after surgery, two were killed after 35 days and two others 60 days after transplantation, one died after 8 months and one is alive 30 months after transplantation. The good in vivo tolerability has been appreciated. There have been no haemodynamic troubles and no cell changes of rejection. An insignificant quantity of immunoglobulins G has been found in the sera of the animals with heterografts. These data draw attention on the possibility of the use, in clinical practice, of the deantigenized calf arteries.", "contents": "Experimental preparation of deantigenized vascular heterografts and study of tolerance after transplantation. A new technique in preparing a heterograft is presented. Deantigenized calf carotid arteries are obtained by papain digestion and formol tanning. The biochemical determinations show a pronounced reduction in total protein content after papain digestion. The formol tanning gives a good rigidity and elasticity in adapting to different blood volumes without aneurysmal dilatation. Eight dogs were grafted : two died after surgery, two were killed after 35 days and two others 60 days after transplantation, one died after 8 months and one is alive 30 months after transplantation. The good in vivo tolerability has been appreciated. There have been no haemodynamic troubles and no cell changes of rejection. An insignificant quantity of immunoglobulins G has been found in the sera of the animals with heterografts. These data draw attention on the possibility of the use, in clinical practice, of the deantigenized calf arteries.", "PMID": 562571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5153", "title": "Effects of whole body CO60 irradiation on the male genital tract of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae), hedgehod (hemiechinus auratus Collaris), and house rat (Rattus rattus Rufescens).", "content": "1. The effects of 400 and 575 rads of whole body irradiation in gerbil (Meriones hurrianae), hedgehog (Hemiechinus auratus Collaris) and house rat have been studied with a view to compare the effects of irradiation on the desert mammalian species with those of domestic ones. 2. Typical signs and symptoms of radiation sickness, transient body loss and radiation mortality in gerbils and house-rats were apparent, whereas the hedgehogs were not affected at this dose level. 3. Extensive necrosis, exfoliation of seminiferous element, intertubular edema and shrinkage of the seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclei in gerbils and house-rats were conspicuous in histological preparations. Mild regressive tubular lesions were also observed in hedgehogs treated with 575R. 4. Whole body irradiation depleted the RNA, protein and sialic acid contents of the testes. High cholesterol contens in the testes of irradiated gerbil, hedgehog and house rats identified this as the site of degenerating cells and fragments. 5. Reduced androgen production was confirmed in non active Leydig cells and decreased fructose contents in the seminal vesicles of gerbil and house rats. At 575 R dose level, hedgehog was comparatively radio-resistant. But at 875 R extensive damage to the reproductive organs could be noticed.", "contents": "Effects of whole body CO60 irradiation on the male genital tract of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae), hedgehod (hemiechinus auratus Collaris), and house rat (Rattus rattus Rufescens). 1. The effects of 400 and 575 rads of whole body irradiation in gerbil (Meriones hurrianae), hedgehog (Hemiechinus auratus Collaris) and house rat have been studied with a view to compare the effects of irradiation on the desert mammalian species with those of domestic ones. 2. Typical signs and symptoms of radiation sickness, transient body loss and radiation mortality in gerbils and house-rats were apparent, whereas the hedgehogs were not affected at this dose level. 3. Extensive necrosis, exfoliation of seminiferous element, intertubular edema and shrinkage of the seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclei in gerbils and house-rats were conspicuous in histological preparations. Mild regressive tubular lesions were also observed in hedgehogs treated with 575R. 4. Whole body irradiation depleted the RNA, protein and sialic acid contents of the testes. High cholesterol contens in the testes of irradiated gerbil, hedgehog and house rats identified this as the site of degenerating cells and fragments. 5. Reduced androgen production was confirmed in non active Leydig cells and decreased fructose contents in the seminal vesicles of gerbil and house rats. At 575 R dose level, hedgehog was comparatively radio-resistant. But at 875 R extensive damage to the reproductive organs could be noticed.", "PMID": 562579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5154", "title": "Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and cow's milk preparations and its influence on the intestinal flora. Investigations on two infants with an artificial anus.", "content": "Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and a cow's milk preparation enriched up to 7% of lactose were studied in two infants with an artificial anus applied in the ascending colon region. The concentrations of protein, lactose, glucose and galactose were measured in the fistula stools. In addition, the stools were analysed microbiologically. There were relatively high concentrations of lactose and its decomposition products and low concentrations of protein and aminonitrogen in the fistula stools when breast milk was fed. When the cow's milk formula was applied, only traces of lactose but high amounts of protein were measured. The microbiological findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that the bacterial flora of the large intestine is influenced by the lactose and protein concentrations in the intestinal content which reach the large intestine.", "contents": "Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and cow's milk preparations and its influence on the intestinal flora. Investigations on two infants with an artificial anus. Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and a cow's milk preparation enriched up to 7% of lactose were studied in two infants with an artificial anus applied in the ascending colon region. The concentrations of protein, lactose, glucose and galactose were measured in the fistula stools. In addition, the stools were analysed microbiologically. There were relatively high concentrations of lactose and its decomposition products and low concentrations of protein and aminonitrogen in the fistula stools when breast milk was fed. When the cow's milk formula was applied, only traces of lactose but high amounts of protein were measured. The microbiological findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that the bacterial flora of the large intestine is influenced by the lactose and protein concentrations in the intestinal content which reach the large intestine.", "PMID": 562587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5155", "title": "Monozygotic twins concordant for tracheo-esophageal fistula and discordant for the VATER association.", "content": "Monozygotic female twins were concordant for tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF); and one twin also manifested other anomalies in the VATER association, including agenesis of the female reproductive tract. Review of the literature discloses a familial tendency for recurrence of TEF and a high concordance rate in monozygotic twins, indicating a significant genetic influence for the isolated anomaly. In the case of the VATER association, the sporadic occurrence of affected individuals and discordance in twins implicates the effect of non-genetic factors.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins concordant for tracheo-esophageal fistula and discordant for the VATER association. Monozygotic female twins were concordant for tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF); and one twin also manifested other anomalies in the VATER association, including agenesis of the female reproductive tract. Review of the literature discloses a familial tendency for recurrence of TEF and a high concordance rate in monozygotic twins, indicating a significant genetic influence for the isolated anomaly. In the case of the VATER association, the sporadic occurrence of affected individuals and discordance in twins implicates the effect of non-genetic factors.", "PMID": 562588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5156", "title": "A male MZ twin pair, concordant for transsexualism, discordant for schizophrenia.", "content": "A pair of male monozygous twins of gynandromorphic habitus but normal male body hair and genitalia, who appear concordant for transsexualism and explosive personality disorder but discordant for schizophrenia, is presented. No evidence of specific family dynamic factors, imitative learning or folie a deux was found in the twins' history. A constitutional aetiology of their transsexualism and one twin's schizophrenia is suggested. The relationship between transsexualism and schizophrenia is briefly reviewed. No evidence can be found that the modal transsexual is suffering from a schizophrenic disorder, florid or attenuated. A more subtle relationship is possible of transsexualism occurring as a schizophrenic spectrum disorder. This twin pair appears to illustrate such a relationship.", "contents": "A male MZ twin pair, concordant for transsexualism, discordant for schizophrenia. A pair of male monozygous twins of gynandromorphic habitus but normal male body hair and genitalia, who appear concordant for transsexualism and explosive personality disorder but discordant for schizophrenia, is presented. No evidence of specific family dynamic factors, imitative learning or folie a deux was found in the twins' history. A constitutional aetiology of their transsexualism and one twin's schizophrenia is suggested. The relationship between transsexualism and schizophrenia is briefly reviewed. No evidence can be found that the modal transsexual is suffering from a schizophrenic disorder, florid or attenuated. A more subtle relationship is possible of transsexualism occurring as a schizophrenic spectrum disorder. This twin pair appears to illustrate such a relationship.", "PMID": 562589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5157", "title": "Bone changes during prednisone treatment.", "content": "To evaluate changes inbone composition during treatment with corticosteroids, the bone mineral content (BMC, measured by photon absorptiometry) and the degree of bone mineralization (measured as the bone phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio) were determined in 18 patients during prednisone treatment for haematological and connective tissue diseases. The prednisone dose ranged from 12 to 51 mg/day (mean 27). The BMC decreased significantly (mean 2.5%) during the studied 12 weeks of treatment, but the change did not correlate significantly to the prednisone dose. The degree of bone mineralization remained unchanged, indicating equal losses of mineral and of collagen in bone during prednisone treatment. The changes correspond to a rapidly developing oesteoporotic state.", "contents": "Bone changes during prednisone treatment. To evaluate changes inbone composition during treatment with corticosteroids, the bone mineral content (BMC, measured by photon absorptiometry) and the degree of bone mineralization (measured as the bone phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio) were determined in 18 patients during prednisone treatment for haematological and connective tissue diseases. The prednisone dose ranged from 12 to 51 mg/day (mean 27). The BMC decreased significantly (mean 2.5%) during the studied 12 weeks of treatment, but the change did not correlate significantly to the prednisone dose. The degree of bone mineralization remained unchanged, indicating equal losses of mineral and of collagen in bone during prednisone treatment. The changes correspond to a rapidly developing oesteoporotic state.", "PMID": 562590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5158", "title": "Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on diurnal variability of blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline levels.", "content": "The effect of propranolol on diurnal variability of BP and plasma noradrenaline levels was assessed in 15 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. While total variability and average noradrenaline level remained unaltered, the pressor range (difference between basal and maximum BP readings) was reduced in most patients. An inverse relationship was observed between changes in pressor range and noradrenaline.", "contents": "Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on diurnal variability of blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline levels. The effect of propranolol on diurnal variability of BP and plasma noradrenaline levels was assessed in 15 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. While total variability and average noradrenaline level remained unaltered, the pressor range (difference between basal and maximum BP readings) was reduced in most patients. An inverse relationship was observed between changes in pressor range and noradrenaline.", "PMID": 562591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5159", "title": "Genetic studies in outpatients: plasma cholesterol in family and twin studies.", "content": "Quantitative genetic studies have much potential in partitioning the causes of variation of quantitative traits such as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Only if specific causes of variation are identified can specific therapy be developed to modify risks. There have been extensive family studies of plasma cholesterol which reveal that the level of plasma cholesterol is correlated in family members. However, except for the relatively rare familial hypercholesterolemia the evidence is not convincing that correlations of relatives are due to genetic rather than environmental factors. Early twin studies were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that levels of plasma cholesterol were strongly influenced by genetic factors. However a recent large study of twins cast doubt upon this hypothesis by finding no significant genetic variance of plasma cholesterol after correcting for differences in total variance of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.", "contents": "Genetic studies in outpatients: plasma cholesterol in family and twin studies. Quantitative genetic studies have much potential in partitioning the causes of variation of quantitative traits such as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Only if specific causes of variation are identified can specific therapy be developed to modify risks. There have been extensive family studies of plasma cholesterol which reveal that the level of plasma cholesterol is correlated in family members. However, except for the relatively rare familial hypercholesterolemia the evidence is not convincing that correlations of relatives are due to genetic rather than environmental factors. Early twin studies were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that levels of plasma cholesterol were strongly influenced by genetic factors. However a recent large study of twins cast doubt upon this hypothesis by finding no significant genetic variance of plasma cholesterol after correcting for differences in total variance of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.", "PMID": 562595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5160", "title": "The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on goniomitosis in the rat.", "content": "Male rats, provided with dissimilar diets with regard to thiamine (deficient, normal and superfluous) received either water or alcohol (7-20%: w/v) as the only supply of liquid for 4-7 months. Mitotic acitivity was very low in the spermatogonia of many of the individuals especially those belonging to the alcohol groups. The frequency of cells with visible chromosomal defects was invariably quite low. It seems that combining abnormal thiamine supply with alcoholism does not lead to a drastic increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on goniomitosis in the rat. Male rats, provided with dissimilar diets with regard to thiamine (deficient, normal and superfluous) received either water or alcohol (7-20%: w/v) as the only supply of liquid for 4-7 months. Mitotic acitivity was very low in the spermatogonia of many of the individuals especially those belonging to the alcohol groups. The frequency of cells with visible chromosomal defects was invariably quite low. It seems that combining abnormal thiamine supply with alcoholism does not lead to a drastic increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations.", "PMID": 562599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5161", "title": "Labeling of rat brain synaptosomal phosphatidyl serine in the after state of acute alcoholic intoxication and in the withdrawal state.", "content": "The synaptosomal phosphatidyl serine labeling by 14-C-serine after elimination of a single dose of 6 g EtOH/kg b.w. and after a prolonged ethanol period (8-11 g EtOH/kg b.w. for 8 days) was studied in vivo. In both experimental groups the 14-C-labeling of the phosphatidyl serine is decreased as compared with the controls. There is a great deal of evidence which implicates that phosphatidyl serine plays a major role in neural excitation providing ion exchanges sites which control the sodium current, known to be sensitive to ethanol. These ethanol induced changes in phosphatidyl serine labeling may be reflected functionally in the impulse conduction and increased sensitivity in the withdrawal state. These changes are suggested to be consequences of the primary membrane fluidity increasing properties of ethanol.", "contents": "Labeling of rat brain synaptosomal phosphatidyl serine in the after state of acute alcoholic intoxication and in the withdrawal state. The synaptosomal phosphatidyl serine labeling by 14-C-serine after elimination of a single dose of 6 g EtOH/kg b.w. and after a prolonged ethanol period (8-11 g EtOH/kg b.w. for 8 days) was studied in vivo. In both experimental groups the 14-C-labeling of the phosphatidyl serine is decreased as compared with the controls. There is a great deal of evidence which implicates that phosphatidyl serine plays a major role in neural excitation providing ion exchanges sites which control the sodium current, known to be sensitive to ethanol. These ethanol induced changes in phosphatidyl serine labeling may be reflected functionally in the impulse conduction and increased sensitivity in the withdrawal state. These changes are suggested to be consequences of the primary membrane fluidity increasing properties of ethanol.", "PMID": 562602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5162", "title": "Common mechanism for the adaptive increase in hepatic ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism due to chronic pretreatment with ethanol.", "content": "Perfused livers from ethanol pretreated rats utilized ethanol and acetaldehyde at higher rates than appropriate controls. This adaptive increase in hepatic ethanol and acetaldehyde uptake was associated with a marked (greater than 60%) increase in hepatic oxygen uptake. Ethanol uptake in both ethanol-treated and control livers was similarly sensitive to inhibition by 4-methylpyrazole, rotenone, and antimycin A. The adaptive increase in ethanol uptake was apparently specifically abolished by ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium-plus potassium-activated ATPase. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic treatment with ethanol increases ATPase activity. The ADP produced from these initiating events enters the mitochondrial space and stimulates electron transport and oxygen uptake. As a consequence of these events, a greater rate of NADH reoxidation occurs, resulting in a greater rate of production of NAD+ which stimulates ethanol oxidation via alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde oxidation via aldehyde dehydrogenase(s).", "contents": "Common mechanism for the adaptive increase in hepatic ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism due to chronic pretreatment with ethanol. Perfused livers from ethanol pretreated rats utilized ethanol and acetaldehyde at higher rates than appropriate controls. This adaptive increase in hepatic ethanol and acetaldehyde uptake was associated with a marked (greater than 60%) increase in hepatic oxygen uptake. Ethanol uptake in both ethanol-treated and control livers was similarly sensitive to inhibition by 4-methylpyrazole, rotenone, and antimycin A. The adaptive increase in ethanol uptake was apparently specifically abolished by ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium-plus potassium-activated ATPase. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic treatment with ethanol increases ATPase activity. The ADP produced from these initiating events enters the mitochondrial space and stimulates electron transport and oxygen uptake. As a consequence of these events, a greater rate of NADH reoxidation occurs, resulting in a greater rate of production of NAD+ which stimulates ethanol oxidation via alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde oxidation via aldehyde dehydrogenase(s).", "PMID": 562603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5163", "title": "Metabolism of alcohol at high concentrations: role and biochemical nature of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system.", "content": "At intermediate and higher alcohol concentrations, ethanol metabolism proceeds via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), whereas catalase plays no significant role. Following prolonged ethanol consumption, an enhancement of both MEOS activity as well as the rates of ethanol metabolism occurs; the latter persisted despite inhibition of ADH by pyrazole and catalase by sodium axide, suggesting the involvement of MEOS in the adaptive increase. MEOS exhibits characteristics similar to those of other microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes and can be differentiated and isolated from both ADH and catalase activities. Reconstitution of MEOS activity was achieved with partially purified cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the presence of synthetic phospholipid.", "contents": "Metabolism of alcohol at high concentrations: role and biochemical nature of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. At intermediate and higher alcohol concentrations, ethanol metabolism proceeds via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), whereas catalase plays no significant role. Following prolonged ethanol consumption, an enhancement of both MEOS activity as well as the rates of ethanol metabolism occurs; the latter persisted despite inhibition of ADH by pyrazole and catalase by sodium axide, suggesting the involvement of MEOS in the adaptive increase. MEOS exhibits characteristics similar to those of other microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes and can be differentiated and isolated from both ADH and catalase activities. Reconstitution of MEOS activity was achieved with partially purified cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the presence of synthetic phospholipid.", "PMID": 562604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5164", "title": "Gonadal function in chronic alcoholic men.", "content": "Alcoholism affects nine million individuals in the United States according to United States Government estimates. As many as 80% of hard-core alcoholic men show evidences of feminization including impotence, testicular atrophy, sterility, gynecomastia and changes in bodily hair. The causes of feminization of male alcoholics have remained obscure until recently. Largely as a result of advances in the techniques of measurement of sex hormones, it has become possible to begin to examine the pathogenesis of feminization. The results of initial studies suggest that alcoholics become feminized through the secondary effects of alcohol-induced liver disease, and also through primary effects of alcohol on the endocrine system. It can be shown that liver disease permits the peripheral escape of steroid precursors and their conversion to estrogenic substances. These substances are then inadequately cleared by the liver. In addition, however, alcohol alters testicular steroidogenesis and testosteronogenesis. Hypothalamic-pituitary function also is diminished in chronic alcoholics, and this change contributes to the syndrome of feminization.", "contents": "Gonadal function in chronic alcoholic men. Alcoholism affects nine million individuals in the United States according to United States Government estimates. As many as 80% of hard-core alcoholic men show evidences of feminization including impotence, testicular atrophy, sterility, gynecomastia and changes in bodily hair. The causes of feminization of male alcoholics have remained obscure until recently. Largely as a result of advances in the techniques of measurement of sex hormones, it has become possible to begin to examine the pathogenesis of feminization. The results of initial studies suggest that alcoholics become feminized through the secondary effects of alcohol-induced liver disease, and also through primary effects of alcohol on the endocrine system. It can be shown that liver disease permits the peripheral escape of steroid precursors and their conversion to estrogenic substances. These substances are then inadequately cleared by the liver. In addition, however, alcohol alters testicular steroidogenesis and testosteronogenesis. Hypothalamic-pituitary function also is diminished in chronic alcoholics, and this change contributes to the syndrome of feminization.", "PMID": 562605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5165", "title": "Adaptative changes in Ca++-membrane interactions following chronic ethanol exposure.", "content": "The data reported here together with recent reports from other investigations suggest that ethanol may act selectively to alter Ca++ metabolism in nerve cells. Changes in calcium content and binding after acute and chronic exposure to ethanol suggest that nerve cells may adapt to ethanol exposure through increasing endogenous calcium content on the synaptic membranes. Since calcium plays an integral role in neurotransmitter metabolism, it may be suggested that adaptation to ethanol may occur via such Ca++ dependent processes as altered membrane transport capabilities and excitation-secretion coupling mechanisms. Future research in these areas would hopefully be directed toward the role of Ca++ in neurotransmitter release and subsequent activation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism.", "contents": "Adaptative changes in Ca++-membrane interactions following chronic ethanol exposure. The data reported here together with recent reports from other investigations suggest that ethanol may act selectively to alter Ca++ metabolism in nerve cells. Changes in calcium content and binding after acute and chronic exposure to ethanol suggest that nerve cells may adapt to ethanol exposure through increasing endogenous calcium content on the synaptic membranes. Since calcium plays an integral role in neurotransmitter metabolism, it may be suggested that adaptation to ethanol may occur via such Ca++ dependent processes as altered membrane transport capabilities and excitation-secretion coupling mechanisms. Future research in these areas would hopefully be directed toward the role of Ca++ in neurotransmitter release and subsequent activation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism.", "PMID": 562606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5166", "title": "Selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol: an approach to an animal model of alcoholism. III. Some physical and behavioral measures.", "content": "The results of selective breeding for differential impairment of motor activity after alcohol injection is shown for the first 13 generations of the LA and MA rat strains. In F13 rats, the mean decrement of activity after 1.5 g ethanol per kg i/p. is 90% for MA rats and 42% for LA rats, the strain difference significant at a \"p\" of 1.8 x 10(-11). Blood alcohol levels, body weight, litter size, organ weights and induction of taste aversion to alcohol and lithium chloride are described for these strains in various of the generations. Although strain differences are apparent on some of these measures, none are of a degree or kind which offers more than a speculative explanation of the large difference between the strains in their central nervous system sensitivity to alcohol.", "contents": "Selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol: an approach to an animal model of alcoholism. III. Some physical and behavioral measures. The results of selective breeding for differential impairment of motor activity after alcohol injection is shown for the first 13 generations of the LA and MA rat strains. In F13 rats, the mean decrement of activity after 1.5 g ethanol per kg i/p. is 90% for MA rats and 42% for LA rats, the strain difference significant at a \"p\" of 1.8 x 10(-11). Blood alcohol levels, body weight, litter size, organ weights and induction of taste aversion to alcohol and lithium chloride are described for these strains in various of the generations. Although strain differences are apparent on some of these measures, none are of a degree or kind which offers more than a speculative explanation of the large difference between the strains in their central nervous system sensitivity to alcohol.", "PMID": 562610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5167", "title": "Chemistry of the crosslinking of collagen during tanning.", "content": "The materials commonly used for crosslinking collagen as part of the process of converting animal hides into leather fall into three main groups: mineral tannages, aldehyde tannages, and \"vegetable\" tannages. The most important mineral crosslinking agents are hydrated basic chromium III sulfate complexes. These compounds form extended polynuclear coordination complexes containing hydroxol, oxo, and sulfato bridges into which ionized carboxyl groups on collagen enter readily as coordinating ligands accomplishing crosslinking. On pH adjustment and partial drying, highly stable complexes are formed with oxo bridges predominating and protein amide groups entering the coordination complex. The aldehyde tannages proceed through aldehyde condensation reactions with collagen amino groups to give alpha-hydroxyamines which can condense with other collagen amine groups to effect crosslinking. The vegetable type tanning agents, whether natural plant extracts or synthesized, are complex, high molecular weight polyhydroxy compounds that do not rely on crosslinking as such to be effective. Their effectiveness appears to depend on other properties. This and additional information concerning these commerical tannages are reviewed.", "contents": "Chemistry of the crosslinking of collagen during tanning. The materials commonly used for crosslinking collagen as part of the process of converting animal hides into leather fall into three main groups: mineral tannages, aldehyde tannages, and \"vegetable\" tannages. The most important mineral crosslinking agents are hydrated basic chromium III sulfate complexes. These compounds form extended polynuclear coordination complexes containing hydroxol, oxo, and sulfato bridges into which ionized carboxyl groups on collagen enter readily as coordinating ligands accomplishing crosslinking. On pH adjustment and partial drying, highly stable complexes are formed with oxo bridges predominating and protein amide groups entering the coordination complex. The aldehyde tannages proceed through aldehyde condensation reactions with collagen amino groups to give alpha-hydroxyamines which can condense with other collagen amine groups to effect crosslinking. The vegetable type tanning agents, whether natural plant extracts or synthesized, are complex, high molecular weight polyhydroxy compounds that do not rely on crosslinking as such to be effective. Their effectiveness appears to depend on other properties. This and additional information concerning these commerical tannages are reviewed.", "PMID": 562612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5168", "title": "Cross-linking of amino acids by formaldehyde. Preparation and 13C NMR spectra of model compounds.", "content": "Model cross-linked systems have been prepared by reacting amino acids or alkylamines with formaldehyde and various amino acid model compounds such as 2,4-dimethylphenol (tyrosine), 3-methylindole (tryptophan) and alkylamides (glutamine, asparagine. 13C NMR spectra of the products show the resonances of the formaldehyde-derived methylene carbons in the region 45-60 ppm. Interferences occur from resonances of the alpha-amino acid methine carbons. From the data for these products and other model compounds it has been possible to predict the shifts of the residual methylene carbons in a variety of cross-linked systems. This NMR technique shows promise as a rapid non-degradative method for identification of cross-linking sites.", "contents": "Cross-linking of amino acids by formaldehyde. Preparation and 13C NMR spectra of model compounds. Model cross-linked systems have been prepared by reacting amino acids or alkylamines with formaldehyde and various amino acid model compounds such as 2,4-dimethylphenol (tyrosine), 3-methylindole (tryptophan) and alkylamides (glutamine, asparagine. 13C NMR spectra of the products show the resonances of the formaldehyde-derived methylene carbons in the region 45-60 ppm. Interferences occur from resonances of the alpha-amino acid methine carbons. From the data for these products and other model compounds it has been possible to predict the shifts of the residual methylene carbons in a variety of cross-linked systems. This NMR technique shows promise as a rapid non-degradative method for identification of cross-linking sites.", "PMID": 562613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5169", "title": "Sensory irritation to formaldehyde and acrolein during single and repeated exposures in mice.", "content": "Mice were exposed to various concentrations of formaldehyde or acrolein. Concentration-response relationships were developed by measuring per cent decrease in respiratory rate, indicating upper respiratory tract sensory irritation. Relationships are presented between the concentration associated with a 50% respiratory decrease and TLVs. A summary of other animal inhalation studies is presented. The basis for the acrolein and formaldehyde TLVs are reviewed. Mice exposed for 4 days showed increasing sensitivity daily for both compounds. A re-evaluation of the TLVs is suggested.", "contents": "Sensory irritation to formaldehyde and acrolein during single and repeated exposures in mice. Mice were exposed to various concentrations of formaldehyde or acrolein. Concentration-response relationships were developed by measuring per cent decrease in respiratory rate, indicating upper respiratory tract sensory irritation. Relationships are presented between the concentration associated with a 50% respiratory decrease and TLVs. A summary of other animal inhalation studies is presented. The basis for the acrolein and formaldehyde TLVs are reviewed. Mice exposed for 4 days showed increasing sensitivity daily for both compounds. A re-evaluation of the TLVs is suggested.", "PMID": 562615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5170", "title": "Preimplantation development, fate of the zona pellucida, and observations on the glycogen-rich oviduct of the little bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris.", "content": "The reproductive biology of Noctilio albiventris was investigated histologically in 112 females collected at the start of their synchronized breeding season during two different sampling years in the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Both ovaries were functional, but the animals were generally observed to be monovular. Embryonic development in the oviduct was found to proceed to blastocyst formation and loss of the zona pellucida. In 22 animals the discarded zona had been left behind in the oviduct upon passage of the embryo into the uterus and was still undissolved at the time of amniogenesis, the latest stage examined. The zonae which had passed into the uterus with the embryos often exhibited signs of dissolution. Most of the early blastocyts were morphologically distinctive, lacking a typical inner cell mass and being instead largely bilaminar. Degenerating ova from previous ovulations were found in the oviducts of two pregnant bats, suggesting that Noctilio may be another species in which the embryo stimulates its own escape from the oviduct. During tubal passage of the embryo the secretory cells of the oviductal ampulla and isthmus exhibited a transient engorgement with glycogen, particularly on the side ipsilateral to the new corpus luteum.", "contents": "Preimplantation development, fate of the zona pellucida, and observations on the glycogen-rich oviduct of the little bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris. The reproductive biology of Noctilio albiventris was investigated histologically in 112 females collected at the start of their synchronized breeding season during two different sampling years in the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Both ovaries were functional, but the animals were generally observed to be monovular. Embryonic development in the oviduct was found to proceed to blastocyst formation and loss of the zona pellucida. In 22 animals the discarded zona had been left behind in the oviduct upon passage of the embryo into the uterus and was still undissolved at the time of amniogenesis, the latest stage examined. The zonae which had passed into the uterus with the embryos often exhibited signs of dissolution. Most of the early blastocyts were morphologically distinctive, lacking a typical inner cell mass and being instead largely bilaminar. Degenerating ova from previous ovulations were found in the oviducts of two pregnant bats, suggesting that Noctilio may be another species in which the embryo stimulates its own escape from the oviduct. During tubal passage of the embryo the secretory cells of the oviductal ampulla and isthmus exhibited a transient engorgement with glycogen, particularly on the side ipsilateral to the new corpus luteum.", "PMID": 562617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5171", "title": "Elastic tissue in the limiting membrane of the human seminiferous tubule.", "content": "The structure and distribution of elastic tissue were studied in the limiting membrane of the seminiferous tubule from normal human testis. The elastic and elastic-related fibers (oxytalan and elaunin) were recognized by their tinctorial and ultrastructural characteristics. The connective structures of the limiting membrane, including the fibrotubules and the amorphous material of the elastic system, were studied after tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation. Fibrotubules (oxytalan fibers) were observed in almost all intercellular spaces of the limiting membrane, closely related to the contractile cells; the elaunin fibers (patches of amorphous material surrounded by bundles of fibrotubules) were evident in the outermost layers. The function of this system of elastic tissue and myoid cells is discussed, considering the permeability membrane and the role of the myoid cells in the elastogenesis and contractility of the seminiferous tubule.", "contents": "Elastic tissue in the limiting membrane of the human seminiferous tubule. The structure and distribution of elastic tissue were studied in the limiting membrane of the seminiferous tubule from normal human testis. The elastic and elastic-related fibers (oxytalan and elaunin) were recognized by their tinctorial and ultrastructural characteristics. The connective structures of the limiting membrane, including the fibrotubules and the amorphous material of the elastic system, were studied after tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation. Fibrotubules (oxytalan fibers) were observed in almost all intercellular spaces of the limiting membrane, closely related to the contractile cells; the elaunin fibers (patches of amorphous material surrounded by bundles of fibrotubules) were evident in the outermost layers. The function of this system of elastic tissue and myoid cells is discussed, considering the permeability membrane and the role of the myoid cells in the elastogenesis and contractility of the seminiferous tubule.", "PMID": 562618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5172", "title": "Placental pathology compared with clinical outcome: a retrospective blind review.", "content": "The usefulness of the microscopic examination of the placenta, associated membranes, and umbilical cord was tested in a retrospective clinical review. Fifty-nine patients with inflammation were matched by sex, race, and gestation with 59 patients without inflammation. Blind review of the clinical course of these infants revealed five cases of culture-positive septicemia, 28 cases of probable sepsis, 39 cases of possible sepsis, and 46 normal infants. The clinical categorization was significantly correlated with the microscopic appearance of the placenta, membranes, and cord. Triple vessel vasculitis in the umbilical cord vessels and chorionic microabscesses were significantly related to the incidence of proven, probable, and possible clinical sepsis. The microscopic examination of the umbilical cord and placenta provides a useful, but not infallible, tool in the evaluation of sepsis in the newly born infant.", "contents": "Placental pathology compared with clinical outcome: a retrospective blind review. The usefulness of the microscopic examination of the placenta, associated membranes, and umbilical cord was tested in a retrospective clinical review. Fifty-nine patients with inflammation were matched by sex, race, and gestation with 59 patients without inflammation. Blind review of the clinical course of these infants revealed five cases of culture-positive septicemia, 28 cases of probable sepsis, 39 cases of possible sepsis, and 46 normal infants. The clinical categorization was significantly correlated with the microscopic appearance of the placenta, membranes, and cord. Triple vessel vasculitis in the umbilical cord vessels and chorionic microabscesses were significantly related to the incidence of proven, probable, and possible clinical sepsis. The microscopic examination of the umbilical cord and placenta provides a useful, but not infallible, tool in the evaluation of sepsis in the newly born infant.", "PMID": 562619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5173", "title": "Cytologic features of Harding-Passey melanoma following different regimes of colchicine treatment.", "content": "Ultrastructural observations were undertaken on Harding-Passey melanomas in control tumors and in tumors treated with different regimens of colchicine. The treated tumor was made up of pleomorphic cells containing tubulovesicular mitochondria, ribosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Tumor-bearing mice in Experiment A received a single regimen of colchicine, 0.5 mg/kg/day of 7 days. The treated tumor was subsequently passed through five transplantations in mice. Tumor-bearing mice in Experiment B received colchicine treatment of 0.5 mg/kg/day for 7 days followed by passage through five transplantations. In addition, the mice carrying the tumor received the same colchicine treatment during the second and fourth transplantations. Colchicine treatment resulted in tumor cells of Experiments A and B developing microfilaments, margination of melanin granules, and junctional complexes, considered to be evidence of altered morphologic differentiation in melanocytes. The effects persisted for 10 weeks throughout the five transplantations. The features were more striking in Experiment B animals receiving intermittent therapy.", "contents": "Cytologic features of Harding-Passey melanoma following different regimes of colchicine treatment. Ultrastructural observations were undertaken on Harding-Passey melanomas in control tumors and in tumors treated with different regimens of colchicine. The treated tumor was made up of pleomorphic cells containing tubulovesicular mitochondria, ribosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Tumor-bearing mice in Experiment A received a single regimen of colchicine, 0.5 mg/kg/day of 7 days. The treated tumor was subsequently passed through five transplantations in mice. Tumor-bearing mice in Experiment B received colchicine treatment of 0.5 mg/kg/day for 7 days followed by passage through five transplantations. In addition, the mice carrying the tumor received the same colchicine treatment during the second and fourth transplantations. Colchicine treatment resulted in tumor cells of Experiments A and B developing microfilaments, margination of melanin granules, and junctional complexes, considered to be evidence of altered morphologic differentiation in melanocytes. The effects persisted for 10 weeks throughout the five transplantations. The features were more striking in Experiment B animals receiving intermittent therapy.", "PMID": 562621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5174", "title": "High sensitivity of cultured cardiac muscle cells to autonomic agents.", "content": "We have established conditions under which cultured embryonic myocardial cells are highly sensitive to the autonomic agents norepinephrine and acetylcholine and have determined that the most important factors affecting this sensitivity involve the application protocol. Using cells 3-5 days in culture, isolated from ventricles of 13-day chick embryos, the ED50 for noerpinephrine was 800 pM and that for acetylcholine was 370 pM. These cells were more than 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than 13-day embryonic hearts freshly isolated, but not dispersed. Intracellular recording of the membrane actions of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on these cultured cells showed changes in pacemaker slope similar to those seen in freshly isolated hearts. These data demonstrate that preparation of ventricular muscle as isolated cells in culture does not necessarily result in the loss of sensitivity to autonomic agents. On the contrary, the isolated cells show the highest sensitivity to norepinephrine and acetylcholine that has been reported for the myocardium.", "contents": "High sensitivity of cultured cardiac muscle cells to autonomic agents. We have established conditions under which cultured embryonic myocardial cells are highly sensitive to the autonomic agents norepinephrine and acetylcholine and have determined that the most important factors affecting this sensitivity involve the application protocol. Using cells 3-5 days in culture, isolated from ventricles of 13-day chick embryos, the ED50 for noerpinephrine was 800 pM and that for acetylcholine was 370 pM. These cells were more than 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than 13-day embryonic hearts freshly isolated, but not dispersed. Intracellular recording of the membrane actions of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on these cultured cells showed changes in pacemaker slope similar to those seen in freshly isolated hearts. These data demonstrate that preparation of ventricular muscle as isolated cells in culture does not necessarily result in the loss of sensitivity to autonomic agents. On the contrary, the isolated cells show the highest sensitivity to norepinephrine and acetylcholine that has been reported for the myocardium.", "PMID": 562622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5175", "title": "Bioelectrical and contractile behavior of rabbit mesotubarium superius: estrogen withdrawal.", "content": "The mesotubarium superius of the female rabbit is a thin, plane sheet of smooth muscle responding to the in vivo endocrine states of ovulation, estrous, castration, pregnancy, and replacement estrogen therapy of the castrate in a manner similar to that of the uterus. Both isometric tension and microelectrode recorded transmembrane potentials were measured in vitro to make these comparisons. In addition, confirmation of the \"estrogen-withdrawal\" theory of activation was obtained when it was noted that about 12 h after an abrupt withdrawal of estrogen there is an increase in contractile activity coinciding with an increase in subthreshold activity and a slight (about 5 mV) decline in the average resting potential compared to the control estrous level. It is concluded that the mesotubarium superius is an excellent tissue for reproductive smooth muscle studies, where a geometrically simple model is useful.", "contents": "Bioelectrical and contractile behavior of rabbit mesotubarium superius: estrogen withdrawal. The mesotubarium superius of the female rabbit is a thin, plane sheet of smooth muscle responding to the in vivo endocrine states of ovulation, estrous, castration, pregnancy, and replacement estrogen therapy of the castrate in a manner similar to that of the uterus. Both isometric tension and microelectrode recorded transmembrane potentials were measured in vitro to make these comparisons. In addition, confirmation of the \"estrogen-withdrawal\" theory of activation was obtained when it was noted that about 12 h after an abrupt withdrawal of estrogen there is an increase in contractile activity coinciding with an increase in subthreshold activity and a slight (about 5 mV) decline in the average resting potential compared to the control estrous level. It is concluded that the mesotubarium superius is an excellent tissue for reproductive smooth muscle studies, where a geometrically simple model is useful.", "PMID": 562623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5176", "title": "Energetics of Na+-dependent sugar transport by isolated intestinal cells: evidence for a major role for membrane potentials.", "content": "Intestinal epithelial cells isolated from 6-wk-old chickens maintain the capability for Na+-dependent concentrative accumulation of 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG). Cells depleted of ATP exhibit a transient accumulation of 3-OMG in response to imposed Na+ gradients ([Na+]o greater than [Na+]i) or when transmembrane ion diffusion potentials (cell interior negative) are established. Phlorizin or lack of extracellular Na+ prevents formation of sugar gradients in every case. A nonconcentrative, non-Na+-dependent sugar transport system is also operative in these cells. The latter system is inhibited to various degrees by phloretin, theophylline, cytochalasin B, and a variety of flavonones and flavones, including apigenin. These agents also act to inhibit efflux of sugar from the cell via this pathway. The concentrative system normally operates against a \"leak\" of sugar through the nonconcentrative carrier. If the passive system is made inoperative by any of the agents named above, a significant enhancement of steady-state sugar gradients maintained by the cells is observed. With cytochalasin B, gradients as large as 30-fold are established. The energy inherent in cellular Na+ gradients cannot account for sugar gradients of this magnitude unless both chemical electrical driving forces are considered. When the passive leak is maximmally inhibited, more than half of the total energy required must be derived from the membrane potential.", "contents": "Energetics of Na+-dependent sugar transport by isolated intestinal cells: evidence for a major role for membrane potentials. Intestinal epithelial cells isolated from 6-wk-old chickens maintain the capability for Na+-dependent concentrative accumulation of 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG). Cells depleted of ATP exhibit a transient accumulation of 3-OMG in response to imposed Na+ gradients ([Na+]o greater than [Na+]i) or when transmembrane ion diffusion potentials (cell interior negative) are established. Phlorizin or lack of extracellular Na+ prevents formation of sugar gradients in every case. A nonconcentrative, non-Na+-dependent sugar transport system is also operative in these cells. The latter system is inhibited to various degrees by phloretin, theophylline, cytochalasin B, and a variety of flavonones and flavones, including apigenin. These agents also act to inhibit efflux of sugar from the cell via this pathway. The concentrative system normally operates against a \"leak\" of sugar through the nonconcentrative carrier. If the passive system is made inoperative by any of the agents named above, a significant enhancement of steady-state sugar gradients maintained by the cells is observed. With cytochalasin B, gradients as large as 30-fold are established. The energy inherent in cellular Na+ gradients cannot account for sugar gradients of this magnitude unless both chemical electrical driving forces are considered. When the passive leak is maximmally inhibited, more than half of the total energy required must be derived from the membrane potential.", "PMID": 562624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5177", "title": "Early sexual experience and prostitution.", "content": "The authors compared several aspects of early sexual experience found in two earlier studies of prostitutes with results of research on \"normal\" women. The prostitutes had in common many negative experiences not found or found less often in other populations of young women. These include incestuous and/or coerced sex, lack parental guidance, intercouse at a young age, and few or no meaningful relationships with males. These women had discovered that sex could lead to a kind of status, even though that status is negatively labeled by the wider culture. In a society that values women on the basis of their sexuality, a woman who views herself as \"debased\" may see prostitution as a viable alternative--perhaps the only alternative.", "contents": "Early sexual experience and prostitution. The authors compared several aspects of early sexual experience found in two earlier studies of prostitutes with results of research on \"normal\" women. The prostitutes had in common many negative experiences not found or found less often in other populations of young women. These include incestuous and/or coerced sex, lack parental guidance, intercouse at a young age, and few or no meaningful relationships with males. These women had discovered that sex could lead to a kind of status, even though that status is negatively labeled by the wider culture. In a society that values women on the basis of their sexuality, a woman who views herself as \"debased\" may see prostitution as a viable alternative--perhaps the only alternative.", "PMID": 562625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5178", "title": "Attack and defensive behaviour in the albino rat.", "content": "Attack of dominant colony males of an albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) strain, on introduced strangers, produced a non-random distribution of bites, with ventral trunk virtually never bitten. Also, vibrissae-contact of attacker and defender interfered with bites to the defender's head and upper back. The specific agonistic reactions of attacking and defending rats appeared to involve strategies based on these limitation on attack: defenders utilized 'boxing' and lying 'on-the-back' behaviour, which interposed ventral trunk and vibrissae between attacker and defender. In turn, the 'lateral display' permitted attackers to circumvent the defender's behaviour. Limitations on attack therefore appeared to underlie the specific agonistic behaviour of both attacking and defending rats.", "contents": "Attack and defensive behaviour in the albino rat. Attack of dominant colony males of an albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) strain, on introduced strangers, produced a non-random distribution of bites, with ventral trunk virtually never bitten. Also, vibrissae-contact of attacker and defender interfered with bites to the defender's head and upper back. The specific agonistic reactions of attacking and defending rats appeared to involve strategies based on these limitation on attack: defenders utilized 'boxing' and lying 'on-the-back' behaviour, which interposed ventral trunk and vibrissae between attacker and defender. In turn, the 'lateral display' permitted attackers to circumvent the defender's behaviour. Limitations on attack therefore appeared to underlie the specific agonistic behaviour of both attacking and defending rats.", "PMID": 562631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5179", "title": "The influence of females upon aggression in domesticated male rats (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "The aggression of adult male Long-Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus), toward males of the same strain, was tested before and after a 1-week period of cohabitation with a pair of intact females, ovariectomized females, or intact males, comparable to the females in size. Only cohabitation with intact females increased the aggression of resident males against unfamiliary male intruders. Female enhancement of aggression does not appear to be caused by sexual frustration of males, or a function of dominance-subordinance relations, per se. Increased aggression may be mediated by elevated testosterone production associated with mating.", "contents": "The influence of females upon aggression in domesticated male rats (Rattus norvegicus). The aggression of adult male Long-Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus), toward males of the same strain, was tested before and after a 1-week period of cohabitation with a pair of intact females, ovariectomized females, or intact males, comparable to the females in size. Only cohabitation with intact females increased the aggression of resident males against unfamiliary male intruders. Female enhancement of aggression does not appear to be caused by sexual frustration of males, or a function of dominance-subordinance relations, per se. Increased aggression may be mediated by elevated testosterone production associated with mating.", "PMID": 562632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5180", "title": "Agonistic display and spacing in the black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus.", "content": "Black-headed gulls nesting on islands in a marsh habitat had a higher breeding success than those nesting on the periphery of the colony. Island birds maintained close inter-nest distances whereas peripheral nests were spaced further apart as predation of eggs increased. These changes in spacing corresponded with changes in the response distances of agonistic displays. There was no change during incubation for island birds but peripheral birds displayed to intruders at much greater distances than during pair formation. Island birds were more likely to attack and display more frequently to intruders than peripheral birds. However, in one season the peripheral birds were more aggressive during pair formation because of an increase in intrusions by unpaired females.", "contents": "Agonistic display and spacing in the black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus. Black-headed gulls nesting on islands in a marsh habitat had a higher breeding success than those nesting on the periphery of the colony. Island birds maintained close inter-nest distances whereas peripheral nests were spaced further apart as predation of eggs increased. These changes in spacing corresponded with changes in the response distances of agonistic displays. There was no change during incubation for island birds but peripheral birds displayed to intruders at much greater distances than during pair formation. Island birds were more likely to attack and display more frequently to intruders than peripheral birds. However, in one season the peripheral birds were more aggressive during pair formation because of an increase in intrusions by unpaired females.", "PMID": 562633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5181", "title": "[Automated measurement of elastase activity and elastase inhibitory capacity of serum].", "content": "A technic of autoanalysis of the elastase activity and the capacity of elastase inhibition of the serum is described. This estimation depends on the hydrolysis by elastase of N-ter-butoxycarbonyl-L-nitrophenyl ester with liberates p.nitrophenol the colour of which is read at 405 nm. The means of this sample estimation are reported in a few cases of respiratory, dermatological and pancreatic disease.", "contents": "[Automated measurement of elastase activity and elastase inhibitory capacity of serum]. A technic of autoanalysis of the elastase activity and the capacity of elastase inhibition of the serum is described. This estimation depends on the hydrolysis by elastase of N-ter-butoxycarbonyl-L-nitrophenyl ester with liberates p.nitrophenol the colour of which is read at 405 nm. The means of this sample estimation are reported in a few cases of respiratory, dermatological and pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 562634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5182", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the breast.", "content": "Two surviving patients treated for angiosarcoma of the breast are presented, along with a summary of the previous 44 reported cases. Because of early vascular metastasis and indistinct tumor margins, early excision with very wide margins, including total mastectomy, surrounding muscle and bone, is necessary.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the breast. Two surviving patients treated for angiosarcoma of the breast are presented, along with a summary of the previous 44 reported cases. Because of early vascular metastasis and indistinct tumor margins, early excision with very wide margins, including total mastectomy, surrounding muscle and bone, is necessary.", "PMID": 562635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5183", "title": "[Pseudo-angiosarcomatosis (kaposi) and arterio-venous fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "In a few cases, arterio-venous fistulae of the lower limbs lead to cutaneous symptoms of the toes, feet or legs exactly similar to Kaposi's disease; the fairly precocious occurrence, the unilateral localisation, the existence of clinical and radiological arterial symptoms and usually, but not always, particular histological features allow this discrimination. Seen in both sex, male prevailing, between 12 and 50, it can simulate Kaposi's disease even on histological grounds; the diagnosis may, then, be difficult inasmuch as vascular symptoms may clinically lack. The development may be very different from one case to another so that there is no standard treatment between \"wait and see\" and more or less extensive amputation.", "contents": "[Pseudo-angiosarcomatosis (kaposi) and arterio-venous fistulae (author's transl)]. In a few cases, arterio-venous fistulae of the lower limbs lead to cutaneous symptoms of the toes, feet or legs exactly similar to Kaposi's disease; the fairly precocious occurrence, the unilateral localisation, the existence of clinical and radiological arterial symptoms and usually, but not always, particular histological features allow this discrimination. Seen in both sex, male prevailing, between 12 and 50, it can simulate Kaposi's disease even on histological grounds; the diagnosis may, then, be difficult inasmuch as vascular symptoms may clinically lack. The development may be very different from one case to another so that there is no standard treatment between \"wait and see\" and more or less extensive amputation.", "PMID": 562637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5184", "title": "[Experimental method for the quantitative assesment of the pain reaction occuring to the injection  of drug preparations].", "content": "The procedure for estimation of painfulness of injection solutions is based on registration of changes in the mobility of albino mice after administration of the solution under the aponeurosis of the anterior pad. The method was tested in the experiments with formaldehyde solutions of various concentrations and a number of drugs used in medical practice. The method provided definition of a clear dependence between the concentration of the irritating substance and the stregth of the animal response. Correlation between the drug painfulness in clinical use and supression level of the animal motor reaction was found.", "contents": "[Experimental method for the quantitative assesment of the pain reaction occuring to the injection  of drug preparations]. The procedure for estimation of painfulness of injection solutions is based on registration of changes in the mobility of albino mice after administration of the solution under the aponeurosis of the anterior pad. The method was tested in the experiments with formaldehyde solutions of various concentrations and a number of drugs used in medical practice. The method provided definition of a clear dependence between the concentration of the irritating substance and the stregth of the animal response. Correlation between the drug painfulness in clinical use and supression level of the animal motor reaction was found.", "PMID": 562638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5185", "title": "Increasing breast feeding in a community.", "content": "A second survey of infant feeding practice was carried out by questionnaire among patients discharged from one maternity ward at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, in the winter 1974/75. In comparison with the first survey in the winter of 1972/73, significantly more mothers went home breast feeding (52% compared with 37%); these mothers breast fed their babies for a significantly longer period (43% at 5 months compared with 23%), and introduced mixed feeds significantly later (17% at 2 months compared with 64%). Information was also collected on the difficulties the mothers had experienced with breast feeding. The changing patterns in infant feeding practice in Oxford may relate to changes in advice given by health visitors and community health personnel.", "contents": "Increasing breast feeding in a community. A second survey of infant feeding practice was carried out by questionnaire among patients discharged from one maternity ward at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, in the winter 1974/75. In comparison with the first survey in the winter of 1972/73, significantly more mothers went home breast feeding (52% compared with 37%); these mothers breast fed their babies for a significantly longer period (43% at 5 months compared with 23%), and introduced mixed feeds significantly later (17% at 2 months compared with 64%). Information was also collected on the difficulties the mothers had experienced with breast feeding. The changing patterns in infant feeding practice in Oxford may relate to changes in advice given by health visitors and community health personnel.", "PMID": 562641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5186", "title": "Inhibition of 3H-Angiotensin II binding to zona glomerulosa cells by several analogs.", "content": "Inhibition of 3H-angiotensin II (Ang II) binding to zona glomerulosa cells prepared from male rabbit adrenals, was determined by addition of approximately equimolar (10(-8)) concentrations of unlabelled peptide analogs. The unlabelled octapeptide inhibited binding by 20%, while the heptapeptide analog [des-Asp1, Ile8] Ang II inhibited by 51%. Octapeptide analogs with sarcosine substituted in position one all inhibited more than 50% of the bound ligand ([Sar1, Ala8] Ang II, 55%; [Sar1, Thr8] Ang II, 58%; [Sar1, Ile8] Ang II, 68%, and [Sar1] Ang II, 62%). Addition of other octapeptide analogs ([Ile8] Ang II, [Ala(betathi)] Ang II, [MeAla1, Ile8] Ang II, and [Me2Gly1] Ang II) inhibited 30-40% of the labelled hormone. [Ser(OAc)]n - [Asp1, Ile5] Ang II at two different concentrations inhibited less than 10%. Increasing concentrations (10(-9)M-10(-7)M) of the analogs produced increased inhibition of angiotensin binding to zona glomerulosa cells. These results seem to correlate well with reports that show sarcosine substituted analogs to be the best antagonists of angiotensin-induced aldosterone biosynthesis or release.", "contents": "Inhibition of 3H-Angiotensin II binding to zona glomerulosa cells by several analogs. Inhibition of 3H-angiotensin II (Ang II) binding to zona glomerulosa cells prepared from male rabbit adrenals, was determined by addition of approximately equimolar (10(-8)) concentrations of unlabelled peptide analogs. The unlabelled octapeptide inhibited binding by 20%, while the heptapeptide analog [des-Asp1, Ile8] Ang II inhibited by 51%. Octapeptide analogs with sarcosine substituted in position one all inhibited more than 50% of the bound ligand ([Sar1, Ala8] Ang II, 55%; [Sar1, Thr8] Ang II, 58%; [Sar1, Ile8] Ang II, 68%, and [Sar1] Ang II, 62%). Addition of other octapeptide analogs ([Ile8] Ang II, [Ala(betathi)] Ang II, [MeAla1, Ile8] Ang II, and [Me2Gly1] Ang II) inhibited 30-40% of the labelled hormone. [Ser(OAc)]n - [Asp1, Ile5] Ang II at two different concentrations inhibited less than 10%. Increasing concentrations (10(-9)M-10(-7)M) of the analogs produced increased inhibition of angiotensin binding to zona glomerulosa cells. These results seem to correlate well with reports that show sarcosine substituted analogs to be the best antagonists of angiotensin-induced aldosterone biosynthesis or release.", "PMID": 562643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5187", "title": "Enhanced ocular penetration of the methyl ester of (+/-) alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine after lontophoresis.", "content": "A comparative study of ocular penetration of the methyl ester of (+/-) alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine after the intraperitoneal route of administration versus that after the more localized subconjunctival and iontophoretic routes has been undertaken. Levels of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine in the aqueous humor of rabbits were measured both 2 and 6 hr affter drug administration. Changes in norepinephrine levels in iris and ciliary processes at these time points were also determined. The results indicated that the highest concentrations of the drug in aqueous were reached 2 hr after iontophoresis (40 mg/ml, positive pole, 3 mamp for 5 min), at which time norepinephrine tissue levels were reduced by 20%. While norepinephrine levels 2 hr after the intraperitoneal route (100 mg/kg) remained unchanged, those after subconjunctival injection (5 mg in 0.3 ml saline) were slightly but significantly elevated. By 6 hr after alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine administration by each route, only small amounts of the drug were detected in aqueous humar. Norepinephrine levels in iris and ciliary processes after iontophoresis, however, were still depleted by 20%. Norepinephrine stores after the intraperitoneal route likewise were reduced by 20%, while those after subconjunctival injection did not differ from control. These results suggest that iontophoresis, in addition to confining the site of drug action, actually enhances ocular penetration.", "contents": "Enhanced ocular penetration of the methyl ester of (+/-) alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine after lontophoresis. A comparative study of ocular penetration of the methyl ester of (+/-) alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine after the intraperitoneal route of administration versus that after the more localized subconjunctival and iontophoretic routes has been undertaken. Levels of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine in the aqueous humor of rabbits were measured both 2 and 6 hr affter drug administration. Changes in norepinephrine levels in iris and ciliary processes at these time points were also determined. The results indicated that the highest concentrations of the drug in aqueous were reached 2 hr after iontophoresis (40 mg/ml, positive pole, 3 mamp for 5 min), at which time norepinephrine tissue levels were reduced by 20%. While norepinephrine levels 2 hr after the intraperitoneal route (100 mg/kg) remained unchanged, those after subconjunctival injection (5 mg in 0.3 ml saline) were slightly but significantly elevated. By 6 hr after alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine administration by each route, only small amounts of the drug were detected in aqueous humar. Norepinephrine levels in iris and ciliary processes after iontophoresis, however, were still depleted by 20%. Norepinephrine stores after the intraperitoneal route likewise were reduced by 20%, while those after subconjunctival injection did not differ from control. These results suggest that iontophoresis, in addition to confining the site of drug action, actually enhances ocular penetration.", "PMID": 562644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5188", "title": "The effects of ethanol and pentobarbital on the naloxone precipitated escape response in morphine dependent mice.", "content": "Morphine dependence in mice is produced in a two day test. The effects of (1) ethanol, (2) pyrazole, (3) ethanol with pyrazole, and (4) pentobarbital are observed and recorded on the naloxone precipitated escape response in morphine dependent mice. Ethanol suppresses the escape response in doses of 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg which produce mean blood ethanol concentrations of 1.88 and 3.28 mg/ml, respectively. When a pyrazole regimen is employed with morphine dependent mice, ethanol reduces or abolishes the naloxone precipitated escape response at doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/kg. The corresponding mean blood ethanol concentrations are 1.14, 2,82 and 3.74 mg/ml, respectively. When pentobarbital (20 and 30 mg/kg) is given to morphine dependent mice, jumping bevarior is prevented following naloxone injection. Since narcotic antagonists such as naloxone may be employed in studying the phenomenon of physical dependence on ethanol based on the hypothesis of a relationship between endogenous opiates and ethanol dependence, it is essential to verify that blood ethanol concentrations are low enough so that ethanol will not interfere with the effects of naloxone in ethanol dependent animals.", "contents": "The effects of ethanol and pentobarbital on the naloxone precipitated escape response in morphine dependent mice. Morphine dependence in mice is produced in a two day test. The effects of (1) ethanol, (2) pyrazole, (3) ethanol with pyrazole, and (4) pentobarbital are observed and recorded on the naloxone precipitated escape response in morphine dependent mice. Ethanol suppresses the escape response in doses of 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg which produce mean blood ethanol concentrations of 1.88 and 3.28 mg/ml, respectively. When a pyrazole regimen is employed with morphine dependent mice, ethanol reduces or abolishes the naloxone precipitated escape response at doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/kg. The corresponding mean blood ethanol concentrations are 1.14, 2,82 and 3.74 mg/ml, respectively. When pentobarbital (20 and 30 mg/kg) is given to morphine dependent mice, jumping bevarior is prevented following naloxone injection. Since narcotic antagonists such as naloxone may be employed in studying the phenomenon of physical dependence on ethanol based on the hypothesis of a relationship between endogenous opiates and ethanol dependence, it is essential to verify that blood ethanol concentrations are low enough so that ethanol will not interfere with the effects of naloxone in ethanol dependent animals.", "PMID": 562645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5189", "title": "The pharmacology of N-substituted azidomorphines.", "content": "N-allylnorazidomorphine (NAM), N-allyl-14-hydroxynorazidomorphine (NOAM), N-cyclopropylmethylnorazidomorphine (CAM) and N-cyclopropylmethyl-14-hydroxynorazidomorphine (COAM) were synthetized and their pharmacological effect in comparison to naloxone and naltrexone were analyzed. While naloxone and naltrexone are pure antagonists at all points, the N-substituted norazidomorphines were found to be more potent antagonists than naloxone in some of the tests and extremely potent pure agonists in others. Using CAM for routine work we differentiated between opiate A-receptors which are stimulated and opiate B-receptors which are antagonized by CAM. Opiate A-receptors were found to be involved in the behavioral disturbances (inhibition of conditioned avoidance responses, characteristic EEG changes, elimination of slow wave and paradoxical sleep, etc.) caused by the opiates. The guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens are the suitable isolated organs for testing A-receptors. Opiate B-receptors are responsible for the analgesic, antitussive, cataleptic, respiratory depressant and hypotensive effects of the opiates. The isolated nictitating membrane of the cat is an appropriate model for testing the B-receptors. The hypothesis is proposed that A-receptors relate to cholinergic and B-receptors to adrenergic mechanisms; the N-substituted norazidomorphines are tools for the analysis of the two kinds of opiate receptors.", "contents": "The pharmacology of N-substituted azidomorphines. N-allylnorazidomorphine (NAM), N-allyl-14-hydroxynorazidomorphine (NOAM), N-cyclopropylmethylnorazidomorphine (CAM) and N-cyclopropylmethyl-14-hydroxynorazidomorphine (COAM) were synthetized and their pharmacological effect in comparison to naloxone and naltrexone were analyzed. While naloxone and naltrexone are pure antagonists at all points, the N-substituted norazidomorphines were found to be more potent antagonists than naloxone in some of the tests and extremely potent pure agonists in others. Using CAM for routine work we differentiated between opiate A-receptors which are stimulated and opiate B-receptors which are antagonized by CAM. Opiate A-receptors were found to be involved in the behavioral disturbances (inhibition of conditioned avoidance responses, characteristic EEG changes, elimination of slow wave and paradoxical sleep, etc.) caused by the opiates. The guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens are the suitable isolated organs for testing A-receptors. Opiate B-receptors are responsible for the analgesic, antitussive, cataleptic, respiratory depressant and hypotensive effects of the opiates. The isolated nictitating membrane of the cat is an appropriate model for testing the B-receptors. The hypothesis is proposed that A-receptors relate to cholinergic and B-receptors to adrenergic mechanisms; the N-substituted norazidomorphines are tools for the analysis of the two kinds of opiate receptors.", "PMID": 562646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5190", "title": "Effects of tricyclic compounds and other drugs having a membrane stabilizing action on analgesia, tolerance to and dependence on morphine.", "content": "Several drugs affecting nerve cell excitability, by opposing ion movements in membranes, were tested in mice rendered tolerant to or dependent on morphine. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether these drugs share the ability to attenuate morphine tolerance and dependence exhibited by tricyclic antidepressants. Tolerance to morphine was decreased by the administration of imipramine, doxepin, promethazine, propranolol, lidocaine and quinidine. Chlorpromazine and carbamazepine were ineffective. The intensity of the abstinence syndrome provoked by naloxone was decreased by chlorpromazine, imipramine, doxepin, lidocaine, quinidine and propranolol. Diphenyl. hydantion and carbamazepine had no effect. The results are discussed in relation with the blockade of ion conductance and their interference with the release of neurotransmitters produced by the drugs assayed.", "contents": "Effects of tricyclic compounds and other drugs having a membrane stabilizing action on analgesia, tolerance to and dependence on morphine. Several drugs affecting nerve cell excitability, by opposing ion movements in membranes, were tested in mice rendered tolerant to or dependent on morphine. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether these drugs share the ability to attenuate morphine tolerance and dependence exhibited by tricyclic antidepressants. Tolerance to morphine was decreased by the administration of imipramine, doxepin, promethazine, propranolol, lidocaine and quinidine. Chlorpromazine and carbamazepine were ineffective. The intensity of the abstinence syndrome provoked by naloxone was decreased by chlorpromazine, imipramine, doxepin, lidocaine, quinidine and propranolol. Diphenyl. hydantion and carbamazepine had no effect. The results are discussed in relation with the blockade of ion conductance and their interference with the release of neurotransmitters produced by the drugs assayed.", "PMID": 562647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5191", "title": "Effect of maternal methadone addiction on offspring in rats.", "content": "Female rats were addicted to methadone via small dosages in their drinking water. The addicted animals were impregnated, and continued to receive the drug during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were examined at birth and at age 21 days. Compared to controls whose mothers did not receive the drug, pups of addicted mothers at birth had significantly lower weight, brain weight and brain protein; litter size, brain DNA and brain acetylcholinesterase activity were not significantly different between the two groups. At age 21, pups of addicted mothers had significantly lower brain protein and brain acetylcholinesterase than did controls; body weight and brain DNA were not significantly different.", "contents": "Effect of maternal methadone addiction on offspring in rats. Female rats were addicted to methadone via small dosages in their drinking water. The addicted animals were impregnated, and continued to receive the drug during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were examined at birth and at age 21 days. Compared to controls whose mothers did not receive the drug, pups of addicted mothers at birth had significantly lower weight, brain weight and brain protein; litter size, brain DNA and brain acetylcholinesterase activity were not significantly different between the two groups. At age 21, pups of addicted mothers had significantly lower brain protein and brain acetylcholinesterase than did controls; body weight and brain DNA were not significantly different.", "PMID": 562648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5192", "title": "[Contribution to the experimental hemophilus infection (Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus parasuis) in SPF piglets. 2. Comparative pathology and histology].", "content": "The pathologico-anatomic and even more the histological pattern of experimental Haemophilus parahaemolyticus pleuropneumonia in specific-pathogen-free piglets was found to be characteristic in the peracute, acute, and subacute-chronic stages of the disease. It is an infection which can be morphologically differentiated from other forms of pneumonia in swine primarily by three factors, localisation of the changes, inflammation, and a typical cell response. Changes following experimental Haemophilus parasuis infection were found to occur irregularly on serous skins and, in continuation, in the lung and joints. These were not characteristic and failed to exhibit morphological peculiarities.", "contents": "[Contribution to the experimental hemophilus infection (Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus parasuis) in SPF piglets. 2. Comparative pathology and histology]. The pathologico-anatomic and even more the histological pattern of experimental Haemophilus parahaemolyticus pleuropneumonia in specific-pathogen-free piglets was found to be characteristic in the peracute, acute, and subacute-chronic stages of the disease. It is an infection which can be morphologically differentiated from other forms of pneumonia in swine primarily by three factors, localisation of the changes, inflammation, and a typical cell response. Changes following experimental Haemophilus parasuis infection were found to occur irregularly on serous skins and, in continuation, in the lung and joints. These were not characteristic and failed to exhibit morphological peculiarities.", "PMID": 562649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5193", "title": "[The effect of Suisynchron on the glucose tolerance and the plasma insulin in bitches].", "content": "Suisynchron, a derivative of bisthio-urea commonly used for oestric synchronisation, was applied to nine female Alsatians over 21 days. All animals received intravenous glucose injections before ten, and 21 days from the beginning of treatment as well as 21, and 84 days after the end of treatment. The glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels were significantly reduced during Suisynchron treatment and 21 days after the end of treatment. Both glucose tolerance and response of free fatty acids remained unaffected. This phenomenon might be attributable to a stimulated hepatic insulin degradation, to a biguanid-like effect on \"peripheral\" glucose turnover, or to an inhibited secretion of hormonal insulin antagonists of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. However, the long persistence of the Suisynchron action after interruption of treatment, could not be explained by any of these effects.", "contents": "[The effect of Suisynchron on the glucose tolerance and the plasma insulin in bitches]. Suisynchron, a derivative of bisthio-urea commonly used for oestric synchronisation, was applied to nine female Alsatians over 21 days. All animals received intravenous glucose injections before ten, and 21 days from the beginning of treatment as well as 21, and 84 days after the end of treatment. The glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels were significantly reduced during Suisynchron treatment and 21 days after the end of treatment. Both glucose tolerance and response of free fatty acids remained unaffected. This phenomenon might be attributable to a stimulated hepatic insulin degradation, to a biguanid-like effect on \"peripheral\" glucose turnover, or to an inhibited secretion of hormonal insulin antagonists of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. However, the long persistence of the Suisynchron action after interruption of treatment, could not be explained by any of these effects.", "PMID": 562650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5194", "title": "[Attempts at biotechnical induction of puberty in female young pigs. 1. Estrus and ovulation induction with Suigonan (Vemie) or FSH plus HCG mixtures in animals at the age of approximately 200 days].", "content": "64 prepuberal gilts in 4 groups were treated with 400 PMS + 200 HCG (Suigonan - Vemie) (I), 100 FSH + 100 HCG) (II), 200 FSH + 200 HCG (III) (\"international units\") or served as untreated controls (IV). One halve of the groups laparotomized at the 12th day p.i. had ovulated 100, 25, 75 and 12,5% resp., the other halve slaughtered at the 36th day p.i. had ovulated to 83, 43, 88 and 50% resp. Sexual cycle was registered in 50, 29, 43 and 12.5% of the animals. Zystic ovaries (greater than or equal to 11 mm) developed only in a few cases in I and III.", "contents": "[Attempts at biotechnical induction of puberty in female young pigs. 1. Estrus and ovulation induction with Suigonan (Vemie) or FSH plus HCG mixtures in animals at the age of approximately 200 days]. 64 prepuberal gilts in 4 groups were treated with 400 PMS + 200 HCG (Suigonan - Vemie) (I), 100 FSH + 100 HCG) (II), 200 FSH + 200 HCG (III) (\"international units\") or served as untreated controls (IV). One halve of the groups laparotomized at the 12th day p.i. had ovulated 100, 25, 75 and 12,5% resp., the other halve slaughtered at the 36th day p.i. had ovulated to 83, 43, 88 and 50% resp. Sexual cycle was registered in 50, 29, 43 and 12.5% of the animals. Zystic ovaries (greater than or equal to 11 mm) developed only in a few cases in I and III.", "PMID": 562651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5195", "title": "[Attempts at biotechnical induction of puberty in young female pigs. 2. Effects of various time intervals between one puberty induction with PMS and HCG to the following estrus synchronization on estrus and ovulation in animals about 190 days old].", "content": "A biological engineering approach to induce puberty in 125 young female fattening pigs aged 190 days was undertaken on the basis of a mixture of 500 IU PMS (Prolosanserum, Dessau) with 250 IU HCG (Gonabion, Dresden). The injections were made subcutaneously. Pronounced oestrus symptoms were recorded from the external genital organs of 80% of the probands up to ten days after injection, associated with toleration in 52.8% of them. Toleration usually started on the fourth to sixth days after injection. Cycles began to develop in 57.1% up to the next oestrus period. Animals with -/x weight increase per die of 400 g exhibited lower responses. Results in terms of heat and ovulation were lower along with shorter intervals, when oestric synchronisation was undertaken 53, 32, and 17 days after the induction of puberty (20 days Suisynchron, Bernburg; 750 IU PMS).", "contents": "[Attempts at biotechnical induction of puberty in young female pigs. 2. Effects of various time intervals between one puberty induction with PMS and HCG to the following estrus synchronization on estrus and ovulation in animals about 190 days old]. A biological engineering approach to induce puberty in 125 young female fattening pigs aged 190 days was undertaken on the basis of a mixture of 500 IU PMS (Prolosanserum, Dessau) with 250 IU HCG (Gonabion, Dresden). The injections were made subcutaneously. Pronounced oestrus symptoms were recorded from the external genital organs of 80% of the probands up to ten days after injection, associated with toleration in 52.8% of them. Toleration usually started on the fourth to sixth days after injection. Cycles began to develop in 57.1% up to the next oestrus period. Animals with -/x weight increase per die of 400 g exhibited lower responses. Results in terms of heat and ovulation were lower along with shorter intervals, when oestric synchronisation was undertaken 53, 32, and 17 days after the induction of puberty (20 days Suisynchron, Bernburg; 750 IU PMS).", "PMID": 562652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5196", "title": "[Studies on the success of insemination after various insemination dates in biotechnical puberty induction of young sows].", "content": "Different frequencies and periods of insemination were checked with the view to optimising puberty induction to young sows, for which purpose 500 IU PMS/250 IU HCG were injected to 571 animals in seven experiments. Insemination was carried out by deadline, since follicle stimulation was exhibited by almost all animals following the above treatment, while only some of them displayed tolerance. Advantage was taken of the induced oestrus, since its ovulation rates were higher than those associated with subsequent heat cycles, and because a synchronised second oestrus was recordable only from some of those animals which exhibited follicle stimulation in response to puberty induction. The most favourable results in terms of pregnancy and number of embryoes, against the background of the great variability in ovulation onset, were obtained, if insemination was applied 72, 96, and 120 hours after gonadotrophin treatment. From among the variants with two inseminations, good results were obtained from those 96 and 120 hours after PMS/HCG treatment.", "contents": "[Studies on the success of insemination after various insemination dates in biotechnical puberty induction of young sows]. Different frequencies and periods of insemination were checked with the view to optimising puberty induction to young sows, for which purpose 500 IU PMS/250 IU HCG were injected to 571 animals in seven experiments. Insemination was carried out by deadline, since follicle stimulation was exhibited by almost all animals following the above treatment, while only some of them displayed tolerance. Advantage was taken of the induced oestrus, since its ovulation rates were higher than those associated with subsequent heat cycles, and because a synchronised second oestrus was recordable only from some of those animals which exhibited follicle stimulation in response to puberty induction. The most favourable results in terms of pregnancy and number of embryoes, against the background of the great variability in ovulation onset, were obtained, if insemination was applied 72, 96, and 120 hours after gonadotrophin treatment. From among the variants with two inseminations, good results were obtained from those 96 and 120 hours after PMS/HCG treatment.", "PMID": 562653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5197", "title": "Oestradiol and progesterone: soluble receptor levels and metabolism in the uterus of the ovariectomized ewe.", "content": "Ovariectomized ewes received injections designed to mimic to some extent oestradiol and progesterone secretion during early pregnancy (maintenance progesterone), during oestrus (oestrous oestradiol) and during the luteal phase of the previous cycle (priming progesterone). The animals were killed at times equivalent to 1, 4 or 7 days after oestrus in those animals which had received oestrous oestradiol. The level of soluble oestradiol and progesterone receptors in whole uterus, and [3H]oestradiol and [3H]progesterone metabolism by uterus minces were measured. Oestradiol receptor level was highest on day 1 in those animals receiving oestrous oestradiol with no significant effect at any stage of the inclusion or omission of priming or maintenance progesterone. Progesterone receptor level was also high on day 1 in those animals receiving oestrous oestradiol with high levels maintained to day 4. Again, inclusion of priming or maintenance progesterone was without effect. In animals not receiving oestrous oestradiol the level of both receptors was uniformly low. Metabolism of [3H]oestradiol was low and not affected by treatment. [3H]Progesterone metabolism, although more variable, was also low and not affected by treatment.", "contents": "Oestradiol and progesterone: soluble receptor levels and metabolism in the uterus of the ovariectomized ewe. Ovariectomized ewes received injections designed to mimic to some extent oestradiol and progesterone secretion during early pregnancy (maintenance progesterone), during oestrus (oestrous oestradiol) and during the luteal phase of the previous cycle (priming progesterone). The animals were killed at times equivalent to 1, 4 or 7 days after oestrus in those animals which had received oestrous oestradiol. The level of soluble oestradiol and progesterone receptors in whole uterus, and [3H]oestradiol and [3H]progesterone metabolism by uterus minces were measured. Oestradiol receptor level was highest on day 1 in those animals receiving oestrous oestradiol with no significant effect at any stage of the inclusion or omission of priming or maintenance progesterone. Progesterone receptor level was also high on day 1 in those animals receiving oestrous oestradiol with high levels maintained to day 4. Again, inclusion of priming or maintenance progesterone was without effect. In animals not receiving oestrous oestradiol the level of both receptors was uniformly low. Metabolism of [3H]oestradiol was low and not affected by treatment. [3H]Progesterone metabolism, although more variable, was also low and not affected by treatment.", "PMID": 562656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5198", "title": "Preweaning mortality in the pig. The prevalence of various causes of preweaning mortality and the importance of some contributory factors.", "content": "The relative importance of the various causes of preweaning mortality in the pig was determined from the results of autopsy and laboratory examinations on 718 animals. Conditions associated with parturition accounted for 25.1% of the losses, while physical factors (33.0%), starvation (12.8%) and septicaemia (10.9%) were the most common causes of death in piglets which were born alive. In contrast enteric diseases, viral infections, genetic conditions and various miscellaneous diseases played a relatively minor part. Some biological factors affected the prevalence of the various causes of death. Most losses from physical factors, starvation and septicaemia occurred during the first 4 days of life, while other infectious conditions were more common in older piglets. Large litters at birth had significantly more deaths associated with parturition and due to physical factors and starvation. Increased losses from physical factors occurred in the litters of gilts and sows of parity 5. The size of the enterprise and the use of farrowing crates combined to influence the extent of losses due to physical factors. A significantly higher mortality occurred in the large piggery in which crates were not used. The large units also had fewer deaths resulting from starvation.", "contents": "Preweaning mortality in the pig. The prevalence of various causes of preweaning mortality and the importance of some contributory factors. The relative importance of the various causes of preweaning mortality in the pig was determined from the results of autopsy and laboratory examinations on 718 animals. Conditions associated with parturition accounted for 25.1% of the losses, while physical factors (33.0%), starvation (12.8%) and septicaemia (10.9%) were the most common causes of death in piglets which were born alive. In contrast enteric diseases, viral infections, genetic conditions and various miscellaneous diseases played a relatively minor part. Some biological factors affected the prevalence of the various causes of death. Most losses from physical factors, starvation and septicaemia occurred during the first 4 days of life, while other infectious conditions were more common in older piglets. Large litters at birth had significantly more deaths associated with parturition and due to physical factors and starvation. Increased losses from physical factors occurred in the litters of gilts and sows of parity 5. The size of the enterprise and the use of farrowing crates combined to influence the extent of losses due to physical factors. A significantly higher mortality occurred in the large piggery in which crates were not used. The large units also had fewer deaths resulting from starvation.", "PMID": 562658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5199", "title": "Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the small intestinal ultrastructure in rats.", "content": "Rats maintained for a period of 16 weeks on a supplemented solid semisynthetic diet and ethanol corresponding to 35% of the total caloric intake developed ultrastructural changes in the small intestine as compared to pair-fed controls. The enterocytes from jejunal and ileal villi of the alcoholic animals exhibited conspicuous alterations of mitochondria and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondrial changes were characterized by enlargement, swelling, decreased matrical density, ruptured cristae, and occasional myelin figures. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was dilated and apparently proliferated in a few epithelial cells. The rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared scarce with fewer ribosomes attached to the cisternae. These findings are postulated to provide further evidence that the chronic consumption of ethanol exerts a direct causative role in the pathogenesis of small intestinal damage in rats. Furthermore it can be especulated that these changes could be responsible, at least in part, for the functional abnormalities commonly found in chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the small intestinal ultrastructure in rats. Rats maintained for a period of 16 weeks on a supplemented solid semisynthetic diet and ethanol corresponding to 35% of the total caloric intake developed ultrastructural changes in the small intestine as compared to pair-fed controls. The enterocytes from jejunal and ileal villi of the alcoholic animals exhibited conspicuous alterations of mitochondria and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondrial changes were characterized by enlargement, swelling, decreased matrical density, ruptured cristae, and occasional myelin figures. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was dilated and apparently proliferated in a few epithelial cells. The rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared scarce with fewer ribosomes attached to the cisternae. These findings are postulated to provide further evidence that the chronic consumption of ethanol exerts a direct causative role in the pathogenesis of small intestinal damage in rats. Furthermore it can be especulated that these changes could be responsible, at least in part, for the functional abnormalities commonly found in chronic alcoholism.", "PMID": 562662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5200", "title": "The radiological investigation of intramedullary spinal tumours.", "content": "The place of the various radiological techniques in the diagnosis of spinal cord tumours is described. With appropriate regard to the clinical picture, the choice of selective angiography. Metrizamide or Myodil myelography, and possible cyst puncture and endomyelogram, may be made with accuracy. Air myelography is less useful and less frequently employed. With these radiological aids, accurate localisation of tumour nodules for biopsy or excision is usually possible, and the necessity for long exploratory laminectomies avoided.", "contents": "The radiological investigation of intramedullary spinal tumours. The place of the various radiological techniques in the diagnosis of spinal cord tumours is described. With appropriate regard to the clinical picture, the choice of selective angiography. Metrizamide or Myodil myelography, and possible cyst puncture and endomyelogram, may be made with accuracy. Air myelography is less useful and less frequently employed. With these radiological aids, accurate localisation of tumour nodules for biopsy or excision is usually possible, and the necessity for long exploratory laminectomies avoided.", "PMID": 562669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5201", "title": "Recurrent postpartum uterine inversion.", "content": "A patient with recurrent postpartum uterine inversion is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Recurrent postpartum uterine inversion. A patient with recurrent postpartum uterine inversion is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 562671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5202", "title": "Mechanism of the prenyl-transfer reaction. Studies with (E)- and (Z)-3-trifluoromethyl-2-buten-1-yl pyrophosphate.", "content": "The prenyl-transfer reaction catalyzed by porcine farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase has been studied using (E)- and (Z)-3-trifluoromethyl-2-buten-1-yl pyrophosphates as substrates and inhibitors. The rate of condensation between isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and the allylic fluoro analogues is drastically depressed relative to the normal catalytic rate observed with dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) or geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). A similar depression is found in the rates of solvolysis for methanesulfonate derivatives of the fluoro analogues in aqueous actone under typical SN1 reaction conditions. Prolonged incubation of [14C] IPP and (E)- or (Z)-CF3-DMAPP with the enzyme, followed by treatment with alkaline phosphatase, gave a product that comigrated with geranylgeraniol on a polystyrene column. Both fluoro analogues showed mixed linear inhibition patterns with DMAPP or GPP as the variable substrate. We interpret these results in terms of an ionization-condensation-elimination mechanism for the prenyl-transfer reaction.", "contents": "Mechanism of the prenyl-transfer reaction. Studies with (E)- and (Z)-3-trifluoromethyl-2-buten-1-yl pyrophosphate. The prenyl-transfer reaction catalyzed by porcine farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase has been studied using (E)- and (Z)-3-trifluoromethyl-2-buten-1-yl pyrophosphates as substrates and inhibitors. The rate of condensation between isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and the allylic fluoro analogues is drastically depressed relative to the normal catalytic rate observed with dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) or geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). A similar depression is found in the rates of solvolysis for methanesulfonate derivatives of the fluoro analogues in aqueous actone under typical SN1 reaction conditions. Prolonged incubation of [14C] IPP and (E)- or (Z)-CF3-DMAPP with the enzyme, followed by treatment with alkaline phosphatase, gave a product that comigrated with geranylgeraniol on a polystyrene column. Both fluoro analogues showed mixed linear inhibition patterns with DMAPP or GPP as the variable substrate. We interpret these results in terms of an ionization-condensation-elimination mechanism for the prenyl-transfer reaction.", "PMID": 562673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5203", "title": "Nature of DNA synthesized in the presence of ATP in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Optimal DNA synthesis in isolated Ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclei depends upon the presence of ATP. The increased synthesis in the presence of ATP is shown to be due primarily to increased synthesis per active site rather than initiation of synthesis at different sites. The size of the short pieces observed in the presence of ATP is larger than the corresponding pieces observed in the absence of ATP.", "contents": "Nature of DNA synthesized in the presence of ATP in isolated nuclei. Optimal DNA synthesis in isolated Ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclei depends upon the presence of ATP. The increased synthesis in the presence of ATP is shown to be due primarily to increased synthesis per active site rather than initiation of synthesis at different sites. The size of the short pieces observed in the presence of ATP is larger than the corresponding pieces observed in the absence of ATP.", "PMID": 562677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5204", "title": "Effect of ATP analogs of DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Optimal synthesis of DNA in Ehrlich ascites cell nuclei is shown to be dependent upon the presence of both ATP and ADP. ATP can be replaced only by dATP. An ATP regenerating system is less effective than ATP alone or ATP in combination with ADP. ATP does not stimulate DNA synthesis primarily by maintenance of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate levels. When the inhibition of DNA synthesis by high ATP levels is taken into account, the ATP analogs adenosine 5'-(alpha,beta-methylene)triphosphate, adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-methylene)-triphosphate, and adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate can neither substitute for ATP nor inhibit the ATP stimulation of DNA synthesis. Adenosine 5'-(3-thio)triphosphate, however, is a competitive inhibitor of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of ATP analogs of DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Optimal synthesis of DNA in Ehrlich ascites cell nuclei is shown to be dependent upon the presence of both ATP and ADP. ATP can be replaced only by dATP. An ATP regenerating system is less effective than ATP alone or ATP in combination with ADP. ATP does not stimulate DNA synthesis primarily by maintenance of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate levels. When the inhibition of DNA synthesis by high ATP levels is taken into account, the ATP analogs adenosine 5'-(alpha,beta-methylene)triphosphate, adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-methylene)-triphosphate, and adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate can neither substitute for ATP nor inhibit the ATP stimulation of DNA synthesis. Adenosine 5'-(3-thio)triphosphate, however, is a competitive inhibitor of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 562678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5205", "title": "Extracellular matrix metabolism by chondrocytes. III. Modulation of proteoglycan synthesis by extracellular levels of proteoglycan in cartilage cells in culture.", "content": "Proteoglycan biosynthesis by cultured chondrocytes was shown to be depressed by extracellular concentrations of proteoglycan and partially degraded proteoglycan. This reduction in proteoglycan synthesis was reversible on removal of the added proteoglycan. Benzyl-beta-D-xyloside, an exogenous acceptor of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, was used and it was shown that proteoglycan was inhibiting glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Proteoglycan had no effect on the overall protein synthesis by the cultured cells. It was concluded that the exogenous proteoglycan was inhibiting proteoglycan synthesis at the level of initiation or elongation of the glycosaminoglycan chains.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix metabolism by chondrocytes. III. Modulation of proteoglycan synthesis by extracellular levels of proteoglycan in cartilage cells in culture. Proteoglycan biosynthesis by cultured chondrocytes was shown to be depressed by extracellular concentrations of proteoglycan and partially degraded proteoglycan. This reduction in proteoglycan synthesis was reversible on removal of the added proteoglycan. Benzyl-beta-D-xyloside, an exogenous acceptor of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, was used and it was shown that proteoglycan was inhibiting glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Proteoglycan had no effect on the overall protein synthesis by the cultured cells. It was concluded that the exogenous proteoglycan was inhibiting proteoglycan synthesis at the level of initiation or elongation of the glycosaminoglycan chains.", "PMID": 562680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5206", "title": "Inhibitory effects of tunicamycin on procollagen biosynthesis and secretion.", "content": "Chick embryo cells were briefly exposed to the antibiotic, tunicamycin. Pre-exposed cells, compared to control cultures, showed a severe, progressive inhibition of the incorporation of glucosamine and mannose into total cellular macromolecules. Inhibition of the incorporation of glycine, leucine and proline was also progressive but not as marked as for the carbohydrates. Cellular secretion of all macromolecules was severely impaired. while comparison of the procollagens showed no difference in their subunit size or in their degree of glycosylation; the intracellular content of procollagen polypeptides was similar for both types of cells. In vitro studies showed that tunicamycin selectively inhibited glucosamine, but not mannose, incorporation into macromolecules. The composite results indicate that tunicamycin effectively inhibits protein synthesis, protein glycosylation and protein secretion in chick embryo cells.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of tunicamycin on procollagen biosynthesis and secretion. Chick embryo cells were briefly exposed to the antibiotic, tunicamycin. Pre-exposed cells, compared to control cultures, showed a severe, progressive inhibition of the incorporation of glucosamine and mannose into total cellular macromolecules. Inhibition of the incorporation of glycine, leucine and proline was also progressive but not as marked as for the carbohydrates. Cellular secretion of all macromolecules was severely impaired. while comparison of the procollagens showed no difference in their subunit size or in their degree of glycosylation; the intracellular content of procollagen polypeptides was similar for both types of cells. In vitro studies showed that tunicamycin selectively inhibited glucosamine, but not mannose, incorporation into macromolecules. The composite results indicate that tunicamycin effectively inhibits protein synthesis, protein glycosylation and protein secretion in chick embryo cells.", "PMID": 562681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5207", "title": "Suppression of pimozide-induced prolactin secretion by piridoxine (vitamin B6).", "content": "I.V. administration of 300 mg. Pyridoxine caused an acute fall in prolactin (PRL) plasma levels in six normal subjects. Like levodopa, pyridoxine suppressed the increase in PRL secretion induced by treatment with pimozide, a specific dopamine receptor blocking agent. These findings further support the hypothesis that vitamin B6 stimulates dopaminergic activity at hypothalamic and/or hypophyseal level.", "contents": "Suppression of pimozide-induced prolactin secretion by piridoxine (vitamin B6). I.V. administration of 300 mg. Pyridoxine caused an acute fall in prolactin (PRL) plasma levels in six normal subjects. Like levodopa, pyridoxine suppressed the increase in PRL secretion induced by treatment with pimozide, a specific dopamine receptor blocking agent. These findings further support the hypothesis that vitamin B6 stimulates dopaminergic activity at hypothalamic and/or hypophyseal level.", "PMID": 562688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5208", "title": "Platelet-bound complement (C3) in immune thrombocytopenia.", "content": "The fixation of complement to the circulating platelet in immune thrombocytopenia was detected by measurement of one of the complement components, C3, on the surface of platelets from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using the anti-C3 consumption assay. The surface IgG was determined simultaneously using the previously described anti-IgG consumption assay. Washed platelets from normal controls had 3.5 fg (10(-15) g) of C3, or about 11,000 molecules, per platelet, an amount comparable to the IgG (4.1 FG, or 15,000 molecules, per platelet). For most patients with ITP both C3 and IgG were increased on the platelet surface, although for 5 of 16 patients only IgG was increased. Two patients with SLE and thrombocytopenia had an increase in both C3 and Ig, six patients with SLE who were not thrombocytopenic had normal amounts of membrane-bound C3 and IgG. In 5 patients, 3 with ITP and 2 with collagen vascular disease, both surface immunoproteins decreased with successful treatment of the thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Platelet-bound complement (C3) in immune thrombocytopenia. The fixation of complement to the circulating platelet in immune thrombocytopenia was detected by measurement of one of the complement components, C3, on the surface of platelets from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using the anti-C3 consumption assay. The surface IgG was determined simultaneously using the previously described anti-IgG consumption assay. Washed platelets from normal controls had 3.5 fg (10(-15) g) of C3, or about 11,000 molecules, per platelet, an amount comparable to the IgG (4.1 FG, or 15,000 molecules, per platelet). For most patients with ITP both C3 and IgG were increased on the platelet surface, although for 5 of 16 patients only IgG was increased. Two patients with SLE and thrombocytopenia had an increase in both C3 and Ig, six patients with SLE who were not thrombocytopenic had normal amounts of membrane-bound C3 and IgG. In 5 patients, 3 with ITP and 2 with collagen vascular disease, both surface immunoproteins decreased with successful treatment of the thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 562691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5209", "title": "Paget's disease. Radiological changes occurring in untreated patients and those on therapy with salmon calcitonin during two years' observation.", "content": "Radiological observations over two years were made in 23 patients with Paget's disease. Radiological criteria for progression and regression of disease are defined. Fourteen of the patients were treated with salmon calcitonin. Of these treated patients four showed regression of the disease and only two showed progression, both in the skull vault. Of the remaining nine untreated patients none showed regression but two showed progression. The radiological findings confirm that calcitonin will prevent the extension and sometimes induce healing of Paget's disease in long bones but that the skull appears to respond differently. Radiological changes were slow to occur and yearly or two yearly follow up is sufficient.", "contents": "Paget's disease. Radiological changes occurring in untreated patients and those on therapy with salmon calcitonin during two years' observation. Radiological observations over two years were made in 23 patients with Paget's disease. Radiological criteria for progression and regression of disease are defined. Fourteen of the patients were treated with salmon calcitonin. Of these treated patients four showed regression of the disease and only two showed progression, both in the skull vault. Of the remaining nine untreated patients none showed regression but two showed progression. The radiological findings confirm that calcitonin will prevent the extension and sometimes induce healing of Paget's disease in long bones but that the skull appears to respond differently. Radiological changes were slow to occur and yearly or two yearly follow up is sufficient.", "PMID": 562693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5210", "title": "The effects of Ca2+ antagonists on Ca2+ accumulation by subcellular fractions of rat myometrium.", "content": "Several agents which antagonize or interact with Ca2+ in the excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle have been tested for their effects on Ca2+ accumulation by subcellular fractions of the rat uterus. Na+, but not K+, reduced the amount of Ca2+ that could be accumulated by the plasma membrane fraction (PM) and the endoplasmic reticular fraction (ER). Sr2+ considerably reduced Ca2+ accumulation by PM, ER, and the mitochondrial fraction; Ba2+ had a similar effect but was not as potent as Sr2+. La3+ at concentrations up to 10 mM was unable to block Ca2+ accumulation by PM and ER completely. The pharmacological agents D600, verapamil, and chlorpromazine all inhibited Ca+ accumulation at dose levels much higher than those required to inhibit contractility, and were ineffective at lower doses. The action of Ca2+ antagonists is seen to be complex, involving interactions at different sites and on different processes. For a fuller understanding of their mechanisms of action further studies upon passive binding and on the release of Ca2+ from subcellular sites are required.", "contents": "The effects of Ca2+ antagonists on Ca2+ accumulation by subcellular fractions of rat myometrium. Several agents which antagonize or interact with Ca2+ in the excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle have been tested for their effects on Ca2+ accumulation by subcellular fractions of the rat uterus. Na+, but not K+, reduced the amount of Ca2+ that could be accumulated by the plasma membrane fraction (PM) and the endoplasmic reticular fraction (ER). Sr2+ considerably reduced Ca2+ accumulation by PM, ER, and the mitochondrial fraction; Ba2+ had a similar effect but was not as potent as Sr2+. La3+ at concentrations up to 10 mM was unable to block Ca2+ accumulation by PM and ER completely. The pharmacological agents D600, verapamil, and chlorpromazine all inhibited Ca+ accumulation at dose levels much higher than those required to inhibit contractility, and were ineffective at lower doses. The action of Ca2+ antagonists is seen to be complex, involving interactions at different sites and on different processes. For a fuller understanding of their mechanisms of action further studies upon passive binding and on the release of Ca2+ from subcellular sites are required.", "PMID": 562703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5211", "title": "Variability in development of tolerance to repeated injections of low doses of dl-amphetamine in rats.", "content": "Male albino rats received injections of saline for 5 days before and 5 days after a series of 10 daily injections of dl-amphetamine, 1 or 5 mg/kg, sc. Core temperatures were measured every 30 min for 4 h after each injection and feeding activity (on a CRF operant schedule) every 30 min throughout. After amphetamine at either 0800 or 2000 h, a dose-related hyperthermia, stereotypic behavior, and an initial inhibition of feeding occurred. This anorexia decreased over the 4-h post injection period only in the evening-injected rats receiving 5 mg/kg. Mean body weights of all groups continued to increase during amphetamine administration. Mean 24-h food intake tended to remain below that in the control period and the hyperthermic response did not change significantly in any group. Initially on withdrawal from amphetamine all groups showed 'rebound' feeding. Taken with earlier reports, these results suggest that tolerance development to amphetamine-induced anorexia, hyperthermia, and stereotypic behavior occurs at different rates and is dependent upon frequency, route, dose, time, the amphetamine used, and whether the diet was restricted.", "contents": "Variability in development of tolerance to repeated injections of low doses of dl-amphetamine in rats. Male albino rats received injections of saline for 5 days before and 5 days after a series of 10 daily injections of dl-amphetamine, 1 or 5 mg/kg, sc. Core temperatures were measured every 30 min for 4 h after each injection and feeding activity (on a CRF operant schedule) every 30 min throughout. After amphetamine at either 0800 or 2000 h, a dose-related hyperthermia, stereotypic behavior, and an initial inhibition of feeding occurred. This anorexia decreased over the 4-h post injection period only in the evening-injected rats receiving 5 mg/kg. Mean body weights of all groups continued to increase during amphetamine administration. Mean 24-h food intake tended to remain below that in the control period and the hyperthermic response did not change significantly in any group. Initially on withdrawal from amphetamine all groups showed 'rebound' feeding. Taken with earlier reports, these results suggest that tolerance development to amphetamine-induced anorexia, hyperthermia, and stereotypic behavior occurs at different rates and is dependent upon frequency, route, dose, time, the amphetamine used, and whether the diet was restricted.", "PMID": 562704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5212", "title": "[Chemical composition and degradation of the cells walls of a wild-type and of a white mutant of the mushroom Drechslera sorokiniana].", "content": "The cell walls of the fungus Drechslera sorokiniana and an albino mutant have been studied to determine if disappearance of pigment also involves an important modification of the chemical structure. The albino mutant has lost, besides the pigment, pentose, xylose, and part of galactose and mannose. The protein contents as well as those of hexosamine and chitin are not modified. After treatments of the walls with 2 M NaOH-0.5 M H2SO4 and with ethylenediamine identical compounds are isolated from the two walls; however, cell walls of the mutant are more easily and more extensively degraded than those of the wild type. This difference in resistance is not only due to the presence of pigment but also to a different architectural structure of the two cell walls.", "contents": "[Chemical composition and degradation of the cells walls of a wild-type and of a white mutant of the mushroom Drechslera sorokiniana]. The cell walls of the fungus Drechslera sorokiniana and an albino mutant have been studied to determine if disappearance of pigment also involves an important modification of the chemical structure. The albino mutant has lost, besides the pigment, pentose, xylose, and part of galactose and mannose. The protein contents as well as those of hexosamine and chitin are not modified. After treatments of the walls with 2 M NaOH-0.5 M H2SO4 and with ethylenediamine identical compounds are isolated from the two walls; however, cell walls of the mutant are more easily and more extensively degraded than those of the wild type. This difference in resistance is not only due to the presence of pigment but also to a different architectural structure of the two cell walls.", "PMID": 562705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5213", "title": "Effects of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone on growth and morphology of human endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro.", "content": "The effects of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone on the rate of growth and the morphological changes of human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells were studied in in vitro culture. 17beta-Estradiol enhanced their growth and produced no cellular morphological changes at low concentrations of less than 1 microgram/ml, whereas it suppressed their growth and produced such cellular changes as enlargement of nuclei, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis at high concentrations of more than 5 microgram/ml. On the other hand, progesterone did not affect the cells at less than 1 microgram/ml, but it suppressed their growth and induced differentiation at more than 5 microgram/ml. Specific morphological changes produced by progesterone were characterized by multinucleation, multinucleolation, prominent Golgi apparatus, occurrence of vacuoles, and papillary-like arrangement of cells. These features suggested that progesterone acted directly on the endometrial carcinoma cells and induced their histological differentiation. These changes could not be detected by the adminstration of 17beta-estradiol.", "contents": "Effects of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone on growth and morphology of human endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro. The effects of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone on the rate of growth and the morphological changes of human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells were studied in in vitro culture. 17beta-Estradiol enhanced their growth and produced no cellular morphological changes at low concentrations of less than 1 microgram/ml, whereas it suppressed their growth and produced such cellular changes as enlargement of nuclei, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis at high concentrations of more than 5 microgram/ml. On the other hand, progesterone did not affect the cells at less than 1 microgram/ml, but it suppressed their growth and induced differentiation at more than 5 microgram/ml. Specific morphological changes produced by progesterone were characterized by multinucleation, multinucleolation, prominent Golgi apparatus, occurrence of vacuoles, and papillary-like arrangement of cells. These features suggested that progesterone acted directly on the endometrial carcinoma cells and induced their histological differentiation. These changes could not be detected by the adminstration of 17beta-estradiol.", "PMID": 562709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5214", "title": "Improved growth of in vitro colonies in human acute leukemia with the feeding culture method.", "content": "Bone marrow cells freshly aspirated from the 10 consecutive untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were cultured by 2 different methods: the conventional agar culture method for myeloid colony formation and its modification by daily feeding with culture medium. In 5 patients, colonies grew in much higher numbers (4.7-to 330-fold) with feeding than without. Three patients grew colonies only with feeding. Two of these 3 patients required L-ascorbic acid in the fed medium for colony growth. Colonies did not grow from the remaining 2 patients by any method. In 7 patients the number of colonies grown with feeding were much higher, up to 170 times higher, than were those from normal control marrows, which grew the same number of colonies regardless of feeding or L-ascorbic acid. Peroxidase and Wright's stains indicated the myeloid differentiation of the cells in the leukemic marrow colonies. The leukemic origin of the colonies was proven by chromosomal analysis. The wide range of linearity between the number of cells plated and the number of colonies grown permits quantitative assay of colony-forming leukemic cells. This assay should be valuable for studies of chemotherapy, growth regulation, and differentiation of leukemic cells.", "contents": "Improved growth of in vitro colonies in human acute leukemia with the feeding culture method. Bone marrow cells freshly aspirated from the 10 consecutive untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were cultured by 2 different methods: the conventional agar culture method for myeloid colony formation and its modification by daily feeding with culture medium. In 5 patients, colonies grew in much higher numbers (4.7-to 330-fold) with feeding than without. Three patients grew colonies only with feeding. Two of these 3 patients required L-ascorbic acid in the fed medium for colony growth. Colonies did not grow from the remaining 2 patients by any method. In 7 patients the number of colonies grown with feeding were much higher, up to 170 times higher, than were those from normal control marrows, which grew the same number of colonies regardless of feeding or L-ascorbic acid. Peroxidase and Wright's stains indicated the myeloid differentiation of the cells in the leukemic marrow colonies. The leukemic origin of the colonies was proven by chromosomal analysis. The wide range of linearity between the number of cells plated and the number of colonies grown permits quantitative assay of colony-forming leukemic cells. This assay should be valuable for studies of chemotherapy, growth regulation, and differentiation of leukemic cells.", "PMID": 562710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5215", "title": "Comparative epidemiology of tobacco-related cancers.", "content": "In a retrospective study, interviews were obtained with 3,716 patients with histologically proven cancer of the lung (Kreyberg types I and II), mouth, larynx, esophagus, or bladder and with over 18,000 controls. For each of these cancers, the relative risk of both male and female present smokers increased with the quantity smoked and the duration of the habit. The strongest increase occurred for cancer of the lung and larynx, and the least increase occurred for cancer of the esophagus and bladder. For exsmokers the risk decreased with years of cessation. The risk for mouth cancer of pipe and cigar smokers who inhaled much less than cigarette smokers was less than that of the latter and increased with the quantity smoked. The risk of mouth, larynx, and esophagus cancer among smokers increased with the quantity of alcohol consumed. Greater smoking habits and lesser cessation rates were noted among lower socioeconomic groups, suggesting that these groups will bear an ever increasing proportion of the burden of tobacco-related cancer.", "contents": "Comparative epidemiology of tobacco-related cancers. In a retrospective study, interviews were obtained with 3,716 patients with histologically proven cancer of the lung (Kreyberg types I and II), mouth, larynx, esophagus, or bladder and with over 18,000 controls. For each of these cancers, the relative risk of both male and female present smokers increased with the quantity smoked and the duration of the habit. The strongest increase occurred for cancer of the lung and larynx, and the least increase occurred for cancer of the esophagus and bladder. For exsmokers the risk decreased with years of cessation. The risk for mouth cancer of pipe and cigar smokers who inhaled much less than cigarette smokers was less than that of the latter and increased with the quantity smoked. The risk of mouth, larynx, and esophagus cancer among smokers increased with the quantity of alcohol consumed. Greater smoking habits and lesser cessation rates were noted among lower socioeconomic groups, suggesting that these groups will bear an ever increasing proportion of the burden of tobacco-related cancer.", "PMID": 562711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5216", "title": "Estrous cycle-controlled cell proliferation in the adrenal cortex of female rats.", "content": "In a total of 120 rats the number of 3H-Tdr-labelled nuclei of the adrenocortex was counted during various phases of the estrous cycle. In two separate experiments cyclic variations in the number of DNA synthesizing cells were found. The labelling index of the zona glomerulosa showed a significant maximum in proestrus whereas in zona fasciculata a minimum was revealed in estrus. In the glomerulosa the maximum of labelled cells was followed by a mitotic peak in estrus. Due to very low numbers of labelled cells no rhythm was found in the reticularis. The possible endocrine regulations of this endogenous rhythm of adrenocortical cell replication are discussed.", "contents": "Estrous cycle-controlled cell proliferation in the adrenal cortex of female rats. In a total of 120 rats the number of 3H-Tdr-labelled nuclei of the adrenocortex was counted during various phases of the estrous cycle. In two separate experiments cyclic variations in the number of DNA synthesizing cells were found. The labelling index of the zona glomerulosa showed a significant maximum in proestrus whereas in zona fasciculata a minimum was revealed in estrus. In the glomerulosa the maximum of labelled cells was followed by a mitotic peak in estrus. Due to very low numbers of labelled cells no rhythm was found in the reticularis. The possible endocrine regulations of this endogenous rhythm of adrenocortical cell replication are discussed.", "PMID": 562713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5217", "title": "Turnover of tubulin and the N site GTP in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Radioactively labeled tubulin from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can be isolated by co-polymerization with nonradioactive porcine brain microtubule protein. 75% of the soluble tubulin in CHO extracts co-polymerizes with the porcine protein through several cycles, without preferential loss of either CHO or porcine subunits. After phosphocellulose chromatography of the co-polymerized microtubules, the CHO tubulin is radiochemically homogeneous, as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CHO tubulin purified in this way has 1 mole of nucleotide per mole of protein noncovalently bound at the non-exchangeable or N site. This-layer chromatography indicates that the N site nucleotide is entirely ribo-GTP. Label and chase experiments show that the N site GTP exchanges intracellularly with a half-time of 33 hr in growing cells which have a generation time of 17 hr, while the tubulin polypeptides are degraded with a half-time of 48 hr. Intracellular hydrolysis of the gamma-phosphate of the N site nucleotide can be detected but occurs very slowly, with a half-time of 24 hr. These results suggest that the N site nucleotide may function in vivo as a stable structural co-factor of the tubulin molecule and render improbable the possibility that it has a regulatory role in microtubule assembly.", "contents": "Turnover of tubulin and the N site GTP in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Radioactively labeled tubulin from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can be isolated by co-polymerization with nonradioactive porcine brain microtubule protein. 75% of the soluble tubulin in CHO extracts co-polymerizes with the porcine protein through several cycles, without preferential loss of either CHO or porcine subunits. After phosphocellulose chromatography of the co-polymerized microtubules, the CHO tubulin is radiochemically homogeneous, as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CHO tubulin purified in this way has 1 mole of nucleotide per mole of protein noncovalently bound at the non-exchangeable or N site. This-layer chromatography indicates that the N site nucleotide is entirely ribo-GTP. Label and chase experiments show that the N site GTP exchanges intracellularly with a half-time of 33 hr in growing cells which have a generation time of 17 hr, while the tubulin polypeptides are degraded with a half-time of 48 hr. Intracellular hydrolysis of the gamma-phosphate of the N site nucleotide can be detected but occurs very slowly, with a half-time of 24 hr. These results suggest that the N site nucleotide may function in vivo as a stable structural co-factor of the tubulin molecule and render improbable the possibility that it has a regulatory role in microtubule assembly.", "PMID": 562716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5218", "title": "Changes in the mRNA population of chick myoblasts during myogenesis in vitro.", "content": "We have analyzed the sequence complexity, frequency distribution and coding capacity of the mRNA populations of primary chick embryo muscle cultures at different stages of myogenesis. Prefusion cultures, fused myofibrillar cultures and cultures blocked for both fusion and myogenesis all contain about 17,000 different mRNA sequences, arranged in three of four abundance classes. The myofibril (96 hr) cultures, however, contain about 2500 sequences in higher concentration and six sequences in exceptionally high concentration, each present in about 15,000 copies per nucleus. These sequences are shown to be 10 times less common in premyogenic (26 hr) cultures and 40 times less common in cultures that have been blocked by BUdR against both fusion and myogenesis. The concentration of these sequences in cultures developing toward myofibril formation correlates well with the capacity of the mRNA to stimulate the cell-free synthesis of muscle-specific proteins. A more direct approach to the identity of the abundant class of myofibril mRNA indicates that it contains the templates for the synthesis of seven polypeptides that are synthesized in particularly large amounts in myogenic cultures, including myosin, actin and tropomyosin. Between 20 and 30% of the abundant mRNA is transcribed from moderately repetitive DNA sequences. The remainder of the abundant, and all of the less-abundant, mRNA is transcribed from single-copy DNA.", "contents": "Changes in the mRNA population of chick myoblasts during myogenesis in vitro. We have analyzed the sequence complexity, frequency distribution and coding capacity of the mRNA populations of primary chick embryo muscle cultures at different stages of myogenesis. Prefusion cultures, fused myofibrillar cultures and cultures blocked for both fusion and myogenesis all contain about 17,000 different mRNA sequences, arranged in three of four abundance classes. The myofibril (96 hr) cultures, however, contain about 2500 sequences in higher concentration and six sequences in exceptionally high concentration, each present in about 15,000 copies per nucleus. These sequences are shown to be 10 times less common in premyogenic (26 hr) cultures and 40 times less common in cultures that have been blocked by BUdR against both fusion and myogenesis. The concentration of these sequences in cultures developing toward myofibril formation correlates well with the capacity of the mRNA to stimulate the cell-free synthesis of muscle-specific proteins. A more direct approach to the identity of the abundant class of myofibril mRNA indicates that it contains the templates for the synthesis of seven polypeptides that are synthesized in particularly large amounts in myogenic cultures, including myosin, actin and tropomyosin. Between 20 and 30% of the abundant mRNA is transcribed from moderately repetitive DNA sequences. The remainder of the abundant, and all of the less-abundant, mRNA is transcribed from single-copy DNA.", "PMID": 562718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5219", "title": "Conservative assembly and segregation of nucleosomal histones.", "content": "The assembly of new histones into nucleosomes and the segregation of old histones during replication were investigated using a density gradient, sedimentation equilibrium analysis of histones labeled in vivo with dense amino acids. After a 1 hr pulse of dense amino acids and 3H-lysine, nucleosomes were isolated from chick myoblast organ cultures, and the histones were cross-linked to octamers. The octamers were purified from DNA and then banded to equilibrium in cesium-formate guanidinium-HCI density gradients. The cross-linked dense octamers have the same density as the noncross-linked dense histones, and both were significantly heavier than histones synthesized in the presence of light amino acids. This experiment shows that new histone does not mix with old histone in the new nucleosomes, since the labeling protocol allows density labeling of only one histone for every seven preexisting unlabeled histones. Thus the assembly of new histone octamers is conservative. Using essentially the same experimental design, but varying the details of the labeling procedures, we also show that the dense histone octamer is stable over 3-4 generations, that neighboring octamers tend to be synthesized at the same time, and that old and new histone octamers segregate conservatively over 2-3 generations.", "contents": "Conservative assembly and segregation of nucleosomal histones. The assembly of new histones into nucleosomes and the segregation of old histones during replication were investigated using a density gradient, sedimentation equilibrium analysis of histones labeled in vivo with dense amino acids. After a 1 hr pulse of dense amino acids and 3H-lysine, nucleosomes were isolated from chick myoblast organ cultures, and the histones were cross-linked to octamers. The octamers were purified from DNA and then banded to equilibrium in cesium-formate guanidinium-HCI density gradients. The cross-linked dense octamers have the same density as the noncross-linked dense histones, and both were significantly heavier than histones synthesized in the presence of light amino acids. This experiment shows that new histone does not mix with old histone in the new nucleosomes, since the labeling protocol allows density labeling of only one histone for every seven preexisting unlabeled histones. Thus the assembly of new histone octamers is conservative. Using essentially the same experimental design, but varying the details of the labeling procedures, we also show that the dense histone octamer is stable over 3-4 generations, that neighboring octamers tend to be synthesized at the same time, and that old and new histone octamers segregate conservatively over 2-3 generations.", "PMID": 562720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5220", "title": "Effect of n-butyrate on DNA synthesis in chick fibroblasts and HeLa cells.", "content": "n-Butyrate in low concentrations stops reversibly the proliferation of chick embryonic fibroblasts and of HeLa cells, shutting off DNA synthesis. Extensive acetylation of histones is seen at the same time as inhibition of DNA synthesis. Nuclei from n-butyrate-treated HeLa cells remain inactive in control cytosol; control nuclei are strongly inhibited by cytosol from treated cells.", "contents": "Effect of n-butyrate on DNA synthesis in chick fibroblasts and HeLa cells. n-Butyrate in low concentrations stops reversibly the proliferation of chick embryonic fibroblasts and of HeLa cells, shutting off DNA synthesis. Extensive acetylation of histones is seen at the same time as inhibition of DNA synthesis. Nuclei from n-butyrate-treated HeLa cells remain inactive in control cytosol; control nuclei are strongly inhibited by cytosol from treated cells.", "PMID": 562721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5221", "title": "Axial cineangiography in congenital heart disease. Section II. Specific lesions.", "content": "The value of axial cineangiography in several forms of congenital heart disease serves as an illustrated supplement to Section I. These techniques visualize defects in the entire ventricular and atrial septum. In persistent atrioventricular (A-V) canal, it is possible to visualize all parts of both septa, status of the A-V valves (two valves versus a common A-V valve), and if a common A-V valve, its degree of override. In tetralogy of Fallot, the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, entire ventricular septum and coronary arteries are vividly shown. The presence of true and confluent pulmonary arteries versus systemic or bronchial arteries in pseudotruncus is clearcut. In double outlet right ventricle or in transpositions with or without double outlet right ventricle, the mitral valve-semilunar valve relationships, the left ventricular outflow tract, subpulmonary region and a straddling tricuspid valve are well demonstrated. In asymmetric septal hypertrophy, biventricular angiography may be circumvented.", "contents": "Axial cineangiography in congenital heart disease. Section II. Specific lesions. The value of axial cineangiography in several forms of congenital heart disease serves as an illustrated supplement to Section I. These techniques visualize defects in the entire ventricular and atrial septum. In persistent atrioventricular (A-V) canal, it is possible to visualize all parts of both septa, status of the A-V valves (two valves versus a common A-V valve), and if a common A-V valve, its degree of override. In tetralogy of Fallot, the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, entire ventricular septum and coronary arteries are vividly shown. The presence of true and confluent pulmonary arteries versus systemic or bronchial arteries in pseudotruncus is clearcut. In double outlet right ventricle or in transpositions with or without double outlet right ventricle, the mitral valve-semilunar valve relationships, the left ventricular outflow tract, subpulmonary region and a straddling tricuspid valve are well demonstrated. In asymmetric septal hypertrophy, biventricular angiography may be circumvented.", "PMID": 562726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5222", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin. Initial experience in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin has been used to study the serum myoglobin level in 13 normal individuals and 68 patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit because of chest pain. Values in normal individuals ranged from 3 to 75 and averaged 25 +/- 23 (SD) ng/ml. Thirty-two patients with myocardial infarction initially examined within 12 hours of the onset of chest pain all showed clear-cut elevations in serum myoglobin, peak values ranging from 200 to 5500 and averaging 1368 +/- 1357 ng/ml. Seventeen patients with clinically atypical chest pain and no subsequent evidence of myocardial necrosis had myoglobin levels in the normal range, as did 11 of 19 patients with chest pain thought clinically to represent myocardial ischemia but no subsequent evidence of myocardial necrosis by conventional criteria. The final eight patients in the latter group showed mild elevations of serum Mb, peak values ranging from 102 to 280 and averaging 162 +/- 52 ng/ml; the basis for these elevations remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin. Initial experience in patients with coronary heart disease. A radioimmunoassay for human myoglobin has been used to study the serum myoglobin level in 13 normal individuals and 68 patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit because of chest pain. Values in normal individuals ranged from 3 to 75 and averaged 25 +/- 23 (SD) ng/ml. Thirty-two patients with myocardial infarction initially examined within 12 hours of the onset of chest pain all showed clear-cut elevations in serum myoglobin, peak values ranging from 200 to 5500 and averaging 1368 +/- 1357 ng/ml. Seventeen patients with clinically atypical chest pain and no subsequent evidence of myocardial necrosis had myoglobin levels in the normal range, as did 11 of 19 patients with chest pain thought clinically to represent myocardial ischemia but no subsequent evidence of myocardial necrosis by conventional criteria. The final eight patients in the latter group showed mild elevations of serum Mb, peak values ranging from 102 to 280 and averaging 162 +/- 52 ng/ml; the basis for these elevations remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 562727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5223", "title": "Guancydine, a new hypotensive agent with complex action.", "content": "Guancydine (1-cyano-3-tert-amylguanidine) lowered within normal limits the tensional values in an interval of four hours after its administration in eight out of nine hypertensive patients under experiment. The hypotensive effect of a single oral dose of 500-750 mg persists for about 6-7 hours after its administration. Guancydine does not impair the vasopressor response to angiotensin II but reduces the action of this peptide on the excretion of water, Na, K and Ca through urine. The hypotensive effect of Guancydine is associated with a decrease of platelet adhesiveness and an activation of fibrinolysis. In view of this fact, Guancydine might play a role in the prophylaxis of complications of arterial hypertension - atherosclerosis and trombosis. The increase of venous blood oxygenation after Guancydine could be attributed to the opening of arterio-venous shunts or to the reduction of tissular extraction of oxygen. Guancydine does not seem to be toxic. It produced, in some patients, slight headache and orthostatic hypotension, especially during the first hours after administration.", "contents": "Guancydine, a new hypotensive agent with complex action. Guancydine (1-cyano-3-tert-amylguanidine) lowered within normal limits the tensional values in an interval of four hours after its administration in eight out of nine hypertensive patients under experiment. The hypotensive effect of a single oral dose of 500-750 mg persists for about 6-7 hours after its administration. Guancydine does not impair the vasopressor response to angiotensin II but reduces the action of this peptide on the excretion of water, Na, K and Ca through urine. The hypotensive effect of Guancydine is associated with a decrease of platelet adhesiveness and an activation of fibrinolysis. In view of this fact, Guancydine might play a role in the prophylaxis of complications of arterial hypertension - atherosclerosis and trombosis. The increase of venous blood oxygenation after Guancydine could be attributed to the opening of arterio-venous shunts or to the reduction of tissular extraction of oxygen. Guancydine does not seem to be toxic. It produced, in some patients, slight headache and orthostatic hypotension, especially during the first hours after administration.", "PMID": 562730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5224", "title": "[Antibiotic prevention using cephalothin].", "content": "A single intravenous dose of Cephalotine, given at the start of operations, significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative wound infections. The concentration of Cephalotine was maintained throughout operation. The occurrence of other infections was also reduced. The results of this study imply that operations on patients with higher infectious risk should be accompanied by antibiotic prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Antibiotic prevention using cephalothin]. A single intravenous dose of Cephalotine, given at the start of operations, significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative wound infections. The concentration of Cephalotine was maintained throughout operation. The occurrence of other infections was also reduced. The results of this study imply that operations on patients with higher infectious risk should be accompanied by antibiotic prophylaxis.", "PMID": 562736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5225", "title": "Genome analysis of Peromyscus (Rodentia, Cricetidae) VII. Localization of satellite DNA sequences and cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA sequences of P. eremicus on metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "A satellite DNA fraction from P. eremicus, having a buoyant density of 1.705 g/ml in neutral CsCl density gradients, was isolated. In situ hybridization experiments, using 3H-RNA complementary to this DNA fraction indicated that the short (heterochromatic) arms of most of the autosomes contained this sequence. Conversely, in situ hybridization using 3H-complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized from the cytoplasmic poly (A) RNA of P. eremicus (comprising a substantial fraction of total messenger RNA) showed that the number of silver grains in the long arms (euchromatin) was significantly higher than that in the short arms. The X chromosomes showed a distinct localization pattern of both sequences.", "contents": "Genome analysis of Peromyscus (Rodentia, Cricetidae) VII. Localization of satellite DNA sequences and cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA sequences of P. eremicus on metaphase chromosomes. A satellite DNA fraction from P. eremicus, having a buoyant density of 1.705 g/ml in neutral CsCl density gradients, was isolated. In situ hybridization experiments, using 3H-RNA complementary to this DNA fraction indicated that the short (heterochromatic) arms of most of the autosomes contained this sequence. Conversely, in situ hybridization using 3H-complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized from the cytoplasmic poly (A) RNA of P. eremicus (comprising a substantial fraction of total messenger RNA) showed that the number of silver grains in the long arms (euchromatin) was significantly higher than that in the short arms. The X chromosomes showed a distinct localization pattern of both sequences.", "PMID": 562738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5226", "title": "The distribution of mitomycin C-induced sister chromatid exchanges in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the Indian muntjac.", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by mitomycin C (MMC) in Indian Muntjac chromosomes was determined by the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) technique. Using scanning cytophotometry the relative DNA content of each chromosome was measured with and without acid or alkali pretreatments for C-banding. During acid and alkali treatments, euchromatin lost 20 to 30% of its DNA, while heterochromatin lost less than 5%; an intermediate DNA loss was observed for the short arm of the X chromosome. After growth of cells in the presence of MMC during the first cycle and in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during the first and second cycles of DNA replication, SCEs in the euchromatin were proportional to DNA content. SCEs at the junctions between the neck of the X chromosome and the long and short arms occurred more frequently than expected. A threshold effect for the induction of SCEs was observed in regions resistant to DNA extraction by acid and alkali treatments (i.e., the neck and short arm of the X chromosome). At high concentrations of MMC, the frequency of SCE at each junction appears to plateau at 0.5.", "contents": "The distribution of mitomycin C-induced sister chromatid exchanges in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the Indian muntjac. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by mitomycin C (MMC) in Indian Muntjac chromosomes was determined by the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) technique. Using scanning cytophotometry the relative DNA content of each chromosome was measured with and without acid or alkali pretreatments for C-banding. During acid and alkali treatments, euchromatin lost 20 to 30% of its DNA, while heterochromatin lost less than 5%; an intermediate DNA loss was observed for the short arm of the X chromosome. After growth of cells in the presence of MMC during the first cycle and in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during the first and second cycles of DNA replication, SCEs in the euchromatin were proportional to DNA content. SCEs at the junctions between the neck of the X chromosome and the long and short arms occurred more frequently than expected. A threshold effect for the induction of SCEs was observed in regions resistant to DNA extraction by acid and alkali treatments (i.e., the neck and short arm of the X chromosome). At high concentrations of MMC, the frequency of SCE at each junction appears to plateau at 0.5.", "PMID": 562739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5227", "title": "Androgen-dependent fighting behaviour in male mice.", "content": "The influence of testosterone propionate, 17 alpha-methyl-testosterone and cyproterone acetate on isolation induced fighting behaviour of mice was studied in a simple testing procedure. Decreased aggressiveness has been established in mature, sexual experienced and isolated male mice both following castration and administration of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, respectively. Replacement therapy with testosterone propionate s.c. and 17 alpha-methyl-testosterone p.o. has been shown to restore the decreased level of aggresiveness after castration.", "contents": "Androgen-dependent fighting behaviour in male mice. The influence of testosterone propionate, 17 alpha-methyl-testosterone and cyproterone acetate on isolation induced fighting behaviour of mice was studied in a simple testing procedure. Decreased aggressiveness has been established in mature, sexual experienced and isolated male mice both following castration and administration of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, respectively. Replacement therapy with testosterone propionate s.c. and 17 alpha-methyl-testosterone p.o. has been shown to restore the decreased level of aggresiveness after castration.", "PMID": 562744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5228", "title": "The effect of cyclic nucleotides on cellular ATP levels and ribosomal RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "Amino acid starvation of Ehrlich ascites cells leads to a significant decrease of the intracellular ATP concentration concomitant with a marked decrease in nucleolar RNA polymerase activity. Addition of 8-bromoguanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (br8cGMP) to the amino-acid-deficient culture medium increased the cellular ATP levels and restored the rRNA synthesis capacity of nucleoli to control levels. Exogenous br8cAMP overcame the effects of br8cGMP. Administration of br8cAMP to exponentially growing ascites cells resulted in a shrinkage of ATP levels and in an inhibition of nucleolar RNA synthesis similar to that observed under shift-down conditions. These effects of br8cAMP could be antagonized by exogenous br8cGMP or hypoxanthine. Since the br8cGMP-induced increase in the total adenine nucleotides was abolished in the presence of azaserine (an inhibitor of the amidation of formylglycineamide ribonucleotide) it is concluded that cyclic nucleotides exert at least a part of their regulatory effects on cell proliferation by regulating nucleotide biosynthesis de novo.", "contents": "The effect of cyclic nucleotides on cellular ATP levels and ribosomal RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells. Amino acid starvation of Ehrlich ascites cells leads to a significant decrease of the intracellular ATP concentration concomitant with a marked decrease in nucleolar RNA polymerase activity. Addition of 8-bromoguanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (br8cGMP) to the amino-acid-deficient culture medium increased the cellular ATP levels and restored the rRNA synthesis capacity of nucleoli to control levels. Exogenous br8cAMP overcame the effects of br8cGMP. Administration of br8cAMP to exponentially growing ascites cells resulted in a shrinkage of ATP levels and in an inhibition of nucleolar RNA synthesis similar to that observed under shift-down conditions. These effects of br8cAMP could be antagonized by exogenous br8cGMP or hypoxanthine. Since the br8cGMP-induced increase in the total adenine nucleotides was abolished in the presence of azaserine (an inhibitor of the amidation of formylglycineamide ribonucleotide) it is concluded that cyclic nucleotides exert at least a part of their regulatory effects on cell proliferation by regulating nucleotide biosynthesis de novo.", "PMID": 562746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5229", "title": "Different pools of free myoinositol in chick-embryo cells as indicated by infection with Newcastle-disease virus.", "content": "Infection of chicken fibroblasts with Newcastle-disease virus indicates that cellular inositol is compartmented in at least two pools. Only the smaller pool is directly connected with the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol. Entrance of exogenous inositol into this pool is inhibited by phlorizin but not by the virus. Three hours after infection Newcastle-disease virus blocks the entrance of inositol from the small pool into one (or more) subsequent larger pool(s). About five hours after infection the virus enhances the catabolism of phosphatidylinositol in chicken cells and about seven hours after infection the permeability of the plasma membrane increases.", "contents": "Different pools of free myoinositol in chick-embryo cells as indicated by infection with Newcastle-disease virus. Infection of chicken fibroblasts with Newcastle-disease virus indicates that cellular inositol is compartmented in at least two pools. Only the smaller pool is directly connected with the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol. Entrance of exogenous inositol into this pool is inhibited by phlorizin but not by the virus. Three hours after infection Newcastle-disease virus blocks the entrance of inositol from the small pool into one (or more) subsequent larger pool(s). About five hours after infection the virus enhances the catabolism of phosphatidylinositol in chicken cells and about seven hours after infection the permeability of the plasma membrane increases.", "PMID": 562747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5230", "title": "The location of secondary structure in histone H4.", "content": "A total of eight peptides cleaved from calf thymus histone H4 have been studied at several ionic strengths by circular dichroic, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies to follow the formation of alpha helix, beta structure and self-aggregates. The results are compared with data obtained previously on three other peptides and on the intact molecule in order to define the location of secondary structure in histone H4. It is concluded that there are two alpha-helical sections, the first from residues 55 to 67 and the second of about 12 residues in the region between residues 70 to 90. beta-Structure formation takes place only in the C-terminal part of the intact H4 molecule. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the peptides prove that it is the basic N-terminal regions of histone H4 that remain free when the molecule self-aggregates.", "contents": "The location of secondary structure in histone H4. A total of eight peptides cleaved from calf thymus histone H4 have been studied at several ionic strengths by circular dichroic, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies to follow the formation of alpha helix, beta structure and self-aggregates. The results are compared with data obtained previously on three other peptides and on the intact molecule in order to define the location of secondary structure in histone H4. It is concluded that there are two alpha-helical sections, the first from residues 55 to 67 and the second of about 12 residues in the region between residues 70 to 90. beta-Structure formation takes place only in the C-terminal part of the intact H4 molecule. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the peptides prove that it is the basic N-terminal regions of histone H4 that remain free when the molecule self-aggregates.", "PMID": 562748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5231", "title": "Inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "Phosphoglycollohydroxamic acid and phosphoglycollamide are inhibitors of rabbit muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. The binding dissociation constants determined by enzyme inhibition and protein fluorescence quenching suggest that two distinct enzyme inhibitor complexes may be formed. The binding dissociation constants of the two inhibitors to Bacillus stearothermophilus cobalt (II) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase have also been determined. The hydroxamic acid is an exceptionally potent inhibitor (Ki = 1.2 nM) probably due to direct chelation with Co(II) at the active site. The inhibition, however, is time-dependant and the association and dissociation constants have been estimated. Ethyl phosphoglycollate irreversibly inhibits rabbit muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in the presence of sodium borohydride, presumably by forming a stable secondary amine through the active-site lysine reside. A new condensation assay for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases has been developed which is more sensitive than currently used assay procedures.", "contents": "Inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus. Phosphoglycollohydroxamic acid and phosphoglycollamide are inhibitors of rabbit muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. The binding dissociation constants determined by enzyme inhibition and protein fluorescence quenching suggest that two distinct enzyme inhibitor complexes may be formed. The binding dissociation constants of the two inhibitors to Bacillus stearothermophilus cobalt (II) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase have also been determined. The hydroxamic acid is an exceptionally potent inhibitor (Ki = 1.2 nM) probably due to direct chelation with Co(II) at the active site. The inhibition, however, is time-dependant and the association and dissociation constants have been estimated. Ethyl phosphoglycollate irreversibly inhibits rabbit muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in the presence of sodium borohydride, presumably by forming a stable secondary amine through the active-site lysine reside. A new condensation assay for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases has been developed which is more sensitive than currently used assay procedures.", "PMID": 562749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5232", "title": "Analysis of calf-thymus satellite DNA: evidence for specific methylation of cytosine in C-G sequences.", "content": "Digestion of purified calf tymus satellite I (phi = 1.714 g/cm3) with a series of restriction enzymes shows that modification in this satellite occurs preferentially in the sequence C-G. This was also shown to be the case in the other satellites and in bulk chromosomal calf thymus DNA. Cloning of purified satellite I DNA in Escherichia coli makes sites, previously modified, available for cutting with certain restriction enzymes. All these 'new sites' contain the sequence C-G. High-resolution mass spectros-copy establishes that the satellites contain a low concentration of 5-methylcytosine. This infers that methylation which inhibits retriction enzyme cutting must occur preferentially in the sequence C-G. Hybridization of cRNA of cloned satellite I DNA with the satellites III (phi = 1.706 g/cm3) and IV (phi = 1.710 g/cm3) shows that there is no or little sequence homology between these satellites. Digestion of calf thymus satellite I DNA with endoR. EcoRI and subsequent hybridization studies with the fragments shows two EcoRI fragments in addition to the usual 1400-base-pair EcoRI repeat unit.", "contents": "Analysis of calf-thymus satellite DNA: evidence for specific methylation of cytosine in C-G sequences. Digestion of purified calf tymus satellite I (phi = 1.714 g/cm3) with a series of restriction enzymes shows that modification in this satellite occurs preferentially in the sequence C-G. This was also shown to be the case in the other satellites and in bulk chromosomal calf thymus DNA. Cloning of purified satellite I DNA in Escherichia coli makes sites, previously modified, available for cutting with certain restriction enzymes. All these 'new sites' contain the sequence C-G. High-resolution mass spectros-copy establishes that the satellites contain a low concentration of 5-methylcytosine. This infers that methylation which inhibits retriction enzyme cutting must occur preferentially in the sequence C-G. Hybridization of cRNA of cloned satellite I DNA with the satellites III (phi = 1.706 g/cm3) and IV (phi = 1.710 g/cm3) shows that there is no or little sequence homology between these satellites. Digestion of calf thymus satellite I DNA with endoR. EcoRI and subsequent hybridization studies with the fragments shows two EcoRI fragments in addition to the usual 1400-base-pair EcoRI repeat unit.", "PMID": 562751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5233", "title": "Sugar-specific antibodies reactive towards cell-surface carbohydrates.", "content": "Antibodies generated against sugar-azoproteins have been purified by affinity chromatography using elution with monosaccharide. They have high specificity for monosaccharide and they react with terminal, non-reducing sugars on the surfaces of human erythrocytes. Some of them, either native or as Fab fragments, inhibit mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A.", "contents": "Sugar-specific antibodies reactive towards cell-surface carbohydrates. Antibodies generated against sugar-azoproteins have been purified by affinity chromatography using elution with monosaccharide. They have high specificity for monosaccharide and they react with terminal, non-reducing sugars on the surfaces of human erythrocytes. Some of them, either native or as Fab fragments, inhibit mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A.", "PMID": 562753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5234", "title": "Synthesis and transport of myosin in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Immunological techniques have been used to study the rate of synthesis and intracellular transport of myosin in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. Quantitative precipitation of myosin in homogenates of Physarum was achieved using an antimyosin antibody produced in rabbit in response to purified Physarum myosin. Dodecylsulphate-gel electrophoresis revealed that about 50% of the precipitated material is myosin. The rates of synthesis of total cellular protein and myosin were measured over the mitotic cycle. Both were found to increase exponentially or linearly between two successive nuclear divisions. Similarly, no difference in the proportion of myosin-synthesising polysomes, assayed by precipitation with antimyosin serum, could be detected between the S phase and G2 phase of the mitotic cycle. Myosin makes up nearly 2% of total plasmodial proteins. Its transport into the nucleus occurs predominantly during the G2 phase.", "contents": "Synthesis and transport of myosin in Physarum polycephalum. Immunological techniques have been used to study the rate of synthesis and intracellular transport of myosin in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. Quantitative precipitation of myosin in homogenates of Physarum was achieved using an antimyosin antibody produced in rabbit in response to purified Physarum myosin. Dodecylsulphate-gel electrophoresis revealed that about 50% of the precipitated material is myosin. The rates of synthesis of total cellular protein and myosin were measured over the mitotic cycle. Both were found to increase exponentially or linearly between two successive nuclear divisions. Similarly, no difference in the proportion of myosin-synthesising polysomes, assayed by precipitation with antimyosin serum, could be detected between the S phase and G2 phase of the mitotic cycle. Myosin makes up nearly 2% of total plasmodial proteins. Its transport into the nucleus occurs predominantly during the G2 phase.", "PMID": 562755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5235", "title": "A cytoplasmic high affinity estrogen-binding protein in the embryonic chicken liver.", "content": "1. Embryonic chicken liver contains cytoplasmic estrogen-binding sites with high affinity for estradiol (Kd = 1 X 10(-9) M) and with low capacity (200-1100 binding sites/cell, dependeing on the age of the embryo). 2. Only estrogenic hormones are bound with high affinity. 3. At least the estrogen-bindin moiety of these binding sites is a protein. 4. By agarose gel chromatography an apparent molecular weight of 50000-60000 daltons was determined, very similar to that of the nuclear estrogen-binding protein. 5. In low salt the cytoplasmic binding sites exhibit a strong tendency to aggregate, which is abolished by mild trypsination. 6. A single injection of estradiol into the egg seems to cause a translocation of the cytoplasmic binding protein to the nucleus. 7. During the embryonic development the number of binding sites increases up to the age of 19 days. Thereafter it decreases again reaching a constant low level soon after hatching. 8. Data are presented to show that this low level of binding sites can not be due solely to a degradation or inhibition in vitro by a component eventually present in the liver homogenate of hatched animals.", "contents": "A cytoplasmic high affinity estrogen-binding protein in the embryonic chicken liver. 1. Embryonic chicken liver contains cytoplasmic estrogen-binding sites with high affinity for estradiol (Kd = 1 X 10(-9) M) and with low capacity (200-1100 binding sites/cell, dependeing on the age of the embryo). 2. Only estrogenic hormones are bound with high affinity. 3. At least the estrogen-bindin moiety of these binding sites is a protein. 4. By agarose gel chromatography an apparent molecular weight of 50000-60000 daltons was determined, very similar to that of the nuclear estrogen-binding protein. 5. In low salt the cytoplasmic binding sites exhibit a strong tendency to aggregate, which is abolished by mild trypsination. 6. A single injection of estradiol into the egg seems to cause a translocation of the cytoplasmic binding protein to the nucleus. 7. During the embryonic development the number of binding sites increases up to the age of 19 days. Thereafter it decreases again reaching a constant low level soon after hatching. 8. Data are presented to show that this low level of binding sites can not be due solely to a degradation or inhibition in vitro by a component eventually present in the liver homogenate of hatched animals.", "PMID": 562756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5236", "title": "The replication of ribosomal DNA in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The DNA coding for ribosomal RNA in Physarum polycephalum exists as a collection of extra-chromosomal molecules of molecular weight 37 X 10(6). We have investigated the replication of rDNA, with the following results. (a) Replication of rDNA is unscheduled. This means that molecules that are replicated at any particular time in one mitotic cycle have an equal probability of replicating again in each time interval in the subsequent cycle. Similarly, in a single cycle, some molecules replicate more than once, and some not at all. (b) Replication forks appear to move bidirectionally from points 45% or 33% from one end of the DNA. Replicating molecules observed by electron microscopy are all linear.", "contents": "The replication of ribosomal DNA in Physarum polycephalum. The DNA coding for ribosomal RNA in Physarum polycephalum exists as a collection of extra-chromosomal molecules of molecular weight 37 X 10(6). We have investigated the replication of rDNA, with the following results. (a) Replication of rDNA is unscheduled. This means that molecules that are replicated at any particular time in one mitotic cycle have an equal probability of replicating again in each time interval in the subsequent cycle. Similarly, in a single cycle, some molecules replicate more than once, and some not at all. (b) Replication forks appear to move bidirectionally from points 45% or 33% from one end of the DNA. Replicating molecules observed by electron microscopy are all linear.", "PMID": 562757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5237", "title": "Non-equilibrium method for the radioimmunoassay of clozapine in the presence of metabolites.", "content": "Cross-reactions with metabolites are an ever-recurring problem encountered in the use of radioimmunoassay techniques to determine active compounds in biological material. Metabolites may interfere with the assay of the parent drug to a variable extent. Taking 8-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine (clozapine as an example, it was shown that the extent to which the antiserum produced interacts with the parent drug and the metabolites can be estimated by determining the equilibrium constants and the kinetics. In the present case, therefore, it was advantageous to carry out the radioimmunoassay in disequilibrium, i.e. in order to differentiate the metabolites from the parent drug, the sample was incubated with the antiserum for 10 min, after which the labelled antigen was added and the reaction mixture again incubated for a brief, exactly timed interval. It was shown that cross-reactions did not occur in mixtures of clozapine and its N-demethyl and N-oxide metabolites in the propor tions 1:1:2 over a range of concentration of 1.5-48 ng clozapine per 100 microliter human plasma. The equilibrium constants measured with the clozapine goat antiserum were as follows: clozapine 1.2 X 10(8) M-1, the N-demethyl metabolite 4.6 X 10(7) M-1 and the N-oxide metabolite 3.7 X 10(7) M-1 (pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C).", "contents": "Non-equilibrium method for the radioimmunoassay of clozapine in the presence of metabolites. Cross-reactions with metabolites are an ever-recurring problem encountered in the use of radioimmunoassay techniques to determine active compounds in biological material. Metabolites may interfere with the assay of the parent drug to a variable extent. Taking 8-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine (clozapine as an example, it was shown that the extent to which the antiserum produced interacts with the parent drug and the metabolites can be estimated by determining the equilibrium constants and the kinetics. In the present case, therefore, it was advantageous to carry out the radioimmunoassay in disequilibrium, i.e. in order to differentiate the metabolites from the parent drug, the sample was incubated with the antiserum for 10 min, after which the labelled antigen was added and the reaction mixture again incubated for a brief, exactly timed interval. It was shown that cross-reactions did not occur in mixtures of clozapine and its N-demethyl and N-oxide metabolites in the propor tions 1:1:2 over a range of concentration of 1.5-48 ng clozapine per 100 microliter human plasma. The equilibrium constants measured with the clozapine goat antiserum were as follows: clozapine 1.2 X 10(8) M-1, the N-demethyl metabolite 4.6 X 10(7) M-1 and the N-oxide metabolite 3.7 X 10(7) M-1 (pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C).", "PMID": 562758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5238", "title": "Rotational behavior induced in rats by intranigral application of GABA-related drugs and GABA antagonists.", "content": "GABA and GABA-related drugs such as muscimol, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and baclofen injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra of rats elicited contraversive turning. Unilateral injections of picrotoxin and bicuculline produced either ipsi- or contraversive turning depending on the volume of vehicle. I.p. applied haloperidol did not abolish the muscimol-induced turning. This and the direction of rotational behavior suggests that the turning behavior elicited by GABA-related drugs is not mediated by the nigrostriatal dopaminergic tract.", "contents": "Rotational behavior induced in rats by intranigral application of GABA-related drugs and GABA antagonists. GABA and GABA-related drugs such as muscimol, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and baclofen injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra of rats elicited contraversive turning. Unilateral injections of picrotoxin and bicuculline produced either ipsi- or contraversive turning depending on the volume of vehicle. I.p. applied haloperidol did not abolish the muscimol-induced turning. This and the direction of rotational behavior suggests that the turning behavior elicited by GABA-related drugs is not mediated by the nigrostriatal dopaminergic tract.", "PMID": 562761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5239", "title": "Effect of 1-deamino-6-carba- (8-arginine)- vasopressin on organ blood flow in the female guinea pig.", "content": "An analogue of (8-arginine)-vasopressin, characterized by removal of the Nalpha-amino group and replacement of the disulphide bridge with a thioether bridge (dCAVP), was found to increase blood flow to the brain, kidneys and adrenal glands of female guinea pigs whilst decreasing perfusion of the skin and skeletal muscle. An increase was noted in the proportion of 15 micrometer microspheres trapped in the spleen, probably contingent upon reduced arteriole-venous shunting. These responses were obtained both at estrus and during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. In contrast, uterine and vaginal blood flows showed a significant reduction only during the luteal phase.", "contents": "Effect of 1-deamino-6-carba- (8-arginine)- vasopressin on organ blood flow in the female guinea pig. An analogue of (8-arginine)-vasopressin, characterized by removal of the Nalpha-amino group and replacement of the disulphide bridge with a thioether bridge (dCAVP), was found to increase blood flow to the brain, kidneys and adrenal glands of female guinea pigs whilst decreasing perfusion of the skin and skeletal muscle. An increase was noted in the proportion of 15 micrometer microspheres trapped in the spleen, probably contingent upon reduced arteriole-venous shunting. These responses were obtained both at estrus and during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. In contrast, uterine and vaginal blood flows showed a significant reduction only during the luteal phase.", "PMID": 562765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5240", "title": "Different behavioural patterns induced by apomorphine: evidence that the method of administration determines the behavioural response to the drug.", "content": "The behavioural effects of s.c. injected apomorphine was studied on habituated rats in a test-box designed to measure 8 different components of behaviour. Apomorphine, 1 mg/kg, induced two different behaviours: The \"G-type\" of behaviour characterized by compulsive gnawing and the \"LS-type\" of behaviour characterized by increased locomotion, sniffing and repetitive head and limb movements. G-type behaviour was induced when apomorphine, dissolved by heating, was injected s.c. into the flank of the animal. LS-type behaviour was induced both when apomorphine, dissolved by heating, was injected s.c. into the neck and when it was dissolved by heating together with a high concentration of ascorbic acid (1 mg/ml) and injected s.c. into the flank. G-type behaviour could not be elicited by changing the dose which induced LS-type behaviour or vice versa. We therefore conclude that these different behavioural effects of apomorphine were not dose--response effects but were elicited by at least two different synaptic mechanisms in the brain. Experimentally induced changes from one of these apomorphine-induced behaviours to another can therefore not merely be interpreted as a change in the intensity of the behavioural response as is done in e.g. commonly used stereotypy rating scales.", "contents": "Different behavioural patterns induced by apomorphine: evidence that the method of administration determines the behavioural response to the drug. The behavioural effects of s.c. injected apomorphine was studied on habituated rats in a test-box designed to measure 8 different components of behaviour. Apomorphine, 1 mg/kg, induced two different behaviours: The \"G-type\" of behaviour characterized by compulsive gnawing and the \"LS-type\" of behaviour characterized by increased locomotion, sniffing and repetitive head and limb movements. G-type behaviour was induced when apomorphine, dissolved by heating, was injected s.c. into the flank of the animal. LS-type behaviour was induced both when apomorphine, dissolved by heating, was injected s.c. into the neck and when it was dissolved by heating together with a high concentration of ascorbic acid (1 mg/ml) and injected s.c. into the flank. G-type behaviour could not be elicited by changing the dose which induced LS-type behaviour or vice versa. We therefore conclude that these different behavioural effects of apomorphine were not dose--response effects but were elicited by at least two different synaptic mechanisms in the brain. Experimentally induced changes from one of these apomorphine-induced behaviours to another can therefore not merely be interpreted as a change in the intensity of the behavioural response as is done in e.g. commonly used stereotypy rating scales.", "PMID": 562766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5241", "title": "The role of oxygen diffusivity in biochemical reactions.", "content": "It has been shown that increasing protein concentrations can decrease oxygen diffusion in 3 in vitro systems. We postulate that it is possible, and in some circumstances probable, that diffusion might be a rate limiting step in both in vitro and in vivo biological systems.", "contents": "The role of oxygen diffusivity in biochemical reactions. It has been shown that increasing protein concentrations can decrease oxygen diffusion in 3 in vitro systems. We postulate that it is possible, and in some circumstances probable, that diffusion might be a rate limiting step in both in vitro and in vivo biological systems.", "PMID": 562769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5242", "title": "Microspectrography of formaldehyde and fluorescamine-induced fluorescence in rabbit pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies: demonstration of a new, probably polypeptide intracytoplasmic substance.", "content": "The microspectrographic analysis of the fluorescence emitted by NEB's in gaseous formaldehyde-fixed lung tissue, posttreated with fluorescamine, revealed the presence of numerous primary amino groups which are clearly different from the serotonin identified in our earlier studies and correspond to a new, probably a polypeptide intracytoplasmic substance.", "contents": "Microspectrography of formaldehyde and fluorescamine-induced fluorescence in rabbit pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies: demonstration of a new, probably polypeptide intracytoplasmic substance. The microspectrographic analysis of the fluorescence emitted by NEB's in gaseous formaldehyde-fixed lung tissue, posttreated with fluorescamine, revealed the presence of numerous primary amino groups which are clearly different from the serotonin identified in our earlier studies and correspond to a new, probably a polypeptide intracytoplasmic substance.", "PMID": 562770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5243", "title": "A bio-implantable solid-state camera for long-term video-recording of abdominal organs in situ.", "content": "A new solid-state camera was constructed and implanted in sheep. It permits continuous or selective video-recording of the ovary in the unrestrained animal during an entire oestrous cycle (16 days).", "contents": "A bio-implantable solid-state camera for long-term video-recording of abdominal organs in situ. A new solid-state camera was constructed and implanted in sheep. It permits continuous or selective video-recording of the ovary in the unrestrained animal during an entire oestrous cycle (16 days).", "PMID": 562771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5244", "title": "[Effect of amantadine on the emotional reactivity and agressiveness of rats and mice].", "content": "The effect of amantadine on various models of aggressiveness was investigated in experiments on male albino rats and mice. Amantadine (30-75 mg/kg) inhibited emotional reactivity and aggressiveness in models of shock- and apomorphine-induced aggression reproduced in rats. The drug also inhibited the isolation-induced aggressiveness in mice. In rats with bilaterally damaged caudate nucleus no inhibitory effect of amantadine on emotional behavior was in evidence, while in those with destroyed midbrain raphe nuclei this effect of amantadine was less ostensible by comparison with controls (sham-operated animals). It is suggested that the antiaggressive effect of amantadine is due to its stimulating action on the strial serotoninergic system.", "contents": "[Effect of amantadine on the emotional reactivity and agressiveness of rats and mice]. The effect of amantadine on various models of aggressiveness was investigated in experiments on male albino rats and mice. Amantadine (30-75 mg/kg) inhibited emotional reactivity and aggressiveness in models of shock- and apomorphine-induced aggression reproduced in rats. The drug also inhibited the isolation-induced aggressiveness in mice. In rats with bilaterally damaged caudate nucleus no inhibitory effect of amantadine on emotional behavior was in evidence, while in those with destroyed midbrain raphe nuclei this effect of amantadine was less ostensible by comparison with controls (sham-operated animals). It is suggested that the antiaggressive effect of amantadine is due to its stimulating action on the strial serotoninergic system.", "PMID": 562773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5245", "title": "Treatment of hyperprolactinemia-anovulation syndrome.", "content": "Twelve patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia are presented. The mean serum prolactin level was 175 ng/ml (range, 37 to 575 ng/ml). Basal gonadotropin levels were normal in all patients. Serum estradiol levels were normal in three women and reduced in nine. The response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone was normal in 10 patients and the response to clomiphene citrate was reduced in all women. Radiologic evaluations of the sella turcica and neurologic examinations were performed in all cases. Patients were treated with bromocryptine (2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, CB-154), 2.5 to 10 mg/day, for 5 to 35 weeks. In 10 patients normalization of the menstrual cycle was restored, and 9 patients were ovulatory. The galactorrhea ceased or was improved in all cases. Four patients who were treated for infertility became pregnant after one to three treatment cycles. In all cases prolactin levels were normalized (mean level, 10 ng/ml). Side effects were slight and were experienced only on initiation of therapy. The role of prolactin and the significance of normalization of plasma prolactin levels are discussed. Lowering prolactin secretion with bromocryptine allows resumption of normal gonadal function.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperprolactinemia-anovulation syndrome. Twelve patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia are presented. The mean serum prolactin level was 175 ng/ml (range, 37 to 575 ng/ml). Basal gonadotropin levels were normal in all patients. Serum estradiol levels were normal in three women and reduced in nine. The response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone was normal in 10 patients and the response to clomiphene citrate was reduced in all women. Radiologic evaluations of the sella turcica and neurologic examinations were performed in all cases. Patients were treated with bromocryptine (2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, CB-154), 2.5 to 10 mg/day, for 5 to 35 weeks. In 10 patients normalization of the menstrual cycle was restored, and 9 patients were ovulatory. The galactorrhea ceased or was improved in all cases. Four patients who were treated for infertility became pregnant after one to three treatment cycles. In all cases prolactin levels were normalized (mean level, 10 ng/ml). Side effects were slight and were experienced only on initiation of therapy. The role of prolactin and the significance of normalization of plasma prolactin levels are discussed. Lowering prolactin secretion with bromocryptine allows resumption of normal gonadal function.", "PMID": 562780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5246", "title": "[Effect of phosphemide and forpurine on antibody formation].", "content": "Tests conducted on mice of the CBA line immunized with sheep erythrocytes have brought evidence that, when introduced to the animals 24 and 48 hours after immunization, phosphemide appreciably reduces the number of cells producing the IgM- and IgG-anibodies. The maximum immunodepressive effect of phopurine was observed when this was introduced simultaneously with the antigen, and also 24 and 48 hours following immunization. Both compounds produced a change in the mass of the immuno-competent organs and reduced the number of nuclei-containing cells in the spleen throughout the entire period of investigation.", "contents": "[Effect of phosphemide and forpurine on antibody formation]. Tests conducted on mice of the CBA line immunized with sheep erythrocytes have brought evidence that, when introduced to the animals 24 and 48 hours after immunization, phosphemide appreciably reduces the number of cells producing the IgM- and IgG-anibodies. The maximum immunodepressive effect of phopurine was observed when this was introduced simultaneously with the antigen, and also 24 and 48 hours following immunization. Both compounds produced a change in the mass of the immuno-competent organs and reduced the number of nuclei-containing cells in the spleen throughout the entire period of investigation.", "PMID": 562775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5247", "title": "[Change in the functional state and tissue oxidative processes of the pancreas under the influence of alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "Experiments conducted with albino rats demonstrated that intragastrically introduced ethyl alcohol in a dose of 3 g/kg intensifies the external-secretary function of the pancreas and also increases the activity of the pancreatic juice amylase in the blood, this activity continuing to be elevated 24 hours after a single introduction of the alcohol. The action of the latter reduces the oxygen tension and the redox potential in the glandular tissue, lessens the activity of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases occurring against the background of the succinate-cytochrome-c-oxydoreductase complex activity, which bears evidence to the development of \"hypoxy-like\" shifts in the metabolic stade of the pancreas. The author concludes that the toxic action of alcohol on the pancreas is associated with disturbances in the redox processes and with the damage of cellular membranes.", "contents": "[Change in the functional state and tissue oxidative processes of the pancreas under the influence of alcoholic intoxication]. Experiments conducted with albino rats demonstrated that intragastrically introduced ethyl alcohol in a dose of 3 g/kg intensifies the external-secretary function of the pancreas and also increases the activity of the pancreatic juice amylase in the blood, this activity continuing to be elevated 24 hours after a single introduction of the alcohol. The action of the latter reduces the oxygen tension and the redox potential in the glandular tissue, lessens the activity of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases occurring against the background of the succinate-cytochrome-c-oxydoreductase complex activity, which bears evidence to the development of \"hypoxy-like\" shifts in the metabolic stade of the pancreas. The author concludes that the toxic action of alcohol on the pancreas is associated with disturbances in the redox processes and with the damage of cellular membranes.", "PMID": 562776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5248", "title": "Effect of short-term cyclic administration of cyproterone acetate on pituitary-ovarian function in the human.", "content": "Short courses of cyproterone acetate, a compound with progestational and antiandrogenic activities, were administered to normally menstruating women during different phases of the menstrual cycle to suppress growth and maturation of the follicles and corpus luteum function. Postovulatory administration of 20 mg of the drug daily for 8 days to two women delayed menstruation by 4 to 6 days, followed by prolonged bleeding and short post-treatment cycles. Plasma levels of progesterone were suppressed temporarily during therapy, but increased immediately after cessation of treatment. Administration of 10 mg of the drug for 8 days during the early follicular phase to two women resulted in irregular bleeding, short cycles, and decreased plasma levels of progesterone throughout the cycle. Reduction of the dose to 2.5 mg during the early follicular phase in two other women also resulted in irregular cycles. When the 2.5-mg dose was administered to three women from the 8th to the 15th days of the cycle, vaginal bleeding and cycle length were normal. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and progesterone were suppressed during therapy. In one subject, cervical mucus was found to be hostile to sperm penetration in all three treatment cycles. The results indicate that, with cyclic administration of low doses of cyproterone acetate to women during the late follicular phase, it may be possible to interrupt pituitary-ovarian function, as well as sperm transport through the cervical mucus.", "contents": "Effect of short-term cyclic administration of cyproterone acetate on pituitary-ovarian function in the human. Short courses of cyproterone acetate, a compound with progestational and antiandrogenic activities, were administered to normally menstruating women during different phases of the menstrual cycle to suppress growth and maturation of the follicles and corpus luteum function. Postovulatory administration of 20 mg of the drug daily for 8 days to two women delayed menstruation by 4 to 6 days, followed by prolonged bleeding and short post-treatment cycles. Plasma levels of progesterone were suppressed temporarily during therapy, but increased immediately after cessation of treatment. Administration of 10 mg of the drug for 8 days during the early follicular phase to two women resulted in irregular bleeding, short cycles, and decreased plasma levels of progesterone throughout the cycle. Reduction of the dose to 2.5 mg during the early follicular phase in two other women also resulted in irregular cycles. When the 2.5-mg dose was administered to three women from the 8th to the 15th days of the cycle, vaginal bleeding and cycle length were normal. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and progesterone were suppressed during therapy. In one subject, cervical mucus was found to be hostile to sperm penetration in all three treatment cycles. The results indicate that, with cyclic administration of low doses of cyproterone acetate to women during the late follicular phase, it may be possible to interrupt pituitary-ovarian function, as well as sperm transport through the cervical mucus.", "PMID": 562781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5249", "title": "[Immunotropic activity of adapiprazine].", "content": "It is shown that the replacement of the ethyl or methyl radical in the molecules of aethaperazine or metherazine with the adamantyl one results in the appearance of a singular immunotropic activity. Such a drug (adapiprazine) exerts an immunodepressive action both on the primary and secondary response of the mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes. The immunodepressive action of adapiprazine is manifest with a low-dosage optimum introduced before immunization. In analogous conditions aethaperazine and metherazine fail to display any immunodepressive action. Adapiprazine arrests the rejection of a skin allotrasplant in mice differing from the donors in the presence of a strong histocompatibility locus. In in vitro tests adapiprazine in a concentration of 10(-5) mol and less has no effect on the spontaneous migration of leucocytes in the capillary, nor upon the process of immune roset-formation.", "contents": "[Immunotropic activity of adapiprazine]. It is shown that the replacement of the ethyl or methyl radical in the molecules of aethaperazine or metherazine with the adamantyl one results in the appearance of a singular immunotropic activity. Such a drug (adapiprazine) exerts an immunodepressive action both on the primary and secondary response of the mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes. The immunodepressive action of adapiprazine is manifest with a low-dosage optimum introduced before immunization. In analogous conditions aethaperazine and metherazine fail to display any immunodepressive action. Adapiprazine arrests the rejection of a skin allotrasplant in mice differing from the donors in the presence of a strong histocompatibility locus. In in vitro tests adapiprazine in a concentration of 10(-5) mol and less has no effect on the spontaneous migration of leucocytes in the capillary, nor upon the process of immune roset-formation.", "PMID": 562774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5250", "title": "[Effect of chloroquin on the experimental sensitization with penicillin].", "content": "In penicilline-sensitized mice it was possible to decrease the titers of haemagglutinating antibodies by cholroquine.", "contents": "[Effect of chloroquin on the experimental sensitization with penicillin]. In penicilline-sensitized mice it was possible to decrease the titers of haemagglutinating antibodies by cholroquine.", "PMID": 562784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5251", "title": "Plasma hormone profile of threatened abortion and its prognosis.", "content": "Hormone levels in patients with threatened abortion were compared with those of women with normal pregnancies to determine the relationship between these hormone patterns and patient prognoses. Plasma progesterone, plasma unconjugated estradiol-17beta (estradiol), and plasma human chorionic somato-mammotropin (HCS) were measured serially in 27 patients with threatened abortion. Twelve of these patients were able to continue their pregnancies, and 15 patients aborted. Of the 3 indices tested, 2 (plasma estradiol and HCS levels) showed marked differences in women who were able to continue their pregnancies and women whose pregnancies ended in abortions; moreover, these findings indicated that these 2 levels could be used as indices for the evaluation of a pregnant patient's prognosis.", "contents": "Plasma hormone profile of threatened abortion and its prognosis. Hormone levels in patients with threatened abortion were compared with those of women with normal pregnancies to determine the relationship between these hormone patterns and patient prognoses. Plasma progesterone, plasma unconjugated estradiol-17beta (estradiol), and plasma human chorionic somato-mammotropin (HCS) were measured serially in 27 patients with threatened abortion. Twelve of these patients were able to continue their pregnancies, and 15 patients aborted. Of the 3 indices tested, 2 (plasma estradiol and HCS levels) showed marked differences in women who were able to continue their pregnancies and women whose pregnancies ended in abortions; moreover, these findings indicated that these 2 levels could be used as indices for the evaluation of a pregnant patient's prognosis.", "PMID": 562785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5252", "title": "Case Report: epignathus-clinical, radiologic, and pathologic considerations.", "content": "In retrospect, a diagram could hace been made from the antenatal radiological examination of the case of epignathus presented here. The features of the epignathus are considered with respect to antenatal diagnosis and subsequent reparative surgery. Specific features such as axial organization, maturity of all tissues, and identical ossification points between host and parasite-all of which are evident in this case-favor the malformative origin of epignathi, thus distinguishing them from teratomata.", "contents": "Case Report: epignathus-clinical, radiologic, and pathologic considerations. In retrospect, a diagram could hace been made from the antenatal radiological examination of the case of epignathus presented here. The features of the epignathus are considered with respect to antenatal diagnosis and subsequent reparative surgery. Specific features such as axial organization, maturity of all tissues, and identical ossification points between host and parasite-all of which are evident in this case-favor the malformative origin of epignathi, thus distinguishing them from teratomata.", "PMID": 562786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5253", "title": "An overview of IUD research and implications for the future.", "content": "The limitations of nonmedicated intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the potential for improving IUD performance through the addition of pharmacologic agents are discussed. The mechanisms of action of IUDs, particularly of the copper and the progesterone-releasing devices, are reviewed. The development of improved intrauterine contraceptive devices will depend on an understanding of these mechanisms of action. In order to determine the optimal design of intrauterine contraceptives, the effects of the pharmacologic agents will also have to be evaluated, both separately and in combination with the carrier (vector).", "contents": "An overview of IUD research and implications for the future. The limitations of nonmedicated intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the potential for improving IUD performance through the addition of pharmacologic agents are discussed. The mechanisms of action of IUDs, particularly of the copper and the progesterone-releasing devices, are reviewed. The development of improved intrauterine contraceptive devices will depend on an understanding of these mechanisms of action. In order to determine the optimal design of intrauterine contraceptives, the effects of the pharmacologic agents will also have to be evaluated, both separately and in combination with the carrier (vector).", "PMID": 562787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5254", "title": "Identification of an androgen receptor in the cytosol of the female Mastomys prostate.", "content": "An in vivo and in vitro study was carried out on the prostate from the female Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis to identify and characterize the binding of androgens within the cytoplasm. The labelled cytosol was prepared and subjected to gel exclusion chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. A macromolecular protein associated with the radioactivity was isolated on Sephadex G-200. Subsequent analysis of the steroid receptor complex showed that the major part of the radioactive steroid (64 percent) was dihydrotestosterone. This binding was inhibited by unlabelled testosterone and could not be demonstrated in liver cytosol. Characterization of this dihydrotestosterone receptor complex revealed a sedimentation coefficient of 4.6 s in the presence of a high salt solution (0.4 M KCl). The complex aggregated in the absence of 0.4 M KCl and sedimented preferentially from 5.6-7.4 s together with polydisperse aggregates of higher sedimentation coefficients. The use of this animal as an experimental model for hormonal studies on the prostate is suggested.", "contents": "Identification of an androgen receptor in the cytosol of the female Mastomys prostate. An in vivo and in vitro study was carried out on the prostate from the female Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis to identify and characterize the binding of androgens within the cytoplasm. The labelled cytosol was prepared and subjected to gel exclusion chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. A macromolecular protein associated with the radioactivity was isolated on Sephadex G-200. Subsequent analysis of the steroid receptor complex showed that the major part of the radioactive steroid (64 percent) was dihydrotestosterone. This binding was inhibited by unlabelled testosterone and could not be demonstrated in liver cytosol. Characterization of this dihydrotestosterone receptor complex revealed a sedimentation coefficient of 4.6 s in the presence of a high salt solution (0.4 M KCl). The complex aggregated in the absence of 0.4 M KCl and sedimented preferentially from 5.6-7.4 s together with polydisperse aggregates of higher sedimentation coefficients. The use of this animal as an experimental model for hormonal studies on the prostate is suggested.", "PMID": 562799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5255", "title": "Androgen metabolism in relation to growth stimulation by a uterine cell line.", "content": "The metabolism of radioactive testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 4-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol or 4-androstene-3alpha,17beta-diol by the human cell line NHIK 3025, derived from a carcinoma of the uterine cervix, was studied. The cells were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) with a steriod concentration of 10-(7) M for 4 days. Androgen metabolism by this cell line is essentially the same as for other androgen-responsive cells. The most interesting testosterone metabolite in this system is 4-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol, and the separation of this compound from 4-androstene-3alpha,17beta-diol and the two corresponding 5alpha-reduced diols is described. Since 4-androsterone-3beta,17beta-diol is a more potent growth factor for these cells than testosterone, the small conversion of testosterone to 4-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol observed could be responsible for the growth stimulation by testosterone.", "contents": "Androgen metabolism in relation to growth stimulation by a uterine cell line. The metabolism of radioactive testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 4-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol or 4-androstene-3alpha,17beta-diol by the human cell line NHIK 3025, derived from a carcinoma of the uterine cervix, was studied. The cells were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) with a steriod concentration of 10-(7) M for 4 days. Androgen metabolism by this cell line is essentially the same as for other androgen-responsive cells. The most interesting testosterone metabolite in this system is 4-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol, and the separation of this compound from 4-androstene-3alpha,17beta-diol and the two corresponding 5alpha-reduced diols is described. Since 4-androsterone-3beta,17beta-diol is a more potent growth factor for these cells than testosterone, the small conversion of testosterone to 4-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol observed could be responsible for the growth stimulation by testosterone.", "PMID": 562800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5256", "title": "[The surgical treatment of discrete subaortic stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. examine their experience concerning 23 patients operated on for a discrete subaortic stenosis since 1969. Immediate results are satisfactory, even if there have been postoperative complications in 26% of the patients. Late results are less satisfactory, above all because of the progression of aortic insufficiency far from the operation. Date of literature are nor allowing valuable indications about the natural history of the patient after surgical treatment, because of the scarcity of postoperative hemodynamic controls and, especially, of serial examinations. The AA. believe, on the ground of considered data and personal experience, that it is prudent, awaiting for further critical evaluation of late results, to limit surgical indications, in asymptomatic patients, to cases with left ventricular-aortic gradient superior to 70 mmHg.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of discrete subaortic stenosis (author's transl)]. The AA. examine their experience concerning 23 patients operated on for a discrete subaortic stenosis since 1969. Immediate results are satisfactory, even if there have been postoperative complications in 26% of the patients. Late results are less satisfactory, above all because of the progression of aortic insufficiency far from the operation. Date of literature are nor allowing valuable indications about the natural history of the patient after surgical treatment, because of the scarcity of postoperative hemodynamic controls and, especially, of serial examinations. The AA. believe, on the ground of considered data and personal experience, that it is prudent, awaiting for further critical evaluation of late results, to limit surgical indications, in asymptomatic patients, to cases with left ventricular-aortic gradient superior to 70 mmHg.", "PMID": 562809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5257", "title": "[Subaortic stenosis due to antero-lateral muscular band, associated with ventricular septal defect and underdevelopment of the aortic arch. Anatomical features in three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathological findings in three cases with ventricular septal defect and severe coarctation or tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch are reported. The left ventricular outflow tract was partially obstructed by muscle situated on its antero-lateral wall. The haemodynamic relationship between this type of subaortic stenosis and aortic arch underdevelopment, due to unequal partitioning of the blood flow between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery during foetal life, is emphasized. The normal anatomy of the left ventricular infundibulum is described and some embryological hypotheses to explain this antero-lateral muscular band are forwarded.", "contents": "[Subaortic stenosis due to antero-lateral muscular band, associated with ventricular septal defect and underdevelopment of the aortic arch. Anatomical features in three cases (author's transl)]. The pathological findings in three cases with ventricular septal defect and severe coarctation or tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch are reported. The left ventricular outflow tract was partially obstructed by muscle situated on its antero-lateral wall. The haemodynamic relationship between this type of subaortic stenosis and aortic arch underdevelopment, due to unequal partitioning of the blood flow between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery during foetal life, is emphasized. The normal anatomy of the left ventricular infundibulum is described and some embryological hypotheses to explain this antero-lateral muscular band are forwarded.", "PMID": 562810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5258", "title": "[Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Report of twelve cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve patients having supravalvular aortic stenosis were operated. Indication to the surgery was set up with a pressure gradient across the stenosis greater than 50 Hg millimeters and/or in a presence of important symptoms and/or with electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. The technique and results of operation are described. The indication criteria to surgery on the basis of clinical results are discussed.", "contents": "[Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Report of twelve cases (author's transl)]. Twelve patients having supravalvular aortic stenosis were operated. Indication to the surgery was set up with a pressure gradient across the stenosis greater than 50 Hg millimeters and/or in a presence of important symptoms and/or with electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. The technique and results of operation are described. The indication criteria to surgery on the basis of clinical results are discussed.", "PMID": 562811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5259", "title": "Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in homogenates of isolated intestinal epithelial cells from hamsters. Effects of gastrointestinal hormones, prostaglandins, and deoxycholic and ricinoleic acids.", "content": "The mechanism by which intestinal secretagogues evoke fluid secretion in the small bowel and colon has been suggested to involve mucosal adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase activity was assayed by conversion of [32P]ATP to [32P]cyclic AMP in a system of pure epithelial cells isolated from the small intestine of the hamster by vibration in buffer. Several gastrointestinal hormones were tested for their capacity to stimulate adenylate cyclase; vasoactive intestinal peptide and impure cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (but not the 99% pure preparation or pure cholecystokinin octapeptide) were potent stimuli, but pentagastrin, glucagon, secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide were impotent. Two prostaglandins, PGE1 and PGE2, were potent stimuli of adenylate cyclase. Two other compounds that provoke intestinal secretion of fluid, deoxycholic acid and ricinoleic acid (castor oil), were ineffective stimuli of adenylate cyclase. These experiments do not support a clear-cut relationship between a compound's ability to stimulate adenylate cylase and its activity as an intestinal secretagogue.", "contents": "Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in homogenates of isolated intestinal epithelial cells from hamsters. Effects of gastrointestinal hormones, prostaglandins, and deoxycholic and ricinoleic acids. The mechanism by which intestinal secretagogues evoke fluid secretion in the small bowel and colon has been suggested to involve mucosal adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase activity was assayed by conversion of [32P]ATP to [32P]cyclic AMP in a system of pure epithelial cells isolated from the small intestine of the hamster by vibration in buffer. Several gastrointestinal hormones were tested for their capacity to stimulate adenylate cyclase; vasoactive intestinal peptide and impure cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (but not the 99% pure preparation or pure cholecystokinin octapeptide) were potent stimuli, but pentagastrin, glucagon, secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide were impotent. Two prostaglandins, PGE1 and PGE2, were potent stimuli of adenylate cyclase. Two other compounds that provoke intestinal secretion of fluid, deoxycholic acid and ricinoleic acid (castor oil), were ineffective stimuli of adenylate cyclase. These experiments do not support a clear-cut relationship between a compound's ability to stimulate adenylate cylase and its activity as an intestinal secretagogue.", "PMID": 562812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5260", "title": "Segregation of cytoplasmic incompatibility properties in Culex pipiens fatigans.", "content": "Maternally inherited variants, which arose within a laboratory colony of Culex pipiens fatigans, have been studied by rearing cultures from single egg rafts. Segregation, i.e, variation of cytoplasmic incompatibility properties between the male progeny of individual females, was demonstrated. Also, from the daughters of individual females, sub-lines were derived within which all the males showed the same incompatibility or compatibility properties. Among the descendants of tetracycline-treated individuals were lines which superficially simulated these phenomena, but theses lines ultimately reverted to the cytoplasmic compatibility type of the strain which was submitted to the treatment. The types of variation s in cytoplasmic incompatibility properties that have been studied are discussed.", "contents": "Segregation of cytoplasmic incompatibility properties in Culex pipiens fatigans. Maternally inherited variants, which arose within a laboratory colony of Culex pipiens fatigans, have been studied by rearing cultures from single egg rafts. Segregation, i.e, variation of cytoplasmic incompatibility properties between the male progeny of individual females, was demonstrated. Also, from the daughters of individual females, sub-lines were derived within which all the males showed the same incompatibility or compatibility properties. Among the descendants of tetracycline-treated individuals were lines which superficially simulated these phenomena, but theses lines ultimately reverted to the cytoplasmic compatibility type of the strain which was submitted to the treatment. The types of variation s in cytoplasmic incompatibility properties that have been studied are discussed.", "PMID": 562815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5261", "title": "[\"Methamphetamine-stereotypies\" and brain dopamine levels of rats treated with single or repeated doses of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (author's transl)].", "content": "Male albino Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline solution (1.0 ml/kg) or a-methyl-paratyrosine (50 mg/kg) once or daily X 7 and methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) was injected 3 hr or 24 hr after the last injection of these drugs. Stereotyped licking and biting activity were scored during 120 min after methamphetamine injection and, in parallel brain dopamine levels were measured. Methamphetamine given 3 hr after single or repeated administrations of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine was not effective for stereotyped behavior and brain dopamine levels in similarly treated rats decreased markedly in comparison with saline-treated rats. Methamphetamine 24 hr after repeated administration of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine clearly induced stereotypies and brain dopamine levels in these rats did not differ from saline-treated rats. The results suggest a possible role of brain dopamine on \"methamphetamine-stereotypies\".", "contents": "[\"Methamphetamine-stereotypies\" and brain dopamine levels of rats treated with single or repeated doses of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (author's transl)]. Male albino Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline solution (1.0 ml/kg) or a-methyl-paratyrosine (50 mg/kg) once or daily X 7 and methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) was injected 3 hr or 24 hr after the last injection of these drugs. Stereotyped licking and biting activity were scored during 120 min after methamphetamine injection and, in parallel brain dopamine levels were measured. Methamphetamine given 3 hr after single or repeated administrations of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine was not effective for stereotyped behavior and brain dopamine levels in similarly treated rats decreased markedly in comparison with saline-treated rats. Methamphetamine 24 hr after repeated administration of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine clearly induced stereotypies and brain dopamine levels in these rats did not differ from saline-treated rats. The results suggest a possible role of brain dopamine on \"methamphetamine-stereotypies\".", "PMID": 562821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5262", "title": "[Effect of chronic oral administration of clonidine on the endogenous catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The present experiments were undertaken to elucidate the effect of chronic oral administration of clonidine on the endogenous catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A three month administration of clonidine (20 microgram/kg/day p.o.) produced a slight decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. No significant change was observed in the body weight. A one month administration of clonidine (300 microgram/kg/day p.o.) produced hypotension and weight loss. No significant effect was observed in heart rate. After a two month administration of clonidine (300 microgram/kg/day p.o.), the catecholamine content in the brainstem showed a significant decrease as compared with that in control. 3H-norepinephrine (NE) turnover rate after intraventr culari injection of 3H-NE tended to decrease in the brainstem of SHR while no significant difference was recognized from a view point of uptake, biological half life, elimination rate constant of 3H-NE between control and clonidine administered rats. Under the same experimental conditions, a marked rebound hypertension occurred when medication is discontinued in some cases of this group of SHR.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic oral administration of clonidine on the endogenous catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (author's transl)]. The present experiments were undertaken to elucidate the effect of chronic oral administration of clonidine on the endogenous catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A three month administration of clonidine (20 microgram/kg/day p.o.) produced a slight decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. No significant change was observed in the body weight. A one month administration of clonidine (300 microgram/kg/day p.o.) produced hypotension and weight loss. No significant effect was observed in heart rate. After a two month administration of clonidine (300 microgram/kg/day p.o.), the catecholamine content in the brainstem showed a significant decrease as compared with that in control. 3H-norepinephrine (NE) turnover rate after intraventr culari injection of 3H-NE tended to decrease in the brainstem of SHR while no significant difference was recognized from a view point of uptake, biological half life, elimination rate constant of 3H-NE between control and clonidine administered rats. Under the same experimental conditions, a marked rebound hypertension occurred when medication is discontinued in some cases of this group of SHR.", "PMID": 562829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5263", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in collagen associated with microscopic foci of human emphysema.", "content": "Postmortem and biopsy lung samples were examined with a dissecting microscope and classified into three categories: no overdistended air spaces visible, mild destruction and some fenestration of the septa with minimal confluence of air spaces, and more advanced breakdown of alveolar walls with at least a sixfold increase in air space to a 1300 mu diameter. Prominent ultrastructural tissue alterations were found within the focal regions where fenestration of the alveolar wall and some confluence of air spaces were identified. Edema and rearrangement of the supportive tissues were noted in the alveolar septa adjacent to foci having the greatest alveolar enlargement. Randomized electron dense collagen fibrils were found only in these areas, whereas the normal alveolar septa contained uniformly parallel collagen fibrils. Many of the randomized fibrils had sufficient swelling to display prominent internal spiraling. Other changes in structure and cell numbers were consistently found in association with the altered collagen. These included: separation of the type I epithelial cells from the basal lamina and some autolysis of the cytoplasmic organelles, numerous flattened type II epithelial cells, and aggregations of pulmonary macrophages.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in collagen associated with microscopic foci of human emphysema. Postmortem and biopsy lung samples were examined with a dissecting microscope and classified into three categories: no overdistended air spaces visible, mild destruction and some fenestration of the septa with minimal confluence of air spaces, and more advanced breakdown of alveolar walls with at least a sixfold increase in air space to a 1300 mu diameter. Prominent ultrastructural tissue alterations were found within the focal regions where fenestration of the alveolar wall and some confluence of air spaces were identified. Edema and rearrangement of the supportive tissues were noted in the alveolar septa adjacent to foci having the greatest alveolar enlargement. Randomized electron dense collagen fibrils were found only in these areas, whereas the normal alveolar septa contained uniformly parallel collagen fibrils. Many of the randomized fibrils had sufficient swelling to display prominent internal spiraling. Other changes in structure and cell numbers were consistently found in association with the altered collagen. These included: separation of the type I epithelial cells from the basal lamina and some autolysis of the cytoplasmic organelles, numerous flattened type II epithelial cells, and aggregations of pulmonary macrophages.", "PMID": 562833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5264", "title": "A new case of XX-male (XX/XXY mosaic).", "content": "We report a 10-year-old male patients with the predominant karyotype 46,XX. In only one cell of the testis culture a metaphase with 47,XX+G was found. The theories of etiology of XX-males and the reported cases of XX/XXY-mosaics in the literature were discussed.", "contents": "A new case of XX-male (XX/XXY mosaic). We report a 10-year-old male patients with the predominant karyotype 46,XX. In only one cell of the testis culture a metaphase with 47,XX+G was found. The theories of etiology of XX-males and the reported cases of XX/XXY-mosaics in the literature were discussed.", "PMID": 562834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5265", "title": "The cytology of spontaneous neoplastic transformation in culture.", "content": "Thirteen cell lines derived from embryos of the mouse, rat and hamster were sampled at closely spaced intervals for cytology and spontaneous neoplastic transformation. Transformation, determined by growth of the cells as malignant neoplasms in compatible hosts, occurred in eight lines and appeared to be unrelated to time in culture, passage number, proliferative activity of the cells or type of serum used to supplement the culture medium. In an effort to establish cytologic criteria for malignancy of rodent fibroblasts, cultures were examined for 19 cytologic abnormalities. The percentage of cells or colonies showing each of the abnormal properties was recorded. Five of the 19 were found to correlate with neoplastic transformation in all cell lines. These were cytoplasmic basophilia, reduced cytoplasmic spreading on substrate, cording, high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio and clumping. Each of these properties is amenable to quantitation or computerized image analysis. On the basis of the five cytologic criteria, the percentage of colonies diagnosed neoplastic, borderline and non-neoplastic was determined for each line. Although these percentages varied from one transplant generation to another, the percentage of neoplastic colonies tended to increase with time in all lines which became malignant, and the borderline colonies tended to decrease, suggesting a progression from borderline to neoplastic state.", "contents": "The cytology of spontaneous neoplastic transformation in culture. Thirteen cell lines derived from embryos of the mouse, rat and hamster were sampled at closely spaced intervals for cytology and spontaneous neoplastic transformation. Transformation, determined by growth of the cells as malignant neoplasms in compatible hosts, occurred in eight lines and appeared to be unrelated to time in culture, passage number, proliferative activity of the cells or type of serum used to supplement the culture medium. In an effort to establish cytologic criteria for malignancy of rodent fibroblasts, cultures were examined for 19 cytologic abnormalities. The percentage of cells or colonies showing each of the abnormal properties was recorded. Five of the 19 were found to correlate with neoplastic transformation in all cell lines. These were cytoplasmic basophilia, reduced cytoplasmic spreading on substrate, cording, high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio and clumping. Each of these properties is amenable to quantitation or computerized image analysis. On the basis of the five cytologic criteria, the percentage of colonies diagnosed neoplastic, borderline and non-neoplastic was determined for each line. Although these percentages varied from one transplant generation to another, the percentage of neoplastic colonies tended to increase with time in all lines which became malignant, and the borderline colonies tended to decrease, suggesting a progression from borderline to neoplastic state.", "PMID": 562837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5266", "title": "Clonal growth of chinese hamster cell lines in protein-free media.", "content": "A protein-free synthetic medium, MCDB 301, has been developed for clonal growth of Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Medium F12 was developed originally for that purpose, but later failed to support good growth without small amounts of serum protein. Growth was restored by the addition of nonphysiological amounts of commercially prepared thyroxine or smaller amounts of the trace element selenium. The thyroxine preparation was shown to contain sufficient selenium to account for all of its growth-promoting activity. MCDB 301 contains increased concentrations of calcium chloride and glutamine, and a smaller amount of cysteine than medium F12. It also has been supplemented with 19 inorganic ions, in addition to selenium and those in medium F12, in order to insure against possible future deficiencies as chemicals are purified further. A Chinese hamster lung line which will not grow in MCDB 301 alone will grow when the medium is supplemented either with methylcellulose or with insulin. The growth-promoting activity is thought to be an impurity shared in common by both substances. The probable \"essential\" role of impurities in cellular growth in most synthetic media and the problems involved in attempting to develop a truly \"defined\" medium are discussed.", "contents": "Clonal growth of chinese hamster cell lines in protein-free media. A protein-free synthetic medium, MCDB 301, has been developed for clonal growth of Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Medium F12 was developed originally for that purpose, but later failed to support good growth without small amounts of serum protein. Growth was restored by the addition of nonphysiological amounts of commercially prepared thyroxine or smaller amounts of the trace element selenium. The thyroxine preparation was shown to contain sufficient selenium to account for all of its growth-promoting activity. MCDB 301 contains increased concentrations of calcium chloride and glutamine, and a smaller amount of cysteine than medium F12. It also has been supplemented with 19 inorganic ions, in addition to selenium and those in medium F12, in order to insure against possible future deficiencies as chemicals are purified further. A Chinese hamster lung line which will not grow in MCDB 301 alone will grow when the medium is supplemented either with methylcellulose or with insulin. The growth-promoting activity is thought to be an impurity shared in common by both substances. The probable \"essential\" role of impurities in cellular growth in most synthetic media and the problems involved in attempting to develop a truly \"defined\" medium are discussed.", "PMID": 562838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5267", "title": "Toxicity of nystatin and its methyl ester toward parental and hybrid mammalian cells.", "content": "Nystatin methyl ester (NME), the methyl ester derivative of the polyene macrolide antibiotic nystatin, is known to be effective against fungi and is now found to be relatively less toxic than the parent antibiotic nystatin (NYS) to animal cells in culture as measured by 51Cr release, cell survival at different posttreatment periods and cell growth. NYS and NME were tested on TK- mouse (B82) and hamster (B1) cells, HGPRT- mouse (RAG) cells, and on lysolecithin-fused cells selected in HAT medium and confirmed as B82-RAG and B1-RAG hybrids by chromosomal analysis plus polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lactate dehydrogenase. NME was less toxic and caused less immediate membrane damage than NYS when tested in all five cell systems. However, differences in innate polyene sensitivity were evident between the three parental cell types. B82 and B1 cells were more resistant than RAG cells to NYS and NME. B82-RAG hybrids reflected the higher level resistance of B82 parental cells, and B1-RAG hybrids reflected the higher level resistance of B1 cells. Where one parental cell type is relatively more polyene sensitive, the use of polyenes in the future may be applicable as selective agents in cell hybridization.", "contents": "Toxicity of nystatin and its methyl ester toward parental and hybrid mammalian cells. Nystatin methyl ester (NME), the methyl ester derivative of the polyene macrolide antibiotic nystatin, is known to be effective against fungi and is now found to be relatively less toxic than the parent antibiotic nystatin (NYS) to animal cells in culture as measured by 51Cr release, cell survival at different posttreatment periods and cell growth. NYS and NME were tested on TK- mouse (B82) and hamster (B1) cells, HGPRT- mouse (RAG) cells, and on lysolecithin-fused cells selected in HAT medium and confirmed as B82-RAG and B1-RAG hybrids by chromosomal analysis plus polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lactate dehydrogenase. NME was less toxic and caused less immediate membrane damage than NYS when tested in all five cell systems. However, differences in innate polyene sensitivity were evident between the three parental cell types. B82 and B1 cells were more resistant than RAG cells to NYS and NME. B82-RAG hybrids reflected the higher level resistance of B82 parental cells, and B1-RAG hybrids reflected the higher level resistance of B1 cells. Where one parental cell type is relatively more polyene sensitive, the use of polyenes in the future may be applicable as selective agents in cell hybridization.", "PMID": 562839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5268", "title": "Comparison of in vivo and in vitro ribosomal RNA synthesis in nucleolar mutants of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Cells of embryos carrying a lethal nucleolar mutation have been maintained in vitro for extended periods of time. Normally these mutants live only 9 to 12 days after fertilization but their cells in culture will survive for more than 3 months. The extent of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis was determined in primary cultures prepared from normal embryos and nucleolar mutants having different numbers of ribosomal RNA genes. We found that the accumulation of radioactivity into rRNA for normal and mutant embryos was similar in vivo and in vitro. In primary cultures of normal embryos which have two nucleoli per cell and mutant embryos which have only one nucleolus per cell, the incorporation of radioactivity into rRNA was similar even though the normal cells have twice as many rRNA genes. Thus the mechanism which regulates dosage compensation of the rRNA genes operates both in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Comparison of in vivo and in vitro ribosomal RNA synthesis in nucleolar mutants of Xenopus laevis. Cells of embryos carrying a lethal nucleolar mutation have been maintained in vitro for extended periods of time. Normally these mutants live only 9 to 12 days after fertilization but their cells in culture will survive for more than 3 months. The extent of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis was determined in primary cultures prepared from normal embryos and nucleolar mutants having different numbers of ribosomal RNA genes. We found that the accumulation of radioactivity into rRNA for normal and mutant embryos was similar in vivo and in vitro. In primary cultures of normal embryos which have two nucleoli per cell and mutant embryos which have only one nucleolus per cell, the incorporation of radioactivity into rRNA was similar even though the normal cells have twice as many rRNA genes. Thus the mechanism which regulates dosage compensation of the rRNA genes operates both in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 562840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5269", "title": "The development of chick spinal cord in tissue culture. I. Fragment cultures from embryos of various developmental stages.", "content": "Explants from neural tube and spinal cord of chick embryos at developmental stages 8 through 36 were cultured on collagen-coated cover glasses for 21 days. The cultures of neural tube at stages 10 to 14 contained many neuronal precursor cells which gave rise to mature neurons. This was verified by cumulative labeling of cultures with tritiated thymidine. Explants from spinal cords of stages 26 and 27 contained fewer precursor cells, and at stage 36, only 7% of mature neurons were labeled. Regardless of the stage of development at which explants were made (stages 8 through 36), all cultures had a similar appearance after 21 days, indicating that cells from explants taken from earlier developmental stages (before neurons were formed) \"caught up\" with the explants from later developmental stages, which already had formed neurons at the time of explantation.", "contents": "The development of chick spinal cord in tissue culture. I. Fragment cultures from embryos of various developmental stages. Explants from neural tube and spinal cord of chick embryos at developmental stages 8 through 36 were cultured on collagen-coated cover glasses for 21 days. The cultures of neural tube at stages 10 to 14 contained many neuronal precursor cells which gave rise to mature neurons. This was verified by cumulative labeling of cultures with tritiated thymidine. Explants from spinal cords of stages 26 and 27 contained fewer precursor cells, and at stage 36, only 7% of mature neurons were labeled. Regardless of the stage of development at which explants were made (stages 8 through 36), all cultures had a similar appearance after 21 days, indicating that cells from explants taken from earlier developmental stages (before neurons were formed) \"caught up\" with the explants from later developmental stages, which already had formed neurons at the time of explantation.", "PMID": 562841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5270", "title": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations: rosette formation with sheep, human and horse red blood cells.", "content": "Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and horse red blood cells could be promoted by a low pH medium, overnight incubation and a temperature of 4 degrees C. The percent of sheep, horse and human rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood were 71.7 +/- 1.8, 30.5 +/- 2.8 and 28.3 +/- 3.4 respectively. However, their percentages in thymuses were 97.1 +/- 1.1, 91.4 +/- 2.4 and 89.0 +/- 3.4. Using preparations of isolated subpopulations, it was observed that the horse and human red cell rosette-forming cells were probably also \"early\" sheep red cell rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation with all three types of red blood cells were inhibited by a preparation of Fetuin-glycopeptide.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations: rosette formation with sheep, human and horse red blood cells. Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and horse red blood cells could be promoted by a low pH medium, overnight incubation and a temperature of 4 degrees C. The percent of sheep, horse and human rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood were 71.7 +/- 1.8, 30.5 +/- 2.8 and 28.3 +/- 3.4 respectively. However, their percentages in thymuses were 97.1 +/- 1.1, 91.4 +/- 2.4 and 89.0 +/- 3.4. Using preparations of isolated subpopulations, it was observed that the horse and human red cell rosette-forming cells were probably also \"early\" sheep red cell rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation with all three types of red blood cells were inhibited by a preparation of Fetuin-glycopeptide.", "PMID": 562845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5271", "title": "Clones producing antibodies of more than one class.", "content": "Clones producing antibodies directed against oligo-D-alanine (D-ala) determinants have been demonstrated in X-irradiated recipient mice after transfer of limited numbers of spleen and thymus cells. Seven out of eighty-one recipients were found to have donor allotype clones, all of which produced IgG1 antibodies to D-ala; two of these clones also produced small quantities of IgG2a antibodies. In addition, each of the seven responder mice contained IgM antibodies to D-ala. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of anti-D-ala antibodies from each of the seven responder mice were restricted and compatible with one to three antibody types. Most of these IEF patterns were significiantly different from each other. Five mice have been used for a comparison of IgM and IgG1 combining sites by affinity and specifity measurements. In each case affinity and specificity of IgM and IgG1 antibodies were alike. No similarity was found when comparing IgM from one clone with IgG1 from another one. These data led us to conclude that a single precursor cell can give rise to a clone producing antibodies of the IgM class and different IgG subclasses all of which share combininig sites.", "contents": "Clones producing antibodies of more than one class. Clones producing antibodies directed against oligo-D-alanine (D-ala) determinants have been demonstrated in X-irradiated recipient mice after transfer of limited numbers of spleen and thymus cells. Seven out of eighty-one recipients were found to have donor allotype clones, all of which produced IgG1 antibodies to D-ala; two of these clones also produced small quantities of IgG2a antibodies. In addition, each of the seven responder mice contained IgM antibodies to D-ala. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of anti-D-ala antibodies from each of the seven responder mice were restricted and compatible with one to three antibody types. Most of these IEF patterns were significiantly different from each other. Five mice have been used for a comparison of IgM and IgG1 combining sites by affinity and specifity measurements. In each case affinity and specificity of IgM and IgG1 antibodies were alike. No similarity was found when comparing IgM from one clone with IgG1 from another one. These data led us to conclude that a single precursor cell can give rise to a clone producing antibodies of the IgM class and different IgG subclasses all of which share combininig sites.", "PMID": 562846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5272", "title": "Lymphocyte activation by various Mycoplasma strains and species.", "content": "The capacity of various mycoplasma strains and species to induce lymphocyte transformation in vitro was studied. Of six strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis studied, five displayed mitogenic activity with rat lymphocytes. Among those M. pulmonis strains, our MP15 isolate and the Negroni strain exhibited particularly potent mitogenic capacity. The murine mycoplasmas M. neurolyticum and M. arthritidis shared this mitogenicity for rat lymphocytes. However, the human mycoplasmas M. fermentans, M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii did not activate rat lymphocytes. Lymphocytes obtained from germfree rats were activated to the same extent as those from animals bred under conventional conditions. The mitogenic potency exhibited by mycoplasma was not restricted to infective microorganisms, and preparations of killed mycoplasma particles exerted an extensive lymphocyte transformation. The data show that the mitogenic activity of mycoplasmas is not confined to a single mycoplasma isolate and that it acts in a nonspecific manner.", "contents": "Lymphocyte activation by various Mycoplasma strains and species. The capacity of various mycoplasma strains and species to induce lymphocyte transformation in vitro was studied. Of six strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis studied, five displayed mitogenic activity with rat lymphocytes. Among those M. pulmonis strains, our MP15 isolate and the Negroni strain exhibited particularly potent mitogenic capacity. The murine mycoplasmas M. neurolyticum and M. arthritidis shared this mitogenicity for rat lymphocytes. However, the human mycoplasmas M. fermentans, M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii did not activate rat lymphocytes. Lymphocytes obtained from germfree rats were activated to the same extent as those from animals bred under conventional conditions. The mitogenic potency exhibited by mycoplasma was not restricted to infective microorganisms, and preparations of killed mycoplasma particles exerted an extensive lymphocyte transformation. The data show that the mitogenic activity of mycoplasmas is not confined to a single mycoplasma isolate and that it acts in a nonspecific manner.", "PMID": 562852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5273", "title": "Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: induction of a lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity for allogeneic and syngeneic mouse target cells.", "content": "Mycoplasma arthritidis, M. hominis, and M. arginini were tested for their ability to induce a cytotoxic response from normal CBA mouse lymphocytes against 51Cr-labeled allogeneic target cells. In most cases, the mycoplasmas alone were not toxic for the target cells. Furthermore, the mycoplasmas did not result in decreased lymphocyte viability but, in fact, contributed to enhanced lymphocyte survival. In the absence of normal CBA lymphocytes, mycoplasmas alone did not induce a significant amount of cell damage in either the allogeneic or the syngeneic target cells. Strains of M. arthritidis and M. hominis, when added to the lymphocyte-target cell mixtures, induced statistically significant increases in 51Cr release from both target cell types at each assay period after 6 h. The release of 51Cr was taken as a measure of cell death. M. arginini induced only low levels of cytotoxicity or none at all. Both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic strains of M. arthritidis induced the cytotoxic response. The degree of cytotoxicity produced was directly related to the size of the initial inoculum. The presence or absence of serum in the culture medium did not contribute significantly to the cytotoxicity response.", "contents": "Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: induction of a lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity for allogeneic and syngeneic mouse target cells. Mycoplasma arthritidis, M. hominis, and M. arginini were tested for their ability to induce a cytotoxic response from normal CBA mouse lymphocytes against 51Cr-labeled allogeneic target cells. In most cases, the mycoplasmas alone were not toxic for the target cells. Furthermore, the mycoplasmas did not result in decreased lymphocyte viability but, in fact, contributed to enhanced lymphocyte survival. In the absence of normal CBA lymphocytes, mycoplasmas alone did not induce a significant amount of cell damage in either the allogeneic or the syngeneic target cells. Strains of M. arthritidis and M. hominis, when added to the lymphocyte-target cell mixtures, induced statistically significant increases in 51Cr release from both target cell types at each assay period after 6 h. The release of 51Cr was taken as a measure of cell death. M. arginini induced only low levels of cytotoxicity or none at all. Both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic strains of M. arthritidis induced the cytotoxic response. The degree of cytotoxicity produced was directly related to the size of the initial inoculum. The presence or absence of serum in the culture medium did not contribute significantly to the cytotoxicity response.", "PMID": 562853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5274", "title": "Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: role of arginine and nonviable mycoplasma antigen in the induction of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity for syngeneic mouse target cells.", "content": "The ability of arginine supplementation to abrogate or potentiate Mycoplasma arthritidis-mediated cytotoxicity induction by normal CBA mouse lymphocytes was investigated. Also, nonviable antigens of M. arthritidis were assayed for their ability to induce a cytotoxic response. The presence of additional arginine in the culture medium had no significant effect on the amount of cytotoxicity produced. In some cases, an increase in cytotoxicity was seen in the presence of additional arginine. Amino acid analysis of the culture supernatants showed that the arginine in the nonsupplemented medium was exhausted during the assay, whereas ample amounts of arginine were present in the supplemented medium. However in both cases the amount of cytotoxicity was comparable. Nonviable antigens of M. arthritidis were unable to induce a significant cytotoxic response in the presence of normal lymphocytes. The same antigens exhibited a suppressive response when tested for blastogenesis in the presence of normal lymphocytes. A discussion of lymphocyte involvement is presented.", "contents": "Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: role of arginine and nonviable mycoplasma antigen in the induction of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity for syngeneic mouse target cells. The ability of arginine supplementation to abrogate or potentiate Mycoplasma arthritidis-mediated cytotoxicity induction by normal CBA mouse lymphocytes was investigated. Also, nonviable antigens of M. arthritidis were assayed for their ability to induce a cytotoxic response. The presence of additional arginine in the culture medium had no significant effect on the amount of cytotoxicity produced. In some cases, an increase in cytotoxicity was seen in the presence of additional arginine. Amino acid analysis of the culture supernatants showed that the arginine in the nonsupplemented medium was exhausted during the assay, whereas ample amounts of arginine were present in the supplemented medium. However in both cases the amount of cytotoxicity was comparable. Nonviable antigens of M. arthritidis were unable to induce a significant cytotoxic response in the presence of normal lymphocytes. The same antigens exhibited a suppressive response when tested for blastogenesis in the presence of normal lymphocytes. A discussion of lymphocyte involvement is presented.", "PMID": 562854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5275", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response in Mycobacterium leprae infected mice.", "content": "Positive skin reactions to homologous antigens in mice infected with Mycobacterium leprae were observed at the time that the bacillary multiplication was nearing the plateua level. Once developed, the skin reactivity persisted for a considerable length of time. Lymphocyte transformation studies indicated that the lymphocytes from infected animals were unable to respond to specific antigenic stimuli in the early phase of infection. Possible explanation for this failure could be that the lymphocytes although sensitized, were not capable of responding to the stimuli due to a rather low level of sensitization. The elevated lymphocyte stimulation index in the later stages of infection, coupled with skin reactivity indicates the production and proliferation of antigen-reactive lymphocytes which in turn govern the activity of mononuclear phagocytic cells through the production of lymphokines. Occurrence of all the events appears to coincide with the time closer to the plateauing of M. leprae in the foot pad of the mouse. It is suggested that the cell-mediated immune response in the M. leprae infected mouse is basically a T cell rather than a B cell response.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response in Mycobacterium leprae infected mice. Positive skin reactions to homologous antigens in mice infected with Mycobacterium leprae were observed at the time that the bacillary multiplication was nearing the plateua level. Once developed, the skin reactivity persisted for a considerable length of time. Lymphocyte transformation studies indicated that the lymphocytes from infected animals were unable to respond to specific antigenic stimuli in the early phase of infection. Possible explanation for this failure could be that the lymphocytes although sensitized, were not capable of responding to the stimuli due to a rather low level of sensitization. The elevated lymphocyte stimulation index in the later stages of infection, coupled with skin reactivity indicates the production and proliferation of antigen-reactive lymphocytes which in turn govern the activity of mononuclear phagocytic cells through the production of lymphokines. Occurrence of all the events appears to coincide with the time closer to the plateauing of M. leprae in the foot pad of the mouse. It is suggested that the cell-mediated immune response in the M. leprae infected mouse is basically a T cell rather than a B cell response.", "PMID": 562855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5276", "title": "Progressive nerve lesion in a disease-arrested leprosy patient. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "An ulnar nerve biopsy from a patient with purely neural leprosy of the borderline tuberculoid group, who developed ulnar and median paralysis after 2.5 years of DDS therapy, was examined using light and electron microscopes. The nerve parenchyma was largely replaced by collagen fibrils. There were many onion bulbs similar to those seen in hypertrophic neuropathies. Bizarre fibroblasts such as those seen in hereditary sensory neuropathy were also demonstrated. A few Schwann cells contained M. leprae. It is suggested that considerable proliferation of fibrous tissue may be a reactive phenomenon in response to the continued presence of fragmented M. leprae and their products. Ischemia following a marked progressive increase of intraneural collagen is an important cause of atrophy of Schwann cells followed by segmental demyelination and necrosis of the axons in this healed leprosy patient.", "contents": "Progressive nerve lesion in a disease-arrested leprosy patient. An electron microscopic study. An ulnar nerve biopsy from a patient with purely neural leprosy of the borderline tuberculoid group, who developed ulnar and median paralysis after 2.5 years of DDS therapy, was examined using light and electron microscopes. The nerve parenchyma was largely replaced by collagen fibrils. There were many onion bulbs similar to those seen in hypertrophic neuropathies. Bizarre fibroblasts such as those seen in hereditary sensory neuropathy were also demonstrated. A few Schwann cells contained M. leprae. It is suggested that considerable proliferation of fibrous tissue may be a reactive phenomenon in response to the continued presence of fragmented M. leprae and their products. Ischemia following a marked progressive increase of intraneural collagen is an important cause of atrophy of Schwann cells followed by segmental demyelination and necrosis of the axons in this healed leprosy patient.", "PMID": 562856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5277", "title": "HLA antigen and susceptibility to leprosy.", "content": "Fifty-nine leprosy patients (31 tuberculoid, 28 lepromatous) have been HLA typed and compared to 125 healthy individuals who have had no known contact with leprosy patients in the past. HLA antigens were determined by the microdroplet lymphocyte toxicity method developed by Prof. Terasaki of UCLA. In order to detect 31 HLA antigens, a total of 58 antisera were used in a No. T-7 research tray. AW24 antigen showed the most remarkable deviation. The frequency of this antigen in leprosy patients was 25.4% and that in normal subjects of the control group was 63.2%. The difference in frequency between the two groups was statistically significant when the p value was corrected for the number of antigens being tested. Uncorrected p values of the BW39, A9, and B8 antigens were also statistically significant. Frequencies of the majority of HLA antigens in tuberculoid leprosy patients were similar to those of corresponding HLA antigens in lepromatous leprosy patients.", "contents": "HLA antigen and susceptibility to leprosy. Fifty-nine leprosy patients (31 tuberculoid, 28 lepromatous) have been HLA typed and compared to 125 healthy individuals who have had no known contact with leprosy patients in the past. HLA antigens were determined by the microdroplet lymphocyte toxicity method developed by Prof. Terasaki of UCLA. In order to detect 31 HLA antigens, a total of 58 antisera were used in a No. T-7 research tray. AW24 antigen showed the most remarkable deviation. The frequency of this antigen in leprosy patients was 25.4% and that in normal subjects of the control group was 63.2%. The difference in frequency between the two groups was statistically significant when the p value was corrected for the number of antigens being tested. Uncorrected p values of the BW39, A9, and B8 antigens were also statistically significant. Frequencies of the majority of HLA antigens in tuberculoid leprosy patients were similar to those of corresponding HLA antigens in lepromatous leprosy patients.", "PMID": 562857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5278", "title": "Correlation between clinical and histopathologic classification in leprosy.", "content": "A detailed histopathologic study, utilizing hematoxylin and eosin stain, was done in 95 fresh uncomplicated cases of leprosy. The microscopic features were classified according to Ridley's (1974) definition, while the clinical grouping was done using the criteria of Ridley and Jopling (1962). The disparity between them on comparison was explicit. In one third of the cases the two were in consonance with each other. In many there was a shift of one step either towards the tuberculoid or lepromatous end of the spectrum. The remaining were classified as indeterminate because of early histopathologic changes. This disparity was expected because the parameters used for the histopathologic classification were precise and also took into account the immunologic aspect. The histologic definitions seem practical and may prove useful in assessment of the status of the disease with or without treatment.", "contents": "Correlation between clinical and histopathologic classification in leprosy. A detailed histopathologic study, utilizing hematoxylin and eosin stain, was done in 95 fresh uncomplicated cases of leprosy. The microscopic features were classified according to Ridley's (1974) definition, while the clinical grouping was done using the criteria of Ridley and Jopling (1962). The disparity between them on comparison was explicit. In one third of the cases the two were in consonance with each other. In many there was a shift of one step either towards the tuberculoid or lepromatous end of the spectrum. The remaining were classified as indeterminate because of early histopathologic changes. This disparity was expected because the parameters used for the histopathologic classification were precise and also took into account the immunologic aspect. The histologic definitions seem practical and may prove useful in assessment of the status of the disease with or without treatment.", "PMID": 562858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5279", "title": "Development of a health and safety program at the Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine.", "content": "An accident prevention and zoonotic disease control program at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, was developed by a Health and Safety Committee comprised of members from all instructional departments. The program incorporated safety educational input during the basic, preclinical, and clinical years; a standardized accident reporting procedure; rabies vaccination, with serologic evaluation; a blood serum bank; and recommendations for future control procedures.", "contents": "Development of a health and safety program at the Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine. An accident prevention and zoonotic disease control program at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, was developed by a Health and Safety Committee comprised of members from all instructional departments. The program incorporated safety educational input during the basic, preclinical, and clinical years; a standardized accident reporting procedure; rabies vaccination, with serologic evaluation; a blood serum bank; and recommendations for future control procedures.", "PMID": 562866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5280", "title": "Allosteric regulation of beef liver arginase activity by L-ornithine.", "content": "Inhibition of beef liver arginase by L-ornithine was investigated with two sets of independent experiments. Progress curves of the production of urea were simulated with two integrated Michaelis-Menten equations for competitive and non-competitive inhibition by ornithine. Both fitted the curves well, but failed to correctly predict the inhibition when the reaction was started with ornithine already present. Measurement of initial rates of reaction enabled an allosteric model to be built in accordance to Monod-Wyman-Changeux: arginine preferentially binds to the active state R and ornithine preferentially binds to the inactive state T. In the absence of both ligands, the R in equilibrium T equilibrium slightly favours the active state and both states bind ornithine more strongly than arginine. No great variation was observed in the 6 parameters of the model by assuming the enzyme to be a trimer or a tetramer. The model was able to predict not only the initial rate curves, from which it was derived, but also the progress curves independently obtained.", "contents": "Allosteric regulation of beef liver arginase activity by L-ornithine. Inhibition of beef liver arginase by L-ornithine was investigated with two sets of independent experiments. Progress curves of the production of urea were simulated with two integrated Michaelis-Menten equations for competitive and non-competitive inhibition by ornithine. Both fitted the curves well, but failed to correctly predict the inhibition when the reaction was started with ornithine already present. Measurement of initial rates of reaction enabled an allosteric model to be built in accordance to Monod-Wyman-Changeux: arginine preferentially binds to the active state R and ornithine preferentially binds to the inactive state T. In the absence of both ligands, the R in equilibrium T equilibrium slightly favours the active state and both states bind ornithine more strongly than arginine. No great variation was observed in the 6 parameters of the model by assuming the enzyme to be a trimer or a tetramer. The model was able to predict not only the initial rate curves, from which it was derived, but also the progress curves independently obtained.", "PMID": 562862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5281", "title": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in laboratory personnel exposed to hamsters inadvertently infected with LCM virus.", "content": "Seven of 27 students and staff oa a university laboratory became ill with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) following exposure over an 18-month period to hamsters implanted with tumors. The clinical symptoms were compatible with LCM infection and all the patients' sera had fluorescent antibody to LCM virus; 5 of them also had complement-fixing (CF) antibodies. Complement-fixing antibodies were found in 9 of 9 hamsters with tumors and 16 of 31 without tumors (excluding 6 hamsters with anticomplementary sera) and in 8 of 14 rabbits, but in none of 49 rats. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was isolated from 4 pools of liver and spleen, 2 each from hamsters with and without tumors, and from a frozen stored sample of the tumor cells. Interlaboratory transmission may have occurred via infected tumor cells. Control was achieved by destroying all animals in the project room as well as all hamsters in the building. The possibility that many tumor cell lines carried in hamsters may be infected with LCM virus has important implications for laboratory safety as well as for the validity of the research results obtained, inasmuch as the virus enhances the growth of some tumors and retards others.", "contents": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in laboratory personnel exposed to hamsters inadvertently infected with LCM virus. Seven of 27 students and staff oa a university laboratory became ill with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) following exposure over an 18-month period to hamsters implanted with tumors. The clinical symptoms were compatible with LCM infection and all the patients' sera had fluorescent antibody to LCM virus; 5 of them also had complement-fixing (CF) antibodies. Complement-fixing antibodies were found in 9 of 9 hamsters with tumors and 16 of 31 without tumors (excluding 6 hamsters with anticomplementary sera) and in 8 of 14 rabbits, but in none of 49 rats. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was isolated from 4 pools of liver and spleen, 2 each from hamsters with and without tumors, and from a frozen stored sample of the tumor cells. Interlaboratory transmission may have occurred via infected tumor cells. Control was achieved by destroying all animals in the project room as well as all hamsters in the building. The possibility that many tumor cell lines carried in hamsters may be infected with LCM virus has important implications for laboratory safety as well as for the validity of the research results obtained, inasmuch as the virus enhances the growth of some tumors and retards others.", "PMID": 562868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5282", "title": "Malignant catarrhal fever in bison.", "content": "Malignant catarrhal fever was diagnosed in 3 herds of American bison (Bison bison) in South Dakota from 1973 to 1976. Clinical signs included depression, nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis and keratitis, and diarrhea. Herd morbidity ranged from 3 to 53.8%, and mortality was 100%. At necropsy, ulcerative lesions were found throughout the alimentary tract, trachea, and bronchi. Microscopically, necrotizing vasculitis without thrombosis was found in virtually every organ examined.", "contents": "Malignant catarrhal fever in bison. Malignant catarrhal fever was diagnosed in 3 herds of American bison (Bison bison) in South Dakota from 1973 to 1976. Clinical signs included depression, nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis and keratitis, and diarrhea. Herd morbidity ranged from 3 to 53.8%, and mortality was 100%. At necropsy, ulcerative lesions were found throughout the alimentary tract, trachea, and bronchi. Microscopically, necrotizing vasculitis without thrombosis was found in virtually every organ examined.", "PMID": 562870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5283", "title": "Influence of flavonoid-copper complexes on cross linking in elastin.", "content": "A protective and curative effect of some flavonoids on collagen maturation in lathyrism has been previously demonstrated. This action appeared to involve cross linking of collagen. This paper deals with the effect in vitro of flavonoids and flavonoid-copper complexes on the oxidative deamination of lysine epsilon-amino groups in [4,5-3H]-lysine-labelled elastin. Flavonoids alone do not affect the reaction but it is evident that some flavonoid copper complexes are strongly effective: the aldehyde groups that are quickly formed then enable cross linking to occur. The lysine epsilon-amino groups of elastin are specifically concerned: in fact no effect was observed on free [4,5-3H]-lysine or on [4,5-3H]-lysine-labelled proteins obtained from mouse liver. The lysyl oxidase seems to interfere with the flavonoid-copper complees to regulate the oxidative deamination of lysine epsilon-amino groups.", "contents": "Influence of flavonoid-copper complexes on cross linking in elastin. A protective and curative effect of some flavonoids on collagen maturation in lathyrism has been previously demonstrated. This action appeared to involve cross linking of collagen. This paper deals with the effect in vitro of flavonoids and flavonoid-copper complexes on the oxidative deamination of lysine epsilon-amino groups in [4,5-3H]-lysine-labelled elastin. Flavonoids alone do not affect the reaction but it is evident that some flavonoid copper complexes are strongly effective: the aldehyde groups that are quickly formed then enable cross linking to occur. The lysine epsilon-amino groups of elastin are specifically concerned: in fact no effect was observed on free [4,5-3H]-lysine or on [4,5-3H]-lysine-labelled proteins obtained from mouse liver. The lysyl oxidase seems to interfere with the flavonoid-copper complees to regulate the oxidative deamination of lysine epsilon-amino groups.", "PMID": 562863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5284", "title": "Microdetermination of tryptophan in compounded poultry rations.", "content": "A reliable method for the microdetermination of tryptophan in compounded poultry rations has been developed. Samples are hydrolyzed with Ba (OH)2, and the hydrolysate is passed through a Dowex-50 column to remove the salts and soluble carbohydrates. N-1-Naphthylethylenediamine is added to the purified feed hydrolysate, and color is read at 530 nm.", "contents": "Microdetermination of tryptophan in compounded poultry rations. A reliable method for the microdetermination of tryptophan in compounded poultry rations has been developed. Samples are hydrolyzed with Ba (OH)2, and the hydrolysate is passed through a Dowex-50 column to remove the salts and soluble carbohydrates. N-1-Naphthylethylenediamine is added to the purified feed hydrolysate, and color is read at 530 nm.", "PMID": 562874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5285", "title": "Trypsin as a catalyst for peptide synthesis.", "content": "Trypsin-catalyzed syntheses of peptides were performed using various N-acylated amino acid or peptide esters as donors and amino acid derivatives, peptides, or their derivatives as acceptors. The synthesis was almost quantitative under optimal conditions. Considerably more enzyme and a more alkaline pH were necessary for synthesis than hydrolysis. Another very important condition was the concentration of the starting materials; higher concentrations resulted in much better product yields. The nucleophile specificity for synthesis was also important; hydrophobic or bulky amino acid residues were most efficient at the P1' position, and L-proline as well as D-amino acid residues were the worst choices. The synthesis was also dependent on the solubility of the products synthesized; the yield was higher with products of lower solubility. As donor esters, good substrates were all useful. Accordingly, fragment condensation was possible using N-acylated peptide esters and various peptides. The present study suggests that trypsin may become a useful tool for peptide synthesis.", "contents": "Trypsin as a catalyst for peptide synthesis. Trypsin-catalyzed syntheses of peptides were performed using various N-acylated amino acid or peptide esters as donors and amino acid derivatives, peptides, or their derivatives as acceptors. The synthesis was almost quantitative under optimal conditions. Considerably more enzyme and a more alkaline pH were necessary for synthesis than hydrolysis. Another very important condition was the concentration of the starting materials; higher concentrations resulted in much better product yields. The nucleophile specificity for synthesis was also important; hydrophobic or bulky amino acid residues were most efficient at the P1' position, and L-proline as well as D-amino acid residues were the worst choices. The synthesis was also dependent on the solubility of the products synthesized; the yield was higher with products of lower solubility. As donor esters, good substrates were all useful. Accordingly, fragment condensation was possible using N-acylated peptide esters and various peptides. The present study suggests that trypsin may become a useful tool for peptide synthesis.", "PMID": 562876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5286", "title": "Kinetics for the secretion of procollagen by freshly isolated tendon cells.", "content": "Fibroblasts isolated by enzymic digestion of chick embryo tendons were incubated for several hours in suspension under conditions in which they were in steady state in terms of the synthesis and secretion of procollagen. Under these conditions, the cells synthesized and secreted about 630 microgram of procollagen/10(9) cells/h. The cells were labeled with [14C]proline for 15 to 120 min and then the kinetics of secretion were followed by chasing the label and assaying the 14C-peptides digestible by collagenase in the cells and in the medium. The results demonstrated that secretion of collagenase-digestible peptides did not follow the kinetics of a single first order process but suggested at least two pseudo-first order process with half-times of 14 and 115 min. The [14C]procollagen secreted during 0 to 30 min and 90 to 120 min of chase was the same in terms of the ratio of pro-alpha1 to pro-alpha2 chains, the size of the pro-alpha chains, the extent of interchain disulfide bonding, the extent of prolyl hydroxylation, and the degree of helicity as tested by resistance to pepsin digestion. Addition of ascorbic acid to the incubation medium increased slightly the extent of prolyl hydroxylation but did not alter the kinetics of secretion. The results suggested that the kinetics of secretion are influenced by a two-compartment system in which at least one metabolic pool contributing to the secretory process is present as a \"side pocket.\"", "contents": "Kinetics for the secretion of procollagen by freshly isolated tendon cells. Fibroblasts isolated by enzymic digestion of chick embryo tendons were incubated for several hours in suspension under conditions in which they were in steady state in terms of the synthesis and secretion of procollagen. Under these conditions, the cells synthesized and secreted about 630 microgram of procollagen/10(9) cells/h. The cells were labeled with [14C]proline for 15 to 120 min and then the kinetics of secretion were followed by chasing the label and assaying the 14C-peptides digestible by collagenase in the cells and in the medium. The results demonstrated that secretion of collagenase-digestible peptides did not follow the kinetics of a single first order process but suggested at least two pseudo-first order process with half-times of 14 and 115 min. The [14C]procollagen secreted during 0 to 30 min and 90 to 120 min of chase was the same in terms of the ratio of pro-alpha1 to pro-alpha2 chains, the size of the pro-alpha chains, the extent of interchain disulfide bonding, the extent of prolyl hydroxylation, and the degree of helicity as tested by resistance to pepsin digestion. Addition of ascorbic acid to the incubation medium increased slightly the extent of prolyl hydroxylation but did not alter the kinetics of secretion. The results suggested that the kinetics of secretion are influenced by a two-compartment system in which at least one metabolic pool contributing to the secretory process is present as a \"side pocket.\"", "PMID": 562877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5287", "title": "Developmentally regulated proteases from the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "The basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune produces three chromatographically distinguishable proteases which are capable of attack on a variety of other enzymes from S. commune and other sources. These proteases, which are produced during a specific phase of the development cycle, exhibit typical enzyme kinetic patterns, are active in the neutral to weakly alkaline pH range and are inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and ovomucoid. No pattern of specificity toward the test enzymes could be discerned. The proteases co-purify with the activity which causes the increase in cold lability of S. commune phosphoglucomutase reported previously. In addition, one of the protease enzymes could be purified to the point where it had no significant ability to release trichloroacetic acid products from denatured substrates at pH 3 or pH 7. When undenatured hemoglobin was used as a substrate, the purified protease releases a relatively large molecular weight nonheme peptide. Relatively large peptides are also formed after proteolysis of rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase. These results suggest that the protease carries out only limited proteolysis.", "contents": "Developmentally regulated proteases from the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. The basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune produces three chromatographically distinguishable proteases which are capable of attack on a variety of other enzymes from S. commune and other sources. These proteases, which are produced during a specific phase of the development cycle, exhibit typical enzyme kinetic patterns, are active in the neutral to weakly alkaline pH range and are inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and ovomucoid. No pattern of specificity toward the test enzymes could be discerned. The proteases co-purify with the activity which causes the increase in cold lability of S. commune phosphoglucomutase reported previously. In addition, one of the protease enzymes could be purified to the point where it had no significant ability to release trichloroacetic acid products from denatured substrates at pH 3 or pH 7. When undenatured hemoglobin was used as a substrate, the purified protease releases a relatively large molecular weight nonheme peptide. Relatively large peptides are also formed after proteolysis of rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase. These results suggest that the protease carries out only limited proteolysis.", "PMID": 562878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5288", "title": "Covalent structure of the membranous segment of horse cytochrome b5. Chemical cleavage of the native hemoprotein.", "content": "The complete covalent structure of the membranous segment of horse liver cytochrome b5 has been determined. This peptide spans residues 91 to 133 of the cytochrome molecule, and contains the segment responsible for the association of the hemoprotein with microsomal or synthetic vesicles. Two peptides, residues 91 to 127 and 128 to 133, comprising the entire membranous moiety were isolated from a tryptic digest of urea-denatured apoprotein. The membranous segment (residues 91 to 127) could be separated from all other tryptic peptides by a single gel filtration step. Trypsin digestion of succinylated cytochrome produced similar peptides, residues 89 to 127 and 128 to 133. The covalent structures for residues 89 to 127 and 128 to 133 were derived from automated sequenator analysis of tryptic peptides. Chemical cleavage at tryptophanyl, or methionyl residues, or both, by the method of Ozols and Gerard ((1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5986-5989) provided the overlapping peptides from which the following unique sequence was deduced: (formula: see text).", "contents": "Covalent structure of the membranous segment of horse cytochrome b5. Chemical cleavage of the native hemoprotein. The complete covalent structure of the membranous segment of horse liver cytochrome b5 has been determined. This peptide spans residues 91 to 133 of the cytochrome molecule, and contains the segment responsible for the association of the hemoprotein with microsomal or synthetic vesicles. Two peptides, residues 91 to 127 and 128 to 133, comprising the entire membranous moiety were isolated from a tryptic digest of urea-denatured apoprotein. The membranous segment (residues 91 to 127) could be separated from all other tryptic peptides by a single gel filtration step. Trypsin digestion of succinylated cytochrome produced similar peptides, residues 89 to 127 and 128 to 133. The covalent structures for residues 89 to 127 and 128 to 133 were derived from automated sequenator analysis of tryptic peptides. Chemical cleavage at tryptophanyl, or methionyl residues, or both, by the method of Ozols and Gerard ((1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5986-5989) provided the overlapping peptides from which the following unique sequence was deduced: (formula: see text).", "PMID": 562879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5289", "title": "Crystallization and preliminary crystal data of porcine pepsinogen.", "content": "Single crystals of porcine pepsinogen, suitable for x-ray diffraction studies, have been grown with lithium sulfate as the precipitant. These pepsinogen crystals were dissolved, activated, and assayed for proteolytic activity. The specific enzymic activity of the dissolved crystalline protein was nearly twice that of the commerical pepsinogen from which the crystals were grown. Incubation at pH 8 before assay demonstrated that the crystals are free of pepsin. This crystal form of pepsinogen belongs to the monoclinic space group C2 with 4 molecules in the unit cell. The unit cell dimensions are a = 104.8 +/- 0.5 A, b = 43.1 +/- 0.1 A, c = 88.4 +/- 0.3 A, and beta = 91.3 degrees.", "contents": "Crystallization and preliminary crystal data of porcine pepsinogen. Single crystals of porcine pepsinogen, suitable for x-ray diffraction studies, have been grown with lithium sulfate as the precipitant. These pepsinogen crystals were dissolved, activated, and assayed for proteolytic activity. The specific enzymic activity of the dissolved crystalline protein was nearly twice that of the commerical pepsinogen from which the crystals were grown. Incubation at pH 8 before assay demonstrated that the crystals are free of pepsin. This crystal form of pepsinogen belongs to the monoclinic space group C2 with 4 molecules in the unit cell. The unit cell dimensions are a = 104.8 +/- 0.5 A, b = 43.1 +/- 0.1 A, c = 88.4 +/- 0.3 A, and beta = 91.3 degrees.", "PMID": 562881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5290", "title": "Familial idiopathic hyperphosphatasia: a study of two young siblings treated with porcine calcitonin.", "content": "A study of two siblings with a severe infantile form of familial idiopathic hyperphosphatasia is reported. A girl aged one year was followed for two years while receiving intermittent treatment with porcine calcitonin. This induced a clinical remission, a reduction of both the high serum level of alkaline phosphatase and the raised urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, and a remarkable improvement in bone structure as seen radiologically. Her sister aged two months received porcine calcitonin for three weeks, during which clinical improvement, no change in the serum level of alkaline phosphatase and a marked decrease of the excretion of hydroxyproline were recorded.", "contents": "Familial idiopathic hyperphosphatasia: a study of two young siblings treated with porcine calcitonin. A study of two siblings with a severe infantile form of familial idiopathic hyperphosphatasia is reported. A girl aged one year was followed for two years while receiving intermittent treatment with porcine calcitonin. This induced a clinical remission, a reduction of both the high serum level of alkaline phosphatase and the raised urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, and a remarkable improvement in bone structure as seen radiologically. Her sister aged two months received porcine calcitonin for three weeks, during which clinical improvement, no change in the serum level of alkaline phosphatase and a marked decrease of the excretion of hydroxyproline were recorded.", "PMID": 562883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5291", "title": "Motility of triton-demembranated sea urchin sperm flagella during digestion by trypsin.", "content": "The survival curves for a population of reactivated spermatozoa exposed to digestion by trypsin indicate that a large number of trypsin-sensitive targets must be digested before the flagellum disintegrates. Changes in flagellar movement during trypsin digestion can be very small, especially when the spermatozoa are reactivated at 0.25 M KCl. They are not the changes which would be expected if elastic resistance of the trypsin-sensitive structures responsible for maintaining the integrity of the axoneme is a significant determinant of flagellar bend amplitude. By carrying out trypsin digestion under a variety of conditions, at least six distinct effects of trypsin digestion on parameters of flagellar movement have been detected. These include a gradual increase in the rate of sliding between tubules, gradual and abrupt changes in beat frequency accompanied by reciprocal decreases in bend angle, changes in the symmetry and planarity of bending, and selective interference with mechanisms for bend initiation and bend propagation.", "contents": "Motility of triton-demembranated sea urchin sperm flagella during digestion by trypsin. The survival curves for a population of reactivated spermatozoa exposed to digestion by trypsin indicate that a large number of trypsin-sensitive targets must be digested before the flagellum disintegrates. Changes in flagellar movement during trypsin digestion can be very small, especially when the spermatozoa are reactivated at 0.25 M KCl. They are not the changes which would be expected if elastic resistance of the trypsin-sensitive structures responsible for maintaining the integrity of the axoneme is a significant determinant of flagellar bend amplitude. By carrying out trypsin digestion under a variety of conditions, at least six distinct effects of trypsin digestion on parameters of flagellar movement have been detected. These include a gradual increase in the rate of sliding between tubules, gradual and abrupt changes in beat frequency accompanied by reciprocal decreases in bend angle, changes in the symmetry and planarity of bending, and selective interference with mechanisms for bend initiation and bend propagation.", "PMID": 562884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5292", "title": "Structural analysis of human neutrophil migration. Centriole, microtubule, and microfilament orientation and function during chemotaxis.", "content": "Orientation of nucleus, centriole, microtubules, and microfilaments within human neutrophils in a gradient of chemoattractant (5 percent Escherichia coli endotoxin-activated serum) was evaluated by electron microscopy. Purified neutropils (hypaque-Ficoll) were placed in the upper compartment of chemotactic chambers. Use of small pore (0.45 mum) micropore filters permitted pseudopod penetration, but impeded migration. Under conditions of chemotaxis with activated serum beneath the filter, the neutrophil population oriented at the filter surface with nuclei located away from the stimulus, centrioles and associated radial array of microtubules beneath the nuclei, and microfilament-rich pseudopods penetrating the filter pores. Reversal of the direction of the gradient of the stimulus (activated serum above cells) resulted in a reorientation of internal structure which preceded pseudopod formation toward the activated serum and migration off the filter. Coordinated orientation of the entire neutrophil population did not occur in buffer (random migration) or in a uniform concentration of activated serum (activated random migration). Conditions of activated random migration resulted in increased numbers of cells with locomotory morphology, i.e. cellular asymmetry with linear alignment of nucleus, centriole, microtubule array, and pseudopods. Thus, activated serum increased the number of neutrophils exhibiting locomotory morphology, and a gradient of activated serum induced the alignment of neutrophils such that this locomotory morphology was uniform in the observed neutrophil populayion. In related studies, cytochalasin B and colchicines were used to explore the role of microfilaments and microtubules in the neutrophil orientation and migration response to activated serum. Cytochalasin B (3.0 mug/ml) prevented migration and decreased the microfilaments seen, but allowed normal orientation of neutrophil structures. In an activated serum gradient, colchicines, but not lumicolchicine, decreased the orientation of nuclei and centrioles, and caused a decrease in centriole-associated microtubules in concentrations as low as 10(-8) to 10(-7) M. These colchicines effects were associated with the rounding of cells and impairment of pseudopod formation. The impaired pseudopod formation was characterized by an inability to form pseudopods in the absence of a solid substrate, a formation of narrow pseudopods within a substrate, and a defect in pseudopod orientation in an activated serum gradient. Functional studies of migration showed that colchicines, but not lumicolchicine, minimally decreased activated random migration and markedly inhibited directed migration, but had not effect on random migration. These studies show that, although functioning microfilaments are probably necessary for neutrophil migration, intact microtubules are essential for normal pseudopod formation and orientation, and maximal unidirectional migration during chemotaxis.", "contents": "Structural analysis of human neutrophil migration. Centriole, microtubule, and microfilament orientation and function during chemotaxis. Orientation of nucleus, centriole, microtubules, and microfilaments within human neutrophils in a gradient of chemoattractant (5 percent Escherichia coli endotoxin-activated serum) was evaluated by electron microscopy. Purified neutropils (hypaque-Ficoll) were placed in the upper compartment of chemotactic chambers. Use of small pore (0.45 mum) micropore filters permitted pseudopod penetration, but impeded migration. Under conditions of chemotaxis with activated serum beneath the filter, the neutrophil population oriented at the filter surface with nuclei located away from the stimulus, centrioles and associated radial array of microtubules beneath the nuclei, and microfilament-rich pseudopods penetrating the filter pores. Reversal of the direction of the gradient of the stimulus (activated serum above cells) resulted in a reorientation of internal structure which preceded pseudopod formation toward the activated serum and migration off the filter. Coordinated orientation of the entire neutrophil population did not occur in buffer (random migration) or in a uniform concentration of activated serum (activated random migration). Conditions of activated random migration resulted in increased numbers of cells with locomotory morphology, i.e. cellular asymmetry with linear alignment of nucleus, centriole, microtubule array, and pseudopods. Thus, activated serum increased the number of neutrophils exhibiting locomotory morphology, and a gradient of activated serum induced the alignment of neutrophils such that this locomotory morphology was uniform in the observed neutrophil populayion. In related studies, cytochalasin B and colchicines were used to explore the role of microfilaments and microtubules in the neutrophil orientation and migration response to activated serum. Cytochalasin B (3.0 mug/ml) prevented migration and decreased the microfilaments seen, but allowed normal orientation of neutrophil structures. In an activated serum gradient, colchicines, but not lumicolchicine, decreased the orientation of nuclei and centrioles, and caused a decrease in centriole-associated microtubules in concentrations as low as 10(-8) to 10(-7) M. These colchicines effects were associated with the rounding of cells and impairment of pseudopod formation. The impaired pseudopod formation was characterized by an inability to form pseudopods in the absence of a solid substrate, a formation of narrow pseudopods within a substrate, and a defect in pseudopod orientation in an activated serum gradient. Functional studies of migration showed that colchicines, but not lumicolchicine, minimally decreased activated random migration and markedly inhibited directed migration, but had not effect on random migration. These studies show that, although functioning microfilaments are probably necessary for neutrophil migration, intact microtubules are essential for normal pseudopod formation and orientation, and maximal unidirectional migration during chemotaxis.", "PMID": 562885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5293", "title": "Quantitative analysis of tubulin and microtubule compartments in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "A combined morphometric and biochemical approach has been used to identify and quantitate microtubules and tubulin in isolated hepatocytes. The total soluble pool of microtubule protein was estimated by specific high affinity binding to radiolabeled colchicine. Scatchard analysis of the data identified two populations of binding sites: high affinity-low capacity sites resembling tubulin and low affinity-high capacity sites believed to represent nonspecific colchicine-binding sites. Data from these studies indicate that tubulin represents 1% of the soluble protein of the cell, that 9.0 X 10(-14) dimers of tubulin are present per microgram soluble hepatocyte protein, and that the average hepatocyte contains 3.1 X 10(7) tubulin dimers. Our calculations suggest that this amount of tubulin would form a microtubule 1.9 cm in length if totally assembled. However, stereological measurements indicate that the actual length of microtubules in the cytosolic compartment of the average hepatocyte is only 0.28 cm. Thus, these experiments suggest that only 15% of the available tubulin in hepatocytes of postabsorptive rats is assembled in the form of microtubules.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of tubulin and microtubule compartments in isolated rat hepatocytes. A combined morphometric and biochemical approach has been used to identify and quantitate microtubules and tubulin in isolated hepatocytes. The total soluble pool of microtubule protein was estimated by specific high affinity binding to radiolabeled colchicine. Scatchard analysis of the data identified two populations of binding sites: high affinity-low capacity sites resembling tubulin and low affinity-high capacity sites believed to represent nonspecific colchicine-binding sites. Data from these studies indicate that tubulin represents 1% of the soluble protein of the cell, that 9.0 X 10(-14) dimers of tubulin are present per microgram soluble hepatocyte protein, and that the average hepatocyte contains 3.1 X 10(7) tubulin dimers. Our calculations suggest that this amount of tubulin would form a microtubule 1.9 cm in length if totally assembled. However, stereological measurements indicate that the actual length of microtubules in the cytosolic compartment of the average hepatocyte is only 0.28 cm. Thus, these experiments suggest that only 15% of the available tubulin in hepatocytes of postabsorptive rats is assembled in the form of microtubules.", "PMID": 562886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5294", "title": "A study of communication specificity between cells in culture.", "content": "We have examined the specificity of communication between cells in culture by co-culturing cells derived from mammalian, avian, and arthropod organisms. Both mammalian and avian culture cells have similar gap junctional phenotypes, while the insect (arthropod) cell lines have a significantly different gap junctional structure. Electrophysiological and ultrastructural methods were used to examine ionic coupling and junctional interactions between homologous and heterologous cell types. In homologous cell systems, gap junctions and ionic coupling are present at a high incidence. Also, heterologous vertebrate cells in co-culture can communicate readily. By contrast, practically no coupling (0-8%) is detectable between heterologous insect cell lines (Homopteran or Lepidopteran) and vertebrate cells (mammalian myocardial or 3T3 cells). No gap junctions have been observed between arthropod and vertebrate cell types, even though the heterologous cells may be separated by less than 10 nm. In additional studies, a low incidence of coupling was found between heterologous insect cell lines derived from different arthropod orders. However, extensive coupling was detected between insect cell lines that are derived from the same order (Homoptera). These observations suggest that there is little or no apparent specificity for communication between vertebrate cells in culture that express the same gap junctional phenotype, while there is a definite communication specificity that exists between arthropod cells in culture.", "contents": "A study of communication specificity between cells in culture. We have examined the specificity of communication between cells in culture by co-culturing cells derived from mammalian, avian, and arthropod organisms. Both mammalian and avian culture cells have similar gap junctional phenotypes, while the insect (arthropod) cell lines have a significantly different gap junctional structure. Electrophysiological and ultrastructural methods were used to examine ionic coupling and junctional interactions between homologous and heterologous cell types. In homologous cell systems, gap junctions and ionic coupling are present at a high incidence. Also, heterologous vertebrate cells in co-culture can communicate readily. By contrast, practically no coupling (0-8%) is detectable between heterologous insect cell lines (Homopteran or Lepidopteran) and vertebrate cells (mammalian myocardial or 3T3 cells). No gap junctions have been observed between arthropod and vertebrate cell types, even though the heterologous cells may be separated by less than 10 nm. In additional studies, a low incidence of coupling was found between heterologous insect cell lines derived from different arthropod orders. However, extensive coupling was detected between insect cell lines that are derived from the same order (Homoptera). These observations suggest that there is little or no apparent specificity for communication between vertebrate cells in culture that express the same gap junctional phenotype, while there is a definite communication specificity that exists between arthropod cells in culture.", "PMID": 562887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5295", "title": "Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane-associated cortical granules from sea urchin eggs.", "content": "Cortical granules, which are specialized secretory organelles found in ova of many organisms, have been isolated from the eggs of the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrtus pupuratus by a simple, rapid procedure. Electron micropscope examination of cortical granules prepared by this procedure reveals that they are tightly attached to large segments of the plasma membrane and its associated vitelline layer. Further evidence that he cortical granules were associated with these cell surface layers was obtained by (125)I-labeling techniques. The cortical granule preparations were found to be rich in proteoesterase, which was purified 32-fold over that detected in a crude homogenate. Similarly, the specific radioactivity of a (125)I-labeled, surface glycoprotein was increased 40-fold. These facts, coupled with electron microscope observations, indicate the isolation procedure yields a preparation in which both the cortical granules and the plasma membrane-vitelline layer are purified to the same extent. Gel electrophoresis of the membrane-associated cortical granule preparation reveals the presence of at least eight polypeptides. The major polypeptide, which is a glycotprotein of apparent mol wt of 100,000, contains most of the radioactivity introduced by (125)I-labeling of the intact eggs. Lysis of the cortical granules is observed under hypotonic conditions, or under isotonic conditions if Ca(2+) ion is present. When lysis is under isotonic conditions is induced by addition of Ca(2+) ion, the electron-dense contents of the granules remain insoluble. In contrast, hypotonic lysis results in release of the contents of the granule in a soluble form. However, in both cases the (125)I-labeled glycoprotein remains insoluble, presumably because it is a component of either the plasma membrane or the vitelline layer. All these findings indicate that, using this purified preparation, it should be possible to carry out in vitro studies to better define some of the initial, surface-related events observed in vivo upon fertilization.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane-associated cortical granules from sea urchin eggs. Cortical granules, which are specialized secretory organelles found in ova of many organisms, have been isolated from the eggs of the sea urchins Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrtus pupuratus by a simple, rapid procedure. Electron micropscope examination of cortical granules prepared by this procedure reveals that they are tightly attached to large segments of the plasma membrane and its associated vitelline layer. Further evidence that he cortical granules were associated with these cell surface layers was obtained by (125)I-labeling techniques. The cortical granule preparations were found to be rich in proteoesterase, which was purified 32-fold over that detected in a crude homogenate. Similarly, the specific radioactivity of a (125)I-labeled, surface glycoprotein was increased 40-fold. These facts, coupled with electron microscope observations, indicate the isolation procedure yields a preparation in which both the cortical granules and the plasma membrane-vitelline layer are purified to the same extent. Gel electrophoresis of the membrane-associated cortical granule preparation reveals the presence of at least eight polypeptides. The major polypeptide, which is a glycotprotein of apparent mol wt of 100,000, contains most of the radioactivity introduced by (125)I-labeling of the intact eggs. Lysis of the cortical granules is observed under hypotonic conditions, or under isotonic conditions if Ca(2+) ion is present. When lysis is under isotonic conditions is induced by addition of Ca(2+) ion, the electron-dense contents of the granules remain insoluble. In contrast, hypotonic lysis results in release of the contents of the granule in a soluble form. However, in both cases the (125)I-labeled glycoprotein remains insoluble, presumably because it is a component of either the plasma membrane or the vitelline layer. All these findings indicate that, using this purified preparation, it should be possible to carry out in vitro studies to better define some of the initial, surface-related events observed in vivo upon fertilization.", "PMID": 562888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5296", "title": "Histogenesis of mouse cerebellum in microwell cultures. Cell reaggregation and migration, fiber and synapse formation.", "content": "A microwell culture system was developed for analysis of cell movements and interactions during nervous system histogenesis. Cells from trypsinized 7-day-old mouse cerebellum reaggregated within hours into clusters which later developed interconnections consisting of either sheets of migrating cells and cell processes or cables of fiber bundles with cells migrating along their surfaces. Granule cells in several stages of differentiation, basket and/or stellate neurons, some larger neurons, and two types of neuroglial cells were identified in reproducible, nonrandom patterns by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Axonal and dendritic processes, both with growth cones, and numerous synapses were generated in vitro.", "contents": "Histogenesis of mouse cerebellum in microwell cultures. Cell reaggregation and migration, fiber and synapse formation. A microwell culture system was developed for analysis of cell movements and interactions during nervous system histogenesis. Cells from trypsinized 7-day-old mouse cerebellum reaggregated within hours into clusters which later developed interconnections consisting of either sheets of migrating cells and cell processes or cables of fiber bundles with cells migrating along their surfaces. Granule cells in several stages of differentiation, basket and/or stellate neurons, some larger neurons, and two types of neuroglial cells were identified in reproducible, nonrandom patterns by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Axonal and dendritic processes, both with growth cones, and numerous synapses were generated in vitro.", "PMID": 562889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5297", "title": "Assembly of smooth muscle myosin into side-polar filaments.", "content": "The in vitro assembly of myosin purified from calf aorta muscle has been studied by electron microscopy. Two types of filament are formed: short bipolar filament similar to those formed from skeletal muscle myosin, and longer \"side-polar\" filaments having cross bridges with a single polarity along the entire length of one side and the opposite polarity along the other side. Unlike the case with skeletal myosin filaments, antiparallel interactions between myosin molecules occur along the whole length of side-polar filaments. The side-polar structure may be related to the in vivo form of myosin in vertebrate smooth muscle.", "contents": "Assembly of smooth muscle myosin into side-polar filaments. The in vitro assembly of myosin purified from calf aorta muscle has been studied by electron microscopy. Two types of filament are formed: short bipolar filament similar to those formed from skeletal muscle myosin, and longer \"side-polar\" filaments having cross bridges with a single polarity along the entire length of one side and the opposite polarity along the other side. Unlike the case with skeletal myosin filaments, antiparallel interactions between myosin molecules occur along the whole length of side-polar filaments. The side-polar structure may be related to the in vivo form of myosin in vertebrate smooth muscle.", "PMID": 562890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5298", "title": "Some clues as to the formation of protrusions by Fundulus deep cells.", "content": "One of the ways in which Fundulus deep cells move in vivo is by putting out long, fingerlike protrusions. This involves a change in the shape of the cell as a whole, with cytoplasmic flow, and is not just a local phenomenon. Moreover, particles on the cell surface move toward a protrusion as it is forming, suggesting surface flow. The role of surface flow is discussed both on a grown level and in respect to molecular fluidity. Long, stable protrusions can be pulled from cells by the application of negative pressure at a constant rate and these behave in a similar way to those formed during cell locomotion. Such long protrusions must be structured. The importance of contractile properties of the cytoplasm in the formation of protrusions was studied by treating cells with media that modify cellular contractility.", "contents": "Some clues as to the formation of protrusions by Fundulus deep cells. One of the ways in which Fundulus deep cells move in vivo is by putting out long, fingerlike protrusions. This involves a change in the shape of the cell as a whole, with cytoplasmic flow, and is not just a local phenomenon. Moreover, particles on the cell surface move toward a protrusion as it is forming, suggesting surface flow. The role of surface flow is discussed both on a grown level and in respect to molecular fluidity. Long, stable protrusions can be pulled from cells by the application of negative pressure at a constant rate and these behave in a similar way to those formed during cell locomotion. Such long protrusions must be structured. The importance of contractile properties of the cytoplasm in the formation of protrusions was studied by treating cells with media that modify cellular contractility.", "PMID": 562891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5299", "title": "Synchrony in the rhythm of the contraction-relaxation cycle in two plasmodial strands of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Rhythmicity of contraction of plasmodial strands of Physarum polycephalum was studied, by measuring the isometric tension exerted by isolated segments of the strands. When 2 strands were connected by way of a plasmodial mass, the contraction-relaxation cycle of the 2 strands synchronized. Such cycle activity of the strand was found to be well coordinated with shuttle streaming in the plasmodial mass which had been in connection with the strand. The presence of a control system which induces synchrony of periodic activity over the entire body of a plasmodium is discussed.", "contents": "Synchrony in the rhythm of the contraction-relaxation cycle in two plasmodial strands of Physarum polycephalum. Rhythmicity of contraction of plasmodial strands of Physarum polycephalum was studied, by measuring the isometric tension exerted by isolated segments of the strands. When 2 strands were connected by way of a plasmodial mass, the contraction-relaxation cycle of the 2 strands synchronized. Such cycle activity of the strand was found to be well coordinated with shuttle streaming in the plasmodial mass which had been in connection with the strand. The presence of a control system which induces synchrony of periodic activity over the entire body of a plasmodium is discussed.", "PMID": 562892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5300", "title": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in Melanoplus differentialis.", "content": "The chromosomal axes of the spermatocytes of the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis have been studied with a modification of the microspreading procedure used previously. The whole complement of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) and the axis of the X chromosome have been described and measured. The relative length of each SC is characteristic and constant and permits the construction of an idiogram. Relative lengths of SCs are almost equal to the relative lengths of mitotic chromosomes of spermatogonia (with the exception of the X chromosome), thus extending to an invertebrate the relationship between SCs and mitotic chromosomes that has been demonstrated in mammals. All the SCs except the 3 smallest (which are apparently telocentric) show a small short arm beyond the kinetochore. The progression of changes in the chromosomal axes during meiotic prophase has been staged by centriolar behaviour. During leptotene, axes are first formed near the nuclear envelope at a special (polar) region. SCs also begin to appear in the polar region and extend towards the nuclear interior. The beginning and completion of synapsis is not synchronous among bivalents. The X-axis is formed in midzygotene and shows a characteristic sequence of changes in shape during pachytene. Cells in post-synaptic stages show whole chromosome complements with characteristic chiasmatic configurations. Kinetochores are prominent and bipartite during diplotene-diakinesis.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in Melanoplus differentialis. The chromosomal axes of the spermatocytes of the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis have been studied with a modification of the microspreading procedure used previously. The whole complement of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) and the axis of the X chromosome have been described and measured. The relative length of each SC is characteristic and constant and permits the construction of an idiogram. Relative lengths of SCs are almost equal to the relative lengths of mitotic chromosomes of spermatogonia (with the exception of the X chromosome), thus extending to an invertebrate the relationship between SCs and mitotic chromosomes that has been demonstrated in mammals. All the SCs except the 3 smallest (which are apparently telocentric) show a small short arm beyond the kinetochore. The progression of changes in the chromosomal axes during meiotic prophase has been staged by centriolar behaviour. During leptotene, axes are first formed near the nuclear envelope at a special (polar) region. SCs also begin to appear in the polar region and extend towards the nuclear interior. The beginning and completion of synapsis is not synchronous among bivalents. The X-axis is formed in midzygotene and shows a characteristic sequence of changes in shape during pachytene. Cells in post-synaptic stages show whole chromosome complements with characteristic chiasmatic configurations. Kinetochores are prominent and bipartite during diplotene-diakinesis.", "PMID": 562893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5301", "title": "In vitro transcription of RNA in nuclei, nucleoli and chromatin from physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Methods for isolating nuclei, nucleoli and chromatin from Physarum polycephalum which retain high levels of endogenous RNA polymerase activity are described. Under carefully controlled conditions with respect to mono- and divalent cation concentrations RNA synthesis in nuclei displayed linear kinetics for at least 30 min and the RNA products had a similar size distribution to nuclear RNA synthesis observed in vivo. Chromatin showed 60% of the nuclear transcriptional activity but no conditions were found where faithful transcription of the template occurred. Isolated nucleoli were 5-fold more active than nuclei and the endogenous RNA polymerase activity was insensitive to alpha-amanitin. Under carefully controlled conditions, the nucleoli appeared to support the accurate transcription, re-initiation and processing of rRNA chains in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of RNA in nuclei, nucleoli and chromatin from physarum polycephalum. Methods for isolating nuclei, nucleoli and chromatin from Physarum polycephalum which retain high levels of endogenous RNA polymerase activity are described. Under carefully controlled conditions with respect to mono- and divalent cation concentrations RNA synthesis in nuclei displayed linear kinetics for at least 30 min and the RNA products had a similar size distribution to nuclear RNA synthesis observed in vivo. Chromatin showed 60% of the nuclear transcriptional activity but no conditions were found where faithful transcription of the template occurred. Isolated nucleoli were 5-fold more active than nuclei and the endogenous RNA polymerase activity was insensitive to alpha-amanitin. Under carefully controlled conditions, the nucleoli appeared to support the accurate transcription, re-initiation and processing of rRNA chains in vitro.", "PMID": 562894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5302", "title": "Visualization of interphase chromosomes.", "content": "Using a modified Giemsa-banding technique we have observed what appear to be chromosomes during interphase in nuclei from Allium cepa root tips and Chinese hamster cells (CHO line). During telophase through G1 chromosomes progressively uncoil and decondense. During S chromosomes are comparatively decondensed, but some segments have structure similar to chromosomes in G1 and G2. During G2 the chromosomes progressively recondense and coil in apparent preparation for prophase. Although specific structural modifications of chromosomes occur in G1, Sand G2 nuclei, chromosomes appear never to decondense to the point that they lose their 3-dimensional integrity, but remain in distinct domains throughout interphase.", "contents": "Visualization of interphase chromosomes. Using a modified Giemsa-banding technique we have observed what appear to be chromosomes during interphase in nuclei from Allium cepa root tips and Chinese hamster cells (CHO line). During telophase through G1 chromosomes progressively uncoil and decondense. During S chromosomes are comparatively decondensed, but some segments have structure similar to chromosomes in G1 and G2. During G2 the chromosomes progressively recondense and coil in apparent preparation for prophase. Although specific structural modifications of chromosomes occur in G1, Sand G2 nuclei, chromosomes appear never to decondense to the point that they lose their 3-dimensional integrity, but remain in distinct domains throughout interphase.", "PMID": 562895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5303", "title": "Electron-microscopic autoradiography of tritiated testosterone in rat testis.", "content": "The feasibility of a technique for autoradiography of diffusible substances has been further tested by analysing the localization of steroids in rat testes with the light-and electron-microscope. Testes of rats were perfused with tritiated testosterone (3 min) followed by 15-min perfusion with buffer containing a 100-fold of unlabelled testosterone. Tissue samples were frozen, freeze dried, fixed in osmium vapour and embedded in Epon. To exclude extraction of steroids, contact with water and other solvents was prevented during cutting of thin sections on an ultracryotome and further treatments for autoradiography. Light- and electron-microscopic observations indicate that the highest concentration of labelled testosterone was present within the basal parts of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm and in lipid inclusions of Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules. This is the first account of autoradiography of steroids at the electron-microscope level.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic autoradiography of tritiated testosterone in rat testis. The feasibility of a technique for autoradiography of diffusible substances has been further tested by analysing the localization of steroids in rat testes with the light-and electron-microscope. Testes of rats were perfused with tritiated testosterone (3 min) followed by 15-min perfusion with buffer containing a 100-fold of unlabelled testosterone. Tissue samples were frozen, freeze dried, fixed in osmium vapour and embedded in Epon. To exclude extraction of steroids, contact with water and other solvents was prevented during cutting of thin sections on an ultracryotome and further treatments for autoradiography. Light- and electron-microscopic observations indicate that the highest concentration of labelled testosterone was present within the basal parts of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm and in lipid inclusions of Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules. This is the first account of autoradiography of steroids at the electron-microscope level.", "PMID": 562896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5304", "title": "[Free intra-peritoneal endometrioma associated with ileal and appendicular endometriosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report three rare localisations of endometriosis: ileal, appendicular and free endometrioma of the pouch of Douglas and study the diagnostic difficulties of digestive endometriosis and the interest of routine histological examination of structures found apparently free in the pouch of Douglas.", "contents": "[Free intra-peritoneal endometrioma associated with ileal and appendicular endometriosis (author's transl)]. The authors report three rare localisations of endometriosis: ileal, appendicular and free endometrioma of the pouch of Douglas and study the diagnostic difficulties of digestive endometriosis and the interest of routine histological examination of structures found apparently free in the pouch of Douglas.", "PMID": 562898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5305", "title": "[Effects of stress and highly selective vagotomy on mast cells in the wall of the rat stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative changes in the gastric mast cells in ulcer diathesis and especially in the development of acute ulceration have already been studied. Qualitative changes may be asse-sed by Alcian Safranin blue stain which permits one to distinguish two sub groups: the blue mast cells and the red mast cells, which alone undergo degranulation. This report describes the modifications in number and aspect of the mast cells of the stomach of the white rat after stress due to restraint at variable intervals after highly selective vagotomy. The density of the mast cells and their appearance depend partly on vagal nerve supply. After highly selective vagotomy, their density increases while the initially unbalanced proportion of red and blue mast cells becomes normal in the long term. After stress, there is a reduction in the number of mast cells and, above all, disappearance of the red forms whether the rats are vagotomised or not. This study takes into consideration multifactorial problems which intervene in the etiology of stress ulcers and the necessity of continuing the study of the consequences of vagotomy.", "contents": "[Effects of stress and highly selective vagotomy on mast cells in the wall of the rat stomach (author's transl)]. Quantitative changes in the gastric mast cells in ulcer diathesis and especially in the development of acute ulceration have already been studied. Qualitative changes may be asse-sed by Alcian Safranin blue stain which permits one to distinguish two sub groups: the blue mast cells and the red mast cells, which alone undergo degranulation. This report describes the modifications in number and aspect of the mast cells of the stomach of the white rat after stress due to restraint at variable intervals after highly selective vagotomy. The density of the mast cells and their appearance depend partly on vagal nerve supply. After highly selective vagotomy, their density increases while the initially unbalanced proportion of red and blue mast cells becomes normal in the long term. After stress, there is a reduction in the number of mast cells and, above all, disappearance of the red forms whether the rats are vagotomised or not. This study takes into consideration multifactorial problems which intervene in the etiology of stress ulcers and the necessity of continuing the study of the consequences of vagotomy.", "PMID": 562899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5306", "title": "Decrease of prolactin by methysergide in amenorrheic hyperprolactinemic women.", "content": "The effect of methysergide (MES), a serotoninergic antagonist on prolactin (PRL) blood levels was studied in five hyperprolactinemic amenorrheic women. The drug was administered for five days at a daily dosage of 11.2 mg. MES decreased significantly the PRL blood levels in all subjects (p less than 0.01). Since the MES has been shown to have antiserotoninergic effects and since serotonin has been thought to be involved in the control of PRL release, the effects of MES in lowering PRL might be due to a decrease of serotonin tone.", "contents": "Decrease of prolactin by methysergide in amenorrheic hyperprolactinemic women. The effect of methysergide (MES), a serotoninergic antagonist on prolactin (PRL) blood levels was studied in five hyperprolactinemic amenorrheic women. The drug was administered for five days at a daily dosage of 11.2 mg. MES decreased significantly the PRL blood levels in all subjects (p less than 0.01). Since the MES has been shown to have antiserotoninergic effects and since serotonin has been thought to be involved in the control of PRL release, the effects of MES in lowering PRL might be due to a decrease of serotonin tone.", "PMID": 562901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5307", "title": "Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia associated with chest wall injury.", "content": "A 48 year old premenopausal woman presented with galactorrhea and amenorrhea associated with chest wall burns. Basal serum prolactin levels were raised, and were further elevated by the administration of L-dopa, chlorpromazine and TRH. Intercostal nerve block and bromocryptine treatment reduced prolactin levels to normal, but did not noticably reduce milk secretion.", "contents": "Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia associated with chest wall injury. A 48 year old premenopausal woman presented with galactorrhea and amenorrhea associated with chest wall burns. Basal serum prolactin levels were raised, and were further elevated by the administration of L-dopa, chlorpromazine and TRH. Intercostal nerve block and bromocryptine treatment reduced prolactin levels to normal, but did not noticably reduce milk secretion.", "PMID": 562902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5308", "title": "Periodicity and self-actualization in women.", "content": "Studied the relationship between menstrual cycle phase and self-actualization as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). In classroom testing sessions, 160 high school students completed the POI and personal data sheets, which gave information about their menstrual cycle phase. Premenstrual, menstrual, and midcycle groups of 20 Ss each were formed from those girls eligible for inclusion in each condition. Three one-by-three analyses of variance were run using the TC, I, and TC + I scores of the POI, which were selected as the best overall measures of self-actualization. A significant (p less than .05) difference on TC + I was found; subsequent t-tests revealed that the menstrual group's TC + I score was significantly (p less than .02) higher than that of the midcycle group. The difference between menstrual and premenstrual Ss on TC + I, though not significant, lay in the same direction and was of the same order of magnitude. Possible explanations for the results and implications for future testing that involves females are presented briefly.", "contents": "Periodicity and self-actualization in women. Studied the relationship between menstrual cycle phase and self-actualization as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). In classroom testing sessions, 160 high school students completed the POI and personal data sheets, which gave information about their menstrual cycle phase. Premenstrual, menstrual, and midcycle groups of 20 Ss each were formed from those girls eligible for inclusion in each condition. Three one-by-three analyses of variance were run using the TC, I, and TC + I scores of the POI, which were selected as the best overall measures of self-actualization. A significant (p less than .05) difference on TC + I was found; subsequent t-tests revealed that the menstrual group's TC + I score was significantly (p less than .02) higher than that of the midcycle group. The difference between menstrual and premenstrual Ss on TC + I, though not significant, lay in the same direction and was of the same order of magnitude. Possible explanations for the results and implications for future testing that involves females are presented briefly.", "PMID": 562903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5309", "title": "3H estradiol in catecholamine neurons of rat brain stem: combined localization by autoradiography and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence.", "content": "3H setradion-17beta was localized in nuclei of catecholamine (CA) neurons of the rat lower brain stem, i.e., midbrain, pons and medulla, by employing a combined formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF)-autoradiography approach which permits the direct visualization of 3H estradiol uptake in relation to CA-neuron perikarya and terminals. In the medulla, noradrenalin (NA)-containing neurons in and adjacent to the nucleus (n.) reticularis lateralis (group A1) and in the vicinity of the n. tractus solitarii (group A2) concentrated 3H estradiol. In the pons, NA neurons dorsal to the n. olivaris superior (group A5), in the locus ceruleus (group A6) and ventral to the pedunculus cerebellaris superior (group A7) displayed 3H estradiol uptake. In the midbrain, dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the n. cuneiformis (group A8), in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (group A9) and adjacent to the n. interpeduncularis (group A10), were not seen to concentrate 3H estradiol. This is in contrast to DA neurons in the n. arcuatus of the hypothalamus (group A12), previously reported to concentrate 3H estradiol. In addition, certain non-CA-containing neurons with nuclear uptake of 3H estradiol were observed to be surrounded by CA terminals in such areas as substantia grisea centralis, n. tractus solitarii and n. tractus spinalis nervi trigemini. This suggests a second mode of interaction between CA neurons and estrogen target neurons. The estradiol-CA neuron relationships described may provide morphological substrates underlying functional interactions between estradiol and CA neurons in the rat brain.", "contents": "3H estradiol in catecholamine neurons of rat brain stem: combined localization by autoradiography and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. 3H setradion-17beta was localized in nuclei of catecholamine (CA) neurons of the rat lower brain stem, i.e., midbrain, pons and medulla, by employing a combined formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF)-autoradiography approach which permits the direct visualization of 3H estradiol uptake in relation to CA-neuron perikarya and terminals. In the medulla, noradrenalin (NA)-containing neurons in and adjacent to the nucleus (n.) reticularis lateralis (group A1) and in the vicinity of the n. tractus solitarii (group A2) concentrated 3H estradiol. In the pons, NA neurons dorsal to the n. olivaris superior (group A5), in the locus ceruleus (group A6) and ventral to the pedunculus cerebellaris superior (group A7) displayed 3H estradiol uptake. In the midbrain, dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the n. cuneiformis (group A8), in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (group A9) and adjacent to the n. interpeduncularis (group A10), were not seen to concentrate 3H estradiol. This is in contrast to DA neurons in the n. arcuatus of the hypothalamus (group A12), previously reported to concentrate 3H estradiol. In addition, certain non-CA-containing neurons with nuclear uptake of 3H estradiol were observed to be surrounded by CA terminals in such areas as substantia grisea centralis, n. tractus solitarii and n. tractus spinalis nervi trigemini. This suggests a second mode of interaction between CA neurons and estrogen target neurons. The estradiol-CA neuron relationships described may provide morphological substrates underlying functional interactions between estradiol and CA neurons in the rat brain.", "PMID": 562904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5310", "title": "Changing meal patterns and suppression of feed intake with increasing amounts of dietary nonprotein nitrogen in ruminants.", "content": "Goats were injected intraruminally during spontaneous meals with ammonium chloride, urea, ammonium lactate, or sodium lactate arranged in a Latin square experimental design randomized for order of treatments. Urea and ammonium injections shortened meal length by 20 to 30%. Rate of eating and meal frequency were reduced. Sodium lactate injections reduced meal size. In cows, meal length and meal size also were measured. Grain concentrate, corn silage, and chopped hay were fed as complete mixed rations. In the concentrates 58+ of the nitrogen was either from soybean meal or urea. Length of the first meal after feeding was reduced from 24.3 min with soybean meal to 12.4 with urea. Meal size was reduced from 3.2 kg to 1.8 kg when urea was fed. Total feed intake was similar, 12.0 kg/day (soybean meal) and 11.6 kg/day (urea) since spontaneous meal number and size were 17 and .30 kg for soybean meal but increased to 23 and .36 kg for urea. The physiological basis for the limit on meal length with urea rations is unknown but is an important factor in successful feeding of urea when eating time is limited for cows.", "contents": "Changing meal patterns and suppression of feed intake with increasing amounts of dietary nonprotein nitrogen in ruminants. Goats were injected intraruminally during spontaneous meals with ammonium chloride, urea, ammonium lactate, or sodium lactate arranged in a Latin square experimental design randomized for order of treatments. Urea and ammonium injections shortened meal length by 20 to 30%. Rate of eating and meal frequency were reduced. Sodium lactate injections reduced meal size. In cows, meal length and meal size also were measured. Grain concentrate, corn silage, and chopped hay were fed as complete mixed rations. In the concentrates 58+ of the nitrogen was either from soybean meal or urea. Length of the first meal after feeding was reduced from 24.3 min with soybean meal to 12.4 with urea. Meal size was reduced from 3.2 kg to 1.8 kg when urea was fed. Total feed intake was similar, 12.0 kg/day (soybean meal) and 11.6 kg/day (urea) since spontaneous meal number and size were 17 and .30 kg for soybean meal but increased to 23 and .36 kg for urea. The physiological basis for the limit on meal length with urea rations is unknown but is an important factor in successful feeding of urea when eating time is limited for cows.", "PMID": 562905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5311", "title": "Vitamin A transport in plasma of the non-mammalian vertebrates: isolation and partial characterization of piscine retinol-binding protein.", "content": "Studies were conducted to explore vitamin A transport in the non-mammalian vertebrates, especially Pisces, Amphibia, and Reptilia, and to isolate and partially characterize piscine retinol-binding protein. Retinol-containing proteins in fresh plasma obtained from bullfrogs and a turtle exhibited similar properties to those found in mammalian and chicken plasma: i.e., molecular weight of about 60,000-80,000 as estimated by gel filtration and binding affinity to prealbumin on human prealbumin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. In sharp contrast, vitamin A-containing proteins in plasma from larvae of bullfrogs as well as three fishes (carp, blue sharks, and young yellowtails) appeared to be present in plasma as monomeric retinol-binding proteins without any affinity to human prealbumin. On the other hand, plasma vitamin A in the lamprey (Cyclostomes) was found to exist exclusively as an ester form in association with the lipoproteins of hydrated density less than 1.21 g/ml. Piscine retinol-binding protein was isolated from pooled plasma of young yellowtails and was converted (1000-fold purification) to a homogeneous component by a procedural sequence that included gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on SP-Sephadex, gel isoelectric focusing, and, finally, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified piscine retinol-binding protein showed physico-chemical properties distinctly different from the mammalian and chicken retinol-binding proteins examined, i.e., a smaller molecular weight of approximately 16,000, a lower isoelectric point of 4.3, a prealbumin mobility on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a lack of binding affinity for human prealbumin; however, it displayed similar characteristics in two ways: a 1:1 molar complex with retinol, and a high content of tryptophan (four residues). These results strongly suggest that the piscine retinol-binding protein is a prototype of the specific vitamin A-transporting protein in plasma of the vertebrates, being modified later in evolution, during phylogenetic development of the vertebrates, to acquire a binding site for prealbumin on the molecule.", "contents": "Vitamin A transport in plasma of the non-mammalian vertebrates: isolation and partial characterization of piscine retinol-binding protein. Studies were conducted to explore vitamin A transport in the non-mammalian vertebrates, especially Pisces, Amphibia, and Reptilia, and to isolate and partially characterize piscine retinol-binding protein. Retinol-containing proteins in fresh plasma obtained from bullfrogs and a turtle exhibited similar properties to those found in mammalian and chicken plasma: i.e., molecular weight of about 60,000-80,000 as estimated by gel filtration and binding affinity to prealbumin on human prealbumin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. In sharp contrast, vitamin A-containing proteins in plasma from larvae of bullfrogs as well as three fishes (carp, blue sharks, and young yellowtails) appeared to be present in plasma as monomeric retinol-binding proteins without any affinity to human prealbumin. On the other hand, plasma vitamin A in the lamprey (Cyclostomes) was found to exist exclusively as an ester form in association with the lipoproteins of hydrated density less than 1.21 g/ml. Piscine retinol-binding protein was isolated from pooled plasma of young yellowtails and was converted (1000-fold purification) to a homogeneous component by a procedural sequence that included gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on SP-Sephadex, gel isoelectric focusing, and, finally, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified piscine retinol-binding protein showed physico-chemical properties distinctly different from the mammalian and chicken retinol-binding proteins examined, i.e., a smaller molecular weight of approximately 16,000, a lower isoelectric point of 4.3, a prealbumin mobility on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a lack of binding affinity for human prealbumin; however, it displayed similar characteristics in two ways: a 1:1 molar complex with retinol, and a high content of tryptophan (four residues). These results strongly suggest that the piscine retinol-binding protein is a prototype of the specific vitamin A-transporting protein in plasma of the vertebrates, being modified later in evolution, during phylogenetic development of the vertebrates, to acquire a binding site for prealbumin on the molecule.", "PMID": 562910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5312", "title": "A large-scale purification of phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine by high performance liquid chromatography: a partial resolution of molecular species.", "content": "Egg yolk phospholipids, on a 10 g scale, were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography on an 8-m silica column with elution by a stepwise chloroformmethanol gradient into homogenous phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine fractions. Within these fractions, partial resolution on the basis of fatty acyl side chain composition was achieved.", "contents": "A large-scale purification of phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine by high performance liquid chromatography: a partial resolution of molecular species. Egg yolk phospholipids, on a 10 g scale, were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography on an 8-m silica column with elution by a stepwise chloroformmethanol gradient into homogenous phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine fractions. Within these fractions, partial resolution on the basis of fatty acyl side chain composition was achieved.", "PMID": 562911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5313", "title": "Characterization of the alkyl ether species of phosphatidylcholine in bovine heart.", "content": "The molecular types of lecithin in beef heart lipids were investigated by a combination of mild hydrolytic procedures and silicic acid chromatography. The major species of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (GPC) were found to be: diacyl-GPC (57%), alk-l-enyl, acyl-GPC (39%), alkyl acyl-GPC (3%), and dialkyl-GPC ( less than 1%). No di-alk-l-enyl-GPC or alk-l-enyl alkyl-GPC were detected. The derived monoalkyl-and dialkyl-glycerols were characterized by their infrared spectra and alkyl chain compositions.", "contents": "Characterization of the alkyl ether species of phosphatidylcholine in bovine heart. The molecular types of lecithin in beef heart lipids were investigated by a combination of mild hydrolytic procedures and silicic acid chromatography. The major species of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (GPC) were found to be: diacyl-GPC (57%), alk-l-enyl, acyl-GPC (39%), alkyl acyl-GPC (3%), and dialkyl-GPC ( less than 1%). No di-alk-l-enyl-GPC or alk-l-enyl alkyl-GPC were detected. The derived monoalkyl-and dialkyl-glycerols were characterized by their infrared spectra and alkyl chain compositions.", "PMID": 562912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5314", "title": "Amoeboid movement as a correlated walk.", "content": "The movement of slime-mold amoebae under isotropic conditions in two dimensions is represented as a Correlated Walk with straight steps of variable length. The steps are correlated via the angle theta turned through from step to step. The hypotheses and predictions of the model compare favourably with experimental data for Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae.", "contents": "Amoeboid movement as a correlated walk. The movement of slime-mold amoebae under isotropic conditions in two dimensions is represented as a Correlated Walk with straight steps of variable length. The steps are correlated via the angle theta turned through from step to step. The hypotheses and predictions of the model compare favourably with experimental data for Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae.", "PMID": 562913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5315", "title": "Metabolism of [14C]testosterone by human foetal and adult brain tissue.", "content": "The metabolism of [14C]testosterone in vitro by various areas of the human foetal brain has been studied and compared with that of adult brain. The predominant metabolites were 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, and also androstenedione, and all areas of the foetal brain showed similar activity. In the foetal pituitary gland, the activity of 5alpha-reductase was less prominent than that of 17beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase. Small quantities of oestradiol-17beta were produced from testosterone by the hypothalamus, temporal lobe and amygdala only, and no aromatization could be detected in the pituitary gland. 5alpha-Reductase activity was much lower in adult brain tissues and no oestradiol was identified in adult temporal lobe tissue.", "contents": "Metabolism of [14C]testosterone by human foetal and adult brain tissue. The metabolism of [14C]testosterone in vitro by various areas of the human foetal brain has been studied and compared with that of adult brain. The predominant metabolites were 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, and also androstenedione, and all areas of the foetal brain showed similar activity. In the foetal pituitary gland, the activity of 5alpha-reductase was less prominent than that of 17beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase. Small quantities of oestradiol-17beta were produced from testosterone by the hypothalamus, temporal lobe and amygdala only, and no aromatization could be detected in the pituitary gland. 5alpha-Reductase activity was much lower in adult brain tissues and no oestradiol was identified in adult temporal lobe tissue.", "PMID": 562914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5316", "title": "Effects of oestradiol and progesterone on the induction and duration of sexual receptivity in cyclic female rats.", "content": "Intact 4-day cyclic rats showed sexual receptivity 24 h after an injection of oestradiol benzoate (OB) on any day of the cycle except on the second day after the display of spontaneous oestrus. Ovariectomy at the time of OB treatment abolished the behavioural response, but receptivity was restored by progesterone. Progesterone treatment early on the day of behavioural oestrus advanced the display of receptivity but did not affect the time at which oestrus ended. Repeated treatment of sexually receptive rats with progesterone did not affect the duration of oestrus. These results show that sexual receptivity in the intact rat cannot occur in the absence of oestradiol and progesterone. The results further suggest that progesterone may not be associated with the mechanisms terminating behavioural oestrus in rats. Treatment with OB on the day of oestrus can prolong the duration of receptivity but only at a higher dosage than that needed for induction of receptivity.", "contents": "Effects of oestradiol and progesterone on the induction and duration of sexual receptivity in cyclic female rats. Intact 4-day cyclic rats showed sexual receptivity 24 h after an injection of oestradiol benzoate (OB) on any day of the cycle except on the second day after the display of spontaneous oestrus. Ovariectomy at the time of OB treatment abolished the behavioural response, but receptivity was restored by progesterone. Progesterone treatment early on the day of behavioural oestrus advanced the display of receptivity but did not affect the time at which oestrus ended. Repeated treatment of sexually receptive rats with progesterone did not affect the duration of oestrus. These results show that sexual receptivity in the intact rat cannot occur in the absence of oestradiol and progesterone. The results further suggest that progesterone may not be associated with the mechanisms terminating behavioural oestrus in rats. Treatment with OB on the day of oestrus can prolong the duration of receptivity but only at a higher dosage than that needed for induction of receptivity.", "PMID": 562915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5317", "title": "Alterations in plasma gonadotrophin patterns caused by sodium pentobarbitone in ewes at oestrus and in anoestrous ewes after infusion of oestradiol.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay system for the measurement of ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was established. After the onset of normal oestrus, there were simultaneous surges of luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH, and 24 h later, a surge of FSH alone. Administration of sodium pentobarbitone when the dual surge of LH and FSH was expected inhibited the release of LH, but prolonged that of FSH. Development of corpora lutea that took place immediately was normal in ewes treated with sodium pentobarbitone, but after the subsequent oestrus, the life-time of corpora lutea was abnormally short. When sodium pentobarbitone was administered at the time when the second surge of FSH was expected, no effect was observed on the level of LH or FSH. Subsequent development of corpora lutea was similar to that in the non-treated group. Administration of sodium pentobarbitone at the expected time of the dual surges of LH and FSH after infusion of oestradiol to anoestrous ewes blocked the release of both LH and FSH. Administration of sodium pentobarbitone at the expected time of the second surge of FSH after infusion of oestradiol delayed the increase in the level of FSH. In a pilot experiment after combined infusion of androstenedione and oestradiol, sodium pentobarbitone did not completely inhibit the release of FSH, but the release of LH was totally prevented.", "contents": "Alterations in plasma gonadotrophin patterns caused by sodium pentobarbitone in ewes at oestrus and in anoestrous ewes after infusion of oestradiol. A radioimmunoassay system for the measurement of ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was established. After the onset of normal oestrus, there were simultaneous surges of luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH, and 24 h later, a surge of FSH alone. Administration of sodium pentobarbitone when the dual surge of LH and FSH was expected inhibited the release of LH, but prolonged that of FSH. Development of corpora lutea that took place immediately was normal in ewes treated with sodium pentobarbitone, but after the subsequent oestrus, the life-time of corpora lutea was abnormally short. When sodium pentobarbitone was administered at the time when the second surge of FSH was expected, no effect was observed on the level of LH or FSH. Subsequent development of corpora lutea was similar to that in the non-treated group. Administration of sodium pentobarbitone at the expected time of the dual surges of LH and FSH after infusion of oestradiol to anoestrous ewes blocked the release of both LH and FSH. Administration of sodium pentobarbitone at the expected time of the second surge of FSH after infusion of oestradiol delayed the increase in the level of FSH. In a pilot experiment after combined infusion of androstenedione and oestradiol, sodium pentobarbitone did not completely inhibit the release of FSH, but the release of LH was totally prevented.", "PMID": 562916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5318", "title": "Punishment-specific effects of pentobarbital: dependency on the type of punisher.", "content": "Pigeons were trained to peck a key under a multiple random-interval 1-minute, random-interval 6-minute schedule of food presentation. Subsequently, over three phases, additions were made during the random-interval 1-minute component as follows: pecks during the component occasionally were punished by timeout presentation (Phase 1), timeouts were presented independently of responding during the component (Phase 2), pecks during the component occasionally were punished by electric-shock presentation (Phase 3). In Phases 1 and 3, response-dependent timeout and shock suppressed responding and established equivalent rates in both components of the multiple schedule. Intermediate doses of pentobarbital increased responding suppressed by electric-shock punishment but had little or no effect on responding suppressed by timeout punishment. Response-independent presentation of timeouts did not result in suppression of responding (thus showing that response-dependent timeout acted as a punisher), and pentobarbital did not reliably increase unpunished responding. Pentobarbital's selective \"punishment-attenuating\" properties depend on the nature of the punisher.", "contents": "Punishment-specific effects of pentobarbital: dependency on the type of punisher. Pigeons were trained to peck a key under a multiple random-interval 1-minute, random-interval 6-minute schedule of food presentation. Subsequently, over three phases, additions were made during the random-interval 1-minute component as follows: pecks during the component occasionally were punished by timeout presentation (Phase 1), timeouts were presented independently of responding during the component (Phase 2), pecks during the component occasionally were punished by electric-shock presentation (Phase 3). In Phases 1 and 3, response-dependent timeout and shock suppressed responding and established equivalent rates in both components of the multiple schedule. Intermediate doses of pentobarbital increased responding suppressed by electric-shock punishment but had little or no effect on responding suppressed by timeout punishment. Response-independent presentation of timeouts did not result in suppression of responding (thus showing that response-dependent timeout acted as a punisher), and pentobarbital did not reliably increase unpunished responding. Pentobarbital's selective \"punishment-attenuating\" properties depend on the nature of the punisher.", "PMID": 562919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5319", "title": "Regulation of reaginic antibody production in mice. I. Suppression by antigen of IgE antibody production in vitro.", "content": "Regulation of IgE production by antigen in a primed murine splenic lymphocyte culture system was described. Maximum IgE antibody production was found to occur when cells were cultured in the absence of exogenously added antigen. A cells and T lymphocytes did not affect the production of anti-DNP IgE antibody. By using a hapten-carrier antigen system (DNP-EA) for priming mice in vivo, it was found that the production of anti-DNP IgE by spleen cells in vitro was inhibited by hapten when coupled to homologous (EA) or heterologous (BGG) carrier, and was not enhanced or inhibited by homologous carrier. Anti-DNP IgE antibody production by cultures depleted of macrophages or T lymphocytes was found to be as sensitive to the suppressive effects of hapten as was the IgE production by whole spleen cell cultures. Both IgM and IgG secondary anti-DNP PFC responses in vitro were enhanced by the presence of the homologous hapten-carrier or carrier alone. DNP-BGG had no effect on the anti-DNP IgM or IgG PFC responses of the cultures. These data suggest that endogenous production of antibody (IgM or IgG) was not responsible for the observed suppression of the IgE response in vitrol The experimental results presented indicate that the regulation of the IgE production by antigen in the primed mouse splenic lymphocyte cultures was a consequence of the direct interaction of hapten with IgE B cells.", "contents": "Regulation of reaginic antibody production in mice. I. Suppression by antigen of IgE antibody production in vitro. Regulation of IgE production by antigen in a primed murine splenic lymphocyte culture system was described. Maximum IgE antibody production was found to occur when cells were cultured in the absence of exogenously added antigen. A cells and T lymphocytes did not affect the production of anti-DNP IgE antibody. By using a hapten-carrier antigen system (DNP-EA) for priming mice in vivo, it was found that the production of anti-DNP IgE by spleen cells in vitro was inhibited by hapten when coupled to homologous (EA) or heterologous (BGG) carrier, and was not enhanced or inhibited by homologous carrier. Anti-DNP IgE antibody production by cultures depleted of macrophages or T lymphocytes was found to be as sensitive to the suppressive effects of hapten as was the IgE production by whole spleen cell cultures. Both IgM and IgG secondary anti-DNP PFC responses in vitro were enhanced by the presence of the homologous hapten-carrier or carrier alone. DNP-BGG had no effect on the anti-DNP IgM or IgG PFC responses of the cultures. These data suggest that endogenous production of antibody (IgM or IgG) was not responsible for the observed suppression of the IgE response in vitrol The experimental results presented indicate that the regulation of the IgE production by antigen in the primed mouse splenic lymphocyte cultures was a consequence of the direct interaction of hapten with IgE B cells.", "PMID": 562920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5320", "title": "[Determination of iodine in plasma and biological fluids in the range 2 nmol/l with the aid of an autoanalyser (author's transl)].", "content": "An automated continuous flow method is described for the determination of iodine in biological fluids with a detection limit of 0.4 nmol/l. Our method uses the kinetics of the Sandell-Kolthoff-Reaction in sulfuric acid for the determination of iodide. The following applications are described: plasma inorganic iodine, total plasma iodine, protein bound iodine, total iodine in urine, drinking water and milk, total iodine in vegetables and laboratory diet for rats.", "contents": "[Determination of iodine in plasma and biological fluids in the range 2 nmol/l with the aid of an autoanalyser (author's transl)]. An automated continuous flow method is described for the determination of iodine in biological fluids with a detection limit of 0.4 nmol/l. Our method uses the kinetics of the Sandell-Kolthoff-Reaction in sulfuric acid for the determination of iodide. The following applications are described: plasma inorganic iodine, total plasma iodine, protein bound iodine, total iodine in urine, drinking water and milk, total iodine in vegetables and laboratory diet for rats.", "PMID": 562921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5321", "title": "In vitro culture of growing mouse oocytes.", "content": "A method is described for in vitro culture of naked growing mouse oocytes for at least four days. Tests for metabolic function indicate that the oocytes increase in volume, accumulate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and maintain a steady level of 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine incorporation.", "contents": "In vitro culture of growing mouse oocytes. A method is described for in vitro culture of naked growing mouse oocytes for at least four days. Tests for metabolic function indicate that the oocytes increase in volume, accumulate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and maintain a steady level of 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine incorporation.", "PMID": 562922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5322", "title": "Production of Friend leukaemia antigens in chronically-infected cells treated with interferon.", "content": "The effect of mouse interferon (ITF) on the expression of Friend leukaemia virus (FLV) an on dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)-stimulated haemoglobin synthesis in Friend erythroleukaemic cells (FLC) was studied. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect intracellular antigens, and incorporation of 3H-uridine into virions to detect extracellular virus release. Interferon markedly inhibited haemoglobin synthesis and FLV production, but enhanced accumulation of virus antigens in the cytoplasm; on the cell surface, however, FLV antigens were present to the same extent whether ITF was present or not. When ITF was removed, virus production rose and intracellular virus antigens fell to the levels of untreated controls.", "contents": "Production of Friend leukaemia antigens in chronically-infected cells treated with interferon. The effect of mouse interferon (ITF) on the expression of Friend leukaemia virus (FLV) an on dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)-stimulated haemoglobin synthesis in Friend erythroleukaemic cells (FLC) was studied. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect intracellular antigens, and incorporation of 3H-uridine into virions to detect extracellular virus release. Interferon markedly inhibited haemoglobin synthesis and FLV production, but enhanced accumulation of virus antigens in the cytoplasm; on the cell surface, however, FLV antigens were present to the same extent whether ITF was present or not. When ITF was removed, virus production rose and intracellular virus antigens fell to the levels of untreated controls.", "PMID": 562923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5323", "title": "RNA synthesis directed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "RAN synthesis induced by a temperature-sensitive RNA negative mutant, ts-4, of Semliki Forest virus was studied both at the permissive (28 degrees C) and restrictive temperature (39 degrees C). At 28 degrees C ts-4 directed RNA synthesis was qualitatively similar to the wild type but overall synthesis remained somewhat lower. Only about 3% of RNA was synthesized compared to the wild type virus when ts-4 was maintained at 39 degrees C throughout the infection. The sedimenting radioactivity was almost exclusively in 42S RNA. When ts-4 infected cultures were shifted from 28 to 39 degrees C at 5 h post-infection, the synthesis of 26S RNA was shut off while 42S RNA synthesis continued. The synthesis of 26S RNA started again even in the presence of cycloheximide if the cultures were back to 28 degrees C. Our results suggest that 26S RNA synthesis is controlled by a virus-specific protein, the function of which is not required for the synthesis of 42S RNA, In ts-4 this protein is denatured at 39 degrees C and becomes non-functional, but renatues and becomes functional upon shift down to 28 degreesC.", "contents": "RNA synthesis directed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of Semliki Forest virus. RAN synthesis induced by a temperature-sensitive RNA negative mutant, ts-4, of Semliki Forest virus was studied both at the permissive (28 degrees C) and restrictive temperature (39 degrees C). At 28 degrees C ts-4 directed RNA synthesis was qualitatively similar to the wild type but overall synthesis remained somewhat lower. Only about 3% of RNA was synthesized compared to the wild type virus when ts-4 was maintained at 39 degrees C throughout the infection. The sedimenting radioactivity was almost exclusively in 42S RNA. When ts-4 infected cultures were shifted from 28 to 39 degrees C at 5 h post-infection, the synthesis of 26S RNA was shut off while 42S RNA synthesis continued. The synthesis of 26S RNA started again even in the presence of cycloheximide if the cultures were back to 28 degrees C. Our results suggest that 26S RNA synthesis is controlled by a virus-specific protein, the function of which is not required for the synthesis of 42S RNA, In ts-4 this protein is denatured at 39 degrees C and becomes non-functional, but renatues and becomes functional upon shift down to 28 degreesC.", "PMID": 562924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5324", "title": "African swine fever virus replication in porcine lymphocytes.", "content": "Purified preparation of porcine lymphocytes were infected with three isolates of virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV). Electron microscopy showed the presence of small numbers of mature virus particles in degenerating cells. The titres of infective virus released were low and reached a maximum by 24 h after infection.", "contents": "African swine fever virus replication in porcine lymphocytes. Purified preparation of porcine lymphocytes were infected with three isolates of virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV). Electron microscopy showed the presence of small numbers of mature virus particles in degenerating cells. The titres of infective virus released were low and reached a maximum by 24 h after infection.", "PMID": 562925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5325", "title": "Manpower for neurosurgery: seeing ourselves as others see us. The 1977 Harvey Cushing oration.", "content": "The 1977 Cushing Orator looks at the question of neurosurgical manpower and its relation to national health policies, proposed or abandoned. The impact on residency training as well as patient care and research effort require constant monitoring by the profession, so that the specialty will continue to contribute significantly to human betterment.", "contents": "Manpower for neurosurgery: seeing ourselves as others see us. The 1977 Harvey Cushing oration. The 1977 Cushing Orator looks at the question of neurosurgical manpower and its relation to national health policies, proposed or abandoned. The impact on residency training as well as patient care and research effort require constant monitoring by the profession, so that the specialty will continue to contribute significantly to human betterment.", "PMID": 562926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5326", "title": "Experiences with sterilization of the operating microscope.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to assess the feasibility of both paraformaldehyde and ethylene oxide gas sterilization of the operating microscope. From these experiments and practical experience, it is concluded that ethylene oxide sterilization of the operating microscope is a feasible and desirable alternative to cumbersome draping technique.", "contents": "Experiences with sterilization of the operating microscope. Experiments were conducted to assess the feasibility of both paraformaldehyde and ethylene oxide gas sterilization of the operating microscope. From these experiments and practical experience, it is concluded that ethylene oxide sterilization of the operating microscope is a feasible and desirable alternative to cumbersome draping technique.", "PMID": 562927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5327", "title": "Effect of chronic ethanol administration on thiamin metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The effect of chronic alcohol administration on the absorption, excretion and metabolism of thiamin in the rat has been examined. In ethanol-fed rats receiving a marginal daily intake of thiamin (10 microgram/day) by stomach tube or by intraperitoneal injection, less of the vitamin and its metabolites were excreted in the urine as compared to controls administered the same diet except that sucrose replaced the energy represented by ethanol. More of the oral dose of thiamin was excreted in the feces of the ethanol-fed as compared to control rats. These data support previous reports of decreased adsorption of thiamin from the gut in animals exposed to ethanol. The studies in which the thiamin was administered by intraperitoneal injection also indicate an effect of ethanol on thiamin excretion in the urine which appears not to be related to absorption of the vitamin from the gut. An examination reveals no difference in the level of thiamin and its metabolites in the tissues of ethanol-fed as compared to control rats receiving thiamin by stomach tube. Thus, the decreased absorption of thiamin from the gut in the ethanol-fed rats seems to be balanced by a decreased excretion in the urine leading to a comparable accumulation of the vitamin in the tissues as controls.", "contents": "Effect of chronic ethanol administration on thiamin metabolism in the rat. The effect of chronic alcohol administration on the absorption, excretion and metabolism of thiamin in the rat has been examined. In ethanol-fed rats receiving a marginal daily intake of thiamin (10 microgram/day) by stomach tube or by intraperitoneal injection, less of the vitamin and its metabolites were excreted in the urine as compared to controls administered the same diet except that sucrose replaced the energy represented by ethanol. More of the oral dose of thiamin was excreted in the feces of the ethanol-fed as compared to control rats. These data support previous reports of decreased adsorption of thiamin from the gut in animals exposed to ethanol. The studies in which the thiamin was administered by intraperitoneal injection also indicate an effect of ethanol on thiamin excretion in the urine which appears not to be related to absorption of the vitamin from the gut. An examination reveals no difference in the level of thiamin and its metabolites in the tissues of ethanol-fed as compared to control rats receiving thiamin by stomach tube. Thus, the decreased absorption of thiamin from the gut in the ethanol-fed rats seems to be balanced by a decreased excretion in the urine leading to a comparable accumulation of the vitamin in the tissues as controls.", "PMID": 562928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5328", "title": "Calcitonin therapy of children with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Two children, ages 13 2/12 and 6 6/12 years, with osteogenesis imperfecta were treated with salmon calcitonin. During the course of therapy the older child developed calcitonin dose-related hypomagnesemia on two occasions. The younger child, coincident with otitis media and vomiting, developed hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia. Since rib biopsies obtained before and after one year of treatment with salmon calcitonin failed to demonstrate any histologic changes, therapy was discontinued because of the induced metabolic consequences of calcitonin therapy.", "contents": "Calcitonin therapy of children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Two children, ages 13 2/12 and 6 6/12 years, with osteogenesis imperfecta were treated with salmon calcitonin. During the course of therapy the older child developed calcitonin dose-related hypomagnesemia on two occasions. The younger child, coincident with otitis media and vomiting, developed hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia. Since rib biopsies obtained before and after one year of treatment with salmon calcitonin failed to demonstrate any histologic changes, therapy was discontinued because of the induced metabolic consequences of calcitonin therapy.", "PMID": 562930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5329", "title": "Feeding behaviour in rats with isolated medial hypothalamus as a function of ambient temperature.", "content": "The experiments of mechanical isolation of medial hypothalamus from the lateral hypothalamus and the preoptic anterior hypothalamic (POAH) region in rats showed that: 1. The interruption of neural connections between POAH area and medial hypothalamus do not prevent the decrease of food intake which normally occur in a hot environment. 2. At 33 degrees C, hyperphagic rats gained more weight than sham-operated ones. 3. At 4 degrees C, rats made hyperphagic by hypothalamic isolation do not ajust their food intake for a long period and do not gain weight. 4. The excitatory pathways of the feeding center from the POAH area do not penetrate directly into the lateral hypothalamus, but rather into the medial retrochiasmatic area. 5. The temperature influences the diurnal pattern of feeding only in rats with intact or unilateral neural connections of the hypothalamic structures 6. It seems that the thermostatic mechanism, which is a potent regulator of feeding, is closely associated with the central control of thyrotropin release, and that the hypothalamic structures may be considered only as a necessary link in the nervous mechanism involved in feeding control.", "contents": "Feeding behaviour in rats with isolated medial hypothalamus as a function of ambient temperature. The experiments of mechanical isolation of medial hypothalamus from the lateral hypothalamus and the preoptic anterior hypothalamic (POAH) region in rats showed that: 1. The interruption of neural connections between POAH area and medial hypothalamus do not prevent the decrease of food intake which normally occur in a hot environment. 2. At 33 degrees C, hyperphagic rats gained more weight than sham-operated ones. 3. At 4 degrees C, rats made hyperphagic by hypothalamic isolation do not ajust their food intake for a long period and do not gain weight. 4. The excitatory pathways of the feeding center from the POAH area do not penetrate directly into the lateral hypothalamus, but rather into the medial retrochiasmatic area. 5. The temperature influences the diurnal pattern of feeding only in rats with intact or unilateral neural connections of the hypothalamic structures 6. It seems that the thermostatic mechanism, which is a potent regulator of feeding, is closely associated with the central control of thyrotropin release, and that the hypothalamic structures may be considered only as a necessary link in the nervous mechanism involved in feeding control.", "PMID": 562937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5330", "title": "Hemolytic anemias during pregnancy and the reproductive years.", "content": "Anemia is a common phenomenon in women during the reproductive years. In pregnancy, it is associated with an increased incidence of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. The approach to the investigation of anemic women suspected of having hemolytic anemia of either congenital or acquired etiology is the subject of this article. Various conditions in the pregnant women can have hematologic consequences for the newborn infant; these conditions include sensitization to fetal blood cells, infections, drug ingestion and the possession of genes for hereditary hemolytic disorders, which may be transmitted to the fetus. Because several forms of hemolytic anemias are hereditary or are caused by an altered gene, genetic consultation is important.", "contents": "Hemolytic anemias during pregnancy and the reproductive years. Anemia is a common phenomenon in women during the reproductive years. In pregnancy, it is associated with an increased incidence of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. The approach to the investigation of anemic women suspected of having hemolytic anemia of either congenital or acquired etiology is the subject of this article. Various conditions in the pregnant women can have hematologic consequences for the newborn infant; these conditions include sensitization to fetal blood cells, infections, drug ingestion and the possession of genes for hereditary hemolytic disorders, which may be transmitted to the fetus. Because several forms of hemolytic anemias are hereditary or are caused by an altered gene, genetic consultation is important.", "PMID": 562940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5331", "title": "Cerebral dopamine agonist properties of some 2-aminotetralin derivatives after peripheral and intracerebral administration.", "content": "A series of variously N-substituted 2-aminotetralins having OH groups at 5 and 6 and at 6 and 7 positions, as well as nonoxygenated systems, has been evaluated for central dopaminergic effects. Stereotypical behavioral effects (sniffing, compulsive gnawing, and hyperactivity) produced by direct intracerebral administration of some of the agents were shown to differ strikingly from responses resulting from peripheral administration. The centrally mediated responses of hyperactivity and sterotypical gnawing-biting head and limb movements were shown to be separable in some test compounds. An improved route to 2-aminotetralin systems has been utilized for some of the compounds, which involves Pummerer rearrangement and cyclization of beta-keto sulfoxides and reductive amination of beta-tetralones with a NaBH4-carboxylic acid complex.", "contents": "Cerebral dopamine agonist properties of some 2-aminotetralin derivatives after peripheral and intracerebral administration. A series of variously N-substituted 2-aminotetralins having OH groups at 5 and 6 and at 6 and 7 positions, as well as nonoxygenated systems, has been evaluated for central dopaminergic effects. Stereotypical behavioral effects (sniffing, compulsive gnawing, and hyperactivity) produced by direct intracerebral administration of some of the agents were shown to differ strikingly from responses resulting from peripheral administration. The centrally mediated responses of hyperactivity and sterotypical gnawing-biting head and limb movements were shown to be separable in some test compounds. An improved route to 2-aminotetralin systems has been utilized for some of the compounds, which involves Pummerer rearrangement and cyclization of beta-keto sulfoxides and reductive amination of beta-tetralones with a NaBH4-carboxylic acid complex.", "PMID": 562941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5332", "title": "Congenital discoid lupus in the newborn.", "content": "A female infant, born to a 21-year-old mother with systemic lupus erythematosus, had cutaneous discoid lupus at birth. The lesions resolved spontaneously over the first few months and by the age of 1 year the infant's skin was normal. Other possible complications of this maternal disease are discussed and the need for caution in counselling mothers is recommended.", "contents": "Congenital discoid lupus in the newborn. A female infant, born to a 21-year-old mother with systemic lupus erythematosus, had cutaneous discoid lupus at birth. The lesions resolved spontaneously over the first few months and by the age of 1 year the infant's skin was normal. Other possible complications of this maternal disease are discussed and the need for caution in counselling mothers is recommended.", "PMID": 562942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5333", "title": "Test for malignant transformation of rat liver cells in culture: cytology, growth in soft agar, and production of plasminogen activator.", "content": "Three parameters were evaluated as diagnostic of the malignant potential of cultured rat liver epithelial cells: cytology, growth in soft agar, and production of extracellular plasminogen activator. A total of 22 tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cultures from 15 cell lines were sent coded from their originators to two different laboratories for the evaluation of these three parameters. Cytologic diagnosis and growth in soft agar were reliable means of determining the malignant potential of the cultured cells. However, the production of extracellular plasminogen activator showed little correlation with tumorigenicity. Of cytologic properties evaluated, the two that correlated best with malignant potential were increased cytoplasmic basophilia and and increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio.", "contents": "Test for malignant transformation of rat liver cells in culture: cytology, growth in soft agar, and production of plasminogen activator. Three parameters were evaluated as diagnostic of the malignant potential of cultured rat liver epithelial cells: cytology, growth in soft agar, and production of extracellular plasminogen activator. A total of 22 tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cultures from 15 cell lines were sent coded from their originators to two different laboratories for the evaluation of these three parameters. Cytologic diagnosis and growth in soft agar were reliable means of determining the malignant potential of the cultured cells. However, the production of extracellular plasminogen activator showed little correlation with tumorigenicity. Of cytologic properties evaluated, the two that correlated best with malignant potential were increased cytoplasmic basophilia and and increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio.", "PMID": 562943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5334", "title": "Excess chromosome no. 4 in ethylnitrosourea-induced neurogenic tumor lines of the rat.", "content": "The chromosomes in 15 cell lines derived from separate tumors induced in rats by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) are described. Thirteen lines were neural (glioma or schwannoma) in origin and type. In 12 of these lines, excess chromosome no. 4 could be demonstrated by Giemsa banding. One to three extra no. 4 chromosomes were seen as numerical or structural abnormalities. Also noted were other changes that were not consistent among lines. The 12 lines produced tumors in newborn rats. The 13th neurogenic line lacked excess chromosome no. 4 and did not produce tumors. The remaining 2 lines were nonneurogenic and lacked excess chromosome no. 4 but produced tumors. Control studies included chromosome analyses of bone marrow preparations from ENU-treated rats with tumors, cell lines from brains of normal rat embryos, and 2 established nonneurogenic rat tumor lines. No excess chromosome no. 4 was seen. These results suggest that nondisjunction and/or rearrangement of chromosome no. 4 is associated with the oncogenic process in neurogenic tumors induced.", "contents": "Excess chromosome no. 4 in ethylnitrosourea-induced neurogenic tumor lines of the rat. The chromosomes in 15 cell lines derived from separate tumors induced in rats by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) are described. Thirteen lines were neural (glioma or schwannoma) in origin and type. In 12 of these lines, excess chromosome no. 4 could be demonstrated by Giemsa banding. One to three extra no. 4 chromosomes were seen as numerical or structural abnormalities. Also noted were other changes that were not consistent among lines. The 12 lines produced tumors in newborn rats. The 13th neurogenic line lacked excess chromosome no. 4 and did not produce tumors. The remaining 2 lines were nonneurogenic and lacked excess chromosome no. 4 but produced tumors. Control studies included chromosome analyses of bone marrow preparations from ENU-treated rats with tumors, cell lines from brains of normal rat embryos, and 2 established nonneurogenic rat tumor lines. No excess chromosome no. 4 was seen. These results suggest that nondisjunction and/or rearrangement of chromosome no. 4 is associated with the oncogenic process in neurogenic tumors induced.", "PMID": 562944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5335", "title": "Hormone regulation of growth: stimulatory and inhibitory influences of estrogens on DNA synthesis.", "content": "Estrogenic hormones first stimulate and then inhibit DNA synthesis in the uterus of the immature rat. Both the stimulatory and the inhibitory effects depend on the sustained presence of estrogen. Thus, estriol, which is equal in effectiveness to estradiol on early (up to 6 hr) responses, has only a partial stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis. Estradiol initially stimulates DNA synthesis, but the sustained presence of this steroid inhibits further synthesis of this macromolecule and cell division. These observations are discussed in terms of their relationship to current models of estrogen action and to estrogen dependency in some types of cancer.", "contents": "Hormone regulation of growth: stimulatory and inhibitory influences of estrogens on DNA synthesis. Estrogenic hormones first stimulate and then inhibit DNA synthesis in the uterus of the immature rat. Both the stimulatory and the inhibitory effects depend on the sustained presence of estrogen. Thus, estriol, which is equal in effectiveness to estradiol on early (up to 6 hr) responses, has only a partial stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis. Estradiol initially stimulates DNA synthesis, but the sustained presence of this steroid inhibits further synthesis of this macromolecule and cell division. These observations are discussed in terms of their relationship to current models of estrogen action and to estrogen dependency in some types of cancer.", "PMID": 562946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5336", "title": "Evaluation of pedal lymphangiography in staging non-seminomatous testicular carcinoma.", "content": "An analysis is presented on 45 patients undergoing pedal lymphangiography followed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for non-seminomatous testicular carcinoma. Retroperitoneal node metastases were predicted correctly with the lymphangiogram in 10 of 20 patients (50 per cent). The over-all predictive accuracy was 62 per cent.", "contents": "Evaluation of pedal lymphangiography in staging non-seminomatous testicular carcinoma. An analysis is presented on 45 patients undergoing pedal lymphangiography followed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for non-seminomatous testicular carcinoma. Retroperitoneal node metastases were predicted correctly with the lymphangiogram in 10 of 20 patients (50 per cent). The over-all predictive accuracy was 62 per cent.", "PMID": 562948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5337", "title": "Prevention of vesicoureteral reflux with Fogarty catheters during formalin therapy.", "content": "Vesicoureteral reflux during formalin therapy of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis can be prevented with Fogarty catheters inserted cystoscopically into the lower ureters. With this technique formalin instillation and cystography can be done through the cystoscope at the same time. Topical intravesical vasopressin did not, in our experience, lessen the bladder hemorrhage.", "contents": "Prevention of vesicoureteral reflux with Fogarty catheters during formalin therapy. Vesicoureteral reflux during formalin therapy of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis can be prevented with Fogarty catheters inserted cystoscopically into the lower ureters. With this technique formalin instillation and cystography can be done through the cystoscope at the same time. Topical intravesical vasopressin did not, in our experience, lessen the bladder hemorrhage.", "PMID": 562949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5338", "title": "[Diurnal rhythm of the adrenal cortex function in patients with circulatory disorders].", "content": "The blood hydrocortisone and corticosterone content and the aldosterone level in the urine were determined for 24 hours in patients with congenital heart disease before and after operative treatment. In patients with symptoms of cardiac insufficiency both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex was marked by deviations from the diurnal physiological rhythm. This is reflected in the continuous activation of the adrenal cortex during 24 hours; activation of mineralocorticoid function in the evening and during the night is a particularly characteristic phenomenon.", "contents": "[Diurnal rhythm of the adrenal cortex function in patients with circulatory disorders]. The blood hydrocortisone and corticosterone content and the aldosterone level in the urine were determined for 24 hours in patients with congenital heart disease before and after operative treatment. In patients with symptoms of cardiac insufficiency both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex was marked by deviations from the diurnal physiological rhythm. This is reflected in the continuous activation of the adrenal cortex during 24 hours; activation of mineralocorticoid function in the evening and during the night is a particularly characteristic phenomenon.", "PMID": 562952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5339", "title": "[Role of aortic dystrophy in the etiology of idiopathic cardiomyopathy].", "content": "Hypertrophy of the heart of unrecognized origin is a frequent finding on autopsy and in that case is related to the so-called nonobstructive idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Abnormality of the heart muscle is considered its main symptom. According to the authors, involvement of the ascending aorta and not the myocardium is the basic pathologic process. This \"aortic dystrophy\" is characterized by diffuse ectasia of the ascending aorta and typical microscopic histological signs. Hypertrophy of the left heart is evidently overexertion hypertrophy resulting from the increased volume of the ascending aorta and the diminished elasticity of the aortic wall after the ventricular systole and the consequent greater demand on the work of the left ventricle than in normal conditions. \"Idiopathic\" hypertrophy of the heart with dystrophy of the aorta is hereditary, it may involve the skeleton also, and may be manifested in relatives.", "contents": "[Role of aortic dystrophy in the etiology of idiopathic cardiomyopathy]. Hypertrophy of the heart of unrecognized origin is a frequent finding on autopsy and in that case is related to the so-called nonobstructive idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Abnormality of the heart muscle is considered its main symptom. According to the authors, involvement of the ascending aorta and not the myocardium is the basic pathologic process. This \"aortic dystrophy\" is characterized by diffuse ectasia of the ascending aorta and typical microscopic histological signs. Hypertrophy of the left heart is evidently overexertion hypertrophy resulting from the increased volume of the ascending aorta and the diminished elasticity of the aortic wall after the ventricular systole and the consequent greater demand on the work of the left ventricle than in normal conditions. \"Idiopathic\" hypertrophy of the heart with dystrophy of the aorta is hereditary, it may involve the skeleton also, and may be manifested in relatives.", "PMID": 562953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5340", "title": "Aplysinopsin: antineoplastic tryptophan derivative from the marine sponge Verongia spengelii.", "content": "Bioassay-guided fractionation of the aqueous alcoholic extract of the marine sponge Verongia spengelii for tumor inhibitory agents led to the isolation of aplysinopsin, a new tryptophan derivative recently reported from another sponge Thorecta aplysinopsis. Aplysinopsin showed cytotoxicity against the KB, P388 and L1210 cell cultures.", "contents": "Aplysinopsin: antineoplastic tryptophan derivative from the marine sponge Verongia spengelii. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the aqueous alcoholic extract of the marine sponge Verongia spengelii for tumor inhibitory agents led to the isolation of aplysinopsin, a new tryptophan derivative recently reported from another sponge Thorecta aplysinopsis. Aplysinopsin showed cytotoxicity against the KB, P388 and L1210 cell cultures.", "PMID": 562965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5341", "title": "[BCG-osteomyelitis and BCG-arthritis after vaccination with BCG (author's transl)].", "content": "After vaccination with BCG (type Goeteborg) in the newborn period two children developed a BCG-osteomyelitis 12 and 19 months respectively later. The symptoms were only small. X-ray showed bone lesions in the distal metaphysis of the femur. The bacteriological examination demonstrated BCG-etiology. Disturbances of growth or of joint motility are seldom; they are possible, if the bone lesions are severe and if the diagnosis is late. In these cases the treatment must be intensive.", "contents": "[BCG-osteomyelitis and BCG-arthritis after vaccination with BCG (author's transl)]. After vaccination with BCG (type Goeteborg) in the newborn period two children developed a BCG-osteomyelitis 12 and 19 months respectively later. The symptoms were only small. X-ray showed bone lesions in the distal metaphysis of the femur. The bacteriological examination demonstrated BCG-etiology. Disturbances of growth or of joint motility are seldom; they are possible, if the bone lesions are severe and if the diagnosis is late. In these cases the treatment must be intensive.", "PMID": 562971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5342", "title": "Extrapolation of linear attenuation coefficients of biological materials from diagnostic-energy x-ray levels to the megavoltage range.", "content": "A dual-energy algorithm is used in determining the effective atomic number, atomic density, and electron density of biological substances. These quantities are then used to calculate linear attenuation coefficients at the megavolttage level. The validity of this method is checked several ways, including a comparison of extrapolated values with experimental data reported by Rao and Gregg where linear attenuation coefficients at 60 and 122 keV are used to extrapolate coefficients at 662 keV. Except for a few instances, the extrapolated values agree quite well with the reported experimental values. This method is also used to calculate coefficients at the 60Co range, and these are compared with experimental values measured in water and various types of tissue-equivalent materials. An additional algorithm is developed to extrapolate coefficients in water and bone up to 10 MeV. These quantities are compared with accepted values previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "Extrapolation of linear attenuation coefficients of biological materials from diagnostic-energy x-ray levels to the megavoltage range. A dual-energy algorithm is used in determining the effective atomic number, atomic density, and electron density of biological substances. These quantities are then used to calculate linear attenuation coefficients at the megavolttage level. The validity of this method is checked several ways, including a comparison of extrapolated values with experimental data reported by Rao and Gregg where linear attenuation coefficients at 60 and 122 keV are used to extrapolate coefficients at 662 keV. Except for a few instances, the extrapolated values agree quite well with the reported experimental values. This method is also used to calculate coefficients at the 60Co range, and these are compared with experimental values measured in water and various types of tissue-equivalent materials. An additional algorithm is developed to extrapolate coefficients in water and bone up to 10 MeV. These quantities are compared with accepted values previously reported in the literature.", "PMID": 562977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5343", "title": "A panaeolus poisoning in Scotland.", "content": "A male and female patient were admitted to the Poison Unit, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, suffering from poisoning caused by eating basidiocarps of Panaeolus subbalteatus (B. & Br.) Sacc. Those basidiocarps involved in the poisoning and later collections are described in full and pertinent ecological data etc. given.", "contents": "A panaeolus poisoning in Scotland. A male and female patient were admitted to the Poison Unit, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, suffering from poisoning caused by eating basidiocarps of Panaeolus subbalteatus (B. & Br.) Sacc. Those basidiocarps involved in the poisoning and later collections are described in full and pertinent ecological data etc. given.", "PMID": 562983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5344", "title": "[Thin-layer chromatographic technic for the semiquantitative determination of hydroxyzine residues in animal material].", "content": "The solution behaviour of hydroxyzine in water and chloroform (in the strongly alkaline and the strongly acidic range) is utilized to extract it from animal material and to purify the extract. A concentration of 0.01 p.p.m. is detectable in liver, kidneys and muscular substance. 0.05 p.p.m. may be determined semiquantitatively by visual spot comparison. In milk, the detectable amount is 0.1 p.p.m. and 0.5 p.p.m. can be determined semiquantitatively. The recoveries of low concentrations of hydroxyzine are likely to be lower in milk samples than in organ samples.", "contents": "[Thin-layer chromatographic technic for the semiquantitative determination of hydroxyzine residues in animal material]. The solution behaviour of hydroxyzine in water and chloroform (in the strongly alkaline and the strongly acidic range) is utilized to extract it from animal material and to purify the extract. A concentration of 0.01 p.p.m. is detectable in liver, kidneys and muscular substance. 0.05 p.p.m. may be determined semiquantitatively by visual spot comparison. In milk, the detectable amount is 0.1 p.p.m. and 0.5 p.p.m. can be determined semiquantitatively. The recoveries of low concentrations of hydroxyzine are likely to be lower in milk samples than in organ samples.", "PMID": 562985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5345", "title": "Lack of algesic effect of substance P on paravascular pain receptors.", "content": "1. Substance P (synthetic or extracted for intestine or central nervous system) is devoid of an algesic effect on paravascular pain receptors. 2. The algesic effect of a AP-containing acetone HCl-extract from spinal cord is explained by its high content of potassium ions. 3. SP-containing preparations which include an ammonium sulphate precipitation in the extraction procedure are algesic due to content of this salt. 4. SP-containing extract from intestine were found to be contaminated with a bradykinin-like peptide of high algesic potency. 5. These findings are discussed with regard to the restricted value of earlier results about central actions of SP-containing tissue extracts and with regard to the role of SP as a possible neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Lack of algesic effect of substance P on paravascular pain receptors. 1. Substance P (synthetic or extracted for intestine or central nervous system) is devoid of an algesic effect on paravascular pain receptors. 2. The algesic effect of a AP-containing acetone HCl-extract from spinal cord is explained by its high content of potassium ions. 3. SP-containing preparations which include an ammonium sulphate precipitation in the extraction procedure are algesic due to content of this salt. 4. SP-containing extract from intestine were found to be contaminated with a bradykinin-like peptide of high algesic potency. 5. These findings are discussed with regard to the restricted value of earlier results about central actions of SP-containing tissue extracts and with regard to the role of SP as a possible neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 562991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5346", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic reevaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy.", "content": "Intensive monitoring techniques were used to improve seizure diagnosis and control in 23 patients with intractable epilepsy: (1) Video recording of clinical seizures and the ictal EEG, (2) long-term telemetered EEG recordings, and (3) frequent determination of plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations. Patients were monitored in the hospital for an average of 8 weeks and after discharge were followed for an average of 8 months. At follow-up, 70 percent of the patients continued to have improved seizure control as compared with baseline studies, 83 percent had decreased toxicity, and about half had made gains in social adjustment. Use of the techniques described can make a significant contribution to patients previously considered intractable to therapy.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic reevaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy. Intensive monitoring techniques were used to improve seizure diagnosis and control in 23 patients with intractable epilepsy: (1) Video recording of clinical seizures and the ictal EEG, (2) long-term telemetered EEG recordings, and (3) frequent determination of plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations. Patients were monitored in the hospital for an average of 8 weeks and after discharge were followed for an average of 8 months. At follow-up, 70 percent of the patients continued to have improved seizure control as compared with baseline studies, 83 percent had decreased toxicity, and about half had made gains in social adjustment. Use of the techniques described can make a significant contribution to patients previously considered intractable to therapy.", "PMID": 562994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5347", "title": "A new juvenile hexosaminidase deficiency disease presenting as cerebellar ataxia. Clinical and biochemical studies.", "content": "A boy with mild hand tremor since age 2 1/2 was found at 4 to have cherry-red spots and mild trucal ataxia without seizures or dementia. Biochemically, he had striking hexosaminidase deficiency (serum: 4.6 percent of normal, 88.9 percent heat-labile; leukocyte: 2.2 percent of normal, 84.6 percent heat-labile; fibroblast 12.8 percent normal, 93.1 percent heat-labile). The residual hexosaminidase activity migrated electrophoretically in two bands. The major band comigrated with hexosaminidase A, the minor with hexosaminidase S. Hexosaminidase B was totally absent. The parents had partially reduced hexosaminidase with a decreased heat-stabile fraction. This disorder may result from a new mutation closely related to that causing Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz disease.", "contents": "A new juvenile hexosaminidase deficiency disease presenting as cerebellar ataxia. Clinical and biochemical studies. A boy with mild hand tremor since age 2 1/2 was found at 4 to have cherry-red spots and mild trucal ataxia without seizures or dementia. Biochemically, he had striking hexosaminidase deficiency (serum: 4.6 percent of normal, 88.9 percent heat-labile; leukocyte: 2.2 percent of normal, 84.6 percent heat-labile; fibroblast 12.8 percent normal, 93.1 percent heat-labile). The residual hexosaminidase activity migrated electrophoretically in two bands. The major band comigrated with hexosaminidase A, the minor with hexosaminidase S. Hexosaminidase B was totally absent. The parents had partially reduced hexosaminidase with a decreased heat-stabile fraction. This disorder may result from a new mutation closely related to that causing Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz disease.", "PMID": 562995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5348", "title": "Acetylcholine receptors of aneurally cultured human and animal muscle.", "content": "We describe the diffuse nonjunctional distribution of AChR molecules of aneurally cultured human and animal muscle and the influence of sera from myasthenia grivis patients and rabbits with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis on binding of alphaBT to diffuse nonjunctional AChR. One-hour incubation of myasthenia gravis seria resulted in blocking of the alphaBT-immunoperoxidase staining of their AChRs, while incubation in normal sera did not. Aneurally cultured muscle can aid studies of regenerating fibers in normal muscle compared with those of muscles in neuromuscular diseases, and also act as an environmentally controlled test object for demonstrating the effect of circulating pathogenic factors.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptors of aneurally cultured human and animal muscle. We describe the diffuse nonjunctional distribution of AChR molecules of aneurally cultured human and animal muscle and the influence of sera from myasthenia grivis patients and rabbits with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis on binding of alphaBT to diffuse nonjunctional AChR. One-hour incubation of myasthenia gravis seria resulted in blocking of the alphaBT-immunoperoxidase staining of their AChRs, while incubation in normal sera did not. Aneurally cultured muscle can aid studies of regenerating fibers in normal muscle compared with those of muscles in neuromuscular diseases, and also act as an environmentally controlled test object for demonstrating the effect of circulating pathogenic factors.", "PMID": 562996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5349", "title": "Calcification of basal ganglia and cerebellar roof nuclei in mentally defective patient with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Analysis of intracranial concretions by electon microprobe.", "content": "This report describes, for the first time, an analysis by electron microprobe of concretions in the brain of an individual with striopallidodentate calcification. We also report the unique association of this intracranial syndrome with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. An institutionalized male with impaired intellectual function and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia was known since the age of 3 years to have bilateral radiopaque densities in the region of the basal ganglia on skull roentgenogram. He died at age 29 in congestive heart failure from rheumatic pancarditis. At autopsy, concretions were identified in globus pallidus, caudate nuclei, thalamus, and dentate nuclei. Mineral deposits within the brain, analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis, consisted predominately of calcium and phosphorus. Trace amounts of magnesium, iron, and silicon also were detected.", "contents": "Calcification of basal ganglia and cerebellar roof nuclei in mentally defective patient with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Analysis of intracranial concretions by electon microprobe. This report describes, for the first time, an analysis by electron microprobe of concretions in the brain of an individual with striopallidodentate calcification. We also report the unique association of this intracranial syndrome with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. An institutionalized male with impaired intellectual function and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia was known since the age of 3 years to have bilateral radiopaque densities in the region of the basal ganglia on skull roentgenogram. He died at age 29 in congestive heart failure from rheumatic pancarditis. At autopsy, concretions were identified in globus pallidus, caudate nuclei, thalamus, and dentate nuclei. Mineral deposits within the brain, analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis, consisted predominately of calcium and phosphorus. Trace amounts of magnesium, iron, and silicon also were detected.", "PMID": 562997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5350", "title": "Spinal cord compression due to pseudomonas in a heroin addict. Case report.", "content": "Involvement of the spinal cord has not been reported in osteomyelitis of the spinal column caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cerebrospinal fluid findings have been reported only once in osteomyelitis of the spine by this agent. Our patient had persistently increased cerebrospinal fluid protein during an acute episode of cervical spine osteomyelitis, characterized by fever and neck pain. Roentgenograms of the cervical spine and neurologic examination did not show any definite abnormality. He became paraplegic 18 months later, after having symptoms of numbness of the feet and progressive weakness of the legs for 1 month. A surgical procedure and antibiotic treatment resulted in remarkable recovery. A bone specimen grew P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression due to pseudomonas in a heroin addict. Case report. Involvement of the spinal cord has not been reported in osteomyelitis of the spinal column caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cerebrospinal fluid findings have been reported only once in osteomyelitis of the spine by this agent. Our patient had persistently increased cerebrospinal fluid protein during an acute episode of cervical spine osteomyelitis, characterized by fever and neck pain. Roentgenograms of the cervical spine and neurologic examination did not show any definite abnormality. He became paraplegic 18 months later, after having symptoms of numbness of the feet and progressive weakness of the legs for 1 month. A surgical procedure and antibiotic treatment resulted in remarkable recovery. A bone specimen grew P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 562998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5351", "title": "Astrocytoma in three sisters.", "content": "Three sisters died of astrocytoma, and the microscopic appearance of the tumor was the same in all three. This finding supports either genetic or environmental influences in the occurrence of brain tumors.", "contents": "Astrocytoma in three sisters. Three sisters died of astrocytoma, and the microscopic appearance of the tumor was the same in all three. This finding supports either genetic or environmental influences in the occurrence of brain tumors.", "PMID": 562999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5352", "title": "Diffuse \"anoxic\" myelopathy.", "content": "Pathologic changes and distribution of lesions of the spinal cord were studied in 16 patients who suffered from \"anoxic\" episodes. The lesions were symmetrical and limited to the gray matter. The vulnerability of the spinal cord was most marked in the lumbosacral region, although almost every nucleus throughout the spinal cord was subject to damage.", "contents": "Diffuse \"anoxic\" myelopathy. Pathologic changes and distribution of lesions of the spinal cord were studied in 16 patients who suffered from \"anoxic\" episodes. The lesions were symmetrical and limited to the gray matter. The vulnerability of the spinal cord was most marked in the lumbosacral region, although almost every nucleus throughout the spinal cord was subject to damage.", "PMID": 563000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5353", "title": "Benign epileptiform transients of sleep. Clarification of the small sharp spike controversy.", "content": "Electroencephalograms were performed on 120 normal subjects sleep deprived for 24 hours. Twenty-four percent of the volunteers exhibited one or more epileptiform transients during stages 1 or 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep. These potentials usually appeared as monophasic or diphasic spikes unaccompanied by sharp waves or focal slowing. When abundant, they occurred sporadically and independently over both hemispheres but were best developed in the anteromesial temporal regions. A 20 percent incidence of similar spikes was found in 599 consecutively referred patients recorded under the same conditions. We conclude that these epileptiform transients of sleep, which have been called \"small sharp spikes,\" are normal and are of no diagnostic value in the evaluation of patients with seizures.", "contents": "Benign epileptiform transients of sleep. Clarification of the small sharp spike controversy. Electroencephalograms were performed on 120 normal subjects sleep deprived for 24 hours. Twenty-four percent of the volunteers exhibited one or more epileptiform transients during stages 1 or 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep. These potentials usually appeared as monophasic or diphasic spikes unaccompanied by sharp waves or focal slowing. When abundant, they occurred sporadically and independently over both hemispheres but were best developed in the anteromesial temporal regions. A 20 percent incidence of similar spikes was found in 599 consecutively referred patients recorded under the same conditions. We conclude that these epileptiform transients of sleep, which have been called \"small sharp spikes,\" are normal and are of no diagnostic value in the evaluation of patients with seizures.", "PMID": 563001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5354", "title": "Computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of intracranial abscesses. Brain abscess, subdural empyema, and epidural empyema.", "content": "Nine cases of brain abscess, five of subdural empyema, and one of epidural empyema with associated subdural empyema were identified using computed tomography (CT). Smal and multiple abscesses as well as unilateral, bilateral, and parafalcine empyemas were detected. These lesions were demonstrated rapidly and accurately, even in areas that are demonstrated poorly by other diagnostic techniques. No false-negative studies were found in cases of brain abscess or subdural empyema. However, since the appearance of brain abscesses of CT scans is similar to that of neoplastic and vascular lesions, false-positive reports of brain abscess were encountered.", "contents": "Computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of intracranial abscesses. Brain abscess, subdural empyema, and epidural empyema. Nine cases of brain abscess, five of subdural empyema, and one of epidural empyema with associated subdural empyema were identified using computed tomography (CT). Smal and multiple abscesses as well as unilateral, bilateral, and parafalcine empyemas were detected. These lesions were demonstrated rapidly and accurately, even in areas that are demonstrated poorly by other diagnostic techniques. No false-negative studies were found in cases of brain abscess or subdural empyema. However, since the appearance of brain abscesses of CT scans is similar to that of neoplastic and vascular lesions, false-positive reports of brain abscess were encountered.", "PMID": 563002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5355", "title": "Postural changes, tremor, and myoclonus in the rat immediately following injections of p-chloromaphetamine.", "content": "A single dose of p-chloroamphetamine, 10 mg per kilogram, produced postural abnormalities, tremor, myoclonus, and autonomic signs in rats 5 minutes after intraperitoneal injection. This syndrome lasted 60 to 90 minutes, and its intensity was directly proportional to the amount of p-chloroamphetamine given over a 2 to 10 mg per kilogram range. Whole-brain levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were not altered during this interval, although both were reduced significantly 1 day later. Pretreatment with drugs that interfere with the uptake of p-chloroamphetamine into terminals of serotonergic neurons (fluoxetine), depress brain serotonin levels (p-chlorophenylalanine), or block serotonin receptors (methiothepin or methergoline) suppressed this syndrome, whereas drugs that antagonize the effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine did not. These observations implicate serotonergic mechanisms and provide behavioral evidence of p-chloroamphetamine's immediate actions on serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Postural changes, tremor, and myoclonus in the rat immediately following injections of p-chloromaphetamine. A single dose of p-chloroamphetamine, 10 mg per kilogram, produced postural abnormalities, tremor, myoclonus, and autonomic signs in rats 5 minutes after intraperitoneal injection. This syndrome lasted 60 to 90 minutes, and its intensity was directly proportional to the amount of p-chloroamphetamine given over a 2 to 10 mg per kilogram range. Whole-brain levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were not altered during this interval, although both were reduced significantly 1 day later. Pretreatment with drugs that interfere with the uptake of p-chloroamphetamine into terminals of serotonergic neurons (fluoxetine), depress brain serotonin levels (p-chlorophenylalanine), or block serotonin receptors (methiothepin or methergoline) suppressed this syndrome, whereas drugs that antagonize the effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine did not. These observations implicate serotonergic mechanisms and provide behavioral evidence of p-chloroamphetamine's immediate actions on serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 563003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5356", "title": "Reflex effects of vibration in patients with spinal cord lesions.", "content": "The vibration reflex was studied in 49 patients with traumatic spinal cord lesions. It was elicited in all patients, even after presumably complete division of the cord. The vibration relfex consisted of a short-latency, brief outburst of phasic activity of motor units, followed by rapidly decreasing phasic component and a later slowly declining tonic component. When periods of vibration were repeated at short intervals of 2 to 10 seconds, the responses showed an approximately exponential decline, although the beginning of each subsequent response was always larger than the end of the preceding response. A large part of this decline can be characterized as a habituation of the vibration reflex. In comparison with the vibration reflex in normal subjects, the phasic component was increased and the tonic one reduced. The tonic component was especially susceptible to potentiation and dishabituation by voluntary effort to contract the vibrated muscle, even in some patients with no other evidence that the lesion was incomplete. We suggest that the tonic component of the human vibration reflex depends, at least in part, on segmental interneurons and their descending spinal pathways, while the phasic component depends mainly on the excitability level of spinal motoneurons.", "contents": "Reflex effects of vibration in patients with spinal cord lesions. The vibration reflex was studied in 49 patients with traumatic spinal cord lesions. It was elicited in all patients, even after presumably complete division of the cord. The vibration relfex consisted of a short-latency, brief outburst of phasic activity of motor units, followed by rapidly decreasing phasic component and a later slowly declining tonic component. When periods of vibration were repeated at short intervals of 2 to 10 seconds, the responses showed an approximately exponential decline, although the beginning of each subsequent response was always larger than the end of the preceding response. A large part of this decline can be characterized as a habituation of the vibration reflex. In comparison with the vibration reflex in normal subjects, the phasic component was increased and the tonic one reduced. The tonic component was especially susceptible to potentiation and dishabituation by voluntary effort to contract the vibrated muscle, even in some patients with no other evidence that the lesion was incomplete. We suggest that the tonic component of the human vibration reflex depends, at least in part, on segmental interneurons and their descending spinal pathways, while the phasic component depends mainly on the excitability level of spinal motoneurons.", "PMID": 563004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5357", "title": "Erythrocyte survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Hemolysis was investigated in seven patients with Duchenne dystrophy. No increase in red-cell turnover was detected by indirect measurement (hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, plasma hemoglobin, serum haptoglobin) or by turnover of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes. Our findings fail to support the likelihood of a significant erythrocyte membrane defect.", "contents": "Erythrocyte survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hemolysis was investigated in seven patients with Duchenne dystrophy. No increase in red-cell turnover was detected by indirect measurement (hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, plasma hemoglobin, serum haptoglobin) or by turnover of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes. Our findings fail to support the likelihood of a significant erythrocyte membrane defect.", "PMID": 563005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5358", "title": "Western equine encephalitis with rapid onset of parkinsonism.", "content": "A patient with confirmed western equine encephalitis had the rapid onset of postencephalitic parkinsonian sequelae. This observation corroborates similar previous but rare reports. Response to therapy with levodopa, dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, and trihexyphenidyl was dramatic. However, remission maintained for 12 months without medication suggests that the parkinsonism would have remitted spontaneously. In either case, this has not previously been reported with the western equine togavirus.", "contents": "Western equine encephalitis with rapid onset of parkinsonism. A patient with confirmed western equine encephalitis had the rapid onset of postencephalitic parkinsonian sequelae. This observation corroborates similar previous but rare reports. Response to therapy with levodopa, dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, and trihexyphenidyl was dramatic. However, remission maintained for 12 months without medication suggests that the parkinsonism would have remitted spontaneously. In either case, this has not previously been reported with the western equine togavirus.", "PMID": 563006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5359", "title": "CT scan in inter hemispheric subdural hematoma. Clinical and pathological correlation.", "content": "In a patient with a large interhemispheric subdural hematoma, the CT scan showed a radiodensity with a straight sagittal and a convex lateral border. This image correlated with the autopsy findings. It differs from CT scan images of intracerebral hematomas.", "contents": "CT scan in inter hemispheric subdural hematoma. Clinical and pathological correlation. In a patient with a large interhemispheric subdural hematoma, the CT scan showed a radiodensity with a straight sagittal and a convex lateral border. This image correlated with the autopsy findings. It differs from CT scan images of intracerebral hematomas.", "PMID": 563007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5360", "title": "Ventilatory response in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Patients with myotonic dystrophy often develop respiratory failure caused by alveolar hypoventilation. Abnormalities in the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia may explain this phenomenon. Accordingly, hypoxic and hypercapnic responses were measured in seven patients with myotonic dystrophy who had only mild respiratory muscle weakness. Hypoxic response was significantly reduced, while hypercapnic response was affected more irregularly. It is possible that the high incidence of respiratory failure in such patients is related to decreased hypoxic ventilatory response, occurring because of an underlying neurogenic deficit.", "contents": "Ventilatory response in myotonic dystrophy. Patients with myotonic dystrophy often develop respiratory failure caused by alveolar hypoventilation. Abnormalities in the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia may explain this phenomenon. Accordingly, hypoxic and hypercapnic responses were measured in seven patients with myotonic dystrophy who had only mild respiratory muscle weakness. Hypoxic response was significantly reduced, while hypercapnic response was affected more irregularly. It is possible that the high incidence of respiratory failure in such patients is related to decreased hypoxic ventilatory response, occurring because of an underlying neurogenic deficit.", "PMID": 563010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5361", "title": "Electro-oculographic analysis of opsoclonus: its relationship to saccadic and nonsaccadic eye movements.", "content": "Opsoclonus and intention tremors of the body were seen transiently in a 20-year-old woman with postinfectious encephalopathy. Electro-oculograms showed multidirectional eye oscillations: oblique and disconjugate involuntary movements were commonly seen. The opsoclonus was triggered by both saccadic and nonsaccadic eye movements including those not concerned with visual fixation.", "contents": "Electro-oculographic analysis of opsoclonus: its relationship to saccadic and nonsaccadic eye movements. Opsoclonus and intention tremors of the body were seen transiently in a 20-year-old woman with postinfectious encephalopathy. Electro-oculograms showed multidirectional eye oscillations: oblique and disconjugate involuntary movements were commonly seen. The opsoclonus was triggered by both saccadic and nonsaccadic eye movements including those not concerned with visual fixation.", "PMID": 563011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5362", "title": "Experiences with a new ergoline (CF 25-397) in parkinsonism.", "content": "Studies on rats with unilateral nigral lesions suggest that a new ergoline, CF 25-397, is a dopaminergic agonist that might improve parkinsonism. CF 25-397 induces less stereotyped behavior than other dopaminergic agents in rats, and might therefore cause less dyskinesia than levodopa in man. We investigated the clinical actions of CF 25-397 in nine patients. During treatment, severe deterioration resulted in hypokinesia and rigidity; five patients showed marked dysphagia and dysphonia. There was statistically significant deterioration in four timed tests. Mild improvement, not statistically significant, was noted in tremor. These results indicate that clinical implication of the response to potential therapeutic agents in rodent models of parkinsonism must be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Experiences with a new ergoline (CF 25-397) in parkinsonism. Studies on rats with unilateral nigral lesions suggest that a new ergoline, CF 25-397, is a dopaminergic agonist that might improve parkinsonism. CF 25-397 induces less stereotyped behavior than other dopaminergic agents in rats, and might therefore cause less dyskinesia than levodopa in man. We investigated the clinical actions of CF 25-397 in nine patients. During treatment, severe deterioration resulted in hypokinesia and rigidity; five patients showed marked dysphagia and dysphonia. There was statistically significant deterioration in four timed tests. Mild improvement, not statistically significant, was noted in tremor. These results indicate that clinical implication of the response to potential therapeutic agents in rodent models of parkinsonism must be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 563012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5363", "title": "Language, praxis, and the right hemisphere: clues to some mechanisms of consciousness.", "content": "The linguistic capacity of each separate cerebral hemisphere was examined in a 15-year-old, callosally sectioned, normally right-handed male. The results demonstrated that while the right hemisphere was not capable of expressive speech, it could comprehend nouns and verbs, and also possessed the motor engrams necessary to carry out verbal and pictorial commands. In addition, the mute hemisphere was found to be capable of spelling the names of visually presented items by arranging letters as well as by writing with the left hand. Finally, the manner in which the left hemisphere dealt with the overt bodily response to commands presented to the right hemisphere suggested clues to what we feel are mechanisms by which a personal sense of conscious reality is created in the normal brain.", "contents": "Language, praxis, and the right hemisphere: clues to some mechanisms of consciousness. The linguistic capacity of each separate cerebral hemisphere was examined in a 15-year-old, callosally sectioned, normally right-handed male. The results demonstrated that while the right hemisphere was not capable of expressive speech, it could comprehend nouns and verbs, and also possessed the motor engrams necessary to carry out verbal and pictorial commands. In addition, the mute hemisphere was found to be capable of spelling the names of visually presented items by arranging letters as well as by writing with the left hand. Finally, the manner in which the left hemisphere dealt with the overt bodily response to commands presented to the right hemisphere suggested clues to what we feel are mechanisms by which a personal sense of conscious reality is created in the normal brain.", "PMID": 563013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5364", "title": "Neuro-Behcet disease: two cases and neuroradiologic findings.", "content": "In two cases of Behcet disease, neurologic disorders antedated the characteristic ocular or mucocutaneous lesions by 6 to 32 weeks. Neuroradiologic investigation demonstrated expanding avascular foci in the basal ganglia, probably representing areas of infarction secondary to vasculitis.", "contents": "Neuro-Behcet disease: two cases and neuroradiologic findings. In two cases of Behcet disease, neurologic disorders antedated the characteristic ocular or mucocutaneous lesions by 6 to 32 weeks. Neuroradiologic investigation demonstrated expanding avascular foci in the basal ganglia, probably representing areas of infarction secondary to vasculitis.", "PMID": 563014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5365", "title": "Corneal reflex latency in trigeminal nerve lesions.", "content": "Using a new technique to record the latency of the corneal reflex, we established normal values in 32 normal subjects between 10 and 80 years of age, divided into three age groups. In 15 patients with unilateral trigeminal nerve lesions, comparison of the responses on both sides permitted differentiation of afferent and efferent lesions.", "contents": "Corneal reflex latency in trigeminal nerve lesions. Using a new technique to record the latency of the corneal reflex, we established normal values in 32 normal subjects between 10 and 80 years of age, divided into three age groups. In 15 patients with unilateral trigeminal nerve lesions, comparison of the responses on both sides permitted differentiation of afferent and efferent lesions.", "PMID": 563015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5366", "title": "Fibromuscular dysplasia of intracranial arteries in a patient with multiple enchondromas (Ollier disease).", "content": "In a 32-year-old woman, cerebral angiography showed fibromuscular dysplasia of the left anterior and middle cerebral arteries. She had had epilepsy and subarachnoid hemorrhages with subsequent hemiplegia. Since she also had multiple enchondromas (Ollier disease), this may represent a case of Maffucci syndrome.", "contents": "Fibromuscular dysplasia of intracranial arteries in a patient with multiple enchondromas (Ollier disease). In a 32-year-old woman, cerebral angiography showed fibromuscular dysplasia of the left anterior and middle cerebral arteries. She had had epilepsy and subarachnoid hemorrhages with subsequent hemiplegia. Since she also had multiple enchondromas (Ollier disease), this may represent a case of Maffucci syndrome.", "PMID": 563016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5367", "title": "Cortical deafness: demonstration of the pathologic anatomy by CT scan.", "content": "A 27-year-old man with a prosthetic mitral valve had bilateral cerebral infarcts that caused a nonfluent aphasia, oral apraxia, and deafness. A computer-assisted tomographic scan showed symmetrical bilateral temporoparietal lesions. A review of the literature on other cases of cortical auditory deficits suggests that the clinical syndrome of pure word deafness in many cases is probably a less severe form of cortical deafness and is due to less extensive bilateral temporal gray matter lesions. However, strictly white matter lesions may produce some cases of either syndrome.", "contents": "Cortical deafness: demonstration of the pathologic anatomy by CT scan. A 27-year-old man with a prosthetic mitral valve had bilateral cerebral infarcts that caused a nonfluent aphasia, oral apraxia, and deafness. A computer-assisted tomographic scan showed symmetrical bilateral temporoparietal lesions. A review of the literature on other cases of cortical auditory deficits suggests that the clinical syndrome of pure word deafness in many cases is probably a less severe form of cortical deafness and is due to less extensive bilateral temporal gray matter lesions. However, strictly white matter lesions may produce some cases of either syndrome.", "PMID": 563017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5368", "title": "The central nervous system in a case of neurolathyrism.", "content": "We examined the central nervous system of a 67-year-old man who showed symptoms of lathyrism after being imprisoned at age 35 and fed on a diet of chick peas, Lathyrus sativus. The most obvious changes were loss of axons and myelin in the pyramidal tract in the lumbar spinal cord. These alterations correlated with spastic paraparesis. Other changes at the same level were a mild degree of degeneration of anterior horn cells. Pallor of Goll's tracts and axonal swelling in Goll's nuclei were also observed. A few examples of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were observed in Ammon's horn.", "contents": "The central nervous system in a case of neurolathyrism. We examined the central nervous system of a 67-year-old man who showed symptoms of lathyrism after being imprisoned at age 35 and fed on a diet of chick peas, Lathyrus sativus. The most obvious changes were loss of axons and myelin in the pyramidal tract in the lumbar spinal cord. These alterations correlated with spastic paraparesis. Other changes at the same level were a mild degree of degeneration of anterior horn cells. Pallor of Goll's tracts and axonal swelling in Goll's nuclei were also observed. A few examples of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were observed in Ammon's horn.", "PMID": 563018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5369", "title": "Myasthenia gravis and Schmidt syndrome.", "content": "A patient with myasthenia gravis developed both Addison disease and primary hypothyroidism, with demonstrable anti-adrenal and antithyroid antibodies in her serum. The association of myasthenia gravis with Schmidt syndrome does not seem to be a chance occurrence, considering the autoimmune pathogenesis of each of these disorders.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis and Schmidt syndrome. A patient with myasthenia gravis developed both Addison disease and primary hypothyroidism, with demonstrable anti-adrenal and antithyroid antibodies in her serum. The association of myasthenia gravis with Schmidt syndrome does not seem to be a chance occurrence, considering the autoimmune pathogenesis of each of these disorders.", "PMID": 563019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5370", "title": "Second trimester placenta previa. An apparently normal placentation.", "content": "Placental positions in 214 patients scheduled for genetic amniocentesis were reviewed. Forty-five percent were found to have ultrasound findings of a low-lying placenta or partial or total placenta previa. At term, none of these patients required intervention for bleeding or placenta previa. Parity of 4 or more, but not age, correlated with an increased incidence of partial or total placenta previa, but not with a low-lying placenta. Low-lying placenta or placenta previa may be a normal variant in early pregnancy, suggesting that failure of the placenta to relinquish this position can result in an abnormally implanted placenta at term.", "contents": "Second trimester placenta previa. An apparently normal placentation. Placental positions in 214 patients scheduled for genetic amniocentesis were reviewed. Forty-five percent were found to have ultrasound findings of a low-lying placenta or partial or total placenta previa. At term, none of these patients required intervention for bleeding or placenta previa. Parity of 4 or more, but not age, correlated with an increased incidence of partial or total placenta previa, but not with a low-lying placenta. Low-lying placenta or placenta previa may be a normal variant in early pregnancy, suggesting that failure of the placenta to relinquish this position can result in an abnormally implanted placenta at term.", "PMID": 563029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5371", "title": "[Emergency surgery problems: selective decompression of esophagogastric varices].", "content": "The physiopathological premisses of portosystemic anastomosis and the modern approach to this question are explained. Stress is laid on the general and haemodynamic advantages offered by selective shunts and 6 cases (4 distal splenorenal and 2 coronarocava shunts) are presented. As yet the postoperative period is not long enough to enable a final judgement to be formed. However, it can be stated that the success of this form of management is primarily determined by the proper choice of candidates, i.e. patients with non-decompensated initial cirrhosis and unimpaired portal hepatic flow.", "contents": "[Emergency surgery problems: selective decompression of esophagogastric varices]. The physiopathological premisses of portosystemic anastomosis and the modern approach to this question are explained. Stress is laid on the general and haemodynamic advantages offered by selective shunts and 6 cases (4 distal splenorenal and 2 coronarocava shunts) are presented. As yet the postoperative period is not long enough to enable a final judgement to be formed. However, it can be stated that the success of this form of management is primarily determined by the proper choice of candidates, i.e. patients with non-decompensated initial cirrhosis and unimpaired portal hepatic flow.", "PMID": 563024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5372", "title": "The rights of the employee as patient.", "content": "In summary, the rights of the employee as patient are essentially the same as they would be in any health care practitioner-patient relationship, whenever diagnosis and treatment are contemplated. When they are not involved and job fitness alone is at issue, the employee or potential employee has the right to expect that the practitioner will exercise reasonable skill and care in making the medical decision of employability. He probably also has the right to expect that any personal medical information generated in the course of making the decision remain confidential, unless it bears directly on his ability to do the job.", "contents": "The rights of the employee as patient. In summary, the rights of the employee as patient are essentially the same as they would be in any health care practitioner-patient relationship, whenever diagnosis and treatment are contemplated. When they are not involved and job fitness alone is at issue, the employee or potential employee has the right to expect that the practitioner will exercise reasonable skill and care in making the medical decision of employability. He probably also has the right to expect that any personal medical information generated in the course of making the decision remain confidential, unless it bears directly on his ability to do the job.", "PMID": 563040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5373", "title": "Peer review: accountability and legal implications.", "content": "In summary, increasingly accountability implies the acceptance of peer review as an integral part of nursing practice. Peer review in turn presents a variety of ethical and legal implications and, beyond the scope of this discussion, educational, organizational and psychological implications as well. We must proceed to identify the components necessary to a sound peer review approach, starting with ethical issue and the necessary data base to measure outcomes of care right through the mechanisms of process and structural arrangements. Then, of course, we must ensure the application of rigorous examination of results. Whether QAPs as a whole or peer review as a specific, results are not dependent solely on the provider and client. Environmental and organizational factors must also be considered. Outcomes of care and performance are a function of the interaction of a variety of factors. In essence, the onus for assuring that the profession will meet its public accountability rests largely with each and every one of us. Every professional practitioner in the context of peer review will be compelled to be involved in assessment of the many dimensions of patient care. If professional self-requlation is to be effective, all professional nurses must be involved. In sum, we are the ones who must determine the what and the how of accountability for the nursing profession.", "contents": "Peer review: accountability and legal implications. In summary, increasingly accountability implies the acceptance of peer review as an integral part of nursing practice. Peer review in turn presents a variety of ethical and legal implications and, beyond the scope of this discussion, educational, organizational and psychological implications as well. We must proceed to identify the components necessary to a sound peer review approach, starting with ethical issue and the necessary data base to measure outcomes of care right through the mechanisms of process and structural arrangements. Then, of course, we must ensure the application of rigorous examination of results. Whether QAPs as a whole or peer review as a specific, results are not dependent solely on the provider and client. Environmental and organizational factors must also be considered. Outcomes of care and performance are a function of the interaction of a variety of factors. In essence, the onus for assuring that the profession will meet its public accountability rests largely with each and every one of us. Every professional practitioner in the context of peer review will be compelled to be involved in assessment of the many dimensions of patient care. If professional self-requlation is to be effective, all professional nurses must be involved. In sum, we are the ones who must determine the what and the how of accountability for the nursing profession.", "PMID": 563041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5374", "title": "Postganglionic sympathetic activity with correlation to heart rhythm and central cortical rhythms.", "content": "1. Renal sympathetic nerve activity, ECG and parieto-occipital EEG were recorded in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose. The carotid sinus nerves were cut. Autocovariance functions and power spectra for these variables were computed. 2. During cooling of the vagus nerves, the integrated renal sympathetic activity exhibited rhythms which were correlated to the delta-theta rhythm of the EEG. This rhythm was also present with the vagus nerves functionally intact, but a cardiac rhythm was dominant. 3. Blood pressure-dependent neurones in the lower brain stem reticular formation have both cardiac and central cortical rhythms. This provides a hint that these neurones might be involved in the sympathetic tone generating network.", "contents": "Postganglionic sympathetic activity with correlation to heart rhythm and central cortical rhythms. 1. Renal sympathetic nerve activity, ECG and parieto-occipital EEG were recorded in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose. The carotid sinus nerves were cut. Autocovariance functions and power spectra for these variables were computed. 2. During cooling of the vagus nerves, the integrated renal sympathetic activity exhibited rhythms which were correlated to the delta-theta rhythm of the EEG. This rhythm was also present with the vagus nerves functionally intact, but a cardiac rhythm was dominant. 3. Blood pressure-dependent neurones in the lower brain stem reticular formation have both cardiac and central cortical rhythms. This provides a hint that these neurones might be involved in the sympathetic tone generating network.", "PMID": 563052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5375", "title": "Control of the internal anal sphincter (manometric study with human subjects).", "content": "Manometric studies of the functions of the internal anal sphincter were performed in 73 children. Twenty-one out of these patients were normal subjects, the others had neurological lesions either central (sacral meningocele, dorsal cord transections) or peripheral (Hirschsprung's disease). It was found that the functions of the internal sphincter do not depend upon mechanical factors and are subject to nervous control. The pathways for control of the basal sphincteric tone are discussed. It is likely that this tone depends not only of the sympathetic pathways, but also of fibers of the sacral outflow. It is shown that the recto-anal inhibitory reflex is specific and independent of peristalsis. Arguments are given to prove that this reflex is an activity proper to the intra-mural plexus which is, however, subject to and regulated by the sacral cord.", "contents": "Control of the internal anal sphincter (manometric study with human subjects). Manometric studies of the functions of the internal anal sphincter were performed in 73 children. Twenty-one out of these patients were normal subjects, the others had neurological lesions either central (sacral meningocele, dorsal cord transections) or peripheral (Hirschsprung's disease). It was found that the functions of the internal sphincter do not depend upon mechanical factors and are subject to nervous control. The pathways for control of the basal sphincteric tone are discussed. It is likely that this tone depends not only of the sympathetic pathways, but also of fibers of the sacral outflow. It is shown that the recto-anal inhibitory reflex is specific and independent of peristalsis. Arguments are given to prove that this reflex is an activity proper to the intra-mural plexus which is, however, subject to and regulated by the sacral cord.", "PMID": 563054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5376", "title": "Modulation of hindlimb reflexes by tonic neck positions in cats.", "content": "In cats with the head fixed in a stereotactic frame a slight facilitation of the gastrocnemiussoleus (GS) monosynaptic reflexes in the ipsilateral hindlimb, accompanied by an inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex of the antagnostic deep peroneal nerve (DP), occurs following lateral flexion and rotation around the body axis at an angle of 25 degrees. Following dorsiflexion of the body a moderate inhibition of the extensor reflexes (GS) up to 10% and a reciprocal slight excitation in the same range of the monosynaptic reflexes of flexor muscles (DP) is recorded. On the other hand after ventriflexion of the body there is a marked inhibition in the range of 50% of all the monosynaptic extensor and flexor reflexes for all the stimulus intensities used. This inhibition can already be demonstrated in ventriflexion of 10 degrees-15 degrees. All these patterns of reflex modulation are similar in cortically intact, ischemically decorticated and precollicularly decerebrated cats. Furthermore these patterns are not essentially influenced by cerebellectomy, although all reflex amplitudes are reduced. However, the spinal reflexes can not be modulated by these body movements after acute spinalization.", "contents": "Modulation of hindlimb reflexes by tonic neck positions in cats. In cats with the head fixed in a stereotactic frame a slight facilitation of the gastrocnemiussoleus (GS) monosynaptic reflexes in the ipsilateral hindlimb, accompanied by an inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex of the antagnostic deep peroneal nerve (DP), occurs following lateral flexion and rotation around the body axis at an angle of 25 degrees. Following dorsiflexion of the body a moderate inhibition of the extensor reflexes (GS) up to 10% and a reciprocal slight excitation in the same range of the monosynaptic reflexes of flexor muscles (DP) is recorded. On the other hand after ventriflexion of the body there is a marked inhibition in the range of 50% of all the monosynaptic extensor and flexor reflexes for all the stimulus intensities used. This inhibition can already be demonstrated in ventriflexion of 10 degrees-15 degrees. All these patterns of reflex modulation are similar in cortically intact, ischemically decorticated and precollicularly decerebrated cats. Furthermore these patterns are not essentially influenced by cerebellectomy, although all reflex amplitudes are reduced. However, the spinal reflexes can not be modulated by these body movements after acute spinalization.", "PMID": 563057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5377", "title": "Physiological responses of dogs on exposure to hot, arid conditions. Acid-base status.", "content": "Acid-base parameters were determined in chronically cannulated dogs exposed to ambient temperatures increasing from 25-47 degrees C (with relative humidity below 30%). pH increased from 7.409 +/- 0.004 (S.E.M.) to 7.538 +/- 0.017, PaCO2 decreased from 33.0 +/- 0.5 to 20.9 +/- 1.2 torr, and [HCO3-] decreased from 20.9 +/- 0.3 to 17.2 +/- 0.4 mEq/l. Minimal base excess change, together with a rapid return to normal parameters upon recooling to 25 degrees C, suggests that the stress is almost exclusively respiratory, with little metabolic involvement. Analysis of serial exposures shows no acclimatization effect in acid-base status. This suggests the possible existence of natural acclimation to heat in dogs maintained in a warm climate, permitting excellent tolerance of hot, arid conditions with limited acid-base disturbance.", "contents": "Physiological responses of dogs on exposure to hot, arid conditions. Acid-base status. Acid-base parameters were determined in chronically cannulated dogs exposed to ambient temperatures increasing from 25-47 degrees C (with relative humidity below 30%). pH increased from 7.409 +/- 0.004 (S.E.M.) to 7.538 +/- 0.017, PaCO2 decreased from 33.0 +/- 0.5 to 20.9 +/- 1.2 torr, and [HCO3-] decreased from 20.9 +/- 0.3 to 17.2 +/- 0.4 mEq/l. Minimal base excess change, together with a rapid return to normal parameters upon recooling to 25 degrees C, suggests that the stress is almost exclusively respiratory, with little metabolic involvement. Analysis of serial exposures shows no acclimatization effect in acid-base status. This suggests the possible existence of natural acclimation to heat in dogs maintained in a warm climate, permitting excellent tolerance of hot, arid conditions with limited acid-base disturbance.", "PMID": 563058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5378", "title": "Physiological responses of dogs on exposure to hot, arid conditions. Serum constituents.", "content": "Serum electrolytes, metabolites and enzymes were determined in arterial blood of chronically cannulated dogs at room temperature and on exposure to 44-50 degrees C. These dogs were naturally acclimated to hot, arid conditions. In dogs maintaining their rectal temperatures (TR) below 40 degrees C, no significant changes were seen in the levels of Na+, Cl-, cholesterol, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase or glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). K+, CO2, glucose decreased significantly, and urea nitrogen (BUN) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) showed small but significant increases. In several cases of excitable dogs, in which TR increased above 40 degrees C, we found large, significant increases in uric acid, SGPT and SGOT, and a decrease in cholesterol. The results suggest that in dogs maintaining their TR when exposed to high temperatures, changes in serum constituents indicate merely the presence of respiratory alkalosis and an increased energetic demand. When control of TR is lost, changes occur which suggest liver, and possibly cardiac, tissue damage.", "contents": "Physiological responses of dogs on exposure to hot, arid conditions. Serum constituents. Serum electrolytes, metabolites and enzymes were determined in arterial blood of chronically cannulated dogs at room temperature and on exposure to 44-50 degrees C. These dogs were naturally acclimated to hot, arid conditions. In dogs maintaining their rectal temperatures (TR) below 40 degrees C, no significant changes were seen in the levels of Na+, Cl-, cholesterol, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase or glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). K+, CO2, glucose decreased significantly, and urea nitrogen (BUN) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) showed small but significant increases. In several cases of excitable dogs, in which TR increased above 40 degrees C, we found large, significant increases in uric acid, SGPT and SGOT, and a decrease in cholesterol. The results suggest that in dogs maintaining their TR when exposed to high temperatures, changes in serum constituents indicate merely the presence of respiratory alkalosis and an increased energetic demand. When control of TR is lost, changes occur which suggest liver, and possibly cardiac, tissue damage.", "PMID": 563059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5379", "title": "Cardiac and respiratory rhythmicities in cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones to the cat's hindlimb.", "content": "Cardiac and respiratory rhythmicities have been investigated quantitatively in postganglionic vasoconstrictor neurones supplying skeletal muscle and skin of the hindlimb in chloralose anesthetized, immobilized cats. Both rhythmicities are largest in muscle vasoconstrictor neurones, smaller in vasoconstrictor neurones supplying hariy skin, and smallest in vasoconstrictor neurones supplying hairless skin. The magnitude of the cardiac rhythmicity in the vasoconstrictor neurones is positively correlated with the quantitative reaction to systemic hypoxia.", "contents": "Cardiac and respiratory rhythmicities in cutaneous and muscle vasoconstrictor neurones to the cat's hindlimb. Cardiac and respiratory rhythmicities have been investigated quantitatively in postganglionic vasoconstrictor neurones supplying skeletal muscle and skin of the hindlimb in chloralose anesthetized, immobilized cats. Both rhythmicities are largest in muscle vasoconstrictor neurones, smaller in vasoconstrictor neurones supplying hariy skin, and smallest in vasoconstrictor neurones supplying hairless skin. The magnitude of the cardiac rhythmicity in the vasoconstrictor neurones is positively correlated with the quantitative reaction to systemic hypoxia.", "PMID": 563060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5380", "title": "[Gelatin resorcin formaldehyde glue in vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of this biological glue appeared to us to be of particular interest in the surgical treatment of dissecting aneurysms of the aorta. An experimental investigation revealed its hemostatic and adhesive properties, and demonstrated its merit when used as material in vascular embolization.", "contents": "[Gelatin resorcin formaldehyde glue in vascular surgery (author's transl)]. The use of this biological glue appeared to us to be of particular interest in the surgical treatment of dissecting aneurysms of the aorta. An experimental investigation revealed its hemostatic and adhesive properties, and demonstrated its merit when used as material in vascular embolization.", "PMID": 563061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5381", "title": "Genes for gamma-globin in human adult erythroid DNA.", "content": "Purified gamma-globin specific complementary DNA has been used to demonstrate the presence of the gene for gamma-globin in DNA from human adult red blood cells. This finding sheds doubt on any theory involving looping-out excision of genes to explain the switch over from synthesis of gamma-globin to beta-globin at birth.", "contents": "Genes for gamma-globin in human adult erythroid DNA. Purified gamma-globin specific complementary DNA has been used to demonstrate the presence of the gene for gamma-globin in DNA from human adult red blood cells. This finding sheds doubt on any theory involving looping-out excision of genes to explain the switch over from synthesis of gamma-globin to beta-globin at birth.", "PMID": 563063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5382", "title": "Morphological functional changes of aortic endothelium during different types of hypertension.", "content": "In rats, ligature of the aorta between the renal arteries produces hypertension which in the early phase (6-7 days) is associated with elevated plasma renin content, and later (40 days) is associated with low plasma renin. During the early phase, the endothelium of the aorta shows elevated permeability to HRP, endothelial cells are hypertrophic and contain bundles of actin microfilaments. During the late phase, permeability to HRP is normal, the endothelial cells are flat and do not contain bundles of microfilaments. Probably the endothelial cells of aorta react in different ways to various hypertensive stimuli and/or adapt to high levels of blood pressure.", "contents": "Morphological functional changes of aortic endothelium during different types of hypertension. In rats, ligature of the aorta between the renal arteries produces hypertension which in the early phase (6-7 days) is associated with elevated plasma renin content, and later (40 days) is associated with low plasma renin. During the early phase, the endothelium of the aorta shows elevated permeability to HRP, endothelial cells are hypertrophic and contain bundles of actin microfilaments. During the late phase, permeability to HRP is normal, the endothelial cells are flat and do not contain bundles of microfilaments. Probably the endothelial cells of aorta react in different ways to various hypertensive stimuli and/or adapt to high levels of blood pressure.", "PMID": 563072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5383", "title": "[Reactivity of castrated female rats to estrone in alloxan diabetes].", "content": "After the administration of alloxan (in 23 days) to adult female rats the mass of the ovaries, the uterus, and the vagina altered, but the height of the uterine endometrium and the thickness of the vaginal epithelial layer decreased. When estron was administered to castrated rats with alloxan diabetes the mass of the uterus and the vagina and the height of the uterine endometrium, and of the epithelial layer of the vagina increased to the same degree as in rats with the intact pancreas; reactivity of diabetic rats to estrogen approached the sensitivity of animals with normal pancreatic functions.", "contents": "[Reactivity of castrated female rats to estrone in alloxan diabetes]. After the administration of alloxan (in 23 days) to adult female rats the mass of the ovaries, the uterus, and the vagina altered, but the height of the uterine endometrium and the thickness of the vaginal epithelial layer decreased. When estron was administered to castrated rats with alloxan diabetes the mass of the uterus and the vagina and the height of the uterine endometrium, and of the epithelial layer of the vagina increased to the same degree as in rats with the intact pancreas; reactivity of diabetic rats to estrogen approached the sensitivity of animals with normal pancreatic functions.", "PMID": 563068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5384", "title": "Some aspects of aortic medial explant morphology and lipid metabolism.", "content": "This study has examined some aspects of lipogenesis in both primary aortic medial explant cultures and intact aortic intima-media preparations. It has been shown that both lipogenesis and cellular ultrastructure vary with the age of the culture. Additionally, data has been presented indicating marked qualitative and quantitative differences in lipogenesis between explant cultures and intima-media incubations. Finally, it has been shown that the addition of either normo- or hyperlipemic human serum to explant cultures can significantly modify acetate incorporation into both triglycerides and cholesteryl esters and induce significant changes in ultrastructural morphology. it is concluded that one should interpret cell culture data with caution, particularly with respect to culture age, serum composition, and ultrastructural cellular viability.", "contents": "Some aspects of aortic medial explant morphology and lipid metabolism. This study has examined some aspects of lipogenesis in both primary aortic medial explant cultures and intact aortic intima-media preparations. It has been shown that both lipogenesis and cellular ultrastructure vary with the age of the culture. Additionally, data has been presented indicating marked qualitative and quantitative differences in lipogenesis between explant cultures and intima-media incubations. Finally, it has been shown that the addition of either normo- or hyperlipemic human serum to explant cultures can significantly modify acetate incorporation into both triglycerides and cholesteryl esters and induce significant changes in ultrastructural morphology. it is concluded that one should interpret cell culture data with caution, particularly with respect to culture age, serum composition, and ultrastructural cellular viability.", "PMID": 563074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5385", "title": "Ca and Na spikes in egg cell membrane.", "content": "Na, Ca and K channels of the cell membrane are distinguished by different kinetics of their currents, by their different ion selectivities, and by their different sensitivities to different pharmacological agents. These channels are already found in unfertilized egg cells in many animals. Elimination of existing channels and creation of new channels occur during the process of differentiation.", "contents": "Ca and Na spikes in egg cell membrane. Na, Ca and K channels of the cell membrane are distinguished by different kinetics of their currents, by their different ion selectivities, and by their different sensitivities to different pharmacological agents. These channels are already found in unfertilized egg cells in many animals. Elimination of existing channels and creation of new channels occur during the process of differentiation.", "PMID": 563076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5386", "title": "Ultrastructure of meiosis and polar body formation in the egg of the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta.", "content": "Ilyanassa eggs pinch off two polar bodies at the animal pole prior to the first cell division. During prophase and early metaphase the meiotic apparatus is separated from the cortex by a layer of lipid droplets and can be found in any orientation relative to the cell surface. As the astral microtubules grow, the meiotic apparatus appears to be pushed toward the animal cell surface by the expanding internal aster. By late metaphase and early anaphase the peripheral aster first flattens and then appears to be folded down around the spindle, as the peripheral half-spindle is extruded out of the egg. The internal aster and the spindle remain intact at telophase, while the peripheral aster disassembles. A cortical fine filamentous layer is present after early metaphase into which peripheral aster microtubules enmesh. Such an interaction may provide the means of attachment of the meiotic apparatus to the cell cortex. A band of microfilaments is organized around the neck of the forming polar body, and it is thought to act as a contractile ring. It is unlikely that the stimulus for meiotic cytokinesis is like that established for mitotic cytokinesis in eggs; i.e., the region of astral overlap during metaphase determines the site of the furrow, since during meiotic metaphase the region of astral overlap is in the cytoplasm well below the surface. The cleavage furrow does bisect the spindle.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of meiosis and polar body formation in the egg of the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta. Ilyanassa eggs pinch off two polar bodies at the animal pole prior to the first cell division. During prophase and early metaphase the meiotic apparatus is separated from the cortex by a layer of lipid droplets and can be found in any orientation relative to the cell surface. As the astral microtubules grow, the meiotic apparatus appears to be pushed toward the animal cell surface by the expanding internal aster. By late metaphase and early anaphase the peripheral aster first flattens and then appears to be folded down around the spindle, as the peripheral half-spindle is extruded out of the egg. The internal aster and the spindle remain intact at telophase, while the peripheral aster disassembles. A cortical fine filamentous layer is present after early metaphase into which peripheral aster microtubules enmesh. Such an interaction may provide the means of attachment of the meiotic apparatus to the cell cortex. A band of microfilaments is organized around the neck of the forming polar body, and it is thought to act as a contractile ring. It is unlikely that the stimulus for meiotic cytokinesis is like that established for mitotic cytokinesis in eggs; i.e., the region of astral overlap during metaphase determines the site of the furrow, since during meiotic metaphase the region of astral overlap is in the cytoplasm well below the surface. The cleavage furrow does bisect the spindle.", "PMID": 563077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5387", "title": "5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways: habituation, motor activity and agonistic behavior.", "content": "Rats were injected stereotactically in mesencephalon with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) in the medial 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) pathway (n = 8) and in the medial plus the lateral 5-HT pathways (n = 7) or injected with vehicle (n = 8), or sham-operated (n = 8). The 5,7-DHT lesions reduced the in vitro 3H-5-HT uptake in the hypothalamus and the cortex cerebri to 27-51% of control values, 3H-noradrenaline uptake was not significantly changed. 5,7-DHT lesions of the medial, and of the medial plus the lateral, 5-HT induced mouse killing behavior and increased number of boxing positions in the shock elicited fighting test. Both lesions also reduced the rate of habituation to touch, but only the lesion of the medial plus the lateral 5-HT pathway significantly reduced the rate of habituation to acoustic stimulation. Activity in the home cage was not significantly changed by the lesions. It was concluded that selective chemical lesions of the ascending 5-HT pathways result in prolonged habituation of the orienting response and increase in particular components of agonistic behavior. The increase in locomotor activity observed after electrolytic lesions of nucleus raphe medianus seems not to be due only to lesion of the 5-HT neurons ascending from this nucleus.", "contents": "5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways: habituation, motor activity and agonistic behavior. Rats were injected stereotactically in mesencephalon with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) in the medial 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) pathway (n = 8) and in the medial plus the lateral 5-HT pathways (n = 7) or injected with vehicle (n = 8), or sham-operated (n = 8). The 5,7-DHT lesions reduced the in vitro 3H-5-HT uptake in the hypothalamus and the cortex cerebri to 27-51% of control values, 3H-noradrenaline uptake was not significantly changed. 5,7-DHT lesions of the medial, and of the medial plus the lateral, 5-HT induced mouse killing behavior and increased number of boxing positions in the shock elicited fighting test. Both lesions also reduced the rate of habituation to touch, but only the lesion of the medial plus the lateral 5-HT pathway significantly reduced the rate of habituation to acoustic stimulation. Activity in the home cage was not significantly changed by the lesions. It was concluded that selective chemical lesions of the ascending 5-HT pathways result in prolonged habituation of the orienting response and increase in particular components of agonistic behavior. The increase in locomotor activity observed after electrolytic lesions of nucleus raphe medianus seems not to be due only to lesion of the 5-HT neurons ascending from this nucleus.", "PMID": 563078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5388", "title": "Tolerance and dependence after chronic administration of clonidine to the rat.", "content": "Acute administration of clonidine (10-70 microgram/kg, IP) disrupted operant behavior maintained by a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement [1]. When chronically administered (100 microgram/kg, IP and 3 microgram/ml in drinking water) tolerance to the behavioral depressant effect developed within a few days and was complete by 14 days. Abrupt termination of drug treatment in tolerant rats resulted in an abstinence reaction which was characterized by suppression of operant performance for as long as one week. These results demonstrated the development of tolerance to and dependence on clonidine in rats. These behavioral observations in rats may be related to rebound hypertension and irritability of patients given this alpha-adrenergic agonist for treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "Tolerance and dependence after chronic administration of clonidine to the rat. Acute administration of clonidine (10-70 microgram/kg, IP) disrupted operant behavior maintained by a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement [1]. When chronically administered (100 microgram/kg, IP and 3 microgram/ml in drinking water) tolerance to the behavioral depressant effect developed within a few days and was complete by 14 days. Abrupt termination of drug treatment in tolerant rats resulted in an abstinence reaction which was characterized by suppression of operant performance for as long as one week. These results demonstrated the development of tolerance to and dependence on clonidine in rats. These behavioral observations in rats may be related to rebound hypertension and irritability of patients given this alpha-adrenergic agonist for treatment of hypertension.", "PMID": 563079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5389", "title": "Fatty acid and tryptophan changes on disturbing groups of rats and caging them singly.", "content": "The effects of disturbing groups of 24 hr fasted rats on plasma unesterified fatty acid (UFA) and tryptophan concentrations and brain tryptophan concentrations were investigated. Removing rats from cages rapidly increased plasma UFA and corticosterone and decreased plasma and whole blood tryptophan of cage mates. The disturbance also appeared to influence biochemical values of rats in other cages within the same chamber. Effects specific to individual cages were also suggested. In subsequent experiments 24 fasting rats caged together were rapidly transferred to 24 separate cages and killed at intervals. Plasma UFA rose to a maximum by 12 min and then fell toward initial values. Plasma total tryptophan concurrently fell then rose. Its percentage in the free (ultrafilterable) state, and in some experiments the absolute values of free tryptophan rose then fell. When the latter rise was marked then brain tryptophan and the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid rose. Tyrosine changes were negligible. Thus altered brain tryptophan level and 5-HT metabolism may be associated with plasma tryptophan changes caused by brief environmental disturbance.", "contents": "Fatty acid and tryptophan changes on disturbing groups of rats and caging them singly. The effects of disturbing groups of 24 hr fasted rats on plasma unesterified fatty acid (UFA) and tryptophan concentrations and brain tryptophan concentrations were investigated. Removing rats from cages rapidly increased plasma UFA and corticosterone and decreased plasma and whole blood tryptophan of cage mates. The disturbance also appeared to influence biochemical values of rats in other cages within the same chamber. Effects specific to individual cages were also suggested. In subsequent experiments 24 fasting rats caged together were rapidly transferred to 24 separate cages and killed at intervals. Plasma UFA rose to a maximum by 12 min and then fell toward initial values. Plasma total tryptophan concurrently fell then rose. Its percentage in the free (ultrafilterable) state, and in some experiments the absolute values of free tryptophan rose then fell. When the latter rise was marked then brain tryptophan and the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid rose. Tyrosine changes were negligible. Thus altered brain tryptophan level and 5-HT metabolism may be associated with plasma tryptophan changes caused by brief environmental disturbance.", "PMID": 563080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5390", "title": "Reversal of cycloheximide-induced amnesia by adrenergic receptor stimulation.", "content": "Amnesia for a multiple trial appetitive spatial dicrimination habit induced by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CXM) was reversed by peripheral injections of both alpha (clonidine) and beta (isoproterenol) norepinephrine receptor stimulators. Stimulation of dopamine receptors with piribedil and acetylcholine receptors with pilocarpine was ineffective in reversing amnesia. The clonidine-induced recovery was blocked by phentolamine and the isoproterenol recovery by propranolol. Examination of the temporal parameters of clonidine-induced recovery indicated that the amnesia was prevented if the agonist was injected either before training and CXM treatment, up to 1 hr after training and up to 3 hr prior to testing. Clonidine also alleviated amnesia induced by another protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, for a shock motivated brightness discrimination habit. These data suggest that the transient amnesia induced by CXM may be a consequence of disruption of adrenergic mechanisms and more specifically that norepinephrine may play an important role in memory retrieval.", "contents": "Reversal of cycloheximide-induced amnesia by adrenergic receptor stimulation. Amnesia for a multiple trial appetitive spatial dicrimination habit induced by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CXM) was reversed by peripheral injections of both alpha (clonidine) and beta (isoproterenol) norepinephrine receptor stimulators. Stimulation of dopamine receptors with piribedil and acetylcholine receptors with pilocarpine was ineffective in reversing amnesia. The clonidine-induced recovery was blocked by phentolamine and the isoproterenol recovery by propranolol. Examination of the temporal parameters of clonidine-induced recovery indicated that the amnesia was prevented if the agonist was injected either before training and CXM treatment, up to 1 hr after training and up to 3 hr prior to testing. Clonidine also alleviated amnesia induced by another protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, for a shock motivated brightness discrimination habit. These data suggest that the transient amnesia induced by CXM may be a consequence of disruption of adrenergic mechanisms and more specifically that norepinephrine may play an important role in memory retrieval.", "PMID": 563081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5391", "title": "Behavioral effects of neuroleptics, apomorphine and amphetamine after bilateral lesion of the locus coeruleus in rats.", "content": "Bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC) markedly increased susceptibility to the cateleptogenic effects of neuroleptics. The apomorphine-induced stereotypy was enhanced in rats with lesioned LC whilst amphetamine stereotypy was only slightly increased. No changes in locomotor activity have been observed in LC-lesioned rats treated with apomorphine and amphetamine. This data indicates that lesions of the LC produce decreased activity of dopaminergic brain neurons as well as supersensitivity of dopaminergic receptors.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of neuroleptics, apomorphine and amphetamine after bilateral lesion of the locus coeruleus in rats. Bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC) markedly increased susceptibility to the cateleptogenic effects of neuroleptics. The apomorphine-induced stereotypy was enhanced in rats with lesioned LC whilst amphetamine stereotypy was only slightly increased. No changes in locomotor activity have been observed in LC-lesioned rats treated with apomorphine and amphetamine. This data indicates that lesions of the LC produce decreased activity of dopaminergic brain neurons as well as supersensitivity of dopaminergic receptors.", "PMID": 563082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5392", "title": "Barrel rotation induced by vasopressin and related peptides in rats.", "content": "Intraventricular injection of arginine-8-vasopressin and its analogues vasotocin and lysine-8-vasopressin into rat brain evoked a special rotational behavior resembling somatostatin-induced barrel rotation [1]. Oxytocin and oxypressin were less active while vasopressin fragments had no effect. Vasopressin-induced barrel rotation was accompanied by pathological symptoms indicating a disturbance of muscle tone regulation and is considered to be a non-specific and toxic effect. This rotational behavior was not prevented by atropine, propranolol, phentolamine, methylsergide or haloperidol but was reduced by chlorpromazine, probably due to the latter's muscle relaxing activity.", "contents": "Barrel rotation induced by vasopressin and related peptides in rats. Intraventricular injection of arginine-8-vasopressin and its analogues vasotocin and lysine-8-vasopressin into rat brain evoked a special rotational behavior resembling somatostatin-induced barrel rotation [1]. Oxytocin and oxypressin were less active while vasopressin fragments had no effect. Vasopressin-induced barrel rotation was accompanied by pathological symptoms indicating a disturbance of muscle tone regulation and is considered to be a non-specific and toxic effect. This rotational behavior was not prevented by atropine, propranolol, phentolamine, methylsergide or haloperidol but was reduced by chlorpromazine, probably due to the latter's muscle relaxing activity.", "PMID": 563083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5393", "title": "Alkali metal cations: effects on isolation-induced aggression in the mouse.", "content": "Alkali metal cations were given in varying doses over 14 days to CF-1, male mice, isolated for 4 weeks prior to testing for isolation-induced fighting. Lithium and cesium in doses of 4.5 and 6.0 meq/kg reduced the duration of isolation-induced aggression in a 15 min test period when compared with controls. Toxicity was evident in the cesium-treated, but not the lithium-treated mice. No enhancement of aggression was seen in the rubidium-treated group.", "contents": "Alkali metal cations: effects on isolation-induced aggression in the mouse. Alkali metal cations were given in varying doses over 14 days to CF-1, male mice, isolated for 4 weeks prior to testing for isolation-induced fighting. Lithium and cesium in doses of 4.5 and 6.0 meq/kg reduced the duration of isolation-induced aggression in a 15 min test period when compared with controls. Toxicity was evident in the cesium-treated, but not the lithium-treated mice. No enhancement of aggression was seen in the rubidium-treated group.", "PMID": 563085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5394", "title": "[Review of the effects of cytochalasin B on cell division, cell movemnts, cell exchanges, and cell morphology].", "content": "Cytochalasin B is known to induce quiescence in cells. We present here a comprehensive view dealing with the effects of cytochalasin B on cell division, movements, exchanges and morphology. The controversial mode of action of the drug is also considered.", "contents": "[Review of the effects of cytochalasin B on cell division, cell movemnts, cell exchanges, and cell morphology]. Cytochalasin B is known to induce quiescence in cells. We present here a comprehensive view dealing with the effects of cytochalasin B on cell division, movements, exchanges and morphology. The controversial mode of action of the drug is also considered.", "PMID": 563093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5395", "title": "Further observations on functional deletion of paraocular glands in the fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Methods are described for inoculation of the fowl Harderian gland with sclerosing reagent and for its surgical excision. Though very destructive the former procedure proved the less reliable in achieving the gland's complete functional deletion. Three weeks after surgical removal of the Harderian glands the lachrymal glands of 10-week-old fowls were heavier and contained more immunocompetent cells than the glands of intact and sham operated birds. When adult birds deprived of both paraocular glands were given sheep erythrocytes or Newcastle disease virus by eye drop they developed slightly higher than normal titres of serum antibody but failed to produce lachrymal antibody.", "contents": "Further observations on functional deletion of paraocular glands in the fowl (Gallus domesticus). Methods are described for inoculation of the fowl Harderian gland with sclerosing reagent and for its surgical excision. Though very destructive the former procedure proved the less reliable in achieving the gland's complete functional deletion. Three weeks after surgical removal of the Harderian glands the lachrymal glands of 10-week-old fowls were heavier and contained more immunocompetent cells than the glands of intact and sham operated birds. When adult birds deprived of both paraocular glands were given sheep erythrocytes or Newcastle disease virus by eye drop they developed slightly higher than normal titres of serum antibody but failed to produce lachrymal antibody.", "PMID": 563096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5396", "title": "[Clinical demonstrations: 1. Renal tubular acidosis; 2. Breast neoplasm with bone metastases in a man; 3. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; 4. Precocious eclampsia in a 22 years old primipara].", "content": "Four patients with metabolic and/or circulatory failure are described. The clinical, biological and radiologic features of reversible renal failure with renal tubular acidosis are presented. A case of male breast carcinoma is discussed with reference to the effect of steroids on the hormonal receptors at the malignant cell. The pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and its treatment (splenectomy and platelet aggregation inhibitors) are discussed. An overview of eclampsia and its relationship to underlying kidney disease is presented. It may be concluded that a metabolic and/or ischemic imbalance interferes with the normal activity of the reticular substance and the brainstem, which normally maintain the state of consciousness.", "contents": "[Clinical demonstrations: 1. Renal tubular acidosis; 2. Breast neoplasm with bone metastases in a man; 3. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; 4. Precocious eclampsia in a 22 years old primipara]. Four patients with metabolic and/or circulatory failure are described. The clinical, biological and radiologic features of reversible renal failure with renal tubular acidosis are presented. A case of male breast carcinoma is discussed with reference to the effect of steroids on the hormonal receptors at the malignant cell. The pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and its treatment (splenectomy and platelet aggregation inhibitors) are discussed. An overview of eclampsia and its relationship to underlying kidney disease is presented. It may be concluded that a metabolic and/or ischemic imbalance interferes with the normal activity of the reticular substance and the brainstem, which normally maintain the state of consciousness.", "PMID": 563099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5397", "title": "[Sleep organisation in the kitten following early lesions to the structures involved in the regulation of alertness (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrolytic lesions were used to destroy the anterior raphe nuclei and the loci caeruleus and subcaeruleus in kittens at varying stages of maturation. No lesion performed in the first week after birth led to changes in the characteristics of sleep in the 8 post-operative days. On the other hand, lesions performed in kittens aged 1-2 months had the same effect as is described as occurring in the adult animal. The structures which are responsible for states of alertness thus appear to start acting during the post-natal period.", "contents": "[Sleep organisation in the kitten following early lesions to the structures involved in the regulation of alertness (author's transl)]. Electrolytic lesions were used to destroy the anterior raphe nuclei and the loci caeruleus and subcaeruleus in kittens at varying stages of maturation. No lesion performed in the first week after birth led to changes in the characteristics of sleep in the 8 post-operative days. On the other hand, lesions performed in kittens aged 1-2 months had the same effect as is described as occurring in the adult animal. The structures which are responsible for states of alertness thus appear to start acting during the post-natal period.", "PMID": 563095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5398", "title": "Melatonin induction of gonadal quiescence in pinealectomized Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Pinealectomized Syrian hamsters were injected thrice daily with 25 micrograms of melatonin per injection. The injections were administered at 3-hour intervals either during the day or during the night of a photoperiodic cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness. After 6 weeks of treatment with melatonin during the night, both pinealectomized and intact hamsters had reduced testis weight, and pinealectomized hamsters showed decreased levels of serum gonadotropins. Injection of melatonin during the day for 7 weeks either once (75 micrograms) a day or thrice (25 micrograms per injection) daily caused a reduction in testis weight in pinealectomized hamsters. Both pinealectomized and intact females injected with melatonin thrice daily during the day became anovulatory by week 7 of treatment. These results are similar to those observed when hamsters are exposed to a short photoperiod, suggesting that melatonin may be acting as a hormone in mediating the effects of photoperiod on the reproductive system of the Syrian hamster.", "contents": "Melatonin induction of gonadal quiescence in pinealectomized Syrian hamsters. Pinealectomized Syrian hamsters were injected thrice daily with 25 micrograms of melatonin per injection. The injections were administered at 3-hour intervals either during the day or during the night of a photoperiodic cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness. After 6 weeks of treatment with melatonin during the night, both pinealectomized and intact hamsters had reduced testis weight, and pinealectomized hamsters showed decreased levels of serum gonadotropins. Injection of melatonin during the day for 7 weeks either once (75 micrograms) a day or thrice (25 micrograms per injection) daily caused a reduction in testis weight in pinealectomized hamsters. Both pinealectomized and intact females injected with melatonin thrice daily during the day became anovulatory by week 7 of treatment. These results are similar to those observed when hamsters are exposed to a short photoperiod, suggesting that melatonin may be acting as a hormone in mediating the effects of photoperiod on the reproductive system of the Syrian hamster.", "PMID": 563102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5399", "title": "Histone occurrence in chromatin from Peridinium balticum, a binucleate dinoflagellate.", "content": "Peridinium balticum is one of two dinoflagellates known to have dissimilar nuclei together in the same cell. One nucleus (dinokaryotic) has permanently condensed chromosomes, while the other (eukaryotic) does not have morphologically distinct chromosomes. Acid extracts of chromatin prepared from a mixture of dinokaryotic and eukaryotic nuclei and purified eukaryotic nuclei give four bands that co-migrate with four of the five histones from calf thymus when analyzed in urea-containing polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "Histone occurrence in chromatin from Peridinium balticum, a binucleate dinoflagellate. Peridinium balticum is one of two dinoflagellates known to have dissimilar nuclei together in the same cell. One nucleus (dinokaryotic) has permanently condensed chromosomes, while the other (eukaryotic) does not have morphologically distinct chromosomes. Acid extracts of chromatin prepared from a mixture of dinokaryotic and eukaryotic nuclei and purified eukaryotic nuclei give four bands that co-migrate with four of the five histones from calf thymus when analyzed in urea-containing polyacrylamide gels.", "PMID": 563104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5400", "title": "Anencephaly with incomplete twinning (diprosopus).", "content": "A case of diprosopus with anencephaly is presented. It is suggested that such concurrence of neural tube defects and incomplete twinning corroborates the notion that a single pathogenetic mechanism may be common to both neural tube defects and monozygotic twinning.", "contents": "Anencephaly with incomplete twinning (diprosopus). A case of diprosopus with anencephaly is presented. It is suggested that such concurrence of neural tube defects and incomplete twinning corroborates the notion that a single pathogenetic mechanism may be common to both neural tube defects and monozygotic twinning.", "PMID": 563109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5401", "title": "A comparison of the distribution, metabolism and excretion of ethylenethiourea in the pregnant mouse and rat.", "content": "Pregnant mice and rats were treated by stomach intubation on day 15 g of gestation with 240 mg/kg of ethylenethiourea (ETU) made up in part with radiolabeled ETU. Animals were sacrificed at specific times post-treatment, and maternal tissues, fetus, urine and feces were collected for determination of radioactivity. Maternal and fetal tissue levels of ETU were similar at three hours post treatment; thereafter, the mouse (maternal and fetus) showed much less ETU than the rat. The t1/2 of ETU elimination from the maternal blood was 9.4 and 5.5 hours for the rat and mouse, respectively. Analysis of urine by thin-layer chromatography and radiochromatography revealed that the mouse and rat metabolized ETU by different pathways. Furthermore, the mouse is able to metabolize ETU to a greater extent than the rat.", "contents": "A comparison of the distribution, metabolism and excretion of ethylenethiourea in the pregnant mouse and rat. Pregnant mice and rats were treated by stomach intubation on day 15 g of gestation with 240 mg/kg of ethylenethiourea (ETU) made up in part with radiolabeled ETU. Animals were sacrificed at specific times post-treatment, and maternal tissues, fetus, urine and feces were collected for determination of radioactivity. Maternal and fetal tissue levels of ETU were similar at three hours post treatment; thereafter, the mouse (maternal and fetus) showed much less ETU than the rat. The t1/2 of ETU elimination from the maternal blood was 9.4 and 5.5 hours for the rat and mouse, respectively. Analysis of urine by thin-layer chromatography and radiochromatography revealed that the mouse and rat metabolized ETU by different pathways. Furthermore, the mouse is able to metabolize ETU to a greater extent than the rat.", "PMID": 563110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5402", "title": "Bovine like-sexed male twins with chromosomal chimerism.", "content": "Sex-chromosomal chimerism (XX/XY) was described in a pair of bovine like-sexed male twins. One of the twins showed malformed external genitalia, and the other was phenotypically normal. It is proposed that sex-chromosomal chimerism is associated with a choriovascular anastomosis between like-sexed twins examined and \"female fetus\" which may be overlooked at parturition.", "contents": "Bovine like-sexed male twins with chromosomal chimerism. Sex-chromosomal chimerism (XX/XY) was described in a pair of bovine like-sexed male twins. One of the twins showed malformed external genitalia, and the other was phenotypically normal. It is proposed that sex-chromosomal chimerism is associated with a choriovascular anastomosis between like-sexed twins examined and \"female fetus\" which may be overlooked at parturition.", "PMID": 563111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5403", "title": "Physiological patterns in early morning asthma.", "content": "Sixteen asthmatic patients who regularly showed early morning falls in peak expiratory flow rate of more than 25% were studied at 06.00 hours and 14.00 hours. At 06.00 hours considerable deterioration in static lung volumes and airways resistance occurred which was typical of an attack of acute asthma. Blood gas analysis showed less variation, with mild hypoxia and a wide alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient throughout the study. Diurnal variation was also seen in the response of maximal mid expiratory flow rates to the inhalation of helium/oxygen mixture in seven patients, but another seven were consistently non-responders. The overall pattern of results suggests that the calibre of both large and small airways decreased at night but improvement was more complete in large airways during the day. Despite these findings patients had few symptoms at 06.00 hours when most of them showed marked reversibility after inhaling aerosol salbutamol. This phenomenon might account for the sudden nature of some asthma deaths as these often occur in the early morning. If this is the case, the minority of patients whose early morning decline in lung function was not immediately reversible would appear to be at greatest risk.", "contents": "Physiological patterns in early morning asthma. Sixteen asthmatic patients who regularly showed early morning falls in peak expiratory flow rate of more than 25% were studied at 06.00 hours and 14.00 hours. At 06.00 hours considerable deterioration in static lung volumes and airways resistance occurred which was typical of an attack of acute asthma. Blood gas analysis showed less variation, with mild hypoxia and a wide alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient throughout the study. Diurnal variation was also seen in the response of maximal mid expiratory flow rates to the inhalation of helium/oxygen mixture in seven patients, but another seven were consistently non-responders. The overall pattern of results suggests that the calibre of both large and small airways decreased at night but improvement was more complete in large airways during the day. Despite these findings patients had few symptoms at 06.00 hours when most of them showed marked reversibility after inhaling aerosol salbutamol. This phenomenon might account for the sudden nature of some asthma deaths as these often occur in the early morning. If this is the case, the minority of patients whose early morning decline in lung function was not immediately reversible would appear to be at greatest risk.", "PMID": 563112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5404", "title": "[Properties of cells determining their immunosensitivity].", "content": "Three cell cultures of C3H mouse strain--L, MMT1 and embryonic fibroblasts have different sensitivity to cytolytic action of allogeneic antiserum and to immune lymphocyte action. A sensitivity to cytolytic action of antiserum for these cultures is correlated with the amount of corresponding transplantation antigens. A sensitivity to cytolytic action of immune allogeneic lymphocytes is correlated with the amount of corresponding antigens as well as cell with properties determining the level of lymphocyte sorption on them.", "contents": "[Properties of cells determining their immunosensitivity]. Three cell cultures of C3H mouse strain--L, MMT1 and embryonic fibroblasts have different sensitivity to cytolytic action of allogeneic antiserum and to immune lymphocyte action. A sensitivity to cytolytic action of antiserum for these cultures is correlated with the amount of corresponding transplantation antigens. A sensitivity to cytolytic action of immune allogeneic lymphocytes is correlated with the amount of corresponding antigens as well as cell with properties determining the level of lymphocyte sorption on them.", "PMID": 563117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5405", "title": "[Replication of chromosomal DNA in Chinese hamster cells, cultivated at different temperatures].", "content": "DNA fiber autoradiography was used to measure the rate of replication and the size of replication units in Chinese hamster cells cultured at 34, 37 and 39 degrees C. The average rate of DNA replication per single fork is 0.6 mcm/min at 34 degrees and 0.8 mcm/min at 37 and 39 degrees. In contrast to the change in the rate of DNA replication, no change was found in the size of replication units, which are more than 200 mcm at 31, 37 and 39 degrees. The change of the length of the S phase at various temperatures is determined only by the rate of DNA replication.", "contents": "[Replication of chromosomal DNA in Chinese hamster cells, cultivated at different temperatures]. DNA fiber autoradiography was used to measure the rate of replication and the size of replication units in Chinese hamster cells cultured at 34, 37 and 39 degrees C. The average rate of DNA replication per single fork is 0.6 mcm/min at 34 degrees and 0.8 mcm/min at 37 and 39 degrees. In contrast to the change in the rate of DNA replication, no change was found in the size of replication units, which are more than 200 mcm at 31, 37 and 39 degrees. The change of the length of the S phase at various temperatures is determined only by the rate of DNA replication.", "PMID": 563118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5406", "title": "[Serum alkaline phosphatase and transaminase activity in cows with clinical ketosis].", "content": "Studied was the activity of the alkaline phosphatase and the transaminases in the serum of clinically normal and ketosis-affected cows as well as cows with an affected liver. The changes were followed in the activity of SGOT and SGPT that had set in as a result of five-day starving and the injection of prednisolon at the rate of 0.5 mg/kg in the course of four days. The activity of serum alkaline phosphatase in ketosis-affected cows proved unchanged--1.99 +/1 0.35 VE. A moderate increase was established in cows with liver affections-- 3.73 +/- 0.35 VE. The hyperenzymemia in ketosis-affected animals, in animals with liver injuries as well as in cows subjected to starving or prednisolon treatment was substantiated by the higher activity of SGOT. Dependable higher values of SGOT were established in the serum of freshly calved cows as compared to cows of advanced lactation. The higher activity of SGOT in animals with ketosis is associated with the physiologic status, starving, enzyme induction, inadequacy of the cell energy balance--all limiting the possibility of it being ascribed with preference to the tissue proliferation or destruction, which is to be expected with cows having an affected liver.", "contents": "[Serum alkaline phosphatase and transaminase activity in cows with clinical ketosis]. Studied was the activity of the alkaline phosphatase and the transaminases in the serum of clinically normal and ketosis-affected cows as well as cows with an affected liver. The changes were followed in the activity of SGOT and SGPT that had set in as a result of five-day starving and the injection of prednisolon at the rate of 0.5 mg/kg in the course of four days. The activity of serum alkaline phosphatase in ketosis-affected cows proved unchanged--1.99 +/1 0.35 VE. A moderate increase was established in cows with liver affections-- 3.73 +/- 0.35 VE. The hyperenzymemia in ketosis-affected animals, in animals with liver injuries as well as in cows subjected to starving or prednisolon treatment was substantiated by the higher activity of SGOT. Dependable higher values of SGOT were established in the serum of freshly calved cows as compared to cows of advanced lactation. The higher activity of SGOT in animals with ketosis is associated with the physiologic status, starving, enzyme induction, inadequacy of the cell energy balance--all limiting the possibility of it being ascribed with preference to the tissue proliferation or destruction, which is to be expected with cows having an affected liver.", "PMID": 563131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5407", "title": "[Relationship between the sensitivity of the delayed agglutination test and synthetic detergents].", "content": "Residual amounts of detergents (Losk, Bio-73, Alka-lux, Bourgas, Bourgaslux, and Vero) in a concentration of 10-5 to 10-7 in physiologic saline can inhibit the agglutination titers by 3 to 5 degrees. This could mislead in the assessment of the reaction with regard to its diagnostic value. It is admitted that the inhibition produced is due to changes in the antibodies--drop in the total protein and light variations in all protein fractions as well as in the probable surface deterioration of the antigen, leading to its defective agglutinability. It is suggested to rinse more than five times all glassware that has been cleaned with detergents.", "contents": "[Relationship between the sensitivity of the delayed agglutination test and synthetic detergents]. Residual amounts of detergents (Losk, Bio-73, Alka-lux, Bourgas, Bourgaslux, and Vero) in a concentration of 10-5 to 10-7 in physiologic saline can inhibit the agglutination titers by 3 to 5 degrees. This could mislead in the assessment of the reaction with regard to its diagnostic value. It is admitted that the inhibition produced is due to changes in the antibodies--drop in the total protein and light variations in all protein fractions as well as in the probable surface deterioration of the antigen, leading to its defective agglutinability. It is suggested to rinse more than five times all glassware that has been cleaned with detergents.", "PMID": 563132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5408", "title": "[Occurrence of nematodiasis among sheep and goats].", "content": "The spread was studied of sheep and goat nematodirosis in the conditions prevailing in the district of Varna for the 1973-1975 period. F\u00fcleborn's method was employed with a total of 24,909 coprosamples taken from the animals as follows: sheep--12,690, weaned lambs--7370, lambs--3355, kids--782, and goats--712. Partial helminthologic postmortem examinations were carried out by the digestive method of 104 sheep, 33 goats, 142 weaned lambs, 96 lambs, and 35 kids. The percent of infected animals was determined on the basis of the coprostudies as follows; lambs--20.9 (per cent), kids--26.6, weaned lambs--54.9, sheep--22.6, goats--24.8. The necroscopic investigations revealed 32.3, 40, 64.8, 32.5, 39.4 per cent, respectively. The average parasite burden in number of helminths was 313 (lambs), 85 (kids), 1517 (weaned lambs), 586 (sheep), and goats--290. Greatest number of Nematodirus parasites was found in weaned lambs--16,000, followed by sheep--2260, lambs--1840, goats--800, and kids--240. As many as 100 per cent Nematodirus carriers were found on a sheep farm in the district. It was also found that the north plains of the district are less infected as against the south parts embracing the northern slopes of the Balkan mountain, and along the course of the Kamchia river. It was found that sheep on the private farm-holdings were more strongly infected than those on the cooperative farms. On the other hand, it was established that on farms where lambs and weaned lambs graze together with the adults the former prove more strongly infected than those that are on isolated grasslands.", "contents": "[Occurrence of nematodiasis among sheep and goats]. The spread was studied of sheep and goat nematodirosis in the conditions prevailing in the district of Varna for the 1973-1975 period. F\u00fcleborn's method was employed with a total of 24,909 coprosamples taken from the animals as follows: sheep--12,690, weaned lambs--7370, lambs--3355, kids--782, and goats--712. Partial helminthologic postmortem examinations were carried out by the digestive method of 104 sheep, 33 goats, 142 weaned lambs, 96 lambs, and 35 kids. The percent of infected animals was determined on the basis of the coprostudies as follows; lambs--20.9 (per cent), kids--26.6, weaned lambs--54.9, sheep--22.6, goats--24.8. The necroscopic investigations revealed 32.3, 40, 64.8, 32.5, 39.4 per cent, respectively. The average parasite burden in number of helminths was 313 (lambs), 85 (kids), 1517 (weaned lambs), 586 (sheep), and goats--290. Greatest number of Nematodirus parasites was found in weaned lambs--16,000, followed by sheep--2260, lambs--1840, goats--800, and kids--240. As many as 100 per cent Nematodirus carriers were found on a sheep farm in the district. It was also found that the north plains of the district are less infected as against the south parts embracing the northern slopes of the Balkan mountain, and along the course of the Kamchia river. It was found that sheep on the private farm-holdings were more strongly infected than those on the cooperative farms. On the other hand, it was established that on farms where lambs and weaned lambs graze together with the adults the former prove more strongly infected than those that are on isolated grasslands.", "PMID": 563133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5409", "title": "[Immunity after newcastle disease in man (author's transl)].", "content": "5 patients, in whom Newcastle disease was diagnosed on the basis of a positive haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) following contact with affected chickens in 1970 were re-examined recently. The ophthalmological findings were negative at follow-up in all cases. The HIT was still positive (1 : 8) in one patient only; no antibodies were detected in the other four patients.", "contents": "[Immunity after newcastle disease in man (author's transl)]. 5 patients, in whom Newcastle disease was diagnosed on the basis of a positive haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) following contact with affected chickens in 1970 were re-examined recently. The ophthalmological findings were negative at follow-up in all cases. The HIT was still positive (1 : 8) in one patient only; no antibodies were detected in the other four patients.", "PMID": 563136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5410", "title": "[Comparative morphological studies of yeast cells using automated image analysis].", "content": "The ultrastructural alterations in cells of Candida utilis caused by the influence of copper ions have been studied by means of quantitative image analysis. A model has been proposed which presents the following informations: The main effect of the copper ions is represented by an increase of the volume of the whole cell and of that part of the cell which consists of nucleus, vacuoles, and inclusions (particles and globules). Nevertheless, neither the absolute volume of mitochondria, nor the density of mitochondria are influenced by high concentrations of copper ions in the culture medium.", "contents": "[Comparative morphological studies of yeast cells using automated image analysis]. The ultrastructural alterations in cells of Candida utilis caused by the influence of copper ions have been studied by means of quantitative image analysis. A model has been proposed which presents the following informations: The main effect of the copper ions is represented by an increase of the volume of the whole cell and of that part of the cell which consists of nucleus, vacuoles, and inclusions (particles and globules). Nevertheless, neither the absolute volume of mitochondria, nor the density of mitochondria are influenced by high concentrations of copper ions in the culture medium.", "PMID": 563137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5411", "title": "[Effect of calcitonin on various stress ulcer models in the rat].", "content": "The preventive effect of calcitonin (10 microgram/kg subcutaneously) on stress ulcer was examined in 135 rats. Three stress models were used: (1) immobilization, (2) immobilization and ketamine, (3) hypovolemia. Significantly lowered lesion rates under calcitonin were found in immobilization stress and hypovolemia models (14%, resp. 16%), compared with controls (78%, resp. 56%). Reduction of the severe lesions of the mucous membrane was the only significantly different result in the combination of immobilization and ketamine.", "contents": "[Effect of calcitonin on various stress ulcer models in the rat]. The preventive effect of calcitonin (10 microgram/kg subcutaneously) on stress ulcer was examined in 135 rats. Three stress models were used: (1) immobilization, (2) immobilization and ketamine, (3) hypovolemia. Significantly lowered lesion rates under calcitonin were found in immobilization stress and hypovolemia models (14%, resp. 16%), compared with controls (78%, resp. 56%). Reduction of the severe lesions of the mucous membrane was the only significantly different result in the combination of immobilization and ketamine.", "PMID": 563139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5412", "title": "Sexual behavior in the cockroach genera Periplaneta and Blatta. III. Aggression and sexual behavior.", "content": "Relationships between aggression and sexual behavior were examined in 6 cockroach species (genera Periplaneta and Blatta) in a descriptive manner. Aggressive encounters were classified according to intensity level. The behaviors themselves were scrutinized for differences according to varying contexts such as food and water deprivation and sexual situations. Sexual and species differences in aggressive behaviors were analyzed. Sexual encounters in cockroaches are considered as conflict situations in which many of the sexual behaviors of male male serve to neutralize aggressive behaviors of the female. Major adaptations include a male pheromene, tergal glands and defensive manoeuvering with body and legs.", "contents": "Sexual behavior in the cockroach genera Periplaneta and Blatta. III. Aggression and sexual behavior. Relationships between aggression and sexual behavior were examined in 6 cockroach species (genera Periplaneta and Blatta) in a descriptive manner. Aggressive encounters were classified according to intensity level. The behaviors themselves were scrutinized for differences according to varying contexts such as food and water deprivation and sexual situations. Sexual and species differences in aggressive behaviors were analyzed. Sexual encounters in cockroaches are considered as conflict situations in which many of the sexual behaviors of male male serve to neutralize aggressive behaviors of the female. Major adaptations include a male pheromene, tergal glands and defensive manoeuvering with body and legs.", "PMID": 563150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5413", "title": "[Several mechanisms of acetylcholine participation in the processes of formation and fixation of temporary connections].", "content": "Microphoretic application of acetylcholine (ACH) to the neurones of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex elicits changes of spontaneous and evoked activity which do not correlate with one another and which persist up to two minutes after the end of ACH application. Following the formation of a defensive conditioned reflex to sound, the reactions to ACH in units involved in the formation of the temporary connection are intensified as compared with their reactions before conditioning and with reactions of those neurones which did not elaborate a temporary connection. The possible mechanisms of ACH participation in the processes of elaboration and fixation of temporary connections are discussed.", "contents": "[Several mechanisms of acetylcholine participation in the processes of formation and fixation of temporary connections]. Microphoretic application of acetylcholine (ACH) to the neurones of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex elicits changes of spontaneous and evoked activity which do not correlate with one another and which persist up to two minutes after the end of ACH application. Following the formation of a defensive conditioned reflex to sound, the reactions to ACH in units involved in the formation of the temporary connection are intensified as compared with their reactions before conditioning and with reactions of those neurones which did not elaborate a temporary connection. The possible mechanisms of ACH participation in the processes of elaboration and fixation of temporary connections are discussed.", "PMID": 563145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5414", "title": "[Effect of destruction of midbrain raphe nuclei on the behavioral effects of dopaminergic substances and I-tryptophan].", "content": "In experiments on male albino rats, after electrolytic lesions of dorsal and median mesencephalic raphe nuclei, l-DOPA and apomorphine did not exert their stimulating effect on aggressiveness and emotional reactivity, seen in control false-operated animals. The inhibitory effect of haloperidol on emotional reactivity increased after raphectomy. The stereotype behaviour elicited by dopaminergic agents and their effects on exploratory motor activity were not changed by raphectomy. It is assumed that the effects of dopamino-potentiating agents on emotional reactivity are partly mediated by their influence on serotonergic system.", "contents": "[Effect of destruction of midbrain raphe nuclei on the behavioral effects of dopaminergic substances and I-tryptophan]. In experiments on male albino rats, after electrolytic lesions of dorsal and median mesencephalic raphe nuclei, l-DOPA and apomorphine did not exert their stimulating effect on aggressiveness and emotional reactivity, seen in control false-operated animals. The inhibitory effect of haloperidol on emotional reactivity increased after raphectomy. The stereotype behaviour elicited by dopaminergic agents and their effects on exploratory motor activity were not changed by raphectomy. It is assumed that the effects of dopamino-potentiating agents on emotional reactivity are partly mediated by their influence on serotonergic system.", "PMID": 563144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5415", "title": "Ethological study of African carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae).", "content": "Over 200 bees of 4 African Xylocopa species were observed for 3 months on the island of Rubondo (L. Victoria, Tanzania). Some 40 burrows were investigated, 100 bees marked. Building techniques are minutely reported; burrow construction simplifies defence and allows re-use by succeeding generations. Food plants, collecting, provisioning and all aspects of ontogenesis are treated, insight given into pupal leg mobility and the much-debated emergence order after eclosion: the first-hatched bee, in the rearmost cell, prepares the way for siblings. Copulation and the copulatory hold are studied using tethered femalefemale, and illustrated. A few colonization experiments are described and s spectrogram of begging sounds given. Meeting of the generations, feeding of the young and nest-defence by young siblings throw light on the evolution of primitively eusocial communities. The known literature is reviewed in each chapter.", "contents": "Ethological study of African carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Over 200 bees of 4 African Xylocopa species were observed for 3 months on the island of Rubondo (L. Victoria, Tanzania). Some 40 burrows were investigated, 100 bees marked. Building techniques are minutely reported; burrow construction simplifies defence and allows re-use by succeeding generations. Food plants, collecting, provisioning and all aspects of ontogenesis are treated, insight given into pupal leg mobility and the much-debated emergence order after eclosion: the first-hatched bee, in the rearmost cell, prepares the way for siblings. Copulation and the copulatory hold are studied using tethered femalefemale, and illustrated. A few colonization experiments are described and s spectrogram of begging sounds given. Meeting of the generations, feeding of the young and nest-defence by young siblings throw light on the evolution of primitively eusocial communities. The known literature is reviewed in each chapter.", "PMID": 563151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5416", "title": "Agonistic behaviour and dominance in stoats (Mustela erminea L.).", "content": "Behavioural mechanisms underlying distribution in a stoat (Mustela erminea) population were examined experimentally in an enclosure simulating natural habitats with living prey. Agonistic behaviours, displayed by individual stoats of different sex and age while being tested in pairs in various combinations were recorded. Dominance relationships between different categories of stoats (femalefemale, adult and juvenile male male) were examined, as was social dominance between individual stoats of the same sex. In further experiments designed to examine the influence of establishment on the social dominance, the behaviour of established introduced animals was observed.", "contents": "Agonistic behaviour and dominance in stoats (Mustela erminea L.). Behavioural mechanisms underlying distribution in a stoat (Mustela erminea) population were examined experimentally in an enclosure simulating natural habitats with living prey. Agonistic behaviours, displayed by individual stoats of different sex and age while being tested in pairs in various combinations were recorded. Dominance relationships between different categories of stoats (femalefemale, adult and juvenile male male) were examined, as was social dominance between individual stoats of the same sex. In further experiments designed to examine the influence of establishment on the social dominance, the behaviour of established introduced animals was observed.", "PMID": 563152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5417", "title": "[Changes in the readiness for sexual and aggressive action of the sword tail Xiphophorus helleri (Pisces, Poeciliidae) under the influence of social isolation].", "content": "Social deprivation for 3 to 112 days caused an increase in copulation attempts and other motivational changes of sexual activities. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that the tendencies for nipping, backing, copulation attempts, and gonopodial swinging fluctuated independently as a result of non-release of these activities. A rise in copulation tendency does not necessarily lead to increased aggressiveness. In the social hierarchy inferior individuals exhibited the highest levels of sexual and aggressive responsiveness.", "contents": "[Changes in the readiness for sexual and aggressive action of the sword tail Xiphophorus helleri (Pisces, Poeciliidae) under the influence of social isolation]. Social deprivation for 3 to 112 days caused an increase in copulation attempts and other motivational changes of sexual activities. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that the tendencies for nipping, backing, copulation attempts, and gonopodial swinging fluctuated independently as a result of non-release of these activities. A rise in copulation tendency does not necessarily lead to increased aggressiveness. In the social hierarchy inferior individuals exhibited the highest levels of sexual and aggressive responsiveness.", "PMID": 563153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5418", "title": "[Polymorphism of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neural amyotrophy in uniovular twins].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a description of an atypical clinical picture of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuronal amyotrophy in 2 eight-year old monozygotic twins. The traits of the disease were characterized by a deformation of the feet, mild cerebellar symptoms, development of ptosis and other myopathical symptoms, an enlargement of the transversal nerve of the neck and a distribution of the process to the proximal parts. The diagnosis was confirmed by EMG studies. The authors detected a large amount of abortive signs in many members of the family both along the mothers, as well as fathers line. This observation demonstrates clinical and genetical polymorphism of neuronal amyotraphy.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neural amyotrophy in uniovular twins]. The paper is concerned with a description of an atypical clinical picture of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuronal amyotrophy in 2 eight-year old monozygotic twins. The traits of the disease were characterized by a deformation of the feet, mild cerebellar symptoms, development of ptosis and other myopathical symptoms, an enlargement of the transversal nerve of the neck and a distribution of the process to the proximal parts. The diagnosis was confirmed by EMG studies. The authors detected a large amount of abortive signs in many members of the family both along the mothers, as well as fathers line. This observation demonstrates clinical and genetical polymorphism of neuronal amyotraphy.", "PMID": 563155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5419", "title": "[Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals and the state of the sympathetic-adrenal system in newborn infants with an hypoxic lesion of the central nervous system].", "content": "The convened studies demonstrated an activation of the hypothalamo-hypophysis-adrenal and sympathico-adrenal system in the newborn with slight and moderately expressed forms of CNS lesions. At the same time there was a relative insufficiency of such functions in children with severe forms of CNS lesions. The achieved data permit to substantiate the pathogenetical therapy.", "contents": "[Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals and the state of the sympathetic-adrenal system in newborn infants with an hypoxic lesion of the central nervous system]. The convened studies demonstrated an activation of the hypothalamo-hypophysis-adrenal and sympathico-adrenal system in the newborn with slight and moderately expressed forms of CNS lesions. At the same time there was a relative insufficiency of such functions in children with severe forms of CNS lesions. The achieved data permit to substantiate the pathogenetical therapy.", "PMID": 563156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5420", "title": "[Characteristics of the diurnal fluctuations of affect in depressions in adolescents with circular schizophrenia].", "content": "The paper is related to an analysis of the diurnal rhythm of mood in 87 adolescents suffering from circular schizophrenia. The diurnal mood fluctuations, as in adults, were seen in most of the patients where the depression had a tendency towards an increase and decrease, as well as in cyclothymo-like phasic depressive disorders. The author describes a special diurnal rhythm of mood in profound depressive states with agitation and hysterical components.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the diurnal fluctuations of affect in depressions in adolescents with circular schizophrenia]. The paper is related to an analysis of the diurnal rhythm of mood in 87 adolescents suffering from circular schizophrenia. The diurnal mood fluctuations, as in adults, were seen in most of the patients where the depression had a tendency towards an increase and decrease, as well as in cyclothymo-like phasic depressive disorders. The author describes a special diurnal rhythm of mood in profound depressive states with agitation and hysterical components.", "PMID": 563157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5421", "title": "[Tuberous sclerosis in a premature infant (author's transl)].", "content": "A sporadic case of tuberous sclerosis in a stillborn infant is reported. The death at the 31st week of gestation was presumably due to the development of enormous rhabdomyomas of the heart. The typical cerebral lesions were fully developed as in patients decreased later in life. The atypical cells found in the cortical tubers demonstrated ultractructural features of reactive astrocytes. Moreover, they showed innumerable microvillilike projections on their surface and junctional complexes, mostly of the zonula adharens type, reminescent of ependymocytes. The significance of such glio-epithelial cellular features is discussed.", "contents": "[Tuberous sclerosis in a premature infant (author's transl)]. A sporadic case of tuberous sclerosis in a stillborn infant is reported. The death at the 31st week of gestation was presumably due to the development of enormous rhabdomyomas of the heart. The typical cerebral lesions were fully developed as in patients decreased later in life. The atypical cells found in the cortical tubers demonstrated ultractructural features of reactive astrocytes. Moreover, they showed innumerable microvillilike projections on their surface and junctional complexes, mostly of the zonula adharens type, reminescent of ependymocytes. The significance of such glio-epithelial cellular features is discussed.", "PMID": 563159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5422", "title": "Midbrain interaction with the hypothalamus in expression of aggressive behavior in cats.", "content": "The effects of injections of M- and N-cholinergic blocking agents into the antero-medial hypothalamus (HM) and the midbrain central gray (GC) on the aggressive behavior of cats, evoked by microinjections of carbachol into those areas, were investigated in chronic experiments. The influence of pharmacological suppression of the M-cholinergic system in HM on the carbachol-induced aggression response from GC and vice versa was also studied. In the experiments a quantitative method was applied for measuring the specific vocalization - growling, which is a characteristic of aggressive behavior. In the HM and GC areas of the cat the N- and the M-cholinergic systems participated in the control of aggressive behavior, but the M-component dominated in the process. The suppression of M-cholinergic system in GC prevented the appearance of aggressive behavior evoked by injections of carbachol into HM, and the M-cholinergic blockade in HM reduced (by 90 percent) the aggression response evoked by the injections of carbachol into GC. It is concluded that a concurrent action of the hypothalamic and the midbrain cholinergic systems is necessary for the appearance of a fully expressed aggressive behavior. The hypothalamus and the midbrain are probably links of the same functional circuit, and that the control of aggressive behavior is based on a circulatory action between these structures.", "contents": "Midbrain interaction with the hypothalamus in expression of aggressive behavior in cats. The effects of injections of M- and N-cholinergic blocking agents into the antero-medial hypothalamus (HM) and the midbrain central gray (GC) on the aggressive behavior of cats, evoked by microinjections of carbachol into those areas, were investigated in chronic experiments. The influence of pharmacological suppression of the M-cholinergic system in HM on the carbachol-induced aggression response from GC and vice versa was also studied. In the experiments a quantitative method was applied for measuring the specific vocalization - growling, which is a characteristic of aggressive behavior. In the HM and GC areas of the cat the N- and the M-cholinergic systems participated in the control of aggressive behavior, but the M-component dominated in the process. The suppression of M-cholinergic system in GC prevented the appearance of aggressive behavior evoked by injections of carbachol into HM, and the M-cholinergic blockade in HM reduced (by 90 percent) the aggression response evoked by the injections of carbachol into GC. It is concluded that a concurrent action of the hypothalamic and the midbrain cholinergic systems is necessary for the appearance of a fully expressed aggressive behavior. The hypothalamus and the midbrain are probably links of the same functional circuit, and that the control of aggressive behavior is based on a circulatory action between these structures.", "PMID": 563160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5423", "title": "Dopamine receptors hypersensitivity: further confirmation following drug abuse model.", "content": "Controversial multiple investigations have reported that chronic administration of amphetamine or similar drugs in different animals produces a reverse tolerance or a receptor hypersensitivity. However, most studies utilized large doses given chronically and for lengthy periods of time. Real life drug abusers ten to utilize drugs in a cyclic pattern of intermittently increasing doses and then \"crashing off\" depending on the availability of drugs and psychiatric treatment. In this experiment I intended to demonstrate receptor hypersensitivity with less chronic administration of drugs (in this case only six dosages) given in about two weeks, intermittently, and in increasing dosages to stimulate somewhat closer a drug abuse model. I also utilized a lengthier period of time of waiting in-between the pretreatment and post-treatment evaluation (eight weeks). The subjects were 16 Sprague-Dawley rats of initial weight of 150-200 grams, acclimated to photoelectric cell cages. They were given either D- or L-amphetamine in alternating days for two weeks and in increasing dosages. Both activity and stereotype behavior (SB) were measured. The animals were given eight weeks of rest and then retested with a subthreshold dose of the same drug previously utilized and two days later with the smallest dose of the same medication again. The results showed that the latency and the threshold was decreased and the response was maximized but this was statistically true only for SB, as it did not reach statistical significance for hyperactivity. The relationship of this phenomenon of dopamine receptor hypersensitivity and the clinical findings in dyskinetic disorders, is discussed; also some ideas for further research in this area are brought to light.", "contents": "Dopamine receptors hypersensitivity: further confirmation following drug abuse model. Controversial multiple investigations have reported that chronic administration of amphetamine or similar drugs in different animals produces a reverse tolerance or a receptor hypersensitivity. However, most studies utilized large doses given chronically and for lengthy periods of time. Real life drug abusers ten to utilize drugs in a cyclic pattern of intermittently increasing doses and then \"crashing off\" depending on the availability of drugs and psychiatric treatment. In this experiment I intended to demonstrate receptor hypersensitivity with less chronic administration of drugs (in this case only six dosages) given in about two weeks, intermittently, and in increasing dosages to stimulate somewhat closer a drug abuse model. I also utilized a lengthier period of time of waiting in-between the pretreatment and post-treatment evaluation (eight weeks). The subjects were 16 Sprague-Dawley rats of initial weight of 150-200 grams, acclimated to photoelectric cell cages. They were given either D- or L-amphetamine in alternating days for two weeks and in increasing dosages. Both activity and stereotype behavior (SB) were measured. The animals were given eight weeks of rest and then retested with a subthreshold dose of the same drug previously utilized and two days later with the smallest dose of the same medication again. The results showed that the latency and the threshold was decreased and the response was maximized but this was statistically true only for SB, as it did not reach statistical significance for hyperactivity. The relationship of this phenomenon of dopamine receptor hypersensitivity and the clinical findings in dyskinetic disorders, is discussed; also some ideas for further research in this area are brought to light.", "PMID": 563163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5424", "title": "Maternally determined susceptibility to D-amphetamine-induced stereotypy in rats.", "content": "During the first week after parturition, rat pups were removed and returned to a mother-present nest, were removed and returned to a mother-absent nest, were separated from their mothers by removal of the mothers, or were undisturbed. In adulthood when repeatedly injected with a dose of D-amphetamine which induces progressively higher levels of stereotypy (2.5 mg/kg), only subjects which had been removed and returned to a mother-present nest in infancy showed a retarded rate of increase in stereotypy.", "contents": "Maternally determined susceptibility to D-amphetamine-induced stereotypy in rats. During the first week after parturition, rat pups were removed and returned to a mother-present nest, were removed and returned to a mother-absent nest, were separated from their mothers by removal of the mothers, or were undisturbed. In adulthood when repeatedly injected with a dose of D-amphetamine which induces progressively higher levels of stereotypy (2.5 mg/kg), only subjects which had been removed and returned to a mother-present nest in infancy showed a retarded rate of increase in stereotypy.", "PMID": 563164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5425", "title": "The effects of induced lathyrism on Sr85 uptake in rats during late prenatal development.", "content": "During the last one-third of their gestational period, lathyritic rats incorporate significantly lower amounts of Sr85 as revealed by whole body counting techniques. This difference was maximum at term. The study provides evidence for lathyritic disturbance in the initial phases of mineralization of hard tissue matrices.", "contents": "The effects of induced lathyrism on Sr85 uptake in rats during late prenatal development. During the last one-third of their gestational period, lathyritic rats incorporate significantly lower amounts of Sr85 as revealed by whole body counting techniques. This difference was maximum at term. The study provides evidence for lathyritic disturbance in the initial phases of mineralization of hard tissue matrices.", "PMID": 563166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5426", "title": "Effects of a tumor-promoting agent on chondrogenesis.", "content": "Chondroblasts exposed to the phorbol ester, PMA, rapidly lose their polygonal morphology, and rapidly cease to synthesize or accumulate the chondroblast-specific Type IV sulfated proteoglycan. This striking effect is reversible if the cells are kept in PMA for up to 72 hours. A longer exposure induces irreversible effects and results in a population of cells, the vast majority of which lack the phenotypic properties of terminal chondroblasts.", "contents": "Effects of a tumor-promoting agent on chondrogenesis. Chondroblasts exposed to the phorbol ester, PMA, rapidly lose their polygonal morphology, and rapidly cease to synthesize or accumulate the chondroblast-specific Type IV sulfated proteoglycan. This striking effect is reversible if the cells are kept in PMA for up to 72 hours. A longer exposure induces irreversible effects and results in a population of cells, the vast majority of which lack the phenotypic properties of terminal chondroblasts.", "PMID": 563167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5427", "title": "Effect of alfalfa saponins on intestinal cholesterol absorption in rats.", "content": "Five to 20 mg of saponins obtained from alfalfa tops or roots were introduced intragastrically in rats also receiving oral and intravenous ring-labeled cholesterol. The saponins were tested before and after partial acid hydrolysis. Absorption of cholesterol was determined by estimation of fecal sterols and by a dual isotope technique involving assay of plasma radioactivity. Alfalfa top saponins (nonhydrolyzed) reduced absorption of cholesterol. Acid hydrolysis of alfalfa top or root saponins enhanced their ability to inhibit cholesterol absorption.", "contents": "Effect of alfalfa saponins on intestinal cholesterol absorption in rats. Five to 20 mg of saponins obtained from alfalfa tops or roots were introduced intragastrically in rats also receiving oral and intravenous ring-labeled cholesterol. The saponins were tested before and after partial acid hydrolysis. Absorption of cholesterol was determined by estimation of fecal sterols and by a dual isotope technique involving assay of plasma radioactivity. Alfalfa top saponins (nonhydrolyzed) reduced absorption of cholesterol. Acid hydrolysis of alfalfa top or root saponins enhanced their ability to inhibit cholesterol absorption.", "PMID": 563169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5428", "title": "Insulin antibodies in the pathogenesis of insulin allergy and resistance.", "content": "Insulin allergy developed in a patient treated with beef/pork insulin. Desensitization therapy led to cessation of the allergy, but it was associated with the development of diabetic ketoacidosis with apparent insulin resistance which was successfully treated with fish insulin. The patient's initial serum contained a high titer of anti-insulin immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody directed primarily against beef insulin. Desensitization therapy with pork insulin was associated with the production of anti-insulin immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody with highest immunologic reactivity to pork insulin. This IgG antibody may have blocked the interaction of insulin with tissue-fixed IgE antibody but, in addition, led to significant increases in total serum insulin-binding capacity and transient insulin resistance. The favorable clinical response to fish insulin was likely due to the negligible immunologic reactivity of this patient's anti-insulin antibodies with fish insulin. This report suggests that desensitization therapy for insulin allergy can lead to insulin resistance of the immune type.", "contents": "Insulin antibodies in the pathogenesis of insulin allergy and resistance. Insulin allergy developed in a patient treated with beef/pork insulin. Desensitization therapy led to cessation of the allergy, but it was associated with the development of diabetic ketoacidosis with apparent insulin resistance which was successfully treated with fish insulin. The patient's initial serum contained a high titer of anti-insulin immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody directed primarily against beef insulin. Desensitization therapy with pork insulin was associated with the production of anti-insulin immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody with highest immunologic reactivity to pork insulin. This IgG antibody may have blocked the interaction of insulin with tissue-fixed IgE antibody but, in addition, led to significant increases in total serum insulin-binding capacity and transient insulin resistance. The favorable clinical response to fish insulin was likely due to the negligible immunologic reactivity of this patient's anti-insulin antibodies with fish insulin. This report suggests that desensitization therapy for insulin allergy can lead to insulin resistance of the immune type.", "PMID": 563170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5429", "title": "The origin and clinical behavior of the parovarian tumor.", "content": "This study of 132 benign parovarian cysts and eight parovarian neoplasms demonstrated that the majority of such lesions are of paramesonephric or mesothelial origin. Furthermore, adnexal neoplasms, not histologically associated with the tube or ovary, may arise in such parovarian structures or de novo from the pelvic mesothelium.", "contents": "The origin and clinical behavior of the parovarian tumor. This study of 132 benign parovarian cysts and eight parovarian neoplasms demonstrated that the majority of such lesions are of paramesonephric or mesothelial origin. Furthermore, adnexal neoplasms, not histologically associated with the tube or ovary, may arise in such parovarian structures or de novo from the pelvic mesothelium.", "PMID": 563172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5430", "title": "Genetic and environmental determinants of skin color.", "content": "Skin reflectance measurements on a sample of 154 Black and 191 White same-sex twin pairs, attending Philadelphia area schools, are analyzed to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors. The measurements obtained in July and August, on the forehead, inner upper arm, and flexor surface of the forearm with red, green, and blue filters, were reduced to one index which we call skin color. Analysis of this index using the path analysis of Rao et al. ('74) estimates the major variance components due to racial, residual genetic, and common environmental factors as 67%, 5%, and 22%, respectively.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental determinants of skin color. Skin reflectance measurements on a sample of 154 Black and 191 White same-sex twin pairs, attending Philadelphia area schools, are analyzed to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors. The measurements obtained in July and August, on the forehead, inner upper arm, and flexor surface of the forearm with red, green, and blue filters, were reduced to one index which we call skin color. Analysis of this index using the path analysis of Rao et al. ('74) estimates the major variance components due to racial, residual genetic, and common environmental factors as 67%, 5%, and 22%, respectively.", "PMID": 563175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5431", "title": "Fraud and abuse in psychiatric practice.", "content": "A consensus has not yet been reached on definitions of fraud and abuse, particularly the latter. Further, the terms tend to be linked routinely by federal agencies, although abuse is generally understood to relate to inappropriate and fraud to illegal practices. These definitional problems make it difficult to determine what constitutes fraudulent or abusive practice in psychiatry. The authors provide hypothetical examples relevant to psychiatry, noting that in many cases it is still impossible to determine at what point a practice becomes inappropriate or illegal. Criteria must be developed by claims review systems, ethics committees, and PSROs; all those in the mental health field should devote serious attention to these issues.", "contents": "Fraud and abuse in psychiatric practice. A consensus has not yet been reached on definitions of fraud and abuse, particularly the latter. Further, the terms tend to be linked routinely by federal agencies, although abuse is generally understood to relate to inappropriate and fraud to illegal practices. These definitional problems make it difficult to determine what constitutes fraudulent or abusive practice in psychiatry. The authors provide hypothetical examples relevant to psychiatry, noting that in many cases it is still impossible to determine at what point a practice becomes inappropriate or illegal. Criteria must be developed by claims review systems, ethics committees, and PSROs; all those in the mental health field should devote serious attention to these issues.", "PMID": 563177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5432", "title": "Trends in American mental health.", "content": "Using the data collected by Hollingshead and Redlich in 1950 and their own recent data, the authors describe trends in the mental health field over a 25-year period. They found a marked increase in admissions and readmissions to inpatient facilities and a significant decrease in the average length of stay; a considerable increase in outpatient treatment services; a shift in major diagnostic categories from schizophrenia to alcoholism; an unequal allocation of services to young versus elderly patients; discharge of many chronic patients to nursing homes; the increased involvement of psychiatrists in administrative work and decreased time spent in direct patient care; and an increase in third-party insurance as a source of patient fees.", "contents": "Trends in American mental health. Using the data collected by Hollingshead and Redlich in 1950 and their own recent data, the authors describe trends in the mental health field over a 25-year period. They found a marked increase in admissions and readmissions to inpatient facilities and a significant decrease in the average length of stay; a considerable increase in outpatient treatment services; a shift in major diagnostic categories from schizophrenia to alcoholism; an unequal allocation of services to young versus elderly patients; discharge of many chronic patients to nursing homes; the increased involvement of psychiatrists in administrative work and decreased time spent in direct patient care; and an increase in third-party insurance as a source of patient fees.", "PMID": 563176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5433", "title": "Long-term effects of prior experience in attenuating amnesia.", "content": "In Experiment I, prior experience with passive-avoidance training followed by latent extinction was given 1, 3, 5, or 15 days before criterion (re) training and an amnesic treatment. It produced nearly complete protection from retrograde amnesia at the three shorter intervals; at the longest interval, amnesia was present but less severe than in a control group without the familiarization. In Experiment II, prior experience was given 1, 5, or 15 days before a noncontingent shock and an amnesic treatment. Evidence of a reactivation of memory was obtained only at the longest interval. Thus, familiarization and reactivation seem to represent different processes. The results are interpreted as consistent with explanations stressing the disruption of retrieval in retrograde amnesia.", "contents": "Long-term effects of prior experience in attenuating amnesia. In Experiment I, prior experience with passive-avoidance training followed by latent extinction was given 1, 3, 5, or 15 days before criterion (re) training and an amnesic treatment. It produced nearly complete protection from retrograde amnesia at the three shorter intervals; at the longest interval, amnesia was present but less severe than in a control group without the familiarization. In Experiment II, prior experience was given 1, 5, or 15 days before a noncontingent shock and an amnesic treatment. Evidence of a reactivation of memory was obtained only at the longest interval. Thus, familiarization and reactivation seem to represent different processes. The results are interpreted as consistent with explanations stressing the disruption of retrieval in retrograde amnesia.", "PMID": 563178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5434", "title": "The mechanical aspects of anesthetic pollution control.", "content": "Reduction of anesthetic contamination in the operating room requires removal of excess circuit gases (scavenging), elimination of anesthetic equipment leakage, and avoidance of anesthetic technics which allow unopposed spill of gas into the operating room. Scavenging and disposal of excess anesthetic gases can present hazards to the patient; means to protect the breathing circuit from elevated positive and negative pressures should be of prime consideration in selecting a scavenging system. Leakage from anesthic equipment occurs in the high-pressure (central and tank N2O sources to the machine flowmeters) and the low-pressure portions (from the machine flow-meters to the patient) of the system and can be of sufficient magnitude to virtually negate effective scavenging. These leakage points can be readily detected and corrected using periodic simple test procedures.", "contents": "The mechanical aspects of anesthetic pollution control. Reduction of anesthetic contamination in the operating room requires removal of excess circuit gases (scavenging), elimination of anesthetic equipment leakage, and avoidance of anesthetic technics which allow unopposed spill of gas into the operating room. Scavenging and disposal of excess anesthetic gases can present hazards to the patient; means to protect the breathing circuit from elevated positive and negative pressures should be of prime consideration in selecting a scavenging system. Leakage from anesthic equipment occurs in the high-pressure (central and tank N2O sources to the machine flowmeters) and the low-pressure portions (from the machine flow-meters to the patient) of the system and can be of sufficient magnitude to virtually negate effective scavenging. These leakage points can be readily detected and corrected using periodic simple test procedures.", "PMID": 563181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5435", "title": "Monitoring occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics.", "content": "Air monitoring, an essential feature of the waste gas control program, is best based on measurement of total leakage in time-weighted sampling of N2O present in the anesthetist's breathing zone during clinical anesthesia. Leakage in the high-pressure N2O system is measured separately in a survey of the empty rooms. The infrared N2O analyzer used for these measurements is also useful as a teaching device and in enhancing the safety of the patient.", "contents": "Monitoring occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics. Air monitoring, an essential feature of the waste gas control program, is best based on measurement of total leakage in time-weighted sampling of N2O present in the anesthetist's breathing zone during clinical anesthesia. Leakage in the high-pressure N2O system is measured separately in a survey of the empty rooms. The infrared N2O analyzer used for these measurements is also useful as a teaching device and in enhancing the safety of the patient.", "PMID": 563183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5436", "title": "Is your vaporizer off?", "content": "We found that both variable bypass (Tec-type) and measured flow (Kettle type) vaporizers that nominally are turned off may permit anesthetic to leak into the bypass or the diluent stream. The contamination ranges from 1 to 3,300 parts per million of halothane (0.0001 to 0.33 percent). It appears to result either from diffusion of agent from the liquid reservoir into the bypass or diluent stream or from a reservoir in the piping connecting vaporizer to the diluent stream.", "contents": "Is your vaporizer off? We found that both variable bypass (Tec-type) and measured flow (Kettle type) vaporizers that nominally are turned off may permit anesthetic to leak into the bypass or the diluent stream. The contamination ranges from 1 to 3,300 parts per million of halothane (0.0001 to 0.33 percent). It appears to result either from diffusion of agent from the liquid reservoir into the bypass or diluent stream or from a reservoir in the piping connecting vaporizer to the diluent stream.", "PMID": 563184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5437", "title": "Rebreathing characteristics of the Bain anesthesia circuit.", "content": "The humidity output and CO2 elimination of the Bain circuit were tested on a simulated adult patient. The moisture content of inspired gases was found to be adequate when the circuit was used with a minute volume of 8.4 L/min and a fresh gas inflow of 4.9 L/min (65 percent relative humidity at room temperature at the onset of experimentation, rising to 100 percent after 80 minutes). However, the mean inspired CO2 concentration increased from 0.8 percent to 5.5 percent when the fresh gas inflow was decreased from 8 L/min to 3.5 L/min. It is recommended, therefore, that the circuit should not be used for long periods of time without measuring arterial CO2 tension or in situations where intentional hypocarbia is desired.", "contents": "Rebreathing characteristics of the Bain anesthesia circuit. The humidity output and CO2 elimination of the Bain circuit were tested on a simulated adult patient. The moisture content of inspired gases was found to be adequate when the circuit was used with a minute volume of 8.4 L/min and a fresh gas inflow of 4.9 L/min (65 percent relative humidity at room temperature at the onset of experimentation, rising to 100 percent after 80 minutes). However, the mean inspired CO2 concentration increased from 0.8 percent to 5.5 percent when the fresh gas inflow was decreased from 8 L/min to 3.5 L/min. It is recommended, therefore, that the circuit should not be used for long periods of time without measuring arterial CO2 tension or in situations where intentional hypocarbia is desired.", "PMID": 563186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5438", "title": "A physiologic analysis of cardiopulmonary responses to ketamine anesthesia in noncardiac patients.", "content": "In 16 adult patients, IV ketamine, 2.2 mg/kg body weight, did not produce dramatic effects on left heart function or systemic circulation. Minute O2 consumption and O2 delivery were stable. An appreciable elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred which secondarily increased right heart work. Total intrapulmonary shunt initially increased; however, the effect was short lived and did not cause clinical alterations in PaO2. The authors conclude that physiologic alterations associated with ketamine are more pronounced on the pulmonary than on the systemic vascular bed, and to the right rather than to the left side of the heart.", "contents": "A physiologic analysis of cardiopulmonary responses to ketamine anesthesia in noncardiac patients. In 16 adult patients, IV ketamine, 2.2 mg/kg body weight, did not produce dramatic effects on left heart function or systemic circulation. Minute O2 consumption and O2 delivery were stable. An appreciable elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred which secondarily increased right heart work. Total intrapulmonary shunt initially increased; however, the effect was short lived and did not cause clinical alterations in PaO2. The authors conclude that physiologic alterations associated with ketamine are more pronounced on the pulmonary than on the systemic vascular bed, and to the right rather than to the left side of the heart.", "PMID": 563185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5439", "title": "Operating room scheduling by computer.", "content": "The surgical operating room schedule has been produced automatically for more than 2 years in our large teaching hospital. In order to apply computer technology to the complex surgical scheduling problem a special programming approach was devised. We discuss this approach under the headings of Expand, Sort, Order and Assign. Consistent, reliable schedules, unaffected by weekends and holidays, are produced by a clerk trained to use a computer terminal. Our program is adapttable to other institutions once the scheduling parameters and operating priorities are delineated.", "contents": "Operating room scheduling by computer. The surgical operating room schedule has been produced automatically for more than 2 years in our large teaching hospital. In order to apply computer technology to the complex surgical scheduling problem a special programming approach was devised. We discuss this approach under the headings of Expand, Sort, Order and Assign. Consistent, reliable schedules, unaffected by weekends and holidays, are produced by a clerk trained to use a computer terminal. Our program is adapttable to other institutions once the scheduling parameters and operating priorities are delineated.", "PMID": 563188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5440", "title": "Age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Innovar induced ventilatory depression during regional anesthesia.", "content": "The effect of Innovar on ventilatory response to CO2 was studied in 35 patients undergoing peripheral surgery with regional anesthesia. The dosage schedule (per 70 kg body weight) was 2 ml intramuscularly, prior to the block, and 1 ml intravenously, after the block. The decrease in mean CO2 response slope (15 percent decrease from control 30 minutes after the first dose) was not statistically significant. Control slope varied inversely with age (r = 0.41, p less than 0.05), and (in 22 patients) directly with the FEV1/FVC ratio (r = 0.54, p less than 0.02) and with the combined variables (FEV1/FVC)/age (r = 0.58, p less than 0.01). Depression of CO2 response slope following Innovar did not vary with age or FEV1. We conclude that, in otherwise normal patients, these doses of innovar cause only minor depression of ventilatory response to CO2. However, in those patients who already have a depressed response (the elderly and those with a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio), this additional depression occasionally may be clinically important.", "contents": "Age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Innovar induced ventilatory depression during regional anesthesia. The effect of Innovar on ventilatory response to CO2 was studied in 35 patients undergoing peripheral surgery with regional anesthesia. The dosage schedule (per 70 kg body weight) was 2 ml intramuscularly, prior to the block, and 1 ml intravenously, after the block. The decrease in mean CO2 response slope (15 percent decrease from control 30 minutes after the first dose) was not statistically significant. Control slope varied inversely with age (r = 0.41, p less than 0.05), and (in 22 patients) directly with the FEV1/FVC ratio (r = 0.54, p less than 0.02) and with the combined variables (FEV1/FVC)/age (r = 0.58, p less than 0.01). Depression of CO2 response slope following Innovar did not vary with age or FEV1. We conclude that, in otherwise normal patients, these doses of innovar cause only minor depression of ventilatory response to CO2. However, in those patients who already have a depressed response (the elderly and those with a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio), this additional depression occasionally may be clinically important.", "PMID": 563187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5441", "title": "The care of patients with phantom limb pain in a pain clinic.", "content": "Patients referred to the Pain Clinic at the University of Virginia Medical Center with genuine phantom pain rather than stump pain have been treated by a variety of technics. Simple revision of drug therapy has proved helpful in some instances, as has repeated injection of trigger areas or neuromata, though surgical excision has proved necessary in some patients. Mechanical stimulation by stump tapping, prosthetic application, or electrical transcutaneous stimulation also may be useful. Sympathetic nerve block is occasionally very rewarding. Most patients need some form of psychological therapy. Rarely is cordotomy or higher central nervous system surgery required. There is no single best mode of therapy for phantom limb pain, nor can patients be guaranteed a permanent cure.", "contents": "The care of patients with phantom limb pain in a pain clinic. Patients referred to the Pain Clinic at the University of Virginia Medical Center with genuine phantom pain rather than stump pain have been treated by a variety of technics. Simple revision of drug therapy has proved helpful in some instances, as has repeated injection of trigger areas or neuromata, though surgical excision has proved necessary in some patients. Mechanical stimulation by stump tapping, prosthetic application, or electrical transcutaneous stimulation also may be useful. Sympathetic nerve block is occasionally very rewarding. Most patients need some form of psychological therapy. Rarely is cordotomy or higher central nervous system surgery required. There is no single best mode of therapy for phantom limb pain, nor can patients be guaranteed a permanent cure.", "PMID": 563190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5442", "title": "Intermittent exposure to 40 percent oxygen prolongs rat survival in 100 percent oxygen.", "content": "Prior intermittent exposure to 40 percent O2 protected rats against fatal O2 toxicity. Protection was not absolute, however, for the death of most rats in 100 percent O2 was not prevented but delayed considerably. Furthermore, those rats which did survive exposure to 100 percent O2 for long periods by virtue of prior-adaptation to increased O2 concentrations had pathologic changes in the lungs typical of chronic O2 toxicity. The very early demise of some rats indicated that 1 of 12 animals is hypersenstiive to high concentrations of inspired O2.", "contents": "Intermittent exposure to 40 percent oxygen prolongs rat survival in 100 percent oxygen. Prior intermittent exposure to 40 percent O2 protected rats against fatal O2 toxicity. Protection was not absolute, however, for the death of most rats in 100 percent O2 was not prevented but delayed considerably. Furthermore, those rats which did survive exposure to 100 percent O2 for long periods by virtue of prior-adaptation to increased O2 concentrations had pathologic changes in the lungs typical of chronic O2 toxicity. The very early demise of some rats indicated that 1 of 12 animals is hypersenstiive to high concentrations of inspired O2.", "PMID": 563191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5443", "title": "Experimentally induced anaplasmosis in neonatal isohemolytic anemia-recovered calves.", "content": "Anaplasma marginale infections were induced in 3 calves previously affected with neonatal immunohemolytic anemia (NIA). Similar infections were induced in 6 splenectomized and 7 intact calves. The response to infection by 3 calves (NIA recovered) closely resembled infections seen in splenectomized calves, being markedly more severe than similar infections in intact calves. Spleens from 3 (NIA recovered) calves after splenectomy were about one-tenth normal size. Marked recrudescing anaplasmal infections were not detected after splenectomy of the calves (NIA recovered), whereas marked recrudescing infections were observed after splenectomy of 2 intact calves having recovered from the primary infections.", "contents": "Experimentally induced anaplasmosis in neonatal isohemolytic anemia-recovered calves. Anaplasma marginale infections were induced in 3 calves previously affected with neonatal immunohemolytic anemia (NIA). Similar infections were induced in 6 splenectomized and 7 intact calves. The response to infection by 3 calves (NIA recovered) closely resembled infections seen in splenectomized calves, being markedly more severe than similar infections in intact calves. Spleens from 3 (NIA recovered) calves after splenectomy were about one-tenth normal size. Marked recrudescing anaplasmal infections were not detected after splenectomy of the calves (NIA recovered), whereas marked recrudescing infections were observed after splenectomy of 2 intact calves having recovered from the primary infections.", "PMID": 563204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5444", "title": "Isolation of Dermatophilus congolensis and certain mycotic agents from animal tissues: a laboratory summary.", "content": "One hundred fifty-nine specimens from animal sources were examined for mycotic agents. Isolations were made from 57.9%. Dermatophytes were isolated from 13.2%, Dermatophilus congolensis from 10.7%, yeasts from 14.5%, and other fungi from 19.5% of the submissions.", "contents": "Isolation of Dermatophilus congolensis and certain mycotic agents from animal tissues: a laboratory summary. One hundred fifty-nine specimens from animal sources were examined for mycotic agents. Isolations were made from 57.9%. Dermatophytes were isolated from 13.2%, Dermatophilus congolensis from 10.7%, yeasts from 14.5%, and other fungi from 19.5% of the submissions.", "PMID": 563205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5445", "title": "Effect of systemic corticosteroids on antibody-forming cells in the eye and draining lymph nodes.", "content": "After the intracorneal injection of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma globulin, a systemically administered corticosteroid resulted in the following changes: (1) a reduction in the number of antibody-forming cells in the homolateral uveal tract and cornea; (2) a reduction in the ocular inflammatory response; and (3) a reduction in the number of antibody-forming cells in the draining lymph nodes, if high doses of corticosteroid were given.", "contents": "Effect of systemic corticosteroids on antibody-forming cells in the eye and draining lymph nodes. After the intracorneal injection of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma globulin, a systemically administered corticosteroid resulted in the following changes: (1) a reduction in the number of antibody-forming cells in the homolateral uveal tract and cornea; (2) a reduction in the ocular inflammatory response; and (3) a reduction in the number of antibody-forming cells in the draining lymph nodes, if high doses of corticosteroid were given.", "PMID": 563209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5446", "title": "[Zonal centrifuge purification of human rabies vaccine obtained on bovine foetal kidney cells (author's transl)].", "content": "A human rabies vaccine is prepared on bovine foetal kidney cells in absence of serum. This vaccine is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation. An immunogenic vaccine is obtained from the purified viral particles. Preliminary results are reported.", "contents": "[Zonal centrifuge purification of human rabies vaccine obtained on bovine foetal kidney cells (author's transl)]. A human rabies vaccine is prepared on bovine foetal kidney cells in absence of serum. This vaccine is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation. An immunogenic vaccine is obtained from the purified viral particles. Preliminary results are reported.", "PMID": 563208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5447", "title": "[Malignant cutaneous hemangioendothelioma. Clinicopathological and ultrastructural aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant cutaneous angio-endothelioma are tumors which develop from vascular endothelium. This is a study of one case along with the data compiled from 118 previously published cases. Clinically, this rare tumor is chiefly seen before the age of twenty of after sixty. Its appearance is polymorphic and often misleading. The clinical course of this disease in adults is always fatal, however, in children 20 p. 100 of the cases are reported curable. The histological picture shows a polymorphic pattern associated with vascular channels anastomosing in a plexiform network with large lacunae surrounded by papillary vegetations and plaques of fusiform, sarcomatoid cells as well as areas of angioblastic secretory cells. The ultrastructural study confirms that the tumor originates from endothelial cells which have lost their capacity to cover the capillary walls.", "contents": "[Malignant cutaneous hemangioendothelioma. Clinicopathological and ultrastructural aspects (author's transl)]. Malignant cutaneous angio-endothelioma are tumors which develop from vascular endothelium. This is a study of one case along with the data compiled from 118 previously published cases. Clinically, this rare tumor is chiefly seen before the age of twenty of after sixty. Its appearance is polymorphic and often misleading. The clinical course of this disease in adults is always fatal, however, in children 20 p. 100 of the cases are reported curable. The histological picture shows a polymorphic pattern associated with vascular channels anastomosing in a plexiform network with large lacunae surrounded by papillary vegetations and plaques of fusiform, sarcomatoid cells as well as areas of angioblastic secretory cells. The ultrastructural study confirms that the tumor originates from endothelial cells which have lost their capacity to cover the capillary walls.", "PMID": 563211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5448", "title": "Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon.", "content": "A total of 154 strains from 22 species of Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, and Fusobacterium, which are present in high concentrations in the human colon, were surveyed for their ability to ferment 21 different complex carbohydrates. Plant polysaccharides, including amylose, amylopectin, pectin, polygalacturonate, xylan, laminarin, guar gum, locust bean gum, gum ghatti, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, were fermented by some strains from Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, and Eubacterium species. Porcine gastric mucin, which was fermented by some strains of Ruminococcus torques and Bifidobacterium bifidum, was the only mucin utilized by any of the strains tested.", "contents": "Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. A total of 154 strains from 22 species of Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, and Fusobacterium, which are present in high concentrations in the human colon, were surveyed for their ability to ferment 21 different complex carbohydrates. Plant polysaccharides, including amylose, amylopectin, pectin, polygalacturonate, xylan, laminarin, guar gum, locust bean gum, gum ghatti, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, were fermented by some strains from Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, and Eubacterium species. Porcine gastric mucin, which was fermented by some strains of Ruminococcus torques and Bifidobacterium bifidum, was the only mucin utilized by any of the strains tested.", "PMID": 563214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5449", "title": "Role of estrogen in controlling the genital microflora of female rats.", "content": "Plate counts of viable bacteria recovered by lavage from rat vaginae demonstrated that the number of bacteria associated with the vaginal epithelium varied cyclically and that this pattern was abolished by ovariectomy. After ovariectomy, vaginal bacterial counts remained relatively stable at low levels. The estrogen 17beta-estradiol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol cypionate) administered to ovariectomized rats caused a significant increase in vaginal bacterial counts on day 3 post-treatment. A similar effect was seen in non-ovariectomized rats, but a larger dose of estrogen antagonist may have been present in non-ovariectomized animals. Progesterone (4-pregnene-3,20-dione) given with estradiol diminished the effect of the estrogen on vaginal bacterial counts, but did not abolish it. Progesterone administered without estradiol had no detectable effect on vaginal bacterial counts. These findings suggested that the cyclic variation in bacterial content of rat vaginae could be explained primarily as the effect of the secretory pattern of ovarian estrogen.", "contents": "Role of estrogen in controlling the genital microflora of female rats. Plate counts of viable bacteria recovered by lavage from rat vaginae demonstrated that the number of bacteria associated with the vaginal epithelium varied cyclically and that this pattern was abolished by ovariectomy. After ovariectomy, vaginal bacterial counts remained relatively stable at low levels. The estrogen 17beta-estradiol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol cypionate) administered to ovariectomized rats caused a significant increase in vaginal bacterial counts on day 3 post-treatment. A similar effect was seen in non-ovariectomized rats, but a larger dose of estrogen antagonist may have been present in non-ovariectomized animals. Progesterone (4-pregnene-3,20-dione) given with estradiol diminished the effect of the estrogen on vaginal bacterial counts, but did not abolish it. Progesterone administered without estradiol had no detectable effect on vaginal bacterial counts. These findings suggested that the cyclic variation in bacterial content of rat vaginae could be explained primarily as the effect of the secretory pattern of ovarian estrogen.", "PMID": 563215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5450", "title": "[Influence of clay on microorganisms conservation. I. Ultrastructural study of the biodegradation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals). Vuill. (entomopathogenous hyphomycete) in soil (author's transl)].", "content": "Blastospores of B. bassiana enclosed in fine mesh bags were submitted to soil microflora. Clay minerals coating fungal spores protected from by decreasing bacterial activity. The role of amoeba in biodegradation of fungi is also considered.", "contents": "[Influence of clay on microorganisms conservation. I. Ultrastructural study of the biodegradation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals). Vuill. (entomopathogenous hyphomycete) in soil (author's transl)]. Blastospores of B. bassiana enclosed in fine mesh bags were submitted to soil microflora. Clay minerals coating fungal spores protected from by decreasing bacterial activity. The role of amoeba in biodegradation of fungi is also considered.", "PMID": 563207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5451", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity of rumen bacteria.", "content": "Of the 54 strains of rumen bacteria examined for alkaline phosphatase (APase) production, 9 of 33 gram-negative strains and none of 21 gram-positive strains produced the enzyme. The APase of the cells of the three strains of Bacteroides ruminicola that produced significant amounts of the enzyme was located in the periplasmic area of the cell envelope, whereas the enzyme was located in the strains of Selenomonas ruminantium and Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens was associated with the outer membrane. The localization of APase production in the cells of natural populations of rumen bacteria from hay-fed sheep was accomplished by reaction product deposition, and both the proportion of APase-producing bacteria and the location of the enzyme in the cell envelope of the producing cells could be determined. We suggest that this procedure is useful in detecting shifts in the bacterial population and the release of cell-bound APase that accompany feedlot bloat and other sequelae of dietary manipulation in ruminants.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity of rumen bacteria. Of the 54 strains of rumen bacteria examined for alkaline phosphatase (APase) production, 9 of 33 gram-negative strains and none of 21 gram-positive strains produced the enzyme. The APase of the cells of the three strains of Bacteroides ruminicola that produced significant amounts of the enzyme was located in the periplasmic area of the cell envelope, whereas the enzyme was located in the strains of Selenomonas ruminantium and Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens was associated with the outer membrane. The localization of APase production in the cells of natural populations of rumen bacteria from hay-fed sheep was accomplished by reaction product deposition, and both the proportion of APase-producing bacteria and the location of the enzyme in the cell envelope of the producing cells could be determined. We suggest that this procedure is useful in detecting shifts in the bacterial population and the release of cell-bound APase that accompany feedlot bloat and other sequelae of dietary manipulation in ruminants.", "PMID": 563216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5452", "title": "Salmonellae in health foods.", "content": "Various health food products of different brands were purchased from stores in the metropolitan Atlanta area. These foods were examined for the presence of salmonellae by fluorescent-antibody and cultural methods. Included in the study were tablets of alfalfa, parsley, kelp, wheat bran, enzyme, bone meal, and vitamins. Beef liver powder and tablets and granola cereal were also studied. Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella anatum, and Salmonella derby were isolated from two of three lots of beef liver powder from one manufacturer. All other products were negative.", "contents": "Salmonellae in health foods. Various health food products of different brands were purchased from stores in the metropolitan Atlanta area. These foods were examined for the presence of salmonellae by fluorescent-antibody and cultural methods. Included in the study were tablets of alfalfa, parsley, kelp, wheat bran, enzyme, bone meal, and vitamins. Beef liver powder and tablets and granola cereal were also studied. Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella anatum, and Salmonella derby were isolated from two of three lots of beef liver powder from one manufacturer. All other products were negative.", "PMID": 563217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5453", "title": "[Effect of various processes on the protein quality of food based on corn and soybeans].", "content": "The present study deals with the effect of various processing methods on the protein values of Maisoy, a blend of 30% whole soybean and 70% corn. The processes evaluated were: a) lime cooking using calcium hydroxide; b) toasting, and c) extrusion cooking, using an equipment known as the Brady Crop Cooker. The same blend of soybean/corn was processed by the same three methods. In addition, a sample of Maisoy--blend produced in Bolivia with the extrusion equipment previously indicated--was also evaluated. The evaluation of all products was carried out using the protein efficiency ratio method (PER). The capacity of two of the blends, with and without amino acid supplementation, of causing changes of deoxiribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein in the content of muscle and liver was also measured. Lime cooking as well as extrusion cooking yielded a food with a protein efficiency ratio which varied from 2.30 to 2.60. Both processes destroyed the antiphysiological factors of soybean.", "contents": "[Effect of various processes on the protein quality of food based on corn and soybeans]. The present study deals with the effect of various processing methods on the protein values of Maisoy, a blend of 30% whole soybean and 70% corn. The processes evaluated were: a) lime cooking using calcium hydroxide; b) toasting, and c) extrusion cooking, using an equipment known as the Brady Crop Cooker. The same blend of soybean/corn was processed by the same three methods. In addition, a sample of Maisoy--blend produced in Bolivia with the extrusion equipment previously indicated--was also evaluated. The evaluation of all products was carried out using the protein efficiency ratio method (PER). The capacity of two of the blends, with and without amino acid supplementation, of causing changes of deoxiribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein in the content of muscle and liver was also measured. Lime cooking as well as extrusion cooking yielded a food with a protein efficiency ratio which varied from 2.30 to 2.60. Both processes destroyed the antiphysiological factors of soybean.", "PMID": 563218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5454", "title": "Pectinolytic ability of some mycorrhizal and saprophytic hymenomycetes.", "content": "Ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Boletus were able to use a restricted number of hexoses and disaccharides as single carbon sources. In the presence of a small amount of \"start\" glucose, induced growth occurred on a few additional carbohydrates. Even in the presence of \"start\" glucose, the ectomycorrhizal fungi could not utilize pectin, whereas certain litter-decomposing fungi grew rapidly using this compound as a carbon source. Only the litter-decomposers were able to use galacturonic acid, the monomer of pectic acid, as a carbon source. Possible mechanisms for the penetration and growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi into the middle lamellae of the root parenchyma are discussed.", "contents": "Pectinolytic ability of some mycorrhizal and saprophytic hymenomycetes. Ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Boletus were able to use a restricted number of hexoses and disaccharides as single carbon sources. In the presence of a small amount of \"start\" glucose, induced growth occurred on a few additional carbohydrates. Even in the presence of \"start\" glucose, the ectomycorrhizal fungi could not utilize pectin, whereas certain litter-decomposing fungi grew rapidly using this compound as a carbon source. Only the litter-decomposers were able to use galacturonic acid, the monomer of pectic acid, as a carbon source. Possible mechanisms for the penetration and growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi into the middle lamellae of the root parenchyma are discussed.", "PMID": 563221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5455", "title": "Sexual behavior of captive orangutans.", "content": "Opposite-sex pairs of orangutans were tested for sexual behavior during the intermenstrual period of the female. The male orangutan was the primary initiator of sexual interactions and initiated copulation forcefully on a daily basis, irrespective of female resistance. However, although single copulations occurred daily, copulations beyond the first occurred most frequently during midcycle. Other evidence of cyclicity in behavior was the midcycle decrease in female avoidance of the male and increased grooming, proceptivity, and masturbation by the female. Comparative analysis suggests that differences in sexual cyclicity among the great ape species are related to interspecies differences in sexual assertiveness of males and females. Sexual activity in the cycle is relatively brief when the female controls mating, more prolonged when the male is in control. This finding in man's closest taxonomic affiliates suggests that similar social factors may also influence the distribution of sexual interactions in the human cycle.", "contents": "Sexual behavior of captive orangutans. Opposite-sex pairs of orangutans were tested for sexual behavior during the intermenstrual period of the female. The male orangutan was the primary initiator of sexual interactions and initiated copulation forcefully on a daily basis, irrespective of female resistance. However, although single copulations occurred daily, copulations beyond the first occurred most frequently during midcycle. Other evidence of cyclicity in behavior was the midcycle decrease in female avoidance of the male and increased grooming, proceptivity, and masturbation by the female. Comparative analysis suggests that differences in sexual cyclicity among the great ape species are related to interspecies differences in sexual assertiveness of males and females. Sexual activity in the cycle is relatively brief when the female controls mating, more prolonged when the male is in control. This finding in man's closest taxonomic affiliates suggests that similar social factors may also influence the distribution of sexual interactions in the human cycle.", "PMID": 563223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5456", "title": "[Experiments with cultures of mammalian cells aboard the biosatellite \"Cosmos-782\"].", "content": "A considerable contribution to the investigation on biological importance of weightlessness was made by the experiments with animals in the artificial Earth satelites (AES) of \"Cosmos\" type. Cell cultures can serve as an ideal model to get a direct cell response to the effect of external factors. For the experiment in the AES \"Cosmos-782\", two thoroughly examined cell strains (L and 237) were chosen, which differed in a number of parameters (for example, duration of their mitotic cycles). Density of cell seeding and temperature of their cultivation in the laboratory experiment were calculated in such a way that the whole cycle of the culture development should take place under the conditions of weightlessness: the beginning of lag-phase--before launching and the stationary phase--after landing. The weightlessness was not shown to result in any genetical shifts revealed at chromosomal level. When cultivated after the flight, the cells do not change their mitotic cycle parameters, mitotic course and structural organization. The data obtained in the experiments with AES \"Cosmos-368\" and \"Cosmos-782\" (increase of mitotic index, some forms of mitotic pathology during the first terms of cultivation after the flight and enlargement of cellular nuclei) demonstrate the changes in the cell population which have formed under the conditions of weightlessness. Similar changes are observed while the cells propagate in the laboratory conditions. Indirect data on an earlier cell culture aging during the flight do not exclued the possibility that under weightlessness the rate of cell propagation could differ from that under gravitation.", "contents": "[Experiments with cultures of mammalian cells aboard the biosatellite \"Cosmos-782\"]. A considerable contribution to the investigation on biological importance of weightlessness was made by the experiments with animals in the artificial Earth satelites (AES) of \"Cosmos\" type. Cell cultures can serve as an ideal model to get a direct cell response to the effect of external factors. For the experiment in the AES \"Cosmos-782\", two thoroughly examined cell strains (L and 237) were chosen, which differed in a number of parameters (for example, duration of their mitotic cycles). Density of cell seeding and temperature of their cultivation in the laboratory experiment were calculated in such a way that the whole cycle of the culture development should take place under the conditions of weightlessness: the beginning of lag-phase--before launching and the stationary phase--after landing. The weightlessness was not shown to result in any genetical shifts revealed at chromosomal level. When cultivated after the flight, the cells do not change their mitotic cycle parameters, mitotic course and structural organization. The data obtained in the experiments with AES \"Cosmos-368\" and \"Cosmos-782\" (increase of mitotic index, some forms of mitotic pathology during the first terms of cultivation after the flight and enlargement of cellular nuclei) demonstrate the changes in the cell population which have formed under the conditions of weightlessness. Similar changes are observed while the cells propagate in the laboratory conditions. Indirect data on an earlier cell culture aging during the flight do not exclued the possibility that under weightlessness the rate of cell propagation could differ from that under gravitation.", "PMID": 563224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5457", "title": "[Analysis of the biorhythm frequency of bordered enterocytes during normal and inverted feeding regimens].", "content": "The study was performed during the period close to equinox in 236 male mice C57 Bl strain, sacrificed at equal intervals during 5 days. In paraffin sections, 5--6 mcm thick, stained after Dominici-Kedrovsky, with additional application of PAS-reaction and alcian blue, the cell height and width in the small intestine border enterocyte zone were determined. Calculation of autocorrelative function with the following determination of spectral density, infradian, circadian and ultradian biorhythmical components were estimated, as well as their changes under the influence of feeding regime inversion. At evening feeding, the greatest width of the brush border coinsides the beginning and the end of the digestion period. The width of the dark apical zone, where mitochondria are concentrated, synchronously changes at the end of digestion with the brush border, and then- with the cell basal zone. At morning feeding, by the degree of circadian phase change, the most liable are the indices reflecting organoid status, which are closely involved in absorbtion processes. Ultradian rhythm produces, on the background of circadian changes, additional raisis and abatements. Spectral composition, under inadequate feeding, is demonstrated to become more complex, mainly at the expense of ultradian rhythms, that speaks of their importance for the processes of adaptive rhythmical rearrangement.", "contents": "[Analysis of the biorhythm frequency of bordered enterocytes during normal and inverted feeding regimens]. The study was performed during the period close to equinox in 236 male mice C57 Bl strain, sacrificed at equal intervals during 5 days. In paraffin sections, 5--6 mcm thick, stained after Dominici-Kedrovsky, with additional application of PAS-reaction and alcian blue, the cell height and width in the small intestine border enterocyte zone were determined. Calculation of autocorrelative function with the following determination of spectral density, infradian, circadian and ultradian biorhythmical components were estimated, as well as their changes under the influence of feeding regime inversion. At evening feeding, the greatest width of the brush border coinsides the beginning and the end of the digestion period. The width of the dark apical zone, where mitochondria are concentrated, synchronously changes at the end of digestion with the brush border, and then- with the cell basal zone. At morning feeding, by the degree of circadian phase change, the most liable are the indices reflecting organoid status, which are closely involved in absorbtion processes. Ultradian rhythm produces, on the background of circadian changes, additional raisis and abatements. Spectral composition, under inadequate feeding, is demonstrated to become more complex, mainly at the expense of ultradian rhythms, that speaks of their importance for the processes of adaptive rhythmical rearrangement.", "PMID": 563225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5458", "title": "Translation of endogenous message in embryonic chick erythroid cell polysomes in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system.", "content": "Polysomes from 5.5-day and 6.5-day embryonic chick erythroid cells contain messenger RNA (mRNA) which can be translated into products in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The products of the cell-free system coelectrophoresed with carrier globin chains from the cells from which the polysomal pellet was isolated. Wheat germ S30 fraction increases by 1.5--2.0 fold [3H] leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material directed by the endogenous mRNA on chick erythroid cell polysomes. The wheat germ probably provides a specific factor or factors absent in a shortage in the incubation medium.", "contents": "Translation of endogenous message in embryonic chick erythroid cell polysomes in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Polysomes from 5.5-day and 6.5-day embryonic chick erythroid cells contain messenger RNA (mRNA) which can be translated into products in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The products of the cell-free system coelectrophoresed with carrier globin chains from the cells from which the polysomal pellet was isolated. Wheat germ S30 fraction increases by 1.5--2.0 fold [3H] leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material directed by the endogenous mRNA on chick erythroid cell polysomes. The wheat germ probably provides a specific factor or factors absent in a shortage in the incubation medium.", "PMID": 563230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5459", "title": "Interaction of lipoprotein lipase with heparin-Sepharose. Evaluation of conditions for affinity binding.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipases from a variety of sources have been shown previously to bind to heparin and some related polysaccharides. For the present studies lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk was used. 1. In batch experiments binding of the enzyme activity to heparin-Sepharose occurred relatively slowly, so that 30min was required for the system to come to near-equilibrium. In contrast, release of the enzyme activity from heparin-Sepharose by addition of salt to the liquid phase occurred rapidly. 2. Some binding was observed also with unsubstituted Sepharose, but this binding had a low capacity compared with that observed with heparin-Sepharose. High salt concentrations, heparin or deoxycholate decreased the binding to unsubstituted Sepharose. These factors also increase the solubility of the enzyme, which is low. 3. Addition of heparin to the liquid phase caused a concentration-dependent release of enzyme activity from the gel. These results suggested that the binding of the enzyme to heparin-Sepharose was mainly through interaction with heparin. 4. The enzyme activity was also quantitatively displaced to the liquid phase at increased concentrations of salt. Among the positive ions tested the following order of effectiveness was noted: Cs(+) approximately K(+)>Na(+)>Li(+); and among the negative the following: SCN(-)>I(-)> NO(3) (-)>Br(-) approximately Cl(-). The differences were quite large. Thus addition of 0.16m-KSCN (in addition to the 0.32m-NaCl originally present) displaced one-half of the enzyme activity to the supernatant, whereas 0.8m-LiCl only displaced one-quarter. 5. The distribution of heparin in the gel also profoundly influenced the binding. Two series of gels were studied. One series was made by mixing heparin-Sepharose with unsubstituted Sepharose. Results obtained with these gels were those expected from a series of decreasing volumes of heparin-Sepharose. In contrast, a series of heparin-Sepharoses made with different degrees of substitution gave quite different results. With these gels the amount of enzyme activity bound per amount of heparin increased markedly, whereas the salt concentration needed to displace the enzyme activity from the gel decreased markedly with decreased concentration of heparin in the gel. 6. On stepwise elution of small columns of heparin-Sepharose the enzyme activity was eluted over a remarkably wide range of salt concentrations. When enzyme eluted at one salt concentration was re-applied, it gave the same elution profile as enzyme previously eluted at other salt concentrations or the entire enzyme preparation. These and other results suggested that, whereas the enzyme preparation was rather homogeneous in its binding to heparin, the heparin preparation was polydisperse in binding of lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "Interaction of lipoprotein lipase with heparin-Sepharose. Evaluation of conditions for affinity binding. Lipoprotein lipases from a variety of sources have been shown previously to bind to heparin and some related polysaccharides. For the present studies lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk was used. 1. In batch experiments binding of the enzyme activity to heparin-Sepharose occurred relatively slowly, so that 30min was required for the system to come to near-equilibrium. In contrast, release of the enzyme activity from heparin-Sepharose by addition of salt to the liquid phase occurred rapidly. 2. Some binding was observed also with unsubstituted Sepharose, but this binding had a low capacity compared with that observed with heparin-Sepharose. High salt concentrations, heparin or deoxycholate decreased the binding to unsubstituted Sepharose. These factors also increase the solubility of the enzyme, which is low. 3. Addition of heparin to the liquid phase caused a concentration-dependent release of enzyme activity from the gel. These results suggested that the binding of the enzyme to heparin-Sepharose was mainly through interaction with heparin. 4. The enzyme activity was also quantitatively displaced to the liquid phase at increased concentrations of salt. Among the positive ions tested the following order of effectiveness was noted: Cs(+) approximately K(+)>Na(+)>Li(+); and among the negative the following: SCN(-)>I(-)> NO(3) (-)>Br(-) approximately Cl(-). The differences were quite large. Thus addition of 0.16m-KSCN (in addition to the 0.32m-NaCl originally present) displaced one-half of the enzyme activity to the supernatant, whereas 0.8m-LiCl only displaced one-quarter. 5. The distribution of heparin in the gel also profoundly influenced the binding. Two series of gels were studied. One series was made by mixing heparin-Sepharose with unsubstituted Sepharose. Results obtained with these gels were those expected from a series of decreasing volumes of heparin-Sepharose. In contrast, a series of heparin-Sepharoses made with different degrees of substitution gave quite different results. With these gels the amount of enzyme activity bound per amount of heparin increased markedly, whereas the salt concentration needed to displace the enzyme activity from the gel decreased markedly with decreased concentration of heparin in the gel. 6. On stepwise elution of small columns of heparin-Sepharose the enzyme activity was eluted over a remarkably wide range of salt concentrations. When enzyme eluted at one salt concentration was re-applied, it gave the same elution profile as enzyme previously eluted at other salt concentrations or the entire enzyme preparation. These and other results suggested that, whereas the enzyme preparation was rather homogeneous in its binding to heparin, the heparin preparation was polydisperse in binding of lipoprotein lipase.", "PMID": 563231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5460", "title": "Sperm immobilizing antibodies in the serum and cervicovaginal secretions of infertile and normal women.", "content": "A search was made for sperm immobilizing antibodies in the sera and in the cervicovaginal secretions of 39 women in whom apparent cervical mucus hostility was the only explanation for infertility. Anti-sperm antibodies were found in 25.6 per cent of sera and 20.5 per cent of cervicovaginal secretions. No such antibodies were detected in controls.", "contents": "Sperm immobilizing antibodies in the serum and cervicovaginal secretions of infertile and normal women. A search was made for sperm immobilizing antibodies in the sera and in the cervicovaginal secretions of 39 women in whom apparent cervical mucus hostility was the only explanation for infertility. Anti-sperm antibodies were found in 25.6 per cent of sera and 20.5 per cent of cervicovaginal secretions. No such antibodies were detected in controls.", "PMID": 563235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5461", "title": "Thrombocytopathia as a cause of menorrhagia. Two case reports.", "content": "Thrombocytopathia is a condition in which the platelets have a qualitative rather than a quantitative defect. Two patients with thrombocytopathia who presented with menorrhagia are described.", "contents": "Thrombocytopathia as a cause of menorrhagia. Two case reports. Thrombocytopathia is a condition in which the platelets have a qualitative rather than a quantitative defect. Two patients with thrombocytopathia who presented with menorrhagia are described.", "PMID": 563236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5462", "title": "The problem of uveitis in Bendel State of Nigeria: experience in Benin City.", "content": "A review of 1987 patients with uveitis seen over an 11-year period in Bendel State of Nigeria has been undertaken; 56% of cases had a posterior/mid-peripheral uveitis, 15.1% a panuveitis, 21.5% an anterior uveitis. Acute anterior uveitis with classical symptoms was rarely seen. Its comparative rarity is presumably due to the absence of HL-A27 in Africans and altered immunological states from malaria and parasitic infections. Identified aetiological factors in anterior uveitis were leprosy (1 patient), tuberculosis (1 patient), herpes zoster (16 patients), and onchocerciasis (3 patients). The great majority of cases of posterior uveitis were of presumed toxoplasmic origin. Further studies are needed to demonstrate its mode of transmission in a population in which toxoplasmosis is endemic. Forest onchocerciasis is not a major cause of uveitis in southern Nigeria in the same way as savanna onchocerciasis is in northern Nigeria. Syphilis seems to play no part in the causation of uveitis in southern Nigeria. Better diagnostic facilities are required to determine the role of sarcoidosis and other possible causative factors. Uveitis is a major cause of blindness in Nigeria.", "contents": "The problem of uveitis in Bendel State of Nigeria: experience in Benin City. A review of 1987 patients with uveitis seen over an 11-year period in Bendel State of Nigeria has been undertaken; 56% of cases had a posterior/mid-peripheral uveitis, 15.1% a panuveitis, 21.5% an anterior uveitis. Acute anterior uveitis with classical symptoms was rarely seen. Its comparative rarity is presumably due to the absence of HL-A27 in Africans and altered immunological states from malaria and parasitic infections. Identified aetiological factors in anterior uveitis were leprosy (1 patient), tuberculosis (1 patient), herpes zoster (16 patients), and onchocerciasis (3 patients). The great majority of cases of posterior uveitis were of presumed toxoplasmic origin. Further studies are needed to demonstrate its mode of transmission in a population in which toxoplasmosis is endemic. Forest onchocerciasis is not a major cause of uveitis in southern Nigeria in the same way as savanna onchocerciasis is in northern Nigeria. Syphilis seems to play no part in the causation of uveitis in southern Nigeria. Better diagnostic facilities are required to determine the role of sarcoidosis and other possible causative factors. Uveitis is a major cause of blindness in Nigeria.", "PMID": 563237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5463", "title": "HLA-B27 frequency in Greek patients with acute anterior uveitis.", "content": "The histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27 was identified in 12 out of 33 patients with acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis. This is a frequency of 36.36%, compared with 4.72% in controls. Seven patients had in addition evidence of systemic disease, including ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, Reiter's disease, Still's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Five of these were HLA-B27 positive, which suggests that the uveitis in many of these cases has a similar aetiology to the uveitis in those with rheumatic disease. It appears that the more severe cases of acute anterior uveitis are related more frequently to the presence of HLA-B27.", "contents": "HLA-B27 frequency in Greek patients with acute anterior uveitis. The histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27 was identified in 12 out of 33 patients with acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis. This is a frequency of 36.36%, compared with 4.72% in controls. Seven patients had in addition evidence of systemic disease, including ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, Reiter's disease, Still's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Five of these were HLA-B27 positive, which suggests that the uveitis in many of these cases has a similar aetiology to the uveitis in those with rheumatic disease. It appears that the more severe cases of acute anterior uveitis are related more frequently to the presence of HLA-B27.", "PMID": 563238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5464", "title": "Protein which interacts with a stimulatory factor of RNA polymerase II of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "When partially purified Ehrlich ascites tumor RNA polymerase II was further purified on a column of phosphocellulose, stimulation of its catalysis of RNA synthesis by stimulatory factor S-II was greatly decreased. This decrease in sensitivity to the stimulatory factor was reversible: the enzyme eluted from phosphocellulose became sensitive to the factor when mixed with a protein fraction eluted from the phosphocellulose at high salt concentration. Evidence was obtained that this protein, named helper protein, binds, to the enzyme eluted from phosphocellulose, causing it to recover sensitivity to stimulatory factor S-II.", "contents": "Protein which interacts with a stimulatory factor of RNA polymerase II of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. When partially purified Ehrlich ascites tumor RNA polymerase II was further purified on a column of phosphocellulose, stimulation of its catalysis of RNA synthesis by stimulatory factor S-II was greatly decreased. This decrease in sensitivity to the stimulatory factor was reversible: the enzyme eluted from phosphocellulose became sensitive to the factor when mixed with a protein fraction eluted from the phosphocellulose at high salt concentration. Evidence was obtained that this protein, named helper protein, binds, to the enzyme eluted from phosphocellulose, causing it to recover sensitivity to stimulatory factor S-II.", "PMID": 563240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5465", "title": "Amino acid dependent and independent insulin stimulation of cartilage metabolism.", "content": "The effects of insulin on embryonic chicken cartilage in organ culture and the dependence of these effects on essential amino acids have been studied. In the presence of all essential amino acids, insulin: (1) increases 2-deoxy-D-glucose and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake; (2) increases [5(-3H] uridine flux into uridine metabolites and the intracellular UTP pool; (3) expands the size of the intracellular UTP pool; (4) does not change the specific activity of the UTP pool; and (5) stimulates RNA, proteoglycan, and total protein synthesis. In lysine (or other essential amino acid)-deficient medium, the effects of insulin are different. While insulin stimulates incorporation of [5(-3)H] uridine into RNA, it does so by increasing the specific activity of the UTP pool without increasing RNA synthesis. Insulin stimulates 2-deoxy-D-glucose and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake but no longer stimulates proteoglycan, total protein, or RNA synthesis or expands the size of the UTP pool. These data indicate that there are amino acid dependent and independent effects of insulin on cartilage. Transport processes are amino acid independent, while synthetic processes are amino acid dependent.", "contents": "Amino acid dependent and independent insulin stimulation of cartilage metabolism. The effects of insulin on embryonic chicken cartilage in organ culture and the dependence of these effects on essential amino acids have been studied. In the presence of all essential amino acids, insulin: (1) increases 2-deoxy-D-glucose and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake; (2) increases [5(-3H] uridine flux into uridine metabolites and the intracellular UTP pool; (3) expands the size of the intracellular UTP pool; (4) does not change the specific activity of the UTP pool; and (5) stimulates RNA, proteoglycan, and total protein synthesis. In lysine (or other essential amino acid)-deficient medium, the effects of insulin are different. While insulin stimulates incorporation of [5(-3)H] uridine into RNA, it does so by increasing the specific activity of the UTP pool without increasing RNA synthesis. Insulin stimulates 2-deoxy-D-glucose and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake but no longer stimulates proteoglycan, total protein, or RNA synthesis or expands the size of the UTP pool. These data indicate that there are amino acid dependent and independent effects of insulin on cartilage. Transport processes are amino acid independent, while synthetic processes are amino acid dependent.", "PMID": 563242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5466", "title": "The lipid composition of muscle cells during development.", "content": "Developmental changes in the phospholipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of chicken pectoralis muscle cells were analyzed during development in vivo and in tissue culture. The phospholipid composition of muscle cells showed only minor changes during in vivo or in vitro development but there were significant alterations in fatty acid composition. During in vivo development between the 12th and 22nd days the concentration of palmitate and arachidonate decreased with increase in linoleate. In cultured muscle cells the fatty acid composition changes with surprising plasticity depending on the fatty acid supply. Compensatory changes were observed in the chain length and unsaturation of several fatty acids, aimed presumably at maintaining the physical properties of the lipid phase relatively constant.", "contents": "The lipid composition of muscle cells during development. Developmental changes in the phospholipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of chicken pectoralis muscle cells were analyzed during development in vivo and in tissue culture. The phospholipid composition of muscle cells showed only minor changes during in vivo or in vitro development but there were significant alterations in fatty acid composition. During in vivo development between the 12th and 22nd days the concentration of palmitate and arachidonate decreased with increase in linoleate. In cultured muscle cells the fatty acid composition changes with surprising plasticity depending on the fatty acid supply. Compensatory changes were observed in the chain length and unsaturation of several fatty acids, aimed presumably at maintaining the physical properties of the lipid phase relatively constant.", "PMID": 563243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5467", "title": "Localisation and characterization of the fatty acid synthesizing system in cells of Glycine max (soubean) suspension cultures.", "content": "In course of a study of fatty acid synthetase in higher plants, non-green cell suspension cultures of Glycine max (soybean) served as model tissues. For the first time, a fatty acid synthesizing system was characterized in cell cultures of higher plants and was found to be solely located in proplastids of the cells. Optimum activity of the fatty acid synthesizing system in proplastids was observed between pH 8.0 and 8.2; with [1-14C]acetate as substrate, cofactors required were CoA, ATP, Mn2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, NADH and NADPH. The system was more sensitive towards NADH than NADHP. [1-14C]Acetate,[2-14C]-malonate and [3-14C]pyruvate served as precursors for fatty acids, indicating the presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in proplastids. In disrupted proplastids, [2-14C]malonylCoA was a better precursor than [1-14C]acetylCoA. After incubation of proplastids with [2-14C]malonate, a small shift, from palmitic acid to higher homologs, of label incorporated was observed, as compared to incorporation of label from [1-14C]acetate and [3-14C]pyruvate. Under the conditions of the experiment, only small amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the main fatty acid components of this organelle, were synthesized. In respect to fatty acid synthesis, the non-green cell suspension culture resembles photosynthetic leaf tissue.", "contents": "Localisation and characterization of the fatty acid synthesizing system in cells of Glycine max (soubean) suspension cultures. In course of a study of fatty acid synthetase in higher plants, non-green cell suspension cultures of Glycine max (soybean) served as model tissues. For the first time, a fatty acid synthesizing system was characterized in cell cultures of higher plants and was found to be solely located in proplastids of the cells. Optimum activity of the fatty acid synthesizing system in proplastids was observed between pH 8.0 and 8.2; with [1-14C]acetate as substrate, cofactors required were CoA, ATP, Mn2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, NADH and NADPH. The system was more sensitive towards NADH than NADHP. [1-14C]Acetate,[2-14C]-malonate and [3-14C]pyruvate served as precursors for fatty acids, indicating the presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in proplastids. In disrupted proplastids, [2-14C]malonylCoA was a better precursor than [1-14C]acetylCoA. After incubation of proplastids with [2-14C]malonate, a small shift, from palmitic acid to higher homologs, of label incorporated was observed, as compared to incorporation of label from [1-14C]acetate and [3-14C]pyruvate. Under the conditions of the experiment, only small amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the main fatty acid components of this organelle, were synthesized. In respect to fatty acid synthesis, the non-green cell suspension culture resembles photosynthetic leaf tissue.", "PMID": 563244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5468", "title": "Glyceride synthesis by four kinds of microbial lipase.", "content": "Apart from their usual mechanism of action, lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus delemar also catalyzed the synthesis of glycerides from oleic acid and glycerol. Lipases from Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium were inactivated by oleic acid, but were stable in the presence of casein, albumin or buffer of appropriate pH. Lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus delemar synthesized glycerides from, not only fatty acid, but dibasic acids and aromatic acids, making ester bonds only at position 1 and 3 of glycerol. In contrast, lipases from Geotricum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized glycerides only from long chain fatty acids, and made ester bonds at all three available positions  of the glycerol molecule.", "contents": "Glyceride synthesis by four kinds of microbial lipase. Apart from their usual mechanism of action, lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus delemar also catalyzed the synthesis of glycerides from oleic acid and glycerol. Lipases from Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium were inactivated by oleic acid, but were stable in the presence of casein, albumin or buffer of appropriate pH. Lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus delemar synthesized glycerides from, not only fatty acid, but dibasic acids and aromatic acids, making ester bonds only at position 1 and 3 of glycerol. In contrast, lipases from Geotricum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized glycerides only from long chain fatty acids, and made ester bonds at all three available positions  of the glycerol molecule.", "PMID": 563245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5469", "title": "The chromophore topography and binding environment of perididin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes from marine dinoflagellate algae.", "content": "1. The peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complex from Amphidinium carterae (Plymouth 450) shows spectroscopic characteristic (absorption, CD, fluorescence polarization, lifetime and energy transfer) essentially identical with peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes from Glenodinium sp., Gonyaulax polyedra and Amphidinium rhyncocephaleum. 2. The apoprotein of peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes is globular, with an isotropic rotational relaxation time (e.g. 33 ns for the A. caterae peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein), as deduced from the dynamic depolarization data. 3. The chromophores (4 peridinins and 1 chlorophyll a for peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes from Glenodinium sp., G. polyedra and A. rhyncocephaleum and 9 and 2, respectively, for peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein of A. carterae) are accommodated in a hydrophobic crevice and not exposed to the solvent. The surface of the protein is highly hydrophilic. 4. No evidence for chlorophyll-chlorophyll interactions in the A. carterae peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein was obtained. This implies that binding crevices for two chlorophylls and half of peridinins (four to five) are located at some distance from each other. 5. The peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes function as the photosynthetic antenna pigment. In addition, peridinins effectively protect chlorophyll a from photodecomposition.", "contents": "The chromophore topography and binding environment of perididin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes from marine dinoflagellate algae. 1. The peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complex from Amphidinium carterae (Plymouth 450) shows spectroscopic characteristic (absorption, CD, fluorescence polarization, lifetime and energy transfer) essentially identical with peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes from Glenodinium sp., Gonyaulax polyedra and Amphidinium rhyncocephaleum. 2. The apoprotein of peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes is globular, with an isotropic rotational relaxation time (e.g. 33 ns for the A. caterae peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein), as deduced from the dynamic depolarization data. 3. The chromophores (4 peridinins and 1 chlorophyll a for peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes from Glenodinium sp., G. polyedra and A. rhyncocephaleum and 9 and 2, respectively, for peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein of A. carterae) are accommodated in a hydrophobic crevice and not exposed to the solvent. The surface of the protein is highly hydrophilic. 4. No evidence for chlorophyll-chlorophyll interactions in the A. carterae peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein was obtained. This implies that binding crevices for two chlorophylls and half of peridinins (four to five) are located at some distance from each other. 5. The peridinin.chlorophyll a.protein complexes function as the photosynthetic antenna pigment. In addition, peridinins effectively protect chlorophyll a from photodecomposition.", "PMID": 563247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5470", "title": "Electrochemical evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase immobilized in polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) has been immobilized in polyacrylamide gels over a platinum grid matrix. The immobilized enzyme is used to oxidize L-lactate in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and ferricyanide. The NADH produced is then chemically oxidized back to NAD+ by ferricyanide. The coupled reduction of ferricyanide ions to ferrocyanide ions results in a measurable electrochemical potential. This measurable zero-current potential is found to be Nernstian in nature and directly proportional to the logarithm values of L-lactate concentration over the range of 2 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-2)M. The results indicate that immobilized lactate dehydrogenase can be incorporated into a system to detect L-lactate acid in aqueous solutions.", "contents": "Electrochemical evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase immobilized in polyacrylamide gels. Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) has been immobilized in polyacrylamide gels over a platinum grid matrix. The immobilized enzyme is used to oxidize L-lactate in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and ferricyanide. The NADH produced is then chemically oxidized back to NAD+ by ferricyanide. The coupled reduction of ferricyanide ions to ferrocyanide ions results in a measurable electrochemical potential. This measurable zero-current potential is found to be Nernstian in nature and directly proportional to the logarithm values of L-lactate concentration over the range of 2 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-2)M. The results indicate that immobilized lactate dehydrogenase can be incorporated into a system to detect L-lactate acid in aqueous solutions.", "PMID": 563248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5471", "title": "Practical identifiability of growth and substrate consumption models.", "content": "The estimation of parameters in several dynamic models, which describe growth and substrate consumption, has been carried out using a modified Gauss-Newton-type method. The four models considered are Monod, Contois, linear specific growth rate, and an enzyme kinetic model. The initial values of the differential equations are included in the parameter vector which will be estimated. The efficiency of the method and the confidence limits of the parameters were studied using simulated measurement noise. The experimental results describe Trichoderma viride growing on glucose as the main carbon source.", "contents": "Practical identifiability of growth and substrate consumption models. The estimation of parameters in several dynamic models, which describe growth and substrate consumption, has been carried out using a modified Gauss-Newton-type method. The four models considered are Monod, Contois, linear specific growth rate, and an enzyme kinetic model. The initial values of the differential equations are included in the parameter vector which will be estimated. The efficiency of the method and the confidence limits of the parameters were studied using simulated measurement noise. The experimental results describe Trichoderma viride growing on glucose as the main carbon source.", "PMID": 563249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5472", "title": "[Prolongation of sleep following creation of a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in the orbital cortex].", "content": "Acute experiments on cats showed that injection of tetanus toxin into the orbital cortex (which destroys various types of inhibition) resulted in the formation of a local generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in this cortex area. Chronic experiments showed that cats with such a generator in the orbital cortex developed pathological changes of sleep, expressed in reduction of the duration of wakefulness and development of the slow-wave and paradoxical sleep phases being, retained. The results of this investigation confirm the view on the participation of the orbitofrontal cortex in sleep induction. They are in favour of the general conception on the role of the determinant structure in the nervous system activity and the theory of the generator mechanisms of the neuropathological syndromes characterized by the hyperactivity of the system.", "contents": "[Prolongation of sleep following creation of a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in the orbital cortex]. Acute experiments on cats showed that injection of tetanus toxin into the orbital cortex (which destroys various types of inhibition) resulted in the formation of a local generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in this cortex area. Chronic experiments showed that cats with such a generator in the orbital cortex developed pathological changes of sleep, expressed in reduction of the duration of wakefulness and development of the slow-wave and paradoxical sleep phases being, retained. The results of this investigation confirm the view on the participation of the orbitofrontal cortex in sleep induction. They are in favour of the general conception on the role of the determinant structure in the nervous system activity and the theory of the generator mechanisms of the neuropathological syndromes characterized by the hyperactivity of the system.", "PMID": 563254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5473", "title": "[Mechanism of action of heparin on lymphoid cells in vitro].", "content": "Heparin ability to interfere significantly with the passage of antibodies from the antibody-forming cells was shown in vitro on CBA/C mice, using a 2 percent erythrocyte suspension as an antigen. A partial restoration of the plaque formation ability was observed in vitro by the supplement of substances possessing the features of \"Triton\" X-100 detergents, deoxycholate to the suspension of spleen plaque forming cells treated with heparin. Hence, it was concluded that heparin was capable of interacting with the outer membrane of immunocompetent cells inhibiting the passage of synthesized antibodies to the milieu.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of heparin on lymphoid cells in vitro]. Heparin ability to interfere significantly with the passage of antibodies from the antibody-forming cells was shown in vitro on CBA/C mice, using a 2 percent erythrocyte suspension as an antigen. A partial restoration of the plaque formation ability was observed in vitro by the supplement of substances possessing the features of \"Triton\" X-100 detergents, deoxycholate to the suspension of spleen plaque forming cells treated with heparin. Hence, it was concluded that heparin was capable of interacting with the outer membrane of immunocompetent cells inhibiting the passage of synthesized antibodies to the milieu.", "PMID": 563255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5474", "title": "[Quantitative histoenzymatic analysis of the adenohypophysis and adrenal cortex during the early stages of involution].", "content": "A method of quantitative histenzymatic analysis was applied for determination of the involution changes of the neuroendocrine system. The activity of NAD- and NADP-reductases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, glucose-6-phosphoric dehydrogenase, 3-OH-steroid-dehydrogenase, 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was investigated in the adenohypophysis and in the adrenal cortex of rats aged 4 and 12 months. There were revealed peculiarities attending the structural-metabolic provision of physiological reconstructions of the neuro-endocrine system under conditions of the estral cycle at the early involution stages. An initial reduction of the cell ular-vascular transport with the retention of the functional activity of the intracellular organoids was demonstrated in ageing animals.", "contents": "[Quantitative histoenzymatic analysis of the adenohypophysis and adrenal cortex during the early stages of involution]. A method of quantitative histenzymatic analysis was applied for determination of the involution changes of the neuroendocrine system. The activity of NAD- and NADP-reductases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, glucose-6-phosphoric dehydrogenase, 3-OH-steroid-dehydrogenase, 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was investigated in the adenohypophysis and in the adrenal cortex of rats aged 4 and 12 months. There were revealed peculiarities attending the structural-metabolic provision of physiological reconstructions of the neuro-endocrine system under conditions of the estral cycle at the early involution stages. An initial reduction of the cell ular-vascular transport with the retention of the functional activity of the intracellular organoids was demonstrated in ageing animals.", "PMID": 563256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5475", "title": "[Macroscopic anatomy of the human fetal thymus in the 2d half of uterine life].", "content": "The dissection under an operative microscope of 46 foetuses from a homogeneous series measuring 80 to 390 mm C-R (crown-rump) is the subject of a gross anatomic study of the thymus. The authors point out the size, the lobulation and connections with the vascular pedicles of the neck: the thyropericardeal sheet.", "contents": "[Macroscopic anatomy of the human fetal thymus in the 2d half of uterine life]. The dissection under an operative microscope of 46 foetuses from a homogeneous series measuring 80 to 390 mm C-R (crown-rump) is the subject of a gross anatomic study of the thymus. The authors point out the size, the lobulation and connections with the vascular pedicles of the neck: the thyropericardeal sheet.", "PMID": 563258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5476", "title": "[Scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the amniotic epithelium in the rat at the end of gestation].", "content": "The pattern of the amniotic epithelium during the eight last days of pregnancy is described with the aid of scanning and transmission microscopy. A flattening of the cells appears near the term. Their area becomes progressively greater increasing their contact surface with the amniotic fluid. Simultaneaously, their microvilli become more numerous. During the 20th, the 21st and the 22nd days of pregnancy, we observed cytoplasmic processes emanating from the base of the cell interrupting the basal membrane and entering the underlying connective substance. No evidence of cell degeneration was seen.", "contents": "[Scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the amniotic epithelium in the rat at the end of gestation]. The pattern of the amniotic epithelium during the eight last days of pregnancy is described with the aid of scanning and transmission microscopy. A flattening of the cells appears near the term. Their area becomes progressively greater increasing their contact surface with the amniotic fluid. Simultaneaously, their microvilli become more numerous. During the 20th, the 21st and the 22nd days of pregnancy, we observed cytoplasmic processes emanating from the base of the cell interrupting the basal membrane and entering the underlying connective substance. No evidence of cell degeneration was seen.", "PMID": 563259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5477", "title": "Abuse and neglect as a cause of mental retardation: a study of 140 children admitted to subnormality hospitals in Wiltshire.", "content": "The survey of 140 children under 16 in two subnormality hospitals showed that 3 per cent of the children had definitely been rendered mentally handicapped as a consequence of violent abuse, and that a possible maximum total of 11 per cent might have been thus rendered mentally handicapped. In 24 per cent of the children, neglect was considered to be a contributory factor in reducing intellectual potential. Impairment of intellect from abuse and neglect, especially in those with 'vulnerable' brains due to pre-existing abnormality, may be much commoner in children than is generally realized.", "contents": "Abuse and neglect as a cause of mental retardation: a study of 140 children admitted to subnormality hospitals in Wiltshire. The survey of 140 children under 16 in two subnormality hospitals showed that 3 per cent of the children had definitely been rendered mentally handicapped as a consequence of violent abuse, and that a possible maximum total of 11 per cent might have been thus rendered mentally handicapped. In 24 per cent of the children, neglect was considered to be a contributory factor in reducing intellectual potential. Impairment of intellect from abuse and neglect, especially in those with 'vulnerable' brains due to pre-existing abnormality, may be much commoner in children than is generally realized.", "PMID": 563265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5478", "title": "Advances in the management of non-seminomatous germinal tumours of the testis.", "content": "Experience in the management of 146 consecutive patients with non-seminomatous tumours of the testis has led to a plan of management based on retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as the primary treatment modality, with use of adjuvant therapy dependent on pathological findings. Chemotherapy has proved to be the most important adjuvant with postoperative radiation therapy reserved only for patients with extensive retroperitoneal metastatic disease. 3-year crude survival for patients with all stages of disease was 78% and in those in whom the disease was confined to below the diaphragm the survival rate was 85%.", "contents": "Advances in the management of non-seminomatous germinal tumours of the testis. Experience in the management of 146 consecutive patients with non-seminomatous tumours of the testis has led to a plan of management based on retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as the primary treatment modality, with use of adjuvant therapy dependent on pathological findings. Chemotherapy has proved to be the most important adjuvant with postoperative radiation therapy reserved only for patients with extensive retroperitoneal metastatic disease. 3-year crude survival for patients with all stages of disease was 78% and in those in whom the disease was confined to below the diaphragm the survival rate was 85%.", "PMID": 563269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5479", "title": "Neonatal and \"perinatal\" mortality rates by birth weight.", "content": "Neonatal and \"perinatal\" mortality rates by birth weight were compared for Sheffield and for England and Wales. The fall in neonatal mortality rate for Sheffield infants weighing 2500 g or less was partly due to the excessive fall in numbers in the 1000 g or less group: this effect was also present in England and Wales but was less pronounced. Perinatal mortality rates may be lowered either by reducing (a) the number of stillbirths, (b) the number of preterm live births, or (c) by salvaging a greater percentage of the latter. For liveborn births it is suggested that the second approach would be better than the third. So far there is no evidence that superintensive care for those weighing 1000 g or less reduces their mortality rate.", "contents": "Neonatal and \"perinatal\" mortality rates by birth weight. Neonatal and \"perinatal\" mortality rates by birth weight were compared for Sheffield and for England and Wales. The fall in neonatal mortality rate for Sheffield infants weighing 2500 g or less was partly due to the excessive fall in numbers in the 1000 g or less group: this effect was also present in England and Wales but was less pronounced. Perinatal mortality rates may be lowered either by reducing (a) the number of stillbirths, (b) the number of preterm live births, or (c) by salvaging a greater percentage of the latter. For liveborn births it is suggested that the second approach would be better than the third. So far there is no evidence that superintensive care for those weighing 1000 g or less reduces their mortality rate.", "PMID": 563272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5480", "title": "Predatory behavior in the cat elicited by lower brain stem and hypothalamic stimulation: a comparison.", "content": "The predatory attack of a cat against a rat elicited by lateral hypothalamic, ventral midbrain and ventromedial periaqueductal gray stimulation has been compared. Regardless of the region stimulated, the attack behaviors were found to be identical with respect to response topography, preference for the rat as an attack object, the distance at which the cats would approach and attack a rat and the success in finding and attacking the rat when the cats were blindfolded. However, the minimum current required to elicit the predatory attack by periaqueductal gray stimulation was 3-4 times less than that required to elicit the same behavior by ventral midbrain and lateral hypothalamic stimulation. The difficulty in reconciling these results with the preeminent role assigned to the hypothalamus in the organization of predatory aggressive behavior was considered.", "contents": "Predatory behavior in the cat elicited by lower brain stem and hypothalamic stimulation: a comparison. The predatory attack of a cat against a rat elicited by lateral hypothalamic, ventral midbrain and ventromedial periaqueductal gray stimulation has been compared. Regardless of the region stimulated, the attack behaviors were found to be identical with respect to response topography, preference for the rat as an attack object, the distance at which the cats would approach and attack a rat and the success in finding and attacking the rat when the cats were blindfolded. However, the minimum current required to elicit the predatory attack by periaqueductal gray stimulation was 3-4 times less than that required to elicit the same behavior by ventral midbrain and lateral hypothalamic stimulation. The difficulty in reconciling these results with the preeminent role assigned to the hypothalamus in the organization of predatory aggressive behavior was considered.", "PMID": 563280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5481", "title": "Chromosomes and DNA of Microtus. II. Confirmation of deletion of constitutive heterochromatin in M. agrestis cells in vitro.", "content": "The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin has been examined by C-banding in two somatic cell lines, grown in vitro, from a female Microtus agrestis. One line retains one intact X chromosome together with the short arm of the other X chromosome, while the other cell line retains only the short arm of one X chromosome. Thus, each cell line has lost substantial amounts of heterochromatin from the sex chromosomes, but this material has been deleted from the cells, and not translocated to other chromosomes. Nonetheless, both cell lines continue to propagate well in vitro.", "contents": "Chromosomes and DNA of Microtus. II. Confirmation of deletion of constitutive heterochromatin in M. agrestis cells in vitro. The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin has been examined by C-banding in two somatic cell lines, grown in vitro, from a female Microtus agrestis. One line retains one intact X chromosome together with the short arm of the other X chromosome, while the other cell line retains only the short arm of one X chromosome. Thus, each cell line has lost substantial amounts of heterochromatin from the sex chromosomes, but this material has been deleted from the cells, and not translocated to other chromosomes. Nonetheless, both cell lines continue to propagate well in vitro.", "PMID": 563281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5482", "title": "The evolution of mature teratoma from malignant testicular tumors.", "content": "During the period of 1969--1976, twelve cases of malignant germ cell tumor of the testis were seen in which the diagnosis was associated with the subsequent development of one or more metastases composed histologically of fully mature teratoma. These patients had a variety of primary germ cell tumors in the testis and were treated with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy in addition to surgery, prior to the development of mature teratomas in different anatomic sites. The development of mature teratoma in this clinical setting seems to be a favorable prognostic sign, inasmuch as only one of the 12 patients has died with known persistent cancer. Since the incidence of this phenomenon seems to be increasing, the mechanism is probably related, directly or indirectly, to therapy.", "contents": "The evolution of mature teratoma from malignant testicular tumors. During the period of 1969--1976, twelve cases of malignant germ cell tumor of the testis were seen in which the diagnosis was associated with the subsequent development of one or more metastases composed histologically of fully mature teratoma. These patients had a variety of primary germ cell tumors in the testis and were treated with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy in addition to surgery, prior to the development of mature teratomas in different anatomic sites. The development of mature teratoma in this clinical setting seems to be a favorable prognostic sign, inasmuch as only one of the 12 patients has died with known persistent cancer. Since the incidence of this phenomenon seems to be increasing, the mechanism is probably related, directly or indirectly, to therapy.", "PMID": 563283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5483", "title": "Urinary glycosaminoglycan patterns in angiosarcoma of the liver.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans extracted from 24-hour urine specimens from patients with hepatic angiosarcoma and from normal/controls were separated as cetylpyridinium complexes into \"hyaluronic acid,\" \"chondroitin sulfate,\" and \"heparin\" fractions, then further separated and characterized by anion-exchange chromatography and hyaluronidase susceptibility. The chromatographic pattern of the urinary chondroitin sulfate fraction in patients with angiosarcoma of the liver differed from those of controls in that there was a relative increase in the total amount of uronic acid in a hyaluronidase-resistant fraction and a decrease in a fraction susceptible to hyaluronidase digestion. These changes appeared to become more pronounced with advancing disease. Chromatographic patterns and determinations of hyaluronidase susceptibility indicated that the resistant fraction was heparan sulfate and that the susceptible fraction was chondroitin-4-sulfate and/or chondroitin-6-sulfate.", "contents": "Urinary glycosaminoglycan patterns in angiosarcoma of the liver. Glycosaminoglycans extracted from 24-hour urine specimens from patients with hepatic angiosarcoma and from normal/controls were separated as cetylpyridinium complexes into \"hyaluronic acid,\" \"chondroitin sulfate,\" and \"heparin\" fractions, then further separated and characterized by anion-exchange chromatography and hyaluronidase susceptibility. The chromatographic pattern of the urinary chondroitin sulfate fraction in patients with angiosarcoma of the liver differed from those of controls in that there was a relative increase in the total amount of uronic acid in a hyaluronidase-resistant fraction and a decrease in a fraction susceptible to hyaluronidase digestion. These changes appeared to become more pronounced with advancing disease. Chromatographic patterns and determinations of hyaluronidase susceptibility indicated that the resistant fraction was heparan sulfate and that the susceptible fraction was chondroitin-4-sulfate and/or chondroitin-6-sulfate.", "PMID": 563284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5484", "title": "Structure-function correlations in the reaction of bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) complexes with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Examination of a series of substituted bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) complexes shows that their reaction with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells can be understood in terms of the relative reactivity of the complexes with sulfhydryl groups. In general, the order of reactivity of the complexes correlates directly with their respective degrees of cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and cellular respiration. The parent complex, 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II), leads to widespread cellular effects with the suppression of DNA synthesis particularly sensitive to the complex. The apparent reversible inhibition of DNA synthesis and thymidine uptake hy 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) and its lack of cytotoxicity are explained in terms of the chemical properties of this complex.", "contents": "Structure-function correlations in the reaction of bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) complexes with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Examination of a series of substituted bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) complexes shows that their reaction with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells can be understood in terms of the relative reactivity of the complexes with sulfhydryl groups. In general, the order of reactivity of the complexes correlates directly with their respective degrees of cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and cellular respiration. The parent complex, 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II), leads to widespread cellular effects with the suppression of DNA synthesis particularly sensitive to the complex. The apparent reversible inhibition of DNA synthesis and thymidine uptake hy 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) and its lack of cytotoxicity are explained in terms of the chemical properties of this complex.", "PMID": 563285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5485", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the persistence of colchicine-induced cytological changes in Harding-Passey melanoma.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations were undertaken on Harding-Passey melanoma in control tumors, colchicine-treated tumors, and tumors that were passed through five transplantations in mice subsequent to colchicine treatment. The untreated Harding-Passey melanoma tumor was composed of pleomorphic cells the cytoplasm of which contained tubulovesicular mitochondria and numerous free and membrane-attached ribosomes. Type A virus particles were observed in both mitotic and interphase cells. Colchicine-treated tumors exhibited several typical colchicine mitotic cells arrested in metaphase. A most significant feature of the colchicine administration was the appearance of microfilaments in both interphase and mitotic cells, a feature not observed in cells of the untreated tumor. Electron microscopy of colchicine-treated tumors carried through five transplantations at biweekly intervals revealed the presence of microfilaments in tissues fixed at each of the transplantations. It therefore appears that the cytological effects of colchicine resulting in the appearance of filaments in melanocytes of the Harding-Passey melanoma are more enduring than they were initially presumed to be.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the persistence of colchicine-induced cytological changes in Harding-Passey melanoma. Electron microscopic observations were undertaken on Harding-Passey melanoma in control tumors, colchicine-treated tumors, and tumors that were passed through five transplantations in mice subsequent to colchicine treatment. The untreated Harding-Passey melanoma tumor was composed of pleomorphic cells the cytoplasm of which contained tubulovesicular mitochondria and numerous free and membrane-attached ribosomes. Type A virus particles were observed in both mitotic and interphase cells. Colchicine-treated tumors exhibited several typical colchicine mitotic cells arrested in metaphase. A most significant feature of the colchicine administration was the appearance of microfilaments in both interphase and mitotic cells, a feature not observed in cells of the untreated tumor. Electron microscopy of colchicine-treated tumors carried through five transplantations at biweekly intervals revealed the presence of microfilaments in tissues fixed at each of the transplantations. It therefore appears that the cytological effects of colchicine resulting in the appearance of filaments in melanocytes of the Harding-Passey melanoma are more enduring than they were initially presumed to be.", "PMID": 563286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5486", "title": "Tumor induction with the N'-acetyl derivative of 4-hydroxymethyl-phenylhydrazine, a metabolite of agaritine of Agaricus bisporus.", "content": "N'-Acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine was administered as a 0.0625% solution in drinking water continuously for the life span of Swiss mice, from 6 weeks of age. Compared to that in untreated controls, in treated animals the lung tumor incidence rose from 15 to 34% in females and 22 to 48% in males, whereas the incidence of blood vessel tumors increased from 8 to 32% in females and from 5 to 30% in males. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs and angiomas and angiosarcomas of the blood vessels. The commonly eaten mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains beta-N-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine, which under certain conditions yields 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine and L-glutamic acid. Since 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine is relatively unstable, its acetyl derivative was synthesized for this study. The possible environmental significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Tumor induction with the N'-acetyl derivative of 4-hydroxymethyl-phenylhydrazine, a metabolite of agaritine of Agaricus bisporus. N'-Acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine was administered as a 0.0625% solution in drinking water continuously for the life span of Swiss mice, from 6 weeks of age. Compared to that in untreated controls, in treated animals the lung tumor incidence rose from 15 to 34% in females and 22 to 48% in males, whereas the incidence of blood vessel tumors increased from 8 to 32% in females and from 5 to 30% in males. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs and angiomas and angiosarcomas of the blood vessels. The commonly eaten mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains beta-N-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine, which under certain conditions yields 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine and L-glutamic acid. Since 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine is relatively unstable, its acetyl derivative was synthesized for this study. The possible environmental significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 563287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5487", "title": "Acute toxicity of maytansine in F344 rats.", "content": "The toxicity of maytansine given by sc administration was studied in 5-week-old mald F344 rats. The LD50 (14-day) was 0.48 mg/kg. A dose response to drug administration was indicated by body weight changes and diarrhea. A single, acutely toxic dose of maytansine was shown to possess marked activity against dividing cells which was regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of acute lesions in tissues with a normal high rate of cell division. Histologically, mitotic figues were observed in many tissues from 6 to 24 hours after drug administration. Subsequently, necrotizing lesions led to atrophic changes in gastrointestinal tract mucosa, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and testis. Maytansine also induced hemorrhagic lesions in parenchymatous organs and brain and perivascular monomuclear infiltration in the meninges, and chromatolysis and vacuolation of dorsal root ganglion cells, accompanied by clinical signs of ataxia. Ulcerative skin lesions were observed at the sc site of drug administration.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of maytansine in F344 rats. The toxicity of maytansine given by sc administration was studied in 5-week-old mald F344 rats. The LD50 (14-day) was 0.48 mg/kg. A dose response to drug administration was indicated by body weight changes and diarrhea. A single, acutely toxic dose of maytansine was shown to possess marked activity against dividing cells which was regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of acute lesions in tissues with a normal high rate of cell division. Histologically, mitotic figues were observed in many tissues from 6 to 24 hours after drug administration. Subsequently, necrotizing lesions led to atrophic changes in gastrointestinal tract mucosa, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and testis. Maytansine also induced hemorrhagic lesions in parenchymatous organs and brain and perivascular monomuclear infiltration in the meninges, and chromatolysis and vacuolation of dorsal root ganglion cells, accompanied by clinical signs of ataxia. Ulcerative skin lesions were observed at the sc site of drug administration.", "PMID": 563288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5488", "title": "Structural features and quantitative age-dependent changes in the intervascular barrier of the guinea-pig haemochorial placenta.", "content": "The haemomonochorial placenta of the guinea-pig undergoes several quantitative changes between the 49th and 64th days of gestation, all of which are in such a direction as to increase the efficiency of transplacental transport. The fetal vessels become larger, the maternal vessels increase in surface area by proliferation of microvilli, and the effective mean distance between the two vessel sets decreases. The magnitude of these changes suggests that the efficiency of transport of hydrophilic solutes across the maternal-fetal interface could double, although changes in the number of permeation sites per unit area may modify this relationship. The presence of open intercellular spaces and fenestrations in the fetal endothelium suggests that this layer may not be a major permeability barrier in the guinea-pig, but may create an unstirred layer of extracellular fluid between endothelium and syncytiotrophoblast.", "contents": "Structural features and quantitative age-dependent changes in the intervascular barrier of the guinea-pig haemochorial placenta. The haemomonochorial placenta of the guinea-pig undergoes several quantitative changes between the 49th and 64th days of gestation, all of which are in such a direction as to increase the efficiency of transplacental transport. The fetal vessels become larger, the maternal vessels increase in surface area by proliferation of microvilli, and the effective mean distance between the two vessel sets decreases. The magnitude of these changes suggests that the efficiency of transport of hydrophilic solutes across the maternal-fetal interface could double, although changes in the number of permeation sites per unit area may modify this relationship. The presence of open intercellular spaces and fenestrations in the fetal endothelium suggests that this layer may not be a major permeability barrier in the guinea-pig, but may create an unstirred layer of extracellular fluid between endothelium and syncytiotrophoblast.", "PMID": 563290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5489", "title": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from bird exposure. Studies on the immediate hypersensitivity reaction.", "content": "Six patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis had weak immediate and strong late reactions of intracutaneous injection of bird serum. Biopsy of the late reaction revealed vasculitis and immunoglobulin and complement deposition in one. The antibody responsible for the immediate hypersensitivity could be transferred in serum. It was short lasting (4 hr) and resistant to heat and 2-mercaptoethanol. No evidence of an immediate reaction in the lungs could be detected following inhalation challenge as judged by examination of spirometry, flow volume loops and single breath nitrogen washout curves.", "contents": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from bird exposure. Studies on the immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Six patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis had weak immediate and strong late reactions of intracutaneous injection of bird serum. Biopsy of the late reaction revealed vasculitis and immunoglobulin and complement deposition in one. The antibody responsible for the immediate hypersensitivity could be transferred in serum. It was short lasting (4 hr) and resistant to heat and 2-mercaptoethanol. No evidence of an immediate reaction in the lungs could be detected following inhalation challenge as judged by examination of spirometry, flow volume loops and single breath nitrogen washout curves.", "PMID": 563307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5490", "title": "Immediate and late onset asthma from occupational exposure to soybean dust.", "content": "Most patients sensitive to soybean experience gastrointentinal symptoms, urticaria, angioedema, and asthma after ingestion. However, we report here a previously non-allergic patient who developed immediate and late onset asthma after breathing soybean flour used in the manufacture of food supplements. She exhibited positive immediate and late skin test sensitivity as well as a positive bronchial challenge to a soybean flour extract. In contrast to another patient with an anaphylactic response after soybean ingestion, the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to soybean antigen was negative in our patient.", "contents": "Immediate and late onset asthma from occupational exposure to soybean dust. Most patients sensitive to soybean experience gastrointentinal symptoms, urticaria, angioedema, and asthma after ingestion. However, we report here a previously non-allergic patient who developed immediate and late onset asthma after breathing soybean flour used in the manufacture of food supplements. She exhibited positive immediate and late skin test sensitivity as well as a positive bronchial challenge to a soybean flour extract. In contrast to another patient with an anaphylactic response after soybean ingestion, the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to soybean antigen was negative in our patient.", "PMID": 563308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5491", "title": "RAST in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to horse allergens. A comparison with clinical history and in vivo tests.", "content": "Case history, skin tests and RAST were compared in a group (n = 40) of children with a history suggesting allergy to horses and in a group (n = 43) in whom there was no suspicion of hypersensitivity to horses. There was an agreement of 91% between case history and prick test. The same magnitude of agreement was found between case history and RAST (89%), and the agreement between RAST and prick test was 90%. The results of this investigation are clearly in contrast to earlier earlier reports, in that there was a very good correlation between prick test, RAST and case history. The results suggest that: (a) a proper evaluation of the skin test is of critical importance for the degree of correlation with other diagnostic tests; and (b) RAST is as reliable as carefully performed and evaluated skin tests.", "contents": "RAST in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to horse allergens. A comparison with clinical history and in vivo tests. Case history, skin tests and RAST were compared in a group (n = 40) of children with a history suggesting allergy to horses and in a group (n = 43) in whom there was no suspicion of hypersensitivity to horses. There was an agreement of 91% between case history and prick test. The same magnitude of agreement was found between case history and RAST (89%), and the agreement between RAST and prick test was 90%. The results of this investigation are clearly in contrast to earlier earlier reports, in that there was a very good correlation between prick test, RAST and case history. The results suggest that: (a) a proper evaluation of the skin test is of critical importance for the degree of correlation with other diagnostic tests; and (b) RAST is as reliable as carefully performed and evaluated skin tests.", "PMID": 563309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5492", "title": "Human dander in house dust allergy.", "content": "The possible role of human dander in house dust allergy was investigated. Naturally shed human mite-free skin squames were collected from bedding and used to prepare a human dander extract. When the extract was coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated paper discs, and used in the RAST assay, IgE titres to the skin extract were observed in the sera from several patients with house dust allergy. The sera with IgE to the skin extract also had high IgE titres to either house dust, D. pteronyssinus or cat fur. RAST inhibition studies revealed cross-reaction between the human skin extract and both a D. pteronyssinus extract and a cat fur extract.", "contents": "Human dander in house dust allergy. The possible role of human dander in house dust allergy was investigated. Naturally shed human mite-free skin squames were collected from bedding and used to prepare a human dander extract. When the extract was coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated paper discs, and used in the RAST assay, IgE titres to the skin extract were observed in the sera from several patients with house dust allergy. The sera with IgE to the skin extract also had high IgE titres to either house dust, D. pteronyssinus or cat fur. RAST inhibition studies revealed cross-reaction between the human skin extract and both a D. pteronyssinus extract and a cat fur extract.", "PMID": 563310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5493", "title": "Determination of tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine (Anafranil), in plasma by a specific radioimmunoassay procedure.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is reported for the tricyclic antidepressant drug, clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy). Antisera generated in rabbits to clomipramine conjugated to bovine serum albumin at positions 10 and 11 were specific, cross reacting less than 5% with the pharmacologically active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. Specificity was confirmed by the good agreement in titres observed when the samples were assayed with and without a pre-assay thin-layer chromatographic purification. Intra- and inter-assay variations were less than 8 and 13%, respectively, with a sensitivity of 175 ng/liter. Results obtained agreed well with those reported by other groups  using double radioisotope derivative assays. The method has a high throughput rate, one technician can assay 200 samples in duplicate in a working week; and it is sufficiently precise, sensitive, and specific for use in routine minitoring of the drug in plasma and for checking patient compliance with dosage regimen.", "contents": "Determination of tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine (Anafranil), in plasma by a specific radioimmunoassay procedure. A radioimmunoassay is reported for the tricyclic antidepressant drug, clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy). Antisera generated in rabbits to clomipramine conjugated to bovine serum albumin at positions 10 and 11 were specific, cross reacting less than 5% with the pharmacologically active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. Specificity was confirmed by the good agreement in titres observed when the samples were assayed with and without a pre-assay thin-layer chromatographic purification. Intra- and inter-assay variations were less than 8 and 13%, respectively, with a sensitivity of 175 ng/liter. Results obtained agreed well with those reported by other groups  using double radioisotope derivative assays. The method has a high throughput rate, one technician can assay 200 samples in duplicate in a working week; and it is sufficiently precise, sensitive, and specific for use in routine minitoring of the drug in plasma and for checking patient compliance with dosage regimen.", "PMID": 563311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5494", "title": "Trisomy 4p: five new observations and overview.", "content": "Five new cases of trisomy of the short arm of chromosome No. 4 are presented. In two brothers the abnormality arose from segregation of the 4p chromosome present in the mother who is a carrier of a centric fission of one No. 4 chromosome. In the other three patients, the chromosome imbalance originated from segregation of a balanced maternal 3p/4q or 4/22 translocation. The available data, derived from the 4p trisomics reported so far, are adequate to establish trisomy of the short arm of chromosome No. 4 as a definite clinical entity. The most outstanding findings include growth retardation of prenatal onset, severe mental deficiency, microcephaly and a peculiar constellation of facial dysmorphisms. The dermatoglyphic patterns and the radiological findings may help towards a correct interpretation of the syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy 4p: five new observations and overview. Five new cases of trisomy of the short arm of chromosome No. 4 are presented. In two brothers the abnormality arose from segregation of the 4p chromosome present in the mother who is a carrier of a centric fission of one No. 4 chromosome. In the other three patients, the chromosome imbalance originated from segregation of a balanced maternal 3p/4q or 4/22 translocation. The available data, derived from the 4p trisomics reported so far, are adequate to establish trisomy of the short arm of chromosome No. 4 as a definite clinical entity. The most outstanding findings include growth retardation of prenatal onset, severe mental deficiency, microcephaly and a peculiar constellation of facial dysmorphisms. The dermatoglyphic patterns and the radiological findings may help towards a correct interpretation of the syndrome.", "PMID": 563312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5495", "title": "Diurnal variation of prednisolone binding to serum corticosteroid-binding globulin in man.", "content": "Serum corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) binding capacity for prednisolone and for cortisol, and levels of the circulating cortisol were evaluated in healthy adult subjects and in patients under long-term treatment with prednisone. Blood samples were drawn at 4-hr intervals throughout at least 24 hr; the prednisone administration was discontinued 24 hr before starting examination. Circadian fluctuations in the CBG-binding capacity for prednisolone occurred in healthy subjects: maximum binding was at 12 midnight and minimum binding at 8 a.m. The diurnal pattern of prednisolone-binding capacity was characterized by phase shifts of approximately 12 hr and 8 hr compared with those of serum cortisol and cortisol-binding capacity, respectively. There were no diurnal variations of prednisolone- and cortisol-binding capacity in the prednisone-treated patients. Moreover, the levels of both capacities, expressed as micrograms bound steroid/100 ml, were significantly reduced with respect to normal control subjects. Cyclic variations in serum CBG-binding capacity may represent an additional factor accounting for temporal differences in the action of synthetic corticoids which are bound by the transport protein. Synthetic derivatives when chronically administered may interfere not only with the adrenal secretion but also with the serum transport of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of prednisolone binding to serum corticosteroid-binding globulin in man. Serum corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) binding capacity for prednisolone and for cortisol, and levels of the circulating cortisol were evaluated in healthy adult subjects and in patients under long-term treatment with prednisone. Blood samples were drawn at 4-hr intervals throughout at least 24 hr; the prednisone administration was discontinued 24 hr before starting examination. Circadian fluctuations in the CBG-binding capacity for prednisolone occurred in healthy subjects: maximum binding was at 12 midnight and minimum binding at 8 a.m. The diurnal pattern of prednisolone-binding capacity was characterized by phase shifts of approximately 12 hr and 8 hr compared with those of serum cortisol and cortisol-binding capacity, respectively. There were no diurnal variations of prednisolone- and cortisol-binding capacity in the prednisone-treated patients. Moreover, the levels of both capacities, expressed as micrograms bound steroid/100 ml, were significantly reduced with respect to normal control subjects. Cyclic variations in serum CBG-binding capacity may represent an additional factor accounting for temporal differences in the action of synthetic corticoids which are bound by the transport protein. Synthetic derivatives when chronically administered may interfere not only with the adrenal secretion but also with the serum transport of glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 563315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5496", "title": "The frequency of Candida infections in pregnancy and their treatment with clotrimazole.", "content": "In an open study, 243 pregnant women were investigated for Candida infection of the vagina. Clinical diagnosis, confirmed by culture, showed that 163 (56%) were infected at some time during pregnancy. Infected patients were treated for 6 days with clotrimazole, I vaginal tablet per day plus cream applied externally. Treatment was considered as well accepted by all, and as successful in 84% of cases in the first trimester, 87% in the second, and 78% in the third trimester. There was no evidence of a relationship between Candida infection of the mother and the incidence of abortion or other disease of the newborn. It is suggested that early treatment of Candida infections of the vagina during pregnancy can greatly reduce the incidence of fungal infections in the newborn. In this series, only 3 of the 200 live births had a post-partum fungal infection: all were delivered by Caesarian section and the infection was not recorded until the third month in hospital.", "contents": "The frequency of Candida infections in pregnancy and their treatment with clotrimazole. In an open study, 243 pregnant women were investigated for Candida infection of the vagina. Clinical diagnosis, confirmed by culture, showed that 163 (56%) were infected at some time during pregnancy. Infected patients were treated for 6 days with clotrimazole, I vaginal tablet per day plus cream applied externally. Treatment was considered as well accepted by all, and as successful in 84% of cases in the first trimester, 87% in the second, and 78% in the third trimester. There was no evidence of a relationship between Candida infection of the mother and the incidence of abortion or other disease of the newborn. It is suggested that early treatment of Candida infections of the vagina during pregnancy can greatly reduce the incidence of fungal infections in the newborn. In this series, only 3 of the 200 live births had a post-partum fungal infection: all were delivered by Caesarian section and the infection was not recorded until the third month in hospital.", "PMID": 563316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5497", "title": "Dissociation of increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels and physical dependence: the effects of naloxone.", "content": "1. A slow release emulsion of naloxone (naloxone SR) was administered subcutaneously to rats in an attempt to induce physical dependence of the morphine type. 2. Naltrexone (2.5 mg/kg), injected i.p., failed to elicit an abstinence syndrome in rats treated with 75, 100 or 150 mg/kg naloxone SR for 24, 48, or 72 h. 3. Naloxone SR had no effect on the whole brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, homovanillic acid or serotonin. 4. Naloxone SR caused an apparent dose-related increase in the brain levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. 5. These results show that while naloxone does not induce physical dependence of the morphine type, it may, like morphine, increase the brain serotonin turnover rate. 6. It is proposed that the increase in brain serotonin turnover rate may not be causally related to physical dependence on morphine-like drugs but may be a property of drugs containing the basic opiate molecular structure.", "contents": "Dissociation of increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels and physical dependence: the effects of naloxone. 1. A slow release emulsion of naloxone (naloxone SR) was administered subcutaneously to rats in an attempt to induce physical dependence of the morphine type. 2. Naltrexone (2.5 mg/kg), injected i.p., failed to elicit an abstinence syndrome in rats treated with 75, 100 or 150 mg/kg naloxone SR for 24, 48, or 72 h. 3. Naloxone SR had no effect on the whole brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, homovanillic acid or serotonin. 4. Naloxone SR caused an apparent dose-related increase in the brain levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. 5. These results show that while naloxone does not induce physical dependence of the morphine type, it may, like morphine, increase the brain serotonin turnover rate. 6. It is proposed that the increase in brain serotonin turnover rate may not be causally related to physical dependence on morphine-like drugs but may be a property of drugs containing the basic opiate molecular structure.", "PMID": 563313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5498", "title": "An improved radioimmunoassay for serum gentamicin levels using 125I-labelled gentamicin.", "content": "1. A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of gentamicin in serum or plasma. 2. The assay technique uses a tracer labelled with iodine-125 rather than tritium, and has advantages over previously reported radioimmunoassay methods (Longmore et al., 1976; Lewis, Nelson & Elder, 1972) with regard to rapidity, precision and simplicity of preparation of labelled gentamicin. 3. The iodination technique is simple and gives tracer in high yield, at high specific activity, and with complete immunological identity to unlabelled gentamicin. 4. There is a significant correlation between results obtained by this technique and by a microbial assay method but the radioimmunoassay is more rapid, specific and accurate.", "contents": "An improved radioimmunoassay for serum gentamicin levels using 125I-labelled gentamicin. 1. A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of gentamicin in serum or plasma. 2. The assay technique uses a tracer labelled with iodine-125 rather than tritium, and has advantages over previously reported radioimmunoassay methods (Longmore et al., 1976; Lewis, Nelson & Elder, 1972) with regard to rapidity, precision and simplicity of preparation of labelled gentamicin. 3. The iodination technique is simple and gives tracer in high yield, at high specific activity, and with complete immunological identity to unlabelled gentamicin. 4. There is a significant correlation between results obtained by this technique and by a microbial assay method but the radioimmunoassay is more rapid, specific and accurate.", "PMID": 563314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5499", "title": "Pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone and the secretion of ovarian steroids in sheep during anestrus.", "content": "The peripheral concentration of LH and the secretion rates of estradiol-17beta and androstenedione were measured every 10 min for 4 h during anestrus in six ewes with utero-ovarian autotransplants. The basal concentration of LH was 0.45 +/- 0.06 ng//ml (NIH LH S14; mean +/- SEM), with pulses of LH (6.0 +/- 0.3 ng/ml; N = 5) occurring with an average frequency of one per 5 h. The basal secretion rate of estradiol-17beta was 0.5--1.3 ng/min. Each pulse of LH was followed by a rise in the secretion of estradiol-17beta. Maximum secretion of estradiol-17beta was 5.18 +/- 0.72 ng/min and was reached 25 min after LH discharge. Basal secretion of androstenedione was higher than estradiol-17beta at about 1.5 to 3.4 ng/min, and increased to a maximum 26.8 +/- 6.6 ng/min 25 min after LH discharge. Steroid secretion was not maintained at maximum rates and had returned to basal levels 2 h after LH discharge. The data show that the ovary of the anestrous sheep is capable of secreting steroids following pulses of endogenous LH. These results strongly suggest that as in the luteal phase of the cycle, the quantity of estradiol and androstenedione secreted by the ovary is related to the frequency of episodic pulses of LH.", "contents": "Pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone and the secretion of ovarian steroids in sheep during anestrus. The peripheral concentration of LH and the secretion rates of estradiol-17beta and androstenedione were measured every 10 min for 4 h during anestrus in six ewes with utero-ovarian autotransplants. The basal concentration of LH was 0.45 +/- 0.06 ng//ml (NIH LH S14; mean +/- SEM), with pulses of LH (6.0 +/- 0.3 ng/ml; N = 5) occurring with an average frequency of one per 5 h. The basal secretion rate of estradiol-17beta was 0.5--1.3 ng/min. Each pulse of LH was followed by a rise in the secretion of estradiol-17beta. Maximum secretion of estradiol-17beta was 5.18 +/- 0.72 ng/min and was reached 25 min after LH discharge. Basal secretion of androstenedione was higher than estradiol-17beta at about 1.5 to 3.4 ng/min, and increased to a maximum 26.8 +/- 6.6 ng/min 25 min after LH discharge. Steroid secretion was not maintained at maximum rates and had returned to basal levels 2 h after LH discharge. The data show that the ovary of the anestrous sheep is capable of secreting steroids following pulses of endogenous LH. These results strongly suggest that as in the luteal phase of the cycle, the quantity of estradiol and androstenedione secreted by the ovary is related to the frequency of episodic pulses of LH.", "PMID": 563321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5500", "title": "Enhanced endogenous insulin secretion after treatment with monocomponent insulin.", "content": "Eight maturity-onset diabetic patients who had no infections, liver diseases or other endocrine diseases which might affect carbohydrate metabolism were treated with monocomponent lente insulin, which is known to have little antigenicity, until blood sugar was controlled. The diurnal values of the blood sugar (BS) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were obtained before treatment and on the third day after the withdrawal of insulin treatment. One patient was dropped from the study because of insulin antibody formation. The total integrated IRI area in the diurnal profile was increased from 98.9 +/- 23.7 to 186.1 +/- 37.7 muU.h/ml (p less than 0.05), while the total blood sugar area was decreased from 7,500 +/- 1,200 to 5,510 +/- 1,214 mg-h% (p less than 0.05). Oral Glucose Tolerance Test on the fourth day after the withdrawal of insulin treatment showed increased IRI response compared to pretreatment. It is concluded that endogenous insulin secretion could be increased in the diabetic patient by the metabolic control with exogenous insulin injections.", "contents": "Enhanced endogenous insulin secretion after treatment with monocomponent insulin. Eight maturity-onset diabetic patients who had no infections, liver diseases or other endocrine diseases which might affect carbohydrate metabolism were treated with monocomponent lente insulin, which is known to have little antigenicity, until blood sugar was controlled. The diurnal values of the blood sugar (BS) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were obtained before treatment and on the third day after the withdrawal of insulin treatment. One patient was dropped from the study because of insulin antibody formation. The total integrated IRI area in the diurnal profile was increased from 98.9 +/- 23.7 to 186.1 +/- 37.7 muU.h/ml (p less than 0.05), while the total blood sugar area was decreased from 7,500 +/- 1,200 to 5,510 +/- 1,214 mg-h% (p less than 0.05). Oral Glucose Tolerance Test on the fourth day after the withdrawal of insulin treatment showed increased IRI response compared to pretreatment. It is concluded that endogenous insulin secretion could be increased in the diabetic patient by the metabolic control with exogenous insulin injections.", "PMID": 563322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5501", "title": "The diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity in patients with congestive heart failure.", "content": "Study on a diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone (PA) and plasma renin activity (PRA) was performed in 8 patients with congestive heart failure. All patients had been digitalized and received diuretics under mild sodium restriction. An obvious diurnal rhythm of PA similar to the normal subjects, with the lowest value in the evening and the highest value in the morning, was observed in 7 of 8 cases, while a diurnal rhythm of PRA was obscure except in one case. The PA generally did not run parallel with PRA. Although the reason of the absence of PRA diurnal rhythm in congestive heart failure was not clear, it was considered that reninangiotensin system did not play a significant role for the development of PA diurnal rhythm in congestive heart failure. The determined PA values were entirely within normal range except in 2 cases, although they were administered the potent diuretics chronically. A high PA value was observed only in early morning in one case, while all determined PA values were extremely high in another case with severe congestive heart failure involved in cardiac liver cirrhosis. The PRA values were relatively low in 2 cases, normal in 5 and high in one.", "contents": "The diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity in patients with congestive heart failure. Study on a diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone (PA) and plasma renin activity (PRA) was performed in 8 patients with congestive heart failure. All patients had been digitalized and received diuretics under mild sodium restriction. An obvious diurnal rhythm of PA similar to the normal subjects, with the lowest value in the evening and the highest value in the morning, was observed in 7 of 8 cases, while a diurnal rhythm of PRA was obscure except in one case. The PA generally did not run parallel with PRA. Although the reason of the absence of PRA diurnal rhythm in congestive heart failure was not clear, it was considered that reninangiotensin system did not play a significant role for the development of PA diurnal rhythm in congestive heart failure. The determined PA values were entirely within normal range except in 2 cases, although they were administered the potent diuretics chronically. A high PA value was observed only in early morning in one case, while all determined PA values were extremely high in another case with severe congestive heart failure involved in cardiac liver cirrhosis. The PRA values were relatively low in 2 cases, normal in 5 and high in one.", "PMID": 563323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5502", "title": "Effects of apomorphine combined with chlorpromazine and pimozide on the estrous cycle in rats.", "content": "Chlorpromazine (CPZ) a neuroleptic which has both antiadrenergic and antidopaminergic activity when administered in doses of 5 to 25 mg/kg s.c. inhibited ovulation and induced pseudopregnancy. Pimozide which possesses only an antidopaminergic action induced only pseudopregnancy (in doses between 0.05-10 mg/kg s.c.). Apomorphine (APO), a dopaminergic agonist, prevented the pseudopregnant effect of both neuroleptics, especially of CPZ, but failed to counteract the ovulation-blocking action of CPZ. APO itself had an antiovulatory action, but only in large doses (above 5 mg/kg s.c.), and only in a few animals. Our data plead for the importance of dopaminergic mechanisms in the inhibition of prolactin secretion (by means of PIF) and for the stimulatory role of adrenergic transmission in the ovulation process (by means of LRF). These results fail to support the proposed stimulatory role of dopamine on the LRF secretion. On the contrary, they do not exclude the possibility of its inhibitory action.", "contents": "Effects of apomorphine combined with chlorpromazine and pimozide on the estrous cycle in rats. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) a neuroleptic which has both antiadrenergic and antidopaminergic activity when administered in doses of 5 to 25 mg/kg s.c. inhibited ovulation and induced pseudopregnancy. Pimozide which possesses only an antidopaminergic action induced only pseudopregnancy (in doses between 0.05-10 mg/kg s.c.). Apomorphine (APO), a dopaminergic agonist, prevented the pseudopregnant effect of both neuroleptics, especially of CPZ, but failed to counteract the ovulation-blocking action of CPZ. APO itself had an antiovulatory action, but only in large doses (above 5 mg/kg s.c.), and only in a few animals. Our data plead for the importance of dopaminergic mechanisms in the inhibition of prolactin secretion (by means of PIF) and for the stimulatory role of adrenergic transmission in the ovulation process (by means of LRF). These results fail to support the proposed stimulatory role of dopamine on the LRF secretion. On the contrary, they do not exclude the possibility of its inhibitory action.", "PMID": 563325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5503", "title": "Derivation of hybrids between a thymoma line and spleen cells activated in a mixed leukocyte reaction.", "content": "We have established 16 independent hybrid lines derived from a fusion between an AKR thymoma and mixed leukocyte reaction-stimulated C57BL/6 spleen cells. The hybrids express both parental H-2 alleles and show hybrid glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity. Two of the lines showed Fc receptor activity not expressed in the parental thymoma. The AKR Thy-1.1 allele was expressed in all hybrid lines, but no Thy-1.2 could be detected. No killing activity was retained in the hybrid cells, probably because Sendai virus-mediated fusion of killer cells resulted in the lysis of the thymoma fusion partner.", "contents": "Derivation of hybrids between a thymoma line and spleen cells activated in a mixed leukocyte reaction. We have established 16 independent hybrid lines derived from a fusion between an AKR thymoma and mixed leukocyte reaction-stimulated C57BL/6 spleen cells. The hybrids express both parental H-2 alleles and show hybrid glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity. Two of the lines showed Fc receptor activity not expressed in the parental thymoma. The AKR Thy-1.1 allele was expressed in all hybrid lines, but no Thy-1.2 could be detected. No killing activity was retained in the hybrid cells, probably because Sendai virus-mediated fusion of killer cells resulted in the lysis of the thymoma fusion partner.", "PMID": 563329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5504", "title": "Apomorphine-induced locomotion and gnawing: evidence that the experimental design greatly influences gnawing while locomotion remains unchanged.", "content": "In a recent study we have shown that it was possible to recognize and record two independent behavioural patterns elicited by apomorphine (s.c.): one behaviour characterized by increased locomotion, sniffing and repetitive head and limb movements and another, characterized by compulsive gnawing. In the present study we have further characterized the gnawing and the locomotion patterns, their dependence on the experimental design and on the test environment. We found that the apomorphine-induced gnawing was easily modified by factors such as the design of the test-box and the habituation of the animal to the test-box. Locomotion, on the other hand was essentially independent of such factors and seemed more compulsive than the so-called \"compulsive gnawing\".", "contents": "Apomorphine-induced locomotion and gnawing: evidence that the experimental design greatly influences gnawing while locomotion remains unchanged. In a recent study we have shown that it was possible to recognize and record two independent behavioural patterns elicited by apomorphine (s.c.): one behaviour characterized by increased locomotion, sniffing and repetitive head and limb movements and another, characterized by compulsive gnawing. In the present study we have further characterized the gnawing and the locomotion patterns, their dependence on the experimental design and on the test environment. We found that the apomorphine-induced gnawing was easily modified by factors such as the design of the test-box and the habituation of the animal to the test-box. Locomotion, on the other hand was essentially independent of such factors and seemed more compulsive than the so-called \"compulsive gnawing\".", "PMID": 563330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5505", "title": "Baclofen-induced modification of conditioned discriminative avoidance behaviour and contraversive turning in the rat.", "content": "The effects of baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative, on conditioned avoidance behaviour and on the turning produced by unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the s. nigra were investigated in rats. The small impairment of conditioned avoidance behaviour induced by baclofen (1-4 mg/kg i.p.) was potentiated by combination with benztropine, an anticholinergic agent. Moreover, baclofen reversed the suppression of avoidance responses and the inhibition of turning induced by physostigmine, suggesting an interaction of baclofen with cholinergic transmission processes at the nigrostriatal level. After alpha-methyltyrosine, baclofen like haloperidol, produced a marked increase in avoidance response failures suggesting an additional inhibitory effect of the compound on dopaminergic transmission. The pattern of results indicates that baclofen affects the feedback-loop regulation processes in the nigrostriatal area of the brain.", "contents": "Baclofen-induced modification of conditioned discriminative avoidance behaviour and contraversive turning in the rat. The effects of baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative, on conditioned avoidance behaviour and on the turning produced by unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the s. nigra were investigated in rats. The small impairment of conditioned avoidance behaviour induced by baclofen (1-4 mg/kg i.p.) was potentiated by combination with benztropine, an anticholinergic agent. Moreover, baclofen reversed the suppression of avoidance responses and the inhibition of turning induced by physostigmine, suggesting an interaction of baclofen with cholinergic transmission processes at the nigrostriatal level. After alpha-methyltyrosine, baclofen like haloperidol, produced a marked increase in avoidance response failures suggesting an additional inhibitory effect of the compound on dopaminergic transmission. The pattern of results indicates that baclofen affects the feedback-loop regulation processes in the nigrostriatal area of the brain.", "PMID": 563331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5506", "title": "Enkephalin: radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay in morphine dependent rats.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for enkephalins is described which discriminates between leucineenkephalin and methionine-enkephalin. Total opioid peptide activity was assayed by the ability of brain extracts to compete for opiate receptor binding. In rats treated with morphine and/or naloxone, opiates were separated from opioid peptides by Dowex AG-50W column chromatography prior to radioreceptor assay. Chronic administration of morphine failed to alter immunoreactive enkephalin levels or total opioid activity in radioreceptor assays.", "contents": "Enkephalin: radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay in morphine dependent rats. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for enkephalins is described which discriminates between leucineenkephalin and methionine-enkephalin. Total opioid peptide activity was assayed by the ability of brain extracts to compete for opiate receptor binding. In rats treated with morphine and/or naloxone, opiates were separated from opioid peptides by Dowex AG-50W column chromatography prior to radioreceptor assay. Chronic administration of morphine failed to alter immunoreactive enkephalin levels or total opioid activity in radioreceptor assays.", "PMID": 563332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5507", "title": "Piperoxane reduces the effects of clonidine on aggression in mice and on noradrenaline dependent hypermotility in rats.", "content": "Aggression in isolated male mice and hypermotility in rats produced by the noradrenaline releaser H 77/77 were studied after the s.c. administration of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine and the alpha-antagonist piperoxane. Clonidine 0.005--0.5 mg/kg inhibited both behaviours while piperoxane showed a weak and short-lasting antiaggressive effect and no H 77/77 antagonism. Inactive doses of piperoxane reduced the inhibitory effects of clonidine. The results indicate that isolation-induced aggression in mice and H 77/77-induced hypermotility in rats are behavioural signs related to the availability of noradrenaline at the receptor.", "contents": "Piperoxane reduces the effects of clonidine on aggression in mice and on noradrenaline dependent hypermotility in rats. Aggression in isolated male mice and hypermotility in rats produced by the noradrenaline releaser H 77/77 were studied after the s.c. administration of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine and the alpha-antagonist piperoxane. Clonidine 0.005--0.5 mg/kg inhibited both behaviours while piperoxane showed a weak and short-lasting antiaggressive effect and no H 77/77 antagonism. Inactive doses of piperoxane reduced the inhibitory effects of clonidine. The results indicate that isolation-induced aggression in mice and H 77/77-induced hypermotility in rats are behavioural signs related to the availability of noradrenaline at the receptor.", "PMID": 563333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5508", "title": "Tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions in the cat.", "content": "Two groups of female cats (6 each) were used: (1) a seizure group which received a minimum convulsive dose (MCD) of cocaine i.v., and (2) a subseizure group which received a subconvulsive dose of cocaine i.v., for 13 successive days. Determination of the MCD across 13 days in the seizure group and on Day 14 in the subseizure group revealed significant tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions. However, reverse tolerance to cocaine-induced abnormal behavior developed as dystonic posture and speed of stereotyped movement increased during the 13-day treatment period in the subseizure group. These data are discussed in terms of local anesthetic and catecholaminergic effects of cocaine, as well as possible differential effects of various routes of administration.", "contents": "Tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions in the cat. Two groups of female cats (6 each) were used: (1) a seizure group which received a minimum convulsive dose (MCD) of cocaine i.v., and (2) a subseizure group which received a subconvulsive dose of cocaine i.v., for 13 successive days. Determination of the MCD across 13 days in the seizure group and on Day 14 in the subseizure group revealed significant tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions. However, reverse tolerance to cocaine-induced abnormal behavior developed as dystonic posture and speed of stereotyped movement increased during the 13-day treatment period in the subseizure group. These data are discussed in terms of local anesthetic and catecholaminergic effects of cocaine, as well as possible differential effects of various routes of administration.", "PMID": 563334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5509", "title": "The effect of superior temporal lesions on the recognition of species-specific calls in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Eleven squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were trained to discriminate species-specific calls from non-species-specific complex sounds in a go, no-go procedure with social contact as positive reinforcement. The task required that the animals not only responded to a particular call but that this response should be generalized to any squirrel monkey call, whether or not it had been presented previously in training. After having reached a performance level of 75% correct responses in three consecutive sessions, seven animals received bilateral lesions of the auditory cortex; the other four animals served as controls. It was found that small lesions within the superior temporal gyrus did not interfere with the discrimination task. Lesions destroying about three quarters of the auditory cortex led to loss of retention; during retraining the animals did not reach criterion, but performed significantly above chance. These animals were able, however, to master a simplified version of the task where one species-specific call had to be discriminated from one non-species-specific sound. Animals with almost total ablation of the auditory cortex were capable of mastering neither the generalized task nor the simplified version. From these results, together with those of the literature, it is concluded 1) that recognition of complex sounds is not possible after complete auditory cortex ablation, probably because of interference with gestalt-formation processing, and 2) that species-specific calls are processed in the auditory system in the same way as other complex sounds.", "contents": "The effect of superior temporal lesions on the recognition of species-specific calls in the squirrel monkey. Eleven squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were trained to discriminate species-specific calls from non-species-specific complex sounds in a go, no-go procedure with social contact as positive reinforcement. The task required that the animals not only responded to a particular call but that this response should be generalized to any squirrel monkey call, whether or not it had been presented previously in training. After having reached a performance level of 75% correct responses in three consecutive sessions, seven animals received bilateral lesions of the auditory cortex; the other four animals served as controls. It was found that small lesions within the superior temporal gyrus did not interfere with the discrimination task. Lesions destroying about three quarters of the auditory cortex led to loss of retention; during retraining the animals did not reach criterion, but performed significantly above chance. These animals were able, however, to master a simplified version of the task where one species-specific call had to be discriminated from one non-species-specific sound. Animals with almost total ablation of the auditory cortex were capable of mastering neither the generalized task nor the simplified version. From these results, together with those of the literature, it is concluded 1) that recognition of complex sounds is not possible after complete auditory cortex ablation, probably because of interference with gestalt-formation processing, and 2) that species-specific calls are processed in the auditory system in the same way as other complex sounds.", "PMID": 563342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5510", "title": "Resolution of small G1 and G2 populations of L1210 leukemia by flow microfluorometric analysis aided by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "L1210 leukemic cells grown in vitro were subjected to kinetic analysis using a flow microfluorometer. A single broad peak was found for the DNA content distribution if unfractionated cells were used; prior fractionation using lg velocity sedimentation allowed the separation of small peaks with smaller (G1) and larger (G2) DNA contents from the dominant S phase peak with intermediate DNA content.", "contents": "Resolution of small G1 and G2 populations of L1210 leukemia by flow microfluorometric analysis aided by velocity sedimentation. L1210 leukemic cells grown in vitro were subjected to kinetic analysis using a flow microfluorometer. A single broad peak was found for the DNA content distribution if unfractionated cells were used; prior fractionation using lg velocity sedimentation allowed the separation of small peaks with smaller (G1) and larger (G2) DNA contents from the dominant S phase peak with intermediate DNA content.", "PMID": 563343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5511", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in reactivators of organophosphorus-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. XI - Bisquaternary compounds of beta-(4-pyridyl)acraldoxime.", "content": "Several bisquaternary salts of beta-(4-pyridyl)acraldoxime were prepared and tested for their reactivating potency on phosphorylated electric eel cholinesterase. The in vitro testing revealed that the new compounds have little to no effects.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in reactivators of organophosphorus-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. XI - Bisquaternary compounds of beta-(4-pyridyl)acraldoxime. Several bisquaternary salts of beta-(4-pyridyl)acraldoxime were prepared and tested for their reactivating potency on phosphorylated electric eel cholinesterase. The in vitro testing revealed that the new compounds have little to no effects.", "PMID": 563345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5512", "title": "The biochemistry of depression.", "content": "The author outlines the hypothesis of the role of amines in depression. Postulating that depression involves a derangement of amine metabolism in which a deficit of amine activity occurs in certain areas of the brain which in turn results in altered transmission, the theory proposes that certain antidepressant drugs effect an elevation of brain amines restoring normal transmission and relieving the depression.", "contents": "The biochemistry of depression. The author outlines the hypothesis of the role of amines in depression. Postulating that depression involves a derangement of amine metabolism in which a deficit of amine activity occurs in certain areas of the brain which in turn results in altered transmission, the theory proposes that certain antidepressant drugs effect an elevation of brain amines restoring normal transmission and relieving the depression.", "PMID": 563350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5513", "title": "Mutagenicity and inducibility of DNA single-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations by various mycotoxins.", "content": "Mutagenicity of various mycotoxins and the efficiency of mutagenic mycotoxins in producing DNA single-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations were examined using a mammalian cell line. It was found that aflatoxin-B1, mycophenolic acid, patulin, penicillic acid, and sterigmatocystin induced 8-azaguanine-resistant mutations. Aflatoxin-B1, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin had little effect on DNA single-strand at high concentrations. In the treatment with patulin and penicillic acid, severe breaks were found at higher concentration than at the concentration where the mutation was induced. Incidence of chromosome aberrations by the treatment with these mycotoxins correlated fairly well with their mutagenic activity. Chaetoglobosin-B, fusarenon-X, (--)luteoskyrin, and ochratoxin-A did not induce 8-azaguanine-resistant mutation.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and inducibility of DNA single-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations by various mycotoxins. Mutagenicity of various mycotoxins and the efficiency of mutagenic mycotoxins in producing DNA single-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations were examined using a mammalian cell line. It was found that aflatoxin-B1, mycophenolic acid, patulin, penicillic acid, and sterigmatocystin induced 8-azaguanine-resistant mutations. Aflatoxin-B1, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin had little effect on DNA single-strand at high concentrations. In the treatment with patulin and penicillic acid, severe breaks were found at higher concentration than at the concentration where the mutation was induced. Incidence of chromosome aberrations by the treatment with these mycotoxins correlated fairly well with their mutagenic activity. Chaetoglobosin-B, fusarenon-X, (--)luteoskyrin, and ochratoxin-A did not induce 8-azaguanine-resistant mutation.", "PMID": 563356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5514", "title": "PSRO: issues in health care policy.", "content": "Enactment of the law regarding Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) represents a major shift in health care policy in the United States. PSRO is an experiment in developing a national quality assurance system. It raises issues of quality versus cost control, professional versus public accountability, and confidentiality. These issues must be examined critically by social workers.", "contents": "PSRO: issues in health care policy. Enactment of the law regarding Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) represents a major shift in health care policy in the United States. PSRO is an experiment in developing a national quality assurance system. It raises issues of quality versus cost control, professional versus public accountability, and confidentiality. These issues must be examined critically by social workers.", "PMID": 563365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5515", "title": "Prostaglandins and steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles.", "content": "Prostaglandins of the F and E series at concentrations from 1 to 100 microgram/ml had no effect on steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit follicles. Indomethacin and 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid at doses lower than 100 microgram/ml failed to prevent the LH-induced increase in testosterone accumulation by follicles. At 1 mg/ml these inhibitors prevented the LH effects. Prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha had no effect on testosterone accumulation. However, prostaglandin E2 seemed to enhance the LH-induced accumulation of androstenedione and progesterone by the follicles. These data suggest that prostaglandins play a minor role in steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles. Prostaglandins of the F and E series at concentrations from 1 to 100 microgram/ml had no effect on steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit follicles. Indomethacin and 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid at doses lower than 100 microgram/ml failed to prevent the LH-induced increase in testosterone accumulation by follicles. At 1 mg/ml these inhibitors prevented the LH effects. Prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha had no effect on testosterone accumulation. However, prostaglandin E2 seemed to enhance the LH-induced accumulation of androstenedione and progesterone by the follicles. These data suggest that prostaglandins play a minor role in steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles.", "PMID": 563372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5516", "title": "[Blood proteins during short-term fasting and during supply of essential amino acids].", "content": "A most significant decrease of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein was observed in the serum during an absolute alimentary abstinence for five days, whereas the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were not influenced. The decrease in the concentration of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein was significantly diminished through a minimum diet of 15 g essential aminoacids and 60 g carbohydrates. Both proteins form a complex in a mole ratio of 1:1. Based on the four to five times higher prealbumin concentration, we recommend this parameter for the routine observation of protein metabolism during weight reduction.", "contents": "[Blood proteins during short-term fasting and during supply of essential amino acids]. A most significant decrease of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein was observed in the serum during an absolute alimentary abstinence for five days, whereas the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were not influenced. The decrease in the concentration of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein was significantly diminished through a minimum diet of 15 g essential aminoacids and 60 g carbohydrates. Both proteins form a complex in a mole ratio of 1:1. Based on the four to five times higher prealbumin concentration, we recommend this parameter for the routine observation of protein metabolism during weight reduction.", "PMID": 563376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5517", "title": "[Value of the nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) in the clinical diagnosis of bacterial infections].", "content": "107 patients and 27 normal individuals underwent the NBT test, as described by PARK et al., in order to ascertain whether it helps to diagnose a bacterial infection. The patients studied consisted of a group with bacterial infections, and a further group suffering from a variety of internal organic diseases of non-bacterial genesis. At the same time, the absolute leucocyte count, the differential blood count, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the leucocyte phosphatase were evaluated. In 84% of the patients with bacterial infections, the values of the NBT test, which are normally between 3 and 14%, were considerably higher, while the value in patients without bacterial infection was only 4% higher than the normal rate. Neither with the leucocyte count, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the deviation to the left, nor with the alkaline leucocyte phosphatase was such accuracy obtainable. It is, however, essential that the methodology is closely observed, as even slight changes during the processing can alter the result. The evaluation of the preparations by an experienced analyst is, of course, prerequisite.", "contents": "[Value of the nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) in the clinical diagnosis of bacterial infections]. 107 patients and 27 normal individuals underwent the NBT test, as described by PARK et al., in order to ascertain whether it helps to diagnose a bacterial infection. The patients studied consisted of a group with bacterial infections, and a further group suffering from a variety of internal organic diseases of non-bacterial genesis. At the same time, the absolute leucocyte count, the differential blood count, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the leucocyte phosphatase were evaluated. In 84% of the patients with bacterial infections, the values of the NBT test, which are normally between 3 and 14%, were considerably higher, while the value in patients without bacterial infection was only 4% higher than the normal rate. Neither with the leucocyte count, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the deviation to the left, nor with the alkaline leucocyte phosphatase was such accuracy obtainable. It is, however, essential that the methodology is closely observed, as even slight changes during the processing can alter the result. The evaluation of the preparations by an experienced analyst is, of course, prerequisite.", "PMID": 563377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5518", "title": "[Advances in infusion technics].", "content": "Two interesting developments in the area of infusion technology are being presented. The first product concerns a rather simple, but precise, and manually ajustable flow control device for intra-venous fluid administration without the need of having an infusion pump. The second product concerns a continuous flush device for arterial and venous indwelling cannulae. The main area of clinical application of the latter product is the combination with intraarterial catheters which are used to monitor various arterial pressures. Adaptation of the device to intravenous catheters is also possible. The main benefit derived from the flushing device is a significant prolongation of catheter function and patency.", "contents": "[Advances in infusion technics]. Two interesting developments in the area of infusion technology are being presented. The first product concerns a rather simple, but precise, and manually ajustable flow control device for intra-venous fluid administration without the need of having an infusion pump. The second product concerns a continuous flush device for arterial and venous indwelling cannulae. The main area of clinical application of the latter product is the combination with intraarterial catheters which are used to monitor various arterial pressures. Adaptation of the device to intravenous catheters is also possible. The main benefit derived from the flushing device is a significant prolongation of catheter function and patency.", "PMID": 563378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5519", "title": "Cladosporium herbarum extract characterized by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods with special attention to immediate type allergy.", "content": "Freeze-dried extract of Cladosporium herbarum Link ex Fr. was obtained by growing, harvesting, extracting, centrifuging, dialysing and freeze-drying. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies revealed the extraction procedure to be reproducible and the extract to be composed of 57 antigens, none of which originated from the substrate used in the growth. The molecular weight distribution and the approximate molecular weight of some antigens of C. herbarum were obtained using gel filtration. The pI distribution and the approximate pIs of a few distinct antigens of C. herbarum were obtained by isoelectric focusing. Preliminary identification  of 4 allergens from C. herbarum was performed by means of CRIE (crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis).", "contents": "Cladosporium herbarum extract characterized by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods with special attention to immediate type allergy. Freeze-dried extract of Cladosporium herbarum Link ex Fr. was obtained by growing, harvesting, extracting, centrifuging, dialysing and freeze-drying. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies revealed the extraction procedure to be reproducible and the extract to be composed of 57 antigens, none of which originated from the substrate used in the growth. The molecular weight distribution and the approximate molecular weight of some antigens of C. herbarum were obtained using gel filtration. The pI distribution and the approximate pIs of a few distinct antigens of C. herbarum were obtained by isoelectric focusing. Preliminary identification  of 4 allergens from C. herbarum was performed by means of CRIE (crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis).", "PMID": 563379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5520", "title": "Occurrence of specific precipitins against bovine whey proteins in serum from children with gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "Children with cow's milk intolerance, clinically non-confirmed cow's milk intolerance, coeliac disease, non-confirmed malabsorption, other gastrointestinal disorders and normal children were investigated for the presence of precipitins against 40 individual bovine whey proteins by means of the crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel technique. In the various groups of children the amount and specificity of bovine whey precipitins were neither connected with the various gastrointestinal disorders nor with alternating diet and challenge with milk. Bovine whey-specific IgE could not be detected in any of the patients clinically suspected for cow's milk intolerance by cutaneous test, RAST or CRIE. The immunoglobulin level of the patients investigated did not differ significantly from the normal ranges. It is concluded that investigations of serum precipitins against bovine whey proteins do not give any significant information concerning cow's milk intolerance.", "contents": "Occurrence of specific precipitins against bovine whey proteins in serum from children with gastrointestinal disorders. Children with cow's milk intolerance, clinically non-confirmed cow's milk intolerance, coeliac disease, non-confirmed malabsorption, other gastrointestinal disorders and normal children were investigated for the presence of precipitins against 40 individual bovine whey proteins by means of the crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel technique. In the various groups of children the amount and specificity of bovine whey precipitins were neither connected with the various gastrointestinal disorders nor with alternating diet and challenge with milk. Bovine whey-specific IgE could not be detected in any of the patients clinically suspected for cow's milk intolerance by cutaneous test, RAST or CRIE. The immunoglobulin level of the patients investigated did not differ significantly from the normal ranges. It is concluded that investigations of serum precipitins against bovine whey proteins do not give any significant information concerning cow's milk intolerance.", "PMID": 563380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5521", "title": "Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: serum immunoglobulins G1, G2, M, A and E in Micropolysopra faeni sensitized and desensitized calves.", "content": "Weekly evaluation of serum antibody activity in IgA, IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 as well as serum IgE levels indicates highly significant reduction in IgE and elevation of IgA in calves experimentally desensitized with Micropolyspora faeni soluble antigen. Serum IgG2, IgG1 and IgM levels were also elevated. Results are discussed in the light of the possible significance of reagin-mediated reactions in initiation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "contents": "Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: serum immunoglobulins G1, G2, M, A and E in Micropolysopra faeni sensitized and desensitized calves. Weekly evaluation of serum antibody activity in IgA, IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 as well as serum IgE levels indicates highly significant reduction in IgE and elevation of IgA in calves experimentally desensitized with Micropolyspora faeni soluble antigen. Serum IgG2, IgG1 and IgM levels were also elevated. Results are discussed in the light of the possible significance of reagin-mediated reactions in initiation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "PMID": 563381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5522", "title": "Diurnal changes in the rabbit's visual evoked potential.", "content": "Rabbits that have been exposed to the natural cycles of day and night exhibit marked diurnal changes in the shape of their Visual Evoked Potential in constant environmental conditions. The results of exposure to artificial 24 hr light-dark cycles strongly suggest that it is the regular alternation of daylight and darkness which acts as the synchronizing \"Zeitgeber\" for the V.E.P. rhythm which exists after exposure to the natural cycles of day and night. It would seem further that the V.E.P. changes reflect a square-wave like rhythm in the sensitivity of the visual system to photic stimuli, in which the sensitivity is much higher at night than in the day-time. The probable importance of the diurnal V.E.P. rhythm for the occurrence of daily fluctuations in behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "Diurnal changes in the rabbit's visual evoked potential. Rabbits that have been exposed to the natural cycles of day and night exhibit marked diurnal changes in the shape of their Visual Evoked Potential in constant environmental conditions. The results of exposure to artificial 24 hr light-dark cycles strongly suggest that it is the regular alternation of daylight and darkness which acts as the synchronizing \"Zeitgeber\" for the V.E.P. rhythm which exists after exposure to the natural cycles of day and night. It would seem further that the V.E.P. changes reflect a square-wave like rhythm in the sensitivity of the visual system to photic stimuli, in which the sensitivity is much higher at night than in the day-time. The probable importance of the diurnal V.E.P. rhythm for the occurrence of daily fluctuations in behaviour is discussed.", "PMID": 563382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5523", "title": "Photoperiodic programming of diurnal changes in rabbit visual evoked potentials.", "content": "Rabbits which have been exposed for several weeks to the natural cycles of daylight and darkness, or to various fixed 24 hr light-dark alternations, exhibit in constant environmental conditions large diurnal changes in the shape of the Visual Evoked Potential. These changes run a square-wave like time course and seem to reflect a similar diurnal rhythm in the sensitivity of the visual system to photic stimuli. The relation between the durations of the two phases of the rhythm can, within wide limits, be changed by variations in length of the artificial or natural photoperiod. It further appears that after exposure to continuous illumination or darkness rabbits have either a free-running V.E.P. rhythm or no such rhythm at all. The probable importance of the diurnal changes in the visual system for the occurrence of seasonal fluctuations in behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "Photoperiodic programming of diurnal changes in rabbit visual evoked potentials. Rabbits which have been exposed for several weeks to the natural cycles of daylight and darkness, or to various fixed 24 hr light-dark alternations, exhibit in constant environmental conditions large diurnal changes in the shape of the Visual Evoked Potential. These changes run a square-wave like time course and seem to reflect a similar diurnal rhythm in the sensitivity of the visual system to photic stimuli. The relation between the durations of the two phases of the rhythm can, within wide limits, be changed by variations in length of the artificial or natural photoperiod. It further appears that after exposure to continuous illumination or darkness rabbits have either a free-running V.E.P. rhythm or no such rhythm at all. The probable importance of the diurnal changes in the visual system for the occurrence of seasonal fluctuations in behaviour is discussed.", "PMID": 563383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5524", "title": "Commonly asked clinical questions about methadone maintenance.", "content": "Clinical questions about methadone maintenance are posed and answered. The areas include eligibility, size of clinic, number of patients, optimal maintenance dose, special populations, side effects, services, schedules, and the involvement of others.", "contents": "Commonly asked clinical questions about methadone maintenance. Clinical questions about methadone maintenance are posed and answered. The areas include eligibility, size of clinic, number of patients, optimal maintenance dose, special populations, side effects, services, schedules, and the involvement of others.", "PMID": 563384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5525", "title": "Circadian rhythms in the concentration of plasma thyroxine in vitamin A-deprived calves.", "content": "Over a period of approximately 11 months, a total of 57 24 hour experiments was performed on 5 calves. The animals were fed a vitamin A-free diet and showed the common signs of vitamin A deficiency. During each experiment blood samples were taken hourly and the plasma iodoprotein content of each sample was determined. Each set of 24 values was subjected to Fourier analysis in an attempt to elucidate 24 hour, sinusoidal rhythms in iodoprotein concentration. A rhythm was deemed to be present where the chance of random sampling producing the observed pattern of concentration was less than or equal to 0.05. 25 such rhythms were detected. As the probability of random sampling giving rise to 25 rhythms in 57 tests is extremely small, circadian rhythms are assumed to exist in vitamin A-deficient, as in normal, calves. Rhythms, the characteristics of which are described here, were observed under natural conditions of day and night, and with controlled light and darkness. It is suggested that the occurrence of the rhythms, in relation to the environmental patterns of light and darkness, is better related to other aspects of brain activity than to those concerned with vision.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in the concentration of plasma thyroxine in vitamin A-deprived calves. Over a period of approximately 11 months, a total of 57 24 hour experiments was performed on 5 calves. The animals were fed a vitamin A-free diet and showed the common signs of vitamin A deficiency. During each experiment blood samples were taken hourly and the plasma iodoprotein content of each sample was determined. Each set of 24 values was subjected to Fourier analysis in an attempt to elucidate 24 hour, sinusoidal rhythms in iodoprotein concentration. A rhythm was deemed to be present where the chance of random sampling producing the observed pattern of concentration was less than or equal to 0.05. 25 such rhythms were detected. As the probability of random sampling giving rise to 25 rhythms in 57 tests is extremely small, circadian rhythms are assumed to exist in vitamin A-deficient, as in normal, calves. Rhythms, the characteristics of which are described here, were observed under natural conditions of day and night, and with controlled light and darkness. It is suggested that the occurrence of the rhythms, in relation to the environmental patterns of light and darkness, is better related to other aspects of brain activity than to those concerned with vision.", "PMID": 563385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5526", "title": "Final results of Coffey's ureterosigmoidostomy in noncarcinomatous diseases.", "content": "The present report on 67 patients, in whom a ureterosigmoidostomy was performed on the ground of a benign indication, is to take a critical attitude towards ureterosigmoidostomy. In about 60 per cent of the cases satisfactory or good results can be achieved. Final comparisons with other methods of derivation cannot be made, since a sufficiently great number of late results is not yet available. In our opinion, it is doubtful if there will ever be an alternative. The operator's judgment and experience will always play an important role. Certainly the results can be improved by a lifelong close observation of the patients.", "contents": "Final results of Coffey's ureterosigmoidostomy in noncarcinomatous diseases. The present report on 67 patients, in whom a ureterosigmoidostomy was performed on the ground of a benign indication, is to take a critical attitude towards ureterosigmoidostomy. In about 60 per cent of the cases satisfactory or good results can be achieved. Final comparisons with other methods of derivation cannot be made, since a sufficiently great number of late results is not yet available. In our opinion, it is doubtful if there will ever be an alternative. The operator's judgment and experience will always play an important role. Certainly the results can be improved by a lifelong close observation of the patients.", "PMID": 563386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5527", "title": "The influence of urethral position on urinary continence.", "content": "Bladder and urethral pressure responses to increasing intraabdominal pressure were studied in anesthetized cats. The results indicate that urethral responses are entirely passive and dependent on the intraabdominal position of the urethra. Urethral resistence to urine flow was not influenced by curare administration or complete sacral rhizotomy but was markedly decreased by phentolamine administration or the application of pressure directly to the bladder.", "contents": "The influence of urethral position on urinary continence. Bladder and urethral pressure responses to increasing intraabdominal pressure were studied in anesthetized cats. The results indicate that urethral responses are entirely passive and dependent on the intraabdominal position of the urethra. Urethral resistence to urine flow was not influenced by curare administration or complete sacral rhizotomy but was markedly decreased by phentolamine administration or the application of pressure directly to the bladder.", "PMID": 563387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5528", "title": "The strobilurins--new antifungal antibiotics from the basidiomycete Strobilurus tenacellus.", "content": "The strobilurins are two antifungal antibiotics which were isolated from the mycelium of Strobilurus tenacellus strain No. 21602. The strobilurins A and B are highly active against yeasts and filamentous fungi. In vitro antitumor activity was tested using cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma. The strobilurins strongly inhibited the incorporation of radioactive leucine, uridine, and thymidine into the acid-insoluble fraction of cells (protein, RNA, and DNA). The molecular formulas as determined by high resolution mass spectrometry are C16H18O3 for strobilurin A and C17H19C1O4 for strobilurin B.", "contents": "The strobilurins--new antifungal antibiotics from the basidiomycete Strobilurus tenacellus. The strobilurins are two antifungal antibiotics which were isolated from the mycelium of Strobilurus tenacellus strain No. 21602. The strobilurins A and B are highly active against yeasts and filamentous fungi. In vitro antitumor activity was tested using cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma. The strobilurins strongly inhibited the incorporation of radioactive leucine, uridine, and thymidine into the acid-insoluble fraction of cells (protein, RNA, and DNA). The molecular formulas as determined by high resolution mass spectrometry are C16H18O3 for strobilurin A and C17H19C1O4 for strobilurin B.", "PMID": 563391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5529", "title": "Preparation of 6-epi-ampicillin and of 6-epi-alpha-hydroxybenzylpenicillin.", "content": "The preparation of 6-epi-ampicillin by hydrolysis of 6-epihetacillin is described. During this conversion, the formation of a diketopiperazine was also observed. The best yield was obtained at pH 7.0 and room temperature for 3 approximately 7 hours. The lowest yield of 6-epi-ampicillin and the highest formation of the diketopiperazine occurred in pyridine - acetic acid - water. Treatment of ampicillin (with D-aminophenylacetyl side chain) with nitrous acid gave alpha-hydroxybenzylpenicillin with about 66% of L- and 34% mandelyl side chain. Reaction 6-epi-ampicillin gave 6-epi-alpha-hydroxybenzylpenicillin with practically the same ratio of L- and D-isomers.", "contents": "Preparation of 6-epi-ampicillin and of 6-epi-alpha-hydroxybenzylpenicillin. The preparation of 6-epi-ampicillin by hydrolysis of 6-epihetacillin is described. During this conversion, the formation of a diketopiperazine was also observed. The best yield was obtained at pH 7.0 and room temperature for 3 approximately 7 hours. The lowest yield of 6-epi-ampicillin and the highest formation of the diketopiperazine occurred in pyridine - acetic acid - water. Treatment of ampicillin (with D-aminophenylacetyl side chain) with nitrous acid gave alpha-hydroxybenzylpenicillin with about 66% of L- and 34% mandelyl side chain. Reaction 6-epi-ampicillin gave 6-epi-alpha-hydroxybenzylpenicillin with practically the same ratio of L- and D-isomers.", "PMID": 563392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5530", "title": "Purification and preliminary characterization of an aggregation-sensitive chemoattractant of Dictyostelium minutum.", "content": "Aggregative amoebae of Dictyostelium minutum are not attracted by cyclic AMP; they are sensitive to various attracting sources from which yeast extract was chosen to purify the chemoattractant. A small acrasin-like species-specific molecule which contains glycine and C5H5N5 has been purified 30,000-fold. Several characteristics of this chemotactic molecule, which is inactivated by an enzyme that is not species specific, are described.", "contents": "Purification and preliminary characterization of an aggregation-sensitive chemoattractant of Dictyostelium minutum. Aggregative amoebae of Dictyostelium minutum are not attracted by cyclic AMP; they are sensitive to various attracting sources from which yeast extract was chosen to purify the chemoattractant. A small acrasin-like species-specific molecule which contains glycine and C5H5N5 has been purified 30,000-fold. Several characteristics of this chemotactic molecule, which is inactivated by an enzyme that is not species specific, are described.", "PMID": 563394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5531", "title": "Chemical structure of the active site of pig heart mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase labeled with beta-chloro-l-alanine.", "content": "Formate-induced inactivation of pig heart mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase by beta-chloro-L-alanine resulted in the modification of the epsilon-amino group of the lysyl residue which is involved in the formation of an aldimine bond with 4-formyl group of the coenzyme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The tryptic peptide isolated from the labeled site of the enzyme was composed of 25 residues and exhibited positive circular dichroism at 325 and 254 nm where the pyridoxyl chromophore of the labeled site peptide absorbs, while the phosphopyridoxyl peptide isolated from the boro-hydride-reduced enzyme did not show any ellipticity in this spectral region. Its comparison with the analogous tryptic peptide from the labeled site of the cytosolic isoenzyme revealed a high degree of homology in their primary structures as well as in spectral properties. Structural analysis of the labeled site peptide and mechanistic consideration of the labeling process indicated that with both isoenzymes the phosphopyridoxyl group is covalently bound to the alpha amino group of the alanyl moiety derived from beta-chloro-L-alanine, the beta carbon of which is covalently linked to the epsilon-amino group of the lysyl residue.", "contents": "Chemical structure of the active site of pig heart mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase labeled with beta-chloro-l-alanine. Formate-induced inactivation of pig heart mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase by beta-chloro-L-alanine resulted in the modification of the epsilon-amino group of the lysyl residue which is involved in the formation of an aldimine bond with 4-formyl group of the coenzyme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The tryptic peptide isolated from the labeled site of the enzyme was composed of 25 residues and exhibited positive circular dichroism at 325 and 254 nm where the pyridoxyl chromophore of the labeled site peptide absorbs, while the phosphopyridoxyl peptide isolated from the boro-hydride-reduced enzyme did not show any ellipticity in this spectral region. Its comparison with the analogous tryptic peptide from the labeled site of the cytosolic isoenzyme revealed a high degree of homology in their primary structures as well as in spectral properties. Structural analysis of the labeled site peptide and mechanistic consideration of the labeling process indicated that with both isoenzymes the phosphopyridoxyl group is covalently bound to the alpha amino group of the alanyl moiety derived from beta-chloro-L-alanine, the beta carbon of which is covalently linked to the epsilon-amino group of the lysyl residue.", "PMID": 563396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5532", "title": "Defective glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of an aggregation minus mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum uith abnormal cellular interactions.", "content": "Experiments involving the co-incubation of wild type (A3) cells of Dictyostelium discoideum and a spontaneous aggregation-minus mutant (HW 2) suggested that the mutant was defective in cellular interactions. The inhibition of A3 development by HW 2 cells and the differentiation of a small fraction of HW 2 cells which is allowed by A3 cells, both depend on cell contact. Therefore, we compared cell surface molecules in vegetative A3 and HW 2 cells by a variety of techniques to determine whether defects in HW 2 could be found prior to the inhibition of development in vegetative amoebae. Antigenic defects, or differences in binding of concanavalin A, or both, were localized to three plasma membrane macromolecules using glutaraldehyde-fixed sodium dodecyl sulfate gels of plasma membranes. Two periodic acid-Schiff-positive glycoproteins, and one glycolipid also differed in HW 2. Three glycoproteins had an increased sensitivity to pronase in isolated plasma membranes suggesting an alteration in their topography. Glycoprotein E, the major glycoprotein of vegetative plasma membranes is abnormal in topography, altered as a concanavalin A receptor, and is antigenically abnormal.", "contents": "Defective glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of an aggregation minus mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum uith abnormal cellular interactions. Experiments involving the co-incubation of wild type (A3) cells of Dictyostelium discoideum and a spontaneous aggregation-minus mutant (HW 2) suggested that the mutant was defective in cellular interactions. The inhibition of A3 development by HW 2 cells and the differentiation of a small fraction of HW 2 cells which is allowed by A3 cells, both depend on cell contact. Therefore, we compared cell surface molecules in vegetative A3 and HW 2 cells by a variety of techniques to determine whether defects in HW 2 could be found prior to the inhibition of development in vegetative amoebae. Antigenic defects, or differences in binding of concanavalin A, or both, were localized to three plasma membrane macromolecules using glutaraldehyde-fixed sodium dodecyl sulfate gels of plasma membranes. Two periodic acid-Schiff-positive glycoproteins, and one glycolipid also differed in HW 2. Three glycoproteins had an increased sensitivity to pronase in isolated plasma membranes suggesting an alteration in their topography. Glycoprotein E, the major glycoprotein of vegetative plasma membranes is abnormal in topography, altered as a concanavalin A receptor, and is antigenically abnormal.", "PMID": 563397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5533", "title": "Purification of interferon from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Interferon production was induced in mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by infection with Newcastle disease virus. The interferon produced was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex, treatment with blue dextran and polyethylene glycol, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-60 and Bio-Gel P-200, chromatography on phosphocellulose, isoelectric focusing, and chromatography on octyl-Sepharose. The specific activity of the product was 1.6 x 10(9) NIH mouse interferon reference standard units/mg of protein. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the apparent molecular weight of the interferon-active material ranged from 25,000 to 35,000. As revealed by staining the gels with Coomassie brilliant blue, the interferon activity co-migrated with the major, broad protein band. Minor, stainable bands of proteins were free of interferon activity and their apparent molecular weight was smaller than 12,000.", "contents": "Purification of interferon from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Interferon production was induced in mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by infection with Newcastle disease virus. The interferon produced was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex, treatment with blue dextran and polyethylene glycol, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-60 and Bio-Gel P-200, chromatography on phosphocellulose, isoelectric focusing, and chromatography on octyl-Sepharose. The specific activity of the product was 1.6 x 10(9) NIH mouse interferon reference standard units/mg of protein. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the apparent molecular weight of the interferon-active material ranged from 25,000 to 35,000. As revealed by staining the gels with Coomassie brilliant blue, the interferon activity co-migrated with the major, broad protein band. Minor, stainable bands of proteins were free of interferon activity and their apparent molecular weight was smaller than 12,000.", "PMID": 563400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5534", "title": "Newly synthesized acetylcholine receptors are located in the Golgi apparatus.", "content": "Chick skeletal muscle cells in tissue culture were fixed and treated with saponin to allow [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin access into the cells while preserving ultrastructure. The kinetics of binding of iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin to intracellular acetylcholine (ACh) receptors and to surface A Ch receptors were comparable. About half of the intracellular ACh receptors are newly synthesized and in the pathway leading to incorporation into the plasma membrane. Correlated electron microscope autoradiographic and kinetic studies of this receptor population suggest that a substantial fraction of the newly synthesized ACh receptors are located in the Golgi apparatus, where they reside for approx. 2 h.", "contents": "Newly synthesized acetylcholine receptors are located in the Golgi apparatus. Chick skeletal muscle cells in tissue culture were fixed and treated with saponin to allow [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin access into the cells while preserving ultrastructure. The kinetics of binding of iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin to intracellular acetylcholine (ACh) receptors and to surface A Ch receptors were comparable. About half of the intracellular ACh receptors are newly synthesized and in the pathway leading to incorporation into the plasma membrane. Correlated electron microscope autoradiographic and kinetic studies of this receptor population suggest that a substantial fraction of the newly synthesized ACh receptors are located in the Golgi apparatus, where they reside for approx. 2 h.", "PMID": 563402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5535", "title": "Sythesis of tropomyosin in cultures of differentiating muscle cells.", "content": "The accumulation of tropomyosin in cultures of differentiating muscle cells was quantitatively measured. Tropomyosin was isolated from cultured cells during and after myoblast fusion; both alpha- and beta-subunits were present in myotube cultures. During fusion small amounts of tropomyosin were detectable, but, as fusion approached a maximum, tropomyosin accumulation began to increase. The increased synthesis of tropomyosin after the initiation of muscle cell fusion is consistent with the increased synthesis of other proteins characteristic of muscle, including myosin.", "contents": "Sythesis of tropomyosin in cultures of differentiating muscle cells. The accumulation of tropomyosin in cultures of differentiating muscle cells was quantitatively measured. Tropomyosin was isolated from cultured cells during and after myoblast fusion; both alpha- and beta-subunits were present in myotube cultures. During fusion small amounts of tropomyosin were detectable, but, as fusion approached a maximum, tropomyosin accumulation began to increase. The increased synthesis of tropomyosin after the initiation of muscle cell fusion is consistent with the increased synthesis of other proteins characteristic of muscle, including myosin.", "PMID": 563403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5536", "title": "The mechanism of killing of mouse fibroblasts by the amino acid analogue 5-fluorotryptophan.", "content": "The mechanism of killing of A9 fibroblasts by 5-fluorotryptophan has been studied. L-tryptophan competitively relieves the growth inhibition caused by 5FT. After incubation with 5FT, 3H-5FT was incorporated into protein, replacing tryptophan residues. During the initial hours of incubation with 5FT, a specific inhibition was observed of the incorporation of L-tryptophan into protein; later this inhibition was followed by a general inhibition of protein synthesis and cell division. However, nuclear division continued after cell division had ceased. While 5FT was observed to be incorporated into protein after a 1 hour period in MEM + 0.40 mM 5FT in A9, no 3H-5FT was incorporated into protein in a mutant isolated by its resistance to killingy by 5FT. These results support the hypothesis that cell death occurs due to malfunctioning proteins which contain 5FT residues.", "contents": "The mechanism of killing of mouse fibroblasts by the amino acid analogue 5-fluorotryptophan. The mechanism of killing of A9 fibroblasts by 5-fluorotryptophan has been studied. L-tryptophan competitively relieves the growth inhibition caused by 5FT. After incubation with 5FT, 3H-5FT was incorporated into protein, replacing tryptophan residues. During the initial hours of incubation with 5FT, a specific inhibition was observed of the incorporation of L-tryptophan into protein; later this inhibition was followed by a general inhibition of protein synthesis and cell division. However, nuclear division continued after cell division had ceased. While 5FT was observed to be incorporated into protein after a 1 hour period in MEM + 0.40 mM 5FT in A9, no 3H-5FT was incorporated into protein in a mutant isolated by its resistance to killingy by 5FT. These results support the hypothesis that cell death occurs due to malfunctioning proteins which contain 5FT residues.", "PMID": 563404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5537", "title": "Expression of nervous system antigen-3 by lines of mouse fibroblasts and kidney cells and continued expression in hybrid cells.", "content": "In a survey of the expression on cultured mouse cells of the cell surface antigen known as nervous system antigen-3 (NS-3), it was found that RAG, a renal adenocarcinoma line, expressed that antigen. It was also observed that 3T3, a fibroblast line of unknown tissue origin, expressed NS-3. Cells of these two lines were hybridized with cells of two mouse L cell lines that did not express NS-3. Four hybrid clones were tested for both the 3T3 X L cell cross and the RAG X L cell cross, and all the hybrids were found to be NS-3 positive. All the hybrids had at least 40% as much activity as the NS-3 positive parent. Of the four parental mouse cell lines used, only 3T3 expressed Thy-1.2 antigen on the cell surface. In contrast to the continued expression of NS-3 on hybrid cells, Thy-1.2 antigen was not detectable on two clones of 3T3 X L cell hybrids that were tested.", "contents": "Expression of nervous system antigen-3 by lines of mouse fibroblasts and kidney cells and continued expression in hybrid cells. In a survey of the expression on cultured mouse cells of the cell surface antigen known as nervous system antigen-3 (NS-3), it was found that RAG, a renal adenocarcinoma line, expressed that antigen. It was also observed that 3T3, a fibroblast line of unknown tissue origin, expressed NS-3. Cells of these two lines were hybridized with cells of two mouse L cell lines that did not express NS-3. Four hybrid clones were tested for both the 3T3 X L cell cross and the RAG X L cell cross, and all the hybrids were found to be NS-3 positive. All the hybrids had at least 40% as much activity as the NS-3 positive parent. Of the four parental mouse cell lines used, only 3T3 expressed Thy-1.2 antigen on the cell surface. In contrast to the continued expression of NS-3 on hybrid cells, Thy-1.2 antigen was not detectable on two clones of 3T3 X L cell hybrids that were tested.", "PMID": 563405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5538", "title": "The regulation by fibroblast growth factor of early transport changes in quiescent 3T3 cells.", "content": "This study involves the use of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as a substitute for exogenous serum to examine the early transport changes which occur when quiescent 3T3 cells re-initiate active growth. FGF, in nanogram amounts, together with insulin and dexamethasone, can induce mitogenesis and mitosis in 3T3 cells GO-arrested by holding in growth medium containing 0.8% calf serum. In terms of quiescent cell transport activity enhancement, FGF is 300,000-fold more effective than fresh serum, on a protein basis. In addition, very short exposure of serum-depleted cells to FGF indicates that a distinct temporal or time sequence exists in the transport system activation process. For example, uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and uridine are stimulated very rapidly, whereas hypoxanthine uptake does not respond until much later. Closer analysis shows that AIB uptake is maximally enhanced within zero to two minutes after FGF addition to cells. Finally, the stimulatory effect of FGF on transport system activities is specific in terms of the proliferative state of the cells to which it is added, and in terms of the uptake systems which respond to it.", "contents": "The regulation by fibroblast growth factor of early transport changes in quiescent 3T3 cells. This study involves the use of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as a substitute for exogenous serum to examine the early transport changes which occur when quiescent 3T3 cells re-initiate active growth. FGF, in nanogram amounts, together with insulin and dexamethasone, can induce mitogenesis and mitosis in 3T3 cells GO-arrested by holding in growth medium containing 0.8% calf serum. In terms of quiescent cell transport activity enhancement, FGF is 300,000-fold more effective than fresh serum, on a protein basis. In addition, very short exposure of serum-depleted cells to FGF indicates that a distinct temporal or time sequence exists in the transport system activation process. For example, uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and uridine are stimulated very rapidly, whereas hypoxanthine uptake does not respond until much later. Closer analysis shows that AIB uptake is maximally enhanced within zero to two minutes after FGF addition to cells. Finally, the stimulatory effect of FGF on transport system activities is specific in terms of the proliferative state of the cells to which it is added, and in terms of the uptake systems which respond to it.", "PMID": 563406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5539", "title": "Reversible inhibition of the hydrocortisone induction of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase by cytochalasin B in rat glial C6 cells.", "content": "The hydrocortisone (HC) induction of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH; EC 1.1.1.8) in rat glial C6 cells was inhibited reversibly and in a dose-dependent manner by cytochalasin B (CB). CB had no effect on basal level GPDH, total cellular RNA, DNA or protein content nor did it act as a general inhibitor of the rate of protein synthesis. CB did not appear to be acting via dissociation of microtubules since colcemid had no effect on the induction process. The addition of an alternate energy source (sodium pyruvate) did not relieve the CB inhibition of GPDH induction suggesting that CB is not exerting its effect by blocking glucose utilization. The inhibition by CB is not dependent on the temporal sequence of the induction process since it specifically inhibited GPDH induction at any time it was added. CB did not alter the rate of degradation of GPDH in these cells and direct measurements of the specific rate of synthesis of GPDH demonstrated that CB decreased the induced rate of GPDH synthesis by about 60%. The site of inhibition was more precisely defined  by experiments which demonstrated a 60% decrease in specific nuclear binding of 3H-HC even though total cellular uptake of 3H-HC was unaffected. This effect on nuclear binding of HC is sufficient to account for the decreased accumulation of GPDH activity in CB-treated cells.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of the hydrocortisone induction of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase by cytochalasin B in rat glial C6 cells. The hydrocortisone (HC) induction of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH; EC 1.1.1.8) in rat glial C6 cells was inhibited reversibly and in a dose-dependent manner by cytochalasin B (CB). CB had no effect on basal level GPDH, total cellular RNA, DNA or protein content nor did it act as a general inhibitor of the rate of protein synthesis. CB did not appear to be acting via dissociation of microtubules since colcemid had no effect on the induction process. The addition of an alternate energy source (sodium pyruvate) did not relieve the CB inhibition of GPDH induction suggesting that CB is not exerting its effect by blocking glucose utilization. The inhibition by CB is not dependent on the temporal sequence of the induction process since it specifically inhibited GPDH induction at any time it was added. CB did not alter the rate of degradation of GPDH in these cells and direct measurements of the specific rate of synthesis of GPDH demonstrated that CB decreased the induced rate of GPDH synthesis by about 60%. The site of inhibition was more precisely defined  by experiments which demonstrated a 60% decrease in specific nuclear binding of 3H-HC even though total cellular uptake of 3H-HC was unaffected. This effect on nuclear binding of HC is sufficient to account for the decreased accumulation of GPDH activity in CB-treated cells.", "PMID": 563407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5540", "title": "Assessment of incompetence in canine aortic and pulmonary valve grafts and comparison of some methods of valve preservation.", "content": "A new method has been devised to assess the competence of the canine aortic valves, before implantation. This method would provide a better selection of aortic valves before their insertion and may reduce the incidence of postoperative incompetency. Comparison of canine pulmonary and aortic valve function, at various pressures, revealed that the pulmonary valves were regurgitant at higher pressures, in comparison to aortic valves. Formalin preserved valves were found to be significantly regurgitant.", "contents": "Assessment of incompetence in canine aortic and pulmonary valve grafts and comparison of some methods of valve preservation. A new method has been devised to assess the competence of the canine aortic valves, before implantation. This method would provide a better selection of aortic valves before their insertion and may reduce the incidence of postoperative incompetency. Comparison of canine pulmonary and aortic valve function, at various pressures, revealed that the pulmonary valves were regurgitant at higher pressures, in comparison to aortic valves. Formalin preserved valves were found to be significantly regurgitant.", "PMID": 563401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5541", "title": "Polyamine metabolism in enucleated mouse L-cells.", "content": "The distribution of polyamines between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and the role of the nucleus in polyamine metabolism, have been studied using cells enucleated with cytochalasin B. Spermidine and spermine were found in the nuclear and the cytoplasmic fractions of L929 cells; their concentration was 3-fold higher in the former fraction. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was only found in the cytoplasm, and this activity could be stimulated in enucleated cells by the addition of fresh medium. These cells synthesized putrescine actively, but the putrescine made was not converted to spermidine, and accumulated to relatively high concentrations. Similarly, methionine did not act as a precursor to spermidine in enucleated cells, in contrast to whole cells, although it was incorporated into cell protein. Spermidine synthesis, unlike putrescine synthesis, appears to be completely dependent on a nuclear component.", "contents": "Polyamine metabolism in enucleated mouse L-cells. The distribution of polyamines between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and the role of the nucleus in polyamine metabolism, have been studied using cells enucleated with cytochalasin B. Spermidine and spermine were found in the nuclear and the cytoplasmic fractions of L929 cells; their concentration was 3-fold higher in the former fraction. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was only found in the cytoplasm, and this activity could be stimulated in enucleated cells by the addition of fresh medium. These cells synthesized putrescine actively, but the putrescine made was not converted to spermidine, and accumulated to relatively high concentrations. Similarly, methionine did not act as a precursor to spermidine in enucleated cells, in contrast to whole cells, although it was incorporated into cell protein. Spermidine synthesis, unlike putrescine synthesis, appears to be completely dependent on a nuclear component.", "PMID": 563408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5542", "title": "On the mechanism of the Crabtree effect in mouse ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The addition of glucose to ELD and ELT/B1 mouse ascites tumor cell suspensions caused a 2.3-fold increase in the phosphorylation state ratio, (ATP)/(ADP) (Pi), because of a decrease in the intracellular Pi concentration. The addition of glucose to these cell suspensions has been reported by Chance and Hess ('59) to cause an increase in the study state reduction of cytochrome b and an increase in the steady state oxidation of cytochrome c. On a quantitative basis these two independent measurements suggest that a near equilibrium exists between the oxidation-reduction state of the mitochondrial electron carriers and the reactions of ATP synthesis (as expressed by the phosphorylation state ratio) both before and after glucose addition. We conclude that the mechanism of the inhibition of respiration by glycolysis (the Crabtree effect) is a decrease in the rate of electron transport caused by the mass action effect of the elevated phosphorylation state ratio.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the Crabtree effect in mouse ascites tumor cells. The addition of glucose to ELD and ELT/B1 mouse ascites tumor cell suspensions caused a 2.3-fold increase in the phosphorylation state ratio, (ATP)/(ADP) (Pi), because of a decrease in the intracellular Pi concentration. The addition of glucose to these cell suspensions has been reported by Chance and Hess ('59) to cause an increase in the study state reduction of cytochrome b and an increase in the steady state oxidation of cytochrome c. On a quantitative basis these two independent measurements suggest that a near equilibrium exists between the oxidation-reduction state of the mitochondrial electron carriers and the reactions of ATP synthesis (as expressed by the phosphorylation state ratio) both before and after glucose addition. We conclude that the mechanism of the inhibition of respiration by glycolysis (the Crabtree effect) is a decrease in the rate of electron transport caused by the mass action effect of the elevated phosphorylation state ratio.", "PMID": 563409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5543", "title": "Growth stimulating activity in bovine pituitary extract specific for a rat mammary carcinoma cell line.", "content": "We report the isolation of a bovine pituitary growth factor (MGF) for a rat mammary carcinoma cell line, 64-24, which was isolated from a highly hormone-dependent mammary tumor. The MGF has been partially purified by a series of Diaflo ultrafiltration membrane sievings, isoelectric focusing and Sephadex columns. The MGF has a molecular weight of approximately 1,000 to 2,000 daltons and has a U.V. absorption spectrum typical for a polypeptide. Its isoelectric point is approximately pH 3.8-4.0. The factor is heat stable. The growth stimulating activity of the MGF does not stimulate other rat cell lines (22-1, RMG or HTC lines) but is specific for the 64-24 mammary tumor cell line. The MGF is not among previously reported pituitary hormones or growth factors.", "contents": "Growth stimulating activity in bovine pituitary extract specific for a rat mammary carcinoma cell line. We report the isolation of a bovine pituitary growth factor (MGF) for a rat mammary carcinoma cell line, 64-24, which was isolated from a highly hormone-dependent mammary tumor. The MGF has been partially purified by a series of Diaflo ultrafiltration membrane sievings, isoelectric focusing and Sephadex columns. The MGF has a molecular weight of approximately 1,000 to 2,000 daltons and has a U.V. absorption spectrum typical for a polypeptide. Its isoelectric point is approximately pH 3.8-4.0. The factor is heat stable. The growth stimulating activity of the MGF does not stimulate other rat cell lines (22-1, RMG or HTC lines) but is specific for the 64-24 mammary tumor cell line. The MGF is not among previously reported pituitary hormones or growth factors.", "PMID": 563410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5544", "title": "ATP, trehalose, glucose and ammonium ion localization in the two cell types of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Ultra-microfluorometric techniques were adapted to follow several compounds related to energy metabolism through the developmental cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum. Each compound (ATP, trehalose, glucose, and ammonium ion) was found to be present in stalk and/or spore cells. The accumulation of NH4+ was interpreted as an indication of protein degradation, a source of energy in this organism. During the early stages of differentiation NH4+ was localized only in prestalk cells. However, it accumulated in spore cells during culmination such that levels were comparable in the two cell types by the end of development. Trehalose, an energy source for germinating spores, was found in both cell types but was preferentially degraded in stalk cells late in development. Glucose, the degradation product of trehalose, was localized in prestalk cells and varied inversely with trehalose levels. ATP was not localized in a specific cell type during development. However, ATP declined in stalk cells at an earlier stage of development.", "contents": "ATP, trehalose, glucose and ammonium ion localization in the two cell types of Dictyostelium discoideum. Ultra-microfluorometric techniques were adapted to follow several compounds related to energy metabolism through the developmental cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum. Each compound (ATP, trehalose, glucose, and ammonium ion) was found to be present in stalk and/or spore cells. The accumulation of NH4+ was interpreted as an indication of protein degradation, a source of energy in this organism. During the early stages of differentiation NH4+ was localized only in prestalk cells. However, it accumulated in spore cells during culmination such that levels were comparable in the two cell types by the end of development. Trehalose, an energy source for germinating spores, was found in both cell types but was preferentially degraded in stalk cells late in development. Glucose, the degradation product of trehalose, was localized in prestalk cells and varied inversely with trehalose levels. ATP was not localized in a specific cell type during development. However, ATP declined in stalk cells at an earlier stage of development.", "PMID": 563411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5545", "title": "Continuous DNA replication in the nucleus of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans (Ehrenberg).", "content": "The uptake of tritiated thymine into cells of a heterogeneous population of Prorocentrum micans was investigated using light-microscope and electron-microscope autoradiography. Specificity of thymine uptake into DNA was demonstrated by the specific removal of label from wax-embedded material using DNase and by the high degree of localization of nuclear label to chromosomes in the electron-microscope autoradiographs. All nuclei, including both dividing and non-dividing cells, showed a substantial uptake of label, indicating that nuclear DNA synthesis in Prorocentrum micans is a continuous process. The level of DNA synthesis does show considerable variation, however, with very high levels in some interphase nuclei. The continuous replication of nuclear DNA provides further evidence of dinoflagellate affinity to the prokaryotes, and indicates that Prorocentrum micans is a very primitive eukaryote cell.", "contents": "Continuous DNA replication in the nucleus of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans (Ehrenberg). The uptake of tritiated thymine into cells of a heterogeneous population of Prorocentrum micans was investigated using light-microscope and electron-microscope autoradiography. Specificity of thymine uptake into DNA was demonstrated by the specific removal of label from wax-embedded material using DNase and by the high degree of localization of nuclear label to chromosomes in the electron-microscope autoradiographs. All nuclei, including both dividing and non-dividing cells, showed a substantial uptake of label, indicating that nuclear DNA synthesis in Prorocentrum micans is a continuous process. The level of DNA synthesis does show considerable variation, however, with very high levels in some interphase nuclei. The continuous replication of nuclear DNA provides further evidence of dinoflagellate affinity to the prokaryotes, and indicates that Prorocentrum micans is a very primitive eukaryote cell.", "PMID": 563412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5546", "title": "Feulgen microdensitometry and analysis of S-phase cells in cervical tumour biopsies.", "content": "Tissue specimens from the cervical tumours of 70 patients undergoing radiotherapy were examined by Feulgen microdensitometry. Twenty-five of the 70 specimens were also subjected to in-vitro tritiated thymidine autoradiography to determine the proportion of DNA synthesising cells they contained. A spectrum of frequency distributions of nuclear DNA content was obtained from Feulgen microdensitometry, but by inspecting the data the basic DNA content of malignant cells could be established in most cases. Fifty-nine per cent of the tumours were 'diploid', 10% 'tetraploid', 13% 'diploid to tetraploid', and the remaining 18% 'aneuploid'. Grafical analysis of DNA frequencies from 48 'diploid' or 'tetraploid' tumours enabled the proportion of DNA synthesising (S) cells to be estimated by frequency distribution analysis. Estimates of the S component ranged from nil to 30%, were log normally distributed, and comparable to direct measurements of cells in S determined by autoradiography for 25 cases (range 1.2-28.7%). For all paired data the mean difference was 1.2 +/- 1.45% (confidence limits), suggesting that overall Feulgen microdensitometry analysis may be an equally valid technique in providing cellular kinetic information with human tumour material.", "contents": "Feulgen microdensitometry and analysis of S-phase cells in cervical tumour biopsies. Tissue specimens from the cervical tumours of 70 patients undergoing radiotherapy were examined by Feulgen microdensitometry. Twenty-five of the 70 specimens were also subjected to in-vitro tritiated thymidine autoradiography to determine the proportion of DNA synthesising cells they contained. A spectrum of frequency distributions of nuclear DNA content was obtained from Feulgen microdensitometry, but by inspecting the data the basic DNA content of malignant cells could be established in most cases. Fifty-nine per cent of the tumours were 'diploid', 10% 'tetraploid', 13% 'diploid to tetraploid', and the remaining 18% 'aneuploid'. Grafical analysis of DNA frequencies from 48 'diploid' or 'tetraploid' tumours enabled the proportion of DNA synthesising (S) cells to be estimated by frequency distribution analysis. Estimates of the S component ranged from nil to 30%, were log normally distributed, and comparable to direct measurements of cells in S determined by autoradiography for 25 cases (range 1.2-28.7%). For all paired data the mean difference was 1.2 +/- 1.45% (confidence limits), suggesting that overall Feulgen microdensitometry analysis may be an equally valid technique in providing cellular kinetic information with human tumour material.", "PMID": 563415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5547", "title": "Ultrastructure of dyskeratosis in morbus Darier.", "content": "Biospy specimens from three patients with morbus Darier were studied by electron microscopy: Grains appeared in groups in the midst of dyskeratotic lesions and were recognized as being the result of more advanced acantholysis and precocious keratinization. Corps ronds were formed individually in the regions lateral to that of grains, where hypergranulosis was prominent in contrast to a mild dyskeratosis. Therefore, the formation of grains and corps ronds seem to be independent of each other. While in the literature acantholysis has mainly been ascribed to the separat;on of desmosones into two segments, another initial process seems to be the primary disappearance of the attachment plaque along with the connecting tonofilaments. From the existence of the other contact complexes, it seems likely that a restoration of desmosomes between acantholytic cells should take place. In early stages of dyskeratotic cells, keratinosomes were increased in number and some of them persisted inside the plasma membrane without a release into the intercellular spaces, and thus they were present in grains and corps ronds. The dyskeratosis in morbus Darier is characterized by a premature, incomplete and individual keratinization as evidenced by the existence of keratohyalin granules and keratinosomes as early as at the level of the 3rd epidermal layer and the absence of a keratin pattern in the dyskeratotic horny cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of dyskeratosis in morbus Darier. Biospy specimens from three patients with morbus Darier were studied by electron microscopy: Grains appeared in groups in the midst of dyskeratotic lesions and were recognized as being the result of more advanced acantholysis and precocious keratinization. Corps ronds were formed individually in the regions lateral to that of grains, where hypergranulosis was prominent in contrast to a mild dyskeratosis. Therefore, the formation of grains and corps ronds seem to be independent of each other. While in the literature acantholysis has mainly been ascribed to the separat;on of desmosones into two segments, another initial process seems to be the primary disappearance of the attachment plaque along with the connecting tonofilaments. From the existence of the other contact complexes, it seems likely that a restoration of desmosomes between acantholytic cells should take place. In early stages of dyskeratotic cells, keratinosomes were increased in number and some of them persisted inside the plasma membrane without a release into the intercellular spaces, and thus they were present in grains and corps ronds. The dyskeratosis in morbus Darier is characterized by a premature, incomplete and individual keratinization as evidenced by the existence of keratohyalin granules and keratinosomes as early as at the level of the 3rd epidermal layer and the absence of a keratin pattern in the dyskeratotic horny cells.", "PMID": 563418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5548", "title": "Demonstration of antibodies to soluble nuclear antigens by complement fixation test. An application of microtiter technique.", "content": "The complement fixation test utilizing the microtiter system was applied to study sera from patients with a variety of connective tissue diseases for the presence of antibodies to soluble nuclear antigens. A good correlation was found between microtiter complement fixation and hemagglutination for anti-RNP and anti-Sm antibodies. Anti-Ha antibodies were detected by complement fixation but not by hemagglutination. Different enzyme digestions of the soluble nuclear antigen prior to assay and use of a quantitative microcomplement fixation test were found to improve the analysis of sera with multiple antibodies.", "contents": "Demonstration of antibodies to soluble nuclear antigens by complement fixation test. An application of microtiter technique. The complement fixation test utilizing the microtiter system was applied to study sera from patients with a variety of connective tissue diseases for the presence of antibodies to soluble nuclear antigens. A good correlation was found between microtiter complement fixation and hemagglutination for anti-RNP and anti-Sm antibodies. Anti-Ha antibodies were detected by complement fixation but not by hemagglutination. Different enzyme digestions of the soluble nuclear antigen prior to assay and use of a quantitative microcomplement fixation test were found to improve the analysis of sera with multiple antibodies.", "PMID": 563419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5549", "title": "Effect of oestradiol infusion on plasma gonadotrophins and ovarian activity in progesterone-primed and unprimed anoestrous ewes.", "content": "Plasma gonadotrophin and ovarian responses to physiological infusions of oestradiol were examined in anoestrous ewes with and without progesterone priming. Intravenous infusion of oestradiol (1 microgram/h) for 24 h followed at 96 h by a second infusion for 12 h (low dose) resulted in simultaneous increases in LH and FSH of magnitude and duration similar to those of ewes at natural oestrus. Infusions of 3 microgram/h for 16 h, and again at 96 h for 4 h (high dose) resulted in similar gonadotrophin peaks. Endoscopy revealed that only two out of eight ewes had ovulated despite increased ovarian activity and surges of plasma gonadotrophins. Other anoestrous ewes were primed with 25 mg progesterone daily for 12.5 days before similar infusions of oestradiol on day 15. In the presence of very low plasma progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml) at the onset of infusion, there was no pituitary response to the infusion of a low dose of oestradiol but the gonadotrophins were released after the second high-dose infusion. Progesterone inhibited the positive feedback on both gonadotrophins but not the negative feedback on FSH. Ovulation occurred in all four ewes which had been progesterone-primed and infused with a high dose of oestradiol.", "contents": "Effect of oestradiol infusion on plasma gonadotrophins and ovarian activity in progesterone-primed and unprimed anoestrous ewes. Plasma gonadotrophin and ovarian responses to physiological infusions of oestradiol were examined in anoestrous ewes with and without progesterone priming. Intravenous infusion of oestradiol (1 microgram/h) for 24 h followed at 96 h by a second infusion for 12 h (low dose) resulted in simultaneous increases in LH and FSH of magnitude and duration similar to those of ewes at natural oestrus. Infusions of 3 microgram/h for 16 h, and again at 96 h for 4 h (high dose) resulted in similar gonadotrophin peaks. Endoscopy revealed that only two out of eight ewes had ovulated despite increased ovarian activity and surges of plasma gonadotrophins. Other anoestrous ewes were primed with 25 mg progesterone daily for 12.5 days before similar infusions of oestradiol on day 15. In the presence of very low plasma progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml) at the onset of infusion, there was no pituitary response to the infusion of a low dose of oestradiol but the gonadotrophins were released after the second high-dose infusion. Progesterone inhibited the positive feedback on both gonadotrophins but not the negative feedback on FSH. Ovulation occurred in all four ewes which had been progesterone-primed and infused with a high dose of oestradiol.", "PMID": 563421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5550", "title": "Protein synthesis in the early Drosophila embryo; analysis of the protein species synthesized.", "content": "The soluble proteins were extracted from Drosophila eggs which had been permeabilitzed and incubated in medium containing [35S]methionine. These proteins were analysed on immunoelectrophoresis plates and on SDS polyarcylamide gels both by staining for total protein and by autoradiography. The radioactive proteins must have been synthesized during the period of incubation with [35S]methionine. In the period covered by this study (O-3 h) there was much protein synthesis but no new proteins were synthesized which had not already been synthesized during oogenesis. We conclude that the considerable protein synthesis that occurs in early Drosophila development is translated from maternal mRNA which is activated both by egg deposition and fertilization. Translation of protein from either masked maternal mRNA, which had not been previously translated, or from mRNA transcribed from the zygote genome must occur after blastoderm formation.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in the early Drosophila embryo; analysis of the protein species synthesized. The soluble proteins were extracted from Drosophila eggs which had been permeabilitzed and incubated in medium containing [35S]methionine. These proteins were analysed on immunoelectrophoresis plates and on SDS polyarcylamide gels both by staining for total protein and by autoradiography. The radioactive proteins must have been synthesized during the period of incubation with [35S]methionine. In the period covered by this study (O-3 h) there was much protein synthesis but no new proteins were synthesized which had not already been synthesized during oogenesis. We conclude that the considerable protein synthesis that occurs in early Drosophila development is translated from maternal mRNA which is activated both by egg deposition and fertilization. Translation of protein from either masked maternal mRNA, which had not been previously translated, or from mRNA transcribed from the zygote genome must occur after blastoderm formation.", "PMID": 563429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5551", "title": "The culture of mouse blastocysts in the presence of uterine flushings collected during normal pregnancy, delayed implantation and pro-oestrus.", "content": "When day-3 mouse embryos were cultured in a simple medium supplemented with uterine fluids of mice autopsied on day 4 of pregnancy, 48 h after administration of oestradiol, or during pro-oestrus, the percentage of blastocysts hatching from the zona pellucida was significantly greater than in unsupplemented medium. In the presence of uterine fluids recovered during delayed implantation this stimulation of blastocyst hatching was not observed. When the culture medium was supplemented with dialysed uterine flushings containing 20 or 30 microgram protein/ml, both 'day 4' and 'delay' uterine proteins were equally effective in enhancing hatching frequency (P less than 0.05). The results suggested that 'delay' uterine fluids may contain a dialysable inhibitor of blastocyst activity. The putative inhibitor was not effective in the presence of serum, since uterine fluids recovered both on day 4 of pregnancy and during delayed implantation significantly increased the size attained by blastocyst outgrowths in the presence of foetal calf serum (P less than 0.01). The percentage of blastocysts exhibitng giant cell transformation and outgrowth was also increased (P less than 0.02) by these uterine fluids when the concentration of FCS in the medium was minimal (0.25%).", "contents": "The culture of mouse blastocysts in the presence of uterine flushings collected during normal pregnancy, delayed implantation and pro-oestrus. When day-3 mouse embryos were cultured in a simple medium supplemented with uterine fluids of mice autopsied on day 4 of pregnancy, 48 h after administration of oestradiol, or during pro-oestrus, the percentage of blastocysts hatching from the zona pellucida was significantly greater than in unsupplemented medium. In the presence of uterine fluids recovered during delayed implantation this stimulation of blastocyst hatching was not observed. When the culture medium was supplemented with dialysed uterine flushings containing 20 or 30 microgram protein/ml, both 'day 4' and 'delay' uterine proteins were equally effective in enhancing hatching frequency (P less than 0.05). The results suggested that 'delay' uterine fluids may contain a dialysable inhibitor of blastocyst activity. The putative inhibitor was not effective in the presence of serum, since uterine fluids recovered both on day 4 of pregnancy and during delayed implantation significantly increased the size attained by blastocyst outgrowths in the presence of foetal calf serum (P less than 0.01). The percentage of blastocysts exhibitng giant cell transformation and outgrowth was also increased (P less than 0.02) by these uterine fluids when the concentration of FCS in the medium was minimal (0.25%).", "PMID": 563430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5552", "title": "Report of a case of true hermaphroditism with karyotype 45,X/46,XX/46,X,mar/47,XX,mar.", "content": "The case of a 24-year-old man with hypoplastic external genitalia, lack of the right scrotal testis and gynaecomastia has been described. In the intermitotic cells the cytogenetic investigations revealed the presence of the X body and the absence of the Y body. A 45,X/46,XX/46,X,mar/47,XX,mar karyotype could be established. On laparotomy a rudimentary ovary, uterus and vagina were detected on the right side of the abdominal cavity.", "contents": "Report of a case of true hermaphroditism with karyotype 45,X/46,XX/46,X,mar/47,XX,mar. The case of a 24-year-old man with hypoplastic external genitalia, lack of the right scrotal testis and gynaecomastia has been described. In the intermitotic cells the cytogenetic investigations revealed the presence of the X body and the absence of the Y body. A 45,X/46,XX/46,X,mar/47,XX,mar karyotype could be established. On laparotomy a rudimentary ovary, uterus and vagina were detected on the right side of the abdominal cavity.", "PMID": 563432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5553", "title": "Serum vitamin A in premature and term neonates.", "content": "Serum vitamin A was determined in premature and term neonates by a specific spectrofluorometric method. Premature neonates (N = 42; gestational age = 32 +/- 0.4 weeks) had a serum vitamin A level (14.9 +/- 0.98 microgram/dl) significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than that of term neonates (N = 51; 22.4 +/- 0.99 microgram/dl). The vitamin A mean serum values of infants of 36 weeks' gestational age were not statistically different from those of the term neonates. Linear regression analysis for serum vitamin A values vs gestational age showed no significant correlation. A linear correlation (P less than 0.05), however, was found between serum vitamin A and serum protein protein concentrations, perhaps indicative of a lower concentration of retinol-binding protein. Since vitamin A is involved in the promotion of mucous-secreting cells, the premature neonate may be at greater risk than the term infant for diseases involving the mucosal epithelium, including necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "Serum vitamin A in premature and term neonates. Serum vitamin A was determined in premature and term neonates by a specific spectrofluorometric method. Premature neonates (N = 42; gestational age = 32 +/- 0.4 weeks) had a serum vitamin A level (14.9 +/- 0.98 microgram/dl) significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than that of term neonates (N = 51; 22.4 +/- 0.99 microgram/dl). The vitamin A mean serum values of infants of 36 weeks' gestational age were not statistically different from those of the term neonates. Linear regression analysis for serum vitamin A values vs gestational age showed no significant correlation. A linear correlation (P less than 0.05), however, was found between serum vitamin A and serum protein protein concentrations, perhaps indicative of a lower concentration of retinol-binding protein. Since vitamin A is involved in the promotion of mucous-secreting cells, the premature neonate may be at greater risk than the term infant for diseases involving the mucosal epithelium, including necrotizing enterocolitis.", "PMID": 563434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5554", "title": "When I was born: perceived parental reactions of adolescents.", "content": "A 32-item multiple choice test, When I Was Born, was designed to measure adolescents' perceptions of parental reactions at the time of their births. A total of 372 subjects, ages 11 through 20 years, were administered the test. The population included 140 physically normal subjects, 97 adolescents with acquired physical problems, and 135 subjects with congenital physical anomalies. Factor analyses of test data using 100 normal subjects as the criterion population identified four factors: Parental Emotion, Parental Apprehension, Parental Pride, and Parental Nurturance. On all four factors, normal subjects had the highest scores, and subjects with congenital anomalies had the lowest scores. The findings suggest that the test measures both adolescents' projected feelings about parental reactions at their birth and the current impact of a physical problem on the child.", "contents": "When I was born: perceived parental reactions of adolescents. A 32-item multiple choice test, When I Was Born, was designed to measure adolescents' perceptions of parental reactions at the time of their births. A total of 372 subjects, ages 11 through 20 years, were administered the test. The population included 140 physically normal subjects, 97 adolescents with acquired physical problems, and 135 subjects with congenital physical anomalies. Factor analyses of test data using 100 normal subjects as the criterion population identified four factors: Parental Emotion, Parental Apprehension, Parental Pride, and Parental Nurturance. On all four factors, normal subjects had the highest scores, and subjects with congenital anomalies had the lowest scores. The findings suggest that the test measures both adolescents' projected feelings about parental reactions at their birth and the current impact of a physical problem on the child.", "PMID": 563437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5555", "title": "New in vivo evidence for narcotic agonistic property of leucine-enkephalin.", "content": "Administration of leucine-enkephalin or morphine to mice rendered dependent on morphine by pellet implantation inhibited the naloxone-precipitated abstinence syndrome. The withdrawal jumping response was inhibited by morphine or leucine-enkephalin; however, both failed to inhibit withdrawal defecation and rearing behavior. On a molar basis, leucine-enkephalin was half as potent as morphine in inhibiting the abstinence syndrome. New in vivo pharmacological evidence for narcotic agonist-like activity of leucine-enkephalin is provided.", "contents": "New in vivo evidence for narcotic agonistic property of leucine-enkephalin. Administration of leucine-enkephalin or morphine to mice rendered dependent on morphine by pellet implantation inhibited the naloxone-precipitated abstinence syndrome. The withdrawal jumping response was inhibited by morphine or leucine-enkephalin; however, both failed to inhibit withdrawal defecation and rearing behavior. On a molar basis, leucine-enkephalin was half as potent as morphine in inhibiting the abstinence syndrome. New in vivo pharmacological evidence for narcotic agonist-like activity of leucine-enkephalin is provided.", "PMID": 563438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5556", "title": "Chemical constituents of gentianaceae XXIII: tetraoxygenated and pentaoxygenated xanthones and xanthone O-glucosides of Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham.", "content": "The whole plant extract of Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham., collected at different stages of growth, contained 14 tetraoxygenated and five pentaoxygenated xanthones and xanthone 1-O-glucosides. Of the eight xanthone 1-O-glucosides isolated, five were previously unreported in nature. The xanthones are broadly based on 1,3,5,8- and 1,3,7,8-oxygenated systems, with an added oxygen function at C-4 in some compounds, and represent a number of methoxylated patterns. The content and relative abundance of the free xanthones and their 1-O-glucosides changed with plant growth. These results are the first demonstration of the variation in chemical characters in the different parts of a Swertia species during its ontogeny. The biolgocial significance of these results is appraised.", "contents": "Chemical constituents of gentianaceae XXIII: tetraoxygenated and pentaoxygenated xanthones and xanthone O-glucosides of Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. The whole plant extract of Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham., collected at different stages of growth, contained 14 tetraoxygenated and five pentaoxygenated xanthones and xanthone 1-O-glucosides. Of the eight xanthone 1-O-glucosides isolated, five were previously unreported in nature. The xanthones are broadly based on 1,3,5,8- and 1,3,7,8-oxygenated systems, with an added oxygen function at C-4 in some compounds, and represent a number of methoxylated patterns. The content and relative abundance of the free xanthones and their 1-O-glucosides changed with plant growth. These results are the first demonstration of the variation in chemical characters in the different parts of a Swertia species during its ontogeny. The biolgocial significance of these results is appraised.", "PMID": 563439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5557", "title": "Three-dimensional molecular illustrations I: Isoelectron density contours and isoelectrostatic energy contours.", "content": "A method of depicting dimensional illustrations of molecules in vacuo that are sensitive to small electronic perturbations was attempted. This method would be useful in determining the effects of either perturbing groups from other molecules or changes produced by the addition or modification of an existing atom or chemical group on the same molecule. Isoelectron density contours for small molecules such as benzene, ammonia, and formaldehyde were first considered using the CNDO/2 molecular approximation method and then extended to the use of deorthogonalized CNDO/2 eigenvectors. These methods were similar in molecular projections but insensitive to electronic alterations. Therefore, the electrostatic potential energy was considered in developing contour surfaces of several of the molecules studied. In this case, acute and visually discernible changes were evidenced by electron exchange in the three-dimensional illustration of formaldehyde. The effect on the two-dimensional contour map of ammonia was strikingly altered by the addition of a proton, further substantiating the sensitivity of electrostatic contours to perturbing influences. These methods are considered and amplified in this report.", "contents": "Three-dimensional molecular illustrations I: Isoelectron density contours and isoelectrostatic energy contours. A method of depicting dimensional illustrations of molecules in vacuo that are sensitive to small electronic perturbations was attempted. This method would be useful in determining the effects of either perturbing groups from other molecules or changes produced by the addition or modification of an existing atom or chemical group on the same molecule. Isoelectron density contours for small molecules such as benzene, ammonia, and formaldehyde were first considered using the CNDO/2 molecular approximation method and then extended to the use of deorthogonalized CNDO/2 eigenvectors. These methods were similar in molecular projections but insensitive to electronic alterations. Therefore, the electrostatic potential energy was considered in developing contour surfaces of several of the molecules studied. In this case, acute and visually discernible changes were evidenced by electron exchange in the three-dimensional illustration of formaldehyde. The effect on the two-dimensional contour map of ammonia was strikingly altered by the addition of a proton, further substantiating the sensitivity of electrostatic contours to perturbing influences. These methods are considered and amplified in this report.", "PMID": 563440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5558", "title": "Potential hypocholesteremic derivatives of styrylacetic acid II: cis- and trans-3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid analogs.", "content": "The synthesis and preliminary biological testing for in vitro cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory activity of 2-indeneacetic acid, 2-methyl-1,2-dihydro-2-naphthoic acid, and their 5- and 7-chloro derivatives, respectively are described. These compounds were prepared as trans- and cis-analogs of the known antilipemic agent 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid. Although both series of compounds showed cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory properties, chloro substitution enhanced potency only in the cis-system. These findings are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between the cis-compounds and clofibrate-type antilipemic agents.", "contents": "Potential hypocholesteremic derivatives of styrylacetic acid II: cis- and trans-3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid analogs. The synthesis and preliminary biological testing for in vitro cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory activity of 2-indeneacetic acid, 2-methyl-1,2-dihydro-2-naphthoic acid, and their 5- and 7-chloro derivatives, respectively are described. These compounds were prepared as trans- and cis-analogs of the known antilipemic agent 3-methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid. Although both series of compounds showed cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory properties, chloro substitution enhanced potency only in the cis-system. These findings are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between the cis-compounds and clofibrate-type antilipemic agents.", "PMID": 563441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5559", "title": "Effect of general anesthetics on handling- and decapitation-induced increases in sympathoadrenal discharge.", "content": "The effect of five anesthetics--cyclopropane, pentobarbital, urethane, chloralose or ketamine hydrochloride--on handling- or decapitation-induced increases in adrenergic tone were studied in the intact rat. The anesthetic agents tested prevented or markedly reduced stress-induced increases in levels of plasma total catecholamines and norepinephrine. Similar changes in norepinephrine were seen in corticosterone- treated adrenalectomized rats in which this catecholamine seemed to be the only one present in plasma. During anesthesia with cyclopropane, blood pressure fell; there was no additional decrease in total plasma catecholamines when the concentration of the inhaled anesthetic agent was increased. With increased length of cyclopropane anesthesia, however, total catecholamine and norepinephrine concentrations increased. Thus, the different effects of anesthetics on the cardiovascular system cannot be solely explained by their effects on stress-induced increases in sympathetic neuronal activity as reflected by circulating catecholamine levels.", "contents": "Effect of general anesthetics on handling- and decapitation-induced increases in sympathoadrenal discharge. The effect of five anesthetics--cyclopropane, pentobarbital, urethane, chloralose or ketamine hydrochloride--on handling- or decapitation-induced increases in adrenergic tone were studied in the intact rat. The anesthetic agents tested prevented or markedly reduced stress-induced increases in levels of plasma total catecholamines and norepinephrine. Similar changes in norepinephrine were seen in corticosterone- treated adrenalectomized rats in which this catecholamine seemed to be the only one present in plasma. During anesthesia with cyclopropane, blood pressure fell; there was no additional decrease in total plasma catecholamines when the concentration of the inhaled anesthetic agent was increased. With increased length of cyclopropane anesthesia, however, total catecholamine and norepinephrine concentrations increased. Thus, the different effects of anesthetics on the cardiovascular system cannot be solely explained by their effects on stress-induced increases in sympathetic neuronal activity as reflected by circulating catecholamine levels.", "PMID": 563442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5560", "title": "Effect of cold exposure on mammary circulation oxygen consumption and milk secretion in the goat.", "content": "1. Measurements of milk secretion, mammary oxygen consumption and blood flow, cardiac output and blood pressure have been made in lactating goats exposed to a thermoneutral environment and to two levels of cold stress which were sufficient to raise total body oxygen consumption by an average of 18 and 46% above that in a thermoneutral environment. 2. Mammary blood flow and oxygen consumption were not appreciably affected by the milder cold stress but fell to 63 and 70%, respectively, of their thermoneutral value in the moderately cold environment. Resistance to blood flow through the udder was increased by this level of cold stress and the gland took a smaller fraction of an increased cardiac output. 3. Both levels of cold exposure caused a reduction in milk secretion, to 80 and 40% of its thermoneutral value in the mild and moderate cold respectively. The amount of milk secreted per unit volume of blood flowing through the gland decreased as the severity of the cold stress increased. 4. Voluntary food intake was not affected by the change in environmental temperature but the intake of water was reduced to 55% of the thermoneutral value during mild cold exposure and to 40% of the thermoneutral value during the moderate cold stress. 5. It is concluded that a reduction in blood flow to the mammary gland could be one of several possible mechanisms underlying the depression of milk secretion during cold exposure.", "contents": "Effect of cold exposure on mammary circulation oxygen consumption and milk secretion in the goat. 1. Measurements of milk secretion, mammary oxygen consumption and blood flow, cardiac output and blood pressure have been made in lactating goats exposed to a thermoneutral environment and to two levels of cold stress which were sufficient to raise total body oxygen consumption by an average of 18 and 46% above that in a thermoneutral environment. 2. Mammary blood flow and oxygen consumption were not appreciably affected by the milder cold stress but fell to 63 and 70%, respectively, of their thermoneutral value in the moderately cold environment. Resistance to blood flow through the udder was increased by this level of cold stress and the gland took a smaller fraction of an increased cardiac output. 3. Both levels of cold exposure caused a reduction in milk secretion, to 80 and 40% of its thermoneutral value in the mild and moderate cold respectively. The amount of milk secreted per unit volume of blood flowing through the gland decreased as the severity of the cold stress increased. 4. Voluntary food intake was not affected by the change in environmental temperature but the intake of water was reduced to 55% of the thermoneutral value during mild cold exposure and to 40% of the thermoneutral value during the moderate cold stress. 5. It is concluded that a reduction in blood flow to the mammary gland could be one of several possible mechanisms underlying the depression of milk secretion during cold exposure.", "PMID": 563444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5561", "title": "Changes in excitability of the cell membrane during 'differentiation without cleavage' in the egg of the annelid, Chaetopterus pergamentaceus.", "content": "1. The egg of the polychaete, Chaetopterus pergamentaceus, differentiates parthenogenetically without cleavage after 1 hr in a high K+ solution. The changes in the electrical properties of the membrane during differentiation have been investigated. 2. The treatment with the K solution for 40-60 min made unfertilized eggs become amoeboid cells in 4-5 hr and finally ciliated unicellular embryos in 14-16 hr. 3. In the untreated egg the action potential is Ca dependent and no Na component is found. The steady-state current-voltage relation has a marked inward rectification and shows a less marked outward rectification. 4. There are no significant changes in these properties of the cell membrane immediately after 40-60 min K treatment. 5. In the amoeboid cell stage (4-5 hr) the outward rectification increases significantly. 6. In the ciliated unicellular embryo the action potential is Ca and Na dependent. 7. The result suggests that Ca channels are present in the egg initially, K channels appear next and Na channels appear later.", "contents": "Changes in excitability of the cell membrane during 'differentiation without cleavage' in the egg of the annelid, Chaetopterus pergamentaceus. 1. The egg of the polychaete, Chaetopterus pergamentaceus, differentiates parthenogenetically without cleavage after 1 hr in a high K+ solution. The changes in the electrical properties of the membrane during differentiation have been investigated. 2. The treatment with the K solution for 40-60 min made unfertilized eggs become amoeboid cells in 4-5 hr and finally ciliated unicellular embryos in 14-16 hr. 3. In the untreated egg the action potential is Ca dependent and no Na component is found. The steady-state current-voltage relation has a marked inward rectification and shows a less marked outward rectification. 4. There are no significant changes in these properties of the cell membrane immediately after 40-60 min K treatment. 5. In the amoeboid cell stage (4-5 hr) the outward rectification increases significantly. 6. In the ciliated unicellular embryo the action potential is Ca and Na dependent. 7. The result suggests that Ca channels are present in the egg initially, K channels appear next and Na channels appear later.", "PMID": 563445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5562", "title": "Effects of postnatal corticosterone treatment on reproductive development in the rat.", "content": "Reproductive development was studied in rats in which corticosterone (25 mg/100 g body wt) mixed with an equal amount of cholesterol was implanted i.p. at Days 3, 6, 12 or 18 after birth. Vaginal perforation in rats treated on Days 12 or 18 was advanced by 10 days but reproductive function in the treated animals was generally disrupted. A variable incidence of persistent vaginal oestrus was observed in adult females given implants on Days 3 and 6, and of prolonged vaginal dioestrus in those treated on Days 12 or 18. All treated females had lordosis quotients lower than those of untreated controls, the effect being most pronounced at the earlier ages of treatment. The results are believed to indicate two periods in reproductive development which are differentially affected by corticosterone.", "contents": "Effects of postnatal corticosterone treatment on reproductive development in the rat. Reproductive development was studied in rats in which corticosterone (25 mg/100 g body wt) mixed with an equal amount of cholesterol was implanted i.p. at Days 3, 6, 12 or 18 after birth. Vaginal perforation in rats treated on Days 12 or 18 was advanced by 10 days but reproductive function in the treated animals was generally disrupted. A variable incidence of persistent vaginal oestrus was observed in adult females given implants on Days 3 and 6, and of prolonged vaginal dioestrus in those treated on Days 12 or 18. All treated females had lordosis quotients lower than those of untreated controls, the effect being most pronounced at the earlier ages of treatment. The results are believed to indicate two periods in reproductive development which are differentially affected by corticosterone.", "PMID": 563447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5563", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on ovarian blood flow in the bitch.", "content": "Oestrus and anoestrous mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with chloralose-urethane. In one group, the ovaries were isolated in situ and the effects of a 15-min infusion of PGF-2alpha or PGE-2 on perfusion pressure were measured. In the other group, heated thermocouples were introduced into the stroma of each ovary to measure the changes of local blood flow in response to PGF-2 alpha and PGE-2 infused into the ovarian bursa for 15 min. Intra-arterial infusion of 25.50, 100 or 200 ng PGF-2alpha/kg/min did not affect perfusion pressure; PGE-2 doses of 3.1, 6.2, 12.5 or 25 ng/kg/min caused reductions in proportion to the dose. All doses of PGE-2alpha (50.0, 100 or 200 ng/kg/min) or PGE-2 (25, 50 or 100 ng/kg/min) increased blood flow in the ovarian stroma in proportion to the dose when administered by infusion into the ovarian bursa. There were no differences in the results from oestrous and anoestrous dogs. It is concluded that PGF-2alpha changes intraovarian blood distribution without interfering with the total blood flow while PGE-2 increases both the total and local ovarian blood flow.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on ovarian blood flow in the bitch. Oestrus and anoestrous mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with chloralose-urethane. In one group, the ovaries were isolated in situ and the effects of a 15-min infusion of PGF-2alpha or PGE-2 on perfusion pressure were measured. In the other group, heated thermocouples were introduced into the stroma of each ovary to measure the changes of local blood flow in response to PGF-2 alpha and PGE-2 infused into the ovarian bursa for 15 min. Intra-arterial infusion of 25.50, 100 or 200 ng PGF-2alpha/kg/min did not affect perfusion pressure; PGE-2 doses of 3.1, 6.2, 12.5 or 25 ng/kg/min caused reductions in proportion to the dose. All doses of PGE-2alpha (50.0, 100 or 200 ng/kg/min) or PGE-2 (25, 50 or 100 ng/kg/min) increased blood flow in the ovarian stroma in proportion to the dose when administered by infusion into the ovarian bursa. There were no differences in the results from oestrous and anoestrous dogs. It is concluded that PGF-2alpha changes intraovarian blood distribution without interfering with the total blood flow while PGE-2 increases both the total and local ovarian blood flow.", "PMID": 563448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5564", "title": "Oestradiol-17beta, progesterone, FSH and LH in prepubertal calves induced to superovulate.", "content": "Fluorogestone acetate (vaginal sponge for 4 days) and PMSG (i.m. injection at the time of sponge insertion) treatment was administered to seven 3-month-old calves to induce superovulation. Samples of peripheral plasma were taken every 4 h during treatment (4 days) and then every 2 h for 7 days. FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays. In all calves oestradiol concentrations increased 24 h after PMSG injection and reached the highest levels (41-502 pg/ml) during the preovulatory surge of both gonadotropins. The surge of LH and FSH occurred from 12 to 22 h after cessation of treatment. The maximum levels of LH and FSH were 11-72 ng/ml and 23-40 ng/ml respectively and occurred within 4 h of each other. Between 40 and 68 h after the LH peak the concentrations of progesterone began to increase from basal values, reaching 24.0-101.7 ng/ml when the animals were killed. A quantitative relationship was found between plasma oestradiol concentration and the numbers of ovulating follicles. Progesterone levels seemed to be related to the numbers of corpora lutea and also to the numbers of unovulated follicles. Gonadotrophin output was not quantitatively related to ovarian activity or to steroid secretion.", "contents": "Oestradiol-17beta, progesterone, FSH and LH in prepubertal calves induced to superovulate. Fluorogestone acetate (vaginal sponge for 4 days) and PMSG (i.m. injection at the time of sponge insertion) treatment was administered to seven 3-month-old calves to induce superovulation. Samples of peripheral plasma were taken every 4 h during treatment (4 days) and then every 2 h for 7 days. FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays. In all calves oestradiol concentrations increased 24 h after PMSG injection and reached the highest levels (41-502 pg/ml) during the preovulatory surge of both gonadotropins. The surge of LH and FSH occurred from 12 to 22 h after cessation of treatment. The maximum levels of LH and FSH were 11-72 ng/ml and 23-40 ng/ml respectively and occurred within 4 h of each other. Between 40 and 68 h after the LH peak the concentrations of progesterone began to increase from basal values, reaching 24.0-101.7 ng/ml when the animals were killed. A quantitative relationship was found between plasma oestradiol concentration and the numbers of ovulating follicles. Progesterone levels seemed to be related to the numbers of corpora lutea and also to the numbers of unovulated follicles. Gonadotrophin output was not quantitatively related to ovarian activity or to steroid secretion.", "PMID": 563449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5565", "title": "Fertility, ovulation and maturation of eggs in mares injected with HCG.", "content": "Pony mares were observed from January to August for incidence of oestrus, duration of oestrus, length of the oestrous cycle and for ovulation and fertility after injection of HCG. From January to 15 May most mares showed oestrus but the duration of oestrus was quite variable and few mares ovulated in response to HCG. From 15 May to 17 August oestrous cycles were more regular and ovulation was induced within 40-50 h by an intramuscular injection of 1500-5000 i.u. HCG. Pregnancy was established by one mating at a fixed time after HCG in 20 of 69 mares. Degenerate eggs were recovered from the oviducts of anoestrous recently ovulated, mated, unmated and pregnant mares. The first polar body was formed before ovulation in 2 eggs and had not formed in 2 recently ovulated eggs flushed from the oviduct. The second polar body formed after sperm penetration 10-12 h after ovulation. After formation of pronuclei, the first cleavage division occurred at 20 h and the second at 32 h after ovulation. Oestrus was inhibited by progesterone administered by vaginal devices but occurred within 1-3 days in 12 of the 20 mares after withdrawal of the devices.", "contents": "Fertility, ovulation and maturation of eggs in mares injected with HCG. Pony mares were observed from January to August for incidence of oestrus, duration of oestrus, length of the oestrous cycle and for ovulation and fertility after injection of HCG. From January to 15 May most mares showed oestrus but the duration of oestrus was quite variable and few mares ovulated in response to HCG. From 15 May to 17 August oestrous cycles were more regular and ovulation was induced within 40-50 h by an intramuscular injection of 1500-5000 i.u. HCG. Pregnancy was established by one mating at a fixed time after HCG in 20 of 69 mares. Degenerate eggs were recovered from the oviducts of anoestrous recently ovulated, mated, unmated and pregnant mares. The first polar body was formed before ovulation in 2 eggs and had not formed in 2 recently ovulated eggs flushed from the oviduct. The second polar body formed after sperm penetration 10-12 h after ovulation. After formation of pronuclei, the first cleavage division occurred at 20 h and the second at 32 h after ovulation. Oestrus was inhibited by progesterone administered by vaginal devices but occurred within 1-3 days in 12 of the 20 mares after withdrawal of the devices.", "PMID": 563450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5566", "title": "Genetic and non-genetic effects on plasma LH concentrations in lambs at 4 and 8 weeks of age.", "content": "Plasma LH was measured at 4 and 8 weeks of age in purebred lambs born to Finnish Landrace, Galway, Fingalway and High Fertility ewes. The average litter sizes for these breeds vary from 1.4 to 2.5. Lambs born after the transfer of fertilized eggs (all Fingalway) to Finnish Landrace, Galway and Fingalway ewes were also studied. There was evidence for a significant positive effect of selection for litter size within the Galway breed on plasma LH at 8 weeks of age. Finnish Landrace lambs had significantly higher levels of plasma LH at 8 weeks of age than did Galway Control lambs. These two groups did not differ with respect to plasma LH at 4 weeks of age. Non-additive genetic effects were significant at 4 weeks of age. The ranking of genetic groups on plasma LH was not consistent with their ranking for litter size. There was no evidence for a maternal effect associated with breed of dam on plasma LH and the effects of litter size were generally insignificant. Female lambs had significantly higher levels of LH at 4 weeks of age but there was no sex difference at 8 weeks because LH levels in males had increased. The correlation between the level of plasma LH at 4 and 8 weeks of age was -0.04. It is concluded that plasma LH is unlikely to prove a practical aid to selection for increased fecundity in sheep.", "contents": "Genetic and non-genetic effects on plasma LH concentrations in lambs at 4 and 8 weeks of age. Plasma LH was measured at 4 and 8 weeks of age in purebred lambs born to Finnish Landrace, Galway, Fingalway and High Fertility ewes. The average litter sizes for these breeds vary from 1.4 to 2.5. Lambs born after the transfer of fertilized eggs (all Fingalway) to Finnish Landrace, Galway and Fingalway ewes were also studied. There was evidence for a significant positive effect of selection for litter size within the Galway breed on plasma LH at 8 weeks of age. Finnish Landrace lambs had significantly higher levels of plasma LH at 8 weeks of age than did Galway Control lambs. These two groups did not differ with respect to plasma LH at 4 weeks of age. Non-additive genetic effects were significant at 4 weeks of age. The ranking of genetic groups on plasma LH was not consistent with their ranking for litter size. There was no evidence for a maternal effect associated with breed of dam on plasma LH and the effects of litter size were generally insignificant. Female lambs had significantly higher levels of LH at 4 weeks of age but there was no sex difference at 8 weeks because LH levels in males had increased. The correlation between the level of plasma LH at 4 and 8 weeks of age was -0.04. It is concluded that plasma LH is unlikely to prove a practical aid to selection for increased fecundity in sheep.", "PMID": 563451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5567", "title": "Seasonal variations in post-partum plasma progesterone levels and conception in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows.", "content": "Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma of 18 primiparous and 34 multiparous dairy cows were determined by radioimmunoassay every 4 days, from 10 days post partum until the next conception. The interval from parturition to the first progesterone peak (greater than 4 ng/ml plasma) was significantly longer (P less than 4 ng/ml plasma) was significantly longer (P less than 0.01) in primiparous than in multiparous cows. The progesterone concentrations on Days 4-15 of the oestrous cycle were significantly lower (P less than 0.025) during the summer than in cycles occurring in winter. The conception rate during the summer was lower than in winter. In cows inseminated in summer, conception was related to the shape of the progesterone curve in the cycle preceding insemination.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in post-partum plasma progesterone levels and conception in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma of 18 primiparous and 34 multiparous dairy cows were determined by radioimmunoassay every 4 days, from 10 days post partum until the next conception. The interval from parturition to the first progesterone peak (greater than 4 ng/ml plasma) was significantly longer (P less than 4 ng/ml plasma) was significantly longer (P less than 0.01) in primiparous than in multiparous cows. The progesterone concentrations on Days 4-15 of the oestrous cycle were significantly lower (P less than 0.025) during the summer than in cycles occurring in winter. The conception rate during the summer was lower than in winter. In cows inseminated in summer, conception was related to the shape of the progesterone curve in the cycle preceding insemination.", "PMID": 563452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5568", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F-2alpha and uterine extracts on progesterone secretion in vitro by superfused pig corpora lutea.", "content": "Corpora lutea obtained from sows in the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle were superfused with various doses of PGF-2alpha, uterine flushings or superfusates from endometrial strips. High doses of PGF-2alpha (1-5 microgram/ml) gave transient stimulation of progesterone secretion; lower doses (0.1-1.0 microgram/ml) inhibited secretion of the steroid, but to a maximum of 55% only and the secretion returned to control levels when superfusion with PGF-2alpha stopped. Uterine flushings from sows in the late luteal phase of the cycle were more effective than mid-cycle flushings in inhibiting progesterone secretion by the luteal tissue: maximal inhibition was 65% and progesterone secretion slowly returned to control levels when superfusion with the flushings was stopped. Superfusate from strips of uterine endometrium from sows in the late luteal phase of the cycle proved most effective in inhibiting progesterone secretion (greater than 90%) and gave a long-lasting inhibition which did not appear to be due to stimulation of PGF-2alpha secretion by the endometrium or corpus luteum.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F-2alpha and uterine extracts on progesterone secretion in vitro by superfused pig corpora lutea. Corpora lutea obtained from sows in the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle were superfused with various doses of PGF-2alpha, uterine flushings or superfusates from endometrial strips. High doses of PGF-2alpha (1-5 microgram/ml) gave transient stimulation of progesterone secretion; lower doses (0.1-1.0 microgram/ml) inhibited secretion of the steroid, but to a maximum of 55% only and the secretion returned to control levels when superfusion with PGF-2alpha stopped. Uterine flushings from sows in the late luteal phase of the cycle were more effective than mid-cycle flushings in inhibiting progesterone secretion by the luteal tissue: maximal inhibition was 65% and progesterone secretion slowly returned to control levels when superfusion with the flushings was stopped. Superfusate from strips of uterine endometrium from sows in the late luteal phase of the cycle proved most effective in inhibiting progesterone secretion (greater than 90%) and gave a long-lasting inhibition which did not appear to be due to stimulation of PGF-2alpha secretion by the endometrium or corpus luteum.", "PMID": 563453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5569", "title": "Seasonal variation in oestrus, the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone and LH levels before ovulation in the ewe.", "content": "Ewes with cervical ovarian autotransplants were studied after PGF-2alpha-induced luteal regression in November and February (mid- and late-breeding season) and June (anoestrum). Progesteron and oestradiol-17beta secretion rates and LH concentrations were determined in serial ovarian venous blood samples and the ewes were frequently tested for oestrus. All 4 ewes in November and 3 of the 4 ewes in February exhibited oestrus and endocrine changes indicative of ovulation. The remaining ewe in February and the three ewes in June failed to show elevated oestradiol-17beta secretion rates after luteal regression, indicating the absence of follicles in the final stages of maturation. The preovulatory rise in the oestradiol-17beta secretion rate, the LH surge and the display of oestrus all occurred earlier, with respect to the PGF-2alpha infusion, in November than in February, suggesting a greater stimulation of folliculogenesis, and therefore a greater availability of maturing follicles, in November than in February.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in oestrus, the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone and LH levels before ovulation in the ewe. Ewes with cervical ovarian autotransplants were studied after PGF-2alpha-induced luteal regression in November and February (mid- and late-breeding season) and June (anoestrum). Progesteron and oestradiol-17beta secretion rates and LH concentrations were determined in serial ovarian venous blood samples and the ewes were frequently tested for oestrus. All 4 ewes in November and 3 of the 4 ewes in February exhibited oestrus and endocrine changes indicative of ovulation. The remaining ewe in February and the three ewes in June failed to show elevated oestradiol-17beta secretion rates after luteal regression, indicating the absence of follicles in the final stages of maturation. The preovulatory rise in the oestradiol-17beta secretion rate, the LH surge and the display of oestrus all occurred earlier, with respect to the PGF-2alpha infusion, in November than in February, suggesting a greater stimulation of folliculogenesis, and therefore a greater availability of maturing follicles, in November than in February.", "PMID": 563454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5570", "title": "A novel synthesis and biological activity of several 5-halo-5'-amino analogues of deoxyribopyrimidine nucleosides.", "content": "A novel synthetic procedure has been developed for the large-scale synthesis of 5-chloro-, 5-bromo-, and 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine (4c-e) as well as of two new analogues, 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxycytidine and 5-fluoro-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine (4a and 4b), in good yield. The starting materials, 5-halo-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-halo-2'-deoxycytidine, are readily available and the method is straightforward. This report describes the synthesis and the biologial activities of these compounds.", "contents": "A novel synthesis and biological activity of several 5-halo-5'-amino analogues of deoxyribopyrimidine nucleosides. A novel synthetic procedure has been developed for the large-scale synthesis of 5-chloro-, 5-bromo-, and 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine (4c-e) as well as of two new analogues, 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxycytidine and 5-fluoro-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine (4a and 4b), in good yield. The starting materials, 5-halo-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-halo-2'-deoxycytidine, are readily available and the method is straightforward. This report describes the synthesis and the biologial activities of these compounds.", "PMID": 563459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5571", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of several amino analogues of thymidine.", "content": "3',5'-Diamino-3',5'-dideoxythymidine (7) was synthesized via a nine-step synthesis from thymidine in good overall yield. 3'-Amino-3'-deoxythymidine (8) and 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine (12) were prepared with a minor modification of the procedure reported by Horwitz and co-workers. Although the 5'-amino analogue 12 had potent antiviral activity relative to the 3'-amino analogue 8, the latter is a potent inhibitor of the replication of both murine sarcoma 180 cells (ED50 = 5 micrometer) and of murine L1210 cells (ED50 = 1 micrometer) in vitro. Most unexpectedly, however, was the finding of complete lack of either antiviral or antineoplastic activity by the 3',5'-diamino analogue 7 which appears to have acquired the undesirable qualities of both the 3'-amino and 5'-amino analogues of thymidine.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of several amino analogues of thymidine. 3',5'-Diamino-3',5'-dideoxythymidine (7) was synthesized via a nine-step synthesis from thymidine in good overall yield. 3'-Amino-3'-deoxythymidine (8) and 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine (12) were prepared with a minor modification of the procedure reported by Horwitz and co-workers. Although the 5'-amino analogue 12 had potent antiviral activity relative to the 3'-amino analogue 8, the latter is a potent inhibitor of the replication of both murine sarcoma 180 cells (ED50 = 5 micrometer) and of murine L1210 cells (ED50 = 1 micrometer) in vitro. Most unexpectedly, however, was the finding of complete lack of either antiviral or antineoplastic activity by the 3',5'-diamino analogue 7 which appears to have acquired the undesirable qualities of both the 3'-amino and 5'-amino analogues of thymidine.", "PMID": 563460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5572", "title": "Antineoplastic agents. 1. Synthesis and antineoplastic activities of chloroethyl- and methylnitrosourea analogues of thymidine.", "content": "A new class of chloroethyl- and methylnitrosourea analogues of thymidine, 5a,b, 6, 10, and 11, has been synthesized from the corresponding amino nucleosides, 2 and 7. The 3'-chloroethyl and 3'-methyl derivatives, 10 and 11, inhibited L1210 cell growth in culture (ED50 = 1.5 and 1.0 micrometer, respectively) more effectively than 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) (ED50 = 4 micrometer) and the 5'-nitrosourea analogues. Neither the alkylating nor the carbamoylating activities of these compounds correlated with their biological activity.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents. 1. Synthesis and antineoplastic activities of chloroethyl- and methylnitrosourea analogues of thymidine. A new class of chloroethyl- and methylnitrosourea analogues of thymidine, 5a,b, 6, 10, and 11, has been synthesized from the corresponding amino nucleosides, 2 and 7. The 3'-chloroethyl and 3'-methyl derivatives, 10 and 11, inhibited L1210 cell growth in culture (ED50 = 1.5 and 1.0 micrometer, respectively) more effectively than 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) (ED50 = 4 micrometer) and the 5'-nitrosourea analogues. Neither the alkylating nor the carbamoylating activities of these compounds correlated with their biological activity.", "PMID": 563461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5573", "title": "Structural requirements for antileukemic activity among the naturally occurring and semisynthetic maytansinoids.", "content": "In an effort to determine the structural requirements for the significant antileukemic, cytotoxic, antitubulin, and antimitotic activity exhibited by the novel ansa macrolide, maytansine (1), four new C-3 ester and six new C-9 ether homologues were synthesized. The biological activities of these compounds were assayed and compared to the activities of previously reported, naturally occurring maytansinoids. From the data, it is apparent that presence of the C-3 ester is necessary for significant activity, and variations in the ester group are not accompanied by marked changes in activity. However, elimination of the ester group, as in maytansinol (7), maysine (8), normaysine (9), and maysenine (10), results in a significant decrease in biological activity. Blockage of the C-9 carbinolamide via etherification markedly reduces antileukemic and cytotoxic activity and slightly reduces antitubulin activity but has relatively little effect on antimitotic activity against sea urchin eggs. Thus, a free carbinolamide at C-9 is advantageous for optimal activity.", "contents": "Structural requirements for antileukemic activity among the naturally occurring and semisynthetic maytansinoids. In an effort to determine the structural requirements for the significant antileukemic, cytotoxic, antitubulin, and antimitotic activity exhibited by the novel ansa macrolide, maytansine (1), four new C-3 ester and six new C-9 ether homologues were synthesized. The biological activities of these compounds were assayed and compared to the activities of previously reported, naturally occurring maytansinoids. From the data, it is apparent that presence of the C-3 ester is necessary for significant activity, and variations in the ester group are not accompanied by marked changes in activity. However, elimination of the ester group, as in maytansinol (7), maysine (8), normaysine (9), and maysenine (10), results in a significant decrease in biological activity. Blockage of the C-9 carbinolamide via etherification markedly reduces antileukemic and cytotoxic activity and slightly reduces antitubulin activity but has relatively little effect on antimitotic activity against sea urchin eggs. Thus, a free carbinolamide at C-9 is advantageous for optimal activity.", "PMID": 563462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5574", "title": "Predisposition to spina bifida: Search for a relation to maternal gastric acid secretion.", "content": "The peak acid output of the stomach in a group of 71 mothers of spina bifida children and in 71 matched controls was estimated indirectly by the serum level of group I pepsinogens. The mean levels did not differ significantly, suggesting that the conjectured teratogen is not specially acid-labile. The variance was significantly higher in index subjects than in controls, but the interpretation of this finding is not clear.", "contents": "Predisposition to spina bifida: Search for a relation to maternal gastric acid secretion. The peak acid output of the stomach in a group of 71 mothers of spina bifida children and in 71 matched controls was estimated indirectly by the serum level of group I pepsinogens. The mean levels did not differ significantly, suggesting that the conjectured teratogen is not specially acid-labile. The variance was significantly higher in index subjects than in controls, but the interpretation of this finding is not clear.", "PMID": 563466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5575", "title": "Testicular feminisation syndrome: unusual gonadal histology in an elderly patient.", "content": "The gonads of an elderly patient with a typical testicular feminisation syndrome are described. The unusual histological features consisted of total absence of testicular tubular structures or remnants thereof and distinct proliferation of smooth muscle bundles. In addition, there was fibrous proliferation, areas of ovarian stroma, and rare Reinke crystalloids within Leydig cells. The complete tubular absence may have been the result of fibrous replacement related to patient's advanced age, while the muscular proliferation may have been of hamartomatous nature. Thus, it seems that in elderly patients with testicular feminisation syndrome, the histological appearance of the gonads may vary considerably from that in younger individuals, and in such cases the correct diagnosis should be based mainly on clinical and cytogenetic findings.", "contents": "Testicular feminisation syndrome: unusual gonadal histology in an elderly patient. The gonads of an elderly patient with a typical testicular feminisation syndrome are described. The unusual histological features consisted of total absence of testicular tubular structures or remnants thereof and distinct proliferation of smooth muscle bundles. In addition, there was fibrous proliferation, areas of ovarian stroma, and rare Reinke crystalloids within Leydig cells. The complete tubular absence may have been the result of fibrous replacement related to patient's advanced age, while the muscular proliferation may have been of hamartomatous nature. Thus, it seems that in elderly patients with testicular feminisation syndrome, the histological appearance of the gonads may vary considerably from that in younger individuals, and in such cases the correct diagnosis should be based mainly on clinical and cytogenetic findings.", "PMID": 563467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5576", "title": "Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in Ascaris lumbricoides Var. suum.", "content": "Reorganization of the prophase I nucleus marks the beginning of the first meiotic division. A pair of centrioles is present at each pole at metaphase I and mitochondria are not observed in the spindle area. A chromosomal pellicle, which resembles a kinetochore plate but has no apparent association with microtubules, surrounds each autosome at metaphase I and II. The sex body lags behind the autosomes at anaphase I and segregates differentially to one daughter cell. Mitochondria and a pair of centrioles are present in the spindle during the second meiotic division. Localized condensation of chromatin and fusion of the condensed chromatin of the secondary spermatocyte telophase nucleus results in a compact spermatid nucleus. Loss of spermatid cytoplasm is effected by the ejection of a cytophore vesicle.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in Ascaris lumbricoides Var. suum. Reorganization of the prophase I nucleus marks the beginning of the first meiotic division. A pair of centrioles is present at each pole at metaphase I and mitochondria are not observed in the spindle area. A chromosomal pellicle, which resembles a kinetochore plate but has no apparent association with microtubules, surrounds each autosome at metaphase I and II. The sex body lags behind the autosomes at anaphase I and segregates differentially to one daughter cell. Mitochondria and a pair of centrioles are present in the spindle during the second meiotic division. Localized condensation of chromatin and fusion of the condensed chromatin of the secondary spermatocyte telophase nucleus results in a compact spermatid nucleus. Loss of spermatid cytoplasm is effected by the ejection of a cytophore vesicle.", "PMID": 563473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5577", "title": "Children at birth: effects and implications.", "content": "The sexual attitudes and beliefs of 20 children who have been present at the labor and delivery of sibs and have observed the birth process are compared with 20 children who have not been present at delivery. The ages of these children ranged from 2 years to 14 years. Several of these children were observed at the actual delivery where naturalistic observations of delivery were carried out. Naturalistic observations of these processes were also carried out as well as observations of play of children who had witnessed the delivery with children who had not. The attitudes of the parents of children present at delivery were characterized and consisted of a feeling that birth was a normal family event of a positive nature that should involve other children of the family. Their children tended to have very accurate notions regarding the proverbial \"Where do babies come from?\" question and tended to view the birth in a positive, happy manner. Children not present found the idea of birth puzzling or inconceivable and did not seem to understand the concept or be able to relate it to their family. They tended to develop theories about birth that were inaccurate and sometimes fantastic, much as those described earlier by Freud. The results seem to suggest that children's presence at delivery permits an open attitude toward birth as a normal process in families in which this ideology is held and for girls aids in the development of their self-image as women. Preliminary data suggests less sibling rivalry among the children present at the delivery. These results are discussed in regard to current American birth practices.", "contents": "Children at birth: effects and implications. The sexual attitudes and beliefs of 20 children who have been present at the labor and delivery of sibs and have observed the birth process are compared with 20 children who have not been present at delivery. The ages of these children ranged from 2 years to 14 years. Several of these children were observed at the actual delivery where naturalistic observations of delivery were carried out. Naturalistic observations of these processes were also carried out as well as observations of play of children who had witnessed the delivery with children who had not. The attitudes of the parents of children present at delivery were characterized and consisted of a feeling that birth was a normal family event of a positive nature that should involve other children of the family. Their children tended to have very accurate notions regarding the proverbial \"Where do babies come from?\" question and tended to view the birth in a positive, happy manner. Children not present found the idea of birth puzzling or inconceivable and did not seem to understand the concept or be able to relate it to their family. They tended to develop theories about birth that were inaccurate and sometimes fantastic, much as those described earlier by Freud. The results seem to suggest that children's presence at delivery permits an open attitude toward birth as a normal process in families in which this ideology is held and for girls aids in the development of their self-image as women. Preliminary data suggests less sibling rivalry among the children present at the delivery. These results are discussed in regard to current American birth practices.", "PMID": 563475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5578", "title": "Fortification variability in rat diets fortified with arsenic, cadmium, and lead.", "content": "Eleven rat diets fortified with 200 ppm Pb as lead acetate, and/or 50 ppm Cd as cadmium chloride, and/or 50 ppm As as sodium arsenate or p-arsanilic acid for use in a feeding study to determine the interactive effects of the three elements in rats were analyzed to confirm the fortification levels. Gross inhomogeneity was found. After remixing, variability within and among diets was improved but was still unacceptable. Fortification levels of Pb and of As as sodium arsenate could be accurately determined only by taking a very large sample and homogenizing the diet subsamples with a Polytron homogenizer. A review of the recent literature indicates that no standard procedures exist for fortification, mixing, or analysis of animal feeding study diets. Such procedures should be developed and analysis of the diets before and at intervals during a feeding study should be adopted as standard procedure.", "contents": "Fortification variability in rat diets fortified with arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Eleven rat diets fortified with 200 ppm Pb as lead acetate, and/or 50 ppm Cd as cadmium chloride, and/or 50 ppm As as sodium arsenate or p-arsanilic acid for use in a feeding study to determine the interactive effects of the three elements in rats were analyzed to confirm the fortification levels. Gross inhomogeneity was found. After remixing, variability within and among diets was improved but was still unacceptable. Fortification levels of Pb and of As as sodium arsenate could be accurately determined only by taking a very large sample and homogenizing the diet subsamples with a Polytron homogenizer. A review of the recent literature indicates that no standard procedures exist for fortification, mixing, or analysis of animal feeding study diets. Such procedures should be developed and analysis of the diets before and at intervals during a feeding study should be adopted as standard procedure.", "PMID": 563476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5579", "title": "The prevalence of human intestinal protozoa in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "This study shows that the two intestinal protozoa, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli in addition to Entamoeba histolytica are prevalent in the Ibadan population and are responsible for many of the non-bacterial diarrhoea seen in patients. A high seasonal prevalence of the intestinal protozoa in the dry months of the year was associated with the use of contaminated water. Both the high infection rates recorded in adults and children under five years old, and the high frequency of association involving Trichomonas hominis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of human intestinal protozoa in Ibadan, Nigeria. This study shows that the two intestinal protozoa, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli in addition to Entamoeba histolytica are prevalent in the Ibadan population and are responsible for many of the non-bacterial diarrhoea seen in patients. A high seasonal prevalence of the intestinal protozoa in the dry months of the year was associated with the use of contaminated water. Both the high infection rates recorded in adults and children under five years old, and the high frequency of association involving Trichomonas hominis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were discussed.", "PMID": 563477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5580", "title": "Binding characteristics of Rauscher leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein gp71 to murine lymphoid cells.", "content": "The major envelope glycoprotein (gp71) purified from Rauscher leukemia virus (R-MuLV) binds efficiently to murine lymphoid cells but not to either murine nonlymphoid cells or lymphoid cells from other species. Binding of 125I-labeled R-MuLV gp71 was competitively inhibited by unlabeled glycoprotein, as well as by whole R-MuLV, but not by murine xenotropic viruses, R-MuLV p30, and several unrelated proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of iodinated gp71 after binding to lymphoid cells were similar to prebound profiles. Antibody to R-MuLV gp71 prevented binding, whereas normal serum had no effect. Adsorption of the glycoprotein to murine lymphoid cells occurs rapidly and is time and temperature dependent. The procedure described is sensitive for detecting the binding activity of approximately 10(4) cells. Binding was proportional up to 2.5 X 10(5) cells per ml and plateaued above 10(7) cells per ml. In the presence of excess R-MuLV gp71, BALB/c thymocytes bound approximately 2.4 X 10(4) molecules per cell.", "contents": "Binding characteristics of Rauscher leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein gp71 to murine lymphoid cells. The major envelope glycoprotein (gp71) purified from Rauscher leukemia virus (R-MuLV) binds efficiently to murine lymphoid cells but not to either murine nonlymphoid cells or lymphoid cells from other species. Binding of 125I-labeled R-MuLV gp71 was competitively inhibited by unlabeled glycoprotein, as well as by whole R-MuLV, but not by murine xenotropic viruses, R-MuLV p30, and several unrelated proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of iodinated gp71 after binding to lymphoid cells were similar to prebound profiles. Antibody to R-MuLV gp71 prevented binding, whereas normal serum had no effect. Adsorption of the glycoprotein to murine lymphoid cells occurs rapidly and is time and temperature dependent. The procedure described is sensitive for detecting the binding activity of approximately 10(4) cells. Binding was proportional up to 2.5 X 10(5) cells per ml and plateaued above 10(7) cells per ml. In the presence of excess R-MuLV gp71, BALB/c thymocytes bound approximately 2.4 X 10(4) molecules per cell.", "PMID": 563478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5581", "title": "Peptide map comparison of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus-specific polypeptides.", "content": "An investigation of virus-specific protein synthesis in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)-infected rainbow trout gonad cells was undertaken to find a relationship between the coding capacity of the virus genome (two segments of double-stranded RNA of 2.5 x 10(6) and 2.3 x 10(6) molecular weight) and the sizes and relative amounts of virus-specific proteins. Using polyacrylamide slabgel electrophoresis and autoradiography, eight distinct virus-specific polypeptides were detected in infected, [(35)S]methionine-labeled cells. These proteins may be grouped into three size classes on the basis of molecular weight: (i) large, alpha (90,000); (ii) medium, beta(1) (59,000), beta(2) (58,000), and beta(3) (57,000); and (iii) small, gamma(1) (29,000), gamma(1A) (28,000), gamma(2) (27,000), and gamma(3) (25,000). The combined molecular weight of these polypetides (373,000) is beyond the coding capacity of the virus genome. Purified IPNV contained polypeptides alpha, beta(3), gamma(1), and gamma(1A). Pulse-chase experiments and tryptic peptide map comparisons revealed that only four of the eight intracellular proteins were primary gene products, namely, alpha, beta(1), gamma(1), and beta(2), with a combined molecular weight of 205,000. Of these primary gene products only the alpha polypeptide was found to be stable, whereas the other three underwent intracellular proteolytic cleavage during virus morphogenesis. Polypeptide beta(1) was cleaved to generate beta(2) and beta(3); gamma(1) was trimmed to produce gamma(1A), and the only nonstructural primary gene product, gamma(2), was found to be a precursor of gamma(3). These results suggest that IPNV possesses a unique mechanism to synthesize three size classes of proteins using mRNA transcripts from two high-molecular-weight double-stranded RNA genome segments.", "contents": "Peptide map comparison of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus-specific polypeptides. An investigation of virus-specific protein synthesis in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)-infected rainbow trout gonad cells was undertaken to find a relationship between the coding capacity of the virus genome (two segments of double-stranded RNA of 2.5 x 10(6) and 2.3 x 10(6) molecular weight) and the sizes and relative amounts of virus-specific proteins. Using polyacrylamide slabgel electrophoresis and autoradiography, eight distinct virus-specific polypeptides were detected in infected, [(35)S]methionine-labeled cells. These proteins may be grouped into three size classes on the basis of molecular weight: (i) large, alpha (90,000); (ii) medium, beta(1) (59,000), beta(2) (58,000), and beta(3) (57,000); and (iii) small, gamma(1) (29,000), gamma(1A) (28,000), gamma(2) (27,000), and gamma(3) (25,000). The combined molecular weight of these polypetides (373,000) is beyond the coding capacity of the virus genome. Purified IPNV contained polypeptides alpha, beta(3), gamma(1), and gamma(1A). Pulse-chase experiments and tryptic peptide map comparisons revealed that only four of the eight intracellular proteins were primary gene products, namely, alpha, beta(1), gamma(1), and beta(2), with a combined molecular weight of 205,000. Of these primary gene products only the alpha polypeptide was found to be stable, whereas the other three underwent intracellular proteolytic cleavage during virus morphogenesis. Polypeptide beta(1) was cleaved to generate beta(2) and beta(3); gamma(1) was trimmed to produce gamma(1A), and the only nonstructural primary gene product, gamma(2), was found to be a precursor of gamma(3). These results suggest that IPNV possesses a unique mechanism to synthesize three size classes of proteins using mRNA transcripts from two high-molecular-weight double-stranded RNA genome segments.", "PMID": 563479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5582", "title": "Myocardial infarction due to metastasis of choriocarcinoma in a 29-year-old woman.", "content": "A rare and instructive case of myocardial infarction in a 29-year-old woman was presented. In this case it was clinically suspected that myocardial infarction was due to metastatic choriocarcinoma of the heart. This was confirmed by autopsy. It was emphasized that metastatic choriocarcinoma of the heart could be a cause of myocardial infarction in young women.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction due to metastasis of choriocarcinoma in a 29-year-old woman. A rare and instructive case of myocardial infarction in a 29-year-old woman was presented. In this case it was clinically suspected that myocardial infarction was due to metastatic choriocarcinoma of the heart. This was confirmed by autopsy. It was emphasized that metastatic choriocarcinoma of the heart could be a cause of myocardial infarction in young women.", "PMID": 563480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5583", "title": "Hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase system: effect of cyanide on microsomal N-demethylase activity.", "content": "Cyanide, an inhibitor of many hemoproteins, was shown to affect a number of microsomal drug-metabolizing activities catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. The N-demethylation reaction of aminopyrine was inhibited noncompetitively by this inhibitor in microsomal preparations from rats. The binding reaction of aminopyrine with microsomal cytochrome P-450 was also modified by cyanide, and an abnormal aminopyrine-induced difference spectrum of microsomes by cyanide, and an abnormal aminopyrine-induced difference spectrum of microsomes appeared when cyanide was added to the reaction mixture. Partial dissociation of cytochrome P-450. Cyanide complex by aminopyrine was observed by spectrophotometrical and epr spectroscopic methods. These results suggest that aminopyrine and cyanide reciprocally affect binding with cytochrome P-450 and modification by cyanide of aminopyrine binding reaction with the hemoprotein produces an inhibition of N-demethylase activity.", "contents": "Hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase system: effect of cyanide on microsomal N-demethylase activity. Cyanide, an inhibitor of many hemoproteins, was shown to affect a number of microsomal drug-metabolizing activities catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. The N-demethylation reaction of aminopyrine was inhibited noncompetitively by this inhibitor in microsomal preparations from rats. The binding reaction of aminopyrine with microsomal cytochrome P-450 was also modified by cyanide, and an abnormal aminopyrine-induced difference spectrum of microsomes by cyanide, and an abnormal aminopyrine-induced difference spectrum of microsomes appeared when cyanide was added to the reaction mixture. Partial dissociation of cytochrome P-450. Cyanide complex by aminopyrine was observed by spectrophotometrical and epr spectroscopic methods. These results suggest that aminopyrine and cyanide reciprocally affect binding with cytochrome P-450 and modification by cyanide of aminopyrine binding reaction with the hemoprotein produces an inhibition of N-demethylase activity.", "PMID": 563483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5584", "title": "Unusual aggressive behavior in the male golden hamster.", "content": "An unusually aggressive male golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) removed flank glands from other adult male hamsters by biting. Females and immature males were not attacked. No underlying abnormality to account for this aberrant behavior was evident.", "contents": "Unusual aggressive behavior in the male golden hamster. An unusually aggressive male golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) removed flank glands from other adult male hamsters by biting. Females and immature males were not attacked. No underlying abnormality to account for this aberrant behavior was evident.", "PMID": 563487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5585", "title": "[Effect of seduxen on the course of experimental hypokinesia].", "content": "It has been found that seduxen at a dose of 5-10 mg/kg/day administered in different ways to hypokinetic animals does not prevent hypoxic developments in the myocardium and the femoral muscle or does not normalize hypokinesia-induced biochemical changes in the liver. These findings make the advisability of seduxen application during hypokinesia doubtful.", "contents": "[Effect of seduxen on the course of experimental hypokinesia]. It has been found that seduxen at a dose of 5-10 mg/kg/day administered in different ways to hypokinetic animals does not prevent hypoxic developments in the myocardium and the femoral muscle or does not normalize hypokinesia-induced biochemical changes in the liver. These findings make the advisability of seduxen application during hypokinesia doubtful.", "PMID": 563486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5586", "title": "Hexose transport regulation in cultured hamster cells.", "content": "Hamster (nil) cells maintained overnight in culture medium containing cyclohemiximide and either glucose or fructose exhibit strikingly different rates of hexose transport and metabolism (i.e. uptake). Pretreatment of cultures with sulfhydryl reagents makes it possible to determine initial transport rates for a physiological sugar such as galactose which is a catabolite in hamster cells. Using galactose transport as a model, hexose uptake enhancements can now be shown to be due almost entirely to increases in the rate of the transport step. The transport regulation can best be accounted for by a model comprised of 2 antagonizing mechanism. This model involves turnover of transport carriers as well as inhibitory units (\"regulators\"). The experimental as well as the theoretical model may also apply to the well-known uptake enhancements observed in oncogenically transformed cells.", "contents": "Hexose transport regulation in cultured hamster cells. Hamster (nil) cells maintained overnight in culture medium containing cyclohemiximide and either glucose or fructose exhibit strikingly different rates of hexose transport and metabolism (i.e. uptake). Pretreatment of cultures with sulfhydryl reagents makes it possible to determine initial transport rates for a physiological sugar such as galactose which is a catabolite in hamster cells. Using galactose transport as a model, hexose uptake enhancements can now be shown to be due almost entirely to increases in the rate of the transport step. The transport regulation can best be accounted for by a model comprised of 2 antagonizing mechanism. This model involves turnover of transport carriers as well as inhibitory units (\"regulators\"). The experimental as well as the theoretical model may also apply to the well-known uptake enhancements observed in oncogenically transformed cells.", "PMID": 563495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5587", "title": "Distribution of a major surface-associated glycoprotein, fibronectin, in cultures of adherent cells.", "content": "Fibronectin was present in media and cell layers of cultures of adherent cells from human skin, kidney, lung, chest wall, liver, and heart. Cell-surface fibronectin, visualized by immunofluorescence, was in dense fibrillar (cultures from lung), discrete fibrillar (e.g., cultures from skin), or punctate (some cultures from kidney) structures. The subunit sizes of cell-surface fibronectin and fibronectin soluble in medium appeared identical in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. To explain the polymorphism of cell-surface fibronectin, there must be chemical differences among the fibronectins synthesized by different cell strains or factors in the cell layer which influence fibronectin binding and aggregation.", "contents": "Distribution of a major surface-associated glycoprotein, fibronectin, in cultures of adherent cells. Fibronectin was present in media and cell layers of cultures of adherent cells from human skin, kidney, lung, chest wall, liver, and heart. Cell-surface fibronectin, visualized by immunofluorescence, was in dense fibrillar (cultures from lung), discrete fibrillar (e.g., cultures from skin), or punctate (some cultures from kidney) structures. The subunit sizes of cell-surface fibronectin and fibronectin soluble in medium appeared identical in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. To explain the polymorphism of cell-surface fibronectin, there must be chemical differences among the fibronectins synthesized by different cell strains or factors in the cell layer which influence fibronectin binding and aggregation.", "PMID": 563496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5588", "title": "Characterization of the Fc receptors of the murine leukemia L1210.", "content": "A glycoprotein extract prepared from the plasma membranes of L1210 cells was passed over columns of Sepharose 4B to which either heat-aggregated human IgG or F(ab')2 fragments has been coupled. The intact IgG column bound 35.7 percent of the applied counts, whereas the F(ab')2 columns bound 2.8 percent. The bound glycoproteins were eluted with citrate buffer (pH 3.2) and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three peaks with apparent molecular weights of 65,000 45,000, and 28,000 daltons were identified and purified by electroelution from polyacrylamide gels. The isolated proteins were able to bind to the same sub-classes of mouse IgG myeloma proteins as the intact L1210 cells, indicating that these molecules are related to L1210 surface Fc receptors. Amino acid analyses of the 3 proteins were markedly similar suggesting that the observed molecular heterogeneity might be due to carbohydrate differences. Neuraminidase digestion of the isolated proteins resulted in mobility shifts on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which were consistent with the interpretation that either the isolated proteins have considerably different sialic acid contents, or that removal of the sialic acid results in disaggregation of an Fc receptor molecule.", "contents": "Characterization of the Fc receptors of the murine leukemia L1210. A glycoprotein extract prepared from the plasma membranes of L1210 cells was passed over columns of Sepharose 4B to which either heat-aggregated human IgG or F(ab')2 fragments has been coupled. The intact IgG column bound 35.7 percent of the applied counts, whereas the F(ab')2 columns bound 2.8 percent. The bound glycoproteins were eluted with citrate buffer (pH 3.2) and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three peaks with apparent molecular weights of 65,000 45,000, and 28,000 daltons were identified and purified by electroelution from polyacrylamide gels. The isolated proteins were able to bind to the same sub-classes of mouse IgG myeloma proteins as the intact L1210 cells, indicating that these molecules are related to L1210 surface Fc receptors. Amino acid analyses of the 3 proteins were markedly similar suggesting that the observed molecular heterogeneity might be due to carbohydrate differences. Neuraminidase digestion of the isolated proteins resulted in mobility shifts on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which were consistent with the interpretation that either the isolated proteins have considerably different sialic acid contents, or that removal of the sialic acid results in disaggregation of an Fc receptor molecule.", "PMID": 563497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5589", "title": "Characterization of the alcohol research literature.", "content": "Bibliometric analyses of the inernational, rapidly increasing and widely dispersed alcohol research literature show three major components: biomedical, biosocial, and psychosocial research; the biomedical component predominates.", "contents": "Characterization of the alcohol research literature. Bibliometric analyses of the inernational, rapidly increasing and widely dispersed alcohol research literature show three major components: biomedical, biosocial, and psychosocial research; the biomedical component predominates.", "PMID": 563498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5590", "title": "Effects of shock and darkness on alcohol consumption by rats.", "content": "Alcohol consumption by three groups of rats, one subjected to electric shocks, one placed in darkness and a control group, increased as a function of time.", "contents": "Effects of shock and darkness on alcohol consumption by rats. Alcohol consumption by three groups of rats, one subjected to electric shocks, one placed in darkness and a control group, increased as a function of time.", "PMID": 563499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5591", "title": "The cyclic changes of the lymph vessels in the uterus of the mouse which has been pregnant.", "content": "When adapted to the natural possibility of reabsorption of the uterus, using the dye Patent Blue Violet and Japanese ink, the orthograde demonstration of the cyclical behaviour of the lymphatics during the oestrus cycle was successful even with parous mice. As investigations have already shown in nulliparous mice (5), the characteristic variations in all five stages of the sexual cycle are also found here: As a result of the pregnancies the lymphatics of the endometrium are more strongly developed, in contrast to the nulliparous mouse. However, in the stage of pre-oestrus and oestrus the marked or very marked widening, of varying calibre does not show in such a striking way. In the subsequent two stages of the secual cycle prominent elevations are found in the lumen of the uterus, and these have lymphatic capillaries running in them. The further stage, a more or less reticulate arrangement of the lymphatic capillaries, with fine branching ramifications, is equally typical. As a result of the pregnancies, the larger lymphatic vessels are often curled up like a cork-screw, and also show their typical beaded appearance.", "contents": "The cyclic changes of the lymph vessels in the uterus of the mouse which has been pregnant. When adapted to the natural possibility of reabsorption of the uterus, using the dye Patent Blue Violet and Japanese ink, the orthograde demonstration of the cyclical behaviour of the lymphatics during the oestrus cycle was successful even with parous mice. As investigations have already shown in nulliparous mice (5), the characteristic variations in all five stages of the sexual cycle are also found here: As a result of the pregnancies the lymphatics of the endometrium are more strongly developed, in contrast to the nulliparous mouse. However, in the stage of pre-oestrus and oestrus the marked or very marked widening, of varying calibre does not show in such a striking way. In the subsequent two stages of the secual cycle prominent elevations are found in the lumen of the uterus, and these have lymphatic capillaries running in them. The further stage, a more or less reticulate arrangement of the lymphatic capillaries, with fine branching ramifications, is equally typical. As a result of the pregnancies, the larger lymphatic vessels are often curled up like a cork-screw, and also show their typical beaded appearance.", "PMID": 563501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5592", "title": "Effects of lectins on the hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by straphylococcal alpha toxin.", "content": "When concanavalin A (1 microgram/ml) or wheat germ agglutinin (2 microgram/ml) was preincubated with a suspension of 2% rabbit erythrocytes for 5 min at 20 C, the binding [125I]-labeled staphylococcal alpha toxin to these erythrocytes was greatly inhibited and the hemolytic action of alpha toxin was decreased. The inhibitory effect of concanavalin A on hemolysis by alpha toxin was completely reversed in the presence of 0.1 M alpha-methyl-D-glucoside or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Phytohemagglutinin-P from Phaseolus vulgaris and soybean agglutinin inhibited hemolysis by the toxin at concentrations exceeding 20 microgram/ml. The effect of concanavalin A on alpha-toxin hemolysis was studied further to ascertain the nature of the inhibition. Double reciprocal plots were made of hemolysis against alpha toxin concentrations, and the data suggested that inhibition of the initial rate of the hemolysis by concanavalin A is competitive in nature. This was probably due to an interaction with the alpha toxin binding sites on the cell membrane surface.", "contents": "Effects of lectins on the hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by straphylococcal alpha toxin. When concanavalin A (1 microgram/ml) or wheat germ agglutinin (2 microgram/ml) was preincubated with a suspension of 2% rabbit erythrocytes for 5 min at 20 C, the binding [125I]-labeled staphylococcal alpha toxin to these erythrocytes was greatly inhibited and the hemolytic action of alpha toxin was decreased. The inhibitory effect of concanavalin A on hemolysis by alpha toxin was completely reversed in the presence of 0.1 M alpha-methyl-D-glucoside or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Phytohemagglutinin-P from Phaseolus vulgaris and soybean agglutinin inhibited hemolysis by the toxin at concentrations exceeding 20 microgram/ml. The effect of concanavalin A on alpha-toxin hemolysis was studied further to ascertain the nature of the inhibition. Double reciprocal plots were made of hemolysis against alpha toxin concentrations, and the data suggested that inhibition of the initial rate of the hemolysis by concanavalin A is competitive in nature. This was probably due to an interaction with the alpha toxin binding sites on the cell membrane surface.", "PMID": 563506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5593", "title": "Simulated patients as a learning resource in the study of reproductive medicine.", "content": "Simulated patients have been used to foster active learning and problem solving skills in an undergraduate programme of reproductive medicine. These simulators were trained to present a series of clinical problems and were used in a variety of approaches. They served to highlight communication skills and to force attention on the recognition, assessment and management of  patient problems.", "contents": "Simulated patients as a learning resource in the study of reproductive medicine. Simulated patients have been used to foster active learning and problem solving skills in an undergraduate programme of reproductive medicine. These simulators were trained to present a series of clinical problems and were used in a variety of approaches. They served to highlight communication skills and to force attention on the recognition, assessment and management of  patient problems.", "PMID": 563507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5594", "title": "An outbreak of phaeohyphomycosis in rainbow trout caused by Scolecobasidium humicola.", "content": "A previously undescribed host for the opportunistic dematiaceous hyphomycete, Scolecobasidium humicola, is reported. Several epizootics among rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, occurred in a Tennessee fish hatchery from 1969 to 1973. Symptoms included surface lesions, blisters and abscesses. The kidneys and other internal organs were invaded by the mycelium of S. humicola. Tissue morphology of the fungus was typical of that associated with phaeohyphomycosis Experimental infections were reproduced in fingerling rainbow trout after intraperitoneal inoculation of S. humicola. Following a change in the hatchery's water supply, no new epizootics have occurred.", "contents": "An outbreak of phaeohyphomycosis in rainbow trout caused by Scolecobasidium humicola. A previously undescribed host for the opportunistic dematiaceous hyphomycete, Scolecobasidium humicola, is reported. Several epizootics among rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, occurred in a Tennessee fish hatchery from 1969 to 1973. Symptoms included surface lesions, blisters and abscesses. The kidneys and other internal organs were invaded by the mycelium of S. humicola. Tissue morphology of the fungus was typical of that associated with phaeohyphomycosis Experimental infections were reproduced in fingerling rainbow trout after intraperitoneal inoculation of S. humicola. Following a change in the hatchery's water supply, no new epizootics have occurred.", "PMID": 563511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5595", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis, intracellular electrolytes and cataract formation in vitro.", "content": "Control of protein synthesis is associated with changes in the ratio of intracellular Na+ to K+ in the cultured embryonic chick lens. Correlations of intracellular Na+/K+ ratios with crystallin synthesis and cataract formation in vitro suggest that the Na+/K+ ratio may have an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis during cataractogenesis.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis, intracellular electrolytes and cataract formation in vitro. Control of protein synthesis is associated with changes in the ratio of intracellular Na+ to K+ in the cultured embryonic chick lens. Correlations of intracellular Na+/K+ ratios with crystallin synthesis and cataract formation in vitro suggest that the Na+/K+ ratio may have an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis during cataractogenesis.", "PMID": 563520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5596", "title": "[Transmembrane ionic currents in neuroblastoma cells].", "content": "Isolated neuroblastoma cells (clone A-1 from clone N-18) were investigated by means of the intracellular dialysis technique. Changes in the ionic composition of intra- and extracellular media show that the fast inward current is carried by Na ions and delayed outward current is carried by K ions. Na inward current was blocked by TTX. Calcium inward current was not observed. Substitution of Na ions for K ions showed that PNa: PK = 7:1. A relatively low potassium conductance was found in the neuroblastoma cells.", "contents": "[Transmembrane ionic currents in neuroblastoma cells]. Isolated neuroblastoma cells (clone A-1 from clone N-18) were investigated by means of the intracellular dialysis technique. Changes in the ionic composition of intra- and extracellular media show that the fast inward current is carried by Na ions and delayed outward current is carried by K ions. Na inward current was blocked by TTX. Calcium inward current was not observed. Substitution of Na ions for K ions showed that PNa: PK = 7:1. A relatively low potassium conductance was found in the neuroblastoma cells.", "PMID": 563525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5597", "title": "Results of dynamic dose-fractionation combined with breathing oxygen in comparison to conventional treatment in head and neck and uterine cervix cancer.", "content": "A dynamic dose-fractionation regime combined with breathing oxygen at ambient pressure was introduced in the treatment of head- and neck cancer, and uterine cervix cancer. The efficacy of the method was analyzed in relation to the results obtained by treating comparable cases with conventional fractionation regime. Final evaluation of the method will have to await the accumulation of further experience during a prolonged observation period. Encouraging results obtained so far suggest that the new treatment can be accepted as a possible improved routine in the therapy of some cancer sites.", "contents": "Results of dynamic dose-fractionation combined with breathing oxygen in comparison to conventional treatment in head and neck and uterine cervix cancer. A dynamic dose-fractionation regime combined with breathing oxygen at ambient pressure was introduced in the treatment of head- and neck cancer, and uterine cervix cancer. The efficacy of the method was analyzed in relation to the results obtained by treating comparable cases with conventional fractionation regime. Final evaluation of the method will have to await the accumulation of further experience during a prolonged observation period. Encouraging results obtained so far suggest that the new treatment can be accepted as a possible improved routine in the therapy of some cancer sites.", "PMID": 563526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5598", "title": "[Clinical evaluation on glucocorticoid administration in the neurosurgical patients (the third report)--serial plasma cortisol assay following betamethasone 8 mg intravenous injection (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of betamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations was studied in 6 healty adult men. Each of them was administered 8 mg of betamethasone in a single intravenous injection. Blood samples were obtained serially for 2 days before the injection of betamethasone and for a week after the injection. Plasma cortisol was measured by competitive protein binding analysis. Before the injection of betamethasone plasma cortisol levels showed the normal diurnal rhythm in all the cases. After the injection plasma cortisol levels decreased rapidly and a mean half life time was about 1.7 hours. The low levels of plasma cortisol under 2 microgram/ml were observed for 48 hours after the injection, and then the diurnal rythm of plasma cortisol reappeared, but the levels of plasma cortisol at this time were still lower than the control levels. Then plasma cortisol levles increased gradually and they returned to the control levels 5 days after the injection. Thus, it was clarified that the suppressive effect of 8 mg or betamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations lasted at least for 48 hours. From this point of view the time interval or repetitive glucocorticoid administration for the treatment of brain edema will further be studied.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation on glucocorticoid administration in the neurosurgical patients (the third report)--serial plasma cortisol assay following betamethasone 8 mg intravenous injection (author's transl)]. The effect of betamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations was studied in 6 healty adult men. Each of them was administered 8 mg of betamethasone in a single intravenous injection. Blood samples were obtained serially for 2 days before the injection of betamethasone and for a week after the injection. Plasma cortisol was measured by competitive protein binding analysis. Before the injection of betamethasone plasma cortisol levels showed the normal diurnal rhythm in all the cases. After the injection plasma cortisol levels decreased rapidly and a mean half life time was about 1.7 hours. The low levels of plasma cortisol under 2 microgram/ml were observed for 48 hours after the injection, and then the diurnal rythm of plasma cortisol reappeared, but the levels of plasma cortisol at this time were still lower than the control levels. Then plasma cortisol levles increased gradually and they returned to the control levels 5 days after the injection. Thus, it was clarified that the suppressive effect of 8 mg or betamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations lasted at least for 48 hours. From this point of view the time interval or repetitive glucocorticoid administration for the treatment of brain edema will further be studied.", "PMID": 563529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5599", "title": "Stimulation of the Hypothalamus and FSH and LH secretion in the ferret.", "content": "The acute effects of hypothalamic electrical stimulation on the secretion of FSH and LH have been examined in anestrous and estrous ferrets. Basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were higher in the anestrous than in the estrous animals; the anestrous animals showed a more marked increase in gonadotropin levels following hypothalamic stimulation than did the estrous animals whether the stimulation current was constant or increased in the course of the experiment. It is concluded that the physiological difference in the control of gonadotropin secretion in the estrous (vs the anestrous) ferret is not reflected in an increased sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis to stimulation.", "contents": "Stimulation of the Hypothalamus and FSH and LH secretion in the ferret. The acute effects of hypothalamic electrical stimulation on the secretion of FSH and LH have been examined in anestrous and estrous ferrets. Basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were higher in the anestrous than in the estrous animals; the anestrous animals showed a more marked increase in gonadotropin levels following hypothalamic stimulation than did the estrous animals whether the stimulation current was constant or increased in the course of the experiment. It is concluded that the physiological difference in the control of gonadotropin secretion in the estrous (vs the anestrous) ferret is not reflected in an increased sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis to stimulation.", "PMID": 563530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5600", "title": "Return of diurnal plasma corticosterone rhythm long after frontal isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus in the rat.", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosterone (B) in adult male rats was investigated 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 weeks after frontal isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and was compared to that of sham-operated controls. Taking blood samples by heart puncture, it was possible to follow the same groups of animals during the entire experimental period. In accordance with earlier reports, frontal deafferentation of the MBH abolished the diurnal rhythm of plasma B 6 weeks after surgery. No change was observed in this respect until the 30th postoperative week. At that time, however, the rhythm tended to return and was present by the 36th week in the operated animals.", "contents": "Return of diurnal plasma corticosterone rhythm long after frontal isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus in the rat. The diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosterone (B) in adult male rats was investigated 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 weeks after frontal isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and was compared to that of sham-operated controls. Taking blood samples by heart puncture, it was possible to follow the same groups of animals during the entire experimental period. In accordance with earlier reports, frontal deafferentation of the MBH abolished the diurnal rhythm of plasma B 6 weeks after surgery. No change was observed in this respect until the 30th postoperative week. At that time, however, the rhythm tended to return and was present by the 36th week in the operated animals.", "PMID": 563531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5601", "title": "[Late neurological sequelae of tick-borne encephalitis in the population of the Olsztyn province].", "content": "The authors studied the incidence of late and permanent neurological sequelae of tick-borne encephalitis in the population of the Province of Olsztyn. The investigations were carried out in a group of 103 patients who were affected in the years 1970--1974. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases with epidemiological, clinical and laboratory investigations and serological evidence of tick-borne encephalitis. It was shown in these studies that tick-borne encephalitis caused development of permanent lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system in 25.3% of cases. It was observed, moreover, that a considerable part of neurological signs found in the acute stage of the disease disappear during hospital treatment but later on after discharge from the hospital the symptoms of nervous system damage reappear and new signs develop which had not been observed in the acute stage. In the light of these studies the authors conclude that a considerable proportion of convalescents have limited physical and intellectual efficiency making impossible their return to their previous work and causing not infrequently permanent loss of working ability which must be kept in mind by physicians from different specialities.", "contents": "[Late neurological sequelae of tick-borne encephalitis in the population of the Olsztyn province]. The authors studied the incidence of late and permanent neurological sequelae of tick-borne encephalitis in the population of the Province of Olsztyn. The investigations were carried out in a group of 103 patients who were affected in the years 1970--1974. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases with epidemiological, clinical and laboratory investigations and serological evidence of tick-borne encephalitis. It was shown in these studies that tick-borne encephalitis caused development of permanent lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system in 25.3% of cases. It was observed, moreover, that a considerable part of neurological signs found in the acute stage of the disease disappear during hospital treatment but later on after discharge from the hospital the symptoms of nervous system damage reappear and new signs develop which had not been observed in the acute stage. In the light of these studies the authors conclude that a considerable proportion of convalescents have limited physical and intellectual efficiency making impossible their return to their previous work and causing not infrequently permanent loss of working ability which must be kept in mind by physicians from different specialities.", "PMID": 563527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5602", "title": "The effect of denervation on compensatory ovarian hypertrophy.", "content": "Hemiovariectomized rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups: controls, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD)-treated, abdominal vagotomy, 6-HD-treated plus abdominal vagotomy and pelvic parasympathectomy. 15 days later all animals were sacrificed and the amount of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) was calculated. Vagotomy and vagotomy plus 6-HD treatment interrupted estrous cycles and significantly decreased COH. Vagotomized rats with both ovaries intact had disrupted estrous cycles but ovarian weights were not affected. In a subsequent study, rats in estrus were sham-operated, unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO), vagotomized, or vagotomized + ULO, and serum levels of LH and FSH were determined at 5 and 24 h. ULO caused a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in LH and FSH at 5 h. Vagotomy significantly (p less than 0.05) depressed LH and FSH levels in hemiovariectomized animals at 5 h. By 24 h LH was significantly higher in ULO than in either sham-operated (p less than 0.05) or vagotomy (p less than 0.01) groups. Also, vagotomy significantly (p less than 0.01) depressed FSH levels at 24 h. These results suggest a functional role for the vagus nerve in normal cyclic activity, COH, and gonadotrophin (Gn) secretion.", "contents": "The effect of denervation on compensatory ovarian hypertrophy. Hemiovariectomized rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups: controls, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD)-treated, abdominal vagotomy, 6-HD-treated plus abdominal vagotomy and pelvic parasympathectomy. 15 days later all animals were sacrificed and the amount of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) was calculated. Vagotomy and vagotomy plus 6-HD treatment interrupted estrous cycles and significantly decreased COH. Vagotomized rats with both ovaries intact had disrupted estrous cycles but ovarian weights were not affected. In a subsequent study, rats in estrus were sham-operated, unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO), vagotomized, or vagotomized + ULO, and serum levels of LH and FSH were determined at 5 and 24 h. ULO caused a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in LH and FSH at 5 h. Vagotomy significantly (p less than 0.05) depressed LH and FSH levels in hemiovariectomized animals at 5 h. By 24 h LH was significantly higher in ULO than in either sham-operated (p less than 0.05) or vagotomy (p less than 0.01) groups. Also, vagotomy significantly (p less than 0.01) depressed FSH levels at 24 h. These results suggest a functional role for the vagus nerve in normal cyclic activity, COH, and gonadotrophin (Gn) secretion.", "PMID": 563533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5603", "title": "Ambulatory neurology in residency training programs: a perspective.", "content": "Inpatient care and teaching have been the central theme in academic medicine, including neurology, for the last several decades. However, pressures from within and outside of medicine are building to create a renewed commitment to ambulatory care and education. Most neurology training programs have not yet made that commitment. They should do so for the benefit of both the patients and residents served by the programs. Effective outpatient clinic training programs should include full-time staff devoted to ambulatory care, teaching, and research. The practicing clinical neurology staff could be used more effectively. Regular chart review, case management conferences, and other teaching strategies, and the reorganization of the clinic to include private patients, as well as group practice and interdisciplinary team concepts, could improve both the patient care and resident training in the neurology clinic.", "contents": "Ambulatory neurology in residency training programs: a perspective. Inpatient care and teaching have been the central theme in academic medicine, including neurology, for the last several decades. However, pressures from within and outside of medicine are building to create a renewed commitment to ambulatory care and education. Most neurology training programs have not yet made that commitment. They should do so for the benefit of both the patients and residents served by the programs. Effective outpatient clinic training programs should include full-time staff devoted to ambulatory care, teaching, and research. The practicing clinical neurology staff could be used more effectively. Regular chart review, case management conferences, and other teaching strategies, and the reorganization of the clinic to include private patients, as well as group practice and interdisciplinary team concepts, could improve both the patient care and resident training in the neurology clinic.", "PMID": 563535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5604", "title": "Narrowing and occlusion of arteries by intracranial tumors. Review of the literature and report of 25 cases.", "content": "The intracranial arterial obstructions (narrowing or occlusion) found with intracranial tumors are rarely reported. Our 25 cases and those of the literature enable us to draw a statistical view of these facts. Meningiomas and gliomas are often concerned, and they principally involve the main arteries at the base of the brain. The practical interest in such pathology concerns: the risk of a fall in blood pressure during general anesthesia which may result in occlusion of a narrowed artery; the need to estimate the pathological state of one or several arteries passing by a tumor which must be removed; and the possibility of providing an extra-intracranial arterial bypass if necessary.", "contents": "Narrowing and occlusion of arteries by intracranial tumors. Review of the literature and report of 25 cases. The intracranial arterial obstructions (narrowing or occlusion) found with intracranial tumors are rarely reported. Our 25 cases and those of the literature enable us to draw a statistical view of these facts. Meningiomas and gliomas are often concerned, and they principally involve the main arteries at the base of the brain. The practical interest in such pathology concerns: the risk of a fall in blood pressure during general anesthesia which may result in occlusion of a narrowed artery; the need to estimate the pathological state of one or several arteries passing by a tumor which must be removed; and the possibility of providing an extra-intracranial arterial bypass if necessary.", "PMID": 563534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5605", "title": "Diaphragmatic paralysis in motor neuron disease. Report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients presenting with respiratory insufficiency had diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to adult-onset motor neuron disease (progressive spinal muscular atrophy). A review of the literature discloses seven similar cases, most of them reported in non-neurological journals.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic paralysis in motor neuron disease. Report of two cases and a review of the literature. Two patients presenting with respiratory insufficiency had diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to adult-onset motor neuron disease (progressive spinal muscular atrophy). A review of the literature discloses seven similar cases, most of them reported in non-neurological journals.", "PMID": 563536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5606", "title": "Kindling of the mesolimbic dopamine system: animal model of psychosis.", "content": "In order to examine the behavioral and physiologic consequences of chronic activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, the nucleus of origin in the ventral tegmental area was stimulated electrically for 2 seconds daily through chronically implanted intracranial electrodes in cats at the same point where instillation of the GABA blocking agent bicuculline induced a characteristic fear, staring, searching, and withdrawal response. None of the animals developed sustained after-discharge or seizures following daily stimulation for 2 months. Progressive fearfulness, hiding, loss of social behavior, and EEG spike or slow activity in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens developed in three of six intact animals. Two cats with prior 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of catecholamine pathways did not develop behavioral change in response to local bicuculline or daily electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area but demonstrated pronounced after-discharge or EEG spike propagation during the kindling procedure.", "contents": "Kindling of the mesolimbic dopamine system: animal model of psychosis. In order to examine the behavioral and physiologic consequences of chronic activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, the nucleus of origin in the ventral tegmental area was stimulated electrically for 2 seconds daily through chronically implanted intracranial electrodes in cats at the same point where instillation of the GABA blocking agent bicuculline induced a characteristic fear, staring, searching, and withdrawal response. None of the animals developed sustained after-discharge or seizures following daily stimulation for 2 months. Progressive fearfulness, hiding, loss of social behavior, and EEG spike or slow activity in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens developed in three of six intact animals. Two cats with prior 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of catecholamine pathways did not develop behavioral change in response to local bicuculline or daily electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area but demonstrated pronounced after-discharge or EEG spike propagation during the kindling procedure.", "PMID": 563537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5607", "title": "Vitamin B6-dependent seizures: pathology and chemical findings in brain.", "content": "A 13 1/2-year-old child died with vitamin B6-dependent seizures in progress. Microscopic findings in brain included an abnormally sparse quantity of central myelinated fibers in the cerebral hemispheres. Glutamic acid concentrations were elevated and GABA concentrations reduced in the frontal and occipital cortices but not in the spinal cord. All other amino acid concentrations were normal, except for increased cystathionine in the occipital cortex. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) was reduced in the frontal cortex. Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity comparable to that of controls was detected when the PLP concentration was greater than 0.05 mM. These findings suggest that pyridoxine-dependent seizures in man are associated with reduced GABA concentrations in the brain and with diminished central white matter structures.", "contents": "Vitamin B6-dependent seizures: pathology and chemical findings in brain. A 13 1/2-year-old child died with vitamin B6-dependent seizures in progress. Microscopic findings in brain included an abnormally sparse quantity of central myelinated fibers in the cerebral hemispheres. Glutamic acid concentrations were elevated and GABA concentrations reduced in the frontal and occipital cortices but not in the spinal cord. All other amino acid concentrations were normal, except for increased cystathionine in the occipital cortex. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) was reduced in the frontal cortex. Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity comparable to that of controls was detected when the PLP concentration was greater than 0.05 mM. These findings suggest that pyridoxine-dependent seizures in man are associated with reduced GABA concentrations in the brain and with diminished central white matter structures.", "PMID": 563538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5608", "title": "Potentiation and antagonism of serotonin effects on intracranial and extracranial vessels. Possible implications in migraine.", "content": "The vasoconstrictor action of serotonin and its interaction with drugs (methysergide, pizotifen, cyproheptadine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine) that have serotonin-antagonistic properties and that are used in the treatment of migraine were studied on isolated feline and human intracranial and extracranial arteries in vitro. The intracranial vessels were more sensitive to serotonin than the extracranial ones. The serotonin antagonists caused the expected impairment of the serotonin-induced contraction. In minute doses, the various compounds potentiated the contraction produced by serotonin. There is reason to believe that the mechanism responsible for this interaction is selective for tryptaminergic agents. This dual action of the serotonin antagonists may contribute to a beneficial effect in migraine by an interference during both the vasoconstrictory and vasodilatory phase.", "contents": "Potentiation and antagonism of serotonin effects on intracranial and extracranial vessels. Possible implications in migraine. The vasoconstrictor action of serotonin and its interaction with drugs (methysergide, pizotifen, cyproheptadine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine) that have serotonin-antagonistic properties and that are used in the treatment of migraine were studied on isolated feline and human intracranial and extracranial arteries in vitro. The intracranial vessels were more sensitive to serotonin than the extracranial ones. The serotonin antagonists caused the expected impairment of the serotonin-induced contraction. In minute doses, the various compounds potentiated the contraction produced by serotonin. There is reason to believe that the mechanism responsible for this interaction is selective for tryptaminergic agents. This dual action of the serotonin antagonists may contribute to a beneficial effect in migraine by an interference during both the vasoconstrictory and vasodilatory phase.", "PMID": 563539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5609", "title": "Pediatric metrizamide CT cisternography: cerebrospinal fluid circulation and hydrocephalus.", "content": "The technique of intrathecal enhancement using metrizamide (Amipaque) combined with CT imaging enables both the morphologic and dynamic (serial) evaluation of the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Three distinct metrizamide CT cisternographic patterns (delayed, intermediate, and normal) emerge in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. The findings correlate well with radionuclide cisternographic patterns; however, CT also provides excellent morphologic definition.", "contents": "Pediatric metrizamide CT cisternography: cerebrospinal fluid circulation and hydrocephalus. The technique of intrathecal enhancement using metrizamide (Amipaque) combined with CT imaging enables both the morphologic and dynamic (serial) evaluation of the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Three distinct metrizamide CT cisternographic patterns (delayed, intermediate, and normal) emerge in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. The findings correlate well with radionuclide cisternographic patterns; however, CT also provides excellent morphologic definition.", "PMID": 563540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5610", "title": "Status epilepticus in pregnancy: effect of phenytoin malabsorption on seizure control.", "content": "In the second trimester of pregnancy in a 26-year-old woman, marked exacerbation of epileptic seizures occurred with somatomotor status epilepticus. The oral requirement of phenytoin varied, and up to 1,200 mg per day were needed to maintain a therapeutic plasma concentration during the second trimester. Intestinal malabsorption was shown to be a causal factor; 56 percent of the daily oral dose of phenytoin was found in the stool. Late in pregnancy and postpartum, therapeutic plasma concentrations of phenytoin were maintained with decreased daily oral doses. Intestinal absorption improved postpartum.", "contents": "Status epilepticus in pregnancy: effect of phenytoin malabsorption on seizure control. In the second trimester of pregnancy in a 26-year-old woman, marked exacerbation of epileptic seizures occurred with somatomotor status epilepticus. The oral requirement of phenytoin varied, and up to 1,200 mg per day were needed to maintain a therapeutic plasma concentration during the second trimester. Intestinal malabsorption was shown to be a causal factor; 56 percent of the daily oral dose of phenytoin was found in the stool. Late in pregnancy and postpartum, therapeutic plasma concentrations of phenytoin were maintained with decreased daily oral doses. Intestinal absorption improved postpartum.", "PMID": 563542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5611", "title": "Prevalence of epilepsy in Bogota, Colombia.", "content": "A combined epidemiologic, clinical, and electroencephalographic study of epilepsy was undertaken in Bogota by the Neurological Institute of Colombia, the Colombian Institute of Health, and the Department of Health of the City of Bogota. The prevalence of epilepsy on December 31, 1974, was 19.5 per 1,000, the highest rate for general populations reported in the literature. The prevalence was significantly higher for females than for males, 22.9 per 1,000 compared with 15.5 per 1,000.", "contents": "Prevalence of epilepsy in Bogota, Colombia. A combined epidemiologic, clinical, and electroencephalographic study of epilepsy was undertaken in Bogota by the Neurological Institute of Colombia, the Colombian Institute of Health, and the Department of Health of the City of Bogota. The prevalence of epilepsy on December 31, 1974, was 19.5 per 1,000, the highest rate for general populations reported in the literature. The prevalence was significantly higher for females than for males, 22.9 per 1,000 compared with 15.5 per 1,000.", "PMID": 563543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5612", "title": "Quantitative determination endogenous acid phosphatase activity in vaginal washings.", "content": "Vaginal washings obtained in 98 patients were analyzed for acid phosphatase activity. A history of recent sexual intercourse was also obtained. Acid phosphatase values of less than 50 IU (obtained by the alpha naphthol phosphate method) correlated with abstinence from sexual intercourse for more than 30 hours, whereas values greater than 50 IU correlated with sexual intercourse in a period up to and including 30 hours (P less than 0.05). The presence or absence of sperm was found to correlate poorly with the time since intercourse.", "contents": "Quantitative determination endogenous acid phosphatase activity in vaginal washings. Vaginal washings obtained in 98 patients were analyzed for acid phosphatase activity. A history of recent sexual intercourse was also obtained. Acid phosphatase values of less than 50 IU (obtained by the alpha naphthol phosphate method) correlated with abstinence from sexual intercourse for more than 30 hours, whereas values greater than 50 IU correlated with sexual intercourse in a period up to and including 30 hours (P less than 0.05). The presence or absence of sperm was found to correlate poorly with the time since intercourse.", "PMID": 563547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5613", "title": "Diagnostic significance of summating potential in sensorineural deafness.", "content": "The polarity of the summating potential wave induced by electrocochleographical examination has an important bearing upon the pathophysiology or the prognostic evaluation of sensorineural deafness. Electrocochleographical examination was performed on cases of sudden deafness, M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, progressive sensorineural deafness, sensorineural deafness due to barotrauma, etc. When the polarity of the summating potential showed an increased negative wave, physiological blockage in sensorineural structures was revealed. In other words, under such conditions sensorineural structures have a potential for activity although hearing acuity was damaged. On the other hand, when the summating potential has an increased positive polarity wave, gradual decrease of the hearing acuity was revealed.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of summating potential in sensorineural deafness. The polarity of the summating potential wave induced by electrocochleographical examination has an important bearing upon the pathophysiology or the prognostic evaluation of sensorineural deafness. Electrocochleographical examination was performed on cases of sudden deafness, M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, progressive sensorineural deafness, sensorineural deafness due to barotrauma, etc. When the polarity of the summating potential showed an increased negative wave, physiological blockage in sensorineural structures was revealed. In other words, under such conditions sensorineural structures have a potential for activity although hearing acuity was damaged. On the other hand, when the summating potential has an increased positive polarity wave, gradual decrease of the hearing acuity was revealed.", "PMID": 563549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5614", "title": "The facial nerve coursing across the oval window area.", "content": "A case of unilateral conductive deafness since birth is described. At exploration of the middle ear, the facial nerve was found to have an anomalous course across the oval window region, the stapedial crura ending on the uncovered facial nerve. This case is believed to represent the 9th case to be recorded. This anomaly may be due to failure of union between the branchial part and otic capsule part of the stapes, in combination with a defective development of the laterohyale resulting in a partially absent facial canal.", "contents": "The facial nerve coursing across the oval window area. A case of unilateral conductive deafness since birth is described. At exploration of the middle ear, the facial nerve was found to have an anomalous course across the oval window region, the stapedial crura ending on the uncovered facial nerve. This case is believed to represent the 9th case to be recorded. This anomaly may be due to failure of union between the branchial part and otic capsule part of the stapes, in combination with a defective development of the laterohyale resulting in a partially absent facial canal.", "PMID": 563550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5615", "title": "Automatic audiometry in stapes motility evaluation.", "content": "An automatic Grason-Stadler-B\u00e9k\u00e9sy 1701 audiometer with continuous frequency progression (1 octave/min) and increase (or attenuation)of intensity of 2.5 dB/sec, has been employed to perfect an investigation technique for obtaining, by the mean difference in dB between absolute bone conduction (ABC) and relative bone conduction(RBC), a quantity evaluation of stapes motility and monitor alterations brought on by various disease processes. A preliminary study performed on subjects with normal hearing was used to establish the influence of age on motility. It was thus possible to establish an index (stapes motility index, SMI) to represent the degree of normal stapes motility as a function of the subject's age and thus, through variations in this index, identify alterations to the motility of the tympano-ossicular system caused by ongoing disease processes and by surgery.", "contents": "Automatic audiometry in stapes motility evaluation. An automatic Grason-Stadler-B\u00e9k\u00e9sy 1701 audiometer with continuous frequency progression (1 octave/min) and increase (or attenuation)of intensity of 2.5 dB/sec, has been employed to perfect an investigation technique for obtaining, by the mean difference in dB between absolute bone conduction (ABC) and relative bone conduction(RBC), a quantity evaluation of stapes motility and monitor alterations brought on by various disease processes. A preliminary study performed on subjects with normal hearing was used to establish the influence of age on motility. It was thus possible to establish an index (stapes motility index, SMI) to represent the degree of normal stapes motility as a function of the subject's age and thus, through variations in this index, identify alterations to the motility of the tympano-ossicular system caused by ongoing disease processes and by surgery.", "PMID": 563548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5616", "title": "Adenomatosis of accessory salivary glands of the lip. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of an unusual tumour of accessory salivary glands are presented. The histological examination revealed that this tumour was benign and not malignant as has been suggested by others. Clinical follow-up for 8 years showed no signs of recurrence or metastases. We suggested to call it 'adenomatosis'. No extensive surgery is indicated.", "contents": "Adenomatosis of accessory salivary glands of the lip. Report of two cases. Two cases of an unusual tumour of accessory salivary glands are presented. The histological examination revealed that this tumour was benign and not malignant as has been suggested by others. Clinical follow-up for 8 years showed no signs of recurrence or metastases. We suggested to call it 'adenomatosis'. No extensive surgery is indicated.", "PMID": 563551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5617", "title": "The ultrastructure of penetrating stages of Babesia major infecting the ovary of Haemaphysalis punctata.", "content": "The ultrastructure of penetrating stages of Babesia major merozoites responsible for causing trans-ovarian infection of the tick Haemaphysalis punctata was studied. These merozoites were different from forms of other Babesia species previously described in the tick in that they were highly pleomorphic. Most of the organelles found in these forms were similar to those found in other stages: however, the apical complex was found to be very active. Micronemes were found to be predominant in the cytoplasm of these merozoites and a cytoplasmic projection anterior to the polar ring and bounded by concentric rings was visible. A polar ring with radiating ribs, and microtubules was present. It is thought that the apical complex of these merozoites plays an important role in assisting the parasite to infect the ovary of the tick.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of penetrating stages of Babesia major infecting the ovary of Haemaphysalis punctata. The ultrastructure of penetrating stages of Babesia major merozoites responsible for causing trans-ovarian infection of the tick Haemaphysalis punctata was studied. These merozoites were different from forms of other Babesia species previously described in the tick in that they were highly pleomorphic. Most of the organelles found in these forms were similar to those found in other stages: however, the apical complex was found to be very active. Micronemes were found to be predominant in the cytoplasm of these merozoites and a cytoplasmic projection anterior to the polar ring and bounded by concentric rings was visible. A polar ring with radiating ribs, and microtubules was present. It is thought that the apical complex of these merozoites plays an important role in assisting the parasite to infect the ovary of the tick.", "PMID": 563562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5618", "title": "Passive electrical properties of the atrio-ventricular node.", "content": "The passive electrical properties of the atrioventricular node and of the atrial muscle of the rabbit heart were determined. To polarize the cells, a small suction electrode was used. The space constant of the atrio-ventricular node was found to be small (430 micron) compared to other cardiac fibers. The small value of gamma in nodal cells is due to a high intracellular resistance (ra, 40.9 +/- 9 M omega/cm) which is higher than in atrial muscle (9.6 +/- 2.2 M omega/cm). The input resistance of cells of the N layer was found equals to 880 K omega while in the right atrium was 320 K omega. The time constant of nodal cells in the AN layer was 3.4 ms, in the N layer 9 ms and in the atrium 5 ms. Assuming a specific membrane capacity (Cm) of nodal and atrial fibers of 1 micron F/cm2, Rm was found equals to 9.000 omega cm2 in N layer. 3.400 omega cm2 in AN layer and 3.800 omega cm2 in the right atrium. Acetylcholine (5 microgram/ml) reduced the space constant of the atrio-ventricular node by 38% and the time constant of nodal cells by 33%. The delay of impulse conduction in the A-V node semms then related to a high intracellular resistance along the pathway of conduction.", "contents": "Passive electrical properties of the atrio-ventricular node. The passive electrical properties of the atrioventricular node and of the atrial muscle of the rabbit heart were determined. To polarize the cells, a small suction electrode was used. The space constant of the atrio-ventricular node was found to be small (430 micron) compared to other cardiac fibers. The small value of gamma in nodal cells is due to a high intracellular resistance (ra, 40.9 +/- 9 M omega/cm) which is higher than in atrial muscle (9.6 +/- 2.2 M omega/cm). The input resistance of cells of the N layer was found equals to 880 K omega while in the right atrium was 320 K omega. The time constant of nodal cells in the AN layer was 3.4 ms, in the N layer 9 ms and in the atrium 5 ms. Assuming a specific membrane capacity (Cm) of nodal and atrial fibers of 1 micron F/cm2, Rm was found equals to 9.000 omega cm2 in N layer. 3.400 omega cm2 in AN layer and 3.800 omega cm2 in the right atrium. Acetylcholine (5 microgram/ml) reduced the space constant of the atrio-ventricular node by 38% and the time constant of nodal cells by 33%. The delay of impulse conduction in the A-V node semms then related to a high intracellular resistance along the pathway of conduction.", "PMID": 563569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5619", "title": "A multi-sensor support for in vivo monitoring of blood parameters with in situ sensor calibration.", "content": "An apparatus permitting continuous simultaneous in vivo monitoring of human arterial blood parameters is described. Sensors are held firmly in position in arterial blood flowing through an extracorporeal shunt. The system is reliable, rugged and inexpensive. Installation and manipulation are easy, and the sensors can be calibrated in situ. The system seems well suited for computer-aided monitoring of intensive care patients.", "contents": "A multi-sensor support for in vivo monitoring of blood parameters with in situ sensor calibration. An apparatus permitting continuous simultaneous in vivo monitoring of human arterial blood parameters is described. Sensors are held firmly in position in arterial blood flowing through an extracorporeal shunt. The system is reliable, rugged and inexpensive. Installation and manipulation are easy, and the sensors can be calibrated in situ. The system seems well suited for computer-aided monitoring of intensive care patients.", "PMID": 563571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5620", "title": "The role of augmented breaths (sighs) in bronchial asthma attacks.", "content": "The study is based on plethysmographic, neurophysiological and respiratory mass-spectrographic records established during anaphylactic or histamine-induced bronchial asthma attacks in guinea-pigs. The frequency of occurrence of the augmented breaths (sighs) is correlated with the intensity of the lung deflation reflex (tachypnoea) which arises during the attack. In the acute phase of the asthma attack, the sighs increase in number and reinforce the uneven ventilation which underlies stimulation of the pulmonary deflation receptors. The sigh becomes an essential component of the vicious circle of uneven ventilation and vagal lung deflation  reflex induced. This circle is broken in the recovery phase of the asthma attack, during which the sighs decrease in number, as the conditions underlying their occurrence subside; they now lessen the uneven ventilation and by reopening closed lung units promote a return to normal conditions in lung mechanics. It is concluded that augmented breaths, like the asthmatic tachypnoea, are caused by uneven ventilation resulting in pulmonary self-compression and in turn stimulation of the pulmonary deflation (irritant) endings. Some factors which possibly contribute to the elicitation of augmented breaths are discussed.", "contents": "The role of augmented breaths (sighs) in bronchial asthma attacks. The study is based on plethysmographic, neurophysiological and respiratory mass-spectrographic records established during anaphylactic or histamine-induced bronchial asthma attacks in guinea-pigs. The frequency of occurrence of the augmented breaths (sighs) is correlated with the intensity of the lung deflation reflex (tachypnoea) which arises during the attack. In the acute phase of the asthma attack, the sighs increase in number and reinforce the uneven ventilation which underlies stimulation of the pulmonary deflation receptors. The sigh becomes an essential component of the vicious circle of uneven ventilation and vagal lung deflation  reflex induced. This circle is broken in the recovery phase of the asthma attack, during which the sighs decrease in number, as the conditions underlying their occurrence subside; they now lessen the uneven ventilation and by reopening closed lung units promote a return to normal conditions in lung mechanics. It is concluded that augmented breaths, like the asthmatic tachypnoea, are caused by uneven ventilation resulting in pulmonary self-compression and in turn stimulation of the pulmonary deflation (irritant) endings. Some factors which possibly contribute to the elicitation of augmented breaths are discussed.", "PMID": 563578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5621", "title": "Fabrication of well defined micropipette tips by hydrofluoric acid etching.", "content": "Glass tubes were drawn on a two stage pipette puller such that tips with 0.5-2.0 micron inner diameters were obtained as confirmed by scanning electron imaging. The pipettes were attached to an air reservoir with a pressure set at 0.5 bar to prevent fluid from entering the tip. They were lowered into 2% hydrofluoric acid by means of a micromanipulator. When air bubbles began to escape from the tips, they were withdrawn and immersed into 0.5 molar phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and then rinsed with tap water and ethanol. Etching during 100 s (mean) yielded inner tip diameters of 5 micron (+/- 5% S.D.). The tips were beveled at the same angle at which they had been dipped into the etching fluid. No continuation of the etching process was noticed even after several days.", "contents": "Fabrication of well defined micropipette tips by hydrofluoric acid etching. Glass tubes were drawn on a two stage pipette puller such that tips with 0.5-2.0 micron inner diameters were obtained as confirmed by scanning electron imaging. The pipettes were attached to an air reservoir with a pressure set at 0.5 bar to prevent fluid from entering the tip. They were lowered into 2% hydrofluoric acid by means of a micromanipulator. When air bubbles began to escape from the tips, they were withdrawn and immersed into 0.5 molar phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and then rinsed with tap water and ethanol. Etching during 100 s (mean) yielded inner tip diameters of 5 micron (+/- 5% S.D.). The tips were beveled at the same angle at which they had been dipped into the etching fluid. No continuation of the etching process was noticed even after several days.", "PMID": 563579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5622", "title": "Equatorial x-ray reflections from contracting muscle after an applied stretch.", "content": "The equatorial X-ray reflections were recorded from contracting muscle after a slow stretch. The intensity ratio of the 1,0 to the 1,1 reflections (I10/I11) after the stretch was not significantly different from that during an isometric tetanus at the same sarcomere length, although the tension after the stretch was considerably greater than isometric. This suggests that an almost identical number of cross-bridges produce a greater tension after a slow stretch than during an isometric tetanus.", "contents": "Equatorial x-ray reflections from contracting muscle after an applied stretch. The equatorial X-ray reflections were recorded from contracting muscle after a slow stretch. The intensity ratio of the 1,0 to the 1,1 reflections (I10/I11) after the stretch was not significantly different from that during an isometric tetanus at the same sarcomere length, although the tension after the stretch was considerably greater than isometric. This suggests that an almost identical number of cross-bridges produce a greater tension after a slow stretch than during an isometric tetanus.", "PMID": 563580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5623", "title": "Force-velocity relations of the portal vein of hyperthyroid rats.", "content": "The effect of thyroxine on the elementary process of contraction of vascular smooth muscle was tested on 38 hyperthyroid and in 38 control rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced by i.p. injections of triiodthyronine or 1-htyroxine for 2 weeks. By means of afterloaded isotonic contractions of the tetanized portal vein force velocity relations were calculated. There was a slight increase in both the extrapolated velocity of shortening at zero load [from 0.93 +/- 0.04 ML/s (control rats) to 1.03 +/- 0.04 ML/s (hyperthyroid rats; P less than 0.05)], and the peak force generation (from 14.8 +/- 0.4 mN to 16.1 +/- 0.4 mN; P less than 0.005). The maximum of mechanical power development at a distinct extent of afterload was augmented from 1.35 +/- 0.06 muW/ML to 1.68 +/- 0.06 muW/ML (P less than 0.005). The influence of thyroxine on the elementary process of contraction in vascular smooth muscle is discussed in connection with the much stronger effect of hyperthyroidism on cardiac muscle contraction.", "contents": "Force-velocity relations of the portal vein of hyperthyroid rats. The effect of thyroxine on the elementary process of contraction of vascular smooth muscle was tested on 38 hyperthyroid and in 38 control rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced by i.p. injections of triiodthyronine or 1-htyroxine for 2 weeks. By means of afterloaded isotonic contractions of the tetanized portal vein force velocity relations were calculated. There was a slight increase in both the extrapolated velocity of shortening at zero load [from 0.93 +/- 0.04 ML/s (control rats) to 1.03 +/- 0.04 ML/s (hyperthyroid rats; P less than 0.05)], and the peak force generation (from 14.8 +/- 0.4 mN to 16.1 +/- 0.4 mN; P less than 0.005). The maximum of mechanical power development at a distinct extent of afterload was augmented from 1.35 +/- 0.06 muW/ML to 1.68 +/- 0.06 muW/ML (P less than 0.005). The influence of thyroxine on the elementary process of contraction in vascular smooth muscle is discussed in connection with the much stronger effect of hyperthyroidism on cardiac muscle contraction.", "PMID": 563581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5624", "title": "Oxygen diffusivity in tumor tissue (DS-carcinosarcoma) under temperature conditions within the range of 20--40 degrees C.", "content": "The O2 diffusion constants D and K of tumor tissue (DS-Carcinosarcoma in the rat kidney) were determined at temperatures of 20, 30, 37, and 40 degrees C. The following mean values were obtained for the conditions of 37 degrees C: D = 1.75-10(-5) cm2/s and K = 1.9-10(-5) mlO2/cm-min-atm. Within the range of 20-40 degrees C, temperature variations in tumor tissue cause changes in the O2 diffusion coefficient D of 2.0-2.5%/C and in the Krogh O2 diffusion constant K of 0.5-1.5%/C. The measured O2 diffusion constants for tumor tissue correspond to values of normal tissue with similar water content. This indicates that the insufficient O2 supply in DS-Carcinosarcoma is due not to unfavorable O2 diffusivity of the tumor tissue but rather to a decreased convective O2 transport and to insufficient capillarization. An analysis of O2 diffusion in DS-Carcinosarcoma tissue using the determined O2 diffusion constants lead to the result that, under the conditions of arterial normoxia and normocapnia, critical O2 supply conditions are to be expected when the intercapillary distance exceeds approximately 120 micrometer.", "contents": "Oxygen diffusivity in tumor tissue (DS-carcinosarcoma) under temperature conditions within the range of 20--40 degrees C. The O2 diffusion constants D and K of tumor tissue (DS-Carcinosarcoma in the rat kidney) were determined at temperatures of 20, 30, 37, and 40 degrees C. The following mean values were obtained for the conditions of 37 degrees C: D = 1.75-10(-5) cm2/s and K = 1.9-10(-5) mlO2/cm-min-atm. Within the range of 20-40 degrees C, temperature variations in tumor tissue cause changes in the O2 diffusion coefficient D of 2.0-2.5%/C and in the Krogh O2 diffusion constant K of 0.5-1.5%/C. The measured O2 diffusion constants for tumor tissue correspond to values of normal tissue with similar water content. This indicates that the insufficient O2 supply in DS-Carcinosarcoma is due not to unfavorable O2 diffusivity of the tumor tissue but rather to a decreased convective O2 transport and to insufficient capillarization. An analysis of O2 diffusion in DS-Carcinosarcoma tissue using the determined O2 diffusion constants lead to the result that, under the conditions of arterial normoxia and normocapnia, critical O2 supply conditions are to be expected when the intercapillary distance exceeds approximately 120 micrometer.", "PMID": 563582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5625", "title": "Activation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers of the cat by pain producing substances and by noxious heat.", "content": "Afferent discharges of 64 single units were recorded from the left cardiac sympathetic nerve of anesthetized cats. Mechano-sensitive terminals of the afferent fibers were localized in the extrapulmonary part of the pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and left pericardium, as determined by direct mechanical probing of the heart after death of the animals. Conduction velocity of the fibers ranged from 2.5 to 14.6 m/s. Excitation of these Adelta-fibers with mechanically excitable endings was produced by intravenous injections of acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin, histamine and veratridine, and/or by topical application of these agents to the receptor region. Noxious heat to the mechanically excitable field in the wall of the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle also activated their afferent fibers. These observations provide evidence for a certain number of afferent units in the cardiac sympathetic nerve with polymodal sensitivity. These afferent fibers can provide the spinal cord with information not only on mechanical changes in cardiac events, but also changes in the chemical environment of the cardiac nerve ending, possibly produced by myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Activation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers of the cat by pain producing substances and by noxious heat. Afferent discharges of 64 single units were recorded from the left cardiac sympathetic nerve of anesthetized cats. Mechano-sensitive terminals of the afferent fibers were localized in the extrapulmonary part of the pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and left pericardium, as determined by direct mechanical probing of the heart after death of the animals. Conduction velocity of the fibers ranged from 2.5 to 14.6 m/s. Excitation of these Adelta-fibers with mechanically excitable endings was produced by intravenous injections of acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin, histamine and veratridine, and/or by topical application of these agents to the receptor region. Noxious heat to the mechanically excitable field in the wall of the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle also activated their afferent fibers. These observations provide evidence for a certain number of afferent units in the cardiac sympathetic nerve with polymodal sensitivity. These afferent fibers can provide the spinal cord with information not only on mechanical changes in cardiac events, but also changes in the chemical environment of the cardiac nerve ending, possibly produced by myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 563584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5626", "title": "Inward current of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell.", "content": "Inward currents of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell were examined in voltage-clamp experiments using the two-microelectrode technique. A fast and slow inward current could be separated from each other. The slow inward current was blocked by Mn and D 600, but it was insensitive to TTX. On the contrary, the fast inward current was blocked by TTX, but not by Mn and D 600. Both the fast and slow inward currents disappeared on Na removal. The fast inward current system was fully inactivated by holding the membrane potential positive to -40 to -50 mV, while the slow inward current system was recorded with the holding potential up to -20 mV. The voltage dependence of the inactivation of the 2 inward current systems and their dependence on [Na]0 suggests that the rising phase of the spontaneous action potential in the S-A node cell is produced mainly by Na current through the slow inward current system.", "contents": "Inward current of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell. Inward currents of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell were examined in voltage-clamp experiments using the two-microelectrode technique. A fast and slow inward current could be separated from each other. The slow inward current was blocked by Mn and D 600, but it was insensitive to TTX. On the contrary, the fast inward current was blocked by TTX, but not by Mn and D 600. Both the fast and slow inward currents disappeared on Na removal. The fast inward current system was fully inactivated by holding the membrane potential positive to -40 to -50 mV, while the slow inward current system was recorded with the holding potential up to -20 mV. The voltage dependence of the inactivation of the 2 inward current systems and their dependence on [Na]0 suggests that the rising phase of the spontaneous action potential in the S-A node cell is produced mainly by Na current through the slow inward current system.", "PMID": 563583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5627", "title": "Role of calcium in the release of noradrenaline induced by sodium deprivation from the guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "The ability of Na-free media containing isotonic sucrose or equimolar choline chloride to increase the spontaneous release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve terminals and the dependence of the increase on extracellular calcium have been examined in the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens. The increase in noradrenaline output induced by the Na deprivation was gradual in contrast to the rapid response produced by excess potassium. The release of noradrenaline induced by the Na-free solution containing sucrose was not significantly reduced by the removal of calcium with or without EGTA in the first 1 h period, but was reversibly inhibited in the second 1 h period. On the other hand, the effect of the Na-free solution containing choline was significantly but reversibly decreased by exposure to the Ca-free media without any chelating agent in both periods of incubation. Lanthanum (0.25 mM) moderately inhibited the response induced by calcium reintroduction following exposure to the Ca-free, Na-free choline medium, but magnesium (10 or 20 mM) did not. It is suggested that Na deprivation may cause an increase in Ca efflux, a decrease in Ca efflux or a release of intracellulary stored calcium resulting in an increase in the level of intracellular free calcium which then stimulates the output of noradrenaline.", "contents": "Role of calcium in the release of noradrenaline induced by sodium deprivation from the guinea-pig vas deferens. The ability of Na-free media containing isotonic sucrose or equimolar choline chloride to increase the spontaneous release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve terminals and the dependence of the increase on extracellular calcium have been examined in the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens. The increase in noradrenaline output induced by the Na deprivation was gradual in contrast to the rapid response produced by excess potassium. The release of noradrenaline induced by the Na-free solution containing sucrose was not significantly reduced by the removal of calcium with or without EGTA in the first 1 h period, but was reversibly inhibited in the second 1 h period. On the other hand, the effect of the Na-free solution containing choline was significantly but reversibly decreased by exposure to the Ca-free media without any chelating agent in both periods of incubation. Lanthanum (0.25 mM) moderately inhibited the response induced by calcium reintroduction following exposure to the Ca-free, Na-free choline medium, but magnesium (10 or 20 mM) did not. It is suggested that Na deprivation may cause an increase in Ca efflux, a decrease in Ca efflux or a release of intracellulary stored calcium resulting in an increase in the level of intracellular free calcium which then stimulates the output of noradrenaline.", "PMID": 563585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5628", "title": "Studies on the binding characteristics of antimycin A and albumin in relation to the inhibitor activity of the complex on rat proximal tubular sodium transport.", "content": "As reported previously [11] Antimycin A is effective in inhibiting sodium transport of the proximal tubule only when applied to the luminal side and in the presence of albumin. Therefore the interaction of Antimycin A with albumin was examined with the technique of equilibrium dialysis. It was found that Antimycin A was bound to albumin at five sites with a dissociation constant of 2.5 X 10(-6) M. This finding suggests that Antimycin A is taken up by the tubular cell as an Antimycin A/albumin complex via pinocytosis. In the pinocytotic vesicle this complex probably dissociates, and free Antimycin A is released into the cytoplasm where it can reach it's sites of action in the mitochondria and at the plasma membrane. This uptake mechanism might provide a general method to incorporate substances into the cell which do not penetrate the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Studies on the binding characteristics of antimycin A and albumin in relation to the inhibitor activity of the complex on rat proximal tubular sodium transport. As reported previously [11] Antimycin A is effective in inhibiting sodium transport of the proximal tubule only when applied to the luminal side and in the presence of albumin. Therefore the interaction of Antimycin A with albumin was examined with the technique of equilibrium dialysis. It was found that Antimycin A was bound to albumin at five sites with a dissociation constant of 2.5 X 10(-6) M. This finding suggests that Antimycin A is taken up by the tubular cell as an Antimycin A/albumin complex via pinocytosis. In the pinocytotic vesicle this complex probably dissociates, and free Antimycin A is released into the cytoplasm where it can reach it's sites of action in the mitochondria and at the plasma membrane. This uptake mechanism might provide a general method to incorporate substances into the cell which do not penetrate the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 563587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5629", "title": "Effect of exercise on systemic blood pressure and heart rate in horses.", "content": "Carotid loops were prepared in 3 horses several months prior to the experiments. Systemic blood pressure was recorded at rest and during exercise by insertion of a plastic cannula into the carotid artery. The pressure transducer was fixed at the neck of the animal. The blood pressure signal was transmitted by telemetry. When the horses were standing under the rider, the following results were obtained: heart rate 38 +/- 5 beats-min-1, systolic pressure 115 +/- 15, disstolic pressure 83 +/- 10, mean pressure 97 +/- 12, and pulse pressure 32 +/- 9 mm Hg. During steady gallop at a mean speed of 548 +/- 90 m-min-1, heart rate rose to 184 +/- 23 beats-min-1, systolic pressure to 205 +/- 23, diastolic pressure to 116 +/- 12, mean pressure to 160 +/- 20 and pulse pressure to 89 +/- 19 mm Hg. These values remained stable throughout the exercise period of 5-6 min. When the horses were exercised at stepwise increasing speed from walk through trot to gallop, both the mean arterial blood pressure and the pulse pressure rose in proportion to the running speed.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on systemic blood pressure and heart rate in horses. Carotid loops were prepared in 3 horses several months prior to the experiments. Systemic blood pressure was recorded at rest and during exercise by insertion of a plastic cannula into the carotid artery. The pressure transducer was fixed at the neck of the animal. The blood pressure signal was transmitted by telemetry. When the horses were standing under the rider, the following results were obtained: heart rate 38 +/- 5 beats-min-1, systolic pressure 115 +/- 15, disstolic pressure 83 +/- 10, mean pressure 97 +/- 12, and pulse pressure 32 +/- 9 mm Hg. During steady gallop at a mean speed of 548 +/- 90 m-min-1, heart rate rose to 184 +/- 23 beats-min-1, systolic pressure to 205 +/- 23, diastolic pressure to 116 +/- 12, mean pressure to 160 +/- 20 and pulse pressure to 89 +/- 19 mm Hg. These values remained stable throughout the exercise period of 5-6 min. When the horses were exercised at stepwise increasing speed from walk through trot to gallop, both the mean arterial blood pressure and the pulse pressure rose in proportion to the running speed.", "PMID": 563589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5630", "title": "Nucleic acid and protein content of rat cecum mucosa in dietary adaptation-growth by cellular hyperplasia.", "content": "The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein content of the isolated cecum mucosa was determined in control rats and rats with adaptive cecum growth induced by dietary polyethylene glycol. Feeding the polymer resulted in an increase in the total amount of mucosal nucleic acids and protein which was statistically significant after 2-4 days and reached twice the control value after 2 months. During growth, the protein/DNA, protein/RNA and RNA/DNA ratios remained unaltered, indicating hyperplasia and not hypertrophy of the epithelial cells. The water content of the mucosa increased from 75 to 81% during adaptation, possibly related to the stimulation in active sodium transport reported earlier. Recalculation of parallel Na-K-ATPase data on the basis of DNA demonstrated a doubling of Na-K-ATPase activity per mg DNA in the fully adapted cell.", "contents": "Nucleic acid and protein content of rat cecum mucosa in dietary adaptation-growth by cellular hyperplasia. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein content of the isolated cecum mucosa was determined in control rats and rats with adaptive cecum growth induced by dietary polyethylene glycol. Feeding the polymer resulted in an increase in the total amount of mucosal nucleic acids and protein which was statistically significant after 2-4 days and reached twice the control value after 2 months. During growth, the protein/DNA, protein/RNA and RNA/DNA ratios remained unaltered, indicating hyperplasia and not hypertrophy of the epithelial cells. The water content of the mucosa increased from 75 to 81% during adaptation, possibly related to the stimulation in active sodium transport reported earlier. Recalculation of parallel Na-K-ATPase data on the basis of DNA demonstrated a doubling of Na-K-ATPase activity per mg DNA in the fully adapted cell.", "PMID": 563588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5631", "title": "[Chronic renal failure following intoxication by Cortinarius orellanus fries type mushrooms. Two cases of familial intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "Poisoning from Cortina orellanus is to be observed when favourable weather conditions allow the spread of the Cortina in the mountains. A failure to recognize toxicity from this mushroom and a few related species explains the occurrence of genuine epiemics of poisoning, such as has been observed in Poland. Two case histories reported by the authors illustrate that such cases of poisoning occur in France, where the most dangerous of the Cortina, Cortina orellanus, although not widespread, is also not rare. The clinical picture is notable by virtue of the long incubation period and predominantly renal involvement, which is paramount in diagnosis. The condition is initially one of an acute interstitial tubular nephritis which is likely to develop later into a chronic condition.", "contents": "[Chronic renal failure following intoxication by Cortinarius orellanus fries type mushrooms. Two cases of familial intoxication (author's transl)]. Poisoning from Cortina orellanus is to be observed when favourable weather conditions allow the spread of the Cortina in the mountains. A failure to recognize toxicity from this mushroom and a few related species explains the occurrence of genuine epiemics of poisoning, such as has been observed in Poland. Two case histories reported by the authors illustrate that such cases of poisoning occur in France, where the most dangerous of the Cortina, Cortina orellanus, although not widespread, is also not rare. The clinical picture is notable by virtue of the long incubation period and predominantly renal involvement, which is paramount in diagnosis. The condition is initially one of an acute interstitial tubular nephritis which is likely to develop later into a chronic condition.", "PMID": 563590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5632", "title": "The presence of ovalbumin mRNA coding sequences in multiple restriction fragments of chicken DNA.", "content": "Chicken DNA has been digested with restriction enzymes and the size distribution of the DNA fragments containing ovalbumin specific sequences has been examined after separation of the fragments on agarose gels and transfer to nitrocellulose sheets. Hybridisation with terminally 32P-labelled ovalbumin mRNA fragments or with RNA populations transcribed from the DNA of a hybrid plasmid containing ovalbumin sequences was used to locate the DNA fragments coding for ovalbumin. Digestion with enzymes which do not cut within the portion of the ovalbumin gene synthesised from ovalbumin messenger RNA in vitro has shown the presence of several defined fragments carrying ovalbumin specific sequences. Possible explanations of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "The presence of ovalbumin mRNA coding sequences in multiple restriction fragments of chicken DNA. Chicken DNA has been digested with restriction enzymes and the size distribution of the DNA fragments containing ovalbumin specific sequences has been examined after separation of the fragments on agarose gels and transfer to nitrocellulose sheets. Hybridisation with terminally 32P-labelled ovalbumin mRNA fragments or with RNA populations transcribed from the DNA of a hybrid plasmid containing ovalbumin sequences was used to locate the DNA fragments coding for ovalbumin. Digestion with enzymes which do not cut within the portion of the ovalbumin gene synthesised from ovalbumin messenger RNA in vitro has shown the presence of several defined fragments carrying ovalbumin specific sequences. Possible explanations of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 563592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5633", "title": "Effect of propranolol on glucose tolerance in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Glucose tolerance tests were performed on six hyperthyroid patients in the morning and afternoon before, and at the end of treatment with propranolol for 2 weeks. All six subjects showed normal glucose tolerance with a normal diurnal rhythm before treatment and this remained normal in five during treatment with propranolol, while one patient developed abnormal glucose tolerance and the diurnal variation was abolished. No change in insulin levels was noted in any of the patients either before or during treatment. Propranolol may cause deterioration in glucose tolerance in some subjects with hyperthyroidism and this possibility should not be overlooked.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on glucose tolerance in hyperthyroidism. Glucose tolerance tests were performed on six hyperthyroid patients in the morning and afternoon before, and at the end of treatment with propranolol for 2 weeks. All six subjects showed normal glucose tolerance with a normal diurnal rhythm before treatment and this remained normal in five during treatment with propranolol, while one patient developed abnormal glucose tolerance and the diurnal variation was abolished. No change in insulin levels was noted in any of the patients either before or during treatment. Propranolol may cause deterioration in glucose tolerance in some subjects with hyperthyroidism and this possibility should not be overlooked.", "PMID": 563596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5634", "title": "Cycloheximide produces adult-like retention deficits of prior learning in infant mice.", "content": "Utilizing a dosage of cycloheximide which was found to inhibit cerebral protein synthesis by almost 90% after injection, separate groups of 13-day-old mice received either cycloheximide or saline followed by 0 (control), 15, or 25 training trials in a discriminated shock-escape T-maze. Twenty-four hr later, each mouse was treated with cycloheximide or saline and tested for retention by an additional 25 trails in the T-maze. As reflected by correct choice-point turns, the results suggest that whereas salinetreated mice demonstrated reliable retention of prior learning, cycloheximide treated mice exhibited memory impairment; cycloheximide per se had no effect on performance during either original training or retest. A final experiment indicated that this memory impairment was not due to cycloheximide's general debilitating side effects at the time of retention testing. Taken together, these data suggest that protein synthesis inhibition during training impaired consolidation and/or retrieval processes involved in memory. The biochemical and behavioral effects following cycloheximide injection in 13-14-day-old mice in the present study parallel those reported with adult animals and lend indirect support to the hypothesis that the 24-hr memory capacity exhibited by these young mice reflects the early functioning of those processes involved in adult long-term memory.", "contents": "Cycloheximide produces adult-like retention deficits of prior learning in infant mice. Utilizing a dosage of cycloheximide which was found to inhibit cerebral protein synthesis by almost 90% after injection, separate groups of 13-day-old mice received either cycloheximide or saline followed by 0 (control), 15, or 25 training trials in a discriminated shock-escape T-maze. Twenty-four hr later, each mouse was treated with cycloheximide or saline and tested for retention by an additional 25 trails in the T-maze. As reflected by correct choice-point turns, the results suggest that whereas salinetreated mice demonstrated reliable retention of prior learning, cycloheximide treated mice exhibited memory impairment; cycloheximide per se had no effect on performance during either original training or retest. A final experiment indicated that this memory impairment was not due to cycloheximide's general debilitating side effects at the time of retention testing. Taken together, these data suggest that protein synthesis inhibition during training impaired consolidation and/or retrieval processes involved in memory. The biochemical and behavioral effects following cycloheximide injection in 13-14-day-old mice in the present study parallel those reported with adult animals and lend indirect support to the hypothesis that the 24-hr memory capacity exhibited by these young mice reflects the early functioning of those processes involved in adult long-term memory.", "PMID": 563600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5635", "title": "Concurrent intracranial self-stimulation and amphetamine self-administration in rats.", "content": "In a two-lever testing chamber, rats had concurrent access to intravenous amphetamine and brain stimulation reinforcers. Responding for each reinforcer was generally increased above baseline rates taken when only one reinforcer was available. Amphetamine stereotypy was observed, but did not interfere with rapid lever-pressing for brain stimulation.", "contents": "Concurrent intracranial self-stimulation and amphetamine self-administration in rats. In a two-lever testing chamber, rats had concurrent access to intravenous amphetamine and brain stimulation reinforcers. Responding for each reinforcer was generally increased above baseline rates taken when only one reinforcer was available. Amphetamine stereotypy was observed, but did not interfere with rapid lever-pressing for brain stimulation.", "PMID": 563601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5636", "title": "Derivatives of 3.3-spiro-bi-5-methyl-5'-alkylaminomethyl-tetrahydrofuranone-2 as potential neurotropic agents. II.", "content": "Dilactone of gamma-bromo-beta-hydroxypropyl-beta-hydroxypropyl malonic acid 2 was prepared. By condensation with secondary or primary amines the tertiary amines 3--7. resp. the secondary amines 8--10 were obtained. The reaction of 2 with tertiary amines gave the corresponding ammonium salts 11--12. All the compounds are subjected to pharmacological examination.", "contents": "Derivatives of 3.3-spiro-bi-5-methyl-5'-alkylaminomethyl-tetrahydrofuranone-2 as potential neurotropic agents. II. Dilactone of gamma-bromo-beta-hydroxypropyl-beta-hydroxypropyl malonic acid 2 was prepared. By condensation with secondary or primary amines the tertiary amines 3--7. resp. the secondary amines 8--10 were obtained. The reaction of 2 with tertiary amines gave the corresponding ammonium salts 11--12. All the compounds are subjected to pharmacological examination.", "PMID": 563594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5637", "title": "Ethanol dependence as a determinant of fluid preference.", "content": "Rats made dependent on ethanol by a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure preferred 5% ethanol to an increasing concentration of dextrose solution to a greater extent than animals on a non-dependent, non-polydipsic procedure which allowed an equivalent opportunity to drink ethanol, confirming a previous study. Two corresponding groups of animals drinking isotonic (0.9%) NaCl rather than 5% ethanol behaved similarly to the latter group, changing to a dextrose preference at a lower dextrose concentration than the ethanol polydipsic group. Therefore, neither the intermittent food regimen (polydipsia-generating procedure) in itself, nor a history of isotonic saline polydipsia biased fluid preference against dextrose solution choices. The enhanced preference for ethanol over dextrose solutions shown by the ethanol polydipsic group can be attributed to physical dependence rather than regiment produced artifacts.", "contents": "Ethanol dependence as a determinant of fluid preference. Rats made dependent on ethanol by a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure preferred 5% ethanol to an increasing concentration of dextrose solution to a greater extent than animals on a non-dependent, non-polydipsic procedure which allowed an equivalent opportunity to drink ethanol, confirming a previous study. Two corresponding groups of animals drinking isotonic (0.9%) NaCl rather than 5% ethanol behaved similarly to the latter group, changing to a dextrose preference at a lower dextrose concentration than the ethanol polydipsic group. Therefore, neither the intermittent food regimen (polydipsia-generating procedure) in itself, nor a history of isotonic saline polydipsia biased fluid preference against dextrose solution choices. The enhanced preference for ethanol over dextrose solutions shown by the ethanol polydipsic group can be attributed to physical dependence rather than regiment produced artifacts.", "PMID": 563602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5638", "title": "Effects of dopamine supersensitivity on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats.", "content": "Dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity was demonstrated by potentiated d-amphetamine stereotype after a three-day treatment regimen in which the DA receptor blocker pimozide (4.0 mg/kg) was administered twice daily. Similarly-induced DA supersensitivity produced a significant increase in the rate of lever-pressing for lateral hypothalamic (LH) intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and a significant decrease in ICSS thresholds. No change from pretreatment baselines was observed in vehicle-treated control animals. Following three-day treatment with the noradrenaline--(NA) and DA-receptor blocker, haloperidol (4.0 mg/kg twice daily), a single injection of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.15 mg/kg) caused increased running behavior. In contrast clonidine decreased running in rats pretreated with chronic pimozide or vehicle. These results indicate an increase in the sensitivity of central NA receptors following chronic haloperidol but not chronic pimozide. Taken together, these findings were interpreted as a potentiation in the reinforcing properties of LH-ICSS after chronic pimozide treatments due to increases in the sensitivity of DA and not NA receptors.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine supersensitivity on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats. Dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity was demonstrated by potentiated d-amphetamine stereotype after a three-day treatment regimen in which the DA receptor blocker pimozide (4.0 mg/kg) was administered twice daily. Similarly-induced DA supersensitivity produced a significant increase in the rate of lever-pressing for lateral hypothalamic (LH) intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and a significant decrease in ICSS thresholds. No change from pretreatment baselines was observed in vehicle-treated control animals. Following three-day treatment with the noradrenaline--(NA) and DA-receptor blocker, haloperidol (4.0 mg/kg twice daily), a single injection of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.15 mg/kg) caused increased running behavior. In contrast clonidine decreased running in rats pretreated with chronic pimozide or vehicle. These results indicate an increase in the sensitivity of central NA receptors following chronic haloperidol but not chronic pimozide. Taken together, these findings were interpreted as a potentiation in the reinforcing properties of LH-ICSS after chronic pimozide treatments due to increases in the sensitivity of DA and not NA receptors.", "PMID": 563603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5639", "title": "Effects of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid (7-OPyA) and prostaglandin E1 methyl ester on canine gastric secretion.", "content": "The compound 7-OPyA has been reported to antagonize smooth muscle stimulatory effects of some prostaglandins (PG's) in vitro. The in vivo PG antagonist activity of 7-OPyA has not been adequately diarrhea in mice. We studied the effects of this compound on PGE1. Secretion was stimulated by continuous intravenous infusion of histamine. At the steady-state plateau of gastric secretion, PGE1 methyl ester (PGE1 ME) or PGE1 ME and 7-OPyA were simultaneously infused intravenously. The extent of gastric secretory inhibition afforded by PGE1 ME alone or in the presence of 7-OPyA was assessed. 7-OPyA did not modify PGE1 ME gastric antisecretory actions when administered at doses 20-50 times greater than the dose of PGE1 ME. These results suggest that the prostaglandin antagonist effects of 7-OPyA show organ specificity, which may be of clinical importance.", "contents": "Effects of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid (7-OPyA) and prostaglandin E1 methyl ester on canine gastric secretion. The compound 7-OPyA has been reported to antagonize smooth muscle stimulatory effects of some prostaglandins (PG's) in vitro. The in vivo PG antagonist activity of 7-OPyA has not been adequately diarrhea in mice. We studied the effects of this compound on PGE1. Secretion was stimulated by continuous intravenous infusion of histamine. At the steady-state plateau of gastric secretion, PGE1 methyl ester (PGE1 ME) or PGE1 ME and 7-OPyA were simultaneously infused intravenously. The extent of gastric secretory inhibition afforded by PGE1 ME alone or in the presence of 7-OPyA was assessed. 7-OPyA did not modify PGE1 ME gastric antisecretory actions when administered at doses 20-50 times greater than the dose of PGE1 ME. These results suggest that the prostaglandin antagonist effects of 7-OPyA show organ specificity, which may be of clinical importance.", "PMID": 563608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5640", "title": "[The clivus-sphenoidale angle in children (postnatal flexion of the cranial base)].", "content": "The clivus-sphenoidale angle of Landzert expresses the flexion of the cranial base in sagittal direction. In previous studies the same authors verified that the clivus-sphenoidale does not change between the 4th and 9th month of fetal life, with an average value of 127.58 degrees, and that in the adult the angle measures 113.95 degrees. To analyse the variations of the opening of this angle in an age span intermediary to those studied before, 89 human skulls were used belonging to both sexes and varying in age from 2 months extrauterine life to 8 years. The angle was traced and measured upon lateral X-rays taken from all skulls. The distribution of average values according to age is found in tables 1 and 2. For statistical evaluation of data, regression analysis and comparison of averages were used. At hand of the results, it is possible to conclude that: 1) there is a significant reduction of the clivus-sphenoidale angle after birth, that is, from 2 months extrauterine life to 18 months. 2) There is no difference in the average values of the angle between 2 and 8 years of age. 3) Growth of the brain and upright posture seem to be the factors most responsible for the post-natal flexion of the cranial base. 4) The angles show great individual differences in all age groups studied.", "contents": "[The clivus-sphenoidale angle in children (postnatal flexion of the cranial base)]. The clivus-sphenoidale angle of Landzert expresses the flexion of the cranial base in sagittal direction. In previous studies the same authors verified that the clivus-sphenoidale does not change between the 4th and 9th month of fetal life, with an average value of 127.58 degrees, and that in the adult the angle measures 113.95 degrees. To analyse the variations of the opening of this angle in an age span intermediary to those studied before, 89 human skulls were used belonging to both sexes and varying in age from 2 months extrauterine life to 8 years. The angle was traced and measured upon lateral X-rays taken from all skulls. The distribution of average values according to age is found in tables 1 and 2. For statistical evaluation of data, regression analysis and comparison of averages were used. At hand of the results, it is possible to conclude that: 1) there is a significant reduction of the clivus-sphenoidale angle after birth, that is, from 2 months extrauterine life to 18 months. 2) There is no difference in the average values of the angle between 2 and 8 years of age. 3) Growth of the brain and upright posture seem to be the factors most responsible for the post-natal flexion of the cranial base. 4) The angles show great individual differences in all age groups studied.", "PMID": 563611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5641", "title": "Conditioned taste aversions accompanied by geophagia: evidence for the occurrence of \"psychological\" factors in the etiology of pica.", "content": "A conditioned taste aversion procedure was used to produce an avoidance of saccharin by rats. In the first experiment, saccharin consumption was paired with cyclophosphamide in two conditioning trials during which the animals were permitted to engage in pica. In the second experiment, saccharin consumption was paired with lithium chloride in four conditioning trials during which the animals were not allowed to engage in pica. Conditioned animals in both experiments subsequently engaged in geophagia when presented with saccharin alone. The absence of geophagia in noncontingently poisoned and \"sham\" injected control groups indicates that the pica was due to the acquisition of a conditioned illness during the conditioning trials. In addition to providing a demonstration of \"psychological\" involvement in the etiology of pica, these results indicate that visceral conditioning may accompany the formation of conditioned taste aversions. It is suggested that if there is a relationship between infantile pica and adult drug addiction, a plausible mediational mechanism is that pica-prone and addiction-prone individuals are similar in possessing a high susceptibility to visceral conditioning.", "contents": "Conditioned taste aversions accompanied by geophagia: evidence for the occurrence of \"psychological\" factors in the etiology of pica. A conditioned taste aversion procedure was used to produce an avoidance of saccharin by rats. In the first experiment, saccharin consumption was paired with cyclophosphamide in two conditioning trials during which the animals were permitted to engage in pica. In the second experiment, saccharin consumption was paired with lithium chloride in four conditioning trials during which the animals were not allowed to engage in pica. Conditioned animals in both experiments subsequently engaged in geophagia when presented with saccharin alone. The absence of geophagia in noncontingently poisoned and \"sham\" injected control groups indicates that the pica was due to the acquisition of a conditioned illness during the conditioning trials. In addition to providing a demonstration of \"psychological\" involvement in the etiology of pica, these results indicate that visceral conditioning may accompany the formation of conditioned taste aversions. It is suggested that if there is a relationship between infantile pica and adult drug addiction, a plausible mediational mechanism is that pica-prone and addiction-prone individuals are similar in possessing a high susceptibility to visceral conditioning.", "PMID": 563606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5642", "title": "Effects of acute exposure to stress on subsequent aggression and locomotion performance.", "content": "Avoidance-escape deficits following certain highly stressful conditions result from changes in activity of noradrenergic or other monoaminergic neural systems. A \"motor activation deficit\" has been used to explain these stress-induced neurochemical changes. The present experiment showed that exposure to a stressor decreased aggression and produced deficits in locomotor performance similar to those observed after inescapable stressor conditions in the \"motor activation deficit\" studies and earlier \"learned helplessness\" studies in that (a) the animals recovered with the passage of time, (b) the decrease in aggression and locomotion was larger under conditions of inescapable as opposed to escapable shock, and (c) plasma corticosterone was higher following inescapable shock than after escapable shock. Thus, while the findings obtained are not a variance with the \"motor activation deficit\" hypothesis, they suggest that other mechanisms might be postulated as well to account for certain deficits in emotional behavior following inescapable stress.", "contents": "Effects of acute exposure to stress on subsequent aggression and locomotion performance. Avoidance-escape deficits following certain highly stressful conditions result from changes in activity of noradrenergic or other monoaminergic neural systems. A \"motor activation deficit\" has been used to explain these stress-induced neurochemical changes. The present experiment showed that exposure to a stressor decreased aggression and produced deficits in locomotor performance similar to those observed after inescapable stressor conditions in the \"motor activation deficit\" studies and earlier \"learned helplessness\" studies in that (a) the animals recovered with the passage of time, (b) the decrease in aggression and locomotion was larger under conditions of inescapable as opposed to escapable shock, and (c) plasma corticosterone was higher following inescapable shock than after escapable shock. Thus, while the findings obtained are not a variance with the \"motor activation deficit\" hypothesis, they suggest that other mechanisms might be postulated as well to account for certain deficits in emotional behavior following inescapable stress.", "PMID": 563607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5643", "title": "The effect of changes of posture on the urethral closure pressure in healthy women.", "content": "The effect of changes of posture on hydrodynamic parameters considered important for the maintenance of urinary continence was investigated in 14 healthy women. The subjects were investigated in the supine and erect positions using a previously described technique for simultaneous urethrocystometry, including recording of the urethral pressure profile. It was found that a change from the supine to the standing position increased the maximum intravesical pressure from a mean value of 13 mmHg to 22 mmHg. There was a simultaneous increase in the maximum intra-urethral pressure from a mean of 66 mmHg to 82 mmHg. As a consequence, the urethral closure pressure increased from a mean of 53 mmHg to 60 mmHg. The functional length of the urethra increased from 25 mm to 28 mm, and the absolute length from 28 mm to 36 mm. It is concluded that in healthy women, a change from the supine to the standing position causes a rise in the maximum intra-urethral pressure and an increase in the absolute and functional lengths of the urethra. These effects counteract the simultaneous increase in bladder pressure, and can be regarded as compensatory mechanisms for the maintenance of continence.", "contents": "The effect of changes of posture on the urethral closure pressure in healthy women. The effect of changes of posture on hydrodynamic parameters considered important for the maintenance of urinary continence was investigated in 14 healthy women. The subjects were investigated in the supine and erect positions using a previously described technique for simultaneous urethrocystometry, including recording of the urethral pressure profile. It was found that a change from the supine to the standing position increased the maximum intravesical pressure from a mean value of 13 mmHg to 22 mmHg. There was a simultaneous increase in the maximum intra-urethral pressure from a mean of 66 mmHg to 82 mmHg. As a consequence, the urethral closure pressure increased from a mean of 53 mmHg to 60 mmHg. The functional length of the urethra increased from 25 mm to 28 mm, and the absolute length from 28 mm to 36 mm. It is concluded that in healthy women, a change from the supine to the standing position causes a rise in the maximum intra-urethral pressure and an increase in the absolute and functional lengths of the urethra. These effects counteract the simultaneous increase in bladder pressure, and can be regarded as compensatory mechanisms for the maintenance of continence.", "PMID": 563617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5644", "title": "Effects of DDAVP in cranial diabetes insipidus as compared to other antidiuretic drugs.", "content": "Five antidiuretic drugs were administered in each of twenty patients with cranial diabetes insipidus (DI). A daily intranasal dose of 10 microgram DDAVP (Adiuretin) produced longer and stronger antidiuretic effects than the posterior pituitary snuff, containing 100 microgram AVP, and than 12.5 microgram synthetic LVP spray, but a shorter antidiuresis than 12.5 microgram vasopressin tannate in oil, administered intramuscularly, antidiuresis lasting 14, 6, 4 and 36 hs respectively. Chlorpropamide produced an inconstant and less potent antidiuresis. 10microgram DDAVP given per nostril twice a day cancelled completely and without side effects DI in five patients with bronchospastic reaction to-pituitary snuff; the same daily dose was sufficient for the safe treatment of two DI women along pregnancy and lactation periods. It is recommended to use DDAVP as elective drug for the treatment of cranial DI.", "contents": "Effects of DDAVP in cranial diabetes insipidus as compared to other antidiuretic drugs. Five antidiuretic drugs were administered in each of twenty patients with cranial diabetes insipidus (DI). A daily intranasal dose of 10 microgram DDAVP (Adiuretin) produced longer and stronger antidiuretic effects than the posterior pituitary snuff, containing 100 microgram AVP, and than 12.5 microgram synthetic LVP spray, but a shorter antidiuresis than 12.5 microgram vasopressin tannate in oil, administered intramuscularly, antidiuresis lasting 14, 6, 4 and 36 hs respectively. Chlorpropamide produced an inconstant and less potent antidiuresis. 10microgram DDAVP given per nostril twice a day cancelled completely and without side effects DI in five patients with bronchospastic reaction to-pituitary snuff; the same daily dose was sufficient for the safe treatment of two DI women along pregnancy and lactation periods. It is recommended to use DDAVP as elective drug for the treatment of cranial DI.", "PMID": 563614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5645", "title": "[Folic acid and pregnancy, a real problem?].", "content": "The efficacy of prophylactic treatment with ferrous sulfate (80 mg Fe++) and the combination of ferrous sulfate with folic acid (80 mg Fe++ and 350 microgram folic acid) were studied in a double blind trial in the 20th, and again in the 30th and 36th week of pregnancy (29 patients). At the beginning of the treatment (20th week) 29% of the patients showed a pathologically reduced serum folic acid level. Combined therapy has a favorable effect on the folic acid levels in the serum and red blood cells; this was confirmed statistically. At the end of pregnancy, 69% of the patients of the control group (ferrous sulfate) showed a pathologically reduced serum level and 23% a subnormal level in erythrocytes. These results unquestionably justify the prophylactic prescription of folic acid during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Folic acid and pregnancy, a real problem?]. The efficacy of prophylactic treatment with ferrous sulfate (80 mg Fe++) and the combination of ferrous sulfate with folic acid (80 mg Fe++ and 350 microgram folic acid) were studied in a double blind trial in the 20th, and again in the 30th and 36th week of pregnancy (29 patients). At the beginning of the treatment (20th week) 29% of the patients showed a pathologically reduced serum folic acid level. Combined therapy has a favorable effect on the folic acid levels in the serum and red blood cells; this was confirmed statistically. At the end of pregnancy, 69% of the patients of the control group (ferrous sulfate) showed a pathologically reduced serum level and 23% a subnormal level in erythrocytes. These results unquestionably justify the prophylactic prescription of folic acid during pregnancy.", "PMID": 563620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5646", "title": "Brain blood flow: alteration by prior exposure to a learned task.", "content": "Chicks with the eyelids of one eye sutured were trained to discriminate between grains and pebbles. The learned experience was completely recognizable by the naive eye that had been occluded during training. When both eyes were opened after monocular training, the velocity of blood flow through paired left and right brain regions was identical. However, when chicks were reexposed to the discrimination situation, blood flow through the cerebral hemisphere associated with the naive eye was greater than that through the hemisphere associated with the trained eye.", "contents": "Brain blood flow: alteration by prior exposure to a learned task. Chicks with the eyelids of one eye sutured were trained to discriminate between grains and pebbles. The learned experience was completely recognizable by the naive eye that had been occluded during training. When both eyes were opened after monocular training, the velocity of blood flow through paired left and right brain regions was identical. However, when chicks were reexposed to the discrimination situation, blood flow through the cerebral hemisphere associated with the naive eye was greater than that through the hemisphere associated with the trained eye.", "PMID": 563624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5647", "title": "Congenital kyphoscoliosis and spinal cord lesion produced in the rat by beta-aminopropionitrile.", "content": "Pregnant rats received the lathyrogen beta-aminopropionitrile (1,500 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 16 (plug day = 0 day). Kyphoscoliosis was produced in a high incidence in the fetuses at the level of the upper thoracic spine as early as 24 hours after treatment. Although most of the affected newborns died within two weeks, survivors were studied until 20 weeks after birth. Survivors developed paraplegia in consequence of kyphoscoliosis. Both spinal deformity and motor disturbance were progressive. Biochemical and electron microscopic observations suggested that beta-aminopropionitrile treatment resulted in an inhibition of collagen formation in the spinal column and surrounding longitudinal ligaments of the fetuses six hours after the treatment. In addition, electron micrographs of vertebral bodies showed a decrease of proteoglycan granules in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, rupture and collapse of weakened ligaments and vertebral bodies might result in severe spinal deformity and spinal cord lesion.", "contents": "Congenital kyphoscoliosis and spinal cord lesion produced in the rat by beta-aminopropionitrile. Pregnant rats received the lathyrogen beta-aminopropionitrile (1,500 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 16 (plug day = 0 day). Kyphoscoliosis was produced in a high incidence in the fetuses at the level of the upper thoracic spine as early as 24 hours after treatment. Although most of the affected newborns died within two weeks, survivors were studied until 20 weeks after birth. Survivors developed paraplegia in consequence of kyphoscoliosis. Both spinal deformity and motor disturbance were progressive. Biochemical and electron microscopic observations suggested that beta-aminopropionitrile treatment resulted in an inhibition of collagen formation in the spinal column and surrounding longitudinal ligaments of the fetuses six hours after the treatment. In addition, electron micrographs of vertebral bodies showed a decrease of proteoglycan granules in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, rupture and collapse of weakened ligaments and vertebral bodies might result in severe spinal deformity and spinal cord lesion.", "PMID": 563628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5648", "title": "An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis.", "content": "Light microscopic examination of the buffy coat zone of a microhaematocrit capillary tube expressed on to a slide was found to be consistently more reliable than other standard techniques in detecting trypanosomes in the circulation of cattle. This method alaos allowed identification of different trypanosome species. Optimal results were obtained using darkground illumination.", "contents": "An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Light microscopic examination of the buffy coat zone of a microhaematocrit capillary tube expressed on to a slide was found to be consistently more reliable than other standard techniques in detecting trypanosomes in the circulation of cattle. This method alaos allowed identification of different trypanosome species. Optimal results were obtained using darkground illumination.", "PMID": 563634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5649", "title": "Prospects of schistosomiasis at the Kidatu dam project in Tanzania.", "content": "A schistosomiasis survey was carried out to determine the present and future potential for transmission of schistosomiasis at the site of the Great Ruaha Power Project at Kidatu. Although a few cases of the disease in the human population were recorded at the dam-site and in the future reservoir lake areas, they were probably contracted outside as both areas were considered unlikely habitats for the snail transmitters of schistosomiasis. Higher prevalence rates were registered in the neighbouring areas Kidodi, Kilombero and Kidatu, where snail vectors of urinary schistosomiasis, Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus and B(P) africanus/globosus (?) were found.", "contents": "Prospects of schistosomiasis at the Kidatu dam project in Tanzania. A schistosomiasis survey was carried out to determine the present and future potential for transmission of schistosomiasis at the site of the Great Ruaha Power Project at Kidatu. Although a few cases of the disease in the human population were recorded at the dam-site and in the future reservoir lake areas, they were probably contracted outside as both areas were considered unlikely habitats for the snail transmitters of schistosomiasis. Higher prevalence rates were registered in the neighbouring areas Kidodi, Kilombero and Kidatu, where snail vectors of urinary schistosomiasis, Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus and B(P) africanus/globosus (?) were found.", "PMID": 563637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5650", "title": "The slide agglutination test for the diagnosis of filariasis in camels.", "content": "The slide agglutination test was adapted for the diagnosis of filariasis in camels, using an antigen prepared from the microfilariae by a simple lytic technique. The preliminary results were satisfactory as the test detected 86 per cent of the infected animals. Only 6 per cent of the healthy camels with no blood parasites or microfilariae in their blood gave positive results and no positive reactions were obtained from 18 animals suffering from Trypanosoma infection.", "contents": "The slide agglutination test for the diagnosis of filariasis in camels. The slide agglutination test was adapted for the diagnosis of filariasis in camels, using an antigen prepared from the microfilariae by a simple lytic technique. The preliminary results were satisfactory as the test detected 86 per cent of the infected animals. Only 6 per cent of the healthy camels with no blood parasites or microfilariae in their blood gave positive results and no positive reactions were obtained from 18 animals suffering from Trypanosoma infection.", "PMID": 563638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5651", "title": "Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-PP1 P k (anti-Tj a).", "content": "A newborn infant of genotype P2p suffering from ABO-like hemolytic disease was born to a mother of the very rare genotype pp. The disease was severe enough to require exchange transfusions with pp blood. The mother and other members of the family with the same rare pp blood provided compatible donor blood for transfusions of the mother herself and for replacement transfusion of her affected infant. The mothers serum contained IgM molecules and also IgG molecules capable of crossing the placenta to induce a hemolytic process on the infant's red blood cells. The genotype of the P1 negative father was very likely P2P2 so that the genotype of the affected infant had to be P2p. A search of the literature revealed an earlier report from Japan in which the genotype of the P1 positive father was P1P2. As was to be expected the genotype of this affected infant was P2p.", "contents": "Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-PP1 P k (anti-Tj a). A newborn infant of genotype P2p suffering from ABO-like hemolytic disease was born to a mother of the very rare genotype pp. The disease was severe enough to require exchange transfusions with pp blood. The mother and other members of the family with the same rare pp blood provided compatible donor blood for transfusions of the mother herself and for replacement transfusion of her affected infant. The mothers serum contained IgM molecules and also IgG molecules capable of crossing the placenta to induce a hemolytic process on the infant's red blood cells. The genotype of the P1 negative father was very likely P2P2 so that the genotype of the affected infant had to be P2p. A search of the literature revealed an earlier report from Japan in which the genotype of the P1 positive father was P1P2. As was to be expected the genotype of this affected infant was P2p.", "PMID": 563636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5652", "title": "[Control of respiratory therapy by means of rheography (author's transl)].", "content": "Rheography measures changes in electrical conductivity. In measurements taken at the thorax it was appeared that the changes in conductivity caused by breathing are superimposed by the changes caused by circulatory factors and exceed them in amplitude quite far. This makes the expansion of rheography for electrical respiration control possible. The changes in electrical conductivity are explained by inspiration into the alveoles, by the increase in the distance of the electrodes on thoracic expansion, and by the change in the intrathoracic blood volume. When using respiratory therapy the physiotherapist must pay great attention how the patient reacts to respiratory therapy and whether he is adapted correctly to the mechanical respiratory support devices. The method of \"rheospirography\" was tested as to whether it allows an objective, direct evaluation of the interplay between respiratory therapy and patient. The method appears to be able to control respiratory therapeutic measures as it allows an evaluation of the respiratory type, the regional ventilation, and the adaption of the patient to the device.", "contents": "[Control of respiratory therapy by means of rheography (author's transl)]. Rheography measures changes in electrical conductivity. In measurements taken at the thorax it was appeared that the changes in conductivity caused by breathing are superimposed by the changes caused by circulatory factors and exceed them in amplitude quite far. This makes the expansion of rheography for electrical respiration control possible. The changes in electrical conductivity are explained by inspiration into the alveoles, by the increase in the distance of the electrodes on thoracic expansion, and by the change in the intrathoracic blood volume. When using respiratory therapy the physiotherapist must pay great attention how the patient reacts to respiratory therapy and whether he is adapted correctly to the mechanical respiratory support devices. The method of \"rheospirography\" was tested as to whether it allows an objective, direct evaluation of the interplay between respiratory therapy and patient. The method appears to be able to control respiratory therapeutic measures as it allows an evaluation of the respiratory type, the regional ventilation, and the adaption of the patient to the device.", "PMID": 563644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5653", "title": "[Circulating tissue antigens in inflammatory heart disease].", "content": "Experiments with an antipericardium immune serum of the goat resulted in the proof of two not identical with serum proteins antigens in the pericardium. By means of the same antiserum with the help of the gel diffusion technique after Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoresis the sera of patients with carditis or myocardial infarction, respectively, were examined for the presence of circulating tissue antigens. In 20 out of 23 patients with carditis 1 or 2 antigens were found which were not identical with normal serum proteins. In 27 cases of myocardial infarction their proof was successful only in 4 patients, in complication by a post-myocardial infarction syndrome in 2 out of 3 cases. In comparative investigations of sera of 100 healthy persons only 4 test persons showed a positive result. There was no clue for the identity of one of the antigens proved with C-reactive protein.", "contents": "[Circulating tissue antigens in inflammatory heart disease]. Experiments with an antipericardium immune serum of the goat resulted in the proof of two not identical with serum proteins antigens in the pericardium. By means of the same antiserum with the help of the gel diffusion technique after Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoresis the sera of patients with carditis or myocardial infarction, respectively, were examined for the presence of circulating tissue antigens. In 20 out of 23 patients with carditis 1 or 2 antigens were found which were not identical with normal serum proteins. In 27 cases of myocardial infarction their proof was successful only in 4 patients, in complication by a post-myocardial infarction syndrome in 2 out of 3 cases. In comparative investigations of sera of 100 healthy persons only 4 test persons showed a positive result. There was no clue for the identity of one of the antigens proved with C-reactive protein.", "PMID": 563647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5654", "title": "[Brain sulfatides and cerebrosides in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia].", "content": "Effect of acute and chronic hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) on metabolism of various fractions of sulfatides and cerebrosides from rat brain was studied. Content of all the fractions was distinctly decreased under the effect of HPA. The specific radioactivity in the majority of the sulfatide and cerebroside fractions decreased more significantly in chronic HPA. The data obtained suggest that synthesis of sulfatides and cerebrosides was inhibited in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia.", "contents": "[Brain sulfatides and cerebrosides in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia]. Effect of acute and chronic hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) on metabolism of various fractions of sulfatides and cerebrosides from rat brain was studied. Content of all the fractions was distinctly decreased under the effect of HPA. The specific radioactivity in the majority of the sulfatide and cerebroside fractions decreased more significantly in chronic HPA. The data obtained suggest that synthesis of sulfatides and cerebrosides was inhibited in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia.", "PMID": 563642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5655", "title": "Reduction deformities, twinning and mortality in Brazilian Whites and Negroes.", "content": "A series of house-to-house surveys in Central Brazil revealed 32 cases of reduction deformities of the limbs (brachydactyly, synbrachydactyly, ectrodactyly, amely, adactyly, achiry, apody, etc.) among 58,761 births (0.54 per thousand, being 0.66 per thousand among Whites and 0.43 per thousand among Mulattoes and Negroes). No sibship was found with two or more equally affected singleton members. One case of concordance among twins is referred. There were no parity, inbreeding, race and sex effects. Both hands and both feet were also equally affected. Precocious mortality and twinning were significantly higher among affected individuals. The presence of cleft lip and palate in one of our index patients may also reflect an etiological relationship. Among the sibs, the total incidence of congenital malformations was similar to that generally accepted for general populations.", "contents": "Reduction deformities, twinning and mortality in Brazilian Whites and Negroes. A series of house-to-house surveys in Central Brazil revealed 32 cases of reduction deformities of the limbs (brachydactyly, synbrachydactyly, ectrodactyly, amely, adactyly, achiry, apody, etc.) among 58,761 births (0.54 per thousand, being 0.66 per thousand among Whites and 0.43 per thousand among Mulattoes and Negroes). No sibship was found with two or more equally affected singleton members. One case of concordance among twins is referred. There were no parity, inbreeding, race and sex effects. Both hands and both feet were also equally affected. Precocious mortality and twinning were significantly higher among affected individuals. The presence of cleft lip and palate in one of our index patients may also reflect an etiological relationship. Among the sibs, the total incidence of congenital malformations was similar to that generally accepted for general populations.", "PMID": 563656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5656", "title": "Onset of puberty in MX and DZ twins.", "content": "A twin study on the significance of genetic factors for the variation in peak height and peak weight velocity, as well as in age at menarche and the development of secondary sex characteristics, is presented. Evidence of a rather strong genetic regulation of the occurrence of puberty was obtained in the analysis. The maximal height or weight gain (in cm/year of kg/year) seems to be, at least in girls, less influenced by genetic factors than the age at which it appears.", "contents": "Onset of puberty in MX and DZ twins. A twin study on the significance of genetic factors for the variation in peak height and peak weight velocity, as well as in age at menarche and the development of secondary sex characteristics, is presented. Evidence of a rather strong genetic regulation of the occurrence of puberty was obtained in the analysis. The maximal height or weight gain (in cm/year of kg/year) seems to be, at least in girls, less influenced by genetic factors than the age at which it appears.", "PMID": 563657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5657", "title": "[Analysis of changes in the electrical activity of the neocortex in dogs during the formation of the stereotype of food-procuring conditioned reflexes in them].", "content": "A system of food-procuring conditioned reflexes (dynamic stereotype after I.P. Pavlov) was elaborated in dogs. In the interstimuli periods, 0.6 to 0.8 sec. prior the action of the conditioned stimulus, they exhibited a \"state of expectancy\" characterized by an increase of frequency (up to 80 per sec.) of potential oscillations of a small amplitude (20 to 30 mcv) and their pronounced sychroneity, predominantly in the anterior parts of the neocortex. The conditioned signal acting against such background produced specific reactions in the form of a limited number of bursts (3 to 4 in 0.5 sec.) of highfrequency (up to 100 per sec.) synchronized activity (HSA) of considerable amplitude (50 to 60 mcv) which always preceded conditioned reactions, being in certain temporal relations with them. A correlation-spectral analysis has shown that in the HSA period, electrical activity became considerably more regular; in the intensity spectra the extreme frequencies of the analyzed band (5 to 7 c/s and 90 to 100 c/s) became prominent, and in most cases high values of the coherence function were due to them. HSA reactions are regarded as a major link in the trigger mechanism of conditioned food-procuring reactions.", "contents": "[Analysis of changes in the electrical activity of the neocortex in dogs during the formation of the stereotype of food-procuring conditioned reflexes in them]. A system of food-procuring conditioned reflexes (dynamic stereotype after I.P. Pavlov) was elaborated in dogs. In the interstimuli periods, 0.6 to 0.8 sec. prior the action of the conditioned stimulus, they exhibited a \"state of expectancy\" characterized by an increase of frequency (up to 80 per sec.) of potential oscillations of a small amplitude (20 to 30 mcv) and their pronounced sychroneity, predominantly in the anterior parts of the neocortex. The conditioned signal acting against such background produced specific reactions in the form of a limited number of bursts (3 to 4 in 0.5 sec.) of highfrequency (up to 100 per sec.) synchronized activity (HSA) of considerable amplitude (50 to 60 mcv) which always preceded conditioned reactions, being in certain temporal relations with them. A correlation-spectral analysis has shown that in the HSA period, electrical activity became considerably more regular; in the intensity spectra the extreme frequencies of the analyzed band (5 to 7 c/s and 90 to 100 c/s) became prominent, and in most cases high values of the coherence function were due to them. HSA reactions are regarded as a major link in the trigger mechanism of conditioned food-procuring reactions.", "PMID": 563650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5658", "title": "Physical capacity in twins.", "content": "A comparison of physical capacity, (measured by vital capacity, muscular strength and physical work capacity) in twin boys and controls failed to indicate significant differences. Intrapair correlations showed the MZ twins to be much more similar than the DZ twins in all the capacity measures. The correlations were lower, however, for both MZ and DZ twins for physical work capacity than for the other two capacity variables. When amount of physical exercise during leisure time is kept under control, the DZ twins tend to be more similar for physical work capacity or muscular strength, and the correlations tend to be of the same magnitude for MZ twins. Physical work capacity therefore appears, in this study, to be a more environmentally influenced variable than either vital capacity or muscular strength.", "contents": "Physical capacity in twins. A comparison of physical capacity, (measured by vital capacity, muscular strength and physical work capacity) in twin boys and controls failed to indicate significant differences. Intrapair correlations showed the MZ twins to be much more similar than the DZ twins in all the capacity measures. The correlations were lower, however, for both MZ and DZ twins for physical work capacity than for the other two capacity variables. When amount of physical exercise during leisure time is kept under control, the DZ twins tend to be more similar for physical work capacity or muscular strength, and the correlations tend to be of the same magnitude for MZ twins. Physical work capacity therefore appears, in this study, to be a more environmentally influenced variable than either vital capacity or muscular strength.", "PMID": 563658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5659", "title": "[Higher nervous activity of rats at early periods after the end of flight in the biosatellite \"Cosmos-605\"].", "content": "Functional changes of higher nervous activity were found in the rats after a 22-day flight in the biosatellite \"Cosmos-605\". The ability to retain and restore the habit of searching food in the maze deteriorated. The number of refusals to go through the maze increased with an enhancement of the functional load on the central nervous system. This resulted not only from reduced alimentary excitability or muscular weakness developed during the flight, but also from a weakening of the basic nervous processes in the higher parts of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Higher nervous activity of rats at early periods after the end of flight in the biosatellite \"Cosmos-605\"]. Functional changes of higher nervous activity were found in the rats after a 22-day flight in the biosatellite \"Cosmos-605\". The ability to retain and restore the habit of searching food in the maze deteriorated. The number of refusals to go through the maze increased with an enhancement of the functional load on the central nervous system. This resulted not only from reduced alimentary excitability or muscular weakness developed during the flight, but also from a weakening of the basic nervous processes in the higher parts of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 563651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5660", "title": "Persistence of brain hyperexcitability following chronic alcohol exposure in rats.", "content": "Eighteen hooded Long-Evans rats were implanted with monopolar electrodes for the purpose of recording visual evoked potentials (VEP's) at the following brain sites: visual cortex, reticular formation and thalamus. Baseline VEP's were obtained to flashes for all animals, and subsequently twelve rats were intubated daily with a progression of increasing quantities of 20% (V/V) alcohol (3-8 g/kg), while the remaining six rats received an equivalent amount of water in the same fashion. Beginning 4 1/2 hours after the last dose of intubated alcohol, withdrawal VEP's were sampled every half-hour up to 8 hours, and 24-27 hours postwithdrawal. All experimental animals manifested their greatest brain hyperexcitability at visual cortex, which peaked sharply between 7-8 hours after alcohol withdrawal. Following two weeks of abstinence, half of the experimental rats (N = 6) and half of the controls (N = 3) received an alcohol challenge dose (2 g/kg i.p.), while the remaining animals received the same challenge dose after five weeks. Marked hyperexcitability was observed in the two-week challenge dose animals that had been previously subjected to alcohol; no such increase in VEP amplitude was apparent for control rats. There is also some evidence of hyperexcitability after five weeks of abstinence from alcohol at visual cortex. The data indicates that the neurophysiological responses of post-addict rats to challenge doses of alcohol are readily distinguishable from those of naive animals, even five weeks after alcohol removal. Furthermore, alcohol seems to act differently at different sites of the brain.", "contents": "Persistence of brain hyperexcitability following chronic alcohol exposure in rats. Eighteen hooded Long-Evans rats were implanted with monopolar electrodes for the purpose of recording visual evoked potentials (VEP's) at the following brain sites: visual cortex, reticular formation and thalamus. Baseline VEP's were obtained to flashes for all animals, and subsequently twelve rats were intubated daily with a progression of increasing quantities of 20% (V/V) alcohol (3-8 g/kg), while the remaining six rats received an equivalent amount of water in the same fashion. Beginning 4 1/2 hours after the last dose of intubated alcohol, withdrawal VEP's were sampled every half-hour up to 8 hours, and 24-27 hours postwithdrawal. All experimental animals manifested their greatest brain hyperexcitability at visual cortex, which peaked sharply between 7-8 hours after alcohol withdrawal. Following two weeks of abstinence, half of the experimental rats (N = 6) and half of the controls (N = 3) received an alcohol challenge dose (2 g/kg i.p.), while the remaining animals received the same challenge dose after five weeks. Marked hyperexcitability was observed in the two-week challenge dose animals that had been previously subjected to alcohol; no such increase in VEP amplitude was apparent for control rats. There is also some evidence of hyperexcitability after five weeks of abstinence from alcohol at visual cortex. The data indicates that the neurophysiological responses of post-addict rats to challenge doses of alcohol are readily distinguishable from those of naive animals, even five weeks after alcohol removal. Furthermore, alcohol seems to act differently at different sites of the brain.", "PMID": 563662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5661", "title": "Behavioral changes after chronic ethanol treatment.", "content": "Rats were maintained on ad lib food and a forced-intake regimen of ethanol for up to 270 days. Termination of the long-term ethanol treatment caused two types of withdrawal syncromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 hr after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyper-excitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioral stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Bilateral application of dopamine (DA) into the nucleus accumbens of both chronic ethanol and ethanol rats undergoing withdrawal produced a pronounced increase in coordinated locomotor activity which was 8-10 times higher than that of untreated water control rats. This phenomenon was observed first after 5 months of ethanol treatment and lasted for about 4 weeks after the termination of the treatment. This effect of DA was antagonized by haloperidol indicating a specific effect on DA-receptors. It is concluded that prolonged ethanol administration produces an increased sensitivity of the DA- receptors in the nucleus accumbens and further supports the contention that central catecholamine mechanisms are involved in the mediation of the withdrawal syndrome observed after long-term treatment with ethanol.", "contents": "Behavioral changes after chronic ethanol treatment. Rats were maintained on ad lib food and a forced-intake regimen of ethanol for up to 270 days. Termination of the long-term ethanol treatment caused two types of withdrawal syncromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 hr after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyper-excitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioral stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Bilateral application of dopamine (DA) into the nucleus accumbens of both chronic ethanol and ethanol rats undergoing withdrawal produced a pronounced increase in coordinated locomotor activity which was 8-10 times higher than that of untreated water control rats. This phenomenon was observed first after 5 months of ethanol treatment and lasted for about 4 weeks after the termination of the treatment. This effect of DA was antagonized by haloperidol indicating a specific effect on DA-receptors. It is concluded that prolonged ethanol administration produces an increased sensitivity of the DA- receptors in the nucleus accumbens and further supports the contention that central catecholamine mechanisms are involved in the mediation of the withdrawal syndrome observed after long-term treatment with ethanol.", "PMID": 563663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5662", "title": "Comparison of the effects of alcohol, chlordiazepoxide, and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraspecies aggression in rats.", "content": "The species-specific repertoire of attack, threat, defense, and submission was produced in pairs of male laboratory rats and measured after intraperitoneal injection of a drug or its vehicle to one of the rats. Attack behavior by dominant rats toward nondrugged opponents was increased by a low dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) or of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg), but suppressed by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In experienced subordinate rats, the highest alcohol dose (1.5 g/kg) impaired the defensive upright posture whereas THC (2, 4 MG/KG) prolonged immobile crouch and submissivesupine reactions and resulted in more wounds. Naive rats administered alcohol assumed the submissivesupine posture more readily and for a longer duration, but sustained more biting attacks. Chlordiazepoxide and THC, when administered to naive rats, prolonged the immobile crouch reaction, and THC also impaired the defensive upright posture. We conclude that alcohol and chlordiazepoxide both enhance attack behavior in dominant rats, whereas THC has specific anti-aggressive effects and profoundly alters the submissive-defensive reactions.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of alcohol, chlordiazepoxide, and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraspecies aggression in rats. The species-specific repertoire of attack, threat, defense, and submission was produced in pairs of male laboratory rats and measured after intraperitoneal injection of a drug or its vehicle to one of the rats. Attack behavior by dominant rats toward nondrugged opponents was increased by a low dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) or of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg), but suppressed by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In experienced subordinate rats, the highest alcohol dose (1.5 g/kg) impaired the defensive upright posture whereas THC (2, 4 MG/KG) prolonged immobile crouch and submissivesupine reactions and resulted in more wounds. Naive rats administered alcohol assumed the submissivesupine posture more readily and for a longer duration, but sustained more biting attacks. Chlordiazepoxide and THC, when administered to naive rats, prolonged the immobile crouch reaction, and THC also impaired the defensive upright posture. We conclude that alcohol and chlordiazepoxide both enhance attack behavior in dominant rats, whereas THC has specific anti-aggressive effects and profoundly alters the submissive-defensive reactions.", "PMID": 563665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5663", "title": "The temporal and volumetric components of stress induced drinking in rats.", "content": "Two experiments are presented which describe the temporal and volumetric changes in ethanol consumption with rats exposed to recurring schedules of inescapable random shock stress. The animals in Experiment I had an ethanol and water choice and the data demonstrated cumulative increases in voluntary ethanol consumption which occurred immediately after the shock schedule. The post shock changes occurred with both 5% and 10% V/V ethanol, were specific to the appearance of shock and were not reflected by measures of total daily ethanol intake. Experiment II exposed rats to extended 22 hr. stress sessions and each animal had four simultaneous fluid choices available: water, saccharin. 1% W/V, ethanol 5% V/V, and ethanol 10% V/V. Temporal intake patterns for both 5% and 10% ethanol showed pronounced peaks for the interval immediately following the shock schedule. A progressive shift of intake from 5% to 10% ethanol was also evidenced with increasing time under shock, while saccharin and water intake decreased. Blood ethanol levels during shock increased significantly from baseline for all animals and ranged from 30 to 162 mg/100 ml. The results are interpreted as a relationship between voluntary ethanol intake and escape from the consequences of stress.", "contents": "The temporal and volumetric components of stress induced drinking in rats. Two experiments are presented which describe the temporal and volumetric changes in ethanol consumption with rats exposed to recurring schedules of inescapable random shock stress. The animals in Experiment I had an ethanol and water choice and the data demonstrated cumulative increases in voluntary ethanol consumption which occurred immediately after the shock schedule. The post shock changes occurred with both 5% and 10% V/V ethanol, were specific to the appearance of shock and were not reflected by measures of total daily ethanol intake. Experiment II exposed rats to extended 22 hr. stress sessions and each animal had four simultaneous fluid choices available: water, saccharin. 1% W/V, ethanol 5% V/V, and ethanol 10% V/V. Temporal intake patterns for both 5% and 10% ethanol showed pronounced peaks for the interval immediately following the shock schedule. A progressive shift of intake from 5% to 10% ethanol was also evidenced with increasing time under shock, while saccharin and water intake decreased. Blood ethanol levels during shock increased significantly from baseline for all animals and ranged from 30 to 162 mg/100 ml. The results are interpreted as a relationship between voluntary ethanol intake and escape from the consequences of stress.", "PMID": 563666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5664", "title": "Chronic alcohol drinking and subsequent withdrawal in rats exposed to different diurnal distributions of schedule-induction sessions.", "content": "Eight rats drank large amounts of 6.25% alcohol as a consequence of daily exposure to 6 hours of schedule-induction sessions in which a small food pellet was delivered every 90 sec. Rats having a 1-hr session every 4 hr showed slightly more withdrawal distress than rats having a 6-hr session every 24 hr. More significant may have been two different kinds of indication of possible loss of control over drinking by the inducing schedule. Rats experiencing six sessions a day did not drink water excessively when it replaced the alcohol solution. Rats experiencing one session a day drank half their total alcohol intake between sessions. If the schedule-induction procedure loses control over alcohol drinking, its chronic application to animals fails as a model of the factors that maintain excessive alcohol use in humans.", "contents": "Chronic alcohol drinking and subsequent withdrawal in rats exposed to different diurnal distributions of schedule-induction sessions. Eight rats drank large amounts of 6.25% alcohol as a consequence of daily exposure to 6 hours of schedule-induction sessions in which a small food pellet was delivered every 90 sec. Rats having a 1-hr session every 4 hr showed slightly more withdrawal distress than rats having a 6-hr session every 24 hr. More significant may have been two different kinds of indication of possible loss of control over drinking by the inducing schedule. Rats experiencing six sessions a day did not drink water excessively when it replaced the alcohol solution. Rats experiencing one session a day drank half their total alcohol intake between sessions. If the schedule-induction procedure loses control over alcohol drinking, its chronic application to animals fails as a model of the factors that maintain excessive alcohol use in humans.", "PMID": 563667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5665", "title": "Temporal patterns of voluntary alcohol intake.", "content": "This paper describes methods of analysing temporal patterns of alcohol consumption by mice over time-courses of days or hours. Records of daily alcohol intake can be used to identify brief periods when the mice sobered up. These one-day 'breaks' apparently allow the previously acquired level of physical dependence to decay. Effective alcohol intake, calculated by taking account of breaks, is a good indicator of physical dependence. More detailed time studies show the circadian rhythm of intake and of blood alcohol levels. To analyse our records of alcohol consumption over successive 8-hour periods, we fitted the data to cosine curves. These curves show the amplitude of the intake rhythm, which in turn determines the stability of blood alcohol levels. The highest and most stable blood alcohol levels were obtained by administering alcohol in a liquid diet to individually-housed mice.", "contents": "Temporal patterns of voluntary alcohol intake. This paper describes methods of analysing temporal patterns of alcohol consumption by mice over time-courses of days or hours. Records of daily alcohol intake can be used to identify brief periods when the mice sobered up. These one-day 'breaks' apparently allow the previously acquired level of physical dependence to decay. Effective alcohol intake, calculated by taking account of breaks, is a good indicator of physical dependence. More detailed time studies show the circadian rhythm of intake and of blood alcohol levels. To analyse our records of alcohol consumption over successive 8-hour periods, we fitted the data to cosine curves. These curves show the amplitude of the intake rhythm, which in turn determines the stability of blood alcohol levels. The highest and most stable blood alcohol levels were obtained by administering alcohol in a liquid diet to individually-housed mice.", "PMID": 563668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5666", "title": "Anticonvulsant-induced osteomalacia.", "content": "Four cases of osteomalacia associated with the long term consumption of phenytoin (Dilantin) were admitted to a geriatric unit in a two-month period. No other cause for their disease was found. The diagnosis was made on biochemical data and no bone biopsy was obtained. Radiographic evidence was found in two cases only.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant-induced osteomalacia. Four cases of osteomalacia associated with the long term consumption of phenytoin (Dilantin) were admitted to a geriatric unit in a two-month period. No other cause for their disease was found. The diagnosis was made on biochemical data and no bone biopsy was obtained. Radiographic evidence was found in two cases only.", "PMID": 563669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5667", "title": "Zinc and nitrogen balance in adolescent females fed varying levels of zinc and soy protein.", "content": "Zinc and nitrogen balances were determined in 14 girls, 12.5 to 14.5 years of age, during a 30-day period. Diets were composed of ordinary foods and supplied 100% of the Recommended Daily Allowance for protein. The lunch menus were typical of those served in School Lunch Programs except that milk was omitted and calcium supplements were added. The dietary variables were the levels of zinc and the amount of defatted soy which replaced the meat in noon meals. The diets were: S0Z13.4 (13.4 mg zinc and no soy); S30Z13.4 (13.5 mg zinc and 30% of meat replaced by soy); and S30Z7.4 (7.4 mg zinc and 30% of meat replaced by soy). Subjects fed 7.4 mg zinc daily lost significantly (P less than 0.01) less zinc in their feces than the subjects fed the higher level of zinc during the 18-day collection period. Partial substitution of soy for meat in lunch menus did not affect fecal or urinary zinc or nitrogen losses. Mean retentions of zinc by subjects Diets S0Z13.4 nad S30Z7.4 were +0.53, +0.42 and -0.32 mg/day, respectively. Nitrogen retention was not significantly affected by zinc intake. However, nitrogen and zinc retentions were significantly correlated (r = 0.416, P less than 0.015).", "contents": "Zinc and nitrogen balance in adolescent females fed varying levels of zinc and soy protein. Zinc and nitrogen balances were determined in 14 girls, 12.5 to 14.5 years of age, during a 30-day period. Diets were composed of ordinary foods and supplied 100% of the Recommended Daily Allowance for protein. The lunch menus were typical of those served in School Lunch Programs except that milk was omitted and calcium supplements were added. The dietary variables were the levels of zinc and the amount of defatted soy which replaced the meat in noon meals. The diets were: S0Z13.4 (13.4 mg zinc and no soy); S30Z13.4 (13.5 mg zinc and 30% of meat replaced by soy); and S30Z7.4 (7.4 mg zinc and 30% of meat replaced by soy). Subjects fed 7.4 mg zinc daily lost significantly (P less than 0.01) less zinc in their feces than the subjects fed the higher level of zinc during the 18-day collection period. Partial substitution of soy for meat in lunch menus did not affect fecal or urinary zinc or nitrogen losses. Mean retentions of zinc by subjects Diets S0Z13.4 nad S30Z7.4 were +0.53, +0.42 and -0.32 mg/day, respectively. Nitrogen retention was not significantly affected by zinc intake. However, nitrogen and zinc retentions were significantly correlated (r = 0.416, P less than 0.015).", "PMID": 563670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5668", "title": "Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese balance in adolescent females.", "content": "Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese balances were determined in 14 girls (12.5 to 14.5 years of age) during a 30-day period. Menus were composed of ordinary foods and were typical of subjects' usual dietary habits. The diets contained 1.07 g calcium, 193 mg magnesium, 0.85 g phosphorus, 2.8 mg copper, 3.0 mg manganese, and 7.4 or 13.4 mg zinc daily. Defatted soy was substituted for 0, 15, or 30% of the meat in lunch menus. Neither the alteration of dietary zinc levels or the partial substitution of soy for meat significantly affected retention of the five minerals. Retentions of calcium (r = 0.654), magnesium (r = 0.786), phosphorus (r = 0.560), copper (r - 0.805), and manganese (r = 0.855) by subjects were all significantly (P less than 0.001) correlated to retention of zinc. These correlations probably reflect the correlations between fecal losses of calcium (r = 0.438), magnesium (r = 0.434), phosphorus (r = 0.377), copper (r = 0.318), and manganese (r = 0.318) and the volume of feces. On these dietary regimes adolescents were in positive balances for calcium, phosphorus, and copper, but were in negative balances for magnesium and managenese.", "contents": "Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese balance in adolescent females. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese balances were determined in 14 girls (12.5 to 14.5 years of age) during a 30-day period. Menus were composed of ordinary foods and were typical of subjects' usual dietary habits. The diets contained 1.07 g calcium, 193 mg magnesium, 0.85 g phosphorus, 2.8 mg copper, 3.0 mg manganese, and 7.4 or 13.4 mg zinc daily. Defatted soy was substituted for 0, 15, or 30% of the meat in lunch menus. Neither the alteration of dietary zinc levels or the partial substitution of soy for meat significantly affected retention of the five minerals. Retentions of calcium (r = 0.654), magnesium (r = 0.786), phosphorus (r = 0.560), copper (r - 0.805), and manganese (r = 0.855) by subjects were all significantly (P less than 0.001) correlated to retention of zinc. These correlations probably reflect the correlations between fecal losses of calcium (r = 0.438), magnesium (r = 0.434), phosphorus (r = 0.377), copper (r = 0.318), and manganese (r = 0.318) and the volume of feces. On these dietary regimes adolescents were in positive balances for calcium, phosphorus, and copper, but were in negative balances for magnesium and managenese.", "PMID": 563671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5669", "title": "Evaluation of biologic sources of variation of leukocyte counts and other hematologic quantities using very precise automated analyzers.", "content": "The authors determined mean day-to-day (daily over five days), mean week-to-week (weekly over five weeks) and mean hour-to-hour (800 h, 1100 h, 1400 h) physiologic intra-individual variation of concentration values of leukocyte cell types, platelet count, and erythrocyte values (hematocrit, hemoglobin) for a group of 20 healthy adult volunteers. Total leukocyte counts and concentration values of leukocyte cell types were determined in duplicate on the Hemalong-DTM Automated Leukocyte Differential Cell Counter to minimize analytic variation. The data sets were analyzed according to an analysis of variance model. The mean physiologic hour-to-hour and week-to-week intra-individual variations in terms of % coefficient of variation included: hemoglobin, 2.5, 2.2; hematocrit, 2.6, 2.7; platelets, 1.6, 6.6; total leukocyte count, 9.4, 15.7; neutrophils, 12.9, 26.0; lymphocytes, 10.3, 13.2; monocytes, 18.6, 19.3; eosinophils, 19.9, 26.9; basophils, 7.4, 15.0; large unstained cells, 13.7, 16.0; \"high-peroxidase\" cells, 32.7, 25.7. Hour-to-hour variation was partitioned into random diurnal variation, group-consistent diurnal variation, and subject-specific unique individual variation. Subject-specific diurnal variation contributed greatly and statistically significantly to total diurnal variation for many of the leukocyte cell types--especially in the case of eosinophils, where it represented more than half of total diurnal variation.", "contents": "Evaluation of biologic sources of variation of leukocyte counts and other hematologic quantities using very precise automated analyzers. The authors determined mean day-to-day (daily over five days), mean week-to-week (weekly over five weeks) and mean hour-to-hour (800 h, 1100 h, 1400 h) physiologic intra-individual variation of concentration values of leukocyte cell types, platelet count, and erythrocyte values (hematocrit, hemoglobin) for a group of 20 healthy adult volunteers. Total leukocyte counts and concentration values of leukocyte cell types were determined in duplicate on the Hemalong-DTM Automated Leukocyte Differential Cell Counter to minimize analytic variation. The data sets were analyzed according to an analysis of variance model. The mean physiologic hour-to-hour and week-to-week intra-individual variations in terms of % coefficient of variation included: hemoglobin, 2.5, 2.2; hematocrit, 2.6, 2.7; platelets, 1.6, 6.6; total leukocyte count, 9.4, 15.7; neutrophils, 12.9, 26.0; lymphocytes, 10.3, 13.2; monocytes, 18.6, 19.3; eosinophils, 19.9, 26.9; basophils, 7.4, 15.0; large unstained cells, 13.7, 16.0; \"high-peroxidase\" cells, 32.7, 25.7. Hour-to-hour variation was partitioned into random diurnal variation, group-consistent diurnal variation, and subject-specific unique individual variation. Subject-specific diurnal variation contributed greatly and statistically significantly to total diurnal variation for many of the leukocyte cell types--especially in the case of eosinophils, where it represented more than half of total diurnal variation.", "PMID": 563672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5670", "title": "Effect of daily ethanol ingestion on intestinal permeability to macromolecules.", "content": "The effects of regular ethyl alcohol ingestion on morphological and permeability characteristics of the small intestine were assessed in mature rats using the tracer protein, horseradish peroxidase. Thirty adult rats were divided into two groups and provided a standard commercial diet in pellet form. Each morning, after an overnight fast, every animal in the experimental group was administered by gavage an aliquot of 20% ethanol; animals in the control group were provided aliquots of 20% sucrose in water by the same method. After 4 and 8 weeks on the gavage routine (and 10 days and 4 weeks after gavage cessation), jejunal permeability to horseradish peroxidase was examined in animals from each group. Using a routine ligated-loop procedure and light and electron microscopy, ethanol-exposed rats demonstrated increased intestinal permeability to horseradish peroxidase by 4 weeks; sucrose-exposed animals revealed little alteration in mucosal integrity. It is proposed that regular ingestion of sizable amounts of alcohol alters morphological characteristics of the gut and increase the permeability of the mucosa to \"undigested\" macromolecules.", "contents": "Effect of daily ethanol ingestion on intestinal permeability to macromolecules. The effects of regular ethyl alcohol ingestion on morphological and permeability characteristics of the small intestine were assessed in mature rats using the tracer protein, horseradish peroxidase. Thirty adult rats were divided into two groups and provided a standard commercial diet in pellet form. Each morning, after an overnight fast, every animal in the experimental group was administered by gavage an aliquot of 20% ethanol; animals in the control group were provided aliquots of 20% sucrose in water by the same method. After 4 and 8 weeks on the gavage routine (and 10 days and 4 weeks after gavage cessation), jejunal permeability to horseradish peroxidase was examined in animals from each group. Using a routine ligated-loop procedure and light and electron microscopy, ethanol-exposed rats demonstrated increased intestinal permeability to horseradish peroxidase by 4 weeks; sucrose-exposed animals revealed little alteration in mucosal integrity. It is proposed that regular ingestion of sizable amounts of alcohol alters morphological characteristics of the gut and increase the permeability of the mucosa to \"undigested\" macromolecules.", "PMID": 563673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5671", "title": "Loss of the urethra: a report on 50 patients.", "content": "A series of 50 patients presented with total urinary incontinence secondary to traumatic loss of much or all of the urethral floor and bladder neck. Previously, the 50 patients had been subjected to 94 unsuccessful operations; this serves to indicate the challenging nature of the problem. Surgical reconstruction was accomplished by creating a small-caliber neourethra from the contractile tissue that remained in the urethral roof. In addition, 22 of the 50 patients (44 per cent) required a supplemental myocutaneous labial skin flap (12 patients) or a bulbocavemosus muscle flap of the Martius type (10 patients). A \"second-stage\" retropubic urethrovesical suspension was required in 20 patients. After a follow-up period of five to 15 years, 37 of the 50 patients (74 per cent) were cured and an additional four patients (8 per cent) were greatly improved.", "contents": "Loss of the urethra: a report on 50 patients. A series of 50 patients presented with total urinary incontinence secondary to traumatic loss of much or all of the urethral floor and bladder neck. Previously, the 50 patients had been subjected to 94 unsuccessful operations; this serves to indicate the challenging nature of the problem. Surgical reconstruction was accomplished by creating a small-caliber neourethra from the contractile tissue that remained in the urethral roof. In addition, 22 of the 50 patients (44 per cent) required a supplemental myocutaneous labial skin flap (12 patients) or a bulbocavemosus muscle flap of the Martius type (10 patients). A \"second-stage\" retropubic urethrovesical suspension was required in 20 patients. After a follow-up period of five to 15 years, 37 of the 50 patients (74 per cent) were cured and an additional four patients (8 per cent) were greatly improved.", "PMID": 563674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5672", "title": "Interrelationships between maternal and cord prolactin, progesterone, estradiol, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha, and cord cortisol at delivery with respect to initiation of parturition.", "content": "Estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) were measured in both maternal and cord venous blood obtained at the time of delivery in 24 maternal infant pairs evenly divided among six different physiologic groups. Progesterone and prolactin were significantly higher and estradiol was significantly lower in cord than in maternal blood. There were no significant differences between the groups for cortisol, estradiol, or progesterone in maternal or cord blood. A significant increase in prolactin was demonstrated in women receiving oxytocin for induction of labor. Both estradiol and PGFM were highly correlated between maternal and cord blood. PGFM was significantly higher in cesarean section patients in labor than in those not in labor in both the maternal and cord circulations. Among those delivered vaginally, PGFM tended to be higher in those in spontaneous labor than in those with induced labor. PGFM in induced labor was intermediate between spontaneous labor aptients delivered by cesarean section and those delivered vaginally. Duration of labor was negatively correlated with cord estradiol concentration. The physiologic significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Interrelationships between maternal and cord prolactin, progesterone, estradiol, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha, and cord cortisol at delivery with respect to initiation of parturition. Estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) were measured in both maternal and cord venous blood obtained at the time of delivery in 24 maternal infant pairs evenly divided among six different physiologic groups. Progesterone and prolactin were significantly higher and estradiol was significantly lower in cord than in maternal blood. There were no significant differences between the groups for cortisol, estradiol, or progesterone in maternal or cord blood. A significant increase in prolactin was demonstrated in women receiving oxytocin for induction of labor. Both estradiol and PGFM were highly correlated between maternal and cord blood. PGFM was significantly higher in cesarean section patients in labor than in those not in labor in both the maternal and cord circulations. Among those delivered vaginally, PGFM tended to be higher in those in spontaneous labor than in those with induced labor. PGFM in induced labor was intermediate between spontaneous labor aptients delivered by cesarean section and those delivered vaginally. Duration of labor was negatively correlated with cord estradiol concentration. The physiologic significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 563675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5673", "title": "Subretinal neovascularization and papilledema associated with pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "A 31-year-old man, on routine ocular examination, was found to have bilateral papilledema. Neurologic evaluation confirmed elevated cerebrospinal pressure with no mass lesion and a diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri was made. A tiny subretinal hemorrhage adjacent to the right optic disk was found to be secondary to subretinal neovascularization. Over the course of several months, the papilledema resolved. However, the neovascular membrane extended further toward the fovea and was subsequently obliterated with argon laser photocoagulation.", "contents": "Subretinal neovascularization and papilledema associated with pseudotumor cerebri. A 31-year-old man, on routine ocular examination, was found to have bilateral papilledema. Neurologic evaluation confirmed elevated cerebrospinal pressure with no mass lesion and a diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri was made. A tiny subretinal hemorrhage adjacent to the right optic disk was found to be secondary to subretinal neovascularization. Over the course of several months, the papilledema resolved. However, the neovascular membrane extended further toward the fovea and was subsequently obliterated with argon laser photocoagulation.", "PMID": 563678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5674", "title": "Toxocara infection in animal hospital employees.", "content": "The recent development of a sensitive and specific test (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for Toxocara canis infection has made it possible to study the epidemiology of this parasite in man. Antibody to Toxocara was measured in veterinarians, kennel workers, nurses, laboratory technicians, and clerical personnel in an animal hospital (Animal Medical Center, New York, NY) in order to determine the risk of infection in persons with varying degrees of occupational and home exposure to pet dogs. Antibodies were found in 8 (11 per cent) of 73 employees, and the prevalence and intensity of antibody was not statistically associated with either job exposure or dog ownership. However, antibody was not detected in any of the 14 employees who denied both past and present dog ownership. Additional studies using larger numbers of sera are required to determine the significance of these findings.", "contents": "Toxocara infection in animal hospital employees. The recent development of a sensitive and specific test (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for Toxocara canis infection has made it possible to study the epidemiology of this parasite in man. Antibody to Toxocara was measured in veterinarians, kennel workers, nurses, laboratory technicians, and clerical personnel in an animal hospital (Animal Medical Center, New York, NY) in order to determine the risk of infection in persons with varying degrees of occupational and home exposure to pet dogs. Antibodies were found in 8 (11 per cent) of 73 employees, and the prevalence and intensity of antibody was not statistically associated with either job exposure or dog ownership. However, antibody was not detected in any of the 14 employees who denied both past and present dog ownership. Additional studies using larger numbers of sera are required to determine the significance of these findings.", "PMID": 563680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5675", "title": "Comparison of immediate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fixation with delayed Schaudinn's fixation for the demonstration of protozoa in stool specimens.", "content": "Immediate fixation of stool specimens in polyvinyl alcohol fixative (PVA) was compared with Schaudinn's fixation delayed until the specimens were received in the laboratory, in a series of 100 consecutive positive stool specimens. More specimens were found positive following PVA fixation, and the numbers of organisms present on the slides were greater in specimens processed by this technique than after Schaudinn's fixation. It is concluded that immediate fixation results in the preservation of larger numbers of organisms in a recognizable state. The routine use of PVA fixation prior to transportation of the specimen to the laboratory is recommended.", "contents": "Comparison of immediate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fixation with delayed Schaudinn's fixation for the demonstration of protozoa in stool specimens. Immediate fixation of stool specimens in polyvinyl alcohol fixative (PVA) was compared with Schaudinn's fixation delayed until the specimens were received in the laboratory, in a series of 100 consecutive positive stool specimens. More specimens were found positive following PVA fixation, and the numbers of organisms present on the slides were greater in specimens processed by this technique than after Schaudinn's fixation. It is concluded that immediate fixation results in the preservation of larger numbers of organisms in a recognizable state. The routine use of PVA fixation prior to transportation of the specimen to the laboratory is recommended.", "PMID": 563681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5676", "title": "Streptocerciasis: observation of adult male Dipetalonema streptocerca in man.", "content": "In 75 biopsy specimens of skin from 34 patients with streptocerciasis who had been treated with diethylcarbamazine, we found 39 female and six male adult Dipetalonema streptocerca in the dermal collagen. This is the first report of adult male D. streptocerca in man, and identifying features are described.", "contents": "Streptocerciasis: observation of adult male Dipetalonema streptocerca in man. In 75 biopsy specimens of skin from 34 patients with streptocerciasis who had been treated with diethylcarbamazine, we found 39 female and six male adult Dipetalonema streptocerca in the dermal collagen. This is the first report of adult male D. streptocerca in man, and identifying features are described.", "PMID": 563682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5677", "title": "Schistosomiasis mansoni in the hamster: cellular and humoral immune responses to soluble egg antigens (SEA).", "content": "Cellular and humoral immune responses to soluble egg antigens (SEA) were studied in the course of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the hamster. No immune response to SEA could be detected before the parasite had started oviposition. The liver granuloma size reached a maximum 6 weeks after infection and decreased rapidly thereafter. The in vitro cell-mediated immune response to SEA (lymphocyte blast transformation) showed a maximum reaction 12 to 16 weeks after infection (depending on the infection rate) and also declined later. Parallel to the lowered reactivity of the lymphocytes to SEA in vitro, responsiveness to the nonspecific T-cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin M, was also reduced in chronic infections. Humoral anti-SEA antibodies could be detected in increasing amounts up to 10 weeks after exposure.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis mansoni in the hamster: cellular and humoral immune responses to soluble egg antigens (SEA). Cellular and humoral immune responses to soluble egg antigens (SEA) were studied in the course of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the hamster. No immune response to SEA could be detected before the parasite had started oviposition. The liver granuloma size reached a maximum 6 weeks after infection and decreased rapidly thereafter. The in vitro cell-mediated immune response to SEA (lymphocyte blast transformation) showed a maximum reaction 12 to 16 weeks after infection (depending on the infection rate) and also declined later. Parallel to the lowered reactivity of the lymphocytes to SEA in vitro, responsiveness to the nonspecific T-cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin M, was also reduced in chronic infections. Humoral anti-SEA antibodies could be detected in increasing amounts up to 10 weeks after exposure.", "PMID": 563683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5678", "title": "The role of air pollution and weather changes in childhood asthma.", "content": "Eighty asthmatic children were studied for two years. Daily records of various parameters of asthma were correlated with levels of different air pollutants and such climatological factors as bad weather conditions and temperature changes. High levels of ozone and carbon monoxide significantly correlated with the number, duration and the severity of asthmatic attacks. However, all the factors combined played only a minor role in the complex etiology of asthma, accounting for only 5 percent to 15 percent of the total variance.", "contents": "The role of air pollution and weather changes in childhood asthma. Eighty asthmatic children were studied for two years. Daily records of various parameters of asthma were correlated with levels of different air pollutants and such climatological factors as bad weather conditions and temperature changes. High levels of ozone and carbon monoxide significantly correlated with the number, duration and the severity of asthmatic attacks. However, all the factors combined played only a minor role in the complex etiology of asthma, accounting for only 5 percent to 15 percent of the total variance.", "PMID": 563688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5679", "title": "Comparison of Streptococcus uberis and S. infrequens. Pathogenicity for cow udder.", "content": "The pathogenicity of Streptococcus uberis and S. infrequens for cow udder was compared by experimental intramammary inoculation, mostly during the dry period. There were no significant differences between the two species according to the number and the length of infections at the subsequent lactation (Table 1). No infections could be established in lactation. The pathogenic and taxonomic implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of Streptococcus uberis and S. infrequens. Pathogenicity for cow udder. The pathogenicity of Streptococcus uberis and S. infrequens for cow udder was compared by experimental intramammary inoculation, mostly during the dry period. There were no significant differences between the two species according to the number and the length of infections at the subsequent lactation (Table 1). No infections could be established in lactation. The pathogenic and taxonomic implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 563693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5680", "title": "Angiosarcoma in post-mastectomy lymphoedema. A report of one case of Stewart-Treves syndrome.", "content": "A 67 year old woman developed lymphoedema in the ipsilateral arm about 1/2 year after radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast with no metastases. 11 years later she developed an angiosarcoma in the same upper arm and this spread rapidly to the forearm and chest wall. She had considerable bleeding from the lesions and had to be given repeated blood transfusions. Radiotherapy was without effect and she died of pulmonary emboli 3 months after the diagnosis of angiosarcoma was made. No sign of distant metastases, 0ut a small carcinoma was found in the right breast. On going through the literature, the author has found 206 cases of Stewart-Treves Syndrome (development of angiosarcoma in post-mastectomy lymphoedema), 7 of which were from Scandinavia.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma in post-mastectomy lymphoedema. A report of one case of Stewart-Treves syndrome. A 67 year old woman developed lymphoedema in the ipsilateral arm about 1/2 year after radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast with no metastases. 11 years later she developed an angiosarcoma in the same upper arm and this spread rapidly to the forearm and chest wall. She had considerable bleeding from the lesions and had to be given repeated blood transfusions. Radiotherapy was without effect and she died of pulmonary emboli 3 months after the diagnosis of angiosarcoma was made. No sign of distant metastases, 0ut a small carcinoma was found in the right breast. On going through the literature, the author has found 206 cases of Stewart-Treves Syndrome (development of angiosarcoma in post-mastectomy lymphoedema), 7 of which were from Scandinavia.", "PMID": 563697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5681", "title": "The secular variation of Australian twin births over fifty years.", "content": "Twins born during the fifty years 1920-69 in Australia were analysed statistically and their sex composition was found to be homogeneously distributed in a geographical but not a secular manner. The twinning rate reached a maximum in 1953 after which it fell to pre-war levels. This behaviour was due to dizygotic twins, and the role of intermediate maternal age at parturition as a contributing factor is discussed. Considered in relation to all twin maternities, however, the dizygotic rate declined significantly and linearly with time. This could be attributed to the gradual secular decline in maternal age.", "contents": "The secular variation of Australian twin births over fifty years. Twins born during the fifty years 1920-69 in Australia were analysed statistically and their sex composition was found to be homogeneously distributed in a geographical but not a secular manner. The twinning rate reached a maximum in 1953 after which it fell to pre-war levels. This behaviour was due to dizygotic twins, and the role of intermediate maternal age at parturition as a contributing factor is discussed. Considered in relation to all twin maternities, however, the dizygotic rate declined significantly and linearly with time. This could be attributed to the gradual secular decline in maternal age.", "PMID": 563698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5682", "title": "An interpretation of human diaphorase isozymes in terms of three gene loci DIA1, DIA2 and DIA3.", "content": "NADH and NADPH diaphorase isozymes have been studied in human tissues. Evidence from rare heterozygotes suggests that the red cell and main tissue forms of NADH diaphorase are products of the same locus DIA1. NADPH-dependent diaphorase appears to be the product of a second locus DIA2. A third locus, DIA3, codes for the polymorphic sperm diaphorase. The products of this locus are also found in foetal tissues including placenta and adult brain and gonads. The products of these three loci may be distinguished by their substrate specificity, thermostability and molecular size.", "contents": "An interpretation of human diaphorase isozymes in terms of three gene loci DIA1, DIA2 and DIA3. NADH and NADPH diaphorase isozymes have been studied in human tissues. Evidence from rare heterozygotes suggests that the red cell and main tissue forms of NADH diaphorase are products of the same locus DIA1. NADPH-dependent diaphorase appears to be the product of a second locus DIA2. A third locus, DIA3, codes for the polymorphic sperm diaphorase. The products of this locus are also found in foetal tissues including placenta and adult brain and gonads. The products of these three loci may be distinguished by their substrate specificity, thermostability and molecular size.", "PMID": 563699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5683", "title": "[Suppression of the damaging effect of amphotericin B on dog kidney lysosomes by amigluracyl].", "content": "The effect of amphotericin B and its combination with amigluracyl on the dog kidney lyzosomes was studied in vitro. It was found that on incubation of the lyzosomes with the antibiotic in a concentration of 1 gamma/ml the latter stimulated liberation of proteases from them. At the same time, when the lyzosomes were exposed to amphotericin B in combination with amigluracyl, a significant decrease in the rise of the proteolytic activity in the incubation medium due to the antibiotic was observed. It was found that the combined use of amphotericin B with amigluracyl resulted in an intensive inhibition of the enzyme activity; The data are indicative of the fact that amigluracyl decreases the damaging effect of the antibiotic on the dog kidney lyzosomes.", "contents": "[Suppression of the damaging effect of amphotericin B on dog kidney lysosomes by amigluracyl]. The effect of amphotericin B and its combination with amigluracyl on the dog kidney lyzosomes was studied in vitro. It was found that on incubation of the lyzosomes with the antibiotic in a concentration of 1 gamma/ml the latter stimulated liberation of proteases from them. At the same time, when the lyzosomes were exposed to amphotericin B in combination with amigluracyl, a significant decrease in the rise of the proteolytic activity in the incubation medium due to the antibiotic was observed. It was found that the combined use of amphotericin B with amigluracyl resulted in an intensive inhibition of the enzyme activity; The data are indicative of the fact that amigluracyl decreases the damaging effect of the antibiotic on the dog kidney lyzosomes.", "PMID": 563700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5684", "title": "Destruction of Staphylococcus aureus during frankfurter processing.", "content": "We studied the thermal resistance of Staphylococcus aureus during frankfurter processing in respect to whether staphylococci are killed by the heating step of the process and whether heat injury interferes with the quantitative estimation of the survivors. With S. aureus 198E, heat injury could be demonstrated only when large numbers of cells (10(8)/g) were present and at a product temperature of 140 degrees F (60 degrees C). On tryptic soy agar and tryptic soy agar plus 7% NaCl media, at temperatures less than 140 degrees F, the counts were virtually identical; above 140 degrees F, the counts converged, with the organisms dying so rapidly that heat injury was not demonstrable. Heat injury was thus judged not to interfere with the quantitative estimation of staphylococci surviving the normal commercial heating given frankfurters. By using a combination of direct plating on tryptic soy agar and a most-probable-number technique, we detected no viable cells (less than 0.3/g) of several strains of S. aureus in frankfurters heated to 160 degrees F (71.1 degrees C). This temperature is compatible with the normal final temperature to which federally inspected processors heat their frankfurters and with the temperature needed to destroy salmonellae.", "contents": "Destruction of Staphylococcus aureus during frankfurter processing. We studied the thermal resistance of Staphylococcus aureus during frankfurter processing in respect to whether staphylococci are killed by the heating step of the process and whether heat injury interferes with the quantitative estimation of the survivors. With S. aureus 198E, heat injury could be demonstrated only when large numbers of cells (10(8)/g) were present and at a product temperature of 140 degrees F (60 degrees C). On tryptic soy agar and tryptic soy agar plus 7% NaCl media, at temperatures less than 140 degrees F, the counts were virtually identical; above 140 degrees F, the counts converged, with the organisms dying so rapidly that heat injury was not demonstrable. Heat injury was thus judged not to interfere with the quantitative estimation of staphylococci surviving the normal commercial heating given frankfurters. By using a combination of direct plating on tryptic soy agar and a most-probable-number technique, we detected no viable cells (less than 0.3/g) of several strains of S. aureus in frankfurters heated to 160 degrees F (71.1 degrees C). This temperature is compatible with the normal final temperature to which federally inspected processors heat their frankfurters and with the temperature needed to destroy salmonellae.", "PMID": 563701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5685", "title": "Production of vitamin B-12 in tempeh, a fermented soybean food.", "content": "Several varieties of soybeans contained generally less than 1 ng of vitamin B-12 per g. It was found that use of a lactic fermentation typical of tropical conditions during the initial soaking of the soybeans did not influence the vitamin B-12 content of the resulting tempeh. Pure tempeh molds obtained from different sources did not produce vitamin B-12. It was found that the major source of vitamin B-12 in commercial tempeh purchased in Toronto, Canada, was a bacterium that accompanies the mold during fermentation. Reinoculation of the pure bacterium onto dehulled, hydrated, and sterilized soybeans resulted in the production of 148 ng of vitamin B-12 per g. The presence of the mold, along with the bacterium, did not inhibit or enhance production of vitamin B-12. Nutritionally significant amounts of vitamin B-12 were also found in the Indonesian fermented food, ontjom.", "contents": "Production of vitamin B-12 in tempeh, a fermented soybean food. Several varieties of soybeans contained generally less than 1 ng of vitamin B-12 per g. It was found that use of a lactic fermentation typical of tropical conditions during the initial soaking of the soybeans did not influence the vitamin B-12 content of the resulting tempeh. Pure tempeh molds obtained from different sources did not produce vitamin B-12. It was found that the major source of vitamin B-12 in commercial tempeh purchased in Toronto, Canada, was a bacterium that accompanies the mold during fermentation. Reinoculation of the pure bacterium onto dehulled, hydrated, and sterilized soybeans resulted in the production of 148 ng of vitamin B-12 per g. The presence of the mold, along with the bacterium, did not inhibit or enhance production of vitamin B-12. Nutritionally significant amounts of vitamin B-12 were also found in the Indonesian fermented food, ontjom.", "PMID": 563702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5686", "title": "Isolation and characteristics of a skatole-producing Lactobacillus sp. from the bovine rumen.", "content": "A bacterium that is capable of decarboxylating indoleacetic acid to skatole (3-methylindole) has been isolated from an L-tryptophan enrichment of bovine rumen fluid. The bacterium is a gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming rod. It is an obligate anaerobe, and strains predominatly produce D-(-)-lactic acid, with smaller amounts of L-(+)-lactic acid and acetic acid, from sugar. All four strains isolated gave a negative reaction to the indole test because they cannot form skatole directly from tryptophan. This is the first report of indoleacetic acid decarboxylation to skatole in pure culture and the demonstration of skatole production by a Lactobacillus species.", "contents": "Isolation and characteristics of a skatole-producing Lactobacillus sp. from the bovine rumen. A bacterium that is capable of decarboxylating indoleacetic acid to skatole (3-methylindole) has been isolated from an L-tryptophan enrichment of bovine rumen fluid. The bacterium is a gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming rod. It is an obligate anaerobe, and strains predominatly produce D-(-)-lactic acid, with smaller amounts of L-(+)-lactic acid and acetic acid, from sugar. All four strains isolated gave a negative reaction to the indole test because they cannot form skatole directly from tryptophan. This is the first report of indoleacetic acid decarboxylation to skatole in pure culture and the demonstration of skatole production by a Lactobacillus species.", "PMID": 563703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5687", "title": "Cutaneous mycosis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman had erythematous scaly plaques persistent for 15 years on the left cheek. Cultures from scales and biopsy specimens on Sabouraud's glucose agar repeatedly yielded floccose lilac colonies, and those on a Czapek's solution agar plate developed deep purplish red pigment, which is characteristic of Paecilomyces lilacinus. The PAS stain of the tissue section showed ovoid, divergent, or club-shaped fungal elements among the inflammatory cells or in giant cells. Two months after the patient and a control subject were inoculated with the isolates, P lilacinus could be reisolated from the patient only. Oral administration of griseofulvin significantly reduced erythema and papules. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of deep cutaneous mycosis caused by P lilacinus.", "contents": "Cutaneous mycosis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus. A 20-year-old woman had erythematous scaly plaques persistent for 15 years on the left cheek. Cultures from scales and biopsy specimens on Sabouraud's glucose agar repeatedly yielded floccose lilac colonies, and those on a Czapek's solution agar plate developed deep purplish red pigment, which is characteristic of Paecilomyces lilacinus. The PAS stain of the tissue section showed ovoid, divergent, or club-shaped fungal elements among the inflammatory cells or in giant cells. Two months after the patient and a control subject were inoculated with the isolates, P lilacinus could be reisolated from the patient only. Oral administration of griseofulvin significantly reduced erythema and papules. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of deep cutaneous mycosis caused by P lilacinus.", "PMID": 563706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5688", "title": "The role of splenectomy in the treatment of thrombocytopenic purpura due to systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Splenectomy in the treatment of thrombocytopenic purpura associated with lupus erythematosus has afforded satisfactory overall results in a group of ten patients. Postoperative deaths occurred in two patients, each of whom had significant underlying problems. Clinical manifestations of SLE-induced thrombocytopenic purpura included ecchymoses, petechiae, menorrhagia, epistaxis, and hematuria. Splenectomy in this disorder should be reserved for cases in whom corticosteroids do not produce satisfactory results, or in whom unacceptably high doses are required. Follow-up indicates long term control of thrombocytopenic purpura following splenectomy.", "contents": "The role of splenectomy in the treatment of thrombocytopenic purpura due to systemic lupus erythematosus. Splenectomy in the treatment of thrombocytopenic purpura associated with lupus erythematosus has afforded satisfactory overall results in a group of ten patients. Postoperative deaths occurred in two patients, each of whom had significant underlying problems. Clinical manifestations of SLE-induced thrombocytopenic purpura included ecchymoses, petechiae, menorrhagia, epistaxis, and hematuria. Splenectomy in this disorder should be reserved for cases in whom corticosteroids do not produce satisfactory results, or in whom unacceptably high doses are required. Follow-up indicates long term control of thrombocytopenic purpura following splenectomy.", "PMID": 563707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5689", "title": "Fine structure of the reticular cells in the rat spleen, with special reference to their fibro-muscular features.", "content": "Reticular cells in the rat spleen were studied with the electron microscope. Besides well developed cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex like in fibroblasts, the reticular cells contain small bundles of microfilaments, dense bodies and hemidesmosomes as in the smooth muscle cell. Based on these cytological characteristics, it is suggested that the reticular cells are fibro-muscular in nature, and they may play roles in fibrogenesis as well as in regulation of the blood flow by their contraction in the splenic reticular tissue.", "contents": "Fine structure of the reticular cells in the rat spleen, with special reference to their fibro-muscular features. Reticular cells in the rat spleen were studied with the electron microscope. Besides well developed cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex like in fibroblasts, the reticular cells contain small bundles of microfilaments, dense bodies and hemidesmosomes as in the smooth muscle cell. Based on these cytological characteristics, it is suggested that the reticular cells are fibro-muscular in nature, and they may play roles in fibrogenesis as well as in regulation of the blood flow by their contraction in the splenic reticular tissue.", "PMID": 563709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5690", "title": "The association of African swine fever virus with blood components of infected pigs.", "content": "The distribution of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in whole blood, plasma, red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cell (WbC) sub-populations was determined in pigs infected with virulent virus. Changes in the RBC and WBC populations were also examined. Total WBC counts decreased and RBC numbers remained unchanged during the course of the disease. The number of circulating lymphocytes decreased whilst neutrophil numbers increased owing to the replacement of mature forms by juveniles. Virus was present in all major blood fractions and was associated with equivalent numbers of both RBC and WBC. However, 90 per cent of the virus in whole blood was associated with RBC. Of the WBC subpopulations, virus was definitely associated with lymphocytes and possibly neutrophils.", "contents": "The association of African swine fever virus with blood components of infected pigs. The distribution of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in whole blood, plasma, red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cell (WbC) sub-populations was determined in pigs infected with virulent virus. Changes in the RBC and WBC populations were also examined. Total WBC counts decreased and RBC numbers remained unchanged during the course of the disease. The number of circulating lymphocytes decreased whilst neutrophil numbers increased owing to the replacement of mature forms by juveniles. Virus was present in all major blood fractions and was associated with equivalent numbers of both RBC and WBC. However, 90 per cent of the virus in whole blood was associated with RBC. Of the WBC subpopulations, virus was definitely associated with lymphocytes and possibly neutrophils.", "PMID": 563710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5691", "title": "[Influence of intrauterine asphyxia on the development of spinal ganglia].", "content": "In 17- and 18-day-old rat embryos and in 10-, 30-day-old newborn rats, the development of the spinal ganglia neurons was investigated under normal conditions and after intrauterine asphyxia. It was stated that increase in the profile field of the neuronal body development proceded differently before and after birth. Before birth, the most intensive growth was noted in large ganglial cells, while after birth--in middle and especially small cells. It was stated that embryos subjected to asphyxia in the last fourth of their intrauterine life suffered from chronic disorders in their neuronal cells, their intensity increasing with time reaching maximum to the first month of life. This process involved mainly the cells of middle and small size.", "contents": "[Influence of intrauterine asphyxia on the development of spinal ganglia]. In 17- and 18-day-old rat embryos and in 10-, 30-day-old newborn rats, the development of the spinal ganglia neurons was investigated under normal conditions and after intrauterine asphyxia. It was stated that increase in the profile field of the neuronal body development proceded differently before and after birth. Before birth, the most intensive growth was noted in large ganglial cells, while after birth--in middle and especially small cells. It was stated that embryos subjected to asphyxia in the last fourth of their intrauterine life suffered from chronic disorders in their neuronal cells, their intensity increasing with time reaching maximum to the first month of life. This process involved mainly the cells of middle and small size.", "PMID": 563712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5692", "title": "[Caudate-cortical connections in the cat brain].", "content": "By means of optical and electron microscopic methods, the cortical fields from the ipsilateral hemisphere was analysed in the cat after electrocoagulation of the dorsal part in the nucleus caudatus (NC). Degenerating axonal preterminals and terminals were detected in the preparations impregnated after Nauta--Gygax and Wiitanen's methods and in electronograms. To exclude degeneration of cortical and projective thalamic fibrillae from the great number of regenerated conductors, additional operations were performed on the same cats--thalamic and ventral NC nuclei were damaged and coagulative electrode was inserted into the dorsal NC a month before the last operation.", "contents": "[Caudate-cortical connections in the cat brain]. By means of optical and electron microscopic methods, the cortical fields from the ipsilateral hemisphere was analysed in the cat after electrocoagulation of the dorsal part in the nucleus caudatus (NC). Degenerating axonal preterminals and terminals were detected in the preparations impregnated after Nauta--Gygax and Wiitanen's methods and in electronograms. To exclude degeneration of cortical and projective thalamic fibrillae from the great number of regenerated conductors, additional operations were performed on the same cats--thalamic and ventral NC nuclei were damaged and coagulative electrode was inserted into the dorsal NC a month before the last operation.", "PMID": 563713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5693", "title": "[Histochemical aspects of the phylohistogenetic recapitulation of the epidermis].", "content": "Epidermis of human embryos and fetuses obtained at abortion and at premature delivery was studied, as well as cell carcinoma of the skin in the biopsies of cheek, external ear and lip. PAS-reaction, treatment with diastase and phenyl hydrosine, staining with alcian blue at pH 1.0 and 2.7 and with basic brown at pH 1.0 were applied. Determination of the total and cationic protein with brom phenol blue (pH 2.2 and 8.2, respectively), aminoacid debris of lisine and histidine, sulfhydril groups of cysteine, disulfate groups of cysteine and others were determined. Histochemical peculiarities of the epidermal protective zone in fetuses recapitulate the epidermal properties of water vertebrates. Presence of hydrophilic groups in the cells of nonkeratinizing type of epidermoid carcinoma resembles histochemical differentiation of amphibian epidermis. In the cells of keratinizing carcinoma, keratine detected is histologically close to that in reptilian squamae.", "contents": "[Histochemical aspects of the phylohistogenetic recapitulation of the epidermis]. Epidermis of human embryos and fetuses obtained at abortion and at premature delivery was studied, as well as cell carcinoma of the skin in the biopsies of cheek, external ear and lip. PAS-reaction, treatment with diastase and phenyl hydrosine, staining with alcian blue at pH 1.0 and 2.7 and with basic brown at pH 1.0 were applied. Determination of the total and cationic protein with brom phenol blue (pH 2.2 and 8.2, respectively), aminoacid debris of lisine and histidine, sulfhydril groups of cysteine, disulfate groups of cysteine and others were determined. Histochemical peculiarities of the epidermal protective zone in fetuses recapitulate the epidermal properties of water vertebrates. Presence of hydrophilic groups in the cells of nonkeratinizing type of epidermoid carcinoma resembles histochemical differentiation of amphibian epidermis. In the cells of keratinizing carcinoma, keratine detected is histologically close to that in reptilian squamae.", "PMID": 563715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5694", "title": "Lipid-protein globules of avian egg yolk. Isolation and properties of globules stable in concentrated sodium chloride solution.", "content": "A new type of globular particle, the 'insoluble yolk globule', was isolated from the egg yolk of three avian species (hen, duck, and emu) by centrifugation or gel-filtration chromatography. These globules are stable in NaCl and urea solutions at concentrations that dissolve or disrupt other constituents of yolk, The isolated globules are about 1% of the dry yolk of hen's and duck's eggs but about 8% emu's-egg yolk. Most of these globules are less than 2 micrometer in diameter. Electron micrographs of sections show a preponderance of globules in the range 0.125-0.25 micrometer, each with a thick shell surrounding a feature-less anterior. Globules with the same appearance were seen in sections of unfractionated yolk. Two kinds of larger particles were also observed: (i) particles with a distinct outer membrane and a vesiculated interior; (ii) featureless spheres, possibly of lipid. The insoluble yolk globules comprise protein (8-11% by dry wt.), phospholipid (31-35% total lipid), triacylglycerols (49-53%), cholesterol (8%) and cholesteryl esters (2-3%); the variations being among species. The phospholipid is accessible to phospholipase C. The isolated protein is heterogeneous and resembles the apoprotein from the yolk low-density lipoprotein.", "contents": "Lipid-protein globules of avian egg yolk. Isolation and properties of globules stable in concentrated sodium chloride solution. A new type of globular particle, the 'insoluble yolk globule', was isolated from the egg yolk of three avian species (hen, duck, and emu) by centrifugation or gel-filtration chromatography. These globules are stable in NaCl and urea solutions at concentrations that dissolve or disrupt other constituents of yolk, The isolated globules are about 1% of the dry yolk of hen's and duck's eggs but about 8% emu's-egg yolk. Most of these globules are less than 2 micrometer in diameter. Electron micrographs of sections show a preponderance of globules in the range 0.125-0.25 micrometer, each with a thick shell surrounding a feature-less anterior. Globules with the same appearance were seen in sections of unfractionated yolk. Two kinds of larger particles were also observed: (i) particles with a distinct outer membrane and a vesiculated interior; (ii) featureless spheres, possibly of lipid. The insoluble yolk globules comprise protein (8-11% by dry wt.), phospholipid (31-35% total lipid), triacylglycerols (49-53%), cholesterol (8%) and cholesteryl esters (2-3%); the variations being among species. The phospholipid is accessible to phospholipase C. The isolated protein is heterogeneous and resembles the apoprotein from the yolk low-density lipoprotein.", "PMID": 563717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5695", "title": "Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes from mammalian tissues. Further characterization of ribosomal subunits and validity of buoyant-density methods for determination of the chemical composition and partial specific volume of ribonucleoprotein particles.", "content": "1. At 0-4 degrees C mitochondrial ribosomes (55S) dissociate into 39S and 29S subunits after exposure to 300mm-K(+) in the presence of 3.0mm-Mg(2+). When these subunits are placed in a medium containing a lower concentration of K(+) ions (25mm), approx. 75% of the subparticles recombine giving 55S monomers. 2. After negative staining the large subunits (20.3nm width) usually show a roundish profile, whereas the small subunits (12nm width) show an elongated, often bipartite, profile. The dimensions of the 55S ribosomes are 25.5nmx20.0nmx21.0nm, indicating a volume ratio of mitochondrial to cytosol ribosomes of 1:1.5. 3. The 39S and 29S subunits obtained in high-salt media at 0-4 degrees C have a buoyant density of 1.45g/cm(3); from the rRNA content calculated from buoyant density and from the rRNA molecular weights it is confirmed that the two subparticles have weights of 2.0x10(6) daltons and 1.20x10(6) daltons; the weights of the two subunits of cytosol ribosomes are 2.67x10(6) and 1.30x10(6) daltons. 4. The validity of the isodensity-equilibrium-centrifugation methods used to calculate the chemical composition of ribosomes was reinvestigated; it is confirmed that (a) reaction of ribosomal subunits with 6.0% (v/v) formaldehyde at 0 degrees C is sufficient to fix the particles, so that they remain essentially stable after exposure to dodecyl sulphate or centrifugation in CsCl, and (b) the partial specific volume of ribosomal subunits is a simple additive function of the partial specific volumes of RNA and protein. The RNA content is linearly related to buoyant density by the equation RNA (% by wt.)=349.5-(471.2x1/rho(CsCl)), where 1/rho(CsCl)=[unk](RNP) (partial specific volume of ribonucleoprotein). 5. The nucleotide compositions of the two subunit rRNA species of mitochondrial ribosomes from rodents (42% and 43% G+C) are distinctly different from those of cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "contents": "Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes from mammalian tissues. Further characterization of ribosomal subunits and validity of buoyant-density methods for determination of the chemical composition and partial specific volume of ribonucleoprotein particles. 1. At 0-4 degrees C mitochondrial ribosomes (55S) dissociate into 39S and 29S subunits after exposure to 300mm-K(+) in the presence of 3.0mm-Mg(2+). When these subunits are placed in a medium containing a lower concentration of K(+) ions (25mm), approx. 75% of the subparticles recombine giving 55S monomers. 2. After negative staining the large subunits (20.3nm width) usually show a roundish profile, whereas the small subunits (12nm width) show an elongated, often bipartite, profile. The dimensions of the 55S ribosomes are 25.5nmx20.0nmx21.0nm, indicating a volume ratio of mitochondrial to cytosol ribosomes of 1:1.5. 3. The 39S and 29S subunits obtained in high-salt media at 0-4 degrees C have a buoyant density of 1.45g/cm(3); from the rRNA content calculated from buoyant density and from the rRNA molecular weights it is confirmed that the two subparticles have weights of 2.0x10(6) daltons and 1.20x10(6) daltons; the weights of the two subunits of cytosol ribosomes are 2.67x10(6) and 1.30x10(6) daltons. 4. The validity of the isodensity-equilibrium-centrifugation methods used to calculate the chemical composition of ribosomes was reinvestigated; it is confirmed that (a) reaction of ribosomal subunits with 6.0% (v/v) formaldehyde at 0 degrees C is sufficient to fix the particles, so that they remain essentially stable after exposure to dodecyl sulphate or centrifugation in CsCl, and (b) the partial specific volume of ribosomal subunits is a simple additive function of the partial specific volumes of RNA and protein. The RNA content is linearly related to buoyant density by the equation RNA (% by wt.)=349.5-(471.2x1/rho(CsCl)), where 1/rho(CsCl)=[unk](RNP) (partial specific volume of ribonucleoprotein). 5. The nucleotide compositions of the two subunit rRNA species of mitochondrial ribosomes from rodents (42% and 43% G+C) are distinctly different from those of cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "PMID": 563718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5696", "title": "Relevance of density, size and DNA content of tumour cells to the lung colony assay.", "content": "Mouse fibrosarcoma tumours were dissociated and divided into subpopulations of viable cells by centrifugation in linear density gradients of Renografin. Two of these subpopulations, designated Band 2 and Band 4, differed in their clonogenic ability in lung colony assay. The less dense Band 2 cells were significantly more clonogenic than the Band 4 cells (2.9 percent vs 1.4 percent respectively). Each band was further separated on the basis of cell size by centrifugal elutriation. Each size class of cells comprising Band 2 showed higher clonogenic ability than the corresponding size class in Band 4. Thus cell size differences were not responsible for the clonogenic differences between these bands. To determine whether cell-cycle distribution of the tumour cells was responsible for differences in cloning efficiency, flow microfluorometric and premature chromosome condensation methods were utilized. The unseparated and Band 4 populations showed a higher percentage of cells in S and G2 than did the Band 2 populations, but many of the S and G2 tumour cells showed extensive chromosome damage. From this study we conclude that the increased clonogenic ability of the lighter tumour cells is not due to differences in cell size or cell-cycle parameters.", "contents": "Relevance of density, size and DNA content of tumour cells to the lung colony assay. Mouse fibrosarcoma tumours were dissociated and divided into subpopulations of viable cells by centrifugation in linear density gradients of Renografin. Two of these subpopulations, designated Band 2 and Band 4, differed in their clonogenic ability in lung colony assay. The less dense Band 2 cells were significantly more clonogenic than the Band 4 cells (2.9 percent vs 1.4 percent respectively). Each band was further separated on the basis of cell size by centrifugal elutriation. Each size class of cells comprising Band 2 showed higher clonogenic ability than the corresponding size class in Band 4. Thus cell size differences were not responsible for the clonogenic differences between these bands. To determine whether cell-cycle distribution of the tumour cells was responsible for differences in cloning efficiency, flow microfluorometric and premature chromosome condensation methods were utilized. The unseparated and Band 4 populations showed a higher percentage of cells in S and G2 than did the Band 2 populations, but many of the S and G2 tumour cells showed extensive chromosome damage. From this study we conclude that the increased clonogenic ability of the lighter tumour cells is not due to differences in cell size or cell-cycle parameters.", "PMID": 563726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5697", "title": "Transient-state kinetics of L-glutamate dehydrogenase: mechanism of alpha-ketoglutarate inhibition in the burst phase.", "content": "Stopped-flow studies of the initial burst of NADPH production accompanying the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate by L-glutamate dehydrogenase and NADP+ were performed in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, a product of the reaction. Both binary enzyme-alpha-ketoglutarate and ternary enzyme--NADP+-alpha-ketoglutarate complexes are inhibitory in the burst presence of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Order-of-addition experiments show the binary complex to form rapidly, in the 3 ms dead time of the stopped-flow instrument. There is a distinct lag, however, in the achievement of the full ternary complex inhibitory effect unless the enzyme is preincubated with both NADP+ and alpha-ketoglutarate prior to initiation of the catalytic reaction with L-glutamate. The formation of an inhibitory enzyme--NADP+-alpha-ketoglutarate complex appears to be sufficiently slow to give a delayed kinetic response when alpha-ketoglutarate is added to the reaction system.", "contents": "Transient-state kinetics of L-glutamate dehydrogenase: mechanism of alpha-ketoglutarate inhibition in the burst phase. Stopped-flow studies of the initial burst of NADPH production accompanying the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate by L-glutamate dehydrogenase and NADP+ were performed in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate, a product of the reaction. Both binary enzyme-alpha-ketoglutarate and ternary enzyme--NADP+-alpha-ketoglutarate complexes are inhibitory in the burst presence of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Order-of-addition experiments show the binary complex to form rapidly, in the 3 ms dead time of the stopped-flow instrument. There is a distinct lag, however, in the achievement of the full ternary complex inhibitory effect unless the enzyme is preincubated with both NADP+ and alpha-ketoglutarate prior to initiation of the catalytic reaction with L-glutamate. The formation of an inhibitory enzyme--NADP+-alpha-ketoglutarate complex appears to be sufficiently slow to give a delayed kinetic response when alpha-ketoglutarate is added to the reaction system.", "PMID": 563727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5698", "title": "Differences in the sulfated macromolecules synthesized by normal and transformed hamster fibroblasts.", "content": "Analysis of the 35SO4-labelled macromolecules synthesized by cultures of normal )NIL8) and transformed (NIL8-HSV) hamster fibroblasts has revealed the following differences between the two cell lines: (1) The proportion of sulfate incorporated into cell-associated macromolecules is three times higher in normal than in transformed cells. In addition, normal fibroblasts incorporate more sulfate into extracellular, middle and low molecular weight species than do transformed cells. Transformed cells, however, incorporate more sulfate into  extracellular, very high molecular weight species than do normal cells. (2) Normal fibroblasts, which synthesize much more extracellular dermatan sulfate than do transformed cells, produce a class of extracellular heterogeneous sulfated proteoglycans absent from transformed cultures. This macromolecular species consists largely of dermatan sulfate. The transformed cells instead release a lower molecular weight class of proteoglycans which consist of chondroitin sulfates A and C. (3) The large, external, transformation-sensitive glycoprotein is sulfated in NIL8 cultures. This macromolecular species is present on the surface membrane of normal cells, but absent from transformed cells. Sulfated large, external transformation-sensitive protein is also present in the conditioned medium from normal cultures. A similar species is present in the conditioned medium from transformed cultures, but has a slightly higher apparent molecular weight and differs in other properties from the large, external, transformation-sensitive protein of normal cells.", "contents": "Differences in the sulfated macromolecules synthesized by normal and transformed hamster fibroblasts. Analysis of the 35SO4-labelled macromolecules synthesized by cultures of normal )NIL8) and transformed (NIL8-HSV) hamster fibroblasts has revealed the following differences between the two cell lines: (1) The proportion of sulfate incorporated into cell-associated macromolecules is three times higher in normal than in transformed cells. In addition, normal fibroblasts incorporate more sulfate into extracellular, middle and low molecular weight species than do transformed cells. Transformed cells, however, incorporate more sulfate into  extracellular, very high molecular weight species than do normal cells. (2) Normal fibroblasts, which synthesize much more extracellular dermatan sulfate than do transformed cells, produce a class of extracellular heterogeneous sulfated proteoglycans absent from transformed cultures. This macromolecular species consists largely of dermatan sulfate. The transformed cells instead release a lower molecular weight class of proteoglycans which consist of chondroitin sulfates A and C. (3) The large, external, transformation-sensitive glycoprotein is sulfated in NIL8 cultures. This macromolecular species is present on the surface membrane of normal cells, but absent from transformed cells. Sulfated large, external transformation-sensitive protein is also present in the conditioned medium from normal cultures. A similar species is present in the conditioned medium from transformed cultures, but has a slightly higher apparent molecular weight and differs in other properties from the large, external, transformation-sensitive protein of normal cells.", "PMID": 563729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5699", "title": "1-(3'-O-acyl)-beta-glucosyl-N-dihydroxypentatriacontadienoylsphingosine, a major component of the glucosylceramides of pig and human epidermis.", "content": "The least polar of four chromatographically distinct glucosylceramides in both pig and human epidermis, was identified from its infrared spectrum and degradation products as O-acylglucosylceramide. Permethylation studies indicated that the acyl group was attached predominantly (80%) to the C-3 of glucose in the pig and only to the C-3 glucose in the human O-acylglucosylceramide. Octadecadienoic acid was the major acid esterified to glucose in both pig and human O-acylglucosylceramides and sphingenine, sphinganine and heptadecasphinganine accounted for most of the long chain bases (87% in pig, 80% in human). Chromatographic and chemical-evidence suggested that a single, unknown unsaturated dihydroxy fatty acid with more than 30 carbon atoms was attached through the amide link to the sphingosines. This was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Precise mass measurements indicated that the acid had a relative molecular mass of 550.496115 (C35H66O4) and was a dihydroxy acid with two double bonds. Other mass spectrometric data suggested that the hydroxyl groups and double bonds were confined to the region between C-16 and C-20. The evidence indicated that the O-acylglucosylceramide in pig epidermis and, by the close similarity of its properties, probably that in human epidermis also was 1-(3'-O-acyl)-beta-glucosyl-N-dihydroxypentatriacontadienoylsphingosine.", "contents": "1-(3'-O-acyl)-beta-glucosyl-N-dihydroxypentatriacontadienoylsphingosine, a major component of the glucosylceramides of pig and human epidermis. The least polar of four chromatographically distinct glucosylceramides in both pig and human epidermis, was identified from its infrared spectrum and degradation products as O-acylglucosylceramide. Permethylation studies indicated that the acyl group was attached predominantly (80%) to the C-3 of glucose in the pig and only to the C-3 glucose in the human O-acylglucosylceramide. Octadecadienoic acid was the major acid esterified to glucose in both pig and human O-acylglucosylceramides and sphingenine, sphinganine and heptadecasphinganine accounted for most of the long chain bases (87% in pig, 80% in human). Chromatographic and chemical-evidence suggested that a single, unknown unsaturated dihydroxy fatty acid with more than 30 carbon atoms was attached through the amide link to the sphingosines. This was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Precise mass measurements indicated that the acid had a relative molecular mass of 550.496115 (C35H66O4) and was a dihydroxy acid with two double bonds. Other mass spectrometric data suggested that the hydroxyl groups and double bonds were confined to the region between C-16 and C-20. The evidence indicated that the O-acylglucosylceramide in pig epidermis and, by the close similarity of its properties, probably that in human epidermis also was 1-(3'-O-acyl)-beta-glucosyl-N-dihydroxypentatriacontadienoylsphingosine.", "PMID": 563730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5700", "title": "The role of holotrichs in the metabolism of dietary linoleic acid in the rumen.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of linoleic acid by rumen holotrichs (mainly Isotricha prostoma and I. intestinalis) has been examined in in vitro infusion experiments. Maximum absorption and metabolism of [1-14C]linoleate by 2 . 10(6) Isotricha suspended in 100 ml buffer was obtained using an infusion rate of 1.6 mg linoleate/h. After 90 min, 84% of the added substrate was recovered within the cells, mainly as free fatty acid or phospholipid. There was a rapid incorporation of radioactivity into phospholipid, mainly phosphatidylcholine, at the commencement of linoleate infusion but no further incorporation after about 40 min. The presence of bacteria during incubations, in approximately the same Isotricha/bacteria ratio as found in the rumen, reduced the uptake of linoleate and the accumulation of free fatty acid by holotrichs but the incorporation into phospholipid remained similar to that obtained in the absence of bacteria. Very little biohydrogenation of linoleic acid occurred in incubations with holotrichs alone. Bacterial suspensions converted linoleic acid to mainly trans monoene and a small amount of stearic acid, but in incubations containing both bacteria and holotrichs, both stearic acid and trans monoene were major products. Using the latter mixed culture, about 20% of the added [1-14C]linoleic acid was present in holotrich phospholipid of which 62% remained as octadecadienoic acid. The Isotricha population was 3 . 10(3)--2 . 10(4)/ml rumen fluid and it contributed about 23% of the linoleic acid in the rumen of a cow on a hay diet.", "contents": "The role of holotrichs in the metabolism of dietary linoleic acid in the rumen. The uptake and metabolism of linoleic acid by rumen holotrichs (mainly Isotricha prostoma and I. intestinalis) has been examined in in vitro infusion experiments. Maximum absorption and metabolism of [1-14C]linoleate by 2 . 10(6) Isotricha suspended in 100 ml buffer was obtained using an infusion rate of 1.6 mg linoleate/h. After 90 min, 84% of the added substrate was recovered within the cells, mainly as free fatty acid or phospholipid. There was a rapid incorporation of radioactivity into phospholipid, mainly phosphatidylcholine, at the commencement of linoleate infusion but no further incorporation after about 40 min. The presence of bacteria during incubations, in approximately the same Isotricha/bacteria ratio as found in the rumen, reduced the uptake of linoleate and the accumulation of free fatty acid by holotrichs but the incorporation into phospholipid remained similar to that obtained in the absence of bacteria. Very little biohydrogenation of linoleic acid occurred in incubations with holotrichs alone. Bacterial suspensions converted linoleic acid to mainly trans monoene and a small amount of stearic acid, but in incubations containing both bacteria and holotrichs, both stearic acid and trans monoene were major products. Using the latter mixed culture, about 20% of the added [1-14C]linoleic acid was present in holotrich phospholipid of which 62% remained as octadecadienoic acid. The Isotricha population was 3 . 10(3)--2 . 10(4)/ml rumen fluid and it contributed about 23% of the linoleic acid in the rumen of a cow on a hay diet.", "PMID": 563731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5701", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of heparin. Evidence for complexing with carrier ampholytes.", "content": "The basis for heparin fractionation into 21 components by isoelectric focusing has been shown to be a strong interaction between the polysaccharide and different amphoteric species in the Ampholine mixture. This was demonstrated by altering the heparin/Ampholine ratio, by loading the sample either before focusing or to a prefocused gel slab and by re-running single heparin bands. The complexes exhibiting apparent pI values in the pH range 3.2--4.5 appear to be particularly stable, probably because an optimal amount of amino groups (4 to 5) in the Ampholine molecules are protonated. When stained with Toluidine blue, the heparin/Ampholine complexes precipitated in the gel exhibited different degrees of metachromasia, reflecting competition of the dye and individual components of Ampholine with respect to binding sites of heparin: at least three colours, violet, blue and indigo, are distinguishable. Ampholine, when added to a heparin . Toluidine blue complex in solution displaces the dye from the polysaccharide.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of heparin. Evidence for complexing with carrier ampholytes. The basis for heparin fractionation into 21 components by isoelectric focusing has been shown to be a strong interaction between the polysaccharide and different amphoteric species in the Ampholine mixture. This was demonstrated by altering the heparin/Ampholine ratio, by loading the sample either before focusing or to a prefocused gel slab and by re-running single heparin bands. The complexes exhibiting apparent pI values in the pH range 3.2--4.5 appear to be particularly stable, probably because an optimal amount of amino groups (4 to 5) in the Ampholine molecules are protonated. When stained with Toluidine blue, the heparin/Ampholine complexes precipitated in the gel exhibited different degrees of metachromasia, reflecting competition of the dye and individual components of Ampholine with respect to binding sites of heparin: at least three colours, violet, blue and indigo, are distinguishable. Ampholine, when added to a heparin . Toluidine blue complex in solution displaces the dye from the polysaccharide.", "PMID": 563732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5702", "title": "Polymerization and colchicine binding. Two independent properties of tubulin.", "content": "When stored frozen in 1 M sucrose and 1 mM GTP, tubulin loses polymerizing ability exponentially. Since addition of diethiothreitol does not change the decay half-life, this decrease in activity can not be attributed to disulfide bond formation. When tubulin is stored frozen in dithiothreitol and GTP only, the decay half-life increases by a factor of four, indicating that sucrose destabilizes polymerizing ability. Frozen storage in sucrose has the opposite effect on colchicine binding, which remains at 100% for 40 days. This temporal divergence indicates that colchine binding and polymerization are two independent properties of tubulin.", "contents": "Polymerization and colchicine binding. Two independent properties of tubulin. When stored frozen in 1 M sucrose and 1 mM GTP, tubulin loses polymerizing ability exponentially. Since addition of diethiothreitol does not change the decay half-life, this decrease in activity can not be attributed to disulfide bond formation. When tubulin is stored frozen in dithiothreitol and GTP only, the decay half-life increases by a factor of four, indicating that sucrose destabilizes polymerizing ability. Frozen storage in sucrose has the opposite effect on colchicine binding, which remains at 100% for 40 days. This temporal divergence indicates that colchine binding and polymerization are two independent properties of tubulin.", "PMID": 563733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5703", "title": "Modification of a specific tyrosine residue of ribonuclease A with a diazonium inhibitor analog.", "content": "The diazonium salt of 5'-(4-aminophenyl phosphoryl)-uridine 2'(3')-phosphate reacts stoichiometrically with pancreatic ribonuclease and modifies only one tyrosyl residue, which was identified as Tyr 73 in the amino acid sequence. The modification does not inhibit the biological activity of RNAase on ribonucleic acid, although a large change in the binding constant towards cytidine cyclic phosphate was observed. The modification can be inhibited by addition of the competitive inhibitor cytidine 2'(3')5'-diphosphate and may indicate that Tyr 73 is the most exposed residue or has a unique reactivity towards this reactive substrate analog.", "contents": "Modification of a specific tyrosine residue of ribonuclease A with a diazonium inhibitor analog. The diazonium salt of 5'-(4-aminophenyl phosphoryl)-uridine 2'(3')-phosphate reacts stoichiometrically with pancreatic ribonuclease and modifies only one tyrosyl residue, which was identified as Tyr 73 in the amino acid sequence. The modification does not inhibit the biological activity of RNAase on ribonucleic acid, although a large change in the binding constant towards cytidine cyclic phosphate was observed. The modification can be inhibited by addition of the competitive inhibitor cytidine 2'(3')5'-diphosphate and may indicate that Tyr 73 is the most exposed residue or has a unique reactivity towards this reactive substrate analog.", "PMID": 563734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5704", "title": "The incorporation of homologous and heterologous hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoriboxyltransferase into mutant cells.", "content": "Experiments are described leading to partial compensation of a deficiency in the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in mutant cells by supplying the cells with exogenous purified enzymes. DEAE-dextran is an effective helper agent, whereas poly (L-lysine), lysolecithin and amphotericin B seem to inhibit the entry of the enzymes of their activity. Enzyme preparation from Chinese hamster was found to have different effects in different mutant cell lines. In mutant Chinese hamster cells, the electrophoretic activity pattern remains unchanged for the Chinese hamster enzyme, but changes progressively to faster-moving activity peaks for the human enzyme after several hours. The metabolic effect of the incorporated enzyme is in the range between 3 and 4% of the normal cellular enzyme activity which corresponds to a 10--20 fold increase of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in the mutant cells.", "contents": "The incorporation of homologous and heterologous hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoriboxyltransferase into mutant cells. Experiments are described leading to partial compensation of a deficiency in the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in mutant cells by supplying the cells with exogenous purified enzymes. DEAE-dextran is an effective helper agent, whereas poly (L-lysine), lysolecithin and amphotericin B seem to inhibit the entry of the enzymes of their activity. Enzyme preparation from Chinese hamster was found to have different effects in different mutant cell lines. In mutant Chinese hamster cells, the electrophoretic activity pattern remains unchanged for the Chinese hamster enzyme, but changes progressively to faster-moving activity peaks for the human enzyme after several hours. The metabolic effect of the incorporated enzyme is in the range between 3 and 4% of the normal cellular enzyme activity which corresponds to a 10--20 fold increase of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in the mutant cells.", "PMID": 563735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5705", "title": "A band model for melanin deducted from optical absorption and photoconductivity experiments.", "content": "Natural and synthetic melanins have been studied by optical absorption and photoconductivity measurements in the range 200--700 nm. Both optical absorption and photoconductivity increase in the ultraviolet region, and a negative photoconductivity was observed with a maximum near 500 nm. This behaviour has been interpreted by the band model of amorphous materials and an \"optical gap\" of 3.4 eV has been determined.", "contents": "A band model for melanin deducted from optical absorption and photoconductivity experiments. Natural and synthetic melanins have been studied by optical absorption and photoconductivity measurements in the range 200--700 nm. Both optical absorption and photoconductivity increase in the ultraviolet region, and a negative photoconductivity was observed with a maximum near 500 nm. This behaviour has been interpreted by the band model of amorphous materials and an \"optical gap\" of 3.4 eV has been determined.", "PMID": 563737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5706", "title": "Studies on lectins. XXXVI. Properties of some lectins prepared by affinity chromatography on O-glycosyl polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "A number of lectins has been purified by affinity chromatography on O-glycosyl polyacrylamide gels. The lectins isolated (and the particular sugar ligands used in the affinity carriers) are as follows: Anguilla anguilla, serum (alpha-L-fucosyl-), Vicia cracca, seeds; Phaseolus lunatus, seeds; Glycine soja, seeds; Dolichos biflorus, seeds; Maclura pomifera, seeds; Sarothamnus scoparius, seeds; Helix pomatia, ablumin glands; Clitocybe nebularis, fruiting bodies (all N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-); Ricinus communis, seeds (beta-lactosyl-); Ononis spinosa, root; Fomes fomentarius, fruiting bodies; Marasmius oreades, fruiting bodies (all alpha-D-galactosyl-), Canavalia ensiformis, seeds, (i.e., concanavalin A) (alpha-D-glucosyl-). Physicochemical properties of Glycine soja, Dolichos biflorus, Phaseolus lunatus, Helix Pomatia and Ricinus communis lectins corresponded well to properties of the preparations studied earlier by other workers. For the other purified lectins the essential physiochemical data (sedimentation coefficient, molecular weight, subunit composition, electrophoretic patterns, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, isoelectric point) were established and their precipitating, hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities determined.", "contents": "Studies on lectins. XXXVI. Properties of some lectins prepared by affinity chromatography on O-glycosyl polyacrylamide gels. A number of lectins has been purified by affinity chromatography on O-glycosyl polyacrylamide gels. The lectins isolated (and the particular sugar ligands used in the affinity carriers) are as follows: Anguilla anguilla, serum (alpha-L-fucosyl-), Vicia cracca, seeds; Phaseolus lunatus, seeds; Glycine soja, seeds; Dolichos biflorus, seeds; Maclura pomifera, seeds; Sarothamnus scoparius, seeds; Helix pomatia, ablumin glands; Clitocybe nebularis, fruiting bodies (all N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-); Ricinus communis, seeds (beta-lactosyl-); Ononis spinosa, root; Fomes fomentarius, fruiting bodies; Marasmius oreades, fruiting bodies (all alpha-D-galactosyl-), Canavalia ensiformis, seeds, (i.e., concanavalin A) (alpha-D-glucosyl-). Physicochemical properties of Glycine soja, Dolichos biflorus, Phaseolus lunatus, Helix Pomatia and Ricinus communis lectins corresponded well to properties of the preparations studied earlier by other workers. For the other purified lectins the essential physiochemical data (sedimentation coefficient, molecular weight, subunit composition, electrophoretic patterns, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, isoelectric point) were established and their precipitating, hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities determined.", "PMID": 563738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5707", "title": "[Isolation and structure of an external glycoprotein of the cell wall of Torulopsis candida].", "content": "The treatment with ethylenediamine of Torulopsis candida yeast cell walls has permitted to isolate a mannoprotein. It has been possible to collect this glycoprotein in a pure state after separation of the different hydrosoluble products by gel filtrations and paper electrophoresis. This compound contains 62 per cent of mannose, 3 per cent of N-acetylglucosamine and 31 per cent of amino acids. The mannose units are attached by 1 leads to 2 linkage, short oligosaccharides are bound to serine of the peptide chain by O-glycosidic linkages while polysaccharides are attached to asparagine of this peptide chain by a N glycosidic linkages probably through the intermediate of chitobiose.", "contents": "[Isolation and structure of an external glycoprotein of the cell wall of Torulopsis candida]. The treatment with ethylenediamine of Torulopsis candida yeast cell walls has permitted to isolate a mannoprotein. It has been possible to collect this glycoprotein in a pure state after separation of the different hydrosoluble products by gel filtrations and paper electrophoresis. This compound contains 62 per cent of mannose, 3 per cent of N-acetylglucosamine and 31 per cent of amino acids. The mannose units are attached by 1 leads to 2 linkage, short oligosaccharides are bound to serine of the peptide chain by O-glycosidic linkages while polysaccharides are attached to asparagine of this peptide chain by a N glycosidic linkages probably through the intermediate of chitobiose.", "PMID": 563739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5708", "title": "[Quantitative dansyl micromethod of amino acid analysis. Study of peptide maps of ribonuclease tryptic hydrolysate].", "content": "Some variants of the quantitative dansyl method in combination with thin-layer chromatography on polyamide plates have been compared, and principles of its optimization have been demonstrated. Sensitivity of the method is about 10(-11) mole, the error does not exceed 10%. Data are given on the analysis by the dansyl method of peptides of the tryptic hydrolysate of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease after their separation by peptide mapping procedure.", "contents": "[Quantitative dansyl micromethod of amino acid analysis. Study of peptide maps of ribonuclease tryptic hydrolysate]. Some variants of the quantitative dansyl method in combination with thin-layer chromatography on polyamide plates have been compared, and principles of its optimization have been demonstrated. Sensitivity of the method is about 10(-11) mole, the error does not exceed 10%. Data are given on the analysis by the dansyl method of peptides of the tryptic hydrolysate of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease after their separation by peptide mapping procedure.", "PMID": 563740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5709", "title": "Small doses of apomorphine and chronic administration of d-amphetamine reduce locomotor hyperactivity produced by radiofrequency lesions of dopaminergic A10 neurons area.", "content": "The lesion of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum region (VMT) induces a behavioral syndrome characterized mainly by locomotor hyperactivity and reduction of attention processes. Previous data indicated that this syndrome was due at least in part to the destruction of dopaminergic (DA) A10 neurons. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of two dopaminomimetics drugs: apomorphine (APO) and d-amphetamine (d-AMPH) on the VMT behavioral syndrome. The acute administration of very low doses of APO (30 microgram/KG; Sc) reduces the behavioral deficits; similarly a chronic administration of d-aMPH (two injections daily for 43 days) reduces locomotor hyperactivity. In these two cases, the lesioned rats activity reaches the control level. These results confirm the primary role of DA-A10 neurons in the VMT behavioral syndrome. Acute APO and chronic d-AMPH effects are discussed in terms of (i) reactivation of DA postsynaptic receptors disafferented after DA-A10 group destruction and (ii) strengthening of the hyperfunctioning of the remaining DA-A10 neurons. VMT-A10 syndrome could be a good animal model for pathophysiological studies.", "contents": "Small doses of apomorphine and chronic administration of d-amphetamine reduce locomotor hyperactivity produced by radiofrequency lesions of dopaminergic A10 neurons area. The lesion of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum region (VMT) induces a behavioral syndrome characterized mainly by locomotor hyperactivity and reduction of attention processes. Previous data indicated that this syndrome was due at least in part to the destruction of dopaminergic (DA) A10 neurons. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of two dopaminomimetics drugs: apomorphine (APO) and d-amphetamine (d-AMPH) on the VMT behavioral syndrome. The acute administration of very low doses of APO (30 microgram/KG; Sc) reduces the behavioral deficits; similarly a chronic administration of d-aMPH (two injections daily for 43 days) reduces locomotor hyperactivity. In these two cases, the lesioned rats activity reaches the control level. These results confirm the primary role of DA-A10 neurons in the VMT behavioral syndrome. Acute APO and chronic d-AMPH effects are discussed in terms of (i) reactivation of DA postsynaptic receptors disafferented after DA-A10 group destruction and (ii) strengthening of the hyperfunctioning of the remaining DA-A10 neurons. VMT-A10 syndrome could be a good animal model for pathophysiological studies.", "PMID": 563741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5710", "title": "Action of ultrasonic irradiation on the DNA of cultivated bovine epithelial lens cell.", "content": "Cultivated epithelial lens cells have been submitted to a 20 kHz continuous ultrasonic irradiation. At relativity high intensity, destruction of the cells was observed. At lower intensities, where no cell destruction appeared, the molecular weight of the single strand DNA of these cells was monitored to determine whether breakage of DNA molecules was induced by the ultrasound. No breakage of the single strand DNA was observed for intensities below 0.1 and 0.4 W cm-2 with irradiation times of less than 20 minutes and 15 seconds, respectively. These intensities and their corresponding irradiation time are higher than those used in current diagnostic practice.", "contents": "Action of ultrasonic irradiation on the DNA of cultivated bovine epithelial lens cell. Cultivated epithelial lens cells have been submitted to a 20 kHz continuous ultrasonic irradiation. At relativity high intensity, destruction of the cells was observed. At lower intensities, where no cell destruction appeared, the molecular weight of the single strand DNA of these cells was monitored to determine whether breakage of DNA molecules was induced by the ultrasound. No breakage of the single strand DNA was observed for intensities below 0.1 and 0.4 W cm-2 with irradiation times of less than 20 minutes and 15 seconds, respectively. These intensities and their corresponding irradiation time are higher than those used in current diagnostic practice.", "PMID": 563745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5711", "title": "Implantable telemetry system for long-term EMG.", "content": "Our aim was to record the uterine muscular activity of the badger or the fox. For long-term physiological experiments, commercial transmitters cannot be used. The operating time of commercial transmitters with a single set of batteries does not exceed 15 days at the most. In addition, the dimensions render implantation of such equipment impossible. It is not always necessary to record permanently but sometimes a few minutes a day are sufficient to assess the evolution of a phenomenon. We have conceived and constructed a miniature implantable receiver module which allows the transmitter to be switched on and off in order to be operated only during selected periods of time.", "contents": "Implantable telemetry system for long-term EMG. Our aim was to record the uterine muscular activity of the badger or the fox. For long-term physiological experiments, commercial transmitters cannot be used. The operating time of commercial transmitters with a single set of batteries does not exceed 15 days at the most. In addition, the dimensions render implantation of such equipment impossible. It is not always necessary to record permanently but sometimes a few minutes a day are sufficient to assess the evolution of a phenomenon. We have conceived and constructed a miniature implantable receiver module which allows the transmitter to be switched on and off in order to be operated only during selected periods of time.", "PMID": 563746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5712", "title": "[Physiological assessment of the method of autohemoperfusion through activated carbon].", "content": "The results of study of the sorption properties of phenolformaldehide-activated coal in respect of several physiologically active substances from the physiological saline under static conditoins and under conditions of autohemoperfusion of the limb vessels in experimental animals are presented. Phenolformaldehide-activated coal proved to sorb actively serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline, and--to a lesser extent--histamine from physiological saline. Serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine are sorbed well, histamine--less, papaverine--very weakly from the flowing blood. No alteration of the systemic arterial blood pressure was noted with the inclusion of phenolformaldehide-activated coal into the animal's arterial circulation; a fall of perfusion pressure associated with the decreased vascular resistance occured in a number of cases.", "contents": "[Physiological assessment of the method of autohemoperfusion through activated carbon]. The results of study of the sorption properties of phenolformaldehide-activated coal in respect of several physiologically active substances from the physiological saline under static conditoins and under conditions of autohemoperfusion of the limb vessels in experimental animals are presented. Phenolformaldehide-activated coal proved to sorb actively serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline, and--to a lesser extent--histamine from physiological saline. Serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine are sorbed well, histamine--less, papaverine--very weakly from the flowing blood. No alteration of the systemic arterial blood pressure was noted with the inclusion of phenolformaldehide-activated coal into the animal's arterial circulation; a fall of perfusion pressure associated with the decreased vascular resistance occured in a number of cases.", "PMID": 563747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5713", "title": "Hb Potomac (101 Glu replaced by Asp): speculations on placental oxygen transport in carriers of high-affinity hemoglobins.", "content": "Blood from a woman with unexplained erythrocytosis had increased oxygen affinity, but no abnormality could be detected by electrophoresis or chromatography of her hemolysate. Separation of the tryptic peptides of her beta chains disclosed two half-sized peaks in the regions of beta T-11. The faster of these was abnormal, with the structure beta 101 Glu replaced by Asp. The new hemoglobin was called \"Potomac.\" Three of the proband's four surviving siblings and both of her children were carriers. Differences in the ratio of carrier: normal children born to male of female carriers of 23 other high-affinity hemoglobins were not significant. The high proportion of carriers in this kindred was probably due to chance alone, and not because high maternal oxygen affinity interfered with oxygen transport to fetuses with normal hemoglobin.", "contents": "Hb Potomac (101 Glu replaced by Asp): speculations on placental oxygen transport in carriers of high-affinity hemoglobins. Blood from a woman with unexplained erythrocytosis had increased oxygen affinity, but no abnormality could be detected by electrophoresis or chromatography of her hemolysate. Separation of the tryptic peptides of her beta chains disclosed two half-sized peaks in the regions of beta T-11. The faster of these was abnormal, with the structure beta 101 Glu replaced by Asp. The new hemoglobin was called \"Potomac.\" Three of the proband's four surviving siblings and both of her children were carriers. Differences in the ratio of carrier: normal children born to male of female carriers of 23 other high-affinity hemoglobins were not significant. The high proportion of carriers in this kindred was probably due to chance alone, and not because high maternal oxygen affinity interfered with oxygen transport to fetuses with normal hemoglobin.", "PMID": 563749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5714", "title": "Effect of apomorphine and its N-propyl homologue on ethanol withdrawal head twitches in mice.", "content": "Collier, Hammond & Schneider (1976) reported that apomorphine, given orally, decreased the incidence of head twitches induced by ethanol withdrawal. These results were confirmed in the present study. Moreover, the N-propyl homologue of apomorphine was about 45 times more potent than apomorphine in affecting head twitching.", "contents": "Effect of apomorphine and its N-propyl homologue on ethanol withdrawal head twitches in mice. Collier, Hammond & Schneider (1976) reported that apomorphine, given orally, decreased the incidence of head twitches induced by ethanol withdrawal. These results were confirmed in the present study. Moreover, the N-propyl homologue of apomorphine was about 45 times more potent than apomorphine in affecting head twitching.", "PMID": 563751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5715", "title": "Can social interaction be used to measure anxiety?", "content": "1 Pairs of male rats were placed in a test box for 10 min and the time they spent in active social interaction was scored. Maximum active interaction was found when the rats were tested under low light in a box with which they were familiar. When the light level was increased or when the box was unfamiliar active social interaction decreased. 2 Exploration (time spent sniffing objects) decreased in the same way in relation to test conditions as did social interaction. As these decreased, defecation, and freezing increased. 3 Anosmic controls showed that the decrease in social interaction across test conditions could not be attributed to olfactory changes in the partner. 4 Chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg) given chronically prevented or significantly reduced the decrease in social interaction that occurred in undrugged rats as the light level or the unfamiliarity of the test box was increased. Controls showed that this effect could not be entirely attributed to chlordiazepoxide acting selectively to increase low levels of responding. 5 The effect of chronic chlordiazepoxide contrasts with its action when given acutely; in the latter case it has only sedative effects. 6 Whether this test can be used as an animal model of anxiety is discussed and this test is compared with existing tests of anxiety.", "contents": "Can social interaction be used to measure anxiety? 1 Pairs of male rats were placed in a test box for 10 min and the time they spent in active social interaction was scored. Maximum active interaction was found when the rats were tested under low light in a box with which they were familiar. When the light level was increased or when the box was unfamiliar active social interaction decreased. 2 Exploration (time spent sniffing objects) decreased in the same way in relation to test conditions as did social interaction. As these decreased, defecation, and freezing increased. 3 Anosmic controls showed that the decrease in social interaction across test conditions could not be attributed to olfactory changes in the partner. 4 Chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg) given chronically prevented or significantly reduced the decrease in social interaction that occurred in undrugged rats as the light level or the unfamiliarity of the test box was increased. Controls showed that this effect could not be entirely attributed to chlordiazepoxide acting selectively to increase low levels of responding. 5 The effect of chronic chlordiazepoxide contrasts with its action when given acutely; in the latter case it has only sedative effects. 6 Whether this test can be used as an animal model of anxiety is discussed and this test is compared with existing tests of anxiety.", "PMID": 563752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5716", "title": "Monozygotic twins concordant for infantile autism: follow-up.", "content": "This paper presents a well-documented case of monozygotic male twins concordant for infantile autism, with a twelve-year follow-up. Assessments include birth records, laboratory studies, physical measurements, psychometrics and quantifiable behavioural ratings by independent raters using multiple scales. Possible aetiological factors of infantile autism, as well as outcome are discussed.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins concordant for infantile autism: follow-up. This paper presents a well-documented case of monozygotic male twins concordant for infantile autism, with a twelve-year follow-up. Assessments include birth records, laboratory studies, physical measurements, psychometrics and quantifiable behavioural ratings by independent raters using multiple scales. Possible aetiological factors of infantile autism, as well as outcome are discussed.", "PMID": 563753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5717", "title": "Diurnal variation in urinary oxalate.", "content": "The diurnal variation in urinary oxalate concentration and output was measured in 10 catheterised males. There was an increase in urinary oxalate concentration and output during the day and evening and an early morning decrease. It is thought that the daytime increase is related to dietary oxalate. These data suggest an elevated urinary oxalate excretion is more likely to occur during the day and a 24-hour urine collection may mask this effect.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in urinary oxalate. The diurnal variation in urinary oxalate concentration and output was measured in 10 catheterised males. There was an increase in urinary oxalate concentration and output during the day and evening and an early morning decrease. It is thought that the daytime increase is related to dietary oxalate. These data suggest an elevated urinary oxalate excretion is more likely to occur during the day and a 24-hour urine collection may mask this effect.", "PMID": 563754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5718", "title": "Direct vision urethrotomy in the management of urethral strictures.", "content": "A series of 32 patients underwent direct vision urethrotomy. The technique is simple and the stay in hospital short. Intra- and postoperative complications are rare. Postoperatively, a silicon catheter is left for approximately 7 days, then hydraulic self-dilatation is performed by the patient for 6 months. 25 patients in this series (83%) voided satisfactorily after the procedure and needed no further treatment. Unsatisfactory results were obtained in patients with long strictures, in traumatic strictures with large scarred areas and in patients who failed to carry out regular hydraulic self-dilatation. We advise direct-vision urethrotomy as a treatment of choice for urethral strictures which do not exceed a length of 3 cm.", "contents": "Direct vision urethrotomy in the management of urethral strictures. A series of 32 patients underwent direct vision urethrotomy. The technique is simple and the stay in hospital short. Intra- and postoperative complications are rare. Postoperatively, a silicon catheter is left for approximately 7 days, then hydraulic self-dilatation is performed by the patient for 6 months. 25 patients in this series (83%) voided satisfactorily after the procedure and needed no further treatment. Unsatisfactory results were obtained in patients with long strictures, in traumatic strictures with large scarred areas and in patients who failed to carry out regular hydraulic self-dilatation. We advise direct-vision urethrotomy as a treatment of choice for urethral strictures which do not exceed a length of 3 cm.", "PMID": 563755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5719", "title": "Effect of photoperiod on gonadotrophin concentrations in domestic turkeys.", "content": "1. Circulating immunoreactive luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations have been measured during photoperiodically-induced changes in the reproductive state of turkeys. 2. In a period of sexual quiescence on short photoperiods (6L: 18D) LH concentrations were higher during the hours of darkness in both sexes. 3. Transfer to long photoperiods (16L: 8D) stimulated a rapid increase in LH and FSH concentrations. This was maintained for between 2 to 3 months when the concentrations of both gonadotrophins decreased as the birds became photorefractory. 4. Return to short photoperiods had no immediate effect on the concentrations of LH and FSH in females. The concentration of LH was increased during the 3rd week of short photoperiods when the hens were moulting. 5. LH concentrations fluctuated during the ovulatory cycle and were highest about 6 h before ovulation.", "contents": "Effect of photoperiod on gonadotrophin concentrations in domestic turkeys. 1. Circulating immunoreactive luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations have been measured during photoperiodically-induced changes in the reproductive state of turkeys. 2. In a period of sexual quiescence on short photoperiods (6L: 18D) LH concentrations were higher during the hours of darkness in both sexes. 3. Transfer to long photoperiods (16L: 8D) stimulated a rapid increase in LH and FSH concentrations. This was maintained for between 2 to 3 months when the concentrations of both gonadotrophins decreased as the birds became photorefractory. 4. Return to short photoperiods had no immediate effect on the concentrations of LH and FSH in females. The concentration of LH was increased during the 3rd week of short photoperiods when the hens were moulting. 5. LH concentrations fluctuated during the ovulatory cycle and were highest about 6 h before ovulation.", "PMID": 563763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5720", "title": "Magnesium and the mineral metabolism of chick embryo tibiae in organ culture.", "content": "Using bone organ culture techniques, three concentrations of magnesium were evaluated for their effects on the mineral mass of embryonic chick tibiae incubated for 3 days with or without a metabolic inhibitor (1 mM iodoacetic acid) added to the media. Varying the medium Mg level from 0.3 to 3.0 mM had little effect on the net increase in mineral in live bones (without the inhibitor), but in dead tibiae (with the inhibitor) there was a marked net decrease in mineral deposition with increasing Mg concentration. Bone Mg mass varied directly with the level of Mg in the medium regardless of whether or not the tibiae were inhibited. Responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH) with regard to mineral loss and increased lactate production was not affected by Mg even in tibiae incubated in Mg-free media. However, PTH-treated bones cultured in Mg-free media had a significantly elevated Mg mass, suggesting that the hormone may have a Mg-conserving effect on bone during severe Mg deficiency. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that bone cells regulate the level of Mg to which newly forming mineral is exposed and that PTH-responsiveness in embryonic chick tibiae is not dependent on the ambient Mg concentration.", "contents": "Magnesium and the mineral metabolism of chick embryo tibiae in organ culture. Using bone organ culture techniques, three concentrations of magnesium were evaluated for their effects on the mineral mass of embryonic chick tibiae incubated for 3 days with or without a metabolic inhibitor (1 mM iodoacetic acid) added to the media. Varying the medium Mg level from 0.3 to 3.0 mM had little effect on the net increase in mineral in live bones (without the inhibitor), but in dead tibiae (with the inhibitor) there was a marked net decrease in mineral deposition with increasing Mg concentration. Bone Mg mass varied directly with the level of Mg in the medium regardless of whether or not the tibiae were inhibited. Responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH) with regard to mineral loss and increased lactate production was not affected by Mg even in tibiae incubated in Mg-free media. However, PTH-treated bones cultured in Mg-free media had a significantly elevated Mg mass, suggesting that the hormone may have a Mg-conserving effect on bone during severe Mg deficiency. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that bone cells regulate the level of Mg to which newly forming mineral is exposed and that PTH-responsiveness in embryonic chick tibiae is not dependent on the ambient Mg concentration.", "PMID": 563764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5721", "title": "Radiorespirometry of Candida utilis in phased culture under nitrogen-, carbon-, and phosphorus-limited growth.", "content": "The release of 14CO2 from specifically labelled glucose ([G-1-14C],[G-2-14C],[G-3,4-14C], and [G-6-14C]) by phased cells of C. utilis was examined at intervals during 6-h cycles under conditions of N-,P-, and C-limited growth. On the basis that the release of 14CO2 from [G-1-C14] could serve as a measure of hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) activity, of 14CO2 from [G-3,4-14C] as a measure of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) activity, and 14CO2 from [G-6-14C] as indicative of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, it was concluded that a relatively uniform operation of EMP occurred throughout the cycle in N-, P-, and C-limited cells, and of HMP and TCA in C-limited cells, but considerable variations took place in HMP and TCA cycle activities in N- and P-limited cells. The patterns of 14CO2 released from [G-2-14C] were more closely related to those observed from [G-1-14C] and [G-3,4-14C] than from [G-6-14C]. Changes in the rate of 14CO2 evolution during the cycle were sometimes abrupt and likely coincided with 'critical points' of metabolic activity in the cycle.", "contents": "Radiorespirometry of Candida utilis in phased culture under nitrogen-, carbon-, and phosphorus-limited growth. The release of 14CO2 from specifically labelled glucose ([G-1-14C],[G-2-14C],[G-3,4-14C], and [G-6-14C]) by phased cells of C. utilis was examined at intervals during 6-h cycles under conditions of N-,P-, and C-limited growth. On the basis that the release of 14CO2 from [G-1-C14] could serve as a measure of hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) activity, of 14CO2 from [G-3,4-14C] as a measure of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) activity, and 14CO2 from [G-6-14C] as indicative of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, it was concluded that a relatively uniform operation of EMP occurred throughout the cycle in N-, P-, and C-limited cells, and of HMP and TCA in C-limited cells, but considerable variations took place in HMP and TCA cycle activities in N- and P-limited cells. The patterns of 14CO2 released from [G-2-14C] were more closely related to those observed from [G-1-14C] and [G-3,4-14C] than from [G-6-14C]. Changes in the rate of 14CO2 evolution during the cycle were sometimes abrupt and likely coincided with 'critical points' of metabolic activity in the cycle.", "PMID": 563765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5722", "title": "Differentiation of chick embryo neuroretina cells in monolayer cultures. An ultrastructural study. I. Seven-day retina.", "content": "Neuroretinas from 6--7 day-old chick embryos were cultivated after trypsin dissociation as monolayer cultures in Petri dishes, and examined after various intervals of time with the electron microscope. Soon after plating, cells begin to reaggregate in small clumps, and typical rosettes are formed. During the first week in vitro, cells appear to differentiate as neuroblasts and presumed M\u00fcller cells; the latter form a continous sheet on the substrate, upon which neuroblasts migrate and grow their neurites. Differentiated ribbon synapses are found after 8 days in vitro, the time at which they normally appear in situ. After 15 and 21 days in vitro, synapses are still found in large numbers, mimicking their \"in vivo\" counterparts. Photoreceptor cells were identified on the basis of the presence of typical ribbons in their cytoplasm, but no outer segment was found. It appears then that synaptogenesis in the retina is programmed independently of the tissue environment, which is markedly disturbed in the monolayer culture.", "contents": "Differentiation of chick embryo neuroretina cells in monolayer cultures. An ultrastructural study. I. Seven-day retina. Neuroretinas from 6--7 day-old chick embryos were cultivated after trypsin dissociation as monolayer cultures in Petri dishes, and examined after various intervals of time with the electron microscope. Soon after plating, cells begin to reaggregate in small clumps, and typical rosettes are formed. During the first week in vitro, cells appear to differentiate as neuroblasts and presumed M\u00fcller cells; the latter form a continous sheet on the substrate, upon which neuroblasts migrate and grow their neurites. Differentiated ribbon synapses are found after 8 days in vitro, the time at which they normally appear in situ. After 15 and 21 days in vitro, synapses are still found in large numbers, mimicking their \"in vivo\" counterparts. Photoreceptor cells were identified on the basis of the presence of typical ribbons in their cytoplasm, but no outer segment was found. It appears then that synaptogenesis in the retina is programmed independently of the tissue environment, which is markedly disturbed in the monolayer culture.", "PMID": 563768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5723", "title": "Ultrastructural differentiations in the developing follicle cortex of Locusta migratoria, with special reference to vitelline membrane formation.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies on developing follicles of Locusta migratoria show the vitelline membrane to be composed of two ultrastructurally distinguishable components: The vitelline membrane bodies (VMBs) and, in addition, fine granular material, cementing the VMBs together. VMBs form first in the oocyte-near zone within the oocyte-follicle cell space. Subsequently, the second vitelline membrane substance is secreted between the VMBs through apical protrusions of the follicle cells. The possible origin of the VMBs is discussed. Yolk uptake in Locusta seems to occur predominantly by pinocytosis. During oocyte development the oocyte membrane is enlarged by numerous microvilli and folds. In addition pinocytotic vesicles are pinched off. It is supposed that the latter loose their coat and eventually transform into large proteid yolk spheres.", "contents": "Ultrastructural differentiations in the developing follicle cortex of Locusta migratoria, with special reference to vitelline membrane formation. Electron microscopic studies on developing follicles of Locusta migratoria show the vitelline membrane to be composed of two ultrastructurally distinguishable components: The vitelline membrane bodies (VMBs) and, in addition, fine granular material, cementing the VMBs together. VMBs form first in the oocyte-near zone within the oocyte-follicle cell space. Subsequently, the second vitelline membrane substance is secreted between the VMBs through apical protrusions of the follicle cells. The possible origin of the VMBs is discussed. Yolk uptake in Locusta seems to occur predominantly by pinocytosis. During oocyte development the oocyte membrane is enlarged by numerous microvilli and folds. In addition pinocytotic vesicles are pinched off. It is supposed that the latter loose their coat and eventually transform into large proteid yolk spheres.", "PMID": 563769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5724", "title": "The isolation and characterization of a second oocyte 5s DNA from Xenopus laevis.", "content": "A second and minor DNA component containing 5s RNA genes has been purified from the genomic DNA of Xenopus laevis (XIt 5S DNA). Some of its physical and chemical characteristics are described. It contains a 5S RNA gene sequence which has some oocyte and some somatic-specific residues, as well as nucleotides which differ from both types of 5S RNA. There are about 2000 of these 5S RNA genes per haploid complement of DNA compared to about 24,000 of the principal oocyte 5S RNA genes. The multiple repeating units of XIt 5S DNA are homogeneous in length (about 350 base pairs). We present evidence that XIt 5S RNA is transcribed in ovaries but not in somatic cells; XIt 5S DNA may therefore be under the same control as the major oocyte 5S DNA.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of a second oocyte 5s DNA from Xenopus laevis. A second and minor DNA component containing 5s RNA genes has been purified from the genomic DNA of Xenopus laevis (XIt 5S DNA). Some of its physical and chemical characteristics are described. It contains a 5S RNA gene sequence which has some oocyte and some somatic-specific residues, as well as nucleotides which differ from both types of 5S RNA. There are about 2000 of these 5S RNA genes per haploid complement of DNA compared to about 24,000 of the principal oocyte 5S RNA genes. The multiple repeating units of XIt 5S DNA are homogeneous in length (about 350 base pairs). We present evidence that XIt 5S RNA is transcribed in ovaries but not in somatic cells; XIt 5S DNA may therefore be under the same control as the major oocyte 5S DNA.", "PMID": 563770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5725", "title": "Diffusible and bound actin nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "Several criteria have been used to identify actin in hand-isolated nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes; these include co-migration with actin on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, immunological cross-reactivity with antiserum against actin, binding to DNAase I and peptide mapping on SDS gels. The use of hand-isolated nuclei precludes the possibility of contamination from cytoplasmic actin or the leakage of significant amounts of actin from nuclei during isolation. Actin constitutes roughly 6% of the total nuclear protein. Approximately 75% of the actin is diffusible under the conditions of nuclear isolation used. About 25%, however, is stably associated with an insoluble nuclear gel, in which chromosomes, nucleoli and other nuclear granules are embedded. Actin is the single most promient component of the nuclear gel, comprising roughly 16% of the total protein of the complex. The possible significance of diffusible and bound actin in these nuclei is discussed.", "contents": "Diffusible and bound actin nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Several criteria have been used to identify actin in hand-isolated nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes; these include co-migration with actin on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, immunological cross-reactivity with antiserum against actin, binding to DNAase I and peptide mapping on SDS gels. The use of hand-isolated nuclei precludes the possibility of contamination from cytoplasmic actin or the leakage of significant amounts of actin from nuclei during isolation. Actin constitutes roughly 6% of the total nuclear protein. Approximately 75% of the actin is diffusible under the conditions of nuclear isolation used. About 25%, however, is stably associated with an insoluble nuclear gel, in which chromosomes, nucleoli and other nuclear granules are embedded. Actin is the single most promient component of the nuclear gel, comprising roughly 16% of the total protein of the complex. The possible significance of diffusible and bound actin in these nuclei is discussed.", "PMID": 563771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5726", "title": "Measurement of the 24 hour integrated plasma concentration of growth hormone, in assessing the response of acromegalic patients to treatment.", "content": "The integrated concentration of growth hormone (ICGH) has been measured in fourteen acromegalic patients, and compared with the basal plasma growth hormone concentration (BGH). Seven patients were treated by trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery, and in these, similar percentage reductions of BGH and ICGH occurred after treatment. The other seven patients were treated with bromocriptine alone, and in these the percentage reduction of ICGH was significantly less than that of BGH. Measurements of basal plasma growth hormone concentration may be unreliable in assessing the response of acromegalic patients to treatment with bromocriptine. The ICGH can be measured easily on a single blood specimen obtained by continuous sampling over 24 h, and may be more reliable for this purpose.", "contents": "Measurement of the 24 hour integrated plasma concentration of growth hormone, in assessing the response of acromegalic patients to treatment. The integrated concentration of growth hormone (ICGH) has been measured in fourteen acromegalic patients, and compared with the basal plasma growth hormone concentration (BGH). Seven patients were treated by trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery, and in these, similar percentage reductions of BGH and ICGH occurred after treatment. The other seven patients were treated with bromocriptine alone, and in these the percentage reduction of ICGH was significantly less than that of BGH. Measurements of basal plasma growth hormone concentration may be unreliable in assessing the response of acromegalic patients to treatment with bromocriptine. The ICGH can be measured easily on a single blood specimen obtained by continuous sampling over 24 h, and may be more reliable for this purpose.", "PMID": 563781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5727", "title": "Renal artery stenosis and diurnal rhythm of water and sodium excretion under conditions of restricted fluid intake.", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion of water and sodium is inverted in patients with arterial hypertension and concomitant renal arterial stenosis. Fluid withdrawal for 36 hours normalizes the rhythm of water and sodium excretion. The authors' findings support the assumption that the changes in the diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion of water and sodium in such patients depend on their state of hydration.", "contents": "Renal artery stenosis and diurnal rhythm of water and sodium excretion under conditions of restricted fluid intake. The diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion of water and sodium is inverted in patients with arterial hypertension and concomitant renal arterial stenosis. Fluid withdrawal for 36 hours normalizes the rhythm of water and sodium excretion. The authors' findings support the assumption that the changes in the diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion of water and sodium in such patients depend on their state of hydration.", "PMID": 563783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5728", "title": "Ultrastructural and immunochemical evidence of actin in the tendon cells.", "content": "Evidence obtained by means of ultrastructural and immunological methods, reveals actin filaments within the cytoplasm of tenocytes. Actin filaments suggest that the tendon cells have contractile activity, and may play an important part in the physiology of muscle tendon fiber interactions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and immunochemical evidence of actin in the tendon cells. Evidence obtained by means of ultrastructural and immunological methods, reveals actin filaments within the cytoplasm of tenocytes. Actin filaments suggest that the tendon cells have contractile activity, and may play an important part in the physiology of muscle tendon fiber interactions.", "PMID": 563782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5729", "title": "Chick-embryo DNA polymerase gamma. Identity of gamma-polymerases purified from nuclei and mitochondria.", "content": "The level of DNA polymerase gamma as compared to DNA polymerases alpha and beta has been determined in chick embryo by means of specific tests: the amount of gamma-polymerase in the 12-day-old chick embryo reaches about 15% of the total polymerase activity. This enzyme is mainly localized in nuclei and mitochondria, where it represents the prevailing if not the unique DNA polymerase activity. The mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is likely to be associated with the internal membrane or the matrix of this organelle since it is not removed by digitonin treatment. The gamma-polymerases have been purified from chick embryo nuclei and mitochondria 500-700 times by means of DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatographies. The purified mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is closely related to the homologous enzyme purified from the nuclei of the same cells. So far, they cannot be distinguished on the basis of their sedimentation, catalytical properties and response to inhibitors or denaturating agents. The purified gamma enzymes are distinct from the chick embryo DNA polymerases alpha and beta and are not inhibited by antibodies prepared against the latter enzymes. The nuclear and mitochondrial gamma-polymerases do not respond to the oncogenic RNA virus DNA polymerase assay with natural mRNAs.", "contents": "Chick-embryo DNA polymerase gamma. Identity of gamma-polymerases purified from nuclei and mitochondria. The level of DNA polymerase gamma as compared to DNA polymerases alpha and beta has been determined in chick embryo by means of specific tests: the amount of gamma-polymerase in the 12-day-old chick embryo reaches about 15% of the total polymerase activity. This enzyme is mainly localized in nuclei and mitochondria, where it represents the prevailing if not the unique DNA polymerase activity. The mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is likely to be associated with the internal membrane or the matrix of this organelle since it is not removed by digitonin treatment. The gamma-polymerases have been purified from chick embryo nuclei and mitochondria 500-700 times by means of DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatographies. The purified mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is closely related to the homologous enzyme purified from the nuclei of the same cells. So far, they cannot be distinguished on the basis of their sedimentation, catalytical properties and response to inhibitors or denaturating agents. The purified gamma enzymes are distinct from the chick embryo DNA polymerases alpha and beta and are not inhibited by antibodies prepared against the latter enzymes. The nuclear and mitochondrial gamma-polymerases do not respond to the oncogenic RNA virus DNA polymerase assay with natural mRNAs.", "PMID": 563788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5730", "title": "A new method for the purification of RNA polymerase II (or B) from the lower eukaryote Physarum polycephalum. The presence of subforms.", "content": "The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II or B from the lower eukaryote Physarum polycephalum has been purified to apparent homogeneity by a new method employing poly(ethylene imine) precipitation and elution, and heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The method is readily scaled up or down and affords a purification of over 5000-fold with a yield of 35-45%. The procedure is easy to perform and can be carried out in less than three days even on a large scale. Furthermore, it gives enzyme of higher purity and in at least 10-fold greater yield than previously published procedures for its purification from this organism. These improvements have allowed the detection of a series of subforms of the enzyme. The combination of precipitation using poly(ethylene imine) with chromatography on heparin-Sepharose may prove useful in the preparation of other proteins which interact with nucleic acids.", "contents": "A new method for the purification of RNA polymerase II (or B) from the lower eukaryote Physarum polycephalum. The presence of subforms. The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II or B from the lower eukaryote Physarum polycephalum has been purified to apparent homogeneity by a new method employing poly(ethylene imine) precipitation and elution, and heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The method is readily scaled up or down and affords a purification of over 5000-fold with a yield of 35-45%. The procedure is easy to perform and can be carried out in less than three days even on a large scale. Furthermore, it gives enzyme of higher purity and in at least 10-fold greater yield than previously published procedures for its purification from this organism. These improvements have allowed the detection of a series of subforms of the enzyme. The combination of precipitation using poly(ethylene imine) with chromatography on heparin-Sepharose may prove useful in the preparation of other proteins which interact with nucleic acids.", "PMID": 563790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5731", "title": "Investigations on supercoiled DNA in various rat cells.", "content": "The effect of radiation induced single-strand breaks in nuclear DNA and the repair of this damages on the sedimentation properties of nucleoids obtained from rat spleen, rat thymus and rat Yoshida tumour cells was studied. A dose dependent effect of ethidium bromide intercalation on the behaviour of supercoiled DNA could be demonstrated. The repair process of radiation induced single-strand breaks in the DNA of Yoshida tumour cells was delayed in the presence of prostaglandin E2 in the incubation medium. Additionally some in vivo repair experiments were carried out on cells of whole body irradiated rats.", "contents": "Investigations on supercoiled DNA in various rat cells. The effect of radiation induced single-strand breaks in nuclear DNA and the repair of this damages on the sedimentation properties of nucleoids obtained from rat spleen, rat thymus and rat Yoshida tumour cells was studied. A dose dependent effect of ethidium bromide intercalation on the behaviour of supercoiled DNA could be demonstrated. The repair process of radiation induced single-strand breaks in the DNA of Yoshida tumour cells was delayed in the presence of prostaglandin E2 in the incubation medium. Additionally some in vivo repair experiments were carried out on cells of whole body irradiated rats.", "PMID": 563799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5732", "title": "Mouse brain extract with \"fibroblast growth factor\"-activity.", "content": "Crude tissue extracts prepared by homogenization and ammonium sulfate precipitation of mouse brains as described by Gospodarowicz et al. (1975) for brains and hypophyses of cattle have also been found to contain fibroblast growth factor-activity. In the presence as well as in the absence of calf serum in the medium the survival and proliferation of primary mouse embryo fibroblasts in culture were promoted as documented by dose-dependent increase of cell number and protein content during an incubation period of 48 hours. In the case of serum-free incubation also a significant rise of thymidine incorporation induced within 24 hours by the extract was noted. In contrast, the proliferation of primary chicken embryo fibroblasts or transformed mouse cells of the line \"L\" was not stimulated. Some possibilities for a practical use of such extracts are discussed.", "contents": "Mouse brain extract with \"fibroblast growth factor\"-activity. Crude tissue extracts prepared by homogenization and ammonium sulfate precipitation of mouse brains as described by Gospodarowicz et al. (1975) for brains and hypophyses of cattle have also been found to contain fibroblast growth factor-activity. In the presence as well as in the absence of calf serum in the medium the survival and proliferation of primary mouse embryo fibroblasts in culture were promoted as documented by dose-dependent increase of cell number and protein content during an incubation period of 48 hours. In the case of serum-free incubation also a significant rise of thymidine incorporation induced within 24 hours by the extract was noted. In contrast, the proliferation of primary chicken embryo fibroblasts or transformed mouse cells of the line \"L\" was not stimulated. Some possibilities for a practical use of such extracts are discussed.", "PMID": 563800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5733", "title": "The lectin from viscum album L. purification by biospecific affinity chromatography.", "content": "A lectin from Viscum album which specifically binds to D-galactose was isolated by affinity chromatography on O-lactosyl-, O-galactosyl-polycarylamide or hydrolized sepharose 4 B. Some serological and physicochemical properties of the agglutination are reported.", "contents": "The lectin from viscum album L. purification by biospecific affinity chromatography. A lectin from Viscum album which specifically binds to D-galactose was isolated by affinity chromatography on O-lactosyl-, O-galactosyl-polycarylamide or hydrolized sepharose 4 B. Some serological and physicochemical properties of the agglutination are reported.", "PMID": 563801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5734", "title": "Small lymphocyte production and lymphoid cell proliferation in mouse bone marrow.", "content": "In mice given 3H-thymidine systemically during temporary circulatory occlusion of one hind limb, comparison of the labeling of rapidly-renewing small lymphocytes in the tibial marrows demonstrated that these cells were locally produced. Labeling by 3H-thymidine infusion revealed that many marrow large lymphoid cells, presumptive small lymphocyte progenitors, had a marked proliferative activity and rapid turnover which varied according to cell size, was maximal in young mice and declined with increasing age.", "contents": "Small lymphocyte production and lymphoid cell proliferation in mouse bone marrow. In mice given 3H-thymidine systemically during temporary circulatory occlusion of one hind limb, comparison of the labeling of rapidly-renewing small lymphocytes in the tibial marrows demonstrated that these cells were locally produced. Labeling by 3H-thymidine infusion revealed that many marrow large lymphoid cells, presumptive small lymphocyte progenitors, had a marked proliferative activity and rapid turnover which varied according to cell size, was maximal in young mice and declined with increasing age.", "PMID": 563802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5735", "title": "Modification of hepatotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in rabbits by immunization.", "content": "Reduction of acute toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 was achieved by immunizing the rabbits with small amounts of bovine serum albumin-aflatoxin B1 conjugate. Rabbits after immunization showed lower mortality, near normal serum isocitric dehydrogenase activity, no abnormality in livers when challenged with a single dose of aflatoxin B1. The results suggest that immunization might be used prophylactically against aflatoxicosis.", "contents": "Modification of hepatotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in rabbits by immunization. Reduction of acute toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 was achieved by immunizing the rabbits with small amounts of bovine serum albumin-aflatoxin B1 conjugate. Rabbits after immunization showed lower mortality, near normal serum isocitric dehydrogenase activity, no abnormality in livers when challenged with a single dose of aflatoxin B1. The results suggest that immunization might be used prophylactically against aflatoxicosis.", "PMID": 563803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5736", "title": "An infertility data registry.", "content": "A computerized infertility data registry form has been developed in order to facilitate the storage of a large amount of reproductive data to allow subsequent analyses pertinent to the managment of the infertile couple. This abstract form of the patients' medical records had been readily applied to computer analysis using the SPSS reporting system. The abstract can be utilized both for the facilitation of patient management and as a means for obtaining a standardized, objective, retrospective review of clinical data. Through the evaluation and standardization of the therapeutic techniques frequently utilized by physicians, the treatment of infertile couples should be improved. Such an approach is essential for anyone involved in today's health care system.", "contents": "An infertility data registry. A computerized infertility data registry form has been developed in order to facilitate the storage of a large amount of reproductive data to allow subsequent analyses pertinent to the managment of the infertile couple. This abstract form of the patients' medical records had been readily applied to computer analysis using the SPSS reporting system. The abstract can be utilized both for the facilitation of patient management and as a means for obtaining a standardized, objective, retrospective review of clinical data. Through the evaluation and standardization of the therapeutic techniques frequently utilized by physicians, the treatment of infertile couples should be improved. Such an approach is essential for anyone involved in today's health care system.", "PMID": 563807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5737", "title": "[Participation of the amygdaloid complex in the regulation of insulin and corticoid secretion in emotional stress].", "content": "The emotional stress induced in dogs by means of electrodermal stimulation, lowered the blood insulin and increased the corticoids and sugar contents. Bilateral amygdalectomy eliminated the inhibitory effect of the electrodermal stimulation on the insular apparatus and caused a lesser albeit prolonged increase in the blood corticoid content. The blood sugar under these conditions was also somewhat increased. Different effects of separate amygdaloid nuclei on insulin secretion were revealed in acute experiments. The inhibitory effect of amygdaloid nuclei is realised through ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus", "contents": "[Participation of the amygdaloid complex in the regulation of insulin and corticoid secretion in emotional stress]. The emotional stress induced in dogs by means of electrodermal stimulation, lowered the blood insulin and increased the corticoids and sugar contents. Bilateral amygdalectomy eliminated the inhibitory effect of the electrodermal stimulation on the insular apparatus and caused a lesser albeit prolonged increase in the blood corticoid content. The blood sugar under these conditions was also somewhat increased. Different effects of separate amygdaloid nuclei on insulin secretion were revealed in acute experiments. The inhibitory effect of amygdaloid nuclei is realised through ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus", "PMID": 563809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5738", "title": "Vocal output in preterm infants.", "content": "Data on vocal output of 51 preterm infants and 16 term infants were obtained during naturalistic home observations at 1, 3, and 8 months; during the administration of a preference-for-novelty paradigm in the laboratory at 8 months; and by the administration of the Gesell Developmental Schedules at 9 months. Preterm and term infant groups were found to show both similarities and differences: both groups vocalized a similar amount in the preference-for-novelty situation; both groups earned similar scores on the language subtest of the Gesell; both groups increased the percentage of awake time they spent in nondistress vocalization from 1 to 8 months. Term infants showed an earlier increase than did preterm infants: term infants significantly increased during the 1-3 month period, whereas preterm infants only increased significantly during the 3-8 month period. The developmental differences suggest a link between vocal output and perinatal conditions in that caregiver behavior was not found to be different among groups. Within the preterm groups, some relationships were found between  vocal output and later test performance: infants who vocalized more during mutual gazing with the mother earned significantly higher scores on the language subtest of the Gesell.", "contents": "Vocal output in preterm infants. Data on vocal output of 51 preterm infants and 16 term infants were obtained during naturalistic home observations at 1, 3, and 8 months; during the administration of a preference-for-novelty paradigm in the laboratory at 8 months; and by the administration of the Gesell Developmental Schedules at 9 months. Preterm and term infant groups were found to show both similarities and differences: both groups vocalized a similar amount in the preference-for-novelty situation; both groups earned similar scores on the language subtest of the Gesell; both groups increased the percentage of awake time they spent in nondistress vocalization from 1 to 8 months. Term infants showed an earlier increase than did preterm infants: term infants significantly increased during the 1-3 month period, whereas preterm infants only increased significantly during the 3-8 month period. The developmental differences suggest a link between vocal output and perinatal conditions in that caregiver behavior was not found to be different among groups. Within the preterm groups, some relationships were found between  vocal output and later test performance: infants who vocalized more during mutual gazing with the mother earned significantly higher scores on the language subtest of the Gesell.", "PMID": 563823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5739", "title": "Benzo[a]pyrene metabolizing activity of cultured cells as determined by a simplified radiometric method.", "content": "Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in various kinds of mammalian cultured cells was measured by a simplified method. Cells growing in the bottom of glass test tubes were treated with 2micron of 14C-benzo[a]pyrene for 24 hr; unmetabolized benzo[a]pyrene was then extracted with organic solvents in the same test tube, and the amount of water-soluble products recovered in the aqueous phase was measured by a liquid scintillation counter. Among rodent embryo cells, embryo cells of C3H/He mice and Syrian hamsters showed a higher activity in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism than those of DDD, AKR, and C57BL/6 mice. Several cell line sensitive to density-dependent inhibition, such as Y-AK, DL1, and C3H/10T1/2, actively metabolized benzo[a]pyrene to water-soluble products. The metabolizing activity of C3H/He mouse embryo cells was markedly enhanced by pretreatment with benz[a]anthracene. tthe amount of water-soluble products by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes was much less than that by most cultured cell lines and embryo cells, but clearly increased with extension of culture days.", "contents": "Benzo[a]pyrene metabolizing activity of cultured cells as determined by a simplified radiometric method. Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in various kinds of mammalian cultured cells was measured by a simplified method. Cells growing in the bottom of glass test tubes were treated with 2micron of 14C-benzo[a]pyrene for 24 hr; unmetabolized benzo[a]pyrene was then extracted with organic solvents in the same test tube, and the amount of water-soluble products recovered in the aqueous phase was measured by a liquid scintillation counter. Among rodent embryo cells, embryo cells of C3H/He mice and Syrian hamsters showed a higher activity in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism than those of DDD, AKR, and C57BL/6 mice. Several cell line sensitive to density-dependent inhibition, such as Y-AK, DL1, and C3H/10T1/2, actively metabolized benzo[a]pyrene to water-soluble products. The metabolizing activity of C3H/He mouse embryo cells was markedly enhanced by pretreatment with benz[a]anthracene. tthe amount of water-soluble products by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes was much less than that by most cultured cell lines and embryo cells, but clearly increased with extension of culture days.", "PMID": 563825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5740", "title": "Inhibition of gastrin secretion by sulpiride treatment in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "The serum gastrin response to whole beef extract was measured in 14 duodenal ulcer patients before and after sulpiride administration. A significant inhibition of response was found both after acute intramuscular injection of the drug and after oral administration for 1 week. Fasting serum gastrin was also significantly reduced after chronic treatment; gastric acid secretion did not change. Although the mechanism of the gastrin-lowering action of sulpiride is unknown, it could be mediated by some known effects(s) of the drug, such as modifications in brain monoamine metabolism or perhaps reduced growth hormone secretion.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastrin secretion by sulpiride treatment in duodenal ulcer patients. The serum gastrin response to whole beef extract was measured in 14 duodenal ulcer patients before and after sulpiride administration. A significant inhibition of response was found both after acute intramuscular injection of the drug and after oral administration for 1 week. Fasting serum gastrin was also significantly reduced after chronic treatment; gastric acid secretion did not change. Although the mechanism of the gastrin-lowering action of sulpiride is unknown, it could be mediated by some known effects(s) of the drug, such as modifications in brain monoamine metabolism or perhaps reduced growth hormone secretion.", "PMID": 563826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5741", "title": "[Practical aspects of toxoplasmosis].", "content": "Progress during the last 10 years in parasitologic, epidemiologic and clinical areas has led to new insight concerning toxoplasmosis. Many earlier beliefs concerning toxoplasmosis must be revised. One of these is that dogs or other domestic animals are a source of infection for man. Only domestic cats excrete in their feces toxoplasma oocysts which are potentially infectious for man; oocysts, however, have little importance under living conditions in Central Europe. Concern about connatal transmission of toxoplasma by mothers who have been infected prior to conception is now considered baseless. Only a primary infection during pregnancy constitutes a certain danger for the fetus and chemotherapy is suggested. The former clinical concept of toxoplasmic endometritis was never confirmed by histopathology. The same applies to specific placental changes supposedly due to toxoplasma infection which could lead to abortion. In spite of the usefulness of serologic evidence for clinical diagnosis, there is no danger for the fetus when a mother has a high antibody titer prior to pregnancy; the mother could be regarded as vaccinated. Appropriate information should be supplied in the \"motherhood-passport\" use in Germany to avoid worrying a mother with positive titer, and to congratulating a woman with negative findings for her hygienic standard. Only in case of primary infection during pregnancy a certain danger of infection and disease for the child exists. However if treated the chemotherapeutic treatment significantly reduces the risk.", "contents": "[Practical aspects of toxoplasmosis]. Progress during the last 10 years in parasitologic, epidemiologic and clinical areas has led to new insight concerning toxoplasmosis. Many earlier beliefs concerning toxoplasmosis must be revised. One of these is that dogs or other domestic animals are a source of infection for man. Only domestic cats excrete in their feces toxoplasma oocysts which are potentially infectious for man; oocysts, however, have little importance under living conditions in Central Europe. Concern about connatal transmission of toxoplasma by mothers who have been infected prior to conception is now considered baseless. Only a primary infection during pregnancy constitutes a certain danger for the fetus and chemotherapy is suggested. The former clinical concept of toxoplasmic endometritis was never confirmed by histopathology. The same applies to specific placental changes supposedly due to toxoplasma infection which could lead to abortion. In spite of the usefulness of serologic evidence for clinical diagnosis, there is no danger for the fetus when a mother has a high antibody titer prior to pregnancy; the mother could be regarded as vaccinated. Appropriate information should be supplied in the \"motherhood-passport\" use in Germany to avoid worrying a mother with positive titer, and to congratulating a woman with negative findings for her hygienic standard. Only in case of primary infection during pregnancy a certain danger of infection and disease for the child exists. However if treated the chemotherapeutic treatment significantly reduces the risk.", "PMID": 563834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5742", "title": "Molecular mechanisms of fertilization.", "content": "The fertilization process serves the species as a mechanism for increasing its genetic diversity and ultimately its evolutionary persistence. For the biologist, it provides many fundamental problems for study. Several different types of membrane fusion reactions occur, each with a specific role in the sequence of fertilization. The sperm faces problems in transport and interaction with the egg; the egg modifies its surface and its internal metabolism in response to fusion with the sperm; and all these processes contain a wealth of interesting biochemical and biophysical problems. Many systems under study are easily manipulated, and, as a result, different portions of the fertilization sequence can be studied in isolation. Despite the enormous progress and insights made on this problem over the last century, our understanding of fertilization is still tentative, and the above discussion should be viewed as a progress report. We are just beginning to obtain some of the clues to unravel the mechanism of the complex machinery that Aristotle predicted was in the egg.", "contents": "Molecular mechanisms of fertilization. The fertilization process serves the species as a mechanism for increasing its genetic diversity and ultimately its evolutionary persistence. For the biologist, it provides many fundamental problems for study. Several different types of membrane fusion reactions occur, each with a specific role in the sequence of fertilization. The sperm faces problems in transport and interaction with the egg; the egg modifies its surface and its internal metabolism in response to fusion with the sperm; and all these processes contain a wealth of interesting biochemical and biophysical problems. Many systems under study are easily manipulated, and, as a result, different portions of the fertilization sequence can be studied in isolation. Despite the enormous progress and insights made on this problem over the last century, our understanding of fertilization is still tentative, and the above discussion should be viewed as a progress report. We are just beginning to obtain some of the clues to unravel the mechanism of the complex machinery that Aristotle predicted was in the egg.", "PMID": 563843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5743", "title": "Human triploid embryo: cytogenetic and anatomopathologic study.", "content": "A cytogenetic and anatomopathologic study of an embryo of 24 mm crown-rump length showing pure triploidy (69,XXY) is reported. Anomalies such as unilateral genitourinary agenesia, aortic alterations, defects in cerebral development, and anomalies of the chorionic villi were detected.", "contents": "Human triploid embryo: cytogenetic and anatomopathologic study. A cytogenetic and anatomopathologic study of an embryo of 24 mm crown-rump length showing pure triploidy (69,XXY) is reported. Anomalies such as unilateral genitourinary agenesia, aortic alterations, defects in cerebral development, and anomalies of the chorionic villi were detected.", "PMID": 563846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5744", "title": "Cultivation of mammalian pineal cells: retention of organization and function in tissue culture.", "content": "By means of a newly developed method of cultivating pineal tissue in vitro, the types of cells which comprise rat pineal glands have been identified. Previous in vitro studies have involved short-term culture more suitably called \"organ culture\" and provide no means of assessing the contribution of a putative \"pineal\" cell versus any other cell type found in the cultures. Short-term outgrowths of minced rat pineal glands provided a reproducible and easily dissociated source of pineal-derived cells. In monolayer culture these cells continued to have pineal enzyme activities which were sensitive to pineal-activating substances, and the cells aggregated to mimic the lobular organization of intact glands. Two types of aggregates were found, each composed of a single morphological cell type. In addition to the transient appearance of skeletal muscle straps, connective tissue and neural/glial tissue was consistently found. The cell types are discussed in relation to their in vivo counterparts.", "contents": "Cultivation of mammalian pineal cells: retention of organization and function in tissue culture. By means of a newly developed method of cultivating pineal tissue in vitro, the types of cells which comprise rat pineal glands have been identified. Previous in vitro studies have involved short-term culture more suitably called \"organ culture\" and provide no means of assessing the contribution of a putative \"pineal\" cell versus any other cell type found in the cultures. Short-term outgrowths of minced rat pineal glands provided a reproducible and easily dissociated source of pineal-derived cells. In monolayer culture these cells continued to have pineal enzyme activities which were sensitive to pineal-activating substances, and the cells aggregated to mimic the lobular organization of intact glands. Two types of aggregates were found, each composed of a single morphological cell type. In addition to the transient appearance of skeletal muscle straps, connective tissue and neural/glial tissue was consistently found. The cell types are discussed in relation to their in vivo counterparts.", "PMID": 563847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5745", "title": "Establishment of duck cell line derived from experimental tumor induced by 20-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "Experimental tumors developed in white Pekin ducks after intramuscular implantation of 20-methylcholanthrene. Cells derived from the primary tumor were adapted successfully to grow in vitro and have growth characteristics similar to that of established cell lines of mammalian origin. The cell density rises rapidly and the doubling time is approximately 17 hr. The duck cells have been cultured successfully for at least 80 passages in votro. The continuously cultured cells have the characteristic chromosome pattern of duck, and the DNA of the duck cell line hybridized with duck liver DNA. We believe we have established a continuous cell line of avian origin. Electron-microscopic examinations of the tumor cells and RNA-directed DNA polymerase of the cell-free supernate show no evidence of endogenous virus production.", "contents": "Establishment of duck cell line derived from experimental tumor induced by 20-methylcholanthrene. Experimental tumors developed in white Pekin ducks after intramuscular implantation of 20-methylcholanthrene. Cells derived from the primary tumor were adapted successfully to grow in vitro and have growth characteristics similar to that of established cell lines of mammalian origin. The cell density rises rapidly and the doubling time is approximately 17 hr. The duck cells have been cultured successfully for at least 80 passages in votro. The continuously cultured cells have the characteristic chromosome pattern of duck, and the DNA of the duck cell line hybridized with duck liver DNA. We believe we have established a continuous cell line of avian origin. Electron-microscopic examinations of the tumor cells and RNA-directed DNA polymerase of the cell-free supernate show no evidence of endogenous virus production.", "PMID": 563848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5746", "title": "Separation of IgE from IgG subclasses using staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "When human serum was passed through a column of insolubilised protein A, IgE was not removed, but IgG sublasses 1,2 and 4 were retained. Protein A did not show a similar selectivity in its interaction with rat immunoglobulins. The separation of human IgE from the bulk of the IgG was used to examine the effect of IgG on IgE-mediated sensitization of lung tissue for histamine reslease. Removal of IgG led to a significant increase in histamine release, suggesting that homocytotropic IgG competes with IgE, for binding sites on mast cells.", "contents": "Separation of IgE from IgG subclasses using staphylococcal protein A. When human serum was passed through a column of insolubilised protein A, IgE was not removed, but IgG sublasses 1,2 and 4 were retained. Protein A did not show a similar selectivity in its interaction with rat immunoglobulins. The separation of human IgE from the bulk of the IgG was used to examine the effect of IgG on IgE-mediated sensitization of lung tissue for histamine reslease. Removal of IgG led to a significant increase in histamine release, suggesting that homocytotropic IgG competes with IgE, for binding sites on mast cells.", "PMID": 563850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5747", "title": "Effects of variation in the level of haptenation of heterologous protein immunogen on cellular and humoral responses of the guinea pig.", "content": "Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) substituted with 0, 4, 12, or 40 dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups per molecule. Skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation, two lymphokine assays and antibody determinations were carried out after 21 days using all four antigens. In the extreme situations when BGG-sensitized animals were challenged with DNP40-BGG, or when DNP40-BGG-sensitized animals were challenged with BGG, the delayed skin reactions were transient and weakly indurated. BGG-sensitized guinea pigs injected with anti-DNP40-GBB serum showed no change in delayed skin response to DNP40-BGG, whereas anti-BGG serum enhanced the response of DNP40-BGG-sensitized anamals to BGG. All immunized groups showed lymphocyte stimulation and lymphokine production by all antigens, but migration inhibition and lymphocyte stimulation followed less closely the pattern of delayed skin responses than did mitogenic factor output. The serum antibody response to DNP40-BGG as immunogen indicated that all carrier determinants were masked. At lower levels of substitution, anti-hapten titres were reduced and appreciable levels of anti-carrier antibody obtained.", "contents": "Effects of variation in the level of haptenation of heterologous protein immunogen on cellular and humoral responses of the guinea pig. Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) substituted with 0, 4, 12, or 40 dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups per molecule. Skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation, two lymphokine assays and antibody determinations were carried out after 21 days using all four antigens. In the extreme situations when BGG-sensitized animals were challenged with DNP40-BGG, or when DNP40-BGG-sensitized animals were challenged with BGG, the delayed skin reactions were transient and weakly indurated. BGG-sensitized guinea pigs injected with anti-DNP40-GBB serum showed no change in delayed skin response to DNP40-BGG, whereas anti-BGG serum enhanced the response of DNP40-BGG-sensitized anamals to BGG. All immunized groups showed lymphocyte stimulation and lymphokine production by all antigens, but migration inhibition and lymphocyte stimulation followed less closely the pattern of delayed skin responses than did mitogenic factor output. The serum antibody response to DNP40-BGG as immunogen indicated that all carrier determinants were masked. At lower levels of substitution, anti-hapten titres were reduced and appreciable levels of anti-carrier antibody obtained.", "PMID": 563851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5748", "title": "Specific antibodies in infants with gastrointestinal intolerance to cow's milk protein.", "content": "Antibodies of various immunoglobulin classes against cow's milk proteins were studied in infants and children with cow's milk protein intolerance, gluten-sensitive enteropathy and acute gastroenteritis. Their IgE, IgG, IgM and IgA antibody levels determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the IgE antibodies also determined with RAST, were compared with reference groups of children and adults. IgE, IgT or IgA antibodies against unseparated cow's milk proteins, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-casein and beta-casein were present in many of the studied samples, but did not discriminate between the individuals with and without intolerance symptoms. As a group, the infants with late reactions to cow's milk showed increased levels of IgE and IgG antibodies detected with the ELISA, while patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy had significantly increased levels of IgG and IgA antibodies of cow's milk proteins compared to the reference group. By combining the findings of antibody increases in various immunoglobulin classes, an individual discrimination could be reached. Thus, 8 of 9 of the patients with late reactions to cow's milk had increased levels of IgE or IgG + IgA antibodies as compared to 3 of 22 in the reference group. Serodiagnosis with the ELISA may, therefore, be of some use in patients with a suspicion of cow's milk protein intolerance.", "contents": "Specific antibodies in infants with gastrointestinal intolerance to cow's milk protein. Antibodies of various immunoglobulin classes against cow's milk proteins were studied in infants and children with cow's milk protein intolerance, gluten-sensitive enteropathy and acute gastroenteritis. Their IgE, IgG, IgM and IgA antibody levels determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the IgE antibodies also determined with RAST, were compared with reference groups of children and adults. IgE, IgT or IgA antibodies against unseparated cow's milk proteins, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-casein and beta-casein were present in many of the studied samples, but did not discriminate between the individuals with and without intolerance symptoms. As a group, the infants with late reactions to cow's milk showed increased levels of IgE and IgG antibodies detected with the ELISA, while patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy had significantly increased levels of IgG and IgA antibodies of cow's milk proteins compared to the reference group. By combining the findings of antibody increases in various immunoglobulin classes, an individual discrimination could be reached. Thus, 8 of 9 of the patients with late reactions to cow's milk had increased levels of IgE or IgG + IgA antibodies as compared to 3 of 22 in the reference group. Serodiagnosis with the ELISA may, therefore, be of some use in patients with a suspicion of cow's milk protein intolerance.", "PMID": 563852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5749", "title": "Studies on rosette formation of human lymphocytes with pig red blood cells.", "content": "In this paper, data are presented which indicate that receptors of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) for pig erythrocytes (PRBC) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) are identical or at least very similar to each other with a higher avidity of PBL for SRBC than for PRBC. As an average, 50 +/- 9% of human PBL formed PRBC rosettes (Ep), compared to 70 +/- 7% of SRBC rosettes (Es). Lymphocytes incubated with SRBC plus PRBC ('co-rosetting') formed 10 +/- 5% of mixed rosettes (Em) but no pure Ep. Resuspension of rosetted lymphocytes followed by co-rosetting with the other erythrocyte species revealed that the majority of Ep became Em, while the majority of Es remained pure Es even after co-rosetting with PRCB; no pure Ep was newly formed. Incubation at 37 degrees C abolished almost all Ep as compared to 9% Es. Anti-thymocyte serum inhibited both types of rosette formation. PBL from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia formed only 2.5 +/- 2.5% Ep. 1.7 +/- 1.1% of PBL expressed both membranes immunoglobulins and receptors for PRBC. Trypsin treatment abolished both kinds of rosette formation almost completely, while neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes led to a raise in Ep formation from a mean of 53% to a mean percentage of 68%. Electron microscopic investigations did not reveal differences between binding sites of lymphocytes for PRCB and those for SRBC; however, with a technique different from the conventional one, intimate contact areas were observed between lymphocytes and both kinds of red blood cells.", "contents": "Studies on rosette formation of human lymphocytes with pig red blood cells. In this paper, data are presented which indicate that receptors of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) for pig erythrocytes (PRBC) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) are identical or at least very similar to each other with a higher avidity of PBL for SRBC than for PRBC. As an average, 50 +/- 9% of human PBL formed PRBC rosettes (Ep), compared to 70 +/- 7% of SRBC rosettes (Es). Lymphocytes incubated with SRBC plus PRBC ('co-rosetting') formed 10 +/- 5% of mixed rosettes (Em) but no pure Ep. Resuspension of rosetted lymphocytes followed by co-rosetting with the other erythrocyte species revealed that the majority of Ep became Em, while the majority of Es remained pure Es even after co-rosetting with PRCB; no pure Ep was newly formed. Incubation at 37 degrees C abolished almost all Ep as compared to 9% Es. Anti-thymocyte serum inhibited both types of rosette formation. PBL from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia formed only 2.5 +/- 2.5% Ep. 1.7 +/- 1.1% of PBL expressed both membranes immunoglobulins and receptors for PRBC. Trypsin treatment abolished both kinds of rosette formation almost completely, while neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes led to a raise in Ep formation from a mean of 53% to a mean percentage of 68%. Electron microscopic investigations did not reveal differences between binding sites of lymphocytes for PRCB and those for SRBC; however, with a technique different from the conventional one, intimate contact areas were observed between lymphocytes and both kinds of red blood cells.", "PMID": 563853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5750", "title": "Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 3: resistance to hydroxyurea and thymidine.", "content": "The replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 3 (EHV-3) was unimpeded in three different cell types-equine epithelial cells, equine fibroblasts, and mouse fibroblasts-which had been blocked in their capacity to synthesize host DNA by 2.5 mM hydroxyurea (HU) or 2 mM thymidine (TdR). The rate of DNA synthesis in uninfected or equine herpesvirus-infected cells in the presence of HU or TdR was measured by pulse-labeling cell samples with a labeled DNA precursor at different times after infection. DNA synthesis in uninfected cultures was completely inhibited by both compounds. However, in cells infected with EHV-1 or EHV-3 and incubated in the presence of HU or TdR, a burst of DNA synthesis occurred which coincided in time with that of virus-specific DNA replication in infected cells without inhibitors. Analysis by cesium chloride isopycnic centrifugation confirmed that the DNA made in drug-treated, infected cells was viral. A possible mechanism of the HU and TdR resistance of the equine herpesviruses is the induction of a ribonucleotide reductase which is insensitive to inhibition by these compounds.", "contents": "Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 3: resistance to hydroxyurea and thymidine. The replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 3 (EHV-3) was unimpeded in three different cell types-equine epithelial cells, equine fibroblasts, and mouse fibroblasts-which had been blocked in their capacity to synthesize host DNA by 2.5 mM hydroxyurea (HU) or 2 mM thymidine (TdR). The rate of DNA synthesis in uninfected or equine herpesvirus-infected cells in the presence of HU or TdR was measured by pulse-labeling cell samples with a labeled DNA precursor at different times after infection. DNA synthesis in uninfected cultures was completely inhibited by both compounds. However, in cells infected with EHV-1 or EHV-3 and incubated in the presence of HU or TdR, a burst of DNA synthesis occurred which coincided in time with that of virus-specific DNA replication in infected cells without inhibitors. Analysis by cesium chloride isopycnic centrifugation confirmed that the DNA made in drug-treated, infected cells was viral. A possible mechanism of the HU and TdR resistance of the equine herpesviruses is the induction of a ribonucleotide reductase which is insensitive to inhibition by these compounds.", "PMID": 563855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5751", "title": "[Cytoplasmic microfilaments in laryngeal carcinoma malignant keratinocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The fine structure of malignant keratinocytes of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the human larynx was studied by electron microscopy. In these malignant cells a system organized 50--70 A microfilaments is prominent in the cortical cytoplasm of the lateral and basal cell surfaces. The microfilaments are arranged either in oriented bundles or form a complex filamentous network. The bundles may lie parallel to the plasma membrane and to the long axis of the cell. The microfilaments are situated at the base of the pseudopodia-like cell processes or are found extending into microvillous cytoplasmic extensions. In some places the bundles are some associated with the plasmalemma displaying electron-dense attachment sites. Desmosomes or other types of junctional complexes invariably remain free of microfilaments. At higher magnification the individual microfilaments are seen to be interconnected transversely by a polygonal interfilamentous meshwork. Within the bundles of microfilaments focal regions of increased electron density, similar to the Z-band of sarcomeres, are observed. Organized bundles of oriented 50--70 A microfilaments do not occur in normal squamous epithelial cells of laryngeal mucosa. By analogy with various motile microfilament containing cell systems which have been shown biochemically to contain the contractile protein actin, these cytoplasmic microfilaments may be the structural elements responsible for the migratory invasive properties of malignant keratinocytes in cancer of the larynx.", "contents": "[Cytoplasmic microfilaments in laryngeal carcinoma malignant keratinocytes (author's transl)]. The fine structure of malignant keratinocytes of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the human larynx was studied by electron microscopy. In these malignant cells a system organized 50--70 A microfilaments is prominent in the cortical cytoplasm of the lateral and basal cell surfaces. The microfilaments are arranged either in oriented bundles or form a complex filamentous network. The bundles may lie parallel to the plasma membrane and to the long axis of the cell. The microfilaments are situated at the base of the pseudopodia-like cell processes or are found extending into microvillous cytoplasmic extensions. In some places the bundles are some associated with the plasmalemma displaying electron-dense attachment sites. Desmosomes or other types of junctional complexes invariably remain free of microfilaments. At higher magnification the individual microfilaments are seen to be interconnected transversely by a polygonal interfilamentous meshwork. Within the bundles of microfilaments focal regions of increased electron density, similar to the Z-band of sarcomeres, are observed. Organized bundles of oriented 50--70 A microfilaments do not occur in normal squamous epithelial cells of laryngeal mucosa. By analogy with various motile microfilament containing cell systems which have been shown biochemically to contain the contractile protein actin, these cytoplasmic microfilaments may be the structural elements responsible for the migratory invasive properties of malignant keratinocytes in cancer of the larynx.", "PMID": 563857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5752", "title": "[Cerebellar dysarthria (author's transl)].", "content": "Dysarthria due to involvement of the cerebellum represents a facultative symptom of cerebellar disease. The mechanisms by which such dysarthrias are produced are unknown but may result from pathologic involvement of the entire cerebellum. The symptoms of cerebellar dysarthria in children and in adults are described in two case histories. Characteristic speech defects or dysarthrophony occur. In addition to speech pathology, computer tomography of the skull is useful in obtaining both differential diagnosis and an estimate of prognosis. The goal of treatment should be the improvement of muscle defects of tonus and coordination needed for speech, and can employ both physio- and ergotherapy.", "contents": "[Cerebellar dysarthria (author's transl)]. Dysarthria due to involvement of the cerebellum represents a facultative symptom of cerebellar disease. The mechanisms by which such dysarthrias are produced are unknown but may result from pathologic involvement of the entire cerebellum. The symptoms of cerebellar dysarthria in children and in adults are described in two case histories. Characteristic speech defects or dysarthrophony occur. In addition to speech pathology, computer tomography of the skull is useful in obtaining both differential diagnosis and an estimate of prognosis. The goal of treatment should be the improvement of muscle defects of tonus and coordination needed for speech, and can employ both physio- and ergotherapy.", "PMID": 563858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5753", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of pentachlorophenol in milk.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method developed by other workers for determining pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water has been adapted for determining PCP in raw and homogenized milk. PCP is extracted from milk with benzene and from the benzene into a potassium carbonate solution. Acetic anhydride is added to the aqueous solution to form PCP acetate, which is extracted into hexane and then determined by electron capture GLC. Duplicate determinations of PCP in milk fortified at levels of 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 ppm gave respective average recoveries of 80.0, 87.2, and 85.0%. PCP levels as low as 0.005 ppm can be detected in 20 g milk.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of pentachlorophenol in milk. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method developed by other workers for determining pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water has been adapted for determining PCP in raw and homogenized milk. PCP is extracted from milk with benzene and from the benzene into a potassium carbonate solution. Acetic anhydride is added to the aqueous solution to form PCP acetate, which is extracted into hexane and then determined by electron capture GLC. Duplicate determinations of PCP in milk fortified at levels of 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 ppm gave respective average recoveries of 80.0, 87.2, and 85.0%. PCP levels as low as 0.005 ppm can be detected in 20 g milk.", "PMID": 563862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5754", "title": "A cell wall proteo-heteroglycan from Piricularia oryzae: isolation and partial structure.", "content": "A purified proteo-heterolgycan, [alpha]D + 72.5 degrees, was isolated from Piricularia oryzae, a pathogenic fungus of rice blast disease (Imochi-byo), by means of hot citrate buffer extraction, cetavlon fractionation, and DEAE-Sephade chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by electrophoresis and by analytical ultracentrifugation to have an s value 6.1 and to contain 91% (w/w) of carbohydrate, which consists of D-mannose, D-glucose, and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 6:2:1. Partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis of the carbohydrate moiety of the proteo-heteroglycan indicate that the molecule is composed of mannan, the side chain terminals of which are partially modified with D-glucopyranose and D-galactofuranose. Enzymatic hydrolysis with bacterial alpha-D-mannanase has been shown to remove most of the side chains from the heteroglycan, leaving an (1-6) linked mannan back-bone with a small amount of side chains, the terminals of which must be modified with D-glucopyranose or D-galactofuranose. The carbohydrate to protein linkage of the proteo-heteroglycan was shown by alkaline beta-elimination, to be mannosyl serine or mannosyl threonine.", "contents": "A cell wall proteo-heteroglycan from Piricularia oryzae: isolation and partial structure. A purified proteo-heterolgycan, [alpha]D + 72.5 degrees, was isolated from Piricularia oryzae, a pathogenic fungus of rice blast disease (Imochi-byo), by means of hot citrate buffer extraction, cetavlon fractionation, and DEAE-Sephade chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by electrophoresis and by analytical ultracentrifugation to have an s value 6.1 and to contain 91% (w/w) of carbohydrate, which consists of D-mannose, D-glucose, and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 6:2:1. Partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis of the carbohydrate moiety of the proteo-heteroglycan indicate that the molecule is composed of mannan, the side chain terminals of which are partially modified with D-glucopyranose and D-galactofuranose. Enzymatic hydrolysis with bacterial alpha-D-mannanase has been shown to remove most of the side chains from the heteroglycan, leaving an (1-6) linked mannan back-bone with a small amount of side chains, the terminals of which must be modified with D-glucopyranose or D-galactofuranose. The carbohydrate to protein linkage of the proteo-heteroglycan was shown by alkaline beta-elimination, to be mannosyl serine or mannosyl threonine.", "PMID": 563863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5755", "title": "Malate dehydrogenases. The lack of evidence for dissociation of the dimeric enzyme in kinetic analyses.", "content": "The kinetic parameters of beef heart cytoplasmic and pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases have been examined over a wide range of enzyme concentration. No significant changes are observed in these properties. In conjunction with active enzyme sedimentation and sedimentation equilibrium experiments, it is concluded that there is no evidence for dissociation of the dimeric enzyme at any enyzme level in the kinetic analyses. Thus, if dissociation occurs, it must be too slow to be of significance in determining the kinetic properties of the enzyme. It is shown that unless a subunit and its dimeric form have identical kinetic and substrate binding characteristics, the kinetic parameters should change as a function of enzyme concentration.", "contents": "Malate dehydrogenases. The lack of evidence for dissociation of the dimeric enzyme in kinetic analyses. The kinetic parameters of beef heart cytoplasmic and pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases have been examined over a wide range of enzyme concentration. No significant changes are observed in these properties. In conjunction with active enzyme sedimentation and sedimentation equilibrium experiments, it is concluded that there is no evidence for dissociation of the dimeric enzyme at any enyzme level in the kinetic analyses. Thus, if dissociation occurs, it must be too slow to be of significance in determining the kinetic properties of the enzyme. It is shown that unless a subunit and its dimeric form have identical kinetic and substrate binding characteristics, the kinetic parameters should change as a function of enzyme concentration.", "PMID": 563864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5756", "title": "Cellular retinol-binding protein from rat liver. Purification and characterization.", "content": "Cellular retinol-binding protein has been purified to homogeneity from rat liver. The procedures utilized in the purification included acid precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-50, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The binding protein was purified approximately 3,500-fold, based on total soluble liver protein. The protein is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 14,600 based on information obtained by the techniques of sedimentation equilibrium analysis, gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The protein binds retinol with high affinity; the appparent dissociation constant was determined by fluorometric titration to be 1.6 X 10(-8) M. Retinol bound to the protein has an absorption spectrum (lambdamax, 350 nm) considerably altered from the spectrum of retinol in ethanol (lambdamax, 325 nm).", "contents": "Cellular retinol-binding protein from rat liver. Purification and characterization. Cellular retinol-binding protein has been purified to homogeneity from rat liver. The procedures utilized in the purification included acid precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-50, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The binding protein was purified approximately 3,500-fold, based on total soluble liver protein. The protein is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 14,600 based on information obtained by the techniques of sedimentation equilibrium analysis, gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The protein binds retinol with high affinity; the appparent dissociation constant was determined by fluorometric titration to be 1.6 X 10(-8) M. Retinol bound to the protein has an absorption spectrum (lambdamax, 350 nm) considerably altered from the spectrum of retinol in ethanol (lambdamax, 325 nm).", "PMID": 563865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5757", "title": "Reduction by dithionite ion of adducts of metmyoglobin with imidazole, pyridine, and derivatives.", "content": "The rate and equilibrium constants for the information of a number of metmyoglobin species Mb+X (X = imidazole, imidazole-H-, 1-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-nitroimidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, pyridine, 2-, 3-, and 4-picoline) and the rates of their reduction by dithionite have been measured at 25 degrees. Several different kinds of kinetic behavior for the reduction were observed. In all cases, a rate constant for direct reaction of Mb+X with SO2- can be assessed. The data strongly support attack of SO2- on the ligand, followed by electron transfer through the pi system to the metal ion.", "contents": "Reduction by dithionite ion of adducts of metmyoglobin with imidazole, pyridine, and derivatives. The rate and equilibrium constants for the information of a number of metmyoglobin species Mb+X (X = imidazole, imidazole-H-, 1-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-nitroimidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, pyridine, 2-, 3-, and 4-picoline) and the rates of their reduction by dithionite have been measured at 25 degrees. Several different kinds of kinetic behavior for the reduction were observed. In all cases, a rate constant for direct reaction of Mb+X with SO2- can be assessed. The data strongly support attack of SO2- on the ligand, followed by electron transfer through the pi system to the metal ion.", "PMID": 563866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5758", "title": "Effect of hydrocortisone on cell morphology in C6 cells.", "content": "Hydrocortisone has been found to induce cell spreading in rat glial C6 cells by 24 hours after its addition. This spreading phenomenon is correlated with an increase in the fraction of the peripheral cytoplasm occupied by microfilaments. Cytochalasin B causes disorganization of microfilaments in the peripheral cytoplasm of the cells. Additionally, it also prevents cell spreading in response to hormonal stimulation. High levels of calcium prevent recovery of normal microfilament organization and cell spreading following removal of cytochalasin B, but have no effect on normal microfilament organization alone. Additionally both the hydrocortisone induced spreading of C6 cells and increases in peripheral microfilaments are shown to be dependent on RNA ans protein synthesis. The levels of protein co-electrophoresing with actin are not effected by hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Effect of hydrocortisone on cell morphology in C6 cells. Hydrocortisone has been found to induce cell spreading in rat glial C6 cells by 24 hours after its addition. This spreading phenomenon is correlated with an increase in the fraction of the peripheral cytoplasm occupied by microfilaments. Cytochalasin B causes disorganization of microfilaments in the peripheral cytoplasm of the cells. Additionally, it also prevents cell spreading in response to hormonal stimulation. High levels of calcium prevent recovery of normal microfilament organization and cell spreading following removal of cytochalasin B, but have no effect on normal microfilament organization alone. Additionally both the hydrocortisone induced spreading of C6 cells and increases in peripheral microfilaments are shown to be dependent on RNA ans protein synthesis. The levels of protein co-electrophoresing with actin are not effected by hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 563867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5759", "title": "An inhibitor of cell cohesion from axenically grown cells of the slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Medium from a stationary phase culture of axenically grown D. discoideum cells contains an inhibitor of cohesion of log phase cells. The inhibitor is a heat-stable, low molecular weight substance. Its biological effects include inhibition of cohesion of aggregation-competent cells, of cells of other slime mould species, the blocking of development on Millipore filters and a reduction in adhesiveness of slime mould cells to glass. Present evidence suggests that the inhibitor may bind to the cell surface.", "contents": "An inhibitor of cell cohesion from axenically grown cells of the slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum. Medium from a stationary phase culture of axenically grown D. discoideum cells contains an inhibitor of cohesion of log phase cells. The inhibitor is a heat-stable, low molecular weight substance. Its biological effects include inhibition of cohesion of aggregation-competent cells, of cells of other slime mould species, the blocking of development on Millipore filters and a reduction in adhesiveness of slime mould cells to glass. Present evidence suggests that the inhibitor may bind to the cell surface.", "PMID": 563868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5760", "title": "Crucial role of the postnatal maternal environment in the expression of prenatal stress effects in the male rats.", "content": "Methodological and conceptual problems common in prenatal stress experiments were analyzed, and an experiment incorporating solutions to those problems were designed and executed. Rats were prenatally stressed or served as controls and then were cross-fostered within or between treatment groups. In adulthood, one male from each litter was tested over 20 trials in an open-field box and then tested over 20 successive discrimination reversals in a T-maze. A T-factor analysis was performed on each of the two sets of observations, and factors scores were subjected to elevational analyses. Major hypotheses generated from the results are the following: (a) Male rats subjected to prenatal stress acquire emotional reactivity levels in adulthood that are either elevated or reduced depending on the postnatal maternal environment. (b) Male rats subjected to prenatal stress acquire reversal learning sets in adulthood with a rapidity that parallels and indeed is produced by the pattern of emotional reactivity reflected in the above a and as mediated by cognitive processes. (c) T-factor analysis of trials is required in order to avoid construct validity problems as well as internal validity problems, both brought about by the confounding of trial variables, and in addition, it may generate valuable hypotheses giving further meaning to the dependent variables under observation.", "contents": "Crucial role of the postnatal maternal environment in the expression of prenatal stress effects in the male rats. Methodological and conceptual problems common in prenatal stress experiments were analyzed, and an experiment incorporating solutions to those problems were designed and executed. Rats were prenatally stressed or served as controls and then were cross-fostered within or between treatment groups. In adulthood, one male from each litter was tested over 20 trials in an open-field box and then tested over 20 successive discrimination reversals in a T-maze. A T-factor analysis was performed on each of the two sets of observations, and factors scores were subjected to elevational analyses. Major hypotheses generated from the results are the following: (a) Male rats subjected to prenatal stress acquire emotional reactivity levels in adulthood that are either elevated or reduced depending on the postnatal maternal environment. (b) Male rats subjected to prenatal stress acquire reversal learning sets in adulthood with a rapidity that parallels and indeed is produced by the pattern of emotional reactivity reflected in the above a and as mediated by cognitive processes. (c) T-factor analysis of trials is required in order to avoid construct validity problems as well as internal validity problems, both brought about by the confounding of trial variables, and in addition, it may generate valuable hypotheses giving further meaning to the dependent variables under observation.", "PMID": 563871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5761", "title": "Uncertainty, as defined by the contingency between environmental events, and the adrenocortical response of the rat to electric shock.", "content": "The pituitary-adrenal system is thought to be sensitive to the degree of uncertainty in a situation. In addition, there is some question whether the pituitary-adrenal system can be conditioned in a Pavlovian sense. Three experiments are reported here. The first and third sought to define uncertainty in terms of conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CB-US) and US-US contingencies, which vary the amount of information that can be used to predict the occurrence of discrete shocks. The second experiment examined the possibility that the adrenocortical system was subject to the laws of Pavlovian conditioning, by using a conditioned emotional response paradigm. The results showed that the magnitude of the Pituitary-adrenal response varied in a curvilinear manner along the dimension of uncertainty. Very low and very high degrees of uncertainty resulted in greater corticosterone elevations than did moderate levels. No evidence for Pavlovian conditioning of the adrencortical system was found, although behavioral measures showed fear conditioning. The data presented were supportive of the hypothesis that the pituitary-adrenal response reflects the operation of an arousal system.", "contents": "Uncertainty, as defined by the contingency between environmental events, and the adrenocortical response of the rat to electric shock. The pituitary-adrenal system is thought to be sensitive to the degree of uncertainty in a situation. In addition, there is some question whether the pituitary-adrenal system can be conditioned in a Pavlovian sense. Three experiments are reported here. The first and third sought to define uncertainty in terms of conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CB-US) and US-US contingencies, which vary the amount of information that can be used to predict the occurrence of discrete shocks. The second experiment examined the possibility that the adrenocortical system was subject to the laws of Pavlovian conditioning, by using a conditioned emotional response paradigm. The results showed that the magnitude of the Pituitary-adrenal response varied in a curvilinear manner along the dimension of uncertainty. Very low and very high degrees of uncertainty resulted in greater corticosterone elevations than did moderate levels. No evidence for Pavlovian conditioning of the adrencortical system was found, although behavioral measures showed fear conditioning. The data presented were supportive of the hypothesis that the pituitary-adrenal response reflects the operation of an arousal system.", "PMID": 563872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5762", "title": "The cell count of milk in relation to milk yield.", "content": "Quarter-milk cell counts and milk yields from 1000 cows in the province of Noord-Brabant were obtained over a 12-month period. The data from 933 animals, mainly heifers, were used to examine statistically the relationship between cell counts, as a criterion for sub-clinical forms of mastitis, and milk yield. Losses in milk were assessed by quarter, by pairs of quarters and by cow. The conclusions were that the losses in milk due to sub-clinical forms of mastitis, as indicated by cell count, can be substantial. The existence of a compensating increase in milk yield from a healthy gland, in response to the loss of milk from a neighbouring quarter with raised cell count, could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "The cell count of milk in relation to milk yield. Quarter-milk cell counts and milk yields from 1000 cows in the province of Noord-Brabant were obtained over a 12-month period. The data from 933 animals, mainly heifers, were used to examine statistically the relationship between cell counts, as a criterion for sub-clinical forms of mastitis, and milk yield. Losses in milk were assessed by quarter, by pairs of quarters and by cow. The conclusions were that the losses in milk due to sub-clinical forms of mastitis, as indicated by cell count, can be substantial. The existence of a compensating increase in milk yield from a healthy gland, in response to the loss of milk from a neighbouring quarter with raised cell count, could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 563873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5763", "title": "First fifteen amino acid residues in buffalo alpha S 1-casein from the N-terminal end.", "content": "Conventional Edman degradation techniques with phenyl isothiocyanate and p-phenylazophenyl isothiocyanate were used to determine the first 15 amino-terminal amino acid residues in buffalo alpha S 1-casein. The results were compared to those of bovine alpha S 1-casein.", "contents": "First fifteen amino acid residues in buffalo alpha S 1-casein from the N-terminal end. Conventional Edman degradation techniques with phenyl isothiocyanate and p-phenylazophenyl isothiocyanate were used to determine the first 15 amino-terminal amino acid residues in buffalo alpha S 1-casein. The results were compared to those of bovine alpha S 1-casein.", "PMID": 563874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5764", "title": "Valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism by lactating bovine mammary tissue.", "content": "Valine, leucine, and isoleucine were extracted by the lactating bovine mammary gland in excess of outputs in milk protein. Carbon-14 uniformly labeled L-valine, L-leucine or L-isoleucine were catabolized when incubated in vitro with lactating bovine mammary tissue slices. The pathways of degradation of these amino acids by mammary tissue appear to be those common to other tissues. These amino acids represent a potential source of energy to the mammary gland as well as a source of carbon and alpha-amino nitrogen for synthesis of nonessential amino acids.", "contents": "Valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism by lactating bovine mammary tissue. Valine, leucine, and isoleucine were extracted by the lactating bovine mammary gland in excess of outputs in milk protein. Carbon-14 uniformly labeled L-valine, L-leucine or L-isoleucine were catabolized when incubated in vitro with lactating bovine mammary tissue slices. The pathways of degradation of these amino acids by mammary tissue appear to be those common to other tissues. These amino acids represent a potential source of energy to the mammary gland as well as a source of carbon and alpha-amino nitrogen for synthesis of nonessential amino acids.", "PMID": 563875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5765", "title": "Synthesis and testing of glucose derivatives for feeding to ruminants.", "content": "Glucose compounds were synthesized and tested for resistance in a 48-h in vitro rumen fermentation. Glucose complexed with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone was resistant. When complexed with propionic and succinic acids, the products readily fermented. The resistant compounds also withstood acid hydrolysis at a pH similar to that of the abomasum. This suggests that these products would have little value as a dietary source of glucose for ruminants if the release of glucose to the animal depended on acid hydrolysis in the abomasum. The possibility of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucose-formaldehyde compound was studied in a feeding trial with sheep. Eight Finncross wethers were fed the formaldehyde product in three quantities in their diet. Blood and urine glucose plus blood, urine, and fecal total soluble carbohydrate were measured. It appears that this glucose-formaldehyde product resists rumen fermentation but does not become metabolically available to sheep as indicated by large quantities of product excreted in urine and feces.", "contents": "Synthesis and testing of glucose derivatives for feeding to ruminants. Glucose compounds were synthesized and tested for resistance in a 48-h in vitro rumen fermentation. Glucose complexed with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone was resistant. When complexed with propionic and succinic acids, the products readily fermented. The resistant compounds also withstood acid hydrolysis at a pH similar to that of the abomasum. This suggests that these products would have little value as a dietary source of glucose for ruminants if the release of glucose to the animal depended on acid hydrolysis in the abomasum. The possibility of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucose-formaldehyde compound was studied in a feeding trial with sheep. Eight Finncross wethers were fed the formaldehyde product in three quantities in their diet. Blood and urine glucose plus blood, urine, and fecal total soluble carbohydrate were measured. It appears that this glucose-formaldehyde product resists rumen fermentation but does not become metabolically available to sheep as indicated by large quantities of product excreted in urine and feces.", "PMID": 563876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5766", "title": "Influence of nitrate and molybdenum on sulfur utilization by rumen microorganisms.", "content": "Twenty-four hours in vitro incubations were used to study the effect of nitrate and molybdenum on sulfur utilization by rumen microorganisms. Sulfur was added as sodium sulfate or sulfide at .1, .2, .3, or .4% of the substrate dry matter. Cellulose digestion was an indicator of microbial growth. The addition of .1 to .4% sulfate or sulfide sulfur increased cellulose digestion over the conrol, the two sulfur sources being equal in promoting cellulose digestion. No differences in cellulose digestion were found between .1 and .4% added sulfur. However, the addition of .4 of .8% nitrate-nitrogen depressed cellulose digestion and increased the requirement for both sulfate and sulfide. Depression was greater with .8% nitrate-nitrogen. In the presence of nitrate, sulfide was superior to sulfate in promoting cellulose digestion. When 4 or 8 ppm molybdenum were added to the incubations, increasing concentrations of both sulfate and sulfide were required to obtain maximum cellulose digestion. Molybdenum additions increased both the sulfate and sulfide requirement for maximum cellulose digestion.", "contents": "Influence of nitrate and molybdenum on sulfur utilization by rumen microorganisms. Twenty-four hours in vitro incubations were used to study the effect of nitrate and molybdenum on sulfur utilization by rumen microorganisms. Sulfur was added as sodium sulfate or sulfide at .1, .2, .3, or .4% of the substrate dry matter. Cellulose digestion was an indicator of microbial growth. The addition of .1 to .4% sulfate or sulfide sulfur increased cellulose digestion over the conrol, the two sulfur sources being equal in promoting cellulose digestion. No differences in cellulose digestion were found between .1 and .4% added sulfur. However, the addition of .4 of .8% nitrate-nitrogen depressed cellulose digestion and increased the requirement for both sulfate and sulfide. Depression was greater with .8% nitrate-nitrogen. In the presence of nitrate, sulfide was superior to sulfate in promoting cellulose digestion. When 4 or 8 ppm molybdenum were added to the incubations, increasing concentrations of both sulfate and sulfide were required to obtain maximum cellulose digestion. Molybdenum additions increased both the sulfate and sulfide requirement for maximum cellulose digestion.", "PMID": 563877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5767", "title": "Hexose shunt dehydrogenase activity in leukocytes isolated from bovine milk.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method for measuring small changes in light absorption at specific wavelengths from highly turbid suspensions of biological material (dual-beam spectrophotometry) has been used to measure glucose-6-phosphate oxidation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized) reduction catalyzed by lysates of milk leukocytes. This reduction was correlated .84 with cellular protein concentration and, therefore, with cell concentration.", "contents": "Hexose shunt dehydrogenase activity in leukocytes isolated from bovine milk. A spectrophotometric method for measuring small changes in light absorption at specific wavelengths from highly turbid suspensions of biological material (dual-beam spectrophotometry) has been used to measure glucose-6-phosphate oxidation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized) reduction catalyzed by lysates of milk leukocytes. This reduction was correlated .84 with cellular protein concentration and, therefore, with cell concentration.", "PMID": 563878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5768", "title": "Effects of experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on airways and leukocyte function in normal subjects.", "content": "We infected 7 normal volunteers with rhinovirus 16. In general, the symptoms and alterations in airways were minimal although all subjects had upper respiratory symptoms. Three subjects developed in addition lower respiratory and systemic symptoms accompanied by either an increase in the volume of isoflow or a positive methacholine response. Furthermore, these three had a decrease in beta adrenergic and H2 histamine receptor responses of their granulocytes. Since the peripheral airway obstruction and decreased beta adrenergic and H2 histamine responses occurred together, these two phenomenon may have a common cause. All seven subjects had a decrease in number of circulating E rosette-forming lymphocytes, and in 6 of 7, there was a decrease in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity capacity of mononuclear cell preparations. It is not clear whether these changes reflect redistribution of mononuclear cells or alteration of their function.", "contents": "Effects of experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on airways and leukocyte function in normal subjects. We infected 7 normal volunteers with rhinovirus 16. In general, the symptoms and alterations in airways were minimal although all subjects had upper respiratory symptoms. Three subjects developed in addition lower respiratory and systemic symptoms accompanied by either an increase in the volume of isoflow or a positive methacholine response. Furthermore, these three had a decrease in beta adrenergic and H2 histamine receptor responses of their granulocytes. Since the peripheral airway obstruction and decreased beta adrenergic and H2 histamine responses occurred together, these two phenomenon may have a common cause. All seven subjects had a decrease in number of circulating E rosette-forming lymphocytes, and in 6 of 7, there was a decrease in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity capacity of mononuclear cell preparations. It is not clear whether these changes reflect redistribution of mononuclear cells or alteration of their function.", "PMID": 563883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5769", "title": "Composition of and cholesterol in Araucana and commercial eggs.", "content": "Araucana eggs from six sources and commercial-type white eggs of two major supermarket brands and from the University of California flock were collected and analyzed for cholesterol content of the yolk. The yolks of Araucana eggs were significantly higher in cholesterol than those of commercial white eggs.", "contents": "Composition of and cholesterol in Araucana and commercial eggs. Araucana eggs from six sources and commercial-type white eggs of two major supermarket brands and from the University of California flock were collected and analyzed for cholesterol content of the yolk. The yolks of Araucana eggs were significantly higher in cholesterol than those of commercial white eggs.", "PMID": 563887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5770", "title": "XIII. Sausages and luncheon meats. Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods.", "content": "Total fat and individual fatty acid contents of thirty sausages and luncheon meat products are presented. Data are given as amounts in 100 gm. food and as amounts in household measures and market units. As fatty acid distribution will be reflected by a product's constituents and some sausage varieties can be made from one or a combination of meats, principal sources of fat are also listed in the tables. Factors for converting literature data to grams of fatty acid in a specified portion of food are briefly described.", "contents": "XIII. Sausages and luncheon meats. Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. Total fat and individual fatty acid contents of thirty sausages and luncheon meat products are presented. Data are given as amounts in 100 gm. food and as amounts in household measures and market units. As fatty acid distribution will be reflected by a product's constituents and some sausage varieties can be made from one or a combination of meats, principal sources of fat are also listed in the tables. Factors for converting literature data to grams of fatty acid in a specified portion of food are briefly described.", "PMID": 563888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5771", "title": "The cytochemical demonstration of GERL in rat hepatocytes during lipoprotein mobilization.", "content": "When a semisynthetic diet containing 1% orotic acid (OA) is fed to rats, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes vesiculates and lipoprotein (LP) droplets accumulate within the vesicles. When clofibrate (ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, CPIB) is added to the orotic acid-rich diet, the ER cisternae reform and the LP is mobilized through the reconstituted ER. A remarkable restoration of normal hepatocyte ultrastructure occurs except for a few organelles. From their morphological appearance it was suggested that cisternae which became dilated with small LP particles were part of GERL, abnormally enlarged. The present communication validates this interpretation through ultrastructural cytochemistry which can distinguish GERL from the adjacent Colgi apparatus. GERL shows acid phosphatase (AcPase) but not thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) activity. In contrast, the adjacent Golgi element shows thiamine pyrophosphatase but not acid phosphatase activity. From such cytochemical studies we have recently proposed that GERL in normal rat hepatocytes may be involved in transforming LP particles, by enzymes like lipases that were presumed to be present in this hydrolase-rich portion of smooth ER. In the situation studied in this communication, the addition of ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate to the diet causes the release from the ER of large amounts of LP to the Golgi apparatus and to GERL. Apparently the capacity of GERL to metabolize LP is exceeded and lipid accumulates in the residual bodies.", "contents": "The cytochemical demonstration of GERL in rat hepatocytes during lipoprotein mobilization. When a semisynthetic diet containing 1% orotic acid (OA) is fed to rats, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes vesiculates and lipoprotein (LP) droplets accumulate within the vesicles. When clofibrate (ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, CPIB) is added to the orotic acid-rich diet, the ER cisternae reform and the LP is mobilized through the reconstituted ER. A remarkable restoration of normal hepatocyte ultrastructure occurs except for a few organelles. From their morphological appearance it was suggested that cisternae which became dilated with small LP particles were part of GERL, abnormally enlarged. The present communication validates this interpretation through ultrastructural cytochemistry which can distinguish GERL from the adjacent Colgi apparatus. GERL shows acid phosphatase (AcPase) but not thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) activity. In contrast, the adjacent Golgi element shows thiamine pyrophosphatase but not acid phosphatase activity. From such cytochemical studies we have recently proposed that GERL in normal rat hepatocytes may be involved in transforming LP particles, by enzymes like lipases that were presumed to be present in this hydrolase-rich portion of smooth ER. In the situation studied in this communication, the addition of ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate to the diet causes the release from the ER of large amounts of LP to the Golgi apparatus and to GERL. Apparently the capacity of GERL to metabolize LP is exceeded and lipid accumulates in the residual bodies.", "PMID": 563889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5772", "title": "Observations on the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: I. Survival of vaccinia virus-infected cockroaches during fumigation with formaldehyde.", "content": "In these studies it is shown that the common \"British\" and \"American\" adult cockroaches can survive exposure to formaldehyde fumigation carried out at double the strength and for four times as long as is recommended for disinfection of rooms. It is further reported that vaccinia virus ingested prior to the fumigation survives in the cockroach gut and may be excreted up to 5 days later. Since cockroaches are ubiquitous and are to be found in most hospitals, laboratories and animal houses, these findings should be considered whenever fumigation is called for.", "contents": "Observations on the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: I. Survival of vaccinia virus-infected cockroaches during fumigation with formaldehyde. In these studies it is shown that the common \"British\" and \"American\" adult cockroaches can survive exposure to formaldehyde fumigation carried out at double the strength and for four times as long as is recommended for disinfection of rooms. It is further reported that vaccinia virus ingested prior to the fumigation survives in the cockroach gut and may be excreted up to 5 days later. Since cockroaches are ubiquitous and are to be found in most hospitals, laboratories and animal houses, these findings should be considered whenever fumigation is called for.", "PMID": 563890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5773", "title": "Observations of the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: III. The effect of formaldehyde in eliminating the normal gut flora.", "content": "The normal flora of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) was determined over a period of 24 days prior to substituting water with 1% Formalin for drinking water. During the first 4 days of treatment the normal flora was significantly reduced and by the fifth day, when the cockroaches became diarrhoeic, no bacteria, fungi, or viruses could be detected by the methods used.", "contents": "Observations of the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: III. The effect of formaldehyde in eliminating the normal gut flora. The normal flora of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) was determined over a period of 24 days prior to substituting water with 1% Formalin for drinking water. During the first 4 days of treatment the normal flora was significantly reduced and by the fifth day, when the cockroaches became diarrhoeic, no bacteria, fungi, or viruses could be detected by the methods used.", "PMID": 563891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5774", "title": "Poliomyelitis surveillance in England and Wales, 1969-1975.", "content": "Poliomyelitis continued to be a rare disease in England and Wales in the period 1969-75. Only 31 paralytic and 44 cases of possible non-paralytic poliomyelitis were recorded during the 7 years. Of the 31 paralytic cases approximately one third were vaccine-associated; 3 were patients who had recently received oral poliovaccine and 7 had been in contact with a vaccinated person. Five of these 7 patients were parents of recently vaccinated children. The rate of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis was estimated in recipients to be 0.2 and in contacts 0.4 per million doses of vaccine given. Marker test results were reported on 555 strains of poliomyelitis virus isolated during 1969-75, using the reproductive capacity temperature test. Forty-eight (8.6%) resembled wild virus in this property, 15 strains being type 1, 8 type 2 and 25 type 3. Most of these isolations of apparently wild virus were from excreters with no symptoms of poliomyelitis, although 3 of the 15 type 1 strains were from patients with paralytic poliomyelitis and 3 from possible cases of non-paralytic poliomyelitis. None of the 8 apparently wild type 2 viruses was from a case of paralytic illness and only 1 of the 39 type 3 strains. Eleven of the 31 paralytic cases were in patients in whom the infection was likely to have been acquired abroad.", "contents": "Poliomyelitis surveillance in England and Wales, 1969-1975. Poliomyelitis continued to be a rare disease in England and Wales in the period 1969-75. Only 31 paralytic and 44 cases of possible non-paralytic poliomyelitis were recorded during the 7 years. Of the 31 paralytic cases approximately one third were vaccine-associated; 3 were patients who had recently received oral poliovaccine and 7 had been in contact with a vaccinated person. Five of these 7 patients were parents of recently vaccinated children. The rate of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis was estimated in recipients to be 0.2 and in contacts 0.4 per million doses of vaccine given. Marker test results were reported on 555 strains of poliomyelitis virus isolated during 1969-75, using the reproductive capacity temperature test. Forty-eight (8.6%) resembled wild virus in this property, 15 strains being type 1, 8 type 2 and 25 type 3. Most of these isolations of apparently wild virus were from excreters with no symptoms of poliomyelitis, although 3 of the 15 type 1 strains were from patients with paralytic poliomyelitis and 3 from possible cases of non-paralytic poliomyelitis. None of the 8 apparently wild type 2 viruses was from a case of paralytic illness and only 1 of the 39 type 3 strains. Eleven of the 31 paralytic cases were in patients in whom the infection was likely to have been acquired abroad.", "PMID": 563892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5775", "title": "Acceleration of human lymphocyte activation after preliminary culture.", "content": "Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells which are precultured in tissue culture medium containing 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) have markedly augmented reactivity to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The augmentation of response is due in part to an acceleration of lymphocyte activation. Precultured cells also respond in an accelerated manner to allogeneic cells. The augmentation is apparent after 24 hr of preliminary culture, and reaches a maximum at 4 to 7 days. Kinetic studies of the culturally augmented PHA response indicate that an increased number of reactive lymphocytes rather than an increased rate of proliferation accounts for the effect. Adding fresh cells to the precultured cells does not suppress their augmented response. When human serum is substituted for FCS in the preliminary culture, the augmentation of response does not occur. Serum-mixing experiments indicate a suppressive effect of human serum. These studies may be relevant for understanding immunologic mechanisms related to transplantation and autoimmunity.", "contents": "Acceleration of human lymphocyte activation after preliminary culture. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells which are precultured in tissue culture medium containing 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) have markedly augmented reactivity to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The augmentation of response is due in part to an acceleration of lymphocyte activation. Precultured cells also respond in an accelerated manner to allogeneic cells. The augmentation is apparent after 24 hr of preliminary culture, and reaches a maximum at 4 to 7 days. Kinetic studies of the culturally augmented PHA response indicate that an increased number of reactive lymphocytes rather than an increased rate of proliferation accounts for the effect. Adding fresh cells to the precultured cells does not suppress their augmented response. When human serum is substituted for FCS in the preliminary culture, the augmentation of response does not occur. Serum-mixing experiments indicate a suppressive effect of human serum. These studies may be relevant for understanding immunologic mechanisms related to transplantation and autoimmunity.", "PMID": 563893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5776", "title": "Normal and malignant melanin-containing pigment cells of xiphophorine fish as studied with formaldehyde-induced fluorescence.", "content": "Embryonic skin and eyes, and melanomas of xiphophorine fish were investigated by fomaldehyde-induced  fluorescence in order to test whether the pigment cells in these tissues may be identified by a specific green-yellow fluorescence. Skin of pigmented fish embryos showed no fluorescence in the black pigment cells (melanocytes and melanophores), while skin of albino embryos showed a green-yellow fluorescence in all cells which correspond to the black pigment cells of pigmented embryos. The skin of both pigmented and albino embryos showed a bright orange fluorescence in the red pigment cells (pterinophores). No fluorescence was observed in the retinal pigment epithelium of pigmented embryos, while a green-yellow fluorescence was observed in the pigment epithelium of albino embryos. Neither the melanotic melanomas of pigmented fish nor the amelanotic melanomas of albino fish showed any specific fluorescence.", "contents": "Normal and malignant melanin-containing pigment cells of xiphophorine fish as studied with formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. Embryonic skin and eyes, and melanomas of xiphophorine fish were investigated by fomaldehyde-induced  fluorescence in order to test whether the pigment cells in these tissues may be identified by a specific green-yellow fluorescence. Skin of pigmented fish embryos showed no fluorescence in the black pigment cells (melanocytes and melanophores), while skin of albino embryos showed a green-yellow fluorescence in all cells which correspond to the black pigment cells of pigmented embryos. The skin of both pigmented and albino embryos showed a bright orange fluorescence in the red pigment cells (pterinophores). No fluorescence was observed in the retinal pigment epithelium of pigmented embryos, while a green-yellow fluorescence was observed in the pigment epithelium of albino embryos. Neither the melanotic melanomas of pigmented fish nor the amelanotic melanomas of albino fish showed any specific fluorescence.", "PMID": 563894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5777", "title": "On the mechanism of inhibition of influenza virus replication by amantadine hydrochloride.", "content": "The results of analyses of fowl plague virus-specific RNA and protein synthesis in infected chick embryo fibroblasts incubated in amantadine hydrochloride are reported. They indicate that provided amantadine is present from the time of virus addition no expression of the virus genome occurs and that the synthesis of even the first detectable transcripts catalysed by the polymerase of the infecting virus particles is prevented. In agreement with previous reports it is concluded that amantadine prevents an unknown event which occurs immediately following virus infection.", "contents": "On the mechanism of inhibition of influenza virus replication by amantadine hydrochloride. The results of analyses of fowl plague virus-specific RNA and protein synthesis in infected chick embryo fibroblasts incubated in amantadine hydrochloride are reported. They indicate that provided amantadine is present from the time of virus addition no expression of the virus genome occurs and that the synthesis of even the first detectable transcripts catalysed by the polymerase of the infecting virus particles is prevented. In agreement with previous reports it is concluded that amantadine prevents an unknown event which occurs immediately following virus infection.", "PMID": 563896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5778", "title": "[Two monozygotic twin sisters affected with a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of two monozygotic twin sisters both showing at 6 1/2 months of intrauterine life the existence of a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta. On this occasion the authors insist on the necessity of X-rays in cases of stillbirths which will enable the physician to give an appropriate genetic advice.", "contents": "[Two monozygotic twin sisters affected with a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita (author's transl)]. Description of two monozygotic twin sisters both showing at 6 1/2 months of intrauterine life the existence of a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta. On this occasion the authors insist on the necessity of X-rays in cases of stillbirths which will enable the physician to give an appropriate genetic advice.", "PMID": 563897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5779", "title": "The role of dietary long chain fatty acids in mitochondrial structure and function. Effects on rat cardiac mitochondrial respiration.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of dietary rapeseed oils on cardiac mitochondrial function and metabolic conservation of energy, male weanling rats derived from the Sprague-Dawley strain were fed three rations containing either 15% (w/w) soybean oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil or a high erucic acid rapeseed oil. Cardiac mitochondria were isolated for measurement of mitochondrial respiratory functions. Pyruvate and malate plus malonate or succinate plus amytal, or alpha-ketoglutarate and malate plus malonate were utilized as substrates for oxidative phosphorylation. Net rates of state 3 oxygen uptake and therefore ATP synthesis were found to decline with chronic feeding of the 15% (w/w) oil containing diets. Significantly reduced ADP/O ratios were observed for groups fed high erucic acid rapeseed oil containing diets for 11 days. Decreased ADP/O ratios were also observed for groups fed high or low erucic acid rapeseed oils for 112 days. When pyruvate and malate plus malonate were utilized as substrates, reduced rates of ATP synthesis were observed after chronic feeding of high erucic acid rapeseed oil diets. Only prolonged feeding of low erucic acid rapeseed oils resulted in significant alterations in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "The role of dietary long chain fatty acids in mitochondrial structure and function. Effects on rat cardiac mitochondrial respiration. To evaluate the effect of dietary rapeseed oils on cardiac mitochondrial function and metabolic conservation of energy, male weanling rats derived from the Sprague-Dawley strain were fed three rations containing either 15% (w/w) soybean oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil or a high erucic acid rapeseed oil. Cardiac mitochondria were isolated for measurement of mitochondrial respiratory functions. Pyruvate and malate plus malonate or succinate plus amytal, or alpha-ketoglutarate and malate plus malonate were utilized as substrates for oxidative phosphorylation. Net rates of state 3 oxygen uptake and therefore ATP synthesis were found to decline with chronic feeding of the 15% (w/w) oil containing diets. Significantly reduced ADP/O ratios were observed for groups fed high erucic acid rapeseed oil containing diets for 11 days. Decreased ADP/O ratios were also observed for groups fed high or low erucic acid rapeseed oils for 112 days. When pyruvate and malate plus malonate were utilized as substrates, reduced rates of ATP synthesis were observed after chronic feeding of high erucic acid rapeseed oil diets. Only prolonged feeding of low erucic acid rapeseed oils resulted in significant alterations in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 563903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5780", "title": "Mortality among employees of PVC fabricators.", "content": "A cross-sectional mortality study of 4,341 deaths occurring among current and former employees of 17 PVC fabricators during 1964-1973 is presented. The objectives are: (1) to identify any angiosarcoma deaths among the employees of these fabricators, and (2) to examine the distribution of deaths by cause. No angiosarcoma deaths were found among the study group. Sex-race-cause-specific Proportionate mortality Ratios (PMR's) were computed, using the corresponding U.S. mortality as the standard. Among white employees, there appears to be an excess in total cancer mortality, particularly that of the digestive system. Observed deaths were found to exceed the expected in cancers of the breast and urinary organs among white females. Deficit mortality was observed in cirrhosis of liver among both male and female white employees.", "contents": "Mortality among employees of PVC fabricators. A cross-sectional mortality study of 4,341 deaths occurring among current and former employees of 17 PVC fabricators during 1964-1973 is presented. The objectives are: (1) to identify any angiosarcoma deaths among the employees of these fabricators, and (2) to examine the distribution of deaths by cause. No angiosarcoma deaths were found among the study group. Sex-race-cause-specific Proportionate mortality Ratios (PMR's) were computed, using the corresponding U.S. mortality as the standard. Among white employees, there appears to be an excess in total cancer mortality, particularly that of the digestive system. Observed deaths were found to exceed the expected in cancers of the breast and urinary organs among white females. Deficit mortality was observed in cirrhosis of liver among both male and female white employees.", "PMID": 563904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5781", "title": "Plant anticancer agents VI: Isolation of voacangine, voacamine, and epivoacorine from Tabernaemontana arborea sap.", "content": "Fractionation of the sap of Tabernaemontana arborea, guided by cytotoxicity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, yielded the known indole alkaloids voacangine, voacamine, and epivoacorine as the major cytotoxic constituents.", "contents": "Plant anticancer agents VI: Isolation of voacangine, voacamine, and epivoacorine from Tabernaemontana arborea sap. Fractionation of the sap of Tabernaemontana arborea, guided by cytotoxicity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, yielded the known indole alkaloids voacangine, voacamine, and epivoacorine as the major cytotoxic constituents.", "PMID": 563905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5782", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of androstenedione and testosterone in cow plasma at the time of luteolysis and oestrus.", "content": "Androsteredione and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay after chromatography on micro-columns of Lipidex-5000 in jugular plasma samples taken every 2-3 h at the time of luteolysis and oestrus in 3 dairy cows. The concentrations of androstenedione and testosterone varied between 5 and 60 pg/ml and 5 and 80 pg/ml respectively and no consistent pattern in the fluctuations of either steroid was observed.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of androstenedione and testosterone in cow plasma at the time of luteolysis and oestrus. Androsteredione and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay after chromatography on micro-columns of Lipidex-5000 in jugular plasma samples taken every 2-3 h at the time of luteolysis and oestrus in 3 dairy cows. The concentrations of androstenedione and testosterone varied between 5 and 60 pg/ml and 5 and 80 pg/ml respectively and no consistent pattern in the fluctuations of either steroid was observed.", "PMID": 563909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5783", "title": "Androgen aromatization by luteinized bovine granulosa cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Luteinized bovine granulosa cells in tissue culture contained an active 19-hydroxylase aromatase enzyme system which converted exogenous androstenedione and testosterone to oestradiol-17beta; no oestrone was detected. In the absence of exogenous androgens, the cells failed to synthesize oestrogens due to a limited capacity to synthesize androgen precursor. Theca-lutein cells, present in those CL which synthesize oestrogens, may provide androgen precursor for aromatization by the granulosa-lutein cells.", "contents": "Androgen aromatization by luteinized bovine granulosa cells in tissue culture. Luteinized bovine granulosa cells in tissue culture contained an active 19-hydroxylase aromatase enzyme system which converted exogenous androstenedione and testosterone to oestradiol-17beta; no oestrone was detected. In the absence of exogenous androgens, the cells failed to synthesize oestrogens due to a limited capacity to synthesize androgen precursor. Theca-lutein cells, present in those CL which synthesize oestrogens, may provide androgen precursor for aromatization by the granulosa-lutein cells.", "PMID": 563910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5784", "title": "Differential transport of spermatozoa into the two sides of the genital tract of a monovular marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii).", "content": "Ovulation in the tammar wallaby alternates between the ovaries. The genital duct of each side enters the median vaginal culs-de-sac separately. Post-partum oestrus occurred 0.4 days after birth and ovulation 1 day later. After a single copulation spermatozoa were found in both cervical canals at 0.5 h and extended to the oviduct on the non-parturient side only by 8 h. Very few spermatozoa were found in sections of the post-partum uterus or its associated oviduct at any time. Spermatozoa were recovered by flushing from both sides but the numbers were 2-20 times greater in the non-parturient than in the post-partum side: the greatest difference occurred in the cervical canals 2-5 h after copulation. In females which had undergone a previous infertile cycle, spermatozoa were abundant in both cervices and both uteri. It is concluded that the differential distribution of spermatozoa in post-partum animals was (1) due to failure of transport in the recently pregnant side of the tract, rather than attraction of spermatozoa to the ovulation side, and (2) established at the cervix which, on the ovulation side, provides a reservoir of spermatozoa for 24 h after copulation.", "contents": "Differential transport of spermatozoa into the two sides of the genital tract of a monovular marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Ovulation in the tammar wallaby alternates between the ovaries. The genital duct of each side enters the median vaginal culs-de-sac separately. Post-partum oestrus occurred 0.4 days after birth and ovulation 1 day later. After a single copulation spermatozoa were found in both cervical canals at 0.5 h and extended to the oviduct on the non-parturient side only by 8 h. Very few spermatozoa were found in sections of the post-partum uterus or its associated oviduct at any time. Spermatozoa were recovered by flushing from both sides but the numbers were 2-20 times greater in the non-parturient than in the post-partum side: the greatest difference occurred in the cervical canals 2-5 h after copulation. In females which had undergone a previous infertile cycle, spermatozoa were abundant in both cervices and both uteri. It is concluded that the differential distribution of spermatozoa in post-partum animals was (1) due to failure of transport in the recently pregnant side of the tract, rather than attraction of spermatozoa to the ovulation side, and (2) established at the cervix which, on the ovulation side, provides a reservoir of spermatozoa for 24 h after copulation.", "PMID": 563911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5785", "title": "Plasma gonadotrophins and oestradiol during oestrus in the cow.", "content": "LH values between -2 and +4 h (0 h = LH peak) were higher than baseline. FSH values were also raised at this time and between +16 and +30 h. Oestradiol values between -20 and 0 h were higher than during +4 to +20h.", "contents": "Plasma gonadotrophins and oestradiol during oestrus in the cow. LH values between -2 and +4 h (0 h = LH peak) were higher than baseline. FSH values were also raised at this time and between +16 and +30 h. Oestradiol values between -20 and 0 h were higher than during +4 to +20h.", "PMID": 563912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5786", "title": "The life-span of mammals.", "content": "Various parameters in the life cycle of mammals were investigated to find a possible correlation between these parameters and the life-span. Twenty-two factors were calculated to determine the true life-span of any mammal. In addition a single formula, by means of which the life-span could be determined, was constructed. The life-spans of certain species, as calculated by means of the formula, are compared with authorative estimates.", "contents": "The life-span of mammals. Various parameters in the life cycle of mammals were investigated to find a possible correlation between these parameters and the life-span. Twenty-two factors were calculated to determine the true life-span of any mammal. In addition a single formula, by means of which the life-span could be determined, was constructed. The life-spans of certain species, as calculated by means of the formula, are compared with authorative estimates.", "PMID": 563913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5787", "title": "Vaginal cytological changes in the cycling and anoestrous Angora goat doe.", "content": "The general smear pattern in the oestrous doe was characterised by a copious flow of thin clear mucus which formed distinct fernlike crystallisation patterns. Following ovulation the cervical secretion became a thick white cheesy mass containing large numbers of cellular elements and debris. The luteal period, as well as anoestrus was marked by a scant serous secretion which formed no crystallisation patterns. Leukocytes occurred in varying quantities throughout the cycle. Desquamation of the vaginal epithelium reached a high level during late oestrus when large numbers of cornified cells occurred in the smear. It is concluded that the cytological changes in the vaginal epithelium of the Angora doe appeared to be influenced by cyclical ovarian activity and could be used to assess ovarian oestrogenic activity.", "contents": "Vaginal cytological changes in the cycling and anoestrous Angora goat doe. The general smear pattern in the oestrous doe was characterised by a copious flow of thin clear mucus which formed distinct fernlike crystallisation patterns. Following ovulation the cervical secretion became a thick white cheesy mass containing large numbers of cellular elements and debris. The luteal period, as well as anoestrus was marked by a scant serous secretion which formed no crystallisation patterns. Leukocytes occurred in varying quantities throughout the cycle. Desquamation of the vaginal epithelium reached a high level during late oestrus when large numbers of cornified cells occurred in the smear. It is concluded that the cytological changes in the vaginal epithelium of the Angora doe appeared to be influenced by cyclical ovarian activity and could be used to assess ovarian oestrogenic activity.", "PMID": 563914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5788", "title": "Post partum infection in fection in cattle: diagnosis and preventive and curative treatment.", "content": "The important economic and other implications associated with an incidence of between 3 and 30% of pueperal disease in cattle are strongly emphasized. To understand the problem the physiology of the puerperium is first reviewed. Possible pathology associated with the puerperium is discussed and the aetiological factors, symptomatology observed in the genital tract and the general symptoms are discussed. Possible ways by which puerperal disease may be prevented are briefly mentioned and possible treatments for various puerperal syndromes are subsequently suggested.", "contents": "Post partum infection in fection in cattle: diagnosis and preventive and curative treatment. The important economic and other implications associated with an incidence of between 3 and 30% of pueperal disease in cattle are strongly emphasized. To understand the problem the physiology of the puerperium is first reviewed. Possible pathology associated with the puerperium is discussed and the aetiological factors, symptomatology observed in the genital tract and the general symptoms are discussed. Possible ways by which puerperal disease may be prevented are briefly mentioned and possible treatments for various puerperal syndromes are subsequently suggested.", "PMID": 563916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5789", "title": "Photoelectron microscopy of cell surfaces.", "content": "Photoelectron micrographs of fixed, unstained, uncoated chicken embryo fibroblasts and absolute photoelectron quantum yields in the 180-230 nm wavelength band of L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and the sucrose polymer Ficoll are reported. The quantum yields of the saccharides are low compared to the reference dye, phthalocyanine, and fall in the same range as those previously measured for amino acids and membrane phospholipids. Photoelectron micrographs of the unstained and uncoated cells inhibit considerable surface detail. The photoelectron quantum yield data and the micrographs indicate that surface relief is the dominant source of contrast.", "contents": "Photoelectron microscopy of cell surfaces. Photoelectron micrographs of fixed, unstained, uncoated chicken embryo fibroblasts and absolute photoelectron quantum yields in the 180-230 nm wavelength band of L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and the sucrose polymer Ficoll are reported. The quantum yields of the saccharides are low compared to the reference dye, phthalocyanine, and fall in the same range as those previously measured for amino acids and membrane phospholipids. Photoelectron micrographs of the unstained and uncoated cells inhibit considerable surface detail. The photoelectron quantum yield data and the micrographs indicate that surface relief is the dominant source of contrast.", "PMID": 563923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5790", "title": "Effects of endocrinologic conditions associated with acute versus chronic lactation on the incidence of mammary carcinomas in irradiated rats: brief communication.", "content": "Groups of female Fischer rats received 500 rads of gamma-irradiation and were maintained in hormone states that promoted or inhibited lactation. Chronically lactating rats developed no mammary tumors. Rats did not lactate or lactated acutely during the period surrounding irradiation developed similar numbers of carcinomas.", "contents": "Effects of endocrinologic conditions associated with acute versus chronic lactation on the incidence of mammary carcinomas in irradiated rats: brief communication. Groups of female Fischer rats received 500 rads of gamma-irradiation and were maintained in hormone states that promoted or inhibited lactation. Chronically lactating rats developed no mammary tumors. Rats did not lactate or lactated acutely during the period surrounding irradiation developed similar numbers of carcinomas.", "PMID": 563924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5791", "title": "Quipazine exacerbation of a hyperkinetic syndrome: involvement of brain dopamine and serotonin.", "content": "Quipazine (5-25 mg.kg-1, s.c.) was given to rats in which a hyperkinetic syndrome had been previously induced by administration of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN). Quipazine produced a significant increase in the circling behavior and choreiform head and neck movements, characteristic of the syndrome. This response could be blocked by pretreatment with the serotonin antagonists, SQ10, 631 (25 mg.kg-1, i.p.) and methysergide (5.0 mg.kg-1, i.p.), as well as the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol (0.5 mg.kg-1, i.p.). These observations are discussed with respect to the nature of the involvement of brain serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in quipazine action on these hyperkinetic disturbances.", "contents": "Quipazine exacerbation of a hyperkinetic syndrome: involvement of brain dopamine and serotonin. Quipazine (5-25 mg.kg-1, s.c.) was given to rats in which a hyperkinetic syndrome had been previously induced by administration of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN). Quipazine produced a significant increase in the circling behavior and choreiform head and neck movements, characteristic of the syndrome. This response could be blocked by pretreatment with the serotonin antagonists, SQ10, 631 (25 mg.kg-1, i.p.) and methysergide (5.0 mg.kg-1, i.p.), as well as the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol (0.5 mg.kg-1, i.p.). These observations are discussed with respect to the nature of the involvement of brain serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in quipazine action on these hyperkinetic disturbances.", "PMID": 563925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5792", "title": "Pubovaginal sling procedure for stress incontinence.", "content": "Urinary stress incontinence associated with poor urethral sphincter function and indicated by a urethral pressure of less than 10 cm. water was treated in 52 cases with a pubovaginal autogenous fascial sling. No urethral sphincter function could be measured in 7 patients. Of these 52 patients 42 had undergone a previous operation for stress incontinence. The uninhibited detrusor dysfunction that accompanied the stress incontinence in 29 cases ceased after operation in 20 but persisted in 9. Postoperative urethral pressure measurements indicated that while the sling increased urethral pressure it did not cause an obstruction during voiding, since there was a measurable decrease in urethral pressure during a detrusor contraction. Urodynamic determination were useful in patient selection, in the adjustment of sling tension at operation and in the assessment of reasons for failure. A satisfactory result with good urinary control was obtained in 50 cases and the procedure was a failure in 2.", "contents": "Pubovaginal sling procedure for stress incontinence. Urinary stress incontinence associated with poor urethral sphincter function and indicated by a urethral pressure of less than 10 cm. water was treated in 52 cases with a pubovaginal autogenous fascial sling. No urethral sphincter function could be measured in 7 patients. Of these 52 patients 42 had undergone a previous operation for stress incontinence. The uninhibited detrusor dysfunction that accompanied the stress incontinence in 29 cases ceased after operation in 20 but persisted in 9. Postoperative urethral pressure measurements indicated that while the sling increased urethral pressure it did not cause an obstruction during voiding, since there was a measurable decrease in urethral pressure during a detrusor contraction. Urodynamic determination were useful in patient selection, in the adjustment of sling tension at operation and in the assessment of reasons for failure. A satisfactory result with good urinary control was obtained in 50 cases and the procedure was a failure in 2.", "PMID": 563930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5793", "title": "Clindamycin in infective endocarditis.", "content": "Because of problems of penicillin allergy or lack of veins for intravenous administration of antibiotics, nine patients with endocarditis were treated with clindamycin, administered intramuscularly. Five patients were heroin addicts with staphylococcal endocarditis and four had alpha-streptococcal endocarditis. The only therapeutic failure occurred in a patient with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that became resistant to clindamycin in vivo. Such resistance has been reported to occur in vitro, and testing for it should prove useful in proper selection of cases for treatment with clindamycin, an agent that appears to be effective in selected cases of endocarditis.", "contents": "Clindamycin in infective endocarditis. Because of problems of penicillin allergy or lack of veins for intravenous administration of antibiotics, nine patients with endocarditis were treated with clindamycin, administered intramuscularly. Five patients were heroin addicts with staphylococcal endocarditis and four had alpha-streptococcal endocarditis. The only therapeutic failure occurred in a patient with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that became resistant to clindamycin in vivo. Such resistance has been reported to occur in vitro, and testing for it should prove useful in proper selection of cases for treatment with clindamycin, an agent that appears to be effective in selected cases of endocarditis.", "PMID": 563932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5794", "title": "[Intravesical formalization. Three case histories (author's transl)].", "content": "A great many approaches have been suggested to stop the very pronounced hematuria which on occasion complicates bladder tumors and radiocystitis or drug induced cystitis. Some clinicians have recommended instilling diluted formol in the bladder. The writers report on their impressions of this method based on experience with three cases. They elucidate possible procedural guidelines taking into account various intervening complications.", "contents": "[Intravesical formalization. Three case histories (author's transl)]. A great many approaches have been suggested to stop the very pronounced hematuria which on occasion complicates bladder tumors and radiocystitis or drug induced cystitis. Some clinicians have recommended instilling diluted formol in the bladder. The writers report on their impressions of this method based on experience with three cases. They elucidate possible procedural guidelines taking into account various intervening complications.", "PMID": 563928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5795", "title": "[Characteristics of the course of hypertension in relation to on plasma renin activity].", "content": "In 94 patients with hypertension the plasma renin activity was determined by the Yu. A. Serebrovskaya and I.A. Uchitel technique, the glomerular filtration--after Rehberg, potassium and sodium content in blood serum and 24-hour urine samples--by flame photometry. Hypertensive disease was found to be accompanied by an elevated plasma renin activity in 47.9% of the patients, by a normal level--in 26.9%, and by a reduced--in 25.6%, as compared with control group data. Cardiovascular complicatins were found in 1/5 of those with an elevated plasma renin activity, and no such complications were observed in those with a normal or reduced renin activity. An elevated plasma renin activity is a risk factor. The highest mean age and the longest duration of the disease history are typical for patients with low plasma renin activity. To choose the most rational therapy regimen it may be useful to calculate the renin-sodium index that reflects the relationship between the plasma renin activity and the urine excretion of sodium.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the course of hypertension in relation to on plasma renin activity]. In 94 patients with hypertension the plasma renin activity was determined by the Yu. A. Serebrovskaya and I.A. Uchitel technique, the glomerular filtration--after Rehberg, potassium and sodium content in blood serum and 24-hour urine samples--by flame photometry. Hypertensive disease was found to be accompanied by an elevated plasma renin activity in 47.9% of the patients, by a normal level--in 26.9%, and by a reduced--in 25.6%, as compared with control group data. Cardiovascular complicatins were found in 1/5 of those with an elevated plasma renin activity, and no such complications were observed in those with a normal or reduced renin activity. An elevated plasma renin activity is a risk factor. The highest mean age and the longest duration of the disease history are typical for patients with low plasma renin activity. To choose the most rational therapy regimen it may be useful to calculate the renin-sodium index that reflects the relationship between the plasma renin activity and the urine excretion of sodium.", "PMID": 563937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5796", "title": "[Change in the elastic-adhesive properties of the arteries and arterial pressure in hypertension at different periods of the day].", "content": "The 24-hour rhythm of values characterizing the elastic resistance of large arterial vessels and the arterial pressure was studied in 107 patients with hypertensive disease and in 79 normal persons by means of N.N. Savitsky's mechanocardiographic method. In healthy persons the hemodynamic values were marked by regular daily changes, while in those with hypertensive disease the daily rhythm of hemodynamics was considerably distorted, the degree and frequency of the disorder in the rhythm being dependent first and foremost on the severity of the disease. In patients with stage IB and stage IIA hypertensive disease a daily rhythm typical of a healthy person was retained, but the fluctuations in the values were of a higher level and range. The highest values of all indices were recorded in stages IIB and III and two variants of changes in the shape of the daily curve of arterial pressure and tone of arterial pressure were revealed; the first was characterized by the values being highest at night and in the early morning hours and lowest between 12 and 13 p.m., while the second, which was less frequent, corresponded to the shape of the daily curve peculiar to healthy persons.", "contents": "[Change in the elastic-adhesive properties of the arteries and arterial pressure in hypertension at different periods of the day]. The 24-hour rhythm of values characterizing the elastic resistance of large arterial vessels and the arterial pressure was studied in 107 patients with hypertensive disease and in 79 normal persons by means of N.N. Savitsky's mechanocardiographic method. In healthy persons the hemodynamic values were marked by regular daily changes, while in those with hypertensive disease the daily rhythm of hemodynamics was considerably distorted, the degree and frequency of the disorder in the rhythm being dependent first and foremost on the severity of the disease. In patients with stage IB and stage IIA hypertensive disease a daily rhythm typical of a healthy person was retained, but the fluctuations in the values were of a higher level and range. The highest values of all indices were recorded in stages IIB and III and two variants of changes in the shape of the daily curve of arterial pressure and tone of arterial pressure were revealed; the first was characterized by the values being highest at night and in the early morning hours and lowest between 12 and 13 p.m., while the second, which was less frequent, corresponded to the shape of the daily curve peculiar to healthy persons.", "PMID": 563938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5797", "title": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathica in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "A five months old infant is described with acrodermatitis enteropathica. The aetiology, pathogenesis and the clinical course of the disease is reported. It will be discussed the side effects of the oxychinolin therapy, the advantages and benefits of the substitution with zinc.", "contents": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathica in childhood (author's transl)]. A five months old infant is described with acrodermatitis enteropathica. The aetiology, pathogenesis and the clinical course of the disease is reported. It will be discussed the side effects of the oxychinolin therapy, the advantages and benefits of the substitution with zinc.", "PMID": 563939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5798", "title": "[The infantile chronic-visceral form of niemann-Pick diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A report was made of three patients who exhibited pronounced heptosplenomegaly at the time of hospital admission: a six-year-old girl and two brothers, 1 year 4 months and 4 years 4 months of age. As is typical for Niemann-Pick disease, foam cells were found in the bone marrow and the liver biopsy specimens for the three patients. Since, however, none of the children had syptoms involving the central nervous systems, the disease must have been the rare B form of Niemann-Pick disease, the infantile chronic-visceral form. In all three patients, laboratory findings indicated a disturbance in hepatic function. The characteristic pulmonary involvement associated with the infantile form was found only in the two brothers, and then in a follow-up examination one year later. The reduced speed of nerve conduction established in the two brothers suggested subclinical involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the disease process. Electron-microscopic examinations of liver biopsies showed various forms of lipoid storage: lipoid bodies with loose, membranous structures and bodies with dense, concentrically arranged lamellae.", "contents": "[The infantile chronic-visceral form of niemann-Pick diseases (author's transl)]. A report was made of three patients who exhibited pronounced heptosplenomegaly at the time of hospital admission: a six-year-old girl and two brothers, 1 year 4 months and 4 years 4 months of age. As is typical for Niemann-Pick disease, foam cells were found in the bone marrow and the liver biopsy specimens for the three patients. Since, however, none of the children had syptoms involving the central nervous systems, the disease must have been the rare B form of Niemann-Pick disease, the infantile chronic-visceral form. In all three patients, laboratory findings indicated a disturbance in hepatic function. The characteristic pulmonary involvement associated with the infantile form was found only in the two brothers, and then in a follow-up examination one year later. The reduced speed of nerve conduction established in the two brothers suggested subclinical involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the disease process. Electron-microscopic examinations of liver biopsies showed various forms of lipoid storage: lipoid bodies with loose, membranous structures and bodies with dense, concentrically arranged lamellae.", "PMID": 563940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5799", "title": "[Problems of enterectomy for diffuse peritonitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis was made of the author's own patients with diffuse perforative peritonitis (without appendicitis) in childhood. Most patients had a perforated enterocolitis. Treatment of choice: Resectioning the perforated areas of the intestine or Resectioning the intestine just before the perforation; anastomosis in the septic area should not be carried out, instead an enterostomy with two lumina should be performed; intensive therapy; therapy for sepsis with exchange transfusion. The reanastomazation should take place only after the patient has fully recovered; definite criteria for evaluation, when this is the case, were presented. The mortality rate for the author's cases was 46%; statistics taken from international literature indicate a mortality rate of 65%.", "contents": "[Problems of enterectomy for diffuse peritonitis in children (author's transl)]. An analysis was made of the author's own patients with diffuse perforative peritonitis (without appendicitis) in childhood. Most patients had a perforated enterocolitis. Treatment of choice: Resectioning the perforated areas of the intestine or Resectioning the intestine just before the perforation; anastomosis in the septic area should not be carried out, instead an enterostomy with two lumina should be performed; intensive therapy; therapy for sepsis with exchange transfusion. The reanastomazation should take place only after the patient has fully recovered; definite criteria for evaluation, when this is the case, were presented. The mortality rate for the author's cases was 46%; statistics taken from international literature indicate a mortality rate of 65%.", "PMID": 563941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5800", "title": "[Results of inadequate aftercare following surgical correction of proctatresia (author's transl)].", "content": "For deep proctatresia, postoperative aftercare consisting of adequate, long-term bougienage is important. On the basis of 10 cases, it was shown that inadequate postoperative bougienage for proctatresia leads to formation of a megacolon and to overflow incontinence. The incontinence can then only be controlled by carrying out a proctectomy and a sigmoidectomy together with surgical formation of the gracilis. This proved to be satisfactory for all 10 cases presented.", "contents": "[Results of inadequate aftercare following surgical correction of proctatresia (author's transl)]. For deep proctatresia, postoperative aftercare consisting of adequate, long-term bougienage is important. On the basis of 10 cases, it was shown that inadequate postoperative bougienage for proctatresia leads to formation of a megacolon and to overflow incontinence. The incontinence can then only be controlled by carrying out a proctectomy and a sigmoidectomy together with surgical formation of the gracilis. This proved to be satisfactory for all 10 cases presented.", "PMID": 563942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5801", "title": "[Ophthalmologic follow-up examination in galactosemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1966, Thalhammer foundet \"The Austrian Newborn Screening Program.\" Since 1969, we have examined 18 infants with galactosemia at 6 month to 8 year intervals. Even dense lens opacities often disappear with the correct dietary adjustment; progression of the cataract indicates failure to adhere to the prescribed diet.", "contents": "[Ophthalmologic follow-up examination in galactosemia (author's transl)]. In 1966, Thalhammer foundet \"The Austrian Newborn Screening Program.\" Since 1969, we have examined 18 infants with galactosemia at 6 month to 8 year intervals. Even dense lens opacities often disappear with the correct dietary adjustment; progression of the cataract indicates failure to adhere to the prescribed diet.", "PMID": 563943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5802", "title": "[Allergy to insect stings (author's transl)].", "content": "Generalised reactions after an insect bite call for an exact diagnosis: nonspecific general reactions must be distinguished from true allergic reactions. 12 children with allergic reactions to bee and/or wasp stings were investigated. The results of the skin tests and the allergen-specific IgE determinations were compared and found to vary distinctly in some cases. In addition to immediate therapy (emergency pharmacy), specific hyposensitization over several years is indicated. Observation of the course of IgE antibodies is presented.", "contents": "[Allergy to insect stings (author's transl)]. Generalised reactions after an insect bite call for an exact diagnosis: nonspecific general reactions must be distinguished from true allergic reactions. 12 children with allergic reactions to bee and/or wasp stings were investigated. The results of the skin tests and the allergen-specific IgE determinations were compared and found to vary distinctly in some cases. In addition to immediate therapy (emergency pharmacy), specific hyposensitization over several years is indicated. Observation of the course of IgE antibodies is presented.", "PMID": 563944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5803", "title": "49, XXXXY syndrome in a 1 year-old infant.", "content": "Clinical signs of developmental anomalies found in the 49, XXXXY patients have been reported based on the author's case.", "contents": "49, XXXXY syndrome in a 1 year-old infant. Clinical signs of developmental anomalies found in the 49, XXXXY patients have been reported based on the author's case.", "PMID": 563945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5804", "title": "[Alteration of platelet function during intensive replacement therapy in haemophilia A (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes two patients with haemophilia A who developed a transient thrombocytopathy with haemorrhagic diathesis during post-operative high-dose replacement therapy with antihaemophilic globulin. At the time of the bleeding the factor VIII-activity was in the normal range in both patients. The fibrinogen level, however, was elevated to 1700 mg-% and the factor VIII-associated antigen rose to more than 6-fold. At no time of replacement therapy with antihaemophilic globulin could either fibrinogen split products or fragments of the factor VIII-protein be detected by the usual methods. In view of the results of the thrombocyte aggregation experiments the authors postulate a disturbance of platelet function at the level of the membrane surface due to an overload of increased amounts of circulating proteins. Both the possible interference of dialysable factor VIII-components and the role of immunpathologic phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "[Alteration of platelet function during intensive replacement therapy in haemophilia A (author's transl)]. This report describes two patients with haemophilia A who developed a transient thrombocytopathy with haemorrhagic diathesis during post-operative high-dose replacement therapy with antihaemophilic globulin. At the time of the bleeding the factor VIII-activity was in the normal range in both patients. The fibrinogen level, however, was elevated to 1700 mg-% and the factor VIII-associated antigen rose to more than 6-fold. At no time of replacement therapy with antihaemophilic globulin could either fibrinogen split products or fragments of the factor VIII-protein be detected by the usual methods. In view of the results of the thrombocyte aggregation experiments the authors postulate a disturbance of platelet function at the level of the membrane surface due to an overload of increased amounts of circulating proteins. Both the possible interference of dialysable factor VIII-components and the role of immunpathologic phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 563948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5805", "title": "The type II epithelial cells of the lung. IV. Adaption and behavior of isolated type II cells in culture.", "content": "Type II lung epithelial cells were isolated from rabbit lungs using the method of Kikkawa and Yoneda (Kikkawa Y, Yoneda K: Lab Invest 30: 76, 1974). Successful primary cultures were obtained only after utilizing high density cell plating (greater than 3 X 10(5) viable cells per sq. cm.) and allowing an attachment time of 48 hours. Attachment efficiency of the isolated cell preparations was highest when medium was supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. These conditions enabled us to obtain consistently successful primary type II lung cell cultures. Cultures were monitored for a period of 2 weeks after initiation. Light, phase, and electron microscopy examination demonstrated that these primary cultures were indeed type II cells. The principal morphologic feature was the presence of dense lamellar granules in these cells. These primary cultures retained the characteristic type II features for 3 to 5 days in vitro, after which cultures exhibited a progressive deterioration and loss of their phenotypic properties. This behavioral pattern of type II cells in culture may represent both accelerated proliferation and accelerated transformation of these cells into type I epithelial cells.", "contents": "The type II epithelial cells of the lung. IV. Adaption and behavior of isolated type II cells in culture. Type II lung epithelial cells were isolated from rabbit lungs using the method of Kikkawa and Yoneda (Kikkawa Y, Yoneda K: Lab Invest 30: 76, 1974). Successful primary cultures were obtained only after utilizing high density cell plating (greater than 3 X 10(5) viable cells per sq. cm.) and allowing an attachment time of 48 hours. Attachment efficiency of the isolated cell preparations was highest when medium was supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. These conditions enabled us to obtain consistently successful primary type II lung cell cultures. Cultures were monitored for a period of 2 weeks after initiation. Light, phase, and electron microscopy examination demonstrated that these primary cultures were indeed type II cells. The principal morphologic feature was the presence of dense lamellar granules in these cells. These primary cultures retained the characteristic type II features for 3 to 5 days in vitro, after which cultures exhibited a progressive deterioration and loss of their phenotypic properties. This behavioral pattern of type II cells in culture may represent both accelerated proliferation and accelerated transformation of these cells into type I epithelial cells.", "PMID": 563952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5806", "title": "Comparative pharmacologic effects on tissue factor activity in normal cells and an established cell line.", "content": "The tissue factor (thromboplastin) activity of cells grown in vitro is modulated by exogenous drugs. The activity of human foreskin fibroblasts and umbilical vein smooth muscle cells is enhanced by 10(-6) M hydrocortisone or 1 mM butyrate. Activity is suppressed in these cells by 10(-6) M colchicine whereas 10(-4) M chloroquine has little or no effect. Two established cell lines, WISH or HeLa cells, have elevated tissue factor activity in the presence of colchicine or chloroquine and suppressed activity with exogenous hydrocortisone. Their activity is also decreased by 10 mM butyrate whereas 1 mM butyrate does not alter activity. Colchicine and butyrate apparently act via a mechanism unrelated to their effect on microtubules since it is possible to dissociate activity changes from morphologic changes. Umbilical vein endothelial cell tissue factor activity responds uniquely to exogenous drugs. Hydrocortisone or 10(-5) M vinblastine (or colchicine) only minimally alters activity. Endothelial cells are not simply refractory toward all drugs, however, since chloroquine dramatically enhances activity whereas 1 mM butyrate suppresses it. The low specific activity of endothelial cells and their apparently unique drug response may be another measure of their function as an in vivo hemostatic barrier.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacologic effects on tissue factor activity in normal cells and an established cell line. The tissue factor (thromboplastin) activity of cells grown in vitro is modulated by exogenous drugs. The activity of human foreskin fibroblasts and umbilical vein smooth muscle cells is enhanced by 10(-6) M hydrocortisone or 1 mM butyrate. Activity is suppressed in these cells by 10(-6) M colchicine whereas 10(-4) M chloroquine has little or no effect. Two established cell lines, WISH or HeLa cells, have elevated tissue factor activity in the presence of colchicine or chloroquine and suppressed activity with exogenous hydrocortisone. Their activity is also decreased by 10 mM butyrate whereas 1 mM butyrate does not alter activity. Colchicine and butyrate apparently act via a mechanism unrelated to their effect on microtubules since it is possible to dissociate activity changes from morphologic changes. Umbilical vein endothelial cell tissue factor activity responds uniquely to exogenous drugs. Hydrocortisone or 10(-5) M vinblastine (or colchicine) only minimally alters activity. Endothelial cells are not simply refractory toward all drugs, however, since chloroquine dramatically enhances activity whereas 1 mM butyrate suppresses it. The low specific activity of endothelial cells and their apparently unique drug response may be another measure of their function as an in vivo hemostatic barrier.", "PMID": 563953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5807", "title": "[Sleep as an index of the central nervous system reaction of the dog to the action of stress factors].", "content": "Continuous round-the-clock polygraphic monitoring of sleep and wakefulness was done once a week from four dogs which for a month were kept under isolated and confined conditions. Significant differences were found in the dynamics of representation of various sleep stages that depended on the typological characteristics of the higher nervous activity and related patterns of adaptation to stress-effects. The findings show that sleep studies are promising for the selection of flight animals and for objective evaluation of their adaptive capacity.", "contents": "[Sleep as an index of the central nervous system reaction of the dog to the action of stress factors]. Continuous round-the-clock polygraphic monitoring of sleep and wakefulness was done once a week from four dogs which for a month were kept under isolated and confined conditions. Significant differences were found in the dynamics of representation of various sleep stages that depended on the typological characteristics of the higher nervous activity and related patterns of adaptation to stress-effects. The findings show that sleep studies are promising for the selection of flight animals and for objective evaluation of their adaptive capacity.", "PMID": 563949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5808", "title": "Cell surface carbohydrates of preimplantation embryos as assessed by lectin binding.", "content": "Preimplantation embryos were obtained from the uteri and oviducts of 2 strains of mice, Swiss CD-1 and B6CBA. After removal of the zona pellucida by treatment with pronase, FITC-lectins were bound to the embryonic cell surfaces at either 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Both morula and blastocyst stage embryos bound the following lectins, FITC-ConA, FITC-WGA, FITC-RCAII and FITC-RCAI. No difference in binding was observed between the morula stage and the blastocyst stage within each mouse strain for each specific lectin. However B6CBA embryos bound less FITC-ConA and FITC-WGA than the corresponding Swiss CD-1 embryos. The topographical arrangement of the lectin receptors was observed to differ between 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C for FITC-ConA, FITC-RCAII, and FITC-RCAI. While lectins bound at 4 degrees C showed a pattern of continuous labeling, the same lectin at 37 degrees C showed aggregation of lectin receptors into patches indicating lateral mobility of these receptors within the embryonic cell membranes. In contrast FITC-WGA bound at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C demonstrated continuous labeling of embryos at both temperatures. FITC-fucose binding protein did not bind to Swiss CD-1 embryos. The invasiveness of trophoblastic cells of mouse blastocysts was studied by culturing isolated embryos without prior enzyme treatment on reconstituted collagen gels. After 4 days in BME containing only glutamine and bovine serum albumin as supplements, the embryos shed their zona pellucida and implanted into the collagen gel as indicated by zones of lysis in proximity to the embryonic cells when analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Cell surface carbohydrates of preimplantation embryos as assessed by lectin binding. Preimplantation embryos were obtained from the uteri and oviducts of 2 strains of mice, Swiss CD-1 and B6CBA. After removal of the zona pellucida by treatment with pronase, FITC-lectins were bound to the embryonic cell surfaces at either 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Both morula and blastocyst stage embryos bound the following lectins, FITC-ConA, FITC-WGA, FITC-RCAII and FITC-RCAI. No difference in binding was observed between the morula stage and the blastocyst stage within each mouse strain for each specific lectin. However B6CBA embryos bound less FITC-ConA and FITC-WGA than the corresponding Swiss CD-1 embryos. The topographical arrangement of the lectin receptors was observed to differ between 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C for FITC-ConA, FITC-RCAII, and FITC-RCAI. While lectins bound at 4 degrees C showed a pattern of continuous labeling, the same lectin at 37 degrees C showed aggregation of lectin receptors into patches indicating lateral mobility of these receptors within the embryonic cell membranes. In contrast FITC-WGA bound at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C demonstrated continuous labeling of embryos at both temperatures. FITC-fucose binding protein did not bind to Swiss CD-1 embryos. The invasiveness of trophoblastic cells of mouse blastocysts was studied by culturing isolated embryos without prior enzyme treatment on reconstituted collagen gels. After 4 days in BME containing only glutamine and bovine serum albumin as supplements, the embryos shed their zona pellucida and implanted into the collagen gel as indicated by zones of lysis in proximity to the embryonic cells when analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 563956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5809", "title": "The effects of short-term isolation on systolic blood pressure and heart rate in rats.", "content": "The effect of short-term isolation on the systolic blood pressure and heart rate of rats has been studied. Five days continuous isolation in glass metabolic cages caused systolic arterial hypertension in all animals. Isolation in standard cages for this time period caused hypertension, but only in 55% of the animals. Both forms of isolation caused an initial tachycardia. Handling and contact with other animals for 1 hr daily prevented the development of hypertension in some animals but did not alter the blood pressure once the hypertension had developed. Group-housing of animals after a 3 week period of isolation restored blood pressure to control levels within 24 hr. It is possible that stress imposed by isolation activated the sympatho-adrenal system and thereby caused these changes.", "contents": "The effects of short-term isolation on systolic blood pressure and heart rate in rats. The effect of short-term isolation on the systolic blood pressure and heart rate of rats has been studied. Five days continuous isolation in glass metabolic cages caused systolic arterial hypertension in all animals. Isolation in standard cages for this time period caused hypertension, but only in 55% of the animals. Both forms of isolation caused an initial tachycardia. Handling and contact with other animals for 1 hr daily prevented the development of hypertension in some animals but did not alter the blood pressure once the hypertension had developed. Group-housing of animals after a 3 week period of isolation restored blood pressure to control levels within 24 hr. It is possible that stress imposed by isolation activated the sympatho-adrenal system and thereby caused these changes.", "PMID": 563958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5810", "title": "[Atigenic relationship among Torulopsis insectalen, Torulopsis musae and several other Torulopsis strains (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper, the antigenic relationship among standard T. insectalens and T. musae strains and other 11 standard Torulopsis are investigated using simultaneous agglutination and absorption experiments. These experiments also showed that T. insectalens and T. musae have special antigenic fractions, different from Torulopsis antigens.", "contents": "[Atigenic relationship among Torulopsis insectalen, Torulopsis musae and several other Torulopsis strains (author's transl)]. In this paper, the antigenic relationship among standard T. insectalens and T. musae strains and other 11 standard Torulopsis are investigated using simultaneous agglutination and absorption experiments. These experiments also showed that T. insectalens and T. musae have special antigenic fractions, different from Torulopsis antigens.", "PMID": 563966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5811", "title": "[Synthesis of intracellular and extracellular metabolites by Rhodotorula glutinis].", "content": "A close relationship has been established between the production of extracellular and intracellular lipids and polysaccharides by Rhodotorula glutinis. Their synthesis depended on the pH of the medium. The composition and dynamics of polyol content in the cells, and the presence of acids typical of exolipids in the composition of intracellular lipids under certain conditions, suggest that the components of extracellular lipids are synthesized within the yeast cell.", "contents": "[Synthesis of intracellular and extracellular metabolites by Rhodotorula glutinis]. A close relationship has been established between the production of extracellular and intracellular lipids and polysaccharides by Rhodotorula glutinis. Their synthesis depended on the pH of the medium. The composition and dynamics of polyol content in the cells, and the presence of acids typical of exolipids in the composition of intracellular lipids under certain conditions, suggest that the components of extracellular lipids are synthesized within the yeast cell.", "PMID": 563962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5812", "title": "[Biochemical and morphological characteristics of Endomycopsis fibuliger growing on media containing ethanol or starch].", "content": "Differences in growth and glucoamylase synthesis were studied with Endomycopsis fibuliger R-574 growing on media containing ethanol or starch under conditions of periodic or continuous cultivation. The activity of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbon sources was studied as well as the pathways of starch and ethanol metabolism. The morphology and ultrastructure of the cells were investigated during their growth in the media containing starch or ethanol.", "contents": "[Biochemical and morphological characteristics of Endomycopsis fibuliger growing on media containing ethanol or starch]. Differences in growth and glucoamylase synthesis were studied with Endomycopsis fibuliger R-574 growing on media containing ethanol or starch under conditions of periodic or continuous cultivation. The activity of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbon sources was studied as well as the pathways of starch and ethanol metabolism. The morphology and ultrastructure of the cells were investigated during their growth in the media containing starch or ethanol.", "PMID": 563963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5813", "title": "[Subcutaneous abscess due to dematiacious fungi. Report of two cases].", "content": "Two cases of subcutaneous abscesses due to dematiaceous fungi are presented. The first, localized in the elbow, exhibited the characteristic microscopic picture of the disorder. The second was localized in the sole, but histologically it showed well-organized mycotic granules much like those reported for eumycetoma. Both patients were asymptomatic and the clinical diagnosis was erroneous. The morphologic, clinical and etiologic aspects are discussed in the text. These cases indicate the need to consider mycotic infections in the differential diagnosis of all lesions which clinically resemble subcutaneous abscesses, so that proper mycological studies can be done and the relationship between the process and the various etiologic agents implicated can be clarified.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous abscess due to dematiacious fungi. Report of two cases]. Two cases of subcutaneous abscesses due to dematiaceous fungi are presented. The first, localized in the elbow, exhibited the characteristic microscopic picture of the disorder. The second was localized in the sole, but histologically it showed well-organized mycotic granules much like those reported for eumycetoma. Both patients were asymptomatic and the clinical diagnosis was erroneous. The morphologic, clinical and etiologic aspects are discussed in the text. These cases indicate the need to consider mycotic infections in the differential diagnosis of all lesions which clinically resemble subcutaneous abscesses, so that proper mycological studies can be done and the relationship between the process and the various etiologic agents implicated can be clarified.", "PMID": 563977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5814", "title": "6-Methylpurine-induced inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis in Sclerotium rolfsii and its reversal by adenosine.", "content": "In liquid synthetic medium inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii (SR), addition of 6-methylpurine (MP, 50microgram/ml) immediately after inoculation led to approximately 100% reduction in sclerotia production. Adenosine, and to a lesser extent guanosine, each at final concentration of 100microgram/ml significantly reduced inhibition of sclerotia formation by SR in presence of 50microgram/ml MP. Uridine and cytidine each at 100microgram/ml had no such effect. The inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis could be prevented by addition of 800microgram/ml of adenosine together with 50microgram/ml MP. Reversal by adenosine of MP-induced inhibition of sclerotia development was concentration dependent.", "contents": "6-Methylpurine-induced inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis in Sclerotium rolfsii and its reversal by adenosine. In liquid synthetic medium inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii (SR), addition of 6-methylpurine (MP, 50microgram/ml) immediately after inoculation led to approximately 100% reduction in sclerotia production. Adenosine, and to a lesser extent guanosine, each at final concentration of 100microgram/ml significantly reduced inhibition of sclerotia formation by SR in presence of 50microgram/ml MP. Uridine and cytidine each at 100microgram/ml had no such effect. The inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis could be prevented by addition of 800microgram/ml of adenosine together with 50microgram/ml MP. Reversal by adenosine of MP-induced inhibition of sclerotia development was concentration dependent.", "PMID": 563978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5815", "title": "Experimental infection of white mouse with Chrysosporium and Paecilomyces.", "content": "SPF white mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 5 strains of saprophytic fungi of the mycelial genera Chrysosporium (C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum) and Paecilomyces (P. lilacinus, P. marquandii, P. victoriae). The fungi caused granulomatous lesions in the peritoneal cavity and they were recultured (except P. lilacinus and P. marquandii) two months after inoculation. Spores, short hyphae and budding cells of all the fungi were observed in the granulomas stained by periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) and methenamine-silver nitrate (Grocott) techniques.", "contents": "Experimental infection of white mouse with Chrysosporium and Paecilomyces. SPF white mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 5 strains of saprophytic fungi of the mycelial genera Chrysosporium (C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum) and Paecilomyces (P. lilacinus, P. marquandii, P. victoriae). The fungi caused granulomatous lesions in the peritoneal cavity and they were recultured (except P. lilacinus and P. marquandii) two months after inoculation. Spores, short hyphae and budding cells of all the fungi were observed in the granulomas stained by periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) and methenamine-silver nitrate (Grocott) techniques.", "PMID": 563979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5816", "title": "X-chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro.", "content": "Evidence is presented that both X chromosomes are genetically active in clonal cultures of undifferentiated female mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells derived from a spontaneous ovarian tumour. As the cells differentiate in vitro one of the X chromosomes becomes inactivated.", "contents": "X-chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro. Evidence is presented that both X chromosomes are genetically active in clonal cultures of undifferentiated female mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells derived from a spontaneous ovarian tumour. As the cells differentiate in vitro one of the X chromosomes becomes inactivated.", "PMID": 563984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5817", "title": "The effect of chronic ethanol treatment on behaviour and central monoamines in the rat.", "content": "Rats weaned at 16 days of age were treated with various ethanol concentrations (8--24% w/v) for 270 days. The effect of the chronic ethanol treatment on the growth rate, the diurnal pattern of drinking, the open field activity, and the conditioned avoidance acquisition and retention of the rats were studied. Termination of the chronic ethanol administration caused two types of withdrawal syndromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 h after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyperexcitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioural stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Biochemically, the latter withdrawal syndrome was accompanied by an increased rate of tyrosine hydroxylation (measured as the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase) in the striatum and dopamine-rich limbic structures. No differences in the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan were observed. Furthermore, there was an increased level of dopamine concomitant with a decreased level of noradrenaline in the limbic areas during ongoing ethanol treatment. On the 4th day after withdrawal of ethanol the endogenous levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were statistically significantly reduced in the limbic structures. The data of the present study indicate that chronic ethanol administration induces various kinds of behavioural changes and that these changes at least partially are mediated via central catecholamine mechanisms.", "contents": "The effect of chronic ethanol treatment on behaviour and central monoamines in the rat. Rats weaned at 16 days of age were treated with various ethanol concentrations (8--24% w/v) for 270 days. The effect of the chronic ethanol treatment on the growth rate, the diurnal pattern of drinking, the open field activity, and the conditioned avoidance acquisition and retention of the rats were studied. Termination of the chronic ethanol administration caused two types of withdrawal syndromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 h after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyperexcitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioural stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Biochemically, the latter withdrawal syndrome was accompanied by an increased rate of tyrosine hydroxylation (measured as the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase) in the striatum and dopamine-rich limbic structures. No differences in the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan were observed. Furthermore, there was an increased level of dopamine concomitant with a decreased level of noradrenaline in the limbic areas during ongoing ethanol treatment. On the 4th day after withdrawal of ethanol the endogenous levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were statistically significantly reduced in the limbic structures. The data of the present study indicate that chronic ethanol administration induces various kinds of behavioural changes and that these changes at least partially are mediated via central catecholamine mechanisms.", "PMID": 563988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5818", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of enkephalins. Regional distribution in rat brain after morphine treatment and hypophysectomy.", "content": "Using highly sensitive and highly specific antisera methionine- and leucine-enkephalin levels were determined in various areas of the rat brain. The highest content of both enkephalins was found in the striatum and the hypothalamus, whereas in the hippocampus, the cerebellum and the cortex only a low content was present. The ratio methionine-enkephalin/leucine-enkephalin was about three. Neither acute or chronic morphine treatment nor precipitated morphine withdrawal induced significant changes in enkephalin levels in any brain region. Also hypophysectomy did not affect the enkephalin content of the various brain regions.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of enkephalins. Regional distribution in rat brain after morphine treatment and hypophysectomy. Using highly sensitive and highly specific antisera methionine- and leucine-enkephalin levels were determined in various areas of the rat brain. The highest content of both enkephalins was found in the striatum and the hypothalamus, whereas in the hippocampus, the cerebellum and the cortex only a low content was present. The ratio methionine-enkephalin/leucine-enkephalin was about three. Neither acute or chronic morphine treatment nor precipitated morphine withdrawal induced significant changes in enkephalin levels in any brain region. Also hypophysectomy did not affect the enkephalin content of the various brain regions.", "PMID": 563989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5819", "title": "Multiple sclerosis among Orientals and Caucasians in Hawaii: a reappraisal.", "content": "A comparative retrospective study of Oriental and Caucasian patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) failed to reveal significant differences between the two groups regarding historical data, such as sex ratio, mode of onset, age at onset, duration of illness, and clinical course, suggesting that MS is essentially the same disease in both groups. However, certain clinical features were more frequent in Orientals: Severe bilateral optic nerve involvement; acute transverse myelopathy, especially of a recurrent nature; clear-cut sensory levels; and optic-spinal-brainstem and optic-spinal involvement. Environmental factors may also be responsible.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis among Orientals and Caucasians in Hawaii: a reappraisal. A comparative retrospective study of Oriental and Caucasian patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) failed to reveal significant differences between the two groups regarding historical data, such as sex ratio, mode of onset, age at onset, duration of illness, and clinical course, suggesting that MS is essentially the same disease in both groups. However, certain clinical features were more frequent in Orientals: Severe bilateral optic nerve involvement; acute transverse myelopathy, especially of a recurrent nature; clear-cut sensory levels; and optic-spinal-brainstem and optic-spinal involvement. Environmental factors may also be responsible.", "PMID": 563994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5820", "title": "Recurrent meningitis due to an intracranial epidermoid.", "content": "The association of intracranial dermoids and epidermoids and recurrent meningitis is usually related to the presence of dermal sinuses that allow bacterial entry. Epidermoid cysts rarely discharge their contents into subarachnoid space to cause meningitis, except after surgical removal. We describe a child who had 10 separate episodes of chemical meningitis between age 13 months and her death at age 2 years 9 months. Death was caused by an intra-axial epidermoid in the ventral pons which had ruptured into the subarachnoid space, as shown at autopsy. There was no evidence of sinus tracts, and radiographic studies revealed no mass.", "contents": "Recurrent meningitis due to an intracranial epidermoid. The association of intracranial dermoids and epidermoids and recurrent meningitis is usually related to the presence of dermal sinuses that allow bacterial entry. Epidermoid cysts rarely discharge their contents into subarachnoid space to cause meningitis, except after surgical removal. We describe a child who had 10 separate episodes of chemical meningitis between age 13 months and her death at age 2 years 9 months. Death was caused by an intra-axial epidermoid in the ventral pons which had ruptured into the subarachnoid space, as shown at autopsy. There was no evidence of sinus tracts, and radiographic studies revealed no mass.", "PMID": 563995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5821", "title": "The neuropathology of the nonketotic and ketotic hyperglycinemias: three cases.", "content": "Abnormal dysmyelination constitutes a pathoanatomic basis for the mental retardation in two different aminoacidopathies, nonketotic hyperglycinemia and ketotic hyperglycinemia. In both conditions myelin is decreased in amount and vacuolated. Similar patterns of dysmyelination in different aminoacidopathies suggest that abnormal myelination results from inadequate synthesis of myelin proteins.", "contents": "The neuropathology of the nonketotic and ketotic hyperglycinemias: three cases. Abnormal dysmyelination constitutes a pathoanatomic basis for the mental retardation in two different aminoacidopathies, nonketotic hyperglycinemia and ketotic hyperglycinemia. In both conditions myelin is decreased in amount and vacuolated. Similar patterns of dysmyelination in different aminoacidopathies suggest that abnormal myelination results from inadequate synthesis of myelin proteins.", "PMID": 563996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5822", "title": "Muscle carnitine deficiency and fatal cardiomyopathy.", "content": "A 23-month-old boy with progressive muscle weakness and severe cardiomyopathy was found to have oil red O positive vacuoles predominantly in type 1 muscle fibers. Serum carnitine was normal, but muscle carnitine content was decreased. Both parents were clinically normal, but the muscle carnitine level was low in the father. Despite oral treatment with carnitine, the condition progressed and was fatal. At autopsy, cardiac muscle showed borderline low carnitine content and numerous mitochondria, but no lipid accumulation.", "contents": "Muscle carnitine deficiency and fatal cardiomyopathy. A 23-month-old boy with progressive muscle weakness and severe cardiomyopathy was found to have oil red O positive vacuoles predominantly in type 1 muscle fibers. Serum carnitine was normal, but muscle carnitine content was decreased. Both parents were clinically normal, but the muscle carnitine level was low in the father. Despite oral treatment with carnitine, the condition progressed and was fatal. At autopsy, cardiac muscle showed borderline low carnitine content and numerous mitochondria, but no lipid accumulation.", "PMID": 563997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5823", "title": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with Leber optic atrophy.", "content": "A family is described in which visual failure was associated with hypertrophic Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The diagnosis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was confirmed by electrophysiologic studies and by quantitative histologic studies of sural nerve biopsies. The clinical features and mode of inheritance of the visual failure were those of Leber optic atrophy. The two conditions were inherited independently.", "contents": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with Leber optic atrophy. A family is described in which visual failure was associated with hypertrophic Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The diagnosis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was confirmed by electrophysiologic studies and by quantitative histologic studies of sural nerve biopsies. The clinical features and mode of inheritance of the visual failure were those of Leber optic atrophy. The two conditions were inherited independently.", "PMID": 563998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5824", "title": "Traumatic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in childhood.", "content": "Vigorous gymnastics and repeated manipulations of the cervical spine by a chiropractor were associated with headaches and transient cranial nerve deficits in a 7-year-old boy who had a history of birth trauma. Progressive cerebellar dysfunction was later accompanied by a visual field defect. A computerized axial tomography scan revealed a cerebellar infarction, and arteriograms showed vertebral and basilar occlusions. Passive stretching of the cervical spine during chiropractic maneuvers may lead to vertebral artery thrombosis with subsequent embolization into the basilar artery circulation.", "contents": "Traumatic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in childhood. Vigorous gymnastics and repeated manipulations of the cervical spine by a chiropractor were associated with headaches and transient cranial nerve deficits in a 7-year-old boy who had a history of birth trauma. Progressive cerebellar dysfunction was later accompanied by a visual field defect. A computerized axial tomography scan revealed a cerebellar infarction, and arteriograms showed vertebral and basilar occlusions. Passive stretching of the cervical spine during chiropractic maneuvers may lead to vertebral artery thrombosis with subsequent embolization into the basilar artery circulation.", "PMID": 563999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5825", "title": "Complex partial status epilepticus (psychomotor status).", "content": "A 20-year-old mentally retarded woman, who had a history of intractable epileptic seizures since early childhood, had prolonged episodes of confusion, decreased responsiveness and automatic behavior lasting as long as 2 days. These are believed to represent epileptic status of the complex partial (psychomotor) type because the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during two such periods showed continuous high amplitude, semirhythmic, 4 to 6 cycles per second (cps), spike activity over both frontotemporal regions; several interictal tracings revealed a consistent spike focus in the right anterior temporal area. Diazepam given intravenously during one such episode terminated both the abnormal behavior and the ictal discharges in the EEG.", "contents": "Complex partial status epilepticus (psychomotor status). A 20-year-old mentally retarded woman, who had a history of intractable epileptic seizures since early childhood, had prolonged episodes of confusion, decreased responsiveness and automatic behavior lasting as long as 2 days. These are believed to represent epileptic status of the complex partial (psychomotor) type because the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during two such periods showed continuous high amplitude, semirhythmic, 4 to 6 cycles per second (cps), spike activity over both frontotemporal regions; several interictal tracings revealed a consistent spike focus in the right anterior temporal area. Diazepam given intravenously during one such episode terminated both the abnormal behavior and the ictal discharges in the EEG.", "PMID": 564000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5826", "title": "Propranolol for severe post-head injury action tremor.", "content": "Two children developed persistent, incapacitating, upper extremity tremor following severe head injury from bicycle-automobile collision accidents. Both responded well to treatment with the beta blocking agent, propranolol, improving motor control in school and self-care tasks.", "contents": "Propranolol for severe post-head injury action tremor. Two children developed persistent, incapacitating, upper extremity tremor following severe head injury from bicycle-automobile collision accidents. Both responded well to treatment with the beta blocking agent, propranolol, improving motor control in school and self-care tasks.", "PMID": 564001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5827", "title": "Myoglobinuria and renal failure after status epilepticus.", "content": "Acute renal failure developed in a 28-year-old man after status epilepticus. Myoglobinuria was contributed to by convulsions, trauma and coma during status epilepticus, the three mechanisms responsible for this condition.", "contents": "Myoglobinuria and renal failure after status epilepticus. Acute renal failure developed in a 28-year-old man after status epilepticus. Myoglobinuria was contributed to by convulsions, trauma and coma during status epilepticus, the three mechanisms responsible for this condition.", "PMID": 564002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5828", "title": "Congenital malformations, abnormal glucose tolerance, and estriol excretion in pregnancy.", "content": "Study of 10,454 consecutive newborn infants showed that 4.1% had a major malformation and 6.5% had a minor malformation. The incidence of major fetal malformations was increased in stillborn infants (14.1%), neonatal deaths (36.7%), and dysmature infants (8.6%), and when there was maternal hypoglycemia (5.8%, hyperglycemia (5.8%), or subnormal urinary estriol excretion (9.8%). Minor malformations were associated with fetal dysmaturity (9.7%) and subnormal estriol excretion (8.8%). Abnormalities of maternal glucose tolerance and urinary estriol excretion were associated with specific types of major malformations. These data showed that hypoglycemia was as important as hyperglycemia in the etiology of fetal malformations.", "contents": "Congenital malformations, abnormal glucose tolerance, and estriol excretion in pregnancy. Study of 10,454 consecutive newborn infants showed that 4.1% had a major malformation and 6.5% had a minor malformation. The incidence of major fetal malformations was increased in stillborn infants (14.1%), neonatal deaths (36.7%), and dysmature infants (8.6%), and when there was maternal hypoglycemia (5.8%, hyperglycemia (5.8%), or subnormal urinary estriol excretion (9.8%). Minor malformations were associated with fetal dysmaturity (9.7%) and subnormal estriol excretion (8.8%). Abnormalities of maternal glucose tolerance and urinary estriol excretion were associated with specific types of major malformations. These data showed that hypoglycemia was as important as hyperglycemia in the etiology of fetal malformations.", "PMID": 564006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5829", "title": "Renal anomalies in the \"XY female\".", "content": "Renal and urinary tract anomalies have been reported to occur with a number of chromosomal abberations and a variety of m\u00fcllerian developmental anomalies. Historically, the XY female has been privileged to remain free from these associated urologic complications. Presented are two types of the XY female in whom a major renal anomaly was found. It is possible that a potentially more frequent association of developmental anomalies has been overlooked. The urinary systems of XY females, when identified, should be investigated.", "contents": "Renal anomalies in the \"XY female\". Renal and urinary tract anomalies have been reported to occur with a number of chromosomal abberations and a variety of m\u00fcllerian developmental anomalies. Historically, the XY female has been privileged to remain free from these associated urologic complications. Presented are two types of the XY female in whom a major renal anomaly was found. It is possible that a potentially more frequent association of developmental anomalies has been overlooked. The urinary systems of XY females, when identified, should be investigated.", "PMID": 564007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5830", "title": "An investigation of job satisfaction factors in an incident of mass psychogenic illness at the workplace.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken of an apparent outbreak of contagious psychogenic illness at an electronics plant in which approximately 50 females reported a variety of subjective nonspecific symptoms. The workers believed that the physical symptomatology was triggered by an unidentified odor in the plant which was not verified by environmental sampling for chemicals or by medical evaluations of affected workers. A random sample of non-affected and affected workers was surveyed by means of psychological health status inventories and epidemiological indices to determine the role that life-history, personality characteristics and job dissatisfaction had on susceptibility to illness. Results indicated that those workers reporting the highest level of perceived stress due to job dissatisfaction, family problems, and personal conflict were most likely to experience somatic symptoms. In the present study sources of dissatisfaction identified as potential precipitating factors of the illness outbreak were: 1) working conditions, 2) supervisory style, and 3) personal lifestyle.", "contents": "An investigation of job satisfaction factors in an incident of mass psychogenic illness at the workplace. An investigation was undertaken of an apparent outbreak of contagious psychogenic illness at an electronics plant in which approximately 50 females reported a variety of subjective nonspecific symptoms. The workers believed that the physical symptomatology was triggered by an unidentified odor in the plant which was not verified by environmental sampling for chemicals or by medical evaluations of affected workers. A random sample of non-affected and affected workers was surveyed by means of psychological health status inventories and epidemiological indices to determine the role that life-history, personality characteristics and job dissatisfaction had on susceptibility to illness. Results indicated that those workers reporting the highest level of perceived stress due to job dissatisfaction, family problems, and personal conflict were most likely to experience somatic symptoms. In the present study sources of dissatisfaction identified as potential precipitating factors of the illness outbreak were: 1) working conditions, 2) supervisory style, and 3) personal lifestyle.", "PMID": 564008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5831", "title": "Physiology factors that influence blood pressure alterations.", "content": "In summary, hypertension is a disproportion between vascular capacity and blood volume. Only a small number of cases are secondary to specific diseases. The vast majority of patients have so-called \"essential hypertension\". In many cases the causative agent seems to be aldosterone, renin. Angiotensin II or other pressor agents. Psychosocial elements probably play important roles in the etiology of essential hypertension. Hypertension together with other factors are etiological of both tensive and atherosclerotic, cerebro, reno, and cardiovascular complications. Finally, industries and their workers are heavy losers to this disease, through lost wages, lost productivity and prodigious medical expenses.", "contents": "Physiology factors that influence blood pressure alterations. In summary, hypertension is a disproportion between vascular capacity and blood volume. Only a small number of cases are secondary to specific diseases. The vast majority of patients have so-called \"essential hypertension\". In many cases the causative agent seems to be aldosterone, renin. Angiotensin II or other pressor agents. Psychosocial elements probably play important roles in the etiology of essential hypertension. Hypertension together with other factors are etiological of both tensive and atherosclerotic, cerebro, reno, and cardiovascular complications. Finally, industries and their workers are heavy losers to this disease, through lost wages, lost productivity and prodigious medical expenses.", "PMID": 564010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5832", "title": "The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats.", "content": "A method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats and cats is described. The procedure involves subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin into the forepaw, after which the animal's responses are rated according to objective behavioral criteria. The formalin test is a statistically valid technique which has two advantages over other pain tests: (1) little or no restraint is necessary, permitting unhindered observation of the complete range of behavioral responses; and (2) the pain stimulus is continuous rather than transient, thus bearing greater resemblance to most clinical pain. The analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter are evaluated using this test.", "contents": "The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. A method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats and cats is described. The procedure involves subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin into the forepaw, after which the animal's responses are rated according to objective behavioral criteria. The formalin test is a statistically valid technique which has two advantages over other pain tests: (1) little or no restraint is necessary, permitting unhindered observation of the complete range of behavioral responses; and (2) the pain stimulus is continuous rather than transient, thus bearing greater resemblance to most clinical pain. The analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter are evaluated using this test.", "PMID": 564014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5833", "title": "Respiration and carbohydrate energy metabolism of the lung-dwelling parasite Rhabdias bufonis (Nematoda: Rhabdiasoidea).", "content": "An investigation of the carbohydrate energy metabolism of Rhabdias bufonis, the lung-dwelling nematode parasite of the African toad, Bufo regularis, indicates that the nematode stores very little glycogen (0.137 +/- 0.003% on a fresh weight basis) but does utilize oxygen in vitro. The intracellular distribution and high levels of activity observed for the enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and fumarate reductase suggest two alternative pathways of carbohydrate energy metabolism.", "contents": "Respiration and carbohydrate energy metabolism of the lung-dwelling parasite Rhabdias bufonis (Nematoda: Rhabdiasoidea). An investigation of the carbohydrate energy metabolism of Rhabdias bufonis, the lung-dwelling nematode parasite of the African toad, Bufo regularis, indicates that the nematode stores very little glycogen (0.137 +/- 0.003% on a fresh weight basis) but does utilize oxygen in vitro. The intracellular distribution and high levels of activity observed for the enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and fumarate reductase suggest two alternative pathways of carbohydrate energy metabolism.", "PMID": 564016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5834", "title": "Dipetalonema viteae infection in hamsters: enhancement and suppression of microfilaraemia.", "content": "Mature male Dipetalonema viteae released a substance(s) which caused enhanced microfilaraemia in infected hamsters. In hamsters implanted with female D. viteae, the microfilaraemia of a subsequent infection was suppressed. The microfilaraemia of female worms implanted in hamsters was depressed within 5 days when the animals were given a further infection with infective larvae.", "contents": "Dipetalonema viteae infection in hamsters: enhancement and suppression of microfilaraemia. Mature male Dipetalonema viteae released a substance(s) which caused enhanced microfilaraemia in infected hamsters. In hamsters implanted with female D. viteae, the microfilaraemia of a subsequent infection was suppressed. The microfilaraemia of female worms implanted in hamsters was depressed within 5 days when the animals were given a further infection with infective larvae.", "PMID": 564018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5835", "title": "[Parasitism of gordiids in the larvae of Tabanus autumnalis L. horseflies].", "content": "For the first time data are given on the infection of larvae of gad flies with two species of Gordius sp. The infection intensity of larvae collected near water bodies at the low reaches of the Desna river was from 20 to 66.7%. The data obtained on the intra-cavity developmental period of Nematomorpha as well as on the infection intensity are of great interest due to unsufficient information on this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Parasitism of gordiids in the larvae of Tabanus autumnalis L. horseflies]. For the first time data are given on the infection of larvae of gad flies with two species of Gordius sp. The infection intensity of larvae collected near water bodies at the low reaches of the Desna river was from 20 to 66.7%. The data obtained on the intra-cavity developmental period of Nematomorpha as well as on the infection intensity are of great interest due to unsufficient information on this phenomenon.", "PMID": 564015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5836", "title": "Iron absorption from human milk, simulated human milk, and proprietary formulas.", "content": "Studies from our laboratory have shown that iron is better absorbed from human milk than from cow milk and that human milk can provide insufficient iron for infants during their first year. We compared iron availability from human milk with that from other formulas and determined the factors responsible for its superiority. Adults were fed 100 ml of human milk, simulated human milk, simulated human milk containing added lactoferrin, two commercial formulas containing iron, 12 mg/qt, and human milk that had been boiled. The simulated human milk resembled human milk in concentration of protein, fat, carbohydrate, iron, total minerals, calcium, and phosphorus. Iron 59 was added to each feeding and iron incorporation into RBCs was determined 14 days after each feeding. Percent iron absorption was highest from human milk and lowest from the commercial formulas. The simulated human milk supported a 9.0% absorption; addition of lactoferrin reduced this to 4.7%. Net iron absorption was 0.12 mg/liter from human milk and 0.40 and 0.37 mg/liter from the iron-enriched commercial formulas. Absorption of iron from boiled human milk was the same as from the unboiled milk. This study confirms the unique ability of human milk to promote iron absorption. Simple manipulation of the protein, fat, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, or lactoferrin content of proprietary milk did not reproduce the iron absorption demonstrated with human milk.", "contents": "Iron absorption from human milk, simulated human milk, and proprietary formulas. Studies from our laboratory have shown that iron is better absorbed from human milk than from cow milk and that human milk can provide insufficient iron for infants during their first year. We compared iron availability from human milk with that from other formulas and determined the factors responsible for its superiority. Adults were fed 100 ml of human milk, simulated human milk, simulated human milk containing added lactoferrin, two commercial formulas containing iron, 12 mg/qt, and human milk that had been boiled. The simulated human milk resembled human milk in concentration of protein, fat, carbohydrate, iron, total minerals, calcium, and phosphorus. Iron 59 was added to each feeding and iron incorporation into RBCs was determined 14 days after each feeding. Percent iron absorption was highest from human milk and lowest from the commercial formulas. The simulated human milk supported a 9.0% absorption; addition of lactoferrin reduced this to 4.7%. Net iron absorption was 0.12 mg/liter from human milk and 0.40 and 0.37 mg/liter from the iron-enriched commercial formulas. Absorption of iron from boiled human milk was the same as from the unboiled milk. This study confirms the unique ability of human milk to promote iron absorption. Simple manipulation of the protein, fat, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, or lactoferrin content of proprietary milk did not reproduce the iron absorption demonstrated with human milk.", "PMID": 564020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5837", "title": "Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974.", "content": "The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.", "contents": "Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974. The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.", "PMID": 564021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5838", "title": "Plasma kinetics of exogenous bovine parathyroid hormone in calves.", "content": "The metabolism of purified bovine parathyroid hormone-(1-84) [bPTH-(1-84)] administered i.v. by constant infusions or rapid injections was investigated in 11 normocalcemic calves. Plasma kinetics of bPTH-(1-84) were derived with a radioimmunoassay system which recognised the intact hormone but no fragments. The metabolic clearance rates ranged from 9.1-22.9 ml/min/kg. The disappearance of the intact hormone and the reversible appearance of its NH2- and COOH-terminal fragments was investigated with additional and specific radioimmunoassay systems. At 2 min after the i.v. injection of bPTH-(1-84) a NH2-terminal fragment (M approximately 3500) was recognised and at 4 and 20 min COOH-terminal fragments (M approximately 7000 and 3500, respectively) were detected. The survival time in the circulation of the intact hormone and of its fragments was comparable. In conclusion, bovine bPTH-(1-84) and its NH2- and COOH-terminal fragments are metabolised in normocalcemic calves within minutes.", "contents": "Plasma kinetics of exogenous bovine parathyroid hormone in calves. The metabolism of purified bovine parathyroid hormone-(1-84) [bPTH-(1-84)] administered i.v. by constant infusions or rapid injections was investigated in 11 normocalcemic calves. Plasma kinetics of bPTH-(1-84) were derived with a radioimmunoassay system which recognised the intact hormone but no fragments. The metabolic clearance rates ranged from 9.1-22.9 ml/min/kg. The disappearance of the intact hormone and the reversible appearance of its NH2- and COOH-terminal fragments was investigated with additional and specific radioimmunoassay systems. At 2 min after the i.v. injection of bPTH-(1-84) a NH2-terminal fragment (M approximately 3500) was recognised and at 4 and 20 min COOH-terminal fragments (M approximately 7000 and 3500, respectively) were detected. The survival time in the circulation of the intact hormone and of its fragments was comparable. In conclusion, bovine bPTH-(1-84) and its NH2- and COOH-terminal fragments are metabolised in normocalcemic calves within minutes.", "PMID": 564022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5839", "title": "Pumped movements of sodium and potassium ions in the isolated epithelium of the frog skin.", "content": "The action of agents with well known effects on transepithelial Na transport was tested on Na extrusion in epithelial cells of the frog skin. The cells had been previously loaded with Na by incubation in cold, K-free solutions. DNP (5 X 10(-4)M) totally inhibited Na extrusion and K uptake, while amiloride (10(-5) M) did not show any effect on either of these processes. Ouabain (10(-6)M) and absence of K from the medium inhibited completely Na extrusion and K uptake without changing cell water content. Probably the most interesting finding is that K activated Na extrusion along a sigmoid curve, which suggests that, as in other cells, the Na pump of these epithelial cells has 2 sites for K activation. The half-activation concentration of the site with highest affinity was 0.27 mM, the other 1.3 mM. Na extrusion significantly exceeded K uptake either at low K in the medium or during initial recovery in normal K Ringer. This may indicate an electrogenic mode of pump activity.", "contents": "Pumped movements of sodium and potassium ions in the isolated epithelium of the frog skin. The action of agents with well known effects on transepithelial Na transport was tested on Na extrusion in epithelial cells of the frog skin. The cells had been previously loaded with Na by incubation in cold, K-free solutions. DNP (5 X 10(-4)M) totally inhibited Na extrusion and K uptake, while amiloride (10(-5) M) did not show any effect on either of these processes. Ouabain (10(-6)M) and absence of K from the medium inhibited completely Na extrusion and K uptake without changing cell water content. Probably the most interesting finding is that K activated Na extrusion along a sigmoid curve, which suggests that, as in other cells, the Na pump of these epithelial cells has 2 sites for K activation. The half-activation concentration of the site with highest affinity was 0.27 mM, the other 1.3 mM. Na extrusion significantly exceeded K uptake either at low K in the medium or during initial recovery in normal K Ringer. This may indicate an electrogenic mode of pump activity.", "PMID": 564023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5840", "title": "Three-gas diffusion--experimental and theoretical study.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to compare experimental diffusion among three gases with the solution given by Stefan's equations to understand better how this phenomenon can work in the multicomponent alveolar gas. Experiments were performed in a cylinder full of beads open at one end and closed at the other in which a mixture of oxygen with helium or argon or sulphur hexafluoride could diffuse with ambient air through the open end. We solved Stefan's equations for the non-steady state by a finite-difference method and applied them to our experimental conditions with diffusion coefficients we had measured in binary experiments. We then made experiments and calculations to show the influence of the beads on gas transport. Provided that diffusion is the only phenomenon, experimental and theoretical curves are very close together. Moreover beads nearly stop motions due to vortices or small differences of density. We conclude that: Stefan's equations should replace Fick's equations when more than two gases are involved. One should bear in mind the possible influence of gravity and devise diffusion experiments accordingly. In small spaces such as alveoli the influence of gravity must be negligible compared to diffusion.", "contents": "Three-gas diffusion--experimental and theoretical study. The purpose of this work was to compare experimental diffusion among three gases with the solution given by Stefan's equations to understand better how this phenomenon can work in the multicomponent alveolar gas. Experiments were performed in a cylinder full of beads open at one end and closed at the other in which a mixture of oxygen with helium or argon or sulphur hexafluoride could diffuse with ambient air through the open end. We solved Stefan's equations for the non-steady state by a finite-difference method and applied them to our experimental conditions with diffusion coefficients we had measured in binary experiments. We then made experiments and calculations to show the influence of the beads on gas transport. Provided that diffusion is the only phenomenon, experimental and theoretical curves are very close together. Moreover beads nearly stop motions due to vortices or small differences of density. We conclude that: Stefan's equations should replace Fick's equations when more than two gases are involved. One should bear in mind the possible influence of gravity and devise diffusion experiments accordingly. In small spaces such as alveoli the influence of gravity must be negligible compared to diffusion.", "PMID": 564025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5841", "title": "Single nephron filtration, luminal flow and tubular fluid reabsorption along the proximal convolution and the pars recta of the rat kidney as influenced by luminal pressure changes.", "content": "Intratubular pressures were measured in free flow and after blockade of tubular flow at different distances from the glomerulum in the kidney of Wistar rats. Free flow pressure was ffp = 13.3 +/- 2.5 Torr and stop flow pressure sfp = 41.7 +/- 3.8 Torr. With increasing distance of the blockade from the glomerulum the intratubular pressure decreased being 22.4 +/- 2.1 Torr, when the tubule was blocked at the end of the pars recta. In a second series single nephron filtration rate (gfr) and late proximal flow rates (V) were measured at different intratubular pressures. Free flow gfrf was 26.5 +/- 5.9 nl/min and Vf = 14.7 +/- 4.0 nl/min. The difference of these flow rates divided by tubular length results in a local reabsorption rate of C = 2.9 +/- 0.9 nl/min-mm in the proximal convolution. In the pars recta local reabsorbtion rate was 1.0 +/- 0.3 nl/min-mm. In the proximal convolution C increased with increasing intratubular pressure: deltaC/deltaitp = (2.7 +/- 1.2)-10(-2) nl/min-mm-Torr. Filtration was in disequilibrium in these animals under all conditions examined, hydraulic filtration conductance was K = 1.2 +/- 0.4 nl/min-Torr. Modified methods have been used for intratubular pressure and for flow rate measurements in order to reduce experimental procedure. It is shown, that fractional reabsorption, calculated on the basis of pressure measurements, is a good approximation to results usually obtained by inulin measurements.", "contents": "Single nephron filtration, luminal flow and tubular fluid reabsorption along the proximal convolution and the pars recta of the rat kidney as influenced by luminal pressure changes. Intratubular pressures were measured in free flow and after blockade of tubular flow at different distances from the glomerulum in the kidney of Wistar rats. Free flow pressure was ffp = 13.3 +/- 2.5 Torr and stop flow pressure sfp = 41.7 +/- 3.8 Torr. With increasing distance of the blockade from the glomerulum the intratubular pressure decreased being 22.4 +/- 2.1 Torr, when the tubule was blocked at the end of the pars recta. In a second series single nephron filtration rate (gfr) and late proximal flow rates (V) were measured at different intratubular pressures. Free flow gfrf was 26.5 +/- 5.9 nl/min and Vf = 14.7 +/- 4.0 nl/min. The difference of these flow rates divided by tubular length results in a local reabsorption rate of C = 2.9 +/- 0.9 nl/min-mm in the proximal convolution. In the pars recta local reabsorbtion rate was 1.0 +/- 0.3 nl/min-mm. In the proximal convolution C increased with increasing intratubular pressure: deltaC/deltaitp = (2.7 +/- 1.2)-10(-2) nl/min-mm-Torr. Filtration was in disequilibrium in these animals under all conditions examined, hydraulic filtration conductance was K = 1.2 +/- 0.4 nl/min-Torr. Modified methods have been used for intratubular pressure and for flow rate measurements in order to reduce experimental procedure. It is shown, that fractional reabsorption, calculated on the basis of pressure measurements, is a good approximation to results usually obtained by inulin measurements.", "PMID": 564026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5842", "title": "Angiotensin II induced reduction of peritubular capillary diameter in the rat kidney.", "content": "Large peritubular capillaries were infused consecutively (20 nl-min-1) in random sequence with isotonic saline and angiotensin II (20-80 ng-ml-1). The diameters of the infused capillaries were measured, without knowledge of the infusate used, from colour photographs of the infused area. Angiotensin II induced a significant (p less than 0.001) decrease in capillary diameter (delta = 1.2 +/- 0.2 (SE) micron and delta = 2.1 +/- 0.2 (SE) micron with 20 ng-ml-1 and 80 ng-ml-1 angiotensin II infusates, respectively). This decrease was shown to be independent of external tubular compression: separate experiments in which the surrounding tubules were collapsed by injection of oil blocks yielded similar results. The possibility that the observed reduction in diameter was caused by an angiotensin II induced change in capillary permeability to the staining solution was excluded, since the angiotensin II effect was unchanged when fluorescent dextran (mol. wt. 150 000) was substituted for lissamin green. These experiments indicate that peritubular capillaries contract actively when infused with angiotensin II.", "contents": "Angiotensin II induced reduction of peritubular capillary diameter in the rat kidney. Large peritubular capillaries were infused consecutively (20 nl-min-1) in random sequence with isotonic saline and angiotensin II (20-80 ng-ml-1). The diameters of the infused capillaries were measured, without knowledge of the infusate used, from colour photographs of the infused area. Angiotensin II induced a significant (p less than 0.001) decrease in capillary diameter (delta = 1.2 +/- 0.2 (SE) micron and delta = 2.1 +/- 0.2 (SE) micron with 20 ng-ml-1 and 80 ng-ml-1 angiotensin II infusates, respectively). This decrease was shown to be independent of external tubular compression: separate experiments in which the surrounding tubules were collapsed by injection of oil blocks yielded similar results. The possibility that the observed reduction in diameter was caused by an angiotensin II induced change in capillary permeability to the staining solution was excluded, since the angiotensin II effect was unchanged when fluorescent dextran (mol. wt. 150 000) was substituted for lissamin green. These experiments indicate that peritubular capillaries contract actively when infused with angiotensin II.", "PMID": 564027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5843", "title": "The effect of elevated outflow pressure on flow resistance and the transfer of THO, albumin and glucose in the isolated guinea pig placenta.", "content": "In the isolated, artificially perfused guinea pig placenta the relationship between arterial pressures, venous pressures and the relative transfer of 3H2O, D-glucose and albumin was studied at constant arterial perfusion rates. The results were as follows: A. Elevation of the fetal venous pressure induces an increase of flow resistance at the maternal side. Fetal perfusion resistance is raised by elevated pressure in the uterine vein also, the effect is much more pronounced, however. B. When the outflow resistance increases, a net transfer of water especially from the fetal to the maternal side can be observed. The relationship between the venous pressure difference and the rate of filtration is non-linear. C. The fetomaternal transfer of 131J-albumin and of 3H2O resp. D-glucose is influenced by fetomaternal filtration to a different degree. Whereas the albumin transfer increases strongly, the transfer rates of tritiated water and glucose change little.", "contents": "The effect of elevated outflow pressure on flow resistance and the transfer of THO, albumin and glucose in the isolated guinea pig placenta. In the isolated, artificially perfused guinea pig placenta the relationship between arterial pressures, venous pressures and the relative transfer of 3H2O, D-glucose and albumin was studied at constant arterial perfusion rates. The results were as follows: A. Elevation of the fetal venous pressure induces an increase of flow resistance at the maternal side. Fetal perfusion resistance is raised by elevated pressure in the uterine vein also, the effect is much more pronounced, however. B. When the outflow resistance increases, a net transfer of water especially from the fetal to the maternal side can be observed. The relationship between the venous pressure difference and the rate of filtration is non-linear. C. The fetomaternal transfer of 131J-albumin and of 3H2O resp. D-glucose is influenced by fetomaternal filtration to a different degree. Whereas the albumin transfer increases strongly, the transfer rates of tritiated water and glucose change little.", "PMID": 564028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5844", "title": "The effect of intraspinal microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine on the inhibitory influence exerted on spinal sympathetic activity by the baroreceptors.", "content": "1. The inhibition of spinal somato-sympathetic reflex activity, following electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in cats has been studied before and after chronic intraspinal microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the cervical spinal cord. 2. The effect of these microinjections on bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurones was assessed using the formaldehyde fluorescence technique for the demonstration of intraneuronal monoamines. 3. In 5 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals, inhibition of the spinal sympathetic reflex response following stimulation of the sinus nerve was reduced compared to control untreated animals. When damage to the bulbo-spinal catecholamine system in the dorso-lateral funiculi was extensive, the inhibition was almost completely abolished; with more limited destruction a lesser effect was observed. 4. These effects were not seen in a group of control animals, which received intraspinal microinjections of the 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and which showed damage to the indoleaminergic neuronal system but no damage to the bulbo-spinal catecholaminergic system. 5. It is concluded that the inhibitory effects of the baroreceptors on spinal sympathetic activity are mediated by bulbo-spinal catecholaminergic neurones.", "contents": "The effect of intraspinal microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine on the inhibitory influence exerted on spinal sympathetic activity by the baroreceptors. 1. The inhibition of spinal somato-sympathetic reflex activity, following electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in cats has been studied before and after chronic intraspinal microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the cervical spinal cord. 2. The effect of these microinjections on bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurones was assessed using the formaldehyde fluorescence technique for the demonstration of intraneuronal monoamines. 3. In 5 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals, inhibition of the spinal sympathetic reflex response following stimulation of the sinus nerve was reduced compared to control untreated animals. When damage to the bulbo-spinal catecholamine system in the dorso-lateral funiculi was extensive, the inhibition was almost completely abolished; with more limited destruction a lesser effect was observed. 4. These effects were not seen in a group of control animals, which received intraspinal microinjections of the 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and which showed damage to the indoleaminergic neuronal system but no damage to the bulbo-spinal catecholaminergic system. 5. It is concluded that the inhibitory effects of the baroreceptors on spinal sympathetic activity are mediated by bulbo-spinal catecholaminergic neurones.", "PMID": 564029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5845", "title": "Hypothalamic control of plasma renin activity.", "content": "The participation of the hypothalamus in the regulation of plasma renin activity (PRA) in rats was studied by applying electric stimulation to the supramammilar region (50 Hz, 1 ms, 150 muA), general hypoxia (90% N2 + 10% O2), and hypovolemia (peritoneal dialysis with 5.5% glucose) as stimuli of renin secretion. These techniques were combined with bilateral renal denervation and electrocoagulation in the supramammilar nuclei. PRA was determined by means of RIA (Radioimmunoassay) for AI with 2-h incubation. Our investigations showed that: 1. Electric stimulation, hypoxia and hypovolemia cause an increase of PRA against the controls by 127%, 465% and 197%, respectively. 2. After electrocoagulation the hypoxic stimulus remains ineffective, whereas hypovolemia is manifested. 3. Electric stimulation in rats with denervated kidneys produces no effect. These results suggested that: a) Diminution of the extracellular volume, without hypoxia, is in itself a powerful stimulus of renin secretion. b) The posterior hypothalamus is closely connected with the regulation of PRA as an obligatory unlocking link of the reaction by the organism to general hypoxic stimuli. The control function of the hypothalamus is realized in this case by means of the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system.", "contents": "Hypothalamic control of plasma renin activity. The participation of the hypothalamus in the regulation of plasma renin activity (PRA) in rats was studied by applying electric stimulation to the supramammilar region (50 Hz, 1 ms, 150 muA), general hypoxia (90% N2 + 10% O2), and hypovolemia (peritoneal dialysis with 5.5% glucose) as stimuli of renin secretion. These techniques were combined with bilateral renal denervation and electrocoagulation in the supramammilar nuclei. PRA was determined by means of RIA (Radioimmunoassay) for AI with 2-h incubation. Our investigations showed that: 1. Electric stimulation, hypoxia and hypovolemia cause an increase of PRA against the controls by 127%, 465% and 197%, respectively. 2. After electrocoagulation the hypoxic stimulus remains ineffective, whereas hypovolemia is manifested. 3. Electric stimulation in rats with denervated kidneys produces no effect. These results suggested that: a) Diminution of the extracellular volume, without hypoxia, is in itself a powerful stimulus of renin secretion. b) The posterior hypothalamus is closely connected with the regulation of PRA as an obligatory unlocking link of the reaction by the organism to general hypoxic stimuli. The control function of the hypothalamus is realized in this case by means of the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system.", "PMID": 564030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5846", "title": "Respiratory mechanics measured by a simple device.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive apparatus is described which permits the semi-automatic measurements of pulmonary dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and airway resistance (Raw) while rapid changes of these factors during the experimental induction of pneumopathies can be followed. A diaphragm is used as a pneumotachograph because it was found to be quite sensitive and pulmonary secretions did not disturb the measurements. Volume base line drift is prevented.", "contents": "Respiratory mechanics measured by a simple device. A simple and inexpensive apparatus is described which permits the semi-automatic measurements of pulmonary dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and airway resistance (Raw) while rapid changes of these factors during the experimental induction of pneumopathies can be followed. A diaphragm is used as a pneumotachograph because it was found to be quite sensitive and pulmonary secretions did not disturb the measurements. Volume base line drift is prevented.", "PMID": 564031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5847", "title": "A pharmacological study of the control of nasal cooling in the dog.", "content": "Air temperature differences between the internal and external nars (Ti-e), a qualitative measure of nasal blood flow, and the rate and ionic content of the mucous secretion of the lateral nasal gland, were determined in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs at both 25 degrees C and 42 degrees C environmental temperature, before and after administration of epinephrine, propanolol, phenoxybenzamine, acetylcholine and atropine. B. At 25 degrees C, epinephrine increased Ti-e. This was unaffected by propranolol, but returned to control values with phenoxybenzamine. Acetylcholine and atropine had no effect. At 42 degrees C, acetylcholine increased Ti-e; this was not reversed with atropine. Epinephrine caused a slight decrease in Ti-e at 42 degrees C. C. acetylcholine reduced mucous flow at 25 degrees C; atropine further decreased the flow. Changes in ionic content of the mucous suggest that cholinergic mechanisms affect pressure in the excretory duct of the gland. Epinephrine decreased the mucous flow at 42 degrees C; this was reversed with propranolol. D. It was concluded that nasal blood flow and lateral nasal gland mucous flow both possess sympathetic tone at 25 degrees C, the former being alpha-adrenergic, the latter beta-adrenergic. This tone appears important in reducing heat and water loss under normal conditions, and its reduction at high temperatures allows maximum efficiency of nasal cooling. The role of the parasympathetic system in respiratory heat and water exchange in the dog appears somewhat equivocal.", "contents": "A pharmacological study of the control of nasal cooling in the dog. Air temperature differences between the internal and external nars (Ti-e), a qualitative measure of nasal blood flow, and the rate and ionic content of the mucous secretion of the lateral nasal gland, were determined in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs at both 25 degrees C and 42 degrees C environmental temperature, before and after administration of epinephrine, propanolol, phenoxybenzamine, acetylcholine and atropine. B. At 25 degrees C, epinephrine increased Ti-e. This was unaffected by propranolol, but returned to control values with phenoxybenzamine. Acetylcholine and atropine had no effect. At 42 degrees C, acetylcholine increased Ti-e; this was not reversed with atropine. Epinephrine caused a slight decrease in Ti-e at 42 degrees C. C. acetylcholine reduced mucous flow at 25 degrees C; atropine further decreased the flow. Changes in ionic content of the mucous suggest that cholinergic mechanisms affect pressure in the excretory duct of the gland. Epinephrine decreased the mucous flow at 42 degrees C; this was reversed with propranolol. D. It was concluded that nasal blood flow and lateral nasal gland mucous flow both possess sympathetic tone at 25 degrees C, the former being alpha-adrenergic, the latter beta-adrenergic. This tone appears important in reducing heat and water loss under normal conditions, and its reduction at high temperatures allows maximum efficiency of nasal cooling. The role of the parasympathetic system in respiratory heat and water exchange in the dog appears somewhat equivocal.", "PMID": 564032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5848", "title": "The influence of extrafusal muscle activity on discharge patterns of primary muscle spindle endings.", "content": "The influence of extrafusal muscle activity in anaemically decerebrate cats upon discharge patterns of primary spindle endings was ascertained by simultaneously recording spike trains from several Ia afferents and muscle tension fluctuations of the triceps-surae muscle. 1. Tension fluctuations were averaged with respect to spikes from primary endings yielding tension \"trajectories\" of specific shape for each spindle and probably reflecting frequently recurring mechanical events in the spindles' surroundings. 2. Spindles situated in close vicinity and influenced by similar mechanical events as evidenced by similar average tension trajectories are correlated in their discharge patterns to a degree depending on the strength of their mechanical coupling. 3. The modulation of spindle discharge frequency in response to average tension changes at the muscle tendon is very different in amplitude for different spindles; this response may show a high sensitivity. It is usually phase advanced by 90-180 degrees with respect to the \"internal length\" changes; between spindles ther may be phase differences of up to 180 degrees. 4. It is concluded that primary endings react very sensitively to local extrafusal events. The CNS receives much more accurate information about these events in the correlation of several Ia afferents than in the discharge of a single fibre.", "contents": "The influence of extrafusal muscle activity on discharge patterns of primary muscle spindle endings. The influence of extrafusal muscle activity in anaemically decerebrate cats upon discharge patterns of primary spindle endings was ascertained by simultaneously recording spike trains from several Ia afferents and muscle tension fluctuations of the triceps-surae muscle. 1. Tension fluctuations were averaged with respect to spikes from primary endings yielding tension \"trajectories\" of specific shape for each spindle and probably reflecting frequently recurring mechanical events in the spindles' surroundings. 2. Spindles situated in close vicinity and influenced by similar mechanical events as evidenced by similar average tension trajectories are correlated in their discharge patterns to a degree depending on the strength of their mechanical coupling. 3. The modulation of spindle discharge frequency in response to average tension changes at the muscle tendon is very different in amplitude for different spindles; this response may show a high sensitivity. It is usually phase advanced by 90-180 degrees with respect to the \"internal length\" changes; between spindles ther may be phase differences of up to 180 degrees. 4. It is concluded that primary endings react very sensitively to local extrafusal events. The CNS receives much more accurate information about these events in the correlation of several Ia afferents than in the discharge of a single fibre.", "PMID": 564033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5849", "title": "On the distribution of thyroglobin and larger iodoproteins in single rat thyroid follicles.", "content": "The distribution of the large iodoproteins in the lumen of thyroid follicles was tested. Samples of the colloid in rat thyroid follicles were obtained in vivo by micropuncture of superficial follicles in the isthmus of the gland. One sample was collected per follicle and several follicles were punctured in each gland. The protein composition of the samples was analysed by microgel electrophoresis. The protein separation patterns were recorded by microdensitometry after staining of the proteins and the amount of protein in the fractions was estimated from the densitometric recordings. Thyroglobulin (TG) and the aggregates of TG--here designated the S-TG fractions--were present in all samples of colloid. It was observed that there was a significant positive co-variation between TG and S-TG when the colloid contained only TG, S-TG and a prealbumin fraction. When the albumin-like protein was present in the samples the co-variation was less significant. The results show that the relative amount of the aggregates of TG is constant in the albumin free colloid and that these aggregates most probably are randomly distributed in the follicle lumen. The results further indicate that the aggregates of TG are non-randomly distributed in the larger peripheral follicles when the colloid contains the albumin-like protein.", "contents": "On the distribution of thyroglobin and larger iodoproteins in single rat thyroid follicles. The distribution of the large iodoproteins in the lumen of thyroid follicles was tested. Samples of the colloid in rat thyroid follicles were obtained in vivo by micropuncture of superficial follicles in the isthmus of the gland. One sample was collected per follicle and several follicles were punctured in each gland. The protein composition of the samples was analysed by microgel electrophoresis. The protein separation patterns were recorded by microdensitometry after staining of the proteins and the amount of protein in the fractions was estimated from the densitometric recordings. Thyroglobulin (TG) and the aggregates of TG--here designated the S-TG fractions--were present in all samples of colloid. It was observed that there was a significant positive co-variation between TG and S-TG when the colloid contained only TG, S-TG and a prealbumin fraction. When the albumin-like protein was present in the samples the co-variation was less significant. The results show that the relative amount of the aggregates of TG is constant in the albumin free colloid and that these aggregates most probably are randomly distributed in the follicle lumen. The results further indicate that the aggregates of TG are non-randomly distributed in the larger peripheral follicles when the colloid contains the albumin-like protein.", "PMID": 564034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5850", "title": "A second order model of the optic generator potential and its relation to Stevens' power function.", "content": "The component PIII of the electroretinogram representing the optic generator potential was recorded after stimulation with short stimuli with different light intensity. It is shown that the impulse response function of a linear second order model with intensity-dependent coefficients can be well fit to the recordings. Two of its parameters, after logarithmic transformations, are linearly dependent on the luminance while the third parameter varies only within a small interval. It is therefore possible to describe the relation between PIII and luminance in a linearized second order model. Furthermore, both the type of the function relating the gain of the  model to the luminance and its exponent are nearly identical with the psychophysic function relating luminance to subjective brightness. Further physiological implications are also considered.", "contents": "A second order model of the optic generator potential and its relation to Stevens' power function. The component PIII of the electroretinogram representing the optic generator potential was recorded after stimulation with short stimuli with different light intensity. It is shown that the impulse response function of a linear second order model with intensity-dependent coefficients can be well fit to the recordings. Two of its parameters, after logarithmic transformations, are linearly dependent on the luminance while the third parameter varies only within a small interval. It is therefore possible to describe the relation between PIII and luminance in a linearized second order model. Furthermore, both the type of the function relating the gain of the  model to the luminance and its exponent are nearly identical with the psychophysic function relating luminance to subjective brightness. Further physiological implications are also considered.", "PMID": 564037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5851", "title": "The area postrema and control of arterial blood pressure; absence of hypertension after excision of the area postrema in rats.", "content": "Acute surgical excision of the area postrema (AP) in the rat failed to affect arterial blood pressure or heart rate. The was no effect on cardiovascular reflex responses during diving or on the heart rate responses to acute decreases or increases of blood pressure caused by bradykinin or angiotensin, respectively. Electrolytic lesions of the AP in acute experiments caused variable damage to the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). In these rats large variations in blood pressure occurred. Excision of the AP in a chronic experiment failed to change blood pressure, heart rate, water intake or plasma renin activity. In contrast, bilateral electrolytic lesions of the NTS at the level of the AP caused a severe acute hypertension and completely blocked cardiovascular reflex responses. Hypertension also existed in rats with NTS lesions studied for a longer period of time. There experiments failed to confirm the hypothesis that the AP exerts a tonic inhibitory control of basal blood pressure. Hypertension previously reported after ablation of the AP may be explained by damage to the NTS.", "contents": "The area postrema and control of arterial blood pressure; absence of hypertension after excision of the area postrema in rats. Acute surgical excision of the area postrema (AP) in the rat failed to affect arterial blood pressure or heart rate. The was no effect on cardiovascular reflex responses during diving or on the heart rate responses to acute decreases or increases of blood pressure caused by bradykinin or angiotensin, respectively. Electrolytic lesions of the AP in acute experiments caused variable damage to the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). In these rats large variations in blood pressure occurred. Excision of the AP in a chronic experiment failed to change blood pressure, heart rate, water intake or plasma renin activity. In contrast, bilateral electrolytic lesions of the NTS at the level of the AP caused a severe acute hypertension and completely blocked cardiovascular reflex responses. Hypertension also existed in rats with NTS lesions studied for a longer period of time. There experiments failed to confirm the hypothesis that the AP exerts a tonic inhibitory control of basal blood pressure. Hypertension previously reported after ablation of the AP may be explained by damage to the NTS.", "PMID": 564038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5852", "title": "Direct determination of local oxygen consumption of the brain cortex in vivo.", "content": "A method is described to determine local oxygen consumption quantitatively in the brain cortex under in vivo conditions. Local oxygen consumption is calculated from the slope of local tissue PO2 decrease during a few seconds of total ischemia of the brain for each second after the stop of circulation. The decrease of tissue PO2 is recorded simultaneously at several measuring sites. To be independent of oxygen chemically bound to hemoglobin, tissue PO2 values are raised above 100 Torr. The calculation of local oxygen consumption for each second during the short period of ischemia showed that the O2 consumption remains constant only for a few seconds ranging from 5 to maximally 15 s at different locations. The O2 consumption decreases continuously although the tissue PO2 values are still above the full saturation of hemoglobin. The rate of local oxygen consumption varies considerably at different measuring sites of the superficial layers of the brain cortex (cat). The mean value amounts to 3 +/- 1.5 ml O2/100 g tissue and minute.", "contents": "Direct determination of local oxygen consumption of the brain cortex in vivo. A method is described to determine local oxygen consumption quantitatively in the brain cortex under in vivo conditions. Local oxygen consumption is calculated from the slope of local tissue PO2 decrease during a few seconds of total ischemia of the brain for each second after the stop of circulation. The decrease of tissue PO2 is recorded simultaneously at several measuring sites. To be independent of oxygen chemically bound to hemoglobin, tissue PO2 values are raised above 100 Torr. The calculation of local oxygen consumption for each second during the short period of ischemia showed that the O2 consumption remains constant only for a few seconds ranging from 5 to maximally 15 s at different locations. The O2 consumption decreases continuously although the tissue PO2 values are still above the full saturation of hemoglobin. The rate of local oxygen consumption varies considerably at different measuring sites of the superficial layers of the brain cortex (cat). The mean value amounts to 3 +/- 1.5 ml O2/100 g tissue and minute.", "PMID": 564039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5853", "title": "Exercise induced augmentation of myocardial oxygen extraction in spite of normal coronary dilatory capacity in dogs.", "content": "Myocardial O2-extraction rate was studied during exercise induced augmentation of cardiac work in dogs. The O2-extraction rate at rest was 75% of arterial content. Progressive levels of exercise increased the animals' O2-consumption from 7 ml/min-kg up to 91 ml/min-kg. Cardiac output rose from 108 ml/min-kg at rest to 484 ml/min-kg at the highest exercise level. The increase in myocardial O2-consumption from 9 ml/min-100 g at rest up to 57 ml/min-100g at the highest exercise level was met by an increase in coronary flow from 59 to 256 ml/min-100 g and a rise of myocardial AVDO2 from 15 to 22 Vol%. Thus the latter contributed 40% to the augmented myocardial O2-requirements. Coronary venous O2-saturation decreased to 9% saturation during highest levels of exercise. This low value was not the result of a limited coronary dilatory capacity, of inadequate state of exercise training, or of a relative underperfusion of the inner layers of the left ventricle. Thus, augmentation of myocardial O2-extraction rate seems to be a mechanism of physiological relevance during exercise induced elevation of myocardial O2-requirements in dogs and may be explained by capillary recruitment in the myocardium.", "contents": "Exercise induced augmentation of myocardial oxygen extraction in spite of normal coronary dilatory capacity in dogs. Myocardial O2-extraction rate was studied during exercise induced augmentation of cardiac work in dogs. The O2-extraction rate at rest was 75% of arterial content. Progressive levels of exercise increased the animals' O2-consumption from 7 ml/min-kg up to 91 ml/min-kg. Cardiac output rose from 108 ml/min-kg at rest to 484 ml/min-kg at the highest exercise level. The increase in myocardial O2-consumption from 9 ml/min-100 g at rest up to 57 ml/min-100g at the highest exercise level was met by an increase in coronary flow from 59 to 256 ml/min-100 g and a rise of myocardial AVDO2 from 15 to 22 Vol%. Thus the latter contributed 40% to the augmented myocardial O2-requirements. Coronary venous O2-saturation decreased to 9% saturation during highest levels of exercise. This low value was not the result of a limited coronary dilatory capacity, of inadequate state of exercise training, or of a relative underperfusion of the inner layers of the left ventricle. Thus, augmentation of myocardial O2-extraction rate seems to be a mechanism of physiological relevance during exercise induced elevation of myocardial O2-requirements in dogs and may be explained by capillary recruitment in the myocardium.", "PMID": 564040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5854", "title": "Calcium-dependent increase in efflux of [1-3H] taurine from the superfused rat cerebellar cortex in vivo.", "content": "High (40 mM) potassium stimulation has been shown to increase the efflux in vivo of [1-3H] taurine from the superfused rat cerebellar cortex by 46%, P less than 0.001. During superfusion with calcium-free media this increase in efflux is abolished. The cellular location of [1-3H] taurine in the cerebellar cortex is not yet known, but this region of the brain contains exceptionally high levels of endogenous taurine. The calcium dependency of the release of labelled taurine raises the possibility that taurine has some neuro-humoral role in the cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent increase in efflux of [1-3H] taurine from the superfused rat cerebellar cortex in vivo. High (40 mM) potassium stimulation has been shown to increase the efflux in vivo of [1-3H] taurine from the superfused rat cerebellar cortex by 46%, P less than 0.001. During superfusion with calcium-free media this increase in efflux is abolished. The cellular location of [1-3H] taurine in the cerebellar cortex is not yet known, but this region of the brain contains exceptionally high levels of endogenous taurine. The calcium dependency of the release of labelled taurine raises the possibility that taurine has some neuro-humoral role in the cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 564042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5855", "title": "Time course of anoxia-induced K+ concentration changes in the cochlea measured with K+ specific microelectrodes.", "content": "The endocochlear potential (EP), potassium concentration in the endolymph (Ke+) and in the perilymph (Kp+) were measured in guinea-pigs during anoxia of different duration. Specific K+ double-barrel microelectrodes with liquid ion exchanger were used. The resting K+ concentration in the endolymph was 146.8 +/- 9.2 mM and in the perilymph 3.2 +/- 0.5 mM. The following time course of events was observed in the cochlea during anoxia: 40-50 s after the arrest of ventilation the K+ concentration decreased by 0.1-0.2 mM in the scala vestibuli, which was time related to a rapid fall of EP to negative values. Perilymphatic K+ started to increase in both scalae with a latency of 2-2.5 min, reaching a concentration of about 14 mM 60 min after the arrest of ventilation. The endolymphatic K+ began to decrease after a latency of 2.5-3 min, and 60 min after the arrest of ventilation an 80% concentration (average 112 mM K+) was reached as compared to the initial value. From the comparison of K+ concentration changes with the experimental values of the negative EP, it may be assumed that the negative EP is mainly generated by the K+ gradient between the perilymph and endolymph.", "contents": "Time course of anoxia-induced K+ concentration changes in the cochlea measured with K+ specific microelectrodes. The endocochlear potential (EP), potassium concentration in the endolymph (Ke+) and in the perilymph (Kp+) were measured in guinea-pigs during anoxia of different duration. Specific K+ double-barrel microelectrodes with liquid ion exchanger were used. The resting K+ concentration in the endolymph was 146.8 +/- 9.2 mM and in the perilymph 3.2 +/- 0.5 mM. The following time course of events was observed in the cochlea during anoxia: 40-50 s after the arrest of ventilation the K+ concentration decreased by 0.1-0.2 mM in the scala vestibuli, which was time related to a rapid fall of EP to negative values. Perilymphatic K+ started to increase in both scalae with a latency of 2-2.5 min, reaching a concentration of about 14 mM 60 min after the arrest of ventilation. The endolymphatic K+ began to decrease after a latency of 2.5-3 min, and 60 min after the arrest of ventilation an 80% concentration (average 112 mM K+) was reached as compared to the initial value. From the comparison of K+ concentration changes with the experimental values of the negative EP, it may be assumed that the negative EP is mainly generated by the K+ gradient between the perilymph and endolymph.", "PMID": 564043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5856", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on kidney function: indomethacin and furosemide antagonism.", "content": "The effect of furosemide and indomethacin on renal function was investigated in anesthetized dogs. 1. On infusing 0.05 mg/kg/min furosemide directly into the left renal artery, about 18% of the filtered water and 19% of the filtered sodium was excreted in both non-hydrated and hydrated dogs. 2. Under the effect of 0.1 mg/kg/min indomethacin administered intravenously renal blood flow decreased markedly, glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged, the filtration fraction increased. 3. Indomethacin induced a decrease in water and sodium rejection and water and sodium excretion in both the hydrated and non-hydrated animals. 4. Indomethacin inhibited the diuretic effect of furosemide in the non-hydrated animals. This effect was much weaker in the hydrated group. These data suggest that in the anesthetized dog, endogenous prostaglandins may serve to maintain renal blood flow but not glomerular filtration rate. It is concluded that the indomethacin-induced inhibition of the furosemide effect is the consequence of hemodynamic changes occurring in the kidney. The data do not support the direct physiological role of prostaglandins in regulating tubular function.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on kidney function: indomethacin and furosemide antagonism. The effect of furosemide and indomethacin on renal function was investigated in anesthetized dogs. 1. On infusing 0.05 mg/kg/min furosemide directly into the left renal artery, about 18% of the filtered water and 19% of the filtered sodium was excreted in both non-hydrated and hydrated dogs. 2. Under the effect of 0.1 mg/kg/min indomethacin administered intravenously renal blood flow decreased markedly, glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged, the filtration fraction increased. 3. Indomethacin induced a decrease in water and sodium rejection and water and sodium excretion in both the hydrated and non-hydrated animals. 4. Indomethacin inhibited the diuretic effect of furosemide in the non-hydrated animals. This effect was much weaker in the hydrated group. These data suggest that in the anesthetized dog, endogenous prostaglandins may serve to maintain renal blood flow but not glomerular filtration rate. It is concluded that the indomethacin-induced inhibition of the furosemide effect is the consequence of hemodynamic changes occurring in the kidney. The data do not support the direct physiological role of prostaglandins in regulating tubular function.", "PMID": 564044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5857", "title": "Facilitated diffusion in a tissue cylinder with an anoxic region.", "content": "When the diffusion of oxygen is facilitated by myoglobin this diffusional transport can adequately supply oxygen required by tissue metabolism over greatly increased distances. Earlier analyses of this phenomenon have considered the rate of reaction between oxygen and myoglobin as infinitely fast. A first-order correction which takes into account the finite rate of reaction involves a reaction boundary layer at the surface where the oxygen enters the tissue, and a second reaction boundary layer around an anoxic region in the tissue when such a region is present. These corrections are calculated for a tissue cylinder and the results obtained are compared with results neglecting the finiteness of the reaction rate. The maximum distance over which facilitated diffusion can supply oxygen is less when the corrections are taken into account. For physiologically relevant parameter values the size of an anoxic region is predicted to be larger by about 15% of the radius of the tissue cylinder.", "contents": "Facilitated diffusion in a tissue cylinder with an anoxic region. When the diffusion of oxygen is facilitated by myoglobin this diffusional transport can adequately supply oxygen required by tissue metabolism over greatly increased distances. Earlier analyses of this phenomenon have considered the rate of reaction between oxygen and myoglobin as infinitely fast. A first-order correction which takes into account the finite rate of reaction involves a reaction boundary layer at the surface where the oxygen enters the tissue, and a second reaction boundary layer around an anoxic region in the tissue when such a region is present. These corrections are calculated for a tissue cylinder and the results obtained are compared with results neglecting the finiteness of the reaction rate. The maximum distance over which facilitated diffusion can supply oxygen is less when the corrections are taken into account. For physiologically relevant parameter values the size of an anoxic region is predicted to be larger by about 15% of the radius of the tissue cylinder.", "PMID": 564045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5858", "title": "Micropuncture study of fluid handling in the cat kidney.", "content": "Superficial proximal and distal tubules of both kidneys of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats, infused with 2.5% (w/v) polyfructosan in Ringer solution at 0.45 ml/min, were micropunctured. Whole one-kidney GFR average 4.1 ml/min. SNGFR averaged 15 nl/min in 51 determinations and was proportional to whole-kidney GFR in individual cats. Absolute fluid reabsorption along the length of the accessible portion of the proximal tubule was 1.6 nl/min.mm. The length of the whole proximal tubule was 6 mm as measured from the glomerulum to the descending thin limb of Henle's loop. The length of the distal tubule was 3.5 mm from the macula densa to the first branching of the collecting duct. Proximal fluid was isoosmolar with plasma whereas fluid entering the distal tubule was markedly hyposmolar. Late distal tubular fluid samples were also isosmolar. The cat appears to be well suited for micropuncture experiments in terms of freedom from respiratory movements and the presence of surface distal tubules.", "contents": "Micropuncture study of fluid handling in the cat kidney. Superficial proximal and distal tubules of both kidneys of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats, infused with 2.5% (w/v) polyfructosan in Ringer solution at 0.45 ml/min, were micropunctured. Whole one-kidney GFR average 4.1 ml/min. SNGFR averaged 15 nl/min in 51 determinations and was proportional to whole-kidney GFR in individual cats. Absolute fluid reabsorption along the length of the accessible portion of the proximal tubule was 1.6 nl/min.mm. The length of the whole proximal tubule was 6 mm as measured from the glomerulum to the descending thin limb of Henle's loop. The length of the distal tubule was 3.5 mm from the macula densa to the first branching of the collecting duct. Proximal fluid was isoosmolar with plasma whereas fluid entering the distal tubule was markedly hyposmolar. Late distal tubular fluid samples were also isosmolar. The cat appears to be well suited for micropuncture experiments in terms of freedom from respiratory movements and the presence of surface distal tubules.", "PMID": 564046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5859", "title": "The effect of motilin on the electrical activity of rabbit circular duodenal muscle.", "content": "The effect of 13-norleucine motilin on electrical activity and membrane resistance of the rabbit circular duodenal muscle was studied with intracellular recording techniques. Electrical slow waves without spikes occurred in Krebs solution made twice hypertonic by addition of sucrose. The slow waves were basic organ specific type rhythm (BOR). Their mean frequency was 18.1.min-1, the mean amplitude from trough to peak was 11.4 mV and mean membrane potential during the trough was -59.1 mV. Motilin (1.10(-7) g/ml) had the following effects: (1) The membrane depolarized by a mean of 10.9 mV. (2) Membrane resistance was reduced. (3) The BOR slow waves were either reduced or abolished. (4) Slow fluctuations of membrane potential characteristic of a minute-type rhythm (MR) appeared. (5) Trains of spikes occurred at the crests of the MR and were associated with contraction of the muscle.", "contents": "The effect of motilin on the electrical activity of rabbit circular duodenal muscle. The effect of 13-norleucine motilin on electrical activity and membrane resistance of the rabbit circular duodenal muscle was studied with intracellular recording techniques. Electrical slow waves without spikes occurred in Krebs solution made twice hypertonic by addition of sucrose. The slow waves were basic organ specific type rhythm (BOR). Their mean frequency was 18.1.min-1, the mean amplitude from trough to peak was 11.4 mV and mean membrane potential during the trough was -59.1 mV. Motilin (1.10(-7) g/ml) had the following effects: (1) The membrane depolarized by a mean of 10.9 mV. (2) Membrane resistance was reduced. (3) The BOR slow waves were either reduced or abolished. (4) Slow fluctuations of membrane potential characteristic of a minute-type rhythm (MR) appeared. (5) Trains of spikes occurred at the crests of the MR and were associated with contraction of the muscle.", "PMID": 564047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5860", "title": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. II. tubular leakage and the reliability of glomerular markers.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine whether leakage of substances across the tubular epithelium, which are impermeant in the normal kidney, falsifies the measurement of glomerular filtration rate in acute renal failure. Permeability to those substances most commonly used for filtration rate determination, polyfructosan, inulin and ferrocyanide, was estimated by measuring their recoveries following perfusion through various nephron segments in haeme pigment, ischaemic and nephrotoxic models of acute renal failure. Late proximal recovery of 14C ferrocyanide was only marginally decreased compared to controls, by a maximum of 6%. Distal recovery of polyfructosan, 14C and 3H inulin were depressed somewhat more, by a maximum of 11%. Urinary recovery of 14C inulin was reduced by only 15% in kidneys showing severely restricted renal function. It is concluded that tubular leakage is not a feature of significance in the early phase of moderate acute renal failure, that ferrocyanide and inulin are reliable markers for the determination of nephron filtration rate and water reabsorption, and that the reduction in whole kidney inulin or polyfructosan clearance reflects primarily a reduction in glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. II. tubular leakage and the reliability of glomerular markers. Experiments were designed to determine whether leakage of substances across the tubular epithelium, which are impermeant in the normal kidney, falsifies the measurement of glomerular filtration rate in acute renal failure. Permeability to those substances most commonly used for filtration rate determination, polyfructosan, inulin and ferrocyanide, was estimated by measuring their recoveries following perfusion through various nephron segments in haeme pigment, ischaemic and nephrotoxic models of acute renal failure. Late proximal recovery of 14C ferrocyanide was only marginally decreased compared to controls, by a maximum of 6%. Distal recovery of polyfructosan, 14C and 3H inulin were depressed somewhat more, by a maximum of 11%. Urinary recovery of 14C inulin was reduced by only 15% in kidneys showing severely restricted renal function. It is concluded that tubular leakage is not a feature of significance in the early phase of moderate acute renal failure, that ferrocyanide and inulin are reliable markers for the determination of nephron filtration rate and water reabsorption, and that the reduction in whole kidney inulin or polyfructosan clearance reflects primarily a reduction in glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 564048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5861", "title": "Chlorotetracycline induces calcium mediated shape changes in human erythrocytes. Is Ca asymmetrically distributed in the red cell membrane?", "content": "Calcium was localized in the red cell membrane by light microscopy using chlorotetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) as chelate probe. Treating human erythrocytes with CTC dissolved in saline free of divalent cations, leads to a 530 nm fluorescence emission in the cell border and to characteristic cell shape changes which were evaluated to assess intramembrane calcium distribution. CTC prevented and reverted erythrocyte crenation induced either by washing or superfusing the cells with saline. The ionophore A23187, EGTA and glucose depletion depressed the shape modifying effect of CTC. Thus, CTC appears to act on red cell shape by complex formation with membrane associated calcium. This is further confirmed by the failure of degraded CTC, devoid of metal binding capacity, to modify the crenated shape. The CTC effect can be reverted by superfusing the erythrocytes with CTC-free medium. Thus, calcium binds more tightly to the membrane than to CTC and is not displaced by the antibiotic. If the bilayer couple hypothesis [Sheetz, M.P., Singer, S.J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4457-4461 (1974)]applies, crenation is reverted by expansion of the inner membrane half relative to the outer membrane half. Expansion of the inner membrane half results from intercalation of CTC which binds to calcium. Thus, calcium in the red cell membrane preferentially occupies the inner leaflet of the bilayer.", "contents": "Chlorotetracycline induces calcium mediated shape changes in human erythrocytes. Is Ca asymmetrically distributed in the red cell membrane? Calcium was localized in the red cell membrane by light microscopy using chlorotetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) as chelate probe. Treating human erythrocytes with CTC dissolved in saline free of divalent cations, leads to a 530 nm fluorescence emission in the cell border and to characteristic cell shape changes which were evaluated to assess intramembrane calcium distribution. CTC prevented and reverted erythrocyte crenation induced either by washing or superfusing the cells with saline. The ionophore A23187, EGTA and glucose depletion depressed the shape modifying effect of CTC. Thus, CTC appears to act on red cell shape by complex formation with membrane associated calcium. This is further confirmed by the failure of degraded CTC, devoid of metal binding capacity, to modify the crenated shape. The CTC effect can be reverted by superfusing the erythrocytes with CTC-free medium. Thus, calcium binds more tightly to the membrane than to CTC and is not displaced by the antibiotic. If the bilayer couple hypothesis [Sheetz, M.P., Singer, S.J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4457-4461 (1974)]applies, crenation is reverted by expansion of the inner membrane half relative to the outer membrane half. Expansion of the inner membrane half results from intercalation of CTC which binds to calcium. Thus, calcium in the red cell membrane preferentially occupies the inner leaflet of the bilayer.", "PMID": 564049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5862", "title": "Effect of acute uremia on arginine metabolism and urea and guanidino acid production by perfused rat liver.", "content": "Since arginine is a precursor of urea and other guanidino derivatives, we have evaluated its metabolism in acute uremia using the isolated perfused rat liver. Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral nephrectomy (n = 5) or sham operation (n = 5) 48 h prior to liver perfusion. Fifty microCi of L-[guanidino 14C] arginine and unlabelled arginine and aspartic acid were added to the recycling perfusate 15 min prior to liver perfusion. Perfusate concentrations of urea and other guanidino derivatives were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography. After the initial 30 min of perfusion, net uptake of arginine was lower, and net release of guanidino-succinic acid (GSA) was higher in the livers of acutely uremic rats. Net release of urea was also higher in uremia but the results did not achieve statistical significance. In uremia, the percent conversion of 14C arginine to 14C urea was significantly higher (79 +/- 5 [SE]%) than in controls (58 +/- 7%). These results demonstrate increased GSA production by livers of acutely uremic rats and suggest that acute uremia may be associated with increased arginine utilization and increased production of urea.", "contents": "Effect of acute uremia on arginine metabolism and urea and guanidino acid production by perfused rat liver. Since arginine is a precursor of urea and other guanidino derivatives, we have evaluated its metabolism in acute uremia using the isolated perfused rat liver. Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral nephrectomy (n = 5) or sham operation (n = 5) 48 h prior to liver perfusion. Fifty microCi of L-[guanidino 14C] arginine and unlabelled arginine and aspartic acid were added to the recycling perfusate 15 min prior to liver perfusion. Perfusate concentrations of urea and other guanidino derivatives were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography. After the initial 30 min of perfusion, net uptake of arginine was lower, and net release of guanidino-succinic acid (GSA) was higher in the livers of acutely uremic rats. Net release of urea was also higher in uremia but the results did not achieve statistical significance. In uremia, the percent conversion of 14C arginine to 14C urea was significantly higher (79 +/- 5 [SE]%) than in controls (58 +/- 7%). These results demonstrate increased GSA production by livers of acutely uremic rats and suggest that acute uremia may be associated with increased arginine utilization and increased production of urea.", "PMID": 564051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5863", "title": "Use of a wedge cuvette in thin layer photometry and its application to oximetry.", "content": "A wedge cuvette was constructed by fixing 2 glass plates at a known angle with a spacer at one end. This resulted in a thin layer with thickness varying from 0 to 250 micrometer. By measuring the intensity of a beam of light through the thin layer as a function of distance along the wedge (and thus layer thickness), the absorption coefficient at the light wavelength used could be obtained without a separate measurement of I0, the reference light intensity. In addition, the difficult problem of determining accurate layer thickness as encoutered in conventional thin layer photometry has been avoided. Tests of the wedge cuvette method with Evans Blue and Malachite Green serial dilutions as well as with haemoglobin solutions at several oxygen saturations demonstrate that accuracy of the order of 1% can be obtained. Application of the wedge cuvette in experiments on oxygen uptake by layers of haemoglobin solution are discussed.", "contents": "Use of a wedge cuvette in thin layer photometry and its application to oximetry. A wedge cuvette was constructed by fixing 2 glass plates at a known angle with a spacer at one end. This resulted in a thin layer with thickness varying from 0 to 250 micrometer. By measuring the intensity of a beam of light through the thin layer as a function of distance along the wedge (and thus layer thickness), the absorption coefficient at the light wavelength used could be obtained without a separate measurement of I0, the reference light intensity. In addition, the difficult problem of determining accurate layer thickness as encoutered in conventional thin layer photometry has been avoided. Tests of the wedge cuvette method with Evans Blue and Malachite Green serial dilutions as well as with haemoglobin solutions at several oxygen saturations demonstrate that accuracy of the order of 1% can be obtained. Application of the wedge cuvette in experiments on oxygen uptake by layers of haemoglobin solution are discussed.", "PMID": 564052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5864", "title": "Reduction by thiopental of the slow-channel-mediated action potential of canine papillary muscle.", "content": "The negative inotropic effect of thiopental was examined on the canine papillary muscle. The slow-channel-mediated action potential was induced by 5mM of caffeine in high-K (27 mM) Tyrode solution. The drug reduced the slow action potential and the twitch tension, suggesting a reduction in the slow inward current.", "contents": "Reduction by thiopental of the slow-channel-mediated action potential of canine papillary muscle. The negative inotropic effect of thiopental was examined on the canine papillary muscle. The slow-channel-mediated action potential was induced by 5mM of caffeine in high-K (27 mM) Tyrode solution. The drug reduced the slow action potential and the twitch tension, suggesting a reduction in the slow inward current.", "PMID": 564053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5865", "title": "Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in postmenopausal women.", "content": "In a group of 12 postmenopausal women the P50-value (i.e. half saturation tension of oxygen) and other parameters of the red blood count were determined and compared with values of a male group of the same age. A small but significant difference could be found between the hematocrit values but no other values differed. In particular, the sex difference in oxygen affinity reported earlier does not exist in men and women on this age group.", "contents": "Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in postmenopausal women. In a group of 12 postmenopausal women the P50-value (i.e. half saturation tension of oxygen) and other parameters of the red blood count were determined and compared with values of a male group of the same age. A small but significant difference could be found between the hematocrit values but no other values differed. In particular, the sex difference in oxygen affinity reported earlier does not exist in men and women on this age group.", "PMID": 564054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5866", "title": "Capnostat and oxystat. Electronic devices to automatically maintain the end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 of a subject connected to a closed respiratory circuit at adjustable levels.", "content": "In respiratory physiology it is often desirable to maintain the end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 at adjustable levels independent of each other, e.g., when taking steady-state CO2 or O2 response curves, or when studying the ventilatory effects of exercise or drugs at constant levels of PCO2 and PO2. Based on the closed respiratory circuit described by Folgering et al. (1974), a new version was designed. The main new features of this version are that end-tidal PO2 instead of inspiratory PO2 can be kept constant, and that the correcting activity of both controllers (capnostat and oxystat) is proportional to the magnitude of the difference between the actual and the adjusted end-tidal PCO2 or PO2. An optic as well as an acoustic alarm is provided and will be switched on whenever no end-tidal PO2 is detected for an adjustable time.", "contents": "Capnostat and oxystat. Electronic devices to automatically maintain the end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 of a subject connected to a closed respiratory circuit at adjustable levels. In respiratory physiology it is often desirable to maintain the end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 at adjustable levels independent of each other, e.g., when taking steady-state CO2 or O2 response curves, or when studying the ventilatory effects of exercise or drugs at constant levels of PCO2 and PO2. Based on the closed respiratory circuit described by Folgering et al. (1974), a new version was designed. The main new features of this version are that end-tidal PO2 instead of inspiratory PO2 can be kept constant, and that the correcting activity of both controllers (capnostat and oxystat) is proportional to the magnitude of the difference between the actual and the adjusted end-tidal PCO2 or PO2. An optic as well as an acoustic alarm is provided and will be switched on whenever no end-tidal PO2 is detected for an adjustable time.", "PMID": 564055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5867", "title": "[Rabbit testosterone-binding globulin and its use in concurrent protein-binding analysis].", "content": "The existence of testosterone-binding globulin (TBC) homogeneous by the association constant (of the 10(8) M-1 order) and sedimentation characteristics (sedimentation coefficient--4S) was demonstrated in various groups of rabbits (mature males and females, pregnant females and fetuses, immature males). The level of the TBG binding capacity failed to show any marked differences in all the ontogenetic groups. The TBG level was rather close in the rabbit mother and fetus. Estradiol, estron, progesterone, cortizol possessed no affinity to this protein. Dehydrotestosterone affinity was about three times greater than that of testosterone. When TBG was used in the competitive protein-binding analysis of testosterone and other protein-bound androgens in the blood plasma of men, women and rabbits (male and female) there were obtained results coinciding with those of other authors. This permitted to recommend TBG for wide practical use in the competitive protein-binding analysis.", "contents": "[Rabbit testosterone-binding globulin and its use in concurrent protein-binding analysis]. The existence of testosterone-binding globulin (TBC) homogeneous by the association constant (of the 10(8) M-1 order) and sedimentation characteristics (sedimentation coefficient--4S) was demonstrated in various groups of rabbits (mature males and females, pregnant females and fetuses, immature males). The level of the TBG binding capacity failed to show any marked differences in all the ontogenetic groups. The TBG level was rather close in the rabbit mother and fetus. Estradiol, estron, progesterone, cortizol possessed no affinity to this protein. Dehydrotestosterone affinity was about three times greater than that of testosterone. When TBG was used in the competitive protein-binding analysis of testosterone and other protein-bound androgens in the blood plasma of men, women and rabbits (male and female) there were obtained results coinciding with those of other authors. This permitted to recommend TBG for wide practical use in the competitive protein-binding analysis.", "PMID": 564060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5868", "title": "Short- and long-term effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine in rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.", "content": "Bilateral intraventricular injections of high dose (2 X 250 microgram) of 6-hydroxydopamine to rats pretreated with nialamide produced a pronounced hyperactivity persisting for several hours and induced permanent aggressiveness. Only 50% rat survived the treatment for longer than a week, the explorative activity of the survivors was inhibited for over 2 months. The brain catecholamine content was depressed for at least 15 months, while no long-term changes of serotonin level were observed. The hyperactivity, aggressiveness and hypothermia produced by apomorphine were enhanced in centrally chemosympathectomized rats, while the hyperactivity produced by D-amphetamine or amantadine remained inaffected. The results confirm the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity following central chemosympathectomy, and indicate a possibility of employing the supersensitivity model for distinguishing between pre- and postsynaptic action of dopaminergic stimulants.", "contents": "Short- and long-term effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine in rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Bilateral intraventricular injections of high dose (2 X 250 microgram) of 6-hydroxydopamine to rats pretreated with nialamide produced a pronounced hyperactivity persisting for several hours and induced permanent aggressiveness. Only 50% rat survived the treatment for longer than a week, the explorative activity of the survivors was inhibited for over 2 months. The brain catecholamine content was depressed for at least 15 months, while no long-term changes of serotonin level were observed. The hyperactivity, aggressiveness and hypothermia produced by apomorphine were enhanced in centrally chemosympathectomized rats, while the hyperactivity produced by D-amphetamine or amantadine remained inaffected. The results confirm the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity following central chemosympathectomy, and indicate a possibility of employing the supersensitivity model for distinguishing between pre- and postsynaptic action of dopaminergic stimulants.", "PMID": 564059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5869", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin A1 infusion in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Clinical data, arteriographic findings, peripheral and renal vein plasma renin activity (PRA) studies and responses to prostaglandin A1 infusion are presented from observations in seven hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. PGA1 infusion caused an increase in PRA and urine sodium excretion but no significant change in blood pressure. Exaggerated increases in PRA were observed in five patients. With cessation of PGA1 infusion PRA returned toward pre-infusion levels. In two patients bilateral renal and peripheral vein PRA's were determined before and during PGA1 infusion. PGA1 caused a greater increase in renal vein PRA than in peripheral vein PRA indicating a direct enhancement of renin secretion. These studies indicate possible relationships between the vasoactive prostaglandins and the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of hypertension due to renal artery stenosis.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin A1 infusion in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. Clinical data, arteriographic findings, peripheral and renal vein plasma renin activity (PRA) studies and responses to prostaglandin A1 infusion are presented from observations in seven hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. PGA1 infusion caused an increase in PRA and urine sodium excretion but no significant change in blood pressure. Exaggerated increases in PRA were observed in five patients. With cessation of PGA1 infusion PRA returned toward pre-infusion levels. In two patients bilateral renal and peripheral vein PRA's were determined before and during PGA1 infusion. PGA1 caused a greater increase in renal vein PRA than in peripheral vein PRA indicating a direct enhancement of renin secretion. These studies indicate possible relationships between the vasoactive prostaglandins and the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of hypertension due to renal artery stenosis.", "PMID": 564075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5870", "title": "A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the luteolysin in swine: III effects of estradiol valerate on prostaglandin F, progestins, estrone and estradiol concentrations in the utero-ovarian vein of nonpregnant gilts.", "content": "Polyvinyl catheters were placed into the right and left utero-ovarian veins and saphenous vein and artery of three control (C) and four estradiol valerate (EV) treated gilts on Day 9 after onset of estrus. The EV treated gilts received 5mg EV/day on Days 11 through 15 after onset of estrus. On Days 12 through 17 utero-ovarian vein blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals from 0700 to 1000 hr and 1900 to 2200 hr and single samples were taken at 1100 and 2300 hr. Peripheral blood samples (saphenous vein or artery) were taken at 0700, 1100, 1900 and 2300 hr from Day 12 until the control gilts returned to estrus or until Day 25 for EV treated gilts and used to measure plasma steroid hormone concentrations. Utero-ovarian vein prostaglandin F (gf) concentrations (ng/ml, n-1,177) were measured by RIA. Status (control vs EV treated gilts) by day interactions were detected (P=.10). Curvilinear day trends were detected for plasma PGF concentrations in control (P less than .01) but not EV treated gilts. PGF concentrations (X +/- S.D.) for control and EV treated gilts were 1.20 +/- 2.08 and .26 +/- .84 ng/ml, respectively. PGF peaks (concentrations greater than X + 2 S.D.) occurred with greater frequency in control gilts (X2 =4.87; P less than .05). The interestrus interval (X +/- S.E.) for control and treated gilts was 19.0 +/- .6 and 146.5 +/- 74.8 days, respectively. Data indicate tht t estradiol valerate may exert its luteotrophic effect by preventing PGF release from the uterus.", "contents": "A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the luteolysin in swine: III effects of estradiol valerate on prostaglandin F, progestins, estrone and estradiol concentrations in the utero-ovarian vein of nonpregnant gilts. Polyvinyl catheters were placed into the right and left utero-ovarian veins and saphenous vein and artery of three control (C) and four estradiol valerate (EV) treated gilts on Day 9 after onset of estrus. The EV treated gilts received 5mg EV/day on Days 11 through 15 after onset of estrus. On Days 12 through 17 utero-ovarian vein blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals from 0700 to 1000 hr and 1900 to 2200 hr and single samples were taken at 1100 and 2300 hr. Peripheral blood samples (saphenous vein or artery) were taken at 0700, 1100, 1900 and 2300 hr from Day 12 until the control gilts returned to estrus or until Day 25 for EV treated gilts and used to measure plasma steroid hormone concentrations. Utero-ovarian vein prostaglandin F (gf) concentrations (ng/ml, n-1,177) were measured by RIA. Status (control vs EV treated gilts) by day interactions were detected (P=.10). Curvilinear day trends were detected for plasma PGF concentrations in control (P less than .01) but not EV treated gilts. PGF concentrations (X +/- S.D.) for control and EV treated gilts were 1.20 +/- 2.08 and .26 +/- .84 ng/ml, respectively. PGF peaks (concentrations greater than X + 2 S.D.) occurred with greater frequency in control gilts (X2 =4.87; P less than .05). The interestrus interval (X +/- S.E.) for control and treated gilts was 19.0 +/- .6 and 146.5 +/- 74.8 days, respectively. Data indicate tht t estradiol valerate may exert its luteotrophic effect by preventing PGF release from the uterus.", "PMID": 564076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5871", "title": "Bone cells: a serum-free medium supports proliferation in primary culture.", "content": "Bone-cells isolated from embryonic rat calvaria increase in number two-to threefold when cultured at high, but not at low, population densities in a serum-free medium that contains albumin. Cultured cells respond to parathyroid hormone and exhibit a marked rise in alkaline phosphatase activity during proliferation, which suggests the progressive differentiation or preferential growth of osteoblast-like cells.", "contents": "Bone cells: a serum-free medium supports proliferation in primary culture. Bone-cells isolated from embryonic rat calvaria increase in number two-to threefold when cultured at high, but not at low, population densities in a serum-free medium that contains albumin. Cultured cells respond to parathyroid hormone and exhibit a marked rise in alkaline phosphatase activity during proliferation, which suggests the progressive differentiation or preferential growth of osteoblast-like cells.", "PMID": 564080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5872", "title": "Adiaspiromycosis in Czechoslovakian mammals.", "content": "The examination of 46 mammalian species in Czechoslovakia revealed adiaspiromycosis caused by the Emmonsia crescens in 22 species of free living animals; E. parva was the etiological agent in 3 species. The disease was most frequently found in carnivores of the family Mustelidae.", "contents": "Adiaspiromycosis in Czechoslovakian mammals. The examination of 46 mammalian species in Czechoslovakia revealed adiaspiromycosis caused by the Emmonsia crescens in 22 species of free living animals; E. parva was the etiological agent in 3 species. The disease was most frequently found in carnivores of the family Mustelidae.", "PMID": 564081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5873", "title": "Colonization of hospitalized patients with yeast-like organisms.", "content": "The pharyngeal, fecal and skin carrier rates of yeast-like organisms was determined in 126 patients on the day of admission to a larger Veterans Administration Hospital. None of these patients had been hospitalized or received anti-microbial agents during the previous year Candida and Torulopsis species were most common. A small percentage of patients were carriers of various species belonging to the genera Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Leucosporidium and Endomycopsis. Fifty of the original 126 patients remained hospitalized for a sufficient duration to permit repeat cultures on days 7 and 14. Twenty-five of these patients served as controls and did not receive antibiotics; the other 25 received at least a 4-day course of antibiotic therapy for an underlying infection. Although there was no significant difference in the carrier rates in these 2 groups, organisms other than Candida continued to be isolated from the 50 patients who remained hospitalized for 2 weeks.", "contents": "Colonization of hospitalized patients with yeast-like organisms. The pharyngeal, fecal and skin carrier rates of yeast-like organisms was determined in 126 patients on the day of admission to a larger Veterans Administration Hospital. None of these patients had been hospitalized or received anti-microbial agents during the previous year Candida and Torulopsis species were most common. A small percentage of patients were carriers of various species belonging to the genera Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Leucosporidium and Endomycopsis. Fifty of the original 126 patients remained hospitalized for a sufficient duration to permit repeat cultures on days 7 and 14. Twenty-five of these patients served as controls and did not receive antibiotics; the other 25 received at least a 4-day course of antibiotic therapy for an underlying infection. Although there was no significant difference in the carrier rates in these 2 groups, organisms other than Candida continued to be isolated from the 50 patients who remained hospitalized for 2 weeks.", "PMID": 564082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5874", "title": "Somatic cell genetic assignment of the human gene for mitochondrial NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase to the long arm of chromosome 15.", "content": "A double-immunodiffusion method has been developed to detect human mitochondrial NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42; designated as IDH-2) using rabbit antiserum against the relevant enzyme. The method allows one to distinguish human IDH-2 from its mouse counterpart in extracts from human-mouse somatic cell hybrids. A correlation was found between the expression of human IDH-2 and the presence of human chromosome 15 in a \"panel\" of eight independent hybrid clones. Analysis of human marker enzymes for 37 different clones revealed a syntenic relationship between IDH-2 and mannose phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.8; MPI), which has been assigned to chromosome 15 (1). These results permit the assignment of the structural gene for human IDH-2 to human chromosome 15. IDH-2 and human cytoplasmic IDH (IDH-1) were found to be asyntenic. Evidence from hybrid clones carrying a human X/15 translocation chromosome indicates that the human IDH-2 gene can be localized to the q11-qter region of chromosome 15.", "contents": "Somatic cell genetic assignment of the human gene for mitochondrial NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase to the long arm of chromosome 15. A double-immunodiffusion method has been developed to detect human mitochondrial NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42; designated as IDH-2) using rabbit antiserum against the relevant enzyme. The method allows one to distinguish human IDH-2 from its mouse counterpart in extracts from human-mouse somatic cell hybrids. A correlation was found between the expression of human IDH-2 and the presence of human chromosome 15 in a \"panel\" of eight independent hybrid clones. Analysis of human marker enzymes for 37 different clones revealed a syntenic relationship between IDH-2 and mannose phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.8; MPI), which has been assigned to chromosome 15 (1). These results permit the assignment of the structural gene for human IDH-2 to human chromosome 15. IDH-2 and human cytoplasmic IDH (IDH-1) were found to be asyntenic. Evidence from hybrid clones carrying a human X/15 translocation chromosome indicates that the human IDH-2 gene can be localized to the q11-qter region of chromosome 15.", "PMID": 564083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5875", "title": "Mitotic segregation of cytoplasmic determinants for chloramphenicol resistance in mammalian cells. I: Fusion with mouse cell lines.", "content": "The segregation of cytoplasmically inherited chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance in mouse cells was investigated in fusions between CAP-resistant cells or cytoplasts (enucleated cells) and CAP-sensitive cells of varying tissue origin. All hybrids formed in cell-cell fusions were initially CAP-resistant, indicating that CAP resistance is dominant. Hybrids from fusions of cells of the same tissue origin (homologous) were stably CAP-resistant, whereas the hybrid population from fusions of different origins (heterologous) showed a rapid diminution of average CAP resistance. Individual hybrid clones from these heterologous fusions also showed an overall loss of CAP resistance, and a wide variation in CAP resistance which is consistent with a large number of genetic determinants (possibly mitochondrial DNA molecules) contributing to the CAP phenotype. Similar results were obtained from cytoplast-cell fusions, so the observed CAP segregation is not the result of nuclear-nuclear interactions. This segregation of CAP resistance constitutes a second criterion of cytoplasmic inheritance in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Mitotic segregation of cytoplasmic determinants for chloramphenicol resistance in mammalian cells. I: Fusion with mouse cell lines. The segregation of cytoplasmically inherited chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance in mouse cells was investigated in fusions between CAP-resistant cells or cytoplasts (enucleated cells) and CAP-sensitive cells of varying tissue origin. All hybrids formed in cell-cell fusions were initially CAP-resistant, indicating that CAP resistance is dominant. Hybrids from fusions of cells of the same tissue origin (homologous) were stably CAP-resistant, whereas the hybrid population from fusions of different origins (heterologous) showed a rapid diminution of average CAP resistance. Individual hybrid clones from these heterologous fusions also showed an overall loss of CAP resistance, and a wide variation in CAP resistance which is consistent with a large number of genetic determinants (possibly mitochondrial DNA molecules) contributing to the CAP phenotype. Similar results were obtained from cytoplast-cell fusions, so the observed CAP segregation is not the result of nuclear-nuclear interactions. This segregation of CAP resistance constitutes a second criterion of cytoplasmic inheritance in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 564084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5876", "title": "Intrachromosomal gene mapping in man: the gene for tryptophyl-tRNA synthetase maps in region q21 leads to qter of chromosome 14.", "content": "A gene for tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2), the enzyme which attaches tryptophan to its tRNA, has previously been assigned to human chromosome 14 by analysis of man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. We report here a method for the electrophoretic separation of Chinese hamster and human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases and its application to a series of independently derived Chinese hamster-human hybrids in which part of the human chromosome 14 has been translocated to the human X chromosome. When this derivative der (X),t(X;14) (Xqter leads to Xp22::14q21 leads to 14qter) chromosome carrying the human gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was selected for and against in cell hybrid lines by the appropriate selective conditions, the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase activity was found to segregate concordantly. These results provide additional confirmation for the assignment of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene to human chromosome 14 and define its intrachromosomal location in the region 14q21 leads to 14qter. Our findings indicate that the genes for tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and for ribosomal RNA are not closely linked on chromosome 14.", "contents": "Intrachromosomal gene mapping in man: the gene for tryptophyl-tRNA synthetase maps in region q21 leads to qter of chromosome 14. A gene for tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.2), the enzyme which attaches tryptophan to its tRNA, has previously been assigned to human chromosome 14 by analysis of man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. We report here a method for the electrophoretic separation of Chinese hamster and human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases and its application to a series of independently derived Chinese hamster-human hybrids in which part of the human chromosome 14 has been translocated to the human X chromosome. When this derivative der (X),t(X;14) (Xqter leads to Xp22::14q21 leads to 14qter) chromosome carrying the human gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was selected for and against in cell hybrid lines by the appropriate selective conditions, the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase activity was found to segregate concordantly. These results provide additional confirmation for the assignment of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene to human chromosome 14 and define its intrachromosomal location in the region 14q21 leads to 14qter. Our findings indicate that the genes for tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and for ribosomal RNA are not closely linked on chromosome 14.", "PMID": 564085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5877", "title": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism: characterization of Chinese hamster cell mutants defective in phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase and phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase and an examination of alternatives to the first step of purine biosynthesis.", "content": "Activities of the first three enzymes in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway have been measured in cell-free extracts of the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1) and two purine-requiring auxotrophs of this cell. Ade-A has been found to be defective in phosphoribosylpryophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase while Ade-C has been found to be defective in glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase. Neither enzyme deficiency is due to the presence of an excess of diffusible inhibitor, and mixed extracts of Ade-A and Ade-C are capable of performing both enzymatic steps in a coupled assay. Assays of GAR formyltransferase show that it is present in Ade-A and Ade-C, indicating that these cell types are defective in only one enzyme each of the early purine biosynthetic enzymes. Using the Ade-A mutant, analysis of alternatives to PRPP plus glutamine as substrates for the first step in the purine biosynthetic pathway showed that a common genetic unit must direct the synthesis for both PRPP plus glutamine and PRPP plus ammonia activities. Although ribose-5-phosphate plus ammonia can be used in cell-free extracts to perform the first step in purine biosynthesis, it is shown that this activity is apparently not used by intact CHO-K1 cells.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism: characterization of Chinese hamster cell mutants defective in phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase and phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase and an examination of alternatives to the first step of purine biosynthesis. Activities of the first three enzymes in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway have been measured in cell-free extracts of the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1) and two purine-requiring auxotrophs of this cell. Ade-A has been found to be defective in phosphoribosylpryophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase while Ade-C has been found to be defective in glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase. Neither enzyme deficiency is due to the presence of an excess of diffusible inhibitor, and mixed extracts of Ade-A and Ade-C are capable of performing both enzymatic steps in a coupled assay. Assays of GAR formyltransferase show that it is present in Ade-A and Ade-C, indicating that these cell types are defective in only one enzyme each of the early purine biosynthetic enzymes. Using the Ade-A mutant, analysis of alternatives to PRPP plus glutamine as substrates for the first step in the purine biosynthetic pathway showed that a common genetic unit must direct the synthesis for both PRPP plus glutamine and PRPP plus ammonia activities. Although ribose-5-phosphate plus ammonia can be used in cell-free extracts to perform the first step in purine biosynthesis, it is shown that this activity is apparently not used by intact CHO-K1 cells.", "PMID": 564086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5878", "title": "Localization of acid phosphatase in microfilariae of Loa loa and Dipetalonema perstans from Cameroun.", "content": "The histochemical pattern of acid phosphatase activity in the microfilaria of L. loa showed a diffuse red staining all over the body, with conspicuous staining of the excretory and anal vesicles, Innenk\u00f6rper, amphids and phasmids. In D. perstans, the enzymatic activity was localized chiefly in four regions corresponding to the excretory and anal vesicles, amphids and phasmids of the microfilariae. A considerable loss of enzyme activity was observed in microfilariae that had been stored in a refrigerator for somedays prior to their fixation.", "contents": "Localization of acid phosphatase in microfilariae of Loa loa and Dipetalonema perstans from Cameroun. The histochemical pattern of acid phosphatase activity in the microfilaria of L. loa showed a diffuse red staining all over the body, with conspicuous staining of the excretory and anal vesicles, Innenk\u00f6rper, amphids and phasmids. In D. perstans, the enzymatic activity was localized chiefly in four regions corresponding to the excretory and anal vesicles, amphids and phasmids of the microfilariae. A considerable loss of enzyme activity was observed in microfilariae that had been stored in a refrigerator for somedays prior to their fixation.", "PMID": 564090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5879", "title": "[Phenols as toxic metabolites of benz(a)pyrene].", "content": "The effect of benzo(a)pyrene and two its phenolic metabolites 3-hydroxybenzo(a)-pyrene and 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene--on the cultures of normal and transformed fibroblasts has been studied. In was shown that unlike the parent carcinogen its phenolic metabolites exerted only toxic (but not transforming) effect on cultured cells, and this effect has been developed at a faster rate than that produced by benzo(a)pyrene. 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was more toxic than 3-hydroxybenzo(a) pyrene. It was concluded that both metabolites produced their effects without preliminary activation by microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "[Phenols as toxic metabolites of benz(a)pyrene]. The effect of benzo(a)pyrene and two its phenolic metabolites 3-hydroxybenzo(a)-pyrene and 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene--on the cultures of normal and transformed fibroblasts has been studied. In was shown that unlike the parent carcinogen its phenolic metabolites exerted only toxic (but not transforming) effect on cultured cells, and this effect has been developed at a faster rate than that produced by benzo(a)pyrene. 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was more toxic than 3-hydroxybenzo(a) pyrene. It was concluded that both metabolites produced their effects without preliminary activation by microsomal enzymes.", "PMID": 564091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5880", "title": "[Septic shock in the urologic patient. III. Microbiological problems (author's transl)].", "content": "From a microbiological point of view, the onset of septicemia in urology is related mainly to nosocomial germs; germs acquired outside of the hospital play a lesser role. The special problems caused by this kind of germ are analyzed in terms of our own cases. The limulus test as a possible method for the early diagnosis of gram negative septicemia is discussed critically. Chemotherapy as well as prophylactic measures is discussed.", "contents": "[Septic shock in the urologic patient. III. Microbiological problems (author's transl)]. From a microbiological point of view, the onset of septicemia in urology is related mainly to nosocomial germs; germs acquired outside of the hospital play a lesser role. The special problems caused by this kind of germ are analyzed in terms of our own cases. The limulus test as a possible method for the early diagnosis of gram negative septicemia is discussed critically. Chemotherapy as well as prophylactic measures is discussed.", "PMID": 564093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5881", "title": "Intraurethral thrombosed varix: unusual cause for hematuria.", "content": "A case of an intraurethral thrombosed vein as a cause for painless hematuria is presented. In contrast to previous reports, the thrombosed varix was located in the midurethra rather than at the urethral meatus. The necessity for biopsy to differentiate from tumor is emphasized.", "contents": "Intraurethral thrombosed varix: unusual cause for hematuria. A case of an intraurethral thrombosed vein as a cause for painless hematuria is presented. In contrast to previous reports, the thrombosed varix was located in the midurethra rather than at the urethral meatus. The necessity for biopsy to differentiate from tumor is emphasized.", "PMID": 564094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5882", "title": "Premature ejaculation: new electrophysiologic approach.", "content": "A new diagnostic investigation for premature ejaculation is described. Although the neurophysiologic basis of the test is unknown, it could be a good method for differentiating organic from psychologic ejaculatory dysfunction.", "contents": "Premature ejaculation: new electrophysiologic approach. A new diagnostic investigation for premature ejaculation is described. Although the neurophysiologic basis of the test is unknown, it could be a good method for differentiating organic from psychologic ejaculatory dysfunction.", "PMID": 564095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5883", "title": "[New findings in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis].", "content": "At present there is not yet a causal therapy of hepatitis. The modern state of knowledge on the mode of transfer, on the persistence of the causative organisms and the immunological reactions evoked by the causative organisms gives the possibility for new ways in prevention. The HBs Ag-carriers are a reservoir of causative organisms in the sense of chronic carriers. In a particular degree they endanger the personnel of public health. A supplementation of the general hygienic preventive measures by the immunoprophylaxis is desirable.", "contents": "[New findings in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis]. At present there is not yet a causal therapy of hepatitis. The modern state of knowledge on the mode of transfer, on the persistence of the causative organisms and the immunological reactions evoked by the causative organisms gives the possibility for new ways in prevention. The HBs Ag-carriers are a reservoir of causative organisms in the sense of chronic carriers. In a particular degree they endanger the personnel of public health. A supplementation of the general hygienic preventive measures by the immunoprophylaxis is desirable.", "PMID": 564101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5884", "title": "A new group of mitogenic lectins from invertebrate sources.", "content": "In the haemolymph of the Tridacnid bivalve clams anti-galactans occur which do not have only glycosubstance precipitating and cell agglutinating properties, but also show mitogenic activity with respect to the blast transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes. This new property can be inhibited in a specific way by galactans and is destroyed by the degradation of the mitogenic lectin into subunits by polymer bound pronase. Quite a number of invertebrate haemolymph samples and snail albumin gland extracts, containing agglutinin activity, proved to have no mitogenic potency. The only exception was found in an extract of the snail albumin gland of Ampullaria canaliculata which contained a strong mitogen of the lectin type.", "contents": "A new group of mitogenic lectins from invertebrate sources. In the haemolymph of the Tridacnid bivalve clams anti-galactans occur which do not have only glycosubstance precipitating and cell agglutinating properties, but also show mitogenic activity with respect to the blast transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes. This new property can be inhibited in a specific way by galactans and is destroyed by the degradation of the mitogenic lectin into subunits by polymer bound pronase. Quite a number of invertebrate haemolymph samples and snail albumin gland extracts, containing agglutinin activity, proved to have no mitogenic potency. The only exception was found in an extract of the snail albumin gland of Ampullaria canaliculata which contained a strong mitogen of the lectin type.", "PMID": 564102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5885", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of thyroglobulin--autoantibody producing cells in various organs of obese strain (OS) chickens.", "content": "The Obese strain (OS) of White Leghorn chickens develops a spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis with circulating thyroglobulin-autoantibodies (Tg-AAb) similar to human Hashimoto thyroiditis. The paper describes attempts to localize the site of Tg-AAb production in various organs of these animals using the immunofluorescence method. Tg-AAb producing plasma cells and germinal centers could be detected in the infiltrated thyroid glands but not in spleen, bone marrow, coecal tonsils, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and Harderian glands.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of thyroglobulin--autoantibody producing cells in various organs of obese strain (OS) chickens. The Obese strain (OS) of White Leghorn chickens develops a spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis with circulating thyroglobulin-autoantibodies (Tg-AAb) similar to human Hashimoto thyroiditis. The paper describes attempts to localize the site of Tg-AAb production in various organs of these animals using the immunofluorescence method. Tg-AAb producing plasma cells and germinal centers could be detected in the infiltrated thyroid glands but not in spleen, bone marrow, coecal tonsils, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and Harderian glands.", "PMID": 564103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5886", "title": "[Effect of a therapeutic and prophylactic diet enriched with thiamine and calcium pantothenate on the acetylating capacity of the body of workers engaged in the manufacture of phenol-formaldehyde resins].", "content": "The present investigation uncovered certain changes in the intensity of the acetylating processes, in the blood and urine levels of the pyruvic acid and in the urinary excretion of thiamine in a number of persons engaged in the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins. An enrichment of medico-prophylactic ration No 4 with thiamine and calcium pantothenate led to normalization of the study characteristics. The results thus made available bear proof to the prophylactic effectiveness of a supplementary vitaminization of the special diet accorded to workers handling phenol-formaldehyde resins.", "contents": "[Effect of a therapeutic and prophylactic diet enriched with thiamine and calcium pantothenate on the acetylating capacity of the body of workers engaged in the manufacture of phenol-formaldehyde resins]. The present investigation uncovered certain changes in the intensity of the acetylating processes, in the blood and urine levels of the pyruvic acid and in the urinary excretion of thiamine in a number of persons engaged in the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins. An enrichment of medico-prophylactic ration No 4 with thiamine and calcium pantothenate led to normalization of the study characteristics. The results thus made available bear proof to the prophylactic effectiveness of a supplementary vitaminization of the special diet accorded to workers handling phenol-formaldehyde resins.", "PMID": 564098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5887", "title": "[Parent structures of influenza virus in infected cells].", "content": "The fate of influenza virus (A/FPV/Weilbridge) parental structures was studied in permissive (chick fibroblasts) and nonpermissive (Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells) cell systems. The cells were infected with the virus labeled with 3H-precursors of RNA of the pulse label and by polymerase reaction in vitro. In the cytoplasm, the functionally active parental structures were found in the area of nucleocapsids (40-50 S). Upon recentrifugation in cesium chloride gradient, some of these structures showed nucleocapsid density of 1.34 g/cm3, and some a higher density (1.40-1.41 g/cm3). In the nucleoplasm, the functionally active structures 2 hours after infection sedimented in the zones of 20-35 S and 3 hours postinfection in the zone of 70-90 S. Both in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm the parental structures were unstable, undergoing rapid deproteinization. Similar parental structures were found in permissive and nonpermissive cell systems.", "contents": "[Parent structures of influenza virus in infected cells]. The fate of influenza virus (A/FPV/Weilbridge) parental structures was studied in permissive (chick fibroblasts) and nonpermissive (Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells) cell systems. The cells were infected with the virus labeled with 3H-precursors of RNA of the pulse label and by polymerase reaction in vitro. In the cytoplasm, the functionally active parental structures were found in the area of nucleocapsids (40-50 S). Upon recentrifugation in cesium chloride gradient, some of these structures showed nucleocapsid density of 1.34 g/cm3, and some a higher density (1.40-1.41 g/cm3). In the nucleoplasm, the functionally active structures 2 hours after infection sedimented in the zones of 20-35 S and 3 hours postinfection in the zone of 70-90 S. Both in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm the parental structures were unstable, undergoing rapid deproteinization. Similar parental structures were found in permissive and nonpermissive cell systems.", "PMID": 564099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5888", "title": "Social organization and mating success in local song populations of village indigobirds, Vidua chalybeata.", "content": "Behavioral interactions among color-marked individual Vidua chalybeata that shared common song dialects were observed for 5 years in two populations at Lochinvar National Park, Zambia. Social interactions involved males visiting and competing for mating sites and female visiting male in an apparent sampling of potential copulating partners. Differences in mating success among the polygynous males were compared with male behavior and territory resources, and criteria were developed to test the importance of intrasexual male competition and female mate choice in explaining the mating system of the populations. Song behavior best explained differences in mating success of males, with lesser effects of neighboring males and the defensible resources around the call-sites. The social organization of song populations resembles that of a dispersed lek with females visiting many males but mating with few males. We discuss the observations on indigobirds in relation to behavioral selection, sexual selection, and mating systems. Mating systems of certain populations and species are compared using statistics of individual mating success.", "contents": "Social organization and mating success in local song populations of village indigobirds, Vidua chalybeata. Behavioral interactions among color-marked individual Vidua chalybeata that shared common song dialects were observed for 5 years in two populations at Lochinvar National Park, Zambia. Social interactions involved males visiting and competing for mating sites and female visiting male in an apparent sampling of potential copulating partners. Differences in mating success among the polygynous males were compared with male behavior and territory resources, and criteria were developed to test the importance of intrasexual male competition and female mate choice in explaining the mating system of the populations. Song behavior best explained differences in mating success of males, with lesser effects of neighboring males and the defensible resources around the call-sites. The social organization of song populations resembles that of a dispersed lek with females visiting many males but mating with few males. We discuss the observations on indigobirds in relation to behavioral selection, sexual selection, and mating systems. Mating systems of certain populations and species are compared using statistics of individual mating success.", "PMID": 564106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5889", "title": "[Ontogeny and function of rank order in a sibling group of greylag geese (Anser anser L.)].", "content": "Between the siblings of a family of greylag geese (Anser anser L.) a rank order is established by fighting during the first days after hatching, and also by other, more complex interactions. The position of each goose in the rank order can be defined by three groups of behaviour patterns (aggressive behaviour, \"greetings\", escape responses). A clear-cut ranking relation between two individuals is a prerequisite for their close cohesion. The survival function of rank order lies in diminishing the intensity and frequency of agonistic interactions, in diminishing social stress situations and in guaranteeing the close family cohesion.", "contents": "[Ontogeny and function of rank order in a sibling group of greylag geese (Anser anser L.)]. Between the siblings of a family of greylag geese (Anser anser L.) a rank order is established by fighting during the first days after hatching, and also by other, more complex interactions. The position of each goose in the rank order can be defined by three groups of behaviour patterns (aggressive behaviour, \"greetings\", escape responses). A clear-cut ranking relation between two individuals is a prerequisite for their close cohesion. The survival function of rank order lies in diminishing the intensity and frequency of agonistic interactions, in diminishing social stress situations and in guaranteeing the close family cohesion.", "PMID": 564107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5890", "title": "[Antibody formation during use of heterologous trypsin].", "content": "A five-fold administration to Wistar rats of crystalline bovine trypsin in a dose of 0.01 mg per 100 g of body weight stimulated formation of rosette forming cells (RFC) and antibody forming cells (AFC) in the spleen in injection of the antigen 2 hours after the termination of trypsin treatment, but failed to influence the immune response in case of immunization 48 hours after the terminal injection of the enzyme. The blood serum of rats, obtained 2 hours after the last trypsin injection stimulated in passive homologous transfer the RFC and the AFC formation and also accelerated tha antibody production. As to serum obtained 48 hours after the termination of trypsinization, it had no effect on the development of the immunological response.", "contents": "[Antibody formation during use of heterologous trypsin]. A five-fold administration to Wistar rats of crystalline bovine trypsin in a dose of 0.01 mg per 100 g of body weight stimulated formation of rosette forming cells (RFC) and antibody forming cells (AFC) in the spleen in injection of the antigen 2 hours after the termination of trypsin treatment, but failed to influence the immune response in case of immunization 48 hours after the terminal injection of the enzyme. The blood serum of rats, obtained 2 hours after the last trypsin injection stimulated in passive homologous transfer the RFC and the AFC formation and also accelerated tha antibody production. As to serum obtained 48 hours after the termination of trypsinization, it had no effect on the development of the immunological response.", "PMID": 564111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5891", "title": "[Disorder of selectivity in the structure of speech behavior in schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The author considers disturbances of 2 types of speech activity--processes of identification of speech stimuli and speech reproduction, associated with the change of the factor of selective actualization that is determined by the past experience in schizophrenic patients. The expressiveness of speech pathology was different and it was determined by the role and significance of this factor in the structure of the studied processes. The obtained data point to a special type of disturbances of speech activity, and it associates with the change of one of the forms of determination of the selectivity of speech processes.", "contents": "[Disorder of selectivity in the structure of speech behavior in schizophrenic patients]. The author considers disturbances of 2 types of speech activity--processes of identification of speech stimuli and speech reproduction, associated with the change of the factor of selective actualization that is determined by the past experience in schizophrenic patients. The expressiveness of speech pathology was different and it was determined by the role and significance of this factor in the structure of the studied processes. The obtained data point to a special type of disturbances of speech activity, and it associates with the change of one of the forms of determination of the selectivity of speech processes.", "PMID": 564112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5892", "title": "Functional role of an adrenergic sphincter in the female urethra of the guinea-pig.", "content": "By means of a microtransducer catheter, the urethral pressure profile was recorded in female guinea-pigs. The maximum urethral pressure averaged 24 mmHg (range 18-27 mmHg) and was found 4 to 7 mm from the vesico-urethral junction. Fluorescence microscopy of the urethra showed an irregular distribution of fluorescent nerve terminals in the most proximal part of the organ. In a distal direction, there was a continuous increase in the number of adrenergic nerves, with a maximum 4 to 6 mm from the internal meatus, corresponding to the maximum intraurethral pressure point. In this region, a dense plexus of nerves supplied thick muscle coats of smooth muscle having an outer circular and an inner longitudinal orientation. The findings suggest that a specific region of the female guinea-pig urethra may serve as an \"internal sphincter\".", "contents": "Functional role of an adrenergic sphincter in the female urethra of the guinea-pig. By means of a microtransducer catheter, the urethral pressure profile was recorded in female guinea-pigs. The maximum urethral pressure averaged 24 mmHg (range 18-27 mmHg) and was found 4 to 7 mm from the vesico-urethral junction. Fluorescence microscopy of the urethra showed an irregular distribution of fluorescent nerve terminals in the most proximal part of the organ. In a distal direction, there was a continuous increase in the number of adrenergic nerves, with a maximum 4 to 6 mm from the internal meatus, corresponding to the maximum intraurethral pressure point. In this region, a dense plexus of nerves supplied thick muscle coats of smooth muscle having an outer circular and an inner longitudinal orientation. The findings suggest that a specific region of the female guinea-pig urethra may serve as an \"internal sphincter\".", "PMID": 564127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5893", "title": "Infravesical nerve resection for detrusor dyssynergia. The Ingelman-Sundberg operation.", "content": "In 1959 a paper was published in Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (38:487, 1959) by Axel Ingelman-Sundberg (1) entitled \"Partial Denervation of the Bladder--a new operation for the treatment of Urge Incontinence and similar conditions in women\". The basis for the operation was stated in the initial sentence: \"The function of an autonomous neurogenic bladder is usually superior to that of a neurogenic bladder, where higher centers are still partially in function.\" His operation consisted of transection of the preganglionic pelvic nerves near the inferior surface of the bladder and involved division of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Infravesical nerve resection for detrusor dyssynergia. The Ingelman-Sundberg operation. In 1959 a paper was published in Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (38:487, 1959) by Axel Ingelman-Sundberg (1) entitled \"Partial Denervation of the Bladder--a new operation for the treatment of Urge Incontinence and similar conditions in women\". The basis for the operation was stated in the initial sentence: \"The function of an autonomous neurogenic bladder is usually superior to that of a neurogenic bladder, where higher centers are still partially in function.\" His operation consisted of transection of the preganglionic pelvic nerves near the inferior surface of the bladder and involved division of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 564128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5894", "title": "Variations in plasma steroid and prostaglandin concentrations during human pregnancy.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of sex steroids and prostaglandins was performed on plasma obtained from 10 uncomplicated primigravid subjects at a stated time of the day at varying stages of gestation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), oestrone and oestriol concentrations reached a peak a few weeks before term and then declined. Progesterine, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol increased during pregnancy particularly after 32 weeks. In two normal patients repeated blood samples were taken throughout the day at weekly intervals in late pregnancy for sex steroid assays to evaluate the variation of concentrations with the time of sampling and the significance of changes in mean concentrations of different steroids with approaching parturition. Marked variability was found in the levels of different steroids during the day. Plasma oestriol values were lowest at 8.00 a.m. in one patient sampled frequently. A marked decrease in oestriol, oestrone, oestradiol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone was found in one patient prior to the onset of spontaneous labour. In another subject there was no decrease in concentrations of oestrogens or progestogens prior to induction of labour at term.", "contents": "Variations in plasma steroid and prostaglandin concentrations during human pregnancy. Radioimmunoassay of sex steroids and prostaglandins was performed on plasma obtained from 10 uncomplicated primigravid subjects at a stated time of the day at varying stages of gestation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), oestrone and oestriol concentrations reached a peak a few weeks before term and then declined. Progesterine, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol increased during pregnancy particularly after 32 weeks. In two normal patients repeated blood samples were taken throughout the day at weekly intervals in late pregnancy for sex steroid assays to evaluate the variation of concentrations with the time of sampling and the significance of changes in mean concentrations of different steroids with approaching parturition. Marked variability was found in the levels of different steroids during the day. Plasma oestriol values were lowest at 8.00 a.m. in one patient sampled frequently. A marked decrease in oestriol, oestrone, oestradiol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone was found in one patient prior to the onset of spontaneous labour. In another subject there was no decrease in concentrations of oestrogens or progestogens prior to induction of labour at term.", "PMID": 564129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5895", "title": "Intra-urethral and intra-vesical pressure in continent women.", "content": "Two age-groups of continent women were examined regarding the pressures in the urethra and the bladder, using a standardized recording technique with a microtransducer catheter elaborated in 1974 by Ulmsten-Asmussen. The two groups of women (mean age 28 and 54 years respectively) were examined concerning their urethral pressure profile at every 100 ml bladder filling until the maximal bladder capacity had been reached. The functional length of the urethra and the bladder pressure were the same for all women but the maximal urethral pressure decreased significantly with age (mean 61.5 and 39 mmHg in the two groups respectively). At increasing bladder filling only the younger group was able to respond with an increase in the maximal urethral pressure. The bladder volume at which severe tenesmi occurred was significantly higher in the elderly group.", "contents": "Intra-urethral and intra-vesical pressure in continent women. Two age-groups of continent women were examined regarding the pressures in the urethra and the bladder, using a standardized recording technique with a microtransducer catheter elaborated in 1974 by Ulmsten-Asmussen. The two groups of women (mean age 28 and 54 years respectively) were examined concerning their urethral pressure profile at every 100 ml bladder filling until the maximal bladder capacity had been reached. The functional length of the urethra and the bladder pressure were the same for all women but the maximal urethral pressure decreased significantly with age (mean 61.5 and 39 mmHg in the two groups respectively). At increasing bladder filling only the younger group was able to respond with an increase in the maximal urethral pressure. The bladder volume at which severe tenesmi occurred was significantly higher in the elderly group.", "PMID": 564130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5896", "title": "Cyclic and steroid-induced changes in adrenergic neurotransmitter level of guinea-pig uterus.", "content": "The uterine neurotransmitter, noradren,line, was examined histochemically and fluorometrically in guinea-pigs during the estrous cycle and after pretreatment with sex steroids. In diestrous animals noradrenaline values were higher than in the estrous state. Treatment with estradiol or progesterone alone did not markedly influence the level of uterine adrenergic transmitter, whereas combined estradiol and progesterone administration caused a clear-cut reduction in uterine noradrenaline. The quantitative changes in transmitter level did not reflect the marked alterations in weight during the various experimental conditions, and even inverse noradrenaline-weight relationships were observed. The findings offer further support for the concept of a steroid-mediated influence on uterine neurotransmission, where the uterine adrenergic nerves constitute a separate target for endocrine control, distinct from the rest of the uterus.", "contents": "Cyclic and steroid-induced changes in adrenergic neurotransmitter level of guinea-pig uterus. The uterine neurotransmitter, noradren,line, was examined histochemically and fluorometrically in guinea-pigs during the estrous cycle and after pretreatment with sex steroids. In diestrous animals noradrenaline values were higher than in the estrous state. Treatment with estradiol or progesterone alone did not markedly influence the level of uterine adrenergic transmitter, whereas combined estradiol and progesterone administration caused a clear-cut reduction in uterine noradrenaline. The quantitative changes in transmitter level did not reflect the marked alterations in weight during the various experimental conditions, and even inverse noradrenaline-weight relationships were observed. The findings offer further support for the concept of a steroid-mediated influence on uterine neurotransmission, where the uterine adrenergic nerves constitute a separate target for endocrine control, distinct from the rest of the uterus.", "PMID": 564131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5897", "title": "Urethral pressure profile before, during and after pubococcygeal repair for stress incontinence.", "content": "In two groups of women the urethral pressure profile was recorded using a microtransducer catheter. Both groups were of approximately the same age, one consisting of continent women, the other of women with severe stress incontinence. Sixteen stress incontinent woman were examined before and after pubococcygeal repair and 10 of these were also examined during the operation. The two groups were compared for differences in the urethral pressure profile in the continent and incontinent states. The stress incontinent women had a significantly shorter functional length of the urethra (10 mm) but the same maximal urethral pressure as continent women. Remarkable changes in these parameters were seen during the operation. However, at the examination 3 months postoperatively, they had totally disappeared. The only change in the urethral pressure profile which persisted after the operation was a higher pressure in the proximal part of the urethra so that a urethral maximal pressure plateau had been established. This plateau was also seen, on a higher level, in the continent state.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile before, during and after pubococcygeal repair for stress incontinence. In two groups of women the urethral pressure profile was recorded using a microtransducer catheter. Both groups were of approximately the same age, one consisting of continent women, the other of women with severe stress incontinence. Sixteen stress incontinent woman were examined before and after pubococcygeal repair and 10 of these were also examined during the operation. The two groups were compared for differences in the urethral pressure profile in the continent and incontinent states. The stress incontinent women had a significantly shorter functional length of the urethra (10 mm) but the same maximal urethral pressure as continent women. Remarkable changes in these parameters were seen during the operation. However, at the examination 3 months postoperatively, they had totally disappeared. The only change in the urethral pressure profile which persisted after the operation was a higher pressure in the proximal part of the urethra so that a urethral maximal pressure plateau had been established. This plateau was also seen, on a higher level, in the continent state.", "PMID": 564132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5898", "title": "Some methodiological aspects on the measurement of intraluminal pressures in the female urogenital tract in vivo.", "content": "This short survey presents some methodological aspects on intraluminal pressure recordings in vivo from the female urogenital tract. The importance of adequate calibration is stressed and a calibration unit for different types of recording equipments is described. Calculations of measuring errors are outlined. The selection of recording catheters is disucssed from both the theoretical and the practical point of view. Finally some practical aspects are considered on pressure recordings in vivo from the ureter, the bladder, the urethra and the uterus. This discussion is illustrated by pressure diagrams obtained with different recording techniques from the actual organs.", "contents": "Some methodiological aspects on the measurement of intraluminal pressures in the female urogenital tract in vivo. This short survey presents some methodological aspects on intraluminal pressure recordings in vivo from the female urogenital tract. The importance of adequate calibration is stressed and a calibration unit for different types of recording equipments is described. Calculations of measuring errors are outlined. The selection of recording catheters is disucssed from both the theoretical and the practical point of view. Finally some practical aspects are considered on pressure recordings in vivo from the ureter, the bladder, the urethra and the uterus. This discussion is illustrated by pressure diagrams obtained with different recording techniques from the actual organs.", "PMID": 564133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5899", "title": "Prediction of success or failure in birth planning: an approach to prevention of individual and family stress.", "content": "Following the view that individual future time perspective is an outcome of the socialization process, it was hypothesized that good contraceptors would display significantly longer future time extension than poor contraceptors. In a Planned Parenthood agency, 25 subjects from each group, constituting nearly the whole clinic population in these categories for a 3-month period, were given the Future Events Test during their clinic visits. The major hypothesis was confirmed, and also a significant tendency towards viewing future events more negatively was found among the poor contraceptors. Demographic data did not discriminate clearly between the two groups, though the poor contraceptors were somewhat younger and had a somewhat higher weekly family income. Use of personality variables in predicting birth-planning success or failure seems more promising than continued reliance solely on the sociocultural approach. Implications for screening and prevention in the interest of the individual, the family, and the community are discussed.", "contents": "Prediction of success or failure in birth planning: an approach to prevention of individual and family stress. Following the view that individual future time perspective is an outcome of the socialization process, it was hypothesized that good contraceptors would display significantly longer future time extension than poor contraceptors. In a Planned Parenthood agency, 25 subjects from each group, constituting nearly the whole clinic population in these categories for a 3-month period, were given the Future Events Test during their clinic visits. The major hypothesis was confirmed, and also a significant tendency towards viewing future events more negatively was found among the poor contraceptors. Demographic data did not discriminate clearly between the two groups, though the poor contraceptors were somewhat younger and had a somewhat higher weekly family income. Use of personality variables in predicting birth-planning success or failure seems more promising than continued reliance solely on the sociocultural approach. Implications for screening and prevention in the interest of the individual, the family, and the community are discussed.", "PMID": 564136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5900", "title": "Inherited combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII: report of a case with normal factor VIII antigen and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "A patient with inherited combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII is reported, who demonstrated normal levels of factor VIII antigen and plasma cofactor for ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. The relationship of this condition to classical hemophilia and von Willebrand's disease is discussed. The data presented suggest that multiple loci on at least 2 chromosomes are necessary for the normal expression of factor VIII activity.", "contents": "Inherited combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII: report of a case with normal factor VIII antigen and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. A patient with inherited combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII is reported, who demonstrated normal levels of factor VIII antigen and plasma cofactor for ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. The relationship of this condition to classical hemophilia and von Willebrand's disease is discussed. The data presented suggest that multiple loci on at least 2 chromosomes are necessary for the normal expression of factor VIII activity.", "PMID": 564138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5901", "title": "Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by exchange transfusion.", "content": "Three successive patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by exchange transfusion on a total of 5 occasions in addition to receiving more conventional therapy such as corticosteroids, platelet inhibitors, heparin, and splenectomy. Dramatic relief of symptoms and objective improvement in hematologic values occurred within 24 hours of each exchange. One patient subsequently died of complications resulting from a massive hemorrhage, but in hematologic remission. The remaining 2 are now apparently well. These observations appear to confirm recent reports of a beneficial effect of exchange transfusion in TTP. Although the reason for its effectiveness is not yet known, exchange transfusion may be a highly useful adjunct in the treatment of this disorder and further evaluation of this form of therapy appears warranted.", "contents": "Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by exchange transfusion. Three successive patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by exchange transfusion on a total of 5 occasions in addition to receiving more conventional therapy such as corticosteroids, platelet inhibitors, heparin, and splenectomy. Dramatic relief of symptoms and objective improvement in hematologic values occurred within 24 hours of each exchange. One patient subsequently died of complications resulting from a massive hemorrhage, but in hematologic remission. The remaining 2 are now apparently well. These observations appear to confirm recent reports of a beneficial effect of exchange transfusion in TTP. Although the reason for its effectiveness is not yet known, exchange transfusion may be a highly useful adjunct in the treatment of this disorder and further evaluation of this form of therapy appears warranted.", "PMID": 564139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5902", "title": "Free testosterone concentration in serum: a method for determination.", "content": "Two procedures for quantifying serum levels of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) have been evaluated. Both procedures utilize indirect methods for assessing the extent of protein-steroid interaction for the purpose of devising a clinically feasible procedure for estimating serum free testosterone. In the first method serum protein concentration was varied by dilution until 50 per cent of steroid binding was obtained at a given concentration of steroid. Dextran-coated charcoal was used for separating TeBG-bound steroid from the unbound fraction. In the second procedure DEAE-cellulose filtration was used to isolate the TeBG-steroid complex for quantitation. Having a sufficiently accurate measure of TeBG levels together with a knowledge of the total endogenous testosterone permitted the estimation of serum free testosterone based on the binding affinities of serum proteins. The preferred DEAE-cellulose filtration method has proved useful for routine clinical evaluation of physiologically effective androgen levels.", "contents": "Free testosterone concentration in serum: a method for determination. Two procedures for quantifying serum levels of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) have been evaluated. Both procedures utilize indirect methods for assessing the extent of protein-steroid interaction for the purpose of devising a clinically feasible procedure for estimating serum free testosterone. In the first method serum protein concentration was varied by dilution until 50 per cent of steroid binding was obtained at a given concentration of steroid. Dextran-coated charcoal was used for separating TeBG-bound steroid from the unbound fraction. In the second procedure DEAE-cellulose filtration was used to isolate the TeBG-steroid complex for quantitation. Having a sufficiently accurate measure of TeBG levels together with a knowledge of the total endogenous testosterone permitted the estimation of serum free testosterone based on the binding affinities of serum proteins. The preferred DEAE-cellulose filtration method has proved useful for routine clinical evaluation of physiologically effective androgen levels.", "PMID": 564141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5903", "title": "Epidermal acantholysis induced in vitro by pemphigus autoantibody. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Suprabasilar acantholysis can be produced in organ culture of normal human skin in the presence of pemphigus IgG autoantibody. We have examined this in vitro system by electron microscopy. The earliest ultrastructural changes at 12 hours included widening of the intercellular spaces and disruption of the intercellular cement substance in the nondesmosomal areas. After 24 to 48 hours in culture, the tonofilaments retracted from the cell periphery, desmosomes were lost, and extensive cell surface digitation occurred. By 72 hours, isolated cells without noticeable desmosomes were seen in the suprabasilar areas, whereas basal cells, with intact hemidesmosomes, remained attached to the basal lamina. Control cultures which were grown in the presence of normal IgG or F-10 medium alone did not manifest these changes. The ultrastructural features support the conclusion that the acantholysis produced in this system is similar and probably identical to that of naturally occurring pemphigus.", "contents": "Epidermal acantholysis induced in vitro by pemphigus autoantibody. An ultrastructural study. Suprabasilar acantholysis can be produced in organ culture of normal human skin in the presence of pemphigus IgG autoantibody. We have examined this in vitro system by electron microscopy. The earliest ultrastructural changes at 12 hours included widening of the intercellular spaces and disruption of the intercellular cement substance in the nondesmosomal areas. After 24 to 48 hours in culture, the tonofilaments retracted from the cell periphery, desmosomes were lost, and extensive cell surface digitation occurred. By 72 hours, isolated cells without noticeable desmosomes were seen in the suprabasilar areas, whereas basal cells, with intact hemidesmosomes, remained attached to the basal lamina. Control cultures which were grown in the presence of normal IgG or F-10 medium alone did not manifest these changes. The ultrastructural features support the conclusion that the acantholysis produced in this system is similar and probably identical to that of naturally occurring pemphigus.", "PMID": 564142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5904", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the elderly.", "content": "In a 24-month period, 27 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), ages 65-80 years, were observed. Diagnoses were made by echocardiography (24 patients), cardiac catheterization (one patient), and both methods (two patients). The most common symptoms were angina (17 patients), dyspnea (13 patients), and syncope (11 patients). Two patients were asymptomatic, while another complained only of vague retrosternal chest discomfort with exertion. One asymptomatic patient had a completely normal physical examination, but electrocardiography (ECG) demonstrated a pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy. Another patient had an inconsistent apical holosystolic murmur. Two patients had alpha streptococcal endocarditis; neither was known to have pre-existing valvular disease. Fourteen patients had ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Three patients were known to have associated aortic valve disease. The symptoms of IHSS may be nonspecific; asymptomatic patients with and without cardiac murmurs may be observed. Coexisting valvular disease, coronary artery disease, and bacterial endocarditis were documented. Patterns of myocardial infarction on ECG were not seen in these 27 patients.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the elderly. In a 24-month period, 27 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), ages 65-80 years, were observed. Diagnoses were made by echocardiography (24 patients), cardiac catheterization (one patient), and both methods (two patients). The most common symptoms were angina (17 patients), dyspnea (13 patients), and syncope (11 patients). Two patients were asymptomatic, while another complained only of vague retrosternal chest discomfort with exertion. One asymptomatic patient had a completely normal physical examination, but electrocardiography (ECG) demonstrated a pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy. Another patient had an inconsistent apical holosystolic murmur. Two patients had alpha streptococcal endocarditis; neither was known to have pre-existing valvular disease. Fourteen patients had ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Three patients were known to have associated aortic valve disease. The symptoms of IHSS may be nonspecific; asymptomatic patients with and without cardiac murmurs may be observed. Coexisting valvular disease, coronary artery disease, and bacterial endocarditis were documented. Patterns of myocardial infarction on ECG were not seen in these 27 patients.", "PMID": 564140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5905", "title": "Ovarian sex cord tumors with annular tubules: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of two \"sex cord tumors with annular tubules\" are presented. The findings are compared with the reported fine structure of ovarian and testicular stromal cells and the cells of gonadal stromal neoplasms. The predominant cell in the \"sex cord tumor with annular tubules\" has some of the ultrastructural features found in gonadal stromal cells of either ovarian or testicular type; however, no Charcot-Bottcher crystals, lamellar bodies, crystalloids of Reinke, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum or complex plasma membrane interdigitations are observed in the tumor cells to suggest wither Sertoli or Leydig cell origin. The striking similarity between the predominant cell type and granulosa cells, as well as the presence of fibrillary material of the type seen in Call-Exner bodies, suggests a granulosa cell origin for these neoplasms. However, the presence of a sparsely distributed second cell type which closely resembles the dark cells in normal nonluteinized ovarian stroma indicates these tumors may arise from the nonspecialized ovarian stroma.", "contents": "Ovarian sex cord tumors with annular tubules: an ultrastructural study. The ultrastructural features of two \"sex cord tumors with annular tubules\" are presented. The findings are compared with the reported fine structure of ovarian and testicular stromal cells and the cells of gonadal stromal neoplasms. The predominant cell in the \"sex cord tumor with annular tubules\" has some of the ultrastructural features found in gonadal stromal cells of either ovarian or testicular type; however, no Charcot-Bottcher crystals, lamellar bodies, crystalloids of Reinke, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum or complex plasma membrane interdigitations are observed in the tumor cells to suggest wither Sertoli or Leydig cell origin. The striking similarity between the predominant cell type and granulosa cells, as well as the presence of fibrillary material of the type seen in Call-Exner bodies, suggests a granulosa cell origin for these neoplasms. However, the presence of a sparsely distributed second cell type which closely resembles the dark cells in normal nonluteinized ovarian stroma indicates these tumors may arise from the nonspecialized ovarian stroma.", "PMID": 564145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5906", "title": "Ice crystal distortion of formalin-fixed tissues following freezing.", "content": "The inability of slowly frozen formalin-fixed tissues to reimbibe water normally on thawing accounts for the persistence of extracellular ice crystal spaces in such tissues and renders them useless for diagnostic microscopic examination. This phenomenon may be encountered by the surgical pathologist when tissues obtained for diagnosis are placed in formalin for fixation and the inadvertently frozen. The same type of ice crystal distortion was produced when formalin-fixed tissues were slowly frozen under laboratory conditions. The freezing artifact was not produced when formalin-fixed tissues were frozen in non-formalin-containing aqueous media.", "contents": "Ice crystal distortion of formalin-fixed tissues following freezing. The inability of slowly frozen formalin-fixed tissues to reimbibe water normally on thawing accounts for the persistence of extracellular ice crystal spaces in such tissues and renders them useless for diagnostic microscopic examination. This phenomenon may be encountered by the surgical pathologist when tissues obtained for diagnosis are placed in formalin for fixation and the inadvertently frozen. The same type of ice crystal distortion was produced when formalin-fixed tissues were slowly frozen under laboratory conditions. The freezing artifact was not produced when formalin-fixed tissues were frozen in non-formalin-containing aqueous media.", "PMID": 564146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5907", "title": "Loss of differentiation features in trypsin separated heart muscle cells.", "content": "Loss of maturation features is demonstrated for 8-day-old chick embryo heart myocytes, once they have been completely dissociated by trypsin. In support of this statement a total of 65 sections of six isolated cells, fixed while still spherical or during early flattening, were examined under the electron microscope. Trypsin-separated heart muscle cells, even though originating from already differentiated embryonic heart tissue, can therefore in principle be used for differentiation experiments in culture. However, the same cell suspensions also yielded an appreciable quantity of nonisolated cells. In such cell complexes, one can find areas showing well-ordered fibrils and intercalated disks. From 27 sections of a cell pair incidentally transferred into culture undissociated and then fixed while still in the globular state, the fourth and fifth sections, starting from the substrate side of the culture, showed an intercalated disk. Because of its small diameter, this cell complex would hardly have been retainable by a gauze with meshes likely to allow passage of only single cells. Thus the availability of differentiation experiments in culture, starting with already differentiated heart tissue, is restricted to cases where, in a selected territory, each cell has been established without doubt as isolated.", "contents": "Loss of differentiation features in trypsin separated heart muscle cells. Loss of maturation features is demonstrated for 8-day-old chick embryo heart myocytes, once they have been completely dissociated by trypsin. In support of this statement a total of 65 sections of six isolated cells, fixed while still spherical or during early flattening, were examined under the electron microscope. Trypsin-separated heart muscle cells, even though originating from already differentiated embryonic heart tissue, can therefore in principle be used for differentiation experiments in culture. However, the same cell suspensions also yielded an appreciable quantity of nonisolated cells. In such cell complexes, one can find areas showing well-ordered fibrils and intercalated disks. From 27 sections of a cell pair incidentally transferred into culture undissociated and then fixed while still in the globular state, the fourth and fifth sections, starting from the substrate side of the culture, showed an intercalated disk. Because of its small diameter, this cell complex would hardly have been retainable by a gauze with meshes likely to allow passage of only single cells. Thus the availability of differentiation experiments in culture, starting with already differentiated heart tissue, is restricted to cases where, in a selected territory, each cell has been established without doubt as isolated.", "PMID": 564147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5908", "title": "Agonistic behaviour in domestic hens: the influence of housing method and group size.", "content": "The incidence of agonistic behaviour was recorded over 1 year in laying hens of two strains, housed either in battery cages or in deep-litter pens in groups of either three or six birds. Aggressive head-pecking was more frequent in pens than in cages and in groups of six than in groups of three. Threats were more frequent in pens and in groups of six light-hybrids. Other pecking at the plumage was more common in cages in groups of six and in the light-hybrid than in the medium-hybrid strain. Observations showed that hens occupy a considerable area when engaging in threat displays: this suggests that the physical restraint of crowding may play an important part in limiting this behaviour. Two reasons for the reduction of aggressive head pecking in caged birds were suggested: firstly, inhibition of the subordinate hens' behaviour because they were constantly in the sphere of influence of the dominant bird and secondly, because agonistic encounters may be triggered only by the entry of other birds into an individual's 'personal space' and not by continuous proximity.", "contents": "Agonistic behaviour in domestic hens: the influence of housing method and group size. The incidence of agonistic behaviour was recorded over 1 year in laying hens of two strains, housed either in battery cages or in deep-litter pens in groups of either three or six birds. Aggressive head-pecking was more frequent in pens than in cages and in groups of six than in groups of three. Threats were more frequent in pens and in groups of six light-hybrids. Other pecking at the plumage was more common in cages in groups of six and in the light-hybrid than in the medium-hybrid strain. Observations showed that hens occupy a considerable area when engaging in threat displays: this suggests that the physical restraint of crowding may play an important part in limiting this behaviour. Two reasons for the reduction of aggressive head pecking in caged birds were suggested: firstly, inhibition of the subordinate hens' behaviour because they were constantly in the sphere of influence of the dominant bird and secondly, because agonistic encounters may be triggered only by the entry of other birds into an individual's 'personal space' and not by continuous proximity.", "PMID": 564148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5909", "title": "The variability of some motor components of social play and agonistic behaviour in infant eastern coyotes, Canis latrans var.", "content": "The duration and stereotypy (in terms of duration) of three actions, stand-overs (SO), generalbites (GB), And scruff-bites (SB), were measured during social play and agonistic interactions in infant eastern coyotes (Canis latrans). The rate of biting was also calculated. We found: (1) SO's and GB's lasted a significantly shorter time during play; (2) when performed during playful interactions, all three acts showed more stereotypy; (3) there was no significant difference between the rates of occurrence of biting during the two situations. A discussion of the 'exaggerated' nature of play behaviour is presented, particularly concerning the form of motor actions that are used during this activity.", "contents": "The variability of some motor components of social play and agonistic behaviour in infant eastern coyotes, Canis latrans var. The duration and stereotypy (in terms of duration) of three actions, stand-overs (SO), generalbites (GB), And scruff-bites (SB), were measured during social play and agonistic interactions in infant eastern coyotes (Canis latrans). The rate of biting was also calculated. We found: (1) SO's and GB's lasted a significantly shorter time during play; (2) when performed during playful interactions, all three acts showed more stereotypy; (3) there was no significant difference between the rates of occurrence of biting during the two situations. A discussion of the 'exaggerated' nature of play behaviour is presented, particularly concerning the form of motor actions that are used during this activity.", "PMID": 564149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5910", "title": "Influence of maternal stress on offspring sexual behaviour.", "content": "During the last trimester of gestation, pregnant rats were exposed to crowded living conditions, or to immobilization combined with intense illumination. In adulthood, male offspring of mothers exposed to either condition of stress showed increased readiness to display feminine sexual behaviour (lordosis) while no deficits were observed in their masculine sexual behaviour. It was concluded that prenatal stress adversely affects sexual differentiation by causing a feminization but not a demasculinization of male offspring.", "contents": "Influence of maternal stress on offspring sexual behaviour. During the last trimester of gestation, pregnant rats were exposed to crowded living conditions, or to immobilization combined with intense illumination. In adulthood, male offspring of mothers exposed to either condition of stress showed increased readiness to display feminine sexual behaviour (lordosis) while no deficits were observed in their masculine sexual behaviour. It was concluded that prenatal stress adversely affects sexual differentiation by causing a feminization but not a demasculinization of male offspring.", "PMID": 564150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5911", "title": "Excreted urine, bladder urine, and the delay of sexual maturation in female house mice.", "content": "A series of experiments tested effects of excreted and bladder urine of group- and singly-caged female house mice (Mus musculus) on sexual maturation of young female mice caged alone or in groups of eight. Puberty was determined by vaginal smears. A maturation-delaying pheromone was present in bladder urine of all female mice and excreted urine of group-caged females, but not in excreted urine from singly-caged females. Test mice treated with bladder urine homogenized with urethras from singly-caged females matured at the same age as controls. Apparently the urethras or associated glands of singly-caged females produce a substance which deactivates the maturation-delaying pheromone contained in bladder urine.", "contents": "Excreted urine, bladder urine, and the delay of sexual maturation in female house mice. A series of experiments tested effects of excreted and bladder urine of group- and singly-caged female house mice (Mus musculus) on sexual maturation of young female mice caged alone or in groups of eight. Puberty was determined by vaginal smears. A maturation-delaying pheromone was present in bladder urine of all female mice and excreted urine of group-caged females, but not in excreted urine from singly-caged females. Test mice treated with bladder urine homogenized with urethras from singly-caged females matured at the same age as controls. Apparently the urethras or associated glands of singly-caged females produce a substance which deactivates the maturation-delaying pheromone contained in bladder urine.", "PMID": 564151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5912", "title": "[Evaluation of a method of study of platelet aggregates using formol fixation].", "content": "A new approach for testing platelet aggregates by formol fixation (Wu and Hoak) is presented. The investigations are made either in vitro by the study of aggregation in the presence of ADP, or in vivo after thrombin ADP perfusion in the rabbit. The calculation of an index of aggregability comparing fixed and non fixed platelets permits an evaluation of the presence of aggregates.", "contents": "[Evaluation of a method of study of platelet aggregates using formol fixation]. A new approach for testing platelet aggregates by formol fixation (Wu and Hoak) is presented. The investigations are made either in vitro by the study of aggregation in the presence of ADP, or in vivo after thrombin ADP perfusion in the rabbit. The calculation of an index of aggregability comparing fixed and non fixed platelets permits an evaluation of the presence of aggregates.", "PMID": 564152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5913", "title": "[Experimental research in the rat using chronobiologic methods simulating various work shifts of man].", "content": "Certain diseases associated rightly or wrongly with the exposure to excessive burdens, physical or emotional, have been claimed to be more frequent among shiftworkers, notably when work involved conditions with different interacting loads. As an example, one could focus upon apparent contradictions in the literature concerning shiftwork and ulcers: Doll and Jones report on a total of 4871 workers, either shiftworkers or not, that the incidence of ulcers was slightly lower, rather than higher, in shiftworkers. By contrast Duesberg and Weiss, comparing shiftworkers and employees working in a regular work day, found higher incidence of ulcers in shiftworkers. Bonnevie compared night-workers and day-workers and found that the ulcer incidence for the first type was 15% and for the second 5%. Moreover he points out that some individuals cannot cope with the shiftwork and show signs of gastric ulcer more often. Ulcerogenesis was investigated on a sperimental model (rats), following chronobiological methods. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference on the gastric sensibility between rats treated with multiple loads at first morning hours or evening; there is a large sensibility during morning hours that is during the rest period of rats.", "contents": "[Experimental research in the rat using chronobiologic methods simulating various work shifts of man]. Certain diseases associated rightly or wrongly with the exposure to excessive burdens, physical or emotional, have been claimed to be more frequent among shiftworkers, notably when work involved conditions with different interacting loads. As an example, one could focus upon apparent contradictions in the literature concerning shiftwork and ulcers: Doll and Jones report on a total of 4871 workers, either shiftworkers or not, that the incidence of ulcers was slightly lower, rather than higher, in shiftworkers. By contrast Duesberg and Weiss, comparing shiftworkers and employees working in a regular work day, found higher incidence of ulcers in shiftworkers. Bonnevie compared night-workers and day-workers and found that the ulcer incidence for the first type was 15% and for the second 5%. Moreover he points out that some individuals cannot cope with the shiftwork and show signs of gastric ulcer more often. Ulcerogenesis was investigated on a sperimental model (rats), following chronobiological methods. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference on the gastric sensibility between rats treated with multiple loads at first morning hours or evening; there is a large sensibility during morning hours that is during the rest period of rats.", "PMID": 564153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5914", "title": "A comparison of growth in twins and singleton controls of matched age followed longitudinally from 10 to 18 years.", "content": "A sample of 323 pairs of twins (94 MZ pairs, 133 DZ like-sexed pairs and 97 DZ unlike-sexed pairs born in 1954/55) were studied longitudinally from 10 to 18 years for boys and 10 to 16 years for girls. Height, weight, age at menarche and peak height and weight velocities (PHV and PWV) were studied. No significant differences occurred between twin categories in any two of these varieties, so in each sex the total twin group was compared with a group of matched singleton controls (380 boys and 360 girls). There were very small differences between the twin boys and their controls in height, weight and PWV-age. PHV occurred somewhat earlier in twin boys than in the controls. The height and weight peaks were significantly lower for the twin boys. For twin girls, however, a height and weight deficit was found during puberty and they also matured a little later than their controls according to both PHV, PWV and menarche. The height and weight peaks were also somewhat lower for the twin girls. One reason for the observed sex differences could be a proportionally higher mortality for twin boys, thus an effect of selective survival.", "contents": "A comparison of growth in twins and singleton controls of matched age followed longitudinally from 10 to 18 years. A sample of 323 pairs of twins (94 MZ pairs, 133 DZ like-sexed pairs and 97 DZ unlike-sexed pairs born in 1954/55) were studied longitudinally from 10 to 18 years for boys and 10 to 16 years for girls. Height, weight, age at menarche and peak height and weight velocities (PHV and PWV) were studied. No significant differences occurred between twin categories in any two of these varieties, so in each sex the total twin group was compared with a group of matched singleton controls (380 boys and 360 girls). There were very small differences between the twin boys and their controls in height, weight and PWV-age. PHV occurred somewhat earlier in twin boys than in the controls. The height and weight peaks were significantly lower for the twin boys. For twin girls, however, a height and weight deficit was found during puberty and they also matured a little later than their controls according to both PHV, PWV and menarche. The height and weight peaks were also somewhat lower for the twin girls. One reason for the observed sex differences could be a proportionally higher mortality for twin boys, thus an effect of selective survival.", "PMID": 564158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5915", "title": "[On the morphology of Syphacia callosciuri n. sp., pin-worm parasite of a Malaysian squirrel and on the origin of Rattus pin-worm, Syphacia muris (Yamaguti, 1935) (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a new species of Oxyurid: Syphacia (Syphatineria) callosciuri n. sp. parasite of a Sciurid rodent Callosciuris caniceps in Malaysia. In rodents belonging to the genus Callosciurus in Malaysia two species: S callosciuri n. sp. and S. owyangi Quentin, 1975, show morphological characteristics which are intermediate between the primitive Syphacia and two different lines of species parasite of recent rodents. These observations appear to indicate that the adaptation of Syphacia of Sciurids to the modern rodents has occured in South-East Asia.", "contents": "[On the morphology of Syphacia callosciuri n. sp., pin-worm parasite of a Malaysian squirrel and on the origin of Rattus pin-worm, Syphacia muris (Yamaguti, 1935) (author's transl)]. Description of a new species of Oxyurid: Syphacia (Syphatineria) callosciuri n. sp. parasite of a Sciurid rodent Callosciuris caniceps in Malaysia. In rodents belonging to the genus Callosciurus in Malaysia two species: S callosciuri n. sp. and S. owyangi Quentin, 1975, show morphological characteristics which are intermediate between the primitive Syphacia and two different lines of species parasite of recent rodents. These observations appear to indicate that the adaptation of Syphacia of Sciurids to the modern rodents has occured in South-East Asia.", "PMID": 564154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5916", "title": "Intra-pair similarity in physical growth of monozygotic and of dizygotic twins during puberty.", "content": "The growth of 323 pairs of twins (94 MZ pairs, 133 DZ like-sexed pairs and 97 DZ unlike-sexed pairs) born in 1954/55 was studied longitudinally from 10 to 18 years for boys and 10 to 16 years for girls. Within-pair comparisons for height and weight have been made for MZ twins and DZ like-sexed twins. A significantly higher concordance in height was found for MZ pairs than for DZ pairs during puberty, for both boys and girls. Yearly height increments were also more similar for the MZ pairs, showing that the height spurt occurs more simultaneously for MZ twins in comparison to DZ twins. Height seems to be a strongly genetically regulated variable. The MZ twins also show a high concordance in weight during the whole investigation period. The DZ pairs, however, became progressively less similar in weight. This is most pronounced for the DZ girls, the intra-class correlation for weight decreasing from 0.66 at 10 years to 0.23 at 16 years. This could imply stronger interactional effects for girls than for boys with regard to weight during puberty.", "contents": "Intra-pair similarity in physical growth of monozygotic and of dizygotic twins during puberty. The growth of 323 pairs of twins (94 MZ pairs, 133 DZ like-sexed pairs and 97 DZ unlike-sexed pairs) born in 1954/55 was studied longitudinally from 10 to 18 years for boys and 10 to 16 years for girls. Within-pair comparisons for height and weight have been made for MZ twins and DZ like-sexed twins. A significantly higher concordance in height was found for MZ pairs than for DZ pairs during puberty, for both boys and girls. Yearly height increments were also more similar for the MZ pairs, showing that the height spurt occurs more simultaneously for MZ twins in comparison to DZ twins. Height seems to be a strongly genetically regulated variable. The MZ twins also show a high concordance in weight during the whole investigation period. The DZ pairs, however, became progressively less similar in weight. This is most pronounced for the DZ girls, the intra-class correlation for weight decreasing from 0.66 at 10 years to 0.23 at 16 years. This could imply stronger interactional effects for girls than for boys with regard to weight during puberty.", "PMID": 564159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5917", "title": "Development of D. (A.) weissi, a macroscelid's filaria, in Ornithodoros erraticus (author's transl).", "content": "The microfilariae of D. (A.) weissi parasite of Elephantulus rozeti in North Africa evolved in Ornithodoros erraticus (Vellozo strain from Casablanca) where they reach the infective stage. The Filaria D. (A.) viteae, parasite of Gerbillid Rodents, is closely related to D. (A.) weissi but has some clear differential characters; on the contrary the infective stages seem to be undistinguishable.", "contents": "Development of D. (A.) weissi, a macroscelid's filaria, in Ornithodoros erraticus (author's transl). The microfilariae of D. (A.) weissi parasite of Elephantulus rozeti in North Africa evolved in Ornithodoros erraticus (Vellozo strain from Casablanca) where they reach the infective stage. The Filaria D. (A.) viteae, parasite of Gerbillid Rodents, is closely related to D. (A.) weissi but has some clear differential characters; on the contrary the infective stages seem to be undistinguishable.", "PMID": 564155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5918", "title": "Notes on Dipodascus, Endomyces and Geotrichum with the description of two new species.", "content": "The genus Endomyces is restricted to E. decipiens Reess, characterized by asci formed directly on hyphae and hat-shaped ascospores. The species forming asci from conjugating gametangial cells and having ellipsoidal ascospores are transferred to Dipodascus. A strain isolated from cladodes of Opuntia in Australia is described as Dipodascus australiensis von Arx et Barker and strains isolated from Armillaria mellea are classified as Geotrichum armillariae von Arx.", "contents": "Notes on Dipodascus, Endomyces and Geotrichum with the description of two new species. The genus Endomyces is restricted to E. decipiens Reess, characterized by asci formed directly on hyphae and hat-shaped ascospores. The species forming asci from conjugating gametangial cells and having ellipsoidal ascospores are transferred to Dipodascus. A strain isolated from cladodes of Opuntia in Australia is described as Dipodascus australiensis von Arx et Barker and strains isolated from Armillaria mellea are classified as Geotrichum armillariae von Arx.", "PMID": 564160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5919", "title": "Production of extracellular enzymes in mutants isolated from trichoderma viride unable to hydrolyze cellulose.", "content": "Mutant strains not producing cellulases were induced and isolated from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride. Enrichment of mutants was carried out with the aid of nystatin selection. Mutants were shown to lack the ability to hydrolyze both soluble and crystalline cellulose. Mannanase and xylanase activities were also absent, indicating a common regulation for all these enzymes in T. viride. In some strains aryl-beta-glucosidase activity was also missing. Mutants grew normally, but the amount of proteins secreted into the medium was very low, and in most cases these proteins were qualitatively different from the proteins of the parent strain.", "contents": "Production of extracellular enzymes in mutants isolated from trichoderma viride unable to hydrolyze cellulose. Mutant strains not producing cellulases were induced and isolated from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride. Enrichment of mutants was carried out with the aid of nystatin selection. Mutants were shown to lack the ability to hydrolyze both soluble and crystalline cellulose. Mannanase and xylanase activities were also absent, indicating a common regulation for all these enzymes in T. viride. In some strains aryl-beta-glucosidase activity was also missing. Mutants grew normally, but the amount of proteins secreted into the medium was very low, and in most cases these proteins were qualitatively different from the proteins of the parent strain.", "PMID": 564161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5920", "title": "Residual viruses in pork products.", "content": "Partly cooked canned hams and dried pepperoni and salami sausages were prepared from the carcasses of pigs infected with African swine fever virus and pigs infected with hog cholera virus. Virus was not recovered from the partly cooked canned hams; however, virus was recovered in the hams before heating in both instances. Both African swine fever virus and hog cholera virus were recovered from the dried salami and pepperoni sausages, but not after the required curing period.", "contents": "Residual viruses in pork products. Partly cooked canned hams and dried pepperoni and salami sausages were prepared from the carcasses of pigs infected with African swine fever virus and pigs infected with hog cholera virus. Virus was not recovered from the partly cooked canned hams; however, virus was recovered in the hams before heating in both instances. Both African swine fever virus and hog cholera virus were recovered from the dried salami and pepperoni sausages, but not after the required curing period.", "PMID": 564162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5921", "title": "High concentrations of horse serum inhibit growth of corn stunt spiroplasma.", "content": "Corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS) grew faster and achieved higher titers in liquid or agar medium containing 5 or 10 percent horse serum than it did in medium containing 20 percent horse serum. When growth in liquid medium was initiated with a small inoculum, CSS achieved excellent growth in the presence of 5 percent serum but did not grow in medium containing 0 or 20 percent serum. Addition of arginine to liquid or agar medium supplemented with 20 percent serum stimulated CSS growth, but addition to that containing 5 percent serum did not.", "contents": "High concentrations of horse serum inhibit growth of corn stunt spiroplasma. Corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS) grew faster and achieved higher titers in liquid or agar medium containing 5 or 10 percent horse serum than it did in medium containing 20 percent horse serum. When growth in liquid medium was initiated with a small inoculum, CSS achieved excellent growth in the presence of 5 percent serum but did not grow in medium containing 0 or 20 percent serum. Addition of arginine to liquid or agar medium supplemented with 20 percent serum stimulated CSS growth, but addition to that containing 5 percent serum did not.", "PMID": 564163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5922", "title": "[Muscle meat quality in swine. 4: Response of fattening pigs to removal from pigsty and transport to slaughterhouse].", "content": "Blood was sampled through indwelling catheters from pigs taken to places for slaughter by various means of transport. Sampling took place at different measuring points between removal from pig pens and actual slaughter. The blood was tested for haemoglobin, haematocrit, glucose, and lactate. The following results were obtained: Removal and transport led to strong Hb and medium Hk rises. The levels, however, returned to normal after one-and-a-half to two hours rest. Stresses caused prior to and during anaestheria led to considerable rise of Hk and Hb as well as to maximum lactate deflection. The latter excitations superimposed all the preceding reactions of the organism. The increased of Hb, Hk, and lactate recorded from animals slaughtered as little as 20 minutes after arrival were higher than those established from animals that had been allowed some rest in between. Transport losses were reduced when the animals were moved in containers due to less motoric stress. However, no mitigation of pork quality setback can be expected as long as strong excitation continues to be caused in the animals before slaughter.", "contents": "[Muscle meat quality in swine. 4: Response of fattening pigs to removal from pigsty and transport to slaughterhouse]. Blood was sampled through indwelling catheters from pigs taken to places for slaughter by various means of transport. Sampling took place at different measuring points between removal from pig pens and actual slaughter. The blood was tested for haemoglobin, haematocrit, glucose, and lactate. The following results were obtained: Removal and transport led to strong Hb and medium Hk rises. The levels, however, returned to normal after one-and-a-half to two hours rest. Stresses caused prior to and during anaestheria led to considerable rise of Hk and Hb as well as to maximum lactate deflection. The latter excitations superimposed all the preceding reactions of the organism. The increased of Hb, Hk, and lactate recorded from animals slaughtered as little as 20 minutes after arrival were higher than those established from animals that had been allowed some rest in between. Transport losses were reduced when the animals were moved in containers due to less motoric stress. However, no mitigation of pork quality setback can be expected as long as strong excitation continues to be caused in the animals before slaughter.", "PMID": 564167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5923", "title": "[Study of ECG in lactating cows. 2nd communication: ECG compared to behavior of various parameters of mineral and carbohydrate-fat metabolism].", "content": "Metabolism checks were carried out on eight dairy cow stocks, with 155 high-performance cows in first lactation being electrocardiographically and biochemically tested. Determined with the blood-borne concentrations of glucose, ketone body, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus. The electrocardiographic recording were compared with behaviours of the blood parameters, and PQ conduction was found to be shortened in hypoglycaemic animals. Changes in calcium and magnesium serum concentrations were found to produce tbe most unambiguous effects on a number of ECG components, and reciprocal influence of these two components was as well observed. No correlation with ECG were recordable from the other parameters.", "contents": "[Study of ECG in lactating cows. 2nd communication: ECG compared to behavior of various parameters of mineral and carbohydrate-fat metabolism]. Metabolism checks were carried out on eight dairy cow stocks, with 155 high-performance cows in first lactation being electrocardiographically and biochemically tested. Determined with the blood-borne concentrations of glucose, ketone body, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus. The electrocardiographic recording were compared with behaviours of the blood parameters, and PQ conduction was found to be shortened in hypoglycaemic animals. Changes in calcium and magnesium serum concentrations were found to produce tbe most unambiguous effects on a number of ECG components, and reciprocal influence of these two components was as well observed. No correlation with ECG were recordable from the other parameters.", "PMID": 564168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5924", "title": "[Studies on the determination of optimal insemination time using electrometric resistance measurements in heifers and young cows after estrus synchronization].", "content": "Studies were conducted on how to use under the conditions of industrialised production in the GDR an electrometric method proposed by Soviet scientists to determine oestrus and ovulation date in oestric-synchronised heifers and cows. \"Oestrometer-2\", an instrument developed in the USSR, was used for 4,818 measurements of electric resistance in 700 oestric-synchronised heifers and 39 oestric-synchronised cows. The typical course of the resistence curve was confirmed by the results. Individual data variation together with unsatisfactory data reliability of the instrument, when applied to measurement at vaginovestibular mucosa, were likely to suggest that the method could not be used with good effect for high-accuracy determination of the ovulation date and therefore, was not useful in helping to save semen pellets after oestric synchronisation.", "contents": "[Studies on the determination of optimal insemination time using electrometric resistance measurements in heifers and young cows after estrus synchronization]. Studies were conducted on how to use under the conditions of industrialised production in the GDR an electrometric method proposed by Soviet scientists to determine oestrus and ovulation date in oestric-synchronised heifers and cows. \"Oestrometer-2\", an instrument developed in the USSR, was used for 4,818 measurements of electric resistance in 700 oestric-synchronised heifers and 39 oestric-synchronised cows. The typical course of the resistence curve was confirmed by the results. Individual data variation together with unsatisfactory data reliability of the instrument, when applied to measurement at vaginovestibular mucosa, were likely to suggest that the method could not be used with good effect for high-accuracy determination of the ovulation date and therefore, was not useful in helping to save semen pellets after oestric synchronisation.", "PMID": 564169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5925", "title": "[Concentrations of cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids in the blood plasma of swine in relation to age and in sows close to farrowing].", "content": "The glucose concentration in sows tends to undergo slight rise within 24 hours from farrowing, while the concentration of free fatty acids declines from the onset of lactation. Cortisol went up on the day of farrowing and dropped afterwards, but neither movement was secured. The plasma values of newborn piglets were compared to those of their dams Cortisol was higher (15.0 +/- 6.4 and 9.7 +/- 3.7 microgram/100 ml), but glucose concentrations were lower (50 +/- 9 and 78 +/- 9 mg/100 ml), while the average levels of free fatty acids were in good agreement. In the nursing period, cortisol dropped to one fifth of the original value within 24 hours from birth and stayed at that level. Glucose increased to a maximum within twelve hours and declined continuously along with progressing nursing period. The level of free fatty acids, too, rose significantly up to the fifth day after birth. Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids in store pigs, aged 28 days, were lower than in nursed piglets of the same age.", "contents": "[Concentrations of cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids in the blood plasma of swine in relation to age and in sows close to farrowing]. The glucose concentration in sows tends to undergo slight rise within 24 hours from farrowing, while the concentration of free fatty acids declines from the onset of lactation. Cortisol went up on the day of farrowing and dropped afterwards, but neither movement was secured. The plasma values of newborn piglets were compared to those of their dams Cortisol was higher (15.0 +/- 6.4 and 9.7 +/- 3.7 microgram/100 ml), but glucose concentrations were lower (50 +/- 9 and 78 +/- 9 mg/100 ml), while the average levels of free fatty acids were in good agreement. In the nursing period, cortisol dropped to one fifth of the original value within 24 hours from birth and stayed at that level. Glucose increased to a maximum within twelve hours and declined continuously along with progressing nursing period. The level of free fatty acids, too, rose significantly up to the fifth day after birth. Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids in store pigs, aged 28 days, were lower than in nursed piglets of the same age.", "PMID": 564171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5926", "title": "[Effect of anticoagulants on the change of blood parameters in diestric gilts].", "content": "The above problem was studied by furnishing four groups of six gilts each with ear catheters for the following intravenous catheter treatment: 2,500 IU heparin per die over ten days, supported by two daily oral applications of 1 g Falithrom, or 2,500 IU heparin plus two daily applications of 1 g Falithrom, all intravenously. The last group remained untreated for control. One day of the dioestrus was chosen for catheter bleeding of all animals at 6 a.m., 8 a.m., noon, and 4 p.m. and subsequent determination from the plasma of free fatty acids, copper, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, albumin, globulin, chloride, urea, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, blood sugar, and beta-lipoproteides. Significant differences regarding these parameters between the various groups were not even established, if alpha = 0.25. The anticoagulants used in the study may be used without any reservation for catheter rinsing and clearing and will not cause any significant change in the levels of the blood parameters.", "contents": "[Effect of anticoagulants on the change of blood parameters in diestric gilts]. The above problem was studied by furnishing four groups of six gilts each with ear catheters for the following intravenous catheter treatment: 2,500 IU heparin per die over ten days, supported by two daily oral applications of 1 g Falithrom, or 2,500 IU heparin plus two daily applications of 1 g Falithrom, all intravenously. The last group remained untreated for control. One day of the dioestrus was chosen for catheter bleeding of all animals at 6 a.m., 8 a.m., noon, and 4 p.m. and subsequent determination from the plasma of free fatty acids, copper, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, albumin, globulin, chloride, urea, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, blood sugar, and beta-lipoproteides. Significant differences regarding these parameters between the various groups were not even established, if alpha = 0.25. The anticoagulants used in the study may be used without any reservation for catheter rinsing and clearing and will not cause any significant change in the levels of the blood parameters.", "PMID": 564172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5927", "title": "[Effect of high-carbohydrate diet in the form of sugar beet on glucose and ketone body levels in the blood serum of highly pregnant and freshly lactating cows].", "content": "In an experiment using 24 high-yielding cows (3rd and 6th lactations), group II was fed sugar beet as carbohydrate source (2 kg DM per animal and day) for 4 weeks before and for 4 weeks after parturition, whilst group I was given the equivalent amount of dried spent beet pulp. Sugar beet feeding during the dry period caused the glucose level in the blood to rise significantly from 48 to 55 mg/100 ml. On the 21st day of lactation the glucose concentration in group II (27 mg) had declined more strongly than in group I (37 mg). Feeding large amounts of easily soluble carbohydrates during the dry period obviously inhibits gluconeogenesis during early lactation. The ketone body level of group II was found to rise to 14 mg/100 ml by the 21st day of lactation (group I--4 mg), a level indicative of ketosis. The ketogenous action (strong formation of butyric acid in the rumen) of sugar beet enhances this effect, too. The daily milk yield did not vary much coming to 26.8 and 27.8 kg in the control and in the experimental group, respectively. The results allow to conclude that feeding fresh sugar beet to high-yielding cows just before and shortly after parturition is not advisable.", "contents": "[Effect of high-carbohydrate diet in the form of sugar beet on glucose and ketone body levels in the blood serum of highly pregnant and freshly lactating cows]. In an experiment using 24 high-yielding cows (3rd and 6th lactations), group II was fed sugar beet as carbohydrate source (2 kg DM per animal and day) for 4 weeks before and for 4 weeks after parturition, whilst group I was given the equivalent amount of dried spent beet pulp. Sugar beet feeding during the dry period caused the glucose level in the blood to rise significantly from 48 to 55 mg/100 ml. On the 21st day of lactation the glucose concentration in group II (27 mg) had declined more strongly than in group I (37 mg). Feeding large amounts of easily soluble carbohydrates during the dry period obviously inhibits gluconeogenesis during early lactation. The ketone body level of group II was found to rise to 14 mg/100 ml by the 21st day of lactation (group I--4 mg), a level indicative of ketosis. The ketogenous action (strong formation of butyric acid in the rumen) of sugar beet enhances this effect, too. The daily milk yield did not vary much coming to 26.8 and 27.8 kg in the control and in the experimental group, respectively. The results allow to conclude that feeding fresh sugar beet to high-yielding cows just before and shortly after parturition is not advisable.", "PMID": 564173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5928", "title": "Human tear osmotic pressure: diurnal variations and the closed eye.", "content": "Using a micro-osmometry technique, 450 nonreflex tear samples were collected hourly from six subjects throughout their waking hours, and on initial opening of the eyes following six to eight hours of sleep. While the waking day mean found for this population agreed closely with current values  in the literature, considerable variation did occur among individuals, both in their mean as well as in their hour-to-hour levels. The prolonged lid closure condition resulted in a considerable decrease in tear osmotic pressure and was found to be significantly different from the open-eye condition (P less than .001). No significant differences could be shown however between findings for men and women for either condition, and no consistent impact of food or fluid intake could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Human tear osmotic pressure: diurnal variations and the closed eye. Using a micro-osmometry technique, 450 nonreflex tear samples were collected hourly from six subjects throughout their waking hours, and on initial opening of the eyes following six to eight hours of sleep. While the waking day mean found for this population agreed closely with current values  in the literature, considerable variation did occur among individuals, both in their mean as well as in their hour-to-hour levels. The prolonged lid closure condition resulted in a considerable decrease in tear osmotic pressure and was found to be significantly different from the open-eye condition (P less than .001). No significant differences could be shown however between findings for men and women for either condition, and no consistent impact of food or fluid intake could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 564175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5929", "title": "The management of vaginismus.", "content": "Vaginismus may be defined as an involuntary spastic contraction of the musculature investing the outer third of the vagina. This spasm is produced by imagined or real attempts at vaginal penetration. Though vaginismus may be suspected from the history, the definitive diagnosis is made on vaginal examination. Preparation and positioning of the patient for this examination are important. Where anxiety of the patient precludes examination, the patient may be first desensitized to penetration using behavioural modification techniques. The patient is then shown how to overcome the spasm using daily digital vaginal examination. When digital vaginal dilatation can be painlessly carried out, intercourse is attempted. In some women, vaginismus appears to be a somatic manifestation of unconsious psychological conflicts. These women may benefit from more intensive psychotherapy.", "contents": "The management of vaginismus. Vaginismus may be defined as an involuntary spastic contraction of the musculature investing the outer third of the vagina. This spasm is produced by imagined or real attempts at vaginal penetration. Though vaginismus may be suspected from the history, the definitive diagnosis is made on vaginal examination. Preparation and positioning of the patient for this examination are important. Where anxiety of the patient precludes examination, the patient may be first desensitized to penetration using behavioural modification techniques. The patient is then shown how to overcome the spasm using daily digital vaginal examination. When digital vaginal dilatation can be painlessly carried out, intercourse is attempted. In some women, vaginismus appears to be a somatic manifestation of unconsious psychological conflicts. These women may benefit from more intensive psychotherapy.", "PMID": 564176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5930", "title": "Cellular changes in the intestinal lymph of sheep infected with the enteric nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis.", "content": "Some changes produced in the cell populations of intestinal lymph by infection with the enteric nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, were studied in sheep regularly re-infused with all discharged lymph. Lymphocyte traffic through the intestinal lymphatic duct was reduced until day 35 of primary infection, mainly due to the absence of lymphocytes with smaller cell volumes, but was increased two-fold after day 70 and in immune sheep. Antigen-reactive lymphocytes in blood and lymph were assayed by the uptake of 3H-thymidine in cell culture stimulated by extracts from the larvae of T. colubriformis. Cells from the blood and lymph of immune sheep were highly reactive to worm antigen. A relatively smaller reactivity was present in the blood of worm-free sheep and was abolished during the first 12 days of primary infection. Antigen reactive cells were not detected in intestinal lymph until 12 days after primary infection, and in vitro antigen reactivity in intestinal lymph of immune sheep was increased after challenge with infective larvae. Responses to the mitogens, concanvalin A and phytohaemagglutinin, in cultures of cells from both intestinal lymph and blood were depressed on days 7 and 12 of primary infection. It is proposed that the diminished traffic of lymphocytes in intestinal lymph and the reduced numbers of mitogen and nematode antigen-reactive lymphocytes in both blood and intestinal lymph during the early stages of infection with T. colubriformis is closely related to the slow development of protective immunity to this parasite.", "contents": "Cellular changes in the intestinal lymph of sheep infected with the enteric nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Some changes produced in the cell populations of intestinal lymph by infection with the enteric nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, were studied in sheep regularly re-infused with all discharged lymph. Lymphocyte traffic through the intestinal lymphatic duct was reduced until day 35 of primary infection, mainly due to the absence of lymphocytes with smaller cell volumes, but was increased two-fold after day 70 and in immune sheep. Antigen-reactive lymphocytes in blood and lymph were assayed by the uptake of 3H-thymidine in cell culture stimulated by extracts from the larvae of T. colubriformis. Cells from the blood and lymph of immune sheep were highly reactive to worm antigen. A relatively smaller reactivity was present in the blood of worm-free sheep and was abolished during the first 12 days of primary infection. Antigen reactive cells were not detected in intestinal lymph until 12 days after primary infection, and in vitro antigen reactivity in intestinal lymph of immune sheep was increased after challenge with infective larvae. Responses to the mitogens, concanvalin A and phytohaemagglutinin, in cultures of cells from both intestinal lymph and blood were depressed on days 7 and 12 of primary infection. It is proposed that the diminished traffic of lymphocytes in intestinal lymph and the reduced numbers of mitogen and nematode antigen-reactive lymphocytes in both blood and intestinal lymph during the early stages of infection with T. colubriformis is closely related to the slow development of protective immunity to this parasite.", "PMID": 564178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5931", "title": "The effect of drugs on mass transport across capillaries and venules.", "content": "1. The single vessel occlusion technique has been applied to venules to investigate the effect of drugs on mass transfer. 2. The filtration coefficient in venules is greater than that in capillaries and in both types of vessel the filtration coefficient is negatively correlated with hydrostatic pressure. 3. Vasoactive drugs have no effect on capillary filtration coefficient. 4. Acetylcholine and isoprenaline do not increase vanular filtration coefficient but histamine, bradykinin, 5-Ht and SPF do and may do so independently of protein leakage.", "contents": "The effect of drugs on mass transport across capillaries and venules. 1. The single vessel occlusion technique has been applied to venules to investigate the effect of drugs on mass transfer. 2. The filtration coefficient in venules is greater than that in capillaries and in both types of vessel the filtration coefficient is negatively correlated with hydrostatic pressure. 3. Vasoactive drugs have no effect on capillary filtration coefficient. 4. Acetylcholine and isoprenaline do not increase vanular filtration coefficient but histamine, bradykinin, 5-Ht and SPF do and may do so independently of protein leakage.", "PMID": 564182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5932", "title": "[Paraplegia as a risk following catheterization of the umbilical artery. Report of a case and bibliographic review].", "content": "A case of paraplegia in a female newborn in whom an umbilical catheter was inserted for treatment of fetal maternal isoimmunization with exchange transufsion is presented. Paraplegia was diagnosed in the fifth day after the procedure was performed. A left transfemoral angiography demonstrated the absence of the segmentary artery of Adamkiewicz at the level of T-11, which is responsible of circulation of the lower segment of the spinal cord; paraplegia was considered to be secondary to spinal cord infarction due to thrombosis; other causes of spinal block were ruled out. Review of the literature shows several reports of manifestations of thrombosis after catheterization of umbilical vessels.", "contents": "[Paraplegia as a risk following catheterization of the umbilical artery. Report of a case and bibliographic review]. A case of paraplegia in a female newborn in whom an umbilical catheter was inserted for treatment of fetal maternal isoimmunization with exchange transufsion is presented. Paraplegia was diagnosed in the fifth day after the procedure was performed. A left transfemoral angiography demonstrated the absence of the segmentary artery of Adamkiewicz at the level of T-11, which is responsible of circulation of the lower segment of the spinal cord; paraplegia was considered to be secondary to spinal cord infarction due to thrombosis; other causes of spinal block were ruled out. Review of the literature shows several reports of manifestations of thrombosis after catheterization of umbilical vessels.", "PMID": 564193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5933", "title": "Serum antiimmunoglobulins reactive with human and rabbit IgG in rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions.", "content": "IgG, IgA, and IgM antiimmunoglobulins reactive with human and rabbit IgG were measured in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with rheumatic fever or osteoarthritis, and normal individuals. Values of all antiimmunoglobulins were significantly evaluated in RA patients as compared with other groups and depended upon activity and stage of the disease. IgM antibodies with specificity for human IgG predominated quantitatively over others in sera of RA patients with high titers of RF, whereas most of those reactive with rabbit IgG in latex negative or positive RA patients belonged to IgG class. The reaction with human IgG included thermostable and thermolabile IgM antiimmunoglobulins but in that with rabbit IgG only thermostable antibodies were active.", "contents": "Serum antiimmunoglobulins reactive with human and rabbit IgG in rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions. IgG, IgA, and IgM antiimmunoglobulins reactive with human and rabbit IgG were measured in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with rheumatic fever or osteoarthritis, and normal individuals. Values of all antiimmunoglobulins were significantly evaluated in RA patients as compared with other groups and depended upon activity and stage of the disease. IgM antibodies with specificity for human IgG predominated quantitatively over others in sera of RA patients with high titers of RF, whereas most of those reactive with rabbit IgG in latex negative or positive RA patients belonged to IgG class. The reaction with human IgG included thermostable and thermolabile IgM antiimmunoglobulins but in that with rabbit IgG only thermostable antibodies were active.", "PMID": 564192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5934", "title": "[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Therapeutic evaluation].", "content": "Twenty-two children who filled the criteria established for thrombocytopenic purpura chronic idiopathic, were reviewed for this study. The greatest incidence of the disease showed up between 10 to 14 years of age and there were no differences as to sex. Hemorrhagic manifestations were insidious, but all cases shewed petechiae, ecchymoses and epistaxes. There yere no cases of central nervous system hemorrhage or deaths. Splenectomy was practiced to 15 patients with evolution greater than 6 months. Full remission was obtained in 80% of the cases, which is one of the highest reported. Patients showing a platelet count above 100.000 x mm3 on the first postoperative day went into remission; therefore, we con", "contents": "[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Therapeutic evaluation]. Twenty-two children who filled the criteria established for thrombocytopenic purpura chronic idiopathic, were reviewed for this study. The greatest incidence of the disease showed up between 10 to 14 years of age and there were no differences as to sex. Hemorrhagic manifestations were insidious, but all cases shewed petechiae, ecchymoses and epistaxes. There yere no cases of central nervous system hemorrhage or deaths. Splenectomy was practiced to 15 patients with evolution greater than 6 months. Full remission was obtained in 80% of the cases, which is one of the highest reported. Patients showing a platelet count above 100.000 x mm3 on the first postoperative day went into remission; therefore, we con", "PMID": 564194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5935", "title": "Enzymic analysis of endomyocardial biopsy specimens from patients with cardiomyopathies.", "content": "Myocardial biopsies have been obtained from patients with hypertrophic or congestive cardiomyopathies. Marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles of the myocardium were estimated using highly sensitive assay procedures. The results were compared with those obtained in tissue from patients with valvular heart disease with good or poor left ventricular function. Left ventricular myocardial tissue from patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showed essentially normal levels of enzymic activities. In congestive cardiomyopathy, right ventricular tissue showed reduced levels of mitochondrial enzymes with increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase. Left ventricular tissue from patients with congestive cardiomyopathy showed reduced levels of mitochondrial and myofibril enzymes but high levels of lactate dehydrogenase. The reduced levels of myofibril Ca++-activated ATP in congestive cardiomyopathy is similar to that found in patients with impaired left ventricular function secondary to valvular disease. It is suggested that defective mitochondrial function is a characteristic feature of congestive cardiomyopathy and that the increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase reflect a compensatory response.", "contents": "Enzymic analysis of endomyocardial biopsy specimens from patients with cardiomyopathies. Myocardial biopsies have been obtained from patients with hypertrophic or congestive cardiomyopathies. Marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles of the myocardium were estimated using highly sensitive assay procedures. The results were compared with those obtained in tissue from patients with valvular heart disease with good or poor left ventricular function. Left ventricular myocardial tissue from patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showed essentially normal levels of enzymic activities. In congestive cardiomyopathy, right ventricular tissue showed reduced levels of mitochondrial enzymes with increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase. Left ventricular tissue from patients with congestive cardiomyopathy showed reduced levels of mitochondrial and myofibril enzymes but high levels of lactate dehydrogenase. The reduced levels of myofibril Ca++-activated ATP in congestive cardiomyopathy is similar to that found in patients with impaired left ventricular function secondary to valvular disease. It is suggested that defective mitochondrial function is a characteristic feature of congestive cardiomyopathy and that the increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase reflect a compensatory response.", "PMID": 564201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5936", "title": "Dermatitis rhabditidosa in an 11-year-old girl: a new cutaneous parasitic disease of man.", "content": "Rhabditiform larvae of Rhabditis (Pelodera) strongyloides caused pruritic lesions in an 11-year-old girl, and persisted for 2 1/2 months. Larvae were found in skin scrapings from the child and in the family dog's hair.", "contents": "Dermatitis rhabditidosa in an 11-year-old girl: a new cutaneous parasitic disease of man. Rhabditiform larvae of Rhabditis (Pelodera) strongyloides caused pruritic lesions in an 11-year-old girl, and persisted for 2 1/2 months. Larvae were found in skin scrapings from the child and in the family dog's hair.", "PMID": 564202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5937", "title": "Interferon inducing activity of (A)n.(U)n complexes of varying chain length.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the interferon-inducing activity of (A)n.(U)n in primary rabbit kidney cells with respect to the chain length of the constituting (A)n and (U)n strands is governed by the following criteria: (1) the activity increases with the length of the uninterrupted double-stranded segment in the complex whereby both chains are equally important and the number of such segments for complex molecule is without effect, (2) at a constant total concentration of constituting nucleotides, the activity increases with the number of double-stranded molecular entities available to the cell, and (3) complexes with the (U)n strand considerably overlapping the (A)n strand are inactive due to the formation of triple stranded structures.", "contents": "Interferon inducing activity of (A)n.(U)n complexes of varying chain length. Evidence is presented that the interferon-inducing activity of (A)n.(U)n in primary rabbit kidney cells with respect to the chain length of the constituting (A)n and (U)n strands is governed by the following criteria: (1) the activity increases with the length of the uninterrupted double-stranded segment in the complex whereby both chains are equally important and the number of such segments for complex molecule is without effect, (2) at a constant total concentration of constituting nucleotides, the activity increases with the number of double-stranded molecular entities available to the cell, and (3) complexes with the (U)n strand considerably overlapping the (A)n strand are inactive due to the formation of triple stranded structures.", "PMID": 564203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5938", "title": "Chromatography of different forms of DNA on immobilized histone columns.", "content": "Histones 1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, and 5 from chicken erythrocytes have each been covalently immobilized on agarose beads and tested for their ability to bind DNA. Both calf thymus DNA and PM-2 viral DNA (form II, a nicked circle) bind to columns of immobilized histone at low ionic strength and can be eluted with 0.2--0.8 M NaC1, depending on the histone column. The strength of DNA binding by histone columns is in the order H5 greater than H1 greater than greater than H2B approximately H3 greater than H4 approximately H2A. About 70% of a heat-denatured calf thymus DNA sample and 100% of a supercoiled (form I) PM-2 DNA sample bind very tightly to histone columns and are released only by strong protein denaturants.", "contents": "Chromatography of different forms of DNA on immobilized histone columns. Histones 1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, and 5 from chicken erythrocytes have each been covalently immobilized on agarose beads and tested for their ability to bind DNA. Both calf thymus DNA and PM-2 viral DNA (form II, a nicked circle) bind to columns of immobilized histone at low ionic strength and can be eluted with 0.2--0.8 M NaC1, depending on the histone column. The strength of DNA binding by histone columns is in the order H5 greater than H1 greater than greater than H2B approximately H3 greater than H4 approximately H2A. About 70% of a heat-denatured calf thymus DNA sample and 100% of a supercoiled (form I) PM-2 DNA sample bind very tightly to histone columns and are released only by strong protein denaturants.", "PMID": 564204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5939", "title": "Prevention of G:C pairing in mouse DNA by complete blocking of guanine residues with glyoxal. Availability of cytosine, adenine and thymine for hydrogen bonding with added unmodified polynucleotides.", "content": "We have developed conditions for the reaction of single-stranded DNA with glyoxal which permit blocking of essentially all guanine residues. This procedure effectively prevents base pairing involving these guanine residues, yet permits cytosine, thymine and adenine residues in the DNA to pair with added polynucleotides. Modification of DNA with glyoxal greatly reduces intrastrand helical regions, resulting in a very low binding to hydroxyapatite, as compared to unmodified DNA. Annealing of modified DNA with some synthetic polynucleotides of restricted composition (but not others) leads to a significant increase in binding, presumably because mouse DNA has sequences not containing guanine which are capable of hydrogen bonding to the added polynucleotides. This relatively simple procedure may allow isolation and further study of these guanine-free sequences in DNA.", "contents": "Prevention of G:C pairing in mouse DNA by complete blocking of guanine residues with glyoxal. Availability of cytosine, adenine and thymine for hydrogen bonding with added unmodified polynucleotides. We have developed conditions for the reaction of single-stranded DNA with glyoxal which permit blocking of essentially all guanine residues. This procedure effectively prevents base pairing involving these guanine residues, yet permits cytosine, thymine and adenine residues in the DNA to pair with added polynucleotides. Modification of DNA with glyoxal greatly reduces intrastrand helical regions, resulting in a very low binding to hydroxyapatite, as compared to unmodified DNA. Annealing of modified DNA with some synthetic polynucleotides of restricted composition (but not others) leads to a significant increase in binding, presumably because mouse DNA has sequences not containing guanine which are capable of hydrogen bonding to the added polynucleotides. This relatively simple procedure may allow isolation and further study of these guanine-free sequences in DNA.", "PMID": 564205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5940", "title": "Changes in properties of DNA caused by gamma and ultraviolet radiation. Dependence of conformational changes on the chemical nature of the damage.", "content": "Changes in the pulse-polarographic behaviour and circular dichroism spectra of DNA were investigated after gamma and ultraviolet irradiations and after degradation by DNAse I. It was found that moderate doses of radiation cause local conformational changes in the double helix, which are dependent on the chemical nature of the damage. Only the accumulation of structural changes after high doses of the radiations or after extensive enzymic treatment may cause formation of single-stranded regions in DNA.", "contents": "Changes in properties of DNA caused by gamma and ultraviolet radiation. Dependence of conformational changes on the chemical nature of the damage. Changes in the pulse-polarographic behaviour and circular dichroism spectra of DNA were investigated after gamma and ultraviolet irradiations and after degradation by DNAse I. It was found that moderate doses of radiation cause local conformational changes in the double helix, which are dependent on the chemical nature of the damage. Only the accumulation of structural changes after high doses of the radiations or after extensive enzymic treatment may cause formation of single-stranded regions in DNA.", "PMID": 564206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5941", "title": "The relative contribution of propionate, and long-chain even-numbered fatty acids to the production of long-chain odd-numbered fatty acids in rumen bacteria.", "content": "1. The relative contribution of propionate, and long-chain even-numbered fatty acids to the production of long-chain odd-numbered fatty acids in six pure cultures of rumen bacteria were studied, using single and double isotope procedures. 2. Both propionate and even-numbered fatty acids were converted to odd-numbered fatty acids, presumably by elongation of 2-C atoms and alpha-oxidation reactions, but even-numbered fatty acids were much more effective. 3. The occurrence of alpha-oxidation was further confirmed by relatively large quantities of 14CO2 produced when [1-14C]palmitate was used in the incubation medium. 4. The incorporation of propionate into odd-numbered fatty acids was markedly reduced in the presence of palmitate, or stearate. 5. The significance of the operation of alpha-oxidation is discussed in relation to the energy conservation in rumen bacteria.", "contents": "The relative contribution of propionate, and long-chain even-numbered fatty acids to the production of long-chain odd-numbered fatty acids in rumen bacteria. 1. The relative contribution of propionate, and long-chain even-numbered fatty acids to the production of long-chain odd-numbered fatty acids in six pure cultures of rumen bacteria were studied, using single and double isotope procedures. 2. Both propionate and even-numbered fatty acids were converted to odd-numbered fatty acids, presumably by elongation of 2-C atoms and alpha-oxidation reactions, but even-numbered fatty acids were much more effective. 3. The occurrence of alpha-oxidation was further confirmed by relatively large quantities of 14CO2 produced when [1-14C]palmitate was used in the incubation medium. 4. The incorporation of propionate into odd-numbered fatty acids was markedly reduced in the presence of palmitate, or stearate. 5. The significance of the operation of alpha-oxidation is discussed in relation to the energy conservation in rumen bacteria.", "PMID": 564207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5942", "title": "Studies on lectins. XLI. Isolation and characterization of a blood group B specific lectin from the role of the powan (Coregonus lavaretus maraena).", "content": "A B-specific lectin from the roe of the powan (Coregonus lavaretus maraena), a fish of the Salmonidae family, was isolated by affinity chromatography on O-alpha-D-galactosyl polyacrylamide gel. From 630 g of the lyophilized roe, 346 mg of pure lectin was obtained in a single isolation step. The lectin is electrophoretically homogeneous, its sedimentation coefficient s20,w is 2.9S and molecular weight 25 000. The molecular weight of the subunits estimated by electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate is 27 000 for both reduced and nonreduced substance. The lectin contains a large amount of cysteine, has a small content of aromatic amino acids, 10.4% of neutral sugar and 0.145% of Zn. It agglutinates specifically human B-group erythrocytes; the agglutination is stimulated by Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions and partially inhibited by EDTA. The most efficient carbohydrate inhibitors are methyl alpha-L-rhamnoside (6 micrometer), L-rhamnose (12 micrometer) and raffinose (0.1 mM). The association constant of the complex lectin . L-rhamnose is KA = 9.5 . 10(2) M-1, as determined by fluorimetric titration.", "contents": "Studies on lectins. XLI. Isolation and characterization of a blood group B specific lectin from the role of the powan (Coregonus lavaretus maraena). A B-specific lectin from the roe of the powan (Coregonus lavaretus maraena), a fish of the Salmonidae family, was isolated by affinity chromatography on O-alpha-D-galactosyl polyacrylamide gel. From 630 g of the lyophilized roe, 346 mg of pure lectin was obtained in a single isolation step. The lectin is electrophoretically homogeneous, its sedimentation coefficient s20,w is 2.9S and molecular weight 25 000. The molecular weight of the subunits estimated by electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate is 27 000 for both reduced and nonreduced substance. The lectin contains a large amount of cysteine, has a small content of aromatic amino acids, 10.4% of neutral sugar and 0.145% of Zn. It agglutinates specifically human B-group erythrocytes; the agglutination is stimulated by Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions and partially inhibited by EDTA. The most efficient carbohydrate inhibitors are methyl alpha-L-rhamnoside (6 micrometer), L-rhamnose (12 micrometer) and raffinose (0.1 mM). The association constant of the complex lectin . L-rhamnose is KA = 9.5 . 10(2) M-1, as determined by fluorimetric titration.", "PMID": 564208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5943", "title": "The separation of the myosin light chains on agarose beads.", "content": "The myosin light chains from rabbit skeletal muscle and bovine and human hearts are separated according to their molecular weights by filtration on agarose beads. The purity of the isolated components and the yield of such columns are compared to the results obtained by other techniques of separation.", "contents": "The separation of the myosin light chains on agarose beads. The myosin light chains from rabbit skeletal muscle and bovine and human hearts are separated according to their molecular weights by filtration on agarose beads. The purity of the isolated components and the yield of such columns are compared to the results obtained by other techniques of separation.", "PMID": 564210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5944", "title": "Purification and chemical characterization of polysaccharides obtained from Lampteromyces japonicus by concanavalin A-sepharose affinity chromatography.", "content": "Two classes of neutral polysaccharide which could not be separated from each other by conventional methods were isolated from the fungus, Lampteromyces japonicus, by affinity chromatography using concanavalin A-Sepharose. The polysaccharide retained on the concanavalin A-Sepharose column was eluted with 0.05 M methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and appeared to be alpha-mannan, while that which passed through the column was virtually all beta-glucan. Both polysaccharides were subjected to Smith-type degradation, methylation, acetolysis and glucosidase treatment. The results indicated that the alpha-mannan contained predominantly alpha-(1 leads to 2)-linked side chains branching from an alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked backbone at the (1 leads to 2,6)-linked mannopyranosyl residues. Galactose was attached to approximately one-quarter of the non-reducing mannose terminals. The beta-glucan seemed to contain mainly (1 leads to 6)-linked side chains branching from a (1 leads to 3)-linked backbone at the (1 leads to 3,6)-linked glucopyranosyl residues.", "contents": "Purification and chemical characterization of polysaccharides obtained from Lampteromyces japonicus by concanavalin A-sepharose affinity chromatography. Two classes of neutral polysaccharide which could not be separated from each other by conventional methods were isolated from the fungus, Lampteromyces japonicus, by affinity chromatography using concanavalin A-Sepharose. The polysaccharide retained on the concanavalin A-Sepharose column was eluted with 0.05 M methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and appeared to be alpha-mannan, while that which passed through the column was virtually all beta-glucan. Both polysaccharides were subjected to Smith-type degradation, methylation, acetolysis and glucosidase treatment. The results indicated that the alpha-mannan contained predominantly alpha-(1 leads to 2)-linked side chains branching from an alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked backbone at the (1 leads to 2,6)-linked mannopyranosyl residues. Galactose was attached to approximately one-quarter of the non-reducing mannose terminals. The beta-glucan seemed to contain mainly (1 leads to 6)-linked side chains branching from a (1 leads to 3)-linked backbone at the (1 leads to 3,6)-linked glucopyranosyl residues.", "PMID": 564212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5945", "title": "The role of blood clotting factor V in the conversion of prothrombin and a decarboxy prothrombin into thrombin.", "content": "Purified PIVKA-II exhibits some factor II (prothrombin) activity in the one-stage coagulation assay and this factor II activity does not come from residual amounts of factor II but originates from PIVKA-II itself. It is shown that PIVKA-II is converted by a normal prothrombinase complex (factor Va and factor Xa adsorbed onto a phospholipid interface) more readily than by phospholipids and factor Xa alone. This suggests that binding between PIVKA-II and factor Va is an essential feature in the formation of the enzyme . substrate complex and from this we infer that a direct interaction between factor Va and prothrombin plays a r\u00f4le in the prothrombinase . prothrombin complex.", "contents": "The role of blood clotting factor V in the conversion of prothrombin and a decarboxy prothrombin into thrombin. Purified PIVKA-II exhibits some factor II (prothrombin) activity in the one-stage coagulation assay and this factor II activity does not come from residual amounts of factor II but originates from PIVKA-II itself. It is shown that PIVKA-II is converted by a normal prothrombinase complex (factor Va and factor Xa adsorbed onto a phospholipid interface) more readily than by phospholipids and factor Xa alone. This suggests that binding between PIVKA-II and factor Va is an essential feature in the formation of the enzyme . substrate complex and from this we infer that a direct interaction between factor Va and prothrombin plays a r\u00f4le in the prothrombinase . prothrombin complex.", "PMID": 564211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5946", "title": "Structure of a beta-galactan isolated from the nuclei of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "A sulfated and phosphorylated beta-D-galactan ([alpha]D+8degrees) was isolated from the nuclei of the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The polysaccharide was isolated from cesium chloride gradients during the preparation of ribosomal DNA and purified. The purified galactan contained 89% galactose, 2.5% phosphate and 9.6% sulfate groups and had an average degree of polymerisation of 560. Periodate degradation and permethylation studies indicated the presence of mainly (1 leads to 4)-, but also of (1 leads to 3)-, and (1 leads to 6)-linked galactose units with one branch every 13 units. These results suggested that the intranuclear galactan, apart from its higher sulfate content, is similar to the extracellular polysaccharide produced by P. polycephalum.", "contents": "Structure of a beta-galactan isolated from the nuclei of Physarum polycephalum. A sulfated and phosphorylated beta-D-galactan ([alpha]D+8degrees) was isolated from the nuclei of the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The polysaccharide was isolated from cesium chloride gradients during the preparation of ribosomal DNA and purified. The purified galactan contained 89% galactose, 2.5% phosphate and 9.6% sulfate groups and had an average degree of polymerisation of 560. Periodate degradation and permethylation studies indicated the presence of mainly (1 leads to 4)-, but also of (1 leads to 3)-, and (1 leads to 6)-linked galactose units with one branch every 13 units. These results suggested that the intranuclear galactan, apart from its higher sulfate content, is similar to the extracellular polysaccharide produced by P. polycephalum.", "PMID": 564213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5947", "title": "Incorporation of a fatty acid containing a photosensitive group into lipids of cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo.", "content": "Radioactive 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)-stearic acid (NAP-stearate) was synthetized; it behaves as a competitive inhibitor of long-chain fatty acids for the entry into cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo. After uptake, [3H] NAP-stearate was incorporated by an energy-dependent process into neutral and polar lipids. Photoactivation as a function of time leads to a covalent labelling of the cells: up to 31 per cent of the radioactivity was recovered in the 105 000 g cell pellet, mainly in proteins. These experiments show that fatty acids containing photosensitive groups would potentially allow to localize the proteins involved in the binding and/or in the transport of fatty acids.", "contents": "Incorporation of a fatty acid containing a photosensitive group into lipids of cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo. Radioactive 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)-stearic acid (NAP-stearate) was synthetized; it behaves as a competitive inhibitor of long-chain fatty acids for the entry into cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo. After uptake, [3H] NAP-stearate was incorporated by an energy-dependent process into neutral and polar lipids. Photoactivation as a function of time leads to a covalent labelling of the cells: up to 31 per cent of the radioactivity was recovered in the 105 000 g cell pellet, mainly in proteins. These experiments show that fatty acids containing photosensitive groups would potentially allow to localize the proteins involved in the binding and/or in the transport of fatty acids.", "PMID": 564214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5948", "title": "[Formaldehyde-induced tight binding of protein to RNA in particles of rod-like virus].", "content": "The formaldehyde-induced formation of tightly bound RNA-protein complexes of rod-like plant viruses was studied. The preparations of tobacco mosaic virus and closely related cucumber virus 4 were incubated with 1.5% formaldehyde for 20-50 hrs at 50 degrees C. Then the viral particles were disrupted, free protein was removed and viral RNA was centrifuged in the linear gradient of Cs2SO4. The RNAs from the formaldehyde-untreated viruses and RNA from the formaldehyde-treated tobacco masaic virus had the density of 1.65-1.66 g/cm3, while RNA from the formaldehyde-treated cucumber virus had the density of 1.57-1.42 g/cm3, depending on the incubation time. This is indicative of the protein binding to RNA. Treatment of the cucumber virus complex with pronase resulted in a liberation of free RNA with the density of 1.66 g/cm3; incubation for 2 min at 100 degrees C in a dissociating mixture (2% sodium dodecyl sulfate + 0.2% mercaptoethanol) did not cause the dissociation of the complex. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the most part of the protein molecules are bound within the complex not by covalent protein-protein cross-links.", "contents": "[Formaldehyde-induced tight binding of protein to RNA in particles of rod-like virus]. The formaldehyde-induced formation of tightly bound RNA-protein complexes of rod-like plant viruses was studied. The preparations of tobacco mosaic virus and closely related cucumber virus 4 were incubated with 1.5% formaldehyde for 20-50 hrs at 50 degrees C. Then the viral particles were disrupted, free protein was removed and viral RNA was centrifuged in the linear gradient of Cs2SO4. The RNAs from the formaldehyde-untreated viruses and RNA from the formaldehyde-treated tobacco masaic virus had the density of 1.65-1.66 g/cm3, while RNA from the formaldehyde-treated cucumber virus had the density of 1.57-1.42 g/cm3, depending on the incubation time. This is indicative of the protein binding to RNA. Treatment of the cucumber virus complex with pronase resulted in a liberation of free RNA with the density of 1.66 g/cm3; incubation for 2 min at 100 degrees C in a dissociating mixture (2% sodium dodecyl sulfate + 0.2% mercaptoethanol) did not cause the dissociation of the complex. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the most part of the protein molecules are bound within the complex not by covalent protein-protein cross-links.", "PMID": 564215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5949", "title": "[Preventive effect of lithium chloride on the development in rats of a preference for ethanol].", "content": "It was revealed in experiments on rats treated with a 5% ethanol solution with equal quantities of LiCl (experiment) and NaCl (control) for seven weeks as the only source of liquid that with li+ concentration in the blood plasma of approximately 0.6 meq/1 LiCl prevented the development of alcohol dependence. On studying the neurosecretory hypothalamic nuclei, hypophysis and adrenal cortex of the same animals a certain correlation has been demonstrated between the morphofunctional condition of the mentioned formations, the degree of ethanol preference development and the character of LiCl influence on the process.", "contents": "[Preventive effect of lithium chloride on the development in rats of a preference for ethanol]. It was revealed in experiments on rats treated with a 5% ethanol solution with equal quantities of LiCl (experiment) and NaCl (control) for seven weeks as the only source of liquid that with li+ concentration in the blood plasma of approximately 0.6 meq/1 LiCl prevented the development of alcohol dependence. On studying the neurosecretory hypothalamic nuclei, hypophysis and adrenal cortex of the same animals a certain correlation has been demonstrated between the morphofunctional condition of the mentioned formations, the degree of ethanol preference development and the character of LiCl influence on the process.", "PMID": 564216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5950", "title": "[Changes in the cortical neuronal dendrites in experimental alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "The state of the cortical neuron dendrites was studied in rats at various stages of alcohol intoxication; two categories of changes occurred in dendrites--destructive and compensatory. These changes depended on the stages of alcohol intoxication and individual peculiarities of the central nervous system of the animals.", "contents": "[Changes in the cortical neuronal dendrites in experimental alcoholic intoxication]. The state of the cortical neuron dendrites was studied in rats at various stages of alcohol intoxication; two categories of changes occurred in dendrites--destructive and compensatory. These changes depended on the stages of alcohol intoxication and individual peculiarities of the central nervous system of the animals.", "PMID": 564217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5951", "title": "Effect of mecamylamine on the fate of dopamine in striatal and mesolimbic areas of rat brain; interaction with morphine and haloperidol.", "content": "1 The effects of the nicotinic cholinoceptor blocking drug, mecamylamine (alone or in combination with morphine or haloperidol) were investigated on the striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration and on the alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT)-induced depletion of striatal or mesolimbic dopamine content in the brain of rats. 2 Mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) alone did not alter the striatal HVA concentration, but it reduced the probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA. Mecamylamine pretreatment reduced the morphine- and haloperidol-induced elevation of striatal HVA concentrations. Hexamethonium did not alter the striatal HVA concentration when given alone or in probenecid- or morphine-treated rats, whereas pempidine (8 mg/kg) clearly reduced the probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA in the striatum. 3 Mecamylamine (2 and 8 mg/kg) slowed the rate of AMPT-induced depletion of dopamine from the striatum and mesolimbic area both in the brain of control rats treated with morphine or haloperidol. 4 Mecamylamine slightly prolonged the cataleptic effect of morphine. 5 The results indicate that mecamylamine inhibits the release of dopamine both from the striatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurones.", "contents": "Effect of mecamylamine on the fate of dopamine in striatal and mesolimbic areas of rat brain; interaction with morphine and haloperidol. 1 The effects of the nicotinic cholinoceptor blocking drug, mecamylamine (alone or in combination with morphine or haloperidol) were investigated on the striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration and on the alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT)-induced depletion of striatal or mesolimbic dopamine content in the brain of rats. 2 Mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) alone did not alter the striatal HVA concentration, but it reduced the probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA. Mecamylamine pretreatment reduced the morphine- and haloperidol-induced elevation of striatal HVA concentrations. Hexamethonium did not alter the striatal HVA concentration when given alone or in probenecid- or morphine-treated rats, whereas pempidine (8 mg/kg) clearly reduced the probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA in the striatum. 3 Mecamylamine (2 and 8 mg/kg) slowed the rate of AMPT-induced depletion of dopamine from the striatum and mesolimbic area both in the brain of control rats treated with morphine or haloperidol. 4 Mecamylamine slightly prolonged the cataleptic effect of morphine. 5 The results indicate that mecamylamine inhibits the release of dopamine both from the striatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurones.", "PMID": 564219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5952", "title": "The effect of baclofen on alpha-flupenthixol-induced catalepsy in the rat.", "content": "1 alpha-Flupenthixol (alpha-FPT; 0.2 mg/kg i.p.) when administered to rats produced catalepsy. 2 Baclofen (10 mg/kg i.p.) given 30 min after alpha-FPT had a biphasic effect on the catalepsy. Initially there was a potentiation of the effect, followed by a significant attenuation of the degree of catalepsy. 3 Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of baclofen on alpha-flupenthixol-induced catalepsy in the rat. 1 alpha-Flupenthixol (alpha-FPT; 0.2 mg/kg i.p.) when administered to rats produced catalepsy. 2 Baclofen (10 mg/kg i.p.) given 30 min after alpha-FPT had a biphasic effect on the catalepsy. Initially there was a potentiation of the effect, followed by a significant attenuation of the degree of catalepsy. 3 Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "PMID": 564220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5953", "title": "Changes in diurnal fluctuations of plasma thyroid stimulating hormone and corticosterone following anterior hypothalamic deafferentation in the rat.", "content": "Systemic thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and corticosterone (B) levels were measured in serial plasma samples withdrawn from 8 adult female rats before and for several weeks after anterior hypothalamic cuts (FC), made with a modified Hal\u00e1sz knife (1.5 mm radius). With lights on from 5:00 to 19:00 h the rats were bled by rapid venipuncture at 9:00 and 20:00 h 14 days before and 5 days after FC and by chronic intra-atrial cannulas at 9:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 20:00 h on days 25, 30 and 40 or 50 post-FC. The frontal cuts, localized later by histology to sites just rostral to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in 3 rats and just caudal to the nucleus in the other 5 brains, altered the charactersitic diurnal drop in plasma TSH and rise in B but did not eliminate marked fluctuations in hormone levels. The new hormonal platterns could not be related specifically to FC loci and appeared to be a dynamic process for each rat. At 5 days after FC the diurnal patterns were either obscured or shifted in phase. The most consistent finding at subsequent sampling intervals was that TSH and B plasma levels in each animal showed parallel fluctuations (during 9:00--20:00 h) as though synchronized in phase. The data suggest that interruption of anterior hypothalamic connections in the female rat is compatible with fluctuations in plasma TSH and B which are unique to a particular animal and may be obscured by group analysis.", "contents": "Changes in diurnal fluctuations of plasma thyroid stimulating hormone and corticosterone following anterior hypothalamic deafferentation in the rat. Systemic thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and corticosterone (B) levels were measured in serial plasma samples withdrawn from 8 adult female rats before and for several weeks after anterior hypothalamic cuts (FC), made with a modified Hal\u00e1sz knife (1.5 mm radius). With lights on from 5:00 to 19:00 h the rats were bled by rapid venipuncture at 9:00 and 20:00 h 14 days before and 5 days after FC and by chronic intra-atrial cannulas at 9:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 20:00 h on days 25, 30 and 40 or 50 post-FC. The frontal cuts, localized later by histology to sites just rostral to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in 3 rats and just caudal to the nucleus in the other 5 brains, altered the charactersitic diurnal drop in plasma TSH and rise in B but did not eliminate marked fluctuations in hormone levels. The new hormonal platterns could not be related specifically to FC loci and appeared to be a dynamic process for each rat. At 5 days after FC the diurnal patterns were either obscured or shifted in phase. The most consistent finding at subsequent sampling intervals was that TSH and B plasma levels in each animal showed parallel fluctuations (during 9:00--20:00 h) as though synchronized in phase. The data suggest that interruption of anterior hypothalamic connections in the female rat is compatible with fluctuations in plasma TSH and B which are unique to a particular animal and may be obscured by group analysis.", "PMID": 564231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5954", "title": "Result of irradiation of intrathoracic metastases: the implication of associated extrathoracic metastases on the results.", "content": "Thirteen patients with intrathoracic metastasis were treated with radiotherapy. Response was obtained in 75% (9/12) of cases and was complete in 50% (6/12). There was extrathoracic metastasis at time of radiotherapy in six patients. Complete disappearance of intrathoracic metastasis occurred only in patients without extrathoracic metastasis; only three of six had primaries known to be radiosensitive (Wilms' tumor and Ewing's sarcoma). In three patients the intrathoracic metastasis progressed after radiotherapy and all had extrathoracic metastasis. It is concluded that radiotherapy is an effective modality of treatment of intrathoracic metastasis and that favorable response is associated with the absence of extrathoracic metastasis rather than the known radiosensitivity of the primary.", "contents": "Result of irradiation of intrathoracic metastases: the implication of associated extrathoracic metastases on the results. Thirteen patients with intrathoracic metastasis were treated with radiotherapy. Response was obtained in 75% (9/12) of cases and was complete in 50% (6/12). There was extrathoracic metastasis at time of radiotherapy in six patients. Complete disappearance of intrathoracic metastasis occurred only in patients without extrathoracic metastasis; only three of six had primaries known to be radiosensitive (Wilms' tumor and Ewing's sarcoma). In three patients the intrathoracic metastasis progressed after radiotherapy and all had extrathoracic metastasis. It is concluded that radiotherapy is an effective modality of treatment of intrathoracic metastasis and that favorable response is associated with the absence of extrathoracic metastasis rather than the known radiosensitivity of the primary.", "PMID": 564233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5955", "title": "Endocrine studies in testicular tumor patients with and without gynecomastia: a report of 45 cases.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL), human placental lactogen (hPL), the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (betahCG), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2) were measured in blood samples from 45 patients with testicular tumors, 27 of whom had gynecomastia at some stage of their disease. Forty-two of the 45 patients had at least one abnormal hormone level. The most common abnormality was that of plasma estrone: it was elevated in 32 out of 42 (76%) patients in whom it was measured, suggesting a useful role for E1 as a testicular tumor marker. Prognosis was notably worse in patients with embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, and choriocarcinoma, in those with gynecomastia and, particularly, galactorrhea. Such patients also had the highest incidence of hormonal abnormalities as well as the most extreme absolute values. Hormonal mechanisms were implicated in the development of gynecomastia and galactorrhea. Prolactin, betahCG, E1, and E2 levels in all permutations correlated significantly among patients with gynecomastia, but not among those without, while estrogen to testosterone ratios were elevated in patients with galactorrhea.", "contents": "Endocrine studies in testicular tumor patients with and without gynecomastia: a report of 45 cases. Prolactin (PRL), human placental lactogen (hPL), the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (betahCG), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2) were measured in blood samples from 45 patients with testicular tumors, 27 of whom had gynecomastia at some stage of their disease. Forty-two of the 45 patients had at least one abnormal hormone level. The most common abnormality was that of plasma estrone: it was elevated in 32 out of 42 (76%) patients in whom it was measured, suggesting a useful role for E1 as a testicular tumor marker. Prognosis was notably worse in patients with embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, and choriocarcinoma, in those with gynecomastia and, particularly, galactorrhea. Such patients also had the highest incidence of hormonal abnormalities as well as the most extreme absolute values. Hormonal mechanisms were implicated in the development of gynecomastia and galactorrhea. Prolactin, betahCG, E1, and E2 levels in all permutations correlated significantly among patients with gynecomastia, but not among those without, while estrogen to testosterone ratios were elevated in patients with galactorrhea.", "PMID": 564234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5956", "title": "In vitro interaction of L1210 cells with phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "The in vitro uptake of phospholipid vesicles by mouse leukemia L1210 cells was examined. Liposomes were generated by prolonged ultrasonic dispersion of aqueous dispersions of mixed lipids in the presence of radiolabeled inulin. Multilamellar vesicles were separated from unilamellar vesicles by column chromatography. Vesicle populations were examined by electron microscopy. Neutral vesicles were generated from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, and surface charge was introduced via either phosphatidylserine or octadecylamine. Uptake, measured as cell-associated radioactivity, was temperature dependent and was strongly decreased by metabolic inhibitors. These results suggested that liposomes are taken up to a major extent by an energy-dependent mechanism. The uptake of liposomes by cells of a young culture was about 2-fold higher than was the uptake of liposomes by cells of a stationary culture. The uptake of positively charged liposomes by cells was about 20-fold higher than that of either neutral or negatively charged vesicles. About one-half of the cell-associated radioactivity transferred by positively charged liposomes could be removed by cell surface treatment with trypsin or neuraminidase or by a short exposure to 0.6 N NaCl.", "contents": "In vitro interaction of L1210 cells with phospholipid vesicles. The in vitro uptake of phospholipid vesicles by mouse leukemia L1210 cells was examined. Liposomes were generated by prolonged ultrasonic dispersion of aqueous dispersions of mixed lipids in the presence of radiolabeled inulin. Multilamellar vesicles were separated from unilamellar vesicles by column chromatography. Vesicle populations were examined by electron microscopy. Neutral vesicles were generated from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, and surface charge was introduced via either phosphatidylserine or octadecylamine. Uptake, measured as cell-associated radioactivity, was temperature dependent and was strongly decreased by metabolic inhibitors. These results suggested that liposomes are taken up to a major extent by an energy-dependent mechanism. The uptake of liposomes by cells of a young culture was about 2-fold higher than was the uptake of liposomes by cells of a stationary culture. The uptake of positively charged liposomes by cells was about 20-fold higher than that of either neutral or negatively charged vesicles. About one-half of the cell-associated radioactivity transferred by positively charged liposomes could be removed by cell surface treatment with trypsin or neuraminidase or by a short exposure to 0.6 N NaCl.", "PMID": 564235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5957", "title": "Cross-linking of DNA in L1210 cells and nuclei treated with cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard.", "content": "Phosphoramide mustard, formed from cyclophosphamide in vivo and in vitro, may be the active metabolite of this drug. We have found phosphoramide mustard to be at least 100 times more potent than cyclophosphamide in inhibiting growth of two strains of the L1210 lymphoma in culture. Phosphoramide mustard also produced enlargement of cells, an effect not seen with cyclophosphamide. Phosphoramide mustard significantly increased the amount of cross-linked DNA after incubation with intact LM4 cells or nuclei isolated from these cells. Cyclophosphamide had a similar effect only in the isolated nuclei. These findings strengthen the proposed role of phosphoramide mustard as the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide. The effect of cyclophosphamide on nuclei is unexplained.", "contents": "Cross-linking of DNA in L1210 cells and nuclei treated with cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard. Phosphoramide mustard, formed from cyclophosphamide in vivo and in vitro, may be the active metabolite of this drug. We have found phosphoramide mustard to be at least 100 times more potent than cyclophosphamide in inhibiting growth of two strains of the L1210 lymphoma in culture. Phosphoramide mustard also produced enlargement of cells, an effect not seen with cyclophosphamide. Phosphoramide mustard significantly increased the amount of cross-linked DNA after incubation with intact LM4 cells or nuclei isolated from these cells. Cyclophosphamide had a similar effect only in the isolated nuclei. These findings strengthen the proposed role of phosphoramide mustard as the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide. The effect of cyclophosphamide on nuclei is unexplained.", "PMID": 564237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5958", "title": "Cellular and nuclear volume during the cell cycle of NHIK 3025 cells.", "content": "The distribution of cellular and nuclear volume in synchronous populations of NHIK 3025 cells, which derive from a cervix carcinoma, have been measured by electronic sizing during the first cell cycle after mitotic selection. Cells given an X-ray dose of 580 rad in G1, were also studied. During the entire cell cycle the volume distribution of both cells and nuclei is an approximately Gaussian peak with a relative width at half maximum of about 30%. About half of this width is due to imperfect synchrony whereas the rest is associated with various time invariant factors. During S the mean volume of the cells grows exponentially whereas the nuclear volume increases faster than for exponential kinetics. Hence, although cellular and nuclear volumes are closely correlated, their ratio does not remain constant during the cell cycle. Volume growth during the first half of G1 is negligible especially for nuclei where the growth appears to be closely associated with DNA-synthesis. For unirradiated cells the growth of cellular and nuclear volume is negligible also during G2 + M. In contrast, the X-irradiated cells continue to grow during the 6 hr mitotic delay with a rate that is constant and about half of that observed in late S. Hence, radiation induced mitotic delay does not appear merely as a lengthening of an otherwise normal G2. During G1 and S the irradiated cells were identical to unirradiated ones with respect to all the parameters measured.", "contents": "Cellular and nuclear volume during the cell cycle of NHIK 3025 cells. The distribution of cellular and nuclear volume in synchronous populations of NHIK 3025 cells, which derive from a cervix carcinoma, have been measured by electronic sizing during the first cell cycle after mitotic selection. Cells given an X-ray dose of 580 rad in G1, were also studied. During the entire cell cycle the volume distribution of both cells and nuclei is an approximately Gaussian peak with a relative width at half maximum of about 30%. About half of this width is due to imperfect synchrony whereas the rest is associated with various time invariant factors. During S the mean volume of the cells grows exponentially whereas the nuclear volume increases faster than for exponential kinetics. Hence, although cellular and nuclear volumes are closely correlated, their ratio does not remain constant during the cell cycle. Volume growth during the first half of G1 is negligible especially for nuclei where the growth appears to be closely associated with DNA-synthesis. For unirradiated cells the growth of cellular and nuclear volume is negligible also during G2 + M. In contrast, the X-irradiated cells continue to grow during the 6 hr mitotic delay with a rate that is constant and about half of that observed in late S. Hence, radiation induced mitotic delay does not appear merely as a lengthening of an otherwise normal G2. During G1 and S the irradiated cells were identical to unirradiated ones with respect to all the parameters measured.", "PMID": 564239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5959", "title": "Morphogenesis of larval cuticle in the polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa. A correlated scanning and transmission electron microscopic study from egg envelope formation to larval metamorphosis.", "content": "The development of the egg envelope and its incorporation into the larval cuticle of the polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa, was studied by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mature egg possesses an envelope composed of five zones including an outer granular zone formed by the tips of the egg microvilli. The formation of the granules is described and their functions are discussed. The entire egg envelope is retained as the larval cuticle up to the 16 h trochophore stage. From this stage to about the 60 h larval stage, the envelope is gradually lost and replaced by a cuticle consisting of branching microvilli. The cuticle of the 20 day larva is composed of highly branching microvilli penetrating a homogeneous electron opaque cuticle. The possible functions of the cuticle among the Annelida are discussed.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of larval cuticle in the polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa. A correlated scanning and transmission electron microscopic study from egg envelope formation to larval metamorphosis. The development of the egg envelope and its incorporation into the larval cuticle of the polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa, was studied by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mature egg possesses an envelope composed of five zones including an outer granular zone formed by the tips of the egg microvilli. The formation of the granules is described and their functions are discussed. The entire egg envelope is retained as the larval cuticle up to the 16 h trochophore stage. From this stage to about the 60 h larval stage, the envelope is gradually lost and replaced by a cuticle consisting of branching microvilli. The cuticle of the 20 day larva is composed of highly branching microvilli penetrating a homogeneous electron opaque cuticle. The possible functions of the cuticle among the Annelida are discussed.", "PMID": 564240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5960", "title": "DNA synthesis in a multi-enzyme system from Xenopus laevis eggs.", "content": "Cytoplasm from unfertilized eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis was separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into nine fractions. Supercoiled pXir 11 DNA molecules (pXir 11 is a Col El-based recombinant plasmid containing part of the Xenopus laevis 18S and 28S ribosomal genes and transcribed spacer region) were incubated with each fraction singly and in various combinations. After incubation for 4 hr at 26 degrees C, the pXir 11 DNA was reisolated and examined by electron microscopy. Using appropriate reaction conditions (pH 7.2, 10 mM Mg2+, 250 micron NTP, 50 50 micron dNTP, 50 MM KCl, fractions III and IV or VI), at least 5-10% of the input DNA was converted to theta structures (presumed intermediates in DNA replication).", "contents": "DNA synthesis in a multi-enzyme system from Xenopus laevis eggs. Cytoplasm from unfertilized eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis was separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into nine fractions. Supercoiled pXir 11 DNA molecules (pXir 11 is a Col El-based recombinant plasmid containing part of the Xenopus laevis 18S and 28S ribosomal genes and transcribed spacer region) were incubated with each fraction singly and in various combinations. After incubation for 4 hr at 26 degrees C, the pXir 11 DNA was reisolated and examined by electron microscopy. Using appropriate reaction conditions (pH 7.2, 10 mM Mg2+, 250 micron NTP, 50 50 micron dNTP, 50 MM KCl, fractions III and IV or VI), at least 5-10% of the input DNA was converted to theta structures (presumed intermediates in DNA replication).", "PMID": 564241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5961", "title": "Apex echocardiography. A two-dimensional technique for evaluating congenital heart disease.", "content": "We have evaluated apex echocardiography, using an 80 degrees phased array sector scanner, in 368 patients with congenital heart disease. With the patient lying with the left side dependent, the transducer is placed over the apex of the heart and cross sectional images are obtained in the plane perpendicular to the cardiac septa and through the orifices of the mitral and tricuspid valves. In this view, the chambers are side by side and both atria and ventricles are separated by their respective septa and atrioventricular valves. Defects in the region of the septa can be detected. Congenital defects involving the atrioventricular valves, such as endocardial cushion defects, tricuspid atresia, and Ebstein's anomaly, can be defined. The location of the baffle after Mustard's operation for aortopulmonary transposition and intra-atrial structures, such as the membrance in cor triatriatum, can be seen. The position of the apex of the heart can be located in dextro, levo, or mesocardia by definition of the apex image. The relative size of the ventricular septum can be identified with the apex image. We have found this technique to be valuable in patients with congenital heart disease who are undergoing cross sectional echocardiography.", "contents": "Apex echocardiography. A two-dimensional technique for evaluating congenital heart disease. We have evaluated apex echocardiography, using an 80 degrees phased array sector scanner, in 368 patients with congenital heart disease. With the patient lying with the left side dependent, the transducer is placed over the apex of the heart and cross sectional images are obtained in the plane perpendicular to the cardiac septa and through the orifices of the mitral and tricuspid valves. In this view, the chambers are side by side and both atria and ventricles are separated by their respective septa and atrioventricular valves. Defects in the region of the septa can be detected. Congenital defects involving the atrioventricular valves, such as endocardial cushion defects, tricuspid atresia, and Ebstein's anomaly, can be defined. The location of the baffle after Mustard's operation for aortopulmonary transposition and intra-atrial structures, such as the membrance in cor triatriatum, can be seen. The position of the apex of the heart can be located in dextro, levo, or mesocardia by definition of the apex image. The relative size of the ventricular septum can be identified with the apex image. We have found this technique to be valuable in patients with congenital heart disease who are undergoing cross sectional echocardiography.", "PMID": 564244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5962", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular filling and septal and posterior wall dynamics in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "In order to study left ventricular function in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), left ventricular echograms were analyzed by computer and compared with results in normal subjects. Systolic function was consistently normal or above normal even in the presence of severe diastolic abnormalities. Wide variation in diastolic function in IHSS allowed separation of patients into three groups on the basis of the left ventricular peak filling rate. Because of the severe septal hypertrophy and hypokinesia, peak left ventricular filling rate is predominantly determined by the rate of free wall thinning. Patients in group 1 had rapid left ventricular filling rates, those in group 2 had normal filling rates, and those in group 3 had slow filling rates. With reduction in left ventricular peak filling rate caused by impaired free wall thinning, there was progressive increase in 1) duration of the rapid filling phase, 2) delay of mitral valve opening, 3) asynchrony between septum and posterior wall, 4) incidence of angina, and 5) incidence of atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular filling and septal and posterior wall dynamics in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In order to study left ventricular function in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), left ventricular echograms were analyzed by computer and compared with results in normal subjects. Systolic function was consistently normal or above normal even in the presence of severe diastolic abnormalities. Wide variation in diastolic function in IHSS allowed separation of patients into three groups on the basis of the left ventricular peak filling rate. Because of the severe septal hypertrophy and hypokinesia, peak left ventricular filling rate is predominantly determined by the rate of free wall thinning. Patients in group 1 had rapid left ventricular filling rates, those in group 2 had normal filling rates, and those in group 3 had slow filling rates. With reduction in left ventricular peak filling rate caused by impaired free wall thinning, there was progressive increase in 1) duration of the rapid filling phase, 2) delay of mitral valve opening, 3) asynchrony between septum and posterior wall, 4) incidence of angina, and 5) incidence of atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 564245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5963", "title": "Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet in patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (i.e., asymmetric septal hypertrophy) may show obstruction to left ventricular outflow under basal conditions or with provocative maneuvers. The presence of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with concentric ventricular wall thickening (but without abnormalities of the aortic valve) has been less well appreciated. Clinical and morphologic features of five patients with nondilated left ventricles and with left ventricular outflow obstruction are presented. In each patient peak systolic pressure gradients between left ventricle and systematic artery were measured at cardiac catheterization and ranged from 60-140 mm Hg under basal conditions or with provocation. Each patient had echocardiographically documented systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was apparently responsible for the outflow obstruction, and concentric left ventricular wall thickening (septal-free wall thickness ratio of less than 1.3). Two of the five patients had evidence of genetically transmitted hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as evidenced by disorganized muscle cells in the ventricular septum or asymmetric septal hypertrophy in first degree relatives. Hence, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction associated with systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet may occur in some patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy who do not have typical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet in patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (i.e., asymmetric septal hypertrophy) may show obstruction to left ventricular outflow under basal conditions or with provocative maneuvers. The presence of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with concentric ventricular wall thickening (but without abnormalities of the aortic valve) has been less well appreciated. Clinical and morphologic features of five patients with nondilated left ventricles and with left ventricular outflow obstruction are presented. In each patient peak systolic pressure gradients between left ventricle and systematic artery were measured at cardiac catheterization and ranged from 60-140 mm Hg under basal conditions or with provocation. Each patient had echocardiographically documented systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was apparently responsible for the outflow obstruction, and concentric left ventricular wall thickening (septal-free wall thickness ratio of less than 1.3). Two of the five patients had evidence of genetically transmitted hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as evidenced by disorganized muscle cells in the ventricular septum or asymmetric septal hypertrophy in first degree relatives. Hence, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction associated with systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet may occur in some patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy who do not have typical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 564246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5964", "title": "Measurement of whole body calcium in chronic renal failure: effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroidectomy.", "content": "In vivo neutron activation analysis was used to measure changes in whole body calcium in patients with chronic renal failure. Eight patients, not treated by haemodialysis, showed losses of calcium in contrast to increases noted in twenty-one patients treated by haemodialysis. Changes in whole body calcium were independent of pre-existing renal bone disease. Treatment of bone disease by total parathyroidectomy (six patients) or 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (eleven patients) resulted in large increases in total body calcium. In patients given 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, changes in total body calcium correlated with histological and radiological indices of response but variable changes in forearm bone mineral content were observed. Neutron activation analysis provides a convenient method for measuring skeletal mass and may also be useful in the assessment of response to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 of patients with osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia.", "contents": "Measurement of whole body calcium in chronic renal failure: effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroidectomy. In vivo neutron activation analysis was used to measure changes in whole body calcium in patients with chronic renal failure. Eight patients, not treated by haemodialysis, showed losses of calcium in contrast to increases noted in twenty-one patients treated by haemodialysis. Changes in whole body calcium were independent of pre-existing renal bone disease. Treatment of bone disease by total parathyroidectomy (six patients) or 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (eleven patients) resulted in large increases in total body calcium. In patients given 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, changes in total body calcium correlated with histological and radiological indices of response but variable changes in forearm bone mineral content were observed. Neutron activation analysis provides a convenient method for measuring skeletal mass and may also be useful in the assessment of response to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 of patients with osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia.", "PMID": 564247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5965", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the in vitro interaction between rat eosinophils and some parasitic helminths (Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis).", "content": "Rat eosinophils form an intimate association with the surfaces of parasitic helminths, in vitro, in the presence of immune serum. The parasite presents a non-phagocytosable surface to the cell. The initial response of the eosinophil is degranulation which leads to the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Peroxidase, an enzyme localized in the matrix of the crystalloid secretion granules, is discharged into these vacuoles as a consequence of degranulation. The vacuoles eventually become connected to the adherent basal plasma membrane of the eosinophil, and peroxidase is secreted directly onto the surface of the parasite. There is no morphological evidence to suggest that this particular secretion affects the integrity of the parasite surface.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the in vitro interaction between rat eosinophils and some parasitic helminths (Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis). Rat eosinophils form an intimate association with the surfaces of parasitic helminths, in vitro, in the presence of immune serum. The parasite presents a non-phagocytosable surface to the cell. The initial response of the eosinophil is degranulation which leads to the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Peroxidase, an enzyme localized in the matrix of the crystalloid secretion granules, is discharged into these vacuoles as a consequence of degranulation. The vacuoles eventually become connected to the adherent basal plasma membrane of the eosinophil, and peroxidase is secreted directly onto the surface of the parasite. There is no morphological evidence to suggest that this particular secretion affects the integrity of the parasite surface.", "PMID": 564249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5966", "title": "Unusual chest X-ray appearances in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The plain chest X-ray of 12 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were found to be grossly abnormal and atypical of this disease. Four patients presented with enlarged globular shaped hearts suggesting dilatation of all cardiac chambers. In a further four this appearance was seen to develop over a period of years and four patients were found with marked left atrial enlargement. On reviewing the echocardiographic, angiographic and necropsy data it was noted that the cardiac enlargement was produced by dilation of the atria and the right ventricle but not the left ventricle.", "contents": "Unusual chest X-ray appearances in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The plain chest X-ray of 12 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were found to be grossly abnormal and atypical of this disease. Four patients presented with enlarged globular shaped hearts suggesting dilatation of all cardiac chambers. In a further four this appearance was seen to develop over a period of years and four patients were found with marked left atrial enlargement. On reviewing the echocardiographic, angiographic and necropsy data it was noted that the cardiac enlargement was produced by dilation of the atria and the right ventricle but not the left ventricle.", "PMID": 564252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5967", "title": "A purine N1-C6 hydrolase activity in the chicken egg yolk: a vestigial enzyme?", "content": "All attempts to prove the presence of xanthine oxidase and uricase in yolk preparations failed. We were able instead to show that yolk preparations could hydrolyze the N1-C6 bond of certain purine bases. In the case of xanthine, 4-ureido-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid and 4-ureido-imidazole are formed. Activity only becomes apparent during purification. An analogous enzyme was described earlier in Clostridium cyclindrosporum. The liver and the blood plasma of actively laying hens do not contain the enzyme. A scheme for the degradation of egg ribonucleic acids is presented.", "contents": "A purine N1-C6 hydrolase activity in the chicken egg yolk: a vestigial enzyme? All attempts to prove the presence of xanthine oxidase and uricase in yolk preparations failed. We were able instead to show that yolk preparations could hydrolyze the N1-C6 bond of certain purine bases. In the case of xanthine, 4-ureido-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid and 4-ureido-imidazole are formed. Activity only becomes apparent during purification. An analogous enzyme was described earlier in Clostridium cyclindrosporum. The liver and the blood plasma of actively laying hens do not contain the enzyme. A scheme for the degradation of egg ribonucleic acids is presented.", "PMID": 564265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5968", "title": "The use of netropsin with CsCl gradients for the analysis of DNA and its application to restriction nuclease fragments of ribosomal DNA from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Netropsin binds to DNA in caesium chloride density gradients and reduces the density of the DNA. The DNA is saturated at a netropsin/DNA weight ratio of about 6 and the change in density, deltarho, at saturation is given by deltarho = -109 (dA + dT content)1.87 mg/ml for the six DNAs tested covering dA + dT contents from 0.28 to 0.69. At lower netropsin/DNA ratios the observed density shifts are consistent with a two-site model for netropsin binding to DNA. Netropsin approximately doubles the resolution of Physarum polycephalum nucleolar satellite DNA from main-band DNA. The fragments of P. polycephalum nucleolar satellite DNA obtained with the restriction endonuclease HindIII do not separate on CsCl gradients, even in the presence of netropsin, which shows that the transcribed and non-transcribed sequences in this DNA have similar nucleotide compositions.", "contents": "The use of netropsin with CsCl gradients for the analysis of DNA and its application to restriction nuclease fragments of ribosomal DNA from Physarum polycephalum. Netropsin binds to DNA in caesium chloride density gradients and reduces the density of the DNA. The DNA is saturated at a netropsin/DNA weight ratio of about 6 and the change in density, deltarho, at saturation is given by deltarho = -109 (dA + dT content)1.87 mg/ml for the six DNAs tested covering dA + dT contents from 0.28 to 0.69. At lower netropsin/DNA ratios the observed density shifts are consistent with a two-site model for netropsin binding to DNA. Netropsin approximately doubles the resolution of Physarum polycephalum nucleolar satellite DNA from main-band DNA. The fragments of P. polycephalum nucleolar satellite DNA obtained with the restriction endonuclease HindIII do not separate on CsCl gradients, even in the presence of netropsin, which shows that the transcribed and non-transcribed sequences in this DNA have similar nucleotide compositions.", "PMID": 564266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5969", "title": "Quantification of myosin heavy-chain mRNA during myogenesis.", "content": "Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from a 26-S poly(A)-containing RNA fraction consisting predominately of myosin mRNA, and used to quantitate the amounts of myosin mRNA during development. RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations were performed with RNA isolated from tertiary cultures of chick fibroblasts, and the proportion of myosin RNA determined. The levels of myosin RNA present in primary chick myoblast cultures undergoing development were also analyzed by RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations. Correlation of these values with the rate of myosin heavy chain synthesis indicates that myosin mRNA is subject to post-transcriptional or translational control.", "contents": "Quantification of myosin heavy-chain mRNA during myogenesis. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from a 26-S poly(A)-containing RNA fraction consisting predominately of myosin mRNA, and used to quantitate the amounts of myosin mRNA during development. RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations were performed with RNA isolated from tertiary cultures of chick fibroblasts, and the proportion of myosin RNA determined. The levels of myosin RNA present in primary chick myoblast cultures undergoing development were also analyzed by RNA . cDNAmyosin hybridizations. Correlation of these values with the rate of myosin heavy chain synthesis indicates that myosin mRNA is subject to post-transcriptional or translational control.", "PMID": 564267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5970", "title": "The role of serum albumin in the uptake of fatty acids by cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo.", "content": "Fatty acids enter the cultured cardiac cells from chicken embryo through two mechanisms, one involving a saturable process, the other resembling passive diffusion. Studies of the saturable component, at fixed concentrations of palmitate or of oleate and at increasing concentrations of albumin, show that this protein increases the rate of palmitate uptake with a maximum at palmitate/albumin molar ratios between 7 and 10 while it decreases the rate of oleate uptake under all conditions. Albumin cannot be replaced by other serum proteins; its effect is specific to saturated fatty acids, can be mimicked by the detergent Tween 40 and involves the binding of the fatty acid to the protein, prior to its delivery to the cell. Both with labelled saturated and unsaturated fatty acids the presence of albumin lowers the proportion of unesterified fatty acids and enhances the proportion of esterified fatty acids recovered in the cardiac cell after uptake. A similar effect of albumin was also found with hepatocytes and permanent cell lines. A specific role for serum albumin is presented, which assumes a 'dispersing' effect of this protein towards dimers (or higher aggregates) of saturated fatty acids and the entry of fatty acids into the cell as monomers.", "contents": "The role of serum albumin in the uptake of fatty acids by cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo. Fatty acids enter the cultured cardiac cells from chicken embryo through two mechanisms, one involving a saturable process, the other resembling passive diffusion. Studies of the saturable component, at fixed concentrations of palmitate or of oleate and at increasing concentrations of albumin, show that this protein increases the rate of palmitate uptake with a maximum at palmitate/albumin molar ratios between 7 and 10 while it decreases the rate of oleate uptake under all conditions. Albumin cannot be replaced by other serum proteins; its effect is specific to saturated fatty acids, can be mimicked by the detergent Tween 40 and involves the binding of the fatty acid to the protein, prior to its delivery to the cell. Both with labelled saturated and unsaturated fatty acids the presence of albumin lowers the proportion of unesterified fatty acids and enhances the proportion of esterified fatty acids recovered in the cardiac cell after uptake. A similar effect of albumin was also found with hepatocytes and permanent cell lines. A specific role for serum albumin is presented, which assumes a 'dispersing' effect of this protein towards dimers (or higher aggregates) of saturated fatty acids and the entry of fatty acids into the cell as monomers.", "PMID": 564268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5971", "title": "Frequency analysis of the electromyographic activity in striated pelvic floor muscles: a preliminary report.", "content": "A power spectrum of the electromyographic signals in urethral and anal sphincters has been analyzed in 25 patients. Different spectra are observed in each muscle, with higher frequencies in the urethral sphincter. The high frequencies are manifest at short brisk contractions (e.g. cough) and disappear quicly during a sustained voluntary contraction. High frequencies are less pronounced in stress incontinence, but increase in spastic syndromes. The hypothesis is advanced that the proportion of active tonic and phasic motor units determines the efficiency of sphincter reactions.", "contents": "Frequency analysis of the electromyographic activity in striated pelvic floor muscles: a preliminary report. A power spectrum of the electromyographic signals in urethral and anal sphincters has been analyzed in 25 patients. Different spectra are observed in each muscle, with higher frequencies in the urethral sphincter. The high frequencies are manifest at short brisk contractions (e.g. cough) and disappear quicly during a sustained voluntary contraction. High frequencies are less pronounced in stress incontinence, but increase in spastic syndromes. The hypothesis is advanced that the proportion of active tonic and phasic motor units determines the efficiency of sphincter reactions.", "PMID": 564270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5972", "title": "Congenital absence of the female urethra: surgical cure of case.", "content": "A case of congenital absence of the urethra in a women suffering from total incontinence was cured by constructing a sphincteric tube from the lateral and posterior (trigone) walls of the bladder.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the female urethra: surgical cure of case. A case of congenital absence of the urethra in a women suffering from total incontinence was cured by constructing a sphincteric tube from the lateral and posterior (trigone) walls of the bladder.", "PMID": 564271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5973", "title": "Behavioral consequences of dietary vitamin deficiency in young and middle-aged rats.", "content": "The behavioral correlates of vitamin A and B 6 dietary deficiency in young adult rats (Experiment 1) and middle-aged, retired breeder rats (Experiment 2) were examined. Male and female rats received either vitamin A deficient, vitamin B6 deficient, or normal control diets for two and a half months. Body weight, eating, and drinking of water and adulterated fluids were monitored. Pyridoxine deficiency generally had greater effects on consummatory behavior and weight gain than vitamin A deficiency, but this effect was influenced by the rats' age and sex. Wheel running, (Experiment 1), increased above control levels in both the vitamin delete groups. Vitamin A and B 6 deplete diets may affect behavior before an animal displays classical physical signs. Furthermore, such behavioral changes are not restricted to young, rapidly growing male rats; instead, their character is influenced by both the sex and age of the animal.", "contents": "Behavioral consequences of dietary vitamin deficiency in young and middle-aged rats. The behavioral correlates of vitamin A and B 6 dietary deficiency in young adult rats (Experiment 1) and middle-aged, retired breeder rats (Experiment 2) were examined. Male and female rats received either vitamin A deficient, vitamin B6 deficient, or normal control diets for two and a half months. Body weight, eating, and drinking of water and adulterated fluids were monitored. Pyridoxine deficiency generally had greater effects on consummatory behavior and weight gain than vitamin A deficiency, but this effect was influenced by the rats' age and sex. Wheel running, (Experiment 1), increased above control levels in both the vitamin delete groups. Vitamin A and B 6 deplete diets may affect behavior before an animal displays classical physical signs. Furthermore, such behavioral changes are not restricted to young, rapidly growing male rats; instead, their character is influenced by both the sex and age of the animal.", "PMID": 564272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5974", "title": "Toxicity of Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani to chick embryos.", "content": "None of the extracts and culture filtrates from growth of 9 races of Phytophthora infestans on living potato tissue and potato dextrose broth are toxic to chick embryos. Chloroform extracts of 4 out of 10 isolates of Alternaria solani grown on potato dextrose broth showed some toxicity to chick embryos.", "contents": "Toxicity of Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani to chick embryos. None of the extracts and culture filtrates from growth of 9 races of Phytophthora infestans on living potato tissue and potato dextrose broth are toxic to chick embryos. Chloroform extracts of 4 out of 10 isolates of Alternaria solani grown on potato dextrose broth showed some toxicity to chick embryos.", "PMID": 564282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5975", "title": "Relationship between plasma unbound-bilirubin concentration and cerebellar bilirubin content in homozygous Gunn rat sucklings.", "content": "Suckling increases and starvation (16 h) decreases plasma unbound-bilirubin concentration in 15-day-old homozygous Gunn rats. The effect of suckling-induced increase of plasma unbound-bilirubin concentration on cerebellar bilirubin content was examined. Cerebellar bilirubin content of the suckled rats did not increase, but rather decreased, in spite of the elevated concentration of plasma unbound-bilirubin . There were significant negative correlations between cerebellar bilirubin content and b. wt both in the suckled and starved groups.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma unbound-bilirubin concentration and cerebellar bilirubin content in homozygous Gunn rat sucklings. Suckling increases and starvation (16 h) decreases plasma unbound-bilirubin concentration in 15-day-old homozygous Gunn rats. The effect of suckling-induced increase of plasma unbound-bilirubin concentration on cerebellar bilirubin content was examined. Cerebellar bilirubin content of the suckled rats did not increase, but rather decreased, in spite of the elevated concentration of plasma unbound-bilirubin . There were significant negative correlations between cerebellar bilirubin content and b. wt both in the suckled and starved groups.", "PMID": 564283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5976", "title": "[Oleum hippopha\u00eb, a stabilizer of biological membranes].", "content": "Toxic lesion of the liver was reproduced in albino rats by way of a separate and combined intragastric administration of a 20 per cent ethanol (in doses of 0.65 ml/100 g of mass) and of a 20 per cent CCl4 oil solution (in amounts of 0.3 ml/100 g of mass), thrice in a week for 3 months. Subject to investigation were the intensity of the lipids peroxidation with reference to the diene conjugates level in the liver tissue and peroxide resistance of the peripheral blood erythrocytes, P-450 cytochromes in the supernatant fluid after precipitation of the nuclei and mitochondria, total liver protein and subcellular structures, water-soluble liver protein. The activity of the P-450 cytochrome and the content of the total and water-soluble liver protein were found to change antibathmically to the lipids oxidation intensity, especially in animals receiving both poisons. Oleum hippopheae causes a well-marked anabolic effect which manifests itself in an increased proportion of tissular and serumal proteins. It lowers the free radical oxidation of the lipids, protects the cytochromes P-450 against damage. The mechanisms of the results, obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Oleum hippopha\u00eb, a stabilizer of biological membranes]. Toxic lesion of the liver was reproduced in albino rats by way of a separate and combined intragastric administration of a 20 per cent ethanol (in doses of 0.65 ml/100 g of mass) and of a 20 per cent CCl4 oil solution (in amounts of 0.3 ml/100 g of mass), thrice in a week for 3 months. Subject to investigation were the intensity of the lipids peroxidation with reference to the diene conjugates level in the liver tissue and peroxide resistance of the peripheral blood erythrocytes, P-450 cytochromes in the supernatant fluid after precipitation of the nuclei and mitochondria, total liver protein and subcellular structures, water-soluble liver protein. The activity of the P-450 cytochrome and the content of the total and water-soluble liver protein were found to change antibathmically to the lipids oxidation intensity, especially in animals receiving both poisons. Oleum hippopheae causes a well-marked anabolic effect which manifests itself in an increased proportion of tissular and serumal proteins. It lowers the free radical oxidation of the lipids, protects the cytochromes P-450 against damage. The mechanisms of the results, obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 564286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5977", "title": "[Change in the biogenic amine content in rats in acute and chronic alcohol poisoning].", "content": "In Wister line rats subject to determination were the epinphrine, norepinephrine, DOPA, dophamine, serotonin conents and monaminoxidase activity in the blood, liver and brain in acute alcohol poisoning. Acute alcohol poisoning did not produce any substantial changes in the content of biogenic amines in the blood, liver and brain of the rats. With chronic poisoning the content of catecholamines, serotonin increased while the monaminoxidase activity in the study organs declined, this bearing witness to the effect of alcohol on the metabolism of biogenic amines.", "contents": "[Change in the biogenic amine content in rats in acute and chronic alcohol poisoning]. In Wister line rats subject to determination were the epinphrine, norepinephrine, DOPA, dophamine, serotonin conents and monaminoxidase activity in the blood, liver and brain in acute alcohol poisoning. Acute alcohol poisoning did not produce any substantial changes in the content of biogenic amines in the blood, liver and brain of the rats. With chronic poisoning the content of catecholamines, serotonin increased while the monaminoxidase activity in the study organs declined, this bearing witness to the effect of alcohol on the metabolism of biogenic amines.", "PMID": 564288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5978", "title": "[Effect of m-cholinoblockaders and physostigmine on emotional reactivity and catecholamine metabolism in the brain of rats].", "content": "In experiments on male albino rats m-choline blocking agents, atropine and benactyzine potentiated the stimulating effect of l-DOPA on emotional reactivity and aggressiveness, while physostigmine antagonized behavioral effects of l-DOPA. Both the choline blocking agents and physostigmine lowered the brain dopamine accumulation rate after introduction of l-DOPA, at the same time raising the level of homovanilic acid dopamine metabolite. It is suggested that the effect of cholinergic compounds on emotional reactivity and aggressiveness of the animals depends in part on the activity of the brain dopaminergic system.", "contents": "[Effect of m-cholinoblockaders and physostigmine on emotional reactivity and catecholamine metabolism in the brain of rats]. In experiments on male albino rats m-choline blocking agents, atropine and benactyzine potentiated the stimulating effect of l-DOPA on emotional reactivity and aggressiveness, while physostigmine antagonized behavioral effects of l-DOPA. Both the choline blocking agents and physostigmine lowered the brain dopamine accumulation rate after introduction of l-DOPA, at the same time raising the level of homovanilic acid dopamine metabolite. It is suggested that the effect of cholinergic compounds on emotional reactivity and aggressiveness of the animals depends in part on the activity of the brain dopaminergic system.", "PMID": 564287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5979", "title": "Scleroderma-inducing glycosaminoglycan in the urine of patients with systemic scleroderma.", "content": "A glycosaminoglycan with scleroderma-inducing effect was isolated and partially purified from the urine of patients with systemic scleroderma. The glycosaminoglycan was an N-sulfated glycosaminoglycuronan and its high total sulfate and 2,5-anhydromannose contents suggest that the glycosaminoglycan is a degradation product of heparin or polysulfated heparin sulfate. Furthermore, the composition of the above glycosaminoglycan was similar to that of the N-sulfated glycosaminoglycan which we observed previously in uninvolved skin of scleroderma.", "contents": "Scleroderma-inducing glycosaminoglycan in the urine of patients with systemic scleroderma. A glycosaminoglycan with scleroderma-inducing effect was isolated and partially purified from the urine of patients with systemic scleroderma. The glycosaminoglycan was an N-sulfated glycosaminoglycuronan and its high total sulfate and 2,5-anhydromannose contents suggest that the glycosaminoglycan is a degradation product of heparin or polysulfated heparin sulfate. Furthermore, the composition of the above glycosaminoglycan was similar to that of the N-sulfated glycosaminoglycan which we observed previously in uninvolved skin of scleroderma.", "PMID": 564296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5980", "title": "Treatment of post-pill amenorrhea.", "content": "Post-pill amenorrhea, a relatively rare but important sequela of oral contraceptive use, is often accompanied by galactorrhea. A review of women with post-pill amenorrhea-galactorrhea (PPAG) showed that it has more than one cause. Clinical and laboratory methods of evaluation are reviewed, and appropriate methods of treatment are suggested.", "contents": "Treatment of post-pill amenorrhea. Post-pill amenorrhea, a relatively rare but important sequela of oral contraceptive use, is often accompanied by galactorrhea. A review of women with post-pill amenorrhea-galactorrhea (PPAG) showed that it has more than one cause. Clinical and laboratory methods of evaluation are reviewed, and appropriate methods of treatment are suggested.", "PMID": 564298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5981", "title": "[The role of the physician in female sexual councelling (author's transl)].", "content": "In this investigation 100 women were asked by multiple choice questionnaire where they expected help with sexual problems. The female population of the area sees a need for sexual councelling and expects help primarily from physicians and more so from gynaecologists than general practitioners. Physicians are thought to be sufficiently trained and competent for sexual advice by the majority. 25% of the respondents had doubts about the competence and availability of sexual advice from physicians. The majority would seek sexual advice from physicians or husbands. Gynaecologists are preferred for sexual advice because of their specialization and greater anonymity than family physicians. Most patients dislike routine questions on sexuality and would prefer to open the subject themselves. The majority thinks of physicians as having normal sexual adjustment. Sexual councelling does not appear to be available as readily as desirable. Lack of available advice does not appear to be as urgent a problem as depicted in the mass media.", "contents": "[The role of the physician in female sexual councelling (author's transl)]. In this investigation 100 women were asked by multiple choice questionnaire where they expected help with sexual problems. The female population of the area sees a need for sexual councelling and expects help primarily from physicians and more so from gynaecologists than general practitioners. Physicians are thought to be sufficiently trained and competent for sexual advice by the majority. 25% of the respondents had doubts about the competence and availability of sexual advice from physicians. The majority would seek sexual advice from physicians or husbands. Gynaecologists are preferred for sexual advice because of their specialization and greater anonymity than family physicians. Most patients dislike routine questions on sexuality and would prefer to open the subject themselves. The majority thinks of physicians as having normal sexual adjustment. Sexual councelling does not appear to be available as readily as desirable. Lack of available advice does not appear to be as urgent a problem as depicted in the mass media.", "PMID": 564312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5982", "title": "Viral antigens and impurities in influenza vaccines. Evaluation by immunoelectrophoretic methods.", "content": "Laurell electrophoretic methods were used to evaluate internal influenza virus antigens and immunogenic impurities (from the fertile egg) in influenza whole virus and subunit preparations. It could be found that subunit preparations obtained after selective solubilization of the surface antigens with cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide are essentially free from internal structure proteins, ribonucleoprotein, and matrix protein. In addition impurities (non viral antigen substances) are considerably reduced in comparison with whole virus preparations, when the core particle is separated by centrifugation. By testing hyperimmune sera against whole virus and subunit preparations, concerning antibody specificities to host components, it could be demonstrated that whole viruses stimulate more antibodies to the host components, than subunit preparations. This is especially true if antigens are tested which are associated with the chorioallantoic membrane.", "contents": "Viral antigens and impurities in influenza vaccines. Evaluation by immunoelectrophoretic methods. Laurell electrophoretic methods were used to evaluate internal influenza virus antigens and immunogenic impurities (from the fertile egg) in influenza whole virus and subunit preparations. It could be found that subunit preparations obtained after selective solubilization of the surface antigens with cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide are essentially free from internal structure proteins, ribonucleoprotein, and matrix protein. In addition impurities (non viral antigen substances) are considerably reduced in comparison with whole virus preparations, when the core particle is separated by centrifugation. By testing hyperimmune sera against whole virus and subunit preparations, concerning antibody specificities to host components, it could be demonstrated that whole viruses stimulate more antibodies to the host components, than subunit preparations. This is especially true if antigens are tested which are associated with the chorioallantoic membrane.", "PMID": 564309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5983", "title": "Experience with monovalent and bivalent influenza vaccines in Canada 1976.", "content": "Laboratory examination of vaccines from four manufacturing companies and prepared with A/New Jersey/8/76 and A/Victoria/3/75 strains (clinical results, cf. these proceedings, pp. 267-272). When diluting the concentrated suspensions of vaccine, loss of activity can be avoided by adding a small amount of Tween 80 to the diluent.", "contents": "Experience with monovalent and bivalent influenza vaccines in Canada 1976. Laboratory examination of vaccines from four manufacturing companies and prepared with A/New Jersey/8/76 and A/Victoria/3/75 strains (clinical results, cf. these proceedings, pp. 267-272). When diluting the concentrated suspensions of vaccine, loss of activity can be avoided by adding a small amount of Tween 80 to the diluent.", "PMID": 564310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5984", "title": "Hemostatic complications in leukemic patients.", "content": "With clinical vigilance and laboratory tests of platelet and coagulation factor function, the clinician can promptly recognize and treat hemostatic disorders in leukemic patients. For example, laboratory values are strikingly abnormal in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Prompt neutralization of the underlying cause of the coagulopathy is essential. Platelet and coagulation factors may have to be replaced if the disorder is severe. Diffuse petechiae, purpura, mucous membrane bleeding, and hemorrhage around venipuncture or infusion sites indicate thrombocytopenia. Vigorous platelet replacement is necessary to prevent massive intracranial of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Platelet dysfunction may cause spontaneous bleeding or immediate or delayed hemorrhage after surgery. The abnormality is often evident in peripheral blood smear or indicated by bleeding time or aggregation studies. If possible, sufficient autologous platelets should be infused to return the bleeding time to normal. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura may be easy to diagnose when the reduction in the circulating platelet count is compared with the normal number of marrow megakaryocytes. But attempts to increase platelet count by platelet transfusions may be frustrating. Treatment involves high doses of corticosteroids, followed by splenectomy if necessary.", "contents": "Hemostatic complications in leukemic patients. With clinical vigilance and laboratory tests of platelet and coagulation factor function, the clinician can promptly recognize and treat hemostatic disorders in leukemic patients. For example, laboratory values are strikingly abnormal in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Prompt neutralization of the underlying cause of the coagulopathy is essential. Platelet and coagulation factors may have to be replaced if the disorder is severe. Diffuse petechiae, purpura, mucous membrane bleeding, and hemorrhage around venipuncture or infusion sites indicate thrombocytopenia. Vigorous platelet replacement is necessary to prevent massive intracranial of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Platelet dysfunction may cause spontaneous bleeding or immediate or delayed hemorrhage after surgery. The abnormality is often evident in peripheral blood smear or indicated by bleeding time or aggregation studies. If possible, sufficient autologous platelets should be infused to return the bleeding time to normal. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura may be easy to diagnose when the reduction in the circulating platelet count is compared with the normal number of marrow megakaryocytes. But attempts to increase platelet count by platelet transfusions may be frustrating. Treatment involves high doses of corticosteroids, followed by splenectomy if necessary.", "PMID": 564314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5985", "title": "Growth and development of gastrocnemius muscle in S 5B/PL and Osborne-Mendel rats overfed during nursing.", "content": "Three techniques for overfeeding rat pups were used from birth to 24 days of age to assess their effect on growth and development in an obesity susceptible (OM) and an obesity resistant (S 5B/P1) strain of rat. These included: (1) Feeding a semi-purified high fat rather than low fat diet to the dams (alters the energy content of milk); (2) Raising pups in litters of 3 rather than 6; and (3) Force feeding of milk in lieu of any force feeding. In OM rats there was no difference in lean body mass (excludes heart, liver and kidney) (LBM) gastrocnemius muscle weights, cell number and protein content of muscle. Body weights and gastrocnemius muscle triglycerides were significantly higher in OM rats fed the high fat diet than in those fed the low fat diet. S 5B/P1 (S) rats treated in the same manner as OM, showed no significant differences in body weight, LBM, gastrocnemius muscle weight or content of DNA, protein or triglycerides. Protein and DNA for 100 g fresh gastrocnemius muscle were similar for the two strains even though the muscle was 1 1/2 times heavier in OM than in S rats. Muscle triglycerides were higher in OM than in S rats.", "contents": "Growth and development of gastrocnemius muscle in S 5B/PL and Osborne-Mendel rats overfed during nursing. Three techniques for overfeeding rat pups were used from birth to 24 days of age to assess their effect on growth and development in an obesity susceptible (OM) and an obesity resistant (S 5B/P1) strain of rat. These included: (1) Feeding a semi-purified high fat rather than low fat diet to the dams (alters the energy content of milk); (2) Raising pups in litters of 3 rather than 6; and (3) Force feeding of milk in lieu of any force feeding. In OM rats there was no difference in lean body mass (excludes heart, liver and kidney) (LBM) gastrocnemius muscle weights, cell number and protein content of muscle. Body weights and gastrocnemius muscle triglycerides were significantly higher in OM rats fed the high fat diet than in those fed the low fat diet. S 5B/P1 (S) rats treated in the same manner as OM, showed no significant differences in body weight, LBM, gastrocnemius muscle weight or content of DNA, protein or triglycerides. Protein and DNA for 100 g fresh gastrocnemius muscle were similar for the two strains even though the muscle was 1 1/2 times heavier in OM than in S rats. Muscle triglycerides were higher in OM than in S rats.", "PMID": 564315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5986", "title": "Destruction of Ascaris suum eggs during their feeding to various species of beetles.", "content": "Eggs of Ascaris suum (Linn\u00e9, 1758) were fed to nine species of beetles of the families Scarabacidae, Carabidae and Histeridae in order to ascertain the dependence of egg penetration on the structure of mouth parts of the beetle. The mouth parts of some beetle species have various filtration apparatuses preventing the helminth eggs from penetrating into the digestive tract. Geotrupes stercorosus (Scriba) was found to possess a crushing apparatus which destroys a great number of helminth eggs penetrating into the digestive tract.", "contents": "Destruction of Ascaris suum eggs during their feeding to various species of beetles. Eggs of Ascaris suum (Linn\u00e9, 1758) were fed to nine species of beetles of the families Scarabacidae, Carabidae and Histeridae in order to ascertain the dependence of egg penetration on the structure of mouth parts of the beetle. The mouth parts of some beetle species have various filtration apparatuses preventing the helminth eggs from penetrating into the digestive tract. Geotrupes stercorosus (Scriba) was found to possess a crushing apparatus which destroys a great number of helminth eggs penetrating into the digestive tract.", "PMID": 564316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5987", "title": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on growth and brefeldin A formation in Curvularia lunata.", "content": "Arsenite as opposed to azide exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on brefeldin A production than on mycelial growth of cultures of Curvularia lunata. However, azide was a more potent inhibitor of mycelial growth than arsenite at 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM. The inhibitory effects of iodoacetate on growth and brefeldin A formation were significantly less potent than those of iosoacetamide. Increases in the levels of fluoride elicited a variable inhibitory effect on brefeldin A production and a corresponding decrease in biomass.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on growth and brefeldin A formation in Curvularia lunata. Arsenite as opposed to azide exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on brefeldin A production than on mycelial growth of cultures of Curvularia lunata. However, azide was a more potent inhibitor of mycelial growth than arsenite at 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM. The inhibitory effects of iodoacetate on growth and brefeldin A formation were significantly less potent than those of iosoacetamide. Increases in the levels of fluoride elicited a variable inhibitory effect on brefeldin A production and a corresponding decrease in biomass.", "PMID": 564318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5988", "title": "Exogenous regulators in the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus after exogenous application.", "content": "The mycelium of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was cultured on a synthetic medium with growth regulators. Best growth was observed on media with 100 ppm IAA, 200 ppm GA3 and 200 ppm of kinetin. Growth of terminal hyphae and the appearance of colonies differed characteristically. Auxin bio-assays showed that the content of substances in younger mycelium slowly increased during cultivation without conspicuous changes in the medium. After exogenous application of IAA the content of auxins in younger mycelium increased and the content of IAA decreased gradually in the culture medium. Gibberellin bio-assays showed their content in the mycelium fell during cultivation and while it increased in the medium. Application of GA3 to the medium leads to a significant increase in these substances in the young mycelium and in the medium their level remains the same. Cytokinin bio-assays showed their content to vary during cultivation. An addition to kinetin to the nutrient medium results in an increase of cytokinins in the mycelium while in the medium the level of cytokinins is maintained. Addition of one substance thus influences the levels of other endogenous regulators.", "contents": "Exogenous regulators in the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus after exogenous application. The mycelium of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was cultured on a synthetic medium with growth regulators. Best growth was observed on media with 100 ppm IAA, 200 ppm GA3 and 200 ppm of kinetin. Growth of terminal hyphae and the appearance of colonies differed characteristically. Auxin bio-assays showed that the content of substances in younger mycelium slowly increased during cultivation without conspicuous changes in the medium. After exogenous application of IAA the content of auxins in younger mycelium increased and the content of IAA decreased gradually in the culture medium. Gibberellin bio-assays showed their content in the mycelium fell during cultivation and while it increased in the medium. Application of GA3 to the medium leads to a significant increase in these substances in the young mycelium and in the medium their level remains the same. Cytokinin bio-assays showed their content to vary during cultivation. An addition to kinetin to the nutrient medium results in an increase of cytokinins in the mycelium while in the medium the level of cytokinins is maintained. Addition of one substance thus influences the levels of other endogenous regulators.", "PMID": 564319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5989", "title": "2,2'-dimethoxy-4a,4a'-dehydrorugulosin (rugulin), a minor metabolite from Penicillium rugulosum.", "content": "A new metabolite was isolated from the culture of Penicillium rugulosum and its structure was determined from physico-chemical data. Accompanying metabolites skyrin and rugulosin were characterized by UV, IR, CD, mass and NMR spectra.", "contents": "2,2'-dimethoxy-4a,4a'-dehydrorugulosin (rugulin), a minor metabolite from Penicillium rugulosum. A new metabolite was isolated from the culture of Penicillium rugulosum and its structure was determined from physico-chemical data. Accompanying metabolites skyrin and rugulosin were characterized by UV, IR, CD, mass and NMR spectra.", "PMID": 564320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5990", "title": "Infant killing and cannibalism in free-living chimpanzees.", "content": "Male chimpanzees at the Gombe National Park were twice seen to attack 'stranger' females and seize their infants. One infant was then killed and partially eaten: the other was 'rescued' and carried by three different males. Once several males were found eating a freshly killed 'stranger' infant. A similar event was observed in Uganda by Dr. Suzuki and Dr. Nishida reports an incident from the Mahali Mountains, Tanzania. A different kind of killing occurred at Gombe when a female and her daughter killed and ate three infants of other females of the same community during a 2-year period. There is evidence suggesting that other infants may have died in this way. The paper draws attention to puzzling aspects of infant killing and cannibalism in chimpanzees.", "contents": "Infant killing and cannibalism in free-living chimpanzees. Male chimpanzees at the Gombe National Park were twice seen to attack 'stranger' females and seize their infants. One infant was then killed and partially eaten: the other was 'rescued' and carried by three different males. Once several males were found eating a freshly killed 'stranger' infant. A similar event was observed in Uganda by Dr. Suzuki and Dr. Nishida reports an incident from the Mahali Mountains, Tanzania. A different kind of killing occurred at Gombe when a female and her daughter killed and ate three infants of other females of the same community during a 2-year period. There is evidence suggesting that other infants may have died in this way. The paper draws attention to puzzling aspects of infant killing and cannibalism in chimpanzees.", "PMID": 564321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5991", "title": "Agonistic interactions of captive female orang-utans with infants.", "content": "Female orang-utans with infants were pair-tested for dominance (displacement behavior) and for competitive food-getting. Dominance was quickly established in the first test for each pair, displacements were unidirectional in all tests and dominant animals obtained essentially all food incentives in 3 of the 4 series of tests. Agonistic interactions were similar in most respects to those of monkey, but were not influenced by location of testing, i.e. home cage. Aggressive behavior and food-getting were related to body weight but displacement was not. This development of dominance relationships is similar to those reported for many territorial vertebrates confined to restricted spatial conditions.", "contents": "Agonistic interactions of captive female orang-utans with infants. Female orang-utans with infants were pair-tested for dominance (displacement behavior) and for competitive food-getting. Dominance was quickly established in the first test for each pair, displacements were unidirectional in all tests and dominant animals obtained essentially all food incentives in 3 of the 4 series of tests. Agonistic interactions were similar in most respects to those of monkey, but were not influenced by location of testing, i.e. home cage. Aggressive behavior and food-getting were related to body weight but displacement was not. This development of dominance relationships is similar to those reported for many territorial vertebrates confined to restricted spatial conditions.", "PMID": 564322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5992", "title": "[Surgical refertilization by means of laser technic. Animal experimental study].", "content": "Animal experiments on rabbits with a CO2 laser concerning end-to-end-anastomosis of cornua uteri are reported. The rate of success of this laser technique by a before investigated optimal energy density of 64 Watt sec/cm2 (8 Watt,0,2 sec) was about 70% deliveries without any complication. This method could be an alternative to the presently used microsurgical methods of refertilisation in human tubar sterility.", "contents": "[Surgical refertilization by means of laser technic. Animal experimental study]. Animal experiments on rabbits with a CO2 laser concerning end-to-end-anastomosis of cornua uteri are reported. The rate of success of this laser technique by a before investigated optimal energy density of 64 Watt sec/cm2 (8 Watt,0,2 sec) was about 70% deliveries without any complication. This method could be an alternative to the presently used microsurgical methods of refertilisation in human tubar sterility.", "PMID": 564323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5993", "title": "[Carcinogens in the food].", "content": "It is estimated that in the Western hemisphere approximately 50% of all carcinoses in females and approximately 30% of all carcinoses in males are influenced by dietary factors. The most frequent carcinogenic dietary compounds are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the nitrosamine combinations and the mycotoxins. Exact data on the carcinogenic risk of these dietary compounds is, however, not yet available for humans. Epidemiological investigations also support the assumed dietary carcinogenesis. It is known that the contracting rate for carcinoma of the stomach is considerably higher in Japan than in Europe or in the USA and that the morbidity rate for carcinoma of the colon is considerably lower in Third World countries. The positive incidence between dietary fat uptake and carcinoma of the breast seems to be well established.", "contents": "[Carcinogens in the food]. It is estimated that in the Western hemisphere approximately 50% of all carcinoses in females and approximately 30% of all carcinoses in males are influenced by dietary factors. The most frequent carcinogenic dietary compounds are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the nitrosamine combinations and the mycotoxins. Exact data on the carcinogenic risk of these dietary compounds is, however, not yet available for humans. Epidemiological investigations also support the assumed dietary carcinogenesis. It is known that the contracting rate for carcinoma of the stomach is considerably higher in Japan than in Europe or in the USA and that the morbidity rate for carcinoma of the colon is considerably lower in Third World countries. The positive incidence between dietary fat uptake and carcinoma of the breast seems to be well established.", "PMID": 564324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5994", "title": "Evidence for a role of androgens in the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in rats.", "content": "Changes in the morphology and steroid content of ovaries were studied after 48 h of intravenous injection of 100 microgram of cyproterone acetate or flutamide to diestrus or estrous rats. Treatment with cyproterone acetate at diestrus caused a decrease in the number of small follicles (less than 200 micrometer), freshly formed corpora lutea and the levels of estradiol-17beta in the ovary, suggesting inhibition of ovulation. Following flutamide administration at diestrus, the number of follicles at all stages of development were reduced with a concomitant decrease in the ovarian levels of the hormones. Thus, flutamide suppressed the growth and maturation of follicles. On administration of these drugs at estrous, the steroid content of ovaries was more pari passu with the increase in the number of mature and medium follicles. The differential effects of the two drugs are discussed in the light of these observations.", "contents": "Evidence for a role of androgens in the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in rats. Changes in the morphology and steroid content of ovaries were studied after 48 h of intravenous injection of 100 microgram of cyproterone acetate or flutamide to diestrus or estrous rats. Treatment with cyproterone acetate at diestrus caused a decrease in the number of small follicles (less than 200 micrometer), freshly formed corpora lutea and the levels of estradiol-17beta in the ovary, suggesting inhibition of ovulation. Following flutamide administration at diestrus, the number of follicles at all stages of development were reduced with a concomitant decrease in the ovarian levels of the hormones. Thus, flutamide suppressed the growth and maturation of follicles. On administration of these drugs at estrous, the steroid content of ovaries was more pari passu with the increase in the number of mature and medium follicles. The differential effects of the two drugs are discussed in the light of these observations.", "PMID": 564325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5995", "title": "Preparation and application of Nalpha-B1,Nepsilon-B29-bis (ter.-butyloxycarbonyl)insulin.", "content": "Two methods are described for the preparation of NalphaB1,Nepsilon29-Boc2-insulin from Nalpha A1-trifluoroacetyl-insulin and Nalpha A1-citraconyl-insulin in 80 - 90% and 65% yields, respectively. Removal of the Boc protections afforded the fully active insulin. Application of this derivative was demonstrated by the preparations of des-GlyA1-insulin and [A1-guanidinoacetyl]insulin. The former compount exhibited 2% activity in the in vitro free fat cell assay and the latter 88 +/- 5% while NalphaB1-NepsilonB29-Boc2-insulin showed 45 +/- 3% activity only.", "contents": "Preparation and application of Nalpha-B1,Nepsilon-B29-bis (ter.-butyloxycarbonyl)insulin. Two methods are described for the preparation of NalphaB1,Nepsilon29-Boc2-insulin from Nalpha A1-trifluoroacetyl-insulin and Nalpha A1-citraconyl-insulin in 80 - 90% and 65% yields, respectively. Removal of the Boc protections afforded the fully active insulin. Application of this derivative was demonstrated by the preparations of des-GlyA1-insulin and [A1-guanidinoacetyl]insulin. The former compount exhibited 2% activity in the in vitro free fat cell assay and the latter 88 +/- 5% while NalphaB1-NepsilonB29-Boc2-insulin showed 45 +/- 3% activity only.", "PMID": 564326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5996", "title": "Dyslexia revisited. A review.", "content": "Specific developmental dyslexia, a condition characterized by reduced reading, spelling, and writing abilities combined with normal intellectual capacity, has challenged geneticists and 'environmentalists.' Although most of the strikingly controversial results can be traced to differences concerning diagnostic decision-making, there are many hints of a genetic contribution. Twin studies and extensive pedigree analysis substantiate this view, but it is too early to infer a definite mode of inheritance from the available data.", "contents": "Dyslexia revisited. A review. Specific developmental dyslexia, a condition characterized by reduced reading, spelling, and writing abilities combined with normal intellectual capacity, has challenged geneticists and 'environmentalists.' Although most of the strikingly controversial results can be traced to differences concerning diagnostic decision-making, there are many hints of a genetic contribution. Twin studies and extensive pedigree analysis substantiate this view, but it is too early to infer a definite mode of inheritance from the available data.", "PMID": 564328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5997", "title": "Rupture of the urethra in a female child with a fractured pelvis: a case report.", "content": "A case of complete rupture of the urethra in a female child is reported. The condition is very uncommon and some possible explanations are given to account for its rarity.", "contents": "Rupture of the urethra in a female child with a fractured pelvis: a case report. A case of complete rupture of the urethra in a female child is reported. The condition is very uncommon and some possible explanations are given to account for its rarity.", "PMID": 564330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5998", "title": "Role of endogenous interferon in the anti-tumor effect of poly I-C and statolon as demonstrated by the use of anti-mouse interferon serum.", "content": "We have determined the effect of sheep anti-mouse interferon globulin on the anti-tumor effects of poly I-C, statolon, tilorone, pyran copolymer and BCG in mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites or L 1210 lymphoma cells. Whereas the anti-tumor effects of poly I-C and statolon were nulified when mice were injected with immunoglobulins, the anti-tumor effects of pyran copolymer and BCG were not modified by this treatment. We conclude that interferon mediates the anti-tumor activity of poly I-C and statolon in these experimental systems. It is suggested that anti-interferon serum provides a direct method of determining whether other biologic effects attributed to viruses, poly I-C, statolon, tilorone, pyran copolymer (and possibly other interferon inducers) are mediated or not by interferon.", "contents": "Role of endogenous interferon in the anti-tumor effect of poly I-C and statolon as demonstrated by the use of anti-mouse interferon serum. We have determined the effect of sheep anti-mouse interferon globulin on the anti-tumor effects of poly I-C, statolon, tilorone, pyran copolymer and BCG in mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites or L 1210 lymphoma cells. Whereas the anti-tumor effects of poly I-C and statolon were nulified when mice were injected with immunoglobulins, the anti-tumor effects of pyran copolymer and BCG were not modified by this treatment. We conclude that interferon mediates the anti-tumor activity of poly I-C and statolon in these experimental systems. It is suggested that anti-interferon serum provides a direct method of determining whether other biologic effects attributed to viruses, poly I-C, statolon, tilorone, pyran copolymer (and possibly other interferon inducers) are mediated or not by interferon.", "PMID": 564332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_5999", "title": "Experimental observations on the integration of bladder and urethral function.", "content": "Bladder and urethral pressure responses to pelvic sympathetic and pudendal nerve stimulation 60 anesthetized cats were studied. Results show that urethral resistance is composed of smooth and skeletal musclar components, which relax with pelvic nerve stimulation. Reciprocal inhibition of the detrusor-external sphincter is a spinal-mediated reflex that can be elicited by pelvic or pudendal nerve stimulation. Urethral smooth muscular pressure loss with pelvic nerve stimulation can be blocked with propranolol, suggesting that beta-receptors are involved in this response.", "contents": "Experimental observations on the integration of bladder and urethral function. Bladder and urethral pressure responses to pelvic sympathetic and pudendal nerve stimulation 60 anesthetized cats were studied. Results show that urethral resistance is composed of smooth and skeletal musclar components, which relax with pelvic nerve stimulation. Reciprocal inhibition of the detrusor-external sphincter is a spinal-mediated reflex that can be elicited by pelvic or pudendal nerve stimulation. Urethral smooth muscular pressure loss with pelvic nerve stimulation can be blocked with propranolol, suggesting that beta-receptors are involved in this response.", "PMID": 564335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6000", "title": "[Microsporum persicolor, an easily misinterpreted dermatophyt].", "content": "Trichophyton persicolor was described by Sabouraud in 1910, and was mistaken by most mycologists for Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Recently the infection in wild rodents was discovered and the independence of this fungus proved by its perfect form (Nannizzia persicolor) which is called at the present time Microsporum persicolor.", "contents": "[Microsporum persicolor, an easily misinterpreted dermatophyt]. Trichophyton persicolor was described by Sabouraud in 1910, and was mistaken by most mycologists for Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Recently the infection in wild rodents was discovered and the independence of this fungus proved by its perfect form (Nannizzia persicolor) which is called at the present time Microsporum persicolor.", "PMID": 564336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6001", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of bilirubin encephalopathy in cochlear nuclei of the Gunn rat.", "content": "The cochlear nuclei of homozygous Gunn rats aged 2 days to 7 months were examined. Ultrastructural abnormalities were observed in all age groups studied, including 2 and 4 days old animals. Mitochondrial alterations are amont the earliest manifestations of bilirubin encephalopathy (2 days). In mitochondria of large neurons, vacuoles were found which contained increasing (with age) collections of alpha and beta glycogen particles. Some of the larger 'ex-mitochondrial sacs' appear to have been caught at the point of disruption, with glycogen-filled vacuoles in close proximity. Dilated profiles of rough ER also contained glycogen particles. In the cytoplasm of the same large neurons, elaborate myelin figures surrounded tongues of cytoplasm, vacuoles and degenerative elements. Reconsideration of previous morphological and biochemical observations in the light of the present findings makes it appear very likely that bilirubin primarily affects membrane function, especially in mitochondria.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of bilirubin encephalopathy in cochlear nuclei of the Gunn rat. The cochlear nuclei of homozygous Gunn rats aged 2 days to 7 months were examined. Ultrastructural abnormalities were observed in all age groups studied, including 2 and 4 days old animals. Mitochondrial alterations are amont the earliest manifestations of bilirubin encephalopathy (2 days). In mitochondria of large neurons, vacuoles were found which contained increasing (with age) collections of alpha and beta glycogen particles. Some of the larger 'ex-mitochondrial sacs' appear to have been caught at the point of disruption, with glycogen-filled vacuoles in close proximity. Dilated profiles of rough ER also contained glycogen particles. In the cytoplasm of the same large neurons, elaborate myelin figures surrounded tongues of cytoplasm, vacuoles and degenerative elements. Reconsideration of previous morphological and biochemical observations in the light of the present findings makes it appear very likely that bilirubin primarily affects membrane function, especially in mitochondria.", "PMID": 564338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6002", "title": "Histochemical studies on genetical control of hormonal enzyme inducibility in the mouse. I. Non-specific esterase activity and regional histology of the epididymis.", "content": "As a base line for future cell genetical studies the authors record the distribution of non-specific esterase reaction in the various histologically distinguishable cell types of the mouse epididymis. The findings are correlated with previous descriptions of the lobar structure of the organ. Assuming the sequence of lobes of the head to be as implied in these classical descriptions, the esterase activity of the epithelial cells gradates between strong to weak several times along the length of the epididymal duct. The relationship of the lobes to each other, as seen in transverse sections, is described. Methodological studies using different fixatives indicate that apparent similarity of esterase reaction at different sites may camouflage an underlying difference in the nature of the esterases at these sites.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on genetical control of hormonal enzyme inducibility in the mouse. I. Non-specific esterase activity and regional histology of the epididymis. As a base line for future cell genetical studies the authors record the distribution of non-specific esterase reaction in the various histologically distinguishable cell types of the mouse epididymis. The findings are correlated with previous descriptions of the lobar structure of the organ. Assuming the sequence of lobes of the head to be as implied in these classical descriptions, the esterase activity of the epithelial cells gradates between strong to weak several times along the length of the epididymal duct. The relationship of the lobes to each other, as seen in transverse sections, is described. Methodological studies using different fixatives indicate that apparent similarity of esterase reaction at different sites may camouflage an underlying difference in the nature of the esterases at these sites.", "PMID": 564339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6003", "title": "The diurnal variation of mitotic response in the epithelium at the edge of acute ulcers in the rectal mucous membrane of guinea-pigs.", "content": "The mitotic response to wounding was examined in ulcers resulting from the excision of small pieces of rectal mucous membrane in two groups of guinea-pigs. One group was wounded at 09.00 hours and a second group at 21.00 hours. Mitotic counts were carried out in the glandular epithelium at the ulcer edges at 2 hourly intervals over a period of 24 hours. Mitotic activity increased in 2--4 hours and thereafter showed a peak-and-trough pattern. The wounded rectal epithelial cells exhibited a diurnal variation with a peak of activity during the day and low activity at night. It would appear that such diurnal rhythmicity is not species-specific because it was similar in both the guinea-pig and rat. The evidence suggests that there is not a chalone-adrenaline complex in the rectal epithelium as the diurnal variation was similar in the nocturnal rat and in the diurnal guinea-pig, and was not abolished by wounding. Mitotic activity was lower in the glands at the immediate wound edge, and in the upper cells of the glands. The cells in these situations are probably designated for migration to close the defect, for migration excludes mitosis. It seems possible that the mechanisms responsible for the circadian rhythm of mitosis are different from those which induce the bursts of mitotic activity after wounding; if so this would be contrary to the chalone concept.", "contents": "The diurnal variation of mitotic response in the epithelium at the edge of acute ulcers in the rectal mucous membrane of guinea-pigs. The mitotic response to wounding was examined in ulcers resulting from the excision of small pieces of rectal mucous membrane in two groups of guinea-pigs. One group was wounded at 09.00 hours and a second group at 21.00 hours. Mitotic counts were carried out in the glandular epithelium at the ulcer edges at 2 hourly intervals over a period of 24 hours. Mitotic activity increased in 2--4 hours and thereafter showed a peak-and-trough pattern. The wounded rectal epithelial cells exhibited a diurnal variation with a peak of activity during the day and low activity at night. It would appear that such diurnal rhythmicity is not species-specific because it was similar in both the guinea-pig and rat. The evidence suggests that there is not a chalone-adrenaline complex in the rectal epithelium as the diurnal variation was similar in the nocturnal rat and in the diurnal guinea-pig, and was not abolished by wounding. Mitotic activity was lower in the glands at the immediate wound edge, and in the upper cells of the glands. The cells in these situations are probably designated for migration to close the defect, for migration excludes mitosis. It seems possible that the mechanisms responsible for the circadian rhythm of mitosis are different from those which induce the bursts of mitotic activity after wounding; if so this would be contrary to the chalone concept.", "PMID": 564340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6004", "title": "Multiple forms of glucokinase from Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "A single form of glucokinase with an apparent Km value equal to 0.12 mM glucose was detectable in extracts prepared from aggregating cells, whereas kinetic and electrophoretic evidence indicated the presence of this form as well as a second glucose-phosphorylating enzyme with a Km value of about 0.01 mM glucose in extracts from culminating cells.", "contents": "Multiple forms of glucokinase from Dictyostelium discoideum. A single form of glucokinase with an apparent Km value equal to 0.12 mM glucose was detectable in extracts prepared from aggregating cells, whereas kinetic and electrophoretic evidence indicated the presence of this form as well as a second glucose-phosphorylating enzyme with a Km value of about 0.01 mM glucose in extracts from culminating cells.", "PMID": 564342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6005", "title": "(Lysyl-Glycyl-Glycyl)5 and (Lysyl-Glycyl-Glycyl)10 as models of histone. Interaction with DNA and acetylation by calf thymus enzyme.", "content": "Sequential polypeptides (Lys-Gly-Gly)5 and (Lys-Gly-Gly)10 were synthesized as models for the N-terminal region of H4 histone and their interactions with DNA were studied. The ability of (Lys-Gly-Gly)10 to precipitate DNA was found to be much higher than that of (Lys-Gly-Gly)5. For example, at the physiological salt concentration, (Lys-Gly-Gly)10 precipitates DNA but (Lys-Gly-Gly)5 does not. Both peptides could be acetylated by a partially purified histone acetyltransferase preparation derived from calf thymus. epsilon-Amino groups of lysyl residues were the sites of the acetylation. DNA-cellulose chromatography of the products indicated that acetylation weakened the interaction of the peptides with DNA.", "contents": "(Lysyl-Glycyl-Glycyl)5 and (Lysyl-Glycyl-Glycyl)10 as models of histone. Interaction with DNA and acetylation by calf thymus enzyme. Sequential polypeptides (Lys-Gly-Gly)5 and (Lys-Gly-Gly)10 were synthesized as models for the N-terminal region of H4 histone and their interactions with DNA were studied. The ability of (Lys-Gly-Gly)10 to precipitate DNA was found to be much higher than that of (Lys-Gly-Gly)5. For example, at the physiological salt concentration, (Lys-Gly-Gly)10 precipitates DNA but (Lys-Gly-Gly)5 does not. Both peptides could be acetylated by a partially purified histone acetyltransferase preparation derived from calf thymus. epsilon-Amino groups of lysyl residues were the sites of the acetylation. DNA-cellulose chromatography of the products indicated that acetylation weakened the interaction of the peptides with DNA.", "PMID": 564344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6006", "title": "Amino acid sequences of fragments I and II obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of rat serum albumin.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of fragment I, the N-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment, and fragment II, a fragment between the first and second methionine residues, of rat serum albumin were determined by conventional methods in consideration of the sequences of human and bovine serum albumin. These sequences were compared with those of human and bovine serum albumin.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of fragments I and II obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of rat serum albumin. The amino acid sequences of fragment I, the N-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment, and fragment II, a fragment between the first and second methionine residues, of rat serum albumin were determined by conventional methods in consideration of the sequences of human and bovine serum albumin. These sequences were compared with those of human and bovine serum albumin.", "PMID": 564345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6007", "title": "Purification and characterization of calcium-binding protein from chick chorioallantoic membrane.", "content": "A procedure is described for the purification of the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) from the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. With this scheme, a 180- to 200-fold purification was achieved with a 40% yield. Characterization of the CaBP revealed that its properties differ from those of previously studied calcium-binding proteins. The CaBP has a molecular weight of 95,000 to 100,000 and appears to be composed of four subunits of identical molecular weight (22,000 to 25,000). The CaBP is a basic protein as indicated by its high electrophoretic mobility under acidic conditions and its relatively high isoelectric point of 8.06. The calcium-binding activity of the CaBP is sulfhydryl dependent and highly specific for calcium ions (10 high affinity sites, ka = 2.35 X 10(7) m-1; 100 to 120 low affinity sites, ka = 2.00 X 10(5) M-1). Amino acid analysis indicated that the CaBP contains 2 to 10 residues of a modified amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate (gamma-CGlu). The presence of gamma-CGlu residues suggested that vitamin K may be involved in the expression of the CaBP in the chorioallantoic membrane.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of calcium-binding protein from chick chorioallantoic membrane. A procedure is described for the purification of the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) from the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. With this scheme, a 180- to 200-fold purification was achieved with a 40% yield. Characterization of the CaBP revealed that its properties differ from those of previously studied calcium-binding proteins. The CaBP has a molecular weight of 95,000 to 100,000 and appears to be composed of four subunits of identical molecular weight (22,000 to 25,000). The CaBP is a basic protein as indicated by its high electrophoretic mobility under acidic conditions and its relatively high isoelectric point of 8.06. The calcium-binding activity of the CaBP is sulfhydryl dependent and highly specific for calcium ions (10 high affinity sites, ka = 2.35 X 10(7) m-1; 100 to 120 low affinity sites, ka = 2.00 X 10(5) M-1). Amino acid analysis indicated that the CaBP contains 2 to 10 residues of a modified amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate (gamma-CGlu). The presence of gamma-CGlu residues suggested that vitamin K may be involved in the expression of the CaBP in the chorioallantoic membrane.", "PMID": 564347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6008", "title": "Sodium-dependent amino acid transport in reconstituted membrane vesicles from Ehrlich ascites cell plasma membranes.", "content": "Plasma membranes, isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, were dissolved in 2% cholate, 4 M urea and then reformed into liposomes upon dialysis at 4 degrees with exogenous phospholipids. Reconstituted vesicles regain the ability to transport amino acids. Na+ was shown to accelerate the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate, phenylalanine, and methionine, but not leucine or epsilon-aminohexanoic acid. With the reconstituted vesicles, methionine, but not leucine, inhibited the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate. An apparent Km value for alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake of 3.0 mM was obtained. This value is close to that observed with the intact cells and the native membrane vesicles. A Na+ gradient (high Na+ outside) increased alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake, whereas a reversed gradient (high Na+ inside) increased alpha-aminoisobutyrate efflux. The latter flux was increased by valinomycin, suggesting electrogenic transport. A modest extent of coupling between a Na+ gradient and uphill flow of alpha-aminoisobutyrate was observed.", "contents": "Sodium-dependent amino acid transport in reconstituted membrane vesicles from Ehrlich ascites cell plasma membranes. Plasma membranes, isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, were dissolved in 2% cholate, 4 M urea and then reformed into liposomes upon dialysis at 4 degrees with exogenous phospholipids. Reconstituted vesicles regain the ability to transport amino acids. Na+ was shown to accelerate the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate, phenylalanine, and methionine, but not leucine or epsilon-aminohexanoic acid. With the reconstituted vesicles, methionine, but not leucine, inhibited the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate. An apparent Km value for alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake of 3.0 mM was obtained. This value is close to that observed with the intact cells and the native membrane vesicles. A Na+ gradient (high Na+ outside) increased alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake, whereas a reversed gradient (high Na+ inside) increased alpha-aminoisobutyrate efflux. The latter flux was increased by valinomycin, suggesting electrogenic transport. A modest extent of coupling between a Na+ gradient and uphill flow of alpha-aminoisobutyrate was observed.", "PMID": 564350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6009", "title": "The aetiology of Perthes' disease. Genetic, epidemiological and growth factors in 310 Edinburgh and Glasgow patients.", "content": "The aims of this survey were to establish the familial incidence of Perthes' disease, to note any associated developmental anomalies and to collect information on preceding trauma or synovitis, on the pregnancy and birth, and on various sociological factors. Height and weight measurements were obtained for 217 patients, and comparisons made with those of their parents, unaffected sibs and (local) controls. Results showed an extremely low frequency of Perthes' disease among relatives, with no obvious pattern of inheritance. As genetic factors were not apparent, environmental and sociological causes were sought. The disease occurred particularly in children who were third-born or later in the family, and had older than average parents. Many came from low-income families and one in ten had been a breech birth, shown other malposition or had had a version late in pregnancy. Many children were already undersized at the time of developing Perthes' disease and remained short than average throughout life. Neither their parents nor sibs were shorter than normal, indicating that the patients' short stature was not familial. The child who is going to develop Perthes' disease is already constitutionally and socially at a disadvantage, and during the perinatal period and the first few years of life is perhaps more susceptible to trauma than is a normal child.", "contents": "The aetiology of Perthes' disease. Genetic, epidemiological and growth factors in 310 Edinburgh and Glasgow patients. The aims of this survey were to establish the familial incidence of Perthes' disease, to note any associated developmental anomalies and to collect information on preceding trauma or synovitis, on the pregnancy and birth, and on various sociological factors. Height and weight measurements were obtained for 217 patients, and comparisons made with those of their parents, unaffected sibs and (local) controls. Results showed an extremely low frequency of Perthes' disease among relatives, with no obvious pattern of inheritance. As genetic factors were not apparent, environmental and sociological causes were sought. The disease occurred particularly in children who were third-born or later in the family, and had older than average parents. Many came from low-income families and one in ten had been a breech birth, shown other malposition or had had a version late in pregnancy. Many children were already undersized at the time of developing Perthes' disease and remained short than average throughout life. Neither their parents nor sibs were shorter than normal, indicating that the patients' short stature was not familial. The child who is going to develop Perthes' disease is already constitutionally and socially at a disadvantage, and during the perinatal period and the first few years of life is perhaps more susceptible to trauma than is a normal child.", "PMID": 564352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6010", "title": "Studies on pulse-labelled RNA during the mitotic cycle of Physarum polycephalum by subnuclear fractionation.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of pulse-labelled RNA from nuclei and subnuclear fractions of Physarum polycephalum. At all times during interphase the nucleolar RNA consisted mainly of a 34-S rRNA precursor with only small amounts of 26-S and 19-S rRNAs. The nucleoplasmic RNA consisted of predominantly mature 26-S rRNA with small amounts of 19-S rRNA and a 30-S RNA species. The 30-S RNA component displayed different labelling kinetics from the rRNA precursors. A low molecular weight RNA fraction (4-8 S) appeared to accumulate in the nucleus as interphase progressed.", "contents": "Studies on pulse-labelled RNA during the mitotic cycle of Physarum polycephalum by subnuclear fractionation. A method is described for the isolation of pulse-labelled RNA from nuclei and subnuclear fractions of Physarum polycephalum. At all times during interphase the nucleolar RNA consisted mainly of a 34-S rRNA precursor with only small amounts of 26-S and 19-S rRNAs. The nucleoplasmic RNA consisted of predominantly mature 26-S rRNA with small amounts of 19-S rRNA and a 30-S RNA species. The 30-S RNA component displayed different labelling kinetics from the rRNA precursors. A low molecular weight RNA fraction (4-8 S) appeared to accumulate in the nucleus as interphase progressed.", "PMID": 564354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6011", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic separation of the 3-O-methylated metabolites of noradrenaline.", "content": "The use of sodium borate impregnated thin-layer silica gel plates for the separation of noradrenaline and its 3-O-methylated metabolites is described. Its application to studies of the metabolism of tritiated I-noradrenaline by isolated tissues is illustrated for the rabbit uterus.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic separation of the 3-O-methylated metabolites of noradrenaline. The use of sodium borate impregnated thin-layer silica gel plates for the separation of noradrenaline and its 3-O-methylated metabolites is described. Its application to studies of the metabolism of tritiated I-noradrenaline by isolated tissues is illustrated for the rabbit uterus.", "PMID": 564355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6012", "title": "Variation of food intake and body weight with estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and estradiol benzoate treatment in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "Food intake and body weight of hamsters fluctuated systematically with the estrous cycle. Food intake and body weight were lowest when elevated endogenous estrogen levels were expected. Ovariectomized hamsters gained a significant amount of body weight compared with sham-operated animals. Replacement therapy with estradioal benzoate reduced the body weight and food intake of ovariectomized animals relative to oil-injected, ovariectomized control animals. The results are compared with similar data from rats and support the concept that in females of both species estradiol operates to regulate food intake and body weight.", "contents": "Variation of food intake and body weight with estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and estradiol benzoate treatment in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Food intake and body weight of hamsters fluctuated systematically with the estrous cycle. Food intake and body weight were lowest when elevated endogenous estrogen levels were expected. Ovariectomized hamsters gained a significant amount of body weight compared with sham-operated animals. Replacement therapy with estradioal benzoate reduced the body weight and food intake of ovariectomized animals relative to oil-injected, ovariectomized control animals. The results are compared with similar data from rats and support the concept that in females of both species estradiol operates to regulate food intake and body weight.", "PMID": 564357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6013", "title": "Behavior of the rat after removal of the neocortex and hippocampal formation.", "content": "After surgical removal of the neocortex and hippocampal formation, rats retained most of the movement patterns of locomotion, climbing, grooming, feeding, and fighting. However, forepaw immobility during swimming was abolished. Feeding behavior was suppressed temporarily but recovered partially. The distinctive postures of sleep and walking and a circadian rhythm of motor activity were retained. However, behaviors were often not performed at the appropriate time and place. The normal sequence of grooming behavior was disrupted; food hoarding and social behavior were essentially abolished. Removal of the neocortex alone had much the same effect as removal of neocortex and hippocampus together. Removal of hippocampus alone produced only a mild disruption of behavior. It is suggested that ascending nonspecific projections to the cerebral cortex play an important role in the moment-to-moment control of behavior but are not essential for the sleep-waking cycle.", "contents": "Behavior of the rat after removal of the neocortex and hippocampal formation. After surgical removal of the neocortex and hippocampal formation, rats retained most of the movement patterns of locomotion, climbing, grooming, feeding, and fighting. However, forepaw immobility during swimming was abolished. Feeding behavior was suppressed temporarily but recovered partially. The distinctive postures of sleep and walking and a circadian rhythm of motor activity were retained. However, behaviors were often not performed at the appropriate time and place. The normal sequence of grooming behavior was disrupted; food hoarding and social behavior were essentially abolished. Removal of the neocortex alone had much the same effect as removal of neocortex and hippocampus together. Removal of hippocampus alone produced only a mild disruption of behavior. It is suggested that ascending nonspecific projections to the cerebral cortex play an important role in the moment-to-moment control of behavior but are not essential for the sleep-waking cycle.", "PMID": 564358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6014", "title": "Differential influence of stereoisomers of estradiol on sexual behavior of female hamsters.", "content": "Morphological and behavioral responses to estradiol-17 beta (E2-17 beta) and estradiol-17 alpha (E2-17 alpha) were examined in a series of three experiments. The E2-17 beta augmented uterine growth in hamsters to a greater extent than did E2-17 alpha. Lordosis in ovariectomized adults was elicited by treatment with E2-17 beta but not with E2-17 alpha (each tested in combination with progesterone). When administered neonatally only E2-17 beta disrupted estrous cyclicity in the intact female and induced the ability to mount in ovariectomized, androgen-treated adults. These results suggest the existence of a stereospecific response to estrogenic stimulation in neural tissue comparable with that occurring in the uterus.", "contents": "Differential influence of stereoisomers of estradiol on sexual behavior of female hamsters. Morphological and behavioral responses to estradiol-17 beta (E2-17 beta) and estradiol-17 alpha (E2-17 alpha) were examined in a series of three experiments. The E2-17 beta augmented uterine growth in hamsters to a greater extent than did E2-17 alpha. Lordosis in ovariectomized adults was elicited by treatment with E2-17 beta but not with E2-17 alpha (each tested in combination with progesterone). When administered neonatally only E2-17 beta disrupted estrous cyclicity in the intact female and induced the ability to mount in ovariectomized, androgen-treated adults. These results suggest the existence of a stereospecific response to estrogenic stimulation in neural tissue comparable with that occurring in the uterus.", "PMID": 564359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6015", "title": "Alterations of male sexual behavior by learned aversions to hamster vaginal secretion.", "content": "Male hamsters poisoned after their first adult exposure to the vaginal secretion of female hamsters became hesitant to approach and ingest the secretion. The same aversion-training procedure also altered the responses of males to estrous females, changing the latency, frequency, and duration of a variety of behaviors that are commonly taken as indexes of sexual attraction or arousal and of copulatory performance. The effects suggest that the aversions to vaginal secretion alter the perceived meaning of the secretion for male hamsters, and analysis of the correlations between various measures of sexual arousal and performance support the hypothesis that separate mechanisms underlie the effects of the secretion on appetitive and consummatory sexual behavior.", "contents": "Alterations of male sexual behavior by learned aversions to hamster vaginal secretion. Male hamsters poisoned after their first adult exposure to the vaginal secretion of female hamsters became hesitant to approach and ingest the secretion. The same aversion-training procedure also altered the responses of males to estrous females, changing the latency, frequency, and duration of a variety of behaviors that are commonly taken as indexes of sexual attraction or arousal and of copulatory performance. The effects suggest that the aversions to vaginal secretion alter the perceived meaning of the secretion for male hamsters, and analysis of the correlations between various measures of sexual arousal and performance support the hypothesis that separate mechanisms underlie the effects of the secretion on appetitive and consummatory sexual behavior.", "PMID": 564360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6016", "title": "The supply of optometric manpower.", "content": "Approaches to determining health manpower requirements are reviewed. The paper identifies a source of error in determining the present supply of optometric manpower which will ultimately influence any policy or program intended to either correct or adjust future health manpower supplies. The study also demonstrates a need to refine the data on health manpower supplies with particular reference to the characteristics and practices of the optometrist.", "contents": "The supply of optometric manpower. Approaches to determining health manpower requirements are reviewed. The paper identifies a source of error in determining the present supply of optometric manpower which will ultimately influence any policy or program intended to either correct or adjust future health manpower supplies. The study also demonstrates a need to refine the data on health manpower supplies with particular reference to the characteristics and practices of the optometrist.", "PMID": 564362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6017", "title": "Circulating plasma levels of pregnenolone, progesterone, estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in young and aged C57BL/6 mice during various stages of pregnancy.", "content": "Young (3-5 mo of age) and senescent (12-15 mo of age) multiparous C57BL/6 mice were mated with young males (3-6 mo of age) and the numbers of preimplantation embryos and implantation sites determined on days 1 (day of plug), 4, 9, and 16 of pregnancy. The numbers of viable embryos were significantly lower (p less than 0.02 to p less than 0.001) in senescent females compared with young females on all days except day 1 of pregnancy. Plasma samples tested by radioimmunoassay indicated circulating estradiol-17B was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) on day 1 and higher (p less than 0.05) on day 4 in older females, whereas FSH was higher on days 4, 9, and 16 (p less than 0.02 to p less than 0.001) in senescent females when compared with samples from young females. Levels of pregnenolone, progesterone, estrone, and LH were not significantly different at any stage of pregnancy in the two age groups. From the hormonal data it did not appear that degenerating corpora lutea were responsible for the declining litter size in this strain of aged mouse.", "contents": "Circulating plasma levels of pregnenolone, progesterone, estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in young and aged C57BL/6 mice during various stages of pregnancy. Young (3-5 mo of age) and senescent (12-15 mo of age) multiparous C57BL/6 mice were mated with young males (3-6 mo of age) and the numbers of preimplantation embryos and implantation sites determined on days 1 (day of plug), 4, 9, and 16 of pregnancy. The numbers of viable embryos were significantly lower (p less than 0.02 to p less than 0.001) in senescent females compared with young females on all days except day 1 of pregnancy. Plasma samples tested by radioimmunoassay indicated circulating estradiol-17B was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) on day 1 and higher (p less than 0.05) on day 4 in older females, whereas FSH was higher on days 4, 9, and 16 (p less than 0.02 to p less than 0.001) in senescent females when compared with samples from young females. Levels of pregnenolone, progesterone, estrone, and LH were not significantly different at any stage of pregnancy in the two age groups. From the hormonal data it did not appear that degenerating corpora lutea were responsible for the declining litter size in this strain of aged mouse.", "PMID": 564363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6018", "title": "Some immunological findings in silicosis.", "content": "Results of an experimental study of the effect of quartz [DQ 12a1 administered intratracheally to Wistar line rats on the status of their immunological reactivity. The results obtained showed that a significant inhibition of antibody formation to human albumin took place in animals with experimental silicosis in comparison with control rats that were given physiological saline or corundum as established by passive haemagglutination reaction according to Boyden as well as enhancement of the intensity of the delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin. That became manifest by stronger inhibition of macrophage migration from spleen fragments.", "contents": "Some immunological findings in silicosis. Results of an experimental study of the effect of quartz [DQ 12a1 administered intratracheally to Wistar line rats on the status of their immunological reactivity. The results obtained showed that a significant inhibition of antibody formation to human albumin took place in animals with experimental silicosis in comparison with control rats that were given physiological saline or corundum as established by passive haemagglutination reaction according to Boyden as well as enhancement of the intensity of the delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin. That became manifest by stronger inhibition of macrophage migration from spleen fragments.", "PMID": 564364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6019", "title": "Purification of mouse cell interferon induced by isotopically labelled double-stranded f2 phage RNA.", "content": "The dynamics of interferon formation by an established cell line of mouse fibroblast (L cells) and by mouse peritoneal leukocytes induced by double-stranded RNA extracted from E. coli f2 phage is described. The L cells produced interferon at a lower rate, the maximum values were obtained at 12 to 20 hours after induction, and the production was ultimately dependent on the established cell line used and on the presence of DEAE-dextran during induction. The mouse peritoneal leukocytes (MPL), on the other hand, did not require DEAE-dextran and the maximum of interferon production was reached between 6 and 12 hours after induction. Both the L cell- and the MPL-interferons were purified and concentrated so that the final specific biologic activity was 100-to 300-fold higher than that of the initial preparations (1 to 5 X 10(6) interferon units per mg protein). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed similar migration profiles for the preparations of both interferons. The smaller part of the activity was situated in a broader, slow-moving peak and the greater part formed a sharp, high and fast-moving peak. Using 3H uridine-labelled f2 ds-RNA for induction of interferon it was found that one of the radioactivity zones coincided with the fast-moving activity peak of the purified and concentrated interferon.", "contents": "Purification of mouse cell interferon induced by isotopically labelled double-stranded f2 phage RNA. The dynamics of interferon formation by an established cell line of mouse fibroblast (L cells) and by mouse peritoneal leukocytes induced by double-stranded RNA extracted from E. coli f2 phage is described. The L cells produced interferon at a lower rate, the maximum values were obtained at 12 to 20 hours after induction, and the production was ultimately dependent on the established cell line used and on the presence of DEAE-dextran during induction. The mouse peritoneal leukocytes (MPL), on the other hand, did not require DEAE-dextran and the maximum of interferon production was reached between 6 and 12 hours after induction. Both the L cell- and the MPL-interferons were purified and concentrated so that the final specific biologic activity was 100-to 300-fold higher than that of the initial preparations (1 to 5 X 10(6) interferon units per mg protein). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed similar migration profiles for the preparations of both interferons. The smaller part of the activity was situated in a broader, slow-moving peak and the greater part formed a sharp, high and fast-moving peak. Using 3H uridine-labelled f2 ds-RNA for induction of interferon it was found that one of the radioactivity zones coincided with the fast-moving activity peak of the purified and concentrated interferon.", "PMID": 564366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6020", "title": "Anticomplementary properties of 043/63 and 043/13 two new antiinflammatory drugs.", "content": "The anticomplementary properties of two indandione derivatives were studied in vitro on fresh human serum and in vivo on rabbits. In vitro the two substances block immunohemolysis and have direct effect on serum complement activity. One substance blocks the activation of the first complement component and the other the fourth complement component. In vivo, single doses, lower or block complement activity of rabbit serum.", "contents": "Anticomplementary properties of 043/63 and 043/13 two new antiinflammatory drugs. The anticomplementary properties of two indandione derivatives were studied in vitro on fresh human serum and in vivo on rabbits. In vitro the two substances block immunohemolysis and have direct effect on serum complement activity. One substance blocks the activation of the first complement component and the other the fourth complement component. In vivo, single doses, lower or block complement activity of rabbit serum.", "PMID": 564367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6021", "title": "Immunity status of Czech population with regard to poliomyelitis in 1970--1975.", "content": "The results of examination of antibodies against all three types ofthe poliomyelitis virus from the period of systematically performed multipurpose immunological survey in the Czech Socialistic Republic (1970--1975) are presented and evaluated. The analysis of these results indicates that the status of immunity in the Czech population, systematically vaccinated against poliomyelitis, is good, as all requirements of collective protection against this disease have been met. At the same time, the results demonstrated that immunological surveys are at present the most suitable method of verifying the immunity of the vaccinated population and should be consistently performed.", "contents": "Immunity status of Czech population with regard to poliomyelitis in 1970--1975. The results of examination of antibodies against all three types ofthe poliomyelitis virus from the period of systematically performed multipurpose immunological survey in the Czech Socialistic Republic (1970--1975) are presented and evaluated. The analysis of these results indicates that the status of immunity in the Czech population, systematically vaccinated against poliomyelitis, is good, as all requirements of collective protection against this disease have been met. At the same time, the results demonstrated that immunological surveys are at present the most suitable method of verifying the immunity of the vaccinated population and should be consistently performed.", "PMID": 564368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6022", "title": "The mechanism of group differences in the character of the vaccinal process in immunization against natural smallpox.", "content": "The effect of antigenic polymorphism of the ABO-system blood groups on the character of the vaccinal process after immunization against natural smallpox was investigated. The increased susceptibility of persons possessing A antigen to the harmful effect of smallpox vaccine virus is due to hereditary rather than to acquired factors. The leukocytes of peripheral blood of these persons showed a poorer binding capacity with respect to the smallpoxvaccine virus; they also exhibited a high rate of chromosomal aberration after vaccination, resulting to some extent from increased proliferative ability of the cells.", "contents": "The mechanism of group differences in the character of the vaccinal process in immunization against natural smallpox. The effect of antigenic polymorphism of the ABO-system blood groups on the character of the vaccinal process after immunization against natural smallpox was investigated. The increased susceptibility of persons possessing A antigen to the harmful effect of smallpox vaccine virus is due to hereditary rather than to acquired factors. The leukocytes of peripheral blood of these persons showed a poorer binding capacity with respect to the smallpoxvaccine virus; they also exhibited a high rate of chromosomal aberration after vaccination, resulting to some extent from increased proliferative ability of the cells.", "PMID": 564370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6023", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in various forms of meningococcal infection and in meningococcus carriers.", "content": "The levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM were examined in 191 adults including 103 patients with various forms of meningococcal infection, 32 meningitis convalescents and 56 carriers, in order to elucidate the causes of different susceptibility to the meningococcal infection. The IgD level was determined in 54 meningitis patients as well as in convalescents and carriers. The amount of immunoglobulins was determined by radial immunodiffusion. The level of IgG at the beginning of the disease in patients with the generalized forms of meningococcal infection (meningitis, meningitis combined with meningococcaemia, meningococcaemia) was found to be considerably lower than in healthy subjects. The levels of all immunoglobulins, particularly of IgA and IgM, increased in the course of the disease. The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM in meningitis convalescents a year after recovery were found to be the same as in the controls. The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM in patients with meningococcal nasopharyngitis were significantly lower than in healthy subjects. The carriers showed a decreasd level of IgA and a considerably increased level of IgG while the levels of IgM and IgD did not differ from the control.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in various forms of meningococcal infection and in meningococcus carriers. The levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM were examined in 191 adults including 103 patients with various forms of meningococcal infection, 32 meningitis convalescents and 56 carriers, in order to elucidate the causes of different susceptibility to the meningococcal infection. The IgD level was determined in 54 meningitis patients as well as in convalescents and carriers. The amount of immunoglobulins was determined by radial immunodiffusion. The level of IgG at the beginning of the disease in patients with the generalized forms of meningococcal infection (meningitis, meningitis combined with meningococcaemia, meningococcaemia) was found to be considerably lower than in healthy subjects. The levels of all immunoglobulins, particularly of IgA and IgM, increased in the course of the disease. The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM in meningitis convalescents a year after recovery were found to be the same as in the controls. The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM in patients with meningococcal nasopharyngitis were significantly lower than in healthy subjects. The carriers showed a decreasd level of IgA and a considerably increased level of IgG while the levels of IgM and IgD did not differ from the control.", "PMID": 564371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6024", "title": "Lysis of C1Q-coated chicken erythrocytes by human lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Human lymphoblastoid cells lysed chicken erythrocytes (E) that carried cell surface bound human C1q. Antibody to E(A) was not required for the C1q-dependent reaction. The effect of C1q was inhibited by Fab'2 anti-C1q and by the serum C1q inhibitor. The action of the lymphoblastoid cells was inhibited by anti-metabolites and by pretreatment of the cells with trypsin which is known to destroy their C1q receptor. Lymphoblastoid cell lysate was inactive. The time course of the C1q-dependent lysis was comparable to that of the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic reaction of human K-cells. Lysis of EA by human peripheral lymphocytes was enhanced up to 50% by human C1q.", "contents": "Lysis of C1Q-coated chicken erythrocytes by human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Human lymphoblastoid cells lysed chicken erythrocytes (E) that carried cell surface bound human C1q. Antibody to E(A) was not required for the C1q-dependent reaction. The effect of C1q was inhibited by Fab'2 anti-C1q and by the serum C1q inhibitor. The action of the lymphoblastoid cells was inhibited by anti-metabolites and by pretreatment of the cells with trypsin which is known to destroy their C1q receptor. Lymphoblastoid cell lysate was inactive. The time course of the C1q-dependent lysis was comparable to that of the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic reaction of human K-cells. Lysis of EA by human peripheral lymphocytes was enhanced up to 50% by human C1q.", "PMID": 564373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6025", "title": "Safety of influenza vaccination in allergic children.", "content": "One hundred forty-two allergic children aged three to 18 years were studied for evaluation of the usefulness of skin testing with influenza vaccine as a means of identifying those children who could be immunized safely despite their allergies to chickens, eggs, or feathers. One hundred twenty-eight children were fully immunized with bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccine. Twelve children had positive skin tests and were not immunized, and two developed positive skin tests after their first injection. One child had urticaria 8 hr later, one had a nonspecific reaction, and one had a self-limited erythema multiforme reaction eight days after the second injection. All others tolerated the procedure well. History of sensitivity to eggs was not as reliable an indication of vaccine sensitivity as skin testing with vaccine. A negative result of an intradermal skin test with a 1:100 dilution of the vaccine in saline appeared to be a reliable indicator of allergic subjects who could be immunized against influenza without fear of life-threatening acute allergic reactions.", "contents": "Safety of influenza vaccination in allergic children. One hundred forty-two allergic children aged three to 18 years were studied for evaluation of the usefulness of skin testing with influenza vaccine as a means of identifying those children who could be immunized safely despite their allergies to chickens, eggs, or feathers. One hundred twenty-eight children were fully immunized with bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccine. Twelve children had positive skin tests and were not immunized, and two developed positive skin tests after their first injection. One child had urticaria 8 hr later, one had a nonspecific reaction, and one had a self-limited erythema multiforme reaction eight days after the second injection. All others tolerated the procedure well. History of sensitivity to eggs was not as reliable an indication of vaccine sensitivity as skin testing with vaccine. A negative result of an intradermal skin test with a 1:100 dilution of the vaccine in saline appeared to be a reliable indicator of allergic subjects who could be immunized against influenza without fear of life-threatening acute allergic reactions.", "PMID": 564376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6026", "title": "An otorhinological study of children with cleft palates.", "content": "An otorhinological study of 245 children with cleft palate was carried out in two groups from two different hospitals. The incidences of deafness and exudative otitis media were much higher in the group where each child was seen by an otologist and hearing tested by audiogram. The lower incidence in the second group could be explained by the fact that a large number of children with exudative otitis media and deafness were missed as they were neither routinely seen by an otologist nor were they screened by audiograms. We found 37% of asymptomatic children were deaf. It is important therefore that all children with clefts of the palate should be seen by an otologist and investigated by audiogram and impedance test. The incidence of deafness was less if the cleft involved soft palate only and if the palate was repaired early. The incidence was also less in children who had their tonsils and adenoids removed. Infracture of the pterygoid hamulus during the repair of the soft palate failed to show any increase in the incidence of deafness. In this study we found a higher incidence of deafness amongst children with nasal escape. Fifty per cent of the children with clefts of the palate and lip had deviated nasal septum producing nasal obstruction.", "contents": "An otorhinological study of children with cleft palates. An otorhinological study of 245 children with cleft palate was carried out in two groups from two different hospitals. The incidences of deafness and exudative otitis media were much higher in the group where each child was seen by an otologist and hearing tested by audiogram. The lower incidence in the second group could be explained by the fact that a large number of children with exudative otitis media and deafness were missed as they were neither routinely seen by an otologist nor were they screened by audiograms. We found 37% of asymptomatic children were deaf. It is important therefore that all children with clefts of the palate should be seen by an otologist and investigated by audiogram and impedance test. The incidence of deafness was less if the cleft involved soft palate only and if the palate was repaired early. The incidence was also less in children who had their tonsils and adenoids removed. Infracture of the pterygoid hamulus during the repair of the soft palate failed to show any increase in the incidence of deafness. In this study we found a higher incidence of deafness amongst children with nasal escape. Fifty per cent of the children with clefts of the palate and lip had deviated nasal septum producing nasal obstruction.", "PMID": 564379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6027", "title": "Use of meclofenamic acid to investigate the role of prostaglandin biosynthesis during induced parturition in sheep.", "content": "The maternal administration of meclofenamic acid (a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor) to pregnant sheep prevented the dexamethasone-induced delivery of live lambs and delayed delivery after foetal death in utero. Administration of meclofenamic acid had no effect on the changes in the levels of progesterone and oestrogen in the plasma which occur before lambing in response to foetal glucocorticoid. Despite normal maternal endocrine changes, increased uterine activity did not occur at the expected time, although it could be elicited by vaginal distension or by administration of oxytocin. The rates of cervical ripening and dilatation were reduced by meclofenamic acid and lambing was frequently associated with some degree of cervical dystocia. Withdrawal of meclofenamic acid did not immediately result in an increase in the level of prostaglandin F in the plasma despite the appearance of co-ordinated uterine contractions; the concentration of prostaglandin in the plasma was not raised until vaginal passage of the lambs. It is concluded that the synthesis or release of prostaglandins mediates the effects of changes in the levels of steroids in the maternal plasma on uterine contractility in sheep.", "contents": "Use of meclofenamic acid to investigate the role of prostaglandin biosynthesis during induced parturition in sheep. The maternal administration of meclofenamic acid (a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor) to pregnant sheep prevented the dexamethasone-induced delivery of live lambs and delayed delivery after foetal death in utero. Administration of meclofenamic acid had no effect on the changes in the levels of progesterone and oestrogen in the plasma which occur before lambing in response to foetal glucocorticoid. Despite normal maternal endocrine changes, increased uterine activity did not occur at the expected time, although it could be elicited by vaginal distension or by administration of oxytocin. The rates of cervical ripening and dilatation were reduced by meclofenamic acid and lambing was frequently associated with some degree of cervical dystocia. Withdrawal of meclofenamic acid did not immediately result in an increase in the level of prostaglandin F in the plasma despite the appearance of co-ordinated uterine contractions; the concentration of prostaglandin in the plasma was not raised until vaginal passage of the lambs. It is concluded that the synthesis or release of prostaglandins mediates the effects of changes in the levels of steroids in the maternal plasma on uterine contractility in sheep.", "PMID": 564381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6028", "title": "Increases in steroid binding globulins induced by tamoxifen in patients with carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "The effects of tamoxifen on cortisol binding globulin (CBG) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were studied in 25 women and one man with breast cancer. These patients were in various endocrine states according to age (15 post-menopausal women) or previous endocrine surgery (ovariectomy, two patients; ovariectomy plus adrenal surgery, five patients; hypophysectomy, three patients; ovariectomy plus hypophysectomy, two patients). The administration of tamoxifen (20-40 mg/day) resulted in increases in the level of CBG in all patients (mean rise in binding capacity 10.8 microgram cortisol/100 ml plasma) and in the level of SHBG in 21 patients (mean rise in binding capacity 0.79 microgram dihydrotestosterone/100 ml plasma for all patients). These increases were positively correlated. They were not associated with any alteration in the association constants of the steroid binding globulins. The effect of tamoxifen on CBG diminished with increasing age. The changes in the levels of CBG and SHBG were independent of the endocrinological state of the patient. It is inferred that tamoxifen has a direct oestrogen-like action on the liver which results in increased production of CBG and SHBG. Tamoxifen therapy for carcinoma of the breast appeared to be least effective in those patients in whom the drug caused the highest increase in the concentration of CBG.", "contents": "Increases in steroid binding globulins induced by tamoxifen in patients with carcinoma of the breast. The effects of tamoxifen on cortisol binding globulin (CBG) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were studied in 25 women and one man with breast cancer. These patients were in various endocrine states according to age (15 post-menopausal women) or previous endocrine surgery (ovariectomy, two patients; ovariectomy plus adrenal surgery, five patients; hypophysectomy, three patients; ovariectomy plus hypophysectomy, two patients). The administration of tamoxifen (20-40 mg/day) resulted in increases in the level of CBG in all patients (mean rise in binding capacity 10.8 microgram cortisol/100 ml plasma) and in the level of SHBG in 21 patients (mean rise in binding capacity 0.79 microgram dihydrotestosterone/100 ml plasma for all patients). These increases were positively correlated. They were not associated with any alteration in the association constants of the steroid binding globulins. The effect of tamoxifen on CBG diminished with increasing age. The changes in the levels of CBG and SHBG were independent of the endocrinological state of the patient. It is inferred that tamoxifen has a direct oestrogen-like action on the liver which results in increased production of CBG and SHBG. Tamoxifen therapy for carcinoma of the breast appeared to be least effective in those patients in whom the drug caused the highest increase in the concentration of CBG.", "PMID": 564384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6029", "title": "Release of growth hormone in lactating and non-lactating goats in relation to behaviour, stages of sleep, electroencephalograms, environmental stimuli and levels of prolactin, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids in the circulation.", "content": "Recording electrodes were implanted in contact with the dura mater overlying the parietal cortex of six female goats, four of which were lactating. After recovery from surgery and complete familiarization with the housing conditions, the personnel and the recording technique, each goat was observed continuously for 24 h with simultaneous recording of the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). Remote blood sampling was carried out every 30 min without disturbing the animal. Apart from the release of growth hormone (GH) associated with morning milking in two of the goats, there was no consistent relationship between the apparently spontaneous, episodic release of GH and behvaiour, stages of sleep, cortical EEG, air temperature, time of day or night, obvious environmental stimuli which arose from the normal husbandry routine, or the levels of porlactin, insulin, glucose or free fatty acids in the blood. There was also no relationship between the release of prolactin and the stages of sleep.", "contents": "Release of growth hormone in lactating and non-lactating goats in relation to behaviour, stages of sleep, electroencephalograms, environmental stimuli and levels of prolactin, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids in the circulation. Recording electrodes were implanted in contact with the dura mater overlying the parietal cortex of six female goats, four of which were lactating. After recovery from surgery and complete familiarization with the housing conditions, the personnel and the recording technique, each goat was observed continuously for 24 h with simultaneous recording of the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). Remote blood sampling was carried out every 30 min without disturbing the animal. Apart from the release of growth hormone (GH) associated with morning milking in two of the goats, there was no consistent relationship between the apparently spontaneous, episodic release of GH and behvaiour, stages of sleep, cortical EEG, air temperature, time of day or night, obvious environmental stimuli which arose from the normal husbandry routine, or the levels of porlactin, insulin, glucose or free fatty acids in the blood. There was also no relationship between the release of prolactin and the stages of sleep.", "PMID": 564386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6030", "title": "Mouse spleen lymphoblasts generated in vitro. Recovery in high yield and purity after floatation in dense bovine plasma albumin solutions.", "content": "Mouse spleen lymphoblasts, stimulated to divide in vitro, acquired a low cell density and could be separated by isopycnic techniques. Cultured cells were suspended in BPA columns, rho = 1.080, and spun to equilibrium. The method was simple, fast, accomodated large numbers of cells, and was reproducible. It provided lymphoblasts in high yield and purity (at least 80% of the low density cells were blasts). It allowed for the recovery of proliferating cells in their first cell cycle, and did not alter the subsequent ability of cells to proliferate when recultured in vitro. Certain properties of mouse spleen lymphoblasts were analyzed in detail. Lymphoblasts induced by LPS, FCS, con A (tetravalent and succinylated), and MLC were very similar except in the absolute numbers that were induced. The blasts exhibited the classic cytologic features of enlarged nucleoli and abundant cytoplasmic polyribosomes (basophilia). As a population, they were enlarged in size relative to nondividing cells, but this seemed to apply primarily to cells in the S and G2+ M phase of the cell cycle rather than G1. The cell cycle distribution of lymphoblasts was analyzed by flow microfluorometry. By analyzing low density cells obtained at varying intervals after mitogen stimulation, FMF indicated that lymphoblasts enter the S phase of their first cell cycle beginning at 20-24 h after stimulation.", "contents": "Mouse spleen lymphoblasts generated in vitro. Recovery in high yield and purity after floatation in dense bovine plasma albumin solutions. Mouse spleen lymphoblasts, stimulated to divide in vitro, acquired a low cell density and could be separated by isopycnic techniques. Cultured cells were suspended in BPA columns, rho = 1.080, and spun to equilibrium. The method was simple, fast, accomodated large numbers of cells, and was reproducible. It provided lymphoblasts in high yield and purity (at least 80% of the low density cells were blasts). It allowed for the recovery of proliferating cells in their first cell cycle, and did not alter the subsequent ability of cells to proliferate when recultured in vitro. Certain properties of mouse spleen lymphoblasts were analyzed in detail. Lymphoblasts induced by LPS, FCS, con A (tetravalent and succinylated), and MLC were very similar except in the absolute numbers that were induced. The blasts exhibited the classic cytologic features of enlarged nucleoli and abundant cytoplasmic polyribosomes (basophilia). As a population, they were enlarged in size relative to nondividing cells, but this seemed to apply primarily to cells in the S and G2+ M phase of the cell cycle rather than G1. The cell cycle distribution of lymphoblasts was analyzed by flow microfluorometry. By analyzing low density cells obtained at varying intervals after mitogen stimulation, FMF indicated that lymphoblasts enter the S phase of their first cell cycle beginning at 20-24 h after stimulation.", "PMID": 564389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6031", "title": "Leishmania donovani. Hamster macrophage interactions in vitro: cell entry, intracellular survival, and multiplication of amastigotes.", "content": "An in vitro system was developed for studying host-parasite cellular interactions in visceral leishmaniasis with amastigotes isolated from infected spleens of hamsters and their peritoneal macrophages maintained by an improved method. The culture system supports the growth of Leishmania donovani amastigotes with different parasite/macrophage ratios for up to 2 wk, yielding results more consistent and reproducible than previously possible. Results indicated that the \"forms\" of the amastigotes (with or without adherent host membranes) and the \"state\" of the macrophages (with or without stimulation in vivo by thioglycollate or in vitro by aging) had no effect on the growth rate of the parasites, which, however, seems to vary with the macrophage subpopulations. An electron microscope study suggests that amastigotes are ingested through phagocytosis by the macrophages and become lodged in loose phagosomes. Additional evidence with quantitative data is presented to support the earlier findings that phagosome-lysosome fusion occurs after the interiorization of the parasites and that they not only survive but multiply in these vacuoles. During the postinfection periods, reorientation of amastigotes in vacuolar space results in the appearance of three types of parasitophorous vacuoles (parasites in loose vacuoles, in tight-fitting vacuoles or abutting in part against the inner lining of vacuoles). The last category may be the predominant type giving rise to the variations observed. Exogenously introduced dense marker accumulated in these parasitophorous vacuoles of the macrophages infected for several days indicating a continuous accessibility of amastigotes to the ambient mestruum via phagosome-lysosome vacuolar system of the host cells. This finding may have significant implications in parasite nutrition, host immunity, and chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.", "contents": "Leishmania donovani. Hamster macrophage interactions in vitro: cell entry, intracellular survival, and multiplication of amastigotes. An in vitro system was developed for studying host-parasite cellular interactions in visceral leishmaniasis with amastigotes isolated from infected spleens of hamsters and their peritoneal macrophages maintained by an improved method. The culture system supports the growth of Leishmania donovani amastigotes with different parasite/macrophage ratios for up to 2 wk, yielding results more consistent and reproducible than previously possible. Results indicated that the \"forms\" of the amastigotes (with or without adherent host membranes) and the \"state\" of the macrophages (with or without stimulation in vivo by thioglycollate or in vitro by aging) had no effect on the growth rate of the parasites, which, however, seems to vary with the macrophage subpopulations. An electron microscope study suggests that amastigotes are ingested through phagocytosis by the macrophages and become lodged in loose phagosomes. Additional evidence with quantitative data is presented to support the earlier findings that phagosome-lysosome fusion occurs after the interiorization of the parasites and that they not only survive but multiply in these vacuoles. During the postinfection periods, reorientation of amastigotes in vacuolar space results in the appearance of three types of parasitophorous vacuoles (parasites in loose vacuoles, in tight-fitting vacuoles or abutting in part against the inner lining of vacuoles). The last category may be the predominant type giving rise to the variations observed. Exogenously introduced dense marker accumulated in these parasitophorous vacuoles of the macrophages infected for several days indicating a continuous accessibility of amastigotes to the ambient mestruum via phagosome-lysosome vacuolar system of the host cells. This finding may have significant implications in parasite nutrition, host immunity, and chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 564391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6032", "title": "Mouse spleen lymphoblasts generated in vitro. Their replication and differentiation in vitro.", "content": "Mouse spleen lymphoblasts induced with lipopolysaccharide and fetal calf serum were obtained in high yield and purity in their first proliferative cell cycle by floatation in dense bovine plasma albumin columns (3). The blasts were maintained in vitro for 3 more days. The cultures were examined in bulk on each day, and in addition, those cells in S phase initially were tagged with [(3)H]thymidine and followed continuously in vitro. Grain count dilution data indicated that most blasts divided but twice over a 2- to 3-day interval in vitro. [(3)H]Thymidine pulse radiolabeling and flow microfluorometry suggested that at least 50-70 percent of the proliferating blasts withdrew from proliferative activity after 2-3 days of culture. Morphologic studies demonstrated that lymphoblasts persisted as such for 1-2 days in vitro and then matured into typical plasma cells. Many of the blastprogeny had small nuclei and considerable basophilic cytoplasm on Giemsa-stained cell smears; abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum by electron microscopy; and readily detectable cytoplasmic Ig by immunocytochemistry. Reversion of blasts to small lymphocytes could not be detected; however, some blasts persisted even after 3 days of culture. The viability of the cultured lymphoblast was followed by initially tagging the cells with [(3)H]thymidine as well as several other techniques. Little cell death was documented during the first day of culture. The number of labeled progeny increased twofold whereas the grain count halved. But 40- 50 percent of the cell-associated label was lost during each of the second and third days, and fewer labeled progeny than predicted by grain count dilution were identified. The culture medium could not be implicated in this loss of lymphoblast progeny, and we suggest that the maturation of the lymphoblast to a short-lived plasma cell was responsible. Therefore mitogen-stimulated B blasts seem to mature into typical plasma cells after just two cycles of cell division. The plasma cells resemble those produced in situ during an immune response in their cytologic features, withdrawal from active proliferative activity, and short life-span.", "contents": "Mouse spleen lymphoblasts generated in vitro. Their replication and differentiation in vitro. Mouse spleen lymphoblasts induced with lipopolysaccharide and fetal calf serum were obtained in high yield and purity in their first proliferative cell cycle by floatation in dense bovine plasma albumin columns (3). The blasts were maintained in vitro for 3 more days. The cultures were examined in bulk on each day, and in addition, those cells in S phase initially were tagged with [(3)H]thymidine and followed continuously in vitro. Grain count dilution data indicated that most blasts divided but twice over a 2- to 3-day interval in vitro. [(3)H]Thymidine pulse radiolabeling and flow microfluorometry suggested that at least 50-70 percent of the proliferating blasts withdrew from proliferative activity after 2-3 days of culture. Morphologic studies demonstrated that lymphoblasts persisted as such for 1-2 days in vitro and then matured into typical plasma cells. Many of the blastprogeny had small nuclei and considerable basophilic cytoplasm on Giemsa-stained cell smears; abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum by electron microscopy; and readily detectable cytoplasmic Ig by immunocytochemistry. Reversion of blasts to small lymphocytes could not be detected; however, some blasts persisted even after 3 days of culture. The viability of the cultured lymphoblast was followed by initially tagging the cells with [(3)H]thymidine as well as several other techniques. Little cell death was documented during the first day of culture. The number of labeled progeny increased twofold whereas the grain count halved. But 40- 50 percent of the cell-associated label was lost during each of the second and third days, and fewer labeled progeny than predicted by grain count dilution were identified. The culture medium could not be implicated in this loss of lymphoblast progeny, and we suggest that the maturation of the lymphoblast to a short-lived plasma cell was responsible. Therefore mitogen-stimulated B blasts seem to mature into typical plasma cells after just two cycles of cell division. The plasma cells resemble those produced in situ during an immune response in their cytologic features, withdrawal from active proliferative activity, and short life-span.", "PMID": 564390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6033", "title": "Association of virus specific replicative ribonucleic acid with nuclear membrane in chick embryo cells infected with japanese encephalitis virus.", "content": "Using high resolution electron microscopic autoradiography and velocity sedimentation, RNA synthesis was examined in chick embryo cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). RNA was labelled with 3H-uridine for 5 min or 10 min at 15 h after infection in the presence of actinomycin D and D-glucosamine. Microautoradiography showed significantly numbers of silver grains on the nuclear membranes of 5 min pulse-labelled thin cell sections. The RNA species in membrane fractions obtained from the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected cells were analysed by sucrose density gradient sedimentation. Radioactive 23S replicative form RNA and 8-12S RNA were obtained from the outer membrane fractions of the nuclear envelope. Labelled 42S virus RNA was obtained from the fractions containing large vesicle membranes and plasma membranes. These results suggest that JEV-RNA synthesis is initiated in the perinuclear region in close association with the outer membranes of the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "Association of virus specific replicative ribonucleic acid with nuclear membrane in chick embryo cells infected with japanese encephalitis virus. Using high resolution electron microscopic autoradiography and velocity sedimentation, RNA synthesis was examined in chick embryo cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). RNA was labelled with 3H-uridine for 5 min or 10 min at 15 h after infection in the presence of actinomycin D and D-glucosamine. Microautoradiography showed significantly numbers of silver grains on the nuclear membranes of 5 min pulse-labelled thin cell sections. The RNA species in membrane fractions obtained from the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected cells were analysed by sucrose density gradient sedimentation. Radioactive 23S replicative form RNA and 8-12S RNA were obtained from the outer membrane fractions of the nuclear envelope. Labelled 42S virus RNA was obtained from the fractions containing large vesicle membranes and plasma membranes. These results suggest that JEV-RNA synthesis is initiated in the perinuclear region in close association with the outer membranes of the nuclear envelope.", "PMID": 564392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6034", "title": "The effects of colony differences on muricidal behavior in rats within one strain.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to investigate the origin of colony differences in muricidal behavior within the same strain of rat. In the first experiment (N = 52 male Long-Evans rats), the first generation offspring of parents from two different colonies were reared under identical conditions and tested for muricide. No differences were found, indicating that an environmental effect accounted for previously observed differences. The second experiment (N = 36 male Long-Evans rats) examined the effects of the presence or absence of mice in the rearing quarters. Again, no differences in muricidal rates were found. Overall, the offspring of killer mothers killed significantly more often than the offspring of nonkiller mothers.", "contents": "The effects of colony differences on muricidal behavior in rats within one strain. Two experiments were performed to investigate the origin of colony differences in muricidal behavior within the same strain of rat. In the first experiment (N = 52 male Long-Evans rats), the first generation offspring of parents from two different colonies were reared under identical conditions and tested for muricide. No differences were found, indicating that an environmental effect accounted for previously observed differences. The second experiment (N = 36 male Long-Evans rats) examined the effects of the presence or absence of mice in the rearing quarters. Again, no differences in muricidal rates were found. Overall, the offspring of killer mothers killed significantly more often than the offspring of nonkiller mothers.", "PMID": 564393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6035", "title": "The effect of an aversive imprinted stimulus on aggressive behavior.", "content": "The hypothesis that aggression is affected by varying the affective value of the imprinted stimulus was tested with 12 Bardrock chicks. The affective value was defined as a hypothetical response of the animal which was inferred from observable events such as distress calls and flight responses. An aggressive response was defined as an imprinted bird's peck at a socialized bird. In order to vary the value of the imprinted stimulus, different shock frequencies were paired with the simultaneous withdrawal of the imprinted stimulus. The difference in aggressive responses between the experimental and control S s was significant (p less than or equal to .01). The present experiment suggests that only moderate levels of aversive stimulation when added to the imprinting process served to maximize both imprinting and aggression. Shock intensities either above or below this level resulted in reduced aggression--in the former case because of interference due to overstimulation, in the latter because of incomplete excitation.", "contents": "The effect of an aversive imprinted stimulus on aggressive behavior. The hypothesis that aggression is affected by varying the affective value of the imprinted stimulus was tested with 12 Bardrock chicks. The affective value was defined as a hypothetical response of the animal which was inferred from observable events such as distress calls and flight responses. An aggressive response was defined as an imprinted bird's peck at a socialized bird. In order to vary the value of the imprinted stimulus, different shock frequencies were paired with the simultaneous withdrawal of the imprinted stimulus. The difference in aggressive responses between the experimental and control S s was significant (p less than or equal to .01). The present experiment suggests that only moderate levels of aversive stimulation when added to the imprinting process served to maximize both imprinting and aggression. Shock intensities either above or below this level resulted in reduced aggression--in the former case because of interference due to overstimulation, in the latter because of incomplete excitation.", "PMID": 564394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6036", "title": "Effects of combining pilocarpine, d-amphetamine, and either a free feeding schedule or cyclic food deprivation on mouse killing by rats.", "content": "The combination of a drug which suppresses mouse killing by rats (d-amphetamine) , a drug which activates mouse killing (pilocarpine), and either ad-lib food or a 24-hour cyclic food deprivation schedule were examined for their effects on the mouse-killing response by rats (N = 53). Results showed that the presence of d-amphetamine prevented the activating effects of pilocarpine in rats with a fairly high killing propensity regardless of whether they were on the ad-lib food or the deprivation schedule. The study suggests that a drug which affects both eating behavior and mouse killing is more effective in determining behavioral outcomes than a drug which affects only mouse killing.", "contents": "Effects of combining pilocarpine, d-amphetamine, and either a free feeding schedule or cyclic food deprivation on mouse killing by rats. The combination of a drug which suppresses mouse killing by rats (d-amphetamine) , a drug which activates mouse killing (pilocarpine), and either ad-lib food or a 24-hour cyclic food deprivation schedule were examined for their effects on the mouse-killing response by rats (N = 53). Results showed that the presence of d-amphetamine prevented the activating effects of pilocarpine in rats with a fairly high killing propensity regardless of whether they were on the ad-lib food or the deprivation schedule. The study suggests that a drug which affects both eating behavior and mouse killing is more effective in determining behavioral outcomes than a drug which affects only mouse killing.", "PMID": 564395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6037", "title": "Blood-group antigens and antibodies in human brain-tumor cysts.", "content": "Cyst fluids from 12 human brain tumors were studied for their blood-group content and compared to autologous saliva, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Lewisa substance, which is a fucolipid, was present in four of 12 cysts studied. Lewisb, which differs from Lewisa by a single fucose, was found in eight of 12 sera and/or saliva and in one CSF specimen; Lewisb substance, however, was not detected in any corresponding cyst fluids. Isohemagglutinins, blood-group antibodies anti-A and/or anti-B, were present in nine of nine cyst fluids studied, were of lower titers as compared to autologous serum, and occurred as either IgG or IgM immunoglobulins. The results further delineate the biochemical requirements necessary for molecular penetration into human brain-tumor cysts.", "contents": "Blood-group antigens and antibodies in human brain-tumor cysts. Cyst fluids from 12 human brain tumors were studied for their blood-group content and compared to autologous saliva, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Lewisa substance, which is a fucolipid, was present in four of 12 cysts studied. Lewisb, which differs from Lewisa by a single fucose, was found in eight of 12 sera and/or saliva and in one CSF specimen; Lewisb substance, however, was not detected in any corresponding cyst fluids. Isohemagglutinins, blood-group antibodies anti-A and/or anti-B, were present in nine of nine cyst fluids studied, were of lower titers as compared to autologous serum, and occurred as either IgG or IgM immunoglobulins. The results further delineate the biochemical requirements necessary for molecular penetration into human brain-tumor cysts.", "PMID": 564396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6038", "title": "Hepatic transaminase in protein-restricted rats: development of a controlled model.", "content": "A marginal protein malnutrition model which makes allowances for the increasing nutritional requirements of the growing rat and the effects of dietary manipulation on diurnal rhythms, while still rigidly controlling the level of protein restriction, is reported. A predetermined, constantly increasing intake of four purified diets, providing approximately 40 to 160% of the National Research Council protein requirement for rats was fed to rats receiving a nitrogen-free energy source adlibitum. This standardization reduced within-group variation and allowed precise growth reproducibility. Biochemical parameters were measured at evenly spaced intervals throughout the day to remove diurnal differences from between-group comparisons. Growth, nitrogen balance, and 24-hour means of liver weight, DNA, RNA, protein, and glutamate-oxaloacetate and glutamate-pyruvate transaminases reflected protein intake. However, when growth was depressed 10, 30, or 60%, liver GPT/DNA was depressed 40, 49, or 67%, respectively. Hepatic GPT appears to be a sensitive and accurate indicator of marginal protein malnutrition.", "contents": "Hepatic transaminase in protein-restricted rats: development of a controlled model. A marginal protein malnutrition model which makes allowances for the increasing nutritional requirements of the growing rat and the effects of dietary manipulation on diurnal rhythms, while still rigidly controlling the level of protein restriction, is reported. A predetermined, constantly increasing intake of four purified diets, providing approximately 40 to 160% of the National Research Council protein requirement for rats was fed to rats receiving a nitrogen-free energy source adlibitum. This standardization reduced within-group variation and allowed precise growth reproducibility. Biochemical parameters were measured at evenly spaced intervals throughout the day to remove diurnal differences from between-group comparisons. Growth, nitrogen balance, and 24-hour means of liver weight, DNA, RNA, protein, and glutamate-oxaloacetate and glutamate-pyruvate transaminases reflected protein intake. However, when growth was depressed 10, 30, or 60%, liver GPT/DNA was depressed 40, 49, or 67%, respectively. Hepatic GPT appears to be a sensitive and accurate indicator of marginal protein malnutrition.", "PMID": 564397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6039", "title": "Biological availability to the rat of intrinsic and extrinsic iron with soybean protein isolates.", "content": "Evaluations were conducted to assess the biological availability of iron in three food grade isolated soybean proteins and to evanuate the influence of these proteins on iron added to the diet from a source of known high biological availability. Ferrous sulfate was used as the standard iron source in all experiments. The biological availability was measured by a 14-day hemoglobin repletion after a 4 week depletion period using multiple dose response and comparing the test samples and standard iron source by the slope ratio assay procedure. The relative iron bioavailability for three isolated soybean proteins was A = 60%; B = 64% and C = 59% with a mean value of 61%. Autoclaving isolated soybean protein B at 108.4 degrees improved iron bioavailability over the unheated samples while isolated soybean protein A was unaffected by this treatment. Iron added to the diets containing isolated soybean protein had bioavailabilities similar to that of iron present in the soybean which supports the common dietary iron pool hypothesis. The high iron content (0.18 mg/g protein) coupled with the bioavailability data make the isolated soybean proteins a good dietary iron source.", "contents": "Biological availability to the rat of intrinsic and extrinsic iron with soybean protein isolates. Evaluations were conducted to assess the biological availability of iron in three food grade isolated soybean proteins and to evanuate the influence of these proteins on iron added to the diet from a source of known high biological availability. Ferrous sulfate was used as the standard iron source in all experiments. The biological availability was measured by a 14-day hemoglobin repletion after a 4 week depletion period using multiple dose response and comparing the test samples and standard iron source by the slope ratio assay procedure. The relative iron bioavailability for three isolated soybean proteins was A = 60%; B = 64% and C = 59% with a mean value of 61%. Autoclaving isolated soybean protein B at 108.4 degrees improved iron bioavailability over the unheated samples while isolated soybean protein A was unaffected by this treatment. Iron added to the diets containing isolated soybean protein had bioavailabilities similar to that of iron present in the soybean which supports the common dietary iron pool hypothesis. The high iron content (0.18 mg/g protein) coupled with the bioavailability data make the isolated soybean proteins a good dietary iron source.", "PMID": 564398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6040", "title": "Examination of the structure of an unknown green fluorescent compound, compound G2, accumulated in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii by the addition of dimeric diacetyl.", "content": "The addition of dimeric diacetyl to Eremothecium ashbyii caused simultaneous accumulation of two green fluorescent compounds with the inhibition of riboflavin formation in non-growing cells. One compound, referred to as Compound G1, was identified as 6, 7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine as reported previously and the other is referred to as Compound G2. The latter compound was considered to be 6-methyl-7-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)-8-ribityllumazine because a violet fluorescent compound, 6-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-ribityllumazine was derived from Compound G2 in the presence of p-quinone and because the known action mechanism of dimeric diacetyl as a trapping agent of possible intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway. The results indicate that an immediate intermediate to 6, 7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine in the biosynthetic pathway of riboflavin is 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2, 6-dihydroxypyrimidine, whose pyrimidine portion is derived by the elimination of a dimeric diacetyl fragment from the molecule of the isolated lumazine.", "contents": "Examination of the structure of an unknown green fluorescent compound, compound G2, accumulated in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii by the addition of dimeric diacetyl. The addition of dimeric diacetyl to Eremothecium ashbyii caused simultaneous accumulation of two green fluorescent compounds with the inhibition of riboflavin formation in non-growing cells. One compound, referred to as Compound G1, was identified as 6, 7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine as reported previously and the other is referred to as Compound G2. The latter compound was considered to be 6-methyl-7-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)-8-ribityllumazine because a violet fluorescent compound, 6-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-ribityllumazine was derived from Compound G2 in the presence of p-quinone and because the known action mechanism of dimeric diacetyl as a trapping agent of possible intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway. The results indicate that an immediate intermediate to 6, 7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine in the biosynthetic pathway of riboflavin is 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2, 6-dihydroxypyrimidine, whose pyrimidine portion is derived by the elimination of a dimeric diacetyl fragment from the molecule of the isolated lumazine.", "PMID": 564400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6041", "title": "Two species of Entamoeba from white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from Georgia.", "content": "Large numbers of 2 species of Entamoeba, Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba bovis, were recovered from captive white-tailed deer from Georgia. The trophozoite of the first ameba was a large form with a well-defined vesicular nucleus bearing a prominent eccentric endosome, abundant peripheral chromatin, and numerous periendosomal granules. Cytoplasmic vacuoles containing bacteria and other substances were common. Mature cysts were octonucleate. Glycogen vacuoles and irregularly shaped chromatoids were frequently present. This ameba was identified as Entamoeba coli. The trophozoite of the second ameba was small, with a typical Entamoeba nucleus. Cysts were uninucleate, containing numerous chromatoids resembling bars, splinters of wood, and irregular masses. There was occasionally a glycogen vacuole. This ameba was identified as Entamoeba bovis.", "contents": "Two species of Entamoeba from white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from Georgia. Large numbers of 2 species of Entamoeba, Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba bovis, were recovered from captive white-tailed deer from Georgia. The trophozoite of the first ameba was a large form with a well-defined vesicular nucleus bearing a prominent eccentric endosome, abundant peripheral chromatin, and numerous periendosomal granules. Cytoplasmic vacuoles containing bacteria and other substances were common. Mature cysts were octonucleate. Glycogen vacuoles and irregularly shaped chromatoids were frequently present. This ameba was identified as Entamoeba coli. The trophozoite of the second ameba was small, with a typical Entamoeba nucleus. Cysts were uninucleate, containing numerous chromatoids resembling bars, splinters of wood, and irregular masses. There was occasionally a glycogen vacuole. This ameba was identified as Entamoeba bovis.", "PMID": 564402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6042", "title": "The failure to separate human X-and Y-spermatozoa by the millipore filtration technique.", "content": "Millipore filtration of motile human spermatozoa with the use of a pore size of 5 micrometer without applying high or low pressure results in a small but statistically significant increase of Y-spermatozoa in the filtrate. Immobilized spermatozoa do not pass through the membrane.", "contents": "The failure to separate human X-and Y-spermatozoa by the millipore filtration technique. Millipore filtration of motile human spermatozoa with the use of a pore size of 5 micrometer without applying high or low pressure results in a small but statistically significant increase of Y-spermatozoa in the filtrate. Immobilized spermatozoa do not pass through the membrane.", "PMID": 564404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6043", "title": "Hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura: two related subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Systemic lupus erythematosus patients who develop hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenic purpura differ from other lupus patients and are similar enough to be considered two related subsets with a more benign course. Thirty-one lupus patients with either or both these hemocytopenias were found to be significantly younger, more often males, and had less frequent fever, polyarthritis, serositis, cutaneous vasculitis, nephropathy, neurologic manifestations, and persistent hypocomplementemia than 62 lupus patients without any of these hemocytopenias. They also had lower index scores of overall disease severity and required less treatment. It seems important to subdivide lupus patients in subsets for therapeutic and prognostic purposes.", "contents": "Hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura: two related subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients who develop hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenic purpura differ from other lupus patients and are similar enough to be considered two related subsets with a more benign course. Thirty-one lupus patients with either or both these hemocytopenias were found to be significantly younger, more often males, and had less frequent fever, polyarthritis, serositis, cutaneous vasculitis, nephropathy, neurologic manifestations, and persistent hypocomplementemia than 62 lupus patients without any of these hemocytopenias. They also had lower index scores of overall disease severity and required less treatment. It seems important to subdivide lupus patients in subsets for therapeutic and prognostic purposes.", "PMID": 564405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6044", "title": "Preparation and biological actions of some symmetrically N,N-disubstituted dopamines.", "content": "The title compounds have been synthesized and evaluated for emetic effects in the dog, actions on the cardioaccelerator nerve in the cat, pecking in pigeons, and for behavioral effects following both peripheral and direct intracerebral injection into the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen of the rat. Generally, in the series studied, the N,N-diethyl and N,N-di-n-propyl congeners of dopamine displayed notably high degrees of activity. However, the test compounds exerted differing effects on peripheral and central dopamine receptors and in the area postrema. Differentiations of the activities of the different homologues within the brain were also shown.", "contents": "Preparation and biological actions of some symmetrically N,N-disubstituted dopamines. The title compounds have been synthesized and evaluated for emetic effects in the dog, actions on the cardioaccelerator nerve in the cat, pecking in pigeons, and for behavioral effects following both peripheral and direct intracerebral injection into the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen of the rat. Generally, in the series studied, the N,N-diethyl and N,N-di-n-propyl congeners of dopamine displayed notably high degrees of activity. However, the test compounds exerted differing effects on peripheral and central dopamine receptors and in the area postrema. Differentiations of the activities of the different homologues within the brain were also shown.", "PMID": 564406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6045", "title": "Imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines. 4. Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of a series of imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-9-ols.", "content": "A series of 2-arylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-9-ols has been prepared by a multistep procedure from various 5-aminobenzimidazoles. These compounds possess a significant degree of anthelmintic activity against the mouse tapeworm Hymenolepis nana. The most active compound is the 2-(2-furyl) analogue. Additional anthelmintic testing is reported for this compound.", "contents": "Imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines. 4. Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of a series of imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-9-ols. A series of 2-arylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-9-ols has been prepared by a multistep procedure from various 5-aminobenzimidazoles. These compounds possess a significant degree of anthelmintic activity against the mouse tapeworm Hymenolepis nana. The most active compound is the 2-(2-furyl) analogue. Additional anthelmintic testing is reported for this compound.", "PMID": 564407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6046", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor properties of some isoindolylalkylphosphonium salts.", "content": "Antitumor evaluation of 2-(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (1) revealed significant activity in P-388 lymphocytic leukemia (T/C = 160%). As a follow-up to this chemical lead, a series of closely related phosphonium salts was prepared in which the 1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindole ring system was maintained or in which it was replaced by other moieties such as maleimido, bromo, methoxy, and isoindoline. Syntheses generally involved treatment of the appropriate N-(bromoalkyl)phthalimide with the required phosphine or condensation of the K salt of the substituted imide with beta-(bromoethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (12). From the biological data obtained for these compounds, several requirements can be defined for substantial antileukemic activity. Of utmost importance is the presence of a triarylphosphonium halide moiety, coupled to an alkyl chain of two or three carbon atoms. The preferred terminus of the alkyl chain is the 1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindole ring system, although the observed activity of beta-(bromoethyl)-triphenylphosphonium bromide (12) (T/C = 127%) would suggest that a superior carrier molecule could be developed.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor properties of some isoindolylalkylphosphonium salts. Antitumor evaluation of 2-(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (1) revealed significant activity in P-388 lymphocytic leukemia (T/C = 160%). As a follow-up to this chemical lead, a series of closely related phosphonium salts was prepared in which the 1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindole ring system was maintained or in which it was replaced by other moieties such as maleimido, bromo, methoxy, and isoindoline. Syntheses generally involved treatment of the appropriate N-(bromoalkyl)phthalimide with the required phosphine or condensation of the K salt of the substituted imide with beta-(bromoethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (12). From the biological data obtained for these compounds, several requirements can be defined for substantial antileukemic activity. Of utmost importance is the presence of a triarylphosphonium halide moiety, coupled to an alkyl chain of two or three carbon atoms. The preferred terminus of the alkyl chain is the 1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindole ring system, although the observed activity of beta-(bromoethyl)-triphenylphosphonium bromide (12) (T/C = 127%) would suggest that a superior carrier molecule could be developed.", "PMID": 564408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6047", "title": "Lack of erythroid characteristics in Ia-positive leukemia cell lines induced by Friend murine leukemia virus: brief communication.", "content": "A group of mouse leukemia cell lines induced by the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) was examined for a cell membrane antigens (regulated by the I-region of the H-2 complex), as well as for erythroid characteristics. Erythroid traits tested were hemoglobin synthesis, incorporation of 59Fe into heme, and presence of globin mRNA. Of 19 lines, 13 were positive for erythroid characteristics. All of these 13 lines were a-negative. Of 19 lines, 6 were negative for erythroid characteristics, and 5 of the 6 were a-positive. The data suggested that F-MuLV-induced leukemogenesis may operate in more than 1 cell type. In addition to the primitive erythroid type of cell usually involved in leukemia induced by F-MuLV, nonerythroid Ia-positive cells may also be transformed. The exact origin of the Ia-positive leukemia cells is unknown.", "contents": "Lack of erythroid characteristics in Ia-positive leukemia cell lines induced by Friend murine leukemia virus: brief communication. A group of mouse leukemia cell lines induced by the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) was examined for a cell membrane antigens (regulated by the I-region of the H-2 complex), as well as for erythroid characteristics. Erythroid traits tested were hemoglobin synthesis, incorporation of 59Fe into heme, and presence of globin mRNA. Of 19 lines, 13 were positive for erythroid characteristics. All of these 13 lines were a-negative. Of 19 lines, 6 were negative for erythroid characteristics, and 5 of the 6 were a-positive. The data suggested that F-MuLV-induced leukemogenesis may operate in more than 1 cell type. In addition to the primitive erythroid type of cell usually involved in leukemia induced by F-MuLV, nonerythroid Ia-positive cells may also be transformed. The exact origin of the Ia-positive leukemia cells is unknown.", "PMID": 564410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6048", "title": "Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A familial immunodeficiency syndrome?", "content": "We studied three children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and their immediate families. All three patients and 10/13 family members manifested at least one immunologic defect, eg, decreased numbers of T lymphocytes (1/3, 5/13), diminished in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin (2/3, 6/13), dysgammaglobulinemia (2/3, 4/13), altered autoantibodies (1/3, 5/13), and decreased serum properdin levels (3/3, 2/13). In addition, one parent and two asymptomatic siblings of two of the propositi had shortened platelet life spans with normal platelet counts. The HLA antigens A3 and B7 were identified in all three families. There also appeared to be an association between a familial haplotype and the immunologic defects. Chronic ITP appears to occur in families with underlying immunologic defects, which are genetically related.", "contents": "Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A familial immunodeficiency syndrome? We studied three children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and their immediate families. All three patients and 10/13 family members manifested at least one immunologic defect, eg, decreased numbers of T lymphocytes (1/3, 5/13), diminished in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin (2/3, 6/13), dysgammaglobulinemia (2/3, 4/13), altered autoantibodies (1/3, 5/13), and decreased serum properdin levels (3/3, 2/13). In addition, one parent and two asymptomatic siblings of two of the propositi had shortened platelet life spans with normal platelet counts. The HLA antigens A3 and B7 were identified in all three families. There also appeared to be an association between a familial haplotype and the immunologic defects. Chronic ITP appears to occur in families with underlying immunologic defects, which are genetically related.", "PMID": 564411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6049", "title": "Clinical study on the acoustic phenomena in coronary venous system with intracardiac phonocardiography.", "content": "In order to study the intracardiac murmurs in coronary venous system, right heart catheterization was carried out on 35 patients with or without mitral regurgitation. The double-lumen phonocatheter of A. E. L. was used for 33 cases but for 2 the microtip phonocatheter of Millar was employed. As a rule, simultaneous recording of intracardiac and external phonocardiograms was made with the pressure tracing in the majority of cases. The examined subjects were divided into 3 groups; 9 cases with mitral regurgitation confirmed by left ventriculography (Group I), 20 without mitral regurgitation (Group II), and 6 with functional systolic murmur (Group III). In Group I, a loud systolic murmur was recorded in 7 cases (MR 5, MR + AR 1, ECD 1), but in none of IHSS in the coronary sinus or great coronary vein. In Group II, no systolic bruit was noted in VSD and other lesions except ASR in the coronary venous system. The same was true in patients with functional systolic murmur (Group III). Intracardiac phonocardiography is thought to be useful to record mitral regurgitant murmurs in the coronary venous system, since the latter is in the close proximity to the mitral posterior commissure or mitral annulus.", "contents": "Clinical study on the acoustic phenomena in coronary venous system with intracardiac phonocardiography. In order to study the intracardiac murmurs in coronary venous system, right heart catheterization was carried out on 35 patients with or without mitral regurgitation. The double-lumen phonocatheter of A. E. L. was used for 33 cases but for 2 the microtip phonocatheter of Millar was employed. As a rule, simultaneous recording of intracardiac and external phonocardiograms was made with the pressure tracing in the majority of cases. The examined subjects were divided into 3 groups; 9 cases with mitral regurgitation confirmed by left ventriculography (Group I), 20 without mitral regurgitation (Group II), and 6 with functional systolic murmur (Group III). In Group I, a loud systolic murmur was recorded in 7 cases (MR 5, MR + AR 1, ECD 1), but in none of IHSS in the coronary sinus or great coronary vein. In Group II, no systolic bruit was noted in VSD and other lesions except ASR in the coronary venous system. The same was true in patients with functional systolic murmur (Group III). Intracardiac phonocardiography is thought to be useful to record mitral regurgitant murmurs in the coronary venous system, since the latter is in the close proximity to the mitral posterior commissure or mitral annulus.", "PMID": 564412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6050", "title": "[Treatment of a case of coloboma-like papillar excavation and maculopathy with photo-coagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A study is presented of a case of serous detachment of the mucula secondary to congenital pit of the optic disc. We observed during fluorescein angiography a late leakage of dye at the temporal margin of the disc. A lasercoagulation of this lesion gave a favourable result. All these findings support Gass' explanation implicating a mechanical defect in the region of the pit that permits spinal fluid to seep beneath the retina.", "contents": "[Treatment of a case of coloboma-like papillar excavation and maculopathy with photo-coagulation (author's transl)]. A study is presented of a case of serous detachment of the mucula secondary to congenital pit of the optic disc. We observed during fluorescein angiography a late leakage of dye at the temporal margin of the disc. A lasercoagulation of this lesion gave a favourable result. All these findings support Gass' explanation implicating a mechanical defect in the region of the pit that permits spinal fluid to seep beneath the retina.", "PMID": 564420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6051", "title": "Establishment of an albino sand rat (Psammomys obesus colony and comparison with the natural coloured animal.", "content": "The lifespan and fertility of albino sand rats were found to be severely reduced in comparison with a laboratory colony of brown sand rats. The albinos were also much more susceptible to diabetes, as judged by their glucose tolerance. In fact, untreated albinos had a higher incidence of diabetic response than coloured sand rats fed a diabetogenic diet. The albino sand rats reproduced poorly because of a reduction in male fertility. Circulating testosterone levels and seminal vesicle weights were reduced in the albinos. It is speculated that the reduction in reproductive capacity is related to diabetes.", "contents": "Establishment of an albino sand rat (Psammomys obesus colony and comparison with the natural coloured animal. The lifespan and fertility of albino sand rats were found to be severely reduced in comparison with a laboratory colony of brown sand rats. The albinos were also much more susceptible to diabetes, as judged by their glucose tolerance. In fact, untreated albinos had a higher incidence of diabetic response than coloured sand rats fed a diabetogenic diet. The albino sand rats reproduced poorly because of a reduction in male fertility. Circulating testosterone levels and seminal vesicle weights were reduced in the albinos. It is speculated that the reduction in reproductive capacity is related to diabetes.", "PMID": 564421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6052", "title": "Prolongation of G1 and S phase in C-6 glioma cells treated with maple syrup urine disease metabolits. Morphologic and cell cycle studies.", "content": "Metabolites accumulating in maple syrup urine disease, a disease attributable to an inborn error in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, were administered to rat C-6 glioma cells maintained in monolayer culture in order to study the morphologic and cell kinetic changes caused by these metabolites. Computer analysis of fraction-labeled mitoses in combination with flow microfluorometric analysis was used to analyze the effects of these metabolites on the cell cycle. The maple syrup urine disease metabolites, i.e., L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine and their corresponding ketoacids caused a prolongation of the G1 and S phases, when administered in combination at concentrations corresponding to approximately the highest recorded plasma levels in patients with the disease (1 x level). This effect was not reversible. Ketoleucine (alpha-ketoisocarproic acid or AKICA) alone, the compound that accumulates in maple syrup urine disease and that has previously been shown to be the most important metabolite associated with it, caused marked prolongation of the G1 and, to a lesser extent, the S phase at concentrations of 200 mg. per 100 ml. Return of the AKICA-treated growth-arrested cells to a standard medium caused complete reversal of grwoth inhibition. Consistent fine structural changes were found in cells treated with AKICA at concentrations of 300 mg. per 100 ml. or with the combined maple syrup urine disease metabolites at a 2 x level. These included marked cell process elongation and the appearance of numerous bundles of cytoplasmic filaments.", "contents": "Prolongation of G1 and S phase in C-6 glioma cells treated with maple syrup urine disease metabolits. Morphologic and cell cycle studies. Metabolites accumulating in maple syrup urine disease, a disease attributable to an inborn error in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, were administered to rat C-6 glioma cells maintained in monolayer culture in order to study the morphologic and cell kinetic changes caused by these metabolites. Computer analysis of fraction-labeled mitoses in combination with flow microfluorometric analysis was used to analyze the effects of these metabolites on the cell cycle. The maple syrup urine disease metabolites, i.e., L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine and their corresponding ketoacids caused a prolongation of the G1 and S phases, when administered in combination at concentrations corresponding to approximately the highest recorded plasma levels in patients with the disease (1 x level). This effect was not reversible. Ketoleucine (alpha-ketoisocarproic acid or AKICA) alone, the compound that accumulates in maple syrup urine disease and that has previously been shown to be the most important metabolite associated with it, caused marked prolongation of the G1 and, to a lesser extent, the S phase at concentrations of 200 mg. per 100 ml. Return of the AKICA-treated growth-arrested cells to a standard medium caused complete reversal of grwoth inhibition. Consistent fine structural changes were found in cells treated with AKICA at concentrations of 300 mg. per 100 ml. or with the combined maple syrup urine disease metabolites at a 2 x level. These included marked cell process elongation and the appearance of numerous bundles of cytoplasmic filaments.", "PMID": 564423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6053", "title": "Leukocyte recruitment to airways by aldehyde-carbon combinations that mimic cigarette smoke.", "content": "Exposure of Syrian golden hamsters to formaldehyde (3 to 250 p.p.m.) evaporated onto carbon (21 to 805 mg. per cu. m.) recruited polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes to the epithelium of tracheas and intrapulmonary airways which peaked at 24 to 48 hours. Acrolein (less than 6 p.p.m.) on carbon (593 mg. per cu. m.) caused PMN recruitment which was maximal at 12 hours. The vapor phase of cigarette smoke produced PMN leukocyte recruitment of the same magnitude and with the same time course. In contrast, exposure to formaldehyde at doses of 2 to 250 p.p.m. and acrolein at 6 p.p.m. was cytotoxic to airway cells and caused prompt and delayed exfoliation but no recruitment of PMN leukocytes. There was no difference in cytotoxicity when carbon was present. Leukocyte recruitment occurred only when carbon was present, either given simultaneously wiht aldehydes or with adsorbed aldehydes. Thus, aldehyde vapor simulates the cytotoxic effects of particle-free cigarette smoke vapor. Of greater significance is the finding that an aldehyde, formaldehyde or acrolein, inhaled adsorbed on carbon or simultaneously with carbon to hamster airways is chemotactic for PMN leukocytes just as is the vapor phase of cigarette smoke when given simultaneously with carbon particles.", "contents": "Leukocyte recruitment to airways by aldehyde-carbon combinations that mimic cigarette smoke. Exposure of Syrian golden hamsters to formaldehyde (3 to 250 p.p.m.) evaporated onto carbon (21 to 805 mg. per cu. m.) recruited polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes to the epithelium of tracheas and intrapulmonary airways which peaked at 24 to 48 hours. Acrolein (less than 6 p.p.m.) on carbon (593 mg. per cu. m.) caused PMN recruitment which was maximal at 12 hours. The vapor phase of cigarette smoke produced PMN leukocyte recruitment of the same magnitude and with the same time course. In contrast, exposure to formaldehyde at doses of 2 to 250 p.p.m. and acrolein at 6 p.p.m. was cytotoxic to airway cells and caused prompt and delayed exfoliation but no recruitment of PMN leukocytes. There was no difference in cytotoxicity when carbon was present. Leukocyte recruitment occurred only when carbon was present, either given simultaneously wiht aldehydes or with adsorbed aldehydes. Thus, aldehyde vapor simulates the cytotoxic effects of particle-free cigarette smoke vapor. Of greater significance is the finding that an aldehyde, formaldehyde or acrolein, inhaled adsorbed on carbon or simultaneously with carbon to hamster airways is chemotactic for PMN leukocytes just as is the vapor phase of cigarette smoke when given simultaneously with carbon particles.", "PMID": 564424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6054", "title": "Pancreatic acinar cell changes induced by caerulein, vinblastine, deuterium oxide, and cytochalasin B in vitro.", "content": "The effects of caerulein, vinblastine (VB), deuterium oxide (D2O), and cytochalasin B upon both the structure and the function of the pancreatic acinar cell were studied in vitro using rat pancreatic fragments. Caerulein (10 ng. per ml.) stimulates the release of enzymes and induces the appearance of numerous exocytotic images at the apical part of the acinar cell. Whereas VB (5.10(-5) M) and D2O (55 per cent) inhibit the secretory response to caerulein, they do not affect the general ultrastructure of the acinar cell. Prolonged incubation in the presence of VB provoked the disappearance of microtubles and the massive precipiation of microcrystalline material in all parts of the cytoplasmic space. Numerous microtubules were found in the acinar cell after exposure to D2O. Although VB and D2O do not alter the microfilamentous network localized at the apical part of the cell, cytochalasin B (2.10(-5) M) disrupts it. This drug decreases the number of microvilli projecting into the enlarged acinar lumen. Whether cytochalasin B is used alone or in association with VB or D2O, it inhibits the secretory response to caerulein and prevents the process of exocytosis. Thus, it is suggested that microfilaments act on a later step of the secretory cycle, i.e., exocytosis, than microtubules. The probable site of action of these latter organelles in the migration of zymogen granules toward the acinar lumen is discussed.", "contents": "Pancreatic acinar cell changes induced by caerulein, vinblastine, deuterium oxide, and cytochalasin B in vitro. The effects of caerulein, vinblastine (VB), deuterium oxide (D2O), and cytochalasin B upon both the structure and the function of the pancreatic acinar cell were studied in vitro using rat pancreatic fragments. Caerulein (10 ng. per ml.) stimulates the release of enzymes and induces the appearance of numerous exocytotic images at the apical part of the acinar cell. Whereas VB (5.10(-5) M) and D2O (55 per cent) inhibit the secretory response to caerulein, they do not affect the general ultrastructure of the acinar cell. Prolonged incubation in the presence of VB provoked the disappearance of microtubles and the massive precipiation of microcrystalline material in all parts of the cytoplasmic space. Numerous microtubules were found in the acinar cell after exposure to D2O. Although VB and D2O do not alter the microfilamentous network localized at the apical part of the cell, cytochalasin B (2.10(-5) M) disrupts it. This drug decreases the number of microvilli projecting into the enlarged acinar lumen. Whether cytochalasin B is used alone or in association with VB or D2O, it inhibits the secretory response to caerulein and prevents the process of exocytosis. Thus, it is suggested that microfilaments act on a later step of the secretory cycle, i.e., exocytosis, than microtubules. The probable site of action of these latter organelles in the migration of zymogen granules toward the acinar lumen is discussed.", "PMID": 564425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6055", "title": "Involvement of membrane sulfhydryls in the activation and maintenance of nutrient transport in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "At 5 microgram/ml, insulin stimulates hexose, A-system amino acid, and nucleoside transport by serum-starved chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). This stimulation, although variable, is comparable to that induced by 4% serum. The sulfhydryl oxidants diamide (1-20 micrometer). hydrogen peroxide (500 micrometer), and methylene blue (50 micrometer) mimic the effect of insulin in CEF. PCMB-S,1 a sulfhydryl-reacting compound which penetrates the membrane slowly, has a complex effect on nutrient transport in serum- and glucose-starved CEF. Hexose uptake is inhibited by 0.1-1 mM PCMB-S in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas A-system amino acid transport is inhibited maximally within 10 min of incubation and approaches control rates after 60 min. A differential sensitivity of CEF transport systems is also seen in cells exposed to membrane-impermeant glutathione-maleimide I, designated GS-Mal. At 2 mM GS-Mal reduces the rate of hexose uptake 80-100% in serum- and glucose-starved CEF; in contrast A-system amino acid uptake is unaffected. D-glucose, but not -L-glucose or cytochalasin B, protects against GS-Mal inhibition. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sulfhydryl groups are involved in nutrient transport and that those sulfhydryls associated with the hexose transport system and essential for its function are located near the exofacial surface of the membrane in CEF.", "contents": "Involvement of membrane sulfhydryls in the activation and maintenance of nutrient transport in chick embryo fibroblasts. At 5 microgram/ml, insulin stimulates hexose, A-system amino acid, and nucleoside transport by serum-starved chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). This stimulation, although variable, is comparable to that induced by 4% serum. The sulfhydryl oxidants diamide (1-20 micrometer). hydrogen peroxide (500 micrometer), and methylene blue (50 micrometer) mimic the effect of insulin in CEF. PCMB-S,1 a sulfhydryl-reacting compound which penetrates the membrane slowly, has a complex effect on nutrient transport in serum- and glucose-starved CEF. Hexose uptake is inhibited by 0.1-1 mM PCMB-S in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas A-system amino acid transport is inhibited maximally within 10 min of incubation and approaches control rates after 60 min. A differential sensitivity of CEF transport systems is also seen in cells exposed to membrane-impermeant glutathione-maleimide I, designated GS-Mal. At 2 mM GS-Mal reduces the rate of hexose uptake 80-100% in serum- and glucose-starved CEF; in contrast A-system amino acid uptake is unaffected. D-glucose, but not -L-glucose or cytochalasin B, protects against GS-Mal inhibition. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sulfhydryl groups are involved in nutrient transport and that those sulfhydryls associated with the hexose transport system and essential for its function are located near the exofacial surface of the membrane in CEF.", "PMID": 564429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6056", "title": "Hemodynamic and clinical evaluation of the Hancock xenograft bioprosthesis of aortic valve replacement (with emphasis on management of the small aortic root).", "content": "One hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients underwent isolated aortic valve replacement with the Hancock porcine xenograft between July, 1974, and December, 1976. The hospital mortality rate was 3.9 percent. No patient was treated with anticoagulants, and valve-related complications were extremely rare. The smaller prosthetic sizes (19 and 21 mm. stent diameter) should be used with extreme caution, and the 19 mm. prosthesis should probably never be used in the audult patient. Two methods of managing the small aortic root are emphasized: one to avoid using the smaller prosthetic size in adults and the other to alter greatly the root size in children who have a hypoplastic aortic annulus. Acceptable calculated orifice sizes and left ventricular--aortic (LV-Ao) pressure gradients may be obtained with the 23 mm. or larger prostheses. Actuarial survival curves show 92 percent of patients alive and well at 24 months' follow-up.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and clinical evaluation of the Hancock xenograft bioprosthesis of aortic valve replacement (with emphasis on management of the small aortic root). One hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients underwent isolated aortic valve replacement with the Hancock porcine xenograft between July, 1974, and December, 1976. The hospital mortality rate was 3.9 percent. No patient was treated with anticoagulants, and valve-related complications were extremely rare. The smaller prosthetic sizes (19 and 21 mm. stent diameter) should be used with extreme caution, and the 19 mm. prosthesis should probably never be used in the audult patient. Two methods of managing the small aortic root are emphasized: one to avoid using the smaller prosthetic size in adults and the other to alter greatly the root size in children who have a hypoplastic aortic annulus. Acceptable calculated orifice sizes and left ventricular--aortic (LV-Ao) pressure gradients may be obtained with the 23 mm. or larger prostheses. Actuarial survival curves show 92 percent of patients alive and well at 24 months' follow-up.", "PMID": 564433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6057", "title": "Middle ear effusions in neonates.", "content": "Suppurative middle ear effusions (MEE) have been shown to occur commonly in neonates. In spite of this, otoscopy is not routinely performed on septic infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). This is clinically significant since unrecognized suppurative MEE may act as a focus for dissemination of bacteria into the circulation and/or central nervous system (CNS). We have completed a prospective study in an attempt to define the prevalence, bacteriology, and response to therapy of MEE in neonates. To facilitate this, the normal micro-otsocopic appearance of the newborn TM was established by systematically examining 50 normal infants under 24 hours old. MEE was present in 30% of 125 consecutively examined infants in the neonatal ICU. Bacteriologic data are drawn from tympanocentesis performed on 34 neonates. Nasotracheal intubation of longer than seven days is highly associated with suppurative MEE. Suppurative MEE in the neonatal ICU is often refactory to treatment and may require prolonged therapy and repeated tympanocentesis.", "contents": "Middle ear effusions in neonates. Suppurative middle ear effusions (MEE) have been shown to occur commonly in neonates. In spite of this, otoscopy is not routinely performed on septic infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). This is clinically significant since unrecognized suppurative MEE may act as a focus for dissemination of bacteria into the circulation and/or central nervous system (CNS). We have completed a prospective study in an attempt to define the prevalence, bacteriology, and response to therapy of MEE in neonates. To facilitate this, the normal micro-otsocopic appearance of the newborn TM was established by systematically examining 50 normal infants under 24 hours old. MEE was present in 30% of 125 consecutively examined infants in the neonatal ICU. Bacteriologic data are drawn from tympanocentesis performed on 34 neonates. Nasotracheal intubation of longer than seven days is highly associated with suppurative MEE. Suppurative MEE in the neonatal ICU is often refactory to treatment and may require prolonged therapy and repeated tympanocentesis.", "PMID": 564434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6058", "title": "One hundred and eighty-seven cases of child abuse and neglect.", "content": "The case histories of 187 abused and neglected children, admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children over a three-year-period, were reviewed. Multiproblem families from the lower socioeconomic groups predominated, reflecting the hospital's geographic catchment area. Eight children died and 30 were made state wards. A high proportion of mothers described problems during the pregnancy, a difficult delivery and neonatal problems. The majority of parents in this study were married and had small families. First-born male infants of young isolated mothers were found to be at greatest risk of child abuse and neglect.", "contents": "One hundred and eighty-seven cases of child abuse and neglect. The case histories of 187 abused and neglected children, admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children over a three-year-period, were reviewed. Multiproblem families from the lower socioeconomic groups predominated, reflecting the hospital's geographic catchment area. Eight children died and 30 were made state wards. A high proportion of mothers described problems during the pregnancy, a difficult delivery and neonatal problems. The majority of parents in this study were married and had small families. First-born male infants of young isolated mothers were found to be at greatest risk of child abuse and neglect.", "PMID": 564441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6059", "title": "Heritability of UV-sensitivity and photo-reactivation ability in Drosophila embryos.", "content": "In Drosophila the UV sensitivity at the zygote stage and PR ability of damage induced by UV irradiation at 290-380 nm are heritable characters. The heritability of those characters is matroclinal. Resistance to UV irradiation dominates over sensitivity, and high PR ability is dominant over low. These characters are not associated with the pleiotropic action of any of the genes in question.", "contents": "Heritability of UV-sensitivity and photo-reactivation ability in Drosophila embryos. In Drosophila the UV sensitivity at the zygote stage and PR ability of damage induced by UV irradiation at 290-380 nm are heritable characters. The heritability of those characters is matroclinal. Resistance to UV irradiation dominates over sensitivity, and high PR ability is dominant over low. These characters are not associated with the pleiotropic action of any of the genes in question.", "PMID": 564451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6060", "title": "Purification and properties of human serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.", "content": "1. Two different molecular forms of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were isolated from human serum; a major component (Peak I enzyme) with a molecular weight of 368000 and with a higher specific activity and a minor component (Peak II enzyme) with a molecular weight of 188000 and with a lower specific activity. 2. Both forms require ascorbic acid for the activity, and are stimulated by fumarate. Addition of N-ethylmaleimide or copper also increased the activity. The optimal pH of both forms in the presence of 20mM tyramine as substrate is 5.0. 3. Km values toward tyramine of Peak I enzyme and Peak II enzyme were 1.67 mM and 14.2 mM respectively. 4. Both Peak I enzyme and Peak II enzyme are glycoprotein.", "contents": "Purification and properties of human serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. 1. Two different molecular forms of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were isolated from human serum; a major component (Peak I enzyme) with a molecular weight of 368000 and with a higher specific activity and a minor component (Peak II enzyme) with a molecular weight of 188000 and with a lower specific activity. 2. Both forms require ascorbic acid for the activity, and are stimulated by fumarate. Addition of N-ethylmaleimide or copper also increased the activity. The optimal pH of both forms in the presence of 20mM tyramine as substrate is 5.0. 3. Km values toward tyramine of Peak I enzyme and Peak II enzyme were 1.67 mM and 14.2 mM respectively. 4. Both Peak I enzyme and Peak II enzyme are glycoprotein.", "PMID": 564450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6061", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of the lipovitellin-phosvitin complex from amphibian oocytes.", "content": "Microcrystals of the lipoprotein-phosphoprotein complex which are found in the oocytes of Xenopus laevis were examined using electron microscopy. Analysis of Fourier transforms of the images of the (010) and (001) projections showed the space group to be P2(1)22(1). Ten projections were combined to produce a map of the complex having about 20 A resolution. The lipoprotein complex consists of two subunits related by a local twofold symmetry axis. The density was averaged around the local symmetry and reasonably well defined structural domains can be seen in the resulting model.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structure of the lipovitellin-phosvitin complex from amphibian oocytes. Microcrystals of the lipoprotein-phosphoprotein complex which are found in the oocytes of Xenopus laevis were examined using electron microscopy. Analysis of Fourier transforms of the images of the (010) and (001) projections showed the space group to be P2(1)22(1). Ten projections were combined to produce a map of the complex having about 20 A resolution. The lipoprotein complex consists of two subunits related by a local twofold symmetry axis. The density was averaged around the local symmetry and reasonably well defined structural domains can be seen in the resulting model.", "PMID": 564460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6062", "title": "[The inscisural porencephaly of the temporal lobe and the \"temporal lobe agenesis syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, radiological and pathomorphological investigations on five cases offering the patterns of the so-called temporal lobe agenesis syndrome (Robinson) have shown that this is not always originally malformative, but may be due to vascular processes in the sense of porencephalic defects, with all their pathomorphological features. We think that compression of the vein of Rosenthal by inscisural hippocampal herniation is the most probable aetiological mechanism. Earle, Baldwin and Penfield also described large temporal defects in connexion with their impressive demonstration of the inscisural herniation of the hippocampal gyrus at birth. We propose to use the name of--inscisural porencephaly--for this state.", "contents": "[The inscisural porencephaly of the temporal lobe and the \"temporal lobe agenesis syndrome\" (author's transl)]. Clinical, radiological and pathomorphological investigations on five cases offering the patterns of the so-called temporal lobe agenesis syndrome (Robinson) have shown that this is not always originally malformative, but may be due to vascular processes in the sense of porencephalic defects, with all their pathomorphological features. We think that compression of the vein of Rosenthal by inscisural hippocampal herniation is the most probable aetiological mechanism. Earle, Baldwin and Penfield also described large temporal defects in connexion with their impressive demonstration of the inscisural herniation of the hippocampal gyrus at birth. We propose to use the name of--inscisural porencephaly--for this state.", "PMID": 564472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6063", "title": "Phantom limbs and related phenomena in recent traumatic amputations.", "content": "Seventy-three soldiers who had traumatic amputations were examined from 1 to 6 months after limb loss. All experienced phantom limb sensations and 67 percent experienced phantom limb pains, usually transient. Stump pain occurred in 43 percent and was associated with phantom pain in 54 percent of these. Of the 23 percent of the entire group who had evident stump pathology, 33 percent had phantom pains only, 20 percent had stump pains only, 40 percent had both, and 7 percent were pain-free. All stump ends exhibited an area of hyperpathia with hypoesthesia. Phantom pain probably results from peripheral or spinal cord mechanisms, or both, rather then from more rostral mechanisms.", "contents": "Phantom limbs and related phenomena in recent traumatic amputations. Seventy-three soldiers who had traumatic amputations were examined from 1 to 6 months after limb loss. All experienced phantom limb sensations and 67 percent experienced phantom limb pains, usually transient. Stump pain occurred in 43 percent and was associated with phantom pain in 54 percent of these. Of the 23 percent of the entire group who had evident stump pathology, 33 percent had phantom pains only, 20 percent had stump pains only, 40 percent had both, and 7 percent were pain-free. All stump ends exhibited an area of hyperpathia with hypoesthesia. Phantom pain probably results from peripheral or spinal cord mechanisms, or both, rather then from more rostral mechanisms.", "PMID": 564474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6064", "title": "Recovery from paraplegia caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma.", "content": "Three surgically treated cases of paraplegia caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma are reported, along with summarized findings from 32 previously reported cases. Patients who recovered within 6 months had endured a shorter interval between loss of their ability to walk and surgical decompression than patients who did not recover (26 hours versus 48 hours; p less than 0.02). When this interval exceeded approximately 36 hours, the probability of recovery fell below 50 percent.", "contents": "Recovery from paraplegia caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. Three surgically treated cases of paraplegia caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma are reported, along with summarized findings from 32 previously reported cases. Patients who recovered within 6 months had endured a shorter interval between loss of their ability to walk and surgical decompression than patients who did not recover (26 hours versus 48 hours; p less than 0.02). When this interval exceeded approximately 36 hours, the probability of recovery fell below 50 percent.", "PMID": 564475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6065", "title": "Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference.", "content": "Physiologic theories of emotion suggest that activation is important in the experience of emotion; patients exhibiting \"neglect\" as a consequence of right parietotemporal of dysfunction show flattened affect. We studied arousal in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere who also exhibited emotional indifference, in aphasic patients with lesions of the left hemisphere, and in non-brain-damaged controls, by stimulating the forearm ipsilateral to the side of the brain lesion while recording galvanic skin responses (GSRs) from the fingers on the same side. The group exhibiting neglect had lower GSRs than aphasic patients or non-brain-damaged controls. Aphasic patients had higher GSRs than non-brain-damaged controls. These results suggest that neglect is associated with disturbances in bilateral arousal and that this disorder of arousal may be responsible in part for flattened affect. The heightened GSR in aphasic patients may reflect disinhibition, which might be partly responsible for increased emotionality in these patients.", "contents": "Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Physiologic theories of emotion suggest that activation is important in the experience of emotion; patients exhibiting \"neglect\" as a consequence of right parietotemporal of dysfunction show flattened affect. We studied arousal in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere who also exhibited emotional indifference, in aphasic patients with lesions of the left hemisphere, and in non-brain-damaged controls, by stimulating the forearm ipsilateral to the side of the brain lesion while recording galvanic skin responses (GSRs) from the fingers on the same side. The group exhibiting neglect had lower GSRs than aphasic patients or non-brain-damaged controls. Aphasic patients had higher GSRs than non-brain-damaged controls. These results suggest that neglect is associated with disturbances in bilateral arousal and that this disorder of arousal may be responsible in part for flattened affect. The heightened GSR in aphasic patients may reflect disinhibition, which might be partly responsible for increased emotionality in these patients.", "PMID": 564476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6066", "title": "Chronic inhibition of brain protein synthesis after portacaval shunting. A possible pathogenic mechanism in chronic hepatic encephalopathy in the rat.", "content": "We investigated the effects of chronic portacaval shunting, with or without additional ammonia loading, on brain protein synthesis in unanesthetized rats by continuous intravenous infusion of 3H-lysine (10 mumoles per gram, 0.2 muCi/mumole). Lysine was incorporated into forebrain proteins at a rate of 1.6 nanomoles/mg protein per hour in sham-operated controls, but at a rate of only 0.83 nanomoles/mg protein per hour (p less than 0.001) in paired rats 6 to 8 weeks after construction of a portacaval shunt. An acute load of ammonium acetate in portacaval-shunted animals further decreased the rate of lysine incorporation into forebrain proteins. Chronic inhibition of protein synthesis may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic portacaval encephalopathy.", "contents": "Chronic inhibition of brain protein synthesis after portacaval shunting. A possible pathogenic mechanism in chronic hepatic encephalopathy in the rat. We investigated the effects of chronic portacaval shunting, with or without additional ammonia loading, on brain protein synthesis in unanesthetized rats by continuous intravenous infusion of 3H-lysine (10 mumoles per gram, 0.2 muCi/mumole). Lysine was incorporated into forebrain proteins at a rate of 1.6 nanomoles/mg protein per hour in sham-operated controls, but at a rate of only 0.83 nanomoles/mg protein per hour (p less than 0.001) in paired rats 6 to 8 weeks after construction of a portacaval shunt. An acute load of ammonium acetate in portacaval-shunted animals further decreased the rate of lysine incorporation into forebrain proteins. Chronic inhibition of protein synthesis may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic portacaval encephalopathy.", "PMID": 564477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6067", "title": "Neurologic sequelae of experimental febrile convulsions.", "content": "A study was designed to investigate the effects of experimentally produced hyperthermic seizures on the brain of the developing rat. Severty-nine newborn Sprague-Dawley white rats were divided into five groups and exposed to one of the following: Nonseizure-producing hyperthermia at 5 or 15 days (febrile controls), seizure-producing hyperthermia at 5 or 15 days, or no hyperthermia (afebrile controls). As the animals matured, seven developmental reflexes were tested and there were no differences found among the five groups in the ages at which these reflexes were acquired. At age 3 1/2 months, the ability of rats to adapt to a maze, and later to solve 12 maze problems, was studied. Although there was no significant difference in the amount of time required for any of the groups to adapt to the maze, there was a significant difference in the number of maze errors made by the different groups of rats. The mean error score for the control group was 118.5, compared with 183.0 (p less than 0.001), for rats with seizures at 5 days and 161.4 (p less than 0.001), for rats which convulsed at 15 days. It is apparent that experimental induction of a single hyperthermic seizure in the young rat interferes significantly with the animal's maze-solving ability at a later age.", "contents": "Neurologic sequelae of experimental febrile convulsions. A study was designed to investigate the effects of experimentally produced hyperthermic seizures on the brain of the developing rat. Severty-nine newborn Sprague-Dawley white rats were divided into five groups and exposed to one of the following: Nonseizure-producing hyperthermia at 5 or 15 days (febrile controls), seizure-producing hyperthermia at 5 or 15 days, or no hyperthermia (afebrile controls). As the animals matured, seven developmental reflexes were tested and there were no differences found among the five groups in the ages at which these reflexes were acquired. At age 3 1/2 months, the ability of rats to adapt to a maze, and later to solve 12 maze problems, was studied. Although there was no significant difference in the amount of time required for any of the groups to adapt to the maze, there was a significant difference in the number of maze errors made by the different groups of rats. The mean error score for the control group was 118.5, compared with 183.0 (p less than 0.001), for rats with seizures at 5 days and 161.4 (p less than 0.001), for rats which convulsed at 15 days. It is apparent that experimental induction of a single hyperthermic seizure in the young rat interferes significantly with the animal's maze-solving ability at a later age.", "PMID": 564478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6068", "title": "Cranial CT appearance of acute multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In acute multiple sclerosis, cranial computerized tomography (CT) may show periventricular and deep white matter contrast-enhanced lesions that are easier to see using 8 mm rather than 13 mm cranial CT sections. Follow-up studies show that the lesions evolve either to areas of density similar to the surrounding white matter or to low-density lesions. We presume they represent foci of active demyelination with extravasation of iodine through an altered blood-brain barrier. Enhanced cranial CT studies may be helpful in diagnosing acute multiple sclerosis and in following the course of the white matter lesions.", "contents": "Cranial CT appearance of acute multiple sclerosis. In acute multiple sclerosis, cranial computerized tomography (CT) may show periventricular and deep white matter contrast-enhanced lesions that are easier to see using 8 mm rather than 13 mm cranial CT sections. Follow-up studies show that the lesions evolve either to areas of density similar to the surrounding white matter or to low-density lesions. We presume they represent foci of active demyelination with extravasation of iodine through an altered blood-brain barrier. Enhanced cranial CT studies may be helpful in diagnosing acute multiple sclerosis and in following the course of the white matter lesions.", "PMID": 564479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6069", "title": "Recent cases of intracranial tuberculomas.", "content": "While intracranial tuberculomas have become uncommon in industrial nations, 12 patients with signs and symptoms of an intracranial mass lesion were recently found to have tuberculomas. Clinical findings suggestive of tuberculosis were frequently subtle or absent. Five patients did not have extracranial tuberculosis. Two patients had intracranial tuberculomas that became superinfected with bacteria and appeared initially as pyogenic brain abscesses. Intracranial tuberculomas in this country almost always occur in adults and represent reactivation of dormant infection. Medical therapy alone is indicated as the initial therapy except in the presence of intolerably increased intracranial pressure. A chemotherapeutic regimen is suggested.", "contents": "Recent cases of intracranial tuberculomas. While intracranial tuberculomas have become uncommon in industrial nations, 12 patients with signs and symptoms of an intracranial mass lesion were recently found to have tuberculomas. Clinical findings suggestive of tuberculosis were frequently subtle or absent. Five patients did not have extracranial tuberculosis. Two patients had intracranial tuberculomas that became superinfected with bacteria and appeared initially as pyogenic brain abscesses. Intracranial tuberculomas in this country almost always occur in adults and represent reactivation of dormant infection. Medical therapy alone is indicated as the initial therapy except in the presence of intolerably increased intracranial pressure. A chemotherapeutic regimen is suggested.", "PMID": 564480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6070", "title": "Function of circulating antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: investigation by plasma exchange.", "content": "Plasma exchange has been used to investigate the function fo anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibody in seven patients with acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) who had elevated antibody titers and in one patient with congenital MG who had normal titers. There was an inverse association between clinical indices of muscle strength and anti-AChR titers, with a minimum time lag of 2 days for the clinical response. The inverse association of the clinical state with anti-AChR antibody titers was closer than that with total immunoglobulin G or other immunoglobulins, and is consistent with the view that the anti-AChR antibody is the principal factor interfering with neuromuscular transmission in acquired MG.", "contents": "Function of circulating antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: investigation by plasma exchange. Plasma exchange has been used to investigate the function fo anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibody in seven patients with acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) who had elevated antibody titers and in one patient with congenital MG who had normal titers. There was an inverse association between clinical indices of muscle strength and anti-AChR titers, with a minimum time lag of 2 days for the clinical response. The inverse association of the clinical state with anti-AChR antibody titers was closer than that with total immunoglobulin G or other immunoglobulins, and is consistent with the view that the anti-AChR antibody is the principal factor interfering with neuromuscular transmission in acquired MG.", "PMID": 564482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6071", "title": "A new congenital neuromuscular disease with trilaminar muscle fibers.", "content": "An infant was born with marked rigidity, a paucity of spontaneous movements, and increased serum creatine phosphokinase activity. Electromyogram was normal. A muscle biopsy, taken at the age of 7 weeks, contained numerous fibers composed of three concentric zones, warranting the designation \"trilaminar fibers.\" Electronmicroscopy showed the innermost zone contained a densely packed collection of mitochondria, glycogen, electron opaque material, and single filaments. The middle zone consisted of myofibrils with Z-band smearing. The outer zone resembled a sarcoplasmic mass. Extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was present in the trilaminar fibers between the middle and outer zones. The increased muscle tone and extrajunctional AChR suggest and altered neural influence, but the markedly increased creatine phosphokinase activity is more characteristic of muscle damage. Precise definition of the nature of the defect awaits further study.", "contents": "A new congenital neuromuscular disease with trilaminar muscle fibers. An infant was born with marked rigidity, a paucity of spontaneous movements, and increased serum creatine phosphokinase activity. Electromyogram was normal. A muscle biopsy, taken at the age of 7 weeks, contained numerous fibers composed of three concentric zones, warranting the designation \"trilaminar fibers.\" Electronmicroscopy showed the innermost zone contained a densely packed collection of mitochondria, glycogen, electron opaque material, and single filaments. The middle zone consisted of myofibrils with Z-band smearing. The outer zone resembled a sarcoplasmic mass. Extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was present in the trilaminar fibers between the middle and outer zones. The increased muscle tone and extrajunctional AChR suggest and altered neural influence, but the markedly increased creatine phosphokinase activity is more characteristic of muscle damage. Precise definition of the nature of the defect awaits further study.", "PMID": 564483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6072", "title": "Multiple sclerosis associated agent (MSAA): failure to confirm an association with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Recent reports indicate that a multiple sclerosis agent (MSAA) has been isolated. This agent was detected in mice by a depression in the percentage of mouse polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). We attempted to repeat these studies using coded specimens. The test, itself, was extremely variable and difficult to reproduce. In the first study, three of three multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and one of two control patients' specimens showed some PMN depression. In a repeat study of these same samples, one of three MS patients and one of two controls were associated with PMN depression. With a second set of coded specimens, one of four MS patients, one of three patients with neurologic diseases, and none of three controls showed PMN depression. We were unable to confirm the presence of MSAA and conclude that the results were random.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis associated agent (MSAA): failure to confirm an association with multiple sclerosis. Recent reports indicate that a multiple sclerosis agent (MSAA) has been isolated. This agent was detected in mice by a depression in the percentage of mouse polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). We attempted to repeat these studies using coded specimens. The test, itself, was extremely variable and difficult to reproduce. In the first study, three of three multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and one of two control patients' specimens showed some PMN depression. In a repeat study of these same samples, one of three MS patients and one of two controls were associated with PMN depression. With a second set of coded specimens, one of four MS patients, one of three patients with neurologic diseases, and none of three controls showed PMN depression. We were unable to confirm the presence of MSAA and conclude that the results were random.", "PMID": 564484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6073", "title": "Electroneuronography in prognosis of intratemporal facial palsy, as compared to measurements of rheobase and chronaxy.", "content": "Electroneuronography is compared to indicrect chronaximetry in the prognosis of intratemporal facial palsies. In 86 patients, the two methods were found to be congruent and in a number of cases complementary in determining impending degeneration. Both techniques are described and their results evaluated statistically. Our observations indicate that electroneuronography allows to some extent a quantitative evaluation by means of numeric parameters whereas the results of chronaximetry only give a qualitative account of nerve degeneration depending largely on the examiner's experience. Both methods, however, have a certain margin of failure and for more accurate diagnosis and prognosis simultaneous use of both methods is advocated.", "contents": "Electroneuronography in prognosis of intratemporal facial palsy, as compared to measurements of rheobase and chronaxy. Electroneuronography is compared to indicrect chronaximetry in the prognosis of intratemporal facial palsies. In 86 patients, the two methods were found to be congruent and in a number of cases complementary in determining impending degeneration. Both techniques are described and their results evaluated statistically. Our observations indicate that electroneuronography allows to some extent a quantitative evaluation by means of numeric parameters whereas the results of chronaximetry only give a qualitative account of nerve degeneration depending largely on the examiner's experience. Both methods, however, have a certain margin of failure and for more accurate diagnosis and prognosis simultaneous use of both methods is advocated.", "PMID": 564493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6074", "title": "Combined grafts in total reconstruction of old radical cavities.", "content": "93 patients with an old, infected and discharging radical cavity were subjected to total reconstruction of the middle ear, especially to obtain a permanently dry ear. The cavity was obliterated and the auditory meatus reconstructed by various muscle grafts and large pieces of fascia (41 ears), by combined grafts consisting of tragal cartilage, pieces of bone, homologous septal cartilage, and muscle grafts (40 ears). In the 12 prognostically most favourable ears the cavity was repneumatized. The functional results were the same in all three groups, namely a functional success in 72%. At follow-up 1-6 years after the operation there was functional success in 62%, but 94% of the ears were dry. Obliteration of the cavity by combined grafts was at long sight more solid than obliteration by muscle. It is discussed whether, in reconstructing radical cavities, repneumatization of the cavity is preferable to obliteration, and it is concluded that at long sight a solid obliteration must afford a more stable ear than repneumatization.", "contents": "Combined grafts in total reconstruction of old radical cavities. 93 patients with an old, infected and discharging radical cavity were subjected to total reconstruction of the middle ear, especially to obtain a permanently dry ear. The cavity was obliterated and the auditory meatus reconstructed by various muscle grafts and large pieces of fascia (41 ears), by combined grafts consisting of tragal cartilage, pieces of bone, homologous septal cartilage, and muscle grafts (40 ears). In the 12 prognostically most favourable ears the cavity was repneumatized. The functional results were the same in all three groups, namely a functional success in 72%. At follow-up 1-6 years after the operation there was functional success in 62%, but 94% of the ears were dry. Obliteration of the cavity by combined grafts was at long sight more solid than obliteration by muscle. It is discussed whether, in reconstructing radical cavities, repneumatization of the cavity is preferable to obliteration, and it is concluded that at long sight a solid obliteration must afford a more stable ear than repneumatization.", "PMID": 564494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6075", "title": "Screening for hearing impairment in early childhood.", "content": "Hearing screening for early detection of deafness in children was carried out in the Jerusalem area during 5 years (1967-1972). Approximately 27,000 infants 5-7 months old, representing 85% of the children population at this age, were screened in baby clinics and a selective 'at risk' register was applied to them. Testing hearing in baby clinics was easy to implement and economical but not infallible. About 50% of the 43 hearing-impaired children were identified during the 1st year of their life at an audiology center. A careful and efficient screening and follow-up could identify 70% of the deaf children. We recommend to apply the hearing screening and selective 'at risk' register to children 7-10 months old. It is suggested to expand hearing screening to 2- to 3-year-old children.", "contents": "Screening for hearing impairment in early childhood. Hearing screening for early detection of deafness in children was carried out in the Jerusalem area during 5 years (1967-1972). Approximately 27,000 infants 5-7 months old, representing 85% of the children population at this age, were screened in baby clinics and a selective 'at risk' register was applied to them. Testing hearing in baby clinics was easy to implement and economical but not infallible. About 50% of the 43 hearing-impaired children were identified during the 1st year of their life at an audiology center. A careful and efficient screening and follow-up could identify 70% of the deaf children. We recommend to apply the hearing screening and selective 'at risk' register to children 7-10 months old. It is suggested to expand hearing screening to 2- to 3-year-old children.", "PMID": 564495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6076", "title": "Hereditary deafness in the cat. Free amino acid and sugar content in the perilymph.", "content": "The free amino acid and sugar content of cat perilymph was studied from 11 normal and 17 deaf ears, and compared with simultaneous estimations from cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Each fluid has a distinctive amino acid composition, whilst glucose was the only saccharide demonstrable. The functional status of the cochlea did not influence the biochemical parameters studied.", "contents": "Hereditary deafness in the cat. Free amino acid and sugar content in the perilymph. The free amino acid and sugar content of cat perilymph was studied from 11 normal and 17 deaf ears, and compared with simultaneous estimations from cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Each fluid has a distinctive amino acid composition, whilst glucose was the only saccharide demonstrable. The functional status of the cochlea did not influence the biochemical parameters studied.", "PMID": 564496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6077", "title": "Cancer of the oral cavity in Nigerian Igbos.", "content": "An unselected biopsy material of 31 Nigerian Igbo patients with cancer of the oral cavity is presented. The descending order of localization was gingiva, palate, tongue and floor of mouth. Burkitt's tumour was limited to the jaw and affected older rather than younger children. There was scarcely any preponderance of squamous cell carcinoma in males. It would appear that cancer of the oral cavity is not a great problem in the Igbos and that potent carcinogens concerned with the causation are lacking in the community.", "contents": "Cancer of the oral cavity in Nigerian Igbos. An unselected biopsy material of 31 Nigerian Igbo patients with cancer of the oral cavity is presented. The descending order of localization was gingiva, palate, tongue and floor of mouth. Burkitt's tumour was limited to the jaw and affected older rather than younger children. There was scarcely any preponderance of squamous cell carcinoma in males. It would appear that cancer of the oral cavity is not a great problem in the Igbos and that potent carcinogens concerned with the causation are lacking in the community.", "PMID": 564497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6078", "title": "Late recurrence of cancer in the larynx and hypopharynx after irradiation.", "content": "11 cases of recurrent laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma, occurring 5 or more years after radiotherapy for carcinoma, are reported. The possible pathological mechanisms involved include persistence of the original carcinoma, second primary due to the original factors, and radiation-induced carcinoma. The last-mentioned possibility is of vital importance and requires further investigation. If radiation-induced carcinoma is as common as some recent series suggest, then primary treatment of T1 laryngeal carcinoma must be re-thought. However, this author believes that convincing evidence is lacking that irradiation is a common cause of late recurrent carcinoma.", "contents": "Late recurrence of cancer in the larynx and hypopharynx after irradiation. 11 cases of recurrent laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma, occurring 5 or more years after radiotherapy for carcinoma, are reported. The possible pathological mechanisms involved include persistence of the original carcinoma, second primary due to the original factors, and radiation-induced carcinoma. The last-mentioned possibility is of vital importance and requires further investigation. If radiation-induced carcinoma is as common as some recent series suggest, then primary treatment of T1 laryngeal carcinoma must be re-thought. However, this author believes that convincing evidence is lacking that irradiation is a common cause of late recurrent carcinoma.", "PMID": 564498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6079", "title": "The diurnal migration of the fowl cestode, Raillietina cesticillus.", "content": "R. cesticillus was found to undergo a diurnal migration in both multiple and single worm infections of the fowl. This migration involved movement of both scoleces and strobilae and occurred in an anterior direction when the intestine was empty of food, and in a posterior direction when the intestine contained food. The relevance of the migration to the histological picture of the worm in situ is discussed and some possible explanations for the migration are suggested.", "contents": "The diurnal migration of the fowl cestode, Raillietina cesticillus. R. cesticillus was found to undergo a diurnal migration in both multiple and single worm infections of the fowl. This migration involved movement of both scoleces and strobilae and occurred in an anterior direction when the intestine was empty of food, and in a posterior direction when the intestine contained food. The relevance of the migration to the histological picture of the worm in situ is discussed and some possible explanations for the migration are suggested.", "PMID": 564499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6080", "title": "Visual observing behavior in the albino rat: effects of nature and complexity of visual stimuli and stage of estrus.", "content": "The effect of varying levels of complexity within two types of visual stimuli on observing behavior of albino rats (60 females, 30 males, CD Strain, Charles River) was examined. Measures of frequency and duration of looking, as well as measures of general activity, were recorded. Differences in duration of observing as a function of group membership and type of stimuli were obtained. Activity was affected by the level of complexity. A re-examination of the concept of complexity is suggested. Further delineation of variables affecting observing behavior is also needed.", "contents": "Visual observing behavior in the albino rat: effects of nature and complexity of visual stimuli and stage of estrus. The effect of varying levels of complexity within two types of visual stimuli on observing behavior of albino rats (60 females, 30 males, CD Strain, Charles River) was examined. Measures of frequency and duration of looking, as well as measures of general activity, were recorded. Differences in duration of observing as a function of group membership and type of stimuli were obtained. Activity was affected by the level of complexity. A re-examination of the concept of complexity is suggested. Further delineation of variables affecting observing behavior is also needed.", "PMID": 564502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6081", "title": "Influence of an infant walker on onset and quality of walking pattern of locomotion:an electromyographic investigation.", "content": "Acquisition of bipedal locomotor skill in human infants was studied electromyographically with regard to the deprivation or enrichment behavior resulting from the frequent and regular use of an infant walker. Subjects were six sets of male, fraternal twins. One randomly selected sibling from each set underwent a training program, commencing at the age of 300 days, spending a total of 2 hr. per day in a walker. Siblings not included in this group were subjected to no special training. EMG recordings were taken of all subjects at specified intervals in order to establish a model of the typical motor pattern at various stages of skill development. These data were then contrasted with EMG data similarly obtained from the walker-trained subjects. Use of an infant walker modified the mechanics of the infant's locomotion in a number of important ways. It was shown that use of the walker enables an infant to commit substantial mechanical errors yet succeed in bipedal locomotion. Inasmuch as the mechanics of walker-assisted and non-assisted bipedal locomotion are dissimilar in so many important ways, positive transfer from walker-training appears questionable.", "contents": "Influence of an infant walker on onset and quality of walking pattern of locomotion:an electromyographic investigation. Acquisition of bipedal locomotor skill in human infants was studied electromyographically with regard to the deprivation or enrichment behavior resulting from the frequent and regular use of an infant walker. Subjects were six sets of male, fraternal twins. One randomly selected sibling from each set underwent a training program, commencing at the age of 300 days, spending a total of 2 hr. per day in a walker. Siblings not included in this group were subjected to no special training. EMG recordings were taken of all subjects at specified intervals in order to establish a model of the typical motor pattern at various stages of skill development. These data were then contrasted with EMG data similarly obtained from the walker-trained subjects. Use of an infant walker modified the mechanics of the infant's locomotion in a number of important ways. It was shown that use of the walker enables an infant to commit substantial mechanical errors yet succeed in bipedal locomotion. Inasmuch as the mechanics of walker-assisted and non-assisted bipedal locomotion are dissimilar in so many important ways, positive transfer from walker-training appears questionable.", "PMID": 564503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6082", "title": "Utilization of choline from crude soybean lecithin by chicks. 1. Growth and prevention of perosis.", "content": "Data obtained with growing chicks fed a semi-purified diet indicate that choline from crude soybean lecithin is as well utilized as synthetic choline chloride, on the basis of growth, relative liver weight and prevention of perosis. Extrapolation of the results on growth and perosis prevention, obtained between 1 and 3 weeks of age, to performance on practical-type diets yields choline requirements for broiler-type chicks ranging from 800 to 1000 mg./kg. diet (as choline chloride). The requirement seems to decrease with age.", "contents": "Utilization of choline from crude soybean lecithin by chicks. 1. Growth and prevention of perosis. Data obtained with growing chicks fed a semi-purified diet indicate that choline from crude soybean lecithin is as well utilized as synthetic choline chloride, on the basis of growth, relative liver weight and prevention of perosis. Extrapolation of the results on growth and perosis prevention, obtained between 1 and 3 weeks of age, to performance on practical-type diets yields choline requirements for broiler-type chicks ranging from 800 to 1000 mg./kg. diet (as choline chloride). The requirement seems to decrease with age.", "PMID": 564504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6083", "title": "Influence of level, timing and duration of ronidazole water medication on histomoniasis in turkeys.", "content": "Levels of 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 parts per million (p.p.m.) of ronidazole in water were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy against histomoniasis. Three experiments were conducted with Broad Breasted Bronze and/or Large White poults four to nine weeks old. All poults except the unexposed controls were each given approximately 70 or 100 embryonated Heterakis gallinae ova containing Histomonas meleagridis. Ronidazole medications were administered during the following post-exposure periods: 7-13, 7-17, 10-17, 10-20, 10-23, 10-26, 14-20 and 14-24 days. Histomoniasis mortality and lesions were recorded in each experiment during a 28 or a 35-day post-exposure period. Level of ronidazole, timing and duration of medication significantly affected efficacy. Treatments involving 30 to 40 p.p.m. (or more) of ronidazole, initiated 10 days post-exposure and continued for at least 7-10 days were most effective.", "contents": "Influence of level, timing and duration of ronidazole water medication on histomoniasis in turkeys. Levels of 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 parts per million (p.p.m.) of ronidazole in water were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy against histomoniasis. Three experiments were conducted with Broad Breasted Bronze and/or Large White poults four to nine weeks old. All poults except the unexposed controls were each given approximately 70 or 100 embryonated Heterakis gallinae ova containing Histomonas meleagridis. Ronidazole medications were administered during the following post-exposure periods: 7-13, 7-17, 10-17, 10-20, 10-23, 10-26, 14-20 and 14-24 days. Histomoniasis mortality and lesions were recorded in each experiment during a 28 or a 35-day post-exposure period. Level of ronidazole, timing and duration of medication significantly affected efficacy. Treatments involving 30 to 40 p.p.m. (or more) of ronidazole, initiated 10 days post-exposure and continued for at least 7-10 days were most effective.", "PMID": 564505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6084", "title": "Utilization of choline from crude soybean lecithin by chicks. 2. Absorption measurements.", "content": "Absorption of choline was investigated in 30-day-old chicks fed a casein-glucose diet supplemented with either choline chloride or crude soybean lecithin and containing 91YCl3 as a nonabsorbable reference substance. The choline concentration, expressed as choline chloride, was 0.101% in both experimental diets. Net rates of absorption or secretion were computed from the amounts of 91Y and choline assayed in the contents of different segments of the small intestine. Net secretion of total choline into the duodenum was over twice the daily choline intake in both treatments. Most of the choline was absorbed in the upper small intestine. Of the small amounts remaining in the lower jejunum, significantly more choline was absorbed by the choline-fed chicks than by the lecithin-treated birds, but the rates of secretion into the duodenum, the rates of absorption from the upper small intestine and the overall apparent absorbability were not significantly different in the two treatments. Absorption measurements thus indicate that crude soybean lecithin may replace choline chloride as a source of choline.", "contents": "Utilization of choline from crude soybean lecithin by chicks. 2. Absorption measurements. Absorption of choline was investigated in 30-day-old chicks fed a casein-glucose diet supplemented with either choline chloride or crude soybean lecithin and containing 91YCl3 as a nonabsorbable reference substance. The choline concentration, expressed as choline chloride, was 0.101% in both experimental diets. Net rates of absorption or secretion were computed from the amounts of 91Y and choline assayed in the contents of different segments of the small intestine. Net secretion of total choline into the duodenum was over twice the daily choline intake in both treatments. Most of the choline was absorbed in the upper small intestine. Of the small amounts remaining in the lower jejunum, significantly more choline was absorbed by the choline-fed chicks than by the lecithin-treated birds, but the rates of secretion into the duodenum, the rates of absorption from the upper small intestine and the overall apparent absorbability were not significantly different in the two treatments. Absorption measurements thus indicate that crude soybean lecithin may replace choline chloride as a source of choline.", "PMID": 564507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6085", "title": "Apparent inadequacy of sodium requirement in broiler chickens.", "content": "Wheat-soy and corn-soy basal diets designed to be complete in all known nutrients failed to support normal growth and feed efficiency of male broiler chicks to two weeks of age. Highly significant growth responses to these diets were obtained from the addition of faba meal (Vicia faba L.) or of 0.2% Na2SO4. Subsequent studies showed these diets to be deficient in sodium even though they contained, by analysis, 0.13 or 0.14% of sodium. A very low sodium content of the drinking water (3 p.p.m.) is believed to be contributory to this deficient state. A significant growth response was obtained from the addition of 0.2% sodium (0.33% total sodium) whether from NaCl or a combination of NaCl and Na2SO4. These data suggest that it may be important to consider the sodium content of the drinking water when determining the sodium requirement of the chick. A further response was obtained from 5.0 p.p.m. procaine penicillin G suggesting the presence of some toxic substance in the feed ingredients or that a subclinical infection may also have contributed to the poor growth supported by the basal diets.", "contents": "Apparent inadequacy of sodium requirement in broiler chickens. Wheat-soy and corn-soy basal diets designed to be complete in all known nutrients failed to support normal growth and feed efficiency of male broiler chicks to two weeks of age. Highly significant growth responses to these diets were obtained from the addition of faba meal (Vicia faba L.) or of 0.2% Na2SO4. Subsequent studies showed these diets to be deficient in sodium even though they contained, by analysis, 0.13 or 0.14% of sodium. A very low sodium content of the drinking water (3 p.p.m.) is believed to be contributory to this deficient state. A significant growth response was obtained from the addition of 0.2% sodium (0.33% total sodium) whether from NaCl or a combination of NaCl and Na2SO4. These data suggest that it may be important to consider the sodium content of the drinking water when determining the sodium requirement of the chick. A further response was obtained from 5.0 p.p.m. procaine penicillin G suggesting the presence of some toxic substance in the feed ingredients or that a subclinical infection may also have contributed to the poor growth supported by the basal diets.", "PMID": 564508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6086", "title": "Effect of dietary factors on serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens.", "content": "Effects of dietary lipid factors (saturated and unsaturated oil, cholesterol and plant sterols) on the serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of the laying hen were investigated. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens, at thirty weeks of age, were used in two trials by feeding two basal diets containing 8.0% hydrogenated coconut oil or safflower oil, with or without supplemental cholesterol (1.0%), soysterols (2.0%) or combinations of both. Safflower oil, per se, had a superior property to hydrogenated coconut oil in suppressing cholesterol levels, in both serum and egg yolk. Cholesterol supplementation to the safflower oil basal diet resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) elevation of serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels, whereas cholesterol in combination with hydrogenated coconut oil did not change the serum level. Cholesterol lowering effect of soysterols was clearly demonstrated in both serum and egg yolk by feeding soysterols alone as well as by feeding soysterols in combination with cholesterol.", "contents": "Effect of dietary factors on serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens. Effects of dietary lipid factors (saturated and unsaturated oil, cholesterol and plant sterols) on the serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of the laying hen were investigated. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens, at thirty weeks of age, were used in two trials by feeding two basal diets containing 8.0% hydrogenated coconut oil or safflower oil, with or without supplemental cholesterol (1.0%), soysterols (2.0%) or combinations of both. Safflower oil, per se, had a superior property to hydrogenated coconut oil in suppressing cholesterol levels, in both serum and egg yolk. Cholesterol supplementation to the safflower oil basal diet resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) elevation of serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels, whereas cholesterol in combination with hydrogenated coconut oil did not change the serum level. Cholesterol lowering effect of soysterols was clearly demonstrated in both serum and egg yolk by feeding soysterols alone as well as by feeding soysterols in combination with cholesterol.", "PMID": 564509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6087", "title": "Protein and cholesterol content of Araucana chicken eggs.", "content": "Comparative data collected over two years are presented which refute the popular press claims that blue-shelled eggs of Araucana chickens have higher protein levels and lower cholesterol levels than market eggs. These comparisons were made between the eggs from the strains of Araucanas and those of White Leghorns and Sex-links. None of the differences found between test groups in % protein/g. albumen and % protein/g. yolk were shown to be consistently related to any one test group type. However, all Araucana test groups were significantly (P less than .01) lower in their total egg protein content than either control group by from 2.8--6.5%. This lower total protein content was the result of a consistent increase in the yolk/albumen ratio of the Araucana eggs over the market eggs. The Araucana eggs were consistently higher in their cholesterol levels on a mg./g. yolk basis than either of the market eggs. These increased concentrattions ranged from 2.0--6.9%.", "contents": "Protein and cholesterol content of Araucana chicken eggs. Comparative data collected over two years are presented which refute the popular press claims that blue-shelled eggs of Araucana chickens have higher protein levels and lower cholesterol levels than market eggs. These comparisons were made between the eggs from the strains of Araucanas and those of White Leghorns and Sex-links. None of the differences found between test groups in % protein/g. albumen and % protein/g. yolk were shown to be consistently related to any one test group type. However, all Araucana test groups were significantly (P less than .01) lower in their total egg protein content than either control group by from 2.8--6.5%. This lower total protein content was the result of a consistent increase in the yolk/albumen ratio of the Araucana eggs over the market eggs. The Araucana eggs were consistently higher in their cholesterol levels on a mg./g. yolk basis than either of the market eggs. These increased concentrattions ranged from 2.0--6.9%.", "PMID": 564510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6088", "title": "Studies on memory: spontaneous return of memory in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice and its relation to cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia.", "content": "We suggested previously that cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia was due in part to side-effects of the antibiotic on the central adrenergic system at the time of testing and that spontaneous return of memory depended upon recovery of the adrenergic system. To test these possibilities, mice chronically depleted of brain catecholamines (CAs) by 6=hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were trained in an avoidance-discrimination task and tested for spontaneous return of memory. Contrary to our hypothesis, amnesia at 24 hr after training was followed by recovery of memory by 72 hr, which indicates that recovery of memory can occur independently of adrenergic recovery. Injection of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine immediately after training prevented return of memory at 72 hr, suggesting that the residual CAs remaining after 6-OHDA are necessary for memory to spontaneously return at this time.", "contents": "Studies on memory: spontaneous return of memory in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice and its relation to cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia. We suggested previously that cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia was due in part to side-effects of the antibiotic on the central adrenergic system at the time of testing and that spontaneous return of memory depended upon recovery of the adrenergic system. To test these possibilities, mice chronically depleted of brain catecholamines (CAs) by 6=hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were trained in an avoidance-discrimination task and tested for spontaneous return of memory. Contrary to our hypothesis, amnesia at 24 hr after training was followed by recovery of memory by 72 hr, which indicates that recovery of memory can occur independently of adrenergic recovery. Injection of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine immediately after training prevented return of memory at 72 hr, suggesting that the residual CAs remaining after 6-OHDA are necessary for memory to spontaneously return at this time.", "PMID": 564513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6089", "title": "Altered behavioral responses to intense foot shock in socially-isolated rats.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were isolated immediately after weaning for 12 weeks and exposed to electric foot shock of various intensities. The shock-elicited jumping behavior was measured every ten minutes for one hr. The frequency of jumping in isolated rats was lower than that in grouped and the difference between two groups was the greatest with the most intense shock. In these experimental situations, there was no significant difference in monoamine turnover rate between the two groups while noradrenaline turnover markedly increased in both groups. Chlorpromazine suppressed the jumping in a dose-dependent manner in both groups with stronger suppression in isolated rats. Methamphetamine facilitated the jumping in grouped rats dose-dependently while the drug rather depressed it in the isolated. From these results and the behavioral similarity between the isolated and 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats under foot shock situation, it was suggested that the receptor supersensitivity of central catecholaminergic neurons was involved in the behavioral change in isolated rats.", "contents": "Altered behavioral responses to intense foot shock in socially-isolated rats. Male Wistar rats were isolated immediately after weaning for 12 weeks and exposed to electric foot shock of various intensities. The shock-elicited jumping behavior was measured every ten minutes for one hr. The frequency of jumping in isolated rats was lower than that in grouped and the difference between two groups was the greatest with the most intense shock. In these experimental situations, there was no significant difference in monoamine turnover rate between the two groups while noradrenaline turnover markedly increased in both groups. Chlorpromazine suppressed the jumping in a dose-dependent manner in both groups with stronger suppression in isolated rats. Methamphetamine facilitated the jumping in grouped rats dose-dependently while the drug rather depressed it in the isolated. From these results and the behavioral similarity between the isolated and 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats under foot shock situation, it was suggested that the receptor supersensitivity of central catecholaminergic neurons was involved in the behavioral change in isolated rats.", "PMID": 564514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6090", "title": "Time course of the effects of naturally occurring cannabinoids on morphine abstinence syndrome.", "content": "The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol on abstinence syndrome were investigated in mice rendered dependent on morphine by pellet implantation. In morphine dependent mice from which the pellets had been removed, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited the naloxone-precipitated jumping response as evidenced by an increase in the ED50 of naloxone. This inhibition was evident for 24 hr, the most pronounced effect being produced between two to four hr after delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration. Withdrawal defecation was also inhibited for two hours. Similarly, in mice from which pellets were not removed, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppressed the jumping response; however, the intensity of effect was less than when the pellets were removed. delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol were not effective in suppressing morphine abstinence syndrome two hr following their administration. The suppression of jumping response was specific, since, the vertical jumping behavior induced by coadministration of amphetamine and l-dopa was not affected by cannabinoids. These results demonstrate that single injection of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is effective in controlling morphine abstinence syndrome for 24 hr, and that the drugs related to cannabinoids may show promise in narcotic detoxification.", "contents": "Time course of the effects of naturally occurring cannabinoids on morphine abstinence syndrome. The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol on abstinence syndrome were investigated in mice rendered dependent on morphine by pellet implantation. In morphine dependent mice from which the pellets had been removed, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited the naloxone-precipitated jumping response as evidenced by an increase in the ED50 of naloxone. This inhibition was evident for 24 hr, the most pronounced effect being produced between two to four hr after delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration. Withdrawal defecation was also inhibited for two hours. Similarly, in mice from which pellets were not removed, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppressed the jumping response; however, the intensity of effect was less than when the pellets were removed. delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol were not effective in suppressing morphine abstinence syndrome two hr following their administration. The suppression of jumping response was specific, since, the vertical jumping behavior induced by coadministration of amphetamine and l-dopa was not affected by cannabinoids. These results demonstrate that single injection of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is effective in controlling morphine abstinence syndrome for 24 hr, and that the drugs related to cannabinoids may show promise in narcotic detoxification.", "PMID": 564515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6091", "title": "Central and peripheral norepinephrine concentrations in rat strains selectively bred for differences in response to stress: confirmation and extension.", "content": "Inbred rats from the Maudsley Reactive (MR) strain had lower concentrations of norepinephrine in hypothalamus, heart, and spleen, and lower total catecholamines in adrenal than inbred Maudsley Non-Reactive rats (MNRA line). In contrast, they had a higher concentration of telencephalic NE than MNRA rats. These results confirmed previous findings obtained on rats maintained by non-systematic breeding within the two lines. Comparisons were also made between MR and a second Maudsley Non-Reactive strain (MNR). Rats of the two Non-Reactive lines (MNRA, MNR) have been bred from the same foundation population and selected for the same behavioral characteristics, but have been genetically isolated from each other for many generations. It was found that MR rats showed differences from MNR rats in hypothalamic and peripheral (but not telencephalic) NE concentrations similar to those seen in MR/MNRA comparisons. Since rats of the two Non-Reactive lines differ appreciably from MR rats in open-field defecation (the criterion on which they were selected), their differences from MR rats in a neurochemical system involved in sympathetic function suggests that this system may be functionally related to well established behavioral and physiological differences between the lines.", "contents": "Central and peripheral norepinephrine concentrations in rat strains selectively bred for differences in response to stress: confirmation and extension. Inbred rats from the Maudsley Reactive (MR) strain had lower concentrations of norepinephrine in hypothalamus, heart, and spleen, and lower total catecholamines in adrenal than inbred Maudsley Non-Reactive rats (MNRA line). In contrast, they had a higher concentration of telencephalic NE than MNRA rats. These results confirmed previous findings obtained on rats maintained by non-systematic breeding within the two lines. Comparisons were also made between MR and a second Maudsley Non-Reactive strain (MNR). Rats of the two Non-Reactive lines (MNRA, MNR) have been bred from the same foundation population and selected for the same behavioral characteristics, but have been genetically isolated from each other for many generations. It was found that MR rats showed differences from MNR rats in hypothalamic and peripheral (but not telencephalic) NE concentrations similar to those seen in MR/MNRA comparisons. Since rats of the two Non-Reactive lines differ appreciably from MR rats in open-field defecation (the criterion on which they were selected), their differences from MR rats in a neurochemical system involved in sympathetic function suggests that this system may be functionally related to well established behavioral and physiological differences between the lines.", "PMID": 564516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6092", "title": "Acute experimental emotional stress and natural history of arterial hypertension.", "content": "The role of experimental emotional stress in the genesis of arterial hypertension was studied. On immobilized rabbits during long-term electrical stimulation of the negative defence emotiogenic centers of the hypothalamus there was treaced development of the arterial hypertension from a transient phase of the struggle between pressor and depressor mechanisms to the phase of a stable dominance of pressor influences and effect on heart activity, including development of a sharp myocardial infarction. The role of different limbic and reticular structures, as well as of adrenal hormones and barocepor depressor mechanisms was revealed in dynamics of the arterial hypertension developmnet under hypothalamic stimulation. A leading role of the adrenergic substratum of the midbrain reticular formation was established in the mechanism of the stable arterial hypothalamic hypertension.", "contents": "Acute experimental emotional stress and natural history of arterial hypertension. The role of experimental emotional stress in the genesis of arterial hypertension was studied. On immobilized rabbits during long-term electrical stimulation of the negative defence emotiogenic centers of the hypothalamus there was treaced development of the arterial hypertension from a transient phase of the struggle between pressor and depressor mechanisms to the phase of a stable dominance of pressor influences and effect on heart activity, including development of a sharp myocardial infarction. The role of different limbic and reticular structures, as well as of adrenal hormones and barocepor depressor mechanisms was revealed in dynamics of the arterial hypertension developmnet under hypothalamic stimulation. A leading role of the adrenergic substratum of the midbrain reticular formation was established in the mechanism of the stable arterial hypothalamic hypertension.", "PMID": 564519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6093", "title": "Short latency induction of lordosis by ether in estrogen-primed female rats.", "content": "Brief ether exposure induced high quality sexual receptivity in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats, presumably by increasing the secretion of adrenal progestins. Adrenalectomy completely blocked the effects of ether on this behavior. The onset of receptivity occurred 30--60 min following ether exposure; latencies much shorter than those previously reported necessary for adrenal mediation of female sexual behavior. The rapid onset and high quality of female behavior induced by adrenal secretions indicate that the adrenal glands can be sources of artifact when attempting to identify nonadrenal factors controlling receptivity.", "contents": "Short latency induction of lordosis by ether in estrogen-primed female rats. Brief ether exposure induced high quality sexual receptivity in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats, presumably by increasing the secretion of adrenal progestins. Adrenalectomy completely blocked the effects of ether on this behavior. The onset of receptivity occurred 30--60 min following ether exposure; latencies much shorter than those previously reported necessary for adrenal mediation of female sexual behavior. The rapid onset and high quality of female behavior induced by adrenal secretions indicate that the adrenal glands can be sources of artifact when attempting to identify nonadrenal factors controlling receptivity.", "PMID": 564520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6094", "title": "Geophagia in response to stress and arthritis.", "content": "Geophagia, the consumption of nonnutritive dirt, has previously been shown to be increased when rats have been made acutely ill. The present paper reports two experiments in which geophagia in response to stress and arthritis was measured. In the first experiment, experimental rats were injected with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA), a mineral oil suspension of killed Mycobacterium butyricum. They ate significantly more kaolin (a nonnutritive substance) than controls, suggesting that geophagia is a behavioral measure of illness. In a second study, kaolin consumption was similarly elevated in stressed and/or arthritic animals as well as in control rats living in the same room. Nonstressed controls housed in a remote room ate significantly less kaolin than rats in all other groups. It was concluded that geophagia may occur in response to any homeostatic alteration (stress state). Furthermore, this state can presumably be communicated to naive rats from adjacently-housed stressed animals. Geophagia was postulated to occur in animals who experience a generalized stress reponse since this state may involve gastro-intestinal malaise.", "contents": "Geophagia in response to stress and arthritis. Geophagia, the consumption of nonnutritive dirt, has previously been shown to be increased when rats have been made acutely ill. The present paper reports two experiments in which geophagia in response to stress and arthritis was measured. In the first experiment, experimental rats were injected with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA), a mineral oil suspension of killed Mycobacterium butyricum. They ate significantly more kaolin (a nonnutritive substance) than controls, suggesting that geophagia is a behavioral measure of illness. In a second study, kaolin consumption was similarly elevated in stressed and/or arthritic animals as well as in control rats living in the same room. Nonstressed controls housed in a remote room ate significantly less kaolin than rats in all other groups. It was concluded that geophagia may occur in response to any homeostatic alteration (stress state). Furthermore, this state can presumably be communicated to naive rats from adjacently-housed stressed animals. Geophagia was postulated to occur in animals who experience a generalized stress reponse since this state may involve gastro-intestinal malaise.", "PMID": 564521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6095", "title": "Effects of acute ovariectomy on the lordosis response of female rats.", "content": "The sexual receptivity of intact females with 4- or 5-day estrous cycles was compared to that of other females which had been ovariectomized at particular times during their cycles. The quality and frequency of lordosis responding were more degraded the earlier during the cycle ovariectomy was performed. This effect was more pronounced in 4-day than in 5-day cyclic females. Because exogenous progesterone was administered to all ovariectomized females, these behavioral deficits were attributed to removal of ovarian estradiol. Ovariectomy 6 hr before the critical period for luteinizing hormone release significantly shortened the duration of behavioral estrus, even though it had no effect when lordosis was tested at the time intact estrous females are maximally receptive. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the continual availability of estradiol throughout the 18--24 hr interval perior to the onset of behavioral estrus is essential for optimal conditioning of sexual receptivity to occur under physiological conditions. The relevance of triggering and maintenance functions of estradiol to these results is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of acute ovariectomy on the lordosis response of female rats. The sexual receptivity of intact females with 4- or 5-day estrous cycles was compared to that of other females which had been ovariectomized at particular times during their cycles. The quality and frequency of lordosis responding were more degraded the earlier during the cycle ovariectomy was performed. This effect was more pronounced in 4-day than in 5-day cyclic females. Because exogenous progesterone was administered to all ovariectomized females, these behavioral deficits were attributed to removal of ovarian estradiol. Ovariectomy 6 hr before the critical period for luteinizing hormone release significantly shortened the duration of behavioral estrus, even though it had no effect when lordosis was tested at the time intact estrous females are maximally receptive. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the continual availability of estradiol throughout the 18--24 hr interval perior to the onset of behavioral estrus is essential for optimal conditioning of sexual receptivity to occur under physiological conditions. The relevance of triggering and maintenance functions of estradiol to these results is discussed.", "PMID": 564522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6096", "title": "Increased alcohol selection in rats after alcohol drinking paired with recovery from thiamine deficiency.", "content": "Repeated pairings of novel alcohol solutions (5% or 7.5% w/v) with IP injections of 267 microgram/kg thiamine in thiamine-deficient male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the ingestion of pharmacologically active doses of alcohol in association with recovery. Mean alcohol intake in a postrecovery fluid choice situation exceeded metabolic capacity for 7--10 days; such intake was not observed in nondeficient pair-fed rats or in formely deficient rats whose recovery was not paired with alcohol drinking. Alcohol was self-selected in the presence of water under conditions where the rats had no experience with water while deficient, but the presence of 0.1% saccharin as a postrecovery alternative to alcohol was sufficient to abolish the elevated intake. Absolute alcohol intake and blood alcohol levels on recovery days and during self-selection were comparable with 5% and 7.5% alcohol solutions.", "contents": "Increased alcohol selection in rats after alcohol drinking paired with recovery from thiamine deficiency. Repeated pairings of novel alcohol solutions (5% or 7.5% w/v) with IP injections of 267 microgram/kg thiamine in thiamine-deficient male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the ingestion of pharmacologically active doses of alcohol in association with recovery. Mean alcohol intake in a postrecovery fluid choice situation exceeded metabolic capacity for 7--10 days; such intake was not observed in nondeficient pair-fed rats or in formely deficient rats whose recovery was not paired with alcohol drinking. Alcohol was self-selected in the presence of water under conditions where the rats had no experience with water while deficient, but the presence of 0.1% saccharin as a postrecovery alternative to alcohol was sufficient to abolish the elevated intake. Absolute alcohol intake and blood alcohol levels on recovery days and during self-selection were comparable with 5% and 7.5% alcohol solutions.", "PMID": 564523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6097", "title": "Intra-uterine nutrition and its effects on aggression.", "content": "Prenatal zinc deficiency and prenatal undernutrition were found to have adverse effects on the food consumption and weight gain of pregnant dams and their offspring. Pups whose dams suffered prenatal zinc deficiency (ZD) consumed less food and gained less weight than pups whose dams suffered prenatal undernutrition (PF). The PF pups consumed less food and gained less weight than pups whose dams were normally fed (AL). The ZD females at age 75 days were significantly more aggressive than the PF females, while the PF females were more aggressive than the AL females. At age 105 days, ZD females were significantly more aggressive than the PF and AL females. There were no differences in aggression between the PF and AL females at 105 days. Among the ZD, PF, and AL male offspring, there were no differences in aggression at either age level except that the 75 day old PF males were significantly less aggressive than the AL males. Thus prenatal malnutrition, especially zinc deficiency, seems to have differential effects on the aggressive tendencies of female and male offspring.", "contents": "Intra-uterine nutrition and its effects on aggression. Prenatal zinc deficiency and prenatal undernutrition were found to have adverse effects on the food consumption and weight gain of pregnant dams and their offspring. Pups whose dams suffered prenatal zinc deficiency (ZD) consumed less food and gained less weight than pups whose dams suffered prenatal undernutrition (PF). The PF pups consumed less food and gained less weight than pups whose dams were normally fed (AL). The ZD females at age 75 days were significantly more aggressive than the PF females, while the PF females were more aggressive than the AL females. At age 105 days, ZD females were significantly more aggressive than the PF and AL females. There were no differences in aggression between the PF and AL females at 105 days. Among the ZD, PF, and AL male offspring, there were no differences in aggression at either age level except that the 75 day old PF males were significantly less aggressive than the AL males. Thus prenatal malnutrition, especially zinc deficiency, seems to have differential effects on the aggressive tendencies of female and male offspring.", "PMID": 564524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6098", "title": "Components of predation defense behavior in chickens: evidence for endogenous rhythmicity.", "content": "The manifestation of diurnal periodicity and the extent of its control by the photoperiod was assessed in three predation defense reactions which constitute either components or outcomes of a predator-prey interaction sequence. Two-hundred White Leghorn chicks were reared from hatching for one week in either 24L or 12L and then tested at one of two clock hours previously demonstrated to define peak and trough response for one of the components. Putative evidence was found for an endogenous source of the periodicity manifested in all reactions. Maintenance schedule did not entrain the periodicity, but simple room entry and handling elicited anti-predator reactions, the extent of which varied as a function of clock hour. A general model of predation defense behavior was proposed.", "contents": "Components of predation defense behavior in chickens: evidence for endogenous rhythmicity. The manifestation of diurnal periodicity and the extent of its control by the photoperiod was assessed in three predation defense reactions which constitute either components or outcomes of a predator-prey interaction sequence. Two-hundred White Leghorn chicks were reared from hatching for one week in either 24L or 12L and then tested at one of two clock hours previously demonstrated to define peak and trough response for one of the components. Putative evidence was found for an endogenous source of the periodicity manifested in all reactions. Maintenance schedule did not entrain the periodicity, but simple room entry and handling elicited anti-predator reactions, the extent of which varied as a function of clock hour. A general model of predation defense behavior was proposed.", "PMID": 564525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6099", "title": "Motor competence in rats of different stocks reared in large and small litters.", "content": "The effects of sex and stock on a task of motor competence (balancing on a rod) were studied in Long-Evans, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats reared in large and small litters. The data indicated significant sex and stock effects but no effects of rearing condition. Although no nutritional effect was found on this task, the data suggest that stock differences should receive greater attention particularly with regard to the possibilities that such differences provide for the identification and analysis of a broad spectrum of effects.", "contents": "Motor competence in rats of different stocks reared in large and small litters. The effects of sex and stock on a task of motor competence (balancing on a rod) were studied in Long-Evans, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats reared in large and small litters. The data indicated significant sex and stock effects but no effects of rearing condition. Although no nutritional effect was found on this task, the data suggest that stock differences should receive greater attention particularly with regard to the possibilities that such differences provide for the identification and analysis of a broad spectrum of effects.", "PMID": 564526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6100", "title": "Dorsal supernumerary breast. Case report.", "content": "An unusual case of a dorsally placed supernumerary breast is presented, along with a short review of the literature.", "contents": "Dorsal supernumerary breast. Case report. An unusual case of a dorsally placed supernumerary breast is presented, along with a short review of the literature.", "PMID": 564527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6101", "title": "A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the lutbolysin in swine: IV An explanation for the luteotrophic effect of estradiol.", "content": "This study evaluated effects of estradiol valerate on synthesis, secretion and direction of movement of immunoreactive prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) in swine. Gilts were randomly assigned to provide uterine flushings representing days 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 of the estrous cycle (three gilts/day). The same gilts then were allowed one estrous cycle for recovery. During the second postoperative estrous cycle they were treated with estradiol valerate (EV) (5mg/day, SC) on days 11 through 15 and uterine flushings again were obtained on the same respective days with the same gilts represented within each day. Total recoverable PGF per uterine horn increased from day 11 (X - 1.98 ng) to day 17 (X = 210.20 ng) and then declined to day 19 (X = 66.20 ng) during the control period. Following EV treatment average total recoverable PGF was the control period. Following EV treatment average total recoverable PGF was 1.9, 4,144.3 and 4,646.7 ng on the same respective days. EV treatment also resulted in maintenance of elevated levels of total protein and acid phosphatase activity in uterine flushings. These data suggest that estradiol may exert its luteotrophic effect by preventing the release of PGF from the uterine endometrium into the uterine venous system (endocrine secretion) while maintaining the movement of endometrial secretions into the uterine lumen (exocrine secretion).", "contents": "A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the lutbolysin in swine: IV An explanation for the luteotrophic effect of estradiol. This study evaluated effects of estradiol valerate on synthesis, secretion and direction of movement of immunoreactive prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) in swine. Gilts were randomly assigned to provide uterine flushings representing days 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 of the estrous cycle (three gilts/day). The same gilts then were allowed one estrous cycle for recovery. During the second postoperative estrous cycle they were treated with estradiol valerate (EV) (5mg/day, SC) on days 11 through 15 and uterine flushings again were obtained on the same respective days with the same gilts represented within each day. Total recoverable PGF per uterine horn increased from day 11 (X - 1.98 ng) to day 17 (X = 210.20 ng) and then declined to day 19 (X = 66.20 ng) during the control period. Following EV treatment average total recoverable PGF was the control period. Following EV treatment average total recoverable PGF was 1.9, 4,144.3 and 4,646.7 ng on the same respective days. EV treatment also resulted in maintenance of elevated levels of total protein and acid phosphatase activity in uterine flushings. These data suggest that estradiol may exert its luteotrophic effect by preventing the release of PGF from the uterine endometrium into the uterine venous system (endocrine secretion) while maintaining the movement of endometrial secretions into the uterine lumen (exocrine secretion).", "PMID": 564530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6102", "title": "Effects of epinephrine and oxytocin on the release of prostaglandin F from the rat uterus in vitro.", "content": "Isolated uteri from rats with regular 4-day cycles were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer and the release of PGF into the medium was measured by radioimmunoassay after extraction of the incubation medium with ethyl acetate at pH 3.0-3.5. PGF was produced from endogenous precursors and accumulated in equal amounts in the medium during two successive 60 min periods on each day of cycle, but the magnitude of the production varied significantly during the cycle, being greatest in estrus. Oxytocin in doses up to 500 mU/ml had no effect on PGF accumulation in the incubation period at any stage of the cycle, while epinephrine (10(-3)) greatly stimulated PGF release from the estrous uterus but had no effect on PGF release from the diestrous uterus. Phentolamine, an alpha-blocking agent, had no effect on the epinephrine-induced release of PGF, while propranolol, a beta-blocking agent, not only prevented in increase in PGF production induced by epinephrine but also reduced the basal release of PGF by the estrous uterus. Since oxytocin contracts and epinephrine relaxes the nonpregnant rat uterus both in vivo and in vitro, it is unlikely that the effects of these two compounds on uterine contractility are mediated by the release of PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Effects of epinephrine and oxytocin on the release of prostaglandin F from the rat uterus in vitro. Isolated uteri from rats with regular 4-day cycles were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer and the release of PGF into the medium was measured by radioimmunoassay after extraction of the incubation medium with ethyl acetate at pH 3.0-3.5. PGF was produced from endogenous precursors and accumulated in equal amounts in the medium during two successive 60 min periods on each day of cycle, but the magnitude of the production varied significantly during the cycle, being greatest in estrus. Oxytocin in doses up to 500 mU/ml had no effect on PGF accumulation in the incubation period at any stage of the cycle, while epinephrine (10(-3)) greatly stimulated PGF release from the estrous uterus but had no effect on PGF release from the diestrous uterus. Phentolamine, an alpha-blocking agent, had no effect on the epinephrine-induced release of PGF, while propranolol, a beta-blocking agent, not only prevented in increase in PGF production induced by epinephrine but also reduced the basal release of PGF by the estrous uterus. Since oxytocin contracts and epinephrine relaxes the nonpregnant rat uterus both in vivo and in vitro, it is unlikely that the effects of these two compounds on uterine contractility are mediated by the release of PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 564531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6103", "title": "[Scientific fundamentals of hippo- and riding therapy - a compilation of study results (author's transl)].", "content": "The article surveys some of the scientific fundamentals of hippo- and riding therapy, and its methods using the characteristic horseback three dimensional rhythmic movement impulses for its therapeutic values, particularly in cerebral palsy. The influence of riding on posture and balance reactions, position of the pelvic, postures of head and trunk as well as rotatory movements was demonstrated in film studies using the cerebral palsied with different syndromes as an example. Electromyographic examinations of antagonistic muscle groups, kinesiologic analyses with the help of a video-recorder, as well as motor tests to evaluate coordination and balance control confirm the practical experience, i.e., that the hippo- and riding therapy has a positive influence on the neuromuscular dysfunction in cerebral movement disorders. A lasting improvement of motor and intellectual abilities was proven by a long-term study which also revealed that motivation was the driving force.", "contents": "[Scientific fundamentals of hippo- and riding therapy - a compilation of study results (author's transl)]. The article surveys some of the scientific fundamentals of hippo- and riding therapy, and its methods using the characteristic horseback three dimensional rhythmic movement impulses for its therapeutic values, particularly in cerebral palsy. The influence of riding on posture and balance reactions, position of the pelvic, postures of head and trunk as well as rotatory movements was demonstrated in film studies using the cerebral palsied with different syndromes as an example. Electromyographic examinations of antagonistic muscle groups, kinesiologic analyses with the help of a video-recorder, as well as motor tests to evaluate coordination and balance control confirm the practical experience, i.e., that the hippo- and riding therapy has a positive influence on the neuromuscular dysfunction in cerebral movement disorders. A lasting improvement of motor and intellectual abilities was proven by a long-term study which also revealed that motivation was the driving force.", "PMID": 564536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6104", "title": "Time course of audiogenic seizure susceptibility and plasma pentobarbital concentration during withdrawal.", "content": "Rats were made dependent on sodium barbital by daily oral administration of the drug over a 4 week period. At the end of this time the animals were switched to sodium pentobarbital, I.P., 30 mg/Kg every 4 hours for 3 days and withdrawn. Mean Plasma pentobarbital concentrations was observed to decline rapidly following peak concentrations which occurred approximately 1 hour after the final dose. The last samples in which pentobarbital was detectable were taken 3 hours after the last dose. Audiogenic seizure susceptibility and intensity peaked at 6 hours following the last dose, suggesting that a low concentration of barbiturate is more important in increasing seizure propensity than a sudden decrease in concentration. No electroencephalographic abnormalities were observed during the withdrawal period.", "contents": "Time course of audiogenic seizure susceptibility and plasma pentobarbital concentration during withdrawal. Rats were made dependent on sodium barbital by daily oral administration of the drug over a 4 week period. At the end of this time the animals were switched to sodium pentobarbital, I.P., 30 mg/Kg every 4 hours for 3 days and withdrawn. Mean Plasma pentobarbital concentrations was observed to decline rapidly following peak concentrations which occurred approximately 1 hour after the final dose. The last samples in which pentobarbital was detectable were taken 3 hours after the last dose. Audiogenic seizure susceptibility and intensity peaked at 6 hours following the last dose, suggesting that a low concentration of barbiturate is more important in increasing seizure propensity than a sudden decrease in concentration. No electroencephalographic abnormalities were observed during the withdrawal period.", "PMID": 564537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6105", "title": "Influence of immune stimulation and suppression on morphine physical dependence and tolerance.", "content": "The role of the immune system in the development of physical dependence and tolerance to morphine was studied in mice in which the immune response was either stimulated or suppressed. Immunization of mice against morphine increased the blood and brain levels of morphine as compared to controls. However, the development of physical dependence and tolerance was decreased. The chronic responses to morphine were also decreased by nonspecific immunosuppression (vincristine-cyclophosphamide treatment and gamma-irradiation exposure) and specific immunosuppression (antithymocyte and antilymphocyte sera treatment). Immunosuppressive treatments did not alter the rate of morphine absorption from the subcutaneous depot used to induce chronic exposure to the drug. However, the blood and brain levels of morphine were higher than control after 72 hours of morphine pellet implantation. It is apparent that manipulation of the immune system can alter the physical dependence and tolerance development to morphine.", "contents": "Influence of immune stimulation and suppression on morphine physical dependence and tolerance. The role of the immune system in the development of physical dependence and tolerance to morphine was studied in mice in which the immune response was either stimulated or suppressed. Immunization of mice against morphine increased the blood and brain levels of morphine as compared to controls. However, the development of physical dependence and tolerance was decreased. The chronic responses to morphine were also decreased by nonspecific immunosuppression (vincristine-cyclophosphamide treatment and gamma-irradiation exposure) and specific immunosuppression (antithymocyte and antilymphocyte sera treatment). Immunosuppressive treatments did not alter the rate of morphine absorption from the subcutaneous depot used to induce chronic exposure to the drug. However, the blood and brain levels of morphine were higher than control after 72 hours of morphine pellet implantation. It is apparent that manipulation of the immune system can alter the physical dependence and tolerance development to morphine.", "PMID": 564538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6106", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in neonatal lambs.", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin levels of lambs were monitored 24 h post partum using the zinc sulphate turbidity test. There was a wide distribution in the level of circulating maternal immunoglobulin and quite a large proportion of lambs were hypogammaglobulinaemic. Mean levels were highest in single lambs and lowest in triplets.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in neonatal lambs. The serum immunoglobulin levels of lambs were monitored 24 h post partum using the zinc sulphate turbidity test. There was a wide distribution in the level of circulating maternal immunoglobulin and quite a large proportion of lambs were hypogammaglobulinaemic. Mean levels were highest in single lambs and lowest in triplets.", "PMID": 564539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6107", "title": "Contact transmission of distemper virus in ferrets.", "content": "Distemper virus was transmitted when infected donor ferrets were placed with susceptible ferrets for various contact periods. Distemper was more likely to be transmitted during the later stages of the disease. A positive correlation was found between the length of contact time and the acquisition of infection.", "contents": "Contact transmission of distemper virus in ferrets. Distemper virus was transmitted when infected donor ferrets were placed with susceptible ferrets for various contact periods. Distemper was more likely to be transmitted during the later stages of the disease. A positive correlation was found between the length of contact time and the acquisition of infection.", "PMID": 564540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6108", "title": "Sensitivity of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of pigs and horses to erythromycin and its use in selective media.", "content": "The ability of erythromycin in liquid medium to suppress the growth of eight species of acholeplasma and of 13 species of mycoplasma was tested. The Acholeplasma spp and two glycolytic Mycoplasma spp from horses--a slow glucose-metabolising (SGM) mycoplasma and a strain N3, related to M mycoides--were sensitive to erythromycin. Thus the growth of acholeplasmas can be suppressed when attempts are made to isolate pathogens from the porcine respiratory tract, but, in the case of horses, erythromycin would suppress not only Acholeplasma spp but also two Mycoplasma spp of unknown pathogenicity in the equine respiratory tract.", "contents": "Sensitivity of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of pigs and horses to erythromycin and its use in selective media. The ability of erythromycin in liquid medium to suppress the growth of eight species of acholeplasma and of 13 species of mycoplasma was tested. The Acholeplasma spp and two glycolytic Mycoplasma spp from horses--a slow glucose-metabolising (SGM) mycoplasma and a strain N3, related to M mycoides--were sensitive to erythromycin. Thus the growth of acholeplasmas can be suppressed when attempts are made to isolate pathogens from the porcine respiratory tract, but, in the case of horses, erythromycin would suppress not only Acholeplasma spp but also two Mycoplasma spp of unknown pathogenicity in the equine respiratory tract.", "PMID": 564541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6109", "title": "The efficacy of praziquantel against cestodes in cats, dogs and sheep.", "content": "Praziquantel is a new type of acylated isoquinoline-pyrazine. A single, low oral or subcutaneous dose of the compound is reliably effective against all tested juvenile and adult cestodes in cats, dogs and sheep. Praziquantel is the first cestodicide which is also effective on bile duct cestodes. In cats and dogs, 5 mg praziquantel per kg is completely effective on all stages of Taenia hydatigena, T pisiformis, T ovis, T taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Mesocestoides corti, Echinococcus multilocularis and E granulosus. Because of its very wide therapeutic index praziquantel is thus particularly suited for eradication programmes, eg, echinococcosis.", "contents": "The efficacy of praziquantel against cestodes in cats, dogs and sheep. Praziquantel is a new type of acylated isoquinoline-pyrazine. A single, low oral or subcutaneous dose of the compound is reliably effective against all tested juvenile and adult cestodes in cats, dogs and sheep. Praziquantel is the first cestodicide which is also effective on bile duct cestodes. In cats and dogs, 5 mg praziquantel per kg is completely effective on all stages of Taenia hydatigena, T pisiformis, T ovis, T taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Mesocestoides corti, Echinococcus multilocularis and E granulosus. Because of its very wide therapeutic index praziquantel is thus particularly suited for eradication programmes, eg, echinococcosis.", "PMID": 564542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6110", "title": "Gout, particularly diuretics-induced, is one the increase in Finland.", "content": "Gout has been considered a rare disease in Finland. However, our hospital series of 77 patients from 1952 to 1976 shows a striking increase during the last 8 years. Over those 8 years the number of persons in the whole country receiving prescribed reimbursable medicines for gout and/or hyperuricaemia rose 10-fold, from 218 to 2188. Diuretics were implicated in one-fourth of our patients-all recent cases. Associated morbidity was high in both obese and non-obese patients. The clinical features and dietary habits of the patients are discussed.", "contents": "Gout, particularly diuretics-induced, is one the increase in Finland. Gout has been considered a rare disease in Finland. However, our hospital series of 77 patients from 1952 to 1976 shows a striking increase during the last 8 years. Over those 8 years the number of persons in the whole country receiving prescribed reimbursable medicines for gout and/or hyperuricaemia rose 10-fold, from 218 to 2188. Diuretics were implicated in one-fourth of our patients-all recent cases. Associated morbidity was high in both obese and non-obese patients. The clinical features and dietary habits of the patients are discussed.", "PMID": 564545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6111", "title": "Diurnal rhythm: effects on hepatic regeneration and hepatic regenerative stimulator substance.", "content": "The effect of a controlled lighting schedule on the activity of a weanling rat liver extract that stimulates DNA synthesis in regenerating adult rat liver, and on the response of the test animals to the extract, has been investigated. Both activity of the extract and endogenous DNA synthesis in the weanling animals follow the same distinct diurnal rhythm. Reversal of the lighting schedule reverses the rhythm of endogenous DNA synthesis but activity of the extract no longer correlates with the peak of DNA synthesis. Diurnal rhythm also has a striking effect on DNA synthesis in the regenerating test animal, but the extract increases DNA synthesis to the same relative degree, regardless of the time of day the hepatectomy is performed.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm: effects on hepatic regeneration and hepatic regenerative stimulator substance. The effect of a controlled lighting schedule on the activity of a weanling rat liver extract that stimulates DNA synthesis in regenerating adult rat liver, and on the response of the test animals to the extract, has been investigated. Both activity of the extract and endogenous DNA synthesis in the weanling animals follow the same distinct diurnal rhythm. Reversal of the lighting schedule reverses the rhythm of endogenous DNA synthesis but activity of the extract no longer correlates with the peak of DNA synthesis. Diurnal rhythm also has a striking effect on DNA synthesis in the regenerating test animal, but the extract increases DNA synthesis to the same relative degree, regardless of the time of day the hepatectomy is performed.", "PMID": 564547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6112", "title": "Enhancement of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease activity by mercaptoethanol.", "content": "Incubation of ribonuclease with 0.1M mercaptoethanol at pH 8.5 can increase the enzyme's hydrolytic activity toward cytidine 2',3'-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) under standard assay conditions. Cation-exchange chromatography of the ribonuclease-thiol reaction mixture revealed seven fractions. The fraction with the highest activity had an approximate tenfold decrease in the apparent Michaelis constant for cyclic CMP with respect to native ribonuclease. The enhanced activity is a metastable property since this fraction reverts back to the control activity and chromatographic behavior of native ribonuclease on standing in solution at room temperature.", "contents": "Enhancement of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease activity by mercaptoethanol. Incubation of ribonuclease with 0.1M mercaptoethanol at pH 8.5 can increase the enzyme's hydrolytic activity toward cytidine 2',3'-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) under standard assay conditions. Cation-exchange chromatography of the ribonuclease-thiol reaction mixture revealed seven fractions. The fraction with the highest activity had an approximate tenfold decrease in the apparent Michaelis constant for cyclic CMP with respect to native ribonuclease. The enhanced activity is a metastable property since this fraction reverts back to the control activity and chromatographic behavior of native ribonuclease on standing in solution at room temperature.", "PMID": 564548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6113", "title": "Fertilization-induced changes in membrane fluidity of sea urchin eggs.", "content": "By use of a spin label fatty acid, 5-doxylstearate, an increase in bulk membrane fluidity was observed after fertilization of two species of sea urchin eggs. Eggs partially activated by ammonia showed a similar effect. The data suggest that a structural change involving membrane lipids accompanies activation.", "contents": "Fertilization-induced changes in membrane fluidity of sea urchin eggs. By use of a spin label fatty acid, 5-doxylstearate, an increase in bulk membrane fluidity was observed after fertilization of two species of sea urchin eggs. Eggs partially activated by ammonia showed a similar effect. The data suggest that a structural change involving membrane lipids accompanies activation.", "PMID": 564549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6114", "title": "Dieldrin-induced mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens).", "content": "Brains of juvenile gray bats, Myotis grisescens, found dead beneath maternity roosts in two Missouri caves contained lethal concentrations of dieldrin. One colony appeared to be abnormally small, and more dead bats were found a year after the juvenile bats had been collected. This is the first report to link the field mortality of bats directly to insecticide residues acquired through the food chain.", "contents": "Dieldrin-induced mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens). Brains of juvenile gray bats, Myotis grisescens, found dead beneath maternity roosts in two Missouri caves contained lethal concentrations of dieldrin. One colony appeared to be abnormally small, and more dead bats were found a year after the juvenile bats had been collected. This is the first report to link the field mortality of bats directly to insecticide residues acquired through the food chain.", "PMID": 564550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6115", "title": "Sustained release of alcohol: subcutaneous silastic implants in mice.", "content": "A sustained-release device for use in ethanol dependence studies in mice is described. The Silastic device, dubbed SERT (sustained ethanol release tube), holds 0.35 milliliter of 95 percent ethanol (by volume) and is implanted under the skin of the back where it releases ethanol for up to 12 hours, with no observable tissue damage. The device may be adaptable to the release of other volatile liquids or drugs, in other animals.", "contents": "Sustained release of alcohol: subcutaneous silastic implants in mice. A sustained-release device for use in ethanol dependence studies in mice is described. The Silastic device, dubbed SERT (sustained ethanol release tube), holds 0.35 milliliter of 95 percent ethanol (by volume) and is implanted under the skin of the back where it releases ethanol for up to 12 hours, with no observable tissue damage. The device may be adaptable to the release of other volatile liquids or drugs, in other animals.", "PMID": 564551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6116", "title": "Compulsive, abnormal walking caused by anticholinergics in akinetic, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.", "content": "In otherwise profoundly akinetic rats that had been severely depleted of brain catecholamines, anticholinergic drugs caused excessive walking. The effect did not appear until 10 days after surgery and then increased with time, suggesting that a phenomenon analogous to denervation supersensitivity may be involved. If the animals walked into corners, they were unable to turn around or back out. Their gait (extremely short steps) was reminiscent of that of patients with Parkinson's disease. The results are consistent with a mutually antagonistic interaction between cholinergic and dopaminergic brain systems and emphasize certain complexities in this interaction.", "contents": "Compulsive, abnormal walking caused by anticholinergics in akinetic, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. In otherwise profoundly akinetic rats that had been severely depleted of brain catecholamines, anticholinergic drugs caused excessive walking. The effect did not appear until 10 days after surgery and then increased with time, suggesting that a phenomenon analogous to denervation supersensitivity may be involved. If the animals walked into corners, they were unable to turn around or back out. Their gait (extremely short steps) was reminiscent of that of patients with Parkinson's disease. The results are consistent with a mutually antagonistic interaction between cholinergic and dopaminergic brain systems and emphasize certain complexities in this interaction.", "PMID": 564552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6117", "title": "Propranolol therapy during pregnancy in a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: is it safe?", "content": "A case is presented of a low birth weight infant born prematurely with depressed respiration, sinus bradycardia, and hypoglycemia associated with maternal propranolol therapy during pregnancy and up until labor and delivery. The need for caution in the casual use of propranolol during pregnancy in an asymptomatic patient with IHSS and the potential fetal complications are emphasized.", "contents": "Propranolol therapy during pregnancy in a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: is it safe? A case is presented of a low birth weight infant born prematurely with depressed respiration, sinus bradycardia, and hypoglycemia associated with maternal propranolol therapy during pregnancy and up until labor and delivery. The need for caution in the casual use of propranolol during pregnancy in an asymptomatic patient with IHSS and the potential fetal complications are emphasized.", "PMID": 564553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6118", "title": "The influence of physiological age on the biting rhythm of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera : Culcidae)", "content": "All of 704 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus females caught on bufflo bait were inseminated and 98 % were at ovariole stage 1. Parity rates ranged from 41 % to 66 % on the 4 nights studied with increases observed during dusk, midnight and before dawn. Changes in the parity of the biting population were related to sexual maturation, mating, oviposition rhythms and especially the survivorship of the adults.", "contents": "The influence of physiological age on the biting rhythm of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera : Culcidae). All of 704 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus females caught on bufflo bait were inseminated and 98 % were at ovariole stage 1. Parity rates ranged from 41 % to 66 % on the 4 nights studied with increases observed during dusk, midnight and before dawn. Changes in the parity of the biting population were related to sexual maturation, mating, oviposition rhythms and especially the survivorship of the adults.", "PMID": 564554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6119", "title": "Staphylococcal food poisoning from infected snoek.", "content": "Snoek was implicated in the food poisoning of 2 people in Bloemfontein. The patients' symptoms and culture of snoek samples suggested Staphylococcus aureus as the causative agent. Enumeration of S. aureus by selective procedures gave counts of 200 000 per gram in snoek obtained from the patients and from the butchery supplying the snoek. Investigations indicated that the snoek was heavily contaminated with S. aureus before arrival at the butchery and that the organisms grew as a result of mishandling after processing.", "contents": "Staphylococcal food poisoning from infected snoek. Snoek was implicated in the food poisoning of 2 people in Bloemfontein. The patients' symptoms and culture of snoek samples suggested Staphylococcus aureus as the causative agent. Enumeration of S. aureus by selective procedures gave counts of 200 000 per gram in snoek obtained from the patients and from the butchery supplying the snoek. Investigations indicated that the snoek was heavily contaminated with S. aureus before arrival at the butchery and that the organisms grew as a result of mishandling after processing.", "PMID": 564558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6120", "title": "The association of sex ratio anomalies with pyloric stenosis.", "content": "Published family data were examined for evidence of aberrant sex ratios in relatives of pyloric stenosis index cases. An excess of males over females was found among unaffected members of sibships in which there occurred more than one case of pyloric stenosis. The male excess among affected members of these sibships did not differ from that among index cases without affected sibs. An unusual frequency of spontaneous abortions in these subships, which might account for the observed excess of males, was not observed. No evidence was found of sex ratio anomalies in other classes of relative of pyloric stenosis index cases, whether or not the index cases had affected sibs.", "contents": "The association of sex ratio anomalies with pyloric stenosis. Published family data were examined for evidence of aberrant sex ratios in relatives of pyloric stenosis index cases. An excess of males over females was found among unaffected members of sibships in which there occurred more than one case of pyloric stenosis. The male excess among affected members of these sibships did not differ from that among index cases without affected sibs. An unusual frequency of spontaneous abortions in these subships, which might account for the observed excess of males, was not observed. No evidence was found of sex ratio anomalies in other classes of relative of pyloric stenosis index cases, whether or not the index cases had affected sibs.", "PMID": 564559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6121", "title": "[Radiotherapy of the soft tissue sarcomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Although 82,5% of the total body weight consist of mesenchymal tissues, only 1%--3% of all malignant tumors are soft tissue sarcomas. The necessary irradiation dose can only be determined after an exact histopathological diagnosis; therefore this diagnosis has to be made prior to the radiotherapy. Except the fibro- and liposarcomas, all sarcoma form very early lymphogenic metastases. All sarcomas show a remarquable tendency to form recurrences. Surgery is the primary therapy. After that, an irradiation of the tumor region and the regional lymph nodes should be effected under all circumstances. We have treated and checked up 749 patients. After this therapeutic method, the five-year survival rate in the stages T1 and T2 is 60% for the myxosarcoma, 67% for the angiosarcoma, 41% for the fasciculated sarcoma, 40% for the globocellular sarcoma, 30% for the polymorphous sarcoma, 69% for the fibrosarcoma, and 61% for the leiomyosarcoma.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of the soft tissue sarcomas (author's transl)]. Although 82,5% of the total body weight consist of mesenchymal tissues, only 1%--3% of all malignant tumors are soft tissue sarcomas. The necessary irradiation dose can only be determined after an exact histopathological diagnosis; therefore this diagnosis has to be made prior to the radiotherapy. Except the fibro- and liposarcomas, all sarcoma form very early lymphogenic metastases. All sarcomas show a remarquable tendency to form recurrences. Surgery is the primary therapy. After that, an irradiation of the tumor region and the regional lymph nodes should be effected under all circumstances. We have treated and checked up 749 patients. After this therapeutic method, the five-year survival rate in the stages T1 and T2 is 60% for the myxosarcoma, 67% for the angiosarcoma, 41% for the fasciculated sarcoma, 40% for the globocellular sarcoma, 30% for the polymorphous sarcoma, 69% for the fibrosarcoma, and 61% for the leiomyosarcoma.", "PMID": 564561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6122", "title": "Urethral valves: management of upper urinary tract changes.", "content": "A conservative approach to upper urinary tract changes in urethral valves is suggested. The bladder is initially decompressed by insertion of a feeding tube via the urethra if the patient has azotemia, acidosis, or serious urinary infection. After correction of fluid and electrolyte deficits and control of infection, the valve is destroyed transurethrally despite the presence of severe upper tract dilatation.", "contents": "Urethral valves: management of upper urinary tract changes. A conservative approach to upper urinary tract changes in urethral valves is suggested. The bladder is initially decompressed by insertion of a feeding tube via the urethra if the patient has azotemia, acidosis, or serious urinary infection. After correction of fluid and electrolyte deficits and control of infection, the valve is destroyed transurethrally despite the presence of severe upper tract dilatation.", "PMID": 564564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6123", "title": "AO incompatibility in a small group of developmentally disabled children.", "content": "Prevalence of fetal-maternal AO incompatibility was studied in a group of 150 children having developmental delay in the neuropsychological sphere. In a given population the number of A children having O mothers (AO incompatibility) should equal the number of O children having A mothers (OA compatibility). However, in the study group we observed 26 children in the former and 14 children in the latter category. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). The frequency of AO incompatibility in the developmentally disabled population was higher (17.3%) than that in 437 child-mother pairs of the general population (10.1%). It was not possible to demonstrate association of any specific neurological defect with AO incompatibility, although the children born from AO incompatible pregnancies tended to start walking later than the other children of the study group.", "contents": "AO incompatibility in a small group of developmentally disabled children. Prevalence of fetal-maternal AO incompatibility was studied in a group of 150 children having developmental delay in the neuropsychological sphere. In a given population the number of A children having O mothers (AO incompatibility) should equal the number of O children having A mothers (OA compatibility). However, in the study group we observed 26 children in the former and 14 children in the latter category. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). The frequency of AO incompatibility in the developmentally disabled population was higher (17.3%) than that in 437 child-mother pairs of the general population (10.1%). It was not possible to demonstrate association of any specific neurological defect with AO incompatibility, although the children born from AO incompatible pregnancies tended to start walking later than the other children of the study group.", "PMID": 564562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6124", "title": "[Surgical treatment of postnatal insufficiency of the anal sphincter].", "content": "From the analysis of 91 cases of postnatal insufficiency of the anal constrictor some causes of occurrence of various types of this condition were revealed. Depending on the type of insufficiency indications to different operation methods were elaborated. The selection of operation methods is grounded on immediate and late results of the treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of postnatal insufficiency of the anal sphincter]. From the analysis of 91 cases of postnatal insufficiency of the anal constrictor some causes of occurrence of various types of this condition were revealed. Depending on the type of insufficiency indications to different operation methods were elaborated. The selection of operation methods is grounded on immediate and late results of the treatment.", "PMID": 564568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6125", "title": "Epidemiology of Salmonella infection in calves: the source of calfhood infection by Salmonella dublin.", "content": "Investigation of the source of neonatal Salmonella dublin infection of calves was undertaken by carrying out caesarean section of cows with a history of excretion of S dublin following either S dublin enteritis or S dublin abortion. No evidence of transplacental infection was detected but six of 10 animals showed evidence of excretion of the organism in the faeces, vaginal discharge or milk in the period immediately following parturition. The strong probability of early infection as a result of contamination of the environment is therefore suggested.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Salmonella infection in calves: the source of calfhood infection by Salmonella dublin. Investigation of the source of neonatal Salmonella dublin infection of calves was undertaken by carrying out caesarean section of cows with a history of excretion of S dublin following either S dublin enteritis or S dublin abortion. No evidence of transplacental infection was detected but six of 10 animals showed evidence of excretion of the organism in the faeces, vaginal discharge or milk in the period immediately following parturition. The strong probability of early infection as a result of contamination of the environment is therefore suggested.", "PMID": 564570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6126", "title": "[Smoking and pregnancy (psychosocial aspects of the prevention of damage caused by nicotine) (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature on the detrimental effects of smoking on pregnancy is indeed extensive. Despite the hazard of a significantly increased perinatal mortality, especially on account of prematurity with low birth weight of the infants, no wellaimed campaign has been conducted so far which would aim at enlightening pregnant women about the dangers involved in smoking. A study conducted with a group of 425 women treated in our outpatient department is analyzed to determine the audience for an informative brochure on smoking, and also to find out the most effective way in which this brochure should be presented and worded. Every third young woman up to 25 years of age is a regular smoker (p less than 0,0001). There is a significantly higher incidence of smokers among unmarried women than among married ones. (p less than 0.05). Career women and employees were found to smoke twice as often than those not gainfully employed (p less than 0.01). Women without children, too, smoked twices as often as women with two and more children (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, women with an IQ above 100 smoked cigarettes twice as often than women with an IQ up to 100. Two out of 12 psychometrically studied personality traits bore a significant relationship to smoking. These results agree with perinatologic literature and are discussed under the aspect of effective information on the hazards of smoking during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Smoking and pregnancy (psychosocial aspects of the prevention of damage caused by nicotine) (author's transl)]. The literature on the detrimental effects of smoking on pregnancy is indeed extensive. Despite the hazard of a significantly increased perinatal mortality, especially on account of prematurity with low birth weight of the infants, no wellaimed campaign has been conducted so far which would aim at enlightening pregnant women about the dangers involved in smoking. A study conducted with a group of 425 women treated in our outpatient department is analyzed to determine the audience for an informative brochure on smoking, and also to find out the most effective way in which this brochure should be presented and worded. Every third young woman up to 25 years of age is a regular smoker (p less than 0,0001). There is a significantly higher incidence of smokers among unmarried women than among married ones. (p less than 0.05). Career women and employees were found to smoke twice as often than those not gainfully employed (p less than 0.01). Women without children, too, smoked twices as often as women with two and more children (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, women with an IQ above 100 smoked cigarettes twice as often than women with an IQ up to 100. Two out of 12 psychometrically studied personality traits bore a significant relationship to smoking. These results agree with perinatologic literature and are discussed under the aspect of effective information on the hazards of smoking during pregnancy.", "PMID": 564578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6127", "title": "[Problems of the presence of potential mycotoxin producers in milk powders for babies (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of the finding of aflatoxin B1 in the liver of deceased children and in some samples of milk powder, commercial samples of domestic and foreign milk powder intended for babies were examined. From 4950 g of milk powder 11 119 colonies of 29 genera of mould were isolated, averaging 1,9 colonies for the domestic and 0,1 colonies/g for the foreign milk powders. The moulds were uniformly dispersed through the powder, but in one sample the greatest number of colonies was isolated from the surface layer of the powder in the original package. The results of the investigation must lead to a revision of views on the microbiological standards and the production and packaging technologies for baby foods.", "contents": "[Problems of the presence of potential mycotoxin producers in milk powders for babies (author's transl)]. Because of the finding of aflatoxin B1 in the liver of deceased children and in some samples of milk powder, commercial samples of domestic and foreign milk powder intended for babies were examined. From 4950 g of milk powder 11 119 colonies of 29 genera of mould were isolated, averaging 1,9 colonies for the domestic and 0,1 colonies/g for the foreign milk powders. The moulds were uniformly dispersed through the powder, but in one sample the greatest number of colonies was isolated from the surface layer of the powder in the original package. The results of the investigation must lead to a revision of views on the microbiological standards and the production and packaging technologies for baby foods.", "PMID": 564582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6128", "title": "[Cadmium in mushrooms (author's transl)].", "content": "The cadmium content of 402 species of wild mushrooms was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Altogether 1049 samples, grown mainly, in southern Germany, were tested. The cadmium content was between less than 0,1 and 120 mg/kg dry weight, equivalent to less than 0,01 and 10,8 mg/kg fresh weight. Samples with low cadmium content were predominant: 68% of the samples contained less than 2 mg/kg dry weight, 86.5% contained less than 5 mg/kg dry weight, equivalent to about less than 0,2 and less than 0,5 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively. The cadmium content was clearly species-dependent, and to a lesser extent genus-dependent. Samples containing more than 10 mg/kg dry weight occurred in 41 species, among these were 9 Tricholomataceae, 10 Agaricaceae, 11 Cortinariaceae, 3 Amanitas and 4 Russula species. Samples containing more than 50 mg/kg dry weight were found in Agaricus augustus, A perrarus, A. silvicola, A. macrosporus, A. maleolens, and Inocybe bongardii. In single fruiting-bodies the lowest cadmium content was found in the stem, whereas the highest content was found in the gills and tubes. Cadmium content of the gills was at most five times the amount present in the cup. In cadmium-rich mushrooms a marked concentration as compared with the cadmium content of the soil had occured.", "contents": "[Cadmium in mushrooms (author's transl)]. The cadmium content of 402 species of wild mushrooms was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Altogether 1049 samples, grown mainly, in southern Germany, were tested. The cadmium content was between less than 0,1 and 120 mg/kg dry weight, equivalent to less than 0,01 and 10,8 mg/kg fresh weight. Samples with low cadmium content were predominant: 68% of the samples contained less than 2 mg/kg dry weight, 86.5% contained less than 5 mg/kg dry weight, equivalent to about less than 0,2 and less than 0,5 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively. The cadmium content was clearly species-dependent, and to a lesser extent genus-dependent. Samples containing more than 10 mg/kg dry weight occurred in 41 species, among these were 9 Tricholomataceae, 10 Agaricaceae, 11 Cortinariaceae, 3 Amanitas and 4 Russula species. Samples containing more than 50 mg/kg dry weight were found in Agaricus augustus, A perrarus, A. silvicola, A. macrosporus, A. maleolens, and Inocybe bongardii. In single fruiting-bodies the lowest cadmium content was found in the stem, whereas the highest content was found in the gills and tubes. Cadmium content of the gills was at most five times the amount present in the cup. In cadmium-rich mushrooms a marked concentration as compared with the cadmium content of the soil had occured.", "PMID": 564583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6129", "title": "Acoustic signals in mouse maternal behavior: retrieving and cannibalism.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to show that juvenile acoustic signals are not essential prerequisites for inhibiting parental aggression or for eliciting maternal care. This was demonstrated by comparing the behavior of Rb-3 and GFF+/+ female mice with normal audition and that of a deaf mutant GFF dn/dn. 243 females and 609 litters were used to measure cannibalism and 54 females to measure speed of retrieval. Neither rate of cannibalism nor speed of retrieval were modified by deafness, thus verifying the proposed hypothesis.", "contents": "Acoustic signals in mouse maternal behavior: retrieving and cannibalism. The purpose of this study was to show that juvenile acoustic signals are not essential prerequisites for inhibiting parental aggression or for eliciting maternal care. This was demonstrated by comparing the behavior of Rb-3 and GFF+/+ female mice with normal audition and that of a deaf mutant GFF dn/dn. 243 females and 609 litters were used to measure cannibalism and 54 females to measure speed of retrieval. Neither rate of cannibalism nor speed of retrieval were modified by deafness, thus verifying the proposed hypothesis.", "PMID": 564584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6130", "title": "[Characteristics of early autoimmune reaction in vaccinated and revaccinated animals].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice weighing 18 to 22 g. Development of early autoimmune reaction in response to the primary administration of microbial antigens was revealed; its intensity and duration depended on the dose of the antigen. Injection of physiological saline of the same or greater volume led only to the short-lived increase in the count of the autoantibody synthesizing cells in the spleen tissue. In repeated contact with the given antigen, there was noted a marked intensification of the reaction to homologous antigen, and a depression--to heterologous one in 7 to 14 days. Reaction to the administration of physiological saline alone failed to alter.", "contents": "[Characteristics of early autoimmune reaction in vaccinated and revaccinated animals]. Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice weighing 18 to 22 g. Development of early autoimmune reaction in response to the primary administration of microbial antigens was revealed; its intensity and duration depended on the dose of the antigen. Injection of physiological saline of the same or greater volume led only to the short-lived increase in the count of the autoantibody synthesizing cells in the spleen tissue. In repeated contact with the given antigen, there was noted a marked intensification of the reaction to homologous antigen, and a depression--to heterologous one in 7 to 14 days. Reaction to the administration of physiological saline alone failed to alter.", "PMID": 564589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6131", "title": "[The changed clinical picture of urogenital tuberculosis].", "content": "Of the 4500 urological patients treated in Weil Emil Hospital in Budapest, in 5 years 140 (3.1%) cases of urogenital tuberculosis were detected. In these cases earlier examinations failed to reveal the process which manifested itself one to six months. The number of those needing surgical intervention decreased considerably, 34 (24.2%) of the patients were operated. The clinical pattern has changed in our days and the possibility of an urogenital tuberculosis must be considered whenever no explanation can be found for the complaints and when even a single one of the characteristic symptoms of urogenital tuberculosis is observed.", "contents": "[The changed clinical picture of urogenital tuberculosis]. Of the 4500 urological patients treated in Weil Emil Hospital in Budapest, in 5 years 140 (3.1%) cases of urogenital tuberculosis were detected. In these cases earlier examinations failed to reveal the process which manifested itself one to six months. The number of those needing surgical intervention decreased considerably, 34 (24.2%) of the patients were operated. The clinical pattern has changed in our days and the possibility of an urogenital tuberculosis must be considered whenever no explanation can be found for the complaints and when even a single one of the characteristic symptoms of urogenital tuberculosis is observed.", "PMID": 564590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6132", "title": "[Neurinoma of the small intestine].", "content": "A neurinoma of the terminal ileum was discussed. It was as large as an infants head and had descended to the lesser pelvis where it became lodged. An intestinal loop became clamped by this mass causing ileus. The mass also compressed theurinary bladder producing dysuria. Even though the neurinoma is quite a rare phenomenon in clinical practice, it deserves attention because of the difficulty with which it can be diagnosed, and because of the complications it can cause; Among them ileus, and hemorrhaging are the most common. Acute peritonitis due to perforation of the infected pseudocysts in the center of the tumor is a significantly rarer phenomenon, and malignant alterations are the rarest complications. As only a few cases of neurinomas of the small intestine have been described in world literature, the authors hope to contribute to a better understanding of this problem.", "contents": "[Neurinoma of the small intestine]. A neurinoma of the terminal ileum was discussed. It was as large as an infants head and had descended to the lesser pelvis where it became lodged. An intestinal loop became clamped by this mass causing ileus. The mass also compressed theurinary bladder producing dysuria. Even though the neurinoma is quite a rare phenomenon in clinical practice, it deserves attention because of the difficulty with which it can be diagnosed, and because of the complications it can cause; Among them ileus, and hemorrhaging are the most common. Acute peritonitis due to perforation of the infected pseudocysts in the center of the tumor is a significantly rarer phenomenon, and malignant alterations are the rarest complications. As only a few cases of neurinomas of the small intestine have been described in world literature, the authors hope to contribute to a better understanding of this problem.", "PMID": 564591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6133", "title": "The carpus in congenital anomalies of the hand.", "content": "Congenital anomalies of the carpus associated with congenital hand and upper limb anomalies were investigated from the point of view of the development of the hand. Defects of the carpus were categorized as follows: 1) Radial ray defect: loss of the scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid. 2) Central ray defect: loss of the capitate and loss of a part of the trapezium and hamate. 3) Ulnar ray defect: loss of the triguetrum, pisiformis and hamate. Deficiencies of the carpus and more distal parts of the hand proved to be secondary to defects of the forearm bones in both the radial and ulnar ray. On the other hand deficiency of the carpus was secondary to defects of the phalanx and metacarpal of the middle finger in the central ray. Thus, from the standpoint of the development of the carpus, bipolar development of the bones of the hand originates proximally in both the radial and ulnar rays and distally in the central ray.", "contents": "The carpus in congenital anomalies of the hand. Congenital anomalies of the carpus associated with congenital hand and upper limb anomalies were investigated from the point of view of the development of the hand. Defects of the carpus were categorized as follows: 1) Radial ray defect: loss of the scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid. 2) Central ray defect: loss of the capitate and loss of a part of the trapezium and hamate. 3) Ulnar ray defect: loss of the triguetrum, pisiformis and hamate. Deficiencies of the carpus and more distal parts of the hand proved to be secondary to defects of the forearm bones in both the radial and ulnar ray. On the other hand deficiency of the carpus was secondary to defects of the phalanx and metacarpal of the middle finger in the central ray. Thus, from the standpoint of the development of the carpus, bipolar development of the bones of the hand originates proximally in both the radial and ulnar rays and distally in the central ray.", "PMID": 564593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6134", "title": "Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. I. Infant feeding.", "content": "131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in the municipality of Copenhagen 1956--71 (incidence 0.92 SIDS cases per 1 000 live births) were investigated on the basis of police reports and infant health visitor's records. Fewer SIDS cases were breast-fed than controls from the second week of life to four months of age. No significant differences were found with respect to the concentrations of fresh cow's milk dilutions, age at introduction of solid food, or number of meals per day. From 1956 to 1971 breast-feeding was declining and solids introduced earlier, while the incidence of SIDS remained constant. The lifespan for SIDS cases who had never been breast-fed was equal to that of cases who had. There is no evidence that SIDS victims had their first solid food during the last days of life. The results are discussed in the light of the hypersensitivity, immuno-incompetence, and high solute feeding hypotheses. It is concluded that feeding does not seem to be responsible for the occurrence of SIDS. The lower frequency of breast-feeding among SIDS cases is ascribed to various factors known to be associated with SIDS.", "contents": "Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. I. Infant feeding. 131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in the municipality of Copenhagen 1956--71 (incidence 0.92 SIDS cases per 1 000 live births) were investigated on the basis of police reports and infant health visitor's records. Fewer SIDS cases were breast-fed than controls from the second week of life to four months of age. No significant differences were found with respect to the concentrations of fresh cow's milk dilutions, age at introduction of solid food, or number of meals per day. From 1956 to 1971 breast-feeding was declining and solids introduced earlier, while the incidence of SIDS remained constant. The lifespan for SIDS cases who had never been breast-fed was equal to that of cases who had. There is no evidence that SIDS victims had their first solid food during the last days of life. The results are discussed in the light of the hypersensitivity, immuno-incompetence, and high solute feeding hypotheses. It is concluded that feeding does not seem to be responsible for the occurrence of SIDS. The lower frequency of breast-feeding among SIDS cases is ascribed to various factors known to be associated with SIDS.", "PMID": 564594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6135", "title": "[Effect of innervation and hormones on enzyme activation and synthesis].", "content": "Data from the literature and own ones indicate the key role of the nervous system in regulation of the activity and synthesis of the enzymes of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles. Hepatic cells are highly sensitive both to regulation of their metabolism by the vegetative, especially sympathetic nervous system, and hormonal regulation. The enzymic activity and metabolism in the kidneys are controlled mainly by hormones and are not subjected or poorly monitored by the nervous system. Hormonal regulation of the enzymic activity in the bone marrow is presumably rather poor, whereas the question of nervous regulation of its metabolism remains nuclear.", "contents": "[Effect of innervation and hormones on enzyme activation and synthesis]. Data from the literature and own ones indicate the key role of the nervous system in regulation of the activity and synthesis of the enzymes of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles. Hepatic cells are highly sensitive both to regulation of their metabolism by the vegetative, especially sympathetic nervous system, and hormonal regulation. The enzymic activity and metabolism in the kidneys are controlled mainly by hormones and are not subjected or poorly monitored by the nervous system. Hormonal regulation of the enzymic activity in the bone marrow is presumably rather poor, whereas the question of nervous regulation of its metabolism remains nuclear.", "PMID": 564587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6136", "title": "Haemorrhagic infarction of the myocardium in a newborn with haemoglobin H disease and erythroblastosis.", "content": "Extensive haemorrhagic myocardial infarction developed in a newborn, apparently as a result of anoxia due to erythroblastosis fetalis, associated with haemoglobin H disease. Acute massive myocardial infarction in the neonatal period is rare and usually is associated with congenital malformation of the heart or its blood supply. Neonatal myocardial infarction in the anatomically normal heart with normal coronary vessels, has been described in only 8 patients (1). The communication describes a newborn with acute haemorrhagic myocardial infarction due to anoxia believed to be caused by the combined effect of erythroblastosis fetalis and haemoglobin H disease.", "contents": "Haemorrhagic infarction of the myocardium in a newborn with haemoglobin H disease and erythroblastosis. Extensive haemorrhagic myocardial infarction developed in a newborn, apparently as a result of anoxia due to erythroblastosis fetalis, associated with haemoglobin H disease. Acute massive myocardial infarction in the neonatal period is rare and usually is associated with congenital malformation of the heart or its blood supply. Neonatal myocardial infarction in the anatomically normal heart with normal coronary vessels, has been described in only 8 patients (1). The communication describes a newborn with acute haemorrhagic myocardial infarction due to anoxia believed to be caused by the combined effect of erythroblastosis fetalis and haemoglobin H disease.", "PMID": 564595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6137", "title": "Lethality for mice and chick embryos, pyrogenicity in rabbits and ability to gelate lysate from amoebocytes of Limulus polyphemus by lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella.", "content": "Phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Veillonella, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were lethal for mice and 11-days-old chick embryos, pyrogenic in rabbits, and gelated Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Mouse lethality was considerably enhanced by actinomycin-D. In all test systems the endotoxin activity of Veillonella and Fusocbacterium LPS was comparable to that of LPS from Salmonella enteritidis, which was included as a reference endotoxin. The endotoxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was very low. While nanograms of the Veillonella and Fusobacterium LPS killed the chick embryos and gelated the Limulus lysates, microgram amounts of the Bacteroides LPS were needed to give positive reaction in the same test systems. As much as 74 microgram of the most active B. fragilis LPS were required to give a typical biphasic fever response in rabbits. A significant correlation was found between all test results (r = 0.90-0.98, p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Lethality for mice and chick embryos, pyrogenicity in rabbits and ability to gelate lysate from amoebocytes of Limulus polyphemus by lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella. Phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Veillonella, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were lethal for mice and 11-days-old chick embryos, pyrogenic in rabbits, and gelated Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Mouse lethality was considerably enhanced by actinomycin-D. In all test systems the endotoxin activity of Veillonella and Fusocbacterium LPS was comparable to that of LPS from Salmonella enteritidis, which was included as a reference endotoxin. The endotoxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was very low. While nanograms of the Veillonella and Fusobacterium LPS killed the chick embryos and gelated the Limulus lysates, microgram amounts of the Bacteroides LPS were needed to give positive reaction in the same test systems. As much as 74 microgram of the most active B. fragilis LPS were required to give a typical biphasic fever response in rabbits. A significant correlation was found between all test results (r = 0.90-0.98, p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 564596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6138", "title": "Cardiovascular reactivity and design in rats with experimental \"neurogenic hypertension\".", "content": "The arterial barorecptors were denervated in 20 normotensive Wistar rats. 2 1/2 months after the operation their cardiovascular responses to \"mental stress\" were compared to those of matched control rats (NCR). At the time of investigation the blood pressure of the baroreceptor denervated rats (BDR) was increased some 15 per cent above that of the control group. There was, however, no difference in response to \"mental stress\" between groups, if anything the BDR reponded with less pronounced tachycardia. Two months subsequent to the stress-test the men blood pressure of the BDR was still significantly above normal levels, but the BDR did not exhibit structural cardiovascular adaptation, which has been documented in most types of stable hypertension as a response to the increased mean blood pressure. The results imply that hypertension induced by baroreceptor denervation is not of a stable and persistent type in which case structural changes in the cardiovascular system would have developed within the observation period (approximately 4 months). Emotional stimuli, however, do not seem to contribute to periodic blood pressure increase at the time of measurement, as earlier suggested.", "contents": "Cardiovascular reactivity and design in rats with experimental \"neurogenic hypertension\". The arterial barorecptors were denervated in 20 normotensive Wistar rats. 2 1/2 months after the operation their cardiovascular responses to \"mental stress\" were compared to those of matched control rats (NCR). At the time of investigation the blood pressure of the baroreceptor denervated rats (BDR) was increased some 15 per cent above that of the control group. There was, however, no difference in response to \"mental stress\" between groups, if anything the BDR reponded with less pronounced tachycardia. Two months subsequent to the stress-test the men blood pressure of the BDR was still significantly above normal levels, but the BDR did not exhibit structural cardiovascular adaptation, which has been documented in most types of stable hypertension as a response to the increased mean blood pressure. The results imply that hypertension induced by baroreceptor denervation is not of a stable and persistent type in which case structural changes in the cardiovascular system would have developed within the observation period (approximately 4 months). Emotional stimuli, however, do not seem to contribute to periodic blood pressure increase at the time of measurement, as earlier suggested.", "PMID": 564597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6139", "title": "Lung tumor response in mice to metals and metal salts.", "content": "Two studies tested the ability of metals and their salts to produce lung tumors in strain A mice. Of 13 compounds examined, lead subacetate, manganous sulfate, molybdenum trioxide, and nickelous acetate elicited a weakly carcinogenic response following intraperitoneal injection. Nine metallic compounds were negative. There was no evidence of cocarcinogenic effect between metals and the chemical carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene. On the basis of these and other data, recommendation is made for further investigations in metal carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Lung tumor response in mice to metals and metal salts. Two studies tested the ability of metals and their salts to produce lung tumors in strain A mice. Of 13 compounds examined, lead subacetate, manganous sulfate, molybdenum trioxide, and nickelous acetate elicited a weakly carcinogenic response following intraperitoneal injection. Nine metallic compounds were negative. There was no evidence of cocarcinogenic effect between metals and the chemical carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene. On the basis of these and other data, recommendation is made for further investigations in metal carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 564598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6140", "title": "[Proteinase activity in the early developmental stages of the carp, Cyprinus carpio].", "content": "Embryonic and early postembryonic development of the carp is associated with an increase in the content of soluble proteins and nitrogen of non-protein nitrogenous components. Simultaneously, the activity of trypsin-like and chemotrypsin-like peptide hydrolases increases together with the increase in the degree of proteolysis. These data suggest that the development of carp embryos and early larva is accompanied by intensification of two opposite processes--synthesis and catabolism of proteins. The observed changes are more evident in early postembryonic period as compared with the early stages of embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Proteinase activity in the early developmental stages of the carp, Cyprinus carpio]. Embryonic and early postembryonic development of the carp is associated with an increase in the content of soluble proteins and nitrogen of non-protein nitrogenous components. Simultaneously, the activity of trypsin-like and chemotrypsin-like peptide hydrolases increases together with the increase in the degree of proteolysis. These data suggest that the development of carp embryos and early larva is accompanied by intensification of two opposite processes--synthesis and catabolism of proteins. The observed changes are more evident in early postembryonic period as compared with the early stages of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 564588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6141", "title": "Hemodynamics and coronary angiography in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "One hundred eighteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were studied with cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. In 112 a gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract was present in the resting state. Seventeen of the 61 patients who had right heart catheterization had a mild resting gradient across the right ventricular outflow tract, that was considered clinically and hemodynamically insignificant. Ninety-five patients (80 percent) had a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg; 60 percent had mitral regurgitation that was of mild degree in most cases. Almost 20 percent had coexistent coronary atherosclerosis (25 percent incidence rate in subjects aged 40 years or older). Patients with associated severe coronary atherosclerosis had a lower intraventricular gradient at rest than other patients. Coronary atherosclerosis appears to be a coincidental condition. The need for objective evaluation of the coronary circulation is emphasized.", "contents": "Hemodynamics and coronary angiography in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. One hundred eighteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were studied with cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. In 112 a gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract was present in the resting state. Seventeen of the 61 patients who had right heart catheterization had a mild resting gradient across the right ventricular outflow tract, that was considered clinically and hemodynamically insignificant. Ninety-five patients (80 percent) had a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg; 60 percent had mitral regurgitation that was of mild degree in most cases. Almost 20 percent had coexistent coronary atherosclerosis (25 percent incidence rate in subjects aged 40 years or older). Patients with associated severe coronary atherosclerosis had a lower intraventricular gradient at rest than other patients. Coronary atherosclerosis appears to be a coincidental condition. The need for objective evaluation of the coronary circulation is emphasized.", "PMID": 564600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6142", "title": "Tissue valve replacement of prosthetic heart valves for thromboembolism.", "content": "Twenty-five patients who had repeated thromboemboli from a prosthetic mitral valve were treated with reoperation using a tissue valve prosthesis. Reoperation was performed an average of 4.0 years after the original valve replacement in 14 men and 11 women, with an average age of 50 (range 35 to 65) years. A stented allograft was used in the first 7 patients and a porcine xenograft in the last 18 patients. There were one hospital death and two late deaths. With the first prosthetic valve there were 66 documented embolic episodes in 101.5 patient years (0.65 embolus/year). Only four embolic episodes in 67.4 patient years (0.059 embolus/year) occurred after tissue valve replacement (P less than 0.001). These results indicate that in patients with recurrent or severe embolization after prosthetic heart valve replacement, rereplacement with a tissue prosthesis can be safely performed and significantly reduces the likelihood that additional embolic episodes will occur.", "contents": "Tissue valve replacement of prosthetic heart valves for thromboembolism. Twenty-five patients who had repeated thromboemboli from a prosthetic mitral valve were treated with reoperation using a tissue valve prosthesis. Reoperation was performed an average of 4.0 years after the original valve replacement in 14 men and 11 women, with an average age of 50 (range 35 to 65) years. A stented allograft was used in the first 7 patients and a porcine xenograft in the last 18 patients. There were one hospital death and two late deaths. With the first prosthetic valve there were 66 documented embolic episodes in 101.5 patient years (0.65 embolus/year). Only four embolic episodes in 67.4 patient years (0.059 embolus/year) occurred after tissue valve replacement (P less than 0.001). These results indicate that in patients with recurrent or severe embolization after prosthetic heart valve replacement, rereplacement with a tissue prosthesis can be safely performed and significantly reduces the likelihood that additional embolic episodes will occur.", "PMID": 564601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6143", "title": "Assay for free and total choline activity in biological fluids and tissues of rats and man with Torulopsis pintolopessi.", "content": "The sensitive, specific growth response to choline activity of the thermophilic enteric yeast Torulopsis pintolopessi enables estimation of free and bound choline activity in rat and human fluids and tissues- as little as 10 ng/ml of choline is measurable. Unlike other microbial assays, estimation of unbound (free) choline activity is not influenced by methionine or phospholipids. The method also distinguishes differences in choline activity of fluids and tissues from choline-deficient and choline-replete rats. Free and bound choline activity in blood, red blood cells, plasma, and liver from choline-deficient rats were almost 2-fold lower than from choline-supplemented animals. Free and bound choline activity in whole brain from choline-deficient rats were signifigantly higher (more than 2-fold). The application of the T. pintolopessi method in studying choline status in man and reasons for high choline activity in brain of choline-deficient rats are suggested.", "contents": "Assay for free and total choline activity in biological fluids and tissues of rats and man with Torulopsis pintolopessi. The sensitive, specific growth response to choline activity of the thermophilic enteric yeast Torulopsis pintolopessi enables estimation of free and bound choline activity in rat and human fluids and tissues- as little as 10 ng/ml of choline is measurable. Unlike other microbial assays, estimation of unbound (free) choline activity is not influenced by methionine or phospholipids. The method also distinguishes differences in choline activity of fluids and tissues from choline-deficient and choline-replete rats. Free and bound choline activity in blood, red blood cells, plasma, and liver from choline-deficient rats were almost 2-fold lower than from choline-supplemented animals. Free and bound choline activity in whole brain from choline-deficient rats were signifigantly higher (more than 2-fold). The application of the T. pintolopessi method in studying choline status in man and reasons for high choline activity in brain of choline-deficient rats are suggested.", "PMID": 564602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6144", "title": "Birthweight of infants with congenital heart disease.", "content": "A subnormal birth weight distribution was noted in a population of infants seen during the first year of life for major congenital heart disease (CHD). When arranged according to cardiac diagnostic categories, 17 of the 21 major cardiac lesions were associated with subnormal birth weight distribution. Major extracardiac anomalies present in 19.9% of all infants appeared not to influence the birth weight distributions of either the total population of 19 of 21 cardiac lesion categories. An increased incidence (6.1%) of small-for-dates infants was observed in the study population. Extra-cardiac anomalies occurred in 28% of the small-for-dates infants. Survival to 1 year of age was 42.8% for the total population with CHD and 49.2% in the small-for-dates group.", "contents": "Birthweight of infants with congenital heart disease. A subnormal birth weight distribution was noted in a population of infants seen during the first year of life for major congenital heart disease (CHD). When arranged according to cardiac diagnostic categories, 17 of the 21 major cardiac lesions were associated with subnormal birth weight distribution. Major extracardiac anomalies present in 19.9% of all infants appeared not to influence the birth weight distributions of either the total population of 19 of 21 cardiac lesion categories. An increased incidence (6.1%) of small-for-dates infants was observed in the study population. Extra-cardiac anomalies occurred in 28% of the small-for-dates infants. Survival to 1 year of age was 42.8% for the total population with CHD and 49.2% in the small-for-dates group.", "PMID": 564604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6145", "title": "Hypermethioninemia in an infant.", "content": "We discuss an infant with hepatitis and hypermethioninemia. An inborn error of metabolism, such as methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency or hereditary tyrosinemia, was originally thought to be the basis for these abnormalities. The infant's subsequent clinical course, however, was incompatible with such a diagnosis; the hypermethioninemia was instead due to the trilogy of prematurity, hepatitis, and a high-protein, high-methionine diet.", "contents": "Hypermethioninemia in an infant. We discuss an infant with hepatitis and hypermethioninemia. An inborn error of metabolism, such as methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency or hereditary tyrosinemia, was originally thought to be the basis for these abnormalities. The infant's subsequent clinical course, however, was incompatible with such a diagnosis; the hypermethioninemia was instead due to the trilogy of prematurity, hepatitis, and a high-protein, high-methionine diet.", "PMID": 564605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6146", "title": "Do static cystourethrograms have a role in the investigation of female incontinence?", "content": "Two hundred and forty-eight women with lower urinary tract complaints who were referred to a special gynecologic urology and urodynamic unit had static cystourethograms (CUG's) performed as part of their diagnostic workups. In women with urodynamic evidence of true anatomic sphincter-weakness stress urinary incontinence (SUI), there was a poor correlation with standard CUG interpretations of SUI as suggested by Green (Types I and II). Also, pure SUI was rarely seen as the sole problem and most patients demonstrated combinations of sensory urgency and unstable bladders. With the recent advent of more formal techniques of urodynamic investigation to include cystoscopy, urethroscopy, and simultaneous cyctometry and urethral pressure profilometry, the importance of a more thorough investigation of lower urinary tract complaints prior to surgical intervention is emphasized.", "contents": "Do static cystourethrograms have a role in the investigation of female incontinence? Two hundred and forty-eight women with lower urinary tract complaints who were referred to a special gynecologic urology and urodynamic unit had static cystourethograms (CUG's) performed as part of their diagnostic workups. In women with urodynamic evidence of true anatomic sphincter-weakness stress urinary incontinence (SUI), there was a poor correlation with standard CUG interpretations of SUI as suggested by Green (Types I and II). Also, pure SUI was rarely seen as the sole problem and most patients demonstrated combinations of sensory urgency and unstable bladders. With the recent advent of more formal techniques of urodynamic investigation to include cystoscopy, urethroscopy, and simultaneous cyctometry and urethral pressure profilometry, the importance of a more thorough investigation of lower urinary tract complaints prior to surgical intervention is emphasized.", "PMID": 564607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6147", "title": "The sloughed urethra syndrome.", "content": "Sloughing of the urethra following obstetric trauma or pelvic surgery usually results in total urinary incontinence. Nine patients in a series of 2,000 investigated for incontinence presented with this syndrome. A technique of urethral reconstruction from the vaginal wall using a supporting bulbocavernosus graft and a Marlex sling is presented and results are discussed.", "contents": "The sloughed urethra syndrome. Sloughing of the urethra following obstetric trauma or pelvic surgery usually results in total urinary incontinence. Nine patients in a series of 2,000 investigated for incontinence presented with this syndrome. A technique of urethral reconstruction from the vaginal wall using a supporting bulbocavernosus graft and a Marlex sling is presented and results are discussed.", "PMID": 564608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6148", "title": "Chemotactic factor influences on the aggregation, swelling, and foreign surface adhesiveness of human leukocytes.", "content": "Chemotactic factors have been shown to induce aggregation and cellular swelling of rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) obtained from the peritoneum. We examined the ability of the chemotactic fragment of C5 and the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine to induce these changes in various preparations of human leukocytes. We found that these factors did induce dextran-sedimented leukocytes and Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated PMN to aggregate and swell. Compared with rabbit peritoneal PMN, however, human PMN responded with more prominent swelling but with less prominent aggregation. Also unlike rabbit peritoneal PMN, human PMN adhered spontaneously to plastic surfaces; the chemotactic factors enhanced this adherence. Certain similarities between the responses of these two cell types were evident: in both rabbit peritoneal and isolated human peripheral PMN, the aggregates had a short life span in the fluid phase; in both, the number of aggregates formed was proportional to the log10 of the PMN concentration; and, in both, the chemotactic activity of the reagents paralleled their aggregating activity. In the system employed, lymphocytes were unresponsive to the chemotactic factors. Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated mononoclear cells (containing varying proportions of monocytes and lymphocytes) were responsive, indicating that human monocytes behave in a manner similar to the human PMN. The results suggest that chemotactic factors induce responsive cells to develop a hyperadherent cytoplasmic membrane. Aggregation and increased adhesiveness to plastic surfaces may reflect this induction.", "contents": "Chemotactic factor influences on the aggregation, swelling, and foreign surface adhesiveness of human leukocytes. Chemotactic factors have been shown to induce aggregation and cellular swelling of rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) obtained from the peritoneum. We examined the ability of the chemotactic fragment of C5 and the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine to induce these changes in various preparations of human leukocytes. We found that these factors did induce dextran-sedimented leukocytes and Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated PMN to aggregate and swell. Compared with rabbit peritoneal PMN, however, human PMN responded with more prominent swelling but with less prominent aggregation. Also unlike rabbit peritoneal PMN, human PMN adhered spontaneously to plastic surfaces; the chemotactic factors enhanced this adherence. Certain similarities between the responses of these two cell types were evident: in both rabbit peritoneal and isolated human peripheral PMN, the aggregates had a short life span in the fluid phase; in both, the number of aggregates formed was proportional to the log10 of the PMN concentration; and, in both, the chemotactic activity of the reagents paralleled their aggregating activity. In the system employed, lymphocytes were unresponsive to the chemotactic factors. Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated mononoclear cells (containing varying proportions of monocytes and lymphocytes) were responsive, indicating that human monocytes behave in a manner similar to the human PMN. The results suggest that chemotactic factors induce responsive cells to develop a hyperadherent cytoplasmic membrane. Aggregation and increased adhesiveness to plastic surfaces may reflect this induction.", "PMID": 564610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6149", "title": "Adrenergic influences on rabbit oviduct: effect of muscle size and ovarian hormones.", "content": "This study attempts to distinguish between a direct action of ovarian steroids on adrenergic neurons in the oviduct and an indirect effect mediated by changes in muscle size. Mature rabbits were treated as follows: group 1, ovariectomized and a polyethylene catheter (1 mm OD) inserted into isthmus of one oviduct (CT) with contralateral oviduct as control (C); group 2, normal, estrous animals with one intubated isthmus (ET) and contralateral control (E). Fourteen days postoperatively, oviducts were removed and muscle-wall thickness, norepinephrine (NE) content, and response to nerve stimulation were measured. Although castration atrophy was prevented in CT, NE content of CT was significantly less than C, 0.032 +/- 0.07 versus 1.09 +/- 0.10 nmol. NE content of ET was also significantly less than E (1.32 +/- 0.03 versus 1.81 +/- 2.0) despite a greater wall thickness of ET. It was concluded that: a) withdrawal of ovarian hormones reduces NE contents by a direct action on nerves; b) moderate stretch, per se, increases muscle size and reduces NE content; c) nerve stimulation induces muscle contraction despite large reduction in transmitter content.", "contents": "Adrenergic influences on rabbit oviduct: effect of muscle size and ovarian hormones. This study attempts to distinguish between a direct action of ovarian steroids on adrenergic neurons in the oviduct and an indirect effect mediated by changes in muscle size. Mature rabbits were treated as follows: group 1, ovariectomized and a polyethylene catheter (1 mm OD) inserted into isthmus of one oviduct (CT) with contralateral oviduct as control (C); group 2, normal, estrous animals with one intubated isthmus (ET) and contralateral control (E). Fourteen days postoperatively, oviducts were removed and muscle-wall thickness, norepinephrine (NE) content, and response to nerve stimulation were measured. Although castration atrophy was prevented in CT, NE content of CT was significantly less than C, 0.032 +/- 0.07 versus 1.09 +/- 0.10 nmol. NE content of ET was also significantly less than E (1.32 +/- 0.03 versus 1.81 +/- 2.0) despite a greater wall thickness of ET. It was concluded that: a) withdrawal of ovarian hormones reduces NE contents by a direct action on nerves; b) moderate stretch, per se, increases muscle size and reduces NE content; c) nerve stimulation induces muscle contraction despite large reduction in transmitter content.", "PMID": 564611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6150", "title": "Acute appendicitis: efficacy of prophylactic preoperative antibiotics in the reduction of septic morbidity.", "content": "The course of 200 patients who recently underwent appendectomy at UCLA for acute appendicitis has been reviewed to determine the efficacy of preoperative systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing septic morbidity after surgery. Among those with nonperforated appendicitis who were given gentamycin and clindamycin preoperatively, a reduction of infection rate from 10.2 to 5.3 per cent was found when compared with patients who received no antibiotics.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis: efficacy of prophylactic preoperative antibiotics in the reduction of septic morbidity. The course of 200 patients who recently underwent appendectomy at UCLA for acute appendicitis has been reviewed to determine the efficacy of preoperative systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing septic morbidity after surgery. Among those with nonperforated appendicitis who were given gentamycin and clindamycin preoperatively, a reduction of infection rate from 10.2 to 5.3 per cent was found when compared with patients who received no antibiotics.", "PMID": 564612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6151", "title": "RO 21-3981 for intravenous surgical premedication and induction of anesthesia.", "content": "RO 21-3981, a new water soluble benzodiazepine, was studied in 24 patients both as an intravenous premedicant and to induce anesthesia. The premedicant dose of 5 mg produced lack of recall and marked sedation within 1 to 2 minutes after injection and persisted for at least 32 minutes. Subsequent induction of anesthesia required an additional 5 to 25 mg of RO 21-3981. However, anesthesia was not induced in 1 patient with 25 mg and was accomplished only with inhalation anesthesia. Loss of lid reflex was unreliable as a sign of induction for patients in whom tracheal intubation was planned. Although decreases in blood pressure of 10 to 30 mm Hg were noted after administration of RO 21-3981, systolic pressure was not recorded below 90 mm Hg. RO 21-3981, because of its amnesic, sedative, and anxiolytic properties, appears to be an excellent premedicant although the 5 mg dose studied was probably larger than necessary. For induction of anesthesia, RO 21-3981 may be an effective alternative to thiopental.", "contents": "RO 21-3981 for intravenous surgical premedication and induction of anesthesia. RO 21-3981, a new water soluble benzodiazepine, was studied in 24 patients both as an intravenous premedicant and to induce anesthesia. The premedicant dose of 5 mg produced lack of recall and marked sedation within 1 to 2 minutes after injection and persisted for at least 32 minutes. Subsequent induction of anesthesia required an additional 5 to 25 mg of RO 21-3981. However, anesthesia was not induced in 1 patient with 25 mg and was accomplished only with inhalation anesthesia. Loss of lid reflex was unreliable as a sign of induction for patients in whom tracheal intubation was planned. Although decreases in blood pressure of 10 to 30 mm Hg were noted after administration of RO 21-3981, systolic pressure was not recorded below 90 mm Hg. RO 21-3981, because of its amnesic, sedative, and anxiolytic properties, appears to be an excellent premedicant although the 5 mg dose studied was probably larger than necessary. For induction of anesthesia, RO 21-3981 may be an effective alternative to thiopental.", "PMID": 564624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6152", "title": "Continuous brachial plexus block for prolonged sympathectomy and control of pain.", "content": "An anesthetic technic for long-term analgesia and sympathectomy for upper extremity vascular accident was successfully employed in 3 patients. Narcotics were not required during this period. Neurological complications, local bleeding, and hematoma were not detected even though 2 patients were heparinized.", "contents": "Continuous brachial plexus block for prolonged sympathectomy and control of pain. An anesthetic technic for long-term analgesia and sympathectomy for upper extremity vascular accident was successfully employed in 3 patients. Narcotics were not required during this period. Neurological complications, local bleeding, and hematoma were not detected even though 2 patients were heparinized.", "PMID": 564632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6153", "title": "Lymph leakage following catheterization of the right subclavian vein.", "content": "Leakge of lymph following puncture of the right subclavian vein occurred in a patient, requiring a pacemaker catheter. The lymph drainage settled spontaneously after 4 days on remanipulation of the pacing wire.", "contents": "Lymph leakage following catheterization of the right subclavian vein. Leakge of lymph following puncture of the right subclavian vein occurred in a patient, requiring a pacemaker catheter. The lymph drainage settled spontaneously after 4 days on remanipulation of the pacing wire.", "PMID": 564630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6154", "title": "Covert seizures as a cause of postoperative apnea.", "content": "Covert seizures expressed as apnea may occur in the immediate postoperative period, and they should be suspected particularly in the known seizure-disorder patient. Management includes ventilation with O2 and avoidance of inappropriate administration of reversal drugs.", "contents": "Covert seizures as a cause of postoperative apnea. Covert seizures expressed as apnea may occur in the immediate postoperative period, and they should be suspected particularly in the known seizure-disorder patient. Management includes ventilation with O2 and avoidance of inappropriate administration of reversal drugs.", "PMID": 564635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6155", "title": "Procaine, lidocaine, and ketamine inhibit histamine-induced contracture of guinea pig tracheal muscle in vitro.", "content": "In vitro experiments using guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle were performed to compare the relaxant properties of procaine, lidocaine, and ketamine following contracture induced by histamine. Procaine produced a spasmolytic effect in a dose-related manner. In the doses tested, relaxation induced by procaine was more pronounced than that produced by either lidocaine or ketamine, although the latter 2 drugs also had a significant spasmolytic effect.", "contents": "Procaine, lidocaine, and ketamine inhibit histamine-induced contracture of guinea pig tracheal muscle in vitro. In vitro experiments using guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle were performed to compare the relaxant properties of procaine, lidocaine, and ketamine following contracture induced by histamine. Procaine produced a spasmolytic effect in a dose-related manner. In the doses tested, relaxation induced by procaine was more pronounced than that produced by either lidocaine or ketamine, although the latter 2 drugs also had a significant spasmolytic effect.", "PMID": 564640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6156", "title": "Photosensitization in cattle and sheep caused by feeding Ammi majus (greater Ammi; Bishop's-Weed).", "content": "Feeding Ammi majus to cattle and sheep caused photosensitization in both species. It also caused photosensitization in human beings who had dermal contact with the plant and subsequent exposure to sunlight.", "contents": "Photosensitization in cattle and sheep caused by feeding Ammi majus (greater Ammi; Bishop's-Weed). Feeding Ammi majus to cattle and sheep caused photosensitization in both species. It also caused photosensitization in human beings who had dermal contact with the plant and subsequent exposure to sunlight.", "PMID": 564649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6157", "title": "Activity of uredofos, niclosamide, bunamidine hydrochloride, and arecoline hydrobromide against Mesocestoides corti in experimentally infected dogs.", "content": "Uredofos, niclosamide, bunamidine hydrochloride, and arecoline hydrobromide were given at various doses to dogs experimentally infected with Mesocestoides corti. The highest efficacies were obtained with bunamidine hydrochloride and uredofos. Variable results were obtained with arecoline hydrobromide and niclosamide.", "contents": "Activity of uredofos, niclosamide, bunamidine hydrochloride, and arecoline hydrobromide against Mesocestoides corti in experimentally infected dogs. Uredofos, niclosamide, bunamidine hydrochloride, and arecoline hydrobromide were given at various doses to dogs experimentally infected with Mesocestoides corti. The highest efficacies were obtained with bunamidine hydrochloride and uredofos. Variable results were obtained with arecoline hydrobromide and niclosamide.", "PMID": 564650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6158", "title": "Photosensitization in sheep fed Ammi majus (Bishop's weed) seed.", "content": "Ammi majus (bishop's weed) grows on the coastal region of southern United States and in other parts of the world. This plant causes severe photosensitization in livestock and probably contributes to the severe photosensitization outbreaks seen in Texas. Sheep were fed finely ground seed of A majus via stomach tube at dose rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg of body weight and exposed to sunlight. The single dose of 8 g/kg produced severe clinical signs (in 24 to 48 hours): cloudy cornea, conjunctivokeratitis, photophobia, and edema of the muzzle, ears, and vulva. Daily dosing at 2 and 4 g/kg produced (in 72 to 96 hours) similar signs, whereas the smallest dose (1 g/kg) produced mild irritation of the muzzle. Pathologic changes included (1) corneal edema and marked neutrophilic infiltration of the cornea and corneal/ciliary process, (2) subacute ulcerative and exudative dermatitis of the skin of ears, muzzle, and vulva, and (3) mild focal tubular degeneration (vacuolar type) of the kidney.", "contents": "Photosensitization in sheep fed Ammi majus (Bishop's weed) seed. Ammi majus (bishop's weed) grows on the coastal region of southern United States and in other parts of the world. This plant causes severe photosensitization in livestock and probably contributes to the severe photosensitization outbreaks seen in Texas. Sheep were fed finely ground seed of A majus via stomach tube at dose rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg of body weight and exposed to sunlight. The single dose of 8 g/kg produced severe clinical signs (in 24 to 48 hours): cloudy cornea, conjunctivokeratitis, photophobia, and edema of the muzzle, ears, and vulva. Daily dosing at 2 and 4 g/kg produced (in 72 to 96 hours) similar signs, whereas the smallest dose (1 g/kg) produced mild irritation of the muzzle. Pathologic changes included (1) corneal edema and marked neutrophilic infiltration of the cornea and corneal/ciliary process, (2) subacute ulcerative and exudative dermatitis of the skin of ears, muzzle, and vulva, and (3) mild focal tubular degeneration (vacuolar type) of the kidney.", "PMID": 564651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6159", "title": "Central vagal control of fentanyl-induced bradycardia during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Six mongrel dogs were used to investigate the mechanism of action of fentanyl-induced bradycardia. With controlled acid-base balance and temperature, and under 1.0 to 1.2 percent endtidal halothane anesthesia, 5 and microgram/kg of IV fentanyl citrate were given sequentially 1 hour apart and heart rate (HR) followed for 60 minutes. A dose-related depression of HR followed both injections. One week later the same dogs were studied similarly, except that bilateral cervical vagotomies were performed before fentanyl was given. The decrease in HR was at most 10 percent of the decrease in HR observed in the innervated dogs. Serum fentanyl levels were comparable. The data indicate the majority of the chronotropic action of fentanyl involves vagal efferent impulses from the central nervous system.", "contents": "Central vagal control of fentanyl-induced bradycardia during halothane anesthesia. Six mongrel dogs were used to investigate the mechanism of action of fentanyl-induced bradycardia. With controlled acid-base balance and temperature, and under 1.0 to 1.2 percent endtidal halothane anesthesia, 5 and microgram/kg of IV fentanyl citrate were given sequentially 1 hour apart and heart rate (HR) followed for 60 minutes. A dose-related depression of HR followed both injections. One week later the same dogs were studied similarly, except that bilateral cervical vagotomies were performed before fentanyl was given. The decrease in HR was at most 10 percent of the decrease in HR observed in the innervated dogs. Serum fentanyl levels were comparable. The data indicate the majority of the chronotropic action of fentanyl involves vagal efferent impulses from the central nervous system.", "PMID": 564641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6160", "title": "[Gallstones in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a 22 month old female, suffering from biliary lithiasis, diagnosted before surgery by endovenous cholangiography, associated to cataracts and neurological impairment. Current etiopathogenic views are briefly exposed, pointing out that incidence of gallstones has ceased to be exceptional.", "contents": "[Gallstones in infancy (author's transl)]. Authors present a 22 month old female, suffering from biliary lithiasis, diagnosted before surgery by endovenous cholangiography, associated to cataracts and neurological impairment. Current etiopathogenic views are briefly exposed, pointing out that incidence of gallstones has ceased to be exceptional.", "PMID": 564652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6161", "title": "Correlation of oxygen uptake and cardiovascular dynamics during N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia in the dog.", "content": "The relationship between changes in wholebody O2 consumption (VO2) and cardiovascular dynamics during changing levels of N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia was determined in 24 dogs. Dose-dependent reductions in VO2, mean blood pressure, and cardiac output occurred with infusion of fentanyl and thiopental. Painful stimuli increased VO2 during light anesthesia but not during deeper levels of anesthesia. Deep levels of N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia may protect the patient with limited cardiac reserve by reducing VO2 and preventing increases in VO2 caused by painful stimuli.", "contents": "Correlation of oxygen uptake and cardiovascular dynamics during N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia in the dog. The relationship between changes in wholebody O2 consumption (VO2) and cardiovascular dynamics during changing levels of N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia was determined in 24 dogs. Dose-dependent reductions in VO2, mean blood pressure, and cardiac output occurred with infusion of fentanyl and thiopental. Painful stimuli increased VO2 during light anesthesia but not during deeper levels of anesthesia. Deep levels of N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia may protect the patient with limited cardiac reserve by reducing VO2 and preventing increases in VO2 caused by painful stimuli.", "PMID": 564642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6162", "title": "Bupivacaine: a review of 11,080 cases.", "content": "Bupivacaine (Marcaine) hydrochloride, a long-acting local anesthetic drug, was used in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 percent with and without a vasoconstrictor, in amounts ranging from 25 to over 600 mg, for caudal, epidural (peridural), or peripheral nerve block for 11,080 surgical, obstetrical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures. Onset of anesthesia occurred in 4 to 10 minutes and maximum anesthesia in 15 to 35 minutes. Concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 percent consistently produced complete sensory anesthesia of the integumentary and musculoskeletal systems. With 0.25 and 0.5 percent, motor blockade ranged from minimal to complete. In intra-abdominal surgery, only 0.75 percent consistently produced profound muscle relaxation. Fifteen systemic toxic reactions occurred, but no untoward sequelae resulted from them. One inadvertent subarachnoid injection of 110 mg resulted in a total spinal block with an uneventful recovery.", "contents": "Bupivacaine: a review of 11,080 cases. Bupivacaine (Marcaine) hydrochloride, a long-acting local anesthetic drug, was used in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 percent with and without a vasoconstrictor, in amounts ranging from 25 to over 600 mg, for caudal, epidural (peridural), or peripheral nerve block for 11,080 surgical, obstetrical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures. Onset of anesthesia occurred in 4 to 10 minutes and maximum anesthesia in 15 to 35 minutes. Concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 percent consistently produced complete sensory anesthesia of the integumentary and musculoskeletal systems. With 0.25 and 0.5 percent, motor blockade ranged from minimal to complete. In intra-abdominal surgery, only 0.75 percent consistently produced profound muscle relaxation. Fifteen systemic toxic reactions occurred, but no untoward sequelae resulted from them. One inadvertent subarachnoid injection of 110 mg resulted in a total spinal block with an uneventful recovery.", "PMID": 564643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6163", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of pressure transducer domes containing a diaphragm.", "content": "Pressure transducers are being used with increasing frequency in patient care. The recent availability of sterile transducer domes containing a diaphragm provides a means for reducing the risk of bacteremia when using these devices. The present studies measured the effect of diaphragm domes on the accuracy of pressure measurement. The sensitivity and frequency responses of 5 pressure transducers utilizing diaphragm and nondiaphragm domes were compared. The results indicate that the type of dome utilized and the method of dome application can significantly modify pressure transducer performance. The data are useful in providing optimal accuracy and reliability of pressure measurments when using a diaphragm dome, pressure transducer combination.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of pressure transducer domes containing a diaphragm. Pressure transducers are being used with increasing frequency in patient care. The recent availability of sterile transducer domes containing a diaphragm provides a means for reducing the risk of bacteremia when using these devices. The present studies measured the effect of diaphragm domes on the accuracy of pressure measurement. The sensitivity and frequency responses of 5 pressure transducers utilizing diaphragm and nondiaphragm domes were compared. The results indicate that the type of dome utilized and the method of dome application can significantly modify pressure transducer performance. The data are useful in providing optimal accuracy and reliability of pressure measurments when using a diaphragm dome, pressure transducer combination.", "PMID": 564645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6164", "title": "Amitriptyline therapy increases electrocardiographic changes during reversal of neuromuscular blockade.", "content": "Induction of anesthesia is associated with an increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients maintained on amitriptyline medication. This study presents additional evidence showing that, in experimental animals (cats), amitriptyline treatment also produces significant ST-T wave and conduction abnormalities during neostigmine reversal of neuromuscular blockade.", "contents": "Amitriptyline therapy increases electrocardiographic changes during reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Induction of anesthesia is associated with an increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients maintained on amitriptyline medication. This study presents additional evidence showing that, in experimental animals (cats), amitriptyline treatment also produces significant ST-T wave and conduction abnormalities during neostigmine reversal of neuromuscular blockade.", "PMID": 564646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6165", "title": "Epidural anesthesia and the lateral position.", "content": "The effect of the lateral position on the onset, maximum spread, and duration of anesthesia were observed using a standardized epidural anesthetic technic. Anesthesia appeared 2 minutes earlier on the dependent side, spread 2 spinal segments higher, and lasted 75 minutes longer. These results support the clinical practice of placing the patient in the lateral position with the operative side dependent for induction of epidural anesthesia.", "contents": "Epidural anesthesia and the lateral position. The effect of the lateral position on the onset, maximum spread, and duration of anesthesia were observed using a standardized epidural anesthetic technic. Anesthesia appeared 2 minutes earlier on the dependent side, spread 2 spinal segments higher, and lasted 75 minutes longer. These results support the clinical practice of placing the patient in the lateral position with the operative side dependent for induction of epidural anesthesia.", "PMID": 564647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6166", "title": "Argon laser treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy.", "content": "Thirty patients (33 eyes) with central serous chorioretinopathy were treated with argon laser photocoagulation. Visual acuity improved in 28 eyes (85%) and remained the same in 5 (15%). In all cases symptomatic improvement occurred and final visual acuity was 20/30 or better. No complications resulted from treatment. In deciding when to treat, one must consider the duration of a given episode, degree of visual impairment, visual needs of the patient, and location of the leakage site. While argon laser therapy of central serous chorioretinopathy is effective and safe, inadvertent foveal photocoagulation and intraretinal macular absorption of argon laser energy are potential therapeutic hazards.", "contents": "Argon laser treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Thirty patients (33 eyes) with central serous chorioretinopathy were treated with argon laser photocoagulation. Visual acuity improved in 28 eyes (85%) and remained the same in 5 (15%). In all cases symptomatic improvement occurred and final visual acuity was 20/30 or better. No complications resulted from treatment. In deciding when to treat, one must consider the duration of a given episode, degree of visual impairment, visual needs of the patient, and location of the leakage site. While argon laser therapy of central serous chorioretinopathy is effective and safe, inadvertent foveal photocoagulation and intraretinal macular absorption of argon laser energy are potential therapeutic hazards.", "PMID": 564655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6167", "title": "Mastitis concomitant with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in buffaloes.", "content": "Out of 500 dairy buffaloes examined for traumatic reticulitis in two farms, 51 buffaloes (10.2 %) were diagnosed as having the syndrome in its subacute and chronic forms. Of this 51 diseased animals, 39 had idiopathic mastitis (76.5 %). This high percentage of mastitis cases associated with traumatic reticulitis is considered as being four times the incidence of primary mastitis (20 %) in cattle. It is most likely that secondary mastitis is due to the contiguous spread of bacteria from the infected focus favoured by the devitalising effect of the foreign body syndrome.", "contents": "Mastitis concomitant with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in buffaloes. Out of 500 dairy buffaloes examined for traumatic reticulitis in two farms, 51 buffaloes (10.2 %) were diagnosed as having the syndrome in its subacute and chronic forms. Of this 51 diseased animals, 39 had idiopathic mastitis (76.5 %). This high percentage of mastitis cases associated with traumatic reticulitis is considered as being four times the incidence of primary mastitis (20 %) in cattle. It is most likely that secondary mastitis is due to the contiguous spread of bacteria from the infected focus favoured by the devitalising effect of the foreign body syndrome.", "PMID": 564656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6168", "title": "Plasma parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in hypocalcaemic magnesium-deficient calves.", "content": "Mg deficiency was experimentally induced in 3 calves given Mg-deficient semi-synthetic milk (10 mg of Mg/l of milk). Three control calves received the same milk supplemented with Mg (190 mg of Mg/l of milk). Calcium and vitamin D contents of this milk were similar to that of natural milk. Daily weight gain in control calves was similar to that observed in calves given natural milk. The daily weight gain of Mg-deficient calves was not statistically different from that of control calves during the first 6 weeks of Mg-deficiency. Then clinical symptoms of Mg-deficiency appeared (loss of appetite, nervousness, tetany crises). In these Mg-deficienct animals a fall in plasma magnesium level, followed by hypophosphataemia and then by hypocalcaemia was observed. During the whole experimental period plasma CT and plasma PTH levels were not statistically different in Mg-deficient and in control calves. These results show that the hypocalcaemia observed in Mg-deficient calves was due neither to an increase in CT secretion nor to a decrease in PTH secretion. Nevertheless, the parathyroid glands from these animals seem unable to react satisfactorily to the hypocalcaemia induced by Mg-deficiency.", "contents": "Plasma parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in hypocalcaemic magnesium-deficient calves. Mg deficiency was experimentally induced in 3 calves given Mg-deficient semi-synthetic milk (10 mg of Mg/l of milk). Three control calves received the same milk supplemented with Mg (190 mg of Mg/l of milk). Calcium and vitamin D contents of this milk were similar to that of natural milk. Daily weight gain in control calves was similar to that observed in calves given natural milk. The daily weight gain of Mg-deficient calves was not statistically different from that of control calves during the first 6 weeks of Mg-deficiency. Then clinical symptoms of Mg-deficiency appeared (loss of appetite, nervousness, tetany crises). In these Mg-deficienct animals a fall in plasma magnesium level, followed by hypophosphataemia and then by hypocalcaemia was observed. During the whole experimental period plasma CT and plasma PTH levels were not statistically different in Mg-deficient and in control calves. These results show that the hypocalcaemia observed in Mg-deficient calves was due neither to an increase in CT secretion nor to a decrease in PTH secretion. Nevertheless, the parathyroid glands from these animals seem unable to react satisfactorily to the hypocalcaemia induced by Mg-deficiency.", "PMID": 564657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6169", "title": "Effect of quality of forage on availability of trace elements and some major elements.", "content": "The effect of forage quality on copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium availability were studied. Six growing lambs (25 kg) received successively frozen grass (Italian Rye Grass, first cycle at earing stage) and the same plant as hay dried after a very wet period in two balance trials. Copper and zinc digestibility and retention dropped more significantly with poor hay than with grass. Manganese availability was not modified by forage quality but by its content. There was a drop in calcium and phosphorus retention and no change in Mg digestibility when lambs were fed with hay.", "contents": "Effect of quality of forage on availability of trace elements and some major elements. The effect of forage quality on copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium availability were studied. Six growing lambs (25 kg) received successively frozen grass (Italian Rye Grass, first cycle at earing stage) and the same plant as hay dried after a very wet period in two balance trials. Copper and zinc digestibility and retention dropped more significantly with poor hay than with grass. Manganese availability was not modified by forage quality but by its content. There was a drop in calcium and phosphorus retention and no change in Mg digestibility when lambs were fed with hay.", "PMID": 564658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6170", "title": "[Energy metabolism study of Fusidium coccineum strains with varying levels of antibiotic formation].", "content": "Energy parameters of the two strains of the inperfect fungus Fusidium coccineum with different levels of antibiotic production were studied comparatively. It was shown that the respiration activity of the both strains was almost completely suppressed by KCN+ salycyl hydroxomate. It provided a supposition that the respiration activity was almost selectively connected with the mitochondria. The analysis of the energy parameters and especially the efficiency of the substrate consumption indicated that the system of oxidative phospholiration was dominant in the energy supply in both the strains. The differences between the strains were observed in the growth rate and the level of KCN-stable respiration. A change in the respiration of the active strain to the alternative KCN-stable path was observed by the end of the 6-8 day fermentation process when significant amounts of fusidin accumulated in the fermentation broth. Correlation between the level of KCN-stability and the antibiotic production was found.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism study of Fusidium coccineum strains with varying levels of antibiotic formation]. Energy parameters of the two strains of the inperfect fungus Fusidium coccineum with different levels of antibiotic production were studied comparatively. It was shown that the respiration activity of the both strains was almost completely suppressed by KCN+ salycyl hydroxomate. It provided a supposition that the respiration activity was almost selectively connected with the mitochondria. The analysis of the energy parameters and especially the efficiency of the substrate consumption indicated that the system of oxidative phospholiration was dominant in the energy supply in both the strains. The differences between the strains were observed in the growth rate and the level of KCN-stable respiration. A change in the respiration of the active strain to the alternative KCN-stable path was observed by the end of the 6-8 day fermentation process when significant amounts of fusidin accumulated in the fermentation broth. Correlation between the level of KCN-stability and the antibiotic production was found.", "PMID": 564659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6171", "title": "[Effect of antibiotics on human intestinal flagellates in cultures].", "content": "The effect of II different antibiotics on Trichomonas hominis, T. elongata, Chilomastix mesnili and Enteromonas hominis was studied. Trichomycin, monomycin and levorin had the most pronounced protistocidic effect. On prolonged passages on media with the antibiotics, increased resistance to them in separate flagellatus strains was observed.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotics on human intestinal flagellates in cultures]. The effect of II different antibiotics on Trichomonas hominis, T. elongata, Chilomastix mesnili and Enteromonas hominis was studied. Trichomycin, monomycin and levorin had the most pronounced protistocidic effect. On prolonged passages on media with the antibiotics, increased resistance to them in separate flagellatus strains was observed.", "PMID": 564660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6172", "title": "Lupus mastitis.", "content": "Two patients with long-standing discoid lupus erythematosus developed tender, discrete breast nodules that, on the mammogram, were interpreted as carcinomas. The histologic features, direct immunofluorescence findings, and laboratory data confirmed the diagnosis of lupus mastitis. Antimalarial therapy resulted in the complete resolution of the lesions.", "contents": "Lupus mastitis. Two patients with long-standing discoid lupus erythematosus developed tender, discrete breast nodules that, on the mammogram, were interpreted as carcinomas. The histologic features, direct immunofluorescence findings, and laboratory data confirmed the diagnosis of lupus mastitis. Antimalarial therapy resulted in the complete resolution of the lesions.", "PMID": 564666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6173", "title": "Cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy. Combined clinical and histological criteria for diagnosis.", "content": "Cows' milk protein enteropathy is recognised as a significant cause of persistent diarrhoea and malabsorption in young infants, but there are as yet no generally accepted diagnostic criteria. A combined clinical and histological approach to the diagnosis of cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy has been used in 15 patients, and the following set of criteria are proposed. (1) Clinical disease (diarrhoea with or without vomiting) while receiving cows' milk protein. (2) Clinical improvement on a diet free of cows' milk protein. (3) Normal or mildly abnormal histology of jejunal mucosa when taken 6-8 weeks after symptoms subside. (4) Histological relapse, with or without clinical relapse, after re-exposure to cows' milk protein.", "contents": "Cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy. Combined clinical and histological criteria for diagnosis. Cows' milk protein enteropathy is recognised as a significant cause of persistent diarrhoea and malabsorption in young infants, but there are as yet no generally accepted diagnostic criteria. A combined clinical and histological approach to the diagnosis of cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy has been used in 15 patients, and the following set of criteria are proposed. (1) Clinical disease (diarrhoea with or without vomiting) while receiving cows' milk protein. (2) Clinical improvement on a diet free of cows' milk protein. (3) Normal or mildly abnormal histology of jejunal mucosa when taken 6-8 weeks after symptoms subside. (4) Histological relapse, with or without clinical relapse, after re-exposure to cows' milk protein.", "PMID": 564668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6174", "title": "Regional differences in surgical care based upon uniform physician and hospital discharge abstract data.", "content": "Population based surgical rates for various common surgical procedures were analyzed on a regional basis by examining select uniform hospital discharge abstract data from Wisconsin hospitals. The surgical asbracts of nearly 64,000 procedures were compared to the supply of physicians and showed a significant variation in the rates of common procedures even within rather large planning districts. In general, the volume of surgery correlated with the supply of surgeons. Exceptions were noted; for example, primary appendectomy, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A), and inguinal herniorrhaphy did not correlate with the supply of surgeons, but did correlate with the supply of general practitioners. Further, T & A had a strong negative correlation to the supply of ear, nose and throat specialists. Information of this type has significance both for Professional Standard Review Organizations (PSROs) and Health Planning Agencies (HPAs). Further work will be necessary to define optimal surgical rates.", "contents": "Regional differences in surgical care based upon uniform physician and hospital discharge abstract data. Population based surgical rates for various common surgical procedures were analyzed on a regional basis by examining select uniform hospital discharge abstract data from Wisconsin hospitals. The surgical asbracts of nearly 64,000 procedures were compared to the supply of physicians and showed a significant variation in the rates of common procedures even within rather large planning districts. In general, the volume of surgery correlated with the supply of surgeons. Exceptions were noted; for example, primary appendectomy, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A), and inguinal herniorrhaphy did not correlate with the supply of surgeons, but did correlate with the supply of general practitioners. Further, T & A had a strong negative correlation to the supply of ear, nose and throat specialists. Information of this type has significance both for Professional Standard Review Organizations (PSROs) and Health Planning Agencies (HPAs). Further work will be necessary to define optimal surgical rates.", "PMID": 564670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6175", "title": "Botryomycosis as an obstructive hepatic disease.", "content": "Botryomycosis is a disorder caused by certain nonfilamentous bacteria that produce lesions that resemble actinomycosis. We describe a previously well, young man who initially had apparent hepatitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa which spread hematogenously to involve both lungs. He was treated successfully with antibiotics.", "contents": "Botryomycosis as an obstructive hepatic disease. Botryomycosis is a disorder caused by certain nonfilamentous bacteria that produce lesions that resemble actinomycosis. We describe a previously well, young man who initially had apparent hepatitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa which spread hematogenously to involve both lungs. He was treated successfully with antibiotics.", "PMID": 564671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6176", "title": "[Conclusions on the use of Suisychron in the USSR].", "content": "Suisynchron was applied to 2,258 gilts, including 850 from breeding farms. Forty-four pigs were checked to elucidate the influence of sexual maturity on the success of oestrus synchronisation. Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix was fed to the animals over 20 days, the daily dose for each pig having been 5 g. Twenty-four hours were allowed to elapse from the last administration before 1,500 I.U. PMSG were injected. Synchronised oestrus occurred in 81.2 per cent of all pigs between four and six days from serum injection. Fertilisation in response to first insemination was recorded from 72.9 percent of the pigs, their fertility rate being 9.7 piglets from each farrowing sow. The results of oestrus synchronisation obtained from fattening pigs were somewhat inferior to those recorded from pigs of breeding units. Suisynchron and serum of pregnant mares can synchronise oestrus in 91 per cent of all mateable sows with no previous cycle. The fertility rates recorded from such pigs did not exceed 59 per cent or were between 28.9 and 31.9 per cent lower than those recordable from pigs with a cycle history prior to the use of Suisynchron.", "contents": "[Conclusions on the use of Suisychron in the USSR]. Suisynchron was applied to 2,258 gilts, including 850 from breeding farms. Forty-four pigs were checked to elucidate the influence of sexual maturity on the success of oestrus synchronisation. Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix was fed to the animals over 20 days, the daily dose for each pig having been 5 g. Twenty-four hours were allowed to elapse from the last administration before 1,500 I.U. PMSG were injected. Synchronised oestrus occurred in 81.2 per cent of all pigs between four and six days from serum injection. Fertilisation in response to first insemination was recorded from 72.9 percent of the pigs, their fertility rate being 9.7 piglets from each farrowing sow. The results of oestrus synchronisation obtained from fattening pigs were somewhat inferior to those recorded from pigs of breeding units. Suisynchron and serum of pregnant mares can synchronise oestrus in 91 per cent of all mateable sows with no previous cycle. The fertility rates recorded from such pigs did not exceed 59 per cent or were between 28.9 and 31.9 per cent lower than those recordable from pigs with a cycle history prior to the use of Suisynchron.", "PMID": 564672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6177", "title": "[Studies of the high toxicity of zinc-metallibur].", "content": "The high toxicity of Zine-Metallibur was tested in gilts aged eight months and weighing between 78 and 96 kg. Zinc-Metallibur, either 1 g/kg live weight or a quantity 1,000 times that used for synchronisation, was admixed to feed rations and introduced directly into the stomach through and intra-oesophageal tube. Fodder with the entire dose admixed is rejected by the pig. Direct intragastric administration of the same amount, however, is possible and does not cause death.", "contents": "[Studies of the high toxicity of zinc-metallibur]. The high toxicity of Zine-Metallibur was tested in gilts aged eight months and weighing between 78 and 96 kg. Zinc-Metallibur, either 1 g/kg live weight or a quantity 1,000 times that used for synchronisation, was admixed to feed rations and introduced directly into the stomach through and intra-oesophageal tube. Fodder with the entire dose admixed is rejected by the pig. Direct intragastric administration of the same amount, however, is possible and does not cause death.", "PMID": 564673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6178", "title": "Cadmium-induced fetal growth retardation in the mouse.", "content": "Exposure of mice to 10, 20, or 40 ppm cadmium in their drinking water throughout pregnancy resulted in various degrees of fetal growth retardation. The newborn mice, as well as being smaller than normal, were severely anemic. Parenterally administered iron completely prevented the cadmium induced fetal growth retardation and anemia. The significance of a possible relationship of small-for-date babies with cigarette smoking and cadmium intake was discussed.", "contents": "Cadmium-induced fetal growth retardation in the mouse. Exposure of mice to 10, 20, or 40 ppm cadmium in their drinking water throughout pregnancy resulted in various degrees of fetal growth retardation. The newborn mice, as well as being smaller than normal, were severely anemic. Parenterally administered iron completely prevented the cadmium induced fetal growth retardation and anemia. The significance of a possible relationship of small-for-date babies with cigarette smoking and cadmium intake was discussed.", "PMID": 564669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6179", "title": "[Effect of biotechnical management procedures on blood parameters in gilts. 1. Acid and alkaline phosphatase].", "content": "Three independent experiments were conducted with cyclic gilts kept under different conditions (2 x 12 on platforms and 100 from production unit), i.e. hormonally unaffected or under the usual conditions of synchronised oestrus (100 mg Suisynchron per animal and die over 20 days followed by 1,000 I.U. PMS and again followed, three days later, by 250 I.U. HCG). Blood samples were repeatedly drawn from the jugular vein and brachiocephalic vein during phases of treatment and oestrus. Acid and alkaline phosphatases were determined immediately in the plasms, and the results were calculated by variance analysis. Synchronisation, using Suisynchron, proved conducive to lowering with significance (P less than 0.01) the levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases. All changes in phosphatase values were not in full conformity within the experiments during the other phases of treatment. Phosphatase levels were not affected by discontinuation of Suisynchron nor by administration of Gn hormone. The levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases in biotechnically treated animals appeared to be lower than those in animals with spontaneous oestrus at the time of full oestrus. While the findings were of period-specific significance (P less than 0.01), the results obtained from the individual animal failed to provide specific information, since gaps were too wide between animals and between animals, on the one hand, and periods, on the other (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Effect of biotechnical management procedures on blood parameters in gilts. 1. Acid and alkaline phosphatase]. Three independent experiments were conducted with cyclic gilts kept under different conditions (2 x 12 on platforms and 100 from production unit), i.e. hormonally unaffected or under the usual conditions of synchronised oestrus (100 mg Suisynchron per animal and die over 20 days followed by 1,000 I.U. PMS and again followed, three days later, by 250 I.U. HCG). Blood samples were repeatedly drawn from the jugular vein and brachiocephalic vein during phases of treatment and oestrus. Acid and alkaline phosphatases were determined immediately in the plasms, and the results were calculated by variance analysis. Synchronisation, using Suisynchron, proved conducive to lowering with significance (P less than 0.01) the levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases. All changes in phosphatase values were not in full conformity within the experiments during the other phases of treatment. Phosphatase levels were not affected by discontinuation of Suisynchron nor by administration of Gn hormone. The levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases in biotechnically treated animals appeared to be lower than those in animals with spontaneous oestrus at the time of full oestrus. While the findings were of period-specific significance (P less than 0.01), the results obtained from the individual animal failed to provide specific information, since gaps were too wide between animals and between animals, on the one hand, and periods, on the other (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 564674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6180", "title": "[Effects of biotechnical management procedures on blood parameters in gilts. 2. Protein-bound iodine and copper].", "content": "Two groups of twelve gilts each kept on platforms were synchronised in two passes over 20 days, using 100 mg Suisynchron per animal and die followed by PMS treatment (1,000 I.U. Intergonan) and HCG treatment (250 I.U.). Complement fixation occurred five days after the first hormone application and was followed twelve to 15 days later by another phase of treatment, using Gravigonan (250 I.U. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 500 I.U. HCG, 1 mg oestradiol benzoate in 10 ml serum of swine). Blood samples were continuously drawn during the various phases of treatment and cycle from the above animals as well as from 20 gilts synchronised in the above way and from another 20 untreated gilts. Protein-fixed iodine and copper levels were assessed from those samples. The protein-fixed iodine and copper levels of the blood were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) by synchronisation, using Suisynchron. None of the two parameters was particularly affected by PMS and HCG treatments. Blood-borne protein-fixed iodine and copper was increased by administration of gonabione. Both parameters went up further during full oestrus at which date they were higher in untreated animals than in synchronised. (Protein-fixed iodine: 3.50/226micrograms/100 ml; P less than 0.01; copper: 0.283/0.234 mg/100 ml; P less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Effects of biotechnical management procedures on blood parameters in gilts. 2. Protein-bound iodine and copper]. Two groups of twelve gilts each kept on platforms were synchronised in two passes over 20 days, using 100 mg Suisynchron per animal and die followed by PMS treatment (1,000 I.U. Intergonan) and HCG treatment (250 I.U.). Complement fixation occurred five days after the first hormone application and was followed twelve to 15 days later by another phase of treatment, using Gravigonan (250 I.U. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 500 I.U. HCG, 1 mg oestradiol benzoate in 10 ml serum of swine). Blood samples were continuously drawn during the various phases of treatment and cycle from the above animals as well as from 20 gilts synchronised in the above way and from another 20 untreated gilts. Protein-fixed iodine and copper levels were assessed from those samples. The protein-fixed iodine and copper levels of the blood were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) by synchronisation, using Suisynchron. None of the two parameters was particularly affected by PMS and HCG treatments. Blood-borne protein-fixed iodine and copper was increased by administration of gonabione. Both parameters went up further during full oestrus at which date they were higher in untreated animals than in synchronised. (Protein-fixed iodine: 3.50/226micrograms/100 ml; P less than 0.01; copper: 0.283/0.234 mg/100 ml; P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 564675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6181", "title": "[Histological findings on the uterus of gilts following synchronized ovulation].", "content": "Histological studies were undertaken with the view to testing uterus structure and function of gilts following synchronised ovulation by means of different PMSG doses. All proband groups received 500 I.U. HCG. All histomorphological, histochemical, and histometric checks revealed 500 I.U. PMSG to be too low a dosage, whereas the optimum amount was found to be between 750 and 1,000 I.U. PMSG. The uterine glands of all treated animals in all three groups were less favourably developed than those of the untreated controls. The best morphologico-histochemical pattern was observed following administration of 750 I.U. PMSG.", "contents": "[Histological findings on the uterus of gilts following synchronized ovulation]. Histological studies were undertaken with the view to testing uterus structure and function of gilts following synchronised ovulation by means of different PMSG doses. All proband groups received 500 I.U. HCG. All histomorphological, histochemical, and histometric checks revealed 500 I.U. PMSG to be too low a dosage, whereas the optimum amount was found to be between 750 and 1,000 I.U. PMSG. The uterine glands of all treated animals in all three groups were less favourably developed than those of the untreated controls. The best morphologico-histochemical pattern was observed following administration of 750 I.U. PMSG.", "PMID": 564676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6182", "title": "[Non-steroid Suisychron-Premix--its impact on reproduction of gilts in relation to the phase of the sexual cycle].", "content": "The action of Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix in its dependence on a given phase in the sexual cycle of gilts was studied with the view to improving effectiveness of its administration. A dose of gilts was studied with the view to improving effectiveness of its administration. A dose of 5 g/die was fed to the animals over 20 days, beginning with the third, eleventh, and 16th days of the cycle. The preparation was not fed to the controls. Brood sows in heat were selected and inseminated in compliance with the valid code of practice. Practice-oriented experiments then were conducted and elucidated the effect of Suisynchron upon the reproduction function of the sows concerned. The biologcial and economic effectiveness resulting from the use of Suisynchron, a nonsteroid preparation, was found to depend directly on the phase of the sexual cycle of swine, The regular course of sexual processes in swine is accompanied by characteristic changes, and sexual functions may be either intensified or weakened by administration of Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix.", "contents": "[Non-steroid Suisychron-Premix--its impact on reproduction of gilts in relation to the phase of the sexual cycle]. The action of Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix in its dependence on a given phase in the sexual cycle of gilts was studied with the view to improving effectiveness of its administration. A dose of gilts was studied with the view to improving effectiveness of its administration. A dose of 5 g/die was fed to the animals over 20 days, beginning with the third, eleventh, and 16th days of the cycle. The preparation was not fed to the controls. Brood sows in heat were selected and inseminated in compliance with the valid code of practice. Practice-oriented experiments then were conducted and elucidated the effect of Suisynchron upon the reproduction function of the sows concerned. The biologcial and economic effectiveness resulting from the use of Suisynchron, a nonsteroid preparation, was found to depend directly on the phase of the sexual cycle of swine, The regular course of sexual processes in swine is accompanied by characteristic changes, and sexual functions may be either intensified or weakened by administration of Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix.", "PMID": 564677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6183", "title": "[Possibilities in the use of anabolic substances as veterinary drugs for metaphylaxis and biotechnology].", "content": "An account is given of the latest developments and trends in using anabolic preparations in animal husbandry. The development of veterinary medicaments for metaphylaxis and biological engineering in industrialised animal husbandry is explained and substantiated, with reference being made to protein-anabolic and growth-stimulating properties. However, full observation of and compliance with codes and bylaws on drug and food production will depend strongly on efficient interdisciplinary socialist teamworks.", "contents": "[Possibilities in the use of anabolic substances as veterinary drugs for metaphylaxis and biotechnology]. An account is given of the latest developments and trends in using anabolic preparations in animal husbandry. The development of veterinary medicaments for metaphylaxis and biological engineering in industrialised animal husbandry is explained and substantiated, with reference being made to protein-anabolic and growth-stimulating properties. However, full observation of and compliance with codes and bylaws on drug and food production will depend strongly on efficient interdisciplinary socialist teamworks.", "PMID": 564678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6184", "title": "[Exfoliative cytology of nipple discharge (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the exfoliative cytology of the nipple discharge, intracanalicular proliferations within the millimeter range can be detected. Accordingly, this diagnostic method is firmly integrated in the mammary early diagnostics. Within the period reported on so far 3420 women with a pathological secretion could be examined. In 1669 cases there was a bilateral secretion. Thus, altogether 5089 mammae could be cytologically explored. Mammary cytodiagnostics was centered on the bleeding mamma, the myotheliae and galactophoritis. In addition exfoliative cytology can also yield some other diagnostic results, such as the detection of fungiproved in respective cultures. Galactography which was performed in 1053 cases, may be considered to be the only diagnostic consequence resulting from a pathological cytotest. Every 6th galactogram had to be judged as being pathological, and every 5th galactogram histologically clarified revealed a malignant or premalignant proliferation. Accordingly, women manifesting a pathological secretion should be regarded as risk-patients.", "contents": "[Exfoliative cytology of nipple discharge (author's transl)]. Due to the exfoliative cytology of the nipple discharge, intracanalicular proliferations within the millimeter range can be detected. Accordingly, this diagnostic method is firmly integrated in the mammary early diagnostics. Within the period reported on so far 3420 women with a pathological secretion could be examined. In 1669 cases there was a bilateral secretion. Thus, altogether 5089 mammae could be cytologically explored. Mammary cytodiagnostics was centered on the bleeding mamma, the myotheliae and galactophoritis. In addition exfoliative cytology can also yield some other diagnostic results, such as the detection of fungiproved in respective cultures. Galactography which was performed in 1053 cases, may be considered to be the only diagnostic consequence resulting from a pathological cytotest. Every 6th galactogram had to be judged as being pathological, and every 5th galactogram histologically clarified revealed a malignant or premalignant proliferation. Accordingly, women manifesting a pathological secretion should be regarded as risk-patients.", "PMID": 564679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6185", "title": "Diurnal variations in intensity of symptoms in patients of different diagnostic groups.", "content": "Consecutive patients, regardless of diagnostic group, upon admission to the Department of Psychiatry, University of Umea, were asked to fill in a special form about diurnal variation in their symptomatology and sleep disturbances. Three trained psychiatrists separately reviewed the records and completed a second form comprising information about diagnosis and certain background factors. Among the background factors only age and ongoing antidepressive medication were found to be of importance. In the study no strong consistency in the symptom complex of early awakening, experience of symptomatology as worst in the morning, and a feeling of relief in the afternoon was found. However, the experience of symptomatology as a whole, anxiety and inhibition as being worst in the morning is significantly more common in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders but is also common in all diagnostic subgroups and seems in no way to be specific for depressive disorders. Furthermore, the phenomenon of diurnal variation of symptomatology was not found to be of diagnostic help and should be employed very cautiously as a basis in pathogenic consideration.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in intensity of symptoms in patients of different diagnostic groups. Consecutive patients, regardless of diagnostic group, upon admission to the Department of Psychiatry, University of Umea, were asked to fill in a special form about diurnal variation in their symptomatology and sleep disturbances. Three trained psychiatrists separately reviewed the records and completed a second form comprising information about diagnosis and certain background factors. Among the background factors only age and ongoing antidepressive medication were found to be of importance. In the study no strong consistency in the symptom complex of early awakening, experience of symptomatology as worst in the morning, and a feeling of relief in the afternoon was found. However, the experience of symptomatology as a whole, anxiety and inhibition as being worst in the morning is significantly more common in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders but is also common in all diagnostic subgroups and seems in no way to be specific for depressive disorders. Furthermore, the phenomenon of diurnal variation of symptomatology was not found to be of diagnostic help and should be employed very cautiously as a basis in pathogenic consideration.", "PMID": 564680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6186", "title": "Description of a technique for the analysis of antineuraminidase antibodies oriented to H2N2 and H3N2 influenza virus strains.", "content": "A method for the analysis of mixtures of antineuraminidase (AN) antibodies oriented to antigenically different neuraminidases of H2N2 and H3N2 influenza virus strains is described. The method is based on the finding that the different classes of AN antibodies give different titer ratios when reacting with the recombinants A/Bel/42 (H0)-A/Sing/1/57 (N2) and A/equine/Prague/1/56 (Heg1)-A/Hong Kong/1/68 (N2) and a mixture of both recombinants. These titer ratios are determined under the experimental conditions of the photometric ACU (antibody concentration unit) method for a series of reference sera and test sera. By mathematical treatment of these data an exact analysis of AN antibodies of test sera is achieved. This paper gives a detailed description of the conduct of the test and summarizes the results of experiments to designed to assess the accuracy of analysis.", "contents": "Description of a technique for the analysis of antineuraminidase antibodies oriented to H2N2 and H3N2 influenza virus strains. A method for the analysis of mixtures of antineuraminidase (AN) antibodies oriented to antigenically different neuraminidases of H2N2 and H3N2 influenza virus strains is described. The method is based on the finding that the different classes of AN antibodies give different titer ratios when reacting with the recombinants A/Bel/42 (H0)-A/Sing/1/57 (N2) and A/equine/Prague/1/56 (Heg1)-A/Hong Kong/1/68 (N2) and a mixture of both recombinants. These titer ratios are determined under the experimental conditions of the photometric ACU (antibody concentration unit) method for a series of reference sera and test sera. By mathematical treatment of these data an exact analysis of AN antibodies of test sera is achieved. This paper gives a detailed description of the conduct of the test and summarizes the results of experiments to designed to assess the accuracy of analysis.", "PMID": 564681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6187", "title": "[Age and local changes in the architectonics of the lymphatic bed of the wall of the jejunum and ileum in normal rabbits].", "content": "Age and local changes of the lymphatic bed have been studied in the jejunum and ileum preparations obtained from 100 rabbits. The architectonics of the bed is stated to undergo some age and local changes. In fetuses and two-week-old rabbits, chyle sinuses are narrow and all flow into the capillaries of the tela submucosa. In one-month-old animals, the mucosal capillary network is developing and the chyle sinuses flow into it. In six--ten-month-old rabbits, intestinal bed is already formed, the chyle sinuses are wide. Aged changes are represented by a considerably rarefied networks, decrease in the chyle sinuses caliber, deformation of the sinus, capillary and vessel walls. In the jejunum, unlike the ileum, the chyle sinuses are of larger size and have more complex architectonics in the capillary networks of the mucosa and tela submucosa.", "contents": "[Age and local changes in the architectonics of the lymphatic bed of the wall of the jejunum and ileum in normal rabbits]. Age and local changes of the lymphatic bed have been studied in the jejunum and ileum preparations obtained from 100 rabbits. The architectonics of the bed is stated to undergo some age and local changes. In fetuses and two-week-old rabbits, chyle sinuses are narrow and all flow into the capillaries of the tela submucosa. In one-month-old animals, the mucosal capillary network is developing and the chyle sinuses flow into it. In six--ten-month-old rabbits, intestinal bed is already formed, the chyle sinuses are wide. Aged changes are represented by a considerably rarefied networks, decrease in the chyle sinuses caliber, deformation of the sinus, capillary and vessel walls. In the jejunum, unlike the ileum, the chyle sinuses are of larger size and have more complex architectonics in the capillary networks of the mucosa and tela submucosa.", "PMID": 564682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6188", "title": "[Cholinesterase activity in transplantable tissue cultures].", "content": "Comparative cytochemical investigation was undertaken to study cholinesterase activity in reinactivated cell strains: Hela, RH, in hamster fibroblasts and in mouse ependymoblastoma. In the cells of ependymoblastoma, butyrilcholinesterase was predominantly discovered. Dynamics of the enzyme activity was inversely proportional to the rate of cell division. Its maximal activity was related to the stage of cellular monolayer formation. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the mouse ependymoblastoma culture was not great.", "contents": "[Cholinesterase activity in transplantable tissue cultures]. Comparative cytochemical investigation was undertaken to study cholinesterase activity in reinactivated cell strains: Hela, RH, in hamster fibroblasts and in mouse ependymoblastoma. In the cells of ependymoblastoma, butyrilcholinesterase was predominantly discovered. Dynamics of the enzyme activity was inversely proportional to the rate of cell division. Its maximal activity was related to the stage of cellular monolayer formation. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the mouse ependymoblastoma culture was not great.", "PMID": 564683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6189", "title": "[Homo- and heterotopic choriocarcinoma in 6- and 18-month-old infants].", "content": "Clinical and morphological observations of choriocarcinoma in infants of 6 and 18 months localized in the right lateral ventricle of the brain and in the sacralcoccygeal region are presented. The grounds for verification of the heterotopic tumor include the presence of one large degenerating node in the sacral-coccygeal region and the absence of neoplasia in the central nervous system, its typical histological characteristics corresponding to choriocarcinoma as well as extensive metastasizing along the lymph tracts. The dysontogenetic nature of the tumor is suggested. The difficulties of the clinical and histological diagnosis are due to the rarity of choriocarcinoma and heterotopic localization.", "contents": "[Homo- and heterotopic choriocarcinoma in 6- and 18-month-old infants]. Clinical and morphological observations of choriocarcinoma in infants of 6 and 18 months localized in the right lateral ventricle of the brain and in the sacralcoccygeal region are presented. The grounds for verification of the heterotopic tumor include the presence of one large degenerating node in the sacral-coccygeal region and the absence of neoplasia in the central nervous system, its typical histological characteristics corresponding to choriocarcinoma as well as extensive metastasizing along the lymph tracts. The dysontogenetic nature of the tumor is suggested. The difficulties of the clinical and histological diagnosis are due to the rarity of choriocarcinoma and heterotopic localization.", "PMID": 564684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6190", "title": "Eye injuries from exploding car batteries.", "content": "Explosions of car batteries have become a frequent cause of eye injuries. A total of 62 patients were seen in our clinic during eight consecutive months. A wide range of injuries were discovered that extended from the anterior segment to the retina. The most common injuries were acid-induced conjunctivitis, corneal abrasions, and iridocyclitis. Hospitalization and surgery were required in some cases.", "contents": "Eye injuries from exploding car batteries. Explosions of car batteries have become a frequent cause of eye injuries. A total of 62 patients were seen in our clinic during eight consecutive months. A wide range of injuries were discovered that extended from the anterior segment to the retina. The most common injuries were acid-induced conjunctivitis, corneal abrasions, and iridocyclitis. Hospitalization and surgery were required in some cases.", "PMID": 564686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6191", "title": "Application of the egg-bit technique in poultry-disease research.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine the usefulness of the egg-bit technique (EBT) in poultry virus research with various agents available on the market. The EBT was found satisfactory for propagating 9 strains of avian influenza virus of different antigenic groups, with only minor differences resulting when the procedure used two sources of gelatin, presence or absence of CaCl2, or commercial or specific-pathogen-free embryos.", "contents": "Application of the egg-bit technique in poultry-disease research. Experiments were carried out to determine the usefulness of the egg-bit technique (EBT) in poultry virus research with various agents available on the market. The EBT was found satisfactory for propagating 9 strains of avian influenza virus of different antigenic groups, with only minor differences resulting when the procedure used two sources of gelatin, presence or absence of CaCl2, or commercial or specific-pathogen-free embryos.", "PMID": 564687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6192", "title": "A quantitative study of pinocytosis and intracellular proteolysis in rat peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "A method for the culture of rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro is described, in which pinocytic uptake of colloidal [198 Au]gold, 125I--labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and [14C]sucrose proceeds at contant and fairly reproducible rates for several hours. The rat of uptake of colloidal [198 Au]gold, which wxhibited some inter-batch variation, was approx. 100 times that of the other two substrates. Colloidal gold did not affect the rate of uptake of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and therefore its own high rate of uptake could not be attributed to a stimulation of the formation of pinocytic vesicles. It conclude that uptake of collodial gold is highly dependent on adsorption on binding sites on the plasma membrane. Uptake of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin was followed by the release of [125I]iodo-L-tyrosine into the culture medium and took place at a rate intermediate between those of collodial [198Au]gold and the other two non-digestible substrates, 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and [14C]sucrose.", "contents": "A quantitative study of pinocytosis and intracellular proteolysis in rat peritoneal macrophages. A method for the culture of rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro is described, in which pinocytic uptake of colloidal [198 Au]gold, 125I--labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and [14C]sucrose proceeds at contant and fairly reproducible rates for several hours. The rat of uptake of colloidal [198 Au]gold, which wxhibited some inter-batch variation, was approx. 100 times that of the other two substrates. Colloidal gold did not affect the rate of uptake of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and therefore its own high rate of uptake could not be attributed to a stimulation of the formation of pinocytic vesicles. It conclude that uptake of collodial gold is highly dependent on adsorption on binding sites on the plasma membrane. Uptake of formaldehyde-treated 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin was followed by the release of [125I]iodo-L-tyrosine into the culture medium and took place at a rate intermediate between those of collodial [198Au]gold and the other two non-digestible substrates, 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and [14C]sucrose.", "PMID": 564692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6193", "title": "Stabilization and solubilization of bovine corpus-luteum adenylate cyclase. The effects of guanosine triphosphate, guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate, sodium fluoride and Tris/hydrochloric acid concentration on enzyme activity.", "content": "1. Adenylate cyclase of the washed 600g sediment of bovine corpus-luteum homogenate is stimulated by p[NH]ppG (guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate), the imido analogue of GTP, and to a lesser extent by GTP itself. Activation by p[NH]ppG is not reversed by extensive washing before assay, but can, however, be reversed by NaF. 2. Both p[NH]ppG and NaF stabilize the enzyme during incubation at 37 degrees C. NaF also causes an irreversible activation, but only of part of the potentially NaF-activatable adenylate cyclase; there are possibly two components of the adenylate cyclase system, which can be distinguished by their response to NaF. 3. Solubilization of the adenylate cyclase activity in the 600g sediment, by using the non-ionic detergent Lubrol-PX, gave variable yields. A relationship between the magnitude of NaF stimulation of the 600g-sediment enzyme and the yield of soluble activity derived from the sediment was recognized. The results suggest that the pre-existing state of the enzyme complex in vivo is reflected by the response in vitro to NaF and may determine the success with which activity can be solubilized. 4. The absolute yields of soluble activity could be increased by p[NH]ppG preactivation of the 600g sediment. During the development of the maximally active state by preincubation with p[NH]ppG the enzyme passes through a stage in which Lubrol solubilization is increased, but the maximally active state is itself less amenable to solubilization. p[NH]ppG activation causes the appearance of NaF-inhibited states, which appear to be preferentially solubilized by Lubrol-PX.", "contents": "Stabilization and solubilization of bovine corpus-luteum adenylate cyclase. The effects of guanosine triphosphate, guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate, sodium fluoride and Tris/hydrochloric acid concentration on enzyme activity. 1. Adenylate cyclase of the washed 600g sediment of bovine corpus-luteum homogenate is stimulated by p[NH]ppG (guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate), the imido analogue of GTP, and to a lesser extent by GTP itself. Activation by p[NH]ppG is not reversed by extensive washing before assay, but can, however, be reversed by NaF. 2. Both p[NH]ppG and NaF stabilize the enzyme during incubation at 37 degrees C. NaF also causes an irreversible activation, but only of part of the potentially NaF-activatable adenylate cyclase; there are possibly two components of the adenylate cyclase system, which can be distinguished by their response to NaF. 3. Solubilization of the adenylate cyclase activity in the 600g sediment, by using the non-ionic detergent Lubrol-PX, gave variable yields. A relationship between the magnitude of NaF stimulation of the 600g-sediment enzyme and the yield of soluble activity derived from the sediment was recognized. The results suggest that the pre-existing state of the enzyme complex in vivo is reflected by the response in vitro to NaF and may determine the success with which activity can be solubilized. 4. The absolute yields of soluble activity could be increased by p[NH]ppG preactivation of the 600g sediment. During the development of the maximally active state by preincubation with p[NH]ppG the enzyme passes through a stage in which Lubrol solubilization is increased, but the maximally active state is itself less amenable to solubilization. p[NH]ppG activation causes the appearance of NaF-inhibited states, which appear to be preferentially solubilized by Lubrol-PX.", "PMID": 564693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6194", "title": "Subcellular distribution of pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferases in rat liver.", "content": "The distribution of pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferases in the particulate fraction of rat liver homogenates was examined by centrifugation in a sucrose density graident. Aminotransferase activities towards serine, phenylalanine and histidine with pyruvate and those towards phenylalanine and histidine with glyoxylate were nearly identically distributed. Some 50-55% of the particulate activity was localized in the peroxisomes and the remainder in the mitochondria. Most of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity was localized in the mitochondria, with some activity in the peroxisomes. Glucagon injection resulted in increases of these enzyme activities in the mitochondria, but not in the peroxisomes.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferases in rat liver. The distribution of pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferases in the particulate fraction of rat liver homogenates was examined by centrifugation in a sucrose density graident. Aminotransferase activities towards serine, phenylalanine and histidine with pyruvate and those towards phenylalanine and histidine with glyoxylate were nearly identically distributed. Some 50-55% of the particulate activity was localized in the peroxisomes and the remainder in the mitochondria. Most of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity was localized in the mitochondria, with some activity in the peroxisomes. Glucagon injection resulted in increases of these enzyme activities in the mitochondria, but not in the peroxisomes.", "PMID": 564694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6195", "title": "Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and the ethanol physical withdrawal syndrome in mice.", "content": "Physical dependence on ethanol was induced in TO strain mice by chronic administration of ethanol by inhalation. The severity of the behavioral syndrome of withdrawal from ethanol was quantified by a subjective scoring method. During the chronic administration of ethanol, triglycerides accumulated in livers of male or female mice with a time course similar to that of the induction of physical dependence. When ethanol was withdrawn from adult or weaning dependent mice, a relationship was observed between the decline of triglyceride concentrations in liver and the duration of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. The addition of DL-carnitine (7% w/w) to diet during the administration of ethanol markedly inhibited the accumulation of triglycerides, and significantly reduced the intensity of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Administration of carbon tetrachloride ((1.3 ml/kg i.p.), however, although augmenting hepatic triglyceride accumulation, had no significant effect on the withdrawal syndrome. The results are interpreted as suggesting either that ethanol-induced liver dysfunction plays a part in dependence, or, more likely, that triglyceride accumulation reflects an ethanol-induced metabolic disorder which is itself related to the induction of dependence.", "contents": "Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and the ethanol physical withdrawal syndrome in mice. Physical dependence on ethanol was induced in TO strain mice by chronic administration of ethanol by inhalation. The severity of the behavioral syndrome of withdrawal from ethanol was quantified by a subjective scoring method. During the chronic administration of ethanol, triglycerides accumulated in livers of male or female mice with a time course similar to that of the induction of physical dependence. When ethanol was withdrawn from adult or weaning dependent mice, a relationship was observed between the decline of triglyceride concentrations in liver and the duration of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. The addition of DL-carnitine (7% w/w) to diet during the administration of ethanol markedly inhibited the accumulation of triglycerides, and significantly reduced the intensity of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Administration of carbon tetrachloride ((1.3 ml/kg i.p.), however, although augmenting hepatic triglyceride accumulation, had no significant effect on the withdrawal syndrome. The results are interpreted as suggesting either that ethanol-induced liver dysfunction plays a part in dependence, or, more likely, that triglyceride accumulation reflects an ethanol-induced metabolic disorder which is itself related to the induction of dependence.", "PMID": 564703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6196", "title": "Neonatal electrocardiographic changes in relation to cardiotocographic changes.", "content": "Electrocardiograms (ECG) were made immediately after delivery in 28 infants with normal cardiotocographic patterns in labour and in 29 with abnormal patterns. Changes in the S-T segment and T-wave were quantified in a scoring system. High and peaked T-waves (high T/QRS-ratios) were significantly more common in the group with abnormal cardiotocographic patterns. The infants with ECG-changes also had significantly lower Apgar scores and more neonatal complications. The immediate postpartum ECG seems to be a useful indication of the accumulated hypoxic stress to which the child has been subjected in labour.", "contents": "Neonatal electrocardiographic changes in relation to cardiotocographic changes. Electrocardiograms (ECG) were made immediately after delivery in 28 infants with normal cardiotocographic patterns in labour and in 29 with abnormal patterns. Changes in the S-T segment and T-wave were quantified in a scoring system. High and peaked T-waves (high T/QRS-ratios) were significantly more common in the group with abnormal cardiotocographic patterns. The infants with ECG-changes also had significantly lower Apgar scores and more neonatal complications. The immediate postpartum ECG seems to be a useful indication of the accumulated hypoxic stress to which the child has been subjected in labour.", "PMID": 564704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6197", "title": "The presence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor in animal diets and its effects on the experimental results in alcohol studies.", "content": "1. The effects of chronic ethanol administration on the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde were studied in rats fed on a commercial diet containing an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, calcium cyanamide (calcium carbimide), as a contaminant in the calcinated bone-meal fraction of the diet. 2. Rats given an ethanol solution (150 ml/l) for 3 months and fed on a diet containing calcinated bone meal showed two times higher activity of the low-Km acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver, 26% higher rate of ethanol elimination, and two to three times lower acetaldehyde levels in blood during ethanol elimination compared with control rats pair-fed on the same diet. 3. The results obtained from the ethanol-treated rats were similar to those obtained in experiments on control rats fed on diets not containing calcinated bone meal. 4. Experiments performed in vitro and in vivo on the inhibition of the acetaldehyde metabolism by cyanamide suggested that the apparent effects of chronic ethanol intake were really caused by calcium cyanamide in the diet.", "contents": "The presence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor in animal diets and its effects on the experimental results in alcohol studies. 1. The effects of chronic ethanol administration on the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde were studied in rats fed on a commercial diet containing an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, calcium cyanamide (calcium carbimide), as a contaminant in the calcinated bone-meal fraction of the diet. 2. Rats given an ethanol solution (150 ml/l) for 3 months and fed on a diet containing calcinated bone meal showed two times higher activity of the low-Km acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver, 26% higher rate of ethanol elimination, and two to three times lower acetaldehyde levels in blood during ethanol elimination compared with control rats pair-fed on the same diet. 3. The results obtained from the ethanol-treated rats were similar to those obtained in experiments on control rats fed on diets not containing calcinated bone meal. 4. Experiments performed in vitro and in vivo on the inhibition of the acetaldehyde metabolism by cyanamide suggested that the apparent effects of chronic ethanol intake were really caused by calcium cyanamide in the diet.", "PMID": 564706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6198", "title": "The hypercholesterolaemic effect of caffeine in rats fed on diets with and without supplementary cholesterol.", "content": "1. The effect of caffeine (2.5 g/kg diet) on lipid metabolism was examined in rats fed on a stock (low-cholesterol) diet or on a cholesterol plus cholic acid-supplemented (high-cholesterol) semi-synthetic diet. 2. When caffeine was induced in the stock diet fed to rats for 7 d, there was a moderate but significant increase in the concentration of serum cholesterol compared to the levels observed in the control rats. This change can be accounted for by the increase that was observed in the rate of cholesterogenesis in the liver. 3. After 25 d of caffeine in the stock diet, hepatic cholesterogenesis was still increased but the concentration of serum cholesterol was now the same as in the control rats. During the experimental period there was a progressive increase in the faecal excretion of neutral sterols in the rats receiving caffeine. 4. When caffeine was added to a cholesterol plus cholic acid-supplemented diet, there was a marked increase in the concentration of serum cholesterol but hepatic cholesterogenesis was now reduced. 5. Caffeine in the high-cholesterol diet appeared to delay, but probably did not reduce, the absorption of an oral dose of radio-labelled cholesterol. This conclusion was confirmed using rats which had not previously received either caffeine or cholesterol in the diet. 6. When the effect of caffeine in the high-cholesterol diet was investigated during a 24 h period, an exacerbation of the hypercholesterolaemia was seen only at certain times. 7. After a 4-month period of feeding rats on the caffeine-supplemented high-cholesterol diet, histological examination did not detect any damage to the heart and aorta. 8. The metabolic regulations involved in the effects of caffeine in the two diets are discussed and the relevance of the present results to observations made with human subjects is considered.", "contents": "The hypercholesterolaemic effect of caffeine in rats fed on diets with and without supplementary cholesterol. 1. The effect of caffeine (2.5 g/kg diet) on lipid metabolism was examined in rats fed on a stock (low-cholesterol) diet or on a cholesterol plus cholic acid-supplemented (high-cholesterol) semi-synthetic diet. 2. When caffeine was induced in the stock diet fed to rats for 7 d, there was a moderate but significant increase in the concentration of serum cholesterol compared to the levels observed in the control rats. This change can be accounted for by the increase that was observed in the rate of cholesterogenesis in the liver. 3. After 25 d of caffeine in the stock diet, hepatic cholesterogenesis was still increased but the concentration of serum cholesterol was now the same as in the control rats. During the experimental period there was a progressive increase in the faecal excretion of neutral sterols in the rats receiving caffeine. 4. When caffeine was added to a cholesterol plus cholic acid-supplemented diet, there was a marked increase in the concentration of serum cholesterol but hepatic cholesterogenesis was now reduced. 5. Caffeine in the high-cholesterol diet appeared to delay, but probably did not reduce, the absorption of an oral dose of radio-labelled cholesterol. This conclusion was confirmed using rats which had not previously received either caffeine or cholesterol in the diet. 6. When the effect of caffeine in the high-cholesterol diet was investigated during a 24 h period, an exacerbation of the hypercholesterolaemia was seen only at certain times. 7. After a 4-month period of feeding rats on the caffeine-supplemented high-cholesterol diet, histological examination did not detect any damage to the heart and aorta. 8. The metabolic regulations involved in the effects of caffeine in the two diets are discussed and the relevance of the present results to observations made with human subjects is considered.", "PMID": 564707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6199", "title": "Differences in the binding of methylated albumin to non-replicating, replicating and denatured DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "The binding of methylated albumin to DNA, the basis of the chromatography on columns of kieselguhr coated with methylated albumin (MAK chromatography), was investigated. Scatchard plots revealed only one mode of interaction with fully double-stranded DNA. The complexes should be completely dissociated by raising the NaCl concentration of the solution to 0.8 M, indicating a binding by electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged protein and DNA molecules. In complexes with denatured and partially single-stranded replicating DNA an additional kind of binding was found which made these complexes more stable against salt dissociation. These secondary interactions were stronger at 23 degrees C than at 0 degrees C and could be weakened by the addition of 6 M urea. It was therefore concluded that apolar forces were involved in these interactions.", "contents": "Differences in the binding of methylated albumin to non-replicating, replicating and denatured DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells. The binding of methylated albumin to DNA, the basis of the chromatography on columns of kieselguhr coated with methylated albumin (MAK chromatography), was investigated. Scatchard plots revealed only one mode of interaction with fully double-stranded DNA. The complexes should be completely dissociated by raising the NaCl concentration of the solution to 0.8 M, indicating a binding by electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged protein and DNA molecules. In complexes with denatured and partially single-stranded replicating DNA an additional kind of binding was found which made these complexes more stable against salt dissociation. These secondary interactions were stronger at 23 degrees C than at 0 degrees C and could be weakened by the addition of 6 M urea. It was therefore concluded that apolar forces were involved in these interactions.", "PMID": 564710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6200", "title": "Enzymic activities of endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases purified from Trichoderma viride.", "content": "Endoglucanases II, III and IV (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma viride are highly active in degrading CM-cellulose or phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, and only slightly active on Avicel. The specific activities of the endoglucanases increase with the length of the cellooligosaccharide substrates. By rate and product analyses using high pressure liquid chromatography the mode of action of Endoglucanase III was differentiated from that of Endoglucanases II and IV. Endoglucanase III has a low affinity for cellobiose, reacts rapidly with cellotriose, and gradually increases in reactivity with cellooligosaccharides as degree of polymerization increases from four to six. In addition to cleaving internal glycosidic bonds of polymeric substrates, it preferentially cleaves cellobiosyl units from the non-reducing end of oligosaccharides. The cellobiosyl units are often, under initial reaction conditions, transferred to the substrate-acceptor. Endoglucanases II and IV show a preference for internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosaccharides. The soluble products from the initial action of Endoglucanases II and IV on swollen cellulose are glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose, which are slowly converted to glucose and some cellobiose.", "contents": "Enzymic activities of endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases purified from Trichoderma viride. Endoglucanases II, III and IV (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma viride are highly active in degrading CM-cellulose or phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, and only slightly active on Avicel. The specific activities of the endoglucanases increase with the length of the cellooligosaccharide substrates. By rate and product analyses using high pressure liquid chromatography the mode of action of Endoglucanase III was differentiated from that of Endoglucanases II and IV. Endoglucanase III has a low affinity for cellobiose, reacts rapidly with cellotriose, and gradually increases in reactivity with cellooligosaccharides as degree of polymerization increases from four to six. In addition to cleaving internal glycosidic bonds of polymeric substrates, it preferentially cleaves cellobiosyl units from the non-reducing end of oligosaccharides. The cellobiosyl units are often, under initial reaction conditions, transferred to the substrate-acceptor. Endoglucanases II and IV show a preference for internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosaccharides. The soluble products from the initial action of Endoglucanases II and IV on swollen cellulose are glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose, which are slowly converted to glucose and some cellobiose.", "PMID": 564711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6201", "title": "Characterization of endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases purified from Trichoderma viride.", "content": "Four electrophoretically distinct endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma viride have been identified and named as isozymes, Endoglucanases I, II, III and IV, according to their electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gels. Endoglucanases II, III and IV, the homogeneity of each of which was established by discontinuous gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, had specific activities on CM-cellulose of 1010, 60 and 250 specific fluidity units/mg protein, respectively. These enzymes have similar pH optima (pH 4.0-4.5) and are labile at pH values greater than 8.0. The endoglucanases are high in acidic and hydroxylated amino acids and glycine, but low in basic amino acids. Values of 12.0, 10.3 and 13.1 have been determined for the epsilon 1%280 of purified Endoglucanases II, III and IV, respectively. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis has established the molecular weights of Endoglucanases II, III and IV to be 37 200, 52 000 and 49 500, respectively. The three endoglucanases contain mannose, galactose, glucose and glucosamine. Mannose is the principal neutral sugar in each enzyme. Endoglucanase II is distinguished by its low carbohydrate content, 4.5% (w/w), compared to Endoglucanases III and IV which contain 15.0% and 15.2% carbohydrate, respectively.", "contents": "Characterization of endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases purified from Trichoderma viride. Four electrophoretically distinct endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma viride have been identified and named as isozymes, Endoglucanases I, II, III and IV, according to their electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gels. Endoglucanases II, III and IV, the homogeneity of each of which was established by discontinuous gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, had specific activities on CM-cellulose of 1010, 60 and 250 specific fluidity units/mg protein, respectively. These enzymes have similar pH optima (pH 4.0-4.5) and are labile at pH values greater than 8.0. The endoglucanases are high in acidic and hydroxylated amino acids and glycine, but low in basic amino acids. Values of 12.0, 10.3 and 13.1 have been determined for the epsilon 1%280 of purified Endoglucanases II, III and IV, respectively. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis has established the molecular weights of Endoglucanases II, III and IV to be 37 200, 52 000 and 49 500, respectively. The three endoglucanases contain mannose, galactose, glucose and glucosamine. Mannose is the principal neutral sugar in each enzyme. Endoglucanase II is distinguished by its low carbohydrate content, 4.5% (w/w), compared to Endoglucanases III and IV which contain 15.0% and 15.2% carbohydrate, respectively.", "PMID": 564712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6202", "title": "3-Hexulosephosphate synthase from Methylomonas aminofaciens 77a. Purification, properties and kinetics.", "content": "3-Hexulosephosphate synthase (D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate formaldehyde lyase) was purified from an obligate methylotroph, Methylomonas aminofaciens, to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight was determined to be 45 000-47 000 by sedimentation velocity and gel filtration. The enzyme appears to be composed of two identical subunits (Mr = 23 000). A bivalent cation is required for the activation and stabilization of the enzyme. The enzyme is specific for formaldehyde and D-ribulose 5-phosphate. The optimum pH is 8.0 (isoelectric point, pH 5.1) and the optimum temperature is 45 degrees C. Initial velocity studies are consistent with a sequential mechanism. The Michaelis constants are 0.29 mM for formaldehyde and 0.059 mM for D-ribulose 5-phosphate.", "contents": "3-Hexulosephosphate synthase from Methylomonas aminofaciens 77a. Purification, properties and kinetics. 3-Hexulosephosphate synthase (D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate formaldehyde lyase) was purified from an obligate methylotroph, Methylomonas aminofaciens, to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight was determined to be 45 000-47 000 by sedimentation velocity and gel filtration. The enzyme appears to be composed of two identical subunits (Mr = 23 000). A bivalent cation is required for the activation and stabilization of the enzyme. The enzyme is specific for formaldehyde and D-ribulose 5-phosphate. The optimum pH is 8.0 (isoelectric point, pH 5.1) and the optimum temperature is 45 degrees C. Initial velocity studies are consistent with a sequential mechanism. The Michaelis constants are 0.29 mM for formaldehyde and 0.059 mM for D-ribulose 5-phosphate.", "PMID": 564713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6203", "title": "Porphyrin biosynthesis: immobilized enzymes and ligands. VI. Studies on succinyl CoA synthetase from cultured soya bean cells.", "content": "Soybean callus succinyl CoA synthetase (succinate: CoA ligase, (ADP-forming), EC 6.2.1.5), has been chemically bound to Sepharose 4B and some of its properties have been studied. The optimal conditions for binding have been determined. The immobilized enzyme retained 48% of the activity of the soluble enzyme and the coupling yield amounted to 50%. Sepharose-succinyl CoA synthetase can be stored at 4 degrees C for periods up to 90 days with only 25% loss of activity; it can also be repeatedly used without alteration of its enzymic activity. The complex showed enhanced thermal stability; pH optimum was between 7.0 and 8.0 for the bound enzyme, and 8.0 for the free enzyme. A general decrease in the Michaelis-Menten constants for the different substrates of the insoluble enzyme, as compared with values obtained for the free enzyme, was found. Plots of the rate product formation against ATP concentration changed from sigmoideal for the soluble succinyl CoA synthetase to hyperbolic for the immobilized enzyme.", "contents": "Porphyrin biosynthesis: immobilized enzymes and ligands. VI. Studies on succinyl CoA synthetase from cultured soya bean cells. Soybean callus succinyl CoA synthetase (succinate: CoA ligase, (ADP-forming), EC 6.2.1.5), has been chemically bound to Sepharose 4B and some of its properties have been studied. The optimal conditions for binding have been determined. The immobilized enzyme retained 48% of the activity of the soluble enzyme and the coupling yield amounted to 50%. Sepharose-succinyl CoA synthetase can be stored at 4 degrees C for periods up to 90 days with only 25% loss of activity; it can also be repeatedly used without alteration of its enzymic activity. The complex showed enhanced thermal stability; pH optimum was between 7.0 and 8.0 for the bound enzyme, and 8.0 for the free enzyme. A general decrease in the Michaelis-Menten constants for the different substrates of the insoluble enzyme, as compared with values obtained for the free enzyme, was found. Plots of the rate product formation against ATP concentration changed from sigmoideal for the soluble succinyl CoA synthetase to hyperbolic for the immobilized enzyme.", "PMID": 564714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6204", "title": "The use of a correlated binomial model for the analysis of certain toxicological experiments.", "content": "In certain toxicological experiments with laboratory animals, the outcome of interest is the occurrence of dead or malformed fetuses in a litter. Previous investigations have shown that the simple one-parameter binomial and Poisson models generally provide poor fits to this type of binary data. In this paper, a type of correlated binomial model is proposed for use in this situation. First, the model is described in detail and is compared to a beta-binomial model proposed by Williams (1975). These two-parameter models are then contrasted for goodness of fit to some real-life data. Finally, numerical examples are given in which likelihood ratio tests based on these models are employed to assess the significance of treatment-control differences.", "contents": "The use of a correlated binomial model for the analysis of certain toxicological experiments. In certain toxicological experiments with laboratory animals, the outcome of interest is the occurrence of dead or malformed fetuses in a litter. Previous investigations have shown that the simple one-parameter binomial and Poisson models generally provide poor fits to this type of binary data. In this paper, a type of correlated binomial model is proposed for use in this situation. First, the model is described in detail and is compared to a beta-binomial model proposed by Williams (1975). These two-parameter models are then contrasted for goodness of fit to some real-life data. Finally, numerical examples are given in which likelihood ratio tests based on these models are employed to assess the significance of treatment-control differences.", "PMID": 564719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6205", "title": "Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method to confirm the administration of 19-nortestosterone or its esters to horses.", "content": "A method is described to confirm the presence of 19-nortestosterone metabolites in urine after the administration of veterinary preparations of this anabolic steroid to horses. The method is based upon the detection, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry or selected ion monitoring, of an isomer of estrane-3,17-diol in the urine.", "contents": "Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method to confirm the administration of 19-nortestosterone or its esters to horses. A method is described to confirm the presence of 19-nortestosterone metabolites in urine after the administration of veterinary preparations of this anabolic steroid to horses. The method is based upon the detection, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry or selected ion monitoring, of an isomer of estrane-3,17-diol in the urine.", "PMID": 564720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6206", "title": "[Effect of preliminary administration of allogenic cells on transplantation immunity in mice receiving cyclophosphamide].", "content": "It was shown that injection of 1 X 10(8) spleen cells from C57Bl/6 mice to CBA mice one day before the injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) helped the take of 2 X 10(7) allogeneic or semiallogeneic cells (injected for the second time 3 to 6 hours after C)). Criterion of survival is the ability of the donor cells to produce antibodies to sheep red blood cells in the recipients tolerant of this antigen. Injection of 1 X 10(8) allogeneic cells two days before CY produces no protective effect. Killer-cells proved to appear on the second day after the immunization with allogeneic cells; their peak was reached on the 5th day. The data obtained suggest that CY eliminated the recipients' lymphocytes, which responded to the transplantation antigens, whereas the killer-cells already formed were stable to the CY action.", "contents": "[Effect of preliminary administration of allogenic cells on transplantation immunity in mice receiving cyclophosphamide]. It was shown that injection of 1 X 10(8) spleen cells from C57Bl/6 mice to CBA mice one day before the injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) helped the take of 2 X 10(7) allogeneic or semiallogeneic cells (injected for the second time 3 to 6 hours after C)). Criterion of survival is the ability of the donor cells to produce antibodies to sheep red blood cells in the recipients tolerant of this antigen. Injection of 1 X 10(8) allogeneic cells two days before CY produces no protective effect. Killer-cells proved to appear on the second day after the immunization with allogeneic cells; their peak was reached on the 5th day. The data obtained suggest that CY eliminated the recipients' lymphocytes, which responded to the transplantation antigens, whereas the killer-cells already formed were stable to the CY action.", "PMID": 564721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6207", "title": "[Mechanisms of the reversibility of the stathmokinetic response induced by suboptimal temperature].", "content": "Autoradiographic research with leucine-3H showed that the reversibility of the statmokinetic reaction induced by the suboptimal temperature (21 degrees C) did not require any additional protein synthesis and therefore was not connected with the neoformation of the microtubules. Normalization of the mitotic rate was delayed in the presence of copper ions preventing polymerization of microtubules. These data suggest that repolymerization of microtubules subunits was the principal way of mitosis recovery after the action of suboptimal temperature.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of the reversibility of the stathmokinetic response induced by suboptimal temperature]. Autoradiographic research with leucine-3H showed that the reversibility of the statmokinetic reaction induced by the suboptimal temperature (21 degrees C) did not require any additional protein synthesis and therefore was not connected with the neoformation of the microtubules. Normalization of the mitotic rate was delayed in the presence of copper ions preventing polymerization of microtubules. These data suggest that repolymerization of microtubules subunits was the principal way of mitosis recovery after the action of suboptimal temperature.", "PMID": 564722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6208", "title": "[Effect of nerve growth factor and amizil on the viability and metabolism of cultured spinal ganglia].", "content": "Spinal ganlia of a 9-day chick embryo were cultivated by the method of \"floating rafts\" in common medium (control) and in the medium containing amizyl (100 microgram/ml) or a neuregrowth factor (50 microgram/ml). With the action of amizyl there proved to be an increase in the number of surviving neurons; the majority of these neurons contained monoaminoxidase; there was a rise of NAD-diaphorase activity, and, to a lesser extent, of lactic dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase activities. The neurogrowth factor caused an increase in the number of nerve cells with acetylcholinesterase; there was an elevation of NAD-diaphorase and some rise of malic dehydrogenase activities; the activity of lactic dehydrogenase became maximal; as to succinic dehydrogenase--its activity was somewhat suppressed.", "contents": "[Effect of nerve growth factor and amizil on the viability and metabolism of cultured spinal ganglia]. Spinal ganlia of a 9-day chick embryo were cultivated by the method of \"floating rafts\" in common medium (control) and in the medium containing amizyl (100 microgram/ml) or a neuregrowth factor (50 microgram/ml). With the action of amizyl there proved to be an increase in the number of surviving neurons; the majority of these neurons contained monoaminoxidase; there was a rise of NAD-diaphorase activity, and, to a lesser extent, of lactic dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase activities. The neurogrowth factor caused an increase in the number of nerve cells with acetylcholinesterase; there was an elevation of NAD-diaphorase and some rise of malic dehydrogenase activities; the activity of lactic dehydrogenase became maximal; as to succinic dehydrogenase--its activity was somewhat suppressed.", "PMID": 564723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6209", "title": "Separation and functional characterization of human neutrophil subpopulations.", "content": "Human neutrophils have been considered to be a functionally homogeneous population of cells. We have developed a density sedimentation technique for separation of neutrophils into two populations based on their ability to form rosettes with IgG-coated human erythrocytes (7SEA). Under the experimental conditions 80% +/- 4.3% of normal human peripheral blood neutrophilis form rosettes. Functionally rosette-forming neutrophils are more adherent to nylon wool, able to phagocytize more 14C-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, more efficient in killing S. aureus, and more responsive to endotoxin-activated human serum in a 51-cr chemotaxis assay that the non-rosette forming neutrophils. However, there is no difference among neutrophil subpopulations' ability to phagocytize latex particles. Paired samples of exudate neutrophils from cutaneous abscess fluid and peripheral neutrophils from three patients were investigated for their ability to form 7SEA rosettes. In each case exudate neutrophils contained greater than 96% rosette-forming neutrophils, whereas peripheral blood contained the normal 80% ( less than 0.01). Thus we show that peripheral blood contains at least two distinct populations of neutrophils. However, an essentially homogeneous neutrophil population is present in cutaneous exudate fluid.", "contents": "Separation and functional characterization of human neutrophil subpopulations. Human neutrophils have been considered to be a functionally homogeneous population of cells. We have developed a density sedimentation technique for separation of neutrophils into two populations based on their ability to form rosettes with IgG-coated human erythrocytes (7SEA). Under the experimental conditions 80% +/- 4.3% of normal human peripheral blood neutrophilis form rosettes. Functionally rosette-forming neutrophils are more adherent to nylon wool, able to phagocytize more 14C-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, more efficient in killing S. aureus, and more responsive to endotoxin-activated human serum in a 51-cr chemotaxis assay that the non-rosette forming neutrophils. However, there is no difference among neutrophil subpopulations' ability to phagocytize latex particles. Paired samples of exudate neutrophils from cutaneous abscess fluid and peripheral neutrophils from three patients were investigated for their ability to form 7SEA rosettes. In each case exudate neutrophils contained greater than 96% rosette-forming neutrophils, whereas peripheral blood contained the normal 80% ( less than 0.01). Thus we show that peripheral blood contains at least two distinct populations of neutrophils. However, an essentially homogeneous neutrophil population is present in cutaneous exudate fluid.", "PMID": 564724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6210", "title": "Does \"afternoon diabetes\" predict diabetes?", "content": "Twenty-eight men were given morning and afternoon oral glucose tolerance tests in 1969 and again in 1975. According to British Diabetic Association criteria all 28 had normal morning values in 1969 but seven had \"afternoon diabetes\". Four men had diabetic values in the morning in 1975 but only two of these had had afternoon diabetes in 1969. Better prediction of subsequent diabetes was obtained by calculating the area under the morning glucose tolerance curve in 1969. All four men who progressed to diabetes had areas exceeding 1000 units, which distinguished them absolutely from the other 24. They also tended to be more obese, but this was less predictive of subsequent diabetes.", "contents": "Does \"afternoon diabetes\" predict diabetes? Twenty-eight men were given morning and afternoon oral glucose tolerance tests in 1969 and again in 1975. According to British Diabetic Association criteria all 28 had normal morning values in 1969 but seven had \"afternoon diabetes\". Four men had diabetic values in the morning in 1975 but only two of these had had afternoon diabetes in 1969. Better prediction of subsequent diabetes was obtained by calculating the area under the morning glucose tolerance curve in 1969. All four men who progressed to diabetes had areas exceeding 1000 units, which distinguished them absolutely from the other 24. They also tended to be more obese, but this was less predictive of subsequent diabetes.", "PMID": 564726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6211", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Hodgkin's disease: a rare occurrence of no prognostic significance.", "content": "Six patients with Hodgkin's disease who developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are presented. In contrast to prior cases reported in the literature, none of these patients developed recurrent Hodgkin's disease at the time of or subsequent to their thrombocytopenia, with follow-up data available up to 10 years. ITP does not necessarily imply recurrent or active malignancy.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Hodgkin's disease: a rare occurrence of no prognostic significance. Six patients with Hodgkin's disease who developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are presented. In contrast to prior cases reported in the literature, none of these patients developed recurrent Hodgkin's disease at the time of or subsequent to their thrombocytopenia, with follow-up data available up to 10 years. ITP does not necessarily imply recurrent or active malignancy.", "PMID": 564740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6212", "title": "Oscillating contractions in protoplasmic strands of Physarum: effects of external Ca++-depletion and Ca++-antagonistic drugs on intrinsic contraction automaticity.", "content": "1. The minimal requirement of external Ca-concentration for continuance of contraction activity lies in the range of 10(-4) M. 2. As in mammalian smooth muscle, the Ca antagonistic drugs verapamil and D 600 (5.10(-4) M) suppress the minute-rhythms. The action of the drugs is inhibited by 5mM Ca, La or Mn. De novo generation of contraction automaticity is not inhibited by external Ca depletion or by Ca antagonists. 3. It is concluded that rhythmical Ca fluxes across the cortical plasmalemma are not a precondition for triggering continuance or de novo generation of contraction automaticity.", "contents": "Oscillating contractions in protoplasmic strands of Physarum: effects of external Ca++-depletion and Ca++-antagonistic drugs on intrinsic contraction automaticity. 1. The minimal requirement of external Ca-concentration for continuance of contraction activity lies in the range of 10(-4) M. 2. As in mammalian smooth muscle, the Ca antagonistic drugs verapamil and D 600 (5.10(-4) M) suppress the minute-rhythms. The action of the drugs is inhibited by 5mM Ca, La or Mn. De novo generation of contraction automaticity is not inhibited by external Ca depletion or by Ca antagonists. 3. It is concluded that rhythmical Ca fluxes across the cortical plasmalemma are not a precondition for triggering continuance or de novo generation of contraction automaticity.", "PMID": 564742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6213", "title": "Sex differences in averaged visual evoked potentials during food intake in rats.", "content": "Averaged visual evoked potentials (AVEP's) were recorded in unrestrained male and female rats during alert wakefulness (baseline condition), feeding and drinking. The rats had been deprived of food and water for 23 hr prior to testing. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the AVEP's was measured between the slow negative and the preceding positive component. Under baseline conditions females had higher amplitude AVEP's than males. It is suggested that sex differences in adrenal steroid secretion could account for this observation. During feeding and drinking, AVEP's increased significantly in amplitude in both sexes, and high-voltage, slow EEG activity was observed to appear in most animals. During feeding, these increases in AVEO amplitude were significantly larger in males than in females. These findings support recent views on sex differences in the regulation of feeding behavior.", "contents": "Sex differences in averaged visual evoked potentials during food intake in rats. Averaged visual evoked potentials (AVEP's) were recorded in unrestrained male and female rats during alert wakefulness (baseline condition), feeding and drinking. The rats had been deprived of food and water for 23 hr prior to testing. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the AVEP's was measured between the slow negative and the preceding positive component. Under baseline conditions females had higher amplitude AVEP's than males. It is suggested that sex differences in adrenal steroid secretion could account for this observation. During feeding and drinking, AVEP's increased significantly in amplitude in both sexes, and high-voltage, slow EEG activity was observed to appear in most animals. During feeding, these increases in AVEO amplitude were significantly larger in males than in females. These findings support recent views on sex differences in the regulation of feeding behavior.", "PMID": 564737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6214", "title": "Gene mapping by fluorescent in situ hybridization.", "content": "We describe a new method for the mapping of mammalian genes, utilizing in situ hybridization of mRNA to DNA of chromosomes. It involves the hydrogen bonding of the polyadenylic acid at the 3' end of hybridized mRNA to the polyuridylic acid tail of a highly fluorescent latex microsphere. The resultant double hybrid can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The chromosomal localization of human alpha + beta globin genes has been explored by this method. Our data point ot the long arms of chromosomes 4 and 5 as the loci for the human globin genes.", "contents": "Gene mapping by fluorescent in situ hybridization. We describe a new method for the mapping of mammalian genes, utilizing in situ hybridization of mRNA to DNA of chromosomes. It involves the hydrogen bonding of the polyadenylic acid at the 3' end of hybridized mRNA to the polyuridylic acid tail of a highly fluorescent latex microsphere. The resultant double hybrid can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The chromosomal localization of human alpha + beta globin genes has been explored by this method. Our data point ot the long arms of chromosomes 4 and 5 as the loci for the human globin genes.", "PMID": 564744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6215", "title": "Ordered arrays of intramembrane particles on the surface of fish gills.", "content": "Freeze fracture of euryhaline fish gill epithelium reveals large smooth surfaces with intramembrane particles or corresponding pits often aggregated into hexagonal arrays. They belong to the outer plasma membranes of respiratory cells, the main surface of contact between the internal and external milieu of the fish. Possible functions for the arrays are discussed in relation to the fine structure of the respiratory cell.", "contents": "Ordered arrays of intramembrane particles on the surface of fish gills. Freeze fracture of euryhaline fish gill epithelium reveals large smooth surfaces with intramembrane particles or corresponding pits often aggregated into hexagonal arrays. They belong to the outer plasma membranes of respiratory cells, the main surface of contact between the internal and external milieu of the fish. Possible functions for the arrays are discussed in relation to the fine structure of the respiratory cell.", "PMID": 564746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6216", "title": "Enhancement of movement of mouse peritoneal macrophages caused by colchicine treatment.", "content": "Colchicine in the concentration range of 10(-8) to 10(-4)M enhances the movement of mouse peritoneal macrophages while at higher concentrations it inhibits movement. Maximum movement is observed in the concentration range of 10(-6) to 10(-4)M.", "contents": "Enhancement of movement of mouse peritoneal macrophages caused by colchicine treatment. Colchicine in the concentration range of 10(-8) to 10(-4)M enhances the movement of mouse peritoneal macrophages while at higher concentrations it inhibits movement. Maximum movement is observed in the concentration range of 10(-6) to 10(-4)M.", "PMID": 564747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6217", "title": "Milk fat globule membranes devoid of intramembranous particles.", "content": "When isolated milk fat globule membranes from bovine, human, and murine (rat) milk were examined by freeze-fracturing most of the membrane faces were devoid of membrane-intercalated particles whereas a minor portion showed relatively few particles, either in clusters or in apparent random distribution. A reduced particle density was also noted in membranes of intra-alveolar milk fat globules of cows and rats, in contrast to high particle densities in the apical plasma membrane of lactating epithelial cells. The observations suggest that certain membrane constituents recognized as intramembranous particles either are displaced from the region of the apical surface of the mammary epithelial cell which is involved in milk fat globule budding or are dislocated and rearranged during the budding process.", "contents": "Milk fat globule membranes devoid of intramembranous particles. When isolated milk fat globule membranes from bovine, human, and murine (rat) milk were examined by freeze-fracturing most of the membrane faces were devoid of membrane-intercalated particles whereas a minor portion showed relatively few particles, either in clusters or in apparent random distribution. A reduced particle density was also noted in membranes of intra-alveolar milk fat globules of cows and rats, in contrast to high particle densities in the apical plasma membrane of lactating epithelial cells. The observations suggest that certain membrane constituents recognized as intramembranous particles either are displaced from the region of the apical surface of the mammary epithelial cell which is involved in milk fat globule budding or are dislocated and rearranged during the budding process.", "PMID": 564749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6218", "title": "Determinants of growth in patients with ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Growth status was studied in 1210 patients with ventricular septal defects (VSD) participating in the Joint Study on the Natural History of Congenital Heart Defects. A total of 793 patients were managed medically and 194 underwent successful surgical repair. Admission measurements revealed height and weight status to be subnormal and related to physiological severity and age. Successful repair resulted in significant increase in weight but not height. Medical therapy was associated with little change in the subnormal growth pattern. Multivariate analysis revealed determinants of admission height for all patients with VSD to be presence of extracardiac anomalies, birthweight below 2.5 kg, admission age greater than 2 years, history of heart failure and pulmonary/systemic pressure ratio. The same determinants were noted for admission weight with addition of pulmonary/systemic flow ratio. It is conluded that the severe growth disturbance in patients with VSD is only in part due to abnormal postnatal hemodynamics. Intrauterine and genetic factors and low birthweight also play a role and help explain the incomplete growth response after successful surgery.", "contents": "Determinants of growth in patients with ventricular septal defect. Growth status was studied in 1210 patients with ventricular septal defects (VSD) participating in the Joint Study on the Natural History of Congenital Heart Defects. A total of 793 patients were managed medically and 194 underwent successful surgical repair. Admission measurements revealed height and weight status to be subnormal and related to physiological severity and age. Successful repair resulted in significant increase in weight but not height. Medical therapy was associated with little change in the subnormal growth pattern. Multivariate analysis revealed determinants of admission height for all patients with VSD to be presence of extracardiac anomalies, birthweight below 2.5 kg, admission age greater than 2 years, history of heart failure and pulmonary/systemic pressure ratio. The same determinants were noted for admission weight with addition of pulmonary/systemic flow ratio. It is conluded that the severe growth disturbance in patients with VSD is only in part due to abnormal postnatal hemodynamics. Intrauterine and genetic factors and low birthweight also play a role and help explain the incomplete growth response after successful surgery.", "PMID": 564759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6219", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in human serum: isoenzyme MM.", "content": "Measurement of the mass concentration of serum enzymes by radioimmunoassay provides direct quantitation of specific isoenzymes and may be less subject to some of the limitations of traditional assay procedures for enzymes. We describe the development of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the muscle isoenzyme of creatine kinase, CM-MM, in human serum. CK-MM, purified from human skeletal muscle, was used to raise high-titer antisera and for iodination by the Chloramine T method. The radioimmunoassay required 50 microliter of sample, utilized a double-antibody separation method, and was completed in 24 h. Cross reactivity with CK-BB was virtually zero, 3--17% with CK-MB. The mass concentration of CK-MM in the serum of healthy subjects ranged from 36 to 1668 microgram/liter and correlated closely with total CK enzymatic activity. Serum concentrations of CK-MM from casually selected patients correlated less well with total CK enzymatic activity, suggesting the existence of other CK isoenzymes or the presence of inactive forms.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in human serum: isoenzyme MM. Measurement of the mass concentration of serum enzymes by radioimmunoassay provides direct quantitation of specific isoenzymes and may be less subject to some of the limitations of traditional assay procedures for enzymes. We describe the development of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the muscle isoenzyme of creatine kinase, CM-MM, in human serum. CK-MM, purified from human skeletal muscle, was used to raise high-titer antisera and for iodination by the Chloramine T method. The radioimmunoassay required 50 microliter of sample, utilized a double-antibody separation method, and was completed in 24 h. Cross reactivity with CK-BB was virtually zero, 3--17% with CK-MB. The mass concentration of CK-MM in the serum of healthy subjects ranged from 36 to 1668 microgram/liter and correlated closely with total CK enzymatic activity. Serum concentrations of CK-MM from casually selected patients correlated less well with total CK enzymatic activity, suggesting the existence of other CK isoenzymes or the presence of inactive forms.", "PMID": 564760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6220", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in human serum: isoenzyme BB.", "content": "We describe a sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay for the BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-BB) in serum. A sequential saturation assay was used to achieve sufficient sensitivity to detect the isoenzyme in 100-microliter serum samples of all healthy persons and patients tested. Bound and free antigen were separated by a second antibody system. Large excesses of purified isoenzyme MM did not react in the assay. Cross reactivity of two preparations of CK-MB was only 1 to 7+. The 95th percentile of serum CK-BB in 208 healthy adults was 6.2 microgram/liter. Within-assay and between-assay precision ranged from 5.5 to 11.9% and 9.7 to 13.6%, respectively.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in human serum: isoenzyme BB. We describe a sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay for the BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-BB) in serum. A sequential saturation assay was used to achieve sufficient sensitivity to detect the isoenzyme in 100-microliter serum samples of all healthy persons and patients tested. Bound and free antigen were separated by a second antibody system. Large excesses of purified isoenzyme MM did not react in the assay. Cross reactivity of two preparations of CK-MB was only 1 to 7+. The 95th percentile of serum CK-BB in 208 healthy adults was 6.2 microgram/liter. Within-assay and between-assay precision ranged from 5.5 to 11.9% and 9.7 to 13.6%, respectively.", "PMID": 564761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6221", "title": "Parathyrin radioimmunoassay: diagnostic utility of antisera produced against carboxyl-terminal fragments of the hormone from the human.", "content": "Antisera directed toward the carboxyl-terminal region of human parathyrin (parathyroid hormone), for use in daignostically applicable radioimmunoassays of the hormone in serum, are scarce, largely because of the lack of suitable immunogens of human origin. We produced four antisera in goats and guinea pigs by immunization with recently discovered carboxyl-terminal fragments of human parathyrin extracted from parathyroid tumors. Here, we report results of radioimmunoassays of nearly 200 normal and pathological sera with one of these antisera; we observed almost complete differentiation between concentrations of parathyrin in serum of healthy normal subjects and patients with primary, secondary (due to chronic renal failure), or \"ectopic\" hyperparathyroidism (due to nonparathyroid cancer). The availability of a new immunogen should now make possible the deliberate production of large quantities of diagnostically applicable parathyrin antisera directed toward the carboxyl-terminal region of human parathyrin. This should, in turn, lead to more widespread availability of this useful radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Parathyrin radioimmunoassay: diagnostic utility of antisera produced against carboxyl-terminal fragments of the hormone from the human. Antisera directed toward the carboxyl-terminal region of human parathyrin (parathyroid hormone), for use in daignostically applicable radioimmunoassays of the hormone in serum, are scarce, largely because of the lack of suitable immunogens of human origin. We produced four antisera in goats and guinea pigs by immunization with recently discovered carboxyl-terminal fragments of human parathyrin extracted from parathyroid tumors. Here, we report results of radioimmunoassays of nearly 200 normal and pathological sera with one of these antisera; we observed almost complete differentiation between concentrations of parathyrin in serum of healthy normal subjects and patients with primary, secondary (due to chronic renal failure), or \"ectopic\" hyperparathyroidism (due to nonparathyroid cancer). The availability of a new immunogen should now make possible the deliberate production of large quantities of diagnostically applicable parathyrin antisera directed toward the carboxyl-terminal region of human parathyrin. This should, in turn, lead to more widespread availability of this useful radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 564762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6222", "title": "The pharmacology of thebaine in the chronic spinal dog.", "content": "The effects of thebaine were studied in nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dogs as well as in chronic spinal dogs receiving thebaine chronically. Thebaine did not produce any morphine-like effects in nondependent dogs nor did it precipitate an abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent dogs. Large doses of naltrexone precipitated a mild abstinence syndrome in dogs receiving thebaine chronically; however, no withdrawal abstinence syndrome was observed after abrupt withdrawal. Thebaine is not a morphine-like drug, nor does it produce appreciable physical dependence in the dog.", "contents": "The pharmacology of thebaine in the chronic spinal dog. The effects of thebaine were studied in nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dogs as well as in chronic spinal dogs receiving thebaine chronically. Thebaine did not produce any morphine-like effects in nondependent dogs nor did it precipitate an abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent dogs. Large doses of naltrexone precipitated a mild abstinence syndrome in dogs receiving thebaine chronically; however, no withdrawal abstinence syndrome was observed after abrupt withdrawal. Thebaine is not a morphine-like drug, nor does it produce appreciable physical dependence in the dog.", "PMID": 564769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6223", "title": "Dehydrogenase activity of the pineal gland during the estrous cycle.", "content": "An investigation of the relationship of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the pineal gland of the adult female albino rats was carried out during seven definitive stages of the estrous cycle: Early Estrus (E1), Late Estrus (E2), Metestrus (ME), Early Diestrus (D1), Late Diestrus (D2), Preproestrus (PPE) and Proestrus (PE). Controlled housing conditions were maintained on 7:00 A.M. to 7:00 P.M. light-dark cycle. The animals were necropsied at precise times after the onset of estrus and subsequent stages of the cycle. Comparative histochemical and biochemical analysis revealed the following for SDH activity: E2 greater than E1 greater than D2 greater than D1 greater than PPE greater than PE greater than ME; and for LDH activity: PE greater than E2 greater than ME greater than D1 greater than PPE greater than E1 greater than D2. Interrelationships are postulated between pineal SDH, GOT, GPT, and estrogen concentrations in the rat.", "contents": "Dehydrogenase activity of the pineal gland during the estrous cycle. An investigation of the relationship of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the pineal gland of the adult female albino rats was carried out during seven definitive stages of the estrous cycle: Early Estrus (E1), Late Estrus (E2), Metestrus (ME), Early Diestrus (D1), Late Diestrus (D2), Preproestrus (PPE) and Proestrus (PE). Controlled housing conditions were maintained on 7:00 A.M. to 7:00 P.M. light-dark cycle. The animals were necropsied at precise times after the onset of estrus and subsequent stages of the cycle. Comparative histochemical and biochemical analysis revealed the following for SDH activity: E2 greater than E1 greater than D2 greater than D1 greater than PPE greater than PE greater than ME; and for LDH activity: PE greater than E2 greater than ME greater than D1 greater than PPE greater than E1 greater than D2. Interrelationships are postulated between pineal SDH, GOT, GPT, and estrogen concentrations in the rat.", "PMID": 564772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6224", "title": "Vaginal stone in a male pseudohermaphrodite.", "content": "A rare case of vaginal stone in a male pseudohermaphrodite who had undergone plastic surgery for external genitalia 16 years ago is presented. It is recommended to remove the entire wall of vagina musculina at the time of plastic repair for hypospadias in a male pseudohermaphrodite.", "contents": "Vaginal stone in a male pseudohermaphrodite. A rare case of vaginal stone in a male pseudohermaphrodite who had undergone plastic surgery for external genitalia 16 years ago is presented. It is recommended to remove the entire wall of vagina musculina at the time of plastic repair for hypospadias in a male pseudohermaphrodite.", "PMID": 564773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6225", "title": "Increased antagonist potency of naloxone caused by morphine pretreatment in mice.", "content": "Using the writhing test in mice, it was shown that pretreatment with a single dose of morphine hydrochloride given 3 h previously caused a marked increase in the antagonistic effect of naloxone without any change in the antinociceptive action of morphine itself. It was shown that when mice were pretreated with different doses of either morphine alone, or in combination with naloxone, so that each treatment produced the same antinociceptive effect, the increase in naloxone potency was proportional only to the antinociceptive effect of the pretreatment and not to the total dose of morphine present. It was also found that the concurrent administration of naloxone plus morphine prevented the development of \"acute dependence\" to morphine, as measured by the jumping reaction after challenge with naloxone.", "contents": "Increased antagonist potency of naloxone caused by morphine pretreatment in mice. Using the writhing test in mice, it was shown that pretreatment with a single dose of morphine hydrochloride given 3 h previously caused a marked increase in the antagonistic effect of naloxone without any change in the antinociceptive action of morphine itself. It was shown that when mice were pretreated with different doses of either morphine alone, or in combination with naloxone, so that each treatment produced the same antinociceptive effect, the increase in naloxone potency was proportional only to the antinociceptive effect of the pretreatment and not to the total dose of morphine present. It was also found that the concurrent administration of naloxone plus morphine prevented the development of \"acute dependence\" to morphine, as measured by the jumping reaction after challenge with naloxone.", "PMID": 564774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6226", "title": "Ovarian serotonin content in relation to ovulation.", "content": "In the mature cyclic female rat, analysis for ovarian serotonin content reveals comparatively high serotonin content. Fluctuation of serotonin content was observed; peak for serotonin was observed at estrus. In gonadotropin-treated immature rats, there was no detected ovarian serotonin using this procedure. It was concluded that ovaries from gonadotropin-treated immature rats are physiologically different from ovaries taken from mature cyclic rats.", "contents": "Ovarian serotonin content in relation to ovulation. In the mature cyclic female rat, analysis for ovarian serotonin content reveals comparatively high serotonin content. Fluctuation of serotonin content was observed; peak for serotonin was observed at estrus. In gonadotropin-treated immature rats, there was no detected ovarian serotonin using this procedure. It was concluded that ovaries from gonadotropin-treated immature rats are physiologically different from ovaries taken from mature cyclic rats.", "PMID": 564783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6227", "title": "[Studies on the measurements of urinary pregnanediol by radioimmunoassay (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple and practical radioimmunoassy (RIA) for pregnanediol without any pretreatment of urine specimens such as hydrolysis and/or extraction was developed. Antisera were produced by immunizing rabbits with pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (P-diol-3-G)-BSA conjugates and P-diol-3-hemisuccinate-BSA conjugates. The specificities of the antisera were examined by their cross-reactivities with related steroids. Antiserum to P-diol-3-G-BSA was significantly cross-reacted with 20 alpha-OH-P(201%), P-diol(100%), P -diol-3-G (77.3%, where 119% as free P-diol), to a lesser extent with 20 beta-OH-P(17.8%), and did not react with other steroids. Antiserum to P-diol-3-hemisuccinate-BSA, on the other hand, was capable of reacting with P-diol(100%), P-diol-3-G(46.9%), 20 alpha-OH-P(75.2%) and 20beta-OH-P (8.97%), respectively. Antiserum generated against P-diol-3-G-BSA was almost twice as high in its avidity for P-diol-3-G as compared with antiserum raised against P-diol-3-hemisuccinate-BSA. Antiserum to 20alpha-OH-P-3-carboxy-methyl oxime-BSA conjugate was only reactive with 20alpha-OH-P and not with P-diol or P-diol-3-G. From the data presented here, antiserum to P-diol-3-G-BSA with high specificity toward urinary P-diol-3-G was used for the present assays. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was employed for the separation of antibody-bound and free tracer hormones. A direct method in which simply diluted urine was directly applied to RIA and the enzymatic hydrolysis method which requires extraction of P-diol with ether following hydrolysis of urine by beta-glucuronidase were both examined in the present RIA on the same specimens which contained known amounts of 3H-P-diol-3-G. Values obtained by the direct method were in good correlation with those determined by the hydrolysis method (r=0.994 p less than 0.01, Y=1.07X + 0.30). The working range of the assay was from 50pg to 5ng of P-diol per tube, and intra- and interassay precisions were 9.8, 12.5 and 12.9, 16.7%, respectively. Determination of radioimmunoassayable P-diol-3-G in urine was also in good correlation with the values obtained by the currently used analytical procedure, the Klopper-Kambegawa method.", "contents": "[Studies on the measurements of urinary pregnanediol by radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. A simple and practical radioimmunoassy (RIA) for pregnanediol without any pretreatment of urine specimens such as hydrolysis and/or extraction was developed. Antisera were produced by immunizing rabbits with pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (P-diol-3-G)-BSA conjugates and P-diol-3-hemisuccinate-BSA conjugates. The specificities of the antisera were examined by their cross-reactivities with related steroids. Antiserum to P-diol-3-G-BSA was significantly cross-reacted with 20 alpha-OH-P(201%), P-diol(100%), P -diol-3-G (77.3%, where 119% as free P-diol), to a lesser extent with 20 beta-OH-P(17.8%), and did not react with other steroids. Antiserum to P-diol-3-hemisuccinate-BSA, on the other hand, was capable of reacting with P-diol(100%), P-diol-3-G(46.9%), 20 alpha-OH-P(75.2%) and 20beta-OH-P (8.97%), respectively. Antiserum generated against P-diol-3-G-BSA was almost twice as high in its avidity for P-diol-3-G as compared with antiserum raised against P-diol-3-hemisuccinate-BSA. Antiserum to 20alpha-OH-P-3-carboxy-methyl oxime-BSA conjugate was only reactive with 20alpha-OH-P and not with P-diol or P-diol-3-G. From the data presented here, antiserum to P-diol-3-G-BSA with high specificity toward urinary P-diol-3-G was used for the present assays. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was employed for the separation of antibody-bound and free tracer hormones. A direct method in which simply diluted urine was directly applied to RIA and the enzymatic hydrolysis method which requires extraction of P-diol with ether following hydrolysis of urine by beta-glucuronidase were both examined in the present RIA on the same specimens which contained known amounts of 3H-P-diol-3-G. Values obtained by the direct method were in good correlation with those determined by the hydrolysis method (r=0.994 p less than 0.01, Y=1.07X + 0.30). The working range of the assay was from 50pg to 5ng of P-diol per tube, and intra- and interassay precisions were 9.8, 12.5 and 12.9, 16.7%, respectively. Determination of radioimmunoassayable P-diol-3-G in urine was also in good correlation with the values obtained by the currently used analytical procedure, the Klopper-Kambegawa method.", "PMID": 564787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6228", "title": "A components method for measuring the impact of a family planning program on birth rates.", "content": "One of the major goals of family planning programs worldwide has been to reduce the level of fertility in hopes of slowing the rate of natural increase and promoting social and economic development. Such programs have now been in existence for sufficient lengths of time to have had an impact on fertility levels. In general countries with organized family planning programs, marked declines in fertility levels have been observed. The extent to which such declines may be credited to organized programs has not been rigorously measured because an appropriate research methodology has been lacking. This paper describes one method of directly linking declines in fertility levels to the contraceptive protection experienced by a population. The contribution of organized family planning programs is estimated by decomposing the amount of total contraceptive protection into within-program and outside-program sources.", "contents": "A components method for measuring the impact of a family planning program on birth rates. One of the major goals of family planning programs worldwide has been to reduce the level of fertility in hopes of slowing the rate of natural increase and promoting social and economic development. Such programs have now been in existence for sufficient lengths of time to have had an impact on fertility levels. In general countries with organized family planning programs, marked declines in fertility levels have been observed. The extent to which such declines may be credited to organized programs has not been rigorously measured because an appropriate research methodology has been lacking. This paper describes one method of directly linking declines in fertility levels to the contraceptive protection experienced by a population. The contribution of organized family planning programs is estimated by decomposing the amount of total contraceptive protection into within-program and outside-program sources.", "PMID": 564788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6229", "title": "An observational study of caretaking behavior of male and female mice housed together.", "content": "A time-sampling procedure was employed to examine the caretaking behavior of male mice housed with lactating females and their litters, and to investigate the effects of the male's presence on the behavior of the female. The incidences of 14 categories of behavior were recorded over 20 hr distributed throughout the period of lactation. The development of litters was monitored by regular weighing. The results show, contrary to earlier findings, that males display just as much caretaking behavior as females. Differences in other forms of behavior can be related to the increased nutritional needs of the nursing mothers. The presence of the male seems to have very little influence on the behavior of the female and no effect at all upon the physical development of the litter.", "contents": "An observational study of caretaking behavior of male and female mice housed together. A time-sampling procedure was employed to examine the caretaking behavior of male mice housed with lactating females and their litters, and to investigate the effects of the male's presence on the behavior of the female. The incidences of 14 categories of behavior were recorded over 20 hr distributed throughout the period of lactation. The development of litters was monitored by regular weighing. The results show, contrary to earlier findings, that males display just as much caretaking behavior as females. Differences in other forms of behavior can be related to the increased nutritional needs of the nursing mothers. The presence of the male seems to have very little influence on the behavior of the female and no effect at all upon the physical development of the litter.", "PMID": 564796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6230", "title": "Female mouse maturation: effects of excreted and bladder urine from juvenile and adult males.", "content": "A sequence of 4 experiments examined the effects of prepubertal and adult males on the sexual maturation of young female house mice. The results support 3 conclusions: (1) the presence of a prepubertal male or of urine from prepubertal males does not affect the timing of sexual maturation in young female house mice; (2) the maturation-accelerating pheromone produced by adult males is present in the bladder urine of intact adult males but is absent from both excreted and bladder urine of castrated males; and (3) young females caged with 7 prepubertal males or with a castrated adult male mature earlier than control females caged alone. Results indicating that the presence of a castrated male leads to earlier sexual maturation of young female mice differ from previous findings. A possible explanation for this contradictory result is based on the ability of young weanling female mice to acclimatize the thermoregulate when separated from the dam and litter-mates. A model for density-feedback population regulation in house mice involving pheromones produced by males and females is presented.", "contents": "Female mouse maturation: effects of excreted and bladder urine from juvenile and adult males. A sequence of 4 experiments examined the effects of prepubertal and adult males on the sexual maturation of young female house mice. The results support 3 conclusions: (1) the presence of a prepubertal male or of urine from prepubertal males does not affect the timing of sexual maturation in young female house mice; (2) the maturation-accelerating pheromone produced by adult males is present in the bladder urine of intact adult males but is absent from both excreted and bladder urine of castrated males; and (3) young females caged with 7 prepubertal males or with a castrated adult male mature earlier than control females caged alone. Results indicating that the presence of a castrated male leads to earlier sexual maturation of young female mice differ from previous findings. A possible explanation for this contradictory result is based on the ability of young weanling female mice to acclimatize the thermoregulate when separated from the dam and litter-mates. A model for density-feedback population regulation in house mice involving pheromones produced by males and females is presented.", "PMID": 564797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6231", "title": "Characterization of seven C-peptide antisera.", "content": "The plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) in 10 normal subjects varied considerably when measured with different antisera in parallel assays. The CPR level correlated with the blank \"CPR\" value measured in plasma devoid of C-peptide and to a lesser degree with the sensitivity of the standard curves obtained with the individual antisera. Storage of plasma samples at different temperatures and for different lengths of time before the analyses were carried out resulted in further variation in the CPR results. This was caused by a time- and temperature-dependent fall in CPR, which was more pronounced with some antisera than with others. This sensitivity to storage of plasma did not correlate with the antigenic characteristics of the antisera as determined by their reactivity with 11 specific fragments of the C-peptide molecule. The contribution of human proinsulin to the CPR concentration relative in normal subjects was considered to be negligible even though the relative immunoreactivity of human proinsulin and C-peptide ranged from 11 to 143 per cent among these antisera. These results suggest that differences in C-peptide antisera are a major reason for the variation in the concentration of circulating CPR as measured in different C-peptide immunoassays.", "contents": "Characterization of seven C-peptide antisera. The plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) in 10 normal subjects varied considerably when measured with different antisera in parallel assays. The CPR level correlated with the blank \"CPR\" value measured in plasma devoid of C-peptide and to a lesser degree with the sensitivity of the standard curves obtained with the individual antisera. Storage of plasma samples at different temperatures and for different lengths of time before the analyses were carried out resulted in further variation in the CPR results. This was caused by a time- and temperature-dependent fall in CPR, which was more pronounced with some antisera than with others. This sensitivity to storage of plasma did not correlate with the antigenic characteristics of the antisera as determined by their reactivity with 11 specific fragments of the C-peptide molecule. The contribution of human proinsulin to the CPR concentration relative in normal subjects was considered to be negligible even though the relative immunoreactivity of human proinsulin and C-peptide ranged from 11 to 143 per cent among these antisera. These results suggest that differences in C-peptide antisera are a major reason for the variation in the concentration of circulating CPR as measured in different C-peptide immunoassays.", "PMID": 564799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6232", "title": "Neonatal stimulation, maternal behavior, and accelerated maturation in BALB/c mice.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of neonatal handling and hypothermia on infant physical maturation and growth and on maternal behavior in BALB/c mice. Stringent methodological and statistical controls were employed for experimenter bias and litter effects. No evidence appeared to support claims that neonatal stimulation leads to accelerated physical maturation. Alterations in maternal behavior patterns were found only immediately following hypothermia of pups. Maternal behavior did not correlate highly with offspring maturational rates, but maternal weight and age and pup birth weight were highly predictive of infant physical maturation.", "contents": "Neonatal stimulation, maternal behavior, and accelerated maturation in BALB/c mice. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of neonatal handling and hypothermia on infant physical maturation and growth and on maternal behavior in BALB/c mice. Stringent methodological and statistical controls were employed for experimenter bias and litter effects. No evidence appeared to support claims that neonatal stimulation leads to accelerated physical maturation. Alterations in maternal behavior patterns were found only immediately following hypothermia of pups. Maternal behavior did not correlate highly with offspring maturational rates, but maternal weight and age and pup birth weight were highly predictive of infant physical maturation.", "PMID": 564798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6233", "title": "[The course of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A preliminary study of 40 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of hyperthrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in 40 patients was studied. The average follow-up of the patients (anamnestic and prospective) was 8 years. The age of the first diagnosis, the age of the first observation and the age of the detection of the first symptom, were considered. A prospective follow-up study was carried out in 31 patients, the average period of observation being 8 years. Functional capacity modifications, symptoms, clinical and electrocardiographic signs and the mortality rate  were analyzed. Functional class unchanged in the most part of the patients; the overall mortality was 16% with high incidence of sudden and unexpected death. From our results it appeared that the prognosis could be related to the old age, heart failure and arrhythmias.", "contents": "[The course of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A preliminary study of 40 cases (author's transl)]. The course of hyperthrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in 40 patients was studied. The average follow-up of the patients (anamnestic and prospective) was 8 years. The age of the first diagnosis, the age of the first observation and the age of the detection of the first symptom, were considered. A prospective follow-up study was carried out in 31 patients, the average period of observation being 8 years. Functional capacity modifications, symptoms, clinical and electrocardiographic signs and the mortality rate  were analyzed. Functional class unchanged in the most part of the patients; the overall mortality was 16% with high incidence of sudden and unexpected death. From our results it appeared that the prognosis could be related to the old age, heart failure and arrhythmias.", "PMID": 564801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6234", "title": "Small intestinal epithelial cell kinetics and protozoal infection in mice.", "content": "The effects of chronic protozoal infection on small intestinal architecture have been examined in mice, infected with Giardia muris and Hexamita muris. Techniques used were conventional histology, quantitation of intraepithelial lymphocytes, microdissection and measurement of individual villi and crypts, and epithelial cell kinetic studies. The histology of small intestine from infected mice appeared normal apart from the intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers. Mean intraepithelial lymphocyte counts in two groups of uninfected mice were 11.6 and 13.6 per 100 epithelial cells, and in two groups of infected mice were 17.6 and 21.8. Dynamic studies showed that protozoal infection doubled the cell production per crypt per hour from mean values of 6.2, 7.3, and 8.2 in three groups of uninfected animals, to 11.8, 13.4, and 17.1 in groups of chronically infected mice. Cell production per villus was also influenced by protozoal infection, with values of 93, 99, and 101 cells per hr in groups of uninfected animals whereas in infected mice the values were 155, 162, and 180 cells per hr. Although there was no reduction in villus height in the infected animals, radioautography using [3H]thymidine confirmed that the enterocytes moved rapidly up the sides of the villi than was the case for uninfected mice.", "contents": "Small intestinal epithelial cell kinetics and protozoal infection in mice. The effects of chronic protozoal infection on small intestinal architecture have been examined in mice, infected with Giardia muris and Hexamita muris. Techniques used were conventional histology, quantitation of intraepithelial lymphocytes, microdissection and measurement of individual villi and crypts, and epithelial cell kinetic studies. The histology of small intestine from infected mice appeared normal apart from the intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers. Mean intraepithelial lymphocyte counts in two groups of uninfected mice were 11.6 and 13.6 per 100 epithelial cells, and in two groups of infected mice were 17.6 and 21.8. Dynamic studies showed that protozoal infection doubled the cell production per crypt per hour from mean values of 6.2, 7.3, and 8.2 in three groups of uninfected animals, to 11.8, 13.4, and 17.1 in groups of chronically infected mice. Cell production per villus was also influenced by protozoal infection, with values of 93, 99, and 101 cells per hr in groups of uninfected animals whereas in infected mice the values were 155, 162, and 180 cells per hr. Although there was no reduction in villus height in the infected animals, radioautography using [3H]thymidine confirmed that the enterocytes moved rapidly up the sides of the villi than was the case for uninfected mice.", "PMID": 564802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6235", "title": "[Skin defects in the newborn or fetus as questionable sequelae of amniocentesis in early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In three of 111 infants born after amniocentesis and in one of 5 fetuses aborted after amniocentesis, which could be examined, small skin lesions or scars were observed. Interpretation as sequelae of needle puncture appears possible, but questionable, particularly since similar lesions were observed in infants born after uncomplicated pregnancy without amniocentesis. The differential diagnosis of a focal dermal hypoplasia or aplasia may be considered, which may be hereditary.", "contents": "[Skin defects in the newborn or fetus as questionable sequelae of amniocentesis in early pregnancy (author's transl)]. In three of 111 infants born after amniocentesis and in one of 5 fetuses aborted after amniocentesis, which could be examined, small skin lesions or scars were observed. Interpretation as sequelae of needle puncture appears possible, but questionable, particularly since similar lesions were observed in infants born after uncomplicated pregnancy without amniocentesis. The differential diagnosis of a focal dermal hypoplasia or aplasia may be considered, which may be hereditary.", "PMID": 564803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6236", "title": "Immune-complex mediated colitis in rabbits. An experimental model.", "content": "An experimental colitis in rabbits is described, following the intravenous injection of preformed immune complexes of human serum albumin (HSA) and anti-HSA into non-sensitised rabbits. Tissue damage was localised to the colon by the Auer technique of inducing local non-specific inflammation, by the rectal instillation of dilute formalin. Formalin alone gave transient changes that reverted to normal within 24 hours. In rabbits given intravenous immune complexes formed in antigen-excess, a severe colitis was initiated, with histological features including mucosal ulceration, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, and crypt abscess formation. It is possible that immune-complex damage may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in human ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Immune-complex mediated colitis in rabbits. An experimental model. An experimental colitis in rabbits is described, following the intravenous injection of preformed immune complexes of human serum albumin (HSA) and anti-HSA into non-sensitised rabbits. Tissue damage was localised to the colon by the Auer technique of inducing local non-specific inflammation, by the rectal instillation of dilute formalin. Formalin alone gave transient changes that reverted to normal within 24 hours. In rabbits given intravenous immune complexes formed in antigen-excess, a severe colitis was initiated, with histological features including mucosal ulceration, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, and crypt abscess formation. It is possible that immune-complex damage may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in human ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 564806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6237", "title": "The effect of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3 metabolites on CaBP synthesis by embryonic duodenum, in vitro.", "content": "Embryonic chick duodena were incubated, in vitro, for two days in the presence of vitamin D analogues and metabolites and the ability of PTH to potentiate the vitamin-D-dependent synthesis of CaBP measured. PTH potentiated CaBP synthesis in the presence of vitamin D3, 25-OH-D3, 1 alpha-OH-D3, DHT, and 1,25(OH)2D3. The synthesis of CaBP was directly related to the log of the meddium PTH concentration over the range 1 x 10(-8) M to 5 x 10(-7) M.", "contents": "The effect of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3 metabolites on CaBP synthesis by embryonic duodenum, in vitro. Embryonic chick duodena were incubated, in vitro, for two days in the presence of vitamin D analogues and metabolites and the ability of PTH to potentiate the vitamin-D-dependent synthesis of CaBP measured. PTH potentiated CaBP synthesis in the presence of vitamin D3, 25-OH-D3, 1 alpha-OH-D3, DHT, and 1,25(OH)2D3. The synthesis of CaBP was directly related to the log of the meddium PTH concentration over the range 1 x 10(-8) M to 5 x 10(-7) M.", "PMID": 564862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6238", "title": "Utilization review can be a tool for improvement.", "content": "The battle still rages over how effective PSROs are in conducting patient care review. A competitive win-lose relationship between the PSRO and the hospital to which it has delegated review authority, two PSRO experts caution, will only rebound to the hospital's disadvantage. However, a partnership between the two, they say, will help alleviate some of the problems that are bound to occur.", "contents": "Utilization review can be a tool for improvement. The battle still rages over how effective PSROs are in conducting patient care review. A competitive win-lose relationship between the PSRO and the hospital to which it has delegated review authority, two PSRO experts caution, will only rebound to the hospital's disadvantage. However, a partnership between the two, they say, will help alleviate some of the problems that are bound to occur.", "PMID": 564865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6239", "title": "Bursal fabricii as a peripheral lymphoid organ. Transport of various materials from the anal lips to the bursal lymphoid follicles with reference to its immunological importance.", "content": "In tracer studies, various particulate and molecular materials applied on the anal lips of chickens were transported to the bursal lumen. From here some of the tracers were further transported into the bursal lymphoid follicles and colloidal carbon even to the bursal stroma. In immunization experiments, Brucella abortus organisms and SRBC were applied on the anal lips of 1-day-old, 4-week-old and 10-week-old chicks on 5 consecutive days. Although Brucella bacteria in tracer studies were not found in the bursal tissue, agglutinin response to Brucella was observed in the 4-week and 10-week groups as early as 3 days after the last application of this antigen. The response to SRBC was strong only in the oldest group of chickens. When stimulated continuously, the agglutinin titres reached their highest values after the 2nd week and then began to decrease to rather low levels. In the youngest age group, the anti-SRBC titres, however, remained low during the whole experimental period, and even in the 4-week group the anti-SRBC response was weak. Bursectomy, carried out at the age of 10 weeks, inhibited the agglutinin response to Brucella but affected only little the response to SRBC. It is concluded that by taking up antigens per anum the chicken possibly gains part of its basic immunity. In this immune response the bursa seems to play an important role at least with some antigens, and thus the bursa may have an immunofunction comparable with that found in peripheral lymphoid organs.", "contents": "Bursal fabricii as a peripheral lymphoid organ. Transport of various materials from the anal lips to the bursal lymphoid follicles with reference to its immunological importance. In tracer studies, various particulate and molecular materials applied on the anal lips of chickens were transported to the bursal lumen. From here some of the tracers were further transported into the bursal lymphoid follicles and colloidal carbon even to the bursal stroma. In immunization experiments, Brucella abortus organisms and SRBC were applied on the anal lips of 1-day-old, 4-week-old and 10-week-old chicks on 5 consecutive days. Although Brucella bacteria in tracer studies were not found in the bursal tissue, agglutinin response to Brucella was observed in the 4-week and 10-week groups as early as 3 days after the last application of this antigen. The response to SRBC was strong only in the oldest group of chickens. When stimulated continuously, the agglutinin titres reached their highest values after the 2nd week and then began to decrease to rather low levels. In the youngest age group, the anti-SRBC titres, however, remained low during the whole experimental period, and even in the 4-week group the anti-SRBC response was weak. Bursectomy, carried out at the age of 10 weeks, inhibited the agglutinin response to Brucella but affected only little the response to SRBC. It is concluded that by taking up antigens per anum the chicken possibly gains part of its basic immunity. In this immune response the bursa seems to play an important role at least with some antigens, and thus the bursa may have an immunofunction comparable with that found in peripheral lymphoid organs.", "PMID": 564868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6240", "title": "Homocytotropic response of guinea-pigs to antigen extracts from formalized and unformalized Parascaris equorum.", "content": "A homocytotropic anaphylactic response is described in guinea-pigs sensitized with antigen from Parascaris equorum. This antigen was not sensitive to prolonged storage in formalin. Some adult ascarid extracts prepared from worms that had been stored for 14 years in 10 per cent formalin before use, retained their ability to produce an allergenic response. The antisera withstood heat inactivation at 56 degrees for up to 7 h or treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and were still capable of eliciting a skin response. The skin response persisted for 96 h after sensitization. The serum of animals sensitized with a single dose of P. equorum antigen remained capable of producing a positive passive cutaneous anaphylactic response up to 245 days after the sensitizing dose. It appears, from the results obtained, that this antibody resembles IgG1, rather than IgE.", "contents": "Homocytotropic response of guinea-pigs to antigen extracts from formalized and unformalized Parascaris equorum. A homocytotropic anaphylactic response is described in guinea-pigs sensitized with antigen from Parascaris equorum. This antigen was not sensitive to prolonged storage in formalin. Some adult ascarid extracts prepared from worms that had been stored for 14 years in 10 per cent formalin before use, retained their ability to produce an allergenic response. The antisera withstood heat inactivation at 56 degrees for up to 7 h or treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and were still capable of eliciting a skin response. The skin response persisted for 96 h after sensitization. The serum of animals sensitized with a single dose of P. equorum antigen remained capable of producing a positive passive cutaneous anaphylactic response up to 245 days after the sensitizing dose. It appears, from the results obtained, that this antibody resembles IgG1, rather than IgE.", "PMID": 564869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6241", "title": "[Human catabolism of medium and long chain triglycerides after intravenous infusion].", "content": "The metabolic rate of intravenously administered middle-chain and long-chain triglycerides has been tested in metabolically healthy adult subjects. After an infusion period of three hours (infusion rate 0.22 g triglyceride/kg body-weight and hour) the metabolic rate of long-chain triglycerides was 16.4 mg/kg body-weight and hour. The metabolic rate of the middle-chain triglycerides (infusion rate 0.056 g/kg body-weight and hour) administered in a mixture with long-chain triglycerides was slower: 4.8 mg/kg body-weight and hour. Even under these conditions, middle-chain triglycerides increased ketonemia and ketonuria. Furthermore, the acetate level in blood increased significantly. Infusion of lipids have a strong effect on amino-acid levels in blood. The concentration of alanine, leucine, isoleucine are decreased, whereas the concentration of glutamate increases at the same time. Under clinical parameters only a mild leucocytosis has been found. Our data suggest that the metabolic rate of middle-chain triglycerides is according to their low plasma concentration slow, nevertheless, the ketogenesis is significantly higher if middle-chain triglycerides are infused in a mixture with long-chain triglycerides.", "contents": "[Human catabolism of medium and long chain triglycerides after intravenous infusion]. The metabolic rate of intravenously administered middle-chain and long-chain triglycerides has been tested in metabolically healthy adult subjects. After an infusion period of three hours (infusion rate 0.22 g triglyceride/kg body-weight and hour) the metabolic rate of long-chain triglycerides was 16.4 mg/kg body-weight and hour. The metabolic rate of the middle-chain triglycerides (infusion rate 0.056 g/kg body-weight and hour) administered in a mixture with long-chain triglycerides was slower: 4.8 mg/kg body-weight and hour. Even under these conditions, middle-chain triglycerides increased ketonemia and ketonuria. Furthermore, the acetate level in blood increased significantly. Infusion of lipids have a strong effect on amino-acid levels in blood. The concentration of alanine, leucine, isoleucine are decreased, whereas the concentration of glutamate increases at the same time. Under clinical parameters only a mild leucocytosis has been found. Our data suggest that the metabolic rate of middle-chain triglycerides is according to their low plasma concentration slow, nevertheless, the ketogenesis is significantly higher if middle-chain triglycerides are infused in a mixture with long-chain triglycerides.", "PMID": 564871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6242", "title": "[Comparative study on the immunogenicity of plasma substitutes with gelatin base in animal experiments].", "content": "The immune response of rabbits and guinea pigs to gelatin and to three commercial plasma substitutes based on gelatin (oxypolygelatin [OPG], di-isocyanate cross-linked gelatin [DCG], modified fluid gelatin [MFG]) has been reevaluated. Passive hemagglutination, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and active anaphylaxis have been used to detect the response of animals immunized in complete Fruend's adjuvant or in aluminium hydroxide. Marked immune responses were observed with DCG and MFG which were to a large extent specific for the immunizing antigen (i.e. the corresponding chemically modified gelatin). Gelatin and OPG induced weak responses. In contrast to DCG and MFG in systemic anaphylactic shock experiments no anaphylactic shock could be elicited with gelatin and OPG. A limited series of immunizations in guinea pigs of various strains demonstrated that responses to weak immunogens, such as modified gelatins, are markedly influenced by genetic factors.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the immunogenicity of plasma substitutes with gelatin base in animal experiments]. The immune response of rabbits and guinea pigs to gelatin and to three commercial plasma substitutes based on gelatin (oxypolygelatin [OPG], di-isocyanate cross-linked gelatin [DCG], modified fluid gelatin [MFG]) has been reevaluated. Passive hemagglutination, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and active anaphylaxis have been used to detect the response of animals immunized in complete Fruend's adjuvant or in aluminium hydroxide. Marked immune responses were observed with DCG and MFG which were to a large extent specific for the immunizing antigen (i.e. the corresponding chemically modified gelatin). Gelatin and OPG induced weak responses. In contrast to DCG and MFG in systemic anaphylactic shock experiments no anaphylactic shock could be elicited with gelatin and OPG. A limited series of immunizations in guinea pigs of various strains demonstrated that responses to weak immunogens, such as modified gelatins, are markedly influenced by genetic factors.", "PMID": 564873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6243", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on liver morphology after intravenous administration of a fat emulsion].", "content": "In short infusion series run over a 5day period, a fat emulsion on the basis of soya oil with egg lecithin as emulsifier, has been applied to rabbits by the intravenous route in a dosage of 2 and 4 g/kg body-weight/day. The results changes to the liver morphology have been analysed histologically by light-microscope in a systematic manner; using standard intervals of one to fifteen weeks. The most conspicuous phenomenon of the changed liver morphology is a fatty degeneration of the Kupffer's cells of the liver, whose different degree of severity was determined semiquantitatively by determination of the so-called index of fatty degeneration. The loading of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) of the liver is very heavy with the higher dose; it is lower with a dose of 2 g fat/kg body-weight. The histological changes recede only slowly. A simultaneous parenteral administration of carbohydrates did not result in any provable inferior loading of the RES.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on liver morphology after intravenous administration of a fat emulsion]. In short infusion series run over a 5day period, a fat emulsion on the basis of soya oil with egg lecithin as emulsifier, has been applied to rabbits by the intravenous route in a dosage of 2 and 4 g/kg body-weight/day. The results changes to the liver morphology have been analysed histologically by light-microscope in a systematic manner; using standard intervals of one to fifteen weeks. The most conspicuous phenomenon of the changed liver morphology is a fatty degeneration of the Kupffer's cells of the liver, whose different degree of severity was determined semiquantitatively by determination of the so-called index of fatty degeneration. The loading of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) of the liver is very heavy with the higher dose; it is lower with a dose of 2 g fat/kg body-weight. The histological changes recede only slowly. A simultaneous parenteral administration of carbohydrates did not result in any provable inferior loading of the RES.", "PMID": 564874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6244", "title": "[Intraportal and intravenous administration of fat emulsions. Comparison of liver morphology in animal experiments].", "content": "In short infusion series run over 5 days, a fat emulsion on the basis of soya oil with egg lecithin used as emulsifier has been infused to rabbits by the intravenous and intraportal routes in a dosage of 2 and 4 g/kg bodyweight/day. By a light-microscopic analysis of the liver morphology after one and three weeks, mainly a fatty degeneration of the Kupffer's cells of the liver was found. It was considerably less conspicuous after endo-portal supply than after peripheric-intravenous supply--findings which became more obvious with the higher dose.", "contents": "[Intraportal and intravenous administration of fat emulsions. Comparison of liver morphology in animal experiments]. In short infusion series run over 5 days, a fat emulsion on the basis of soya oil with egg lecithin used as emulsifier has been infused to rabbits by the intravenous and intraportal routes in a dosage of 2 and 4 g/kg bodyweight/day. By a light-microscopic analysis of the liver morphology after one and three weeks, mainly a fatty degeneration of the Kupffer's cells of the liver was found. It was considerably less conspicuous after endo-portal supply than after peripheric-intravenous supply--findings which became more obvious with the higher dose.", "PMID": 564875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6245", "title": "Lipid-free glycerol teichoic acids with potent membrane-binding activity.", "content": "Lipid analysis of several glycerol teichoic acid preparations strongly indicated that covalently bound lipid is not required for spontaneous adsorption of glycerol teichoic acid to erythrocyte membranes. Although fatty acids were detected in each of four batches, none were covalently bound. Chloroform-ether-extracted antigens retained potent erythrocyte membrane-binding activity as measured by passive hemagglutination, even though they were shown to contain less than one fatty acid residue per 4,869 teichoic acid chains. Mild ammonolysis abolished erythrocyte-sensitizing activity in passive hemagglutination, but further studies indicated the loss of activity was due to partial destruction of the polyglycerophosphate backbone and not to the removal of esterified lipid. The amount of hydrolyzed antigen required to produce 100% passive hemagglutination inhibition was between 170 and 330 times the amount required to produce the same result using unhydrolyzed glycerol teichoic acid. The average chain length was reduced from 19.1 to 9.7, 7.4, and 5.1 glycerophosphate residues for antigen samples hydrolyzed for 1, 5, and 16 h, respectively.", "contents": "Lipid-free glycerol teichoic acids with potent membrane-binding activity. Lipid analysis of several glycerol teichoic acid preparations strongly indicated that covalently bound lipid is not required for spontaneous adsorption of glycerol teichoic acid to erythrocyte membranes. Although fatty acids were detected in each of four batches, none were covalently bound. Chloroform-ether-extracted antigens retained potent erythrocyte membrane-binding activity as measured by passive hemagglutination, even though they were shown to contain less than one fatty acid residue per 4,869 teichoic acid chains. Mild ammonolysis abolished erythrocyte-sensitizing activity in passive hemagglutination, but further studies indicated the loss of activity was due to partial destruction of the polyglycerophosphate backbone and not to the removal of esterified lipid. The amount of hydrolyzed antigen required to produce 100% passive hemagglutination inhibition was between 170 and 330 times the amount required to produce the same result using unhydrolyzed glycerol teichoic acid. The average chain length was reduced from 19.1 to 9.7, 7.4, and 5.1 glycerophosphate residues for antigen samples hydrolyzed for 1, 5, and 16 h, respectively.", "PMID": 564877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6246", "title": "Hydrogen peroxide release by rat alveolar macrophages: comparison with blood neutrophils.", "content": "Hydrogen peroxide release was examined using biochemical and cytochemical techniques in rat alveolar macrophages, at rest and during phagocytosis, and compared with rat blood neutrophils. Using biochemical techniques, alveolar macrophages released small amounts of hydrogen peroxide at rest, and no increase was observed after challenge with opsonized and nonopsonized zymosan particles at several particle-cell ratios (1:1 to 1:1,000). Neutrophils released similar quantities of hydrogen peroxide at rest but showed a 12-fold increase in hydrogen peroxide release following exposure to opsonized zymosan particles. Using cytochemical techniques to localize sites of hydrogen peroxide release, resting neutrophils showed little deposition of reaction product at the cell surface and occasional deposits in endocytotic vesicles. After exposure to latex particles, a dense reaction product was observed between the particle and the cell membrane, indicating significant increases in hydrogen peroxide release at the sites of particle contact with the neutrophil. The resting macrophage displayed a light, uniform precipitation of cerium over the cell surface and lining intracellular channels and endocytotic vesicles and vacuoles. Following particle exposure, there was no significant difference in the density or distribution of reaction product. These findings, together with previous studies of oxidative metabolism, suggest that alveolar macrophages do not release increased quantities of hydrogen peroxide during phagocytosis. In contrast to neutrophils, oxidative-dependent metabolic pathways may not be of primary importance for microbial killing by alveolar macrophages.", "contents": "Hydrogen peroxide release by rat alveolar macrophages: comparison with blood neutrophils. Hydrogen peroxide release was examined using biochemical and cytochemical techniques in rat alveolar macrophages, at rest and during phagocytosis, and compared with rat blood neutrophils. Using biochemical techniques, alveolar macrophages released small amounts of hydrogen peroxide at rest, and no increase was observed after challenge with opsonized and nonopsonized zymosan particles at several particle-cell ratios (1:1 to 1:1,000). Neutrophils released similar quantities of hydrogen peroxide at rest but showed a 12-fold increase in hydrogen peroxide release following exposure to opsonized zymosan particles. Using cytochemical techniques to localize sites of hydrogen peroxide release, resting neutrophils showed little deposition of reaction product at the cell surface and occasional deposits in endocytotic vesicles. After exposure to latex particles, a dense reaction product was observed between the particle and the cell membrane, indicating significant increases in hydrogen peroxide release at the sites of particle contact with the neutrophil. The resting macrophage displayed a light, uniform precipitation of cerium over the cell surface and lining intracellular channels and endocytotic vesicles and vacuoles. Following particle exposure, there was no significant difference in the density or distribution of reaction product. These findings, together with previous studies of oxidative metabolism, suggest that alveolar macrophages do not release increased quantities of hydrogen peroxide during phagocytosis. In contrast to neutrophils, oxidative-dependent metabolic pathways may not be of primary importance for microbial killing by alveolar macrophages.", "PMID": 564878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6247", "title": "Motives for drug use: an application of Cohen's typology.", "content": "A modified version of Cohen's typology of motives leading to drug use was studied in three private schools, Grades 7 through 12, two colleges, and a random sample of adults in two cities in a rural county located in the Intermountain West. The distribution of motives for the use of 12 categories of drugs was summarized for each population and comparisons made for age and sex differences. Younger respondents reported a higher use of drugs for adventure/curiosity reasons than older respondents. Students using drugs at a college having unusually low drug use showed a higher level of general motive satisfaction than students at a college having average drug use. Females reported a somewhat higher level of general motive satisfaction than males, but the sex differences observed were not consistent with common sex role stereotypes. By applying these motive distributions in a given community or institution, and following Cohen's suggestions for alternatives to drug use, it would be possible to build an effective program aimed at the prevention of drug abuse and related problems.", "contents": "Motives for drug use: an application of Cohen's typology. A modified version of Cohen's typology of motives leading to drug use was studied in three private schools, Grades 7 through 12, two colleges, and a random sample of adults in two cities in a rural county located in the Intermountain West. The distribution of motives for the use of 12 categories of drugs was summarized for each population and comparisons made for age and sex differences. Younger respondents reported a higher use of drugs for adventure/curiosity reasons than older respondents. Students using drugs at a college having unusually low drug use showed a higher level of general motive satisfaction than students at a college having average drug use. Females reported a somewhat higher level of general motive satisfaction than males, but the sex differences observed were not consistent with common sex role stereotypes. By applying these motive distributions in a given community or institution, and following Cohen's suggestions for alternatives to drug use, it would be possible to build an effective program aimed at the prevention of drug abuse and related problems.", "PMID": 564880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6248", "title": "Ocular immunoglobulins in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Immunoglobulin levels in the ocular fluids have been estimated in normal subjects and lepromatous leprosy patients. In the normal tear, IgA is the major immunoglobulin while IgG is the only immunoglobulin detected in the aqueous humor. The immunoglobulin profiles in the tear and the aqueous humor in normal subjects are different. The mean IgA level in the tears of the lepromatous leprosy group is significantly lower than in the control patients. IgA and IgG levels are raised in the aqueous humor of some leprosy cases who had suffered from uveitis in the past and also in all cases with active endogenous uveitis. Therefore, in lepromatous leprosy the pattern of immunoglobulin alteration in the tear and the aqueous humor is not parallel.", "contents": "Ocular immunoglobulins in lepromatous leprosy. Immunoglobulin levels in the ocular fluids have been estimated in normal subjects and lepromatous leprosy patients. In the normal tear, IgA is the major immunoglobulin while IgG is the only immunoglobulin detected in the aqueous humor. The immunoglobulin profiles in the tear and the aqueous humor in normal subjects are different. The mean IgA level in the tears of the lepromatous leprosy group is significantly lower than in the control patients. IgA and IgG levels are raised in the aqueous humor of some leprosy cases who had suffered from uveitis in the past and also in all cases with active endogenous uveitis. Therefore, in lepromatous leprosy the pattern of immunoglobulin alteration in the tear and the aqueous humor is not parallel.", "PMID": 564881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6249", "title": "Epidemiology of leprosy in Iran.", "content": "A total of 907 cases of leprosy from two sources, records from Baba-Baghi Leprosarium (709 cases) and Ahar case finding survey (198 cases), have been studied. The main characteristics of the cases are: a) about 50% of all cases are lepromatous leprosy; b) the leprosarium cases are about 2.5 years younger; c) about 70% of all cases are male; and d) the incidence of leprosy shows a steady increase up to 25-30 years of age and levels off thereafter. These and other findings are discussed.", "contents": "Epidemiology of leprosy in Iran. A total of 907 cases of leprosy from two sources, records from Baba-Baghi Leprosarium (709 cases) and Ahar case finding survey (198 cases), have been studied. The main characteristics of the cases are: a) about 50% of all cases are lepromatous leprosy; b) the leprosarium cases are about 2.5 years younger; c) about 70% of all cases are male; and d) the incidence of leprosy shows a steady increase up to 25-30 years of age and levels off thereafter. These and other findings are discussed.", "PMID": 564882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6250", "title": "The prevalence and pattern of leprosy in a school survey.", "content": "The prevalence of leprosy in a school survey conducted in Panaji, India was found to be 5.3 per 1,000 with males predominating. The majority of patients had a single lesion on exposed parts of the body showing the clinical characteristics of tuberculoid leprosy. However, clinical features of indeterminate leprosy were seen in two patients and borderline tuberculoid in a single case. On the other hand, histopathologically, the majority of the patients were classified as having borderline tuberculoid or indeterminate leprosy. A disparity between the clinical and histopathologic diagnosis was evident. This observation emphasizes the importance of studying both the clinical and histopathologic features in deciding the precise status of a patient in the leprosy spectrum.", "contents": "The prevalence and pattern of leprosy in a school survey. The prevalence of leprosy in a school survey conducted in Panaji, India was found to be 5.3 per 1,000 with males predominating. The majority of patients had a single lesion on exposed parts of the body showing the clinical characteristics of tuberculoid leprosy. However, clinical features of indeterminate leprosy were seen in two patients and borderline tuberculoid in a single case. On the other hand, histopathologically, the majority of the patients were classified as having borderline tuberculoid or indeterminate leprosy. A disparity between the clinical and histopathologic diagnosis was evident. This observation emphasizes the importance of studying both the clinical and histopathologic features in deciding the precise status of a patient in the leprosy spectrum.", "PMID": 564883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6251", "title": "Time course changes in total lipid content and fatty acid distribution in various tissues of young chickens after feeding rapeseed oil or soybean oil.", "content": "1. In chicks fed rations containing 15% rapeseed oil (RSO) or soybean oil (SBO) a gradual increase in the lipid content of heart tissue was found from 1 to 10 days of age. The finding that feeding high levels of RSO to chicks did not cause excessive accumulation of fat in cardiac tissue supports the contention that it is inappropriate to extrapolate from one species to another (e.g. from rats to humans) as has been done by some workers with respects to RSO utilization. 2. Inclusion of RSO in the ration caused an increase in the total omega-9-monounsaturated fatty acid concentration in heart tissue. The increase in C 20:1 fatty acid concentration in heart tissue noted in the RSO-fed chicks suggests beta-oxidation of erucic acid (delta13 22:1) to eicosenoic acid (delta11 20:1). The rapid decrease in the oleic acid (delta9 18:1) concentration of liver tissue of chicks found during the period 1 to 10 days of age suggests the importance of oleic acid as a source of energy for the chicken.", "contents": "Time course changes in total lipid content and fatty acid distribution in various tissues of young chickens after feeding rapeseed oil or soybean oil. 1. In chicks fed rations containing 15% rapeseed oil (RSO) or soybean oil (SBO) a gradual increase in the lipid content of heart tissue was found from 1 to 10 days of age. The finding that feeding high levels of RSO to chicks did not cause excessive accumulation of fat in cardiac tissue supports the contention that it is inappropriate to extrapolate from one species to another (e.g. from rats to humans) as has been done by some workers with respects to RSO utilization. 2. Inclusion of RSO in the ration caused an increase in the total omega-9-monounsaturated fatty acid concentration in heart tissue. The increase in C 20:1 fatty acid concentration in heart tissue noted in the RSO-fed chicks suggests beta-oxidation of erucic acid (delta13 22:1) to eicosenoic acid (delta11 20:1). The rapid decrease in the oleic acid (delta9 18:1) concentration of liver tissue of chicks found during the period 1 to 10 days of age suggests the importance of oleic acid as a source of energy for the chicken.", "PMID": 564889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6252", "title": "Fine needle aspiration of lymph nodes in leprosy. A study of bacteriologic and morphologic indices.", "content": "Lymph node aspiration was performed from the inguinal group of lymph nodes in 16 patients having lepromatous or borderline leprosy. In the same group of patients impression smears of excised lymph node and slit smears of the skin were also studied. This study made it obvious that the aspiration biopsy technic gave similar information regarding the Bacteriologic (BI) and Morphologic Indices (MI) as the impression smears of excised lymph nodes. The technic of aspiration being simple and nontraumatic is recommended for the follow-up of patients on antileprosy drugs and in reactional phases.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration of lymph nodes in leprosy. A study of bacteriologic and morphologic indices. Lymph node aspiration was performed from the inguinal group of lymph nodes in 16 patients having lepromatous or borderline leprosy. In the same group of patients impression smears of excised lymph node and slit smears of the skin were also studied. This study made it obvious that the aspiration biopsy technic gave similar information regarding the Bacteriologic (BI) and Morphologic Indices (MI) as the impression smears of excised lymph nodes. The technic of aspiration being simple and nontraumatic is recommended for the follow-up of patients on antileprosy drugs and in reactional phases.", "PMID": 564884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6253", "title": "Transurethral sphincteric stimulation.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the external urethral sphincter is a valuable aid in teaching sphincterotomies and transurethral procedures. It helps accurately locate the external urethral sphincter which should be transected totally during a sphincterotomy and left intact in a transurethral procedure.", "contents": "Transurethral sphincteric stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the external urethral sphincter is a valuable aid in teaching sphincterotomies and transurethral procedures. It helps accurately locate the external urethral sphincter which should be transected totally during a sphincterotomy and left intact in a transurethral procedure.", "PMID": 564892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6254", "title": "The value of routein intravenous urography in acute epididymitis.", "content": "The urographies of 106 patients with acute epididymitis are reviewed. In 71 cases the urogrpahy was completely normal, while in the remaining 35 patients abnormalities were found. In 25 patients the findings were consistent with hypertrophy of the prostate. More than half of the patients had known urological diseases and had undergone cystoscopy and/or catheterization prior to the onset of acute epididymitis. All 35 patients had demonstrated symptoms that would otherwise have resulted in intravenous urography independent of the epididymitis. No cases of urogenital tuberculosis were found. The authors conclude that routine urography under the age of 50 is not recommended. Over the age of 50 concomitant urological diseases are so common that urography is often indicated, but acute epidiymitis in itself is only a relative indication.", "contents": "The value of routein intravenous urography in acute epididymitis. The urographies of 106 patients with acute epididymitis are reviewed. In 71 cases the urogrpahy was completely normal, while in the remaining 35 patients abnormalities were found. In 25 patients the findings were consistent with hypertrophy of the prostate. More than half of the patients had known urological diseases and had undergone cystoscopy and/or catheterization prior to the onset of acute epididymitis. All 35 patients had demonstrated symptoms that would otherwise have resulted in intravenous urography independent of the epididymitis. No cases of urogenital tuberculosis were found. The authors conclude that routine urography under the age of 50 is not recommended. Over the age of 50 concomitant urological diseases are so common that urography is often indicated, but acute epidiymitis in itself is only a relative indication.", "PMID": 564893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6255", "title": "Relationship of San Miguel sea lion virus to other members of the calicivirus group.", "content": "San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV) is indistinguishable from vesicular exanthema virus (VEV) and feline calicivirus (FCV) in its morphology and in possessing a single capsid polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 65 X 10(3). Neutralization tests readily differentiate the three viruses, but immunodiffusion tests show that SMSV is closely related serologically to VEV but not to FCV. Although the RNAs of the three caliciviruses have similar base compositions, homology tests show that SMSV is closely related to VEV but is not related to FCV. Tryptic peptide maps of the single major polypeptide comprising the capsid of each virus also show that SMSV and VEV are more closely related to each other than to FCV.", "contents": "Relationship of San Miguel sea lion virus to other members of the calicivirus group. San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV) is indistinguishable from vesicular exanthema virus (VEV) and feline calicivirus (FCV) in its morphology and in possessing a single capsid polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 65 X 10(3). Neutralization tests readily differentiate the three viruses, but immunodiffusion tests show that SMSV is closely related serologically to VEV but not to FCV. Although the RNAs of the three caliciviruses have similar base compositions, homology tests show that SMSV is closely related to VEV but is not related to FCV. Tryptic peptide maps of the single major polypeptide comprising the capsid of each virus also show that SMSV and VEV are more closely related to each other than to FCV.", "PMID": 564894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6256", "title": "Cow's milk intolerance presenting as necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "Case history is reported of an infant who was changed from breast to bottle feeding at fourth day of life, who on ninth day developed bilious vomiting and bloody diarrhoea. Later gas was found in colonic wall on X-ray. Necrotizing enterocolitis was diagnosed and infant managed with total intravenous alimentation. On recovery although she tolerated breast milk, return to cow's milk formula lead to return of bloody diarrhoea. Subsequently she thrived on a cow's milk-free diet based on chicken meat formula. At four months after total of 15 ml cow's milk she had an acute anaphylactic reaction. She recovered and is well on milk-free diet. Thus, this infant has recovered from necrotizing enterocolitis but has evidence of persistent cow's milk protein intolerance. The hypothesis is put forward that in this child cow's milk protein played a major role in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "Cow's milk intolerance presenting as necrotizing enterocolitis. Case history is reported of an infant who was changed from breast to bottle feeding at fourth day of life, who on ninth day developed bilious vomiting and bloody diarrhoea. Later gas was found in colonic wall on X-ray. Necrotizing enterocolitis was diagnosed and infant managed with total intravenous alimentation. On recovery although she tolerated breast milk, return to cow's milk formula lead to return of bloody diarrhoea. Subsequently she thrived on a cow's milk-free diet based on chicken meat formula. At four months after total of 15 ml cow's milk she had an acute anaphylactic reaction. She recovered and is well on milk-free diet. Thus, this infant has recovered from necrotizing enterocolitis but has evidence of persistent cow's milk protein intolerance. The hypothesis is put forward that in this child cow's milk protein played a major role in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "PMID": 564896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6257", "title": "Characterization of major glycolipids in bovine erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Several neutral glycolipids and gangliosides were isolated from bovine erythrocyte stroma. Their structures were determined by partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation and CrO3 oxidation. Two major neutral glycolipids were characterized as lactosylceramide and galactosyl(alpha1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide. Two major gangliosides were N-glycolylneuraminosyl(2--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide and N-glycolylneuraminosyl(2--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide. Minor glycolipids were glucosyl- and galactosylceramide, glucosamine-containing tri- and tetraglycosylceramide, glucosamine-containing disialosylhexaglycosylceramide, and gangliosides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid. The ceramide moiety of each glycolipid contained perdominantly d18:1 sphingosine, and normal fatty acids of C16:0, C22:0, C24:0, and C24:1.", "contents": "Characterization of major glycolipids in bovine erythrocyte membrane. Several neutral glycolipids and gangliosides were isolated from bovine erythrocyte stroma. Their structures were determined by partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation and CrO3 oxidation. Two major neutral glycolipids were characterized as lactosylceramide and galactosyl(alpha1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide. Two major gangliosides were N-glycolylneuraminosyl(2--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide and N-glycolylneuraminosyl(2--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1--3)galactosyl(beta1--4)glucosyl(beta1--1)ceramide. Minor glycolipids were glucosyl- and galactosylceramide, glucosamine-containing tri- and tetraglycosylceramide, glucosamine-containing disialosylhexaglycosylceramide, and gangliosides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid. The ceramide moiety of each glycolipid contained perdominantly d18:1 sphingosine, and normal fatty acids of C16:0, C22:0, C24:0, and C24:1.", "PMID": 564898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6258", "title": "Synthesis of a reactive ATP analog and its preliminary application as an affinity labeling reagent.", "content": "A reactive ATP analog, N6-(6-bromoacetamidohexyl)-AMP.PCP, was synthesized in an attempt to covalently label the binding sites for adenine nucleotides, especially ATP, of various enzymes which utilize adenine nucleotides as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors or allosteric effectors. This reagent rapidly inactivated rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), myokinase (MK), and creatine kinase (CK) under very mild conditions. Adenine nucleotide substrates prevented the inactivation. In the case of GPD, complete inactivation was observed when 1 mol of the reagent per mol of enzyme subunit was incorporated into the enzyme. These results indicate that the present ATP analog may be useful as an affinity labeling reagent for various adenine nucleotide-dependent enzymes.", "contents": "Synthesis of a reactive ATP analog and its preliminary application as an affinity labeling reagent. A reactive ATP analog, N6-(6-bromoacetamidohexyl)-AMP.PCP, was synthesized in an attempt to covalently label the binding sites for adenine nucleotides, especially ATP, of various enzymes which utilize adenine nucleotides as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors or allosteric effectors. This reagent rapidly inactivated rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), myokinase (MK), and creatine kinase (CK) under very mild conditions. Adenine nucleotide substrates prevented the inactivation. In the case of GPD, complete inactivation was observed when 1 mol of the reagent per mol of enzyme subunit was incorporated into the enzyme. These results indicate that the present ATP analog may be useful as an affinity labeling reagent for various adenine nucleotide-dependent enzymes.", "PMID": 564899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6259", "title": "Monomeric selectively S-alkylated derivatives of seminal ribonuclease: preparation and properties.", "content": "Procedures are described for preparing monomeric selectively S-carboxamido-methylated and S-aminoethylated derivatives of seminal ribonuclease. The main properties of the derivatives, including their extinction coefficients, have been determined. Their catalytic activities and that of the S-carboxymethyl derivative have been tested. On double-stranded RNA as a substrate the monomeric derivatives are less active than the native dimeric enzyme, but much more active than pancreatic ribonuclease. On yeast RNA as a substrate the amino-ethyl derivative is found to be less active (80%) than the native enzyme, while the other two are over 30 percent more active. The monomers are stable in solution and when lyophilized from acetic acid solution do not associate to the same extent as pancreatic or native seminal ribonucleases.", "contents": "Monomeric selectively S-alkylated derivatives of seminal ribonuclease: preparation and properties. Procedures are described for preparing monomeric selectively S-carboxamido-methylated and S-aminoethylated derivatives of seminal ribonuclease. The main properties of the derivatives, including their extinction coefficients, have been determined. Their catalytic activities and that of the S-carboxymethyl derivative have been tested. On double-stranded RNA as a substrate the monomeric derivatives are less active than the native dimeric enzyme, but much more active than pancreatic ribonuclease. On yeast RNA as a substrate the amino-ethyl derivative is found to be less active (80%) than the native enzyme, while the other two are over 30 percent more active. The monomers are stable in solution and when lyophilized from acetic acid solution do not associate to the same extent as pancreatic or native seminal ribonucleases.", "PMID": 564895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6260", "title": "Structural changes at the active site of pyruvate kinase during activation and catalysis.", "content": "The distance between the obligatory monovalent and divalent cations at the active site of pyruvate kinase (rabbit muscle) has been used to monitor structural changes at various successive intermediates in the catalytic reaction and to relate structure and activity of substrate analogs. Determinations of distance were obtained from measurements of the longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1) of the methyl protons of methyl ammonium ion, which was affected by the activating divalent cation Mn2+ in the various enzyme complexes. A frequency dependence of the 1/T1 effects with several complexes indicats that the observed relaxation rate changes are modulated by changes in the cation-cation distances. The results are interpreted as a sequence of structural changes at the active site which occur upon substrate binding, catalysis, and product release. Substrate analogs which are good analogs of phosphoenolpyruvate by kinetic criteria induce structural changes analogous to the substrate. An attempt is made to correlate the cation-cation distance changes to other structural changes reported for pyruvate kinase.", "contents": "Structural changes at the active site of pyruvate kinase during activation and catalysis. The distance between the obligatory monovalent and divalent cations at the active site of pyruvate kinase (rabbit muscle) has been used to monitor structural changes at various successive intermediates in the catalytic reaction and to relate structure and activity of substrate analogs. Determinations of distance were obtained from measurements of the longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1) of the methyl protons of methyl ammonium ion, which was affected by the activating divalent cation Mn2+ in the various enzyme complexes. A frequency dependence of the 1/T1 effects with several complexes indicats that the observed relaxation rate changes are modulated by changes in the cation-cation distances. The results are interpreted as a sequence of structural changes at the active site which occur upon substrate binding, catalysis, and product release. Substrate analogs which are good analogs of phosphoenolpyruvate by kinetic criteria induce structural changes analogous to the substrate. An attempt is made to correlate the cation-cation distance changes to other structural changes reported for pyruvate kinase.", "PMID": 564901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6261", "title": "A portion of all major classes of histone messenger RNA in amphibian oocytes is polyadenylated.", "content": "Ovaries of the amphibian Triturus viridescens contain a considerable amount of 7 to 12 S RNA which fractionates with poly(A)+ RNA on oligo(dT)-cellulose column chromatography and directs the synthesis of all five classes of histones in a wheat germ cell-free system. The polyadenylate tracts associated with this 7 to 12 S poly (A)+ RNA are heterogeneous in length, ranging from approximately 60 to 120 nucleotides. Partially purified subfractions of histone mRNA templates were isolated from this RNA by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The correlation between the poly(A) content, the template activity in vitro, and the cell-free products encoded by these RNA subfractions suggests that Triturus ovary RNA contains poly(A)+ histone mRNA. The 7 to 12 S poly(A)+ RNA, but not 7 to 12 S poly(A)- RNA, is an effective template for the avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase-directed synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) in the presence of oligo(dT) primer. In the absence of primer, virtually no cDNA is synthesized. When cDNA complementary to 7 to 12 S poly(A)+ RNA is hybridized in situ to Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome preparations. cDNA hybrids are found primarily in the region 39D-E, the locus of the histone genes in Drosophila. This cDNA also hybridizes to the sea urchin histone gene sequences contained in the chimeric bacterial plasmids pSp2 and pSp17. These results provide strong evidence for the reality of polyadenylated histone mRNA in Triturus ovary.", "contents": "A portion of all major classes of histone messenger RNA in amphibian oocytes is polyadenylated. Ovaries of the amphibian Triturus viridescens contain a considerable amount of 7 to 12 S RNA which fractionates with poly(A)+ RNA on oligo(dT)-cellulose column chromatography and directs the synthesis of all five classes of histones in a wheat germ cell-free system. The polyadenylate tracts associated with this 7 to 12 S poly (A)+ RNA are heterogeneous in length, ranging from approximately 60 to 120 nucleotides. Partially purified subfractions of histone mRNA templates were isolated from this RNA by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The correlation between the poly(A) content, the template activity in vitro, and the cell-free products encoded by these RNA subfractions suggests that Triturus ovary RNA contains poly(A)+ histone mRNA. The 7 to 12 S poly(A)+ RNA, but not 7 to 12 S poly(A)- RNA, is an effective template for the avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase-directed synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) in the presence of oligo(dT) primer. In the absence of primer, virtually no cDNA is synthesized. When cDNA complementary to 7 to 12 S poly(A)+ RNA is hybridized in situ to Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome preparations. cDNA hybrids are found primarily in the region 39D-E, the locus of the histone genes in Drosophila. This cDNA also hybridizes to the sea urchin histone gene sequences contained in the chimeric bacterial plasmids pSp2 and pSp17. These results provide strong evidence for the reality of polyadenylated histone mRNA in Triturus ovary.", "PMID": 564902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6262", "title": "D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from chicken liver. I. Purification.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of homogeneous D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from chicken liver in amounts sufficient for structural studies. The procedure utilizes ammonium sulfate precipitation, blue dextran-Sepharose chromatography, ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose, and crystallization. Previous reports of instability of the enzyme have been shown to be due to proteolysis in the crude extract which can be effectively prevented by leupeptin. The purified enzyme is a basic protein with a pI of 8.95 as measured by isoelectric focusing. The extinction coefficient at 278 nm of a 1% solution is 5.3.", "contents": "D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from chicken liver. I. Purification. A method is described for the preparation of homogeneous D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from chicken liver in amounts sufficient for structural studies. The procedure utilizes ammonium sulfate precipitation, blue dextran-Sepharose chromatography, ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose, and crystallization. Previous reports of instability of the enzyme have been shown to be due to proteolysis in the crude extract which can be effectively prevented by leupeptin. The purified enzyme is a basic protein with a pI of 8.95 as measured by isoelectric focusing. The extinction coefficient at 278 nm of a 1% solution is 5.3.", "PMID": 564904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6263", "title": "D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from chicken liver. II. Chemical and physical properties.", "content": "The molecular weight of chicken liver D-3-phosphglycerate dehydrogenase, as measured by sedimentation equilibrium analysis, was found to be 165,000, consistent with the measured sedimentation coefficient of 8.13 S. Sedimentation equilibrium studies in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gave molecular weights of 40,000 to 43,000, indicating that the protein is composed of 4 subunits of equal molecular weight. Fractionation of the soluble tryptic peptides of the S-[14C]carboxymethylated enzyme by ion exchange chromatography and unidirectional paper electrophoresis indicated a maximum of 40 major peptides, which is approximately one-fourth of the number of tryptic peptides expected from the lysine plus arginine content of 157 of the tetramer. This observation suggests that the subunits possess identical or very similar amino acid sequences. The purified enzyme is a basic protein with an isoelectric point of 8.95. Amino acid analysis and titration with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate indicated that the 12 half-cystinyl residues present/subunit exist in the free sulfhydryl form. NH2-terminal analysis in an automatic protein sequenator indicated that the polypeptide chains of the protein are blocked.", "contents": "D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from chicken liver. II. Chemical and physical properties. The molecular weight of chicken liver D-3-phosphglycerate dehydrogenase, as measured by sedimentation equilibrium analysis, was found to be 165,000, consistent with the measured sedimentation coefficient of 8.13 S. Sedimentation equilibrium studies in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gave molecular weights of 40,000 to 43,000, indicating that the protein is composed of 4 subunits of equal molecular weight. Fractionation of the soluble tryptic peptides of the S-[14C]carboxymethylated enzyme by ion exchange chromatography and unidirectional paper electrophoresis indicated a maximum of 40 major peptides, which is approximately one-fourth of the number of tryptic peptides expected from the lysine plus arginine content of 157 of the tetramer. This observation suggests that the subunits possess identical or very similar amino acid sequences. The purified enzyme is a basic protein with an isoelectric point of 8.95. Amino acid analysis and titration with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate indicated that the 12 half-cystinyl residues present/subunit exist in the free sulfhydryl form. NH2-terminal analysis in an automatic protein sequenator indicated that the polypeptide chains of the protein are blocked.", "PMID": 564905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6264", "title": "Structural basis for the specific activation of human enteropeptidase.", "content": "Human cationic trypsinogen is activated by human enteropeptidase much more readily than bovine trypsinogen, the ratios kcat/Km being 330 and 11 mM-1S-1, respectively. Conversely, porcine enteropeptidase activates bovine trypsinogen much more rapidly (kcat/Km = 630 mM-1S-1) than human cationic trypsinogen (kcat/Km = 2.4 mM-1S-1). The primary structure of the activation region of human cationic trypsinogen has been investigated in an attempt to elucidate the basis for these findings. The sequence of the first 12 residues at the NH2-terminus of human cationic trypsinogen has been shown to be Asp-Lys-Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Asn-Cys-Glu-Glu-Asn. Furthermore, the activation peptide derived from human cationic trypsinogen has been isolated and shown to be the dipeptide Asp-Lys. This result is in contrast to the Val-(Asp)4-Lys activation peptide from bovine trypsinogen and demonstrates that human cationic trypsinogen does not contain the (Asp)4 sequence present in many other mammalian trypsinogens. It is proposed that the high degree of specificity for activation of human cationic trypsinogen by human enteropeptidase is due to the preferential recognition of the novel activation peptide sequence in the human zymogen. Thus, these two functionally related proteins, cationic trypsinogen and enteropeptidase, may have evolved in a parallel manner in the human lineage.", "contents": "Structural basis for the specific activation of human enteropeptidase. Human cationic trypsinogen is activated by human enteropeptidase much more readily than bovine trypsinogen, the ratios kcat/Km being 330 and 11 mM-1S-1, respectively. Conversely, porcine enteropeptidase activates bovine trypsinogen much more rapidly (kcat/Km = 630 mM-1S-1) than human cationic trypsinogen (kcat/Km = 2.4 mM-1S-1). The primary structure of the activation region of human cationic trypsinogen has been investigated in an attempt to elucidate the basis for these findings. The sequence of the first 12 residues at the NH2-terminus of human cationic trypsinogen has been shown to be Asp-Lys-Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Asn-Cys-Glu-Glu-Asn. Furthermore, the activation peptide derived from human cationic trypsinogen has been isolated and shown to be the dipeptide Asp-Lys. This result is in contrast to the Val-(Asp)4-Lys activation peptide from bovine trypsinogen and demonstrates that human cationic trypsinogen does not contain the (Asp)4 sequence present in many other mammalian trypsinogens. It is proposed that the high degree of specificity for activation of human cationic trypsinogen by human enteropeptidase is due to the preferential recognition of the novel activation peptide sequence in the human zymogen. Thus, these two functionally related proteins, cationic trypsinogen and enteropeptidase, may have evolved in a parallel manner in the human lineage.", "PMID": 564906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6265", "title": "The non-tubulin component of microtubule protein oligomers. Effect on self-association and hydrodynamic properties.", "content": "We have investigated the association of non-tubulin microtubule proteins with tubulin to form the ring-shaped oligomeric structures found in microtubule preparations. We have found that the two oligomeric species present in our preparations of microtubule protein (s020,w = 18 and 30 S) each require non-tubulin factors for their formation. Two types of non-tubulin protein, the high molecular weight proteins (HMW) and the tau proteins were found to be active in ring formation. The HMW proteins promoted the formation of the 30 S oligomer, while the tau proteins promoted the formation of an oligomer of s020,w = 20 S. Analysis of the 30 S oligomer by gel filtration chromatography showed that the ratio of HMW proteins to tubulin was about twice that in the microtubule. The HMW proteins could be destroyed by exposure to trypsin, resulting in a marked increase in the sedimentation coefficient of the 30 S oligomer to 39 S. The 20, 30, and 39 S species were identified as rings by electron microscopy. The identity of the 18 S structure as a ring was called into question. Our data indicate that the 20 S species is a single ring and that the 30 S oligomer is a two-layered ring bearing HMW projections which contribute substantial hydrodynamic drag to the particle. We compare the organization of tubulin subunits and HMW molecules in the 30 S ring with the organization of these components in the microtubule and suggest that the organization in the ring is conserved in the microtubule.", "contents": "The non-tubulin component of microtubule protein oligomers. Effect on self-association and hydrodynamic properties. We have investigated the association of non-tubulin microtubule proteins with tubulin to form the ring-shaped oligomeric structures found in microtubule preparations. We have found that the two oligomeric species present in our preparations of microtubule protein (s020,w = 18 and 30 S) each require non-tubulin factors for their formation. Two types of non-tubulin protein, the high molecular weight proteins (HMW) and the tau proteins were found to be active in ring formation. The HMW proteins promoted the formation of the 30 S oligomer, while the tau proteins promoted the formation of an oligomer of s020,w = 20 S. Analysis of the 30 S oligomer by gel filtration chromatography showed that the ratio of HMW proteins to tubulin was about twice that in the microtubule. The HMW proteins could be destroyed by exposure to trypsin, resulting in a marked increase in the sedimentation coefficient of the 30 S oligomer to 39 S. The 20, 30, and 39 S species were identified as rings by electron microscopy. The identity of the 18 S structure as a ring was called into question. Our data indicate that the 20 S species is a single ring and that the 30 S oligomer is a two-layered ring bearing HMW projections which contribute substantial hydrodynamic drag to the particle. We compare the organization of tubulin subunits and HMW molecules in the 30 S ring with the organization of these components in the microtubule and suggest that the organization in the ring is conserved in the microtubule.", "PMID": 564907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6266", "title": "Electron microscopy of metal-shadowed and negatively stained microtubule protein. Structure of the 30 S oligomer.", "content": "Microtubule protein purified from porcine brain was fixed at low protein concentration with glutaraldehyde under conditions which maximize the relative concentration of the ring-shaped 30 S oligomer. Fixed oligomer was separated from glutaraldehyde and other protein species by column chromatography. The fixed, isolated oligomer was deposited on electron microscopy grids, dehydrated, and then critical point-dried before shadow-coating with carbon/platinum alloy at a fixed angle. Analysis of the shadow lengths observed by electron microscopy revealed that the height of the 30 S oligomer is 15 nm. Microtubule protein deposited on electron microscope grids at high protein concentrations was examined by the negative stain technique and found to contain apparent stacks of oligomer from which the number of tubulin dimers per turn of the ring and the distance between turns could be determined. The number of subunits per turn was determined as 13.8. The distance between turns was found to be 7.4 nm, indicating that the 15 nm high, shadowed oligomers consisted of two turns. Additional information from the literature is considered and a model is presented for the oligomer. The model is a helix of 29 tubulin dimers and five high molecular weight protein molecules arranged so as to preserve intersubunit bonding patterns found in microtubules.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of metal-shadowed and negatively stained microtubule protein. Structure of the 30 S oligomer. Microtubule protein purified from porcine brain was fixed at low protein concentration with glutaraldehyde under conditions which maximize the relative concentration of the ring-shaped 30 S oligomer. Fixed oligomer was separated from glutaraldehyde and other protein species by column chromatography. The fixed, isolated oligomer was deposited on electron microscopy grids, dehydrated, and then critical point-dried before shadow-coating with carbon/platinum alloy at a fixed angle. Analysis of the shadow lengths observed by electron microscopy revealed that the height of the 30 S oligomer is 15 nm. Microtubule protein deposited on electron microscope grids at high protein concentrations was examined by the negative stain technique and found to contain apparent stacks of oligomer from which the number of tubulin dimers per turn of the ring and the distance between turns could be determined. The number of subunits per turn was determined as 13.8. The distance between turns was found to be 7.4 nm, indicating that the 15 nm high, shadowed oligomers consisted of two turns. Additional information from the literature is considered and a model is presented for the oligomer. The model is a helix of 29 tubulin dimers and five high molecular weight protein molecules arranged so as to preserve intersubunit bonding patterns found in microtubules.", "PMID": 564908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6267", "title": "Sedimentation velocity analyses of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the 30 S microtubule protein oligomer.", "content": "Increasing hydrostatic pressure in the analytical ultracentrifuge by increasing rotor velocity and overlayering protein samples with oil caused a depolymerization of the 30 S oligomer of microtubule protein. This results indicates that the reaction of 6 S microtubule protein to form the oligomer was accompanied by a positive volume change. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the 6 S to 30 S transition was employed to demonstrate the presence of a rapidly reversible equilibrium between these components by showing polymerization or depolymerization of the oligomer during the course of ultracentrifugation. The magnitude of the partial specific volume change accompanying this reaction was estimated from mass fraction measurements of microtubule protein solutions at a variety of hydrostatic pressures to be about 9 X 10(-4) ml g-1.", "contents": "Sedimentation velocity analyses of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the 30 S microtubule protein oligomer. Increasing hydrostatic pressure in the analytical ultracentrifuge by increasing rotor velocity and overlayering protein samples with oil caused a depolymerization of the 30 S oligomer of microtubule protein. This results indicates that the reaction of 6 S microtubule protein to form the oligomer was accompanied by a positive volume change. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the 6 S to 30 S transition was employed to demonstrate the presence of a rapidly reversible equilibrium between these components by showing polymerization or depolymerization of the oligomer during the course of ultracentrifugation. The magnitude of the partial specific volume change accompanying this reaction was estimated from mass fraction measurements of microtubule protein solutions at a variety of hydrostatic pressures to be about 9 X 10(-4) ml g-1.", "PMID": 564909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6268", "title": "Skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor. Purification, characterization, and turnover in muscle cell cultures.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptor has been purified from embryonic skeletal muscle cells grown and allowed to differentiate in tissue culture. The polypeptide composition of purified receptor has been determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The purest preparations are composed of a single Mr = 41,000 class of polypeptide which exhibits some charge heterogeneity. By high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis a spot corresponding to acetylcholine receptor was localized among total proteins of muscle membrane extracts. Synthesis of this component is shown to be developmentally regulated. Quantitative analysis of receptor synthesis and degradation has led to the conclusion that receptor is one of a class of proteins whose synthesis is tightly regulated during terminal steps of myogenesis.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor. Purification, characterization, and turnover in muscle cell cultures. Acetylcholine receptor has been purified from embryonic skeletal muscle cells grown and allowed to differentiate in tissue culture. The polypeptide composition of purified receptor has been determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The purest preparations are composed of a single Mr = 41,000 class of polypeptide which exhibits some charge heterogeneity. By high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis a spot corresponding to acetylcholine receptor was localized among total proteins of muscle membrane extracts. Synthesis of this component is shown to be developmentally regulated. Quantitative analysis of receptor synthesis and degradation has led to the conclusion that receptor is one of a class of proteins whose synthesis is tightly regulated during terminal steps of myogenesis.", "PMID": 564910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6269", "title": "Cytoplasmic filaments and gap junctions in epithelial cells and myofibroblasts during wound healing.", "content": "During the healing of an experimental skin wound, epidermal cells and granulation tissue fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) develop an extensive cytoplasmic contactile apparatus. Concurrently, the proportion of epidermal cell surface occupied by gap junctions increases when compared to normal skin, and newly formed gap junctions appear between myofibroblasts; this suggests that epidermal cell migration and granulation tissue contraction are synchronized phenomena.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic filaments and gap junctions in epithelial cells and myofibroblasts during wound healing. During the healing of an experimental skin wound, epidermal cells and granulation tissue fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) develop an extensive cytoplasmic contactile apparatus. Concurrently, the proportion of epidermal cell surface occupied by gap junctions increases when compared to normal skin, and newly formed gap junctions appear between myofibroblasts; this suggests that epidermal cell migration and granulation tissue contraction are synchronized phenomena.", "PMID": 564911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6270", "title": "The spermatozoon of arthropoda. XXX. The multiflagellate spermatozoon in the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis.", "content": "In this paper the spermatozoon of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is described. It is the first example of a multiflagellate sperm cell in animals. The sperm consists of a conical head and 100 flagella. Other remarkable features of this sperm cell are the absence of an acrosome, the presence of centrioles containing doublet microtubules instead of triplets, and the presence of axonemes devoid of central tubules and with doublets bearing only one arm. The flagella are feebly motile.", "contents": "The spermatozoon of arthropoda. XXX. The multiflagellate spermatozoon in the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. In this paper the spermatozoon of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is described. It is the first example of a multiflagellate sperm cell in animals. The sperm consists of a conical head and 100 flagella. Other remarkable features of this sperm cell are the absence of an acrosome, the presence of centrioles containing doublet microtubules instead of triplets, and the presence of axonemes devoid of central tubules and with doublets bearing only one arm. The flagella are feebly motile.", "PMID": 564912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6271", "title": "Fluorescein colchicine. Synthesis, purification, and biological activity.", "content": "The synthesis of a fluorescent colchicine derivative permits the localization of colchicine-binding receptors in cells. Fluorescein colchicine (FC) was prepared by the addition of fluorescein isothiocyanate to deacetyl colchicine. The product, FC, was separated from the reactants by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The purity of FC was demonstrated by TLC, UV spectral analysis, and analysis of the kinetics of photodecomposition. FC inhibited [3H] colchicine binding to purified brain tubulin. The biological activity of FC was compared to the activity of unlabeled colchicine on mitosis, motility, secretion, and myogenesis. The effects of FC were identical to those of unlabeled colchicine in all biological systems tested. The results demonstrate that FC may be substituted for colchicine in biological experiments without significant loss in specificity or effectiveness.", "contents": "Fluorescein colchicine. Synthesis, purification, and biological activity. The synthesis of a fluorescent colchicine derivative permits the localization of colchicine-binding receptors in cells. Fluorescein colchicine (FC) was prepared by the addition of fluorescein isothiocyanate to deacetyl colchicine. The product, FC, was separated from the reactants by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The purity of FC was demonstrated by TLC, UV spectral analysis, and analysis of the kinetics of photodecomposition. FC inhibited [3H] colchicine binding to purified brain tubulin. The biological activity of FC was compared to the activity of unlabeled colchicine on mitosis, motility, secretion, and myogenesis. The effects of FC were identical to those of unlabeled colchicine in all biological systems tested. The results demonstrate that FC may be substituted for colchicine in biological experiments without significant loss in specificity or effectiveness.", "PMID": 564913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6272", "title": "Rat liver nuclear skeleton and small molecular weight RNA species.", "content": "Small molecular weight RNA species (smwRNAs) were studied in rat liver nuclei with and without chromatin as well as with and without nuclear envelope and nucleoplasm. From all the species identified, only two, N5 and 5Sb, were related to ribosomes. The others were localized exclusively in the nuclear skeleton or the spongelike network that was described in the preceding communication. This network or protein matrix contains a less abundant but exclusive set of molecules designated 5Sa, N1, and 4.5S, as well as other more abundant molecules which also exist in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum but not in polysomes or postribosomal RNP complexes. The smwRNAs behave like HnRNA; they remain located in the nuclear skeleton when nuclei are deprived of nucleoplasm and chromatin. With the information presently available, it is not possible to know whetherer both species are in the same or different RNP complexes and whether some of the smwRNAs contribute to the architecture of the nuclear skeleton. Distinct from any other nuclear RNA species, smwRNAs have two unique properties: facility of extraction, and resistance to nuclear ribonuclease digestion.", "contents": "Rat liver nuclear skeleton and small molecular weight RNA species. Small molecular weight RNA species (smwRNAs) were studied in rat liver nuclei with and without chromatin as well as with and without nuclear envelope and nucleoplasm. From all the species identified, only two, N5 and 5Sb, were related to ribosomes. The others were localized exclusively in the nuclear skeleton or the spongelike network that was described in the preceding communication. This network or protein matrix contains a less abundant but exclusive set of molecules designated 5Sa, N1, and 4.5S, as well as other more abundant molecules which also exist in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum but not in polysomes or postribosomal RNP complexes. The smwRNAs behave like HnRNA; they remain located in the nuclear skeleton when nuclei are deprived of nucleoplasm and chromatin. With the information presently available, it is not possible to know whetherer both species are in the same or different RNP complexes and whether some of the smwRNAs contribute to the architecture of the nuclear skeleton. Distinct from any other nuclear RNA species, smwRNAs have two unique properties: facility of extraction, and resistance to nuclear ribonuclease digestion.", "PMID": 564914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6273", "title": "Meiosis in Coprinus. VIII. A time-course study of the fusion and division of the spindle pole body during meiosis.", "content": "The time-course study of meiosis in the fungus Coprinus cinereus (C. lagopus) by electron microscopy reveals that two monoglobular spindle pole bodies (SPB's) of prekaryogamy nuclei come together during karyogamy and are fused. The fusion SPB of postkaryogamy nucleus persists through zygotene and pachytene as evidenced by the presence of axial components and synaptonemal complexes. At early diplotene, the SPB divides. The divided SPB takes on a diglobular form, which grows in size to form two daughter SPB's. These separate and move to opposite poles at metaphase I.", "contents": "Meiosis in Coprinus. VIII. A time-course study of the fusion and division of the spindle pole body during meiosis. The time-course study of meiosis in the fungus Coprinus cinereus (C. lagopus) by electron microscopy reveals that two monoglobular spindle pole bodies (SPB's) of prekaryogamy nuclei come together during karyogamy and are fused. The fusion SPB of postkaryogamy nucleus persists through zygotene and pachytene as evidenced by the presence of axial components and synaptonemal complexes. At early diplotene, the SPB divides. The divided SPB takes on a diglobular form, which grows in size to form two daughter SPB's. These separate and move to opposite poles at metaphase I.", "PMID": 564915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6274", "title": "Radioimmunoprecipitation assay for quantitation of serum antibody to the hemagglutinin of type A influenza virus.", "content": "A double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay has been developed to provide a sensitive and specific measure of antibody to hemagglutinins of H3N2 influenza viruses. Chloramine T was used to radiolabel purified hemagglutinins to high specific activity without loss of antigenicity. The purity of the labeled hemagglutinin was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which also established that both the HA(1) and HA(2) polypeptides were iodinated. Radiolabeled hemagglutinins with a specific activity that did not exceed 12 muCi/mug of protein could be maintained for up to 30 days at -70 degrees C in the presence of supplemental protein. The RIP assay was compared with conventional methods, hemagglutination inhibition and viral neutralization tests, using H3N equine 1 hybrid viruses for determining serum antihemagglutinin antibody titers. The geometric mean titers for human convalescent sera after infection with A/England/72 virus were 118, 161, and 18,822 for hemagglutination inhibition, viral neutralization, and RIP tests, respectively, and the three tests demonstrated significant rises in antihemagglutinin antibody titers with equal efficiency. In general, a positive correlation existed between antihemagglutinin antibody titers determined by these three procedures; however, the antibody level determined by RIP assay for each individual could not be related to hemagglutination inhibition or viral neutralization titers by a constant factor. A similar lack of a constant relationship was found by using hyperimmune guinea pig antisera, which suggests that the RIP assay can detect antibody populations that exhibit differing efficiencies for inhibition of viral hemagglutination and replication.", "contents": "Radioimmunoprecipitation assay for quantitation of serum antibody to the hemagglutinin of type A influenza virus. A double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay has been developed to provide a sensitive and specific measure of antibody to hemagglutinins of H3N2 influenza viruses. Chloramine T was used to radiolabel purified hemagglutinins to high specific activity without loss of antigenicity. The purity of the labeled hemagglutinin was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which also established that both the HA(1) and HA(2) polypeptides were iodinated. Radiolabeled hemagglutinins with a specific activity that did not exceed 12 muCi/mug of protein could be maintained for up to 30 days at -70 degrees C in the presence of supplemental protein. The RIP assay was compared with conventional methods, hemagglutination inhibition and viral neutralization tests, using H3N equine 1 hybrid viruses for determining serum antihemagglutinin antibody titers. The geometric mean titers for human convalescent sera after infection with A/England/72 virus were 118, 161, and 18,822 for hemagglutination inhibition, viral neutralization, and RIP tests, respectively, and the three tests demonstrated significant rises in antihemagglutinin antibody titers with equal efficiency. In general, a positive correlation existed between antihemagglutinin antibody titers determined by these three procedures; however, the antibody level determined by RIP assay for each individual could not be related to hemagglutination inhibition or viral neutralization titers by a constant factor. A similar lack of a constant relationship was found by using hyperimmune guinea pig antisera, which suggests that the RIP assay can detect antibody populations that exhibit differing efficiencies for inhibition of viral hemagglutination and replication.", "PMID": 564916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6275", "title": "[The testis in a 46, XX male. Apropos of an ultrastructural examination].", "content": "The ultrastructure of a testicular biopsy was carried out in a man with 46 XX chromosomes who had a masculine phenotype and in whom the hormone levels showed that the interstitial tissue of the gland was functioning well. Observations showed that the exocrine appearance of the testis was comparable to that described in Klinefelter's syndrome, namely germinal aplasia with invasion by Sertoli cells. On the other hand the interstitial glandular tissue showed morphological characteristics associated with normal androgen activity, which is unusual to find in Klinefelter's syndrome. Lipid inclusions, pigmentation and Reinke cristalloids were found. The cytogenetic techniques that happened to be used did not manage to show up even a small fragment of the Y chromosome. Various theories have been considered to explain the constitution of such a phenotype with this chromosome abnormality.", "contents": "[The testis in a 46, XX male. Apropos of an ultrastructural examination]. The ultrastructure of a testicular biopsy was carried out in a man with 46 XX chromosomes who had a masculine phenotype and in whom the hormone levels showed that the interstitial tissue of the gland was functioning well. Observations showed that the exocrine appearance of the testis was comparable to that described in Klinefelter's syndrome, namely germinal aplasia with invasion by Sertoli cells. On the other hand the interstitial glandular tissue showed morphological characteristics associated with normal androgen activity, which is unusual to find in Klinefelter's syndrome. Lipid inclusions, pigmentation and Reinke cristalloids were found. The cytogenetic techniques that happened to be used did not manage to show up even a small fragment of the Y chromosome. Various theories have been considered to explain the constitution of such a phenotype with this chromosome abnormality.", "PMID": 564925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6276", "title": "[Fetal hypothyroidism: a complication of amniofetography. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "The authors present three cases of fetal hypothyroidism following amniofetography, after they have reviewed the technique and complications of this procedure. (For outlining the fetus by injecting radio-opaque iodides into the amniotic sac). These are cases of hypothyroidism in the fetus caused by overdosage with iodides. The fetal thyroid is blocked by the large quantity of iodine which is necessary for amniofetography. The indications then for amniofetography should be reviewed. The only valid indication that remains is for the diagnosis of neurological malformations and especially spina bifida. Whenever amniofetography has been carried out the newborn should be assessed for thyroid function routinely.", "contents": "[Fetal hypothyroidism: a complication of amniofetography. Apropos of 3 cases]. The authors present three cases of fetal hypothyroidism following amniofetography, after they have reviewed the technique and complications of this procedure. (For outlining the fetus by injecting radio-opaque iodides into the amniotic sac). These are cases of hypothyroidism in the fetus caused by overdosage with iodides. The fetal thyroid is blocked by the large quantity of iodine which is necessary for amniofetography. The indications then for amniofetography should be reviewed. The only valid indication that remains is for the diagnosis of neurological malformations and especially spina bifida. Whenever amniofetography has been carried out the newborn should be assessed for thyroid function routinely.", "PMID": 564923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6277", "title": "[Immunologic and endocrinologic considerations apropos of a case of acardia].", "content": "The deficient development of the peripheral immunopoietic system in acardiac acephalous monsters cannot be explained only by the absence of the thymus. Similarly the adrenal gland hypoplasia does not depend upon the absence of the pituitary gland due to the concurrent condition of acephaly. The author suggests that the failed development of the above mentioned structures depends respectively upon disorders in the peripheral \"microenvironment\" which is needed by immature lymphoid cells to establish themselves in the peripheral lymphoid structures and upon the decreased sensibility of the adrenal glands to the corticotrophic stimulus. A hypothesis about the frequency of the association between acephaly and acardy is proposed. Finally the author proposes a study program in such cases.", "contents": "[Immunologic and endocrinologic considerations apropos of a case of acardia]. The deficient development of the peripheral immunopoietic system in acardiac acephalous monsters cannot be explained only by the absence of the thymus. Similarly the adrenal gland hypoplasia does not depend upon the absence of the pituitary gland due to the concurrent condition of acephaly. The author suggests that the failed development of the above mentioned structures depends respectively upon disorders in the peripheral \"microenvironment\" which is needed by immature lymphoid cells to establish themselves in the peripheral lymphoid structures and upon the decreased sensibility of the adrenal glands to the corticotrophic stimulus. A hypothesis about the frequency of the association between acephaly and acardy is proposed. Finally the author proposes a study program in such cases.", "PMID": 564924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6278", "title": "Metabolism of androstenedione in skin and serum levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in prepubertal boys with hypospadias.", "content": "The metabolism of 4-[1,2-3H]androstene-3,17-dione in the prepuce, axillary skin and skin from the arm was investigated in 27 boys operated for phimosis (controls) and 13 unselected boys with hypospadias (a congenital defect of the male urethra). In all types of skin investigated, androstenedione was metabolized to 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one and testosterone. Conversion to testosterone was found in the prepuce of two out of 11 boys with hypospadias. Mild forms of hypospadias in the age group 1--4 years had a higher level of 5alpha-reductase activity in the prepuce than controls in the same age group (P less than 0.05); no such differences were found in the few severe cases of hypospadias in this group. No other differences in 5alpha-reductase activity were found between hypospadic boys and controls. The ratio of 5alpha-reductase activity in the prepuce: 5alpha-reductase activity in skin from the arm was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in hypospadic boys than in controls in the age group 1--4 years. Serum levels of LH and FSH were the same in normal and hypospadic boys but the concentration of prolactin in the serum was lower in boys with hypospadias compared with control subjects in the age group 1--4 years (P less than 0.005). No differences were found in serum concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, oestradiol and testosterone-binding globulin.", "contents": "Metabolism of androstenedione in skin and serum levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in prepubertal boys with hypospadias. The metabolism of 4-[1,2-3H]androstene-3,17-dione in the prepuce, axillary skin and skin from the arm was investigated in 27 boys operated for phimosis (controls) and 13 unselected boys with hypospadias (a congenital defect of the male urethra). In all types of skin investigated, androstenedione was metabolized to 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one and testosterone. Conversion to testosterone was found in the prepuce of two out of 11 boys with hypospadias. Mild forms of hypospadias in the age group 1--4 years had a higher level of 5alpha-reductase activity in the prepuce than controls in the same age group (P less than 0.05); no such differences were found in the few severe cases of hypospadias in this group. No other differences in 5alpha-reductase activity were found between hypospadic boys and controls. The ratio of 5alpha-reductase activity in the prepuce: 5alpha-reductase activity in skin from the arm was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in hypospadic boys than in controls in the age group 1--4 years. Serum levels of LH and FSH were the same in normal and hypospadic boys but the concentration of prolactin in the serum was lower in boys with hypospadias compared with control subjects in the age group 1--4 years (P less than 0.005). No differences were found in serum concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, oestradiol and testosterone-binding globulin.", "PMID": 564935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6279", "title": "Correlation between the effects of neuroleptics on prolactin release, mammary stimulation and the vaginal cycle in rats.", "content": "The correlation between hyperprolactinaemia induced by the administration of neuroleptic drugs, disturbances of the vaginal cycle and mammary gland stimulation in rats was investigated as a test model simulating the clinical syndrome of hyperprolactinaemia and amenorrhoea with anovulation. In acute experiments in which clozapine, sulpiride and chlorpromazine were administered orally to rats of both sexes, there were rapid increases in the level of prolactin in the serum with peak values between 15 and 60 min. The responses of female rats to various doses of sulpiride were consistently higher than those of male rats. Hyperprolactinaemia induced by sulpiride in dioestrous rats failed to desensitize the ovaries to the ovulatory effect of exogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Studies of these substances and of metoclopramide, haloperidol and thioridazine were then carried out in females rats by daily oral administration over a period of 13 days. The increases in the level of prolactin in the serum were paralleled by disruption of the vaginal cycle up to and including constant dioestrus and by mammary gland stimulation which, like the preceding phenomena, showed dose-dependence. The potencies of these six neuroleptics, as estimated from their effects on the mammary gland, appeared to be haloperidol greater than sulpiride greater than or equal to metoclopramide = thioridazine greater than chlorpromazine greater than clozapine.", "contents": "Correlation between the effects of neuroleptics on prolactin release, mammary stimulation and the vaginal cycle in rats. The correlation between hyperprolactinaemia induced by the administration of neuroleptic drugs, disturbances of the vaginal cycle and mammary gland stimulation in rats was investigated as a test model simulating the clinical syndrome of hyperprolactinaemia and amenorrhoea with anovulation. In acute experiments in which clozapine, sulpiride and chlorpromazine were administered orally to rats of both sexes, there were rapid increases in the level of prolactin in the serum with peak values between 15 and 60 min. The responses of female rats to various doses of sulpiride were consistently higher than those of male rats. Hyperprolactinaemia induced by sulpiride in dioestrous rats failed to desensitize the ovaries to the ovulatory effect of exogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Studies of these substances and of metoclopramide, haloperidol and thioridazine were then carried out in females rats by daily oral administration over a period of 13 days. The increases in the level of prolactin in the serum were paralleled by disruption of the vaginal cycle up to and including constant dioestrus and by mammary gland stimulation which, like the preceding phenomena, showed dose-dependence. The potencies of these six neuroleptics, as estimated from their effects on the mammary gland, appeared to be haloperidol greater than sulpiride greater than or equal to metoclopramide = thioridazine greater than chlorpromazine greater than clozapine.", "PMID": 564936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6280", "title": "Parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes induced by inhibitors of protein synthesis.", "content": "Recently ovulated mouse oocytes at the Metaphase II stage undergo parthenogenetic activation (as indicated by the formation of pronuclei) when incubated for 6 h in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin; the activation response increases progressively with the concentration of inhibitor. Activation is induced with concentrations of cycloheximide that depress protein synthesis by more than 70%. Pronoculear formation occurs when protein synthesis is almost totally inhibited. Incubation of oocyte in Actinomycin D failed to initiate activation. The results show that the Metaphase II oocyte of the mouse synthesizes protein factor(s) which are necessary for the maintenance of the meiotic block. Other protein(s) having opposite effects and a different rate of turnover may also participate in activation since when the oocytes are treated with a high concentration of cycloheximide (10 microgram ml-1) for varying periods of time, or with varying concentrations for a short period of time (1 h), a more complex activation response curve is obtained. Oocytes activated with cycloheximide are capable of further development, following transfer to the oviducts of pseudopregnant recipients, in a proportion similar to that of oocytes activated in other ways.", "contents": "Parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes induced by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Recently ovulated mouse oocytes at the Metaphase II stage undergo parthenogenetic activation (as indicated by the formation of pronuclei) when incubated for 6 h in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin; the activation response increases progressively with the concentration of inhibitor. Activation is induced with concentrations of cycloheximide that depress protein synthesis by more than 70%. Pronoculear formation occurs when protein synthesis is almost totally inhibited. Incubation of oocyte in Actinomycin D failed to initiate activation. The results show that the Metaphase II oocyte of the mouse synthesizes protein factor(s) which are necessary for the maintenance of the meiotic block. Other protein(s) having opposite effects and a different rate of turnover may also participate in activation since when the oocytes are treated with a high concentration of cycloheximide (10 microgram ml-1) for varying periods of time, or with varying concentrations for a short period of time (1 h), a more complex activation response curve is obtained. Oocytes activated with cycloheximide are capable of further development, following transfer to the oviducts of pseudopregnant recipients, in a proportion similar to that of oocytes activated in other ways.", "PMID": 564937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6281", "title": "Cleavage in the chick embryo.", "content": "Chick embryos ranging from the stage of first cleavage to that of about 700 cells were removed from the oviduct and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Beneath the cell membrane is yolk-free cortical region containing microfilaments. Beneath this lies cytoplasm which contains yolk spheres which are graded in size, the dorsal ones being smaller than the ventral ones. The subgerminal periblast possesses a greater proportion of yolk to cytoplasm than do the cells proper, but it merges with the cytoplasm at the incomplete borders of the 'open' cells. Specialized accumulations of membranes lie in the marginal periblast, and it is suggested that they play a role in cell membrane formation.", "contents": "Cleavage in the chick embryo. Chick embryos ranging from the stage of first cleavage to that of about 700 cells were removed from the oviduct and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Beneath the cell membrane is yolk-free cortical region containing microfilaments. Beneath this lies cytoplasm which contains yolk spheres which are graded in size, the dorsal ones being smaller than the ventral ones. The subgerminal periblast possesses a greater proportion of yolk to cytoplasm than do the cells proper, but it merges with the cytoplasm at the incomplete borders of the 'open' cells. Specialized accumulations of membranes lie in the marginal periblast, and it is suggested that they play a role in cell membrane formation.", "PMID": 564938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6282", "title": "Additional precipitation reactions of lectins with human serum glycoproteins.", "content": "Highly purified human serum glycoproteins were treated with neuraminidase and examined for their cross reaction with several lectins with anti-galactosyl specificity: beta-D-galactosyl structures are thought to be the main terminal sugar residues that become attached de novo after removal of neuraminic acid. The following lectins were tested: Tridacnin from the bivalve clams Tridacna maxima and Tridacna gigas, the agglutinin from the sponge Axinella polypoides, the lectin from the roach Rutilus rutilus and the plant lectins from Ricinus communis, Ononis spinosa, Glycine soja and Abrus precatorius. In agar gel diffusion, these purified and precipitating lectins gave more or less strong or negative results against the different neuraminidase-treated serum glycoproteins, thus indicating subtle differences with respect to their anti-galactosyl combining specificity. On the other hand, serum glycoproteins which reacted with the same lectin, did not always show complete identity lines. Finally, as revealed by these lectins, the carbohydrate moiety of serum glycoproteins may reflect a complex and broad spectrum of heterogeneity. This could lead to a more detailed understanding of the topographical and steric arrangement of the chemical structure and of the biological role of carbohydrate groups in these glycosubstances.", "contents": "Additional precipitation reactions of lectins with human serum glycoproteins. Highly purified human serum glycoproteins were treated with neuraminidase and examined for their cross reaction with several lectins with anti-galactosyl specificity: beta-D-galactosyl structures are thought to be the main terminal sugar residues that become attached de novo after removal of neuraminic acid. The following lectins were tested: Tridacnin from the bivalve clams Tridacna maxima and Tridacna gigas, the agglutinin from the sponge Axinella polypoides, the lectin from the roach Rutilus rutilus and the plant lectins from Ricinus communis, Ononis spinosa, Glycine soja and Abrus precatorius. In agar gel diffusion, these purified and precipitating lectins gave more or less strong or negative results against the different neuraminidase-treated serum glycoproteins, thus indicating subtle differences with respect to their anti-galactosyl combining specificity. On the other hand, serum glycoproteins which reacted with the same lectin, did not always show complete identity lines. Finally, as revealed by these lectins, the carbohydrate moiety of serum glycoproteins may reflect a complex and broad spectrum of heterogeneity. This could lead to a more detailed understanding of the topographical and steric arrangement of the chemical structure and of the biological role of carbohydrate groups in these glycosubstances.", "PMID": 564939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6283", "title": "Extramedullary hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Case report.", "content": "A case of hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord is described in which the tumor presented in an intradural extramedullary location. The patient did not have von Hippel-Lindau's disease or metastatic seeding. It is assumed that the tumor arose in the pia, and its direction of growth was purely extramedullary.", "contents": "Extramedullary hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Case report. A case of hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord is described in which the tumor presented in an intradural extramedullary location. The patient did not have von Hippel-Lindau's disease or metastatic seeding. It is assumed that the tumor arose in the pia, and its direction of growth was purely extramedullary.", "PMID": 564940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6284", "title": "The use of whole-body retention of Tc-99m diphosphonate in the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease.", "content": "The limited role of bone scanning in the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease might be considerably improved by accurate quantification of skeletal uptake of the radiopharmaceutical. Using a standard shadow-shield whole-body monitor, we have measured whole-body retention (WBR) of Tc-99m HEDP up to 24 hr in 11 patients with renal osteodystrophy (mean WBR 88.6% at 24 hr); in ten patients with Paget's disease (mean 56.9%); in seven patients with osteomalacia (mean 40.7%); in five patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (mean 50.7%); in four patients with osteoporosis (mean 21.2%); and in 12 normals (mean 19.2%). The osteoporotic group could not be differentiated from the normal group, but the other groups were significantly different from the normal group at 24 hr (p less than 0.002), and each individual rest for the 24-hr WBR of Tc-99m HEDP in these groups lay outside our normal range. This test may, therefore, provide a sensitive means of detecting conditions with increased bone turnover. We obtained measurements of plasma activity of Tc-99m HEDP in these patients up to 24 hr, and 4-hr bone to soft-tissue ratios from bonescan images, but little additional information resulted.", "contents": "The use of whole-body retention of Tc-99m diphosphonate in the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. The limited role of bone scanning in the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease might be considerably improved by accurate quantification of skeletal uptake of the radiopharmaceutical. Using a standard shadow-shield whole-body monitor, we have measured whole-body retention (WBR) of Tc-99m HEDP up to 24 hr in 11 patients with renal osteodystrophy (mean WBR 88.6% at 24 hr); in ten patients with Paget's disease (mean 56.9%); in seven patients with osteomalacia (mean 40.7%); in five patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (mean 50.7%); in four patients with osteoporosis (mean 21.2%); and in 12 normals (mean 19.2%). The osteoporotic group could not be differentiated from the normal group, but the other groups were significantly different from the normal group at 24 hr (p less than 0.002), and each individual rest for the 24-hr WBR of Tc-99m HEDP in these groups lay outside our normal range. This test may, therefore, provide a sensitive means of detecting conditions with increased bone turnover. We obtained measurements of plasma activity of Tc-99m HEDP in these patients up to 24 hr, and 4-hr bone to soft-tissue ratios from bonescan images, but little additional information resulted.", "PMID": 564941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6285", "title": "Effect of various triglycerides on blood and tissue cholesterol of calves.", "content": "Blood and tissue cholesterol responses were measured in six groups of four calves each fed for 24 weeks reconstituted nonfat dry fat milk in which 30% of calories was derived from one of the following: soybean oil (SBO), beef tallow (T), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), and 1:1 soybean-oil tallow (SBO/T) combination. Two groups of four calves each also were fed SBO-milk plus dry feed and T-milk plus dry feed, respectively. Blood cholesterol concentration was significantly greater in SBO-fed calves than in T-fed calves. Calves fed MCT-milk had significantly lower blood cholesterol than calves fed T- or SBO-milk. Significant differences in cholesterol concentration were noted for the liver, perianal fat, and for omental fat.", "contents": "Effect of various triglycerides on blood and tissue cholesterol of calves. Blood and tissue cholesterol responses were measured in six groups of four calves each fed for 24 weeks reconstituted nonfat dry fat milk in which 30% of calories was derived from one of the following: soybean oil (SBO), beef tallow (T), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), and 1:1 soybean-oil tallow (SBO/T) combination. Two groups of four calves each also were fed SBO-milk plus dry feed and T-milk plus dry feed, respectively. Blood cholesterol concentration was significantly greater in SBO-fed calves than in T-fed calves. Calves fed MCT-milk had significantly lower blood cholesterol than calves fed T- or SBO-milk. Significant differences in cholesterol concentration were noted for the liver, perianal fat, and for omental fat.", "PMID": 564943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6286", "title": "Effect of reductive alkylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysyl redsidues of casein on its nutritive value in rats.", "content": "Casein epsilon-aminolysyl residues were converted to the methyl (and dimethyl), isopropyl or cyclopentyl derivatives in high yield with formaldehyde, acetone or cyclopentanone, respectively, in the presence of sodium borohydride. When incorporated into diets at 10% as the sole protein source, the chemically modified caseins failed to support growth of young rats. Methyl casein did, however, support limited growth after about 5 days. Plasma threonine levels increased and lysine levels decreased markedly in rats fed the alkyl caseins. The respective alkyllsine derivatives were present in plasma and urine. In another experiment, nearly normal or normal growth was obtained by feeding lysine-supplemented methyl or isopropyl casein, respectively. A preparation of partially methylated casein, containing approximately equal amounts of monomethyl- and dimethyllysines, supported normal rat growth. These results demonstrate that lysine deficiency was produced by feeding highly alkylated caseins. Digestibility of the chemically modified caseins in vivo was not affected, although in vitro studies with trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin showed lowered digestibility. Since no apparent toxicity was observed limited methylation of food proteins may be useful for protection of lysyl residues against deteriorative reactions during processing and storage.", "contents": "Effect of reductive alkylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysyl redsidues of casein on its nutritive value in rats. Casein epsilon-aminolysyl residues were converted to the methyl (and dimethyl), isopropyl or cyclopentyl derivatives in high yield with formaldehyde, acetone or cyclopentanone, respectively, in the presence of sodium borohydride. When incorporated into diets at 10% as the sole protein source, the chemically modified caseins failed to support growth of young rats. Methyl casein did, however, support limited growth after about 5 days. Plasma threonine levels increased and lysine levels decreased markedly in rats fed the alkyl caseins. The respective alkyllsine derivatives were present in plasma and urine. In another experiment, nearly normal or normal growth was obtained by feeding lysine-supplemented methyl or isopropyl casein, respectively. A preparation of partially methylated casein, containing approximately equal amounts of monomethyl- and dimethyllysines, supported normal rat growth. These results demonstrate that lysine deficiency was produced by feeding highly alkylated caseins. Digestibility of the chemically modified caseins in vivo was not affected, although in vitro studies with trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin showed lowered digestibility. Since no apparent toxicity was observed limited methylation of food proteins may be useful for protection of lysyl residues against deteriorative reactions during processing and storage.", "PMID": 564944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6287", "title": "Plasma amino acid concentrations in umbilical cord vein and artery of newborn infants after elective cesarean section or spontaneous delivery.", "content": "Twenty-four infants delivered by elective cesarean section and 23 spontaneously born infants were studied for plasma amino acid concentrations of the umbilical cord vein and artery. Normal labor was not found to influence plasma amino acid concentrations. In both spontaneously and operatively born infants, similar venous-arterial gradients were found for all essential and five nonessential amino acids. Based on the differences of venous and arterial concentrations and the umbilical cord blood flow, the daily fetal retention of single amino acids was calculated.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid concentrations in umbilical cord vein and artery of newborn infants after elective cesarean section or spontaneous delivery. Twenty-four infants delivered by elective cesarean section and 23 spontaneously born infants were studied for plasma amino acid concentrations of the umbilical cord vein and artery. Normal labor was not found to influence plasma amino acid concentrations. In both spontaneously and operatively born infants, similar venous-arterial gradients were found for all essential and five nonessential amino acids. Based on the differences of venous and arterial concentrations and the umbilical cord blood flow, the daily fetal retention of single amino acids was calculated.", "PMID": 564947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6288", "title": "Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. II. Tolerance characteristics.", "content": "This study describes the tolerance characteristics of barbital compared to pentobarbital, the standard drug, during \"chronically equivalent\" treatment. Barbiturate tolerance was assessed as the increase in dose from the beginning to the end of treatment required to achieve equieffective peak effect. Dispositional tolerance was assessed as a reduction in the elimination half-life of barbiturate from blood. Functional tolerance was assessed as the increase in blood concentration of barbiturate at the time of peak effect. Overall, greater tolerance was developed to pentobarbital than to barbital. For pentobarbital, tolerance was both dispositional and functional; the dispositional tolerance developed rapidly and was almost complete at 1 week. For barbital, tolerance was exclusively functional. A most interesting finding was that functional tolerance to barbital and pentobarbital developed at the same slow rate for chronically equivalent treatment. This finding suggests that functional tolerance development is independent of the particular barbiturate reflecting the adaptability of the central nervous system to chronic depression.", "contents": "Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. II. Tolerance characteristics. This study describes the tolerance characteristics of barbital compared to pentobarbital, the standard drug, during \"chronically equivalent\" treatment. Barbiturate tolerance was assessed as the increase in dose from the beginning to the end of treatment required to achieve equieffective peak effect. Dispositional tolerance was assessed as a reduction in the elimination half-life of barbiturate from blood. Functional tolerance was assessed as the increase in blood concentration of barbiturate at the time of peak effect. Overall, greater tolerance was developed to pentobarbital than to barbital. For pentobarbital, tolerance was both dispositional and functional; the dispositional tolerance developed rapidly and was almost complete at 1 week. For barbital, tolerance was exclusively functional. A most interesting finding was that functional tolerance to barbital and pentobarbital developed at the same slow rate for chronically equivalent treatment. This finding suggests that functional tolerance development is independent of the particular barbiturate reflecting the adaptability of the central nervous system to chronic depression.", "PMID": 564951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6289", "title": "Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. III. Withdrawal characteristics.", "content": "After \"chronically equivalent\" barbital and pentobarbital dosing for 5 weeks, treatments were abruptly stopped and the animals were carefully observed for signs of barbiturate withdrawal. The severity of withdrawal was assessed at preset times by counting the number of grand mal type convulsions and subjectively rating 20 additional motor, autonomic and behavioral signs including tremors, twitches, myoclonic jerks, postural disturbances and motor incoordination. Ratings achieved at peak intensity (raw scores) and their incidences were used to compute \"total intensity scores\" for each graded sign. For all quantitative measures, withdrawal signs were less severe for barbital than for pentobarbital, with strikingly lower (P less than .05) incidences of convulsions (6.3% vs. 100%), bizarre (hallucinatory) behavior (6.3% vs. 41.3), and death (0% vs. 100%). The withdrawal signs for barbital appeared later, developed more slowly and persisted longer than those for pentobarbital. That the onset and then peak of withdrawal signs occurred when the extents of decline from peak blood concentration of barbital and pentobarbital were similiar suggests that the time course of withdrawal might be inversely related to residual concentrations of drug, i.e., negative dose-response.", "contents": "Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. III. Withdrawal characteristics. After \"chronically equivalent\" barbital and pentobarbital dosing for 5 weeks, treatments were abruptly stopped and the animals were carefully observed for signs of barbiturate withdrawal. The severity of withdrawal was assessed at preset times by counting the number of grand mal type convulsions and subjectively rating 20 additional motor, autonomic and behavioral signs including tremors, twitches, myoclonic jerks, postural disturbances and motor incoordination. Ratings achieved at peak intensity (raw scores) and their incidences were used to compute \"total intensity scores\" for each graded sign. For all quantitative measures, withdrawal signs were less severe for barbital than for pentobarbital, with strikingly lower (P less than .05) incidences of convulsions (6.3% vs. 100%), bizarre (hallucinatory) behavior (6.3% vs. 41.3), and death (0% vs. 100%). The withdrawal signs for barbital appeared later, developed more slowly and persisted longer than those for pentobarbital. That the onset and then peak of withdrawal signs occurred when the extents of decline from peak blood concentration of barbital and pentobarbital were similiar suggests that the time course of withdrawal might be inversely related to residual concentrations of drug, i.e., negative dose-response.", "PMID": 564952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6290", "title": "Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. IV. Influence of elimination kinetics.", "content": "The withdrawal characteristics of barbital and pentobarbital after \"chronically equivalent\" treatment suggested that the longer acting barbital was less liable to produce physical dependence. Therefore, to distinguish this potential pharmacodynamic difference from the known pharmacokinetic differences between the two drugs, the rate of elimination of each was adjusted to mimic that of the other. The rate of barbiturate elimination after chronically equivalent pentobarbital dosing was reduced by barbital substitution or by first-order pentobarbital dose reduction, with the result that withdrawal signs became mild and appeared later (3 days postdrug). The rate of barbiturate elimination after chronically equivalent barbital dosing was increased by pentobarbital substitution or by peritoneal dialysis of barbital, with the result that withdrawal signs became severe and appeared sooner (within 1 day). These findings conclusively support the key role of the rate of barbiturate elimination to expose underlying physical dependence to barbiturates. Furthermore, \"physical dependence\" and its expression in \"withdrawal\" must be regarded separately to evaluate and compare critically the dependence capability of different drugs.", "contents": "Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. IV. Influence of elimination kinetics. The withdrawal characteristics of barbital and pentobarbital after \"chronically equivalent\" treatment suggested that the longer acting barbital was less liable to produce physical dependence. Therefore, to distinguish this potential pharmacodynamic difference from the known pharmacokinetic differences between the two drugs, the rate of elimination of each was adjusted to mimic that of the other. The rate of barbiturate elimination after chronically equivalent pentobarbital dosing was reduced by barbital substitution or by first-order pentobarbital dose reduction, with the result that withdrawal signs became mild and appeared later (3 days postdrug). The rate of barbiturate elimination after chronically equivalent barbital dosing was increased by pentobarbital substitution or by peritoneal dialysis of barbital, with the result that withdrawal signs became severe and appeared sooner (within 1 day). These findings conclusively support the key role of the rate of barbiturate elimination to expose underlying physical dependence to barbiturates. Furthermore, \"physical dependence\" and its expression in \"withdrawal\" must be regarded separately to evaluate and compare critically the dependence capability of different drugs.", "PMID": 564953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6291", "title": "Osmotic minipumps for administration of barbital to mice: demonstration of functional tolerance and physical dependence.", "content": "Sodium barbital was administered to mice at a constant rate by miniature osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously. Each pump delivered approximately 0.25 mg/hr. With two pumps per mouse, blood barbital levels of 20 to 30 microgram/ml could be maintained for various periods. Barbital was assayed by gas chromatography. Functional tolerance was shown by a significant decrease in sleep time after a challenge dose of barbital administered 24 hours after withdrawal. Physical dependence was demonstrated by withdrawal hyperexcitability as measured either with pentylenetetrazol or by convulsions elicited by handling.", "contents": "Osmotic minipumps for administration of barbital to mice: demonstration of functional tolerance and physical dependence. Sodium barbital was administered to mice at a constant rate by miniature osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously. Each pump delivered approximately 0.25 mg/hr. With two pumps per mouse, blood barbital levels of 20 to 30 microgram/ml could be maintained for various periods. Barbital was assayed by gas chromatography. Functional tolerance was shown by a significant decrease in sleep time after a challenge dose of barbital administered 24 hours after withdrawal. Physical dependence was demonstrated by withdrawal hyperexcitability as measured either with pentylenetetrazol or by convulsions elicited by handling.", "PMID": 564954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6292", "title": "Effect of cortisol on liver glycogen concentrations in hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized and normal foetal lambs during late or prolonged gestation.", "content": "1. The changes in liver glycogen concentration in normal, adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetal lambs have been examined during the last third of gestation using a biopsy technique to remove one or more samples of liver from the same foetus at different gestational ages. 2. The rate of glycogen deposition increased sharply from about 130 days' gestation in normal lamb foetuses whereas after hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy liver glycogen concentrations remained low even when gestation was prolonged. 3. I.V. infusions of cortisol (4-10 mg/day) for 52 hr resulted in four- to fivefold increases in liver glycogen in all three groups of foetuses. The level of glycogen in the liver appeared to be related to log plasma corticosteroid concentration in all foetuses whether they had received cortisol infusions or not. 4. Little or no change occurred in glycogen concentration in other foetal tissues apart from a decrease in the glycogen levels in peri-renal fat of adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses after cortisol infusion. There were also no detectable changes in foetal plasma lactate, urea or alpha amino nitrogen following the cortisol infusions. Foetal plasma glucose values rose slightly but this change was significant only in the adrenalectomized group. 5. The 52 hr cortisol infusions to the foetus resulted in a slight but significant fall in maternal plasma progesterone in the last few hours of the infusion period.", "contents": "Effect of cortisol on liver glycogen concentrations in hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized and normal foetal lambs during late or prolonged gestation. 1. The changes in liver glycogen concentration in normal, adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetal lambs have been examined during the last third of gestation using a biopsy technique to remove one or more samples of liver from the same foetus at different gestational ages. 2. The rate of glycogen deposition increased sharply from about 130 days' gestation in normal lamb foetuses whereas after hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy liver glycogen concentrations remained low even when gestation was prolonged. 3. I.V. infusions of cortisol (4-10 mg/day) for 52 hr resulted in four- to fivefold increases in liver glycogen in all three groups of foetuses. The level of glycogen in the liver appeared to be related to log plasma corticosteroid concentration in all foetuses whether they had received cortisol infusions or not. 4. Little or no change occurred in glycogen concentration in other foetal tissues apart from a decrease in the glycogen levels in peri-renal fat of adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized foetuses after cortisol infusion. There were also no detectable changes in foetal plasma lactate, urea or alpha amino nitrogen following the cortisol infusions. Foetal plasma glucose values rose slightly but this change was significant only in the adrenalectomized group. 5. The 52 hr cortisol infusions to the foetus resulted in a slight but significant fall in maternal plasma progesterone in the last few hours of the infusion period.", "PMID": 564957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6293", "title": "Plasma concentrations of testosterone and LH in the male dog.", "content": "Blood samples were withdrawn every 20 min from 3 conscious intact and 2 castrated mature males during non-consecutive periods of 12 h during the light and dark phases of the lighting schedule (intact dogs) and of 11 h during the light period (castrated dogs). In the intact dogs testosterone concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 6.0 ng/ml over the 24-h period. LH concentrations varied from 0.2 to 12.0 ng/ml. In all animals, LH peaks were clearly followed, after about 50 min, by corresponding testosterone peaks, but no diurnal rhythm could be established. LH concentrations in the castrated dogs were high (9.8 +/- 2.7 (s.e.m.) ng/ml), and still showed an episodic pattern in spite of the undetectable plasma testosterone levels.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of testosterone and LH in the male dog. Blood samples were withdrawn every 20 min from 3 conscious intact and 2 castrated mature males during non-consecutive periods of 12 h during the light and dark phases of the lighting schedule (intact dogs) and of 11 h during the light period (castrated dogs). In the intact dogs testosterone concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 6.0 ng/ml over the 24-h period. LH concentrations varied from 0.2 to 12.0 ng/ml. In all animals, LH peaks were clearly followed, after about 50 min, by corresponding testosterone peaks, but no diurnal rhythm could be established. LH concentrations in the castrated dogs were high (9.8 +/- 2.7 (s.e.m.) ng/ml), and still showed an episodic pattern in spite of the undetectable plasma testosterone levels.", "PMID": 564959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6294", "title": "Acute effects of unilateral ovariectomy on follicular development in the cyclic hamster.", "content": "Hamsters were hemispayed at 09:00 h on Day 3 of the cycle (Day 1 equal to ovulation) and were killed 1 h after injection of [3H]thymidine at 09:00, 12:00, 17:00 or 22:00 h. Unilateral ovariectomy had no effect on the number of Stage 1 or Stage 2 follicles, but there were significantly fewer Stage 3 follicles between 10:00 and 13:00 h. This decrease was not encountered in intact hamsters and was reflected in an increase in the number of Stage 6 (antral) follicles. At 13:00 h there was no difference in the number of atretic follicles between the experimental and control groups. It is concluded that preantral follicles with 6-7 layers of granulosa cells were recruited within 4 h after unilateral ovariectomy and transformed into antral follicles.", "contents": "Acute effects of unilateral ovariectomy on follicular development in the cyclic hamster. Hamsters were hemispayed at 09:00 h on Day 3 of the cycle (Day 1 equal to ovulation) and were killed 1 h after injection of [3H]thymidine at 09:00, 12:00, 17:00 or 22:00 h. Unilateral ovariectomy had no effect on the number of Stage 1 or Stage 2 follicles, but there were significantly fewer Stage 3 follicles between 10:00 and 13:00 h. This decrease was not encountered in intact hamsters and was reflected in an increase in the number of Stage 6 (antral) follicles. At 13:00 h there was no difference in the number of atretic follicles between the experimental and control groups. It is concluded that preantral follicles with 6-7 layers of granulosa cells were recruited within 4 h after unilateral ovariectomy and transformed into antral follicles.", "PMID": 564960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6295", "title": "Sexual behaviour and LH secretion in spayed androgenized ewes after a s?ngle injection of testosterone or oestradiol-17beta.", "content": "The behavioural and endocrine responses to single injections of 50 or 500 microgram oestradiol-17beta or 5 mg testosterone were recorded in spayed (control) ewes and in spayed ewes exposed to testosterone between Days 30 and 80 or Days 50 and 100 of prenatal life, The control ewes showed oestrus after injections on 17/18 occasions. The androgenized ewes showed poorer oestrous responses to each hormone although rams showed interest in the ewes. Masculine sexual and aggressive behaviour was shown by the androgenized ewes given either steroid. Both steroids caused a reduction in the plasma LH levels of all the ewes (negative feedback), followed by a preovulatory-type surge (positive feedback). The peak LH values were significantly lower (P is less than 0.05) in the Day 50-100 androgenized ewes than in the controls. It is concluded that prenatal androgenization causes a qualitative shift in the sexual behaviour of ewes from the female type to the male type and affects the sensitivity of the brain to \"positive feedback\" by steroids.", "contents": "Sexual behaviour and LH secretion in spayed androgenized ewes after a s?ngle injection of testosterone or oestradiol-17beta. The behavioural and endocrine responses to single injections of 50 or 500 microgram oestradiol-17beta or 5 mg testosterone were recorded in spayed (control) ewes and in spayed ewes exposed to testosterone between Days 30 and 80 or Days 50 and 100 of prenatal life, The control ewes showed oestrus after injections on 17/18 occasions. The androgenized ewes showed poorer oestrous responses to each hormone although rams showed interest in the ewes. Masculine sexual and aggressive behaviour was shown by the androgenized ewes given either steroid. Both steroids caused a reduction in the plasma LH levels of all the ewes (negative feedback), followed by a preovulatory-type surge (positive feedback). The peak LH values were significantly lower (P is less than 0.05) in the Day 50-100 androgenized ewes than in the controls. It is concluded that prenatal androgenization causes a qualitative shift in the sexual behaviour of ewes from the female type to the male type and affects the sensitivity of the brain to \"positive feedback\" by steroids.", "PMID": 564961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6296", "title": "Effect of egg yolk and other reagents upon the zinc of cold-shocked boar spermatozoa.", "content": "A marked reduction (80.8%) in the zinc uptake by boar spermatozoa cooled to 4 degrees C occurs when the seminal plasma is pretreated with egg yolk-glucose at this temperature. Crude lecithin is less effective (59.8%). Similar pretreatment of the seminal plasma by the polycationic drug Antrypol, which totally removes the zinc-precipitable basic haemagglutinin, does not result in a significant reduction of the sperm zinc uptake at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Effect of egg yolk and other reagents upon the zinc of cold-shocked boar spermatozoa. A marked reduction (80.8%) in the zinc uptake by boar spermatozoa cooled to 4 degrees C occurs when the seminal plasma is pretreated with egg yolk-glucose at this temperature. Crude lecithin is less effective (59.8%). Similar pretreatment of the seminal plasma by the polycationic drug Antrypol, which totally removes the zinc-precipitable basic haemagglutinin, does not result in a significant reduction of the sperm zinc uptake at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 564962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6297", "title": "In-vitro fertilization of preovulatory human eggs.", "content": "Preovulatory eggs were aspirated from the ovaries of women 36-38 h after hCG and incubated with washed sperm suspensions for 3 or 6 h; 5 out of 9 eggs were fertilized. Sperm penetration into the ooplasm and decondensation of the male chromatin was observed by 3 h, and an early pronucleate egg was found by 6 h, suggesting that human spermatozoa may become capacitated in vitro in 3-4 h.", "contents": "In-vitro fertilization of preovulatory human eggs. Preovulatory eggs were aspirated from the ovaries of women 36-38 h after hCG and incubated with washed sperm suspensions for 3 or 6 h; 5 out of 9 eggs were fertilized. Sperm penetration into the ooplasm and decondensation of the male chromatin was observed by 3 h, and an early pronucleate egg was found by 6 h, suggesting that human spermatozoa may become capacitated in vitro in 3-4 h.", "PMID": 564963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6298", "title": "Simplified classification of spontaneous abortions.", "content": "A simple classification of products of conception aborted in early pregnancy is described. This classification bears a closer relation to the aetiology of the abortions and the timing of the teratological insult in those conceptuses with morphological abnormalities than have previous classifications. It is hoped it may be of value in counselling patients who abort recurrently and also in the assessment of some environmental hazards purported to cause early pregnancy wastage and congenital malformations.", "contents": "Simplified classification of spontaneous abortions. A simple classification of products of conception aborted in early pregnancy is described. This classification bears a closer relation to the aetiology of the abortions and the timing of the teratological insult in those conceptuses with morphological abnormalities than have previous classifications. It is hoped it may be of value in counselling patients who abort recurrently and also in the assessment of some environmental hazards purported to cause early pregnancy wastage and congenital malformations.", "PMID": 564967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6299", "title": "Primary hypogonadism in the Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome.", "content": "A 28-year-old man with mental retardation and multiple congenital malformations was found to have the classical features of Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome. Endocrine evaluations showed primary hypogonadism as the underlying endocrine abnormality rather than hypopituitarism as suggested in earlier reports.", "contents": "Primary hypogonadism in the Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome. A 28-year-old man with mental retardation and multiple congenital malformations was found to have the classical features of Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome. Endocrine evaluations showed primary hypogonadism as the underlying endocrine abnormality rather than hypopituitarism as suggested in earlier reports.", "PMID": 564968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6300", "title": "Pathways for movement of ions and water across toad urinary bladder. III. Physiologic significance of the paracellular pathway.", "content": "Hypertonicity of the mucosal bathing medium increases the electrical conductance of toad urinary bladder by osmotic distension of the epithelial \"tight\" or limiting junctions. However, toad urine is not normally hypertonic to plasma. In this study, the transmural osmotic gradient was varied strictly within the physiologic range; initially hypotonic mucosal bathing media were made isotonic by addition of a variety of solutes. Mucosal NaCl increased tissue conductance substantially. This phenomenon could not have reflected soley an altered conductance of the transcellular active transport pathway since mucosal KCl also increased tissue conductance, whether or not Na+ was present in the bathing media. The effect of mucosal NaCl could not have been mediated solely by a parallel transepithelial pathway formed by damaged tissue since mucosal addition of certain nonelectrolytes also increased tissue conductance. Finally, the osmotically-induced increase in conductance could not have occurred soley in transcellular transepithelial channels in parallel with the active pathway for Na+, since the permeability to 22Na from serosa to mucosa (s to m) was also increased by mucosal addition of NaCl; a number of lines of evidence suggest that s-to-m movement of Na+ proceeds largely through paracellular transepithelial pathways. The results thus establish that the permeability of the limiting junctions is physiologically dependent on the magnitude of the transmural osmotic gradient. A major role is proposed for this mechanism, serving to conserve the body stores of NaCl from excessive urinary excretion.", "contents": "Pathways for movement of ions and water across toad urinary bladder. III. Physiologic significance of the paracellular pathway. Hypertonicity of the mucosal bathing medium increases the electrical conductance of toad urinary bladder by osmotic distension of the epithelial \"tight\" or limiting junctions. However, toad urine is not normally hypertonic to plasma. In this study, the transmural osmotic gradient was varied strictly within the physiologic range; initially hypotonic mucosal bathing media were made isotonic by addition of a variety of solutes. Mucosal NaCl increased tissue conductance substantially. This phenomenon could not have reflected soley an altered conductance of the transcellular active transport pathway since mucosal KCl also increased tissue conductance, whether or not Na+ was present in the bathing media. The effect of mucosal NaCl could not have been mediated solely by a parallel transepithelial pathway formed by damaged tissue since mucosal addition of certain nonelectrolytes also increased tissue conductance. Finally, the osmotically-induced increase in conductance could not have occurred soley in transcellular transepithelial channels in parallel with the active pathway for Na+, since the permeability to 22Na from serosa to mucosa (s to m) was also increased by mucosal addition of NaCl; a number of lines of evidence suggest that s-to-m movement of Na+ proceeds largely through paracellular transepithelial pathways. The results thus establish that the permeability of the limiting junctions is physiologically dependent on the magnitude of the transmural osmotic gradient. A major role is proposed for this mechanism, serving to conserve the body stores of NaCl from excessive urinary excretion.", "PMID": 564969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6301", "title": "Abnormal monocyte chemotaxis in patients with breast cancer: evidence for a tumor-mediated effect.", "content": "The chemotactic responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytes was measured in 194 individuals: 37 patients with breast cancer, 17 patients with a history of breast cancer but clinically free of disease after surgery, 42 patients with benign breast masses, and 98 normal controls. Monocyte chemotactic responsiveness (MCR) in vitro was not significantly different from normal [mean = 72.8 migrating monocytes/oil immersion field, +/- 9.3 (1 SD)] in 2 groups of patients: a) those with benign breast masses (mean = 72.6 +/- 15.1; P greater than 0.3) and b) those previously having breast cancer resected and remaining clinically free of disease (mean = 69.0 +/- 12.5; P greater than 0.4). However, MCR was significantly depressed in the group of patients with active breast cancer (mean = 57.2 +/- 20.7; P less than 0.0025). Resection of malignant breast masses resulted in a significant change in MCR (P less than 0.0025), whereas resection of benign lesions did not (P greater than 0.4). MCR was abnormal in all clinical stages of breast cancer, including breast cancer without evidence of metastasis to regional lymph nodes. These data supported the hypothesis that neoplasms adversely affect monocyte function and may thereby hinder immunologically mediated destruction of malignant cells.", "contents": "Abnormal monocyte chemotaxis in patients with breast cancer: evidence for a tumor-mediated effect. The chemotactic responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytes was measured in 194 individuals: 37 patients with breast cancer, 17 patients with a history of breast cancer but clinically free of disease after surgery, 42 patients with benign breast masses, and 98 normal controls. Monocyte chemotactic responsiveness (MCR) in vitro was not significantly different from normal [mean = 72.8 migrating monocytes/oil immersion field, +/- 9.3 (1 SD)] in 2 groups of patients: a) those with benign breast masses (mean = 72.6 +/- 15.1; P greater than 0.3) and b) those previously having breast cancer resected and remaining clinically free of disease (mean = 69.0 +/- 12.5; P greater than 0.4). However, MCR was significantly depressed in the group of patients with active breast cancer (mean = 57.2 +/- 20.7; P less than 0.0025). Resection of malignant breast masses resulted in a significant change in MCR (P less than 0.0025), whereas resection of benign lesions did not (P greater than 0.4). MCR was abnormal in all clinical stages of breast cancer, including breast cancer without evidence of metastasis to regional lymph nodes. These data supported the hypothesis that neoplasms adversely affect monocyte function and may thereby hinder immunologically mediated destruction of malignant cells.", "PMID": 564973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6302", "title": "Technical considerations in distal tunnel ureteral reimplantation.", "content": "The advantages of a distal tunnel ureteral reimplantation have been elaborated upon previously. This method offers simplicity of transvesical explosure, rapidity of execution, excellent visibility of the terminal ureteral segments, minimal dissection and trauma in the paravesical space, the opportunity to advance the ureteral orifices to a physiologic position on the trigone and minimal risk of angulation, kinking or obstruction of the terminal ureter. It is now recognized that this method, with the modifications discussed herein, has wide applicability in the management of vesicoureteral reflux of all varieties and etiologies.", "contents": "Technical considerations in distal tunnel ureteral reimplantation. The advantages of a distal tunnel ureteral reimplantation have been elaborated upon previously. This method offers simplicity of transvesical explosure, rapidity of execution, excellent visibility of the terminal ureteral segments, minimal dissection and trauma in the paravesical space, the opportunity to advance the ureteral orifices to a physiologic position on the trigone and minimal risk of angulation, kinking or obstruction of the terminal ureter. It is now recognized that this method, with the modifications discussed herein, has wide applicability in the management of vesicoureteral reflux of all varieties and etiologies.", "PMID": 564976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6303", "title": "Development of a carbon dioxide laser cystoscope.", "content": "A 50-watt carbon dioxide continuous laser coupled to a Zeiss surgical microscope was used to study the characteristics of laser-induced lesions on the exteriorized canine bladder. The relationship of energy to the depth of the lesion created by the laser was evaluated. Healing, vertical temperature transmission and hemostasis were studied. A prototype carbon dioxide laser cystoscope then was constructed and used endoscopically to create surgical lesions in the intact canine bladder.", "contents": "Development of a carbon dioxide laser cystoscope. A 50-watt carbon dioxide continuous laser coupled to a Zeiss surgical microscope was used to study the characteristics of laser-induced lesions on the exteriorized canine bladder. The relationship of energy to the depth of the lesion created by the laser was evaluated. Healing, vertical temperature transmission and hemostasis were studied. A prototype carbon dioxide laser cystoscope then was constructed and used endoscopically to create surgical lesions in the intact canine bladder.", "PMID": 564977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6304", "title": "Effects of bot fly (Cuterebra) parasitism on activity patterns of Peromyscus maniculatus in the laboratory.", "content": "Peromyscus maniculatus subjected to bot fly (Cuterebra) parasitism in the laboratory showed significant changes in amount and temporal distribution of several activity patterns. Strenuous activities, such as running in an exercise wheel or stereotypic somersaulting, declined while less strenuous activities associated with maintenance behaviors increased. Diurnal response to handling and disturbance declined significantly in infected mice. The temporal distribution of nocturnal activity was altered, and may affect vulnerability of infected mice to small predators. Most changes persisted for at least a week postinfection.", "contents": "Effects of bot fly (Cuterebra) parasitism on activity patterns of Peromyscus maniculatus in the laboratory. Peromyscus maniculatus subjected to bot fly (Cuterebra) parasitism in the laboratory showed significant changes in amount and temporal distribution of several activity patterns. Strenuous activities, such as running in an exercise wheel or stereotypic somersaulting, declined while less strenuous activities associated with maintenance behaviors increased. Diurnal response to handling and disturbance declined significantly in infected mice. The temporal distribution of nocturnal activity was altered, and may affect vulnerability of infected mice to small predators. Most changes persisted for at least a week postinfection.", "PMID": 564978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6305", "title": "Hypothalamic hypopituitarism presenting as galactorrhea-amenorrhea.", "content": "A young woman with secondary amenorrhea was also found to have a deficiency of growth hormone. Functional deficiency of adrenocorticotropic and thyroid stimulating hormones, and probably prolactin-inhibiting hormone, developed subsequently. No evidence of a mass lesion in the hypothalamic pituitary axis was found. She failed to respond to any pharmacologic agent believed to act functionally at a suprapituitary level, but responded to all stimuli believed to act directly on the pituitary. This progressive failure of the endocrine hypothalamus may be an extension of the idiopathic hypopituitarism syndrome found in children.", "contents": "Hypothalamic hypopituitarism presenting as galactorrhea-amenorrhea. A young woman with secondary amenorrhea was also found to have a deficiency of growth hormone. Functional deficiency of adrenocorticotropic and thyroid stimulating hormones, and probably prolactin-inhibiting hormone, developed subsequently. No evidence of a mass lesion in the hypothalamic pituitary axis was found. She failed to respond to any pharmacologic agent believed to act functionally at a suprapituitary level, but responded to all stimuli believed to act directly on the pituitary. This progressive failure of the endocrine hypothalamus may be an extension of the idiopathic hypopituitarism syndrome found in children.", "PMID": 564979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6306", "title": "Use of freeze-dried sensitized erythrocytes in indirect hemagglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.", "content": "The indirect hemagglutination (HA) test using freeze-dried tanned formalinized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with deoxycholate-extracted leptospiral antigen was investigated for its applicability to serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The sensitized erythrocytes suspension containing an adequate concentration of glycine was lyophilized and used for the HA test. The lyophilized sensitized cells are rehydrated after at least 10 months storage without any loss of HA titer. The sensitivity of such cell suspension tested on sera from cases of leptospirosis equals that of the suspension before freeze-drying.", "contents": "Use of freeze-dried sensitized erythrocytes in indirect hemagglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The indirect hemagglutination (HA) test using freeze-dried tanned formalinized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with deoxycholate-extracted leptospiral antigen was investigated for its applicability to serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The sensitized erythrocytes suspension containing an adequate concentration of glycine was lyophilized and used for the HA test. The lyophilized sensitized cells are rehydrated after at least 10 months storage without any loss of HA titer. The sensitivity of such cell suspension tested on sera from cases of leptospirosis equals that of the suspension before freeze-drying.", "PMID": 564982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6307", "title": "[Change in the cortical and medullary renal circulation in centrogenic forms of arterial hypertension].", "content": "It was shown on 36 nonanesthetized rats by polarography from H2 elimination and PO2 recording that cortical and medullary circulation in the kidneys undergoes continuous fluctuations. A definite relation of these fluctuations with circulatory changes in the cerebral limbicoreticular structures was noted. In electric stimulation of the reticular formation and the hypothalamus on the background of arterial hypertension the cortical circulation decreased by 88.5% while the medullary circulation increased by 82.8%. In hypertension of over 180--235 mm Hg, the blood flow both in the cortical and in the medullary substance ceased practically. Chronic disturbance in the blood supply to the brain led to arterial hypertension and short-lived (10--20 days) increase of the blood plasma renin activity to 417.8% and its subsequent normalization by the 65th day. At the same time, renal blood flow dropped progressively and the reaction of the renal vessels to hypercapnic load became less manifest, which testified to changes in their reactive-structural characteristics. Summarizing the results obtained and the data of other investigators, the author concludes that neurogenous disorders of renal blood flow hold one of the key positions in the formation of arterial hypertension of different etiology.", "contents": "[Change in the cortical and medullary renal circulation in centrogenic forms of arterial hypertension]. It was shown on 36 nonanesthetized rats by polarography from H2 elimination and PO2 recording that cortical and medullary circulation in the kidneys undergoes continuous fluctuations. A definite relation of these fluctuations with circulatory changes in the cerebral limbicoreticular structures was noted. In electric stimulation of the reticular formation and the hypothalamus on the background of arterial hypertension the cortical circulation decreased by 88.5% while the medullary circulation increased by 82.8%. In hypertension of over 180--235 mm Hg, the blood flow both in the cortical and in the medullary substance ceased practically. Chronic disturbance in the blood supply to the brain led to arterial hypertension and short-lived (10--20 days) increase of the blood plasma renin activity to 417.8% and its subsequent normalization by the 65th day. At the same time, renal blood flow dropped progressively and the reaction of the renal vessels to hypercapnic load became less manifest, which testified to changes in their reactive-structural characteristics. Summarizing the results obtained and the data of other investigators, the author concludes that neurogenous disorders of renal blood flow hold one of the key positions in the formation of arterial hypertension of different etiology.", "PMID": 564984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6308", "title": "Estrous cycle regulation in the whitefooted mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) with special reference to vaginal cast formation.", "content": "The estrous cycle of the whitefooted mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) was consistent with those described for most small rodents and closely resembled that of the house mouse and the rat in timing. The presence of the male did not accelerate puberty nor induce cycle synchrony, but was critical in establishing cycle regularity. Females isolated from influences of males never attained a pattern of concistent cycle length. Development of the vaginal epithelium during estrus was excessive in both isolated and non-isolated females, resulting in a \"cast\" of cornified epithelium which could be removed intact during metestrus. Casts removed during the making of vaginal smears measured up to 20 mm in length and still left a sufficient residue of cells which could be detected in all stages of the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Estrous cycle regulation in the whitefooted mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) with special reference to vaginal cast formation. The estrous cycle of the whitefooted mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) was consistent with those described for most small rodents and closely resembled that of the house mouse and the rat in timing. The presence of the male did not accelerate puberty nor induce cycle synchrony, but was critical in establishing cycle regularity. Females isolated from influences of males never attained a pattern of concistent cycle length. Development of the vaginal epithelium during estrus was excessive in both isolated and non-isolated females, resulting in a \"cast\" of cornified epithelium which could be removed intact during metestrus. Casts removed during the making of vaginal smears measured up to 20 mm in length and still left a sufficient residue of cells which could be detected in all stages of the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 564988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6309", "title": "Syphacia obvelata in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): natural occurrence and experimental transmission.", "content": "An adult from a research colony and a litter of 5-week-old Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) from a pet store were found to have pinworms identified as Syphacia obvelata. The infected gerbils were allowed to cohabitate with uninfected gerbils. Similarly, infected gerbils were caged with uninfected mice and infected mice with uninfected gerbils. Results of these studies showed that Syphacia obvelata can be transmitted from gerbil to gerbil, gerbil to mouse, and mouse to gerbil.", "contents": "Syphacia obvelata in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): natural occurrence and experimental transmission. An adult from a research colony and a litter of 5-week-old Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) from a pet store were found to have pinworms identified as Syphacia obvelata. The infected gerbils were allowed to cohabitate with uninfected gerbils. Similarly, infected gerbils were caged with uninfected mice and infected mice with uninfected gerbils. Results of these studies showed that Syphacia obvelata can be transmitted from gerbil to gerbil, gerbil to mouse, and mouse to gerbil.", "PMID": 564989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6310", "title": "An autoclavable electronic interface for germfree isolators.", "content": "An electronic interface was designed and fabricated for use with germfree isolators. It allows a variety of sensors or electrical instruments inside an isolator to be readily connected to monitoring or activating devices on the outside of an isolator. It was built into a 25 cm diameter cylinder whose open ends were loosely covered by an inner and outer connector panel. These two panels were wired together through an airtight dividing wall placed transversely across the middle of the cylinder. The interface was mounted in an entry port of a stainless steel isolator and steam sterilized with the isolator. It has proven to be a useful, contamination-free, durable device.", "contents": "An autoclavable electronic interface for germfree isolators. An electronic interface was designed and fabricated for use with germfree isolators. It allows a variety of sensors or electrical instruments inside an isolator to be readily connected to monitoring or activating devices on the outside of an isolator. It was built into a 25 cm diameter cylinder whose open ends were loosely covered by an inner and outer connector panel. These two panels were wired together through an airtight dividing wall placed transversely across the middle of the cylinder. The interface was mounted in an entry port of a stainless steel isolator and steam sterilized with the isolator. It has proven to be a useful, contamination-free, durable device.", "PMID": 564990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6311", "title": "Atypical mycobacteria and the xenograft valve.", "content": "During a 4 month interval, cultures taken at the time of porcine xenograft valve implantation grew a fastidious atypical mycobacterium, Mycobacterium chelonei (Runyon's groups IV), in eight of 20 patients. Initial growth occurred at 2 to 3 weeks in thioglycollate broth only; detailed biochemical and bacteriologic evaluation demonstrates altered catalase activity accounting for its initial slow growth. Only one patient has manifested clinical evidence of infection 5 months after mitral valve replacement. A large pericardial effusion required pericardiectomy. Pericardial tissue and fluid have grown M. chelonei with the same growth characteristics as the initial valve culture. It is recommended that manufacturers of xenograft valve bioprostheses maintain a quarantine of 6 weeks until cultures, smears of culture broth, and microscopic evaluation of aortic wall coupons are negative. Users of these prostheses should keep cultures for a minimum of 3 weeks. Should positive cultures result, antimicrobial therapy should be considered only with clinical evidence of infection.", "contents": "Atypical mycobacteria and the xenograft valve. During a 4 month interval, cultures taken at the time of porcine xenograft valve implantation grew a fastidious atypical mycobacterium, Mycobacterium chelonei (Runyon's groups IV), in eight of 20 patients. Initial growth occurred at 2 to 3 weeks in thioglycollate broth only; detailed biochemical and bacteriologic evaluation demonstrates altered catalase activity accounting for its initial slow growth. Only one patient has manifested clinical evidence of infection 5 months after mitral valve replacement. A large pericardial effusion required pericardiectomy. Pericardial tissue and fluid have grown M. chelonei with the same growth characteristics as the initial valve culture. It is recommended that manufacturers of xenograft valve bioprostheses maintain a quarantine of 6 weeks until cultures, smears of culture broth, and microscopic evaluation of aortic wall coupons are negative. Users of these prostheses should keep cultures for a minimum of 3 weeks. Should positive cultures result, antimicrobial therapy should be considered only with clinical evidence of infection.", "PMID": 564994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6312", "title": "Repair of atrioventricular canal associated with membranous subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The successful repair of associated atrioventricular canal anomaly and membranous subaortic stenosis is reported for the first time in two patients. Although subaortic stenosis associated with atrioventricular canal anomaly has been reported previously, it was caused by anomalous positioning of the atrioventricular valve, so that the discrete membranous type of stenosis in these two patients is the unique feature. Awareness of the possible association of these two deformities should enable accurate preoperative diagnosis and simultaneous correction at operation.", "contents": "Repair of atrioventricular canal associated with membranous subaortic stenosis. The successful repair of associated atrioventricular canal anomaly and membranous subaortic stenosis is reported for the first time in two patients. Although subaortic stenosis associated with atrioventricular canal anomaly has been reported previously, it was caused by anomalous positioning of the atrioventricular valve, so that the discrete membranous type of stenosis in these two patients is the unique feature. Awareness of the possible association of these two deformities should enable accurate preoperative diagnosis and simultaneous correction at operation.", "PMID": 564995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6313", "title": "Role of gastric emptying on ethanol poisoning in rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal glucose was demonstrated to significantly inhibit the absorption of ethanol ( 2 g/kg) administered orally to rats. The effect was due to slowed emptying of the stomach, verified by analysis of the stomach contents and of blood enthanol levels. The observation agrees with previous findings, according to which the rate of stomach emptying is inversely related to the blood glucose level. However, when glucose was given intravenously 15 minutes after oral administration of a lethal dose of ethanol (12.5 g/kg) no significant inhibition of ethanol absorption could be observed. Intravenous propantheline, pyrithioxine and methylene blue were also unable to prolong the survival time or to influence the lethal blood ethanol concentration (about 170 mmol/l) of the enthanol-poisoned rats.", "contents": "Role of gastric emptying on ethanol poisoning in rats. Intraperitoneal glucose was demonstrated to significantly inhibit the absorption of ethanol ( 2 g/kg) administered orally to rats. The effect was due to slowed emptying of the stomach, verified by analysis of the stomach contents and of blood enthanol levels. The observation agrees with previous findings, according to which the rate of stomach emptying is inversely related to the blood glucose level. However, when glucose was given intravenously 15 minutes after oral administration of a lethal dose of ethanol (12.5 g/kg) no significant inhibition of ethanol absorption could be observed. Intravenous propantheline, pyrithioxine and methylene blue were also unable to prolong the survival time or to influence the lethal blood ethanol concentration (about 170 mmol/l) of the enthanol-poisoned rats.", "PMID": 564996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6314", "title": "Effect of chronic ethanol administration on cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in vivo.", "content": "Chronic administration of ethanol failed to a stimulate the hepatic rate of cholesterol synthesis in meal-fed rats. In contrast, chronic ethanol feeding caused a 50% inhibition in the rate of incorporation of [4-14C] cholesterol to bile acids in the bile-duct cannulated rats. It is, therefore, suggested that the decreased rate of cholesterol degradation to bile acids may play an important role in ethanol-induced accumulation of cholesterol in liver.", "contents": "Effect of chronic ethanol administration on cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in vivo. Chronic administration of ethanol failed to a stimulate the hepatic rate of cholesterol synthesis in meal-fed rats. In contrast, chronic ethanol feeding caused a 50% inhibition in the rate of incorporation of [4-14C] cholesterol to bile acids in the bile-duct cannulated rats. It is, therefore, suggested that the decreased rate of cholesterol degradation to bile acids may play an important role in ethanol-induced accumulation of cholesterol in liver.", "PMID": 564999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6315", "title": "[The influence of moderate intrauterine nutrition on later physical and mental development in twins (author's transl)].", "content": "Follow-up examinations on 45 dizygotic and monozygotic twins were performed in order to establish differences in physical and mental development with regard to differences in birth-weight. The \"critical\" weight difference of at least 650 g could be established where mental abilities, height and head circumference scored lower in the lower birth weight group. Our findings stress the positive home environment as being responsible for the lack of differences between the two groups in the development during early childhood, of psychosocial behaviour and school performance.", "contents": "[The influence of moderate intrauterine nutrition on later physical and mental development in twins (author's transl)]. Follow-up examinations on 45 dizygotic and monozygotic twins were performed in order to establish differences in physical and mental development with regard to differences in birth-weight. The \"critical\" weight difference of at least 650 g could be established where mental abilities, height and head circumference scored lower in the lower birth weight group. Our findings stress the positive home environment as being responsible for the lack of differences between the two groups in the development during early childhood, of psychosocial behaviour and school performance.", "PMID": 565007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6316", "title": "The relation between ketone bodies, glucose and minerals contents in bovine blood under various physiological conditions.", "content": "The interrelationship between the concentration of ketone bodies, glucose, minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Cl) in serum and in TCA soluble whole blood under different physiological conditions in 110 cows was investigated. There was a certain relationship (partly high significant) between the mineral content, ketone bodies and glucose levels in blood. However, there is no clear explanation for the qualification of blood minerals as an indicator of the content of ketone bodies and glucose in serum and whole blood. The age of animals and the seasons had no influence on the concentration of ketone bodies in serum and whole blood. Significant positive relationship was found between the time of lactation, pregnancy and serum glucose and negative relation with ketone bodies. There was no correlation between milk production and ketone bodies. The hours after feeding were positively correlated with ketone bodies.", "contents": "The relation between ketone bodies, glucose and minerals contents in bovine blood under various physiological conditions. The interrelationship between the concentration of ketone bodies, glucose, minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Cl) in serum and in TCA soluble whole blood under different physiological conditions in 110 cows was investigated. There was a certain relationship (partly high significant) between the mineral content, ketone bodies and glucose levels in blood. However, there is no clear explanation for the qualification of blood minerals as an indicator of the content of ketone bodies and glucose in serum and whole blood. The age of animals and the seasons had no influence on the concentration of ketone bodies in serum and whole blood. Significant positive relationship was found between the time of lactation, pregnancy and serum glucose and negative relation with ketone bodies. There was no correlation between milk production and ketone bodies. The hours after feeding were positively correlated with ketone bodies.", "PMID": 565009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6317", "title": "[Stereochemical theory of the 3-dimensional structure of globular proteins. III. Prediction of the tertiary structure].", "content": "A prediction is made of the tertiary structure of parvalbumin, the variable part of the immunoglobulin molecule, carboxypeptidase and the trypsin inhibitor. The structures obtained theoretically coincide completely with the native ones. In the case of the trypsin inhibitor molecule, the theoretical sequence of disulfide bridge formation completely coincides with the experimental data. Elements of symmetry were found in highly helical intermediate structures of the four proteins studied. The theory developed can be successfully applied for assembling the quaternary protein structure. Proceeding from this theory the mechanisms of the increased rate of assembly of protein spatial structure in conditions in vivo as compared with their assembly in vitro are analysed.", "contents": "[Stereochemical theory of the 3-dimensional structure of globular proteins. III. Prediction of the tertiary structure]. A prediction is made of the tertiary structure of parvalbumin, the variable part of the immunoglobulin molecule, carboxypeptidase and the trypsin inhibitor. The structures obtained theoretically coincide completely with the native ones. In the case of the trypsin inhibitor molecule, the theoretical sequence of disulfide bridge formation completely coincides with the experimental data. Elements of symmetry were found in highly helical intermediate structures of the four proteins studied. The theory developed can be successfully applied for assembling the quaternary protein structure. Proceeding from this theory the mechanisms of the increased rate of assembly of protein spatial structure in conditions in vivo as compared with their assembly in vitro are analysed.", "PMID": 565006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6318", "title": "The effect of perinatal thyroxine treatment on the development of the plasma corticosterone diurnal rhythm.", "content": "Thyroxine (10 microgram/g b.w., s.c.), injected either on days 2, 3 and 4 or days 8, 9 and 10, resulted in a higher a.m.-p.m. plasma corticosterone difference on day 23, compared to the vehicle-treated controls. In a separate experiment the same dose of thyroxine on days 8, 9 and 10 caused an earlier appearance of significantly higher p.m. than a.m. plasma corticosterone levels (day 15 vs day 18 in vehicle-treated controls), and earlier eye-opening (12.38 +/- 0.11 thyroxine vs 15.36 +/- 0.14 days, vehicle). These results suggest that thyroxine influences the maturation of those neural structures which participate in the regulation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH secretion and, as a consequence, in that of corticosterone production.", "contents": "The effect of perinatal thyroxine treatment on the development of the plasma corticosterone diurnal rhythm. Thyroxine (10 microgram/g b.w., s.c.), injected either on days 2, 3 and 4 or days 8, 9 and 10, resulted in a higher a.m.-p.m. plasma corticosterone difference on day 23, compared to the vehicle-treated controls. In a separate experiment the same dose of thyroxine on days 8, 9 and 10 caused an earlier appearance of significantly higher p.m. than a.m. plasma corticosterone levels (day 15 vs day 18 in vehicle-treated controls), and earlier eye-opening (12.38 +/- 0.11 thyroxine vs 15.36 +/- 0.14 days, vehicle). These results suggest that thyroxine influences the maturation of those neural structures which participate in the regulation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH secretion and, as a consequence, in that of corticosterone production.", "PMID": 565013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6319", "title": "Effect of combined perinatal thyroxine and corticosterone treatment on the development of the diurnal pituitary-adrenal rhythm.", "content": "Daily corticosterone injections (20 microgram/g b.w., i.p.), on either days 2, 3 and 4 or days 16, 17 and 18, abolished the normal development of the a.m.-p.m. difference in plasma corticosterone levels, as no a.m.-p.m. difference was present in either group on day 21. Thyroxine treatment (10 microgram/g b.w., s.c.) on days 8, 9 and 10 was able to counteract the effect of corticosterone at both ages, i.e. animals treated with thyroxine and corticosterone exhibited a significant a.m.-p.m. difference on day 18, the same day as controls. On the other hand, thyroxine-treated rats with prior corticosterone injections continued to show significantly earlier eye-opening than controls. These results suggest that thyroxine advances the maturation of central structures which are involved in the control of pituitary-adrenal activity and which are sensitive to high perinatal plasma levels of corticosterone.", "contents": "Effect of combined perinatal thyroxine and corticosterone treatment on the development of the diurnal pituitary-adrenal rhythm. Daily corticosterone injections (20 microgram/g b.w., i.p.), on either days 2, 3 and 4 or days 16, 17 and 18, abolished the normal development of the a.m.-p.m. difference in plasma corticosterone levels, as no a.m.-p.m. difference was present in either group on day 21. Thyroxine treatment (10 microgram/g b.w., s.c.) on days 8, 9 and 10 was able to counteract the effect of corticosterone at both ages, i.e. animals treated with thyroxine and corticosterone exhibited a significant a.m.-p.m. difference on day 18, the same day as controls. On the other hand, thyroxine-treated rats with prior corticosterone injections continued to show significantly earlier eye-opening than controls. These results suggest that thyroxine advances the maturation of central structures which are involved in the control of pituitary-adrenal activity and which are sensitive to high perinatal plasma levels of corticosterone.", "PMID": 565014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6320", "title": "Effect of perinatal thyroxine treatment on some endocrine functions of male and female rats.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 10 microgram/g b.w. thyroxine on days 8, 9 and 10 of life. This treatment had no effect on the development of the female diurnal pattern of plasma corticosterone or on the time of vaginal opening. Treated females cycled normally and they showed compensatory hypertrophy (CH) of ovaries comparable to that of vehicle-treated controls. Treated males responded to a combined ether-hemorrhage stress, as did controls, and they exhibited normal adrenal CH. Both treated males and females had lower body weights and reduced endocrine organ weights on day 49 of life.", "contents": "Effect of perinatal thyroxine treatment on some endocrine functions of male and female rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 10 microgram/g b.w. thyroxine on days 8, 9 and 10 of life. This treatment had no effect on the development of the female diurnal pattern of plasma corticosterone or on the time of vaginal opening. Treated females cycled normally and they showed compensatory hypertrophy (CH) of ovaries comparable to that of vehicle-treated controls. Treated males responded to a combined ether-hemorrhage stress, as did controls, and they exhibited normal adrenal CH. Both treated males and females had lower body weights and reduced endocrine organ weights on day 49 of life.", "PMID": 565015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6321", "title": "[Usefulness of carotid artery compression test in the diagnosis of cerebral circulation disorders in patients with cerebral aneurysm. Evaluation by the rheoencephalographic method].", "content": "Rheoencephalographic investigations (REG) was carried out in patients with intracranial aneurysms and in healthy subjects. The purpose of the study was to obtain approximate data on the efficiency of collateral circulation of the brain before ligation of the internal carotid artery. For this purpose REG was associated with common artery compression test. It was found that this combined examination gives good prediction of the efficiency of collateral circulation after ligation of one carotid artery. This method is more sensitive than the Matas test combined with EEG used previously.", "contents": "[Usefulness of carotid artery compression test in the diagnosis of cerebral circulation disorders in patients with cerebral aneurysm. Evaluation by the rheoencephalographic method]. Rheoencephalographic investigations (REG) was carried out in patients with intracranial aneurysms and in healthy subjects. The purpose of the study was to obtain approximate data on the efficiency of collateral circulation of the brain before ligation of the internal carotid artery. For this purpose REG was associated with common artery compression test. It was found that this combined examination gives good prediction of the efficiency of collateral circulation after ligation of one carotid artery. This method is more sensitive than the Matas test combined with EEG used previously.", "PMID": 565012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6322", "title": "Broca aphasia: pathologic and clinical.", "content": "The speech disturbance resulting from infarction limited to the Broca area has been delineated; it differs from the speech disorder called Broca aphasia, which results from damage extending far outside the Broca area. Nor does Broca area infarction cause Broca aphasia. The lesions in 20 cases observed since 1972 were documented by autopsy, computerized tomography, or arteriogram; the autopsy records from the Massachusetts General hospital for the past 20 years and the published cases since 1820 were also reviewed. The findings suggest that infarction affecting the Broca area and its immediate environs, even deep into the brain, causes a mutism that is replaced by rapidly improving dyspraxic and effortful articulation, but that no significant distrubance in language function persists. The more complex syndrome traditionally referred to as Broca aphasia, including Broca's original case, is characterized by protracted mutism, verbal stereotypes, and agrammatism. It is associated with a considerably larger infarct which encompasses the operculum, including the Broca area, insula, and adjacent cerebrum, in the territory supplied by the upper division of the left middle cerebral artery.", "contents": "Broca aphasia: pathologic and clinical. The speech disturbance resulting from infarction limited to the Broca area has been delineated; it differs from the speech disorder called Broca aphasia, which results from damage extending far outside the Broca area. Nor does Broca area infarction cause Broca aphasia. The lesions in 20 cases observed since 1972 were documented by autopsy, computerized tomography, or arteriogram; the autopsy records from the Massachusetts General hospital for the past 20 years and the published cases since 1820 were also reviewed. The findings suggest that infarction affecting the Broca area and its immediate environs, even deep into the brain, causes a mutism that is replaced by rapidly improving dyspraxic and effortful articulation, but that no significant distrubance in language function persists. The more complex syndrome traditionally referred to as Broca aphasia, including Broca's original case, is characterized by protracted mutism, verbal stereotypes, and agrammatism. It is associated with a considerably larger infarct which encompasses the operculum, including the Broca area, insula, and adjacent cerebrum, in the territory supplied by the upper division of the left middle cerebral artery.", "PMID": 565019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6323", "title": "Specific antagonism of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian spinal cord neurons: a common mode of convulsant action.", "content": "Mammalian spinal neurons grown in tissue culture were used to study the effects of the four convulsants-penicillin, pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, and bicuculline-on these neurons' responses to amino acids. Bath application of all four convulsants produced paroxysmal depolarizing events in the neurons; iontophoresis of the four convulsants selectively depressed responses produced by iontophoresis of the putative inhibitory transmitter GABA, and effected this depression without altering either inhibitory responses to beta-alanine or glycine, or excitation mediated by glutamate. These results support the hypothesis that the convulsant activity of these agents comes in part from selective antagonism of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition.", "contents": "Specific antagonism of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian spinal cord neurons: a common mode of convulsant action. Mammalian spinal neurons grown in tissue culture were used to study the effects of the four convulsants-penicillin, pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, and bicuculline-on these neurons' responses to amino acids. Bath application of all four convulsants produced paroxysmal depolarizing events in the neurons; iontophoresis of the four convulsants selectively depressed responses produced by iontophoresis of the putative inhibitory transmitter GABA, and effected this depression without altering either inhibitory responses to beta-alanine or glycine, or excitation mediated by glutamate. These results support the hypothesis that the convulsant activity of these agents comes in part from selective antagonism of GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition.", "PMID": 565020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6324", "title": "Exercise-induced changes of reactivity of different types of muscle on glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline.", "content": "In the investigations presented it was found that the glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline in the skeletal muscle of resting rats depends on the type of muscle: the hormone exerts the least effect in the white muscle and the greatest effect in the intermediate one. There was a cumulative effect of adrenaline in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg and exercise on the glycogen level in the white muscle. In the red and intermediate muscles the exercise-induced glycogen depletion rate was very rapid and no additional effect of adrenaline on glycogen level was observed. No repletion of glycogen in the white muscle occurred during the first 3 h of the post-exercise recovery, and adrenaline further decreased the glycogen level in this muscle. In the red and intermediate muscles full repletion of glycogen took place already during the first hour of recovery. A dose of 0.1 mg/kg adrenaline had no effect on the glycogen repletion rate in the red muscle and only partly inhibited it in the intermediate muscle. A dose of 0.5 mg/kg adrenaline prevented the glycogen repletion in both types of muscles. During the exercise as well as during the post-exercise recovery the hyperglycemic effect of adrenaline was decreased.", "contents": "Exercise-induced changes of reactivity of different types of muscle on glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline. In the investigations presented it was found that the glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline in the skeletal muscle of resting rats depends on the type of muscle: the hormone exerts the least effect in the white muscle and the greatest effect in the intermediate one. There was a cumulative effect of adrenaline in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg and exercise on the glycogen level in the white muscle. In the red and intermediate muscles the exercise-induced glycogen depletion rate was very rapid and no additional effect of adrenaline on glycogen level was observed. No repletion of glycogen in the white muscle occurred during the first 3 h of the post-exercise recovery, and adrenaline further decreased the glycogen level in this muscle. In the red and intermediate muscles full repletion of glycogen took place already during the first hour of recovery. A dose of 0.1 mg/kg adrenaline had no effect on the glycogen repletion rate in the red muscle and only partly inhibited it in the intermediate muscle. A dose of 0.5 mg/kg adrenaline prevented the glycogen repletion in both types of muscles. During the exercise as well as during the post-exercise recovery the hyperglycemic effect of adrenaline was decreased.", "PMID": 565029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6325", "title": "Iso-renin secretion from rat brain cortex slices in vitro under the influence of ions and electrical stimulation.", "content": "The aim of this study was to obtain additional data concerning the influence of changes in osmolarity and ionic composition on iso-renin secretion from rat brain cortex slices. The slices were isolated and superfused in vitro according to the technique of Pull and McIlwain (1972). The secretion of iso-renin was strongly stimulated by an increase of Na+ concentration. Iso-renin output almost doubled upon raising NaCl from 120 to 240 mM. Decrease of the NaCl concentration to 60 mM resulted in a reduced iso renin secretion while addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) (60 micron) did not significantly alter the iso-renin content of brain slices. Changes in osmotic pressure were without significant influence. Electrical stimulation or elevation of extracellular K+ concentrations enhanced iso-renin secretion. Furthermore, Ca2+ ions seem to increase both the content and the release of cerebral iso-renin.", "contents": "Iso-renin secretion from rat brain cortex slices in vitro under the influence of ions and electrical stimulation. The aim of this study was to obtain additional data concerning the influence of changes in osmolarity and ionic composition on iso-renin secretion from rat brain cortex slices. The slices were isolated and superfused in vitro according to the technique of Pull and McIlwain (1972). The secretion of iso-renin was strongly stimulated by an increase of Na+ concentration. Iso-renin output almost doubled upon raising NaCl from 120 to 240 mM. Decrease of the NaCl concentration to 60 mM resulted in a reduced iso renin secretion while addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) (60 micron) did not significantly alter the iso-renin content of brain slices. Changes in osmotic pressure were without significant influence. Electrical stimulation or elevation of extracellular K+ concentrations enhanced iso-renin secretion. Furthermore, Ca2+ ions seem to increase both the content and the release of cerebral iso-renin.", "PMID": 565030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6326", "title": "Red cell deformability and adaptation in cholesterol-fed guinea pigs.", "content": "The flow of dietary cholesterol-loaded guinea-pig erythrocytes was observed in a glass capillary viscometer at wall shear stresses of 2 and 56 dynes/cm2. The viscosity of a suspension of red cells (H = 56 vol%) in a Ringer-albumin solution served as an estimate of the red cell deformation. It was found that dietary cholesterol did not significantly alter red cell deformability. The serum of cholesterol-fed animals showed higher sphering properties (possibly due to a higher concentration of lysolecithin) when incubated under the same conditions as the serum from control animals. When cholesterol-loaded red cells came into contact with the sphering agent lysolecithin, reduced flow properties were exhibited during prolonged contact, whereas erythrocytes from controls adapted to lysolecithin.", "contents": "Red cell deformability and adaptation in cholesterol-fed guinea pigs. The flow of dietary cholesterol-loaded guinea-pig erythrocytes was observed in a glass capillary viscometer at wall shear stresses of 2 and 56 dynes/cm2. The viscosity of a suspension of red cells (H = 56 vol%) in a Ringer-albumin solution served as an estimate of the red cell deformation. It was found that dietary cholesterol did not significantly alter red cell deformability. The serum of cholesterol-fed animals showed higher sphering properties (possibly due to a higher concentration of lysolecithin) when incubated under the same conditions as the serum from control animals. When cholesterol-loaded red cells came into contact with the sphering agent lysolecithin, reduced flow properties were exhibited during prolonged contact, whereas erythrocytes from controls adapted to lysolecithin.", "PMID": 565033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6327", "title": "No relation between atrial natriuresis and renal blood flow in conscious dogs.", "content": "Conscious dogs were used to study whether changes in total renal hemodynamics are responsible for diuresis and natriuresis during an experimental increase in left atrial pressure (LAP). To ensure a controlled dietary sodium intake, the dogs (n = 8) were chronically kept on a high or a low sodium intake diet (HSI; LSI). After the dogs had completely recovered from surgery (carotid loop, thoracotomy, flank incision), LAP was increased by about 10 cm H2O for 60 min by tightening a purse string around the mitral annulus (51 expts.). Mean urine volume (V) increased in both groups to a comparable degree. Mean sodium excretion increased somewhat more in HSI dogs, but remained elevated in LSI dogs after the LAP increase. Renal blood flow (electromagnetic flow transducer) and inulin clearance did not change. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased by about 20% (HSI) and 15% (LSI). --When the induced LAP INCREASE WAS TERMINATED, V decreased. RVR decreased in HSI dogs by about -11% and in LSI dogs by about -6% below control values. --It is concluded that volume regulatory mechanisms induced by an experimental LAP increase operate independently of changes in total renal blood flow.", "contents": "No relation between atrial natriuresis and renal blood flow in conscious dogs. Conscious dogs were used to study whether changes in total renal hemodynamics are responsible for diuresis and natriuresis during an experimental increase in left atrial pressure (LAP). To ensure a controlled dietary sodium intake, the dogs (n = 8) were chronically kept on a high or a low sodium intake diet (HSI; LSI). After the dogs had completely recovered from surgery (carotid loop, thoracotomy, flank incision), LAP was increased by about 10 cm H2O for 60 min by tightening a purse string around the mitral annulus (51 expts.). Mean urine volume (V) increased in both groups to a comparable degree. Mean sodium excretion increased somewhat more in HSI dogs, but remained elevated in LSI dogs after the LAP increase. Renal blood flow (electromagnetic flow transducer) and inulin clearance did not change. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased by about 20% (HSI) and 15% (LSI). --When the induced LAP INCREASE WAS TERMINATED, V decreased. RVR decreased in HSI dogs by about -11% and in LSI dogs by about -6% below control values. --It is concluded that volume regulatory mechanisms induced by an experimental LAP increase operate independently of changes in total renal blood flow.", "PMID": 565034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6328", "title": "Anterior and posterior hypothalamus: effects of independent temperature displacements on heat production in conscious goats.", "content": "Three goats were chronically implanted with thermodes to alter the temperatures of the anterior and posterior hypothalamus independently of each other. At an air temperature of +14 degrees C the anterior hypothalamus was cooled with different intensities, while the posterior hypothalamus was simultaneously either warmed (39 degrees C) or cooled (29 degrees C). In both conditions cooling anterior hypothalamus increased heat production. However, the increase was smaller, when the posterior hypothalamus was cooled. The inhibiting effect was most pronounced during the first parts of the periods and diminished with time. Nevertheless, in a separate series of experiments, the effects of posterior hypothalamic cooling were found to persist over periods of 3 h. At an air temperature of +3 degrees C the posterior hypothalamus temperature was altered between 28 and 42 degrees C, while anterior hypothalamus temperature was kept close to its control level. Shivering and heat production decreased with cooling and increased with warming of the posterior hypothalamus. The results suggest that those neurons which reside in the posterior hypothalamus and mediate shivering, are sensitive to temperature. Thermosensitivity of these allegedly integrative neurons affects shivering and heat production in a way inverse to the thermosensitivity of the temperature sensing neurons in the anterior hypothalamus.", "contents": "Anterior and posterior hypothalamus: effects of independent temperature displacements on heat production in conscious goats. Three goats were chronically implanted with thermodes to alter the temperatures of the anterior and posterior hypothalamus independently of each other. At an air temperature of +14 degrees C the anterior hypothalamus was cooled with different intensities, while the posterior hypothalamus was simultaneously either warmed (39 degrees C) or cooled (29 degrees C). In both conditions cooling anterior hypothalamus increased heat production. However, the increase was smaller, when the posterior hypothalamus was cooled. The inhibiting effect was most pronounced during the first parts of the periods and diminished with time. Nevertheless, in a separate series of experiments, the effects of posterior hypothalamic cooling were found to persist over periods of 3 h. At an air temperature of +3 degrees C the posterior hypothalamus temperature was altered between 28 and 42 degrees C, while anterior hypothalamus temperature was kept close to its control level. Shivering and heat production decreased with cooling and increased with warming of the posterior hypothalamus. The results suggest that those neurons which reside in the posterior hypothalamus and mediate shivering, are sensitive to temperature. Thermosensitivity of these allegedly integrative neurons affects shivering and heat production in a way inverse to the thermosensitivity of the temperature sensing neurons in the anterior hypothalamus.", "PMID": 565035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6329", "title": "Endolymphatic and intracellular resting potential in the alligator lizard cochlea.", "content": "Endolymphatic potential (EP) and intracellular resting potentials (RPs) in the cochlea of the alligator lizard were measured with micropipets. The EP (defined as the dc electric potential recorded between the endolymph in scala media and the perilymph in scala tympani or scala vestibuli) had a mean value of +16 mV (in 96 ears). The RPs (defined as the dc potentials recorded between the intracellular and perilymphatic spaces) were different in the distal portion of the cochlear nerve (range to -56 mV, mean of -23 mV in 158 cells) from those in the region of the basilar papilla (range to -154 mV, mean of -73 mV in 623 cells). In identified cells in the region of the basilar papilla, the mean values of RPs of hyaline epithelial cells (-113 mV in 7 cells) and supporting cells (-93 mV in 13 cells) were more negative than of hair cells (-73 mV in 5 cells). Differences in measured RPs could reflect differences in the resting potentials of these cells and/or their source resistances. RPs measured in the basilar papilla of the alligator lizard are compared with those obtained in other vertebrate hair cell organs.", "contents": "Endolymphatic and intracellular resting potential in the alligator lizard cochlea. Endolymphatic potential (EP) and intracellular resting potentials (RPs) in the cochlea of the alligator lizard were measured with micropipets. The EP (defined as the dc electric potential recorded between the endolymph in scala media and the perilymph in scala tympani or scala vestibuli) had a mean value of +16 mV (in 96 ears). The RPs (defined as the dc potentials recorded between the intracellular and perilymphatic spaces) were different in the distal portion of the cochlear nerve (range to -56 mV, mean of -23 mV in 158 cells) from those in the region of the basilar papilla (range to -154 mV, mean of -73 mV in 623 cells). In identified cells in the region of the basilar papilla, the mean values of RPs of hyaline epithelial cells (-113 mV in 7 cells) and supporting cells (-93 mV in 13 cells) were more negative than of hair cells (-73 mV in 5 cells). Differences in measured RPs could reflect differences in the resting potentials of these cells and/or their source resistances. RPs measured in the basilar papilla of the alligator lizard are compared with those obtained in other vertebrate hair cell organs.", "PMID": 565037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6330", "title": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. III. Tubologlomerular feedback.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine whether tubologlomerular feedback, which modifies nephron filtration rate in response to alterations in the macula densa sodium chloride concentration, was still apparent in the initiation phase of various types of acute renal failure. The response of the glomerulus to changes in the macula densa stimulus was evaluated in haeme pigment, ischaemic and nephrotoxic induced renal damage by measuring early proximal flow rates. The sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa was varied between low values and isotonicity in two ways: firstly, by interruption of flow through the loop of Henle, followed by orthograde perfusion with Ringer's solution; secondly, by retrograde perfusion of the loop of Henle with isosmotic mannitol or Ringer's solution. In all nephrons examined, filtration rate was inversely correlated to the macula densa sodium chloride concentration, except during orthograde perfusion with 10(-4) M furosemide in Ringer's solution, when, despite the high sodium chloride concentration, filtration rate remained high. It is concluded that the mechanism of tubuloglomerular feedback is viable after the onset of compromised renal function, and may, as postulated, account for the reduction in blood flow and nephron filtration rate occurring in acute renal failure.", "contents": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. III. Tubologlomerular feedback. Experiments were designed to determine whether tubologlomerular feedback, which modifies nephron filtration rate in response to alterations in the macula densa sodium chloride concentration, was still apparent in the initiation phase of various types of acute renal failure. The response of the glomerulus to changes in the macula densa stimulus was evaluated in haeme pigment, ischaemic and nephrotoxic induced renal damage by measuring early proximal flow rates. The sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa was varied between low values and isotonicity in two ways: firstly, by interruption of flow through the loop of Henle, followed by orthograde perfusion with Ringer's solution; secondly, by retrograde perfusion of the loop of Henle with isosmotic mannitol or Ringer's solution. In all nephrons examined, filtration rate was inversely correlated to the macula densa sodium chloride concentration, except during orthograde perfusion with 10(-4) M furosemide in Ringer's solution, when, despite the high sodium chloride concentration, filtration rate remained high. It is concluded that the mechanism of tubuloglomerular feedback is viable after the onset of compromised renal function, and may, as postulated, account for the reduction in blood flow and nephron filtration rate occurring in acute renal failure.", "PMID": 565036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6331", "title": "Effects of hydrostatic pressure on fluid transfer by the isolated gallbladder.", "content": "The influence of hydrostatic pressure elevation on fluid absorption by the isolated guinea pig gallbladder was determined following addition of various smooth muscle spasmogens to the serosal bathing medium. Acetylcholine, prostaglandin E1 and ouabain increased intraluminal pressure from about 4 cm H2O to 13 cm H2O. The pressure increase was associated with a marked but transient stimulation in fluid transfer. The same phenomenon was observed following an increase in hydrostatic pressure by addition of Ringer's solution to the gallbladder lumen. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that this phenomenon represents the extrusion of an edema from the gallbladder wall. Two observations favour this explanation: 1. The wet weights of gallbladder subjected to high intraluminal hydrostatic pressure were only one third of those at low pressure. 2. Microscopic examination of the wall of gallbladders at low pressure showed a marked submucosal edema.", "contents": "Effects of hydrostatic pressure on fluid transfer by the isolated gallbladder. The influence of hydrostatic pressure elevation on fluid absorption by the isolated guinea pig gallbladder was determined following addition of various smooth muscle spasmogens to the serosal bathing medium. Acetylcholine, prostaglandin E1 and ouabain increased intraluminal pressure from about 4 cm H2O to 13 cm H2O. The pressure increase was associated with a marked but transient stimulation in fluid transfer. The same phenomenon was observed following an increase in hydrostatic pressure by addition of Ringer's solution to the gallbladder lumen. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that this phenomenon represents the extrusion of an edema from the gallbladder wall. Two observations favour this explanation: 1. The wet weights of gallbladder subjected to high intraluminal hydrostatic pressure were only one third of those at low pressure. 2. Microscopic examination of the wall of gallbladders at low pressure showed a marked submucosal edema.", "PMID": 565039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6332", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on Na transport in isolated collecting tubules.", "content": "Direct tubular effects of prostaglandins (PG's) on Na transport were examined in isolated cortical and medullary collecting tubules of rabbits perfused in vitro. The animals were treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 1 mg kg-1 day-1, i.m.) for 3-6 days before experiments. In the cortical collecting tubules PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-7)-2.5 X 10(-5) M), E1 (1.2 x 10(-5) M) and F2alpha (1.2 x 10(-5) M) added to the bath caused reversible decreases in transtubular potential difference (PDt). But neither PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the perfusate nor PGA2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the bath had an effect on PDt. The net Na absorption was decreased with PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the bath from 8.6 +/- 1.36 to 1.5 +/- 1.04 pEq cm-1 s-1 (P is less than 0.02). In rabbits not pretreated with DOCA, the net Na absorption was reduced from 2.73 +/- 0.74 to 1.02 +/- 0.74 pEq cm-1 s-1 (P is less than 0.01). In the outer medullary collecting tubules PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the bath also caused a reversible decrease in PDt. It is concluded that PGE2, F2alpha and E1 inhibit Na absorption in the collecting tubules by acting on the peritubular membrane.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on Na transport in isolated collecting tubules. Direct tubular effects of prostaglandins (PG's) on Na transport were examined in isolated cortical and medullary collecting tubules of rabbits perfused in vitro. The animals were treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 1 mg kg-1 day-1, i.m.) for 3-6 days before experiments. In the cortical collecting tubules PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-7)-2.5 X 10(-5) M), E1 (1.2 x 10(-5) M) and F2alpha (1.2 x 10(-5) M) added to the bath caused reversible decreases in transtubular potential difference (PDt). But neither PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the perfusate nor PGA2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the bath had an effect on PDt. The net Na absorption was decreased with PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the bath from 8.6 +/- 1.36 to 1.5 +/- 1.04 pEq cm-1 s-1 (P is less than 0.02). In rabbits not pretreated with DOCA, the net Na absorption was reduced from 2.73 +/- 0.74 to 1.02 +/- 0.74 pEq cm-1 s-1 (P is less than 0.01). In the outer medullary collecting tubules PGE2 (1.2 X 10(-5) M) added to the bath also caused a reversible decrease in PDt. It is concluded that PGE2, F2alpha and E1 inhibit Na absorption in the collecting tubules by acting on the peritubular membrane.", "PMID": 565041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6333", "title": "The effects of anesthesia on the excretion of an isotonic saline load in the rat.", "content": "The ability to excrete a volume of isotonic saline equal to 10% of body weight infused over 60 min, was examined in awake rats and in rats anesthetized with 1 of the 2 agents most commonly used in renal clearance studies, Inactin or Nembutal. Rats anesthetized with Inactin excreted significantly less of the infused sodium during the period of infusion and in the 120-min post-infusion periods as compared to Nembutal-anesthetized rats or awake rats. Following saline infusion, there was a significantly greater decrease in serum protein concentration (25.5 +/- 4.7%) in rats anesthetized with Inactin, compared to that observed in the awake or Nembutal-treated rats. In a separate group of saline-infused awake rats, induction of anesthesia with Inactin resulted in a significant increase in hematocrit and a decrease in serum protein concentration. These studies suggest that Inactin anesthesia decreases the ability of the kidney to excrete a saline load and that, in studies of sodium excretion in the rat, especially if volume expansion is to be part of the experimental protocol, Nembutal rather than Inactin may be the anesthetic of choice.", "contents": "The effects of anesthesia on the excretion of an isotonic saline load in the rat. The ability to excrete a volume of isotonic saline equal to 10% of body weight infused over 60 min, was examined in awake rats and in rats anesthetized with 1 of the 2 agents most commonly used in renal clearance studies, Inactin or Nembutal. Rats anesthetized with Inactin excreted significantly less of the infused sodium during the period of infusion and in the 120-min post-infusion periods as compared to Nembutal-anesthetized rats or awake rats. Following saline infusion, there was a significantly greater decrease in serum protein concentration (25.5 +/- 4.7%) in rats anesthetized with Inactin, compared to that observed in the awake or Nembutal-treated rats. In a separate group of saline-infused awake rats, induction of anesthesia with Inactin resulted in a significant increase in hematocrit and a decrease in serum protein concentration. These studies suggest that Inactin anesthesia decreases the ability of the kidney to excrete a saline load and that, in studies of sodium excretion in the rat, especially if volume expansion is to be part of the experimental protocol, Nembutal rather than Inactin may be the anesthetic of choice.", "PMID": 565042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6334", "title": "Influence of renal nerves on renin secretion in the conscious dog.", "content": "In order to evaluate the influence of renal nerves on renin secretion during changes in blood volume, we studied the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the renal venous plasma renin activity (PRA) in 6 conscious dogs having one intact and one denervated kidney. After a passive head-up tilt PRA increased significantly in the vein of the intact kidney while it remained stable in the denervated one. The intravenous injection of Furosemide (3 mg/kg) induced a rapid elevation of PRA in both renal veins. The kinetics of the variations of renin secretion were similar in the two kidneys, but its magnitude was significantly lower in the denervated side. After a slow hemorrhage of 2, 4 and 6 ml/kg, MAP was unchanged and PRA increased in both renal veins but in a significantly lower degree in the denervated side. When blood loss reached 8 ml/kg, MAP decreased and PRA increased identically in the two renal veins. It was concluded that, in conscious dogs, the renal nerves could participate in the rapid adaptations of renin secretion during small changes in the circulating blood volume.", "contents": "Influence of renal nerves on renin secretion in the conscious dog. In order to evaluate the influence of renal nerves on renin secretion during changes in blood volume, we studied the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the renal venous plasma renin activity (PRA) in 6 conscious dogs having one intact and one denervated kidney. After a passive head-up tilt PRA increased significantly in the vein of the intact kidney while it remained stable in the denervated one. The intravenous injection of Furosemide (3 mg/kg) induced a rapid elevation of PRA in both renal veins. The kinetics of the variations of renin secretion were similar in the two kidneys, but its magnitude was significantly lower in the denervated side. After a slow hemorrhage of 2, 4 and 6 ml/kg, MAP was unchanged and PRA increased in both renal veins but in a significantly lower degree in the denervated side. When blood loss reached 8 ml/kg, MAP decreased and PRA increased identically in the two renal veins. It was concluded that, in conscious dogs, the renal nerves could participate in the rapid adaptations of renin secretion during small changes in the circulating blood volume.", "PMID": 565043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6335", "title": "Thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse.", "content": "1. The capacity ofr thermoregulation and thermogenesis in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice has been investigated. 2. At 4 degrees C ob/ob mice rapidly die of hypothermia, because of a reduced capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis, but the animals are able to survive if previously adapted to 12 degrees C. 3. At all environmental temperatures between 30 degrees C and 10 degrees C the body temperature of ob/ob mice is 2.0-2.5 degrees C below that of lean animals. This may be due to a lower \"setting\" for body temperature. 4. At 34 degrees C the oxygen consumption of obese mice is greater than that of the lean animals while at 30 degrees C it is similar. When the environmental temperature is below 30 degrees C the oxygen consumption of the lean mice is greater. The obese animals therefore expend less energy on thermoregulatory thermogenesis. 5. The capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis was measured in lean and obese mice by investigating the effect of an injection of L-nor-adrenaline (1000 microgram/kg body weight) on the metabolic rate at 31 degrees C. Non-shivering thermogenesis was reduced by one-half in the obese animals. 6. One cause of the obesity of the ob/ob mouse is its high metabolic efficiency. We suggest that this high metabolic efficiency is due, at least in part, to less energy being expended on thermoregulatory thermogenesis.", "contents": "Thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. 1. The capacity ofr thermoregulation and thermogenesis in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice has been investigated. 2. At 4 degrees C ob/ob mice rapidly die of hypothermia, because of a reduced capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis, but the animals are able to survive if previously adapted to 12 degrees C. 3. At all environmental temperatures between 30 degrees C and 10 degrees C the body temperature of ob/ob mice is 2.0-2.5 degrees C below that of lean animals. This may be due to a lower \"setting\" for body temperature. 4. At 34 degrees C the oxygen consumption of obese mice is greater than that of the lean animals while at 30 degrees C it is similar. When the environmental temperature is below 30 degrees C the oxygen consumption of the lean mice is greater. The obese animals therefore expend less energy on thermoregulatory thermogenesis. 5. The capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis was measured in lean and obese mice by investigating the effect of an injection of L-nor-adrenaline (1000 microgram/kg body weight) on the metabolic rate at 31 degrees C. Non-shivering thermogenesis was reduced by one-half in the obese animals. 6. One cause of the obesity of the ob/ob mouse is its high metabolic efficiency. We suggest that this high metabolic efficiency is due, at least in part, to less energy being expended on thermoregulatory thermogenesis.", "PMID": 565045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6336", "title": "In vitro perfused, non-isolated small intestine: ontogeny of transmural hydraulic permeability.", "content": "Net fluid flux and transmural hydrostatic hydraulic conductance (Lp) were measured in the rat ileum during postnatal ontogeny, utilizing a refined in vitro, capillary-perfused (non-isolated) preparation for free-flow studies. Volume absorption at low transmural pressure gradient (1-2 cmH2O) was 0.99 +/- 0.22 ml/g wet weight.hr in the mature ileum and 1.55 +/- 0.42 ml/g wwt.hr in the differentiating intestine. Hydrostatic hydraulic conductance of the mature ileum was 0.76 microliter/cm2.cm H2O.hr, indicating that normal hydrostatic pressure gradients are not important for modulation of intestinal absorption. In contrast, Lp was 3.82 microliter/cm2.cmH2O.hr in the differentiating ileu, suggesting a significant contribution of pressure-dependent solvent drag to isotonic solute absorption.", "contents": "In vitro perfused, non-isolated small intestine: ontogeny of transmural hydraulic permeability. Net fluid flux and transmural hydrostatic hydraulic conductance (Lp) were measured in the rat ileum during postnatal ontogeny, utilizing a refined in vitro, capillary-perfused (non-isolated) preparation for free-flow studies. Volume absorption at low transmural pressure gradient (1-2 cmH2O) was 0.99 +/- 0.22 ml/g wet weight.hr in the mature ileum and 1.55 +/- 0.42 ml/g wwt.hr in the differentiating intestine. Hydrostatic hydraulic conductance of the mature ileum was 0.76 microliter/cm2.cm H2O.hr, indicating that normal hydrostatic pressure gradients are not important for modulation of intestinal absorption. In contrast, Lp was 3.82 microliter/cm2.cmH2O.hr in the differentiating ileu, suggesting a significant contribution of pressure-dependent solvent drag to isotonic solute absorption.", "PMID": 565047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6337", "title": "[Neonatal hypothyroidism induced by the ingestion of potassium iodide during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "This concerns a case of an infant born with goiter and hypothyroidism whose mother had taken potassium iodide during pregnancy in the form of a respiratory eupneic syrup. Laboratory tests revealed the etiology of the goiter by demonstrating that it concerned a transitory, acquired hormone production disturbance. The tests gave an indication of the course of the condition, leading to substitute hormone therapy being stopped after six weeks. The euthyroidism was then checked on two occastions.", "contents": "[Neonatal hypothyroidism induced by the ingestion of potassium iodide during pregnancy (author's transl)]. This concerns a case of an infant born with goiter and hypothyroidism whose mother had taken potassium iodide during pregnancy in the form of a respiratory eupneic syrup. Laboratory tests revealed the etiology of the goiter by demonstrating that it concerned a transitory, acquired hormone production disturbance. The tests gave an indication of the course of the condition, leading to substitute hormone therapy being stopped after six weeks. The euthyroidism was then checked on two occastions.", "PMID": 565050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6338", "title": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mitochondrial DNA from transformed hamster cells.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA from cultured C13/B4 hamster cells was cleaved by the restriction endonucleases Hpa II, Hind III, Eco RI and Bam HI into 7, 5, 3 and 2 unique fragments, respectively. The summed molecular weights of fragments obtained from electrophoretic mobilities in agarose-ethidium bromide gels (with Hpa I-cleaved T7 DNA as standard) and electron microscopic analysis of fragment classes isolated from gels (with SV40 DNA as standard) were in good agreement with the size of 10.37 +/- 0.22 x 10(6) daltons (15,700 +/- 330 nucleotide pairs) determined for the intact circular mitochondrial genome. Cyclization of all Hind III, Eco RI and Bam HI fragments was observed. A cleavage map containing the 17 restriction sites (+/- 1% s.d.) was constructed by electrophoretic analysis of 32P-labeled single- and double-enzyme digestion products and reciprocal redigestion of isolated fragments. The 7 Hpa II sites were located in one half of the genome. The total distribution of the 17 cleavages around the genome was relatively uniform. The position of the D-loop was determined from its location and expansion on 3 overlapping restriction fragments.", "contents": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mitochondrial DNA from transformed hamster cells. Mitochondrial DNA from cultured C13/B4 hamster cells was cleaved by the restriction endonucleases Hpa II, Hind III, Eco RI and Bam HI into 7, 5, 3 and 2 unique fragments, respectively. The summed molecular weights of fragments obtained from electrophoretic mobilities in agarose-ethidium bromide gels (with Hpa I-cleaved T7 DNA as standard) and electron microscopic analysis of fragment classes isolated from gels (with SV40 DNA as standard) were in good agreement with the size of 10.37 +/- 0.22 x 10(6) daltons (15,700 +/- 330 nucleotide pairs) determined for the intact circular mitochondrial genome. Cyclization of all Hind III, Eco RI and Bam HI fragments was observed. A cleavage map containing the 17 restriction sites (+/- 1% s.d.) was constructed by electrophoretic analysis of 32P-labeled single- and double-enzyme digestion products and reciprocal redigestion of isolated fragments. The 7 Hpa II sites were located in one half of the genome. The total distribution of the 17 cleavages around the genome was relatively uniform. The position of the D-loop was determined from its location and expansion on 3 overlapping restriction fragments.", "PMID": 565051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6339", "title": "Effects of marijuana extract distillate and cannabidiol on variable interval performance as a function of food deprivation.", "content": "Lever-pressing rates plotted as a function of number of hours of food deprivation produces an inverted U curve, the activation performance curve. Since delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol depresses the response rate on variable interval (VI) performance, it may be that the response depression reflects changes in this curve. Rats were tested VI performance at five levels of food deprivation and were treated with a vehicle control, marijuana extract distillate (MED) at 7.5 and 11.25 mg/kg, cannabidiol (CBD), at 15 mg/kg or combinations: 7.5 mg/kg MED + 15 mg/kg CBD and 11.25 mg/kg MED + 15 mg/kg CBD. MED produced a depression of VI performance which was greatest at low levels of deprivation. CBD did not depress performance. When CBD was conbined with MED, potentiation of depression occurred. The potentiation depression was not additive, but occurred at high levels of deprivation. It appears that MED depresses performance most at low levels of deprivation and that CBD potentiates the depression produced by MED at high levels of deprivation.", "contents": "Effects of marijuana extract distillate and cannabidiol on variable interval performance as a function of food deprivation. Lever-pressing rates plotted as a function of number of hours of food deprivation produces an inverted U curve, the activation performance curve. Since delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol depresses the response rate on variable interval (VI) performance, it may be that the response depression reflects changes in this curve. Rats were tested VI performance at five levels of food deprivation and were treated with a vehicle control, marijuana extract distillate (MED) at 7.5 and 11.25 mg/kg, cannabidiol (CBD), at 15 mg/kg or combinations: 7.5 mg/kg MED + 15 mg/kg CBD and 11.25 mg/kg MED + 15 mg/kg CBD. MED produced a depression of VI performance which was greatest at low levels of deprivation. CBD did not depress performance. When CBD was conbined with MED, potentiation of depression occurred. The potentiation depression was not additive, but occurred at high levels of deprivation. It appears that MED depresses performance most at low levels of deprivation and that CBD potentiates the depression produced by MED at high levels of deprivation.", "PMID": 565058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6340", "title": "[Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen on the physiological and biochemical properties of Bacillus brevis and Pseudomonas mycophaga].", "content": "The pattern of oxido-reductive processes and antifungal properties of the bacteria Bacillus brevis and Pseudomonas mycophaga were studied as related to the type and ratio of nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3) in the nutrient medium. The biosynthesis of antibiotics was coupled with the anaerobic pattern of metabolism, and energetic processes of metabolism varied with respect to the nitrogen source. Nitrates exerted an inhibitory effect on the enzymic systems responsible for utilization of ammonium nitrogen.", "contents": "[Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen on the physiological and biochemical properties of Bacillus brevis and Pseudomonas mycophaga]. The pattern of oxido-reductive processes and antifungal properties of the bacteria Bacillus brevis and Pseudomonas mycophaga were studied as related to the type and ratio of nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3) in the nutrient medium. The biosynthesis of antibiotics was coupled with the anaerobic pattern of metabolism, and energetic processes of metabolism varied with respect to the nitrogen source. Nitrates exerted an inhibitory effect on the enzymic systems responsible for utilization of ammonium nitrogen.", "PMID": 565053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6341", "title": "[Diurnal rhythm of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and 11-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in rats].", "content": "The results of study of the rhythms of secretion of 11-OCS, synthesis and metabolism of glucose, formation of urea and esters of fatty acids in male rats in the course of 12 hours of the daily period are presented in this work. A definite rhythmic character and conjugation of the processes of corticosteroid secretion and carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism were revealed. Participation of the adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids) in the regulation of direction of the carbohydrate metabolism by the type of glycolysis, hexosomonophosphate way and gluconeogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Diurnal rhythm of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and 11-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in rats]. The results of study of the rhythms of secretion of 11-OCS, synthesis and metabolism of glucose, formation of urea and esters of fatty acids in male rats in the course of 12 hours of the daily period are presented in this work. A definite rhythmic character and conjugation of the processes of corticosteroid secretion and carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism were revealed. Participation of the adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids) in the regulation of direction of the carbohydrate metabolism by the type of glycolysis, hexosomonophosphate way and gluconeogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 565054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6342", "title": "Processes regulating the functional activity of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine: results of animal experimentation and their relevance to the understanding and treatment of depression.", "content": "Investigation has been made into the processes regulating the function activity of rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the way that drugs used to treat depression act on these processes. Use was made of both biochemical measurements and a behavioural model in which the hyperactivity which follows increased 5-HT synthesis and release was measured as an index of functional activity of the amine. The following mechanisms are suggested to be important in the control of 5-HT function. Presynaptic mechanisms; precursor availability and the transport of tryptophan across the neuronal membrane, intraneuronal metabolism by monoamine oxidase, compartmentation, release and re-uptake. Postsynaptic mechanisms; the sensitivity of the post-synaptic receptor, the role of peptides in altering the size of the post-synaptic response and the action of other neurotransmitters controlling the magnitude of the postsynaptic response. In this regard 5-HT function has been shown to be altered by both dopamine and GABA. The action of anti-depressant drugs on these mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Processes regulating the functional activity of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine: results of animal experimentation and their relevance to the understanding and treatment of depression. Investigation has been made into the processes regulating the function activity of rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the way that drugs used to treat depression act on these processes. Use was made of both biochemical measurements and a behavioural model in which the hyperactivity which follows increased 5-HT synthesis and release was measured as an index of functional activity of the amine. The following mechanisms are suggested to be important in the control of 5-HT function. Presynaptic mechanisms; precursor availability and the transport of tryptophan across the neuronal membrane, intraneuronal metabolism by monoamine oxidase, compartmentation, release and re-uptake. Postsynaptic mechanisms; the sensitivity of the post-synaptic receptor, the role of peptides in altering the size of the post-synaptic response and the action of other neurotransmitters controlling the magnitude of the postsynaptic response. In this regard 5-HT function has been shown to be altered by both dopamine and GABA. The action of anti-depressant drugs on these mechanisms is discussed.", "PMID": 565059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6343", "title": "Absence of cardiac deceleration in a signalled escape paradigm: a psychophysiological deficit in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Fourteen chronic male schizophrenic patients and six male control subjects were compared in an escape paradigm involving temporal warning of the presentation of an aversive tone stimulus to which an escape response was to be made. The characteristic heart rate deceleration shown immediately prior to the aversive stimulus by control subjects was absent in the schizophrenic group. Further features of this novel test paradigm distinguished the control and schizophrenic groups. This psychophysiological test procedure may be fruitful for schizophrenia research.", "contents": "Absence of cardiac deceleration in a signalled escape paradigm: a psychophysiological deficit in chronic schizophrenia. Fourteen chronic male schizophrenic patients and six male control subjects were compared in an escape paradigm involving temporal warning of the presentation of an aversive tone stimulus to which an escape response was to be made. The characteristic heart rate deceleration shown immediately prior to the aversive stimulus by control subjects was absent in the schizophrenic group. Further features of this novel test paradigm distinguished the control and schizophrenic groups. This psychophysiological test procedure may be fruitful for schizophrenia research.", "PMID": 565063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6344", "title": "[Uterine reactivity of alloxan-diabetic rats to oxytocin (author's transl)].", "content": "The author studied the uterine reactivity of alloxan-diabetic rats to oxytocin. Using the Magnus method with Ringer-Locke nutrient solution (modified by Garcia de Jalon) low in calcium and varying the bath temperature from 30 degrees C to 36 degrees C, modifications of the organ were observed. The dose-effect relationship was only practicable in uterus of normal rats at 30 degrees C. When the bath temperature reached 35 degrees C, it was only possible to evaluate the uterine reactivity of alloxan rats by fixed periods of rhythmical contractions, that were graphically represented. This modification in the experiment resulted from the absence of reactivity of the alloxanic rat organ at 30 degrees C. Besides describing the methodology applied, the author suggests a hypothesis about the role of Ca++ on the variation of uterine reactivity. A previous administration of diethylstilbestrol (estrogenic hormone) in alloxanic rats, not treated with insulin, was followed by recovery of uterine reactivity, reinforcing the hypothesis of the mobilization of Ca++ in discompensated alloxan-diabetic rats as a factor of variations on the sensibility of the tissues.", "contents": "[Uterine reactivity of alloxan-diabetic rats to oxytocin (author's transl)]. The author studied the uterine reactivity of alloxan-diabetic rats to oxytocin. Using the Magnus method with Ringer-Locke nutrient solution (modified by Garcia de Jalon) low in calcium and varying the bath temperature from 30 degrees C to 36 degrees C, modifications of the organ were observed. The dose-effect relationship was only practicable in uterus of normal rats at 30 degrees C. When the bath temperature reached 35 degrees C, it was only possible to evaluate the uterine reactivity of alloxan rats by fixed periods of rhythmical contractions, that were graphically represented. This modification in the experiment resulted from the absence of reactivity of the alloxanic rat organ at 30 degrees C. Besides describing the methodology applied, the author suggests a hypothesis about the role of Ca++ on the variation of uterine reactivity. A previous administration of diethylstilbestrol (estrogenic hormone) in alloxanic rats, not treated with insulin, was followed by recovery of uterine reactivity, reinforcing the hypothesis of the mobilization of Ca++ in discompensated alloxan-diabetic rats as a factor of variations on the sensibility of the tissues.", "PMID": 565068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6345", "title": "A clinical evaluation of a test for antibody-coated bacteria in the urine.", "content": "A test for antidoby-coated bacteria in the urine for the diagnosis of the anatomical level of urinary tract infection was evaluated in an unselected series of patients with urinary tract infection as a complication of other diseases of the uro-genital tract. Of 19 patients with cancer of the bladder, prostata and the kidney who had clinical signs of lower tract infection, 14 had antibody-coated bacteria in the urine. Among adult patients without cancer of the urinary tract but a clearcut history of upper tract infection, 17 had antibody-coated bacteria, while 8 had not. Six patients also without history of cancer, with clearcut lower tract infection, had antibody-coated bacteria; 38 had not. The results indicate that cancer of the urinary tract seems to influence the correct establishing of level of infection by this method. In patients with diseases of the urinary tract in additional to infection, antibody coating by bacteria in the urine must be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of a test for antibody-coated bacteria in the urine. A test for antidoby-coated bacteria in the urine for the diagnosis of the anatomical level of urinary tract infection was evaluated in an unselected series of patients with urinary tract infection as a complication of other diseases of the uro-genital tract. Of 19 patients with cancer of the bladder, prostata and the kidney who had clinical signs of lower tract infection, 14 had antibody-coated bacteria in the urine. Among adult patients without cancer of the urinary tract but a clearcut history of upper tract infection, 17 had antibody-coated bacteria, while 8 had not. Six patients also without history of cancer, with clearcut lower tract infection, had antibody-coated bacteria; 38 had not. The results indicate that cancer of the urinary tract seems to influence the correct establishing of level of infection by this method. In patients with diseases of the urinary tract in additional to infection, antibody coating by bacteria in the urine must be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 565077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6346", "title": "[Alcohol and drug interactions].", "content": "Alcohol appears to interact with many drugs in many different and complicated ways. The absorption and metabolism of drugs can be altered under the influence of acute or chronic alcohol intake, and it is possible that alcohol itself or its metabolic products may interfere with the effect of several drugs. These interactions are not only of biological interest but also of clinical importance, and the general practitioner should therefore be aware of them. The therapy of patients with chronic alcoholism is often complicated by such interactions, and it is thus important to know both the habits of the patient with respect to alcohol intake and possible interference with the drugs used.", "contents": "[Alcohol and drug interactions]. Alcohol appears to interact with many drugs in many different and complicated ways. The absorption and metabolism of drugs can be altered under the influence of acute or chronic alcohol intake, and it is possible that alcohol itself or its metabolic products may interfere with the effect of several drugs. These interactions are not only of biological interest but also of clinical importance, and the general practitioner should therefore be aware of them. The therapy of patients with chronic alcoholism is often complicated by such interactions, and it is thus important to know both the habits of the patient with respect to alcohol intake and possible interference with the drugs used.", "PMID": 565078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6347", "title": "United States population dose estimates for iodine-131 in the thyroid after the Chinese atmospheric nuclear weapons tests.", "content": "Analysis of samples collected within the United States after the Chinese atmospheric nuclear weapons tests of 26 September and 17 November 1976 indicates that the radiation dose to the thyroid from iodine-131 in milk was predominant. A U.S. population dose to the thyroid of 68,000 man-rads was calculated for the iodine-131 fallout. The four excess thyroid cancers that are estimated to occur as a result of the September test during the next 45 years will be masked by the 380,000 cases of thyroid cancer which are expected to occur in the United States from all causes during the same interval.", "contents": "United States population dose estimates for iodine-131 in the thyroid after the Chinese atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. Analysis of samples collected within the United States after the Chinese atmospheric nuclear weapons tests of 26 September and 17 November 1976 indicates that the radiation dose to the thyroid from iodine-131 in milk was predominant. A U.S. population dose to the thyroid of 68,000 man-rads was calculated for the iodine-131 fallout. The four excess thyroid cancers that are estimated to occur as a result of the September test during the next 45 years will be masked by the 380,000 cases of thyroid cancer which are expected to occur in the United States from all causes during the same interval.", "PMID": 565079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6348", "title": "Gingivitis and cellulitis in diffuse pneumococcal infection.", "content": "Gingivitis occurring with a cystic lesions in young patients with facial cellulitis is highly suggestive of a pneumococcal etiology. Two cases of pneumococcal cellulitis and gingivitis with bacteremia are reported, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Gingivitis and cellulitis in diffuse pneumococcal infection. Gingivitis occurring with a cystic lesions in young patients with facial cellulitis is highly suggestive of a pneumococcal etiology. Two cases of pneumococcal cellulitis and gingivitis with bacteremia are reported, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 565080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6349", "title": "The relationship between weight at birth, anthropometric data and reading age of white schoolchildren.", "content": "The relationship between weight at birth, reading ability and present weight in a group of 220 junior primary schoolchildren from a predominantly professional-class Westville population, was investigated. No statistical correlation was found between these variables. In view of the high birth weights of the children in this study, it is suggested that the phenomenon of intellectual stunting of low birth weight children (less than 2000 g), which has been reported from Scotland and the USA, may not present a problem in children from affluent populations, such as those of the present study.", "contents": "The relationship between weight at birth, anthropometric data and reading age of white schoolchildren. The relationship between weight at birth, reading ability and present weight in a group of 220 junior primary schoolchildren from a predominantly professional-class Westville population, was investigated. No statistical correlation was found between these variables. In view of the high birth weights of the children in this study, it is suggested that the phenomenon of intellectual stunting of low birth weight children (less than 2000 g), which has been reported from Scotland and the USA, may not present a problem in children from affluent populations, such as those of the present study.", "PMID": 565081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6350", "title": "Plasma growth hormone level in the Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome.", "content": "In 10 patients with Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome the basal plasma growth hormone level was slightly increased. There was no decrease of plasma growth hormone after glucose loading in most of the patients. These findings were supported by the histological picture of the adenohypophysis of an accidentally died patient. A microadenomatosis of adenohypophysis consisting of acidophils or basophils was found. The increased growth hormone secretion might be responsible for the hyperostosis and some other features of the Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome.", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone level in the Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome. In 10 patients with Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome the basal plasma growth hormone level was slightly increased. There was no decrease of plasma growth hormone after glucose loading in most of the patients. These findings were supported by the histological picture of the adenohypophysis of an accidentally died patient. A microadenomatosis of adenohypophysis consisting of acidophils or basophils was found. The increased growth hormone secretion might be responsible for the hyperostosis and some other features of the Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome.", "PMID": 565075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6351", "title": "First aid for shark attack victims.", "content": "A first-aid kit designed for the treatment of shark attack victims is presented. Emphasis is placed on the control of massive haemorrhage, the restoration of plasma volume and the transfer of the patient to hospital after initial shoch has been treated on the beach.", "contents": "First aid for shark attack victims. A first-aid kit designed for the treatment of shark attack victims is presented. Emphasis is placed on the control of massive haemorrhage, the restoration of plasma volume and the transfer of the patient to hospital after initial shoch has been treated on the beach.", "PMID": 565082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6352", "title": "Acute tubular necrosis following intravesical instillation of formalin.", "content": "Intravesical instillation of formalin in a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and radiation cystitis was followed by acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis. Formic acid, which is a metabolic product of formalin, has been postulated as the pathogenetic agent responsible for acute tubular necrosis.", "contents": "Acute tubular necrosis following intravesical instillation of formalin. Intravesical instillation of formalin in a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and radiation cystitis was followed by acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis. Formic acid, which is a metabolic product of formalin, has been postulated as the pathogenetic agent responsible for acute tubular necrosis.", "PMID": 565092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6353", "title": "Testicular tumors in infants and children.", "content": "Forty three children with testicular tumors have been presented. Eighty per cent of these tumors were malignant, and 60 per cent occurred in children less than two and one half years of age. Twenty of the 24 malignant germinal tumors were embryonal cell carcinomas. The mean age of the patients at presentation of these tumors was 18 months. Nine patients underwent orchiectomy alone, and five of these have died. Eleven received combined therapy, and all have survived. We currently recommend radical orchiectomy and extended unilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. If examination of the nodes reveals evidence of metastases, a bilateral dissection is done. Radiotherapy is given only in the presence of nodal metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and Cytoxan is given for two years to all patients with malginant nonseminomatous germ cell tumors or sarcomas.", "contents": "Testicular tumors in infants and children. Forty three children with testicular tumors have been presented. Eighty per cent of these tumors were malignant, and 60 per cent occurred in children less than two and one half years of age. Twenty of the 24 malignant germinal tumors were embryonal cell carcinomas. The mean age of the patients at presentation of these tumors was 18 months. Nine patients underwent orchiectomy alone, and five of these have died. Eleven received combined therapy, and all have survived. We currently recommend radical orchiectomy and extended unilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. If examination of the nodes reveals evidence of metastases, a bilateral dissection is done. Radiotherapy is given only in the presence of nodal metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and Cytoxan is given for two years to all patients with malginant nonseminomatous germ cell tumors or sarcomas.", "PMID": 565093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6354", "title": "[Malignant tumor of the testicle and trauma: correlative evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "1. There is no causal relationship between mechanical trauma and testicular tumor. 2. Only a traumatically related enlargement of the tumorous area can be acknowledged as aggravation of an existing testicular tumor. This is true also only when an infiltration from the scrotum and epididymis can definitely be diagnosed as metastases from the corresponding first lymph node stage. 3. With an existing testicular tumor, the release of metastases through a mechanical trauma cannot be ruled out. 4. There is no justification for the use of the term \"pontine symptoms (Br\u00fcckensymptome)\" in a correlative evaluation of the relationship between trauma and testicular tumor.", "contents": "[Malignant tumor of the testicle and trauma: correlative evaluation (author's transl)]. 1. There is no causal relationship between mechanical trauma and testicular tumor. 2. Only a traumatically related enlargement of the tumorous area can be acknowledged as aggravation of an existing testicular tumor. This is true also only when an infiltration from the scrotum and epididymis can definitely be diagnosed as metastases from the corresponding first lymph node stage. 3. With an existing testicular tumor, the release of metastases through a mechanical trauma cannot be ruled out. 4. There is no justification for the use of the term \"pontine symptoms (Br\u00fcckensymptome)\" in a correlative evaluation of the relationship between trauma and testicular tumor.", "PMID": 565095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6355", "title": "Splinted vasovasostomy. Comparison of polyglycolic acid and polypropylene sutures.", "content": "An experimental study was performed comparing 6-0 polypropylene and 6-0 polyglycolic acid sutures in vasovasostomy. An indwelling entirely intraluminal splint of PE-10 tubing was used which was surgically removed three weeks postoperatively. Three months after vasovasostomy patency was determined by vasography. Eighty-five per cent patency was achieved with polyglycolic acid compared with 58 per cent patency when polypropylene was used.", "contents": "Splinted vasovasostomy. Comparison of polyglycolic acid and polypropylene sutures. An experimental study was performed comparing 6-0 polypropylene and 6-0 polyglycolic acid sutures in vasovasostomy. An indwelling entirely intraluminal splint of PE-10 tubing was used which was surgically removed three weeks postoperatively. Three months after vasovasostomy patency was determined by vasography. Eighty-five per cent patency was achieved with polyglycolic acid compared with 58 per cent patency when polypropylene was used.", "PMID": 565096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6356", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by extracts of malignant prostatic tissue and correlation of degree of in vitro sensitization to clinical responsiveness in prostatic cancer patients.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the degree of in vitro cellular sensitization to tumor and its relationship to clinical responsiveness, direct leukocyte migration tests were carried out in patients with varying degrees of adenocarcinoma of the prostate employing pooled allogeneic extracts of normal, benign, and malignant prostatic tissue as a source of antigen. Cell-mediated immunity to presumably common prostatic tumor associated antigens was observed. The degree of sensitization of clinically significant specific reactivity of the patients' leukocytes to malignant prostatic tissue was greatest in patients with localized disease, low-grade tumor, and clinically inactive disease than in patients with advanced disease, high-grade tumor, and clinically active disease. Evaluation of the possible correlation of specific reactivity to malignant prostatic tissue as a prognostic index of clinical responsiveness revealed a positive correlation with the degree of sensitization in 3 (43 per cent) of 7 patients. Correlation in 4 patients was questionable because of observations of \"stimulation\" of migration rather than inhibition, suggested by some to be reflective of weak sensitization to tumor. Evaluation of a larger patient population as well as a prospective study of the relationship of the degree of sensitization and clinical responsiveness will be necessary before any definitive conclusions may be drawn regarding the present observations.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by extracts of malignant prostatic tissue and correlation of degree of in vitro sensitization to clinical responsiveness in prostatic cancer patients. In an attempt to evaluate the degree of in vitro cellular sensitization to tumor and its relationship to clinical responsiveness, direct leukocyte migration tests were carried out in patients with varying degrees of adenocarcinoma of the prostate employing pooled allogeneic extracts of normal, benign, and malignant prostatic tissue as a source of antigen. Cell-mediated immunity to presumably common prostatic tumor associated antigens was observed. The degree of sensitization of clinically significant specific reactivity of the patients' leukocytes to malignant prostatic tissue was greatest in patients with localized disease, low-grade tumor, and clinically inactive disease than in patients with advanced disease, high-grade tumor, and clinically active disease. Evaluation of the possible correlation of specific reactivity to malignant prostatic tissue as a prognostic index of clinical responsiveness revealed a positive correlation with the degree of sensitization in 3 (43 per cent) of 7 patients. Correlation in 4 patients was questionable because of observations of \"stimulation\" of migration rather than inhibition, suggested by some to be reflective of weak sensitization to tumor. Evaluation of a larger patient population as well as a prospective study of the relationship of the degree of sensitization and clinical responsiveness will be necessary before any definitive conclusions may be drawn regarding the present observations.", "PMID": 565097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6357", "title": "[Parasitic fusaria in corn an attempts to isolate phytoestrogens from them].", "content": "A total of 123 fungus strains of the Fusarium genus were found in 181 samples of maize. Fusarium moniliforme was most frequently isolated. It was found that 14 of the strains produced F-2 toxin. Experiments were carried out with 50 male and female guinea pigs. Each of the test animals was given orally 0.2 ml (daily, in the course of twenty days) crude toxin obtained through growing the fungus--selected strains--on sterile maize flour. It was established that most of the tested toxins affected the reproductive apparatus of the animals, causing necrobiotic and degenerative changes. Some Furarium species even produced toxic substances that manifested tropism to the digestive tract, liver, kidneys, heart, the nervous system, where they caused hemodynamic troubles and degenerative changes.", "contents": "[Parasitic fusaria in corn an attempts to isolate phytoestrogens from them]. A total of 123 fungus strains of the Fusarium genus were found in 181 samples of maize. Fusarium moniliforme was most frequently isolated. It was found that 14 of the strains produced F-2 toxin. Experiments were carried out with 50 male and female guinea pigs. Each of the test animals was given orally 0.2 ml (daily, in the course of twenty days) crude toxin obtained through growing the fungus--selected strains--on sterile maize flour. It was established that most of the tested toxins affected the reproductive apparatus of the animals, causing necrobiotic and degenerative changes. Some Furarium species even produced toxic substances that manifested tropism to the digestive tract, liver, kidneys, heart, the nervous system, where they caused hemodynamic troubles and degenerative changes.", "PMID": 565100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6358", "title": "[Serum amylase activity in calves, lambs, goats, rabbits and chicks].", "content": "Investigated was the serum amylase activity in calves at different age, in lambs, goats, rabbits, and birds. Some species variations were established in the amylase activity, it being highest in rabbits, followed by birds, cattle, goats, and sheep. In calves after drinking colostrum the amylase activity dropped, rapidly assuming the same values as in adult cattle. It was found that in cows with chronic arthritis, endometritis, and mastitis as well as in cases of subacute cases of pneumonia in calves, as compared to normal animals, the serum amylase activity was lower.", "contents": "[Serum amylase activity in calves, lambs, goats, rabbits and chicks]. Investigated was the serum amylase activity in calves at different age, in lambs, goats, rabbits, and birds. Some species variations were established in the amylase activity, it being highest in rabbits, followed by birds, cattle, goats, and sheep. In calves after drinking colostrum the amylase activity dropped, rapidly assuming the same values as in adult cattle. It was found that in cows with chronic arthritis, endometritis, and mastitis as well as in cases of subacute cases of pneumonia in calves, as compared to normal animals, the serum amylase activity was lower.", "PMID": 565101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6359", "title": "[Absorption of diphenhydramine through the urethra (author's transl)].", "content": "A new lubricant containing diphenhydramine hydrochloride has been recently introduced for catheterization procedures. Absorption of the active agent through the urethra was assessed by means of blood sample determinations. The results were compared with the already-known values after oral intake and were very low. The maximum concentration was 0.4 microgram.", "contents": "[Absorption of diphenhydramine through the urethra (author's transl)]. A new lubricant containing diphenhydramine hydrochloride has been recently introduced for catheterization procedures. Absorption of the active agent through the urethra was assessed by means of blood sample determinations. The results were compared with the already-known values after oral intake and were very low. The maximum concentration was 0.4 microgram.", "PMID": 565103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6360", "title": "[Splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: short- and long-term results (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of splenectomy in 25 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are reported. Splenectomy was performed when the platelet count was consistently less than 30,000/mm3 in spite of glucocorticoid therapy over an observation period of at least six months. Following splenectomy, 13 patients showed complete remission, 9 partial remission, whilst in 3 cases the condition was unaffected by splenectomy. It is not possible to predict a successful response to splenectomy on the basis of preoperative laboratory findings. A rise in thrombocyte count to over 400,000/mm3 during the first 2 weeks after splenectomy makes complete remission very likely.", "contents": "[Splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: short- and long-term results (author's transl)]. The results of splenectomy in 25 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are reported. Splenectomy was performed when the platelet count was consistently less than 30,000/mm3 in spite of glucocorticoid therapy over an observation period of at least six months. Following splenectomy, 13 patients showed complete remission, 9 partial remission, whilst in 3 cases the condition was unaffected by splenectomy. It is not possible to predict a successful response to splenectomy on the basis of preoperative laboratory findings. A rise in thrombocyte count to over 400,000/mm3 during the first 2 weeks after splenectomy makes complete remission very likely.", "PMID": 565104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6361", "title": "[Alloplasty of dura mater defects with identical tissue prepared and transported in formalin-containing gel media].", "content": "The storage of dura mater transplants in formalin-containing gel media which allow the entire process of preparation of the biological material to be conducted in non-sterile conditions is substantiated experimentally and clinically. A formalinized allogenous tissue of the same name transplanted in experiments and in the clinic into a defect in the dura mater undergoes active reorganisation and is replaced within a year with a newly-formed connective tissue which does not differ in architectonics from the dura mater of the recipient. When transplants of the dura mater stored in formalin-containing gel media were used in the clinic (172 operations) no complications of the type of liquorrhea, prolapse of the cerebral tissue or coarse subdural adhesions were noted. Suppuration developed in 3 patients (1.7%). The cause of the suppuration, however, was not associated with the transplant. All this makes it possible to recommend allogenous transplants of dura mater stored in formalin-containing gel media for wide use in the practice.", "contents": "[Alloplasty of dura mater defects with identical tissue prepared and transported in formalin-containing gel media]. The storage of dura mater transplants in formalin-containing gel media which allow the entire process of preparation of the biological material to be conducted in non-sterile conditions is substantiated experimentally and clinically. A formalinized allogenous tissue of the same name transplanted in experiments and in the clinic into a defect in the dura mater undergoes active reorganisation and is replaced within a year with a newly-formed connective tissue which does not differ in architectonics from the dura mater of the recipient. When transplants of the dura mater stored in formalin-containing gel media were used in the clinic (172 operations) no complications of the type of liquorrhea, prolapse of the cerebral tissue or coarse subdural adhesions were noted. Suppuration developed in 3 patients (1.7%). The cause of the suppuration, however, was not associated with the transplant. All this makes it possible to recommend allogenous transplants of dura mater stored in formalin-containing gel media for wide use in the practice.", "PMID": 565102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6362", "title": "[Classical conditioning of agonistic behavior in the Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse)].", "content": "Nine different reactions of unconditioned agonistic behavior of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) which could be elicited by an air blow (UCS) were classically conditioned at a sound of a xylophone (tone g), a previously neutral stimulus. Tone g (CS) was paired with UCS for a different number of trials/day. In all animals exposed to over 20 pairings/day components of the agonistic behavior were brought under the control of CS, but it was not possible to predict which one of the agonistic reactions would appear. Most of the animals generalized and also showed conditioned reactions (CR) when presenting tone c' instead of tone g. When utilizing a differential conditioning procedure the animals learned to discriminate between the different tones. Extinction of CR at tone g was reached after an individually different number of trials.", "contents": "[Classical conditioning of agonistic behavior in the Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse)]. Nine different reactions of unconditioned agonistic behavior of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) which could be elicited by an air blow (UCS) were classically conditioned at a sound of a xylophone (tone g), a previously neutral stimulus. Tone g (CS) was paired with UCS for a different number of trials/day. In all animals exposed to over 20 pairings/day components of the agonistic behavior were brought under the control of CS, but it was not possible to predict which one of the agonistic reactions would appear. Most of the animals generalized and also showed conditioned reactions (CR) when presenting tone c' instead of tone g. When utilizing a differential conditioning procedure the animals learned to discriminate between the different tones. Extinction of CR at tone g was reached after an individually different number of trials.", "PMID": 565115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6363", "title": "Grouping of rhizobial strains--a method based on symbiotic characteristics.", "content": "Twenty strains of Rhizobium japonicum and non-inoculated control were used to study seven symbiotic characteristics with two varieties of soybean (Glycine max). The strains were then grouped on the basis of these symbiotic characteristics, using Mahalanobis' D2 statistical method. Eight groups were formed in which two strains stood distinctly aloof, indicating thereby the exceptional nature of these strains over others in their symbiotic behaviour. This method is suggested for selecting exceptional strains for particular symbiotic characteristics as well as for greater N fixing efficiency with varieties and for different agroclimatic conditions.", "contents": "Grouping of rhizobial strains--a method based on symbiotic characteristics. Twenty strains of Rhizobium japonicum and non-inoculated control were used to study seven symbiotic characteristics with two varieties of soybean (Glycine max). The strains were then grouped on the basis of these symbiotic characteristics, using Mahalanobis' D2 statistical method. Eight groups were formed in which two strains stood distinctly aloof, indicating thereby the exceptional nature of these strains over others in their symbiotic behaviour. This method is suggested for selecting exceptional strains for particular symbiotic characteristics as well as for greater N fixing efficiency with varieties and for different agroclimatic conditions.", "PMID": 565116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6364", "title": "Stepwise selection of efficient rhizobial cultures through cultural characteristics.", "content": "Nodulation and shoot nitrogen of two varieties of soybean (Glycine max) were studied with twenty strains of Rhizobium japonicum. A number of cultural characteristics of the strains in isolation to the symbiotic system were also studied. A stepwise selection method was employed for detecting efficient cultures through the cultural characteristics which showed association with the steps in the symbiotic system. Nodulation of one variety was found to be associated with the dehydrogenase activity and the growth of microbes in the medium containing soil extract, whereas the nodulation of another variety showed association with the growth in the media containing asparagine and tryptophane. The shoot nitrogen of one nodulated cultivar correlated with the microbial growth in Elkan's medium in the medium containing serine and glucose, whereas the shoot nitrogen of the other nodulating variety correlated with the growth of the cultures in the medium containing aspartic acid. The validity of this approach to the problem for detecting efficient strains through cultural characteristics was discussed.", "contents": "Stepwise selection of efficient rhizobial cultures through cultural characteristics. Nodulation and shoot nitrogen of two varieties of soybean (Glycine max) were studied with twenty strains of Rhizobium japonicum. A number of cultural characteristics of the strains in isolation to the symbiotic system were also studied. A stepwise selection method was employed for detecting efficient cultures through the cultural characteristics which showed association with the steps in the symbiotic system. Nodulation of one variety was found to be associated with the dehydrogenase activity and the growth of microbes in the medium containing soil extract, whereas the nodulation of another variety showed association with the growth in the media containing asparagine and tryptophane. The shoot nitrogen of one nodulated cultivar correlated with the microbial growth in Elkan's medium in the medium containing serine and glucose, whereas the shoot nitrogen of the other nodulating variety correlated with the growth of the cultures in the medium containing aspartic acid. The validity of this approach to the problem for detecting efficient strains through cultural characteristics was discussed.", "PMID": 565117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6365", "title": "[Laboratory and field tests about the transmission of Erysimum latent virus by Phyllotreata species (Chrsomelidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Erysimum latent virus (ELV) proved to be transmissible by Phyllotreta atra, P. nemorum, P. nigripes, and P. undulata. From them P. nemorum is a new discovered vector. The acquisition of the virus by the beetles was possible within a feeding time of less than 10 minutes. Because virus transmission could be performed within 30 to 60 minutes immediately after virus uptake there exists apparently no latent period in the vector. The retention or persistence of ELV in the Phyllotreta species amounted up to 3 days. Trials to induce infectivity of Phyllotreta species by injection of the virus were unsuccessful. ELV was transmissible by Aphis frangulae gossypii, Brevicoryne brassicae, and Myzus persicae neither in short nor in long feeding times. Field tests showed that the Phyllotreta species are able to spread ELV under natural conditions.", "contents": "[Laboratory and field tests about the transmission of Erysimum latent virus by Phyllotreata species (Chrsomelidae) (author's transl)]. Erysimum latent virus (ELV) proved to be transmissible by Phyllotreta atra, P. nemorum, P. nigripes, and P. undulata. From them P. nemorum is a new discovered vector. The acquisition of the virus by the beetles was possible within a feeding time of less than 10 minutes. Because virus transmission could be performed within 30 to 60 minutes immediately after virus uptake there exists apparently no latent period in the vector. The retention or persistence of ELV in the Phyllotreta species amounted up to 3 days. Trials to induce infectivity of Phyllotreta species by injection of the virus were unsuccessful. ELV was transmissible by Aphis frangulae gossypii, Brevicoryne brassicae, and Myzus persicae neither in short nor in long feeding times. Field tests showed that the Phyllotreta species are able to spread ELV under natural conditions.", "PMID": 565119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6366", "title": "[Psychosomatic aspects of treated testicular neoplasm patients].", "content": "We examined 26 patients who were semicastrated, lymphadenectomied and cytostatic treated because of a maligne testicular tumor to find out the secondary psychic manifestation of this organic illness. Somatic caused consequences of operation were a unilateral loss of testis and a loss of ejaculation and therefore a generative impotency. We found no evidence for a primary psychic influence on the origin of tumor illness. We could subdivide the secondary psychic manifestation in two stages: 1. The psychodynamik at the time of diagnostic and operation, 2. the specific personal mechanism of conflictmanagement in the following time, the phase of rehabilitation. In the first stage we subdivided three different states during the acute crisis with regard to regression, to mobilisation of infantil drives and to defence: 1. Disavowal, 2. Helplessness, 3. Fight. We discussed the psychodynamic and the attachment of these affective states to the psychology of neurosis. In the second stage of the secondary psychic manifestation we could find different more or less durable strategies of conflictmanagement: So called normal conflictmanagement, conflictmanagement by disavowal, by different mechanism of compensation as oral symbiotic dependences, narcissistic increasing of potency, intensified productivity, forming of religious ideal and by secondary hypochondric processes. The sexual disorders which we could state in about 1/3 of the patients existed mostly in an avoid of sexual partnership because of anxiety concerning narcissistic grief and injury of selfesteem. In older patients with special liability to crisis we found also an erective impotency. All patients with sexual disorders showed also psychoneurotic and psychosocial disorders. We discussed the results with regard to forming of hypothesis in psychosomatics, to personal and interpersonal conflictmanagement and to supportive psychotherapeutic possibilities.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic aspects of treated testicular neoplasm patients]. We examined 26 patients who were semicastrated, lymphadenectomied and cytostatic treated because of a maligne testicular tumor to find out the secondary psychic manifestation of this organic illness. Somatic caused consequences of operation were a unilateral loss of testis and a loss of ejaculation and therefore a generative impotency. We found no evidence for a primary psychic influence on the origin of tumor illness. We could subdivide the secondary psychic manifestation in two stages: 1. The psychodynamik at the time of diagnostic and operation, 2. the specific personal mechanism of conflictmanagement in the following time, the phase of rehabilitation. In the first stage we subdivided three different states during the acute crisis with regard to regression, to mobilisation of infantil drives and to defence: 1. Disavowal, 2. Helplessness, 3. Fight. We discussed the psychodynamic and the attachment of these affective states to the psychology of neurosis. In the second stage of the secondary psychic manifestation we could find different more or less durable strategies of conflictmanagement: So called normal conflictmanagement, conflictmanagement by disavowal, by different mechanism of compensation as oral symbiotic dependences, narcissistic increasing of potency, intensified productivity, forming of religious ideal and by secondary hypochondric processes. The sexual disorders which we could state in about 1/3 of the patients existed mostly in an avoid of sexual partnership because of anxiety concerning narcissistic grief and injury of selfesteem. In older patients with special liability to crisis we found also an erective impotency. All patients with sexual disorders showed also psychoneurotic and psychosocial disorders. We discussed the results with regard to forming of hypothesis in psychosomatics, to personal and interpersonal conflictmanagement and to supportive psychotherapeutic possibilities.", "PMID": 565114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6367", "title": "Radial neuronal assemblies, ectopia and necrosis of developing cortex: a case analysis.", "content": "Reduced size of convolutions and midcortical laminar necrosis are approximately co-extensive in the cerebral hemispheres of a child, one of twins, dying at 18 months. Because the underlying laminar arrangement of neurons and the basic gyral pattern are normal, the cortical damage probably occurred not earlier than the third trimester of gestation. Neurons surviving above and below the zone of tissue necrosis, like their homologs in normal cortex, are entrained in multineuronal radial assemblies. Below the zone of necrosis the relative positions of radially adjacent neurons are unaltered. Above, however, in places where the molecular layer is reduced in width, neurons are displaced radially outward toward the pial surface. In places the pia is breached and bridged by a mesenchymal-glial cicatrix. Where this has happened neurons have migrated beyond the cerebral boundary and have established an ectopia in the subarachnoid compartment. These observations suggest that relatively undifferentiated intracortical neurons are held in radial assemblies by bonds which prevent their tangential displacment. The molecular layer appears to serve as a barrier to their radial displacement.", "contents": "Radial neuronal assemblies, ectopia and necrosis of developing cortex: a case analysis. Reduced size of convolutions and midcortical laminar necrosis are approximately co-extensive in the cerebral hemispheres of a child, one of twins, dying at 18 months. Because the underlying laminar arrangement of neurons and the basic gyral pattern are normal, the cortical damage probably occurred not earlier than the third trimester of gestation. Neurons surviving above and below the zone of tissue necrosis, like their homologs in normal cortex, are entrained in multineuronal radial assemblies. Below the zone of necrosis the relative positions of radially adjacent neurons are unaltered. Above, however, in places where the molecular layer is reduced in width, neurons are displaced radially outward toward the pial surface. In places the pia is breached and bridged by a mesenchymal-glial cicatrix. Where this has happened neurons have migrated beyond the cerebral boundary and have established an ectopia in the subarachnoid compartment. These observations suggest that relatively undifferentiated intracortical neurons are held in radial assemblies by bonds which prevent their tangential displacment. The molecular layer appears to serve as a barrier to their radial displacement.", "PMID": 565126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6368", "title": "Naturally occurring angiosarcoma of the tibia in an NZB mouse.", "content": "An osteolytic bone tumor was found in a 12-month-old male NZB mouse. Macroscopically and histologically this tumor was angiosarcoma originating in bone with distant metastasis present in the spleen. The primary tumor was successfully transplanted in the back subcutaneous tissue of syngeneic mice, and the characteristics of the transplants, were found to be similar to those of the primary tumor. The ultrastructure of tumor is described.", "contents": "Naturally occurring angiosarcoma of the tibia in an NZB mouse. An osteolytic bone tumor was found in a 12-month-old male NZB mouse. Macroscopically and histologically this tumor was angiosarcoma originating in bone with distant metastasis present in the spleen. The primary tumor was successfully transplanted in the back subcutaneous tissue of syngeneic mice, and the characteristics of the transplants, were found to be similar to those of the primary tumor. The ultrastructure of tumor is described.", "PMID": 565127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6369", "title": "Human plasma kallikrein. Preliminary studies on hydrolysis of proteins and peptides.", "content": "Acid-activated human plasma kallikrein (HuPK) was purified from human Cohn fraction IV by affinity chromatography, using a ligand soybean trypsin inhibitor and aminobenzamidine. The purified enzyme does not inactivate bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin by cleavage of their peptide bonds. Methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin is converted to the more potent peptide, bradykinin, by incubation with plasma kallikrein. The enzyme does not show aminopeptidase activity when assayed with amino-acyl-naphthylamides. Arginine-rich polypeptides and proteins, such as polyarginine, salmine, and histones were cleaved by the enzyme. HuPK does not show any detectable caseinolytic activity. A kinin is released from a non-homologous plasma (horse) by this kallikrein. The enzyme is not affected by calcium or EDTA, and it is strongly inhibited by copper ion.", "contents": "Human plasma kallikrein. Preliminary studies on hydrolysis of proteins and peptides. Acid-activated human plasma kallikrein (HuPK) was purified from human Cohn fraction IV by affinity chromatography, using a ligand soybean trypsin inhibitor and aminobenzamidine. The purified enzyme does not inactivate bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin by cleavage of their peptide bonds. Methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin is converted to the more potent peptide, bradykinin, by incubation with plasma kallikrein. The enzyme does not show aminopeptidase activity when assayed with amino-acyl-naphthylamides. Arginine-rich polypeptides and proteins, such as polyarginine, salmine, and histones were cleaved by the enzyme. HuPK does not show any detectable caseinolytic activity. A kinin is released from a non-homologous plasma (horse) by this kallikrein. The enzyme is not affected by calcium or EDTA, and it is strongly inhibited by copper ion.", "PMID": 565131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6370", "title": "Delayed mortality of mice following inhalation of acute doses of CH2O, SO2Cl2, and Br2.", "content": "Mortalities and times of death of mice were measured, during several weeks, after single respiratory exposures to air containing either of the 4 chemicals. The toxicity sequence observed, at 320 ppm, was Cl2 greater than Br2 greater than CH2O greater than SO2. For CH2O and Br2 at constant concentration, time of death depended markedly on exposure duration. The scant literature data enabled comparison of results for SO2 only.", "contents": "Delayed mortality of mice following inhalation of acute doses of CH2O, SO2Cl2, and Br2. Mortalities and times of death of mice were measured, during several weeks, after single respiratory exposures to air containing either of the 4 chemicals. The toxicity sequence observed, at 320 ppm, was Cl2 greater than Br2 greater than CH2O greater than SO2. For CH2O and Br2 at constant concentration, time of death depended markedly on exposure duration. The scant literature data enabled comparison of results for SO2 only.", "PMID": 565136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6371", "title": "Zinc status and vitamin A transport in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Zinc status and the retinol transport system were examined in 18 retinol supplemented cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 40 age-matched controls. Plasma vitamin A was significantly lower in the CF group as compared to the controls and correlated positively with plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) in both the CF and control groups. Plasma zinc of the CF group was not significantly lower than controls whereas hair zinc was. Plasma zinc was positively correlated with plasma RBP, vitamin A, and albumin in the CF group but not in the controls. Plasma concentrations of vitamin A, RBP, albumin, and zinc decreased with age in the CF group but not in the controls. The data support previous suggestions that low plasma vitamin A levels in CF are due to defects in the retinol transport system. The zinc status of the CF groups as a whole was judged to be low-normal however a subgroup of CF patients were in the marginal to deficient category. This subgroup also had lower levels of plasma vitamin A and RBP. The data suggest that zinc may be a contributing factor in the low plasma vitamin A/RBP levels of CF patients with marginal or deficient zinc status.", "contents": "Zinc status and vitamin A transport in cystic fibrosis. Zinc status and the retinol transport system were examined in 18 retinol supplemented cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 40 age-matched controls. Plasma vitamin A was significantly lower in the CF group as compared to the controls and correlated positively with plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) in both the CF and control groups. Plasma zinc of the CF group was not significantly lower than controls whereas hair zinc was. Plasma zinc was positively correlated with plasma RBP, vitamin A, and albumin in the CF group but not in the controls. Plasma concentrations of vitamin A, RBP, albumin, and zinc decreased with age in the CF group but not in the controls. The data support previous suggestions that low plasma vitamin A levels in CF are due to defects in the retinol transport system. The zinc status of the CF groups as a whole was judged to be low-normal however a subgroup of CF patients were in the marginal to deficient category. This subgroup also had lower levels of plasma vitamin A and RBP. The data suggest that zinc may be a contributing factor in the low plasma vitamin A/RBP levels of CF patients with marginal or deficient zinc status.", "PMID": 565137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6372", "title": "The FG syndrome: further characterization, report of a third family, and of a sporadic case.", "content": "We report 5 new cases of the FG syndrome, 1 sporadic, 3 brothers from a European family, and another affected male born in the first FG syndrome family reported by Opitz and Kaveggia in 1974. The pedigree data confirm the hypothesis of X-linked inheritance of this multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. Its manifestations include shortness of stature with a disproportionately large head, mental retardation, hypotonia with or without congenital joint contractures, seizures and a strikingly characteristic personality of facial appearance, imperforate anus and/or orthe gastrointestinal defects, congenital heart defects, and many minor manifestations. Chronic pulmonary disease in some affected males may be a complication of hypotonia.", "contents": "The FG syndrome: further characterization, report of a third family, and of a sporadic case. We report 5 new cases of the FG syndrome, 1 sporadic, 3 brothers from a European family, and another affected male born in the first FG syndrome family reported by Opitz and Kaveggia in 1974. The pedigree data confirm the hypothesis of X-linked inheritance of this multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. Its manifestations include shortness of stature with a disproportionately large head, mental retardation, hypotonia with or without congenital joint contractures, seizures and a strikingly characteristic personality of facial appearance, imperforate anus and/or orthe gastrointestinal defects, congenital heart defects, and many minor manifestations. Chronic pulmonary disease in some affected males may be a complication of hypotonia.", "PMID": 565138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6373", "title": "The comparative actions of uterine inhibiting drugs.", "content": "Currently there is not an in vitro or in vivo method of quantitating the potency of uterine inhibiting drugs. Electric field stimulation (EFS) of pregnant and parturient rabbit myometrial strips has been effectively used to assay oxytocic potency of prostaglandins and it is shown in this study to be useful in assaying potency of beta-sympathomimetic compounds. Decreasing electric field stimulation (DEFS) provides three measureable endpoints: tension, excitability, and threshold voltage. Three compounds were tested for these parameters: isoproterenol, ritodrine, and isoxsuprine. It is also revealed that so-called uterine inhibition by these compounds represents the creation of a chaotic fibrillating muscle which is unable to respond in a synchronous way to produce a contraction of maximal tension.", "contents": "The comparative actions of uterine inhibiting drugs. Currently there is not an in vitro or in vivo method of quantitating the potency of uterine inhibiting drugs. Electric field stimulation (EFS) of pregnant and parturient rabbit myometrial strips has been effectively used to assay oxytocic potency of prostaglandins and it is shown in this study to be useful in assaying potency of beta-sympathomimetic compounds. Decreasing electric field stimulation (DEFS) provides three measureable endpoints: tension, excitability, and threshold voltage. Three compounds were tested for these parameters: isoproterenol, ritodrine, and isoxsuprine. It is also revealed that so-called uterine inhibition by these compounds represents the creation of a chaotic fibrillating muscle which is unable to respond in a synchronous way to produce a contraction of maximal tension.", "PMID": 565139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6374", "title": "Response of amenorrheic patients with normal serum prolactin to chlorpromazine during administration of human menopausal gonadotropin.", "content": "To study the effects of graded amounts of estrogens on prolactin (PRL) secretion, PRL response to chlorpromazine (CPZ) during administration of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) was determined. A control CPZ test was done prior to initiation of hMG therapy and the test was repeated when endogenous estrogen secretion reached the physiologic range (350 to 400 pg. per milliliter) which stimulates luteinizing hormone surge in the normal ovulatory menstrual cycle. Six euprolactinemic women with secondary amenorrhea were studied. Studies showed that there was no significant change in the mean serum prolactin concentrations during control and repeat CPZ testing procedure (5.8 +/- 2 and 10.8 +/- 2 ng. per milliliter, p less than 0.1). The maximal response of PRL to CPZ was significantly higher during hMG-induced high estrogenic state than during control testing (69.9 and 32.3 ng. per milliliter, p less than 0.01). This findings suggests that endogenous estrogen may play a role in the regulation of serum prolactin concentration during the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Response of amenorrheic patients with normal serum prolactin to chlorpromazine during administration of human menopausal gonadotropin. To study the effects of graded amounts of estrogens on prolactin (PRL) secretion, PRL response to chlorpromazine (CPZ) during administration of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) was determined. A control CPZ test was done prior to initiation of hMG therapy and the test was repeated when endogenous estrogen secretion reached the physiologic range (350 to 400 pg. per milliliter) which stimulates luteinizing hormone surge in the normal ovulatory menstrual cycle. Six euprolactinemic women with secondary amenorrhea were studied. Studies showed that there was no significant change in the mean serum prolactin concentrations during control and repeat CPZ testing procedure (5.8 +/- 2 and 10.8 +/- 2 ng. per milliliter, p less than 0.1). The maximal response of PRL to CPZ was significantly higher during hMG-induced high estrogenic state than during control testing (69.9 and 32.3 ng. per milliliter, p less than 0.01). This findings suggests that endogenous estrogen may play a role in the regulation of serum prolactin concentration during the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 565141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6375", "title": "Midwifery, 1977.", "content": "On January 1, 1974, an autonomous midwifery service was formed at Roosevelt Hospital in New York City to provide an obstetric service to \"private\" patients. While the autonomy was complete, physician consultation and participation provided by the \"full-time or senior resident\" staff were always available. We are now aware that this plan as opposed to any other, provided the ingredient of consumer-desired empathy of the midwife coupled with instant obstetric expertise that assured every patient the availability of modern obstetric practice. Four hundred and fifty-four patients cared for by midwives were compared to a random sample of 500 patients cared for by attending obstetricians. A striking similarity in the two groups was evident. Certain items, such as operative deliveries, were higher in the private patient group. The midwifery group had a low incidence of complications, but the incidence of acute complications made it apparent that an operating room suite must be immediately available. It is eminently clear that a low-risk group can be identified but there is no possible way to identify a \"no risk\" population.", "contents": "Midwifery, 1977. On January 1, 1974, an autonomous midwifery service was formed at Roosevelt Hospital in New York City to provide an obstetric service to \"private\" patients. While the autonomy was complete, physician consultation and participation provided by the \"full-time or senior resident\" staff were always available. We are now aware that this plan as opposed to any other, provided the ingredient of consumer-desired empathy of the midwife coupled with instant obstetric expertise that assured every patient the availability of modern obstetric practice. Four hundred and fifty-four patients cared for by midwives were compared to a random sample of 500 patients cared for by attending obstetricians. A striking similarity in the two groups was evident. Certain items, such as operative deliveries, were higher in the private patient group. The midwifery group had a low incidence of complications, but the incidence of acute complications made it apparent that an operating room suite must be immediately available. It is eminently clear that a low-risk group can be identified but there is no possible way to identify a \"no risk\" population.", "PMID": 565143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6376", "title": "The significance of galactorrhea in patients with normal menses, oligomenorrhea, and secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin (PRL) were measured in a group of 149 women with galactorrhea. Three of these patients were found to have primary hypothyroidism. In the remaining 146 patients, the PRL assay was correlated with the menstrual history and the results of hypocycloidal polytomography. Sixty-two per cent of these patients had hyperprolactinemia and 35 per cent had abnormal tomograms. Nine patients with abnormal x-rays had normal prolactin levels. None of the patients with normal menses and normal PRL was found to have an abnormal x-ray. Fourteen of the 15 patients with PRL levels greater than 200 ng. per milliliter had abnormal tomograms. Almost 70 per cent of patients with secondary amenorrhea and low estrogen status had abnormal x-rays. In patients with oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea with normal estrogen status, it was not possible to differentiate between patients with normal or abnormal tomograms based on the level of serum PRL. Polytomography remains the single most important diagnostic test in establishing the presence of a pituitary tumor.", "contents": "The significance of galactorrhea in patients with normal menses, oligomenorrhea, and secondary amenorrhea. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin (PRL) were measured in a group of 149 women with galactorrhea. Three of these patients were found to have primary hypothyroidism. In the remaining 146 patients, the PRL assay was correlated with the menstrual history and the results of hypocycloidal polytomography. Sixty-two per cent of these patients had hyperprolactinemia and 35 per cent had abnormal tomograms. Nine patients with abnormal x-rays had normal prolactin levels. None of the patients with normal menses and normal PRL was found to have an abnormal x-ray. Fourteen of the 15 patients with PRL levels greater than 200 ng. per milliliter had abnormal tomograms. Almost 70 per cent of patients with secondary amenorrhea and low estrogen status had abnormal x-rays. In patients with oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea with normal estrogen status, it was not possible to differentiate between patients with normal or abnormal tomograms based on the level of serum PRL. Polytomography remains the single most important diagnostic test in establishing the presence of a pituitary tumor.", "PMID": 565142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6377", "title": "Associations in emergence age among permenent teeth.", "content": "Associations in the timing of emergence among the permanent teeth of Boston children were obtained from a mixed longitudinal growth study of 414 Caucasian twin pairs examined annually. Correlations were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood for corresponding left-right teeth, upper-lower teeth, and all paired combinations from central incisor to second molar in a jaw quadrant of each sex. Strong positive correlations in emergence timing prevailed throughout the dentition. Principal component analyses on correlation matrices of jaw quadrant relations for boys and girls in the maxilla and mandible showed that three components effectively explained the emergence associations among the seven permanent teeth in each jaw quadrant. Factor analytic techniques further illustrated the nature of the three components and showed the emergence relations to be essentially the same in the maxilla and mandible for both sexes. The first component was a general maturation factor influencing all of an individual's teeth to be simultaneously early or late in emerging. The remaining two components were a molar factor, affecting almost exclusively the emergence timing of the permanent first and second molars, and a duration factor that affected the duration of the emergence process for non-molar teeth, contrasting particularly the incisors and premolars.", "contents": "Associations in emergence age among permenent teeth. Associations in the timing of emergence among the permanent teeth of Boston children were obtained from a mixed longitudinal growth study of 414 Caucasian twin pairs examined annually. Correlations were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood for corresponding left-right teeth, upper-lower teeth, and all paired combinations from central incisor to second molar in a jaw quadrant of each sex. Strong positive correlations in emergence timing prevailed throughout the dentition. Principal component analyses on correlation matrices of jaw quadrant relations for boys and girls in the maxilla and mandible showed that three components effectively explained the emergence associations among the seven permanent teeth in each jaw quadrant. Factor analytic techniques further illustrated the nature of the three components and showed the emergence relations to be essentially the same in the maxilla and mandible for both sexes. The first component was a general maturation factor influencing all of an individual's teeth to be simultaneously early or late in emerging. The remaining two components were a molar factor, affecting almost exclusively the emergence timing of the permanent first and second molars, and a duration factor that affected the duration of the emergence process for non-molar teeth, contrasting particularly the incisors and premolars.", "PMID": 565144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6378", "title": "An epidemiological approach to the study of users and nonusers of child health services.", "content": "A case-comparison study was carried out in 1972 to determine the characteristics of users and nonusers of child health services. A sample of 529 mothers with children under five years of age (eligible children) residing in one poor barrio in Cali, Colombia was selected. The characteristics of mothers and their eligible children were described in relation to their use or nonuse of health services and a set of indicators was develop which differentiated the nonuser group from the user group. A two-stage sampling technique was used. First, blocks in the barrio were sampled, and second, an equal number of mothers with eligible children who used and who did not use services in the year prior to the study were selected for interview. Nonusers were matched with users on distance from home to local health center. The set of indicators which best discriminated the groups was: the number of eligible children, age of mother, access to free medical care, the action proneness score (attitudes), and knowledge of health, illness, and services. The study method permitted identification of the target population for services, determination of current patterns of use, and quantification of morbidity and immunization levels.", "contents": "An epidemiological approach to the study of users and nonusers of child health services. A case-comparison study was carried out in 1972 to determine the characteristics of users and nonusers of child health services. A sample of 529 mothers with children under five years of age (eligible children) residing in one poor barrio in Cali, Colombia was selected. The characteristics of mothers and their eligible children were described in relation to their use or nonuse of health services and a set of indicators was develop which differentiated the nonuser group from the user group. A two-stage sampling technique was used. First, blocks in the barrio were sampled, and second, an equal number of mothers with eligible children who used and who did not use services in the year prior to the study were selected for interview. Nonusers were matched with users on distance from home to local health center. The set of indicators which best discriminated the groups was: the number of eligible children, age of mother, access to free medical care, the action proneness score (attitudes), and knowledge of health, illness, and services. The study method permitted identification of the target population for services, determination of current patterns of use, and quantification of morbidity and immunization levels.", "PMID": 565145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6379", "title": "Apical-aortic shunts in children.", "content": "Experience with four children undergoing apicalaortic shunts for relief of aortic valvular disease is reported. All children tolerated the procedure uneventfully, and postoperative cardiac catheterization in three revealed restoration of normal hemodynamics. In one unique case severe aortic regurgitation in a two year old boy was managed by suture closure of the aortic valve producing total left ventricular output through the apical-aortic conduit.", "contents": "Apical-aortic shunts in children. Experience with four children undergoing apicalaortic shunts for relief of aortic valvular disease is reported. All children tolerated the procedure uneventfully, and postoperative cardiac catheterization in three revealed restoration of normal hemodynamics. In one unique case severe aortic regurgitation in a two year old boy was managed by suture closure of the aortic valve producing total left ventricular output through the apical-aortic conduit.", "PMID": 565146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6380", "title": "Enflurane and uterine contractility in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of enflurane on uterine contractility was studied in sexually mature rabbits in which intrauterine balloon catheters had been implanted. Three animal groups were studied: untreated; treated with estrogen-progesterone; and 27 to 28 days pregnant. The effects of 1.5 percent or 3.0 percent enflurane were quantitated by measuring contraction frequency and amplitude during an anesthetically steady state. The effects of prior anesthesia with 1.5 percent enflurane on uterine responses to 1.5 IU oxytocin IV were also evaluated. Neither 1.5 percent of 3.0 percent enflurane altered contraction amplitude or frequency in the 3 groups of rabbits. However, the amplitude of the contractile response to oxytocin 30 minutes following enfluane was significantly depressed. The results indicate that, while the intact rabbit uterus under different hormonal influences is not depressed by 1.5 or 3.0 percent enflurane, its response to oxytocin following enflurane is decreased.", "contents": "Enflurane and uterine contractility in rabbits. The effect of enflurane on uterine contractility was studied in sexually mature rabbits in which intrauterine balloon catheters had been implanted. Three animal groups were studied: untreated; treated with estrogen-progesterone; and 27 to 28 days pregnant. The effects of 1.5 percent or 3.0 percent enflurane were quantitated by measuring contraction frequency and amplitude during an anesthetically steady state. The effects of prior anesthesia with 1.5 percent enflurane on uterine responses to 1.5 IU oxytocin IV were also evaluated. Neither 1.5 percent of 3.0 percent enflurane altered contraction amplitude or frequency in the 3 groups of rabbits. However, the amplitude of the contractile response to oxytocin 30 minutes following enfluane was significantly depressed. The results indicate that, while the intact rabbit uterus under different hormonal influences is not depressed by 1.5 or 3.0 percent enflurane, its response to oxytocin following enflurane is decreased.", "PMID": 565151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6381", "title": "Lower esophageal sphincter tone during reversal of neuromusclar blockade by atropine and neostigmine.", "content": "The effect on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure of IV atropine and neostigmine, a drug combination routinely given to antagonize nondepolarizing neuromusclar blockade at the end of a general anesthetic, was studied in 22 patients undergoing cesarean section. Atropine 1.2 mg and neostigmine 2.5 mg IV decreased LES pressure insignificantly by a mean of 0.7 kPa (p less than 0.1). In contrast, atropine 1.2 mg and neostigmine 5 mg increased LES pressure by a mean of 1.4 kPa (p less than 0.001). The latter dosage of this drug combination, therefore, appears preferable in patients presenting for emergency surgery if the integrity of the lower esophageal sphincter is to be maintained during extubation and recovery from general anesthesia.", "contents": "Lower esophageal sphincter tone during reversal of neuromusclar blockade by atropine and neostigmine. The effect on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure of IV atropine and neostigmine, a drug combination routinely given to antagonize nondepolarizing neuromusclar blockade at the end of a general anesthetic, was studied in 22 patients undergoing cesarean section. Atropine 1.2 mg and neostigmine 2.5 mg IV decreased LES pressure insignificantly by a mean of 0.7 kPa (p less than 0.1). In contrast, atropine 1.2 mg and neostigmine 5 mg increased LES pressure by a mean of 1.4 kPa (p less than 0.001). The latter dosage of this drug combination, therefore, appears preferable in patients presenting for emergency surgery if the integrity of the lower esophageal sphincter is to be maintained during extubation and recovery from general anesthesia.", "PMID": 565153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6382", "title": "Comparison of anesthetic solutions used in lumbar and caudal peridural anesthesia.", "content": "Clinical observations on peridural anesthesia were made in 466 patients. The spread of various concentrations of anesthetics injected into the lumbar and caudal peridural space were followed by plotting analgesia-time profiles. Onset of anesthesia and the volume required to provide one dermatome of anesthesia varied little among different anesthetics given in different concentrations. The sequence of appearance of analgesia was also similar, with longer times being required to block larger roots. Quality of anesthesia was judged by the penetration of anesthestic solutions into the largest spinal nerve root (S1); rate of penetration depended on the type of drug and concentration. No drug concentration combination included all the ideal characteristics for block: minimal mass of anesthetic, maximum spread, long duration (minutes of anesthesia per milligram of drugs per segment), low incidence of failure, and fast stabilization time. However, depending on the surgical needs and the characteristics of the patients, some drugs and concentrations may be preferred. Stabilization and onset were slower and drug requirements larger for caudal than for lumbar peridural anesthesia.", "contents": "Comparison of anesthetic solutions used in lumbar and caudal peridural anesthesia. Clinical observations on peridural anesthesia were made in 466 patients. The spread of various concentrations of anesthetics injected into the lumbar and caudal peridural space were followed by plotting analgesia-time profiles. Onset of anesthesia and the volume required to provide one dermatome of anesthesia varied little among different anesthetics given in different concentrations. The sequence of appearance of analgesia was also similar, with longer times being required to block larger roots. Quality of anesthesia was judged by the penetration of anesthestic solutions into the largest spinal nerve root (S1); rate of penetration depended on the type of drug and concentration. No drug concentration combination included all the ideal characteristics for block: minimal mass of anesthetic, maximum spread, long duration (minutes of anesthesia per milligram of drugs per segment), low incidence of failure, and fast stabilization time. However, depending on the surgical needs and the characteristics of the patients, some drugs and concentrations may be preferred. Stabilization and onset were slower and drug requirements larger for caudal than for lumbar peridural anesthesia.", "PMID": 565154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6383", "title": "Physostigmine and anesthetic requirement for halothane in dogs.", "content": "To investigate the effect of physostigmine on central nervous system (CNS) depression produced by halothane, control halothan minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measured over 1 hour in 7 dogs was compared to MAC 30 minutes after each sequential IV dose of 0.04, 0.4, and 4 mg/kg physostigmine. MAC decreased 6.8, 11.1 (p less than 0.05), and 35.9 (p less than 0.01) percent, respectively. Six dogs were observed for an acute increase in halothane requirement in the first 30 minutes after administration of physostigmine. All 6 showed such a response at 1 or more dose levels, beginning within 1 to 5 minutes after administration and lasting 2 to 30 minutes (p less than 0.05). Five other dogs were tested with neostigmine in the same doses and showed respective decreases in MAC of 7.9, 16.6 (p less than 0.01), and 17.5 ( less than 0.01) percent. No dog showed an acute increase in anesthetic requirement. Intravenous atropine 0.5 mg/kg failed to further alter MAC after 4 mg/kg neostigmine. Physostigmine transiently antagonizes halothane anesthesia, presumably by facilitating cholinergic transmission in the CNS; neostigmine does not. After this initial response, both drugs decrease anesthetic requirement. If these data may be extrapolated to patients, they suggest that physostigmine is not an effective antagonist to postoperative somnolence due to halothane.", "contents": "Physostigmine and anesthetic requirement for halothane in dogs. To investigate the effect of physostigmine on central nervous system (CNS) depression produced by halothane, control halothan minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measured over 1 hour in 7 dogs was compared to MAC 30 minutes after each sequential IV dose of 0.04, 0.4, and 4 mg/kg physostigmine. MAC decreased 6.8, 11.1 (p less than 0.05), and 35.9 (p less than 0.01) percent, respectively. Six dogs were observed for an acute increase in halothane requirement in the first 30 minutes after administration of physostigmine. All 6 showed such a response at 1 or more dose levels, beginning within 1 to 5 minutes after administration and lasting 2 to 30 minutes (p less than 0.05). Five other dogs were tested with neostigmine in the same doses and showed respective decreases in MAC of 7.9, 16.6 (p less than 0.01), and 17.5 ( less than 0.01) percent. No dog showed an acute increase in anesthetic requirement. Intravenous atropine 0.5 mg/kg failed to further alter MAC after 4 mg/kg neostigmine. Physostigmine transiently antagonizes halothane anesthesia, presumably by facilitating cholinergic transmission in the CNS; neostigmine does not. After this initial response, both drugs decrease anesthetic requirement. If these data may be extrapolated to patients, they suggest that physostigmine is not an effective antagonist to postoperative somnolence due to halothane.", "PMID": 565155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6384", "title": "Venous air embolism: comparative merits of external cardiac massage, intracardiac aspiration, and left lateral decubitus position.", "content": "The treatment of venous air embolism was compared in adult mongrel dogs utilizing left lateral decubitus position, external cardiac massage, and intracardiac aspiration of air. Following the rapid injection of a lethal dose (15 ml/kg) of air, it was found that the left lateral decubitus position and external cardiac massage each produced 57.1 percent survival, both being as effective as intracardiac aspiration of air (61.9 percent survival). Resuscitation time was shortest in dogs treated with intracardiac aspiration, 2.7 +/- 0.28 minutes, whereas with external cardiac massage and left lateral decubitus position, resuscitation times were 18.3 +/- 2.1 minutes and 19.50 +/- 3.0 minutes, respectively. Our study shows external cardiac massage, left lateral decubitus position, and intracardiac aspiration to be equally effective in the treatment of venous air embolism. Our data did not show intracardiac aspiration to be superior to either external cardiac massage of left lateral decubitus position despite the shorter resuscitation time. External cardiac massage has the advantage of simplicity and speed of initiation.", "contents": "Venous air embolism: comparative merits of external cardiac massage, intracardiac aspiration, and left lateral decubitus position. The treatment of venous air embolism was compared in adult mongrel dogs utilizing left lateral decubitus position, external cardiac massage, and intracardiac aspiration of air. Following the rapid injection of a lethal dose (15 ml/kg) of air, it was found that the left lateral decubitus position and external cardiac massage each produced 57.1 percent survival, both being as effective as intracardiac aspiration of air (61.9 percent survival). Resuscitation time was shortest in dogs treated with intracardiac aspiration, 2.7 +/- 0.28 minutes, whereas with external cardiac massage and left lateral decubitus position, resuscitation times were 18.3 +/- 2.1 minutes and 19.50 +/- 3.0 minutes, respectively. Our study shows external cardiac massage, left lateral decubitus position, and intracardiac aspiration to be equally effective in the treatment of venous air embolism. Our data did not show intracardiac aspiration to be superior to either external cardiac massage of left lateral decubitus position despite the shorter resuscitation time. External cardiac massage has the advantage of simplicity and speed of initiation.", "PMID": 565152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6385", "title": "Cardiac dysrhythmia following reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents in geriatric patients.", "content": "Ninety-three patients 65 years of age or older were studied to determine the incidence of dysrhymia following administration of 1 of 2 cholinesterase inhibitors, neostigmine or pyridostigmine. The ECG was then continuously monitored for 90 minutes. Neostigmine was associated with a higher incidence of dysrhythmia than was pyridostigmine. Neostigmine administered to patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease and/or conduction defects and to patients with hypertension was associated with a significantly higher incidence of dysrhythmia than was pyridostigmine when administered to patients with the same conditions. The incidence of dysrhythmia in patients who received a halogenated anesthetic was 5 times greater after neostigmine than after pyridostigmine.", "contents": "Cardiac dysrhythmia following reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents in geriatric patients. Ninety-three patients 65 years of age or older were studied to determine the incidence of dysrhymia following administration of 1 of 2 cholinesterase inhibitors, neostigmine or pyridostigmine. The ECG was then continuously monitored for 90 minutes. Neostigmine was associated with a higher incidence of dysrhythmia than was pyridostigmine. Neostigmine administered to patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease and/or conduction defects and to patients with hypertension was associated with a significantly higher incidence of dysrhythmia than was pyridostigmine when administered to patients with the same conditions. The incidence of dysrhythmia in patients who received a halogenated anesthetic was 5 times greater after neostigmine than after pyridostigmine.", "PMID": 565156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6386", "title": "Failure of enflurane in altering renal responses to acute intracranial pressure increases.", "content": "The effects of acute increases of intracranial pressure (ICP) on renal function before and during enflurane and enflurane-N2O anesthesia were determined in 12 mongrel dogs. Prior to anesthesia, acute elevations of 10 and 20 torr in ICP significantly increased urine osmolarity (Uosm), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and renal vascular resistance (RVR); significantly decreased urine volume (U vol), para-aminohippurate clearance (Cpah), and free water clearance (C/20); and had no effect on inuline clearance (Cin) or plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Thirty minutes of enflurane (2.2 percent end-tidal concentration) in 70 percent nitrogen and O2 in the presence of normal ICP caused significant increases in Uosm while MAP, CPAH, UVOL CH20, CIN, and osmolar clearance (CosM) were significantly decreased and ADH was unchanged. Substituting 70 percent N2O for nitrogen had no significant effect on any variable measured. Increasing ICP 10 torr during enflurane-N-2O anesthesia caused significant increases (compared to enflurane-N2O values in the presence of normal ICP) in UosM, RVR, and CosM, as well as significant decreases in UVOL, CH2O, AND CPAH, but had no effect on ADH, CIN, or MAP. Enflurane and N2O anesthesia moderates the elevation MAP in response to an acute increase in ICP but fails to alter the renal response to increased ICP.", "contents": "Failure of enflurane in altering renal responses to acute intracranial pressure increases. The effects of acute increases of intracranial pressure (ICP) on renal function before and during enflurane and enflurane-N2O anesthesia were determined in 12 mongrel dogs. Prior to anesthesia, acute elevations of 10 and 20 torr in ICP significantly increased urine osmolarity (Uosm), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and renal vascular resistance (RVR); significantly decreased urine volume (U vol), para-aminohippurate clearance (Cpah), and free water clearance (C/20); and had no effect on inuline clearance (Cin) or plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Thirty minutes of enflurane (2.2 percent end-tidal concentration) in 70 percent nitrogen and O2 in the presence of normal ICP caused significant increases in Uosm while MAP, CPAH, UVOL CH20, CIN, and osmolar clearance (CosM) were significantly decreased and ADH was unchanged. Substituting 70 percent N2O for nitrogen had no significant effect on any variable measured. Increasing ICP 10 torr during enflurane-N-2O anesthesia caused significant increases (compared to enflurane-N2O values in the presence of normal ICP) in UosM, RVR, and CosM, as well as significant decreases in UVOL, CH2O, AND CPAH, but had no effect on ADH, CIN, or MAP. Enflurane and N2O anesthesia moderates the elevation MAP in response to an acute increase in ICP but fails to alter the renal response to increased ICP.", "PMID": 565158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6387", "title": "Nitrous oxide exposure in the operating room.", "content": "One-hundred and eight-five pairs of gas samples were collected from inspired gas (10 cm behind the head at nose level) and end-tidal gas of persons administering anesthesia in 3 operating rooms during daily routine anesthesia. Mean operating-room N2O concentrations from 22 to 144 ppm (volume/volume [V/V]) were measured by gas chromatography, and large moment-to-moment variations (temporal gradients) were seen in individual operating rooms. Mean end-tidal N2O concentrations from 51 to 114 ppm (V/V) were observed. There were low correlations between inspired and end-tidal N2O concentrations (r values as low as r = 0.35). This poor relationship is presumably due to spatial and temporal gradients of N2O in the operating rooms. We conclude that the temporal and spatial gradients in N2O concentrations within active operating rooms are sufficiently large to invalidate estimation of exposure of anesthetic personnel to N2O from \"spot\" or \"grab\" samples collected in the breathing area.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide exposure in the operating room. One-hundred and eight-five pairs of gas samples were collected from inspired gas (10 cm behind the head at nose level) and end-tidal gas of persons administering anesthesia in 3 operating rooms during daily routine anesthesia. Mean operating-room N2O concentrations from 22 to 144 ppm (volume/volume [V/V]) were measured by gas chromatography, and large moment-to-moment variations (temporal gradients) were seen in individual operating rooms. Mean end-tidal N2O concentrations from 51 to 114 ppm (V/V) were observed. There were low correlations between inspired and end-tidal N2O concentrations (r values as low as r = 0.35). This poor relationship is presumably due to spatial and temporal gradients of N2O in the operating rooms. We conclude that the temporal and spatial gradients in N2O concentrations within active operating rooms are sufficiently large to invalidate estimation of exposure of anesthetic personnel to N2O from \"spot\" or \"grab\" samples collected in the breathing area.", "PMID": 565160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6388", "title": "Increase in anesthetic uptake, excretion, and blood solubility in man after eating.", "content": "Blood-gas partition coefficients of N2O, enflurane, halothane, methoxyflurane, and isoflurane were measured on blood samples from 12 healthy male volunteers before and after eating. The solubility values determined while volunteers fasted substantiate previously reported blood-gas partition coefficients for enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane. Solubility values for methoxyflurane and N2O were slightly greater and smaller, respectively, than accepted values. The uptake and excretion of N2O, enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane also were measured in 6 of these subjects in the fasted and postprandial states. Subjects breathed a constant, inspired mixture containing trace concentrations of all 4 gases. Eating increased blood solubility by 17 to 24 percent for all agents except N2O. Accordingly, the rates of rise of the end-tidal enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane concentrations were 7 to 8 percent below control, and the rates of anesthetic uptake increased 20 to 23 percent. Simulation studies showed that the increased ventilation induced by eating opposed and, therfore, minimized the impact of increased blood solubility and cardiac output on the rate of end-tidal anesthetic rise. Changes in blood solubility did not correlate with levels of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol.", "contents": "Increase in anesthetic uptake, excretion, and blood solubility in man after eating. Blood-gas partition coefficients of N2O, enflurane, halothane, methoxyflurane, and isoflurane were measured on blood samples from 12 healthy male volunteers before and after eating. The solubility values determined while volunteers fasted substantiate previously reported blood-gas partition coefficients for enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane. Solubility values for methoxyflurane and N2O were slightly greater and smaller, respectively, than accepted values. The uptake and excretion of N2O, enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane also were measured in 6 of these subjects in the fasted and postprandial states. Subjects breathed a constant, inspired mixture containing trace concentrations of all 4 gases. Eating increased blood solubility by 17 to 24 percent for all agents except N2O. Accordingly, the rates of rise of the end-tidal enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane concentrations were 7 to 8 percent below control, and the rates of anesthetic uptake increased 20 to 23 percent. Simulation studies showed that the increased ventilation induced by eating opposed and, therfore, minimized the impact of increased blood solubility and cardiac output on the rate of end-tidal anesthetic rise. Changes in blood solubility did not correlate with levels of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol.", "PMID": 565161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6389", "title": "Anesthesia for transsphenoidal surgery of the hypophyseal region.", "content": "For pituitary surgery--by either the transcranial or the transsphenoidal approach--anesthetic management conforms to the general principles of neuroanesthesia as discussed in texts and review articles. In addition, the endocrine functions and the anatomic situation of the pituitary gland must be considered. Preoperative and perioperative evaluation of the patient's endocrine status and appropriate therapeutic measures are important. Preservation of neurohypophyseal function and, frequently, of adequate adenohypophyseal function is an advantage of the transsphenoidal approach to the sella. Potential problems with the transsphenoidal technic include damage to suprasellar and parasellar structures and harzards associated with intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Anesthetic aspects peculiar to the transsphenoidal approach include positioning of the patient, surgical use of solutions containing epinephrine and topical cocaine, intraoperative air studies, and management of emergence. Anesthesia for the transsphenoidal approach to the sella is discussed on the basis of our experience with 148 surgical procedures in 142 patients.", "contents": "Anesthesia for transsphenoidal surgery of the hypophyseal region. For pituitary surgery--by either the transcranial or the transsphenoidal approach--anesthetic management conforms to the general principles of neuroanesthesia as discussed in texts and review articles. In addition, the endocrine functions and the anatomic situation of the pituitary gland must be considered. Preoperative and perioperative evaluation of the patient's endocrine status and appropriate therapeutic measures are important. Preservation of neurohypophyseal function and, frequently, of adequate adenohypophyseal function is an advantage of the transsphenoidal approach to the sella. Potential problems with the transsphenoidal technic include damage to suprasellar and parasellar structures and harzards associated with intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Anesthetic aspects peculiar to the transsphenoidal approach include positioning of the patient, surgical use of solutions containing epinephrine and topical cocaine, intraoperative air studies, and management of emergence. Anesthesia for the transsphenoidal approach to the sella is discussed on the basis of our experience with 148 surgical procedures in 142 patients.", "PMID": 565159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6390", "title": "Electroencephalographic abnormalities following halothane anesthesia.", "content": "In 7 subjects, serial EEGs, serum bromide determinations, and psychological tests were done prior to and following 13.83 +/- 0.74 (SEM) MAC-hours of halothane anesthesia. Significant psychological impairment demonstrated 2 days following anesthesia in these subjects was absent 2 weeks following exposure to halothane. Nonspecific postanesthetic slowing of the EEG was found, qualitatively similar to but more marked than that following exposure to enflurane. Generalized EEG slowing, with a tendency toward posterior delta activity and significant reduction of frequency and amplitude of the alpha rhythm, persisted for 6 to 8 days following anesthesia. Rare sharp-wave activity developed in 3 subjects in the 1st week after halothane. A potentially psychoactive postanesthetic serum bromide level of 2.97 +/- 0.17 mEq/L (SEM) was found 5 days following anesthesia. Electroencephalographic changes characteristic of mild bromide intoxication were absent, suggesting that the psychological impairment noted after halothane anesthesia is probably not due to this metabolite; these psychological changes are probably due instead to persistence in the circulation of unchanged halothane.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic abnormalities following halothane anesthesia. In 7 subjects, serial EEGs, serum bromide determinations, and psychological tests were done prior to and following 13.83 +/- 0.74 (SEM) MAC-hours of halothane anesthesia. Significant psychological impairment demonstrated 2 days following anesthesia in these subjects was absent 2 weeks following exposure to halothane. Nonspecific postanesthetic slowing of the EEG was found, qualitatively similar to but more marked than that following exposure to enflurane. Generalized EEG slowing, with a tendency toward posterior delta activity and significant reduction of frequency and amplitude of the alpha rhythm, persisted for 6 to 8 days following anesthesia. Rare sharp-wave activity developed in 3 subjects in the 1st week after halothane. A potentially psychoactive postanesthetic serum bromide level of 2.97 +/- 0.17 mEq/L (SEM) was found 5 days following anesthesia. Electroencephalographic changes characteristic of mild bromide intoxication were absent, suggesting that the psychological impairment noted after halothane anesthesia is probably not due to this metabolite; these psychological changes are probably due instead to persistence in the circulation of unchanged halothane.", "PMID": 565163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6391", "title": "Sex differences, dominance, and personality in the chimpanzee.", "content": "This study demonstrates a useful methodology for judging the personality of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi). Observers rated the chimpanzees on a forced-choice rating scale which yielded measures on eight emotion dimensions. The rating scale, Emotions Profile Index, is derived from a theory of personality which stresses the adaptive significance of emotions at all evolutionary levels. This method has theoretical generality, having been successfully applied previously to humans, baboons and dolphins. Observers were able to rate chimpanzees with reasonable reliability. Sex differences in personality were evident in this chimpanzee sample. In addition, dominance rank was found to correlate with certain emotion dimensions.", "contents": "Sex differences, dominance, and personality in the chimpanzee. This study demonstrates a useful methodology for judging the personality of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi). Observers rated the chimpanzees on a forced-choice rating scale which yielded measures on eight emotion dimensions. The rating scale, Emotions Profile Index, is derived from a theory of personality which stresses the adaptive significance of emotions at all evolutionary levels. This method has theoretical generality, having been successfully applied previously to humans, baboons and dolphins. Observers were able to rate chimpanzees with reasonable reliability. Sex differences in personality were evident in this chimpanzee sample. In addition, dominance rank was found to correlate with certain emotion dimensions.", "PMID": 565175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6392", "title": "Rheology and anesthesiology.", "content": "We present a review of blood rheology with special emphasis on its application in anesthesiology. The rheological behavior of blood is determined by 2 variables, non-Newtonian viscosity and yield stress. The physical significance of these quantities is discussed. Blood viscosity directly affects total peripheral resistance, and changes in the state of peripheral vessels cannot be accurately evaluated unless simultaneous measurements of blood viscosity are made. Blood viscosity also influences cardiac output, and elevations in hematocrit may reduce total O2 transport by increasing viscosity to the point that cardiac output decreases. The role of blood viscosity and blood yield stress in the pathogenesis of deep-vein thrombosis is mentioned, and the role of anesthesia in affecting viscosity by decreasing venous flow is discussed. Clinical examples of the role of blood rheology in neonatal respiratory distress and during open heart surgery are also given.", "contents": "Rheology and anesthesiology. We present a review of blood rheology with special emphasis on its application in anesthesiology. The rheological behavior of blood is determined by 2 variables, non-Newtonian viscosity and yield stress. The physical significance of these quantities is discussed. Blood viscosity directly affects total peripheral resistance, and changes in the state of peripheral vessels cannot be accurately evaluated unless simultaneous measurements of blood viscosity are made. Blood viscosity also influences cardiac output, and elevations in hematocrit may reduce total O2 transport by increasing viscosity to the point that cardiac output decreases. The role of blood viscosity and blood yield stress in the pathogenesis of deep-vein thrombosis is mentioned, and the role of anesthesia in affecting viscosity by decreasing venous flow is discussed. Clinical examples of the role of blood rheology in neonatal respiratory distress and during open heart surgery are also given.", "PMID": 565164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6393", "title": "Dominance and effects of strange conspecifics on aggressive interactions in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus (say).", "content": "Dominance orders in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus were observed in the laboratory. Groups of four crabs formed loose dominance hierarchies as determined by repeated display and retreat behaviour. Stronger dominance orders were inversely correlated with the frequency of aggressive interactions. Recognition of individuals, as measured by frequency and intensity of aggressive encounters between familiar crabs and introduced strangers, was not important in maintaining dominance orders. Rather, P. longicarpus recognized the aggressive state of conspecifics, as shown by frequencies of aggressive encounters after individuals of different dominance rankings were exchanged between established hierarchies.", "contents": "Dominance and effects of strange conspecifics on aggressive interactions in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus (say). Dominance orders in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus were observed in the laboratory. Groups of four crabs formed loose dominance hierarchies as determined by repeated display and retreat behaviour. Stronger dominance orders were inversely correlated with the frequency of aggressive interactions. Recognition of individuals, as measured by frequency and intensity of aggressive encounters between familiar crabs and introduced strangers, was not important in maintaining dominance orders. Rather, P. longicarpus recognized the aggressive state of conspecifics, as shown by frequencies of aggressive encounters after individuals of different dominance rankings were exchanged between established hierarchies.", "PMID": 565176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6394", "title": "Chick colour approach preferences are altered by cold stress; colour pecking and approach preferences are the same.", "content": "Colour approach preferences in 1-day-old New Hampshire and White Leghorn chicks were assessed by choice preference tests between pairs of differently coloured floors, illuminated by light passed through different interference filters and adjusted to equal luminance. In experiment 1, the preferences found closely resembled colour pecking preferences reported previously for domestic chicks, e.g. a preference for blue over green. Experiment 2 showed that the latter preference could be reversed by cold stress. That is, chicks tested similarly but in a cold noisy room (18.9 C) preferred green over blue. Experiment 3 eliminated the role of noise in this reversal effect, since chicks tested in a warm noisy room showed the normal blue over green preference. It was concluded, in disagreement with prior findings and their interpretations, that chick colour pecking and approach preferences are normally the same, not different, and certainly not spectral mirror-image reversals. Instead, a more restricted preference reversal (i.e. in the blue-green spectral regions) occurs as a result of cold stress.", "contents": "Chick colour approach preferences are altered by cold stress; colour pecking and approach preferences are the same. Colour approach preferences in 1-day-old New Hampshire and White Leghorn chicks were assessed by choice preference tests between pairs of differently coloured floors, illuminated by light passed through different interference filters and adjusted to equal luminance. In experiment 1, the preferences found closely resembled colour pecking preferences reported previously for domestic chicks, e.g. a preference for blue over green. Experiment 2 showed that the latter preference could be reversed by cold stress. That is, chicks tested similarly but in a cold noisy room (18.9 C) preferred green over blue. Experiment 3 eliminated the role of noise in this reversal effect, since chicks tested in a warm noisy room showed the normal blue over green preference. It was concluded, in disagreement with prior findings and their interpretations, that chick colour pecking and approach preferences are normally the same, not different, and certainly not spectral mirror-image reversals. Instead, a more restricted preference reversal (i.e. in the blue-green spectral regions) occurs as a result of cold stress.", "PMID": 565177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6395", "title": "New synthetic medium for the production of Alternaria allergens.", "content": "Mold belonging to Genus Alternaria was isolated from the Tehran atmosphere. Isolates were cultivated on both synthetic and modified Sabouraud media. Extracts obtained from the two cultures and the un-inoculated media were separately dialyzed, sterilized and standardized. Skin testing of the hypersensitive individuals by the above extracts indicated that allergenic potency of the extract obtained from mold grown on synthetic medium was better than that grown on modified Sabouraud medium, with no false positive skin reaction. The usage of this synthetic medium for the production of allergenic mold extracts is suggested.", "contents": "New synthetic medium for the production of Alternaria allergens. Mold belonging to Genus Alternaria was isolated from the Tehran atmosphere. Isolates were cultivated on both synthetic and modified Sabouraud media. Extracts obtained from the two cultures and the un-inoculated media were separately dialyzed, sterilized and standardized. Skin testing of the hypersensitive individuals by the above extracts indicated that allergenic potency of the extract obtained from mold grown on synthetic medium was better than that grown on modified Sabouraud medium, with no false positive skin reaction. The usage of this synthetic medium for the production of allergenic mold extracts is suggested.", "PMID": 565179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6396", "title": "Diurnal profiles of tear lysozyme and gamma A globulin.", "content": "Tear lysozyme and gamma A globulin (IgA) concentrations were determined during a 24 hour period using a simple quantitative method. Tear lysozyme was significantly elevated between the 9 and 12 AM periods, and reduced during the sleep periods from midnight to 3 AM. Tear IgA concentrations showed individual variability, but no discernible diurnal rhythm.", "contents": "Diurnal profiles of tear lysozyme and gamma A globulin. Tear lysozyme and gamma A globulin (IgA) concentrations were determined during a 24 hour period using a simple quantitative method. Tear lysozyme was significantly elevated between the 9 and 12 AM periods, and reduced during the sleep periods from midnight to 3 AM. Tear IgA concentrations showed individual variability, but no discernible diurnal rhythm.", "PMID": 565184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6397", "title": "Pilot-scale semisolid fermentation of straw.", "content": "Semisolid fermentation of ryegrass straw to increase its animal feed value was successfully performed on a pilot scale. The pilot plant, which could handle 100 kg of straw per batch, was designed so that all major operations could take place in one vessel. The straw was hydrolyzed at 121 degrees C for 30 min with 0.5 N H2SO4 (7:3 liquid:solid), treated with ammonia to raise the pH to 5.0, inoculated with Candida utilis, and fermented in a semisolid state (70% moisture). During fermentation the straw was held stationary with air blown up through it. Batch fermentation times were 12 to 29 h. Semisolid fermentation did not require agitation and supported abundant growth at 20 to 40 degrees C even at near zero oxygen tensions. Fermentation increased the protein content, crude fat content, and in vitro rumen digestibility of the straw.", "contents": "Pilot-scale semisolid fermentation of straw. Semisolid fermentation of ryegrass straw to increase its animal feed value was successfully performed on a pilot scale. The pilot plant, which could handle 100 kg of straw per batch, was designed so that all major operations could take place in one vessel. The straw was hydrolyzed at 121 degrees C for 30 min with 0.5 N H2SO4 (7:3 liquid:solid), treated with ammonia to raise the pH to 5.0, inoculated with Candida utilis, and fermented in a semisolid state (70% moisture). During fermentation the straw was held stationary with air blown up through it. Batch fermentation times were 12 to 29 h. Semisolid fermentation did not require agitation and supported abundant growth at 20 to 40 degrees C even at near zero oxygen tensions. Fermentation increased the protein content, crude fat content, and in vitro rumen digestibility of the straw.", "PMID": 565187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6398", "title": "Production of luteoskyrin and isolation of a new metabolite, pibasterol, from Penicillium islandicum Sopp.", "content": "Production of luteoskyrin, a hepatotoxin synthesized by Penicillium islandicum Sopp., was studied with various fermentation methods. Best results were obtained in static fermentations on glutinous rice at 30 degrees C. The isolated yield of pure luteoskyrin was approximately 400 mg per kg of rice. Also produced were skyrin, islandicin, iridoskyrin, rubroskyrin, chrysophanol, mannitol, and erythritol. A new metabolite, which we call pibasterol, was also isolated.", "contents": "Production of luteoskyrin and isolation of a new metabolite, pibasterol, from Penicillium islandicum Sopp. Production of luteoskyrin, a hepatotoxin synthesized by Penicillium islandicum Sopp., was studied with various fermentation methods. Best results were obtained in static fermentations on glutinous rice at 30 degrees C. The isolated yield of pure luteoskyrin was approximately 400 mg per kg of rice. Also produced were skyrin, islandicin, iridoskyrin, rubroskyrin, chrysophanol, mannitol, and erythritol. A new metabolite, which we call pibasterol, was also isolated.", "PMID": 565188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6399", "title": "[Long-term infection of a cell culture from newborn mouse brain with the FNV strain of yellow fever virus (author's transl)].", "content": "A cell culture from brains of one day old mice was infected with a high multiplicity of the French neurotropic strain of yellow fever virus (FNV); the infected cell culture produced and released infectious FNV for more than 180 days post-inoculation with titres between 10(0.6) and 10(6.4) PFU/ml. The cell sheet exhibited some rare plaques of round cells with a slow centrifugal extension; the destruction of the cell sheet was not complete before 200 days post-inoculation.", "contents": "[Long-term infection of a cell culture from newborn mouse brain with the FNV strain of yellow fever virus (author's transl)]. A cell culture from brains of one day old mice was infected with a high multiplicity of the French neurotropic strain of yellow fever virus (FNV); the infected cell culture produced and released infectious FNV for more than 180 days post-inoculation with titres between 10(0.6) and 10(6.4) PFU/ml. The cell sheet exhibited some rare plaques of round cells with a slow centrifugal extension; the destruction of the cell sheet was not complete before 200 days post-inoculation.", "PMID": 565183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6400", "title": "Long-term tissue culture of epithelial-like cells from human skin (NCTC strain 2544). II. Viscosity changes after enzyme treatment.", "content": "Human skin epithelial-like cells (NCTC strain 2544) were grown in NCTC 135 medium. Neuraminidase and hyaluronidase were added to the growth medium. Cells were incubated 96 h at 36 degrees C. Growth rate and viscosity of cell suspensions were measured after forming single cells mechanically (mopping). With addition of neuraminidase and hyaluronidase, respectively, the growth rate remains unchanged. With neuraminidase a distinct raise in viscosity was achieved, whereas with hyaluronidase only a small effect was seen. The characteristic structure viscosity is maintained in all forms of the viscosity curves at different shear-rates.", "contents": "Long-term tissue culture of epithelial-like cells from human skin (NCTC strain 2544). II. Viscosity changes after enzyme treatment. Human skin epithelial-like cells (NCTC strain 2544) were grown in NCTC 135 medium. Neuraminidase and hyaluronidase were added to the growth medium. Cells were incubated 96 h at 36 degrees C. Growth rate and viscosity of cell suspensions were measured after forming single cells mechanically (mopping). With addition of neuraminidase and hyaluronidase, respectively, the growth rate remains unchanged. With neuraminidase a distinct raise in viscosity was achieved, whereas with hyaluronidase only a small effect was seen. The characteristic structure viscosity is maintained in all forms of the viscosity curves at different shear-rates.", "PMID": 565190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6401", "title": "Insidious strut fractures in a DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valve prosthesis.", "content": "Recent reports of cage wear occurring in DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valve prostheses prompted us to examine with image intensification all our patients who have had this type of prosthesis implanted. One patient, who was asymptomatic, was discovered to have a prosthesis with two fractured struts. This patient's prosthetic valve was replaced successfully with a stented porcine heterograft prosthesis. Including the valve removed from this patient, 8 DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valves with structural defects have been reported to the manufacturer. In the absence of a catastrophic event, patients with valves having fractured or worn struts may be totally asymptomatic, and routine periodic roentgenographic examination may be the only way of detecting strut wear or fracture.", "contents": "Insidious strut fractures in a DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valve prosthesis. Recent reports of cage wear occurring in DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valve prostheses prompted us to examine with image intensification all our patients who have had this type of prosthesis implanted. One patient, who was asymptomatic, was discovered to have a prosthesis with two fractured struts. This patient's prosthetic valve was replaced successfully with a stented porcine heterograft prosthesis. Including the valve removed from this patient, 8 DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valves with structural defects have been reported to the manufacturer. In the absence of a catastrophic event, patients with valves having fractured or worn struts may be totally asymptomatic, and routine periodic roentgenographic examination may be the only way of detecting strut wear or fracture.", "PMID": 565191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6402", "title": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of clonidine and guanfacine.", "content": "Dose-response relationships were established for the acute effects on arterial pressure and heart rate of the antihypertensive agents, clonidine and guanfacine, administered intravenously or intramuscularly to anaesthetized rats. The intramuscular route appeared to be preferable to the intravenous, for the direct pressor potency of each drug was thereby greatly reduced in relation to the hypotensive efficacy. The potency of clonidine was 10-20 times that of guanfacine, but the same maximal fall in blood pressure was obtained with either agent administered by either route. Both agents caused a marked, dose-related suppression of plasma renin activity. When either clonidine or guanfacine was administered twice daily for 3 weeks and then discontinued, a phase of blood pressure overshoot with tachycardia commenced within 24 hr of the last injection. These withdrawal effects were more evident in guanfacine-treated rats than in clonidine-treated rats.", "contents": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of clonidine and guanfacine. Dose-response relationships were established for the acute effects on arterial pressure and heart rate of the antihypertensive agents, clonidine and guanfacine, administered intravenously or intramuscularly to anaesthetized rats. The intramuscular route appeared to be preferable to the intravenous, for the direct pressor potency of each drug was thereby greatly reduced in relation to the hypotensive efficacy. The potency of clonidine was 10-20 times that of guanfacine, but the same maximal fall in blood pressure was obtained with either agent administered by either route. Both agents caused a marked, dose-related suppression of plasma renin activity. When either clonidine or guanfacine was administered twice daily for 3 weeks and then discontinued, a phase of blood pressure overshoot with tachycardia commenced within 24 hr of the last injection. These withdrawal effects were more evident in guanfacine-treated rats than in clonidine-treated rats.", "PMID": 565192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6403", "title": "[Interrelationships between carnitine metabolism and fatty acid assimilation in Pseudomonas putida (author's transl)].", "content": "The carnitine metabolism and some relations to the fatty acid metabolism were studied in Pseudomonas putida by means of control of growth, analysis of metabolites, and determination of enzyme activites. The strain grew on gamma-butyrobetaine, D,L- and L-carnitine, glycinebetaine, choline, D,L-norcarnitine, D,L-gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and D,L-beta-hydroxybuty-rate. Although the strain used straight-chain fatty acids of 2-16 C-atoms, it was only able to grow on O-acyl-L-carnitines of 10 or more C-atoms in the acyl-group. Addition of carnitine stimulated the growth on long-chain fatty acis. The formation of trimethylamine increased, if L-carnitine or gamma-butyrobetaine were the only carbon sources, and decreased, if these trimethylammonium compounds were carbon as well as nitrgen sources. L-Carnitine induced the carnitine dehydrogenase as well as the beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, gamma-Butyrobetaine as carbon and nitrogen source induced the carnitine dehydrogenase, too. In the crude extract the specific activiteis of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were 0.7 or 1.6 mumoles.min-1.mg-1 after growth on L-carnitine and D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate, respectively. The synthesis of both enzymes was repressed by glycinebetaine, glucose and long-chain fatty acis. Dependent on the nitrogen source L-carnitine was catabolized via two different pathways.", "contents": "[Interrelationships between carnitine metabolism and fatty acid assimilation in Pseudomonas putida (author's transl)]. The carnitine metabolism and some relations to the fatty acid metabolism were studied in Pseudomonas putida by means of control of growth, analysis of metabolites, and determination of enzyme activites. The strain grew on gamma-butyrobetaine, D,L- and L-carnitine, glycinebetaine, choline, D,L-norcarnitine, D,L-gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and D,L-beta-hydroxybuty-rate. Although the strain used straight-chain fatty acids of 2-16 C-atoms, it was only able to grow on O-acyl-L-carnitines of 10 or more C-atoms in the acyl-group. Addition of carnitine stimulated the growth on long-chain fatty acis. The formation of trimethylamine increased, if L-carnitine or gamma-butyrobetaine were the only carbon sources, and decreased, if these trimethylammonium compounds were carbon as well as nitrgen sources. L-Carnitine induced the carnitine dehydrogenase as well as the beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, gamma-Butyrobetaine as carbon and nitrogen source induced the carnitine dehydrogenase, too. In the crude extract the specific activiteis of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were 0.7 or 1.6 mumoles.min-1.mg-1 after growth on L-carnitine and D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate, respectively. The synthesis of both enzymes was repressed by glycinebetaine, glucose and long-chain fatty acis. Dependent on the nitrogen source L-carnitine was catabolized via two different pathways.", "PMID": 565193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6404", "title": "[Diagnosis and outcome of cerebral distress in newborn infants who presented signs of fetal hypoxia. Prospective study].", "content": "The prospective study covered 60 full-term newborns, who presented exclusively signs of acute fetal distress. It had two major aims: --the analysis of the clinical and EEG symptomatologies, allowing the assessment of the cerebral damage in the neonatal period; --the evaluation as to whether the post-asphyxia cerebral damage may remain undiagnosed in the neonatal period, sequellae revealing it secondarily. Clinical and EEG supervision was undertaken during the first week; it was continued till 3 years of age in 45 of the 56 survivors. During the first week of life, 50 infants had at least once, an abnormal neurologic manifestation. The signs for a poor outcome are \"unexpected\" fetal distress, Apgar score below 2 at 1 min., seizures occurring or persisting after 48 hours, severe clinical and/or EEG changes occurring more than once. Prognosis is considered as favorable if EEG or clinical examination are consistently normal, or if EEG and clinical examination are normalized at 6 days of life.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and outcome of cerebral distress in newborn infants who presented signs of fetal hypoxia. Prospective study]. The prospective study covered 60 full-term newborns, who presented exclusively signs of acute fetal distress. It had two major aims: --the analysis of the clinical and EEG symptomatologies, allowing the assessment of the cerebral damage in the neonatal period; --the evaluation as to whether the post-asphyxia cerebral damage may remain undiagnosed in the neonatal period, sequellae revealing it secondarily. Clinical and EEG supervision was undertaken during the first week; it was continued till 3 years of age in 45 of the 56 survivors. During the first week of life, 50 infants had at least once, an abnormal neurologic manifestation. The signs for a poor outcome are \"unexpected\" fetal distress, Apgar score below 2 at 1 min., seizures occurring or persisting after 48 hours, severe clinical and/or EEG changes occurring more than once. Prognosis is considered as favorable if EEG or clinical examination are consistently normal, or if EEG and clinical examination are normalized at 6 days of life.", "PMID": 565195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6405", "title": "Serologic and cross-immunity studies with contagious ecthyma and goat pox virus isolates from the western United States.", "content": "Contagious ecthyma and goat pox viruses were isolated from goats affected with papulopustular epidermal lesions. Results of in vitro serum neutralization and in vivo cross-immunity studies indicate that these contagious ecthyma and goat pox isolates from the western United States are antigenically dissimilar and that exposure or vaccination with one isolate could not be used as a method of inducing immunity to the other. Exposure to each isolate conferred immunity to re-exposure with the same agent. The serum neutralization test indicates that the severity and persistance of lesions to goat pox infection influences the nature of the antibody response to an initial exposure.", "contents": "Serologic and cross-immunity studies with contagious ecthyma and goat pox virus isolates from the western United States. Contagious ecthyma and goat pox viruses were isolated from goats affected with papulopustular epidermal lesions. Results of in vitro serum neutralization and in vivo cross-immunity studies indicate that these contagious ecthyma and goat pox isolates from the western United States are antigenically dissimilar and that exposure or vaccination with one isolate could not be used as a method of inducing immunity to the other. Exposure to each isolate conferred immunity to re-exposure with the same agent. The serum neutralization test indicates that the severity and persistance of lesions to goat pox infection influences the nature of the antibody response to an initial exposure.", "PMID": 565197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6406", "title": "Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of bovine embryonic lung cultures: enhancement of infectivity with diethylaminoethyl-dextran and virus-infected cells.", "content": "The effects of incorporating diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D) in the inoculum with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on the infectivity of BRSV was evaluated. A concentration of 40 microgram DEAE-D/ml provided maximal enhancement of infection as determined by the time of onset of cytopathic effect (CPE), the percentage of cells infected by the inoculum, and the amount of virus produced. When DEAE-D was used in the inoculum, the CPE appeared a day earlier, the percentage of cells infected by the inoculum, as determined by the fluorescent antibody test, was increased 11 times, and the viral titer was increased 2 times as compared to results obtained without DEAE-D. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus-infected cultures contained much cell-associated virus which could be liberated by sonication to increase the titer of virus stocks. The use of BRSV-infected cells rather than supernates from BRSV-infected cells increased the rate at which a cytopathic effect developed, although it did not substantially increase the titer of virus which was harvested. The use of DEAE-D in the inoculum and the passage of BRSV-infected cells instead of viral suspensions was found to be the quickest and most effective method of consistently obtaining BRSV with a titer of about 10(5.5) TCID50/ml.", "contents": "Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of bovine embryonic lung cultures: enhancement of infectivity with diethylaminoethyl-dextran and virus-infected cells. The effects of incorporating diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D) in the inoculum with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on the infectivity of BRSV was evaluated. A concentration of 40 microgram DEAE-D/ml provided maximal enhancement of infection as determined by the time of onset of cytopathic effect (CPE), the percentage of cells infected by the inoculum, and the amount of virus produced. When DEAE-D was used in the inoculum, the CPE appeared a day earlier, the percentage of cells infected by the inoculum, as determined by the fluorescent antibody test, was increased 11 times, and the viral titer was increased 2 times as compared to results obtained without DEAE-D. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus-infected cultures contained much cell-associated virus which could be liberated by sonication to increase the titer of virus stocks. The use of BRSV-infected cells rather than supernates from BRSV-infected cells increased the rate at which a cytopathic effect developed, although it did not substantially increase the titer of virus which was harvested. The use of DEAE-D in the inoculum and the passage of BRSV-infected cells instead of viral suspensions was found to be the quickest and most effective method of consistently obtaining BRSV with a titer of about 10(5.5) TCID50/ml.", "PMID": 565198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6407", "title": "Influence of head position on the prognosis of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Autogenous blood was injected repeatedly into the intracranial subarachnoid space of cats, the heads of which were placed in one of four positions (prone, supine, left side down, and right side down). Epidural pressures, mean aortic blood pressures, and pulse rates were measured, and their responses to the repeated injections were analyzed. The distribution of the injected blood was different among the four groups. The cats in the sulpine position had the greatest amounts of blood in the posterior fossa and tolerated the injections least well. The position of the head at the time of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may influence the prognosis; positions that favor accumulations of blood around the brain stem carry the greatest risk.", "contents": "Influence of head position on the prognosis of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Autogenous blood was injected repeatedly into the intracranial subarachnoid space of cats, the heads of which were placed in one of four positions (prone, supine, left side down, and right side down). Epidural pressures, mean aortic blood pressures, and pulse rates were measured, and their responses to the repeated injections were analyzed. The distribution of the injected blood was different among the four groups. The cats in the sulpine position had the greatest amounts of blood in the posterior fossa and tolerated the injections least well. The position of the head at the time of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may influence the prognosis; positions that favor accumulations of blood around the brain stem carry the greatest risk.", "PMID": 565199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6408", "title": "A twin analysis of dietary intake: evidence for a need to control for possible environmental differences in MZ and DZ twins.", "content": "In the NHLI Twin Study MZ twins are shown to \"get together\" substantially more often than DZ twins. With this result as an indicator of differences in shared environment, the assumption of equal shared environmental variation for MZ and DZ twins is assessed using nutritional data calculated from a food frequency questionnaire. Six nutrients show significant genetic variance for the total sample. However, when stratified on the basis of how frequently twins see each other, none of the nutrients shows significant genetic variance for both strata. A similar pattern is seen for several individual items from the questionnaire. In addition, four of the nutrients show significant correlation between the absolute difference in the nutrient intake of MZ twin pairs and how often they \"get together.\" These data appear to show that unequal environmental effects may lead to falsely high estimates of genetic variance for nutrient intake.", "contents": "A twin analysis of dietary intake: evidence for a need to control for possible environmental differences in MZ and DZ twins. In the NHLI Twin Study MZ twins are shown to \"get together\" substantially more often than DZ twins. With this result as an indicator of differences in shared environment, the assumption of equal shared environmental variation for MZ and DZ twins is assessed using nutritional data calculated from a food frequency questionnaire. Six nutrients show significant genetic variance for the total sample. However, when stratified on the basis of how frequently twins see each other, none of the nutrients shows significant genetic variance for both strata. A similar pattern is seen for several individual items from the questionnaire. In addition, four of the nutrients show significant correlation between the absolute difference in the nutrient intake of MZ twin pairs and how often they \"get together.\" These data appear to show that unequal environmental effects may lead to falsely high estimates of genetic variance for nutrient intake.", "PMID": 565201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6409", "title": "Positive and negative geotaxis: sex-linked traits in Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "Using a Hirsch classification maze, selection was made for positive and negative geotactic behaviors in three different strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Hybridization studies were then carried out with flies from the diverged strains. The geotactic scores of the parents and F1 flies indicate that both negative and positive geotactic behaviors in these strains are strongly influenced by genes in the X chromosome. Additional hybridization studies using flies from strains with similar phenotypes suggest that the diverged strains contain similar alleles and the number of loci in the X chromosomes responsible for these types of behavior is limited. The loci may be highly organized in the X chromosome.", "contents": "Positive and negative geotaxis: sex-linked traits in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Using a Hirsch classification maze, selection was made for positive and negative geotactic behaviors in three different strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Hybridization studies were then carried out with flies from the diverged strains. The geotactic scores of the parents and F1 flies indicate that both negative and positive geotactic behaviors in these strains are strongly influenced by genes in the X chromosome. Additional hybridization studies using flies from strains with similar phenotypes suggest that the diverged strains contain similar alleles and the number of loci in the X chromosomes responsible for these types of behavior is limited. The loci may be highly organized in the X chromosome.", "PMID": 565202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6410", "title": "The formation of lipid-linked sugars as intermediates in glycoprotein synthesis in rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "1. The incorporation of d-[1-(14)C]mannose, d-[2-(3)H]mannose and N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]-glucosamine into glycoproteins and lipid-linked intermediates of mammary explants obtained from lactating rabbits was studied. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into lipid-linked intermediates was very low compared with the incorporation into protein. Most of the radioactivity incorporated into the chloroform/methanol-soluble fraction was present as neutral lipid. Radioactivity from d-[2-(3)H]mannose was incorporated mainly into the fatty acid moiety, whereas radioactivity from d-[1-(14)C]mannose and N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine was present in the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol. 2. The labelled lipid-linked intermediate that was soluble in chloroform/methanol/water (10:10:3, by vol.) was partially characterized and was found to exhibit properties characteristic of an oligosaccharide linked to lipid via a pyrophosphate bridge. It migrated largely as a single zone of radioactivity on t.l.c. and was eluted from a column of DEAE-cellulose acetate as a single peak by 50mm-ammonium acetate. 3. The oligosaccharide moiety was released from the lipid by mild acid hydrolysis. The size of the oligosaccharide was estimated by paper chromatography to be 10 or 11 monosaccharide units. 4. d-[1-(14)C]Mannose was incorporated largely into glycopeptides with molecular weights in the range 40000-80000, as determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Label from N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine was incorporated into a glycopeptide with an electrophoretic mobility identical with that of rabbit casein (mol.wt. 32000) as well as into glycopeptides of higher molecular weight. 5. Approx. 50% of the total radioactivity in the protein labelled from N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine was present as galactosamine, a component of the carbohydrate portion of rabbit casein. No labelled galactosamine was present in the lipid-linked oligosaccharide labelled from N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine. It thus appears that the lipid-linked oligosaccharide is not involved in the glycosylation of casein.", "contents": "The formation of lipid-linked sugars as intermediates in glycoprotein synthesis in rabbit mammary gland. 1. The incorporation of d-[1-(14)C]mannose, d-[2-(3)H]mannose and N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]-glucosamine into glycoproteins and lipid-linked intermediates of mammary explants obtained from lactating rabbits was studied. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into lipid-linked intermediates was very low compared with the incorporation into protein. Most of the radioactivity incorporated into the chloroform/methanol-soluble fraction was present as neutral lipid. Radioactivity from d-[2-(3)H]mannose was incorporated mainly into the fatty acid moiety, whereas radioactivity from d-[1-(14)C]mannose and N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine was present in the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol. 2. The labelled lipid-linked intermediate that was soluble in chloroform/methanol/water (10:10:3, by vol.) was partially characterized and was found to exhibit properties characteristic of an oligosaccharide linked to lipid via a pyrophosphate bridge. It migrated largely as a single zone of radioactivity on t.l.c. and was eluted from a column of DEAE-cellulose acetate as a single peak by 50mm-ammonium acetate. 3. The oligosaccharide moiety was released from the lipid by mild acid hydrolysis. The size of the oligosaccharide was estimated by paper chromatography to be 10 or 11 monosaccharide units. 4. d-[1-(14)C]Mannose was incorporated largely into glycopeptides with molecular weights in the range 40000-80000, as determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Label from N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine was incorporated into a glycopeptide with an electrophoretic mobility identical with that of rabbit casein (mol.wt. 32000) as well as into glycopeptides of higher molecular weight. 5. Approx. 50% of the total radioactivity in the protein labelled from N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine was present as galactosamine, a component of the carbohydrate portion of rabbit casein. No labelled galactosamine was present in the lipid-linked oligosaccharide labelled from N-acetyl-d-[1-(14)C]glucosamine. It thus appears that the lipid-linked oligosaccharide is not involved in the glycosylation of casein.", "PMID": 565204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6411", "title": "Identical twins with differing forms of ventricular pre-excitation.", "content": "Identical 10-year-old twins, both with electrocardiograms showing a short PR interval and a normal QRS complex but with dramatically different electrophysiological characteristics, are described. One twin experienced episodes of rapid palpitation and on one occasion was resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation. An intracardiac electrophysiological study confirmed the presence of an atrioventricular nodal bypass tract and in addition revealed the presence of an accessory atrioventricular pathway, thus demonstrating that the patient had both the Lown-Ganong-Levine and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndromes. Re-entry tachycardia and atrial fibrillation, with a very rapid ventricular rate, were precipitated. After treatment with amiodarone, the patient became asymptomatic and a repeat study showed that the features of the atrioventricular nodal bypass tract were no longer present and though re-entry tachycardias using the accessory atrioventricular pathway could still be induced, their rates were slower than before treatment. The other twin, in spite of an identical surface electrocardiogram, was asmymptomatic. An electrophysiological study showed the features of an atrioventricular nodal bypass tract but there was no evidence of additional atrioventricular accessory connections and a tachycardia could not be induced.", "contents": "Identical twins with differing forms of ventricular pre-excitation. Identical 10-year-old twins, both with electrocardiograms showing a short PR interval and a normal QRS complex but with dramatically different electrophysiological characteristics, are described. One twin experienced episodes of rapid palpitation and on one occasion was resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation. An intracardiac electrophysiological study confirmed the presence of an atrioventricular nodal bypass tract and in addition revealed the presence of an accessory atrioventricular pathway, thus demonstrating that the patient had both the Lown-Ganong-Levine and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndromes. Re-entry tachycardia and atrial fibrillation, with a very rapid ventricular rate, were precipitated. After treatment with amiodarone, the patient became asymptomatic and a repeat study showed that the features of the atrioventricular nodal bypass tract were no longer present and though re-entry tachycardias using the accessory atrioventricular pathway could still be induced, their rates were slower than before treatment. The other twin, in spite of an identical surface electrocardiogram, was asmymptomatic. An electrophysiological study showed the features of an atrioventricular nodal bypass tract but there was no evidence of additional atrioventricular accessory connections and a tachycardia could not be induced.", "PMID": 565206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6412", "title": "Failure of suckling to transfer immunity to a syngeneic rat sarcoma.", "content": "Young born to and suckled by mothers rendered immune to a syngeneic sarcoma showed no acquired resistance to challenge with tumour. Whilst other workers had found that allograft immunity could be transferred by milk, we conclude (1) that lymphocytes present in the milk cannot transfer immunity to tumour-specific antigens when absorbed by suckling, and (2) that transfer of maternal immunoglobulins either pre- or postnatally also does not protect against s.c. inoculated tumour.", "contents": "Failure of suckling to transfer immunity to a syngeneic rat sarcoma. Young born to and suckled by mothers rendered immune to a syngeneic sarcoma showed no acquired resistance to challenge with tumour. Whilst other workers had found that allograft immunity could be transferred by milk, we conclude (1) that lymphocytes present in the milk cannot transfer immunity to tumour-specific antigens when absorbed by suckling, and (2) that transfer of maternal immunoglobulins either pre- or postnatally also does not protect against s.c. inoculated tumour.", "PMID": 565208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6413", "title": "Mitoses in normal and psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "The morning count of mitoses in uninvolved epidermis of psoriatics is not significantly different from normal skin. The afternoon count is higher than the morning in both, and significantly higher in uninvolved than in normal epidermis. These results may be interpreted as favouring the existence of a non-cycling G2 population in human epidermis. This G2 population could be released into mitosis by the factors involved in diurnal variation, and might be larger and more labile in psoriatics than in normals. The pathogenesis and aetiology of psoriasis may be related to such a G2 population.", "contents": "Mitoses in normal and psoriatic epidermis. The morning count of mitoses in uninvolved epidermis of psoriatics is not significantly different from normal skin. The afternoon count is higher than the morning in both, and significantly higher in uninvolved than in normal epidermis. These results may be interpreted as favouring the existence of a non-cycling G2 population in human epidermis. This G2 population could be released into mitosis by the factors involved in diurnal variation, and might be larger and more labile in psoriatics than in normals. The pathogenesis and aetiology of psoriasis may be related to such a G2 population.", "PMID": 565209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6414", "title": "Maternal plasma and amniotic fluid prolactin levels in normal and hypertensive pregnancy.", "content": "Prolactin levels in the plasma and amniotic fluid of 121 normal pregnant women, 78 women with pre-eclampsia and 30 women with essential hypertension complicating pregnancy were determined by radioimmunoassay. Mean prolactin levels in plasma, but not in amniotic fluid, were significantly lower than controls in the group with pre-eclampsia (P less than 0.01) and in the group with essential hypertension (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest altered production and/or clearance of prolactin from the maternal compartment in these patients and may explain their increased response to pressor agents.", "contents": "Maternal plasma and amniotic fluid prolactin levels in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Prolactin levels in the plasma and amniotic fluid of 121 normal pregnant women, 78 women with pre-eclampsia and 30 women with essential hypertension complicating pregnancy were determined by radioimmunoassay. Mean prolactin levels in plasma, but not in amniotic fluid, were significantly lower than controls in the group with pre-eclampsia (P less than 0.01) and in the group with essential hypertension (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest altered production and/or clearance of prolactin from the maternal compartment in these patients and may explain their increased response to pressor agents.", "PMID": 565211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6415", "title": "Infra-red transillumination stereophotography of the iris in Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis.", "content": "The structural pattern of the iris in 13 patients with Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) was studied by infra-red transillumination stereophotography. All eyes with FHC showed atrophic changes of the iris. Extensive iris atrophy appeared as light, even translucence of the iris, associated in some cases with occasional dense small patches or pigment clumps. Moderate punctate, patchy or radiate, or extensive atrophy of the sphincter muscle was seen in all eyes with FHC. Radial contraction folds of Schwalbe, structural folds of Schwalbe, and circular contraction folds on the posterior surface of the iris were visualised in few eyes with FHC, whereas they were seen in most contralateral eyes. The results suggest that infra-red transillumination sterophotography can be used as a diagnostic method in FHC.", "contents": "Infra-red transillumination stereophotography of the iris in Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis. The structural pattern of the iris in 13 patients with Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) was studied by infra-red transillumination stereophotography. All eyes with FHC showed atrophic changes of the iris. Extensive iris atrophy appeared as light, even translucence of the iris, associated in some cases with occasional dense small patches or pigment clumps. Moderate punctate, patchy or radiate, or extensive atrophy of the sphincter muscle was seen in all eyes with FHC. Radial contraction folds of Schwalbe, structural folds of Schwalbe, and circular contraction folds on the posterior surface of the iris were visualised in few eyes with FHC, whereas they were seen in most contralateral eyes. The results suggest that infra-red transillumination sterophotography can be used as a diagnostic method in FHC.", "PMID": 565212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6416", "title": "Retinal dystrophies associated with peripheral retinal vasculopathy.", "content": "A pair of identical twins with cone-rod dystrophy and 1 patient with dominant retinitis pigmentosa are reported who had a peculiar vascular retinopathy characterised by perivenous accumulation of fluorescein in the temporal periphery. Other retinal dystrophies associated with leaking retinal vessels are discussed.", "contents": "Retinal dystrophies associated with peripheral retinal vasculopathy. A pair of identical twins with cone-rod dystrophy and 1 patient with dominant retinitis pigmentosa are reported who had a peculiar vascular retinopathy characterised by perivenous accumulation of fluorescein in the temporal periphery. Other retinal dystrophies associated with leaking retinal vessels are discussed.", "PMID": 565213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6417", "title": "Calcium digestibility in cows as influenced by the excess of alkaline ions over stable acid ions in their diets.", "content": "1. Statistical analyses were carried out on results obtained under strictly-controlled conditions in metabolism stalls with forty-one different rations fed to 127 adult non-pregnant dry cows, and with fourteen other different rations fed to thirty-five adult non-pregnant lactating cows that had calved 2-6 months earlier and whose daily milk production ranged from 11 to 20 kg. 2. Correlations between calcium digestibility and values for the sum of the alkaline ions sodium and potassium minus the sum of the stable acid ions chloride, sulphate and phosphate were calculated for all fifty-five experimental diets. 3. The results showed that the excess of the anions over the cations, in rations maintaining a positive Ca balance but not in rations allowing a negative Ca balance, increases the absorption of Ca from the intestine. Phosphorus, not alone but with chloride and sulphate, is the most important component of this effect.", "contents": "Calcium digestibility in cows as influenced by the excess of alkaline ions over stable acid ions in their diets. 1. Statistical analyses were carried out on results obtained under strictly-controlled conditions in metabolism stalls with forty-one different rations fed to 127 adult non-pregnant dry cows, and with fourteen other different rations fed to thirty-five adult non-pregnant lactating cows that had calved 2-6 months earlier and whose daily milk production ranged from 11 to 20 kg. 2. Correlations between calcium digestibility and values for the sum of the alkaline ions sodium and potassium minus the sum of the stable acid ions chloride, sulphate and phosphate were calculated for all fifty-five experimental diets. 3. The results showed that the excess of the anions over the cations, in rations maintaining a positive Ca balance but not in rations allowing a negative Ca balance, increases the absorption of Ca from the intestine. Phosphorus, not alone but with chloride and sulphate, is the most important component of this effect.", "PMID": 565214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6418", "title": "A model for the estimation of volatile fatty acid production in the rumen in non-steady-state conditions.", "content": "A method of estimating volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in the rumen in non-steady-state conditions was proposed. Laboratory models indicated that good estimates of total production over a complete feeding cycle could be obtained even when a wide range of production rates and volume changes occurred during the experiment. But estimates of instantaneous production rates might have contained large errors unless some attempt was made to match the infusion rate of labelled VFA to the rate at which VFA was produced in the rumen.", "contents": "A model for the estimation of volatile fatty acid production in the rumen in non-steady-state conditions. A method of estimating volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in the rumen in non-steady-state conditions was proposed. Laboratory models indicated that good estimates of total production over a complete feeding cycle could be obtained even when a wide range of production rates and volume changes occurred during the experiment. But estimates of instantaneous production rates might have contained large errors unless some attempt was made to match the infusion rate of labelled VFA to the rate at which VFA was produced in the rumen.", "PMID": 565215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6419", "title": "On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders. 2. Prolonged metabolic experiments with daily supplements of selenomethionine, selenite and fish.", "content": "1. The daily intake of selenium by three subjects was supplemented with 100 microgram Se as selenomethionine (Semet-Se) or sodium selenite (selenite-Se)/d for 10-11 weeks, or with 65 microgram Se as in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) (fish-Se)/d for 4 weeks. 2. Urinary and faecal excretion of Se was measured and also Se concentration in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes. Measurements on blood were made at intervals after supplementation had ceased. 3. Selenite-Se was not as well absorbed (0.46 of the intake) during the first 4 weeks as Semet-Se (0.75 of the intake) and fish Se (0.66 of the intake). 4. Blood Se increased steadily with Semet-Se, from 0.08 to 0.18 microgram Se/ml, but more slowly with selenite-Se, reaching a plateau in 7-8 weeks at 0.11 microgram Se/ml. Plasma Se increased more rapidly with Semet-Se than with selenite-Se, so that initially with Semet-Se plasma Se was greater than erythrocyte Se. 5. Daily urinary excretion increased with all forms of supplement, with initially a greater proportion of absorbed selenite-Se being excreted than Semet-Se or fish-Se. A close relationship was found between plasma Se and 24 h urinary excretion. The findings suggested that there was a rapid initial excretion of presumably unbound Se then a slower excretion of residual unbound, loosely bound or bound Se. 6. Total retentions of 3.5 mg selenite-Se and 4.5 mg Semet-Se were large when compared with an estimate of body content of 6 mg Se, derived in another paper (Stewart, Griffiths, Thomson & Robinson, 1978). Retention of Semet-Se and fish-Se appeared to be reflected in blood Se, whereas for selenite-Se, blood Se reflected retention for only a short period after which Se appeared to be retained without altering the blood Se. This suggested that Semet-Se and selenite-Se were metabolized differently. 7.  A double blind-dosing trail with 100 microgram Semet-Se was carried out for 12 weeks on twenty-four patients with muscular complaints in Tapanui, a low-Se-soil area. Blood Se increased in the experimental group (from 0.067 to 0.143 microgrm Se/ml); clinical findings were not conclusive and will be presented elsewhere. 8. Bood Se was measured in New Zealand residents before travelling to Europe or to North America. On return their blood Se was increased, and depending upon the period of time spent outside New Zealand some values reached concentrations found in visitors and new settlers to New Zealand. 9. The results from these studies and the earlier studies of single and multiple dosing have been used to look at the various criteria in use for assessing Se status of subjects. It is suggested that plasma Se be used in preference to 24 h urinary excretion, and in addition to whole blood Se and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity.", "contents": "On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders. 2. Prolonged metabolic experiments with daily supplements of selenomethionine, selenite and fish. 1. The daily intake of selenium by three subjects was supplemented with 100 microgram Se as selenomethionine (Semet-Se) or sodium selenite (selenite-Se)/d for 10-11 weeks, or with 65 microgram Se as in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) (fish-Se)/d for 4 weeks. 2. Urinary and faecal excretion of Se was measured and also Se concentration in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes. Measurements on blood were made at intervals after supplementation had ceased. 3. Selenite-Se was not as well absorbed (0.46 of the intake) during the first 4 weeks as Semet-Se (0.75 of the intake) and fish Se (0.66 of the intake). 4. Blood Se increased steadily with Semet-Se, from 0.08 to 0.18 microgram Se/ml, but more slowly with selenite-Se, reaching a plateau in 7-8 weeks at 0.11 microgram Se/ml. Plasma Se increased more rapidly with Semet-Se than with selenite-Se, so that initially with Semet-Se plasma Se was greater than erythrocyte Se. 5. Daily urinary excretion increased with all forms of supplement, with initially a greater proportion of absorbed selenite-Se being excreted than Semet-Se or fish-Se. A close relationship was found between plasma Se and 24 h urinary excretion. The findings suggested that there was a rapid initial excretion of presumably unbound Se then a slower excretion of residual unbound, loosely bound or bound Se. 6. Total retentions of 3.5 mg selenite-Se and 4.5 mg Semet-Se were large when compared with an estimate of body content of 6 mg Se, derived in another paper (Stewart, Griffiths, Thomson & Robinson, 1978). Retention of Semet-Se and fish-Se appeared to be reflected in blood Se, whereas for selenite-Se, blood Se reflected retention for only a short period after which Se appeared to be retained without altering the blood Se. This suggested that Semet-Se and selenite-Se were metabolized differently. 7.  A double blind-dosing trail with 100 microgram Semet-Se was carried out for 12 weeks on twenty-four patients with muscular complaints in Tapanui, a low-Se-soil area. Blood Se increased in the experimental group (from 0.067 to 0.143 microgrm Se/ml); clinical findings were not conclusive and will be presented elsewhere. 8. Bood Se was measured in New Zealand residents before travelling to Europe or to North America. On return their blood Se was increased, and depending upon the period of time spent outside New Zealand some values reached concentrations found in visitors and new settlers to New Zealand. 9. The results from these studies and the earlier studies of single and multiple dosing have been used to look at the various criteria in use for assessing Se status of subjects. It is suggested that plasma Se be used in preference to 24 h urinary excretion, and in addition to whole blood Se and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity.", "PMID": 565216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6420", "title": "Action of phospholipases A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Effects of the phase transition, bilayer curvature and structural defects.", "content": "We examined the action of porcine pancreatic and bee-venom phospholipase A2 towards bilayers of phosphatidylcholine as a function of several physical characteristics of the lipid-water interface. 1. Unsonicated liposomes of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine are degraded by both phospholipases in the temperature region of the phase transition only (cf. Op den Kamp et al. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 345, 253--256 and Op den Kamp et al. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 406, 169--177). With sonicates the temperature range in which hydrolysis occurs is much wider. This discrepancy between liposomes and sonicates cannot be ascribed entirely to differences in available substrate surface. 2. Below the phase-transition temperature the phospholipases degrade dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine single-bilayer vesicles with a strongly curved surface much more effectively than larger single-bilayer vesicles with a relatively low degree of curvature. 3. Vesicles composed of egg phosphatidylcholine can be degraded by pancreatic phospholipase A2 at 37 degrees C, provided that the substrate bilayer is strongly curved. The bee-venom enzyme shows a similar, but less pronounced, preference for small substrate vesicles. 4. In a limited temperature region just above the transition temperature of the substrate the action of both phospholipases initially proceeds with a gradually increasing velocity. This stimulation is presumably due to an increase of the transition temperature, effectuated by the products of the phospholipase action. 5. Structural defects in the substrate bilayer, introduced by sonication below the phase-transition temperature (cf. Lawaczeck et al. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443, 313--330) facilitate the action of both phospholipases. The results lead to the general conclusion that structural irregularities in the packing of the substrate molecules facilitate the action of phospholipases A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Within the phase transition and with bilayers containing structural defects these irregularities represent boundaries between separate lipid domains. The stimulatory effect of strong bilayer curvature can be ascribed to an overall perturbation of the lipid packing as well as to a change in the phase-transition temperature.", "contents": "Action of phospholipases A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Effects of the phase transition, bilayer curvature and structural defects. We examined the action of porcine pancreatic and bee-venom phospholipase A2 towards bilayers of phosphatidylcholine as a function of several physical characteristics of the lipid-water interface. 1. Unsonicated liposomes of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine are degraded by both phospholipases in the temperature region of the phase transition only (cf. Op den Kamp et al. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 345, 253--256 and Op den Kamp et al. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 406, 169--177). With sonicates the temperature range in which hydrolysis occurs is much wider. This discrepancy between liposomes and sonicates cannot be ascribed entirely to differences in available substrate surface. 2. Below the phase-transition temperature the phospholipases degrade dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine single-bilayer vesicles with a strongly curved surface much more effectively than larger single-bilayer vesicles with a relatively low degree of curvature. 3. Vesicles composed of egg phosphatidylcholine can be degraded by pancreatic phospholipase A2 at 37 degrees C, provided that the substrate bilayer is strongly curved. The bee-venom enzyme shows a similar, but less pronounced, preference for small substrate vesicles. 4. In a limited temperature region just above the transition temperature of the substrate the action of both phospholipases initially proceeds with a gradually increasing velocity. This stimulation is presumably due to an increase of the transition temperature, effectuated by the products of the phospholipase action. 5. Structural defects in the substrate bilayer, introduced by sonication below the phase-transition temperature (cf. Lawaczeck et al. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443, 313--330) facilitate the action of both phospholipases. The results lead to the general conclusion that structural irregularities in the packing of the substrate molecules facilitate the action of phospholipases A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Within the phase transition and with bilayers containing structural defects these irregularities represent boundaries between separate lipid domains. The stimulatory effect of strong bilayer curvature can be ascribed to an overall perturbation of the lipid packing as well as to a change in the phase-transition temperature.", "PMID": 565217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6421", "title": "The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells in primary culture.", "content": "1. The formation of phosphatidylcholine from radioactive precursors was studied in adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells in primary culture. 2. The incorporation of [Me-14C]choline into total lipids and phosphatidylcholine was stimulated by addition of palmitate, whereas the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine was stimulated by addition of choline. Addition of glucose decreased the absolute rate of incorporation of [1(3)-3H]glycerol into total lipids, phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine, decreased the percentage [1(3)-3H]glycerol recovered in phosphatidylcholine, but increased the percentage phosphatidylcholine label in the disaturated species. 3. At saturating substrate concentrations, the percentages of phosphatidylcholine radioactivity found in disaturated phosphatidylcholine after incubation with [1-(14)C]acetate (in the presence of glucose) [1-(14)C]palmitate (in the presence of glucose), [Me-14C]choline (in the presence of glucose and palmitate) and [U-14C]glucose (in the presence of choline and palmitate) were 78, 75, 74 and 90%, respectively. 4. Fatty acids stimulated the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into the glycerol moiety of phosphatidylcholine. The degree of unsaturation of the added fatty acids was reflected in the distribution of [U-14C]glucose label among the different molecular species of phosphatidylcholine. It is suggested that the glucose concentration in the blood as related to the amount of available fatty acids and their degree of unsaturation may be factors governing the synthesis of surfactant lipids.", "contents": "The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells in primary culture. 1. The formation of phosphatidylcholine from radioactive precursors was studied in adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells in primary culture. 2. The incorporation of [Me-14C]choline into total lipids and phosphatidylcholine was stimulated by addition of palmitate, whereas the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine was stimulated by addition of choline. Addition of glucose decreased the absolute rate of incorporation of [1(3)-3H]glycerol into total lipids, phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine, decreased the percentage [1(3)-3H]glycerol recovered in phosphatidylcholine, but increased the percentage phosphatidylcholine label in the disaturated species. 3. At saturating substrate concentrations, the percentages of phosphatidylcholine radioactivity found in disaturated phosphatidylcholine after incubation with [1-(14)C]acetate (in the presence of glucose) [1-(14)C]palmitate (in the presence of glucose), [Me-14C]choline (in the presence of glucose and palmitate) and [U-14C]glucose (in the presence of choline and palmitate) were 78, 75, 74 and 90%, respectively. 4. Fatty acids stimulated the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into the glycerol moiety of phosphatidylcholine. The degree of unsaturation of the added fatty acids was reflected in the distribution of [U-14C]glucose label among the different molecular species of phosphatidylcholine. It is suggested that the glucose concentration in the blood as related to the amount of available fatty acids and their degree of unsaturation may be factors governing the synthesis of surfactant lipids.", "PMID": 565218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6422", "title": "Differentiation of the contribution of the two subunits of lutropin to its in vivo activity.", "content": "Porcine and ovine lutropins were acetimidated at amino groups to various degrees and the effects of the modification on the induction of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase activity were examined. A drastic (84%) loss of biological activity was observed upon modification of two amino groups in porcine lutropin. The results with ovine lutropin derivatives were quite similar. Circular dichroism measurements showed no conformational changes and dissociation into subunits was not observed in the derivatives. Accordingly, the loss of biological activity was not a by-product of conformational changes. It was concluded that lutropin carries a single binding site which is constructed by surface residues or regions located on both the alpha- and beta-subunits of the hormone.", "contents": "Differentiation of the contribution of the two subunits of lutropin to its in vivo activity. Porcine and ovine lutropins were acetimidated at amino groups to various degrees and the effects of the modification on the induction of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase activity were examined. A drastic (84%) loss of biological activity was observed upon modification of two amino groups in porcine lutropin. The results with ovine lutropin derivatives were quite similar. Circular dichroism measurements showed no conformational changes and dissociation into subunits was not observed in the derivatives. Accordingly, the loss of biological activity was not a by-product of conformational changes. It was concluded that lutropin carries a single binding site which is constructed by surface residues or regions located on both the alpha- and beta-subunits of the hormone.", "PMID": 565219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6423", "title": "Chemical analysis of stalk components of Dictostelium discoideum.", "content": "Structural components of the stalks of mature fruiting bodies of Dictyostelium discoideum have been isolated and characterized after solubilizing non-structural components with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble stalks are composed of about 52% cellulose, 15% protein and 3% of a non-cellulosic heteropolymer in a covalently bound matrix. Non-covalently bound fatty acid containing material was also found. The composition and structural interrelationships of these components are essentially identical to that of the urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble surface sheath which is produced earlier in development before culmination. These results suggest that the same components are involved in making structural elements which differ substantially in their functional role in the developmental sequence as well as in their spatial and temporal localization and morphological appearance.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of stalk components of Dictostelium discoideum. Structural components of the stalks of mature fruiting bodies of Dictyostelium discoideum have been isolated and characterized after solubilizing non-structural components with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble stalks are composed of about 52% cellulose, 15% protein and 3% of a non-cellulosic heteropolymer in a covalently bound matrix. Non-covalently bound fatty acid containing material was also found. The composition and structural interrelationships of these components are essentially identical to that of the urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble surface sheath which is produced earlier in development before culmination. These results suggest that the same components are involved in making structural elements which differ substantially in their functional role in the developmental sequence as well as in their spatial and temporal localization and morphological appearance.", "PMID": 565220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6424", "title": "Postnatal maldevelopment of the retina.", "content": "The effect of certain factors on the early postnatal development of the retina was studied by electron microscopy. Although the retina of developing rats injected with sodium iodate on the 1st and 7th postnatal days showed no retardation of development of photoreceptor outer segment, it began to degenerate about 3 weeks after birth. The retina of developing rats exposed to strong light from the 1st to 5th postnatal day revealed slight developmental retardation of the photoreceptor outer segment and the photoreceptor outer segment began to degenerate about 3 weeks after birth. The vitamin A deficient developing rat it began to degenerate nearly 3 weeks after birth. In spite of induction of developmental retardation of the photoreceptor outer segment of the retina, development of the photoreceptor outer segment was not completely inhibited by moderately acting factors. However, 3 weeks after birth, the photoreceptor outer segments began to degenerate. Therefore, some factors during the early postnatal period can cause the late appearance of degeneration of the retina. The characteristics of retinal degeneration are the same as those found in the retinas of adult rats which are affected by each factor. These degenerations later recover morphologically.", "contents": "Postnatal maldevelopment of the retina. The effect of certain factors on the early postnatal development of the retina was studied by electron microscopy. Although the retina of developing rats injected with sodium iodate on the 1st and 7th postnatal days showed no retardation of development of photoreceptor outer segment, it began to degenerate about 3 weeks after birth. The retina of developing rats exposed to strong light from the 1st to 5th postnatal day revealed slight developmental retardation of the photoreceptor outer segment and the photoreceptor outer segment began to degenerate about 3 weeks after birth. The vitamin A deficient developing rat it began to degenerate nearly 3 weeks after birth. In spite of induction of developmental retardation of the photoreceptor outer segment of the retina, development of the photoreceptor outer segment was not completely inhibited by moderately acting factors. However, 3 weeks after birth, the photoreceptor outer segments began to degenerate. Therefore, some factors during the early postnatal period can cause the late appearance of degeneration of the retina. The characteristics of retinal degeneration are the same as those found in the retinas of adult rats which are affected by each factor. These degenerations later recover morphologically.", "PMID": 565221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6425", "title": "Developmentally regulated slime mold lectins and specific cell cohesion.", "content": "Evidence has been presented that cell surface lectins and complementary receptors appear on the surface of slime molds cells of 2 species, D. discoideum and P. pallidum, as they differentiate from a noncohesive to a cohesive form.  Cohesion of P. pallidum cells measured to a quantitative assay can be blocked by reagents that would be expected to interfere with complementary interaction of cell surface lectin and receptor: namely, specific sugars, specific glycoproteins, and specific univalent antibody fragments. Although none of these experiments are definitive, the weight of the evidence suggests that at least some aspect of specific cellular cohesion is mediated by the interaction of cell surface lectins and complementary receptors.", "contents": "Developmentally regulated slime mold lectins and specific cell cohesion. Evidence has been presented that cell surface lectins and complementary receptors appear on the surface of slime molds cells of 2 species, D. discoideum and P. pallidum, as they differentiate from a noncohesive to a cohesive form.  Cohesion of P. pallidum cells measured to a quantitative assay can be blocked by reagents that would be expected to interfere with complementary interaction of cell surface lectin and receptor: namely, specific sugars, specific glycoproteins, and specific univalent antibody fragments. Although none of these experiments are definitive, the weight of the evidence suggests that at least some aspect of specific cellular cohesion is mediated by the interaction of cell surface lectins and complementary receptors.", "PMID": 565225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6426", "title": "Effect of corticosteroid therapy on the phagocytosis of antibody-coated platelets by human leukocytes.", "content": "Patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a disorder in which antibody coated platelets are cleared from the circulation by phagocytic cells, are often treated with glucocorticoids. The effect of corticosteroids on the recognition and ingestion of sensitized platelets by phagocytes can be quantified in these patients and compared to changes in platelet levels. Six patients with ITP were treated with 96 mg daily of methylprednisolone for 5 days. This treatment raised their platelet count and simultaneously decreased the ability of their granulocytes to phagocytize antibody-coated platelets and C3-coated paraffin oil droplets. Corticosteroid treatment did not affect the binding of antibody to platelets or the quantity of antibody in the patients' serum. The ingestion defect was present in isolated, washed leukocytes and persisted for 3-5 days after the corticosteroids were discontinued. Granulocytes and purified monocytes obtained from patients with other medical disorders receiving corticosteroids also ingested paraffin oil droplets and opsonized platelets at a slower rate. These studies provide direct evidence that corticosteroids induce a generalized phagocytic defect and that this may be the mechanism by which corticosteroids raise the platelet count in patients with ITP.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroid therapy on the phagocytosis of antibody-coated platelets by human leukocytes. Patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a disorder in which antibody coated platelets are cleared from the circulation by phagocytic cells, are often treated with glucocorticoids. The effect of corticosteroids on the recognition and ingestion of sensitized platelets by phagocytes can be quantified in these patients and compared to changes in platelet levels. Six patients with ITP were treated with 96 mg daily of methylprednisolone for 5 days. This treatment raised their platelet count and simultaneously decreased the ability of their granulocytes to phagocytize antibody-coated platelets and C3-coated paraffin oil droplets. Corticosteroid treatment did not affect the binding of antibody to platelets or the quantity of antibody in the patients' serum. The ingestion defect was present in isolated, washed leukocytes and persisted for 3-5 days after the corticosteroids were discontinued. Granulocytes and purified monocytes obtained from patients with other medical disorders receiving corticosteroids also ingested paraffin oil droplets and opsonized platelets at a slower rate. These studies provide direct evidence that corticosteroids induce a generalized phagocytic defect and that this may be the mechanism by which corticosteroids raise the platelet count in patients with ITP.", "PMID": 565227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6427", "title": "Analysis of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in lingonberries, wild mushrooms, birch and aspen foliage.", "content": "A method was developed for residue analysis of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in lingonberries, wild mushrooms, birch and aspen foliage. The method involves the extraction of the residues with diethyl ether followed by alkali hydrolysis, purification by column chromatography, methylation of the free acids and their determination by gas chromatography. The limit of detection is 0.05 ppm for 2,4-D and 0.02 ppm for 2,4,5-T for a 20 g sample with a recovery of 75% +/- 11%. Results of some analyses are also reported.", "contents": "Analysis of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in lingonberries, wild mushrooms, birch and aspen foliage. A method was developed for residue analysis of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in lingonberries, wild mushrooms, birch and aspen foliage. The method involves the extraction of the residues with diethyl ether followed by alkali hydrolysis, purification by column chromatography, methylation of the free acids and their determination by gas chromatography. The limit of detection is 0.05 ppm for 2,4-D and 0.02 ppm for 2,4,5-T for a 20 g sample with a recovery of 75% +/- 11%. Results of some analyses are also reported.", "PMID": 565228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6428", "title": "The influence of alachlor, trifluralin, and diazinon on the development of endogenous mycorrhizae in soybeans.", "content": "Preplant incorporated treatments of 2 and 4 kg/ha of trifluralin and diazinon had no significant effect on growth, P accumulation or root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi in soybeans planted in an Andover clay loam. At 4 kg/ha, alachlor and trifluralin inhibited root development of 25 day-old plants. The 4 kg/ha alachlor treatment reduced shoot weight of 25 day old plants significantly and suppressed mycorrhizal development of 25 to 60 day old plants. At currently used commercial rates neither alachlor, trifluralin, nor diazinon affected mycorrhizal development under the conditions of the experiment.", "contents": "The influence of alachlor, trifluralin, and diazinon on the development of endogenous mycorrhizae in soybeans. Preplant incorporated treatments of 2 and 4 kg/ha of trifluralin and diazinon had no significant effect on growth, P accumulation or root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi in soybeans planted in an Andover clay loam. At 4 kg/ha, alachlor and trifluralin inhibited root development of 25 day-old plants. The 4 kg/ha alachlor treatment reduced shoot weight of 25 day old plants significantly and suppressed mycorrhizal development of 25 to 60 day old plants. At currently used commercial rates neither alachlor, trifluralin, nor diazinon affected mycorrhizal development under the conditions of the experiment.", "PMID": 565229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6429", "title": "Perinatal post-mortem radiography--experience with 2500 cases.", "content": "A review of 2500 routine post-mortem radiographic examinations of perinates is presented. It is concluded that the procedure is of value in the detection of abnormalities which may have contributed to the death of the perinate and which may have escaped detection at autopsy. The use of contrast agents may assist in the evaluation of congenital abnormalities, especially of the cardiovascular system. Post-mortem radiographic examination may be especially helpful in the evaluation of perinates for whom permission for autopsy is denied. Post-mortem radiography may assist in the gathering of statistical data and may provide useful material for teaching and research.", "contents": "Perinatal post-mortem radiography--experience with 2500 cases. A review of 2500 routine post-mortem radiographic examinations of perinates is presented. It is concluded that the procedure is of value in the detection of abnormalities which may have contributed to the death of the perinate and which may have escaped detection at autopsy. The use of contrast agents may assist in the evaluation of congenital abnormalities, especially of the cardiovascular system. Post-mortem radiographic examination may be especially helpful in the evaluation of perinates for whom permission for autopsy is denied. Post-mortem radiography may assist in the gathering of statistical data and may provide useful material for teaching and research.", "PMID": 565236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6430", "title": "Psychiatric problems in the first year after mastectomy.", "content": "The psychiatric morbidity associated with mastectomy was assessed in 75 women by following them up from the time they presented with suspected breast cancer to one year after the operation. Fifty women with benign breast disease served as controls. Throughout the follow-up period the incidence of psychiatric problems was higher among the women who had undergone mastectomy. One year after surgery 19 (25%) of these women compared with only 5 (10%) of the controls needed treatment for anxiety or depression or both, and 16 (33%) compared with 3 (8%) respectively had moderate or severe sexual difficulties. Altogether 29 patients in the mastectomy group (39%) and six of the controls (12%) had serious anxiety, depression, or sexual difficulties. Of the eight women in the mastectomy group who sought help for their problems, only two felt that the help given had been appropriate. The inability to recognise and treat these emotional disturbances is a common and serious problem. Monitoring by specially trained nurses and social workers might help to identify them earlier and even reduce them.", "contents": "Psychiatric problems in the first year after mastectomy. The psychiatric morbidity associated with mastectomy was assessed in 75 women by following them up from the time they presented with suspected breast cancer to one year after the operation. Fifty women with benign breast disease served as controls. Throughout the follow-up period the incidence of psychiatric problems was higher among the women who had undergone mastectomy. One year after surgery 19 (25%) of these women compared with only 5 (10%) of the controls needed treatment for anxiety or depression or both, and 16 (33%) compared with 3 (8%) respectively had moderate or severe sexual difficulties. Altogether 29 patients in the mastectomy group (39%) and six of the controls (12%) had serious anxiety, depression, or sexual difficulties. Of the eight women in the mastectomy group who sought help for their problems, only two felt that the help given had been appropriate. The inability to recognise and treat these emotional disturbances is a common and serious problem. Monitoring by specially trained nurses and social workers might help to identify them earlier and even reduce them.", "PMID": 565239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6431", "title": "Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of electrochemical stimulation of the amygdala on the release of luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The effect of amygdaloid stimulation on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats. Electrochemical stimulation (anodic D.C.) was applied at 11.30 h through stainless steel electrodes chronically implanted into different amygdaloid nuclei; medial (Men.), cortical (Con.), central (Cn.), or basolateral (Bln.). A plastic cannula inserted into the jugular vein was used for obtaining blood samples at different times of the experimental procedure. In rats on the day of proestrus, stimulation (100 micronA/30 sec) in the Bln. resulted in blockade of spontaneous ovulation and of the preovulatory LH release and that in the Cn. produced a delay in the hormone discharge. On the contrary, stimulation in the Men. was effective in advancing the time of the normal LH surge, while no change of the normal pattern occurred from the Con. Stimulation (100 micronA/60 sec) of ovariectomized estrogen primed rats applied in the Men. or the Con. induced LH release, while that in the Bln. or the Cn. had no effect. The release of LH by Men. stimulation and the blocking effect of Bln. showed a close relationship with the amount of current delivered. Lower thresholds were required for inhibition than for activation. The release of LH induced by stimulation in the Men. of ovariectomized estrogen primed rats occurred at the same time of the day whether the stimulus was applied at 8.30 h, 11.30 h or 14.00 h, indicating a modulatory effect of the amygdala. No changes in serum LH concentration were observed after stimulation of the Men. of castrated estrogen primed male rats or in the Bln. of ovariectomized non-primed rats. The present results indicate that the amygdala exerts a dual effect on the release of LH, the Bln. being inhibitory and the Men. and Con. facilitatory.", "contents": "Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of electrochemical stimulation of the amygdala on the release of luteinizing hormone. The effect of amygdaloid stimulation on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats. Electrochemical stimulation (anodic D.C.) was applied at 11.30 h through stainless steel electrodes chronically implanted into different amygdaloid nuclei; medial (Men.), cortical (Con.), central (Cn.), or basolateral (Bln.). A plastic cannula inserted into the jugular vein was used for obtaining blood samples at different times of the experimental procedure. In rats on the day of proestrus, stimulation (100 micronA/30 sec) in the Bln. resulted in blockade of spontaneous ovulation and of the preovulatory LH release and that in the Cn. produced a delay in the hormone discharge. On the contrary, stimulation in the Men. was effective in advancing the time of the normal LH surge, while no change of the normal pattern occurred from the Con. Stimulation (100 micronA/60 sec) of ovariectomized estrogen primed rats applied in the Men. or the Con. induced LH release, while that in the Bln. or the Cn. had no effect. The release of LH by Men. stimulation and the blocking effect of Bln. showed a close relationship with the amount of current delivered. Lower thresholds were required for inhibition than for activation. The release of LH induced by stimulation in the Men. of ovariectomized estrogen primed rats occurred at the same time of the day whether the stimulus was applied at 8.30 h, 11.30 h or 14.00 h, indicating a modulatory effect of the amygdala. No changes in serum LH concentration were observed after stimulation of the Men. of castrated estrogen primed male rats or in the Bln. of ovariectomized non-primed rats. The present results indicate that the amygdala exerts a dual effect on the release of LH, the Bln. being inhibitory and the Men. and Con. facilitatory.", "PMID": 565243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6432", "title": "Effects of phenytoin on acetylcholinesterase activity and cell protein in cultured chick embryonic skeletal muscle.", "content": "Cultured pectoral muscle from 11-day-old chick embryos was treated for 48 h with phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in concentrations ranging from 15 to 270 microgram/ml on days 7-9 in vitro. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, EC 2.7.3.2), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) activities, [3H]leucine incorporation into protein, and total protein of the cultures decreased in a dose-related manner with DPH concentrations of 30 microgram/ml and greater. Total AChE activity and AChE activity released into the medium were specifically decreased with 15 microgram DPH per millilitre. In cultures treated chronically with 15 microgram DPH per millilitre on days 5-13 in vitro, total AChE activity and AChE activity released into the medium were 66.0 +/- 13.2 and 64.7 +/- 11.8% of untreated controls, respectively, but cellular AChE activity, cell protein, and [3H]leucine incorporation into protein were unaffected. The results indicate that DPH specifically decreases the total net synthesis of AChE activity by a direct action on cultured chick embryo muscle.", "contents": "Effects of phenytoin on acetylcholinesterase activity and cell protein in cultured chick embryonic skeletal muscle. Cultured pectoral muscle from 11-day-old chick embryos was treated for 48 h with phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in concentrations ranging from 15 to 270 microgram/ml on days 7-9 in vitro. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, EC 2.7.3.2), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) activities, [3H]leucine incorporation into protein, and total protein of the cultures decreased in a dose-related manner with DPH concentrations of 30 microgram/ml and greater. Total AChE activity and AChE activity released into the medium were specifically decreased with 15 microgram DPH per millilitre. In cultures treated chronically with 15 microgram DPH per millilitre on days 5-13 in vitro, total AChE activity and AChE activity released into the medium were 66.0 +/- 13.2 and 64.7 +/- 11.8% of untreated controls, respectively, but cellular AChE activity, cell protein, and [3H]leucine incorporation into protein were unaffected. The results indicate that DPH specifically decreases the total net synthesis of AChE activity by a direct action on cultured chick embryo muscle.", "PMID": 565245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6433", "title": "The effects of temperature on growth of four high Arctic soil fungi in a three-phase system.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the growth of Chrysosporium pannorum, Cylindrocarpon sp., Penicillium janthinellum, and Phoma herbarum, isolated from tundra soils, was studied. The growth in two systems, glucose-mineral agar plates and sand, moistened with glucose-mineral broth, was compared. All isolates showed an exponential increase in mass (measured as protein increase) in sand and a linear rate of extension on agar. Radial increase on agar was shown not to be a good index of growth in sand. Trends in growth rates in the sand cultures indicated that all four fungi can grow at low temperatures. The growth rate for Penicillium janthinellum at 15 degrees C was higher than at 20 degrees C, and Cylindrocarpon sp. and Phoma herbarum had higher growth rates at 2.5 degrees C than at 5 degrees C. These data suggest that there may be some adaptation by these fungi to growth in Arctic regions.", "contents": "The effects of temperature on growth of four high Arctic soil fungi in a three-phase system. The effect of temperature on the growth of Chrysosporium pannorum, Cylindrocarpon sp., Penicillium janthinellum, and Phoma herbarum, isolated from tundra soils, was studied. The growth in two systems, glucose-mineral agar plates and sand, moistened with glucose-mineral broth, was compared. All isolates showed an exponential increase in mass (measured as protein increase) in sand and a linear rate of extension on agar. Radial increase on agar was shown not to be a good index of growth in sand. Trends in growth rates in the sand cultures indicated that all four fungi can grow at low temperatures. The growth rate for Penicillium janthinellum at 15 degrees C was higher than at 20 degrees C, and Cylindrocarpon sp. and Phoma herbarum had higher growth rates at 2.5 degrees C than at 5 degrees C. These data suggest that there may be some adaptation by these fungi to growth in Arctic regions.", "PMID": 565246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6434", "title": "Torulopsis pampelonensis sp. nov. A new species of yeast isolated from beech forest soil.", "content": "A new yeast species, Torulopsis pampelonensis is described. Six strains were recovered from a gleyic Andosol under a beech forest and two other strains from the surface of fallen leaves of Fagus silvatica L. Although it showed some morphological and physiological similarities with Torulopsis tannotolerans Jacob and Torulopsis navarrensis Ram\u00edrez and Moriy\u00f3n, it differed from all Torulopsis species presently known.", "contents": "Torulopsis pampelonensis sp. nov. A new species of yeast isolated from beech forest soil. A new yeast species, Torulopsis pampelonensis is described. Six strains were recovered from a gleyic Andosol under a beech forest and two other strains from the surface of fallen leaves of Fagus silvatica L. Although it showed some morphological and physiological similarities with Torulopsis tannotolerans Jacob and Torulopsis navarrensis Ram\u00edrez and Moriy\u00f3n, it differed from all Torulopsis species presently known.", "PMID": 565247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6435", "title": "Relationship between iron-limited growth and energy limitation during phased cultivation of Candida utilis.", "content": "The yeast Candida utilis was continuously synchronized by the phasing technique (6 h doubling time) with either iron or nitrogen as the limiting nutrient. Iron limitations resulted in decreased molar growth yields with respect to the carbon substrates and ammonia and in increased specific rates of oxygen uptake. Relatively low energy-charge values were maintained by the iron-limited culture. All these taken together seemed to indicate that the growth of the yeast under iron limitation was also limited by metabolically available energy. Consideralbe amounts of ethyl acetate were produced by the yeast under phased cultivation when the growth was limited by iron but not by nitrogen. In vitro studies using cell-free extracts showed that the substrates for ethyl acetate synthesis were acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and ethanol. Under iron-limited growth acetyl CoA seemed to be diverted to ethyl acetate formation rather than being oxidized through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The possibility of energy limitation under iron-limited growth being brought about by the reduced capacity of the yeast to oxidize acetyl CoA through the TCA cycle is considered.", "contents": "Relationship between iron-limited growth and energy limitation during phased cultivation of Candida utilis. The yeast Candida utilis was continuously synchronized by the phasing technique (6 h doubling time) with either iron or nitrogen as the limiting nutrient. Iron limitations resulted in decreased molar growth yields with respect to the carbon substrates and ammonia and in increased specific rates of oxygen uptake. Relatively low energy-charge values were maintained by the iron-limited culture. All these taken together seemed to indicate that the growth of the yeast under iron limitation was also limited by metabolically available energy. Consideralbe amounts of ethyl acetate were produced by the yeast under phased cultivation when the growth was limited by iron but not by nitrogen. In vitro studies using cell-free extracts showed that the substrates for ethyl acetate synthesis were acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and ethanol. Under iron-limited growth acetyl CoA seemed to be diverted to ethyl acetate formation rather than being oxidized through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The possibility of energy limitation under iron-limited growth being brought about by the reduced capacity of the yeast to oxidize acetyl CoA through the TCA cycle is considered.", "PMID": 565248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6436", "title": "RNA and protein synthetic patterns during germination of Polysphondylium pallidum microcysts.", "content": "During microcyst germination in the cellular slime mould Polysphondylium pallidum, an immediate rapid increase in the rate of protein synthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation) is observed within 15 min after the initiation of germination. The data, corrected for amino acid pool changes, reveal that the rate of protein synthesis reaches its peak at 1 1/2 h, after which it decreases. A low level of RNA synthesis ([3H]uridine incorporation) is observed after 1 h and this rate increases markedly after 2 h. Analysis of the RNA species shows a low level of synthesis of all ribosomal RNA's which begins between 1 and 2 h and increases after 2 h. The synthesis of a heterogeneously distributed, poly(A)-containing fraction of RNA (presumptive mRNA) is initiated some time after 2 h and the synthesis of a small molecular weight species in the 4-5S region is observed after 3 h. Thus, it seems that Polysphondylium microcysts show sequentially initiated synthesis of RNA during germination.", "contents": "RNA and protein synthetic patterns during germination of Polysphondylium pallidum microcysts. During microcyst germination in the cellular slime mould Polysphondylium pallidum, an immediate rapid increase in the rate of protein synthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation) is observed within 15 min after the initiation of germination. The data, corrected for amino acid pool changes, reveal that the rate of protein synthesis reaches its peak at 1 1/2 h, after which it decreases. A low level of RNA synthesis ([3H]uridine incorporation) is observed after 1 h and this rate increases markedly after 2 h. Analysis of the RNA species shows a low level of synthesis of all ribosomal RNA's which begins between 1 and 2 h and increases after 2 h. The synthesis of a heterogeneously distributed, poly(A)-containing fraction of RNA (presumptive mRNA) is initiated some time after 2 h and the synthesis of a small molecular weight species in the 4-5S region is observed after 3 h. Thus, it seems that Polysphondylium microcysts show sequentially initiated synthesis of RNA during germination.", "PMID": 565249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6437", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the histogenesis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma revealed that the bulk of the tumor was composed of small polygonal cells containing polyribosomes, short strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and variable amounts of glycogen; the cells were joined by small desmosome-like structures. Similar cells, as well as a variety of larger forms which appeared to be derived from the small cells, were observed along the septa; the larger forms developed a copious cytoplasm and occasionally produced myofilaments. Some of these cells were separated from the septa by basement membranes. Giant cells were also present in the alveolar spaces; these formed neither basement membranes nor myofilaments. The septa themselves were composed largely of collagen and fibroblasts. It is suggested that the commonly proposed correspondence of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma to the myotube stage of muscle differentiation is incorrect; if anything, the overall pattern of the tumor is epithelial-like, and may correspond to the organization of mesenchymal cells at the stage of somite differentiation. The resemblance of the masses of small tumor cells to the cells of Ewing's sarcoma is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the histogenesis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Ultrastructural examination of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma revealed that the bulk of the tumor was composed of small polygonal cells containing polyribosomes, short strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and variable amounts of glycogen; the cells were joined by small desmosome-like structures. Similar cells, as well as a variety of larger forms which appeared to be derived from the small cells, were observed along the septa; the larger forms developed a copious cytoplasm and occasionally produced myofilaments. Some of these cells were separated from the septa by basement membranes. Giant cells were also present in the alveolar spaces; these formed neither basement membranes nor myofilaments. The septa themselves were composed largely of collagen and fibroblasts. It is suggested that the commonly proposed correspondence of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma to the myotube stage of muscle differentiation is incorrect; if anything, the overall pattern of the tumor is epithelial-like, and may correspond to the organization of mesenchymal cells at the stage of somite differentiation. The resemblance of the masses of small tumor cells to the cells of Ewing's sarcoma is discussed.", "PMID": 565250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6438", "title": "Tumor and lymphoid cell lines from a patient with carcinoma of the colon for a cytotoxicity model.", "content": "Three tumor cell lines (COLO 201, COLO 205, and COLO 206) have been established from ascites fluid obtained from a male patient with adenocarcinoma of the colon. In addition to the tumor lines, two lymphoid lines (COLO 197 and COLO 200) have been established from the same patient, with one line from the original biopsy and one from peripheral blood. Characterization of the tumor cell lines revealed four cell types that differ from most colon cell lines reported by others. Chromosome markers were identical in COLO 201 and COLO 205. A long-arm isochromosome 5 observed in COLO 201 and COLO 205 was absent in COLO 206. Statistical analysis of autosomal polysomy revealed that these cell lines were stable and indicated that there may be a cytogenetic basis for the three predominant types of cell morphology. The lymphoid cell line derived from the peripheral blood had a normal male karyotype. The lymphoid cell line derived from a biopsy specimen had a mode of 46 and a deleted chromosome 7 marker. Both lymphoid cell lines had B-cell characteristics. These autochthonous cell lines have been used for immunological studies in cytotoxicity assays and immunoglobulin characterization.", "contents": "Tumor and lymphoid cell lines from a patient with carcinoma of the colon for a cytotoxicity model. Three tumor cell lines (COLO 201, COLO 205, and COLO 206) have been established from ascites fluid obtained from a male patient with adenocarcinoma of the colon. In addition to the tumor lines, two lymphoid lines (COLO 197 and COLO 200) have been established from the same patient, with one line from the original biopsy and one from peripheral blood. Characterization of the tumor cell lines revealed four cell types that differ from most colon cell lines reported by others. Chromosome markers were identical in COLO 201 and COLO 205. A long-arm isochromosome 5 observed in COLO 201 and COLO 205 was absent in COLO 206. Statistical analysis of autosomal polysomy revealed that these cell lines were stable and indicated that there may be a cytogenetic basis for the three predominant types of cell morphology. The lymphoid cell line derived from the peripheral blood had a normal male karyotype. The lymphoid cell line derived from a biopsy specimen had a mode of 46 and a deleted chromosome 7 marker. Both lymphoid cell lines had B-cell characteristics. These autochthonous cell lines have been used for immunological studies in cytotoxicity assays and immunoglobulin characterization.", "PMID": 565251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6439", "title": "Ultrastructure of the theca interna of ovarian follicles in sheep.", "content": "The theca interna of non-atretic ovarian follicles from 2.0 mm in diameter up to the stage shortly following ovulation was studied by light and electron microscopy. In follicles less than 3.0 mm in diameter, the theca interna consisted of about 8-12 layers of flattened cells, together with many capillaries and small bundles of collagen. Two main forms of cellular differentiation were seen. These were towards either fibroblast-like cells or presumed steroidogenic cells whose cytoplasm contained large amounts of predominantly smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum, to which some ribosomes were attached. The majority of cells were of relatively undifferentiated or intermediate structure. In larger follicles up to the early stages of oestrus the theca interna cells became larger and less flattened, and cells rich in tubular endoplasmic reticulum became proportionately more numerous. By 18 h after the onset of oestrus the theca interna was oedematous, and many cells possessed pseudopodia. Many cells also contained numerous lipid droplets, but there were no signs of thecal cell degeneration or death. Shortly after ovulation the basal lamina of the membrana granulosa was incomplete, and it became more difficult to distinguish between theca and granulosa layers. Structural heterogeneity, with two major cell types and cells of intermediate structure, was present at all stages. It was concluded that: (1) the theca interna of 2.0-2.9 mm follicles contained many cells whose structure was compatible with a steroidogenic capacity; (2) changes in the differentiated thecal cells up to the early stages of oestrus were quantitative rather than qualitative, and suggestive of an increased steroidogenic capacity; (3) the accumulation of lipid in many cells of the theca interna by 18 h after the onset of oestrus probably reflected a reduction in steroidogenic activity; and (4) there was no evidence of any structural specialization to facilitate the transport of steroids from the theca interna to the membrana granulosa.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the theca interna of ovarian follicles in sheep. The theca interna of non-atretic ovarian follicles from 2.0 mm in diameter up to the stage shortly following ovulation was studied by light and electron microscopy. In follicles less than 3.0 mm in diameter, the theca interna consisted of about 8-12 layers of flattened cells, together with many capillaries and small bundles of collagen. Two main forms of cellular differentiation were seen. These were towards either fibroblast-like cells or presumed steroidogenic cells whose cytoplasm contained large amounts of predominantly smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum, to which some ribosomes were attached. The majority of cells were of relatively undifferentiated or intermediate structure. In larger follicles up to the early stages of oestrus the theca interna cells became larger and less flattened, and cells rich in tubular endoplasmic reticulum became proportionately more numerous. By 18 h after the onset of oestrus the theca interna was oedematous, and many cells possessed pseudopodia. Many cells also contained numerous lipid droplets, but there were no signs of thecal cell degeneration or death. Shortly after ovulation the basal lamina of the membrana granulosa was incomplete, and it became more difficult to distinguish between theca and granulosa layers. Structural heterogeneity, with two major cell types and cells of intermediate structure, was present at all stages. It was concluded that: (1) the theca interna of 2.0-2.9 mm follicles contained many cells whose structure was compatible with a steroidogenic capacity; (2) changes in the differentiated thecal cells up to the early stages of oestrus were quantitative rather than qualitative, and suggestive of an increased steroidogenic capacity; (3) the accumulation of lipid in many cells of the theca interna by 18 h after the onset of oestrus probably reflected a reduction in steroidogenic activity; and (4) there was no evidence of any structural specialization to facilitate the transport of steroids from the theca interna to the membrana granulosa.", "PMID": 565253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6440", "title": "The sub-structure of nucleosomes.", "content": "A model for the sub-structure of the core particle of the nucleosome in chromatin, based on results from neutron and x-ray scattering and other physico-chemical observations, is presented. Two disc-shaped heterotypic tetramers of histones, opposed face-to-face, form the core protein. Each tetramer is enclasped by an annulus of DNA and the two annuli are joined by a linker piece. The mode of self assembly of core particles in solution is derived as are the changes in conformation of the core particle which occur on transcription and chromosome replication.", "contents": "The sub-structure of nucleosomes. A model for the sub-structure of the core particle of the nucleosome in chromatin, based on results from neutron and x-ray scattering and other physico-chemical observations, is presented. Two disc-shaped heterotypic tetramers of histones, opposed face-to-face, form the core protein. Each tetramer is enclasped by an annulus of DNA and the two annuli are joined by a linker piece. The mode of self assembly of core particles in solution is derived as are the changes in conformation of the core particle which occur on transcription and chromosome replication.", "PMID": 565254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6441", "title": "The phosphorylation of thymidine and the synthesis of histones in ammonia-treated eggs and egg fragments of the sea urchin.", "content": "Unfertilized sea urchin eggs may be preloaded with workable amounts of 3H-thymidine. After fertilizing the eggs or treating the eggs with ammonia, the preloaded thymidine is incorporated into DNA in amounts that are proportional to the number of chromosomes that are replicated. The phosphorylation of the internal thymidine is turned on by fertilization and ammonia treatment, but 3H-TTP does not accumulate because it is immediately used for nuclear DNA synthesis. Accumulation of 3H-TTP occurs only in ammonia-treated enucleate fragments in which no nuclear DNA synthesis can occur. Along with the phosphorylation of thymidine, the synthesis of histones occurs in ammonia-treated enucleate egg fragments.", "contents": "The phosphorylation of thymidine and the synthesis of histones in ammonia-treated eggs and egg fragments of the sea urchin. Unfertilized sea urchin eggs may be preloaded with workable amounts of 3H-thymidine. After fertilizing the eggs or treating the eggs with ammonia, the preloaded thymidine is incorporated into DNA in amounts that are proportional to the number of chromosomes that are replicated. The phosphorylation of the internal thymidine is turned on by fertilization and ammonia treatment, but 3H-TTP does not accumulate because it is immediately used for nuclear DNA synthesis. Accumulation of 3H-TTP occurs only in ammonia-treated enucleate fragments in which no nuclear DNA synthesis can occur. Along with the phosphorylation of thymidine, the synthesis of histones occurs in ammonia-treated enucleate egg fragments.", "PMID": 565255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6442", "title": "Hyperthermic treatment (43 degrees C) rapidly impedes attachment of fibroblasts to culture substrates.", "content": "Hyperthermic (43 degrees C) exposure of Chinese hamster fibroblasts for more than 30 min, either in suspension or as a monolayer, significantly inhibits their ability to attach to the culture substrate. This finding as well as the effect of hyperthermia on membrane proteins and on surface topology are rapidly expressed and differ from the inhibition of colony formation which is a later effect of hyperthermia on reproductive ability.", "contents": "Hyperthermic treatment (43 degrees C) rapidly impedes attachment of fibroblasts to culture substrates. Hyperthermic (43 degrees C) exposure of Chinese hamster fibroblasts for more than 30 min, either in suspension or as a monolayer, significantly inhibits their ability to attach to the culture substrate. This finding as well as the effect of hyperthermia on membrane proteins and on surface topology are rapidly expressed and differ from the inhibition of colony formation which is a later effect of hyperthermia on reproductive ability.", "PMID": 565256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6443", "title": "A possible effect of vitamin D metabolities on cell adhesion.", "content": "The effect has been studied of the metabolites of vitamin D on the adhesion of 3T6 fibroblast cells and of pig aortic endothelial cells in culture. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (x10(-7)M) caused a decrease within 2 h in the adhesive qualities of the cells causing them to float free in the medium; the largest effect was seen with the endothelial cells. All the metabolites of vitamin D tested produced an effect including 25-hydroxyvitamin D which appeared to also have a major toxic effect on the endothelial cells.", "contents": "A possible effect of vitamin D metabolities on cell adhesion. The effect has been studied of the metabolites of vitamin D on the adhesion of 3T6 fibroblast cells and of pig aortic endothelial cells in culture. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (x10(-7)M) caused a decrease within 2 h in the adhesive qualities of the cells causing them to float free in the medium; the largest effect was seen with the endothelial cells. All the metabolites of vitamin D tested produced an effect including 25-hydroxyvitamin D which appeared to also have a major toxic effect on the endothelial cells.", "PMID": 565257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6444", "title": "A new type of primary granule in guinea pig heterophil granulocytes.", "content": "Guinea pig heterophil granulocytes were found to have three types of granules which are formed sequentially during the development of the cells in the bone marrow and differ in shape and electron density: nucleated, azurophil and specific granules. Early promyelocytes proved to synthesize nucleated granules of medium electron density prior to the formation of azurophil granules which are highly electron dense, by late promyelocytes. Since the formation of nucleated granules and azurophil granules is restricted to promyelocytes, both can be considered to be primary granules. The moderately dense specific granules (secondary granules) appear later during granulopoiesis and are firstly present in the myelocyte.", "contents": "A new type of primary granule in guinea pig heterophil granulocytes. Guinea pig heterophil granulocytes were found to have three types of granules which are formed sequentially during the development of the cells in the bone marrow and differ in shape and electron density: nucleated, azurophil and specific granules. Early promyelocytes proved to synthesize nucleated granules of medium electron density prior to the formation of azurophil granules which are highly electron dense, by late promyelocytes. Since the formation of nucleated granules and azurophil granules is restricted to promyelocytes, both can be considered to be primary granules. The moderately dense specific granules (secondary granules) appear later during granulopoiesis and are firstly present in the myelocyte.", "PMID": 565258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6445", "title": "Assessment of the pulmonary vascular bed by echocardiographic right ventricular systolic time intervals.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to measure right ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTI) in 85 normal children (group I) and in 229 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (group II). Corrected right ventricular pre-ejection period (RPEPC) and right ventricular ejection time (RVETc) (based on regression analysis of group I) and RPEP/RVET were each correlated with pulmonary artery (PA) diastolic and mean pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). The best correlation (0.83) was between a second degree polynomial of the RPEP/RVET and PA diastolic pressure. The RPEP/RVET allowed prediction of PA diastolic pressure within 10 mm Hg in 85% of the patients. The utility of RPEP/RVET was confirmed in sequential data of 22 patients, in whom alteration in RPEP/RVET accurately reflected the changing PA diastolic pressure. The RPEP/RVET could not be used to assess PA pressure in six patients with congestive cardiomyopathy nor in 18 patients with complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB).", "contents": "Assessment of the pulmonary vascular bed by echocardiographic right ventricular systolic time intervals. Echocardiography was used to measure right ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTI) in 85 normal children (group I) and in 229 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (group II). Corrected right ventricular pre-ejection period (RPEPC) and right ventricular ejection time (RVETc) (based on regression analysis of group I) and RPEP/RVET were each correlated with pulmonary artery (PA) diastolic and mean pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). The best correlation (0.83) was between a second degree polynomial of the RPEP/RVET and PA diastolic pressure. The RPEP/RVET allowed prediction of PA diastolic pressure within 10 mm Hg in 85% of the patients. The utility of RPEP/RVET was confirmed in sequential data of 22 patients, in whom alteration in RPEP/RVET accurately reflected the changing PA diastolic pressure. The RPEP/RVET could not be used to assess PA pressure in six patients with congestive cardiomyopathy nor in 18 patients with complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB).", "PMID": 565263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6446", "title": "Long-term clinical course and symptomatic status of patients after operation for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Long-term results of operation for IHSS were reviewed in 124 patients operated upon between 1960 and 1975. Most patients improved symptomatically and manifested marked reduction in LV outflow gradient at rest postoperatively. However, ten (8%) patients died of causes related to operation, 14 (12%) had persistent or recurrent severe functional limitation, and 11 (9%) died up to 13 years postoperatively due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Overall annual mortality rate was 3.5% and was 1.8% for late deaths alone. Of 11 late postoperative deaths, six were sudden and five were due to chronic heart failure. Atrial fibrillation was significantly more common in patients who died late postoperatively than in survivors. Nine of the 11 late deaths had associated medical problems that may have contributed to their outcome. In conclusion, long-lasting clinical improvement occurred in most patients who survived operation for IHSS. However, 12% of patients deteriorated clinically over the 5.2 year average follow-up, and there is continued, small annual mortality.", "contents": "Long-term clinical course and symptomatic status of patients after operation for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Long-term results of operation for IHSS were reviewed in 124 patients operated upon between 1960 and 1975. Most patients improved symptomatically and manifested marked reduction in LV outflow gradient at rest postoperatively. However, ten (8%) patients died of causes related to operation, 14 (12%) had persistent or recurrent severe functional limitation, and 11 (9%) died up to 13 years postoperatively due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Overall annual mortality rate was 3.5% and was 1.8% for late deaths alone. Of 11 late postoperative deaths, six were sudden and five were due to chronic heart failure. Atrial fibrillation was significantly more common in patients who died late postoperatively than in survivors. Nine of the 11 late deaths had associated medical problems that may have contributed to their outcome. In conclusion, long-lasting clinical improvement occurred in most patients who survived operation for IHSS. However, 12% of patients deteriorated clinically over the 5.2 year average follow-up, and there is continued, small annual mortality.", "PMID": 565264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6447", "title": "The interference of endogenous antibodies to bovine lactalbumin in the radioimmunoassay of human lactalbumin in serum.", "content": "Using a radioimmunoassay for the milk protein lactalbumin in human serum, we have found that falsely high results can be caused by cross-reacting human antibodies to bovine lactalbumin. A reliable method of circumventing this problem is described. When such interference had been eliminated, circulating lactalbumin was not detected in normal men or post-menopausal women, but could still be found in a proportion of non-pregnant, non-lactating pre-menopausal women.", "contents": "The interference of endogenous antibodies to bovine lactalbumin in the radioimmunoassay of human lactalbumin in serum. Using a radioimmunoassay for the milk protein lactalbumin in human serum, we have found that falsely high results can be caused by cross-reacting human antibodies to bovine lactalbumin. A reliable method of circumventing this problem is described. When such interference had been eliminated, circulating lactalbumin was not detected in normal men or post-menopausal women, but could still be found in a proportion of non-pregnant, non-lactating pre-menopausal women.", "PMID": 565265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6448", "title": "Special problems in the radioimmunoassay of plasma aldosterone without prior extraction and purification.", "content": "A new method for the radioimmunoassay of plasma aldosterone is described. The assay is performed directly on plasma without extracting or purifying the aldosterone. The method fulfilled the usual requirements for the demonstration of accuracy. Extensive data on the properties of the antisera are given.", "contents": "Special problems in the radioimmunoassay of plasma aldosterone without prior extraction and purification. A new method for the radioimmunoassay of plasma aldosterone is described. The assay is performed directly on plasma without extracting or purifying the aldosterone. The method fulfilled the usual requirements for the demonstration of accuracy. Extensive data on the properties of the antisera are given.", "PMID": 565266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6449", "title": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity of lymphocytes in patients with renal diseases of immunopathological origin.", "content": "Antibody dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) of lymphocytes from twenty-two patients with histologically proven chronic glomerulonephritis and eight patients with SLE nephropathy was studied in a xenogeneic assay on chicken red blood cells and in an allogeneic test system using Rh(+) human erythrocyte targets. ADCC activity of the lymphocytes of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis did not differ from that of normals, while all patients with SLE nephropathy showed significantly lower cytotoxicity than healthy controls. The possible role ADCC in the pathogenesis of renal diseases of immunopathological origin is discussed.", "contents": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity of lymphocytes in patients with renal diseases of immunopathological origin. Antibody dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) of lymphocytes from twenty-two patients with histologically proven chronic glomerulonephritis and eight patients with SLE nephropathy was studied in a xenogeneic assay on chicken red blood cells and in an allogeneic test system using Rh(+) human erythrocyte targets. ADCC activity of the lymphocytes of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis did not differ from that of normals, while all patients with SLE nephropathy showed significantly lower cytotoxicity than healthy controls. The possible role ADCC in the pathogenesis of renal diseases of immunopathological origin is discussed.", "PMID": 565267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6450", "title": "Post-exposure phenomen in murine lymphoma L5178Y-S cell populations grown in media containing tritiated compounds.", "content": "Murine leukaemic lymphoblasts L5178Y-S were exposed to: (a) 104 muCi of 3HOH for time intervals from 25 to 600 h, (b) 10 muCi of L-[4,5(n)-3H] lysine for 25 to 600 h, and (c) 0.05 muCi of [methyl-3H]thymidine for 4 to 600 h. Extended post-exposure observations of growth disturbances and viability changes indicate marked differences between heritable lesions induced by the three tritiated compounds. After exposures to tritiated lysine and tritiated water, the damage was predominantly of non-lethal character while in the populations previously exposed to tritiated thymidine most of the cells eliminated during the post-exposure growth were lethally damaged. In all cases examined growth retardation was observed followed by growth at the normal rate. An exception concerned a cell culture exposed for 600 h to tritiated thymidine for which the slowed-down growth was observed for ca seventy cell generations.", "contents": "Post-exposure phenomen in murine lymphoma L5178Y-S cell populations grown in media containing tritiated compounds. Murine leukaemic lymphoblasts L5178Y-S were exposed to: (a) 104 muCi of 3HOH for time intervals from 25 to 600 h, (b) 10 muCi of L-[4,5(n)-3H] lysine for 25 to 600 h, and (c) 0.05 muCi of [methyl-3H]thymidine for 4 to 600 h. Extended post-exposure observations of growth disturbances and viability changes indicate marked differences between heritable lesions induced by the three tritiated compounds. After exposures to tritiated lysine and tritiated water, the damage was predominantly of non-lethal character while in the populations previously exposed to tritiated thymidine most of the cells eliminated during the post-exposure growth were lethally damaged. In all cases examined growth retardation was observed followed by growth at the normal rate. An exception concerned a cell culture exposed for 600 h to tritiated thymidine for which the slowed-down growth was observed for ca seventy cell generations.", "PMID": 565269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6451", "title": "Susceptibility of L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S cells to HTO, 3H-lysine and 3H-thymidine exposure.", "content": "Two strains of murine leukaemic lymphoblasts: L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S differing in the X-ray sensitivity by a factor of ca. 2 and showing X-ray-UV-light cross-sensitivity were exposed to: (a) 104 muCi/ml of HTO for time intervals from 25 to 600 h, (b) 10 muCi/ml of L-[4,5(n)-3H]lysine for 25 to 600 h, and (c) 0.05 muCi/ml of [methyl-3H] thymidine for 4 to 600 h. After completion of the exposure, survival was determined by cloning or by backward extrapolation of growth curves. In the case of HTO and 3H-thymidine exposure time the survival relationship passed through broad minima (75--200 and 50--400 h for (a) and (c), respectively). After longer exposures, higher survivals were observed reaching values close to 1 in the extreme cases. The results of shorter exposures indicate that L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S cells considerably differ in their susceptibilities to the tritiated compounds and that this difference increases with the shift of 3H localization towards DNA.", "contents": "Susceptibility of L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S cells to HTO, 3H-lysine and 3H-thymidine exposure. Two strains of murine leukaemic lymphoblasts: L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S differing in the X-ray sensitivity by a factor of ca. 2 and showing X-ray-UV-light cross-sensitivity were exposed to: (a) 104 muCi/ml of HTO for time intervals from 25 to 600 h, (b) 10 muCi/ml of L-[4,5(n)-3H]lysine for 25 to 600 h, and (c) 0.05 muCi/ml of [methyl-3H] thymidine for 4 to 600 h. After completion of the exposure, survival was determined by cloning or by backward extrapolation of growth curves. In the case of HTO and 3H-thymidine exposure time the survival relationship passed through broad minima (75--200 and 50--400 h for (a) and (c), respectively). After longer exposures, higher survivals were observed reaching values close to 1 in the extreme cases. The results of shorter exposures indicate that L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S cells considerably differ in their susceptibilities to the tritiated compounds and that this difference increases with the shift of 3H localization towards DNA.", "PMID": 565270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6452", "title": "Radionuclide toxicity in cultured mammalian cells: elucidation of the primary site of radiation damage.", "content": "Synchronized suspension cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were labeled with various doses of 3H-thymidine or 125I-iododeoxyuridine to evaluate the cytocidal effects of intranuclear radionuclide decay. Damage produced by radionuclide decay outside the cell nucleus was studied on cells exposed to 125I labeled, monovalent concanavalin A. After labeling, the cells were resynchronized in G1-phase and incubated for 36 h at 4 degrees C to permit dose accumulation. Cell lethality was evaluated by the standard colony assay. Based on radionuclide incorporation data, cellular dimensions, and subcellular radionuclide distributions, the cumulative dose to whole cells, cell nuclei, and cellular cytoplasm was calculated from the known decay properties of 3H and 125I. As expected, DNA associated 125I (LD50: 60 decays/cell; 45 rad) was much more toxic to CHO cells than 3H (LD50: 1350 decays/cell; 380 rad) 380 rad) or external X-irradiation (LD50: 330 rad). In contrast, membrane associated 125I was surprisingly non-toxic (LD50: 19 600 decays/cell). At 19 600 decays/cell the dose to the cell membrane was approximately 52 krad and the overlap dose into the cytoplasm was about 2470 rad. Even at these high dose levels, membrane damage or cytoplasmic damage apparently did not contribute significantly to radiation induced cell death. With 19 600 decays on the plasma membrane the CHO nuclei received an overlap dose of about 410 rad. As can be seen from the LD50 data for 3H and X-rays, a nuclear dose of 410 rad should be sufficient to account for 50% cell death. These findings indicate that, although intranuclear decay by electron capture is extremely destructive, identical decay events in the plasma membrane cause only minimal cell damage. This parallels our earlier studies on 67Ga labeled leukemia cells which showed that electron capture decay in the cytoplasm is also highly ineffective in killing mammalian cells. It therefore appears that radiation-induced cell lethality in dividing mammalian cells results primarily from nuclear damage. Cytoplasmic or membrane contributions to radiation-induced cell death, if any, must be minimal. By implication, these findings refute the enzyme release hypothesis and similar theories designed to explain mitotic death in terms of cytoplasmic or membrane damage rather than nuclear damage.", "contents": "Radionuclide toxicity in cultured mammalian cells: elucidation of the primary site of radiation damage. Synchronized suspension cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were labeled with various doses of 3H-thymidine or 125I-iododeoxyuridine to evaluate the cytocidal effects of intranuclear radionuclide decay. Damage produced by radionuclide decay outside the cell nucleus was studied on cells exposed to 125I labeled, monovalent concanavalin A. After labeling, the cells were resynchronized in G1-phase and incubated for 36 h at 4 degrees C to permit dose accumulation. Cell lethality was evaluated by the standard colony assay. Based on radionuclide incorporation data, cellular dimensions, and subcellular radionuclide distributions, the cumulative dose to whole cells, cell nuclei, and cellular cytoplasm was calculated from the known decay properties of 3H and 125I. As expected, DNA associated 125I (LD50: 60 decays/cell; 45 rad) was much more toxic to CHO cells than 3H (LD50: 1350 decays/cell; 380 rad) 380 rad) or external X-irradiation (LD50: 330 rad). In contrast, membrane associated 125I was surprisingly non-toxic (LD50: 19 600 decays/cell). At 19 600 decays/cell the dose to the cell membrane was approximately 52 krad and the overlap dose into the cytoplasm was about 2470 rad. Even at these high dose levels, membrane damage or cytoplasmic damage apparently did not contribute significantly to radiation induced cell death. With 19 600 decays on the plasma membrane the CHO nuclei received an overlap dose of about 410 rad. As can be seen from the LD50 data for 3H and X-rays, a nuclear dose of 410 rad should be sufficient to account for 50% cell death. These findings indicate that, although intranuclear decay by electron capture is extremely destructive, identical decay events in the plasma membrane cause only minimal cell damage. This parallels our earlier studies on 67Ga labeled leukemia cells which showed that electron capture decay in the cytoplasm is also highly ineffective in killing mammalian cells. It therefore appears that radiation-induced cell lethality in dividing mammalian cells results primarily from nuclear damage. Cytoplasmic or membrane contributions to radiation-induced cell death, if any, must be minimal. By implication, these findings refute the enzyme release hypothesis and similar theories designed to explain mitotic death in terms of cytoplasmic or membrane damage rather than nuclear damage.", "PMID": 565271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6453", "title": "Molecular suicide studies of 125I and 3H disintegration in the DNA of Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The shape of the survival curve for cells inactivated by tritium decay in DNA is modified by the presence of halogenated pyrimidines in the DNA in a manner analogous to their effect on X-ray induced reproductive death. The large shoulder found for tritium suicide is removed completely by coincorporation of 10(-6) M IUdR. The oxygen enhancement ratio for 125I and tritium disintegrations in unsynchronized Chinese hamster cells was determined for cells permitted to accumulate damage from these events at 4 degrees C. The oxygen enhancement ratio for 125I induced damage is 1.4. This is much smaller than the OER found for tritium decay which is similar or more than that found for X-ray exposure under the same conditions. These results suggest that the nature of the lesions produced by 125I decay in DNA are analogous to those produced by high LET radiation while those lesions produced by tritium are similar to lesions produced by roentgen rays. In synchronous V79 cells the effects of 125I induced damage in different regions of the mammalian cell DNA was examined taking advantage of the fact that DNA replication in hamster nuclei follows a time-dependent three dimensional pattern. The experiments indicate that 125I decays accumulated in the G2-period of the cell cycle have different efficiences for the induction of reproductive death depending on the region of the DNA which is labeled. The efficiency for the induction of reproductive death appears to be a maximum in DNA that replicates in V79 cells near the end of the DNA replication cycle. Electron capture events are dramatically efficient in the production of lethal chromosome aberrations. In CHO cells synchronized in the G1-stage of the cell cycle stored in the frozen state the efficiency for the induction of dicentric and ring chromosomes is 0.03. The dose response curve for the induction of these aberrations is linear in contrast to the curvilinear response found for roentgen ray exposure under the same conditions. Data on this kind suggest that there may exist \"critical\" regions within mammalian cell nuclei where chromatin fibers from two different chromosomes are in close proximity to each other and both are damaged non-repairably by a single electron capture event.", "contents": "Molecular suicide studies of 125I and 3H disintegration in the DNA of Chinese hamster cells. The shape of the survival curve for cells inactivated by tritium decay in DNA is modified by the presence of halogenated pyrimidines in the DNA in a manner analogous to their effect on X-ray induced reproductive death. The large shoulder found for tritium suicide is removed completely by coincorporation of 10(-6) M IUdR. The oxygen enhancement ratio for 125I and tritium disintegrations in unsynchronized Chinese hamster cells was determined for cells permitted to accumulate damage from these events at 4 degrees C. The oxygen enhancement ratio for 125I induced damage is 1.4. This is much smaller than the OER found for tritium decay which is similar or more than that found for X-ray exposure under the same conditions. These results suggest that the nature of the lesions produced by 125I decay in DNA are analogous to those produced by high LET radiation while those lesions produced by tritium are similar to lesions produced by roentgen rays. In synchronous V79 cells the effects of 125I induced damage in different regions of the mammalian cell DNA was examined taking advantage of the fact that DNA replication in hamster nuclei follows a time-dependent three dimensional pattern. The experiments indicate that 125I decays accumulated in the G2-period of the cell cycle have different efficiences for the induction of reproductive death depending on the region of the DNA which is labeled. The efficiency for the induction of reproductive death appears to be a maximum in DNA that replicates in V79 cells near the end of the DNA replication cycle. Electron capture events are dramatically efficient in the production of lethal chromosome aberrations. In CHO cells synchronized in the G1-stage of the cell cycle stored in the frozen state the efficiency for the induction of dicentric and ring chromosomes is 0.03. The dose response curve for the induction of these aberrations is linear in contrast to the curvilinear response found for roentgen ray exposure under the same conditions. Data on this kind suggest that there may exist \"critical\" regions within mammalian cell nuclei where chromatin fibers from two different chromosomes are in close proximity to each other and both are damaged non-repairably by a single electron capture event.", "PMID": 565272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6454", "title": "Cell survival and cytogenetic responses to 125I-UdR in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "The relative toxicity of DNA precursors labeled with iodine-125, iodine-131, or hydrogen-3 was studied in exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells. Per decay, iodine-125 was found to be approximately 12 times as lethal as iodine-131 and 16 times as lethal as hydrogen-3. Chromosomal aberrations induced in these cells by the three radionuclides occurred with the same relative efficacy as their lethal effects.", "contents": "Cell survival and cytogenetic responses to 125I-UdR in cultured mammalian cells. The relative toxicity of DNA precursors labeled with iodine-125, iodine-131, or hydrogen-3 was studied in exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells. Per decay, iodine-125 was found to be approximately 12 times as lethal as iodine-131 and 16 times as lethal as hydrogen-3. Chromosomal aberrations induced in these cells by the three radionuclides occurred with the same relative efficacy as their lethal effects.", "PMID": 565273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6455", "title": "Chromosome damage in Chinese hamster cells produced by 125I-UdR at the site of its incorporation.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomal aberrations were produced by 125I-labeled iododeoxyuridine (125I-UdR) incorporated into Chinese hamster Don cells at the end of the S-period of the cell cycle. Chromosome damage and the number of autoradiographic silver grains were recorded for whole cells, for chromosome pairs No. 4 and No. 5, and for the X and the Y chromosomes. The X and the Y chromosomes, which label late in S, were at least twice as heavily labeled as chromosome pairs No. 4 and No. 5--two readily recognizable autosomes of similar size. The incidence of chromosome damage was at least six times that which would have been expected from equivalent doses of X-rays and the incidence of damage was directly related to the number of silver grains over each chromosome. We estimate that it takes four to ten disintegrations to produce a visible chromosome aberration. The finding that chromosome damage is localized at the site of the 125I decay is most readily explained by the high flux of low energy Auger electrons occurring at the site of the decay of the incorporated 125I atom.", "contents": "Chromosome damage in Chinese hamster cells produced by 125I-UdR at the site of its incorporation. Metaphase chromosomal aberrations were produced by 125I-labeled iododeoxyuridine (125I-UdR) incorporated into Chinese hamster Don cells at the end of the S-period of the cell cycle. Chromosome damage and the number of autoradiographic silver grains were recorded for whole cells, for chromosome pairs No. 4 and No. 5, and for the X and the Y chromosomes. The X and the Y chromosomes, which label late in S, were at least twice as heavily labeled as chromosome pairs No. 4 and No. 5--two readily recognizable autosomes of similar size. The incidence of chromosome damage was at least six times that which would have been expected from equivalent doses of X-rays and the incidence of damage was directly related to the number of silver grains over each chromosome. We estimate that it takes four to ten disintegrations to produce a visible chromosome aberration. The finding that chromosome damage is localized at the site of the 125I decay is most readily explained by the high flux of low energy Auger electrons occurring at the site of the decay of the incorporated 125I atom.", "PMID": 565274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6456", "title": "Anomalous effects of 125I after its incorporation into mammalian cell DNA.", "content": "During labeling of mammalian cells with 125I-iododeoxyuridine for studies on single-strand break induction and repair, care must be taken to keep the amount of 125I incorporated per cell to very low levels. Under some conditions enough 125I can be incorporated during the incubation period (generally about one generation time) to damage the repair systems of cells so extensively, even before they are frozen, that they cannot repair any of the breaks induced by the 125I during the time they are frozen to accumulate these breaks.", "contents": "Anomalous effects of 125I after its incorporation into mammalian cell DNA. During labeling of mammalian cells with 125I-iododeoxyuridine for studies on single-strand break induction and repair, care must be taken to keep the amount of 125I incorporated per cell to very low levels. Under some conditions enough 125I can be incorporated during the incubation period (generally about one generation time) to damage the repair systems of cells so extensively, even before they are frozen, that they cannot repair any of the breaks induced by the 125I during the time they are frozen to accumulate these breaks.", "PMID": 565275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6457", "title": "Effect of microdistribution of radionuclides on recommended limits in radiation protection, a model.", "content": "The heterogeneous distribution and accumulation of radionuclides in discrete areas of cellular and subcellular dimensions is called microdistribution. The biological effect of microdistributed radionuclides with low-range emissions is determined by the degree of irradiation of the radiosensitive microareas of the body. The critical microareas of the body are nuclei of such cells which (1) are radiosensitive, (2) are essential to maintaining life, (3) are irreplaceable, (4) have a long life span and/or renew themselves. In this sense, the stem cell nuclei are considered critical microareas of the body. Stem cells constitute only a small fraction of the total body's cellularity. In case of concentration of radionuclides in stem cell nuclei, such as from incorporated labeled DNA precursors, there is a total congruence of the radionuclide microdistribution with the radiosensitive microarea, and the biological effect is expected to be enhanced over that from a homogeneous distribution of the same amount of radionuclides. This situation is discussed for 3H, 14C and 125I incorporate into mice as tracers of DNA precursors. The average labeling intensity of the bone marrow cell nucleus was taken to represent the average labeling intensity of the stem cell nucleus. The dose to the stem cell nucleus, then, is derived from the number and energy of decays originating in the nuclear mass of 270 X 10(-12) g. The transmutation effect from isotopic decay in DNA is considered in order to arrive at dose equivalents. On the basis of known data on labeling efficiency of bone marrow and on stem cell proliferation kinetics in the mouse, the infinite accumulation of decays in and the total expected dose to the stem cell nucleus was calculated for intravenous injection or ingestion of 1 muCi 3H-TdR per g body weight. The distribution factor and an annual limit on intake for the mouse model was suggested. Corresponding data are presented for 14C-TdR and 125I-UdR. A special situation is given for the case of hot particles where there is a random relationship between microdistributed radionuclides and critical microareas of the body. In this instance, theory predicts a decreased biological effect in comparison to the situation where the same amount of radionuclides is homogeneously distributed. There is experimental evidence that supports the theoretical predictions particularly for the case of 236Pu dioxide in the human lung.", "contents": "Effect of microdistribution of radionuclides on recommended limits in radiation protection, a model. The heterogeneous distribution and accumulation of radionuclides in discrete areas of cellular and subcellular dimensions is called microdistribution. The biological effect of microdistributed radionuclides with low-range emissions is determined by the degree of irradiation of the radiosensitive microareas of the body. The critical microareas of the body are nuclei of such cells which (1) are radiosensitive, (2) are essential to maintaining life, (3) are irreplaceable, (4) have a long life span and/or renew themselves. In this sense, the stem cell nuclei are considered critical microareas of the body. Stem cells constitute only a small fraction of the total body's cellularity. In case of concentration of radionuclides in stem cell nuclei, such as from incorporated labeled DNA precursors, there is a total congruence of the radionuclide microdistribution with the radiosensitive microarea, and the biological effect is expected to be enhanced over that from a homogeneous distribution of the same amount of radionuclides. This situation is discussed for 3H, 14C and 125I incorporate into mice as tracers of DNA precursors. The average labeling intensity of the bone marrow cell nucleus was taken to represent the average labeling intensity of the stem cell nucleus. The dose to the stem cell nucleus, then, is derived from the number and energy of decays originating in the nuclear mass of 270 X 10(-12) g. The transmutation effect from isotopic decay in DNA is considered in order to arrive at dose equivalents. On the basis of known data on labeling efficiency of bone marrow and on stem cell proliferation kinetics in the mouse, the infinite accumulation of decays in and the total expected dose to the stem cell nucleus was calculated for intravenous injection or ingestion of 1 muCi 3H-TdR per g body weight. The distribution factor and an annual limit on intake for the mouse model was suggested. Corresponding data are presented for 14C-TdR and 125I-UdR. A special situation is given for the case of hot particles where there is a random relationship between microdistributed radionuclides and critical microareas of the body. In this instance, theory predicts a decreased biological effect in comparison to the situation where the same amount of radionuclides is homogeneously distributed. There is experimental evidence that supports the theoretical predictions particularly for the case of 236Pu dioxide in the human lung.", "PMID": 565276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6458", "title": "Comparison of tumor-associated surface antigens on cells from medulloblastomas and from other neoplasms of the human nervous system.", "content": "We used a new immunocytoadhesion method to test 15 different tumors of the human nervous system to see whether medulloblastomas share tumor-associated surface antigens (TSA) with other tumors. Antisera against medulloblastoma cells were raised in rabbits. One antiserum was adsorbed extensively with tonsil and adenoid cells and with cerebral tissues. Freshly isolated cells from 15 different tumors were first sensitized with the adsorbed antiserum and then rosetted with erythrocytes coated with purified antibody to rabbit immunoglobulin. We found that the antimedulloblastoma antiserum detected TSA on the immunizing medulloblastoma cells and on cells from 2 other medulloblastomas, but apparently not on cells from other tumors (astrocytomas, glioblastomas, neurinoma, meningiomas and craniopharyngioma). In addition, the antiserum probably detected the medulloblastoma TSA on some other tumors (oligodendroglioma, ependymoma  and malignant glioma of mixed type).", "contents": "Comparison of tumor-associated surface antigens on cells from medulloblastomas and from other neoplasms of the human nervous system. We used a new immunocytoadhesion method to test 15 different tumors of the human nervous system to see whether medulloblastomas share tumor-associated surface antigens (TSA) with other tumors. Antisera against medulloblastoma cells were raised in rabbits. One antiserum was adsorbed extensively with tonsil and adenoid cells and with cerebral tissues. Freshly isolated cells from 15 different tumors were first sensitized with the adsorbed antiserum and then rosetted with erythrocytes coated with purified antibody to rabbit immunoglobulin. We found that the antimedulloblastoma antiserum detected TSA on the immunizing medulloblastoma cells and on cells from 2 other medulloblastomas, but apparently not on cells from other tumors (astrocytomas, glioblastomas, neurinoma, meningiomas and craniopharyngioma). In addition, the antiserum probably detected the medulloblastoma TSA on some other tumors (oligodendroglioma, ependymoma  and malignant glioma of mixed type).", "PMID": 565278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6459", "title": "[Visceral kala-azar disease in a child (author's transl)].", "content": "Repeated blood cultures were negative in a six-year-old boy with high septic temperature. Rheumatoid arthritis, typhoid and brucellosis were excluded. There was no evidence of leukaemia (bone-marrow tests). There was hepatomegaly with increased transaminase activity. Cortisone treatment was begun for suspected collagen disease. Several liver needle biopsies at first revelaed increasingly severe necrotising changes, predominantly in the centres of the acini. There were no parasites demonstrable histologically. The spleen was increased in the isotope scan but, covered by the liver, not definitely palpable. Diagnosis of mediterranean Kala-Azar disease was then suspected (the parents reporting a camping holiday in Yugoslavia) and finally proven serologically. The previously treatment-resistant disease improved dramatically after administration of trivalent antimony (Fuadin).", "contents": "[Visceral kala-azar disease in a child (author's transl)]. Repeated blood cultures were negative in a six-year-old boy with high septic temperature. Rheumatoid arthritis, typhoid and brucellosis were excluded. There was no evidence of leukaemia (bone-marrow tests). There was hepatomegaly with increased transaminase activity. Cortisone treatment was begun for suspected collagen disease. Several liver needle biopsies at first revelaed increasingly severe necrotising changes, predominantly in the centres of the acini. There were no parasites demonstrable histologically. The spleen was increased in the isotope scan but, covered by the liver, not definitely palpable. Diagnosis of mediterranean Kala-Azar disease was then suspected (the parents reporting a camping holiday in Yugoslavia) and finally proven serologically. The previously treatment-resistant disease improved dramatically after administration of trivalent antimony (Fuadin).", "PMID": 565281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6460", "title": "[Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and thyroiditis: an immunopathological triad (author's transl)].", "content": "A 37-year-old woman developed acquired haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenic purpura. At the same time there were signs of hypothyroidism. Incomplete heat antibodies (direct Coombs test) were demonstrated as cause of the haemolytic changes, while high-titre thyroglobulin and microsomal thyroid antibodies as cause of the immunothyroiditis explained the hypothyroidism. Although serological demonstration of platelet antibodies did not succeed, the clinical and haematological findings suggested immunothrombocytopenia. Antibodies against smooth muscle produced no clinical symptoms. The activity of the incomplete heat autoantibodies was diminished as result of immunosuppressive treatment and haemolytic signs regressed. Platelet count rose and the haemorrhagic diathesis disappeared. Thyroid antibody titre rose at first but then markedly decreased. There was no demonstrable effect on the hypothyroidism so that it was necessary to administer thyroid hormones. This is the first published case of such immunopathological triad resulting from immunothyroiditis.", "contents": "[Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and thyroiditis: an immunopathological triad (author's transl)]. A 37-year-old woman developed acquired haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenic purpura. At the same time there were signs of hypothyroidism. Incomplete heat antibodies (direct Coombs test) were demonstrated as cause of the haemolytic changes, while high-titre thyroglobulin and microsomal thyroid antibodies as cause of the immunothyroiditis explained the hypothyroidism. Although serological demonstration of platelet antibodies did not succeed, the clinical and haematological findings suggested immunothrombocytopenia. Antibodies against smooth muscle produced no clinical symptoms. The activity of the incomplete heat autoantibodies was diminished as result of immunosuppressive treatment and haemolytic signs regressed. Platelet count rose and the haemorrhagic diathesis disappeared. Thyroid antibody titre rose at first but then markedly decreased. There was no demonstrable effect on the hypothyroidism so that it was necessary to administer thyroid hormones. This is the first published case of such immunopathological triad resulting from immunothyroiditis.", "PMID": 565282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6461", "title": "[Preliminary report on the neuropsychological study of women treated by beta-mimetic drugs in a gynecological clinic].", "content": "Twenty women hospitalized in a gynaecological clinic for threatening miscarriages were treated by beta-mimetic drugs and examined from a neuro-psychological viewpoint. Disorders in the quality of sleep, trembling fingers and modification in the tone of voice were noted, and associated in five cases, to a slight hypertonia, extra-pyramidal-like. Eleven women had difficulties in concentrating, and seventeen felt distressing changes of mood: mentism, pessimistic thoughts, feeling of being abandonned, and sometimes, beliefs of being persecuted, which in two patients required the administration of Haldol.", "contents": "[Preliminary report on the neuropsychological study of women treated by beta-mimetic drugs in a gynecological clinic]. Twenty women hospitalized in a gynaecological clinic for threatening miscarriages were treated by beta-mimetic drugs and examined from a neuro-psychological viewpoint. Disorders in the quality of sleep, trembling fingers and modification in the tone of voice were noted, and associated in five cases, to a slight hypertonia, extra-pyramidal-like. Eleven women had difficulties in concentrating, and seventeen felt distressing changes of mood: mentism, pessimistic thoughts, feeling of being abandonned, and sometimes, beliefs of being persecuted, which in two patients required the administration of Haldol.", "PMID": 565283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6462", "title": "Steroidal control mechanism of cell proliferation in mouse uterine epithelium.", "content": "The percentage of labeled cells in the uterine luminal epithelium of cycling mice showed the different zonal distributions at each stage of estrous cycle after cumulative labeling with 3H-thymidine for 36 hr. It was estimated that the proliferating fraction in the epithelium at proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus was 100%, 100%, 40% and 5%, respectively. The percentage of labeled cells in the uterine luminal epithelium of cycling mice treated with progesterone remained below 10% level for at least 20 hr after injections of progesterone. Total labeling was attained in the uterine epithelium of castrated mice by the administration of estradiol-17beta. On the other hand, the cell proliferation in the uterine epithelium of castrated mice treated with estradiol and progesterone was markedly suppressed and the percentage of labeled cells remained approximately at 35%. The remaining cell population, however, still showed the mitotic potency when mice received estradiol. It is suggested from this study that the effect of progesterone is to suppress the epithelial cell proliferation and transfer cells into resting cell fraction which is still evoked to proliferate as the effect of estradiol and that a key factor controlling epithelial proliferation in mouse uterus during the estrous cycle is proliferating fraction rather than cell cycle time.", "contents": "Steroidal control mechanism of cell proliferation in mouse uterine epithelium. The percentage of labeled cells in the uterine luminal epithelium of cycling mice showed the different zonal distributions at each stage of estrous cycle after cumulative labeling with 3H-thymidine for 36 hr. It was estimated that the proliferating fraction in the epithelium at proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus was 100%, 100%, 40% and 5%, respectively. The percentage of labeled cells in the uterine luminal epithelium of cycling mice treated with progesterone remained below 10% level for at least 20 hr after injections of progesterone. Total labeling was attained in the uterine epithelium of castrated mice by the administration of estradiol-17beta. On the other hand, the cell proliferation in the uterine epithelium of castrated mice treated with estradiol and progesterone was markedly suppressed and the percentage of labeled cells remained approximately at 35%. The remaining cell population, however, still showed the mitotic potency when mice received estradiol. It is suggested from this study that the effect of progesterone is to suppress the epithelial cell proliferation and transfer cells into resting cell fraction which is still evoked to proliferate as the effect of estradiol and that a key factor controlling epithelial proliferation in mouse uterus during the estrous cycle is proliferating fraction rather than cell cycle time.", "PMID": 565284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6463", "title": "Changes of lactic dehydrogenase activity and combination of its subunits in rat anterior pituitary during puberty and in maturity, as well as during estrous cycle on the actue effect of estradiol and after castration.", "content": "LDH activity in the female rat anterior pituitary increases substantially at the opening of the vagina, after the gradual increase up to the 90st day no important change occurs. During the estrous cycle activity reaches its peak during the estrus, and lowest in ghe proestrus. Molecular organization of the enzyme shows a change only at the opening of the vagina, i. e. a sudden decrease of H/M ratio occurs, value of which does not change during the estrous cycle. Pituitary LDH activity and subunit ratio in males remains constant during life. LDH activity excess in mature female rat pituitary, being about the double as compared to males, develops at the age of about three months, the difference in H/M ratio however is manifest already during puberty. Anterior pituitary LDH activity and structure of the enzyme are affected by sexual hormones, primarily by estradiol, under physiological conditions, too. After ovariectomy LDH activity decreases gradually. The value before the opening of the vagina to be considered as basal level, develops in the 4th postoperative week. H/M  ratio decreases by 20 per cent one week after the operation and shows no change thereafter. Orchidectomy involves but a minor activity and H/M ratio decrease. Experimental findings on activity and subunit ratio are related presumably to prolactin cells and suggest that sexual hormone feedback effects in addition to polypeptide production pituitary metabolism.", "contents": "Changes of lactic dehydrogenase activity and combination of its subunits in rat anterior pituitary during puberty and in maturity, as well as during estrous cycle on the actue effect of estradiol and after castration. LDH activity in the female rat anterior pituitary increases substantially at the opening of the vagina, after the gradual increase up to the 90st day no important change occurs. During the estrous cycle activity reaches its peak during the estrus, and lowest in ghe proestrus. Molecular organization of the enzyme shows a change only at the opening of the vagina, i. e. a sudden decrease of H/M ratio occurs, value of which does not change during the estrous cycle. Pituitary LDH activity and subunit ratio in males remains constant during life. LDH activity excess in mature female rat pituitary, being about the double as compared to males, develops at the age of about three months, the difference in H/M ratio however is manifest already during puberty. Anterior pituitary LDH activity and structure of the enzyme are affected by sexual hormones, primarily by estradiol, under physiological conditions, too. After ovariectomy LDH activity decreases gradually. The value before the opening of the vagina to be considered as basal level, develops in the 4th postoperative week. H/M  ratio decreases by 20 per cent one week after the operation and shows no change thereafter. Orchidectomy involves but a minor activity and H/M ratio decrease. Experimental findings on activity and subunit ratio are related presumably to prolactin cells and suggest that sexual hormone feedback effects in addition to polypeptide production pituitary metabolism.", "PMID": 565285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6464", "title": "Recovery of some functional properties of the detergent-extracted cholinergic receptor protein from Torpedo marmorata after reintegration into a membrane environment.", "content": "The change of affinity of the acetylcholine receptor for agonists and the influence of local anaesthetics has been studied in detail in receptor-rich membranes. These properties are changed after solubilisation by ionic detergents. A method for reproducibly reintegrating the receptor protein into a lipid environment is described. Reintegration of the receptor results in partial recovery of the binding and fluorescence properties of the membrane-bound receptor protein. In particular, the slow affinity change caused by agonists can be recovered but not the effect of local anaesthetics on this change. The fluorescence response to cholinergic ligands of the reintegrated receptor protein labelled with quinacrine does not appear identical to that found with the native receptor-rich membranes. It is suggested that the failure to recover the sensitivity to local anaesthetics is at the origin of the difficulties to regain functional reconstitution.", "contents": "Recovery of some functional properties of the detergent-extracted cholinergic receptor protein from Torpedo marmorata after reintegration into a membrane environment. The change of affinity of the acetylcholine receptor for agonists and the influence of local anaesthetics has been studied in detail in receptor-rich membranes. These properties are changed after solubilisation by ionic detergents. A method for reproducibly reintegrating the receptor protein into a lipid environment is described. Reintegration of the receptor results in partial recovery of the binding and fluorescence properties of the membrane-bound receptor protein. In particular, the slow affinity change caused by agonists can be recovered but not the effect of local anaesthetics on this change. The fluorescence response to cholinergic ligands of the reintegrated receptor protein labelled with quinacrine does not appear identical to that found with the native receptor-rich membranes. It is suggested that the failure to recover the sensitivity to local anaesthetics is at the origin of the difficulties to regain functional reconstitution.", "PMID": 565286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6465", "title": "Studies on the conformation of the 3' terminus of 18-S rRNA.", "content": "We have studied the conformation of the 3' end of 18-S RNA from human, hamster and Xenopus laevis cells. The 3'-terminal oligonucleotide in a T1 ribonuclease digest of 18-S RNA from HeLa cells was identified, using a standard fingerprinting method. The sequence (G)-A-U-C-A-U-U-A, established by Eladari and Galibert for HeLa 18-S rRNA, was confirmed. An identical 3' terminus is present in hamster fibroblasts and Xenopus laevis cells. The ease of identification of this oligonucleotide has enabled us to quantify its molar yield relative to several other oligonucleotides, and hence to analyse the 3' terminus by several conformation probes. Its sensitivity to S1 nuclease, limited T1 ribonuclease digestion, bisulphite modification and carbodiimide modification was consistent with the terminal oligonucleotide being in a highly exposed conformation. The m6/2A-m6/2A-C-containing sequence of 18-S rRNA also appears to be in an exposed location on the basis of three of these probes.", "contents": "Studies on the conformation of the 3' terminus of 18-S rRNA. We have studied the conformation of the 3' end of 18-S RNA from human, hamster and Xenopus laevis cells. The 3'-terminal oligonucleotide in a T1 ribonuclease digest of 18-S RNA from HeLa cells was identified, using a standard fingerprinting method. The sequence (G)-A-U-C-A-U-U-A, established by Eladari and Galibert for HeLa 18-S rRNA, was confirmed. An identical 3' terminus is present in hamster fibroblasts and Xenopus laevis cells. The ease of identification of this oligonucleotide has enabled us to quantify its molar yield relative to several other oligonucleotides, and hence to analyse the 3' terminus by several conformation probes. Its sensitivity to S1 nuclease, limited T1 ribonuclease digestion, bisulphite modification and carbodiimide modification was consistent with the terminal oligonucleotide being in a highly exposed conformation. The m6/2A-m6/2A-C-containing sequence of 18-S rRNA also appears to be in an exposed location on the basis of three of these probes.", "PMID": 565287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6466", "title": "Behavior of Biozzi high and low responder mice upon infection with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Mice genetically selected for high (Ab/H) or low (Ab/L) humoral antibody responses were infected with Schistosoma mansoni in order to assess the role of antibodies in innate and acquired immunity to this parasite. AbH mice produced higher levels of humoral antibodies to schistosome antigens, but were more susceptible to infection than Ab/L mice. This was shown by the higher number of parasites recovered from Ab/H mice, by the larger size of the parasites themselves, by the number of schistosome eggs and their rate of deposition in the host liver. In addition, Ab/L mice could develop an acquired resistance to schistosome re-infection which was as good as, or possibly even better than the resistance developed by Ab/H mice. These findings suggest that humoral antibodies per se may not play a critical role in schistosome immunity, and at the same time call attention to the possible importance of macrophages in determining the results observed.", "contents": "Behavior of Biozzi high and low responder mice upon infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Mice genetically selected for high (Ab/H) or low (Ab/L) humoral antibody responses were infected with Schistosoma mansoni in order to assess the role of antibodies in innate and acquired immunity to this parasite. AbH mice produced higher levels of humoral antibodies to schistosome antigens, but were more susceptible to infection than Ab/L mice. This was shown by the higher number of parasites recovered from Ab/H mice, by the larger size of the parasites themselves, by the number of schistosome eggs and their rate of deposition in the host liver. In addition, Ab/L mice could develop an acquired resistance to schistosome re-infection which was as good as, or possibly even better than the resistance developed by Ab/H mice. These findings suggest that humoral antibodies per se may not play a critical role in schistosome immunity, and at the same time call attention to the possible importance of macrophages in determining the results observed.", "PMID": 565288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6467", "title": "Induction of physical dependence on cyclazocine and pentazocine in the rat.", "content": "Rats were treated for 24, 48 or 72 h with slow release (SR) emulsions of morphine (75, 100 and 150 mg/kg), cyclazocine (75, 100 and 150 mg/kg) or pentazocine (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). At these times the degree of physical dependence was assessed by examining the abstinence behavior (jumps + wet shakes), changes in body temperature and body weight induced by naloxone (5 mg/kg). The effects of SR treatments on brain levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were also determined at these times. The results show that all three opiates induce physical dependence in the order of severity of morphine greater than cyclazocine greater than pentazocine. An elevation of 5-HT turnover also appears to be associated with the dependence produced by these opiates. These findings indicate that the increase in brain 5-HT metabolism is not a primary causative factor during opiate dependence, but occurs in response to some other process.", "contents": "Induction of physical dependence on cyclazocine and pentazocine in the rat. Rats were treated for 24, 48 or 72 h with slow release (SR) emulsions of morphine (75, 100 and 150 mg/kg), cyclazocine (75, 100 and 150 mg/kg) or pentazocine (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). At these times the degree of physical dependence was assessed by examining the abstinence behavior (jumps + wet shakes), changes in body temperature and body weight induced by naloxone (5 mg/kg). The effects of SR treatments on brain levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were also determined at these times. The results show that all three opiates induce physical dependence in the order of severity of morphine greater than cyclazocine greater than pentazocine. An elevation of 5-HT turnover also appears to be associated with the dependence produced by these opiates. These findings indicate that the increase in brain 5-HT metabolism is not a primary causative factor during opiate dependence, but occurs in response to some other process.", "PMID": 565289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6468", "title": "Enhancement of ethanol-induced sleep by whole oil of nutmeg.", "content": "In young chickens, the whole oil of nutmeg (200 mg/kg) increased the duration of sleep induced by ethanol (1--4 g/kg), particularly deep sleep. Iproniazid (50-400 mg/kg), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not mimic this effect.", "contents": "Enhancement of ethanol-induced sleep by whole oil of nutmeg. In young chickens, the whole oil of nutmeg (200 mg/kg) increased the duration of sleep induced by ethanol (1--4 g/kg), particularly deep sleep. Iproniazid (50-400 mg/kg), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not mimic this effect.", "PMID": 565298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6469", "title": "Mammalian spot test with moxnidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole.", "content": "Moxnidazole [3-(5-nitrol-1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)-methyleneamino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone, HCl], known to be mutagenic in microbial tests and Drosophila, induced genetic alterations in somatic cells of mice. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) served as positive control.", "contents": "Mammalian spot test with moxnidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole. Moxnidazole [3-(5-nitrol-1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)-methyleneamino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone, HCl], known to be mutagenic in microbial tests and Drosophila, induced genetic alterations in somatic cells of mice. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) served as positive control.", "PMID": 565299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6470", "title": "Destruction of the platelet aggregating activity of ristocetin A.", "content": "Hydrolysis of ristocetin A in 0.1 N HCl at 37 degrees C for 2 h resulted in the loss of its ability to induce platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma derived from guinea-pigs and humans. However its antibiotic activity against Staph. aureus was not lost.", "contents": "Destruction of the platelet aggregating activity of ristocetin A. Hydrolysis of ristocetin A in 0.1 N HCl at 37 degrees C for 2 h resulted in the loss of its ability to induce platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma derived from guinea-pigs and humans. However its antibiotic activity against Staph. aureus was not lost.", "PMID": 565300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6471", "title": "The treatment of hyperprolactinemia with a new ergot derivative, lergotrile mesylate.", "content": "Lergotrile mesylate is an ergot alkaloid derivative modified to eliminate the vasoconstrictive properties of the parent compound while preserving the properties that inhibit pituitary secretion. Administration of the drug to women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea resulted in the lowering of serum prolactin concentrations. The duration of action was short, so that prolactin levels were near base line 6 to 8 hours after a 2.0-mg dose and morning prolactin concentrations were not persistently suppressed. Initial therapy was accompanied by the development of postural hypotension. Tolerance to this side effect of the drug developed after several days of treatment with gradually increasing doses. In one patient, long-term treatment resulted in reduction of breast secretions, resumption of menses, and conception.", "contents": "The treatment of hyperprolactinemia with a new ergot derivative, lergotrile mesylate. Lergotrile mesylate is an ergot alkaloid derivative modified to eliminate the vasoconstrictive properties of the parent compound while preserving the properties that inhibit pituitary secretion. Administration of the drug to women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea resulted in the lowering of serum prolactin concentrations. The duration of action was short, so that prolactin levels were near base line 6 to 8 hours after a 2.0-mg dose and morning prolactin concentrations were not persistently suppressed. Initial therapy was accompanied by the development of postural hypotension. Tolerance to this side effect of the drug developed after several days of treatment with gradually increasing doses. In one patient, long-term treatment resulted in reduction of breast secretions, resumption of menses, and conception.", "PMID": 565303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6472", "title": "[Posterior lobe of the rooster pituitary during prolonged conditioning of emotional stress].", "content": "Daily fights were chosen to kindle the situation of emotional stress in roosters. A marked decrease in contents of the neurosecretory substance and a large number of Herring's bodies in the hypophyseal lumen were observed within the 1st month. By the 60th day these signs of increased release of the neurohormones into the blood flow disappeared and the condition of hypophysis returned to the initial level. Simultaneously the intensity of the fights was reduced. The reason the normalization of hypophysis state consists, probably, in the adaptation of the roosters to the stressful situations.", "contents": "[Posterior lobe of the rooster pituitary during prolonged conditioning of emotional stress]. Daily fights were chosen to kindle the situation of emotional stress in roosters. A marked decrease in contents of the neurosecretory substance and a large number of Herring's bodies in the hypophyseal lumen were observed within the 1st month. By the 60th day these signs of increased release of the neurohormones into the blood flow disappeared and the condition of hypophysis returned to the initial level. Simultaneously the intensity of the fights was reduced. The reason the normalization of hypophysis state consists, probably, in the adaptation of the roosters to the stressful situations.", "PMID": 565305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6473", "title": "Impairment by interferon of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis in chick lymphocytes.", "content": "Chick interferon preparations inhibit mitogen-induced DNA synthesis of chicken peripheral and spleen lymphocytes. Mock interferon preparations showed also some inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis. The degree of inhibition is concentration dependent but varies also with the relative time of addition of homologous interferon and mitogen. Addition of the interferon preparations 6 h before mitogen resulted in a stronger inhibition of DNA synthesis than if the interferon preparations and mitogen were added at the same time. The interferon preparations seem to affect the metabolism of lymphocytes in a mroe general way and not only the trigger mechanism of the mitogenic response since addition of interferon even 24 h after the mitogen inhibits the induced DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Impairment by interferon of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis in chick lymphocytes. Chick interferon preparations inhibit mitogen-induced DNA synthesis of chicken peripheral and spleen lymphocytes. Mock interferon preparations showed also some inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis. The degree of inhibition is concentration dependent but varies also with the relative time of addition of homologous interferon and mitogen. Addition of the interferon preparations 6 h before mitogen resulted in a stronger inhibition of DNA synthesis than if the interferon preparations and mitogen were added at the same time. The interferon preparations seem to affect the metabolism of lymphocytes in a mroe general way and not only the trigger mechanism of the mitogenic response since addition of interferon even 24 h after the mitogen inhibits the induced DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 565306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6474", "title": "Postabortion insertions of the pleated membrane.", "content": "The pleated or intrauterine membrane (IUM) was designed to fit a range of uterine sizes and shapes and to adjust to transient changes resulting from uterine motility. The retention and contraceptive abilities of postabortion IUM insertions are analyzed in this study of 154 IUM insertions made within 3 days of treatment for an incomplete or inevitable abortion. Results indicate low 1-year net cumulative event rates for pregnancy (1.7 per 100 users), expulsion (7.2 per 100 users), and removal for bleeding and/or pain (3.9 per 100 users). These rates were similar to those reported in  a study of interval insertions of the IUM; moreover, these results also compared favorably with corresponding rates of postabortion insertions reported in studies using other devices. Thus, the postabortion period is indicated as being an effective time for IUM insertion.", "contents": "Postabortion insertions of the pleated membrane. The pleated or intrauterine membrane (IUM) was designed to fit a range of uterine sizes and shapes and to adjust to transient changes resulting from uterine motility. The retention and contraceptive abilities of postabortion IUM insertions are analyzed in this study of 154 IUM insertions made within 3 days of treatment for an incomplete or inevitable abortion. Results indicate low 1-year net cumulative event rates for pregnancy (1.7 per 100 users), expulsion (7.2 per 100 users), and removal for bleeding and/or pain (3.9 per 100 users). These rates were similar to those reported in  a study of interval insertions of the IUM; moreover, these results also compared favorably with corresponding rates of postabortion insertions reported in studies using other devices. Thus, the postabortion period is indicated as being an effective time for IUM insertion.", "PMID": 565307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6475", "title": "Effect of secretin on basal- and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in man.", "content": "Plasma immunoreactive secretin and insulin concentrations were measured in fasting normal humans after intraduodenal infusions of hydrochloric acid, isotonic or hypertonic glucose. The effect of intraduodenal acidification or intravenous bolus injections of secretin on plasma insulin concentrations during infusions of glucose was also examined. The intraduodenal glucose load did not cause an increase in plasma secretin concentrations. Secretin concentrations rose after acid both in the fasting state and during infusions of glucose. A concomitant rise in insulin levels was however only observed during infusions of glucose. Intravenous injection of secretin in a dose which mimicked the response to intraduodenal acidification was without effect on the glucose-stimulated insulin release, while a 30 times higher dose caused a highly significant augmentation of the insulin release. The insulin response pattern to this high dose of secretin differed completely from that observed after intraduodenal infusion of acid. It is concluded and confirmed that the stimulating effect of secretin on insulin secretion is pharmacological and that secretin plays no significant role in the entero-insular axis.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on basal- and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in man. Plasma immunoreactive secretin and insulin concentrations were measured in fasting normal humans after intraduodenal infusions of hydrochloric acid, isotonic or hypertonic glucose. The effect of intraduodenal acidification or intravenous bolus injections of secretin on plasma insulin concentrations during infusions of glucose was also examined. The intraduodenal glucose load did not cause an increase in plasma secretin concentrations. Secretin concentrations rose after acid both in the fasting state and during infusions of glucose. A concomitant rise in insulin levels was however only observed during infusions of glucose. Intravenous injection of secretin in a dose which mimicked the response to intraduodenal acidification was without effect on the glucose-stimulated insulin release, while a 30 times higher dose caused a highly significant augmentation of the insulin release. The insulin response pattern to this high dose of secretin differed completely from that observed after intraduodenal infusion of acid. It is concluded and confirmed that the stimulating effect of secretin on insulin secretion is pharmacological and that secretin plays no significant role in the entero-insular axis.", "PMID": 565310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6476", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease: a new test system.", "content": "An in vitro cytotoxicity system was developed for studying patients with chronic active liver disease using as the target cells 51Cr-labeled avian erythrocytes coated with cell membrane lipoprotein extracted from human liver and, as the aggressors, mononuclear cells from peripheral venous blood. Approximately 50% of 62 patients with chronic active liver disease showed cytotoxicity in this test system as did 5% of 100 apparently healthy controls. In addition, mild cytotoxicity was shown by 2 of 8 patients with the primary biliary cirrhotic syndrome and 2 of 17 persons with other liver diseases. No specific antibody was added to the test system and the cytotoxicity could be inhibited by free lipoprotein, antilipoprotein, and by aggregated Ig. Cytotoxicity also was abolished by the depletion from the mononuclear cells of cells phagocytic for iron filings. The effect of depletion of these phagocytic cells was not restored by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol. These findings add further evidence that autoimmune responses to liver tissue occur in many patients with chronic active liver disease and, importantly, suggest also that these may occur in some apparently healthy people.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease: a new test system. An in vitro cytotoxicity system was developed for studying patients with chronic active liver disease using as the target cells 51Cr-labeled avian erythrocytes coated with cell membrane lipoprotein extracted from human liver and, as the aggressors, mononuclear cells from peripheral venous blood. Approximately 50% of 62 patients with chronic active liver disease showed cytotoxicity in this test system as did 5% of 100 apparently healthy controls. In addition, mild cytotoxicity was shown by 2 of 8 patients with the primary biliary cirrhotic syndrome and 2 of 17 persons with other liver diseases. No specific antibody was added to the test system and the cytotoxicity could be inhibited by free lipoprotein, antilipoprotein, and by aggregated Ig. Cytotoxicity also was abolished by the depletion from the mononuclear cells of cells phagocytic for iron filings. The effect of depletion of these phagocytic cells was not restored by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol. These findings add further evidence that autoimmune responses to liver tissue occur in many patients with chronic active liver disease and, importantly, suggest also that these may occur in some apparently healthy people.", "PMID": 565311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6477", "title": "The production of chromosome aberrations in various mammalian cells by triethylenemelamine.", "content": "The cytogenetic effects of triethylenemelamine (TEM) were studied using five different mammalian tissues. Treatments of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg TEM on differentiating mouse spermatogonia and bone marrow cells showed no significant differences in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations produced in these two tissues. At higher doses, however, the sensitivites of the two tissues appear to be different. The frequency of aberrations varies with time after treatment, with the greatest amount occurring at the latter fixation times. Results of an experiment on primary spermatocytes indicated a correlation between the frequency of chromosome aberrations and DNA replication. Human peripheral leukocytes were utilized in an attempt to clarify the cell-stage specificity of TEM-induced chromosome aberrations. Cultures were treated with TEM prior to PHA stimulation (G0), as well as various time intervals after stimulation (late G,1 S, and G2). The most sensitive stages of the cell cycle to aberration induction were later G1 and S, with chromatid aberrations the predominant type. A very low yield of chromosome damage was observed with the G0 and G1 treated stages. The experiments described tend to support the view that TEM is most effective at inducing aberrations when an intervening round of DNA replication has occurred.", "contents": "The production of chromosome aberrations in various mammalian cells by triethylenemelamine. The cytogenetic effects of triethylenemelamine (TEM) were studied using five different mammalian tissues. Treatments of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg TEM on differentiating mouse spermatogonia and bone marrow cells showed no significant differences in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations produced in these two tissues. At higher doses, however, the sensitivites of the two tissues appear to be different. The frequency of aberrations varies with time after treatment, with the greatest amount occurring at the latter fixation times. Results of an experiment on primary spermatocytes indicated a correlation between the frequency of chromosome aberrations and DNA replication. Human peripheral leukocytes were utilized in an attempt to clarify the cell-stage specificity of TEM-induced chromosome aberrations. Cultures were treated with TEM prior to PHA stimulation (G0), as well as various time intervals after stimulation (late G,1 S, and G2). The most sensitive stages of the cell cycle to aberration induction were later G1 and S, with chromatid aberrations the predominant type. A very low yield of chromosome damage was observed with the G0 and G1 treated stages. The experiments described tend to support the view that TEM is most effective at inducing aberrations when an intervening round of DNA replication has occurred.", "PMID": 565312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6478", "title": "[A new method for assaying anti-inflammatory drugs. Quantitative analysis of pigment leakage into skin by Chromatoscanner CS-900 (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the pigment leakage method is one of the most conventional for determining vascular permeability, accuracy in macroscopic measurement of the diameter of the stained area with an arbitary scale leaves much to be desired. We developed a simple and beneficial method for quantitative assay using a densitometer (Chromatoscanner CS-900). Guinea pigs weighing 300 approximately 350 g were used. Formalin as a phlogistic, in a dose of 2.3 approximately 37 mg was injected intradermally in the shaved skin of the back, and 15 mg/kg of pontamine blue was then given into the femoral vein. One hour after the injection the animals were sacrificed and the skin of the back, which was stained by the leaked pigment, was stripped off and allowed to adhere to a wooden plate for 24 hours. Reflection and a zig-zag scanning technique were used to measure the volume of the leaked pigment. There was a liner relationship between the dose of formalin and the integrated values. A dose-dependent relationship was also obtained when histamine, serotonin, kallikrein and bradykinin were used as phlogistics. Representative anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, hydrocortisone, oxyphenbutazone, benzydamine, diclofenac sodium, sodium salicylate and aminopyrine depressed the leakage due to formalin. Depression of leakage by aspirin in a dose of 400 mg/kg was the most remarkable. Pigment leakage elicited by histamine, serotonin, kallikrein and bradykinin was examined on the same individual animal. Aspirin more than the other agents depressed the leakages due to bradykinin and kallikrein. Hydrocortisone and oxyphenbutazone depressed the leakage due to bradykinin, serotonin and histamine, but enhanced that due to kallikrein. The results obtained were consistent with those of a previous study and as this method is simple and more reliable, it is applicable for assay of anti-inflammatory compounds.", "contents": "[A new method for assaying anti-inflammatory drugs. Quantitative analysis of pigment leakage into skin by Chromatoscanner CS-900 (author's transl)]. Although the pigment leakage method is one of the most conventional for determining vascular permeability, accuracy in macroscopic measurement of the diameter of the stained area with an arbitary scale leaves much to be desired. We developed a simple and beneficial method for quantitative assay using a densitometer (Chromatoscanner CS-900). Guinea pigs weighing 300 approximately 350 g were used. Formalin as a phlogistic, in a dose of 2.3 approximately 37 mg was injected intradermally in the shaved skin of the back, and 15 mg/kg of pontamine blue was then given into the femoral vein. One hour after the injection the animals were sacrificed and the skin of the back, which was stained by the leaked pigment, was stripped off and allowed to adhere to a wooden plate for 24 hours. Reflection and a zig-zag scanning technique were used to measure the volume of the leaked pigment. There was a liner relationship between the dose of formalin and the integrated values. A dose-dependent relationship was also obtained when histamine, serotonin, kallikrein and bradykinin were used as phlogistics. Representative anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, hydrocortisone, oxyphenbutazone, benzydamine, diclofenac sodium, sodium salicylate and aminopyrine depressed the leakage due to formalin. Depression of leakage by aspirin in a dose of 400 mg/kg was the most remarkable. Pigment leakage elicited by histamine, serotonin, kallikrein and bradykinin was examined on the same individual animal. Aspirin more than the other agents depressed the leakages due to bradykinin and kallikrein. Hydrocortisone and oxyphenbutazone depressed the leakage due to bradykinin, serotonin and histamine, but enhanced that due to kallikrein. The results obtained were consistent with those of a previous study and as this method is simple and more reliable, it is applicable for assay of anti-inflammatory compounds.", "PMID": 565314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6479", "title": "[Contraception in children and adolescents].", "content": "It is discussed how the adult type contraception fits the divergent needs of the youngsters. Oral contraceptives are suitable from the 16th year of life. Vaginal globuli and foams have also proved to be an effective means of contraception over that period of life. For anatomical reasons pessaries are not recommended, insertion of intrauterine devices is contraindicated because of their possible adverse effects. Experiences with university students taking d-Norgestrel as \"morning-after-pill\" have been favorable. The therapeutic abortion is regarded as an emergency measure to be employed only if anticonception failed. Adaequate education at the proper age and the importance of preventive measures are stressed.", "contents": "[Contraception in children and adolescents]. It is discussed how the adult type contraception fits the divergent needs of the youngsters. Oral contraceptives are suitable from the 16th year of life. Vaginal globuli and foams have also proved to be an effective means of contraception over that period of life. For anatomical reasons pessaries are not recommended, insertion of intrauterine devices is contraindicated because of their possible adverse effects. Experiences with university students taking d-Norgestrel as \"morning-after-pill\" have been favorable. The therapeutic abortion is regarded as an emergency measure to be employed only if anticonception failed. Adaequate education at the proper age and the importance of preventive measures are stressed.", "PMID": 565316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6480", "title": "[Effectiveness of the legal neoplasm prevention program in a cytological laboratory].", "content": "The test results of preventive gynecological examinations as assessed by a medium-sized cytological laboratory over a 5-year-period are reported. It is differentiated between the results found at first screening and at re-screening. Of the 34,121 women screened for the first time. 0.32% suffered from invasive cervical carcinoma or carcinoma of the corpus uteri and 0.41% from carcinoma in situ, whereas only 0.031% of the 192,089 re-screened women had invasive carcinoma and only 0.064% had carcinoma in situ. Thus the incidence of positive cases was 10 times higher with first check-ups as compared to annual follow-up screening. A retrospective inquiry with the participating physicians revealed among 116,020 cases 177 additional carcinomas ( = 0.15%), i.e. 122 breast cancers, 28 carcinomas of rectum or colon (5 primarily discovered by Haemoccult test) and 27 tumors of the skin, kidney or ovary. These results suggest the effectivity and neccessity of the Cancer Early Detection Program.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of the legal neoplasm prevention program in a cytological laboratory]. The test results of preventive gynecological examinations as assessed by a medium-sized cytological laboratory over a 5-year-period are reported. It is differentiated between the results found at first screening and at re-screening. Of the 34,121 women screened for the first time. 0.32% suffered from invasive cervical carcinoma or carcinoma of the corpus uteri and 0.41% from carcinoma in situ, whereas only 0.031% of the 192,089 re-screened women had invasive carcinoma and only 0.064% had carcinoma in situ. Thus the incidence of positive cases was 10 times higher with first check-ups as compared to annual follow-up screening. A retrospective inquiry with the participating physicians revealed among 116,020 cases 177 additional carcinomas ( = 0.15%), i.e. 122 breast cancers, 28 carcinomas of rectum or colon (5 primarily discovered by Haemoccult test) and 27 tumors of the skin, kidney or ovary. These results suggest the effectivity and neccessity of the Cancer Early Detection Program.", "PMID": 565317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6481", "title": "Ovarian response in the estrual cat receiving varying dosages of HCG.", "content": "Laparoscopy was utilized to determine the ovulatory response of the domestic cat to various dosages of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administered intramuscularly at one or two time periods during estrus. A linear HCG dose-ovulatory response was observed in queens receiving 0--500 IU HCG as a single injection on day 1 or as injections given on days 1 and 2 of estrus. Animals treated with 500 IU HCG on day 1 or days 1 and 2 of estrus produced the maximum percent ovulation rates based on pre- and post-HCG ovarian morphology observation by laparoscopy (100.0, 95.9%, respectively). A single injection of 500 IU HCG produced a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in mean percent ovulation rate in comparison to the 0, 50 and 100 IU HCG single injections. Administration of 500 and 250 IU HCG for 2 days of estrus resulted in a greater percent ovulation rate than the 2-day injection of 50 IU (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that the proportion of mature follicles ovulating in an induced ovulator, such as the cat, is an increasing function of graded dosages of exogenous hormone.", "contents": "Ovarian response in the estrual cat receiving varying dosages of HCG. Laparoscopy was utilized to determine the ovulatory response of the domestic cat to various dosages of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administered intramuscularly at one or two time periods during estrus. A linear HCG dose-ovulatory response was observed in queens receiving 0--500 IU HCG as a single injection on day 1 or as injections given on days 1 and 2 of estrus. Animals treated with 500 IU HCG on day 1 or days 1 and 2 of estrus produced the maximum percent ovulation rates based on pre- and post-HCG ovarian morphology observation by laparoscopy (100.0, 95.9%, respectively). A single injection of 500 IU HCG produced a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in mean percent ovulation rate in comparison to the 0, 50 and 100 IU HCG single injections. Administration of 500 and 250 IU HCG for 2 days of estrus resulted in a greater percent ovulation rate than the 2-day injection of 50 IU (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that the proportion of mature follicles ovulating in an induced ovulator, such as the cat, is an increasing function of graded dosages of exogenous hormone.", "PMID": 565332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6482", "title": "Reliable detection of cystic fibrosis in skin-derived fibroblast cultures.", "content": "The specific induction of alkaline phosphatase with Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, isoproterenol, and theophylline in skin-derived fibroblast cultures from patients with cystic fibrosis permits one to reliably discriminate between cystic fibrosis patients on the one hand, and heterozygotes and normals on the other. It was found the fibroblast-like and intermediary types of amniotic fluid-derived cells behave essentially like skin-derived fibroblasts. These findings imply that if different amniotic fluid cell types can be reliably separated, prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis should become feasable in the near future.", "contents": "Reliable detection of cystic fibrosis in skin-derived fibroblast cultures. The specific induction of alkaline phosphatase with Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, isoproterenol, and theophylline in skin-derived fibroblast cultures from patients with cystic fibrosis permits one to reliably discriminate between cystic fibrosis patients on the one hand, and heterozygotes and normals on the other. It was found the fibroblast-like and intermediary types of amniotic fluid-derived cells behave essentially like skin-derived fibroblasts. These findings imply that if different amniotic fluid cell types can be reliably separated, prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis should become feasable in the near future.", "PMID": 565336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6483", "title": "Centromere inactivation in a case of Turner variant with two dicentric iso-long arm Y chromosomes.", "content": "A 6-year-old girl of small stature and with some features of Turner's syndrome was found to have a karyotype with two-thirds of the cells possessing one, and one-third with two dicentric iso-long arm Y chromosomes. In metaphases with 46 chromosomes the majority of the abnormal Ys exhibited two primary constrictions. In cells with 47 chromosomes both isochromosomes prevalently had only one active centromere.", "contents": "Centromere inactivation in a case of Turner variant with two dicentric iso-long arm Y chromosomes. A 6-year-old girl of small stature and with some features of Turner's syndrome was found to have a karyotype with two-thirds of the cells possessing one, and one-third with two dicentric iso-long arm Y chromosomes. In metaphases with 46 chromosomes the majority of the abnormal Ys exhibited two primary constrictions. In cells with 47 chromosomes both isochromosomes prevalently had only one active centromere.", "PMID": 565337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6484", "title": "Growth of Chlamydia psittaci in macrophages.", "content": "Survival and growth of L-cell-cultivated Chlamydia psittaci occurred in mouse macrophages in vitro. Two major factors governing the intracellular fate of chlamydiae in macrophages are: (i) the multiplicity of infection (MOI), i.e., the elementary body (EB)-to-macrophage ratio, and (ii) the state of the EB. At a low MOI (1:1) survival and growth of live, untreated chlamydiae were optimal. The chlamydiae were internalized in macrophages within 30 to 40 min. EB proceeded to differentiate into reticulate bodies, which underwent multiplication and further matured into infectious EB in the professional phagocytic cells. In contrast, at a high MOI (100:1), survival of untreated chlamydiae was greatly reduced as a result of immediate damage to the macrophages. eb that were pretreated with heat (56 degrees C for 10 to 30 min) or coated with homologous antibody were rapidly destroyed in macrophage phagolysosomes. Fusion of ferritin-labeled lysosomes with heat-treated or opsonized EB-laden phagosomes occurred in 2 to 4 h, resulting in transfer of the ferritin marker into phagolysosomes.", "contents": "Growth of Chlamydia psittaci in macrophages. Survival and growth of L-cell-cultivated Chlamydia psittaci occurred in mouse macrophages in vitro. Two major factors governing the intracellular fate of chlamydiae in macrophages are: (i) the multiplicity of infection (MOI), i.e., the elementary body (EB)-to-macrophage ratio, and (ii) the state of the EB. At a low MOI (1:1) survival and growth of live, untreated chlamydiae were optimal. The chlamydiae were internalized in macrophages within 30 to 40 min. EB proceeded to differentiate into reticulate bodies, which underwent multiplication and further matured into infectious EB in the professional phagocytic cells. In contrast, at a high MOI (100:1), survival of untreated chlamydiae was greatly reduced as a result of immediate damage to the macrophages. eb that were pretreated with heat (56 degrees C for 10 to 30 min) or coated with homologous antibody were rapidly destroyed in macrophage phagolysosomes. Fusion of ferritin-labeled lysosomes with heat-treated or opsonized EB-laden phagosomes occurred in 2 to 4 h, resulting in transfer of the ferritin marker into phagolysosomes.", "PMID": 565338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6485", "title": "Interaction of Chlamydia psittaci with mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "L-cell-grown Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies (EB) were rapidly phagocytized by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. However, the intracellular fate of chlamydiae in macrophages appeared to be dependent on the multiplicity of infection (MOI), i.e., the EB-to-macrophage ratio, and the treatment of the EB. At an MOI of 1:1 or less, survival is maximal, and growth and multiplication of live, untreated chlamydiae did occur. In contrast, at a high MOI (100:1), survival of chlamydiae is reduced, as confirmed by release of 3H-labeled nucleic acid into the supernatant. At the high MOI, macrophage damage occurred that resulted in significant release of the lactic dehydrogenase, beginning 2 h postinfection. This immediated macrophage cytotoxicity as abolished by pretreatment of EB with heat (5 min at 56 degrees C) and was reduced about 50% by coating EB with homologous antibody. Pretreatment of the chlamydia with heat or opsonizing antibody provides increased uptake of EB by macrophages but may contribute to increased destruction of these obligate intracellular pathogens in professional phagocytic cells.", "contents": "Interaction of Chlamydia psittaci with mouse peritoneal macrophages. L-cell-grown Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies (EB) were rapidly phagocytized by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. However, the intracellular fate of chlamydiae in macrophages appeared to be dependent on the multiplicity of infection (MOI), i.e., the EB-to-macrophage ratio, and the treatment of the EB. At an MOI of 1:1 or less, survival is maximal, and growth and multiplication of live, untreated chlamydiae did occur. In contrast, at a high MOI (100:1), survival of chlamydiae is reduced, as confirmed by release of 3H-labeled nucleic acid into the supernatant. At the high MOI, macrophage damage occurred that resulted in significant release of the lactic dehydrogenase, beginning 2 h postinfection. This immediated macrophage cytotoxicity as abolished by pretreatment of EB with heat (5 min at 56 degrees C) and was reduced about 50% by coating EB with homologous antibody. Pretreatment of the chlamydia with heat or opsonizing antibody provides increased uptake of EB by macrophages but may contribute to increased destruction of these obligate intracellular pathogens in professional phagocytic cells.", "PMID": 565339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6486", "title": "Do fatty acids exert a specific effect on human lymphocyte transformation in vitro?", "content": "Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FA) bound to albumin inhibit phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) transformation of human lymphocytes cultured in fetal calf serum (FCS). With two unsaturated FA inhibition is maintained, however, when saturated and unsaturated FA are added simultaneously the inhibition is abolished. When lymphochtes are cultured in human AB serum, fatty acids neither inhibit nor stimulate PHA transformation. The reasons for the difference between FCS and human serum are discussed. These results argue against reports that unsaturated FA plays an immunoregulatory role in humans.", "contents": "Do fatty acids exert a specific effect on human lymphocyte transformation in vitro? Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FA) bound to albumin inhibit phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) transformation of human lymphocytes cultured in fetal calf serum (FCS). With two unsaturated FA inhibition is maintained, however, when saturated and unsaturated FA are added simultaneously the inhibition is abolished. When lymphochtes are cultured in human AB serum, fatty acids neither inhibit nor stimulate PHA transformation. The reasons for the difference between FCS and human serum are discussed. These results argue against reports that unsaturated FA plays an immunoregulatory role in humans.", "PMID": 565340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6487", "title": "Effect of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) on estrogen induced growth of the rat prostate.", "content": "Castrate male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either testosterone; testosterone and estradiol; testosterone, estradiol and 2-Bromo-alpha-Ergocryptine (CB-154), an inhibitor of prolactin secretion; or testosterone and CB-154. Estradiol potentiated testosterone-induced growth of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral prostate and this effect was not counteracted by CB-154. Estradiol only induced hypertrophy of the dorsal and ventral prostate, however, hyperplastic changes occurred in the lateral prostate.", "contents": "Effect of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) on estrogen induced growth of the rat prostate. Castrate male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either testosterone; testosterone and estradiol; testosterone, estradiol and 2-Bromo-alpha-Ergocryptine (CB-154), an inhibitor of prolactin secretion; or testosterone and CB-154. Estradiol potentiated testosterone-induced growth of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral prostate and this effect was not counteracted by CB-154. Estradiol only induced hypertrophy of the dorsal and ventral prostate, however, hyperplastic changes occurred in the lateral prostate.", "PMID": 565341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6488", "title": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from the genital tract of women with reproductive failure, sterility or vaginitis.", "content": "The presence of mycoplasma was investigated in 77 women with infertility, 34 women complaining of sterility, 92 women with vaginitis and 66 healthy control subjects. The group of infertile women was subdivided into those with one or two spontaneous abortions, those with three or more abortions and those with missed abortions. The isolation rate of mycoplasma from the vagina and cervix of the infertile women ranged from 18 to 36%. The endometrial isolation rate was 21% in women with missed abortions but lower in women of the other two subdivisions. Mycoplasmas were infrequently found in patients investigated for sterility. They were isolated at a higher rate in patients with vaginitis, especially in those with trichomonas-associated vaginitis. They were not found in healthy control subjects. In the endometria positive for mycoplasma no specific histological features for this infection were found.", "contents": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from the genital tract of women with reproductive failure, sterility or vaginitis. The presence of mycoplasma was investigated in 77 women with infertility, 34 women complaining of sterility, 92 women with vaginitis and 66 healthy control subjects. The group of infertile women was subdivided into those with one or two spontaneous abortions, those with three or more abortions and those with missed abortions. The isolation rate of mycoplasma from the vagina and cervix of the infertile women ranged from 18 to 36%. The endometrial isolation rate was 21% in women with missed abortions but lower in women of the other two subdivisions. Mycoplasmas were infrequently found in patients investigated for sterility. They were isolated at a higher rate in patients with vaginitis, especially in those with trichomonas-associated vaginitis. They were not found in healthy control subjects. In the endometria positive for mycoplasma no specific histological features for this infection were found.", "PMID": 565342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6489", "title": "Laboratory-acquired infections at the National Animal Disease Center 1960--1976.", "content": "Experience with exposure to, or infection with pathogenic agents at the National Animal Disease Center is summarized. A total of 60 laboratory-associated exposures to infectious disease agents were reported. Forty-nine exposures resulted from known accidents, but the other 11 were identified only after the development of clinical or serological manifestations of infection. Eighteen cases of laboratory-acquired infections were reviewed. Brucellosis, the most frequently reported laboratory-acquired infection, accounted for one-half of the cases summarized. Three cases of leptospirosis, two cases of Newcastle disease, two cases of ringworm, and a single infection with Mycobacterium bovis and with Salmonella arizonae were also encountered. The most frequently reported causes of exposure were: auto-inoculation or spray exposure associated with the use of the hypodermic syringe, cuts or lacerations, direct contact with infected animals, and mouth pipetting. Although the infecting event could not be identified in 11 infections, presumptive evidence suggests aerogenic transmission as a probable route of exposure in a number of such cases.", "contents": "Laboratory-acquired infections at the National Animal Disease Center 1960--1976. Experience with exposure to, or infection with pathogenic agents at the National Animal Disease Center is summarized. A total of 60 laboratory-associated exposures to infectious disease agents were reported. Forty-nine exposures resulted from known accidents, but the other 11 were identified only after the development of clinical or serological manifestations of infection. Eighteen cases of laboratory-acquired infections were reviewed. Brucellosis, the most frequently reported laboratory-acquired infection, accounted for one-half of the cases summarized. Three cases of leptospirosis, two cases of Newcastle disease, two cases of ringworm, and a single infection with Mycobacterium bovis and with Salmonella arizonae were also encountered. The most frequently reported causes of exposure were: auto-inoculation or spray exposure associated with the use of the hypodermic syringe, cuts or lacerations, direct contact with infected animals, and mouth pipetting. Although the infecting event could not be identified in 11 infections, presumptive evidence suggests aerogenic transmission as a probable route of exposure in a number of such cases.", "PMID": 565343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6490", "title": "Metastatic phycomycosis in a horse.", "content": "Extensive subcutaneous phycomycosis of the lower hindlimb developed over a period of 8 months in a Thoroughbred filly. There was no response to treatments such as trichlorphon, sodium iodide, or etisazole. Extension of the limb lesion over the following 3 months was associated with an enlarged inguinal lymph node, which was removed. Characteristic phycomycotic lesions were observed in the node, and a fungus having the morphologic features of Hyphomyces destruens was isolated from both the limb and nodal lesions.", "contents": "Metastatic phycomycosis in a horse. Extensive subcutaneous phycomycosis of the lower hindlimb developed over a period of 8 months in a Thoroughbred filly. There was no response to treatments such as trichlorphon, sodium iodide, or etisazole. Extension of the limb lesion over the following 3 months was associated with an enlarged inguinal lymph node, which was removed. Characteristic phycomycotic lesions were observed in the node, and a fungus having the morphologic features of Hyphomyces destruens was isolated from both the limb and nodal lesions.", "PMID": 565346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6491", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds by method of standard additions: collaborative study.", "content": "The spectrophotometric method for pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds was collaboratively studied. Twenty-seven laboratories assayed feeds containing 0.0103, 0.0965, and 0.7902% pyrantel tartrate. Repeatability (sigmao) and reproducibility (sigmax) standard deviations were: sigmao = 0.00068%, sigmax = 0.00105% (10% of grand mean) for 0.0103% pyrantel tartrate level; sigmao - 0.0065%, sigmax = 0.0090% (10% of grand mean) for 0.0965% pyrantel tartrate level; and sigmao = 0.0415%, sigmax = 0.0743% (10% of grand mean) for 0.7902% pyrantel tartrate level. The mean theoretical recovery values for feeds containing 0.0103, 0.0965, and 0.7902% were 100, 97, and 96%, respectively. The method was adopted as official first action for feeds or concentrates containing 0.0106-0.8811% pyrantel tartrate.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds by method of standard additions: collaborative study. The spectrophotometric method for pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds was collaboratively studied. Twenty-seven laboratories assayed feeds containing 0.0103, 0.0965, and 0.7902% pyrantel tartrate. Repeatability (sigmao) and reproducibility (sigmax) standard deviations were: sigmao = 0.00068%, sigmax = 0.00105% (10% of grand mean) for 0.0103% pyrantel tartrate level; sigmao - 0.0065%, sigmax = 0.0090% (10% of grand mean) for 0.0965% pyrantel tartrate level; and sigmao = 0.0415%, sigmax = 0.0743% (10% of grand mean) for 0.7902% pyrantel tartrate level. The mean theoretical recovery values for feeds containing 0.0103, 0.0965, and 0.7902% were 100, 97, and 96%, respectively. The method was adopted as official first action for feeds or concentrates containing 0.0106-0.8811% pyrantel tartrate.", "PMID": 565350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6492", "title": "Involvement of Rhizobium japonicum O antigen in soybean nodulation.", "content": "Non-nodulating mutant strains of Rhizobium japonicum lacked a surface antigen that was present on the wild type. This surface antigen is associated with the O antigen portion of the lipopolysaccharide. Paper chromatography of hydrolyzed lipopolysaccharide and O antigen revealed three major component differences between the non-nodulating strains and the wild type.", "contents": "Involvement of Rhizobium japonicum O antigen in soybean nodulation. Non-nodulating mutant strains of Rhizobium japonicum lacked a surface antigen that was present on the wild type. This surface antigen is associated with the O antigen portion of the lipopolysaccharide. Paper chromatography of hydrolyzed lipopolysaccharide and O antigen revealed three major component differences between the non-nodulating strains and the wild type.", "PMID": 565351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6493", "title": "Ultrastructure of Rhizobium japonicum in relation to its attachment to root hairs.", "content": "In Rhizobium japonicum strain Nitragin 61A76, morphologically distinct types of bacteria were found to occur in yeast extract-mannitol broth cultures, at both mid-log and stationary phases. Of these only the capsular form, characterized by a smooth cell envelope, storage granules (glycogen and poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid), and an amorphous extracellular capsule, bound soybean lectin. The binding site was localized in the capsular material. Less than 1% of the bacterial population differentiated into these capsular forms, which were also able to attach to the soybean root hair surface.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Rhizobium japonicum in relation to its attachment to root hairs. In Rhizobium japonicum strain Nitragin 61A76, morphologically distinct types of bacteria were found to occur in yeast extract-mannitol broth cultures, at both mid-log and stationary phases. Of these only the capsular form, characterized by a smooth cell envelope, storage granules (glycogen and poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid), and an amorphous extracellular capsule, bound soybean lectin. The binding site was localized in the capsular material. Less than 1% of the bacterial population differentiated into these capsular forms, which were also able to attach to the soybean root hair surface.", "PMID": 565352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6494", "title": "Diurnal variation in sensory and pain thresholds correlated with mood states.", "content": "Twenty-two healthy volunteers were tested for diurnal variations in six mood states and in the sensory and pain thresholds. Cutaneous electrical stimulation was used to detect sensory and pain thresholds and a Mood Questionnaire was used to assess mood states. Both sensory and pain thresholds were found to be significantly lower in the afternoon than in the morning. The detection and pain thresholds were not related to the mood states.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in sensory and pain thresholds correlated with mood states. Twenty-two healthy volunteers were tested for diurnal variations in six mood states and in the sensory and pain thresholds. Cutaneous electrical stimulation was used to detect sensory and pain thresholds and a Mood Questionnaire was used to assess mood states. Both sensory and pain thresholds were found to be significantly lower in the afternoon than in the morning. The detection and pain thresholds were not related to the mood states.", "PMID": 565353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6495", "title": "Periodic psychosis recurring in association with menstrual cycle.", "content": "We reported seven cases of patients with regularly recurring psychosis in close association with the menstrual cycle, who showed certain characteristics in common in regard to their age of onset, clinical picture, psychogenic factors, endocrine and EEG findings. In these patients, monoamine metabolisms in the central nervous system, fluctuating in connection with menstrual cycle, may be disturbed by emotional impact or other unknown causes thereby delicately deranging the central nervous system activity, mentally and physiologically.", "contents": "Periodic psychosis recurring in association with menstrual cycle. We reported seven cases of patients with regularly recurring psychosis in close association with the menstrual cycle, who showed certain characteristics in common in regard to their age of onset, clinical picture, psychogenic factors, endocrine and EEG findings. In these patients, monoamine metabolisms in the central nervous system, fluctuating in connection with menstrual cycle, may be disturbed by emotional impact or other unknown causes thereby delicately deranging the central nervous system activity, mentally and physiologically.", "PMID": 565354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6496", "title": "Formation of 7-cis retinal by the direct irradiation of all-trans retinal.", "content": "7-cis Retinal, one of the geometrical isomers of retinal, was prepared by the direct irradiation of all-trans retinal dissolved in ethanol and successive separation by high performance liquid chromatography. The production for its purification and identification are described.", "contents": "Formation of 7-cis retinal by the direct irradiation of all-trans retinal. 7-cis Retinal, one of the geometrical isomers of retinal, was prepared by the direct irradiation of all-trans retinal dissolved in ethanol and successive separation by high performance liquid chromatography. The production for its purification and identification are described.", "PMID": 565355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6497", "title": "Galactose metabolism in Dictyostelium discoideum. Regulation of galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl transferase during growth and development.", "content": "Dictyostelium discoideum is able to metabolize [1-14C]galactose to 14CO2 despite the observation that galactose is inhibitory with respect to growth. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity is present throughout growth and development and varies in activity only slightly during the entire life cycle of D. discoideum, in contrast to the rapid increase in UDP-glucose 4-epimerase activity during development. Therefore, in D. discoideum, these two enzymes of the Leloir pathway are independently regulated, unlike E. coli where these enzymes are coordinately controlled.", "contents": "Galactose metabolism in Dictyostelium discoideum. Regulation of galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl transferase during growth and development. Dictyostelium discoideum is able to metabolize [1-14C]galactose to 14CO2 despite the observation that galactose is inhibitory with respect to growth. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity is present throughout growth and development and varies in activity only slightly during the entire life cycle of D. discoideum, in contrast to the rapid increase in UDP-glucose 4-epimerase activity during development. Therefore, in D. discoideum, these two enzymes of the Leloir pathway are independently regulated, unlike E. coli where these enzymes are coordinately controlled.", "PMID": 565356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6498", "title": "Reconstitution of the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme from Ehrlich tumor cells.", "content": "Ribonucleotide reductase from Ehrlich tumor cells was separated by chromatography on blue dextran/Sepharose into two protein fractions (Tris and Dye fractions). Neither fraction alone had reductase activity, but when combined, constituted an active enzyme system. Heat treatment of either fraction resulted in an inactive combination. The approximate molecular size of the active component of the Tris and Dye fractions was determined to be 5.7 S and 6.5 S, respectively, compared to 9 S for the intact enzyme. The Tris fraction was inactivated by hydroxylamine while the dye fraction was inactivated by pyridoxal phosphate/BH4-treatment. The inactivation of the Dye fraction was prevented by ATP. These data would indicate that the Tris and Dye fractions were comparable in function to the B2 and B1 proteins, respectively, of the Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "Reconstitution of the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme from Ehrlich tumor cells. Ribonucleotide reductase from Ehrlich tumor cells was separated by chromatography on blue dextran/Sepharose into two protein fractions (Tris and Dye fractions). Neither fraction alone had reductase activity, but when combined, constituted an active enzyme system. Heat treatment of either fraction resulted in an inactive combination. The approximate molecular size of the active component of the Tris and Dye fractions was determined to be 5.7 S and 6.5 S, respectively, compared to 9 S for the intact enzyme. The Tris fraction was inactivated by hydroxylamine while the dye fraction was inactivated by pyridoxal phosphate/BH4-treatment. The inactivation of the Dye fraction was prevented by ATP. These data would indicate that the Tris and Dye fractions were comparable in function to the B2 and B1 proteins, respectively, of the Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase.", "PMID": 565357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6499", "title": "Density-dependent effects of oxygen on the growth of mammalian fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Various concentrations of oxygen were used to determine the optimum culture medium PO2 for survival and proliferation of attached human and mouse fibroblasts grown from different inoculum sizes. When T-15 flasks were seeded with less than or equal to 2 X 10(4) cells (less than or equal to 1.3 X 10(3) cells/cm2), the highest plating efficiencies and cell yields were obtained with a culture medium PO2 of 40-60 mm Hg. At higher inoculum sizes (10(5) cells per T-15) used routinely for mass cultured, no difference in cell yield or glycolytic activity was observed between cultures gassed with atmospheric, i.e., 18% O2 (growth medium PO2 approximately equal to 125-135 mm Hg) and those gassed with 1% O2 (growth medium PO2 approximately euqal to 40-60 mm Hg). The enhanced clonal growth observed at the latter PO2 results from an increased proliferation rate rather than more efficient attachment and survival of inoculated cells. Glucose uptake and lactic acid accumulation were increased in sparse cultures sparged with 1% O2. A slight extension of lifespan was observed in WI-38 cells serially subcultured with a gas phase of 1% O2.", "contents": "Density-dependent effects of oxygen on the growth of mammalian fibroblasts in culture. Various concentrations of oxygen were used to determine the optimum culture medium PO2 for survival and proliferation of attached human and mouse fibroblasts grown from different inoculum sizes. When T-15 flasks were seeded with less than or equal to 2 X 10(4) cells (less than or equal to 1.3 X 10(3) cells/cm2), the highest plating efficiencies and cell yields were obtained with a culture medium PO2 of 40-60 mm Hg. At higher inoculum sizes (10(5) cells per T-15) used routinely for mass cultured, no difference in cell yield or glycolytic activity was observed between cultures gassed with atmospheric, i.e., 18% O2 (growth medium PO2 approximately equal to 125-135 mm Hg) and those gassed with 1% O2 (growth medium PO2 approximately euqal to 40-60 mm Hg). The enhanced clonal growth observed at the latter PO2 results from an increased proliferation rate rather than more efficient attachment and survival of inoculated cells. Glucose uptake and lactic acid accumulation were increased in sparse cultures sparged with 1% O2. A slight extension of lifespan was observed in WI-38 cells serially subcultured with a gas phase of 1% O2.", "PMID": 565364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6500", "title": "Chloride and sulfate transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: evidence for a common mechanism.", "content": "The effects of phloretin, H2DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyano-1,2-diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonate) and SO4-2 on anion transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied in an effort to determine whether Cl- and SO4-2 share a common transport mechanism. Sulfate, in the presence of constant extracellular Cl- (100 mM), reduces Cl- self-exchange by 43% (40 mM SO4-2) and Cl--SO4-2 exchange by 36% (25 mM Cl-/O SO4-2 compared to 25 mM Cl-/50 mM SO4-2). Phloretin blocks without delay and to the same extent the self-exchange of both Cl- and SO4-2. For example, at 10(-4) M phloretin, anion transport is inhibited 28% which increases to 78% at 5 X 10(-4) M. Reversibly bound H2DIDS also inhibits the self-exchange of both Cl- and SO4-2. However, at all H2DIDS concentrations tested (0.5 - 10 X 10(-5) M) SO4-2 transport was far more susceptible to inhibition than that of Cl-. H2DIDS when irreversibly bound to the cell inhibits SO4-2 but not Cl- transport. The results of these experiments are consistent with the postulation that both Cl- and SO4-2 are transported by a common mechanism possessing two reactive sites.", "contents": "Chloride and sulfate transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: evidence for a common mechanism. The effects of phloretin, H2DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyano-1,2-diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonate) and SO4-2 on anion transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied in an effort to determine whether Cl- and SO4-2 share a common transport mechanism. Sulfate, in the presence of constant extracellular Cl- (100 mM), reduces Cl- self-exchange by 43% (40 mM SO4-2) and Cl--SO4-2 exchange by 36% (25 mM Cl-/O SO4-2 compared to 25 mM Cl-/50 mM SO4-2). Phloretin blocks without delay and to the same extent the self-exchange of both Cl- and SO4-2. For example, at 10(-4) M phloretin, anion transport is inhibited 28% which increases to 78% at 5 X 10(-4) M. Reversibly bound H2DIDS also inhibits the self-exchange of both Cl- and SO4-2. However, at all H2DIDS concentrations tested (0.5 - 10 X 10(-5) M) SO4-2 transport was far more susceptible to inhibition than that of Cl-. H2DIDS when irreversibly bound to the cell inhibits SO4-2 but not Cl- transport. The results of these experiments are consistent with the postulation that both Cl- and SO4-2 are transported by a common mechanism possessing two reactive sites.", "PMID": 565363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6501", "title": "The stimulation of DNA synthesis by cytochalasin B in proliferative epidermal and dermal cells.", "content": "Cytochalasin B influences a variety of cellular events that are associated with the contractile microfilament system and the formation of binucleate cells. Along with the formation of binucleate cells, cytochalasin B also causes an acceleration of cells from G1 to S in the cell cycle. By pulsing the cytochalasin B for 30 minutes and allowing for a previously established lag time (17.5 hours) a stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA of proliferative epidermal and dermal cells was found in both control and stripped epidermis. Autoradiographic analysis confirmed that the stimulation was due to an increased number of basal cells accelerated from G1 to S phase. A minimal number of binucleate basal cells, 1 in 300, was observed, which suggests that the stimulated synthesis is independent of binucleate cell formation. The amount of stimulation is maximum with cytochalasin B concentration pulse between 5gamma and 30gamma/ml. The results suggest a possible link in coupling cell membrane and surface events with subsequent increased cell nuclei synthetic activity.", "contents": "The stimulation of DNA synthesis by cytochalasin B in proliferative epidermal and dermal cells. Cytochalasin B influences a variety of cellular events that are associated with the contractile microfilament system and the formation of binucleate cells. Along with the formation of binucleate cells, cytochalasin B also causes an acceleration of cells from G1 to S in the cell cycle. By pulsing the cytochalasin B for 30 minutes and allowing for a previously established lag time (17.5 hours) a stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA of proliferative epidermal and dermal cells was found in both control and stripped epidermis. Autoradiographic analysis confirmed that the stimulation was due to an increased number of basal cells accelerated from G1 to S phase. A minimal number of binucleate basal cells, 1 in 300, was observed, which suggests that the stimulated synthesis is independent of binucleate cell formation. The amount of stimulation is maximum with cytochalasin B concentration pulse between 5gamma and 30gamma/ml. The results suggest a possible link in coupling cell membrane and surface events with subsequent increased cell nuclei synthetic activity.", "PMID": 565365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6502", "title": "Responses given by A and B quasi-therapists to differing sexual roles in an intropunitive-neurotic prototype: an analogue study.", "content": "Twenty-four male undergraduate students were selected on the basis of their A--B status. Six Ss of each type were assigned randomly to one of two videotaped stimulus conditions, an adequate or an inadequate sexual role variant of an intropunitive neurotic prototype. Two dependent measures, response time and number of confrontations, were used and conceptualized in terms of an approach-avoidance continuum. Differential responding on the basis of the Ss' A--B status was not supported in this study.", "contents": "Responses given by A and B quasi-therapists to differing sexual roles in an intropunitive-neurotic prototype: an analogue study. Twenty-four male undergraduate students were selected on the basis of their A--B status. Six Ss of each type were assigned randomly to one of two videotaped stimulus conditions, an adequate or an inadequate sexual role variant of an intropunitive neurotic prototype. Two dependent measures, response time and number of confrontations, were used and conceptualized in terms of an approach-avoidance continuum. Differential responding on the basis of the Ss' A--B status was not supported in this study.", "PMID": 565368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6503", "title": "The effect of group implosive therapy on snake phobias.", "content": "Snake phobic Ss in groups of 10 were presented with a verbal fantasy similar to those used in individual Implosive Therapy (IT) in order to explore the adaptability of the procedure to group use. A single 25-minute implosive presentation of the same material on audio tape was effective in reducing snake phobias in about the same percentage of Ss as individual IT. It was concluded that IT can be adapted to group use, but that care should be taken to ensure an opportunity for extinction to occur through repeated presentation of the fantasy material.", "contents": "The effect of group implosive therapy on snake phobias. Snake phobic Ss in groups of 10 were presented with a verbal fantasy similar to those used in individual Implosive Therapy (IT) in order to explore the adaptability of the procedure to group use. A single 25-minute implosive presentation of the same material on audio tape was effective in reducing snake phobias in about the same percentage of Ss as individual IT. It was concluded that IT can be adapted to group use, but that care should be taken to ensure an opportunity for extinction to occur through repeated presentation of the fantasy material.", "PMID": 565369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6504", "title": "Nutrition education in the Little Rock school lunch program.", "content": "The Little Rock (Ark.) School Foodservice Department furnished a nutrition education unit to two groups of primary-grade children. For one group, use of the unit was left to the discretion of the teacher. Teachers of the second group received the assistance of a nutrition education coordinator and use of supplemental materials developed by the coordinator; in addition, the Foodservice Department provided other supplies and foods suggested for carrying out the unit. Change in eating behavior in both groups was measured by studies of plate waste of the test foods incorporated in the school lunch. The study showed that: (a) A cooperative effort between the cafeteria department and classroom can result in changing eating behavior, and (b) first and second graders showed more behavioral change than third graders.", "contents": "Nutrition education in the Little Rock school lunch program. The Little Rock (Ark.) School Foodservice Department furnished a nutrition education unit to two groups of primary-grade children. For one group, use of the unit was left to the discretion of the teacher. Teachers of the second group received the assistance of a nutrition education coordinator and use of supplemental materials developed by the coordinator; in addition, the Foodservice Department provided other supplies and foods suggested for carrying out the unit. Change in eating behavior in both groups was measured by studies of plate waste of the test foods incorporated in the school lunch. The study showed that: (a) A cooperative effort between the cafeteria department and classroom can result in changing eating behavior, and (b) first and second graders showed more behavioral change than third graders.", "PMID": 565371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6505", "title": "Cardiovascular reactions during psychiatric interview. A non-invasive study on a twin sample.", "content": "A sample of 18 monozygotic and 13 dizygotic male twin pairs in the ages 51-74 (mean 62) was  exposed to a stressful psychiatric interview. Genetic influence over blood pressure and peripheral pulse volume was observed to be most evident at the end of the interview, while heart rate was genetically strongly influenced both at rest and during the whole interview.", "contents": "Cardiovascular reactions during psychiatric interview. A non-invasive study on a twin sample. A sample of 18 monozygotic and 13 dizygotic male twin pairs in the ages 51-74 (mean 62) was  exposed to a stressful psychiatric interview. Genetic influence over blood pressure and peripheral pulse volume was observed to be most evident at the end of the interview, while heart rate was genetically strongly influenced both at rest and during the whole interview.", "PMID": 565373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6506", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in workers exposed to silicogenic risk with tuberculin-negative test and hyperergia.", "content": "Changes in serum proteins and immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM were analysed comparatively in workers exposed to silicogenic particles in dependence on the hyperergic test or negative tuberculin test. Hypoalbuminemia with an increase in alpha-2 globulins was found in both groups. In addition, increase in gamma globulins was noticed in the group of hyperergic subjects. The electrophoretic picture in the hyperergic patients resembled that reported in human pulmonary tuberculosis. In the hyperergic group, a significant increase in IgG and occasionally in IgA was found. In the tuberculin-negative subjects, a less definite immunologic picture was found, with a slight but significant decrease in IgG while IgA was normal. In both groups, IgM were significantly decreased.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in workers exposed to silicogenic risk with tuberculin-negative test and hyperergia. Changes in serum proteins and immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM were analysed comparatively in workers exposed to silicogenic particles in dependence on the hyperergic test or negative tuberculin test. Hypoalbuminemia with an increase in alpha-2 globulins was found in both groups. In addition, increase in gamma globulins was noticed in the group of hyperergic subjects. The electrophoretic picture in the hyperergic patients resembled that reported in human pulmonary tuberculosis. In the hyperergic group, a significant increase in IgG and occasionally in IgA was found. In the tuberculin-negative subjects, a less definite immunologic picture was found, with a slight but significant decrease in IgG while IgA was normal. In both groups, IgM were significantly decreased.", "PMID": 565375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6507", "title": "Health problems of windowless henhouses.", "content": "The working, health and zoohygiene problems of keeping chickens (45,000) in TEROZ type windowless houses on deep litter with controlled light regimen and hens (75,000) in cages were the subject of study for 3 years. The poultry was fed on factory-produced feedstuffs with the then permitted addition of CTC in amounts of 20 g/l tonne. Except for the low intensity of illumination in the chicken house (10-1.1 1x) and with the observation of the prescribed technology, the working environment is favourable. The state of health of the employees did not differ essentially from that of other groups of workers in aggriculture. The use of CTC resulted in a growing number of resistant microbial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, etc) which led to the banning of its use and replacement by other biostimulants. Every type of large-scale poultry farm should be designed as a whole including the chicken incubator, the egg sorting station, the slaughter house, the use of waste matter and sewage disposal and should be previously tried out experimentally by a group of experts concerned with the given problems, before being introduced into wider use.", "contents": "Health problems of windowless henhouses. The working, health and zoohygiene problems of keeping chickens (45,000) in TEROZ type windowless houses on deep litter with controlled light regimen and hens (75,000) in cages were the subject of study for 3 years. The poultry was fed on factory-produced feedstuffs with the then permitted addition of CTC in amounts of 20 g/l tonne. Except for the low intensity of illumination in the chicken house (10-1.1 1x) and with the observation of the prescribed technology, the working environment is favourable. The state of health of the employees did not differ essentially from that of other groups of workers in aggriculture. The use of CTC resulted in a growing number of resistant microbial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, etc) which led to the banning of its use and replacement by other biostimulants. Every type of large-scale poultry farm should be designed as a whole including the chicken incubator, the egg sorting station, the slaughter house, the use of waste matter and sewage disposal and should be previously tried out experimentally by a group of experts concerned with the given problems, before being introduced into wider use.", "PMID": 565376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6508", "title": "Chloro compounds of phosphorus as industrial hazards.", "content": "The toxicometric indices of phosphorus oxychloride, trichloride and pentachloride were determined and the peculiarities of the toxic effect of these compounds were investigated in experiment. Comparative characteristics of the irritant and resorptive effects of the substances were presented. The highest admissible concentrations (HAC) in the air of the working place were set at 0.05 mg/m3, 0.2 mg/m3 and 0.2 mg/m3 for phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus pentachloride, respectively. Some prophylactic measures were recommended.", "contents": "Chloro compounds of phosphorus as industrial hazards. The toxicometric indices of phosphorus oxychloride, trichloride and pentachloride were determined and the peculiarities of the toxic effect of these compounds were investigated in experiment. Comparative characteristics of the irritant and resorptive effects of the substances were presented. The highest admissible concentrations (HAC) in the air of the working place were set at 0.05 mg/m3, 0.2 mg/m3 and 0.2 mg/m3 for phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus pentachloride, respectively. Some prophylactic measures were recommended.", "PMID": 565377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6509", "title": "Anaphylactic shock following the administration of clindamycin.", "content": "A case of anaphylactic shock following the administration of clindamycin is reported. The antibody response was studied by the passive haemagglutination reaction and the presence of haemagglutinating antibodies to both clindamycin and lincomycin was detected. In the discussion, the authors try to account for the causes of development of the mentioned anaphylactic reaction after a single therapeutic dose. In this connection they mention a possible development of haemagglutinating antibodies after the administration of two doses to the patient in an experiment at a long-term interval.", "contents": "Anaphylactic shock following the administration of clindamycin. A case of anaphylactic shock following the administration of clindamycin is reported. The antibody response was studied by the passive haemagglutination reaction and the presence of haemagglutinating antibodies to both clindamycin and lincomycin was detected. In the discussion, the authors try to account for the causes of development of the mentioned anaphylactic reaction after a single therapeutic dose. In this connection they mention a possible development of haemagglutinating antibodies after the administration of two doses to the patient in an experiment at a long-term interval.", "PMID": 565379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6510", "title": "Staphylococcal infections.", "content": "All the forms of staphylococcal infections require cooperation among microbiologists, immunologists and clinicians. In case of any acute staphylococcus process, the curative tactics is based on an effective chemotherapy sometimes completed by a radical surgical intervention. In case of chronic forms, however, the antibiotics therapy is considered to be problematic. It is the specific immunotherapy by means of specific vaccine with polyvalent action, containing all pathogenetically significant antigens, that is considered by the authors to be a reliable base of the therapy of chronic staphylococcus infections. The specific polyvalent phage lysate is used for local application. It has to be pointed out that this therapy requires a complex curative regimen, i.e. regulation of the deficiency of serum immunoglobulines, administration of antibiotics, amelioration of the tissue trophism of the area concerned, suitable therapy by means of vitamines and diet. If necessary, surgical technique and tactics are an important part of the entire complex curative method.", "contents": "Staphylococcal infections. All the forms of staphylococcal infections require cooperation among microbiologists, immunologists and clinicians. In case of any acute staphylococcus process, the curative tactics is based on an effective chemotherapy sometimes completed by a radical surgical intervention. In case of chronic forms, however, the antibiotics therapy is considered to be problematic. It is the specific immunotherapy by means of specific vaccine with polyvalent action, containing all pathogenetically significant antigens, that is considered by the authors to be a reliable base of the therapy of chronic staphylococcus infections. The specific polyvalent phage lysate is used for local application. It has to be pointed out that this therapy requires a complex curative regimen, i.e. regulation of the deficiency of serum immunoglobulines, administration of antibiotics, amelioration of the tissue trophism of the area concerned, suitable therapy by means of vitamines and diet. If necessary, surgical technique and tactics are an important part of the entire complex curative method.", "PMID": 565380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6511", "title": "Role of cell-cell interactions in mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes. I. Dissociation on concanavalin A-inducible lymphocyte activation and agglutination.", "content": "The aim of the study was to decide whether the delayed agglutination of lymphocytes following mitogenic doses of concanavalin A (Con A) is a prerequisite of the activation process. It was shown that both phenomena can be greatly dissociated; suitable doses of cytochalasin B (CB) completely block agglutination, while the capacity to respond (by [14C]thymidine incorporation) to Con A-induced stimulation is retained. It was concluded that agglutinability is acquired in the early phase of the activation process, concomitant with induced changes in the cell membrane structure; the manifestation (i.e. agglutination) of this capacity is not necessary for the activation of the cell nucleus to take place, and it depends on the cells' chances of being brought together, either by active movement or by external forces.", "contents": "Role of cell-cell interactions in mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes. I. Dissociation on concanavalin A-inducible lymphocyte activation and agglutination. The aim of the study was to decide whether the delayed agglutination of lymphocytes following mitogenic doses of concanavalin A (Con A) is a prerequisite of the activation process. It was shown that both phenomena can be greatly dissociated; suitable doses of cytochalasin B (CB) completely block agglutination, while the capacity to respond (by [14C]thymidine incorporation) to Con A-induced stimulation is retained. It was concluded that agglutinability is acquired in the early phase of the activation process, concomitant with induced changes in the cell membrane structure; the manifestation (i.e. agglutination) of this capacity is not necessary for the activation of the cell nucleus to take place, and it depends on the cells' chances of being brought together, either by active movement or by external forces.", "PMID": 565383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6512", "title": "Human eosinophils: surface receptors and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.", "content": "Neutrophils and eosinophils from normal donors were tested for the presence of complement and Fc receptors with the use of EAC and EA. When cytocentrifuged, stained rosette preparations were used, the mean +/- 1 standard deviation for the percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils forming EAC rosettes was 71.1% +/- 19.1 and 22.2% +/- 16.1, respectively. The percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils forming EA rosettes was 78.0% +/- 10.0 and 23.5% +/- 5.6, respectively. In parallel with these observations, these cell types were tested for their ability to mediate ADC. Neutrophils were much more efficient than eosinophils in ADC, which may reflect differences in surface receptor binding and/or the absence of eosinophil cellular constituents essential for target cell lysis.", "contents": "Human eosinophils: surface receptors and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Neutrophils and eosinophils from normal donors were tested for the presence of complement and Fc receptors with the use of EAC and EA. When cytocentrifuged, stained rosette preparations were used, the mean +/- 1 standard deviation for the percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils forming EAC rosettes was 71.1% +/- 19.1 and 22.2% +/- 16.1, respectively. The percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils forming EA rosettes was 78.0% +/- 10.0 and 23.5% +/- 5.6, respectively. In parallel with these observations, these cell types were tested for their ability to mediate ADC. Neutrophils were much more efficient than eosinophils in ADC, which may reflect differences in surface receptor binding and/or the absence of eosinophil cellular constituents essential for target cell lysis.", "PMID": 565384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6513", "title": "Early fate of somatostatin in the circulation of the rat after intravenous injection.", "content": "The products of somatostatin in the circulation have been investigated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma collected 1 min after intravenous injection of cyclic (oxidized) somatostatin showed a single ultraviolet absorbing peak. The total plasma content of this product was equivalent to 10--20% of the injected dose. Amino acid analysis showed that 80--90% of the material in the peak was [des-Ala1]-somatostatin and the remainder was unchanged peptide. [des-Ala1]-Somatostatin is rapidly formed in blood and plasma in vitro and according to other workers may be fully active. In contrast, 1 min after injection of linear (reduced) somatostatin, no products could be detected in the circulation. Incubations in vitro resulted in rapid conversion of the linear somatostatin to a product similar to the cyclic form. However, in vivo, very efficient clearance of linear somatostatin must occur even more rapidly than cyclization. In view of the very different clearance rates of the two forms of somatostatin, it is important to know whether endogenous somatostatin is released in the cyclic or the linear form. The absence of detectable concentrations of inactive peptide fragments in the circulation suggests that inactivation of somatostatin occurs in the tissues.", "contents": "Early fate of somatostatin in the circulation of the rat after intravenous injection. The products of somatostatin in the circulation have been investigated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma collected 1 min after intravenous injection of cyclic (oxidized) somatostatin showed a single ultraviolet absorbing peak. The total plasma content of this product was equivalent to 10--20% of the injected dose. Amino acid analysis showed that 80--90% of the material in the peak was [des-Ala1]-somatostatin and the remainder was unchanged peptide. [des-Ala1]-Somatostatin is rapidly formed in blood and plasma in vitro and according to other workers may be fully active. In contrast, 1 min after injection of linear (reduced) somatostatin, no products could be detected in the circulation. Incubations in vitro resulted in rapid conversion of the linear somatostatin to a product similar to the cyclic form. However, in vivo, very efficient clearance of linear somatostatin must occur even more rapidly than cyclization. In view of the very different clearance rates of the two forms of somatostatin, it is important to know whether endogenous somatostatin is released in the cyclic or the linear form. The absence of detectable concentrations of inactive peptide fragments in the circulation suggests that inactivation of somatostatin occurs in the tissues.", "PMID": 565387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6514", "title": "Differential concanavalin A-induced agglutination of eight-cell preimplantation mouse embryos before and after compaction.", "content": "Eight-cell mouse embryos undergo a morphogenetically significant process termed compaction during which blastomeres flatten against one another maximizing their areas of cell-cell contact. Data presented here show striking differences (P less than 0.01) in Con A-induced agglutination between groups of uncompacted and compacted embryos suggesting that the compaction process is accompanied by changes in blastomere surface properties.", "contents": "Differential concanavalin A-induced agglutination of eight-cell preimplantation mouse embryos before and after compaction. Eight-cell mouse embryos undergo a morphogenetically significant process termed compaction during which blastomeres flatten against one another maximizing their areas of cell-cell contact. Data presented here show striking differences (P less than 0.01) in Con A-induced agglutination between groups of uncompacted and compacted embryos suggesting that the compaction process is accompanied by changes in blastomere surface properties.", "PMID": 565388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6515", "title": "Seasonal incidence of an altered diurnal rhythm of platelet serotonin in unipolar depression.", "content": "The diurnal rhythm but not absolute values of platelet serotonin (5-HT) was modified in untreated unipolar depressives. When allowance was made for the pronounced seasonal fluctuations in platelet 5-HT the difference was even more significant: in the first half of the year 5-HT was higher at 8 a.m. than at 4 p.m. in controls but the reverse was found in unipolar depressives. Parallel measurements of platelet 5-HT uptake and monoamineoxidase activity in the same patients showed no differences from controls, indicating that these regulatory factors did not determine the altered rhythmicity of platelet 5-HT. However plasma free tryptophan rhythmicity was also altered. These observations of altered rhythms but not concentrations of two peripheral serotoninergic parameters are of interest in the light of the concept of a desynchronization phenomenon underlying depressive states.", "contents": "Seasonal incidence of an altered diurnal rhythm of platelet serotonin in unipolar depression. The diurnal rhythm but not absolute values of platelet serotonin (5-HT) was modified in untreated unipolar depressives. When allowance was made for the pronounced seasonal fluctuations in platelet 5-HT the difference was even more significant: in the first half of the year 5-HT was higher at 8 a.m. than at 4 p.m. in controls but the reverse was found in unipolar depressives. Parallel measurements of platelet 5-HT uptake and monoamineoxidase activity in the same patients showed no differences from controls, indicating that these regulatory factors did not determine the altered rhythmicity of platelet 5-HT. However plasma free tryptophan rhythmicity was also altered. These observations of altered rhythms but not concentrations of two peripheral serotoninergic parameters are of interest in the light of the concept of a desynchronization phenomenon underlying depressive states.", "PMID": 565390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6516", "title": "Increased platelet serotonin in bipolar depression and hypomania.", "content": "Platelet serotonin (5-HT) was higher at 8 a.m. in untreated bipolar depressives than in controls. This high 5-HT was different from unipolar depressives where 5-HT levels were similar to controls but showed altered diurnal rhythmicity. Further differences between unipolar and bipolar patients were found. 5-HT levels and 5-HT uptake into platelets were not correlated in bipolar depressives as found in both unipolar depressives and controls; and 5-HT levels and platelet monoamineoxidase activity tended to be negatively correlated in bipolar but not in unipolar depressives and controls. A longitudinal study of a bipolar II patient throughout three hospitalizations for depression followed by the switch into hypomania, indicated that 5-HT was state independent, remaining constantly high in all clinical conditions and upon remission, reduced only during and after treatment with clomipramine, a 5-HT uptakt dysfunction of indoleamines underlying bipolar illness.", "contents": "Increased platelet serotonin in bipolar depression and hypomania. Platelet serotonin (5-HT) was higher at 8 a.m. in untreated bipolar depressives than in controls. This high 5-HT was different from unipolar depressives where 5-HT levels were similar to controls but showed altered diurnal rhythmicity. Further differences between unipolar and bipolar patients were found. 5-HT levels and 5-HT uptake into platelets were not correlated in bipolar depressives as found in both unipolar depressives and controls; and 5-HT levels and platelet monoamineoxidase activity tended to be negatively correlated in bipolar but not in unipolar depressives and controls. A longitudinal study of a bipolar II patient throughout three hospitalizations for depression followed by the switch into hypomania, indicated that 5-HT was state independent, remaining constantly high in all clinical conditions and upon remission, reduced only during and after treatment with clomipramine, a 5-HT uptakt dysfunction of indoleamines underlying bipolar illness.", "PMID": 565391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6517", "title": "Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on cholesterogenesis in rats fed different levels of protein.", "content": "Hepatic cholesterol contents in rats fed a 70% or 20% casein diet with or without pyridoxine was determined. In the case of the 70% casein group, pyridoxine-deficient rats showed a higher content than the control. The increment was mainly due to the accumulation of an ester form of the cholesterol. On the other hand, pyridoxine-deficient rats in the 20% casein group showed a slightly lower content. The cholesterol content in liver microsomal fractions was lower in the 20% casein pyridoxine-deficient group and serum cholesterol level was lower in the 70%-casein pyridoxine-deficient group than those in respective control groups. Incorporation of [14C]acetate into cholesterol was studied using liver slices, and significant stimulation was observed in pyridoxine-deficient rat fed a 20% or 70% casein diet. There was no difference in intestinal cholesterogenesis between the control and the deficient groups.", "contents": "Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on cholesterogenesis in rats fed different levels of protein. Hepatic cholesterol contents in rats fed a 70% or 20% casein diet with or without pyridoxine was determined. In the case of the 70% casein group, pyridoxine-deficient rats showed a higher content than the control. The increment was mainly due to the accumulation of an ester form of the cholesterol. On the other hand, pyridoxine-deficient rats in the 20% casein group showed a slightly lower content. The cholesterol content in liver microsomal fractions was lower in the 20% casein pyridoxine-deficient group and serum cholesterol level was lower in the 70%-casein pyridoxine-deficient group than those in respective control groups. Incorporation of [14C]acetate into cholesterol was studied using liver slices, and significant stimulation was observed in pyridoxine-deficient rat fed a 20% or 70% casein diet. There was no difference in intestinal cholesterogenesis between the control and the deficient groups.", "PMID": 565393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6518", "title": "Indications for early exchange transfusion in patients with erythroblastosis fetalis.", "content": "The postnatal rate of rise of the undirect bilirubin concentration was compared with cord hematocrit and bilirubin values in 44 newborn infants with Rh isoimmune hemolytic disease. Cord blood values failed to predict the severity of hyperbilirubinemia with sufficient accuracy to warrant their use as therapeutic guidelines. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the cord serum indirect bilirubin concentration and its subsequent rise in 19 infants who had received antenatal phenobarbital therapy, but this relationship was not observed in untreated infants. The phenobarbital-treated infants had a slower postnatal rise of indirect bilirubin than did nontreated controls. There was no reliable indicator of the severity of hyperbilirubinemia other than careful monitoring of the serum bilirubin concentration during the early hours of life.", "contents": "Indications for early exchange transfusion in patients with erythroblastosis fetalis. The postnatal rate of rise of the undirect bilirubin concentration was compared with cord hematocrit and bilirubin values in 44 newborn infants with Rh isoimmune hemolytic disease. Cord blood values failed to predict the severity of hyperbilirubinemia with sufficient accuracy to warrant their use as therapeutic guidelines. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the cord serum indirect bilirubin concentration and its subsequent rise in 19 infants who had received antenatal phenobarbital therapy, but this relationship was not observed in untreated infants. The phenobarbital-treated infants had a slower postnatal rise of indirect bilirubin than did nontreated controls. There was no reliable indicator of the severity of hyperbilirubinemia other than careful monitoring of the serum bilirubin concentration during the early hours of life.", "PMID": 565394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6519", "title": "Further studies on Capillaria philippinensis: development of the parasite in the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "Capillaria philippinensis larvae from the digestive tract of a Northern Luzon freshwater fish (Hypselotris bipartita) experimentally exposed to embryonated eggs, were given by stomach tube to Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). The larvae developed into adults within 10 to 11 days and female worms produced larvae within 13 to 14 days. These larvae developed into second generation adults by days 22 to 24 and the second generation females produced eggs that were present in the feces of the animal on the average 26 days after infection. Most females were oviparous but a few larviparous females were always present. The gerbils died on an average of 46 days after infection, with the highest numbers of worms recovered between days 36 and 46. All stages of the parasite were generally found at necropsy. Gerbils developed patent infections after receiving 2 or 3 laeval from fish, and 852 to 5,353 worms were recovered at necropsy. These studies show that autoinfection in an integral part of the life cycle of C. philippinensis, both initially and in maintaining the infection. The natural transmission of the parasite was demonstrated when H. bipartita from a lagoon in the endemic area were fed to gerbils and 3 became infected. The parasite can also be maintained in the laboratory by transfer of worms by stomach tube from the small intestines of an infected gerbil to a clean gerbil.", "contents": "Further studies on Capillaria philippinensis: development of the parasite in the Mongolian gerbil. Capillaria philippinensis larvae from the digestive tract of a Northern Luzon freshwater fish (Hypselotris bipartita) experimentally exposed to embryonated eggs, were given by stomach tube to Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). The larvae developed into adults within 10 to 11 days and female worms produced larvae within 13 to 14 days. These larvae developed into second generation adults by days 22 to 24 and the second generation females produced eggs that were present in the feces of the animal on the average 26 days after infection. Most females were oviparous but a few larviparous females were always present. The gerbils died on an average of 46 days after infection, with the highest numbers of worms recovered between days 36 and 46. All stages of the parasite were generally found at necropsy. Gerbils developed patent infections after receiving 2 or 3 laeval from fish, and 852 to 5,353 worms were recovered at necropsy. These studies show that autoinfection in an integral part of the life cycle of C. philippinensis, both initially and in maintaining the infection. The natural transmission of the parasite was demonstrated when H. bipartita from a lagoon in the endemic area were fed to gerbils and 3 became infected. The parasite can also be maintained in the laboratory by transfer of worms by stomach tube from the small intestines of an infected gerbil to a clean gerbil.", "PMID": 565396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6520", "title": "Effect of the anticoccidial arprinocid on production, sporulation, and infectivity of Eimeria oocysts.", "content": "Medication of broilers with arprinocid [MK-302, 9-(2-chloro-6-fluorbenzyl adenine)] had 3 distinct effects on oocysts; (1) the number of oocysts produced was decreased, (2) fewer of the oocysts sporulated, and (3) those oocysts which did sporulate were less infective than those from unmedicated birds. The drug level necessary to prevent passage of oocysts depended on the species and strain of coccidia. To essentially eliminate oocyst production (less than 5% of controls) required medication with the following levels of arprinocid: 70 ppm with Eimeria maxima; 60 ppm with E. mivati, E. E. necatrix, and E. brunetti; and 50 ppm with E. tenella. With E. acervulina, oocysts were completely eliminated by 60 ppm of arprinocid with one field strain but were still numerous at 70 ppm with a second field strain. Oocysts recovered from birds on medication often failed to sporulate. No sporulation was seen at drug levels of 30 ppm or above with E. maxima and E. mivati. The level of arpinocid required to prevent sporulation with other species depended on the strain being studied, but varied from 30 ppm to 70 ppm. The oocysts of E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. tenella, and E. brunetti recovered from medicated birds that subsequently sporulated, were less infective when inoculated into susceptible birds, than oocysts from unmedicated birds. Oocysts from low medication level with E. necatrix (30 ppm) and E. maxima (10 ppm), once sporulated, were as infective as oocysts from unmedicated control birds, even though the numbers produced were less. No differences were detected in the time oocysts were produced between medicated and unmedicated birds infected with E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. brunetti, and E. tenella.", "contents": "Effect of the anticoccidial arprinocid on production, sporulation, and infectivity of Eimeria oocysts. Medication of broilers with arprinocid [MK-302, 9-(2-chloro-6-fluorbenzyl adenine)] had 3 distinct effects on oocysts; (1) the number of oocysts produced was decreased, (2) fewer of the oocysts sporulated, and (3) those oocysts which did sporulate were less infective than those from unmedicated birds. The drug level necessary to prevent passage of oocysts depended on the species and strain of coccidia. To essentially eliminate oocyst production (less than 5% of controls) required medication with the following levels of arprinocid: 70 ppm with Eimeria maxima; 60 ppm with E. mivati, E. E. necatrix, and E. brunetti; and 50 ppm with E. tenella. With E. acervulina, oocysts were completely eliminated by 60 ppm of arprinocid with one field strain but were still numerous at 70 ppm with a second field strain. Oocysts recovered from birds on medication often failed to sporulate. No sporulation was seen at drug levels of 30 ppm or above with E. maxima and E. mivati. The level of arpinocid required to prevent sporulation with other species depended on the strain being studied, but varied from 30 ppm to 70 ppm. The oocysts of E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. tenella, and E. brunetti recovered from medicated birds that subsequently sporulated, were less infective when inoculated into susceptible birds, than oocysts from unmedicated birds. Oocysts from low medication level with E. necatrix (30 ppm) and E. maxima (10 ppm), once sporulated, were as infective as oocysts from unmedicated control birds, even though the numbers produced were less. No differences were detected in the time oocysts were produced between medicated and unmedicated birds infected with E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. brunetti, and E. tenella.", "PMID": 565397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6521", "title": "GLC--mass spectral analysis of fungal metabolites.", "content": "Four metabolites, hispidin, bisnoryangonin, muscimole, and ibotenic acid, from potentially psychoactive mushrooms were analyzed by GLC--mass spectrometry as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. This method was applied to the first two compounds in Gymnopilus punctifolius (Peck) Singer and to the last two compounds in Amania pantherina (Fr.) Secr.", "contents": "GLC--mass spectral analysis of fungal metabolites. Four metabolites, hispidin, bisnoryangonin, muscimole, and ibotenic acid, from potentially psychoactive mushrooms were analyzed by GLC--mass spectrometry as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. This method was applied to the first two compounds in Gymnopilus punctifolius (Peck) Singer and to the last two compounds in Amania pantherina (Fr.) Secr.", "PMID": 565401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6522", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides and their 5'-phosphates.", "content": "Syntheses and biological activities of 12 N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides (alkyl chain length of 1--10, 16, and 18 carbons) and three N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates (chain length of 4, 9, and 10 carbons) are described. The N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides were prepared by a reaction of (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-9H-purine-6-carbamate and n-alkylamine in refluxing pyridine. The 5'-nucleotides were prepared by direct phosphorylation of the corresponding ribonucleoside with phosphorus oxychloride and triethyl phosphate. Some N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides (n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl) and their nucleotides showed a marked antiproliferative activity against L-1210 cells in culture.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides and their 5'-phosphates. Syntheses and biological activities of 12 N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides (alkyl chain length of 1--10, 16, and 18 carbons) and three N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates (chain length of 4, 9, and 10 carbons) are described. The N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides were prepared by a reaction of (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-9H-purine-6-carbamate and n-alkylamine in refluxing pyridine. The 5'-nucleotides were prepared by direct phosphorylation of the corresponding ribonucleoside with phosphorus oxychloride and triethyl phosphate. Some N6-(n-alkylureido)purine ribonucleosides (n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl) and their nucleotides showed a marked antiproliferative activity against L-1210 cells in culture.", "PMID": 565402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6523", "title": "Chemical constituents of Gentianaceae XXIV: Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of naturally occurring xanthones and synthetic analogs.", "content": "Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RV data are presented for the individual xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult and Swertia purpurascens Wall (Gentianaceae); a few, from the former species, showed significant activity. Additionally, sturcture--activity relationships of these compounds are evaluated on the basis of the minimum inhibitory concentration data of 18 naturally occurring xanthones bearing 1,3,5- 1,3,5,6-, 1,3,6,7-, 1,3,5,8-, 1,3,5,6,7-, and 1,3.6,7,8-oxygenated patterns and six synthetic analogs.", "contents": "Chemical constituents of Gentianaceae XXIV: Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of naturally occurring xanthones and synthetic analogs. Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RV data are presented for the individual xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult and Swertia purpurascens Wall (Gentianaceae); a few, from the former species, showed significant activity. Additionally, sturcture--activity relationships of these compounds are evaluated on the basis of the minimum inhibitory concentration data of 18 naturally occurring xanthones bearing 1,3,5- 1,3,5,6-, 1,3,6,7-, 1,3,5,8-, 1,3,5,6,7-, and 1,3.6,7,8-oxygenated patterns and six synthetic analogs.", "PMID": 565403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6524", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic morphine treatments on calcium localization and binding in brain.", "content": "Acute subcutaneous injection of 25 mg/kg of morphine in rats decreased synaptosomal CA++ levels by 29% without altering the Ca++ content of other subcellular fractions. In contrast, chronic morphine treatment of mice or rats by pellet implantation selectively increased synaptosomal Ca++ levels by almost 100%. This increase in Ca++ induced by morphine was blocked by simultaneous chronic administration of naloxone. The binding of low concentrations (10(-7)-10(-5) M) of 45Ca++ to synaptic plasma membranes was increased by acute morphine treatment and decreased by chronic administration. The binding of higher concentrations (10(-3) M) of 45Ca++ to synaptic vesicles was also increased by acute morphine treatment and decreased by chronic treatment. Changes in binding were not observed with other subcellular fractions. It is suggested that these highly selective changes in Ca++ levels and binding may represent mechanisms by which acute morphine treatment interferes with synaptic transmission and by which chronic administration overcomes these effects, resulting in tolerance and dependence.", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic morphine treatments on calcium localization and binding in brain. Acute subcutaneous injection of 25 mg/kg of morphine in rats decreased synaptosomal CA++ levels by 29% without altering the Ca++ content of other subcellular fractions. In contrast, chronic morphine treatment of mice or rats by pellet implantation selectively increased synaptosomal Ca++ levels by almost 100%. This increase in Ca++ induced by morphine was blocked by simultaneous chronic administration of naloxone. The binding of low concentrations (10(-7)-10(-5) M) of 45Ca++ to synaptic plasma membranes was increased by acute morphine treatment and decreased by chronic administration. The binding of higher concentrations (10(-3) M) of 45Ca++ to synaptic vesicles was also increased by acute morphine treatment and decreased by chronic treatment. Changes in binding were not observed with other subcellular fractions. It is suggested that these highly selective changes in Ca++ levels and binding may represent mechanisms by which acute morphine treatment interferes with synaptic transmission and by which chronic administration overcomes these effects, resulting in tolerance and dependence.", "PMID": 565404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6525", "title": "Testosterone and progesterone in peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle of the mare.", "content": "Measurements every day or every other day showed that testosterone levels ranging from 15 to 70 pg/ml were higher at oestrus in 4 of the 6 mares studied. In these 4 mares, another testosterone peak occurred 11--13 days before the next oestrus either before (3 mares) or after the fall in progesterone levels.", "contents": "Testosterone and progesterone in peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle of the mare. Measurements every day or every other day showed that testosterone levels ranging from 15 to 70 pg/ml were higher at oestrus in 4 of the 6 mares studied. In these 4 mares, another testosterone peak occurred 11--13 days before the next oestrus either before (3 mares) or after the fall in progesterone levels.", "PMID": 565405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6526", "title": "Ovulation and lambing rates in ewes actively immunized against androstenedione.", "content": "In ewes immunized against androstenedione, ovulation rate was increased (P less than 0.001) although the number of live lambs/nursing ewe (1.37), but not the sex ratio (10 females:1 male), was similar to that of controls (1.33).", "contents": "Ovulation and lambing rates in ewes actively immunized against androstenedione. In ewes immunized against androstenedione, ovulation rate was increased (P less than 0.001) although the number of live lambs/nursing ewe (1.37), but not the sex ratio (10 females:1 male), was similar to that of controls (1.33).", "PMID": 565406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6527", "title": "Oestradiol levels in sheep plasma during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "The concentration of oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in ovarian venous plasma collected from ewes of three breeds (Finnish Landrace, Scottish Blackface and Tasmanian Merino) on Day 9 of the oestrous cycle and in jugular venous plasma collected daily around oestrus in two of these breeds. The mean +/- s.e.m. concentration in the ovarian venous plasma of the Merino (44.1 +/- 7.6 pg/ml) was lower than that in Blackface (72.2 +/- 10.2 pg/ml) and Finn ewes (66.8 +/- 10.2 pg/ml). The overall fitted mean concentration in peripheral venous plasma was 1.7 pg oestradiol-17beta/ml, with no difference between the Finn and Blackface ewes, in which the highest preovulatory values were 3.9 +/- 0.5 and 3.4 +/- 0.5 pg/ml respectively.", "contents": "Oestradiol levels in sheep plasma during the oestrous cycle. The concentration of oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in ovarian venous plasma collected from ewes of three breeds (Finnish Landrace, Scottish Blackface and Tasmanian Merino) on Day 9 of the oestrous cycle and in jugular venous plasma collected daily around oestrus in two of these breeds. The mean +/- s.e.m. concentration in the ovarian venous plasma of the Merino (44.1 +/- 7.6 pg/ml) was lower than that in Blackface (72.2 +/- 10.2 pg/ml) and Finn ewes (66.8 +/- 10.2 pg/ml). The overall fitted mean concentration in peripheral venous plasma was 1.7 pg oestradiol-17beta/ml, with no difference between the Finn and Blackface ewes, in which the highest preovulatory values were 3.9 +/- 0.5 and 3.4 +/- 0.5 pg/ml respectively.", "PMID": 565407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6528", "title": "Active immunization of the cow against oestradiol-17beta.", "content": "Six beef heifers were immunized over a 4-month period with an oestradiol-17beta-BSA conjugate in Freund's adjuvant. There was an interference with oestrus in the treated heifers; 2 ceased to exhibit oestrus, one exhibited one oestrus and three exhibited oestrus after Day 47 of treatment. The control heifers treated with Freund's adjuvant had normal oestrous cycles. The antiserum titre rose in all treated heifers and attained its highest level in the 2 animals in which oestrus did not recur. The temporal changes in plasma LH, progesterone and oestradiol were normal during the pretreatment period, but became abnormal during the 120 days after immunization. Although plasma oestradiol-17beta rose at the expected time of oestrus after treatment, it was apparently effectively neutralized by the antiserum induced by treatment as evidenced by the absence of an LH surge. Plasma progesterone levels fell to baseline and remained low, indicating lack of formation of corpora lutea.", "contents": "Active immunization of the cow against oestradiol-17beta. Six beef heifers were immunized over a 4-month period with an oestradiol-17beta-BSA conjugate in Freund's adjuvant. There was an interference with oestrus in the treated heifers; 2 ceased to exhibit oestrus, one exhibited one oestrus and three exhibited oestrus after Day 47 of treatment. The control heifers treated with Freund's adjuvant had normal oestrous cycles. The antiserum titre rose in all treated heifers and attained its highest level in the 2 animals in which oestrus did not recur. The temporal changes in plasma LH, progesterone and oestradiol were normal during the pretreatment period, but became abnormal during the 120 days after immunization. Although plasma oestradiol-17beta rose at the expected time of oestrus after treatment, it was apparently effectively neutralized by the antiserum induced by treatment as evidenced by the absence of an LH surge. Plasma progesterone levels fell to baseline and remained low, indicating lack of formation of corpora lutea.", "PMID": 565408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6529", "title": "Comparisons of the ovulatory and steroidogenic activities of the left and right ovaries of the ewe.", "content": "The ovary in which a CL was observed by laparoscopy in Finnish Landrace, Tasmanian Merino and Scottish Blackface ewes had no apparent effect on the location of the CL during the succeeding oestrous cycles, on the duration of the associated oestrous cycles, or on the peripheral progesterone concentrations on Days 7 and 11. Although 53% of CL were present in the right ovaries, the difference between the two sides was not significant.", "contents": "Comparisons of the ovulatory and steroidogenic activities of the left and right ovaries of the ewe. The ovary in which a CL was observed by laparoscopy in Finnish Landrace, Tasmanian Merino and Scottish Blackface ewes had no apparent effect on the location of the CL during the succeeding oestrous cycles, on the duration of the associated oestrous cycles, or on the peripheral progesterone concentrations on Days 7 and 11. Although 53% of CL were present in the right ovaries, the difference between the two sides was not significant.", "PMID": 565409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6530", "title": "A method for photographic densitometry of scanning electron micrographs.", "content": "A method is described for the study of the surface structure of mammalian chromosomes. Densitometric analysis of scanning electron micrographs permits the detection of regularities where overlying material obscures these in directly inspected micrographs. The method has been applied to the study of mammalian chromosomes.", "contents": "A method for photographic densitometry of scanning electron micrographs. A method is described for the study of the surface structure of mammalian chromosomes. Densitometric analysis of scanning electron micrographs permits the detection of regularities where overlying material obscures these in directly inspected micrographs. The method has been applied to the study of mammalian chromosomes.", "PMID": 565410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6531", "title": "Low cost internegatives from electron micrographs of metal shadowed objects.", "content": "Some observers prefer a contrast reversal of electron micrographs of metal shadowed objects, so that the metal-free shadows appear dark on the print. There are several ways of obtaining contrast reversal, and the reasons for using 35 mm internegatives are given and a setup for re-photography of electron microscopy films is described together with a modified enlarger. Both are equipped with nearpoint illumination, which can be diffused in a simple manner with minimal loss of intensity. Other features are a particularly rigid camera stand combined with a numbering device, and a glass- and scratch-free negative holder for the enlarger. The choice of lens for the re-photography is discussed.", "contents": "Low cost internegatives from electron micrographs of metal shadowed objects. Some observers prefer a contrast reversal of electron micrographs of metal shadowed objects, so that the metal-free shadows appear dark on the print. There are several ways of obtaining contrast reversal, and the reasons for using 35 mm internegatives are given and a setup for re-photography of electron microscopy films is described together with a modified enlarger. Both are equipped with nearpoint illumination, which can be diffused in a simple manner with minimal loss of intensity. Other features are a particularly rigid camera stand combined with a numbering device, and a glass- and scratch-free negative holder for the enlarger. The choice of lens for the re-photography is discussed.", "PMID": 565411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6532", "title": "Effect of adriamycin on the reproductive integrity of cultured leukemia L1210 and P388 cells.", "content": "Proliferating cultured P388 cells exhibited a greater degree of sensitivity to adriamycin than did proliferating cultured L1210 cells, although both leukemia cell populations had approximately the same doubling time. The rate of reduction in viability when cultured L1210 cell populations were exposed to adriamycin (0.0625-2.0 microgram/ml, concentrations that are comparable to tissue drug levels during therapy) was concentration-dependent. Therefore, the results indicated a possible therapeutic advantage to be gained by an increase in drug concentrations (within the limits of acceptable host toxicity) at the target cell site.", "contents": "Effect of adriamycin on the reproductive integrity of cultured leukemia L1210 and P388 cells. Proliferating cultured P388 cells exhibited a greater degree of sensitivity to adriamycin than did proliferating cultured L1210 cells, although both leukemia cell populations had approximately the same doubling time. The rate of reduction in viability when cultured L1210 cell populations were exposed to adriamycin (0.0625-2.0 microgram/ml, concentrations that are comparable to tissue drug levels during therapy) was concentration-dependent. Therefore, the results indicated a possible therapeutic advantage to be gained by an increase in drug concentrations (within the limits of acceptable host toxicity) at the target cell site.", "PMID": 565414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6533", "title": "Abortive and transforming infection of rat cell line 3Y1 by adenovirus type 12.", "content": "Human adenovirus type 12 underwent an abortive and transforming infection in clonal cultures of rat cell line 3Y1. The frequency of transformation was proportional to the dose of input virus. The ratio of PFU to transforming units was 1.1 X 10(5).", "contents": "Abortive and transforming infection of rat cell line 3Y1 by adenovirus type 12. Human adenovirus type 12 underwent an abortive and transforming infection in clonal cultures of rat cell line 3Y1. The frequency of transformation was proportional to the dose of input virus. The ratio of PFU to transforming units was 1.1 X 10(5).", "PMID": 565416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6534", "title": "Spring viremia of carp virus RNA and virion-associated transcriptase activity.", "content": "An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity has been demonstrated for spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). The optimal temperature for in vitro synthesis of RNA was 20 to 25 degrees C. The SVCV enzyme activity was stimulated when the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine was included in the reaction mixture. S-adenosyl-L-methionine was not particularly effective in stimulating the virion RNA polymerase activity of vesicular stomatitis virus or pike fry rhabdovirus. The 5' nucleotide of the SVCV viral RNA is pppAp.", "contents": "Spring viremia of carp virus RNA and virion-associated transcriptase activity. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity has been demonstrated for spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). The optimal temperature for in vitro synthesis of RNA was 20 to 25 degrees C. The SVCV enzyme activity was stimulated when the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine was included in the reaction mixture. S-adenosyl-L-methionine was not particularly effective in stimulating the virion RNA polymerase activity of vesicular stomatitis virus or pike fry rhabdovirus. The 5' nucleotide of the SVCV viral RNA is pppAp.", "PMID": 565417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6535", "title": "Optimal nutritional support in surgery for bladder cancer: preservation of visceral protein by amino acid infusions.", "content": "Seventeen patients undergoing 19 major urological operations for bladder cancer or rectal leiomyosarcoma (1 case) were studied after randomization for 3 hypocaloric dietary regimens, preoperative keto-adaptation by a carbohydrate-free, oral protein diet continued in the postoperative period by isotonic amino acid infusions, postoperative amino acid infusions only and 5 per cent dextrose infusions. In these normally nourished patients serum transferrin (plus 13 mg./dl. minus 30 mg./dl., minus 69 mg./dl., p less than 0.05 for the first and combined amino acid groups against the third group) and 2 other short half-life hepatic secretory proteins, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein, represented sensitive indexes of visceral protein and nutritional support, superior to nitrogen balance, anthropometric assays, delayed hypersensitivity skin test reactivity and serum albumin. Near isotonic amino acid infusions were more effective in preserving visceral protein status than 5 per cent dextrose but preoperative keto-adaptation was not shown to have any increased benefit over protein-sparing therapy given only after an operation.", "contents": "Optimal nutritional support in surgery for bladder cancer: preservation of visceral protein by amino acid infusions. Seventeen patients undergoing 19 major urological operations for bladder cancer or rectal leiomyosarcoma (1 case) were studied after randomization for 3 hypocaloric dietary regimens, preoperative keto-adaptation by a carbohydrate-free, oral protein diet continued in the postoperative period by isotonic amino acid infusions, postoperative amino acid infusions only and 5 per cent dextrose infusions. In these normally nourished patients serum transferrin (plus 13 mg./dl. minus 30 mg./dl., minus 69 mg./dl., p less than 0.05 for the first and combined amino acid groups against the third group) and 2 other short half-life hepatic secretory proteins, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein, represented sensitive indexes of visceral protein and nutritional support, superior to nitrogen balance, anthropometric assays, delayed hypersensitivity skin test reactivity and serum albumin. Near isotonic amino acid infusions were more effective in preserving visceral protein status than 5 per cent dextrose but preoperative keto-adaptation was not shown to have any increased benefit over protein-sparing therapy given only after an operation.", "PMID": 565418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6536", "title": "Management of the urinary tract by suprapubic cystostomy kept under a closed and aseptic state in the acute stage of the patient with a spinal cord lesion.", "content": "The urological followup results of 165 cases of spinal cord injury, managed initially by suprapubic cystostomy under a closed and aseptic state, are reported. The therapeutic effects of this method are compared to those of other methods of urinary tract control for the spinal cord injury patient.", "contents": "Management of the urinary tract by suprapubic cystostomy kept under a closed and aseptic state in the acute stage of the patient with a spinal cord lesion. The urological followup results of 165 cases of spinal cord injury, managed initially by suprapubic cystostomy under a closed and aseptic state, are reported. The therapeutic effects of this method are compared to those of other methods of urinary tract control for the spinal cord injury patient.", "PMID": 565419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6537", "title": "[Myocardial energy metabolic disorders in emotional-pain stress and the prevention of these disorders by using sodium gamma-oxybutyrate].", "content": "Marked disorders of energy metabolism in the heart muscle simultaneously with the development of ulcerous lesions of the stomach were revealed in animals which had suffered an emotional-pain stress (EPS). These disorders are displayed in the fact that two hours after EPS, the glycogen reserve in the animal's myocardium diminishes, resynthesis of glycogen and oxidation of the main substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are inhibited, and malate dehydrogenase and possibly other dehydrogenase systems of the mitochondria are partly inactivated. Such decrease in the activity of the metabolic tracts is attended by depression of the force and rate of cardiac contractions revealed on inducing a high rate of contractions. The preliminary administration of sodium gammaoxybutyrate to a considerable extent prevents all the changes in the animal's myocardium occurring due to the effect of EPS.", "contents": "[Myocardial energy metabolic disorders in emotional-pain stress and the prevention of these disorders by using sodium gamma-oxybutyrate]. Marked disorders of energy metabolism in the heart muscle simultaneously with the development of ulcerous lesions of the stomach were revealed in animals which had suffered an emotional-pain stress (EPS). These disorders are displayed in the fact that two hours after EPS, the glycogen reserve in the animal's myocardium diminishes, resynthesis of glycogen and oxidation of the main substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are inhibited, and malate dehydrogenase and possibly other dehydrogenase systems of the mitochondria are partly inactivated. Such decrease in the activity of the metabolic tracts is attended by depression of the force and rate of cardiac contractions revealed on inducing a high rate of contractions. The preliminary administration of sodium gammaoxybutyrate to a considerable extent prevents all the changes in the animal's myocardium occurring due to the effect of EPS.", "PMID": 565426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6538", "title": "[Influence of nutrition on the cellular defence mechanism (phagocytosis) of preterm and underweight babies during the first six weeks of life (author's transl)].", "content": "The phagocytic and NBT reduction indices of 94 preterm and underweight babies, divided into 7 groups and two weight classes, were observed over a period of six weeks while they were observed over a period of six weeks while they were given four commercial baby foods (Humana 0, Meb, Multival, Pomil). In all groups the mean values of both parameters were always within the standard range with only slight differences. In all test subjects, phagocytic activity decreased continuously during the first five weeks, and NBT reducing capacity during the first six weeks. Correlations could not be established between phagocytic or NBT reduction rate and birth weight or gestational age. As compared with the other groups there was a distinct lowering of the phagocytic indices in both Meb groups, which we think is nutrition-dependent and can be interpreted as the result of interaction between nutrition and immunological parameters.", "contents": "[Influence of nutrition on the cellular defence mechanism (phagocytosis) of preterm and underweight babies during the first six weeks of life (author's transl)]. The phagocytic and NBT reduction indices of 94 preterm and underweight babies, divided into 7 groups and two weight classes, were observed over a period of six weeks while they were observed over a period of six weeks while they were given four commercial baby foods (Humana 0, Meb, Multival, Pomil). In all groups the mean values of both parameters were always within the standard range with only slight differences. In all test subjects, phagocytic activity decreased continuously during the first five weeks, and NBT reducing capacity during the first six weeks. Correlations could not be established between phagocytic or NBT reduction rate and birth weight or gestational age. As compared with the other groups there was a distinct lowering of the phagocytic indices in both Meb groups, which we think is nutrition-dependent and can be interpreted as the result of interaction between nutrition and immunological parameters.", "PMID": 565430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6539", "title": "[\"Late onset disease\" (congenital german measles) (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on a case of \"late onset disease\" (congenital German measles). Diagnostically significant for this disease in an infant appearing perfectly healthy when new-born, were mainly the findings of an interstitial pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly, as well as findings indicating the presence of a meningoencephalitis and retinopathy. The diagnosis of this rare course of congenital German measles was finally established via the identification of specific IgM rubeola antibodies, of a raised hemagglutination inhibition titer, and of the German measles virus itself. An attempt to treat the interstitial pneumonia with cortisone preparations remained unsuccessful. The clinical and diagnostic problem complexes are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[\"Late onset disease\" (congenital german measles) (author's transl)]. The paper reports on a case of \"late onset disease\" (congenital German measles). Diagnostically significant for this disease in an infant appearing perfectly healthy when new-born, were mainly the findings of an interstitial pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly, as well as findings indicating the presence of a meningoencephalitis and retinopathy. The diagnosis of this rare course of congenital German measles was finally established via the identification of specific IgM rubeola antibodies, of a raised hemagglutination inhibition titer, and of the German measles virus itself. An attempt to treat the interstitial pneumonia with cortisone preparations remained unsuccessful. The clinical and diagnostic problem complexes are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 565431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6540", "title": "[Total aplasia of the diaphragm with hypoplasia of the lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital aplasia of the diaphragm with hypoplasia of both lungs is reported. By the complete absence of the diaphragm the liver could in the early stage of embryonic development expand around the heart into the thoracic cavity. This resulted in a growth arrest with consequently severe hypoplasia of both lungs, which were originally normally developed.", "contents": "[Total aplasia of the diaphragm with hypoplasia of the lungs (author's transl)]. A case of congenital aplasia of the diaphragm with hypoplasia of both lungs is reported. By the complete absence of the diaphragm the liver could in the early stage of embryonic development expand around the heart into the thoracic cavity. This resulted in a growth arrest with consequently severe hypoplasia of both lungs, which were originally normally developed.", "PMID": 565432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6541", "title": "[Hydroxychinoline- and zinc-treated acrodermatitis enteropathica and electroretinographic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "A meanwhile 13 years old boy had to be treated by hydroxychinolines for a severe acrodermatitis enteropathica since his 1st year of life. At the age of 5 years he showed visual deterioration by atrophia optici. Dose reduction and application of different halogen substitutions were tried. Finally, it was daily oral zinc application and continuous control of the serum zinc level which made disappear all cutaneous and mucous symptoms. At an unchanged ophthalmoscopic status, there occurred a slight raise of vision, an enlargement of peripheric campus and a normalization of the electroretinographic potentials.", "contents": "[Hydroxychinoline- and zinc-treated acrodermatitis enteropathica and electroretinographic findings (author's transl)]. A meanwhile 13 years old boy had to be treated by hydroxychinolines for a severe acrodermatitis enteropathica since his 1st year of life. At the age of 5 years he showed visual deterioration by atrophia optici. Dose reduction and application of different halogen substitutions were tried. Finally, it was daily oral zinc application and continuous control of the serum zinc level which made disappear all cutaneous and mucous symptoms. At an unchanged ophthalmoscopic status, there occurred a slight raise of vision, an enlargement of peripheric campus and a normalization of the electroretinographic potentials.", "PMID": 565433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6542", "title": "[Potter-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Bilateral renal agenesis (or dysplasia without any functioning kidney tissue) is almost constantly associated with a characteristic facial appearance. Extra-uterine existence is limited to less than 24 hours because of severe hypoplasia of the lungs. This pulmonary anomaly, together with the eventual positional bowing of the legs and feet and hands and perhaps some features of the \"Potter face\" may be attributed to the oligohydramnios which is a regular observation, but certain other findings like the obligatory epicanthic fold, swinging outwards to form a most peculiar \"prominent\" semi-circle below the orbital space, the dysplasia and low slanted position of the ears, the predominance of the boys, and the very high frequency of additional malformations and even total defects of the internal organs (especially of the urogenital and intestinal tract) can hardly be explained as being secondary resp. consequent upon the \"foetal compression\", resulting from the amniotic fluid deficit (due to anuria). Ten children, including a case of hermaphroditismus verus, with the full-scale Potter syndrome have been seen in this clinic during a six years period and are described and discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Potter-syndrome (author's transl)]. Bilateral renal agenesis (or dysplasia without any functioning kidney tissue) is almost constantly associated with a characteristic facial appearance. Extra-uterine existence is limited to less than 24 hours because of severe hypoplasia of the lungs. This pulmonary anomaly, together with the eventual positional bowing of the legs and feet and hands and perhaps some features of the \"Potter face\" may be attributed to the oligohydramnios which is a regular observation, but certain other findings like the obligatory epicanthic fold, swinging outwards to form a most peculiar \"prominent\" semi-circle below the orbital space, the dysplasia and low slanted position of the ears, the predominance of the boys, and the very high frequency of additional malformations and even total defects of the internal organs (especially of the urogenital and intestinal tract) can hardly be explained as being secondary resp. consequent upon the \"foetal compression\", resulting from the amniotic fluid deficit (due to anuria). Ten children, including a case of hermaphroditismus verus, with the full-scale Potter syndrome have been seen in this clinic during a six years period and are described and discussed in detail.", "PMID": 565434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6543", "title": "[Coincidence of malformations of the cardiovascular system as well as of the kidneys and of the efferent urinary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Excretion urograms were prepared subsequent to angiocardiograph in a total of 115 cardiac catheter examinations. 104 of these examinations were evaluated. In 17 cases (16.3%), malformation of the kidney or the ureter was found. In consideration of the fact that such fundings are often directly linked to therapeutic consequences (plastic operations), the additional preparation of an excretion urogram is indicated during cardiac catheter examinations.", "contents": "[Coincidence of malformations of the cardiovascular system as well as of the kidneys and of the efferent urinary tract (author's transl)]. Excretion urograms were prepared subsequent to angiocardiograph in a total of 115 cardiac catheter examinations. 104 of these examinations were evaluated. In 17 cases (16.3%), malformation of the kidney or the ureter was found. In consideration of the fact that such fundings are often directly linked to therapeutic consequences (plastic operations), the additional preparation of an excretion urogram is indicated during cardiac catheter examinations.", "PMID": 565435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6544", "title": "[Precision and accuracy of 21 methods in clinical chemistry using diluted samples (author's transl)].", "content": "The precision and accuracy of 21 methods in clinical chemistry (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus, iron, copper, bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total serum protein, triglycerides, glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, acid phosphatase, amylase) were studied after diluting samples 1 : 2 and 1 : 4. Dilution of 1 : 2 did not show any significant effect on the precision and accuracy of the studied methods. In case of chloride, phosphorus, iron, bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total serum protein, triglycerides, glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase and alkaline phosphatase reliable results were obtained also after 1 : 4 dilution.", "contents": "[Precision and accuracy of 21 methods in clinical chemistry using diluted samples (author's transl)]. The precision and accuracy of 21 methods in clinical chemistry (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus, iron, copper, bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total serum protein, triglycerides, glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, acid phosphatase, amylase) were studied after diluting samples 1 : 2 and 1 : 4. Dilution of 1 : 2 did not show any significant effect on the precision and accuracy of the studied methods. In case of chloride, phosphorus, iron, bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total serum protein, triglycerides, glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase and alkaline phosphatase reliable results were obtained also after 1 : 4 dilution.", "PMID": 565436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6545", "title": "[Results of nasotracheal intubation in acute epiglottitis (author's transl)].", "content": "20 of 34 patients with acute epiglottitis were treated with nasotracheal intubation. One patient died because of pneumonia, one patient was clinically dead when he arrived at hospital. After successful reanimation she died some hours later. All other patients left the hospital without any symptoms after an average stay of 12 days. The average duration of nasotracheal intubation was 39 hours. Nasotracheal intubation and adequate antibiotic therapy offer the most effective and secure approach to acute epiglottitis. A protocol for diagnostic and therapeutic regimen is presented.", "contents": "[Results of nasotracheal intubation in acute epiglottitis (author's transl)]. 20 of 34 patients with acute epiglottitis were treated with nasotracheal intubation. One patient died because of pneumonia, one patient was clinically dead when he arrived at hospital. After successful reanimation she died some hours later. All other patients left the hospital without any symptoms after an average stay of 12 days. The average duration of nasotracheal intubation was 39 hours. Nasotracheal intubation and adequate antibiotic therapy offer the most effective and secure approach to acute epiglottitis. A protocol for diagnostic and therapeutic regimen is presented.", "PMID": 565437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6546", "title": "[The treatment of anemia due to iron-deficiency with iron combined with vitamins (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of combined iron-vitamin therapy and iron therapy only was studied in 14 respectively 14 children with hypochromic anemia. Pyridoxalphosphate in serum, activity of red cell glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid were measured as indices of vitamin B6 nutriture before therapy was started, four and seven days under therapy once more. Erythrocytes, reticulocytes, concentration of hemoglobin were simultaneously counted, whereas serum iron and transferrin have been measured before and after therapy. A group of 22 hematologically healthy children was studied as controls. After iron therapy a decrease of vitamin B6 body pool came off as a consequence of increased requirement of pyridoxalphosphate for heme synthesis. Additional dosage of vitamins compensated the biochemical B6 deficit and had an accelerating effect on heme synthesis.", "contents": "[The treatment of anemia due to iron-deficiency with iron combined with vitamins (author's transl)]. The effect of combined iron-vitamin therapy and iron therapy only was studied in 14 respectively 14 children with hypochromic anemia. Pyridoxalphosphate in serum, activity of red cell glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid were measured as indices of vitamin B6 nutriture before therapy was started, four and seven days under therapy once more. Erythrocytes, reticulocytes, concentration of hemoglobin were simultaneously counted, whereas serum iron and transferrin have been measured before and after therapy. A group of 22 hematologically healthy children was studied as controls. After iron therapy a decrease of vitamin B6 body pool came off as a consequence of increased requirement of pyridoxalphosphate for heme synthesis. Additional dosage of vitamins compensated the biochemical B6 deficit and had an accelerating effect on heme synthesis.", "PMID": 565438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6547", "title": "[Crohn's disease of the large intestine and ulcerative colitis. Basis for morphological differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis play a vital role in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the colon during childhood. Pediatricians, radiologists, pediatric surgions and pediatric pathologists have been frequently confronted with the problem of distinguishing the two diseases. Morphologically, both diseases could be definitely differentiated but this is largely dependent on the art and the quantity of the submitted materials to be examined. It is, therefor, important to consider and differentiate their macroscopic and histologic features in relation to the type of inflammation, the pattern of its localization and spread, the involvement of different layers of the large intestinal wall etc. The basic essential differences lie on the primary site of injury and the pattern of its inflammatory response. Both specific and non-specific characteristics of the two diseases would be discussed here.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease of the large intestine and ulcerative colitis. Basis for morphological differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis play a vital role in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the colon during childhood. Pediatricians, radiologists, pediatric surgions and pediatric pathologists have been frequently confronted with the problem of distinguishing the two diseases. Morphologically, both diseases could be definitely differentiated but this is largely dependent on the art and the quantity of the submitted materials to be examined. It is, therefor, important to consider and differentiate their macroscopic and histologic features in relation to the type of inflammation, the pattern of its localization and spread, the involvement of different layers of the large intestinal wall etc. The basic essential differences lie on the primary site of injury and the pattern of its inflammatory response. Both specific and non-specific characteristics of the two diseases would be discussed here.", "PMID": 565440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6548", "title": "[Roentgenographic changes of the skeleton in a case of tuberous sclerosis (morbus Bourneville-Pringle) (author's transl)].", "content": "Increasing sclerosis in the thoracolumbar spine has been followed up in a boy suffering from tuberous sclerosis. The earlist abnormality appearing as an irregular density in the radix of the posterior arch of the first lumbar vertebra has been detected at the age of one year. Until the ninth year of life the disease process has involved the vertebral column from T-8 to L-2. During the course roentgenograms revealed several diffuse areas of opacification with ill-defined outlines which tended to merge. As a rule all vertebrae were affected asymmetrically. Neither deformities of the vertebrae nor functional impairment of the axial skeleton have been found. Based on X ray appearance classification of characteristic and accessory bone abnormalities in tuberous sclerosis was discussed.", "contents": "[Roentgenographic changes of the skeleton in a case of tuberous sclerosis (morbus Bourneville-Pringle) (author's transl)]. Increasing sclerosis in the thoracolumbar spine has been followed up in a boy suffering from tuberous sclerosis. The earlist abnormality appearing as an irregular density in the radix of the posterior arch of the first lumbar vertebra has been detected at the age of one year. Until the ninth year of life the disease process has involved the vertebral column from T-8 to L-2. During the course roentgenograms revealed several diffuse areas of opacification with ill-defined outlines which tended to merge. As a rule all vertebrae were affected asymmetrically. Neither deformities of the vertebrae nor functional impairment of the axial skeleton have been found. Based on X ray appearance classification of characteristic and accessory bone abnormalities in tuberous sclerosis was discussed.", "PMID": 565441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6549", "title": "[A phenocopy of a homocygote Pelger's nuclear anomaly associated with an antibody deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a boy is reported with an antibody deficiency syndrome type Bruton leading to a phenocopy of a homozygote Pelger's nuclear anomaly at the age of 10 months. The dominant inheritance and the absence of the anomaly in the peripheral blood of the parents and a sister support the presence of a phenocopy of this leukocyte anomaly. The recurrent bacterial infections are probably the cause of this phenocopy, since the substitution with gammaglobulins did not control the severe antibody deficiency syndrome.", "contents": "[A phenocopy of a homocygote Pelger's nuclear anomaly associated with an antibody deficiency (author's transl)]. A case of a boy is reported with an antibody deficiency syndrome type Bruton leading to a phenocopy of a homozygote Pelger's nuclear anomaly at the age of 10 months. The dominant inheritance and the absence of the anomaly in the peripheral blood of the parents and a sister support the presence of a phenocopy of this leukocyte anomaly. The recurrent bacterial infections are probably the cause of this phenocopy, since the substitution with gammaglobulins did not control the severe antibody deficiency syndrome.", "PMID": 565442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6550", "title": "Thromboembolic complications after mitral valve replacement with Hancock xenograft.", "content": "Case histories of 140 patients who had mitral valve replacement with the Hancock xenograft were reviewed according to the incidence of thromboembolic complications. There were 16 patients with preoperative and/or postoperative low-output syndrome (Group A.) Eight of these patients died, and six had autopsies which showed major thrombi on the heterograft valve. In 126 long-term survivors (followed 1 to 33 months) nine thromboembolic events occurred (thromboembolic incidence 5.3 percent per patient-year). All patients with emboli were in atrial fibrillation. Additional predisposing factors included a history of systemic emboli and the presence of atrial clots at the time of surgery. The majority (7/9) of emboli occurred during the first 3 postoperative months. Two emboli occurred immediately following the operation (before oral anticoagulation therapy could have been begun). Five occurred in patients who were not on anticoagulation (Group B) and two occurred under warfarin treatment (Group C). There was no thromboembolic event in patients taking aspirin (Group D). It is concluded that hemodynamically stable patients have a decreased risk of thromboembolism and do not require anticoagulation. Patients with atrial fibrillation have an increased thromboembolic risk and should be on a regimen of warfarin for 3 months postoperatively and then on aspirin therapy.", "contents": "Thromboembolic complications after mitral valve replacement with Hancock xenograft. Case histories of 140 patients who had mitral valve replacement with the Hancock xenograft were reviewed according to the incidence of thromboembolic complications. There were 16 patients with preoperative and/or postoperative low-output syndrome (Group A.) Eight of these patients died, and six had autopsies which showed major thrombi on the heterograft valve. In 126 long-term survivors (followed 1 to 33 months) nine thromboembolic events occurred (thromboembolic incidence 5.3 percent per patient-year). All patients with emboli were in atrial fibrillation. Additional predisposing factors included a history of systemic emboli and the presence of atrial clots at the time of surgery. The majority (7/9) of emboli occurred during the first 3 postoperative months. Two emboli occurred immediately following the operation (before oral anticoagulation therapy could have been begun). Five occurred in patients who were not on anticoagulation (Group B) and two occurred under warfarin treatment (Group C). There was no thromboembolic event in patients taking aspirin (Group D). It is concluded that hemodynamically stable patients have a decreased risk of thromboembolism and do not require anticoagulation. Patients with atrial fibrillation have an increased thromboembolic risk and should be on a regimen of warfarin for 3 months postoperatively and then on aspirin therapy.", "PMID": 565444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6551", "title": "Results of aortoventriculoplasty in 21 consecutive patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "content": "Results of aortoventriculoplasty (AVP) are reported in 21 patients with various types of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). The concept of AVP is based on creating a surgical aortoseptal defect which is patched to provide the largest possible outflow tract to the left ventricle. Lesions consisted of isolated diffuse fibromuscular subaortic stenosis in six patients, diffuse subaortic stenosis and associated other cardiovascular anomalies in five, hypoplastic aortic anulus in two, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) in two, and stenosis of a previously implanted aortic valvular prosthesis in three patients. Ten patients had had at least one unsuccessful previous surgical attempt to relieve the LVOTO. The coexisting mitral incompetence in IHSS disappeared after AVP alone. Immediate postoperative hemodynamic results were excellent in all cases. Postoperative death in five patients was due to advance myocardial failure in two, brain damage in one, transection of a dominant septal artery in one, and severe acidosis with renal failure in the last case. However, in the last 16 patients (17 operations) the only death (5.8 percent) was that caused by uncontrollable acidosis. Follow-up results indicate that 16 patients are clinically doing well, and hemodynamic studies in 14 patients are rated as excellent or good from 1 to 25 months postoperatively. It is concluded that AVP is an effective operation for managing all types of LVOTO and can be used routinely with an acceptably low mortality rate.", "contents": "Results of aortoventriculoplasty in 21 consecutive patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Results of aortoventriculoplasty (AVP) are reported in 21 patients with various types of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). The concept of AVP is based on creating a surgical aortoseptal defect which is patched to provide the largest possible outflow tract to the left ventricle. Lesions consisted of isolated diffuse fibromuscular subaortic stenosis in six patients, diffuse subaortic stenosis and associated other cardiovascular anomalies in five, hypoplastic aortic anulus in two, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) in two, and stenosis of a previously implanted aortic valvular prosthesis in three patients. Ten patients had had at least one unsuccessful previous surgical attempt to relieve the LVOTO. The coexisting mitral incompetence in IHSS disappeared after AVP alone. Immediate postoperative hemodynamic results were excellent in all cases. Postoperative death in five patients was due to advance myocardial failure in two, brain damage in one, transection of a dominant septal artery in one, and severe acidosis with renal failure in the last case. However, in the last 16 patients (17 operations) the only death (5.8 percent) was that caused by uncontrollable acidosis. Follow-up results indicate that 16 patients are clinically doing well, and hemodynamic studies in 14 patients are rated as excellent or good from 1 to 25 months postoperatively. It is concluded that AVP is an effective operation for managing all types of LVOTO and can be used routinely with an acceptably low mortality rate.", "PMID": 565445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6552", "title": "Basal normoglycemia attained with chlorpropamide in mild diabetes.", "content": "Sixteen adult-onset diabetics, who were thought by current criteria to be well controlled on diet alone, had substantially elevated overnight, basal plasma glucose concentrations. Chlorpropamide had a sufficiently prolonged stimulatory effect on the beta cells such that normal basal plasma glucose levels were obtained in 13 patients. Both basal plasma C-peptide levels and the C-peptide response to meals became normal, with improved postprandial glycemia. Diurnal plasma triglyceride levels were reduced. Plasma growth hormone levels were normal both before and after therapy. When diet alone is insufficient to maintain basal normoglycemia in mild diabetes, chlorporpamide is as effective as basal insulin supplements in producing normal basal plasma glucose levels.", "contents": "Basal normoglycemia attained with chlorpropamide in mild diabetes. Sixteen adult-onset diabetics, who were thought by current criteria to be well controlled on diet alone, had substantially elevated overnight, basal plasma glucose concentrations. Chlorpropamide had a sufficiently prolonged stimulatory effect on the beta cells such that normal basal plasma glucose levels were obtained in 13 patients. Both basal plasma C-peptide levels and the C-peptide response to meals became normal, with improved postprandial glycemia. Diurnal plasma triglyceride levels were reduced. Plasma growth hormone levels were normal both before and after therapy. When diet alone is insufficient to maintain basal normoglycemia in mild diabetes, chlorporpamide is as effective as basal insulin supplements in producing normal basal plasma glucose levels.", "PMID": 565457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6553", "title": "Dipylidiasis in a 57-year-old woman.", "content": "An interesting case of tapeworm infection in a human caused by Dipylidium caninum was recently diagnosed in the Illawarra area of N.S.W. Since it involved and adult (a 57-year-old woman) and recorded human infections are rare in the Australian literature, it was decided to describe this case of dipylidiasis.", "contents": "Dipylidiasis in a 57-year-old woman. An interesting case of tapeworm infection in a human caused by Dipylidium caninum was recently diagnosed in the Illawarra area of N.S.W. Since it involved and adult (a 57-year-old woman) and recorded human infections are rare in the Australian literature, it was decided to describe this case of dipylidiasis.", "PMID": 565458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6554", "title": "Antineoplastic agents. 52. Baileya multiradiata.", "content": "The desert-marigold Baileya multiradiata Harv. and Gray (Compositae) has been found to produce a series of sesquiterpenes that markedly inhibit growth of the murine lymphocytic leukemia P388 and the corresponding in vitro cell line. Separation guided by bioassay led to the isolation of baileyin (1), fastigilins B and C (3a and 2a), radiatin (3b), pleniradin (4a), and the new pseudoguaianolide multiradiatin (2b). The most significant antitumor activity was displayed by fastigilin C (2a) and radiation (3b).", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents. 52. Baileya multiradiata. The desert-marigold Baileya multiradiata Harv. and Gray (Compositae) has been found to produce a series of sesquiterpenes that markedly inhibit growth of the murine lymphocytic leukemia P388 and the corresponding in vitro cell line. Separation guided by bioassay led to the isolation of baileyin (1), fastigilins B and C (3a and 2a), radiatin (3b), pleniradin (4a), and the new pseudoguaianolide multiradiatin (2b). The most significant antitumor activity was displayed by fastigilin C (2a) and radiation (3b).", "PMID": 565454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6555", "title": "Surveillance of malformations in Sydney in 1976.", "content": "The results of a pilot study of malformations in newborn infants in two regions of Sydney in 1976 showed that the incidence of major malformations was 11.31 per 1000 live births and stillbirths, and the incidence of minor malformations was 7.33 per 1000. There were 131 stillbirths among the 12816 births in the study. There were geographical and seasonal variation and \"time place clustering\" of cases. There was a higher incidence of congenital heart disease and chromosomal abnormalities than in the study carried out in 1966 by Stevenson. The need for accurate diagnosis and for the provision of support and genetic counseling for the parents soon after the birth of a baby with an abnormality is stressed; these should be an integral part of total patient care.", "contents": "Surveillance of malformations in Sydney in 1976. The results of a pilot study of malformations in newborn infants in two regions of Sydney in 1976 showed that the incidence of major malformations was 11.31 per 1000 live births and stillbirths, and the incidence of minor malformations was 7.33 per 1000. There were 131 stillbirths among the 12816 births in the study. There were geographical and seasonal variation and \"time place clustering\" of cases. There was a higher incidence of congenital heart disease and chromosomal abnormalities than in the study carried out in 1966 by Stevenson. The need for accurate diagnosis and for the provision of support and genetic counseling for the parents soon after the birth of a baby with an abnormality is stressed; these should be an integral part of total patient care.", "PMID": 565459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6556", "title": "Determination of epimeric 1-(3-indolyl) propane -1,2,3-triol isolated from Balansia epichloe.", "content": "Investigations into diseases in cattle grazing on grass pastures infected with clavicipitaceous fungi have resulted in the isolation and characterization of erythro and threo 1-(3-indolyl) propane-1,2,3-triol from cultures of Balansia epichlo\u00eb (Weese). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses of synthetic and natural epimers as their trimethylsilyl derivatives is described. Toxicity studies with fertile chicken eggs demonstrated that the threo epimer was the more active compound. The ratio of erythro to threo was calculated at 3:2 in the natural isolate.", "contents": "Determination of epimeric 1-(3-indolyl) propane -1,2,3-triol isolated from Balansia epichloe. Investigations into diseases in cattle grazing on grass pastures infected with clavicipitaceous fungi have resulted in the isolation and characterization of erythro and threo 1-(3-indolyl) propane-1,2,3-triol from cultures of Balansia epichlo\u00eb (Weese). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses of synthetic and natural epimers as their trimethylsilyl derivatives is described. Toxicity studies with fertile chicken eggs demonstrated that the threo epimer was the more active compound. The ratio of erythro to threo was calculated at 3:2 in the natural isolate.", "PMID": 565455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6557", "title": "Affinity chromatography of nonhistone chromosomal proteins from lymphocytes on DNA-agarose columns.", "content": "A two step procedure is presented consisting of hydroxyapatite and DNA-agarose chromatography which allows the isolation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins with different affinities towards single stranded DNA. The application of this fractionation scheme to nonhistone chromosomal proteins from bovine lymphocytes is described.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of nonhistone chromosomal proteins from lymphocytes on DNA-agarose columns. A two step procedure is presented consisting of hydroxyapatite and DNA-agarose chromatography which allows the isolation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins with different affinities towards single stranded DNA. The application of this fractionation scheme to nonhistone chromosomal proteins from bovine lymphocytes is described.", "PMID": 565462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6558", "title": "The treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenia with vinblastine-loaded platelets.", "content": "We devised a method to enhance delivery of vinblastine to macrophages, the cells believed to be responsible for platelet destruction in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Our strategy was based on the ability of platelets to bind vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine. Platelets were incubated with an excess of vinblastine, concentrated and then, after excess alkaloid had been removed, given to 11 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia refractory to other treatment (including intravenous injections of vinca alkaloids). Platelet antibodies in the patients' plasma led to ingestion of the vinca-laden platelets by macrophages. There were six complete remissions, three partial remissions and two failures. Side effects in a few patients, reversible but annoying, were minimized as technics were refined. We conclude that in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia refractory to all other measures, including the use of vinca alkaloids, platelet-vinca complex may be effective.", "contents": "The treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenia with vinblastine-loaded platelets. We devised a method to enhance delivery of vinblastine to macrophages, the cells believed to be responsible for platelet destruction in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Our strategy was based on the ability of platelets to bind vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine. Platelets were incubated with an excess of vinblastine, concentrated and then, after excess alkaloid had been removed, given to 11 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia refractory to other treatment (including intravenous injections of vinca alkaloids). Platelet antibodies in the patients' plasma led to ingestion of the vinca-laden platelets by macrophages. There were six complete remissions, three partial remissions and two failures. Side effects in a few patients, reversible but annoying, were minimized as technics were refined. We conclude that in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia refractory to all other measures, including the use of vinca alkaloids, platelet-vinca complex may be effective.", "PMID": 565464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6559", "title": "[Residue situation of milk products after the effective carrying out of the \"step-by-step program for DDT-replacement\" in the GDR].", "content": "A step-by-step program had been established to replace the persistent insecticide DDT with other active principles in the GDR by 1975. Monthly thin-layer chromatographic residue determinations in butter samples from all the districts demonstrate that the DDT-residues have decreased gradually since 1973 from an average value of 0.45 mg/kg to an average value of 0.18 mg/kg (in 1976). The DDT intake of adults via the milk products (butter, milk and cheese) was, in 1976, only 2% of the ADI value, which evidences a very positive development. Furthermore, findings concerning the contamination with lindane and HCB are presented.", "contents": "[Residue situation of milk products after the effective carrying out of the \"step-by-step program for DDT-replacement\" in the GDR]. A step-by-step program had been established to replace the persistent insecticide DDT with other active principles in the GDR by 1975. Monthly thin-layer chromatographic residue determinations in butter samples from all the districts demonstrate that the DDT-residues have decreased gradually since 1973 from an average value of 0.45 mg/kg to an average value of 0.18 mg/kg (in 1976). The DDT intake of adults via the milk products (butter, milk and cheese) was, in 1976, only 2% of the ADI value, which evidences a very positive development. Furthermore, findings concerning the contamination with lindane and HCB are presented.", "PMID": 565468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6560", "title": "The role of hormones in the acclimation of fish to low temperatures.", "content": "The known cases elucidating the role of hormones in the regulation of physiological and biochemical changes which occur when fish are acclimated to low temperatures are sparse, but evidence is accumulating to implicate prolactin, glucagon, insulin and perhaps thyroxine and cortisol in at least some of the physiological adjustments observed in some species. The need for further research on hormonal control mechanisms at work during low-temperature acclimation is discussed, with special emphasis placed on neuroendocrine relationships.", "contents": "The role of hormones in the acclimation of fish to low temperatures. The known cases elucidating the role of hormones in the regulation of physiological and biochemical changes which occur when fish are acclimated to low temperatures are sparse, but evidence is accumulating to implicate prolactin, glucagon, insulin and perhaps thyroxine and cortisol in at least some of the physiological adjustments observed in some species. The need for further research on hormonal control mechanisms at work during low-temperature acclimation is discussed, with special emphasis placed on neuroendocrine relationships.", "PMID": 565476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6561", "title": "Lordosis response of senile female rats.", "content": "The lordosis response of 27 ovariectomized senile female rats (20 to 32 months old) primed with either estrogen-progestrone (E/P) or estrogen (E) alone was studied and compared with that of ovariectomized young adult rats (3 to 5 months old). As compared with the young rats, out of the 27 senile rats, only 11 showed decreased response with E/P priming and 6 with E priming only. When senile rats are classified into 4 groups according to their vaginal smear pictures and ovarian findings, i.e., prolonged vaginal cornification (PVC) with polyfollicular ovaries, anestrus (ANE) with atrophic ovaries, prolonged diestrus with hyperluteinized ovaries, and still preserved cycle, there is no significant  difference in the incidence of decreased lordosis response among groups. In the 11 senile rats showing decreased response, the responsiveness of the system for sexual behavior to P seems to be decreased in 5 rats without changes in the responsiveness to E and that to E decreased in 6 rats. The lordosis response did not improve after adaptation in the rats which showed decreased response. The dysfunction of gonadotropin (Gn) secretion in senile female rats seems to occur earlier than aging of the system for behavioral estrus.", "contents": "Lordosis response of senile female rats. The lordosis response of 27 ovariectomized senile female rats (20 to 32 months old) primed with either estrogen-progestrone (E/P) or estrogen (E) alone was studied and compared with that of ovariectomized young adult rats (3 to 5 months old). As compared with the young rats, out of the 27 senile rats, only 11 showed decreased response with E/P priming and 6 with E priming only. When senile rats are classified into 4 groups according to their vaginal smear pictures and ovarian findings, i.e., prolonged vaginal cornification (PVC) with polyfollicular ovaries, anestrus (ANE) with atrophic ovaries, prolonged diestrus with hyperluteinized ovaries, and still preserved cycle, there is no significant  difference in the incidence of decreased lordosis response among groups. In the 11 senile rats showing decreased response, the responsiveness of the system for sexual behavior to P seems to be decreased in 5 rats without changes in the responsiveness to E and that to E decreased in 6 rats. The lordosis response did not improve after adaptation in the rats which showed decreased response. The dysfunction of gonadotropin (Gn) secretion in senile female rats seems to occur earlier than aging of the system for behavioral estrus.", "PMID": 565477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6562", "title": "Nuclear receptor estrogen complex in the pineal gland. Modulation by sympathetic nerves.", "content": "Pineal nuclear receptor estradiol complex determined by the 3H-estradiol exchange assay exhibited a Kd = 0.42 nM. Its concentration was maximal at proestrus and after administering 2-20 microgram of estradiol to spayed rats. It was also detected in 6-day-old rats, before full maturation of pineal sympathetic nerves is attained. Superior cervical ganglionectomy caused nuclear receptor estrogen complexes (NREC) to decrease by 48 and 65% 5 and 14 days later; estradiol administration brought about increases of complex levels (1.9-2.3-fold) which were significantly smaller than in control or decentralized rats (3.4-3.9-fold). The time course of accumulation and retention of nuclear complexes was not affected by ganglionectomy. Isoproterenol restored the basal levels of NREC, but inhibited the effects of estradiol on complex accumulation; propranolol, administered simultaneously with estradiol also inhibited estrogen effects on the pineal. Estradiol incubation in vitro increased pineal nuclear receptor hormone levels and enhanced the conversion of serotonin into melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol; no changes in hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) activity were detected. These data support the conclusion that accumulation and retention of pineal NREC are under partial dependence upon sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Nuclear receptor estrogen complex in the pineal gland. Modulation by sympathetic nerves. Pineal nuclear receptor estradiol complex determined by the 3H-estradiol exchange assay exhibited a Kd = 0.42 nM. Its concentration was maximal at proestrus and after administering 2-20 microgram of estradiol to spayed rats. It was also detected in 6-day-old rats, before full maturation of pineal sympathetic nerves is attained. Superior cervical ganglionectomy caused nuclear receptor estrogen complexes (NREC) to decrease by 48 and 65% 5 and 14 days later; estradiol administration brought about increases of complex levels (1.9-2.3-fold) which were significantly smaller than in control or decentralized rats (3.4-3.9-fold). The time course of accumulation and retention of nuclear complexes was not affected by ganglionectomy. Isoproterenol restored the basal levels of NREC, but inhibited the effects of estradiol on complex accumulation; propranolol, administered simultaneously with estradiol also inhibited estrogen effects on the pineal. Estradiol incubation in vitro increased pineal nuclear receptor hormone levels and enhanced the conversion of serotonin into melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol; no changes in hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) activity were detected. These data support the conclusion that accumulation and retention of pineal NREC are under partial dependence upon sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 565478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6563", "title": "Decreased lymphocyte transformation to vaccinia virus in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation to vaccinia virus was measured in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and normal controls. There was a significant reduction of lymphocyte transformation to vaccinia virus in multiple sclerosis patients compared with the control group. In addition, a positive correlation existed between the degree of disability of the multiple sclerosis patients and the extent of lymphocyte transformation in the presence of vaccinia virus. There was no correlation between cell-mediated immunity to vaccinia virus and either serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibody levels to vaccinia in multiple sclerosis patients or controls, all of whom had been previously vaccinated. In conjunction with other studies, all of whom had been previously vaccinated. In conjunction with other studies that have demonstrated elevated antibody titers to vaccinia virus in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients, these results support the possibility that vaccinia virus may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Decreased lymphocyte transformation to vaccinia virus in multiple sclerosis. Lymphocyte transformation to vaccinia virus was measured in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and normal controls. There was a significant reduction of lymphocyte transformation to vaccinia virus in multiple sclerosis patients compared with the control group. In addition, a positive correlation existed between the degree of disability of the multiple sclerosis patients and the extent of lymphocyte transformation in the presence of vaccinia virus. There was no correlation between cell-mediated immunity to vaccinia virus and either serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibody levels to vaccinia in multiple sclerosis patients or controls, all of whom had been previously vaccinated. In conjunction with other studies, all of whom had been previously vaccinated. In conjunction with other studies that have demonstrated elevated antibody titers to vaccinia virus in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients, these results support the possibility that vaccinia virus may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 565482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6564", "title": "The effect of induced hyperthermia on the blink reflex in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In 76 patients with multiple sclerosis, the blink reflex was elicted electrically at normal body temperature and during induced hyperthermia to observe the effect on conduction within the reflex pathway through the brainstem. Special attention was directed to 31 patients with electrophysiologic evidence of reflex slowing, presumably because of demyelination in the reflex pathway. Hyperthermia did not induce any significant changes in mean reflex latency, amplitude, or duration in either the overall group of 76 or in the 31 patients with baseline blink reflex abnormalities. While the mean reflex latency did not change, 13 (33 percent) of 39 abnormal R1 responses from the 31 patients changed by 1.5 msec or more during hyperthermia, whereas change of similar magnitude was noted in only three (3 percent) of 90 normal R1 responses.", "contents": "The effect of induced hyperthermia on the blink reflex in multiple sclerosis. In 76 patients with multiple sclerosis, the blink reflex was elicted electrically at normal body temperature and during induced hyperthermia to observe the effect on conduction within the reflex pathway through the brainstem. Special attention was directed to 31 patients with electrophysiologic evidence of reflex slowing, presumably because of demyelination in the reflex pathway. Hyperthermia did not induce any significant changes in mean reflex latency, amplitude, or duration in either the overall group of 76 or in the 31 patients with baseline blink reflex abnormalities. While the mean reflex latency did not change, 13 (33 percent) of 39 abnormal R1 responses from the 31 patients changed by 1.5 msec or more during hyperthermia, whereas change of similar magnitude was noted in only three (3 percent) of 90 normal R1 responses.", "PMID": 565483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6565", "title": "Multiple sclerosis among Spanish-surnamed Californians.", "content": "The 2,500,000 Spanish-surnamed white Californians have an age-adjusted multiple sclerosis death rate of 0.27 per 100,000 based on 48 MS deaths from 1966 through 1975. This compares with a rate of 0.83 for other white Californians and 0.75 for all Californians, suggesting that the MS death rate in California is due to genetic or local environmental causes. However, the 620,000 foreign-born Spanish-surnamed white Califorians have the extremely low MS death rate of 0.07, which is one-sixth the rate of 0.42 for the 1.330,000 Spanish-surnamed whites born in California. These data, by contrast with the first set, seem to indicate that environmental factors associated with place of birth are of primary importance. These findings suggest that Spanish-Americans as a whole have an MS death rate that is among the lowest of all subpopulation in the United States and that they offer additional opportunities for studying the etiology of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis among Spanish-surnamed Californians. The 2,500,000 Spanish-surnamed white Californians have an age-adjusted multiple sclerosis death rate of 0.27 per 100,000 based on 48 MS deaths from 1966 through 1975. This compares with a rate of 0.83 for other white Californians and 0.75 for all Californians, suggesting that the MS death rate in California is due to genetic or local environmental causes. However, the 620,000 foreign-born Spanish-surnamed white Califorians have the extremely low MS death rate of 0.07, which is one-sixth the rate of 0.42 for the 1.330,000 Spanish-surnamed whites born in California. These data, by contrast with the first set, seem to indicate that environmental factors associated with place of birth are of primary importance. These findings suggest that Spanish-Americans as a whole have an MS death rate that is among the lowest of all subpopulation in the United States and that they offer additional opportunities for studying the etiology of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 565484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6566", "title": "Duchenne dystrophy: abnormal generation of tension and Ca++ regulation in single skinned fibers.", "content": "Skinned, single-fiber preparations from the quadriceps or gastrocneumius muscles of four ambulatory male children with Duchenne dystrophy were tested for theri ability to generate tension and to regulate CA++. To determine the intrinsic strength (P0) of the contractile material, the maximum Ca++ -activated tensions were normalized to the fiber diameters. Sixty-four percent of the Duchenne fibers had P0 values below 1.0 kg per square centimeter--the lowest value observed in control muscle--and the average P0 values of fibers from each Duchenne biopsy were significantly (p less than 0.01) below the average P0 values for control muscle fibers and for muscle fibers obtained from one obligatory carrier of the Duchenne gene. The low tensions in the Duchenne muscle fibers could not be ascribed to altered Ca++ regulation or to substrate sensitivity of the contractile proteins in the fibers, since these were normal. However, ultrastructural abnormalities of the myofilaments, which might reduce the ability of the contractile system to develop tension, were observed. Furthermore, Ca++ regulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was impaired in most of those muscle fibers, from both carriers and Duchenne patients, that did develop normal tension. These results suggest that in Duchenne muscle a functional disorder in the SR may precede loss of the ability of the contractile proteins to generate tension. However, since muscle fibers from Duchenne-gene carriers developed significantly greater tensions than fibers from Duchenne-patients, while yet having similar defects in Ca++ regulation, the SR disorder may not be exclusively responsible for abnormal contractile protein function.", "contents": "Duchenne dystrophy: abnormal generation of tension and Ca++ regulation in single skinned fibers. Skinned, single-fiber preparations from the quadriceps or gastrocneumius muscles of four ambulatory male children with Duchenne dystrophy were tested for theri ability to generate tension and to regulate CA++. To determine the intrinsic strength (P0) of the contractile material, the maximum Ca++ -activated tensions were normalized to the fiber diameters. Sixty-four percent of the Duchenne fibers had P0 values below 1.0 kg per square centimeter--the lowest value observed in control muscle--and the average P0 values of fibers from each Duchenne biopsy were significantly (p less than 0.01) below the average P0 values for control muscle fibers and for muscle fibers obtained from one obligatory carrier of the Duchenne gene. The low tensions in the Duchenne muscle fibers could not be ascribed to altered Ca++ regulation or to substrate sensitivity of the contractile proteins in the fibers, since these were normal. However, ultrastructural abnormalities of the myofilaments, which might reduce the ability of the contractile system to develop tension, were observed. Furthermore, Ca++ regulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was impaired in most of those muscle fibers, from both carriers and Duchenne patients, that did develop normal tension. These results suggest that in Duchenne muscle a functional disorder in the SR may precede loss of the ability of the contractile proteins to generate tension. However, since muscle fibers from Duchenne-gene carriers developed significantly greater tensions than fibers from Duchenne-patients, while yet having similar defects in Ca++ regulation, the SR disorder may not be exclusively responsible for abnormal contractile protein function.", "PMID": 565485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6567", "title": "A syndrome of progressive muscle spasm, alopecia, and diarrhea.", "content": "A syndrome of progressive muscle spasm, alopecia, and diarrhea was seen in 15 patients. The syndrome was characterized by painful intermittent muscle spasm, alopecia, amenorrhea, and malabsorption, and was sometimes associated with epiphyseal destruction and retarded growth. Symptoms began at age 10 and were more common in women than men. Muscle cramps affected the limbs first and then, several years after onset, the neck, trunk, and masticatory muscles. The course was progressive and led to malnutrition. Four patients died from 5 to 18 years after onset. Autopsy revealed polypoid changes throughout the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "A syndrome of progressive muscle spasm, alopecia, and diarrhea. A syndrome of progressive muscle spasm, alopecia, and diarrhea was seen in 15 patients. The syndrome was characterized by painful intermittent muscle spasm, alopecia, amenorrhea, and malabsorption, and was sometimes associated with epiphyseal destruction and retarded growth. Symptoms began at age 10 and were more common in women than men. Muscle cramps affected the limbs first and then, several years after onset, the neck, trunk, and masticatory muscles. The course was progressive and led to malnutrition. Four patients died from 5 to 18 years after onset. Autopsy revealed polypoid changes throughout the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 565486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6568", "title": "Communicating hydrocephalus in adults. Diagnostic tests and results of treatment with medium pressure shunts.", "content": "In a study of 60 patients with communicating hydrocephalus, sources of error included lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, epidural infusion, and cerebrovascular reactions during the CSF infusion test; a high frequency of failing shunts; and initially undetected tumors in the group whose hydrocephalus was idiopathic. Though no sharp distinction could be made between positive and negative diagnositc tests, each variable indicated a certain probability of benefit, ranging from high to low, from shunting. CSF opening pressure in the lateral and sitting positions, the CSF infusion test, and cisternography were helpful in selecting patients for shunting. If clinical improvement was to take place, it did so within 3 months of shunting. Only patients with an opening pressure at or within the upper half of supposedly normal CSF pressure improved from a medium-pressure shunt. Improvement occurred in all patients having pressures of 580 mm H2O or more during an infusion test at a rate of 1.5 ml per minute. Neither preoperative signs and symptoms nor a single electroencephalogram had predictive value.", "contents": "Communicating hydrocephalus in adults. Diagnostic tests and results of treatment with medium pressure shunts. In a study of 60 patients with communicating hydrocephalus, sources of error included lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, epidural infusion, and cerebrovascular reactions during the CSF infusion test; a high frequency of failing shunts; and initially undetected tumors in the group whose hydrocephalus was idiopathic. Though no sharp distinction could be made between positive and negative diagnositc tests, each variable indicated a certain probability of benefit, ranging from high to low, from shunting. CSF opening pressure in the lateral and sitting positions, the CSF infusion test, and cisternography were helpful in selecting patients for shunting. If clinical improvement was to take place, it did so within 3 months of shunting. Only patients with an opening pressure at or within the upper half of supposedly normal CSF pressure improved from a medium-pressure shunt. Improvement occurred in all patients having pressures of 580 mm H2O or more during an infusion test at a rate of 1.5 ml per minute. Neither preoperative signs and symptoms nor a single electroencephalogram had predictive value.", "PMID": 565487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6569", "title": "Spontaneous remission of myasthenia gravis in patients with thymoma.", "content": "In 42 cases of myasthenia gravis with thymoma, the tumor was removed surgically. In four of these cases, myasthenic symptoms had remitted before operation. However, in two of these four cases, myasthenic symptoms returned after operation, despite apparently total thymectomy. In two of the four cases that remitted before operation, the thymus was found to be highly involuted, without germinal centers; in another case, the thymus was found to be moderately involuted, and germinal centers were found. In the nonrelapsing cases, only the tumor itself was removed, with residual thymic tissue being left behind. The thymoma in all cases consisted of polygonal epithelial cells and lymphocytes.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of myasthenia gravis in patients with thymoma. In 42 cases of myasthenia gravis with thymoma, the tumor was removed surgically. In four of these cases, myasthenic symptoms had remitted before operation. However, in two of these four cases, myasthenic symptoms returned after operation, despite apparently total thymectomy. In two of the four cases that remitted before operation, the thymus was found to be highly involuted, without germinal centers; in another case, the thymus was found to be moderately involuted, and germinal centers were found. In the nonrelapsing cases, only the tumor itself was removed, with residual thymic tissue being left behind. The thymoma in all cases consisted of polygonal epithelial cells and lymphocytes.", "PMID": 565488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6570", "title": "Single-skinned human muscle fibers: activation by calcium and strontium.", "content": "Single-skinned fibers were prepared from human skeletal muscle. Tension generation was measured in solutions containing different amounts of free calcium or strontium ion. Fibers were classified into two types, on the basis of distinct differences in their regulation by strontium. One group developed maximal tension in 3 x 10-5 M free strontium, whereas the other developed minimal or no tension in the same concentration of strontium. It seemed most probable that the former represented type 1 (slow twitch) fiber and the latter type 2 (fast twitch) fiber because of similar patterns observed in guinea pig soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers.", "contents": "Single-skinned human muscle fibers: activation by calcium and strontium. Single-skinned fibers were prepared from human skeletal muscle. Tension generation was measured in solutions containing different amounts of free calcium or strontium ion. Fibers were classified into two types, on the basis of distinct differences in their regulation by strontium. One group developed maximal tension in 3 x 10-5 M free strontium, whereas the other developed minimal or no tension in the same concentration of strontium. It seemed most probable that the former represented type 1 (slow twitch) fiber and the latter type 2 (fast twitch) fiber because of similar patterns observed in guinea pig soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers.", "PMID": 565489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6571", "title": "Pigment variant of lipofuscinosis.", "content": "A woman had a progressive neurologic syndrome beginning at age 3 and lasting for three decades. Clinical manifestations included severe mental deterioration, spastic paralysis, myoclonus, and tremors. A postmortem examination showed ubiquitous infiltration of neurons by lipofuscin and deposits of pigment in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, as well as senile changes of nerve cells. Biochemical investigation of brain lipids showed an alteration of fatty acid composition of serine phosphoglycerides.", "contents": "Pigment variant of lipofuscinosis. A woman had a progressive neurologic syndrome beginning at age 3 and lasting for three decades. Clinical manifestations included severe mental deterioration, spastic paralysis, myoclonus, and tremors. A postmortem examination showed ubiquitous infiltration of neurons by lipofuscin and deposits of pigment in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, as well as senile changes of nerve cells. Biochemical investigation of brain lipids showed an alteration of fatty acid composition of serine phosphoglycerides.", "PMID": 565490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6572", "title": "Acute and chronic progressive encephalopathy due to gasoline sniffing.", "content": "Acute encephalopathy caused by gasoline sniffing is well recognized, but has been thought to be completely reversible. We report a patient who developed a progressive encephalopathy characterized by ataxia, tremor and dementia following repeated, deliberate gasoline inhalation. Blood and urine lead levels were consistently elevated and at autopsy, the formalin-fixed brain lead content was between 5200 and 6500 micrograms/100 gm of tissue. This case shows that repeated gasoline sniffing can result in irreversible encephalopathy and that both the acute and chronic encephalopathy probably result from organic lead intoxication and not from the gasoline itself.", "contents": "Acute and chronic progressive encephalopathy due to gasoline sniffing. Acute encephalopathy caused by gasoline sniffing is well recognized, but has been thought to be completely reversible. We report a patient who developed a progressive encephalopathy characterized by ataxia, tremor and dementia following repeated, deliberate gasoline inhalation. Blood and urine lead levels were consistently elevated and at autopsy, the formalin-fixed brain lead content was between 5200 and 6500 micrograms/100 gm of tissue. This case shows that repeated gasoline sniffing can result in irreversible encephalopathy and that both the acute and chronic encephalopathy probably result from organic lead intoxication and not from the gasoline itself.", "PMID": 565491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6573", "title": "[Evaluation of diabetes control by new numerical indices of daily blood glucose values].", "content": "Attempts to assess the degree of diabetic control by numerical expressions of blood glucose behaviour have been performed by Schlichtkrull et Al. (M-Ms value) and by Molnar, Service et Al. (MAGE, MODD, MBG and FBG values). However these methods, partly derived from the results of continuous blood monitoring, fail to give qualitative information about the glycemic daily profile. In order to obtain a more complete estimation of the diurnal blood sugar curve, a simple set of three indices is introduced by our group: 1) the Mbs value (modified); 2) the mean difference (delta value) of the various Mbs/bs calculated with a HP 25 Hewlett-Packard, and 3) the mean of the differences, exceeding delta, which are between contiguous Mbs/bs (M delta value). This investigation was carried out in 103 diabetic observations, on the basis of eight blood-sugar daily determinations (Destrostix Reflectance Meter) on two successive twenty-four-hour periods, under standard conditions of diet, exercise and therapeutic regimen. As the results show, modified Mbs describes the mean level of the glycemic profile; delta indicates the amplitude of the glycemic variability field; M delta reports both maximal and minimal extremes of the curve. A correlation of these parameters is expressed by a formula, which might distinguish stable from unstabel (\"brittle\") diabetes and allow clinical comparison in different treatment conditions.", "contents": "[Evaluation of diabetes control by new numerical indices of daily blood glucose values]. Attempts to assess the degree of diabetic control by numerical expressions of blood glucose behaviour have been performed by Schlichtkrull et Al. (M-Ms value) and by Molnar, Service et Al. (MAGE, MODD, MBG and FBG values). However these methods, partly derived from the results of continuous blood monitoring, fail to give qualitative information about the glycemic daily profile. In order to obtain a more complete estimation of the diurnal blood sugar curve, a simple set of three indices is introduced by our group: 1) the Mbs value (modified); 2) the mean difference (delta value) of the various Mbs/bs calculated with a HP 25 Hewlett-Packard, and 3) the mean of the differences, exceeding delta, which are between contiguous Mbs/bs (M delta value). This investigation was carried out in 103 diabetic observations, on the basis of eight blood-sugar daily determinations (Destrostix Reflectance Meter) on two successive twenty-four-hour periods, under standard conditions of diet, exercise and therapeutic regimen. As the results show, modified Mbs describes the mean level of the glycemic profile; delta indicates the amplitude of the glycemic variability field; M delta reports both maximal and minimal extremes of the curve. A correlation of these parameters is expressed by a formula, which might distinguish stable from unstabel (\"brittle\") diabetes and allow clinical comparison in different treatment conditions.", "PMID": 565495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6574", "title": "Surgical advances in the treatment of lesions of the pediatric airway: the role of the carbon dioxide laser.", "content": "Transoral microsurgery of the larynx has now made it possible to treat multiple lesions heretofore only treatable by external approach. The introduction of the surgical carbon dioxide laser has been the single greatest advance in transoral surgery of the airway in the past 15 years. This modality of therapy offers many features not found in any other known form of surgery. It is especially useful in the pediatric airway where the avoidance of edema and the need for minimal scarring is most critical. Its unique aspects make this form of treatment most desirable in the pediatric laryngotracheal region.", "contents": "Surgical advances in the treatment of lesions of the pediatric airway: the role of the carbon dioxide laser. Transoral microsurgery of the larynx has now made it possible to treat multiple lesions heretofore only treatable by external approach. The introduction of the surgical carbon dioxide laser has been the single greatest advance in transoral surgery of the airway in the past 15 years. This modality of therapy offers many features not found in any other known form of surgery. It is especially useful in the pediatric airway where the avoidance of edema and the need for minimal scarring is most critical. Its unique aspects make this form of treatment most desirable in the pediatric laryngotracheal region.", "PMID": 565505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6575", "title": "ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn: evaluation of management and identification of racial and antigenic factors.", "content": "Data from 16,320 deliveries from two time periods were examined to compare the incidence of positive direct Coombs' tests and the number of exchange transfusions performed, using different methods of screening and treatment in each time period. Early routine screening revealed an eightfold increase in the number of Coombs-positive infants, while the combined effect of instituting early screening and the change from white light to special blue light phototherapy greatly diminihsed the number of exchange transfusions. In addition, data concerning racial and blood antigen factors in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are compared, showing an increase in incidence but no increase in severity for black infants and infants with blood type B. Also, use of cord blood parameters in management of ABO HDN is discussed.", "contents": "ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn: evaluation of management and identification of racial and antigenic factors. Data from 16,320 deliveries from two time periods were examined to compare the incidence of positive direct Coombs' tests and the number of exchange transfusions performed, using different methods of screening and treatment in each time period. Early routine screening revealed an eightfold increase in the number of Coombs-positive infants, while the combined effect of instituting early screening and the change from white light to special blue light phototherapy greatly diminihsed the number of exchange transfusions. In addition, data concerning racial and blood antigen factors in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are compared, showing an increase in incidence but no increase in severity for black infants and infants with blood type B. Also, use of cord blood parameters in management of ABO HDN is discussed.", "PMID": 565506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6576", "title": "[Determination of mean platelet volume in pediatric hematology. Practical value (author's transl)].", "content": "Some particle counters give a routine determination of mean platelet volume. 272 determinations of this new parameter were performed on 107 hospitalized children in the hematology field. Giant platelets are a frequent sign in peripheral thrombocytopenia, and they are never observed in central thrombocytopenia. The determination of the mean platelet volume is of value in an emergency examination for thrombocytopenia, while awaiting the results of a myelogram, and in monitoring primary thrombocytopenic purpura. In this later condition, the persistance of an increased mean platelet volume in spite of an improvement in the number of platelets should lead to a suspicion of a relapse.", "contents": "[Determination of mean platelet volume in pediatric hematology. Practical value (author's transl)]. Some particle counters give a routine determination of mean platelet volume. 272 determinations of this new parameter were performed on 107 hospitalized children in the hematology field. Giant platelets are a frequent sign in peripheral thrombocytopenia, and they are never observed in central thrombocytopenia. The determination of the mean platelet volume is of value in an emergency examination for thrombocytopenia, while awaiting the results of a myelogram, and in monitoring primary thrombocytopenic purpura. In this later condition, the persistance of an increased mean platelet volume in spite of an improvement in the number of platelets should lead to a suspicion of a relapse.", "PMID": 565508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6577", "title": "The structure of nucleolar chromatin in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The nucleolar DNA of Physarum polycephalum has been differentially labelled with 3H-thymidine and the structure of the nucleolar chromatin investigated by digestion with micrococcal nuclease. Nucleolar chromatin which had been labelled in G2 phase of the cell cycle and then digested before mitosis had an identical DNA repeat length to main band DNA (165 +/- 5 base pairs) but there was a definite indication that the rate of digestion was faster for nucleolar DNA than for main band DNA. Nucleolar chromatin which had been labelled in G2 and the label chased through mitosis into G2 phase of the next cycle showed an identical DNA repeat length to main band DNA and was also digested at the same rate. We conclude that nucleolar chromatin, at least 25 per cent of which is maximally transcriptionally active in G2, has a nucleosome-like structure.", "contents": "The structure of nucleolar chromatin in Physarum polycephalum. The nucleolar DNA of Physarum polycephalum has been differentially labelled with 3H-thymidine and the structure of the nucleolar chromatin investigated by digestion with micrococcal nuclease. Nucleolar chromatin which had been labelled in G2 phase of the cell cycle and then digested before mitosis had an identical DNA repeat length to main band DNA (165 +/- 5 base pairs) but there was a definite indication that the rate of digestion was faster for nucleolar DNA than for main band DNA. Nucleolar chromatin which had been labelled in G2 and the label chased through mitosis into G2 phase of the next cycle showed an identical DNA repeat length to main band DNA and was also digested at the same rate. We conclude that nucleolar chromatin, at least 25 per cent of which is maximally transcriptionally active in G2, has a nucleosome-like structure.", "PMID": 565509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6578", "title": "DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum: bidirectional replication of DNA within replicons.", "content": "The direction of replication of DNA within replicons of Physarum polycephalum was studied by pulse-labelling with 5-bromouracil-deoxyriboside (BrdUrd) and 3H-adenosine deoxyriboside (dAdo), followed by ultraviolet- (UV) -photolysis and analysis of molecular weights of single strand DNA fragments on alkaline sucrose gradients. Newly made DNA within replicons at all stages of completion is split in two equal halves upon UV irradiation when BrdUrd was given at the time of initiation of DNA synthesis. This shows that replication within replicons of Physarum polycephalum starts at an origin located in the center of each unit, proceeding bidirectionally from this origin.", "contents": "DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum: bidirectional replication of DNA within replicons. The direction of replication of DNA within replicons of Physarum polycephalum was studied by pulse-labelling with 5-bromouracil-deoxyriboside (BrdUrd) and 3H-adenosine deoxyriboside (dAdo), followed by ultraviolet- (UV) -photolysis and analysis of molecular weights of single strand DNA fragments on alkaline sucrose gradients. Newly made DNA within replicons at all stages of completion is split in two equal halves upon UV irradiation when BrdUrd was given at the time of initiation of DNA synthesis. This shows that replication within replicons of Physarum polycephalum starts at an origin located in the center of each unit, proceeding bidirectionally from this origin.", "PMID": 565510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6579", "title": "Active DNA transcription sites released from the genome of normal embryonic chicken cells.", "content": "Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) isolated from (and amounting to 1.5-2% of) native nuclear DNA of cultured embryonic chicken cells labelled 1-2 days with 3H-thymidine was analyzed by self-hybridization, hydroxyapatite chromatography (HAC) partial digestion with S1 nuclease, isopycnic centrifugation. Two main fractions were rehybridized to excess amounts of bulk nuclear DNA or total cytoplasmic RNAs. The major fraction, equivalent to 75% of total ssDNA, consists of unique DNA sequences, apparently derived from multiple coding regions of the cell genome, since they are not self-reassociating but are hybridizable to the non repetitious portion of bulk nuclear DNA and 40-45% of them are complementary to cell RNAs. About half of these ssDNA sequences hybridizable to cell RNAs seem to be closely connected with molecules belonging to the minor ssDNA fraction. The latter fraction consists of self-reassociating, moderately repeated DNA sequences, mainly derived from non coding regions of the cell genome. These findings are discussed in the light of others, showing interspersion of coding and non coding DNA sequences and susceptibility of active genes to certain nucleasic attacks.", "contents": "Active DNA transcription sites released from the genome of normal embryonic chicken cells. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) isolated from (and amounting to 1.5-2% of) native nuclear DNA of cultured embryonic chicken cells labelled 1-2 days with 3H-thymidine was analyzed by self-hybridization, hydroxyapatite chromatography (HAC) partial digestion with S1 nuclease, isopycnic centrifugation. Two main fractions were rehybridized to excess amounts of bulk nuclear DNA or total cytoplasmic RNAs. The major fraction, equivalent to 75% of total ssDNA, consists of unique DNA sequences, apparently derived from multiple coding regions of the cell genome, since they are not self-reassociating but are hybridizable to the non repetitious portion of bulk nuclear DNA and 40-45% of them are complementary to cell RNAs. About half of these ssDNA sequences hybridizable to cell RNAs seem to be closely connected with molecules belonging to the minor ssDNA fraction. The latter fraction consists of self-reassociating, moderately repeated DNA sequences, mainly derived from non coding regions of the cell genome. These findings are discussed in the light of others, showing interspersion of coding and non coding DNA sequences and susceptibility of active genes to certain nucleasic attacks.", "PMID": 565511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6580", "title": "Microbial counts and thermal resistance of Salmonella oranienburg in ground turkey meat.", "content": "The microbial content of unfrozen and frozen ground turkey meat (GTM) in retail markets and the thermal resistance of Salmonella organienburg in GTM was determined. The unfrozen product had an average total aerobic count of 53 X 10(4) cells per g. These counts reduced slightly when held in a display case for one and two days at 1-2 degrees C. The frozen GTM contained 25% protein, 8% fat, 63% moisture and had a pH of 6.2. Microbial counts averaged 58 X 10(4). The time and temperatures to kill ca 10(4) S. oranienburg cells were determined. A thermal destruction curve can be defined as F60 degrees C. = 3.5 min. with Z = 7.4 degrees C.", "contents": "Microbial counts and thermal resistance of Salmonella oranienburg in ground turkey meat. The microbial content of unfrozen and frozen ground turkey meat (GTM) in retail markets and the thermal resistance of Salmonella organienburg in GTM was determined. The unfrozen product had an average total aerobic count of 53 X 10(4) cells per g. These counts reduced slightly when held in a display case for one and two days at 1-2 degrees C. The frozen GTM contained 25% protein, 8% fat, 63% moisture and had a pH of 6.2. Microbial counts averaged 58 X 10(4). The time and temperatures to kill ca 10(4) S. oranienburg cells were determined. A thermal destruction curve can be defined as F60 degrees C. = 3.5 min. with Z = 7.4 degrees C.", "PMID": 565513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6581", "title": "A nutrient re-evaluation of shell eggs.", "content": "Most data on the nutrient composition of shell eggs were obtained before 1950. Since then, management systems for egg production and analytical methods for many components have changed. Freeze-dried whole egg, yolk and white samples were prepared from eggs obtained from a single source of 15 month old White Leghorns. The sample were packaged under nitrogen and held at -20 degrees C. until analyzed. Conversion factors are included for expressing the amount of each component on a per egg as well as a per 100 g. edible liquid basis. This re-evaluation of nutrient data included total solids, lipid, protein, cholesterol, ash, calories, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.", "contents": "A nutrient re-evaluation of shell eggs. Most data on the nutrient composition of shell eggs were obtained before 1950. Since then, management systems for egg production and analytical methods for many components have changed. Freeze-dried whole egg, yolk and white samples were prepared from eggs obtained from a single source of 15 month old White Leghorns. The sample were packaged under nitrogen and held at -20 degrees C. until analyzed. Conversion factors are included for expressing the amount of each component on a per egg as well as a per 100 g. edible liquid basis. This re-evaluation of nutrient data included total solids, lipid, protein, cholesterol, ash, calories, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.", "PMID": 565514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6582", "title": "The central action of 1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-5-allyl-5-(beta-hydroxypropyl) barbituric acid and the corresponding lactone.", "content": "1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-5-allyl-5-(beta-hydroxypropyl)barbituric acid (NP) and the probably product of its isomerization alpha-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)allophanyl-alpha-allyl-gamma-methylbutyrolactone (MW) was studied. Behavioral experiments carried out on mice and rats showed that both the acid (NP) and the lactone (MW) suppress the reactivity of the central nervous system, and, to some degree, act like tranquilizing agents.", "contents": "The central action of 1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-5-allyl-5-(beta-hydroxypropyl) barbituric acid and the corresponding lactone. 1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-5-allyl-5-(beta-hydroxypropyl)barbituric acid (NP) and the probably product of its isomerization alpha-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)allophanyl-alpha-allyl-gamma-methylbutyrolactone (MW) was studied. Behavioral experiments carried out on mice and rats showed that both the acid (NP) and the lactone (MW) suppress the reactivity of the central nervous system, and, to some degree, act like tranquilizing agents.", "PMID": 565512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6583", "title": "Neurochemical and neuropharmacological investigations with four ergot derivatives: bromocriptine, dihydroergotoxine, CF 25-397 and CM 29-712.", "content": "Neurochemical and neuropharmacological investigations with four ergot derivatives reveal differential pharmacodynamic effects of these compounds. Bromocriptine and CM 29-712 showed actions typical of postsynaptic dopamine receptor stimulants, in particular in the extrapyramidal system. CM 29-712 proved to be more potent than bromocriptine, with an early onset of action. CF 25-397 and dihydroergotoxine, while not showing all actions typical of central dopamine agonists, appeared to exert some of their effects by means of a stimulation of central serotoninergic sites. In the rat sleep-wakefulness cycles and in reserpine-induced ponto-geniculooccipital waves in the cat, they mimicked the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan. In the latter test, CF 25-397 proved to be particularly potent. In addition, bromocriptine, dihydroergotoxine and CM 29-712 showed neurochemical effects consistent with central alpha-adrenergic blockade or an enhanced impulse flow in central noradrenergic neurons.", "contents": "Neurochemical and neuropharmacological investigations with four ergot derivatives: bromocriptine, dihydroergotoxine, CF 25-397 and CM 29-712. Neurochemical and neuropharmacological investigations with four ergot derivatives reveal differential pharmacodynamic effects of these compounds. Bromocriptine and CM 29-712 showed actions typical of postsynaptic dopamine receptor stimulants, in particular in the extrapyramidal system. CM 29-712 proved to be more potent than bromocriptine, with an early onset of action. CF 25-397 and dihydroergotoxine, while not showing all actions typical of central dopamine agonists, appeared to exert some of their effects by means of a stimulation of central serotoninergic sites. In the rat sleep-wakefulness cycles and in reserpine-induced ponto-geniculooccipital waves in the cat, they mimicked the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan. In the latter test, CF 25-397 proved to be particularly potent. In addition, bromocriptine, dihydroergotoxine and CM 29-712 showed neurochemical effects consistent with central alpha-adrenergic blockade or an enhanced impulse flow in central noradrenergic neurons.", "PMID": 565520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6584", "title": "[Role of estrogen-sensitive neurons in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus in the mechanism of luteinizing hormone release].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats; estradiol brought to the arcuate region of the hypothalamus by means of microionophoresis led to the increase of the region of the hypothalamus by means of microionophoresis led to the increase of the blood luteinizing hormone (LH) level during the following stages of the estral cycle-diestrus 1, diestrus 2, and the first half day of the proestrus; as to the second half of the proestrus day--estradiol decreased its level. Changes in the LH level in the hypophysis under the influence of the microionophoretic introduction of estradiol into the arcuate region occurred during the second half of the day of diestrus 2 (reduction), and during the estrus (elevation). In the majority of cases a rise of the blood level was combined with the neuron activation in the arcuate region under the influence of estradiol.", "contents": "[Role of estrogen-sensitive neurons in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus in the mechanism of luteinizing hormone release]. Experiments were conducted on rats; estradiol brought to the arcuate region of the hypothalamus by means of microionophoresis led to the increase of the region of the hypothalamus by means of microionophoresis led to the increase of the blood luteinizing hormone (LH) level during the following stages of the estral cycle-diestrus 1, diestrus 2, and the first half day of the proestrus; as to the second half of the proestrus day--estradiol decreased its level. Changes in the LH level in the hypophysis under the influence of the microionophoretic introduction of estradiol into the arcuate region occurred during the second half of the day of diestrus 2 (reduction), and during the estrus (elevation). In the majority of cases a rise of the blood level was combined with the neuron activation in the arcuate region under the influence of estradiol.", "PMID": 565516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6585", "title": "A direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies for rubella virus in human sera.", "content": "A direct enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), based on the \"sandwich\" principle on an antigen-coated plastic disc, was used for the rapid detection of rubella antibody. Results were obtained the same day, and the prior adsorption of sera to remove non-specific inhibitors was not necessary. The ELISA was compared to the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test on 500 serum samples. There was general agreement between the two methods; most discrepancies occurred with low-titered HAI positive sera. There was excellent correlation between the tests with serum samples negative for rubella antibodies and those samples with HAI titers greater than or equal to 1:40.", "contents": "A direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies for rubella virus in human sera. A direct enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), based on the \"sandwich\" principle on an antigen-coated plastic disc, was used for the rapid detection of rubella antibody. Results were obtained the same day, and the prior adsorption of sera to remove non-specific inhibitors was not necessary. The ELISA was compared to the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test on 500 serum samples. There was general agreement between the two methods; most discrepancies occurred with low-titered HAI positive sera. There was excellent correlation between the tests with serum samples negative for rubella antibodies and those samples with HAI titers greater than or equal to 1:40.", "PMID": 565527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6586", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of spermidine in human serum.", "content": "Specific antispermidine antibodies were produced following immunization of New Zealand white rabbits with a spermidine-thyroglobulin conjugate of high (greater than 200:1) hapten-carrier molar ratio. The harvested antispermidine rabbit antiserum was characterized and a radioimmunoassay procedure developed. The specificity of this antibody was tested against cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, monoacetylputrescine, N-8-acetylspermidine and other compounds of similar molecular structure. Negligible cross-reactivity was observed with putrescine (2.1%), cadaverine (0.6%), spermine (0.3%), diaminopropane (less than 0.1%), and no cross-reaction was found with monoacetylputrescine, N-8-acetylspermidine, histamine, L-lysine and L-ornithine. The spermidine values on serum of five healthy volunteers were determined by RIA and compared with values by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of the results were highly agreeable. Antibody titer, intra-assay precision and analytical accuracy were tested. The assay requires only 20 microliter of serum and has picomole sensitivity. The sensitivity, specificity and small sample requirement make this procedure an effective tool for spermidine analysis.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of spermidine in human serum. Specific antispermidine antibodies were produced following immunization of New Zealand white rabbits with a spermidine-thyroglobulin conjugate of high (greater than 200:1) hapten-carrier molar ratio. The harvested antispermidine rabbit antiserum was characterized and a radioimmunoassay procedure developed. The specificity of this antibody was tested against cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, monoacetylputrescine, N-8-acetylspermidine and other compounds of similar molecular structure. Negligible cross-reactivity was observed with putrescine (2.1%), cadaverine (0.6%), spermine (0.3%), diaminopropane (less than 0.1%), and no cross-reaction was found with monoacetylputrescine, N-8-acetylspermidine, histamine, L-lysine and L-ornithine. The spermidine values on serum of five healthy volunteers were determined by RIA and compared with values by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of the results were highly agreeable. Antibody titer, intra-assay precision and analytical accuracy were tested. The assay requires only 20 microliter of serum and has picomole sensitivity. The sensitivity, specificity and small sample requirement make this procedure an effective tool for spermidine analysis.", "PMID": 565528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6587", "title": "[Night sleep patterns in post-operative intensive care patients (author's transl)].", "content": "5 patients admitted to intensive care following post-operative complications had EEG recordings on 2 consecutive nights some time after their operations. Study of the different sleep stages showed a marked increase in deep slow wave sleep and waking but asignificant reduction in light slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. The appearance of the sleep cycles through the night was unusual with respect to the maximum occurrence of the various stages and their evolution. Finally certain characteristics of paradoxical sleep, the rhythm and duration of the phases and the number and frequency of ocular movements were also modified. Comparison of these findings with those previously reported show that these abnormalities, rather than suggesting sleep deprivation resemble more closely the fidings in shift workers when they resume night sleep after a period of day sleep. The also resemble the changes seen in people whose circadian rhythm has been displaced by 12 hours.", "contents": "[Night sleep patterns in post-operative intensive care patients (author's transl)]. 5 patients admitted to intensive care following post-operative complications had EEG recordings on 2 consecutive nights some time after their operations. Study of the different sleep stages showed a marked increase in deep slow wave sleep and waking but asignificant reduction in light slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. The appearance of the sleep cycles through the night was unusual with respect to the maximum occurrence of the various stages and their evolution. Finally certain characteristics of paradoxical sleep, the rhythm and duration of the phases and the number and frequency of ocular movements were also modified. Comparison of these findings with those previously reported show that these abnormalities, rather than suggesting sleep deprivation resemble more closely the fidings in shift workers when they resume night sleep after a period of day sleep. The also resemble the changes seen in people whose circadian rhythm has been displaced by 12 hours.", "PMID": 565525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6588", "title": "[Experimental studies in animals concerning adhesive orchiopexy (author's transl)].", "content": "In an experimental study in rabbits, histoxicity of butyl-2-cyano-acrylic-tissue adhesive for orchiopexy was comapred with the usual suture type fixation of the testis. There was no difference in tissue damage between the two methods in respect to local inflammation, diameters of the tubules and the number of spermatogonic cells. Using several established cell lines, a significant cytotoxicity was seen when dropping butyl-2-cyanoacrylic-adhesive into the tissue cultures. Mutagenic influence of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate should be ruled out in children prior to clinical application. In addition, the high cost of the adhesive should be considered.", "contents": "[Experimental studies in animals concerning adhesive orchiopexy (author's transl)]. In an experimental study in rabbits, histoxicity of butyl-2-cyano-acrylic-tissue adhesive for orchiopexy was comapred with the usual suture type fixation of the testis. There was no difference in tissue damage between the two methods in respect to local inflammation, diameters of the tubules and the number of spermatogonic cells. Using several established cell lines, a significant cytotoxicity was seen when dropping butyl-2-cyanoacrylic-adhesive into the tissue cultures. Mutagenic influence of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate should be ruled out in children prior to clinical application. In addition, the high cost of the adhesive should be considered.", "PMID": 565529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6589", "title": "Brain noradrenergic systems as a prerequisite for developing tolerance to barbiturates.", "content": "Mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine before they were chronically fed phenobarbital did not develop functional barbiturate tolerance, measured by duration of the loss of righting reflex and hypothermia. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine caused significant depletion of brain norepinephrine, while brain dopamine levels were not significantly depleted. Intact brain noradrenergic systems seem to be necessary for developing tolerance to the hypnotic and hypothermic effects of the barbiturates.", "contents": "Brain noradrenergic systems as a prerequisite for developing tolerance to barbiturates. Mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine before they were chronically fed phenobarbital did not develop functional barbiturate tolerance, measured by duration of the loss of righting reflex and hypothermia. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine caused significant depletion of brain norepinephrine, while brain dopamine levels were not significantly depleted. Intact brain noradrenergic systems seem to be necessary for developing tolerance to the hypnotic and hypothermic effects of the barbiturates.", "PMID": 565533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6590", "title": "Diazepam inhibits myoblast fusion and expression of muscle specific protein synthesis.", "content": "The presence of diazepam in culutres of chicken embryo myoblasts arrests normal muscle cell differentiation. High concentrations of the drug reversibly prevent myoblasts from fusing to form multinucleated myotubes. Lower concentrations of diazepam allow cell fusion to occur, but inhibit the synthesis and accumulation of myosin heavy chain, implying that cell fusion does not obligate myoblasts to synthesize and accumulate large quantities of muscle specific protein. The effect of diazepam on muscle cells in culture is direct and specific.", "contents": "Diazepam inhibits myoblast fusion and expression of muscle specific protein synthesis. The presence of diazepam in culutres of chicken embryo myoblasts arrests normal muscle cell differentiation. High concentrations of the drug reversibly prevent myoblasts from fusing to form multinucleated myotubes. Lower concentrations of diazepam allow cell fusion to occur, but inhibit the synthesis and accumulation of myosin heavy chain, implying that cell fusion does not obligate myoblasts to synthesize and accumulate large quantities of muscle specific protein. The effect of diazepam on muscle cells in culture is direct and specific.", "PMID": 565534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6591", "title": "Cholecystokinin inhibits tail pinch-induced eating in rats.", "content": "Peripheral administration of the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in doses from 1 to 100 micrograms per kilogram of body weight (0.25 to 25.0 micrograms per rat) significantly antagonized tail pinch-induced eating in rats, an animal model for stress-induced human hyperphagia. Centrally administered cholecystokinin was effective only in high doses (3 micrograms into the cerebral ventricle). The finding that the minimal effective dose of cholecystokinin in suppressing stress-induced appetitive behavior is smaller after peripheral than central administration suggests that the peptide is acting on peripheral, as opposed to central nervous system, substrates.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin inhibits tail pinch-induced eating in rats. Peripheral administration of the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in doses from 1 to 100 micrograms per kilogram of body weight (0.25 to 25.0 micrograms per rat) significantly antagonized tail pinch-induced eating in rats, an animal model for stress-induced human hyperphagia. Centrally administered cholecystokinin was effective only in high doses (3 micrograms into the cerebral ventricle). The finding that the minimal effective dose of cholecystokinin in suppressing stress-induced appetitive behavior is smaller after peripheral than central administration suggests that the peptide is acting on peripheral, as opposed to central nervous system, substrates.", "PMID": 565535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6592", "title": "Colposcopy or cervical conization? An economic comparison.", "content": "Costs of colposcopic evaluation of patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears versus evaluation by conization are compared. The average colposcopic evaluation costs $106, and the average conization costs $923.70. Additional savings ensue if a colposcopic diagnosis, rather than conization of the cervix, precedes a definitive hysterectomy. All criteria for an adequate colposcopic examination and tissue diagnosis must be met to make this comparison.", "contents": "Colposcopy or cervical conization? An economic comparison. Costs of colposcopic evaluation of patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears versus evaluation by conization are compared. The average colposcopic evaluation costs $106, and the average conization costs $923.70. Additional savings ensue if a colposcopic diagnosis, rather than conization of the cervix, precedes a definitive hysterectomy. All criteria for an adequate colposcopic examination and tissue diagnosis must be met to make this comparison.", "PMID": 565538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6593", "title": "Fragmentation hemolysis in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "A 69-year-old woman with previously asymptomatic IHSS developed fragmentation hemolytic anemia in association with bacterial endocarditis when the calculated pressure gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract was 82 mm Hg. Partial correction of the anemia by transfusion resulted in a prompt reduction in fragmentation. The interplay of anemia and increased pressure gradient in the production of red cell fragmentation is discussed.", "contents": "Fragmentation hemolysis in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. A 69-year-old woman with previously asymptomatic IHSS developed fragmentation hemolytic anemia in association with bacterial endocarditis when the calculated pressure gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract was 82 mm Hg. Partial correction of the anemia by transfusion resulted in a prompt reduction in fragmentation. The interplay of anemia and increased pressure gradient in the production of red cell fragmentation is discussed.", "PMID": 565539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6594", "title": "Management of noninvasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "The diagnosis of noninvasive cancer of the cervix depends on carefully performed pelvic examinations and accurate cytology. Their management is determined by the histologic picture of the lesion. Adequate biopsy material must rule out invasive cancer before conservative measures are adopted. Unless special facilities are available, a cone biopsy and D & C should be performed on all nonpregnant cases with punch biopsies showing severe dysplasia or carcinoma-in-situ. These entities are classified as CIN III according to the most modern classification. Cone biopsies and D & C should also be performed on cases with negative punch biopsies and suspicious cytology. Colposcopic diagnosis diagnosis and outpatient management of these lesions should be performed only in a clinic with the specialized facilities already outlined.", "contents": "Management of noninvasive carcinoma of the cervix. The diagnosis of noninvasive cancer of the cervix depends on carefully performed pelvic examinations and accurate cytology. Their management is determined by the histologic picture of the lesion. Adequate biopsy material must rule out invasive cancer before conservative measures are adopted. Unless special facilities are available, a cone biopsy and D & C should be performed on all nonpregnant cases with punch biopsies showing severe dysplasia or carcinoma-in-situ. These entities are classified as CIN III according to the most modern classification. Cone biopsies and D & C should also be performed on cases with negative punch biopsies and suspicious cytology. Colposcopic diagnosis diagnosis and outpatient management of these lesions should be performed only in a clinic with the specialized facilities already outlined.", "PMID": 565541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6595", "title": "Congenital absence of the heart: observation of human funiculopagous twinning with insertio funiculi furcata, fusion, forking, and interpositio velamentosa.", "content": "An anatomic and radiologic study of a normal and acardius twinning with a single placenta is presented with literature review. The fetus was unusually well-developed with an almost normal skeletal and brain formation, a normal genito-urinary tract, and an absence of liver, spleen, lungs, and pancreas. The heart was absent but the great arteries, single aorta, and veins were present. The placentation is described as funiculopagous with insertio funiculi furcata, fusion, forking and interpositio  velamentosa, and the latter may account for the fusion of the two circulations in this instance with the possibility that the heart was never present. The present and other observations of funiculopagous twins with two amniotic sacs suggest that the forked cord twin anomaly may occur earlier than generally recognized.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the heart: observation of human funiculopagous twinning with insertio funiculi furcata, fusion, forking, and interpositio velamentosa. An anatomic and radiologic study of a normal and acardius twinning with a single placenta is presented with literature review. The fetus was unusually well-developed with an almost normal skeletal and brain formation, a normal genito-urinary tract, and an absence of liver, spleen, lungs, and pancreas. The heart was absent but the great arteries, single aorta, and veins were present. The placentation is described as funiculopagous with insertio funiculi furcata, fusion, forking and interpositio  velamentosa, and the latter may account for the fusion of the two circulations in this instance with the possibility that the heart was never present. The present and other observations of funiculopagous twins with two amniotic sacs suggest that the forked cord twin anomaly may occur earlier than generally recognized.", "PMID": 565543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6596", "title": "Biosynthesis of glycoprotein-glycosyl transferases during the cell cycle.", "content": "The levels of glycoprotein-glycosyl transferases increased at the late G1-early S phase during the cell cycle both in the plasma membrane and in the microsomal fraction. The levels of the enzyme showed a \"peak pattern\" during the cell cycle. Elevation of the enzyme activity at earlier stages was not influenced by cytosine arabinoside but that at late G1 was completely inhibited.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of glycoprotein-glycosyl transferases during the cell cycle. The levels of glycoprotein-glycosyl transferases increased at the late G1-early S phase during the cell cycle both in the plasma membrane and in the microsomal fraction. The levels of the enzyme showed a \"peak pattern\" during the cell cycle. Elevation of the enzyme activity at earlier stages was not influenced by cytosine arabinoside but that at late G1 was completely inhibited.", "PMID": 565548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6597", "title": "[Antigenic activities of eggs, egg membranes, metabolic products and hatched larvae from the uterus of dipetalonema viteae (author's transl)].", "content": "Eggs of different stages of development, egg membranes, and the fluid isolated from uterus and pseudocoelomic cavity show antigenic properties against sera from Wuchereriasis- and Onchocerciasis-patients in the indirect immunofluorescent test, while hatched larvae did not show any fluorescence. Isolation and simple drying of these antigenic materials on microscopic slides when compared with histologically prepared antigenic material (Methacrylate or cryostate-sections) proved to have quantitatively and qualitatively equal antigenic properties in the immunofluorescent test with considerable technical, time and money saving advantages. These observations indicate further that the elements of the female reproductive system are group specific antigens responsible for the immune response in the host.", "contents": "[Antigenic activities of eggs, egg membranes, metabolic products and hatched larvae from the uterus of dipetalonema viteae (author's transl)]. Eggs of different stages of development, egg membranes, and the fluid isolated from uterus and pseudocoelomic cavity show antigenic properties against sera from Wuchereriasis- and Onchocerciasis-patients in the indirect immunofluorescent test, while hatched larvae did not show any fluorescence. Isolation and simple drying of these antigenic materials on microscopic slides when compared with histologically prepared antigenic material (Methacrylate or cryostate-sections) proved to have quantitatively and qualitatively equal antigenic properties in the immunofluorescent test with considerable technical, time and money saving advantages. These observations indicate further that the elements of the female reproductive system are group specific antigens responsible for the immune response in the host.", "PMID": 565549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6598", "title": "Carrier-mediated taurine uptake in the fetal mouse heart.", "content": "Myocardial taurine concentrations have been found to be elevated in hypertension and congestive heart failure states in animals and humans. The mechanism(s) by which myocardial taurine levels increase isn't known. Biosynthesis of taurine by the heart has not been established as a significant process. The fetal mouse heart in culture was used to characterize a taurine uptake system. The uptake of taurine was found to be saturable, temperature and sodium dependent and inhibited by close structural analogs. Taurine uptake was energy dependent and accumulated taurine against a concentration gradient indicating that taurine transport is an active process. Failure of alpha-alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, glycine, leucine or threonine to decrease taurine uptake establishes that the taurine uptake system is separate and distinct from other neutral alpha-amino acid transport systems in the heart.", "contents": "Carrier-mediated taurine uptake in the fetal mouse heart. Myocardial taurine concentrations have been found to be elevated in hypertension and congestive heart failure states in animals and humans. The mechanism(s) by which myocardial taurine levels increase isn't known. Biosynthesis of taurine by the heart has not been established as a significant process. The fetal mouse heart in culture was used to characterize a taurine uptake system. The uptake of taurine was found to be saturable, temperature and sodium dependent and inhibited by close structural analogs. Taurine uptake was energy dependent and accumulated taurine against a concentration gradient indicating that taurine transport is an active process. Failure of alpha-alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, glycine, leucine or threonine to decrease taurine uptake establishes that the taurine uptake system is separate and distinct from other neutral alpha-amino acid transport systems in the heart.", "PMID": 565551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6599", "title": "The George M. Kober lecture: a genetical view of modern medicine.", "content": "A genetic approach to medicine provides a powerful concept for understanding of the etiology of many diseases. Significant investigative and therapeutic advances have already been made in the chromosomal and Mendelian diseases using genetic concepts which initially were discovered completely unrelated to medicine. The combination of unfettered basic biomedical research together with family and population studies is likely to bring new insights to understanding, prevention and treatment of the yet poorly understood multifactorial diseases which represent the greatest public health problems in the Western world. Identification of specific genes involved in susceptibility and resistance to these diseases and their interaction with various environmental factors will allow a more rational preventive medicine in the future.", "contents": "The George M. Kober lecture: a genetical view of modern medicine. A genetic approach to medicine provides a powerful concept for understanding of the etiology of many diseases. Significant investigative and therapeutic advances have already been made in the chromosomal and Mendelian diseases using genetic concepts which initially were discovered completely unrelated to medicine. The combination of unfettered basic biomedical research together with family and population studies is likely to bring new insights to understanding, prevention and treatment of the yet poorly understood multifactorial diseases which represent the greatest public health problems in the Western world. Identification of specific genes involved in susceptibility and resistance to these diseases and their interaction with various environmental factors will allow a more rational preventive medicine in the future.", "PMID": 565552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6600", "title": "A survey of thelazia worms in the eyelids of British cattle.", "content": "Thelazia skrjabini and T gulosa were found in the eyes of 237 of 566 bovine heads (41.9 per cent) examined in a Surrey abattoir during 1976. The prevalence of infection increased during late June, July and August, when a new generation of worms emerged in eyes. The burden in eyes ranged from one to 170 worms, with a mean count of 10.44 +/- 3.23. Worms were found behind and in third eyelids and in the lacrimal ducts of lower eyelids, which makes their detection very difficult by clinical examination. They were significantly more common in cattle 21 to 38 months old than in those less than 21 months old. Lesions occurred in 14 of 327 (4.3 per cent) infected eyes. No worms were seen in eye washings from cattle in nine herds experiencing outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis.", "contents": "A survey of thelazia worms in the eyelids of British cattle. Thelazia skrjabini and T gulosa were found in the eyes of 237 of 566 bovine heads (41.9 per cent) examined in a Surrey abattoir during 1976. The prevalence of infection increased during late June, July and August, when a new generation of worms emerged in eyes. The burden in eyes ranged from one to 170 worms, with a mean count of 10.44 +/- 3.23. Worms were found behind and in third eyelids and in the lacrimal ducts of lower eyelids, which makes their detection very difficult by clinical examination. They were significantly more common in cattle 21 to 38 months old than in those less than 21 months old. Lesions occurred in 14 of 327 (4.3 per cent) infected eyes. No worms were seen in eye washings from cattle in nine herds experiencing outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis.", "PMID": 565553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6601", "title": "A rigid lamb syndrome in sheep in Rhodesia.", "content": "A syndrome characterised by the birth of lambs with varying degrees of rigidity of the limbs and spine has been encountered on several occasions in Rhodesia. Outbreaks have occurred in autumn-born lambs from Dorper ewes grazing heavily fertilised Star grass cv No 2 (Cynodon aethiopicus) pastures. The condition appears to be exacerbated by the application of sulphur to the pasture and is partly prevented by the administration of selenium and vitamin E to the ewes before lambing. The aetiology is unknown.", "contents": "A rigid lamb syndrome in sheep in Rhodesia. A syndrome characterised by the birth of lambs with varying degrees of rigidity of the limbs and spine has been encountered on several occasions in Rhodesia. Outbreaks have occurred in autumn-born lambs from Dorper ewes grazing heavily fertilised Star grass cv No 2 (Cynodon aethiopicus) pastures. The condition appears to be exacerbated by the application of sulphur to the pasture and is partly prevented by the administration of selenium and vitamin E to the ewes before lambing. The aetiology is unknown.", "PMID": 565556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6602", "title": "Studies on a sheep freemartin.", "content": "A case of intersexuality in a Dorset horn ewe is described. Although possessing female external genitalia this animal had a male internal reproductive tract with inguinal testes, epididymes, vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles. No traces of cervix or uterus were present and the vagina was represented in its caudal part only. Chromosomal studies revealed chimaerism in peripheral leucocytes of the type 54, XX/54, XY, while other tissues revealed the normal female karyotype 54, XX. The ewe was born in a set of triplets with one dead male fetus and one living male. It was therefore concluded that the animal was a freemartin. The significance of this case and of the phenomenon of freemartisism in sheep is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on a sheep freemartin. A case of intersexuality in a Dorset horn ewe is described. Although possessing female external genitalia this animal had a male internal reproductive tract with inguinal testes, epididymes, vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles. No traces of cervix or uterus were present and the vagina was represented in its caudal part only. Chromosomal studies revealed chimaerism in peripheral leucocytes of the type 54, XX/54, XY, while other tissues revealed the normal female karyotype 54, XX. The ewe was born in a set of triplets with one dead male fetus and one living male. It was therefore concluded that the animal was a freemartin. The significance of this case and of the phenomenon of freemartisism in sheep is discussed.", "PMID": 565559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6603", "title": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in Coprinus cinereus (C. lagopus sensu Lewis).", "content": "This report describes the detection by spectrophotometric assays of all the enzymes involved in the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate via the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS pathway as well as some enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway in cell-free extracts of Coprinus cinereus.", "contents": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in Coprinus cinereus (C. lagopus sensu Lewis). This report describes the detection by spectrophotometric assays of all the enzymes involved in the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate via the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS pathway as well as some enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway in cell-free extracts of Coprinus cinereus.", "PMID": 565565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6604", "title": "[Production of temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus with the aid of nitrosomethylurea, and their preliminary characteristics].", "content": "The possibility of using nitrosomethylurea for production of one-hit temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of vaccinia virus suitable for genetic and biochemical studies was explored. The effect of nitrosomethylurea on replicating DNA of the virus produced 26 ts mutants, the effectiveness of mutagenesis being 10%. In recombination experiments with 12 of them it was shown that all the mutants under study had single ts defects of the genome. All ts mutants were capable of synthesizing DNA under nonpermissive conditions; 16 ts mutants had thermolabile virions.", "contents": "[Production of temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus with the aid of nitrosomethylurea, and their preliminary characteristics]. The possibility of using nitrosomethylurea for production of one-hit temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of vaccinia virus suitable for genetic and biochemical studies was explored. The effect of nitrosomethylurea on replicating DNA of the virus produced 26 ts mutants, the effectiveness of mutagenesis being 10%. In recombination experiments with 12 of them it was shown that all the mutants under study had single ts defects of the genome. All ts mutants were capable of synthesizing DNA under nonpermissive conditions; 16 ts mutants had thermolabile virions.", "PMID": 565563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6605", "title": "An improved embalming procedure for long-lasting preservation of the cadaver for anatomical study.", "content": "A successful embalming procedure necessary for long-lasting preservation of the cadaver and its subsequent anatomical dissection has been undertaken in our laboratory. In short, the procedure consists of a preembalming treatment with blood clot disperser, removal of blood clots, drainage of blood, and arterial embalming with an embalming machine via both carotid and femoral triangles of the body. The embalming fluid is prepared from methyl alcohol and a small amount of formalin as the fixatives, ethylene glycol as a preservative, and liquefied phenol as a mould preventive. Coloring of the blood vessels is also useful in their identification. Other matters relevant to embalming problems are also discussed.", "contents": "An improved embalming procedure for long-lasting preservation of the cadaver for anatomical study. A successful embalming procedure necessary for long-lasting preservation of the cadaver and its subsequent anatomical dissection has been undertaken in our laboratory. In short, the procedure consists of a preembalming treatment with blood clot disperser, removal of blood clots, drainage of blood, and arterial embalming with an embalming machine via both carotid and femoral triangles of the body. The embalming fluid is prepared from methyl alcohol and a small amount of formalin as the fixatives, ethylene glycol as a preservative, and liquefied phenol as a mould preventive. Coloring of the blood vessels is also useful in their identification. Other matters relevant to embalming problems are also discussed.", "PMID": 565573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6606", "title": "Cyanoacrylates in transcatheter renal embolization.", "content": "Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate were used in experimental trans-catheter embolization of rat kidneys and in two patients as preoperative embolization of renal carcinoma. The agents produced an efficient and lasting embolization, with no evident complication; however, their usage is difficult and an appropriate dosage is also difficult.", "contents": "Cyanoacrylates in transcatheter renal embolization. Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate were used in experimental trans-catheter embolization of rat kidneys and in two patients as preoperative embolization of renal carcinoma. The agents produced an efficient and lasting embolization, with no evident complication; however, their usage is difficult and an appropriate dosage is also difficult.", "PMID": 565575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6607", "title": "Evaluation of sensory irritation from acrolein-formaldehyde mixtures.", "content": "Groups of mice were exposed to eleven combinations of acrolein-formaldehyde atmospheres and their respiratory rate was monitored. A mathematical model, previously derived for analysis of taste receptor stimulation, was applied to the data obtained for each of the above chemicals alone and in combination. The results obtained suggest that such a model adequately described sensory irritation due to these chemicals and indicates that competitive agonism exists between acrolein and formaldehyde when present together.", "contents": "Evaluation of sensory irritation from acrolein-formaldehyde mixtures. Groups of mice were exposed to eleven combinations of acrolein-formaldehyde atmospheres and their respiratory rate was monitored. A mathematical model, previously derived for analysis of taste receptor stimulation, was applied to the data obtained for each of the above chemicals alone and in combination. The results obtained suggest that such a model adequately described sensory irritation due to these chemicals and indicates that competitive agonism exists between acrolein and formaldehyde when present together.", "PMID": 565581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6608", "title": "Discrete subaortic stenosis in Newfoundland dogs: association of infective endocarditis.", "content": "Necropsy findings are described in eight Newfoundland dogs from the same colony with discrete subaortic stenosis. Infective endocarditis involving the aortic valve occurred in four dogs and in each it proved fatal. Damage to the aortic valve cusps by the jet of blood ejected through the discretely narrowed left ventricular outflow tract predisposes to the development of infective endocarditis in both dogs and human beings with discrete subaortic stenosis. Severe abnormality of the intramural coronary arteries in the ventricular septum, which also occurs in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was present in all eight dogs. Myocardial fiber disorganization and asymmetric septal hypertrophy, two other findings observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, were absent in each of the eight Newfoundland dogs with discrete subaortic stenosis.", "contents": "Discrete subaortic stenosis in Newfoundland dogs: association of infective endocarditis. Necropsy findings are described in eight Newfoundland dogs from the same colony with discrete subaortic stenosis. Infective endocarditis involving the aortic valve occurred in four dogs and in each it proved fatal. Damage to the aortic valve cusps by the jet of blood ejected through the discretely narrowed left ventricular outflow tract predisposes to the development of infective endocarditis in both dogs and human beings with discrete subaortic stenosis. Severe abnormality of the intramural coronary arteries in the ventricular septum, which also occurs in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was present in all eight dogs. Myocardial fiber disorganization and asymmetric septal hypertrophy, two other findings observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, were absent in each of the eight Newfoundland dogs with discrete subaortic stenosis.", "PMID": 565582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6609", "title": "Sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: characterization of 26 patients with functional limitation.", "content": "Sudden death is a recognized complication in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, its occurrence in patients with no or transient previous cardiac symptoms presents a particularly challenging diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Therefore, 26 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy whose death was the first definitive manifestation of cardiac disease were evaluated. Their ages ranged from 8 to 49 years (mean 18) and 23 were less than 25 years of age; 19 were male and 7 female. Of the 26 patients, 13 died during or immediately after moderate or severe physical exertion. Of 12 patients with previous cardiac catheterization, 6 had no or a small left ventricular outflow tract gradient under basal conditions and 6 had an outflow gradient of 50 mm Hg or greater. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in nine patients, and the ventricular septum was moderately to severely thickened (17 mm or more) in all patients. The electrocardiogram was abnormal in all 19 patients studied before death. Thus, sudden death may be the first definitive manifestation of cardiac disease in some patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although the effects of patient selection in this study group cannot be excluded, sudden death was common in children and young adults and was often related to physical exertion; each patient showed a distinctly abnormal electrocardiogram and moderate to severe ventricular septal thickening.", "contents": "Sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: characterization of 26 patients with functional limitation. Sudden death is a recognized complication in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, its occurrence in patients with no or transient previous cardiac symptoms presents a particularly challenging diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Therefore, 26 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy whose death was the first definitive manifestation of cardiac disease were evaluated. Their ages ranged from 8 to 49 years (mean 18) and 23 were less than 25 years of age; 19 were male and 7 female. Of the 26 patients, 13 died during or immediately after moderate or severe physical exertion. Of 12 patients with previous cardiac catheterization, 6 had no or a small left ventricular outflow tract gradient under basal conditions and 6 had an outflow gradient of 50 mm Hg or greater. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in nine patients, and the ventricular septum was moderately to severely thickened (17 mm or more) in all patients. The electrocardiogram was abnormal in all 19 patients studied before death. Thus, sudden death may be the first definitive manifestation of cardiac disease in some patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although the effects of patient selection in this study group cannot be excluded, sudden death was common in children and young adults and was often related to physical exertion; each patient showed a distinctly abnormal electrocardiogram and moderate to severe ventricular septal thickening.", "PMID": 565583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6610", "title": "Electrophysiologic findings in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Thirteen patients with catheterization-proved idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis underwent intracardiac electrophysiologic study. There was a large incidence of arrhythmias and a strikingly large incidence of conduction system abnormalities among these patients. The P-A and A-H intervals were normal in all patients. Atrial pacing resulted in Mobitz type 1 block proximal to the His bundle at an abnormal rate (less than 140/min) in 2 of 12 patients (17 percent). H-V intervals were prolonged (greater than 50 msec) in 10 of 12 patients (83 percent) and were greater than 60 msec in 7 patients (58 percent). The atrial effective refractory period was prolonged in 3 of 12 patients and was markedly prolonged in 1 of them. Effective refractory period of the atrioventricular (A-V) node, determined  in five patients, was prolonged in three. Dual responses of the A-V node to atrial extrastimuli were found in seven patients. Dual A-V nodal repsonses were evoked with propranolol in three patients and persisted in the other four patients with dual responses despite propranolol administration.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic findings in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Thirteen patients with catheterization-proved idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis underwent intracardiac electrophysiologic study. There was a large incidence of arrhythmias and a strikingly large incidence of conduction system abnormalities among these patients. The P-A and A-H intervals were normal in all patients. Atrial pacing resulted in Mobitz type 1 block proximal to the His bundle at an abnormal rate (less than 140/min) in 2 of 12 patients (17 percent). H-V intervals were prolonged (greater than 50 msec) in 10 of 12 patients (83 percent) and were greater than 60 msec in 7 patients (58 percent). The atrial effective refractory period was prolonged in 3 of 12 patients and was markedly prolonged in 1 of them. Effective refractory period of the atrioventricular (A-V) node, determined  in five patients, was prolonged in three. Dual responses of the A-V node to atrial extrastimuli were found in seven patients. Dual A-V nodal repsonses were evoked with propranolol in three patients and persisted in the other four patients with dual responses despite propranolol administration.", "PMID": 565584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6611", "title": "Familial study of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congenital aortic valve disease.", "content": "A woman with coexisting calcific aortic valve disease and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy was studied before homograft replacement of the aortic valve and in the second and fourth postoperative years. Postoperative hemodynamic findngs, in studies performed with and without pharmacologic agents, were similar to those of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiographic studies 9 years after operation revealed asymmetric septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leaflet echoes. The patient eventually died from carcinoma of the bronchus 9 years after aortic valve replacement. At autopsy the heart showed the features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In addition, the aorta the arrangement of the smooth muscle and elastic fibers was disordered. Subsequently, 10 asymptomatic relatives from four generations of this family were studied clinically and with echocardiography. Unsuspected asymmetric septal hypertrophy was found in four, and the pattern of the aortic valve echoes was compatible with a bicuspid valve in three. Three relatives had coexisting asymmetric septal hypertrophy and a bicuspid aortic valve. This family study shows that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and bicuspid aortic valve may coexist and may be inherited as a dominant characteristic with variable manifestations.", "contents": "Familial study of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congenital aortic valve disease. A woman with coexisting calcific aortic valve disease and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy was studied before homograft replacement of the aortic valve and in the second and fourth postoperative years. Postoperative hemodynamic findngs, in studies performed with and without pharmacologic agents, were similar to those of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiographic studies 9 years after operation revealed asymmetric septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leaflet echoes. The patient eventually died from carcinoma of the bronchus 9 years after aortic valve replacement. At autopsy the heart showed the features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In addition, the aorta the arrangement of the smooth muscle and elastic fibers was disordered. Subsequently, 10 asymptomatic relatives from four generations of this family were studied clinically and with echocardiography. Unsuspected asymmetric septal hypertrophy was found in four, and the pattern of the aortic valve echoes was compatible with a bicuspid valve in three. Three relatives had coexisting asymmetric septal hypertrophy and a bicuspid aortic valve. This family study shows that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and bicuspid aortic valve may coexist and may be inherited as a dominant characteristic with variable manifestations.", "PMID": 565586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6612", "title": "Rose Bengal staining for detection of conjunctival xerosis in nutrition surveys.", "content": "A hospital cum community based study indicated that rose Bengal staining of the eye could not only confirm clinically diagnosed cases of conjunctival xerosis but also detect those missed by clinical examination. However, some cases thus detected did not respond to a massive oral dose of vitamin A.", "contents": "Rose Bengal staining for detection of conjunctival xerosis in nutrition surveys. A hospital cum community based study indicated that rose Bengal staining of the eye could not only confirm clinically diagnosed cases of conjunctival xerosis but also detect those missed by clinical examination. However, some cases thus detected did not respond to a massive oral dose of vitamin A.", "PMID": 565587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6613", "title": "Adequacy of sexual performance in men maintained on methadone.", "content": "Impairment of sexual performance may occur in men on methadone maintenance. A random sample of 50 of 355 men enrolled in a methadone program was interviewed with respect ot sexual activity. Seventeen (33%) reported sexual dysfunction, occurring in 50% within 1 month after initiating methadone therapy. A comparison between these individuals and those without a reported change in sexual activity revealed no differences with respect to demographic parameters, methadone dose, or presence of polydrug abuse. Inadequate sexual function on heroin, however, was reported in 12 (71%) of those experiencing similar difficulties on methadone. This finding was present in only one person (3%) of those individuals whose sexual function on methadone maintenance was considered adequate. This study suggests that those persons with altered sexual function while on street heroin represent a high risk group for the development of inadequate sexual function upon initiation of methadone maintenance.", "contents": "Adequacy of sexual performance in men maintained on methadone. Impairment of sexual performance may occur in men on methadone maintenance. A random sample of 50 of 355 men enrolled in a methadone program was interviewed with respect ot sexual activity. Seventeen (33%) reported sexual dysfunction, occurring in 50% within 1 month after initiating methadone therapy. A comparison between these individuals and those without a reported change in sexual activity revealed no differences with respect to demographic parameters, methadone dose, or presence of polydrug abuse. Inadequate sexual function on heroin, however, was reported in 12 (71%) of those experiencing similar difficulties on methadone. This finding was present in only one person (3%) of those individuals whose sexual function on methadone maintenance was considered adequate. This study suggests that those persons with altered sexual function while on street heroin represent a high risk group for the development of inadequate sexual function upon initiation of methadone maintenance.", "PMID": 565588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6614", "title": "Rapid reduction of platelet count in essential hemorrhagic thrombocythemia by discontinuous flow plateletpheresis.", "content": "Dramatic reduction of the platelet count by discontinuous flow plateletpheresis was achieved safely and swiftly in a patient with essential hemorrhagic thrombocythemia. The patient had a history of thrombo-occlusive arterial disease and on admission had gastrointestinal bleeding. This technic is recommended as an effective means of rapidly controlling marked increase in the platelet count and its consequences in the interval before chemotherapy becomes effective.", "contents": "Rapid reduction of platelet count in essential hemorrhagic thrombocythemia by discontinuous flow plateletpheresis. Dramatic reduction of the platelet count by discontinuous flow plateletpheresis was achieved safely and swiftly in a patient with essential hemorrhagic thrombocythemia. The patient had a history of thrombo-occlusive arterial disease and on admission had gastrointestinal bleeding. This technic is recommended as an effective means of rapidly controlling marked increase in the platelet count and its consequences in the interval before chemotherapy becomes effective.", "PMID": 565590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6615", "title": "The obfuscation of eclampsia by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "All case reports of TTP in pregnancy were reviewed. In some cases the primary diagnosis of TTP may have been inappropriate, with severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia being the primary problem. Some cases of eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia satisfy all the criteria for the diagnosis of TTP syndrome. However, the prognosis is much better and management of these patients is very different from the nonpregnant patient with the TTP syndrome. The use of the term TTP syndrome to describe these patients may be confusing. Two cases of eclampsia are presented where the diagnosis of TTP could have been made but would have been inappropriate.", "contents": "The obfuscation of eclampsia by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. All case reports of TTP in pregnancy were reviewed. In some cases the primary diagnosis of TTP may have been inappropriate, with severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia being the primary problem. Some cases of eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia satisfy all the criteria for the diagnosis of TTP syndrome. However, the prognosis is much better and management of these patients is very different from the nonpregnant patient with the TTP syndrome. The use of the term TTP syndrome to describe these patients may be confusing. Two cases of eclampsia are presented where the diagnosis of TTP could have been made but would have been inappropriate.", "PMID": 565592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6616", "title": "Intracellular granules of the renal medulla in a case of potassium depletion due to renal potassium wasting. Electron microscopic comparison with renal medullary granules in the potassium-depleted rat.", "content": "An electron microscopic comparison was made of intracellular granules of the renal papilla and inner medulla in two types of potassium depletion: one in a 47-year-old white male with chronic potassium-wasting renal disease and the other in the experimentally depleted rat. The granules in both cases were composed of small and large vesicles; myelin figures; small particles; and dense bodies, with a partial, or complete, single limiting membrane. Ultrastructurally, the constituent elements of the granules were essentially the same in the two types of potassium depletion. It was concluded that the intracellular granules in the human tissue were the result of potassium depletion and a counterpart to those in the potassium-depleted rat.", "contents": "Intracellular granules of the renal medulla in a case of potassium depletion due to renal potassium wasting. Electron microscopic comparison with renal medullary granules in the potassium-depleted rat. An electron microscopic comparison was made of intracellular granules of the renal papilla and inner medulla in two types of potassium depletion: one in a 47-year-old white male with chronic potassium-wasting renal disease and the other in the experimentally depleted rat. The granules in both cases were composed of small and large vesicles; myelin figures; small particles; and dense bodies, with a partial, or complete, single limiting membrane. Ultrastructurally, the constituent elements of the granules were essentially the same in the two types of potassium depletion. It was concluded that the intracellular granules in the human tissue were the result of potassium depletion and a counterpart to those in the potassium-depleted rat.", "PMID": 565595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6617", "title": "Contamination of prolactin preparations by antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.", "content": "Since impurities consisting of neurohypophysical hormones in prolactin powder may be responsible for the vascular and renal effects attributed to prolactin, rat (NIH-RP-1), ovine (NIH-P-S-10, S-12), and bovine (NIH-P-B4) prolactin preparations were examined for their content of ADH and oxytocin by rat antidiuresis, milk-ejection, and blood pressure assays. Activities were identified as due to ADH or oxytocin by incubation of prolactin solutions with antisera against ADH, oxytocin, and prolactin, or with pregnancy plasma. The ADH content of rat, ovine (P-S-10, P-S-12) and bovine prolactin was found to be 104.5 +/- 7.1 (means +/- SE), 2.5 +/- 0.2, 1.6 +/- 0.1, and 1.6 +/- 0.5 mU/mg powder, respectively; the corresponding values for oxytocin content were 155.3 +/- 3.5, 1.2 +/- 0.1, 0.5 +/- 0.1, and 1.2 +/- 0.01 mU/mg powder, respectively. Because antidiuretic, milk-ejection, and blood pressure activities of the various prolactins were eliminated after incubation with antisera against ADH and oxytocin, or with pregnancy plasma, but not with prolactin antisera, it is concluded that the reported vascular and renal prolactin effects are attributable to ADH contamination of the prolactin preparation rather than to the prolactin molecule itself. These findings have implications for renal and vascular prolactin research.", "contents": "Contamination of prolactin preparations by antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. Since impurities consisting of neurohypophysical hormones in prolactin powder may be responsible for the vascular and renal effects attributed to prolactin, rat (NIH-RP-1), ovine (NIH-P-S-10, S-12), and bovine (NIH-P-B4) prolactin preparations were examined for their content of ADH and oxytocin by rat antidiuresis, milk-ejection, and blood pressure assays. Activities were identified as due to ADH or oxytocin by incubation of prolactin solutions with antisera against ADH, oxytocin, and prolactin, or with pregnancy plasma. The ADH content of rat, ovine (P-S-10, P-S-12) and bovine prolactin was found to be 104.5 +/- 7.1 (means +/- SE), 2.5 +/- 0.2, 1.6 +/- 0.1, and 1.6 +/- 0.5 mU/mg powder, respectively; the corresponding values for oxytocin content were 155.3 +/- 3.5, 1.2 +/- 0.1, 0.5 +/- 0.1, and 1.2 +/- 0.01 mU/mg powder, respectively. Because antidiuretic, milk-ejection, and blood pressure activities of the various prolactins were eliminated after incubation with antisera against ADH and oxytocin, or with pregnancy plasma, but not with prolactin antisera, it is concluded that the reported vascular and renal prolactin effects are attributable to ADH contamination of the prolactin preparation rather than to the prolactin molecule itself. These findings have implications for renal and vascular prolactin research.", "PMID": 565596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6618", "title": "An epidemic of histoplasmosis on the Isthmus of Panama.", "content": "Forty-seven men on the Isthmus of Panama were exposed to histoplasmosis in an old bunker inhabited by bats. The resulting epidemic was studied with serial clinical, serological, and radiological examinations. Thirty-seven (78.7%) of the men showed serological evidence of infection and 26 (70.3%) had symptoms. Incubation periods ranged from 4 to 30 days. A general relationship between severity of illness and degree of exposure was noted. The agar gel diffusion test for precipitin antibodies was more sensitive than the complement-fixation test or slide test in detecting infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. Decontamination procedures and environmental studies are described.", "contents": "An epidemic of histoplasmosis on the Isthmus of Panama. Forty-seven men on the Isthmus of Panama were exposed to histoplasmosis in an old bunker inhabited by bats. The resulting epidemic was studied with serial clinical, serological, and radiological examinations. Thirty-seven (78.7%) of the men showed serological evidence of infection and 26 (70.3%) had symptoms. Incubation periods ranged from 4 to 30 days. A general relationship between severity of illness and degree of exposure was noted. The agar gel diffusion test for precipitin antibodies was more sensitive than the complement-fixation test or slide test in detecting infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. Decontamination procedures and environmental studies are described.", "PMID": 565597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6619", "title": "The diagnosis of immediate type allergy to Cladosporium herbarum. Differences between extracts and the efficacy of radioallergosorbent test (RAST) assays.", "content": "The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was used to demonstrate IgE antibodies to Cladosporium herbarum in 35 children. Freeze-dried samples of Cladosporium herbarum were obtained from two commercial products, extracted and used for the preparation of two rast disc series which were compared with the commercially available Phadebas Cladosporium herbarum discs. Marked qualitative differences were found.", "contents": "The diagnosis of immediate type allergy to Cladosporium herbarum. Differences between extracts and the efficacy of radioallergosorbent test (RAST) assays. The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was used to demonstrate IgE antibodies to Cladosporium herbarum in 35 children. Freeze-dried samples of Cladosporium herbarum were obtained from two commercial products, extracted and used for the preparation of two rast disc series which were compared with the commercially available Phadebas Cladosporium herbarum discs. Marked qualitative differences were found.", "PMID": 565599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6620", "title": "Early experiences of ether anaesthesia in North Wales.", "content": "An account is given of the history of ether anaesthesia in North Wales during the early months of 1847. It demonstrates that the study of local newspapers can be of invaluable assistance to the medical historian.", "contents": "Early experiences of ether anaesthesia in North Wales. An account is given of the history of ether anaesthesia in North Wales during the early months of 1847. It demonstrates that the study of local newspapers can be of invaluable assistance to the medical historian.", "PMID": 565600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6621", "title": "Hypersensitivity to milk and egg white. Skin tests, rast results and clinical intolerance.", "content": "Prick tests to milk and egg white were compared to clinical histories of sensitivity to these foods. Seventeen RAST-positive versus 17 RAST-negative controls were used. All 34 children and young adults were selected because they had atopic respiratory and/or dermal manifestations. Atopic eczema manifestations were present in 11 of the RAST-postive subjects and in two of the controls. Of these, nine had past history of egg white intolerance. Egg white challenge was associated with dermal reactions as follows: eczema in two, urticaria in two and angioedema in two. Positive clinical histories compared favorably (p less than 0.001) with prick tests for egg white but poorly (p greater than 0.05) for milk. Similarly, positive clinical histories compared significantly (p less than 0.001) with RAST for egg white but poorly (p greater than 0.05) for milk.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to milk and egg white. Skin tests, rast results and clinical intolerance. Prick tests to milk and egg white were compared to clinical histories of sensitivity to these foods. Seventeen RAST-positive versus 17 RAST-negative controls were used. All 34 children and young adults were selected because they had atopic respiratory and/or dermal manifestations. Atopic eczema manifestations were present in 11 of the RAST-postive subjects and in two of the controls. Of these, nine had past history of egg white intolerance. Egg white challenge was associated with dermal reactions as follows: eczema in two, urticaria in two and angioedema in two. Positive clinical histories compared favorably (p less than 0.001) with prick tests for egg white but poorly (p greater than 0.05) for milk. Similarly, positive clinical histories compared significantly (p less than 0.001) with RAST for egg white but poorly (p greater than 0.05) for milk.", "PMID": 565605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6622", "title": "Serum concentrations of mibolerone in Beagle bitches as influenced by time, dosage form, and geographic location.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed for the assay of mibolerone in the serum of adult bitches with a lower limit of detection of 0.5 ng of mibolerone/ml of serum. Serum concentrations in Beagle bitches given mibolerone were found to be dependent on concentration in and type of formulation. The type of formulation also influenced the time to reach peak serum concentrations of mibolerone. Serum concentrations were also different for the same animals treated at 2 geographic locations.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of mibolerone in Beagle bitches as influenced by time, dosage form, and geographic location. A radioimmunoassay was developed for the assay of mibolerone in the serum of adult bitches with a lower limit of detection of 0.5 ng of mibolerone/ml of serum. Serum concentrations in Beagle bitches given mibolerone were found to be dependent on concentration in and type of formulation. The type of formulation also influenced the time to reach peak serum concentrations of mibolerone. Serum concentrations were also different for the same animals treated at 2 geographic locations.", "PMID": 565606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6623", "title": "Tuberculosis in twins: a re-analysis of the Prophit survey.", "content": "Data on tuberculosis in twins collected by Dr. Barbara Simonds for the Prophit Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London were re-analyzed using multiple regression to control for the effects of variables other than zygosity. Concordance for tuberculosis was significantly higher among monozygotic than dizygotic twin pairs. This finding indicates that inherited susceptibility is an important risk factor for tuberculosis among humans.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in twins: a re-analysis of the Prophit survey. Data on tuberculosis in twins collected by Dr. Barbara Simonds for the Prophit Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London were re-analyzed using multiple regression to control for the effects of variables other than zygosity. Concordance for tuberculosis was significantly higher among monozygotic than dizygotic twin pairs. This finding indicates that inherited susceptibility is an important risk factor for tuberculosis among humans.", "PMID": 565607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6624", "title": "Vitamin-A reversal of abnormal dark adaptation in cirrhosis. Study of effects on the plasma retinol transport system.", "content": "Of 26 patients hospitalized with mild to moderate alcohol-associated cirrhosis, 14 had dark-adaptation abnormalities consistent with marginal vitamin-A status. The response of dark adaptation and the plasma retinol transport proteins, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin, was studied in 12 of these patients after daily oral vitamin-A supplements of 3300 microgram. Vitamin-A supplementation was associated with significant (p less than 0.05-0.005) improvement in dark adaptation and increased plasma concentrations of retinyl esters, retinol, and retinol-binding protein. Thus in patients with cirrhosis and marginal vitamin-A status, supplemental vitamin-A therapy appears to stimulate retinol-binding protein release from the liver. This enhancement of plasma retinol transport and delivery of retinol to peripheral tissues such as the retina is one of several factors that may serve to optimize vitamin-A nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis.", "contents": "Vitamin-A reversal of abnormal dark adaptation in cirrhosis. Study of effects on the plasma retinol transport system. Of 26 patients hospitalized with mild to moderate alcohol-associated cirrhosis, 14 had dark-adaptation abnormalities consistent with marginal vitamin-A status. The response of dark adaptation and the plasma retinol transport proteins, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin, was studied in 12 of these patients after daily oral vitamin-A supplements of 3300 microgram. Vitamin-A supplementation was associated with significant (p less than 0.05-0.005) improvement in dark adaptation and increased plasma concentrations of retinyl esters, retinol, and retinol-binding protein. Thus in patients with cirrhosis and marginal vitamin-A status, supplemental vitamin-A therapy appears to stimulate retinol-binding protein release from the liver. This enhancement of plasma retinol transport and delivery of retinol to peripheral tissues such as the retina is one of several factors that may serve to optimize vitamin-A nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis.", "PMID": 565608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6625", "title": "The effect of cyproterone acetate on motor activity, aggression, \"emotionality\", body weight and testes in wild mice.", "content": "The literature reports on antiandrogenic and antigonadotropic effects of cyproterone acetate (CA) and on its inhibitory influence on the structure and function of the testis and reduction of the sexual drive in man and animals. No one has as yet been able to confirm a reduction of aggression which could be expected under CA. Isolated male wild mice received daily doses of 0.5 mg (17 mg/kg) CA subcutaneously over 32 days and were studied daily for aggressive behavior, motor activity and emotionality during the last 11 days. Aggression was reduced significantly by CA in the form of an increased latent time and continued to decrease during the test period with a reduction of fighting time and the correlated coarse motor activity. A latent period of approximately 4 weeks was determined for the aggression-inhibiting effect of CA. The detection rate was not changed under CA. It is doubted whether it is an adequate parameter of \"emotionality\". The overall motor activity was not reduced, so that an aggression-specific effect is assumed rather than a general reduction of drive. The body and testicular weight was reduced, the testicular tissue atrophies. Central points of attack of CA probably play a major role in the reduction of aggression.", "contents": "The effect of cyproterone acetate on motor activity, aggression, \"emotionality\", body weight and testes in wild mice. The literature reports on antiandrogenic and antigonadotropic effects of cyproterone acetate (CA) and on its inhibitory influence on the structure and function of the testis and reduction of the sexual drive in man and animals. No one has as yet been able to confirm a reduction of aggression which could be expected under CA. Isolated male wild mice received daily doses of 0.5 mg (17 mg/kg) CA subcutaneously over 32 days and were studied daily for aggressive behavior, motor activity and emotionality during the last 11 days. Aggression was reduced significantly by CA in the form of an increased latent time and continued to decrease during the test period with a reduction of fighting time and the correlated coarse motor activity. A latent period of approximately 4 weeks was determined for the aggression-inhibiting effect of CA. The detection rate was not changed under CA. It is doubted whether it is an adequate parameter of \"emotionality\". The overall motor activity was not reduced, so that an aggression-specific effect is assumed rather than a general reduction of drive. The body and testicular weight was reduced, the testicular tissue atrophies. Central points of attack of CA probably play a major role in the reduction of aggression.", "PMID": 565604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6626", "title": "[Effects of dimilin, a chitin inhibitor 1 (4 chlorophenyl) 3 (2-6 difluorobenzoyl) urea on the oenocytes and molting in the processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.) (Lepidoptera) (author's transl)].", "content": "Te oenocytes of the processionary caterpillar show histophysiological variations during their developing cycle. Grafting experiments and culture in vitro, have not so far allowed us to reveal the least participation of the oenocytes in the determinism of molting and in the transformation of cholesterol into ecdysone. On the other hand, histochemical studies of the oenocytes during the last period of their larval state, reveal, just before nymphosis, the existence of polysaccharides which probably correspond to the synthesis of pre-cuticular substance. When the caterpillars are treated with a chitin inhibitor (pH - 60-40 = Dimilin), the polysaccharides are not longer to be seen in the oenocytes. This deficiency in cuticular material could well be the consequence of one of the most spectacular effects of this product that is a profound perturbation in the formation of the cuticle that leads to the death of animals when molting.", "contents": "[Effects of dimilin, a chitin inhibitor 1 (4 chlorophenyl) 3 (2-6 difluorobenzoyl) urea on the oenocytes and molting in the processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.) (Lepidoptera) (author's transl)]. Te oenocytes of the processionary caterpillar show histophysiological variations during their developing cycle. Grafting experiments and culture in vitro, have not so far allowed us to reveal the least participation of the oenocytes in the determinism of molting and in the transformation of cholesterol into ecdysone. On the other hand, histochemical studies of the oenocytes during the last period of their larval state, reveal, just before nymphosis, the existence of polysaccharides which probably correspond to the synthesis of pre-cuticular substance. When the caterpillars are treated with a chitin inhibitor (pH - 60-40 = Dimilin), the polysaccharides are not longer to be seen in the oenocytes. This deficiency in cuticular material could well be the consequence of one of the most spectacular effects of this product that is a profound perturbation in the formation of the cuticle that leads to the death of animals when molting.", "PMID": 565611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6627", "title": "Recurrence rates in sibships and concordance rates in twins for anencephaly.", "content": "It is suggested that concordance rates in twins for anencephaly are higher than can be explained by the high recurrence rates within sibships, and the hypothesized higher rate of anencephaly in MZ pairs. The evidence is stronger in the case of same-sexed pairs, but points in the same direction for opposite-sexed pairs.", "contents": "Recurrence rates in sibships and concordance rates in twins for anencephaly. It is suggested that concordance rates in twins for anencephaly are higher than can be explained by the high recurrence rates within sibships, and the hypothesized higher rate of anencephaly in MZ pairs. The evidence is stronger in the case of same-sexed pairs, but points in the same direction for opposite-sexed pairs.", "PMID": 565612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6628", "title": "A multi-end point in vitro system for detection of new antitumor drugs.", "content": "By utilizing new types of producing microorganisms and isolating these on rather unusual growth media, we hope to produce new classes of antitumor drugs. In the detection system, we included the highly sensitive L1210 in vitro assay. But be requiring additional antimicrobial activity, we were able to eliminate rather early most of the previously known drugs from further work-up. The screening protocol was arranged so as to detect antimetabolites of a few rationally selected compounds.", "contents": "A multi-end point in vitro system for detection of new antitumor drugs. By utilizing new types of producing microorganisms and isolating these on rather unusual growth media, we hope to produce new classes of antitumor drugs. In the detection system, we included the highly sensitive L1210 in vitro assay. But be requiring additional antimicrobial activity, we were able to eliminate rather early most of the previously known drugs from further work-up. The screening protocol was arranged so as to detect antimetabolites of a few rationally selected compounds.", "PMID": 565613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6629", "title": "[Effect of a UHF field on immunogenesis in mice with normal reactivity and with immunodepression induced by rubomycin].", "content": "The experiments on male mice of SVA line showed that irradiation in the UHF-field 48 hours after the animal immunization with sheep erythrocytes increased the number of the antibody-producing cells in the spleen at least 3 times. On the background of immunodepression induced by rubomycin the UHF-field increased the primary immune response 2.5 times and the number of cariocytes in the spleen 1.8 times as compared to the control.", "contents": "[Effect of a UHF field on immunogenesis in mice with normal reactivity and with immunodepression induced by rubomycin]. The experiments on male mice of SVA line showed that irradiation in the UHF-field 48 hours after the animal immunization with sheep erythrocytes increased the number of the antibody-producing cells in the spleen at least 3 times. On the background of immunodepression induced by rubomycin the UHF-field increased the primary immune response 2.5 times and the number of cariocytes in the spleen 1.8 times as compared to the control.", "PMID": 565614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6630", "title": "Choriocarcinoma of the nose.", "content": "A case of choriocarcinoma in a 17-year-old unmarried female is presented. She attended the E.N.T. Clinic with a rapidly growing mass at the tip of the nose. Histologic report of the excised mass was reported as a secondary deposit from a choriocarcinoma. Further questioning at this stage revealed the history of an abortion two years before. Gynecological examination revealed secondary deposits in the vagina. X-rays of the chest showed evidence of metastases in the lungs. She died of profuse bleeding from the vagina.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma of the nose. A case of choriocarcinoma in a 17-year-old unmarried female is presented. She attended the E.N.T. Clinic with a rapidly growing mass at the tip of the nose. Histologic report of the excised mass was reported as a secondary deposit from a choriocarcinoma. Further questioning at this stage revealed the history of an abortion two years before. Gynecological examination revealed secondary deposits in the vagina. X-rays of the chest showed evidence of metastases in the lungs. She died of profuse bleeding from the vagina.", "PMID": 565610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6631", "title": "Changes in proportions of acetate and carbon dioxide used as methane precursors during the anaerobic digestion of bovine waste.", "content": "In an anaerobic digestor which was fed daily with bovine waste, during the early stages after feeding (4 to 7 h) acetate (via the methyl group) accounted for almost 90% of the methane produced. As time after feeding increased, acetate declined as a precursor so that in the 12- to 14-h and 21- to 23-h periods, after feeding the methyl group accounted for 80 and 73% of the methane produced, respectively. Measurements of methane production from CO2 reduction showed that in the 2- to 12-h period after feeding, CO2 accounted for 14% of the methane produced, whereas in the 12- to 24-h period it accounted for 27-5%. These results show that the percentages of methane accounted for by acetate and CO2 vary with time after feeding the digestor.", "contents": "Changes in proportions of acetate and carbon dioxide used as methane precursors during the anaerobic digestion of bovine waste. In an anaerobic digestor which was fed daily with bovine waste, during the early stages after feeding (4 to 7 h) acetate (via the methyl group) accounted for almost 90% of the methane produced. As time after feeding increased, acetate declined as a precursor so that in the 12- to 14-h and 21- to 23-h periods, after feeding the methyl group accounted for 80 and 73% of the methane produced, respectively. Measurements of methane production from CO2 reduction showed that in the 2- to 12-h period after feeding, CO2 accounted for 14% of the methane produced, whereas in the 12- to 24-h period it accounted for 27-5%. These results show that the percentages of methane accounted for by acetate and CO2 vary with time after feeding the digestor.", "PMID": 565615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6632", "title": "Growth of Prototheca isolates on n-hexadecane and mixed-hydrocarbon substrate.", "content": "Prototheca zopfii, an achlorphyllous alga, was capable of using hydrocarbons as sole carbon and energy source. The ability of P. zopfii to use hydrocarbons did not correlate with source of isolation. Seventy-five percent of the P. zopfii cultures recovered from sewage, plants, or animals utilized hydrocarbons. Other Prototheca species and P. zopfii that did not utilize hydrocarbons were isolated simultaneously from several sources with isolates that did use hydrocarbons. Species type rather than source of isolation was the predominant factor that determined hydrocarbon utilization.", "contents": "Growth of Prototheca isolates on n-hexadecane and mixed-hydrocarbon substrate. Prototheca zopfii, an achlorphyllous alga, was capable of using hydrocarbons as sole carbon and energy source. The ability of P. zopfii to use hydrocarbons did not correlate with source of isolation. Seventy-five percent of the P. zopfii cultures recovered from sewage, plants, or animals utilized hydrocarbons. Other Prototheca species and P. zopfii that did not utilize hydrocarbons were isolated simultaneously from several sources with isolates that did use hydrocarbons. Species type rather than source of isolation was the predominant factor that determined hydrocarbon utilization.", "PMID": 565616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6633", "title": "Skin lesions in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an uncommon hemolytic anemia that rarely manifests skin lesions. Leg ulcers and purpura similar to the manifestation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); disseminated intravascular coagulation, and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura do occur. This is the second known case report of PNH with histopathologic features of TTP. Clinically, our patient's condition resembled TTP with disseminated intravascular platelet aggregation, and she followed a nonfulminant course. She improved on a regimen of systemic steroids, dipyridamole, and cessation of antibiotics.", "contents": "Skin lesions in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an uncommon hemolytic anemia that rarely manifests skin lesions. Leg ulcers and purpura similar to the manifestation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); disseminated intravascular coagulation, and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura do occur. This is the second known case report of PNH with histopathologic features of TTP. Clinically, our patient's condition resembled TTP with disseminated intravascular platelet aggregation, and she followed a nonfulminant course. She improved on a regimen of systemic steroids, dipyridamole, and cessation of antibiotics.", "PMID": 565618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6634", "title": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. A benign lesion mimicking angiosarcoma.", "content": "Observations were made of three cases of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH). Lesions of IPEH usually occur on the head and neck area as a subcutaneous red or blue nodule. This papillary proliferation of endothelial and stromal tissue occurs de novo in organizing venous thrombi or in preexisting hemangiomas or phlebectasias. An adequate understanding of this benign vascular disorder is important, since the lesion may be clinically and histologically mistaken for low grade angiosarcoma.", "contents": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. A benign lesion mimicking angiosarcoma. Observations were made of three cases of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH). Lesions of IPEH usually occur on the head and neck area as a subcutaneous red or blue nodule. This papillary proliferation of endothelial and stromal tissue occurs de novo in organizing venous thrombi or in preexisting hemangiomas or phlebectasias. An adequate understanding of this benign vascular disorder is important, since the lesion may be clinically and histologically mistaken for low grade angiosarcoma.", "PMID": 565619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6635", "title": "Neonatal hypocalcaemia associated with maternal hyperparathyroidism. New pathogenetic observations.", "content": "A 32-day-old male infant had hypocalcaemic convulsions associated with asymptomatic maternal hyperparathyroidism. Very low total and ionised serum calcium, increased serum phosphate, and normal serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) concentrations were found at admission. After treatment with calcium and vitamin D, serum PTH and 25-OHD3 concentrations increased markedly before serum calcium levels returned to normal perhaps indicating an inability to convert 25-OHD3 to the metabolically active 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 during the hyperphosphataemic state. Treatment with 1,25-dihdroxyvitamin D3 or its analogues is recommended.", "contents": "Neonatal hypocalcaemia associated with maternal hyperparathyroidism. New pathogenetic observations. A 32-day-old male infant had hypocalcaemic convulsions associated with asymptomatic maternal hyperparathyroidism. Very low total and ionised serum calcium, increased serum phosphate, and normal serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) concentrations were found at admission. After treatment with calcium and vitamin D, serum PTH and 25-OHD3 concentrations increased markedly before serum calcium levels returned to normal perhaps indicating an inability to convert 25-OHD3 to the metabolically active 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 during the hyperphosphataemic state. Treatment with 1,25-dihdroxyvitamin D3 or its analogues is recommended.", "PMID": 565620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6636", "title": "Analgesia duration and physical dependence in mice after a single injection of three heroin salts and morphine sulphate in various vehicles.", "content": "Mice were given single s.c. injections of morphine sulphate (M.S.), heroin hydrochloride (H.HCl) and the sparingly-soluble diheroin pamoate (H.Pam) and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2,6-dihydroxybenzoate (H.Bnz) in three vehicles, saline, peanut oil, or a slow-release vehicle (SRV) and tested for analgesia by both the tail-clip and hotplate techniques. Duration of analgesia as assessed by the tail-clip method was always longer than that by the hotplate when equivalent doses were used in any vehicle. The H.Pam and H.Bnz salts significantly prolonged the analgesia: the mean duration in mice injected with equivalent amounts of heroin base was 3.0 hr for the group receiving heroin HCl in saline and 7.8 hr after H.Bnz in slow-release vehicle. An inverse relationship was evident between the degree of dissociation of H from the three salts, at pH 7.3 and their durations of analgesia in vivo. This was statistically significant (p less than 0.01) at the higher dose level. All mice were challenged with naloxone hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) 24 hr after the injection of each narcotic agonist preparation. The jumping behaviour elicited by naloxone was not consistently related to dose, salt form, or vehicle employed for the injection of agonists, but from 12.5 too 54.2% of all the mice did jump at that time. The durations of analgesia observed and the intensity of the jumping response correlated significantly with the mean number of jumps per mouse after the naloxone challenge.", "contents": "Analgesia duration and physical dependence in mice after a single injection of three heroin salts and morphine sulphate in various vehicles. Mice were given single s.c. injections of morphine sulphate (M.S.), heroin hydrochloride (H.HCl) and the sparingly-soluble diheroin pamoate (H.Pam) and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2,6-dihydroxybenzoate (H.Bnz) in three vehicles, saline, peanut oil, or a slow-release vehicle (SRV) and tested for analgesia by both the tail-clip and hotplate techniques. Duration of analgesia as assessed by the tail-clip method was always longer than that by the hotplate when equivalent doses were used in any vehicle. The H.Pam and H.Bnz salts significantly prolonged the analgesia: the mean duration in mice injected with equivalent amounts of heroin base was 3.0 hr for the group receiving heroin HCl in saline and 7.8 hr after H.Bnz in slow-release vehicle. An inverse relationship was evident between the degree of dissociation of H from the three salts, at pH 7.3 and their durations of analgesia in vivo. This was statistically significant (p less than 0.01) at the higher dose level. All mice were challenged with naloxone hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) 24 hr after the injection of each narcotic agonist preparation. The jumping behaviour elicited by naloxone was not consistently related to dose, salt form, or vehicle employed for the injection of agonists, but from 12.5 too 54.2% of all the mice did jump at that time. The durations of analgesia observed and the intensity of the jumping response correlated significantly with the mean number of jumps per mouse after the naloxone challenge.", "PMID": 565622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6637", "title": "Acute megakaryocytic leukemia. Description of a case initially seen as preleukemia syndrome.", "content": "A 52-year-old man had aregenerative anemia unresponsive to pyridoxine hydrochloride. Acute leukemia developed, and he died four months after diagnosis. At autopsy he had acute megakaryocytic leukemia with involvement of bone marrow, liver, spleen, adrenals, kidneys, and thyroid. Chromosomal analysis revealed absence of both diploid and Ph1 chromosomes. A mode of 45 chromosomes and aneuploidy were present. This is similar to the only other case with chromosomal studies. Of the 15 acceptable documented cases, eight were men and seven were women. Their age varied from 28 to 76 (mean, 55) years. Only two were less than 40 years of age. Most had pancytopenia, and all were dead within six months of diagnosis.", "contents": "Acute megakaryocytic leukemia. Description of a case initially seen as preleukemia syndrome. A 52-year-old man had aregenerative anemia unresponsive to pyridoxine hydrochloride. Acute leukemia developed, and he died four months after diagnosis. At autopsy he had acute megakaryocytic leukemia with involvement of bone marrow, liver, spleen, adrenals, kidneys, and thyroid. Chromosomal analysis revealed absence of both diploid and Ph1 chromosomes. A mode of 45 chromosomes and aneuploidy were present. This is similar to the only other case with chromosomal studies. Of the 15 acceptable documented cases, eight were men and seven were women. Their age varied from 28 to 76 (mean, 55) years. Only two were less than 40 years of age. Most had pancytopenia, and all were dead within six months of diagnosis.", "PMID": 565623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6638", "title": "Hypoglycemia-induced prolactin release.", "content": "Recent advances in neurosurgical techniques have made it possible to remove pituitary adenomata with minimal morbidity and mortality. These developments have focused attention on early recognition of pituitary tumors, before the onset of visual disturbances or endocrine dysfunction. We have studied the prolactin response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia as an aid in the evaluation of patients with hypothalamic and pituitary disease. Regular insulin 0.1 units/kg was administered intravenously to normal subjects, to patients with pituitary tumors, and to patients with idiopathic galactorrhea. While the normal subjects regularly showed a prolactin response to hypoglycemia, this was observed infrequently in the other groups. It is possible that prolactin nonresponsiveness to insulin hypoglycemia may reflect nonspecific pituitary damage or may represent an abnormality specific to patients with galactorrhea. Our data suggest that the prolactin response to insulin hypoglycemia is a sensitive index of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia-induced prolactin release. Recent advances in neurosurgical techniques have made it possible to remove pituitary adenomata with minimal morbidity and mortality. These developments have focused attention on early recognition of pituitary tumors, before the onset of visual disturbances or endocrine dysfunction. We have studied the prolactin response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia as an aid in the evaluation of patients with hypothalamic and pituitary disease. Regular insulin 0.1 units/kg was administered intravenously to normal subjects, to patients with pituitary tumors, and to patients with idiopathic galactorrhea. While the normal subjects regularly showed a prolactin response to hypoglycemia, this was observed infrequently in the other groups. It is possible that prolactin nonresponsiveness to insulin hypoglycemia may reflect nonspecific pituitary damage or may represent an abnormality specific to patients with galactorrhea. Our data suggest that the prolactin response to insulin hypoglycemia is a sensitive index of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.", "PMID": 565624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6639", "title": "Posttransfusion purpura. Case report with observation on antibody detection and therapy.", "content": "A case of posttransfusion purpura was notable for the manner of antibody detection and response to therapy. The antibody failed to fix complement but was detected by platelet aggregometry studies and confirmed by the chromium 51 release assay. The course was unaffected by plasmapharesis.", "contents": "Posttransfusion purpura. Case report with observation on antibody detection and therapy. A case of posttransfusion purpura was notable for the manner of antibody detection and response to therapy. The antibody failed to fix complement but was detected by platelet aggregometry studies and confirmed by the chromium 51 release assay. The course was unaffected by plasmapharesis.", "PMID": 565625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6640", "title": "Plasma membrane alterations as a result of heat activation in Dictyostelium spores.", "content": "At the end of heat activation the distribution of spore plasma membrane particles between the two fracture faces (PF and EF) is drastically changed. While in dormant spores the particle number ratio of PF/EF was about 1;1, it increased up to 9:1 in heat activated sproes, indicating a subtle change in plasma membrane properties. The permeability of spores increased within 30 min following heat activation as determined by efflux measurements of radioactively labelled spores. At the onset of swelling this efflux was accelerated. During germination the osmotically active material within the spores increased, part of which could be recovered from the supernatant. The combined experiments point to the plasma membrane as possible target site of heat activation in this system.", "contents": "Plasma membrane alterations as a result of heat activation in Dictyostelium spores. At the end of heat activation the distribution of spore plasma membrane particles between the two fracture faces (PF and EF) is drastically changed. While in dormant spores the particle number ratio of PF/EF was about 1;1, it increased up to 9:1 in heat activated sproes, indicating a subtle change in plasma membrane properties. The permeability of spores increased within 30 min following heat activation as determined by efflux measurements of radioactively labelled spores. At the onset of swelling this efflux was accelerated. During germination the osmotically active material within the spores increased, part of which could be recovered from the supernatant. The combined experiments point to the plasma membrane as possible target site of heat activation in this system.", "PMID": 565626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6641", "title": "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. III. Influence of antibiotic Wr 142 FPG on development of transplantable tumors in mice.", "content": "The action of two preparations (I and II) of antibiotic Wr 142 FPG on development of Ehrlich carcinoma, Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma and leukemias L 1210 and P 388 was studied. Preparation I injected s.c. daily during 14 days in doses of 10 mg/kg (1/25 LD50) inhibited growth of Ehrlich carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma subcutaneous tumors in R 3 mice by about 70%. The same preparation in a single i.p. injection (10 mg/kg) in FDF1 mice distinctly prolonged survival of mice inoculated with L 1210 leukemia, but was without effect on P 388 leukemia. Preparation II inhibited growth of solid tumors in doses as low as 0.1-0.2 mg/kg (about 65% inhibition), but in the same doses was ineffective against leukemias L 1210 and P 388 in CDF1 mice.", "contents": "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. III. Influence of antibiotic Wr 142 FPG on development of transplantable tumors in mice. The action of two preparations (I and II) of antibiotic Wr 142 FPG on development of Ehrlich carcinoma, Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma and leukemias L 1210 and P 388 was studied. Preparation I injected s.c. daily during 14 days in doses of 10 mg/kg (1/25 LD50) inhibited growth of Ehrlich carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma subcutaneous tumors in R 3 mice by about 70%. The same preparation in a single i.p. injection (10 mg/kg) in FDF1 mice distinctly prolonged survival of mice inoculated with L 1210 leukemia, but was without effect on P 388 leukemia. Preparation II inhibited growth of solid tumors in doses as low as 0.1-0.2 mg/kg (about 65% inhibition), but in the same doses was ineffective against leukemias L 1210 and P 388 in CDF1 mice.", "PMID": 565628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6642", "title": "The course of carrageenin-induced iridocyclitis in rabbits.", "content": "On the basis of biochemical indices in the aqueous humor of the eye strictly related to intensity of inflammation, and morphologic observations with the slit-lamp microscope, dynamics of experimental carrageenin-induced inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye was studied. Carrageenin-induced inflammation was characterized by intensity of changes in the aqueous humor within a few hours after infection of the inflammatory factor. Peak intensity of the disease process was observed six hours after administration of the inflammatory factor. Protein levels, seromucoid, sialic acid and proteolytic activity in the aqueous humor were correlated with intensity of clinical symptoms observed with the slit lamp. Carrageenin-induced inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye is an entirely local reaction since the blood serum showed no significant abnormalities of the parameters that were studied. This model, based on biochemical and biomicroscopic studies, may prove useful in the studies of the dynamics of inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye and for evaluation of anti-inflammatory drugs used in ophthalmology.", "contents": "The course of carrageenin-induced iridocyclitis in rabbits. On the basis of biochemical indices in the aqueous humor of the eye strictly related to intensity of inflammation, and morphologic observations with the slit-lamp microscope, dynamics of experimental carrageenin-induced inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye was studied. Carrageenin-induced inflammation was characterized by intensity of changes in the aqueous humor within a few hours after infection of the inflammatory factor. Peak intensity of the disease process was observed six hours after administration of the inflammatory factor. Protein levels, seromucoid, sialic acid and proteolytic activity in the aqueous humor were correlated with intensity of clinical symptoms observed with the slit lamp. Carrageenin-induced inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye is an entirely local reaction since the blood serum showed no significant abnormalities of the parameters that were studied. This model, based on biochemical and biomicroscopic studies, may prove useful in the studies of the dynamics of inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye and for evaluation of anti-inflammatory drugs used in ophthalmology.", "PMID": 565629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6643", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the duration of mitosis in mammalian cells cultivated outside the body].", "content": "Nine cell strains of different origin were cultivated at 28--36 degrees with the interval of 2 degrees. During the phase of logarithmic culture growth, the duration of mitosis (Tm) was determined by means of colchicine method. A strict temperatural dependence Tm, obeyed to Arrenius' law was revealed. Temperature range within which Arreinius' law is valid in different cell strains is not alike. Cultivation of L cells and connective tissue cells from Chinese hamster to 39, 41and 42 degrees demonstrated their upper critical point Tm to be for L cells 39 degrees, for connective tissue cells from the Chinese hamster--41 degrees. Electron microscopic investigations demonstrated that cell cultivation within physiological (mitosis destroying) range of temperatures does not notably effect their ultrastructural organization.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the duration of mitosis in mammalian cells cultivated outside the body]. Nine cell strains of different origin were cultivated at 28--36 degrees with the interval of 2 degrees. During the phase of logarithmic culture growth, the duration of mitosis (Tm) was determined by means of colchicine method. A strict temperatural dependence Tm, obeyed to Arrenius' law was revealed. Temperature range within which Arreinius' law is valid in different cell strains is not alike. Cultivation of L cells and connective tissue cells from Chinese hamster to 39, 41and 42 degrees demonstrated their upper critical point Tm to be for L cells 39 degrees, for connective tissue cells from the Chinese hamster--41 degrees. Electron microscopic investigations demonstrated that cell cultivation within physiological (mitosis destroying) range of temperatures does not notably effect their ultrastructural organization.", "PMID": 565630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6644", "title": "Serological responses in pigs vaccinated with inactivated porcine parvovirus.", "content": "The safety and immunogenicity of inactivated porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccines were investigated. Both beta-propiolactone and formalin successfully inactivated virus without destroying immunogenicity, which was considerably enhanced by incorporation of a gel adjuvant in the vaccine. Using the formalised-gel vaccine, initial antibody responses were demonstrated in susceptible piglets and adult pigs at 7 days after vaccination. These antibody responses persist at significant levels for at least 6 months after vaccination. Antibody levels increased up to 16 fold when revaccination was carried out. Vaccination of gilts with low level (passive) immunity resulted in antibody responses comparable to those recorded in susceptible pigs. The vaccine was safe as determined by absence of residual virus in the vaccine, absence of viraemia and excretion in vaccinted stock, and absence of effect on litters of sows vaccinated at different gestational ages. Vaccine stored at 4 degrees C for 6 months was as immunogenic as fresh vaccine.", "contents": "Serological responses in pigs vaccinated with inactivated porcine parvovirus. The safety and immunogenicity of inactivated porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccines were investigated. Both beta-propiolactone and formalin successfully inactivated virus without destroying immunogenicity, which was considerably enhanced by incorporation of a gel adjuvant in the vaccine. Using the formalised-gel vaccine, initial antibody responses were demonstrated in susceptible piglets and adult pigs at 7 days after vaccination. These antibody responses persist at significant levels for at least 6 months after vaccination. Antibody levels increased up to 16 fold when revaccination was carried out. Vaccination of gilts with low level (passive) immunity resulted in antibody responses comparable to those recorded in susceptible pigs. The vaccine was safe as determined by absence of residual virus in the vaccine, absence of viraemia and excretion in vaccinted stock, and absence of effect on litters of sows vaccinated at different gestational ages. Vaccine stored at 4 degrees C for 6 months was as immunogenic as fresh vaccine.", "PMID": 565631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6645", "title": "Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). III. Regulation of the expression of the  parental alleles at the Gpd locus linked to the X chromosome.", "content": "The electrophoretic pattern of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was studied in 60 intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes), 33 females and 27 males. It is shown that the structural gene for G6PD, designated Gpd, is located on the X chromosome in both Arctic and silver foxes. Analysis of G6PD patterns in the erythrocytes of hybrid females demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of parental alleles at the Gpd locus varied considerably: from 1:1 to the hemizygous manifestation of an allele of either the Artic or the silver fox. The expression of the parental alleles at this locus is different in the various tissues of single female hybrids. It is suggested that the variable quantitative expression of the alleles at the Gpd locus in hybrid females is related to the presence of two cell populations having in an active state either the X chromosome of the Arctic fox or that of the silver fox. It is also proposed that the size of the two cell populations is largely affected by the different relationships between cells having different activated X-chromosomes among initiator (stem) cells from which various definitive organs and tissues develop. The number of initiator cells for erythroid tissue has been calculated to be five or six.", "contents": "Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). III. Regulation of the expression of the  parental alleles at the Gpd locus linked to the X chromosome. The electrophoretic pattern of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was studied in 60 intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes), 33 females and 27 males. It is shown that the structural gene for G6PD, designated Gpd, is located on the X chromosome in both Arctic and silver foxes. Analysis of G6PD patterns in the erythrocytes of hybrid females demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of parental alleles at the Gpd locus varied considerably: from 1:1 to the hemizygous manifestation of an allele of either the Artic or the silver fox. The expression of the parental alleles at this locus is different in the various tissues of single female hybrids. It is suggested that the variable quantitative expression of the alleles at the Gpd locus in hybrid females is related to the presence of two cell populations having in an active state either the X chromosome of the Arctic fox or that of the silver fox. It is also proposed that the size of the two cell populations is largely affected by the different relationships between cells having different activated X-chromosomes among initiator (stem) cells from which various definitive organs and tissues develop. The number of initiator cells for erythroid tissue has been calculated to be five or six.", "PMID": 565634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6646", "title": "DNA sequence organization in the soybean plant.", "content": "The arrangement of repetitive and nonrepetitive DNA sequences in the soybean genome was ascertained by a comparison of the reassociation kinetics of short (250 nucleotides) and long (2700 nucleotides) DNA fragments, the size distribution of S-1 nuclease resistant repetitive duplexes, and a direct assay of the spectrum of DNA sequences present on long DNA fragments enriched in repetitive DNA. These measurements reveal the following: (1) The 1N genome size of the soybean plant is 1.97 pg. (2) Approximately 40% of the soybean genome consists of nonrepetitive or single-copy DNA sequences, while 60% is repetitive DNA. (3) The repetitive DNA is partitioned into three discrete classes termed \"very fast,\" \"fast,\" and \"slow,\" containing DNA sequences repeated an average of 290,000, 2800, and 19 times each. (4) Approximately 35--50% of the soybean genome is arranged in a short-period interspersion pattern of 250 nucleotide slow sequences and single-copy DNA averaging up to 2700 nucleotides in length. (5) From 30% to 45% of the soybean genome is organized into long stretches of repetitive DNA at least 1500 nucleotides in length. (6) Minimal interspersion of repetitive sequence classes occurs in soybean DNA.", "contents": "DNA sequence organization in the soybean plant. The arrangement of repetitive and nonrepetitive DNA sequences in the soybean genome was ascertained by a comparison of the reassociation kinetics of short (250 nucleotides) and long (2700 nucleotides) DNA fragments, the size distribution of S-1 nuclease resistant repetitive duplexes, and a direct assay of the spectrum of DNA sequences present on long DNA fragments enriched in repetitive DNA. These measurements reveal the following: (1) The 1N genome size of the soybean plant is 1.97 pg. (2) Approximately 40% of the soybean genome consists of nonrepetitive or single-copy DNA sequences, while 60% is repetitive DNA. (3) The repetitive DNA is partitioned into three discrete classes termed \"very fast,\" \"fast,\" and \"slow,\" containing DNA sequences repeated an average of 290,000, 2800, and 19 times each. (4) Approximately 35--50% of the soybean genome is arranged in a short-period interspersion pattern of 250 nucleotide slow sequences and single-copy DNA averaging up to 2700 nucleotides in length. (5) From 30% to 45% of the soybean genome is organized into long stretches of repetitive DNA at least 1500 nucleotides in length. (6) Minimal interspersion of repetitive sequence classes occurs in soybean DNA.", "PMID": 565635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6647", "title": "Characterization of colchicine-binding activity in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "A colchicine-binding component was detected in vegetative amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum by using a Millipore-filter assay. The colchicine-binding activity is temperature-and time-dependent, maximum binding occurring at 22-35 degrees C after 60 min incubation. Further increases in temperature are without effect on the extent of binding, but bound colchicine is released with increased time of incubation. Furthermore, colchicine-binding activity itself decreased in the high-speed supernatant from D. discoideum, with half the activity being lost in approx. 2.5h. Several lines of evidence, including the saturation kinetics of colchicine binding, enhancement of colchicine binding by tartrate, insensitivity to lumicolchicine, precipitation of the binding protein by vinblastine and behaviour of the binding protein on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex resins, suggest that the colchicine-binding protein may be tubulin.", "contents": "Characterization of colchicine-binding activity in Dictyostelium discoideum. A colchicine-binding component was detected in vegetative amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum by using a Millipore-filter assay. The colchicine-binding activity is temperature-and time-dependent, maximum binding occurring at 22-35 degrees C after 60 min incubation. Further increases in temperature are without effect on the extent of binding, but bound colchicine is released with increased time of incubation. Furthermore, colchicine-binding activity itself decreased in the high-speed supernatant from D. discoideum, with half the activity being lost in approx. 2.5h. Several lines of evidence, including the saturation kinetics of colchicine binding, enhancement of colchicine binding by tartrate, insensitivity to lumicolchicine, precipitation of the binding protein by vinblastine and behaviour of the binding protein on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex resins, suggest that the colchicine-binding protein may be tubulin.", "PMID": 565636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6648", "title": "The stereochemistry of beta-lactam formation in cephalosporin biosynthesis.", "content": "3H and 14C from (2R,3S)[U-14C,3-3H1]cysteine and (2R,3R)-[U-14C,2,3-3H2]cysteine were incorporated into cephalosporin C by Cephalosporium acremonium. Analysis of the radioactive cephalosporin C indicated that the formation of its beta-lactam ring occurs stereospecifically and with retention of configuration at C-3 of cysteine.", "contents": "The stereochemistry of beta-lactam formation in cephalosporin biosynthesis. 3H and 14C from (2R,3S)[U-14C,3-3H1]cysteine and (2R,3R)-[U-14C,2,3-3H2]cysteine were incorporated into cephalosporin C by Cephalosporium acremonium. Analysis of the radioactive cephalosporin C indicated that the formation of its beta-lactam ring occurs stereospecifically and with retention of configuration at C-3 of cysteine.", "PMID": 565637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6649", "title": "Monozygotic twins with Klinefelter's syndrome discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus and symptomatic myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Monozygotic twins with Klinefelter's syndrome were evaluated for two distinct illnesses. One subject had clinical and serologic evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus and no symptoms of muscle weakness. His identical twin had typical symptoms and laboratory evidence of myasthenia gravis. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors were present in both subjects. These patients are discussed in relation to genetic, hormonal, and immunologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these two disorders.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins with Klinefelter's syndrome discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus and symptomatic myasthenia gravis. Monozygotic twins with Klinefelter's syndrome were evaluated for two distinct illnesses. One subject had clinical and serologic evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus and no symptoms of muscle weakness. His identical twin had typical symptoms and laboratory evidence of myasthenia gravis. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors were present in both subjects. These patients are discussed in relation to genetic, hormonal, and immunologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these two disorders.", "PMID": 565638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6650", "title": "[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis and hyaline membrane. Report of a case].", "content": "The case of a newborn with pathological confirmation of congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis and hyaline membrane is reported. The lymphagiectasis corresponded to type III, with histological characteristics that make it different from other types of lymphatic dilatation. This association is quite uncommon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute respiratory failure in the newborn period.", "contents": "[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis and hyaline membrane. Report of a case]. The case of a newborn with pathological confirmation of congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis and hyaline membrane is reported. The lymphagiectasis corresponded to type III, with histological characteristics that make it different from other types of lymphatic dilatation. This association is quite uncommon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute respiratory failure in the newborn period.", "PMID": 565639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6651", "title": "[Gangrene of the newborn. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of gangrene of the right lower limb is reported in a 6 hours of age newborn with satisfactory course following management based on the prevention of possible infections and on maintaining good general conditions. World literature is reviewed finding only 50 cases reported of gangrene of the newborn. Guidelines are established to determine an integral diagnosis of the disease and to carry out a correct differential diagnosis. It is concluded that the etiology of this entity is unknown, although a number of factors are invoked. However, most of these factors imply thromboembolic disturbances that may be either of maternal origin, of the product or mixed. Stress in placed on the necessity that the pediatrician becomes not only thoroughly acquainted with these processes, but also, that he develops the capacity to carry out an early diagnosis and management since these may be guidelines for a satisfactory evolution of the problem.", "contents": "[Gangrene of the newborn. Report of a case]. A case of gangrene of the right lower limb is reported in a 6 hours of age newborn with satisfactory course following management based on the prevention of possible infections and on maintaining good general conditions. World literature is reviewed finding only 50 cases reported of gangrene of the newborn. Guidelines are established to determine an integral diagnosis of the disease and to carry out a correct differential diagnosis. It is concluded that the etiology of this entity is unknown, although a number of factors are invoked. However, most of these factors imply thromboembolic disturbances that may be either of maternal origin, of the product or mixed. Stress in placed on the necessity that the pediatrician becomes not only thoroughly acquainted with these processes, but also, that he develops the capacity to carry out an early diagnosis and management since these may be guidelines for a satisfactory evolution of the problem.", "PMID": 565640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6652", "title": "Subendocardial ischaemia in patients with discrete subvalvar aortic stenosis.", "content": "The evidence for subendocardial ischaemia was studied in 12 patients with discrete subvalvar aortic stenosis. Symptomatology, electrocardiographic criteria, and pressure difference across the left ventricular outflow tract were compared with the subendocardial flow index (diastolic pressure time index systolic pressure time index). All symptomatic patients had a large pressure difference and abnormal index, but 4 asymptomatic patients had pressure differences greater than 60 mmHg and a low index. One of these 4 patients had a normal resting electrocardiogram. In patients with borderline accepted indications for surgery, calculation of the subendocardial flow index may be an additional useful variable in the timing of surgery.", "contents": "Subendocardial ischaemia in patients with discrete subvalvar aortic stenosis. The evidence for subendocardial ischaemia was studied in 12 patients with discrete subvalvar aortic stenosis. Symptomatology, electrocardiographic criteria, and pressure difference across the left ventricular outflow tract were compared with the subendocardial flow index (diastolic pressure time index systolic pressure time index). All symptomatic patients had a large pressure difference and abnormal index, but 4 asymptomatic patients had pressure differences greater than 60 mmHg and a low index. One of these 4 patients had a normal resting electrocardiogram. In patients with borderline accepted indications for surgery, calculation of the subendocardial flow index may be an additional useful variable in the timing of surgery.", "PMID": 565643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6653", "title": "Immunological monitoring in a controlled trial of immunotherapy in stage IIB malignant melanoma.", "content": "Fifteen patients undergoing surgery for Stage IIb malignant melanoma were randomly allocated either to a group who received a vaccine of BCG mixed with irradiated autologous melanoma cells, or a control group who received no further treatment. All patients were monitored sequentially for immunological competence and tumour-directed immunity, using a wide range of techniques, and the results were compared retrospectively with their clinical course. Three months after surgery, there was a trend towards inhibition of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation by autologous serum in patients who developed recurrent tumour within 12 months after treatment. Serum from patients who remained tumour-free for 12 months did not inhibit stimulation of autologous lymphocytes by PHA. Apart from this test, no other immunological parameters correlated either with clinical course or with the type of treatment received.", "contents": "Immunological monitoring in a controlled trial of immunotherapy in stage IIB malignant melanoma. Fifteen patients undergoing surgery for Stage IIb malignant melanoma were randomly allocated either to a group who received a vaccine of BCG mixed with irradiated autologous melanoma cells, or a control group who received no further treatment. All patients were monitored sequentially for immunological competence and tumour-directed immunity, using a wide range of techniques, and the results were compared retrospectively with their clinical course. Three months after surgery, there was a trend towards inhibition of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation by autologous serum in patients who developed recurrent tumour within 12 months after treatment. Serum from patients who remained tumour-free for 12 months did not inhibit stimulation of autologous lymphocytes by PHA. Apart from this test, no other immunological parameters correlated either with clinical course or with the type of treatment received.", "PMID": 565645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6654", "title": "[Arteriovenous fistula for pediatric hemodialysis. Experience of 9 years].", "content": "Seventy-eight A-V fistulas were constructed in 45 children whoses age were between 4 to 16 years, in order to use it for chronic hemodialysis. Twenty-four of them were external A-V shunts which were occluded by thrombosis in 13 instances and deinserted in 3 patients. Thirty-six A-V fistulas were performed with saphenous wein autograft between an artery and vein at the forearm. The main complication in this group was thormbosis in 10 instances and dilations of the graft in 5. In 9 patients, latero-lateral arteriovenous anasthomosis was performed. In these, adequate blood flow developed slowly or was poor in most patients. Six patients with saphenous-femoral anasthomosis developed thrombosis in 3 instances and venous puncture was frequently difficult. In three other patients, bovine carotid artery graft was very efficient to give a good access to circulation for hemodialysis. There was no evidence of local or cardiovascular complications associated with fistulas.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous fistula for pediatric hemodialysis. Experience of 9 years]. Seventy-eight A-V fistulas were constructed in 45 children whoses age were between 4 to 16 years, in order to use it for chronic hemodialysis. Twenty-four of them were external A-V shunts which were occluded by thrombosis in 13 instances and deinserted in 3 patients. Thirty-six A-V fistulas were performed with saphenous wein autograft between an artery and vein at the forearm. The main complication in this group was thormbosis in 10 instances and dilations of the graft in 5. In 9 patients, latero-lateral arteriovenous anasthomosis was performed. In these, adequate blood flow developed slowly or was poor in most patients. Six patients with saphenous-femoral anasthomosis developed thrombosis in 3 instances and venous puncture was frequently difficult. In three other patients, bovine carotid artery graft was very efficient to give a good access to circulation for hemodialysis. There was no evidence of local or cardiovascular complications associated with fistulas.", "PMID": 565641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6655", "title": "Plasma non-esterified fatty acids, cortisol and glucose in maternal blood during abortion induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Serial estimations were made of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose in 43 patients, and of plasma cortisol in 27 patients, during mid-trimester abortions induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). The mean plasma concentrations of NEFA, cortisol and glucose showed rises after PGF2alpha. There was no relation betweeen these rises and the induction-delivery interval, signs of fetal distress or of intrauterine fetal death. The changes in plasma NEFA were related to the fasting level and there was an inverse relation between the changes and the patients' weight. A positive correlation existed between the change in plasma concentrations of cortisol and glucose.", "contents": "Plasma non-esterified fatty acids, cortisol and glucose in maternal blood during abortion induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha. Serial estimations were made of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose in 43 patients, and of plasma cortisol in 27 patients, during mid-trimester abortions induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). The mean plasma concentrations of NEFA, cortisol and glucose showed rises after PGF2alpha. There was no relation betweeen these rises and the induction-delivery interval, signs of fetal distress or of intrauterine fetal death. The changes in plasma NEFA were related to the fasting level and there was an inverse relation between the changes and the patients' weight. A positive correlation existed between the change in plasma concentrations of cortisol and glucose.", "PMID": 565647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6656", "title": "Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities.", "content": "Details of 4972 pairs of twins born to mothers resident in 14 large Canadian cities in the years 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967 were compared to those of a random sample of 4969 single births. Both dizygotic and monozygotic twinning rates, derived by Weinberg's formula, showed increases with both maternal age and with the number of previous livebirths. Dizygotic twinning rates also showed a seasonal variation with an October maximum. Twinning rates were lower in Oriental women, but did not vary between other ethnic groups, or by city of residence, legitimacy, paternal age or maternal history of stillbirths.", "contents": "Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities. Details of 4972 pairs of twins born to mothers resident in 14 large Canadian cities in the years 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967 were compared to those of a random sample of 4969 single births. Both dizygotic and monozygotic twinning rates, derived by Weinberg's formula, showed increases with both maternal age and with the number of previous livebirths. Dizygotic twinning rates also showed a seasonal variation with an October maximum. Twinning rates were lower in Oriental women, but did not vary between other ethnic groups, or by city of residence, legitimacy, paternal age or maternal history of stillbirths.", "PMID": 565648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6657", "title": "Retinal telangiectasis in adults: fluorescein angiographic findings and treatment by argon laser.", "content": "This article describes 3 cases of retinal telangiectasia, all presenting in middle age, affecting the macula. They have been investigated by means of fluorescein angiography and sucessfully treated by argon laser.", "contents": "Retinal telangiectasis in adults: fluorescein angiographic findings and treatment by argon laser. This article describes 3 cases of retinal telangiectasia, all presenting in middle age, affecting the macula. They have been investigated by means of fluorescein angiography and sucessfully treated by argon laser.", "PMID": 565649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6658", "title": "Characterization of the sex steroid binding protein of human pregnancy serum. Improvements in the purification procedure.", "content": "The sex steroid binding protein (SBP) of human pregnancy serum was purified to homogeneity by the sequential use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-17beta-succinyldiaminoethyl-(1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)-agarose, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The yield of pure SBP was improved from 5% as originally reported [Mickelson, K. E., and Petra, P. H. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 957] to 34%. Homogeneity of SBP was shown by equilibrium sedimentation ultracentrifugation in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride containing 0.1 M mercaptoethanol which yields a minimum molecular weight of 36 335 +/- 525. The protein is also homogeneous when examined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A value of 52 000 for the molecular weight is obtained by this method. SBP partially purified from Cohn fraction IV has also a molecular weight of 52 000 by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate; that fraction is contaminated with another protein of molecular weight 90 000 which must be removed to obtain homogeneous SBP. The amino acid composition of SBP isolated from pregnancy serum is presented.", "contents": "Characterization of the sex steroid binding protein of human pregnancy serum. Improvements in the purification procedure. The sex steroid binding protein (SBP) of human pregnancy serum was purified to homogeneity by the sequential use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-17beta-succinyldiaminoethyl-(1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)-agarose, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The yield of pure SBP was improved from 5% as originally reported [Mickelson, K. E., and Petra, P. H. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 957] to 34%. Homogeneity of SBP was shown by equilibrium sedimentation ultracentrifugation in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride containing 0.1 M mercaptoethanol which yields a minimum molecular weight of 36 335 +/- 525. The protein is also homogeneous when examined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A value of 52 000 for the molecular weight is obtained by this method. SBP partially purified from Cohn fraction IV has also a molecular weight of 52 000 by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate; that fraction is contaminated with another protein of molecular weight 90 000 which must be removed to obtain homogeneous SBP. The amino acid composition of SBP isolated from pregnancy serum is presented.", "PMID": 565650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6659", "title": "Spectroscopic studies of the nature of ligand bonding in carbonmonoxyhemoglobins: evidence of a specific function for histidine-E7 from infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance intensities.", "content": "Infrared spectra of carbon monoxide ligated hemoglobins from human, horse, and rabbit donors have been examined. A single vibrational frequency at 1951 cm-1 is observed for CO bound to the heme in horse and human hemoglobins. Studies of the isolated alpha-CO and beta-CO subunits of human hemoglobin reveal that the observation of a single frequency in the intact tetramer is the result of a superposition of the alpha-CO and beta-CO vibrational frequencies. The apparent integrated absorption intensities of these CO vibrations are shown both to have values of 1.0 X 10(5)M-1cm-2 within experimental error. For rabbit CO-Hb two vibrational frequencies appear (Caughey, W. S., et al. (1973) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 32, 552) and are assigned to CO bound to the beta (1951 cm-1) and alpha(1928 cm-1) subunits within the intact tetramer. The beta-CO subunit exhibits both frequency and intensity similarities with horse and human hemoglobins. The rabbit alpha-CO subunit, however, exhibits a markedly lower frequency and much smaller intensity compared with the other CO-hemoglobins. These data are interpreted in terms of a specific role for the distal histidine (E7) in rabbit alpha subunits, in which this histidine functions as a nucleophilic donor to coordinated CO.", "contents": "Spectroscopic studies of the nature of ligand bonding in carbonmonoxyhemoglobins: evidence of a specific function for histidine-E7 from infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance intensities. Infrared spectra of carbon monoxide ligated hemoglobins from human, horse, and rabbit donors have been examined. A single vibrational frequency at 1951 cm-1 is observed for CO bound to the heme in horse and human hemoglobins. Studies of the isolated alpha-CO and beta-CO subunits of human hemoglobin reveal that the observation of a single frequency in the intact tetramer is the result of a superposition of the alpha-CO and beta-CO vibrational frequencies. The apparent integrated absorption intensities of these CO vibrations are shown both to have values of 1.0 X 10(5)M-1cm-2 within experimental error. For rabbit CO-Hb two vibrational frequencies appear (Caughey, W. S., et al. (1973) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 32, 552) and are assigned to CO bound to the beta (1951 cm-1) and alpha(1928 cm-1) subunits within the intact tetramer. The beta-CO subunit exhibits both frequency and intensity similarities with horse and human hemoglobins. The rabbit alpha-CO subunit, however, exhibits a markedly lower frequency and much smaller intensity compared with the other CO-hemoglobins. These data are interpreted in terms of a specific role for the distal histidine (E7) in rabbit alpha subunits, in which this histidine functions as a nucleophilic donor to coordinated CO.", "PMID": 565651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6660", "title": "An analysis of the Co2+-induced nuclear magnetic resonance perturbations of hen egg white lysozyme.", "content": "A general methodology is presented for analyzing dipolar shifts induced by paramagnetic ions in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of ligand molecules. The method is applied to the shift perturbations induced by Co2+ in the spectrum of hen egg white lysozyme. A hypothesis testing scheme is employed to evaluate statistically the relative precision with which the axially symmetric and non-axially symmetric forms of the dipolar shift equation fit the observed data. The assumption of axial symmetry for the magnetic susceptibility tensor of Co2+ is rejected at the confidence level of 99%. Since the results presented here are similar to those reached in our analysis of lanthanide-induced shifts, we suggest that the assumption of axial symmetry may, in general, not hold. Similar conclusions have been reached by other investigators in studies of paramagnetic metal binding to model systems. We have included the three Co2+ coordinates in an eight-parameter fit of the Co2+ shift data. The Co2+ position obtained from this fit is in statistical agreement with the position inferred from x-ray data. Thus, the analysis of shift data may furnish a means for determining the site of metal complexation in macromolecules whose structure has been determined by x-ray crystallography.", "contents": "An analysis of the Co2+-induced nuclear magnetic resonance perturbations of hen egg white lysozyme. A general methodology is presented for analyzing dipolar shifts induced by paramagnetic ions in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of ligand molecules. The method is applied to the shift perturbations induced by Co2+ in the spectrum of hen egg white lysozyme. A hypothesis testing scheme is employed to evaluate statistically the relative precision with which the axially symmetric and non-axially symmetric forms of the dipolar shift equation fit the observed data. The assumption of axial symmetry for the magnetic susceptibility tensor of Co2+ is rejected at the confidence level of 99%. Since the results presented here are similar to those reached in our analysis of lanthanide-induced shifts, we suggest that the assumption of axial symmetry may, in general, not hold. Similar conclusions have been reached by other investigators in studies of paramagnetic metal binding to model systems. We have included the three Co2+ coordinates in an eight-parameter fit of the Co2+ shift data. The Co2+ position obtained from this fit is in statistical agreement with the position inferred from x-ray data. Thus, the analysis of shift data may furnish a means for determining the site of metal complexation in macromolecules whose structure has been determined by x-ray crystallography.", "PMID": 565652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6661", "title": "Study of the pseudoperoxidatic activity of soybean leghemoglobin and sperm whale myoglobin.", "content": "The compound formation between soybean leghemoglobins a and c and H2O2 or ethyl hydroperoxide has been studied and compared with the hydrogen peroxide compound of sperm whale myoglobin. the titration data show that the hydrogen peroxide compounds of leghemoglobins are formed in a 1:1 molar ratio. The kinetics of the formation of the compounds follow first-order kinetics and the compounds are formed considerably faster than the myoglobin peroxide compound. The pseudoperoxidatic activity of leghemoglobins a and c and myoglobin was studied using guaiacol as electron donor. The maximal reaction velocities of leghemoglobins are greater than that of myoglobin. The results indicate that the peroxidatic activity of ferrileghemoglobin may be biologically important for instance in aging root nodules.", "contents": "Study of the pseudoperoxidatic activity of soybean leghemoglobin and sperm whale myoglobin. The compound formation between soybean leghemoglobins a and c and H2O2 or ethyl hydroperoxide has been studied and compared with the hydrogen peroxide compound of sperm whale myoglobin. the titration data show that the hydrogen peroxide compounds of leghemoglobins are formed in a 1:1 molar ratio. The kinetics of the formation of the compounds follow first-order kinetics and the compounds are formed considerably faster than the myoglobin peroxide compound. The pseudoperoxidatic activity of leghemoglobins a and c and myoglobin was studied using guaiacol as electron donor. The maximal reaction velocities of leghemoglobins are greater than that of myoglobin. The results indicate that the peroxidatic activity of ferrileghemoglobin may be biologically important for instance in aging root nodules.", "PMID": 565653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6662", "title": "Variations of D (-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity of rat liver mitochondria during post-natal development.", "content": "1. D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase specific activity of rat liver mitochondria changes during ontogenesis: at birth, the activity is low, then increases to a maximum at 12 days, decreases until 50 days to keep constant thereafter. At the same time, mitochondrial protein amount increases regularly while succinatecytochrome c reductase specific activity slightly increases after birth to keep constant afterwards. 2. The observed changes in activity of D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase are not related to possible interactions between the enzyme and phospholids since addition of lecithin to mitochondria does not change the activity. 3. Electrophoresis of mitochondrial proteins isolated from rats at different development stages demonstrates the presence of a protein band characterized by the same electrophoretic mobility as beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and by significative changes of its proportion during maturation: the relative amount of this protein increases from the new-born to the 10-12 days old rat, to decrease afterwards. 4. These findings may signify that the increased activity of the enzyme with a maximum at 10-12 days followed by a decrease is related to the rate of the enzymes biosynthesis.", "contents": "Variations of D (-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity of rat liver mitochondria during post-natal development. 1. D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase specific activity of rat liver mitochondria changes during ontogenesis: at birth, the activity is low, then increases to a maximum at 12 days, decreases until 50 days to keep constant thereafter. At the same time, mitochondrial protein amount increases regularly while succinatecytochrome c reductase specific activity slightly increases after birth to keep constant afterwards. 2. The observed changes in activity of D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase are not related to possible interactions between the enzyme and phospholids since addition of lecithin to mitochondria does not change the activity. 3. Electrophoresis of mitochondrial proteins isolated from rats at different development stages demonstrates the presence of a protein band characterized by the same electrophoretic mobility as beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and by significative changes of its proportion during maturation: the relative amount of this protein increases from the new-born to the 10-12 days old rat, to decrease afterwards. 4. These findings may signify that the increased activity of the enzyme with a maximum at 10-12 days followed by a decrease is related to the rate of the enzymes biosynthesis.", "PMID": 565654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6663", "title": "[DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of isolated zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) nucleoli].", "content": "A fraction of nucleoli is isolated from zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) nuclei, its DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity is studied at different temperature, ionic strength and Mg2+, Mn2+ and antibiotic concentrations. The effect of some factors and alpha-amantine on RNA polymerase activity of exonucleolar chromatin was studied as a control. A comparison of heat denaturation of nucleoli and chromatin RNA polymerase activities within the temperature range 30--55 degrees C has revealed a higher thermosensitivity of nucleoli RNA polymerase. Substitution of Mg2+ with equivalent amount of Mn2+ results in a considerable decrease of rRNA synthesis in nucleoli. Nucleoli RNA polymerase activity in the presence of Mg2+ is sensitive to the elevation of ionic strength from 0.12 to 1.30 u; chromatin RNA polymerase activity in the presence of Mn2+ is maximal at high ionic strength (1.30 mu). alpha-Amantine and cycloheximide at high concentrations (10 and 200 mkg/ml) practically do not affect RNA polymerase activity of nucleoli. Nucleoli RNA polymerase of zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) is similar to the A-form of the enzyme in higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "[DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of isolated zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) nucleoli]. A fraction of nucleoli is isolated from zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) nuclei, its DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity is studied at different temperature, ionic strength and Mg2+, Mn2+ and antibiotic concentrations. The effect of some factors and alpha-amantine on RNA polymerase activity of exonucleolar chromatin was studied as a control. A comparison of heat denaturation of nucleoli and chromatin RNA polymerase activities within the temperature range 30--55 degrees C has revealed a higher thermosensitivity of nucleoli RNA polymerase. Substitution of Mg2+ with equivalent amount of Mn2+ results in a considerable decrease of rRNA synthesis in nucleoli. Nucleoli RNA polymerase activity in the presence of Mg2+ is sensitive to the elevation of ionic strength from 0.12 to 1.30 u; chromatin RNA polymerase activity in the presence of Mn2+ is maximal at high ionic strength (1.30 mu). alpha-Amantine and cycloheximide at high concentrations (10 and 200 mkg/ml) practically do not affect RNA polymerase activity of nucleoli. Nucleoli RNA polymerase of zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) is similar to the A-form of the enzyme in higher eukaryotes.", "PMID": 565656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6664", "title": "[Vincristin-therapy of chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "The administration of glucocorticoids and immune suppressives, as well as the splenectomy, are conisered the standard treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In the last few years, however, the indications have increased that the use of vincristine sulphate (VCR)-at least in individual cases-can lead to a significant increase in the number of thrombocytes. On the basis of a therapeutic study with VCR presented herein, the value of this treatment method is investigated. 13 patients with a chronic, previously therapy-resistant form of ITP were treated with VCR. Weekly applications of 1.0 mg/m2 VCR for a maximum 6 weeks led in 2 cases to a temporary normalization of the thrombocyte values, and in 2 other cases to a short-term subnormal increase in the thrombocyte values. The advantages and disadvantages of VCR treatment are discussed by comparing the results of our study with the information presented in the literature. The author's conclusion is that VCR is too ineffective in the treatment of ITP, and the risks too high, to recommend it for general use. Therefore, the problem of treating specifically the chronic type of ITP remains unsolved.", "contents": "[Vincristin-therapy of chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)]. The administration of glucocorticoids and immune suppressives, as well as the splenectomy, are conisered the standard treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In the last few years, however, the indications have increased that the use of vincristine sulphate (VCR)-at least in individual cases-can lead to a significant increase in the number of thrombocytes. On the basis of a therapeutic study with VCR presented herein, the value of this treatment method is investigated. 13 patients with a chronic, previously therapy-resistant form of ITP were treated with VCR. Weekly applications of 1.0 mg/m2 VCR for a maximum 6 weeks led in 2 cases to a temporary normalization of the thrombocyte values, and in 2 other cases to a short-term subnormal increase in the thrombocyte values. The advantages and disadvantages of VCR treatment are discussed by comparing the results of our study with the information presented in the literature. The author's conclusion is that VCR is too ineffective in the treatment of ITP, and the risks too high, to recommend it for general use. Therefore, the problem of treating specifically the chronic type of ITP remains unsolved.", "PMID": 565657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6665", "title": "Effects of spiperone on self-stimulation and other activities of the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "1 Self-stimulation to lever pressing and capacitance probe touching was obtained in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) from electrode placements within the medial forebrain bundle. 2 Lever pressing was more sensitive to the decremental effects of a central depressant, pentobarbitone, than capacitance probe touching, suggesting its greater responsiveness to disturbances of motor function. 3 Spiperone (0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg) attenuated capacitance probe touching and lever pressing equally, a finding explained by action on either reward pathways or on the ability to initiate responding. 4 This same dose range of spiperone (0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg) attenuated locomotor activity, whether spontaneous or evoked by non-contingent electrical stimulation, and produced catalepsy. 5 The spiperone-induced attentuation of self-stimulation was not necessarily a result of its action on dopaminergic reward pathways since the effects could equally well be explained by a failure to initiate responding.", "contents": "Effects of spiperone on self-stimulation and other activities of the Mongolian gerbil. 1 Self-stimulation to lever pressing and capacitance probe touching was obtained in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) from electrode placements within the medial forebrain bundle. 2 Lever pressing was more sensitive to the decremental effects of a central depressant, pentobarbitone, than capacitance probe touching, suggesting its greater responsiveness to disturbances of motor function. 3 Spiperone (0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg) attenuated capacitance probe touching and lever pressing equally, a finding explained by action on either reward pathways or on the ability to initiate responding. 4 This same dose range of spiperone (0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg) attenuated locomotor activity, whether spontaneous or evoked by non-contingent electrical stimulation, and produced catalepsy. 5 The spiperone-induced attentuation of self-stimulation was not necessarily a result of its action on dopaminergic reward pathways since the effects could equally well be explained by a failure to initiate responding.", "PMID": 565659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6666", "title": "Behavioral correlates of social anxiety.", "content": "High school students' scores on a paper-and-pencil test of social anxiety were correlated with talking, eye contact and gesturing behaviors during a 10-min vidotaped interview. Results showed that high anxious subjects talked less while listening to instruction. They also held the gaze for less total time and in bouts of shorter duration while they were talking;while they were listening, they were significantly more variable in their average bout duration. Within-group variability suggested that non-verbal behaviour should be analysed according to individual rather than group differences.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of social anxiety. High school students' scores on a paper-and-pencil test of social anxiety were correlated with talking, eye contact and gesturing behaviors during a 10-min vidotaped interview. Results showed that high anxious subjects talked less while listening to instruction. They also held the gaze for less total time and in bouts of shorter duration while they were talking;while they were listening, they were significantly more variable in their average bout duration. Within-group variability suggested that non-verbal behaviour should be analysed according to individual rather than group differences.", "PMID": 565660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6667", "title": "Spontaneous and amphetamine-induced behavior after bilateral injection of ethanolamine-O-sulfate into the substantia nigra.", "content": "Injections of ethanolamine-O-sulfate (EOS) (200 microgram/kg) through chronic indwelling cannulae into the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra in rats produced immediate contraversive turning (away from the injection side). Bilateral injections produced spontaneous stereotyped behaviors including sniffing and biting. Twenty-four hours after the first injection of EOS the rats showed a significantly decreased locomotor response to 1.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine. The spontaneous behaviors elicited following the initial injection of EOS increased both in nature and duration with the second and third injections of EOS, and persevered for 24 h. At this time 1.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine intensified this spontaneous stereotyped behavior. GABA levels were significantly higher in substantia nigra, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and cerebral cortex 24 h following single or repeated (3 x) injections of 200 microgram/kg of EOS into the zona reticulata of the SN. Dopamine levels in the corpus striatum were unchanged 24 h following the EOS treatment except by the injection procedure itself. Control injections into the thalamus produced no turning or stereotypy, nor an enhanced response to 1.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine. GABA levels were, however, significantly higher in the substantia nigra and thalamus 24 h following repeated injections (3 x) of EOS into the thalamus. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that GABA containing neurons comprise part of the efferent output of the corpus striatum and do not act exclusively through a dopaminergic substrate.", "contents": "Spontaneous and amphetamine-induced behavior after bilateral injection of ethanolamine-O-sulfate into the substantia nigra. Injections of ethanolamine-O-sulfate (EOS) (200 microgram/kg) through chronic indwelling cannulae into the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra in rats produced immediate contraversive turning (away from the injection side). Bilateral injections produced spontaneous stereotyped behaviors including sniffing and biting. Twenty-four hours after the first injection of EOS the rats showed a significantly decreased locomotor response to 1.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine. The spontaneous behaviors elicited following the initial injection of EOS increased both in nature and duration with the second and third injections of EOS, and persevered for 24 h. At this time 1.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine intensified this spontaneous stereotyped behavior. GABA levels were significantly higher in substantia nigra, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and cerebral cortex 24 h following single or repeated (3 x) injections of 200 microgram/kg of EOS into the zona reticulata of the SN. Dopamine levels in the corpus striatum were unchanged 24 h following the EOS treatment except by the injection procedure itself. Control injections into the thalamus produced no turning or stereotypy, nor an enhanced response to 1.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine. GABA levels were, however, significantly higher in the substantia nigra and thalamus 24 h following repeated injections (3 x) of EOS into the thalamus. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that GABA containing neurons comprise part of the efferent output of the corpus striatum and do not act exclusively through a dopaminergic substrate.", "PMID": 565665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6668", "title": "Changes in catecholamine content in discrete brain nuclei during the estrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) and dopomine (DA) concentrations were measured in discrete brain nuclei in female rats at different stages of the 4-day estrous cycle. In the medial preoptic and paraventricular nuclei, NE levels were reduced on the days of proestrus and estrus as compared to metestrus-diestrus. NE levels sharply increased between estrus and metestrus in the lateral septal nucleus but did not vary significantly at other times. In the mesencephalic central gray catecholamine area, NE levels were elevated on metestrus as compared to all other days of the cycle. DA concentrations also varied in certain nuclei during the estrous cycle. In the lateral septum, DA levels were highest during diestrus, and in the nucleus of the tractus diagonalis, DA levels were highest on metestrus. The DA concentration of the caudate nucleus decreased between proestrus and estrus and remained low through metestrus. DA in the medial preoptic nucleus showed a similar pattern of change as did NE. In the median eminence DA levels increased significantly from proestrus afternoon to estrus, but did not vary on the other days. It is concluded that cyclic activity of catecholamines in a few discrete areas of the brain may be related to the fluctuations of the gonadotropins and ovarian hormones to influence ovulation and mating behavior.", "contents": "Changes in catecholamine content in discrete brain nuclei during the estrous cycle of the rat. Norepinephrine (NE) and dopomine (DA) concentrations were measured in discrete brain nuclei in female rats at different stages of the 4-day estrous cycle. In the medial preoptic and paraventricular nuclei, NE levels were reduced on the days of proestrus and estrus as compared to metestrus-diestrus. NE levels sharply increased between estrus and metestrus in the lateral septal nucleus but did not vary significantly at other times. In the mesencephalic central gray catecholamine area, NE levels were elevated on metestrus as compared to all other days of the cycle. DA concentrations also varied in certain nuclei during the estrous cycle. In the lateral septum, DA levels were highest during diestrus, and in the nucleus of the tractus diagonalis, DA levels were highest on metestrus. The DA concentration of the caudate nucleus decreased between proestrus and estrus and remained low through metestrus. DA in the medial preoptic nucleus showed a similar pattern of change as did NE. In the median eminence DA levels increased significantly from proestrus afternoon to estrus, but did not vary on the other days. It is concluded that cyclic activity of catecholamines in a few discrete areas of the brain may be related to the fluctuations of the gonadotropins and ovarian hormones to influence ovulation and mating behavior.", "PMID": 565666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6669", "title": "The localization within plant cells of enzymes involved in arginine biosynthesis.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine the distribution of the following: (1) carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.2.9), (2) ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3), (3) argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5), and (4) argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) in soybean cells grown in suspension culture. Protoplasts were produced from the soybean cells by treatment with cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15); the protoplasts were then ruptured by osmotic shock with distilled water. This treatment was followed by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation to isolate various organelle fractions including mitochondria and plastids. Examination of these fractions using specific enzyme assays showed that carbamoylphosphate synthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were localized in a fraction found to be composed primarily of plastids. Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase appeared to be associated with either the cytosol or a membrane fraction in close association with the cytosol such as the endoplasmic reticulum or protoplast membrane.", "contents": "The localization within plant cells of enzymes involved in arginine biosynthesis. Studies were carried out to determine the distribution of the following: (1) carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.2.9), (2) ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3), (3) argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5), and (4) argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) in soybean cells grown in suspension culture. Protoplasts were produced from the soybean cells by treatment with cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15); the protoplasts were then ruptured by osmotic shock with distilled water. This treatment was followed by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation to isolate various organelle fractions including mitochondria and plastids. Examination of these fractions using specific enzyme assays showed that carbamoylphosphate synthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were localized in a fraction found to be composed primarily of plastids. Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase appeared to be associated with either the cytosol or a membrane fraction in close association with the cytosol such as the endoplasmic reticulum or protoplast membrane.", "PMID": 565667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6670", "title": "Evaluation of cytotoxic responses caused by selected organophosphorus esters in chick sympathetic ganglia cultures.", "content": "Ten day old chick sympathetic ganglia cultured in a microslide assembly were treated with a selected group of organophosphate pesticides to evaluate their cytotoxicity ranges, and the usefulness of such a model for screening pesticides. Examination by phase contrast and light microscopy for chemically-induced morphological alteration of nerve fibers, glial cells and neurons provided the criteria for quantitation and assessment of the toxic effects. Concentrations that produced half-maximal effects ranged from 1 x 10(-6)M (severely toxic) for methylparathian, diazinon, paraoxon, mevinphos, diisopropylfluorophosphate, tri-o-tolyl phosphate and its mixed isomers to a 1 x 10(-3)M (intermediate) for malathion, leptophos, coumaphos, mono- and dicrotophos. Some or no effects were evident at 1 x 10(2-)M for O'ethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl phenyl phosphonothioate, tri-m-tolylphosphate, chlorpyriphos and triphenyl phosphate. In all instances, nerve fibers were more sensitive than neurons or glial cells to insecticides. All cellular growth was inhibited at 1 x 10(-2)M (except triphenyl phosphate). Below 1 x 10(-7)M, no inhibitory effects were evident. The secondary abnormalities included decreased cellular migration, diffuse cellular growth pattern, increased vacuolization, nerve fiber swelling and cellular degeneration. The cytotoxic effects of these chemicals do not appear to be related to in vivo toxicity or cholinesterase inhibition potential.", "contents": "Evaluation of cytotoxic responses caused by selected organophosphorus esters in chick sympathetic ganglia cultures. Ten day old chick sympathetic ganglia cultured in a microslide assembly were treated with a selected group of organophosphate pesticides to evaluate their cytotoxicity ranges, and the usefulness of such a model for screening pesticides. Examination by phase contrast and light microscopy for chemically-induced morphological alteration of nerve fibers, glial cells and neurons provided the criteria for quantitation and assessment of the toxic effects. Concentrations that produced half-maximal effects ranged from 1 x 10(-6)M (severely toxic) for methylparathian, diazinon, paraoxon, mevinphos, diisopropylfluorophosphate, tri-o-tolyl phosphate and its mixed isomers to a 1 x 10(-3)M (intermediate) for malathion, leptophos, coumaphos, mono- and dicrotophos. Some or no effects were evident at 1 x 10(2-)M for O'ethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl phenyl phosphonothioate, tri-m-tolylphosphate, chlorpyriphos and triphenyl phosphate. In all instances, nerve fibers were more sensitive than neurons or glial cells to insecticides. All cellular growth was inhibited at 1 x 10(-2)M (except triphenyl phosphate). Below 1 x 10(-7)M, no inhibitory effects were evident. The secondary abnormalities included decreased cellular migration, diffuse cellular growth pattern, increased vacuolization, nerve fiber swelling and cellular degeneration. The cytotoxic effects of these chemicals do not appear to be related to in vivo toxicity or cholinesterase inhibition potential.", "PMID": 565668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6671", "title": "Human neutrophil--mediated destruction of antibody sensitized herpes simplex virus type I infected cells.", "content": "Human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were tested for their ability to act as effector cells in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected target cells sensitized with anti-HSV serum. The PMN from all 29 individuals tested could mediate ADCC in the presence of a standard human anit-HSV serum. Since PMN are prominent cells early in herpes lesions, it was hypothesized that because ADCC could represent an in vitro model for antiviral recovery, perhaps the efficacy of PMN at mediating ADCC might be impaired in those subjects to frequent recrudescent herpes. However, evidence for the hypothesis was not obtained since the PMN from individuals with frequent, infrequent, or unrecorded herpes labialis all showed approximately the same activity at mediating ADCC. Alternative ways in which PMN could be involved in antiviral recovery were discussed.", "contents": "Human neutrophil--mediated destruction of antibody sensitized herpes simplex virus type I infected cells. Human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were tested for their ability to act as effector cells in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected target cells sensitized with anti-HSV serum. The PMN from all 29 individuals tested could mediate ADCC in the presence of a standard human anit-HSV serum. Since PMN are prominent cells early in herpes lesions, it was hypothesized that because ADCC could represent an in vitro model for antiviral recovery, perhaps the efficacy of PMN at mediating ADCC might be impaired in those subjects to frequent recrudescent herpes. However, evidence for the hypothesis was not obtained since the PMN from individuals with frequent, infrequent, or unrecorded herpes labialis all showed approximately the same activity at mediating ADCC. Alternative ways in which PMN could be involved in antiviral recovery were discussed.", "PMID": 565669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6672", "title": "Ultrastructural and chemical distinction of melanins formed by Verticillium dahliae from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.", "content": "Microsclerotia of three melanin-deficient mutants of Verticillium dahliae formed malanin from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. The melanins formed from (+)-scytalone or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene resembled wild-type melanin chemically and ultrastructurally, whereas the melanins formed from catechol and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenlalanine were different. This suggests that scytalone and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene but no catechol or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine are natural intermediates of melanin biosynthesis in V. dahliae.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and chemical distinction of melanins formed by Verticillium dahliae from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Microsclerotia of three melanin-deficient mutants of Verticillium dahliae formed malanin from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. The melanins formed from (+)-scytalone or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene resembled wild-type melanin chemically and ultrastructurally, whereas the melanins formed from catechol and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenlalanine were different. This suggests that scytalone and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene but no catechol or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine are natural intermediates of melanin biosynthesis in V. dahliae.", "PMID": 565670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6673", "title": "Effects of heavy metals and other trace elements on the fermentative activity of the rumen microflora and growth of functionally important rumen bacteria.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements were tested on the rumen microflora using the rate of fermentation in vitro as the assay. The elements (and the concentration causing 50% inhibition) in decreasing order of toxicity were Hg2+ (20 microgram/ml), Cu2+ (21 microgram/ml), Cr6+ (70 microgram/ml), Se4+ (73 microgram/ml), Ni2+ (160 microgram/ml), Cd2+ (175 microgram/ml), As3+ (304 microgram/ml) and As5+ (1610 microgram/ml). The elements tested that were either weak or noninhibitory at concentrations greater than 400 microgram/ml included Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Co2+. Methylmercury was as inhibitory as mercuric chloride to the fermentation. When the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was tested on separated bacterial and protozoal fractions, it was more inhibitory to the bacteria. The inhibitory effects of trace elements were also determined for a number of axenic cultures of rumen bacteria. The bacteria which most frequently exhibited the greatest sensitivity were Bacteroides succinogenses, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteroides amylophilus, and Eubacterium ruminantium. Those often exhibiting intermediate sensitivities included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Megasphera elsdenii, while Streptococcus bovis was very refractory to all elements tested. Rumen fluid provided a modest protective effect for the bacteria.", "contents": "Effects of heavy metals and other trace elements on the fermentative activity of the rumen microflora and growth of functionally important rumen bacteria. The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements were tested on the rumen microflora using the rate of fermentation in vitro as the assay. The elements (and the concentration causing 50% inhibition) in decreasing order of toxicity were Hg2+ (20 microgram/ml), Cu2+ (21 microgram/ml), Cr6+ (70 microgram/ml), Se4+ (73 microgram/ml), Ni2+ (160 microgram/ml), Cd2+ (175 microgram/ml), As3+ (304 microgram/ml) and As5+ (1610 microgram/ml). The elements tested that were either weak or noninhibitory at concentrations greater than 400 microgram/ml included Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Co2+. Methylmercury was as inhibitory as mercuric chloride to the fermentation. When the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was tested on separated bacterial and protozoal fractions, it was more inhibitory to the bacteria. The inhibitory effects of trace elements were also determined for a number of axenic cultures of rumen bacteria. The bacteria which most frequently exhibited the greatest sensitivity were Bacteroides succinogenses, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteroides amylophilus, and Eubacterium ruminantium. Those often exhibiting intermediate sensitivities included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Megasphera elsdenii, while Streptococcus bovis was very refractory to all elements tested. Rumen fluid provided a modest protective effect for the bacteria.", "PMID": 565671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6674", "title": "Hydrogen evolution and uptake by nodules of soybeans inoculated with different strains of Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "Hydrogen evolved by nitrogenase may be recycled by a hydrogenase present in some legume nodules. Anoka and Portage cultivars of soybeans were inoculated with each of 8 and 24 strains, respectively, of Rhizobium japonicum and surveyed for H2 evolution and C2H2 reduction rates nodule weight, and plant dry weight. Six of the strains (3Ilb 110, USDA 122, USDA 136, 3Ilb 6, 3Ilb 142, and 3Ilb 143) which exhibited no H2 evolution in air were shown to take up H2. The relative efficiencies of nitrogenase energy utilization based on C2H2 reduction rates of nodules relative efficiences of nitrogenase energy utilization based on C2H2 reduction rates of nodules ranged from 0.96 to 1.0 for the six strains. Nodules formed by strain WA 5099-1-1 evolved small amounts of H2 in air and had a relative efficiency of 0.92. Nodules formed by the remaining 25 strains had relative efficiencies ranging from 0.41 to 0.80. A H2-evolving (3Ilb 123) and non-H2-evolving (3Ilb 143) strain were tested on seven soybean cultivars to determine the effect on the expression of hydrogenase. Nodules formed by strain 3Ilb 143 exhibited an efficiency of 1.0 on the following cultivars: Amsoy 71, Anoka, Bonus, Clark 63, Kent, Peking, and Portage. Relative efficiencies from 0.63 to 0.77 were determined for the five cultivars nodulated by strain 3Ilb 123. From the experiments with these cultivars, the capacity to recycle H2 produced from the nitrogenase system appears to be determined by the R. japonicum strain.", "contents": "Hydrogen evolution and uptake by nodules of soybeans inoculated with different strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Hydrogen evolved by nitrogenase may be recycled by a hydrogenase present in some legume nodules. Anoka and Portage cultivars of soybeans were inoculated with each of 8 and 24 strains, respectively, of Rhizobium japonicum and surveyed for H2 evolution and C2H2 reduction rates nodule weight, and plant dry weight. Six of the strains (3Ilb 110, USDA 122, USDA 136, 3Ilb 6, 3Ilb 142, and 3Ilb 143) which exhibited no H2 evolution in air were shown to take up H2. The relative efficiencies of nitrogenase energy utilization based on C2H2 reduction rates of nodules relative efficiences of nitrogenase energy utilization based on C2H2 reduction rates of nodules ranged from 0.96 to 1.0 for the six strains. Nodules formed by strain WA 5099-1-1 evolved small amounts of H2 in air and had a relative efficiency of 0.92. Nodules formed by the remaining 25 strains had relative efficiencies ranging from 0.41 to 0.80. A H2-evolving (3Ilb 123) and non-H2-evolving (3Ilb 143) strain were tested on seven soybean cultivars to determine the effect on the expression of hydrogenase. Nodules formed by strain 3Ilb 143 exhibited an efficiency of 1.0 on the following cultivars: Amsoy 71, Anoka, Bonus, Clark 63, Kent, Peking, and Portage. Relative efficiencies from 0.63 to 0.77 were determined for the five cultivars nodulated by strain 3Ilb 123. From the experiments with these cultivars, the capacity to recycle H2 produced from the nitrogenase system appears to be determined by the R. japonicum strain.", "PMID": 565672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6675", "title": "An experimental approach to the breast cancer, reserpine problem.", "content": "Reserpine was administered intraperitoneally 3 times weekly to inbred female Syrian BIO hamsters of the 15.16 strain previously shown to be susceptible to methylcholanthrene (MC) induction of mammary cancer. Other groups of hamsters received non-carcinogenic doses of MC along with the reserpine administrations, and an additional group received a carcinogenic dose of MC alone. This last group demonstrated that BIO 15.6 females were indeed susceptible to MC mammary cancer induction, since 4 mg of MC administered by stomach tube (a total dose of 200 mg) caused mammary cancer in 52% of the animals. Mammary cancer was not observed in any of the animals given reserpine or reserpine in combination with the non-carcinogenic dose of MC.", "contents": "An experimental approach to the breast cancer, reserpine problem. Reserpine was administered intraperitoneally 3 times weekly to inbred female Syrian BIO hamsters of the 15.16 strain previously shown to be susceptible to methylcholanthrene (MC) induction of mammary cancer. Other groups of hamsters received non-carcinogenic doses of MC along with the reserpine administrations, and an additional group received a carcinogenic dose of MC alone. This last group demonstrated that BIO 15.6 females were indeed susceptible to MC mammary cancer induction, since 4 mg of MC administered by stomach tube (a total dose of 200 mg) caused mammary cancer in 52% of the animals. Mammary cancer was not observed in any of the animals given reserpine or reserpine in combination with the non-carcinogenic dose of MC.", "PMID": 565676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6676", "title": "Differences between melphalan and nitrogen mustard in the formation and removal of DNA cross-links.", "content": "The formation of DNA cross-links is thought to represent the lethal lesion following exposure of cells to bifunctional alkylating agents. Since differences in rates of formation and repair of cross-links may explain differences in activity of these agents, we have studied these events following exposure of L1210 cells to nitrogen mustard (HN2) and melphalan. With the technique of alkaline elution, it was possible to measure cross-linking at doses that result in relatively little cell kill. Following a 30-min exposure to HN2, DNA cross-links increased for 1 to 2 hr and were then removed by a process that was virtually complete in 24 hr. In contrast, following a 30-min exposure to melphalan, cross-link formation increased for 12 hr and removal was much slower than it was for HN2. Comparison of cell survival with cross-linking kinetics suggests that persistence of the cross-links with time is an important factor in determining lethality.", "contents": "Differences between melphalan and nitrogen mustard in the formation and removal of DNA cross-links. The formation of DNA cross-links is thought to represent the lethal lesion following exposure of cells to bifunctional alkylating agents. Since differences in rates of formation and repair of cross-links may explain differences in activity of these agents, we have studied these events following exposure of L1210 cells to nitrogen mustard (HN2) and melphalan. With the technique of alkaline elution, it was possible to measure cross-linking at doses that result in relatively little cell kill. Following a 30-min exposure to HN2, DNA cross-links increased for 1 to 2 hr and were then removed by a process that was virtually complete in 24 hr. In contrast, following a 30-min exposure to melphalan, cross-link formation increased for 12 hr and removal was much slower than it was for HN2. Comparison of cell survival with cross-linking kinetics suggests that persistence of the cross-links with time is an important factor in determining lethality.", "PMID": 565677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6677", "title": "Ultrastructure of adult rat hepatocytes cultured on floating collagen membranes.", "content": "The ultrastructure of primary hepatocytes cultured for 2 to 17 days on floating collagen membrane was evaluated. A pellet of the hepatic cell suspension used to inoculate the collagen membranes contained some single cells and many aggregates of two, three, or four cells. Desmosomes were split during the perfusion, but tight junctions and gap junctions remained intact. By 2 days in culture, the hepatocytes had formed a monolayer of cells of polygonal shape with newly synthesized desmosomes between cells. Since the flexible floating collagen membrane decreases in size as the monolayer forms, the hepatocytes do not flatten out, as is characteristic of cells cultured on a rigid substrate. Hepatocytes in culture for 10 days or less exhibited large lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum, well developed Golgi complexes, and structures resembling bile canaliculi, which possess tight junctions and desmosomes separating them from the intercellular space. Microfilaments oriented parallel to the plasma membranes of adjoining cells and in an intermeshed network at the edge of the monolayer and beneath the plasma membrane bordering the medium increased in size and number in older cultures. After 17 days in culture, the cells maintained tight junctions, desmosomes, Golgi complexes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum in small lamellar stacks and in small vesicles. Since hepatocytes on the floating collagen membrane retain most of the subcellular structural elements characteristic of normally functioning hepatocytes for 2.5 weeks, this system may be valuable for future experiments involving drug metabolism and carcinogenesis in vitro.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of adult rat hepatocytes cultured on floating collagen membranes. The ultrastructure of primary hepatocytes cultured for 2 to 17 days on floating collagen membrane was evaluated. A pellet of the hepatic cell suspension used to inoculate the collagen membranes contained some single cells and many aggregates of two, three, or four cells. Desmosomes were split during the perfusion, but tight junctions and gap junctions remained intact. By 2 days in culture, the hepatocytes had formed a monolayer of cells of polygonal shape with newly synthesized desmosomes between cells. Since the flexible floating collagen membrane decreases in size as the monolayer forms, the hepatocytes do not flatten out, as is characteristic of cells cultured on a rigid substrate. Hepatocytes in culture for 10 days or less exhibited large lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum, well developed Golgi complexes, and structures resembling bile canaliculi, which possess tight junctions and desmosomes separating them from the intercellular space. Microfilaments oriented parallel to the plasma membranes of adjoining cells and in an intermeshed network at the edge of the monolayer and beneath the plasma membrane bordering the medium increased in size and number in older cultures. After 17 days in culture, the cells maintained tight junctions, desmosomes, Golgi complexes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum in small lamellar stacks and in small vesicles. Since hepatocytes on the floating collagen membrane retain most of the subcellular structural elements characteristic of normally functioning hepatocytes for 2.5 weeks, this system may be valuable for future experiments involving drug metabolism and carcinogenesis in vitro.", "PMID": 565678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6678", "title": "Inhibitory effects of phytohemagglutinin isolectins L4 and E4 on L1210 cells.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin isolectins L4 and E4 inhibit the growth and proliferation of cultured L1210 murine leukemia cells. L1210 cells were incubated with L4 or E4, and the metabolic and morphological characteristics of the cells were assessed. Dose-dependent inhibition of up to 90% occurs for [3H]thymidine and [14C]uridine incorporation. L4 is 30 to 50 times more potent an inhibitor than is E4. Inhibition begins 2 to 3 hr after exposure of L1210 cells to L4 and persists for as long as the cells are exposed to this isoleuctin. Total DNA and oxygen consumption in L4-treated cultures is also decreased. Whereas protein synthesis assessed by [14C]valine incorporation is less affected, glucose utilization remains unchanged. The binding of L4 and E4 to L1210 cells and human lymphocytes is similar and is reversible by porcine thyroglobulin. Porcine thyroglobulin also reverses L4-induced inhibition of nucleotide incorporation. Cell aggregation is the major morphological consequence of isoleuctin treatment observed by light or electron microscopy. L1210 cells are agglutinated at lower doses of isoleuctins than are normal murine lymphocytes. No evidence of cell death as estimated by 51Cr release or trypan blue uptake has been noted. Our data indicate that L4 and E4 have cytostatic properties and demonstrate that the reversible binding of a macromolecule to the surface of a malignant cell can modulate synthetic pathways and the rate of proliferation.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of phytohemagglutinin isolectins L4 and E4 on L1210 cells. Phytohemagglutinin isolectins L4 and E4 inhibit the growth and proliferation of cultured L1210 murine leukemia cells. L1210 cells were incubated with L4 or E4, and the metabolic and morphological characteristics of the cells were assessed. Dose-dependent inhibition of up to 90% occurs for [3H]thymidine and [14C]uridine incorporation. L4 is 30 to 50 times more potent an inhibitor than is E4. Inhibition begins 2 to 3 hr after exposure of L1210 cells to L4 and persists for as long as the cells are exposed to this isoleuctin. Total DNA and oxygen consumption in L4-treated cultures is also decreased. Whereas protein synthesis assessed by [14C]valine incorporation is less affected, glucose utilization remains unchanged. The binding of L4 and E4 to L1210 cells and human lymphocytes is similar and is reversible by porcine thyroglobulin. Porcine thyroglobulin also reverses L4-induced inhibition of nucleotide incorporation. Cell aggregation is the major morphological consequence of isoleuctin treatment observed by light or electron microscopy. L1210 cells are agglutinated at lower doses of isoleuctins than are normal murine lymphocytes. No evidence of cell death as estimated by 51Cr release or trypan blue uptake has been noted. Our data indicate that L4 and E4 have cytostatic properties and demonstrate that the reversible binding of a macromolecule to the surface of a malignant cell can modulate synthetic pathways and the rate of proliferation.", "PMID": 565679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6679", "title": "Kinetics of formation and disappearance of a DNA cross-linking effect in mouse leukemia L1210 cells treated with cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II).", "content": "cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (PDD) produced a DNA cross-linking effect in mouse leukemia L1210 cells, which was demonstrable after subtoxic treatments with the DNA alkaline elution technique. Cross-linking effects developed following treatments with concentrations as low as 1 micron for cis-PDD and 5 micron for trans-PDD, which permitted over 80% survival of colony-forming ability. The maximum cross-linking effect by cis-PDD required about 12 hr of posttreatment incubation before it was fully developed, whereas the cross-linking effect of trans-PDD was fully developed at the end of the 1-hr drug exposure. The cross-linking effects of both agents were reversed upon further incubation of the cells.", "contents": "Kinetics of formation and disappearance of a DNA cross-linking effect in mouse leukemia L1210 cells treated with cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (PDD) produced a DNA cross-linking effect in mouse leukemia L1210 cells, which was demonstrable after subtoxic treatments with the DNA alkaline elution technique. Cross-linking effects developed following treatments with concentrations as low as 1 micron for cis-PDD and 5 micron for trans-PDD, which permitted over 80% survival of colony-forming ability. The maximum cross-linking effect by cis-PDD required about 12 hr of posttreatment incubation before it was fully developed, whereas the cross-linking effect of trans-PDD was fully developed at the end of the 1-hr drug exposure. The cross-linking effects of both agents were reversed upon further incubation of the cells.", "PMID": 565680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6680", "title": "Precipitins to different avaian serum antigens in bird fancier's lung and coeliac disease.", "content": "Precipitins to avian serum antigens have been found in the sera of bird fanciers and, until now, they have been considered strong supporting evidence for a clinical diagnosis of bird fancier's lung (BFL). We now report that 35% of patients with coeliac disease, none of whom had recently kept a bird, had precipitins against an avian serum antigen common to all the avian species tested, but which was distinct from the antigens usually associated with BFL. This antigen was a component of hen egg yolk but not of bird droppings. In patients with BFL the antibody response results from inhaled antigens in the bird droppings, whereas the antibody response in patients with coeliac disease probably results from eating uncooked or soft-boiled eggs.", "contents": "Precipitins to different avaian serum antigens in bird fancier's lung and coeliac disease. Precipitins to avian serum antigens have been found in the sera of bird fanciers and, until now, they have been considered strong supporting evidence for a clinical diagnosis of bird fancier's lung (BFL). We now report that 35% of patients with coeliac disease, none of whom had recently kept a bird, had precipitins against an avian serum antigen common to all the avian species tested, but which was distinct from the antigens usually associated with BFL. This antigen was a component of hen egg yolk but not of bird droppings. In patients with BFL the antibody response results from inhaled antigens in the bird droppings, whereas the antibody response in patients with coeliac disease probably results from eating uncooked or soft-boiled eggs.", "PMID": 565681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6681", "title": "24 hour profile of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in normal supine man: relationship with cortisol and aldosterone.", "content": "Daily profiles of plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) were studied in four normal supine men on a normal sodium intake. Blood was taken every hour from 01.00 to 24.00 hours. Plasma cortisol (F) and aldosterone (A) were determined hourly for comparative studies. 18-OH-DOC fluctuated considerably during the 24 h period of investigation, the highest values being found during the early morning hours in synchrony with F. The episodic secretions of 18-OH-DOC were also significantly correlated with those of A, which in turn paralleled those of F. We conclude that ACTH, plays a definite role in the regulation of 18-OH-DOC in normal supine men on a normal sodium diet.", "contents": "24 hour profile of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in normal supine man: relationship with cortisol and aldosterone. Daily profiles of plasma 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) were studied in four normal supine men on a normal sodium intake. Blood was taken every hour from 01.00 to 24.00 hours. Plasma cortisol (F) and aldosterone (A) were determined hourly for comparative studies. 18-OH-DOC fluctuated considerably during the 24 h period of investigation, the highest values being found during the early morning hours in synchrony with F. The episodic secretions of 18-OH-DOC were also significantly correlated with those of A, which in turn paralleled those of F. We conclude that ACTH, plays a definite role in the regulation of 18-OH-DOC in normal supine men on a normal sodium diet.", "PMID": 565684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6682", "title": "Antibody mechanisms implicated in digestive disturbances following ingestion of soya protein in calves and piglets.", "content": "Serum antibody responses to ingested aqueous alcohol-extracted soya proteins were studied in thirty-six pre-ruminant calves. Characterization of this antibody showed it to be predominantly a complement-fixing IgG1 preciptin. No evidence of tolerance was seen; previously sensitized calves responded to reintroduction of a soya diet with marked increases in antibody levels. The soya antigen was shown to be resistant to proteolysis and, to a lesser degree, to the microbial action of rumen fluid. Biopsy studies showed that the feeding of soya protein resulted in morphological disturbances to the villi and lamina propria of the intestine. Physiological studies by Thirty-Vella loop perfusion in the pig showed that soya protein solutions resulted in significant inhibition of flow rates. The effect was only observed after previous sensitization with the soya antigen. This study shows the necessity of applying immunological criteria to the quality control of soya bean processing in order to ensure that the sensitizing agent is eliminated and the nutritional qualities of soya protein concentrates are optimized.", "contents": "Antibody mechanisms implicated in digestive disturbances following ingestion of soya protein in calves and piglets. Serum antibody responses to ingested aqueous alcohol-extracted soya proteins were studied in thirty-six pre-ruminant calves. Characterization of this antibody showed it to be predominantly a complement-fixing IgG1 preciptin. No evidence of tolerance was seen; previously sensitized calves responded to reintroduction of a soya diet with marked increases in antibody levels. The soya antigen was shown to be resistant to proteolysis and, to a lesser degree, to the microbial action of rumen fluid. Biopsy studies showed that the feeding of soya protein resulted in morphological disturbances to the villi and lamina propria of the intestine. Physiological studies by Thirty-Vella loop perfusion in the pig showed that soya protein solutions resulted in significant inhibition of flow rates. The effect was only observed after previous sensitization with the soya antigen. This study shows the necessity of applying immunological criteria to the quality control of soya bean processing in order to ensure that the sensitizing agent is eliminated and the nutritional qualities of soya protein concentrates are optimized.", "PMID": 565686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6683", "title": "Computerised axial tomography in posterior fossa lesions.", "content": "The author found that 191 patients out of the first 6000 examined by the EMI brain scanner had lesions in the posterior fossa. Appearances in acoustic tumours, meningiomas, astrocytomas, haemangioblastomas, medulloblastomas, gliomas of the brain stem and metastases are described.", "contents": "Computerised axial tomography in posterior fossa lesions. The author found that 191 patients out of the first 6000 examined by the EMI brain scanner had lesions in the posterior fossa. Appearances in acoustic tumours, meningiomas, astrocytomas, haemangioblastomas, medulloblastomas, gliomas of the brain stem and metastases are described.", "PMID": 565688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6684", "title": "Arterioportography.", "content": "Arterioportography has superseded splenoportography which has given inadequate and at times misleading information. Eighty-two arterioportograms have been done in 78 patients with portal hypertension. The arterial phase may disclose malignancy, pancreatitis, diminished liver perfusion and the venous phase flow reduction, occlusion and the presence of thrombus. Arterioportography should provide evidence of suitability for specific shunts and features relevant to the performance of of a mesocaval or distal spleno-renal shunt are given in detail. An attempt is made to relate arterioportography and transhepatic portal catherisation into a combined function in the management of patients with portal hypertension.", "contents": "Arterioportography. Arterioportography has superseded splenoportography which has given inadequate and at times misleading information. Eighty-two arterioportograms have been done in 78 patients with portal hypertension. The arterial phase may disclose malignancy, pancreatitis, diminished liver perfusion and the venous phase flow reduction, occlusion and the presence of thrombus. Arterioportography should provide evidence of suitability for specific shunts and features relevant to the performance of of a mesocaval or distal spleno-renal shunt are given in detail. An attempt is made to relate arterioportography and transhepatic portal catherisation into a combined function in the management of patients with portal hypertension.", "PMID": 565689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6685", "title": "Computerized tomography of in vitro abdominal organs--effect of preservation methods on attenuation coefficient.", "content": "The effect of formalin, freezing, and refigeration on the attenuation coefficient of fresh abdominal tissue of rhesus monkeys and dogs was investigated over a 1-week period. These techniques were used individually and in combinations designed to simulate circumstances involved in future in vitro investigations of human specimens. Statistically significant alterations of attenuation coefficients were found to occur at all scanning times within the first week except for the first 48 hr of formalin storage. Refrigeration resulted in the largest alteration. The results indicate the attenuation coefficients of tissues preserved by these three methods may be altered and that the magnitude of the change will vary according to the preservation techniques, tissue, and duration between tissue death and scanning.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of in vitro abdominal organs--effect of preservation methods on attenuation coefficient. The effect of formalin, freezing, and refigeration on the attenuation coefficient of fresh abdominal tissue of rhesus monkeys and dogs was investigated over a 1-week period. These techniques were used individually and in combinations designed to simulate circumstances involved in future in vitro investigations of human specimens. Statistically significant alterations of attenuation coefficients were found to occur at all scanning times within the first week except for the first 48 hr of formalin storage. Refrigeration resulted in the largest alteration. The results indicate the attenuation coefficients of tissues preserved by these three methods may be altered and that the magnitude of the change will vary according to the preservation techniques, tissue, and duration between tissue death and scanning.", "PMID": 565690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6686", "title": "Meiotic studies in mice carrying the sex reversal (Sxr) factor.", "content": "A sex reversal factor (Sxr) that causes mice having apparently normal X chromosomes to become phenotypically male is transmitted in an autosomal pattern. The origin of the Sxr factor is still unknown. It seems most likely that it has originated from an autosomal gene mutation or is the result of a translocation of part of the Y chromosome to one of the autosomes. Chromosomes from four XY and six XO mice carrying this sex reversal factor were examined in the diakinesis stage of meiosis. The following unusual observations were noted: (1) in XY males carrying the Sxr factor, the X and Y chromosomes were separated more often than in controls. (2) The Y chromosome tends to be closer to an autosome when the X and Y are separate than when the X and Y are attached. (3) A chromosome fragment was present in 4/226 cells from two XO males and a single cell from an XY, Sxr carrier. Although there is no direct evidence, these observations seem to favor the possibility that the Sxr factor involves a chromosomal rearrangement rather than a single gene mutation.", "contents": "Meiotic studies in mice carrying the sex reversal (Sxr) factor. A sex reversal factor (Sxr) that causes mice having apparently normal X chromosomes to become phenotypically male is transmitted in an autosomal pattern. The origin of the Sxr factor is still unknown. It seems most likely that it has originated from an autosomal gene mutation or is the result of a translocation of part of the Y chromosome to one of the autosomes. Chromosomes from four XY and six XO mice carrying this sex reversal factor were examined in the diakinesis stage of meiosis. The following unusual observations were noted: (1) in XY males carrying the Sxr factor, the X and Y chromosomes were separated more often than in controls. (2) The Y chromosome tends to be closer to an autosome when the X and Y are separate than when the X and Y are attached. (3) A chromosome fragment was present in 4/226 cells from two XO males and a single cell from an XY, Sxr carrier. Although there is no direct evidence, these observations seem to favor the possibility that the Sxr factor involves a chromosomal rearrangement rather than a single gene mutation.", "PMID": 565691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6687", "title": "Preliminary studies on the anti-schistosomal effect of Ammi majus L.", "content": "AMMI MAJUS L., a plant belonging to the family Umbellifereae was found to possess a certain antischistosomal effect in mice infected with S. mansoni. This was proved by applying two techniques, the worm burden and the Oogram change. Bergapten, a pure furocoumarin naturally present in Ammi majus was found to have certain schistosomicidal effect.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the anti-schistosomal effect of Ammi majus L. AMMI MAJUS L., a plant belonging to the family Umbellifereae was found to possess a certain antischistosomal effect in mice infected with S. mansoni. This was proved by applying two techniques, the worm burden and the Oogram change. Bergapten, a pure furocoumarin naturally present in Ammi majus was found to have certain schistosomicidal effect.", "PMID": 565698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6688", "title": "Effect of ethanol and vinyl chloride on the induction of liver tumors: preliminary report.", "content": "Preliminary results of a long-term animal study (rats) indicate synergism between inhaled vinyl chloride and ingested ethanol in tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol and vinyl chloride on the induction of liver tumors: preliminary report. Preliminary results of a long-term animal study (rats) indicate synergism between inhaled vinyl chloride and ingested ethanol in tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 565701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6689", "title": "Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride.", "content": "Exposure of mice to 1000 ppm of vinyl chloride (VC), 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, caused some acute deaths with toxic hepatitis and marked tubular necrosis of the renal cortex. Starting the sixth month, mice exposed to 1000, 250, or 50 ppm of VC became lethargic, lost weight quickly, and died. Only a few mice exposed to 50 ppm survived for 12 months. Pulmonary macrophage count was elevated in some mice. There was a high incidence of bronchiolo-alveolar adenoma, mammary gland tumors including ductular adenocarcinoma, squamous and anaplastic cell carcinomas with metastasis to the lung, and hemangiosarcoma in the liver, and, to a lesser extent, in some other organs. The incidence of these tumors quickly increased, and the severity was in direct proportion to the levels of VC and the length of exposure. Malignant lymphoma involving various organs was observed in a few mice. Rats were more resistant to the toxic effects of VC. Exposure to 1000 ppm slightly depressed the body weight of the females. Exposures of 250 or 1000 ppm caused a number of deaths and hemangiosarcoma in the liver starting the ninth month. Most rats with hepatic hemangiosarcoma also developed hemangiosarcoma in the lung. Hemangiosarcoma occasionally occurred in other tissues of one or two rats exposed to 50 ppm or higher level of VC. Exposure of mice to 55 ppm of vinylidene chloride (VDC) also caused a few acute deaths and a few hepatic hemangiosarcomas. Inflammatory, degenerative, and mitotic changes occurred in the liver. No mouse exposed to VDC developed any mammary gland tumors. Several mice had bronchioloalveolar adenoma. Exposure of rats to 55 ppm of VDC slightly depressed the body weight. Hemangiosarcoma occurred in the mesenteric lymph node or subcutaneous tissue in two rats.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. Exposure of mice to 1000 ppm of vinyl chloride (VC), 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, caused some acute deaths with toxic hepatitis and marked tubular necrosis of the renal cortex. Starting the sixth month, mice exposed to 1000, 250, or 50 ppm of VC became lethargic, lost weight quickly, and died. Only a few mice exposed to 50 ppm survived for 12 months. Pulmonary macrophage count was elevated in some mice. There was a high incidence of bronchiolo-alveolar adenoma, mammary gland tumors including ductular adenocarcinoma, squamous and anaplastic cell carcinomas with metastasis to the lung, and hemangiosarcoma in the liver, and, to a lesser extent, in some other organs. The incidence of these tumors quickly increased, and the severity was in direct proportion to the levels of VC and the length of exposure. Malignant lymphoma involving various organs was observed in a few mice. Rats were more resistant to the toxic effects of VC. Exposure to 1000 ppm slightly depressed the body weight of the females. Exposures of 250 or 1000 ppm caused a number of deaths and hemangiosarcoma in the liver starting the ninth month. Most rats with hepatic hemangiosarcoma also developed hemangiosarcoma in the lung. Hemangiosarcoma occasionally occurred in other tissues of one or two rats exposed to 50 ppm or higher level of VC. Exposure of mice to 55 ppm of vinylidene chloride (VDC) also caused a few acute deaths and a few hepatic hemangiosarcomas. Inflammatory, degenerative, and mitotic changes occurred in the liver. No mouse exposed to VDC developed any mammary gland tumors. Several mice had bronchioloalveolar adenoma. Exposure of rats to 55 ppm of VDC slightly depressed the body weight. Hemangiosarcoma occurred in the mesenteric lymph node or subcutaneous tissue in two rats.", "PMID": 565702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6690", "title": "Mutagenic and carcinogenic risks associated with halogenated olefins.", "content": "Recent experimental evidence indicates that structural analogs of vinyl chloride namely, vinylidene chloride and trichloroethylene, are mutagenic. Carcinogenic response also has been observed in experimental animals following exposure to vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene. More recent observations demonstrate low-level vinyl chloride-induced mammary carcinoma. An additional chlorinated olefin, chloroprene, has demonstrated a mutagenic response in several test systems. Likewise, several studies have indicated significant excesses of chromosomal aberrations as well as adverse effects on reproductive function following male exposure to chloroprene. Although reports have indicated an increased incidence of lung and skin cancer among workers occupationally exposed to chloroprene, adequately designed studies have not been carried out which would allow the development of valid inferences regarding its carcinogenicity. The question facing the scientific community and society is whether observations in subhuman species are adequate to institute prudent public health practice by controlling these agents as carcinogens or mutagens or whether, once again, epidemiologic enumeration of the toll will be required.", "contents": "Mutagenic and carcinogenic risks associated with halogenated olefins. Recent experimental evidence indicates that structural analogs of vinyl chloride namely, vinylidene chloride and trichloroethylene, are mutagenic. Carcinogenic response also has been observed in experimental animals following exposure to vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene. More recent observations demonstrate low-level vinyl chloride-induced mammary carcinoma. An additional chlorinated olefin, chloroprene, has demonstrated a mutagenic response in several test systems. Likewise, several studies have indicated significant excesses of chromosomal aberrations as well as adverse effects on reproductive function following male exposure to chloroprene. Although reports have indicated an increased incidence of lung and skin cancer among workers occupationally exposed to chloroprene, adequately designed studies have not been carried out which would allow the development of valid inferences regarding its carcinogenicity. The question facing the scientific community and society is whether observations in subhuman species are adequate to institute prudent public health practice by controlling these agents as carcinogens or mutagens or whether, once again, epidemiologic enumeration of the toll will be required.", "PMID": 565703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6691", "title": "Congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformations in the horse.", "content": "From a clinical, radiological and morphological study of 9 horses with congenital malformations of the occiput, atlas and axis, and from a study of 2 reported cases, 3 diseases were defined: A. Familial occipitalisation of the atlas with atlantalisation of the axis in Arabian horses (7 cases in this report and the case reported by Leipold, et al., 1974). These horses had congenital atlantooccipital fusion, hypoplasia of the atlas and dens, malformation of the axis and modification of the atlantoaxial joint. B. Congenital asymmetrical occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (2 cases in this report). A Standardbred and a Morgan horse had atlantooccipital fusion, a wedge shaped vertebral piece attached to the caudal end of the axis and sigmoid scoliosis of the cervical vertebrae. C. Asymmetrical atlantooccipital fusion (the case reported by Schmaltz, 1915). This horse of an unknown breed had asymmetrical fusion between the atlas and occiput and cervical scoliosis. The clinical syndromes shown by horses with these malformations were variable but were broadly classified as: 1. Foal dead at birth, seen in one foal with A. 2. Tetraparesis at birth, seen in 5 foals with A. These foals were born with signs varying from tetraparesis to tetraplegia. 3. Progressive ataxia, seen in 2 foals with A. Clinical signs were due to a progressive focal cervical compressive myelopathy. 4. Congenital cervical scoliosis/deviated head, seen in the 2 horses with B and the horse with C. These horses had no signs of spinal cord or brain disease. The diagnoses were made clinically by palpation of the occipitoatlantoaxial region and were confirmed radiographically and/or by post mortem examination in all except one case. Pedigree analysis showed the familial nature of the particular occipitoatlantoaxial malformation seen in horses of only the Arabian breed.", "contents": "Congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformations in the horse. From a clinical, radiological and morphological study of 9 horses with congenital malformations of the occiput, atlas and axis, and from a study of 2 reported cases, 3 diseases were defined: A. Familial occipitalisation of the atlas with atlantalisation of the axis in Arabian horses (7 cases in this report and the case reported by Leipold, et al., 1974). These horses had congenital atlantooccipital fusion, hypoplasia of the atlas and dens, malformation of the axis and modification of the atlantoaxial joint. B. Congenital asymmetrical occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (2 cases in this report). A Standardbred and a Morgan horse had atlantooccipital fusion, a wedge shaped vertebral piece attached to the caudal end of the axis and sigmoid scoliosis of the cervical vertebrae. C. Asymmetrical atlantooccipital fusion (the case reported by Schmaltz, 1915). This horse of an unknown breed had asymmetrical fusion between the atlas and occiput and cervical scoliosis. The clinical syndromes shown by horses with these malformations were variable but were broadly classified as: 1. Foal dead at birth, seen in one foal with A. 2. Tetraparesis at birth, seen in 5 foals with A. These foals were born with signs varying from tetraparesis to tetraplegia. 3. Progressive ataxia, seen in 2 foals with A. Clinical signs were due to a progressive focal cervical compressive myelopathy. 4. Congenital cervical scoliosis/deviated head, seen in the 2 horses with B and the horse with C. These horses had no signs of spinal cord or brain disease. The diagnoses were made clinically by palpation of the occipitoatlantoaxial region and were confirmed radiographically and/or by post mortem examination in all except one case. Pedigree analysis showed the familial nature of the particular occipitoatlantoaxial malformation seen in horses of only the Arabian breed.", "PMID": 565704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6692", "title": "Short term immobilization in the horse with ketamine CHl and promazine HCl combinations.", "content": "Combinations of promaxine HCl and ketamine HCl were used to produce short term dissociative anaesthesia in the horse under normal clinical conditions. Premedication with 1 mg/kg promazine HCl followed 5 min later by a rapid i.v. injection of 2 mg/kg ketamine HCl, induced dissociative anaesthesia of 16 +/- 1 min. When 1 mg/kg promazine HCl and a 2 mg/kg ketamine HCl were given simultaneously by rapid i.v. injection, a state of dissociative anaesthesia was induced with a mean duration of 17.1 +/- 2 min. Both treatments permitted minor surgery in the horse.", "contents": "Short term immobilization in the horse with ketamine CHl and promazine HCl combinations. Combinations of promaxine HCl and ketamine HCl were used to produce short term dissociative anaesthesia in the horse under normal clinical conditions. Premedication with 1 mg/kg promazine HCl followed 5 min later by a rapid i.v. injection of 2 mg/kg ketamine HCl, induced dissociative anaesthesia of 16 +/- 1 min. When 1 mg/kg promazine HCl and a 2 mg/kg ketamine HCl were given simultaneously by rapid i.v. injection, a state of dissociative anaesthesia was induced with a mean duration of 17.1 +/- 2 min. Both treatments permitted minor surgery in the horse.", "PMID": 565705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6693", "title": "Priapism after sedation, neuroleptanalgesia and anaesthesia in the horse.", "content": "The paper reports 6 cases of priapism with subsequent protrusion and paresis after neuroleptanalgesia and anaesthesia in horses. Five were ultimately treated by amputation of the penis but the sixth horse is responding satisfactorily to conservative treatment at the time of writing. Causative factors, preventive measures and possible methods of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Priapism after sedation, neuroleptanalgesia and anaesthesia in the horse. The paper reports 6 cases of priapism with subsequent protrusion and paresis after neuroleptanalgesia and anaesthesia in horses. Five were ultimately treated by amputation of the penis but the sixth horse is responding satisfactorily to conservative treatment at the time of writing. Causative factors, preventive measures and possible methods of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 565706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6694", "title": "Ameloblastic ondontoma in a foal.", "content": "A 4 month old foal with right sided maxillary enlargement and considerable upper airway obstruction had an ameloblastic odontoma in the right maxillary sinus. This odontogenic tumour, probably congenital in nature, had extensively distorted the structure and contours of the sinus, and displaced the adjacent turbinates and nasal septum.", "contents": "Ameloblastic ondontoma in a foal. A 4 month old foal with right sided maxillary enlargement and considerable upper airway obstruction had an ameloblastic odontoma in the right maxillary sinus. This odontogenic tumour, probably congenital in nature, had extensively distorted the structure and contours of the sinus, and displaced the adjacent turbinates and nasal septum.", "PMID": 565707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6695", "title": "Changes in the sustentaculum tali associated with distension of the tarsal sheath (thoroughpin).", "content": "Results of the clinical and radiographic examination of 8 lame horses with tarsal sheath distension are described. In chronic cases pathological exostoses were identified radiographically in the sustentaculum tali and were demonstrated at post mortem in 4 of the horses which were destroyed. The prognosis and the feasibility of treatment are discussed in the light of these changes and the associated damage found at post mortem in the deep flexor tendon and its sheath. Trauma to the hock was known to have occurred in half the cases and was suspected in the others.", "contents": "Changes in the sustentaculum tali associated with distension of the tarsal sheath (thoroughpin). Results of the clinical and radiographic examination of 8 lame horses with tarsal sheath distension are described. In chronic cases pathological exostoses were identified radiographically in the sustentaculum tali and were demonstrated at post mortem in 4 of the horses which were destroyed. The prognosis and the feasibility of treatment are discussed in the light of these changes and the associated damage found at post mortem in the deep flexor tendon and its sheath. Trauma to the hock was known to have occurred in half the cases and was suspected in the others.", "PMID": 565708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6696", "title": "Studies on the conformational properties of the high-mobility-group chromosomal protein HMG 17 and its interaction with DNA.", "content": "The conformation of the non-histone chromatin protein, HMG 17, has been studied using circular dichroism, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and by small-angle scattering. The results show that in free solution this protein has little or no secondary or tertiary structure in contrast to the other high-mobility-group proteins, HMG 1 and 2, which exhibit highly ordered structures. Protein HMG 17 binds to calf thymus DNA in an ionic-dependent manner, precipitating the DNA at high protein/DNA ratio. The nuclear magnetic resonance data suggest that the principle DNA-binding segment of HMG 17 is that between about residues 15 and 40.", "contents": "Studies on the conformational properties of the high-mobility-group chromosomal protein HMG 17 and its interaction with DNA. The conformation of the non-histone chromatin protein, HMG 17, has been studied using circular dichroism, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and by small-angle scattering. The results show that in free solution this protein has little or no secondary or tertiary structure in contrast to the other high-mobility-group proteins, HMG 1 and 2, which exhibit highly ordered structures. Protein HMG 17 binds to calf thymus DNA in an ionic-dependent manner, precipitating the DNA at high protein/DNA ratio. The nuclear magnetic resonance data suggest that the principle DNA-binding segment of HMG 17 is that between about residues 15 and 40.", "PMID": 565710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6697", "title": "An analysis of the bovine genome by density-gradient centrifugation. Preparation of the dG+dC-rich DNA components.", "content": "The dG+dC-rich fractions obtained by density gradient centrifugation of bovine DNA in Cs2SO4/BAMD [J. Cortadas, G. Macaya & G. Bernardi (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 76, 13--19] were centrifuged in Cs2SO4/Ag+ density gradients. These experiments led to the preparation of the DNA components which had been detected (by analytical centrifugation in CsCl) in the Cs2SO4/BAMD fractions, and also of DNA components which had identical behaviors in Cs2SO4/BAMD gradients and identical buoyant densities in CsCl. A total of eight satellite components and 11 minor components, accounting for 23% and 4% of the bovine genome, respectively, were thus isolated and charcterized in their relative amounts and buoyant densities. The implications of these results on the interpretation of renaturation kinetic data on the bovine genome are discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of the bovine genome by density-gradient centrifugation. Preparation of the dG+dC-rich DNA components. The dG+dC-rich fractions obtained by density gradient centrifugation of bovine DNA in Cs2SO4/BAMD [J. Cortadas, G. Macaya & G. Bernardi (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 76, 13--19] were centrifuged in Cs2SO4/Ag+ density gradients. These experiments led to the preparation of the DNA components which had been detected (by analytical centrifugation in CsCl) in the Cs2SO4/BAMD fractions, and also of DNA components which had identical behaviors in Cs2SO4/BAMD gradients and identical buoyant densities in CsCl. A total of eight satellite components and 11 minor components, accounting for 23% and 4% of the bovine genome, respectively, were thus isolated and charcterized in their relative amounts and buoyant densities. The implications of these results on the interpretation of renaturation kinetic data on the bovine genome are discussed.", "PMID": 565711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6698", "title": "Restriction enzyme analysis of satellite DNA components from the bovine genome.", "content": "A restriction enzyme analysis was performed on satellite DNA components, isolated, as described in the preceding paper, from the bovine genome by a combination of Cs2SO4/BAMD and Cs2SO4/Ag+ density gradient centrifugation. Such an analysis has led to the unambiguous identification of eight satellite DNA components and to new information on their repeat units; this indicates that identical repeat lengths are shared by them, a fact strongly suggesting a common origin.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme analysis of satellite DNA components from the bovine genome. A restriction enzyme analysis was performed on satellite DNA components, isolated, as described in the preceding paper, from the bovine genome by a combination of Cs2SO4/BAMD and Cs2SO4/Ag+ density gradient centrifugation. Such an analysis has led to the unambiguous identification of eight satellite DNA components and to new information on their repeat units; this indicates that identical repeat lengths are shared by them, a fact strongly suggesting a common origin.", "PMID": 565712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6699", "title": "Structural requirements for maximal inhibitory allosteric effect of estrogens and estrogen analogues on glutamate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase by estrogens, estrogen analogues or polyphenylethylene derivatives (about one hundred molecules, most of them having estrogenic or antiestrogenic activities) was measured. The efficiency of these compounds in inducing allosteric inhibition of the enzyme was compared and correlated to their chemical structure: an aromatic ring A, a free phenolic group in the region of carbon 3 of the steroid nucleus and a lipophilic substitution in the region of C-12, C-13 or C-17 were found to be the main structural features required for maximal efficiency on glutamate dehydrogenase. A tentative model for the relative orientation of the main inhibitor families is proposed. It accounts for most of the kinetic results and can be used as a tool for the selection of affinity labels directed towards the estrogen binding site of glutamate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Structural requirements for maximal inhibitory allosteric effect of estrogens and estrogen analogues on glutamate dehydrogenase. The inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase by estrogens, estrogen analogues or polyphenylethylene derivatives (about one hundred molecules, most of them having estrogenic or antiestrogenic activities) was measured. The efficiency of these compounds in inducing allosteric inhibition of the enzyme was compared and correlated to their chemical structure: an aromatic ring A, a free phenolic group in the region of carbon 3 of the steroid nucleus and a lipophilic substitution in the region of C-12, C-13 or C-17 were found to be the main structural features required for maximal efficiency on glutamate dehydrogenase. A tentative model for the relative orientation of the main inhibitor families is proposed. It accounts for most of the kinetic results and can be used as a tool for the selection of affinity labels directed towards the estrogen binding site of glutamate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 565713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6700", "title": "Association of DNA polymerase with nucleosomes from mammalian cell chromatin.", "content": "More than half of the DNA polymerase beta in mouse ascites cell chromatin was found to be associated with monomeric nucleosomal particles (produced by micrococcal nuclease treatment of chromatin). Almost all nuclear DNA polymerase activity in lymphocytes was found to be associated with nucleosomes. The nucleosome-associated enzyme was mainly DNA polymerase beta in chromatin from resting and mainly DNA polymerase alpha in chromatin from concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Association of DNA polymerase with nucleosomes from mammalian cell chromatin. More than half of the DNA polymerase beta in mouse ascites cell chromatin was found to be associated with monomeric nucleosomal particles (produced by micrococcal nuclease treatment of chromatin). Almost all nuclear DNA polymerase activity in lymphocytes was found to be associated with nucleosomes. The nucleosome-associated enzyme was mainly DNA polymerase beta in chromatin from resting and mainly DNA polymerase alpha in chromatin from concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 565714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6701", "title": "The effects of phencyclidine on amphetamine stereotypy in rats.", "content": "In two separate experiments a 9 point rating scale was used to assess the effects of various doses of phencyclidine on the behavioral stereotypy produced by d-amphetamine in rats. A dose of phencyclidine (2.5 mg/kg) which had no effect when given alone, enhanced the behavioral effects of 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. Higher dises (5 and 10 mg/kg) of phencyclidine produced some stereotypy when given alone but they also produced ataxia which confounded the rating of their other behavioral effects. These higher doses did not enhance the effects of d-amphetamine. This study provides further evidence that phencyclidine may have dopaminergic activity similar to amphetamine.", "contents": "The effects of phencyclidine on amphetamine stereotypy in rats. In two separate experiments a 9 point rating scale was used to assess the effects of various doses of phencyclidine on the behavioral stereotypy produced by d-amphetamine in rats. A dose of phencyclidine (2.5 mg/kg) which had no effect when given alone, enhanced the behavioral effects of 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. Higher dises (5 and 10 mg/kg) of phencyclidine produced some stereotypy when given alone but they also produced ataxia which confounded the rating of their other behavioral effects. These higher doses did not enhance the effects of d-amphetamine. This study provides further evidence that phencyclidine may have dopaminergic activity similar to amphetamine.", "PMID": 565717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6702", "title": "Cytogenetics of recurrent abortions.", "content": "Chromosome banding studies were carried out on both partners of 37 couples who had had two or more spontaneous abortions. Three patients had chromosome disorders; one was a triple-X female and the other two (one male and one female) were t(13;14) translocation carriers. Review of the literature indicates that the over-all frequency of major chromosome disorders in couples with repeated abortions is 2.6%. About three-fourths of these disorders are reciprocal and Robersonian translocations.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of recurrent abortions. Chromosome banding studies were carried out on both partners of 37 couples who had had two or more spontaneous abortions. Three patients had chromosome disorders; one was a triple-X female and the other two (one male and one female) were t(13;14) translocation carriers. Review of the literature indicates that the over-all frequency of major chromosome disorders in couples with repeated abortions is 2.6%. About three-fourths of these disorders are reciprocal and Robersonian translocations.", "PMID": 565723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6703", "title": "Dextran T 500--induction of spreading in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells on glass surface.", "content": "The experiments were carried out in order to find factors which could induce attachment and spreading of Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells on solid substrata. In normal culture media, serum-free as well as serum-containing, these cells did not spread and very weakly attached onto glass. It was found that after coating the cell surfaces with dextran T 500 the EAT cells strongly attached and spread extensively on glass. This spreading could be inhibited or reversed by washing out the dextran or adding calf serum. Dextran T 500 caused rapid spreading also in chick embryo fibroblasts and mouse lymphocytes. Some aspects of these results in connection with contemporary views concerning the processes of cell attachment and spreading are discussed.", "contents": "Dextran T 500--induction of spreading in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells on glass surface. The experiments were carried out in order to find factors which could induce attachment and spreading of Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells on solid substrata. In normal culture media, serum-free as well as serum-containing, these cells did not spread and very weakly attached onto glass. It was found that after coating the cell surfaces with dextran T 500 the EAT cells strongly attached and spread extensively on glass. This spreading could be inhibited or reversed by washing out the dextran or adding calf serum. Dextran T 500 caused rapid spreading also in chick embryo fibroblasts and mouse lymphocytes. Some aspects of these results in connection with contemporary views concerning the processes of cell attachment and spreading are discussed.", "PMID": 565724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6704", "title": "[Twin pregnancy in a patient with Glanzmann disease (congenital thrombasthenia) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 30-year old primigravida with a family history of bleeding and a personal history of nasopharyngeal bleeding since age four. Severe menorrhagia since her menarche. First seen at 20 weeks gestation with naso-pharyngeal bleeding and a twin pregnancy. The patient was found to have Glanzmann's disease (congenital thrombasthenia) with an excessive lack of factor XIII. Ambulatory treatment with packed cell transfusions until 35 weeks gestation. The thrombelastogram did not improve with transfusions of platelet concentrates. In-patient treatment from 35 to 37 weeks gestation, no vaginal bleeding throughout the pregnancy. Elective Caesarean hysterectomy at 37 weeks gestation with lo units fresh blood, 3 units platelet concentrate and 10 ampules factor XIII concentrate in readiness. Delivery of twin girls 3180 and 3050 g without signs of Glanzmann's disease. Treatment of the maternal bleeding by replacement. Factor XIII 80% of normal 8 weeks postpartum. This appears to be the first case of twin pregnancy in the presence of Glanzmann's disease and the fourth case in the world literature.", "contents": "[Twin pregnancy in a patient with Glanzmann disease (congenital thrombasthenia) (author's transl)]. Report on a 30-year old primigravida with a family history of bleeding and a personal history of nasopharyngeal bleeding since age four. Severe menorrhagia since her menarche. First seen at 20 weeks gestation with naso-pharyngeal bleeding and a twin pregnancy. The patient was found to have Glanzmann's disease (congenital thrombasthenia) with an excessive lack of factor XIII. Ambulatory treatment with packed cell transfusions until 35 weeks gestation. The thrombelastogram did not improve with transfusions of platelet concentrates. In-patient treatment from 35 to 37 weeks gestation, no vaginal bleeding throughout the pregnancy. Elective Caesarean hysterectomy at 37 weeks gestation with lo units fresh blood, 3 units platelet concentrate and 10 ampules factor XIII concentrate in readiness. Delivery of twin girls 3180 and 3050 g without signs of Glanzmann's disease. Treatment of the maternal bleeding by replacement. Factor XIII 80% of normal 8 weeks postpartum. This appears to be the first case of twin pregnancy in the presence of Glanzmann's disease and the fourth case in the world literature.", "PMID": 565730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6705", "title": "Effect of brefeldin A and actinomycin D on culture growth and brefeldin A yield in Curvularia lunata.", "content": "Cultures incorporated with increasing quantities of brefeldin A in the form of crude extracts of fungal metabolites prior to inoculation demonstrated reduced growth rate and no significant increase in brefeldin A content. On the other hand, cultures incubated with increasing levels of actinomycin D on the 8th day of cultivation showed slight stimulation of brefeldin A formation with insignificant effect on growth.", "contents": "Effect of brefeldin A and actinomycin D on culture growth and brefeldin A yield in Curvularia lunata. Cultures incorporated with increasing quantities of brefeldin A in the form of crude extracts of fungal metabolites prior to inoculation demonstrated reduced growth rate and no significant increase in brefeldin A content. On the other hand, cultures incubated with increasing levels of actinomycin D on the 8th day of cultivation showed slight stimulation of brefeldin A formation with insignificant effect on growth.", "PMID": 565737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6706", "title": "[Hemoglobins, XXI: sequence analysis of porcine hemoglobin (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemoglobin of a bavarian domestic pig (Suidae) was isolated. The chains were separated by countercurrent distribution, then cleaved with trypsin. The isolated peptides were sequenced with hydrophilic phenylisothiocyanate I and IV, or with a dimethylaminopropyne program in the sequenator. The sequences of the chains are given. Some methodical aspects of automatic sequencing are discussed and the sequences of human porcine hemoglobin are compared. The role of adult pig haemoglobin as foetal hemoglobin is discussed.", "contents": "[Hemoglobins, XXI: sequence analysis of porcine hemoglobin (author's transl)]. The hemoglobin of a bavarian domestic pig (Suidae) was isolated. The chains were separated by countercurrent distribution, then cleaved with trypsin. The isolated peptides were sequenced with hydrophilic phenylisothiocyanate I and IV, or with a dimethylaminopropyne program in the sequenator. The sequences of the chains are given. Some methodical aspects of automatic sequencing are discussed and the sequences of human porcine hemoglobin are compared. The role of adult pig haemoglobin as foetal hemoglobin is discussed.", "PMID": 565742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6707", "title": "A further case of a 22;22 Robertsonian translocation associated with recurrent abortions.", "content": "A case of 22;22 Robertsonian translocation, identified in the husband of a woman who had five early abortions, is reported.", "contents": "A further case of a 22;22 Robertsonian translocation associated with recurrent abortions. A case of 22;22 Robertsonian translocation, identified in the husband of a woman who had five early abortions, is reported.", "PMID": 565744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6708", "title": "Familial occurrence of severe ulnar aplasia and lobster claw feet: a new syndrome.", "content": "In this paper we describe a previously unreported association of ulnar defect and lobster-claw deformity of the feet, occurring in four males belonging to two generations of the same family. Minor expression of the same ulnar reduction defect in female relatives suggests X-linked recessive inheritance, but an autosomal dominant with irregular expression cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of severe ulnar aplasia and lobster claw feet: a new syndrome. In this paper we describe a previously unreported association of ulnar defect and lobster-claw deformity of the feet, occurring in four males belonging to two generations of the same family. Minor expression of the same ulnar reduction defect in female relatives suggests X-linked recessive inheritance, but an autosomal dominant with irregular expression cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 565745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6709", "title": "[Indications and contraindications for plasma substitutes in surgery].", "content": "The indication for the infusion of plasma substitutes has been considerably limited as the result of a series of grave incidents. Prior to each application, differential-therapeutic deliberations must decide on the choice of plasma substitute bringing about the desired success in accordance with its physico-chemical characteristics and clinical values. The type and severity of a probable anaphylactoid incident and its therapy should also be considered.", "contents": "[Indications and contraindications for plasma substitutes in surgery]. The indication for the infusion of plasma substitutes has been considerably limited as the result of a series of grave incidents. Prior to each application, differential-therapeutic deliberations must decide on the choice of plasma substitute bringing about the desired success in accordance with its physico-chemical characteristics and clinical values. The type and severity of a probable anaphylactoid incident and its therapy should also be considered.", "PMID": 565747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6710", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the donor and the thrombocyte function in thrombopheresis with a cell separator (Aminco)].", "content": "In the continuous cell separation (Aminco) the temperature of the extracorporal blood is diminished by 9.3 degrees C. The calculated cooling of the intracardiac blood of 0.1 degrees C does not lead to an irregular cardiac rhythm. The donor only needs 0.339 kcal/min to rewarm the blood. It is necessary to rewarm the blood before retransfusion only if you have proved evidence of coldness antibodies with an extremely wide amplitude of temperature.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the donor and the thrombocyte function in thrombopheresis with a cell separator (Aminco)]. In the continuous cell separation (Aminco) the temperature of the extracorporal blood is diminished by 9.3 degrees C. The calculated cooling of the intracardiac blood of 0.1 degrees C does not lead to an irregular cardiac rhythm. The donor only needs 0.339 kcal/min to rewarm the blood. It is necessary to rewarm the blood before retransfusion only if you have proved evidence of coldness antibodies with an extremely wide amplitude of temperature.", "PMID": 565748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6711", "title": "[Diagnosis of disorders of the electrolyte metabolism by means of Frank's corrected orthogonal (k.o.) ECG].", "content": "The usual ECG criteria in the metabolism disturbance of calcium and potassium are touched. The content of electrolyts in the cells is not to be found in vivo by chemical methods. A loss of potassium in the cell makes a potential difference, which is defined as lesion potenial between the lesion focus and its intact environment. Lesion potentials change the ECG in such a typical manner, that it is possible to locate the latered focus by the ECG pattern in lead x, y and z.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of disorders of the electrolyte metabolism by means of Frank's corrected orthogonal (k.o.) ECG]. The usual ECG criteria in the metabolism disturbance of calcium and potassium are touched. The content of electrolyts in the cells is not to be found in vivo by chemical methods. A loss of potassium in the cell makes a potential difference, which is defined as lesion potenial between the lesion focus and its intact environment. Lesion potentials change the ECG in such a typical manner, that it is possible to locate the latered focus by the ECG pattern in lead x, y and z.", "PMID": 565749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6712", "title": "[Thrombocyte aggregation after abdominal hysterectomy with combined prevention of thromboembolism using 6% macrodex and sintrom].", "content": "Thrombocyte aggregation was investigated, according to Born, in 14 patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy due to benign illness. The patients received dextran 60 and 4-hydroxycoumarin as prophylactic therapy for early and late thromboembolism. The following results were obtained: 1. The ability of the thrombocytes to aggregate was reduced by half, 2 hours postoperatively, after administration of dextran 60, and remained at this level during the first postoperative day. This action was independent of the concentration and type of agent used in the aggregation test. The original values were attained again on the 4th postoperative day. The speed and force of desaggregation showed reverse behaviour. 2. Results bore no relationships to the age of the patient. 3. This combined prophylactic therapy with macrodex (500 ml intraoperatively) and sintrom (from the 1st postoperative day) seems to give adequate protection in both the intra- and postoperative risk phases.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte aggregation after abdominal hysterectomy with combined prevention of thromboembolism using 6% macrodex and sintrom]. Thrombocyte aggregation was investigated, according to Born, in 14 patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy due to benign illness. The patients received dextran 60 and 4-hydroxycoumarin as prophylactic therapy for early and late thromboembolism. The following results were obtained: 1. The ability of the thrombocytes to aggregate was reduced by half, 2 hours postoperatively, after administration of dextran 60, and remained at this level during the first postoperative day. This action was independent of the concentration and type of agent used in the aggregation test. The original values were attained again on the 4th postoperative day. The speed and force of desaggregation showed reverse behaviour. 2. Results bore no relationships to the age of the patient. 3. This combined prophylactic therapy with macrodex (500 ml intraoperatively) and sintrom (from the 1st postoperative day) seems to give adequate protection in both the intra- and postoperative risk phases.", "PMID": 565750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6713", "title": "Liver lesions in experimental lepromatoid leprosy of the armadillo. A histopathologic study.", "content": "A retrospective study of liver lesions was made in 13 armadillos infected intracutaneously with 10(7) M. leprae from the same inoculum, to evaluate the pathogenesis of the experimental disease. Survival times ranged from 13 to 55 months. In seven armadillos the liver lesions were markedly less severe than in six of these animals. The extent of the lesions was unrelated to the duration of the infection and was interpreted as reflecting individual differences in resistance. In contrast to man, leprosy bacilli were found in the liver cells of both groups of armadillos but to a lesser extent in those of the more resistant armadillos. The latter also had no obvious changes in the liver tissue except for round cell infiltration and prominent Kupffer's cells which contained M. leprae. These lesions can be compared to indeterminate leprosy in humans. The lesions in the more susceptible (lepromatoid) armadillos were initiated in Kupffer's cells. Later, large collections of bacillated macrophages infiltrated the liver lobules. The liver cells heavily loaded with M. leprae developed a pale granular cytoplasm which became foamy in the late lesions. In three of the lepromatoid livers, lesions compatible with erythema nodosum leprosum were seen.", "contents": "Liver lesions in experimental lepromatoid leprosy of the armadillo. A histopathologic study. A retrospective study of liver lesions was made in 13 armadillos infected intracutaneously with 10(7) M. leprae from the same inoculum, to evaluate the pathogenesis of the experimental disease. Survival times ranged from 13 to 55 months. In seven armadillos the liver lesions were markedly less severe than in six of these animals. The extent of the lesions was unrelated to the duration of the infection and was interpreted as reflecting individual differences in resistance. In contrast to man, leprosy bacilli were found in the liver cells of both groups of armadillos but to a lesser extent in those of the more resistant armadillos. The latter also had no obvious changes in the liver tissue except for round cell infiltration and prominent Kupffer's cells which contained M. leprae. These lesions can be compared to indeterminate leprosy in humans. The lesions in the more susceptible (lepromatoid) armadillos were initiated in Kupffer's cells. Later, large collections of bacillated macrophages infiltrated the liver lobules. The liver cells heavily loaded with M. leprae developed a pale granular cytoplasm which became foamy in the late lesions. In three of the lepromatoid livers, lesions compatible with erythema nodosum leprosum were seen.", "PMID": 565751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6714", "title": "Hepatic lesions in asymptomatic children of leprosy patients.", "content": "Forty-two asymptomatic children of leprosy patients were studied for possible hepatic lesions. Hepatic lesions were observed in 47% while acid-fast bacilli in the liver were found in 9.5%. The most frequent lesions encountered included granuloma in 9.5%, focal areas of necrosis in 14%, portal triaditis in 17%, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia in 33%. Occasionally more than one lesion was observed in a biopsy. No correlation with the occurrence of the various hepatic lesions could be made with a history of BCG vaccination or results of skin tests done with tuberculin and lepromin.", "contents": "Hepatic lesions in asymptomatic children of leprosy patients. Forty-two asymptomatic children of leprosy patients were studied for possible hepatic lesions. Hepatic lesions were observed in 47% while acid-fast bacilli in the liver were found in 9.5%. The most frequent lesions encountered included granuloma in 9.5%, focal areas of necrosis in 14%, portal triaditis in 17%, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia in 33%. Occasionally more than one lesion was observed in a biopsy. No correlation with the occurrence of the various hepatic lesions could be made with a history of BCG vaccination or results of skin tests done with tuberculin and lepromin.", "PMID": 565754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6715", "title": "Palmar flexion creases and dermatoglyphics in leprosy patients.", "content": "Palmar configurations of 115 male and 48 female leprosy patients were compared with 536 males and 426 female normal individuals of the same population. The data was derived from Nekararu (weavers) castes of Karnataka State, India. Among flexion creases, the single radial base crease (SRBC) especially showed more association with leprosy in both male and female patients than their respective controls. Among dermatoglyphics, only C-line types are significantly different in male leprosy patients as compared to their controls. The female patients also showed more C-absent lines than the control group. The susceptibility to bacterial infection may be due to some biologic deficiency which warrants continued investigation on a broader and more intensive basis.", "contents": "Palmar flexion creases and dermatoglyphics in leprosy patients. Palmar configurations of 115 male and 48 female leprosy patients were compared with 536 males and 426 female normal individuals of the same population. The data was derived from Nekararu (weavers) castes of Karnataka State, India. Among flexion creases, the single radial base crease (SRBC) especially showed more association with leprosy in both male and female patients than their respective controls. Among dermatoglyphics, only C-line types are significantly different in male leprosy patients as compared to their controls. The female patients also showed more C-absent lines than the control group. The susceptibility to bacterial infection may be due to some biologic deficiency which warrants continued investigation on a broader and more intensive basis.", "PMID": 565756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6716", "title": "Surgical decompression of nerves in leprosy. An attempt at prevention of deformities. A clinical, electrophysiologic, histopathologic and surgical study.", "content": "Forty-five leprosy patients were electively subjected to extraneural decompression and medial longitudinal epineurotomy in anticipation that relief from compression may favorably alter the course of the disease by retrieving reversibly damaged nerve bundles and preventing further progression of disease. Neurolysis was performed in 69 nerves, including the ulnar, median, lateral popliteal and posterior tibial. The period of follow-up was up to three years. Excellent sensory recovery was seen in most patients while motor recovery was less predictable. The recovery seen was better in those patients taking treatment early and also at the age the surgery was carried out. Motor damage appeared more severe in the 10-20 year age group. Most of the beneficial effects can be explained on the basis of increased vascularity due to relief from extraneural and intraneural compression.", "contents": "Surgical decompression of nerves in leprosy. An attempt at prevention of deformities. A clinical, electrophysiologic, histopathologic and surgical study. Forty-five leprosy patients were electively subjected to extraneural decompression and medial longitudinal epineurotomy in anticipation that relief from compression may favorably alter the course of the disease by retrieving reversibly damaged nerve bundles and preventing further progression of disease. Neurolysis was performed in 69 nerves, including the ulnar, median, lateral popliteal and posterior tibial. The period of follow-up was up to three years. Excellent sensory recovery was seen in most patients while motor recovery was less predictable. The recovery seen was better in those patients taking treatment early and also at the age the surgery was carried out. Motor damage appeared more severe in the 10-20 year age group. Most of the beneficial effects can be explained on the basis of increased vascularity due to relief from extraneural and intraneural compression.", "PMID": 565755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6717", "title": "Application of an economic model to the study of leprosy control costs.", "content": "The effectiveness of various control methods for reducing the incidence of leprosy have been tested over 20 years and compared with predictions made using the present current control method (early diagnosis and mass treatment). Specific vaccination of the whole population, a control measure yet to be developed, has been identified as the most effective strategy in the long run. A cost-effectiveness analysis has been carried out for three indicators, annual incidence, annual prevalence and cumulative prevalence at 20 years, using cumulative costs. The analysis indicates that specific vaccination at high levels of coverage is the most effective method for controlling incidence in the long term. Provided the cost of the vaccination campaign during the first years (roughly fourfold the funds required for carrying out the current strategy) can be supported, specific vaccination is also the most cost-effective method where a high level of effectiveness is required. Specific vaccination is still the most advantageous method if prevalence or cumulative prevalence are taken to indicate the effectiveness of leprosy control. The BCG-type of vaccination is not only less effective, it is also less cost-effective. Reducing the rate of abandonment of treatment (which in the model has been simulated by increasing the rate of resuming treatment) and earlier detection both appear as useful methods under conditions of severe budgetary constraints. Their ultimate effectiveness in terms of incidence reduction is, however, very small. As expected, segregation is costly and ineffective compared with other methods. In each simulation, the cost of treating the backlog of patients already ill or infected (incubating) at the time the control measures are initiated is high. Methods aimed at reducing transmission, such as vaccination, early treatment or segregation, have long-delayed effects on the cost even if incidence is reduced. The major cost item in these control measures is the prolonged or even life-long treatment of patients. The development of fast-acting, effective treatment is likely to be the only way to reduce the cost in the short term. Thus, in addition to research aimed at developing a vaccine for leprosy, resources should also be allocated for developing new therapeutics.", "contents": "Application of an economic model to the study of leprosy control costs. The effectiveness of various control methods for reducing the incidence of leprosy have been tested over 20 years and compared with predictions made using the present current control method (early diagnosis and mass treatment). Specific vaccination of the whole population, a control measure yet to be developed, has been identified as the most effective strategy in the long run. A cost-effectiveness analysis has been carried out for three indicators, annual incidence, annual prevalence and cumulative prevalence at 20 years, using cumulative costs. The analysis indicates that specific vaccination at high levels of coverage is the most effective method for controlling incidence in the long term. Provided the cost of the vaccination campaign during the first years (roughly fourfold the funds required for carrying out the current strategy) can be supported, specific vaccination is also the most cost-effective method where a high level of effectiveness is required. Specific vaccination is still the most advantageous method if prevalence or cumulative prevalence are taken to indicate the effectiveness of leprosy control. The BCG-type of vaccination is not only less effective, it is also less cost-effective. Reducing the rate of abandonment of treatment (which in the model has been simulated by increasing the rate of resuming treatment) and earlier detection both appear as useful methods under conditions of severe budgetary constraints. Their ultimate effectiveness in terms of incidence reduction is, however, very small. As expected, segregation is costly and ineffective compared with other methods. In each simulation, the cost of treating the backlog of patients already ill or infected (incubating) at the time the control measures are initiated is high. Methods aimed at reducing transmission, such as vaccination, early treatment or segregation, have long-delayed effects on the cost even if incidence is reduced. The major cost item in these control measures is the prolonged or even life-long treatment of patients. The development of fast-acting, effective treatment is likely to be the only way to reduce the cost in the short term. Thus, in addition to research aimed at developing a vaccine for leprosy, resources should also be allocated for developing new therapeutics.", "PMID": 565752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6718", "title": "The association between age of onset and mortality in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "A life-table approach was employed to estimate expectation of survival of the non-leprous members of a population in which leprosy is endemic. The observed survival of members who developed lepromatous leprosy at different ages was compared with that expected after having attained the age at which onset occurred. Those whose onset occurred at later, as opposed to earlier, ages more frequently lived their expected remaining years of life. Survival was not decreased in those whose onset occurred after age 20. It is hypothesized that those whose onset occurs after maturity are more resistant to complications arising from infection with M. leprae which can lead prematurely to death.", "contents": "The association between age of onset and mortality in lepromatous leprosy. A life-table approach was employed to estimate expectation of survival of the non-leprous members of a population in which leprosy is endemic. The observed survival of members who developed lepromatous leprosy at different ages was compared with that expected after having attained the age at which onset occurred. Those whose onset occurred at later, as opposed to earlier, ages more frequently lived their expected remaining years of life. Survival was not decreased in those whose onset occurred after age 20. It is hypothesized that those whose onset occurs after maturity are more resistant to complications arising from infection with M. leprae which can lead prematurely to death.", "PMID": 565753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6719", "title": "Serum proteins and immunoglobulins in leprosy.", "content": "Serum proteins and immunoglobulins were studied in patients suffering from various types of leprosy. A significant increase in total protein and decrease in albumin was found in all types of leprosy except borderline-tuberculoid. Gamma globulin was found to be increased in all types. An increase of alpha-2-globulin in lepromatous, a decrease of beta globulin in borderline-lepromatous, and a decrease of alpha-2 and increase of beta globulin in borderline-tuberculoid were observed. These changes do not seem to be of diagnostic importance. A statistically significant increase of IgG in borderline-lepromatous and lepromatous, IgM in all types of leprosy and IgA only in lepromatous was found. The increase of different immunoglobulins in leprosy, especially the lepromatous type, suggests a humoral response which was found to be directly proportional to the severity of the lesion.", "contents": "Serum proteins and immunoglobulins in leprosy. Serum proteins and immunoglobulins were studied in patients suffering from various types of leprosy. A significant increase in total protein and decrease in albumin was found in all types of leprosy except borderline-tuberculoid. Gamma globulin was found to be increased in all types. An increase of alpha-2-globulin in lepromatous, a decrease of beta globulin in borderline-lepromatous, and a decrease of alpha-2 and increase of beta globulin in borderline-tuberculoid were observed. These changes do not seem to be of diagnostic importance. A statistically significant increase of IgG in borderline-lepromatous and lepromatous, IgM in all types of leprosy and IgA only in lepromatous was found. The increase of different immunoglobulins in leprosy, especially the lepromatous type, suggests a humoral response which was found to be directly proportional to the severity of the lesion.", "PMID": 565758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6720", "title": "Measurement of blood O2 and CO2 concentrations using PO2 and PCO2 electrodes.", "content": "Accurate dilution of a small blood volume with a carbon monoxide-saturated solution allows measurement of the whole blood O2 concentration as an increase in O2 tension in the solution. We have improved the method by simplifying both equipment and procedure. We also suggest an additional step in which the mixture is acidified, thereby allowing the measurement of CO2 concentration in the same solution with a CO2 electrode. The accuracy of both the O2 and CO2 determinations compares favorably with that obtained with other micromethods.", "contents": "Measurement of blood O2 and CO2 concentrations using PO2 and PCO2 electrodes. Accurate dilution of a small blood volume with a carbon monoxide-saturated solution allows measurement of the whole blood O2 concentration as an increase in O2 tension in the solution. We have improved the method by simplifying both equipment and procedure. We also suggest an additional step in which the mixture is acidified, thereby allowing the measurement of CO2 concentration in the same solution with a CO2 electrode. The accuracy of both the O2 and CO2 determinations compares favorably with that obtained with other micromethods.", "PMID": 565765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6721", "title": "Nonneurogenic urinary incontinence in a canine female pseudohermaphrodite.", "content": "Nonneurogenic incontinence was observed in a 1-year-old Pekingese X Poodle with female pseudohermaphroditism. The dog had male external genitalia as well as a well-developed vagina, uterus, and ovaries. Urinary incontinence was caused by an anomalous communication of the prostatic urethra with the vagina. Ovariohysterectomy and surgical correction of the urethrovaginal fistula was followed by remission of urinary incontinence. Subsequently, the dog developed estrogen responsive urinary incontinence. Nonneurogenic incontinence to be a common finding in canine pseudohermaphroditism associated with abnormalities of the vagina or urethra (or both). Surgical correction should be considered to correct anomalous communications between the genital and lower urinary tracts.", "contents": "Nonneurogenic urinary incontinence in a canine female pseudohermaphrodite. Nonneurogenic incontinence was observed in a 1-year-old Pekingese X Poodle with female pseudohermaphroditism. The dog had male external genitalia as well as a well-developed vagina, uterus, and ovaries. Urinary incontinence was caused by an anomalous communication of the prostatic urethra with the vagina. Ovariohysterectomy and surgical correction of the urethrovaginal fistula was followed by remission of urinary incontinence. Subsequently, the dog developed estrogen responsive urinary incontinence. Nonneurogenic incontinence to be a common finding in canine pseudohermaphroditism associated with abnormalities of the vagina or urethra (or both). Surgical correction should be considered to correct anomalous communications between the genital and lower urinary tracts.", "PMID": 565767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6722", "title": "Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs: collaborative study.", "content": "The thin layer chromatographic method of Trucksess et al. for aflatoxin B1 in eggs was collaboratively studied. Each collaborator analyzed 3 known practice samples and 9 unknown samples containing added aflatoxin B1 at 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 ng/g. For 9 collaborators, recoveries for the 3 positive levels were: 0--0.13 ng/g (average 98%, coefficient of variation (C.V.) 83%), 0.05--0.18 ng/g (average 102%, C.V. 36%, and 0.11--0.42 ng/g (average 93%, C.V. 31%), respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs: collaborative study. The thin layer chromatographic method of Trucksess et al. for aflatoxin B1 in eggs was collaboratively studied. Each collaborator analyzed 3 known practice samples and 9 unknown samples containing added aflatoxin B1 at 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 ng/g. For 9 collaborators, recoveries for the 3 positive levels were: 0--0.13 ng/g (average 98%, coefficient of variation (C.V.) 83%), 0.05--0.18 ng/g (average 102%, C.V. 36%, and 0.11--0.42 ng/g (average 93%, C.V. 31%), respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 565768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6723", "title": "On the inhibition of human leukocyte elastase by trifluoroacetyl tripeptides.", "content": "The recently reported Ki values for human leukocyte elastase and a series of trifluoroacetylated peptides are erroneous because the enzyme preparation was contaminated by a small amount of porcine pancreatic elastase. The correct Ki values are much higher. However, trifluoroacetylated peptides are still much more potent inhibitors than the corresponding acetylated peptides.", "contents": "On the inhibition of human leukocyte elastase by trifluoroacetyl tripeptides. The recently reported Ki values for human leukocyte elastase and a series of trifluoroacetylated peptides are erroneous because the enzyme preparation was contaminated by a small amount of porcine pancreatic elastase. The correct Ki values are much higher. However, trifluoroacetylated peptides are still much more potent inhibitors than the corresponding acetylated peptides.", "PMID": 565771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6724", "title": "Pyrene excimer fluorescence in rabbit skeletal alphaalphatropomyosin labeled with N-(1-pyrene)maleimide. A probe of sulfhydryl proximity and local chain separation.", "content": "Rabbit skeletal alphaalphatropomyosin was specificially labeled at cysteine 190 with the fluorescent reagent, N-(1-pyrene)maleimide. Spectroscopically different products were obtained by labeling at pH 6.0 (PyrI-alphaalphaTm) or pH 7.5 (PyrII-alphaalphaTm). PyrII-alphaalphaTm results from a secondary reaction between the N-(1-pyrene)succinimido moiety at cysteine 190 of PyrI-alphaalphaTm and a lysine group on the same chain, probably lysine 189. Pyrene excimer fluorescence was present in the native state but absent in the unfolded state of both products, thus verifying the proximity of the--SH groups and the chain register model for the structure of tropomyosin. Studies of the guanidinium chloride-dependent unfolding of PyrII-alphaalphaTm showed that loss of excimer fluorescence precedes unfolding, providing evidence for a region of preferential instability in the molecule near cysteine 190. This work suggests that N-(1-pyrene)maleimide could be used to probe both--SH proximity and local conformation in any protein if the presence of two or more proximal--SH groups is suspected.", "contents": "Pyrene excimer fluorescence in rabbit skeletal alphaalphatropomyosin labeled with N-(1-pyrene)maleimide. A probe of sulfhydryl proximity and local chain separation. Rabbit skeletal alphaalphatropomyosin was specificially labeled at cysteine 190 with the fluorescent reagent, N-(1-pyrene)maleimide. Spectroscopically different products were obtained by labeling at pH 6.0 (PyrI-alphaalphaTm) or pH 7.5 (PyrII-alphaalphaTm). PyrII-alphaalphaTm results from a secondary reaction between the N-(1-pyrene)succinimido moiety at cysteine 190 of PyrI-alphaalphaTm and a lysine group on the same chain, probably lysine 189. Pyrene excimer fluorescence was present in the native state but absent in the unfolded state of both products, thus verifying the proximity of the--SH groups and the chain register model for the structure of tropomyosin. Studies of the guanidinium chloride-dependent unfolding of PyrII-alphaalphaTm showed that loss of excimer fluorescence precedes unfolding, providing evidence for a region of preferential instability in the molecule near cysteine 190. This work suggests that N-(1-pyrene)maleimide could be used to probe both--SH proximity and local conformation in any protein if the presence of two or more proximal--SH groups is suspected.", "PMID": 565773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6725", "title": "Characterization of human angiotensinogen.", "content": "In this study of the physical and chemical properties of human angiotensinogen were determined. Human angiotensinogen is a glycoprotein containing 14% carbohydrate. The molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium studies was 56,800. A higher molecular weight was obtained on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Ferguson-type plots indicated that angiotensinogen is another glycoprotein which behaves anomalously on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. The COOH-terminal amino acid was found to be serine while two NH2-terminal amino acids, alanine and aspartic acid (or asparagine), were detected. The specific angiotensin I content of angiotensinogen preparations can vary considerably with no effect on the apparent homogeneity of the isolated protein. A protein with negligible angiotensin I content has been obtained from a preparation of human angiotensinogen. The COOH-terminal amino acid of this protein was serine while the only NH2-terminal amino acid detected was alanine.", "contents": "Characterization of human angiotensinogen. In this study of the physical and chemical properties of human angiotensinogen were determined. Human angiotensinogen is a glycoprotein containing 14% carbohydrate. The molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium studies was 56,800. A higher molecular weight was obtained on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Ferguson-type plots indicated that angiotensinogen is another glycoprotein which behaves anomalously on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. The COOH-terminal amino acid was found to be serine while two NH2-terminal amino acids, alanine and aspartic acid (or asparagine), were detected. The specific angiotensin I content of angiotensinogen preparations can vary considerably with no effect on the apparent homogeneity of the isolated protein. A protein with negligible angiotensin I content has been obtained from a preparation of human angiotensinogen. The COOH-terminal amino acid of this protein was serine while the only NH2-terminal amino acid detected was alanine.", "PMID": 565774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6726", "title": "Regulation of the synthesis of two carbohydrate-binding proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The relative rate of de novo synthesis of two membrane-associated carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBP) has been examined during Dictyostelium development. The results show that the relative rate of CBP synthesis is minimal during the vegetative stage and increases to represent approximately 3.5 to 5% of newly synthesized protein during the aggregation stage after which the relative rate decreases. Analysis of the relative rates of synthesis of CBP-26 and CBP-24 indicate that at the peak period of synthesis (approximately 5 to 9 h of development) CBP-26 is synthesized at a rate which is approximately eight times greater than CBP-24. In addition, we have examined the relative amount of CBP-26 and CBP-24 mRNA during development as assayed by its ability to direct CBP synthesis in in vitro protein-synthesizing systems. We show that there is no detectable CBP mRNA in vegetative cells and that during the pre-aggregating stages, assayable CBP mRNA appears and accumulates with a maximal level at the period of peak in vivo CBP synthesis. These results suggest that the rate at CBP synthesis in vivo is controlled by the relative amount of functional mRNA.", "contents": "Regulation of the synthesis of two carbohydrate-binding proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum. The relative rate of de novo synthesis of two membrane-associated carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBP) has been examined during Dictyostelium development. The results show that the relative rate of CBP synthesis is minimal during the vegetative stage and increases to represent approximately 3.5 to 5% of newly synthesized protein during the aggregation stage after which the relative rate decreases. Analysis of the relative rates of synthesis of CBP-26 and CBP-24 indicate that at the peak period of synthesis (approximately 5 to 9 h of development) CBP-26 is synthesized at a rate which is approximately eight times greater than CBP-24. In addition, we have examined the relative amount of CBP-26 and CBP-24 mRNA during development as assayed by its ability to direct CBP synthesis in in vitro protein-synthesizing systems. We show that there is no detectable CBP mRNA in vegetative cells and that during the pre-aggregating stages, assayable CBP mRNA appears and accumulates with a maximal level at the period of peak in vivo CBP synthesis. These results suggest that the rate at CBP synthesis in vivo is controlled by the relative amount of functional mRNA.", "PMID": 565775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6727", "title": "Paracrystalline arrays of membrane-to-membrane cross bridges associated with the inner surface of plasma membrane.", "content": "In cultured cells of the rat kangaroo PtK2 line, veils of the cell surface were observed which consisted of only plasma membrane and paracrystalline arrays of membrane-associated particles sandwiched in between. These membrane-to-membrane cross-bridging 9-to 11-nm wide particles were somewhat coumellar-shaped and were arranged on a hexagonal lattice with an interparticle distance of 16nm. At higher magnification, they revealed an unstained core, thus suggesting a ringlike substructure. Similar arrays of paracrystal-containing veils, which were rather variable in size and frequency, were also observed in other cultured cells. It is hypothesized that these paracrystals represent protein macromolecular complexes associated with the inner plasma membrane surface which crystallize when plasma membranes come into close intracellular contact and other components of the subsurface network are removed.", "contents": "Paracrystalline arrays of membrane-to-membrane cross bridges associated with the inner surface of plasma membrane. In cultured cells of the rat kangaroo PtK2 line, veils of the cell surface were observed which consisted of only plasma membrane and paracrystalline arrays of membrane-associated particles sandwiched in between. These membrane-to-membrane cross-bridging 9-to 11-nm wide particles were somewhat coumellar-shaped and were arranged on a hexagonal lattice with an interparticle distance of 16nm. At higher magnification, they revealed an unstained core, thus suggesting a ringlike substructure. Similar arrays of paracrystal-containing veils, which were rather variable in size and frequency, were also observed in other cultured cells. It is hypothesized that these paracrystals represent protein macromolecular complexes associated with the inner plasma membrane surface which crystallize when plasma membranes come into close intracellular contact and other components of the subsurface network are removed.", "PMID": 565778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6728", "title": "Interrelated lipid alterations and their influence on the proliferation and fusion of cultured myogenic cells.", "content": "We have cultured myogenic cells derived from primary explants and a cell line (L6) in a lipid-depleted medium (LDM) and produced large alterations of the fatty acyl and polar headgroup composition and of the cellular sterol levels. These alterations were produced by altering the composition of the media as follows: removing biotin and providing exogenous fatty acid; removing choline and providing exogenous ethanolamine or choline analogues; and by adding 25-OH cholesterol, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate (HMG)-CoA reductase. Relatively small, secondary alterations of other lipid classes accompany the large primary alteration. In general, they are not obviously compensatory for the primary alteration by retaining some physical property. We have explored the influence of these lipid alterations on myoblast proliferation and fusion into myotubes. In general, considerable variability appears tolerated, but there also appear to be limits. Long-term cultures grown in media containing a single fatty acid do not proliferate indefinitely, and the fatty acid does not become the sole fatty acyl component of the phospholipids. This phenomenon is also observed for cultures enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME). The influence of the lipid alterations on fusion is particularly interesting. The inclusion of 25-OH cholesterol inhibits fusion. Enrichment of the fatty acyl chains with elaidate or the polar headgroups with PE also inhibits fusion, but in contrast to that by 25-OH cholesterol, a significant fraction of the myoblasts are aligned and interacting with each other. Oleate enrichment enhances the rate of fusion.", "contents": "Interrelated lipid alterations and their influence on the proliferation and fusion of cultured myogenic cells. We have cultured myogenic cells derived from primary explants and a cell line (L6) in a lipid-depleted medium (LDM) and produced large alterations of the fatty acyl and polar headgroup composition and of the cellular sterol levels. These alterations were produced by altering the composition of the media as follows: removing biotin and providing exogenous fatty acid; removing choline and providing exogenous ethanolamine or choline analogues; and by adding 25-OH cholesterol, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate (HMG)-CoA reductase. Relatively small, secondary alterations of other lipid classes accompany the large primary alteration. In general, they are not obviously compensatory for the primary alteration by retaining some physical property. We have explored the influence of these lipid alterations on myoblast proliferation and fusion into myotubes. In general, considerable variability appears tolerated, but there also appear to be limits. Long-term cultures grown in media containing a single fatty acid do not proliferate indefinitely, and the fatty acid does not become the sole fatty acyl component of the phospholipids. This phenomenon is also observed for cultures enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME). The influence of the lipid alterations on fusion is particularly interesting. The inclusion of 25-OH cholesterol inhibits fusion. Enrichment of the fatty acyl chains with elaidate or the polar headgroups with PE also inhibits fusion, but in contrast to that by 25-OH cholesterol, a significant fraction of the myoblasts are aligned and interacting with each other. Oleate enrichment enhances the rate of fusion.", "PMID": 565779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6729", "title": "Effect of the H-2 gene complex rates of fibroblast intercellular adhesion.", "content": "The rate of collection of embryo fibroblast single cells by an embryo fibroblast monlayer was realted to the H-2 haplotype of the fibroblast monolayer. The rate was highest for the H-2s strains and lowest for the H-2k strains with all other strains examined being intermediate. As opposed to monolayers prepared from the A and C3H background animals, monolayers from B10 background mice only demonstrated an H-2 haplotype dependent rate differential after treatment with fetal calf serum or neuraminidase. The relationship that was seen between monolayer H-2 haplotype and rate of adhesion with embryonic monolayers was not observed with either congenic 3T3 cell lines or fibroblasts derived from adult tissues. It was further shown that the rate of single cell pick-up could be substantially reduced by incubating the monolayers with the appropriate polyspecific anti-H-2 antisera. The inhibition observed appeared to be directly related to anti-H-2 antibody binding and was not merely a function of ligand binding to the cell surface, as antisera directed against other fibroblast cell surface antigens did not significantly inhibit the adhesive rate. These results indicate a role for the H-2 gene complex in modulating fibroblast-fibroblast intercellular adhesion.", "contents": "Effect of the H-2 gene complex rates of fibroblast intercellular adhesion. The rate of collection of embryo fibroblast single cells by an embryo fibroblast monlayer was realted to the H-2 haplotype of the fibroblast monolayer. The rate was highest for the H-2s strains and lowest for the H-2k strains with all other strains examined being intermediate. As opposed to monolayers prepared from the A and C3H background animals, monolayers from B10 background mice only demonstrated an H-2 haplotype dependent rate differential after treatment with fetal calf serum or neuraminidase. The relationship that was seen between monolayer H-2 haplotype and rate of adhesion with embryonic monolayers was not observed with either congenic 3T3 cell lines or fibroblasts derived from adult tissues. It was further shown that the rate of single cell pick-up could be substantially reduced by incubating the monolayers with the appropriate polyspecific anti-H-2 antisera. The inhibition observed appeared to be directly related to anti-H-2 antibody binding and was not merely a function of ligand binding to the cell surface, as antisera directed against other fibroblast cell surface antigens did not significantly inhibit the adhesive rate. These results indicate a role for the H-2 gene complex in modulating fibroblast-fibroblast intercellular adhesion.", "PMID": 565780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6730", "title": "Actin in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "It has been found that a high-speed supernatant fraction from Xenopus oocytes extracted in the cold will form a clear, solid gel upon warming. Gel formation occurs within 60 min at 18 degrees-40 degrees C, and is, at least initially, temperature reversible. Gelation is strictly dependent upon the addition of sucrose to the extraction medium. When isolated in the presence of ATP, the gel consists principally of a 43,000-dalton protein which co-migrates with Xenopus skeletal muscle actin on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and a prominent high molecular weight component of approx. 250,000 daltons. At least two minor components of intermediate molecular weight are also found associated with the gel in variable quantities. Actin has been identified as the major consituent of the gel by ultrastructural and immunological techniques, and comprises roughly 47% of protein in the complex. With time, the gel spontaneously contracts to form a small dense aggregate. Contraction requires ATP. In the absence of exogenous ATP, a polypeptide which co-migrates with the heavy chain of Xenopus skeletal muscle myosin becomes a prominent component of the gel. This polypeptide is virtually absent from gels which have contracted in ATP-containing extracts. It has also been found that Ca++ is required for gelation in oocyte extracts. At both low and high concentrations of Ca++ (defined as a ratio of Ca++/EGTA in the extraction medium), gelation is inhibited.", "contents": "Actin in Xenopus oocytes. It has been found that a high-speed supernatant fraction from Xenopus oocytes extracted in the cold will form a clear, solid gel upon warming. Gel formation occurs within 60 min at 18 degrees-40 degrees C, and is, at least initially, temperature reversible. Gelation is strictly dependent upon the addition of sucrose to the extraction medium. When isolated in the presence of ATP, the gel consists principally of a 43,000-dalton protein which co-migrates with Xenopus skeletal muscle actin on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and a prominent high molecular weight component of approx. 250,000 daltons. At least two minor components of intermediate molecular weight are also found associated with the gel in variable quantities. Actin has been identified as the major consituent of the gel by ultrastructural and immunological techniques, and comprises roughly 47% of protein in the complex. With time, the gel spontaneously contracts to form a small dense aggregate. Contraction requires ATP. In the absence of exogenous ATP, a polypeptide which co-migrates with the heavy chain of Xenopus skeletal muscle myosin becomes a prominent component of the gel. This polypeptide is virtually absent from gels which have contracted in ATP-containing extracts. It has also been found that Ca++ is required for gelation in oocyte extracts. At both low and high concentrations of Ca++ (defined as a ratio of Ca++/EGTA in the extraction medium), gelation is inhibited.", "PMID": 565781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6731", "title": "Actin in Xenopus oocytes. II. Intracellular distribution and polymerizability.", "content": "The largest oocytes of Xenopus Laevis were broken open in the absence of shearing forces which might transfer actin from particulate to supernatant fractions. Particulate and postmitochondrial supernatant fractions were prepared by centrifugation. SDS-electrophoretic fractionation on polyacrylamide gels and quantitative scanning techniques were used to separate actin and to assay its amount in cellular fractions. The actin has been identified in electrophoretograms by its molecular weight and its binding to DNase I. oocytes contain 1.4-1.7 {um}g of actin per cell, of which up to 88 percent is recovered in the postmitochondrial supernate under a variety of conditions. In the soluble fraction, it represents about 8.8 percent of the total protein. Its concentration in native cytoplasm was directly assayed at 4.1 mg/ml. There is no detectable actin that can be transferred from the particulate to the soluble phase by neutral detergents or ionic conditions that would depolymerize muscle actin. Centrifugation of the soluble oocyte fractions showed that 75-95 percent of the actin can not be sedimented under forces that would pellet filamentous actin. Addition of potassium and magnesium to the cytoplasm, to concentrations that would polymerize muscle actin, does not increase the amount of sedimentable actin. Roughly one-third of the soluble actin is recovered from Sephadex columns at about the position of monomer. About two- thirds is in complexes of 100,000 daltons or greater.", "contents": "Actin in Xenopus oocytes. II. Intracellular distribution and polymerizability. The largest oocytes of Xenopus Laevis were broken open in the absence of shearing forces which might transfer actin from particulate to supernatant fractions. Particulate and postmitochondrial supernatant fractions were prepared by centrifugation. SDS-electrophoretic fractionation on polyacrylamide gels and quantitative scanning techniques were used to separate actin and to assay its amount in cellular fractions. The actin has been identified in electrophoretograms by its molecular weight and its binding to DNase I. oocytes contain 1.4-1.7 {um}g of actin per cell, of which up to 88 percent is recovered in the postmitochondrial supernate under a variety of conditions. In the soluble fraction, it represents about 8.8 percent of the total protein. Its concentration in native cytoplasm was directly assayed at 4.1 mg/ml. There is no detectable actin that can be transferred from the particulate to the soluble phase by neutral detergents or ionic conditions that would depolymerize muscle actin. Centrifugation of the soluble oocyte fractions showed that 75-95 percent of the actin can not be sedimented under forces that would pellet filamentous actin. Addition of potassium and magnesium to the cytoplasm, to concentrations that would polymerize muscle actin, does not increase the amount of sedimentable actin. Roughly one-third of the soluble actin is recovered from Sephadex columns at about the position of monomer. About two- thirds is in complexes of 100,000 daltons or greater.", "PMID": 565782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6732", "title": "Isolation of high-rate DNA synthetic cells by con A chromatography.", "content": "The separation of L1210 cells with columns of Con A-derivatized nylon was investigated. Most of the cells bound to the column irreversibly. The binding was lectin-specific. Cells were pulse labeled with 3H-thymidine and applied to Con A columns. Those cells not binding the columns were enriched in incorporated thymidine compared to the unseparated population. Data is presented which suggests that a small, synchronized fraction of cells synthesizing DNA at a high rate is reduced in Con A-nylon affinity. It is proposed that L1210 cell DNA synthesis is not uniform in rate and that changes in this rate are related to changes in the ability of cells to bind Con A-nylon.", "contents": "Isolation of high-rate DNA synthetic cells by con A chromatography. The separation of L1210 cells with columns of Con A-derivatized nylon was investigated. Most of the cells bound to the column irreversibly. The binding was lectin-specific. Cells were pulse labeled with 3H-thymidine and applied to Con A columns. Those cells not binding the columns were enriched in incorporated thymidine compared to the unseparated population. Data is presented which suggests that a small, synchronized fraction of cells synthesizing DNA at a high rate is reduced in Con A-nylon affinity. It is proposed that L1210 cell DNA synthesis is not uniform in rate and that changes in this rate are related to changes in the ability of cells to bind Con A-nylon.", "PMID": 565783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6733", "title": "Sodium concentrations affect metabolite uptake and cellular metabolism.", "content": "Rates of uptake of glucose (measured with 3H-2-deoxy-d-glucose), galactose, and leucine after exposure of chick embryo cells to increasing concentrations of Na+ over the range 100 to 200 mM. Uptake of nucleosides was unaffected by [Na+] over this range. Prior exposure of cells was required for the [Na+] effect on uptake. Changes were measureable within two hours after changing [Na+], and although the capacity for deoxyglucose uptake remained constant thereafter, the capacity for leucine uptake continued to change during the next few hours. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide, or of RNA synthesis by Actinomycin D, failed to prevent these uptake changes. Analysis of the kinetics of uptake showed that only the Km for uptake of deoxyglucose or leucine was affected by [Na+]; the maximum V for each compound remained the same. Effects of [Na+]; could be distinguished from the increased capacity for glucose uptake induced by glucose starvation. Incorporation of both radioactive uridine into RNA, and radioactive thymidine into DNA, were affected by [Na+[, but the differences were not correlated with uptake of other metoblites. No differences in countable mitoses were apparent, although the growth of chick embryo cells in increased slightly with increasing [Na+]. Changes in uptake due to differing [Na+] also were observed in mammalian (rat NRK) cells. However, no effects of [Na+] on rates of cell growth or saturation density were observed with these cells.", "contents": "Sodium concentrations affect metabolite uptake and cellular metabolism. Rates of uptake of glucose (measured with 3H-2-deoxy-d-glucose), galactose, and leucine after exposure of chick embryo cells to increasing concentrations of Na+ over the range 100 to 200 mM. Uptake of nucleosides was unaffected by [Na+] over this range. Prior exposure of cells was required for the [Na+] effect on uptake. Changes were measureable within two hours after changing [Na+], and although the capacity for deoxyglucose uptake remained constant thereafter, the capacity for leucine uptake continued to change during the next few hours. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide, or of RNA synthesis by Actinomycin D, failed to prevent these uptake changes. Analysis of the kinetics of uptake showed that only the Km for uptake of deoxyglucose or leucine was affected by [Na+]; the maximum V for each compound remained the same. Effects of [Na+]; could be distinguished from the increased capacity for glucose uptake induced by glucose starvation. Incorporation of both radioactive uridine into RNA, and radioactive thymidine into DNA, were affected by [Na+[, but the differences were not correlated with uptake of other metoblites. No differences in countable mitoses were apparent, although the growth of chick embryo cells in increased slightly with increasing [Na+]. Changes in uptake due to differing [Na+] also were observed in mammalian (rat NRK) cells. However, no effects of [Na+] on rates of cell growth or saturation density were observed with these cells.", "PMID": 565784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6734", "title": "Diamide effect on the hypertonic calcium uptake by rat red blood cells.", "content": "Red blood cells of rat exhibit an enhanced hypertonic calcium uptake after incubation with diazenedicarboxylic acids bis (N,N-dimethylamide) (diamide). Over the ranges reported in this paper the amount of membrane alteration is strongly and linearly dependent on the diamide concentration and on the osmolarity of the incubation medium. Treatment with 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiolbutane (dithioerythritol or DTE), after diamide removal, restores red blood cells calcium intake to values similar to those of the control. The results indicate that the sinergic action of diamide and hypertonicity can oxidize some thiol groups essential for the cation barrier maintenance.", "contents": "Diamide effect on the hypertonic calcium uptake by rat red blood cells. Red blood cells of rat exhibit an enhanced hypertonic calcium uptake after incubation with diazenedicarboxylic acids bis (N,N-dimethylamide) (diamide). Over the ranges reported in this paper the amount of membrane alteration is strongly and linearly dependent on the diamide concentration and on the osmolarity of the incubation medium. Treatment with 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiolbutane (dithioerythritol or DTE), after diamide removal, restores red blood cells calcium intake to values similar to those of the control. The results indicate that the sinergic action of diamide and hypertonicity can oxidize some thiol groups essential for the cation barrier maintenance.", "PMID": 565786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6735", "title": "Transfer of human chromosomes via human minisegregant cells into mouse cells and the quantitation of the expression of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase in the hybrids.", "content": "The behaviour of human cells arrested in mitosis can be severely perturbed so as to generate numerous small minisegregants containing very few chromosomes. These cells can be separated according to size and DNA content and fused with intact cells. In this paper we describe the production and some properties of proliferating cell hybrids generated by fusion of human minisegregant cells derived from a HeLa strain with mouse A9 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8). The hybrids were shown to contain up to 10 human chromosomes including a single X. Independently derived hybrid clones were quantitatively characterized and compared with the parental phenotypes with respect to HPRT. Human isozymes of each of the 3 enzymes HPRT, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2,7.2.3) were found. Tests to evaluate both structure and function of HPRT were utilized. The specific activity of HPRT of more than 10 hybrids tested was approximately 10% that of the HeLa parent. Structural characterization of HPRT from hybrid cells as evidenced by heat inactivation and electrophoretic mobility results in a 'human-like' phenotype. Functional characterization of parental HPRT results in kinetic constants for cofactor and substrate which do not permit distinction of human and of human and mouse enzymes; HPRT from the minisegregant hybrids had normal kinetic constants. The reduced specific activity of HPRT in the hybrids is discussed in terms of the inability of the mouse environment to regulate the full expression of the human structural gene.", "contents": "Transfer of human chromosomes via human minisegregant cells into mouse cells and the quantitation of the expression of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase in the hybrids. The behaviour of human cells arrested in mitosis can be severely perturbed so as to generate numerous small minisegregants containing very few chromosomes. These cells can be separated according to size and DNA content and fused with intact cells. In this paper we describe the production and some properties of proliferating cell hybrids generated by fusion of human minisegregant cells derived from a HeLa strain with mouse A9 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8). The hybrids were shown to contain up to 10 human chromosomes including a single X. Independently derived hybrid clones were quantitatively characterized and compared with the parental phenotypes with respect to HPRT. Human isozymes of each of the 3 enzymes HPRT, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2,7.2.3) were found. Tests to evaluate both structure and function of HPRT were utilized. The specific activity of HPRT of more than 10 hybrids tested was approximately 10% that of the HeLa parent. Structural characterization of HPRT from hybrid cells as evidenced by heat inactivation and electrophoretic mobility results in a 'human-like' phenotype. Functional characterization of parental HPRT results in kinetic constants for cofactor and substrate which do not permit distinction of human and of human and mouse enzymes; HPRT from the minisegregant hybrids had normal kinetic constants. The reduced specific activity of HPRT in the hybrids is discussed in terms of the inability of the mouse environment to regulate the full expression of the human structural gene.", "PMID": 565787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6736", "title": "Meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro: protein synthesis in nucleate and anucleate oocyte fragments.", "content": "Nucleate and anucleate fragments of mouse oocytes have been isolated following treatment of fully grown oocytes with cytochalasin B. The nucleate oocyte fragments resume meiosis in vitro, progressing from dictyate of the first meiotic prophase to metaphase II ('meiotic maturation'), and exhibit all of the changes in protein synthesis normally associated with meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. The anucleate oocyte fragments also undergo certain of the changes in protein synthesis associated with meiotic maturation, despite the absence of nuclear progression. These results suggest that the acquisition of meiotic competence (i.e. the ability to undergo meiotic maturation) during growth of the mammalian oocyte is due to changes in the quality, rather than the quantity, of cytoplasm and that the reprogramming of protein synthesis during meiotic maturation is directed by RNA templates already present in the cytoplasm. The behaviour of anucleate oocyte fragments is discussed in terms of the proposed role for nucleoplasm in the initiation of changes in protein synthesis during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes.", "contents": "Meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro: protein synthesis in nucleate and anucleate oocyte fragments. Nucleate and anucleate fragments of mouse oocytes have been isolated following treatment of fully grown oocytes with cytochalasin B. The nucleate oocyte fragments resume meiosis in vitro, progressing from dictyate of the first meiotic prophase to metaphase II ('meiotic maturation'), and exhibit all of the changes in protein synthesis normally associated with meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. The anucleate oocyte fragments also undergo certain of the changes in protein synthesis associated with meiotic maturation, despite the absence of nuclear progression. These results suggest that the acquisition of meiotic competence (i.e. the ability to undergo meiotic maturation) during growth of the mammalian oocyte is due to changes in the quality, rather than the quantity, of cytoplasm and that the reprogramming of protein synthesis during meiotic maturation is directed by RNA templates already present in the cytoplasm. The behaviour of anucleate oocyte fragments is discussed in terms of the proposed role for nucleoplasm in the initiation of changes in protein synthesis during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes.", "PMID": 565788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6737", "title": "The fine structure of fertilization in the fern Marsilea vestita.", "content": "The ultrastructural details of fertilization in the fern Marsilea vestita, including gamete approach and fusion, the fate of the spermatozoid organelles and the development of a possible block to polyspermy are described. The spermatozoid approaches the egg through layers of mucilage that surround the megaspores. It moves down the neck of the archegonium into the cavity above the egg. In order to reach the egg, it must move through a small hole in the thick wall that lies across the top of the egg. The fusion of the plasma membranes of the gametes results in an outflow of egg cytoplasm into the clear space under the sperm plasma membrane, creating a fertilization cone. All the organelles of the fertilizing spermatozoid, including nucleus, mitochondrion, microtubule ribbon, multilayered structure, and flagellar band, with approximately 150 flagella, enter the egg cytoplasm. The nucleus enters as a condensed rod of chromatin with no nuclear envelope. The chromatin begins to disperse immediately and a new nuclear envelope is formed around the chromatin by egg endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondrion and the microtubules of the ribbon and flagella are broken down, but the fates of the flagellar band and the multilayered structure have not been determined. After spermatozoid penetration, a new extracellular layer appears above the surface of the egg, beginning in the region of sperm penetration and spreading across the top of the egg. This layer may be important in preventing other spermatozoids from fusing with the egg.", "contents": "The fine structure of fertilization in the fern Marsilea vestita. The ultrastructural details of fertilization in the fern Marsilea vestita, including gamete approach and fusion, the fate of the spermatozoid organelles and the development of a possible block to polyspermy are described. The spermatozoid approaches the egg through layers of mucilage that surround the megaspores. It moves down the neck of the archegonium into the cavity above the egg. In order to reach the egg, it must move through a small hole in the thick wall that lies across the top of the egg. The fusion of the plasma membranes of the gametes results in an outflow of egg cytoplasm into the clear space under the sperm plasma membrane, creating a fertilization cone. All the organelles of the fertilizing spermatozoid, including nucleus, mitochondrion, microtubule ribbon, multilayered structure, and flagellar band, with approximately 150 flagella, enter the egg cytoplasm. The nucleus enters as a condensed rod of chromatin with no nuclear envelope. The chromatin begins to disperse immediately and a new nuclear envelope is formed around the chromatin by egg endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondrion and the microtubules of the ribbon and flagella are broken down, but the fates of the flagellar band and the multilayered structure have not been determined. After spermatozoid penetration, a new extracellular layer appears above the surface of the egg, beginning in the region of sperm penetration and spreading across the top of the egg. This layer may be important in preventing other spermatozoids from fusing with the egg.", "PMID": 565789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6738", "title": "Protease secretion during onset of development in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "At the onset of development, the single cells of the eukaryotic micro-organism Dictyostelium discoideum secrete proteolytic activity which can be assayed using the insoluble substrate remazolbrilliant blue hide. The activity is not secreted by exponentially growing cells, but does appear extracellularly at the onset of the stationary growth phase. When growth phase cells are resuspended in non-nutrient buffer, proteolytic activity begins to appear outside the cells. It accumulates in the buffer at a rate similar to that observed for 2 glycosidases of lysosomal origin and reaches a maximum after about 2 h of incubation. After 3--4 h incubation, centrifugation of the non-nutrient buffer removes the cells, producing a supernatant which we refer to as conditioned medium. Subsequent experiments with conditioned medium showed: (a) its incubation with purified plasma membranes results in the release of polypeptides which can be recovered and, when displayed on polyacrylamide gels, can be shown to be stage specific; and (b) that conditioned medium can decrease the rate of detachment of cells from a collagen substratum. Both effects can be prevented by the addition of remazolbrilliant blue hide suggesting that they are due to proteolytic activity present in the conditioned medium. Finally, we were able to show that conditioned medium contains components which, when spread over the bottom of plastic Petri dishes, enhance the rate of multicellular structure formation. Additional studies showed that this effect of conditioned medium could also be brought about by components which remained behind on uncoated plastic dishes after the removal of a D. discoideum cell layer. These data may be accommodated to a model in which the protease secreted during the onset of development acts on the cell membrane releasing components which coat the substratum and facilitate migration and multicellular structure formation.", "contents": "Protease secretion during onset of development in Dictyostelium discoideum. At the onset of development, the single cells of the eukaryotic micro-organism Dictyostelium discoideum secrete proteolytic activity which can be assayed using the insoluble substrate remazolbrilliant blue hide. The activity is not secreted by exponentially growing cells, but does appear extracellularly at the onset of the stationary growth phase. When growth phase cells are resuspended in non-nutrient buffer, proteolytic activity begins to appear outside the cells. It accumulates in the buffer at a rate similar to that observed for 2 glycosidases of lysosomal origin and reaches a maximum after about 2 h of incubation. After 3--4 h incubation, centrifugation of the non-nutrient buffer removes the cells, producing a supernatant which we refer to as conditioned medium. Subsequent experiments with conditioned medium showed: (a) its incubation with purified plasma membranes results in the release of polypeptides which can be recovered and, when displayed on polyacrylamide gels, can be shown to be stage specific; and (b) that conditioned medium can decrease the rate of detachment of cells from a collagen substratum. Both effects can be prevented by the addition of remazolbrilliant blue hide suggesting that they are due to proteolytic activity present in the conditioned medium. Finally, we were able to show that conditioned medium contains components which, when spread over the bottom of plastic Petri dishes, enhance the rate of multicellular structure formation. Additional studies showed that this effect of conditioned medium could also be brought about by components which remained behind on uncoated plastic dishes after the removal of a D. discoideum cell layer. These data may be accommodated to a model in which the protease secreted during the onset of development acts on the cell membrane releasing components which coat the substratum and facilitate migration and multicellular structure formation.", "PMID": 565790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6739", "title": "A technique for the freeze-fracture of tissue culture.", "content": "Cultures of rat cerebellum grown on glass coverslips coated first with collodion and then collagen are fixed in glutaraldehyde to which ruthenium red has been added. After fixation, the collodion comes off the glass coverslips and the 3 layers: collodion-collagen-culture are handled as one piece. Following immersion in glycerol, selected areas are cut from the piece; the excised areas are a little smaller than those of the specimen carriers used in a Balzers apparatus. The ruthenium red, which stains all cells and processes, is a good indicator of specimen thickness. The explant which consists of several cell layers is redder than the peripheral monolayer of outgrowth. The square areas cut from either the explant or the outgrowth can be matched in thickness according to their shade of red. In frozen specimens, the red colour distinguishes the culture layer from the collodion-collagen support under it and from the white frost on top. During fracturing, the appearance of pink flakes on the edge of the knife indicates that the culture layer has been cleaved. The growth of cells on collodion-collagen and the fracture of the cultures with a knife, eliminate the restrictions inherent in the use of frozen 'metallic sandwiches'.", "contents": "A technique for the freeze-fracture of tissue culture. Cultures of rat cerebellum grown on glass coverslips coated first with collodion and then collagen are fixed in glutaraldehyde to which ruthenium red has been added. After fixation, the collodion comes off the glass coverslips and the 3 layers: collodion-collagen-culture are handled as one piece. Following immersion in glycerol, selected areas are cut from the piece; the excised areas are a little smaller than those of the specimen carriers used in a Balzers apparatus. The ruthenium red, which stains all cells and processes, is a good indicator of specimen thickness. The explant which consists of several cell layers is redder than the peripheral monolayer of outgrowth. The square areas cut from either the explant or the outgrowth can be matched in thickness according to their shade of red. In frozen specimens, the red colour distinguishes the culture layer from the collodion-collagen support under it and from the white frost on top. During fracturing, the appearance of pink flakes on the edge of the knife indicates that the culture layer has been cleaved. The growth of cells on collodion-collagen and the fracture of the cultures with a knife, eliminate the restrictions inherent in the use of frozen 'metallic sandwiches'.", "PMID": 565791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6740", "title": "Common features of coated vesicles from dissimilar tissues: composition and structure.", "content": "Coated vesicles were purified and characterized from porcine brain and chicken oocyte. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) gels showed that coated vesicles from either source have three major proteins in common with apparent molecular weights of 180000, 120000, and 55000 Daltons. Negatively stained specimens from both sources appear to consist of a highly ordered array of short interconnected rods or ridges of material on the exterior surface of a membrane vesicle. Coated vesicles purified from porcine brain and chicken oocyte have mean external diameters of 75.0 and 85.0 nm, respectively. In coated vesicles of the appropriate orientation, portions of the coat material appear to be organized into hexagons and pentagons. Based on the observed variability of size and apparent structure, it is postulated that the basic structural subunits of coated vesicles are the short rods or ridges of material observed on the exterior membrane vesicle surface. It is suggested that multiples of the subunits can be assembled into many arrangements to yield coated vesicles of different sizes and coat structure. It is also proposed that the structural subunit is a complex of 3 proteins of molecular weight of 180000, 120000 and 55000 Daltons.", "contents": "Common features of coated vesicles from dissimilar tissues: composition and structure. Coated vesicles were purified and characterized from porcine brain and chicken oocyte. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) gels showed that coated vesicles from either source have three major proteins in common with apparent molecular weights of 180000, 120000, and 55000 Daltons. Negatively stained specimens from both sources appear to consist of a highly ordered array of short interconnected rods or ridges of material on the exterior surface of a membrane vesicle. Coated vesicles purified from porcine brain and chicken oocyte have mean external diameters of 75.0 and 85.0 nm, respectively. In coated vesicles of the appropriate orientation, portions of the coat material appear to be organized into hexagons and pentagons. Based on the observed variability of size and apparent structure, it is postulated that the basic structural subunits of coated vesicles are the short rods or ridges of material observed on the exterior membrane vesicle surface. It is suggested that multiples of the subunits can be assembled into many arrangements to yield coated vesicles of different sizes and coat structure. It is also proposed that the structural subunit is a complex of 3 proteins of molecular weight of 180000, 120000 and 55000 Daltons.", "PMID": 565792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6741", "title": "Circadian rhythm: corneal curvature and refractive changes after wearing contact lenses.", "content": "The ciradian rhythm of habitual contact lens (PMMA) wearers is characterized by steepening of corneal curvature and increasing myopia after lenses have been worn during the day and flattening of corneal curvature and decreasing myopia after lenses have been removed overnight.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm: corneal curvature and refractive changes after wearing contact lenses. The ciradian rhythm of habitual contact lens (PMMA) wearers is characterized by steepening of corneal curvature and increasing myopia after lenses have been worn during the day and flattening of corneal curvature and decreasing myopia after lenses have been removed overnight.", "PMID": 565796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6742", "title": "Myxomatosis: the occurrence of Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) larvae on dead rabbit kittens.", "content": "Spilopsyllus cuniculi larvae were found actively feeding on dead rabbit kittens left in nest boxes for up to 12 days.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: the occurrence of Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) larvae on dead rabbit kittens. Spilopsyllus cuniculi larvae were found actively feeding on dead rabbit kittens left in nest boxes for up to 12 days.", "PMID": 565797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6743", "title": "Cefamandole---a review of chemistry and microbiology.", "content": "The discovery of cephalosporin C and its conversion to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) are reviewed. The syntheses of cefamandole and three other injectable cephalosporins from 7-ACA are described, and the antibiotic properties of the four drugs are compared. The microbiological potency of cefamandole is comparable to that of cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cefazolin against gram-positive organisms. Cefamandole is the most potent of the four compounds against gram-negative bacteria. In addition, cefamandole inhibits Enterobacter and strains of indole-positive Proteus which have been traditionally resistant to the cephalosporins. For pharmaceutical reasons cefamandole nafate was chosen for the clinical formulation of the antibiotic.", "contents": "Cefamandole---a review of chemistry and microbiology. The discovery of cephalosporin C and its conversion to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) are reviewed. The syntheses of cefamandole and three other injectable cephalosporins from 7-ACA are described, and the antibiotic properties of the four drugs are compared. The microbiological potency of cefamandole is comparable to that of cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cefazolin against gram-positive organisms. Cefamandole is the most potent of the four compounds against gram-negative bacteria. In addition, cefamandole inhibits Enterobacter and strains of indole-positive Proteus which have been traditionally resistant to the cephalosporins. For pharmaceutical reasons cefamandole nafate was chosen for the clinical formulation of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 565798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6744", "title": "The effects of high hydrostatic pressure on microfilaments and microtubules in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Xenopus laevis embryos of stages 14-20 were subjected, for periods of 5-330 min, to hydrostatic pressures ranging from 500 to 10 000 psi. The specimens were fixed under corresponding pressures and their neuroepithelium was studied under light and electron microscopy. A pressure of 3000 psi, maintained for as long as 180 min, did not inhibit neurulation though it induced slight deformities of the neuroepithelium. A pressure of 4000 psi, applied for 180 min, disrupted the apical ring of microfilaments and blocked neurulation. The cells lost their dissymmetry. The effect was reversible. Lengthening the duration of treatment to 330 min caused the neuroepithelial cells to loose their microtubules and to become round. This situation was not reversible. Our results indicated that microfilaments are more sensitive than microtubules, that both organelles became increasingly sensitive as the exerted pressure was increased and that microtubules of older embryos exhibited a better resistance. Finally, we showed a correlation between the presence of microfilaments and the constricted state of the cellular apices and a relationship between the presence of microtubules and cell elongation.", "contents": "The effects of high hydrostatic pressure on microfilaments and microtubules in Xenopus laevis. Xenopus laevis embryos of stages 14-20 were subjected, for periods of 5-330 min, to hydrostatic pressures ranging from 500 to 10 000 psi. The specimens were fixed under corresponding pressures and their neuroepithelium was studied under light and electron microscopy. A pressure of 3000 psi, maintained for as long as 180 min, did not inhibit neurulation though it induced slight deformities of the neuroepithelium. A pressure of 4000 psi, applied for 180 min, disrupted the apical ring of microfilaments and blocked neurulation. The cells lost their dissymmetry. The effect was reversible. Lengthening the duration of treatment to 330 min caused the neuroepithelial cells to loose their microtubules and to become round. This situation was not reversible. Our results indicated that microfilaments are more sensitive than microtubules, that both organelles became increasingly sensitive as the exerted pressure was increased and that microtubules of older embryos exhibited a better resistance. Finally, we showed a correlation between the presence of microfilaments and the constricted state of the cellular apices and a relationship between the presence of microtubules and cell elongation.", "PMID": 565800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6745", "title": "The stabilization of morphological field size during slime mold morphogenesis.", "content": "The relationship between aggregate size and morphological field size has been investigated in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Evidence is presented that aggregate size and field size exhibit different temperature sensitivities and that an aggregate can be induced to separate into several morphological fields by a decrease in temperature. In addition, evidence is presented that field size is stabilized at a point in time just prior to tip formation.", "contents": "The stabilization of morphological field size during slime mold morphogenesis. The relationship between aggregate size and morphological field size has been investigated in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Evidence is presented that aggregate size and field size exhibit different temperature sensitivities and that an aggregate can be induced to separate into several morphological fields by a decrease in temperature. In addition, evidence is presented that field size is stabilized at a point in time just prior to tip formation.", "PMID": 565801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6746", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the RNA of membrane-bound ribosomes in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The RNA of membrane-bound ribosomes, isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum, represented 13 to 16% of the total ribosomal RNA (rRNA) present throughout growth and development. Membrane-bound ribosomes were released by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and Brij 58. There were no obvious differences in size and base composition between RNAs derived from membrane-bound or free ribosomes. The 17S membrane-bound rRNA and free rRNAs appeared to have similar methyl contents. However, the 25S membrane-bound rRNA contained about 16 to 20% fewer methyl groups than the 17S membrane-bound rRNA and free rRNAs. Free rRNAs turned over rapidly during early development but not during the disaggregation and reaggregation processes. Membrane-bound rRNAs showed very little turnover during the early stages of morphogenesis, but showed rapid turnover during the late stages of development; this class of rRNAs did not turn over during early stages of reaggregation but turned over rapidly during later stages of reaggregation.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the RNA of membrane-bound ribosomes in Dictyostelium discoideum. The RNA of membrane-bound ribosomes, isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum, represented 13 to 16% of the total ribosomal RNA (rRNA) present throughout growth and development. Membrane-bound ribosomes were released by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and Brij 58. There were no obvious differences in size and base composition between RNAs derived from membrane-bound or free ribosomes. The 17S membrane-bound rRNA and free rRNAs appeared to have similar methyl contents. However, the 25S membrane-bound rRNA contained about 16 to 20% fewer methyl groups than the 17S membrane-bound rRNA and free rRNAs. Free rRNAs turned over rapidly during early development but not during the disaggregation and reaggregation processes. Membrane-bound rRNAs showed very little turnover during the early stages of morphogenesis, but showed rapid turnover during the late stages of development; this class of rRNAs did not turn over during early stages of reaggregation but turned over rapidly during later stages of reaggregation.", "PMID": 565802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6747", "title": "An analysis of the role of lymphatic leukemia virus in the immunodepression exerted by Friend complex in leukaemia-resistant C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "Leukaemia-resistant C57BL/6 mice inoculated with the Friend complex (FLC) present a transient but definite depression of the ability to develop IgM and IgG antibody-producing cells to sheep red cells (SRC). In this paper it is shown that this immunodepression cannot be attributed solely to the lymphatic leukaemia virus (LLV) component of FLC which is immunodepressive in susceptible mice. This conclusion was reached by investigating the immunological reactivity of C57BL/6 mice following inoculation with two isolates of LLV. Circumstantial evidence obtained by examining the replication of FLC and LLV, the antibody response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the ability of syngeneic macrophages administered together with the antigen to restore the response to SRC points to the same conclusion. There were also indications that the low sensitivity to depression by viruses of the Friend complex exhibited by the anti-LPS antibody response is due to the mitogenic activity of this antigen.", "contents": "An analysis of the role of lymphatic leukemia virus in the immunodepression exerted by Friend complex in leukaemia-resistant C57BL/6 mice. Leukaemia-resistant C57BL/6 mice inoculated with the Friend complex (FLC) present a transient but definite depression of the ability to develop IgM and IgG antibody-producing cells to sheep red cells (SRC). In this paper it is shown that this immunodepression cannot be attributed solely to the lymphatic leukaemia virus (LLV) component of FLC which is immunodepressive in susceptible mice. This conclusion was reached by investigating the immunological reactivity of C57BL/6 mice following inoculation with two isolates of LLV. Circumstantial evidence obtained by examining the replication of FLC and LLV, the antibody response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the ability of syngeneic macrophages administered together with the antigen to restore the response to SRC points to the same conclusion. There were also indications that the low sensitivity to depression by viruses of the Friend complex exhibited by the anti-LPS antibody response is due to the mitogenic activity of this antigen.", "PMID": 565803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6748", "title": "Human neurolymphomatosis.", "content": "A patient with a chronically progressive fatal sensorimotor neuropathy showed, at autopsy, extensive and selective lymphocytic infiltration of peripheral and cranial nerves and a segmental demyelinative process. A clinically occult retroperitoneal lymphoma without spread to other systemic organs was also present. The possibility of a selective infiltration of the peripheral nervous system by the retroperitoneal malignancy is rejected as unlikely. Our case bears a strong similarity to 3 other cases previously reported which may be grouped together under the heading \"human neurolymphomatosis\". The clinical and pathological features of this rare entity are discussed. It bears a resemblance to Marek's disease of chickens and seems to represent an unusual inflammatory neuropathy or form of malignancy.", "contents": "Human neurolymphomatosis. A patient with a chronically progressive fatal sensorimotor neuropathy showed, at autopsy, extensive and selective lymphocytic infiltration of peripheral and cranial nerves and a segmental demyelinative process. A clinically occult retroperitoneal lymphoma without spread to other systemic organs was also present. The possibility of a selective infiltration of the peripheral nervous system by the retroperitoneal malignancy is rejected as unlikely. Our case bears a strong similarity to 3 other cases previously reported which may be grouped together under the heading \"human neurolymphomatosis\". The clinical and pathological features of this rare entity are discussed. It bears a resemblance to Marek's disease of chickens and seems to represent an unusual inflammatory neuropathy or form of malignancy.", "PMID": 565805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6749", "title": "Effect of protein-bound lysinoalanine, N epsilon-DL-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine on fetal and neonatal rats.", "content": "Diets containing 5% to 30% of an alkali-treated isolated soybean protein (ATSP) containing 1% lysinoalanine (LAL) were fed to female Sprague-Dawley rats during gestation and lactation to provide 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 ppm LAL in the diet. An isolated soybean protein containing no LAL was used as control. No teratological effects were observed. No significant differences in birth weight, mortality, live births/litter, or number of pups/litter was found at any LAL level fed. However, significantly decreased weight gains were observed in pups from dams fed either 2,000 or 3,000 ppm LAL. No LAL was found in the milk, and protein content of all milks was similar. The decreased weight gains appeared to be due to reduced milk production in dams fed high levels of ATSP.", "contents": "Effect of protein-bound lysinoalanine, N epsilon-DL-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine on fetal and neonatal rats. Diets containing 5% to 30% of an alkali-treated isolated soybean protein (ATSP) containing 1% lysinoalanine (LAL) were fed to female Sprague-Dawley rats during gestation and lactation to provide 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 ppm LAL in the diet. An isolated soybean protein containing no LAL was used as control. No teratological effects were observed. No significant differences in birth weight, mortality, live births/litter, or number of pups/litter was found at any LAL level fed. However, significantly decreased weight gains were observed in pups from dams fed either 2,000 or 3,000 ppm LAL. No LAL was found in the milk, and protein content of all milks was similar. The decreased weight gains appeared to be due to reduced milk production in dams fed high levels of ATSP.", "PMID": 565807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6750", "title": "Ten cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in Shawinigan, Quebec.", "content": "Ten cases of angiosarcoma of the liver have been diagnosed in Shawinigan, Quebec since 1955. All have occurred in men who worked in a vinyl chloride polymerizing plant. Cigarettes and alcohol do not seem to be associated with this tumor. The amount of vinyl chloride to which these people were exposed, according to information obtained through questionnaires, appears elevated. Angiosarcoma of the liver is accompanied by a fibrosis of the liver which may precede its appearance. In describing the Canadian cases of angiosarcoma, this study attempts to shed more light upon the causal relationship between vinyl chloride monomer and angiosarcoma of the liver and thus to provide some clues to understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "Ten cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in Shawinigan, Quebec. Ten cases of angiosarcoma of the liver have been diagnosed in Shawinigan, Quebec since 1955. All have occurred in men who worked in a vinyl chloride polymerizing plant. Cigarettes and alcohol do not seem to be associated with this tumor. The amount of vinyl chloride to which these people were exposed, according to information obtained through questionnaires, appears elevated. Angiosarcoma of the liver is accompanied by a fibrosis of the liver which may precede its appearance. In describing the Canadian cases of angiosarcoma, this study attempts to shed more light upon the causal relationship between vinyl chloride monomer and angiosarcoma of the liver and thus to provide some clues to understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 565808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6751", "title": "Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in man and different animal species.", "content": "1. The catecholamines adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) were determined in plasma samples of man and various animal species using a highly sensitive radioenzymatic method.2. Basal values were determined under conditions producing virtually no physical or psychic stress in blood obtained through acutely inserted venous catheters in human volunteers, rabbits and cows, through chronic indwelling catheters in cats and rats, and by cubital venipuncture in trained dogs.3. Basal values (pg/ml.) for A, NA, and DA were respectively 64, 203 and 98 in man, 73, 609 and 276 in cats, 166, 392 and 216 in rabbits, 56, 152 and 91 in cows, 204, 376 and 173 in dogs, and 175, 509, and 84 in SPF rats. The NA concentrations were always higher than those of A and DA.4. Gentle handling of rats for 30 sec greatly increased the levels of all catecholamines, especially of A. Even more marked rises were observed during and up to 5 min after restraint stress.5. Blood from the trunk of decapitated rats contained about 20 times more A and 3-4 times more DA and NA than venous blood from catheters in the absence of handling.6. Basal values of plasma catecholamines in small animals can only be obtained through indwelling catheters and in the absence of handling. Most of the previously reported values are too high and are experimental artifacts.", "contents": "Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in man and different animal species. 1. The catecholamines adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) were determined in plasma samples of man and various animal species using a highly sensitive radioenzymatic method.2. Basal values were determined under conditions producing virtually no physical or psychic stress in blood obtained through acutely inserted venous catheters in human volunteers, rabbits and cows, through chronic indwelling catheters in cats and rats, and by cubital venipuncture in trained dogs.3. Basal values (pg/ml.) for A, NA, and DA were respectively 64, 203 and 98 in man, 73, 609 and 276 in cats, 166, 392 and 216 in rabbits, 56, 152 and 91 in cows, 204, 376 and 173 in dogs, and 175, 509, and 84 in SPF rats. The NA concentrations were always higher than those of A and DA.4. Gentle handling of rats for 30 sec greatly increased the levels of all catecholamines, especially of A. Even more marked rises were observed during and up to 5 min after restraint stress.5. Blood from the trunk of decapitated rats contained about 20 times more A and 3-4 times more DA and NA than venous blood from catheters in the absence of handling.6. Basal values of plasma catecholamines in small animals can only be obtained through indwelling catheters and in the absence of handling. Most of the previously reported values are too high and are experimental artifacts.", "PMID": 565814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6752", "title": "The responses of amacrine cells to light and intracellularly applied currents.", "content": "1. Intracellular responses to light were recorded from amacrine cells in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. 2. The recorded responses were identified on the basis of physiological criteria reported previously (Marchiafava, 1976). Amacrine cells produced transient 'on' and 'off' depolarizing responses irrespective of the retinal area illuminated and of wavelength. 3. The transient depolarizing responses increased by enlarging the illuminated circle up to 120 micrometer in radius. Circles covering larger areas, up to 200 micrometer, produced a relative decrease of the response amplitude. Thus, amacrine cells' receptive fields appear as a central 'excitatory' area of about 120 micrometer radius, surrounded by a 'suppressor' area. 4. Amacrine cells' photoresponses were associated with an increase in membrane conductance. The responses to illumination of central or peripheral areas of the receptive field, however, showed different reversal potentials. The responses to peripheral illumination reversed at about 15 mV above resting potential, while the equilibrium potential of the centre-photoresponses was indicated by extrapolation at about +30 mV. No conductance chance was detectable during steady lights. 5. Repetitive stimulation of the optic nerve invariably reduced amacrine cells' photoresponses, but not those recorded from bipolar cells. It follows then that only ganglion cell photoresponses originating from amacrines' input would be depressed by the nerve stimulation, which thus becomes a reliable test to discriminate whether ganglion cell photoresponses originate from amacrine or bipolar inputs.", "contents": "The responses of amacrine cells to light and intracellularly applied currents. 1. Intracellular responses to light were recorded from amacrine cells in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. 2. The recorded responses were identified on the basis of physiological criteria reported previously (Marchiafava, 1976). Amacrine cells produced transient 'on' and 'off' depolarizing responses irrespective of the retinal area illuminated and of wavelength. 3. The transient depolarizing responses increased by enlarging the illuminated circle up to 120 micrometer in radius. Circles covering larger areas, up to 200 micrometer, produced a relative decrease of the response amplitude. Thus, amacrine cells' receptive fields appear as a central 'excitatory' area of about 120 micrometer radius, surrounded by a 'suppressor' area. 4. Amacrine cells' photoresponses were associated with an increase in membrane conductance. The responses to illumination of central or peripheral areas of the receptive field, however, showed different reversal potentials. The responses to peripheral illumination reversed at about 15 mV above resting potential, while the equilibrium potential of the centre-photoresponses was indicated by extrapolation at about +30 mV. No conductance chance was detectable during steady lights. 5. Repetitive stimulation of the optic nerve invariably reduced amacrine cells' photoresponses, but not those recorded from bipolar cells. It follows then that only ganglion cell photoresponses originating from amacrines' input would be depressed by the nerve stimulation, which thus becomes a reliable test to discriminate whether ganglion cell photoresponses originate from amacrine or bipolar inputs.", "PMID": 565815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6753", "title": "Hormone-dependent mammary tumors in strain GR/A mice. IV. Origin and progression.", "content": "Two types of hormone-dependent mammary tumors that occur in strain GR/A mice, i.e., those that appear during pregnancy [pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors (PrDT)] and those induced by treatment with progesterone (P) and estrogen (E) [P + E-dependent mammary tumors (P + E-DT)], were compared in terms of serial transplantation, response to pregnancy, and histology. Both types originated as ductal hyperplasias. When the P + E-induced ductal hyperplasias were transplanted into the parenchyma-free mammary fat pad, they displayed behavior similar to that of pregnancy-induced tumors. P + E-induced ductal hyperplasias gave rise to ductal outgrowths in the virgin host and to PrDT in the pregnant host; this evidence indicated that the ductal hyperplasias are preneoplastic lesions in strain GR mice. In a separate study, attempts to induce progression of tumor occurrence toward pregnancy independence were made because no spontaneous progression had occurred after 8-9 serial transplant generations in PrDT lines. In contrast to nontransplanted PrDT, which usually require 3-5 forced breedings of mice to induce pregnancy independence, 6-8 matings were needed to induce progression to pregnancy independence in the transplanted lines. Results suggested that serial transplantation in the cleared fat pad may select for less neoplastic variants.", "contents": "Hormone-dependent mammary tumors in strain GR/A mice. IV. Origin and progression. Two types of hormone-dependent mammary tumors that occur in strain GR/A mice, i.e., those that appear during pregnancy [pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors (PrDT)] and those induced by treatment with progesterone (P) and estrogen (E) [P + E-dependent mammary tumors (P + E-DT)], were compared in terms of serial transplantation, response to pregnancy, and histology. Both types originated as ductal hyperplasias. When the P + E-induced ductal hyperplasias were transplanted into the parenchyma-free mammary fat pad, they displayed behavior similar to that of pregnancy-induced tumors. P + E-induced ductal hyperplasias gave rise to ductal outgrowths in the virgin host and to PrDT in the pregnant host; this evidence indicated that the ductal hyperplasias are preneoplastic lesions in strain GR mice. In a separate study, attempts to induce progression of tumor occurrence toward pregnancy independence were made because no spontaneous progression had occurred after 8-9 serial transplant generations in PrDT lines. In contrast to nontransplanted PrDT, which usually require 3-5 forced breedings of mice to induce pregnancy independence, 6-8 matings were needed to induce progression to pregnancy independence in the transplanted lines. Results suggested that serial transplantation in the cleared fat pad may select for less neoplastic variants.", "PMID": 565819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6754", "title": "Persistent infection of BHK-21 cells with pneumonia virus of mice.", "content": "Trypsinization of BHK-21 cells 72 h after primary infection with pneumonia virus of mice yielded clones of persistently infected cells which specifically adsorbed murine erythrocytes. We describe one clone of cells, the progeny of which, after more than 100 passages, still bore viral antigen demonstrable by immunofluorescence and immune electron microscopy, but produced little or no detectable infectious virus.", "contents": "Persistent infection of BHK-21 cells with pneumonia virus of mice. Trypsinization of BHK-21 cells 72 h after primary infection with pneumonia virus of mice yielded clones of persistently infected cells which specifically adsorbed murine erythrocytes. We describe one clone of cells, the progeny of which, after more than 100 passages, still bore viral antigen demonstrable by immunofluorescence and immune electron microscopy, but produced little or no detectable infectious virus.", "PMID": 565825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6755", "title": "Endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck in massive urethral dilatation.", "content": "Endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck was used to prevent urinary leakage in 2 female spinal cord patients with reflex neurogenic bladders, chronic urethral catheters and massive urethral dilatation. Factors responsible for the favorable results are discussed.", "contents": "Endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck in massive urethral dilatation. Endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck was used to prevent urinary leakage in 2 female spinal cord patients with reflex neurogenic bladders, chronic urethral catheters and massive urethral dilatation. Factors responsible for the favorable results are discussed.", "PMID": 565827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6756", "title": "Mapping host range-specific oligonucleotides within genomes of the ecotropic and mink cell focus-inducing strains of Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "The site of recombination of a mink cell focus-inducing strain (Mo-MuLV83) derived from an ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) was mapped by fingerprint analysis of the large RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides, employing a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method. Mo-MuLV83, in contrast to the ecotropic Mo-MuLV, demonstrated a broadened host range, i.e., growth not only on mouse cells but also on mink cells, and recombination involved the env gene function. The genomic RNA of these two viruses shared 42 out of a total of 51 to 53 large T1 oligonucleotides (81%) and possessed a similar subunit size of 36S. Most of these T1 oligonucleotides were mapped in their relative order to the 3' polyadenylic acid end of the viral RNA molecules. There were 10 common oligonucleotides immediately next to the 3' termini. A cluster of 7 (in Mo-MuLV83) or 10 (in Mo-MuLV) unique T1 oligonucleotides were mapped next to the common sequences at the 3' end, and they all appeared concomitantly in a polyadenylic acid-containing RNA fraction with a sedimentation coefficient slightly larger than 18S. Therefore, the env gene of Mo-MuLV was situated at a location approximately 2,000 to 4,000 nucleotides from the 3' end of the genomic RNA, and the gene order of Mo-MuLV appeared to be similar to that of the more rigorously determined avian oncornaviruses. cDNA(SFFV) specific for the xenotropic sequences in the spleen focus-forming virus RNA hybridized to the cluster of unique oligonucleotides of Mo-MuLV83 RNA. This suggests that the loci of recombination involve the homologous env gene region of a xenotropic virus.", "contents": "Mapping host range-specific oligonucleotides within genomes of the ecotropic and mink cell focus-inducing strains of Moloney murine leukemia virus. The site of recombination of a mink cell focus-inducing strain (Mo-MuLV83) derived from an ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) was mapped by fingerprint analysis of the large RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides, employing a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method. Mo-MuLV83, in contrast to the ecotropic Mo-MuLV, demonstrated a broadened host range, i.e., growth not only on mouse cells but also on mink cells, and recombination involved the env gene function. The genomic RNA of these two viruses shared 42 out of a total of 51 to 53 large T1 oligonucleotides (81%) and possessed a similar subunit size of 36S. Most of these T1 oligonucleotides were mapped in their relative order to the 3' polyadenylic acid end of the viral RNA molecules. There were 10 common oligonucleotides immediately next to the 3' termini. A cluster of 7 (in Mo-MuLV83) or 10 (in Mo-MuLV) unique T1 oligonucleotides were mapped next to the common sequences at the 3' end, and they all appeared concomitantly in a polyadenylic acid-containing RNA fraction with a sedimentation coefficient slightly larger than 18S. Therefore, the env gene of Mo-MuLV was situated at a location approximately 2,000 to 4,000 nucleotides from the 3' end of the genomic RNA, and the gene order of Mo-MuLV appeared to be similar to that of the more rigorously determined avian oncornaviruses. cDNA(SFFV) specific for the xenotropic sequences in the spleen focus-forming virus RNA hybridized to the cluster of unique oligonucleotides of Mo-MuLV83 RNA. This suggests that the loci of recombination involve the homologous env gene region of a xenotropic virus.", "PMID": 565826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6757", "title": "Antibody against megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Purified human IgG from both serum and the culture of human splenic cells was radiolabeled with 125I. Incubation of radiolabeled IgG from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) with normal homologous platelets or bone marrow cells resulted in significant (P less than .001) binding when compared with control IgG. Radioautographs showed that the radioactivity was associated with the platelets or megakaryocytes. The antiplatelet antibody in ITP has specificity for antigens associated with both platelets and megakaryocytes and suggests that thrombopolesis may also be affected in this disease.", "contents": "Antibody against megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Purified human IgG from both serum and the culture of human splenic cells was radiolabeled with 125I. Incubation of radiolabeled IgG from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) with normal homologous platelets or bone marrow cells resulted in significant (P less than .001) binding when compared with control IgG. Radioautographs showed that the radioactivity was associated with the platelets or megakaryocytes. The antiplatelet antibody in ITP has specificity for antigens associated with both platelets and megakaryocytes and suggests that thrombopolesis may also be affected in this disease.", "PMID": 565830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6758", "title": "Anti-convulsant effect of phthalazino-2,3b-phthalazine-5(14H),12(7h)-dione (L-5418). I. Behavioral effect.", "content": "Since it had been demonstrated that L5418 has an anti-convulsant effect with no relation to its anti-inflammatory properties, comparative studies were carried out with the use of currently available anti-convulsant agents as controls. L-5418 inhibited tonic convulsions induced by maximal electroshock and strychinine in mice and prevented animals from the death sequence. L-5418 had an inhibitory effect on tonic convulsions induced by pentetrazol and N-sulfamoyl-hexahydroazepine (SaH 41-178), but not on clonic convulsions by those compounds at even a high dosage or on clonic convulsions induced by picrotoxin and bemegride. Trimethadione produced an inhibitory effect on both tonic and clonic convulsions. The hypnotic agents, phenobarbital and glutethimide inhibited both convulsions, but a higher dose was required in the case of clonic convulsions. Anti-convulsant agents are classified into three different groups according to their mode of action. L-5418 had the same mode of action as seen with diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine. As L-5418 did not inhibit tremor induced by tremorine, an anti-Parkinson effect was ruled out. When L-5418 was administered alone, the animals did not lose the righting reflex nor show muscle relaxation observed in inclined screen and rotarod tests. Moreover, the compound had no influence on the aggressive behavior induced by electrical stimulation or olfactory bulb ablation. L-5418 possesses a selective anti-convulsant effect, yet has no sedative, tranquilizing or disturbing effects on movement such as equilibrium disturbance or muscle relaxation. L-5418 may prove useful for grand mal epilepsy as it is less toxic than diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine.", "contents": "Anti-convulsant effect of phthalazino-2,3b-phthalazine-5(14H),12(7h)-dione (L-5418). I. Behavioral effect. Since it had been demonstrated that L5418 has an anti-convulsant effect with no relation to its anti-inflammatory properties, comparative studies were carried out with the use of currently available anti-convulsant agents as controls. L-5418 inhibited tonic convulsions induced by maximal electroshock and strychinine in mice and prevented animals from the death sequence. L-5418 had an inhibitory effect on tonic convulsions induced by pentetrazol and N-sulfamoyl-hexahydroazepine (SaH 41-178), but not on clonic convulsions by those compounds at even a high dosage or on clonic convulsions induced by picrotoxin and bemegride. Trimethadione produced an inhibitory effect on both tonic and clonic convulsions. The hypnotic agents, phenobarbital and glutethimide inhibited both convulsions, but a higher dose was required in the case of clonic convulsions. Anti-convulsant agents are classified into three different groups according to their mode of action. L-5418 had the same mode of action as seen with diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine. As L-5418 did not inhibit tremor induced by tremorine, an anti-Parkinson effect was ruled out. When L-5418 was administered alone, the animals did not lose the righting reflex nor show muscle relaxation observed in inclined screen and rotarod tests. Moreover, the compound had no influence on the aggressive behavior induced by electrical stimulation or olfactory bulb ablation. L-5418 possesses a selective anti-convulsant effect, yet has no sedative, tranquilizing or disturbing effects on movement such as equilibrium disturbance or muscle relaxation. L-5418 may prove useful for grand mal epilepsy as it is less toxic than diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine.", "PMID": 565846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6759", "title": "[A study of the retinal pigmentary epithelium in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The different phases of phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelium in vitro were studied by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Organotypical and histiotypical cells were stimulated by polystyrene microspheres in the presence of inhibitors of microfilament contraction (cytochalasine B) and cellular translocation (colchicine). The possible function of microfilaments and microtubules during the phagocytosis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[A study of the retinal pigmentary epithelium in vitro (author's transl)]. The different phases of phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelium in vitro were studied by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Organotypical and histiotypical cells were stimulated by polystyrene microspheres in the presence of inhibitors of microfilament contraction (cytochalasine B) and cellular translocation (colchicine). The possible function of microfilaments and microtubules during the phagocytosis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 565848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6760", "title": "[Acute iridocyclitis, ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and congenital tissue antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "The tiysue antigen HLA-B27 was present in 92.6% of 95 Swiss patients with classical ankylosing spondylitis. This tissue antigen is present in only 7.7% of healthy Swiss blood donors. 36% of all patients had one or several acute attacks of anterior uveitis. This usually follows the onset of joint symptoms. In 4% of the 95 patients the iritis was the first symptom. The combination of acute uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis with the tissue antigen HLA-B27 indicates that not only the spondylitis, but also the uveitis is in many cases genetically determined.", "contents": "[Acute iridocyclitis, ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and congenital tissue antigens (author's transl)]. The tiysue antigen HLA-B27 was present in 92.6% of 95 Swiss patients with classical ankylosing spondylitis. This tissue antigen is present in only 7.7% of healthy Swiss blood donors. 36% of all patients had one or several acute attacks of anterior uveitis. This usually follows the onset of joint symptoms. In 4% of the 95 patients the iritis was the first symptom. The combination of acute uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis with the tissue antigen HLA-B27 indicates that not only the spondylitis, but also the uveitis is in many cases genetically determined.", "PMID": 565849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6761", "title": "[Studies of activity kinetic of isoenzyme CK-MB in serum after myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the activity kinetics of CK-total and CK-MB in 83 patients with proven myocardial infarctions. Serial serum samples were taken at intervals of 2--6 h. The activity of isoenzym CK-MB was determined by means of the immunological inhibition method. CK-MB activity was determined in all patients. The mean peak activity of CK-MB was 65 U/l (range: 9-241 U/l). At the time of peak CK-MB activity the mean percentage CK-MB activity was 13.2% (range: 3.4--21.7%). The CK-MB activity reached its peak at 17.4 h (range: 3.0--32.5 h) after the onset of retrosternal pain. This is 1.4 h after peak CK-total activity. The mean disappearance rate constant for CK-MB (n = 31) was found to be 9.3 X 10(-4) U/min with a large individual variation. This value corresponds to a half life of 12.5 h (CK-total: 15.5 h). The determination of CK-MB activity is therefore only of diagnostic significance within 48 h of possible myocardial occurrence. Moreover, isoenzyme CK-MB is not found exclusively in myocardium. For this reason it is better to use the percentage CK-MB activity in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction. With 80% of the patients this value is greater than 6% within 36 h of proven myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Studies of activity kinetic of isoenzyme CK-MB in serum after myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. We investigated the activity kinetics of CK-total and CK-MB in 83 patients with proven myocardial infarctions. Serial serum samples were taken at intervals of 2--6 h. The activity of isoenzym CK-MB was determined by means of the immunological inhibition method. CK-MB activity was determined in all patients. The mean peak activity of CK-MB was 65 U/l (range: 9-241 U/l). At the time of peak CK-MB activity the mean percentage CK-MB activity was 13.2% (range: 3.4--21.7%). The CK-MB activity reached its peak at 17.4 h (range: 3.0--32.5 h) after the onset of retrosternal pain. This is 1.4 h after peak CK-total activity. The mean disappearance rate constant for CK-MB (n = 31) was found to be 9.3 X 10(-4) U/min with a large individual variation. This value corresponds to a half life of 12.5 h (CK-total: 15.5 h). The determination of CK-MB activity is therefore only of diagnostic significance within 48 h of possible myocardial occurrence. Moreover, isoenzyme CK-MB is not found exclusively in myocardium. For this reason it is better to use the percentage CK-MB activity in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction. With 80% of the patients this value is greater than 6% within 36 h of proven myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 565853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6762", "title": "Effects of abstinence on self-selection of ethanol induced by uncertainty in monkeys.", "content": "Of nine monkeys, three subjected to an experimental condition of uncertainty drank more ethanol than did three subjected to a learning task but no uncertainty and three subjected to no testing. The differential rates of consumption reappeared following 10 weeks of abstinence.", "contents": "Effects of abstinence on self-selection of ethanol induced by uncertainty in monkeys. Of nine monkeys, three subjected to an experimental condition of uncertainty drank more ethanol than did three subjected to a learning task but no uncertainty and three subjected to no testing. The differential rates of consumption reappeared following 10 weeks of abstinence.", "PMID": 565859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6763", "title": "Interrelationships of physician performances: technical quality and utilization and implications for quality and utilization controls.", "content": "The study determined the intrarelationships and interrelationships of two sets of physician performance measures: technical quality and utilization of medical resources. The performance measures were based on 2,431 episodes in 15 diagnostic categories involving 454 physicians. A series of correlations were used to determine these relationships. The technical performance of physicians for prehospitalization, hospitalization, and posthospitalization care were found to be positively related (r=.38). The interrelationships between efficient utilization and technical quality were also positive (r=.22). There appears to be some homogeneity in the performance in the areas of technical quality and utilization patterns, but this is not strong enough to allow substitution one for another. It is therefore recommended that efforts to control or measure quality of care and utilization patterns need to be directed to each aspect of physician performances.", "contents": "Interrelationships of physician performances: technical quality and utilization and implications for quality and utilization controls. The study determined the intrarelationships and interrelationships of two sets of physician performance measures: technical quality and utilization of medical resources. The performance measures were based on 2,431 episodes in 15 diagnostic categories involving 454 physicians. A series of correlations were used to determine these relationships. The technical performance of physicians for prehospitalization, hospitalization, and posthospitalization care were found to be positively related (r=.38). The interrelationships between efficient utilization and technical quality were also positive (r=.22). There appears to be some homogeneity in the performance in the areas of technical quality and utilization patterns, but this is not strong enough to allow substitution one for another. It is therefore recommended that efforts to control or measure quality of care and utilization patterns need to be directed to each aspect of physician performances.", "PMID": 565860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6764", "title": "Counselling the hysterectomy patient.", "content": "The problem of psychosexual disorders following hysterectomy is reviewed. A search of the current literature suggests that a large number of women who have post-hysterectomy depression, loss of libido, or other neuroses have a previous history of depression and neurosis, that they have a generally poor knowledge of their own anatomy and physiology, or that they have received poor counselling and explanation from their own doctor. The fact that the decision to perform a hysterectomy may have been incorrect has also been suggested as a possible cause for regret for the loss of their uterus in some women, whilst in others it is often related to the concept that the uterus is the source of a woman's femininity and the loss of this organ makes her less than a woman. A regime of counselling and the use of an explanatory pamphlet is proposed for all women who are to have a hysterectomy.", "contents": "Counselling the hysterectomy patient. The problem of psychosexual disorders following hysterectomy is reviewed. A search of the current literature suggests that a large number of women who have post-hysterectomy depression, loss of libido, or other neuroses have a previous history of depression and neurosis, that they have a generally poor knowledge of their own anatomy and physiology, or that they have received poor counselling and explanation from their own doctor. The fact that the decision to perform a hysterectomy may have been incorrect has also been suggested as a possible cause for regret for the loss of their uterus in some women, whilst in others it is often related to the concept that the uterus is the source of a woman's femininity and the loss of this organ makes her less than a woman. A regime of counselling and the use of an explanatory pamphlet is proposed for all women who are to have a hysterectomy.", "PMID": 565865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6765", "title": "The effects of zero population growth on the incidence of cleft lip and palate in Western Australia.", "content": "A total of 613 cases of cleft lip, cleft palate, and combinations of both (CLP(P)) has been ascertained in the period from 1958 to 1975 in Western Australia. Near-total ascertainment of cases during this period was obtained from multiple sources. There has been a significant decline in the total incidence and the cleft lip and palate (CLP) incidence in males. The hypothesis is presented that these changes are linked to the changing fertility pattern throughout Australia (as technological improvements are made in the simplicity and efficacy of birth control), and abortion (as social attitudes change); and as the birthrate drops towards zero population growth (ZPG). The paper presents two critical observations: (i) the link between CLP(P) incidence, and demographic changes; (ii) in differing behaviour of cleft lip (CL) and CLP, which were previously regarded as linked conditions.", "contents": "The effects of zero population growth on the incidence of cleft lip and palate in Western Australia. A total of 613 cases of cleft lip, cleft palate, and combinations of both (CLP(P)) has been ascertained in the period from 1958 to 1975 in Western Australia. Near-total ascertainment of cases during this period was obtained from multiple sources. There has been a significant decline in the total incidence and the cleft lip and palate (CLP) incidence in males. The hypothesis is presented that these changes are linked to the changing fertility pattern throughout Australia (as technological improvements are made in the simplicity and efficacy of birth control), and abortion (as social attitudes change); and as the birthrate drops towards zero population growth (ZPG). The paper presents two critical observations: (i) the link between CLP(P) incidence, and demographic changes; (ii) in differing behaviour of cleft lip (CL) and CLP, which were previously regarded as linked conditions.", "PMID": 565866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6766", "title": "The occurrence of psilocybin in Gymnopilus species.", "content": "An accidental case of mushroom poisoning led to the detection of psilocybin in Gymnopilus validipes (Cortinariaceae). This compound was subsequently isolated (0.12% yield) by anion exchange and cellulose chromatography. Eighteen additional species of Gymnopilus were screened by a method capable of detecting 0.0004% psilocybin in dried carpophores. Psilocybin was detected in G. aeruginosus, G. luteus, G. viridans and G. spectabilis. The latter species has been previously reported to be hallucinogenic. This is the first report of psilocybin from this genus.", "contents": "The occurrence of psilocybin in Gymnopilus species. An accidental case of mushroom poisoning led to the detection of psilocybin in Gymnopilus validipes (Cortinariaceae). This compound was subsequently isolated (0.12% yield) by anion exchange and cellulose chromatography. Eighteen additional species of Gymnopilus were screened by a method capable of detecting 0.0004% psilocybin in dried carpophores. Psilocybin was detected in G. aeruginosus, G. luteus, G. viridans and G. spectabilis. The latter species has been previously reported to be hallucinogenic. This is the first report of psilocybin from this genus.", "PMID": 565861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6767", "title": "[A contribution to the diagnostic of stress-in-continence (author's transl)].", "content": "In 321 women with the symptoms of a stress-incontinence we tried to find out if specific methods can reform the diagnostic. By clinical tests an urinary incontinence could be shown only in 71.1%. The results from urethrocystography (169 patients) and simultane measuring of pressure in urethra and urinary bladder (222 patients) are compared with the results of the clinical examination of urine incontinence. According to the method used, the urethrocystography was corresponding with the positive clinical test between 75.9 and 93.5%, the measuring of the pressure in 87.4%. In negative clinical tests a stress-incontinence could be diagnosed or be excluded by combined radiological, tonometrical and endoscopical examinations. Urethrocystography and simultane measuring of pressure complement one another, they are no competitive methods. Our investigations further showed that the upper urogenital tract is cooperating in stress-incontinence. In the infusion-urogram 19.7% of the patients showed signs of chronic pyelonephritis, 15.3% had no urinary insufficience. 22.6% were suspect to have a chronic pyelonephritis. Finally the worth of diagnostic methods on therapeutic actions is discussed.", "contents": "[A contribution to the diagnostic of stress-in-continence (author's transl)]. In 321 women with the symptoms of a stress-incontinence we tried to find out if specific methods can reform the diagnostic. By clinical tests an urinary incontinence could be shown only in 71.1%. The results from urethrocystography (169 patients) and simultane measuring of pressure in urethra and urinary bladder (222 patients) are compared with the results of the clinical examination of urine incontinence. According to the method used, the urethrocystography was corresponding with the positive clinical test between 75.9 and 93.5%, the measuring of the pressure in 87.4%. In negative clinical tests a stress-incontinence could be diagnosed or be excluded by combined radiological, tonometrical and endoscopical examinations. Urethrocystography and simultane measuring of pressure complement one another, they are no competitive methods. Our investigations further showed that the upper urogenital tract is cooperating in stress-incontinence. In the infusion-urogram 19.7% of the patients showed signs of chronic pyelonephritis, 15.3% had no urinary insufficience. 22.6% were suspect to have a chronic pyelonephritis. Finally the worth of diagnostic methods on therapeutic actions is discussed.", "PMID": 565867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6768", "title": "An association between actin and the major histocompatibility antigen H-2.", "content": "P815 cells spontaneously shed material (exfoliate) in which actin is the major protein. The exfoliate also contains H-2. The association between actin and H-2 is stable even in the presence of detergent, indicating that protein-protein interactions exist between the actin and H-2. The exfoliate probably consists of highly purified microvilli.", "contents": "An association between actin and the major histocompatibility antigen H-2. P815 cells spontaneously shed material (exfoliate) in which actin is the major protein. The exfoliate also contains H-2. The association between actin and H-2 is stable even in the presence of detergent, indicating that protein-protein interactions exist between the actin and H-2. The exfoliate probably consists of highly purified microvilli.", "PMID": 565878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6769", "title": "Hypertriglyceridemia associated with deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II.", "content": "A 59-year-old man with severe hypertriglyceridemia and no post-heparin lipolytic activity was studied because of a marked fall in plasma triglyceride concentrations after a blood transfusion. An apolipoprotein activator (apolipoprotein C-II) for lipoprotein lipase could not be detected by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of apoproteins, immunodiffusion of the plasma against anti-apolipoprotein CII or activation assays for lipoprotein lipase. Furthermore, the patient's triglyceride-rich lipoproteins would not serve as substrate for lipoprotein lipase. The patient had latent post-heparin lipolytic activity, which appeared after the addition of apolipoprotein CII to the post-heparin plasma. After a transfusion of 1 unit of plasma from a normal subject the patient's plasma triglycerides fell, within one day, from 1000 to 250 mg per deciliter and remained below preinfusion concentrations for six days. We conclude that this patient's hyperlipoproteinemia resulted from a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II.", "contents": "Hypertriglyceridemia associated with deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II. A 59-year-old man with severe hypertriglyceridemia and no post-heparin lipolytic activity was studied because of a marked fall in plasma triglyceride concentrations after a blood transfusion. An apolipoprotein activator (apolipoprotein C-II) for lipoprotein lipase could not be detected by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of apoproteins, immunodiffusion of the plasma against anti-apolipoprotein CII or activation assays for lipoprotein lipase. Furthermore, the patient's triglyceride-rich lipoproteins would not serve as substrate for lipoprotein lipase. The patient had latent post-heparin lipolytic activity, which appeared after the addition of apolipoprotein CII to the post-heparin plasma. After a transfusion of 1 unit of plasma from a normal subject the patient's plasma triglycerides fell, within one day, from 1000 to 250 mg per deciliter and remained below preinfusion concentrations for six days. We conclude that this patient's hyperlipoproteinemia resulted from a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II.", "PMID": 565877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6770", "title": "[Effect of formaldehyde on the enzymatic activity of RNAase A].", "content": "Even a small amount of formaldehyde is shown to induce a drop in the RNase A enzymatic activity. This drop is rapid from the start and then begins to be slower. A supposition was made on nature of the enzyme activity. Comparison of the effects of formaldehyde on the enzymatic and the destabilizing activity of RNase A was made. The effect of formaldehyde on the enzymatic activity does not correlate with its effect on the ability of RNase to destabilize the DNA double helix.", "contents": "[Effect of formaldehyde on the enzymatic activity of RNAase A]. Even a small amount of formaldehyde is shown to induce a drop in the RNase A enzymatic activity. This drop is rapid from the start and then begins to be slower. A supposition was made on nature of the enzyme activity. Comparison of the effects of formaldehyde on the enzymatic and the destabilizing activity of RNase A was made. The effect of formaldehyde on the enzymatic activity does not correlate with its effect on the ability of RNase to destabilize the DNA double helix.", "PMID": 565874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6771", "title": "[Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. X. New type double-helical structures in the pre-mRNA].", "content": "High molecular weight nuclear pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA or RNA) isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells contains besides moderately long (100--200 base base pairs) snap-back double-stranded structures, also longer double-stranded structure containing at least 300-800 base pairs. Very long double-stranded sequences are not able to snap-back after RNA melting. While the moderately long double-stranded RNS (dsRNA) is renatured at Cot 1/2 approximately or equal to 5 X 10(-4), the very long dsRNA shows a higher complexity (Cot 1/2 approximately or equal to 2 X 10(-2). They also hybridize to a less reiterated class of DNA than moderately long dsRNA. Two classes of dsRNA are represented by different sequences as followed from cross-renaturation experiments. Very long dsRNA forms stable hybrids with 20% of total poly(A)+mRNA of cytoplasm. The properties of different classes of ds structures present in nuclear pre-mRNA are compared and their possible nature is discussed. The presence of very long dsRNA may reflect either the symmetric transcription of structural genes, or the transcription from thos DNA sequences which are complementary to each other but located in different parts of the genome.", "contents": "[Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. X. New type double-helical structures in the pre-mRNA]. High molecular weight nuclear pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA or RNA) isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells contains besides moderately long (100--200 base base pairs) snap-back double-stranded structures, also longer double-stranded structure containing at least 300-800 base pairs. Very long double-stranded sequences are not able to snap-back after RNA melting. While the moderately long double-stranded RNS (dsRNA) is renatured at Cot 1/2 approximately or equal to 5 X 10(-4), the very long dsRNA shows a higher complexity (Cot 1/2 approximately or equal to 2 X 10(-2). They also hybridize to a less reiterated class of DNA than moderately long dsRNA. Two classes of dsRNA are represented by different sequences as followed from cross-renaturation experiments. Very long dsRNA forms stable hybrids with 20% of total poly(A)+mRNA of cytoplasm. The properties of different classes of ds structures present in nuclear pre-mRNA are compared and their possible nature is discussed. The presence of very long dsRNA may reflect either the symmetric transcription of structural genes, or the transcription from thos DNA sequences which are complementary to each other but located in different parts of the genome.", "PMID": 565873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6772", "title": "Comparison between hypothalamic multiple-unit activity and corticotropic function after bilateral destruction of the hippocampus.", "content": "Multiple unit activity (MUA) was recorded from the adrenocorticotropic area (n. posterior medialis hypothalami, PMH) of unrestrained resting pigeons throughout the 24 h period and compared with plasma corticosterone levels (B). Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the hippocampus suppressed diurnal variations of MUA and B. Both parameters were stabilized at a steady high level whereas complete neural isolation of the basal hypothalamus led to stabilized intermediate plasma B level and MUA pattern.", "contents": "Comparison between hypothalamic multiple-unit activity and corticotropic function after bilateral destruction of the hippocampus. Multiple unit activity (MUA) was recorded from the adrenocorticotropic area (n. posterior medialis hypothalami, PMH) of unrestrained resting pigeons throughout the 24 h period and compared with plasma corticosterone levels (B). Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the hippocampus suppressed diurnal variations of MUA and B. Both parameters were stabilized at a steady high level whereas complete neural isolation of the basal hypothalamus led to stabilized intermediate plasma B level and MUA pattern.", "PMID": 565880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6773", "title": "Computerized cranial tomography in cerebral diseases of white matter.", "content": "Computerized tomographic scans were performed on 31 patients with primary diseases of the white matter. Among 18 patients with multiple sclerosis, acute lesions were visualized in five, all with symptomatic cerebral hemisphere disease. Characteristic white matter lesions were also demonstrated in adrenoleukodystrophy, spongiform encephalopathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy, and an undiagnosed leukoencephalopathy associated with malignancy. Besides identifying white matter abnormalities, the CT scan patterns were often specific enough to help distinguish among the various etiologic possibilities for the abnormalities. Useful diagnostic characteristics included the anatomic distribution of lesions, mass effect, atrophic changes, and enhancement after contrast infusion.", "contents": "Computerized cranial tomography in cerebral diseases of white matter. Computerized tomographic scans were performed on 31 patients with primary diseases of the white matter. Among 18 patients with multiple sclerosis, acute lesions were visualized in five, all with symptomatic cerebral hemisphere disease. Characteristic white matter lesions were also demonstrated in adrenoleukodystrophy, spongiform encephalopathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy, and an undiagnosed leukoencephalopathy associated with malignancy. Besides identifying white matter abnormalities, the CT scan patterns were often specific enough to help distinguish among the various etiologic possibilities for the abnormalities. Useful diagnostic characteristics included the anatomic distribution of lesions, mass effect, atrophic changes, and enhancement after contrast infusion.", "PMID": 565883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6774", "title": "Lesion localization in aphasia with cranial computed tomography and the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam.", "content": "Nineteen stable left-hemisphere stroke patients with aphasia were evaluated by the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) and the Token Test (TT), and by cranial computed tomography (CT). The types of aphasia included Broca (three patients), Wernicke (four patients), conduction (four patients), transcortical motor (four patients), and global (four patients). The lesions, as localized by CT scan, were superimposed onto five composite lesion localization maps for these five aphasia syndromes. There was good correlation between BDAE aphasia type and lesion localization. On CT scans, the locations of cortical language areas lie in a specific relationship to parts of the ventricular system.", "contents": "Lesion localization in aphasia with cranial computed tomography and the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam. Nineteen stable left-hemisphere stroke patients with aphasia were evaluated by the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) and the Token Test (TT), and by cranial computed tomography (CT). The types of aphasia included Broca (three patients), Wernicke (four patients), conduction (four patients), transcortical motor (four patients), and global (four patients). The lesions, as localized by CT scan, were superimposed onto five composite lesion localization maps for these five aphasia syndromes. There was good correlation between BDAE aphasia type and lesion localization. On CT scans, the locations of cortical language areas lie in a specific relationship to parts of the ventricular system.", "PMID": 565884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6775", "title": "Combined congenital vascular anomalies and neuroepithelial (colloid) cysts.", "content": "We present two unique cases of intracranial congenital lesions of different origins. A 29-year-old woman had an angioma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and paraventricular region; a small neuroepithelia cyst was also included in the lesion. This case is the first known description of a choroidal angioma in the third ventricle. The other patient, a 39-year-old woman, had a ruptured saccular aneurysm at the junction of the anterior communicating and left anterior cerebral arteries, a cerebellar hemangioma, and a small neuroepithelial cyst with numerous papillary infoldings in the pineal region. The presence of choroid plexus in this cyst is further evidence of a developmental malformation. Review of the literature disclosed that vascular malformations and neuroepithelial cysts are occasionally associated with other congenital anomalies. The findings support the congenitally derived nature of these lesions.", "contents": "Combined congenital vascular anomalies and neuroepithelial (colloid) cysts. We present two unique cases of intracranial congenital lesions of different origins. A 29-year-old woman had an angioma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and paraventricular region; a small neuroepithelia cyst was also included in the lesion. This case is the first known description of a choroidal angioma in the third ventricle. The other patient, a 39-year-old woman, had a ruptured saccular aneurysm at the junction of the anterior communicating and left anterior cerebral arteries, a cerebellar hemangioma, and a small neuroepithelial cyst with numerous papillary infoldings in the pineal region. The presence of choroid plexus in this cyst is further evidence of a developmental malformation. Review of the literature disclosed that vascular malformations and neuroepithelial cysts are occasionally associated with other congenital anomalies. The findings support the congenitally derived nature of these lesions.", "PMID": 565885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6776", "title": "Inaccurate reaching associated with a superior parietal lobe tumor.", "content": "A man with a tumor in the right superior parietal lobule had difficulty reaching for visualized objects. There were no significant deficits in visual sensation, visual attention, somatosensory function, elementary motility, praxis, or visuospatial performance. If allowed to visually fixate the target before reaching, he misreached only with his left arm and only when he was not allowed to observe the reaching limb. If he was required to maintain central visual fixation while reaching into his peripheral visual fields, his left arm misreached into both visual hemifields but his right arm misreached only into the left visual hemifield. These results demonstrate abnormalities, referable to both the contralateral arm and the contralateral visual field, that can neither be reduced to elementary disturbances of visual or somatosensory function nor to an elementary disturbance of motility. This pattern of misreaching has not been previously reported in human subjects or in experimental animals, but this may be attributable to differences of methodology. The misreaching observed in this patient may correspond to loss of posterior parietal neurons serving a supramodal integrative function.", "contents": "Inaccurate reaching associated with a superior parietal lobe tumor. A man with a tumor in the right superior parietal lobule had difficulty reaching for visualized objects. There were no significant deficits in visual sensation, visual attention, somatosensory function, elementary motility, praxis, or visuospatial performance. If allowed to visually fixate the target before reaching, he misreached only with his left arm and only when he was not allowed to observe the reaching limb. If he was required to maintain central visual fixation while reaching into his peripheral visual fields, his left arm misreached into both visual hemifields but his right arm misreached only into the left visual hemifield. These results demonstrate abnormalities, referable to both the contralateral arm and the contralateral visual field, that can neither be reduced to elementary disturbances of visual or somatosensory function nor to an elementary disturbance of motility. This pattern of misreaching has not been previously reported in human subjects or in experimental animals, but this may be attributable to differences of methodology. The misreaching observed in this patient may correspond to loss of posterior parietal neurons serving a supramodal integrative function.", "PMID": 565886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6777", "title": "Solitary brainstem metastasis.", "content": "Progressive cranial nerve palsies and long-tract signs without increased intracranial pressure developed in three patients. All had a history of cancer, but two had been in remission for more than 5 years and were thought to be cured of the malignancy. The patients were treated with cranial irradiation and glucocorticoids, following which one patient made a dramatic neurologic recovery. In each case, postmortem examination showed a brainstem metastasis with no metastatic lesions elsewhere in the nervous system. An occult metastasis should be considered when signs or symptoms suggest brainstem tumor in an adult.", "contents": "Solitary brainstem metastasis. Progressive cranial nerve palsies and long-tract signs without increased intracranial pressure developed in three patients. All had a history of cancer, but two had been in remission for more than 5 years and were thought to be cured of the malignancy. The patients were treated with cranial irradiation and glucocorticoids, following which one patient made a dramatic neurologic recovery. In each case, postmortem examination showed a brainstem metastasis with no metastatic lesions elsewhere in the nervous system. An occult metastasis should be considered when signs or symptoms suggest brainstem tumor in an adult.", "PMID": 565887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6778", "title": "Strokes and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "One adolescent and two young adults had ulcerative colitis and cerebral thrombosis. All survived with neurologic deficit. These patients had no other predisposing factor for cerebrovascular disease. Systemic arterial and venous thromboembolic complications occur often in ulcerative colitis, but stroke is uncommon. Abnormalities in the early stages of clotting may be responsible, and the risk of thromboembolic phenomena in young patients seems to increase with exacerbations of this form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and possibly with regional enteritis as well.", "contents": "Strokes and ulcerative colitis. One adolescent and two young adults had ulcerative colitis and cerebral thrombosis. All survived with neurologic deficit. These patients had no other predisposing factor for cerebrovascular disease. Systemic arterial and venous thromboembolic complications occur often in ulcerative colitis, but stroke is uncommon. Abnormalities in the early stages of clotting may be responsible, and the risk of thromboembolic phenomena in young patients seems to increase with exacerbations of this form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and possibly with regional enteritis as well.", "PMID": 565888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6779", "title": "The cellular pathology of Menkes steely hair syndrome.", "content": "The principal neuropathologic abnormality observed in three autopsy cases of Menkes steely hair syndrome was widespread nerve cell loss and gliosis, especially severe in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and in the relay nuclei of the thalamus. Granular stellate cells of neocortical layer IV and the granule cells of the cerebellum are cell classes which were particularly severely depopulated. The degree of reduction of myelinated axons is consistent with axonal degeneration secondary to nerve cell loss. There are also prominent abnormalities in the patterns of dendritic arborization of surviving cortical pyramids and cerebellar Purkinje cells as seen in Golgi impregnations. The deviant neuronal forms are probably due, in part, to failure of innervation by afferent fiber systems during the fetal as well as postnatal epochs.", "contents": "The cellular pathology of Menkes steely hair syndrome. The principal neuropathologic abnormality observed in three autopsy cases of Menkes steely hair syndrome was widespread nerve cell loss and gliosis, especially severe in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and in the relay nuclei of the thalamus. Granular stellate cells of neocortical layer IV and the granule cells of the cerebellum are cell classes which were particularly severely depopulated. The degree of reduction of myelinated axons is consistent with axonal degeneration secondary to nerve cell loss. There are also prominent abnormalities in the patterns of dendritic arborization of surviving cortical pyramids and cerebellar Purkinje cells as seen in Golgi impregnations. The deviant neuronal forms are probably due, in part, to failure of innervation by afferent fiber systems during the fetal as well as postnatal epochs.", "PMID": 565889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6780", "title": "Basilar migraine, seizures, and severe epileptiform EEG abnormalities.", "content": "Four adolescents had basilar migraine, infrequent cerebral seizures, and severe EEG abnormalities. The clinical course was benign, with normal personality, mentation, and neurologic examination. Almost continuous EEG abnormalities, consisting of rhythmic temporo-occipital sharp and slow wave discharges, or generalized spike and wave complexes, were seen in serial recordings. The rare seizures, either focal or generalized, usually followed a migrainous aura and seemed to be readily controlled with anticonvulsant medication. The complex relationship between classical migraine and epilepsy is illustrated by this syndrome; recognition of its relatively benign course may prevent unnecessary investigation and undue alarm.", "contents": "Basilar migraine, seizures, and severe epileptiform EEG abnormalities. Four adolescents had basilar migraine, infrequent cerebral seizures, and severe EEG abnormalities. The clinical course was benign, with normal personality, mentation, and neurologic examination. Almost continuous EEG abnormalities, consisting of rhythmic temporo-occipital sharp and slow wave discharges, or generalized spike and wave complexes, were seen in serial recordings. The rare seizures, either focal or generalized, usually followed a migrainous aura and seemed to be readily controlled with anticonvulsant medication. The complex relationship between classical migraine and epilepsy is illustrated by this syndrome; recognition of its relatively benign course may prevent unnecessary investigation and undue alarm.", "PMID": 565890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6781", "title": "Epileptic discharges triggered by eye convergence.", "content": "A 27-year-old man with major motor and minor seizures showed focal epileptic discharges and electrical seizures triggered by eye convergence. Other voluntary ocular movements failed to evoke reflex epileptic discharges. Eye convergence triggered discharges even after the eyelids were strapped open with tapes and the pupillary and accommodation reflexes were temporarily paralyzed. This patient also showed pattern-sensitive focal epileptic discharges arising from the same area of the brain as those induced by eye convergence, but he was not photosensitive.", "contents": "Epileptic discharges triggered by eye convergence. A 27-year-old man with major motor and minor seizures showed focal epileptic discharges and electrical seizures triggered by eye convergence. Other voluntary ocular movements failed to evoke reflex epileptic discharges. Eye convergence triggered discharges even after the eyelids were strapped open with tapes and the pupillary and accommodation reflexes were temporarily paralyzed. This patient also showed pattern-sensitive focal epileptic discharges arising from the same area of the brain as those induced by eye convergence, but he was not photosensitive.", "PMID": 565891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6782", "title": "Presynaptic and long-lasting postsynaptic inhibition during penicillin-induced spinal seizures.", "content": "In experiments on seven cats we tested the hypothesis that the epileptogenic effect of penicillin (PCN) on the spinal cord is mediated by a reduction of presynaptic inhibition. PCN-induced spinal hyperactivity was not associated with changes in either the presynaptic inhibition of extensor monosynaptic reflexes by conditioning volleys in flexor muscle nerves, or in evoked dorsal root potentials. Long-lasting inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes by repetitive cutaneous nerve volleys, shown by intracellular recording to be associated with prolonged inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), was also not changed by PCN. Antagonism of either pre- or postsynaptic spinal inhibition is not a necessary condition for induction of spinal seizures by PCN.", "contents": "Presynaptic and long-lasting postsynaptic inhibition during penicillin-induced spinal seizures. In experiments on seven cats we tested the hypothesis that the epileptogenic effect of penicillin (PCN) on the spinal cord is mediated by a reduction of presynaptic inhibition. PCN-induced spinal hyperactivity was not associated with changes in either the presynaptic inhibition of extensor monosynaptic reflexes by conditioning volleys in flexor muscle nerves, or in evoked dorsal root potentials. Long-lasting inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes by repetitive cutaneous nerve volleys, shown by intracellular recording to be associated with prolonged inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), was also not changed by PCN. Antagonism of either pre- or postsynaptic spinal inhibition is not a necessary condition for induction of spinal seizures by PCN.", "PMID": 565892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6783", "title": "Active state properties of denervated and immobilized muscle: comparison with dystrophic muscle.", "content": "Possible roles of neurotrophic mechanisms and muscle activity in the contractile abnormalities of muscular dystrophy were studied by comparing human dystrophic muscle to denervated and immobilized muscle. As evident in denervated muscle from the decreased acceleration of twitch development (decreased active state intensity of shortening), and isoproterenol-induced decrease of twitch with shortened decay of the active state, part of the abnormality in the subcellular calcium transport system in dystrophic muscle seems to be influenced by disordered neural regulation. Other active state abnormalities relating to activation processes and contractile proteins in dystrophic muscle were also demonstrated in both denervated and immobilized muscle, with some being more marked in immobilized muscle. The findings indicate that a neurogenic hypothesis cannot entirely explain the pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Active state properties of denervated and immobilized muscle: comparison with dystrophic muscle. Possible roles of neurotrophic mechanisms and muscle activity in the contractile abnormalities of muscular dystrophy were studied by comparing human dystrophic muscle to denervated and immobilized muscle. As evident in denervated muscle from the decreased acceleration of twitch development (decreased active state intensity of shortening), and isoproterenol-induced decrease of twitch with shortened decay of the active state, part of the abnormality in the subcellular calcium transport system in dystrophic muscle seems to be influenced by disordered neural regulation. Other active state abnormalities relating to activation processes and contractile proteins in dystrophic muscle were also demonstrated in both denervated and immobilized muscle, with some being more marked in immobilized muscle. The findings indicate that a neurogenic hypothesis cannot entirely explain the pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 565893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6784", "title": "Positive occipital sharp transients of sleep in the blind.", "content": "Positive occipital sharp transients of sleep (POSTS) were evaluated in 23 legally blind subjects. Only those subjects with severe visual field defects but normal or near normal visual acuity showed this activity. Nineteen subjects with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse failed to exhibit these potentials, while a control group matched for age showed POST in 79 percent of cases. The production of POSTS appears to depend on the integrity of macular function and normal central visual acuity.", "contents": "Positive occipital sharp transients of sleep in the blind. Positive occipital sharp transients of sleep (POSTS) were evaluated in 23 legally blind subjects. Only those subjects with severe visual field defects but normal or near normal visual acuity showed this activity. Nineteen subjects with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse failed to exhibit these potentials, while a control group matched for age showed POST in 79 percent of cases. The production of POSTS appears to depend on the integrity of macular function and normal central visual acuity.", "PMID": 565894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6785", "title": "Lateral cervical puncture: an alternative to lumbar puncture.", "content": "As an alternative to lumbar puncture for acquisition of cerebrospinal fluid, lateral cervical puncture is simple to perform and appears to have less potential for major complications than suboccipital puncture. A small number of normal cerebrospinal fluid samples from lateral cervical puncture were analyzed and were within the normal range of fluid obtained by lumbar puncture.", "contents": "Lateral cervical puncture: an alternative to lumbar puncture. As an alternative to lumbar puncture for acquisition of cerebrospinal fluid, lateral cervical puncture is simple to perform and appears to have less potential for major complications than suboccipital puncture. A small number of normal cerebrospinal fluid samples from lateral cervical puncture were analyzed and were within the normal range of fluid obtained by lumbar puncture.", "PMID": 565895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6786", "title": "Propranolol and parturition.", "content": "Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic blocking drug with a wide spectrum of use and may diverse pharmacologic effects. This case report is an example of a parturient who was on a large dose of propranolol for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The effects of this drug on pregnancy, labor, and above all, the fetus are discussed.", "contents": "Propranolol and parturition. Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic blocking drug with a wide spectrum of use and may diverse pharmacologic effects. This case report is an example of a parturient who was on a large dose of propranolol for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The effects of this drug on pregnancy, labor, and above all, the fetus are discussed.", "PMID": 565899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6787", "title": "Electrophysiological studies before and after argon-laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "50 eyes with diabetic retinopathy were studied before and after treatment with argon-laser coagulation. After treatment, decreases of the L/D ratios of the EOGs and of the amplitudes of all ERG components were found. The scotopic b waves were more involved than the photopic b waves. The peak times were hardly modified. The dark-adaptation curves were not modified. Interesting was the fact that in the pretreatment findings the EOGs were involved before the ERGs. The decreases of the L/D ratios started when avascular and ischemic zones were seen on fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies before and after argon-laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. 50 eyes with diabetic retinopathy were studied before and after treatment with argon-laser coagulation. After treatment, decreases of the L/D ratios of the EOGs and of the amplitudes of all ERG components were found. The scotopic b waves were more involved than the photopic b waves. The peak times were hardly modified. The dark-adaptation curves were not modified. Interesting was the fact that in the pretreatment findings the EOGs were involved before the ERGs. The decreases of the L/D ratios started when avascular and ischemic zones were seen on fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 565904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6788", "title": "Prednisone in idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy).", "content": "76 patients with severe Bell's palsy were treated for a short period with high doses of prednisone (60 mg for 4 days and from the 5th day on the dose was reduced every day by 5 mg). The treatment was started within the 1st week of onset. The onset, the course and the recovery of the paralysis were carefully evaluated. The facial recovery is presented in such way as to make possible comparison with other series of recovery after Bell's palsy.", "contents": "Prednisone in idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy). 76 patients with severe Bell's palsy were treated for a short period with high doses of prednisone (60 mg for 4 days and from the 5th day on the dose was reduced every day by 5 mg). The treatment was started within the 1st week of onset. The onset, the course and the recovery of the paralysis were carefully evaluated. The facial recovery is presented in such way as to make possible comparison with other series of recovery after Bell's palsy.", "PMID": 565905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6789", "title": "Middle ear ventilation after acute otitis media.", "content": "The investigation includes 43 children (82 ears) with acute otitis media who were treated with paracentesis and antibiotics. The middle ear pressure was measured 7 days, 14 days, 1 month, and 2 months after the otitis. A follow-up examination was performed 4-12 months after the otitis. The normalization process was extremely slow: 3 months after the otitis only 37% of the ears had a pressure between 0 and -50 mm H2O, and 24% had flat curves and chronic secretory otitis. 3-12 months after, 49% of the ears had a normal pressure. A discussion on whether the middle ear ventilation had been reduced before the present otitis, or whether the slow normalization process is due to the changes in the mucous membrane is presented. The first assumption seems to be more probable. The significance of poor ventilation in the occurrence of recurrency is emphasized. Tympanometry is recommended 1-3 months after otitis, especially in recurrent otitis media.", "contents": "Middle ear ventilation after acute otitis media. The investigation includes 43 children (82 ears) with acute otitis media who were treated with paracentesis and antibiotics. The middle ear pressure was measured 7 days, 14 days, 1 month, and 2 months after the otitis. A follow-up examination was performed 4-12 months after the otitis. The normalization process was extremely slow: 3 months after the otitis only 37% of the ears had a pressure between 0 and -50 mm H2O, and 24% had flat curves and chronic secretory otitis. 3-12 months after, 49% of the ears had a normal pressure. A discussion on whether the middle ear ventilation had been reduced before the present otitis, or whether the slow normalization process is due to the changes in the mucous membrane is presented. The first assumption seems to be more probable. The significance of poor ventilation in the occurrence of recurrency is emphasized. Tympanometry is recommended 1-3 months after otitis, especially in recurrent otitis media.", "PMID": 565906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6790", "title": "Changes in the adenylate energy charge of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Nematodirus battus during the development of immunity to these nematodes in their host.", "content": "Infection of rats with 2000 infective juveniles of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and of lambs with 60 000 infective juveniles of Nematodirus battus results in a well-marked immunity to these nematodes in their respective host. There is a fall in the adenylate energy charge value of these nematodes during the course of these infections, reaching values of 0.37 in males and 0.27 in females of N. brasiliensis, and 0.31 in males and 0.23 in females of N. battus towards the end of the infections. In hosts given relatively small numbers of infective juveniles, the values for the nematodes removed from the hosts late in the infection remain at a relatively high level. These results indicate that the immune response of the host may affect the energy status of these nematodes, and this could help to explain their subsequent expulsion from the immune host.", "contents": "Changes in the adenylate energy charge of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Nematodirus battus during the development of immunity to these nematodes in their host. Infection of rats with 2000 infective juveniles of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and of lambs with 60 000 infective juveniles of Nematodirus battus results in a well-marked immunity to these nematodes in their respective host. There is a fall in the adenylate energy charge value of these nematodes during the course of these infections, reaching values of 0.37 in males and 0.27 in females of N. brasiliensis, and 0.31 in males and 0.23 in females of N. battus towards the end of the infections. In hosts given relatively small numbers of infective juveniles, the values for the nematodes removed from the hosts late in the infection remain at a relatively high level. These results indicate that the immune response of the host may affect the energy status of these nematodes, and this could help to explain their subsequent expulsion from the immune host.", "PMID": 565911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6791", "title": "Strongyloides ratti in virgin female rats: studies of oestrous cycle effects and general variability.", "content": "There were no differences in mean intestinal worm burdens 8 days after subcutaneous injection of 4000 infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti into rats in dioestrus, pro-oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus. Thus, changes in the hormonal environment of the migrating larvae dependent on the oestrous cycle did not alter the worms' destination or affect their potential for development. In particular, the results are prima facie evidence that prolactin is not, on its own, responsible for the re-orientation of larvae in the tissues of nursing mothers. Other sources of variability in experimental S. ratti infections are analysed and the 'exact dose' technique offered as a corrective for some procedural errors.", "contents": "Strongyloides ratti in virgin female rats: studies of oestrous cycle effects and general variability. There were no differences in mean intestinal worm burdens 8 days after subcutaneous injection of 4000 infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti into rats in dioestrus, pro-oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus. Thus, changes in the hormonal environment of the migrating larvae dependent on the oestrous cycle did not alter the worms' destination or affect their potential for development. In particular, the results are prima facie evidence that prolactin is not, on its own, responsible for the re-orientation of larvae in the tissues of nursing mothers. Other sources of variability in experimental S. ratti infections are analysed and the 'exact dose' technique offered as a corrective for some procedural errors.", "PMID": 565912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6792", "title": "[Interferences between prolactin and ovarian function (author's transl)].", "content": "In the normal subject, hypoprolactinic agents have a dose-dependent effect on the fall in prolactin (PRL). The depression of the secretion of progesterone is proportional to the inhibition of PRL. Certain hyperprolactinic substances do not alter pituitary-ovarian function. Others induce a luteal deficiency. The prolactinic profile of ovarian function without galactorrhoea is inconstant. There is no precise link between the possibility of inducing ovulation and PRL levels. Galactorrhoea without amenorrhoea is often accompanied by a normal PRL. By contrast, a high PRL, whilst not necessarily causing galactorrhoea, is usually accompanied by hypo-oestrogenic amenorrhoea (normo- or hypo-gonadaotrophic). Puerperal lactation results in a state of relative hyperprolactinaemia, which does not prevent relatively rapid restoration of FSH gonadotrophic function, to which the ovary fails to respond. Artificial weaning by bromocriptine permits a more rapid return of pituitary-ovarian function than natural weaning. Amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea is characterised by a PRL level which is abnormally high or at the upper limit of normal, and FSH gonadotrophic and ovarian/oestrogenic function which is abnormally low or at the lower limit of normal. LH gonadotrophic function and the ovarian production of progesterone are diminished.", "contents": "[Interferences between prolactin and ovarian function (author's transl)]. In the normal subject, hypoprolactinic agents have a dose-dependent effect on the fall in prolactin (PRL). The depression of the secretion of progesterone is proportional to the inhibition of PRL. Certain hyperprolactinic substances do not alter pituitary-ovarian function. Others induce a luteal deficiency. The prolactinic profile of ovarian function without galactorrhoea is inconstant. There is no precise link between the possibility of inducing ovulation and PRL levels. Galactorrhoea without amenorrhoea is often accompanied by a normal PRL. By contrast, a high PRL, whilst not necessarily causing galactorrhoea, is usually accompanied by hypo-oestrogenic amenorrhoea (normo- or hypo-gonadaotrophic). Puerperal lactation results in a state of relative hyperprolactinaemia, which does not prevent relatively rapid restoration of FSH gonadotrophic function, to which the ovary fails to respond. Artificial weaning by bromocriptine permits a more rapid return of pituitary-ovarian function than natural weaning. Amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea is characterised by a PRL level which is abnormally high or at the upper limit of normal, and FSH gonadotrophic and ovarian/oestrogenic function which is abnormally low or at the lower limit of normal. LH gonadotrophic function and the ovarian production of progesterone are diminished.", "PMID": 565918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6793", "title": "A neurophysiologic model for aggressive behavior in the cat.", "content": "A neurophysiologic model for aggressive behavior in the cat is proposed. Stimulus-bound and seizure-bound aggression was evaluated in relation to limbic and basal ganglia induced seizures (after-discharges). Electrically induced limbic and basal ganglia after-discharges were used because they are known to implicate septohypothalamic sites from which aggression can be elicited by direct stimulation. The occurrence of behavioral aggression is correlated with the discharge characteristics of a single discharging system and with two interacting discharging systems. Aggression is composed of autonomic and somato-motor components which poses relatively low and high thresholds, respectively, for their activation. Aggression occurring during a combined septum and amygdala discharge was more intense and prolonged than with a septum discharge alone. Participation of  a slow frequency discharging basal ganglia system activated seizure-bound aggression in an otherwise nonaggressive limbic seizure. The limbic and basal ganglia stimulations and after-discharges lowered the excitability threshold of the aggression system and made it more vulnerable to being activated by external stimuli, such as visual and auditory stimuli. These observations are reminiscent of patients with aggressive behavior associated with psychomotor seizures.", "contents": "A neurophysiologic model for aggressive behavior in the cat. A neurophysiologic model for aggressive behavior in the cat is proposed. Stimulus-bound and seizure-bound aggression was evaluated in relation to limbic and basal ganglia induced seizures (after-discharges). Electrically induced limbic and basal ganglia after-discharges were used because they are known to implicate septohypothalamic sites from which aggression can be elicited by direct stimulation. The occurrence of behavioral aggression is correlated with the discharge characteristics of a single discharging system and with two interacting discharging systems. Aggression is composed of autonomic and somato-motor components which poses relatively low and high thresholds, respectively, for their activation. Aggression occurring during a combined septum and amygdala discharge was more intense and prolonged than with a septum discharge alone. Participation of  a slow frequency discharging basal ganglia system activated seizure-bound aggression in an otherwise nonaggressive limbic seizure. The limbic and basal ganglia stimulations and after-discharges lowered the excitability threshold of the aggression system and made it more vulnerable to being activated by external stimuli, such as visual and auditory stimuli. These observations are reminiscent of patients with aggressive behavior associated with psychomotor seizures.", "PMID": 565913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6794", "title": "Operant performance patterns of normal and nervous water-deprived dogs.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that most food-deprived genetically nervous pointer dogs fail to learn a bar-pressing response for food reward and those which do learn are erratic in bar-pressing compared to genetically normal pointer dogs which usually learn rapidly and perform well. Benzodiazepine drugs facilitate learning and performance of the responses in nervous dogs. The present study aimed at finding whether a stronger drive producing state, such as water deprivation, would facilitate learning and performance in even severely nervous dogs. Eight normal line and 7 nervous line dogs successfully learned to perform well a paddle-pressing response which activates a valve releasing water into a drinking pan. One disturbing dog of each line did not learn successfully. Behavior shaping was about as easy and as rapid in nervous line dogs as in normals. Nervous line dogs tended to be as consistent in responding. However, response rates of nervous line dogs averaged about two-thirds those of normal line dogs, the slowed rate of responses being taken up mostly in excessive, rather stereotyped, licking of the water pan. Response rates correlated well with degree of nervousness as measured on independent well standardized behavior tests. This behavior seems to add another dimension to the characterization of the nervousness of these \"spooky\" pointer dogs.", "contents": "Operant performance patterns of normal and nervous water-deprived dogs. Previous studies have shown that most food-deprived genetically nervous pointer dogs fail to learn a bar-pressing response for food reward and those which do learn are erratic in bar-pressing compared to genetically normal pointer dogs which usually learn rapidly and perform well. Benzodiazepine drugs facilitate learning and performance of the responses in nervous dogs. The present study aimed at finding whether a stronger drive producing state, such as water deprivation, would facilitate learning and performance in even severely nervous dogs. Eight normal line and 7 nervous line dogs successfully learned to perform well a paddle-pressing response which activates a valve releasing water into a drinking pan. One disturbing dog of each line did not learn successfully. Behavior shaping was about as easy and as rapid in nervous line dogs as in normals. Nervous line dogs tended to be as consistent in responding. However, response rates of nervous line dogs averaged about two-thirds those of normal line dogs, the slowed rate of responses being taken up mostly in excessive, rather stereotyped, licking of the water pan. Response rates correlated well with degree of nervousness as measured on independent well standardized behavior tests. This behavior seems to add another dimension to the characterization of the nervousness of these \"spooky\" pointer dogs.", "PMID": 565914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6795", "title": "A preliminary study in medical anthropology in Brunei, Borneo.", "content": "Nine rural village communities in the jungle of Brunei, Borneo were studied to ascertain possible effects of rapid social change on the health of the inhabitants. The social mores and religious beliefs of the rural tribes--Iban, Dusun, and Punan--have undergone but little change over many hundreds of years. During the past three decades, however, enormous social pressures for change have envolved from extraordinary economic prosperity of the region, due to the exploitation of large discoveries of oil and gas. Much of the money has been invested in health care, with the result that malaria, typhus and other tropical scourges have been virtually wiped out. Child and maternal mortality have been reduced to the standards of some of the healthiest countries in the world. The young of the formerly illiterate population are being rapidly educated in new schools scattered throughout the nation. New roads are penetrating the jungle and a thriving lumber industry has been established. Motor boats for the rivers, T.V. and even a national airline have been added. Despite these incursions a vigorous proseletizing by the Moslem and to a lesser extent by the Christian church, the villagers have held tenaciously to their ancient animistic beliefs. Living in long houses, they have also been able to maintain a tightly cohesive patriarchal family structure. Against this background there is as yet little or no evidence of the major diseases of Western society--coronary artery disease and hypertension, although most forms of cancer are commonly encountered. Brunei offers a splendid opportunity to test the putative relationship of chronic vascular disease to social structure and a way of life. Future studies may be made prospectively as the almost inevitable breakdown of old customs and patterns of living occurs in the face of rapid modernization.", "contents": "A preliminary study in medical anthropology in Brunei, Borneo. Nine rural village communities in the jungle of Brunei, Borneo were studied to ascertain possible effects of rapid social change on the health of the inhabitants. The social mores and religious beliefs of the rural tribes--Iban, Dusun, and Punan--have undergone but little change over many hundreds of years. During the past three decades, however, enormous social pressures for change have envolved from extraordinary economic prosperity of the region, due to the exploitation of large discoveries of oil and gas. Much of the money has been invested in health care, with the result that malaria, typhus and other tropical scourges have been virtually wiped out. Child and maternal mortality have been reduced to the standards of some of the healthiest countries in the world. The young of the formerly illiterate population are being rapidly educated in new schools scattered throughout the nation. New roads are penetrating the jungle and a thriving lumber industry has been established. Motor boats for the rivers, T.V. and even a national airline have been added. Despite these incursions a vigorous proseletizing by the Moslem and to a lesser extent by the Christian church, the villagers have held tenaciously to their ancient animistic beliefs. Living in long houses, they have also been able to maintain a tightly cohesive patriarchal family structure. Against this background there is as yet little or no evidence of the major diseases of Western society--coronary artery disease and hypertension, although most forms of cancer are commonly encountered. Brunei offers a splendid opportunity to test the putative relationship of chronic vascular disease to social structure and a way of life. Future studies may be made prospectively as the almost inevitable breakdown of old customs and patterns of living occurs in the face of rapid modernization.", "PMID": 565915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6796", "title": "The nucleosome repeat length increases during erythropoiesis in the chick.", "content": "During erythropoiesis in the chick, the nucleosome repeat length increases from 190 base pairs to 212 base pairs. This increase is correlated with a dramatic increase in the concentration of the red cell specific histone H5 (from 0.2 molecules per nucleosome to 1 molecule per nucleosome) and with no change in the concentration of H1 (1 molecule per nucleosome).", "contents": "The nucleosome repeat length increases during erythropoiesis in the chick. During erythropoiesis in the chick, the nucleosome repeat length increases from 190 base pairs to 212 base pairs. This increase is correlated with a dramatic increase in the concentration of the red cell specific histone H5 (from 0.2 molecules per nucleosome to 1 molecule per nucleosome) and with no change in the concentration of H1 (1 molecule per nucleosome).", "PMID": 565920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6797", "title": "Introduction of ribonucleic acids into cells by means of liposomes.", "content": "A method of ultramicroinjection of nucleic acids into cultured cells by means of liposomes is described. Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA were entrapped in large unilamellar liposomes and subsequently the liposomes were fused with cells. The uptake of RNA by the cells was stimulated 6--8 times by our method. Possible applications of microinjection of RNA by means of liposomes are discussed.", "contents": "Introduction of ribonucleic acids into cells by means of liposomes. A method of ultramicroinjection of nucleic acids into cultured cells by means of liposomes is described. Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA were entrapped in large unilamellar liposomes and subsequently the liposomes were fused with cells. The uptake of RNA by the cells was stimulated 6--8 times by our method. Possible applications of microinjection of RNA by means of liposomes are discussed.", "PMID": 565921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6798", "title": "Facilitation of muricide by dorsal norepinephrine bundle lesions in olfactory bulbectomized rats.", "content": "The role of the dorsal norepinephrine bundle in the occurrence of muricide was studied in olfactory bulbectomized rats. Although the incidence of muricide was 30% in the olfactory bulbectomized rat, it significantly increased up to 80% and 90% on the 5th and 10th day, respectively, after dorsal bundle lesion. Cortical norepinephrine content decreased by about 50% after dorsal bundle lesions. These results indicate that the dorsal bundle system plays an inhibitory role in the occurrence of muricide in olfactory bulbectomized rats.", "contents": "Facilitation of muricide by dorsal norepinephrine bundle lesions in olfactory bulbectomized rats. The role of the dorsal norepinephrine bundle in the occurrence of muricide was studied in olfactory bulbectomized rats. Although the incidence of muricide was 30% in the olfactory bulbectomized rat, it significantly increased up to 80% and 90% on the 5th and 10th day, respectively, after dorsal bundle lesion. Cortical norepinephrine content decreased by about 50% after dorsal bundle lesions. These results indicate that the dorsal bundle system plays an inhibitory role in the occurrence of muricide in olfactory bulbectomized rats.", "PMID": 565930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6799", "title": "Evoked potential alterations following prenatal methyl mercury exposure.", "content": "Pregnant hooded rats were administered either 5 mg/kg CH3, Hg or 0 mg/kg CH3 Hg by gastric intubation on day seven of gestation. Female offspring were implanted with recording electrodes 60 days after birth and had their cortically recorded visual evoked potentials studied at four different flash intensities. Mercury exposed animals had higher P1-N1 and N1-P2 amplitudes and shorter P2 and N2 latencies than controls. The data provides evidence that a single ingestion of CH3 Hg by pregnant rats is sufficient to produce long term alterations in CNS activity.", "contents": "Evoked potential alterations following prenatal methyl mercury exposure. Pregnant hooded rats were administered either 5 mg/kg CH3, Hg or 0 mg/kg CH3 Hg by gastric intubation on day seven of gestation. Female offspring were implanted with recording electrodes 60 days after birth and had their cortically recorded visual evoked potentials studied at four different flash intensities. Mercury exposed animals had higher P1-N1 and N1-P2 amplitudes and shorter P2 and N2 latencies than controls. The data provides evidence that a single ingestion of CH3 Hg by pregnant rats is sufficient to produce long term alterations in CNS activity.", "PMID": 565931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6800", "title": "Reliability of two activity boxes commonly used to assess drug induced behavioural changes.", "content": "Rats were given different drug treatments known to affect central catecholamine neurotransmission and to induce different types of behavioural changes which were recorded simultaneously by two different types of conventional activity boxes: an Animex activity meter and a photocell cage. All animals were also visually observed simultaneously with the automatic recordings. It was found that the two activity boxes reflected the behavioural changes differently and that the results from the two boxes were not correlated. When comparing the observations with the automatic recordings it was found that some clearly observable changes in behaviour were not reflected as changes in the automatic recordings and conversely that increases or decreases in the recorded motor activity were not always related to any particular changes in behaviour. The results show that motor activity can not be regarded as a simple or homogeneous behaviour that is reliably measured in conventional activity boxes. It is an undescriptive measure consisting of an artificial summation of those components of behaviour that affect the movement-detecting device in the particular box which is used. Practical and theoretical implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Reliability of two activity boxes commonly used to assess drug induced behavioural changes. Rats were given different drug treatments known to affect central catecholamine neurotransmission and to induce different types of behavioural changes which were recorded simultaneously by two different types of conventional activity boxes: an Animex activity meter and a photocell cage. All animals were also visually observed simultaneously with the automatic recordings. It was found that the two activity boxes reflected the behavioural changes differently and that the results from the two boxes were not correlated. When comparing the observations with the automatic recordings it was found that some clearly observable changes in behaviour were not reflected as changes in the automatic recordings and conversely that increases or decreases in the recorded motor activity were not always related to any particular changes in behaviour. The results show that motor activity can not be regarded as a simple or homogeneous behaviour that is reliably measured in conventional activity boxes. It is an undescriptive measure consisting of an artificial summation of those components of behaviour that affect the movement-detecting device in the particular box which is used. Practical and theoretical implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 565932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6801", "title": "Further analysis of the resistance of the diabetic rat to d-amphetamine.", "content": "Rats that were made diabetic by the subcutaneous injection of alloxan monohydrate were found to be resistant to the anorexic action of d-amphetamine. This resistance to amphetamine anorexia did not appear attributable to an increased hunger motivation of the diabetic rats, but rather seemed due to a diminished action of the drug in alloxan-injected animals. This conclusion was supported by further experiments indicating that alloxan-injected rats show diminished locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior following amphetamine administration. Furthermore, the amphetamine resistance appears to be the result of the diabetic state, since amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior could be reinstated in alloxan-injected rats by the administration of protamine zinc insulin for ten days. The results of these investigations suggest that there exists an altered central nervous system response to d-amphetamine in the diabetic rat. These possibility of an abnormal functioning of central catecholamine-containing neurons in such animals is discussed.", "contents": "Further analysis of the resistance of the diabetic rat to d-amphetamine. Rats that were made diabetic by the subcutaneous injection of alloxan monohydrate were found to be resistant to the anorexic action of d-amphetamine. This resistance to amphetamine anorexia did not appear attributable to an increased hunger motivation of the diabetic rats, but rather seemed due to a diminished action of the drug in alloxan-injected animals. This conclusion was supported by further experiments indicating that alloxan-injected rats show diminished locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior following amphetamine administration. Furthermore, the amphetamine resistance appears to be the result of the diabetic state, since amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior could be reinstated in alloxan-injected rats by the administration of protamine zinc insulin for ten days. The results of these investigations suggest that there exists an altered central nervous system response to d-amphetamine in the diabetic rat. These possibility of an abnormal functioning of central catecholamine-containing neurons in such animals is discussed.", "PMID": 565933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6802", "title": "[Hemodynamic disorders resulting from angiography (selective arteriography of the celiac trunk and splenoportography) (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemodynamic disorders resulting from the selective arteriography of celiac trunk and splenoportography were studied in 30 dogs. The systemic blood pressure and peripheral pulse rate were considered in these instants: before, during, immediately after and 10 minutes after the angiographic procedures. The analysis of the results obtained permit to conclude that: a) catheterism of the celiac trunk only, increase the systolic systemic blood pressure but does not change the dyastolic; b) during the injection of the contrast medium in the celiac trunk there is an increase of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic); c) the selective arteriography of the celiac trunk as well as the splenoportography cause decrease of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic) immediately after (1 to 70 seconds) the procedure; d) the decrease of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic) is greater after the arteriography than after the splenoportography; e) the decrease of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic) is transitory; 10 minutes after the realization of angiographies the systemic blood pressure return to the values observed before the examination; f) selective arteriography of the celiac trunk as well as splenoportography cause decrease of the peripheral pulse rate 10 minutes after the realization of the angiographic procedures.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic disorders resulting from angiography (selective arteriography of the celiac trunk and splenoportography) (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic disorders resulting from the selective arteriography of celiac trunk and splenoportography were studied in 30 dogs. The systemic blood pressure and peripheral pulse rate were considered in these instants: before, during, immediately after and 10 minutes after the angiographic procedures. The analysis of the results obtained permit to conclude that: a) catheterism of the celiac trunk only, increase the systolic systemic blood pressure but does not change the dyastolic; b) during the injection of the contrast medium in the celiac trunk there is an increase of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic); c) the selective arteriography of the celiac trunk as well as the splenoportography cause decrease of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic) immediately after (1 to 70 seconds) the procedure; d) the decrease of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic) is greater after the arteriography than after the splenoportography; e) the decrease of the systemic blood pressure (systolic and dyastolic) is transitory; 10 minutes after the realization of angiographies the systemic blood pressure return to the values observed before the examination; f) selective arteriography of the celiac trunk as well as splenoportography cause decrease of the peripheral pulse rate 10 minutes after the realization of the angiographic procedures.", "PMID": 565936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6803", "title": "Blockade of the preovulatory LH surge by methadone in rats.", "content": "The effect of an ovulation-blocking methadone treatment (5mg/kg s.c. at 13:00, 14:00 and 15:00) on preovulatory LH release was studied in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Estrous cycles were followed by vaginal smears, and on the morning of proestrus a polyvinyl cannula was implanted in the right atrium via the external jugular vein so that blood samples could be collected without the use of anesthesia. Whole blood samples (50 microliter in duplicate) collected every 30 minutes from 13:00 to 18:00 that afternoon were assayed for LH by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Surges of LH release were seen significantly less often in the methadone-treated rats than in untreated or saline-injected controls, supporting the conclusion that methadone exerts its ovulation-blocking effect by preventing the CNS-controlled stimulation of pituitary LH release.", "contents": "Blockade of the preovulatory LH surge by methadone in rats. The effect of an ovulation-blocking methadone treatment (5mg/kg s.c. at 13:00, 14:00 and 15:00) on preovulatory LH release was studied in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Estrous cycles were followed by vaginal smears, and on the morning of proestrus a polyvinyl cannula was implanted in the right atrium via the external jugular vein so that blood samples could be collected without the use of anesthesia. Whole blood samples (50 microliter in duplicate) collected every 30 minutes from 13:00 to 18:00 that afternoon were assayed for LH by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Surges of LH release were seen significantly less often in the methadone-treated rats than in untreated or saline-injected controls, supporting the conclusion that methadone exerts its ovulation-blocking effect by preventing the CNS-controlled stimulation of pituitary LH release.", "PMID": 565942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6804", "title": "Immunocompetent cells in avian paraocular glands.", "content": "A study was made of the Harderian and lachrymal glands of fowls, pheasants, turkeys and pigeons. Accumulation of heterophils and plasma cells commenced soon after hatching, was well advanced by four weeks of age and was always greater in the Harderian than in the lachrymal glands. Plasmablasts entered via interlobular capillaries, maturing as they migrated to and congregated round the lobular collecting ducts. Their secreted immunoglobulin was readily demonstrated in the duct lumen. Russell body containing cells of diverse morphology were a consistent feature of infiltrated Harderian glands. Though scant in the glands proper, lymphoid tissue was abundant in the walls of their draining ducts.", "contents": "Immunocompetent cells in avian paraocular glands. A study was made of the Harderian and lachrymal glands of fowls, pheasants, turkeys and pigeons. Accumulation of heterophils and plasma cells commenced soon after hatching, was well advanced by four weeks of age and was always greater in the Harderian than in the lachrymal glands. Plasmablasts entered via interlobular capillaries, maturing as they migrated to and congregated round the lobular collecting ducts. Their secreted immunoglobulin was readily demonstrated in the duct lumen. Russell body containing cells of diverse morphology were a consistent feature of infiltrated Harderian glands. Though scant in the glands proper, lymphoid tissue was abundant in the walls of their draining ducts.", "PMID": 565943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6805", "title": "Ultrastructural features of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in tracheal explants under transmission and stereoscan electron microscopy.", "content": "Ultrastructural features of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in tracheal explants were examined using the transmission and stereoscan electron microscope. The organisms were characteristically cocco-bacilliform except when in close contact with the host cells when they assumed an elongated and irregular form characteristically terminating in a bleb which was often embedded in the cell surface. In such organisms there were peripherally aligned fibrillar structures oriented towards the bleb which may have a functional relationship with a probing or moving habit of the mycoplasma.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in tracheal explants under transmission and stereoscan electron microscopy. Ultrastructural features of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in tracheal explants were examined using the transmission and stereoscan electron microscope. The organisms were characteristically cocco-bacilliform except when in close contact with the host cells when they assumed an elongated and irregular form characteristically terminating in a bleb which was often embedded in the cell surface. In such organisms there were peripherally aligned fibrillar structures oriented towards the bleb which may have a functional relationship with a probing or moving habit of the mycoplasma.", "PMID": 565944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6806", "title": "[Comparison of ct and angiographical findings of tumors of the posterior cranial fossa (author's transl)].", "content": "Variations of tumors of the posterior cranial fossa in CT are discussed especially concerning their anatomical and pathological picture and compared with angiographical findings. The differential diagnosis of cysts and cystic tumors of the posterior cranial fossa is outlined as most important progress of computerized axial tomography.", "contents": "[Comparison of ct and angiographical findings of tumors of the posterior cranial fossa (author's transl)]. Variations of tumors of the posterior cranial fossa in CT are discussed especially concerning their anatomical and pathological picture and compared with angiographical findings. The differential diagnosis of cysts and cystic tumors of the posterior cranial fossa is outlined as most important progress of computerized axial tomography.", "PMID": 565948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6807", "title": "The fetal hydantoin syndrome. A case report.", "content": "A patient with the fetal hydantoin syndrome is described. The features include mild to moderate mental deficiency, craniofacial anomalies, prenatal onset of growth deficiency and varying limb abnormalities. Recognition of this spectrum of abnormalities in an infant should raise the possibility of maternal ingestion of hydantoin during pregnancy. The dangers of therapy with this drug during pregnancy are emphasized.", "contents": "The fetal hydantoin syndrome. A case report. A patient with the fetal hydantoin syndrome is described. The features include mild to moderate mental deficiency, craniofacial anomalies, prenatal onset of growth deficiency and varying limb abnormalities. Recognition of this spectrum of abnormalities in an infant should raise the possibility of maternal ingestion of hydantoin during pregnancy. The dangers of therapy with this drug during pregnancy are emphasized.", "PMID": 565950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6808", "title": "Cerebral palsy in Cape Town: a comparative 12-year retrospective study.", "content": "Three hundred and thirty-one Coloured and 175 White children with cerebral palsy, born between 1964 and 1975, were compared as regards aetiology and changing incidence over two 6-year periods. The following were the main points which emerged: (i) there is an apparent decrease in the total number of White children with cerebral palsy born in the second 6-year period, but for reasons discussed, there is probably little or no true decrease; (ii) there is a significant increase in the total number of Coloured cerebral palsied children born in the second 6-year period, due mainly to an increase in cases of cerebral palsy of perinatal origin, particularly cases of perinatal asphyxia; (iii) there is a high incidence of acquired cerebral palsy in both racial groups, but this is significantly higher amont the Coloured; (iv) ther is no racial difference in the incidence of cerebral palsy in babies of low birth weight; (v) both racial groups have a fairly high incidence of cerebral palsy due to kernicterus. It is interesting to speculate whether improved obstetric and neonatal care and the resultant lowering of perinatal mortality produce more handicapped babies.", "contents": "Cerebral palsy in Cape Town: a comparative 12-year retrospective study. Three hundred and thirty-one Coloured and 175 White children with cerebral palsy, born between 1964 and 1975, were compared as regards aetiology and changing incidence over two 6-year periods. The following were the main points which emerged: (i) there is an apparent decrease in the total number of White children with cerebral palsy born in the second 6-year period, but for reasons discussed, there is probably little or no true decrease; (ii) there is a significant increase in the total number of Coloured cerebral palsied children born in the second 6-year period, due mainly to an increase in cases of cerebral palsy of perinatal origin, particularly cases of perinatal asphyxia; (iii) there is a high incidence of acquired cerebral palsy in both racial groups, but this is significantly higher amont the Coloured; (iv) ther is no racial difference in the incidence of cerebral palsy in babies of low birth weight; (v) both racial groups have a fairly high incidence of cerebral palsy due to kernicterus. It is interesting to speculate whether improved obstetric and neonatal care and the resultant lowering of perinatal mortality produce more handicapped babies.", "PMID": 565953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6809", "title": "[Experience of cloprostenol (Estrumate) in dairy cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Satisfactory results were obtained using estrumate in the following indications: (1) induction of oestrus in cows not showing any symptoms of oestrus; (2) treatment of cows with chronic endometritis; (3) expulsion of mummified foetuses; (4) termination of early pregnancy; (5) synchronisation of oestrus in heifers. It is conlcuded that estrumate may be regarded as a valuable addition to the armamentarium of therapy available to the veterinarian.", "contents": "[Experience of cloprostenol (Estrumate) in dairy cattle (author's transl)]. Satisfactory results were obtained using estrumate in the following indications: (1) induction of oestrus in cows not showing any symptoms of oestrus; (2) treatment of cows with chronic endometritis; (3) expulsion of mummified foetuses; (4) termination of early pregnancy; (5) synchronisation of oestrus in heifers. It is conlcuded that estrumate may be regarded as a valuable addition to the armamentarium of therapy available to the veterinarian.", "PMID": 565957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6810", "title": "[Studies on intersucking in dairy cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Intersucking occurred on nearly 50 per cent of the farms in the Province of Utrecht. The incidence was not affected by housing systems, the size of the herd and the surface area available to each cow in cubicle stalls. It is unlikely that the animals imitate intersucking by others. Intersucking often occurs prior to evening milking, the sucking animal usually forming a steady pair with the suckled cow. Of four A.I. bulls studied, one had a significantly higher proportion of intersucking heifers among his offspring than the others. Some other factors possibly affecting the incidence of intersucking, such as the rearing system, composition of the ration and the space allotted to each cow for feeding were not studied because of insufficient information or inadequate variation of the material.", "contents": "[Studies on intersucking in dairy cattle (author's transl)]. Intersucking occurred on nearly 50 per cent of the farms in the Province of Utrecht. The incidence was not affected by housing systems, the size of the herd and the surface area available to each cow in cubicle stalls. It is unlikely that the animals imitate intersucking by others. Intersucking often occurs prior to evening milking, the sucking animal usually forming a steady pair with the suckled cow. Of four A.I. bulls studied, one had a significantly higher proportion of intersucking heifers among his offspring than the others. Some other factors possibly affecting the incidence of intersucking, such as the rearing system, composition of the ration and the space allotted to each cow for feeding were not studied because of insufficient information or inadequate variation of the material.", "PMID": 565958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6811", "title": "Effect of vitamin E on selenium cytotoxicity in chick ganglia cultures.", "content": "Short term exposure of cultured chick ganglia nerve fibers and neuroglia to selenite produced half maximal inhibitory growth effects in concentrations of 6.2 (2.9--13.0) X 10(-5) M and 1.1 (0.7--1.7) X 10(-4) M, respectively. Complete inhibition of growth for both cell types was apparent at 1 X 10(-3) M, while slight stimulation of nerve fiber outgrowth occurred at 1 X 10(-6) M. The addition of vitamin E to these mixed nerve elements produced effects not distinguishable from controls, while on the other hand affording significant protection to the cytotoxic effects of selenite (1 X 10(-4) M). Nerve fibers were more sensitive to selenite than were glial cells. Furthermore, selenite with and without vitamin E exerted a darkening effect on the explant cultures at 1 X 10(-4) M, which became absent or reduced above or below this concentration. The high affinity and binding properties of selenium for the non-polar hydrophobic bi-lipid layer and SH functions of membranes may be implicated in this metal-membrane interaction. The cytotoxic effects of selenite in vitro even though non-specific are protected by the simultaneous presence of vitamin E.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin E on selenium cytotoxicity in chick ganglia cultures. Short term exposure of cultured chick ganglia nerve fibers and neuroglia to selenite produced half maximal inhibitory growth effects in concentrations of 6.2 (2.9--13.0) X 10(-5) M and 1.1 (0.7--1.7) X 10(-4) M, respectively. Complete inhibition of growth for both cell types was apparent at 1 X 10(-3) M, while slight stimulation of nerve fiber outgrowth occurred at 1 X 10(-6) M. The addition of vitamin E to these mixed nerve elements produced effects not distinguishable from controls, while on the other hand affording significant protection to the cytotoxic effects of selenite (1 X 10(-4) M). Nerve fibers were more sensitive to selenite than were glial cells. Furthermore, selenite with and without vitamin E exerted a darkening effect on the explant cultures at 1 X 10(-4) M, which became absent or reduced above or below this concentration. The high affinity and binding properties of selenium for the non-polar hydrophobic bi-lipid layer and SH functions of membranes may be implicated in this metal-membrane interaction. The cytotoxic effects of selenite in vitro even though non-specific are protected by the simultaneous presence of vitamin E.", "PMID": 565960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6812", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations of atrial myocardium induced by adriamycin in chronically treated animals.", "content": "The clinical use of adriamycin (AM) is limited by a possible dose-dependent myocardiopathy. Severe lesions of ventricular myocardium widely described by electron microscopy have been correlated to irreversible congestive heart failure. On the other hand, the atrial contractile elements which differ from the ventricular ones because of the presence of the so-called specific granules have rarely been considered. In the work described in this paper, adriamycin was injected into rabbits and mice according to schedules of chronic toxicity. At the end of the treatment the atrial myocells presented diffuse ultrastructural lesions of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar bundles. These alterations might be caused by the ribonucleoprotein synthesis inhibition, by a direct drug toxicity or by an energetic crisis due to early mitochondrial lesions. Besides, adriamycin produces a decrease of the specific atrial granules that play a hypothetic role in the metabolism of myocardial cells. However, lack of information about the contents and the exact function of atrial granules does not allow us to conclude that their decrease in treated animals has a pathogenetic significance in myocardiopathy induced by adriamycin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations of atrial myocardium induced by adriamycin in chronically treated animals. The clinical use of adriamycin (AM) is limited by a possible dose-dependent myocardiopathy. Severe lesions of ventricular myocardium widely described by electron microscopy have been correlated to irreversible congestive heart failure. On the other hand, the atrial contractile elements which differ from the ventricular ones because of the presence of the so-called specific granules have rarely been considered. In the work described in this paper, adriamycin was injected into rabbits and mice according to schedules of chronic toxicity. At the end of the treatment the atrial myocells presented diffuse ultrastructural lesions of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar bundles. These alterations might be caused by the ribonucleoprotein synthesis inhibition, by a direct drug toxicity or by an energetic crisis due to early mitochondrial lesions. Besides, adriamycin produces a decrease of the specific atrial granules that play a hypothetic role in the metabolism of myocardial cells. However, lack of information about the contents and the exact function of atrial granules does not allow us to conclude that their decrease in treated animals has a pathogenetic significance in myocardiopathy induced by adriamycin.", "PMID": 565963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6813", "title": "[The value of uroflowmetry in the diagnosis of urethra strictures (author's transl)].", "content": "The urethrogram, possible combined with urethroscopy, is still the best way to diagnose urethra strictures. In follow-up checks of patients after urethrotomy, and especially in chronic urethral dilatation uroflowmetry is a valuable aid for the practical urologist, enabling him to estimate the course of a urethra stricture. We find essential that uroflowmetry makes it possible to fix the term of dilatation objectively, thus reducing the possibility of complications. The urethra pressure profile is not suitable for stricture diagnosis. Determination of the peripheral resistance, as the only objective parameter, is theoretically and experimentally very interesting, but not feasible in practice.", "contents": "[The value of uroflowmetry in the diagnosis of urethra strictures (author's transl)]. The urethrogram, possible combined with urethroscopy, is still the best way to diagnose urethra strictures. In follow-up checks of patients after urethrotomy, and especially in chronic urethral dilatation uroflowmetry is a valuable aid for the practical urologist, enabling him to estimate the course of a urethra stricture. We find essential that uroflowmetry makes it possible to fix the term of dilatation objectively, thus reducing the possibility of complications. The urethra pressure profile is not suitable for stricture diagnosis. Determination of the peripheral resistance, as the only objective parameter, is theoretically and experimentally very interesting, but not feasible in practice.", "PMID": 565966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6814", "title": "The effects of visiting parties on milk production in cows.", "content": "Observations were made at the evening milkings on the day before and immediately after 131 cows housed and milked in cowsheds had been disturbed by parties of visitors. The cows were divided into three groups according to the extent of the reduction in milk yield following the visits. In the two groups showing the greatest differences the disturbances significantly reduced the fat and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentages and raised the milk cell counts.", "contents": "The effects of visiting parties on milk production in cows. Observations were made at the evening milkings on the day before and immediately after 131 cows housed and milked in cowsheds had been disturbed by parties of visitors. The cows were divided into three groups according to the extent of the reduction in milk yield following the visits. In the two groups showing the greatest differences the disturbances significantly reduced the fat and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentages and raised the milk cell counts.", "PMID": 565971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6815", "title": "[Cesarian section: clinical results of 820 sections (ten-year-statistics 1967 to 1976) (author's transl)].", "content": "820 Cesarian sections were performed between 1967 and 1976 at the Gynecological Clinic of the Ludwigshafen Municipal Hospital. These sections are reviewed in the following study under the following aspects: 1. Indication 2. Maternal Morbidity and Lethality 3. Perinatal Lethality 1. Corresponding to the trends reported in current literature, the frequency of Cesarian section increased from 1967 to 1976 by 2.6% to a maximum of 11.4%, the average figure for the last years being 9%. Performance of Cesarian section due to maternal indication remained practically constant at 5%, whereas section performed for fetal indication predominated (61.6%). This is due, among other things, to the changed indication for Cesarian section in primigravidae with breech presentation, representing about one-fifth of all Cesarian sections. The proportionate share of the mixed indication is 33.4%, whereas that of the extended indication is 13.7%. 2. Maternal morbidity is 22.5%; this includes all postoperatively occurring diseases. Complications of a relatively severe nature were recorded in 4.9% of the cases. Postoperative disturbances are much rarer after primary Cesarian section (6.6%), than in cases with indication for Cesarian section when birth had started (16%). Three women died during the period under report (3.6%). The casuistics of these cases are reported. This included one patient with a surgical disease (penetrated gastric ulcer), so that actual mortality associated with parturition in only 2.4%. In 271 primary Cesarian sections, the mortality was 0%. 3. 35 children died out of the total of 850 infants (4.1%), whereas the purified perinatal lethality is 2.1%.", "contents": "[Cesarian section: clinical results of 820 sections (ten-year-statistics 1967 to 1976) (author's transl)]. 820 Cesarian sections were performed between 1967 and 1976 at the Gynecological Clinic of the Ludwigshafen Municipal Hospital. These sections are reviewed in the following study under the following aspects: 1. Indication 2. Maternal Morbidity and Lethality 3. Perinatal Lethality 1. Corresponding to the trends reported in current literature, the frequency of Cesarian section increased from 1967 to 1976 by 2.6% to a maximum of 11.4%, the average figure for the last years being 9%. Performance of Cesarian section due to maternal indication remained practically constant at 5%, whereas section performed for fetal indication predominated (61.6%). This is due, among other things, to the changed indication for Cesarian section in primigravidae with breech presentation, representing about one-fifth of all Cesarian sections. The proportionate share of the mixed indication is 33.4%, whereas that of the extended indication is 13.7%. 2. Maternal morbidity is 22.5%; this includes all postoperatively occurring diseases. Complications of a relatively severe nature were recorded in 4.9% of the cases. Postoperative disturbances are much rarer after primary Cesarian section (6.6%), than in cases with indication for Cesarian section when birth had started (16%). Three women died during the period under report (3.6%). The casuistics of these cases are reported. This included one patient with a surgical disease (penetrated gastric ulcer), so that actual mortality associated with parturition in only 2.4%. In 271 primary Cesarian sections, the mortality was 0%. 3. 35 children died out of the total of 850 infants (4.1%), whereas the purified perinatal lethality is 2.1%.", "PMID": 565986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6816", "title": "[About the fixation of the transoxode for continuous measurements of fetal oxygen tension during labour (author's transl)].", "content": "Modified instruments for the fixation of an electrode for continuous pO2 measurements at the presenting part of the fetus sub partu are presented. A new Polyamid cap screw with a specially designed surface shape in order to keep the cement on the cap is described in detail. This simplified the handling of the electrode during application. Polyamid is resistant against Aceton, a commonly used solving agent for the applied Histoacryl cement. Thus the cap screw is reusable after cleaning.", "contents": "[About the fixation of the transoxode for continuous measurements of fetal oxygen tension during labour (author's transl)]. Modified instruments for the fixation of an electrode for continuous pO2 measurements at the presenting part of the fetus sub partu are presented. A new Polyamid cap screw with a specially designed surface shape in order to keep the cement on the cap is described in detail. This simplified the handling of the electrode during application. Polyamid is resistant against Aceton, a commonly used solving agent for the applied Histoacryl cement. Thus the cap screw is reusable after cleaning.", "PMID": 565987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6817", "title": "[Experimental informational neuroses in dogs as sequelae of overloading short-term memory].", "content": "In conditions of overloaded function of short-term memory, studied by the method of delayed reactions, with a prolonged deficit of time allotted for realization of the function, the animals exhibit substantial disturbances of higher nervous activity which by their etiological character belong to the group of informational neuroses. Appearance of the neurosis is preceded by a number of complex behavioral and vegetative changes reflecting activation of powerful compensatory mechanisms of the brain activity, aimed at elimating the time deficit and other neurotizing factors of the surroundings. Experimental neurosis caused by overloading the function of short-term memory is characterized by a severe course and is attended with motor and somatic disturbances as well as by memory and emotional disorders.", "contents": "[Experimental informational neuroses in dogs as sequelae of overloading short-term memory]. In conditions of overloaded function of short-term memory, studied by the method of delayed reactions, with a prolonged deficit of time allotted for realization of the function, the animals exhibit substantial disturbances of higher nervous activity which by their etiological character belong to the group of informational neuroses. Appearance of the neurosis is preceded by a number of complex behavioral and vegetative changes reflecting activation of powerful compensatory mechanisms of the brain activity, aimed at elimating the time deficit and other neurotizing factors of the surroundings. Experimental neurosis caused by overloading the function of short-term memory is characterized by a severe course and is attended with motor and somatic disturbances as well as by memory and emotional disorders.", "PMID": 565996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6818", "title": "Differential aggression in genetically different morphs of the white-throated sparros (Zonotrichia albicollis).", "content": "To see if genetic differences correlate with differences in agonistic behavior, 225 encounters within and between color morphs of the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) were observed in feeding groups of different sizes and morphic compositions. Tan morphs lack the M chromosome that replaces either of two chromosomes in the white morph. The data were analysed using quantitative models accounting for the proportions of morphs present, and the principal finding was that morphs are equally frequent recipients of aggression but the white morph was the aggressor more frequently than by chance expectation--regardless of the morph of the recipient, the size of the group or the morphic composition of the group.", "contents": "Differential aggression in genetically different morphs of the white-throated sparros (Zonotrichia albicollis). To see if genetic differences correlate with differences in agonistic behavior, 225 encounters within and between color morphs of the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) were observed in feeding groups of different sizes and morphic compositions. Tan morphs lack the M chromosome that replaces either of two chromosomes in the white morph. The data were analysed using quantitative models accounting for the proportions of morphs present, and the principal finding was that morphs are equally frequent recipients of aggression but the white morph was the aggressor more frequently than by chance expectation--regardless of the morph of the recipient, the size of the group or the morphic composition of the group.", "PMID": 566001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6819", "title": "[Genetically determined variability in rat behavior and its biochemical correlates].", "content": "Using the combination of extremely high and low values of two independent behavioural variables (activity and frequency of defecation in open field) four groups of rats were selected with different CNS reactivity corresponding to the types of higher nervous activity described by I.P. Pavlov. These groups of rats revealed significant differences in reactivity to stress and drugs, in social behaviour and biochemical pattern. They may represent a useful tool for the research in experimental psychology, neurophysiology, psychopharmacology and other branches of science.", "contents": "[Genetically determined variability in rat behavior and its biochemical correlates]. Using the combination of extremely high and low values of two independent behavioural variables (activity and frequency of defecation in open field) four groups of rats were selected with different CNS reactivity corresponding to the types of higher nervous activity described by I.P. Pavlov. These groups of rats revealed significant differences in reactivity to stress and drugs, in social behaviour and biochemical pattern. They may represent a useful tool for the research in experimental psychology, neurophysiology, psychopharmacology and other branches of science.", "PMID": 565997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6820", "title": "[Effect of exposure to stress applied during early ontogenesis on the avoidance reaction in young rats].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of stress (swinging) applied on the first to the fifth day of life of newborn rats, on acquistion of active unilateral avoidance, passive avoidance of a dark \"dangerous\" compartment, the relative weight of the brain and absolute increase in the weight of the body at an early age. It was shown that in four-week old rats the stress significantly worsens active avoidance acquisition. In two-month old animals avoidance of a dark \"dangerous\" compartment, i.e. \"passive\" avoidance, tested immediately after application of electric current is more pronounced in stressed rats. No difference was found in the relative weight of the brain and the absolute increase in the weight of the body between control and stress groups of the animals.", "contents": "[Effect of exposure to stress applied during early ontogenesis on the avoidance reaction in young rats]. A study was made of the influence of stress (swinging) applied on the first to the fifth day of life of newborn rats, on acquistion of active unilateral avoidance, passive avoidance of a dark \"dangerous\" compartment, the relative weight of the brain and absolute increase in the weight of the body at an early age. It was shown that in four-week old rats the stress significantly worsens active avoidance acquisition. In two-month old animals avoidance of a dark \"dangerous\" compartment, i.e. \"passive\" avoidance, tested immediately after application of electric current is more pronounced in stressed rats. No difference was found in the relative weight of the brain and the absolute increase in the weight of the body between control and stress groups of the animals.", "PMID": 565998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6821", "title": "[Graduation of gynecological findings from the social-gynecological and industrial health viewpoint (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is given on the status of the gynecological part of the tabular value of health grades for fitness examinations and checkups in the field of industrial health. It is reported on experiences in carrying out gynecological fitness examinations within the Research Union of Industrial Medicine of the German Democratic Republic during the years 1972 to 1975. With the graduation of gynecological findings and diseases according to four health grades, possibilities are shown, in order to derive statements on development of the state of health under defined working conditions by means of complex industrial health fitness examinations. Thus, health and labour protection of the working woman can be further improved.", "contents": "[Graduation of gynecological findings from the social-gynecological and industrial health viewpoint (author's transl)]. A review is given on the status of the gynecological part of the tabular value of health grades for fitness examinations and checkups in the field of industrial health. It is reported on experiences in carrying out gynecological fitness examinations within the Research Union of Industrial Medicine of the German Democratic Republic during the years 1972 to 1975. With the graduation of gynecological findings and diseases according to four health grades, possibilities are shown, in order to derive statements on development of the state of health under defined working conditions by means of complex industrial health fitness examinations. Thus, health and labour protection of the working woman can be further improved.", "PMID": 566002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6822", "title": "[Relationship between the sequelae of zoosocial isolation and individual characteristics of the animal].", "content": "The changes were studied of various psychophysiological characteristics of mice behaviour, arising after prolonged solitary isolation in cages. The qualitative specificity of such changes is non-uniform and depends on the animals' individual characteristics (spontaneously aggressive or nonaggressive after isolation). Two types of the consequences of isolation are singled out: 1) General changes (non-specific) arising in all groups of mice; 2) Special changes (specific), typical of a certain group of animals only. In the group of aggressive mice there is a difference between aggression enhanced by isolation, and that which developed in the course of isolation. The most substantial qualitative changes in behaviour takes place in the latter case. It has been suggested that only individual approach makes it possible to determine exactly the qualitative aspects of social isolation consequences.", "contents": "[Relationship between the sequelae of zoosocial isolation and individual characteristics of the animal]. The changes were studied of various psychophysiological characteristics of mice behaviour, arising after prolonged solitary isolation in cages. The qualitative specificity of such changes is non-uniform and depends on the animals' individual characteristics (spontaneously aggressive or nonaggressive after isolation). Two types of the consequences of isolation are singled out: 1) General changes (non-specific) arising in all groups of mice; 2) Special changes (specific), typical of a certain group of animals only. In the group of aggressive mice there is a difference between aggression enhanced by isolation, and that which developed in the course of isolation. The most substantial qualitative changes in behaviour takes place in the latter case. It has been suggested that only individual approach makes it possible to determine exactly the qualitative aspects of social isolation consequences.", "PMID": 565999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6823", "title": "[The menstrual cycle in adolescents].", "content": "Data concerning onset and development of menstrual function were received by questionnaire from 740 girls attending the 10th classes of all schools in the city and the county of Jena. Menarche occurred at a mean age of 13 years and 3 months. with a standard deviation of 9.6 months. 6 girls (0,8%) had not yet observed their first bleeding at the time of the investigation. In the group of pupils studied the cycle function became regular at a mean age of 13.7 years including a standard range of 1.2 years. 396 girls observed regular bleeding intervals from the beginning of their menstrual function. 185 after a one year period of irregularity. The normal length of the menstrual bleeding ranging from 3 to 7 days was observed by 89.4% of the girls within the last 12 months prior to the investigation, a regular strength of the bleeding was reported by 82.4% of the adolescents. 39.4% of the girls affirmed the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhoea. For this reason 10 pupils regularly missed the school lessons, while 124 adolescents felt unable to take part on their lessons occasionally. Among the indications leading to gynecological examination or treatment hormonal contraception in 17 cases and artificial abortion in 4 cases are particularly worth mentioning.", "contents": "[The menstrual cycle in adolescents]. Data concerning onset and development of menstrual function were received by questionnaire from 740 girls attending the 10th classes of all schools in the city and the county of Jena. Menarche occurred at a mean age of 13 years and 3 months. with a standard deviation of 9.6 months. 6 girls (0,8%) had not yet observed their first bleeding at the time of the investigation. In the group of pupils studied the cycle function became regular at a mean age of 13.7 years including a standard range of 1.2 years. 396 girls observed regular bleeding intervals from the beginning of their menstrual function. 185 after a one year period of irregularity. The normal length of the menstrual bleeding ranging from 3 to 7 days was observed by 89.4% of the girls within the last 12 months prior to the investigation, a regular strength of the bleeding was reported by 82.4% of the adolescents. 39.4% of the girls affirmed the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhoea. For this reason 10 pupils regularly missed the school lessons, while 124 adolescents felt unable to take part on their lessons occasionally. Among the indications leading to gynecological examination or treatment hormonal contraception in 17 cases and artificial abortion in 4 cases are particularly worth mentioning.", "PMID": 566004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6824", "title": "[Adrenergic and adrenolytic effects on the female urethra].", "content": "The effect of phentolamine and pholedrin sulfate on the female urethra was studied for electronical measurement of the urethral pressure profile. In 9 healthy women the administered of phentolamine (0,15 mg/kg body weight) resulted in a significant reduction of the maximal urethral closure pressure, the functional length of the urethra and the total areas under pressure profile. Following the injection of pholedrin sulfate (0,3 mg/kg body weight) a marked increase of the maximal urethral closure pressure and the total area under pressure profile was observed. The functional urethral length remained unchanged. New concepts of medicamentous influence of the urethral closure pressure were discussed.", "contents": "[Adrenergic and adrenolytic effects on the female urethra]. The effect of phentolamine and pholedrin sulfate on the female urethra was studied for electronical measurement of the urethral pressure profile. In 9 healthy women the administered of phentolamine (0,15 mg/kg body weight) resulted in a significant reduction of the maximal urethral closure pressure, the functional length of the urethra and the total areas under pressure profile. Following the injection of pholedrin sulfate (0,3 mg/kg body weight) a marked increase of the maximal urethral closure pressure and the total area under pressure profile was observed. The functional urethral length remained unchanged. New concepts of medicamentous influence of the urethral closure pressure were discussed.", "PMID": 566005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6825", "title": "[Comparative studies of avian mycoplasmas by flat gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "The phenol-acetic-acid extraced cell proteins of Mycoplasma (M.) and Acholeplasma (A.) reference strains (PG31 (M. gallisepticum), PG 16 (M. gallinarum), PG30 (M iners), 17529 (M. meleagridis), WVU 1853 (M. synoviae), 1340 (M. anatis), PG8 and PG9 (A. laidlawii), CKK (Serovar C), DD (Serovar D), WR1 (Serogroup F), 695 (Serogroup I) and 694 (Serogroup L) were anlysed by the flat gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis. With exception of PG8 and PG9 the Coomassie Blue-stained protein patterns show that each of the strains produced reproducible characteristic electrophoretic pattern by which the reference strains could be differentiated. However, before the question could be answered whether the procedure described is suitable to replace the serological species differentiation of avian mycoplasmas, serological and electrophoretic studies of a relevant number of field strain are necessary.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of avian mycoplasmas by flat gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis (author's transl)]. The phenol-acetic-acid extraced cell proteins of Mycoplasma (M.) and Acholeplasma (A.) reference strains (PG31 (M. gallisepticum), PG 16 (M. gallinarum), PG30 (M iners), 17529 (M. meleagridis), WVU 1853 (M. synoviae), 1340 (M. anatis), PG8 and PG9 (A. laidlawii), CKK (Serovar C), DD (Serovar D), WR1 (Serogroup F), 695 (Serogroup I) and 694 (Serogroup L) were anlysed by the flat gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis. With exception of PG8 and PG9 the Coomassie Blue-stained protein patterns show that each of the strains produced reproducible characteristic electrophoretic pattern by which the reference strains could be differentiated. However, before the question could be answered whether the procedure described is suitable to replace the serological species differentiation of avian mycoplasmas, serological and electrophoretic studies of a relevant number of field strain are necessary.", "PMID": 566006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6826", "title": "[Newly developed virusvaccines in veterinary medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Newly developed vaccines in veterinary medicine can be classified into two categories. The first category comprises inactivated vaccines produced by \"classical\" methods such as inactivation of the virus by formalin and the use of A1(OH)3 as adjuvant. Besides, this category also includes live vaccines from attenuated virus. Thus, all of these vaccines represent no genuinely new developments and owe their origin to the fact that the importance of several virus diseases of animals has grown in the last years, making neccessary the rapid production of corresponding vaccines. Such virus diseases are infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/vulvovaginitis, enzootic rhinopneumonitis of cattle, virus diarrhoe of calves, rhinopneumonitis of horses, kennel cough of dogs and Marek's disease of chickens. The second category comprises inactivated vaccines which represent genuinely new developments through the use of more efficient chemicals for virus inactivation (ethylenimines) and more efficient adjuvants (oil emulsions, DEAE dextran). Such vaccines were especially developed with regard to foot-and-mouth disease and Aujeszky disease in pigs, where \"classical\" vaccines are rather inefficient. These types of vaccines are, however, also efficient in other animal species and with other viruses. Entirely new vaccines which are more or less still in an experimental stage are vaccines made from split products of viruses e.g. from glycoproteids of rabies virus, or made from membrane constituents of cells infected with avian herpes viruses.", "contents": "[Newly developed virusvaccines in veterinary medicine (author's transl)]. Newly developed vaccines in veterinary medicine can be classified into two categories. The first category comprises inactivated vaccines produced by \"classical\" methods such as inactivation of the virus by formalin and the use of A1(OH)3 as adjuvant. Besides, this category also includes live vaccines from attenuated virus. Thus, all of these vaccines represent no genuinely new developments and owe their origin to the fact that the importance of several virus diseases of animals has grown in the last years, making neccessary the rapid production of corresponding vaccines. Such virus diseases are infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/vulvovaginitis, enzootic rhinopneumonitis of cattle, virus diarrhoe of calves, rhinopneumonitis of horses, kennel cough of dogs and Marek's disease of chickens. The second category comprises inactivated vaccines which represent genuinely new developments through the use of more efficient chemicals for virus inactivation (ethylenimines) and more efficient adjuvants (oil emulsions, DEAE dextran). Such vaccines were especially developed with regard to foot-and-mouth disease and Aujeszky disease in pigs, where \"classical\" vaccines are rather inefficient. These types of vaccines are, however, also efficient in other animal species and with other viruses. Entirely new vaccines which are more or less still in an experimental stage are vaccines made from split products of viruses e.g. from glycoproteids of rabies virus, or made from membrane constituents of cells infected with avian herpes viruses.", "PMID": 566007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6827", "title": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates. 3. Communication: n,o-acetals (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of partly new N,O-acetals was synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with several alcohols and secondary amines. Structures and physically constants are shown in the tables 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC, table 4) and the suspension and area disinfecting test following the methods of the DGHM (tables 5 and 6). It may be shown, that the N,O-acetals have both germistatic activity mainly versus Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium glaucum and germicidal activity versus the gram-negative testgerms especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates. 3. Communication: n,o-acetals (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of partly new N,O-acetals was synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with several alcohols and secondary amines. Structures and physically constants are shown in the tables 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC, table 4) and the suspension and area disinfecting test following the methods of the DGHM (tables 5 and 6). It may be shown, that the N,O-acetals have both germistatic activity mainly versus Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium glaucum and germicidal activity versus the gram-negative testgerms especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "PMID": 566008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6828", "title": "[The behaviour of mycobacterium intracellulare serotyp Davis and mycobacterium avium in the head region of sphagnum moss vegetation after experimental inoculation (author's transl)].", "content": "After the inoculation in the head region of sphagnum moss vegetation (Sph. magellancium-Erica Association and Sph. apiculatum-Eriophorum angustifolium Ass.) reach the mycobacteria the hyaline cells of Sphagnum (Fig. 1). The count of M. intracellulare serotyp Davis decreases rapidly already in three days after the inoculation of Sph. magellanicum Ass. and this trend in the course of incubation is being continued. In 27 days following the inoculation only 2 of 7 specimens contained a small amount of this mycobacteria (Tab. 2, Fig. 2). In the head region of Sph. apiculatum Ass. the mycobacterial count was more rapidly going down. Already 13 days after the inoculation only 2 of 7 specimens were found mycobacteria-positive; 24 days after the inoculation no mycobacteria were present (Tab. 3, Fig. 3). The elimination of M. avium from the head region of Sph. magellanicum Ass. follows within 13 days after the inoculation (Tab. 4, Fig. 4). For the microbial growth well predisponated hyaline cells with their porous cell wall and hollow spaces possess probably a mechanism, which is effective against microbial contamination of the productive head region of Sphagnum vegetation. Our further investigations have shown, that the growth of mycobacteria follows in the deeper, partially decomposed region of Sphagnum vegetation (KAZDA, 1978).", "contents": "[The behaviour of mycobacterium intracellulare serotyp Davis and mycobacterium avium in the head region of sphagnum moss vegetation after experimental inoculation (author's transl)]. After the inoculation in the head region of sphagnum moss vegetation (Sph. magellancium-Erica Association and Sph. apiculatum-Eriophorum angustifolium Ass.) reach the mycobacteria the hyaline cells of Sphagnum (Fig. 1). The count of M. intracellulare serotyp Davis decreases rapidly already in three days after the inoculation of Sph. magellanicum Ass. and this trend in the course of incubation is being continued. In 27 days following the inoculation only 2 of 7 specimens contained a small amount of this mycobacteria (Tab. 2, Fig. 2). In the head region of Sph. apiculatum Ass. the mycobacterial count was more rapidly going down. Already 13 days after the inoculation only 2 of 7 specimens were found mycobacteria-positive; 24 days after the inoculation no mycobacteria were present (Tab. 3, Fig. 3). The elimination of M. avium from the head region of Sph. magellanicum Ass. follows within 13 days after the inoculation (Tab. 4, Fig. 4). For the microbial growth well predisponated hyaline cells with their porous cell wall and hollow spaces possess probably a mechanism, which is effective against microbial contamination of the productive head region of Sphagnum vegetation. Our further investigations have shown, that the growth of mycobacteria follows in the deeper, partially decomposed region of Sphagnum vegetation (KAZDA, 1978).", "PMID": 566009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6829", "title": "[Multiplication of mycobacteria in the gray layer of sphagnum vegetation (author's transl)].", "content": "The capillary moisture of the gray layer of the Sphagnum magellanicum ass. contains nutrients for the growth of mycobacteria. Tested in vitro significant multiplication was stated in M. intracellulare, serotyp Davis, M. avium, M. scrofulaceum, M. fortuitum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. borstelense, M. flavescens, M. gaxtri, M. gordonae, M. marinum, M. terrae, M. smegmatis, M. spec. \"S\" and M. nonchromogenicum (Fig. 1 and 2). There was no evident multiplication in M. phlei, M. triviale, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. ulcerans in vitro. Using the cultivation of mycobacteria in the hollow fibers (pore size 100,000 mol. weight) inserted directly in the gray layer of the Sph. magellanicum ass. a significant growth of all 18 species investigated was stated (the same species as above, excl. M. bovis and M. tuberculosis; Fig. 3). A rapid multiplication was detected also in M. ulcerans. The sphagnum vegetation spreads over all continents. It develops very good under wet conditions surrounding springs and brooklets in the moutain region. Accumulation of solar heat directly under the surface of this vegetation makes possible a temperature 15-28 degrees C higher than the air temperature. In this way favorable conditions for mesophilic mycobacteria arise over an extend period of time. The close contact to water contributes to the wide distribution of mycobacteria.", "contents": "[Multiplication of mycobacteria in the gray layer of sphagnum vegetation (author's transl)]. The capillary moisture of the gray layer of the Sphagnum magellanicum ass. contains nutrients for the growth of mycobacteria. Tested in vitro significant multiplication was stated in M. intracellulare, serotyp Davis, M. avium, M. scrofulaceum, M. fortuitum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. borstelense, M. flavescens, M. gaxtri, M. gordonae, M. marinum, M. terrae, M. smegmatis, M. spec. \"S\" and M. nonchromogenicum (Fig. 1 and 2). There was no evident multiplication in M. phlei, M. triviale, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. ulcerans in vitro. Using the cultivation of mycobacteria in the hollow fibers (pore size 100,000 mol. weight) inserted directly in the gray layer of the Sph. magellanicum ass. a significant growth of all 18 species investigated was stated (the same species as above, excl. M. bovis and M. tuberculosis; Fig. 3). A rapid multiplication was detected also in M. ulcerans. The sphagnum vegetation spreads over all continents. It develops very good under wet conditions surrounding springs and brooklets in the moutain region. Accumulation of solar heat directly under the surface of this vegetation makes possible a temperature 15-28 degrees C higher than the air temperature. In this way favorable conditions for mesophilic mycobacteria arise over an extend period of time. The close contact to water contributes to the wide distribution of mycobacteria.", "PMID": 566010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6830", "title": "[Diurnal rhythm of the cerebral and systemic circulation in epileptic patients].", "content": "A study of the diurnal rhythm of some parameters of the brain and cerebral blood flow (REG, pulse frequency, body temperature, blood pressure, transversal body REG in epileptic patients in comparison with control groups revealed some changes. These facts permit to speak of a disturbed blood flow regulation in epileptic patients, of changed homeostatic and adaptational brain functions.", "contents": "[Diurnal rhythm of the cerebral and systemic circulation in epileptic patients]. A study of the diurnal rhythm of some parameters of the brain and cerebral blood flow (REG, pulse frequency, body temperature, blood pressure, transversal body REG in epileptic patients in comparison with control groups revealed some changes. These facts permit to speak of a disturbed blood flow regulation in epileptic patients, of changed homeostatic and adaptational brain functions.", "PMID": 566011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6831", "title": "Genetic and extragenetic variance in motor performance.", "content": "A simple additive model of genes plus environment, based on intrapair similarities observed in 35 MZ and 35 like-sexed DZ twin pairs, was used to estimate the relative contribution of genetically controlled phenotypic variance in psychomotor individuality. Subjects practiced 50 trials on a pursuit rotor apparatus under a 20-sec/20-sec, work-rest schedule with a 30 min rest pause allowed between trials 30 and 31. Analyses of the data disclosed that a greater proportion of genetic factors, as opposed to nongenetic factors, appears to account for existing individual differences in motor performance among individuals subject to similar environmental conditions. The strength of this genetic control, however, systematically diminished throughout the course of practice obeying a monotonic trend over trials.", "contents": "Genetic and extragenetic variance in motor performance. A simple additive model of genes plus environment, based on intrapair similarities observed in 35 MZ and 35 like-sexed DZ twin pairs, was used to estimate the relative contribution of genetically controlled phenotypic variance in psychomotor individuality. Subjects practiced 50 trials on a pursuit rotor apparatus under a 20-sec/20-sec, work-rest schedule with a 30 min rest pause allowed between trials 30 and 31. Analyses of the data disclosed that a greater proportion of genetic factors, as opposed to nongenetic factors, appears to account for existing individual differences in motor performance among individuals subject to similar environmental conditions. The strength of this genetic control, however, systematically diminished throughout the course of practice obeying a monotonic trend over trials.", "PMID": 566013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6832", "title": "The rate of growth and maturing of twins.", "content": "In the years 1966-1976, 50 pairs of Warsaw twins (27 MZ and 23 DZ) were subjected to longitudinal investigations. The twins were aged 9-11 years at the beginning of the observations, and 19-22 at their conclusion. The observations consisted of comprehensive somatic measurements and of the evaluation of biological maturity. The rate of growth of the twins, defined by the magnitude of yearly increments of body height, proved to be more concordant in MZ than DZ pairs. The appearance of the adolescent spurt occurred in the same year in 81% of MZ and ca. 43% of DZ pairs. A very slight relationship was found between the rate of growth and final body height. The attaining of subsequent stages of sexual maturity in MZ twins was concordant in 88%, and in DZ twins in 30-39%, according to the respective stage. The body height curves were represented by means of three numerical parameters.", "contents": "The rate of growth and maturing of twins. In the years 1966-1976, 50 pairs of Warsaw twins (27 MZ and 23 DZ) were subjected to longitudinal investigations. The twins were aged 9-11 years at the beginning of the observations, and 19-22 at their conclusion. The observations consisted of comprehensive somatic measurements and of the evaluation of biological maturity. The rate of growth of the twins, defined by the magnitude of yearly increments of body height, proved to be more concordant in MZ than DZ pairs. The appearance of the adolescent spurt occurred in the same year in 81% of MZ and ca. 43% of DZ pairs. A very slight relationship was found between the rate of growth and final body height. The attaining of subsequent stages of sexual maturity in MZ twins was concordant in 88%, and in DZ twins in 30-39%, according to the respective stage. The body height curves were represented by means of three numerical parameters.", "PMID": 566014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6833", "title": "Topologically significant dermatoglyphic patterns in twins.", "content": "A total of 58 dermatoglyphic characters, consisting of topologically significant pattern elements, i.e., loops and triradii, on palms, soles and fingertips, were tested in a sample of 110 MZ and 111 like-sexed DZ twin pairs. The analysis included homolateral, heterolateral and bilateral concordance rates, the derived Hc coefficient, coefficients of the within-pair association, phi, derived chi2 intraclass correlation coefficients and heritability estimates based on variances (h2) and correlations (Hr), and the variance ratio F. A considerable difference was found in respect of \"heritability\" values between palmar and sole patterns, in that they are the highest for sole loops and triradii and the lowest for most palmar loops. These data are compared with the h2 values obtained from family correlations. The difficulties in the interpretation of \"heritability\" estimates based on the material of twins are pointed out and particular attention is drawn to a possibility of the additional bias in twin studies related to a degree of symmetry of the characters investigated.", "contents": "Topologically significant dermatoglyphic patterns in twins. A total of 58 dermatoglyphic characters, consisting of topologically significant pattern elements, i.e., loops and triradii, on palms, soles and fingertips, were tested in a sample of 110 MZ and 111 like-sexed DZ twin pairs. The analysis included homolateral, heterolateral and bilateral concordance rates, the derived Hc coefficient, coefficients of the within-pair association, phi, derived chi2 intraclass correlation coefficients and heritability estimates based on variances (h2) and correlations (Hr), and the variance ratio F. A considerable difference was found in respect of \"heritability\" values between palmar and sole patterns, in that they are the highest for sole loops and triradii and the lowest for most palmar loops. These data are compared with the h2 values obtained from family correlations. The difficulties in the interpretation of \"heritability\" estimates based on the material of twins are pointed out and particular attention is drawn to a possibility of the additional bias in twin studies related to a degree of symmetry of the characters investigated.", "PMID": 566016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6834", "title": "Male uterus in the donkey and horse.", "content": "The anatomy and histology of the male uterus were studied in the donkey and the horse. In the former it was found complete and long, while in the latter it was incomplete or absent. Some variations met with are described. A new concept of \"internal male hermaphroditism' is presented and two types are differentiated.", "contents": "Male uterus in the donkey and horse. The anatomy and histology of the male uterus were studied in the donkey and the horse. In the former it was found complete and long, while in the latter it was incomplete or absent. Some variations met with are described. A new concept of \"internal male hermaphroditism' is presented and two types are differentiated.", "PMID": 566018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6835", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip in Norway. Late diagnosis CDH in the years 1970 to 1974.", "content": "A survey of 274 late detected cases of CDH born in the years 1970--74 is presented. The incidence of late cases in southeast Norway was calculated to 2.2 per 1 000 live births. The hips of all patients were examined at birth, the majority by trained pediatricians, without disclosing any hip affections. 86% were females. Only 6.9% were delivered in the breech position. One-half of the patients had luxation (20%) or subluxation (30%), the rest had dysplasia without dislocation. In 19% both hips were involved. The low incidence of breech presentations in late CDH-cases compared with the incidence among neonatal cases (15.7%) point to some etiological differences. It seems that we in Norway have two types of CDH, one caused by joint laxity and detectable at birth and another, not present at birth, with progressive dysplasia of the hip and dislocation developing during the first year of life.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip in Norway. Late diagnosis CDH in the years 1970 to 1974. A survey of 274 late detected cases of CDH born in the years 1970--74 is presented. The incidence of late cases in southeast Norway was calculated to 2.2 per 1 000 live births. The hips of all patients were examined at birth, the majority by trained pediatricians, without disclosing any hip affections. 86% were females. Only 6.9% were delivered in the breech position. One-half of the patients had luxation (20%) or subluxation (30%), the rest had dysplasia without dislocation. In 19% both hips were involved. The low incidence of breech presentations in late CDH-cases compared with the incidence among neonatal cases (15.7%) point to some etiological differences. It seems that we in Norway have two types of CDH, one caused by joint laxity and detectable at birth and another, not present at birth, with progressive dysplasia of the hip and dislocation developing during the first year of life.", "PMID": 566020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6836", "title": "Ontogeny of two cholinergically mediated central effects: stereotyped yawning and potentiation of head-shaking.", "content": "The ontogenetic course of two cholinergically mediated central neuropharmacological effects, yawning and potentiation of head-shaking induced by D-amphetamine (5 mg/kg), was explored in developing rats. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (4 mg/kg) evoke stereotyped yawning in neonatal rats, the effect declining in the middle of the second week of life. Both cholinomimetic drugs strongly potentiate amphetamine induced head-shaking between the 4th and 10th postnatal days. Pilocarpine per se is capable of inducing head-shaking, in the absence of amphetamine, in rats from 8 to 12 days. Infant rat yawning and head-shaking are blocked by scopolamine (5 mg/kg). Nicotine (0.1 mg/kg) potentiates head-shaking but inhibits yawning. Yawning is also depressed by D-amphetamine. The early maturation of these cholinergic effects is discussed in comparison to the later maturation of several forebrain cholinergic systems.", "contents": "Ontogeny of two cholinergically mediated central effects: stereotyped yawning and potentiation of head-shaking. The ontogenetic course of two cholinergically mediated central neuropharmacological effects, yawning and potentiation of head-shaking induced by D-amphetamine (5 mg/kg), was explored in developing rats. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (4 mg/kg) evoke stereotyped yawning in neonatal rats, the effect declining in the middle of the second week of life. Both cholinomimetic drugs strongly potentiate amphetamine induced head-shaking between the 4th and 10th postnatal days. Pilocarpine per se is capable of inducing head-shaking, in the absence of amphetamine, in rats from 8 to 12 days. Infant rat yawning and head-shaking are blocked by scopolamine (5 mg/kg). Nicotine (0.1 mg/kg) potentiates head-shaking but inhibits yawning. Yawning is also depressed by D-amphetamine. The early maturation of these cholinergic effects is discussed in comparison to the later maturation of several forebrain cholinergic systems.", "PMID": 566022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6837", "title": "The effect of synthetic scotophobin on motor activity in mice.", "content": "The motor activity of mice treated by scotophobin (1, 2, 4, 6 micrograms) was tested in a photoresistor actometer 24, 48 and 72 h after injection. Scotophobin in doses of 4 and 6 micrograms per mouse increased significantly the motor activity as compared with controls injected with saline only. This result suggests that shortening of dark box time, found by some authors after injection of scotophobin, seem to be the consequence of the enhanced motor activity of mice. Thus the effect of scotophobin on the behavior of animals is not specific and this substance can not be considered responsible for the \"memory transfer\".", "contents": "The effect of synthetic scotophobin on motor activity in mice. The motor activity of mice treated by scotophobin (1, 2, 4, 6 micrograms) was tested in a photoresistor actometer 24, 48 and 72 h after injection. Scotophobin in doses of 4 and 6 micrograms per mouse increased significantly the motor activity as compared with controls injected with saline only. This result suggests that shortening of dark box time, found by some authors after injection of scotophobin, seem to be the consequence of the enhanced motor activity of mice. Thus the effect of scotophobin on the behavior of animals is not specific and this substance can not be considered responsible for the \"memory transfer\".", "PMID": 566023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6838", "title": "Changes of progesterone level in the plasma of sows during the estrous cycle.", "content": "Changes of progesterone level in the plasma of sows during the estrous cycle. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 177--183. The investigations were carried out on 12 sows of the Polish Large White and Polish White Longeared breeds. Blood samples were taken daily from auricular veins between 8 and 11 a.m. The progesterone level was determined in the blood plasma by the competitive protein--binding technique. The results obtained were within the limits of below 1 to 25 ng/ml plasma. During ovulation the plasma progesterone level was lowest. It increased markedly beginning with the 4th to 6th day of the estrous cycle, reaching its peak on the 14th and 15th day and then fell significantly to a minimum value in the estrous period. Individual differences in the plasma progesterone level between the sows were also noted.", "contents": "Changes of progesterone level in the plasma of sows during the estrous cycle. Changes of progesterone level in the plasma of sows during the estrous cycle. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 177--183. The investigations were carried out on 12 sows of the Polish Large White and Polish White Longeared breeds. Blood samples were taken daily from auricular veins between 8 and 11 a.m. The progesterone level was determined in the blood plasma by the competitive protein--binding technique. The results obtained were within the limits of below 1 to 25 ng/ml plasma. During ovulation the plasma progesterone level was lowest. It increased markedly beginning with the 4th to 6th day of the estrous cycle, reaching its peak on the 14th and 15th day and then fell significantly to a minimum value in the estrous period. Individual differences in the plasma progesterone level between the sows were also noted.", "PMID": 566021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6839", "title": "Phospholipase A2 and prostaglandins in human seminal plasma.", "content": "Lipolytic activity toward phospholipids in human seminal plasma had been ascribed to phospholipase A2 (17). The enzyme is soluble, heat stable at pH 5, requires Ca2+ for optimal activity, inhibited by ionic and nonionic detergents, and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the fatty acids in the 2 position of various sonicated phospholipids. In 12 healthy fertile and 20 subfertile individuals, the total phospholipase A2 activity toward radioactively labeled phosphatidylethanolamine has been compared with the total amounts of prostaglandins E and F, which have been determined by specific radioimmunoassay. There is a statistically significant correlation (p is less than 0.01) between total phospholipase A2 activity and prostaglandin E (and F) contents in the seminal plasma. It is concluded that phospholipase A2 is secreted along with prostaglandins into seminal plasma. This seminal phospholipase A2 possibly reflects the initial step of substrate release for prostaglandin biosynthesis in the human male reproductive system.", "contents": "Phospholipase A2 and prostaglandins in human seminal plasma. Lipolytic activity toward phospholipids in human seminal plasma had been ascribed to phospholipase A2 (17). The enzyme is soluble, heat stable at pH 5, requires Ca2+ for optimal activity, inhibited by ionic and nonionic detergents, and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the fatty acids in the 2 position of various sonicated phospholipids. In 12 healthy fertile and 20 subfertile individuals, the total phospholipase A2 activity toward radioactively labeled phosphatidylethanolamine has been compared with the total amounts of prostaglandins E and F, which have been determined by specific radioimmunoassay. There is a statistically significant correlation (p is less than 0.01) between total phospholipase A2 activity and prostaglandin E (and F) contents in the seminal plasma. It is concluded that phospholipase A2 is secreted along with prostaglandins into seminal plasma. This seminal phospholipase A2 possibly reflects the initial step of substrate release for prostaglandin biosynthesis in the human male reproductive system.", "PMID": 566026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6840", "title": "Temporal correlations between plasma ovarian steroid hormone levels and intrauterine oxygen tension in the guinea pig.", "content": "In summary, while arterial and venous pO2 remain constant throughout the estrous cycle, dramatic fluctuations in intrauterine oxygen tension occur, reaching maximal levels on  Days 0 and 6 when plasma estrogen levels are elevated. This correlation suggests that ovarian steroids regulate intrauterine pO2 via their actions upon a number of uterine and vascular parameters, the temporal relationships existing between the mid-luteal rise in plasma estrogen, intrauterine pO2 and implantation suggesting that the steroid induced increase in oxygen availability to the blastocyst may participate in the process of implantation in the guinea pig.", "contents": "Temporal correlations between plasma ovarian steroid hormone levels and intrauterine oxygen tension in the guinea pig. In summary, while arterial and venous pO2 remain constant throughout the estrous cycle, dramatic fluctuations in intrauterine oxygen tension occur, reaching maximal levels on  Days 0 and 6 when plasma estrogen levels are elevated. This correlation suggests that ovarian steroids regulate intrauterine pO2 via their actions upon a number of uterine and vascular parameters, the temporal relationships existing between the mid-luteal rise in plasma estrogen, intrauterine pO2 and implantation suggesting that the steroid induced increase in oxygen availability to the blastocyst may participate in the process of implantation in the guinea pig.", "PMID": 566025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6841", "title": "Abnormalities of the peripheral blood as a presenting feature of immunodeficiency.", "content": "The predisposition of immunodeficient patients to the development of peripheral blood abnormalities is well documented. Less often recognized is the presence of immune defects in patients who initially present with \"idiopathic\" forms of thrombocytopenic purpura or autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the absence of symptomatology indicative of an immuno-deficiency. In this report we describe two children, each of whom had intermittent and at times severe hemolysis and thrombocytopenia secondary to formation of autoantibodies. Although the initial clinical impression was the presence of an \"idiopathic\" form of platelet or red cell destructive phenomenon, subsequent observations demonstrated abnormalities of the immune system which affected both B and T lymphocytes. In one of the patients there was a marked deficiency of IgA with a moderate but progressive decrease in IgM and IgG. The other patient had a moderate decrease in IgA and a failure to sensitize to dinitrochlorobenzene. Both exhibited dysmorphic features, including small stature, abnormal dentition, hyperelasticity of the skin, and hyperextensibility of the joints. Neither had significant problems with bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. These observations highlight the importance of evaluating the immune system in children with \"idiopathic\" forms of hemolytic anemia or thormbocytopenia. Demonstration of these abnormalities can have important therapeutic implications and may also provide information regarding the etiology of the blood abnormalities.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the peripheral blood as a presenting feature of immunodeficiency. The predisposition of immunodeficient patients to the development of peripheral blood abnormalities is well documented. Less often recognized is the presence of immune defects in patients who initially present with \"idiopathic\" forms of thrombocytopenic purpura or autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the absence of symptomatology indicative of an immuno-deficiency. In this report we describe two children, each of whom had intermittent and at times severe hemolysis and thrombocytopenia secondary to formation of autoantibodies. Although the initial clinical impression was the presence of an \"idiopathic\" form of platelet or red cell destructive phenomenon, subsequent observations demonstrated abnormalities of the immune system which affected both B and T lymphocytes. In one of the patients there was a marked deficiency of IgA with a moderate but progressive decrease in IgM and IgG. The other patient had a moderate decrease in IgA and a failure to sensitize to dinitrochlorobenzene. Both exhibited dysmorphic features, including small stature, abnormal dentition, hyperelasticity of the skin, and hyperextensibility of the joints. Neither had significant problems with bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. These observations highlight the importance of evaluating the immune system in children with \"idiopathic\" forms of hemolytic anemia or thormbocytopenia. Demonstration of these abnormalities can have important therapeutic implications and may also provide information regarding the etiology of the blood abnormalities.", "PMID": 566031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6842", "title": "Lateral asymmetry in human constitutive heterochromatin: frequency and inheritance.", "content": "The relative frequencies and types of lateral asymmetry found in chromosomes 1, 9, 15, 16, and the Y were determined. The pattern of asymmetry is simple in chromosomes 15, 16, and the Y but compound in 1 and possibly also 9. The pattern of compound lateral asymmetry is a stable heteromorphism inherited in a simple Mendelian way and is an efficient morphological discriminator between the members of the no. 1 chromosome pair.", "contents": "Lateral asymmetry in human constitutive heterochromatin: frequency and inheritance. The relative frequencies and types of lateral asymmetry found in chromosomes 1, 9, 15, 16, and the Y were determined. The pattern of asymmetry is simple in chromosomes 15, 16, and the Y but compound in 1 and possibly also 9. The pattern of compound lateral asymmetry is a stable heteromorphism inherited in a simple Mendelian way and is an efficient morphological discriminator between the members of the no. 1 chromosome pair.", "PMID": 566032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6843", "title": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma to the anterior uvea and increased carcinoembryonic antigen levels.", "content": "A 47-year old man developed chronic unilateral iridocyclitis with secondary glaucoma, and increased plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels. The eye was enucleated seven months later, and histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic mucin-producing carcinoembryonic antigen-positive adenocarcinoma. The patient died one year after the initial onset of symptoms. The primary site of the tumor was not proven, but most likely was the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma to the anterior uvea and increased carcinoembryonic antigen levels. A 47-year old man developed chronic unilateral iridocyclitis with secondary glaucoma, and increased plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels. The eye was enucleated seven months later, and histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic mucin-producing carcinoembryonic antigen-positive adenocarcinoma. The patient died one year after the initial onset of symptoms. The primary site of the tumor was not proven, but most likely was the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 566033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6844", "title": "Helminthosporium corneal ulcers.", "content": "We studied four cases of Helminthosporium corneal ulcers from four different institutions. One case occurred in an immune-deficient infant, another in a patient three months after removal of a foreign body; the third case occurred in a patient with a corneal dystrophy who was wearing soft contact lenses and using topical corticosteroids; and the fourth occurred in a patient with a history of multiple foreign bodies. Antifungal sensitivities were performed in three cases and showed relatively good sensitivity to available antifungal medications; even though all four patients improved, there was poor correlation between in vitro sensitivities and clinical response.", "contents": "Helminthosporium corneal ulcers. We studied four cases of Helminthosporium corneal ulcers from four different institutions. One case occurred in an immune-deficient infant, another in a patient three months after removal of a foreign body; the third case occurred in a patient with a corneal dystrophy who was wearing soft contact lenses and using topical corticosteroids; and the fourth occurred in a patient with a history of multiple foreign bodies. Antifungal sensitivities were performed in three cases and showed relatively good sensitivity to available antifungal medications; even though all four patients improved, there was poor correlation between in vitro sensitivities and clinical response.", "PMID": 566034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6845", "title": "Choroidal neovascularization associated with choroidal nevi.", "content": "We observed choroidal neovascularization with associated macular detachment in three cases of benign choroidal nevi. Successful obliteration of the neovascular membranes was performed with argon laser photocoagulation with maintenance of good central visual acuity.", "contents": "Choroidal neovascularization associated with choroidal nevi. We observed choroidal neovascularization with associated macular detachment in three cases of benign choroidal nevi. Successful obliteration of the neovascular membranes was performed with argon laser photocoagulation with maintenance of good central visual acuity.", "PMID": 566035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6846", "title": "Armrest support for the slit-lamp delivery argon laser system.", "content": "We designed a new armrest for use at the argon laser. The arm support can be used on either the right- or left-hand side of slit-lamp tables of varying thicknesses. The continuous screw adjustment allows for easy height adjustment of the arm support. The construction of the armrest facilitates the adjustment and manipulation of a fundus contact lens, which is so necessary to the successful performance of argon laser photocoagulation.", "contents": "Armrest support for the slit-lamp delivery argon laser system. We designed a new armrest for use at the argon laser. The arm support can be used on either the right- or left-hand side of slit-lamp tables of varying thicknesses. The continuous screw adjustment allows for easy height adjustment of the arm support. The construction of the armrest facilitates the adjustment and manipulation of a fundus contact lens, which is so necessary to the successful performance of argon laser photocoagulation.", "PMID": 566036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6847", "title": "Diazepam and succinylcholine-induced muscle pains.", "content": "Postoperative muscle pains occurred in 16% of 25 patients given 10 mg diazepam IV 5 minutes prior to succinylcholine. Postoperative muscle pains occurred in 60% of 25 patients not given diazepam before succinylcholine. The difference is statistically significant. Diazepam reduced the severity and duration of postoperative muscle pains, as well as their frequency.", "contents": "Diazepam and succinylcholine-induced muscle pains. Postoperative muscle pains occurred in 16% of 25 patients given 10 mg diazepam IV 5 minutes prior to succinylcholine. Postoperative muscle pains occurred in 60% of 25 patients not given diazepam before succinylcholine. The difference is statistically significant. Diazepam reduced the severity and duration of postoperative muscle pains, as well as their frequency.", "PMID": 566045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6848", "title": "Neonatal electroencephalographic patterns as affected by maternal drugs administered during labor and delivery.", "content": "Effects of drugs used during labor and delivery on spontaneous (resting) and evoked brain electrical activity were studied in 45 normal human newborns 48 hours after delivery. Mothers received either anesthesia (general plus local) alone (group 1), anesthesia plus meperidine (group 2), anesthesia plus meperidine and promethazine (group 3), or anesthesia plus meperidine and diazepam (group 4). Autoregressive spectral analyses and subsequent stepwise discriminant analyses showed no differences in spontaneous brain electrical activity in the infants related to the type of drugs given to the mother. However, when auditory stimuli were reduced in intensity from 80 dB to 63 dB, a significant effect was found in newborn brain electrical activity between the anesthetic-only drug pattern (group 1) and the drug patterns of anesthetics with meperidine (group 2) and anesthetics with meperidine plus diazepam (group 4). The data suggest that this effect diminishes in the presence of promethazine (group 3). Evoked responses to visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli remained unaffected.", "contents": "Neonatal electroencephalographic patterns as affected by maternal drugs administered during labor and delivery. Effects of drugs used during labor and delivery on spontaneous (resting) and evoked brain electrical activity were studied in 45 normal human newborns 48 hours after delivery. Mothers received either anesthesia (general plus local) alone (group 1), anesthesia plus meperidine (group 2), anesthesia plus meperidine and promethazine (group 3), or anesthesia plus meperidine and diazepam (group 4). Autoregressive spectral analyses and subsequent stepwise discriminant analyses showed no differences in spontaneous brain electrical activity in the infants related to the type of drugs given to the mother. However, when auditory stimuli were reduced in intensity from 80 dB to 63 dB, a significant effect was found in newborn brain electrical activity between the anesthetic-only drug pattern (group 1) and the drug patterns of anesthetics with meperidine (group 2) and anesthetics with meperidine plus diazepam (group 4). The data suggest that this effect diminishes in the presence of promethazine (group 3). Evoked responses to visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli remained unaffected.", "PMID": 566047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6849", "title": "Subarachnoid corticosteroid injection following inadequate response to epidural steroids for sciatica.", "content": "A review of pain clinic patients was carried out to determine whether patients who obtained limited or no relief from epidural injection of steroids derived benefit from subsequent subarachnoid steroid injections. Only 1 of 13 patients who had no benefit from epidural steroids improved following subarachnoid injection. Five of 6 patients with partial relief from epidural steroids had further improvement after subarachnoid injection.", "contents": "Subarachnoid corticosteroid injection following inadequate response to epidural steroids for sciatica. A review of pain clinic patients was carried out to determine whether patients who obtained limited or no relief from epidural injection of steroids derived benefit from subsequent subarachnoid steroid injections. Only 1 of 13 patients who had no benefit from epidural steroids improved following subarachnoid injection. Five of 6 patients with partial relief from epidural steroids had further improvement after subarachnoid injection.", "PMID": 566049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6850", "title": "Perfusion characteristics during cardiopulmonary bypass and subsequent changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradients.", "content": "In 11 elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) recipients, changes in alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference (deltaAaDO2) from 5 minutes before to 30 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) ranged from -54.9 to +63.1 torr and exhibited significant linear correlation (r = 0.77, p less than 0.01) with the mean arterial perfusion pressure (MAPP) during CPB multiplied by the duration (T) of CPB divided by the body surface area (BSA) of the patient. The regression equation (deltaAaDO2 = 0.015 MAPP divided by BSA X T -50) enables estimation of the delta AaDO2 to result from a given episode of CPB. Mural edema of airways and pulmonary vasculature, developing during CPB, may be a mechanism underlying this correlation.", "contents": "Perfusion characteristics during cardiopulmonary bypass and subsequent changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradients. In 11 elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) recipients, changes in alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference (deltaAaDO2) from 5 minutes before to 30 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) ranged from -54.9 to +63.1 torr and exhibited significant linear correlation (r = 0.77, p less than 0.01) with the mean arterial perfusion pressure (MAPP) during CPB multiplied by the duration (T) of CPB divided by the body surface area (BSA) of the patient. The regression equation (deltaAaDO2 = 0.015 MAPP divided by BSA X T -50) enables estimation of the delta AaDO2 to result from a given episode of CPB. Mural edema of airways and pulmonary vasculature, developing during CPB, may be a mechanism underlying this correlation.", "PMID": 566046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6851", "title": "An infant circuit with a water vaporizer warmed by carbon dioxide neutralization.", "content": "A pediatric anesthesia system was constructed by connecting the machine end of a modified Mapleson D system to a soda lime canister containing a water vaporizer heated through the reaction of neutralization of the lime by the CO2 emerging from the breathing tube. The vaporizer was placed in line with the fresh-gas delivery tube of the circuit. The humidity output of the system varied from 15 +/- 1 mg H2O/L with a CO2 output of 15 ml/L to 27 +/- 1.5 mg H2O/L with a CO2 output of 60 ml/min. Rebreathing of CO2 was within acceptable limits as long as fresh-gas inflow remained at 5 L/min. The system compares favorably in respect to its humidity output with all other circuits availabe on the market for pediatric anesthesia.", "contents": "An infant circuit with a water vaporizer warmed by carbon dioxide neutralization. A pediatric anesthesia system was constructed by connecting the machine end of a modified Mapleson D system to a soda lime canister containing a water vaporizer heated through the reaction of neutralization of the lime by the CO2 emerging from the breathing tube. The vaporizer was placed in line with the fresh-gas delivery tube of the circuit. The humidity output of the system varied from 15 +/- 1 mg H2O/L with a CO2 output of 15 ml/L to 27 +/- 1.5 mg H2O/L with a CO2 output of 60 ml/min. Rebreathing of CO2 was within acceptable limits as long as fresh-gas inflow remained at 5 L/min. The system compares favorably in respect to its humidity output with all other circuits availabe on the market for pediatric anesthesia.", "PMID": 566048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6852", "title": "Neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine antagonism of lincomycin-pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in man.", "content": "Seven anesthetized patients were studied to determine the interaction between pancuronium and lincomycin and the ability of neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize the block. Lincomycin 600 mg given IV alone did not decrease twitch tension. An 8 to 10% decrease in twitch tension occurred when lincomycin was given after neostigmine antagonism of pancuronium. Lincomycin augmented a partial pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. The combined lincomycin-pancuronium neuromuscular blockade was effectively antagonized by both neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine although the latter produced a slower rate of antagonism. The authros conclude that lincomycin, 600 mg IV, augments a pancuronium neurovascular blockade. 4-Aminopyridine offers no advantage over neostigmine and, in fact, may offer a disadvantage because of a slower rate of antagonism.", "contents": "Neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine antagonism of lincomycin-pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in man. Seven anesthetized patients were studied to determine the interaction between pancuronium and lincomycin and the ability of neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize the block. Lincomycin 600 mg given IV alone did not decrease twitch tension. An 8 to 10% decrease in twitch tension occurred when lincomycin was given after neostigmine antagonism of pancuronium. Lincomycin augmented a partial pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. The combined lincomycin-pancuronium neuromuscular blockade was effectively antagonized by both neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine although the latter produced a slower rate of antagonism. The authros conclude that lincomycin, 600 mg IV, augments a pancuronium neurovascular blockade. 4-Aminopyridine offers no advantage over neostigmine and, in fact, may offer a disadvantage because of a slower rate of antagonism.", "PMID": 566050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6853", "title": "[Neonatal meningitis by \"flavobacterium meningoseptium\" (author's transl)].", "content": "We informed a case of neonatal meningitis caused by \"Flavobacterium meningosepticum\", the first to be described in our country, taking into consideration its ethioepidemiology and therapy.", "contents": "[Neonatal meningitis by \"flavobacterium meningoseptium\" (author's transl)]. We informed a case of neonatal meningitis caused by \"Flavobacterium meningosepticum\", the first to be described in our country, taking into consideration its ethioepidemiology and therapy.", "PMID": 566064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6854", "title": "[Cavernous hemangioma of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "A three-month old asymptomatic infant was incidentally found to have an abdominal mass. Through standard radiological and vascular procedures it was defined as being of hepatic origin, vascular etiology and of benign prognosis. Differences among cavernous hemangioma, hepatoma, metastasis and hemangio-endothelioma are summarized. The importance of angiography is emphasized as an essential procedure previous to the surgical evaluation and therapy.", "contents": "[Cavernous hemangioma of the liver (author's transl)]. A three-month old asymptomatic infant was incidentally found to have an abdominal mass. Through standard radiological and vascular procedures it was defined as being of hepatic origin, vascular etiology and of benign prognosis. Differences among cavernous hemangioma, hepatoma, metastasis and hemangio-endothelioma are summarized. The importance of angiography is emphasized as an essential procedure previous to the surgical evaluation and therapy.", "PMID": 566065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6855", "title": "Studies concerning the metabolites produced by Stachybotrys atra, Penicillium islandicum, Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus versicolor.", "content": "Over the past ten years it has become quite apparent that mycotoxins, or toxins produced by fungi, are responsible for a wide variety of human and animal illnesses and, in many cases, deaths. Consequently, the study of the metabolites produced by fungi and the possible occurrence of such metabolites in foodstuffs is of critical importance. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the approach taken at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in evaluating the possible hazard to human health posed by the growth of molds on foods, and to elaborate upon the results of studies sponsored by FDA relative to the metabolites produced by four mold species frequently found on foodstuffs. i.e., S. atra, P. islandicum, P. viridicatum and A. versicolor.", "contents": "Studies concerning the metabolites produced by Stachybotrys atra, Penicillium islandicum, Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus versicolor. Over the past ten years it has become quite apparent that mycotoxins, or toxins produced by fungi, are responsible for a wide variety of human and animal illnesses and, in many cases, deaths. Consequently, the study of the metabolites produced by fungi and the possible occurrence of such metabolites in foodstuffs is of critical importance. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the approach taken at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in evaluating the possible hazard to human health posed by the growth of molds on foods, and to elaborate upon the results of studies sponsored by FDA relative to the metabolites produced by four mold species frequently found on foodstuffs. i.e., S. atra, P. islandicum, P. viridicatum and A. versicolor.", "PMID": 566067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6856", "title": "Water soluble toxins of Stachybotrys alternans.", "content": "To attempt to clarify the mechanism of the action of mycotoxins under physiological conditions, the effect of simulated gastrointestinal conditions on the toxicity of Stachybotrys alternans was studied. Components, extracted into a simulated gastrointestinal system and into organic solvents were compared, regarding toxicity and chromatographic properties, with particular reference to a chromatographically characterized Stachybotrys-toxin found by us. It was established that, in addition to those toxic components which were soluble in organic solvents, some toxic, highly water soluble substances were extracted from the fungal culture by the gastrointestinal system. The total toxicity extracted by organic solvents was about fifteen times as much as the toxicity extracted by the simulated system, as measured by cell toxicity tests. All of the toxicity can be transferred from the fungus culture to the aqueous simulated system. This means that the simulated system altered the nature of the toxic components extractible with organic solvents.", "contents": "Water soluble toxins of Stachybotrys alternans. To attempt to clarify the mechanism of the action of mycotoxins under physiological conditions, the effect of simulated gastrointestinal conditions on the toxicity of Stachybotrys alternans was studied. Components, extracted into a simulated gastrointestinal system and into organic solvents were compared, regarding toxicity and chromatographic properties, with particular reference to a chromatographically characterized Stachybotrys-toxin found by us. It was established that, in addition to those toxic components which were soluble in organic solvents, some toxic, highly water soluble substances were extracted from the fungal culture by the gastrointestinal system. The total toxicity extracted by organic solvents was about fifteen times as much as the toxicity extracted by the simulated system, as measured by cell toxicity tests. All of the toxicity can be transferred from the fungus culture to the aqueous simulated system. This means that the simulated system altered the nature of the toxic components extractible with organic solvents.", "PMID": 566068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6857", "title": "Sex and age differences in luteoskyrin hepatotoxicity.", "content": "1. Luteoskyrin, a hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin from the fungus of \"yellowed rice\" Penicillium islandicum Sopp, shows different toxicities depending on the age and sex in mice. The lethal toxicity was higher in young or male mice than in adult or female mice. 2. 3H-luteoskyrin was accumulated in the livers, especially in their mitochondria, of suckling or male mice in larger amounts than in those of adult and female mice. 3. Intravenously injected 3H-luteoskyrin was excreted into the feces more rapidly in female than in male mice. 4. Luteoskyrin added to a diet was accumulated in the liver at a much higher rate in male than in female mice. 5. The susceptibility of mice to luteoskyrin hepatotoxicity slowly correlates to the rate of its accumulation in their livers, which in turn reflects the rate of its biliary excretion.", "contents": "Sex and age differences in luteoskyrin hepatotoxicity. 1. Luteoskyrin, a hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin from the fungus of \"yellowed rice\" Penicillium islandicum Sopp, shows different toxicities depending on the age and sex in mice. The lethal toxicity was higher in young or male mice than in adult or female mice. 2. 3H-luteoskyrin was accumulated in the livers, especially in their mitochondria, of suckling or male mice in larger amounts than in those of adult and female mice. 3. Intravenously injected 3H-luteoskyrin was excreted into the feces more rapidly in female than in male mice. 4. Luteoskyrin added to a diet was accumulated in the liver at a much higher rate in male than in female mice. 5. The susceptibility of mice to luteoskyrin hepatotoxicity slowly correlates to the rate of its accumulation in their livers, which in turn reflects the rate of its biliary excretion.", "PMID": 566069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6858", "title": "Specific and non-specific interactions of two carcinogenic mycotoxins, luteoskyrin and rugulosin with nucleic acids.", "content": "(-) Luteoskyrin and (+) Rugulosin are 2 hepatotoxic and carcinogenic anthraquinone-like pigments from Penicillia which contaminate rice and other foodstuffs. They inhibit in vivo and in vitro replication, transcription and DNA repair of Protocaryots and Eucaryots presumably by forming chelate-complexes with nucleic acids. In the present work, characterization, specificity and structure of binary polychelates (pigment-metal)n and ternary complexes (pigment-metal-nucleic acids) are successively reported: whereas, unspecific complex II with double-stranded polynucleotides is shown to result from simple adsorption of polychelate onto the double helix, complex I is specific for single-stranded DNA (or polypurine nucleotides) and results from electrostatic association of separate pigment-metal units with the polyphosphate chain. Additional stabilization is obtained by hydrophobic interaction between stacked aromatic moieties of pigment and purine units. A model of interaction is proposed for both complexes I and II.", "contents": "Specific and non-specific interactions of two carcinogenic mycotoxins, luteoskyrin and rugulosin with nucleic acids. (-) Luteoskyrin and (+) Rugulosin are 2 hepatotoxic and carcinogenic anthraquinone-like pigments from Penicillia which contaminate rice and other foodstuffs. They inhibit in vivo and in vitro replication, transcription and DNA repair of Protocaryots and Eucaryots presumably by forming chelate-complexes with nucleic acids. In the present work, characterization, specificity and structure of binary polychelates (pigment-metal)n and ternary complexes (pigment-metal-nucleic acids) are successively reported: whereas, unspecific complex II with double-stranded polynucleotides is shown to result from simple adsorption of polychelate onto the double helix, complex I is specific for single-stranded DNA (or polypurine nucleotides) and results from electrostatic association of separate pigment-metal units with the polyphosphate chain. Additional stabilization is obtained by hydrophobic interaction between stacked aromatic moieties of pigment and purine units. A model of interaction is proposed for both complexes I and II.", "PMID": 566070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6859", "title": "The problem of aflatoxic human disease in parts of India-epidemiological and ecological aspects.", "content": "An outbreak of a disease characterised by jaundice, rapidly developing ascites and portal hypertension associated with 20 p. 100 mortality rate was investigated in 1974. Analysis of food samples revealed that the disease outbreak was due to the consumption of maize (corn) heavily infested with the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Unseasonal rains prior to harvest, chronic drought conditions, poor storage facilities and ignorance of dangers of consuming fungal contaminated food seem to have caused the outbreak. The level of aflatoxin in food samples consumed during the outbreak was ranging between 2.5 and 15.6 microgram/g. Anywhere between 2 and 6 mg of aflatoxin seems to have been consumed daily by the affected people for many weeks. In contrast, during 1975, analysis of corn samples from the same areas revealed very low levels of aflatoxin, viz., less than 0.1 microgram/g. This was in line with the absence of major outbreak in 1975.", "contents": "The problem of aflatoxic human disease in parts of India-epidemiological and ecological aspects. An outbreak of a disease characterised by jaundice, rapidly developing ascites and portal hypertension associated with 20 p. 100 mortality rate was investigated in 1974. Analysis of food samples revealed that the disease outbreak was due to the consumption of maize (corn) heavily infested with the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Unseasonal rains prior to harvest, chronic drought conditions, poor storage facilities and ignorance of dangers of consuming fungal contaminated food seem to have caused the outbreak. The level of aflatoxin in food samples consumed during the outbreak was ranging between 2.5 and 15.6 microgram/g. Anywhere between 2 and 6 mg of aflatoxin seems to have been consumed daily by the affected people for many weeks. In contrast, during 1975, analysis of corn samples from the same areas revealed very low levels of aflatoxin, viz., less than 0.1 microgram/g. This was in line with the absence of major outbreak in 1975.", "PMID": 566071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6860", "title": "The mycotoxins and human health hazards.", "content": "The general background of the role of mycotoxins in human disease is briefly reviewed. The acute effects of the ingestion of the aflatoxins and the role that long term exposure may play in human disease are examined in detail. The necessity for co-operation between chemists, veterinarians, physicians and mycologists in the elucidation of the role of the mycotoxins in human disease is stressed.", "contents": "The mycotoxins and human health hazards. The general background of the role of mycotoxins in human disease is briefly reviewed. The acute effects of the ingestion of the aflatoxins and the role that long term exposure may play in human disease are examined in detail. The necessity for co-operation between chemists, veterinarians, physicians and mycologists in the elucidation of the role of the mycotoxins in human disease is stressed.", "PMID": 566072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6861", "title": "The effect of conservative treatment on the choroidal melanoma: histopathologic study.", "content": "Sixteen eyes harboring a choroidal or a ciliary body melanoma or both have been treated conservatively by photocoagulation, transscleral diathermocoagulation, and cobalt irradiation. These eyes have been enucleated because they showed an enlargement of the residual tumor and, in one case, perforation of the sclera. Cobalt irradiation affected all the layers of the tumor and was innocuous to the sclera. Diathermocoagulation destroyed the deep layers of the tumor and the sclera. Photocoagulation destroyed only the superficial layers of the tumor but not uniformly. Cobalt irradiation is the method of choice and photocoagulation a good adjunct in the conservative treatment of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas.", "contents": "The effect of conservative treatment on the choroidal melanoma: histopathologic study. Sixteen eyes harboring a choroidal or a ciliary body melanoma or both have been treated conservatively by photocoagulation, transscleral diathermocoagulation, and cobalt irradiation. These eyes have been enucleated because they showed an enlargement of the residual tumor and, in one case, perforation of the sclera. Cobalt irradiation affected all the layers of the tumor and was innocuous to the sclera. Diathermocoagulation destroyed the deep layers of the tumor and the sclera. Photocoagulation destroyed only the superficial layers of the tumor but not uniformly. Cobalt irradiation is the method of choice and photocoagulation a good adjunct in the conservative treatment of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas.", "PMID": 566073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6862", "title": "Multivariate analysis of head measurements in Punjabi families.", "content": "Four head measurements (head length, head breadth, frontal breadth and head height) have been compared in relatives of different degrees from samples of 200 Punjabi and 125 Belgian families. A method of generalized distances is used which allows examination of the proportions of the head as a whole. The values of the generalized distances between concordant and discordant twins are compared with those between brothers, sisters, siblings, parents-and-children, and parents. The results strongly support the influence of genetic factors, but also demonstrate environmental influence.", "contents": "Multivariate analysis of head measurements in Punjabi families. Four head measurements (head length, head breadth, frontal breadth and head height) have been compared in relatives of different degrees from samples of 200 Punjabi and 125 Belgian families. A method of generalized distances is used which allows examination of the proportions of the head as a whole. The values of the generalized distances between concordant and discordant twins are compared with those between brothers, sisters, siblings, parents-and-children, and parents. The results strongly support the influence of genetic factors, but also demonstrate environmental influence.", "PMID": 566077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6863", "title": "Systematics of Hanseniaspora Zikes and Kloeckera Janke.", "content": "The physiological and morphological characteristics of eighty-two strains of Hanseniaspora and Kloeckera, represented twenty-nine described species, were examined. These results along with DNA base composition and DNA/DNA reassociation experiments revealed that the genus Hanseniaspora comprises six distinct species, viz. H. valbyensis, H. uvarum, H. guilliermondii, H. occidentalis, H. osmophila and H. vineae, with K. japonica, K. apiculata, K. apis, K. javanica, K. corticis and K. africana, respectively, as their imperfect states.", "contents": "Systematics of Hanseniaspora Zikes and Kloeckera Janke. The physiological and morphological characteristics of eighty-two strains of Hanseniaspora and Kloeckera, represented twenty-nine described species, were examined. These results along with DNA base composition and DNA/DNA reassociation experiments revealed that the genus Hanseniaspora comprises six distinct species, viz. H. valbyensis, H. uvarum, H. guilliermondii, H. occidentalis, H. osmophila and H. vineae, with K. japonica, K. apiculata, K. apis, K. javanica, K. corticis and K. africana, respectively, as their imperfect states.", "PMID": 566079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6864", "title": "Torulopsis geochares and Torulopsis azyma, two new, haploid species of ascomycetous affinity.", "content": "There strains representative of two undescribed Torulopsis species, T. geochares and T. azyma, were recovered from soil and rupicolous lichen in South Africa. Descriptions of the new species are given. Ploidy determinations by X-ray inactivation showed the type strains of the two new species to be haploid. On the basis of their affinitive characteristics the new species appear to be related to the ascomycetous yeasts.", "contents": "Torulopsis geochares and Torulopsis azyma, two new, haploid species of ascomycetous affinity. There strains representative of two undescribed Torulopsis species, T. geochares and T. azyma, were recovered from soil and rupicolous lichen in South Africa. Descriptions of the new species are given. Ploidy determinations by X-ray inactivation showed the type strains of the two new species to be haploid. On the basis of their affinitive characteristics the new species appear to be related to the ascomycetous yeasts.", "PMID": 566080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6865", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the cephalic structures of Pneumospiruridae. (Thelazioidea - Nematoda). Revision of the family.", "content": "In a study with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) five different types of cephalic structure were found in five species of Pneumospiruridae recorded in Israel. The description, in the literature, of a sixth type, based on a study with the light microscope, was also considered in evaluating the results. By comparing descriptions and drawings of the known Pneumospiruridae with the SEM micrographs the species in the family were grouped into two genera: 1. Vogeloides Dougherty, 1952 in which the form of the cephalic structures could be correlated with the structure of the oesophagus; 2. Metathelazia Skinker, 1931 in which the cephalic structures could not be correlated with any other morphological or anatomical character. The species included in the genus Metathelazia were therefore grouped on the basis of the form of cephalic structures in 5 types: booliati, multipapillata, acomysi, capsulata and rodentium. The genus Pneumospirura Wu and Hu, 1938 is considered a subjective synonym of Metathelazia.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the cephalic structures of Pneumospiruridae. (Thelazioidea - Nematoda). Revision of the family. In a study with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) five different types of cephalic structure were found in five species of Pneumospiruridae recorded in Israel. The description, in the literature, of a sixth type, based on a study with the light microscope, was also considered in evaluating the results. By comparing descriptions and drawings of the known Pneumospiruridae with the SEM micrographs the species in the family were grouped into two genera: 1. Vogeloides Dougherty, 1952 in which the form of the cephalic structures could be correlated with the structure of the oesophagus; 2. Metathelazia Skinker, 1931 in which the cephalic structures could not be correlated with any other morphological or anatomical character. The species included in the genus Metathelazia were therefore grouped on the basis of the form of cephalic structures in 5 types: booliati, multipapillata, acomysi, capsulata and rodentium. The genus Pneumospirura Wu and Hu, 1938 is considered a subjective synonym of Metathelazia.", "PMID": 566076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6866", "title": "Helminths of birds and mammals of Israel. VII. - Pneumospirura rodentium n. sp. (Pneumospiruridae - Thelazioidea).", "content": "Pneumospirura rodentium a lung parasite of Gerbillus dasyurus and Meriones crassus is described. P. hainanensis Wu and Hu, 1938 and Metathelazia servalis Chabaud and Biocca, 1950, have cephalic structures resembling those of P. rodentium. But the three species can be differentiated by the size of spicules, their localization, hosts and geographical distribution.", "contents": "Helminths of birds and mammals of Israel. VII. - Pneumospirura rodentium n. sp. (Pneumospiruridae - Thelazioidea). Pneumospirura rodentium a lung parasite of Gerbillus dasyurus and Meriones crassus is described. P. hainanensis Wu and Hu, 1938 and Metathelazia servalis Chabaud and Biocca, 1950, have cephalic structures resembling those of P. rodentium. But the three species can be differentiated by the size of spicules, their localization, hosts and geographical distribution.", "PMID": 566075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6867", "title": "Enumeration and isolation of anaerobic microbiota of piggery wastes.", "content": "Media for enumeration of the microbiota of anaerobically stored piggery wastes were tested. Highest colony counts were obtained with 80 to 100% farm slurry supernatant included in the anaerobic roll tube media. Colony counts with these media numbered 2 X 10(9) to 12 X 10(9)/g (wet weight), which represents about 20% of the microscopic counts. Lower percentages of slurry supernatant in the media gave lower colony counts. Addition of glucose, cellobiose, and starch or of Trypticase to media with 20% slurry supernatant did not increase colony counts. Higher values were obtained when hemicellulose preparations were added to these media. Incubation at 25 degrees C gave the highest numbers. Incubation at 15 to 37 degrees C gave counts of about 70 and 10%, respectively, of those at 25 degrees C. Of the colonies picked for isolation, about 20% were obtained in pure culture. The isolates apparently belonged to the genera Peptococcus, Ruminococcus, Peptococcus, Ruminococcus, Pepostreptococcus, and Bacteroides.", "contents": "Enumeration and isolation of anaerobic microbiota of piggery wastes. Media for enumeration of the microbiota of anaerobically stored piggery wastes were tested. Highest colony counts were obtained with 80 to 100% farm slurry supernatant included in the anaerobic roll tube media. Colony counts with these media numbered 2 X 10(9) to 12 X 10(9)/g (wet weight), which represents about 20% of the microscopic counts. Lower percentages of slurry supernatant in the media gave lower colony counts. Addition of glucose, cellobiose, and starch or of Trypticase to media with 20% slurry supernatant did not increase colony counts. Higher values were obtained when hemicellulose preparations were added to these media. Incubation at 25 degrees C gave the highest numbers. Incubation at 15 to 37 degrees C gave counts of about 70 and 10%, respectively, of those at 25 degrees C. Of the colonies picked for isolation, about 20% were obtained in pure culture. The isolates apparently belonged to the genera Peptococcus, Ruminococcus, Peptococcus, Ruminococcus, Pepostreptococcus, and Bacteroides.", "PMID": 566081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6868", "title": "Production of branched-chain volatile fatty acids by certain anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Net production of isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and 2-methylbutyric acid by cultures of Bacteroides ruminicola and Megasphaera elsdenii on media that contained Trypticase or casein hydrolysate continued (up to 5 days) after growth had ceased. Only trace quantities of these acids were produced in a medium that contained a mixture of amino acids that did not include the branched-chain amino acids. M. elsdenii produced increased quantities of the branched-chain fatty acids in a medium that contained Trypticase when glucose was reduced or eliminated from the culture medium. However, B. ruminicola produced increased quantities of branched-chain fatty acids and of phenylacetic acid from Trypticase when glucose was supplied at 3 mg/ml rather than at 1 mg/ml. Single strains of Streptococcus bovis, Selenomonas ruminantium, Bacteroides amylophilus, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens did not produce branched-chain fatty acids.", "contents": "Production of branched-chain volatile fatty acids by certain anaerobic bacteria. Net production of isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and 2-methylbutyric acid by cultures of Bacteroides ruminicola and Megasphaera elsdenii on media that contained Trypticase or casein hydrolysate continued (up to 5 days) after growth had ceased. Only trace quantities of these acids were produced in a medium that contained a mixture of amino acids that did not include the branched-chain amino acids. M. elsdenii produced increased quantities of the branched-chain fatty acids in a medium that contained Trypticase when glucose was reduced or eliminated from the culture medium. However, B. ruminicola produced increased quantities of branched-chain fatty acids and of phenylacetic acid from Trypticase when glucose was supplied at 3 mg/ml rather than at 1 mg/ml. Single strains of Streptococcus bovis, Selenomonas ruminantium, Bacteroides amylophilus, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens did not produce branched-chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 566082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6869", "title": "Identification of biotransformation products from 2,4-dinitrotoluene.", "content": "The products of microbial transformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by Mucrosporium sp. were identified by thin-layer chromatography and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene, 2,2'-dinitro-4,4'-azoxytoluene, 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-azoxytoluene, and 4-acetamido-2-nitrotoluene. A third azoxy compound, believed to be a \"mixed\" type (i.e., 2,4'-azoxy or 4,2'-azoxy), was isolated but not yet identified.", "contents": "Identification of biotransformation products from 2,4-dinitrotoluene. The products of microbial transformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by Mucrosporium sp. were identified by thin-layer chromatography and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene, 2,2'-dinitro-4,4'-azoxytoluene, 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-azoxytoluene, and 4-acetamido-2-nitrotoluene. A third azoxy compound, believed to be a \"mixed\" type (i.e., 2,4'-azoxy or 4,2'-azoxy), was isolated but not yet identified.", "PMID": 566083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6870", "title": "Studies on naturally occurring filarial infections in dogs in Lebanon. I. Dipetalonema reconditum.", "content": "A survey for filarial parasites was carried out on dogs in Lebanon. The peripheral blood was examined for microfilariae and the skins and carcasses for adult worms. Three methods were used for blood examination: (a) thick blood films stained with Giemsa; (b) a modified Knott's technique (Methylene Blue stained); (c) sodium citrate technique. Two species of filarial worm were found, Dipetalonema reconditum and another species of Dipetalonema which will be described in a later paper. The morphology of microfilariae and adults of D. reconditum is described. The microfilariae of D. reconditum showed a nocturnal sub-periodicity. Attempts were made to find vectors by feeding Aedes aegypti, Aedes phoeniciae, Culex pipiens molestus and Clenocephalides felis on an infected dog. Developing and infective stages were recovered only from C. felis.", "contents": "Studies on naturally occurring filarial infections in dogs in Lebanon. I. Dipetalonema reconditum. A survey for filarial parasites was carried out on dogs in Lebanon. The peripheral blood was examined for microfilariae and the skins and carcasses for adult worms. Three methods were used for blood examination: (a) thick blood films stained with Giemsa; (b) a modified Knott's technique (Methylene Blue stained); (c) sodium citrate technique. Two species of filarial worm were found, Dipetalonema reconditum and another species of Dipetalonema which will be described in a later paper. The morphology of microfilariae and adults of D. reconditum is described. The microfilariae of D. reconditum showed a nocturnal sub-periodicity. Attempts were made to find vectors by feeding Aedes aegypti, Aedes phoeniciae, Culex pipiens molestus and Clenocephalides felis on an infected dog. Developing and infective stages were recovered only from C. felis.", "PMID": 566087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6871", "title": "The determinants of survival following reoperation on prosthetic cardiac valves.", "content": "In an effort to identify the determinants of survival following reoperation on patients with prosthetic cardiac valves, the experience with a group of 33 patients at the University of Rochester Medical Center was reviewed. The survival rate was 58% (19/33). Survival was not related to the valve involved, the age of the patient, or the technical hazards of a second cardiac operation. Ten (77%) of the 13 patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class II survived compared with 8 (40%) of the 20 in Class III or IV. The survival rate for patients with a paravalvular fistula was 79% (11/14); with valve dysfunction, 50% (6/12); and with prosthetic valve infection, 29% (2/7). The determinants of survival seem to be similar to those for primary operation (i. e., NYHA patient classification and indication for operation) and less related to the potential operative complications of a reoperation.", "contents": "The determinants of survival following reoperation on prosthetic cardiac valves. In an effort to identify the determinants of survival following reoperation on patients with prosthetic cardiac valves, the experience with a group of 33 patients at the University of Rochester Medical Center was reviewed. The survival rate was 58% (19/33). Survival was not related to the valve involved, the age of the patient, or the technical hazards of a second cardiac operation. Ten (77%) of the 13 patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class II survived compared with 8 (40%) of the 20 in Class III or IV. The survival rate for patients with a paravalvular fistula was 79% (11/14); with valve dysfunction, 50% (6/12); and with prosthetic valve infection, 29% (2/7). The determinants of survival seem to be similar to those for primary operation (i. e., NYHA patient classification and indication for operation) and less related to the potential operative complications of a reoperation.", "PMID": 566088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6872", "title": "Induction of malignant tumors in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats by single doses of n-butyl-nitrosourea in perinatal and juvenile phases of development.", "content": "n-butyl-nitrosourea (BNU), which is highly leukemogenic in adult rats and in young mice, was applied in a single dose of 120 mg/kg body weight to pregnant Wistar rats on day 22 post conceptionem (p.c.). In another group the same dose was injected directly to fetuses of Wistar rats on day 22 p.c. after surgical delivery with subsequent feeding by nurses. The same single dose was given to 1 and 2 days old Wistar rats as well as to 10 and 30 days old Sprague-Dawley rats. In about 50% of the progeny tumors (predominantly neurogenic) developed both after diaplacental and after direct application of the substance on day 22 p.c. After neonatal application, almost exclusively neurogenic tumors were found in greater than 85% of the treated juvenile animals. Comparison of survival time and tumor rates between the rats treated diaplacentally or directly on day 22 p.c. and the rats treated neonatally revealed significant differences. This shows that the nervous tissue of the rat is less sensitive to BNU prenatally than in the neonatal phase of development. After application of BNU on day 10 post  partum (p.p.) in Sprague-Dawley rats greater than 95% of the animals developed almost exclusively neurogenic tumors with a high percentage of brain tumors. After a single dose on day 30 p.p. a significant increase in survival time and a significant decrease in the total tumor yield is observed in comparison to the animals treated on day 10. Additionally a decrease in the rate of neurogenic tumors is accompanied by an increase of tumors outside the nervous system. Aftertreatment with single doses of BNU perinatally and on day 10 p.p. only 2 rats out of 154 animals were found to have leukemia. After application of BNU to 30 days old rats, leukemia was diagnosed in 7 out of 40 animals.", "contents": "Induction of malignant tumors in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats by single doses of n-butyl-nitrosourea in perinatal and juvenile phases of development. n-butyl-nitrosourea (BNU), which is highly leukemogenic in adult rats and in young mice, was applied in a single dose of 120 mg/kg body weight to pregnant Wistar rats on day 22 post conceptionem (p.c.). In another group the same dose was injected directly to fetuses of Wistar rats on day 22 p.c. after surgical delivery with subsequent feeding by nurses. The same single dose was given to 1 and 2 days old Wistar rats as well as to 10 and 30 days old Sprague-Dawley rats. In about 50% of the progeny tumors (predominantly neurogenic) developed both after diaplacental and after direct application of the substance on day 22 p.c. After neonatal application, almost exclusively neurogenic tumors were found in greater than 85% of the treated juvenile animals. Comparison of survival time and tumor rates between the rats treated diaplacentally or directly on day 22 p.c. and the rats treated neonatally revealed significant differences. This shows that the nervous tissue of the rat is less sensitive to BNU prenatally than in the neonatal phase of development. After application of BNU on day 10 post  partum (p.p.) in Sprague-Dawley rats greater than 95% of the animals developed almost exclusively neurogenic tumors with a high percentage of brain tumors. After a single dose on day 30 p.p. a significant increase in survival time and a significant decrease in the total tumor yield is observed in comparison to the animals treated on day 10. Additionally a decrease in the rate of neurogenic tumors is accompanied by an increase of tumors outside the nervous system. Aftertreatment with single doses of BNU perinatally and on day 10 p.p. only 2 rats out of 154 animals were found to have leukemia. After application of BNU to 30 days old rats, leukemia was diagnosed in 7 out of 40 animals.", "PMID": 566089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6873", "title": "Quantitative analysis of defective interfering particles in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus preparations.", "content": "Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus exhibited an interference phenomenon that resulted in the survival of the infected cell with one hit kinetics. The responsible factor was found to co-purify with standard virus through a purification regime that employed two CsCl gradients and a sucrose gradient. This result suggested that a defective interfering (DI) viral particle was involved. It was possible to estimate the number of DI particles by a statistical method using the Poisson distribution that related cell survival to input DI/cell, which indicated that virus samples from dilute passage contained as many DI particles as samples from undiluted passage; this means that multiple undiluted virus passage did not increase the yield of DI particles. In isopycnic CsCl gradient centrifugation, the DI particles were found in a broad band superimposed over the standard virus peak and extending above it, such that the ratio DI/PFU varied from 0.3--20 in different fractions. These centrifugation methods did not completely separate DI particles from standard virus.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of defective interfering particles in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus preparations. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus exhibited an interference phenomenon that resulted in the survival of the infected cell with one hit kinetics. The responsible factor was found to co-purify with standard virus through a purification regime that employed two CsCl gradients and a sucrose gradient. This result suggested that a defective interfering (DI) viral particle was involved. It was possible to estimate the number of DI particles by a statistical method using the Poisson distribution that related cell survival to input DI/cell, which indicated that virus samples from dilute passage contained as many DI particles as samples from undiluted passage; this means that multiple undiluted virus passage did not increase the yield of DI particles. In isopycnic CsCl gradient centrifugation, the DI particles were found in a broad band superimposed over the standard virus peak and extending above it, such that the ratio DI/PFU varied from 0.3--20 in different fractions. These centrifugation methods did not completely separate DI particles from standard virus.", "PMID": 566090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6874", "title": "Peripapillary subretinal neovascularization in chronic uveitis.", "content": "Peripapillary subretinal neovascularization progressively developed in both eyes of a 17-year-old black woman with bilateral chronic granulomatous uveitis. Despite intensive medical therapy, central vision was lost in the left eye due to disciform scarring that extended to the macula. When a similar process was discovered in the right eye, argon laser therapy was started and was successful in eliminating all areas of subretinal neovascularization in the right eye while maintaining good cental vision. Chronic uveitis is probably another cause of peripapillary subretinal neovascularization, which can be treated with photocoagulation in spite of the presence of inflammation.", "contents": "Peripapillary subretinal neovascularization in chronic uveitis. Peripapillary subretinal neovascularization progressively developed in both eyes of a 17-year-old black woman with bilateral chronic granulomatous uveitis. Despite intensive medical therapy, central vision was lost in the left eye due to disciform scarring that extended to the macula. When a similar process was discovered in the right eye, argon laser therapy was started and was successful in eliminating all areas of subretinal neovascularization in the right eye while maintaining good cental vision. Chronic uveitis is probably another cause of peripapillary subretinal neovascularization, which can be treated with photocoagulation in spite of the presence of inflammation.", "PMID": 566091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6875", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the cochlear vasculature.", "content": "Studies on the vascularization of the cochlea with conventional injection methods that use light microscopy have failed in viewing both the overall three-dimensional picture, as well as the detailed construction of the cochlea vascular blood vessels. This basic shortcoming can be omitted by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on corrosion casts, which only presently has been introduced. The use of a commercial resin (Mercox) as an injected medium, followed by application of macerating fluids, provides clean and completely filled casts of the cochlea vascular system, which can then be inspected by SEM. This method not only confirms the general findings about cochlea vascularization but gives the opportunity to view the overall picture, as well as the detailed pattern of the intricate cochlear capillary beds.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the cochlear vasculature. Studies on the vascularization of the cochlea with conventional injection methods that use light microscopy have failed in viewing both the overall three-dimensional picture, as well as the detailed construction of the cochlea vascular blood vessels. This basic shortcoming can be omitted by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on corrosion casts, which only presently has been introduced. The use of a commercial resin (Mercox) as an injected medium, followed by application of macerating fluids, provides clean and completely filled casts of the cochlea vascular system, which can then be inspected by SEM. This method not only confirms the general findings about cochlea vascularization but gives the opportunity to view the overall picture, as well as the detailed pattern of the intricate cochlear capillary beds.", "PMID": 566092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6876", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the adenohypophysis, adrenal gland activity, and desynchronization of the oestrous cycle following unpredictable stress in the rat.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the adenohypophysis, after exposure of female Wistar rats to a signalled unpredictable 5- and 15-day stress regimen, is described. Cellular activity of the adenohypophysis correlated well with the circulating levels of corticosterone. Intense secretory activity was observed in all tropic cell types at 5 and 15 days although the observed differences generally were greater in the 5-day stressed group. It was observed that the oestrous cycles of 40 and 100% of the rats became desynchronized over the 5- and 15-day stress period respectively.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the adenohypophysis, adrenal gland activity, and desynchronization of the oestrous cycle following unpredictable stress in the rat. An ultrastructural study of the adenohypophysis, after exposure of female Wistar rats to a signalled unpredictable 5- and 15-day stress regimen, is described. Cellular activity of the adenohypophysis correlated well with the circulating levels of corticosterone. Intense secretory activity was observed in all tropic cell types at 5 and 15 days although the observed differences generally were greater in the 5-day stressed group. It was observed that the oestrous cycles of 40 and 100% of the rats became desynchronized over the 5- and 15-day stress period respectively.", "PMID": 566093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6877", "title": "Artificial induction of lactation in ewes: the use of prostaglandin.", "content": "Injections of an anlogue of prostaglandin F2alpha (T.F.101) initiated secretion of copious amounts of fluid resembling normal ovine milk when given to non-pregnant ewes with developed mammary glands. Injections of T.F.101 elicited a substantial but transient increase in the levels of prolactin in plasma. Results for intact and ovariectomized ewes were similar.", "contents": "Artificial induction of lactation in ewes: the use of prostaglandin. Injections of an anlogue of prostaglandin F2alpha (T.F.101) initiated secretion of copious amounts of fluid resembling normal ovine milk when given to non-pregnant ewes with developed mammary glands. Injections of T.F.101 elicited a substantial but transient increase in the levels of prolactin in plasma. Results for intact and ovariectomized ewes were similar.", "PMID": 566094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6878", "title": "Electrical safety for the veterinary surgeon.", "content": "In human medicine, protection of the patient has demanded stringent safety precautions that have not been applied in the veterinary field. There is a hazard to the operator from the increasing use of electrical equipment in veterinary medicine, often in an environment where conducting floors and other items can carry fault currents through a human or animal body. The source of these currents may be equipment that has developed faults due to disconnected earth leads and breakdown of insulation so that the case or leads from the equipment become live. Currents exceeding 10 mA passing through the body may cause death from ventricular fibrillation. Protection from accident may be provided by circuit breakers that sense fault currents and disconnect the power, and by taking precautions to correctly maintain electrical fittings.", "contents": "Electrical safety for the veterinary surgeon. In human medicine, protection of the patient has demanded stringent safety precautions that have not been applied in the veterinary field. There is a hazard to the operator from the increasing use of electrical equipment in veterinary medicine, often in an environment where conducting floors and other items can carry fault currents through a human or animal body. The source of these currents may be equipment that has developed faults due to disconnected earth leads and breakdown of insulation so that the case or leads from the equipment become live. Currents exceeding 10 mA passing through the body may cause death from ventricular fibrillation. Protection from accident may be provided by circuit breakers that sense fault currents and disconnect the power, and by taking precautions to correctly maintain electrical fittings.", "PMID": 566096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6879", "title": "Control of ovine lupinosis: experiments on the making of lupin hay.", "content": "Lupin hay was prepared at 2 locations and conserved in fodder rolls and bales until late summer. At this time it was found that the lupin hay had lower levels of infection with P.  leptostromiformis and had developed virtually no toxicity, when compared with adjacent normal lupin stubble which was very heavily infected with Phomopsis and very toxic. No additional advantage was gained by spraying cut lupins with formalin before rolling or bailing. It is suggested that the preparation of lupin hay as described provides farmers who do not harvest their lupins for seed with a way of utilising lupin crops for summer feed, while significantly reducing the risk of lupinosis in stock.", "contents": "Control of ovine lupinosis: experiments on the making of lupin hay. Lupin hay was prepared at 2 locations and conserved in fodder rolls and bales until late summer. At this time it was found that the lupin hay had lower levels of infection with P.  leptostromiformis and had developed virtually no toxicity, when compared with adjacent normal lupin stubble which was very heavily infected with Phomopsis and very toxic. No additional advantage was gained by spraying cut lupins with formalin before rolling or bailing. It is suggested that the preparation of lupin hay as described provides farmers who do not harvest their lupins for seed with a way of utilising lupin crops for summer feed, while significantly reducing the risk of lupinosis in stock.", "PMID": 566098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6880", "title": "Haemolytic disease in new born calves.", "content": "Neonatal haemolytic disease was diagnosed in a Bos indicus cross bred beef herd in south-east Queensland. The evidence suggested that this was due to B. argentina vaccination for babesiosis while non-pregnant or less than one month pregnant. The cows received 5 or 6 vaccinations during their breeding life, which indicated that antibody levels can persist for long periods. The autopsy, histopathological and haematological findings indicated that the mechanism was disseminated intra-vascular coagulation which occurred in calves dying within 24 hours of birth. This resulted in fibrin deposition in pulmonary capillaries and severe pulmonary oedema.", "contents": "Haemolytic disease in new born calves. Neonatal haemolytic disease was diagnosed in a Bos indicus cross bred beef herd in south-east Queensland. The evidence suggested that this was due to B. argentina vaccination for babesiosis while non-pregnant or less than one month pregnant. The cows received 5 or 6 vaccinations during their breeding life, which indicated that antibody levels can persist for long periods. The autopsy, histopathological and haematological findings indicated that the mechanism was disseminated intra-vascular coagulation which occurred in calves dying within 24 hours of birth. This resulted in fibrin deposition in pulmonary capillaries and severe pulmonary oedema.", "PMID": 566099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6881", "title": "The heterogeneity of cytoplasmic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Cytoplasmic DNA polymerase (DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) was partially purified from Physarum polycephalum. The first step of the purification procedure utilized the fact that the enzyme on gel filtration behaves in anomalous fashion. The second step was either ion-exchange chromatography or sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The partially purified DNA polymerase was heterogeneous and at least four species with different sedimentation coefficients (5.5S, 7.2S, 8.6S and 11.5S) were detected. Calculated molecular weights indicated a tendency for stoicheiometric polypeptide aggregation, accompanied by an alteration of the three-dimensional structure froma compact spheroid to a more open elliptical form. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and computed molecular weights suggest an active protomer in the range of 113000 daltons; all data pertain to I 0.045, which was maintained during the whole procedure.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of cytoplasmic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Physarum polycephalum. Cytoplasmic DNA polymerase (DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) was partially purified from Physarum polycephalum. The first step of the purification procedure utilized the fact that the enzyme on gel filtration behaves in anomalous fashion. The second step was either ion-exchange chromatography or sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The partially purified DNA polymerase was heterogeneous and at least four species with different sedimentation coefficients (5.5S, 7.2S, 8.6S and 11.5S) were detected. Calculated molecular weights indicated a tendency for stoicheiometric polypeptide aggregation, accompanied by an alteration of the three-dimensional structure froma compact spheroid to a more open elliptical form. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and computed molecular weights suggest an active protomer in the range of 113000 daltons; all data pertain to I 0.045, which was maintained during the whole procedure.", "PMID": 566101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6882", "title": "The effect of lutropin on specific protein synthesis in tumour Leydig cells and in Leydig cells from immature rats.", "content": "The amount of (35)S incorporated into the various proteins after separation by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels was used as an estimate of their synthesis in the Leydig cells. Increased synthesis of proteins with apparent mol.wts. 27000 and 29000 was observed 3h after addition of lutropin to tumour Leydig cells. Incubation of Leydig cells from immature rats with lutropin (100ng/ml) for 2h or longer resulted in increased synthesis of proteins with apparent mol.wts. 11000, 21000, 27000 and 29000. At higher concentrations (>/=100ng/ml) of lutropin there was a decrease in the synthesis of a protein with apparent mol.wt. 13000. The amount of lutropin required for the stimulation of protein synthesis in both types of Leydig cells was similar to that needed for stimulation of steroidogenesis. Lutropin-stimulated specific protein synthesis was not due to increased concentrations of testosterone, however, because (1) addition of testosterone to the cells had no effect on the synthesis of the proteins, and (2) inhibition of steroidogenesis with elipten phosphate (an inhibitor of the cholesterol side-chain-cleavage enzyme complex) did not abolish the effect of lutropin. The stimulation of specific protein synthesis was also not due to contaminating follitropin in the lutropin preparation. Addition of actinomycin D to the cells at the start of the incubation prevented the effect of lutropin on specific protein synthesis, indicating that mRNA synthesis may be needed for this effect of lutropin. Incubation of the cells with cycloheximide for 30min after labelling of the proteins did not result in a detectable decrease in the amounts of the lutropin-induced proteins, indicating that their half-life is longer than 30min.", "contents": "The effect of lutropin on specific protein synthesis in tumour Leydig cells and in Leydig cells from immature rats. The amount of (35)S incorporated into the various proteins after separation by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels was used as an estimate of their synthesis in the Leydig cells. Increased synthesis of proteins with apparent mol.wts. 27000 and 29000 was observed 3h after addition of lutropin to tumour Leydig cells. Incubation of Leydig cells from immature rats with lutropin (100ng/ml) for 2h or longer resulted in increased synthesis of proteins with apparent mol.wts. 11000, 21000, 27000 and 29000. At higher concentrations (>/=100ng/ml) of lutropin there was a decrease in the synthesis of a protein with apparent mol.wt. 13000. The amount of lutropin required for the stimulation of protein synthesis in both types of Leydig cells was similar to that needed for stimulation of steroidogenesis. Lutropin-stimulated specific protein synthesis was not due to increased concentrations of testosterone, however, because (1) addition of testosterone to the cells had no effect on the synthesis of the proteins, and (2) inhibition of steroidogenesis with elipten phosphate (an inhibitor of the cholesterol side-chain-cleavage enzyme complex) did not abolish the effect of lutropin. The stimulation of specific protein synthesis was also not due to contaminating follitropin in the lutropin preparation. Addition of actinomycin D to the cells at the start of the incubation prevented the effect of lutropin on specific protein synthesis, indicating that mRNA synthesis may be needed for this effect of lutropin. Incubation of the cells with cycloheximide for 30min after labelling of the proteins did not result in a detectable decrease in the amounts of the lutropin-induced proteins, indicating that their half-life is longer than 30min.", "PMID": 566102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6883", "title": "Intracellular relationships of the oestrogen receptor in the rat uterus and hypothalamus during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements were made of the specific oestrogen receptor in the nuclear and cytosol fractions prepared from the uterus and hypothalamus of 50--81-day-old female rats undergoing a 4-day oestrous cycle. In the uterus, the content of nuclear receptor fluctuated in concert with known cyclic changes in the secretion of oestrogen, being maximal at pro-oestrus. Over the period of 50--81 days, the nuclear content at all phases increased with age, again corresponding to known age-related increases in ovarian secretion of oestrogen. This age-related increase in nuclear content, averaged from the values of the different phases in each age group, was related to equivalent increases in uterine wet weight, an increase of 1 pmol of receptor being accompanied by an increase of 80--90 mg. The concentration of cytosol receptor was maintained constant, with respect to wet weight, throughout the cycle and with age, irrespective of changes in nuclear content. In the uterus of normal mature females, translocation of receptor into the nucleus did not lead to depletion of cytosol receptor, suggesting a process of continuous replenishment/synthesis. In the hypothalamus, the nuclear content of oestrogen receptor was also maximal at pro-oestrus. In contrast with the uterus, the content of hypothalamic cytosol receptor was minimal at this phase and reflects depletion of the cytosol receptor, possibly as a result of translocation. The extent of translocation was low compared with that in the uterus and did not alter with age during the age-period studied. This low nuclear binding of the receptor in vivo is discussed in relation to the presence of a cytosol factor, present in limiting amounts, which in vitro mediates the binding of cytosol receptor to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The difference in the physiological response of the uterus and of the hypothalamus to oestrogens may be related to the extent of nuclear binding of receptor.", "contents": "Intracellular relationships of the oestrogen receptor in the rat uterus and hypothalamus during the oestrous cycle. Simultaneous measurements were made of the specific oestrogen receptor in the nuclear and cytosol fractions prepared from the uterus and hypothalamus of 50--81-day-old female rats undergoing a 4-day oestrous cycle. In the uterus, the content of nuclear receptor fluctuated in concert with known cyclic changes in the secretion of oestrogen, being maximal at pro-oestrus. Over the period of 50--81 days, the nuclear content at all phases increased with age, again corresponding to known age-related increases in ovarian secretion of oestrogen. This age-related increase in nuclear content, averaged from the values of the different phases in each age group, was related to equivalent increases in uterine wet weight, an increase of 1 pmol of receptor being accompanied by an increase of 80--90 mg. The concentration of cytosol receptor was maintained constant, with respect to wet weight, throughout the cycle and with age, irrespective of changes in nuclear content. In the uterus of normal mature females, translocation of receptor into the nucleus did not lead to depletion of cytosol receptor, suggesting a process of continuous replenishment/synthesis. In the hypothalamus, the nuclear content of oestrogen receptor was also maximal at pro-oestrus. In contrast with the uterus, the content of hypothalamic cytosol receptor was minimal at this phase and reflects depletion of the cytosol receptor, possibly as a result of translocation. The extent of translocation was low compared with that in the uterus and did not alter with age during the age-period studied. This low nuclear binding of the receptor in vivo is discussed in relation to the presence of a cytosol factor, present in limiting amounts, which in vitro mediates the binding of cytosol receptor to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The difference in the physiological response of the uterus and of the hypothalamus to oestrogens may be related to the extent of nuclear binding of receptor.", "PMID": 566103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6884", "title": "Left ventricular relaxation and filling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An echocardiographic study.", "content": "Echocardiograms showing left ventricular cavity and mitral valve cusps simultaneously were recorded in 36 patients, apex cardiograms being obtained in 26 of them. These were digitised and continuous plots made of left ventricular dimension, its rate of change, and anterior mitral leaflet velocity, and were compared with those in 20 normal subjects. Peak mitral diastolic closure rate was reduced to 120 +/- 80 mm/s, compared with normal (250 +/- 60 mm/s). Peak rate of increase of dimension was normal (13.4 cm/s), though the pattern of filling was disturbed, with the duration of rapid filling prolonged in 5, and shortened in 15, suggesting restriction. Mitral valve opening, normally synchronous with minimum dimension, was delayed by a mean of 76 ms, and during this period there was an abnormal increase in dimension. Dimension also increased by 50 +/- 25 per cent of the total diastolic excursion before the 'O' point of the apex cardiogram compared with 21 +/- 7 per cent in normals, and the timing of peak rate of increase of dimension was delayed by 50 +/- 20 ms instead of being synchronous with the 'O' point as normal. None of these findings correlated with the reduction in peak mitral diastolic closure rate. Noninvasive methods thus show that relaxation may be abnormal in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Delay in mitral valve opening and disturbances in the rate, duration, and co-ordination of wall movement during filling suggest the presence of segmental abnormalities of left ventricular function.", "contents": "Left ventricular relaxation and filling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An echocardiographic study. Echocardiograms showing left ventricular cavity and mitral valve cusps simultaneously were recorded in 36 patients, apex cardiograms being obtained in 26 of them. These were digitised and continuous plots made of left ventricular dimension, its rate of change, and anterior mitral leaflet velocity, and were compared with those in 20 normal subjects. Peak mitral diastolic closure rate was reduced to 120 +/- 80 mm/s, compared with normal (250 +/- 60 mm/s). Peak rate of increase of dimension was normal (13.4 cm/s), though the pattern of filling was disturbed, with the duration of rapid filling prolonged in 5, and shortened in 15, suggesting restriction. Mitral valve opening, normally synchronous with minimum dimension, was delayed by a mean of 76 ms, and during this period there was an abnormal increase in dimension. Dimension also increased by 50 +/- 25 per cent of the total diastolic excursion before the 'O' point of the apex cardiogram compared with 21 +/- 7 per cent in normals, and the timing of peak rate of increase of dimension was delayed by 50 +/- 20 ms instead of being synchronous with the 'O' point as normal. None of these findings correlated with the reduction in peak mitral diastolic closure rate. Noninvasive methods thus show that relaxation may be abnormal in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Delay in mitral valve opening and disturbances in the rate, duration, and co-ordination of wall movement during filling suggest the presence of segmental abnormalities of left ventricular function.", "PMID": 566107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6885", "title": "Cardiac tamponade caused by metastasising haemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver.", "content": "A case of primary haemangiosarcoma of the liver with secondary deposits in the pericardium is described. The patient presented most unusually with cardiac tamponade. There was no association with vinyl chloride, thorium dioxide, or arsenic.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade caused by metastasising haemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver. A case of primary haemangiosarcoma of the liver with secondary deposits in the pericardium is described. The patient presented most unusually with cardiac tamponade. There was no association with vinyl chloride, thorium dioxide, or arsenic.", "PMID": 566108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6886", "title": "Functional tyrosyl residues of carboxypeptidase A. The effect of protein structure on the reactivity of tyrosine-198.", "content": "Coupling of bovine carboxypeptidase A with diazotized 5-amino-1H-tetrazole increases esterase activity, decreases peptidase activity slightly, and modifies one tyrosyl residue. Subsequent nitration of the azoenzyme has no further effect on esterase activity, decreases peptidase activity markedly, and modifies a second tyrosyl residue. Analysis of the azopeptides isolated from a chymotrypsin digest of the doubly modified enzyme by affinity, ion exchange, and high pressure liquid chromatography indicates that the principal residue modified by diazo-1H-tetrazole is Tyr-248. Analysis of the nitropeptides isolated by similar procedures indicates that nitration occurs mainly at Tyr-198. This residue becomes susceptible to modification only as a consequence of a conformational change that accompanies azo coupling of Tyr-248. These results describe a unique example of the influence of protein structure on the reactivity of functional amino acid residues and illustrate an important aspect of chemical modification of enzymes.", "contents": "Functional tyrosyl residues of carboxypeptidase A. The effect of protein structure on the reactivity of tyrosine-198. Coupling of bovine carboxypeptidase A with diazotized 5-amino-1H-tetrazole increases esterase activity, decreases peptidase activity slightly, and modifies one tyrosyl residue. Subsequent nitration of the azoenzyme has no further effect on esterase activity, decreases peptidase activity markedly, and modifies a second tyrosyl residue. Analysis of the azopeptides isolated from a chymotrypsin digest of the doubly modified enzyme by affinity, ion exchange, and high pressure liquid chromatography indicates that the principal residue modified by diazo-1H-tetrazole is Tyr-248. Analysis of the nitropeptides isolated by similar procedures indicates that nitration occurs mainly at Tyr-198. This residue becomes susceptible to modification only as a consequence of a conformational change that accompanies azo coupling of Tyr-248. These results describe a unique example of the influence of protein structure on the reactivity of functional amino acid residues and illustrate an important aspect of chemical modification of enzymes.", "PMID": 566110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6887", "title": "Superoxide dismutase, a study of the electronic properties of the copper and zinc by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "The x-ray absorption for copper and zinc in oxidized and reduced superoxide dismutase, as well as in various model compounds, was studied. Upon reduction of the protein, the added electron affects the copper site almost exclusively, while the zinc remains virtually unchanged. Reduction decreases the charge on the copper atom [toward Cu(I)] and changes the configuration of the copper site so that it becomes less symmetric. An analysis of the copper absorption observed with the oxidized enzyme and a comparison with that for Cu(II)(imid)4 suggests that the copper is not simply ligated to four imidazoles. The addition of H2O2 to superoxide dismutase reduces the copper to Cu(I), while oxygen addition to the peroxide-reduced protein restores the copper to Cu(II).", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase, a study of the electronic properties of the copper and zinc by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The x-ray absorption for copper and zinc in oxidized and reduced superoxide dismutase, as well as in various model compounds, was studied. Upon reduction of the protein, the added electron affects the copper site almost exclusively, while the zinc remains virtually unchanged. Reduction decreases the charge on the copper atom [toward Cu(I)] and changes the configuration of the copper site so that it becomes less symmetric. An analysis of the copper absorption observed with the oxidized enzyme and a comparison with that for Cu(II)(imid)4 suggests that the copper is not simply ligated to four imidazoles. The addition of H2O2 to superoxide dismutase reduces the copper to Cu(I), while oxygen addition to the peroxide-reduced protein restores the copper to Cu(II).", "PMID": 566111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6888", "title": "Plant DNA-dependent RNA polymerases: subunit structures and enzymatic properties of the class II enzymes from quiescent and proliferating tissues.", "content": "Class II DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were purified from soybean tissues of different physiological states: (1) from seed embryo tissue, representative of a quiescent, low metabolic state and (2) from auxin-treated hypocotyl tissue, representative of a highly proliferative and metabolically active state. Dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that RNA polymerase II from embryonic tissue consists largely (90-95%) of the form IIA enzyme, the largest subunit having a molecular weight of 215 000. RNA polymerase II from hypocotyl tissue is exclusively a form IIB enzyme, the largest subunit having a molecular weight of 180 000. Polypeptides common to RNA polymerases IIA and IIB have the following molecular weights: 138 000; 42 000; 27 000; 22 000; 19 000; 17 600; 17 000; 16 200; 16 100; and 14 000. Peptide mapping in the presence of dodecyl sulfate suggests that the 215 000 and 180 000 subunits possess similar peptide fragments. Plant embryo tissues do not contain protease activity capable of cleaving the 215 000 subunit to the 180 000 subunit, but proliferating plant tissues do contain such an activity. Mixing experiments indicate that appreciable amounts of RNA polymerase IIB are not being artifactually produced during protein purification.", "contents": "Plant DNA-dependent RNA polymerases: subunit structures and enzymatic properties of the class II enzymes from quiescent and proliferating tissues. Class II DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were purified from soybean tissues of different physiological states: (1) from seed embryo tissue, representative of a quiescent, low metabolic state and (2) from auxin-treated hypocotyl tissue, representative of a highly proliferative and metabolically active state. Dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that RNA polymerase II from embryonic tissue consists largely (90-95%) of the form IIA enzyme, the largest subunit having a molecular weight of 215 000. RNA polymerase II from hypocotyl tissue is exclusively a form IIB enzyme, the largest subunit having a molecular weight of 180 000. Polypeptides common to RNA polymerases IIA and IIB have the following molecular weights: 138 000; 42 000; 27 000; 22 000; 19 000; 17 600; 17 000; 16 200; 16 100; and 14 000. Peptide mapping in the presence of dodecyl sulfate suggests that the 215 000 and 180 000 subunits possess similar peptide fragments. Plant embryo tissues do not contain protease activity capable of cleaving the 215 000 subunit to the 180 000 subunit, but proliferating plant tissues do contain such an activity. Mixing experiments indicate that appreciable amounts of RNA polymerase IIB are not being artifactually produced during protein purification.", "PMID": 566112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6889", "title": "Polymorphism in fowl serum albumin. VII. Distribution and activity of free and membrane-bound polysomes in developing fowl liver.", "content": "The quantity and activities of membrane-bound and free polysomes in livers from chick embryos at successive stages of development were compared in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. Membrane-bound polysomes increased 2-fold between 8 and 18 days of development, while total ribosome content remained constant. Free polysome activity also remained constant during this period, while that of membrane-bound (total--free) polysomes decreased, possibly because of an increase in ribonuclease activity in this fraction. Serum albumin biosynthesis occurred primarily on membrane-bound polysomes. With liver development, increased secretion of serum proteins may be correlated with synthesis of serum albumin on increasing numbers of membrane bound polyribosomes.", "contents": "Polymorphism in fowl serum albumin. VII. Distribution and activity of free and membrane-bound polysomes in developing fowl liver. The quantity and activities of membrane-bound and free polysomes in livers from chick embryos at successive stages of development were compared in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. Membrane-bound polysomes increased 2-fold between 8 and 18 days of development, while total ribosome content remained constant. Free polysome activity also remained constant during this period, while that of membrane-bound (total--free) polysomes decreased, possibly because of an increase in ribonuclease activity in this fraction. Serum albumin biosynthesis occurred primarily on membrane-bound polysomes. With liver development, increased secretion of serum proteins may be correlated with synthesis of serum albumin on increasing numbers of membrane bound polyribosomes.", "PMID": 566116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6890", "title": "The active site of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. Evidence for a site common to the oxalacetate decarboxylase and pyruvate kinase reactions.", "content": "Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase has been shown to catalyze the decarboxylation of oxalacetate (Creighton, D.J. and Rose, I.A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 61). Noncovalent and covalent modifiers of the enzyme have been used to assess whether the decarboxylase and kinase reactions take place at a common site. Phosphoenol-alpha-ketobutyrate, an analog of the substrate phosphoenol-pyruvate, inhibits decarboxylase and kinase competitively and with nearly identical Ki values (5.7 micron and 4.8 micron, respectively). Oxalate, an analog of enol-pyruvate, inhibits each competitively and with similar Ki values (11 micron and 4.7 micron, respectively). Both activities are lost in parallel upon reaction with dithionitrobenzoate, which is active-site specific. These results indicate that the two activities share a common site on the enzyme. But, effects of the following modifiers suggest that different amino acid residues at that site participate in the two reactions: phenylalanine inhibition and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activation are more effective with the decarboxylase; iodoacetamide preferentially inactivates decarboxylase while trinitrobenzenesulfonate preferentially inactivates kinase.", "contents": "The active site of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. Evidence for a site common to the oxalacetate decarboxylase and pyruvate kinase reactions. Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase has been shown to catalyze the decarboxylation of oxalacetate (Creighton, D.J. and Rose, I.A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 61). Noncovalent and covalent modifiers of the enzyme have been used to assess whether the decarboxylase and kinase reactions take place at a common site. Phosphoenol-alpha-ketobutyrate, an analog of the substrate phosphoenol-pyruvate, inhibits decarboxylase and kinase competitively and with nearly identical Ki values (5.7 micron and 4.8 micron, respectively). Oxalate, an analog of enol-pyruvate, inhibits each competitively and with similar Ki values (11 micron and 4.7 micron, respectively). Both activities are lost in parallel upon reaction with dithionitrobenzoate, which is active-site specific. These results indicate that the two activities share a common site on the enzyme. But, effects of the following modifiers suggest that different amino acid residues at that site participate in the two reactions: phenylalanine inhibition and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activation are more effective with the decarboxylase; iodoacetamide preferentially inactivates decarboxylase while trinitrobenzenesulfonate preferentially inactivates kinase.", "PMID": 566117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6891", "title": "A simple, one-step chromatographic procedure for the purification of lysozyme.", "content": "A rapid method for the purification of lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetyl-muramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17) from hen egg-white has been devised. It was that gel filtration chromatography on agarose columns can be used selectively to purify lysozyme, due to the fact that this protein interacts with the agarose matrix and elutes later than the corresponding total volume for the column. Thus, lysozyme is directly obtained in a relatively pure form and with a high specific activity. In principle, this simple method can be used to prepare lysozymes from other sources.", "contents": "A simple, one-step chromatographic procedure for the purification of lysozyme. A rapid method for the purification of lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetyl-muramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17) from hen egg-white has been devised. It was that gel filtration chromatography on agarose columns can be used selectively to purify lysozyme, due to the fact that this protein interacts with the agarose matrix and elutes later than the corresponding total volume for the column. Thus, lysozyme is directly obtained in a relatively pure form and with a high specific activity. In principle, this simple method can be used to prepare lysozymes from other sources.", "PMID": 566118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6892", "title": "Production of L-lysine by immobilized trypsin. Study of DL-lysine methyl ester resolution.", "content": "The possibility of producing L-lysine from chemically synthesized DL-lysine has been investigated. Optical resolution of racemic DK-lysine may be achieved by using the stereospecific esterasic activity of trypsin on DL-lysine methyl ester, which gives L-lysine and unchanged D-lysine methyl ester. SL-lysine methyl ester spontaneous hydrolysis may be neglected when operating at pH 5.5 and 30 degrees C. Effect of pH and substrate concentration on hydrolysis rate has been investigated when using as a catalyst either soluble or immobilized trypsin. For this purpose, trypsin was coupled onto an amine porous silica, Spherosil, activated with glutaraldehyde. The optimal pH is 5.8 for soluble trypsin and 6.0 for immobilized trypsin. It was yet possible to lower the parent optimal pH of immobilized trypsin, and thus increase its activity at 5.5, by co-grafting onto Spherosil an aminosilane, for enzyme coupling via glutaraldehyde activation and a positively charged diethyl amino ethyl (DEAE) silane, for decreasing the pH of trypsin microenvironment.", "contents": "Production of L-lysine by immobilized trypsin. Study of DL-lysine methyl ester resolution. The possibility of producing L-lysine from chemically synthesized DL-lysine has been investigated. Optical resolution of racemic DK-lysine may be achieved by using the stereospecific esterasic activity of trypsin on DL-lysine methyl ester, which gives L-lysine and unchanged D-lysine methyl ester. SL-lysine methyl ester spontaneous hydrolysis may be neglected when operating at pH 5.5 and 30 degrees C. Effect of pH and substrate concentration on hydrolysis rate has been investigated when using as a catalyst either soluble or immobilized trypsin. For this purpose, trypsin was coupled onto an amine porous silica, Spherosil, activated with glutaraldehyde. The optimal pH is 5.8 for soluble trypsin and 6.0 for immobilized trypsin. It was yet possible to lower the parent optimal pH of immobilized trypsin, and thus increase its activity at 5.5, by co-grafting onto Spherosil an aminosilane, for enzyme coupling via glutaraldehyde activation and a positively charged diethyl amino ethyl (DEAE) silane, for decreasing the pH of trypsin microenvironment.", "PMID": 566119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6893", "title": "Fluorimetric assay of renin.", "content": "A simple fluorimetric assay was set up to test renin within 2 h. N-acetyltetradecapeptide was synthesized and used as substrate. It was demonstrated that N-acetyl-angiotensin I and Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser were the two peptides obtained after hydrolysis by renin. Fluorescamine reaction reacted with the free NH2 of the tetrapeptide generated to induce a fluorimetric reaction detected at 395--405 nm. The Michaelis constant of the reaction was 1.87 . 10(-5) M. With this method as little as one milliGoldblatt Unit (mG.U.) of hog renin could be detected and the generation of tetrapeptide was linear with respect to the renin concentration up to 20 mG.U. The fluorimetric assay was applied to the detection of renin during its purification and to the characterization of renin inhibitors.", "contents": "Fluorimetric assay of renin. A simple fluorimetric assay was set up to test renin within 2 h. N-acetyltetradecapeptide was synthesized and used as substrate. It was demonstrated that N-acetyl-angiotensin I and Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser were the two peptides obtained after hydrolysis by renin. Fluorescamine reaction reacted with the free NH2 of the tetrapeptide generated to induce a fluorimetric reaction detected at 395--405 nm. The Michaelis constant of the reaction was 1.87 . 10(-5) M. With this method as little as one milliGoldblatt Unit (mG.U.) of hog renin could be detected and the generation of tetrapeptide was linear with respect to the renin concentration up to 20 mG.U. The fluorimetric assay was applied to the detection of renin during its purification and to the characterization of renin inhibitors.", "PMID": 566120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6894", "title": "Detection of a tetrahedral intermediate in the trypsin-catalysed hydrolysis of specific ring-activated anilides.", "content": "The substituent dependence for kcat/Km of trypsin anilide hydrolysis is consistent with a rate-limiting general acid-base catalysed breakdown of a tetrahedral intermediate. The formation and disappearance of this intermediate during the hydrolysis of alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysin p-nitroanilide is observed in stopped-flow experiments.", "contents": "Detection of a tetrahedral intermediate in the trypsin-catalysed hydrolysis of specific ring-activated anilides. The substituent dependence for kcat/Km of trypsin anilide hydrolysis is consistent with a rate-limiting general acid-base catalysed breakdown of a tetrahedral intermediate. The formation and disappearance of this intermediate during the hydrolysis of alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysin p-nitroanilide is observed in stopped-flow experiments.", "PMID": 566121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6895", "title": "Substrate inhibition in the hydrolysis of N-acylglycine esters by carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "The rates of hydrolysis of a series of 21 N-acylglycine esters (YCONHCH2CO2CH(CH2CH3)CO2H (2)) by bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (peptidyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2) have been studied over the substrate concentration range 10(-4)-10(-1) M at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C, ionic strength 0.5. All substrates display substrate inhibition except Y = CH3, CH3CH2 and (CH3)3C for which normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics are observed. In all cases substrate inhibition is consistent with the formation of an ES2 complex and parameters for the second-degree rate equation v/E = (kapp2 S + kapp3 S2/KappSS)/(KappS + S + S2/KappSS) have been evaluated. For a series of eight aliphatic groups varying in size between Y = CH3 and Y = cyclo-C6H11 the following linear correlations were observed: -log KappS = 0.82 pi + 1.32 and log kapp2/KappS = 0.71 pi + 5.81 (pi is Hansch's hydrophobicity parameter). Aryl and aralkyl Y moieties deviate from these correlation lines. KappSS also depends on the hydrophobicity of Y but no quantitative correlation is obvious. Thus the Y unit of 2 is involved in a hydrophobic interaction with the enzyme when 2 binds at both the catalytically productive and inhibitor sites. Parameters for the enzymic hydrolysis of the esters YCONHCH2CO2CH(CH2CH(CH3)2)CO2H (3) (Y = C6H5(CH2)n (n = 0, 1, 2)) are also presented. Pronounced nonproductive 1: 1 enzyme.substrate complex formation is observed for each of 2: Y = C6H5(CH2)n (n = 2, 3) and 3: Y = C6H5(CH2)2. Hippurate anion is shown to be an uncompetitive inhibitor (Ki = 12 mM) for the hydrolysis of 2: Y = (CH3)3C. Data are now available which can only be interpreted in terms of at least three enzymic sites being available for hydrophobic interactions with ester substrate molecules.", "contents": "Substrate inhibition in the hydrolysis of N-acylglycine esters by carboxypeptidase A. The rates of hydrolysis of a series of 21 N-acylglycine esters (YCONHCH2CO2CH(CH2CH3)CO2H (2)) by bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (peptidyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2) have been studied over the substrate concentration range 10(-4)-10(-1) M at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C, ionic strength 0.5. All substrates display substrate inhibition except Y = CH3, CH3CH2 and (CH3)3C for which normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics are observed. In all cases substrate inhibition is consistent with the formation of an ES2 complex and parameters for the second-degree rate equation v/E = (kapp2 S + kapp3 S2/KappSS)/(KappS + S + S2/KappSS) have been evaluated. For a series of eight aliphatic groups varying in size between Y = CH3 and Y = cyclo-C6H11 the following linear correlations were observed: -log KappS = 0.82 pi + 1.32 and log kapp2/KappS = 0.71 pi + 5.81 (pi is Hansch's hydrophobicity parameter). Aryl and aralkyl Y moieties deviate from these correlation lines. KappSS also depends on the hydrophobicity of Y but no quantitative correlation is obvious. Thus the Y unit of 2 is involved in a hydrophobic interaction with the enzyme when 2 binds at both the catalytically productive and inhibitor sites. Parameters for the enzymic hydrolysis of the esters YCONHCH2CO2CH(CH2CH(CH3)2)CO2H (3) (Y = C6H5(CH2)n (n = 0, 1, 2)) are also presented. Pronounced nonproductive 1: 1 enzyme.substrate complex formation is observed for each of 2: Y = C6H5(CH2)n (n = 2, 3) and 3: Y = C6H5(CH2)2. Hippurate anion is shown to be an uncompetitive inhibitor (Ki = 12 mM) for the hydrolysis of 2: Y = (CH3)3C. Data are now available which can only be interpreted in terms of at least three enzymic sites being available for hydrophobic interactions with ester substrate molecules.", "PMID": 566122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6896", "title": "[Synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in synchronized Ehrlich tumour cells].", "content": "The activation of RNA synthesis in Ehrlich tumour cells occurs during the transition: G1 leads to S simultaneously with the onset of DNA replication and is intermittent. A high rate of synthesis is maintained at a constant level for some period of time and is decreased only by the end of the mitotic cycle. Actinomycin D (0.05 mkg/ml) inhibits the label incorporation into RNA in the S- and G2 phases, but has no inhibiting effect at earlier stages. These findings and the data from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest that all types of rRNA and tRNA are synthesized in the course of the S- and G2 phases. The rate of protein synthesis is correlated with that of protein synthesis in tumour cells at all stages of the cycle. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel shows that the spectra of nuclear proteins and Ehrlich tumour cell cytoplasm are not significantly changed throughout the mitotic cycle. The amount of histones in the nuclei is increased simultaneously with the increase in the level of DNA, so that the histone/DNA ratio remains constant throughout the cycle and is equal to 0,96 +/- 0,03.", "contents": "[Synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in synchronized Ehrlich tumour cells]. The activation of RNA synthesis in Ehrlich tumour cells occurs during the transition: G1 leads to S simultaneously with the onset of DNA replication and is intermittent. A high rate of synthesis is maintained at a constant level for some period of time and is decreased only by the end of the mitotic cycle. Actinomycin D (0.05 mkg/ml) inhibits the label incorporation into RNA in the S- and G2 phases, but has no inhibiting effect at earlier stages. These findings and the data from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest that all types of rRNA and tRNA are synthesized in the course of the S- and G2 phases. The rate of protein synthesis is correlated with that of protein synthesis in tumour cells at all stages of the cycle. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel shows that the spectra of nuclear proteins and Ehrlich tumour cell cytoplasm are not significantly changed throughout the mitotic cycle. The amount of histones in the nuclei is increased simultaneously with the increase in the level of DNA, so that the histone/DNA ratio remains constant throughout the cycle and is equal to 0,96 +/- 0,03.", "PMID": 566123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6897", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in loach (Misgurnus fossilis) development].", "content": "Isoenzyme patterns of lactatedehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) were determined in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) oocytes, unfertilized eggs, developing embryos and larvae, and the sensitivity of the isoenzymes to the effect of AgNO3, p-chlormercurybenzoate and high temperature were investigated. The presence of 4 phenotypes of LDH patterns which differed in the isozymes number, in their relative activity, in electrophoretic mobility in the polyacrylamide gel columnes and in the frequency of occurence in different populations of the investigated species is demonstrated. Before the hatching stage there appeared a new isozyme which was completely inhibited by AgNO3 and had the same electrophoretic mobility in all LDH phenotypes. During the larvae development the content of this LDH isozyme increased. Some isozymes, especially those which had low anodic mobility and decreased in their relative quantity, disappeared during the development of embryos and larvae, p-Chlormercurybenzoate in the concentration 1 mM and heating at 70 degrees C during 20 minutes did not significantly affect LDH activities in the loach eggs, embryos and larvae.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in loach (Misgurnus fossilis) development]. Isoenzyme patterns of lactatedehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) were determined in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) oocytes, unfertilized eggs, developing embryos and larvae, and the sensitivity of the isoenzymes to the effect of AgNO3, p-chlormercurybenzoate and high temperature were investigated. The presence of 4 phenotypes of LDH patterns which differed in the isozymes number, in their relative activity, in electrophoretic mobility in the polyacrylamide gel columnes and in the frequency of occurence in different populations of the investigated species is demonstrated. Before the hatching stage there appeared a new isozyme which was completely inhibited by AgNO3 and had the same electrophoretic mobility in all LDH phenotypes. During the larvae development the content of this LDH isozyme increased. Some isozymes, especially those which had low anodic mobility and decreased in their relative quantity, disappeared during the development of embryos and larvae, p-Chlormercurybenzoate in the concentration 1 mM and heating at 70 degrees C during 20 minutes did not significantly affect LDH activities in the loach eggs, embryos and larvae.", "PMID": 566124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6898", "title": "Neuromotor development in relation to birth weight in rabbits.", "content": "The development of neuromotor patterns in relation to birth weight was studied in the rabbit, a perinatal brain developer. In order to induce intrauterine growth retardation and to increase the number of low birth weight rabbits, experimental ischemia to half the fetuses in each doe was achieved by total ligation of approximately 30% of spiral vessels to the placenta, during the last trimester of gestation. Following natural delivery, the rabbit pups were periodically observed for the appearance of eye-opening and righting reflex, and for the cessations of falling, circling and dragging of hind limbs. An index of neuromotor development was assigned to each rabbit by summing up the age (in days) of appearance of each of the neuromotor milestones. An association was found between low birth weight and delayed neuromotor development at 2 weeks of age. The most significant correlation was found between low birth weight and delayed disappearance of falling. The latter may represent incoordination as an expression of cerebellar dysfunction.", "contents": "Neuromotor development in relation to birth weight in rabbits. The development of neuromotor patterns in relation to birth weight was studied in the rabbit, a perinatal brain developer. In order to induce intrauterine growth retardation and to increase the number of low birth weight rabbits, experimental ischemia to half the fetuses in each doe was achieved by total ligation of approximately 30% of spiral vessels to the placenta, during the last trimester of gestation. Following natural delivery, the rabbit pups were periodically observed for the appearance of eye-opening and righting reflex, and for the cessations of falling, circling and dragging of hind limbs. An index of neuromotor development was assigned to each rabbit by summing up the age (in days) of appearance of each of the neuromotor milestones. An association was found between low birth weight and delayed neuromotor development at 2 weeks of age. The most significant correlation was found between low birth weight and delayed disappearance of falling. The latter may represent incoordination as an expression of cerebellar dysfunction.", "PMID": 566125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6899", "title": "Modified bases in the DNAs of unicellular eukaryotes: an examination of distributions and possible roles, with emphasis on hydroxymethyluracil in dinoflagellates.", "content": "The occurrence of small amounts of one or more of several modified bases in the DNA of an organism is widespread in nature. Prominent among these bases are 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. All can be found in varying amounts in DNA of viral, prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. In some organisms, modified nucleotides comprise a large fraction of DNA nucleotides and in others there is complete replacement of one of the common four nucleotides by a modified one. This article discusses the distributions and possible roles of the several modified bases found in prokaryote and eukaryote DNAs. Emphasis is given (1) methylcytosine in a broad variety of eukaryotes, (2) methyladenine in certain protozoa and protophyta and (3) hydroxymethyluracil in dinoflagellates. Attention is focused on the phenomenology and the possible consequences of the presence of hydroxymethyluracil in DNA.", "contents": "Modified bases in the DNAs of unicellular eukaryotes: an examination of distributions and possible roles, with emphasis on hydroxymethyluracil in dinoflagellates. The occurrence of small amounts of one or more of several modified bases in the DNA of an organism is widespread in nature. Prominent among these bases are 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. All can be found in varying amounts in DNA of viral, prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. In some organisms, modified nucleotides comprise a large fraction of DNA nucleotides and in others there is complete replacement of one of the common four nucleotides by a modified one. This article discusses the distributions and possible roles of the several modified bases found in prokaryote and eukaryote DNAs. Emphasis is given (1) methylcytosine in a broad variety of eukaryotes, (2) methyladenine in certain protozoa and protophyta and (3) hydroxymethyluracil in dinoflagellates. Attention is focused on the phenomenology and the possible consequences of the presence of hydroxymethyluracil in DNA.", "PMID": 566131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6900", "title": "Are chromosomal axial struc-ures and microtubular systems phylogenetic markers in the dinoflagellates?", "content": "Two new events concerning nuclear division and chromosomal predivision are described in the free-living marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans E. considered by Loeblich (1976) as a primitive form. These events will be discussed in relation to the evolution of Dinoflagellates. (1) Presence of a paranuclear bundle of microtubules parallel to the extranuclear bundle passing through the dividing nucleus (Soyer, 1975, 1977b) and (2) Presence of a chromosomal axis in the predividing chromosomes (Soyer, 1977c).", "contents": "Are chromosomal axial struc-ures and microtubular systems phylogenetic markers in the dinoflagellates? Two new events concerning nuclear division and chromosomal predivision are described in the free-living marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans E. considered by Loeblich (1976) as a primitive form. These events will be discussed in relation to the evolution of Dinoflagellates. (1) Presence of a paranuclear bundle of microtubules parallel to the extranuclear bundle passing through the dividing nucleus (Soyer, 1975, 1977b) and (2) Presence of a chromosomal axis in the predividing chromosomes (Soyer, 1977c).", "PMID": 566132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6901", "title": "[Functional-morphologic characteristics of the endocrine system of the progeny of adrenalectomized rats].", "content": "The authors observed signs of premature maturation and activation of the hypophysio-adrenocortical system at the early postnatal period (the 70--90th hour) in the progeny of rats adrenalectomized 1 to 3 and 7 to 9 days before labour. A more pronounced in comparison with control (progeny of the sham-adrenalcetomized and intact rats) response to stress pointed to the early maturation of the suprahypophysial control mechanisms as well. Signs of functional exhaustion in the hypophysio-adrenocortical system and also in the thyroid gland were revealed in mature (6--10-month-old) rats born of adrenalectomized rats.", "contents": "[Functional-morphologic characteristics of the endocrine system of the progeny of adrenalectomized rats]. The authors observed signs of premature maturation and activation of the hypophysio-adrenocortical system at the early postnatal period (the 70--90th hour) in the progeny of rats adrenalectomized 1 to 3 and 7 to 9 days before labour. A more pronounced in comparison with control (progeny of the sham-adrenalcetomized and intact rats) response to stress pointed to the early maturation of the suprahypophysial control mechanisms as well. Signs of functional exhaustion in the hypophysio-adrenocortical system and also in the thyroid gland were revealed in mature (6--10-month-old) rats born of adrenalectomized rats.", "PMID": 566134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6902", "title": "[Growth of organ cultures of mouse liver infected with Coxsackie A13 virus].", "content": "Peculiarities attending the growth and proliferation of the organ cultures of the liver of mongrel albino mice infected once with Coxsackie A-13 virus were investigated. A marked zone of growth, mostly of the epithelial cells, was determined rather early in the liver explants of mice in the experimental group, whereas in control group of mice the cell growth around the explant of the liver was either absent or very weak. Besides, a great number of lymphocytes evenly arranged in the zone of hepatocytes growth was observed in the preparations of the experimental mice liver. Lymphocyte \"adhesion\" to hepatocytes of the culture was revealed in some preparations. Moreover, destruction of the hepatocytes and a marked rarefaction of the cell layer occurred at the sites of lymphocytes accumulation on the 21st and the 28th days of growth.", "contents": "[Growth of organ cultures of mouse liver infected with Coxsackie A13 virus]. Peculiarities attending the growth and proliferation of the organ cultures of the liver of mongrel albino mice infected once with Coxsackie A-13 virus were investigated. A marked zone of growth, mostly of the epithelial cells, was determined rather early in the liver explants of mice in the experimental group, whereas in control group of mice the cell growth around the explant of the liver was either absent or very weak. Besides, a great number of lymphocytes evenly arranged in the zone of hepatocytes growth was observed in the preparations of the experimental mice liver. Lymphocyte \"adhesion\" to hepatocytes of the culture was revealed in some preparations. Moreover, destruction of the hepatocytes and a marked rarefaction of the cell layer occurred at the sites of lymphocytes accumulation on the 21st and the 28th days of growth.", "PMID": 566135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6903", "title": "[Specific blockade of the immune response caused by an excessive dose of S. typhi Vi-antigen].", "content": "Intravenous injection to adult mice of Vi-antigen (200 microgram) induces in them the state of a short-term (10--12 days) unresponsiveness. This is due to the block of immunocompetent cells, not to masking the antibodies production by the excess of free antigen. Double washing to spleen cells before the test of local passive hemolysis in gel failed to reverse the block of the immune response; besides, there was no free antigen in the spleen that could inhibit the antibodies produced by the cells of the immune animal. The immune response block can be reversed by the injection of heterologous antiserum to Vi-antigen 18 to 24 hours before the Jerne's test. The restoration of immune response by means of the antiserum is prevented by the administration of 6-thioguanine after Vi-antigen (200 microgram). Thus, administration of a massive dose of Vi-antigen failes to block the proliferation and differentiation of the antigen-recognizing cells, but depresses the synthesis or secretion of antibodies.", "contents": "[Specific blockade of the immune response caused by an excessive dose of S. typhi Vi-antigen]. Intravenous injection to adult mice of Vi-antigen (200 microgram) induces in them the state of a short-term (10--12 days) unresponsiveness. This is due to the block of immunocompetent cells, not to masking the antibodies production by the excess of free antigen. Double washing to spleen cells before the test of local passive hemolysis in gel failed to reverse the block of the immune response; besides, there was no free antigen in the spleen that could inhibit the antibodies produced by the cells of the immune animal. The immune response block can be reversed by the injection of heterologous antiserum to Vi-antigen 18 to 24 hours before the Jerne's test. The restoration of immune response by means of the antiserum is prevented by the administration of 6-thioguanine after Vi-antigen (200 microgram). Thus, administration of a massive dose of Vi-antigen failes to block the proliferation and differentiation of the antigen-recognizing cells, but depresses the synthesis or secretion of antibodies.", "PMID": 566136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6904", "title": "[Effect of sex and phase of the estrous cycle on the intensity of the damage and recovery processes in the liver of rats following acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning].", "content": "Morphometric, histochemical, and electron microscope methods were applied to the study of peculiarities of Wistar rat liver damage and recovery, depending on sex and phase of the estrous cycle, and also under conditions of deficiency of sex hormones and after the beta-estradiol injection to ovariectomized animals. A marked increase of the structural alterations caused by CCl4 and inhibition of the restoration reactions in the liver of female animals, both during the natural increase of blood estrogen concentration and under the effect of exogenous estradiol, as well as the protective effect of ovariectomy were demonstrated. As for male rats, the structural damage in the liver was more expressed than in the females with a low blood estrogen level and differed but little from the changes in the female animals during increased sex steroids secretion.", "contents": "[Effect of sex and phase of the estrous cycle on the intensity of the damage and recovery processes in the liver of rats following acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning]. Morphometric, histochemical, and electron microscope methods were applied to the study of peculiarities of Wistar rat liver damage and recovery, depending on sex and phase of the estrous cycle, and also under conditions of deficiency of sex hormones and after the beta-estradiol injection to ovariectomized animals. A marked increase of the structural alterations caused by CCl4 and inhibition of the restoration reactions in the liver of female animals, both during the natural increase of blood estrogen concentration and under the effect of exogenous estradiol, as well as the protective effect of ovariectomy were demonstrated. As for male rats, the structural damage in the liver was more expressed than in the females with a low blood estrogen level and differed but little from the changes in the female animals during increased sex steroids secretion.", "PMID": 566137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6905", "title": "[Effect of clozapine on the behavioral and electrographic indices of the arrest function of the caudate nucleus in cats].", "content": "In unrestrained cats clozapine in increasing doses (1--5 mg/kg) caused a behavioural depression and suppression of amphetamine-induced stereotypy of behaviour against the background of marked vegetative shifts. Similarly to chlorpromazine clozapine intensified the behavioural arrest reaction) and electrographic (neocortical caudate spindle) indices of the arrest function of the caudate nucleus. Arrest reaction changed more distinctly in stimulation of the ventral parts of the head of the nucleus. Clozapine also eliminated the weakening of the caudate responses caused by the stereotypical doses of amphetamine.", "contents": "[Effect of clozapine on the behavioral and electrographic indices of the arrest function of the caudate nucleus in cats]. In unrestrained cats clozapine in increasing doses (1--5 mg/kg) caused a behavioural depression and suppression of amphetamine-induced stereotypy of behaviour against the background of marked vegetative shifts. Similarly to chlorpromazine clozapine intensified the behavioural arrest reaction) and electrographic (neocortical caudate spindle) indices of the arrest function of the caudate nucleus. Arrest reaction changed more distinctly in stimulation of the ventral parts of the head of the nucleus. Clozapine also eliminated the weakening of the caudate responses caused by the stereotypical doses of amphetamine.", "PMID": 566138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6906", "title": "[Effect of the influenza virus and its structural components on the animal immunocompetence system].", "content": "The authors studied the effect of the influenza virus A (PR8/34) and of its structural components on the immunological reactivity of mice. The enzyme of the external coat of the influenza virus--neuraminidase--possessed an immunodepressive action. Administration of neuraminidase led to the elimination of sialic acids from the surface of lymphocytes and to the reduction of their electrophoretic mobility. The mechanism of the immunodepressive action of neuraminidase is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of the influenza virus and its structural components on the animal immunocompetence system]. The authors studied the effect of the influenza virus A (PR8/34) and of its structural components on the immunological reactivity of mice. The enzyme of the external coat of the influenza virus--neuraminidase--possessed an immunodepressive action. Administration of neuraminidase led to the elimination of sialic acids from the surface of lymphocytes and to the reduction of their electrophoretic mobility. The mechanism of the immunodepressive action of neuraminidase is discussed.", "PMID": 566139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6907", "title": "[Role of distant lymphoid cell interactions for the development of in vitro antibody formation].", "content": "In order to clarify the nature of the recently described intercellular local interactions which were shown to inhibit the antibody-forming cells (AFC) proliferation in vitro, a possibility of realization of this effect at a distance was studied. It was shown that the population with a great number of cells could inhibit in vitro at a distance an increase of the AFC in the population of cells separated from the former by a millipore filter, impermeable for the cells. The results were the same with the use of polymethylmetacrylate film (5 to 10 micrometer in thickness) impermeable for proteins with a molecular weight of 150000 daltons (125I-IgG-antibodies) and some ions (51CrO4), but permeable for other substances with low molecular weight.", "contents": "[Role of distant lymphoid cell interactions for the development of in vitro antibody formation]. In order to clarify the nature of the recently described intercellular local interactions which were shown to inhibit the antibody-forming cells (AFC) proliferation in vitro, a possibility of realization of this effect at a distance was studied. It was shown that the population with a great number of cells could inhibit in vitro at a distance an increase of the AFC in the population of cells separated from the former by a millipore filter, impermeable for the cells. The results were the same with the use of polymethylmetacrylate film (5 to 10 micrometer in thickness) impermeable for proteins with a molecular weight of 150000 daltons (125I-IgG-antibodies) and some ions (51CrO4), but permeable for other substances with low molecular weight.", "PMID": 566140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6908", "title": "[Effect of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins on the accumulation of rosette- and antibody-forming cells in mice immunized with ram erythrocytes].", "content": "The paper describes the effect of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins (termed MAAS) on the kinetics of rosette-forming and antibody-forming cells (RFC and AFC, respectively) in mice immunized with SRBC. MAAS effect was assessed in vivo by injecting this serum for 5 days to mice CBA, combining the first injection with the injection of 5.10(7) SRBC. MAAS administration to mice immunized with SRBC induced a marked reduction of RFC in the spleen on the 5th and 9th days after the immunization. At the same periods MAAS produced no significant effect on the proliferation of AFC producing IgM-hemagglutinins. At the same time MAAS intensified the IgG-AFC proliferation in the period of the maximal content of these cells in the spleen of the immunized mice. After the MAAS absorption with the immune complexes formed by the mouse IgG-antibodies this serum largely lost its capacity to block RFC in vivo. On the basis of the data obtained it is suggested that the property of MAAS to influence the accumulation of RFC and AFC producing IgG-hemagglutinins is caused by the factor reacting with the immune complex formed by mouse IgG-antibodies. Possibly this factor represented antibodies against the aggregated immunoglobulins of this class.", "contents": "[Effect of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins on the accumulation of rosette- and antibody-forming cells in mice immunized with ram erythrocytes]. The paper describes the effect of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins (termed MAAS) on the kinetics of rosette-forming and antibody-forming cells (RFC and AFC, respectively) in mice immunized with SRBC. MAAS effect was assessed in vivo by injecting this serum for 5 days to mice CBA, combining the first injection with the injection of 5.10(7) SRBC. MAAS administration to mice immunized with SRBC induced a marked reduction of RFC in the spleen on the 5th and 9th days after the immunization. At the same periods MAAS produced no significant effect on the proliferation of AFC producing IgM-hemagglutinins. At the same time MAAS intensified the IgG-AFC proliferation in the period of the maximal content of these cells in the spleen of the immunized mice. After the MAAS absorption with the immune complexes formed by the mouse IgG-antibodies this serum largely lost its capacity to block RFC in vivo. On the basis of the data obtained it is suggested that the property of MAAS to influence the accumulation of RFC and AFC producing IgG-hemagglutinins is caused by the factor reacting with the immune complex formed by mouse IgG-antibodies. Possibly this factor represented antibodies against the aggregated immunoglobulins of this class.", "PMID": 566141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6909", "title": "[Antibody-forming capacity of mouse spleen cells after hypoxic hypoxia and the administration of erythropoietin].", "content": "In CBA mice the absolute and relative (per 10(6) spleen cells) number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen was cut by half on the 1st, 4th, and 7th days after acute hypoxia (12 hours, 6700 m), and on the 1st and 4th days after cessation of chronic hypoxia (16 days, 16 hours, 6700 m). The number of AFC in the spleen returned to the normal level on the 7th day after cessation of chronic hypoxia. Single or double erythropoietin injections caused approximately a 1.15--2-fold decrease in spleen AFC number in posthypoxic mice in comparison with control animals.", "contents": "[Antibody-forming capacity of mouse spleen cells after hypoxic hypoxia and the administration of erythropoietin]. In CBA mice the absolute and relative (per 10(6) spleen cells) number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen was cut by half on the 1st, 4th, and 7th days after acute hypoxia (12 hours, 6700 m), and on the 1st and 4th days after cessation of chronic hypoxia (16 days, 16 hours, 6700 m). The number of AFC in the spleen returned to the normal level on the 7th day after cessation of chronic hypoxia. Single or double erythropoietin injections caused approximately a 1.15--2-fold decrease in spleen AFC number in posthypoxic mice in comparison with control animals.", "PMID": 566142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6910", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the pituitary gonadotropic cells under the action of estrogens in rats. Contribution to the study of the topical origin of gonadostimulins].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the pituitary gonadtropic LH and FSH cells have been studied in 4-day cyclic female rats injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) on the morning of diestrus I. A granular release in both LH and FSH cells was observed during the night following diestrus II in the females which displayed estrogen-induced luteinization. LH cells only appeared degranulated in the females unresponsive to EB. These results confirmed previous light microscopic observations (Hassani and Plas-Roser, 1975). The origin of LH and FSH from one or two categories of pituitary cells was discussed in the light of these observations. The FSH cell was assumed to be involved in the secretion of both gonadotropic hormones. However a role of LH cells in the production of LH was suggested by the present observations.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the pituitary gonadotropic cells under the action of estrogens in rats. Contribution to the study of the topical origin of gonadostimulins]. Ultrastructural changes in the pituitary gonadtropic LH and FSH cells have been studied in 4-day cyclic female rats injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) on the morning of diestrus I. A granular release in both LH and FSH cells was observed during the night following diestrus II in the females which displayed estrogen-induced luteinization. LH cells only appeared degranulated in the females unresponsive to EB. These results confirmed previous light microscopic observations (Hassani and Plas-Roser, 1975). The origin of LH and FSH from one or two categories of pituitary cells was discussed in the light of these observations. The FSH cell was assumed to be involved in the secretion of both gonadotropic hormones. However a role of LH cells in the production of LH was suggested by the present observations.", "PMID": 566143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6911", "title": "Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications.", "content": "The use for hallucinogenic purposes of an indigenous mushroom, Psilocybe semilanceata indigenous to Britain is reported in three patients. Typical psychedelic, transient psychotic and more prolonged schizophrenia-like states were seen, with sympathomimetic signs noted in two cases, in one being prolonged. Enquiry about such mushroom abuse should be considered in individuals presenting to medical or psychiatric emergency clinics.", "contents": "Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications. The use for hallucinogenic purposes of an indigenous mushroom, Psilocybe semilanceata indigenous to Britain is reported in three patients. Typical psychedelic, transient psychotic and more prolonged schizophrenia-like states were seen, with sympathomimetic signs noted in two cases, in one being prolonged. Enquiry about such mushroom abuse should be considered in individuals presenting to medical or psychiatric emergency clinics.", "PMID": 566144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6912", "title": "Abolition of plasma growth hormone response to stress and of the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function in female rats with preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "The chronic effects of lesions placed in the medial or lateral preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AHA) on plasma growth hormone (GH) and corticosterone (cpd B) responses to stress, non-stress levels of these hormones and somatic growth were studied in adult female rats. Responses to 3-min immobilization--blood withdrawal stress uere tested at 2 and 11 weeks and to 3-min ether--blood withdrawal at 5 weeks after surgery. Non-stress plasma GH levels were further assessed in serial blood samples collected at 4-h intervals during a 24-h period at 15 weeks, and cpd B levels were studied similarly for a 44-h period at 22 weeks. Rats with lateral PO-AHA lesions showed normal GH suppression and cpd B elevation in response to both stress procedures. In contrast, neither stressor suppressed plasma GH levels in rats with medial PO-AHA lesions, but both produced normal increments in cpd B. The 24-h mean non-stress level of plasma GH in the group with medial lesions was higher and that of the group with lateral lesions was lower than those of controls. Cpd B levels were reduced during the 44-h study, and circadian rhythmicity was abolished in rats with medial lesions. The group with lateral lesions showed normal rhythmicity in plasma cpd B levels, Linear growth was not affected in either lesioned group. The GH findings suggest that the medial but not lateral PO-AHA is essential for stress-induced inhibition of GH secretion and that this region may exert a tonic inhibitory influence on non-stress GH secretion. The data also suggest that the medial PO-AHA is importantly involved in producing the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function.", "contents": "Abolition of plasma growth hormone response to stress and of the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function in female rats with preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions. The chronic effects of lesions placed in the medial or lateral preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AHA) on plasma growth hormone (GH) and corticosterone (cpd B) responses to stress, non-stress levels of these hormones and somatic growth were studied in adult female rats. Responses to 3-min immobilization--blood withdrawal stress uere tested at 2 and 11 weeks and to 3-min ether--blood withdrawal at 5 weeks after surgery. Non-stress plasma GH levels were further assessed in serial blood samples collected at 4-h intervals during a 24-h period at 15 weeks, and cpd B levels were studied similarly for a 44-h period at 22 weeks. Rats with lateral PO-AHA lesions showed normal GH suppression and cpd B elevation in response to both stress procedures. In contrast, neither stressor suppressed plasma GH levels in rats with medial PO-AHA lesions, but both produced normal increments in cpd B. The 24-h mean non-stress level of plasma GH in the group with medial lesions was higher and that of the group with lateral lesions was lower than those of controls. Cpd B levels were reduced during the 44-h study, and circadian rhythmicity was abolished in rats with medial lesions. The group with lateral lesions showed normal rhythmicity in plasma cpd B levels, Linear growth was not affected in either lesioned group. The GH findings suggest that the medial but not lateral PO-AHA is essential for stress-induced inhibition of GH secretion and that this region may exert a tonic inhibitory influence on non-stress GH secretion. The data also suggest that the medial PO-AHA is importantly involved in producing the circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function.", "PMID": 566147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6913", "title": "Presence of displaced neural elements within rat cerebellar fissures.", "content": "Clusters of neural tissue have been observed within the cerebellar fissures of normal and experimentally treated albino rats and hooded rats, between the ages of 5 and 90 days. The observations of these intra-fissural clusters were made in conjunction with several series of experiments dealing with the effects of various treatments on cerebellar morphogenesis. More important is the fact that similar displaced clusters are present in normal, untreated animals. Clusters can show a considerable variation in size, ranging from a few closely packed cells, to clusters with many cells completely occupying the area between the two folial surfaces, The clusters consist of immature or mature granule cells, depending on the age. With increasing age a well-developed neuropil is seen with bundles of parallel fibers coursing among the granule cells, along with occasional Bergmann glial fibers, capillaries and pericytes. Synaptic contacts, possibly granule cells, are present within the cluster. The continued differentiation of the cells in the clusters is exemplified by the observation of a mossy fiber terminal at the base of a cluster. Connecting each cluster with the nearby parenchyma is a stalk consisting of granule cells, Bergmann glial fibers, and neurites. The basal lamina of the folial surface is interrrupted at this point. The presence of these clusters implies a failure of normal morphogenetic and migrational control mechanisms. Importantly, the cells of the clusters continue to differentiate and to make synaptic connections, despite their abnormal location.", "contents": "Presence of displaced neural elements within rat cerebellar fissures. Clusters of neural tissue have been observed within the cerebellar fissures of normal and experimentally treated albino rats and hooded rats, between the ages of 5 and 90 days. The observations of these intra-fissural clusters were made in conjunction with several series of experiments dealing with the effects of various treatments on cerebellar morphogenesis. More important is the fact that similar displaced clusters are present in normal, untreated animals. Clusters can show a considerable variation in size, ranging from a few closely packed cells, to clusters with many cells completely occupying the area between the two folial surfaces, The clusters consist of immature or mature granule cells, depending on the age. With increasing age a well-developed neuropil is seen with bundles of parallel fibers coursing among the granule cells, along with occasional Bergmann glial fibers, capillaries and pericytes. Synaptic contacts, possibly granule cells, are present within the cluster. The continued differentiation of the cells in the clusters is exemplified by the observation of a mossy fiber terminal at the base of a cluster. Connecting each cluster with the nearby parenchyma is a stalk consisting of granule cells, Bergmann glial fibers, and neurites. The basal lamina of the folial surface is interrrupted at this point. The presence of these clusters implies a failure of normal morphogenetic and migrational control mechanisms. Importantly, the cells of the clusters continue to differentiate and to make synaptic connections, despite their abnormal location.", "PMID": 566148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6914", "title": "Morphine induced alterations of gamma-aminobutyric acid and taurine contents and L-glutamate decarboxylase activity in rat spinal cord and thalamus: possible correlates with analgesic action of morphine.", "content": "Acute administration of morphine induced significant increases of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) content and L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity at the dorsal parts of the dorsal horn and surroundings of the central canal in the rat spinal cord, in which GABA inhibitory interneurons may play significant roles. In the thalamus, morphine also induced significant increases of GABA content and GAD activity in the vicinity of the ventrolateral part of the ventral nucleus (VM), entopeduncular nucleus (EP), nucleus reuniens thalami (RE), nucleus parafascicularis thalami (PF) and interpeduncular nucleus (IP), respectively. The most significant increase of GABA was observed in the VM and PF, which are known to receive neuronal inputs from secondary neurons involved in the perception of pain. In spite of well-known involvement of periaqueductal gray matter (PVG) in the occurrence of morphine analgesia, GABA content in this area did not change following acute administration of morphine. The above mentioned increases of GABA in the spinal cord and thalamus were antagonized by the pretreatment with levallorphan, a narcotic antagonist, and were not observed when an analgesic dose of sodium salicylate or pentazocine was administered. On the other hand, acute administration of morphine failed to alter the microdistribution of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) in the rat spinal cord and thalamus, in which significant increases of GABA content were observed. Contrary to the results obtained in acutely morphine-treated rats, animals rendered dependent by the implantation of a morphine pellet showed significant increases of taurine content in the spinal cord, whereas no change in GABA contents was detected in both spinal cord and thalamus. The present results suggest that morphine analgesia may involve mechanisms intensifying the inputs of GABA inhibitory neurons at the levels of the spinal cord and thalamus, where the primary and secondary neurons involved in the perception of pain are terminated respectively. Possible involvement of alterations in spinal taurine contents in the occurrence of morphine dependence are also suggested.", "contents": "Morphine induced alterations of gamma-aminobutyric acid and taurine contents and L-glutamate decarboxylase activity in rat spinal cord and thalamus: possible correlates with analgesic action of morphine. Acute administration of morphine induced significant increases of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) content and L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity at the dorsal parts of the dorsal horn and surroundings of the central canal in the rat spinal cord, in which GABA inhibitory interneurons may play significant roles. In the thalamus, morphine also induced significant increases of GABA content and GAD activity in the vicinity of the ventrolateral part of the ventral nucleus (VM), entopeduncular nucleus (EP), nucleus reuniens thalami (RE), nucleus parafascicularis thalami (PF) and interpeduncular nucleus (IP), respectively. The most significant increase of GABA was observed in the VM and PF, which are known to receive neuronal inputs from secondary neurons involved in the perception of pain. In spite of well-known involvement of periaqueductal gray matter (PVG) in the occurrence of morphine analgesia, GABA content in this area did not change following acute administration of morphine. The above mentioned increases of GABA in the spinal cord and thalamus were antagonized by the pretreatment with levallorphan, a narcotic antagonist, and were not observed when an analgesic dose of sodium salicylate or pentazocine was administered. On the other hand, acute administration of morphine failed to alter the microdistribution of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) in the rat spinal cord and thalamus, in which significant increases of GABA content were observed. Contrary to the results obtained in acutely morphine-treated rats, animals rendered dependent by the implantation of a morphine pellet showed significant increases of taurine content in the spinal cord, whereas no change in GABA contents was detected in both spinal cord and thalamus. The present results suggest that morphine analgesia may involve mechanisms intensifying the inputs of GABA inhibitory neurons at the levels of the spinal cord and thalamus, where the primary and secondary neurons involved in the perception of pain are terminated respectively. Possible involvement of alterations in spinal taurine contents in the occurrence of morphine dependence are also suggested.", "PMID": 566149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6915", "title": "A stochastic model for cell populations with circadian rhythms.", "content": "A mathematical model for cell kinetics, based on a random walk, is developed. The model allows variations with time of the rates of passage of proliferating cells through the four phases of the mitotic cycle. Circadian variations in the mitotic and labelling indices of the Syrian hamster cheek pouch epithelium have previously been observed, and the random walk model has been used to simulate this phenomenon. Assuming that all basal cells are proliferative and that these cells leave the basal layer randomly throughout the mitotic cycle to become differentiated cells, it was found that the experimentally observed circadian rhythms of the mitotic and labelling indices could be reproduced in the model by postulating a circadian rhythm in the rate of passage of cells through the G1 and S phases only. Moreover, the growth activity of cells in both the G1 and S phases appears to reach a peak during the dark hours of the light-dark cycle, and to fall off rapidly in the early hours of daylight. The postulate of M\u00f8ller, Larsen & Faber (1974) that injection of the animals with tritiated thymidine causes a shortening of the G2 phase duration has been qualitatively confirmed by using the random walk model to simulate the FLM and MI curves after injection with tritiated thymidine.", "contents": "A stochastic model for cell populations with circadian rhythms. A mathematical model for cell kinetics, based on a random walk, is developed. The model allows variations with time of the rates of passage of proliferating cells through the four phases of the mitotic cycle. Circadian variations in the mitotic and labelling indices of the Syrian hamster cheek pouch epithelium have previously been observed, and the random walk model has been used to simulate this phenomenon. Assuming that all basal cells are proliferative and that these cells leave the basal layer randomly throughout the mitotic cycle to become differentiated cells, it was found that the experimentally observed circadian rhythms of the mitotic and labelling indices could be reproduced in the model by postulating a circadian rhythm in the rate of passage of cells through the G1 and S phases only. Moreover, the growth activity of cells in both the G1 and S phases appears to reach a peak during the dark hours of the light-dark cycle, and to fall off rapidly in the early hours of daylight. The postulate of M\u00f8ller, Larsen & Faber (1974) that injection of the animals with tritiated thymidine causes a shortening of the G2 phase duration has been qualitatively confirmed by using the random walk model to simulate the FLM and MI curves after injection with tritiated thymidine.", "PMID": 566157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6916", "title": "Oogenesis in Acerentomon gallicum Jonescu (Protura). An ultrastructural analysis of the early previtellogenic stages.", "content": "At the onset of previtellogenesis, the oocytes of Acerentomon gallicum begin to grow and increase their content of organelles. The nuage material in the oocytes at first increases in amount, then declines gradually to disappear completely from oocytes that have attained 50 micrometer in diameter. During the growth period, new dictyosome, mitochondria and ribosome appear. Numerous vesicles become detached from the cell membrane and subsequently fuse into cisternae, thus forming extensive complexes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In oocytes with diameters between 50 and 100 micrometer the endoplasmic reticulum. In oocytes with diameters between 50 and 100 micrometer the Golgi complexes show a considerable increase in activity, and many lamellar bodies arise from mitochondria that have undergone specific transformation.", "contents": "Oogenesis in Acerentomon gallicum Jonescu (Protura). An ultrastructural analysis of the early previtellogenic stages. At the onset of previtellogenesis, the oocytes of Acerentomon gallicum begin to grow and increase their content of organelles. The nuage material in the oocytes at first increases in amount, then declines gradually to disappear completely from oocytes that have attained 50 micrometer in diameter. During the growth period, new dictyosome, mitochondria and ribosome appear. Numerous vesicles become detached from the cell membrane and subsequently fuse into cisternae, thus forming extensive complexes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In oocytes with diameters between 50 and 100 micrometer the endoplasmic reticulum. In oocytes with diameters between 50 and 100 micrometer the Golgi complexes show a considerable increase in activity, and many lamellar bodies arise from mitochondria that have undergone specific transformation.", "PMID": 566158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6917", "title": "On the excretory system of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner.", "content": "The excretory system of Habrotrocha rosa consists of two protonephridia. From each of them seven tubules lead to a terminal organ, also called cyrtocyte. Its weir basket contains structures which resemble ciliary rootlets. The lumen of the excretory system is bordered by a syncytial layer of cytoplasm. Cells are only found in the upper region of the trunk, where the channel is twisted several times.", "contents": "On the excretory system of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner. The excretory system of Habrotrocha rosa consists of two protonephridia. From each of them seven tubules lead to a terminal organ, also called cyrtocyte. Its weir basket contains structures which resemble ciliary rootlets. The lumen of the excretory system is bordered by a syncytial layer of cytoplasm. Cells are only found in the upper region of the trunk, where the channel is twisted several times.", "PMID": 566159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6918", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructure of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner (Aschelminthes). The alimentary system.", "content": "The alimentary system of Habrotrocha rosa is composed of the alimentary channel, five digestive glands and another gland which is in close relation to the intestinal syncytium. After the present investigation, the alimentary channel can be divided into sections which clearly differ from each other, these are: oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, mastax, stomach-hose, syncytium of intestine, and terminal intestine.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructure of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner (Aschelminthes). The alimentary system. The alimentary system of Habrotrocha rosa is composed of the alimentary channel, five digestive glands and another gland which is in close relation to the intestinal syncytium. After the present investigation, the alimentary channel can be divided into sections which clearly differ from each other, these are: oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, mastax, stomach-hose, syncytium of intestine, and terminal intestine.", "PMID": 566160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6919", "title": "Changes of nucleosome frequency in nucleolar and non-nucleolar chromatin as a function of transcription: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The morphology of nucleolar and non-nucleolar (lampbrush chromosome loops) chromatin was studied in the electron microscope during states of reduced transcriptional activity in amphibian oocytes (Xenopus laevis, Triturus alpestris, T. cristatus). Reduced transcriptional activity was observed in maturing stages of oocyte development and after treatment with an inhibitor, actinomycin D. Strands of nucleolar chromatin appear smooth and thin, and contain only few, if any, nucleosomal particles in the transcribed units. This is true whether they are densely or only sparsely covered with lateral ribonucleoprotein fibrils. This smooth and non-nucleosomal character is also predominant in the interspersed, apparently nontranscribed rDNA spacer regions. During inactivation, however, nucleolar chromatin frequently and progressively assumes a beaded appearance in extended fibril-free--that is, apparently nontranscribed--regions. In either full-grown oocytes or late after drug treatment, most of the nucleolar chromatin is no longer smooth and thin, but rather shows a beaded configuration indistinguishable from inactive non-nucleolar chromatin. In many chromatin strands, transitions of fibril-associated regions of smooth character into beaded regions without lateral fibrils are seen. Similarly, in the non-nucleolar chromatin of the retracting lampbrush chromosome loops, reduced transcriptional activity is correlated with a change from smooth to beaded morphology. Here, however, beaded regions are also commonly found interspersed between the more or less distant bases of the lateral fibrils, the putative transcriptional complexes. In both sorts of chromatin, detergents (in particular Sarkosyl) that remove most of the chromatin proteins including histones from the DNA axis but leave the RNA polymerases of the transcriptional complexes attached were used to discriminate between polymerases and nucleosomal particles. The results suggest that nucleosomes are absent in heavily transcribed chromatin regions but are reformed after inactivation. In contrast to the findings with inactivated nucleolar genes, in lampbrush chromosome loops the beaded nucleosomal configuration appears to be assumed also in regions within transcriptional units that, perhaps temporarily, are not involved in transcription.", "contents": "Changes of nucleosome frequency in nucleolar and non-nucleolar chromatin as a function of transcription: an electron microscopic study. The morphology of nucleolar and non-nucleolar (lampbrush chromosome loops) chromatin was studied in the electron microscope during states of reduced transcriptional activity in amphibian oocytes (Xenopus laevis, Triturus alpestris, T. cristatus). Reduced transcriptional activity was observed in maturing stages of oocyte development and after treatment with an inhibitor, actinomycin D. Strands of nucleolar chromatin appear smooth and thin, and contain only few, if any, nucleosomal particles in the transcribed units. This is true whether they are densely or only sparsely covered with lateral ribonucleoprotein fibrils. This smooth and non-nucleosomal character is also predominant in the interspersed, apparently nontranscribed rDNA spacer regions. During inactivation, however, nucleolar chromatin frequently and progressively assumes a beaded appearance in extended fibril-free--that is, apparently nontranscribed--regions. In either full-grown oocytes or late after drug treatment, most of the nucleolar chromatin is no longer smooth and thin, but rather shows a beaded configuration indistinguishable from inactive non-nucleolar chromatin. In many chromatin strands, transitions of fibril-associated regions of smooth character into beaded regions without lateral fibrils are seen. Similarly, in the non-nucleolar chromatin of the retracting lampbrush chromosome loops, reduced transcriptional activity is correlated with a change from smooth to beaded morphology. Here, however, beaded regions are also commonly found interspersed between the more or less distant bases of the lateral fibrils, the putative transcriptional complexes. In both sorts of chromatin, detergents (in particular Sarkosyl) that remove most of the chromatin proteins including histones from the DNA axis but leave the RNA polymerases of the transcriptional complexes attached were used to discriminate between polymerases and nucleosomal particles. The results suggest that nucleosomes are absent in heavily transcribed chromatin regions but are reformed after inactivation. In contrast to the findings with inactivated nucleolar genes, in lampbrush chromosome loops the beaded nucleosomal configuration appears to be assumed also in regions within transcriptional units that, perhaps temporarily, are not involved in transcription.", "PMID": 566162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6920", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5S DNA in Xenopus laevis. I. The AT-rich spacer.", "content": "The primary sequence of the principal spacer region in X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA has been determined. The spacer is AT-rich and comprises half or more of each repeating unit. The sequence is internally repetitious; most of it can be represented by the following set of oligonucleotides: CAACAGTTTTCAAAAGGTTTCGAAGTTTTT(T). The spacer, which varies in length from about 360 to 570 or more nucleotides, can be subdivided into a region (A2) which is variable in length in different repeating units, flanked by regions (A1, A3, B1) which are relatively constant in length. The A2 region consists, on the average, of 5-6 tandem copies of the oligonucleotide CAAAGTTTGAGTTTT; variation in the redundancy of this oligonucleotide accounts for much of the repeat length variation in the genomic 5S DNA. Most copies of this oligonucleotide are identical, although several differing by 1 or 2 nucleotides have been detected in plasmid-cloned 5S DNA fragments. Regions A1 and A3 comprise a linear array of similar, but not identical, oligonucleotides; most repeating units contain very similar A1 and A3 sequences. Region B1 is a sequence of 49 nucleotides immediately adjacent to the 5' terminus of the 5S rRNA sequence. It is GC-rich, much less repetitive than the remainder of the spacer and contains several palindromes, but no regions of dyad symmetry. This sequence is identical in all six of the single cloned repeating units of 5S DNA analyzed.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5S DNA in Xenopus laevis. I. The AT-rich spacer. The primary sequence of the principal spacer region in X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA has been determined. The spacer is AT-rich and comprises half or more of each repeating unit. The sequence is internally repetitious; most of it can be represented by the following set of oligonucleotides: CAACAGTTTTCAAAAGGTTTCGAAGTTTTT(T). The spacer, which varies in length from about 360 to 570 or more nucleotides, can be subdivided into a region (A2) which is variable in length in different repeating units, flanked by regions (A1, A3, B1) which are relatively constant in length. The A2 region consists, on the average, of 5-6 tandem copies of the oligonucleotide CAAAGTTTGAGTTTT; variation in the redundancy of this oligonucleotide accounts for much of the repeat length variation in the genomic 5S DNA. Most copies of this oligonucleotide are identical, although several differing by 1 or 2 nucleotides have been detected in plasmid-cloned 5S DNA fragments. Regions A1 and A3 comprise a linear array of similar, but not identical, oligonucleotides; most repeating units contain very similar A1 and A3 sequences. Region B1 is a sequence of 49 nucleotides immediately adjacent to the 5' terminus of the 5S rRNA sequence. It is GC-rich, much less repetitive than the remainder of the spacer and contains several palindromes, but no regions of dyad symmetry. This sequence is identical in all six of the single cloned repeating units of 5S DNA analyzed.", "PMID": 566163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6921", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5S DNA in Xenopus laevis. II. The GC-rich region.", "content": "The primary sequence of the GC-rich half of the repeating unit in X. laevis 5S DNA has been determined in both a single plasmid-cloned repeating unit and in the total population of repeatig units. The GC-rich half of the repeating unit contains a single long duplication of 174 nucleotides. The duplicated segment commences 73 nucleotides preceding the 5' end of the gene and terminates at nucleotide 101 of the gene. The duplicated portion of the gene, termed the pseudogene, differs by 10 nucleotides from the corresponding portion of the gene, and the remaining duplicated sequence of 73 nucleotides differs by 13 nucleotides. The plasmid-cloned repeating unit differs from the dominant sequence in the total population repeating units by 6 nucleotides in the GC-rich region. Evidence is provided that most of the CpG dinucleotides in 5S DNA are at least partially methylated.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5S DNA in Xenopus laevis. II. The GC-rich region. The primary sequence of the GC-rich half of the repeating unit in X. laevis 5S DNA has been determined in both a single plasmid-cloned repeating unit and in the total population of repeatig units. The GC-rich half of the repeating unit contains a single long duplication of 174 nucleotides. The duplicated segment commences 73 nucleotides preceding the 5' end of the gene and terminates at nucleotide 101 of the gene. The duplicated portion of the gene, termed the pseudogene, differs by 10 nucleotides from the corresponding portion of the gene, and the remaining duplicated sequence of 73 nucleotides differs by 13 nucleotides. The plasmid-cloned repeating unit differs from the dominant sequence in the total population repeating units by 6 nucleotides in the GC-rich region. Evidence is provided that most of the CpG dinucleotides in 5S DNA are at least partially methylated.", "PMID": 566164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6922", "title": "Friend leukemia cells: relationship between differentiation, clonogenicity and malignancy.", "content": "Friend leukemia cells were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of agents which induce erythroid differentiation. The cultures were harvested and the degree of differentiation determined. Clonogenicity of the cells in vitro and malignancy in vivo were determined as well. There was an inverse exponential relationship between the degree of differentiation and the clonogenicity of the culture. Differentiation was also associated with a modest decline in malignancy. Of interest was the observation that bromodeoxyuridine inhibited the biochemical manifestations of erythroid differentiation, but did not prevent the decline in clonogenicity which accompanied differentiation.", "contents": "Friend leukemia cells: relationship between differentiation, clonogenicity and malignancy. Friend leukemia cells were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of agents which induce erythroid differentiation. The cultures were harvested and the degree of differentiation determined. Clonogenicity of the cells in vitro and malignancy in vivo were determined as well. There was an inverse exponential relationship between the degree of differentiation and the clonogenicity of the culture. Differentiation was also associated with a modest decline in malignancy. Of interest was the observation that bromodeoxyuridine inhibited the biochemical manifestations of erythroid differentiation, but did not prevent the decline in clonogenicity which accompanied differentiation.", "PMID": 566165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6923", "title": "An immunological method for the purification of radiolabelled thyroxine.", "content": "A method for the removal of iodothyronine and iodide impurities from radiolabelled thyroxine is described. The principle of the method is to bind iodothyronine contaminants to specific antisera, and then to separate the antiserum-bound contaminants and iodide from the thyroxine by column chromatography. As reported here, the method is optimised for the removal of more than 98% of contaminating 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 99.8% of contaminating iodide from between 10 ng and 100 ng of thyroxine, where the molar ratio of thyroxine: 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine before purification is greater than or equal to 10:1. Recovery of purified thyroxine is more than 80%. The performance of the method is superior to that of preparative dialysis.", "contents": "An immunological method for the purification of radiolabelled thyroxine. A method for the removal of iodothyronine and iodide impurities from radiolabelled thyroxine is described. The principle of the method is to bind iodothyronine contaminants to specific antisera, and then to separate the antiserum-bound contaminants and iodide from the thyroxine by column chromatography. As reported here, the method is optimised for the removal of more than 98% of contaminating 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 99.8% of contaminating iodide from between 10 ng and 100 ng of thyroxine, where the molar ratio of thyroxine: 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine before purification is greater than or equal to 10:1. Recovery of purified thyroxine is more than 80%. The performance of the method is superior to that of preparative dialysis.", "PMID": 566169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6924", "title": "Sex hormone binding globulin: binding capacity and studies on the binding of cyproterone acetate and other steroids.", "content": "Sex hormone binding globulin in blood is quantitated by ammonium sulphate precipitation technique with two radioactive ligands, [3H]testosterone and [3H5dihydrotestosterone. Plasma levels in normal men, normal women, women taking oral contraceptives containing oestrogens, and pregnant women are presented, measured with both ligands. Binding experiments with these ligands and several competing steroids show marked differences in displacement ability. For cyproterone acetate 100-500 ng per tube is required to obtain even a slight displacement of the radioactive ligands.", "contents": "Sex hormone binding globulin: binding capacity and studies on the binding of cyproterone acetate and other steroids. Sex hormone binding globulin in blood is quantitated by ammonium sulphate precipitation technique with two radioactive ligands, [3H]testosterone and [3H5dihydrotestosterone. Plasma levels in normal men, normal women, women taking oral contraceptives containing oestrogens, and pregnant women are presented, measured with both ligands. Binding experiments with these ligands and several competing steroids show marked differences in displacement ability. For cyproterone acetate 100-500 ng per tube is required to obtain even a slight displacement of the radioactive ligands.", "PMID": 566170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6925", "title": "Genetic control of human plasma creatine phosphokinase activity.", "content": "Plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined in 14 monozygotic (MZ) and 14 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. The heritability indexes calculated for plasma CPK activity indicated support for the hypothesis that plasma CPK activity is under some genetic control. This finding is discussed in relation to various diseases in which plasma CPK activity is increased.", "contents": "Genetic control of human plasma creatine phosphokinase activity. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined in 14 monozygotic (MZ) and 14 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. The heritability indexes calculated for plasma CPK activity indicated support for the hypothesis that plasma CPK activity is under some genetic control. This finding is discussed in relation to various diseases in which plasma CPK activity is increased.", "PMID": 566176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6926", "title": "Large Y chromosome (Yq+) and increased risk of abortion.", "content": "Previous reports have indicated an association between Yq+ in the family and increased risk of abortion. In a chromosome investigations of 11,148 consecutively newborn children, we found 58 boys with a large Y chromosome (Y/F equal to or greater than 1.00). The mothers of these boys had 22% abortions, compared with 13% among 4,895 mothers of children with normal karyotypes and without Yq+ (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Large Y chromosome (Yq+) and increased risk of abortion. Previous reports have indicated an association between Yq+ in the family and increased risk of abortion. In a chromosome investigations of 11,148 consecutively newborn children, we found 58 boys with a large Y chromosome (Y/F equal to or greater than 1.00). The mothers of these boys had 22% abortions, compared with 13% among 4,895 mothers of children with normal karyotypes and without Yq+ (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 566178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6927", "title": "Diagnosis of uveo-parotid fever by 67Ga-citrate imaging.", "content": "67Ga-citrate scan from skull to mid-abdomen showed increased uptake in both parotid glands, mediastinum, lungs, uvei and/or enlarged lacrimal glands. The differential diagnosis of the positive radiogallium scan is discussed with emphasis on the value of the extrathoracic findings. Tissue diagnosis confirmed the imaging diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The case illustrates the usefulness of double radionuclide study--67Ga and 99mTc-MAA--and of the tomographic scanner in defining the spread of the active granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis of uveo-parotid fever by 67Ga-citrate imaging. 67Ga-citrate scan from skull to mid-abdomen showed increased uptake in both parotid glands, mediastinum, lungs, uvei and/or enlarged lacrimal glands. The differential diagnosis of the positive radiogallium scan is discussed with emphasis on the value of the extrathoracic findings. Tissue diagnosis confirmed the imaging diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The case illustrates the usefulness of double radionuclide study--67Ga and 99mTc-MAA--and of the tomographic scanner in defining the spread of the active granulomatous disease.", "PMID": 566180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6928", "title": "Pericardial angiosarcoma simulating pericardial effusion by echocardiography.", "content": "A fast-growing angiosarcoma caused incapacitation of a boy and death in a period of three months. The growth of the tumor was well documented by a series of echocardiograms. The heart was well encased by a thick layer of purplish vascular neoplasm enveloped mostly by thin pericardium, with some additional few foci of extracardiac metastasis. The heart weighed 2,000 gm. It is worthy to note that another cause of an echo-free space may be the presence of a pericardial tumor, rather than pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Pericardial angiosarcoma simulating pericardial effusion by echocardiography. A fast-growing angiosarcoma caused incapacitation of a boy and death in a period of three months. The growth of the tumor was well documented by a series of echocardiograms. The heart was well encased by a thick layer of purplish vascular neoplasm enveloped mostly by thin pericardium, with some additional few foci of extracardiac metastasis. The heart weighed 2,000 gm. It is worthy to note that another cause of an echo-free space may be the presence of a pericardial tumor, rather than pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 566191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6929", "title": "Heritability in syntactic development: a critique of Munsinger and Douglass.", "content": "Munsinger and Douglass (Child Development, 1976, 47, 40-50) used the Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test as measures of syntactic ability to investigate the heritability factor in language acquisition. By comparing the concordance of scores of twins and siblings, they concluded that heritability was the important variable in test performance (h2 = .79) and that environmental influences were not much over, 10. In the present critique, weaknesses regarding test measures are pointed out, and the validity of these measures for the ages of the children used in the study is questioned. It is also emphasized that the question of environmental effects in normal circumstances remains unquantified, and research indicates that language intervention programs with deficient populations can be beneficial.", "contents": "Heritability in syntactic development: a critique of Munsinger and Douglass. Munsinger and Douglass (Child Development, 1976, 47, 40-50) used the Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test as measures of syntactic ability to investigate the heritability factor in language acquisition. By comparing the concordance of scores of twins and siblings, they concluded that heritability was the important variable in test performance (h2 = .79) and that environmental influences were not much over, 10. In the present critique, weaknesses regarding test measures are pointed out, and the validity of these measures for the ages of the children used in the study is questioned. It is also emphasized that the question of environmental effects in normal circumstances remains unquantified, and research indicates that language intervention programs with deficient populations can be beneficial.", "PMID": 566192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6930", "title": "Therapy of isolate Rhesus: different partners and social behavior.", "content": "36 monkeys from 3 different rearing conditions were subdivided into 3 groups and then paired daily for 20 weeks either with others that were (a) socially sophisticated 9-month-old monkeys; (b) partial isolates, reared alone from birth for 9 months; or (c) socially naive 3-month-old infant monkeys. When 12 9-month-old partial isolates were thus split and tested, social play was greater in isolates paired with sophisticated therapists and least in isolates paired with isolate therapists. Fear showed the reverse pattern. Hostility was greatest in those infants, isolates, and sophisticates when paired with isolates and least in all groups when paired with infants. Of the nonisolate groups the infants were affected by their pairing the most, showing reduced social play when paired with the isolates, but increasing play when with sophisticates. Evidence is found against a learning or instrumental model of aggression production, and a novel theory is advanced suggesting that infants are genetically predisposed to acquire specific behavioral characteristics shown by the mother.", "contents": "Therapy of isolate Rhesus: different partners and social behavior. 36 monkeys from 3 different rearing conditions were subdivided into 3 groups and then paired daily for 20 weeks either with others that were (a) socially sophisticated 9-month-old monkeys; (b) partial isolates, reared alone from birth for 9 months; or (c) socially naive 3-month-old infant monkeys. When 12 9-month-old partial isolates were thus split and tested, social play was greater in isolates paired with sophisticated therapists and least in isolates paired with isolate therapists. Fear showed the reverse pattern. Hostility was greatest in those infants, isolates, and sophisticates when paired with isolates and least in all groups when paired with infants. Of the nonisolate groups the infants were affected by their pairing the most, showing reduced social play when paired with the isolates, but increasing play when with sophisticates. Evidence is found against a learning or instrumental model of aggression production, and a novel theory is advanced suggesting that infants are genetically predisposed to acquire specific behavioral characteristics shown by the mother.", "PMID": 566193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6931", "title": "Intestinal nematodes of man.", "content": "An account of the life cycle and morbidity of the commoner intestinal nematodes is given and methods of control and eradication discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal nematodes of man. An account of the life cycle and morbidity of the commoner intestinal nematodes is given and methods of control and eradication discussed.", "PMID": 566195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6932", "title": "Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in lactate dehydrogenase under high hydrostatic pressure.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase from rabbit skeletal muscle in the presence of substrate exhibits irreversible deactivation at hydrostatic pressures beyond 1 kbar [Schmid, G., L\u00fcdemann, H.-D. & Jaenicke, R. (1975) Biophys. Chem. 3, 90-98]. In the absence of substrate and coenzyme the lability towards pressure is enhanced. The pH dependence of the effect and its inhibition by SH-protecting agents suggest the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups to be involved in the mechanism of deactivation. Partial deactivation observed at pH 5.5-7.0 becomes complete in the range of the intrinsic pK of cysteine; addition of dithiothreitol and/or EDTA protects the enzyme from complete deactivation, and leads to the residual enzymatic activity observed at pH 7.0. Incubation of the enzyme with dithiothreitol after pressure deactivation at pH 8.5 causes partial reactivation. From pressure-dependent measurements of the kinetics of deactivation an activation volume of deltaVnot equal to = -285 +/- 30 cm3 . mol-1 is calculated, which exceeds numerical data reported for typical reactions in organic chemistry. Therefore, the assumption can be made that the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups is connected with structural changes in the enzyme in the rate-determining step of the deactivation. The proposed mechanism may contribute to the toxicity of oxygen towards bacteria under high hydrostatic pressure.", "contents": "Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in lactate dehydrogenase under high hydrostatic pressure. Lactate dehydrogenase from rabbit skeletal muscle in the presence of substrate exhibits irreversible deactivation at hydrostatic pressures beyond 1 kbar [Schmid, G., L\u00fcdemann, H.-D. & Jaenicke, R. (1975) Biophys. Chem. 3, 90-98]. In the absence of substrate and coenzyme the lability towards pressure is enhanced. The pH dependence of the effect and its inhibition by SH-protecting agents suggest the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups to be involved in the mechanism of deactivation. Partial deactivation observed at pH 5.5-7.0 becomes complete in the range of the intrinsic pK of cysteine; addition of dithiothreitol and/or EDTA protects the enzyme from complete deactivation, and leads to the residual enzymatic activity observed at pH 7.0. Incubation of the enzyme with dithiothreitol after pressure deactivation at pH 8.5 causes partial reactivation. From pressure-dependent measurements of the kinetics of deactivation an activation volume of deltaVnot equal to = -285 +/- 30 cm3 . mol-1 is calculated, which exceeds numerical data reported for typical reactions in organic chemistry. Therefore, the assumption can be made that the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups is connected with structural changes in the enzyme in the rate-determining step of the deactivation. The proposed mechanism may contribute to the toxicity of oxygen towards bacteria under high hydrostatic pressure.", "PMID": 566197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6933", "title": "Metabolic stability of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The rRNA genes of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum are located on free, linear DNA molecules of a discrete size, Mr=38X10(6). Using an isotope dilution technique we have examined the metabolic stability of these extrachromosomal genes during active, balanced growth. Microplasmodia, prelabelled with [3H]thymidine, were used to prepare synchronous surface plasmodial cultures which were subsequently grown on unlabelled medium. The gross synthesis of ribosomal DNA was then determined over three consecutive mitotic divisions from the ratio of 3H to 14C in a hybrid formed between the extracted ribosomal [3H]DNA and a [14C]rRNA probe. It was found that ribosomal DNA, like chromosomal DNA, is completely stable during active growth.", "contents": "Metabolic stability of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The rRNA genes of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum are located on free, linear DNA molecules of a discrete size, Mr=38X10(6). Using an isotope dilution technique we have examined the metabolic stability of these extrachromosomal genes during active, balanced growth. Microplasmodia, prelabelled with [3H]thymidine, were used to prepare synchronous surface plasmodial cultures which were subsequently grown on unlabelled medium. The gross synthesis of ribosomal DNA was then determined over three consecutive mitotic divisions from the ratio of 3H to 14C in a hybrid formed between the extracted ribosomal [3H]DNA and a [14C]rRNA probe. It was found that ribosomal DNA, like chromosomal DNA, is completely stable during active growth.", "PMID": 566198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6934", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Physarum polycephalum. Properties of the major cytoplasmic activity in exponentially growing microplasmodia.", "content": "DNA polymerase was purified 1000-fold from the cytoplasm of microplasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. The activity was found in two forms exhibiting molecular weights of 204000 and 116000 respectively. Both forms eluted together from DNA-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex columns. The Stokes radii were 6.5 and 5.5 nm. The sedimentation coefficients were 7.6 and 5.2 S. The frictional ratios of 1.69 suggest a highly hydrated and/or an asymmetric structure of the molecule. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide (60% inhibition by 1 mM). Unlike DNA polymerase alpha from mammalian cells the Physarum enzyme was stimulated by 30 mM NaCl. Activated DNA was the preferred template. Poly(A) . (DT)12 was not accepted. The Km value for deoxynucleoside triphosphates was 3 micron, for activated DNA 50 microgram/ml and for Mg2+ at the optimum [k+] of 150 mM about 0.6 mM.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Physarum polycephalum. Properties of the major cytoplasmic activity in exponentially growing microplasmodia. DNA polymerase was purified 1000-fold from the cytoplasm of microplasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. The activity was found in two forms exhibiting molecular weights of 204000 and 116000 respectively. Both forms eluted together from DNA-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex columns. The Stokes radii were 6.5 and 5.5 nm. The sedimentation coefficients were 7.6 and 5.2 S. The frictional ratios of 1.69 suggest a highly hydrated and/or an asymmetric structure of the molecule. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide (60% inhibition by 1 mM). Unlike DNA polymerase alpha from mammalian cells the Physarum enzyme was stimulated by 30 mM NaCl. Activated DNA was the preferred template. Poly(A) . (DT)12 was not accepted. The Km value for deoxynucleoside triphosphates was 3 micron, for activated DNA 50 microgram/ml and for Mg2+ at the optimum [k+] of 150 mM about 0.6 mM.", "PMID": 566199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6935", "title": "Polypeptide synthesis in toluene-treated lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin P, and other mammalian cells were rendered permeable to macromolecules such as poly(U) and proteins, by treatment with a low concentration of toluene. Under this condition, poly(U) translation was more efficient in the permeabilized cells than in 10000 X g extracts. Such a process occurs inside the treated cells as demonstrated by the fact that [14C]uridine-labelled ribosomes remain associated with the toluene-treated lymphocytes even after incubation at 37 degrees C. A nuclease from Staphylococcus aureus was able to penetrate the permeabilized cells and to break the polysome-bound endogenous messenger RNA. However, the protein-synthesizing machinery inside the toluene-treated lymphocytes was unaffected by the nuclease, as demonstrated by the unimpairment of polyphenylalanine synthesis when poly(U) was added after the preincubation with the enzyme. These results suggest that the toluene treatment can be considered as an important tool for the study of the synthesis of macromolecules and its regulation in eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Polypeptide synthesis in toluene-treated lymphocytes. Normal human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin P, and other mammalian cells were rendered permeable to macromolecules such as poly(U) and proteins, by treatment with a low concentration of toluene. Under this condition, poly(U) translation was more efficient in the permeabilized cells than in 10000 X g extracts. Such a process occurs inside the treated cells as demonstrated by the fact that [14C]uridine-labelled ribosomes remain associated with the toluene-treated lymphocytes even after incubation at 37 degrees C. A nuclease from Staphylococcus aureus was able to penetrate the permeabilized cells and to break the polysome-bound endogenous messenger RNA. However, the protein-synthesizing machinery inside the toluene-treated lymphocytes was unaffected by the nuclease, as demonstrated by the unimpairment of polyphenylalanine synthesis when poly(U) was added after the preincubation with the enzyme. These results suggest that the toluene treatment can be considered as an important tool for the study of the synthesis of macromolecules and its regulation in eukaryotic cells.", "PMID": 566200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6936", "title": "Anesthesia of the rabbit.", "content": "The authors evaluate the results of 150 anesthesias of rabbits in experimental surgery employing various operations. The use of Alfathesin leads to rapid and deep anesthesia with awakening occurring in very good conditions. The technique isparticularly recommended for short operations. Satisfactory cardiovascular and respiratory conditions can be maintained by tracheal intubation together with artificial ventilation, which allows for long and difficult surgical procedures.", "contents": "Anesthesia of the rabbit. The authors evaluate the results of 150 anesthesias of rabbits in experimental surgery employing various operations. The use of Alfathesin leads to rapid and deep anesthesia with awakening occurring in very good conditions. The technique isparticularly recommended for short operations. Satisfactory cardiovascular and respiratory conditions can be maintained by tracheal intubation together with artificial ventilation, which allows for long and difficult surgical procedures.", "PMID": 566201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6937", "title": "Second Congress of the European Association of Urology Lymphadenectomy in Urological Cancer. Report of a round table discussion.", "content": "This report on a round table which took place at the 2nd Congress of the EAU in Prague, concerns the indications and techniques of lymphadenectomy in tumours of the testis, prostate and bladder as well as cancers of the kidney, penis and upper urinary tract.", "contents": "Second Congress of the European Association of Urology Lymphadenectomy in Urological Cancer. Report of a round table discussion. This report on a round table which took place at the 2nd Congress of the EAU in Prague, concerns the indications and techniques of lymphadenectomy in tumours of the testis, prostate and bladder as well as cancers of the kidney, penis and upper urinary tract.", "PMID": 566202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6938", "title": "Metastasis of prostatic carcinoma in the epididymis.", "content": "A case of metastasis of a prostatic carcinoma in the epididymis is reported. The literature is reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Metastasis of prostatic carcinoma in the epididymis. A case of metastasis of a prostatic carcinoma in the epididymis is reported. The literature is reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 566203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6939", "title": "Intranigral kainic acid: evidence for nigral non-dopaminergic neurons controlling posture and behavior in a manner opposite to the dopaminergic ones.", "content": "The unilateral, intranigral administration of kainic acid (k.a.) produced a syndrome characterized by early sequelae of contra- and ipsilateral circling and by a chronic contralateral turning associated with moderate loss of neurons in the pars reticulata. The acute contralateral circling seems to be related to dopaminergic nigro-neostriatal neuron stimulation, since it was prevented by previous intranigral injections of 6-OHDA. The acute ipsilateral circling and the chronic contralateral turning, on the other hand, seem to be independent of the integrity of the dopaminergic system and may be due to an initial stimulation, followed by destruction, of a nigral neuronal system which mediates turning behavior in a manner opposite to that of nigro-striatal dopamine. Treatment with D-amphetamine or apomorphine changed the contralateral into ipsilateral turning, while haloperidol potentiated the contralateral turning. Bilateral injection of k.a. into the nigra resulted in chronic stereotyped sniffing and gnawing, which were not inhibited by haloperidol. Moreover, haloperidol did not produce catalepsy in these animals. It is suggested that the intranigral k.a. injection destroyed a neuronal system antagonistic to dopamine and resulted in a reduction of the response to DA-receptor stimulation of the c. striatum.", "contents": "Intranigral kainic acid: evidence for nigral non-dopaminergic neurons controlling posture and behavior in a manner opposite to the dopaminergic ones. The unilateral, intranigral administration of kainic acid (k.a.) produced a syndrome characterized by early sequelae of contra- and ipsilateral circling and by a chronic contralateral turning associated with moderate loss of neurons in the pars reticulata. The acute contralateral circling seems to be related to dopaminergic nigro-neostriatal neuron stimulation, since it was prevented by previous intranigral injections of 6-OHDA. The acute ipsilateral circling and the chronic contralateral turning, on the other hand, seem to be independent of the integrity of the dopaminergic system and may be due to an initial stimulation, followed by destruction, of a nigral neuronal system which mediates turning behavior in a manner opposite to that of nigro-striatal dopamine. Treatment with D-amphetamine or apomorphine changed the contralateral into ipsilateral turning, while haloperidol potentiated the contralateral turning. Bilateral injection of k.a. into the nigra resulted in chronic stereotyped sniffing and gnawing, which were not inhibited by haloperidol. Moreover, haloperidol did not produce catalepsy in these animals. It is suggested that the intranigral k.a. injection destroyed a neuronal system antagonistic to dopamine and resulted in a reduction of the response to DA-receptor stimulation of the c. striatum.", "PMID": 566206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6940", "title": "3H-thymidine incorporation (DNA synthesis) and radiotoxicity in the ovary of the Japanese quail before and during follicle formation.", "content": "No evidence was found for ribosomal DNA amplification in the oocytes of the Japanese quail, before or during folliculogenesis. DNA synthesis in the somatic cells, involved in follicle formation, starts at the medullar side of the basement membrane. The localized sterilization of the quail ovary after administration of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) seems to be due to radiation-induced lesions in the follicle forming somatic cells, rather than to direct radiation damage of the oocyte.", "contents": "3H-thymidine incorporation (DNA synthesis) and radiotoxicity in the ovary of the Japanese quail before and during follicle formation. No evidence was found for ribosomal DNA amplification in the oocytes of the Japanese quail, before or during folliculogenesis. DNA synthesis in the somatic cells, involved in follicle formation, starts at the medullar side of the basement membrane. The localized sterilization of the quail ovary after administration of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) seems to be due to radiation-induced lesions in the follicle forming somatic cells, rather than to direct radiation damage of the oocyte.", "PMID": 566214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6941", "title": "Platelet aggregation following electrical stimulation.", "content": "It was demonstrated that the previous in vitro electrical stimulation of human and rat platelet-rich plasma does not modify the subsequent response of platelets to the aggregating activity of ADP, thrombin, thrombofax or adrenaline. This is interesting in view of the fact that the electrical stimulation can induce clot retraction.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation following electrical stimulation. It was demonstrated that the previous in vitro electrical stimulation of human and rat platelet-rich plasma does not modify the subsequent response of platelets to the aggregating activity of ADP, thrombin, thrombofax or adrenaline. This is interesting in view of the fact that the electrical stimulation can induce clot retraction.", "PMID": 566215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6942", "title": "Immunomodulating effects in vitro of a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole in the absence of mitogenicity.", "content": "Wy-13, 876, a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole, enhanced in vitro antibody formation by mouse spleen cells immunized with sheep red blood cells. The optimal dose was 25--50 microgram/culture. The compound did not have a mitogenic effect at any dose.", "contents": "Immunomodulating effects in vitro of a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole in the absence of mitogenicity. Wy-13, 876, a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole, enhanced in vitro antibody formation by mouse spleen cells immunized with sheep red blood cells. The optimal dose was 25--50 microgram/culture. The compound did not have a mitogenic effect at any dose.", "PMID": 566216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6943", "title": "Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique.", "content": "Recent speculation concerning the relationship of dietary fat and cancer causation is challenged. Correlations between increase in per capita dietary fat intake and cancer mortality over a 60-year period show significant positive correlations for total fat and vegetable fat, and negative or no correlation for animal fat. The significant positive correlation for vegetable fat could not always be explained by the effects of total unsaturated components; individual unsaturated components, such as oleic or linoleic fatty acids; or the saturated component; but could be explained by the trans fatty acid component.", "contents": "Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique. Recent speculation concerning the relationship of dietary fat and cancer causation is challenged. Correlations between increase in per capita dietary fat intake and cancer mortality over a 60-year period show significant positive correlations for total fat and vegetable fat, and negative or no correlation for animal fat. The significant positive correlation for vegetable fat could not always be explained by the effects of total unsaturated components; individual unsaturated components, such as oleic or linoleic fatty acids; or the saturated component; but could be explained by the trans fatty acid component.", "PMID": 566221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6944", "title": "[Effect of chronic morphine administration on the \"reward\" system in rats].", "content": "The influence of morphine on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats was studied, The drug was injected in stepwise increasing doses from 20 to 60 and 120 mg/kg per injection. A total of 30 injections were performed in 15 days. Initial doses of every new drug injection period exerted predominantly a suppressive action upon self-stimulation, while additional injections resulted in a stable and clearcut activation of the central mechanisms mediating \"rewards\".", "contents": "[Effect of chronic morphine administration on the \"reward\" system in rats]. The influence of morphine on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats was studied, The drug was injected in stepwise increasing doses from 20 to 60 and 120 mg/kg per injection. A total of 30 injections were performed in 15 days. Initial doses of every new drug injection period exerted predominantly a suppressive action upon self-stimulation, while additional injections resulted in a stable and clearcut activation of the central mechanisms mediating \"rewards\".", "PMID": 566217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6945", "title": "Normalization of visual fields following bromocriptine treatment in hyperprolactinemic patients with visual field constriction.", "content": "Two patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea and bilateral visual field defects were studied. Routine radiologic examination of each patient revealed a normal sella turcica and no demineralization of the posterior clinoid process. Serum prolactin levels were elevated (patient V. G., 80 ng/ml; patient S. R., 204 ng/ml). Within 2 months of bromocriptine therapy, the serum prolactin levels were normal (patient V. G., 12.21 ng/ml; patient S. R., 8.25 ng/ml) and the bilateral visual field defects were corrected. Bromocriptine has been shown to control prolactin secretion in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. Normalization of restricted visual fields following bromocriptine therapy indicates the possibility of an anatomical regression of pituitary hyperplasia or an underlying prolactin-producing microadenoma. It is speculated that the modality of functional galactorrhea reflects hyperplasia of the lactotrophs preceding a nodular and ultimately an adenomatous change. The continuous and prolonged administration of bromocriptine may prevent such a progressive sequence. Further experience is required to validate this possibility.", "contents": "Normalization of visual fields following bromocriptine treatment in hyperprolactinemic patients with visual field constriction. Two patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea and bilateral visual field defects were studied. Routine radiologic examination of each patient revealed a normal sella turcica and no demineralization of the posterior clinoid process. Serum prolactin levels were elevated (patient V. G., 80 ng/ml; patient S. R., 204 ng/ml). Within 2 months of bromocriptine therapy, the serum prolactin levels were normal (patient V. G., 12.21 ng/ml; patient S. R., 8.25 ng/ml) and the bilateral visual field defects were corrected. Bromocriptine has been shown to control prolactin secretion in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. Normalization of restricted visual fields following bromocriptine therapy indicates the possibility of an anatomical regression of pituitary hyperplasia or an underlying prolactin-producing microadenoma. It is speculated that the modality of functional galactorrhea reflects hyperplasia of the lactotrophs preceding a nodular and ultimately an adenomatous change. The continuous and prolonged administration of bromocriptine may prevent such a progressive sequence. Further experience is required to validate this possibility.", "PMID": 566222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6946", "title": "[Character of baroreceptor reflexes during emotional stress in awake animals].", "content": "The baroreflectory bradycardia in the cat was inhibited during emotional tension leading to hypertensive reaction. The emotional tension caused a hypotensive reaction after extirpation of sino-carotid and aortic nerves. After recovery of the baroreceptor reflexes, the amplitude and duration of this reaction decreased and hypertensive reaction followed. One of the mechanisms of the hypertension during emotional stress seems to involve the inhibition of the baroreceptor reflexes.", "contents": "[Character of baroreceptor reflexes during emotional stress in awake animals]. The baroreflectory bradycardia in the cat was inhibited during emotional tension leading to hypertensive reaction. The emotional tension caused a hypotensive reaction after extirpation of sino-carotid and aortic nerves. After recovery of the baroreceptor reflexes, the amplitude and duration of this reaction decreased and hypertensive reaction followed. One of the mechanisms of the hypertension during emotional stress seems to involve the inhibition of the baroreceptor reflexes.", "PMID": 566223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6947", "title": "General features of steroid resistance on lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Some general features of dexamethasone resistance in five murine lymphoid cell lines were investigated. To obtain large numbers of dexamethasone-resistant (Dexr) variants, a technique was developed by which mouse lymphoid cell lines can be grown with high efficiency on the surface of agar plates without a feeder layer. A total of 271 Dexr variants were investigated, and 90% of them turned out to lack detectable steroid receptor whereas 10% have receptor with, in most cases, a normal affinity for the steroid hormone. Most of this latter class of variants, however, have reduced amounts of receptor and the receptor of all of them displayed altered nuclear binding characteristics. None of the five investigated lymphoid cell lines yielded a Dexr variant with a normal receptor. These results confirm the idea that the high incidence of receptor variant may be due, at least in part, to the haploid state of a gene coding for the receptors. In cell fusion experiments it could be shown that Dexs is dominant over Dexr, but that a Dexr a-lele in a tetraploid cell can lead to an increased frequency of steroid resistance.", "contents": "General features of steroid resistance on lymphoid cell lines. Some general features of dexamethasone resistance in five murine lymphoid cell lines were investigated. To obtain large numbers of dexamethasone-resistant (Dexr) variants, a technique was developed by which mouse lymphoid cell lines can be grown with high efficiency on the surface of agar plates without a feeder layer. A total of 271 Dexr variants were investigated, and 90% of them turned out to lack detectable steroid receptor whereas 10% have receptor with, in most cases, a normal affinity for the steroid hormone. Most of this latter class of variants, however, have reduced amounts of receptor and the receptor of all of them displayed altered nuclear binding characteristics. None of the five investigated lymphoid cell lines yielded a Dexr variant with a normal receptor. These results confirm the idea that the high incidence of receptor variant may be due, at least in part, to the haploid state of a gene coding for the receptors. In cell fusion experiments it could be shown that Dexs is dominant over Dexr, but that a Dexr a-lele in a tetraploid cell can lead to an increased frequency of steroid resistance.", "PMID": 566227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6948", "title": "Spontaneous pup-killing by mice in response to large litters.", "content": "Primiparous lactating nice mice whose young were removed on the day of parturition were presented with foster litters of either 12 or 16 day-old young. The adults spontaneously killed young during Day 3-7 of the lactation period, killing more in the 16-pup than in the 12-pup litter. The lactating animal appeared to select the young to be killed on the basis of body weight. It killed significantly more young that were in the bottom half than in the top half of the weight range for its particular litter.", "contents": "Spontaneous pup-killing by mice in response to large litters. Primiparous lactating nice mice whose young were removed on the day of parturition were presented with foster litters of either 12 or 16 day-old young. The adults spontaneously killed young during Day 3-7 of the lactation period, killing more in the 16-pup than in the 12-pup litter. The lactating animal appeared to select the young to be killed on the basis of body weight. It killed significantly more young that were in the bottom half than in the top half of the weight range for its particular litter.", "PMID": 566230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6949", "title": "Effects of undernutrition and litter size on material variables and pup development.", "content": "Differential effects of maternal nutrition and litter size variation were examined in a 2 x 2 factorial design in which undernourished or lib fed mothers nursed litters of 4 or 12. Litter size accounted for a greater proportion of pup body weight a weaning than did maternal nutrition. When the mother was fed ad lib, birth weight of individual pups and later body weight were correlated regardless of litter size. When the mother was undernourished, these correlations were not found. Enlargement of littersize increased the pup weight coefficient of variability only when the mother was fed ad lib. Size of the litter did not influence the maternal variables under study: open field behavior, adrenal weight, and body weight.", "contents": "Effects of undernutrition and litter size on material variables and pup development. Differential effects of maternal nutrition and litter size variation were examined in a 2 x 2 factorial design in which undernourished or lib fed mothers nursed litters of 4 or 12. Litter size accounted for a greater proportion of pup body weight a weaning than did maternal nutrition. When the mother was fed ad lib, birth weight of individual pups and later body weight were correlated regardless of litter size. When the mother was undernourished, these correlations were not found. Enlargement of littersize increased the pup weight coefficient of variability only when the mother was fed ad lib. Size of the litter did not influence the maternal variables under study: open field behavior, adrenal weight, and body weight.", "PMID": 566231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6950", "title": "Proinsulin and A-component antibodies in diabetics after long-term monocomponent insulin treatment.", "content": "In newly diagnosed diabetics treated with Monotard (porcine monocomponent (MC) Lente insulin) for five years, no antibodies against porcine or bovine proinsulin were observed, but 2 of 13 subjects developed a-component antibodies. In newly diagnosed diabetics, treatment for the same period with conventional Lente insulin induced both proinsulin and a-component antibodies (in 5 and 8 of 10 cases, respectively). In 31 patients transferred from conventional Lente to Monotard, proinsulin and a-component antibody levels were significantly lower than in 22 patients maintained on conventional Lente after the 5-year follow-up period. No significant differences were noted between bovine and procine proinsulin antibodies. Insulin antibody production was similar to that of proinsulin antibody.", "contents": "Proinsulin and A-component antibodies in diabetics after long-term monocomponent insulin treatment. In newly diagnosed diabetics treated with Monotard (porcine monocomponent (MC) Lente insulin) for five years, no antibodies against porcine or bovine proinsulin were observed, but 2 of 13 subjects developed a-component antibodies. In newly diagnosed diabetics, treatment for the same period with conventional Lente insulin induced both proinsulin and a-component antibodies (in 5 and 8 of 10 cases, respectively). In 31 patients transferred from conventional Lente to Monotard, proinsulin and a-component antibody levels were significantly lower than in 22 patients maintained on conventional Lente after the 5-year follow-up period. No significant differences were noted between bovine and procine proinsulin antibodies. Insulin antibody production was similar to that of proinsulin antibody.", "PMID": 566232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6951", "title": "Lipogenesis in situ in the genetically obese Zucker fatty rat (fa/fa): role of hyperphagia and hyperinsulinaemia.", "content": "In situ fatty acid synthesis has been measured with 3H2O in anaesthetised lean and obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. The accumulation of fatty acids was increased in both the liver and adipose tissue of young fa/fa rats as a result of both an increased rate of lipogenesis and an increase in tissue mass. Whereas total hepatic lipogenesis increased with age, total adipose tissue lipogenesis decreased in older fa/fa rats. Experiments with hepatectomized rats showed that the liver was the major site of the excess fatty acid synthesis in fa/fa rats. The enhanced rate of lipogenesis in fa/fa rats was abolished by either pair-feeding or streptozotocin treatment. The results suggest that the increased fatty acid synthesis in fa/fa rats is secondary to the hyperphagia, hyperinsulinaemia, and increased mass of hepatic and adipose tissues.", "contents": "Lipogenesis in situ in the genetically obese Zucker fatty rat (fa/fa): role of hyperphagia and hyperinsulinaemia. In situ fatty acid synthesis has been measured with 3H2O in anaesthetised lean and obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. The accumulation of fatty acids was increased in both the liver and adipose tissue of young fa/fa rats as a result of both an increased rate of lipogenesis and an increase in tissue mass. Whereas total hepatic lipogenesis increased with age, total adipose tissue lipogenesis decreased in older fa/fa rats. Experiments with hepatectomized rats showed that the liver was the major site of the excess fatty acid synthesis in fa/fa rats. The enhanced rate of lipogenesis in fa/fa rats was abolished by either pair-feeding or streptozotocin treatment. The results suggest that the increased fatty acid synthesis in fa/fa rats is secondary to the hyperphagia, hyperinsulinaemia, and increased mass of hepatic and adipose tissues.", "PMID": 566233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6952", "title": "[Concentrations of IgM and IgA in the umbilical cord blood of 400 newborn infants: possible significance and correlations with prenatal infections (preliminary note)].", "content": "IgM and IgA dosed in cord sera of 400 infants. IgM are present in all samples; 16.25% of them show levels 25 mg/100 cm3. IgA are present in 5.75%, but only 2.25% show levels 6 mg/100 cm3. Our controls have confirmed they depend on maternal blood contamination. Correlations between IgM and IgA levels and perinatal infections are considered. Further studies are required to determine the presumptive nature of infectious agents.", "contents": "[Concentrations of IgM and IgA in the umbilical cord blood of 400 newborn infants: possible significance and correlations with prenatal infections (preliminary note)]. IgM and IgA dosed in cord sera of 400 infants. IgM are present in all samples; 16.25% of them show levels 25 mg/100 cm3. IgA are present in 5.75%, but only 2.25% show levels 6 mg/100 cm3. Our controls have confirmed they depend on maternal blood contamination. Correlations between IgM and IgA levels and perinatal infections are considered. Further studies are required to determine the presumptive nature of infectious agents.", "PMID": 566234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6953", "title": "Unreliability of chromogenic substrates for assay of the clotting activity of thrombin.", "content": "The rapid loss in clotting activity of commercially available thrombins during storage is not reflected by their activity as measured by synthetic chromogenic substrates. It is suggested that conformational changes occurring during storage can affect the binding sites of thrombin for fibrinogen, whereas small synthetic substrates are incapable of monitoring these changes.", "contents": "Unreliability of chromogenic substrates for assay of the clotting activity of thrombin. The rapid loss in clotting activity of commercially available thrombins during storage is not reflected by their activity as measured by synthetic chromogenic substrates. It is suggested that conformational changes occurring during storage can affect the binding sites of thrombin for fibrinogen, whereas small synthetic substrates are incapable of monitoring these changes.", "PMID": 566247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6954", "title": "Microheterogeneity in thrombin standards.", "content": "Potency estimations of thrombin have been performed using clotting and synthetic substrates in parallel assays. The International Standard and the Nordic Standard of thrombin have both been used as references. Divergencies in estimated unitage necessitated a study on possible heterogeneities in the standard preparations presented in this paper.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity in thrombin standards. Potency estimations of thrombin have been performed using clotting and synthetic substrates in parallel assays. The International Standard and the Nordic Standard of thrombin have both been used as references. Divergencies in estimated unitage necessitated a study on possible heterogeneities in the standard preparations presented in this paper.", "PMID": 566248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6955", "title": "[Physical dependence liability test of ifenprodil in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "A single administration of ifenprodil at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.), and 50 and 100 mg/kg (i.m.) produced a moderate CNS depression in rats, such as, sedation, ptosis, systemic muscle relaxation and decrease in motor activity. These symptoms appeared dose-dependently and persisted for about 4 hours following administration. In a direct physical dependence test, 5 groups of rats were fed the ifenprodil-admixed food together with drinking water ad libitum for 24 hours daily for 53 approximately 103 days (mean ifenprodil intake, 43--240 mg/kg/day), on the gradedly increased dosage schedule with a dosage level of 0.5 vs. 1 mg/g food to 4 mg/g food. In the natural withdrawal following administration, no significant withdrawal signs were observed in any group. In a substitution test either for phenobarbital or morphine, no suppression of withdrawal signs during the period of cross-administration of ifenprodil and no maintenance of dependence were observed. In a physical dependence-producing test, the rats fed ifenprodil never manifested withdrawal signs such as diarrhea, \"wet shakes\", sudden loss of body weight as in the levallorphan precipitation test. Ifenprodil apparently has no physical dependence liability.", "contents": "[Physical dependence liability test of ifenprodil in rats (author's transl)]. A single administration of ifenprodil at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.), and 50 and 100 mg/kg (i.m.) produced a moderate CNS depression in rats, such as, sedation, ptosis, systemic muscle relaxation and decrease in motor activity. These symptoms appeared dose-dependently and persisted for about 4 hours following administration. In a direct physical dependence test, 5 groups of rats were fed the ifenprodil-admixed food together with drinking water ad libitum for 24 hours daily for 53 approximately 103 days (mean ifenprodil intake, 43--240 mg/kg/day), on the gradedly increased dosage schedule with a dosage level of 0.5 vs. 1 mg/g food to 4 mg/g food. In the natural withdrawal following administration, no significant withdrawal signs were observed in any group. In a substitution test either for phenobarbital or morphine, no suppression of withdrawal signs during the period of cross-administration of ifenprodil and no maintenance of dependence were observed. In a physical dependence-producing test, the rats fed ifenprodil never manifested withdrawal signs such as diarrhea, \"wet shakes\", sudden loss of body weight as in the levallorphan precipitation test. Ifenprodil apparently has no physical dependence liability.", "PMID": 566249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6956", "title": "Stress-induced depression model in female rats--biochemical and histochemical investigation of brain monoamines.", "content": "Forced running stress induced a prolonged inactive state with the abolition of hormone-dependent cyclic behavior in some female rats which had already recovered from physical exhaustion. The state could be regarded as a \"depression model\" in these animals. In the biochemical study, norepinephrine in the hypothalamus was found to be significantly lowered in these animals. In the histochemical study, an increase of fluroescence intensity in nerve cell groups of the ascending norepinephrine system and a decrease of fluorescence intensity in nerve cells and terminals of the tubero-infundibular dopamine system were found in these animals. These findings were also seen in the rats which were examined immediately after the stress, but not in the rats which recovered their spontaneous and cyclic running activity in several weeks after the stress. These results suggest that changes of monoamine metabolism in the brain which is induced by the stress remains unrestored for a long time in the \"depression model rats\".", "contents": "Stress-induced depression model in female rats--biochemical and histochemical investigation of brain monoamines. Forced running stress induced a prolonged inactive state with the abolition of hormone-dependent cyclic behavior in some female rats which had already recovered from physical exhaustion. The state could be regarded as a \"depression model\" in these animals. In the biochemical study, norepinephrine in the hypothalamus was found to be significantly lowered in these animals. In the histochemical study, an increase of fluroescence intensity in nerve cell groups of the ascending norepinephrine system and a decrease of fluorescence intensity in nerve cells and terminals of the tubero-infundibular dopamine system were found in these animals. These findings were also seen in the rats which were examined immediately after the stress, but not in the rats which recovered their spontaneous and cyclic running activity in several weeks after the stress. These results suggest that changes of monoamine metabolism in the brain which is induced by the stress remains unrestored for a long time in the \"depression model rats\".", "PMID": 566250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6957", "title": "Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement therapy upon the sexual and aggressive behavior of the greater galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus).", "content": "The effects of ovariectomy and estradiol treatment upon sexual and aggressive behavior were studied in a prosimian primate, the greater galago. Ovariectomized galagos were sexually unreceptive and frequently aggressive, but retained their sexual attractiveness to males. When females were treated with estradiol monobenzoate, however, their aggression and refusals of males' mounting attempts decreased markedly. Although males mounted these females, they usually failed to copulate, possibly because the females did not perform certain postural adjustments which assist males to intromit. Estradiol benzoate alone, even in large does, does not fully restore patterns of mating behavior in ovariectomized female greater galagos. These observations on a prosimian primate are in striking contrast to the results of similar work on Old World monkeys and chimpanzees.", "contents": "Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement therapy upon the sexual and aggressive behavior of the greater galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus). The effects of ovariectomy and estradiol treatment upon sexual and aggressive behavior were studied in a prosimian primate, the greater galago. Ovariectomized galagos were sexually unreceptive and frequently aggressive, but retained their sexual attractiveness to males. When females were treated with estradiol monobenzoate, however, their aggression and refusals of males' mounting attempts decreased markedly. Although males mounted these females, they usually failed to copulate, possibly because the females did not perform certain postural adjustments which assist males to intromit. Estradiol benzoate alone, even in large does, does not fully restore patterns of mating behavior in ovariectomized female greater galagos. These observations on a prosimian primate are in striking contrast to the results of similar work on Old World monkeys and chimpanzees.", "PMID": 566251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6958", "title": "Diagnosis of twin zygosity by mailed questionnaire.", "content": "A deterministic questionnaire method for zygosity determination is developed for use in epidemiological studies of adult twins. It is based on the answers of both members of a twin pair to two questions on similarity and confusion in childhood. The algorithm of the method is used to determine the zygosity status of a twin pair at two different levels of certainty. The validity of the method is tested by making blood marker determinations of 11 polymorphic marker systems fro a random sample of 104 twin pairs. The agreement between questionnaire and blood marker diagnosis was 100%, but the stricter level of certainty left 8.7% in the nonclassified group. The genetical representativeness of the sample is tested by the allele distribution of the markers as compared to the Finnish population data as well as by the distribution of the number of intra-pair differences in blood markers.", "contents": "Diagnosis of twin zygosity by mailed questionnaire. A deterministic questionnaire method for zygosity determination is developed for use in epidemiological studies of adult twins. It is based on the answers of both members of a twin pair to two questions on similarity and confusion in childhood. The algorithm of the method is used to determine the zygosity status of a twin pair at two different levels of certainty. The validity of the method is tested by making blood marker determinations of 11 polymorphic marker systems fro a random sample of 104 twin pairs. The agreement between questionnaire and blood marker diagnosis was 100%, but the stricter level of certainty left 8.7% in the nonclassified group. The genetical representativeness of the sample is tested by the allele distribution of the markers as compared to the Finnish population data as well as by the distribution of the number of intra-pair differences in blood markers.", "PMID": 566252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6959", "title": "Effect of dark-rearing on experimental myopia in monkeys.", "content": "When lids are surgically fused in rhesus monkeys before eye growth is completed, a high degree of myopia develops, which is caused by an elongation of the eye globe. The present study shows that in monkeys raised in the dark after monocular lid fusion, refraction and axial length were normal in both the closed and the open eye. Myopia, however, readily developed and the eye elongated when a monkey raised in the dark was transferred to illuminated quarters. These findings indicate that visual stimulation through the translucent lids was necessary for the development of this experimental ametropia.", "contents": "Effect of dark-rearing on experimental myopia in monkeys. When lids are surgically fused in rhesus monkeys before eye growth is completed, a high degree of myopia develops, which is caused by an elongation of the eye globe. The present study shows that in monkeys raised in the dark after monocular lid fusion, refraction and axial length were normal in both the closed and the open eye. Myopia, however, readily developed and the eye elongated when a monkey raised in the dark was transferred to illuminated quarters. These findings indicate that visual stimulation through the translucent lids was necessary for the development of this experimental ametropia.", "PMID": 566258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6960", "title": "The pineal gland does not control rod outer segment shedding and phagocytosis in the rat retina and pigment epithelium.", "content": "Diurnal patterns of retinal outer segment shedding and phagocytosis by the pigment epithelium were examined in pinealectomized, superior-cervical-ganglionectomized, and sham-operated rats. Phagocytosis was quantitatively similar in all groups. Sharp increases in the number of large phagosomes were observed soon after lights were turned on in the tree sets of animals. Pinealectomized animals kept in constant darkness over a 24 hr period also exhibited normal shedding patterns. Our results suggest that the pineal does not exert a major influence on the daily rhythms of shedding and phagocytosis observed in the retina-pigment epithelium unit.", "contents": "The pineal gland does not control rod outer segment shedding and phagocytosis in the rat retina and pigment epithelium. Diurnal patterns of retinal outer segment shedding and phagocytosis by the pigment epithelium were examined in pinealectomized, superior-cervical-ganglionectomized, and sham-operated rats. Phagocytosis was quantitatively similar in all groups. Sharp increases in the number of large phagosomes were observed soon after lights were turned on in the tree sets of animals. Pinealectomized animals kept in constant darkness over a 24 hr period also exhibited normal shedding patterns. Our results suggest that the pineal does not exert a major influence on the daily rhythms of shedding and phagocytosis observed in the retina-pigment epithelium unit.", "PMID": 566259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6961", "title": "The os penis of the rat. I. Phosphomonoesterases in its proximal growth cartilage.", "content": "The distribution of reaction for acid and alkaline phosphatases in the proximal cartilage of the os penis and the mandibular condylar cartilage has been compared. The distribution of acid phosphatase in the two structures seems to be identical, whereas the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in the os penis cartilage seems to differ from that in the mandibular condylar cartilage and, by this, from all other studied growth cartilages.", "contents": "The os penis of the rat. I. Phosphomonoesterases in its proximal growth cartilage. The distribution of reaction for acid and alkaline phosphatases in the proximal cartilage of the os penis and the mandibular condylar cartilage has been compared. The distribution of acid phosphatase in the two structures seems to be identical, whereas the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in the os penis cartilage seems to differ from that in the mandibular condylar cartilage and, by this, from all other studied growth cartilages.", "PMID": 566261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6962", "title": "Intravesical instillation of dilute formalin for treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in two dogs.", "content": "Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide therapy was diagnosed in 2 dogs. Clinical signs included pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria. The signs were progressive and referable to long-term oral cyclophosphamide administration. Dilute (1%) formalin was used to treat the hemorrhagic cystitis. Clinical control of hemorrhage was achieved in both cases, and hemorrhage did not recur.", "contents": "Intravesical instillation of dilute formalin for treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in two dogs. Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide therapy was diagnosed in 2 dogs. Clinical signs included pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria. The signs were progressive and referable to long-term oral cyclophosphamide administration. Dilute (1%) formalin was used to treat the hemorrhagic cystitis. Clinical control of hemorrhage was achieved in both cases, and hemorrhage did not recur.", "PMID": 566262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6963", "title": "Metabolites of Dactylaria lutea. The structures of dactylariol and the antiprotozoal antibiotic dactylarin.", "content": "The metabolites of the predacious fungus Dactylaria lutea ROUTIEN include the anthraquinone macrosporin (2) and three hydroxylated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivatives of this anthraquinone, altersolanol A (5), altersolanol B (4) and dactylariol (6). The structure and relative configuration of dactylariol are established from spectroscopic studies, and its absolute configuration is proposed as 1R, 2R, 3R by virtue of its co-occurrence with altersolanol B. Dactylarin, suggested by other authors to have the structure (1), is shown to be identical with altersolanol B (4).", "contents": "Metabolites of Dactylaria lutea. The structures of dactylariol and the antiprotozoal antibiotic dactylarin. The metabolites of the predacious fungus Dactylaria lutea ROUTIEN include the anthraquinone macrosporin (2) and three hydroxylated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivatives of this anthraquinone, altersolanol A (5), altersolanol B (4) and dactylariol (6). The structure and relative configuration of dactylariol are established from spectroscopic studies, and its absolute configuration is proposed as 1R, 2R, 3R by virtue of its co-occurrence with altersolanol B. Dactylarin, suggested by other authors to have the structure (1), is shown to be identical with altersolanol B (4).", "PMID": 566263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6964", "title": "Protease activity during cell differentiation of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Individual aggregates, migrating pseudoplasmodia, and sorocarps of Dictyostelium discoideum were assayed for proteolytic activities by colorimetric and fluorometric techniques. Cathepsin D-like and cathepsin B-like acid protease activities were found to decrease throughout development, but the patterns of decrease were different for the two enzymes. A gradual decrease was found for cathepsin D, whereas a sharp decrease between aggregates and migrating pseudoplasmodia was detected for cathepsin B. By using microdissection techniques and fluorometric assays for amino acids and peptides, prestalk cells and prespore cells exhibited no difference in cathepsin D activity, whereas cathepsin B activity was higher in the prestalk cells. Similarly, stalk cells and spores in the sorocarps showed no difference in cathepsin D activity, but showed a fivefold higher cathepsin B activity in the stalk cells. This finding suggests a possible role for cathepsin B in stalk cell differentiation.", "contents": "Protease activity during cell differentiation of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Individual aggregates, migrating pseudoplasmodia, and sorocarps of Dictyostelium discoideum were assayed for proteolytic activities by colorimetric and fluorometric techniques. Cathepsin D-like and cathepsin B-like acid protease activities were found to decrease throughout development, but the patterns of decrease were different for the two enzymes. A gradual decrease was found for cathepsin D, whereas a sharp decrease between aggregates and migrating pseudoplasmodia was detected for cathepsin B. By using microdissection techniques and fluorometric assays for amino acids and peptides, prestalk cells and prespore cells exhibited no difference in cathepsin D activity, whereas cathepsin B activity was higher in the prestalk cells. Similarly, stalk cells and spores in the sorocarps showed no difference in cathepsin D activity, but showed a fivefold higher cathepsin B activity in the stalk cells. This finding suggests a possible role for cathepsin B in stalk cell differentiation.", "PMID": 566265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6965", "title": "Inhibitory factor of microtubule assembly from sea urchin egg cortex. I. Preparation and characterization.", "content": "A new inhibitory factor of the microtubule (MT) assembly system was isolated from unfertilized sea urchin egg cortex. This factor not only suppressed spontaneous brain MT assembly, but also induced depolymerization of the reconstituted MTs. The factor did not suppress initial MT growth initiated by ciliary outer fiber fragments but the assembled MTs were soon depolymerized with time. The inhibitory activity was heat-stable but sensitive to trypsin or urea. The mode of the inhibition was distinct from the inhibitory effects of RNA on the MT assembly. The inhibitory factor partially purified on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 completely inhibited tubulin polymerization in a factor: tubulin ratio of 0.013.", "contents": "Inhibitory factor of microtubule assembly from sea urchin egg cortex. I. Preparation and characterization. A new inhibitory factor of the microtubule (MT) assembly system was isolated from unfertilized sea urchin egg cortex. This factor not only suppressed spontaneous brain MT assembly, but also induced depolymerization of the reconstituted MTs. The factor did not suppress initial MT growth initiated by ciliary outer fiber fragments but the assembled MTs were soon depolymerized with time. The inhibitory activity was heat-stable but sensitive to trypsin or urea. The mode of the inhibition was distinct from the inhibitory effects of RNA on the MT assembly. The inhibitory factor partially purified on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 completely inhibited tubulin polymerization in a factor: tubulin ratio of 0.013.", "PMID": 566266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6966", "title": "Inhibition of mouse myeloma DNA polymerase alpha by 5-triphosphates of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "This is the first report dealing with the effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate (araTTP), synthesized by a new method, on eukaryotic DNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.7]. AraTTP was tested for the inhibition of DNA synthesis in vitro using highly purified mouse myeloma DNA polymerase alpha in comparison with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate (araCTP). AraTTP was found to inhibit competitively the incorporation of [3H]dTTP into DNA and non-competitively the incorporation of [3H]dCTP, while the mode of the inhibition by araCTP was non-competitive with respect to dTTP and competitive with respect to dCTP. Neither araTTP nor araCTP was utilized as a substrate in place of dTTP or dCTP in DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha.", "contents": "Inhibition of mouse myeloma DNA polymerase alpha by 5-triphosphates of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. This is the first report dealing with the effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate (araTTP), synthesized by a new method, on eukaryotic DNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.7]. AraTTP was tested for the inhibition of DNA synthesis in vitro using highly purified mouse myeloma DNA polymerase alpha in comparison with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate (araCTP). AraTTP was found to inhibit competitively the incorporation of [3H]dTTP into DNA and non-competitively the incorporation of [3H]dCTP, while the mode of the inhibition by araCTP was non-competitive with respect to dTTP and competitive with respect to dCTP. Neither araTTP nor araCTP was utilized as a substrate in place of dTTP or dCTP in DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha.", "PMID": 566267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6967", "title": "Ionization and reactivities of the thiol groups which participate in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds of Bence Jones proteins and an Fab(t) fragment.", "content": "The pK values and reactivities of the thiol groups which participate in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds in Bence Jones proteins and the Fab(t) fragment of a myeloma protein (Jo) (IgGl, kappa) were determined by means of the reactions with chloroacetamide and DTNB, and of spectrophotometric titration. The two thiol groups of partially reduced type kappa Bence Jones protein dimers had the same pK values (pK = 9.76 at 0.2 ionic strength and 25 degrees C) and the same true second-order rate constants (k) toward chloroacetamide (k = 18.8 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1). The two thiol groups of partially reduced type lambda Bence Jones protein dimers had different pK values but the variation of the pK values among the specimens was small (pK1 = 8.5-8.6 and pK2 = 9.5-9.7 at 0.2 ionic strength and 25 degrees C). The spectrophotometric titration of partially reduced Nag protein (type lambda) also showed that the two thiol groups have different pK values. The pK values of two thiol groups of the partially reduced Fab(t) fragment were determined as 8.51 and 9.76 at 0.2 ionic strength and 25 degrees C. The effect of ionic strength on the pK values of the thiol groups of partially reduced Nag protein and the pK values of the thiol groups in partially reduced Ta protein (type kappa) and in a hybrid molecule formed between partially reduced Ta protein and partially reduced and alkylated H chains indicated that the difference in pK values did not arise from electrostatic interaction between the two thiol groups, but that the pK values are intrinsically different. The true rate constants, k1 and k2, of the two thiol groups of type lambda Bence Jones proteins varied with the specimen (k1 = 1.9-5.7 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1 and k2 = 18.5-25.0 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1). The k1 and k2 values for Jo-Fab(t) were 7.21 x 10(-2) and 23.1 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1, respectively. On the basis of these pK values and reactivities, we discuss the reformation of the interchain disulfide bonds from partially reduced Bence Jones proteins and immunoglobulins in the presence of oxidized glutathione.", "contents": "Ionization and reactivities of the thiol groups which participate in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds of Bence Jones proteins and an Fab(t) fragment. The pK values and reactivities of the thiol groups which participate in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds in Bence Jones proteins and the Fab(t) fragment of a myeloma protein (Jo) (IgGl, kappa) were determined by means of the reactions with chloroacetamide and DTNB, and of spectrophotometric titration. The two thiol groups of partially reduced type kappa Bence Jones protein dimers had the same pK values (pK = 9.76 at 0.2 ionic strength and 25 degrees C) and the same true second-order rate constants (k) toward chloroacetamide (k = 18.8 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1). The two thiol groups of partially reduced type lambda Bence Jones protein dimers had different pK values but the variation of the pK values among the specimens was small (pK1 = 8.5-8.6 and pK2 = 9.5-9.7 at 0.2 ionic strength and 25 degrees C). The spectrophotometric titration of partially reduced Nag protein (type lambda) also showed that the two thiol groups have different pK values. The pK values of two thiol groups of the partially reduced Fab(t) fragment were determined as 8.51 and 9.76 at 0.2 ionic strength and 25 degrees C. The effect of ionic strength on the pK values of the thiol groups of partially reduced Nag protein and the pK values of the thiol groups in partially reduced Ta protein (type kappa) and in a hybrid molecule formed between partially reduced Ta protein and partially reduced and alkylated H chains indicated that the difference in pK values did not arise from electrostatic interaction between the two thiol groups, but that the pK values are intrinsically different. The true rate constants, k1 and k2, of the two thiol groups of type lambda Bence Jones proteins varied with the specimen (k1 = 1.9-5.7 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1 and k2 = 18.5-25.0 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1). The k1 and k2 values for Jo-Fab(t) were 7.21 x 10(-2) and 23.1 x 10(-2) M-1 . S-1, respectively. On the basis of these pK values and reactivities, we discuss the reformation of the interchain disulfide bonds from partially reduced Bence Jones proteins and immunoglobulins in the presence of oxidized glutathione.", "PMID": 566268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6968", "title": "Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein from rat testis. Purification and characterization.", "content": "Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein has been purified to homogeneity from rat testes. The procedures utilized in the purification included acid precipitation, gel filtration, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The binding protein was purified approximately 12,000-fold, based on total soluble testicular protein. The protein is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 14,600, determined by information from gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The protein binds retinoic acid with high affinity; the apparent dissociation constant was determined by fluorometric titration to be 4.2 X 10(-9) M.", "contents": "Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein from rat testis. Purification and characterization. Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein has been purified to homogeneity from rat testes. The procedures utilized in the purification included acid precipitation, gel filtration, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The binding protein was purified approximately 12,000-fold, based on total soluble testicular protein. The protein is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 14,600, determined by information from gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The protein binds retinoic acid with high affinity; the apparent dissociation constant was determined by fluorometric titration to be 4.2 X 10(-9) M.", "PMID": 566269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6969", "title": "A study of rapid mitochondrial structural changes in vitro by spray-freeze-etching.", "content": "The spray-freeze-etching technique has been used to study energy-linked mitochondrial structural changes in rat liver mitochondria incubated in vitro. The technique involves spraying the suspension of mitochondria into liquid propane at -190 degrees C, and does not require the use of cryoprotectants or chemical fixatives. The results confirmed that freshly isolated mitochondria have a condensed matrix and that this expands at the expense of the outer compartment to give the orthodox configuration when the mitochondria are incubated in a K+ medium in the presence of substrate and phosphate. Addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) caused a rapid shrinkage of the matrix compartment, and the time-course and extent of this shrinkage has been measured quantitatively by coupling a rapid sampling device to the spray-freezing apparatus. These data show that for orthodox mitochondria the onset of phosphorylation is accompanied by a reduction of 30% in the matrix volume in 20's, and there is no evidence that the decrease in matrical volume affects the phosphorylation efficiency. These results suggest that natural ionophores in the mitochondrial inner membrane make it permeable enough to permit a rapid readjustment of matrix volume after the addition of ADP, and that the associated ion movement does not cause uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "A study of rapid mitochondrial structural changes in vitro by spray-freeze-etching. The spray-freeze-etching technique has been used to study energy-linked mitochondrial structural changes in rat liver mitochondria incubated in vitro. The technique involves spraying the suspension of mitochondria into liquid propane at -190 degrees C, and does not require the use of cryoprotectants or chemical fixatives. The results confirmed that freshly isolated mitochondria have a condensed matrix and that this expands at the expense of the outer compartment to give the orthodox configuration when the mitochondria are incubated in a K+ medium in the presence of substrate and phosphate. Addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) caused a rapid shrinkage of the matrix compartment, and the time-course and extent of this shrinkage has been measured quantitatively by coupling a rapid sampling device to the spray-freezing apparatus. These data show that for orthodox mitochondria the onset of phosphorylation is accompanied by a reduction of 30% in the matrix volume in 20's, and there is no evidence that the decrease in matrical volume affects the phosphorylation efficiency. These results suggest that natural ionophores in the mitochondrial inner membrane make it permeable enough to permit a rapid readjustment of matrix volume after the addition of ADP, and that the associated ion movement does not cause uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 566274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6970", "title": "Enrichment of spinal cord cell cultures with motoneurons.", "content": "Spinal cord cell cultures contain several types of neurons. Two methods are described for enriching such cultures with motoneurons (defined here simply as cholinergic cells that are capable of innervating muscle). In the first method, 7-day embryonic chick spinal cord neurons were separated according to size by 1 g velocity sedimentation. It is assumed that cholinergic motoneurons are among the largest cells present at this stage. The spinal cords were dissociated vigorously so that 95-98% of the cells in the initial suspension were isolated from one another. Cells in leading fractions (large cell fractions: LCFs) contain about seven times as much choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity per unit cytoplasm as do cells in trailing fractions (small cell fractions: SCFs). Muscle cultures seeded with LCFs develop 10-70 times as much CAT as cultures seeded with SCFs and six times as much CAT as cultures seeded with control (unfractionated) spinal cord cells. More than 20% of the large neurons in LCF-muscle cultures innervate nearby myotubes. In the second method, neurons were gently dissociated from 4-day embryonic spinal cords and maintained in vitro. This approach is based on earlier observations that cholinergic neurons are among the first cells to withdraw form the mitotic cycle in the developing chick embryo (Hamburger, V. 1948. J. Comp. Neurol. 88:221-283; and Levi-Montalcini, R. 1950. J. Morphol. 86:253-283). 4-Day spinal cord-muscle cultures develop three times as much CAT as do 7-day spinal cord-muscle plates, prepared in the same (gentle) manner. More than 50% of the relatively large 4-day neurons innervate nearby myotubes. Thus, both methods are useful first steps toward the complete isolation of motoneurons. Both methods should facilitate study of the development of cholinergic neurons and of nerve-muscle synapse formation.", "contents": "Enrichment of spinal cord cell cultures with motoneurons. Spinal cord cell cultures contain several types of neurons. Two methods are described for enriching such cultures with motoneurons (defined here simply as cholinergic cells that are capable of innervating muscle). In the first method, 7-day embryonic chick spinal cord neurons were separated according to size by 1 g velocity sedimentation. It is assumed that cholinergic motoneurons are among the largest cells present at this stage. The spinal cords were dissociated vigorously so that 95-98% of the cells in the initial suspension were isolated from one another. Cells in leading fractions (large cell fractions: LCFs) contain about seven times as much choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity per unit cytoplasm as do cells in trailing fractions (small cell fractions: SCFs). Muscle cultures seeded with LCFs develop 10-70 times as much CAT as cultures seeded with SCFs and six times as much CAT as cultures seeded with control (unfractionated) spinal cord cells. More than 20% of the large neurons in LCF-muscle cultures innervate nearby myotubes. In the second method, neurons were gently dissociated from 4-day embryonic spinal cords and maintained in vitro. This approach is based on earlier observations that cholinergic neurons are among the first cells to withdraw form the mitotic cycle in the developing chick embryo (Hamburger, V. 1948. J. Comp. Neurol. 88:221-283; and Levi-Montalcini, R. 1950. J. Morphol. 86:253-283). 4-Day spinal cord-muscle cultures develop three times as much CAT as do 7-day spinal cord-muscle plates, prepared in the same (gentle) manner. More than 50% of the relatively large 4-day neurons innervate nearby myotubes. Thus, both methods are useful first steps toward the complete isolation of motoneurons. Both methods should facilitate study of the development of cholinergic neurons and of nerve-muscle synapse formation.", "PMID": 566275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6971", "title": "Spontaneous mutation rate to thioguanine resistance is decreased in polyploid hamster cells.", "content": "The mutation rate to thioguanine resistance was 3.11 X 10(-6) in a near diploid V79 hamster cell line and 7.58 X 10(-8) in a near tetraploid derivative produced with colchicine. The specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase of the tetraploid line were greater than that of the diploid which suggests that twice the number of active X chromosomes were present in the tetraploid. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that spontaneous variants resistant to thioguanine arise through mutation and chromosomal segregation, as has been suggested for induced mutations in tetraploid hamster cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous mutation rate to thioguanine resistance is decreased in polyploid hamster cells. The mutation rate to thioguanine resistance was 3.11 X 10(-6) in a near diploid V79 hamster cell line and 7.58 X 10(-8) in a near tetraploid derivative produced with colchicine. The specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase of the tetraploid line were greater than that of the diploid which suggests that twice the number of active X chromosomes were present in the tetraploid. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that spontaneous variants resistant to thioguanine arise through mutation and chromosomal segregation, as has been suggested for induced mutations in tetraploid hamster cells.", "PMID": 566276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6972", "title": "Persistent lymphatic fistula. Unusual complication of femoro-femoral arterial bypass.", "content": "An unusual complication of persistent lymph fistula occurred three months postoperatively following axillo-femoral and femoro-femoral bypass graft. The lymphangiograms demonstrated the precise site of lymph extravasation. Multiple aspirations and local drainage were of no avail and it finally responded to prolonged continuous local pressure over the area of lymph extravasation.", "contents": "Persistent lymphatic fistula. Unusual complication of femoro-femoral arterial bypass. An unusual complication of persistent lymph fistula occurred three months postoperatively following axillo-femoral and femoro-femoral bypass graft. The lymphangiograms demonstrated the precise site of lymph extravasation. Multiple aspirations and local drainage were of no avail and it finally responded to prolonged continuous local pressure over the area of lymph extravasation.", "PMID": 566272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6973", "title": "Control of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate shunt in transformed 3T3 cultures rendered permeable by ATP.", "content": "Exogenous ATP has been shown earlier to activate a permeability change in transformed 3T3 cultures leading to massive efflux of the acid-soluble pools. This leads to reduction of the basal rate of glycolysis to a very low level so that glycolysis becomes almost totally dependent on the addition to the medium of glucose, inorganic phosphate and ADP in order to restore the rate to that of untreated cells. No such depression of glycolysis is observed in untreated transformed cells or in ATP-treated normal 3T3 cells. In such permeabilized cultures, phosphorylated intermediates such as glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate can serve as effective substrates for lactic acid formation. ATP treatment of cultured cells also allows molecules as big as NADP to enter the cells and participate in the pentose phosphate shunt pathway. This ability to temporarily and differentially render transformed cells permeable allows a review of several aspects of cellular metabolism and biosynthesis in the intact cell where the cellular organization is maintained. Furthermore, it deserves serious consideration as a means to achieve differential cytotoxicity of transformed cells by chemotherapeutic agents which, on their own, are indiscriminate in their action.", "contents": "Control of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate shunt in transformed 3T3 cultures rendered permeable by ATP. Exogenous ATP has been shown earlier to activate a permeability change in transformed 3T3 cultures leading to massive efflux of the acid-soluble pools. This leads to reduction of the basal rate of glycolysis to a very low level so that glycolysis becomes almost totally dependent on the addition to the medium of glucose, inorganic phosphate and ADP in order to restore the rate to that of untreated cells. No such depression of glycolysis is observed in untreated transformed cells or in ATP-treated normal 3T3 cells. In such permeabilized cultures, phosphorylated intermediates such as glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate can serve as effective substrates for lactic acid formation. ATP treatment of cultured cells also allows molecules as big as NADP to enter the cells and participate in the pentose phosphate shunt pathway. This ability to temporarily and differentially render transformed cells permeable allows a review of several aspects of cellular metabolism and biosynthesis in the intact cell where the cellular organization is maintained. Furthermore, it deserves serious consideration as a means to achieve differential cytotoxicity of transformed cells by chemotherapeutic agents which, on their own, are indiscriminate in their action.", "PMID": 566277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6974", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic screening methods for histamine in tuna fish.", "content": "Twelve solvent systems were tested for their ability to separate histamine and histidine on a variety of thin-layer coatings. The best solvent-adsorbent systems were: chloroform-methanol-ammonia (2:2:1), methanol-ammonia (20:1), acetone-ammonia (95:5), and double development with (a) n-butanol-acetone-water (2:2:1) and (b) chloroform-methanol-ammonia (12:7:1), all on silica-gel layers. Ninhydrin was used as the visualization reagent. These four systems were then evaluated for their potential use as rapid screening procedures in the detection of possibly deleterious levels of histamine in tuna fish. Successful separation of histamine from the other ninhydrin-positive components of methanolic tuna fish extracts was achieved with all four systems. A sample from a lot of tuna implicated in human illness was found to have a histamine level considerably higher than tuna purchased from a local retail outlet or an extract spiked to a histamine level considered to be a threshold value for toxicity symptoms. The methanol-ammonia (20:1) and chloroform-methanol-ammonia (2:2:1) systems, used with silica-gel plates, are the most promising for rapid preliminary screening of tuna fish extracts for histamine.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic screening methods for histamine in tuna fish. Twelve solvent systems were tested for their ability to separate histamine and histidine on a variety of thin-layer coatings. The best solvent-adsorbent systems were: chloroform-methanol-ammonia (2:2:1), methanol-ammonia (20:1), acetone-ammonia (95:5), and double development with (a) n-butanol-acetone-water (2:2:1) and (b) chloroform-methanol-ammonia (12:7:1), all on silica-gel layers. Ninhydrin was used as the visualization reagent. These four systems were then evaluated for their potential use as rapid screening procedures in the detection of possibly deleterious levels of histamine in tuna fish. Successful separation of histamine from the other ninhydrin-positive components of methanolic tuna fish extracts was achieved with all four systems. A sample from a lot of tuna implicated in human illness was found to have a histamine level considerably higher than tuna purchased from a local retail outlet or an extract spiked to a histamine level considered to be a threshold value for toxicity symptoms. The methanol-ammonia (20:1) and chloroform-methanol-ammonia (2:2:1) systems, used with silica-gel plates, are the most promising for rapid preliminary screening of tuna fish extracts for histamine.", "PMID": 566278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6975", "title": "The mechanisms of and the interrelationship between bile acid and chylomicron-mediated regulation of hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the liver of the rat.", "content": "Hepatic cholesterol synthesis is controlled by both the size of the bile acid pool in the enterohepatic circulation and by the amount of cholesterol reaching the liver carried in chylomicron remnants. These studies were undertaken to examine how these two control mechanisms are interrelated. When the size of the pool was systematically varied, the logarithm of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis varied in an inverse linear fashion with the size of the taurocholate pool between the limits of 0 and 60 mg of bile acid per 100 g of body weight. The slope of this relationship gave the fractional inhibition of cholesterol synthesis associated with expansion of the taurocholate pool and was critically dependent upon the amount of cholesterol available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in the liver seen with taurocholate feeding was reduced by partially blocking cholesterol absorption with beta-sitosterol even though the bile acid pool was still markedly expanded. In rats with diversion of the intestinal lymph from the blood, a five-fold expansion of the taurocholate pool resulted in only slight suppression of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and even this inhibition was shown to be attributable to small amounts of cholesterol absorbed through collateral lymphatic vessels and (or) to a fasting effect. Similarly, the infusion of either taurocholate or a combination of taurocholate and taurochenate into rats with no biliary or dietary cholesterol available for absorption caused no suppression of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Finally, the effect of changes in the rate of bile acid snythesis on hepatic cholesterol synthesis was examined. The fractional inhibition of cholesterol synthesis found after administration of an amount of cholesterol sufficient to raise the hepatic cholesterol ester content by 1 mg/g equalled only --0.36 when bile acid snythesis was increased by biliary diversion but was --0.92 when bile acid synthesis was suppressed by bile acid feeding. It is concluded that (a) bile acids are not direct effectors of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, (b) most of the inhibitory activity seen with bile acid feeding is mediated through increased cholesterol absorption, and (c) bile acids do have an intrahepatic effect in that they regulate hepatic cholesterol synthesis indirectly by altering the flow of cellular cholesterol to bile acids.", "contents": "The mechanisms of and the interrelationship between bile acid and chylomicron-mediated regulation of hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the liver of the rat. Hepatic cholesterol synthesis is controlled by both the size of the bile acid pool in the enterohepatic circulation and by the amount of cholesterol reaching the liver carried in chylomicron remnants. These studies were undertaken to examine how these two control mechanisms are interrelated. When the size of the pool was systematically varied, the logarithm of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis varied in an inverse linear fashion with the size of the taurocholate pool between the limits of 0 and 60 mg of bile acid per 100 g of body weight. The slope of this relationship gave the fractional inhibition of cholesterol synthesis associated with expansion of the taurocholate pool and was critically dependent upon the amount of cholesterol available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in the liver seen with taurocholate feeding was reduced by partially blocking cholesterol absorption with beta-sitosterol even though the bile acid pool was still markedly expanded. In rats with diversion of the intestinal lymph from the blood, a five-fold expansion of the taurocholate pool resulted in only slight suppression of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and even this inhibition was shown to be attributable to small amounts of cholesterol absorbed through collateral lymphatic vessels and (or) to a fasting effect. Similarly, the infusion of either taurocholate or a combination of taurocholate and taurochenate into rats with no biliary or dietary cholesterol available for absorption caused no suppression of hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Finally, the effect of changes in the rate of bile acid snythesis on hepatic cholesterol synthesis was examined. The fractional inhibition of cholesterol synthesis found after administration of an amount of cholesterol sufficient to raise the hepatic cholesterol ester content by 1 mg/g equalled only --0.36 when bile acid snythesis was increased by biliary diversion but was --0.92 when bile acid synthesis was suppressed by bile acid feeding. It is concluded that (a) bile acids are not direct effectors of the rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, (b) most of the inhibitory activity seen with bile acid feeding is mediated through increased cholesterol absorption, and (c) bile acids do have an intrahepatic effect in that they regulate hepatic cholesterol synthesis indirectly by altering the flow of cellular cholesterol to bile acids.", "PMID": 566279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6976", "title": "Hereditary aspects of decreased hypoxic response.", "content": "Decreased ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia have been demonstrated in a variety of disorders; however, the etiology of these decreased drives remains virtually unknown. Recent observations have suggested a familial influence on hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory response, but it is unclear whether this influence is the result of hereditary or environmental influences. Therefore we measured the ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia (HVR) and hyperoxic hypercapnia in 12 pairs of identical and 12 pairs of nonidentical twins. Significant correlation (P less than 0.01) was found for HVR within identical twin pairs but not within nonidentical twin pairs. Identical twins resembled each other more closely with respect to HVR than was the case for nonidentical twins (P less than 0.0125). This was independent of body size, blood PCO2, or pH. No such correlation could be found for ventilatory response to hyperoxic hypercapnia. It is concluded that hereditary influences affect HVR and it is speculated that such influences may play a role in clinical conditions characterized by decreased hypoxic ventilatory responses.", "contents": "Hereditary aspects of decreased hypoxic response. Decreased ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia have been demonstrated in a variety of disorders; however, the etiology of these decreased drives remains virtually unknown. Recent observations have suggested a familial influence on hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory response, but it is unclear whether this influence is the result of hereditary or environmental influences. Therefore we measured the ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia (HVR) and hyperoxic hypercapnia in 12 pairs of identical and 12 pairs of nonidentical twins. Significant correlation (P less than 0.01) was found for HVR within identical twin pairs but not within nonidentical twin pairs. Identical twins resembled each other more closely with respect to HVR than was the case for nonidentical twins (P less than 0.0125). This was independent of body size, blood PCO2, or pH. No such correlation could be found for ventilatory response to hyperoxic hypercapnia. It is concluded that hereditary influences affect HVR and it is speculated that such influences may play a role in clinical conditions characterized by decreased hypoxic ventilatory responses.", "PMID": 566281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6977", "title": "Deletion of the platelet-specific alloantigen PlA1 from platelets in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.", "content": "Expression of a Platelet-specific alloantigen (Pl(A1)) was studied in five unrelated patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia using immunologic techniques based on release of (51)Cr from tagged platelets by Pl(A1)-specific antibody. Less than 1% of the normal quantity of Pl(A1) could be detected on platelets of patients 1, 2, and 3; platelets from patients 4 and 5 contained 22 and 12% of normal levels, respectively. After treatment with bromelain, platelets from patients 4 and 5, but not those from patients 1, 2, and 3, released (51)Cr as well as normal Pl(A1)-positive platelets when exposed to anti-Pl(A1). Platelets from each of the five patients reacted normally with drug-dependent antibodies and with autoantibodies specific for platelets. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of thrombasthenic platelets showed marked deficiencies of glycoproteins IIbalpha and III (P < 0.0005), confirming recent reports of others. Deficiency of the two proteins as determined by gel scanning was more pronounced in patients 1, 2, and 3 than in patients 4 and 5. Normal levels of glycoproteins IIbalpha and III were found in platelets from normal subjects negative for Pl(A1). These observations are consistent with the possibility that the Pl(A1) antigen is located on one or both of the glycoproteins lacking in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, although other explanations are possible. They further suggest that patients with thrombasthenia may be heterogeneous in respect to the degree to which these glycoproteins are deleted. The Pl(A1) antigen can be measured with considerable precision and may provide a marker useful for the diagnosis and study of Glanzmann's disease.", "contents": "Deletion of the platelet-specific alloantigen PlA1 from platelets in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Expression of a Platelet-specific alloantigen (Pl(A1)) was studied in five unrelated patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia using immunologic techniques based on release of (51)Cr from tagged platelets by Pl(A1)-specific antibody. Less than 1% of the normal quantity of Pl(A1) could be detected on platelets of patients 1, 2, and 3; platelets from patients 4 and 5 contained 22 and 12% of normal levels, respectively. After treatment with bromelain, platelets from patients 4 and 5, but not those from patients 1, 2, and 3, released (51)Cr as well as normal Pl(A1)-positive platelets when exposed to anti-Pl(A1). Platelets from each of the five patients reacted normally with drug-dependent antibodies and with autoantibodies specific for platelets. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of thrombasthenic platelets showed marked deficiencies of glycoproteins IIbalpha and III (P < 0.0005), confirming recent reports of others. Deficiency of the two proteins as determined by gel scanning was more pronounced in patients 1, 2, and 3 than in patients 4 and 5. Normal levels of glycoproteins IIbalpha and III were found in platelets from normal subjects negative for Pl(A1). These observations are consistent with the possibility that the Pl(A1) antigen is located on one or both of the glycoproteins lacking in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, although other explanations are possible. They further suggest that patients with thrombasthenia may be heterogeneous in respect to the degree to which these glycoproteins are deleted. The Pl(A1) antigen can be measured with considerable precision and may provide a marker useful for the diagnosis and study of Glanzmann's disease.", "PMID": 566280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6978", "title": "Estrus in relation to time of administration of prostaglandin F2alpha to heifers.", "content": "Holstein heifers (95) were given two injections of prostaglandin F2alpha, the first on day 0 and the second either at 0600 h or 1800 h on day 12. Interval from the second treatment to first observation of estrus did not differ between heifers treated during the morning (69.8 +/- 4.4 h) or evening (72.7 +/- 5.2 h). However, estrus was detected sooner after treatment of heifers during July 1975 (49 +/- 2 h) than after treatment during June 1976 (85 +/- 8 h). Estrus began at 64 +/- 5, 73 +/- 7, and 76 +/- 7 after the second injection during August 1975, October 1976, and December 1975. Heifers treated during the morning in October were detected in estrus sooner (57 +/- 3 versus 95 +/- 13 h) than those treated during the evening. An interaction of season by time may affect interval from prostaglandin F2alpha treatment to onset of estrus.", "contents": "Estrus in relation to time of administration of prostaglandin F2alpha to heifers. Holstein heifers (95) were given two injections of prostaglandin F2alpha, the first on day 0 and the second either at 0600 h or 1800 h on day 12. Interval from the second treatment to first observation of estrus did not differ between heifers treated during the morning (69.8 +/- 4.4 h) or evening (72.7 +/- 5.2 h). However, estrus was detected sooner after treatment of heifers during July 1975 (49 +/- 2 h) than after treatment during June 1976 (85 +/- 8 h). Estrus began at 64 +/- 5, 73 +/- 7, and 76 +/- 7 after the second injection during August 1975, October 1976, and December 1975. Heifers treated during the morning in October were detected in estrus sooner (57 +/- 3 versus 95 +/- 13 h) than those treated during the evening. An interaction of season by time may affect interval from prostaglandin F2alpha treatment to onset of estrus.", "PMID": 566283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6979", "title": "Energy expended in alternate foodservice systems for chicken menu items.", "content": "Preliminary data from the application of an energy accounting model were given for various chicken entrees served in four types of foodservice systems. Comparisons among the data indicated large variations in BTUs expended per weight of chicken menu item processed for service. Based on the preliminary data analysis, several implications were made as to how the application of this energy-accounting model can be used to identify areas in which energy can be used more effectively. Recommendations were made for applying this model on a wide scale, so that statistical comparisons can be made among alternate foodservice systems.", "contents": "Energy expended in alternate foodservice systems for chicken menu items. Preliminary data from the application of an energy accounting model were given for various chicken entrees served in four types of foodservice systems. Comparisons among the data indicated large variations in BTUs expended per weight of chicken menu item processed for service. Based on the preliminary data analysis, several implications were made as to how the application of this energy-accounting model can be used to identify areas in which energy can be used more effectively. Recommendations were made for applying this model on a wide scale, so that statistical comparisons can be made among alternate foodservice systems.", "PMID": 566289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6980", "title": "Digital contracture deformity after implantation of a silicone prosthesis: light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Following the implantation of a silicone tendon prosthesis for reconstruction of a deep flexor tendon, an extensive, dense, contractile fibrosis developed rapidly. The resulting flexion deformity ultimately necessitated an amputation. The amputated specimen was examined by light and electron microscopy. A great many myofibroblasts were seen in the new tendon sheath, which, because of their contractile properties, probably caused the deformity.", "contents": "Digital contracture deformity after implantation of a silicone prosthesis: light and electron microscopic study. Following the implantation of a silicone tendon prosthesis for reconstruction of a deep flexor tendon, an extensive, dense, contractile fibrosis developed rapidly. The resulting flexion deformity ultimately necessitated an amputation. The amputated specimen was examined by light and electron microscopy. A great many myofibroblasts were seen in the new tendon sheath, which, because of their contractile properties, probably caused the deformity.", "PMID": 566293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6981", "title": "Intrauterine development of the microfilariae of Dipetalonema viteae.", "content": "The egg shell of Dipetalonema viteae separated from the oolemma and became highly convoluted at an early stage of development. No second oolemma or trilaminate membrane was seen. Channels containing electron dense material (thought to be nutrient material from the uterine wall) were formed between adjacent embryos. Many developing embryos died. Microvilli were formed by the uterine wall and developing embryos were closely apposed to these (again presumably to obtain nutrient). Embryos emerged from the egg in the uterus and were born as unsheathed microfilariae.", "contents": "Intrauterine development of the microfilariae of Dipetalonema viteae. The egg shell of Dipetalonema viteae separated from the oolemma and became highly convoluted at an early stage of development. No second oolemma or trilaminate membrane was seen. Channels containing electron dense material (thought to be nutrient material from the uterine wall) were formed between adjacent embryos. Many developing embryos died. Microvilli were formed by the uterine wall and developing embryos were closely apposed to these (again presumably to obtain nutrient). Embryos emerged from the egg in the uterus and were born as unsheathed microfilariae.", "PMID": 566294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6982", "title": "Partial synchrony of the oestrous cycles of rats introduced to a new environment.", "content": "Partial synchronization of oestrous cycles was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats with both 4 and 5 day cycles. In groups of rats exhibiting a synchrony of cycles, the number of animals that came into oestrus 4 or 5 days (approximately one cycle) after they were placed in a new environment was significantly greater than the number expected to be in oestrus if cycling was random. An environmental influence was considered to be responsible for the synchrony of the oestrous cycles but a specific stimulus for their synchronization was not identified. Initiation of vaginal smearing was considered to be a factor contributing to cycle synchrony. The introduction of rats to light-darkness cycles and their removal from the presence of other female rats were stimuli tested for their effectiveness in initiating new cycles, and causing the cycles to be synchronized as a consequence, but, when tested, neither of these environmental changes was found to initiate the observed synchrony of cycles.", "contents": "Partial synchrony of the oestrous cycles of rats introduced to a new environment. Partial synchronization of oestrous cycles was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats with both 4 and 5 day cycles. In groups of rats exhibiting a synchrony of cycles, the number of animals that came into oestrus 4 or 5 days (approximately one cycle) after they were placed in a new environment was significantly greater than the number expected to be in oestrus if cycling was random. An environmental influence was considered to be responsible for the synchrony of the oestrous cycles but a specific stimulus for their synchronization was not identified. Initiation of vaginal smearing was considered to be a factor contributing to cycle synchrony. The introduction of rats to light-darkness cycles and their removal from the presence of other female rats were stimuli tested for their effectiveness in initiating new cycles, and causing the cycles to be synchronized as a consequence, but, when tested, neither of these environmental changes was found to initiate the observed synchrony of cycles.", "PMID": 566298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6983", "title": "Plasma oestradiol and delayed ovulation after administration of sodium pentobarbitone to pro-oestrous 5 day cyclic rats.", "content": "Injection of sodium pentobarbitone (Nembutal) into rats between 12.00 and 13.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus was fully effective in blocking the expected ovulation. In 75% of the rats, ovulation of the present generation of large follicles occurred 24 h later (delayed ovulation). Injection of Nembutal between 12.00 and 13.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus and at the same time on the subsequent day was fully effective in blocking the ovulation twice: in only two rats out of 13 did ovulation of the present generation of follicles still occur. When unilateral ovariectomy was performed immediately after injection of a single dose of Nembutal into pro-oestrous rats, delayed ovulation was significantly inhibited. However, after inhibition of ovulation by either two injections of Nembutal or one injection and unilateral ovariectomy, delayed ovulation could be induced by treatment with a small dose of oestradiol benzoate during the Nembutal-induced anaesthesia. It thus seemed that delayed ovulation failed because of disruption of oestrogen production after administration of Nembutal. The concentration of oestradiol-17beta in the plasma of Nembutal-treated pro-oestrous rats decreased rapidly during the 24 h after treatment. It is concluded that this decrease in the concentration of oestradiol is due to the inherent ageing of preovulatory follicles manifesting itself when exposure to the ovulatory surge of LH is inhibited.", "contents": "Plasma oestradiol and delayed ovulation after administration of sodium pentobarbitone to pro-oestrous 5 day cyclic rats. Injection of sodium pentobarbitone (Nembutal) into rats between 12.00 and 13.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus was fully effective in blocking the expected ovulation. In 75% of the rats, ovulation of the present generation of large follicles occurred 24 h later (delayed ovulation). Injection of Nembutal between 12.00 and 13.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus and at the same time on the subsequent day was fully effective in blocking the ovulation twice: in only two rats out of 13 did ovulation of the present generation of follicles still occur. When unilateral ovariectomy was performed immediately after injection of a single dose of Nembutal into pro-oestrous rats, delayed ovulation was significantly inhibited. However, after inhibition of ovulation by either two injections of Nembutal or one injection and unilateral ovariectomy, delayed ovulation could be induced by treatment with a small dose of oestradiol benzoate during the Nembutal-induced anaesthesia. It thus seemed that delayed ovulation failed because of disruption of oestrogen production after administration of Nembutal. The concentration of oestradiol-17beta in the plasma of Nembutal-treated pro-oestrous rats decreased rapidly during the 24 h after treatment. It is concluded that this decrease in the concentration of oestradiol is due to the inherent ageing of preovulatory follicles manifesting itself when exposure to the ovulatory surge of LH is inhibited.", "PMID": 566302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6984", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of cocaine on extinction-induced aggression.", "content": "Pigeons worked individually in a chamber containing a response key and a mirror. Pecking on the key was controlled by a multiple schedule in which a brief period of continuous food reinforcement alternated with a 5-minute period of extinction. Under baseline conditions, aggressive behavior (responding on the mirror) occurred at the onset of each extinction period. In Experiment I (acute drug administration), the aggressive behavior was decreased by doses of cocaine that had little or no effect on key pecking. Such food-reinforced responding was disrupted, however, by higher doses of cocaine. An attempt to mimic the disruptive drugs effects by a prefeeding manipulation was unsuccessful. In Experiment II (chronic drug administration), some tolerance developed to the disruptive effects of cocaine on the food-reinforced responding, except at the highest dose tested. There was no clear-cut indication of tolerance to the initial effect of cocaine on the aggressive behavior at any dose.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of cocaine on extinction-induced aggression. Pigeons worked individually in a chamber containing a response key and a mirror. Pecking on the key was controlled by a multiple schedule in which a brief period of continuous food reinforcement alternated with a 5-minute period of extinction. Under baseline conditions, aggressive behavior (responding on the mirror) occurred at the onset of each extinction period. In Experiment I (acute drug administration), the aggressive behavior was decreased by doses of cocaine that had little or no effect on key pecking. Such food-reinforced responding was disrupted, however, by higher doses of cocaine. An attempt to mimic the disruptive drugs effects by a prefeeding manipulation was unsuccessful. In Experiment II (chronic drug administration), some tolerance developed to the disruptive effects of cocaine on the food-reinforced responding, except at the highest dose tested. There was no clear-cut indication of tolerance to the initial effect of cocaine on the aggressive behavior at any dose.", "PMID": 566304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6985", "title": "Selectivity of cations and nonelectrolytes for acetylcholine-activated channels in cultured muscle cells.", "content": "The selectivity of acetylcholine (A-Ch)-activated channels for alkali cations, organic cations, and nonelectrolytes in cultured muscle cells has been studied. To test the effect of size, charge, and hydrogen-binding capacity of permeant molecules on their permeability, we have obtained the selectivity sequences of alkali cations, compared the permeability of pairs of permeant molecules with similar size and shape but differing in charge, and studied the permeability of amines of different hydrogen bonding capacity. ACh-activated channels transport alkali cations of small hydration radii and high mobility. The molecules with positive charge and (or) a hydrogen-bond donating moiety are more permeable than the ones without. On the other hand, several nonelectrolytes, i.e., ethylene glycol, formamide, and urea, do have a small, but measurable, permeability through the channels. These results are consistent with a model that ACh-activated channel is a water-filled pore containing dipoles or hydrogen bond accepting groups and a negative charged site with a pK of 4.8.", "contents": "Selectivity of cations and nonelectrolytes for acetylcholine-activated channels in cultured muscle cells. The selectivity of acetylcholine (A-Ch)-activated channels for alkali cations, organic cations, and nonelectrolytes in cultured muscle cells has been studied. To test the effect of size, charge, and hydrogen-binding capacity of permeant molecules on their permeability, we have obtained the selectivity sequences of alkali cations, compared the permeability of pairs of permeant molecules with similar size and shape but differing in charge, and studied the permeability of amines of different hydrogen bonding capacity. ACh-activated channels transport alkali cations of small hydration radii and high mobility. The molecules with positive charge and (or) a hydrogen-bond donating moiety are more permeable than the ones without. On the other hand, several nonelectrolytes, i.e., ethylene glycol, formamide, and urea, do have a small, but measurable, permeability through the channels. These results are consistent with a model that ACh-activated channel is a water-filled pore containing dipoles or hydrogen bond accepting groups and a negative charged site with a pK of 4.8.", "PMID": 566305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6986", "title": "Infection of cultivated mouse peritoneal macrophages with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain WE multiplied in cultivated peritoneal macrophages from unstimulated NMRI mice. As revealed by immunofluorescence technique, most cells participated in the infectious process. They were not, however, functionally altered. Morphologically, infected cells contained more cytoplasmic vacuoles, but these were also present, though less numerous, in uninfected ageing cells and in cells having phagocytosed Latex beads. As compared with the WE strain virus, the E-350 (Armstrong) strain multiplied more slowly to lower titres, but the proportion of infected cells was similar.", "contents": "Infection of cultivated mouse peritoneal macrophages with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain WE multiplied in cultivated peritoneal macrophages from unstimulated NMRI mice. As revealed by immunofluorescence technique, most cells participated in the infectious process. They were not, however, functionally altered. Morphologically, infected cells contained more cytoplasmic vacuoles, but these were also present, though less numerous, in uninfected ageing cells and in cells having phagocytosed Latex beads. As compared with the WE strain virus, the E-350 (Armstrong) strain multiplied more slowly to lower titres, but the proportion of infected cells was similar.", "PMID": 566306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6987", "title": "The cryoprobe retractor in the microsurgical dissection of tumors. Technical note.", "content": "A technique is outlined for retraction of tumors under the operating microscope using the microcyoprobe. The method depends on temperatures settings in the--20 degrees to--30 degrees C range to produce a small ice bond uniting tumor and cryoprobe. No attempt is made to create a solid frozen tumor. The locally avascular field and retraction provided ideal circumstances for microdissection. Examples of this approach are outlined with case summaries for spinal cord ependymoma and hemangioblastoma.", "contents": "The cryoprobe retractor in the microsurgical dissection of tumors. Technical note. A technique is outlined for retraction of tumors under the operating microscope using the microcyoprobe. The method depends on temperatures settings in the--20 degrees to--30 degrees C range to produce a small ice bond uniting tumor and cryoprobe. No attempt is made to create a solid frozen tumor. The locally avascular field and retraction provided ideal circumstances for microdissection. Examples of this approach are outlined with case summaries for spinal cord ependymoma and hemangioblastoma.", "PMID": 566308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6988", "title": "Retinol-binding proteins in human testis cytosol.", "content": "In the cytosol fraction of human testes a specific binding protein for retinol has been isolated by sephadex column chromatography and by gradient centrifugation. The protein has a sedimentation coefficient of 2S, and its molecular weight is estimated by gel filtration to be approximately 16,000 daltons. Competitive binding studies with labeled retinol and 200-fold molar excess of unlabeled retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate and retinyl acetate indicate that the isolated protein is specific for retinol. Retinyl esters bind to the protein as effectively as retinol; however retinal binds to a lesser degree than retinol esters. In addition, a lower molecular weight protein of approximately 4,500 daltons was found in the cytosol that has comparatively lower affinity for retinol binding than the 16,000-dalton protein.", "contents": "Retinol-binding proteins in human testis cytosol. In the cytosol fraction of human testes a specific binding protein for retinol has been isolated by sephadex column chromatography and by gradient centrifugation. The protein has a sedimentation coefficient of 2S, and its molecular weight is estimated by gel filtration to be approximately 16,000 daltons. Competitive binding studies with labeled retinol and 200-fold molar excess of unlabeled retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate and retinyl acetate indicate that the isolated protein is specific for retinol. Retinyl esters bind to the protein as effectively as retinol; however retinal binds to a lesser degree than retinol esters. In addition, a lower molecular weight protein of approximately 4,500 daltons was found in the cytosol that has comparatively lower affinity for retinol binding than the 16,000-dalton protein.", "PMID": 566309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6989", "title": "Relation between sugar metabolism and riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii.", "content": "The present experiments were carried out to investigate the relation between sugar metabolism and riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of eremothecium ashbyii incubated with various sugars (related compounds) and purines. Glycerol, gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone markedly stimulated riboflavin formation with increasing concentrations up to 0.5% or with increasing incubation times, but above the concentration range the effects of these substances on flavinogenesis were different. Ribose, xylose and ribitol brought about a weak stimulation of riboflavin formation in a concentration range of 0-0.2%. Glucose and fructose enchanced flavinogenesis in a concentration range of 0-0.5% but were inhibitory above the range. Glucosamine strongly restricted riboflavin formation in lower concentrations and the inhibition effect occurred immediately after its addition. The inhibition of riboflavin formation due to glucosamine (0.15%) was almost completely recovered by glucose (1.0%) but not by glycerol. Caffeine (5mM) reduced the yields of riboflavin to a fairly greater extent. The decrease was reversed not by xanthine, guanine and theobromine but by glycerol, ribose and glucose, especially by glycerol (0.5%). Accordingly, caffeine was considered to inhibit a pentose phosphate pathway and glucosamine to inhibit a glycolytic pathway closely related to flavinogenesis.", "contents": "Relation between sugar metabolism and riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii. The present experiments were carried out to investigate the relation between sugar metabolism and riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of eremothecium ashbyii incubated with various sugars (related compounds) and purines. Glycerol, gluconate and glucono-delta-lactone markedly stimulated riboflavin formation with increasing concentrations up to 0.5% or with increasing incubation times, but above the concentration range the effects of these substances on flavinogenesis were different. Ribose, xylose and ribitol brought about a weak stimulation of riboflavin formation in a concentration range of 0-0.2%. Glucose and fructose enchanced flavinogenesis in a concentration range of 0-0.5% but were inhibitory above the range. Glucosamine strongly restricted riboflavin formation in lower concentrations and the inhibition effect occurred immediately after its addition. The inhibition of riboflavin formation due to glucosamine (0.15%) was almost completely recovered by glucose (1.0%) but not by glycerol. Caffeine (5mM) reduced the yields of riboflavin to a fairly greater extent. The decrease was reversed not by xanthine, guanine and theobromine but by glycerol, ribose and glucose, especially by glycerol (0.5%). Accordingly, caffeine was considered to inhibit a pentose phosphate pathway and glucosamine to inhibit a glycolytic pathway closely related to flavinogenesis.", "PMID": 566310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6990", "title": "Pelvic ultrasonography in pediatric and adolescent endocrine disorders.", "content": "Pelvic ultrasonography was employed in the evaluation of 57 pediatric and adolescent patients with disorders of sexual development or differentiation. It provided a rapid and accurate method for: (1) detection of the presence of a uterus and its stimulation by estrogen; (2) detection of ovaries in children over the age of two years and assessment of their size and symmetry, and (3) identifying ovarian pathology such as cystic areas. Its value as an additional diagnostic modality in the approach to the infant with ambiguous genitalia, the child with precocious puberty, and the adolescent with amenorrhea, hirsuitism, or virilization was demonstrated.", "contents": "Pelvic ultrasonography in pediatric and adolescent endocrine disorders. Pelvic ultrasonography was employed in the evaluation of 57 pediatric and adolescent patients with disorders of sexual development or differentiation. It provided a rapid and accurate method for: (1) detection of the presence of a uterus and its stimulation by estrogen; (2) detection of ovaries in children over the age of two years and assessment of their size and symmetry, and (3) identifying ovarian pathology such as cystic areas. Its value as an additional diagnostic modality in the approach to the infant with ambiguous genitalia, the child with precocious puberty, and the adolescent with amenorrhea, hirsuitism, or virilization was demonstrated.", "PMID": 566312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6991", "title": "An electrophoretic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen preparation.", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) has been examined electrophoretically. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis of SEA reveals an extremely heterogeneous protein composition. At least 18-20 distinct bands stain with Coomassie blue and at least 6 bands stain with periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Four of the PAS-positive bands stain only faintly with Coomassie blue. The estimated molecular weight range for these proteins is between 16,000 and 200,000 daltons. An acid soluble fraction was isolated from SEA which contained 5 of the 6 glycoproteins. An immunoelectrophoretic analysis of SEA reveals at least 5 distinct precipitin arcs when developed with serum from mice infected with S. mansoni for 16 weeks.", "contents": "An electrophoretic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen preparation. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) has been examined electrophoretically. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis of SEA reveals an extremely heterogeneous protein composition. At least 18-20 distinct bands stain with Coomassie blue and at least 6 bands stain with periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Four of the PAS-positive bands stain only faintly with Coomassie blue. The estimated molecular weight range for these proteins is between 16,000 and 200,000 daltons. An acid soluble fraction was isolated from SEA which contained 5 of the 6 glycoproteins. An immunoelectrophoretic analysis of SEA reveals at least 5 distinct precipitin arcs when developed with serum from mice infected with S. mansoni for 16 weeks.", "PMID": 566313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6992", "title": "Anatomy of the genital ganglion of the male acanthocephalan, Moniliformis moniliformis.", "content": "Male Moniliformis moniliformis possess paired genital ganglia each measuring approximately 280 micron long by 80 micron wide by 25 micron thick. They are located on either side of Saefftigen's pouch on the ventral surface of the ejaculatory duct where it joins the bursal cap. The cellular organization consists of externally located soma and a poorly developed internal neuropile. Most of the 19 cells in each ganglion exit via axons from the anterior and posterior extremities. A single dorsal commissure connects the 2 ganglia. No ventral commissure was observed. Many cells contained large nuclei with perinuclear rings but no cell had 2 nuclei.", "contents": "Anatomy of the genital ganglion of the male acanthocephalan, Moniliformis moniliformis. Male Moniliformis moniliformis possess paired genital ganglia each measuring approximately 280 micron long by 80 micron wide by 25 micron thick. They are located on either side of Saefftigen's pouch on the ventral surface of the ejaculatory duct where it joins the bursal cap. The cellular organization consists of externally located soma and a poorly developed internal neuropile. Most of the 19 cells in each ganglion exit via axons from the anterior and posterior extremities. A single dorsal commissure connects the 2 ganglia. No ventral commissure was observed. Many cells contained large nuclei with perinuclear rings but no cell had 2 nuclei.", "PMID": 566314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6993", "title": "Immunogenicity of a single sporocyst of Eimeria maxima.", "content": "Eight out of a total 40 chickens infected with single sporocysts of Eimeria maxima produced infective oocysts. These 8 chickens, when challenged with 4 X 10(5) oocysts per bird at 28 days postinfection, showed at least twice the percent average weight gain of the previously unexposed chickens, indicating that partial immunity was probably conferred by these infections. Also, these successful single sporocyst infections suggest that like E. tenella, sporozolles of E. maxima are probably sexually undifferentiated.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of a single sporocyst of Eimeria maxima. Eight out of a total 40 chickens infected with single sporocysts of Eimeria maxima produced infective oocysts. These 8 chickens, when challenged with 4 X 10(5) oocysts per bird at 28 days postinfection, showed at least twice the percent average weight gain of the previously unexposed chickens, indicating that partial immunity was probably conferred by these infections. Also, these successful single sporocyst infections suggest that like E. tenella, sporozolles of E. maxima are probably sexually undifferentiated.", "PMID": 566315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6994", "title": "Structure-activity relationships among in vivo active germacranolides.", "content": "Nine structurally related germacranolides from Eupatorium semiserratum and Eriophyllum confertiflorum were assayed in two standard tumor systems (PS and KB) to determine the structural features required for in vivo antileukemic activity. The moieties necessary for in vivo activity were found to be an alpha,beta-unsaturated ester side chain adjacent to the gamma-lactone and either a primary or secondary allylic alcohol or both.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships among in vivo active germacranolides. Nine structurally related germacranolides from Eupatorium semiserratum and Eriophyllum confertiflorum were assayed in two standard tumor systems (PS and KB) to determine the structural features required for in vivo antileukemic activity. The moieties necessary for in vivo activity were found to be an alpha,beta-unsaturated ester side chain adjacent to the gamma-lactone and either a primary or secondary allylic alcohol or both.", "PMID": 566319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6995", "title": "Development and maintenance of morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat by scheduled access to morphine drinking solutions.", "content": "Rats were housed on a cabinet designed to control their access to water or morphine solutions. They were trained to drink all of their fluid as morphine solutions or tap water during 5-minute access periods scheduled at 2 A.M., 8 A.M., 2 P.M. and 8 P.M. On this schedule, the morphine drinking rats consumed an average of 29, 27, 21 and 23% of their total daily fluid during the four respective access periods. The rats that had access to the 0.05% morphine solution drank an average of 53 mg/kg/day of morphine. Separate groups of rats were tested for morphine tolerance and dependence at 4-day intervals. Tolerance to the analgesic effect of challenge doses of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) was first detected after 10 days of morphine drinking and reached a plateau after 18 days. Withdrawal scores for rats injected with 0.3 or 3 mg/kg of naloxone reached a plateau between 14 and 18 days of morphine drinking, whereas the scores of rats given 0.03 mg/kg were still increasing after 26 days of drinking. Plasma levels of morphine ranged between 167 and 300 ng/ml in blood samples collected 1 hour after each access period on the 18th day of morphine drinking. Six hours after the 8 A.M. access period, the levels of morphine in the plasma had decreased to 50% of the levels detected at 1 hour after the access period. Ninety percent of the rats accepted the morphine solutions and drank regularly for the 26 days the solutions were offered. They remained healthy throughout this period and, except for the fact that they gained 11% less body weight over the 26 days, they were visibly indistinguishable from the water drinking control rats.", "contents": "Development and maintenance of morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat by scheduled access to morphine drinking solutions. Rats were housed on a cabinet designed to control their access to water or morphine solutions. They were trained to drink all of their fluid as morphine solutions or tap water during 5-minute access periods scheduled at 2 A.M., 8 A.M., 2 P.M. and 8 P.M. On this schedule, the morphine drinking rats consumed an average of 29, 27, 21 and 23% of their total daily fluid during the four respective access periods. The rats that had access to the 0.05% morphine solution drank an average of 53 mg/kg/day of morphine. Separate groups of rats were tested for morphine tolerance and dependence at 4-day intervals. Tolerance to the analgesic effect of challenge doses of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) was first detected after 10 days of morphine drinking and reached a plateau after 18 days. Withdrawal scores for rats injected with 0.3 or 3 mg/kg of naloxone reached a plateau between 14 and 18 days of morphine drinking, whereas the scores of rats given 0.03 mg/kg were still increasing after 26 days of drinking. Plasma levels of morphine ranged between 167 and 300 ng/ml in blood samples collected 1 hour after each access period on the 18th day of morphine drinking. Six hours after the 8 A.M. access period, the levels of morphine in the plasma had decreased to 50% of the levels detected at 1 hour after the access period. Ninety percent of the rats accepted the morphine solutions and drank regularly for the 26 days the solutions were offered. They remained healthy throughout this period and, except for the fact that they gained 11% less body weight over the 26 days, they were visibly indistinguishable from the water drinking control rats.", "PMID": 566320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6996", "title": "Loss of inhibition in the spinal cord during barbiturate withdrawal.", "content": "Three types of inhibition in the spinal cord were studied during barbiturate withdrawal. Cats were made physically dependent on pentobarbital using a standard technique for chronic treatment developed in this laboratory. All animals treated this way developed severe withdrawal signs including spontaneous grand mal type convulsions, upon abrupt drug withdrawal. Animals were prepared for electrophysiological studies 48 hours after the last dose of chronic pentobarbital treatment, near peak intensity of the withdrawal syndrome. Under halothane anesthesia, the neuraxis was sectioned at C1 and both common carotid arteries were ligated. The animal was then respired on room air. The lumbar spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy, a hindleg was dissected to allow stimulation of peripheral nerves and action potentials were recorded from ventral roots L7 and S1 that had been cut near their exits through the dura mater. Recurrent (Renshaw cell-mediated) inhibition was almost totally absent during barbiturate withdrawal. Presynaptic inhibition was also decreased. Postsynaptic inhibition was little affected by barbiturate dependence. These findings indicate that loss of function in inhibitory pathways plays a role in barbiturate dependence and withdrawal.", "contents": "Loss of inhibition in the spinal cord during barbiturate withdrawal. Three types of inhibition in the spinal cord were studied during barbiturate withdrawal. Cats were made physically dependent on pentobarbital using a standard technique for chronic treatment developed in this laboratory. All animals treated this way developed severe withdrawal signs including spontaneous grand mal type convulsions, upon abrupt drug withdrawal. Animals were prepared for electrophysiological studies 48 hours after the last dose of chronic pentobarbital treatment, near peak intensity of the withdrawal syndrome. Under halothane anesthesia, the neuraxis was sectioned at C1 and both common carotid arteries were ligated. The animal was then respired on room air. The lumbar spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy, a hindleg was dissected to allow stimulation of peripheral nerves and action potentials were recorded from ventral roots L7 and S1 that had been cut near their exits through the dura mater. Recurrent (Renshaw cell-mediated) inhibition was almost totally absent during barbiturate withdrawal. Presynaptic inhibition was also decreased. Postsynaptic inhibition was little affected by barbiturate dependence. These findings indicate that loss of function in inhibitory pathways plays a role in barbiturate dependence and withdrawal.", "PMID": 566321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6997", "title": "[Molecular ageing in bovine plasma albumin I. Exposure of disulfide bonds in the N-B transition (author's transl)].", "content": "An accessibility of the disulfide bonds of defatted SH-blocked bovine plasma albumin (BPA) to reduction by dithiothreitol was studied at 4 degree C. Upon reduction SH-blocked BPA acquired one SH per mole in the pH range from 4.0 to 6.0. Above pH 6.5 (the pH range of the N-B transition) an increasing number of the disulfide bonds became susceptible to reduction by dithiothreitol. Chemicals, such as KC1, fatty acid, sodium dodecylsulfate which suppress the structural fluctuation of BPA in the alkaline region decreased the accessibility of the disulfide bonds to reduction. The conversion of buried disulfide bonds into exposed ones is interpreted as being due to conformational changes in the N-B transition (pH 7.0 approximately 9.0).", "contents": "[Molecular ageing in bovine plasma albumin I. Exposure of disulfide bonds in the N-B transition (author's transl)]. An accessibility of the disulfide bonds of defatted SH-blocked bovine plasma albumin (BPA) to reduction by dithiothreitol was studied at 4 degree C. Upon reduction SH-blocked BPA acquired one SH per mole in the pH range from 4.0 to 6.0. Above pH 6.5 (the pH range of the N-B transition) an increasing number of the disulfide bonds became susceptible to reduction by dithiothreitol. Chemicals, such as KC1, fatty acid, sodium dodecylsulfate which suppress the structural fluctuation of BPA in the alkaline region decreased the accessibility of the disulfide bonds to reduction. The conversion of buried disulfide bonds into exposed ones is interpreted as being due to conformational changes in the N-B transition (pH 7.0 approximately 9.0).", "PMID": 566322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6998", "title": "Acanthamoeba royreba sp. n. from a human tumor cell culture.", "content": "A new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a culture of an established line of human choriocarcinoma cells. The identification of this strain, originally called the Oak Ridge strain, and the establishment of a new species for it were based on morphologic, serologic, and immunochemical studies. In general, the structure of the trophozoite did not differ significantly from that of other species of Acanthamoeba, except that a body which more closely resembled a centriole than material described previously as centriolar satellites was observed in trophozoites examined with the electron microscope. The dimensions of the trophozoite were the smallest among the species of Acanthamoeba. The cyst was typical of the genus, but differed from those of other species by its smaller size and the presence of numerous ostioles. Studies of the Oak Ridge strain by immunofluorescence using antisera developed against the isolate and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, A. castellanii, A. polyphaga, A. rhysodes, A. astronyxis, and A. palestinensis revealed the antigenic uniqueness of the Oak Ridge strain. It was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoretic analyses of the soluble proteins of the Oak Ridge strain that shared approximately 1/2 of its antigenic structure with A. castellanii and A. culbertsoni. The antigenic differences of the isolate from other species of Acanthamoeba were deduced from comparison of the antigenic constitution of these species and the Oak Ridge strain with A. culbertsoni and A. castellanii. Although the strain was initially recognized by its cytopathogenicity for cultures, it did not produce acute infections in mice after intranasal inoculation of 1 X 10(4) ameba/mouse. The foregoing results constituted the basis for the establishment of the Oak Ridge strain as a new species, A. royreba sp. n., in the genus Acanthamoeba.", "contents": "Acanthamoeba royreba sp. n. from a human tumor cell culture. A new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a culture of an established line of human choriocarcinoma cells. The identification of this strain, originally called the Oak Ridge strain, and the establishment of a new species for it were based on morphologic, serologic, and immunochemical studies. In general, the structure of the trophozoite did not differ significantly from that of other species of Acanthamoeba, except that a body which more closely resembled a centriole than material described previously as centriolar satellites was observed in trophozoites examined with the electron microscope. The dimensions of the trophozoite were the smallest among the species of Acanthamoeba. The cyst was typical of the genus, but differed from those of other species by its smaller size and the presence of numerous ostioles. Studies of the Oak Ridge strain by immunofluorescence using antisera developed against the isolate and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, A. castellanii, A. polyphaga, A. rhysodes, A. astronyxis, and A. palestinensis revealed the antigenic uniqueness of the Oak Ridge strain. It was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoretic analyses of the soluble proteins of the Oak Ridge strain that shared approximately 1/2 of its antigenic structure with A. castellanii and A. culbertsoni. The antigenic differences of the isolate from other species of Acanthamoeba were deduced from comparison of the antigenic constitution of these species and the Oak Ridge strain with A. culbertsoni and A. castellanii. Although the strain was initially recognized by its cytopathogenicity for cultures, it did not produce acute infections in mice after intranasal inoculation of 1 X 10(4) ameba/mouse. The foregoing results constituted the basis for the establishment of the Oak Ridge strain as a new species, A. royreba sp. n., in the genus Acanthamoeba.", "PMID": 566323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_6999", "title": "Fine structure of the cell surface and Golgi apparatus of Ochromonas.", "content": "Ochromonas danica has an unusually flexible cell surface capable of producing projections of varying sizes and shapes: large projections, 340-360 nm long, and small projections, 50-110 nm long. These projections have been demonstrated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy; some of them may break off into the medium and be the source of extracellular membranes and vesicles reported in the cell-free O. danica growth medium. Ruthernium red stained the acid mucopolysaccharide layer just outside the cell surface as well as small blebs at the cell surface. The Golgi complex of O. danica, Ochromonas malhamensis, Ochromonas sociabilis and Ochromonas sp. produced small coated vesicles which may move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane. The role of the several vesicles is unknown but possible functions are discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the cell surface and Golgi apparatus of Ochromonas. Ochromonas danica has an unusually flexible cell surface capable of producing projections of varying sizes and shapes: large projections, 340-360 nm long, and small projections, 50-110 nm long. These projections have been demonstrated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy; some of them may break off into the medium and be the source of extracellular membranes and vesicles reported in the cell-free O. danica growth medium. Ruthernium red stained the acid mucopolysaccharide layer just outside the cell surface as well as small blebs at the cell surface. The Golgi complex of O. danica, Ochromonas malhamensis, Ochromonas sociabilis and Ochromonas sp. produced small coated vesicles which may move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane. The role of the several vesicles is unknown but possible functions are discussed.", "PMID": 566324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7000", "title": "Successful demonstration of an elusive cell coat in amebae.", "content": "Cell coats were cytochemically demonstrated for the first time in myxamebae of Fulig- septica, Didymium  iridis, Dictyostelium discoideum, Cavostelium apophysatum, and amebae of Naegleria grubei. The stain enhances the cell coats of Physarum polycephalum plasmodia, Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa myxamebae, and Acanthamoeba sp. Cell coats usually unstained by cationic dyes stain intensely with the aid of the new cytochemical protocol utilizing 0.5% Alcian blue in the primary fixative and 0.05% ruthenium red in the secondary fixative.", "contents": "Successful demonstration of an elusive cell coat in amebae. Cell coats were cytochemically demonstrated for the first time in myxamebae of Fulig- septica, Didymium  iridis, Dictyostelium discoideum, Cavostelium apophysatum, and amebae of Naegleria grubei. The stain enhances the cell coats of Physarum polycephalum plasmodia, Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa myxamebae, and Acanthamoeba sp. Cell coats usually unstained by cationic dyes stain intensely with the aid of the new cytochemical protocol utilizing 0.5% Alcian blue in the primary fixative and 0.05% ruthenium red in the secondary fixative.", "PMID": 566325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7001", "title": "Ultrastructure of the genus Schizoplasmodiopsis (Protostelia).", "content": "Two basic types of spore wall structures were observed in ultrastructural examination of Schizoplasmodiopsis micropunctata, Schizoplasmodiopsis pseudonendospora, Schizoplasmodipsis reticulata, and Schizoplasmodipsis vulgare. The spores of S. micropunctata, S. pseudoendospora, and S. vulgare had walls bearing electron-dense protrusions, while those of S. reticulata had walls with irregular thickenings. Prominent cytoplasmic features included 2 types of vesicles and electron-dense bodies studded with ribosomes. The ameboid phase of all species lacked the electron-dense bodies and, unlike the dormant phases, did not have mitochondrial surfaces covered with ribosomes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the genus Schizoplasmodiopsis (Protostelia). Two basic types of spore wall structures were observed in ultrastructural examination of Schizoplasmodiopsis micropunctata, Schizoplasmodiopsis pseudonendospora, Schizoplasmodipsis reticulata, and Schizoplasmodipsis vulgare. The spores of S. micropunctata, S. pseudoendospora, and S. vulgare had walls bearing electron-dense protrusions, while those of S. reticulata had walls with irregular thickenings. Prominent cytoplasmic features included 2 types of vesicles and electron-dense bodies studded with ribosomes. The ameboid phase of all species lacked the electron-dense bodies and, unlike the dormant phases, did not have mitochondrial surfaces covered with ribosomes.", "PMID": 566326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7002", "title": "Selenium-sulfur analogues. 1. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of selenotetramisole.", "content": "(+/-)-2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]selenazole (1-selenotetramisole) was prepared from 2-aminoselenazoline in a three-step synthetic sequence. Resolution with d-10-camphorsulfonic acid yielded the optical isomers which were compared with (+)- and (-)-tetramisole as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. At 8.7 X 10(-5) M the (-) isomer of both tetramisole and 1-selenotetramisole produced significant inhibition of bovine liver and placental isoenzymes but not of calf intestinal or human placental isoenzymes. The (+) isomers demonstrated no inhibition at these concentrations. The similarity in inhibitory activity of the (-) isomers indicates the virtual interchangeability of selenium for sulfur in the thiazolidine ring of the parent drug and the likelihood that 75Se-radiolabeled selenotetramisole can provide an in vivo tracer to tetramisole biodistribution.", "contents": "Selenium-sulfur analogues. 1. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of selenotetramisole. (+/-)-2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]selenazole (1-selenotetramisole) was prepared from 2-aminoselenazoline in a three-step synthetic sequence. Resolution with d-10-camphorsulfonic acid yielded the optical isomers which were compared with (+)- and (-)-tetramisole as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. At 8.7 X 10(-5) M the (-) isomer of both tetramisole and 1-selenotetramisole produced significant inhibition of bovine liver and placental isoenzymes but not of calf intestinal or human placental isoenzymes. The (+) isomers demonstrated no inhibition at these concentrations. The similarity in inhibitory activity of the (-) isomers indicates the virtual interchangeability of selenium for sulfur in the thiazolidine ring of the parent drug and the likelihood that 75Se-radiolabeled selenotetramisole can provide an in vivo tracer to tetramisole biodistribution.", "PMID": 566327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7003", "title": "Urethral infection of chimpanzees by Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "Two strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype V that had produced urethritis in human volunteers were, after a number of subcultures in artificial media, introduced intra-urethrally into three chimpanzees. One strain given to two chimpanzees rapidly multiplied 1000-fold whereas there was less evidence that organisms of another strain multiplied in a third animal. Over a 14-day period the ureaplasmas persisted in all animals, did not spread to the throat and did not produce an inflammatory response. After this time they were eliminated by tetracycline therapy.", "contents": "Urethral infection of chimpanzees by Ureaplasma urealyticum. Two strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype V that had produced urethritis in human volunteers were, after a number of subcultures in artificial media, introduced intra-urethrally into three chimpanzees. One strain given to two chimpanzees rapidly multiplied 1000-fold whereas there was less evidence that organisms of another strain multiplied in a third animal. Over a 14-day period the ureaplasmas persisted in all animals, did not spread to the throat and did not produce an inflammatory response. After this time they were eliminated by tetracycline therapy.", "PMID": 566328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7004", "title": "Armillifer armillatus in Bendel State (Midwest) Nigeria (a village study in Ayogwiri Village, near Auchi, 120 kilometres from Benin City) phase I.", "content": "Armillifer armillatus (Porocephalosis or tongue worm Disease) in Ayogwiri Village (near Auchi) 120 kilometres from Benin City in Bendel State (Midwest) Nigeria, first detected by us in 1975, was studied. It was first detected incidentally by X-ray which is usual. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by the radiologist at Benin City Hospital. The focus of this infection was studied by \"contact tracing\" of the household of the subject. Initially the diagnosis was Miliary Tuberculosis and subsequently multiple calcified nymphs of Armillifer armillatus. Phase one of this study consisted of X-ray of the chest, abdomen and thighs, as well as a history and examination of all ten members of the household. Forty per cent had evidence of calcified nymphs, a finding hitherto regarded as incidental by radiologists. Unlike Paragonomiasis in Eastern Nigeria, the above disease is endemic, largely symptomless, and occurs in snake eating rather than in crab eating communities. There was no increase in snake consumption. Porocephalosis in this part of Nigeria is being reported for the first time. No case of Paragonomiasis has yet been found by us in this area despite a constant search for it since 1972 by sputum examination of all cases of haemoptysis as well as Radiologically in a hospital with a large Pulmonary TB Department where both diseases may occur.", "contents": "Armillifer armillatus in Bendel State (Midwest) Nigeria (a village study in Ayogwiri Village, near Auchi, 120 kilometres from Benin City) phase I. Armillifer armillatus (Porocephalosis or tongue worm Disease) in Ayogwiri Village (near Auchi) 120 kilometres from Benin City in Bendel State (Midwest) Nigeria, first detected by us in 1975, was studied. It was first detected incidentally by X-ray which is usual. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by the radiologist at Benin City Hospital. The focus of this infection was studied by \"contact tracing\" of the household of the subject. Initially the diagnosis was Miliary Tuberculosis and subsequently multiple calcified nymphs of Armillifer armillatus. Phase one of this study consisted of X-ray of the chest, abdomen and thighs, as well as a history and examination of all ten members of the household. Forty per cent had evidence of calcified nymphs, a finding hitherto regarded as incidental by radiologists. Unlike Paragonomiasis in Eastern Nigeria, the above disease is endemic, largely symptomless, and occurs in snake eating rather than in crab eating communities. There was no increase in snake consumption. Porocephalosis in this part of Nigeria is being reported for the first time. No case of Paragonomiasis has yet been found by us in this area despite a constant search for it since 1972 by sputum examination of all cases of haemoptysis as well as Radiologically in a hospital with a large Pulmonary TB Department where both diseases may occur.", "PMID": 566329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7005", "title": "Genitourinary malignancy and pseudohyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Genitourinary tumors account for half of all documented cases of pseudohyperparathyroidism. The treatment of hypercalcemia is directed toward immediate correction of the electrolyte imbalance and long-term control. These goals are accomplished with volume repletion, calcium normalization and removal of the tumor. Effective therapy includes saline infusion and furosemide. Additional control is obtained with phosphates and/or indomethachin. In refractory cases actinomycin-D or mithramycin is helpful. The first reported case of urethral cancer and second reported case of testicular seminoma producing this syndrome are added to the literature.", "contents": "Genitourinary malignancy and pseudohyperparathyroidism. Genitourinary tumors account for half of all documented cases of pseudohyperparathyroidism. The treatment of hypercalcemia is directed toward immediate correction of the electrolyte imbalance and long-term control. These goals are accomplished with volume repletion, calcium normalization and removal of the tumor. Effective therapy includes saline infusion and furosemide. Additional control is obtained with phosphates and/or indomethachin. In refractory cases actinomycin-D or mithramycin is helpful. The first reported case of urethral cancer and second reported case of testicular seminoma producing this syndrome are added to the literature.", "PMID": 566330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7006", "title": "Complications of permanent bladder catheter drainage in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "We reviewed the effect of permanent bladder catheter drainage on the course of 59 long-term spinal cord injury patients. Current renal function, findings on excretory urography and major renal, bladder, genital and urethral complications were tabulated. Although all long-term spinal cord injury patients had severe renal function, depression and abnormal excretory urograms patients with indwelling bladder catheters had a significantly higher complication rate than those managed without an indwelling catheter.", "contents": "Complications of permanent bladder catheter drainage in spinal cord injury patients. We reviewed the effect of permanent bladder catheter drainage on the course of 59 long-term spinal cord injury patients. Current renal function, findings on excretory urography and major renal, bladder, genital and urethral complications were tabulated. Although all long-term spinal cord injury patients had severe renal function, depression and abnormal excretory urograms patients with indwelling bladder catheters had a significantly higher complication rate than those managed without an indwelling catheter.", "PMID": 566331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7007", "title": "Computed tomography of the genitourinary tract.", "content": "Eighteen months of experience with computed body tomography have revealed that this radiologic modality is useful in the diagnostic evaluation and management of urologic patients. Renal masses, perirenal lesions, poorly functioning kidneys, pelvic tumors and associated retroperitoneal nodal spread and other diagnostic problems related to the urinary tract have been imaged successfully with computed body tomography. Accuracy is high in the differentiation of benign renal cysts from renal neoplasms. Tumor staging and computed body tomography is being explored currently.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the genitourinary tract. Eighteen months of experience with computed body tomography have revealed that this radiologic modality is useful in the diagnostic evaluation and management of urologic patients. Renal masses, perirenal lesions, poorly functioning kidneys, pelvic tumors and associated retroperitoneal nodal spread and other diagnostic problems related to the urinary tract have been imaged successfully with computed body tomography. Accuracy is high in the differentiation of benign renal cysts from renal neoplasms. Tumor staging and computed body tomography is being explored currently.", "PMID": 566332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7008", "title": "Urodynamic evaluation of female stress urinary incontenence.", "content": "To understand further the urodynamics of female stress urinary incontinence 6 patients with this condition were studied before and after anterior vesicopexy. The evaluation included uroflowmetry, cystometry, urethral pressure profilometry, anatomical urethral length measurement with the subject in the supine and standing positions, demonstration fo stress incontinence and cystourethroscopy. These procedures, except cystometry and cystourethroscopy, were repeated 7 days and 4 to 6 weeks postoperatively in most patients. All patients had short preoperative functional urethral lengths and standing anatomical lengths and all were lengthened after the anterior vesicopexy. The urinary flow rate demonstrated decreased peak and average flow rates 1 week postoperatively but complete recovery 4 to 6 weeks later. We believe that this study reaffirms the importance of urethral length in the pathophysiology of female stress urinary incontinence and, by demonstrating decreased flow rates in the immediate postoperative period, draws attention to the need for careful observation of voiding after catheter removal to avoid bladder decompensation. The marked improvement observed in the 4 to 6-week postoperative period reveals that anterior vesicopexy does not obstruct the urethra since no tissue posterior to the urethra is used. These urodynamic studies have proved to be valuable adjuncts in the evaluation of female stress incontinence.", "contents": "Urodynamic evaluation of female stress urinary incontenence. To understand further the urodynamics of female stress urinary incontinence 6 patients with this condition were studied before and after anterior vesicopexy. The evaluation included uroflowmetry, cystometry, urethral pressure profilometry, anatomical urethral length measurement with the subject in the supine and standing positions, demonstration fo stress incontinence and cystourethroscopy. These procedures, except cystometry and cystourethroscopy, were repeated 7 days and 4 to 6 weeks postoperatively in most patients. All patients had short preoperative functional urethral lengths and standing anatomical lengths and all were lengthened after the anterior vesicopexy. The urinary flow rate demonstrated decreased peak and average flow rates 1 week postoperatively but complete recovery 4 to 6 weeks later. We believe that this study reaffirms the importance of urethral length in the pathophysiology of female stress urinary incontinence and, by demonstrating decreased flow rates in the immediate postoperative period, draws attention to the need for careful observation of voiding after catheter removal to avoid bladder decompensation. The marked improvement observed in the 4 to 6-week postoperative period reveals that anterior vesicopexy does not obstruct the urethra since no tissue posterior to the urethra is used. These urodynamic studies have proved to be valuable adjuncts in the evaluation of female stress incontinence.", "PMID": 566333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7009", "title": "The drug laws. Are they effective and safe?", "content": "The laws controlling narcotic and other psychoactive drugs are viewed as one of three major forms of treatment designed to deal with the drug problem: laws, prevention, and rehabilitation. All three modalities should be evaluated for effectiveness and safety in the same way we would evaluate surgical or pharmacologic treatment. As a treatment, the drug laws appear to be only marginally effective. Their side effects are so dangerous that the treatment is often more devastating than the disease. A judgment based strictly on the effectiveness and safety of the drug laws would require their immediate repeal or overhaul. The government should be pressed to undertake further evalution and action. If society decides on retention of these laws, it should do so only if it believes other benefits override the laws' failure as treatment.", "contents": "The drug laws. Are they effective and safe? The laws controlling narcotic and other psychoactive drugs are viewed as one of three major forms of treatment designed to deal with the drug problem: laws, prevention, and rehabilitation. All three modalities should be evaluated for effectiveness and safety in the same way we would evaluate surgical or pharmacologic treatment. As a treatment, the drug laws appear to be only marginally effective. Their side effects are so dangerous that the treatment is often more devastating than the disease. A judgment based strictly on the effectiveness and safety of the drug laws would require their immediate repeal or overhaul. The government should be pressed to undertake further evalution and action. If society decides on retention of these laws, it should do so only if it believes other benefits override the laws' failure as treatment.", "PMID": 566335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7010", "title": "Cutaneous sporotrichosis in forestry workers. Epidemic due to contaminated Sphagnum moss.", "content": "In December 1975 and January and February 1976, an epidemic of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurred in Mississippi among forestry workers and other persons exposed to sphagnum moss used in packing pine seedlings. Seventeen cases were identified, 15 of which were from patients who had been exposed to sphagnum moss from a single source. Attack rates were significantly higher among workers exposed to this moss than among those not exposed. Sporothrix schenckii was cultured from the implicated batch of sphagnum moss but not from other batches. The source of contamination of the sphagnum moss that caused this epidemic and sphagnum moss associated with similar epidemics is unknown. One worker without cutaneous sporotrichosis may have had asymptomatic pulmonary sporotrichosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous sporotrichosis in forestry workers. Epidemic due to contaminated Sphagnum moss. In December 1975 and January and February 1976, an epidemic of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurred in Mississippi among forestry workers and other persons exposed to sphagnum moss used in packing pine seedlings. Seventeen cases were identified, 15 of which were from patients who had been exposed to sphagnum moss from a single source. Attack rates were significantly higher among workers exposed to this moss than among those not exposed. Sporothrix schenckii was cultured from the implicated batch of sphagnum moss but not from other batches. The source of contamination of the sphagnum moss that caused this epidemic and sphagnum moss associated with similar epidemics is unknown. One worker without cutaneous sporotrichosis may have had asymptomatic pulmonary sporotrichosis.", "PMID": 566336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7011", "title": "[Intestinal tuberculosis and differential diagnosis against Crohn's disease in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 9-year-old girl treated elsewhere for anemia due to iron deficit is described. The first diagnosis of Crohn's disease made by us and for which the girl received treatment had to be revised, because an intestinal tuberculosis was later accepted to be the correct diagnosis. The authors emphasize the importance of safe diagnostic distinctions between Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[Intestinal tuberculosis and differential diagnosis against Crohn's disease in children (author's transl)]. The case of a 9-year-old girl treated elsewhere for anemia due to iron deficit is described. The first diagnosis of Crohn's disease made by us and for which the girl received treatment had to be revised, because an intestinal tuberculosis was later accepted to be the correct diagnosis. The authors emphasize the importance of safe diagnostic distinctions between Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 566345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7012", "title": "[Incomplete membrane stenoses of the duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "A report in 2 children with incomplete membrane stenoses of the duodenum and further abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract, the urogenital region and on the skeleton. In the first case ileus symptoms existed in early infancy following operated anal atresia. A duodenal diverticulum near the papilla was found with reflux of contrast medium in the biliary and pancreatic tracts. In the second case the clinical symptoms were limited; however, the x-ray findings of an intraduodenal pseudodiverticulum were impressive. Both patients were operated successfully by removal of the incomplete duodenal membrane. Both cases clearly showed the great variability in clinical symptoms with etiologically similar disease patterns and typical x-ray signs.", "contents": "[Incomplete membrane stenoses of the duodenum (author's transl)]. A report in 2 children with incomplete membrane stenoses of the duodenum and further abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract, the urogenital region and on the skeleton. In the first case ileus symptoms existed in early infancy following operated anal atresia. A duodenal diverticulum near the papilla was found with reflux of contrast medium in the biliary and pancreatic tracts. In the second case the clinical symptoms were limited; however, the x-ray findings of an intraduodenal pseudodiverticulum were impressive. Both patients were operated successfully by removal of the incomplete duodenal membrane. Both cases clearly showed the great variability in clinical symptoms with etiologically similar disease patterns and typical x-ray signs.", "PMID": 566346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7013", "title": "[Tubular colon duplication (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on two patients with tubular colon duplication and severe further abnormalities in the urogenital system in particular in the sense of double abnormalities. In addition omphalocele was present in the first child, and vertebra-rib abnormalities in the second child; hence the children were to be classified as according to Kottra and Dodds. No disturbances in early pregnancy could be established in either case. Surgery was performed. The second case and its surgical treatment is concurrently reported as a presentation in \"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinderchirurgie\" by Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. v.d.Oelsnitz.", "contents": "[Tubular colon duplication (author's transl)]. Report on two patients with tubular colon duplication and severe further abnormalities in the urogenital system in particular in the sense of double abnormalities. In addition omphalocele was present in the first child, and vertebra-rib abnormalities in the second child; hence the children were to be classified as according to Kottra and Dodds. No disturbances in early pregnancy could be established in either case. Surgery was performed. The second case and its surgical treatment is concurrently reported as a presentation in \"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinderchirurgie\" by Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. v.d.Oelsnitz.", "PMID": 566347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7014", "title": "[Technique of the introduction of duodenal sounds in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Duodenal Sounds, provided they are sufficiently rigid, can be introduced actively with simultaneous x-ray control. Good sedation promotes rapid passage; further important aids are: appropriate positioning of the patient, instillation of air, and palpation. In recent years, intravenous administration of diazepam and metoclopramid has proved successful as premedication. The described procedure reduces the strain on the children and the amount of time required by the medical staff.", "contents": "[Technique of the introduction of duodenal sounds in children (author's transl)]. Duodenal Sounds, provided they are sufficiently rigid, can be introduced actively with simultaneous x-ray control. Good sedation promotes rapid passage; further important aids are: appropriate positioning of the patient, instillation of air, and palpation. In recent years, intravenous administration of diazepam and metoclopramid has proved successful as premedication. The described procedure reduces the strain on the children and the amount of time required by the medical staff.", "PMID": 566348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7015", "title": "[Studies on the influence of various mathematical formulations on the determination of the proportion of fat in relation to bodyweight by means of skin fold measurements (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on investigations on the influence of various mathematical formulations on the determination of the proportion of fat in relation to body-weight by means of skin fold measurements. For this purpose, the various equations derived from Archimedes' law, as well as the densities of various body fractions as determined by different authors, are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of the deliberations on the methods to be employed for estimating the density of the body by means of skin fold measurements. The various formulations differ from each other mainly by the location and number of measuring points. It was shown by means of comparative studies that for children aged between 9 and 16, independent of their sex, it will be sufficient to employ two skin folds (triceps and scapula). The existence of a very close correlation between the measured data of these points of measurement was found when using different calipers and the relevant conversion factors. In this manner it becomes possible to use a nomogram which has already been determined by Par\u00edzkov\u00e1 and which was converted into a matrix for easier calculation. The determination of the relative proportion of fat'via skin fold measurements cannot replace the determination of individual body density by weighing under water. However, in mass examinations it is very well suited for differentiating between various groups of children (e.g. overweight, underweight, trained, and untrained) in respect of their relative proportion of fat.", "contents": "[Studies on the influence of various mathematical formulations on the determination of the proportion of fat in relation to bodyweight by means of skin fold measurements (author's transl)]. The paper reports on investigations on the influence of various mathematical formulations on the determination of the proportion of fat in relation to body-weight by means of skin fold measurements. For this purpose, the various equations derived from Archimedes' law, as well as the densities of various body fractions as determined by different authors, are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of the deliberations on the methods to be employed for estimating the density of the body by means of skin fold measurements. The various formulations differ from each other mainly by the location and number of measuring points. It was shown by means of comparative studies that for children aged between 9 and 16, independent of their sex, it will be sufficient to employ two skin folds (triceps and scapula). The existence of a very close correlation between the measured data of these points of measurement was found when using different calipers and the relevant conversion factors. In this manner it becomes possible to use a nomogram which has already been determined by Par\u00edzkov\u00e1 and which was converted into a matrix for easier calculation. The determination of the relative proportion of fat'via skin fold measurements cannot replace the determination of individual body density by weighing under water. However, in mass examinations it is very well suited for differentiating between various groups of children (e.g. overweight, underweight, trained, and untrained) in respect of their relative proportion of fat.", "PMID": 566349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7016", "title": "[Silence in children with oncologic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Silence is one of the dominant features in the behavior of fatally ill children and of the adults who care for these children. Silence signals the effectiveness of taboos that are still present in society, hospital personnel as well as in parents and children.", "contents": "[Silence in children with oncologic diseases (author's transl)]. Silence is one of the dominant features in the behavior of fatally ill children and of the adults who care for these children. Silence signals the effectiveness of taboos that are still present in society, hospital personnel as well as in parents and children.", "PMID": 566351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7017", "title": "[Pulmonary sequestration (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary sequestration is a relatively rare condition in which a part of lung tissue has no or only a secondary connection with the tracheobronchial tree. Blood supply comes from the aorta in anomalous branches. Sequestrations may be intra- or extralobar. Gerle et al. include both types in the general term congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. Two surgically confirmed observations of bilateral intralobar pulmonary sequestrations are reported. The clinical features are recurrent respiratory infections with cough, fever and purulent sputum. X-rays only show nonspecific alterations. Chronic changes in the lower lobes should draw attention to pulmonary sequestration. Thoracic aortography is the procedure of choice in establishing the diagnosis and should always be carried out preoperatively. Segmental resection or lobectomy is the indicated treatment.", "contents": "[Pulmonary sequestration (author's transl)]. Pulmonary sequestration is a relatively rare condition in which a part of lung tissue has no or only a secondary connection with the tracheobronchial tree. Blood supply comes from the aorta in anomalous branches. Sequestrations may be intra- or extralobar. Gerle et al. include both types in the general term congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. Two surgically confirmed observations of bilateral intralobar pulmonary sequestrations are reported. The clinical features are recurrent respiratory infections with cough, fever and purulent sputum. X-rays only show nonspecific alterations. Chronic changes in the lower lobes should draw attention to pulmonary sequestration. Thoracic aortography is the procedure of choice in establishing the diagnosis and should always be carried out preoperatively. Segmental resection or lobectomy is the indicated treatment.", "PMID": 566352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7018", "title": "[The fetal hydantoin syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Two siblings have various congenital malformations due to the teratogenic effect of anticonvulsant drugs. Their mother has a 14-year history of continuous anticonvulsant medication. The malformations noted in the older girl are less and in the 8 years younger sister more extensively developed as well as in the fetal hydantoin syndrome. The causes of different severity of the fetal hydantoin syndrome in two sisters are discussed.", "contents": "[The fetal hydantoin syndrome (author's transl)]. Two siblings have various congenital malformations due to the teratogenic effect of anticonvulsant drugs. Their mother has a 14-year history of continuous anticonvulsant medication. The malformations noted in the older girl are less and in the 8 years younger sister more extensively developed as well as in the fetal hydantoin syndrome. The causes of different severity of the fetal hydantoin syndrome in two sisters are discussed.", "PMID": 566353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7019", "title": "[Endocrinological aspects of ketotic hypoglycemia and adrenal calcification (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a 2 6/12 years old girl with bilateral adrenal calcifications and ketotic hypoglycemia. Adrenal function tests showed a normal response of the adrenal cortex but signs of adrenal medullary insufficiency. Urinary adrenaline in samples before and after insulin did not increase significantly and plasma adrenaline was undetectable during hypoglycemia. We suggest, that the absence of adrenaline, caused by perinatal adrenal hemorrhagia, is one of the possible pathogenetic keys of ketotic hypoglycemia and examinations on this disease should always include the search for adrenal calcifications.", "contents": "[Endocrinological aspects of ketotic hypoglycemia and adrenal calcification (author's transl)]. Case report on a 2 6/12 years old girl with bilateral adrenal calcifications and ketotic hypoglycemia. Adrenal function tests showed a normal response of the adrenal cortex but signs of adrenal medullary insufficiency. Urinary adrenaline in samples before and after insulin did not increase significantly and plasma adrenaline was undetectable during hypoglycemia. We suggest, that the absence of adrenaline, caused by perinatal adrenal hemorrhagia, is one of the possible pathogenetic keys of ketotic hypoglycemia and examinations on this disease should always include the search for adrenal calcifications.", "PMID": 566354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7020", "title": "[Phenumopericardium and pneumomediastinum depend upon bronchial foreign body (author's transl)].", "content": "A case with pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum produced by a bronchial foreign body (pieces of a nut) is reported. The pathomechanism is discussed: In state of check valve the bronchial foreign body produces an interstitial emphysema by rupture of the alveolar membranes in the overinflated lung. The interstitial air travels along the sheaths of the pulmonary blood vessels to the root of the lung, to mediastinum, and to pericardium. In state of stop valve, depending on the inflammatory swelling of the mucosa, the affected lung becomes atelectatic. After removing the foreign body air passage will be free. Other therapeutic measures are not necessary.", "contents": "[Phenumopericardium and pneumomediastinum depend upon bronchial foreign body (author's transl)]. A case with pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum produced by a bronchial foreign body (pieces of a nut) is reported. The pathomechanism is discussed: In state of check valve the bronchial foreign body produces an interstitial emphysema by rupture of the alveolar membranes in the overinflated lung. The interstitial air travels along the sheaths of the pulmonary blood vessels to the root of the lung, to mediastinum, and to pericardium. In state of stop valve, depending on the inflammatory swelling of the mucosa, the affected lung becomes atelectatic. After removing the foreign body air passage will be free. Other therapeutic measures are not necessary.", "PMID": 566355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7021", "title": "[The importance of linear fractures of the skull in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of 33 infants with linear fractures of the skull caused by minor head injuries were studied. 32 of them were conscious and without neurological deficit. In 9 infants we noted transient focal pathological EEG changes. In 23 infants focal EEG findings due to functional disorders of the brain could not be demonstrated. But the considerable clinical importance of the linear fractures of the skull consists of the intracranial complications provoked by the anatomical specificities. This is demonstrated by an 8 months old infant, who developed an epidural hematoma after a minor head injury.", "contents": "[The importance of linear fractures of the skull in infancy (author's transl)]. The importance of 33 infants with linear fractures of the skull caused by minor head injuries were studied. 32 of them were conscious and without neurological deficit. In 9 infants we noted transient focal pathological EEG changes. In 23 infants focal EEG findings due to functional disorders of the brain could not be demonstrated. But the considerable clinical importance of the linear fractures of the skull consists of the intracranial complications provoked by the anatomical specificities. This is demonstrated by an 8 months old infant, who developed an epidural hematoma after a minor head injury.", "PMID": 566356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7022", "title": "Accessory splenectomy in management of recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Residual splenic tissue can occasionally be responsible for recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after splenectomy. Although this is an uncommon phenomenon, we have identified six such patients at the Mayo Clinic in the last 40 years, and a review of the literature revealed nine others. Only 4 of the 15 patients with sufficient follow-up were significantly improved after splenectomy, 1 requiring less medication to control his thrombocytopenia. The presence of residual splenic material is suggested by the absence of Howell-Jolly bodies in the peripheral smear and confirmed by technetium-99m scanning. Accessory splenectomy should be considered as an adjunct to the control of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in previously splenectomized patients but with the realization that remission or improvement in the clinical course may occur in only about one-half of such patients.", "contents": "Accessory splenectomy in management of recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Residual splenic tissue can occasionally be responsible for recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after splenectomy. Although this is an uncommon phenomenon, we have identified six such patients at the Mayo Clinic in the last 40 years, and a review of the literature revealed nine others. Only 4 of the 15 patients with sufficient follow-up were significantly improved after splenectomy, 1 requiring less medication to control his thrombocytopenia. The presence of residual splenic material is suggested by the absence of Howell-Jolly bodies in the peripheral smear and confirmed by technetium-99m scanning. Accessory splenectomy should be considered as an adjunct to the control of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in previously splenectomized patients but with the realization that remission or improvement in the clinical course may occur in only about one-half of such patients.", "PMID": 566362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7023", "title": "Behavior alterations in tree shrews (Tupaia glis, Diard 1820) induced by Borna disease virus.", "content": "Intracerebral injection of Borna disease virus in tree shrews led to a persistent infection that sometimes resulted in clinical symptoms and/or specific alterations in the animals' behavior. Whereas infective virus in the brain and in the serum antibodies were always present after infection, only some of the animals showed signs of clinical disease and behavior changes. Animals kept in pairs showed especially obvious behavior alterations expressed as an exaggeration of all the components of normal social behavior. The division of the roles between males and females was seriously disturbed. The breeding behavior of females was especially impaired, although no stress factors were given and the animals were obviously in good physical condition. Some females that were maintained solitarily showed considerably exaggerated spontaneous locomotor activities (hyperactivity) 4 weeks after infection, followed by a phase of clinical neurologic symptoms (decline phase), spatial and temporal disorientation, and alterations in comfort behavior. Following a slow recovery the animals remained unusually docile and were much less timid than before infection. A recurrence of the clinical illness is possible, as shown by the occurrence of a second decline phase. All the behavior alterations can be interpreted as a disturbance in the balance of approach and avoidance. In paired animals this imbalance results in interference with normal sociosexual behavior. These alterations indicate that BD preferentially involves the limbic system, an interpretation supported by the results of neuropathologic investigations.", "contents": "Behavior alterations in tree shrews (Tupaia glis, Diard 1820) induced by Borna disease virus. Intracerebral injection of Borna disease virus in tree shrews led to a persistent infection that sometimes resulted in clinical symptoms and/or specific alterations in the animals' behavior. Whereas infective virus in the brain and in the serum antibodies were always present after infection, only some of the animals showed signs of clinical disease and behavior changes. Animals kept in pairs showed especially obvious behavior alterations expressed as an exaggeration of all the components of normal social behavior. The division of the roles between males and females was seriously disturbed. The breeding behavior of females was especially impaired, although no stress factors were given and the animals were obviously in good physical condition. Some females that were maintained solitarily showed considerably exaggerated spontaneous locomotor activities (hyperactivity) 4 weeks after infection, followed by a phase of clinical neurologic symptoms (decline phase), spatial and temporal disorientation, and alterations in comfort behavior. Following a slow recovery the animals remained unusually docile and were much less timid than before infection. A recurrence of the clinical illness is possible, as shown by the occurrence of a second decline phase. All the behavior alterations can be interpreted as a disturbance in the balance of approach and avoidance. In paired animals this imbalance results in interference with normal sociosexual behavior. These alterations indicate that BD preferentially involves the limbic system, an interpretation supported by the results of neuropathologic investigations.", "PMID": 566371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7024", "title": "Role of adenine in pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections of tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Adenine sulfate and several related compounds were evaluated for their ability to retard the cytotoxic effect which normally accompanies M. pneumoniae infections of hamster tracheal explants. Adenine sulfate, at the 0.01 mM level, was found to exert a significant protective effect. Little or no ciliostasis or loss of cell viability was detectable when organ cultures were infected with 10(7) CFU of virulent M. pneumoniae in the presence of the adenine supplement. Mycoplasmas grew in broth and on plastic surfaces in the presence of adenine, and no significant diminution of growth rate or cell yield was detectable. Organisms adhered to the tracheal epithelial surface regardless of the presence or absence of adenine. When explants were incubated in the presence of 14C-(8)-adenine, rinsed, and then infected with M. pneumoniae, the adenine label could be recovered from the mycoplasmas 20 h after the infection. These data are compatible with the known nucleic acid requirement of mycoplasmas and with a model which ascribes a role for purine/pyrimidine competition and/or depletion in the infective process.", "contents": "Role of adenine in pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections of tracheal epithelium. Adenine sulfate and several related compounds were evaluated for their ability to retard the cytotoxic effect which normally accompanies M. pneumoniae infections of hamster tracheal explants. Adenine sulfate, at the 0.01 mM level, was found to exert a significant protective effect. Little or no ciliostasis or loss of cell viability was detectable when organ cultures were infected with 10(7) CFU of virulent M. pneumoniae in the presence of the adenine supplement. Mycoplasmas grew in broth and on plastic surfaces in the presence of adenine, and no significant diminution of growth rate or cell yield was detectable. Organisms adhered to the tracheal epithelial surface regardless of the presence or absence of adenine. When explants were incubated in the presence of 14C-(8)-adenine, rinsed, and then infected with M. pneumoniae, the adenine label could be recovered from the mycoplasmas 20 h after the infection. These data are compatible with the known nucleic acid requirement of mycoplasmas and with a model which ascribes a role for purine/pyrimidine competition and/or depletion in the infective process.", "PMID": 566372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7025", "title": "[Effect of elevated temperature on the morphology of a chemostat culture of Candida utilis yeasts and on their content of nucleic acids].", "content": "The effect of elevated temperature (40 degrees C) on a chemostat culture of Candida utilis was studied at different rates of dilution, D = 0.1 and 0.3 hr-1. The cells in the fermenter being in the stationary state at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C were gradually washed-out 5 hours after the action of this temperature, and the population consisted of non-divided cells. In the majority of such \"double\" cells, the nucleus was contained in both the parent and the daughter parts. The content of RNA decreased by 31%, that of DNA, by 20%, and that of protein, by 13% (per 1 mg of biomass).", "contents": "[Effect of elevated temperature on the morphology of a chemostat culture of Candida utilis yeasts and on their content of nucleic acids]. The effect of elevated temperature (40 degrees C) on a chemostat culture of Candida utilis was studied at different rates of dilution, D = 0.1 and 0.3 hr-1. The cells in the fermenter being in the stationary state at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C were gradually washed-out 5 hours after the action of this temperature, and the population consisted of non-divided cells. In the majority of such \"double\" cells, the nucleus was contained in both the parent and the daughter parts. The content of RNA decreased by 31%, that of DNA, by 20%, and that of protein, by 13% (per 1 mg of biomass).", "PMID": 566369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7026", "title": "Physician responsibility for the cost of unnecessary medical services.", "content": "Most diagnostic and therapeutic services are ordered by physicians, but physicians practicing under fee-for-service conditions have few incentives to contain the costs of medical care. Without such incentives, effective cost control through mechanisms such as Professional Standards Review Organizations have been disappointing. Several legal approaches might be used to increase physicians' responsibility for the cost of unnecessary services--expansion of tort law, implied contact, redesign of insurance mechanisms, equitable estoppel and informed consent. However, increasing physician responsibility will require uniform but flexible definitions of medical necessity, reliable means for predeterming the need for services and effective penalties or incentives. We propose a peer-review system that would incorporate the sharing of financial risk among physician, hospital, insurer and patient in the fee-for-service sector.", "contents": "Physician responsibility for the cost of unnecessary medical services. Most diagnostic and therapeutic services are ordered by physicians, but physicians practicing under fee-for-service conditions have few incentives to contain the costs of medical care. Without such incentives, effective cost control through mechanisms such as Professional Standards Review Organizations have been disappointing. Several legal approaches might be used to increase physicians' responsibility for the cost of unnecessary services--expansion of tort law, implied contact, redesign of insurance mechanisms, equitable estoppel and informed consent. However, increasing physician responsibility will require uniform but flexible definitions of medical necessity, reliable means for predeterming the need for services and effective penalties or incentives. We propose a peer-review system that would incorporate the sharing of financial risk among physician, hospital, insurer and patient in the fee-for-service sector.", "PMID": 566381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7027", "title": "[RNA biosynthesis and regulation of protein biosynthesis in the liver of chicks with experimental coccidiosis].", "content": "The aim of this work was to investigate the interrelationship between RNA biosynthesis and that of protein in chick liver during experimental coccidiosis induced by E. tenella. The peculiarity of this model is that in the course of this disease protein synthesis is significantly intensified inspite of the fact that the rate of the biosynthesis is rather high under normal conditions. It has been shown that 4 to 6 days after infection incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins from chick liver subcellular fractions is greatly increased. The most pronounced changes are in ribosomal and mitochondrial fractions as well as in the postribosomal supernatant. At the same time the specific radioactivity of serum albumin excreted by liver was increased by factor 3. These changes in protein biosynthesis are associated with a significant increase of both the content and intensity of biosynthesis of high molecular weight precursors of rRNA as well as with those of mature 18S rRNA. The amount of 28S rRNA and mRNA per cell is practically without any changes whereas the mRNA turnover is somewhat more extensive. The selective accumulation of 18S rRNA is suggested to be responsible for the intensification of protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "[RNA biosynthesis and regulation of protein biosynthesis in the liver of chicks with experimental coccidiosis]. The aim of this work was to investigate the interrelationship between RNA biosynthesis and that of protein in chick liver during experimental coccidiosis induced by E. tenella. The peculiarity of this model is that in the course of this disease protein synthesis is significantly intensified inspite of the fact that the rate of the biosynthesis is rather high under normal conditions. It has been shown that 4 to 6 days after infection incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins from chick liver subcellular fractions is greatly increased. The most pronounced changes are in ribosomal and mitochondrial fractions as well as in the postribosomal supernatant. At the same time the specific radioactivity of serum albumin excreted by liver was increased by factor 3. These changes in protein biosynthesis are associated with a significant increase of both the content and intensity of biosynthesis of high molecular weight precursors of rRNA as well as with those of mature 18S rRNA. The amount of 28S rRNA and mRNA per cell is practically without any changes whereas the mRNA turnover is somewhat more extensive. The selective accumulation of 18S rRNA is suggested to be responsible for the intensification of protein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 566378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7028", "title": "[Use of echography as a diagnostic aid in pediatric abdominal pathology].", "content": "Echotomography was used in the diagnosis of abdominal disease in children. The results obtained were compared with those given by conventional methods. The soundness of echotomography in the location and indication of the size and structure of lesions was demonstrated in a series of 20 cases.", "contents": "[Use of echography as a diagnostic aid in pediatric abdominal pathology]. Echotomography was used in the diagnosis of abdominal disease in children. The results obtained were compared with those given by conventional methods. The soundness of echotomography in the location and indication of the size and structure of lesions was demonstrated in a series of 20 cases.", "PMID": 566390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7029", "title": "[Glutamic acid gamma-ethyl ester in high doses in the treatment of high blood ammonia levels in severe hepatic failure].", "content": "The AA. administered i.v. large doses of gamma-ethylester of glutamic acid to 22 patients affected with severe liver failure associated to mental and neuromuscolar abnormalities as tremors, confusion, restlesness which have been duly recorded for the purpose of this evaluation. The average daily dose was 36.3 gm and the treatment lasted as an average 9.5 days. The peripheral venous blood ammonia was checked, at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, in all the patients and in some, at random, the following parameters were determined: pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, TCO2, oxygen saturation on arterial blood. The treatment caused a statistically remarkable decrease of blood ammonia in 21 of 22 patients. The mental and neuromuscolar abnormalities too showed a statistically important downward trend vs. the basal values. The acid-base balance did not record any remarkable variation. The AA. judge as absolutely positive the trial carried out with gamma-ethylester of glutamic acid. The large doses used caused clear-cut and dramatic improvements and were estremely well tolerated.", "contents": "[Glutamic acid gamma-ethyl ester in high doses in the treatment of high blood ammonia levels in severe hepatic failure]. The AA. administered i.v. large doses of gamma-ethylester of glutamic acid to 22 patients affected with severe liver failure associated to mental and neuromuscolar abnormalities as tremors, confusion, restlesness which have been duly recorded for the purpose of this evaluation. The average daily dose was 36.3 gm and the treatment lasted as an average 9.5 days. The peripheral venous blood ammonia was checked, at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, in all the patients and in some, at random, the following parameters were determined: pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, TCO2, oxygen saturation on arterial blood. The treatment caused a statistically remarkable decrease of blood ammonia in 21 of 22 patients. The mental and neuromuscolar abnormalities too showed a statistically important downward trend vs. the basal values. The acid-base balance did not record any remarkable variation. The AA. judge as absolutely positive the trial carried out with gamma-ethylester of glutamic acid. The large doses used caused clear-cut and dramatic improvements and were estremely well tolerated.", "PMID": 566393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7030", "title": "Serum carcinoembryonic antigens in patients with carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. The mean CEA level for 80 controls was 2.03 ng/ml with a standard deviation of 0.49 ng/ml. Hence, the upper limit of normal for serum CEA levels was considered to be 3.01 ng/ml, ie, two standard deviations above the mean. Serum CEA levels were measured in 86 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma, Stages 0 through IV. Thirty-five of the 74 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma were CEA-positive (serum levels above normal); patients with cervical dysplasia or carcinoma in situ were all CEA-negative. Study of the distribution of these patients together with the extent of their disease leads to the following conclusions: a) determination of serum CEA levels cannot serve as a test for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer or precancerous lesions; b) in patients with clinical Stage I or II cervical cancer, an elevated serum CEA level indicates a greater likelihood of parametrial invasion or lymph node metastasis; c) in patients with treated carcinoma of the cervix, continued normal levels of serum CEA affirm continued absence of the disease, whereas development of an elevated level is highly suspicious of occult residual or recurrent cancer. The authors urge periodic determinations of serum CEA levels in patients with treated cervical cancer.", "contents": "Serum carcinoembryonic antigens in patients with carcinoma of the cervix. Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. The mean CEA level for 80 controls was 2.03 ng/ml with a standard deviation of 0.49 ng/ml. Hence, the upper limit of normal for serum CEA levels was considered to be 3.01 ng/ml, ie, two standard deviations above the mean. Serum CEA levels were measured in 86 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma, Stages 0 through IV. Thirty-five of the 74 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma were CEA-positive (serum levels above normal); patients with cervical dysplasia or carcinoma in situ were all CEA-negative. Study of the distribution of these patients together with the extent of their disease leads to the following conclusions: a) determination of serum CEA levels cannot serve as a test for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer or precancerous lesions; b) in patients with clinical Stage I or II cervical cancer, an elevated serum CEA level indicates a greater likelihood of parametrial invasion or lymph node metastasis; c) in patients with treated carcinoma of the cervix, continued normal levels of serum CEA affirm continued absence of the disease, whereas development of an elevated level is highly suspicious of occult residual or recurrent cancer. The authors urge periodic determinations of serum CEA levels in patients with treated cervical cancer.", "PMID": 566405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7031", "title": "Borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "This study identifies borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix as a subgroup of microinvasive carcinoma. We define borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix as the infiltration of neoplastic squamous epithelial cells into the stroma where the depth of infiltration is 1 mm or less from the basement membrane of the epithelial surface immediately adjacent to the site of infiltration without capillary-like or lymphatic-like space involvement. In a 20-year review of cervical neoplasia in our institution, 29 cases of borderline microinvasion were identified. None of these 29 patients had recurrent carcinoma. Of our in situ carcinomas, 4.8% were found to be borderline lesions on review. Of our cases initially interpreted as microinvasion, 27.1% were, in fact, borderline lesions. There are better data to establish the criteria for borderline microinvasive carcinoma than there are to establish the absolute depths of invasion that would be unequivocally acceptable as \"microinvasion.\" Borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix is a lesion which is not metastatic and can be treated by nonradical methods.", "contents": "Borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. This study identifies borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix as a subgroup of microinvasive carcinoma. We define borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix as the infiltration of neoplastic squamous epithelial cells into the stroma where the depth of infiltration is 1 mm or less from the basement membrane of the epithelial surface immediately adjacent to the site of infiltration without capillary-like or lymphatic-like space involvement. In a 20-year review of cervical neoplasia in our institution, 29 cases of borderline microinvasion were identified. None of these 29 patients had recurrent carcinoma. Of our in situ carcinomas, 4.8% were found to be borderline lesions on review. Of our cases initially interpreted as microinvasion, 27.1% were, in fact, borderline lesions. There are better data to establish the criteria for borderline microinvasive carcinoma than there are to establish the absolute depths of invasion that would be unequivocally acceptable as \"microinvasion.\" Borderline microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix is a lesion which is not metastatic and can be treated by nonradical methods.", "PMID": 566406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7032", "title": "Prenatally diagnosed blocked atrial premature beats.", "content": "A case of persistent severe bradycardia in labor, diagnosed as blocked atrial premature beats, is presented. Simultaneous recording of fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) during labor established an accurate diagnosis of an innocent fetal sinus bradycardia and differentiated it from fetal distress. This method should be applied in all cases of persistent fetal dysrhythmia, in order to differentiate it from hypoxic distress, and thus enable the obstetrician to avoid unnecessary cesarean sections.", "contents": "Prenatally diagnosed blocked atrial premature beats. A case of persistent severe bradycardia in labor, diagnosed as blocked atrial premature beats, is presented. Simultaneous recording of fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) during labor established an accurate diagnosis of an innocent fetal sinus bradycardia and differentiated it from fetal distress. This method should be applied in all cases of persistent fetal dysrhythmia, in order to differentiate it from hypoxic distress, and thus enable the obstetrician to avoid unnecessary cesarean sections.", "PMID": 566407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7033", "title": "Maternal serum estrogen and progesterone concentrations preceding normal labor.", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of serum concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and progesterone were carried out in multiple serial blood samples obtained during the last 3-10 weeks of pregnancy, labor, and the immediate postpartum period in 5 normal women. Estrogen and progesterone levels showed a small, but statistically significant diurnal variation during pregnancy. They did not change during labor; however, with the exception of E1 levels, all declined following delivery. Individual patterns preceding labor, derived from calculated moving mean values, showed no consistent decline in progesterone levels nor a surge in E1 and E2 concentrations whereas estriol levels showed a steady rise starting 14-28 days prior to the onset of labor. Whether this E3 elevation reflects fetal maturation and/or plays a role in the triggering mechanism of labor is unknow. Failure to detect changes in E1, E2, and progesterone levels in the maternal peripheral circulation does not preclude the possibility that alterations of metabolism of these hormones in the fetal or uterine compartments might be involved in the initiation of human labor.", "contents": "Maternal serum estrogen and progesterone concentrations preceding normal labor. Simultaneous measurement of serum concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and progesterone were carried out in multiple serial blood samples obtained during the last 3-10 weeks of pregnancy, labor, and the immediate postpartum period in 5 normal women. Estrogen and progesterone levels showed a small, but statistically significant diurnal variation during pregnancy. They did not change during labor; however, with the exception of E1 levels, all declined following delivery. Individual patterns preceding labor, derived from calculated moving mean values, showed no consistent decline in progesterone levels nor a surge in E1 and E2 concentrations whereas estriol levels showed a steady rise starting 14-28 days prior to the onset of labor. Whether this E3 elevation reflects fetal maturation and/or plays a role in the triggering mechanism of labor is unknow. Failure to detect changes in E1, E2, and progesterone levels in the maternal peripheral circulation does not preclude the possibility that alterations of metabolism of these hormones in the fetal or uterine compartments might be involved in the initiation of human labor.", "PMID": 566408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7034", "title": "The morphology of the earliest invasive cell in low genital tract epidermoid neoplasia.", "content": "The light and electron microscopic characteristics of the distinct eosinophilic microinvasive cell in the lower genital tract epidermoid neoplasia are described. The eosinophilic quality of the invasive cell is associated with an accumulation of contractive protein seen at the ultrastructural level. The presence of these differentiated cells near the basement membrane should be viewed with more concern as they contain the cytoplasmic machinery with which to invade.", "contents": "The morphology of the earliest invasive cell in low genital tract epidermoid neoplasia. The light and electron microscopic characteristics of the distinct eosinophilic microinvasive cell in the lower genital tract epidermoid neoplasia are described. The eosinophilic quality of the invasive cell is associated with an accumulation of contractive protein seen at the ultrastructural level. The presence of these differentiated cells near the basement membrane should be viewed with more concern as they contain the cytoplasmic machinery with which to invade.", "PMID": 566409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7035", "title": "Argon laser iridotomy in the treatment of patients with primary angle-closure or pupillary block glaucoma: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "A \"pulsed\" argon laser was successful in 48 of 64 (75%) attempted laser iridotomies. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy performed on specimens taken at varying intervals following laser treatment revealed progressive scarring of iris tissue. The complications appear minimal at this time, but longer follow-up is required before it can be stated that laser and surgical peripheral iridectomies are comparable. However, the laser's simplicity and ease of administration appear to warrant its continued use at this time.", "contents": "Argon laser iridotomy in the treatment of patients with primary angle-closure or pupillary block glaucoma: a clinicopathologic study. A \"pulsed\" argon laser was successful in 48 of 64 (75%) attempted laser iridotomies. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy performed on specimens taken at varying intervals following laser treatment revealed progressive scarring of iris tissue. The complications appear minimal at this time, but longer follow-up is required before it can be stated that laser and surgical peripheral iridectomies are comparable. However, the laser's simplicity and ease of administration appear to warrant its continued use at this time.", "PMID": 566411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7036", "title": "Cryopreservation of the infective larvae of the common nematodes of ruminants.", "content": "Exsheathed infective larvae (L 3) of 19 species of nematodes were tested for infectivity in either sheep or cattle after they had been frozen in 0,9% NaCl solution, stored for a relatively short time in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen and subsequently thawed. In addition, 13 of these species were tested after similar storage for up to 18 months. In sheep, Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus spathiger and Oesophagostomum columbianum were viable after 2 years of cryopreservation, a mean of greater than 90% of the L 3 being alive when thawed after this period. Similar results were obtained with Chabertia ovina L 3 after 18 months and with Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus falculatus and Dictyocaulus filaria, after a short period of freezing. On the other hand, Gaigeria pachyscelis and Strongyloides papillosus survived freezing for up to 7 months but neither was viable at the end of this period, nor was exsheathed G. pachyscelis viable without freezing. Most of these infestations were established by inoculating the infective larvae into the abomasum and/or duodenum. M. marshalli, T. falculatus and C. ovina also proved infective after oral dosing. D. filaria, the only other species tested by this route, was not infective when dosed per os after thawing. The infective larvae of the bovine nematodes, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Cooperia pectinata and Cooperia punctata survived freezing for a mean of 26 months, greater than 90% being alive on thawing, but infectivity was generally lower than with the same genera in sheep. Even when not frozen, exsheathed Bunostomum phlebotomum was non-infective. When Cooperia spp. after thawing were tested for infectivity by the oral route, more worms developed in one calf infested orally than in another infested by inoculation into the duodenum. Ova of H. contortus, M. marshalli, O. circumcincta, T. colubriformis, T. falculatus, N. spathiger, C. ovina, H. placei, O. ostertagi, Cooperia spp. and N. helvetianus were recovered from the faeces of animals infested with cryopreserved L 3. No ova of O. columbianum or O. radiatum were recovered from faeces, because differential larval counts were performed before they were patent. Nevertheless, gravid females were obtained post-mortem. Frozen L 3 of N. helvetianus were used to re-establish a pure strain in calves, 2,3 million ova being recovered from infestations with 10 670 L 3 frozen for 26 months. The infectivity of the progeny of frozen L 3 was tested with M. marshalli and C. ovina. In both instances infectivity was high and the worms which developed also produced ova, thus completing the cycle. This appears to be the first report of infective larvae of parasitic nematodes retaining their infectivity after being frozen in liquid nitrogen (gas phase) for longer than 2 years. This is also apparently the first time that M. marshalli T. colubriformis, T. falculatus, T. axei, N. spathiger, C...", "contents": "Cryopreservation of the infective larvae of the common nematodes of ruminants. Exsheathed infective larvae (L 3) of 19 species of nematodes were tested for infectivity in either sheep or cattle after they had been frozen in 0,9% NaCl solution, stored for a relatively short time in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen and subsequently thawed. In addition, 13 of these species were tested after similar storage for up to 18 months. In sheep, Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus spathiger and Oesophagostomum columbianum were viable after 2 years of cryopreservation, a mean of greater than 90% of the L 3 being alive when thawed after this period. Similar results were obtained with Chabertia ovina L 3 after 18 months and with Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus falculatus and Dictyocaulus filaria, after a short period of freezing. On the other hand, Gaigeria pachyscelis and Strongyloides papillosus survived freezing for up to 7 months but neither was viable at the end of this period, nor was exsheathed G. pachyscelis viable without freezing. Most of these infestations were established by inoculating the infective larvae into the abomasum and/or duodenum. M. marshalli, T. falculatus and C. ovina also proved infective after oral dosing. D. filaria, the only other species tested by this route, was not infective when dosed per os after thawing. The infective larvae of the bovine nematodes, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Cooperia pectinata and Cooperia punctata survived freezing for a mean of 26 months, greater than 90% being alive on thawing, but infectivity was generally lower than with the same genera in sheep. Even when not frozen, exsheathed Bunostomum phlebotomum was non-infective. When Cooperia spp. after thawing were tested for infectivity by the oral route, more worms developed in one calf infested orally than in another infested by inoculation into the duodenum. Ova of H. contortus, M. marshalli, O. circumcincta, T. colubriformis, T. falculatus, N. spathiger, C. ovina, H. placei, O. ostertagi, Cooperia spp. and N. helvetianus were recovered from the faeces of animals infested with cryopreserved L 3. No ova of O. columbianum or O. radiatum were recovered from faeces, because differential larval counts were performed before they were patent. Nevertheless, gravid females were obtained post-mortem. Frozen L 3 of N. helvetianus were used to re-establish a pure strain in calves, 2,3 million ova being recovered from infestations with 10 670 L 3 frozen for 26 months. The infectivity of the progeny of frozen L 3 was tested with M. marshalli and C. ovina. In both instances infectivity was high and the worms which developed also produced ova, thus completing the cycle. This appears to be the first report of infective larvae of parasitic nematodes retaining their infectivity after being frozen in liquid nitrogen (gas phase) for longer than 2 years. This is also apparently the first time that M. marshalli T. colubriformis, T. falculatus, T. axei, N. spathiger, C...", "PMID": 566412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7037", "title": "Forelimb reflexes modulated by tonic neck positions in cats.", "content": "The modulation of monosynaptic forelimb reflexes by tonic neck positions was investigated in cats with the head fixed. Lateral flexion of the body in a horizontal plane markedly facilitates reflexes of the deep radial nerve (DR) in the ipsilateral forelimb, while the antagonistic ulnar nerve (ULN) reflexes are strongly inhibited. Opposite effects are seen after contralaternal body movement. Dorsiflexion of the body clearly increases DR-reflexes and exerts a reciprocal although more pronounced inhibition on ULN reflexes. Opposite effects appear after ventriflexion. The reflex modulation starts with head-body displacements of approximately 5 degrees and increases with increasing angles. Furthermore reflex modulation does not depend on the intact cerebrum and cerebellum. The comparison of forelimb and hindlimb reflexes shows a decrease of the neck influences along the spinal cord.", "contents": "Forelimb reflexes modulated by tonic neck positions in cats. The modulation of monosynaptic forelimb reflexes by tonic neck positions was investigated in cats with the head fixed. Lateral flexion of the body in a horizontal plane markedly facilitates reflexes of the deep radial nerve (DR) in the ipsilateral forelimb, while the antagonistic ulnar nerve (ULN) reflexes are strongly inhibited. Opposite effects are seen after contralaternal body movement. Dorsiflexion of the body clearly increases DR-reflexes and exerts a reciprocal although more pronounced inhibition on ULN reflexes. Opposite effects appear after ventriflexion. The reflex modulation starts with head-body displacements of approximately 5 degrees and increases with increasing angles. Furthermore reflex modulation does not depend on the intact cerebrum and cerebellum. The comparison of forelimb and hindlimb reflexes shows a decrease of the neck influences along the spinal cord.", "PMID": 566419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7038", "title": "Effective compliance of the circulation in the upright sitting posture.", "content": "The effective compliance is defined as the relation of change in blood volume to change in central venous pressure. It was measured in 8 upright sitting male subjects and amounted to 3.3 ml/(mm Hg X kg BW). It is, therefore, by about 50% greater than the effective compliance in the supine subject which amounts to 2.3 ml/(mm Hg X kg BW). . This difference is probably due to the posture dependent blood volume distribution in the low pressure system whose \"upper\" and \"lower\" sections have nonlinear pressure-volume characteristics. Immersion to the neck reduces the effective complicance to about half the control value (1.9 ml/(mm Hg X kg BW) which probably constitutes the effective compliance of the intrathoracic circulatory compartment.", "contents": "Effective compliance of the circulation in the upright sitting posture. The effective compliance is defined as the relation of change in blood volume to change in central venous pressure. It was measured in 8 upright sitting male subjects and amounted to 3.3 ml/(mm Hg X kg BW). It is, therefore, by about 50% greater than the effective compliance in the supine subject which amounts to 2.3 ml/(mm Hg X kg BW). . This difference is probably due to the posture dependent blood volume distribution in the low pressure system whose \"upper\" and \"lower\" sections have nonlinear pressure-volume characteristics. Immersion to the neck reduces the effective complicance to about half the control value (1.9 ml/(mm Hg X kg BW) which probably constitutes the effective compliance of the intrathoracic circulatory compartment.", "PMID": 566420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7039", "title": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. V. Effect of changing breathing gas composition on pulmonary gas embolization.", "content": "It was found in previous investigations that during venous gas infusion at low rates (1--5 ml/min-1) circulatory and respiratory variables reached a constant level after about 10--15 min. The present study demonstrates that this steady state can be disturbed by changing the composition of the breathing gas mixture. Alteration from air to 21% O2 in helium rapidly increased the embolic effects up to a maximum within 1.5--2 min; in the next 5--8 min the circulatory and respiratory variables returned to their previous levels during air breathing. Reverse effects occurred when changing from 21% O2 in helium to air. Similar phenomena were seen after switching from air to pure oxygen and from 21% O2 helium to pure oxygen. However, the extent of the circulatory and respiratory changes differed depending on the composition of the respective alternating breathing gas mixtures and on the initial embolic level as determined by infusion rate and kind of infusion gas. Gas movements between intravascular bubbles and alveolar space might be responsible for these changes.", "contents": "Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. V. Effect of changing breathing gas composition on pulmonary gas embolization. It was found in previous investigations that during venous gas infusion at low rates (1--5 ml/min-1) circulatory and respiratory variables reached a constant level after about 10--15 min. The present study demonstrates that this steady state can be disturbed by changing the composition of the breathing gas mixture. Alteration from air to 21% O2 in helium rapidly increased the embolic effects up to a maximum within 1.5--2 min; in the next 5--8 min the circulatory and respiratory variables returned to their previous levels during air breathing. Reverse effects occurred when changing from 21% O2 in helium to air. Similar phenomena were seen after switching from air to pure oxygen and from 21% O2 helium to pure oxygen. However, the extent of the circulatory and respiratory changes differed depending on the composition of the respective alternating breathing gas mixtures and on the initial embolic level as determined by infusion rate and kind of infusion gas. Gas movements between intravascular bubbles and alveolar space might be responsible for these changes.", "PMID": 566421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7040", "title": "Effects of pulmonary gas emoblism on circulation and respiration in the dog. VI. Influence of body position on the effects of pulmonary gas embolism.", "content": "In the present study the influence of body position on the effects of venous gas infusion was examined. The body position of anesthetized dogs ventilated artifically varied between supine, right-side-down and left-side-down position. Without venous gas infusion the change of body position hardly affected pulmonary arterial pressure (Pap) and alveolar CO2 fractional concentration (FACO2). However, during venous gas infusion a change of body position immediately elicited a rapid increase Pap and a decrease in FACO2 completed within a few seconds. Thereafter both variables gradually returned to their initial levels as before the change of body position. The extent of change in Pap and FACO2 due to alteration of body position depended on the initial embolic level (determined by the rate of infusion and the nature of the gas used) and on the change of body position.", "contents": "Effects of pulmonary gas emoblism on circulation and respiration in the dog. VI. Influence of body position on the effects of pulmonary gas embolism. In the present study the influence of body position on the effects of venous gas infusion was examined. The body position of anesthetized dogs ventilated artifically varied between supine, right-side-down and left-side-down position. Without venous gas infusion the change of body position hardly affected pulmonary arterial pressure (Pap) and alveolar CO2 fractional concentration (FACO2). However, during venous gas infusion a change of body position immediately elicited a rapid increase Pap and a decrease in FACO2 completed within a few seconds. Thereafter both variables gradually returned to their initial levels as before the change of body position. The extent of change in Pap and FACO2 due to alteration of body position depended on the initial embolic level (determined by the rate of infusion and the nature of the gas used) and on the change of body position.", "PMID": 566422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7041", "title": "Left ventricular active stiffness: dependency on time and inotropic state.", "content": "Left ventricular systolic stiffness was measured by rapidly changing ventricular volume (within 7 ms) of isovolumically contracting isolated rabbit hearts. Instantaneous pressure-volume relations were found to be linear with slopes that depended upon the moment during contraction at which the volume change was induced. These slopes were proportional to the total pressure developed in the ventricle just prior to the volume change. The same was found when the time course of pressure was influenced by changing the Ca++ content of the perfusate. An influence, however, also could be detected when end-diastolic volume was changed. At the same pre-release pressure a greater volume caused a decrease of active stiffness. The results indicate the possibility of an active component in ventricular systolic stiffness.", "contents": "Left ventricular active stiffness: dependency on time and inotropic state. Left ventricular systolic stiffness was measured by rapidly changing ventricular volume (within 7 ms) of isovolumically contracting isolated rabbit hearts. Instantaneous pressure-volume relations were found to be linear with slopes that depended upon the moment during contraction at which the volume change was induced. These slopes were proportional to the total pressure developed in the ventricle just prior to the volume change. The same was found when the time course of pressure was influenced by changing the Ca++ content of the perfusate. An influence, however, also could be detected when end-diastolic volume was changed. At the same pre-release pressure a greater volume caused a decrease of active stiffness. The results indicate the possibility of an active component in ventricular systolic stiffness.", "PMID": 566423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7042", "title": "Distal site of calcium reabsorption in the rat nephron.", "content": "The site of outflux of 45Ca along the nephron  were investigated using microinfusion technique in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX), intact and TPTX Wistar rats substituted with parathyroid hormone (PTH). In all three groups 45Ca outflux occurred along the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and along the distal tubule. After microinfusion into late distal tubules 45Ca recovery in ipsilateral urine was essentially complete for the TPTX group but was only 83 and 65% for the intact and the PTH substituted animals. Increases in microinfusion flow rate from 2--20 nl/min into early and middle distal tubules resulted in increased urinary recovery of 45Ca for all three groups. Similarily, increases in microinfusate Ca concentration from 0.2--2.0 and 5.0 mmol/l resulted in increased fractional urinary recovery of 45Ca both in the presence and absence of PTH. When 45Ca and 3H insulin containing solutions were continuously microinfused into early distal tubules for one hour periods an anticalciuric effect of PTH could be demonstrated. It is concluded that Ca, in addition to its outflux in the proximal tubule and in the loop of Henle, is reabsorbed in the distal tubule accessible to micropuncture. PTH acts anticalciuric at this latter site.", "contents": "Distal site of calcium reabsorption in the rat nephron. The site of outflux of 45Ca along the nephron  were investigated using microinfusion technique in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX), intact and TPTX Wistar rats substituted with parathyroid hormone (PTH). In all three groups 45Ca outflux occurred along the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and along the distal tubule. After microinfusion into late distal tubules 45Ca recovery in ipsilateral urine was essentially complete for the TPTX group but was only 83 and 65% for the intact and the PTH substituted animals. Increases in microinfusion flow rate from 2--20 nl/min into early and middle distal tubules resulted in increased urinary recovery of 45Ca for all three groups. Similarily, increases in microinfusate Ca concentration from 0.2--2.0 and 5.0 mmol/l resulted in increased fractional urinary recovery of 45Ca both in the presence and absence of PTH. When 45Ca and 3H insulin containing solutions were continuously microinfused into early distal tubules for one hour periods an anticalciuric effect of PTH could be demonstrated. It is concluded that Ca, in addition to its outflux in the proximal tubule and in the loop of Henle, is reabsorbed in the distal tubule accessible to micropuncture. PTH acts anticalciuric at this latter site.", "PMID": 566424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7043", "title": "Central thermosensitivity in conscious goats: hypothalamus and spinal cord versus residual inner body.", "content": "Experiments were performed on conscious goats to confirm the suggestion that in this species the inner body contains more thermosensitive structures than those residing in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. For this purpose goats were chronically implanted with local thermodes and intravascular heat exchangers to allow independent temperature control of the hypothalamus, spinal cord and residual inner body. With the hypothalamus and spinal cord clamped simultaneously at different levels between 32 degrees C and 40 degrees C, residual internal temperature was lowered by subtracting heat via the intravascular heat exchanger. The residual internal temperature at which shivering and increased heat production occured due to heat extraction, was directly related to the value of the combined hypothalamic and spinal cord clamp temperature. The higher hypothalamic and spinal cord clamp temperatures were, the lower residual internal temperature fell before shivering occurred and heat production rose. Plots relating residual internal temperature to hypothalamic and spinal cord temperature at different levels of heat production showed the signal input generated within the residual inner body to be of nearly the same order of magnitude as that from the hypothalamus and spinal cord.", "contents": "Central thermosensitivity in conscious goats: hypothalamus and spinal cord versus residual inner body. Experiments were performed on conscious goats to confirm the suggestion that in this species the inner body contains more thermosensitive structures than those residing in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. For this purpose goats were chronically implanted with local thermodes and intravascular heat exchangers to allow independent temperature control of the hypothalamus, spinal cord and residual inner body. With the hypothalamus and spinal cord clamped simultaneously at different levels between 32 degrees C and 40 degrees C, residual internal temperature was lowered by subtracting heat via the intravascular heat exchanger. The residual internal temperature at which shivering and increased heat production occured due to heat extraction, was directly related to the value of the combined hypothalamic and spinal cord clamp temperature. The higher hypothalamic and spinal cord clamp temperatures were, the lower residual internal temperature fell before shivering occurred and heat production rose. Plots relating residual internal temperature to hypothalamic and spinal cord temperature at different levels of heat production showed the signal input generated within the residual inner body to be of nearly the same order of magnitude as that from the hypothalamus and spinal cord.", "PMID": 566426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7044", "title": "CO2-dependent component of the neurogenic vascular tone in the cat.", "content": "Complete vascular isolation of the hindlimbs was performed in vagotomized cats under Sodium Pentobarbital anesthesia. The hindlimbs were perfused at constant flow with blood kept at a constant and physiological PO2, PCO2, and pH values by means of a specially designed pump-oxygenator system. The animals were hyperventilated with different CO2 mixtures (0%, 5%, 7% and 10% in O2) thereby changing blood gases and pH levels in the upper body but not in the hindlimb vascular bed. At body PaCO2 (mm Hg) of 13.7 +/- 1.0 (means +/- SE), 30.6 +/- 1.05, 40,4 +/- 0,9 and 58.4 +/- 2.9 the hindlimb perfusion pressure (mm Hg) was, respectively 124 +/- 7.6, 138 +/- 7.4, 156 +/- 11.9 and 187 +/- 15.1. These changes in perfusion pressure were still present after complete peripheral chemoreceptor denervation but were abolished after section of the spinal cord at the T5 level. Since hindlimb perfusion pressure fell when body PaCO2 was lowered below physiological levels it is concluded that part of the neurogenic vascular tone of the hindlimbs is maintained by a CO2 mediated stimulation of supraspinal structures.", "contents": "CO2-dependent component of the neurogenic vascular tone in the cat. Complete vascular isolation of the hindlimbs was performed in vagotomized cats under Sodium Pentobarbital anesthesia. The hindlimbs were perfused at constant flow with blood kept at a constant and physiological PO2, PCO2, and pH values by means of a specially designed pump-oxygenator system. The animals were hyperventilated with different CO2 mixtures (0%, 5%, 7% and 10% in O2) thereby changing blood gases and pH levels in the upper body but not in the hindlimb vascular bed. At body PaCO2 (mm Hg) of 13.7 +/- 1.0 (means +/- SE), 30.6 +/- 1.05, 40,4 +/- 0,9 and 58.4 +/- 2.9 the hindlimb perfusion pressure (mm Hg) was, respectively 124 +/- 7.6, 138 +/- 7.4, 156 +/- 11.9 and 187 +/- 15.1. These changes in perfusion pressure were still present after complete peripheral chemoreceptor denervation but were abolished after section of the spinal cord at the T5 level. Since hindlimb perfusion pressure fell when body PaCO2 was lowered below physiological levels it is concluded that part of the neurogenic vascular tone of the hindlimbs is maintained by a CO2 mediated stimulation of supraspinal structures.", "PMID": 566427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7045", "title": "Renal responses to angiotensin II and 1-sar-8-ala-aII in sodium replete and deplete dogs.", "content": "In order to elucidate the effects of angiotensin II on renal function, angiotensin II (AII; 1 ng/kg per min) and the AII antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (AIIA; 200 ng/kg per min) were infused into the renal artery of anesthetized dogs (pentobarbital), on either a high (8 mmol/kg per day for seven days) or a low sodium intake (0.5 mmol/kg). In sodium replete dogs AII produced renal vasoconstriction with decreased RBF (-28%; P less than 0.001), but with less decrease of GFR (-14%; P less than 0.001), leading to an increase of FF (+19%, P less than 0.001), andantidiuresis (-39%, P less than 0.001); the antinatriuresis (-58%; P less than 0.001) exceeded the antidiuresis (P less than 0.001). delatRBF (-10%; P less than 0.001) was less pronounced (P less than 0.001) during AII in sodium deplete dogs, GFR remained unchanged, but FF increased to the same extent (+16%; P less than 0.05); diuresis and urinary electrolyte excretion were however not affected. AIIA did not affect RBF, GFR, FF, nor diuresis in sodium replete dogs suggesting that endogenous AII has no tonic influence on renal function in these conditions. In sodium deplete animals AIIA produced an 11% (P less than 0.001) increase of RBF, without changes of GFR; FF decreased by 12% (P less than 0.01), but diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis were not affected.", "contents": "Renal responses to angiotensin II and 1-sar-8-ala-aII in sodium replete and deplete dogs. In order to elucidate the effects of angiotensin II on renal function, angiotensin II (AII; 1 ng/kg per min) and the AII antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (AIIA; 200 ng/kg per min) were infused into the renal artery of anesthetized dogs (pentobarbital), on either a high (8 mmol/kg per day for seven days) or a low sodium intake (0.5 mmol/kg). In sodium replete dogs AII produced renal vasoconstriction with decreased RBF (-28%; P less than 0.001), but with less decrease of GFR (-14%; P less than 0.001), leading to an increase of FF (+19%, P less than 0.001), andantidiuresis (-39%, P less than 0.001); the antinatriuresis (-58%; P less than 0.001) exceeded the antidiuresis (P less than 0.001). delatRBF (-10%; P less than 0.001) was less pronounced (P less than 0.001) during AII in sodium deplete dogs, GFR remained unchanged, but FF increased to the same extent (+16%; P less than 0.05); diuresis and urinary electrolyte excretion were however not affected. AIIA did not affect RBF, GFR, FF, nor diuresis in sodium replete dogs suggesting that endogenous AII has no tonic influence on renal function in these conditions. In sodium deplete animals AIIA produced an 11% (P less than 0.001) increase of RBF, without changes of GFR; FF decreased by 12% (P less than 0.01), but diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis were not affected.", "PMID": 566429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7046", "title": "Nucleosome-associated proteins and phosphoproteins of differentiating Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Mononucleosomes derived from brief digestion of uninduced Friend cell nuclei with micrococcal nuclease contain a set of non-histone chromosomal proteins which are partly or altogether missing in the oligomeric nucleosomes. On the other hand, the latter contain a protein of Mr 190,000 not seen in the mononucleosomes. Longer digestion removes most of these non-histone proteins, excepting the Mr 190,000 protein. Brief digestion of nuclei from Friend cells induced by DMSO or by n-butyrate removes most of the non-histone proteins from the nucleosomes, as did the prolonged digestion of uninduced nuclei. The Mr 190,000 protein remains, while a protein of Mr 27,000 is increased. The rate of phosphorylation of histone H1 associated with mononucleosomes was 3 to 4-fold greater in cells induced with DMSO. The major phosphoprotein and most of the other phosphorylated non-histones were modified at the same rate in control and induced cells. However, a Mr 95,000 protein was less phosphorylated in the induced cells.", "contents": "Nucleosome-associated proteins and phosphoproteins of differentiating Friend erythroleukemia cells. Mononucleosomes derived from brief digestion of uninduced Friend cell nuclei with micrococcal nuclease contain a set of non-histone chromosomal proteins which are partly or altogether missing in the oligomeric nucleosomes. On the other hand, the latter contain a protein of Mr 190,000 not seen in the mononucleosomes. Longer digestion removes most of these non-histone proteins, excepting the Mr 190,000 protein. Brief digestion of nuclei from Friend cells induced by DMSO or by n-butyrate removes most of the non-histone proteins from the nucleosomes, as did the prolonged digestion of uninduced nuclei. The Mr 190,000 protein remains, while a protein of Mr 27,000 is increased. The rate of phosphorylation of histone H1 associated with mononucleosomes was 3 to 4-fold greater in cells induced with DMSO. The major phosphoprotein and most of the other phosphorylated non-histones were modified at the same rate in control and induced cells. However, a Mr 95,000 protein was less phosphorylated in the induced cells.", "PMID": 566435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7047", "title": "The presence of gastric parasites in winter-slaughtered reindeer.", "content": "The presence of gastric parasites in winter-slaughtered calves and adult animals, was investigated. The number of parasites found was low in case of the calves indicating that gastric worms are of low significance concerning the winter losses. In case of adult animals was found a higher infestation indicating that gastric nematodes maybe of importance concerning the winter losses of 1,5 years old animals, Ostertagia leptospicularis was the only found species except for one animal in which was also present a few spiculopteragia alcis. The total dominance of Ostertagia leptospicularis means a marked difference from the findings of autumn-slaughtered reindeer bulls where Ostertagia leptospicularis was not found to be such a frequent finding but in addition several other species were found. In view of that is discussed a seasonal varation, winter ostertagiosis seems not to be a problem in reindeer calves.", "contents": "The presence of gastric parasites in winter-slaughtered reindeer. The presence of gastric parasites in winter-slaughtered calves and adult animals, was investigated. The number of parasites found was low in case of the calves indicating that gastric worms are of low significance concerning the winter losses. In case of adult animals was found a higher infestation indicating that gastric nematodes maybe of importance concerning the winter losses of 1,5 years old animals, Ostertagia leptospicularis was the only found species except for one animal in which was also present a few spiculopteragia alcis. The total dominance of Ostertagia leptospicularis means a marked difference from the findings of autumn-slaughtered reindeer bulls where Ostertagia leptospicularis was not found to be such a frequent finding but in addition several other species were found. In view of that is discussed a seasonal varation, winter ostertagiosis seems not to be a problem in reindeer calves.", "PMID": 566431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7048", "title": "[Day-to-day variation in cell counts in milk (author's transl)].", "content": "The article presents results from two series of milk samples where samples from individual cows were collected at each milking over a period of two weeks. Fat content, protein content and cell count were determined for each sample. The cell counts (in thousands per ml) were transformed to logaritmic values and statistically analysed. As much as 75 to 80% of the variation (expressed as proportion of the total sums of squares) was due to differences \"among cows\" and about 3% due to differences \"among days\" during the sampling period. Samples from morning milkings had about 20% lower cell counts than samples from afternoon milkings. The standard deviation among samples from two consecutive milkings of the same cow (after removal of systematic differences between days and between morning and afternoon milkings) was computed as about 30% of the mean (i.e. coefficient of variation approximately 0.3). By combining samples from two milkings the random \"error\" in cell count can be reduced to about 20% of the mean. The samples exhibited a highly significant, but nummerically small, positive within-cow correlation between fat content and cell count, and between protein content and cell count, while the corresponding correlation between milk yield and cell count was slightly negative (non-significant).", "contents": "[Day-to-day variation in cell counts in milk (author's transl)]. The article presents results from two series of milk samples where samples from individual cows were collected at each milking over a period of two weeks. Fat content, protein content and cell count were determined for each sample. The cell counts (in thousands per ml) were transformed to logaritmic values and statistically analysed. As much as 75 to 80% of the variation (expressed as proportion of the total sums of squares) was due to differences \"among cows\" and about 3% due to differences \"among days\" during the sampling period. Samples from morning milkings had about 20% lower cell counts than samples from afternoon milkings. The standard deviation among samples from two consecutive milkings of the same cow (after removal of systematic differences between days and between morning and afternoon milkings) was computed as about 30% of the mean (i.e. coefficient of variation approximately 0.3). By combining samples from two milkings the random \"error\" in cell count can be reduced to about 20% of the mean. The samples exhibited a highly significant, but nummerically small, positive within-cow correlation between fat content and cell count, and between protein content and cell count, while the corresponding correlation between milk yield and cell count was slightly negative (non-significant).", "PMID": 566430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7049", "title": "Use of common plant lectins for isolation and characterization of constitutive and developmentally regulated cell surface associated glycoproteins of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Glycoproteins as a class of molecules have been implicated as serving crucial roles in cell recognition events. Using 3 common plant lectins, we have isolated and identified a number of cell surface associated glycoproteins. The appearance of at least 5 of these proteins is under developmental regulation.", "contents": "Use of common plant lectins for isolation and characterization of constitutive and developmentally regulated cell surface associated glycoproteins of Dictyostelium discoideum. Glycoproteins as a class of molecules have been implicated as serving crucial roles in cell recognition events. Using 3 common plant lectins, we have isolated and identified a number of cell surface associated glycoproteins. The appearance of at least 5 of these proteins is under developmental regulation.", "PMID": 566440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7050", "title": "Developmentally regulated lectins in cellular slime molds and embryonic chick tissues.", "content": "Several species of cellular slime mold (including D. discoideum and P. pallidum) and a number of embryonic chick tissues (including muscle, heart, brain, and liver) contain lectin activities that can be extracted and assayed as hemagglutinins. In all cases studied the lectin activities show significant changes with differentiation. The studies with cellular slime molds are more advanced; and suggest that lectins play a role in developmentally regulated cell cohesion. The function of the embryonic chick lectins in differentiation is presently under investigation.", "contents": "Developmentally regulated lectins in cellular slime molds and embryonic chick tissues. Several species of cellular slime mold (including D. discoideum and P. pallidum) and a number of embryonic chick tissues (including muscle, heart, brain, and liver) contain lectin activities that can be extracted and assayed as hemagglutinins. In all cases studied the lectin activities show significant changes with differentiation. The studies with cellular slime molds are more advanced; and suggest that lectins play a role in developmentally regulated cell cohesion. The function of the embryonic chick lectins in differentiation is presently under investigation.", "PMID": 566441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7051", "title": "Closed-circuit television monitoring of problematic radiotherapy patients.", "content": "The authors suggest that closed-circuit television be used to monitor patients who cannot understand or cooperate with hazardous medical treatment.", "contents": "Closed-circuit television monitoring of problematic radiotherapy patients. The authors suggest that closed-circuit television be used to monitor patients who cannot understand or cooperate with hazardous medical treatment.", "PMID": 566451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7052", "title": "Congenital pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: angiographic and surgical correlates.", "content": "Of 181 patients with severe congenital pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect or \"type IV truncus\" (an obsolete term), all but 11% had true central pulmonary arteries. These arteries were demonstrable by large serial biplane angiograms using multiple selective injections into collateral vessels, frequent photographic subtraction, and occasional pulmonary vein-wedge angiograms. These techniques are extremely important for accurate diagnosis and in planning corrective or palliative surgery, which was done in 77% of patients with pulmonary arteries.", "contents": "Congenital pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: angiographic and surgical correlates. Of 181 patients with severe congenital pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect or \"type IV truncus\" (an obsolete term), all but 11% had true central pulmonary arteries. These arteries were demonstrable by large serial biplane angiograms using multiple selective injections into collateral vessels, frequent photographic subtraction, and occasional pulmonary vein-wedge angiograms. These techniques are extremely important for accurate diagnosis and in planning corrective or palliative surgery, which was done in 77% of patients with pulmonary arteries.", "PMID": 566452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7053", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and DL204 IT, an inhibitor of prostaglandin degradation, on ovulation and ovum transport in the hamster.", "content": "The effects of 2(3-ethoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-s-triazole-[5,1-a]isoquinoline (L-11204 or DL 204 IT and PGE2 on ovulation and ova transport were studied. DI 204 IT was administered in doses of 0.2-25 mg/kg s.c. on the day of estrus. A smal reduction in ovulating follicles was observed 96 hours later, but only at the 5 mg/kg dose level. At all dose levels, however, DL 204 IT caused a dose-related reduction in the number of ova in the oviducts. PGE2 at a total dose of 2 mg/animal s.c., administered in 4 divided doses over the second and third day of the cycle did not affect ovulation or ova transport. PGE2 plus DL 204 IT (5 mg/kg), however, completely blocked ovulation in all but one animal. That animal had one ovulated follicle and a single ova was recovered from its oviduct.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and DL204 IT, an inhibitor of prostaglandin degradation, on ovulation and ovum transport in the hamster. The effects of 2(3-ethoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-s-triazole-[5,1-a]isoquinoline (L-11204 or DL 204 IT and PGE2 on ovulation and ova transport were studied. DI 204 IT was administered in doses of 0.2-25 mg/kg s.c. on the day of estrus. A smal reduction in ovulating follicles was observed 96 hours later, but only at the 5 mg/kg dose level. At all dose levels, however, DL 204 IT caused a dose-related reduction in the number of ova in the oviducts. PGE2 at a total dose of 2 mg/animal s.c., administered in 4 divided doses over the second and third day of the cycle did not affect ovulation or ova transport. PGE2 plus DL 204 IT (5 mg/kg), however, completely blocked ovulation in all but one animal. That animal had one ovulated follicle and a single ova was recovered from its oviduct.", "PMID": 566453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7054", "title": "Stereospecific antibodies to methadone. II. Synthesis of d- and 1-methadone antigens.", "content": "Diastereomeric methadols were prepared by reduction of the methadone enantiomers. Resulting methadols, after purification and characterization by mass spectrometry, were succinylated. The hemisuccinyl derivatives were conjugated with thyroglobulin via carbodiimide condensation. The conjugates of d- and of 1-methadol hemisuccinyl-thyroglobulin were employed as the antigens for immunization of white New Zealand rabbits in order to obtain specific anti d- and anti 1-methadone antisera.", "contents": "Stereospecific antibodies to methadone. II. Synthesis of d- and 1-methadone antigens. Diastereomeric methadols were prepared by reduction of the methadone enantiomers. Resulting methadols, after purification and characterization by mass spectrometry, were succinylated. The hemisuccinyl derivatives were conjugated with thyroglobulin via carbodiimide condensation. The conjugates of d- and of 1-methadol hemisuccinyl-thyroglobulin were employed as the antigens for immunization of white New Zealand rabbits in order to obtain specific anti d- and anti 1-methadone antisera.", "PMID": 566457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7055", "title": "[Antiserums against carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) can induce a specific lysis of colon carcinoma cells by normal lymphocytes].", "content": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human colon carcinoma cells grown in vitro was demonstrated with two specific rabbit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) antisera. The same antisera did not lyse the colon carcinoma cells in the presence of complement but without lymphocytes. The normal human lymphocytes in the absence of anti-CEA antiserum had a very low cytotoxic activity during the three hours 51Cr release assay used in this study. Two colon carcinoma cell lines, HT-29 and Co-115, expressing CEA on their surface as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, were significantly lysed in the ADCC test, whereas control tumor cell lines, not expressing CEA, were not affected by the anti-CEA sera and the lymphocytes. The specificity of the reaction was further demonstrated by the inhibition of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity after the addition of increasing amounts of purified CEA to the antiserum. The absorption of the anti-CEA antisera was controlled by radioimmunoassay. Absorption of the antisera by normal lung extracts and red cells of different blood groups did not decrease the cytotoxicity.", "contents": "[Antiserums against carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) can induce a specific lysis of colon carcinoma cells by normal lymphocytes]. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human colon carcinoma cells grown in vitro was demonstrated with two specific rabbit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) antisera. The same antisera did not lyse the colon carcinoma cells in the presence of complement but without lymphocytes. The normal human lymphocytes in the absence of anti-CEA antiserum had a very low cytotoxic activity during the three hours 51Cr release assay used in this study. Two colon carcinoma cell lines, HT-29 and Co-115, expressing CEA on their surface as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, were significantly lysed in the ADCC test, whereas control tumor cell lines, not expressing CEA, were not affected by the anti-CEA sera and the lymphocytes. The specificity of the reaction was further demonstrated by the inhibition of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity after the addition of increasing amounts of purified CEA to the antiserum. The absorption of the anti-CEA antisera was controlled by radioimmunoassay. Absorption of the antisera by normal lung extracts and red cells of different blood groups did not decrease the cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 566464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7056", "title": "Preparation of sarcolemmal membrane from myocardial tissue culture monolayer by high-velocity gas dissection.", "content": "A high-velocity stream of nitrogen is used to simultaneously disrupt myocardial cells in monolayer culture and fractionate their sarcolemmal membranes. The membranes show a high degree of ultrastructural and enzymatic purity, with less than 1 percent intracellular residuum. They are produced in less than 1 second and remain as tightly adherent sheets on the surface on which the cells were grown. The cells are exposed to no agent other than nitrogen gas during the preparative procedure.", "contents": "Preparation of sarcolemmal membrane from myocardial tissue culture monolayer by high-velocity gas dissection. A high-velocity stream of nitrogen is used to simultaneously disrupt myocardial cells in monolayer culture and fractionate their sarcolemmal membranes. The membranes show a high degree of ultrastructural and enzymatic purity, with less than 1 percent intracellular residuum. They are produced in less than 1 second and remain as tightly adherent sheets on the surface on which the cells were grown. The cells are exposed to no agent other than nitrogen gas during the preparative procedure.", "PMID": 566465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7057", "title": "Biochemical evidence for keratinization by mouse epidermal cells in culture.", "content": "More than 70 percent of the urea-extractable proteins from mouse stratum corneum or from differentiated cells of mouse epidermis grown in culture are two proteins of molecular weight 68,000 (keratin I) and 60,000 (kerae are two proteins of molecular weight 68,000 (keratin 1) and 60,000 (keratin 2), which are present in equimolar amounts on polyacrylamide gels. These proteins are the subunits of the keratin filaments, because when isolated from stratum corneum or cells grown in culture they form native-type epidermal keratin filaments in vitro. These observations provide biochemical evidence that epidermal cells grown in culture synthesize the major differentiation products of the epidermis.", "contents": "Biochemical evidence for keratinization by mouse epidermal cells in culture. More than 70 percent of the urea-extractable proteins from mouse stratum corneum or from differentiated cells of mouse epidermis grown in culture are two proteins of molecular weight 68,000 (keratin I) and 60,000 (kerae are two proteins of molecular weight 68,000 (keratin 1) and 60,000 (keratin 2), which are present in equimolar amounts on polyacrylamide gels. These proteins are the subunits of the keratin filaments, because when isolated from stratum corneum or cells grown in culture they form native-type epidermal keratin filaments in vitro. These observations provide biochemical evidence that epidermal cells grown in culture synthesize the major differentiation products of the epidermis.", "PMID": 566466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7058", "title": "Induction of Zugunruhe by photostimulation of encephalic receptors in white-crowned sparrows.", "content": "Daily 20-hour encephalic photophases (DEPP), transmitted (hours 0 to 20) via chronically implanted light-conducting fibers to selected sites in the basal hypothalamus of male white-crowned sparrows, were superimposed on daily 8-hour (hours 0 to 8) external ambient photophases (DAPP). Initially the birds displayed motor activity only during the 8-hour DAPP. After a delay of at least 2 weeks, some of the birds became intensively active during hours 8 to 20. We postulate that this period of \"nocturnal\" activity is equivalent to the nocturnal Zugunruhe shown by caged individuals of many nocturnally migratory species subjected to long days; such activity is generally regarded as the expression of migratory behavior.", "contents": "Induction of Zugunruhe by photostimulation of encephalic receptors in white-crowned sparrows. Daily 20-hour encephalic photophases (DEPP), transmitted (hours 0 to 20) via chronically implanted light-conducting fibers to selected sites in the basal hypothalamus of male white-crowned sparrows, were superimposed on daily 8-hour (hours 0 to 8) external ambient photophases (DAPP). Initially the birds displayed motor activity only during the 8-hour DAPP. After a delay of at least 2 weeks, some of the birds became intensively active during hours 8 to 20. We postulate that this period of \"nocturnal\" activity is equivalent to the nocturnal Zugunruhe shown by caged individuals of many nocturnally migratory species subjected to long days; such activity is generally regarded as the expression of migratory behavior.", "PMID": 566467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7059", "title": "Long-term treatment with lithium prevents the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity.", "content": "Long-term treatment of rats with haloperidol produced an increased sensitivity to the locomotor and stereotypic effect of apomorphine. This behavioral dopaminergic supersensitivity was accompanied by increased binding of [3H] spiroperidol in the striatum. Rats treated concurrently with lithium and haloperidol failed to develop both behavioral sensitivity to apomorphine and increased striatal dopamine receptor binding. The ability of lighium to prevent recurrent manicdepressive episodes may be related, in part, to its ability to stabilize dopaminergic receptor sensitivity.", "contents": "Long-term treatment with lithium prevents the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Long-term treatment of rats with haloperidol produced an increased sensitivity to the locomotor and stereotypic effect of apomorphine. This behavioral dopaminergic supersensitivity was accompanied by increased binding of [3H] spiroperidol in the striatum. Rats treated concurrently with lithium and haloperidol failed to develop both behavioral sensitivity to apomorphine and increased striatal dopamine receptor binding. The ability of lighium to prevent recurrent manicdepressive episodes may be related, in part, to its ability to stabilize dopaminergic receptor sensitivity.", "PMID": 566468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7060", "title": "Neuroleptic-induced \"anhedonia\" in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food.", "content": "The dopamine receptor blocker pimozide attenuated lever-pressing and running for food reward in hungry rats. In each case the characteristic behavior of pimozide-treated rats was the same as that of undrugged rats when reward was simply withheld. Drug-induced performance difficulties were ruled out by the presence of periods of normal responding in drug-treated animals. Pimozide appears to selectively blunt the rewarding impact of food and other hedonic stimuli.", "contents": "Neuroleptic-induced \"anhedonia\" in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food. The dopamine receptor blocker pimozide attenuated lever-pressing and running for food reward in hungry rats. In each case the characteristic behavior of pimozide-treated rats was the same as that of undrugged rats when reward was simply withheld. Drug-induced performance difficulties were ruled out by the presence of periods of normal responding in drug-treated animals. Pimozide appears to selectively blunt the rewarding impact of food and other hedonic stimuli.", "PMID": 566469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7061", "title": "Rabies: decimation of a wolf pack in artic Alaska.", "content": "In a pack of ten wolves, one wolf behaved atypically and fought with several packmates. This wolf was shot when it approached the author. Within 4 weeks at least six other members of the pack were dead. Rabies was confirmed in the wolf that was shot and in two others that had not decomposed. Most of the wolves infected with rabies had sought or remained at familiar areas in the core area of their territory, which implies that they were not contacting neighboring packs. This was confirmed with an aerial survey. Arctic foxes, experiencing a regionwide rabies epizootic, were suspected vectors.", "contents": "Rabies: decimation of a wolf pack in artic Alaska. In a pack of ten wolves, one wolf behaved atypically and fought with several packmates. This wolf was shot when it approached the author. Within 4 weeks at least six other members of the pack were dead. Rabies was confirmed in the wolf that was shot and in two others that had not decomposed. Most of the wolves infected with rabies had sought or remained at familiar areas in the core area of their territory, which implies that they were not contacting neighboring packs. This was confirmed with an aerial survey. Arctic foxes, experiencing a regionwide rabies epizootic, were suspected vectors.", "PMID": 566470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7062", "title": "Early maternal separation increases gastric ulcer risk in rats by producing a latent thermoregulatory disturbance.", "content": "Rat pups that are separated early from their mothers, at postnatal day 15, become hypothermic when subjected to physical restraint on postnatal day 30. Restraint of separated pups also elicits an unusually high incidence of gastric erosions, as well as insomnia and an increase in quiet wakefulness. If hypothermia during restraint is prevented, neither the erosions nor the behavioral responses occur. Rat pups separated at the customary age (postnatal day 22) do not become hypothermic during restraint, and the restraint of such pups is not associated with either gastric erosion or insomnia.", "contents": "Early maternal separation increases gastric ulcer risk in rats by producing a latent thermoregulatory disturbance. Rat pups that are separated early from their mothers, at postnatal day 15, become hypothermic when subjected to physical restraint on postnatal day 30. Restraint of separated pups also elicits an unusually high incidence of gastric erosions, as well as insomnia and an increase in quiet wakefulness. If hypothermia during restraint is prevented, neither the erosions nor the behavioral responses occur. Rat pups separated at the customary age (postnatal day 22) do not become hypothermic during restraint, and the restraint of such pups is not associated with either gastric erosion or insomnia.", "PMID": 566471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7063", "title": "Severe thrombocytopenia after generalized herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection.", "content": "Our patient, we believe, experienced a primary HSV-2 infection manifested by fever, malaise, and orogenital mucocutaneous lesions. With resolution of systemic manifestations, and at a time of theorized rise in HSV-2 antibody levels, he had thrombocytopenic purpura which persisted for several weeks. An immune disorder secondary to HSV-2 infection similar to that of postrubella infection is postulated. If this theory is correct, severe immune thrombocytopenic purpura is yet one more of the many observed complications of HSV infection.", "contents": "Severe thrombocytopenia after generalized herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection. Our patient, we believe, experienced a primary HSV-2 infection manifested by fever, malaise, and orogenital mucocutaneous lesions. With resolution of systemic manifestations, and at a time of theorized rise in HSV-2 antibody levels, he had thrombocytopenic purpura which persisted for several weeks. An immune disorder secondary to HSV-2 infection similar to that of postrubella infection is postulated. If this theory is correct, severe immune thrombocytopenic purpura is yet one more of the many observed complications of HSV infection.", "PMID": 566472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7064", "title": "The selection of wild-type revertants from methotrexate permeability mutants.", "content": "In a previous report, we described the selection and partial characterization of three distinct classes of methotrexate (Mtx)-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (1). Class I cells contained a structural alteration in dihydrofolate reductase. Class II cells showed a alteration affecting the permeability of the drug. Class III cells, selected from class I cells, had an increased activity of the altered enzyme. In the work described here, the sensitivity of these lines to the diaminopyrimidines has been investigated. Class I cells are as sensitive, class II cells are 5- to 10-fold more sensitive, and class III cells are 10- to 30-fold more resistant than wild-type cells. The increased sensitivity of the class II cells provided an opportunity to select for revertants of these mutants and such phentotypic wild-type revertant cells have been selected using one diaminopyrimidine, pyrimethamine. Such cells have drug sensitivities and permeability characteristics similar to wild-type cells. A second class has been identified which has wild-type drug sensitivities to the diaminopyrimidines but Mtx class II resistance to Mtx, and drug permeabilities characteristic of Mtx-resistant class II cells.", "contents": "The selection of wild-type revertants from methotrexate permeability mutants. In a previous report, we described the selection and partial characterization of three distinct classes of methotrexate (Mtx)-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (1). Class I cells contained a structural alteration in dihydrofolate reductase. Class II cells showed a alteration affecting the permeability of the drug. Class III cells, selected from class I cells, had an increased activity of the altered enzyme. In the work described here, the sensitivity of these lines to the diaminopyrimidines has been investigated. Class I cells are as sensitive, class II cells are 5- to 10-fold more sensitive, and class III cells are 10- to 30-fold more resistant than wild-type cells. The increased sensitivity of the class II cells provided an opportunity to select for revertants of these mutants and such phentotypic wild-type revertant cells have been selected using one diaminopyrimidine, pyrimethamine. Such cells have drug sensitivities and permeability characteristics similar to wild-type cells. A second class has been identified which has wild-type drug sensitivities to the diaminopyrimidines but Mtx class II resistance to Mtx, and drug permeabilities characteristic of Mtx-resistant class II cells.", "PMID": 566473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7065", "title": "Dominance of colchicine resistance in hybrid CHO cells.", "content": "Intraspecific hybrids of colchicine-sensitive with colchicine-resistant (CHR) Chinese hamster ovary cells were constructed, using six different colchicine-resistant clones from two independent series. In each instance, colchicine resistance was expressed in an incompletely dominant manner. Some hybrid clones were examined further for the expression of the pleiotropic CHR phenotype and for the cell surface P glycoprotein. These features of the colchicine-resistant phenotype were also expressed coordinately.", "contents": "Dominance of colchicine resistance in hybrid CHO cells. Intraspecific hybrids of colchicine-sensitive with colchicine-resistant (CHR) Chinese hamster ovary cells were constructed, using six different colchicine-resistant clones from two independent series. In each instance, colchicine resistance was expressed in an incompletely dominant manner. Some hybrid clones were examined further for the expression of the pleiotropic CHR phenotype and for the cell surface P glycoprotein. These features of the colchicine-resistant phenotype were also expressed coordinately.", "PMID": 566474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7066", "title": "Assignment of the genes for triose phosphate isomerase to chromosome 6 and tripeptidase-1 to chromosome 10 in Mus musculus by somatic cell hybridization.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the assignment of the gene for triose phosphate isomerase to Mus musculus chromosome 6 and tripeptidase-1 to chromosome 10 by synteny testing and chromosome assignment in Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrid clones. Neither TPI nor TRIP-1 were expressed concordantly with any known isozyme markers in 45 hybrid clones (13 primary and 32 secondary). Karyotypic analysis of 21 clones showed that the expression of TPI and chromosome 6 were concordant in all cases as was expressed of TRIP-1 and chromosome 10. Both chromosomes were previously unmarked by isozymes.", "contents": "Assignment of the genes for triose phosphate isomerase to chromosome 6 and tripeptidase-1 to chromosome 10 in Mus musculus by somatic cell hybridization. Evidence is presented for the assignment of the gene for triose phosphate isomerase to Mus musculus chromosome 6 and tripeptidase-1 to chromosome 10 by synteny testing and chromosome assignment in Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrid clones. Neither TPI nor TRIP-1 were expressed concordantly with any known isozyme markers in 45 hybrid clones (13 primary and 32 secondary). Karyotypic analysis of 21 clones showed that the expression of TPI and chromosome 6 were concordant in all cases as was expressed of TRIP-1 and chromosome 10. Both chromosomes were previously unmarked by isozymes.", "PMID": 566475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7067", "title": "Assignment of a Mus musculus gene for triosephosphate isomerase to chromosome 6 and for glyoxalase-I to chromosome 17 using somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Chinese hamster X mouse hybrid cells segregating mouse chromosomes have been used to assign a gene for triosephosphate isomerase (TPI-1, EC 5.3.1.1, McKusick No. 19045) to mouse chromosome 6, and a gene for Glyoxalase-I (GLO-1, EC 4.4.1.5, McKusick No 13875) to mouse chromosome 17. The genes for TPI-1 and lactate dehydrogenase B are syntenic in man and probably so in the dog. It is therefore likely that they are syntenic also in the mouse. It is of interest then that there is a mouse gene, Ldr-1, on chromosome 6 that regulates the level of LDH B subunits in mouse erythrocytes. The locus for GLO-1 is closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex in man. Since the major histocompatibility complex in the mouse is present on chromosome 17, this locus and the Glo-1 locus are syntenic in the mouse as well. This finding adds to the number of autosomal gene pairs which are syntenic in both mouse and man and reinforces the belief that there is considerable conservation. of linkage groups during evolution.", "contents": "Assignment of a Mus musculus gene for triosephosphate isomerase to chromosome 6 and for glyoxalase-I to chromosome 17 using somatic cell hybrids. Chinese hamster X mouse hybrid cells segregating mouse chromosomes have been used to assign a gene for triosephosphate isomerase (TPI-1, EC 5.3.1.1, McKusick No. 19045) to mouse chromosome 6, and a gene for Glyoxalase-I (GLO-1, EC 4.4.1.5, McKusick No 13875) to mouse chromosome 17. The genes for TPI-1 and lactate dehydrogenase B are syntenic in man and probably so in the dog. It is therefore likely that they are syntenic also in the mouse. It is of interest then that there is a mouse gene, Ldr-1, on chromosome 6 that regulates the level of LDH B subunits in mouse erythrocytes. The locus for GLO-1 is closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex in man. Since the major histocompatibility complex in the mouse is present on chromosome 17, this locus and the Glo-1 locus are syntenic in the mouse as well. This finding adds to the number of autosomal gene pairs which are syntenic in both mouse and man and reinforces the belief that there is considerable conservation. of linkage groups during evolution.", "PMID": 566476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7068", "title": "In vitro liver clearance of tritiated estradiol-17beta in the female rat after retrochiasmatic transection and ovariectomy.", "content": "It was reported in a previous study that serum estradiol-17beta (E2) was elevated in rats after retrochiasmatic transection (FC). Serum E2 was also higher in estradiol cypionate treated, ovariectomized (OVX) rats that had been subjected to FC than in those that had not. This suggested that increased secretion of E2 was not the only factor responsible for elevated serum E2 after FC. To ascertain the contribution of decreased metabolism of E2 to this response, liver tissue slices were incubated with 3H-estradiol-17beta, and the rates of 3H uptake and conversion to water-soluble conjugates were measured. The rate of uptake of 3H by the tissue was not indicative of the rate of conjugate formation. Livers of rats with high serum E2 exhibited lower rates of 3H uptake than those of rats with low serum E2. Even so, the formation of 3H conjugates was greater in liver of rats with high serum E2. As hypothesized, livers of rats with FC formed conjugates at a significantly lower rate than those of similarly treated rats without FC. Thus, FC of an intact rat leads to an increase in serum E2 by increasing the secretion of E2, and apparently also by decreasing the rate of E2 metabolism by the liver.", "contents": "In vitro liver clearance of tritiated estradiol-17beta in the female rat after retrochiasmatic transection and ovariectomy. It was reported in a previous study that serum estradiol-17beta (E2) was elevated in rats after retrochiasmatic transection (FC). Serum E2 was also higher in estradiol cypionate treated, ovariectomized (OVX) rats that had been subjected to FC than in those that had not. This suggested that increased secretion of E2 was not the only factor responsible for elevated serum E2 after FC. To ascertain the contribution of decreased metabolism of E2 to this response, liver tissue slices were incubated with 3H-estradiol-17beta, and the rates of 3H uptake and conversion to water-soluble conjugates were measured. The rate of uptake of 3H by the tissue was not indicative of the rate of conjugate formation. Livers of rats with high serum E2 exhibited lower rates of 3H uptake than those of rats with low serum E2. Even so, the formation of 3H conjugates was greater in liver of rats with high serum E2. As hypothesized, livers of rats with FC formed conjugates at a significantly lower rate than those of similarly treated rats without FC. Thus, FC of an intact rat leads to an increase in serum E2 by increasing the secretion of E2, and apparently also by decreasing the rate of E2 metabolism by the liver.", "PMID": 566477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7069", "title": "Progesterone in the uterus. X. Dependence of the in vitro progesterone metabolism on progesterone binding in rat uterus.", "content": "The effect of estrogen pretreatment was stud-ed on the in vitro metabolism and binding of progesterone in uteri of ovariectomized rats in order to prove the dependence of the metabolism of progesterone on its binding. For this purpose, the extent of progesterone binding was varied in uterine tissue by different estrogen treatment of the rats and compared with the metabolism under the same conditions. The protein content determined in 100 mg tissue was used as parameter indicating the success of the pretreatment. Estrogen exposure of the rats for 30 or 45 hrs. caused a rise of protein amount in uterine tissue which was accompanied by an increase of binding sites of progesterone binding components. The binding sites were determined by charcoal adsorption technique and SCATCHARD-analysis. Under nearly the same success of estrogen pretreatment, the increase of the portein amount and with it the rise of binding sites reduced the amount of progesterone metabolites in uterine tissue. The metabolites were  determined by quantitative TLC-analysis of the recovered compounds from uterine segments after incubation with radioactive progesterone. Additionally, an enlarged metabolic rate could be observed after saturation of binding components. It is concluded from the results of these experiments that progesterone binding components are factors limiting the enzymatic conversion of progesterone in rat uterus.", "contents": "Progesterone in the uterus. X. Dependence of the in vitro progesterone metabolism on progesterone binding in rat uterus. The effect of estrogen pretreatment was stud-ed on the in vitro metabolism and binding of progesterone in uteri of ovariectomized rats in order to prove the dependence of the metabolism of progesterone on its binding. For this purpose, the extent of progesterone binding was varied in uterine tissue by different estrogen treatment of the rats and compared with the metabolism under the same conditions. The protein content determined in 100 mg tissue was used as parameter indicating the success of the pretreatment. Estrogen exposure of the rats for 30 or 45 hrs. caused a rise of protein amount in uterine tissue which was accompanied by an increase of binding sites of progesterone binding components. The binding sites were determined by charcoal adsorption technique and SCATCHARD-analysis. Under nearly the same success of estrogen pretreatment, the increase of the portein amount and with it the rise of binding sites reduced the amount of progesterone metabolites in uterine tissue. The metabolites were  determined by quantitative TLC-analysis of the recovered compounds from uterine segments after incubation with radioactive progesterone. Additionally, an enlarged metabolic rate could be observed after saturation of binding components. It is concluded from the results of these experiments that progesterone binding components are factors limiting the enzymatic conversion of progesterone in rat uterus.", "PMID": 566478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7070", "title": "Failure of breast cancer cells in long-term culture to aromatize androstenedione.", "content": "The ability of breast cancer cells in long-term tissue culture to aromatize androstenedione to estrone and estradiol was examined. (3H) androstenedione (1.1 x 10(-7)M) was incubated with 9 cell lines of human breast cancer and one line derived from a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced rat mammary tumor. No conversion to estrone or estradiol was detected. The findings are discussed in light of previous studies showing aromatization of androgens in breast cancer tissues.", "contents": "Failure of breast cancer cells in long-term culture to aromatize androstenedione. The ability of breast cancer cells in long-term tissue culture to aromatize androstenedione to estrone and estradiol was examined. (3H) androstenedione (1.1 x 10(-7)M) was incubated with 9 cell lines of human breast cancer and one line derived from a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced rat mammary tumor. No conversion to estrone or estradiol was detected. The findings are discussed in light of previous studies showing aromatization of androgens in breast cancer tissues.", "PMID": 566479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7071", "title": "California goats with a disease resembling enzootic ataxia or swayback.", "content": "In a retrospective study typical signs and lesions of enzootic ataxia or swayback were found in 16 young dairy goats from eight widely scattered herds in California. In addition to the constant appearance of chromatolytic neurons in brainstem and spinal cord, and myelin deficiency in certain tracts of the cord, cerebellar hypoplasia was found frequently. Liver copper was subnormal in six of nine kids tested. The disease is viewed as a developmental defect in which failure of neuronal perikaryon metabolism leads to distal axonopathy with secondary demyelination.", "contents": "California goats with a disease resembling enzootic ataxia or swayback. In a retrospective study typical signs and lesions of enzootic ataxia or swayback were found in 16 young dairy goats from eight widely scattered herds in California. In addition to the constant appearance of chromatolytic neurons in brainstem and spinal cord, and myelin deficiency in certain tracts of the cord, cerebellar hypoplasia was found frequently. Liver copper was subnormal in six of nine kids tested. The disease is viewed as a developmental defect in which failure of neuronal perikaryon metabolism leads to distal axonopathy with secondary demyelination.", "PMID": 566481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7072", "title": "[The content and types of sulfhydryl groups in muscle creatine kinase detected by their accessibility to different reagents].", "content": "Using three independent methods tte amperometric titration, Boyer's method and the method of Ellman it is shown that rabbit muscle creatine kinase contains 11-12 SH-groups, 3-6 of which are easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to form S-S-bonds. It is found that creatine kinase has four types of SH-groups distinguished by their accessibility to different SH-reagents. The first type related to the enzymatic activity is detected by the Ellman method (2 SH-groups), the first and the second ones taken together--by the Boyer method (4 SH-groups), the first, second and third ones--by the method of amperometric titration (6 SH-groups), all the 4 types together--when detecting SH-groups after protein denaturation--by any of the above methods (8-12 SH-groups).", "contents": "[The content and types of sulfhydryl groups in muscle creatine kinase detected by their accessibility to different reagents]. Using three independent methods tte amperometric titration, Boyer's method and the method of Ellman it is shown that rabbit muscle creatine kinase contains 11-12 SH-groups, 3-6 of which are easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to form S-S-bonds. It is found that creatine kinase has four types of SH-groups distinguished by their accessibility to different SH-reagents. The first type related to the enzymatic activity is detected by the Ellman method (2 SH-groups), the first and the second ones taken together--by the Boyer method (4 SH-groups), the first, second and third ones--by the method of amperometric titration (6 SH-groups), all the 4 types together--when detecting SH-groups after protein denaturation--by any of the above methods (8-12 SH-groups).", "PMID": 566480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7073", "title": "[The effect of Solcoseryl on in-vitro cultured cells].", "content": "Explants of peripherical nervous system (PNS), skin and ventriculus cordis from chick embryo were cultivated in Maximow chambers and the effect of Solcoseryl, Fa. Solco Basel AG, on some morphological parameters was tested. 1. The growth of tissue cultures is influenced by Solcoseryl in relation to concentration and time of application. The index of area in cultures of PNS and cor increased within the first days. By long time application up to 6 days in vitro the index of area decreased and the index was the same than in controls. Explants of skin showed no essential stimulation of growth. 2. The number of cells per unit of culture in the outgrowth of PNS, cor and skin was different influenced. The density of cells in cultures of PNS and skin decreased (signif. difference). In explants of heart we could not observe a difference between the inside and outside of the outgrowth. An influence of Solcoseryl on the degree of migration is discussed. 3. The area of cell nuclei from heartcells was observed. The area decreased under the influence of Solcoseryl. The difference is significant. 4. The mitotic index of heart cells increased by application of Solcoseryl within the first 2 and 3 days in vitro. 5. The number of nucleoli per nucleus of heart cells under experimental conditions increased significant. It is discussed, Solcoseryl influenced in vitro metabolic processes in suitable systems; stimulation of cell proliferation and migration and rns-synthesis was observed within the first days of cultivation. In-vitro-systems are important objects and they are suitable for tests of pharmaca in vitro.", "contents": "[The effect of Solcoseryl on in-vitro cultured cells]. Explants of peripherical nervous system (PNS), skin and ventriculus cordis from chick embryo were cultivated in Maximow chambers and the effect of Solcoseryl, Fa. Solco Basel AG, on some morphological parameters was tested. 1. The growth of tissue cultures is influenced by Solcoseryl in relation to concentration and time of application. The index of area in cultures of PNS and cor increased within the first days. By long time application up to 6 days in vitro the index of area decreased and the index was the same than in controls. Explants of skin showed no essential stimulation of growth. 2. The number of cells per unit of culture in the outgrowth of PNS, cor and skin was different influenced. The density of cells in cultures of PNS and skin decreased (signif. difference). In explants of heart we could not observe a difference between the inside and outside of the outgrowth. An influence of Solcoseryl on the degree of migration is discussed. 3. The area of cell nuclei from heartcells was observed. The area decreased under the influence of Solcoseryl. The difference is significant. 4. The mitotic index of heart cells increased by application of Solcoseryl within the first 2 and 3 days in vitro. 5. The number of nucleoli per nucleus of heart cells under experimental conditions increased significant. It is discussed, Solcoseryl influenced in vitro metabolic processes in suitable systems; stimulation of cell proliferation and migration and rns-synthesis was observed within the first days of cultivation. In-vitro-systems are important objects and they are suitable for tests of pharmaca in vitro.", "PMID": 566491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7074", "title": "The role of formaldehyde in the formation of haemodialysis-associated anti-N-like antibodies.", "content": "In the sera of 68 (20.9%) of 325 haemodialysis patients, a specific cold agglutinin, cross-reacting with anti-N, was detected. Each patient showing this anti-N-like antibody used a formaldehyde-sterilized dialyser. By contrast, the antibody was not found in any of the 73 patients using a non-formaldehyde-sterilized dialyser. The results of transfusion experiments indicate an in vivo haemolytic activity of the antibody. In vitro, formaldehyde pretreatment of erythrocytes increased the agglutinability of the cells by the anti-N-like antibody. This effect could be prevented when the MN receptor of the red cells was exposed to neuraminidase. Trace quantities of formaldehyde inevitably enter the patient during dialysis when a formaldehyde-sterilized dialyser is used. It is postulated that this in vivo formaldehyde exposure might interact with the MN receptor of the red cells, rendering it immunogenic, and thus induce the formation of the haemodialysis-associated anti-N-like antibody.", "contents": "The role of formaldehyde in the formation of haemodialysis-associated anti-N-like antibodies. In the sera of 68 (20.9%) of 325 haemodialysis patients, a specific cold agglutinin, cross-reacting with anti-N, was detected. Each patient showing this anti-N-like antibody used a formaldehyde-sterilized dialyser. By contrast, the antibody was not found in any of the 73 patients using a non-formaldehyde-sterilized dialyser. The results of transfusion experiments indicate an in vivo haemolytic activity of the antibody. In vitro, formaldehyde pretreatment of erythrocytes increased the agglutinability of the cells by the anti-N-like antibody. This effect could be prevented when the MN receptor of the red cells was exposed to neuraminidase. Trace quantities of formaldehyde inevitably enter the patient during dialysis when a formaldehyde-sterilized dialyser is used. It is postulated that this in vivo formaldehyde exposure might interact with the MN receptor of the red cells, rendering it immunogenic, and thus induce the formation of the haemodialysis-associated anti-N-like antibody.", "PMID": 566486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7075", "title": "[Histochemical behavior of acetylcholinesterase in the diaphragm and that of unspecific esterase in the hypothalamus, testes and liver of rats in relation to organophosphates].", "content": "The enzyme behaviour of acetylcholinesterase in diaphragm and that of unspecific esterase in liver, testes and hypothalamus were investigated in view of various organophosphates on total-preparation and cryostat section of 10 male wistar rats. It had pointed out that the blockade was dependent upon the concentration as well as the acid possessing P = O-binding proved to be appropriate for in vitro experiment. The most intense blockade of unspecific esterase was reached in tanycytependym of the third ventricle. The acetylcholinesterase in the motor endplate of diaphragm was less influenced. From these findings follows that a direct conclusion for in vivo toxicity can not be drawn from in vitro results. The significance of the chemical structure of the substance utilized was discussed concerning its inhibitory effect.", "contents": "[Histochemical behavior of acetylcholinesterase in the diaphragm and that of unspecific esterase in the hypothalamus, testes and liver of rats in relation to organophosphates]. The enzyme behaviour of acetylcholinesterase in diaphragm and that of unspecific esterase in liver, testes and hypothalamus were investigated in view of various organophosphates on total-preparation and cryostat section of 10 male wistar rats. It had pointed out that the blockade was dependent upon the concentration as well as the acid possessing P = O-binding proved to be appropriate for in vitro experiment. The most intense blockade of unspecific esterase was reached in tanycytependym of the third ventricle. The acetylcholinesterase in the motor endplate of diaphragm was less influenced. From these findings follows that a direct conclusion for in vivo toxicity can not be drawn from in vitro results. The significance of the chemical structure of the substance utilized was discussed concerning its inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 566492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7076", "title": "[Characteristics of the central nervous system metabolism reaction to stress in acute alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "In a state of acute alcohol intoxication metabolic response on the stress of the central nervous system was distinctly altered in rats (formation and binding of ammonia in brain and medulla spinalis). The following effects were observed: deamidation of brain proteins was impaired, the intensity of ammonia formation was decreased, content of urea decreased and dynamics of gamma aminobutyric acid, dicarbonic amino acids and their amides was altered.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the central nervous system metabolism reaction to stress in acute alcoholic intoxication]. In a state of acute alcohol intoxication metabolic response on the stress of the central nervous system was distinctly altered in rats (formation and binding of ammonia in brain and medulla spinalis). The following effects were observed: deamidation of brain proteins was impaired, the intensity of ammonia formation was decreased, content of urea decreased and dynamics of gamma aminobutyric acid, dicarbonic amino acids and their amides was altered.", "PMID": 566485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7077", "title": "[Reversible mental disturbances in craniocerebral injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "The necessity of an exact documentation of mental disorders after cranio-cerebral injuries in their temporal development is stressed. There is a quantitative relation between functional psychosis and the underlying cerebral process. Close observation of the course enables the surgeon to diagnose intracerebral complications early.", "contents": "[Reversible mental disturbances in craniocerebral injuries (author's transl)]. The necessity of an exact documentation of mental disorders after cranio-cerebral injuries in their temporal development is stressed. There is a quantitative relation between functional psychosis and the underlying cerebral process. Close observation of the course enables the surgeon to diagnose intracerebral complications early.", "PMID": 566494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7078", "title": "[Prognostic value of neurologic findings in the newborn infant for the obstetrician].", "content": "Prognostic value of neurologic findings of the neonate. 1. Severe cerebral symptoms of the neonate persisting during some days leads in follow-up of the survivors in 20 to 30% to severe cerebral disorders like cerebral palsy, epilepsy, physical and mental handicap, behaviour disorders. 2. Moderate cerebral disorders during neonatal period are followed by severe cerebral handicaps only in about 10%. 3. Mild cerebral symptoms of the neonate, which are abating during 24 hours, most not will be followed of severe mental disorders. - On the strength of this statistical statement exactly recorded neurological findings of the newborn could be used as an evaluation of the performance of an obstetric department.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of neurologic findings in the newborn infant for the obstetrician]. Prognostic value of neurologic findings of the neonate. 1. Severe cerebral symptoms of the neonate persisting during some days leads in follow-up of the survivors in 20 to 30% to severe cerebral disorders like cerebral palsy, epilepsy, physical and mental handicap, behaviour disorders. 2. Moderate cerebral disorders during neonatal period are followed by severe cerebral handicaps only in about 10%. 3. Mild cerebral symptoms of the neonate, which are abating during 24 hours, most not will be followed of severe mental disorders. - On the strength of this statistical statement exactly recorded neurological findings of the newborn could be used as an evaluation of the performance of an obstetric department.", "PMID": 566495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7079", "title": "[Newer antimycotics. IV. Aryl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-seminitril-hydrazid (author's transl)].", "content": "The author produced a number of aryl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-seminitril-hydrazide and their N2-acyl-derivatives, farther the halogeno-substituted phenyl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-seminitril-hydrazones, and investigated their fungistatic efficiency in vitro. From the author's results it can be concluded, that 2-, 3- and 4-chloro-phenyl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-siminitril-hydrazide exert a strong fungistatic effect on Trichophyton- and Epidermophyton-species, but they are inactive on other fungi-strains. Their N2-acyl-derivatives, farther with aldehydes and ketones formed derivatives of the previous compounds exert any fungistatic effect neither on Trichophyton- and Epidermophyton-species, nor on other fungi-strains. From this it can be concluded, that the fungistatic activity of the investigated compounds is strong structur-specific.", "contents": "[Newer antimycotics. IV. Aryl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-seminitril-hydrazid (author's transl)]. The author produced a number of aryl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-seminitril-hydrazide and their N2-acyl-derivatives, farther the halogeno-substituted phenyl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-seminitril-hydrazones, and investigated their fungistatic efficiency in vitro. From the author's results it can be concluded, that 2-, 3- and 4-chloro-phenyl-hydrazones of mesoxalic-acid-siminitril-hydrazide exert a strong fungistatic effect on Trichophyton- and Epidermophyton-species, but they are inactive on other fungi-strains. Their N2-acyl-derivatives, farther with aldehydes and ketones formed derivatives of the previous compounds exert any fungistatic effect neither on Trichophyton- and Epidermophyton-species, nor on other fungi-strains. From this it can be concluded, that the fungistatic activity of the investigated compounds is strong structur-specific.", "PMID": 566496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7080", "title": "[Newer antimycotics. V. 3-aryl-azo-indoles (author's transl)].", "content": "The author produced a number of 3-aryl-azo-indoles, and investigated their fungistatic efficiency in vitro. He proved, that the 3-(tolyl-azo)- and 3-(bhloro-phenyl-azo)-indoles exert a strong fungistatic effect on Trichophyton- and Epidermophyton-species, but they are inactive on other fungi-strains. Their fungistatic efficiency is considerable independent of the position of their methyl- or chloro-substituents.", "contents": "[Newer antimycotics. V. 3-aryl-azo-indoles (author's transl)]. The author produced a number of 3-aryl-azo-indoles, and investigated their fungistatic efficiency in vitro. He proved, that the 3-(tolyl-azo)- and 3-(bhloro-phenyl-azo)-indoles exert a strong fungistatic effect on Trichophyton- and Epidermophyton-species, but they are inactive on other fungi-strains. Their fungistatic efficiency is considerable independent of the position of their methyl- or chloro-substituents.", "PMID": 566497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7081", "title": "[Effect of the extreme factors of antarctic regions on the composition of serum in polar explorers].", "content": "Extreme conditions of the Antarctic continent caused adaptive changes in the protein composition of human blood, expressed in the increased level of blood globulin fraction. The detected reduction in the Beta1A-gloubulins in the blood indicated a reduction of the infection immunity level. An increase of blood transferrin content of polar explorers served as a response of the organism to the influence of hypoxic hypoxia.", "contents": "[Effect of the extreme factors of antarctic regions on the composition of serum in polar explorers]. Extreme conditions of the Antarctic continent caused adaptive changes in the protein composition of human blood, expressed in the increased level of blood globulin fraction. The detected reduction in the Beta1A-gloubulins in the blood indicated a reduction of the infection immunity level. An increase of blood transferrin content of polar explorers served as a response of the organism to the influence of hypoxic hypoxia.", "PMID": 566499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7082", "title": "[Specific immunologic reaction in autoantibody-producing cells].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice. The capacity of the plasma obtained in 30 minutes from the animals vaccinated uith the microbial antigens of the animals to cause temporary activation of the autoimmune reaction in the recipients, in passive transfer, was revealed. The capacity of spleen cells, forming autohemolysins, to produce antibodies to sheep red blood cells after the immunization with this antigen was demonstrated by means of Cunningham and Pilarsky's method.", "contents": "[Specific immunologic reaction in autoantibody-producing cells]. Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice. The capacity of the plasma obtained in 30 minutes from the animals vaccinated uith the microbial antigens of the animals to cause temporary activation of the autoimmune reaction in the recipients, in passive transfer, was revealed. The capacity of spleen cells, forming autohemolysins, to produce antibodies to sheep red blood cells after the immunization with this antigen was demonstrated by means of Cunningham and Pilarsky's method.", "PMID": 566500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7083", "title": "[Effect of thiamine on the formation of immune response in toxic lesions of the liver].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of various doses of thiamine on the formation of immune response in the animals with toxic affection of the liver. As revealed, thiamine in a dose of 400 microgram per kg of body weight inhibited the formation of the immune response in healthy rats, but failed to influence this process in the animals with toxic affection of the liver. Thiamine in a dose of 100 microgram per 100 g of body weight stimulated the formation of the immune response in healthy rats and in those poisoned with carbon tetrachloride. The simulating effect of thiamine was more pronounced in poisoned than in healthy rats. The blood serum of rats poisoned with carbon tetrachloride enhanced the immunostimulating action of thiamine.", "contents": "[Effect of thiamine on the formation of immune response in toxic lesions of the liver]. The authors studied the influence of various doses of thiamine on the formation of immune response in the animals with toxic affection of the liver. As revealed, thiamine in a dose of 400 microgram per kg of body weight inhibited the formation of the immune response in healthy rats, but failed to influence this process in the animals with toxic affection of the liver. Thiamine in a dose of 100 microgram per 100 g of body weight stimulated the formation of the immune response in healthy rats and in those poisoned with carbon tetrachloride. The simulating effect of thiamine was more pronounced in poisoned than in healthy rats. The blood serum of rats poisoned with carbon tetrachloride enhanced the immunostimulating action of thiamine.", "PMID": 566501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7084", "title": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the study of ornithosis. Report 2. Preparation and approbation of the dry ornithosis erythrocyte diagnostic agent].", "content": "An original preparation--dry ornithosis erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the indirect hemagglutination test was prepared on the basis of formalinized tannin-treated sheep red blood cells and group-specific phospholipid antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis. This diagnostic agent retained its specific activity for 18 months (observation period). The use of this preparation considerably facilitated the method of performance of this test, this offering a possibility of its wide application in practice. A sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity of the indirect hemagglutination test with the suggested diagnostic agent, in comparison with the complement fixation test was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the study of ornithosis. Report 2. Preparation and approbation of the dry ornithosis erythrocyte diagnostic agent]. An original preparation--dry ornithosis erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the indirect hemagglutination test was prepared on the basis of formalinized tannin-treated sheep red blood cells and group-specific phospholipid antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis. This diagnostic agent retained its specific activity for 18 months (observation period). The use of this preparation considerably facilitated the method of performance of this test, this offering a possibility of its wide application in practice. A sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity of the indirect hemagglutination test with the suggested diagnostic agent, in comparison with the complement fixation test was demonstrated.", "PMID": 566502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7085", "title": "[Spatial distribution of correlative associations in the electrical activity of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The paper deals with the space distribution of correlational contacts of electric activity in 5 areas of the cortical brain in producing non-signal photo stimula and in conditional trace reflexes with a preliminary verbal instruction. Such studies were convened in schizophrenic patients and in normals. The author assessed the general and regional coefficient of cross-correlations in certain time periods prior to and following production of photo signals. More distinct differences between normals and schizophrenic patients (especially with juvenile malignant schizophrenia) were seen after an instruction and conditional signals. In patients the signal activity was not accompanied by a formation of a system of functional contacts which may be seen in normals, and which possibly may be the basis in the functioning of a conditional reflex.", "contents": "[Spatial distribution of correlative associations in the electrical activity of schizophrenic patients]. The paper deals with the space distribution of correlational contacts of electric activity in 5 areas of the cortical brain in producing non-signal photo stimula and in conditional trace reflexes with a preliminary verbal instruction. Such studies were convened in schizophrenic patients and in normals. The author assessed the general and regional coefficient of cross-correlations in certain time periods prior to and following production of photo signals. More distinct differences between normals and schizophrenic patients (especially with juvenile malignant schizophrenia) were seen after an instruction and conditional signals. In patients the signal activity was not accompanied by a formation of a system of functional contacts which may be seen in normals, and which possibly may be the basis in the functioning of a conditional reflex.", "PMID": 566503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7086", "title": "Histone and non-histone proteins from rabbit mammary gland at late pregnancy and early lactation.", "content": "The content of non-histone protein in epithelial cell chromatin from rabbit mammary gland increased during late pregnancy and early lactation up to 30%, while the histone content remained unchanged. No qualitative changes, as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, were found during accumulation of non-histone proteins at the onset of lactation. The chromatin isolated at lactation, assayed either by polylysine or Toluidine Blue binding, contained slightly more available DNA-phosphate than the chromatin isolated at pregnancy.", "contents": "Histone and non-histone proteins from rabbit mammary gland at late pregnancy and early lactation. The content of non-histone protein in epithelial cell chromatin from rabbit mammary gland increased during late pregnancy and early lactation up to 30%, while the histone content remained unchanged. No qualitative changes, as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, were found during accumulation of non-histone proteins at the onset of lactation. The chromatin isolated at lactation, assayed either by polylysine or Toluidine Blue binding, contained slightly more available DNA-phosphate than the chromatin isolated at pregnancy.", "PMID": 566504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7087", "title": "An electroimmuno-assay of the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) in normal and pathological pregnancies, and its clinical value compared to human chorionic somato-mammotropin (HCS).", "content": "A 95% reference interval for the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) was established on the basis of 299 samples from 254 normal pregnant women by electroimmuno-assay (rocket immunoelectrophoresis). A positive correlation was found between SP1 and the human chorionic somato-mammotropin (HCS). The SP1 concentration in maternal blood was halved about 30 hours after separation of the placenta at delivery. Thus emergency analyses would be of little value in detecting acute placentae failure. 172 determinations of SP1 in maternal sera were carried out on 56 pregnant women with various types of pathological pregnancies. To assess the clinical value of SP1 a comparison with HCS (HPL) was made. It was concluded that SP1 could possibly be a valuable parameter for monitoring and discovering pathological pregnancies. Larger investigations, however, must be performed to decide whether SP1 determinations will provide more extensive information than other laboratory analyses presently used.", "contents": "An electroimmuno-assay of the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) in normal and pathological pregnancies, and its clinical value compared to human chorionic somato-mammotropin (HCS). A 95% reference interval for the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) was established on the basis of 299 samples from 254 normal pregnant women by electroimmuno-assay (rocket immunoelectrophoresis). A positive correlation was found between SP1 and the human chorionic somato-mammotropin (HCS). The SP1 concentration in maternal blood was halved about 30 hours after separation of the placenta at delivery. Thus emergency analyses would be of little value in detecting acute placentae failure. 172 determinations of SP1 in maternal sera were carried out on 56 pregnant women with various types of pathological pregnancies. To assess the clinical value of SP1 a comparison with HCS (HPL) was made. It was concluded that SP1 could possibly be a valuable parameter for monitoring and discovering pathological pregnancies. Larger investigations, however, must be performed to decide whether SP1 determinations will provide more extensive information than other laboratory analyses presently used.", "PMID": 566505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7088", "title": "Post-transfusion purpura treated with plasma exchange by haemonetics cell separator. A case report.", "content": "A case of post-transfusion purpura in a 61-year-old, multiparous female with a platelet alloantibody (anti-Zwa) in her serum is reported. The patient was successfully treated with plasma exchange by means of a Haemonetics 30 cell separator and corticosteroids. Compared with other therapeutic measures, plasma exchange seems to shorten the duration of thrombocytopenia. Major surgery was possible in our patient within ten days of development of the syndrome.", "contents": "Post-transfusion purpura treated with plasma exchange by haemonetics cell separator. A case report. A case of post-transfusion purpura in a 61-year-old, multiparous female with a platelet alloantibody (anti-Zwa) in her serum is reported. The patient was successfully treated with plasma exchange by means of a Haemonetics 30 cell separator and corticosteroids. Compared with other therapeutic measures, plasma exchange seems to shorten the duration of thrombocytopenia. Major surgery was possible in our patient within ten days of development of the syndrome.", "PMID": 566507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7089", "title": "The preparation of phospholipids by phospholipase D.", "content": "The transfer of the phosphatidyl residue from egg phosphatidylcholine to primary alkanols catalyzed by phospholipase D was systematically investigated. It was demonstrated that 1) the chain length of the alkanols is of critical importance, e.g. transphosphatidylation does not occur to alkanols or alkandiols with more than six carbon atoms; 2) double or triple bonds in the acceptor molecule do not influence the transfer reaction; 3) fluorine is tolerated in the acceptor molecule, but the transfer rate decreases with increasing atomic weight from chlorine to iodine. Synthetic phosphatidylcholines with large variations in the apolar part of the molecule, the phosphorylcholines of 1.2-diacyl-sn-glycerol, Acyl-propandiol-(1.3) and 1.2-cyclopentadecylmethylidene-glycerol, have been successfully used in the transfer reaction. Transesterification is an attractive route for the synthesis of phospholipids differing in the polar part of the molecule.", "contents": "The preparation of phospholipids by phospholipase D. The transfer of the phosphatidyl residue from egg phosphatidylcholine to primary alkanols catalyzed by phospholipase D was systematically investigated. It was demonstrated that 1) the chain length of the alkanols is of critical importance, e.g. transphosphatidylation does not occur to alkanols or alkandiols with more than six carbon atoms; 2) double or triple bonds in the acceptor molecule do not influence the transfer reaction; 3) fluorine is tolerated in the acceptor molecule, but the transfer rate decreases with increasing atomic weight from chlorine to iodine. Synthetic phosphatidylcholines with large variations in the apolar part of the molecule, the phosphorylcholines of 1.2-diacyl-sn-glycerol, Acyl-propandiol-(1.3) and 1.2-cyclopentadecylmethylidene-glycerol, have been successfully used in the transfer reaction. Transesterification is an attractive route for the synthesis of phospholipids differing in the polar part of the molecule.", "PMID": 566508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7090", "title": "Endothelial cells in the glaucomato-cyclitic crisis.", "content": "In 21 patients with unilateral glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posner-Schlossman syndrome) the central corneal endothelium was photographed with a clinical specular microscope. In each patient the endothelial cell density was determined in both the affected and the contralateral healthy eye. In patients who had had several attacks of P-S the endothelial cell density was lower in the affected eye than in the healthy eye (16 cases). 4 patients seen after the first attack and 1 of 3 patients after the second attack had the same cell density in both eyes. Thus, loss of endothelial cells seems to be due mainly to the recurrent attacks of elevated pressure. The role of the inflammatory changes occurring in eyes with the P-S syndrome, especially keratic precipitates, is discussed.", "contents": "Endothelial cells in the glaucomato-cyclitic crisis. In 21 patients with unilateral glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posner-Schlossman syndrome) the central corneal endothelium was photographed with a clinical specular microscope. In each patient the endothelial cell density was determined in both the affected and the contralateral healthy eye. In patients who had had several attacks of P-S the endothelial cell density was lower in the affected eye than in the healthy eye (16 cases). 4 patients seen after the first attack and 1 of 3 patients after the second attack had the same cell density in both eyes. Thus, loss of endothelial cells seems to be due mainly to the recurrent attacks of elevated pressure. The role of the inflammatory changes occurring in eyes with the P-S syndrome, especially keratic precipitates, is discussed.", "PMID": 566509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7091", "title": "Release of oxytocin and substance P-like peptides from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ after infusion of hypertonic solution into the third cerebral ventricle.", "content": "Release of oxytocin and Substance P-like peptides from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ after infusion of hypertonic solution into the third cerebral ventricle. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 9-16. The experiments were carried out on male rats. Under general urethane and chloralose anaesthesia the ventral surface of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland were exposed by a transpharyngeal approach and the anterior pituitary lobe was entirely removed. The posterior lobe with the remaining neural and partially vascular connections with the hypothalamus was incubated in situ. Oxytocin and Substance P-like peptides were assayed biologically in six 20-min samples of the fluid outflow from the posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ. At the beginning of collection of the fourth sample a hypertonic solution was infused into the third ventricle through a micropipette. This infusion increased significantly the release of oxytocin and insignificantly that of Substance P-like pepides from the posterior pituitary lobe into the incubation fluid.", "contents": "Release of oxytocin and substance P-like peptides from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ after infusion of hypertonic solution into the third cerebral ventricle. Release of oxytocin and Substance P-like peptides from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ after infusion of hypertonic solution into the third cerebral ventricle. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 9-16. The experiments were carried out on male rats. Under general urethane and chloralose anaesthesia the ventral surface of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland were exposed by a transpharyngeal approach and the anterior pituitary lobe was entirely removed. The posterior lobe with the remaining neural and partially vascular connections with the hypothalamus was incubated in situ. Oxytocin and Substance P-like peptides were assayed biologically in six 20-min samples of the fluid outflow from the posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ. At the beginning of collection of the fourth sample a hypertonic solution was infused into the third ventricle through a micropipette. This infusion increased significantly the release of oxytocin and insignificantly that of Substance P-like pepides from the posterior pituitary lobe into the incubation fluid.", "PMID": 566506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7092", "title": "Effect of ethanol on glucose and water absorption in hamster jejunum in vivo. Methodological problems: anesthesia, nonabsorbable markers, and osmotic effect.", "content": "We studied the effect of ethanol on glucose and water absorption in vivo. In preliminary experiments, using sodium amytal anesthesia, we found that control animals, whose jejunal segment was perfused without ethanol, required more anesthetic agent than those perfused with ethanol. Thus, to allow for unbiased comparison of the absorption data between the two groups of animals, all absorption studies were carried out on conscious restrained hamsters. We found that ethanol did not influence the permeability of the jejunum to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and meglumine diatrizoate. In addition, ethanol did not influence the time required for the onset of steady-state absorption. Using both the gravimetric and the electrical methods, we were unable to show any measurable osmotic pressure exerted by ethanol (150-1050 mM) on the hamster jejunum. In the absorption studies we found that perfusion of the hamster jejunum with five increasing concentration of ethanol (450-1050 mM) appeared to cause a concentration-dependent depression in steady-state glucose transport. Water transport was depressed only when 4.8% (1050 mM) ethanol was perfused.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on glucose and water absorption in hamster jejunum in vivo. Methodological problems: anesthesia, nonabsorbable markers, and osmotic effect. We studied the effect of ethanol on glucose and water absorption in vivo. In preliminary experiments, using sodium amytal anesthesia, we found that control animals, whose jejunal segment was perfused without ethanol, required more anesthetic agent than those perfused with ethanol. Thus, to allow for unbiased comparison of the absorption data between the two groups of animals, all absorption studies were carried out on conscious restrained hamsters. We found that ethanol did not influence the permeability of the jejunum to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and meglumine diatrizoate. In addition, ethanol did not influence the time required for the onset of steady-state absorption. Using both the gravimetric and the electrical methods, we were unable to show any measurable osmotic pressure exerted by ethanol (150-1050 mM) on the hamster jejunum. In the absorption studies we found that perfusion of the hamster jejunum with five increasing concentration of ethanol (450-1050 mM) appeared to cause a concentration-dependent depression in steady-state glucose transport. Water transport was depressed only when 4.8% (1050 mM) ethanol was perfused.", "PMID": 566512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7093", "title": "Effect of ethanol on the morphology of hamster jejunum.", "content": "In order to study the morphological effects of exposure of the jejunum to low ethanol concentrations, we perfused hamster jejunum with 2.1-4.8% ethanol. Following 45 min exposure, many of the villi developed fluid-filled blisters. To compare these findings to the effect of an inert solute at similar concentrations, we perfused hamster jejuna with mannitol. This caused necrosis of the villus tips but no blister formation. Therefore the blisters were the result of the action of ethanol. The rat jejunum was less resistant to ethanol than that of the hamster. We suggest that the initial insult of the freely permeant ethanol is deep to the epithelium, resulting in accumulation of edema under the epithelium.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on the morphology of hamster jejunum. In order to study the morphological effects of exposure of the jejunum to low ethanol concentrations, we perfused hamster jejunum with 2.1-4.8% ethanol. Following 45 min exposure, many of the villi developed fluid-filled blisters. To compare these findings to the effect of an inert solute at similar concentrations, we perfused hamster jejuna with mannitol. This caused necrosis of the villus tips but no blister formation. Therefore the blisters were the result of the action of ethanol. The rat jejunum was less resistant to ethanol than that of the hamster. We suggest that the initial insult of the freely permeant ethanol is deep to the epithelium, resulting in accumulation of edema under the epithelium.", "PMID": 566513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7094", "title": "On the statistical validity of standards used in profile monitoring of health care.", "content": "In current methods of profile monitoring, standards of acceptability (cut-offs) are set either by consulting panels of experts, or by selecting an arbitrary point (e.g., the 75th percentile) on the profile (statistical distribution). However, experts have only vague ideas of what outcome rates ought to be, while profile statistics stem from samples for which unknown percentages of cases have received acceptable care. Poorly chosen standards could cause profile monitoring to be ineffective, inefficient, or unnecessarily disruptive. A new method proposes to set standards by using statistics for which the percentage of adequate care has been predetermined by examining  the process of care. Plans to circumvent the pitfalls involved are described, as are two approaches to estimating the degree of process adequacy from routinely produced outcome rates.", "contents": "On the statistical validity of standards used in profile monitoring of health care. In current methods of profile monitoring, standards of acceptability (cut-offs) are set either by consulting panels of experts, or by selecting an arbitrary point (e.g., the 75th percentile) on the profile (statistical distribution). However, experts have only vague ideas of what outcome rates ought to be, while profile statistics stem from samples for which unknown percentages of cases have received acceptable care. Poorly chosen standards could cause profile monitoring to be ineffective, inefficient, or unnecessarily disruptive. A new method proposes to set standards by using statistics for which the percentage of adequate care has been predetermined by examining  the process of care. Plans to circumvent the pitfalls involved are described, as are two approaches to estimating the degree of process adequacy from routinely produced outcome rates.", "PMID": 566519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7095", "title": "Erythropoietic response of hypertransfused neonatal rats suckled by anemic mothers.", "content": "Twelve-day-old hypertransfused neonatal rats nursed for four days by a twice-bled mother exhibited higher 48-hour RBC-59Fe incorporation than control neonates nursed by a normal mother. Erythroprotein (Ep) in plasma of 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates suckled for four days to twice-bled mothers was initially equivalent to approximately 0.5 IU/day. This calculation was based on the observation that reticulocytosis induced in these animals was similar to that produced in neonates of the same age injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 IU Ep for four days while nursing from normal mothers. The reticulocyte maturation curve was shifted to the left in 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates suckled by anemic mothers, and in 12-day-old normal neonates rendered anemic by bleeding, while nursing from normal mothers. This left-shift of the reticulocyte maturation curve was also evident in 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates injected with Ep. Decreases in relative percentages of nucleated RBC was evident in spleens of 12-day-old neonates nursed by anemia mothers and spleens of 12-day-olds injected with Ep. Significant reduction in nucleated RBC were noted in both spleen and marrow of 12-day-old anemic neonates. These results suggest: (1) Ep, present in increased amounts in the anemic mother, is transmitted through milk to nursing neonates thereby stimulating erythropoiesis in these animals; (2) Ep may not stimulate stem cell differentiation towards the e4ythroid compartment but rather acts on already differentiated erythroid cells by influencing their rate of maturation.", "contents": "Erythropoietic response of hypertransfused neonatal rats suckled by anemic mothers. Twelve-day-old hypertransfused neonatal rats nursed for four days by a twice-bled mother exhibited higher 48-hour RBC-59Fe incorporation than control neonates nursed by a normal mother. Erythroprotein (Ep) in plasma of 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates suckled for four days to twice-bled mothers was initially equivalent to approximately 0.5 IU/day. This calculation was based on the observation that reticulocytosis induced in these animals was similar to that produced in neonates of the same age injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 IU Ep for four days while nursing from normal mothers. The reticulocyte maturation curve was shifted to the left in 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates suckled by anemic mothers, and in 12-day-old normal neonates rendered anemic by bleeding, while nursing from normal mothers. This left-shift of the reticulocyte maturation curve was also evident in 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates injected with Ep. Decreases in relative percentages of nucleated RBC was evident in spleens of 12-day-old neonates nursed by anemia mothers and spleens of 12-day-olds injected with Ep. Significant reduction in nucleated RBC were noted in both spleen and marrow of 12-day-old anemic neonates. These results suggest: (1) Ep, present in increased amounts in the anemic mother, is transmitted through milk to nursing neonates thereby stimulating erythropoiesis in these animals; (2) Ep may not stimulate stem cell differentiation towards the e4ythroid compartment but rather acts on already differentiated erythroid cells by influencing their rate of maturation.", "PMID": 566521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7096", "title": "Acute changes in plasma testosterone levels and their relation to measures of sexual behaviour in the male house mouse (Mus musculus).", "content": "There is an increasing amount of evidence, from several mammalian species, that plasma testosterone levels increase acutely when the male is exposed to sexual stimuli. Work reported here investigates whether such responses occur in male mice, and whether their incidence is related to measures of sexual behaviour. Close proximity of oestrous female mice was found to result in increased plasma testosterone levels in some strains within 15 min. Immediately after a sexual behaviour test, plasma testosterone levels were higher in males showing sexual responses. There were correlations between testosterone levels and mount latency, but none with ejaculation latency. Testosterone levels were greatest at the initiation of mounting responses, and declined during copulation, although not significantly.", "contents": "Acute changes in plasma testosterone levels and their relation to measures of sexual behaviour in the male house mouse (Mus musculus). There is an increasing amount of evidence, from several mammalian species, that plasma testosterone levels increase acutely when the male is exposed to sexual stimuli. Work reported here investigates whether such responses occur in male mice, and whether their incidence is related to measures of sexual behaviour. Close proximity of oestrous female mice was found to result in increased plasma testosterone levels in some strains within 15 min. Immediately after a sexual behaviour test, plasma testosterone levels were higher in males showing sexual responses. There were correlations between testosterone levels and mount latency, but none with ejaculation latency. Testosterone levels were greatest at the initiation of mounting responses, and declined during copulation, although not significantly.", "PMID": 566522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7097", "title": "[Dehydration under one month of age. A review of 132 cases. Epidemiological, clinical and Bacteriological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "132 cases of dehydration in children under one month of age with a hight proportion of hypertonic dehydration, relating usually to a hyperconcentrated diet, are analyzed, taking into consideration ecological, epidemiological, clinical, biochemical and bacteriological aspects. Decrease in maternal lactation and social hygienic situation were principal factors. Hyperthermia and diarrhoea, were the initial symptoms requiring medical attention, in hypertonic dehydration, being of little importance the neurological manifestations of considerabble incidence and serious posterior repercussion. Important metabolic alterations and the small proportion of positive cultures in feces are evident, relating to those of other authors.", "contents": "[Dehydration under one month of age. A review of 132 cases. Epidemiological, clinical and Bacteriological aspects (author's transl)]. 132 cases of dehydration in children under one month of age with a hight proportion of hypertonic dehydration, relating usually to a hyperconcentrated diet, are analyzed, taking into consideration ecological, epidemiological, clinical, biochemical and bacteriological aspects. Decrease in maternal lactation and social hygienic situation were principal factors. Hyperthermia and diarrhoea, were the initial symptoms requiring medical attention, in hypertonic dehydration, being of little importance the neurological manifestations of considerabble incidence and serious posterior repercussion. Important metabolic alterations and the small proportion of positive cultures in feces are evident, relating to those of other authors.", "PMID": 566525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7098", "title": "[Hypophenylalaninemia in dietary treatment of phenylketonuria (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of hypophenylalaninemia during the dietary low phenylalanine treatment is presented. The general problem of dietary treatment from early ages is reviewed. The appearance of this iatrogenic disease despite adequate supply of this essential aminoacid is stressed. Authors recommend follow-up of these patients in a regional reference center with adecuate technology.", "contents": "[Hypophenylalaninemia in dietary treatment of phenylketonuria (author's transl)]. One case of hypophenylalaninemia during the dietary low phenylalanine treatment is presented. The general problem of dietary treatment from early ages is reviewed. The appearance of this iatrogenic disease despite adequate supply of this essential aminoacid is stressed. Authors recommend follow-up of these patients in a regional reference center with adecuate technology.", "PMID": 566526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7099", "title": "Interferon synthesis in human diploid cells pretreated with insulin.", "content": "Interferon production by Newcastle disease virus in human diploid (WI-38) cells was greatly reduced in the absence of serum. Pretreatment of the serum-free cells with insulin in excess of 1.2 IU/ml for 2 h before induction considerably increased the amount of interferon produced. No enhancement of interferon production was seen when the cells were exposed to insulin 2 h after induction or later. The insulin's effect persisted for at least 6 h after its removal, but not for 24 h. A possible mechanism of insulin action is discussed.", "contents": "Interferon synthesis in human diploid cells pretreated with insulin. Interferon production by Newcastle disease virus in human diploid (WI-38) cells was greatly reduced in the absence of serum. Pretreatment of the serum-free cells with insulin in excess of 1.2 IU/ml for 2 h before induction considerably increased the amount of interferon produced. No enhancement of interferon production was seen when the cells were exposed to insulin 2 h after induction or later. The insulin's effect persisted for at least 6 h after its removal, but not for 24 h. A possible mechanism of insulin action is discussed.", "PMID": 566528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7100", "title": "Psoriasis in an unselected series of twins.", "content": "The relative importance of genetic factors in the origin, age at onset, clinical type, course, and severity of psoriasis was evaluated on the basis of an unbiased sample of twins, ie, the Danish Twin Register, which covers the total population of twins born in Denmark. All verified and probable cases of psoriasis in twins, born 1891 through 1920, were ascertained. Results are presented of an examination of all members of index pairs in which both partners were alive on a certain date. Fourteen monozygotic and 22 dizygotic, like-sexed pairs were found to include at least one partner with unquestionable psoriasis. Zygosity determination was mainly based on extensive serological examinations. The analyses show that the manifestation of psoriasis depends almost exclusively on the presence of the specific genotype. The age at onset, clinical type, course, and severity are also mainly determined by the genetic constitution. Association with certain HLA antigens of the B series has been confirmed, but the fact that many of the twins (including several of the concordant monozygotic pairs) possess neither of these antigens shows the corresponding genes to be important, but not decisive, elements in the predisposition. We conclude that psoriasis is a genetically determined disorder that may, to a limited extent, be modified by environmental influences.", "contents": "Psoriasis in an unselected series of twins. The relative importance of genetic factors in the origin, age at onset, clinical type, course, and severity of psoriasis was evaluated on the basis of an unbiased sample of twins, ie, the Danish Twin Register, which covers the total population of twins born in Denmark. All verified and probable cases of psoriasis in twins, born 1891 through 1920, were ascertained. Results are presented of an examination of all members of index pairs in which both partners were alive on a certain date. Fourteen monozygotic and 22 dizygotic, like-sexed pairs were found to include at least one partner with unquestionable psoriasis. Zygosity determination was mainly based on extensive serological examinations. The analyses show that the manifestation of psoriasis depends almost exclusively on the presence of the specific genotype. The age at onset, clinical type, course, and severity are also mainly determined by the genetic constitution. Association with certain HLA antigens of the B series has been confirmed, but the fact that many of the twins (including several of the concordant monozygotic pairs) possess neither of these antigens shows the corresponding genes to be important, but not decisive, elements in the predisposition. We conclude that psoriasis is a genetically determined disorder that may, to a limited extent, be modified by environmental influences.", "PMID": 566529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7101", "title": "[Macrolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains from chicken synovitis and dermatitis in industrial production].", "content": "In outbreaks of synovitis and dermatitis in chicken caused by Staphylococcus (Staph.) aureus we observed erythromycin-resistant strains. These strains belong to the host-specific variety gallinae of Staph. aureus or can not be alloted to one of the known host-specific varieties. The macrolide-resistance-determinant is not carried by a plasmid, presumably it is located on the chromosome. The strains show constitutively cross-resistance to erythromycin, thurimycin, linomycinc and pristinamycin (M-L-S-phenotype). An ecological investigation in a chicken farm has shown that there is no distribution of Staph. aureus-strains from chicken to workers and no occurence of macrolide-resistance in Staph. aureus-strains from the workers.", "contents": "[Macrolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains from chicken synovitis and dermatitis in industrial production]. In outbreaks of synovitis and dermatitis in chicken caused by Staphylococcus (Staph.) aureus we observed erythromycin-resistant strains. These strains belong to the host-specific variety gallinae of Staph. aureus or can not be alloted to one of the known host-specific varieties. The macrolide-resistance-determinant is not carried by a plasmid, presumably it is located on the chromosome. The strains show constitutively cross-resistance to erythromycin, thurimycin, linomycinc and pristinamycin (M-L-S-phenotype). An ecological investigation in a chicken farm has shown that there is no distribution of Staph. aureus-strains from chicken to workers and no occurence of macrolide-resistance in Staph. aureus-strains from the workers.", "PMID": 566533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7102", "title": "[Attempts at control of parturition in swine with dexamethasone. 1. Effect of various treatment dates in late pregnancy on onset of labor, litter and rearing performance of the sows].", "content": "Studies were conducted with 66 gilts with synchronised ovulation, all kept in five separate experimental groups (I-V). Each of the animals received 75 mg Dexamethason (DXMS) per die over three consecutive days of pregnancy. Treatment of Groups I through V was started in this order on the 101st, 103rd, 105th, 107th or 109th days of pregnancy. The average intervals that elapsed between the last DXMS injection and onset of parturition were, in the same order, 174, 167, 133, 94 or 74 hours. Births were concentrated on two consecutive days in Group V. DXMS had no significant effect on the average duration and course of parturitions. The lowest average litter and piglet birth weights were recorded from those DXMS groups with shortest pregnancy. No significant mean differences in piglet weight were any longer established between the groups on the tenth day of age.", "contents": "[Attempts at control of parturition in swine with dexamethasone. 1. Effect of various treatment dates in late pregnancy on onset of labor, litter and rearing performance of the sows]. Studies were conducted with 66 gilts with synchronised ovulation, all kept in five separate experimental groups (I-V). Each of the animals received 75 mg Dexamethason (DXMS) per die over three consecutive days of pregnancy. Treatment of Groups I through V was started in this order on the 101st, 103rd, 105th, 107th or 109th days of pregnancy. The average intervals that elapsed between the last DXMS injection and onset of parturition were, in the same order, 174, 167, 133, 94 or 74 hours. Births were concentrated on two consecutive days in Group V. DXMS had no significant effect on the average duration and course of parturitions. The lowest average litter and piglet birth weights were recorded from those DXMS groups with shortest pregnancy. No significant mean differences in piglet weight were any longer established between the groups on the tenth day of age.", "PMID": 566535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7103", "title": "[Pathohistological studies on so-called subclinical mastitis].", "content": "Three different localisations of each one of 118 udder quarters were histologically tested. All the 118 quarters had been clinically unchanged for not less than three months before slaughter, and the milk obtained from them had been without any major change over at least six weeks. Sixty-two quarters that had produced positive response to the highspeed mastitis test just before slaughter exhibited 45 inflammatory changes (72 per cent), most of them in terms of proliferative lobular mastitis or exudative alveolitis. One of such changes was recorded from 20 in 47 quarters (21 per cent) which had reacted negatively to the highspeed mastitis test. Comparison with the clinical history of the udders showed that 47 per cent of the established changes could be interpreted as sequels of previous clinical disorder in udder condition, while the greater part of all findings was based on completely negative udder histories.", "contents": "[Pathohistological studies on so-called subclinical mastitis]. Three different localisations of each one of 118 udder quarters were histologically tested. All the 118 quarters had been clinically unchanged for not less than three months before slaughter, and the milk obtained from them had been without any major change over at least six weeks. Sixty-two quarters that had produced positive response to the highspeed mastitis test just before slaughter exhibited 45 inflammatory changes (72 per cent), most of them in terms of proliferative lobular mastitis or exudative alveolitis. One of such changes was recorded from 20 in 47 quarters (21 per cent) which had reacted negatively to the highspeed mastitis test. Comparison with the clinical history of the udders showed that 47 per cent of the established changes could be interpreted as sequels of previous clinical disorder in udder condition, while the greater part of all findings was based on completely negative udder histories.", "PMID": 566536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7104", "title": "[Fixed fibrous subaortic stenosis. Postoperative evaluation].", "content": "Fibrous sub-aortic stenosis in 19 patients surgically treated is discussed. The clinical, radiologic, EKG and cardiac catheterization data in the pre and post-operative evaluations are reviewed. There were no surgical deaths in this series. In 14 cases post-operative cardiac catheterization was carried out, in 11 patients a significant decrease in the gradient was found. In 4 cases pharmacological testing was done during catheterization before and after surgery, without significant change in gradients.", "contents": "[Fixed fibrous subaortic stenosis. Postoperative evaluation]. Fibrous sub-aortic stenosis in 19 patients surgically treated is discussed. The clinical, radiologic, EKG and cardiac catheterization data in the pre and post-operative evaluations are reviewed. There were no surgical deaths in this series. In 14 cases post-operative cardiac catheterization was carried out, in 11 patients a significant decrease in the gradient was found. In 4 cases pharmacological testing was done during catheterization before and after surgery, without significant change in gradients.", "PMID": 566530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7105", "title": "[The digestibility of milk substitutes with various soybean products in young calves].", "content": "Digestibility trials were performed to study the suitability of mixtures made up of treated soybean and whey powder for replacing skim milk powder. Three different milk replacers were used, the replacers T-18/II and T-18/III containing Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. When using the T-18 preparation with 18% fat content it was found that the protein source may contain 25% Plyllac preparation and 11% sweet whey powder. In two cases, at the age of 5 and 7 weeks, the digestibility of the crude protein in the T-18/II preparation was found to deteriorate significantly. For this reason, the authors suggest this milk replacer to be used from the 5th week of life. Trials were performed with 3 milk replacers (lactine preparations) containing Plyllac preparations of different manufacturing technology (35%), treated soybean (10%) and sweet whey powder (10%). It was found that the use of Plyllac preparations, i.e. of treated soybean in larger amounts causes the nutrient digestibility, mainly that of crude protein, to be significantly lower at the age of 3 and 5 weeks than that at the age of 7 to 9 weeks. No significant differences were found in the digestibility of the various Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. The milk replacer lactine is recommended for use from the 5th week of life on.", "contents": "[The digestibility of milk substitutes with various soybean products in young calves]. Digestibility trials were performed to study the suitability of mixtures made up of treated soybean and whey powder for replacing skim milk powder. Three different milk replacers were used, the replacers T-18/II and T-18/III containing Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. When using the T-18 preparation with 18% fat content it was found that the protein source may contain 25% Plyllac preparation and 11% sweet whey powder. In two cases, at the age of 5 and 7 weeks, the digestibility of the crude protein in the T-18/II preparation was found to deteriorate significantly. For this reason, the authors suggest this milk replacer to be used from the 5th week of life. Trials were performed with 3 milk replacers (lactine preparations) containing Plyllac preparations of different manufacturing technology (35%), treated soybean (10%) and sweet whey powder (10%). It was found that the use of Plyllac preparations, i.e. of treated soybean in larger amounts causes the nutrient digestibility, mainly that of crude protein, to be significantly lower at the age of 3 and 5 weeks than that at the age of 7 to 9 weeks. No significant differences were found in the digestibility of the various Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. The milk replacer lactine is recommended for use from the 5th week of life on.", "PMID": 566537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7106", "title": "[Effect of milk substitutes with various soy bean products on the N metabolism in calves].", "content": "N-balance trials on young calves aged 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 weeks, respectively, revealed that a mixture of soybean and whey powder accounting for 39.5% of the total protein amount can be fed without any disadvantage. Feeding this mixture gave N-balance results differing only slightly in the groups aged 7, 9 and 11 weeks. The milk replacer with a higher proportion of soybean and whey powder revealed a more unfavourable N-balance. This allows to conclude that milk replacers containing soybean preparations can be successfully applied to young calves from 5 weeks on, no disadvantages being likely as to N-balance and live weight gain.", "contents": "[Effect of milk substitutes with various soy bean products on the N metabolism in calves]. N-balance trials on young calves aged 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 weeks, respectively, revealed that a mixture of soybean and whey powder accounting for 39.5% of the total protein amount can be fed without any disadvantage. Feeding this mixture gave N-balance results differing only slightly in the groups aged 7, 9 and 11 weeks. The milk replacer with a higher proportion of soybean and whey powder revealed a more unfavourable N-balance. This allows to conclude that milk replacers containing soybean preparations can be successfully applied to young calves from 5 weeks on, no disadvantages being likely as to N-balance and live weight gain.", "PMID": 566538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7107", "title": "[The effect of types of rations on a straw basis on fermentation and volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of lactating cows. 2. Ruminal fermentation and milk yield criteria after use of a high-fiber straw pellet batch as a basic ration component].", "content": "Lactating Black-Pied (DSR) cows were used to study, over a period of 100 days, the influence of different basal ration types (experimental group - straw pellets; control group - dried forage + fodder root crops) on fermentation response and daily production rate of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as well as on some criteria of milk yield. Whilst only slight differences were found between the experimental groups in the molar proportions of VFA, the straw pellet-concentrate ration resulted in a lower VFA production as compared to the conventional ration. The control group's VFA production relativated to energy intake, was found to be of the same level (4.1, 4.3 and 3.9 Mol/1 kilo energetic feed equivalents/cattle) after 30, 60 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. The corresponding values in the experimental group declined from 3.3 to 2.3 and 1.9 Mol/1 kilo EF/cattle when feeding a high-fibre straw-pellet batch as basal ration component. The VFA production rates rather diverging between both groups were not found to have a uniform effect on the milk synthesis processes. Both the daily and the first 100-day milk yields did not differ between the groups but within the range of statistical error. Statistically secured positive correlations were found to exist between concentration and production of VFA which, however, depend on the basal ration type and revealed a relatively wide deviation.", "contents": "[The effect of types of rations on a straw basis on fermentation and volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of lactating cows. 2. Ruminal fermentation and milk yield criteria after use of a high-fiber straw pellet batch as a basic ration component]. Lactating Black-Pied (DSR) cows were used to study, over a period of 100 days, the influence of different basal ration types (experimental group - straw pellets; control group - dried forage + fodder root crops) on fermentation response and daily production rate of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as well as on some criteria of milk yield. Whilst only slight differences were found between the experimental groups in the molar proportions of VFA, the straw pellet-concentrate ration resulted in a lower VFA production as compared to the conventional ration. The control group's VFA production relativated to energy intake, was found to be of the same level (4.1, 4.3 and 3.9 Mol/1 kilo energetic feed equivalents/cattle) after 30, 60 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. The corresponding values in the experimental group declined from 3.3 to 2.3 and 1.9 Mol/1 kilo EF/cattle when feeding a high-fibre straw-pellet batch as basal ration component. The VFA production rates rather diverging between both groups were not found to have a uniform effect on the milk synthesis processes. Both the daily and the first 100-day milk yields did not differ between the groups but within the range of statistical error. Statistically secured positive correlations were found to exist between concentration and production of VFA which, however, depend on the basal ration type and revealed a relatively wide deviation.", "PMID": 566539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7108", "title": "Methylphenidate in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated developing rat pups. Effects on activity and maze performance.", "content": "In order to better devine the relationship between brain catecholaminergic mechanisms and the clinical syndrome of minimal brain dysfunction, we have developed an experimental model that has many of the features of the disorder seen in children. This model is effected by the preferential depletion of brain dopamine in 5-day-old rat pups following the intracisternal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, and in the present investigation, we have examined the effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride (0.25 to 2.0 mg/kg) on activity levels and cognitive performance in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals. Methylphenidate therapy resulted in a significant increase in activity levels of normal rat pups 12 and 19 days of age; in contrast, methylphenidate administered to 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals did not increase activity at 12 days of age and significantly reduced activity at 19 and 26 days. Methylphenidate had no effect on T-maze performance in normals, but significantly improved performance in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals. Our results suggest that the \"paradoxical\" response to methylphenidate found in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rat pups may be the result of central denervation supersensitivity.", "contents": "Methylphenidate in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated developing rat pups. Effects on activity and maze performance. In order to better devine the relationship between brain catecholaminergic mechanisms and the clinical syndrome of minimal brain dysfunction, we have developed an experimental model that has many of the features of the disorder seen in children. This model is effected by the preferential depletion of brain dopamine in 5-day-old rat pups following the intracisternal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, and in the present investigation, we have examined the effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride (0.25 to 2.0 mg/kg) on activity levels and cognitive performance in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals. Methylphenidate therapy resulted in a significant increase in activity levels of normal rat pups 12 and 19 days of age; in contrast, methylphenidate administered to 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals did not increase activity at 12 days of age and significantly reduced activity at 19 and 26 days. Methylphenidate had no effect on T-maze performance in normals, but significantly improved performance in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals. Our results suggest that the \"paradoxical\" response to methylphenidate found in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rat pups may be the result of central denervation supersensitivity.", "PMID": 566540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7109", "title": "The effects on chicks of dietary fibre from different sources: a growth factor in wheat bran.", "content": "1. Groups of chicks were given a low-residue diet with or without supplements of dietary fibre in the form of wheat bran, wheat straw or bagasse. Growth and food conversion efficiency (g weight gained/g food eaten; FCE) during the first 4 weeks of life were measured. 2. In every one of seven experiments supplementation of the diet with 100 g wheat bran/kg resulted in improved growth, and in three experiments FCE was also increased. 3. Supplementation with coarsely-milled wheat straw to provide an amount of unavailable carbohydrate equivalent to that in the bran diet resulted in poorer growth; finely-milled wheat straw had little effect on growth. 4. The growth-promoting effect of bran was destroyed by sterilization with heat or gamma-radiation. 5. In some experiments weights, lengths and volumes of small intestines were measured. Differences in intestinal dimensions between birds given the diet with and without fibre were not consistent, nor were they correlated with growth rate or FCE. 6. Histometric observations on small intestines from a few birds indicated that those given coarse wheat straw had longer vili and thicker muscularis layers, and the caecal tonsils had a greater area of lymphoid tissue and more follicles.", "contents": "The effects on chicks of dietary fibre from different sources: a growth factor in wheat bran. 1. Groups of chicks were given a low-residue diet with or without supplements of dietary fibre in the form of wheat bran, wheat straw or bagasse. Growth and food conversion efficiency (g weight gained/g food eaten; FCE) during the first 4 weeks of life were measured. 2. In every one of seven experiments supplementation of the diet with 100 g wheat bran/kg resulted in improved growth, and in three experiments FCE was also increased. 3. Supplementation with coarsely-milled wheat straw to provide an amount of unavailable carbohydrate equivalent to that in the bran diet resulted in poorer growth; finely-milled wheat straw had little effect on growth. 4. The growth-promoting effect of bran was destroyed by sterilization with heat or gamma-radiation. 5. In some experiments weights, lengths and volumes of small intestines were measured. Differences in intestinal dimensions between birds given the diet with and without fibre were not consistent, nor were they correlated with growth rate or FCE. 6. Histometric observations on small intestines from a few birds indicated that those given coarse wheat straw had longer vili and thicker muscularis layers, and the caecal tonsils had a greater area of lymphoid tissue and more follicles.", "PMID": 566554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7110", "title": "Interaction of vitamin K dependent proteins with membranes.", "content": "The membrane-binding characteristics of six vitamin K dependent plasma proteins, which have homologous amino acid sequences, were compared. All of these proteins display calcium-dependent membrane binding and the identified equilibria for protein-membrane binding are qualitatively the same for all proteins. Quantitative characteristics of these protein-membrane interactions allow organization into distinct subgroups. Protein C and factor VII form a subgroup which has extemely low affinity for bilayer membranes; prothrombin, factor X, and protein S form the tightest complexes with membranes and factor IX displays intermediate affinity. In the presence of manganese (which substitutes for calcium in a cation-dependent protein transition), calcium titration of protein-membrane binding shows the same calcium dependence for all proteins except prothrombin which requires lower calcium. These protein-membrane binding characteristics agree very well with the relatedness of these proteins based on their partial amino-terminal sequences.", "contents": "Interaction of vitamin K dependent proteins with membranes. The membrane-binding characteristics of six vitamin K dependent plasma proteins, which have homologous amino acid sequences, were compared. All of these proteins display calcium-dependent membrane binding and the identified equilibria for protein-membrane binding are qualitatively the same for all proteins. Quantitative characteristics of these protein-membrane interactions allow organization into distinct subgroups. Protein C and factor VII form a subgroup which has extemely low affinity for bilayer membranes; prothrombin, factor X, and protein S form the tightest complexes with membranes and factor IX displays intermediate affinity. In the presence of manganese (which substitutes for calcium in a cation-dependent protein transition), calcium titration of protein-membrane binding shows the same calcium dependence for all proteins except prothrombin which requires lower calcium. These protein-membrane binding characteristics agree very well with the relatedness of these proteins based on their partial amino-terminal sequences.", "PMID": 566556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7111", "title": "A kinetic analysis of D-xylose transport in Rhodotorula glutinis.", "content": "The kinetics of D-xylose transport were studied in Rhodotorula glutinis. Analysis of the saturation isotherm revealed the presence of at least two carriers for D-xylose in the Rhodotorula plasma membrane. These two carriers exhibited Km values differing by more than an order of magnitude. The low-Km carrier was repressed in rapidly growing cells and derepressed by starvation of the cells. Several hexoses were observed to inhibit D-xylose transport. In the studies reported here, the inhibitions produced by D-galactose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were examined in some detail in order to define the interactions of these sugars with the D-xylose carriers. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose competitively inhibited both of the D-xylose carriers. In contrast, only the low-Km carrier was competitively inhibited by D-galactose.", "contents": "A kinetic analysis of D-xylose transport in Rhodotorula glutinis. The kinetics of D-xylose transport were studied in Rhodotorula glutinis. Analysis of the saturation isotherm revealed the presence of at least two carriers for D-xylose in the Rhodotorula plasma membrane. These two carriers exhibited Km values differing by more than an order of magnitude. The low-Km carrier was repressed in rapidly growing cells and derepressed by starvation of the cells. Several hexoses were observed to inhibit D-xylose transport. In the studies reported here, the inhibitions produced by D-galactose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were examined in some detail in order to define the interactions of these sugars with the D-xylose carriers. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose competitively inhibited both of the D-xylose carriers. In contrast, only the low-Km carrier was competitively inhibited by D-galactose.", "PMID": 566557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7112", "title": "Dispersion of mammalian sperm chromatin during fertilization: an in vitro study.", "content": "When \"denuded spermatozoa\" (spermatozoa stripped of the greater part of their acrosomes and resembling in may respects spermatozoa after acrosomal reaction) of the bull are incubated with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (pH 8), sperm chromatin is degraded extensively by a protease in the sperm head. The morphological pattern of sperm nuclear dispersion upon in vitro incubation is similar to that observed in the newly fertilized egg. Following disintegration of the outer layers of the sperm nucleus, chromatin dispersion commences from the periphery of the posterior half and proceeds to the anterior end and to the core of the head. Less basic N- and C-terminal portions of bull sperm histone molecules are digested quickly. The central, very arginine-rich portions of the molecules degrade gradually, yielding an heterogeneous series of arginine-rich peptides (molecular weight, 400-1500). Evidence suggests that the protease which is responsible for the degradation of sperm chromatin is a small fraction of acrosin. This fraction of acrosin appears to be arranged along the nuclear surface and to become associated with sperm chromatin during structural changes of the nuclear surface. A similar proteolysis of rabbit, hamster and guinea pig sperm chromatin has also been observed. The resulting pattern of dissolution of the sperm nucleus is proposed as a model of some of the steps involved in male pronucleus formation from the sperm head after fertilization. Histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 associated with DNA are relatively resistant to acrosin.", "contents": "Dispersion of mammalian sperm chromatin during fertilization: an in vitro study. When \"denuded spermatozoa\" (spermatozoa stripped of the greater part of their acrosomes and resembling in may respects spermatozoa after acrosomal reaction) of the bull are incubated with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (pH 8), sperm chromatin is degraded extensively by a protease in the sperm head. The morphological pattern of sperm nuclear dispersion upon in vitro incubation is similar to that observed in the newly fertilized egg. Following disintegration of the outer layers of the sperm nucleus, chromatin dispersion commences from the periphery of the posterior half and proceeds to the anterior end and to the core of the head. Less basic N- and C-terminal portions of bull sperm histone molecules are digested quickly. The central, very arginine-rich portions of the molecules degrade gradually, yielding an heterogeneous series of arginine-rich peptides (molecular weight, 400-1500). Evidence suggests that the protease which is responsible for the degradation of sperm chromatin is a small fraction of acrosin. This fraction of acrosin appears to be arranged along the nuclear surface and to become associated with sperm chromatin during structural changes of the nuclear surface. A similar proteolysis of rabbit, hamster and guinea pig sperm chromatin has also been observed. The resulting pattern of dissolution of the sperm nucleus is proposed as a model of some of the steps involved in male pronucleus formation from the sperm head after fertilization. Histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 associated with DNA are relatively resistant to acrosin.", "PMID": 566558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7113", "title": "Ribosomal DNA in spores of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "DNA was isolated from plasmodia, spores and newly hatched amoebae of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The DNA preparations were fractionated in CsCl gradients and each fraction hybridised to combined 19 S + 26 S rRNA. In all three DNA preparations hybridisation was found to be limited to satellite DNA (rho = 1.714 g/cm3) and at saturation was found to reach a level of 0.16--0.18 % of total DNA. The main band of nuclear DNA (rho = 1.702 g/cm3) did not hybridise appreciably. Further experiments using analytical CsCl gradients revealed that the ratio of satellite to main band DNA was similar in all three preparations. It is concluded that the genes for ribosomal RNA are equally reiterated in spores, hatching amoebae and in plasmodia. They appear to be similarly organised in all stages of the life cycle examined so far.", "contents": "Ribosomal DNA in spores of Physarum polycephalum. DNA was isolated from plasmodia, spores and newly hatched amoebae of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. The DNA preparations were fractionated in CsCl gradients and each fraction hybridised to combined 19 S + 26 S rRNA. In all three DNA preparations hybridisation was found to be limited to satellite DNA (rho = 1.714 g/cm3) and at saturation was found to reach a level of 0.16--0.18 % of total DNA. The main band of nuclear DNA (rho = 1.702 g/cm3) did not hybridise appreciably. Further experiments using analytical CsCl gradients revealed that the ratio of satellite to main band DNA was similar in all three preparations. It is concluded that the genes for ribosomal RNA are equally reiterated in spores, hatching amoebae and in plasmodia. They appear to be similarly organised in all stages of the life cycle examined so far.", "PMID": 566559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7114", "title": "Polysome activity in relation to growth and protein starvation in brains and hearts of cultured early chick embryos.", "content": "In previous studies, brains but not hearts of intact early chick embryos were found to be sensitive to protein starvation. In this study, the in vitro protein synthetic activity of polysomes isolated from brains was found to be greater than those isolated from hearts. Starvation reduced the protein synthetic activity of polysomes in vitro but the extent of the reduction was approximately the same for both brains and hearts. A reduction in the amount of ribosomes as polysomes may have contributed to the lower synthetic activity of polysomes from tissues of starved embryos but not to the differences in synthetic activities between brains and hearts. In addition, neither the stability of isolated polysomes nor ribosome-associated ribonuclease activity appeared responsible for the differences observed in polysome synthetic activities. In direct relationship to the differential sensitivity of brains and hearts to starvation observed in the intact embryo, ribosomes isolated from brains of both growing and starved embryos were more readily degraded during in vitro incubation than those from hearts.", "contents": "Polysome activity in relation to growth and protein starvation in brains and hearts of cultured early chick embryos. In previous studies, brains but not hearts of intact early chick embryos were found to be sensitive to protein starvation. In this study, the in vitro protein synthetic activity of polysomes isolated from brains was found to be greater than those isolated from hearts. Starvation reduced the protein synthetic activity of polysomes in vitro but the extent of the reduction was approximately the same for both brains and hearts. A reduction in the amount of ribosomes as polysomes may have contributed to the lower synthetic activity of polysomes from tissues of starved embryos but not to the differences in synthetic activities between brains and hearts. In addition, neither the stability of isolated polysomes nor ribosome-associated ribonuclease activity appeared responsible for the differences observed in polysome synthetic activities. In direct relationship to the differential sensitivity of brains and hearts to starvation observed in the intact embryo, ribosomes isolated from brains of both growing and starved embryos were more readily degraded during in vitro incubation than those from hearts.", "PMID": 566560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7115", "title": "Protein-associated DNA breaks in cells treated with adriamycin or ellipticine.", "content": "The effect of intercalating agents on mammalian DNA in vivo was examined by the technique of alkaline elution. Adriamycin and ellipticine were found to produce large numbers of single-strand breaks. These breaks appeared to be intimately associated with protein to the extent that enzymatic deproteinization of the DNA was necessary to reveal the breaks. The frequency of breaks and cross-links increased with concentration and time of exposure to the drugs. These data suggest that DNA single-strand scission may be a feature common to intercalators. The association with a cellular protein is previously undescribed and suggests possible mechanisms for the strand scission.", "contents": "Protein-associated DNA breaks in cells treated with adriamycin or ellipticine. The effect of intercalating agents on mammalian DNA in vivo was examined by the technique of alkaline elution. Adriamycin and ellipticine were found to produce large numbers of single-strand breaks. These breaks appeared to be intimately associated with protein to the extent that enzymatic deproteinization of the DNA was necessary to reveal the breaks. The frequency of breaks and cross-links increased with concentration and time of exposure to the drugs. These data suggest that DNA single-strand scission may be a feature common to intercalators. The association with a cellular protein is previously undescribed and suggests possible mechanisms for the strand scission.", "PMID": 566561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7116", "title": "Repair of lesions induced by bruneomycin in DNA of isolated mitochondria from the mature eggs of the teleost fish Misgurnus fossilis.", "content": "Addition of a radiomimetic antibiotic bruneomycin (Streptonigrin) to isolated mitochondria from mature quiescent oocytes of the teleost fish loach Misgurnus fossilis leads to the induction of unscheduled synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. Most of the newly synthesized DNA has the sedimentation properties of open circles and up to 15% of the label is present in the fraction of the covalently closed-circular molecules. The size of the newly synthesized DNA stretches determined from the bouyant shift of DNA labeled with 5-bromouracil and [3H]dAMP and sonicated to fragments of different molecular weight, was found to be equal to about 1000 nucleotides for the labeled covalently closed circles and to about 2000 nucleotides for the labeled open-circular DNA. Experiments with the centrifugation of non-sheared and sonicated 5-bromouracil and [3H]dAMP-labeled mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in alkaline CsCl density gradients provided evidence of a covalent linkage between newly-synthesized stretches and the parental DNA strands. It is concluded from these data that the unscheduled mtDNA synthesis induced by bruneomycin does at least in part represent mtDNA repair synthesis.", "contents": "Repair of lesions induced by bruneomycin in DNA of isolated mitochondria from the mature eggs of the teleost fish Misgurnus fossilis. Addition of a radiomimetic antibiotic bruneomycin (Streptonigrin) to isolated mitochondria from mature quiescent oocytes of the teleost fish loach Misgurnus fossilis leads to the induction of unscheduled synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. Most of the newly synthesized DNA has the sedimentation properties of open circles and up to 15% of the label is present in the fraction of the covalently closed-circular molecules. The size of the newly synthesized DNA stretches determined from the bouyant shift of DNA labeled with 5-bromouracil and [3H]dAMP and sonicated to fragments of different molecular weight, was found to be equal to about 1000 nucleotides for the labeled covalently closed circles and to about 2000 nucleotides for the labeled open-circular DNA. Experiments with the centrifugation of non-sheared and sonicated 5-bromouracil and [3H]dAMP-labeled mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in alkaline CsCl density gradients provided evidence of a covalent linkage between newly-synthesized stretches and the parental DNA strands. It is concluded from these data that the unscheduled mtDNA synthesis induced by bruneomycin does at least in part represent mtDNA repair synthesis.", "PMID": 566562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7117", "title": "The influence of rRNA and tRNA on the translation of avian globin mRNA in cell-free systems of protein synthesis.", "content": "Cell-free synthesis of globin chains in the presence of globin mRNA in an Ehrlich ascites-cell-free system is further stimulated by addition of 18- and 28-S rRNA but not of 4-S tRNA and 5-S rRNA. This stimulation can not be observed in the wheat germ cell-free system. When 125I-labelled globin mRNA was incubated in the two systems we have found after 60 min a 75% decrease of trichloroacetic acid precipitable polynucleotides in the ascites but only a 20% decrease in the wheat germ system. The RNAase action on mRNA can be reduced by the addition of 18- and 28-S rRNA but not by 5-S rRNA and 4-S tRNA. We suggest that the stimulating effect of the two rRNA species in the ascites cell-free system is due to a higher activity of a specific RNAase in this system and a competitive protection of mRNA from RNAase action.", "contents": "The influence of rRNA and tRNA on the translation of avian globin mRNA in cell-free systems of protein synthesis. Cell-free synthesis of globin chains in the presence of globin mRNA in an Ehrlich ascites-cell-free system is further stimulated by addition of 18- and 28-S rRNA but not of 4-S tRNA and 5-S rRNA. This stimulation can not be observed in the wheat germ cell-free system. When 125I-labelled globin mRNA was incubated in the two systems we have found after 60 min a 75% decrease of trichloroacetic acid precipitable polynucleotides in the ascites but only a 20% decrease in the wheat germ system. The RNAase action on mRNA can be reduced by the addition of 18- and 28-S rRNA but not by 5-S rRNA and 4-S tRNA. We suggest that the stimulating effect of the two rRNA species in the ascites cell-free system is due to a higher activity of a specific RNAase in this system and a competitive protection of mRNA from RNAase action.", "PMID": 566563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7118", "title": "Developmental transitions between chromatin-bound and soluble RNA polymerase subspecies in the soybean hypocotyl.", "content": "RNA polymerase enzymes isolated from soybean hypocotyl tissue during successive developmental stages  (2-8 days old) have been fractionated by  Sephadex column isoelectric focusing. Both the enzymes bound to chromatin and those enzymes free in the soluble phase were investigated during development with respect to their distribution within these two pools. All observed activites were classified according to their alpha-amanitin sensitivity and isoelectric points. Two Class I subspecies (Ia, Ib) and two Class III subspecies (IIIa, IIIb) were continually present bound to chromatin throughout the developmental sequences except the IIb form which was absent at the latest stage. However, a great multiplicity (9 total) of Class II activities (totally inhibited by alpha-amanitin) were observed to be bound to chromatin at the 2nd day stage. These forms were first released from the chromatin complex and recovered in a soluble pool (4th day stage). Subsequent hypocotyl development was accompanied by the gradual disappearance of these Class II subspecies from this pool (6th day) until only two soluble species and one chromatin-bound Class II activity remained (8th day). These observations indicate that the early development of this tissue is accompanied by a dramatic alteration in the conplexity of chromatin-bound RNA polymerase subspecies. Such events may in part determine the domain of RNA secies synthesized at successive developmental stages.", "contents": "Developmental transitions between chromatin-bound and soluble RNA polymerase subspecies in the soybean hypocotyl. RNA polymerase enzymes isolated from soybean hypocotyl tissue during successive developmental stages  (2-8 days old) have been fractionated by  Sephadex column isoelectric focusing. Both the enzymes bound to chromatin and those enzymes free in the soluble phase were investigated during development with respect to their distribution within these two pools. All observed activites were classified according to their alpha-amanitin sensitivity and isoelectric points. Two Class I subspecies (Ia, Ib) and two Class III subspecies (IIIa, IIIb) were continually present bound to chromatin throughout the developmental sequences except the IIb form which was absent at the latest stage. However, a great multiplicity (9 total) of Class II activities (totally inhibited by alpha-amanitin) were observed to be bound to chromatin at the 2nd day stage. These forms were first released from the chromatin complex and recovered in a soluble pool (4th day stage). Subsequent hypocotyl development was accompanied by the gradual disappearance of these Class II subspecies from this pool (6th day) until only two soluble species and one chromatin-bound Class II activity remained (8th day). These observations indicate that the early development of this tissue is accompanied by a dramatic alteration in the conplexity of chromatin-bound RNA polymerase subspecies. Such events may in part determine the domain of RNA secies synthesized at successive developmental stages.", "PMID": 566564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7119", "title": "Differences in the effects of manganese and magnesium on initiation and elongation in the RNA polymerase I reaction.", "content": "The effects of magnesium and manganese in the initiation and elongation steps of the RNA polymerase I reaction in RNA synthesis were studied. For RNA chain initiation manganese was found to be a better effector than magnesium. For RNA chain elongation either manganese or magnesium acted as an effector, but a high concentration of manganese was inhibitory.", "contents": "Differences in the effects of manganese and magnesium on initiation and elongation in the RNA polymerase I reaction. The effects of magnesium and manganese in the initiation and elongation steps of the RNA polymerase I reaction in RNA synthesis were studied. For RNA chain initiation manganese was found to be a better effector than magnesium. For RNA chain elongation either manganese or magnesium acted as an effector, but a high concentration of manganese was inhibitory.", "PMID": 566565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7120", "title": "Purification and characterization of a low molecular weight 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414.", "content": "A low molecular weight 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase (endoglucanase) (1,4-(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4) has been isolated from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414 by a two-step procedure of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated enzyme appeared homogeneous upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 2.9, isoelectric focusing in a polyacrylamide gel slab, sedimentation equilibrium analysis and chromatography of the reduced and alkylated enzyme on a column of Sepharose 6B in 6 M guanidine - HCl. A molecular weight was calculated at approx. 20 000 and the isoelectric point was determined at pH 7.52. The purified enzyme was not a carbohydrate-containing protein.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a low molecular weight 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414. A low molecular weight 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase (endoglucanase) (1,4-(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4) has been isolated from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414 by a two-step procedure of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated enzyme appeared homogeneous upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 2.9, isoelectric focusing in a polyacrylamide gel slab, sedimentation equilibrium analysis and chromatography of the reduced and alkylated enzyme on a column of Sepharose 6B in 6 M guanidine - HCl. A molecular weight was calculated at approx. 20 000 and the isoelectric point was determined at pH 7.52. The purified enzyme was not a carbohydrate-containing protein.", "PMID": 566566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7121", "title": "The hydrolysis of esters of N-hippurylglycine and N-pivaloylglycine by carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "The kinetics of the hydrolysis of five esters of N-hippurylglycine (C6H5CONHCH2CONHCH2CO2CRR1CO2H (2 approximately) and seven esters of N-pivaloylglycine ((CH3)3CCONHCH2CRR1CO2H (3 approximately)) by bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (Peptidyl-L-amino-acidhydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2) have been studied at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C and ionic strength 0.5. All N-hippurylglycine esters (2: R=H, R1=H, C2H5, 4-ClC6H4, C6H5CH2) display Michaelis-Menten kinetics up to at least 0.1 M substrate. The N-pivaloylglycine esters display either Michaelis-Menten kinetics (3 approximately: R=H, R1=H, C2H5 C6H5), substrate activation (3 approximately: R=H, R1=4-ClC6H4; R=R1=CH3) or substrate inhibition (3 approximately: R=H, R1=(CH3)2CHCH2, C6H5CH2). Kinetic parameters have been evaluated for each ester and compared with those for the corresponding hippuric acid esters (1 approximately). The enzymic specificity is shown to be identical for the alcohol moieties of the esters 1 approximately, 2 approximately and 3 approximately and unrelated to the occurrence of substrate activation or inhibition phenomena. These latter phenomena are shown to be characteristic of the enzymic hydrolysis of N-acyl amino acid esters but unimportant for N-acyl dipeptide ester substrates.", "contents": "The hydrolysis of esters of N-hippurylglycine and N-pivaloylglycine by carboxypeptidase A. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of five esters of N-hippurylglycine (C6H5CONHCH2CONHCH2CO2CRR1CO2H (2 approximately) and seven esters of N-pivaloylglycine ((CH3)3CCONHCH2CRR1CO2H (3 approximately)) by bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (Peptidyl-L-amino-acidhydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2) have been studied at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C and ionic strength 0.5. All N-hippurylglycine esters (2: R=H, R1=H, C2H5, 4-ClC6H4, C6H5CH2) display Michaelis-Menten kinetics up to at least 0.1 M substrate. The N-pivaloylglycine esters display either Michaelis-Menten kinetics (3 approximately: R=H, R1=H, C2H5 C6H5), substrate activation (3 approximately: R=H, R1=4-ClC6H4; R=R1=CH3) or substrate inhibition (3 approximately: R=H, R1=(CH3)2CHCH2, C6H5CH2). Kinetic parameters have been evaluated for each ester and compared with those for the corresponding hippuric acid esters (1 approximately). The enzymic specificity is shown to be identical for the alcohol moieties of the esters 1 approximately, 2 approximately and 3 approximately and unrelated to the occurrence of substrate activation or inhibition phenomena. These latter phenomena are shown to be characteristic of the enzymic hydrolysis of N-acyl amino acid esters but unimportant for N-acyl dipeptide ester substrates.", "PMID": 566567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7122", "title": "Thyroidal control of heaptic release and metabolism of vitamin A.", "content": "The inverse relationship that exists between thyroxine and the vitamin A level of plasma has been examined in chicken. Thyroxine treatment leads to a decrease in the level of vitamin A carrier proteins, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin-2 in plasma and liver. There is an accumulation of vitamin A in the liver, with a greater proportion of vitamin A alcohol being present compared to that of control birds. In thyroxine treatment there is enhanced plasma turnover of retinol-binding protein and prealbumin-2, while their rates of synthesis are marginally increased. Amino acid supplementation partially counteracts effects of thyroxine treatment. Amino acid supplementation of thyroxine-treated birds does not alter the plasma turnover rates of retinol-binding protein and prealbumin-2 but increases substantially their rates of synthesis. The release of vitamin A into circulation is interfered with in hyperthyroidism due to inadequate availability of retinol-binding protein being caused by enhanced plasma turnover rate not compensated for by synthesis.", "contents": "Thyroidal control of heaptic release and metabolism of vitamin A. The inverse relationship that exists between thyroxine and the vitamin A level of plasma has been examined in chicken. Thyroxine treatment leads to a decrease in the level of vitamin A carrier proteins, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin-2 in plasma and liver. There is an accumulation of vitamin A in the liver, with a greater proportion of vitamin A alcohol being present compared to that of control birds. In thyroxine treatment there is enhanced plasma turnover of retinol-binding protein and prealbumin-2, while their rates of synthesis are marginally increased. Amino acid supplementation partially counteracts effects of thyroxine treatment. Amino acid supplementation of thyroxine-treated birds does not alter the plasma turnover rates of retinol-binding protein and prealbumin-2 but increases substantially their rates of synthesis. The release of vitamin A into circulation is interfered with in hyperthyroidism due to inadequate availability of retinol-binding protein being caused by enhanced plasma turnover rate not compensated for by synthesis.", "PMID": 566568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7123", "title": "Increased susceptibility to the epileptic effects of alcohol withdrawal following periodic electroconvulsive shocks.", "content": "There was a progressive intensification (kindling) of the motor seizure pattern when electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs) were administered to rats at 3-day intervals, but not when the inter-ECS interval was 1 hr. Similarly, the incidence of convulsive symptoms elicited by subsequent alcohol exposure and withdrawal was a function of the number of antecedent ECSs administered at 3-day, but not at 1-hr, intervals. Significant ECS-produced intensification of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome persisted for 3 weeks following ten periodic ECSs and occurred even when the motor seizures elicited by the antecedent ECSs were pharmacologically suppressed.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility to the epileptic effects of alcohol withdrawal following periodic electroconvulsive shocks. There was a progressive intensification (kindling) of the motor seizure pattern when electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs) were administered to rats at 3-day intervals, but not when the inter-ECS interval was 1 hr. Similarly, the incidence of convulsive symptoms elicited by subsequent alcohol exposure and withdrawal was a function of the number of antecedent ECSs administered at 3-day, but not at 1-hr, intervals. Significant ECS-produced intensification of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome persisted for 3 weeks following ten periodic ECSs and occurred even when the motor seizures elicited by the antecedent ECSs were pharmacologically suppressed.", "PMID": 566571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7124", "title": "Is antidiuretic hormone elevated in psychosis? A pilot study.", "content": "Plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) measured by radioimmunoassay was higher in acutely psychotic subjects than in acutely anxious nonpsychotic subjects or normal subjects. ADH was not elevated in acutely anxious nonpsychotic subjects. ADH was positively correlated with degree of psychosis. Normal osmolar and volume regulatory mechanisms did not seem responsible for the ADH elevations in the psychotic subjects. Because ADH is both produced in the hypothalamus and can be accurately measured in blood, this substance may prove particularly valuable in the study of psychiatric disorders.", "contents": "Is antidiuretic hormone elevated in psychosis? A pilot study. Plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) measured by radioimmunoassay was higher in acutely psychotic subjects than in acutely anxious nonpsychotic subjects or normal subjects. ADH was not elevated in acutely anxious nonpsychotic subjects. ADH was positively correlated with degree of psychosis. Normal osmolar and volume regulatory mechanisms did not seem responsible for the ADH elevations in the psychotic subjects. Because ADH is both produced in the hypothalamus and can be accurately measured in blood, this substance may prove particularly valuable in the study of psychiatric disorders.", "PMID": 566572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7125", "title": "Dose-effect studies on estrogen induced mammary cancers in mice.", "content": "Castrated male (C3H X RIII) F1 mice were treated with graded doses of estradiol-17-beta and estrone in a life-span experiment. Estradiol-17-beta incorporated into paraffin pellets was implanted under the skin for continuous resorption. These pellets contained 1 microgram, 2.5 microgram, 5 microgram, 10 microgram or 100 microgram of hormone. Estron was given orally, mixed with the food at 3 daily dosages: 0.06 microgram, 0.6 microgram and 6 microgram. Although the smallest dosages of both hormones induced vaginal estrus in castrated females, they did not produce mammary tumors. The mammary tumor incidence reached progressively almost 100% in response to the increase of the hormonal dosages. The absence of effect of low doses of estrogen in mice is compared with the absence of an excess of breast cancers among women using oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Dose-effect studies on estrogen induced mammary cancers in mice. Castrated male (C3H X RIII) F1 mice were treated with graded doses of estradiol-17-beta and estrone in a life-span experiment. Estradiol-17-beta incorporated into paraffin pellets was implanted under the skin for continuous resorption. These pellets contained 1 microgram, 2.5 microgram, 5 microgram, 10 microgram or 100 microgram of hormone. Estron was given orally, mixed with the food at 3 daily dosages: 0.06 microgram, 0.6 microgram and 6 microgram. Although the smallest dosages of both hormones induced vaginal estrus in castrated females, they did not produce mammary tumors. The mammary tumor incidence reached progressively almost 100% in response to the increase of the hormonal dosages. The absence of effect of low doses of estrogen in mice is compared with the absence of an excess of breast cancers among women using oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 566588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7126", "title": "Sodium retention in chronic liver disease: lack of a natriuretic factor?", "content": "An acute volume expansion in water diuresis has been induced in 8 patients with liver cirrhosis and in 8 normal subjects, taken as controls. A two hour postinfusion urine sample has been utilized to obtain the urine fraction with natriuretic activity. This activity was assayed in 16 rats. Our results confirm a significantly lower natriuretic activity of cirrhotic urine fractions than those of controls.", "contents": "Sodium retention in chronic liver disease: lack of a natriuretic factor? An acute volume expansion in water diuresis has been induced in 8 patients with liver cirrhosis and in 8 normal subjects, taken as controls. A two hour postinfusion urine sample has been utilized to obtain the urine fraction with natriuretic activity. This activity was assayed in 16 rats. Our results confirm a significantly lower natriuretic activity of cirrhotic urine fractions than those of controls.", "PMID": 566589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7127", "title": "[Hypothalamic self-stimulation during the abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats].", "content": "Rats with lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation were treated chronically with morphine (30 injections in the course of 15 days) in doses increasing stepwise  from 20 to 120 mg/kg per injection. Morphine facilitated self-stimulation from the 9th injection. Both short-term abstinence (16-18 hours) and cessation of the narcotic resulted in inhibition of the response. Full suppression of self-stimulation occurred under the administration of nalorphine, morphine antagonist, in a dose of 5 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic self-stimulation during the abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats]. Rats with lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation were treated chronically with morphine (30 injections in the course of 15 days) in doses increasing stepwise  from 20 to 120 mg/kg per injection. Morphine facilitated self-stimulation from the 9th injection. Both short-term abstinence (16-18 hours) and cessation of the narcotic resulted in inhibition of the response. Full suppression of self-stimulation occurred under the administration of nalorphine, morphine antagonist, in a dose of 5 mg/kg.", "PMID": 566590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7128", "title": "[Suppressive effect of autologous thymocytes abolished by prednisolone].", "content": "The authors studied the effect of autothymocytes on the hemolysin-producing cells formation in different lymphoid organs of young rabbits. Intravenous injection of thymocytes proved to suppress the formation of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of animals. Prednisolone treatment of thymocytes before their injection cancelled the suppressive effect of autologous thymocytes.", "contents": "[Suppressive effect of autologous thymocytes abolished by prednisolone]. The authors studied the effect of autothymocytes on the hemolysin-producing cells formation in different lymphoid organs of young rabbits. Intravenous injection of thymocytes proved to suppress the formation of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of animals. Prednisolone treatment of thymocytes before their injection cancelled the suppressive effect of autologous thymocytes.", "PMID": 566591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7129", "title": "[Immunologic reactivity of the body and the adrenal cortex function in the early period after administration of a carcinogen].", "content": "The level of immunological reactivity and the functional state of the adrenal cortex were studied simultaneously in BALB/c mice 7 days after a single injection of various doses of methylcholanthrene. There existed a definite correlation between the immunodepression induced by various doses of methylcholanthrene determined according to the amount of plaque-forming cells in the experimental mouse spleen and free and combined 11-corticosteroids content in the blood plasma after 7 days of the carcinogen injection. This evidence suggests that the adrenal cortex hormones play a definite role in the pathogenesis of immunodepression induced by chemical carcinogenesis.", "contents": "[Immunologic reactivity of the body and the adrenal cortex function in the early period after administration of a carcinogen]. The level of immunological reactivity and the functional state of the adrenal cortex were studied simultaneously in BALB/c mice 7 days after a single injection of various doses of methylcholanthrene. There existed a definite correlation between the immunodepression induced by various doses of methylcholanthrene determined according to the amount of plaque-forming cells in the experimental mouse spleen and free and combined 11-corticosteroids content in the blood plasma after 7 days of the carcinogen injection. This evidence suggests that the adrenal cortex hormones play a definite role in the pathogenesis of immunodepression induced by chemical carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 566592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7130", "title": "[Immunologic specificity of local inhibitory intercellular interactions].", "content": "The authors previously reported local intercellular interactions suppressing the increase of the antibody-forming cell (AFC) count in the suspension of the spleen cells of nonimmunized mice and sharply elevating with increase in density of the cultivated suspensions. This work showed that preliminary immunization of mice with an antigen eliminated or sharply reduced the accretion inhibition of the AFC cells against the given antigen, but failed to influence the accretion inhibition of cells producing antibodies against another antigen, and the proliferation inhibition of the dividing bulk cells in the culture.", "contents": "[Immunologic specificity of local inhibitory intercellular interactions]. The authors previously reported local intercellular interactions suppressing the increase of the antibody-forming cell (AFC) count in the suspension of the spleen cells of nonimmunized mice and sharply elevating with increase in density of the cultivated suspensions. This work showed that preliminary immunization of mice with an antigen eliminated or sharply reduced the accretion inhibition of the AFC cells against the given antigen, but failed to influence the accretion inhibition of cells producing antibodies against another antigen, and the proliferation inhibition of the dividing bulk cells in the culture.", "PMID": 566593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7131", "title": "[Effect of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis on the course of mitosis in a synchronized culture of Chinese hamster cells].", "content": "The synthesis period of various types of RNA and proteins during the interphase related to the immediate after synchronization mitosis was investigated on teh synchronized culture of Chinese hamster cells with inhibitors. Analysis of MI and forms of mitosis pathology indicated the proteins functionally related to the cell division to be mainly synthesized during the second half of the interphase. The most important action of pyromycin during this time is the induction of C-mitosis on account of suppression of proteins synthesis responsible for the spiralization of chromosomes during the prophase. Inhibition of the r RNA transcription at any stage influence the cytotomy and reconstruction of daughter nuclei, this being accompanied by the delay of the cell exit from the mitosis. In difference from pyromycin, a high dose of AMD as an inhibitor of the whole cell RNA synthesis was most effective during the first half of the interphase. It is suggested that during this period at least three kinds of RNA are synthesized which are functionally related to the immediate mitosis in a different way: RNA for genome reduplication, RNA for the tubulin synthesis, and RNA which is the division spindle component.", "contents": "[Effect of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis on the course of mitosis in a synchronized culture of Chinese hamster cells]. The synthesis period of various types of RNA and proteins during the interphase related to the immediate after synchronization mitosis was investigated on teh synchronized culture of Chinese hamster cells with inhibitors. Analysis of MI and forms of mitosis pathology indicated the proteins functionally related to the cell division to be mainly synthesized during the second half of the interphase. The most important action of pyromycin during this time is the induction of C-mitosis on account of suppression of proteins synthesis responsible for the spiralization of chromosomes during the prophase. Inhibition of the r RNA transcription at any stage influence the cytotomy and reconstruction of daughter nuclei, this being accompanied by the delay of the cell exit from the mitosis. In difference from pyromycin, a high dose of AMD as an inhibitor of the whole cell RNA synthesis was most effective during the first half of the interphase. It is suggested that during this period at least three kinds of RNA are synthesized which are functionally related to the immediate mitosis in a different way: RNA for genome reduplication, RNA for the tubulin synthesis, and RNA which is the division spindle component.", "PMID": 566594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7132", "title": "The neuroanatomical search for sexual dimorphism.", "content": "In the rat preoptic area, there is a region of neuropil which shows anatomical differences between males and females. Destruction of this area does not prevent ovulation. Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei prevents spontaneous cyclic ovulation in female rats, but ovulation can be induced by mating in such animals. The rats with suprachiasmatic lesions also showed major disturbances in the normal diurnal timing of many bodily functions. The ovulatory disturbance caused by suprachiasmatic lesions may be due to a defect in the normal timing mechanism for the facilitatory action of progesterone on LH secretion.", "contents": "The neuroanatomical search for sexual dimorphism. In the rat preoptic area, there is a region of neuropil which shows anatomical differences between males and females. Destruction of this area does not prevent ovulation. Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei prevents spontaneous cyclic ovulation in female rats, but ovulation can be induced by mating in such animals. The rats with suprachiasmatic lesions also showed major disturbances in the normal diurnal timing of many bodily functions. The ovulatory disturbance caused by suprachiasmatic lesions may be due to a defect in the normal timing mechanism for the facilitatory action of progesterone on LH secretion.", "PMID": 566597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7133", "title": "Effects of cholinoceptor antagonists on the suckling-induced and experimentally evoked release of oxytocin.", "content": "1 In the anaesthetized lactating rat, the suckling of the young causes the regular release (about every 7 min) of brief pulses of oxytocin (0.5 to 1.0 mu), which each produce a single transient increase in intramammary pressure.2 The effects of several cholinoceptor antagonists were studied in relation to this natural reflex, and also the release of oxytocin evoked by the intraventricular injection of cholinomimetics.3 Reflex milk ejection was blocked by the nicotinic antagonists mecamylamine and hexamethonium, and the inhibition was dose-dependent (ED(50) of 1 mg/kg i.v. and 5 mg/kg i.v., respectively). Despite the use of high doses, the muscarinic antagonists atropine (200 mg/kg), hyoscine (90 mg/kg) and benzhexol (30 mg/kg) all failed to prevent the reflex release of oxytocin.4 Acetylcholine (20 to 100 mug), bethanechol (0.2 to 4.0 mug) and carbachol (0.01 to 0.2 mug) injected into the cerebral ventricals stimulated a sustained release of oxytocin, which produced multiple increases in intramammary pressure. Nicotine (200 mug) was relatively ineffective by this route.5 The release of oxytocin by intraventricular bethanechol or carbachol was abolished by atropine (0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg) but not by mecamylamine (5 mg/kg) or hexamethonium (5 mg/kg).6 None of the antagonists used significantly affected either the release of oxytocin following electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis or the mammary sensitivity to endogenous or exogenous oxytocin.7 The results suggest that the neural pathway controlling the reflex release of oxytocin during suckling in the rat contains a cholinergic component, which acts through nicotinic receptors. A second cholinergic pathway, of the muscarinic type, may also exist. The role of these two pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cholinoceptor antagonists on the suckling-induced and experimentally evoked release of oxytocin. 1 In the anaesthetized lactating rat, the suckling of the young causes the regular release (about every 7 min) of brief pulses of oxytocin (0.5 to 1.0 mu), which each produce a single transient increase in intramammary pressure.2 The effects of several cholinoceptor antagonists were studied in relation to this natural reflex, and also the release of oxytocin evoked by the intraventricular injection of cholinomimetics.3 Reflex milk ejection was blocked by the nicotinic antagonists mecamylamine and hexamethonium, and the inhibition was dose-dependent (ED(50) of 1 mg/kg i.v. and 5 mg/kg i.v., respectively). Despite the use of high doses, the muscarinic antagonists atropine (200 mg/kg), hyoscine (90 mg/kg) and benzhexol (30 mg/kg) all failed to prevent the reflex release of oxytocin.4 Acetylcholine (20 to 100 mug), bethanechol (0.2 to 4.0 mug) and carbachol (0.01 to 0.2 mug) injected into the cerebral ventricals stimulated a sustained release of oxytocin, which produced multiple increases in intramammary pressure. Nicotine (200 mug) was relatively ineffective by this route.5 The release of oxytocin by intraventricular bethanechol or carbachol was abolished by atropine (0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg) but not by mecamylamine (5 mg/kg) or hexamethonium (5 mg/kg).6 None of the antagonists used significantly affected either the release of oxytocin following electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis or the mammary sensitivity to endogenous or exogenous oxytocin.7 The results suggest that the neural pathway controlling the reflex release of oxytocin during suckling in the rat contains a cholinergic component, which acts through nicotinic receptors. A second cholinergic pathway, of the muscarinic type, may also exist. The role of these two pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 566601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7134", "title": "Budgerigar-fancier's lung: the commonest variety of allergic alveolitis in Britain.", "content": "A questionnaire survey of 1005 consecutive attenders at four outpatient clinics yielded 117 (12%) budgerigar fanciers (exposed to budgerigars- known in North America as parakeets-for at least three months) and 296 (29%) former fanciers. Twnety had precipitins to budgerigar serum or droppings or both, and 10 of these together with 39 precipitin-negative patients reported undue breathlessness on exertion during exposure to buderigars. These 59 patients were investigated further, seven completing a series of inhalation provocation tests with budgerigar antigens designed to confirm or exclude budgerigar-fancier's lung (BrFL). Typical positive responses were obtained from four current and one former fancier. The prevalence of confirmed BrFL among the 11n current budgerigar fanciers was 3.4% (four cases). This was biased, however, by the inclusion of one patient whose attendance at the surveyed clinic was attributable to the disease. With the exclusion of this patient, confidence limits suggested that the true prevalence of BrFL among current budgerigar fanciers in the general population lies between 0.5% and 7.5%, which is similar to the prevalence of farmer's lung in farm workers. In view of the enormous population at risk, however, this implies that BrFL rather than farmer's lung is by far the commonest type of allergic alveolitis in Britain.", "contents": "Budgerigar-fancier's lung: the commonest variety of allergic alveolitis in Britain. A questionnaire survey of 1005 consecutive attenders at four outpatient clinics yielded 117 (12%) budgerigar fanciers (exposed to budgerigars- known in North America as parakeets-for at least three months) and 296 (29%) former fanciers. Twnety had precipitins to budgerigar serum or droppings or both, and 10 of these together with 39 precipitin-negative patients reported undue breathlessness on exertion during exposure to buderigars. These 59 patients were investigated further, seven completing a series of inhalation provocation tests with budgerigar antigens designed to confirm or exclude budgerigar-fancier's lung (BrFL). Typical positive responses were obtained from four current and one former fancier. The prevalence of confirmed BrFL among the 11n current budgerigar fanciers was 3.4% (four cases). This was biased, however, by the inclusion of one patient whose attendance at the surveyed clinic was attributable to the disease. With the exclusion of this patient, confidence limits suggested that the true prevalence of BrFL among current budgerigar fanciers in the general population lies between 0.5% and 7.5%, which is similar to the prevalence of farmer's lung in farm workers. In view of the enormous population at risk, however, this implies that BrFL rather than farmer's lung is by far the commonest type of allergic alveolitis in Britain.", "PMID": 566603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7135", "title": "Absence of glucoprivic feeding after stress suggest impairment of noradrenergic neuron function.", "content": "Feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a quantifiable behavior which appears to depend on noradrenergic (NE) neuron function, was used in these experiments to evaluate the functional capabilities of NE neurons after stress exposure. Depletion of hypothalamic NE after footshock or hypothermic stress was directly correlated with impairment of glucoprivic feeding. When NE depletion was prevented by prior exposure to chronic stress, no impairment of feeding was observed. After hypothermic stress, repletion of NE proceeded more rapidly in the telencephalon than in the hypothalamus and reappearance of a normal feeding response precisely paralleled the time course of repletion in the hypothalamus. Drinking in response to cell dehydration, a behavior not directly dependent on brain catecholamines, was not impaired after either footshock or hypothermic stress, despite similar NE depletions. Presence of a normal drinking response assured that deficits observed in the 2DG test were not due to nonspecific behavioral suppression resulting from stress. These data suggest that NE neuron function may be impaired or temporarily abolished after severe stress exposure. In addition, these results demonstrate that behavioral pathology need not be the result of massive neurotransmitter depletion but may result from relatively subtle alterations of specific neurotransmitter pools.", "contents": "Absence of glucoprivic feeding after stress suggest impairment of noradrenergic neuron function. Feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a quantifiable behavior which appears to depend on noradrenergic (NE) neuron function, was used in these experiments to evaluate the functional capabilities of NE neurons after stress exposure. Depletion of hypothalamic NE after footshock or hypothermic stress was directly correlated with impairment of glucoprivic feeding. When NE depletion was prevented by prior exposure to chronic stress, no impairment of feeding was observed. After hypothermic stress, repletion of NE proceeded more rapidly in the telencephalon than in the hypothalamus and reappearance of a normal feeding response precisely paralleled the time course of repletion in the hypothalamus. Drinking in response to cell dehydration, a behavior not directly dependent on brain catecholamines, was not impaired after either footshock or hypothermic stress, despite similar NE depletions. Presence of a normal drinking response assured that deficits observed in the 2DG test were not due to nonspecific behavioral suppression resulting from stress. These data suggest that NE neuron function may be impaired or temporarily abolished after severe stress exposure. In addition, these results demonstrate that behavioral pathology need not be the result of massive neurotransmitter depletion but may result from relatively subtle alterations of specific neurotransmitter pools.", "PMID": 566607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7136", "title": "Nocturnal rotation in normal rats: correlation with amphetamine-induced rotation and effects of nigrostriatal lesions.", "content": "Normal unoperated rats were observed to rotate (turn in circles) at night. For most (91.7%) rats, the preferred direction of rotation was consistent across hours and days and was the same as the direction of rotation elicited by D-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) during the day. The magnitudes of nocturnal and D-amphetamine-induced rotation were also highly correlated. After rats showed stable diurnal patterns of rotation, unilateral lesions were made in either the substantia nigra, the nigrostriatal bundle or the caudate nucleus. All lesions produced transient contralateral rotation within the first 24-48 h after surgery. The time-course of this contralateral rotation was more prolonged after nigral lesions than after nigrostriatal bundle lesions and least after caudate lesions, suggesting that the duration of a degeneration release of dopamine is proportional to the length of the degenerating axon. Lesion size was correlated with the intensity of contralateral rotation but not with the time-course. At each rostralcaudal level, the magnitude of contralateral rotation was greater if the lesion was in the side of the brain opposite to the preoperative direction of rotation than if in the same side. By three days after surgery, all rats returned to a mostly normal diurnal cycle with the direction of rotation now being ipsilateral to the lesion. D-Amphetamine potentiated the ipsilateral rotation, though rats with lesions in the same side of the brain as the preoperative direction of rotation had larger drug responses than rats with similar lesions in the opposite side of the brain. By one month after surgery, the direction of spontaneous rotation of most rats had returned to the preoperative direction. As at all other times, the magnitude of rotation was, in part, dependent on the side of the lesion with respect to the preoperative bias. It is suggested that, following a unilateral lesion, compensatory processes occur to a greater extent if the lesion is in the normally more active side of the brain.", "contents": "Nocturnal rotation in normal rats: correlation with amphetamine-induced rotation and effects of nigrostriatal lesions. Normal unoperated rats were observed to rotate (turn in circles) at night. For most (91.7%) rats, the preferred direction of rotation was consistent across hours and days and was the same as the direction of rotation elicited by D-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) during the day. The magnitudes of nocturnal and D-amphetamine-induced rotation were also highly correlated. After rats showed stable diurnal patterns of rotation, unilateral lesions were made in either the substantia nigra, the nigrostriatal bundle or the caudate nucleus. All lesions produced transient contralateral rotation within the first 24-48 h after surgery. The time-course of this contralateral rotation was more prolonged after nigral lesions than after nigrostriatal bundle lesions and least after caudate lesions, suggesting that the duration of a degeneration release of dopamine is proportional to the length of the degenerating axon. Lesion size was correlated with the intensity of contralateral rotation but not with the time-course. At each rostralcaudal level, the magnitude of contralateral rotation was greater if the lesion was in the side of the brain opposite to the preoperative direction of rotation than if in the same side. By three days after surgery, all rats returned to a mostly normal diurnal cycle with the direction of rotation now being ipsilateral to the lesion. D-Amphetamine potentiated the ipsilateral rotation, though rats with lesions in the same side of the brain as the preoperative direction of rotation had larger drug responses than rats with similar lesions in the opposite side of the brain. By one month after surgery, the direction of spontaneous rotation of most rats had returned to the preoperative direction. As at all other times, the magnitude of rotation was, in part, dependent on the side of the lesion with respect to the preoperative bias. It is suggested that, following a unilateral lesion, compensatory processes occur to a greater extent if the lesion is in the normally more active side of the brain.", "PMID": 566609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7137", "title": "Effect of p-chloroamphetamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on rotation and dopamine turnover.", "content": "Injections of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT) (after pretreatment with desmethylimipramine) into the median raphe nucleus (MRN) caused depletions of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the cortex and striatum, and a decrease of cortical 5-HT uptake without affecting NE uptake. Unilateral injections of these neurotoxins into the MRN caused contralateral rotation, which was blocked by haloperidol. The size of the lesion correlated with the rate of rotation and the decrease in 5-HT turnover in the cortex. We also found a significant correlation between the rate of rotation and the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover, and the increase in striatal DA turnover. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover and the increase in striatal DA turnover. It was found that injections of DHT into the SN produced similar behavioral and biochemical changes as did the MRN lesions. In this model, amphetamine and apomorphine produce turning in the same direction, whereas they have opposite effects after lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway where postsynaptic DA supersensitivity occurs. Presynaptic changes appear to determine turning in this model. An inhibitory role of the serotonergic MRN on the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway mediated via the substantia nigra (SN) is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of p-chloroamphetamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on rotation and dopamine turnover. Injections of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT) (after pretreatment with desmethylimipramine) into the median raphe nucleus (MRN) caused depletions of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the cortex and striatum, and a decrease of cortical 5-HT uptake without affecting NE uptake. Unilateral injections of these neurotoxins into the MRN caused contralateral rotation, which was blocked by haloperidol. The size of the lesion correlated with the rate of rotation and the decrease in 5-HT turnover in the cortex. We also found a significant correlation between the rate of rotation and the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover, and the increase in striatal DA turnover. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover and the increase in striatal DA turnover. It was found that injections of DHT into the SN produced similar behavioral and biochemical changes as did the MRN lesions. In this model, amphetamine and apomorphine produce turning in the same direction, whereas they have opposite effects after lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway where postsynaptic DA supersensitivity occurs. Presynaptic changes appear to determine turning in this model. An inhibitory role of the serotonergic MRN on the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway mediated via the substantia nigra (SN) is suggested.", "PMID": 566608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7138", "title": "Metacarpal morphometry in monozygotic dizygotic elderly twins.", "content": "The relative importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of age related bone loss has been investigated in a study involving 17 monozygotic (MZ) and 8 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of twins aged 64 to 75 years. Radiographic morphometry was performed at the midpoints of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals of both hands and the mean total and cortical widths were evaluated. The heritability, h2, was calculated as the difference between the intrapair variances in same sexed DZ and MZ pairs divided by the intrapair variance in DZ pairs. The mean intrapair variance of both total and cortical width was found to be four to five times higher in DZ than in MZ pairs. The differences are highly significant with an h2 value between 0.7 and 0.8, indicating a predominant genetic influence. It is stressed that this result applies only to the population from which the twin sample was drawn.", "contents": "Metacarpal morphometry in monozygotic dizygotic elderly twins. The relative importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of age related bone loss has been investigated in a study involving 17 monozygotic (MZ) and 8 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of twins aged 64 to 75 years. Radiographic morphometry was performed at the midpoints of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals of both hands and the mean total and cortical widths were evaluated. The heritability, h2, was calculated as the difference between the intrapair variances in same sexed DZ and MZ pairs divided by the intrapair variance in DZ pairs. The mean intrapair variance of both total and cortical width was found to be four to five times higher in DZ than in MZ pairs. The differences are highly significant with an h2 value between 0.7 and 0.8, indicating a predominant genetic influence. It is stressed that this result applies only to the population from which the twin sample was drawn.", "PMID": 566611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7139", "title": "Purification and properties of phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase from mammalian liver mitochondria.", "content": "The enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylgly cerophosphate from an-glycerol-3-phosphated and cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol was released from rat or pig liver mitochondrial membranes by extraction with Triton X-100 or Nonidet P-40. The detergent-extracted enzyme, like the activity of intact mitochondria, did not require added cations or lipids. The Triton extracts were fractionated by column chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5. The fractions obtained from the columns exhibited little activity in the standard assay system unless divalent cations were included. Additional stimulation (about twofold) was observed in the presence of added phospholipids. The cation requirement of the purified enzyme was relatively nonspecific with Mg2+, Ba2+, or Ca2+ providing maximal activity in the 10mM range. Either Mn2+ or Co2+ were stimulatory at somewhat lower concentrations but higher concentrations were inhibitory. Other cations such as Cd2+, Zn2+,Hg2+, or Cu2+ were ineffective as cofactors, and in the presence of Mg2+ inhibited the reaction at concentrations greater than 0.5 mM. The phospholipik stimulation was obtained specifically with phosphatidylethanolamines from natural or synthetic sources. Other diacylglycerophosphatides or lysophosphatides including lysophosphatidylethanolamine were ineffective.", "contents": "Purification and properties of phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase from mammalian liver mitochondria. The enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylgly cerophosphate from an-glycerol-3-phosphated and cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol was released from rat or pig liver mitochondrial membranes by extraction with Triton X-100 or Nonidet P-40. The detergent-extracted enzyme, like the activity of intact mitochondria, did not require added cations or lipids. The Triton extracts were fractionated by column chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5. The fractions obtained from the columns exhibited little activity in the standard assay system unless divalent cations were included. Additional stimulation (about twofold) was observed in the presence of added phospholipids. The cation requirement of the purified enzyme was relatively nonspecific with Mg2+, Ba2+, or Ca2+ providing maximal activity in the 10mM range. Either Mn2+ or Co2+ were stimulatory at somewhat lower concentrations but higher concentrations were inhibitory. Other cations such as Cd2+, Zn2+,Hg2+, or Cu2+ were ineffective as cofactors, and in the presence of Mg2+ inhibited the reaction at concentrations greater than 0.5 mM. The phospholipik stimulation was obtained specifically with phosphatidylethanolamines from natural or synthetic sources. Other diacylglycerophosphatides or lysophosphatides including lysophosphatidylethanolamine were ineffective.", "PMID": 566612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7140", "title": "The defect in transcellular transport of phosphate in the nephron is located in brush-border membranes in X-linked hypophosphatemia (Hyp mouse model).", "content": "We purified renal cortex brush-border membranes from mutant hemizygous hypophosphatemic (Hyp/Y) mice and male control (+/Y) littermates. Tenfold purification of mutant and wild-type membranes was obtained. Phosphate enters +/Y brush-border membrane vesicles by a saturable Na+-dependent arsenate-inhibited component and also by a diffusional component observed in the presence of a potassium gradient. Phosphate is not bound or incorporated significantly by mouse brush-border membrane vesicles. Parallel studies with rat renal cortex brush-border membrane vesicles revealed that phosphate and D-glucose transport in rat and mouse vesicles are similar and have the characteristics reported by other workers. Brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from Hyp/Y renal cortex have significant (p less than 0.001) partial loss of phosphate transport on the Na+-dependent arsenate-inhibited component. D-Glucose transport is not affected. Our previous studies reveal that other components of transcellular phosphate flux in kidney are normal. Therefore, we conclude that the mutant gene product in the Hyp mouse is confined to the brush-border membrane. Stability of the X-chromosome in mammalian evolution implied that the same gene product is involved in the classic human disease, familial 'vitamin D 'resistant' X-linked hypophosphatemia.", "contents": "The defect in transcellular transport of phosphate in the nephron is located in brush-border membranes in X-linked hypophosphatemia (Hyp mouse model). We purified renal cortex brush-border membranes from mutant hemizygous hypophosphatemic (Hyp/Y) mice and male control (+/Y) littermates. Tenfold purification of mutant and wild-type membranes was obtained. Phosphate enters +/Y brush-border membrane vesicles by a saturable Na+-dependent arsenate-inhibited component and also by a diffusional component observed in the presence of a potassium gradient. Phosphate is not bound or incorporated significantly by mouse brush-border membrane vesicles. Parallel studies with rat renal cortex brush-border membrane vesicles revealed that phosphate and D-glucose transport in rat and mouse vesicles are similar and have the characteristics reported by other workers. Brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from Hyp/Y renal cortex have significant (p less than 0.001) partial loss of phosphate transport on the Na+-dependent arsenate-inhibited component. D-Glucose transport is not affected. Our previous studies reveal that other components of transcellular phosphate flux in kidney are normal. Therefore, we conclude that the mutant gene product in the Hyp mouse is confined to the brush-border membrane. Stability of the X-chromosome in mammalian evolution implied that the same gene product is involved in the classic human disease, familial 'vitamin D 'resistant' X-linked hypophosphatemia.", "PMID": 566613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7141", "title": "Establishment of a human plasma cell line in vitro.", "content": "A human plasma cell line designated ARH-77 has been established and propagated in culture for the past 2 years. The cells exhibited morphological characteristics of plasma cells under light and electron microscopic examination. An average of 40% cells are positive for immunoglobulin G by direct immunofluorescence, while an immunoglobulin G-specific radioimmunoassay reveals the production of 1.21 X 10(4) ng/10(6) plasma cells. The karyotype is aneuploid with a a modal chromosome number of 45 to 46 and no marker chromosome. Growth kinetics characteristics are: doubling time, 110.4 hr; generation time, 56.4 hr; G1 + G2-phase transit time, 45.5 hr; S-phase transit time, 10.9 hr; growth fraction, 74%; mitotic index, 1.5%; labeling index, 14.3%; and cell loss, 31.0%. Some of the growth kinetics characteristics were markedly similar to the properties displayed in vivo by plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma and suggest that the cell line might be a useful in vitro model for the study of human myeloma.", "contents": "Establishment of a human plasma cell line in vitro. A human plasma cell line designated ARH-77 has been established and propagated in culture for the past 2 years. The cells exhibited morphological characteristics of plasma cells under light and electron microscopic examination. An average of 40% cells are positive for immunoglobulin G by direct immunofluorescence, while an immunoglobulin G-specific radioimmunoassay reveals the production of 1.21 X 10(4) ng/10(6) plasma cells. The karyotype is aneuploid with a a modal chromosome number of 45 to 46 and no marker chromosome. Growth kinetics characteristics are: doubling time, 110.4 hr; generation time, 56.4 hr; G1 + G2-phase transit time, 45.5 hr; S-phase transit time, 10.9 hr; growth fraction, 74%; mitotic index, 1.5%; labeling index, 14.3%; and cell loss, 31.0%. Some of the growth kinetics characteristics were markedly similar to the properties displayed in vivo by plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma and suggest that the cell line might be a useful in vitro model for the study of human myeloma.", "PMID": 566614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7142", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructure of the integument of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner (Aschelminthes).", "content": "The integument of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner is provided with pores and formed by an extrasyncytial cuticle and a syncytial hypodermis. This hypodermis peripherally contains 3 layers of dense cytoplasm and borders the cuticle by an asymmetric cell membrane. The wall of the pores is stiffened proximally like an annulus. The pores lead into cytoplasmic invaginations which are surrounded by vesicles. Close to and also beneath the condensed cytoplasmic layers microbodies are found, which are interpreted as microperoxisomes. Subhypodermal layers of muscles are connected with the cytoplasm of the hypodermis by desmosome-like structures.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructure of the integument of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner (Aschelminthes). The integument of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner is provided with pores and formed by an extrasyncytial cuticle and a syncytial hypodermis. This hypodermis peripherally contains 3 layers of dense cytoplasm and borders the cuticle by an asymmetric cell membrane. The wall of the pores is stiffened proximally like an annulus. The pores lead into cytoplasmic invaginations which are surrounded by vesicles. Close to and also beneath the condensed cytoplasmic layers microbodies are found, which are interpreted as microperoxisomes. Subhypodermal layers of muscles are connected with the cytoplasm of the hypodermis by desmosome-like structures.", "PMID": 566617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7143", "title": "Pseudo subaortic stenosis--a catheter-induced artifact.", "content": "Three cases are reported of valvular aortic stenosis in which artifactual subvalvular chambers were recorded on pressure tracings. The pressure tracings were obtained during withdrawal of multiholed catheters from the left ventricle to the aortic root. Several recent reports have described the coexistence of valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. The cases reported here re-emphasize that a multiholed catheter, which is the type commonly used for retrograde left ventricular entry in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis, is unsatisfactory for the detection of coexisting subvalvular obstruction.", "contents": "Pseudo subaortic stenosis--a catheter-induced artifact. Three cases are reported of valvular aortic stenosis in which artifactual subvalvular chambers were recorded on pressure tracings. The pressure tracings were obtained during withdrawal of multiholed catheters from the left ventricle to the aortic root. Several recent reports have described the coexistence of valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. The cases reported here re-emphasize that a multiholed catheter, which is the type commonly used for retrograde left ventricular entry in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis, is unsatisfactory for the detection of coexisting subvalvular obstruction.", "PMID": 566618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7144", "title": "Hormonal regulation of ovarian cellular proliferation.", "content": "The steroid hormone estradiol, and the glycoprotein hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are known to be essential for the growth and differentiation of follicles in the ovary. The present study was conducted to determine quantitatively the effects of estradiol, FSH and LH on proliferation of different ovarian cell types (granulosa and theca cells). The immature female hypophysectomized rate sequentially primed with estradiol, FSH and LH was used as the experimental model. Proliferation was assessed by examining changes in total DNA, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA and labeling index in specific cell types. Estradiol and FSH each acted on follicles at different stages of development to stimulate proliferative activity of both granulosa and theca cells. Continued administration of either hormone caused a decrease in the proliferative activity of both cell types. These observations have been interpreted to indicate that estradiol and FSH can each alter the length of the specific phases of the cell cycle. A luteinizing dose of LH caused a cessation of proliferation in luteinizing granulosa cells while stimulating a limited proliferation of theca cells. Absence of the appropriate hormonal stimulus caused both granulosa and theca cells to stop proliferating and the follicles to undergo atresia. These results indicate that, depending upon the state of differentiation of granulosa and theca cells, estradiol, FSH and LH can stimulate or inhibit the ability of these cells to proliferate.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of ovarian cellular proliferation. The steroid hormone estradiol, and the glycoprotein hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are known to be essential for the growth and differentiation of follicles in the ovary. The present study was conducted to determine quantitatively the effects of estradiol, FSH and LH on proliferation of different ovarian cell types (granulosa and theca cells). The immature female hypophysectomized rate sequentially primed with estradiol, FSH and LH was used as the experimental model. Proliferation was assessed by examining changes in total DNA, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA and labeling index in specific cell types. Estradiol and FSH each acted on follicles at different stages of development to stimulate proliferative activity of both granulosa and theca cells. Continued administration of either hormone caused a decrease in the proliferative activity of both cell types. These observations have been interpreted to indicate that estradiol and FSH can each alter the length of the specific phases of the cell cycle. A luteinizing dose of LH caused a cessation of proliferation in luteinizing granulosa cells while stimulating a limited proliferation of theca cells. Absence of the appropriate hormonal stimulus caused both granulosa and theca cells to stop proliferating and the follicles to undergo atresia. These results indicate that, depending upon the state of differentiation of granulosa and theca cells, estradiol, FSH and LH can stimulate or inhibit the ability of these cells to proliferate.", "PMID": 566619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7145", "title": "A comparison of two cloned mouse beta-globin genes and their surrounding and intervening sequences.", "content": "The BALC/c mouse has two nonallelic beta-globin genes that appear to reside on two different Eco R1 fragments of genomic DNA. We have already cloned one of these fragments and shown that the gene encoded within it is interrupted by at least one large intervening sequence of DNA. We have now cloned and characterized the second beta-globin gene-containing fragment. The coding sequence of its gene is also interrupted by an intervening sequence of DNA that occurs in about the same position, relative to the coding sequence, as does the first. Because some shared features of the structure of these two genes might be responsible for their coordinate expression and the elimination of their intervening sequences, we have compared their surrounding, coding and intervening sequences by restriction endonuclease analysis and by visualization of the heteroduplex structures formed between them. Of the 7000 bp of sequence compared in this way, we find only a few hundred base pairs of homology in addition to the coding sequence. These shared sequences flank the coding sequence and appear to include only those portions of the intervening sequence immediately adjacent to the interrupted structural gene.", "contents": "A comparison of two cloned mouse beta-globin genes and their surrounding and intervening sequences. The BALC/c mouse has two nonallelic beta-globin genes that appear to reside on two different Eco R1 fragments of genomic DNA. We have already cloned one of these fragments and shown that the gene encoded within it is interrupted by at least one large intervening sequence of DNA. We have now cloned and characterized the second beta-globin gene-containing fragment. The coding sequence of its gene is also interrupted by an intervening sequence of DNA that occurs in about the same position, relative to the coding sequence, as does the first. Because some shared features of the structure of these two genes might be responsible for their coordinate expression and the elimination of their intervening sequences, we have compared their surrounding, coding and intervening sequences by restriction endonuclease analysis and by visualization of the heteroduplex structures formed between them. Of the 7000 bp of sequence compared in this way, we find only a few hundred base pairs of homology in addition to the coding sequence. These shared sequences flank the coding sequence and appear to include only those portions of the intervening sequence immediately adjacent to the interrupted structural gene.", "PMID": 566620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7146", "title": "Structural perturbations in the plasma membrane during concanavalin A endocytosis.", "content": "Endocytosis of Concanavalin A, triggered by its interaction with the surface of cells from a murine plasmocytoma line, is characterised by various steps which can be visualised by cytochemistry and freeze-fracturing. Plasma membrane internalisation is initiated by clustering of Concanavalin A receptors and by formation of intramembraneous particle necklaces, which were observed on fracture faces. Subsequent perturbation of the lipid bilayer precedes the fusion and formation of closed vesicles.", "contents": "Structural perturbations in the plasma membrane during concanavalin A endocytosis. Endocytosis of Concanavalin A, triggered by its interaction with the surface of cells from a murine plasmocytoma line, is characterised by various steps which can be visualised by cytochemistry and freeze-fracturing. Plasma membrane internalisation is initiated by clustering of Concanavalin A receptors and by formation of intramembraneous particle necklaces, which were observed on fracture faces. Subsequent perturbation of the lipid bilayer precedes the fusion and formation of closed vesicles.", "PMID": 566626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7147", "title": "Trypsin treatment which elicits DNA synthesis, removes a high molecular weight glycoprotein from the plasma membrane of sea urchin embryonic cells.", "content": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma membrane proteins from sea urchin embryos at the swimming blastula stage allows the identification of fifteen-seventeen components, five of which are glycoproteins. One of these (molecular weight about 145,000) is almost completely absent in the plasma membrane of trypsin treated cells.", "contents": "Trypsin treatment which elicits DNA synthesis, removes a high molecular weight glycoprotein from the plasma membrane of sea urchin embryonic cells. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma membrane proteins from sea urchin embryos at the swimming blastula stage allows the identification of fifteen-seventeen components, five of which are glycoproteins. One of these (molecular weight about 145,000) is almost completely absent in the plasma membrane of trypsin treated cells.", "PMID": 566627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7148", "title": "Characteristic proteins systhesized by suspensions of cells isolated from rat gastric mucosa.", "content": "The biochemical integrity of rat gastric mucosal cells after isolation with pronase was demonstrated by their synthesis of a wide range of proteins. Approximately 50 bands of pre-existing proteins were detectable by staining on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Most bands appeared readiolabelled after incubating cells with 14C-leucine or 14C-proline and were detected by autoradiography and fluorography of the gels. Recent synthesis, indicated by the radioactivity of each band, was compared with historical synthesis indicated by the intensity of staining. Densitometric comparisons showed the relative specific radioactivity of certain bands, e.g., one of nominal molecular weight 25000, to be consistently higher than the integrated mean value.", "contents": "Characteristic proteins systhesized by suspensions of cells isolated from rat gastric mucosa. The biochemical integrity of rat gastric mucosal cells after isolation with pronase was demonstrated by their synthesis of a wide range of proteins. Approximately 50 bands of pre-existing proteins were detectable by staining on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Most bands appeared readiolabelled after incubating cells with 14C-leucine or 14C-proline and were detected by autoradiography and fluorography of the gels. Recent synthesis, indicated by the radioactivity of each band, was compared with historical synthesis indicated by the intensity of staining. Densitometric comparisons showed the relative specific radioactivity of certain bands, e.g., one of nominal molecular weight 25000, to be consistently higher than the integrated mean value.", "PMID": 566628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7149", "title": "Morphology and 125I-concentration of embryonic chick thyroids cultured in an atmosphere of oxygen.", "content": "In vitro culture of whole thyroid glands may lead to loss of differentiation and function. Comparison by histology, histoautoradiography and gammacounting of 125I-concentration, of 12 to 13 days old embryonic chick thyroids, cultured on a gyratory shaker either in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and air or of 95% O2 and 5% CO2, shows that a high concentration of O2 maintains the morphological and functional integrity of the thyroids for at least 4 days.", "contents": "Morphology and 125I-concentration of embryonic chick thyroids cultured in an atmosphere of oxygen. In vitro culture of whole thyroid glands may lead to loss of differentiation and function. Comparison by histology, histoautoradiography and gammacounting of 125I-concentration, of 12 to 13 days old embryonic chick thyroids, cultured on a gyratory shaker either in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and air or of 95% O2 and 5% CO2, shows that a high concentration of O2 maintains the morphological and functional integrity of the thyroids for at least 4 days.", "PMID": 566629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7150", "title": "Translation \"in vitro\" of globin mRNA from Xenopus laevis.", "content": "RNA isolated from Xenopus laevis reticulocytes and characterized as globin mRNA (Meza et al., 1978) was tested for its capacity to stimulate \"in vitro\" a wheat germ translation system, and the ability to synthesize a polypeptide. The latter was identified as globin by its electrophoretic mobility and immunoprecipitation with antiglobin antibody.", "contents": "Translation \"in vitro\" of globin mRNA from Xenopus laevis. RNA isolated from Xenopus laevis reticulocytes and characterized as globin mRNA (Meza et al., 1978) was tested for its capacity to stimulate \"in vitro\" a wheat germ translation system, and the ability to synthesize a polypeptide. The latter was identified as globin by its electrophoretic mobility and immunoprecipitation with antiglobin antibody.", "PMID": 566631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7151", "title": "Characterization of ts13 cells a temperature-sensitive mutant of the G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "content": "ts 13 cells are a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of BHK cells that are known to arrest in G1 when shifted to the nonpermissive temperature. We have determined the entry into S of ts13 cells in five different growth conditions, namely: 1) quiescent, sparse cultures stimulated to proliferate by serum. 2) Quiescent, dense cultures stimulated by serum. 3) Quiescent, sparse cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating. 4) Quiescent, dense cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating. 5) Mitotic cells collected by mitotic detachment. For each different growth condition we have also determined the execution point of the mutant function, i.e. the time at which a shift-up to the nonpermissive temperature no longer prevents the entry of cells into S. The median time of entry into S and the execution point varied in different growth conditions, but the distance between the median execution point and the median time of entry into S was remarkably constant, i.e. 3.2 hr. In addition we have fused ts 13 cells cells with chick erythrocytes and studied the ability of ts13 cells in heterokaryon formation to induce DNA synthesis in chick nuclei. Although ts13 cells can induce DNA synthesis in chick nuclei at the permissive temperature, they fail to do so when fused and stimulated at the nonpermissive temperature of 39.5 degrees C.", "contents": "Characterization of ts13 cells a temperature-sensitive mutant of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. ts 13 cells are a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of BHK cells that are known to arrest in G1 when shifted to the nonpermissive temperature. We have determined the entry into S of ts13 cells in five different growth conditions, namely: 1) quiescent, sparse cultures stimulated to proliferate by serum. 2) Quiescent, dense cultures stimulated by serum. 3) Quiescent, sparse cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating. 4) Quiescent, dense cultures stimulated by trypsinization and replating. 5) Mitotic cells collected by mitotic detachment. For each different growth condition we have also determined the execution point of the mutant function, i.e. the time at which a shift-up to the nonpermissive temperature no longer prevents the entry of cells into S. The median time of entry into S and the execution point varied in different growth conditions, but the distance between the median execution point and the median time of entry into S was remarkably constant, i.e. 3.2 hr. In addition we have fused ts 13 cells cells with chick erythrocytes and studied the ability of ts13 cells in heterokaryon formation to induce DNA synthesis in chick nuclei. Although ts13 cells can induce DNA synthesis in chick nuclei at the permissive temperature, they fail to do so when fused and stimulated at the nonpermissive temperature of 39.5 degrees C.", "PMID": 566632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7152", "title": "Oscillating contractions in protoplasmic strands of Physarum: infared reflexion as a non-invasive registration technique.", "content": "An inexpensive electronic device employing a miniaturised infrared reflection detector is described which enables the automatic registration of intrinsic radial contraction activities of protoplasmic strands of Physarum growing on their original substrate. Advantages and shortcoming of the new registration technique are discussed in relation to recent tensiometric techniques applied to protoplasmic strands for analysing the contraction physiology of cytoplasmic actomyosins, the force generating substrate of the contraction automaticity in the Physarum system.", "contents": "Oscillating contractions in protoplasmic strands of Physarum: infared reflexion as a non-invasive registration technique. An inexpensive electronic device employing a miniaturised infrared reflection detector is described which enables the automatic registration of intrinsic radial contraction activities of protoplasmic strands of Physarum growing on their original substrate. Advantages and shortcoming of the new registration technique are discussed in relation to recent tensiometric techniques applied to protoplasmic strands for analysing the contraction physiology of cytoplasmic actomyosins, the force generating substrate of the contraction automaticity in the Physarum system.", "PMID": 566633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7153", "title": "Mutagenesis by N-acetoxy-2-acetyl aminofluorene of chinese hamster V79 cells is unaffected by caffeine.", "content": "8-Azaguanine (AZG)- and 6-thioguanine (TG)-resistant cells (mutants) were induced in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells by 0.1--2.5 microgram/ml N-acetoxy-2-acetyle aminofluorine (AcAAF) treatments in the presence of 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The frequency of resistant colonies increased from 1 to 47 per 10(5) survivors. The effect of caffeine (50--200 microgram/ml) during the mutagenesis expression period was determined by adding caffeine 1--24 h after AcAAF. The medium was replaced after 48 h exposures so that caffeine was absent during subsequent selection with AZG or TG. No significant change in the AcAAF-induced mutant frequency occurred with any treatment combination although caffeine greatly enhanced the lethality associated with AcAAF treatments. Thus, caffeine interferes with postreplication repair in V79-4 cells without affecting the probability of error of the repair process. These results were obtained with a quantitative mutagenesis assay in which the cells were reseeded prior to selection to achieve maximum expression without interference from metabolic crossfeeding. In contrast, the commonly used in situ assay is subject to serious interference from crossfeeding and yields an artifactual enhancement of AcAAF mutagenesis by caffeine.", "contents": "Mutagenesis by N-acetoxy-2-acetyl aminofluorene of chinese hamster V79 cells is unaffected by caffeine. 8-Azaguanine (AZG)- and 6-thioguanine (TG)-resistant cells (mutants) were induced in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells by 0.1--2.5 microgram/ml N-acetoxy-2-acetyle aminofluorine (AcAAF) treatments in the presence of 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The frequency of resistant colonies increased from 1 to 47 per 10(5) survivors. The effect of caffeine (50--200 microgram/ml) during the mutagenesis expression period was determined by adding caffeine 1--24 h after AcAAF. The medium was replaced after 48 h exposures so that caffeine was absent during subsequent selection with AZG or TG. No significant change in the AcAAF-induced mutant frequency occurred with any treatment combination although caffeine greatly enhanced the lethality associated with AcAAF treatments. Thus, caffeine interferes with postreplication repair in V79-4 cells without affecting the probability of error of the repair process. These results were obtained with a quantitative mutagenesis assay in which the cells were reseeded prior to selection to achieve maximum expression without interference from metabolic crossfeeding. In contrast, the commonly used in situ assay is subject to serious interference from crossfeeding and yields an artifactual enhancement of AcAAF mutagenesis by caffeine.", "PMID": 566636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7154", "title": "The action of AF 2 on cultured hamster and human cells under aerobic and hypoxic conditions.", "content": "AF 2 (2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-furyl)acrylamide) was toxic to Chinese hamster V 79 cells and normal human fibroblasts in aerobic media. However, the toxicity of the drug was increased many times by hypoxia. Similarly, the frequency of AF 2-induced azaguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants of V 79 cells was much higher in hypoxia than under aerobic conditions. Both hamster V 79 cells and human fibroblasts metabolized AF 2 and other nitrofurans rapidly only under hypoxic conditions. Human fibroblasts were more sensitive to AF 2 both under aerobic conditions and in hypoxia than were V 79 cells under similar conditions. The Chinese hamster cells consistently gave survival curves with marked shoulders while human cells did not. Aerobic cultures of fibroblasts derived from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients were markedly sensitive to AF 2 while fibroblasts from two ataxia telangeictasia patients had normal sensitivity. Under hypoxic conditions the sensitivity of both types of cells was increased but the XP line remained 5--10-fold more sensitive than normal or ataxia cells. These results suggest that the DNA lesions produced by AF 2 may be regarded as similar to those produced by ultraviolet light, at least in terms of their repairability in human cells.", "contents": "The action of AF 2 on cultured hamster and human cells under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. AF 2 (2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-furyl)acrylamide) was toxic to Chinese hamster V 79 cells and normal human fibroblasts in aerobic media. However, the toxicity of the drug was increased many times by hypoxia. Similarly, the frequency of AF 2-induced azaguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants of V 79 cells was much higher in hypoxia than under aerobic conditions. Both hamster V 79 cells and human fibroblasts metabolized AF 2 and other nitrofurans rapidly only under hypoxic conditions. Human fibroblasts were more sensitive to AF 2 both under aerobic conditions and in hypoxia than were V 79 cells under similar conditions. The Chinese hamster cells consistently gave survival curves with marked shoulders while human cells did not. Aerobic cultures of fibroblasts derived from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients were markedly sensitive to AF 2 while fibroblasts from two ataxia telangeictasia patients had normal sensitivity. Under hypoxic conditions the sensitivity of both types of cells was increased but the XP line remained 5--10-fold more sensitive than normal or ataxia cells. These results suggest that the DNA lesions produced by AF 2 may be regarded as similar to those produced by ultraviolet light, at least in terms of their repairability in human cells.", "PMID": 566638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7155", "title": "Hemodynamic and metabolic response after abrupt uithdrawal of long-term propranolol.", "content": "Because the mechanism of adverse reactions to abrupt withdrawal of propranolol in patients with coronary disease is an enigma, we studied the effect of cessation of propranolol on beta receptor reactivity to catecholamine stimulation. Heart rate and maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressur (dP/dt max) during isoproterenol infusions and plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) after epinephrine infusions were measured in six conscious dogs before, during and after four weeks of oral propranolol (40 mg p.o. q8h). Rises in heart rate, dP/dt max and FFAs were blocked during propanolol administration. Twenty-four hours after withdrawal from propranolol, heart rate and dP/dt max responses remained significantly attenuated, although FFA responses were at premedication levels. The 72-hour, 96-hour and one week postmedication responses did not differ from premedication values. Thus, partial beta blockade of the heart was still present at 24 hours and no evidence of heightened beta receptor sensitivity was detected on repeated study one week after withdrawal from a long-term, high dose propranolol regimen.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and metabolic response after abrupt uithdrawal of long-term propranolol. Because the mechanism of adverse reactions to abrupt withdrawal of propranolol in patients with coronary disease is an enigma, we studied the effect of cessation of propranolol on beta receptor reactivity to catecholamine stimulation. Heart rate and maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressur (dP/dt max) during isoproterenol infusions and plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) after epinephrine infusions were measured in six conscious dogs before, during and after four weeks of oral propranolol (40 mg p.o. q8h). Rises in heart rate, dP/dt max and FFAs were blocked during propanolol administration. Twenty-four hours after withdrawal from propranolol, heart rate and dP/dt max responses remained significantly attenuated, although FFA responses were at premedication levels. The 72-hour, 96-hour and one week postmedication responses did not differ from premedication values. Thus, partial beta blockade of the heart was still present at 24 hours and no evidence of heightened beta receptor sensitivity was detected on repeated study one week after withdrawal from a long-term, high dose propranolol regimen.", "PMID": 566642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7156", "title": "Antibodies to lactalbumin interfere with its radioimmunoassay in human plasma.", "content": "Two radioimmunoassays for human lactalbumin have been established using a rabbit antiserum. One assay uses a second antibody to separate bound from free label; the other uses polyethylene glycol to precipitate gamma globulin non-specifically. We have confirmed that about half the normal human population have a substance in their blood which inhibits the binding of lactalbumin to the rabbit antibody. Comparison of the two assays has demonstrated that this material is not lactalbumin but a naturally occurring antibody. We have shown that it is in the IgG fraction of human plasma and is probably a cross-reacting antibody to bovine lactalbumin. None out of fifteen males and fourteen out of fifty eight non-pregnant, non-lactating females had low levels of lactalbumin in the their blood (0.6--2.0 ng/ml). Our assay could not detect a statistically significant difference between normal women and those with either benign breast disease or metastatic mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "Antibodies to lactalbumin interfere with its radioimmunoassay in human plasma. Two radioimmunoassays for human lactalbumin have been established using a rabbit antiserum. One assay uses a second antibody to separate bound from free label; the other uses polyethylene glycol to precipitate gamma globulin non-specifically. We have confirmed that about half the normal human population have a substance in their blood which inhibits the binding of lactalbumin to the rabbit antibody. Comparison of the two assays has demonstrated that this material is not lactalbumin but a naturally occurring antibody. We have shown that it is in the IgG fraction of human plasma and is probably a cross-reacting antibody to bovine lactalbumin. None out of fifteen males and fourteen out of fifty eight non-pregnant, non-lactating females had low levels of lactalbumin in the their blood (0.6--2.0 ng/ml). Our assay could not detect a statistically significant difference between normal women and those with either benign breast disease or metastatic mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 566644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7157", "title": "Camptomelic dwarfism associated with XY-gonadal dysgenesis and chromosome anomalies.", "content": "We have studied two female newborns with comptomelic dwarfism, XY-gonadal dysgenesis and chromosome anomalies. The preponderance of \"females\" among the hitherto reported cases of this allegedly autosomal recessive form of lethal drawfism may be due to an increased incidence of an associated XY-gonadal dysgenesis.", "contents": "Camptomelic dwarfism associated with XY-gonadal dysgenesis and chromosome anomalies. We have studied two female newborns with comptomelic dwarfism, XY-gonadal dysgenesis and chromosome anomalies. The preponderance of \"females\" among the hitherto reported cases of this allegedly autosomal recessive form of lethal drawfism may be due to an increased incidence of an associated XY-gonadal dysgenesis.", "PMID": 566645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7158", "title": "[Pasteurella multocida infection after a dog bite (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 3-year old girl Pasteurella infection developed after a dog bite. The infection resolved within 9 days without sequelae after 6 days of ampicillin and clindamycin therapy.", "contents": "[Pasteurella multocida infection after a dog bite (author's transl)]. In a 3-year old girl Pasteurella infection developed after a dog bite. The infection resolved within 9 days without sequelae after 6 days of ampicillin and clindamycin therapy.", "PMID": 566657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7159", "title": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from sheep mammary gland. Purification of a fully active monomeric enzyme derived from high-molecular-weight complexes by controlled proteolysis.", "content": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from sheep lactating mammary gland is found predominantly in the form of high-molecular-weight complexes. Controlled proteolysis of these aggregates generates a low-molecular-weight species of the enzyme with full maintenance of activity as assessed by the rate of aminoacylation of tRNA. The product of proteolysis, which has been purified to homogeneity with a yield of 23%, is a monomeric enzyme of molecular weight 78 000. It has a specific activity of 405 units/mg at 25 degrees C. These findings clearly demonstrate that the aggregated state of methionyl-tRNA synthetase is not a prerequisite for full expression of catalytic activity. Furthermore, the results emphasize the need to provide effective protection against proteolytic damage in studies dealing with the characterization of high-molecular-weight complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "contents": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from sheep mammary gland. Purification of a fully active monomeric enzyme derived from high-molecular-weight complexes by controlled proteolysis. Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from sheep lactating mammary gland is found predominantly in the form of high-molecular-weight complexes. Controlled proteolysis of these aggregates generates a low-molecular-weight species of the enzyme with full maintenance of activity as assessed by the rate of aminoacylation of tRNA. The product of proteolysis, which has been purified to homogeneity with a yield of 23%, is a monomeric enzyme of molecular weight 78 000. It has a specific activity of 405 units/mg at 25 degrees C. These findings clearly demonstrate that the aggregated state of methionyl-tRNA synthetase is not a prerequisite for full expression of catalytic activity. Furthermore, the results emphasize the need to provide effective protection against proteolytic damage in studies dealing with the characterization of high-molecular-weight complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "PMID": 566665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7160", "title": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from sheep liver. Purification of a fully active monomer derived from high-molecular-weight complexes by trypsin treatment. Evidence for immunological cross-reaction with the corresponding enzyme from sheep mammary gland.", "content": "The size distribution of methionyl-tRNA synthetase in extracts from sheep liver is compared to that of lysyl-tRNA, isoleucyl-tRNA, leucyl-tRNA and seryl-tRNA synthetases by gel filtration on Biogel A-5m. Extraction conditions are described which lead to isolation of methionyl-tRNA synthetase exclusively in the form of complexes of molecular weight close to 10(6). Limited trypsin treatment of these aggregates releases a fully active low-molecular-weight form of methionyl-tRNA synthetase which was purified to a specific activity of 674 units/mg at 25 degrees C with a yield of 40%. The homogeneous enzyme appears to be undistinguishable from the corresponding enzyme derived from sheep lactating mammary gland, as judged by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by titration with antibodies raised against the enzyme purified from liver.", "contents": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from sheep liver. Purification of a fully active monomer derived from high-molecular-weight complexes by trypsin treatment. Evidence for immunological cross-reaction with the corresponding enzyme from sheep mammary gland. The size distribution of methionyl-tRNA synthetase in extracts from sheep liver is compared to that of lysyl-tRNA, isoleucyl-tRNA, leucyl-tRNA and seryl-tRNA synthetases by gel filtration on Biogel A-5m. Extraction conditions are described which lead to isolation of methionyl-tRNA synthetase exclusively in the form of complexes of molecular weight close to 10(6). Limited trypsin treatment of these aggregates releases a fully active low-molecular-weight form of methionyl-tRNA synthetase which was purified to a specific activity of 674 units/mg at 25 degrees C with a yield of 40%. The homogeneous enzyme appears to be undistinguishable from the corresponding enzyme derived from sheep lactating mammary gland, as judged by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by titration with antibodies raised against the enzyme purified from liver.", "PMID": 566666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7161", "title": "Antibody formation and insulin requirements in diabetic children during treatment with purified commercial pork insulins.", "content": "40 diabetic children (20 female, 20 male, mean age 8.5 ys, ranging from 0.8 to 14.3 ys), were treated with either of two purified porcine insulin preparations, Komb-Insulin CS (Hoechst) \"CS\": n = 21, and Semilente MC (Novo) \"MC\": n = 19, the latter being further purified by ion exchange chromatography. Circulating IgG-antibodies formed in 39 out of 40 subjects during the observation period of more than 2 years. Insulin binding-capacities below 2 mU/ml (mean value after 12 months: 0.45 mU/ml) were found following MC and considerably higher concentrations (mean value after 12 months: 5.16 mU/ml) following CS administration. However, only 52% of the CS-group (n = 11) showed high individual responses (subgroup II), many of which exceeded 5 mU/ml, while the other half (subgroup I) exhibited values as low as those in the MC-subjects. The ratio of girls to boys was high (8 vs 3) in subgroup II, and low (2 vs 8) in subgroup I. Despite great differences in antibody formation, no differences in insulin requirements were noted between the MC- and the CS-groups. Within the CS-group, however, some positive relationship between these parameters was found 6 months and 12 months after the start of therapy, but this did not necessarily apply to individual subjects. Short-term (metabolic control) and long-term effects of therapy (growth) were not different in the MC- and CS-subjects. From these results it may be concluded that antibody formation does not affect insulin requirements or metabolic control during relatively short-term treatment. Provided that antibodies have no direct relation to future vascular changes, both insulin preparations used in this study are equally well-situated for long-term treatment in children and adolescents.", "contents": "Antibody formation and insulin requirements in diabetic children during treatment with purified commercial pork insulins. 40 diabetic children (20 female, 20 male, mean age 8.5 ys, ranging from 0.8 to 14.3 ys), were treated with either of two purified porcine insulin preparations, Komb-Insulin CS (Hoechst) \"CS\": n = 21, and Semilente MC (Novo) \"MC\": n = 19, the latter being further purified by ion exchange chromatography. Circulating IgG-antibodies formed in 39 out of 40 subjects during the observation period of more than 2 years. Insulin binding-capacities below 2 mU/ml (mean value after 12 months: 0.45 mU/ml) were found following MC and considerably higher concentrations (mean value after 12 months: 5.16 mU/ml) following CS administration. However, only 52% of the CS-group (n = 11) showed high individual responses (subgroup II), many of which exceeded 5 mU/ml, while the other half (subgroup I) exhibited values as low as those in the MC-subjects. The ratio of girls to boys was high (8 vs 3) in subgroup II, and low (2 vs 8) in subgroup I. Despite great differences in antibody formation, no differences in insulin requirements were noted between the MC- and the CS-groups. Within the CS-group, however, some positive relationship between these parameters was found 6 months and 12 months after the start of therapy, but this did not necessarily apply to individual subjects. Short-term (metabolic control) and long-term effects of therapy (growth) were not different in the MC- and CS-subjects. From these results it may be concluded that antibody formation does not affect insulin requirements or metabolic control during relatively short-term treatment. Provided that antibodies have no direct relation to future vascular changes, both insulin preparations used in this study are equally well-situated for long-term treatment in children and adolescents.", "PMID": 566669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7162", "title": "Factor VIII activity and factor VIII related antigen in newborns.", "content": "Factor VIII procoagulant activity and factor VIII related antigen were examined in 20 full-term and preterm newborn infants during the first days of life. The control group involved 15 adults volunteers. Factor VIII activity was estimated by a one-stage test and factor VIII related antigen was determined by immunelectrophoresis according to Laurell, using our own rabbit antiserum. The following results were obtained:--Factor VIII activity during the first 3 days of life did not differ from the normal range of the adult controls.--The concentration of factor VIII related antigen in newborns was markedly higher than in adults on the first, and to a lesser extent on the second, day of life.--The antigen concentration decreases on the second and following days of life to adult levels. The cause of this discrepancy cannot be completely explained but possible reasons are discussed.", "contents": "Factor VIII activity and factor VIII related antigen in newborns. Factor VIII procoagulant activity and factor VIII related antigen were examined in 20 full-term and preterm newborn infants during the first days of life. The control group involved 15 adults volunteers. Factor VIII activity was estimated by a one-stage test and factor VIII related antigen was determined by immunelectrophoresis according to Laurell, using our own rabbit antiserum. The following results were obtained:--Factor VIII activity during the first 3 days of life did not differ from the normal range of the adult controls.--The concentration of factor VIII related antigen in newborns was markedly higher than in adults on the first, and to a lesser extent on the second, day of life.--The antigen concentration decreases on the second and following days of life to adult levels. The cause of this discrepancy cannot be completely explained but possible reasons are discussed.", "PMID": 566670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7163", "title": "Is chemical memory transfer due to shock or behavior training?", "content": "A memory transfer experiment was performed to determine whether the transfer effect is due to stress associated with the foot shock or to the specific behavioral training. Recipient animals were significantly better in the 'jump-out' testing than either the shock-control recipients or the control recipients, but the shock-control recipients performed significantly better than the control recipients. Foot shock has an effect on the transfer phenomena but is not responsible for the entire effect.", "contents": "Is chemical memory transfer due to shock or behavior training? A memory transfer experiment was performed to determine whether the transfer effect is due to stress associated with the foot shock or to the specific behavioral training. Recipient animals were significantly better in the 'jump-out' testing than either the shock-control recipients or the control recipients, but the shock-control recipients performed significantly better than the control recipients. Foot shock has an effect on the transfer phenomena but is not responsible for the entire effect.", "PMID": 566672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7164", "title": "Influence of treatment duration on audiogenic seizure susceptibility during barbiturate withdrawal in rats.", "content": "Barbiturate withdrawal seizure susceptibility in rats increased with increasing duration of treatment during a 15-day treatment period in which the animals were given an i.p. dose of sodium barbital every 12 h. This method of producing dependence has clear advantages over previously described methods.", "contents": "Influence of treatment duration on audiogenic seizure susceptibility during barbiturate withdrawal in rats. Barbiturate withdrawal seizure susceptibility in rats increased with increasing duration of treatment during a 15-day treatment period in which the animals were given an i.p. dose of sodium barbital every 12 h. This method of producing dependence has clear advantages over previously described methods.", "PMID": 566673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7165", "title": "Further characterization of the effects of ultraviolet irradiation of the amphibian egg.", "content": "UV-irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere of amphibian eggs leads to developmental abnormalities in neural morphogenesis. The possibility that the egg's transient sensitivity to irradiation could be due to pigmentation changes was examined in albino eggs. The tissue specificity of the effects of irradiation was analyzed by exchanging the ectoderm between irradiated and control embryos.", "contents": "Further characterization of the effects of ultraviolet irradiation of the amphibian egg. UV-irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere of amphibian eggs leads to developmental abnormalities in neural morphogenesis. The possibility that the egg's transient sensitivity to irradiation could be due to pigmentation changes was examined in albino eggs. The tissue specificity of the effects of irradiation was analyzed by exchanging the ectoderm between irradiated and control embryos.", "PMID": 566674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7166", "title": "[The pharmacology of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt].", "content": "Sodium salt of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid inhibits exploratory behavior and induces hypothermia in mice. The compound enhances central effects of L-DOPA, such as: gross excitation in group, fighting behavior, anticataleptogenic action and hyperthermic effect. The L-DOPA central effects are mitigated by pyridoxal phosphate. The 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt abolishes the protective action of pyridoxal phosphate. In vitro this salt inhibits DOPA-decarboxylase. It is suggested that the compound under discussion is a competitive antagonist of L-DOPA, when the latter is involved in reactions with pyridoxal phosphate.", "contents": "[The pharmacology of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt]. Sodium salt of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid inhibits exploratory behavior and induces hypothermia in mice. The compound enhances central effects of L-DOPA, such as: gross excitation in group, fighting behavior, anticataleptogenic action and hyperthermic effect. The L-DOPA central effects are mitigated by pyridoxal phosphate. The 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alpha-hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt abolishes the protective action of pyridoxal phosphate. In vitro this salt inhibits DOPA-decarboxylase. It is suggested that the compound under discussion is a competitive antagonist of L-DOPA, when the latter is involved in reactions with pyridoxal phosphate.", "PMID": 566675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7167", "title": "Effect of chlorpromazine on the in vitro immune response.", "content": "The effect of chlorpromazine at concentrations from 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-5)M on the in vitro plaque-forming cell responses to sheep erythrocytes was tested. If CPZ was present in cultures during the whole incubation period, concentrations of CPZ more than 5 X 10(-6)M inhibited the PFC responses, whereas concentrations between 5 X 10(-7) and 5 X 10(-6)M had a slightly enhancing effect. If a defined concentration of CPZ (1.3 or 1.5 X 10(-5)M) was added to cultures for a brief period of time (12 or 24 h) at various intervals after the initiation of culture and antigenic stimulation, PFC responses were inhibited most effectively during the first brief periods of incubation. The later the drug was added, the more the extent of inhibition decreased. On the other hand, CPZ had no effect or a slightly enhancing effect when added in the very late period (72--95 h) of incubation. These findings suggest that the observed immunosuppression could be attributed mainly to the impairment of early cellular events, presumably cell interaction events, preceding the process of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of antibody-forming cells and their precursors.", "contents": "Effect of chlorpromazine on the in vitro immune response. The effect of chlorpromazine at concentrations from 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-5)M on the in vitro plaque-forming cell responses to sheep erythrocytes was tested. If CPZ was present in cultures during the whole incubation period, concentrations of CPZ more than 5 X 10(-6)M inhibited the PFC responses, whereas concentrations between 5 X 10(-7) and 5 X 10(-6)M had a slightly enhancing effect. If a defined concentration of CPZ (1.3 or 1.5 X 10(-5)M) was added to cultures for a brief period of time (12 or 24 h) at various intervals after the initiation of culture and antigenic stimulation, PFC responses were inhibited most effectively during the first brief periods of incubation. The later the drug was added, the more the extent of inhibition decreased. On the other hand, CPZ had no effect or a slightly enhancing effect when added in the very late period (72--95 h) of incubation. These findings suggest that the observed immunosuppression could be attributed mainly to the impairment of early cellular events, presumably cell interaction events, preceding the process of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of antibody-forming cells and their precursors.", "PMID": 566681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7168", "title": "[The effect of non-steroid antiphlogistic drugs on the number of antibody-forming cells during the primary immune response].", "content": "In mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes introduction of acetylsalycilic acid (250 mg/kg), sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg) and mephenamic acid (100 mg/kg) exerted an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of antibody-forming cells and the titre of hemagglutinines in immunized animals. The acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate are more effective on the 3--5th post-immunization day; the maximal effect of the mephenamic acid becomes apparent on the 7th day and its action is more lasting.", "contents": "[The effect of non-steroid antiphlogistic drugs on the number of antibody-forming cells during the primary immune response]. In mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes introduction of acetylsalycilic acid (250 mg/kg), sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg) and mephenamic acid (100 mg/kg) exerted an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of antibody-forming cells and the titre of hemagglutinines in immunized animals. The acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate are more effective on the 3--5th post-immunization day; the maximal effect of the mephenamic acid becomes apparent on the 7th day and its action is more lasting.", "PMID": 566676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7169", "title": "Studies on the retest reaction in contact sensitivity to DNCB.", "content": "DNCB-sensitized guinea pigs demonstrated an accelerated reactivity on retest of DNCB at the site of prior contact reaction, though presenting normal contact sensitivity at the virgin site. The retest reaction reached maximal at 9 h and waned at 24 h after antigenic challenge. Massive accumulation of eosinophils in either the epidermis or dermis was its distinguishing histologic feature. The reaction was induced at the site of delayed skin reaction to DNP-GPE in the animals sensitized with DNCB or DNP-GPE. A retest reaction in delayed sensitivity to DNP-GPE was also elicited at the site of contact reaction to DNCB in the animals. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the retest reaction in contact sensitivity to DNCB. DNCB-sensitized guinea pigs demonstrated an accelerated reactivity on retest of DNCB at the site of prior contact reaction, though presenting normal contact sensitivity at the virgin site. The retest reaction reached maximal at 9 h and waned at 24 h after antigenic challenge. Massive accumulation of eosinophils in either the epidermis or dermis was its distinguishing histologic feature. The reaction was induced at the site of delayed skin reaction to DNP-GPE in the animals sensitized with DNCB or DNP-GPE. A retest reaction in delayed sensitivity to DNP-GPE was also elicited at the site of contact reaction to DNCB in the animals. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 566682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7170", "title": "Perinatal malnutrition and early handling: interactive effects on the development of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "content": "The preweaning development of the pituitary-adrenal system was investigated in perinatally malnourished rodents. Malnourished pups that were routinely handled displayed an earlier plasma corticosterone stress response to electric shock and an accelerated development of feedback inhibition of the stress response by exogenously elevated steroid levels. Although malnourished pups displayed elevated basal corticosterone levels compared to well-fed controls, the post-stress levels were also higher in these malnourished young. Thus, the corticosterone response to stress was not impaired in malnourished pups. The influence of the early handling of malnourished young on pituitary-adrenal activity was also studied. Whereas the accelerated development of the stress response and the elevated post-shock levels were not the result of early handling, the elevated basal corticosterone levels displayed by handled malnourished pups were not present in nonhandled malnourished pups. Thus, the early non-nutritional environment interacts with malnutrition to alter the development of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "contents": "Perinatal malnutrition and early handling: interactive effects on the development of the pituitary-adrenal system. The preweaning development of the pituitary-adrenal system was investigated in perinatally malnourished rodents. Malnourished pups that were routinely handled displayed an earlier plasma corticosterone stress response to electric shock and an accelerated development of feedback inhibition of the stress response by exogenously elevated steroid levels. Although malnourished pups displayed elevated basal corticosterone levels compared to well-fed controls, the post-stress levels were also higher in these malnourished young. Thus, the corticosterone response to stress was not impaired in malnourished pups. The influence of the early handling of malnourished young on pituitary-adrenal activity was also studied. Whereas the accelerated development of the stress response and the elevated post-shock levels were not the result of early handling, the elevated basal corticosterone levels displayed by handled malnourished pups were not present in nonhandled malnourished pups. Thus, the early non-nutritional environment interacts with malnutrition to alter the development of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "PMID": 566686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7171", "title": "A neuropharmacological analysis of central nervous system catecholamine systems in development protein malnutrition.", "content": "Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of developmental protein deprivation on the behavioral response of adult rats to treatments known to affect central nervous system catecholamine systems. Results showed no group differences between protein malnourished and control animals in locomotor responsiveness to d- or l-amphetamine, recovery from behavioral asymmetry produced by a unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra, or in the development of response patterns indicative of denervation supersensitivity. However, a dose-dependent diminution in the ability of apomorphine to produce stereotyped behavior was noted in the malnourished group, suggesting that a class of brain dopamine receptors may be impaired or may have undergone homeostatic modification as a result of the undernutrition procedure.", "contents": "A neuropharmacological analysis of central nervous system catecholamine systems in development protein malnutrition. Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of developmental protein deprivation on the behavioral response of adult rats to treatments known to affect central nervous system catecholamine systems. Results showed no group differences between protein malnourished and control animals in locomotor responsiveness to d- or l-amphetamine, recovery from behavioral asymmetry produced by a unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra, or in the development of response patterns indicative of denervation supersensitivity. However, a dose-dependent diminution in the ability of apomorphine to produce stereotyped behavior was noted in the malnourished group, suggesting that a class of brain dopamine receptors may be impaired or may have undergone homeostatic modification as a result of the undernutrition procedure.", "PMID": 566687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7172", "title": "[Primary dysmenorrhoea and hyperprolactinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 5 and 10% of all young girls and women suffer of severe primary dysmenorrhoea which interfers monthly with their activities. In this type of primary dysmenorrhoea we found hyperprolactinemia in 13 of 15 women who were examined. All 15 patients had a pituitary tumour ruled out and were treated with Bromo-ergocryptine (parlodel). Eight patients became free of symptoms and five were well improved. The possible correlation of hyperprolactinemia to premenstrual tension and severe primary dysmenorrhoea is discussed.", "contents": "[Primary dysmenorrhoea and hyperprolactinemia (author's transl)]. Between 5 and 10% of all young girls and women suffer of severe primary dysmenorrhoea which interfers monthly with their activities. In this type of primary dysmenorrhoea we found hyperprolactinemia in 13 of 15 women who were examined. All 15 patients had a pituitary tumour ruled out and were treated with Bromo-ergocryptine (parlodel). Eight patients became free of symptoms and five were well improved. The possible correlation of hyperprolactinemia to premenstrual tension and severe primary dysmenorrhoea is discussed.", "PMID": 566689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7173", "title": "[Genetic aspects of the effect of Vi-antigen deposition in the human body. I. Hereditary cause of the effect of Vi-antigen deposition on erythrocytes].", "content": "Investigation of the minimal and the optimal capasity of the Vi-antigen sorption in erythrocytes was carried out in partners of 11 pairs of monozygotic and 8 pairs of dizygotic twins. It is shown that the capacity of erythrocytes to sorb Vi-antigen in minimal concentrations (Smin) is under relatively rigid genetic control (G = 0.84), while the capacity of its sorption in optimal doses (Sopt) is to a much greater extent subjected to paratypic effects (G = 0.40). It is assumed that Smin is controlled by the system of the \"main\" gene, while Sopt is determined multifactorially, which affords the possibilities of creating adequate conditions for the vaccination of a concrete individual.", "contents": "[Genetic aspects of the effect of Vi-antigen deposition in the human body. I. Hereditary cause of the effect of Vi-antigen deposition on erythrocytes]. Investigation of the minimal and the optimal capasity of the Vi-antigen sorption in erythrocytes was carried out in partners of 11 pairs of monozygotic and 8 pairs of dizygotic twins. It is shown that the capacity of erythrocytes to sorb Vi-antigen in minimal concentrations (Smin) is under relatively rigid genetic control (G = 0.84), while the capacity of its sorption in optimal doses (Sopt) is to a much greater extent subjected to paratypic effects (G = 0.40). It is assumed that Smin is controlled by the system of the \"main\" gene, while Sopt is determined multifactorially, which affords the possibilities of creating adequate conditions for the vaccination of a concrete individual.", "PMID": 566691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7174", "title": "Timing of gestation in rats by fetal and maternal weights.", "content": "Weights of embryonic and fetal rats increase with gestational age from Day 13 to 20 in a strictly logarithmic manner and then slow. Data for other rat strains published as long ago as 1915 show substantially the same growth curves and the same weights as the inbred Kx strain studied. During this late gestational period fetal weights doubled every 1.22 days. An earlier period of somewhat faster growth can be inferred. These growth rates are virtually the same as the maximum rates at which rat neoplasms can grow. A regression equation was constructed from which the ages of rat embryos can be predicted from their weights within confidence limits of +/- 0.24 days. A similar logarithmic increase of added weight in the pregnant dam was recognized by which pregnancies could be conveniently diagnosed as early as Day 7. These two procedures facilitate the routine production of embryos of known age for experimental purposes.", "contents": "Timing of gestation in rats by fetal and maternal weights. Weights of embryonic and fetal rats increase with gestational age from Day 13 to 20 in a strictly logarithmic manner and then slow. Data for other rat strains published as long ago as 1915 show substantially the same growth curves and the same weights as the inbred Kx strain studied. During this late gestational period fetal weights doubled every 1.22 days. An earlier period of somewhat faster growth can be inferred. These growth rates are virtually the same as the maximum rates at which rat neoplasms can grow. A regression equation was constructed from which the ages of rat embryos can be predicted from their weights within confidence limits of +/- 0.24 days. A similar logarithmic increase of added weight in the pregnant dam was recognized by which pregnancies could be conveniently diagnosed as early as Day 7. These two procedures facilitate the routine production of embryos of known age for experimental purposes.", "PMID": 566694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7175", "title": "[Influence of estrogen on the delayed action of prostaglandin F2alpha on the rat uterine contraction (author's transl)].", "content": "Responsiveness of the rat uterus on the day of estrus to PGE2, PGF2alpha and oxytocin was increased by administration of PGF2alpha i.p. 24 hours prior to the experiments, but that of the uterus on the day of diestrus was not altered by the same treatment. The delayed action of PGF2alpha was not observed in the uterus of ovariectomized rats, but was observed in the uterus of estrogen treated rats. The delayed action of PGF2alpha was not evident in either the vas deferens or the intestine of the rat.", "contents": "[Influence of estrogen on the delayed action of prostaglandin F2alpha on the rat uterine contraction (author's transl)]. Responsiveness of the rat uterus on the day of estrus to PGE2, PGF2alpha and oxytocin was increased by administration of PGF2alpha i.p. 24 hours prior to the experiments, but that of the uterus on the day of diestrus was not altered by the same treatment. The delayed action of PGF2alpha was not observed in the uterus of ovariectomized rats, but was observed in the uterus of estrogen treated rats. The delayed action of PGF2alpha was not evident in either the vas deferens or the intestine of the rat.", "PMID": 566695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7176", "title": "Effect of malonate and maleate on growth and brefeldin A formation in Curvularia lunata.", "content": "Malonate exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on brefeldin A production than on mycelia growth in cultures of Curvularia lunata especially at inhibitory levels of 100 to 200 mM. The extent of 200 mM malonate inhibition of growth and brefeldin A production was greater in cultures treated with malonate prior to inoculation than those treated following 5 days after inoculation. Maleate at levels of 40 to 220 mM activated brefeldin A formation in cultures though exerting variable effects on mycelia growth.", "contents": "Effect of malonate and maleate on growth and brefeldin A formation in Curvularia lunata. Malonate exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on brefeldin A production than on mycelia growth in cultures of Curvularia lunata especially at inhibitory levels of 100 to 200 mM. The extent of 200 mM malonate inhibition of growth and brefeldin A production was greater in cultures treated with malonate prior to inoculation than those treated following 5 days after inoculation. Maleate at levels of 40 to 220 mM activated brefeldin A formation in cultures though exerting variable effects on mycelia growth.", "PMID": 566696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7177", "title": "Diurnal changes in serum metabolites and hormones in lean and obese Zucker rats.", "content": "A study of diurnal patterns of serum hormone levels was made in genetically lean and obese Zucker rats. Serum glucose and insulin were elevated in the obese through the 24-hour period; immunoreactive insulin being 12 times higher in the obese rat. A similar pattern of serum hormone levels in lean and obese rats was found for triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin. At peak levels, prolactin was 2.5 times higher in lean than obese rats (P is less than .01). Thyroxine levels tended to be lower in the obese rats throughout the sampling periods when compared to lean rats. Growth hormone levels were severely depressed in the obese rat with the largest differences between lean and obese rats being observed during the light periods of the cycle. These differences in growth hormone secretion may be responsible for the impaired nitrogen retention in the obese rat. Serum levels of corticosterone were highest at the beginning of the dark cycle and decreased drastically thereafter in the lean rats. The obese rat did not exhibit a distinct pattern of corticosterone secretion and tended to be elevated throughout the periods tested.", "contents": "Diurnal changes in serum metabolites and hormones in lean and obese Zucker rats. A study of diurnal patterns of serum hormone levels was made in genetically lean and obese Zucker rats. Serum glucose and insulin were elevated in the obese through the 24-hour period; immunoreactive insulin being 12 times higher in the obese rat. A similar pattern of serum hormone levels in lean and obese rats was found for triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin. At peak levels, prolactin was 2.5 times higher in lean than obese rats (P is less than .01). Thyroxine levels tended to be lower in the obese rats throughout the sampling periods when compared to lean rats. Growth hormone levels were severely depressed in the obese rat with the largest differences between lean and obese rats being observed during the light periods of the cycle. These differences in growth hormone secretion may be responsible for the impaired nitrogen retention in the obese rat. Serum levels of corticosterone were highest at the beginning of the dark cycle and decreased drastically thereafter in the lean rats. The obese rat did not exhibit a distinct pattern of corticosterone secretion and tended to be elevated throughout the periods tested.", "PMID": 566707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7178", "title": "[Preparative isolation of di-, tri- and tetrapyrimidine nucleotides from depurinated herring sperm DNA (author's transl)].", "content": "The pyrimidine nucleotides p(dT)3, p(dT)2p, pdCp, p(dC)2p and p(dC)3 and the mixtures of sequence isomers p(dC, dT), p(dC, dT)p, p(dT2, dU), (dT2, dU)p, p(dC, dT2), p(dC, dT2)p, p(dC, dT3), p(dC, dT), p(dC2, dT)p, and p(dC2, dT2) are isolated on a preparative scale from depurinated hydrolysates of herring sperm DNA by the following procedure. The DNA hydrolysate is first separated into a low and a high molecular weight mixture of pyrimidine nucleotides by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The nucleoside bisphosphates pdCp and pdTp, the dinucleotides p(dC)2 and p(dT)2 and the sequence isomers p(dC, dT) are largely separated out of the mixture of the low molecular weight pyrimidine nucleotides. The remaining mixture is rechromatographed at pH 3.5 on QAE-Sephadex. This separates the pyrimidine nucleotides containing a majority of cytidylic acid units from those containing more thymidylic acid units, which are then fractionated at pH 7.5 according to the number of bases in the chain. The pyrimidine nucleotides and mixtures of sequence isomers separated to 83-99% purity by column chromatography are further separated by paper chromatography and are obtained in chromatographically pure form after this step. The structures of the isolated DNA fragments are determined from chromatographic data, absorption and enzymatic degradation.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of di-, tri- and tetrapyrimidine nucleotides from depurinated herring sperm DNA (author's transl)]. The pyrimidine nucleotides p(dT)3, p(dT)2p, pdCp, p(dC)2p and p(dC)3 and the mixtures of sequence isomers p(dC, dT), p(dC, dT)p, p(dT2, dU), (dT2, dU)p, p(dC, dT2), p(dC, dT2)p, p(dC, dT3), p(dC, dT), p(dC2, dT)p, and p(dC2, dT2) are isolated on a preparative scale from depurinated hydrolysates of herring sperm DNA by the following procedure. The DNA hydrolysate is first separated into a low and a high molecular weight mixture of pyrimidine nucleotides by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The nucleoside bisphosphates pdCp and pdTp, the dinucleotides p(dC)2 and p(dT)2 and the sequence isomers p(dC, dT) are largely separated out of the mixture of the low molecular weight pyrimidine nucleotides. The remaining mixture is rechromatographed at pH 3.5 on QAE-Sephadex. This separates the pyrimidine nucleotides containing a majority of cytidylic acid units from those containing more thymidylic acid units, which are then fractionated at pH 7.5 according to the number of bases in the chain. The pyrimidine nucleotides and mixtures of sequence isomers separated to 83-99% purity by column chromatography are further separated by paper chromatography and are obtained in chromatographically pure form after this step. The structures of the isolated DNA fragments are determined from chromatographic data, absorption and enzymatic degradation.", "PMID": 566708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7179", "title": "Ultrastructural findings supporting the angioblastic nature of the so-called adamantinoma of the tibia.", "content": "Electron microscopy of a case of adamantinoma of the tibia shows features which support a mesenchymal angioblastic origin rather than epithelial. Comparison is made between tissue from this tumour and a squamous cell carcinoma of the femur arising in chronic osteomyelitis. In adamantinoma no desmosomes are found between tumour cells and their cytoplasmic ultrastructure shows features of mesenchymal cell type including evidence of pinocytic activity and bundles of filaments resembling hyperplastic endothelial cells. The stroma shows features similar to fibrous dysplasia of bone with fibroblasts, histiocytes and fibrolipoblastic lipid-laden mesenchymal cells. It is condluded that adamantinoma of the tibia should be considered to be an angioblastic tumour of bone.", "contents": "Ultrastructural findings supporting the angioblastic nature of the so-called adamantinoma of the tibia. Electron microscopy of a case of adamantinoma of the tibia shows features which support a mesenchymal angioblastic origin rather than epithelial. Comparison is made between tissue from this tumour and a squamous cell carcinoma of the femur arising in chronic osteomyelitis. In adamantinoma no desmosomes are found between tumour cells and their cytoplasmic ultrastructure shows features of mesenchymal cell type including evidence of pinocytic activity and bundles of filaments resembling hyperplastic endothelial cells. The stroma shows features similar to fibrous dysplasia of bone with fibroblasts, histiocytes and fibrolipoblastic lipid-laden mesenchymal cells. It is condluded that adamantinoma of the tibia should be considered to be an angioblastic tumour of bone.", "PMID": 566709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7180", "title": "Hospitals in Wonderland.", "content": "The hospital industry faces a choice. It can follow a path of involvement with HEW and HMOs, with the prospect of eventually being dominated by them, or it can work toward a position of neutrality, attempting energetically to influence Congress on behalf of the legitimate concerns of both hospitals and government.", "contents": "Hospitals in Wonderland. The hospital industry faces a choice. It can follow a path of involvement with HEW and HMOs, with the prospect of eventually being dominated by them, or it can work toward a position of neutrality, attempting energetically to influence Congress on behalf of the legitimate concerns of both hospitals and government.", "PMID": 566710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7181", "title": "Furrows and dermal ridges of the hand in patients with alcohol embryopathy.", "content": "Palmar creases and dermal ridge patterns of 34 patients with alcohol embryopathy are compared with 470 healthy individuals. In alcohol embryopathy several typical deviations were noted. Palmar Creases. The interdigital part of the distal palmar crease is generally sharply bent, the proximal transverse crease is hypoplastic or missing, the thenar crease is commonly well marked. Simian creases and bridged palmar creases are more common in patients with alcohol embryopathy than in healthy individuals. Ridge Patterns of the Palm. The main line D coming from triradius d in patients with alcohol embryopathy mostly shows a low type of ending in the fourth interdigital area; in this area loops are twice as common as in healthy individuals. Patterns of the Fingertips. No deviations were noted in the distribution of whorls and loops, but virtually no arches were observed in patients with alcohol embryopathy. These anomalies suggest embryonic damage in the twelfth week of gestation.", "contents": "Furrows and dermal ridges of the hand in patients with alcohol embryopathy. Palmar creases and dermal ridge patterns of 34 patients with alcohol embryopathy are compared with 470 healthy individuals. In alcohol embryopathy several typical deviations were noted. Palmar Creases. The interdigital part of the distal palmar crease is generally sharply bent, the proximal transverse crease is hypoplastic or missing, the thenar crease is commonly well marked. Simian creases and bridged palmar creases are more common in patients with alcohol embryopathy than in healthy individuals. Ridge Patterns of the Palm. The main line D coming from triradius d in patients with alcohol embryopathy mostly shows a low type of ending in the fourth interdigital area; in this area loops are twice as common as in healthy individuals. Patterns of the Fingertips. No deviations were noted in the distribution of whorls and loops, but virtually no arches were observed in patients with alcohol embryopathy. These anomalies suggest embryonic damage in the twelfth week of gestation.", "PMID": 566712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7182", "title": "Time and cell systems as variables in fusion experiments with polyethylene glycol.", "content": "Cell hybridization was done between a monolayer of B14-150 Chinese hamster cells and a suspension of either mouse leukemia cells or normal human lymphocytes. Cell contact was obtained by centrifugation of the suspension cells onto the monolayer cells in a culture plate. Cell fusion was done by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The optimum time for PEG exposure as well as the yield of hybrid cells differed markedly with the different combinations.", "contents": "Time and cell systems as variables in fusion experiments with polyethylene glycol. Cell hybridization was done between a monolayer of B14-150 Chinese hamster cells and a suspension of either mouse leukemia cells or normal human lymphocytes. Cell contact was obtained by centrifugation of the suspension cells onto the monolayer cells in a culture plate. Cell fusion was done by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The optimum time for PEG exposure as well as the yield of hybrid cells differed markedly with the different combinations.", "PMID": 566713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7183", "title": "Balanced reciprocal whole-arm translocation t(1;19) in three generations.", "content": "Seven carriers of a balanced reciprocal whole-arm translocation of chromosomes 1 and 19 were found in 19 members investigated in three generations of one family. The apparent lack of a carrier of an unbalanced form of the translocation and of a history of miscarriages are discussed.", "contents": "Balanced reciprocal whole-arm translocation t(1;19) in three generations. Seven carriers of a balanced reciprocal whole-arm translocation of chromosomes 1 and 19 were found in 19 members investigated in three generations of one family. The apparent lack of a carrier of an unbalanced form of the translocation and of a history of miscarriages are discussed.", "PMID": 566714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7184", "title": "47,X,i(Xq),Y karyotype in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "This is a case report of 47,X,i(Xq),Y in a 24-year-old infertile male with Klinefelter's syndrome. C staining indicated that this isochromosome X had a single small centromere. BUdR incorporation revealed the isochromosome X to be late replicating.", "contents": "47,X,i(Xq),Y karyotype in Klinefelter's syndrome. This is a case report of 47,X,i(Xq),Y in a 24-year-old infertile male with Klinefelter's syndrome. C staining indicated that this isochromosome X had a single small centromere. BUdR incorporation revealed the isochromosome X to be late replicating.", "PMID": 566715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7185", "title": "No elevation of exchange type aberrations in lymphocytes of children with alcohol embryopathy.", "content": "The lymphocyte chromosomes from 23 children with the 'fetal alcohol syndrome' or 'alcohol embryopathy' (AE) were analyzed with respect to exchange type aberrations. These aberrations were not more frequent in AE than in controls. The possibility that AE results from unspecific suppression of RNA and consequently of protein synthesis in the developing embryo is discussed.", "contents": "No elevation of exchange type aberrations in lymphocytes of children with alcohol embryopathy. The lymphocyte chromosomes from 23 children with the 'fetal alcohol syndrome' or 'alcohol embryopathy' (AE) were analyzed with respect to exchange type aberrations. These aberrations were not more frequent in AE than in controls. The possibility that AE results from unspecific suppression of RNA and consequently of protein synthesis in the developing embryo is discussed.", "PMID": 566716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7186", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a cell line from the American opossum (Didelphys virginiana).", "content": "A permanent tissue-cultured cell line (designated OK) has been established from kidney tissue of an adult American opossum. The OK line has been characterized with respect to morphology, chromosome constitution, tissue-culture requirements, and attainable mitotic arrest. The cells are epithelial-like with a stable nondiploid chromosomal modal number of 23. Cells grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum have a mean doubling time of 18 hr. The cell line OK is potentially useful for the isolation and purification of the mammalian X chromosome because of the size differential between the smaller X's and the larger autosomes.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a cell line from the American opossum (Didelphys virginiana). A permanent tissue-cultured cell line (designated OK) has been established from kidney tissue of an adult American opossum. The OK line has been characterized with respect to morphology, chromosome constitution, tissue-culture requirements, and attainable mitotic arrest. The cells are epithelial-like with a stable nondiploid chromosomal modal number of 23. Cells grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum have a mean doubling time of 18 hr. The cell line OK is potentially useful for the isolation and purification of the mammalian X chromosome because of the size differential between the smaller X's and the larger autosomes.", "PMID": 566717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7187", "title": "The effect of incubation temperature on the maintenance of rat palatal mucosa in organ culture.", "content": "The effect of incubation temperature on the behavior of neonatal rat palatal mucosa maintained in a chemically defined medium in organ culture for periods up to 7 days was investigated. Explant survival was optimal at 37 degrees C with increasing mortality at temperatures of 34 degrees C and 30 degrees C. There was a transient increase in the epithelial mitotic activity at all temperatures, but at all time intervals mitotic activity was greatest at 37 degrees C. While the mitotic activity at 37 degrees C after 5 hr in vitro was comparable with previously described in vivo values, it was subsequently increased, only returning to values approximating those at the start of the experiment at 6 days. At 30 degrees and 34 degrees C the epithelial mitotic activity increased more slowly than at 37 degrees C; then it followed a similar pattern with time and after 5 days in vitro had fallen to values approximating initial values. At the cut edges of the explants, the rate of epithelial migration and subsequent keratinization increased with increasing temperature. It is suggested that survival of neonatal rat palatal mucosa is optimal in this organ culture system when maintained at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "The effect of incubation temperature on the maintenance of rat palatal mucosa in organ culture. The effect of incubation temperature on the behavior of neonatal rat palatal mucosa maintained in a chemically defined medium in organ culture for periods up to 7 days was investigated. Explant survival was optimal at 37 degrees C with increasing mortality at temperatures of 34 degrees C and 30 degrees C. There was a transient increase in the epithelial mitotic activity at all temperatures, but at all time intervals mitotic activity was greatest at 37 degrees C. While the mitotic activity at 37 degrees C after 5 hr in vitro was comparable with previously described in vivo values, it was subsequently increased, only returning to values approximating those at the start of the experiment at 6 days. At 30 degrees and 34 degrees C the epithelial mitotic activity increased more slowly than at 37 degrees C; then it followed a similar pattern with time and after 5 days in vitro had fallen to values approximating initial values. At the cut edges of the explants, the rate of epithelial migration and subsequent keratinization increased with increasing temperature. It is suggested that survival of neonatal rat palatal mucosa is optimal in this organ culture system when maintained at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 566718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7188", "title": "Studies on the transformation of rat embryo cells of low passage by carcinogenic fluorenylhydroxamic acids and their acetate esters.", "content": "Rat embryo cells of low passage subjected to a single treatment with certain carcinogenic fluorenylhydroxamic acids and their respective acetate esters showed signs of transformation in vitro, such as changes in phenotype, growth in soft agar and agglutination with concanavalin A. In addition, certain changes in karyotype and loss of diploidy were observed. There was no evidence, either by electron microscopy or by assay of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, for the presence of virus. None of these cell lines produced tumors after inoculation into the isologous host. The results of these study lead us to suggest that malignant transformation is a multistep process and that certain criteria of transformation of rat embryo cells are associated with the initial stage(s) in which the cells are transformed without being tumorigenic. The ultimate test for malignant transformation of rat embryo cells remains the production of tumors in a susceptible host after inoculation of treated cells.", "contents": "Studies on the transformation of rat embryo cells of low passage by carcinogenic fluorenylhydroxamic acids and their acetate esters. Rat embryo cells of low passage subjected to a single treatment with certain carcinogenic fluorenylhydroxamic acids and their respective acetate esters showed signs of transformation in vitro, such as changes in phenotype, growth in soft agar and agglutination with concanavalin A. In addition, certain changes in karyotype and loss of diploidy were observed. There was no evidence, either by electron microscopy or by assay of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, for the presence of virus. None of these cell lines produced tumors after inoculation into the isologous host. The results of these study lead us to suggest that malignant transformation is a multistep process and that certain criteria of transformation of rat embryo cells are associated with the initial stage(s) in which the cells are transformed without being tumorigenic. The ultimate test for malignant transformation of rat embryo cells remains the production of tumors in a susceptible host after inoculation of treated cells.", "PMID": 566719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7189", "title": "Temperature and species differences in susceptibility of kidney cell cultures to mercury toxicity.", "content": "The effect of temperature on inorganic mercury toxicity was investigated using kidney tissue culture systems. The relative susceptibility of rabbit (homeothermic) kidney to mercury intoxication was compared to that of Coho salmon (poikilothermic) kidney to mercury intoxication was compared to that of Coho salmon (poikilothermic) kidney over temperature ranges consistent with the habitat of each of the two species. It was demonstrated that susceptibility to mercury toxicity is species dependent; that is, the rabbit kidney cells tolerated higher mercury concentrations in the medium than did the fish-derived cells. Within a given species, susceptibility to mercury toxicity was temperature dependent. Decreasing the temperature increased the toxicity of mercury to cultures of rabbit kidney cells, whereas decreasing temperatures decreased the effect of mercury toxicity on the salmon kidney cells. As a consequence, fish taken from arctic waters are liable to be more toxic when introduced into mammalian food chains. Albumin was shown to act as a protective agent in vitro against inorganic mercury toxicity.", "contents": "Temperature and species differences in susceptibility of kidney cell cultures to mercury toxicity. The effect of temperature on inorganic mercury toxicity was investigated using kidney tissue culture systems. The relative susceptibility of rabbit (homeothermic) kidney to mercury intoxication was compared to that of Coho salmon (poikilothermic) kidney to mercury intoxication was compared to that of Coho salmon (poikilothermic) kidney over temperature ranges consistent with the habitat of each of the two species. It was demonstrated that susceptibility to mercury toxicity is species dependent; that is, the rabbit kidney cells tolerated higher mercury concentrations in the medium than did the fish-derived cells. Within a given species, susceptibility to mercury toxicity was temperature dependent. Decreasing the temperature increased the toxicity of mercury to cultures of rabbit kidney cells, whereas decreasing temperatures decreased the effect of mercury toxicity on the salmon kidney cells. As a consequence, fish taken from arctic waters are liable to be more toxic when introduced into mammalian food chains. Albumin was shown to act as a protective agent in vitro against inorganic mercury toxicity.", "PMID": 566720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7190", "title": "Primary monolayer cultures of postnatal rat liver cells with extended differentiated functions.", "content": "Monolayers of liver cells cultured from postnatal rats were grown in two types of media. One set of cultures was grown in selective medium which contained ornithine but was deficient in arginine; the other set was grown in nonselective medium which contained arginine but no ornithine. The cultures that were grown in the nonselective medium contained primarily a mixture of two cell types found in the liver: parenchymal hepatocytes and fibroblast-like cells. The fibroblast cells tended to overgrow the hepatocytes after several days in culture. In contrast, fibroblast overgrowth was inhibited in cultures grown in the selective, arginine-deficient medium, thereby resulting in relatively pure cultures of functional parenchymal hepatocytes. Comparative studies of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) uptake showed that the cultures grown in selective medium continued to be active much longer than the cultures grown in the nonselective medium. Pyruvate kinase assays revealed that the cultures grown in selective medium contained primarily the L-isoenzyme type which is characteristic of parenchymal hepatocytes. Cultures grown in nonselective medium contained a mixture of L- and M-isoenzymes which is indicative of nonparenchymal liver cells. The reported results indicate that selective, arginine-deficient medium permits primarily the growth of parenchymal hepatocytes found in neonatal rat liver.", "contents": "Primary monolayer cultures of postnatal rat liver cells with extended differentiated functions. Monolayers of liver cells cultured from postnatal rats were grown in two types of media. One set of cultures was grown in selective medium which contained ornithine but was deficient in arginine; the other set was grown in nonselective medium which contained arginine but no ornithine. The cultures that were grown in the nonselective medium contained primarily a mixture of two cell types found in the liver: parenchymal hepatocytes and fibroblast-like cells. The fibroblast cells tended to overgrow the hepatocytes after several days in culture. In contrast, fibroblast overgrowth was inhibited in cultures grown in the selective, arginine-deficient medium, thereby resulting in relatively pure cultures of functional parenchymal hepatocytes. Comparative studies of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) uptake showed that the cultures grown in selective medium continued to be active much longer than the cultures grown in the nonselective medium. Pyruvate kinase assays revealed that the cultures grown in selective medium contained primarily the L-isoenzyme type which is characteristic of parenchymal hepatocytes. Cultures grown in nonselective medium contained a mixture of L- and M-isoenzymes which is indicative of nonparenchymal liver cells. The reported results indicate that selective, arginine-deficient medium permits primarily the growth of parenchymal hepatocytes found in neonatal rat liver.", "PMID": 566721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7191", "title": "Survey of ATCC stocks of human cell lines for HeLa contamination.", "content": "Seed stocks of human cell lines deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) have been examined for cross-contamination with HeLa cells using Giemsabanded marker chromosomes. Sixteen additional cell lines investigated have been found to exhibit marker chromosomes typical of HeLa cells. Quinacrine fluorescence studies further revealed the absence of Y chromosome in these lines. These observations indicate that the lines are HeLa derivatives.", "contents": "Survey of ATCC stocks of human cell lines for HeLa contamination. Seed stocks of human cell lines deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) have been examined for cross-contamination with HeLa cells using Giemsabanded marker chromosomes. Sixteen additional cell lines investigated have been found to exhibit marker chromosomes typical of HeLa cells. Quinacrine fluorescence studies further revealed the absence of Y chromosome in these lines. These observations indicate that the lines are HeLa derivatives.", "PMID": 566722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7192", "title": "Isolation and characterization of epithelial cells from bovine pancreatic duct.", "content": "Epithelial cells derived from bovine pancreatic duct have been grown continuously in culture for 30 weeks (approximately 90 doublings of the cell population). The cells were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids, and antibiotics. In confluent cultures, the cells are multilayered and form circular structures. When tested at various passages, the cells neither formed colonies in soft agar nor produced tumors after inoculation into athymic, nude mice. Hydrocortisone (1 and 5 microgram per ml) and insulin (1,5 and 10 microgram per ml) had no effect on the growth of the cells. beta-Retinyl acetate inhibited growth rate and cell yield at a concentration of 5 microgram per ml but was not growth-inhibitory at lower concentrations. By electron microscopy the cells have numerous mitochondria, Golgi and microvilli. Mucous droplets were observed in a small proportion of the cells. Desmosome-like structures and occluding junctions were observed more frequently between cells that had been transferred as aggregates than between cells transferred as single cells. Cytochemical studies indicated that some cells produce PAS positive granules that were not removed after treatment of the cultures with diastase. Eleven cell clones were isolated from the mass culture. The growth rates of the clones are different as well as the period of time in which the clones can be propagated in vitro.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of epithelial cells from bovine pancreatic duct. Epithelial cells derived from bovine pancreatic duct have been grown continuously in culture for 30 weeks (approximately 90 doublings of the cell population). The cells were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids, and antibiotics. In confluent cultures, the cells are multilayered and form circular structures. When tested at various passages, the cells neither formed colonies in soft agar nor produced tumors after inoculation into athymic, nude mice. Hydrocortisone (1 and 5 microgram per ml) and insulin (1,5 and 10 microgram per ml) had no effect on the growth of the cells. beta-Retinyl acetate inhibited growth rate and cell yield at a concentration of 5 microgram per ml but was not growth-inhibitory at lower concentrations. By electron microscopy the cells have numerous mitochondria, Golgi and microvilli. Mucous droplets were observed in a small proportion of the cells. Desmosome-like structures and occluding junctions were observed more frequently between cells that had been transferred as aggregates than between cells transferred as single cells. Cytochemical studies indicated that some cells produce PAS positive granules that were not removed after treatment of the cultures with diastase. Eleven cell clones were isolated from the mass culture. The growth rates of the clones are different as well as the period of time in which the clones can be propagated in vitro.", "PMID": 566723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7193", "title": "[Thrombocyte aggregation after vaginal hysterectomy with combined prevention of thromboembolism with macrodex 6% and sintrom].", "content": "The ADP- and collagen-induced thrombocyte aggregation has been investigated and statistically evaluated in 25 women. These patients had undergone vaginal hysterectomy and colporrhaphy due to descensus vaginae et uteri and received 500 ml Macrodex 6% during the operation and Sintrom from the 1st post-operative day as prophylactic treatment for early and late thromboembolism. After administration of dextran 60, the ability of the thrombocytes to aggregate was reduced by half, 2 hours post-operatively, independent of the concentration and type of agent added in the aggregation test, and remained at this level during the 1st post-operative day. The original values were once again attained on the 4th post-operative day. The speed and force of deaggregation showed reverse behaviour. There was no influence apparent due to age of the patient or phase of the cycle (proliferation, secretion and post-menopausal). By carrying out this combined prophylactic treatment for thromboembolism, satisfactory protection is provided in the dangerous phases during the operation and post-operatively.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte aggregation after vaginal hysterectomy with combined prevention of thromboembolism with macrodex 6% and sintrom]. The ADP- and collagen-induced thrombocyte aggregation has been investigated and statistically evaluated in 25 women. These patients had undergone vaginal hysterectomy and colporrhaphy due to descensus vaginae et uteri and received 500 ml Macrodex 6% during the operation and Sintrom from the 1st post-operative day as prophylactic treatment for early and late thromboembolism. After administration of dextran 60, the ability of the thrombocytes to aggregate was reduced by half, 2 hours post-operatively, independent of the concentration and type of agent added in the aggregation test, and remained at this level during the 1st post-operative day. The original values were once again attained on the 4th post-operative day. The speed and force of deaggregation showed reverse behaviour. There was no influence apparent due to age of the patient or phase of the cycle (proliferation, secretion and post-menopausal). By carrying out this combined prophylactic treatment for thromboembolism, satisfactory protection is provided in the dangerous phases during the operation and post-operatively.", "PMID": 566728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7194", "title": "Cultures of Chlamydia trachomatis in mouse peritoneal macrophages: factors affecting organism growth.", "content": "Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis B/TW-5/OT and L(2)/434/Bu strains in cultures of thioglycolate-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied. Both strains grew to a limited extent in the macrophages, but lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) grew better than trachoma. Growth was enhanced by centrifugation of the inoculum onto the macrophage cell layer and inhibited by pretreatment of macrophages for 2 h with 100 mug of concanavalin A per ml. No significant effect was observed by pretreatment of macrophages with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (30 mug/ml, 30 min), cytochalasin B (20 mug/ml, 1 h), and cyclophosphamide (200 mug/ml, overnight) or by treatment with hydrocortisone (1 and 10 mug/ml, overnight before inoculation and during a 2-day incubation after inoculation). Resistance to intracellular growth of the two organisms was not increased in macrophages obtained from mice immunized with the organisms compared with macrophages from nonimmunized mice unless they were pretreated in vitro with penicillin (100 U/ml, overnight). The yields of LGV organisms from the penicillin-pretreated macrophages of LGV-immunized mice were 100-fold less than from the pretreated macrophages of nonimmunized control mice. At the same time, the yields of LGV organisms from penicillin-pretreated macrophages of mice immunized with trachoma, gonococcus, and HeLa cells were not different from those obtained in pretreated macrophages of nonimmunized control mice.", "contents": "Cultures of Chlamydia trachomatis in mouse peritoneal macrophages: factors affecting organism growth. Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis B/TW-5/OT and L(2)/434/Bu strains in cultures of thioglycolate-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied. Both strains grew to a limited extent in the macrophages, but lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) grew better than trachoma. Growth was enhanced by centrifugation of the inoculum onto the macrophage cell layer and inhibited by pretreatment of macrophages for 2 h with 100 mug of concanavalin A per ml. No significant effect was observed by pretreatment of macrophages with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (30 mug/ml, 30 min), cytochalasin B (20 mug/ml, 1 h), and cyclophosphamide (200 mug/ml, overnight) or by treatment with hydrocortisone (1 and 10 mug/ml, overnight before inoculation and during a 2-day incubation after inoculation). Resistance to intracellular growth of the two organisms was not increased in macrophages obtained from mice immunized with the organisms compared with macrophages from nonimmunized mice unless they were pretreated in vitro with penicillin (100 U/ml, overnight). The yields of LGV organisms from the penicillin-pretreated macrophages of LGV-immunized mice were 100-fold less than from the pretreated macrophages of nonimmunized control mice. At the same time, the yields of LGV organisms from penicillin-pretreated macrophages of mice immunized with trachoma, gonococcus, and HeLa cells were not different from those obtained in pretreated macrophages of nonimmunized control mice.", "PMID": 566729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7195", "title": "Correlates of alcohol arrests in a rural state.", "content": "Arrest and conviction rates for public intoxication, driving while intoxicated, and liquor law violations were correlated with population, population change, liquor sales, number of law officers, Indian population, and overall crime rate for 23 counties in Wyoming. It was concluded that increased liquor sales, but not arrest rates, are associated with population increase. Alcohol arrests are related positively to population magnitude and overall crime rate, but not to number of law officers. Counties with larger Indian populations report higher arrest rates for public intoxication and liquor law violations, but conviction rates for alcohol arrests in these counties are not different.", "contents": "Correlates of alcohol arrests in a rural state. Arrest and conviction rates for public intoxication, driving while intoxicated, and liquor law violations were correlated with population, population change, liquor sales, number of law officers, Indian population, and overall crime rate for 23 counties in Wyoming. It was concluded that increased liquor sales, but not arrest rates, are associated with population increase. Alcohol arrests are related positively to population magnitude and overall crime rate, but not to number of law officers. Counties with larger Indian populations report higher arrest rates for public intoxication and liquor law violations, but conviction rates for alcohol arrests in these counties are not different.", "PMID": 566730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7196", "title": "Studies on trypsin inhibitors. Part VIII. Synthesis of the protected octatriacontapeptide corresponding to the sequence 15-52 of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal).", "content": "The synthesis by fragment condensation of protected peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequences 15-35, 25-52 and 15-52 of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal type) is described. The Rudinger modification of the azide procedure was used in the fragment coupling steps. The tert-butyloxycarbonylheptapeptide hydrazide (sequence 22-28) was reacted with the heptapeptide methyl ester free base (sequence 29-35) and the resulting tert-butyloxycarbonyltetradecapeptide methyl ester after selective deprotection, coupled with the benzyloxycarbonylheptapeptide hydrazide (sequence 15-21) to give the protected peptide methyl ester corresponding to the 15-35 sequence which was then converted to the corresponding hydrazide. The synthesis of the 25-52 sequence was achieved by assembling the protected peptide hydrazide corresponding to the amino acid residues 25-35, with the C-terminal heptadecapeptide 36-52. The resulting protected octaeicosapeptide (sequence 25-52) was selectively deblocked with trifluoroacetic acid and acylated with the benzyloxycarbonyldecapeptide hydrazide 15-24 to give the desired octatriacontapeptide corresponding to sequence 15-52 of the inhibitor. An attempt to prepare the 15-52 sequence through the condensation of fragments corresponding to 15-35 and 36-52 sequences was unsuccessful. The identity and purity of the synthetized peptide derivatives wre established by elemental analysis (in some cases), amino acid analysis, optical rotation, and thin-layer chromatography in two solvent systems. The final products were also evaluated, after partial deprotection with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or aqueous 90% trifluoroacetic acid, by paper electrophoresis at different pH values.", "contents": "Studies on trypsin inhibitors. Part VIII. Synthesis of the protected octatriacontapeptide corresponding to the sequence 15-52 of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal). The synthesis by fragment condensation of protected peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequences 15-35, 25-52 and 15-52 of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal type) is described. The Rudinger modification of the azide procedure was used in the fragment coupling steps. The tert-butyloxycarbonylheptapeptide hydrazide (sequence 22-28) was reacted with the heptapeptide methyl ester free base (sequence 29-35) and the resulting tert-butyloxycarbonyltetradecapeptide methyl ester after selective deprotection, coupled with the benzyloxycarbonylheptapeptide hydrazide (sequence 15-21) to give the protected peptide methyl ester corresponding to the 15-35 sequence which was then converted to the corresponding hydrazide. The synthesis of the 25-52 sequence was achieved by assembling the protected peptide hydrazide corresponding to the amino acid residues 25-35, with the C-terminal heptadecapeptide 36-52. The resulting protected octaeicosapeptide (sequence 25-52) was selectively deblocked with trifluoroacetic acid and acylated with the benzyloxycarbonyldecapeptide hydrazide 15-24 to give the desired octatriacontapeptide corresponding to sequence 15-52 of the inhibitor. An attempt to prepare the 15-52 sequence through the condensation of fragments corresponding to 15-35 and 36-52 sequences was unsuccessful. The identity and purity of the synthetized peptide derivatives wre established by elemental analysis (in some cases), amino acid analysis, optical rotation, and thin-layer chromatography in two solvent systems. The final products were also evaluated, after partial deprotection with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or aqueous 90% trifluoroacetic acid, by paper electrophoresis at different pH values.", "PMID": 566731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7197", "title": "The presence of lysosomal hyaluronidase in the rabbit iris.", "content": "Lysosomal hyaluronidase in the rabbit iris was studied by means of a sensitive assay method based on carbocyanine dye binding. The enzyme activity in the lysosomal extract was proportional to both the enzyme concentration and the incubation time. When the enzyme was heated, the enzyme activity was lost completely. When the lysosomal extract was used as an enzyme source, the enzyme activity was protected by pepstatin. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 3.8 and no activity above pH 5.0.", "contents": "The presence of lysosomal hyaluronidase in the rabbit iris. Lysosomal hyaluronidase in the rabbit iris was studied by means of a sensitive assay method based on carbocyanine dye binding. The enzyme activity in the lysosomal extract was proportional to both the enzyme concentration and the incubation time. When the enzyme was heated, the enzyme activity was lost completely. When the lysosomal extract was used as an enzyme source, the enzyme activity was protected by pepstatin. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 3.8 and no activity above pH 5.0.", "PMID": 566732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7198", "title": "Association between thyrotoxicosis and thrombocytopenia. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "In a young woman who presented with hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, the platelet count returned to normal following successful treatment of the hyperthyroidism. Thromboagglutinins were present, the titer declining as the patient became euthyroid. A survey of the literature revealed 48 reports of hyperthyroidism and thrombocytopenia, these disorders coexisting in 37 patients and there being no apparent cause for the lowered platelet counts in 28 of them. The clinical features and response to treatment in the latter group and in our patient are reviewed, comprising a series of 29. Of 22 patients whose hyperthyroidism was adequately treated, platelet counts returned to normal in 18 (82%). In three patients the purpura remitted despite persistent thrombocytopenia. It is estimated that in 7% of patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenia responds to treatment of an underlying thyrotoxicosis and in many of these patients the thrombocytopenia will prove resistant to other forms of therapy.", "contents": "Association between thyrotoxicosis and thrombocytopenia. A case report and review of the literature. In a young woman who presented with hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, the platelet count returned to normal following successful treatment of the hyperthyroidism. Thromboagglutinins were present, the titer declining as the patient became euthyroid. A survey of the literature revealed 48 reports of hyperthyroidism and thrombocytopenia, these disorders coexisting in 37 patients and there being no apparent cause for the lowered platelet counts in 28 of them. The clinical features and response to treatment in the latter group and in our patient are reviewed, comprising a series of 29. Of 22 patients whose hyperthyroidism was adequately treated, platelet counts returned to normal in 18 (82%). In three patients the purpura remitted despite persistent thrombocytopenia. It is estimated that in 7% of patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenia responds to treatment of an underlying thyrotoxicosis and in many of these patients the thrombocytopenia will prove resistant to other forms of therapy.", "PMID": 566733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7199", "title": "Prepubertal XX male with profound physical and mental deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa and multiple congenital anomalies.", "content": "A unique case of a prepubertal XX male with profound mental and physical retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, ambiguous genitalia and multiple congenital anomalies is reported. His clinical, genetic, dermatoglyphic and histological findings are presented. This case could represent a new multiple congenital malformation syndrome. Theories on XX male aetiology are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Prepubertal XX male with profound physical and mental deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa and multiple congenital anomalies. A unique case of a prepubertal XX male with profound mental and physical retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, ambiguous genitalia and multiple congenital anomalies is reported. His clinical, genetic, dermatoglyphic and histological findings are presented. This case could represent a new multiple congenital malformation syndrome. Theories on XX male aetiology are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 566736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7200", "title": "Leaching of glycosaminoglycan from cow uterus and vagina into fixative solution.", "content": "Samples from the genital tract of two cows in metoestrus and two in dioestrus were fixed with formalin-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and the amount of glycosaminoglycan leached into this histological fixative was estimated using an Alcian Blue method. Uronic acid content was estimated by a carbazole method. Total glycosaminoglycan was estimated after digestion with papain. No more than 10% of the glycosaminoglycan was soluble in the fixative and in comsequence 90% is potentially stainable by  Alcian Blue in tissue sections. Total glycosaminoglycan in uterus and vagina is higher in metoestrus than in dioestrus. Estimation of uronic acid in the leached material confirmed the results and indicated that little of it consisted of mucin or keratan sulphate.", "contents": "Leaching of glycosaminoglycan from cow uterus and vagina into fixative solution. Samples from the genital tract of two cows in metoestrus and two in dioestrus were fixed with formalin-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and the amount of glycosaminoglycan leached into this histological fixative was estimated using an Alcian Blue method. Uronic acid content was estimated by a carbazole method. Total glycosaminoglycan was estimated after digestion with papain. No more than 10% of the glycosaminoglycan was soluble in the fixative and in comsequence 90% is potentially stainable by  Alcian Blue in tissue sections. Total glycosaminoglycan in uterus and vagina is higher in metoestrus than in dioestrus. Estimation of uronic acid in the leached material confirmed the results and indicated that little of it consisted of mucin or keratan sulphate.", "PMID": 566737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7201", "title": "Some practical considerations in the assessment and treatment of adolescent girls with separation problems.", "content": "Five cases are presented of adolescent girls with severe problems in leaving home. Though the psychodynamics were similar (preoedipal conflicts in the separation-individuation phase), the psychopathology and underlying causative factors were different in each case. Factors to be considered in the initial diagnostic assessment are outlined. These include constitutional and congenital factors, the developmental history, maternal emotional illness, and gene-environment interactions. Various treatment modalities are described and illustrated. In four of the cases specific parameters were necessary, particularly behavioral technics and conjoint family therapy. The manner in which the analyst may serve, in cases amenable to psychoanalytic treatment, as transference object plus real object is discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "Some practical considerations in the assessment and treatment of adolescent girls with separation problems. Five cases are presented of adolescent girls with severe problems in leaving home. Though the psychodynamics were similar (preoedipal conflicts in the separation-individuation phase), the psychopathology and underlying causative factors were different in each case. Factors to be considered in the initial diagnostic assessment are outlined. These include constitutional and congenital factors, the developmental history, maternal emotional illness, and gene-environment interactions. Various treatment modalities are described and illustrated. In four of the cases specific parameters were necessary, particularly behavioral technics and conjoint family therapy. The manner in which the analyst may serve, in cases amenable to psychoanalytic treatment, as transference object plus real object is discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 566738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7202", "title": "Effect of calcium on ion transport and electrical properties of tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Active transport of Cl- toward the tracheal lumen and Na+ away from the lumen creates an electrical potential difference across dog tracheal epithelium. This study examined in vitro the effect of varying calcium concentration in the bathing media on the ion transport and electrical properties of dog tracheal epithelium. In six pairs of epithelia, changing calcium concentration from 1.9 to 0 mM resulted in a significant decrease in electrical resistance, from 318 +/- 36 to 214 +/- 24 omega.cm2. Short-circuit current and net Cl- and Na+ fluxes measured under short-circuit conditions were not changed significantly. Changing calcium concentration from 1.9 to 10 mM resulted in no significant change from control in the electrical properties nor in net Cl- and Na+ fluxes (short-circuit conditions). Histamine (10(-4) M) produced a significantly smaller increase in short-circuit current in 0 than in 1.9 mM Ca2+ (+5 +/- 2 vs. +12 +/- 2 microamperemeter/cm2). However, electrical changes were not significantly different in 1 or 10 mM Ca2+. These results indicate that calcium lack increased permeability of tracheal epithelium and that the increase in short-circuit current due to histamine depended in part on calcium.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on ion transport and electrical properties of tracheal epithelium. Active transport of Cl- toward the tracheal lumen and Na+ away from the lumen creates an electrical potential difference across dog tracheal epithelium. This study examined in vitro the effect of varying calcium concentration in the bathing media on the ion transport and electrical properties of dog tracheal epithelium. In six pairs of epithelia, changing calcium concentration from 1.9 to 0 mM resulted in a significant decrease in electrical resistance, from 318 +/- 36 to 214 +/- 24 omega.cm2. Short-circuit current and net Cl- and Na+ fluxes measured under short-circuit conditions were not changed significantly. Changing calcium concentration from 1.9 to 10 mM resulted in no significant change from control in the electrical properties nor in net Cl- and Na+ fluxes (short-circuit conditions). Histamine (10(-4) M) produced a significantly smaller increase in short-circuit current in 0 than in 1.9 mM Ca2+ (+5 +/- 2 vs. +12 +/- 2 microamperemeter/cm2). However, electrical changes were not significantly different in 1 or 10 mM Ca2+. These results indicate that calcium lack increased permeability of tracheal epithelium and that the increase in short-circuit current due to histamine depended in part on calcium.", "PMID": 566739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7203", "title": "High Dipetalonema reconditum microfilarial counts in two dogs.", "content": "Dipetalonema reconditum microfilarial counts of 509 and 932/ml of blood, respectively, were found in 2 dogs thought to have been infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The high counts were attributed to a state of immunosuppression. It was concluded that microfilarial width is a more reliable criterion that microfilarial numbers for the differentiation of D immitis and D reconditum infections. For reliable width measurements, it is necessary to use the modified Knott or polycarbonate filter techniques, inasmuch as the cellulose filter technique gives misleading results.", "contents": "High Dipetalonema reconditum microfilarial counts in two dogs. Dipetalonema reconditum microfilarial counts of 509 and 932/ml of blood, respectively, were found in 2 dogs thought to have been infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The high counts were attributed to a state of immunosuppression. It was concluded that microfilarial width is a more reliable criterion that microfilarial numbers for the differentiation of D immitis and D reconditum infections. For reliable width measurements, it is necessary to use the modified Knott or polycarbonate filter techniques, inasmuch as the cellulose filter technique gives misleading results.", "PMID": 566740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7204", "title": "Central nervous system depression associated with glucocorticoid ingestion in a dog.", "content": "Signs of a central nervous system disorder were observed following 2 instances of accidental ingestion of glucocorticoid in a young female Doberman Pinscher. The signs included transient aggressive and paranoid behavior, amaurosis, disorientation, ataxia with circling backward, and depression. Vomiting, weight loss, and abnormal drinking behavior persisted for several weeks following recovery from the acute illness.", "contents": "Central nervous system depression associated with glucocorticoid ingestion in a dog. Signs of a central nervous system disorder were observed following 2 instances of accidental ingestion of glucocorticoid in a young female Doberman Pinscher. The signs included transient aggressive and paranoid behavior, amaurosis, disorientation, ataxia with circling backward, and depression. Vomiting, weight loss, and abnormal drinking behavior persisted for several weeks following recovery from the acute illness.", "PMID": 566744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7205", "title": "Effects of endometrial biopsy, uterine culture, and cervical dilatation on the equine estrous cycle.", "content": "In 10 mares, lysis of the corpus luteum was induced by endometrial biopsy and culture on day 4 after estrus, as evidenced by a sharp decline in serum progesterone concentration and a shortened interestrous interval. Estrus following the manipulations was prolonged. Endometrial biopsy and culture on days 1 and 3 after estrus or manually dilating the cervix on day 4 after estrus also decreased the serum progesterone concentration (within 24--48 hr after manipulation), shortened diestrus, and prolonged the subsequent estrus. In a 2nd experiment, endometrial biopsy on day 4 after estrus shortened the estrous cycle and diestrous period and prolonged the subsequent estrus. It was postulated that these manipulations stimulated corpus luteum regression, followed by estrus and ovulation in the mare.", "contents": "Effects of endometrial biopsy, uterine culture, and cervical dilatation on the equine estrous cycle. In 10 mares, lysis of the corpus luteum was induced by endometrial biopsy and culture on day 4 after estrus, as evidenced by a sharp decline in serum progesterone concentration and a shortened interestrous interval. Estrus following the manipulations was prolonged. Endometrial biopsy and culture on days 1 and 3 after estrus or manually dilating the cervix on day 4 after estrus also decreased the serum progesterone concentration (within 24--48 hr after manipulation), shortened diestrus, and prolonged the subsequent estrus. In a 2nd experiment, endometrial biopsy on day 4 after estrus shortened the estrous cycle and diestrous period and prolonged the subsequent estrus. It was postulated that these manipulations stimulated corpus luteum regression, followed by estrus and ovulation in the mare.", "PMID": 566745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7206", "title": "Differential development of autistic symptoms in a pair of fraternal twins.", "content": "The following case study reports the differential development of autistic symptoms over a 9-year period in a pair of fraternal twins. Neither of the twins developed normally. Evaluations revealed that although the older (male) twin showed some early signs of pathology and suffered from frequent illnesses, he ultimately has developed more normally than his sister, who likely sustained brain damage as a result of perinatal anoxia. Significant improvements has occurred in both cases. Diagnostic, etiological, and treatment implications are discussed.", "contents": "Differential development of autistic symptoms in a pair of fraternal twins. The following case study reports the differential development of autistic symptoms over a 9-year period in a pair of fraternal twins. Neither of the twins developed normally. Evaluations revealed that although the older (male) twin showed some early signs of pathology and suffered from frequent illnesses, he ultimately has developed more normally than his sister, who likely sustained brain damage as a result of perinatal anoxia. Significant improvements has occurred in both cases. Diagnostic, etiological, and treatment implications are discussed.", "PMID": 566750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7207", "title": "Effect of sodium chloride on changing the rate-limiting step in the human placental choline acetyltransferase reaction.", "content": "The kinetic constants, Km and Vmax, for the choline acetyltransferase reaction were determined for choline and eight choline analogs under conditions of high (0.3 M) and low (approximately 0.01 M) sodium chloride. At high sodium chloride, the maximal velocities of the different substrates varied over 27-fold, while at low sodium chloride, less than a 5-fold variation was observed. Dead-end inhibition studies using acetylaminocholine as the inhibitor showed that under conditions of high sodium chloride, inhibition changes from noncompetitive to competitive as the reactivity of the substrate decreases. Under conditions of low sodium chloride, acetylaminocholine inhibition is nonlinear and noncompetitive with respect to all substrates tested. These results suggest that increased ionic strength increases the rate of coenzyme A dissociation from the enzyme. The rate-determining step of the reaction can be ternary complex interconversion, coenzyme A release, or both, depending on the ionic strength and the substrate employed.", "contents": "Effect of sodium chloride on changing the rate-limiting step in the human placental choline acetyltransferase reaction. The kinetic constants, Km and Vmax, for the choline acetyltransferase reaction were determined for choline and eight choline analogs under conditions of high (0.3 M) and low (approximately 0.01 M) sodium chloride. At high sodium chloride, the maximal velocities of the different substrates varied over 27-fold, while at low sodium chloride, less than a 5-fold variation was observed. Dead-end inhibition studies using acetylaminocholine as the inhibitor showed that under conditions of high sodium chloride, inhibition changes from noncompetitive to competitive as the reactivity of the substrate decreases. Under conditions of low sodium chloride, acetylaminocholine inhibition is nonlinear and noncompetitive with respect to all substrates tested. These results suggest that increased ionic strength increases the rate of coenzyme A dissociation from the enzyme. The rate-determining step of the reaction can be ternary complex interconversion, coenzyme A release, or both, depending on the ionic strength and the substrate employed.", "PMID": 566752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7208", "title": "Purification and characterization of the sex steroid-binding protein of rabbit serum. Comparison with the human protein.", "content": "The sex steroid-binding protein (rSBP) of immature rabbit serum was purified to homogeneity by the sequential use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-17 beta-succinyl-diaminoethyl-(1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)-agarose, agarose (Bio-Gel-A-0.5m) gel filtration, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cumulative yield is 13%. Homogeneity of rSBP was shown by the equilibrium sedimentation ultracentrifugation in 6 M guanidine HCl containing 0.1 M mercaptoethanol which yields an average molecular weight of 36,475 +/- 865. Analytical gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and gel filtration on agarose yield a molecular weight of 57,000 and 120,000, respectively. The variation is due to a 30% carbohydrate content. The amino acid composition is reported. Comparison of the rabbit and human SBP indicate that they are different in both their molecular and functional properties.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the sex steroid-binding protein of rabbit serum. Comparison with the human protein. The sex steroid-binding protein (rSBP) of immature rabbit serum was purified to homogeneity by the sequential use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-17 beta-succinyl-diaminoethyl-(1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)-agarose, agarose (Bio-Gel-A-0.5m) gel filtration, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cumulative yield is 13%. Homogeneity of rSBP was shown by the equilibrium sedimentation ultracentrifugation in 6 M guanidine HCl containing 0.1 M mercaptoethanol which yields an average molecular weight of 36,475 +/- 865. Analytical gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and gel filtration on agarose yield a molecular weight of 57,000 and 120,000, respectively. The variation is due to a 30% carbohydrate content. The amino acid composition is reported. Comparison of the rabbit and human SBP indicate that they are different in both their molecular and functional properties.", "PMID": 566754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7209", "title": "Topical hemostatic agents for bone bleeding in humans. A quantitative comparison of gelatin paste, gelatin sponge plus bovine thrombin, and microfibrillar collagen.", "content": "The three topical hemostatic agents--gelatin paste, microfibrillar collagen, and gelatin sponge soaked in thrombin--individually were effective in reducing bleeding from cancellous bone, as tested on the femoral surface of trochanteric osteotomies during total hip replacement. During a three-minute interval, the spontaneous reduction in bleeding in eight control hips to which no agent was applied was 11 per cent. Gelatin paste gave a reduction of 85 per cent; gelatin sponge soaked in thrombin, a reduction of 75 per cent; and microfibrillar collagen, a reduction of 47 per cent. None of these agents interfered with healing of the trochanteric osteotomy.", "contents": "Topical hemostatic agents for bone bleeding in humans. A quantitative comparison of gelatin paste, gelatin sponge plus bovine thrombin, and microfibrillar collagen. The three topical hemostatic agents--gelatin paste, microfibrillar collagen, and gelatin sponge soaked in thrombin--individually were effective in reducing bleeding from cancellous bone, as tested on the femoral surface of trochanteric osteotomies during total hip replacement. During a three-minute interval, the spontaneous reduction in bleeding in eight control hips to which no agent was applied was 11 per cent. Gelatin paste gave a reduction of 85 per cent; gelatin sponge soaked in thrombin, a reduction of 75 per cent; and microfibrillar collagen, a reduction of 47 per cent. None of these agents interfered with healing of the trochanteric osteotomy.", "PMID": 566756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7210", "title": "Secretory kinetics in the follicular cells of silkmoths during eggshell formation.", "content": "Procedures for quantitative autoradiography were used for studying the process of secretion of eggshell (chorion) proteins in the follicular epithelium of silkmoths. The method was based on photometric measurements of the reflectance of vertically illuminated autoradiographic silver grains. Results were analyzed and plotted by computer. Secretory kinetics were also determined by analysis of labeled proteins in physically separated epithelium and chorion. Rapid accumulation of radioactivity into \"clumps\" visualized by light microscope autoradiography and evidence from preliminary electron microscope autoradiography indicate that, within 2 min from the time of synthesis, labeled chorion proteins move to Golgi regions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The proteins begin to accumulate in the apical area 10-20 min later and to be discharged from the cell. The time for half-secretion is 20-25 min, and discharge is essentially complete 30-50 min after labeling. At the developmental stages examined, the kinetics of secretion appear to be similar for all proteins. Within the chorion the proteins rapidly assume a characteristic distribution, which varies for different developmental stages. Two relatively slow steps have been identified in secretion, associated with residence in Golgi regions and in the cell apex, respectively. By contrast, translocation of proteins across the cell and deposition of discharged proteins in the chorion are rapid steps.", "contents": "Secretory kinetics in the follicular cells of silkmoths during eggshell formation. Procedures for quantitative autoradiography were used for studying the process of secretion of eggshell (chorion) proteins in the follicular epithelium of silkmoths. The method was based on photometric measurements of the reflectance of vertically illuminated autoradiographic silver grains. Results were analyzed and plotted by computer. Secretory kinetics were also determined by analysis of labeled proteins in physically separated epithelium and chorion. Rapid accumulation of radioactivity into \"clumps\" visualized by light microscope autoradiography and evidence from preliminary electron microscope autoradiography indicate that, within 2 min from the time of synthesis, labeled chorion proteins move to Golgi regions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The proteins begin to accumulate in the apical area 10-20 min later and to be discharged from the cell. The time for half-secretion is 20-25 min, and discharge is essentially complete 30-50 min after labeling. At the developmental stages examined, the kinetics of secretion appear to be similar for all proteins. Within the chorion the proteins rapidly assume a characteristic distribution, which varies for different developmental stages. Two relatively slow steps have been identified in secretion, associated with residence in Golgi regions and in the cell apex, respectively. By contrast, translocation of proteins across the cell and deposition of discharged proteins in the chorion are rapid steps.", "PMID": 566758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7211", "title": "Mechanism for the selection of nuclear polypeptides in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "The function of the nuclear envelope in regulating the cellular distribution of proteins was studied by experimentally altering nuclear permeability and determing the effect of the procedure on the incorporation of exogenous and endogenous polypeptides into the nucleoplasm. Using fine glass needles, nuclear envelopes were disrupted by puncturing oocytes in that region of the animal pole occupied by the germinal vesicle. This resulted in a highly significant increase in the nuclear uptake of cytoplasmically injected [125I]-bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA), deomonstrating that the envelopes had lost their capacity to act as effective barriers to the diffusion of macromolecules. Endogenous proteins were labeled by incubating oocytes in L-[3H]lecuine. After appropriate intervals, nuclei were isolated from punctured and control cells and analyzed for tritiated polypeptides. Both total precipitable counts and the proportion of label in different size classes of polypeptides were compared. The results showed that puncturing the oocytes had no apparent quantitative or qualitative effects on the uptake of endogenous polypeptides by the nuclei. It can be concluded that the accumulation of specific nuclear proteins is not controlled by the envelope but rather by selective binding within the nucleoplasm.", "contents": "Mechanism for the selection of nuclear polypeptides in Xenopus oocytes. The function of the nuclear envelope in regulating the cellular distribution of proteins was studied by experimentally altering nuclear permeability and determing the effect of the procedure on the incorporation of exogenous and endogenous polypeptides into the nucleoplasm. Using fine glass needles, nuclear envelopes were disrupted by puncturing oocytes in that region of the animal pole occupied by the germinal vesicle. This resulted in a highly significant increase in the nuclear uptake of cytoplasmically injected [125I]-bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA), deomonstrating that the envelopes had lost their capacity to act as effective barriers to the diffusion of macromolecules. Endogenous proteins were labeled by incubating oocytes in L-[3H]lecuine. After appropriate intervals, nuclei were isolated from punctured and control cells and analyzed for tritiated polypeptides. Both total precipitable counts and the proportion of label in different size classes of polypeptides were compared. The results showed that puncturing the oocytes had no apparent quantitative or qualitative effects on the uptake of endogenous polypeptides by the nuclei. It can be concluded that the accumulation of specific nuclear proteins is not controlled by the envelope but rather by selective binding within the nucleoplasm.", "PMID": 566759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7212", "title": "Thin (actin) and thick (myosinlike) filaments in cone contraction in the teleost retina.", "content": "The long slender retinal cones of fishes shorten in the light and elongate in the dark. Light-induced cone shortening provides a useful model for stuying nonmuscle contraction because it is linear, slow, and repetitive. Cone cells contain both thin (actin) and thick (myosinlike) filaments oriented parallel to the axis of contraction. This study examines the polarities of the cone's thin filaments and the changes in filament distribution which accompany light-induced contraction, in an attempt to elucidate the structural basis for the cone's contractile process. The proximal half of the cone is fixed to its cellular neighbors in the outer nuclear layer while the distal half is free. Thus, all shortening takes place in a necklike region (the myoid) in the distal half of the cone which extends into the space between the neural retina and the pigmented retinal epithelium. Thin filaments are found throughout the length of the cone, whereas thick filaments occur predominantly in the proximal (axon) regions of both light- and dark-adapted cones. Thus, thick filaments are primarily localized outside the region where shortening takes place. Observations from myosin subfragment-1 binding studies suggest that the cone's thin filaments are organized into two opposing sets. In the distal half of the cone (including the myoid), virtually all filaments have proximally directed arrowheads. In the more proximal regions of the axon, many thin filaments have opposite polarity, their arrowheads being distally directed. Near the synaptic proximal end of the light-adapted (contracted) cone, filaments of opposite polarities occur in approximately equal numbers. Thus, in the cone axon there appear to be two overlapping sets of actin filaments whose opposite polarities correspond to the two actin halves of a muscle sarcomere. In elongated, dark-adapted cones, thick filaments are localized throughout the axon region of the cone. In light, thick filaments accumulate towards the proximal end of the cone. These observations are consistent with a \"sliding hypothesis\" for cone contraction, in which thick myosinlike filaments produce sliding interdigitation of the two sets of oppositely directed actin filaments in the proximal axon region. Thus, the myoid thin filaments would be essentially reeled into the axon region to produce shortening. The mechanism of re-elongation depends on microtubules, as discussed in the companion paper.", "contents": "Thin (actin) and thick (myosinlike) filaments in cone contraction in the teleost retina. The long slender retinal cones of fishes shorten in the light and elongate in the dark. Light-induced cone shortening provides a useful model for stuying nonmuscle contraction because it is linear, slow, and repetitive. Cone cells contain both thin (actin) and thick (myosinlike) filaments oriented parallel to the axis of contraction. This study examines the polarities of the cone's thin filaments and the changes in filament distribution which accompany light-induced contraction, in an attempt to elucidate the structural basis for the cone's contractile process. The proximal half of the cone is fixed to its cellular neighbors in the outer nuclear layer while the distal half is free. Thus, all shortening takes place in a necklike region (the myoid) in the distal half of the cone which extends into the space between the neural retina and the pigmented retinal epithelium. Thin filaments are found throughout the length of the cone, whereas thick filaments occur predominantly in the proximal (axon) regions of both light- and dark-adapted cones. Thus, thick filaments are primarily localized outside the region where shortening takes place. Observations from myosin subfragment-1 binding studies suggest that the cone's thin filaments are organized into two opposing sets. In the distal half of the cone (including the myoid), virtually all filaments have proximally directed arrowheads. In the more proximal regions of the axon, many thin filaments have opposite polarity, their arrowheads being distally directed. Near the synaptic proximal end of the light-adapted (contracted) cone, filaments of opposite polarities occur in approximately equal numbers. Thus, in the cone axon there appear to be two overlapping sets of actin filaments whose opposite polarities correspond to the two actin halves of a muscle sarcomere. In elongated, dark-adapted cones, thick filaments are localized throughout the axon region of the cone. In light, thick filaments accumulate towards the proximal end of the cone. These observations are consistent with a \"sliding hypothesis\" for cone contraction, in which thick myosinlike filaments produce sliding interdigitation of the two sets of oppositely directed actin filaments in the proximal axon region. Thus, the myoid thin filaments would be essentially reeled into the axon region to produce shortening. The mechanism of re-elongation depends on microtubules, as discussed in the companion paper.", "PMID": 566760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7213", "title": "Actin content and organization in normal and transformed cells in culture.", "content": "The amount of actin and total protein per cell in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells in culture is initially high in very low density cultures, but rapidly decreases as the cells come into contact in higher density cultures. In a viral transformant of NRK (442), the level of actin and total protein does not change significantly from low to high density cultures. NRK cells, which are flattened against the substrate, have prominent bundles of actinlike microfilaments in the basal cytoplasm adjacent to the substrate. 442 cells, which adhere poorly and are more spherical in shape, lack well-organized basal microfilament bundles, but may display microfilament bundles in cytoplasmic processes extending from the cell body. The percentage of insoluble actin is less than 20% in both cell lines, and 442 cells consistently contain smaller amounts than NRK cells.", "contents": "Actin content and organization in normal and transformed cells in culture. The amount of actin and total protein per cell in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells in culture is initially high in very low density cultures, but rapidly decreases as the cells come into contact in higher density cultures. In a viral transformant of NRK (442), the level of actin and total protein does not change significantly from low to high density cultures. NRK cells, which are flattened against the substrate, have prominent bundles of actinlike microfilaments in the basal cytoplasm adjacent to the substrate. 442 cells, which adhere poorly and are more spherical in shape, lack well-organized basal microfilament bundles, but may display microfilament bundles in cytoplasmic processes extending from the cell body. The percentage of insoluble actin is less than 20% in both cell lines, and 442 cells consistently contain smaller amounts than NRK cells.", "PMID": 566761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7214", "title": "Laser microbeam study of a rotary motor in termite flagellates. Evidence that the axostyle complex generates torque.", "content": "A rotary motor in a termite flagellate continually turns the anterior part of the cell (head) in a clockwise direction. Previous descriptive observations implicated the noncontractile axostyle, which runs through the cell like a drive shaft, in the motile mechanism. This study demonstrates directly that the axostyle complex generates torque, and describes serval of its dynamic properties. By laser microbeam irradiation, the axostyle is broken into an anterior segment attached to the cell's head, and a posterior segment which projects caudally as a thin spike, or axostylar projection. Before lasing, both head and axostylar projection rotate at the same speed. After breaking the axostyle, the rotation velocity of the head decreases, depending on the length of the anterior segment. Head speed is not a linear function of axostyle length, however. In contrast, the rotation velocity of the axostylar projection always increases about 1.5 times after lasing, regardless of the length of the posterior segment. Turning the head is thus a load on the axostylar rotary motor, but the speed of the posterior segment represents the free-running motor. A third, middle segment of the axostyle, not connected to the head or axostylar projection, can also rotate independently. No ultrastructural differences were found along the length of the axostyle complex, except at the very anterior end; lenth-velocity data suggest that this region may not be able to generate torque. An electric model of the axostylar rotary motor is presented to help understand the length-velocity data.", "contents": "Laser microbeam study of a rotary motor in termite flagellates. Evidence that the axostyle complex generates torque. A rotary motor in a termite flagellate continually turns the anterior part of the cell (head) in a clockwise direction. Previous descriptive observations implicated the noncontractile axostyle, which runs through the cell like a drive shaft, in the motile mechanism. This study demonstrates directly that the axostyle complex generates torque, and describes serval of its dynamic properties. By laser microbeam irradiation, the axostyle is broken into an anterior segment attached to the cell's head, and a posterior segment which projects caudally as a thin spike, or axostylar projection. Before lasing, both head and axostylar projection rotate at the same speed. After breaking the axostyle, the rotation velocity of the head decreases, depending on the length of the anterior segment. Head speed is not a linear function of axostyle length, however. In contrast, the rotation velocity of the axostylar projection always increases about 1.5 times after lasing, regardless of the length of the posterior segment. Turning the head is thus a load on the axostylar rotary motor, but the speed of the posterior segment represents the free-running motor. A third, middle segment of the axostyle, not connected to the head or axostylar projection, can also rotate independently. No ultrastructural differences were found along the length of the axostyle complex, except at the very anterior end; lenth-velocity data suggest that this region may not be able to generate torque. An electric model of the axostylar rotary motor is presented to help understand the length-velocity data.", "PMID": 566762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7215", "title": "Biochemical and immunological analysis of rapidly purified 10-nm filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells.", "content": "Juxtanuclear birefringent caps (FC) containing 10-nm filaments form during the early stages of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell spreading. FC are isolated from spreading cells after replating by treatment with 0.6 M KCl, 1% Triton X-100 (Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) and DNase I in phosphate-buffered saline. Purified FC are birefringent and retain the pattern of distribution of 10-nm filaments that is seen in situ. Up to 90% of the FC protein is resolved as two polypeptides of approximately 54,000 and 55,000 molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels. The protein is immunologically and biochemically distinct from tubulin as determined by indirect immunofluorescence, double immunodiffusion, one-dimensional peptide mapping by limited proteolysis in SDS gels, and amino acid analysis. The BHK-21 FC amino acid composition, however, is very similar to that obtained for 10-nm filament protein derived from other sources including brain and smooth muscle. Partial disassembly of 10-nm filaments has been achieved by treatment of FC with 6 mM sodium-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The solubilized components assemble into distinct 10-nm filaments upon the addition of 0.171 M sodium chloride.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological analysis of rapidly purified 10-nm filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. Juxtanuclear birefringent caps (FC) containing 10-nm filaments form during the early stages of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell spreading. FC are isolated from spreading cells after replating by treatment with 0.6 M KCl, 1% Triton X-100 (Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) and DNase I in phosphate-buffered saline. Purified FC are birefringent and retain the pattern of distribution of 10-nm filaments that is seen in situ. Up to 90% of the FC protein is resolved as two polypeptides of approximately 54,000 and 55,000 molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels. The protein is immunologically and biochemically distinct from tubulin as determined by indirect immunofluorescence, double immunodiffusion, one-dimensional peptide mapping by limited proteolysis in SDS gels, and amino acid analysis. The BHK-21 FC amino acid composition, however, is very similar to that obtained for 10-nm filament protein derived from other sources including brain and smooth muscle. Partial disassembly of 10-nm filaments has been achieved by treatment of FC with 6 mM sodium-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The solubilized components assemble into distinct 10-nm filaments upon the addition of 0.171 M sodium chloride.", "PMID": 566763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7216", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium in unfertilized sea-urchin eggs.", "content": "The pyroantimonate technique was employed to identify the binding sites for calcium in unfertilized Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs. Since antimony is non-specific and binds with a variety of cations, the indentification of calcium was established by specific chelation with ethyleneglycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) and X-ray microprobe analysis. Antimony deposits were observed on the egg's membranes, i.e. plasma, cortical (secretory) granule, pigment granule, smooth-surfaced vesicle, and yolk platelet. Deposits were also observed in the mitochondria, rod-containing vesicles, and the vitelline layer. Two types of yolk platelets were observed: a more numerous electron-opaque platelet which had precipitate along its limiting membrane as well as within the stored-matrix substance, and a less-frequently seen platelet with lower electron opacity which contained precipitate only along its limiting membrane. Deposits were reduced at all sites following exposure of eggs to EGTA either prior to or after osmium-antimonate fixation. Initial fixation in glutaraldehyde followed by postfixation in osmium-antimonate solutions provided better preservation of structure but less precipitation than direct fixation in osmium-antimonate. The organelle sites of calcium binding identified within unfertilized sea-urchin eggs may participate in stimulus-secretion coupling (exocytosis of the cortical granules) and the activation of embryogenesis at fertilization.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium in unfertilized sea-urchin eggs. The pyroantimonate technique was employed to identify the binding sites for calcium in unfertilized Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs. Since antimony is non-specific and binds with a variety of cations, the indentification of calcium was established by specific chelation with ethyleneglycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) and X-ray microprobe analysis. Antimony deposits were observed on the egg's membranes, i.e. plasma, cortical (secretory) granule, pigment granule, smooth-surfaced vesicle, and yolk platelet. Deposits were also observed in the mitochondria, rod-containing vesicles, and the vitelline layer. Two types of yolk platelets were observed: a more numerous electron-opaque platelet which had precipitate along its limiting membrane as well as within the stored-matrix substance, and a less-frequently seen platelet with lower electron opacity which contained precipitate only along its limiting membrane. Deposits were reduced at all sites following exposure of eggs to EGTA either prior to or after osmium-antimonate fixation. Initial fixation in glutaraldehyde followed by postfixation in osmium-antimonate solutions provided better preservation of structure but less precipitation than direct fixation in osmium-antimonate. The organelle sites of calcium binding identified within unfertilized sea-urchin eggs may participate in stimulus-secretion coupling (exocytosis of the cortical granules) and the activation of embryogenesis at fertilization.", "PMID": 566764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7217", "title": "Intracellular fibres in cultured cells: analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The 3-dimensional structure of the fibrous cytoskeleton of 3T3 cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy of cells extracted with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. Detergent-extracted cells consist of the nucleus and an extensive system of fibres, the largest of which correspond to stress fibres visible by phase-contrast microscopy. The system of fibres, which is coterminous with the borders of the native cell, remains firmly adherent to the substratum. The major fibres branch into smaller fibrils which appear to end by ravelling out into fine filaments that constitute a matted network in a plane very close to that of the substratum. In the nuclear region all the major fibres pass over the top of the nucleus, where they may also branch into a system of fine fibrils. Thin-section transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with heavy meromyosin treatment of extracted cells shows the fibres to be composed of native F-actin. Intermediate filaments are also present, and are prominent in the matted network, together with actin filaments. The major proteins of the residue are identified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as actin, a 56000 Dalton peptide, and histones. Also present are myosin heavy chain, peptides of 225,000 and 250,000, and minor bands at 60,000 and 94,000 Daltons. The non-ionic detergent extracts 70% of the cellular protein, including 50% of the actin and 75% of the myosin. The Triton-insoluble fraction of 3T3 cells appears to constitute, in addition to the nucleus, a stable cytoskeletal system, composed largely of contractile proteins and 10-nm filaments, which functions in maintenance of cell shape, in substratum adhesion, and in positioning the nucleus within the cell.", "contents": "Intracellular fibres in cultured cells: analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 3-dimensional structure of the fibrous cytoskeleton of 3T3 cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy of cells extracted with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. Detergent-extracted cells consist of the nucleus and an extensive system of fibres, the largest of which correspond to stress fibres visible by phase-contrast microscopy. The system of fibres, which is coterminous with the borders of the native cell, remains firmly adherent to the substratum. The major fibres branch into smaller fibrils which appear to end by ravelling out into fine filaments that constitute a matted network in a plane very close to that of the substratum. In the nuclear region all the major fibres pass over the top of the nucleus, where they may also branch into a system of fine fibrils. Thin-section transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with heavy meromyosin treatment of extracted cells shows the fibres to be composed of native F-actin. Intermediate filaments are also present, and are prominent in the matted network, together with actin filaments. The major proteins of the residue are identified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as actin, a 56000 Dalton peptide, and histones. Also present are myosin heavy chain, peptides of 225,000 and 250,000, and minor bands at 60,000 and 94,000 Daltons. The non-ionic detergent extracts 70% of the cellular protein, including 50% of the actin and 75% of the myosin. The Triton-insoluble fraction of 3T3 cells appears to constitute, in addition to the nucleus, a stable cytoskeletal system, composed largely of contractile proteins and 10-nm filaments, which functions in maintenance of cell shape, in substratum adhesion, and in positioning the nucleus within the cell.", "PMID": 566765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7218", "title": "Direct visualization of the 10-nm (100-A)-filament network in whole and enucleated cultured cells.", "content": "Following extraction of actomyosin and tubulin from cultured cells treated with Triton X-100, a cytoskeleton remains which is composed predominantly of the cell nucleus encompassed by a network of 10-nm filaments. After negative staining the dense perinuclear region appears as a densely woven filament net punctuated by patches of high electron density. Enucleation of 3T3 cells with cytochalasin B gives rise to karyoplasts surronunded by 10-nm filaments and cytoplasts in which 10-nm filaments remain situated in the central region of the cytoplasm. While the 10-nm filaments occurred mainly as single filaments in human skin fibroblasts and 3T3 cells, in epithelioid PtK1 and PtK2 cells they were commonly associated in prominent meandering bundles. In addition, in these latter cells after Triton extraction the remaining ribosomes were bound specifically to the 10-nm-filament net. After exposure of 3T3 cells to cytochalasin B the 10-nm filaments formed branches that radiated from the perinuclear region into the immobile cell extensions. Concavalin A had no marked effect on the distribution of the 10-nm-filament net. The results suggest that the 10-nm filaments act primarily as structural elements, serving, in particular, to support and constrain the nucleus in its position in the cell.", "contents": "Direct visualization of the 10-nm (100-A)-filament network in whole and enucleated cultured cells. Following extraction of actomyosin and tubulin from cultured cells treated with Triton X-100, a cytoskeleton remains which is composed predominantly of the cell nucleus encompassed by a network of 10-nm filaments. After negative staining the dense perinuclear region appears as a densely woven filament net punctuated by patches of high electron density. Enucleation of 3T3 cells with cytochalasin B gives rise to karyoplasts surronunded by 10-nm filaments and cytoplasts in which 10-nm filaments remain situated in the central region of the cytoplasm. While the 10-nm filaments occurred mainly as single filaments in human skin fibroblasts and 3T3 cells, in epithelioid PtK1 and PtK2 cells they were commonly associated in prominent meandering bundles. In addition, in these latter cells after Triton extraction the remaining ribosomes were bound specifically to the 10-nm-filament net. After exposure of 3T3 cells to cytochalasin B the 10-nm filaments formed branches that radiated from the perinuclear region into the immobile cell extensions. Concavalin A had no marked effect on the distribution of the 10-nm-filament net. The results suggest that the 10-nm filaments act primarily as structural elements, serving, in particular, to support and constrain the nucleus in its position in the cell.", "PMID": 566766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7219", "title": "Comparative evaluation of a modified zinc sulfate flotation technique.", "content": "A modified zinc sulfate flotation technique using Formalinized fecal specimens (F-ZnSO4) was compared to the Formalin-ether (FE) concentration method for the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Many laboratories have difficulty storing, using, and disposing of either and need a procedure for concentrating fecal specimens which does not require ether. Comparative data were obtained for the recovery of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs and larvae from feces preserved in Formalin less than and longer than 1 month. Whereas the FE method was found generally to be more efficient, F-ZnSO4 was apparently more effective for the recovery of some species of parasites. F-ZnSO4 was not satisfactory for recovery of schistosome eggs. We conclude that, except for schistosomes, F-ZnSO4 compares favorably to the FE method for detecting infections of clinical significance.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of a modified zinc sulfate flotation technique. A modified zinc sulfate flotation technique using Formalinized fecal specimens (F-ZnSO4) was compared to the Formalin-ether (FE) concentration method for the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Many laboratories have difficulty storing, using, and disposing of either and need a procedure for concentrating fecal specimens which does not require ether. Comparative data were obtained for the recovery of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs and larvae from feces preserved in Formalin less than and longer than 1 month. Whereas the FE method was found generally to be more efficient, F-ZnSO4 was apparently more effective for the recovery of some species of parasites. F-ZnSO4 was not satisfactory for recovery of schistosome eggs. We conclude that, except for schistosomes, F-ZnSO4 compares favorably to the FE method for detecting infections of clinical significance.", "PMID": 566767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7220", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antibodies to alphaviruses with staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure is described for measuring antibodies to alphaviruses in human and other mammalian sera. The test employed protein Abearing Staphylococcus aureus as a solid-phase immunoadsorbent for (3)H-labeled viruses complexed with immunoglobulin G. Using antibodies produced in humans and guinea pigs, the RIA procedure clearly differentiated among antibodies to Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Sensitivity of the RIA depended on the concentrations of labeled viruses employed. The dilution of serum that effected binding of 50% of the (3)H-labeled virus (determined by probit analysis) was consistently higher than the neutralizing antibody titer determined by a conventional plaque reduction neutralization test using 80% plaque reduction end points. In addition, sera from 73 individuals were screened for seroconversion following live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine (strain TC-83) inoculation, by RIA using a single serum dilution (1:80); results were identical with seroconversions identified by plaque reduction neutralization test. Hyperimmune Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus sera from a number of mammalian species were successfully titrated by RIA; the species tested were human, guinea pig, white rat, rabbit, burro, dog, monkey, sheep, and cotton rat. The protein A-mediated RIA is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and precise serological tool for measuring antibodies to surface antigens of alphaviruses, and should allow the subsequent development of a competitive binding RIA to measure antigenic potency of inactivated alphavirus vaccines.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antibodies to alphaviruses with staphylococcal protein A. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure is described for measuring antibodies to alphaviruses in human and other mammalian sera. The test employed protein Abearing Staphylococcus aureus as a solid-phase immunoadsorbent for (3)H-labeled viruses complexed with immunoglobulin G. Using antibodies produced in humans and guinea pigs, the RIA procedure clearly differentiated among antibodies to Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Sensitivity of the RIA depended on the concentrations of labeled viruses employed. The dilution of serum that effected binding of 50% of the (3)H-labeled virus (determined by probit analysis) was consistently higher than the neutralizing antibody titer determined by a conventional plaque reduction neutralization test using 80% plaque reduction end points. In addition, sera from 73 individuals were screened for seroconversion following live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine (strain TC-83) inoculation, by RIA using a single serum dilution (1:80); results were identical with seroconversions identified by plaque reduction neutralization test. Hyperimmune Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus sera from a number of mammalian species were successfully titrated by RIA; the species tested were human, guinea pig, white rat, rabbit, burro, dog, monkey, sheep, and cotton rat. The protein A-mediated RIA is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and precise serological tool for measuring antibodies to surface antigens of alphaviruses, and should allow the subsequent development of a competitive binding RIA to measure antigenic potency of inactivated alphavirus vaccines.", "PMID": 566768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7221", "title": "Anaerobic and aerobic urethral flora in healthy females.", "content": "We characterized the aerobic and anaerobic urethral flora of five healthy females by performing urethral and midstream urine cultures once weekly for 8 weeks. Aerobic cultures were performed monthly for an additional 3 months. Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from 52 of 57 samples, Staphylococcus epidermidis from 42 of 57, Corynebacterium spp. from 26 of 57, and alpha-hemolytic streptococci from 14 of 57. Two subjects had E. coli serogroup O6 and group B streptococci isolated on five occasions, respectively. Anaerobes were isolated from 32 of 35 urethral urines (91%). Bacteroides melaninogenicus accounted for 46% of these isolates. The anaerobic urethral flora varied slightly from week to week, and a similar anaerobic flora was isolated from the introitus, fourchette, and cutaneous perineum. In addition, anaerobes were isolated from 16 of 18 healthy females who had a urethral urine sample cultured once only, and B. melaninogenicus was the most frequent isolate. Of the 21 B. melaninogenicus isolates identified to subspecies, 14 were subsp. intermedius.", "contents": "Anaerobic and aerobic urethral flora in healthy females. We characterized the aerobic and anaerobic urethral flora of five healthy females by performing urethral and midstream urine cultures once weekly for 8 weeks. Aerobic cultures were performed monthly for an additional 3 months. Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from 52 of 57 samples, Staphylococcus epidermidis from 42 of 57, Corynebacterium spp. from 26 of 57, and alpha-hemolytic streptococci from 14 of 57. Two subjects had E. coli serogroup O6 and group B streptococci isolated on five occasions, respectively. Anaerobes were isolated from 32 of 35 urethral urines (91%). Bacteroides melaninogenicus accounted for 46% of these isolates. The anaerobic urethral flora varied slightly from week to week, and a similar anaerobic flora was isolated from the introitus, fourchette, and cutaneous perineum. In addition, anaerobes were isolated from 16 of 18 healthy females who had a urethral urine sample cultured once only, and B. melaninogenicus was the most frequent isolate. Of the 21 B. melaninogenicus isolates identified to subspecies, 14 were subsp. intermedius.", "PMID": 566769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7222", "title": "Evaluation of prenatal androgen and ovarian secretions on receptivity in female and male rats.", "content": "Offspring of rats infected daily from Day 16 through Day 20 of gestation with either 2 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) in .1 ml of sesame oil or oil alone were tested for sexual receptivity following injections of 3.3 microgram of estradiol benzoate (EB) and .5 mg of progesterone (P) beginning at 40, 80, or 120 days of age. At each age, neonatally gonadectomized males and females from TP-injected litters exhibited less receptivity than corresponding oil-injected controls. Prenatally androgenized females were similar to neonatally castrated oil-injected males at all ages. Ovarian implants from birth to 35 days of age significantly increased receptivity in neonatally castrated males and androgenized females. Increasing the age at which testing was initiated systematically reduced receptivity in all groups.", "contents": "Evaluation of prenatal androgen and ovarian secretions on receptivity in female and male rats. Offspring of rats infected daily from Day 16 through Day 20 of gestation with either 2 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) in .1 ml of sesame oil or oil alone were tested for sexual receptivity following injections of 3.3 microgram of estradiol benzoate (EB) and .5 mg of progesterone (P) beginning at 40, 80, or 120 days of age. At each age, neonatally gonadectomized males and females from TP-injected litters exhibited less receptivity than corresponding oil-injected controls. Prenatally androgenized females were similar to neonatally castrated oil-injected males at all ages. Ovarian implants from birth to 35 days of age significantly increased receptivity in neonatally castrated males and androgenized females. Increasing the age at which testing was initiated systematically reduced receptivity in all groups.", "PMID": 566771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7223", "title": "Antibody activity in sera of patients with humidifier disease: studies of the water supply as a source of antigens.", "content": "In 5 patients with respiratory symptoms consistent with humidifier or air conditioner disease, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis, no identifiable organism was cultured from the humidifier water (HW). The water source to the humidifier or air conditioner was investigated for possible antigens which might explain the occurrence of the disease. Three subjects who lived in the same city supplied by Lake Michigan had increased IgG antibody activity against the city water supply when compared with another patient from a different city and a control subject. Both of the latter lived in cities with water supplied from Lake Michigan. Two of the 5 patients showed definite inhibition by concentrated tap water (TW) of IgG antibody against HW. The source of antigens in water was not determined but must be considered in cases of this type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. A sixth case consistent with humidifier disease had Cephalosporium cultured from her HW. On gel diffusion there was a band of identity with her serum against Cephalosporium extract and her own HW, and by radioimmunoassay (RIA) there was over 50% inhibition of her IgG antibody activity against HW by Cephalosporium. No antibody against her city TW was demonstrated.", "contents": "Antibody activity in sera of patients with humidifier disease: studies of the water supply as a source of antigens. In 5 patients with respiratory symptoms consistent with humidifier or air conditioner disease, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis, no identifiable organism was cultured from the humidifier water (HW). The water source to the humidifier or air conditioner was investigated for possible antigens which might explain the occurrence of the disease. Three subjects who lived in the same city supplied by Lake Michigan had increased IgG antibody activity against the city water supply when compared with another patient from a different city and a control subject. Both of the latter lived in cities with water supplied from Lake Michigan. Two of the 5 patients showed definite inhibition by concentrated tap water (TW) of IgG antibody against HW. The source of antigens in water was not determined but must be considered in cases of this type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. A sixth case consistent with humidifier disease had Cephalosporium cultured from her HW. On gel diffusion there was a band of identity with her serum against Cephalosporium extract and her own HW, and by radioimmunoassay (RIA) there was over 50% inhibition of her IgG antibody activity against HW by Cephalosporium. No antibody against her city TW was demonstrated.", "PMID": 566775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7224", "title": "Nutrient comparison of fresh and field-dried, green-seeded soybeans.", "content": "Nutrient composition and biologic utilization of cooked, dried, and ground meals prepared from fresh and field-dried, green-seeded edible soybeans were evaluated. On a dry-weight basis, nutrient content of the fresh and field-dried meals were comparable for protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and iron; fresh beans tended to have higher zinc content than the field-dried beans. Nutrient values for the green-seeded soybean meals were comparable to published values for full-fat soybean flour. Bioassay results indicated that protein efficiency ratios (PER) for rats fed casein were significantly better than those for the soybean-fed animals. Fresh, green-seeded soybean meal supported significantly better growth than did the field-dried, green-seeded soybean meal. Though significantly lower than that for the reference casein diet, the mean PER for fresh, green-seeded soybean meal was 90 per cent of that obtained with the reference casein. The nutrient analysis and protein bioassay data both indicate that green-seeded soybeans used as a vegetable item in the diet are a potentially significant food source of several important nutrients.", "contents": "Nutrient comparison of fresh and field-dried, green-seeded soybeans. Nutrient composition and biologic utilization of cooked, dried, and ground meals prepared from fresh and field-dried, green-seeded edible soybeans were evaluated. On a dry-weight basis, nutrient content of the fresh and field-dried meals were comparable for protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and iron; fresh beans tended to have higher zinc content than the field-dried beans. Nutrient values for the green-seeded soybean meals were comparable to published values for full-fat soybean flour. Bioassay results indicated that protein efficiency ratios (PER) for rats fed casein were significantly better than those for the soybean-fed animals. Fresh, green-seeded soybean meal supported significantly better growth than did the field-dried, green-seeded soybean meal. Though significantly lower than that for the reference casein diet, the mean PER for fresh, green-seeded soybean meal was 90 per cent of that obtained with the reference casein. The nutrient analysis and protein bioassay data both indicate that green-seeded soybeans used as a vegetable item in the diet are a potentially significant food source of several important nutrients.", "PMID": 566776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7225", "title": "Master standard data quantity food production code. Macro elements for synthesizing production labor time.", "content": "Preparation procedures of standardized quantity formulas were analyzed for similarities and differences in production activities, and three entr\u00e9e classifications were developed, based on these activities. Two formulas from each classification were selected, preparation procedures were divided into elements of production, and the MSD Quantity Food Production Code was applied. Macro elements not included in the existing Code were simulated, coded, assigned associated Time Measurement Units, and added to the MSD Quantity Food Production Code. Repeated occurrence of similar elements within production methods indicated that macro elements could be synthesized for use within one or more entr\u00e9e classifications. Basic elements were grouped, simulated, and macro elements were derived. Macro elements were applied in the simulated production of 100 portions of each entr\u00e9e formula. Total production time for each formula and average production time for each entr\u00e9e classification were calculated. Application of macro elements indicated that this method of predetermining production time was feasible and could be adapted by quantity foodservice managers as a decision technique used to evaluate menu mix, production personnel schedules, and allocation of equipment usage. These macro elements could serve as a basis for further development and refinement of other macro elements which could be applied to a variety of menu item formulas.", "contents": "Master standard data quantity food production code. Macro elements for synthesizing production labor time. Preparation procedures of standardized quantity formulas were analyzed for similarities and differences in production activities, and three entr\u00e9e classifications were developed, based on these activities. Two formulas from each classification were selected, preparation procedures were divided into elements of production, and the MSD Quantity Food Production Code was applied. Macro elements not included in the existing Code were simulated, coded, assigned associated Time Measurement Units, and added to the MSD Quantity Food Production Code. Repeated occurrence of similar elements within production methods indicated that macro elements could be synthesized for use within one or more entr\u00e9e classifications. Basic elements were grouped, simulated, and macro elements were derived. Macro elements were applied in the simulated production of 100 portions of each entr\u00e9e formula. Total production time for each formula and average production time for each entr\u00e9e classification were calculated. Application of macro elements indicated that this method of predetermining production time was feasible and could be adapted by quantity foodservice managers as a decision technique used to evaluate menu mix, production personnel schedules, and allocation of equipment usage. These macro elements could serve as a basis for further development and refinement of other macro elements which could be applied to a variety of menu item formulas.", "PMID": 566777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7226", "title": "Changes of the external and internal pigment pattern upon fertilization in the egg of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "External and internal pigment shifts in Xenopus laevis eggs were studied between fertilization and first cleavage. Externally visible, constant features are: (1) the 'activation contraction', a pigment shift towards the animal side taking place between 5 and 15 min post fertilization (p.f.) and (2) the concentration of the pigment around the sperm entrance point leading to the formation of the grey crescent at the opposite side of the egg. Hence, in Xenopus the grey crescent is not formed by rotation of the pigmented cortical layer with respect to the internal egg mass. Histological examination reveals that during the activation contraction the pigment is mainly concentrated in the cortical cytoplasm. Except in the region around the sperm entrance point, from 15 min p.f. onwards, the pigment progressively disperses through the subcortical layer and part of it even moves more deeply into the egg. After fusion of the pronuclei (45--60 min p.f.) the pigment in the subcortical layer forms aggregates. During the pigment shift the yolk-free cytoplasm is displaced dorsally and is ultimately found opposite the sperm entrance point. Thin fibrillar structures in the yolk-free cytoplasm progressively orient themselves parallel to the dorso-ventral plane, and from 40 min p.f. onwards towards the pronuclei. These observations are discussed in connexion with cinematographic observations by Hara, Tydeman & Hengst (1977).", "contents": "Changes of the external and internal pigment pattern upon fertilization in the egg of Xenopus laevis. External and internal pigment shifts in Xenopus laevis eggs were studied between fertilization and first cleavage. Externally visible, constant features are: (1) the 'activation contraction', a pigment shift towards the animal side taking place between 5 and 15 min post fertilization (p.f.) and (2) the concentration of the pigment around the sperm entrance point leading to the formation of the grey crescent at the opposite side of the egg. Hence, in Xenopus the grey crescent is not formed by rotation of the pigmented cortical layer with respect to the internal egg mass. Histological examination reveals that during the activation contraction the pigment is mainly concentrated in the cortical cytoplasm. Except in the region around the sperm entrance point, from 15 min p.f. onwards, the pigment progressively disperses through the subcortical layer and part of it even moves more deeply into the egg. After fusion of the pronuclei (45--60 min p.f.) the pigment in the subcortical layer forms aggregates. During the pigment shift the yolk-free cytoplasm is displaced dorsally and is ultimately found opposite the sperm entrance point. Thin fibrillar structures in the yolk-free cytoplasm progressively orient themselves parallel to the dorso-ventral plane, and from 40 min p.f. onwards towards the pronuclei. These observations are discussed in connexion with cinematographic observations by Hara, Tydeman & Hengst (1977).", "PMID": 566780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7227", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for parathyrin. Characterization of six different antigens and antisera.", "content": "We studied six different antisera to bovine or porcine parathyrin (parathyroid hormone, PTH), produced in rabbit, guinea pigs, sheep or goat, two of which are commercially available. The antisera were characterized with regard to species specificity, affinity and their ability to identify patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In this heterologous radioimmunoassay system in which [125I]parathyrin is used as a tracer, some cross-reactivity of the antisera to the hormone or hormone fragments present in human serum was demonstrated. However, there is some overlap of serum immunoreactive parathyrin in patients with or without primary hyperparathyroidism. The results of this and other studies illustrate the necessity for a homologous radioimmunoassay for human parathyrin.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for parathyrin. Characterization of six different antigens and antisera. We studied six different antisera to bovine or porcine parathyrin (parathyroid hormone, PTH), produced in rabbit, guinea pigs, sheep or goat, two of which are commercially available. The antisera were characterized with regard to species specificity, affinity and their ability to identify patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In this heterologous radioimmunoassay system in which [125I]parathyrin is used as a tracer, some cross-reactivity of the antisera to the hormone or hormone fragments present in human serum was demonstrated. However, there is some overlap of serum immunoreactive parathyrin in patients with or without primary hyperparathyroidism. The results of this and other studies illustrate the necessity for a homologous radioimmunoassay for human parathyrin.", "PMID": 566781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7228", "title": "Uptake of radiolabeled glucose analogues by organotypic cerebellar cultures.", "content": "Permeability of brain cells to radiolabeled glucose analogues with sucrose or inulin or L-glucose was studied in the living, intact state of the organotypic cerebellar cultures. In vitro uptake of 3H 3-O-methyl D-glucose and 3H 2-deoxy-D-glucose exhibited saturation  kinetics with increasing substrate concentrations. Each of the labeled sugars uptake could be self-inhibited in the presence of unlabeled (cold) substrate and cross-inhibited with cold glucose or xylose or phlorizin present in the incubating medium. The uptake was Na-independent and stereo-specific for D-form.", "contents": "Uptake of radiolabeled glucose analogues by organotypic cerebellar cultures. Permeability of brain cells to radiolabeled glucose analogues with sucrose or inulin or L-glucose was studied in the living, intact state of the organotypic cerebellar cultures. In vitro uptake of 3H 3-O-methyl D-glucose and 3H 2-deoxy-D-glucose exhibited saturation  kinetics with increasing substrate concentrations. Each of the labeled sugars uptake could be self-inhibited in the presence of unlabeled (cold) substrate and cross-inhibited with cold glucose or xylose or phlorizin present in the incubating medium. The uptake was Na-independent and stereo-specific for D-form.", "PMID": 566782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7229", "title": "Changes in rat pancreatic protein synthesis after a single feeding with diets containing raw or heated soybeans.", "content": "The patterns of protein synthesis following the administration of a single meal containing defatted ground soybeans (RSD) or heated defatted ground soybeans (HSD) were compared. A double label method was used so that the determination of the relative rate of synthesis of an enzyme could not be obscured by a possible alteration of the activity or quantity of the enzyme. Rats were given one meal of RSD or HSD and were subsequently killed at different times after the meal. Eight hours after the meal, the relative rate of synthesis of one of the three trypsinogens was substantially increased with RSD feeding, whereas that of the amylases and one chymotrypsinogen were somewhat lower. The synthetic rate of lipase, ribonclease, proelastase, another chymotrypsinogen and of two trypsinogens was unaffected when feeding RSD is compared to feeding HSD. The relative rate of synthesis of one of the trypsinogens was unaffected 8 hours after RSD feeding, but was increased 16 hours after RSD feeding. Actinomycin D could suppress the effects of RSD feeding on the protein synthetic rate of some, but not of all, secretory proteins.", "contents": "Changes in rat pancreatic protein synthesis after a single feeding with diets containing raw or heated soybeans. The patterns of protein synthesis following the administration of a single meal containing defatted ground soybeans (RSD) or heated defatted ground soybeans (HSD) were compared. A double label method was used so that the determination of the relative rate of synthesis of an enzyme could not be obscured by a possible alteration of the activity or quantity of the enzyme. Rats were given one meal of RSD or HSD and were subsequently killed at different times after the meal. Eight hours after the meal, the relative rate of synthesis of one of the three trypsinogens was substantially increased with RSD feeding, whereas that of the amylases and one chymotrypsinogen were somewhat lower. The synthetic rate of lipase, ribonclease, proelastase, another chymotrypsinogen and of two trypsinogens was unaffected when feeding RSD is compared to feeding HSD. The relative rate of synthesis of one of the trypsinogens was unaffected 8 hours after RSD feeding, but was increased 16 hours after RSD feeding. Actinomycin D could suppress the effects of RSD feeding on the protein synthetic rate of some, but not of all, secretory proteins.", "PMID": 566785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7230", "title": "New methods for comparing the biological efficiency of alternate nutrient sources.", "content": "The objective of this study is to propose new methods for the determination of biological efficiency (the ability of a nutrient to produce a response) and for comparison of the efficiencies of alternate nutrient sources. The proposed methods are based on a four-parameter kinetic model which describes response as a function of intake. The comparison of the abilities of two proteins (casein and soybean protein concentrate) to promote weight gain in weanling rats is presented as an example; however, the model is also useful for other nutrients (proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, etc.) and other responses (blood enzyme or protein levels, tissue enzyme levels, etc.). Application of the method leads to useful comparisons of nutrient sources as well as information concerning the maximum efficiencies and rates of nutrient utilization from different sources.", "contents": "New methods for comparing the biological efficiency of alternate nutrient sources. The objective of this study is to propose new methods for the determination of biological efficiency (the ability of a nutrient to produce a response) and for comparison of the efficiencies of alternate nutrient sources. The proposed methods are based on a four-parameter kinetic model which describes response as a function of intake. The comparison of the abilities of two proteins (casein and soybean protein concentrate) to promote weight gain in weanling rats is presented as an example; however, the model is also useful for other nutrients (proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, etc.) and other responses (blood enzyme or protein levels, tissue enzyme levels, etc.). Application of the method leads to useful comparisons of nutrient sources as well as information concerning the maximum efficiencies and rates of nutrient utilization from different sources.", "PMID": 566786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7231", "title": "Isolation and identification of green fluorescent compound accumulated in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii by the addition of glyoxal.", "content": "The addition of a trapping agent, glyoxal, to a non-growing cell medium with Eremothecium ashbyii brought about the accumulation of large quantities of a green fluorescent compound, with a simultaneous rigid inhibition of riboflavin formation. The fluorescent compound was isolated from the mycelia after non-growing cell incubation and highly purified to a crystalline form through various column chromatographic steps. The purified compound was identified as 8-ribityllumazine by comparison with a synthetized reference compound by means of spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements. Furthermore, it was verified that glyoxal, at the added concentration, and 8-ribityllumazine, at the accumulated concentration, caused slight inhibition of riboflavin formation with riboflavin synthetase from E. ashbyii. Accordingly, it was concluded that the 8-ribityllumazine accumulated is a derivative compound of an intermediate in flavinogenesis which is 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine based on the trapping action of glyoxal.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of green fluorescent compound accumulated in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii by the addition of glyoxal. The addition of a trapping agent, glyoxal, to a non-growing cell medium with Eremothecium ashbyii brought about the accumulation of large quantities of a green fluorescent compound, with a simultaneous rigid inhibition of riboflavin formation. The fluorescent compound was isolated from the mycelia after non-growing cell incubation and highly purified to a crystalline form through various column chromatographic steps. The purified compound was identified as 8-ribityllumazine by comparison with a synthetized reference compound by means of spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements. Furthermore, it was verified that glyoxal, at the added concentration, and 8-ribityllumazine, at the accumulated concentration, caused slight inhibition of riboflavin formation with riboflavin synthetase from E. ashbyii. Accordingly, it was concluded that the 8-ribityllumazine accumulated is a derivative compound of an intermediate in flavinogenesis which is 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine based on the trapping action of glyoxal.", "PMID": 566787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7232", "title": "Emergency splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children.", "content": "Splenectomies were performed in 30 children out of a total of 183 with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Of these 30, ten splenectomies were performed on an emergency basis. Significant spontaneous gross hematuria, gastrointestinal bleeding or epistaxis appear to represent harbingers of intracranial hemorrhage and constitute indications for emergency splenectomy.", "contents": "Emergency splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Splenectomies were performed in 30 children out of a total of 183 with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Of these 30, ten splenectomies were performed on an emergency basis. Significant spontaneous gross hematuria, gastrointestinal bleeding or epistaxis appear to represent harbingers of intracranial hemorrhage and constitute indications for emergency splenectomy.", "PMID": 566791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7233", "title": "Blocking effects of barium and hydrogen ions on the potassium current during anomalous rectification in the starfish egg.", "content": "1. The blocking effects of Ba+ and H+ on the inward K current during anomalous rectification of the giant egg membrane of the starfish, Mediaster aequalis, were studied using voltage clamp techniques. 2. External Ba2+ at a low concentration (10--100 micron) suppresses the inward K current; the extent of suppression, expressed as the ratio of currents with and without Ba2+, can be described by a conventional bimolecular adsorption isotherm, K/(K + [Ba2+]o), K being an apparent dissociation constant. 3. The dissociation constant, K, decreases as the membrane potential V becomes more negative and can be expressed by K(V) = K(0) exp (zmuFV/RT), where K(0) is the K at V = 0, z is the charge of the blocking ion, and mu is a parameter for the membrane potential dependence of Ba2+ blockage. The value of mu ranges between 0.64 and 0.68. 4. Upon a sudden change in membrane potential the change in the blocking effect of Ba2+ follows first order kinetics; the forward rate constant is membrane-potential-dependent whereas the backward constant is potential-independent. 5. The blocking effect of Ba2+ appears to be independent of the activation of K channels during anomalous rectification. 6. The blocking effect of Ba2+ depends on V alone, in contrast to the activation of the K channel during anomalous rectification which depends on V--VK. 7. In these respects, the effect of Ba2+ is equivalent to the introduction of inactivation into the anomalous rectification. 8. SI2+ and Ca2+ show small but observable blocking effects only at much higher concentrations (about 10--20 mM). 9. The inward K current is suppressed when the external pH is reduced below 6.0. The blocking effect of H+ shows no significant potential dependence. The concentration dependence suggests that three H+ ions simultaneously titrate the acidic groups of each channel (pK = 5.3--5.4). 10. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of molecular models of the potassium channel of anomalous rectification and possible mechanisms of K channel inactivation.", "contents": "Blocking effects of barium and hydrogen ions on the potassium current during anomalous rectification in the starfish egg. 1. The blocking effects of Ba+ and H+ on the inward K current during anomalous rectification of the giant egg membrane of the starfish, Mediaster aequalis, were studied using voltage clamp techniques. 2. External Ba2+ at a low concentration (10--100 micron) suppresses the inward K current; the extent of suppression, expressed as the ratio of currents with and without Ba2+, can be described by a conventional bimolecular adsorption isotherm, K/(K + [Ba2+]o), K being an apparent dissociation constant. 3. The dissociation constant, K, decreases as the membrane potential V becomes more negative and can be expressed by K(V) = K(0) exp (zmuFV/RT), where K(0) is the K at V = 0, z is the charge of the blocking ion, and mu is a parameter for the membrane potential dependence of Ba2+ blockage. The value of mu ranges between 0.64 and 0.68. 4. Upon a sudden change in membrane potential the change in the blocking effect of Ba2+ follows first order kinetics; the forward rate constant is membrane-potential-dependent whereas the backward constant is potential-independent. 5. The blocking effect of Ba2+ appears to be independent of the activation of K channels during anomalous rectification. 6. The blocking effect of Ba2+ depends on V alone, in contrast to the activation of the K channel during anomalous rectification which depends on V--VK. 7. In these respects, the effect of Ba2+ is equivalent to the introduction of inactivation into the anomalous rectification. 8. SI2+ and Ca2+ show small but observable blocking effects only at much higher concentrations (about 10--20 mM). 9. The inward K current is suppressed when the external pH is reduced below 6.0. The blocking effect of H+ shows no significant potential dependence. The concentration dependence suggests that three H+ ions simultaneously titrate the acidic groups of each channel (pK = 5.3--5.4). 10. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of molecular models of the potassium channel of anomalous rectification and possible mechanisms of K channel inactivation.", "PMID": 566793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7234", "title": "Effects of internal free calcium upon the sodium and calcium channels in the tunicate egg analysed by the internal perfusion technique.", "content": "1. The unfertilized egg of the tunicate, Halocynthia roretzi, was intracellularly perfused with various solutions. 2. The perfusion apparatus consisted of lower and upper compartments which were connected by a small glass funnel. A denuded egg cell without chorion was dropped into the funnel and brought into close contact with the glass wall of the funnel. The membrane of the egg faced to the lower compartment was ruptured by a slight difference of hydrostatic pressure and the inside of the egg was perfused with the internal solution flowing through the lower compartment. The current across the upper membrane was analysed by voltage-clamp technique. 3. The egg cell in contact with 400 mM-Na external solution and perfused intracellularly with 400 mM-Na for 30 min showed a relatively low Na reversal potential, +6 mV, in comparison with +60 mV in the intact egg in standard artificial sea water. The exchange efficiency was monitored by observing the shift of Na reversal potential during perfusion with high Na internal perfusate. 4. The internal perfusate containing F- ions stabilized the egg membrane and kept the excitability for 1--2 hr during the intracellular perfusion. With the internal F- perfusate the intracellular cationic content was changed to 400 mM-Na, K, Rb or Cs (external solution of 400 mM-Na) and permeability ratios of the egg Na channel were estimated as PNa:PK:PRb:PCs=1.0:0.14:0.05:0.04. The internal F- perfusate abolished Ca current which was consistently observed in the intact egg, while the internal Cl- perfusate kept both Na and Ca current as in the intact egg. However with the internal Cl- perfusate the egg cell could not be kept in good condition more than 20-30 min. 6. The effects of intracellular free Ca ions upon the egg Na and Ca channels were analysed by using Ca ion-buffered internal Cl- and high Na perfusate. The results showed that internal Ca ions above 10(-6) reduced the Ca current and enhanced the Na current at the same time. In the range between 10(-5) and 10(-4) M the Ca current became half of the control obtained with zero free Ca perfusate while the Na conductance at the zero current level doubled. The internal Ca ions above one mM seemed to abolish the Ca current and to reduce the Na current as well. The reciprocal effect of intracellular Ca ions upon the egg Na and Ca channels was demonstrated in the concentration range from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M.", "contents": "Effects of internal free calcium upon the sodium and calcium channels in the tunicate egg analysed by the internal perfusion technique. 1. The unfertilized egg of the tunicate, Halocynthia roretzi, was intracellularly perfused with various solutions. 2. The perfusion apparatus consisted of lower and upper compartments which were connected by a small glass funnel. A denuded egg cell without chorion was dropped into the funnel and brought into close contact with the glass wall of the funnel. The membrane of the egg faced to the lower compartment was ruptured by a slight difference of hydrostatic pressure and the inside of the egg was perfused with the internal solution flowing through the lower compartment. The current across the upper membrane was analysed by voltage-clamp technique. 3. The egg cell in contact with 400 mM-Na external solution and perfused intracellularly with 400 mM-Na for 30 min showed a relatively low Na reversal potential, +6 mV, in comparison with +60 mV in the intact egg in standard artificial sea water. The exchange efficiency was monitored by observing the shift of Na reversal potential during perfusion with high Na internal perfusate. 4. The internal perfusate containing F- ions stabilized the egg membrane and kept the excitability for 1--2 hr during the intracellular perfusion. With the internal F- perfusate the intracellular cationic content was changed to 400 mM-Na, K, Rb or Cs (external solution of 400 mM-Na) and permeability ratios of the egg Na channel were estimated as PNa:PK:PRb:PCs=1.0:0.14:0.05:0.04. The internal F- perfusate abolished Ca current which was consistently observed in the intact egg, while the internal Cl- perfusate kept both Na and Ca current as in the intact egg. However with the internal Cl- perfusate the egg cell could not be kept in good condition more than 20-30 min. 6. The effects of intracellular free Ca ions upon the egg Na and Ca channels were analysed by using Ca ion-buffered internal Cl- and high Na perfusate. The results showed that internal Ca ions above 10(-6) reduced the Ca current and enhanced the Na current at the same time. In the range between 10(-5) and 10(-4) M the Ca current became half of the control obtained with zero free Ca perfusate while the Na conductance at the zero current level doubled. The internal Ca ions above one mM seemed to abolish the Ca current and to reduce the Na current as well. The reciprocal effect of intracellular Ca ions upon the egg Na and Ca channels was demonstrated in the concentration range from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M.", "PMID": 566794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7235", "title": "Binding and immobilization of catecholamines by liposomes.", "content": "The polarization of the native fluorescence of dopamine and noradrenaline has been used to measure their binding and immobilization by liposomes suspended in aqueous buffers. Whereas both catecholamines are significantly immobilized by brain phosphatidyl serine and yeast phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol from brain are ineffective. Dopamine is immobilized to a greater degree than noradrenaline. The dissociation constants determined from modified Scatchard plots of the polarization data are 1.7 X 10(-4) and 9.6 X 10(-5)M for dopamine with yeast phosphatidyl inositol and brain phosphatidyl serine, respectively. Apomorphine binds to a hydrophobic region of phosphatidyl serine liposomes with a KD value of 69 micrometer. It is suggested that a fraction of dopamine is complexed with membranous phosphatidyl serine in nerve terminals.", "contents": "Binding and immobilization of catecholamines by liposomes. The polarization of the native fluorescence of dopamine and noradrenaline has been used to measure their binding and immobilization by liposomes suspended in aqueous buffers. Whereas both catecholamines are significantly immobilized by brain phosphatidyl serine and yeast phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol from brain are ineffective. Dopamine is immobilized to a greater degree than noradrenaline. The dissociation constants determined from modified Scatchard plots of the polarization data are 1.7 X 10(-4) and 9.6 X 10(-5)M for dopamine with yeast phosphatidyl inositol and brain phosphatidyl serine, respectively. Apomorphine binds to a hydrophobic region of phosphatidyl serine liposomes with a KD value of 69 micrometer. It is suggested that a fraction of dopamine is complexed with membranous phosphatidyl serine in nerve terminals.", "PMID": 566795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7236", "title": "Free amino acid pool in the brain of mice homozygous for the gene \"dilute lethal\".", "content": "The neurologic mutant \"dilute lethal\" (dl) mice, which reveal several neurologic and biochemical disturbances similar to human phenylketonuria, were used to investigate some aspects of amino acid disorder. We have studied the free amino pool in the brain of \"dl\" mice and of their control littermates as well as phenylalanine and tyrosine levels in brain and liver as a function of age and after phenylalamine overload. The tyrosine level decreased in brain and liver of affected mice whereas the phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio increased as a function of age. The significantly higher phenylalanine level and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio in the liver of 20-day-old \"dl\" mice suggest a lower liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity. After phenylalanine overload, the impairment of phenylalanine metabolism is predominant in the brain of \"dl\" mice, suggesting a disturbance in phenylalanine hydroxylation. A decrease in the level of several amino acids occurs in the brains of \"dl\" mice without or after phenylalanine overload; these facts might correspond to a disturbance in the transfer of amino acids to the brain and may lead to impairment in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Free amino acid pool in the brain of mice homozygous for the gene \"dilute lethal\". The neurologic mutant \"dilute lethal\" (dl) mice, which reveal several neurologic and biochemical disturbances similar to human phenylketonuria, were used to investigate some aspects of amino acid disorder. We have studied the free amino pool in the brain of \"dl\" mice and of their control littermates as well as phenylalanine and tyrosine levels in brain and liver as a function of age and after phenylalamine overload. The tyrosine level decreased in brain and liver of affected mice whereas the phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio increased as a function of age. The significantly higher phenylalanine level and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio in the liver of 20-day-old \"dl\" mice suggest a lower liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity. After phenylalanine overload, the impairment of phenylalanine metabolism is predominant in the brain of \"dl\" mice, suggesting a disturbance in phenylalanine hydroxylation. A decrease in the level of several amino acids occurs in the brains of \"dl\" mice without or after phenylalanine overload; these facts might correspond to a disturbance in the transfer of amino acids to the brain and may lead to impairment in protein synthesis.", "PMID": 566796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7237", "title": "Induction of endogenous guinea pig retrovirus by 5-bromodeoxyuridine: amplification of virus-specific RNA.", "content": "Treatment of normal guinea pig embryo cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) activates endogenous guinea pig retrovirus. In this report the effect of BUdR treatment upon the level of endogenous retroviral RNA in normal guinea pig embryo cells was determined by using hybridization of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) to cellular RNA. We found that 0.0075% (120 copies per cell) of total RNA of untreated cells was virus-specific, whereas 0.32% (5,120 copies per cell) of total cellular RNA obtained from cells 48 h after BUdR treatment was virus-specific. Thus, BUdR causes an approximately 40-fold amplification of virus-specific RNA after 48 h of treatment. Several lines of evidence favor the hypothesis that the amplification of virus-specific RNA observed after BUdR treatment involves enhancement of transcription rather than an alteration of post-transcriptional processing. At different times after BUdR treatment, similar increases in virus-specific RNA concentration occur in both nucleus and cytoplasm. After 48 h of BUdR treatment, nuclear virus-specific RNA increased 99-fold, from 29 copies per cell to 2,880 copies per cell, whereas cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA increased 47-fold from 85 copies per cell to 4,000 copies per cell. Decay rates of virus-specific RNA in the presence of actinomycin D were similar in the presence or absence of BUdR, indicating that BUdR does not stabilize virus-specific RNA. In BUdR-treated cells the t1/2 of virus-specific RNA was 170 min either in the continued presence of BUdR or after the removal of BUdR, and 150 min in untreated cells. The size distribution of nuclear virus-specific RNA sequences, after denaturation with dimethyl sulfoxide, was similar in untreated and BUdR-treated cells, suggesting similar nuclear processing of viral RNA in both untreated and BUdR-treated cells. The accumulation of nuclear precursors to 38S virus-specific RNA was not observed at steady-state levels in untreated or BUdR-treated cells. Similar species of virus-specific RNA (14S 24S, 38S, and 70S) were present in the total cellular RNA of untreated and BUdR-treated cells. Additionally, virus-specific RNA was present in purified polyribosomes of untreated cells. Finally, direct analysis of the amount of radiolabeled virus-specific RNA in nuclear RNA pulse-labeled for 30 min with [3H]uridine was performed by the method of Coffin et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 86:373-396, 1977) for quantitative determination of pulse-labeled virus-specific RNA. It was found that labeled virus-specific RNA comprised 0.0035 to 0.004% of the total pulse-labeled nuclear RNA of cells treated for 48 h with BUdR. This 50-fold increase in radiolabeled virus-specific RNA may full- account for the 40-fold increase in steady-state levels of virus-specific RNA observed after 48 h of BUdR treatment.", "contents": "Induction of endogenous guinea pig retrovirus by 5-bromodeoxyuridine: amplification of virus-specific RNA. Treatment of normal guinea pig embryo cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) activates endogenous guinea pig retrovirus. In this report the effect of BUdR treatment upon the level of endogenous retroviral RNA in normal guinea pig embryo cells was determined by using hybridization of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) to cellular RNA. We found that 0.0075% (120 copies per cell) of total RNA of untreated cells was virus-specific, whereas 0.32% (5,120 copies per cell) of total cellular RNA obtained from cells 48 h after BUdR treatment was virus-specific. Thus, BUdR causes an approximately 40-fold amplification of virus-specific RNA after 48 h of treatment. Several lines of evidence favor the hypothesis that the amplification of virus-specific RNA observed after BUdR treatment involves enhancement of transcription rather than an alteration of post-transcriptional processing. At different times after BUdR treatment, similar increases in virus-specific RNA concentration occur in both nucleus and cytoplasm. After 48 h of BUdR treatment, nuclear virus-specific RNA increased 99-fold, from 29 copies per cell to 2,880 copies per cell, whereas cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA increased 47-fold from 85 copies per cell to 4,000 copies per cell. Decay rates of virus-specific RNA in the presence of actinomycin D were similar in the presence or absence of BUdR, indicating that BUdR does not stabilize virus-specific RNA. In BUdR-treated cells the t1/2 of virus-specific RNA was 170 min either in the continued presence of BUdR or after the removal of BUdR, and 150 min in untreated cells. The size distribution of nuclear virus-specific RNA sequences, after denaturation with dimethyl sulfoxide, was similar in untreated and BUdR-treated cells, suggesting similar nuclear processing of viral RNA in both untreated and BUdR-treated cells. The accumulation of nuclear precursors to 38S virus-specific RNA was not observed at steady-state levels in untreated or BUdR-treated cells. Similar species of virus-specific RNA (14S 24S, 38S, and 70S) were present in the total cellular RNA of untreated and BUdR-treated cells. Additionally, virus-specific RNA was present in purified polyribosomes of untreated cells. Finally, direct analysis of the amount of radiolabeled virus-specific RNA in nuclear RNA pulse-labeled for 30 min with [3H]uridine was performed by the method of Coffin et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 86:373-396, 1977) for quantitative determination of pulse-labeled virus-specific RNA. It was found that labeled virus-specific RNA comprised 0.0035 to 0.004% of the total pulse-labeled nuclear RNA of cells treated for 48 h with BUdR. This 50-fold increase in radiolabeled virus-specific RNA may full- account for the 40-fold increase in steady-state levels of virus-specific RNA observed after 48 h of BUdR treatment.", "PMID": 566798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7238", "title": "Noncytopathic mutants of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "We have isolated a novel class of mutants of Newcastle disease virus which are less cytopathic than their virulent parent but are still capable of infectious virus production. Unlike wild-type virus, the mutants did not form plaques after 2 days of incubation; they did, however, make hemadsorbing spots. The mutants range in production of infectious virus from 10 to 200% of that of the wild type. They were less cytopathic in a single cycle of infection by light microscopy, loss of protein from the plate, and inhibition of total protein accumulation. All of the mutants exhibited extended mean embryo death times, a correlate of virulence in the adult animal.", "contents": "Noncytopathic mutants of Newcastle disease virus. We have isolated a novel class of mutants of Newcastle disease virus which are less cytopathic than their virulent parent but are still capable of infectious virus production. Unlike wild-type virus, the mutants did not form plaques after 2 days of incubation; they did, however, make hemadsorbing spots. The mutants range in production of infectious virus from 10 to 200% of that of the wild type. They were less cytopathic in a single cycle of infection by light microscopy, loss of protein from the plate, and inhibition of total protein accumulation. All of the mutants exhibited extended mean embryo death times, a correlate of virulence in the adult animal.", "PMID": 566799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7239", "title": "The urothelium: a battleground for oncogenesis.", "content": "A discussion of the term urothelium and reasons for its general adoption are presented. The unique asymmetric unit membrane of the superficial cells is described and its function as a significant barrier against water, some electrolytes and so forth is reviewed. The urothelium bears the brunt of the attack by pollutants and various oncogens. The ongoing battle may be of long duration or recurrent. Many factors enter into the development of a tumor. In addition to actual carcinogens there are irritants, promoters, initiators, weak carcinogens and co-carcinogens. The attack is on the asymmetric unit membrane and the Golgi complex or other coding units. The specialized membrane is destroyed and, instead, a thinner, smooth, flexible membrane develops and overlying it a filamentous glycocalix. The mechanism for specialization by the urothelial cell has been destroyed by the oncogen. Cancer does not occur in unicellular organisms. The cells of all multicellular organisms specialize. The first step toward neoplasia in multicellular organisms is the destruction of specialized mechanisms or coding units of a group of specialized cells, the second step is stimulation by governors and the third is inadequate blood supply. The ultimate in the cancer cell of a multicellular organism, anaplasia, is the return to the unicellular stage.", "contents": "The urothelium: a battleground for oncogenesis. A discussion of the term urothelium and reasons for its general adoption are presented. The unique asymmetric unit membrane of the superficial cells is described and its function as a significant barrier against water, some electrolytes and so forth is reviewed. The urothelium bears the brunt of the attack by pollutants and various oncogens. The ongoing battle may be of long duration or recurrent. Many factors enter into the development of a tumor. In addition to actual carcinogens there are irritants, promoters, initiators, weak carcinogens and co-carcinogens. The attack is on the asymmetric unit membrane and the Golgi complex or other coding units. The specialized membrane is destroyed and, instead, a thinner, smooth, flexible membrane develops and overlying it a filamentous glycocalix. The mechanism for specialization by the urothelial cell has been destroyed by the oncogen. Cancer does not occur in unicellular organisms. The cells of all multicellular organisms specialize. The first step toward neoplasia in multicellular organisms is the destruction of specialized mechanisms or coding units of a group of specialized cells, the second step is stimulation by governors and the third is inadequate blood supply. The ultimate in the cancer cell of a multicellular organism, anaplasia, is the return to the unicellular stage.", "PMID": 566801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7240", "title": "The management of testicular tumors in children.", "content": "Of 43 testicular tumors in children seen at the Children's Hospital Medical Center and Sidney Farber Cancer Institute 33 were malignant. These tumors occurred primarily in young children. Any solid scrotal mass in an infant must be considered malignant until proved otherwise. Primary emphasis is placed on the 20 cases of embryonal cell carcinoma. Of 9 patients who underwent only orchiectomy 5 have died, whereas all 11 patients who received combination therapy have survived. We recommend radical inguinal orchiectomy, extended unilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy in repeated courses for 2 years. Radiotherapy is withheld if the lymphadenectomy is negative.", "contents": "The management of testicular tumors in children. Of 43 testicular tumors in children seen at the Children's Hospital Medical Center and Sidney Farber Cancer Institute 33 were malignant. These tumors occurred primarily in young children. Any solid scrotal mass in an infant must be considered malignant until proved otherwise. Primary emphasis is placed on the 20 cases of embryonal cell carcinoma. Of 9 patients who underwent only orchiectomy 5 have died, whereas all 11 patients who received combination therapy have survived. We recommend radical inguinal orchiectomy, extended unilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy in repeated courses for 2 years. Radiotherapy is withheld if the lymphadenectomy is negative.", "PMID": 566802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7241", "title": "The normal caliber of the adult female urethra.  .", "content": "The mean urethral caliber of 250 women undergoing cystoscopy to stage cancer of the cervix was 22F, as measured by the bougie \u00e0 boule. A study of correlations between normal urethral caliber and age, weight, height, gravidity and parity of patients revealed a significant correlation with weight only.", "contents": "The normal caliber of the adult female urethra.  . The mean urethral caliber of 250 women undergoing cystoscopy to stage cancer of the cervix was 22F, as measured by the bougie \u00e0 boule. A study of correlations between normal urethral caliber and age, weight, height, gravidity and parity of patients revealed a significant correlation with weight only.", "PMID": 566803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7242", "title": "Conversion of schistosome cercariae to schistosomula in serum-supplemented media, and subsequent culture in vitro.", "content": "Both Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni cercariae, axenized by washing in NCTC 109, transformed to schistosomula when incubated directed in NCTC 109 containing 2--50% human or 50% rabbit serum at 37 degrees C. The resultant schistosomula were grown in vitro to adults which mated, although the females did not produce eggs. The cercaria-schistosomulum transformation took place at a slower rate in heat inactivated serum than in unheated serum.", "contents": "Conversion of schistosome cercariae to schistosomula in serum-supplemented media, and subsequent culture in vitro. Both Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni cercariae, axenized by washing in NCTC 109, transformed to schistosomula when incubated directed in NCTC 109 containing 2--50% human or 50% rabbit serum at 37 degrees C. The resultant schistosomula were grown in vitro to adults which mated, although the females did not produce eggs. The cercaria-schistosomulum transformation took place at a slower rate in heat inactivated serum than in unheated serum.", "PMID": 566806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7243", "title": "[Use of the variation pulsimetry in the evaluation of diurnal dynamics of cardiac rhythm in patients with ischemic heart disease and functional disorders of the cardiovascular system].", "content": "The results of employing the method of variation pulsimetry and dynamic electrocardiography in 30 patients are discussed. Analysis of the circadian dynamics of the statistical characteristics of cardiac rhythm showed that the activity of the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system was higher in patients with ischemic heart disease than in those with functional disorders. Disbalance of neurohumoral control of cardiac rhythm in various types of arrhythmias was disclosed.", "contents": "[Use of the variation pulsimetry in the evaluation of diurnal dynamics of cardiac rhythm in patients with ischemic heart disease and functional disorders of the cardiovascular system]. The results of employing the method of variation pulsimetry and dynamic electrocardiography in 30 patients are discussed. Analysis of the circadian dynamics of the statistical characteristics of cardiac rhythm showed that the activity of the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system was higher in patients with ischemic heart disease than in those with functional disorders. Disbalance of neurohumoral control of cardiac rhythm in various types of arrhythmias was disclosed.", "PMID": 566808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7244", "title": "[Extracardiac regulation of cardiac rhythm in thyroid diseases].", "content": "Extracardiac control of the cardiac rhythm in various diseases of the thyroid gland depending on its functional activity was studied on the basis of mathematical and statistical indices of cardiac rhythm and excretion of adrenalin and noradrenaline in the urine. Considerable activation of central and inhibition of the autoregulation contour was revealed in thyrotoxicosis, with attendant simultaneous increase in circadian adrenalin and noradrenaline excretion. No marked changes in extracardiac control of cardiac thythm were noted in patients with cancer of the thyroid gland, chronic thyroiditis and euthyroid goiter with normal function of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[Extracardiac regulation of cardiac rhythm in thyroid diseases]. Extracardiac control of the cardiac rhythm in various diseases of the thyroid gland depending on its functional activity was studied on the basis of mathematical and statistical indices of cardiac rhythm and excretion of adrenalin and noradrenaline in the urine. Considerable activation of central and inhibition of the autoregulation contour was revealed in thyrotoxicosis, with attendant simultaneous increase in circadian adrenalin and noradrenaline excretion. No marked changes in extracardiac control of cardiac thythm were noted in patients with cancer of the thyroid gland, chronic thyroiditis and euthyroid goiter with normal function of the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 566809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7245", "title": "[Characteristics of toxoplasmosis-induced myocarditis in experimental peroral infection].", "content": "In oral infection with cysts and oocysts of strain 131 Toxoplasma gondii, specific interstitial productive myocarditis with involvement of the endo- and pericardium developed in albino mice and guinea pigs in the acute stage of the process. Toxoplasmic myocarditis terminated in focal cardiosclerosis. The intensity of cardiac affection was higher in oral infection with toxoplasm oocysts than in infection with cysts than in infection with cysts. Unabating persistence of toxoplasms in the myocardium of the infected animals after subsidence of acute inflammatory phenomena was revealed (cysts in the myocardium).", "contents": "[Characteristics of toxoplasmosis-induced myocarditis in experimental peroral infection]. In oral infection with cysts and oocysts of strain 131 Toxoplasma gondii, specific interstitial productive myocarditis with involvement of the endo- and pericardium developed in albino mice and guinea pigs in the acute stage of the process. Toxoplasmic myocarditis terminated in focal cardiosclerosis. The intensity of cardiac affection was higher in oral infection with toxoplasm oocysts than in infection with cysts than in infection with cysts. Unabating persistence of toxoplasms in the myocardium of the infected animals after subsidence of acute inflammatory phenomena was revealed (cysts in the myocardium).", "PMID": 566810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7246", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of autonomic-dysovarian myocardial dystrophy in patients with premenstrual and climacteric syndromes].", "content": "In the examination of 60 patients, analysis of electrocardiograms with application of nitroglycerin, potassium chloride and obsidan was of definite significance along with other clinical, laboratory, and instrumental methods of study including selective coronarography. The effectiveness of treatment depending on the patients' age, the duration of the disease, and the use of sex hormones is analysed. It is shown that the number of cases with stable clinical improvement and complete normalization of the electrocardiogram increases significantly when sex hormones are included in the schedule of combined therapy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of autonomic-dysovarian myocardial dystrophy in patients with premenstrual and climacteric syndromes]. In the examination of 60 patients, analysis of electrocardiograms with application of nitroglycerin, potassium chloride and obsidan was of definite significance along with other clinical, laboratory, and instrumental methods of study including selective coronarography. The effectiveness of treatment depending on the patients' age, the duration of the disease, and the use of sex hormones is analysed. It is shown that the number of cases with stable clinical improvement and complete normalization of the electrocardiogram increases significantly when sex hormones are included in the schedule of combined therapy.", "PMID": 566811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7247", "title": "[Clinico-roentgenological diagnosis of aortic subvalvular stenosis].", "content": "On the basis of analysis of data on 36 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, 2 groups of patients were distinguished. In patients of group 1 the outlines of the cardiac shadow resembled those of the aortic type, but there was a bulging in the cranial part of the left ventricle due to its hypertrophy, particularly manifest in the prestenotic part of its outflow tract. In patients of group 2 the shape of the cardiac shadow was characterized by the straightening out of the left outline, i.e. by the absence of signs caused by a sharp hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "[Clinico-roentgenological diagnosis of aortic subvalvular stenosis]. On the basis of analysis of data on 36 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, 2 groups of patients were distinguished. In patients of group 1 the outlines of the cardiac shadow resembled those of the aortic type, but there was a bulging in the cranial part of the left ventricle due to its hypertrophy, particularly manifest in the prestenotic part of its outflow tract. In patients of group 2 the shape of the cardiac shadow was characterized by the straightening out of the left outline, i.e. by the absence of signs caused by a sharp hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium.", "PMID": 566812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7248", "title": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of the posner-schlossmann-syndrom (author's transl)].", "content": "Difficulties in the early diagnosis of the Posner-Schlossmann syndrome can be avoided by looking for the following typical clinical signs: Very fine, unpigmented precipitates, which are often only signly present, and which are scattered over the entire cornea: bright white in incident light, translucent in reflected light, and in transmitted light dark in spots. Posterior synechiae are not present. Obvious differences in color or heterochromia are present in only 30-40% of the cases. In the remaining cases, there ist only a slight color difference or unilateral, diffusely trophic hypochromia of the iris, often only after several attacks. The chamber angle is and remains open during the attacks. There are similarities between glaucomatocyclitic crisis and heterochromic cyclitis: Unilaterality, the same specific precipitates, no synechiae, and practically the same percentage of color differences of the iris. Hypochromic dystrophy of the iris dependent on the magnitude and duration of the cyclitic process. In both cases, there is the same rate of physical changes, pointing to a congenital damage of the sympathetic nervous system (status dysraphicus Passow). Hence, the Posner-Schlossmann syndrome can be regarded as a special case of heterochromic cyclitis. Neither miotics nor mydriatics, nor operation during the crisis. Acetazolamide (Diamox) combined with local cortisone will stop the crisis.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of the posner-schlossmann-syndrom (author's transl)]. Difficulties in the early diagnosis of the Posner-Schlossmann syndrome can be avoided by looking for the following typical clinical signs: Very fine, unpigmented precipitates, which are often only signly present, and which are scattered over the entire cornea: bright white in incident light, translucent in reflected light, and in transmitted light dark in spots. Posterior synechiae are not present. Obvious differences in color or heterochromia are present in only 30-40% of the cases. In the remaining cases, there ist only a slight color difference or unilateral, diffusely trophic hypochromia of the iris, often only after several attacks. The chamber angle is and remains open during the attacks. There are similarities between glaucomatocyclitic crisis and heterochromic cyclitis: Unilaterality, the same specific precipitates, no synechiae, and practically the same percentage of color differences of the iris. Hypochromic dystrophy of the iris dependent on the magnitude and duration of the cyclitic process. In both cases, there is the same rate of physical changes, pointing to a congenital damage of the sympathetic nervous system (status dysraphicus Passow). Hence, the Posner-Schlossmann syndrome can be regarded as a special case of heterochromic cyclitis. Neither miotics nor mydriatics, nor operation during the crisis. Acetazolamide (Diamox) combined with local cortisone will stop the crisis.", "PMID": 566813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7249", "title": "[Investigation of the bile acid metabolism of children with subtotal atrophy of intestinal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "A secretin-pancreozymin test was conducted with 43 gastroenterologically healthy children and 12 patients with subtotal atrophy of intestinal mucosa. While the pancreas enzymes were normal, the patients with coeliac disease reacted to the injection of the peptide hormones by producing a larger volume of secretion than did the control group. Despite the increased secretion there was at the same time a significantly higher concentration of bile acids in the duodenal juice. Analysis of the bile acid distribution indicated no deviation from the norm. There was, however, a striking discrepancy between the bile acid and the bilirubin excretion in the children with subtotal atrophy, whose bilirubin secretion, compared to that of the control group, was greatly reduced.", "contents": "[Investigation of the bile acid metabolism of children with subtotal atrophy of intestinal mucosa (author's transl)]. A secretin-pancreozymin test was conducted with 43 gastroenterologically healthy children and 12 patients with subtotal atrophy of intestinal mucosa. While the pancreas enzymes were normal, the patients with coeliac disease reacted to the injection of the peptide hormones by producing a larger volume of secretion than did the control group. Despite the increased secretion there was at the same time a significantly higher concentration of bile acids in the duodenal juice. Analysis of the bile acid distribution indicated no deviation from the norm. There was, however, a striking discrepancy between the bile acid and the bilirubin excretion in the children with subtotal atrophy, whose bilirubin secretion, compared to that of the control group, was greatly reduced.", "PMID": 566815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7250", "title": "[The fructose metabolism during the neonatal period and its relation to the concentration of bilirubin (author's transl)].", "content": "An enzymatic deficiency is the main reason of neonatal jaundice. It was the question, if there were other enzymatic restrictions of liver function in newborns. This investigation deals with the fructose metabolism in dependence of the concentration of bilirubin. No differences were found between unicteric and icteric newborns. Thus, one cannot suspect any diminution of the activity of the enzymes being necessary for fructose metabolism.", "contents": "[The fructose metabolism during the neonatal period and its relation to the concentration of bilirubin (author's transl)]. An enzymatic deficiency is the main reason of neonatal jaundice. It was the question, if there were other enzymatic restrictions of liver function in newborns. This investigation deals with the fructose metabolism in dependence of the concentration of bilirubin. No differences were found between unicteric and icteric newborns. Thus, one cannot suspect any diminution of the activity of the enzymes being necessary for fructose metabolism.", "PMID": 566816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7251", "title": "[\"Hepatoportal pneumatosis with pneumatosis intestinalis in the neonate\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A fullterm newborn infant two weeks of age, suffering from congestive heart failure due to a large patent ductus arteriosus, deteriorated suddenly presenting with a paralytic ileus. Radiographically diffuse intestinal pneumatosis and gas in the portal vein system could be shown. A mechanical reason was excluded by laparotomy shortly after which the infang died. Out of blood Klebsiella pneumonia could be grown. A survey of the literature on the syndrome of pneumatosis intestinalis and gas embolization into the portal vein system in the neonatal age group disclosed 41 cases. Based on this material etiology radiological features, differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[\"Hepatoportal pneumatosis with pneumatosis intestinalis in the neonate\" (author's transl)]. A fullterm newborn infant two weeks of age, suffering from congestive heart failure due to a large patent ductus arteriosus, deteriorated suddenly presenting with a paralytic ileus. Radiographically diffuse intestinal pneumatosis and gas in the portal vein system could be shown. A mechanical reason was excluded by laparotomy shortly after which the infang died. Out of blood Klebsiella pneumonia could be grown. A survey of the literature on the syndrome of pneumatosis intestinalis and gas embolization into the portal vein system in the neonatal age group disclosed 41 cases. Based on this material etiology radiological features, differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 566818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7252", "title": "[Acute anuria due to renal candidiasis in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "There are reports here on three cases of renal candidiasis in infancy which after predisposing factors suddenly led to a deterioration in the general state, to a considerable enlargement of the kidneys and to the occurrence of an anuria. The pecularities of the course as well as a conservative treatment success using 5 fluorcytosin are reported on. The pathogenesis of the illness is discussed.", "contents": "[Acute anuria due to renal candidiasis in infants (author's transl)]. There are reports here on three cases of renal candidiasis in infancy which after predisposing factors suddenly led to a deterioration in the general state, to a considerable enlargement of the kidneys and to the occurrence of an anuria. The pecularities of the course as well as a conservative treatment success using 5 fluorcytosin are reported on. The pathogenesis of the illness is discussed.", "PMID": 566819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7253", "title": "[Normal values of LH and FSH excretion in the urine of children and juveniles by the luteonosticon and FSH-nosticon test (author's transl)].", "content": "The normal values of the LH and FSH excretion in 12-h-overnight-urine-samples were measured by the commercial technique for the estimation of LH (Luteonosticon) and FSH (FSH-nosticon). These methods were used to determine the hormone excretion of these hormones in healthy individuals, 94 boys (0-18 years) and 48 girls (0-16 years). Only one urine sample was assayed for each subject. There was a highly significant correlation between the plasma LH and FSH concentrations and the urinary content of the same hormones: for FSH, r = 0.8 and for LH, r = 0.6. The plasma concentrations were measured radioimmunologically immediately before the period of urine collection. Five girls with Turner's syndrome aged 12 to 17 years showed LH values (5.0-14.5 IU/12 h) at the upper end of or slightly above the normal range and pathologically high values (22.2-43.5 IU/12 h) for FSH.", "contents": "[Normal values of LH and FSH excretion in the urine of children and juveniles by the luteonosticon and FSH-nosticon test (author's transl)]. The normal values of the LH and FSH excretion in 12-h-overnight-urine-samples were measured by the commercial technique for the estimation of LH (Luteonosticon) and FSH (FSH-nosticon). These methods were used to determine the hormone excretion of these hormones in healthy individuals, 94 boys (0-18 years) and 48 girls (0-16 years). Only one urine sample was assayed for each subject. There was a highly significant correlation between the plasma LH and FSH concentrations and the urinary content of the same hormones: for FSH, r = 0.8 and for LH, r = 0.6. The plasma concentrations were measured radioimmunologically immediately before the period of urine collection. Five girls with Turner's syndrome aged 12 to 17 years showed LH values (5.0-14.5 IU/12 h) at the upper end of or slightly above the normal range and pathologically high values (22.2-43.5 IU/12 h) for FSH.", "PMID": 566820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7254", "title": "[Refractometric measurement of total serum protein, comparison of refractometry and biuret test (author's transl)].", "content": "Study on the Refractometric Determination of Total Protein in Serum, Comparison of the Refractometric and Biuret Method. Total protein concentration in serum was determined by the aid of the Abb\u00e9-refractometer and the biuret method. Both methods showed a good precision and accuracy. The investigation was carried out in 241 sera with normal bilirubin (up to 1 mg/100 ml), cholesterol (up to 200 mg/100 ml) and urea (up to 23,0 mg/100 ml) concentration, in 43 sera with increased (10,6-26,6 mg/100 ml) bilirubin concentration, in 129 sera with increased (200-520 mg/100 ml) cholesterol concentration and in 43 sera with increased (23,0-155,3 mg/100 ml) urea concentration. The comparison of the refractometric values with the values obtained by the biuret method in the 241 sera with normal bilirubin, cholesterol and urea concentration (correlation coefficient = 0,971) showed a close correlation and in the 43 sera with increased bilirubin concentration (correlation coefficient = 0,958) an acceptable correlation. However no close correlations were observed in the 129 sera with increased cholesterol concentration and in the 43 sera with increased urea concentration. The correlation lines diverged proportional with the increase of cholesterol and urea concentration from the expected correlation lines.", "contents": "[Refractometric measurement of total serum protein, comparison of refractometry and biuret test (author's transl)]. Study on the Refractometric Determination of Total Protein in Serum, Comparison of the Refractometric and Biuret Method. Total protein concentration in serum was determined by the aid of the Abb\u00e9-refractometer and the biuret method. Both methods showed a good precision and accuracy. The investigation was carried out in 241 sera with normal bilirubin (up to 1 mg/100 ml), cholesterol (up to 200 mg/100 ml) and urea (up to 23,0 mg/100 ml) concentration, in 43 sera with increased (10,6-26,6 mg/100 ml) bilirubin concentration, in 129 sera with increased (200-520 mg/100 ml) cholesterol concentration and in 43 sera with increased (23,0-155,3 mg/100 ml) urea concentration. The comparison of the refractometric values with the values obtained by the biuret method in the 241 sera with normal bilirubin, cholesterol and urea concentration (correlation coefficient = 0,971) showed a close correlation and in the 43 sera with increased bilirubin concentration (correlation coefficient = 0,958) an acceptable correlation. However no close correlations were observed in the 129 sera with increased cholesterol concentration and in the 43 sera with increased urea concentration. The correlation lines diverged proportional with the increase of cholesterol and urea concentration from the expected correlation lines.", "PMID": 566821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7255", "title": "[A case of Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome and its zinc therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "An 8-year-old boy presented a typical Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome. The light- and electromicroscopic findings of both skin- and muscle-biopsy cannot explain the symptoms. A deficiency of zinc and, resulting from this, a defective cohesiveness of collagenous and elastic fibres seems possible. After oral zinc treatment a significant therapeutic effect was seen.", "contents": "[A case of Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome and its zinc therapy (author's transl)]. An 8-year-old boy presented a typical Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome. The light- and electromicroscopic findings of both skin- and muscle-biopsy cannot explain the symptoms. A deficiency of zinc and, resulting from this, a defective cohesiveness of collagenous and elastic fibres seems possible. After oral zinc treatment a significant therapeutic effect was seen.", "PMID": 566822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7256", "title": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus in twins (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in monozygotic twins. One sister developed coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia at the age of 11 years and suffered from five haemolytic crises over a period of 8 months. SLE could not be proven at that time, but following a 3-year symptom-free period, characteristic clinical and immunological evidence of SLE became manifest. The second sister developed classical SLE at the age of 15 years. Clinical, immunological, etiological and therapeutical aspects of SLE are being discussed.", "contents": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus in twins (author's transl)]. A report is given of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in monozygotic twins. One sister developed coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia at the age of 11 years and suffered from five haemolytic crises over a period of 8 months. SLE could not be proven at that time, but following a 3-year symptom-free period, characteristic clinical and immunological evidence of SLE became manifest. The second sister developed classical SLE at the age of 15 years. Clinical, immunological, etiological and therapeutical aspects of SLE are being discussed.", "PMID": 566823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7257", "title": "[Neutropenia as side effect of azlocillin in an infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a case of severe neutropenia in an infant treated with azlocillin. This case fits well into the series of wellknown reports on hematologic side effects of other semisynthetic penicillins, with regard to the onset of symptomatics, clinical side effects, and full reversibility.", "contents": "[Neutropenia as side effect of azlocillin in an infant (author's transl)]. The authors report on a case of severe neutropenia in an infant treated with azlocillin. This case fits well into the series of wellknown reports on hematologic side effects of other semisynthetic penicillins, with regard to the onset of symptomatics, clinical side effects, and full reversibility.", "PMID": 566824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7258", "title": "[Extra-alveolar air in ventilated newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Successive manifestations of acute air leak phenomenona are reported in a ventilated premature infant with aspiration of amniotic fluid. The increasingly reported incidence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema is emphasized. After its first occurrence there is a serious need for careful clinical and radiological observation because of the great risk of further complications.", "contents": "[Extra-alveolar air in ventilated newborn infants (author's transl)]. Successive manifestations of acute air leak phenomenona are reported in a ventilated premature infant with aspiration of amniotic fluid. The increasingly reported incidence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema is emphasized. After its first occurrence there is a serious need for careful clinical and radiological observation because of the great risk of further complications.", "PMID": 566825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7259", "title": "Self-mutilation of the penis in C57BL/6N mice.", "content": "A major cause of male reproductive failure in a C57BL/6N mouse production colony is self-inflicted mutilation of the penis. The extent of the damage ranged from loss of the distal end to loss of the entire penis. From January 1974 to August 1976, 645 adult male mice with mutilated penis were removed from this colony--where the monthly census was 9500 mice, mated 1 male to 4 females using a continuous mating system. On necropsy, it was observed that the substance blocking the urethra in the penile stump resulted in urine retention, grossly distending the urinary bladder. Proteus mirabilis and other bacteria isolated from the urethral plugs were considered secondary invaders.", "contents": "Self-mutilation of the penis in C57BL/6N mice. A major cause of male reproductive failure in a C57BL/6N mouse production colony is self-inflicted mutilation of the penis. The extent of the damage ranged from loss of the distal end to loss of the entire penis. From January 1974 to August 1976, 645 adult male mice with mutilated penis were removed from this colony--where the monthly census was 9500 mice, mated 1 male to 4 females using a continuous mating system. On necropsy, it was observed that the substance blocking the urethra in the penile stump resulted in urine retention, grossly distending the urinary bladder. Proteus mirabilis and other bacteria isolated from the urethral plugs were considered secondary invaders.", "PMID": 566826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7260", "title": "Stress, escapism and patterns of alcohol and drug use.", "content": "Stress-related misuse of alcohol or drugs appears to be impulsive and may reflect conflict, learned helplessness or an attempt to reduce cognitive dissonance.", "contents": "Stress, escapism and patterns of alcohol and drug use. Stress-related misuse of alcohol or drugs appears to be impulsive and may reflect conflict, learned helplessness or an attempt to reduce cognitive dissonance.", "PMID": 566828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7261", "title": "The role of dietary protein in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Rabbits become hypercholesterolemic and develop atherosclerotic lesions when fed a cholesterol-free, semipurified diet. This provides a useful experimental model in which a moderate hypercholesterolemia can be maintained for long periods of time. The elevation of plasma cholesterol and development of atherosclerosis are dependent on the kind of protein in the diet and can be prevented by replacing casein with isolated soy protein. Feeding trials with enzymatic digests or mixtures of amino acids indicate that this difference is at least partly due to the differing amino acid composition of the two proteins. Rabbits on the soy protein diet showed higher rates of oxidation and turnover of cholesterol than those on the casein diet. Dietary protein has generally been considered to be of little significance in the etiology of atherosclerosis in humans, but evidence is accumulating which indicates that it can have a significant influence on human plasma cholesterol levels.", "contents": "The role of dietary protein in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Rabbits become hypercholesterolemic and develop atherosclerotic lesions when fed a cholesterol-free, semipurified diet. This provides a useful experimental model in which a moderate hypercholesterolemia can be maintained for long periods of time. The elevation of plasma cholesterol and development of atherosclerosis are dependent on the kind of protein in the diet and can be prevented by replacing casein with isolated soy protein. Feeding trials with enzymatic digests or mixtures of amino acids indicate that this difference is at least partly due to the differing amino acid composition of the two proteins. Rabbits on the soy protein diet showed higher rates of oxidation and turnover of cholesterol than those on the casein diet. Dietary protein has generally been considered to be of little significance in the etiology of atherosclerosis in humans, but evidence is accumulating which indicates that it can have a significant influence on human plasma cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 566837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7262", "title": "Gangliosides of cultured cells of a rat mammary carcinoma cell line.", "content": "Ganglioside content of rat mammary carcinoma-derived cells grown in layers in vitro was nearly as high as that of apical membrane-derived milk fat globule membrane and nearly four time higher than the content of normal, lactating mammary tissue on a protein basis. The major ganglioside of these carcinoma-derived cells was identified as GDla (sialic acid-Gal-GalNAc-sialic acid)-Gal-Glc-Cer. Relative to carcinoma-derived cells, rat mammary tissue and milk fat globule membrane had more complex ganglioside patterns but appeared to lack substantial quantities of GDla.", "contents": "Gangliosides of cultured cells of a rat mammary carcinoma cell line. Ganglioside content of rat mammary carcinoma-derived cells grown in layers in vitro was nearly as high as that of apical membrane-derived milk fat globule membrane and nearly four time higher than the content of normal, lactating mammary tissue on a protein basis. The major ganglioside of these carcinoma-derived cells was identified as GDla (sialic acid-Gal-GalNAc-sialic acid)-Gal-Glc-Cer. Relative to carcinoma-derived cells, rat mammary tissue and milk fat globule membrane had more complex ganglioside patterns but appeared to lack substantial quantities of GDla.", "PMID": 566838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7263", "title": "Effect of light quality on the photoinduction of carotenoid synthesis in Verticillim agaricinum.", "content": "The action spectrum of photoinduction of carotenoid biosynthesis in Verticillium agaricinum has a high peak in the near-UV region with very small peaks in the blue, yellow and red regions. This suggests that neither a flavoprotein nor a carotenoid could be the photoreceptor, but a new unknown pigment system. Sporulation however is not photoregulated and is unaffected by light in the near-UV region. So, mycochrome cannot be implicated in the sporulation of this fungus. Further, sporulation and carotenogenesis must be under separate regulatory control in this organism, but not necessarily so in other organisms.", "contents": "Effect of light quality on the photoinduction of carotenoid synthesis in Verticillim agaricinum. The action spectrum of photoinduction of carotenoid biosynthesis in Verticillium agaricinum has a high peak in the near-UV region with very small peaks in the blue, yellow and red regions. This suggests that neither a flavoprotein nor a carotenoid could be the photoreceptor, but a new unknown pigment system. Sporulation however is not photoregulated and is unaffected by light in the near-UV region. So, mycochrome cannot be implicated in the sporulation of this fungus. Further, sporulation and carotenogenesis must be under separate regulatory control in this organism, but not necessarily so in other organisms.", "PMID": 566841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7264", "title": "[Effect of raised temperature on the developmental cycle of Candida utilis yeasts].", "content": "The effect of the submaximal temperature (41.5 degrees C) on growth was studied with a synchronous periodic yeast culture. If the cells were subjected to the action of elevated temperature at the beginning of the growth cycle, the formation of buds was not inhibited in contrast to the separation of nuclei between the daughter and parent cells. If the cells started their growth cycle at the optimal temperature of 32 degrees C and, after spending 0.6 of the cycle at this temperature, were subjected to a temperature of 41.5 degrees C, the separation of nuclei between the daughter and parent cells took place, but the cells were not entirely separated one from another.", "contents": "[Effect of raised temperature on the developmental cycle of Candida utilis yeasts]. The effect of the submaximal temperature (41.5 degrees C) on growth was studied with a synchronous periodic yeast culture. If the cells were subjected to the action of elevated temperature at the beginning of the growth cycle, the formation of buds was not inhibited in contrast to the separation of nuclei between the daughter and parent cells. If the cells started their growth cycle at the optimal temperature of 32 degrees C and, after spending 0.6 of the cycle at this temperature, were subjected to a temperature of 41.5 degrees C, the separation of nuclei between the daughter and parent cells took place, but the cells were not entirely separated one from another.", "PMID": 566842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7265", "title": "[Bird-headed-dwarfism. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The case history and symptoms of a girl aged 12 months are reported suffering from bird-headed-dwarfism or Seckel-Syndrom: low birth weight in spite of prolonged pregnancy, typical \"bird-headed-face\", mikrocephaly, dwarfism, dystrophy, mental-motoric retardation.", "contents": "[Bird-headed-dwarfism. A case report (author's transl)]. The case history and symptoms of a girl aged 12 months are reported suffering from bird-headed-dwarfism or Seckel-Syndrom: low birth weight in spite of prolonged pregnancy, typical \"bird-headed-face\", mikrocephaly, dwarfism, dystrophy, mental-motoric retardation.", "PMID": 566849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7266", "title": "The biosynthesis of glycolipids during the differentiation of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "In the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum polysioprenylphosphomannosides are substrates for membrane bound mannosyltransferases; the isolated and purified isoprenyl derivatives transfer mannose to protein in vitro in presence of membrane fractions. The biosynthesis of the mannolipids as well as the biosynthesis of a glucose containing cerebroside, which becomes synthesized in an early stage of the cell development proceeds under control of the cell differentiation. The isolation procedure and the properties of the glycolipids are described, and their functions for the cellular development are discussed.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of glycolipids during the differentiation of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. In the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum polysioprenylphosphomannosides are substrates for membrane bound mannosyltransferases; the isolated and purified isoprenyl derivatives transfer mannose to protein in vitro in presence of membrane fractions. The biosynthesis of the mannolipids as well as the biosynthesis of a glucose containing cerebroside, which becomes synthesized in an early stage of the cell development proceeds under control of the cell differentiation. The isolation procedure and the properties of the glycolipids are described, and their functions for the cellular development are discussed.", "PMID": 566848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7267", "title": "Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated in vitro with non-K-region dihydrodiols of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the incidence of sister-chromatid exchanges induced in Chinese hamster ovary cells by in vitro treatment with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene and with related K-region and non-K-region dihydrodiols. Appreciable increased in the incidence of sister-chromatid exchanges were apparent in cells treated with non-K-region dihydrodiols: the most active compounds were 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and the effects were dose-dependent. The parent hydrocarbons and the related K-region dihydrodiols induced some sister-chromatid exchanges but they were considerably less active than these two non-K-region diols. The results suggest that this system may usefully be applied to studies aimed at determining which dihydrodiols are important in the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. These and other results also infer that Chinese hamster ovary cells possess some intrinsic ability to metabolize such compounds in the absence of exogenous activation systems.", "contents": "Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated in vitro with non-K-region dihydrodiols of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene. Studies were carried out on the incidence of sister-chromatid exchanges induced in Chinese hamster ovary cells by in vitro treatment with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene and with related K-region and non-K-region dihydrodiols. Appreciable increased in the incidence of sister-chromatid exchanges were apparent in cells treated with non-K-region dihydrodiols: the most active compounds were 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and the effects were dose-dependent. The parent hydrocarbons and the related K-region dihydrodiols induced some sister-chromatid exchanges but they were considerably less active than these two non-K-region diols. The results suggest that this system may usefully be applied to studies aimed at determining which dihydrodiols are important in the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. These and other results also infer that Chinese hamster ovary cells possess some intrinsic ability to metabolize such compounds in the absence of exogenous activation systems.", "PMID": 566850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7268", "title": "Dose-response relationship for X-ray induced dominant lethal mutations detected in mouse embryos in vitro.", "content": "X-Irradiated male mice sired offspring that expressed dominant lethal mutations during development in vitro. These mutations were expressed as arrest of the embryo either before or after blastocyst formation and were induced in germ cells irradiated as spermatids. When the dose-response data for the induced dominant lethal mutation rate were fit to a linear-quadratic model for dose-response curves, they were found to be compatible with mutation induction by both one-track and two-track processes, and the calculated interaction distance agreed well with those values found for radiation-induced translocations in Vicia faba and mouse spermatogonia. This correlation suggests that dominant lethal mutations in embryos and translocations in germ cells both result from similar radiation-induced chromosome damage.", "contents": "Dose-response relationship for X-ray induced dominant lethal mutations detected in mouse embryos in vitro. X-Irradiated male mice sired offspring that expressed dominant lethal mutations during development in vitro. These mutations were expressed as arrest of the embryo either before or after blastocyst formation and were induced in germ cells irradiated as spermatids. When the dose-response data for the induced dominant lethal mutation rate were fit to a linear-quadratic model for dose-response curves, they were found to be compatible with mutation induction by both one-track and two-track processes, and the calculated interaction distance agreed well with those values found for radiation-induced translocations in Vicia faba and mouse spermatogonia. This correlation suggests that dominant lethal mutations in embryos and translocations in germ cells both result from similar radiation-induced chromosome damage.", "PMID": 566851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7269", "title": "Fibrocystic breast disease in oral-contraceptive users. A histopathological evaluation of epithelial atypia.", "content": "Epidemiological studies show a lower frequency of fibrocystic breast disease among long-term users of oral contraceptives than among women who have never used them. Fibrocystic disease may be a precursor of breast cancer; yet the incidence of breast cancer does not appear to differ between pill-takers and nontakers. To resolve this conflict, we examined the problem from a histologic standpoint in 205 premenopausal women, and found that this decreased frequency applied only to fibrocystic disease in which epithelial atypia was minimal or absent. In women with marked atypia there was no significant difference in frequency among long-term users as compared to women who have never used oral contraceptives. These findings suggest that a spectrum of cystic disease exists and that the long-term use of oral contraceptives protects against the forms of fibrocystic disease that are not firmly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not against the premalignant forms.", "contents": "Fibrocystic breast disease in oral-contraceptive users. A histopathological evaluation of epithelial atypia. Epidemiological studies show a lower frequency of fibrocystic breast disease among long-term users of oral contraceptives than among women who have never used them. Fibrocystic disease may be a precursor of breast cancer; yet the incidence of breast cancer does not appear to differ between pill-takers and nontakers. To resolve this conflict, we examined the problem from a histologic standpoint in 205 premenopausal women, and found that this decreased frequency applied only to fibrocystic disease in which epithelial atypia was minimal or absent. In women with marked atypia there was no significant difference in frequency among long-term users as compared to women who have never used oral contraceptives. These findings suggest that a spectrum of cystic disease exists and that the long-term use of oral contraceptives protects against the forms of fibrocystic disease that are not firmly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not against the premalignant forms.", "PMID": 566853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7270", "title": "A specific glycoprotein as the target site of adhesion blocking Fab in aggregating Dictyostelium cells.", "content": "During the acquisition of aggregation competence a new antigen appears on the surface of Dictyostelium cells. Univalent antibody fragments (Fab) against this antigen render the cells unable to form the specific type of cell adhesion which is characteristic of aggregating cells. This membrane constituent has been purified and identified as a concanavalin A-binding glycoprotein present at about 2 X 10(5) copies per cell.", "contents": "A specific glycoprotein as the target site of adhesion blocking Fab in aggregating Dictyostelium cells. During the acquisition of aggregation competence a new antigen appears on the surface of Dictyostelium cells. Univalent antibody fragments (Fab) against this antigen render the cells unable to form the specific type of cell adhesion which is characteristic of aggregating cells. This membrane constituent has been purified and identified as a concanavalin A-binding glycoprotein present at about 2 X 10(5) copies per cell.", "PMID": 566857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7271", "title": "Isolation of human nerve growth factor from placental tissue.", "content": "Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been isolated from human placental tissue. Using the chicken embryo dorsal root ganglia assay, we determined levels of NGF activity for the amnion, placental cotyledons, cord serum, fetal serum, and maternal serum. The highest levels of NGF activity were measured in placental cotyledons. After homogenization and centrifugation of the placental cotyledons, the supernatant was sequentially chromatographed, at neutral pH, on Sephadex G-100, DEAE-11, and Sephadex G-150. A high-molecular-weight protein fraction (approximately 150,000), which contained all the biological activity, was isolated in this fashion. Analytical isoelectric focusing of this fraction revealed a basic protein component (pI 9.5) of the high-molecular-weight species. Assays for NGF activity of all protein components separated by analytical isoelectric focusing showed that NGF activity was associated only with the basic protein component. Correspondingly, preparative isoelectric focusing of the high-molecular-weight species yielded a basic protein with very high biological activity (1-3 ng per biological unit) that was immunochemically active against rabbit IgG made against mouse beta-NGF.", "contents": "Isolation of human nerve growth factor from placental tissue. Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been isolated from human placental tissue. Using the chicken embryo dorsal root ganglia assay, we determined levels of NGF activity for the amnion, placental cotyledons, cord serum, fetal serum, and maternal serum. The highest levels of NGF activity were measured in placental cotyledons. After homogenization and centrifugation of the placental cotyledons, the supernatant was sequentially chromatographed, at neutral pH, on Sephadex G-100, DEAE-11, and Sephadex G-150. A high-molecular-weight protein fraction (approximately 150,000), which contained all the biological activity, was isolated in this fashion. Analytical isoelectric focusing of this fraction revealed a basic protein component (pI 9.5) of the high-molecular-weight species. Assays for NGF activity of all protein components separated by analytical isoelectric focusing showed that NGF activity was associated only with the basic protein component. Correspondingly, preparative isoelectric focusing of the high-molecular-weight species yielded a basic protein with very high biological activity (1-3 ng per biological unit) that was immunochemically active against rabbit IgG made against mouse beta-NGF.", "PMID": 566860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7272", "title": "A fatal brain injury caused by a needlefish.", "content": "A traumatic internal carotid-cavernous sinus fistula due to a penetrating injury caused by a needlefish is described.", "contents": "A fatal brain injury caused by a needlefish. A traumatic internal carotid-cavernous sinus fistula due to a penetrating injury caused by a needlefish is described.", "PMID": 566862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7273", "title": "The description of motor unit potentials in electromyography.", "content": "It has been suggested that the findings on needle electromyography should be described by abbreviations such as \"SSAP\" rather than \"myopathic.\" The patterns of changes that may occur and their pathophysiologic basis make both of these terms unsuitable. Quantitative measurements are needed.", "contents": "The description of motor unit potentials in electromyography. It has been suggested that the findings on needle electromyography should be described by abbreviations such as \"SSAP\" rather than \"myopathic.\" The patterns of changes that may occur and their pathophysiologic basis make both of these terms unsuitable. Quantitative measurements are needed.", "PMID": 566863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7274", "title": "Division of the corpus callosum for uncontrollable epilepsy.", "content": "Cerebral commissurotomy, the \"split-brain\" procedure, has been employed for the control of intractable seizures, in conjunction with moderate doses of anticonvulsant drugs. The results have been encouraging in several small series. The use of microsurgical techniques and the restriction of surgery to one commissure, the corpus callosum, has reduced morbidity without apparent change in result. The eight patients in our first series who underwent the prescribed division of several forebrain commissures are compared to the four patients in our second series who underwent division of the corpus callosum alone. The technique of callosotomy is described.", "contents": "Division of the corpus callosum for uncontrollable epilepsy. Cerebral commissurotomy, the \"split-brain\" procedure, has been employed for the control of intractable seizures, in conjunction with moderate doses of anticonvulsant drugs. The results have been encouraging in several small series. The use of microsurgical techniques and the restriction of surgery to one commissure, the corpus callosum, has reduced morbidity without apparent change in result. The eight patients in our first series who underwent the prescribed division of several forebrain commissures are compared to the four patients in our second series who underwent division of the corpus callosum alone. The technique of callosotomy is described.", "PMID": 566864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7275", "title": "Alteration of Purkinje cell activity from transfolial stimulation of the cerebellum in the cat.", "content": "The activity of single Purkinje cells and other single neural units was recorded extracellularly from the cerebellar cortex of anesthetized cats during surface cerebellar stimulation with parameters similar to those used in human beings with epilepsy. At a stimulation rate of 0.5 Hz, most Purkinje cells responded with a simple stimulus-locked suppression of activity, although some showed more complex sequences of suppression and activation. At a stimulus rate of 10 Hz, essentially all responsive Purkinje cells showed a suppression of activity. Most of the other units responded to stimulation in the same manner. These effects were observed immediately adjacent to the stimulating electrodes and as far away as 6.5 mm. Therefore, surface stimulation of the cerebellum with parameters equivalent to those used in epileptic patients suppresses rather than activates Purkinje cells. These findings do not support the hypothesis that Purkinje cell activation accounts for seizure suppression in epileptic patients.", "contents": "Alteration of Purkinje cell activity from transfolial stimulation of the cerebellum in the cat. The activity of single Purkinje cells and other single neural units was recorded extracellularly from the cerebellar cortex of anesthetized cats during surface cerebellar stimulation with parameters similar to those used in human beings with epilepsy. At a stimulation rate of 0.5 Hz, most Purkinje cells responded with a simple stimulus-locked suppression of activity, although some showed more complex sequences of suppression and activation. At a stimulus rate of 10 Hz, essentially all responsive Purkinje cells showed a suppression of activity. Most of the other units responded to stimulation in the same manner. These effects were observed immediately adjacent to the stimulating electrodes and as far away as 6.5 mm. Therefore, surface stimulation of the cerebellum with parameters equivalent to those used in epileptic patients suppresses rather than activates Purkinje cells. These findings do not support the hypothesis that Purkinje cell activation accounts for seizure suppression in epileptic patients.", "PMID": 566865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7276", "title": "Clinical and electroencephalographic changes in progressive uremic encephalopathy.", "content": "A study of nine patients, aged 23 to 67 years, showed a remarkable sequence of EEG findings in progressive uremic encephalopathy. The initial characteristics suggested a disorder of subcortical gray matter, followed by involvement of cortical gray matter and finally white matter. The same EEG findings tended to persist in the early stages of the disease and were present throughout the night and during dialysis. During dialysis, the EEG background and clinical picture between paroxysms sometimes showed deterioration. Seizures indicated a grave prognosis. Five of six patients with seizures died. In some patients, progressive uremic encephalopathy may develop without hemodialysis. Routine EEGs in dialysis units or in patients prior to admission can help uncover progressive uremic encephalopathy before the clinical emergence of this disorder.", "contents": "Clinical and electroencephalographic changes in progressive uremic encephalopathy. A study of nine patients, aged 23 to 67 years, showed a remarkable sequence of EEG findings in progressive uremic encephalopathy. The initial characteristics suggested a disorder of subcortical gray matter, followed by involvement of cortical gray matter and finally white matter. The same EEG findings tended to persist in the early stages of the disease and were present throughout the night and during dialysis. During dialysis, the EEG background and clinical picture between paroxysms sometimes showed deterioration. Seizures indicated a grave prognosis. Five of six patients with seizures died. In some patients, progressive uremic encephalopathy may develop without hemodialysis. Routine EEGs in dialysis units or in patients prior to admission can help uncover progressive uremic encephalopathy before the clinical emergence of this disorder.", "PMID": 566866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7277", "title": "Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "From 1969 through 1972, a nationwide search for cases of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is Israel revealed 89 patients. The average annual age-adjusted incidence was 0.75 per 10(5) persons. Overall incidence of the syndrome was similar in Jewish groups of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Arabs had a lower overall incidence than Jews (0.46 per 10(5) persons), perhaps attributable to fewer Arabs at risk in older age groups. Peaks of incidence occurred among individuals over 60 and under 4 years of age when all cases were combined. No clear seasonal or geographic clustering of GBS was evident in Israel during the 4 years of this study. The incidence of GBS in the present study agrees with previous population-based estimates.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. From 1969 through 1972, a nationwide search for cases of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is Israel revealed 89 patients. The average annual age-adjusted incidence was 0.75 per 10(5) persons. Overall incidence of the syndrome was similar in Jewish groups of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Arabs had a lower overall incidence than Jews (0.46 per 10(5) persons), perhaps attributable to fewer Arabs at risk in older age groups. Peaks of incidence occurred among individuals over 60 and under 4 years of age when all cases were combined. No clear seasonal or geographic clustering of GBS was evident in Israel during the 4 years of this study. The incidence of GBS in the present study agrees with previous population-based estimates.", "PMID": 566867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7278", "title": "Lergotrile in the treatment of parkinsonism.", "content": "Lergotrile mesylate, a direct-acting dopamine agonist, was administered for up to 10 months to 25 patients with Parkinson disease. Of six patients not receiving levodopa concurrently, five showed definite improvement in parkinsonian signs and symptoms. These results are the first clear indication that lergotrile is efficacious, independently of any interaction with levodopa, in the treatment of Parkinson disease. The drug was also effective in relieving some complications of long-term levodopa therapy. Lergotrile was more effective in alleviating on-off problems than in reversing loss of levodopa efficacy. Side effects of lergotrile included exacerbation of hallucinations, dyskinesias, hypotension, and alterations in liver function tests.", "contents": "Lergotrile in the treatment of parkinsonism. Lergotrile mesylate, a direct-acting dopamine agonist, was administered for up to 10 months to 25 patients with Parkinson disease. Of six patients not receiving levodopa concurrently, five showed definite improvement in parkinsonian signs and symptoms. These results are the first clear indication that lergotrile is efficacious, independently of any interaction with levodopa, in the treatment of Parkinson disease. The drug was also effective in relieving some complications of long-term levodopa therapy. Lergotrile was more effective in alleviating on-off problems than in reversing loss of levodopa efficacy. Side effects of lergotrile included exacerbation of hallucinations, dyskinesias, hypotension, and alterations in liver function tests.", "PMID": 566868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7279", "title": "Autosomal dominant system degeneration in Portuguese families of the Azores Islands. A new genetic disorder involving cerebellar, pyramidal, extrapyramidal and spinal cord motor functions.", "content": "We studied 40 patients in 15 families from the Portuguese Azores Islands. Each family was affected by an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Symptoms began between ages 20 and 50. Ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, pyramidal signs, dystonia, rigidity, and distal atrophy were the major clinical findings. Evidence suggested that this was a single genetic disease, with variable phenotypic expression. Machado disease, nigrospinodentatal degeneration with nuclear ophthalmoplegia, and autosomal dominant striatonigral degeneration may be variations of this same genetic disease.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant system degeneration in Portuguese families of the Azores Islands. A new genetic disorder involving cerebellar, pyramidal, extrapyramidal and spinal cord motor functions. We studied 40 patients in 15 families from the Portuguese Azores Islands. Each family was affected by an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Symptoms began between ages 20 and 50. Ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, pyramidal signs, dystonia, rigidity, and distal atrophy were the major clinical findings. Evidence suggested that this was a single genetic disease, with variable phenotypic expression. Machado disease, nigrospinodentatal degeneration with nuclear ophthalmoplegia, and autosomal dominant striatonigral degeneration may be variations of this same genetic disease.", "PMID": 566869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7280", "title": "Atypical neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "We describe the clinical, pathologic, and ultrastructural findings in a case of juvenile onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis without visual symptoms or retinal abnormalities. The histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the neuronal lipopigment were similar to those in typical cases of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Atypical neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis may be distinguished histochemically, ultrastructurally, and clinically from another disorder called juvenile dystonic lipidosis, with which it has been confused.", "contents": "Atypical neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. We describe the clinical, pathologic, and ultrastructural findings in a case of juvenile onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis without visual symptoms or retinal abnormalities. The histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the neuronal lipopigment were similar to those in typical cases of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Atypical neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis may be distinguished histochemically, ultrastructurally, and clinically from another disorder called juvenile dystonic lipidosis, with which it has been confused.", "PMID": 566870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7281", "title": "Syncope in the adult Chiari anomaly.", "content": "A patient with an adult Chiari malformation had syncopal episodes induced by modest exertion. Low-amplitude slowing of the electroencephalogram occurred at the time of syncope, with no change in pulse rate, blood pressure, or arterial gases in attacks reproduced by exercise, compression of jugular veins or standardized Valsalva maneuver. The attacks were attributed to transient increases in intracranial pressure that caused dysfunction of the ascending reticular activating system.", "contents": "Syncope in the adult Chiari anomaly. A patient with an adult Chiari malformation had syncopal episodes induced by modest exertion. Low-amplitude slowing of the electroencephalogram occurred at the time of syncope, with no change in pulse rate, blood pressure, or arterial gases in attacks reproduced by exercise, compression of jugular veins or standardized Valsalva maneuver. The attacks were attributed to transient increases in intracranial pressure that caused dysfunction of the ascending reticular activating system.", "PMID": 566871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7282", "title": "Active transport of carnitine into skeletal muscle.", "content": "Skeletal muscle carnitine concentration exceeds plasma carnitine concentration. To determine whether this concentration gradient is maintained by active transport we studied rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Observations consistent with the existence of an active transport mechanism were that the soleus accumulated carnitine linearly for 3 hours of incubation to exceed a distribution ratio of 1; the temperature coefficient for carnitine accumulation between 33 degrees C and 43 degrees C was 2.0; anaerobic incubation reduced carnitine accumulation by 30 percent; and the rate of carnitine accumulation was saturated at high substrate concentrations and competitively inhibited by gamma-butyrobetaine. The Km for carnitine of the carnitine transport mechanism of the soleus muscle was 0.259 mM and of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, 0.585 mM. The greater affinity of the soleus transport mechanism may explain the difference in carnitine transport by red and white muscle in intact animals. A defect in active transport of carnitine may be involved in the pathogenesis of some human myopathies characterized by excessive lipid storage and in diphtheritic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Active transport of carnitine into skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle carnitine concentration exceeds plasma carnitine concentration. To determine whether this concentration gradient is maintained by active transport we studied rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Observations consistent with the existence of an active transport mechanism were that the soleus accumulated carnitine linearly for 3 hours of incubation to exceed a distribution ratio of 1; the temperature coefficient for carnitine accumulation between 33 degrees C and 43 degrees C was 2.0; anaerobic incubation reduced carnitine accumulation by 30 percent; and the rate of carnitine accumulation was saturated at high substrate concentrations and competitively inhibited by gamma-butyrobetaine. The Km for carnitine of the carnitine transport mechanism of the soleus muscle was 0.259 mM and of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, 0.585 mM. The greater affinity of the soleus transport mechanism may explain the difference in carnitine transport by red and white muscle in intact animals. A defect in active transport of carnitine may be involved in the pathogenesis of some human myopathies characterized by excessive lipid storage and in diphtheritic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 566872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7283", "title": "Recurrent Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome following influenza vaccine.", "content": "Two patients recovered from an attack of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and then had a second attack of this disease, with a shorter latent period, following monovalent influenza vaccination. These cases suggest that an attack of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome may result in greater risk of future episodes of the syndrome in conjunction with exposure to influenza or other vaccinations.", "contents": "Recurrent Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome following influenza vaccine. Two patients recovered from an attack of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and then had a second attack of this disease, with a shorter latent period, following monovalent influenza vaccination. These cases suggest that an attack of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome may result in greater risk of future episodes of the syndrome in conjunction with exposure to influenza or other vaccinations.", "PMID": 566873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7284", "title": "Supratentorial leptomeningeal hemangioblastoma.", "content": "A familial case of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome with a supratentorial leptomeningeal hemangioblastoma is reported. This is the first case in which the meningeal origin of a supratentorial hemangioblastoma has been histologically verified in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.", "contents": "Supratentorial leptomeningeal hemangioblastoma. A familial case of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome with a supratentorial leptomeningeal hemangioblastoma is reported. This is the first case in which the meningeal origin of a supratentorial hemangioblastoma has been histologically verified in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.", "PMID": 566874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7285", "title": "The effect of levodopa, lergotrile, and bromocriptine on brain iron, manganese, and copper.", "content": "Chronic administration of a levodopa-carbidopa combination, bromocriptine, or lergotrile produced alterations of essential metal concentrations in the guinea pig caudate nucleus, frontal cortex, and cerebellar hemisphere. All long-term treatment regimens resulted in significantly increased concentrations of manganese in all brain areas, and these same regimens resulted in almost universally decreased copper concentrations. Since the long-term administration of these dopamine agonists in man results in extrapyramidal dysfunction, these observations suggest that alterations of trace metal concentrations in the brain may be related to the chronic toxicity of these dopamine agonists.", "contents": "The effect of levodopa, lergotrile, and bromocriptine on brain iron, manganese, and copper. Chronic administration of a levodopa-carbidopa combination, bromocriptine, or lergotrile produced alterations of essential metal concentrations in the guinea pig caudate nucleus, frontal cortex, and cerebellar hemisphere. All long-term treatment regimens resulted in significantly increased concentrations of manganese in all brain areas, and these same regimens resulted in almost universally decreased copper concentrations. Since the long-term administration of these dopamine agonists in man results in extrapyramidal dysfunction, these observations suggest that alterations of trace metal concentrations in the brain may be related to the chronic toxicity of these dopamine agonists.", "PMID": 566875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7286", "title": "[Colonic segments as visceral substitutes in children].", "content": "The many ways in which segments of the colon can be used as visceral substitutes are described in the light of a personal series of neonates with multiple deformities, including atresia of the oesophagus and rectum, and atresia of the rectum coupled with agenesis of the vagina. At birth, colostomy at the right and extremity of the transverse colon is recommended (e.g. in cases of anorectal atresia, since this does not interrupt the vascular arcades required to give a good blood supply to the visceral reconstruction (as described) at a later date.", "contents": "[Colonic segments as visceral substitutes in children]. The many ways in which segments of the colon can be used as visceral substitutes are described in the light of a personal series of neonates with multiple deformities, including atresia of the oesophagus and rectum, and atresia of the rectum coupled with agenesis of the vagina. At birth, colostomy at the right and extremity of the transverse colon is recommended (e.g. in cases of anorectal atresia, since this does not interrupt the vascular arcades required to give a good blood supply to the visceral reconstruction (as described) at a later date.", "PMID": 566878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7287", "title": "Barrier contraceptive practice and male infertility as related factors to breast cancer in married women. Preliminary results.", "content": "A case-control study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that a reduced exposure to human seminal factors in the early reproductive life of women is a risk factor in breast cancer. The relative risk of exposure to the hypothetical semen-factor deficiency is 4.7 times greater for breast-cancer patients than for the controls. The risk of developing breast cancer within the same population in the U.S.A. is estimated as 5 times greater for women who use barrier methods (condom and other) than for women who use non-barrier contraceptive methods (diaphragm and other). The reduction of the incidence of breast cancer by eliminating the barrier contraceptive techniques would be not less than 50% in married women in the population.", "contents": "Barrier contraceptive practice and male infertility as related factors to breast cancer in married women. Preliminary results. A case-control study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that a reduced exposure to human seminal factors in the early reproductive life of women is a risk factor in breast cancer. The relative risk of exposure to the hypothetical semen-factor deficiency is 4.7 times greater for breast-cancer patients than for the controls. The risk of developing breast cancer within the same population in the U.S.A. is estimated as 5 times greater for women who use barrier methods (condom and other) than for women who use non-barrier contraceptive methods (diaphragm and other). The reduction of the incidence of breast cancer by eliminating the barrier contraceptive techniques would be not less than 50% in married women in the population.", "PMID": 566883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7288", "title": "The facial nerve coursing across the promontory with a persistent stapedial artery.", "content": "A case of congenital bilateral conductive deafness is described. Some years ago absence of the oval window was found in the left ear. Exploratory tympanotomy of the right ear revealed a large persistent stapedial artery while the facial nerve took its course from the geniculate ganglion straight down across the promontory anteriorly of the stapedial artery.", "contents": "The facial nerve coursing across the promontory with a persistent stapedial artery. A case of congenital bilateral conductive deafness is described. Some years ago absence of the oval window was found in the left ear. Exploratory tympanotomy of the right ear revealed a large persistent stapedial artery while the facial nerve took its course from the geniculate ganglion straight down across the promontory anteriorly of the stapedial artery.", "PMID": 566884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7289", "title": "Spectral analysis of body sway.", "content": "The frequency spectrum of the center of gravity in normal subjects while standing was recorded by using a platform-strain gauge system and a digital computer. Individual differences of the spectral patterns resulted in the classification of three types. Averaged divisional frequency of each type was calculated in the range below 1 Hz in which the main change between the values with eyes open and those with eyes closed appeared as the frequency shift.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of body sway. The frequency spectrum of the center of gravity in normal subjects while standing was recorded by using a platform-strain gauge system and a digital computer. Individual differences of the spectral patterns resulted in the classification of three types. Averaged divisional frequency of each type was calculated in the range below 1 Hz in which the main change between the values with eyes open and those with eyes closed appeared as the frequency shift.", "PMID": 566885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7290", "title": "A gamma camera method for quantitation of split renal function in children followed for vesicoureteric reflux.", "content": "A method for quantitative estimation of split renal function using a computerized gamma camera system is described. 42 children and adolescents with existing or preexisting vesicoureteric reflux and recurrent urinary tract infection were investigated. Total renal clearance of DTPA was calculated with a disappearance curve derived from the largest extrarenal area in the field of view of a gamma camera with diverging collimator. Split renal function was estimated with the slopes of second phase renograms. The plasma disappearance clearance of DTPA, calculated using one compartment model with two late blood samples, gave similar results with the clearance estimated from the body disappearance curves. The proportional planimetric renal parenchymal areas had good correlation with the split clearance estimated from renogram slopes. The method offers data on renal function and urinary tract dynamics which is very valuable in the follow-up of children with recurrent urinary tract infection and vesicoureteric reflux.", "contents": "A gamma camera method for quantitation of split renal function in children followed for vesicoureteric reflux. A method for quantitative estimation of split renal function using a computerized gamma camera system is described. 42 children and adolescents with existing or preexisting vesicoureteric reflux and recurrent urinary tract infection were investigated. Total renal clearance of DTPA was calculated with a disappearance curve derived from the largest extrarenal area in the field of view of a gamma camera with diverging collimator. Split renal function was estimated with the slopes of second phase renograms. The plasma disappearance clearance of DTPA, calculated using one compartment model with two late blood samples, gave similar results with the clearance estimated from the body disappearance curves. The proportional planimetric renal parenchymal areas had good correlation with the split clearance estimated from renogram slopes. The method offers data on renal function and urinary tract dynamics which is very valuable in the follow-up of children with recurrent urinary tract infection and vesicoureteric reflux.", "PMID": 566893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7291", "title": "Structuring and articulation of Rorschach inkblots in relation to alcohol consumption: a co-twin control study.", "content": "20 male, alcohol-discordant twin pairs, aged 45 to 65 yr. were compared for ability to structure and articulate Rorschach inkblots. The Rorschach responses were evaluated by a new rating scale technique. Data were analyzed by means of one-sample t and multivariate Td2 tests. No relationship between alcohol consumption and tendency to articulate and structure could be established.", "contents": "Structuring and articulation of Rorschach inkblots in relation to alcohol consumption: a co-twin control study. 20 male, alcohol-discordant twin pairs, aged 45 to 65 yr. were compared for ability to structure and articulate Rorschach inkblots. The Rorschach responses were evaluated by a new rating scale technique. Data were analyzed by means of one-sample t and multivariate Td2 tests. No relationship between alcohol consumption and tendency to articulate and structure could be established.", "PMID": 566901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7292", "title": "Periodic organisation of foldback sequences in Physarum polycephalum nuclear DNA.", "content": "Nuclear DNA from the slime mould Physarum polycephalum is shown to contain interspersed inverted repeat sequences, such that denatured fragments of DNA containing pairs of these sequences form intra-chain duplexes under appropriate conditions. The organisation and distribution of the nucleotide sequences responsible for the formation of foldback structures in Physarum DNA have been investigated using the electron microscope. The majority of foldback duplexes have sizes ranging up to 800 base pairs, and about 60-80% of DNA molecules 2.2 X 10(4) bases in length contain interspersed foldback elements. The size of individual foldback duplexes, and also the length of the intervening sequences which separate them, are non-random. The results can best be explained by a model in which separate foldback foci in Physarum DNA are spaced periodically at regular intervals. The regions containing foldback foci are thought to contain smaller, tandemly-arranged sequences of discrete sizes, in some cases related to other nucleotide sequences of a similar nature in the same locality in Physarum DNA.", "contents": "Periodic organisation of foldback sequences in Physarum polycephalum nuclear DNA. Nuclear DNA from the slime mould Physarum polycephalum is shown to contain interspersed inverted repeat sequences, such that denatured fragments of DNA containing pairs of these sequences form intra-chain duplexes under appropriate conditions. The organisation and distribution of the nucleotide sequences responsible for the formation of foldback structures in Physarum DNA have been investigated using the electron microscope. The majority of foldback duplexes have sizes ranging up to 800 base pairs, and about 60-80% of DNA molecules 2.2 X 10(4) bases in length contain interspersed foldback elements. The size of individual foldback duplexes, and also the length of the intervening sequences which separate them, are non-random. The results can best be explained by a model in which separate foldback foci in Physarum DNA are spaced periodically at regular intervals. The regions containing foldback foci are thought to contain smaller, tandemly-arranged sequences of discrete sizes, in some cases related to other nucleotide sequences of a similar nature in the same locality in Physarum DNA.", "PMID": 566909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7293", "title": "Denaturation maps of DNA: experimental and theoretical maps of phiX174 DNA.", "content": "A formaldehyde denaturation map of the replicative form of phiX174 DNA is obtained. The RFI DNA was converted into a linear state by restriction endonuclease pst I which introduces into this DNA a single double-stranded break. The map has four clear-cut peaks. Their positions excellently correlate with the peak positions on the map of equilibrium denaturation theoretically obtained earlier from the known nucleotide sequence of phiX174 DNA. The sequence is also used for a calculation of the maps of smoothed AT-content. The maxima on these maps correlate well with the peaks on the denaturation maps. To reveal the causes of a good correlation between the experimental formaldehyde and theoretical equilibrium denaturation maps, the theoretical formaldehyde denaturation maps are calculated for different conditions (temperature, formaldehyde concentration) using the detailed theory of DNA interaction with formaldehyde developed earlier.", "contents": "Denaturation maps of DNA: experimental and theoretical maps of phiX174 DNA. A formaldehyde denaturation map of the replicative form of phiX174 DNA is obtained. The RFI DNA was converted into a linear state by restriction endonuclease pst I which introduces into this DNA a single double-stranded break. The map has four clear-cut peaks. Their positions excellently correlate with the peak positions on the map of equilibrium denaturation theoretically obtained earlier from the known nucleotide sequence of phiX174 DNA. The sequence is also used for a calculation of the maps of smoothed AT-content. The maxima on these maps correlate well with the peaks on the denaturation maps. To reveal the causes of a good correlation between the experimental formaldehyde and theoretical equilibrium denaturation maps, the theoretical formaldehyde denaturation maps are calculated for different conditions (temperature, formaldehyde concentration) using the detailed theory of DNA interaction with formaldehyde developed earlier.", "PMID": 566910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7294", "title": "Characterization of chick liver chromatin and analysis of its in vitro transcription products.", "content": "Carefully controlled preparation of chromatin from purified chick liver nuclei yielded over 50% native chromatin as shown by the analysis of the nucleosome pattern after micrococcal nuclease digestion. The size of DNA in this chromatin as analyzed on alkaline sucrose gradients varied from 10S to 19S, the majority being 14S. All endogenous RNA polymerases were represented in the chromatin preparation although to different extents: RNA polymerase I was the most and RNA polymerase II the least abundant. Initiation studies showed that endogenous RNA polymerase II was capable of initiating RNA chains during 5 min. Saturation of chromatin with purified homologous RNA polymerase II increased initiation to 10 min. The addition of heparin caused the RNA transcribed to be larger in size and of increased yield. Chromatin transcription with added purified RNA polymerase II in the presence of heparin produced RNA as large as 32S. A chromatin preparation of this kind would therefore be suitable to transcribe any eukaryotic gene invitro provided additional homologous RNA polymerase II is used.Images", "contents": "Characterization of chick liver chromatin and analysis of its in vitro transcription products. Carefully controlled preparation of chromatin from purified chick liver nuclei yielded over 50% native chromatin as shown by the analysis of the nucleosome pattern after micrococcal nuclease digestion. The size of DNA in this chromatin as analyzed on alkaline sucrose gradients varied from 10S to 19S, the majority being 14S. All endogenous RNA polymerases were represented in the chromatin preparation although to different extents: RNA polymerase I was the most and RNA polymerase II the least abundant. Initiation studies showed that endogenous RNA polymerase II was capable of initiating RNA chains during 5 min. Saturation of chromatin with purified homologous RNA polymerase II increased initiation to 10 min. The addition of heparin caused the RNA transcribed to be larger in size and of increased yield. Chromatin transcription with added purified RNA polymerase II in the presence of heparin produced RNA as large as 32S. A chromatin preparation of this kind would therefore be suitable to transcribe any eukaryotic gene invitro provided additional homologous RNA polymerase II is used.Images", "PMID": 566911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7295", "title": "Rhinocerebral zygomycosis treated with amphotericin B.", "content": "Rhinocerebral zygomycosis is a rare, often fatal opportunistic fungal infection involving the cranial tissues. A diabetic patient with normal humoral and cellular immunity who was successfully treated with amphotericin B and surgery is reported.", "contents": "Rhinocerebral zygomycosis treated with amphotericin B. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis is a rare, often fatal opportunistic fungal infection involving the cranial tissues. A diabetic patient with normal humoral and cellular immunity who was successfully treated with amphotericin B and surgery is reported.", "PMID": 566916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7296", "title": "Effect of dietary oil, cholesterol, and soysterols on the lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of egg yolk, liver and serum of laying hens.", "content": "Effect of dietary lipid factors (saturated and unsaturated oil, zoo and phytosterols) on the lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of egg yolk, liver and serum of the laying hen were studied. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens, at 30 weeks of age, were fed two basal diets containing 8.0% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) or safflower oil (SFO), with or without supplemental cholesterol (1.0%), soysterols (2.0%) or combination of both. When HCO basal diet was fed, both liver weight and lipid content were significantly (P less than .01) increased as compared to hens fed the SFO diet. Cholesterol feeding increased total lipid content in liver and serum, whereas soysterol feeding reduce or diminish lipid accumulation caused by the cholesterol treatment. Both dietary cholesterol and soysterols alter the fatty acid composition of liver, serum and egg yolk lipids by increasing oleic acid and decreasing palmitic and/or stearic acids. These changes were significantly greater upon feeding cholesterol than soysterols. However, the simultaneous feeding of cholesterol with soysterols exerted the least effect on the fatty acid composition.", "contents": "Effect of dietary oil, cholesterol, and soysterols on the lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of egg yolk, liver and serum of laying hens. Effect of dietary lipid factors (saturated and unsaturated oil, zoo and phytosterols) on the lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of egg yolk, liver and serum of the laying hen were studied. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens, at 30 weeks of age, were fed two basal diets containing 8.0% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) or safflower oil (SFO), with or without supplemental cholesterol (1.0%), soysterols (2.0%) or combination of both. When HCO basal diet was fed, both liver weight and lipid content were significantly (P less than .01) increased as compared to hens fed the SFO diet. Cholesterol feeding increased total lipid content in liver and serum, whereas soysterol feeding reduce or diminish lipid accumulation caused by the cholesterol treatment. Both dietary cholesterol and soysterols alter the fatty acid composition of liver, serum and egg yolk lipids by increasing oleic acid and decreasing palmitic and/or stearic acids. These changes were significantly greater upon feeding cholesterol than soysterols. However, the simultaneous feeding of cholesterol with soysterols exerted the least effect on the fatty acid composition.", "PMID": 566917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7297", "title": "The effect of photoperiod on the deep body temperature of domestic turkeys and its relationship to the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of turkeys.", "content": "Eighteen turkeys naturally infected with Leucocytozoon smithi were separated into 3 groups of 6 each and were respectively exposed to conditions of natural, reversed, or continuous light. Turkey deep body temperature and peripheral gametocyte numbers of L. smithi in all three groups were determined every 2 hr over a 36-hr period. The peak period of both turkey body temperature and gametocyte numbers coincided with the midpoint of the light period for turkeys exposed to natural and reversed light conditions. The body temperature of turkeys exposed to continuous light remained relatively constant while L. smithi gametocytes exhibited asynchronous behavior.", "contents": "The effect of photoperiod on the deep body temperature of domestic turkeys and its relationship to the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of turkeys. Eighteen turkeys naturally infected with Leucocytozoon smithi were separated into 3 groups of 6 each and were respectively exposed to conditions of natural, reversed, or continuous light. Turkey deep body temperature and peripheral gametocyte numbers of L. smithi in all three groups were determined every 2 hr over a 36-hr period. The peak period of both turkey body temperature and gametocyte numbers coincided with the midpoint of the light period for turkeys exposed to natural and reversed light conditions. The body temperature of turkeys exposed to continuous light remained relatively constant while L. smithi gametocytes exhibited asynchronous behavior.", "PMID": 566918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7298", "title": "Investigations of leg abnormalities in chicks consuming high tannin sorghum grain diets.", "content": "Studies were conducted into the etiology of leg abnormalities noted in chicks fed high tannin sorghum grain diets. These anomalies were characterized by a bowing of the legs with a swelling of the hock joints. The incidence of these leg problems was found to be markedly higher when the amino acids in the diet provided by soybean meal were replaced by crystalline amino acids. Supplemental vitamins and minerals had no alleviating effect on the leg problem. Bone mineralization was apparently not influenced by tannins as demonstrated by similar bone ash values for chicks fed high or low tannin sorghums. A possible alteration caused by tannin in the organic matrix of bone is discussed. High tannin sorghum depressed chick growth and feed conversion when compared with low tannin sorghum in both sorghum-soybean meal and sorghum-amino acid rations. This growth depression was overcome by supplementing the high tannin sorghum-soybean meal diet with .15% DL-methionine, but no growth response was observed from a similar supplementation of a high tannin sorghum-amino acid diet.", "contents": "Investigations of leg abnormalities in chicks consuming high tannin sorghum grain diets. Studies were conducted into the etiology of leg abnormalities noted in chicks fed high tannin sorghum grain diets. These anomalies were characterized by a bowing of the legs with a swelling of the hock joints. The incidence of these leg problems was found to be markedly higher when the amino acids in the diet provided by soybean meal were replaced by crystalline amino acids. Supplemental vitamins and minerals had no alleviating effect on the leg problem. Bone mineralization was apparently not influenced by tannins as demonstrated by similar bone ash values for chicks fed high or low tannin sorghums. A possible alteration caused by tannin in the organic matrix of bone is discussed. High tannin sorghum depressed chick growth and feed conversion when compared with low tannin sorghum in both sorghum-soybean meal and sorghum-amino acid rations. This growth depression was overcome by supplementing the high tannin sorghum-soybean meal diet with .15% DL-methionine, but no growth response was observed from a similar supplementation of a high tannin sorghum-amino acid diet.", "PMID": 566919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7299", "title": "[Biosynthesis of amylolytic enzymes during continous cultivation of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13].", "content": "Growth of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13 during continous cultivation was studied. The microorganism produced amylolytic enzymes during flow cultivation. As a result of the three-stage cultivation the productivity increased two-fold and the time of cultivation decreased by 6 hrs as compared with periodic cultivation.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of amylolytic enzymes during continous cultivation of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13]. Growth of the yeast-like fungus Endomycopsis fibuliger 55-13 during continous cultivation was studied. The microorganism produced amylolytic enzymes during flow cultivation. As a result of the three-stage cultivation the productivity increased two-fold and the time of cultivation decreased by 6 hrs as compared with periodic cultivation.", "PMID": 566920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7300", "title": "Effect of chronic administration and withdrawal of sodium barbitone on protein synthesis of rat brain.", "content": "After chronic administration of sodium barbitone to rats, a marked increase incorporation of [14C]-Leucine into isolated nerve endings was observed. Withdrawal of the drug resulted in a decreased incorporation with respect to values obtained with chronic ingesting animals. On the other hand chronic administration of the barbiturate produced a decreased incorporation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. These results are discussed in relation to the development of tolerance and abstinence syndrome to this drug.", "contents": "Effect of chronic administration and withdrawal of sodium barbitone on protein synthesis of rat brain. After chronic administration of sodium barbitone to rats, a marked increase incorporation of [14C]-Leucine into isolated nerve endings was observed. Withdrawal of the drug resulted in a decreased incorporation with respect to values obtained with chronic ingesting animals. On the other hand chronic administration of the barbiturate produced a decreased incorporation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. These results are discussed in relation to the development of tolerance and abstinence syndrome to this drug.", "PMID": 566928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7301", "title": "[Biosynthesis and metabolism of aldosterone under conditions of neurogenic stress].", "content": "Adult male rats were subjected to neurogenic stress by crowding for 1 and 7 days. The following was studied; aldosterone-14C biosynthesis from progesterone-14-C in vitro in the adrenal gland homogenate, aldosterone-14S metabolism in vitro in the liver homogenate; also the endogenous content of this hormone in the peripheral blood and the adrenal glands was determined by the radioimmunological method. 24-hour stress caused a sharp increase of aldosterone biosynthesis and a marked increase of the content of this hormone in the adrenal glands, this being accompanied by increased aldosterone metabolism and its normal content in the peripheral blood. Crowding for 7 days led to normalization of aldosterone-14C biosynthesis, to a marked reduction of its metabolism, decrease of the adrenal gland weight, to some reduction of aldosterone content in the adrenal glands and a sharp fall of the concentration of this hormone in the blood. The data obtained permit a suggestion that there was an increased tissue aldosterone utilization in one-day, and particularly in seven-day neurogenic stress.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis and metabolism of aldosterone under conditions of neurogenic stress]. Adult male rats were subjected to neurogenic stress by crowding for 1 and 7 days. The following was studied; aldosterone-14C biosynthesis from progesterone-14-C in vitro in the adrenal gland homogenate, aldosterone-14S metabolism in vitro in the liver homogenate; also the endogenous content of this hormone in the peripheral blood and the adrenal glands was determined by the radioimmunological method. 24-hour stress caused a sharp increase of aldosterone biosynthesis and a marked increase of the content of this hormone in the adrenal glands, this being accompanied by increased aldosterone metabolism and its normal content in the peripheral blood. Crowding for 7 days led to normalization of aldosterone-14C biosynthesis, to a marked reduction of its metabolism, decrease of the adrenal gland weight, to some reduction of aldosterone content in the adrenal glands and a sharp fall of the concentration of this hormone in the blood. The data obtained permit a suggestion that there was an increased tissue aldosterone utilization in one-day, and particularly in seven-day neurogenic stress.", "PMID": 566922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7302", "title": "[Content of acid soluble nucleotides in the microscopic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different growth stages].", "content": "Variations in the content of acid soluble nucleotides at different growth stages of the producer of pectolytic enzymes-the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were measured. The initial growth stage was characterized by an increased content of adenyl nucleotides whose amount decreased by the 48th hour. In the 48-hour mycelium guanyl nucleoside mono- and diphosphates were the major components of the nucleotide pool. Throughout the entire cultivation cytidyl derivatives occurred in trace quantities.", "contents": "[Content of acid soluble nucleotides in the microscopic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different growth stages]. Variations in the content of acid soluble nucleotides at different growth stages of the producer of pectolytic enzymes-the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were measured. The initial growth stage was characterized by an increased content of adenyl nucleotides whose amount decreased by the 48th hour. In the 48-hour mycelium guanyl nucleoside mono- and diphosphates were the major components of the nucleotide pool. Throughout the entire cultivation cytidyl derivatives occurred in trace quantities.", "PMID": 566921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7303", "title": "[Glucocorticoid and androgenic functions of the adrenal cortex and the state of the sympathetic-adrenal system in thyrotoxicosis with primary organic disease of the central nervous system].", "content": "In patients with thyrotoxicosis combined with primary affection of the central nervous system (CNS)-encephalitis, diencephalitis-there was revealed, like in common thyrotoxicosis, an increased production by the adrenal cortex of hydrocortisone, its intensified transformation and inactivation, reduced production of 17-ketosteroid chiefly due to the fall of dehydroepiandrosterone content, an increased urinary excretion of adrenaline and a decreased-of noradrenaline. The use of functional test with the ACTH administration demonstrated organic affection of the CNS to sharply aggravate the weakening and even the exhaustion of the functional reserves of the glomerular and the reticular zones of the adrenal cortex developing during thyrotoxicosis, and also the reserve possibilities of the sympathico-adrenal system. Direction of the changes in the 24-hour excretion of 17-OCS and corticosteriods was the same in the majority of cases. The latter can point to the presence of functional association between the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex systems and adrenergic regulation in these patients.", "contents": "[Glucocorticoid and androgenic functions of the adrenal cortex and the state of the sympathetic-adrenal system in thyrotoxicosis with primary organic disease of the central nervous system]. In patients with thyrotoxicosis combined with primary affection of the central nervous system (CNS)-encephalitis, diencephalitis-there was revealed, like in common thyrotoxicosis, an increased production by the adrenal cortex of hydrocortisone, its intensified transformation and inactivation, reduced production of 17-ketosteroid chiefly due to the fall of dehydroepiandrosterone content, an increased urinary excretion of adrenaline and a decreased-of noradrenaline. The use of functional test with the ACTH administration demonstrated organic affection of the CNS to sharply aggravate the weakening and even the exhaustion of the functional reserves of the glomerular and the reticular zones of the adrenal cortex developing during thyrotoxicosis, and also the reserve possibilities of the sympathico-adrenal system. Direction of the changes in the 24-hour excretion of 17-OCS and corticosteriods was the same in the majority of cases. The latter can point to the presence of functional association between the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex systems and adrenergic regulation in these patients.", "PMID": 566923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7304", "title": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on forced consumption of an acclimated saline solution.", "content": "Forced consumption of a 1.7% sodium chloride solution was determined in 3 groups of male hooded rats, 4 in each group, over a period of 115 days. A control group received 1.7% NaCl for the duration of the experiment. An ethyl alcohol experimental group received gradually increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol, 0.5 to 6.0%, in the 1.7% NaCl drinking fluid for 30 days. For the next 25 days 6% ethanol was mixed with the 1.7% sodium chloride solution. A second experimental group was treated similarly except that varying concentrations of citric acid were added to the saline drinking fluid in place of the ethyl alcohol. At the end of the 55 day period, the ethyl alcohol and citric acid were removed from the drinking fluid of both groups. Dramatic and copious amounts of drinking occurred only in the group which had previously drunk the ethyl alcohol. Since excessive drinking of the 1.7% sodium chloride solution did not occur in the other experimental group when the citric acid was removed, the copious drinking can be attributed specifically to the prolonged ingestion and withdrawal of the ethyl alcohol. Possible significance to an animal model for alcoholism is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on forced consumption of an acclimated saline solution. Forced consumption of a 1.7% sodium chloride solution was determined in 3 groups of male hooded rats, 4 in each group, over a period of 115 days. A control group received 1.7% NaCl for the duration of the experiment. An ethyl alcohol experimental group received gradually increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol, 0.5 to 6.0%, in the 1.7% NaCl drinking fluid for 30 days. For the next 25 days 6% ethanol was mixed with the 1.7% sodium chloride solution. A second experimental group was treated similarly except that varying concentrations of citric acid were added to the saline drinking fluid in place of the ethyl alcohol. At the end of the 55 day period, the ethyl alcohol and citric acid were removed from the drinking fluid of both groups. Dramatic and copious amounts of drinking occurred only in the group which had previously drunk the ethyl alcohol. Since excessive drinking of the 1.7% sodium chloride solution did not occur in the other experimental group when the citric acid was removed, the copious drinking can be attributed specifically to the prolonged ingestion and withdrawal of the ethyl alcohol. Possible significance to an animal model for alcoholism is discussed.", "PMID": 566929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7305", "title": "Blood alcohol level and caloric intake in the gravid rat as a function of diurnal period, trimester, and vehicle.", "content": "Blood ethanol levels, caloric intake and weight gain were monitored over the 21-day gestational period in the gravid Sprague-Dawley rat as a function of the administration of ethanol in either a liquid diet (Ensure) or an aqueous saccharin solution. The mean daily percentage of ethanol consumed (38% vs 31%), and g/Kg of ethanol consumed (11.9 vs 9.7 g/Kg) were higher for the liquid diet group than the aqueous solution group. Ethanol consumption varied by the trimester in the Ensure but not in the saccharin solution rats. Proportional maternal weight gain, live litter size, and live litter weight did not vary as a function of the method of ethanol administration. Both groups exhibited significant diurnal periodicity in ethanol consumption, and the greatest caloric intake during the second trimester. The implications of these results for ethanol administration in gravid rats is discussed.", "contents": "Blood alcohol level and caloric intake in the gravid rat as a function of diurnal period, trimester, and vehicle. Blood ethanol levels, caloric intake and weight gain were monitored over the 21-day gestational period in the gravid Sprague-Dawley rat as a function of the administration of ethanol in either a liquid diet (Ensure) or an aqueous saccharin solution. The mean daily percentage of ethanol consumed (38% vs 31%), and g/Kg of ethanol consumed (11.9 vs 9.7 g/Kg) were higher for the liquid diet group than the aqueous solution group. Ethanol consumption varied by the trimester in the Ensure but not in the saccharin solution rats. Proportional maternal weight gain, live litter size, and live litter weight did not vary as a function of the method of ethanol administration. Both groups exhibited significant diurnal periodicity in ethanol consumption, and the greatest caloric intake during the second trimester. The implications of these results for ethanol administration in gravid rats is discussed.", "PMID": 566930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7306", "title": "Selective antagonism of isolation-induced aggression in mice by diazepam following chronic administration.", "content": "Benzodiazepines are non-selective (i.e., they only inhibit aggression at doses producing concurrent neuromuscular impairment) antagonists of isolation-induced aggression in mice following acute administration. However, in the present study diazepam was shown to be a selective antagonist of fighting in isolated mice following chronic administration for 5 days. When administered chronically, selective tolerance rapidly developed to the general CNS depression produced by diazepam whereas the antifighting activity was not diminished and, in fact, tended to be enhanced following multiple drug administrations. Thus, the antagonism of fighting in isolated mice by diazepam does not appear to be due solely to general CNS depressant properties.", "contents": "Selective antagonism of isolation-induced aggression in mice by diazepam following chronic administration. Benzodiazepines are non-selective (i.e., they only inhibit aggression at doses producing concurrent neuromuscular impairment) antagonists of isolation-induced aggression in mice following acute administration. However, in the present study diazepam was shown to be a selective antagonist of fighting in isolated mice following chronic administration for 5 days. When administered chronically, selective tolerance rapidly developed to the general CNS depression produced by diazepam whereas the antifighting activity was not diminished and, in fact, tended to be enhanced following multiple drug administrations. Thus, the antagonism of fighting in isolated mice by diazepam does not appear to be due solely to general CNS depressant properties.", "PMID": 566931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7307", "title": "Glutamic acid and ethanol dependence.", "content": "Glutamate diethyl ester, a specific glutamate antagonist, attenuated the seizures and decreases in behavioral activity that were observed in mice during withdrawal. Prior to withdrawal, ethanol-dependent animals were supersensitive to kainic acid, a potent glutamate agonist, but they were not supersensitive to the convulsant drug pentylenetetrazol. These findings suggest that supersensitivity to glutamate develops during ethanol dependence, and that this phenomenon contributes to the signs of ethanol withdrawl.", "contents": "Glutamic acid and ethanol dependence. Glutamate diethyl ester, a specific glutamate antagonist, attenuated the seizures and decreases in behavioral activity that were observed in mice during withdrawal. Prior to withdrawal, ethanol-dependent animals were supersensitive to kainic acid, a potent glutamate agonist, but they were not supersensitive to the convulsant drug pentylenetetrazol. These findings suggest that supersensitivity to glutamate develops during ethanol dependence, and that this phenomenon contributes to the signs of ethanol withdrawl.", "PMID": 566932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7308", "title": "Mescaline produces pathological aggression in rats regardless of age or strain.", "content": "Several measures of aggressive behavior were investigated in three ages (40-50, 90-110, and 180-200 days old) and in three strains (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans) of rats before and following the administration of mescaline hydrochloride in a shock-elicited aggression situation. The measures included the number of fights, duration of fighting, latency of fighting, number of bites inflicted, and a composite index of pathological aggression. During predrug baseline testing it was found that older rats, regardess of strain, engaged in more frequent fights that were longer in duration and more intense than younger animals. When the animals were tested with mescaline, they engaged in significantly more fights, biting, and pathological aggression than during baseline testing regardless of their age of strain. These results suggest that mescaline-induced pathological aggression in rats is a robust phenomenon.", "contents": "Mescaline produces pathological aggression in rats regardless of age or strain. Several measures of aggressive behavior were investigated in three ages (40-50, 90-110, and 180-200 days old) and in three strains (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans) of rats before and following the administration of mescaline hydrochloride in a shock-elicited aggression situation. The measures included the number of fights, duration of fighting, latency of fighting, number of bites inflicted, and a composite index of pathological aggression. During predrug baseline testing it was found that older rats, regardess of strain, engaged in more frequent fights that were longer in duration and more intense than younger animals. When the animals were tested with mescaline, they engaged in significantly more fights, biting, and pathological aggression than during baseline testing regardless of their age of strain. These results suggest that mescaline-induced pathological aggression in rats is a robust phenomenon.", "PMID": 566933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7309", "title": "Abatement of stimulus perseveration following repeated d-amphetamine treatment: absence of behaviorally augmented tolerance.", "content": "Acute administration of d-amphetamine results in animals perseverating between two compartments when placed in a free running Y-maze exploratory situation. Experiment 1 indicated that perseverative behavior was attenuated by making the arms of the maze distinctively different. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that repeated amphetamine treatment reduced arms of the maze distinctively different. Exeriment 2 and 3 demonstrated that repeated amphetamine treatment reduced stimulus perseveration. Drug-induced locomotor activity and stereotypy were not affected by chronic drug administration. The course of the tolerance effect was not altered by pairing the repeated drug experience with Y-maze exposure. It was concluded that although stimulus factors are involved in the perseverative response, conditioning factors are not of primary relevance in determining the tolerance. It was also suggested that the mechanisms which subserve stimulus perseveration are different from those which mediate locomotor activity and stereotypy.", "contents": "Abatement of stimulus perseveration following repeated d-amphetamine treatment: absence of behaviorally augmented tolerance. Acute administration of d-amphetamine results in animals perseverating between two compartments when placed in a free running Y-maze exploratory situation. Experiment 1 indicated that perseverative behavior was attenuated by making the arms of the maze distinctively different. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that repeated amphetamine treatment reduced arms of the maze distinctively different. Exeriment 2 and 3 demonstrated that repeated amphetamine treatment reduced stimulus perseveration. Drug-induced locomotor activity and stereotypy were not affected by chronic drug administration. The course of the tolerance effect was not altered by pairing the repeated drug experience with Y-maze exposure. It was concluded that although stimulus factors are involved in the perseverative response, conditioning factors are not of primary relevance in determining the tolerance. It was also suggested that the mechanisms which subserve stimulus perseveration are different from those which mediate locomotor activity and stereotypy.", "PMID": 566934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7310", "title": "Inhibition of fighting in isolated mice following repeated administration of lithium chloride.", "content": "Lithium was found to be a selective (i.e., it antagonized aggression at doses that did not produce concurrent neuromuscular impairment) antagonist of isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice following repeated (subacute) administration for five days. Acute (single dose) administration of lithium failed to inhibit aggression. At atiaggressive doses, lithium did not produce ataxia as measured by the inclined-screen or rotarod procedures. The mechanism of this action is discussed in terms of a possible influence on serotonergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Inhibition of fighting in isolated mice following repeated administration of lithium chloride. Lithium was found to be a selective (i.e., it antagonized aggression at doses that did not produce concurrent neuromuscular impairment) antagonist of isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice following repeated (subacute) administration for five days. Acute (single dose) administration of lithium failed to inhibit aggression. At atiaggressive doses, lithium did not produce ataxia as measured by the inclined-screen or rotarod procedures. The mechanism of this action is discussed in terms of a possible influence on serotonergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 566935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7311", "title": "A simple method for the estimation of amygdalin in the urine.", "content": "A procedure for the estimation of D- and D,L-amygdalin in urine is described. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase and base to benzaldehyde, glucose and cyanide. Benzaldehyde is extracted with methylene chloride and the ultraviolet (UV) absorbence determined at 243 nm. The response of human urine \"spiked\" with amygdalin was linear between 10 and 75 microgram/ml. Mice administered 100 mg/kg of amygdalin intravenously or orally excreted about 70 and 20% of the administered dose, respectively, over 96 hours. In each instance more than 96% of excreted drug equivalents were obtained within the first 24 hours.", "contents": "A simple method for the estimation of amygdalin in the urine. A procedure for the estimation of D- and D,L-amygdalin in urine is described. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase and base to benzaldehyde, glucose and cyanide. Benzaldehyde is extracted with methylene chloride and the ultraviolet (UV) absorbence determined at 243 nm. The response of human urine \"spiked\" with amygdalin was linear between 10 and 75 microgram/ml. Mice administered 100 mg/kg of amygdalin intravenously or orally excreted about 70 and 20% of the administered dose, respectively, over 96 hours. In each instance more than 96% of excreted drug equivalents were obtained within the first 24 hours.", "PMID": 566946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7312", "title": "Immunochemical studies of 5-bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Specific antibodies for BrdUrd and IdUrd have been produced and characterized by immunochemical studies. Studies as determined by hapten-inhibition showed a cross reactivity of less than 0.001% to thymidine, and no cross reactivity to bromodeoxycytidine, uridine or methyl cytosine. The equilibrium constant determination for anti-BrdU and IdUrd was 4.2 x 10(8)M-1. Unfractionated antiserum, produced under the conditions herein described, can be employed for the specific cytological detection of DNA replication.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Specific antibodies for BrdUrd and IdUrd have been produced and characterized by immunochemical studies. Studies as determined by hapten-inhibition showed a cross reactivity of less than 0.001% to thymidine, and no cross reactivity to bromodeoxycytidine, uridine or methyl cytosine. The equilibrium constant determination for anti-BrdU and IdUrd was 4.2 x 10(8)M-1. Unfractionated antiserum, produced under the conditions herein described, can be employed for the specific cytological detection of DNA replication.", "PMID": 566947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7313", "title": "Factors regulating tapeworm populations: dispersion patterns of Taenia hydatigena eggs on pasture.", "content": "Two grazing trials using 'sentinel' lambs were undertaken to measure changes in the availability of eggs within 30 metres of deposition by dogs infected with Taenia hydatigena. In the first trial the experimental pasture was divided into nine equal plots; in the second trial, each of the nine plots was divided into sub-plots. In each trial, infected dogs were placed on the pasture for 10 days. Lambs were then grazed for 10 days immediately, 36 days and 56 days after the dogs had been removed. Changes in the dispersion pattern of the eggs over time and space were assessed by examination of the lambs for cysts at autopsy. In both trials, eggs spread radially within the grazing zone within 10 days, but 36 days after the removal of the dogs, their availability to the lambs was markedly reduced. In the first trial at five weeks, the height of grass (between 3 cm and 15 cm) did not modify egg availability. In both trials, despite differences in rainfall affecting the growth of grass and associated factors similar egg losses occurred.", "contents": "Factors regulating tapeworm populations: dispersion patterns of Taenia hydatigena eggs on pasture. Two grazing trials using 'sentinel' lambs were undertaken to measure changes in the availability of eggs within 30 metres of deposition by dogs infected with Taenia hydatigena. In the first trial the experimental pasture was divided into nine equal plots; in the second trial, each of the nine plots was divided into sub-plots. In each trial, infected dogs were placed on the pasture for 10 days. Lambs were then grazed for 10 days immediately, 36 days and 56 days after the dogs had been removed. Changes in the dispersion pattern of the eggs over time and space were assessed by examination of the lambs for cysts at autopsy. In both trials, eggs spread radially within the grazing zone within 10 days, but 36 days after the removal of the dogs, their availability to the lambs was markedly reduced. In the first trial at five weeks, the height of grass (between 3 cm and 15 cm) did not modify egg availability. In both trials, despite differences in rainfall affecting the growth of grass and associated factors similar egg losses occurred.", "PMID": 566948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7314", "title": "Morphological alterations in hippocampus after long-term alcohol consumption in mice.", "content": "Golgi methods were used to examine the hippocampus of laboratory mice that received alcohol-containing or control diets for 4 months followed by a 2-month alcohol-free period. Long-term alcohol consumption resulted in a significant loss of dendritic spines on hippocampal pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells. This study provides evidence that long-term alcohol consumption, in the absence of malnutrition, produces morphological damage to the central nervous system.", "contents": "Morphological alterations in hippocampus after long-term alcohol consumption in mice. Golgi methods were used to examine the hippocampus of laboratory mice that received alcohol-containing or control diets for 4 months followed by a 2-month alcohol-free period. Long-term alcohol consumption resulted in a significant loss of dendritic spines on hippocampal pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells. This study provides evidence that long-term alcohol consumption, in the absence of malnutrition, produces morphological damage to the central nervous system.", "PMID": 566953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7315", "title": "Three women with 45,X/46,XX mosaic and multiple spontaneous abortions.", "content": "One hundred couples in whom the females had experienced multiple spontaneous abortions were studied. In this series three women with 45, X/46,XX were observed. The paper discusses the significance of this observation pointing out to the fact that these women run an increased risk of abortion of giving birth to babies with Turner's syndrome.", "contents": "Three women with 45,X/46,XX mosaic and multiple spontaneous abortions. One hundred couples in whom the females had experienced multiple spontaneous abortions were studied. In this series three women with 45, X/46,XX were observed. The paper discusses the significance of this observation pointing out to the fact that these women run an increased risk of abortion of giving birth to babies with Turner's syndrome.", "PMID": 566952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7316", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to intraspinal tumors.", "content": "Five cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage arising from an intraspinal tumor are presented, Three of these were ependymomas in the region of the cauda equina. One was a neurofibroma at L1. The fifth was a hemangioblastoma in the upper lumbar region. The literature dealing with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to intraspinal lesions is reviewed. The majority of cases of spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage are due to arteriovenous malformations, but 50 cases in which the bleeding developed from a neoplasm have been reported.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to intraspinal tumors. Five cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage arising from an intraspinal tumor are presented, Three of these were ependymomas in the region of the cauda equina. One was a neurofibroma at L1. The fifth was a hemangioblastoma in the upper lumbar region. The literature dealing with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to intraspinal lesions is reviewed. The majority of cases of spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage are due to arteriovenous malformations, but 50 cases in which the bleeding developed from a neoplasm have been reported.", "PMID": 566958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7317", "title": "Radiographic diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment of multiple cerebellar, brain stem, and spinal cord hemangioblastomas.", "content": "Multiple hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system present a greater challenge in their diagnosis and treatment than do single hemangioblastomas of the cerebellar hemisphere. Improved radiographic techniques of tomographic vertebral angiography and computed axial tomography (CT) are of considerable value in the diagnosis of multiple cerebellar, brain stem, and spinal cord hemangioblastomas. Microsurgical techniques now allow for total operative removal of many of these lesions. A case report is presented to emphasize the radiographic diagnostic evaluation as well as the microsurgical technique for removal of multiple central nervous system hemangioblastomas.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment of multiple cerebellar, brain stem, and spinal cord hemangioblastomas. Multiple hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system present a greater challenge in their diagnosis and treatment than do single hemangioblastomas of the cerebellar hemisphere. Improved radiographic techniques of tomographic vertebral angiography and computed axial tomography (CT) are of considerable value in the diagnosis of multiple cerebellar, brain stem, and spinal cord hemangioblastomas. Microsurgical techniques now allow for total operative removal of many of these lesions. A case report is presented to emphasize the radiographic diagnostic evaluation as well as the microsurgical technique for removal of multiple central nervous system hemangioblastomas.", "PMID": 566959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7318", "title": "Ultrastructure and mechanical activity expressed by striated muscle in culture.", "content": "Newly devised assay procedures for quantitating the mechanical capabilities of striated muscle fibers grown in cell culture have permitted the correlation of cytological features with the ability to respond mechanically to electrical and chemical stimuli during development. By developmental timing and by physiological characteristics, three distinct mechanical activities can be distinguished: : TWITCH, contracture and wave propagation (escalation). Parallel electron microscopy studies suggest that contracture and escalation require significantly greater internal membrane development than twitch. The assay procedures have revealed that fibers developed in culture from genetically dystrophic chick muscle cells display a heightened electrical threshold for a twich response, but are otherwise similar to normal fibers. Cultured chick fibers, whether of leg or breast origin, exhibit similar ultrastructural and mechanical properties; yet these are different from those of in vivo adult muscle and may represent the avian striated muscle archetype expressed in the absence of innervation. Primary or cell line cultures of rat muscle produce far fewer mechanically active fibers than do avian cell cultures. The influence of culture conditions and cell source, whether avian or mammalian, on the extent of differentiation expressed in culture is so great that our understanding of studies on cultured muscle fibers would benefit from some characterization of both morphological and contractile properties of the fibers being used.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and mechanical activity expressed by striated muscle in culture. Newly devised assay procedures for quantitating the mechanical capabilities of striated muscle fibers grown in cell culture have permitted the correlation of cytological features with the ability to respond mechanically to electrical and chemical stimuli during development. By developmental timing and by physiological characteristics, three distinct mechanical activities can be distinguished: : TWITCH, contracture and wave propagation (escalation). Parallel electron microscopy studies suggest that contracture and escalation require significantly greater internal membrane development than twitch. The assay procedures have revealed that fibers developed in culture from genetically dystrophic chick muscle cells display a heightened electrical threshold for a twich response, but are otherwise similar to normal fibers. Cultured chick fibers, whether of leg or breast origin, exhibit similar ultrastructural and mechanical properties; yet these are different from those of in vivo adult muscle and may represent the avian striated muscle archetype expressed in the absence of innervation. Primary or cell line cultures of rat muscle produce far fewer mechanically active fibers than do avian cell cultures. The influence of culture conditions and cell source, whether avian or mammalian, on the extent of differentiation expressed in culture is so great that our understanding of studies on cultured muscle fibers would benefit from some characterization of both morphological and contractile properties of the fibers being used.", "PMID": 566968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7319", "title": "The fine structure of granules in eosinophil leucocytes from aquatic and terrestrial birds.", "content": "The ultrastructure of eosinophil granules from various aquatic and terrestrial birds has been described. Granules of three basic types were found. The first had a crystalline internum and was found only in the order Anseriformes, which included the black-necked screamer, ducks, geese and swans. The crystals occurred in three morphological forms. The second and least common granule examined contained a non-crystalline internum which was either homogeneous or composed of microfilaments or microtubules. The largest and most common group of birds had a homogenous granule with no internum shown. Homogeneous granules occurred less frequently than did those with interna.", "contents": "The fine structure of granules in eosinophil leucocytes from aquatic and terrestrial birds. The ultrastructure of eosinophil granules from various aquatic and terrestrial birds has been described. Granules of three basic types were found. The first had a crystalline internum and was found only in the order Anseriformes, which included the black-necked screamer, ducks, geese and swans. The crystals occurred in three morphological forms. The second and least common granule examined contained a non-crystalline internum which was either homogeneous or composed of microfilaments or microtubules. The largest and most common group of birds had a homogenous granule with no internum shown. Homogeneous granules occurred less frequently than did those with interna.", "PMID": 566969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7320", "title": "Renal and hepatic nucleic acid metabolism in neonates: relation to experimental duration, chlorphentermine dose as well as subsequent withdrawal.", "content": "Daily oral administration of either 20, 40 or 60 mg/kg chlorphentermine for 7 days significantly increased liver and kidney DNA levels, which were not elevated further even after a 3 week treatment period. Although cessation of drug administration for 3 weeks resulted in a return of hepatic DNA levels to control values, a rise in renal DNA was still observed after this withdrawal period. Whereas 20 mg/kg chlorphentermine for 7 days failed to markedly alter the incorporation of thymidine into kidney and liver DNA, significant enhancement was noted in neonates receiving 40 or 60 mg/kg drug and quantitatively greater incorporation occurred when the agent was given for 21 days. While a signficant augmentation in nucleic acids synthesis was seen 1 week after animals were removed from 40 or 60 mg/kg anorectic, a restoration to control levels occurred after a 3 week abstinence period. Treatment with 20 mg/kg for 1 week followed by withdrawal resulted in a significant rise in the incorporation of thymidine into renal and hepatic DNA. In contrast, drug administration for 3 weeks followed by 21 days abstinence resulted in a return to control levels in the incorporation of thymidine into kidney and liver DNA, except for renal tissue removed from 20 mg/kg. Our data demonstrate that the chlorphentermine-induced alterations in renal and hepatic DNA metabolism are dose-dependent, related to duration of exposure as well as reversible.", "contents": "Renal and hepatic nucleic acid metabolism in neonates: relation to experimental duration, chlorphentermine dose as well as subsequent withdrawal. Daily oral administration of either 20, 40 or 60 mg/kg chlorphentermine for 7 days significantly increased liver and kidney DNA levels, which were not elevated further even after a 3 week treatment period. Although cessation of drug administration for 3 weeks resulted in a return of hepatic DNA levels to control values, a rise in renal DNA was still observed after this withdrawal period. Whereas 20 mg/kg chlorphentermine for 7 days failed to markedly alter the incorporation of thymidine into kidney and liver DNA, significant enhancement was noted in neonates receiving 40 or 60 mg/kg drug and quantitatively greater incorporation occurred when the agent was given for 21 days. While a signficant augmentation in nucleic acids synthesis was seen 1 week after animals were removed from 40 or 60 mg/kg anorectic, a restoration to control levels occurred after a 3 week abstinence period. Treatment with 20 mg/kg for 1 week followed by withdrawal resulted in a significant rise in the incorporation of thymidine into renal and hepatic DNA. In contrast, drug administration for 3 weeks followed by 21 days abstinence resulted in a return to control levels in the incorporation of thymidine into kidney and liver DNA, except for renal tissue removed from 20 mg/kg. Our data demonstrate that the chlorphentermine-induced alterations in renal and hepatic DNA metabolism are dose-dependent, related to duration of exposure as well as reversible.", "PMID": 566970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7321", "title": "Radiographic findings in children surveyed for enuresis.", "content": "Over a one-year period 216 children had a radiographic survey of their urinary tracts performed for the evaluation of enuresis with many of these having a precedent history of urinary infection as well. Significant urinary tract abnormalities were found in 27 per cent of the children. Clinical correlation was obtained in 135 of these children with 19.3 per cent requiring surgery. The groups of children with a history of diurnal enuresis or urinary infection were quite different from the group with nocturnal enuresis alone. These differences are discussed.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in children surveyed for enuresis. Over a one-year period 216 children had a radiographic survey of their urinary tracts performed for the evaluation of enuresis with many of these having a precedent history of urinary infection as well. Significant urinary tract abnormalities were found in 27 per cent of the children. Clinical correlation was obtained in 135 of these children with 19.3 per cent requiring surgery. The groups of children with a history of diurnal enuresis or urinary infection were quite different from the group with nocturnal enuresis alone. These differences are discussed.", "PMID": 566974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7322", "title": "Tuberculous prostatitis.", "content": "A study of 5 patients with tuberculosis prostatitis revealed that (1) there is a greater chance of striking a noncaseating granuloma than a caseating lesion by needle biospy when both are present; (2) the absence of caseation on biopsy does not necessarily rule out tuberculosis; and (3) special stains may be negative for tuberculosis because of the small size of the tissue sample. Thus, if the clinical suspicion of tuberculous prostatitis is high and if noncaseating lesions are found, a second biopsy specimen should be taken for culture only.", "contents": "Tuberculous prostatitis. A study of 5 patients with tuberculosis prostatitis revealed that (1) there is a greater chance of striking a noncaseating granuloma than a caseating lesion by needle biospy when both are present; (2) the absence of caseation on biopsy does not necessarily rule out tuberculosis; and (3) special stains may be negative for tuberculosis because of the small size of the tissue sample. Thus, if the clinical suspicion of tuberculous prostatitis is high and if noncaseating lesions are found, a second biopsy specimen should be taken for culture only.", "PMID": 566975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7323", "title": "Effect of baclofen and dantrolene on bladder stimulator-induced detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in dogs.", "content": "The effect of baclofen (Lioresal) and dantrolene (Dantrium) on bladder stimulation-induced detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia was studied in normal and chronic T-10 paraplegic dogs. Dantrolene, which depresses skeletal muscle contractility, had little effect on electrically evoked contractions of the urethral sphincter in dogs. Baclofen, which acts centrally by potentiating presynaptic inhibition, depressed the pudendal to pudendal nerve reflex and decreased urethral resistance during bladder stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of baclofen and dantrolene on bladder stimulator-induced detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in dogs. The effect of baclofen (Lioresal) and dantrolene (Dantrium) on bladder stimulation-induced detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia was studied in normal and chronic T-10 paraplegic dogs. Dantrolene, which depresses skeletal muscle contractility, had little effect on electrically evoked contractions of the urethral sphincter in dogs. Baclofen, which acts centrally by potentiating presynaptic inhibition, depressed the pudendal to pudendal nerve reflex and decreased urethral resistance during bladder stimulation.", "PMID": 566976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7324", "title": "Fatal complication of intravesical formalin during control of intractable hemorrhage from radiation cystitis.", "content": "Fatal acute tubular necrosis occurred in 1 patient in whom intravesical formalin was used to control massive persistent hemorrhage from radiation cystitis. A suggestion is made to monitor blood formic acid levels and institute prompt dialysis whenever these exceed 80 mg. per 100 ml. to avert such a catastrophe. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate appears to be indicated prophylactically in combating the associated metabolic acidosis due to absorbed formic acid.", "contents": "Fatal complication of intravesical formalin during control of intractable hemorrhage from radiation cystitis. Fatal acute tubular necrosis occurred in 1 patient in whom intravesical formalin was used to control massive persistent hemorrhage from radiation cystitis. A suggestion is made to monitor blood formic acid levels and institute prompt dialysis whenever these exceed 80 mg. per 100 ml. to avert such a catastrophe. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate appears to be indicated prophylactically in combating the associated metabolic acidosis due to absorbed formic acid.", "PMID": 566977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7325", "title": "[Supraclavicular metastases of stomach cancer].", "content": "To precisely determine the process spread in gastric cancer, in 90 patients left prescalene biopsy was performed simultaneously with the operative procedure on the stomach. In 20% of the patients the histological examination of serial sections showed gastric cancer metastases in non-enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes. In vast majority of the observations a supraclavicular metastasis diagnosed only histologically was a manifestation of the tumor process spread. In these patients only explorative laparotomy or palliative resection was performed, followed by lethal issue (but one case) in the early postoperative period. The rationale of incuding prescalene biopsy in the scheme of examination for gastric cancer is discussed.", "contents": "[Supraclavicular metastases of stomach cancer]. To precisely determine the process spread in gastric cancer, in 90 patients left prescalene biopsy was performed simultaneously with the operative procedure on the stomach. In 20% of the patients the histological examination of serial sections showed gastric cancer metastases in non-enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes. In vast majority of the observations a supraclavicular metastasis diagnosed only histologically was a manifestation of the tumor process spread. In these patients only explorative laparotomy or palliative resection was performed, followed by lethal issue (but one case) in the early postoperative period. The rationale of incuding prescalene biopsy in the scheme of examination for gastric cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 566987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7326", "title": "[Isolted spermatic cord tuberculoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of the postoperative recognition of an isolated tuberculoma of the left pampiniform plexus. This is only the seventh recorded case of an isolated spermatic cord tuberculoma. The findings are interpreted on the basis of the histological report. This case is discussed within the framework of urogenital tuberculosis as an entity according to reports in the literature.", "contents": "[Isolted spermatic cord tuberculoma (author's transl)]. A case is reported of the postoperative recognition of an isolated tuberculoma of the left pampiniform plexus. This is only the seventh recorded case of an isolated spermatic cord tuberculoma. The findings are interpreted on the basis of the histological report. This case is discussed within the framework of urogenital tuberculosis as an entity according to reports in the literature.", "PMID": 566988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7327", "title": "Quantification of turkey immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG in serum and secretions.", "content": "The immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG of the turkey were quantitated in individual serum samples as well as in pooled sera. The variability of Ig levels in normal, healthy birds was quite high: IgA: mean value 0.633 mg/ml (4.0 -x - 2.5 -x); IgM: mean value 4.37 mg/ml (0.5 -x - 1.4 -x) and IgG: mean value 8.92 mg/ml (0.6 -x - 1.7 -x). Immunoglobulin levels in egg-yolk, egg-white, bile and some intraocular tissues were quantitated as well. An interesting finding was, that the forementioned variability was by far not so high with respect to IgG levels in 20 egg-yolk samples: mean value 5.1 mg/ml (0.86 x- - 1.17 -x). Though IgG  and IgM could be detected in pooled turkey bile, IgA predominated in this secretion. In aqueous humor, iris tissue and vitreous body only IgG could be detected.", "contents": "Quantification of turkey immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG in serum and secretions. The immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG of the turkey were quantitated in individual serum samples as well as in pooled sera. The variability of Ig levels in normal, healthy birds was quite high: IgA: mean value 0.633 mg/ml (4.0 -x - 2.5 -x); IgM: mean value 4.37 mg/ml (0.5 -x - 1.4 -x) and IgG: mean value 8.92 mg/ml (0.6 -x - 1.7 -x). Immunoglobulin levels in egg-yolk, egg-white, bile and some intraocular tissues were quantitated as well. An interesting finding was, that the forementioned variability was by far not so high with respect to IgG levels in 20 egg-yolk samples: mean value 5.1 mg/ml (0.86 x- - 1.17 -x). Though IgG  and IgM could be detected in pooled turkey bile, IgA predominated in this secretion. In aqueous humor, iris tissue and vitreous body only IgG could be detected.", "PMID": 566990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7328", "title": "[Bioptic liver changes in brucellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Histomorphological changes of the liver are demonstrated in 120 biopsy samples of 104 patients with clinically and serologically proven Bang's disease. A granulomatous hepatitis was found in 1/3 of the patients in addition to a non-specific mobilisation of the active mesenchyma and a reactive hepatitis of changing intensity. The nodules are not looking like tuberculous granulomas, but consist of a disseminated accumulation of small lympho-histiocytic cells. Furthermore, the relatively high percentage of steatosis of the parenchyma (50%), lipofuscinosis (40%), and circumscribed hepatocellular siderosis (26%) can be considered as important lesions of parenchymal cells.", "contents": "[Bioptic liver changes in brucellosis (author's transl)]. Histomorphological changes of the liver are demonstrated in 120 biopsy samples of 104 patients with clinically and serologically proven Bang's disease. A granulomatous hepatitis was found in 1/3 of the patients in addition to a non-specific mobilisation of the active mesenchyma and a reactive hepatitis of changing intensity. The nodules are not looking like tuberculous granulomas, but consist of a disseminated accumulation of small lympho-histiocytic cells. Furthermore, the relatively high percentage of steatosis of the parenchyma (50%), lipofuscinosis (40%), and circumscribed hepatocellular siderosis (26%) can be considered as important lesions of parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 566993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7329", "title": "[Animal experiment studies on the neurohumoral control of female puberty. 2. Studies on the influence of amygdala and of the hippocampus on sex maturation].", "content": "Immature female rats were bilaterally lesioned in the rostral or caudal part of the mediocortical amygdala (MCA) or in the ventral hippocampus (VHPC) at 21 days of age. In a second experiment, simultaneous lesioning of the MCA or VHPC and the medial preoptic area or hypothalamic ventromedial-arcuate region was performed in 21-day-old rats. Finally, discrete lesions were placed into the anterior or posterior parts of the medial (MAN) or cortical amygdaloid nuclei ath 21, 26 or 32 days of age. The effects of the different treatments on the onset of puberty were evaluated by recording the age at vaginal opening and first ovulation, the body weight on the day of vaginal opening, and the subsequent ovarian or vaginal cyclicity. The following conclusions may be drawn from the findings obtained: 1. At three weeks of age, the MCA exerts a gonadotropininhibiting function that is localized in the anterior part of the MAN. This activity is not demonstrable in older females. 2. The MAN, particularly its posterior part, may play an important role in the prepuberal maturation of the maturation of the neurohormonal ovulatory mechanisms that takes place in female rats during the fourth week of life. 3. The VHPC may be involved in the control of female sexual development mainly by its growth-stimulating activity. The results suggest an essential role of the subcortical limbic system in female sexual maturation and offer an explanation of contradictory findings on the gonadotrophin-controlling function of the MCA before puberty.", "contents": "[Animal experiment studies on the neurohumoral control of female puberty. 2. Studies on the influence of amygdala and of the hippocampus on sex maturation]. Immature female rats were bilaterally lesioned in the rostral or caudal part of the mediocortical amygdala (MCA) or in the ventral hippocampus (VHPC) at 21 days of age. In a second experiment, simultaneous lesioning of the MCA or VHPC and the medial preoptic area or hypothalamic ventromedial-arcuate region was performed in 21-day-old rats. Finally, discrete lesions were placed into the anterior or posterior parts of the medial (MAN) or cortical amygdaloid nuclei ath 21, 26 or 32 days of age. The effects of the different treatments on the onset of puberty were evaluated by recording the age at vaginal opening and first ovulation, the body weight on the day of vaginal opening, and the subsequent ovarian or vaginal cyclicity. The following conclusions may be drawn from the findings obtained: 1. At three weeks of age, the MCA exerts a gonadotropininhibiting function that is localized in the anterior part of the MAN. This activity is not demonstrable in older females. 2. The MAN, particularly its posterior part, may play an important role in the prepuberal maturation of the maturation of the neurohormonal ovulatory mechanisms that takes place in female rats during the fourth week of life. 3. The VHPC may be involved in the control of female sexual development mainly by its growth-stimulating activity. The results suggest an essential role of the subcortical limbic system in female sexual maturation and offer an explanation of contradictory findings on the gonadotrophin-controlling function of the MCA before puberty.", "PMID": 566994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7330", "title": "[Cancer hazards in females with uterine myoma].", "content": "1. Women with uterine fibroids do not have an higher cancer risk than women without fibroids. 2. The carcinome of the breast is the most frequent cancer under autopsy cases with uterine fibroids. The carcinoma of the endometrium and of the pancreas are slightly increases, but tumours of other organs are less frequent. 3. The risk of sarcomatous degeneration of uterine fibroids is with 0,6% about fifty more less frequent then the risk of develope another cancer. 4. Hysterectomy does not diminuish the cancer risk of patients with uterine fibroids: Instead of the (not more possibles) cancers of the genital systems there develope tumours in other organs. 5. Under autopsy cases with uterins fibroids the trend to hypertonia, to adipositas, to myocardical infarction and to embollsm of the lung are slightly increased9", "contents": "[Cancer hazards in females with uterine myoma]. 1. Women with uterine fibroids do not have an higher cancer risk than women without fibroids. 2. The carcinome of the breast is the most frequent cancer under autopsy cases with uterine fibroids. The carcinoma of the endometrium and of the pancreas are slightly increases, but tumours of other organs are less frequent. 3. The risk of sarcomatous degeneration of uterine fibroids is with 0,6% about fifty more less frequent then the risk of develope another cancer. 4. Hysterectomy does not diminuish the cancer risk of patients with uterine fibroids: Instead of the (not more possibles) cancers of the genital systems there develope tumours in other organs. 5. Under autopsy cases with uterins fibroids the trend to hypertonia, to adipositas, to myocardical infarction and to embollsm of the lung are slightly increased9", "PMID": 566995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7331", "title": "The hepatic role in carcinogenesis and its early detection--the vinyl chloride model.", "content": "The liver's role in vinyl chloride toxicity and carcinogenicity is providing a better understanding of the chemical carcinogenesis mechanism. A variety of both malignant and benign hepatic tumors has been demonstrated with prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride. The multi-system involvment of this carcinogen and toxin has provided a model for the study of chemical carcinogenesis common to both man and animal. Clinical studies have shown the usefulness of biochemical, radioisotopic, and radiological studies in the detection of toxic and carcinogenic lesions. Animal studies have demonstrated the biochemical metabolism by the liver of vinyl chloride-produced intermediates which are mutagenic in bacterial systems and may be the ultimate carcinogens. Hepatic subcellular enzyme studies prove preliminary evidence of cellular adaptation and increased detoxification. Disruption of this oxidization and detoxification balance may be the key to the malignant transformation of cells. A working hypothesis is presented which may explain the metabolism of vinyl chloride into mutagenic intermediates by the liver cell and the development of malignant transformation by extra hepatic sinusoidal lining cells, lung cells, and brain tissue.", "contents": "The hepatic role in carcinogenesis and its early detection--the vinyl chloride model. The liver's role in vinyl chloride toxicity and carcinogenicity is providing a better understanding of the chemical carcinogenesis mechanism. A variety of both malignant and benign hepatic tumors has been demonstrated with prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride. The multi-system involvment of this carcinogen and toxin has provided a model for the study of chemical carcinogenesis common to both man and animal. Clinical studies have shown the usefulness of biochemical, radioisotopic, and radiological studies in the detection of toxic and carcinogenic lesions. Animal studies have demonstrated the biochemical metabolism by the liver of vinyl chloride-produced intermediates which are mutagenic in bacterial systems and may be the ultimate carcinogens. Hepatic subcellular enzyme studies prove preliminary evidence of cellular adaptation and increased detoxification. Disruption of this oxidization and detoxification balance may be the key to the malignant transformation of cells. A working hypothesis is presented which may explain the metabolism of vinyl chloride into mutagenic intermediates by the liver cell and the development of malignant transformation by extra hepatic sinusoidal lining cells, lung cells, and brain tissue.", "PMID": 566989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7332", "title": "[Studies of nucleic acid metabolism in cultured chick embryo cells infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum].", "content": "M. gallisepticum infection of cultured chick embryo cells led to a sharp reduction the rate of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation into DNA and RNA cells, and almost completely suppressed the transposition of uridine label from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, this pointing to the inhibition of escape of RNA synthesized de novo into the infected cells cytoplasm. As suggested, weak labeling of the cytoplasm after prolonged (about several hours) incubation of cultured cells with labeled urine could indicate infection of cell cultures with the mycoplasmae.", "contents": "[Studies of nucleic acid metabolism in cultured chick embryo cells infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum]. M. gallisepticum infection of cultured chick embryo cells led to a sharp reduction the rate of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation into DNA and RNA cells, and almost completely suppressed the transposition of uridine label from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, this pointing to the inhibition of escape of RNA synthesized de novo into the infected cells cytoplasm. As suggested, weak labeling of the cytoplasm after prolonged (about several hours) incubation of cultured cells with labeled urine could indicate infection of cell cultures with the mycoplasmae.", "PMID": 566996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7333", "title": "[Emotional stress during conditioned reflex transformation of heterogeneous instrumental reflexes].", "content": "The factors leading to pronounced emotional stress accompanied by changes in electrical activity of hippocampus were studied in four dogs during elaboration of conditioned switching-over of heterogeneous instrumental reflexes. Objectively recorded signs of emotional stress were observed in two cases: when the animal was not accurate enough in discerning defensive and alimentary situations and throughout the improvement of instrumental defensive reflex. Pronouncement of hippocampal theta-rhythm increased at those stages of switching-over elaboration where the probability of successful avoiding pain stimulation was relatively low. The data obtained permit the conclussion that theta-rhythm is the correlate of the degree of the emotional stress and not only a manifestation of general arousal reaction depending on the level of sensory input.", "contents": "[Emotional stress during conditioned reflex transformation of heterogeneous instrumental reflexes]. The factors leading to pronounced emotional stress accompanied by changes in electrical activity of hippocampus were studied in four dogs during elaboration of conditioned switching-over of heterogeneous instrumental reflexes. Objectively recorded signs of emotional stress were observed in two cases: when the animal was not accurate enough in discerning defensive and alimentary situations and throughout the improvement of instrumental defensive reflex. Pronouncement of hippocampal theta-rhythm increased at those stages of switching-over elaboration where the probability of successful avoiding pain stimulation was relatively low. The data obtained permit the conclussion that theta-rhythm is the correlate of the degree of the emotional stress and not only a manifestation of general arousal reaction depending on the level of sensory input.", "PMID": 566991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7334", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the sensomotor cortex in experimental neurosis].", "content": "Disturbances of higher nervous activity (experimental neurosis) are attended with morphological changes of blood circulation in the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex, corresponding to distonic vascular disorders, as well as with hypoxic and neuroglial changes. Observed changes in the nervous tissue also reflect adaptive and defensive mechanisms of the brain (in rabbits).", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the sensomotor cortex in experimental neurosis]. Disturbances of higher nervous activity (experimental neurosis) are attended with morphological changes of blood circulation in the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex, corresponding to distonic vascular disorders, as well as with hypoxic and neuroglial changes. Observed changes in the nervous tissue also reflect adaptive and defensive mechanisms of the brain (in rabbits).", "PMID": 566992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7335", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on blood-brain barrier dysfunction around cerebral stab wounds, aggravated by acute ethanol intoxication.", "content": "Ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated albino rats subjected to cerebral stab wounds were injected with Evans blue-labelled albumin (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 24 hours after the injury. The tracers were injected 30 and 2 minutes before perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde and then prepared for light microscopy and electron microscopy. There was prominent leakage of peroxidase through chains of pinocytotic vesicles and transendothelial channels from blood, through the endothelial cells, into the brain. There was no difference in the way of peroxidase leakage through the endothelial cells between ethanol-intoxicated and control rats, but the area containing leaking blood vessels was greater in intoxicated rats. Furthermore, the number of trans-endothelial channels, vesicles and caveolae per unit length of capillaries and venules was increased in ethanol-intoxicated rats. Injured neurons with a diffuse distribution of peroxidase in their cytoplasm were observed within a greater area around the stab wound in ethanol-intoxicated than in control rats.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on blood-brain barrier dysfunction around cerebral stab wounds, aggravated by acute ethanol intoxication. Ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated albino rats subjected to cerebral stab wounds were injected with Evans blue-labelled albumin (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 24 hours after the injury. The tracers were injected 30 and 2 minutes before perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde and then prepared for light microscopy and electron microscopy. There was prominent leakage of peroxidase through chains of pinocytotic vesicles and transendothelial channels from blood, through the endothelial cells, into the brain. There was no difference in the way of peroxidase leakage through the endothelial cells between ethanol-intoxicated and control rats, but the area containing leaking blood vessels was greater in intoxicated rats. Furthermore, the number of trans-endothelial channels, vesicles and caveolae per unit length of capillaries and venules was increased in ethanol-intoxicated rats. Injured neurons with a diffuse distribution of peroxidase in their cytoplasm were observed within a greater area around the stab wound in ethanol-intoxicated than in control rats.", "PMID": 566999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7336", "title": "Postencephalitic porencephaly, hydranencephaly or polymicrogyria. A review.", "content": "Twenty necropsy cases of the association of fetal encephalitis with porencephaly, hydranencephaly or polymicrogyria were reviewed including 5 from the authors' material. The latter include a basket brain, a porencephalic necrosis of recent date and a polymicrogyria in the formative state. The supratentorial lesions are often associated with cerebellar cortical dysplasias. The pathogenetic interdependence of encephalitis and hemispheric defects or malformation is discussed. Examples are given in which the infection appears to be secondary to a pre-existent hemispheric lesion. For others the hemispheric lesions appear to be secondary to encephalitis. In these the encephalitis may produce secondary lesions by a variety of pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "Postencephalitic porencephaly, hydranencephaly or polymicrogyria. A review. Twenty necropsy cases of the association of fetal encephalitis with porencephaly, hydranencephaly or polymicrogyria were reviewed including 5 from the authors' material. The latter include a basket brain, a porencephalic necrosis of recent date and a polymicrogyria in the formative state. The supratentorial lesions are often associated with cerebellar cortical dysplasias. The pathogenetic interdependence of encephalitis and hemispheric defects or malformation is discussed. Examples are given in which the infection appears to be secondary to a pre-existent hemispheric lesion. For others the hemispheric lesions appear to be secondary to encephalitis. In these the encephalitis may produce secondary lesions by a variety of pathogenetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 567000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7337", "title": "Determination of pancreatic elastase with new chromogenic substrates-p-nitroanilides of N-acyltripeptides.", "content": "Mal-, Suc- and Glt-(Ala)3-NAp were prepared as new substances for determining pancreatic elastase. The kinetic constants show them to be more satisfactory than the previously described Ac-(Ala)3-NAp. The mean elastase output values after pancreozymin and secretin stimulation of the exocrine pancreas were significantly higher in the control subjects than in patients in whom other secretion values were altered. In agar electrophoresis, hog pancreatic elastase (Merck) formed a single cathodal fraction. One cathodal and one anodal fraction were found in human duodenal contents. Serum, plasma, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin inhibit pancreatic elastase. Elastase-alpha1-antitrypsin complexes are enzymatically inactive, whereas the enzymatic activity of elastic-alpha2-macroglobulin complexes is partly preserved. Both types of complexes are stable and are not dissociated to a major extent in the presence of an excess amount of the other inhibitor.", "contents": "Determination of pancreatic elastase with new chromogenic substrates-p-nitroanilides of N-acyltripeptides. Mal-, Suc- and Glt-(Ala)3-NAp were prepared as new substances for determining pancreatic elastase. The kinetic constants show them to be more satisfactory than the previously described Ac-(Ala)3-NAp. The mean elastase output values after pancreozymin and secretin stimulation of the exocrine pancreas were significantly higher in the control subjects than in patients in whom other secretion values were altered. In agar electrophoresis, hog pancreatic elastase (Merck) formed a single cathodal fraction. One cathodal and one anodal fraction were found in human duodenal contents. Serum, plasma, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin inhibit pancreatic elastase. Elastase-alpha1-antitrypsin complexes are enzymatically inactive, whereas the enzymatic activity of elastic-alpha2-macroglobulin complexes is partly preserved. Both types of complexes are stable and are not dissociated to a major extent in the presence of an excess amount of the other inhibitor.", "PMID": 567003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7338", "title": "The effect of a fish diet on serum lipids in healthy human subjects.", "content": "A cross-over study was done with 19 male and 23 female volunteers living in a monastery and a convent, respectively. The effect of a fat gish (mackerel) diet on the blood serum lipid composition was studied. As the normal diet of these volunteers was of the lacto-ovo-vegetarian type, a control diet in which the fish was replaced by full-fat cheese was used. Subjects consuming the fish diet had a daily uptake of polyunsaturated acids of the omega3 family of about 8 g; comparable amounts of linoleic acid were ingested with both diets. Both diets were consumed for a period of 3 weeks. Serum cholesterol was slightly but significantly (7.5%) lower and serum triglycerides considerably lower (35%) on the fish diet, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol increased slightly. Lipoprotein analysis showed a strong very low density lipoprotein decrease by the fish diet while, in the men, both low and high density lipoproteins increased. The fatty acid composition of serum lipids showed considerable differences; C20:5omega3 increased in all fractions and C22:6omega3 was found in the triglycerides and the phospholipids, but not in the sterol esters. These increases occurred chiefly at the expense of C18:1omega9 and, in particular, C18:2omega6, which indicates a replacement of omega6 by omega3 acids. Long-chain monoenoic acids which are abundant in the mackerel were not detected in any serum lipid fraction.", "contents": "The effect of a fish diet on serum lipids in healthy human subjects. A cross-over study was done with 19 male and 23 female volunteers living in a monastery and a convent, respectively. The effect of a fat gish (mackerel) diet on the blood serum lipid composition was studied. As the normal diet of these volunteers was of the lacto-ovo-vegetarian type, a control diet in which the fish was replaced by full-fat cheese was used. Subjects consuming the fish diet had a daily uptake of polyunsaturated acids of the omega3 family of about 8 g; comparable amounts of linoleic acid were ingested with both diets. Both diets were consumed for a period of 3 weeks. Serum cholesterol was slightly but significantly (7.5%) lower and serum triglycerides considerably lower (35%) on the fish diet, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol increased slightly. Lipoprotein analysis showed a strong very low density lipoprotein decrease by the fish diet while, in the men, both low and high density lipoproteins increased. The fatty acid composition of serum lipids showed considerable differences; C20:5omega3 increased in all fractions and C22:6omega3 was found in the triglycerides and the phospholipids, but not in the sterol esters. These increases occurred chiefly at the expense of C18:1omega9 and, in particular, C18:2omega6, which indicates a replacement of omega6 by omega3 acids. Long-chain monoenoic acids which are abundant in the mackerel were not detected in any serum lipid fraction.", "PMID": 567008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7339", "title": "Hypocholesterolemic effect of substituting soybean protein for animal protein in the diet of healthy young women.", "content": "The effect of dietary protein on the level of plasma cholesterol in young, healthy, normolipidemic women was investigated in two separate studies by feeding either a conventional diet containing mixed protein, or a plant protein diet in which the animal protein of the first diet was replaced by soy protein meat analogues and soy milk. The diets were similar with respect to carbohydrate, fat and sterol composition. The first study, lasting 73 days and involving six subjects, gave an indication that plasma cholesterol levels were lower on the plant protein diet. The second study, which incorporated a number of improvements based on experience, lasted 78 days and used a cross-over design involving two groups of five subjects each. In this study, the mean plasma cholesterol level was found to be significantly lower on the plant protein diet.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolemic effect of substituting soybean protein for animal protein in the diet of healthy young women. The effect of dietary protein on the level of plasma cholesterol in young, healthy, normolipidemic women was investigated in two separate studies by feeding either a conventional diet containing mixed protein, or a plant protein diet in which the animal protein of the first diet was replaced by soy protein meat analogues and soy milk. The diets were similar with respect to carbohydrate, fat and sterol composition. The first study, lasting 73 days and involving six subjects, gave an indication that plasma cholesterol levels were lower on the plant protein diet. The second study, which incorporated a number of improvements based on experience, lasted 78 days and used a cross-over design involving two groups of five subjects each. In this study, the mean plasma cholesterol level was found to be significantly lower on the plant protein diet.", "PMID": 567007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7340", "title": "Unstable dicentric iso(Yq) chromosome in a pseudohermaphrodite.", "content": "An infant with ambiguous genitalia, uterus, tubes, and bilaterally undescended testes was found to have an unstable dicentric Yq chromosome, and 45,X/46,X,dic i(Yq)/47,X,i(Yq) i(Yq) mosaicism in lymphocytes and fibroblasts. A few other minor cell lines were found in peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings indicate a high degree of mitotic instability in the centromere of the dicentric i(Yq) chromosome in this patient.", "contents": "Unstable dicentric iso(Yq) chromosome in a pseudohermaphrodite. An infant with ambiguous genitalia, uterus, tubes, and bilaterally undescended testes was found to have an unstable dicentric Yq chromosome, and 45,X/46,X,dic i(Yq)/47,X,i(Yq) i(Yq) mosaicism in lymphocytes and fibroblasts. A few other minor cell lines were found in peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings indicate a high degree of mitotic instability in the centromere of the dicentric i(Yq) chromosome in this patient.", "PMID": 567011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7341", "title": "Chemotherapy of human choriocarcinoma transplanted to nude mice.", "content": "Two human choriocarcinomas serially transplanted to athymic nude mice (BALB/c, nu/nu) were treated with intraperitoneal injections of methotrexate (MTX), actinomycin D (ACTD), and vinblastine (VLB) with doses per injection slightly smaller than LD10 in mice. Both ACTD and VLB significantly suppressed the growth of one tumor strain (SCH) but MTX did not. The growth of another tumor strain (CC-1) was not inhibited by either ACTD or VLB. In strain SCH, plasma HCG of tumor-bearing animals increased approximately in parallel with the growth of tumors in control and MTX-, ACTD-, and VLB-treated groups but the suppression of the hormone release was more marked in the ACTD-treated group. The results indicate that these two transplantable human tumors are useful models for the study of choriocarcinoma, particularly for therapeutic experiments.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of human choriocarcinoma transplanted to nude mice. Two human choriocarcinomas serially transplanted to athymic nude mice (BALB/c, nu/nu) were treated with intraperitoneal injections of methotrexate (MTX), actinomycin D (ACTD), and vinblastine (VLB) with doses per injection slightly smaller than LD10 in mice. Both ACTD and VLB significantly suppressed the growth of one tumor strain (SCH) but MTX did not. The growth of another tumor strain (CC-1) was not inhibited by either ACTD or VLB. In strain SCH, plasma HCG of tumor-bearing animals increased approximately in parallel with the growth of tumors in control and MTX-, ACTD-, and VLB-treated groups but the suppression of the hormone release was more marked in the ACTD-treated group. The results indicate that these two transplantable human tumors are useful models for the study of choriocarcinoma, particularly for therapeutic experiments.", "PMID": 567012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7342", "title": "Surgical management of epithelial ingrowth.", "content": "In ten consecutive cases of epithelial ingrowth operated on during the past 33 months, therapy included photocoagulation of the iris followed by excision of involved iris tissue and vitreous gel by means of instruments designed for vitreous surgery. Epithelium remaining on the posterior surface of the cornea, ciliary body, and in the anterior chamber was destroyed by controlled transcorneal and transscleral cryotherapy. An intraocular air bubble was used to provide an insulating effect and a more effective, controllable freeze. All patients except two had improved vision postoperatively, and four of the ten patients had postoperative visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better.", "contents": "Surgical management of epithelial ingrowth. In ten consecutive cases of epithelial ingrowth operated on during the past 33 months, therapy included photocoagulation of the iris followed by excision of involved iris tissue and vitreous gel by means of instruments designed for vitreous surgery. Epithelium remaining on the posterior surface of the cornea, ciliary body, and in the anterior chamber was destroyed by controlled transcorneal and transscleral cryotherapy. An intraocular air bubble was used to provide an insulating effect and a more effective, controllable freeze. All patients except two had improved vision postoperatively, and four of the ten patients had postoperative visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better.", "PMID": 567013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7343", "title": "Development of hepatic angiosarcoma in man induced by vinyl chloride, thorotrast, and arsenic. Comparison with cases of unknown etiology.", "content": "Examples of human angiosarcoma following exposure to vinyl chloride, Thorotrast, or arsenic (medicinal and industrial) and cases, including children, of unknown etiology were studied to establish diagnostic criteria and to study their evolution. The uniform evolution suggests an environmental factor also in the cases of unknown etiology, which may be established by epidemiologic studies. A precursor stage is charaterized by areas of combined hyperlasia of hepatocytes and a variety of sinusoidal and perisinusoidal cells associated with excess of reticulin and with sinusoidal dialation. The diagnostically useful picture in silver impregnations indicated reticulum formation by the perisinusoidal cells, presumably the libocytes. The hepatocytic proliferation suggests a hepatocarcinogenic but usually not fully expressed potential. The mixed hyperplasia of the various sinusoidal cells proceeds to an  overgrowth of angiosarcoma cells, presumably derived from endothelial cells. In early stages they are usually in contact with hepatocytes (intralobular growth). A trabecular arrangement results from loosening of the lobular plate arrangement by dilatation of sinusoids, leading to primary peliosis. With disappearance of the hepatocytes, various growth patterns develop, terminating in nodular, solid angiosarcoma composed of either spindle-shaped or polyhedral cells which undergo necrosis or hemorrhage (secondary peliosis). The interaction between hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells requires elucidation.", "contents": "Development of hepatic angiosarcoma in man induced by vinyl chloride, thorotrast, and arsenic. Comparison with cases of unknown etiology. Examples of human angiosarcoma following exposure to vinyl chloride, Thorotrast, or arsenic (medicinal and industrial) and cases, including children, of unknown etiology were studied to establish diagnostic criteria and to study their evolution. The uniform evolution suggests an environmental factor also in the cases of unknown etiology, which may be established by epidemiologic studies. A precursor stage is charaterized by areas of combined hyperlasia of hepatocytes and a variety of sinusoidal and perisinusoidal cells associated with excess of reticulin and with sinusoidal dialation. The diagnostically useful picture in silver impregnations indicated reticulum formation by the perisinusoidal cells, presumably the libocytes. The hepatocytic proliferation suggests a hepatocarcinogenic but usually not fully expressed potential. The mixed hyperplasia of the various sinusoidal cells proceeds to an  overgrowth of angiosarcoma cells, presumably derived from endothelial cells. In early stages they are usually in contact with hepatocytes (intralobular growth). A trabecular arrangement results from loosening of the lobular plate arrangement by dilatation of sinusoids, leading to primary peliosis. With disappearance of the hepatocytes, various growth patterns develop, terminating in nodular, solid angiosarcoma composed of either spindle-shaped or polyhedral cells which undergo necrosis or hemorrhage (secondary peliosis). The interaction between hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells requires elucidation.", "PMID": 567014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7344", "title": "Cardiac muscle mechanics from Doca- and aging spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Contractile properties of isolated papillary muscles from three age groups of spontaeously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were compared to those from age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) to assess whether there were differences between the strains preceding and during the course of the hypertension. In all three age groups (7, 12, and 50 wk), the mechanical refractory periods (MRP) were longer and aftercontractions more prominent after paired pulse stimulation in preparations from SHRs than from age-matched WKYs. Other isometric twitch properties of SHR papillary muscles at Lmax were not different from WKYs, with the exception of a shorter half-relaxation time in the youngest SHR group. Although hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy increased in SHRs with age, aging had similar influences on most cardiac contractile properties in both strains. None of the isometric properties of papillary muscles from rats made hypertensive by Doca treatment were different from those in normotensive control preparations. This suggests that differences seen between SHRs and WKYs probably represent genetic differences between these strains and are not directly caused by the hypertension.", "contents": "Cardiac muscle mechanics from Doca- and aging spontaneously hypertensive rats. Contractile properties of isolated papillary muscles from three age groups of spontaeously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were compared to those from age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) to assess whether there were differences between the strains preceding and during the course of the hypertension. In all three age groups (7, 12, and 50 wk), the mechanical refractory periods (MRP) were longer and aftercontractions more prominent after paired pulse stimulation in preparations from SHRs than from age-matched WKYs. Other isometric twitch properties of SHR papillary muscles at Lmax were not different from WKYs, with the exception of a shorter half-relaxation time in the youngest SHR group. Although hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy increased in SHRs with age, aging had similar influences on most cardiac contractile properties in both strains. None of the isometric properties of papillary muscles from rats made hypertensive by Doca treatment were different from those in normotensive control preparations. This suggests that differences seen between SHRs and WKYs probably represent genetic differences between these strains and are not directly caused by the hypertension.", "PMID": 567015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7345", "title": "Significance of lymph node metastasis in differentiated thyroid cancer.", "content": "In age-matched patients with differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, the tumor recurred in 32 per cent of those with lymph node metastases and in 14 per cent of those without lymph node metastases. Twenty-four per cent of patients with nodal involvement at the initial examination died of thyroid cancer, whereas only 8 per cent of those without nodal involvement died of thyroid cancer. In patients less than forty years old, there were no deaths in those without nodal metastases bu there were three deaths (11 per cent) in patients with nodal metastases. In patients more than forty years old, nine (41 per cent) iwth nodal metastases died of tumor, and four (15 per cent) without nodal metastases died of tumor. In the presence of positive nodes the death rate was substantially greater in the older than in the younger patients. Nodal involvement has an adverse effect on prognosis, but appears to be less important than the age of the patient.", "contents": "Significance of lymph node metastasis in differentiated thyroid cancer. In age-matched patients with differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, the tumor recurred in 32 per cent of those with lymph node metastases and in 14 per cent of those without lymph node metastases. Twenty-four per cent of patients with nodal involvement at the initial examination died of thyroid cancer, whereas only 8 per cent of those without nodal involvement died of thyroid cancer. In patients less than forty years old, there were no deaths in those without nodal metastases bu there were three deaths (11 per cent) in patients with nodal metastases. In patients more than forty years old, nine (41 per cent) iwth nodal metastases died of tumor, and four (15 per cent) without nodal metastases died of tumor. In the presence of positive nodes the death rate was substantially greater in the older than in the younger patients. Nodal involvement has an adverse effect on prognosis, but appears to be less important than the age of the patient.", "PMID": 567016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7346", "title": "Pansegmental primordial glycogen body in the spinal cord of postmetamorphic Pleurodeles waltlii (urodela).", "content": "Light microscopical histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy have been used to identify large amounts of glycogen stored in the cytoplasm of specialized astroglial cells in the spinal cord of ribbed newts. These cells are found throughout the whole length of the cord. They are located in the dorsolateral lateral aspects of the periependymal stratum, and according to their cytological characteristics they have been considered as glycogenic astroglia. Massive glycogen inclusions occupy a subsurface position mainly in those cell processes that do not project outside the central field, which form a tight packed territory surrounding the ependyma. Topological, histological, histochemical and cytological similarities are revealed between glycogenic astroglia and specialized astroglial cells found in the primordial lumbar avian glycogen body, as well as in the brachial glycogen body of the chick spinal cord. The similarities strongly suggest the homology between these structures. The pansegmental distribution found in the newt could be a clue for understanding the physiological role of such a structure.", "contents": "Pansegmental primordial glycogen body in the spinal cord of postmetamorphic Pleurodeles waltlii (urodela). Light microscopical histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy have been used to identify large amounts of glycogen stored in the cytoplasm of specialized astroglial cells in the spinal cord of ribbed newts. These cells are found throughout the whole length of the cord. They are located in the dorsolateral lateral aspects of the periependymal stratum, and according to their cytological characteristics they have been considered as glycogenic astroglia. Massive glycogen inclusions occupy a subsurface position mainly in those cell processes that do not project outside the central field, which form a tight packed territory surrounding the ependyma. Topological, histological, histochemical and cytological similarities are revealed between glycogenic astroglia and specialized astroglial cells found in the primordial lumbar avian glycogen body, as well as in the brachial glycogen body of the chick spinal cord. The similarities strongly suggest the homology between these structures. The pansegmental distribution found in the newt could be a clue for understanding the physiological role of such a structure.", "PMID": 567021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7347", "title": "Therapeutic effects of various concentrations of lincomycin in drinking water on experimentally transmitted swine dysentery.", "content": "Three experimental studies were conducted in 232 growing pigs (8 to 12 weeks old) to evaluate the therapeutic effects of various concentrations of lincomycin in drinking water, against swine dysentery experimentally transmitted, by oral inoculation or by contact-commingling exposure. Four or 5 concentrations of lincomycin were used in each experiment (132, 66, 33, 16.5 or 0.0 mg/L of drinking water). Medication was initiated 7 to days after exposure and was continued for 6 to 10 days. Both methods of exposure were capable of transmitting the disease successfully. A more marked dose response was noticed in pigs inoculated orally than in pigs that were exposed by contact. All concentrations of lincomycin were effective for the treatment of swine dysentery by oral or by contact exposure. At the smaller concentration of 16.5 mg/L of drinking water, lincomycin was less effective for treating the disease than it was at greater concentrations. The suggested optimal concentration was 33 mg of lincomycin/L of drinking water for the treatment of swine dysentery.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of various concentrations of lincomycin in drinking water on experimentally transmitted swine dysentery. Three experimental studies were conducted in 232 growing pigs (8 to 12 weeks old) to evaluate the therapeutic effects of various concentrations of lincomycin in drinking water, against swine dysentery experimentally transmitted, by oral inoculation or by contact-commingling exposure. Four or 5 concentrations of lincomycin were used in each experiment (132, 66, 33, 16.5 or 0.0 mg/L of drinking water). Medication was initiated 7 to days after exposure and was continued for 6 to 10 days. Both methods of exposure were capable of transmitting the disease successfully. A more marked dose response was noticed in pigs inoculated orally than in pigs that were exposed by contact. All concentrations of lincomycin were effective for the treatment of swine dysentery by oral or by contact exposure. At the smaller concentration of 16.5 mg/L of drinking water, lincomycin was less effective for treating the disease than it was at greater concentrations. The suggested optimal concentration was 33 mg of lincomycin/L of drinking water for the treatment of swine dysentery.", "PMID": 567023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7348", "title": "Chloramphenicol toxicosis in cats.", "content": "Six cats were given chloramphenicol orally at the dose level of 120/mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 14 days and were then observed for another 3 weeks after treatment. Five other cats were used as untreated controls for the first 14 days and subsequently were given 60 mg of chloramphenicol/kg/day for 21 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis, which were more severe in cats given the higher dose level, included central nervous system depression, dehydration, reduced food intake, body weight loss, sporadic diarrhea, and vomiting. In cats given the higher dose level, chloramphenicol caused reversible marrow suppression, with marrow hypoplasia, maturation arrest of erythroid cells, and inhibition of mitotic activity, and caused vacuolation of lymphocytes and of early myeloid and erythroid cells. Significant changes were evident in bone marrow after treatment for 1 week and in peripheral blood at the end of the 2nd week. Hematologic changes included decreased numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, reticulocytes, and platelets. In cats given the lower dose level, changes in blood and bone marrow were similar but less severe.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol toxicosis in cats. Six cats were given chloramphenicol orally at the dose level of 120/mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 14 days and were then observed for another 3 weeks after treatment. Five other cats were used as untreated controls for the first 14 days and subsequently were given 60 mg of chloramphenicol/kg/day for 21 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis, which were more severe in cats given the higher dose level, included central nervous system depression, dehydration, reduced food intake, body weight loss, sporadic diarrhea, and vomiting. In cats given the higher dose level, chloramphenicol caused reversible marrow suppression, with marrow hypoplasia, maturation arrest of erythroid cells, and inhibition of mitotic activity, and caused vacuolation of lymphocytes and of early myeloid and erythroid cells. Significant changes were evident in bone marrow after treatment for 1 week and in peripheral blood at the end of the 2nd week. Hematologic changes included decreased numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, reticulocytes, and platelets. In cats given the lower dose level, changes in blood and bone marrow were similar but less severe.", "PMID": 567024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7349", "title": "Hypersplenic thrombocytopenia differentiated from increased peripheral destruction by platelet volume.", "content": "Platelet volume distribution was examined in 16 patients with hepatosplenomegaly and platelet counts of 45 000 to 90 000/mm; 12 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia and randomly matched platelet counts; and 20 normal subjects. Five platelet volume variables of increasing platelet size were defined from the averages of 20 normal curves. Patients with hypersplenism had decreased volume values of 78% to 87% (mean, 83%) of the average normal population (P less than 0.001). Patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura had values significantly greater than normal by 124% to 149% (mean, 134%) (P less than 0.001). Patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, when compared with hypersplenic patients, had significantly greater platelet volume values ranging from 154% to 174% (mean, 161%), P less than 0.001. We concluded that patients with hepatosplenomegaly have smaller platelets in their peripheral blood and a platelet volume distribution that can be distinguished easily from patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, despite comparable platelet counts.", "contents": "Hypersplenic thrombocytopenia differentiated from increased peripheral destruction by platelet volume. Platelet volume distribution was examined in 16 patients with hepatosplenomegaly and platelet counts of 45 000 to 90 000/mm; 12 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia and randomly matched platelet counts; and 20 normal subjects. Five platelet volume variables of increasing platelet size were defined from the averages of 20 normal curves. Patients with hypersplenism had decreased volume values of 78% to 87% (mean, 83%) of the average normal population (P less than 0.001). Patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura had values significantly greater than normal by 124% to 149% (mean, 134%) (P less than 0.001). Patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, when compared with hypersplenic patients, had significantly greater platelet volume values ranging from 154% to 174% (mean, 161%), P less than 0.001. We concluded that patients with hepatosplenomegaly have smaller platelets in their peripheral blood and a platelet volume distribution that can be distinguished easily from patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, despite comparable platelet counts.", "PMID": 567025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7350", "title": "[Intragastric self-administration of ethanol solutions by rats after chronic ethanol consumption].", "content": "1. Rats rendered physically dependent on alcohol by the forced consumption of a liquid diet containing ethanol were subsequently placed in an intragastric self-administration situation. 2. Under these conditions, the intoxicated rats maintained the same high level of ethanol consumption as observed during the previous forced ingestion procedure. However this response is transitory and disappears following the presentation of a dilute ethanol solution. 3. Significantly different results were provided by the control animals. 4. Conditions for establishing a higher oral preference in rats rendered physically dependent are examined and discussed.", "contents": "[Intragastric self-administration of ethanol solutions by rats after chronic ethanol consumption]. 1. Rats rendered physically dependent on alcohol by the forced consumption of a liquid diet containing ethanol were subsequently placed in an intragastric self-administration situation. 2. Under these conditions, the intoxicated rats maintained the same high level of ethanol consumption as observed during the previous forced ingestion procedure. However this response is transitory and disappears following the presentation of a dilute ethanol solution. 3. Significantly different results were provided by the control animals. 4. Conditions for establishing a higher oral preference in rats rendered physically dependent are examined and discussed.", "PMID": 567027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7351", "title": "Corneal perforation due to Helminthosporium and Mima polymorpha.", "content": "This apparently is the first reported case of corneal perforation due to a mixed infection of Helminthosporium species and Mima polymorpha. These 2 organisms separately rarely cause ocular infection and when present together could produce serious damage to the eye. In long-standing diseases of the cornea, mixed infection should be suspected when the infection fails to respond to conventional medical therapy. Thorough laboratory evaluation should be done. Selection of appropriate antibiotics should be based on clinical impression, initial Gram stain findings and final cultural results.", "contents": "Corneal perforation due to Helminthosporium and Mima polymorpha. This apparently is the first reported case of corneal perforation due to a mixed infection of Helminthosporium species and Mima polymorpha. These 2 organisms separately rarely cause ocular infection and when present together could produce serious damage to the eye. In long-standing diseases of the cornea, mixed infection should be suspected when the infection fails to respond to conventional medical therapy. Thorough laboratory evaluation should be done. Selection of appropriate antibiotics should be based on clinical impression, initial Gram stain findings and final cultural results.", "PMID": 567028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7352", "title": "Helminthosporium corneal ulcers.", "content": "Two cases of fungal corneal ulcer caused by Helminthosporium are discussed. Dematiacious fungi are pigmented filamentary molds of which Helminthosporium is representative. Ulcers due to such dematiacious fungi seem to have a better prognosis than other types of fungal corneal ulcers. The importance of classifying fungal ulcers is emphasized. Therapy is considered for these keratomycoses.", "contents": "Helminthosporium corneal ulcers. Two cases of fungal corneal ulcer caused by Helminthosporium are discussed. Dematiacious fungi are pigmented filamentary molds of which Helminthosporium is representative. Ulcers due to such dematiacious fungi seem to have a better prognosis than other types of fungal corneal ulcers. The importance of classifying fungal ulcers is emphasized. Therapy is considered for these keratomycoses.", "PMID": 567029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7353", "title": "The antigenic relationship between Brettanomyces-Debaryomyces strains and the Salmonella cholerae-suis O antigen.", "content": "The immune sera for Brettanomyces lambicus, B. claussenii, Debaryomyces hansenii and D. marama agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (0:6(2), 7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated B. lambicus, B. clausenni, D. hansenii and D. marama. Absorption and agglutination cross-tested demonstrated common antigen factor(s) in the tested yeasts and Salmonella 0:7 antigen.", "contents": "The antigenic relationship between Brettanomyces-Debaryomyces strains and the Salmonella cholerae-suis O antigen. The immune sera for Brettanomyces lambicus, B. claussenii, Debaryomyces hansenii and D. marama agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (0:6(2), 7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated B. lambicus, B. clausenni, D. hansenii and D. marama. Absorption and agglutination cross-tested demonstrated common antigen factor(s) in the tested yeasts and Salmonella 0:7 antigen.", "PMID": 567026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7354", "title": "Treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults. Long-term results in a series of 41 patients.", "content": "The results of treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were analysed in a series of 41 patients 2 to 10 years (median 4 years) after initial treatment. There was one spontaneous remission. A good or fair long-term result was obtained in 11 patients after prednisone treatment, in 20 of 24 patients after splenectomy, and in 3 of 4 patients after immunosuppressive treatment. Short duration of symptoms and rapid response to prednisone had some value in predicting a good long-term result of prednisone treatment. Young age, a good response to prednisone and splenic sequestration of platelets were associated with good results after splenectomy, as was rapid postoperative normalization of platelet counts. These factors were unable to disclose with certainty a refractoriness to splenectomy. Nevertheless splenectomy was regarded to be the treatment of choice in all patients not adequately controlled with corticosteroids.", "contents": "Treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults. Long-term results in a series of 41 patients. The results of treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were analysed in a series of 41 patients 2 to 10 years (median 4 years) after initial treatment. There was one spontaneous remission. A good or fair long-term result was obtained in 11 patients after prednisone treatment, in 20 of 24 patients after splenectomy, and in 3 of 4 patients after immunosuppressive treatment. Short duration of symptoms and rapid response to prednisone had some value in predicting a good long-term result of prednisone treatment. Young age, a good response to prednisone and splenic sequestration of platelets were associated with good results after splenectomy, as was rapid postoperative normalization of platelet counts. These factors were unable to disclose with certainty a refractoriness to splenectomy. Nevertheless splenectomy was regarded to be the treatment of choice in all patients not adequately controlled with corticosteroids.", "PMID": 567032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7355", "title": "Cytoplasmic filaments in intracerebral cortical vessels.", "content": "Actin filaments measuring 5 nm in diameter are present in the endothelium of systemic vessels and presumably have a contractile function that may be related to vascular permeability. Little attention has been directed to the presence of similar cytoplasmic filaments in the endothelium of cerebral vessels. This study was undertaken to determine whether filaments are present in the endothelial cells of intracerebral cortical vessels of rats and humans. Ultrastructural studies revealed two populations of endothelial cytoplasmic filaments 5 nm and 10 nm in diameter, respectively. The 5-nm filaments were abundant in the endothelium of penetrating cortical arterioles, being grouped near the cytoplasmic margins in proximity to cell junctions and along the abluminal side of the endothelial cells. The filaments were scant in capillaries and venules.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic filaments in intracerebral cortical vessels. Actin filaments measuring 5 nm in diameter are present in the endothelium of systemic vessels and presumably have a contractile function that may be related to vascular permeability. Little attention has been directed to the presence of similar cytoplasmic filaments in the endothelium of cerebral vessels. This study was undertaken to determine whether filaments are present in the endothelial cells of intracerebral cortical vessels of rats and humans. Ultrastructural studies revealed two populations of endothelial cytoplasmic filaments 5 nm and 10 nm in diameter, respectively. The 5-nm filaments were abundant in the endothelium of penetrating cortical arterioles, being grouped near the cytoplasmic margins in proximity to cell junctions and along the abluminal side of the endothelial cells. The filaments were scant in capillaries and venules.", "PMID": 567033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7356", "title": "Adhesion of Bacteroides succinogenes in pure culture and in the presence of Ruminococcus flavefaciens to cell walls in leaves of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne).", "content": "Bacteroides succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens are two of the most important cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Adhesion of B. succinogenes in pure culture, and in mixed culture with R. flavefaciens, to the various types of cell walls in sections of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cultivar S24) leaves was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. B. succinogenes adhered to the cut edges of most plant cell walls except those of the meta- and protoxylem. It also adhered, though in much smaller numbers, to the uncut surfaces of mesophyll, epidermal, and phloem cell walls. In mixed culture, both species adhered in significant numbers to the cut edges of most types of plant cell wall, but R. flavefaciens predominated on the epidermis, phloem, and sclerenchyma cell walls. B. succinogenes predominated on the cut edges and on the uncut surfaces of the mesophyll cell walls, and its ability to adhere to uncut surfaces of other cell walls was not affected by the presence of the ruminococcus. Both organisms rapidly digested the epidermal, mesophyll, and phloem cell walls. Zones of digestion were observed around bacteria of both species when attached to the lignified cell walls of the sclerenchyma, but not when attached to the lignified xylem vessels.", "contents": "Adhesion of Bacteroides succinogenes in pure culture and in the presence of Ruminococcus flavefaciens to cell walls in leaves of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Bacteroides succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens are two of the most important cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Adhesion of B. succinogenes in pure culture, and in mixed culture with R. flavefaciens, to the various types of cell walls in sections of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cultivar S24) leaves was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. B. succinogenes adhered to the cut edges of most plant cell walls except those of the meta- and protoxylem. It also adhered, though in much smaller numbers, to the uncut surfaces of mesophyll, epidermal, and phloem cell walls. In mixed culture, both species adhered in significant numbers to the cut edges of most types of plant cell wall, but R. flavefaciens predominated on the epidermis, phloem, and sclerenchyma cell walls. B. succinogenes predominated on the cut edges and on the uncut surfaces of the mesophyll cell walls, and its ability to adhere to uncut surfaces of other cell walls was not affected by the presence of the ruminococcus. Both organisms rapidly digested the epidermal, mesophyll, and phloem cell walls. Zones of digestion were observed around bacteria of both species when attached to the lignified cell walls of the sclerenchyma, but not when attached to the lignified xylem vessels.", "PMID": 567035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7357", "title": "Accumulation of 1-trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid and succinic acid by Paecilomyces varioti.", "content": "The biogenic acids 1-trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid and succinic acid accumulate in decationized refiner's blackstrap molasses shake cultures of Paecilomyces varioti Bainier. The maximum accumulation of 1-trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid occurred in a medium which contained Cu2+ and Fe3+ at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 mM, respectively. The maximum accumulation of succinic acid occurred in a culture medium which contained Cu2+ at a concentration of 0.01 mM and Fe3+ at a concentration of 1.0 mM.", "contents": "Accumulation of 1-trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid and succinic acid by Paecilomyces varioti. The biogenic acids 1-trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid and succinic acid accumulate in decationized refiner's blackstrap molasses shake cultures of Paecilomyces varioti Bainier. The maximum accumulation of 1-trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid occurred in a medium which contained Cu2+ and Fe3+ at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 mM, respectively. The maximum accumulation of succinic acid occurred in a culture medium which contained Cu2+ at a concentration of 0.01 mM and Fe3+ at a concentration of 1.0 mM.", "PMID": 567036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7358", "title": "Detection of volatile sulfide-producing bacteria isolated from poultry-processing plants.", "content": "A technique using filter paper strips impregnated with 5-5'-dithiobis-nitrobenzoic acid was developed to allow the detection of bacteria (isolated from poultry-processing environs) which produced volatile sulfides (H2S, CH3SH, [CH3]2S). The technique is preferred to conventional methods in that it allows the detection of volatile organic sulfides in addition to hydrogen sulfide.", "contents": "Detection of volatile sulfide-producing bacteria isolated from poultry-processing plants. A technique using filter paper strips impregnated with 5-5'-dithiobis-nitrobenzoic acid was developed to allow the detection of bacteria (isolated from poultry-processing environs) which produced volatile sulfides (H2S, CH3SH, [CH3]2S). The technique is preferred to conventional methods in that it allows the detection of volatile organic sulfides in addition to hydrogen sulfide.", "PMID": 567037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7359", "title": "[Trifluralin, an inhibitor of the achromatic apparatus which modifies the chromosomes].", "content": "Trifluralin weakens or destroys polarity in segmentation mitoses of Triturus helveticus Raz. and Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Previously it inhibits the cytokinesis, by reducing the activity of asters which are necessary to it. It produces chromosome abnormalities, specially involving their condensation, and makes appear discontinuities at prophase. The local thickenings of metaphase chromosomes predominate at heterochromatic regions. The action is stronger in animal than in vegetative half and this difference is highly significant. The stoppage of Amphibian eggs development states the problem of the possible action of trifluralin on the aquatic fauna.", "contents": "[Trifluralin, an inhibitor of the achromatic apparatus which modifies the chromosomes]. Trifluralin weakens or destroys polarity in segmentation mitoses of Triturus helveticus Raz. and Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Previously it inhibits the cytokinesis, by reducing the activity of asters which are necessary to it. It produces chromosome abnormalities, specially involving their condensation, and makes appear discontinuities at prophase. The local thickenings of metaphase chromosomes predominate at heterochromatic regions. The action is stronger in animal than in vegetative half and this difference is highly significant. The stoppage of Amphibian eggs development states the problem of the possible action of trifluralin on the aquatic fauna.", "PMID": 567039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7360", "title": "Inhibition of apomorphine-induced behaviors by derivatives of 2-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene.", "content": "In order to elucidate the pharmacological properties of a series of 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane and 2-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives, their ability to inhibit a number of apomorphine-induced behaviors was investigated. Several members of the series under study were potent inhibitors of apomorphine-induced pecking behavior in pigeons, emesis in dogs, and gnawing in rats. In addition, these compounds were able to inhibit responding in self-stimulating rats and to a lesser degree counteracted the depression of the linguomandibular reflex induced by 5, 6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylamino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene (M-7) in the cat. The most effective member of the experimental compounds was N-methyl-5, 8-dimethoxy-2-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene; however, neither this material nor any of the related structures were able to inhibit apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in substantia nigra lesioned rats. The possibility that the more effective members of the experimental series are able to inhibit certain apomorphine-induced behaviors by stimulation of central alpha adrenergic receptors is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of apomorphine-induced behaviors by derivatives of 2-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene. In order to elucidate the pharmacological properties of a series of 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane and 2-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives, their ability to inhibit a number of apomorphine-induced behaviors was investigated. Several members of the series under study were potent inhibitors of apomorphine-induced pecking behavior in pigeons, emesis in dogs, and gnawing in rats. In addition, these compounds were able to inhibit responding in self-stimulating rats and to a lesser degree counteracted the depression of the linguomandibular reflex induced by 5, 6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylamino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene (M-7) in the cat. The most effective member of the experimental compounds was N-methyl-5, 8-dimethoxy-2-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene; however, neither this material nor any of the related structures were able to inhibit apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in substantia nigra lesioned rats. The possibility that the more effective members of the experimental series are able to inhibit certain apomorphine-induced behaviors by stimulation of central alpha adrenergic receptors is discussed.", "PMID": 567044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7361", "title": "Zygomycosis of the maxillary sinus and palate caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus.", "content": "Basidiobolus haptosporus is known to cause subcutaneous zygomycosis in tropical Africa and Asia. We cared for a 49-year-old hyperglycemic, asplenic man who had never traveled outside the United States and who was seen initially for a painless palatal ulcer with cutaneous hypesthesia of the right cheek and upper lip. An invasive process involved the right middle nasal turbinate, maxillary antrum, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, and bony palate. Histological examination of biopsy tissue showed necrotizing granulomata with broad, nonseptate hyphae. Basidiobolus haptosporus was cultured from this tissue. Various laboratory studies revealed no immunologic defect and his lesions responded to therapy with amphotericin B. To our knowledge, this represents the first case of zygomycosis caused by B haptosporus in the Americas and the first culture-documented case of invasive mycosis caused by this mold.", "contents": "Zygomycosis of the maxillary sinus and palate caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus. Basidiobolus haptosporus is known to cause subcutaneous zygomycosis in tropical Africa and Asia. We cared for a 49-year-old hyperglycemic, asplenic man who had never traveled outside the United States and who was seen initially for a painless palatal ulcer with cutaneous hypesthesia of the right cheek and upper lip. An invasive process involved the right middle nasal turbinate, maxillary antrum, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, and bony palate. Histological examination of biopsy tissue showed necrotizing granulomata with broad, nonseptate hyphae. Basidiobolus haptosporus was cultured from this tissue. Various laboratory studies revealed no immunologic defect and his lesions responded to therapy with amphotericin B. To our knowledge, this represents the first case of zygomycosis caused by B haptosporus in the Americas and the first culture-documented case of invasive mycosis caused by this mold.", "PMID": 567045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7362", "title": "Thrombohemolytic thrombocytopenic purpura during penicillamine therapy.", "content": "Penicillamine therapy was associated with the development of thrombohemolytic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in a 23-year-old woman. The immunological and hematological toxicity of penicillamine, as well as the occurrence of TTP with parent penicillin compounds, indicates a probable etiological role of this drug.", "contents": "Thrombohemolytic thrombocytopenic purpura during penicillamine therapy. Penicillamine therapy was associated with the development of thrombohemolytic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in a 23-year-old woman. The immunological and hematological toxicity of penicillamine, as well as the occurrence of TTP with parent penicillin compounds, indicates a probable etiological role of this drug.", "PMID": 567046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7363", "title": "Functional relationships between sympathetic nerves and pinealocytes in the mouse pineal: quantitative electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Quantitative electron microscopic observations on the pineal gland of the mouse were made in order to demonstrate ultrastructural changes in response to various conditions of illumination in sympathetic nerve fibers as well as in pinealocytes and, thus, to establish some morphological correlates of a functional relationship between sympathetic nerves and pinealocytes. The diurnal change in the number of the small granulated vesicles (60 nm in diameter) in sympathetic nerve fibers of the mouse pineal is similar to that of the noradrenaline content in the rat pineal; increasing at night to reach the maximum level at the beginning of the light period of the day. A marked decrease of the small granulated vesicles seen after the onset of darkness may be correlated with a release of noradrenaline from the nerve fibers. Since the diurnal change in the number of the granulated vesicles (100 nm in diameter) and the glycogen content in the mouse pinealocytes closely resemble each other, the diurnal variation in the number of the granulated vesicles and the amount of glycogen may be influenced by a diurnal rhythm in the release of noradrenaline. The number of the granulated vesicles and the glycogen content in the pinealocytes show another striking similarity in that their remarkable increase is induced by continuous light for relatively short periods. It is speculated that light suppresses the release of noradrenaline from the nerve fibers and, thus, causes an increase of the glycogen content as well as the number of the granulated vesicles in the pinealocytes.", "contents": "Functional relationships between sympathetic nerves and pinealocytes in the mouse pineal: quantitative electron microscopic observations. Quantitative electron microscopic observations on the pineal gland of the mouse were made in order to demonstrate ultrastructural changes in response to various conditions of illumination in sympathetic nerve fibers as well as in pinealocytes and, thus, to establish some morphological correlates of a functional relationship between sympathetic nerves and pinealocytes. The diurnal change in the number of the small granulated vesicles (60 nm in diameter) in sympathetic nerve fibers of the mouse pineal is similar to that of the noradrenaline content in the rat pineal; increasing at night to reach the maximum level at the beginning of the light period of the day. A marked decrease of the small granulated vesicles seen after the onset of darkness may be correlated with a release of noradrenaline from the nerve fibers. Since the diurnal change in the number of the granulated vesicles (100 nm in diameter) and the glycogen content in the mouse pinealocytes closely resemble each other, the diurnal variation in the number of the granulated vesicles and the amount of glycogen may be influenced by a diurnal rhythm in the release of noradrenaline. The number of the granulated vesicles and the glycogen content in the pinealocytes show another striking similarity in that their remarkable increase is induced by continuous light for relatively short periods. It is speculated that light suppresses the release of noradrenaline from the nerve fibers and, thus, causes an increase of the glycogen content as well as the number of the granulated vesicles in the pinealocytes.", "PMID": 567048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7364", "title": "[A new method for testing the quality of food protein for maintenance metabolism. 1. Investigations into the amount of 15N excreted via the urine of 15N-labelled young rats fed various proteins].", "content": "Over a period of 7 days, 38 experimental rats were fed a casein diet with a supplementation of 6.6 mg 15N-excess (15N') in the form of ammonium acetate. From the 5th experimental day, groups of 4 or 5 rats each were fed, over 5 days, different protein carriers to meet the meintenance requirement (115 kcal/kg body weight 0.75). The 15N-excretion via the urine, in terms of % of N absorbed from the food protein, served as yardstick of protein quality under maintenance conditions. The least 15N-excretion rates were reciprocally relativated for this maximum value (reciprocal 15N excretion biological value). The least 15N-excretion values from the 2nd to the 5th experimental days allowed to establish the following order for protein quality under maintenance conditions: fish meal, casein, wheat, whole egg, soybean (assayprotein), yeast peas, gelatin. The very good quality of the wheat protein for the maintenance state is seen in relation with the high content of glutamic acid (33.5 g/16 g N) and aspartic acid (5.7 g/16 gN). The found lysine content of the wheat protein (3.1 g/16 g N) proved sufficient for maintenance conditions.", "contents": "[A new method for testing the quality of food protein for maintenance metabolism. 1. Investigations into the amount of 15N excreted via the urine of 15N-labelled young rats fed various proteins]. Over a period of 7 days, 38 experimental rats were fed a casein diet with a supplementation of 6.6 mg 15N-excess (15N') in the form of ammonium acetate. From the 5th experimental day, groups of 4 or 5 rats each were fed, over 5 days, different protein carriers to meet the meintenance requirement (115 kcal/kg body weight 0.75). The 15N-excretion via the urine, in terms of % of N absorbed from the food protein, served as yardstick of protein quality under maintenance conditions. The least 15N-excretion rates were reciprocally relativated for this maximum value (reciprocal 15N excretion biological value). The least 15N-excretion values from the 2nd to the 5th experimental days allowed to establish the following order for protein quality under maintenance conditions: fish meal, casein, wheat, whole egg, soybean (assayprotein), yeast peas, gelatin. The very good quality of the wheat protein for the maintenance state is seen in relation with the high content of glutamic acid (33.5 g/16 g N) and aspartic acid (5.7 g/16 gN). The found lysine content of the wheat protein (3.1 g/16 g N) proved sufficient for maintenance conditions.", "PMID": 567051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7365", "title": "[Effect of the time of the day when the lesion was produced on the course of mesothelial proliferation].", "content": "The course of mitotic activity in the rabbit mesothelium of parietal peritoneum was studied depending upon the daytime when the lesion was produced. In the first series of experiments (I) the operation was performed from 8 to 10 a. m., and in the second series (II) - from 8 to 10 P. M. After the operation the animals were sacrifieced: one animal every 3 h during 5 days. Mitotic activity was investigated along 13 mm from the edge of the wound in flat film preparations. The data obtained were statistically treated applying approximation of the process course by the method of weighed sliding averages. The first mesothelial mitoses appeared: in the first series (I) of experiments - in 24 h, in the second series (II) of experiments - 21 h. Further, proliferation of the mesothelium appeared in different parts of the tissue with various intencity and was of wavy character. Regardless of the time when the lesion was produced, mitotic activity was the greatest in the first zone, 4.8 mm wide its maximum 33 h after the operation. The character of the regenerative process in the mesothelium depends on the circadian phase of the organism at the time of the operation, that influences the time when mitotic activity begins, its quantitative indices, the area of the tissue involving into the reaction, expressiveness of the rhythmicity of the process. During 5 days, in the II series of experiments three waves were noted, and in the I series - five waves were noted and their periods were near the diurnal.", "contents": "[Effect of the time of the day when the lesion was produced on the course of mesothelial proliferation]. The course of mitotic activity in the rabbit mesothelium of parietal peritoneum was studied depending upon the daytime when the lesion was produced. In the first series of experiments (I) the operation was performed from 8 to 10 a. m., and in the second series (II) - from 8 to 10 P. M. After the operation the animals were sacrifieced: one animal every 3 h during 5 days. Mitotic activity was investigated along 13 mm from the edge of the wound in flat film preparations. The data obtained were statistically treated applying approximation of the process course by the method of weighed sliding averages. The first mesothelial mitoses appeared: in the first series (I) of experiments - in 24 h, in the second series (II) of experiments - 21 h. Further, proliferation of the mesothelium appeared in different parts of the tissue with various intencity and was of wavy character. Regardless of the time when the lesion was produced, mitotic activity was the greatest in the first zone, 4.8 mm wide its maximum 33 h after the operation. The character of the regenerative process in the mesothelium depends on the circadian phase of the organism at the time of the operation, that influences the time when mitotic activity begins, its quantitative indices, the area of the tissue involving into the reaction, expressiveness of the rhythmicity of the process. During 5 days, in the II series of experiments three waves were noted, and in the I series - five waves were noted and their periods were near the diurnal.", "PMID": 567052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7366", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of neurosecretion of the macrocellular hypothalamic nuclei under different lighting conditions].", "content": "Parameters of diurnal changes in the diameter of neuronal nuclei of the supraoptical and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus of hybrid mice F1 (CBA X C57BL/6) depend on the duration of illumination and dark periods. Biwave character of variations is preserved at changing the illumination regime from 6C + 18T to 18C + 6T. Certain specificity in diurnal changes of neurosecretory activity of the nuclei under investigation is noted.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of neurosecretion of the macrocellular hypothalamic nuclei under different lighting conditions]. Parameters of diurnal changes in the diameter of neuronal nuclei of the supraoptical and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus of hybrid mice F1 (CBA X C57BL/6) depend on the duration of illumination and dark periods. Biwave character of variations is preserved at changing the illumination regime from 6C + 18T to 18C + 6T. Certain specificity in diurnal changes of neurosecretory activity of the nuclei under investigation is noted.", "PMID": 567053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7367", "title": "Plasma thyroxine concentrations in grazing sheep in several areas of Australia.", "content": "Plasma thyroxine concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples from 691 lactating ewes in 26 areas of New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania. Sheep sampled in New South Wales and Tasmania had significantly lower plasma thyroxine values (4.0 and 4.3 microgram/100 ml respectively) than those sampled in Queensland and Western Australia (5.4 and 5.3 microgram/100 ml respectively). However, sheep in some districts in southern Queensland also had low plasma thyroxine values. The areas where sheep had low plasma thyroxine values correlate well with areas where goitre has been previously reported, both in man and in domestic animals. This suggests that measurement of plasma thyroxine is probably a valid empirical method of assessing the relative iodine deficiency of grazing sheep and further that sheep grazing substantial areas of New South Wales, Tasmania and to a lesser extent Queensland may have thyroid dysfunction of varying degrees of severity. These findings could have implications for animal production in these areas.", "contents": "Plasma thyroxine concentrations in grazing sheep in several areas of Australia. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples from 691 lactating ewes in 26 areas of New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania. Sheep sampled in New South Wales and Tasmania had significantly lower plasma thyroxine values (4.0 and 4.3 microgram/100 ml respectively) than those sampled in Queensland and Western Australia (5.4 and 5.3 microgram/100 ml respectively). However, sheep in some districts in southern Queensland also had low plasma thyroxine values. The areas where sheep had low plasma thyroxine values correlate well with areas where goitre has been previously reported, both in man and in domestic animals. This suggests that measurement of plasma thyroxine is probably a valid empirical method of assessing the relative iodine deficiency of grazing sheep and further that sheep grazing substantial areas of New South Wales, Tasmania and to a lesser extent Queensland may have thyroid dysfunction of varying degrees of severity. These findings could have implications for animal production in these areas.", "PMID": 567054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7368", "title": "The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on ovarian function of cattle.", "content": "The administration of the metabolic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), to four well fed heifers just before and during the time of expected oestrus, and to another heifer following the removal of the corpus luteum, prevented both the occurrence of oestrus and the formation of corpora lutea in all animals. Plasma progesterone concentrations remained low for at least 10-21 days after the last dose of 2DG. The results suggest that the inhibition of glycolysis is associated with the failure of both oestrus and formation of functional corpora lutea, and they support the hypothesis that hypoglycaemia is the primary biochemical change responsible for infertility induced by acute energy deficiency in lactating cattle.", "contents": "The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on ovarian function of cattle. The administration of the metabolic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), to four well fed heifers just before and during the time of expected oestrus, and to another heifer following the removal of the corpus luteum, prevented both the occurrence of oestrus and the formation of corpora lutea in all animals. Plasma progesterone concentrations remained low for at least 10-21 days after the last dose of 2DG. The results suggest that the inhibition of glycolysis is associated with the failure of both oestrus and formation of functional corpora lutea, and they support the hypothesis that hypoglycaemia is the primary biochemical change responsible for infertility induced by acute energy deficiency in lactating cattle.", "PMID": 567055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7369", "title": "Expression of lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 (LDH-5) in cultured mouse blastocysts in the absence of implantation and outgrowth.", "content": "Extensive extraction studies with Triton X-100 revealed only LDH-1 (B4) but no trace of LDH-5 (A4) in one-cell and two-cell mouse and rat embryos. The LDH isozyme pattern of preimplantation mouse embryos changes from the maternally inherited B subunit isozyme (LDH-1) to a pattern dominated by LDH-5 when mouse blastocysts are cultured under conditions that prevent hatching but allow trophoblast giant cell transformation. During differentiation of mouse blastocysts in vitro, implantation is therefore not essential for the appearance of the A subunit form of LDH (LDH-5) coded for by the embryonic genome. Mechanisms controlling the expression of LDH-5 in mouse blastocysts during in vivo development are discussed.", "contents": "Expression of lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 (LDH-5) in cultured mouse blastocysts in the absence of implantation and outgrowth. Extensive extraction studies with Triton X-100 revealed only LDH-1 (B4) but no trace of LDH-5 (A4) in one-cell and two-cell mouse and rat embryos. The LDH isozyme pattern of preimplantation mouse embryos changes from the maternally inherited B subunit isozyme (LDH-1) to a pattern dominated by LDH-5 when mouse blastocysts are cultured under conditions that prevent hatching but allow trophoblast giant cell transformation. During differentiation of mouse blastocysts in vitro, implantation is therefore not essential for the appearance of the A subunit form of LDH (LDH-5) coded for by the embryonic genome. Mechanisms controlling the expression of LDH-5 in mouse blastocysts during in vivo development are discussed.", "PMID": 567063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7370", "title": "Body water and weight in patients with premenstrual tension.", "content": "The total body water, total body potassium and weight were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle in 20 patients with severe premenstrual tension and 20 controls without symptoms. The effects of a diuretic (bumetanide) and bromocriptine were also studied in the patients with premenstrual tension. The mean body water in the premenstrual tension group did not differ significantly from that in the controls neither did the mean body potassium levels. However, during the late luteal phase the water/potassium ratio in liters per mol of potassium was significantly higher in the patients with premenstrual tension than in the controls. In the women with premenstrual tension the body water values varied more widely between the luteal phase and follicular phase than in the controls. The mean body water and weight in the premenstrual tension group were similar in the late luteal and early follicular phases. Treatment with bumetanide or bromocriptine had no effect on the parameters studied.", "contents": "Body water and weight in patients with premenstrual tension. The total body water, total body potassium and weight were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle in 20 patients with severe premenstrual tension and 20 controls without symptoms. The effects of a diuretic (bumetanide) and bromocriptine were also studied in the patients with premenstrual tension. The mean body water in the premenstrual tension group did not differ significantly from that in the controls neither did the mean body potassium levels. However, during the late luteal phase the water/potassium ratio in liters per mol of potassium was significantly higher in the patients with premenstrual tension than in the controls. In the women with premenstrual tension the body water values varied more widely between the luteal phase and follicular phase than in the controls. The mean body water and weight in the premenstrual tension group were similar in the late luteal and early follicular phases. Treatment with bumetanide or bromocriptine had no effect on the parameters studied.", "PMID": 567064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7371", "title": "Inorganic phosphate in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and its distribution across the cell membrane.", "content": "A regulatory function of the cell membrane in controlling the cytoplasmic level of Pi has been proposed, and in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells an active influx of primary phosphate has been reported in the literature. In the present study, Ehrlich cells were incubated at 1.5--50 mM extracellular Pi at pH 7.4 (Pi mainly secondary phosphate) and at pH 6.0 (mainly primary phosphate), and the measured cell Pi was compared with the value expected from a passive distribution of Pi. At a low extracellular Pi concentration the cell Pi was 3--6 mumol/g or even more. It is suggested that a major part of this cell Pi can be accounted for by enzymic release of Pi during the sampling procedure. If this interpretation is correct, the present results show that both ionic species of Pi are in electrochemical equilibrium across the cell membrane at steady state. Moreover, in vivo the concentration of free Pi in the cytosol will presumably be maintained at a steady-state level of about 0.4 mM, one order of magnitude below the directly measured values. This implies that the ratio [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] which is important in the regulation of energy metabolism, is higher than reported in the literature.", "contents": "Inorganic phosphate in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and its distribution across the cell membrane. A regulatory function of the cell membrane in controlling the cytoplasmic level of Pi has been proposed, and in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells an active influx of primary phosphate has been reported in the literature. In the present study, Ehrlich cells were incubated at 1.5--50 mM extracellular Pi at pH 7.4 (Pi mainly secondary phosphate) and at pH 6.0 (mainly primary phosphate), and the measured cell Pi was compared with the value expected from a passive distribution of Pi. At a low extracellular Pi concentration the cell Pi was 3--6 mumol/g or even more. It is suggested that a major part of this cell Pi can be accounted for by enzymic release of Pi during the sampling procedure. If this interpretation is correct, the present results show that both ionic species of Pi are in electrochemical equilibrium across the cell membrane at steady state. Moreover, in vivo the concentration of free Pi in the cytosol will presumably be maintained at a steady-state level of about 0.4 mM, one order of magnitude below the directly measured values. This implies that the ratio [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] which is important in the regulation of energy metabolism, is higher than reported in the literature.", "PMID": 567066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7372", "title": "Step-wise cross-linking of pig heart lactate dehydrogenase by a heterobifunctional reagent.", "content": "Cross-linking of the essential cysteine-165 of pig heart lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) with lysine-179 was achieved by stepwise reaction with N-(4-azidocarbonyl-3-hydroxy-phenyl)-maleimide. These two residues are connected by kind of a hydrophobic channel which suggests that the essential cysteine is not modified via the active center as previously assumed.", "contents": "Step-wise cross-linking of pig heart lactate dehydrogenase by a heterobifunctional reagent. Cross-linking of the essential cysteine-165 of pig heart lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) with lysine-179 was achieved by stepwise reaction with N-(4-azidocarbonyl-3-hydroxy-phenyl)-maleimide. These two residues are connected by kind of a hydrophobic channel which suggests that the essential cysteine is not modified via the active center as previously assumed.", "PMID": 567067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7373", "title": "Body and organ growth in the newborn rat.", "content": "Body and organ growth were described in rat pups 1 h and 10 days of age. Several organs (e.g., brain and pineal gland) exhibited significant growth in 1-hour-old but not in 10-day-old rats. Further, organs such as the testis and liver showed significant growth in 10-day-old but not 1-hour-old pups. 11 h of exposure to a warming oven, devoid of maternal and nutritional input, significantly influenced the body and organ growth of both newborn and 10-day-old pups. These data show that the first 12 h of life is an active period of growth for the rat.", "contents": "Body and organ growth in the newborn rat. Body and organ growth were described in rat pups 1 h and 10 days of age. Several organs (e.g., brain and pineal gland) exhibited significant growth in 1-hour-old but not in 10-day-old rats. Further, organs such as the testis and liver showed significant growth in 10-day-old but not 1-hour-old pups. 11 h of exposure to a warming oven, devoid of maternal and nutritional input, significantly influenced the body and organ growth of both newborn and 10-day-old pups. These data show that the first 12 h of life is an active period of growth for the rat.", "PMID": 567068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7374", "title": "Salicylamide glucuronide formation in newborn babies with G-6-PD deficiency.", "content": "Salicylamide glucuronide formation has been studied in 23 newborn babies with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency and in 15 normal newborns on the first day of life. Glucuronide formation was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in the former in comparison with the controls. In the newborns with G-6-PD deficiency who subsequently became hyperbilirubinemic an even lower mean glucuronide formation was observed (p less than 0.01) in respect to the non-jaundiced G-6-PD-deficient newborns.", "contents": "Salicylamide glucuronide formation in newborn babies with G-6-PD deficiency. Salicylamide glucuronide formation has been studied in 23 newborn babies with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency and in 15 normal newborns on the first day of life. Glucuronide formation was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in the former in comparison with the controls. In the newborns with G-6-PD deficiency who subsequently became hyperbilirubinemic an even lower mean glucuronide formation was observed (p less than 0.01) in respect to the non-jaundiced G-6-PD-deficient newborns.", "PMID": 567069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7375", "title": "Evolution of fibrinogen levels in rat fetal and maternal blood during gestation.", "content": "Plasma fibrinogen levels increase during the last third of gestation in the pregnant rat. In the fetus, they are barely measurable at 18 days, increase rapidly thereafter and reach adult values just before birth, in a matter of 3 days.", "contents": "Evolution of fibrinogen levels in rat fetal and maternal blood during gestation. Plasma fibrinogen levels increase during the last third of gestation in the pregnant rat. In the fetus, they are barely measurable at 18 days, increase rapidly thereafter and reach adult values just before birth, in a matter of 3 days.", "PMID": 567070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7376", "title": "[Formation of colonies of P-388 leukemic cells in semisolid agar].", "content": "Substrain P-388/A2 adapted to cultivation of agar gel in the form of compact colonies was obtained as a result of alternating passages of cells of ascitic mouse leukemia P-388 in the primary semifluid agar culture and in the mouse abdominal cavity. The efficacy of colony formation and the size of the colonies depended on the initial density of the cell suspension. In case of introduction into the agar medium of 100 cells/ml the planting efficacy constituted 20%, and the number of cells in the colony by the 8th--10th days of cultivation reached 13 000.", "contents": "[Formation of colonies of P-388 leukemic cells in semisolid agar]. Substrain P-388/A2 adapted to cultivation of agar gel in the form of compact colonies was obtained as a result of alternating passages of cells of ascitic mouse leukemia P-388 in the primary semifluid agar culture and in the mouse abdominal cavity. The efficacy of colony formation and the size of the colonies depended on the initial density of the cell suspension. In case of introduction into the agar medium of 100 cells/ml the planting efficacy constituted 20%, and the number of cells in the colony by the 8th--10th days of cultivation reached 13 000.", "PMID": 567071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7377", "title": "[Effect of cesium, lithium and rubidium on several effects of morphine].", "content": "The effect of chlorous salts of cesium, lithium, and rubidium on the analgetic action of morphine (according to the vocalization test) and also on the pattern of the dependence on it (according to the so-called \"two-bottle test\") was studied. As shown, the salts under investigation decreased both the algesic reaction threshold and the duration of morphine-induced analgesia; cesium chloride proved most active in this respect. All the compounds studied decrease the morphine preference coefficient. The greatest effect was found in cesium chloride which decreased the morphine preference coefficient 40-fold as compared to the control.", "contents": "[Effect of cesium, lithium and rubidium on several effects of morphine]. The effect of chlorous salts of cesium, lithium, and rubidium on the analgetic action of morphine (according to the vocalization test) and also on the pattern of the dependence on it (according to the so-called \"two-bottle test\") was studied. As shown, the salts under investigation decreased both the algesic reaction threshold and the duration of morphine-induced analgesia; cesium chloride proved most active in this respect. All the compounds studied decrease the morphine preference coefficient. The greatest effect was found in cesium chloride which decreased the morphine preference coefficient 40-fold as compared to the control.", "PMID": 567072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7378", "title": "[Stromal fibroblasts of the hematopoietic organs and antibody formation in cultures].", "content": "The thymus, bone marrow- and spleen-derived stromal mechanocytes from the monolayer cultures (3rd--6th passages) when added to the suspension cultures of rabbit spleen cells according to Mishell and Dutton produced a considerable effect on the plaque-forming cells (PFC) accumulation by the 4th day of cultivation. Their action distinctly depended on the dose. Bone marrow-derived stromal mechanocytes in doses of 2.1 X 10(3)--6.25 X 10(5) caused inhibition of PFC formation in cultures. Thymus-derived stromal mechanocytes in doses of 2.75 X 10(3)--8 X 10(5) cause an increase in number of PFC; spleen-derived stromal mechanocytes in doses of 2.1 X 10(3)--1.3 X 10(4) failed to bring about any significant changes, but when the dose was increased to 8 X 10(4)--6.25 X 10(5) the inhibition of PFC formation took place. Most of the live cells and PFC were found in the free cells fraction.", "contents": "[Stromal fibroblasts of the hematopoietic organs and antibody formation in cultures]. The thymus, bone marrow- and spleen-derived stromal mechanocytes from the monolayer cultures (3rd--6th passages) when added to the suspension cultures of rabbit spleen cells according to Mishell and Dutton produced a considerable effect on the plaque-forming cells (PFC) accumulation by the 4th day of cultivation. Their action distinctly depended on the dose. Bone marrow-derived stromal mechanocytes in doses of 2.1 X 10(3)--6.25 X 10(5) caused inhibition of PFC formation in cultures. Thymus-derived stromal mechanocytes in doses of 2.75 X 10(3)--8 X 10(5) cause an increase in number of PFC; spleen-derived stromal mechanocytes in doses of 2.1 X 10(3)--1.3 X 10(4) failed to bring about any significant changes, but when the dose was increased to 8 X 10(4)--6.25 X 10(5) the inhibition of PFC formation took place. Most of the live cells and PFC were found in the free cells fraction.", "PMID": 567073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7379", "title": "[Remote changes in the course of mitosis in synchronized cultures of Chinese hamster cells following inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis].", "content": "The effect of inhibition of the synthesis of some types of RNA and proteins was determined in the synchronized culture of Chinese hamster cells at various stages of the interphase on the course of remote mitosis. Analysis of MI and some forms of pathological cell division showed that the action of different doses of AMD and pyromycin during the first part of the interphase provoked an identical effect--C-mitosis at the immediate and remote waves of cell division. Suppression of the synthesis of whole cell RNA and proteins during the second half of the interphase was accompanied by a metaphase cell delay with scattering chromosomes, this indicating derangement of the synthesis of the division spindle component. It is suggested that proteins (tubulins) and RNA participate in the organization of the division spindle during remote mitosis as a \"reserve pool\".", "contents": "[Remote changes in the course of mitosis in synchronized cultures of Chinese hamster cells following inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis]. The effect of inhibition of the synthesis of some types of RNA and proteins was determined in the synchronized culture of Chinese hamster cells at various stages of the interphase on the course of remote mitosis. Analysis of MI and some forms of pathological cell division showed that the action of different doses of AMD and pyromycin during the first part of the interphase provoked an identical effect--C-mitosis at the immediate and remote waves of cell division. Suppression of the synthesis of whole cell RNA and proteins during the second half of the interphase was accompanied by a metaphase cell delay with scattering chromosomes, this indicating derangement of the synthesis of the division spindle component. It is suggested that proteins (tubulins) and RNA participate in the organization of the division spindle during remote mitosis as a \"reserve pool\".", "PMID": 567074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7380", "title": "[Effect of allogenic serum from pregnant pneumonectomized rats on embryonic lung tissue].", "content": "Allogenous blood serum of rats subjected to unilateral pulmonectomy during pregnancy produced a growth-stimulating action directed chiefly to fibroblasts in the primary monolayer culture of the embryonic lung of Wistar rats. This effect was most pronounced on the 3rd day of cultivation.", "contents": "[Effect of allogenic serum from pregnant pneumonectomized rats on embryonic lung tissue]. Allogenous blood serum of rats subjected to unilateral pulmonectomy during pregnancy produced a growth-stimulating action directed chiefly to fibroblasts in the primary monolayer culture of the embryonic lung of Wistar rats. This effect was most pronounced on the 3rd day of cultivation.", "PMID": 567075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7381", "title": "Spontaneous milk ejection during lactation and its possible relevance to success of breast-feeding.", "content": "In a woman suckling twins it became apparent that both suckling-induced and precisely timed, spontaneous bursts of milk ejection were occurring. Observations on days 14, 28, 56, and 112 of lactation disclosed highly significnat increases in intervals between episodes of spontaneous milk ejection. Furthermore, at all stages of lactation the interval between a feed and the next episode of spontaneous ejection was significantly longer than the interval between spontaneous ejections. The decrease in frequency of episodes of spontaneous milk ejection during lactation may be related to the decreasing release of prolactin in response to suckling. Spontaneous milk-ejection episodes are felt only when the breast is full and may signal its readiness for a further suckling episode. Such bursts of milk ejection may stimulate the suckling response in babies, suggesting that rigid three- or four-hour feeding regimens may be unphysiological and pose a threat to the success of breast-feeding in the early postnatal period.", "contents": "Spontaneous milk ejection during lactation and its possible relevance to success of breast-feeding. In a woman suckling twins it became apparent that both suckling-induced and precisely timed, spontaneous bursts of milk ejection were occurring. Observations on days 14, 28, 56, and 112 of lactation disclosed highly significnat increases in intervals between episodes of spontaneous milk ejection. Furthermore, at all stages of lactation the interval between a feed and the next episode of spontaneous ejection was significantly longer than the interval between spontaneous ejections. The decrease in frequency of episodes of spontaneous milk ejection during lactation may be related to the decreasing release of prolactin in response to suckling. Spontaneous milk-ejection episodes are felt only when the breast is full and may signal its readiness for a further suckling episode. Such bursts of milk ejection may stimulate the suckling response in babies, suggesting that rigid three- or four-hour feeding regimens may be unphysiological and pose a threat to the success of breast-feeding in the early postnatal period.", "PMID": 567078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7382", "title": "Induced glial differentiation of fetal rat brain cells in culture: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Primary and secondary cultures of fetal rat brain cells (FBC) from 18th day of gestation have been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Primary cultures consisted of a monolayer of flat, undifferentiated epithelioid cells, with some oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and immature neuronal cells. In secondary cultures, cells with glia morphology disappeared. Following addition of extracts from adult rat brains to secondary cultures, a dramatic change of the epithelioid cells took place. They detached from the palstic surface, extruded long cytoplasmic processes with numerous microvilli and cytoplasmic blebs as well as parallel arrays of microtubules and filaments. The differentiated cells resembled astrocytes, and characteristic glia filaments were also observed. An increase of ribosomes and rough endoplasmatic reticulum suggested enhancement of protein synthesis. At the same time S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein accumulated within the cells. The morphological changes were mostly reversible within 48 h of removal of the brain extract.", "contents": "Induced glial differentiation of fetal rat brain cells in culture: an ultrastructural study. Primary and secondary cultures of fetal rat brain cells (FBC) from 18th day of gestation have been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Primary cultures consisted of a monolayer of flat, undifferentiated epithelioid cells, with some oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and immature neuronal cells. In secondary cultures, cells with glia morphology disappeared. Following addition of extracts from adult rat brains to secondary cultures, a dramatic change of the epithelioid cells took place. They detached from the palstic surface, extruded long cytoplasmic processes with numerous microvilli and cytoplasmic blebs as well as parallel arrays of microtubules and filaments. The differentiated cells resembled astrocytes, and characteristic glia filaments were also observed. An increase of ribosomes and rough endoplasmatic reticulum suggested enhancement of protein synthesis. At the same time S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein accumulated within the cells. The morphological changes were mostly reversible within 48 h of removal of the brain extract.", "PMID": 567084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7383", "title": "Dose-dependent biphasic alterations in the spontaneous activity of neurons in the rat neostriatum produced by d-amphetamine and methylphenidate.", "content": "A dose-response analysis was performed on D-amphetamine- and methylphenidate-induced changes in neuronal activity in the neostriatum of immobilized, phenidate-induced changes in neuronal activity in the neostriatum of immobilized, locally anesthetized rats. Whereas a marked depression of firing rate characterized the response to intraperitoneal injections of 2.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine or 10 mg/kg methylphenidate, increasing the dose (5.0--7.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine and 20--25 mg/kg methylphenidate) shifted this response pattern to a prolonged increase in activity. Both stimulant-induced increases and decreases in neostriatal activity are reversed by 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol. In contrast to the response of neostriatal neurons, the firing rate in the substantia nigra pars compacta was inhibited by both stimulants, even at doses that increased the activity of neurons in the neostriatum. The possible mechanisms underlying these drug-induced changes in firing rate are discussed along with the behavioral implications of a stimulant-induced dose-dependent shift in neostriatal unit activity.", "contents": "Dose-dependent biphasic alterations in the spontaneous activity of neurons in the rat neostriatum produced by d-amphetamine and methylphenidate. A dose-response analysis was performed on D-amphetamine- and methylphenidate-induced changes in neuronal activity in the neostriatum of immobilized, phenidate-induced changes in neuronal activity in the neostriatum of immobilized, locally anesthetized rats. Whereas a marked depression of firing rate characterized the response to intraperitoneal injections of 2.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine or 10 mg/kg methylphenidate, increasing the dose (5.0--7.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine and 20--25 mg/kg methylphenidate) shifted this response pattern to a prolonged increase in activity. Both stimulant-induced increases and decreases in neostriatal activity are reversed by 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol. In contrast to the response of neostriatal neurons, the firing rate in the substantia nigra pars compacta was inhibited by both stimulants, even at doses that increased the activity of neurons in the neostriatum. The possible mechanisms underlying these drug-induced changes in firing rate are discussed along with the behavioral implications of a stimulant-induced dose-dependent shift in neostriatal unit activity.", "PMID": 567085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7384", "title": "Schizophyllum commune Fr. as a destructive mycoparasite.", "content": "Schizophyllum commune Fr. was shown, by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, to be a destructive mycoparasite on several phytopathogenic and nematode-trapping fungi. The hyphae of S. commune coiled around host hyphae and fruiting structures and penetrated them by means of either unspecialized hyphae or by penetration pegs that developed from terminal appressoria. The host cell walls were usually chemically degraded after which the parasite grew through an electron-dense, papillate, reaction region and its underlying membrane(s) produce trophic hyphae inside the host cells.", "contents": "Schizophyllum commune Fr. as a destructive mycoparasite. Schizophyllum commune Fr. was shown, by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, to be a destructive mycoparasite on several phytopathogenic and nematode-trapping fungi. The hyphae of S. commune coiled around host hyphae and fruiting structures and penetrated them by means of either unspecialized hyphae or by penetration pegs that developed from terminal appressoria. The host cell walls were usually chemically degraded after which the parasite grew through an electron-dense, papillate, reaction region and its underlying membrane(s) produce trophic hyphae inside the host cells.", "PMID": 567090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7385", "title": "Role of lectins in plant--microorganism interactions. IV. Ultrastructural localization of soybean lectin binding sites of Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "The binding of purified, ferritin-labeled soybean seed lectin to the cell surfaces of Rhizobium japonicum 31 lb 138 has been examined by whole mount, thin section, and freeze-etch electron microscopy. The ferritin-labeled lectin binds in a biochemically specific manner to the capsular material of this bacterium. The lectin does not bind to the outer membranes of the cells or to flagella. Labeled lectin binds to sites throughout the  capsular structure, although the density of labeling is somewhat greater on the outer surface of the capsule. Some cells appear to be partially encapsulated. Preservation of the capsular material proved difficult, and methods for retaining most of the capsular material were developed.", "contents": "Role of lectins in plant--microorganism interactions. IV. Ultrastructural localization of soybean lectin binding sites of Rhizobium japonicum. The binding of purified, ferritin-labeled soybean seed lectin to the cell surfaces of Rhizobium japonicum 31 lb 138 has been examined by whole mount, thin section, and freeze-etch electron microscopy. The ferritin-labeled lectin binds in a biochemically specific manner to the capsular material of this bacterium. The lectin does not bind to the outer membranes of the cells or to flagella. Labeled lectin binds to sites throughout the  capsular structure, although the density of labeling is somewhat greater on the outer surface of the capsule. Some cells appear to be partially encapsulated. Preservation of the capsular material proved difficult, and methods for retaining most of the capsular material were developed.", "PMID": 567091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7386", "title": "Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis on nuclear proteins from human tumor cell lines.", "content": "Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis was carried out on HeLa, KB, ALL and GW-39 cell \"Chromatin Fraction II\" proteins. Of the many proteins found, most were visualized in earlier studies on rodent tumors and normal tissues. Of these the greater density of protein CP and the presence of protein CG' differentiates tumors from the nontumor tissues. In samples of normal and mitogen stimulated human lymphocytes, protein CG' was absent and protein CP was present in small amounts. Two-dimensional patterns of 0.4N H2SO4 soluble nuclear proteins showed elevated amounts of proteins C16-18 in the GS-39 cell patterns. Proteins Hu1, G1, G2, G3 and G5 were detected only in human cell nuclei. The increased density of staining for protein CP and the presence of CG' are potential biological markers for neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis on nuclear proteins from human tumor cell lines. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis was carried out on HeLa, KB, ALL and GW-39 cell \"Chromatin Fraction II\" proteins. Of the many proteins found, most were visualized in earlier studies on rodent tumors and normal tissues. Of these the greater density of protein CP and the presence of protein CG' differentiates tumors from the nontumor tissues. In samples of normal and mitogen stimulated human lymphocytes, protein CG' was absent and protein CP was present in small amounts. Two-dimensional patterns of 0.4N H2SO4 soluble nuclear proteins showed elevated amounts of proteins C16-18 in the GS-39 cell patterns. Proteins Hu1, G1, G2, G3 and G5 were detected only in human cell nuclei. The increased density of staining for protein CP and the presence of CG' are potential biological markers for neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 567094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7387", "title": "Effects of chartreusin on cell survival and cell cycle progression.", "content": "Chartreusin was lethal to both L1210 and P388 cells in culture with 90% of the cells being killed after a 24-hr exposure to 1.1 and 2.6 microgram/ml, respectively. The lethality of the drug increased in direct proportion to dose and exposure time. Both L1210 and Chinese hamster ovary cells in S phase were more sensitive to the lethality of the drug than were their corresponding non-S-phase cells. L1210 cells were partially synchronized by exposing an asynchronous culture to [methyl-3H]thymidine (20 Ci/mmol) and Colcemid for 3 hr. Synchronous culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells was established by planting mitotic cells. The progression of cells through the cell cycle was studied with flow microfluorometry both in the presence of the drug and after the drug had been washed off. In the presence of chartreusin the progression of mitotic cells into G1 was not affected. The movement of G1 cells into S was slower, and the movement of G2 cells into mitosis was blocked. When the drug was removed, the G2 to M block persisted for at least 4 hr but the progression of G1 cells to S was no longer inhibited.", "contents": "Effects of chartreusin on cell survival and cell cycle progression. Chartreusin was lethal to both L1210 and P388 cells in culture with 90% of the cells being killed after a 24-hr exposure to 1.1 and 2.6 microgram/ml, respectively. The lethality of the drug increased in direct proportion to dose and exposure time. Both L1210 and Chinese hamster ovary cells in S phase were more sensitive to the lethality of the drug than were their corresponding non-S-phase cells. L1210 cells were partially synchronized by exposing an asynchronous culture to [methyl-3H]thymidine (20 Ci/mmol) and Colcemid for 3 hr. Synchronous culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells was established by planting mitotic cells. The progression of cells through the cell cycle was studied with flow microfluorometry both in the presence of the drug and after the drug had been washed off. In the presence of chartreusin the progression of mitotic cells into G1 was not affected. The movement of G1 cells into S was slower, and the movement of G2 cells into mitosis was blocked. When the drug was removed, the G2 to M block persisted for at least 4 hr but the progression of G1 cells to S was no longer inhibited.", "PMID": 567096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7388", "title": "On the ampullary organs of the South-American paddle-fish Sorubim lima (Siluroidea, Pimelodidae).", "content": "Ampullary organs were found in the epidermis of the paddle-fish Sorubim lima; they are distributed all over the skin surface of the fish but are particularly densely grouped in the head region and on the dorsal surface of the paddle. Histological and electron microscopical observations show that their structure is similar to the type of cutaneous ampullary organs characteristic of other Siluroidea. Composed of a relatively large mucus-filled ampulla, the organ possesses a short and narrow canal which leads to the outer epidermal surface. The wall of the ampulla is formed of several layers of flat epidermal cells. In general four sensory cells, each one surrounded by supporting cells, compose the sensory epithelium at the bottom of the ampulla. The inner surface of the sensory cells in contact with the ampullary mucus bears only microvilli. The contact between the nerve endings and the sensory cells show the characteristic structure of an afferent neuro-sensory junction. Two ampullae are innervated in some cases by the same afferent nerve fibre.", "contents": "On the ampullary organs of the South-American paddle-fish Sorubim lima (Siluroidea, Pimelodidae). Ampullary organs were found in the epidermis of the paddle-fish Sorubim lima; they are distributed all over the skin surface of the fish but are particularly densely grouped in the head region and on the dorsal surface of the paddle. Histological and electron microscopical observations show that their structure is similar to the type of cutaneous ampullary organs characteristic of other Siluroidea. Composed of a relatively large mucus-filled ampulla, the organ possesses a short and narrow canal which leads to the outer epidermal surface. The wall of the ampulla is formed of several layers of flat epidermal cells. In general four sensory cells, each one surrounded by supporting cells, compose the sensory epithelium at the bottom of the ampulla. The inner surface of the sensory cells in contact with the ampullary mucus bears only microvilli. The contact between the nerve endings and the sensory cells show the characteristic structure of an afferent neuro-sensory junction. Two ampullae are innervated in some cases by the same afferent nerve fibre.", "PMID": 567099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7389", "title": "Catenoid shape of the interventricular septum: possible cause of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) may occur in embryonic and malformed hearts and that muscle cell disarray is found in myocardium that contracts isometrically. To account for the characteristic ASH and septal muscle fiber disarray of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), we postulated that a catenoid shape of the septum, i.e., net zero curvature, would have the mechanics required to produce IHSS. Accordingly, hearts from eight autopsied patients with IHSS were studied for curvature and thickness of free walls and septum, and they were compared to similar measurements in 80 other hearts. In all eight hearts with IHSS the septum was concave to the left in the transverse plane but convex to the left in the apex-to-base plane. Such a catenoid configuration of the septum was not observed in any of the other 80 hearts. The distinctive shape of the septum in IHSS would account for isometric contraction, since adjacent fiber tracts with opposite curvatures would develop maximum tension but would not have motion. Fiber disarray and local hypertrophy would result from such isometric contraction. Since ventricular configuration is acquired early in cardiogenesis, IHSS might therefore result from a genetic or embryonic determination of a catenoid septum.", "contents": "Catenoid shape of the interventricular septum: possible cause of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Previous studies have shown that asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) may occur in embryonic and malformed hearts and that muscle cell disarray is found in myocardium that contracts isometrically. To account for the characteristic ASH and septal muscle fiber disarray of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), we postulated that a catenoid shape of the septum, i.e., net zero curvature, would have the mechanics required to produce IHSS. Accordingly, hearts from eight autopsied patients with IHSS were studied for curvature and thickness of free walls and septum, and they were compared to similar measurements in 80 other hearts. In all eight hearts with IHSS the septum was concave to the left in the transverse plane but convex to the left in the apex-to-base plane. Such a catenoid configuration of the septum was not observed in any of the other 80 hearts. The distinctive shape of the septum in IHSS would account for isometric contraction, since adjacent fiber tracts with opposite curvatures would develop maximum tension but would not have motion. Fiber disarray and local hypertrophy would result from such isometric contraction. Since ventricular configuration is acquired early in cardiogenesis, IHSS might therefore result from a genetic or embryonic determination of a catenoid septum.", "PMID": 567103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7390", "title": "Electrocardiographic findings in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "One hundred and thiry-four patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were evaluated by standard 12-lead electrocardiography. Normal electrocardiograms were extremely uncommon, occurring in less than 7% of each subgroup of patients (i.e., those with or without either symptoms or obstruction to left ventricular outflow), with the exception of those who were both asymptomatic and had no left ventricular outflow obstruction. Even in this subgroup, however, normal electrocardiograms occurred in only 27% of patients. Repolarization abnormalities and left ventricular hypertrophy were the most common abnormalities, occurring in 81% and 62%, respectively, of the total population. A broad spectrum of other electrocardiographic abnormalities was found, but none was unique to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Patients with vs those without electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy or left atrial abnormality had significantly (P less than 0.005) greater mean ventricular septal thickness (22 +/- 0.6 vs 19 +/- 0.6 mm) and left atrial dimension (48 +/- 1 vs 40 +/- 1 mm) measured by echocardiography, and signficantly (P less than 0.01) higher mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (16 +/- 1 vs 10 +/- 1 mm Hg) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (20 +/- 1 vs 15 +/- 1 mm Hg). The high prevalence and diverse nature of electrocardiographic abnormalities suggest that any patient with an unusual and unexplained electrocardiogram should be suspected of having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy even if the physical examination is normal, as is often the case in patients without obstruction.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic findings in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. One hundred and thiry-four patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were evaluated by standard 12-lead electrocardiography. Normal electrocardiograms were extremely uncommon, occurring in less than 7% of each subgroup of patients (i.e., those with or without either symptoms or obstruction to left ventricular outflow), with the exception of those who were both asymptomatic and had no left ventricular outflow obstruction. Even in this subgroup, however, normal electrocardiograms occurred in only 27% of patients. Repolarization abnormalities and left ventricular hypertrophy were the most common abnormalities, occurring in 81% and 62%, respectively, of the total population. A broad spectrum of other electrocardiographic abnormalities was found, but none was unique to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Patients with vs those without electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy or left atrial abnormality had significantly (P less than 0.005) greater mean ventricular septal thickness (22 +/- 0.6 vs 19 +/- 0.6 mm) and left atrial dimension (48 +/- 1 vs 40 +/- 1 mm) measured by echocardiography, and signficantly (P less than 0.01) higher mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (16 +/- 1 vs 10 +/- 1 mm Hg) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (20 +/- 1 vs 15 +/- 1 mm Hg). The high prevalence and diverse nature of electrocardiographic abnormalities suggest that any patient with an unusual and unexplained electrocardiogram should be suspected of having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy even if the physical examination is normal, as is often the case in patients without obstruction.", "PMID": 567104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7391", "title": "Multilayer film elements for clinical analysis: applications to representative chemical determinations.", "content": "Using the general concept of a dry multilayer analytical element, we can change chemical procedures and configurations to assay several blood components. In the assay of serum urea nitrogen, urease in the reagent layer catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea. A semipermeable membrane excludes aqueous base, but allows ammonia to diffuse to an underlying indicator layer. For the amylase determination, the enzyme hydrolyzes a dyed-starch substrate coated on top of the spreading layer; this produces small fragments, which diffuse to a registration layer. The increase of absorbance at 540 nm is correlated with amylase activity. Bilirubin complexes with a cationic polymer at the interface between the spreading and reagent layers. The direct reading at 460 nm allows determination of total bilirubin in the range 1 to 500 mg/liter. Tirglycerides are hydrolyzed in the spreading layer, and the resulting soluble glycerol readily diffuses into the reagent layer, where it is phosphorylated and subsequently oxidized by glycerophosphate oxidase to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidase catalyzes production of a color commensurate with the hydrogen peroxide produced.", "contents": "Multilayer film elements for clinical analysis: applications to representative chemical determinations. Using the general concept of a dry multilayer analytical element, we can change chemical procedures and configurations to assay several blood components. In the assay of serum urea nitrogen, urease in the reagent layer catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea. A semipermeable membrane excludes aqueous base, but allows ammonia to diffuse to an underlying indicator layer. For the amylase determination, the enzyme hydrolyzes a dyed-starch substrate coated on top of the spreading layer; this produces small fragments, which diffuse to a registration layer. The increase of absorbance at 540 nm is correlated with amylase activity. Bilirubin complexes with a cationic polymer at the interface between the spreading and reagent layers. The direct reading at 460 nm allows determination of total bilirubin in the range 1 to 500 mg/liter. Tirglycerides are hydrolyzed in the spreading layer, and the resulting soluble glycerol readily diffuses into the reagent layer, where it is phosphorylated and subsequently oxidized by glycerophosphate oxidase to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidase catalyzes production of a color commensurate with the hydrogen peroxide produced.", "PMID": 567106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7392", "title": "Postoperative dislocation after Charnley low-friction arthroplasty.", "content": "The dislocation rate after the Charnley arthroplasty with the 22 mm diameter femoral head was 0.8% in 3,820 arthroplasties performed before 1971. Over this era the annual rate ranged from 0.5% to 1.4% without any apparent explanation. Following the routine use of a low position for the socket in the acetabulum and the Long Posterior Wall design of socket, the dislocation rate fell to 0.4% over 4,706 arthroplasties and the annual dislocation rate over 4 years ranged between 0.5% and 0.2%.", "contents": "Postoperative dislocation after Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. The dislocation rate after the Charnley arthroplasty with the 22 mm diameter femoral head was 0.8% in 3,820 arthroplasties performed before 1971. Over this era the annual rate ranged from 0.5% to 1.4% without any apparent explanation. Following the routine use of a low position for the socket in the acetabulum and the Long Posterior Wall design of socket, the dislocation rate fell to 0.4% over 4,706 arthroplasties and the annual dislocation rate over 4 years ranged between 0.5% and 0.2%.", "PMID": 567107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7393", "title": "Salmon calcitonin in hypercalcemia.", "content": "We have undertaken a study of 24 hypercalcemic patients with the use of salmon calcitonin as a therapeutic agent. Seventy-five percent of the patients exhibited a clinically significant decrease in serum calcium and approximately half became normocalcemic within 2 hr. Throughout salmon calcitonin administration, the mean serum calcium of the patients was lower than the pretreatment values. Although the drug did not always lower the calcium level to normal, it often brought the hypercalcemia to more tolerable levels. During the course of calcitonin therapy, the number of patients with normal or near-normal serum calcium ranged from 31.3% (at 96 hr) to 82.4% (at 30 hr). Many of the patients improved symptomatically. The only significant side effects were nausea and vomiting in 12.5% of the patients, which necessitated cessation of therapy in only one. The drug was well tolerated in patients with azotemia. Calcitonin-induced hypocalcemia was not encountered. Salmon calcitonin can be used safely alone or in conjunction with other hypocalcemic therapies.", "contents": "Salmon calcitonin in hypercalcemia. We have undertaken a study of 24 hypercalcemic patients with the use of salmon calcitonin as a therapeutic agent. Seventy-five percent of the patients exhibited a clinically significant decrease in serum calcium and approximately half became normocalcemic within 2 hr. Throughout salmon calcitonin administration, the mean serum calcium of the patients was lower than the pretreatment values. Although the drug did not always lower the calcium level to normal, it often brought the hypercalcemia to more tolerable levels. During the course of calcitonin therapy, the number of patients with normal or near-normal serum calcium ranged from 31.3% (at 96 hr) to 82.4% (at 30 hr). Many of the patients improved symptomatically. The only significant side effects were nausea and vomiting in 12.5% of the patients, which necessitated cessation of therapy in only one. The drug was well tolerated in patients with azotemia. Calcitonin-induced hypocalcemia was not encountered. Salmon calcitonin can be used safely alone or in conjunction with other hypocalcemic therapies.", "PMID": 567108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7394", "title": "Effect of elevated temperatures on spindle microtubules and chromosome movements in cultured newt lung cells.", "content": "The effect of elevated temperature shocks (ETS) on anaphase chromosome movements and spindle structure was studied in lung epithelial cells cultured from the newt Taricha granulosa granulosa. Mitosis proceeds normally up to temperatures of 31--32 degrees C. At slightly higher temperatures (33--34 degrees C) anaphase is desynchronized while still higher temperatures (35--36 degrees C) arrest chromosome movements. The desynchronization of chromosome movement is related on the ultrastructural level to the re-arrangement of kinetochore fibre microtubules (Mts) into hexagonally packed structures, and with the disappearance of non-kinetochore Mts. During desynchronized movement the distance a chromosome travels depends on the structure of its kinetochore fibre: those which have divergent kinetochore fibre Mts approach the poles, while those with hexagonally packed kinetochore fibre Mts do not. The data provide evidence concerning the anchorage of Mts and demonstrate that normal anaphase chromosome movements are functionally related both to the rearrangement of kinetochore Mts and to Mt disassembly.", "contents": "Effect of elevated temperatures on spindle microtubules and chromosome movements in cultured newt lung cells. The effect of elevated temperature shocks (ETS) on anaphase chromosome movements and spindle structure was studied in lung epithelial cells cultured from the newt Taricha granulosa granulosa. Mitosis proceeds normally up to temperatures of 31--32 degrees C. At slightly higher temperatures (33--34 degrees C) anaphase is desynchronized while still higher temperatures (35--36 degrees C) arrest chromosome movements. The desynchronization of chromosome movement is related on the ultrastructural level to the re-arrangement of kinetochore fibre microtubules (Mts) into hexagonally packed structures, and with the disappearance of non-kinetochore Mts. During desynchronized movement the distance a chromosome travels depends on the structure of its kinetochore fibre: those which have divergent kinetochore fibre Mts approach the poles, while those with hexagonally packed kinetochore fibre Mts do not. The data provide evidence concerning the anchorage of Mts and demonstrate that normal anaphase chromosome movements are functionally related both to the rearrangement of kinetochore Mts and to Mt disassembly.", "PMID": 567112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7395", "title": "Hemodynamic correlates of echocardiographic aortic root motion. Observations on normal subjects and patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "In ten normal subjects, we observed an initial hump in the aortic root echocardiogram after the onset of the QRS complex, following which a sharp anterior motion was noted. The onset of the anterior motion of the aortic root coincided with the onset of the upstroke of the aortic root pressure pulse and the onset of the velocity signal in five of seven patients with coronary arterial disease; in the other two, the anterior aortic motion followed the onset of the pressure and velocity signal by 10 msec. The aortic root echocardiogram was abnormal in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis; the slope (normalized for the scales of time and depth) in early systole was steeper and in the latter part of systole was flatter than normal in these patients. The slope in early diastole was flatter and the slope due to atrial contraction was steeper in the patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis than in the normal subjects. These features were consistent with rapid ejection in early systole and slow filling in the early phase of ventricular diastole in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Fourier analysis of the wave form of the aortic root allowed separation between patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and normal subjects.", "contents": "Hemodynamic correlates of echocardiographic aortic root motion. Observations on normal subjects and patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In ten normal subjects, we observed an initial hump in the aortic root echocardiogram after the onset of the QRS complex, following which a sharp anterior motion was noted. The onset of the anterior motion of the aortic root coincided with the onset of the upstroke of the aortic root pressure pulse and the onset of the velocity signal in five of seven patients with coronary arterial disease; in the other two, the anterior aortic motion followed the onset of the pressure and velocity signal by 10 msec. The aortic root echocardiogram was abnormal in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis; the slope (normalized for the scales of time and depth) in early systole was steeper and in the latter part of systole was flatter than normal in these patients. The slope in early diastole was flatter and the slope due to atrial contraction was steeper in the patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis than in the normal subjects. These features were consistent with rapid ejection in early systole and slow filling in the early phase of ventricular diastole in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Fourier analysis of the wave form of the aortic root allowed separation between patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and normal subjects.", "PMID": 567113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7396", "title": "Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and stunted growth.", "content": "A boy with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and stunted growth is described. Fetal movements were few and the boy was small for gestational age. He always experienced easy fatigability, and he noted bouts of pigmenturia associated with episodes of considerable malaise. The change in color of the urine was caused by myoglobin. An electromyogram was myopathic. CPK rose during 60 minutes mild exercise. Prolonged moderate exercise could not be performed. Histopathological examination of muscle biopsy revealed an increase in the number of 11C fibres (20%). Electronmicroscopy revealed the wavy outline of a number of fibres and hypertrophy of sarcoplasmic reticulum elements. No cause for the stunted growth could be detected.", "contents": "Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and stunted growth. A boy with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and stunted growth is described. Fetal movements were few and the boy was small for gestational age. He always experienced easy fatigability, and he noted bouts of pigmenturia associated with episodes of considerable malaise. The change in color of the urine was caused by myoglobin. An electromyogram was myopathic. CPK rose during 60 minutes mild exercise. Prolonged moderate exercise could not be performed. Histopathological examination of muscle biopsy revealed an increase in the number of 11C fibres (20%). Electronmicroscopy revealed the wavy outline of a number of fibres and hypertrophy of sarcoplasmic reticulum elements. No cause for the stunted growth could be detected.", "PMID": 567119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7397", "title": "Chronobiologic study in the domestic duck. I. Quantitative and temporal study of the action of the white light, factor releasing the gonad-stimulation.", "content": "I. White light is an essential and specific external factor in the development and growth of the duck gonads. The effects of light vary according to: a. Its intensity, up to a certain maximum, beyond which the effect on the gonads becomes reduced. b. Its daily duration. c. Its duration throughout the year. Too prolonged daily exposure to light throughout the year, as in temperate climates, produces a refractory phase due to a sort of temporary fatigue of the gonad-stimulating mechanism and not to weakness or fall in the testicular reaction. d. Its distribution in time. Dividing of the exposure to light for a given time, favors growth of the testis. II. Light is not essential for testicular development in ghe duck. This development occurs in total darkness but is slower, smaller and presents fluctuations which are less marked and shorter than in natural light. When several ducks are placed in darkness in the same surroundings, the fluctuations of various individuals present certain synchronization which can only be explained by the intervention of social factors which are probably tactile. III. Submitted to constant, continuous and prolonged light for years, male ducks present, with a few differences, a behavior similar to that of subjects submitted to total darkness. Finally, light is not essential for testicular growth, but it is necessary in nature to trigger off and stimulate testicular development and ensure its annual cyclic character. Social fractors, and other external factors, also play and important role to ensure synchronization of the development of the gonads of subjects in the same group.", "contents": "Chronobiologic study in the domestic duck. I. Quantitative and temporal study of the action of the white light, factor releasing the gonad-stimulation. I. White light is an essential and specific external factor in the development and growth of the duck gonads. The effects of light vary according to: a. Its intensity, up to a certain maximum, beyond which the effect on the gonads becomes reduced. b. Its daily duration. c. Its duration throughout the year. Too prolonged daily exposure to light throughout the year, as in temperate climates, produces a refractory phase due to a sort of temporary fatigue of the gonad-stimulating mechanism and not to weakness or fall in the testicular reaction. d. Its distribution in time. Dividing of the exposure to light for a given time, favors growth of the testis. II. Light is not essential for testicular development in ghe duck. This development occurs in total darkness but is slower, smaller and presents fluctuations which are less marked and shorter than in natural light. When several ducks are placed in darkness in the same surroundings, the fluctuations of various individuals present certain synchronization which can only be explained by the intervention of social factors which are probably tactile. III. Submitted to constant, continuous and prolonged light for years, male ducks present, with a few differences, a behavior similar to that of subjects submitted to total darkness. Finally, light is not essential for testicular growth, but it is necessary in nature to trigger off and stimulate testicular development and ensure its annual cyclic character. Social fractors, and other external factors, also play and important role to ensure synchronization of the development of the gonads of subjects in the same group.", "PMID": 567114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7398", "title": "Effect of live attenuated vaccines on the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A pilot study.", "content": "The clinical severity of EAE is enhanced by pre-treatment with distemper, measles and BCG vaccine, measles vaccine gives a more severe onset of disease. Rubella vaccine and TAB leads to mild disease which recurs on re-treatment with the appropriate vaccine. These findings and their possible significance in MS are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of live attenuated vaccines on the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A pilot study. The clinical severity of EAE is enhanced by pre-treatment with distemper, measles and BCG vaccine, measles vaccine gives a more severe onset of disease. Rubella vaccine and TAB leads to mild disease which recurs on re-treatment with the appropriate vaccine. These findings and their possible significance in MS are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 567120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7399", "title": "Hypothalamically induced intraspecific aggressive behaviour in the rat.", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of rats on intraspecific aggressive behaviour were studied. In order to investigate the specificity of the stimulation effects, each experimental animal was stimulated in a number of different social situations. Stimulation of the LH in the presence of a subordinate male increased the amount of time spent on aggressive behaviour patterns and locomotion. In the presence of a dominant male, however, the stimulated animal never initiated a fight, whereas in the presence of an estrous female attack occurred in some rare occasions and sexual behaviour disappeared almost entirely. Stimulation of some sites also elicited mouse killing behaviour. Many of the electrodes that elicited intraspecific aggressive behaviour also supported intracranial self-stimulation. It is concluded that 1. electrical stimulation of this area of the LH predominantly potentiates intraspecific aggressive behaviour, 2. that this behaviour becomes overt depends on the external situation, including the behaviour of the opponent.", "contents": "Hypothalamically induced intraspecific aggressive behaviour in the rat. The effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of rats on intraspecific aggressive behaviour were studied. In order to investigate the specificity of the stimulation effects, each experimental animal was stimulated in a number of different social situations. Stimulation of the LH in the presence of a subordinate male increased the amount of time spent on aggressive behaviour patterns and locomotion. In the presence of a dominant male, however, the stimulated animal never initiated a fight, whereas in the presence of an estrous female attack occurred in some rare occasions and sexual behaviour disappeared almost entirely. Stimulation of some sites also elicited mouse killing behaviour. Many of the electrodes that elicited intraspecific aggressive behaviour also supported intracranial self-stimulation. It is concluded that 1. electrical stimulation of this area of the LH predominantly potentiates intraspecific aggressive behaviour, 2. that this behaviour becomes overt depends on the external situation, including the behaviour of the opponent.", "PMID": 567127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7400", "title": "Myelin lipids in the brain after transplacental intoxication with ethylnitrosourea.", "content": "At day 15 of gestation pregnant mice were injected with a single intravenous dose of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) (80 mg/kg of body weight). The lipid composition of the myelin fraction isolated by means of differential centrifugation from brains of their offsprings was studied. The transplacentally intoxicated mice developed severe changes in the lipid composition of their central myelin sheaths, such as a markedly decreased galactolipid (both cerebroside and sulfatide) as well as plasmalogen contents. The results show, that besides being a well known carcinogenic agent, ENU is capable of affecting the lipid metabolism of the developing central nervous system. The resultant effect is the formation of a chemically defective myelin sheath.", "contents": "Myelin lipids in the brain after transplacental intoxication with ethylnitrosourea. At day 15 of gestation pregnant mice were injected with a single intravenous dose of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) (80 mg/kg of body weight). The lipid composition of the myelin fraction isolated by means of differential centrifugation from brains of their offsprings was studied. The transplacentally intoxicated mice developed severe changes in the lipid composition of their central myelin sheaths, such as a markedly decreased galactolipid (both cerebroside and sulfatide) as well as plasmalogen contents. The results show, that besides being a well known carcinogenic agent, ENU is capable of affecting the lipid metabolism of the developing central nervous system. The resultant effect is the formation of a chemically defective myelin sheath.", "PMID": 567128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7401", "title": "[Bioelectrical properties and ultrastructure of vascular smooth muscle cells in tissue culture].", "content": "Intracellular recording was performed in tissue culture of the rabbit vena portae from the smooth muscle cells (SMC) with spontaneous discharges. In inactive SMC the dischartges could be elicited by hyperpolarizing current. The membrane potentials and the input impedance of the SMC decreased with the growth of osmolarity of extracellular medium. The cells were identified as those of smooth muscle on the ground of electronmicroscopic studies. Cellular contacts of nexus type existed between adjacent SMC.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical properties and ultrastructure of vascular smooth muscle cells in tissue culture]. Intracellular recording was performed in tissue culture of the rabbit vena portae from the smooth muscle cells (SMC) with spontaneous discharges. In inactive SMC the dischartges could be elicited by hyperpolarizing current. The membrane potentials and the input impedance of the SMC decreased with the growth of osmolarity of extracellular medium. The cells were identified as those of smooth muscle on the ground of electronmicroscopic studies. Cellular contacts of nexus type existed between adjacent SMC.", "PMID": 567138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7402", "title": "[Distribution of oxygen tension in breast tissues].", "content": "Using a mathematical model which describes the O2, transport in the alveolar cell of the mammary gland, the distribution of pO2 levels during two stages of the secretory cycle, was calculated. At the initial stage, the typical feature of which is the increased blood flow and O2 consumption, pO2 in the secretory tissue varied from 3 to 30 torr (average 9.9 torr). At the later stage of the secretory cycle characterized by the decreased blood flow and O2 consumption, pO2 levels in the secretory tissue were within the limits of 40--60 torr (average 48.9 torr). The increase of blood flow usually observed at the initial stage of the secretory cycle seems to supply tissues with the necessary amount of O2 even if the capillarization of the alveoli is minimal.", "contents": "[Distribution of oxygen tension in breast tissues]. Using a mathematical model which describes the O2, transport in the alveolar cell of the mammary gland, the distribution of pO2 levels during two stages of the secretory cycle, was calculated. At the initial stage, the typical feature of which is the increased blood flow and O2 consumption, pO2 in the secretory tissue varied from 3 to 30 torr (average 9.9 torr). At the later stage of the secretory cycle characterized by the decreased blood flow and O2 consumption, pO2 levels in the secretory tissue were within the limits of 40--60 torr (average 48.9 torr). The increase of blood flow usually observed at the initial stage of the secretory cycle seems to supply tissues with the necessary amount of O2 even if the capillarization of the alveoli is minimal.", "PMID": 567139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7403", "title": "Regulation of malic enzyme synthesis by thyroid hormone and glucagon: inhibitor and kinetic experiments.", "content": "Synthesis of malic enzyme was rapidly and markedly stimulated by the addition of triiodothyronine to chick embryo liver cells in culture. Alpha-Amanitin, an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, blocked induction. The kinetics of induction and de-induction of malic enzyme synthesis suggested that the most stable event in triiodothyronine induction had a half-life of 18 to 20 h. However, malic enzyme synthesis decayed with a half-life of 2,4 h when transcription was inhibited with alpha-amanitin. Thus a long-lived event in thyroid hormone stimulation of malic enzyme synthesis occurred prior to transcription of a specific messenger RNA (mRNA), presumably malic enzyme mRNA. Malic enzyme synthesis decayed with a half-life of about 2 h when glucagon was added to pre-induced liver cells. The similarity of decay rates after inhibition of transcription with alpha-amanitin or inhibition of malic enzyme synthesis by glucagon suggests that glucagon may inhibit the transcription or processing of a specific mRNA required for malic enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of malic enzyme synthesis by thyroid hormone and glucagon: inhibitor and kinetic experiments. Synthesis of malic enzyme was rapidly and markedly stimulated by the addition of triiodothyronine to chick embryo liver cells in culture. Alpha-Amanitin, an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, blocked induction. The kinetics of induction and de-induction of malic enzyme synthesis suggested that the most stable event in triiodothyronine induction had a half-life of 18 to 20 h. However, malic enzyme synthesis decayed with a half-life of 2,4 h when transcription was inhibited with alpha-amanitin. Thus a long-lived event in thyroid hormone stimulation of malic enzyme synthesis occurred prior to transcription of a specific messenger RNA (mRNA), presumably malic enzyme mRNA. Malic enzyme synthesis decayed with a half-life of about 2 h when glucagon was added to pre-induced liver cells. The similarity of decay rates after inhibition of transcription with alpha-amanitin or inhibition of malic enzyme synthesis by glucagon suggests that glucagon may inhibit the transcription or processing of a specific mRNA required for malic enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 567141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7404", "title": "Rabies post-exposure treatment and side-effects in man using HDC (MRC 5) vaccine.", "content": "126 patients underwent a post-exposure antirabies treatment using the beta-propiolactone inactivated (HDC) MRC-5 vaccine. The immunization schedule consisted of single doses of 1 ml of vaccine administered on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90. Within the post-exposure group several patients suffered wounds from known rabid animals. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 14, 30, 90 and 104. Neutralizing antibodies against the rabies virus were determined in the rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition (RFFI) test. The rise in neutralizing antibodies was steeper than that in the prophylactic group whereas the mean titer at day 30 did not significantly exceed the values obtained with the preventive immunization scheme. A 1 ml booster injection on day 90 resulted in a three-fold increase of antibody titer within two weeks. Although no major side-effects were observed, an analysis of questionnaires filled out by the patients is presented.", "contents": "Rabies post-exposure treatment and side-effects in man using HDC (MRC 5) vaccine. 126 patients underwent a post-exposure antirabies treatment using the beta-propiolactone inactivated (HDC) MRC-5 vaccine. The immunization schedule consisted of single doses of 1 ml of vaccine administered on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90. Within the post-exposure group several patients suffered wounds from known rabid animals. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 14, 30, 90 and 104. Neutralizing antibodies against the rabies virus were determined in the rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition (RFFI) test. The rise in neutralizing antibodies was steeper than that in the prophylactic group whereas the mean titer at day 30 did not significantly exceed the values obtained with the preventive immunization scheme. A 1 ml booster injection on day 90 resulted in a three-fold increase of antibody titer within two weeks. Although no major side-effects were observed, an analysis of questionnaires filled out by the patients is presented.", "PMID": 567152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7405", "title": "A potency test which simulates natural exposure for measuring post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. A proposal for preparing a relevant international reference preparation.", "content": "There is a basic difference between the mechanism of immunity at the pre- and post-exposure level. Due to the fact that vaccination precedes challenge in the available potency tests (Habel and NIH) they do not measure post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. For these reasons a potency test in mice has been developed which measures post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. In this test natural conditions have been simulated by using intramuscular inoculation of a street virus (fox salivary gland origin), killing approximately 50% of the control mice, whereas intraperitoneal inoculation with 0.5 ml of undiluted inactivated rabies vaccine within 24 hours after street virus infection, should protect all mice. A human rabies vaccine prepared in HDC and already licensed for post-exposure vaccination showed only some post-exposure activity in this newly developed potency test, whereas an experimental inactivated rabies vaccine protected all mice. The International rabies Reference Vaccine did not protect after exposure but, on the contrary, enhanced the rabies street virus infection (shorter incubation period and more mice died of rabies than in the controls); it is therefore unsuitable for measuring post-exposure potency. Authorities concerned with rabies vaccine control are invited to use this newly developed post-exposure potency test in their laboratories and if agreed upon its value, to prepare an adequate batch of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine which meets this test-requirement. Such a batch could be a candidate for the establishment of an international reference preparation measuring post-exposure potency of rabies tissue culture vaccines.", "contents": "A potency test which simulates natural exposure for measuring post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. A proposal for preparing a relevant international reference preparation. There is a basic difference between the mechanism of immunity at the pre- and post-exposure level. Due to the fact that vaccination precedes challenge in the available potency tests (Habel and NIH) they do not measure post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. For these reasons a potency test in mice has been developed which measures post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. In this test natural conditions have been simulated by using intramuscular inoculation of a street virus (fox salivary gland origin), killing approximately 50% of the control mice, whereas intraperitoneal inoculation with 0.5 ml of undiluted inactivated rabies vaccine within 24 hours after street virus infection, should protect all mice. A human rabies vaccine prepared in HDC and already licensed for post-exposure vaccination showed only some post-exposure activity in this newly developed potency test, whereas an experimental inactivated rabies vaccine protected all mice. The International rabies Reference Vaccine did not protect after exposure but, on the contrary, enhanced the rabies street virus infection (shorter incubation period and more mice died of rabies than in the controls); it is therefore unsuitable for measuring post-exposure potency. Authorities concerned with rabies vaccine control are invited to use this newly developed post-exposure potency test in their laboratories and if agreed upon its value, to prepare an adequate batch of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine which meets this test-requirement. Such a batch could be a candidate for the establishment of an international reference preparation measuring post-exposure potency of rabies tissue culture vaccines.", "PMID": 567153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7406", "title": "Seabirds--a possible environmental factor in gastric cancer in Newfoundland.", "content": "Because of the high incidence of gastric cancer in fishermen, in seabird catchers, and in regions generally associated with a temperate or cool marine environment, the association of seabirds with gastric cancer risk was investigated regionally in Newfoundland. Cartographic plotting and correlation analyses of 23 individual or combined regions of Newfoundland with respect to M, F or M + F mortality rates showed a close similarity between high risk areas and large seabird aggregations which were in the southeast region of the island. Coastal fish processing plants were also prevalent focal points in this region between fishermen and seabird populations, suggesting that a chemical or viral carcinogen should be sought within this triad of fishermen, seabirds, and fish plants.", "contents": "Seabirds--a possible environmental factor in gastric cancer in Newfoundland. Because of the high incidence of gastric cancer in fishermen, in seabird catchers, and in regions generally associated with a temperate or cool marine environment, the association of seabirds with gastric cancer risk was investigated regionally in Newfoundland. Cartographic plotting and correlation analyses of 23 individual or combined regions of Newfoundland with respect to M, F or M + F mortality rates showed a close similarity between high risk areas and large seabird aggregations which were in the southeast region of the island. Coastal fish processing plants were also prevalent focal points in this region between fishermen and seabird populations, suggesting that a chemical or viral carcinogen should be sought within this triad of fishermen, seabirds, and fish plants.", "PMID": 567154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7407", "title": "Chronic alcohol consumption does not modify cholecystokinin blood levels estimated by bioassay in the dog.", "content": "Blood levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) were estimated by a bioassay on in vitro rabbit gallbladder in two series of dogs; 5 dogs receiving daily, for 12--18 months, 2g kg-1 ethanol through a gastric cannula and 5 control dogs which did not receive ethanol. CCK-like activity is no different in either group, neither in the fasting state nor after intraduodenal injection of oleic acid or intragastric injection of ethanol.", "contents": "Chronic alcohol consumption does not modify cholecystokinin blood levels estimated by bioassay in the dog. Blood levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) were estimated by a bioassay on in vitro rabbit gallbladder in two series of dogs; 5 dogs receiving daily, for 12--18 months, 2g kg-1 ethanol through a gastric cannula and 5 control dogs which did not receive ethanol. CCK-like activity is no different in either group, neither in the fasting state nor after intraduodenal injection of oleic acid or intragastric injection of ethanol.", "PMID": 567155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7408", "title": "Impaired secretin release in chronic alcoholic dogs.", "content": "Plasma immunoreactive secretin has been compared before and after stimulation by intraduodenal infusion of HCl in 3 dogs who had received 2 g-kg-1-day-1 alcohol for 3 years and 4 non-alcoholic control dogs. After HCl infusion, blood secretin was lower in chronic alcoholic animals than in controls. This decreased post-stimulation concentration of secretin in chronic alcoholic dogs was in contrast to the increased release of gastrin after a meal which has been previously described.", "contents": "Impaired secretin release in chronic alcoholic dogs. Plasma immunoreactive secretin has been compared before and after stimulation by intraduodenal infusion of HCl in 3 dogs who had received 2 g-kg-1-day-1 alcohol for 3 years and 4 non-alcoholic control dogs. After HCl infusion, blood secretin was lower in chronic alcoholic animals than in controls. This decreased post-stimulation concentration of secretin in chronic alcoholic dogs was in contrast to the increased release of gastrin after a meal which has been previously described.", "PMID": 567156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7409", "title": "[A comparative follow up study about intellectual and motoric development of premature births at three to eight years of life (author's transl)].", "content": "In a study involving 361 cases an average IQ for 101 was noted; the premature birth groups showed an average IQ of 99 and the control group an average IQ of 102. Statistically significant was the occurrence of mental retardation in the premature birth group when compared with the control group. In the premature birth group an delayed walking ability showed a correlation to a diminished birth weight. A correlation between a low asphyxion-Index and IQ could not be ascertained. In the areas of speech development, walking ability and bladder control no significant differences were noted between premature birth and control group.", "contents": "[A comparative follow up study about intellectual and motoric development of premature births at three to eight years of life (author's transl)]. In a study involving 361 cases an average IQ for 101 was noted; the premature birth groups showed an average IQ of 99 and the control group an average IQ of 102. Statistically significant was the occurrence of mental retardation in the premature birth group when compared with the control group. In the premature birth group an delayed walking ability showed a correlation to a diminished birth weight. A correlation between a low asphyxion-Index and IQ could not be ascertained. In the areas of speech development, walking ability and bladder control no significant differences were noted between premature birth and control group.", "PMID": 567159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7410", "title": "[The IQ in gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "Relevant correlations between the level of the IQ and the reactions to gynaecological interventions and changes in the female reproductive system were detected. These are important in medical practice. The findings are based on psychometric studies in 400 to 500 women. First: Puberty and menarche are experienced in correlation to the IQ and pattern the later experience of menstruation. Second: Desire for inclusion of the marital partner in preoperative discussions, the type and frequency of Phobias prior to laparoscopic tubal sterilization are influenced by the IQ. Third: the lower the IQ the more sexual disturance was feared prior to hysterectomy. Fourth: The lower the IQ the more fears of menopause were voiced. Fifth: Statistically significant correlations between the IQ and the motivation for participation in preventive cancer check ups were found. This correlation was also found for the experience of the preventive cancer check up and for the age at which it was desired and for the institution which should encourage the examination. These results favour individualization of the medical advice and information in correlation to the IQ. Psychosocial and preventive medical problems in gynaecology could thus be reduced.", "contents": "[The IQ in gynaecology (author's transl)]. Relevant correlations between the level of the IQ and the reactions to gynaecological interventions and changes in the female reproductive system were detected. These are important in medical practice. The findings are based on psychometric studies in 400 to 500 women. First: Puberty and menarche are experienced in correlation to the IQ and pattern the later experience of menstruation. Second: Desire for inclusion of the marital partner in preoperative discussions, the type and frequency of Phobias prior to laparoscopic tubal sterilization are influenced by the IQ. Third: the lower the IQ the more sexual disturance was feared prior to hysterectomy. Fourth: The lower the IQ the more fears of menopause were voiced. Fifth: Statistically significant correlations between the IQ and the motivation for participation in preventive cancer check ups were found. This correlation was also found for the experience of the preventive cancer check up and for the age at which it was desired and for the institution which should encourage the examination. These results favour individualization of the medical advice and information in correlation to the IQ. Psychosocial and preventive medical problems in gynaecology could thus be reduced.", "PMID": 567160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7411", "title": "[The effect of opening of the eyes of newborns on the behavior of their mothers (author's transl)].", "content": "During the postpartum stay in the hospital 10 randomly selected German mothers and their newborns were video-taped for three feedings on three different days for 1/2 hour each. A written protocol of the behaviours of the mothers from three to five seconds before until three to five seconds after the opening of the eyes of the newborns was kept. The maternal behaviour in these protocols was evaluated. In 92.5% of the cases the behaviour of the mothers changed when their newborns opened their eyes. The following correlations were detected: the social behaviour of the mothers was twice as intense following opening of the eyes of the infant (p less than 0.001). The nurturing behaviour of the mothers remained constant but the interest in other objects decreased (p less than 0.01). Prior to the opening of the eyes of the newborns the mothers moved the body of the infants more (p less than 0.001). Following opening of the eyes of the newborns the mothers showed more lively facial expressions and spoke more to the infants (p less than 0.001). The mothers moved the infants closer following opening of the eyes (p less than 0.001). The results were evaluated in view of maternal infant bonding theory and desirable changes for the obstetric ward were suggested.", "contents": "[The effect of opening of the eyes of newborns on the behavior of their mothers (author's transl)]. During the postpartum stay in the hospital 10 randomly selected German mothers and their newborns were video-taped for three feedings on three different days for 1/2 hour each. A written protocol of the behaviours of the mothers from three to five seconds before until three to five seconds after the opening of the eyes of the newborns was kept. The maternal behaviour in these protocols was evaluated. In 92.5% of the cases the behaviour of the mothers changed when their newborns opened their eyes. The following correlations were detected: the social behaviour of the mothers was twice as intense following opening of the eyes of the infant (p less than 0.001). The nurturing behaviour of the mothers remained constant but the interest in other objects decreased (p less than 0.01). Prior to the opening of the eyes of the newborns the mothers moved the body of the infants more (p less than 0.001). Following opening of the eyes of the newborns the mothers showed more lively facial expressions and spoke more to the infants (p less than 0.001). The mothers moved the infants closer following opening of the eyes (p less than 0.001). The results were evaluated in view of maternal infant bonding theory and desirable changes for the obstetric ward were suggested.", "PMID": 567161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7412", "title": "[Nonpuerperal mastitis in the hormonal stimulated breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with nonpuerperal mastitis are presented. The inflammation was supposedly related to hormonal stimulation of the breast. One patient suffered from hyperplasia of the breast, the second patient exhibited a rapidly growing fibroadenoma, a third patient developed a recurrent purulent mastitis on the basis of galactorrhea. All patients improved after exclusive administration of bromocriptine without the addition of antibiotics.", "contents": "[Nonpuerperal mastitis in the hormonal stimulated breast (author's transl)]. Three patients with nonpuerperal mastitis are presented. The inflammation was supposedly related to hormonal stimulation of the breast. One patient suffered from hyperplasia of the breast, the second patient exhibited a rapidly growing fibroadenoma, a third patient developed a recurrent purulent mastitis on the basis of galactorrhea. All patients improved after exclusive administration of bromocriptine without the addition of antibiotics.", "PMID": 567162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7413", "title": "Hereditary determination of several hemodynamic indices.", "content": "Investigation of the genetic determination of hemodynamic indices (the volume of circulating blood, the time of total blood circuit, the rate of lesser blood flow and the minute heart volume) is carried out in 16 mono- and 15 dizygotic twin pairs. The volume of circulating blood only was found to be highly genetically determined (G = 0.90). The role of heredity and environment was almost the same in genesis of the time of total blood circuit and the rate of lesser blood flow (G = 0.34 and 0.48 respectively), while the effect of environment is prevailed for the minute heart volume. The coefficient of genetic determination G is considered to be the most competent estimate among other indices of heredity, because it makes possible to isolate the additive variance and the variance of determing genetic component of phenotypical dispersion of a character. On the basis of the parameters studied, a multifactorial character of hemodynamics indices inheritance is suggested.", "contents": "Hereditary determination of several hemodynamic indices. Investigation of the genetic determination of hemodynamic indices (the volume of circulating blood, the time of total blood circuit, the rate of lesser blood flow and the minute heart volume) is carried out in 16 mono- and 15 dizygotic twin pairs. The volume of circulating blood only was found to be highly genetically determined (G = 0.90). The role of heredity and environment was almost the same in genesis of the time of total blood circuit and the rate of lesser blood flow (G = 0.34 and 0.48 respectively), while the effect of environment is prevailed for the minute heart volume. The coefficient of genetic determination G is considered to be the most competent estimate among other indices of heredity, because it makes possible to isolate the additive variance and the variance of determing genetic component of phenotypical dispersion of a character. On the basis of the parameters studied, a multifactorial character of hemodynamics indices inheritance is suggested.", "PMID": 567163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7414", "title": "Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids after cholecystectomy.", "content": "Bile acid metabolism was investigated in 10 patients after cholecystectomy, 10 gallstone patients, and 10 control subjects. Diurnal variations of serum levels of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates were not abolished by cholecystectomy. Cholic acid pool size was significantly reduced in cholecystectomised patients and the fractional turnover rate and the rate of intestinal degradation of bile acid showed a significant increase. In cholecystectomised patients fasting bile was supersaturated in cholesterol, though less than in gallstone patients, but, in both, feeding resulted in improvement of cholesterol solubility in bile. These data suggest that after cholecystectomy the small intestine alone acts as a pump in regulating the dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and that the improvement of cholesterol solubility in bile is due to a more rapid circulation of the bile acid pool in fasting cholecystectomised patients.", "contents": "Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids after cholecystectomy. Bile acid metabolism was investigated in 10 patients after cholecystectomy, 10 gallstone patients, and 10 control subjects. Diurnal variations of serum levels of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates were not abolished by cholecystectomy. Cholic acid pool size was significantly reduced in cholecystectomised patients and the fractional turnover rate and the rate of intestinal degradation of bile acid showed a significant increase. In cholecystectomised patients fasting bile was supersaturated in cholesterol, though less than in gallstone patients, but, in both, feeding resulted in improvement of cholesterol solubility in bile. These data suggest that after cholecystectomy the small intestine alone acts as a pump in regulating the dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and that the improvement of cholesterol solubility in bile is due to a more rapid circulation of the bile acid pool in fasting cholecystectomised patients.", "PMID": 567165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7415", "title": "Fatty acid synthesis in mice during the 24hr cycle and during meal-feeding.", "content": "Fatty acid synthesis was measured in liver, adipose tissue and the rest of the carcass in vivo, by measuring the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O. The maximum rate of synthesis during the 24 hr cycle occurred at 21.00-22.00 hr. At all times, the rest of the carcass was the major synthetic site and adipose tissue only made a significant contribution at the time of maximum synthesis. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in meal-fed mice was increased during the meals by 5-8 fold in the rest of the carcass, 10-fold in liver, and 30-60-fold in adipose tissue over the rate of synthesis in the immediate pre-prandial period. It is suggested that one reason for the higher rates of fatty acid synthesis in the rest of the carcass could be the activity of the intramuscular fat pads.", "contents": "Fatty acid synthesis in mice during the 24hr cycle and during meal-feeding. Fatty acid synthesis was measured in liver, adipose tissue and the rest of the carcass in vivo, by measuring the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O. The maximum rate of synthesis during the 24 hr cycle occurred at 21.00-22.00 hr. At all times, the rest of the carcass was the major synthetic site and adipose tissue only made a significant contribution at the time of maximum synthesis. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in meal-fed mice was increased during the meals by 5-8 fold in the rest of the carcass, 10-fold in liver, and 30-60-fold in adipose tissue over the rate of synthesis in the immediate pre-prandial period. It is suggested that one reason for the higher rates of fatty acid synthesis in the rest of the carcass could be the activity of the intramuscular fat pads.", "PMID": 567166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7416", "title": "Induction of hepatic RNA-and protein synthesis by pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile in rats.", "content": "Repeated administration of pregenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) induced hepatic microsomal RNA-synthesis in female rats. The RNA that appeared with 14C-orotate in the microsomes after a 12-h pulse had maximal specific activity. Deoxycholate-soluble RNA demonstrated a higher specific activity than did its ribosomal counterpart, and both were significantly more radioactive than in the respective controls. Examination of the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into microsome-bound polypeptides showed that the enhanced RNA-synthesis after PCN treatment resulted in an augmentation of protein-synthesis. Administration of this cyanosteroid was also associated with a significant decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity and an increase in the cholesterol content of rat hepatocellular microsomes, which correlate well with the degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the synchronous proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Induction of hepatic RNA-and protein synthesis by pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile in rats. Repeated administration of pregenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) induced hepatic microsomal RNA-synthesis in female rats. The RNA that appeared with 14C-orotate in the microsomes after a 12-h pulse had maximal specific activity. Deoxycholate-soluble RNA demonstrated a higher specific activity than did its ribosomal counterpart, and both were significantly more radioactive than in the respective controls. Examination of the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into microsome-bound polypeptides showed that the enhanced RNA-synthesis after PCN treatment resulted in an augmentation of protein-synthesis. Administration of this cyanosteroid was also associated with a significant decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity and an increase in the cholesterol content of rat hepatocellular microsomes, which correlate well with the degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the synchronous proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 567167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7417", "title": "Oxytalan fibre formation in the cornea: a light and electron microscopical study.", "content": "Oxytalan is a fibrillar protein possessing some of the staining and ultrastructural properties of developing elastic tissue. In a study of human corneae we failed to find fibres of this type in five normal specimens but found them in each of 16 examples of keratoconus and 13 cases of post-traumatic or post-inflammatory scarring. In two cases the microfibrillar nature of the deposits was confirmed by electron microscopy, individual microfibrils measuring 10-12 nm in diameter and having profiles suggestive of a tubular structure. Oxytalan formation was intimately associated with the basal lamina of the covering epithelium with, in areas showing disruption of Bowman's layer and scarring, some extension into the superficial collagenous stroma.", "contents": "Oxytalan fibre formation in the cornea: a light and electron microscopical study. Oxytalan is a fibrillar protein possessing some of the staining and ultrastructural properties of developing elastic tissue. In a study of human corneae we failed to find fibres of this type in five normal specimens but found them in each of 16 examples of keratoconus and 13 cases of post-traumatic or post-inflammatory scarring. In two cases the microfibrillar nature of the deposits was confirmed by electron microscopy, individual microfibrils measuring 10-12 nm in diameter and having profiles suggestive of a tubular structure. Oxytalan formation was intimately associated with the basal lamina of the covering epithelium with, in areas showing disruption of Bowman's layer and scarring, some extension into the superficial collagenous stroma.", "PMID": 567169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7418", "title": "Fingerprint pattern factors.", "content": "Factor analysis was employed using the ulnar ridge count, radial ridge count, ridge count (the larger of the radial or ulnar count as generally used for calculating total ridge count), and pattern type for each finger in 720 twins. Pattern type and ulnar count displayed parallel factor loadings while loadings for radial and ridge count also paralleled each other. This relationship did not hold for the index finger, indicating the importance of pattern direction and greater pattern diversity for this digit. Total ridge count was most closely associated with a factor of ring and little finger radial and ridge count and only secondarily with an index finger factor. When radial and ulnar counts were deleted to make comparisons with earlier studies, the result was factors having groupings of variables identical with previous reports. It appears that factor analysis results in consistent extraction of identical or very similar factors from different populations, and the use of radial and ulnar counts adds more information than when only the larger of the two counts is considered.", "contents": "Fingerprint pattern factors. Factor analysis was employed using the ulnar ridge count, radial ridge count, ridge count (the larger of the radial or ulnar count as generally used for calculating total ridge count), and pattern type for each finger in 720 twins. Pattern type and ulnar count displayed parallel factor loadings while loadings for radial and ridge count also paralleled each other. This relationship did not hold for the index finger, indicating the importance of pattern direction and greater pattern diversity for this digit. Total ridge count was most closely associated with a factor of ring and little finger radial and ridge count and only secondarily with an index finger factor. When radial and ulnar counts were deleted to make comparisons with earlier studies, the result was factors having groupings of variables identical with previous reports. It appears that factor analysis results in consistent extraction of identical or very similar factors from different populations, and the use of radial and ulnar counts adds more information than when only the larger of the two counts is considered.", "PMID": 567171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7419", "title": "Serologic markers and chromosome variants in a pair of chimeric twins.", "content": "A pair of chimeric twins, T.S. (male) and M.R. (female) first examined in 1970 are reinvestigated in order to determine if the proportions of admixture of red cells in their blood are unchanged, and if erythrocytes and leukocytes show the same percentage of admixture. T.S., M.R. and their family are investigated for HLA, serum types, and erythrocyte antigens and enzymes. A quantitative determination of 'foreign' cell populations in the blood of each twin is attempted for the systems ABO, and HLA, and for sex chromosomes in PHA stimulated lymphocytes. The results for the ABO system obtained by agglutination technique and by a double-layer immunofluorescence technique indicate that the population of M.R. erythrocytes in T.S. has decreased during the 7-year period, and is now below half the size found in 1970. Erythrocytes and leukocytes show the same percentage of admixture in both twins.", "contents": "Serologic markers and chromosome variants in a pair of chimeric twins. A pair of chimeric twins, T.S. (male) and M.R. (female) first examined in 1970 are reinvestigated in order to determine if the proportions of admixture of red cells in their blood are unchanged, and if erythrocytes and leukocytes show the same percentage of admixture. T.S., M.R. and their family are investigated for HLA, serum types, and erythrocyte antigens and enzymes. A quantitative determination of 'foreign' cell populations in the blood of each twin is attempted for the systems ABO, and HLA, and for sex chromosomes in PHA stimulated lymphocytes. The results for the ABO system obtained by agglutination technique and by a double-layer immunofluorescence technique indicate that the population of M.R. erythrocytes in T.S. has decreased during the 7-year period, and is now below half the size found in 1970. Erythrocytes and leukocytes show the same percentage of admixture in both twins.", "PMID": 567173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7420", "title": "Genetical distance and dermatoglyphic characters. III. Dermatoglyphic distances within twin pairs, between left and right sides and between normals and 21-trisomics.", "content": "The dermatoglyphic (genetical) distance coefficients have been estimated within monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, between left and right sides of the same individual and between normal subjects and 21-trisomics. All the coefficients have been based, in turn, on frequencies of fingertip, palmar and sole pattern elements, separately and for all characters combined. Quantitative variables (pattern intensities) have also been used for independent evaluation of the C2H distance coefficient in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and in 21-trisomics as compared with normal individuals. The values of a distance have then been considered in relation to the degree of genetical likeness between the compared items as well as to the relative contribution of each pattern combination to the overall value of a distance. Some limitations in the interpretation of the results, connected mainly with statistical procedures, are also discussed.", "contents": "Genetical distance and dermatoglyphic characters. III. Dermatoglyphic distances within twin pairs, between left and right sides and between normals and 21-trisomics. The dermatoglyphic (genetical) distance coefficients have been estimated within monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, between left and right sides of the same individual and between normal subjects and 21-trisomics. All the coefficients have been based, in turn, on frequencies of fingertip, palmar and sole pattern elements, separately and for all characters combined. Quantitative variables (pattern intensities) have also been used for independent evaluation of the C2H distance coefficient in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and in 21-trisomics as compared with normal individuals. The values of a distance have then been considered in relation to the degree of genetical likeness between the compared items as well as to the relative contribution of each pattern combination to the overall value of a distance. Some limitations in the interpretation of the results, connected mainly with statistical procedures, are also discussed.", "PMID": 567174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7421", "title": "Possible breakdown of volatile N-nitrosamines by enzymatic and/or microbiological agents in Swiss raw sausage.", "content": "The degradation trends of 4 added nitrosamines (NDMA, NDEA, NPIP and NPYR) in Italian type salami have been investigated. All of the added NA's were partly degraded during the ripening period of the sausages (29 days); the aliphatic ones were less stable than the heterocyclic.", "contents": "Possible breakdown of volatile N-nitrosamines by enzymatic and/or microbiological agents in Swiss raw sausage. The degradation trends of 4 added nitrosamines (NDMA, NDEA, NPIP and NPYR) in Italian type salami have been investigated. All of the added NA's were partly degraded during the ripening period of the sausages (29 days); the aliphatic ones were less stable than the heterocyclic.", "PMID": 567175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7422", "title": "Volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in foods and other environmental media.", "content": "A further series of cured meat products (meat loaf, liver loaf, bologna) has been investigated for their nitrosamine contents before and after frying. Contents in general were in the low microgram/kg range. An extensive study of nitrosamine contents of various types of cheese has been terminated. Although 45% of all samples showed indications of nitrosamine content, only 12% had concentrations of greater than 1 microgram/kg (1-6 microgram/kg); NDMA was more often found in hard and in soft cheese, than in other types. Analytical grade dichloromethane and chloroform have been found to contain N-nitrosomorpholine in concentrations of 2-376 microgram/kg (27-40% of the samples). The origin of the contamination is not known at present. A survey of the nitrosamine content of animal diets showed that 80% of all samples had contents of greater than 1 microgram/kg. NDMA (up to 79 microgram/kg) and NPYR (up to 26 microgram/kg) were most often found. There are indications that fish meal is the main source of contamination. Drugs containing amidopyrine (AP) have invariably been found to contain NDMA. Concentrations varied within wide limits (less than 10 microgram/kg - 371 microgram/kg). No correlation has been found between samples of pure AP and NDMA contents of drugs in which pure AP had been incorporated. Also, strong variations in NDMA contents have been found within individual batches, probably caused by the high reactivity of AP towards nitrogen oxides. The determination of N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine has been further improved and a further series of food analyses for contents of this nitrosamine has been carried out. About 30% of the samples were positive with contents below or near 10 microgram/kg. An analytical method for determination of N-nitrosamino acids has been worked out. The method consists of a series of extraction, liquid/liquid distribution and chromatography steps; N-nitrosoamino acids are finally determined, after trimethylsilylation, with a TEA detector. First results on the occurrence of these compounds in various cured meat products are reported.", "contents": "Volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in foods and other environmental media. A further series of cured meat products (meat loaf, liver loaf, bologna) has been investigated for their nitrosamine contents before and after frying. Contents in general were in the low microgram/kg range. An extensive study of nitrosamine contents of various types of cheese has been terminated. Although 45% of all samples showed indications of nitrosamine content, only 12% had concentrations of greater than 1 microgram/kg (1-6 microgram/kg); NDMA was more often found in hard and in soft cheese, than in other types. Analytical grade dichloromethane and chloroform have been found to contain N-nitrosomorpholine in concentrations of 2-376 microgram/kg (27-40% of the samples). The origin of the contamination is not known at present. A survey of the nitrosamine content of animal diets showed that 80% of all samples had contents of greater than 1 microgram/kg. NDMA (up to 79 microgram/kg) and NPYR (up to 26 microgram/kg) were most often found. There are indications that fish meal is the main source of contamination. Drugs containing amidopyrine (AP) have invariably been found to contain NDMA. Concentrations varied within wide limits (less than 10 microgram/kg - 371 microgram/kg). No correlation has been found between samples of pure AP and NDMA contents of drugs in which pure AP had been incorporated. Also, strong variations in NDMA contents have been found within individual batches, probably caused by the high reactivity of AP towards nitrogen oxides. The determination of N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine has been further improved and a further series of food analyses for contents of this nitrosamine has been carried out. About 30% of the samples were positive with contents below or near 10 microgram/kg. An analytical method for determination of N-nitrosamino acids has been worked out. The method consists of a series of extraction, liquid/liquid distribution and chromatography steps; N-nitrosoamino acids are finally determined, after trimethylsilylation, with a TEA detector. First results on the occurrence of these compounds in various cured meat products are reported.", "PMID": 567178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7423", "title": "N-Nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine in fried bacon and fried out fat.", "content": "N-Nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine was extracted from fried bacon and fried-out fat with water:methanol (3:2). After elimination of residual nitrite with ammonium sulfamate, the nitrosamine was removed from the water:methanol by continuous extraction with dichloromethane. Identification was accomplished by conversion of N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine to the trimethylsilyl derivative followed by separation on a capillary column and characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantification and recovery studies were conducted without derivatization. Concentrated dichloromethane extracts were analyzed using a gas chromatographic-thermal energy analyzer system. Recovery of N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine from fried bacon and fried-out fat was 62 and 63%, respectively. Five commercial samples of fried bacon contained 0.4-3.9 ppb, while the fried-out fat contained 0.3-2.2 ppb N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine.", "contents": "N-Nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine in fried bacon and fried out fat. N-Nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine was extracted from fried bacon and fried-out fat with water:methanol (3:2). After elimination of residual nitrite with ammonium sulfamate, the nitrosamine was removed from the water:methanol by continuous extraction with dichloromethane. Identification was accomplished by conversion of N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine to the trimethylsilyl derivative followed by separation on a capillary column and characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantification and recovery studies were conducted without derivatization. Concentrated dichloromethane extracts were analyzed using a gas chromatographic-thermal energy analyzer system. Recovery of N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine from fried bacon and fried-out fat was 62 and 63%, respectively. Five commercial samples of fried bacon contained 0.4-3.9 ppb, while the fried-out fat contained 0.3-2.2 ppb N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine.", "PMID": 567179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7424", "title": "Recent studies in Canada on the analysis and occurrence of volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in foods.", "content": "The present paper briefly summarizes the research activities of the Food Research Laboratories, Canadian Health Protection Branch, during the past two years. Data presented indicate that traces of nitrosamines, mainly nitrosodimethylamine and nitrosodiethylamine, can occur in cheese. Several new analytical methods are presented for the determination of non-volatile nitroso compounds, such as nitrosohydroxypyrrolidine, nitrosodiethanolamine, nitrosoproline, nitrosohydroxyproline and nitrosoglyphosphate (a nitrosated herbicide). It is shown that all of the above compounds, even the very polar nitrosoglyphosphate, can be converted to volatile derivatives and then analysed by GLC-MS or by conventional GLC using a specific (such as P-photometric) detector. Traces of nitrosohydroxypyrrolidine have been detected in a few samples of cooked bacon. Contrary to previously reported findings, no significant levels of nitrosoproline were detected in the 6 samples of raw bacon analysed.", "contents": "Recent studies in Canada on the analysis and occurrence of volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in foods. The present paper briefly summarizes the research activities of the Food Research Laboratories, Canadian Health Protection Branch, during the past two years. Data presented indicate that traces of nitrosamines, mainly nitrosodimethylamine and nitrosodiethylamine, can occur in cheese. Several new analytical methods are presented for the determination of non-volatile nitroso compounds, such as nitrosohydroxypyrrolidine, nitrosodiethanolamine, nitrosoproline, nitrosohydroxyproline and nitrosoglyphosphate (a nitrosated herbicide). It is shown that all of the above compounds, even the very polar nitrosoglyphosphate, can be converted to volatile derivatives and then analysed by GLC-MS or by conventional GLC using a specific (such as P-photometric) detector. Traces of nitrosohydroxypyrrolidine have been detected in a few samples of cooked bacon. Contrary to previously reported findings, no significant levels of nitrosoproline were detected in the 6 samples of raw bacon analysed.", "PMID": 567180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7425", "title": "Survey of cured meat products for volatile N-nitrosamines: comparison of two analytical methods.", "content": "A survey of 106 cured meat samples for 14 volatile N-nitrosamines has been completed. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine has been confirmed in fried bacon at levels ranging from 5 to 75 ppb. Unconfirmed trace levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine have been observed in a variety of cured meat products. The comparison of the multidetection GLC-MS method with the mineral oil distillation TEA method for the determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in foods shows good agreement between the analytical methods, especially at the 10 ppb level, and excellent agreement between the GLC and TEA analyses of an identical sample extract.", "contents": "Survey of cured meat products for volatile N-nitrosamines: comparison of two analytical methods. A survey of 106 cured meat samples for 14 volatile N-nitrosamines has been completed. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine has been confirmed in fried bacon at levels ranging from 5 to 75 ppb. Unconfirmed trace levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine have been observed in a variety of cured meat products. The comparison of the multidetection GLC-MS method with the mineral oil distillation TEA method for the determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in foods shows good agreement between the analytical methods, especially at the 10 ppb level, and excellent agreement between the GLC and TEA analyses of an identical sample extract.", "PMID": 567181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7426", "title": "Occurrence of methylguanidine and agmatine in foods.", "content": "Methylguanidine (MG), a precursor of carcinogenic methylnitrosocyanamide and methylnitrosourea, has long been considered to occur widely in fresh beef and various fish muscles in fairly high concentrations. Agmatine (AG) has been reported to be easily nitrosated to give a potent mutagen under acidic conditions. A survey has been conducted on the MG and AG contents of various fresh and processed foods. The present study reveals that no appreciable amount, or only trace amounts, of MG could be detected in fresh beef, pork, chicken and various fish and shellfish. In addition, almost the same low levels of MG were detected in various processed foods, except in the case of smoked-dried fish products, where the MG values ranged from 18 to 178 mg/kg. Relatively high concentrations of AG, ranging from 40 to 200 mg/kg, could be detected in fresh abalone and top-shell muscles, while fairly high concentrations of AG could be detected in some processed foods. A dried squid product, in particular, was found to contain as high as 650 mg/kg of AG.", "contents": "Occurrence of methylguanidine and agmatine in foods. Methylguanidine (MG), a precursor of carcinogenic methylnitrosocyanamide and methylnitrosourea, has long been considered to occur widely in fresh beef and various fish muscles in fairly high concentrations. Agmatine (AG) has been reported to be easily nitrosated to give a potent mutagen under acidic conditions. A survey has been conducted on the MG and AG contents of various fresh and processed foods. The present study reveals that no appreciable amount, or only trace amounts, of MG could be detected in fresh beef, pork, chicken and various fish and shellfish. In addition, almost the same low levels of MG were detected in various processed foods, except in the case of smoked-dried fish products, where the MG values ranged from 18 to 178 mg/kg. Relatively high concentrations of AG, ranging from 40 to 200 mg/kg, could be detected in fresh abalone and top-shell muscles, while fairly high concentrations of AG could be detected in some processed foods. A dried squid product, in particular, was found to contain as high as 650 mg/kg of AG.", "PMID": 567182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7427", "title": "Neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary tissue culture free from density-dependent regulation of growth.", "content": "Studies employing [3H]thymidine and radioautography as well as colchicine and Feulgen staining of DNA showed that up to 19-fold increases in the degree of cell crowding in vitro, i.e. from 1.45 to 27.55 X 10(4) cells per specimen, did not change the rates of entry into DNA synthesis and mitosis of cultivated primary neonatal rat hepatocytes.", "contents": "Neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary tissue culture free from density-dependent regulation of growth. Studies employing [3H]thymidine and radioautography as well as colchicine and Feulgen staining of DNA showed that up to 19-fold increases in the degree of cell crowding in vitro, i.e. from 1.45 to 27.55 X 10(4) cells per specimen, did not change the rates of entry into DNA synthesis and mitosis of cultivated primary neonatal rat hepatocytes.", "PMID": 567183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7428", "title": "Establishment of a variant cell clone growing at 41 degrees C from embryonic rat and tupaia (tree shrew) fibroblast cells.", "content": "Rat and tupaia 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clones were derived from parental embryonic cells, cloned and established in tissue cultures. Both variant cell clones grew permanently at 41 degrees C. The morphology of these cell clones was altered in comparison to the original fibroblast cell clones. The cell biological characterization of the rat and tupaia 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clones showed that both cell clones were stable. After abolishing the selection pressure (incubation at 41 degrees C) for more than 10 further cell passages by incubation at 37 degrees C and then raising the temperature again to 41 degrees C, neither of the cell clones lost their newly acquired property of growing at 41 degrees C. This fact demonstrates that the newly acquired property is certain to be genetically manifest in both cell clones. The modal number of chromosomes of the rat 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clone was increased, and in the case of the tupaia variant cell clone, bimodality was observed. The plating efficiency of both cell clones did not rise significantly in comparison to the parental cells. Neither of the 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clones grew in semi-solid medium.", "contents": "Establishment of a variant cell clone growing at 41 degrees C from embryonic rat and tupaia (tree shrew) fibroblast cells. Rat and tupaia 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clones were derived from parental embryonic cells, cloned and established in tissue cultures. Both variant cell clones grew permanently at 41 degrees C. The morphology of these cell clones was altered in comparison to the original fibroblast cell clones. The cell biological characterization of the rat and tupaia 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clones showed that both cell clones were stable. After abolishing the selection pressure (incubation at 41 degrees C) for more than 10 further cell passages by incubation at 37 degrees C and then raising the temperature again to 41 degrees C, neither of the cell clones lost their newly acquired property of growing at 41 degrees C. This fact demonstrates that the newly acquired property is certain to be genetically manifest in both cell clones. The modal number of chromosomes of the rat 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clone was increased, and in the case of the tupaia variant cell clone, bimodality was observed. The plating efficiency of both cell clones did not rise significantly in comparison to the parental cells. Neither of the 41 degrees C temperature variant cell clones grew in semi-solid medium.", "PMID": 567184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7429", "title": "[The value of CKMB in multiple trauma and high voltage injuries].", "content": "The paper deals with a new aspect in patients with polytrauma using a method to distinguish between myocardial or skeletal muscle damage. The isoenzyme CKMB of kreatine kinase is found to be characteristic for myocardial damage when increasing to more than 10% of the whole enzyme activity. It should be mentioned that this elevation is also seen in other disorders. Therefore the correlation to ECG changes is important in considering the diagnosis.", "contents": "[The value of CKMB in multiple trauma and high voltage injuries]. The paper deals with a new aspect in patients with polytrauma using a method to distinguish between myocardial or skeletal muscle damage. The isoenzyme CKMB of kreatine kinase is found to be characteristic for myocardial damage when increasing to more than 10% of the whole enzyme activity. It should be mentioned that this elevation is also seen in other disorders. Therefore the correlation to ECG changes is important in considering the diagnosis.", "PMID": 567195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7430", "title": "[Study of a carrier solution for the lidocaine infusion therapy in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Corafusin, an infusion solution containing lidocaine, electrolytes and sorbitol, was tested during 4-day continuous infusion of patients with myocardial infarction. The serum sodium level remained constant within the normal range whereas initially reduced serum potassium and magnesium concentration increased to normal within 24 hours. Both sodium and water balance were generally equilibrated during the entire test period. Testing of lactate and non-esterified fatty acids revealed a significant decrease within the first 24 hours. On the basis of these findings it can be concluded that the infusion solution tested is suited for lidocaine infusion therapy of patients with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Study of a carrier solution for the lidocaine infusion therapy in myocardial infarct]. Corafusin, an infusion solution containing lidocaine, electrolytes and sorbitol, was tested during 4-day continuous infusion of patients with myocardial infarction. The serum sodium level remained constant within the normal range whereas initially reduced serum potassium and magnesium concentration increased to normal within 24 hours. Both sodium and water balance were generally equilibrated during the entire test period. Testing of lactate and non-esterified fatty acids revealed a significant decrease within the first 24 hours. On the basis of these findings it can be concluded that the infusion solution tested is suited for lidocaine infusion therapy of patients with myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 567196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7431", "title": "[Blood coagulation disorders in polytraumatized patients].", "content": "The lapse of coagulation disorders in polytraumatized patients is regarded as a substantial part of complications in the course of traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. In 71 polytraumatized patients blood-clotting tests were performed and showed that changes may already occur at a very early stage of the shock. The extent of these changes is closely related to the degree of the injury. It could be demonstrated that prompt shock-treatment and maintenance of adequate circulation as well as administration of low doses of heparin are important for spontaneous recompensation of the hemostatic defect.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation disorders in polytraumatized patients]. The lapse of coagulation disorders in polytraumatized patients is regarded as a substantial part of complications in the course of traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. In 71 polytraumatized patients blood-clotting tests were performed and showed that changes may already occur at a very early stage of the shock. The extent of these changes is closely related to the degree of the injury. It could be demonstrated that prompt shock-treatment and maintenance of adequate circulation as well as administration of low doses of heparin are important for spontaneous recompensation of the hemostatic defect.", "PMID": 567197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7432", "title": "Studies in tissue glycogen in acute stress.", "content": "The glycogen was estimated in liver, cardiac and skeletal muscles during the recovery period after electro-shock. The supercompensation in the level of glycogen was observed in cardiac and skeletal muscles at 1 1/2 and 5 hrs respectively during the recovery period, after electro-shock. The liver glycogen level was lower than the control value after electro-shock at least upto 5 hrs of recovery period. Further, the glycogen level was observed to be minimum when the ventricular glycogen showed its supercompensation at 1 1/2 hr of recovery period. The glycogen level of those three tissues returned to control level after 24 hrs of electro-shock.", "contents": "Studies in tissue glycogen in acute stress. The glycogen was estimated in liver, cardiac and skeletal muscles during the recovery period after electro-shock. The supercompensation in the level of glycogen was observed in cardiac and skeletal muscles at 1 1/2 and 5 hrs respectively during the recovery period, after electro-shock. The liver glycogen level was lower than the control value after electro-shock at least upto 5 hrs of recovery period. Further, the glycogen level was observed to be minimum when the ventricular glycogen showed its supercompensation at 1 1/2 hr of recovery period. The glycogen level of those three tissues returned to control level after 24 hrs of electro-shock.", "PMID": 567192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7433", "title": "Effect of foot-electroshock stress on cholinergic activity, tissue glycogen and blood sugar in albino rats.", "content": "The immediate or 24 hr delayed effects of 1-day (1-DS) or (7-DS) foot-electroshock stress in albino rats were studied on cardiac acetylcholine (ACh), blood and cardiac cholinesterase (ChE) activities, cardiac, hepatic and muscle glycogen contents and blood sugar concentrations. The effects of physostigmine (PHY), atropine, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD), vagotomy and adrenalectomy on 1-DS induced changes were also studied.  1-DS produced an increase in cardiac ACh content which lasted for 24 hr but repeated stress showed phenomenon of adaptation. There seems to be activation of autonomic cholinergic system in stress. 1-DS and 7-DS produced a short-lived inhibition of blood ChE activity and 7-DS also of cardiac ChE activity. Inhibition of ChE activity was probably related to release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla. 1-DS produced hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis with slight hypoglycaemia but without any effect on cardiac glycogen. Following repeated stress there was a phenomenon of adaptation. The hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis produced by stress is due to the release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla. Normally functioning cardiac cholinergic system seems to have a protective effect on heart against stress, in the absence of which cardiac glycogenolysis is induced by stress.", "contents": "Effect of foot-electroshock stress on cholinergic activity, tissue glycogen and blood sugar in albino rats. The immediate or 24 hr delayed effects of 1-day (1-DS) or (7-DS) foot-electroshock stress in albino rats were studied on cardiac acetylcholine (ACh), blood and cardiac cholinesterase (ChE) activities, cardiac, hepatic and muscle glycogen contents and blood sugar concentrations. The effects of physostigmine (PHY), atropine, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD), vagotomy and adrenalectomy on 1-DS induced changes were also studied.  1-DS produced an increase in cardiac ACh content which lasted for 24 hr but repeated stress showed phenomenon of adaptation. There seems to be activation of autonomic cholinergic system in stress. 1-DS and 7-DS produced a short-lived inhibition of blood ChE activity and 7-DS also of cardiac ChE activity. Inhibition of ChE activity was probably related to release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla. 1-DS produced hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis with slight hypoglycaemia but without any effect on cardiac glycogen. Following repeated stress there was a phenomenon of adaptation. The hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis produced by stress is due to the release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla. Normally functioning cardiac cholinergic system seems to have a protective effect on heart against stress, in the absence of which cardiac glycogenolysis is induced by stress.", "PMID": 567191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7434", "title": "Enhancement of IgE antibody production in AKR mice.", "content": "When dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) primed AKR mice were injected with dinitrophenylated Nippostrongylus brasiliensis extract (DNP-Nb), an enhancement of IgE antibody production was obtained by nematode parasite, N. brasiliensis, infection or by Nb antigen injection 2 weeks before DNP-Nb injection. A preferential enhancement of IgE production was observed in infected mice compared with Nb-injected mice. Anti-hapten IgE antibody response was suppressed in AKR mice after appropriate immunization. No suppression of IgE response was observed after whole body irradiation (180-540 R) at an early stage of immunization. High and persistent IgE response was observed in (AKR X DBA/1)F1 mice of both sexes, therefore, the suppressive effect on IgE response in AKR mice was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The similarity of IgE class specific suppression in AKR and SJL mice is discussed.", "contents": "Enhancement of IgE antibody production in AKR mice. When dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) primed AKR mice were injected with dinitrophenylated Nippostrongylus brasiliensis extract (DNP-Nb), an enhancement of IgE antibody production was obtained by nematode parasite, N. brasiliensis, infection or by Nb antigen injection 2 weeks before DNP-Nb injection. A preferential enhancement of IgE production was observed in infected mice compared with Nb-injected mice. Anti-hapten IgE antibody response was suppressed in AKR mice after appropriate immunization. No suppression of IgE response was observed after whole body irradiation (180-540 R) at an early stage of immunization. High and persistent IgE response was observed in (AKR X DBA/1)F1 mice of both sexes, therefore, the suppressive effect on IgE response in AKR mice was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The similarity of IgE class specific suppression in AKR and SJL mice is discussed.", "PMID": 567199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7435", "title": "A flexible approach for on-line computerised quantification of intra-uterine pressure data.", "content": "Utilising simple mathematical techniques of differential calculus, a computer program has been developed for real time, on-line processing of uterine contractions with a small computer. The area under the intra-uterine pressure--time curve is calculated and two distinctive values of this area are printed on-line every 512 sec. The 'active area', which is the area above the resting tone, is calculated in addition to the 'total area'--that is, the area above 0 mmHg. This allows an objective and efficient assessment of uterine activity which may be used as a basis of comparison between individual patients and groups of patients.", "contents": "A flexible approach for on-line computerised quantification of intra-uterine pressure data. Utilising simple mathematical techniques of differential calculus, a computer program has been developed for real time, on-line processing of uterine contractions with a small computer. The area under the intra-uterine pressure--time curve is calculated and two distinctive values of this area are printed on-line every 512 sec. The 'active area', which is the area above the resting tone, is calculated in addition to the 'total area'--that is, the area above 0 mmHg. This allows an objective and efficient assessment of uterine activity which may be used as a basis of comparison between individual patients and groups of patients.", "PMID": 567200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7436", "title": "Cardiac dysautonomia in leprosy.", "content": "Responses to various tests of cardiovascular reflexes were studied in 15 patients with leprosy. Heart rate was continuously monitored by electrocardiogram and blood pressure was recorded simultaneously. Three patients showed evidence of cardiac dysautonomia, showing involvement of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These three patients belonged to the bacilliferous group.", "contents": "Cardiac dysautonomia in leprosy. Responses to various tests of cardiovascular reflexes were studied in 15 patients with leprosy. Heart rate was continuously monitored by electrocardiogram and blood pressure was recorded simultaneously. Three patients showed evidence of cardiac dysautonomia, showing involvement of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These three patients belonged to the bacilliferous group.", "PMID": 567202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7437", "title": "Correlation of aqueous humor ascorbate with intraocular pressure and outflow facility in hereditary buphthalmic rabbits.", "content": "The hypotensive effect of ascorbate on intraocular pressure has been reported following topical application, oral administration, or anterior chamber infusion in animals. The present report describes the correlation of aqueous humor ascorbate concentration with intraocular pressure as well as outflow facility in vivo. Low aqueous ascorbate level was seen in buphthalmic eyes with high intraocular pressure and low outflow facility. The opposite correlation was observed in normal eyes. Ascorbate concentration in the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye is apparently related to the alteration of outflow facility and the movement of fluid in the anterior chamber.", "contents": "Correlation of aqueous humor ascorbate with intraocular pressure and outflow facility in hereditary buphthalmic rabbits. The hypotensive effect of ascorbate on intraocular pressure has been reported following topical application, oral administration, or anterior chamber infusion in animals. The present report describes the correlation of aqueous humor ascorbate concentration with intraocular pressure as well as outflow facility in vivo. Low aqueous ascorbate level was seen in buphthalmic eyes with high intraocular pressure and low outflow facility. The opposite correlation was observed in normal eyes. Ascorbate concentration in the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye is apparently related to the alteration of outflow facility and the movement of fluid in the anterior chamber.", "PMID": 567210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7438", "title": "[Genetic interpretation of linear skin abnormalities].", "content": "For the linear distribution of congenital skin lesions, modern genetics offers several explanations. Localized linear nevi may be due to somatic mutations. Generalized linear nevi may be the result of early somatic mutations or of gametic half chromatid mutations. The generalized linear patterns of incontinentia pigmenti, focal dermal hypoplasia and sex-linked chondrodysplasia punctata may be explained by functional X-chromosome mosaicism. The same mechanism may account for a peculiar striation of bones observed in focal dermal hypoplasia. Exceptional cases of incontinentia pigmenti and focal dermal hypoplasia in males may be due in part to the gonosome constitution XXY, and in part to gametic half chromatid mutations.", "contents": "[Genetic interpretation of linear skin abnormalities]. For the linear distribution of congenital skin lesions, modern genetics offers several explanations. Localized linear nevi may be due to somatic mutations. Generalized linear nevi may be the result of early somatic mutations or of gametic half chromatid mutations. The generalized linear patterns of incontinentia pigmenti, focal dermal hypoplasia and sex-linked chondrodysplasia punctata may be explained by functional X-chromosome mosaicism. The same mechanism may account for a peculiar striation of bones observed in focal dermal hypoplasia. Exceptional cases of incontinentia pigmenti and focal dermal hypoplasia in males may be due in part to the gonosome constitution XXY, and in part to gametic half chromatid mutations.", "PMID": 567211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7439", "title": "Inhibition, by selected antibiotics, of protein synthesis in cells growing in tissue cultures.", "content": "A large number of compounds including actinobolin, adrenochrome, amicetin, anisomycin, aurintricarboxylic acid, blasticidin S, chartreusin, chlortetracycline, cycloheximide, doxycycline, edeine A1, edeine complex, emetine, fusidic acid, gougerotin, GppCH2p, oxytetracycline, pactamycin, polydextran sulphate, puromycin, pyrocatechol violet, sparsomycin and tubulosine have been tested for inhibitory effects on protein synthesis in cultured cells from both mouse fibroblasts (3T6 cells) and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). Essentially, similar results were obtained with both cell types with the most effective inhibitors being pactamycin, emetine, tubulosine, anisomycin and cycloheximide and with no significant inhibitory activity being detected with edeine complex, edeine A1, GppCH2p, polydextran sulphate, aurintricarboxylic acid, pyrocatechol violet and adrenochrome. The concentration of pactamycin required to produce 50% inhibition of protein synthesis approximated 5 X 10(-9) M, but for most of the inhibitors it ranged from 5 X 10(-6) M to 5 X 10(4) M. The molecular basis underlying these differences may be related, in addition to their intrinsic inhibitory power, to differences in permeability of the cells towards the various drugs tested. Alternatively, active accumulation of the drugs by the cells may be the variable parameter.", "contents": "Inhibition, by selected antibiotics, of protein synthesis in cells growing in tissue cultures. A large number of compounds including actinobolin, adrenochrome, amicetin, anisomycin, aurintricarboxylic acid, blasticidin S, chartreusin, chlortetracycline, cycloheximide, doxycycline, edeine A1, edeine complex, emetine, fusidic acid, gougerotin, GppCH2p, oxytetracycline, pactamycin, polydextran sulphate, puromycin, pyrocatechol violet, sparsomycin and tubulosine have been tested for inhibitory effects on protein synthesis in cultured cells from both mouse fibroblasts (3T6 cells) and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). Essentially, similar results were obtained with both cell types with the most effective inhibitors being pactamycin, emetine, tubulosine, anisomycin and cycloheximide and with no significant inhibitory activity being detected with edeine complex, edeine A1, GppCH2p, polydextran sulphate, aurintricarboxylic acid, pyrocatechol violet and adrenochrome. The concentration of pactamycin required to produce 50% inhibition of protein synthesis approximated 5 X 10(-9) M, but for most of the inhibitors it ranged from 5 X 10(-6) M to 5 X 10(4) M. The molecular basis underlying these differences may be related, in addition to their intrinsic inhibitory power, to differences in permeability of the cells towards the various drugs tested. Alternatively, active accumulation of the drugs by the cells may be the variable parameter.", "PMID": 567213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7440", "title": "Extraction of light filth from coconut: collaborative study.", "content": "The official method for filth in coconut, 44.029, frequently produces filter papers with excessive plant debris and low hair recoveries. To overcome these deficiencies, 3 changes in the method were made: (1) the defatting step was modified to use sodium lauryl sulfate in combination with borax for better defatting; (2) 40% isopropanol was substituted for 60% ethanol as the aqueous phase for cleaner papers; and (3) mineral oil was substituted for n-heptane to improve hair recoveries. These changes resulted in higher, more reproducible recoveries of rodent hairs and insect fragments and cleaner filter papers. The method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.029.", "contents": "Extraction of light filth from coconut: collaborative study. The official method for filth in coconut, 44.029, frequently produces filter papers with excessive plant debris and low hair recoveries. To overcome these deficiencies, 3 changes in the method were made: (1) the defatting step was modified to use sodium lauryl sulfate in combination with borax for better defatting; (2) 40% isopropanol was substituted for 60% ethanol as the aqueous phase for cleaner papers; and (3) mineral oil was substituted for n-heptane to improve hair recoveries. These changes resulted in higher, more reproducible recoveries of rodent hairs and insect fragments and cleaner filter papers. The method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.029.", "PMID": 567215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7441", "title": "Plane penetration of uterine muscle by intrauterine shields.", "content": "A finite element approach is used to predict stress and deformation states of uterine muscle tissue under plane strain indentation by a flexible shield. Realistic, one-dimensional \"punch\" elements at the shield edges assure that muscle shear stresses remain bounded within experimentally measured values. For typical tissue, bearing pressure, deformation flow fields and edge slip stresses leading to tissue damage are calculated. Penetration depth to shield width ratios are up to 3.0. A piecewise linear, elastic approximation to the highly variable, nonlinear mechanical behavior of the tissue is used. Results are applied to the prediction of possible tissue damage by a flexible shield intrauterine contraceptive device, in place and in equilibrium with typical multiparous uteri.", "contents": "Plane penetration of uterine muscle by intrauterine shields. A finite element approach is used to predict stress and deformation states of uterine muscle tissue under plane strain indentation by a flexible shield. Realistic, one-dimensional \"punch\" elements at the shield edges assure that muscle shear stresses remain bounded within experimentally measured values. For typical tissue, bearing pressure, deformation flow fields and edge slip stresses leading to tissue damage are calculated. Penetration depth to shield width ratios are up to 3.0. A piecewise linear, elastic approximation to the highly variable, nonlinear mechanical behavior of the tissue is used. Results are applied to the prediction of possible tissue damage by a flexible shield intrauterine contraceptive device, in place and in equilibrium with typical multiparous uteri.", "PMID": 567216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7442", "title": "Thymine 7-hydroxylase and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2' -hydroxylase activities in Rhodotorula glutinis.", "content": "Cell-free preparations from Rhodotorula glutinis catalyzed the conversion of deoxyribonucleosides to ribonucleosides in a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2' -hydroxylase reaction. The reaction occurred with only thymidine or deoxyuridine, of the common deoxyribonucleosides, without detachment of the deoxyribose moiety, at the nucleoside level. The same enzyme preparations catalyzed the conversion of thymine to 5-hydroxymethyluracil in a thymine 7-hydroxylase reaction. Requirements for molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, and ascorbate indicated that the 2' -hydroxylase and 7-hydroxylase reactions are of the alpha-keto-acid dioxygenases class. The requirements for alpha-ketoglutarate and Fe2+ were very stringent. During the course of the 2' -hydroxylase and 7-hydroxylase reactions, alpha-ketoglutarate was decarboxylated to form succinate and CO2 so that the ratio of hydroxylated nucleoside or pyrimidine to CO2 was 1:1.5-Hydroxymethyluracil and 5-formyluracil also stimulated the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate and thus appeared to undergo 7-hydroxylase reactions.", "contents": "Thymine 7-hydroxylase and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2' -hydroxylase activities in Rhodotorula glutinis. Cell-free preparations from Rhodotorula glutinis catalyzed the conversion of deoxyribonucleosides to ribonucleosides in a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2' -hydroxylase reaction. The reaction occurred with only thymidine or deoxyuridine, of the common deoxyribonucleosides, without detachment of the deoxyribose moiety, at the nucleoside level. The same enzyme preparations catalyzed the conversion of thymine to 5-hydroxymethyluracil in a thymine 7-hydroxylase reaction. Requirements for molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, and ascorbate indicated that the 2' -hydroxylase and 7-hydroxylase reactions are of the alpha-keto-acid dioxygenases class. The requirements for alpha-ketoglutarate and Fe2+ were very stringent. During the course of the 2' -hydroxylase and 7-hydroxylase reactions, alpha-ketoglutarate was decarboxylated to form succinate and CO2 so that the ratio of hydroxylated nucleoside or pyrimidine to CO2 was 1:1.5-Hydroxymethyluracil and 5-formyluracil also stimulated the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate and thus appeared to undergo 7-hydroxylase reactions.", "PMID": 567220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7443", "title": "Individual microtubules viewed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in the same PtK2 cell.", "content": "PtK2 cells were grown on gold grids and treated with Triton X-100 in a microtubule stabilizing buffer. The resulting cytoskeletons were fixed with glutaraldehyde and subjected to the indirect immunofluorescence procedure using monospecific tubulin antibodies. Grids were examined first by fluorescence microscopy, and the display of fluorescent cytoplasmic microtubules was recorded. The grids were then stained with uranyl acetate and the display of fibrous structures recorded by electron microscopy. Thus the display of cytoplasmic microtubular structures in the light microscope and the electron microscope can be compared within the same cytoskeleton. The results show a direct correspondence of the fluorescent fibers in the light microscope with uninterrupted fibers of diameter approximately 550 A in the electron microscope. This is the diameter reported for a single microtubule decorated around its circumference by two layers of antibody molecules. Thus under optimal conditions immunofluorescence microscopy can visualize individual microtubules.", "contents": "Individual microtubules viewed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in the same PtK2 cell. PtK2 cells were grown on gold grids and treated with Triton X-100 in a microtubule stabilizing buffer. The resulting cytoskeletons were fixed with glutaraldehyde and subjected to the indirect immunofluorescence procedure using monospecific tubulin antibodies. Grids were examined first by fluorescence microscopy, and the display of fluorescent cytoplasmic microtubules was recorded. The grids were then stained with uranyl acetate and the display of fibrous structures recorded by electron microscopy. Thus the display of cytoplasmic microtubular structures in the light microscope and the electron microscope can be compared within the same cytoskeleton. The results show a direct correspondence of the fluorescent fibers in the light microscope with uninterrupted fibers of diameter approximately 550 A in the electron microscope. This is the diameter reported for a single microtubule decorated around its circumference by two layers of antibody molecules. Thus under optimal conditions immunofluorescence microscopy can visualize individual microtubules.", "PMID": 567223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7444", "title": "Recovery of surface membrane in anterior pituitary cells. Variations in traffic detected with anionic and cationic ferritin.", "content": "Cells dissociated from rat anterior pituitaries were incubated with native or cationized ferritin (CF) to trace the fate of surface membrane. Native ferritin, which did not bind to the cell surface, was taken up in small amounts by bulk-phase endocytosis and was found increasingly (over 1-2 h) concentrated in lysosomes. CF at 100-fold less concentrations bound rapidly to the cell membrane, was taken up by endocytosis in far greater amounts, and within 15-60 min was found increasingly within multiple stacked Golgi cisternae, around forming secretion granules, and within elements of GERL, as well as within lysosomes. The findings demonstrate that the fate of the tracer--and presumably also that of the surface membrane--varies with the same molecule differing only in net charge: vesicles carrying anionic ferritin (net negative charge) fuse only with elements of the lysosomal system whereas those carrying CF (net positive charge) can fuse not only with elements of the lysosomal system, but also with elements along the secretory pathway (Golgi cisternae and condensing granules) as well.", "contents": "Recovery of surface membrane in anterior pituitary cells. Variations in traffic detected with anionic and cationic ferritin. Cells dissociated from rat anterior pituitaries were incubated with native or cationized ferritin (CF) to trace the fate of surface membrane. Native ferritin, which did not bind to the cell surface, was taken up in small amounts by bulk-phase endocytosis and was found increasingly (over 1-2 h) concentrated in lysosomes. CF at 100-fold less concentrations bound rapidly to the cell membrane, was taken up by endocytosis in far greater amounts, and within 15-60 min was found increasingly within multiple stacked Golgi cisternae, around forming secretion granules, and within elements of GERL, as well as within lysosomes. The findings demonstrate that the fate of the tracer--and presumably also that of the surface membrane--varies with the same molecule differing only in net charge: vesicles carrying anionic ferritin (net negative charge) fuse only with elements of the lysosomal system whereas those carrying CF (net positive charge) can fuse not only with elements of the lysosomal system, but also with elements along the secretory pathway (Golgi cisternae and condensing granules) as well.", "PMID": 567224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7445", "title": "Enrichment and visualization of small replication units from cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "DNA from cultured Chinese hamster cells has been fractionated to yield a population of DNA enriched for replicating molecules. Molecules containing replication structures were analyzed by electron microscopy, and replicon size was estimated. The enrichment procedure takes advantage of single-stranded regions characteristic of replicating molecules, and the greater affinity of mercuric ion for single-stranded rather than native DNA. After interaction with low concentrations of HgCl2, DNA with bound mercury is separated from the bulk of the DNA by virtue of its increased buoyant density in an isopycnic Cs2SO4 gradient. When DNA from cells labeled with [3H]thymidine for 45 s is interacted with HgCl2 and banded in Cs2SO4, the DNA with the highest specific activity is found in a dense region of the gradient. The high specific activity DNA behaves kinetically like nascent DNA since the radioactivity can be chased into main band if the cells are incubated for a further 2 h in excess unlabeled thymidine. Electron microscope analysis of the DNA in the enriched fraction confirmed that it contains a substantial fraction of molecules with replication structures. The level of enrichment is about 25-fold compared to unfractionated DNA or DNA taken from the main band of the Hg++/Cs2SO4 gradient. Of the replicating molecules visualized, 85% possessed a single replication structure. All molecules with multiple replication forms contained replicon sizes less than 5 micron, ranging from 0.2 to 4.5 micron. Replicon size was determined by measuring the distance from the center of one replication structure to the center of the adjacent replication structure on the same molecule. The replicons observed in this study are far smaller than can be detected by DNA fiber autoradiography and are in the same size range as the very small replication units reported in embryonic systems.", "contents": "Enrichment and visualization of small replication units from cultured mammalian cells. DNA from cultured Chinese hamster cells has been fractionated to yield a population of DNA enriched for replicating molecules. Molecules containing replication structures were analyzed by electron microscopy, and replicon size was estimated. The enrichment procedure takes advantage of single-stranded regions characteristic of replicating molecules, and the greater affinity of mercuric ion for single-stranded rather than native DNA. After interaction with low concentrations of HgCl2, DNA with bound mercury is separated from the bulk of the DNA by virtue of its increased buoyant density in an isopycnic Cs2SO4 gradient. When DNA from cells labeled with [3H]thymidine for 45 s is interacted with HgCl2 and banded in Cs2SO4, the DNA with the highest specific activity is found in a dense region of the gradient. The high specific activity DNA behaves kinetically like nascent DNA since the radioactivity can be chased into main band if the cells are incubated for a further 2 h in excess unlabeled thymidine. Electron microscope analysis of the DNA in the enriched fraction confirmed that it contains a substantial fraction of molecules with replication structures. The level of enrichment is about 25-fold compared to unfractionated DNA or DNA taken from the main band of the Hg++/Cs2SO4 gradient. Of the replicating molecules visualized, 85% possessed a single replication structure. All molecules with multiple replication forms contained replicon sizes less than 5 micron, ranging from 0.2 to 4.5 micron. Replicon size was determined by measuring the distance from the center of one replication structure to the center of the adjacent replication structure on the same molecule. The replicons observed in this study are far smaller than can be detected by DNA fiber autoradiography and are in the same size range as the very small replication units reported in embryonic systems.", "PMID": 567225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7446", "title": "Analogous ultrastructure and surface properties during capping and phagocytosis in leukocytes.", "content": "Ultrastructural analyses have revealed striking similarities between Concanavalin A capping and phagocytosis in leukocytes. Both processes involve extensive membrane movement to form a protuberance or pseudopods; a dense network of microfilaments is recruited into both the protuberance and the pseudopods; microtubules are disassembled either generally (capping) or in the local region of the pseudopods (phagocytosis); and cells generally depleted of microtubules by colchicine show polarized phagocytosis via the microfilament-rich protuberance rather than uniform peripheral ingestion of particles via individual pseudopods. Cap formation can thus be viewed as occurring as an exaggeration of the same ultrastructural events that mediate phagocytosis. Similar changes in cell surface topography also accompany capping and phagocytosis. Thus, in nonfixed cells, Concanavalin A-receptor complexes aggregate into the region of the protuberance in colchicine-treated leukocytes (conventional capping) or into the region of pseudopod formation in phagocytizing leukocytes. In the latter case, the movement of lectin-receptor complexes occurs from membrane overlying peripheral microtubules into filament-rich pseudopods that exclude microtubules. These data provide evidence against a role for microtubules as \"anchors\" for lectin receptors. Rather, they indicate a preferential movement of cell surface Concanavalin A-receptor complexes towards areas of extensive (the protuberance) or localized (pseudopods) microfilament concentration. In conventional capping, Concanavalin A must be added to the colchicine-treated cells before fixation in order to demonstrate movement of receptors from a diffuse distribution into the protuberance. However, Convanavalin A receptors are enriched in the membrane associated with phagocytic particles as compared to the remaining membrane. This particle-induced redistribution of receptors is particularly prominent in colchicine-treated cells that phagocytize and are then fixed and Concanavalin A labeled; both lectin receptors and beads are concentrated over the protuberance. Thus, the final analogy between conventionally capped and phagocytic cells is that in both cases the properties of the plasma membrane in regions of microfilament concentration are modified by Concanavalin A itself (capping) or by the phagocytized particle, to limit locally the diffusion of Concanavalin A receptors.", "contents": "Analogous ultrastructure and surface properties during capping and phagocytosis in leukocytes. Ultrastructural analyses have revealed striking similarities between Concanavalin A capping and phagocytosis in leukocytes. Both processes involve extensive membrane movement to form a protuberance or pseudopods; a dense network of microfilaments is recruited into both the protuberance and the pseudopods; microtubules are disassembled either generally (capping) or in the local region of the pseudopods (phagocytosis); and cells generally depleted of microtubules by colchicine show polarized phagocytosis via the microfilament-rich protuberance rather than uniform peripheral ingestion of particles via individual pseudopods. Cap formation can thus be viewed as occurring as an exaggeration of the same ultrastructural events that mediate phagocytosis. Similar changes in cell surface topography also accompany capping and phagocytosis. Thus, in nonfixed cells, Concanavalin A-receptor complexes aggregate into the region of the protuberance in colchicine-treated leukocytes (conventional capping) or into the region of pseudopod formation in phagocytizing leukocytes. In the latter case, the movement of lectin-receptor complexes occurs from membrane overlying peripheral microtubules into filament-rich pseudopods that exclude microtubules. These data provide evidence against a role for microtubules as \"anchors\" for lectin receptors. Rather, they indicate a preferential movement of cell surface Concanavalin A-receptor complexes towards areas of extensive (the protuberance) or localized (pseudopods) microfilament concentration. In conventional capping, Concanavalin A must be added to the colchicine-treated cells before fixation in order to demonstrate movement of receptors from a diffuse distribution into the protuberance. However, Convanavalin A receptors are enriched in the membrane associated with phagocytic particles as compared to the remaining membrane. This particle-induced redistribution of receptors is particularly prominent in colchicine-treated cells that phagocytize and are then fixed and Concanavalin A labeled; both lectin receptors and beads are concentrated over the protuberance. Thus, the final analogy between conventionally capped and phagocytic cells is that in both cases the properties of the plasma membrane in regions of microfilament concentration are modified by Concanavalin A itself (capping) or by the phagocytized particle, to limit locally the diffusion of Concanavalin A receptors.", "PMID": 567226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7447", "title": "A factor analysis of coping behaviors.", "content": "Undertook factor analysis on questionnaire data that deal with ways of diminishing tension. Data were obtained on 132 college students. Seven patterns of coping were identified tentatively: seeking social support, dysfunctional behavior, narcotizing anxiety, problem solving, reliance on professionals, bearing with discomfort, and escape.", "contents": "A factor analysis of coping behaviors. Undertook factor analysis on questionnaire data that deal with ways of diminishing tension. Data were obtained on 132 college students. Seven patterns of coping were identified tentatively: seeking social support, dysfunctional behavior, narcotizing anxiety, problem solving, reliance on professionals, bearing with discomfort, and escape.", "PMID": 567228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7448", "title": "Role of activation and sensory stimuli in recovery from lateral hypothalamic damage in the cat.", "content": "The early stages of recovery from lateral hypothalamic lesions were analyzed in 30 adult cats. In addition to aphagia and adipsia, neurological examination revealed deficits suggestive of deficient endogenous arousal, including somnolence, catalepsy, akinesia, and sensory neglect. Manipulations (tail pinch and injection of amphetamine) that counteracted these deficits also restored feeding. During recovery from aphagia, feeding gradually became activated by sensory stimuli (sight, feel, and smell) associated with food. These data suggest that activation is an important component in the control of normal feeding.", "contents": "Role of activation and sensory stimuli in recovery from lateral hypothalamic damage in the cat. The early stages of recovery from lateral hypothalamic lesions were analyzed in 30 adult cats. In addition to aphagia and adipsia, neurological examination revealed deficits suggestive of deficient endogenous arousal, including somnolence, catalepsy, akinesia, and sensory neglect. Manipulations (tail pinch and injection of amphetamine) that counteracted these deficits also restored feeding. During recovery from aphagia, feeding gradually became activated by sensory stimuli (sight, feel, and smell) associated with food. These data suggest that activation is an important component in the control of normal feeding.", "PMID": 567229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7449", "title": "Polarized monolayers formed by epithelial cells on a permeable and translucent support.", "content": "An epithelial cell line (MDCK) was used to prepare monolayers which, in vitro, develop properties of transporting epithelia. Monolayers were formed by plating cells at high densities (10(6) cells/cm2) on collagen-coated nylon cloth disks to saturate the area available for attachment, thus avoiding the need for cell division. An electrical resistance developed within 4-6 h after plating and achieved a steady-state value of 104 +/- 1.8 omega-cm2 after 24 h. Mature monolayers were morphologically and functionally polarized. They contained junctional complexes composed of desmosomes and tight junctions with properties similar to those of \"leaky\" epithelia. Monolayers were capable of maintaining a spontaneous electrical potential sensitive to amiloride, produced a net water flux from the apical to basal side, and discriminated between Na+ and Cl- ions. The MDCK permeability barrier behaves as a \"thin\" membrane with negatively charged sites. It has: (a) a linear conductance/concentration relationship; (b) an asymmetric instantaneous current/voltage relationship; (c) a reduced ability to discriminate between Na+ and Cl- caused by lowering the pH; and (d) a characteristic pattern of ionic selectivity which suggests that the negatively charged sites are highly hydrates and of medium field strength. Measurements of Na+ permeability of electrical and tracer methods ruled out exchange diffusion as a mechanism for ion permeation and the lack of current saturation in the I/deltapsi curves does not support the involvement of carriers. The discrimination between Na+ and Cl- was severely but reversibly decreased at low pH, suggesting that Na+-specific channels which exclude Cl- contain acidic groups dissociated at neutral pH. Bound Ca++ ions are involved in maintaining the integrity of the junctions in MDCK monolayers as was shown by a reversible drop of resistance and opening of the junctions in Ca++-free medium containing EGTA. Several other epithelial cell lines are capable of developing a significant resistance under the conditions used to obtain MDCK monolayers.", "contents": "Polarized monolayers formed by epithelial cells on a permeable and translucent support. An epithelial cell line (MDCK) was used to prepare monolayers which, in vitro, develop properties of transporting epithelia. Monolayers were formed by plating cells at high densities (10(6) cells/cm2) on collagen-coated nylon cloth disks to saturate the area available for attachment, thus avoiding the need for cell division. An electrical resistance developed within 4-6 h after plating and achieved a steady-state value of 104 +/- 1.8 omega-cm2 after 24 h. Mature monolayers were morphologically and functionally polarized. They contained junctional complexes composed of desmosomes and tight junctions with properties similar to those of \"leaky\" epithelia. Monolayers were capable of maintaining a spontaneous electrical potential sensitive to amiloride, produced a net water flux from the apical to basal side, and discriminated between Na+ and Cl- ions. The MDCK permeability barrier behaves as a \"thin\" membrane with negatively charged sites. It has: (a) a linear conductance/concentration relationship; (b) an asymmetric instantaneous current/voltage relationship; (c) a reduced ability to discriminate between Na+ and Cl- caused by lowering the pH; and (d) a characteristic pattern of ionic selectivity which suggests that the negatively charged sites are highly hydrates and of medium field strength. Measurements of Na+ permeability of electrical and tracer methods ruled out exchange diffusion as a mechanism for ion permeation and the lack of current saturation in the I/deltapsi curves does not support the involvement of carriers. The discrimination between Na+ and Cl- was severely but reversibly decreased at low pH, suggesting that Na+-specific channels which exclude Cl- contain acidic groups dissociated at neutral pH. Bound Ca++ ions are involved in maintaining the integrity of the junctions in MDCK monolayers as was shown by a reversible drop of resistance and opening of the junctions in Ca++-free medium containing EGTA. Several other epithelial cell lines are capable of developing a significant resistance under the conditions used to obtain MDCK monolayers.", "PMID": 567227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7450", "title": "Histology of benign virus induced tumors of the skin.", "content": "The majority of findings in relation to warts have been passed on from one textbook to the other since the end of the last century. More recent studies have been carried out with the electron microscope. But information is lacking as to histology, histochemistry, examination with the phase-contrast microscope, with the interference microscope, microradiography and other new techniques. Warts are a proliferation of the epidermis caused by a virus, and we know that the culprit acts in the epidermis itself. Warts are acanthomas, and a transition to malignancy is possible in predisposed persons. It is most remarkable that in the malignant tumors of epidermodysplasia verruciformis, no virus could be found. As the demonstration of viruses with the electron microscope and other techniques cannot be made as a matter of routine, we have to search for a simpler method with the light microscope. With the application of more elaborate procedures, new information about epidermal proliferation will certainly be obtained.", "contents": "Histology of benign virus induced tumors of the skin. The majority of findings in relation to warts have been passed on from one textbook to the other since the end of the last century. More recent studies have been carried out with the electron microscope. But information is lacking as to histology, histochemistry, examination with the phase-contrast microscope, with the interference microscope, microradiography and other new techniques. Warts are a proliferation of the epidermis caused by a virus, and we know that the culprit acts in the epidermis itself. Warts are acanthomas, and a transition to malignancy is possible in predisposed persons. It is most remarkable that in the malignant tumors of epidermodysplasia verruciformis, no virus could be found. As the demonstration of viruses with the electron microscope and other techniques cannot be made as a matter of routine, we have to search for a simpler method with the light microscope. With the application of more elaborate procedures, new information about epidermal proliferation will certainly be obtained.", "PMID": 567230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7451", "title": "Ultrastructural resemblance of basal cell epithelioma to primary epithelial germ.", "content": "Six examples of basal cell epithelium were compared to fetal and adult skin. Five parameters were used in this study: abnormally large aggregates of melanosomes in epithelial cells; the paucity of half-desmosomes; the increase of microfilaments in the cell periphery; clustered membrane-limited granules; and desmosome-like structures of stromal fibroblasts. All of these indicators were positive in both basal cell epithelioma and fetal hair follicle; but they were negative in both fetal and adult epidermis. Therefore, it was concluded that basal cell epithelioma seems to mimic fetal primary epithelial germ. Interestingly, stromal fibroblasts of basal cell epithelioma phagocytize collagen fibers, and membrane-limited granules were found both inside and outside the tumor cells facing the digested collagen stroma. In view of the collagenolytic activity of the homogenate of basal cell epithelioma, membrane-limited granules might represent zymogen granules for collagenases.", "contents": "Ultrastructural resemblance of basal cell epithelioma to primary epithelial germ. Six examples of basal cell epithelium were compared to fetal and adult skin. Five parameters were used in this study: abnormally large aggregates of melanosomes in epithelial cells; the paucity of half-desmosomes; the increase of microfilaments in the cell periphery; clustered membrane-limited granules; and desmosome-like structures of stromal fibroblasts. All of these indicators were positive in both basal cell epithelioma and fetal hair follicle; but they were negative in both fetal and adult epidermis. Therefore, it was concluded that basal cell epithelioma seems to mimic fetal primary epithelial germ. Interestingly, stromal fibroblasts of basal cell epithelioma phagocytize collagen fibers, and membrane-limited granules were found both inside and outside the tumor cells facing the digested collagen stroma. In view of the collagenolytic activity of the homogenate of basal cell epithelioma, membrane-limited granules might represent zymogen granules for collagenases.", "PMID": 567231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7452", "title": "Nutrient quality and acceptability of mechanically deboned meat.", "content": "The meat processing industry has great incentive to push for the lifting of the ban on MDM. By using MDM equipment, much meat now being lost could be salvaged for human consumption with great economies and world food shortage implications. The properties of mechanically deboned meat vary with the percentage of bone and marrow in the original products, the equipment, and by other factors. The question of future use of MDM hinges on its readmission to the market, based on safety and health aspects. Dietiticians and others in health care service may be asked to give an opinion concerning the use of MDM. Consideration of the possible addition of nutrients over and above those usually supplied in meats may be a positive factor. Certainly, if its use is reinstated, health care professionals will need to be aware of the implications of including such products in the foods chosen for themselves and their patients.", "contents": "Nutrient quality and acceptability of mechanically deboned meat. The meat processing industry has great incentive to push for the lifting of the ban on MDM. By using MDM equipment, much meat now being lost could be salvaged for human consumption with great economies and world food shortage implications. The properties of mechanically deboned meat vary with the percentage of bone and marrow in the original products, the equipment, and by other factors. The question of future use of MDM hinges on its readmission to the market, based on safety and health aspects. Dietiticians and others in health care service may be asked to give an opinion concerning the use of MDM. Consideration of the possible addition of nutrients over and above those usually supplied in meats may be a positive factor. Certainly, if its use is reinstated, health care professionals will need to be aware of the implications of including such products in the foods chosen for themselves and their patients.", "PMID": 567233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7453", "title": "Effect of diet on fecal nutrients.", "content": "Calculated and chemically analyzed nutrient values for three weighed constant diets were dissimilar for calcium, magnesium, protein, and fat, and similar for fiber and ash. Fecal nutrient concentrations of ten healthy men fed the same constant diets were quite variable. Feeding constant weighed diets of similar composition does not assure the same fecal residue in the large colon of human subjects.", "contents": "Effect of diet on fecal nutrients. Calculated and chemically analyzed nutrient values for three weighed constant diets were dissimilar for calcium, magnesium, protein, and fat, and similar for fiber and ash. Fecal nutrient concentrations of ten healthy men fed the same constant diets were quite variable. Feeding constant weighed diets of similar composition does not assure the same fecal residue in the large colon of human subjects.", "PMID": 567234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7454", "title": "Binding of IgG and papain-derived fragments to Fc receptors of the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane.", "content": "Quantitative measurements of the in vitro binding of 125I-labeled rabbit IgG (IgGR), and its Fab-1, Fab-2, and Fc fragments to receptors on the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane (YSM) were carried out by incubating equimolar solutions (1 X 10(-5) M) of IgGR and of each of its fragments with formalin-fixed discs (3.5 cm2) of the YSM. It was found that 97, 4, 2, and 96 pmoles of IgGR, Fab-1, Fab-2, and Fc, respectively, were bound per YSM disc. Since the binding characteristics of intact IgGR were fully conserved in the Fc piece, the results establish that the YSM receptor for IgG is an Fc receptor. It was also shown that whereas IgGR retained its binding ability after exposure to stress (55 degrees C, 10 min), free Fc did not. These findings, together with knowledge of the IgG structure, imply that the YSM receptor recognition unit of IgGR resides in the CH2 domain of its Fc piece.", "contents": "Binding of IgG and papain-derived fragments to Fc receptors of the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane. Quantitative measurements of the in vitro binding of 125I-labeled rabbit IgG (IgGR), and its Fab-1, Fab-2, and Fc fragments to receptors on the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane (YSM) were carried out by incubating equimolar solutions (1 X 10(-5) M) of IgGR and of each of its fragments with formalin-fixed discs (3.5 cm2) of the YSM. It was found that 97, 4, 2, and 96 pmoles of IgGR, Fab-1, Fab-2, and Fc, respectively, were bound per YSM disc. Since the binding characteristics of intact IgGR were fully conserved in the Fc piece, the results establish that the YSM receptor for IgG is an Fc receptor. It was also shown that whereas IgGR retained its binding ability after exposure to stress (55 degrees C, 10 min), free Fc did not. These findings, together with knowledge of the IgG structure, imply that the YSM receptor recognition unit of IgGR resides in the CH2 domain of its Fc piece.", "PMID": 567236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7455", "title": "Activation of the classical and alternative pathways of complement fixation by immune complexes containing normal and tryptophan-modified immunoglobulin G.", "content": "Koshland's reagent (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (NBB)) has been shown to modify tryptophanyl residues in anti-ovalbumin IgG. As little as 2 moles NBB/mole IgG antibody are sufficient to block the classical pathway of complement activation when the antibody is complexed to antigen (ovalbumin). In contrast, immune complexes containing antibody with the same degree of tryptophanyl substitution will activate the alternative pathway of complement fixation. Immune complexes containing F(ab')2 fragments derived from anti-ovalbumin IgG do not activate the classical pathway. When measuring the percentage activation of C3 using the method of Laurell, NBB does not affect the alternative pathway of the complement system up to a molar ratio of 2 NBB/F(ab')2. The above findings, provide a means to evaluate the relative contribution of complement activation by the different pathways.", "contents": "Activation of the classical and alternative pathways of complement fixation by immune complexes containing normal and tryptophan-modified immunoglobulin G. Koshland's reagent (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (NBB)) has been shown to modify tryptophanyl residues in anti-ovalbumin IgG. As little as 2 moles NBB/mole IgG antibody are sufficient to block the classical pathway of complement activation when the antibody is complexed to antigen (ovalbumin). In contrast, immune complexes containing antibody with the same degree of tryptophanyl substitution will activate the alternative pathway of complement fixation. Immune complexes containing F(ab')2 fragments derived from anti-ovalbumin IgG do not activate the classical pathway. When measuring the percentage activation of C3 using the method of Laurell, NBB does not affect the alternative pathway of the complement system up to a molar ratio of 2 NBB/F(ab')2. The above findings, provide a means to evaluate the relative contribution of complement activation by the different pathways.", "PMID": 567237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7456", "title": "Plasma concentrations of calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc in maternal and cord blood and their relationship to low birth weight.", "content": "A study of the relationship between low birth weight and concentrations of six metals in maternal and cord plasma was conducted. Maternal and cord blood were collected at delivery. Cases and controls were matched for maternal age (+/- 3 yr), race, parity, socioeconomic status, and smoking habits and the sex of the neonate. Plasma concentrations of calcium, copper, magnesium, and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry; plasma chromium and iron concentrations were determined by flameless atomic absorption techniques. Mean maternal plasma concentrations were significantly lower in the low-birth-weight group than in the controls for iron (p = 0.012) and calcium (p = 0.007). Mean cord plasma concentrations were also significantly lower for calcium (p = 0.037). There were no statistically significant differences between the low- and normal-birth-weight groups for the maternal or cord chromium, copper, magnesium, and zinc concentrations or for the cord iron concentrations. It is probably true that many factors, acting additively or synergistically, can produce low birth weight, and that low birth weight acts only as a marker for a number of biologic insults. The results of this study suggest that nutrient metals may be one of these factors.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc in maternal and cord blood and their relationship to low birth weight. A study of the relationship between low birth weight and concentrations of six metals in maternal and cord plasma was conducted. Maternal and cord blood were collected at delivery. Cases and controls were matched for maternal age (+/- 3 yr), race, parity, socioeconomic status, and smoking habits and the sex of the neonate. Plasma concentrations of calcium, copper, magnesium, and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry; plasma chromium and iron concentrations were determined by flameless atomic absorption techniques. Mean maternal plasma concentrations were significantly lower in the low-birth-weight group than in the controls for iron (p = 0.012) and calcium (p = 0.007). Mean cord plasma concentrations were also significantly lower for calcium (p = 0.037). There were no statistically significant differences between the low- and normal-birth-weight groups for the maternal or cord chromium, copper, magnesium, and zinc concentrations or for the cord iron concentrations. It is probably true that many factors, acting additively or synergistically, can produce low birth weight, and that low birth weight acts only as a marker for a number of biologic insults. The results of this study suggest that nutrient metals may be one of these factors.", "PMID": 567238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7457", "title": "Differences in the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone in vitro by rat pituitary glands collected at various times during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "The release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) into the medium during incubation and the pituitary tissue content of MSH were measured separately using pituitary glands collected from rats at various stages of the oestrous cycle. The MSH was measured by a biological assay using a synthetic alpha-MSH as standard. The release of MSH was maximal during thepro-oestrous phase and MSH content of the pituitary gland was highest during dioestrus. The influences of the tripeptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, which inhibits MSH secretion in vivo, and of progesterone on the release of MSH in vitro were studied with tissue collected at various phases of the oestrous cycle. Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 was effective in inhibiting MSH release both at pro-oestrus and oestrus but not at dioestrus. Progesterone overcame this inhibition.", "contents": "Differences in the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone in vitro by rat pituitary glands collected at various times during the oestrous cycle. The release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) into the medium during incubation and the pituitary tissue content of MSH were measured separately using pituitary glands collected from rats at various stages of the oestrous cycle. The MSH was measured by a biological assay using a synthetic alpha-MSH as standard. The release of MSH was maximal during thepro-oestrous phase and MSH content of the pituitary gland was highest during dioestrus. The influences of the tripeptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, which inhibits MSH secretion in vivo, and of progesterone on the release of MSH in vitro were studied with tissue collected at various phases of the oestrous cycle. Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 was effective in inhibiting MSH release both at pro-oestrus and oestrus but not at dioestrus. Progesterone overcame this inhibition.", "PMID": 567239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7458", "title": "Interaction of beta1H globulin with cell-bound C3b: quantitative analysis of binding and influence of alternative pathway components on binding.", "content": "Purified beta1H globulin (beta1H) was shown to bind to C3b coated cells by both immunofluorescent and radioactive tracer techniques. With EAC43, the amount of beta1H bound was directly proportional to the amount of C3 used to prepare the cells; EA, EAC14 and EAC14oxy2 bound very small amounts of beta1H. The C3b binding site on beta1H was labile in that not all of the purified 125I-beta1H was capable of binding to C3b, even when an excess of cell-bound C3b was present. Scatchard analysis of binding of beta1H to C3b-coated cells indicated an equilibrium constant of 10(9) L/M. Deviations from linearity were regularly found on Scatchard analyses. This was consistent with the hypothesis that the beta1H binding sites exhibit negative cooperativity in that as more sites become occupied, it becomes more difficult to fill the remaining sites. The stoichiometry of the reaction between C3b and beta1H was examined using EAC14oxy23 prepared with 131I-C3 and beta1H labeled with 125I. Between 0.5--0.8 beta1H molecules were bound per C3b molecule. Other alternative pathway components influenced the binding of 125I-beta1H to cell bound C3b. Both C3b and native C3 inhibited binding of labeled beta1H at an efficiency approximately 1/1,000 that of unlabeled beta1H. Factor B inhibited binding with 1/280 the efficiency of unlabeled beta1H. Properdin caused a dose-dependent increase in the binding of beta1H; this enhancement was abrogated if B was also present in the reaction mixture. Scatchard analysis indicated that the enhancement of beta1H binding by P resulted in an increased number of available binding sites rather than an increase in the affinity of binding.", "contents": "Interaction of beta1H globulin with cell-bound C3b: quantitative analysis of binding and influence of alternative pathway components on binding. Purified beta1H globulin (beta1H) was shown to bind to C3b coated cells by both immunofluorescent and radioactive tracer techniques. With EAC43, the amount of beta1H bound was directly proportional to the amount of C3 used to prepare the cells; EA, EAC14 and EAC14oxy2 bound very small amounts of beta1H. The C3b binding site on beta1H was labile in that not all of the purified 125I-beta1H was capable of binding to C3b, even when an excess of cell-bound C3b was present. Scatchard analysis of binding of beta1H to C3b-coated cells indicated an equilibrium constant of 10(9) L/M. Deviations from linearity were regularly found on Scatchard analyses. This was consistent with the hypothesis that the beta1H binding sites exhibit negative cooperativity in that as more sites become occupied, it becomes more difficult to fill the remaining sites. The stoichiometry of the reaction between C3b and beta1H was examined using EAC14oxy23 prepared with 131I-C3 and beta1H labeled with 125I. Between 0.5--0.8 beta1H molecules were bound per C3b molecule. Other alternative pathway components influenced the binding of 125I-beta1H to cell bound C3b. Both C3b and native C3 inhibited binding of labeled beta1H at an efficiency approximately 1/1,000 that of unlabeled beta1H. Factor B inhibited binding with 1/280 the efficiency of unlabeled beta1H. Properdin caused a dose-dependent increase in the binding of beta1H; this enhancement was abrogated if B was also present in the reaction mixture. Scatchard analysis indicated that the enhancement of beta1H binding by P resulted in an increased number of available binding sites rather than an increase in the affinity of binding.", "PMID": 567241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7459", "title": "Affinity of fibronectin to collagens of different genetic types and to fibrinogen.", "content": "Fibronectin, a fibroblast surface protein, was purified from human and chicken plasma and extracts of cultured chicken fibroblasts with affinity chromatography on gelatin coupled to Sepharose particles. A fibronectin-like protein was also isolated from the plasma of Torpedo fish. The collagen binding properties of fibronectin were studied with several genetically distinct collagens. Heat denatured types I, II, and III collagens were equal in their binding capacity and more active than the native collagens or A and B chains. Native type III collagen was more active than the other native collagens. Human and chicken fibronectins showed approximately the same pattern of specificity. Identical specificities were shown by the plasma and fibroblast forms of chicken fibronectin. Two cyanogen bromide peptides of the collagen alpha1 (II) chain, CB8 and CB12, derived from different parts of the chain, were active in fibronectin binding. A polymer of the tripeptide pro-gly-pro, and polyproline were inactive. Fibronectin also binds to fibrinogen and fibrin. Comparison of this binding to collagen binding showed that fibrinogen inhibited binding of fibronectin to collagen, but was less active than native collagen. Two other fibrous proteins, tropoelastin and keratin, did not bind fibronectin. The binding of fibronectin to fibrinogen was inhibited by collagen and incorporation of fibronectin into blood clot in the cold was inhibited by gelatin. These results suggest that the binding of fibronectin to collagen and fibrinogen depends on the same binding site in the fibronectin molecule. It is proposed that cell surface fibronectin mediates attachment of cells to the collagenous extracellular matrix and to a temporary fibrin matrix in a wound.", "contents": "Affinity of fibronectin to collagens of different genetic types and to fibrinogen. Fibronectin, a fibroblast surface protein, was purified from human and chicken plasma and extracts of cultured chicken fibroblasts with affinity chromatography on gelatin coupled to Sepharose particles. A fibronectin-like protein was also isolated from the plasma of Torpedo fish. The collagen binding properties of fibronectin were studied with several genetically distinct collagens. Heat denatured types I, II, and III collagens were equal in their binding capacity and more active than the native collagens or A and B chains. Native type III collagen was more active than the other native collagens. Human and chicken fibronectins showed approximately the same pattern of specificity. Identical specificities were shown by the plasma and fibroblast forms of chicken fibronectin. Two cyanogen bromide peptides of the collagen alpha1 (II) chain, CB8 and CB12, derived from different parts of the chain, were active in fibronectin binding. A polymer of the tripeptide pro-gly-pro, and polyproline were inactive. Fibronectin also binds to fibrinogen and fibrin. Comparison of this binding to collagen binding showed that fibrinogen inhibited binding of fibronectin to collagen, but was less active than native collagen. Two other fibrous proteins, tropoelastin and keratin, did not bind fibronectin. The binding of fibronectin to fibrinogen was inhibited by collagen and incorporation of fibronectin into blood clot in the cold was inhibited by gelatin. These results suggest that the binding of fibronectin to collagen and fibrinogen depends on the same binding site in the fibronectin molecule. It is proposed that cell surface fibronectin mediates attachment of cells to the collagenous extracellular matrix and to a temporary fibrin matrix in a wound.", "PMID": 567240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7460", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of plasma proteins by embryonic chick hepatocytes: changing patterns during the first three days of culture.", "content": "A simple model system is described for studying synthesis of plasma proteins. The system is based on chick embryo hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture which synthesize a broad spectrum of plasma proteins and secrete them into the culture medium. The secreted proteins are stable and consist almost exclusively of plasma proteins. The cultured cells are nonproliferating hepatic parenchymal cells whose cell mass remains constant in culture. By a modification of Laurell's rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the secreted plasma proteins can be detected in nanogram amounts in 3 microliter of unconcentrated culture medium. Kinetics of secretion are obtained by sequential assay of proteins accumulating in the medium. In this system it is demonstrated that: (a) intracellular plasma protein levels are equivalent to less than 5% of the daily secretion; (b) synthesis and secretion are continuous; and (c) the overall half-time for plasma protein movement along the secretory pathway is less than 10 min. From these results, it follows that the rate at which the plasma proteins are secreted gives a valid estimate of their rate of synthesis. This feature of the culture and the sensitivity of the assay allow routine measurements of plasma protein synthesis without disruption of the cells and without the use of radioisotopes. It is shown, furthermore, that the overall rate of plasma protein synthesis in cultured hepatocytes is constant over a 3-day period and is similar to that of the intact liver. 3,000,000 cells, containing 1 mg cell protein, synthesize 0.2 mg of plasma proteins daily, amounting to one-fifth of hepatocellular protein synthesis. Under the conditions used, albumin synthesis steadily decreases with culture time whereas the synthesis of many other plasma proteins increases. The observed phenotypic changes and reorganization of plasma protein synthesis illustrate how the system may be exploited for studying the regulatory processes governing plasma protein synthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of plasma proteins by embryonic chick hepatocytes: changing patterns during the first three days of culture. A simple model system is described for studying synthesis of plasma proteins. The system is based on chick embryo hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture which synthesize a broad spectrum of plasma proteins and secrete them into the culture medium. The secreted proteins are stable and consist almost exclusively of plasma proteins. The cultured cells are nonproliferating hepatic parenchymal cells whose cell mass remains constant in culture. By a modification of Laurell's rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the secreted plasma proteins can be detected in nanogram amounts in 3 microliter of unconcentrated culture medium. Kinetics of secretion are obtained by sequential assay of proteins accumulating in the medium. In this system it is demonstrated that: (a) intracellular plasma protein levels are equivalent to less than 5% of the daily secretion; (b) synthesis and secretion are continuous; and (c) the overall half-time for plasma protein movement along the secretory pathway is less than 10 min. From these results, it follows that the rate at which the plasma proteins are secreted gives a valid estimate of their rate of synthesis. This feature of the culture and the sensitivity of the assay allow routine measurements of plasma protein synthesis without disruption of the cells and without the use of radioisotopes. It is shown, furthermore, that the overall rate of plasma protein synthesis in cultured hepatocytes is constant over a 3-day period and is similar to that of the intact liver. 3,000,000 cells, containing 1 mg cell protein, synthesize 0.2 mg of plasma proteins daily, amounting to one-fifth of hepatocellular protein synthesis. Under the conditions used, albumin synthesis steadily decreases with culture time whereas the synthesis of many other plasma proteins increases. The observed phenotypic changes and reorganization of plasma protein synthesis illustrate how the system may be exploited for studying the regulatory processes governing plasma protein synthesis.", "PMID": 567242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7461", "title": "Quantitative determination of the binding capacity of the sex hormone-binding globulin, using agar gel electrophoresis.", "content": "An easy, rapid and precise technique for the determination of the binding capacity of the sex hormonebinding globulin (SHBG) is described. The plasma is incubated with [3H]5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) either alone, or together with an excess of unlabelled DHT. The SHBG-binding peaks are demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis according to Wagner (1972) Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 353, 1235--1245), and the SHBG-binding capacity is calculated from the radioactivity specifically bound to the SHBG peak, corrected for the dissociation of the [3H]DHT from SHBG during the 90 minute electrophoresis. In addition to investigating various problems of methodology, the following clinical results were obtained: 1 Normal range (x +/- s) of the SHBG-binding capacity for males (age 22--41; n = 26) 38 +/- 11 nmol/1.2. An older male group has, with 48 +/- 10 nmol/l, a a significantly higher binding capacity. 3. The highest values found so far were in pregnancy plasma of the third trimenon (330 and 400 nmol/l).", "contents": "Quantitative determination of the binding capacity of the sex hormone-binding globulin, using agar gel electrophoresis. An easy, rapid and precise technique for the determination of the binding capacity of the sex hormonebinding globulin (SHBG) is described. The plasma is incubated with [3H]5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) either alone, or together with an excess of unlabelled DHT. The SHBG-binding peaks are demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis according to Wagner (1972) Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 353, 1235--1245), and the SHBG-binding capacity is calculated from the radioactivity specifically bound to the SHBG peak, corrected for the dissociation of the [3H]DHT from SHBG during the 90 minute electrophoresis. In addition to investigating various problems of methodology, the following clinical results were obtained: 1 Normal range (x +/- s) of the SHBG-binding capacity for males (age 22--41; n = 26) 38 +/- 11 nmol/1.2. An older male group has, with 48 +/- 10 nmol/l, a a significantly higher binding capacity. 3. The highest values found so far were in pregnancy plasma of the third trimenon (330 and 400 nmol/l).", "PMID": 567243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7462", "title": "Central and peripheral catecholamines and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase activity during the oestrus cycle.", "content": "Natural variations in monoamine levels in the adrenal gland, whole brain, hypothalamus and plasma during the oestrus cycle were determined in Sherman rats. Noradrenaline content of adrenal gland was at its highest level during met-oestrus phase while adrenaline was at its lowest level. During pro-oestrus adrenaline in the adrenal gland was at the maximum value. Plasma adrenaline did not change significantly during the oestrus cycle. However plasma noradrenaline was significantly higher during metoesrus compared to the value of di-oestrus and pro-oestrus. In the hypothalamus noradrenaline level was at its highest value during di-oestrus and at its lowest during met-oestrus, while brian noradrenaline reached its maximum value during pro-oestrus. The sum of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline showed maximum level during met-oestrus phase but at the same time total adrenal adrenaline plus noradrenaline was lowered. The variations in adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal gland did not correspond to the changes in the activity of enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). The activity of PNMT reached its maximum value during met-oestrus phase of the oestrus cycle. The observed variations in adrenal, brain, hypothalamus and plasma catecholamines can be attributed to the modification in endocrine activity which takes place during the oestrus cycle.", "contents": "Central and peripheral catecholamines and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase activity during the oestrus cycle. Natural variations in monoamine levels in the adrenal gland, whole brain, hypothalamus and plasma during the oestrus cycle were determined in Sherman rats. Noradrenaline content of adrenal gland was at its highest level during met-oestrus phase while adrenaline was at its lowest level. During pro-oestrus adrenaline in the adrenal gland was at the maximum value. Plasma adrenaline did not change significantly during the oestrus cycle. However plasma noradrenaline was significantly higher during metoesrus compared to the value of di-oestrus and pro-oestrus. In the hypothalamus noradrenaline level was at its highest value during di-oestrus and at its lowest during met-oestrus, while brian noradrenaline reached its maximum value during pro-oestrus. The sum of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline showed maximum level during met-oestrus phase but at the same time total adrenal adrenaline plus noradrenaline was lowered. The variations in adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal gland did not correspond to the changes in the activity of enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). The activity of PNMT reached its maximum value during met-oestrus phase of the oestrus cycle. The observed variations in adrenal, brain, hypothalamus and plasma catecholamines can be attributed to the modification in endocrine activity which takes place during the oestrus cycle.", "PMID": 567244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7463", "title": "Activity of catechol-o-methyltransferase in brain regions and adrenal gland during the oestrus cycle.", "content": "The activity of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) during four different phases of the oestrus cycle were determined. Brain and hypothalamus had highest level of COMT activity during oestrus phase, while at pro-oestrus it was at its lowest level. COMT activity in the adrenal gland was also modified during the four phases with the maximum level at met-oestrus and minimum at pro-oestrus phase. The results provide evidence to show that COMT in the brain, hypothalamus and the adrenals is markedly affected by changes in physiological status of the female rats and its evolution in brain is different from adrenal gland during the oestrus cycle. The variations in the activity of COMT may be the consequence of modified endocrine activity which takes place naturally during oestrus cycle.", "contents": "Activity of catechol-o-methyltransferase in brain regions and adrenal gland during the oestrus cycle. The activity of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) during four different phases of the oestrus cycle were determined. Brain and hypothalamus had highest level of COMT activity during oestrus phase, while at pro-oestrus it was at its lowest level. COMT activity in the adrenal gland was also modified during the four phases with the maximum level at met-oestrus and minimum at pro-oestrus phase. The results provide evidence to show that COMT in the brain, hypothalamus and the adrenals is markedly affected by changes in physiological status of the female rats and its evolution in brain is different from adrenal gland during the oestrus cycle. The variations in the activity of COMT may be the consequence of modified endocrine activity which takes place naturally during oestrus cycle.", "PMID": 567245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7464", "title": "The effect of dietary selenium and vitamin A on biochemical parameters and survival of young among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).", "content": "Thirty-two adult female white-tailed deer were assigned to four complete pelleted diets (+/- 45 ppm vitamin E; +/- 0.2 ppm selenium). Selenium and vitamin E concentration in the unsupplemented diet was 0.04 and 5.5 ppm, respectively. Biochemical parameters of the erythrocyte (RBC) glutathione peroxidase system and survival of off-spring to weaning were followed for 2 years. At the end of the second year, 12 male young (3 per treatment) and the remaining adults were killed, and liver and muscle parameters of the glutathione system determined. Plasma selenium (Se) and vitamin E (E) were significantly lower among unsupplemented adults within 6 months of treatment and remained essentially constant from 10 months on. In vitro hemolysis and mortality of young were affected by dietary E but not by Se. Tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was correlated with tissue Se in all tissues measured (RBC, liver and muscle). Tissue Se, in turn, was related to dietary Se. Thus, dietary Se deficiency (Se = 0.04 ppm) resulted in biochemical deficiency (depressed GSH-Px). This was not reflected in gross lesions among the adults, nor in increased mortality among young.", "contents": "The effect of dietary selenium and vitamin A on biochemical parameters and survival of young among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Thirty-two adult female white-tailed deer were assigned to four complete pelleted diets (+/- 45 ppm vitamin E; +/- 0.2 ppm selenium). Selenium and vitamin E concentration in the unsupplemented diet was 0.04 and 5.5 ppm, respectively. Biochemical parameters of the erythrocyte (RBC) glutathione peroxidase system and survival of off-spring to weaning were followed for 2 years. At the end of the second year, 12 male young (3 per treatment) and the remaining adults were killed, and liver and muscle parameters of the glutathione system determined. Plasma selenium (Se) and vitamin E (E) were significantly lower among unsupplemented adults within 6 months of treatment and remained essentially constant from 10 months on. In vitro hemolysis and mortality of young were affected by dietary E but not by Se. Tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was correlated with tissue Se in all tissues measured (RBC, liver and muscle). Tissue Se, in turn, was related to dietary Se. Thus, dietary Se deficiency (Se = 0.04 ppm) resulted in biochemical deficiency (depressed GSH-Px). This was not reflected in gross lesions among the adults, nor in increased mortality among young.", "PMID": 567248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7465", "title": "The life cycle of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis (Sporozoa: Coccidia) in the mouse, Mus musculus.", "content": "The life cycle of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis, established from a single oocyst, is described in experimentally infected mice (Mus musculus). The coccidium had a prepatent period of 7 days and a patent period of 10--16 days. Oocysts were spherical to ellipsoidal in shape and measured 21.2 x 18.3 micron. Sporulation time was 3 to 3.5 days. Sporocysts measured 12.2 x 7.2 micron and contained a circular to avoid granular sporocyst residuum measuring 5.5 X 5.0 micron. One, 2 or 3 circular to rectangular polar granules were observed within each sporulated oocyst. The endogenous stages developed primarily in the cecum and colon and only occasionally in the lower ileum. Four generations of schizonts were found. Mature 1st-generation schizonts, first observed 48 hr postinfection (PI), measured 17.8 x 12.3 micron and had 12 merozoites that measured 13.3 x 2.0 micron. Mature 2nd-generation schizonts appeared 78 hr PI. They measured 10.2 x 9.3 micron and had 8 merozoites measuring 5.0 x 1.6 micron. Mature 3rd-generation schizonts appeared first at 114 hr PI and measured 17.5 x 10.2 micron and had 10 merozoites that measured 12.4 x 1.8 micron. Mature 4th-generation schizonts appeared first at 144 hr PI. They measured 18.2 x 15.3 micron and had 18 merozoites. The merozoites of the 4th-generation schizont were 4.5 x 1.2 micron. Mature macrogamonts and microgamonts developed simultaneously appearing at 156 hr PI. Macrogamonts measured 16 x 14.5 micron and microgamonts were 18.2 x 15.3 micron. In experimentally infected rats (Rattus norvegicus), development of E. falciformis var. pragensis progressed only as far as mature 1st-generation schizonts.", "contents": "The life cycle of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis (Sporozoa: Coccidia) in the mouse, Mus musculus. The life cycle of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis, established from a single oocyst, is described in experimentally infected mice (Mus musculus). The coccidium had a prepatent period of 7 days and a patent period of 10--16 days. Oocysts were spherical to ellipsoidal in shape and measured 21.2 x 18.3 micron. Sporulation time was 3 to 3.5 days. Sporocysts measured 12.2 x 7.2 micron and contained a circular to avoid granular sporocyst residuum measuring 5.5 X 5.0 micron. One, 2 or 3 circular to rectangular polar granules were observed within each sporulated oocyst. The endogenous stages developed primarily in the cecum and colon and only occasionally in the lower ileum. Four generations of schizonts were found. Mature 1st-generation schizonts, first observed 48 hr postinfection (PI), measured 17.8 x 12.3 micron and had 12 merozoites that measured 13.3 x 2.0 micron. Mature 2nd-generation schizonts appeared 78 hr PI. They measured 10.2 x 9.3 micron and had 8 merozoites measuring 5.0 x 1.6 micron. Mature 3rd-generation schizonts appeared first at 114 hr PI and measured 17.5 x 10.2 micron and had 10 merozoites that measured 12.4 x 1.8 micron. Mature 4th-generation schizonts appeared first at 144 hr PI. They measured 18.2 x 15.3 micron and had 18 merozoites. The merozoites of the 4th-generation schizont were 4.5 x 1.2 micron. Mature macrogamonts and microgamonts developed simultaneously appearing at 156 hr PI. Macrogamonts measured 16 x 14.5 micron and microgamonts were 18.2 x 15.3 micron. In experimentally infected rats (Rattus norvegicus), development of E. falciformis var. pragensis progressed only as far as mature 1st-generation schizonts.", "PMID": 567249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7466", "title": "Use of hamster antisera in the preliminary differentiation of Leptospira interrogans servars hardjo and balcanica.", "content": "Preliminary differentiation of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and balcanica can be made with antisera that are collected from hamsters after experimental infection with serovar hardjo and selected for high homologous and low or nil heterologous titres, as measured by the microscopic agglutination test. Rabbit antisera against serovars hardjo and balcanica, cattle antisera against hardjo and sheep antisera against the serogroup Hebdomadis each agglutinated hardjo and balcanica to a similar titre.", "contents": "Use of hamster antisera in the preliminary differentiation of Leptospira interrogans servars hardjo and balcanica. Preliminary differentiation of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and balcanica can be made with antisera that are collected from hamsters after experimental infection with serovar hardjo and selected for high homologous and low or nil heterologous titres, as measured by the microscopic agglutination test. Rabbit antisera against serovars hardjo and balcanica, cattle antisera against hardjo and sheep antisera against the serogroup Hebdomadis each agglutinated hardjo and balcanica to a similar titre.", "PMID": 567250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7467", "title": "Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. I. Effect of lead on cultured cell proliferation.", "content": "Growth studies were done on a cultured rat liver cell line (RLC-GAI) grown in a chemically defined medium in the presence of lead nitrate. Lead reversibly inhibited the growth of these cells even after 6 d of exposure to the heavy metal. To compare lead sensitivity in various cell lines, GI50 and LD50 values were determined in the RLC-GAI cells as well as two glioma cell lines (B82 and C(6)) and a neuroblastoma cell line (N18). The LD50 values paralleled but were consistently lower than the GI50 values. Since lead is known to affect heme synthesis, hemin was added to test the possibilty of preventing the growth-inhibitory effect of the lead. The growth capacity of lead-treated cells did not change with the addition of hemin. It is thought that differentiated cultured cell lines such as these could be useful in examining the molecular mechanism of lead toxicity.", "contents": "Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. I. Effect of lead on cultured cell proliferation. Growth studies were done on a cultured rat liver cell line (RLC-GAI) grown in a chemically defined medium in the presence of lead nitrate. Lead reversibly inhibited the growth of these cells even after 6 d of exposure to the heavy metal. To compare lead sensitivity in various cell lines, GI50 and LD50 values were determined in the RLC-GAI cells as well as two glioma cell lines (B82 and C(6)) and a neuroblastoma cell line (N18). The LD50 values paralleled but were consistently lower than the GI50 values. Since lead is known to affect heme synthesis, hemin was added to test the possibilty of preventing the growth-inhibitory effect of the lead. The growth capacity of lead-treated cells did not change with the addition of hemin. It is thought that differentiated cultured cell lines such as these could be useful in examining the molecular mechanism of lead toxicity.", "PMID": 567252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7468", "title": "Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. III Effect of lead on heme synthesis.", "content": "The effect of lead nitrate on the biosynthesis of heme and the cellular uptake of (59)Fe was studied in an established rat liver cell line (RLC-GAI) grown in serum-free medium. Heme synthesis was shown to be increased in lead-treated cells when determined by measuring the amount of (59)Fe incorporated into the heme fraction of cell homogenates; concomitant with increased (59)Fe incorporation into heme, cellular uptake of (59)Fe was also increased. By contrast, heme synthesis was inhibited by lead in a dose-dependent manner when determined by measuring the conversion of ((14)C) aminolevulinic acid into heme under identical experimental conditions. Cellular degradation of heme was not found to be significantly affected by lead. It is proposed that lead inhibited the biosynthesis of heme and that the increased incorporation of (59)Fe into the heme fraction of the lead-treated cells was the result of the increased uptake of (59)Fe and hence labeling of the heme molecules. Evidence is presented that suggests that only (59)Fe present in solution as a low-molecular-weight complex was accumulated in increased amounts by lead-treated cells.", "contents": "Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. III Effect of lead on heme synthesis. The effect of lead nitrate on the biosynthesis of heme and the cellular uptake of (59)Fe was studied in an established rat liver cell line (RLC-GAI) grown in serum-free medium. Heme synthesis was shown to be increased in lead-treated cells when determined by measuring the amount of (59)Fe incorporated into the heme fraction of cell homogenates; concomitant with increased (59)Fe incorporation into heme, cellular uptake of (59)Fe was also increased. By contrast, heme synthesis was inhibited by lead in a dose-dependent manner when determined by measuring the conversion of ((14)C) aminolevulinic acid into heme under identical experimental conditions. Cellular degradation of heme was not found to be significantly affected by lead. It is proposed that lead inhibited the biosynthesis of heme and that the increased incorporation of (59)Fe into the heme fraction of the lead-treated cells was the result of the increased uptake of (59)Fe and hence labeling of the heme molecules. Evidence is presented that suggests that only (59)Fe present in solution as a low-molecular-weight complex was accumulated in increased amounts by lead-treated cells.", "PMID": 567253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7469", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the liver associated with diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Angiosarcoma of the liver occurred in a 76-year-old man who had been treated for a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the liver with diethylstilbestrol for 13 years. Angiosarcoma was also present within pulmonary and renal arteries. The possibility that the intraarterial lesions might represent independent primary tumors is considered.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the liver associated with diethylstilbestrol. Angiosarcoma of the liver occurred in a 76-year-old man who had been treated for a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the liver with diethylstilbestrol for 13 years. Angiosarcoma was also present within pulmonary and renal arteries. The possibility that the intraarterial lesions might represent independent primary tumors is considered.", "PMID": 567256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7470", "title": "[Genetic and physiological mechanisms of the hypertensive reaction in emotional stress in rats].", "content": "The experiments were performed on rats of three inbred strains (Wistar, August, and Spreg-Dowley). Arterial pressure was measured during acute emotional stress. The reactivity of arteries to vasopressor stimuli, the corticosteroid function, and the humoral pressor activity of plasma were also studied to investigate some physiologic mechanisms of genetically determined differences in the level of arterial pressure during stress. It was established that the rat strains which were examined did not differ in the level of arterial pressure at rest, but showed marked differences in pressure under conditions of stress: the greatest rise in pressure was noted among August rats, the least among Wistar rats, while animals of the Spreg-Dowley strain occupied an intermediate position. It is concluded that inter-strain differences in the pressor reaction reflect genetical peculiarities in the system of nonspecific stress reactivity of animals.", "contents": "[Genetic and physiological mechanisms of the hypertensive reaction in emotional stress in rats]. The experiments were performed on rats of three inbred strains (Wistar, August, and Spreg-Dowley). Arterial pressure was measured during acute emotional stress. The reactivity of arteries to vasopressor stimuli, the corticosteroid function, and the humoral pressor activity of plasma were also studied to investigate some physiologic mechanisms of genetically determined differences in the level of arterial pressure during stress. It was established that the rat strains which were examined did not differ in the level of arterial pressure at rest, but showed marked differences in pressure under conditions of stress: the greatest rise in pressure was noted among August rats, the least among Wistar rats, while animals of the Spreg-Dowley strain occupied an intermediate position. It is concluded that inter-strain differences in the pressor reaction reflect genetical peculiarities in the system of nonspecific stress reactivity of animals.", "PMID": 567259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7471", "title": "Anthelmintic control of concurrent Hymenolepis nana and Syphacia obvelata infections in the mouse with uredofos.", "content": "Tests were made to determine the efficacy of uredofos in either the diet or drinking water for controlling induced Hymenolepis nana and naturally acquired Syphacia obvelata infections in the mouse. Four levels of administration (50, 75, 100, and 125 parts per million) were used in a 6-day drugdiet assay. Consistent removal of Hymenolepis nana occurred only at 125 parts per million, whereas removal Syphacia obvelata was complete at all levels. The disodium salt of uredofos was given in the drinking water. Three levels of administration (12, 18 and 25 mg/kg) were used, and the treatment period was limited to 24 hours. Complete removal of Hymenolepis nana occurred at 25 mg/kg and Syphacia obvelata was completely eliminated at all levels.", "contents": "Anthelmintic control of concurrent Hymenolepis nana and Syphacia obvelata infections in the mouse with uredofos. Tests were made to determine the efficacy of uredofos in either the diet or drinking water for controlling induced Hymenolepis nana and naturally acquired Syphacia obvelata infections in the mouse. Four levels of administration (50, 75, 100, and 125 parts per million) were used in a 6-day drugdiet assay. Consistent removal of Hymenolepis nana occurred only at 125 parts per million, whereas removal Syphacia obvelata was complete at all levels. The disodium salt of uredofos was given in the drinking water. Three levels of administration (12, 18 and 25 mg/kg) were used, and the treatment period was limited to 24 hours. Complete removal of Hymenolepis nana occurred at 25 mg/kg and Syphacia obvelata was completely eliminated at all levels.", "PMID": 567262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7472", "title": "Mechanical failure (leaflet disruption) of a porcine aortic heterograft: rare cause of acute aortic insufficiency.", "content": "Use of the Hancock, glutaraldehyde-preserved, stented heterograft for aortic valve replacement has gained wide acceptance in the past 7 years. Nevertheless, very little is known about the long-term mechanical and pathological characteristics following implantation. A rare case is presented in which mechanical valve failure occurred secondary to leaflet disruption in the absence of infection 23 months after implantation. The literature is reviewed and the implications of this unusual complication are discussed.", "contents": "Mechanical failure (leaflet disruption) of a porcine aortic heterograft: rare cause of acute aortic insufficiency. Use of the Hancock, glutaraldehyde-preserved, stented heterograft for aortic valve replacement has gained wide acceptance in the past 7 years. Nevertheless, very little is known about the long-term mechanical and pathological characteristics following implantation. A rare case is presented in which mechanical valve failure occurred secondary to leaflet disruption in the absence of infection 23 months after implantation. The literature is reviewed and the implications of this unusual complication are discussed.", "PMID": 567263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7473", "title": "Hemolytic anemia associated with heterograft replacement of the mitral valve.", "content": "The first case of overt hemolytic anemia following mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft is reported. Cardiac catheterization failed to reveal a paravalvular leak or valvular incompetence to account for the hemolysis. Red cell traumatization by the Dacron-covered Stellite ring and stent is suggested as the cause of hemolysis with the porcine heterograft.", "contents": "Hemolytic anemia associated with heterograft replacement of the mitral valve. The first case of overt hemolytic anemia following mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft is reported. Cardiac catheterization failed to reveal a paravalvular leak or valvular incompetence to account for the hemolysis. Red cell traumatization by the Dacron-covered Stellite ring and stent is suggested as the cause of hemolysis with the porcine heterograft.", "PMID": 567264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7474", "title": "Primary thrombocythemia in the young patient.", "content": "Primary thrombocythemia is typically a disease of older patients and frequently is associated with thrombosis and hemorrhage. Seven female and two male patients younger than 30 years were evaluated because of platelet counts exceeding 1 million/mm3. No hemorrhagic or thrombotic problems existed before diagnosis or developed during the follow-up period of 14 months to 10 years. Platelet function studies done in six of the nine patients showed absent aggregation with epinephrine and variable aggregation with adenosine diphosphate, as are seen in other chronic myeloproliferative states. One patient had spontaneous aggregation. Secondary causes of thrombocytosis were excluded. Only one patient received specific chemotherapy, which was given before 1973. Thus, thrombocythemia without a secondary cause appears to be much more benign in the young patient than in the older, and aggressive chemotherapy to lower the platelet count is not necessarily justified unless serious complications develop.", "contents": "Primary thrombocythemia in the young patient. Primary thrombocythemia is typically a disease of older patients and frequently is associated with thrombosis and hemorrhage. Seven female and two male patients younger than 30 years were evaluated because of platelet counts exceeding 1 million/mm3. No hemorrhagic or thrombotic problems existed before diagnosis or developed during the follow-up period of 14 months to 10 years. Platelet function studies done in six of the nine patients showed absent aggregation with epinephrine and variable aggregation with adenosine diphosphate, as are seen in other chronic myeloproliferative states. One patient had spontaneous aggregation. Secondary causes of thrombocytosis were excluded. Only one patient received specific chemotherapy, which was given before 1973. Thus, thrombocythemia without a secondary cause appears to be much more benign in the young patient than in the older, and aggressive chemotherapy to lower the platelet count is not necessarily justified unless serious complications develop.", "PMID": 567265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7475", "title": "The sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach to the hypophysis.", "content": "A simple and safe technique for the sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach to the hypophysis and parasellar region is described. A review of the literature reveals that this technique and other transsphenoidal routes to the hypophysis were performed more than half a century ago.These procedures fell into disfavor because fo low magnification and insufficient illumination of the operative field, infection and inadequate postoperative endocrine replacement therapy. With today's antibiotic therapy and hormonal replacement, plus the use of the operating microscope, the transsphenoidal route to the hypophysis has gained renewed interest among neurosurgeons and otolaryngologists. Each of the transsphenoidal routes and the advantages of the \"from below\" approach are described. The applications of transsphenoidal approach and the nonsurgical modalities for hypophysectomy are reviewed. The simplicity and safety of the sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach depend on a thorough familiarity with the surgical anatomy, proper positioning of the patient, and the availability of appropriate instrumentation. Photographs of specially prepared whole head anatomical specimens plus skull dissections with radiographic correlation illustrate the pertinent anatomy. Some of the vital structures to be identified and avoided are the optic canals, carotid arteries, circular sinuses, cavernous sinuses, III, IV, V, VI cranial nerves, foramen rotundum, medial walls of the orbits, medial walls of maxillary sinuses, medial pterygoid plates and pterygoid canals. A method for preoperative determination of key distances within the patient's skull is described along with other preoperative tests. This paper discusses the self-retaining speculum and other new instruments for this procedure. A gauge mounted on the front end of the speculum is calibrated to measure the size of the opening at the tip of the speculum. Thirty cases are included in this report, six of which are presented in detail. No operative mortality, CSF rhinorrhea, visual damage carotid or cavernous sinus hemorrhage fracture of the medial pterygoid plates or maxilla were encountered in this series. Three patients developed diabetes insipidus and two patients had meningitis which responded to antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "The sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach to the hypophysis. A simple and safe technique for the sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach to the hypophysis and parasellar region is described. A review of the literature reveals that this technique and other transsphenoidal routes to the hypophysis were performed more than half a century ago.These procedures fell into disfavor because fo low magnification and insufficient illumination of the operative field, infection and inadequate postoperative endocrine replacement therapy. With today's antibiotic therapy and hormonal replacement, plus the use of the operating microscope, the transsphenoidal route to the hypophysis has gained renewed interest among neurosurgeons and otolaryngologists. Each of the transsphenoidal routes and the advantages of the \"from below\" approach are described. The applications of transsphenoidal approach and the nonsurgical modalities for hypophysectomy are reviewed. The simplicity and safety of the sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach depend on a thorough familiarity with the surgical anatomy, proper positioning of the patient, and the availability of appropriate instrumentation. Photographs of specially prepared whole head anatomical specimens plus skull dissections with radiographic correlation illustrate the pertinent anatomy. Some of the vital structures to be identified and avoided are the optic canals, carotid arteries, circular sinuses, cavernous sinuses, III, IV, V, VI cranial nerves, foramen rotundum, medial walls of the orbits, medial walls of maxillary sinuses, medial pterygoid plates and pterygoid canals. A method for preoperative determination of key distances within the patient's skull is described along with other preoperative tests. This paper discusses the self-retaining speculum and other new instruments for this procedure. A gauge mounted on the front end of the speculum is calibrated to measure the size of the opening at the tip of the speculum. Thirty cases are included in this report, six of which are presented in detail. No operative mortality, CSF rhinorrhea, visual damage carotid or cavernous sinus hemorrhage fracture of the medial pterygoid plates or maxilla were encountered in this series. Three patients developed diabetes insipidus and two patients had meningitis which responded to antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 567267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7476", "title": "[Radioprotective effect of acute hypoxia on 5-day-old mice preliminarily adapted to oxygen deficiency].", "content": "Studies of 5-day mice F1 (CBA X C57Bl) demonstrated that an exposure of animals to acute hypoxia (5% O2--95% N2) during their irradiation produced a different effect on the spleen and the growing cerebellar cortex. In these circumstances lesions of well oxygenated spleen tissues were noticeably reduced, whereas cerebellar cortex cells characterized by a low oxygen tension and a high tolerance to anoxia remained essentially unprotected. The findings are discussed in the light of adaptation concepts postulating that oxygen tension in cells is regulated, depending on the level of its uptake which in turn is determined by the relative oxygen content in the surrounding medium.", "contents": "[Radioprotective effect of acute hypoxia on 5-day-old mice preliminarily adapted to oxygen deficiency]. Studies of 5-day mice F1 (CBA X C57Bl) demonstrated that an exposure of animals to acute hypoxia (5% O2--95% N2) during their irradiation produced a different effect on the spleen and the growing cerebellar cortex. In these circumstances lesions of well oxygenated spleen tissues were noticeably reduced, whereas cerebellar cortex cells characterized by a low oxygen tension and a high tolerance to anoxia remained essentially unprotected. The findings are discussed in the light of adaptation concepts postulating that oxygen tension in cells is regulated, depending on the level of its uptake which in turn is determined by the relative oxygen content in the surrounding medium.", "PMID": 567261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7477", "title": "[Immunologic and physico-chemical properties of hyperimmune antibodies with different affinities].", "content": "By immune chromatography fractions with various reaction rates of antigen precipitation and neutralization of toxin \"in vivo\" have been isolated from a common pool of antibodies. Antibodies of higher pI possessed an elevated relation of basis amino acid residues to unsubstituted dicarboxylic residues as well as greater affinity. The data suggest an important role of ion interaction and a general scheme of antigen and antibody molecules structure for immune reactions.", "contents": "[Immunologic and physico-chemical properties of hyperimmune antibodies with different affinities]. By immune chromatography fractions with various reaction rates of antigen precipitation and neutralization of toxin \"in vivo\" have been isolated from a common pool of antibodies. Antibodies of higher pI possessed an elevated relation of basis amino acid residues to unsubstituted dicarboxylic residues as well as greater affinity. The data suggest an important role of ion interaction and a general scheme of antigen and antibody molecules structure for immune reactions.", "PMID": 567275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7478", "title": "Diurnal variations in the motor activity of the rat: effects of inhibitors of the catecholamine synthesis.", "content": "The effects of the inhibitor of the tyrosine-hydroxylase H 44/68 and the inhibitor of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase FLA 63 on the diurnal variations of the motor activity was studied in male Wistar rats, which were kept under standardized conditions of light and darkness (L:D = 12:12 h). The motor activity was continuously registered in groups of 5 rats using a two-channel Animex motimeter. During light FLA 63 (40 mg/kg, s.c.) greatly increased motor activity on acute application and during darkness the physiological elevation in motor activity was further but slightly increased. H 44/68 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) also increased motor activity during light, but in contrast to FLA 63 greatly reduced motor activity during darkness. The results indicate that though dopamine and noradrenaline are involved in the regulation of behavioural components, one or the other catecholamine may play a predominant role at different times of the day. Thus, it seems worthwhile to study the effects of drugs separately during light and during darkness.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in the motor activity of the rat: effects of inhibitors of the catecholamine synthesis. The effects of the inhibitor of the tyrosine-hydroxylase H 44/68 and the inhibitor of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase FLA 63 on the diurnal variations of the motor activity was studied in male Wistar rats, which were kept under standardized conditions of light and darkness (L:D = 12:12 h). The motor activity was continuously registered in groups of 5 rats using a two-channel Animex motimeter. During light FLA 63 (40 mg/kg, s.c.) greatly increased motor activity on acute application and during darkness the physiological elevation in motor activity was further but slightly increased. H 44/68 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) also increased motor activity during light, but in contrast to FLA 63 greatly reduced motor activity during darkness. The results indicate that though dopamine and noradrenaline are involved in the regulation of behavioural components, one or the other catecholamine may play a predominant role at different times of the day. Thus, it seems worthwhile to study the effects of drugs separately during light and during darkness.", "PMID": 567282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7479", "title": "Diurnal rhythm in the central dopamine turnover in the rat.", "content": "Under controlled conditions of environmental light and darkness of 12:12 h the turnover of dopamine and noradrenaline in brain of male Wistar rats was studied at different times of the day. The turnover was calculated from the decline of the amine concentrations either after inhibition of the tyrosine-hydroxylase with H 44/68 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) or after inhibition of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase with FLA 63 (40 mg/kg s.c.). Whereas the noradrenaline turnover showed only slight but not significant variations within 24 h, the turnover of the central dopamine exhibited significant variations with increased turnover rates in the second half of the light and first half of the dark period. Thus, diurnal variations have to be taken into account when studying the effects of drugs on the turnover of biogenic amines in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm in the central dopamine turnover in the rat. Under controlled conditions of environmental light and darkness of 12:12 h the turnover of dopamine and noradrenaline in brain of male Wistar rats was studied at different times of the day. The turnover was calculated from the decline of the amine concentrations either after inhibition of the tyrosine-hydroxylase with H 44/68 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) or after inhibition of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase with FLA 63 (40 mg/kg s.c.). Whereas the noradrenaline turnover showed only slight but not significant variations within 24 h, the turnover of the central dopamine exhibited significant variations with increased turnover rates in the second half of the light and first half of the dark period. Thus, diurnal variations have to be taken into account when studying the effects of drugs on the turnover of biogenic amines in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 567283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7480", "title": "Subsensitivity of striatal and mesolimbic dopamine target cells after repeated treatment with apomorphine dipivaloyl ester.", "content": "The effects of acute and repeated treatments with the dipivaloyl ester of apomorphine on behaviour and brain dopamine metabolism were compared in rats. A single injection of the ester (50 mg/kg i.p.) indued a stereotyped behaviour lasting for at least 6 h and a concomitant decrease in striatal HVA levels. After repeated treatment (twice daily for 7 days) with the drug, both the stereotyped behaviour and the decreases in striatal HVA levels were attenuated as compared to acute treatment; the minimal dose tested which induced this tolerance was found to be 25 mg/kg i.p. The minimal length of treatment with 50 mg/kg of the ester after which tolerance was observed was 3-4 days. The ED50 for haloperidol-induced catalepsy was about 4 times lower in rats treated with apomorphine dipivaloyl ester (50 mg/kg) for 7 days than in naive rats. Similarly, a shift to the left of the haloperidol dose-response curve for the increase in striatal dopamine metabolite levels was observed in rats treated subacutely with the ester as compared to control rats. Repeated treatment (7 days) with the dipivaloyl ester of apomorphine also attenuated the decrease in NVA levels seen with acute treatment in nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium; however, the threshold dose inducing tolerance in limbic regions was higher than in striatum. No difference in the brain concentrations of apomorphine was found after acute and repeated treatments with the ester. Thus, the present study provides evidence for the development of subsensitivity of dopamine receptors after repeated administration of aopomorphine dipivaloyl ester.", "contents": "Subsensitivity of striatal and mesolimbic dopamine target cells after repeated treatment with apomorphine dipivaloyl ester. The effects of acute and repeated treatments with the dipivaloyl ester of apomorphine on behaviour and brain dopamine metabolism were compared in rats. A single injection of the ester (50 mg/kg i.p.) indued a stereotyped behaviour lasting for at least 6 h and a concomitant decrease in striatal HVA levels. After repeated treatment (twice daily for 7 days) with the drug, both the stereotyped behaviour and the decreases in striatal HVA levels were attenuated as compared to acute treatment; the minimal dose tested which induced this tolerance was found to be 25 mg/kg i.p. The minimal length of treatment with 50 mg/kg of the ester after which tolerance was observed was 3-4 days. The ED50 for haloperidol-induced catalepsy was about 4 times lower in rats treated with apomorphine dipivaloyl ester (50 mg/kg) for 7 days than in naive rats. Similarly, a shift to the left of the haloperidol dose-response curve for the increase in striatal dopamine metabolite levels was observed in rats treated subacutely with the ester as compared to control rats. Repeated treatment (7 days) with the dipivaloyl ester of apomorphine also attenuated the decrease in NVA levels seen with acute treatment in nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium; however, the threshold dose inducing tolerance in limbic regions was higher than in striatum. No difference in the brain concentrations of apomorphine was found after acute and repeated treatments with the ester. Thus, the present study provides evidence for the development of subsensitivity of dopamine receptors after repeated administration of aopomorphine dipivaloyl ester.", "PMID": 567284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7481", "title": "[Hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "We reported the case of a 40-year-old man who was hospitalized to our department on November 16, 1975 with a year history of neuralgia in the saddle region and vesicorectal dysfunction. Examination of CSF on lumbar puncture at L4-5 revealed xanthochromia with a protein content of 2,560 mg/dl. Myelography revealed a tortuous filling defect at the level of L2 coupled with complete blockade at L3 level. Selective spinal angiography of the left 12th intercostal artery demonstrated the enlarged Adamkiewicz's artery. This blood vessel was found to enter a diffuse uniform density, where no distinct blood vessels were visible. Within one second after the injection of contrast agent an efferent vein appeared from the right side of the density, ascended to the level of Th12 and then, upon turning, descended to the pelvic canal. These findings suggested a hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Laminectomy was performed at levels of L2 through L4 and a hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina was totally excised at L3 level. Although the postoperative course was complicated by a transient dysuria and hypesthesia at S1-S5 levels, complete cure was achieved in a month. In the present paper clinical features and neuroradiological examination of a hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord were described.", "contents": "[Hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina--a case report (author's transl)]. We reported the case of a 40-year-old man who was hospitalized to our department on November 16, 1975 with a year history of neuralgia in the saddle region and vesicorectal dysfunction. Examination of CSF on lumbar puncture at L4-5 revealed xanthochromia with a protein content of 2,560 mg/dl. Myelography revealed a tortuous filling defect at the level of L2 coupled with complete blockade at L3 level. Selective spinal angiography of the left 12th intercostal artery demonstrated the enlarged Adamkiewicz's artery. This blood vessel was found to enter a diffuse uniform density, where no distinct blood vessels were visible. Within one second after the injection of contrast agent an efferent vein appeared from the right side of the density, ascended to the level of Th12 and then, upon turning, descended to the pelvic canal. These findings suggested a hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Laminectomy was performed at levels of L2 through L4 and a hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina was totally excised at L3 level. Although the postoperative course was complicated by a transient dysuria and hypesthesia at S1-S5 levels, complete cure was achieved in a month. In the present paper clinical features and neuroradiological examination of a hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord were described.", "PMID": 567285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7482", "title": "Effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on ovulation and estrous cyclicity in the female guinea pig.", "content": "The effects of hypothalamic deafferentiation on the estrous cycle and ovulation were studied in the mature female guinea pig, a spontaneous ovulator with a true luteal phase. Animals were stereotaxically deafferentated using the Hal\u00e1xz knife technique. (1) Large complete deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH; arcuate nucleus, median eminence (ME), and a ventral part of the ventromedial nucleus) did not block cyclic ovulation, although the cycle became slightly prolonged. (2) Small complete deafferentation which excluded the ventromedial nucleus from the MBH and partially damaged the arcuate nucleus in anovulation and constant closure of the vaginal membrane. (3) Large anterior deafferentation, which eliminated neural afferent from medial preoptic area (MPO), suprachiasmatic portion of the preoptic nucleus (POSC) and the anterior periventricular area to the MBH, was effective in blocking ovulation and inducing constant vaginal opening. In most of the cases, the knife passed rostral to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (4) Small anterior deafferentation at the caudal border of the optic chiasma did not block ovulation if the arcuate nucleus and ME were intact, although the cycle sometimes became irregular. (5) Posterior deafferentation at the level of the mammillary bodies failed to interfere with cyclic ovulation. It is concluded that, in the guinea pig, the deafferentated MBH is capable of sustaining both tonic and phasic secretion of gonadotropins (Gns) necessary for maintenance of normal estrous cycles and ovulation. However, this function of the MBH may also be modulated by facilitatory and inhibitory influences arising from extrahypothalamic areas.", "contents": "Effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on ovulation and estrous cyclicity in the female guinea pig. The effects of hypothalamic deafferentiation on the estrous cycle and ovulation were studied in the mature female guinea pig, a spontaneous ovulator with a true luteal phase. Animals were stereotaxically deafferentated using the Hal\u00e1xz knife technique. (1) Large complete deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH; arcuate nucleus, median eminence (ME), and a ventral part of the ventromedial nucleus) did not block cyclic ovulation, although the cycle became slightly prolonged. (2) Small complete deafferentation which excluded the ventromedial nucleus from the MBH and partially damaged the arcuate nucleus in anovulation and constant closure of the vaginal membrane. (3) Large anterior deafferentation, which eliminated neural afferent from medial preoptic area (MPO), suprachiasmatic portion of the preoptic nucleus (POSC) and the anterior periventricular area to the MBH, was effective in blocking ovulation and inducing constant vaginal opening. In most of the cases, the knife passed rostral to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (4) Small anterior deafferentation at the caudal border of the optic chiasma did not block ovulation if the arcuate nucleus and ME were intact, although the cycle sometimes became irregular. (5) Posterior deafferentation at the level of the mammillary bodies failed to interfere with cyclic ovulation. It is concluded that, in the guinea pig, the deafferentated MBH is capable of sustaining both tonic and phasic secretion of gonadotropins (Gns) necessary for maintenance of normal estrous cycles and ovulation. However, this function of the MBH may also be modulated by facilitatory and inhibitory influences arising from extrahypothalamic areas.", "PMID": 567286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7483", "title": "[Sea urchin sperm DNP. I. Chemical composition and template properties of DNP].", "content": "Electrophoretic mobility, amino acid composition and salt dissociation of histones isolated from sperm of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and calf thymus cells were studied. The special arginine-rich histone fraction (I) has been observed in sea urchin sperm chromatin, this fraction being absent in calf thymus chromatin. Dissociation of lysine-containing histone fractions from sea urchin chromatin occured in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 M NaCl concentrations. H1 of calf thymus chromatin was totally extracted with 0.6 M NaCl. In the course of a further increase of salt concentrations (up to 1.5 M NaCl) a practically total extraction of histones from sperm chromatin was observed, while about 20% of proteins remained bound to DNA in thymus chromatin after extraction with 2.0 M NaCl. The template activity of non-extracted DNP preparations from urchin sperm was equal to 2-3% of that of totally deproteinized DNA. The template activity of DNP gradually increased at protein extraction from DNP preparations. The hybridization capacity of RNA transcribed on partially dehistonized DNP templates in vitro also increased.", "contents": "[Sea urchin sperm DNP. I. Chemical composition and template properties of DNP]. Electrophoretic mobility, amino acid composition and salt dissociation of histones isolated from sperm of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and calf thymus cells were studied. The special arginine-rich histone fraction (I) has been observed in sea urchin sperm chromatin, this fraction being absent in calf thymus chromatin. Dissociation of lysine-containing histone fractions from sea urchin chromatin occured in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 M NaCl concentrations. H1 of calf thymus chromatin was totally extracted with 0.6 M NaCl. In the course of a further increase of salt concentrations (up to 1.5 M NaCl) a practically total extraction of histones from sperm chromatin was observed, while about 20% of proteins remained bound to DNA in thymus chromatin after extraction with 2.0 M NaCl. The template activity of non-extracted DNP preparations from urchin sperm was equal to 2-3% of that of totally deproteinized DNA. The template activity of DNP gradually increased at protein extraction from DNP preparations. The hybridization capacity of RNA transcribed on partially dehistonized DNP templates in vitro also increased.", "PMID": 567276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7484", "title": "Luteinizing hormone secretion in hemidecorticate female rats under several experimental conditions.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by the anterior pituitary gland was investigated in hemidecorticate (HD) rats under several conditions. Higher plasma and lower pituitary LH levels were observed in HD rats in the afternoon of proestrus, after unilateral ovariectomy, and at the 7th and 14th days after bilateral castration. The ovarian hypertrophy observed in HD rats did not differ from control. When hormonal substitutive therapy was started 3 days after bilateral ovariectomy, larger doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) were required to reduce plasma LH levels in control than in HD animals. The increase in pituitary weight was, however, significantly higher in the HD castrated group. When substitutive therapy started at the 7th and 14th days after castration no significant differences between the 2 experimental groups were observed. The results of substitutive therapy suggest that hemidecortication induces an increase in the sensitivity of hypothalamic-pituitary axis to estrogen negative feedback. This change in sensitivity is clearly seen in HD rats during the first few days after castration. These results suggest that hemidecortication may release the hypothalamus from inhibitory influences coming from rhinencephalic or cortical structures, thus rendering the preoptic-suprachiasmatic complex (POA-SCH) more sensitive to LH-releasing mechanisms.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone secretion in hemidecorticate female rats under several experimental conditions. Luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by the anterior pituitary gland was investigated in hemidecorticate (HD) rats under several conditions. Higher plasma and lower pituitary LH levels were observed in HD rats in the afternoon of proestrus, after unilateral ovariectomy, and at the 7th and 14th days after bilateral castration. The ovarian hypertrophy observed in HD rats did not differ from control. When hormonal substitutive therapy was started 3 days after bilateral ovariectomy, larger doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) were required to reduce plasma LH levels in control than in HD animals. The increase in pituitary weight was, however, significantly higher in the HD castrated group. When substitutive therapy started at the 7th and 14th days after castration no significant differences between the 2 experimental groups were observed. The results of substitutive therapy suggest that hemidecortication induces an increase in the sensitivity of hypothalamic-pituitary axis to estrogen negative feedback. This change in sensitivity is clearly seen in HD rats during the first few days after castration. These results suggest that hemidecortication may release the hypothalamus from inhibitory influences coming from rhinencephalic or cortical structures, thus rendering the preoptic-suprachiasmatic complex (POA-SCH) more sensitive to LH-releasing mechanisms.", "PMID": 567287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7485", "title": "Transient ischemic attacks: a prospective study of 225 patients.", "content": "Between the years 1964 and 1973, 225 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) due primarily to atherosclerosis were evaluated and treated. They have now been followed for from 3 to 14 years (average 5.5 years). As of 1976, 82 of the 225 patients were dead, 21 from cerebral infarction, 52 from heart disease and nine from other causes. Of the 56 untreated patients, 11 (19 percent) had cerebral infarctions, four (7 percent) of which were fatal; six (11 percent) were still having TIAs. Of the 45 patients medically treated, 10 (24 percent) had cerebral infarctions, three (7 percent) of which were fatal; 11(25 percent) still experienced TIAs. In the surgical group of 124, 27 (21 percent) had postoperative cerebral infarctions, seven (6 percent) of which were fatal; 23 (18 percent) had cerebral infarctions during follow-up, of which seven (6 percent) were fatal; and 15 (12 percent) were still having TIAs. No statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) related to cerebral infarction or TIAs developed among the three groups. The majority (23 percent) eventually succumbed to myocardial infarction, leading us to conclude that great emphasis must be placed upon TIAs as a warning for cardiac as well as cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Transient ischemic attacks: a prospective study of 225 patients. Between the years 1964 and 1973, 225 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) due primarily to atherosclerosis were evaluated and treated. They have now been followed for from 3 to 14 years (average 5.5 years). As of 1976, 82 of the 225 patients were dead, 21 from cerebral infarction, 52 from heart disease and nine from other causes. Of the 56 untreated patients, 11 (19 percent) had cerebral infarctions, four (7 percent) of which were fatal; six (11 percent) were still having TIAs. Of the 45 patients medically treated, 10 (24 percent) had cerebral infarctions, three (7 percent) of which were fatal; 11(25 percent) still experienced TIAs. In the surgical group of 124, 27 (21 percent) had postoperative cerebral infarctions, seven (6 percent) of which were fatal; 23 (18 percent) had cerebral infarctions during follow-up, of which seven (6 percent) were fatal; and 15 (12 percent) were still having TIAs. No statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) related to cerebral infarction or TIAs developed among the three groups. The majority (23 percent) eventually succumbed to myocardial infarction, leading us to conclude that great emphasis must be placed upon TIAs as a warning for cardiac as well as cerebrovascular disease.", "PMID": 567290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7486", "title": "The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry.", "content": "Data from 694 patients hospitalized with stroke were entered in a prospective, computer-based registry. Three hundred and sixty-four patients (53 percent) were diagnosed as having thrombosis, 215 (31 percent)as having cerebral embolism 70 (10 percent) as having intracerebral hematoma, and 45 (6 percent) as having subarachnoid hemorrhage from aneurysm or arteriovenous malformations. The 364 patients diagnosed as having thrombosis were divided into 233 (34 percent of all 694 patients) whose thrombosis was thought to involve a large artery and 131 (19 percent) with lacunar infarction. Many of the findings in this study were comparable to those in previous registries based on postmortem data. New observations include the high incidence of lacunes and cerebral emboli, the absence of an identifiable cardiac origin in 37 percent of all emboli, a nonsudden onset in 21 percent of emboli, and the occurrence of vomiting at onset in 51 percent and the absence of headache at onset in 67 percent of hematomas.", "contents": "The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry. Data from 694 patients hospitalized with stroke were entered in a prospective, computer-based registry. Three hundred and sixty-four patients (53 percent) were diagnosed as having thrombosis, 215 (31 percent)as having cerebral embolism 70 (10 percent) as having intracerebral hematoma, and 45 (6 percent) as having subarachnoid hemorrhage from aneurysm or arteriovenous malformations. The 364 patients diagnosed as having thrombosis were divided into 233 (34 percent of all 694 patients) whose thrombosis was thought to involve a large artery and 131 (19 percent) with lacunar infarction. Many of the findings in this study were comparable to those in previous registries based on postmortem data. New observations include the high incidence of lacunes and cerebral emboli, the absence of an identifiable cardiac origin in 37 percent of all emboli, a nonsudden onset in 21 percent of emboli, and the occurrence of vomiting at onset in 51 percent and the absence of headache at onset in 67 percent of hematomas.", "PMID": 567291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7487", "title": "Cerebrovascular disease in infants and children: a study of incidence, clinical features, and survival.", "content": "A 10-year review of the Mayo Clinic experience with childhood cerebrovascular disease unrelated to birth, intracranial infection, or trauma identified 69 patients (38 with ischemic stroke, and 31 with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage). Although children with cerebral infarction had better survival, they experienced more residual disability than children with cerebral hemorrhage. The medical records-linkage system for Rochester, Minnesota residents made it possible for the first time to study cerebrovascular disease in a well-defined childhood population. Records from all medical facilities serving this population (average of 15,834 resident children) showed four strokes over 10 years (average annual incidence rate of 2.52 cases per 100,000 per year).", "contents": "Cerebrovascular disease in infants and children: a study of incidence, clinical features, and survival. A 10-year review of the Mayo Clinic experience with childhood cerebrovascular disease unrelated to birth, intracranial infection, or trauma identified 69 patients (38 with ischemic stroke, and 31 with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage). Although children with cerebral infarction had better survival, they experienced more residual disability than children with cerebral hemorrhage. The medical records-linkage system for Rochester, Minnesota residents made it possible for the first time to study cerebrovascular disease in a well-defined childhood population. Records from all medical facilities serving this population (average of 15,834 resident children) showed four strokes over 10 years (average annual incidence rate of 2.52 cases per 100,000 per year).", "PMID": 567292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7488", "title": "Delayed cerebral ischemic episodes distal to occlusion of major cerebral arteries.", "content": "Some time after deletion of occlusion of the appropriate artery, 20 patients had transient ischemic attacks and seven had strokes. The common statement that transient ischemic attacks cease when an artery becomes occluded must, therefore, be modified. Seventeen of the 20 patients reported here developed symptoms weeks to years after the appropriate artery was known to be occluded, while 10 attacks occurred within 1 week after occlusion. Embolism through collateral circulation probably accounts for the delayed ischemic events in most of the patients, and hemodynamic factors in a few. The stump of the occluded artery may be the site of atheromatous ulceration. The possibility of revascularization procedures for patients with occluded arteries makes pertinent these observations about potential embolic sources.", "contents": "Delayed cerebral ischemic episodes distal to occlusion of major cerebral arteries. Some time after deletion of occlusion of the appropriate artery, 20 patients had transient ischemic attacks and seven had strokes. The common statement that transient ischemic attacks cease when an artery becomes occluded must, therefore, be modified. Seventeen of the 20 patients reported here developed symptoms weeks to years after the appropriate artery was known to be occluded, while 10 attacks occurred within 1 week after occlusion. Embolism through collateral circulation probably accounts for the delayed ischemic events in most of the patients, and hemodynamic factors in a few. The stump of the occluded artery may be the site of atheromatous ulceration. The possibility of revascularization procedures for patients with occluded arteries makes pertinent these observations about potential embolic sources.", "PMID": 567293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7489", "title": "Radionuclide angiography: a sensitive diagnostic test for anterior circulation ischemia.", "content": "Radionuclide angiography, using high resolution equipment, is a sensitive noninvasive, safe, and rapid diagnostic test for ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain. The test permits recognition of focally increased or decreased circulation immediately following the onset of a neurologic deficit. The sensitivity of the test is improved by using multiple projections of the head. The distribution of the anterior cerebral artery is best seen in the anterior projection; the lateral projection is used to resolve the superior and inferior divisions of the middle cerebral artery or to identify multiple regions of ischemia. Both projections should be used routinely.", "contents": "Radionuclide angiography: a sensitive diagnostic test for anterior circulation ischemia. Radionuclide angiography, using high resolution equipment, is a sensitive noninvasive, safe, and rapid diagnostic test for ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain. The test permits recognition of focally increased or decreased circulation immediately following the onset of a neurologic deficit. The sensitivity of the test is improved by using multiple projections of the head. The distribution of the anterior cerebral artery is best seen in the anterior projection; the lateral projection is used to resolve the superior and inferior divisions of the middle cerebral artery or to identify multiple regions of ischemia. Both projections should be used routinely.", "PMID": 567294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7490", "title": "Basilar artery migraine 12 patients, with an attack recorded electroencephalographically.", "content": "Basilar artery migraine is distinctive disorder characterized by symptoms referable to dysfunction of brainstem structures in conjunction with more typical migrainous phenomena. Our experience with 12 cases, seen in a period of 10 years, is reviewed. In one instance, an attack of basilar artery migraine was captured by EEG, and appeared as a typical photoconvulsive response. More than half of our patients responded well to anticonvulsant drugs.", "contents": "Basilar artery migraine 12 patients, with an attack recorded electroencephalographically. Basilar artery migraine is distinctive disorder characterized by symptoms referable to dysfunction of brainstem structures in conjunction with more typical migrainous phenomena. Our experience with 12 cases, seen in a period of 10 years, is reviewed. In one instance, an attack of basilar artery migraine was captured by EEG, and appeared as a typical photoconvulsive response. More than half of our patients responded well to anticonvulsant drugs.", "PMID": 567295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7491", "title": "Human pneumatic tourniquet paralysis.", "content": "A 47-year-old woman experienced loss of strength, sensation, and sweating distal to a pneumatic tourniquet applied to her upper arm during operation for a Dupuytren contracture. Electrophysiologic tests showed a severe conduction block of sensory and motor fibers, well localized to the presumed lower margin of the tourniquet, with little evidence of axonal degeneration. Reversal of block began at 5 weeks and was complete in 6 months, coincident with almost full clinical recovery. Sweating was absent before 5 weeks and then returned, accompanied by a causalgic syndrome that did not disappear until recovery from the electrophysiologic block. The findings in this case correspond closely to pneumatic tourniquet paralysis in baboons, the pathophysiology having been recently defined. The relationship of autonomic changes to the electrophysiologic block suggest a mechanism for this patient's causalgia.", "contents": "Human pneumatic tourniquet paralysis. A 47-year-old woman experienced loss of strength, sensation, and sweating distal to a pneumatic tourniquet applied to her upper arm during operation for a Dupuytren contracture. Electrophysiologic tests showed a severe conduction block of sensory and motor fibers, well localized to the presumed lower margin of the tourniquet, with little evidence of axonal degeneration. Reversal of block began at 5 weeks and was complete in 6 months, coincident with almost full clinical recovery. Sweating was absent before 5 weeks and then returned, accompanied by a causalgic syndrome that did not disappear until recovery from the electrophysiologic block. The findings in this case correspond closely to pneumatic tourniquet paralysis in baboons, the pathophysiology having been recently defined. The relationship of autonomic changes to the electrophysiologic block suggest a mechanism for this patient's causalgia.", "PMID": 567296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7492", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to measles, myelin basic protein, and central nervous system extract in multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study employing direct buffy coat migration inhibition assays.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein, to an extract of central nervous system white matter, and to measles virus nuclear core, was studied nine patients with multiple sclerosis in a serial longitudinal fashion using in vitro inhibition of buffy coat migration. The mean migration index to all antigens at various times before, during, and after exacerbation of multiple scelrosis in the patients did not differ from the index in a reference group of normal subjects. The incidence of inhibition of migration induced by central nervous system white matter and basic protein was greater than in serially studied normal subjects (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.2 less than 0.1, respectively) but bore no definite relation to clinical course.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to measles, myelin basic protein, and central nervous system extract in multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study employing direct buffy coat migration inhibition assays. Cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein, to an extract of central nervous system white matter, and to measles virus nuclear core, was studied nine patients with multiple sclerosis in a serial longitudinal fashion using in vitro inhibition of buffy coat migration. The mean migration index to all antigens at various times before, during, and after exacerbation of multiple scelrosis in the patients did not differ from the index in a reference group of normal subjects. The incidence of inhibition of migration induced by central nervous system white matter and basic protein was greater than in serially studied normal subjects (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.2 less than 0.1, respectively) but bore no definite relation to clinical course.", "PMID": 567297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7493", "title": "The resolution of discrepancies in the reported incidence of primary brain tumors.", "content": "Population-based morbidity studies of primary intracranial neoplasms reveal a general pattern of age-specific incidence: a small childhood peak, followed by a taller peak between ages 50 and 80. One notable exception is Rochester, Minnesota, where there is a sustained increase in incidence with increasing age, together with higher age-specific rates than seen in data from other locations. Comparing data from Rochester and Connecticut reveals that the larger percentage of cases first diagnosed at autopsy in Rochester accounts in large part for these discrepancies and suggests that a substantial number of brain tumors remain undiagnosed in the elderly during life.", "contents": "The resolution of discrepancies in the reported incidence of primary brain tumors. Population-based morbidity studies of primary intracranial neoplasms reveal a general pattern of age-specific incidence: a small childhood peak, followed by a taller peak between ages 50 and 80. One notable exception is Rochester, Minnesota, where there is a sustained increase in incidence with increasing age, together with higher age-specific rates than seen in data from other locations. Comparing data from Rochester and Connecticut reveals that the larger percentage of cases first diagnosed at autopsy in Rochester accounts in large part for these discrepancies and suggests that a substantial number of brain tumors remain undiagnosed in the elderly during life.", "PMID": 567298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7494", "title": "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in an 8-year-old boy.", "content": "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was confirmed by myelography in an 8-year-old boy. The hematoma was removed more than 21 hours after the onset of paraplegia, and there was no evidence of vascular malformation. The patient made a complete recovery.", "contents": "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in an 8-year-old boy. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was confirmed by myelography in an 8-year-old boy. The hematoma was removed more than 21 hours after the onset of paraplegia, and there was no evidence of vascular malformation. The patient made a complete recovery.", "PMID": 567299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7495", "title": "Calcification in brainstem gliomas.", "content": "Calcification in brainstem gliomas is an unusual histologic and and radiologic finding. To date, radiologic evidence of calcification in these tumors has not been reported. The two patients described here had evidence of calcification on either computerized tomography (CT) or plain skull films. Increasing availability of CT scans may provide a more accurate estimate of the incidence of calcification in these tumors.", "contents": "Calcification in brainstem gliomas. Calcification in brainstem gliomas is an unusual histologic and and radiologic finding. To date, radiologic evidence of calcification in these tumors has not been reported. The two patients described here had evidence of calcification on either computerized tomography (CT) or plain skull films. Increasing availability of CT scans may provide a more accurate estimate of the incidence of calcification in these tumors.", "PMID": 567300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7496", "title": "Cerebral cysticercosis.", "content": "Five patients with cerebral cysticercosis, two within the year preceding the date of this article, were seen at the New York Neurological Institute. The patients presented with mental changes, seizures, and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, and had a history of having immigrated from an area endemic for cysticercosis. They were found to have parenchymal or intraventricular cysticercosis cysts. The interval from immigration to onset of symptoms was as long as 3 years. Plain radiograms of the skull and soft tissues, ventriculograms, and especially the CT scan, as well as the CSF examination, were useful in making the diagnosis. Surgical removal of an intraventricular cyst was curative in two patients and seizures were controlled with anticonvulsants in the other three.", "contents": "Cerebral cysticercosis. Five patients with cerebral cysticercosis, two within the year preceding the date of this article, were seen at the New York Neurological Institute. The patients presented with mental changes, seizures, and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, and had a history of having immigrated from an area endemic for cysticercosis. They were found to have parenchymal or intraventricular cysticercosis cysts. The interval from immigration to onset of symptoms was as long as 3 years. Plain radiograms of the skull and soft tissues, ventriculograms, and especially the CT scan, as well as the CSF examination, were useful in making the diagnosis. Surgical removal of an intraventricular cyst was curative in two patients and seizures were controlled with anticonvulsants in the other three.", "PMID": 567301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7497", "title": "Deformed erythrocytes in muscular dystrophies.", "content": "Because of previous reports of a possible correlation between echinocytogenesis and muscular dystrophies, we investigated the time-dependent development of echinocytes in the blood of normal subjects, patients, and healthy carries of Duchenne dystrophy. There was a quantitatively significant increase of echinocytes in patients and carriers.", "contents": "Deformed erythrocytes in muscular dystrophies. Because of previous reports of a possible correlation between echinocytogenesis and muscular dystrophies, we investigated the time-dependent development of echinocytes in the blood of normal subjects, patients, and healthy carries of Duchenne dystrophy. There was a quantitatively significant increase of echinocytes in patients and carriers.", "PMID": 567302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7498", "title": "Hypoglossal nerve palsy in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Involvement of the central nervous system is a rare complication of infectious mononucleosis. Isolated cranial nerve palsy is the least reported neurologic complication. We report a second case of hypoglossal nerve palsy associated with infectious mononucleosis, and review 20 other reported cases of cranial nerve palsies. Any cranial nerve may be involved. The onset of the palsy usually follows the diagnosis and clinical presentation of infectious mononucleosis. The prognosis for a complete recovery is excellent, although recovery may be protracted. The use of steroids does not appear to be etiologic, nor beneficial or deleterious in treatment.", "contents": "Hypoglossal nerve palsy in infectious mononucleosis. Involvement of the central nervous system is a rare complication of infectious mononucleosis. Isolated cranial nerve palsy is the least reported neurologic complication. We report a second case of hypoglossal nerve palsy associated with infectious mononucleosis, and review 20 other reported cases of cranial nerve palsies. Any cranial nerve may be involved. The onset of the palsy usually follows the diagnosis and clinical presentation of infectious mononucleosis. The prognosis for a complete recovery is excellent, although recovery may be protracted. The use of steroids does not appear to be etiologic, nor beneficial or deleterious in treatment.", "PMID": 567303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7499", "title": "Penicillamine-induced myasthenia gravis associated with antibodies to acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "A woman with rheumatoid arthritis was treated with penicillamine and developed myasthenia gravis. This drug-induced disease was associated with characteristic autoantibodies to acetycholine receptor. After discontinuing the drug, her symptoms improved and the antibody titers fell. Penicillamine is now being used much more frequently in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and it is likely that this complication will become more prevalent.", "contents": "Penicillamine-induced myasthenia gravis associated with antibodies to acetylcholine receptor. A woman with rheumatoid arthritis was treated with penicillamine and developed myasthenia gravis. This drug-induced disease was associated with characteristic autoantibodies to acetycholine receptor. After discontinuing the drug, her symptoms improved and the antibody titers fell. Penicillamine is now being used much more frequently in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and it is likely that this complication will become more prevalent.", "PMID": 567304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7500", "title": "Prolonged encephalopathy with arsenic poisoning.", "content": "A case of prolonged reversible encephalopathy in a woman with arsenic poisoning is described. Previous descriptions of extended encephalopathy due to arsenic are rare.", "contents": "Prolonged encephalopathy with arsenic poisoning. A case of prolonged reversible encephalopathy in a woman with arsenic poisoning is described. Previous descriptions of extended encephalopathy due to arsenic are rare.", "PMID": 567305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7501", "title": "Evaluation of the pituitary. Patients with suspected prolactin-producing tumors.", "content": "We have reviewed our experience in the radiographic and ophthalmologic evaluation of 1001 patients with symptoms suggesting the presence of a pituitary, prolactin-secreting adenoma. Twenty-seven patients had abnormal or suspicious radiographic examination of the sella turcica. Twenty-two of those had hyperprolactinemia. In only one instance was an abnormality noted on polytomography that was not seen on a conventional four-view study of the skull. Based on these findings, a four-view plain conventional radiographic assessment of the skull suffices as a screening procedure in patients with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, or both. Thin section tomography should be reserved to more thoroughly evaluate those patients with elevated serum prolactin concentrations and/or abnormal conventional radiographs. We found visual field testing to be of little value as an initial screening procedure in these patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of the pituitary. Patients with suspected prolactin-producing tumors. We have reviewed our experience in the radiographic and ophthalmologic evaluation of 1001 patients with symptoms suggesting the presence of a pituitary, prolactin-secreting adenoma. Twenty-seven patients had abnormal or suspicious radiographic examination of the sella turcica. Twenty-two of those had hyperprolactinemia. In only one instance was an abnormality noted on polytomography that was not seen on a conventional four-view study of the skull. Based on these findings, a four-view plain conventional radiographic assessment of the skull suffices as a screening procedure in patients with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, or both. Thin section tomography should be reserved to more thoroughly evaluate those patients with elevated serum prolactin concentrations and/or abnormal conventional radiographs. We found visual field testing to be of little value as an initial screening procedure in these patients.", "PMID": 567309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7502", "title": "Stage II carcinoma of the endometrium. An analysis of treatment.", "content": "An analysis of 41 patients with histologically documented Stage II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium treated between 1969 and 1974 is presented. The 3-year survival for all patients was 46%. Patients treated with radiation therapy alone (tandem, ovoids, and external radiation therapy) had 29% survival while patients treated with radiation therapy and surgery had a 71% survival. For all patients, survival by grade was 80% (Grade I), 36% (Grade II), and 20% (Grade III). Among those patients with recurrent disease, 40% of cases were in the pelvis while 20% were isolated distal recurrences. Patients with stromal invasion of the cervix had a 30% survival while patients without stromal invasion had a 67% survival. An analysis of these data, along with a review of the literature, reveals that 1) hysterectomy plays a critical role in survival, 2) invasion of the cervical stroma would appear to be a requisite criteria for the establishment of Stage II disease, and 3) aggressive radiation therapy with uterine packings (Heyman capsules) should be attempted in those patients who are not surgical candidates.", "contents": "Stage II carcinoma of the endometrium. An analysis of treatment. An analysis of 41 patients with histologically documented Stage II adenocarcinoma of the endometrium treated between 1969 and 1974 is presented. The 3-year survival for all patients was 46%. Patients treated with radiation therapy alone (tandem, ovoids, and external radiation therapy) had 29% survival while patients treated with radiation therapy and surgery had a 71% survival. For all patients, survival by grade was 80% (Grade I), 36% (Grade II), and 20% (Grade III). Among those patients with recurrent disease, 40% of cases were in the pelvis while 20% were isolated distal recurrences. Patients with stromal invasion of the cervix had a 30% survival while patients without stromal invasion had a 67% survival. An analysis of these data, along with a review of the literature, reveals that 1) hysterectomy plays a critical role in survival, 2) invasion of the cervical stroma would appear to be a requisite criteria for the establishment of Stage II disease, and 3) aggressive radiation therapy with uterine packings (Heyman capsules) should be attempted in those patients who are not surgical candidates.", "PMID": 567310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7503", "title": "Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and an empty sella.", "content": "Increased serum prolactin (hPRL) and increased volume of the sella turcica as detected by roentgenography are compatible with a pituitary adenoma. The empty sella syndrome can increase sella volume, but is usually associated with minimal, if any, endocrine dysfunction. The present case details a young woman with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, elevated serum hPRL, and roentgenographic evidence of an enlarged sella turcica. Pneumoencephalography with hypocycloidal polytomography is interpreted as both an empty sella, and evidence of a pituitary adenoma. The etiology and endocrine findings in the empty sella syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and an empty sella. Increased serum prolactin (hPRL) and increased volume of the sella turcica as detected by roentgenography are compatible with a pituitary adenoma. The empty sella syndrome can increase sella volume, but is usually associated with minimal, if any, endocrine dysfunction. The present case details a young woman with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, elevated serum hPRL, and roentgenographic evidence of an enlarged sella turcica. Pneumoencephalography with hypocycloidal polytomography is interpreted as both an empty sella, and evidence of a pituitary adenoma. The etiology and endocrine findings in the empty sella syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 567311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7504", "title": "Fetal death during a negative contraction stress test.", "content": "This report describes a fetal death during a negative antepartum contraction stress test, without oxytocic stimulation, at 34 weeks' gestation in a woman with Class B diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Fetal death during a negative contraction stress test. This report describes a fetal death during a negative antepartum contraction stress test, without oxytocic stimulation, at 34 weeks' gestation in a woman with Class B diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 567312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7505", "title": "Diagnostic value of androgen measurements in polycystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "A group of 51 women with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were investigated. They were further classified into PCO Type I and PCO Type II based on clinical and laboratory investigations. Serum levels of unbound (free) and total testosterone, testosterone binding globulin (TBG), and androstenedione were measured in these women and compared with values in normal women. Mean levels of all these steroids were elevated in women with PCO. No difference in adrogen levels was found between women with PCO Type I and PCO Type II. Serum unbound testosterone concentrations correlated better with the presence and severity of hirsutism than did the total testosterone.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of androgen measurements in polycystic ovary syndrome. A group of 51 women with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were investigated. They were further classified into PCO Type I and PCO Type II based on clinical and laboratory investigations. Serum levels of unbound (free) and total testosterone, testosterone binding globulin (TBG), and androstenedione were measured in these women and compared with values in normal women. Mean levels of all these steroids were elevated in women with PCO. No difference in adrogen levels was found between women with PCO Type I and PCO Type II. Serum unbound testosterone concentrations correlated better with the presence and severity of hirsutism than did the total testosterone.", "PMID": 567313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7506", "title": "Pharmacological alterations of coronary collateral circulation; implication to the steal-phenomenon.", "content": "Measurements of resistances were performed on different parts of coronary vessels, including spontaneous collaterals in anesthetized dogs, following ligation and embolization of the descending branch of the left coronary artery. The normal situation was compared with the state of maximal pharmacological dilatation. The pharmacological dilatation decreased the collateral resistance by 24% in spite of the fact that the collaterals supplied an infarcted area in this case; the precollateral resistance, which chiefly consists of large vessels was also diminished. The collateral perfusion pressure is not only dependent on the aortic pressure, but also on the flow rate in the corresponding large coronary vessel and thereby on the ratio of precollateral to postcollateal resistance. A decrease of the collateral perfusion pressure causes an insufficient perfusion of the area supplied by the collaterals only when the pressure fall is not compensated for by an adequate decrease in the collateral resistance and when the ratio of the collateral to the nutritive resistance increases. Thus, both, the extent of the pressure fall across the precollateral resistance and the dilating capacity of the collaterals determine whether is not a pharmacological dilatation of the coronary vascular bed results in an insufficient supply of an infarcted area, i.e. in a so called \"Steal-phenomenon\". The results show further, that the given physical model of the microcirculation satisfactorily approximates the observed behaviour of the vascular system.", "contents": "Pharmacological alterations of coronary collateral circulation; implication to the steal-phenomenon. Measurements of resistances were performed on different parts of coronary vessels, including spontaneous collaterals in anesthetized dogs, following ligation and embolization of the descending branch of the left coronary artery. The normal situation was compared with the state of maximal pharmacological dilatation. The pharmacological dilatation decreased the collateral resistance by 24% in spite of the fact that the collaterals supplied an infarcted area in this case; the precollateral resistance, which chiefly consists of large vessels was also diminished. The collateral perfusion pressure is not only dependent on the aortic pressure, but also on the flow rate in the corresponding large coronary vessel and thereby on the ratio of precollateral to postcollateal resistance. A decrease of the collateral perfusion pressure causes an insufficient perfusion of the area supplied by the collaterals only when the pressure fall is not compensated for by an adequate decrease in the collateral resistance and when the ratio of the collateral to the nutritive resistance increases. Thus, both, the extent of the pressure fall across the precollateral resistance and the dilating capacity of the collaterals determine whether is not a pharmacological dilatation of the coronary vascular bed results in an insufficient supply of an infarcted area, i.e. in a so called \"Steal-phenomenon\". The results show further, that the given physical model of the microcirculation satisfactorily approximates the observed behaviour of the vascular system.", "PMID": 567318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7507", "title": "Effect of denervation and ouabain on the response of the resting membrane potential of rat skeletal muscle to potassium.", "content": "The effects of denervation and ouabain on the relationship between resting membrane potential (EM) and extracellular potassium concentration were determined for rat soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. At concentrations above 20 mM for both SOL AND EDL fibres the relationship could be described adequately by the Nernst equation. Denervation resulted in reduction of EM and a decrease in the slope of the relationship between EM and potassium concentration. 10(-3) M ouabain produced the same effects as denervation. The results are discussed in relation to the alterations in membrane permeability previously shown to occur as a consequence of denervation. It is concluded that the low EM of denervated muscle is the result of an increase in membrane permeability to sodium.", "contents": "Effect of denervation and ouabain on the response of the resting membrane potential of rat skeletal muscle to potassium. The effects of denervation and ouabain on the relationship between resting membrane potential (EM) and extracellular potassium concentration were determined for rat soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. At concentrations above 20 mM for both SOL AND EDL fibres the relationship could be described adequately by the Nernst equation. Denervation resulted in reduction of EM and a decrease in the slope of the relationship between EM and potassium concentration. 10(-3) M ouabain produced the same effects as denervation. The results are discussed in relation to the alterations in membrane permeability previously shown to occur as a consequence of denervation. It is concluded that the low EM of denervated muscle is the result of an increase in membrane permeability to sodium.", "PMID": 567319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7508", "title": "Magnesium handling by the papilla of the young rat.", "content": "In a recent study it was found that in Mg loaded rats, the fraction of filtered Mg (% E Mg) recovered in the bend of the loop of Henle of papilla was greater than the filtered load. However, the site of this Mg addition was unspecified and could be either the juxtamedullary proximal tubule, the pars recta, or in the papilla, the descending limb of the loop of Henle. In order to investigate the movement of Mg in the various structures of the papilla, we have studied: 1. The transport of this electrolyte along the collecting duct. 2. Its relative concentration in the loop of Henle and in the adjacent vasa recta. The experiments have been performed in hydropenic and Mg loaded rats. In the collecting duct, the inulin and Mg concentrations increase proportionally, indicating an absence of any transport of Mg along this part of this nephron. In the vasa recta of the accessible papilla, the capillary over peripheral plasma Mg ratio (C/UF Mg) in hydropenia and after Mg loading [1.88 +/- 0.15 (ES) and 2.89 +/- 0.25] were significantly lower than the corresponding TF/UF Mg in the adjacent loops of Henle (2.90 +/- 0.17 and 4.04 +/- 0.37). This finding reduces the possibilities of a Mg passive diffusion from the capillaries to the tubular lumen, unless the electrical potential of the descending limb is more negative than -5 mV. The hypothesis of an active secretion, or a passive diffusion of Mg in the deep proximal tubule, in the pars recta, or in the early non accessible descending limb constitutes the other alternative.", "contents": "Magnesium handling by the papilla of the young rat. In a recent study it was found that in Mg loaded rats, the fraction of filtered Mg (% E Mg) recovered in the bend of the loop of Henle of papilla was greater than the filtered load. However, the site of this Mg addition was unspecified and could be either the juxtamedullary proximal tubule, the pars recta, or in the papilla, the descending limb of the loop of Henle. In order to investigate the movement of Mg in the various structures of the papilla, we have studied: 1. The transport of this electrolyte along the collecting duct. 2. Its relative concentration in the loop of Henle and in the adjacent vasa recta. The experiments have been performed in hydropenic and Mg loaded rats. In the collecting duct, the inulin and Mg concentrations increase proportionally, indicating an absence of any transport of Mg along this part of this nephron. In the vasa recta of the accessible papilla, the capillary over peripheral plasma Mg ratio (C/UF Mg) in hydropenia and after Mg loading [1.88 +/- 0.15 (ES) and 2.89 +/- 0.25] were significantly lower than the corresponding TF/UF Mg in the adjacent loops of Henle (2.90 +/- 0.17 and 4.04 +/- 0.37). This finding reduces the possibilities of a Mg passive diffusion from the capillaries to the tubular lumen, unless the electrical potential of the descending limb is more negative than -5 mV. The hypothesis of an active secretion, or a passive diffusion of Mg in the deep proximal tubule, in the pars recta, or in the early non accessible descending limb constitutes the other alternative.", "PMID": 567320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7509", "title": "Sugar transport by brush border membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine.", "content": "Uptake of D- and L-glucose, and fructose by purified brush border membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine was studied using a rapid filtration technique. The uptake of D-glucose by the vesicles was osmotically sensitive and represented transport into an intravesicular space and not binding to the membranes. Transport of both, D- and L-glucose was inhibited by phlorizin. Uptake of D-fructose into the brush border vesicles was not stimulated by sodium. In the presence of a sodium gradient D-glucose was taken up 5 times faster than L-glucose. The amount of D-glucose transported into the vesicles in the presence of a sodium gradient was transiently higher than the amount of D-glucose taken up at equilibrium (over-shoot). D-Glucose transport was stimulated only by a sodium gradient; other monovalent cations had no effect. In the presence of a sodium gradient D-glucose transport was increased by the nearly impermeable anion sulfate as compared with uptake of D-glucose in the presence of a sodium chloride gradient. This indicates an influence of the electrical membrane potential on the sodium coupled non-electrolyte transport.", "contents": "Sugar transport by brush border membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine. Uptake of D- and L-glucose, and fructose by purified brush border membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine was studied using a rapid filtration technique. The uptake of D-glucose by the vesicles was osmotically sensitive and represented transport into an intravesicular space and not binding to the membranes. Transport of both, D- and L-glucose was inhibited by phlorizin. Uptake of D-fructose into the brush border vesicles was not stimulated by sodium. In the presence of a sodium gradient D-glucose was taken up 5 times faster than L-glucose. The amount of D-glucose transported into the vesicles in the presence of a sodium gradient was transiently higher than the amount of D-glucose taken up at equilibrium (over-shoot). D-Glucose transport was stimulated only by a sodium gradient; other monovalent cations had no effect. In the presence of a sodium gradient D-glucose transport was increased by the nearly impermeable anion sulfate as compared with uptake of D-glucose in the presence of a sodium chloride gradient. This indicates an influence of the electrical membrane potential on the sodium coupled non-electrolyte transport.", "PMID": 567321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7510", "title": "Effects of total body core cooling on heat production of conscious goats.", "content": "Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of general body core cooling on heat production at various air temperatures between +1 degree C and +56 degrees C in conscious goats. An intravascular heat exchanger (IVHE) was used to alter body core temperature independently of air temperature. Heat loss via the IVHE caused a fall in body core temperature, the extent of which depended on the rate of extraction and air temperature. Irrespective of air temperature the decrease in body core temperature resulted in shivering and an increase in heat production, which eventually balanced the heat loss. During steady state conditions the extra heat production was approximately equal to that lost via the IVHE. The threshold body core temperature at which heat production increased in response to central cooling did not significantly alter with air temperature. However, the slopes of the curves describing this response were smaller at higher than at lower air temperatures, which indicated that central thermosensitivity decreased with increasing air temperature. Irrespective of air temperature the threshold temperatures for shivering were higher and the slopes of the curves were steeper than those previously found with combined cooling of the hypothalamus and spinal cord in the same species which indicated the existence of central thermosensors outside the above two mentioned areas.", "contents": "Effects of total body core cooling on heat production of conscious goats. Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of general body core cooling on heat production at various air temperatures between +1 degree C and +56 degrees C in conscious goats. An intravascular heat exchanger (IVHE) was used to alter body core temperature independently of air temperature. Heat loss via the IVHE caused a fall in body core temperature, the extent of which depended on the rate of extraction and air temperature. Irrespective of air temperature the decrease in body core temperature resulted in shivering and an increase in heat production, which eventually balanced the heat loss. During steady state conditions the extra heat production was approximately equal to that lost via the IVHE. The threshold body core temperature at which heat production increased in response to central cooling did not significantly alter with air temperature. However, the slopes of the curves describing this response were smaller at higher than at lower air temperatures, which indicated that central thermosensitivity decreased with increasing air temperature. Irrespective of air temperature the threshold temperatures for shivering were higher and the slopes of the curves were steeper than those previously found with combined cooling of the hypothalamus and spinal cord in the same species which indicated the existence of central thermosensors outside the above two mentioned areas.", "PMID": 567323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7511", "title": "In vivo measurement of carbon dioxide tension with a miniature electrode.", "content": "A commercially available catheter type electrode with which PCO2 can be continuously measured in vivo and in vitro gave progressively less accurate results the longer the measuring period was extended. This proved to be due to temperature effects and a change in sensitivity with time. A correction procedure for these effects was developed which was based on two observations. 1. The relationship between temperature and the logarithm of the sensitivity of the electrode-amplifier combination was linear and virtually identical for 9 electrodes: 8% change in sensitivity for a deviation of 1 degree C from the temperature during calibration. 2. The change in sensitivity due to drift of the electrode output is approximately a logarithmic function of time: 1 h after calibration all electrodes exhibited a decreased sensitivity, varying between 0.3 and 16.7%. The drift effect can be dealt with by repeated calibrations, preferably at 1 1/2 h intervals. The adequacy of the correction procedure was assessed in in vivo measurements in cats and dogs. The mean PCO2 difference between the in vivo measurement, corrected for temperature and drift, and samples analyzed with a conventional electrode, was 0.005 kPa (0.04 mm Hg) with a standard deviation of 0.187 kPa (1.39 mm Hg).", "contents": "In vivo measurement of carbon dioxide tension with a miniature electrode. A commercially available catheter type electrode with which PCO2 can be continuously measured in vivo and in vitro gave progressively less accurate results the longer the measuring period was extended. This proved to be due to temperature effects and a change in sensitivity with time. A correction procedure for these effects was developed which was based on two observations. 1. The relationship between temperature and the logarithm of the sensitivity of the electrode-amplifier combination was linear and virtually identical for 9 electrodes: 8% change in sensitivity for a deviation of 1 degree C from the temperature during calibration. 2. The change in sensitivity due to drift of the electrode output is approximately a logarithmic function of time: 1 h after calibration all electrodes exhibited a decreased sensitivity, varying between 0.3 and 16.7%. The drift effect can be dealt with by repeated calibrations, preferably at 1 1/2 h intervals. The adequacy of the correction procedure was assessed in in vivo measurements in cats and dogs. The mean PCO2 difference between the in vivo measurement, corrected for temperature and drift, and samples analyzed with a conventional electrode, was 0.005 kPa (0.04 mm Hg) with a standard deviation of 0.187 kPa (1.39 mm Hg).", "PMID": 567324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7512", "title": "A fiberoptic reflection oximeter.", "content": "A catheter tip oximeter is described consisting of a cardiac catheter containing optical fibers, and incandescent light source, a light detection unit and a processing unit. Half of the optical fibers guide the light to the blood at the tip of the catheter, the other half the backscattered (reflected) light to the detection unit. The detection unit contains a dichroic mirror, transmitting most of the light with lambda less than 800 nm and reflecting most of the light with lambda greater than 900 nm, thus splitting the light into two beams. These pass through interference filters with nominal wavelengths of 640 and 920 nm respectively, and are focused on silicium barrier layer photocells. The photocell signals are amplified and fed into a divider giving the ratio of measuring (R640) and compensating (R920) photocell output. The relationship between log R640/R920 and oxygen saturation is represented by a slightly curved line. The relation may be linearized by subtracting a constant voltage from the divided output before taking the logarithm. The slope of the calibration line is dependent on the total haemoglobin concentration. Nonetheless an average calibration line can be used between 70 and 100% oxygen saturation. For 78 measurements of pig blood samples in this range (haemoglobin concentration between 96 and 161 g.1(-1)), the standard deviation of the difference between the fiberoptic oximeter and a Radiometer OSM1 oxygen saturation meter was 1.9% saturation, for 152 samples over the entire saturation range the standard deviation of the difference was 3.1% saturation. The influence of the flow velocity of blood on the light reflection depends on wavelength as well as on oxygen saturation. Therefore, complete compensation for the flow effect is not possible by simple means.", "contents": "A fiberoptic reflection oximeter. A catheter tip oximeter is described consisting of a cardiac catheter containing optical fibers, and incandescent light source, a light detection unit and a processing unit. Half of the optical fibers guide the light to the blood at the tip of the catheter, the other half the backscattered (reflected) light to the detection unit. The detection unit contains a dichroic mirror, transmitting most of the light with lambda less than 800 nm and reflecting most of the light with lambda greater than 900 nm, thus splitting the light into two beams. These pass through interference filters with nominal wavelengths of 640 and 920 nm respectively, and are focused on silicium barrier layer photocells. The photocell signals are amplified and fed into a divider giving the ratio of measuring (R640) and compensating (R920) photocell output. The relationship between log R640/R920 and oxygen saturation is represented by a slightly curved line. The relation may be linearized by subtracting a constant voltage from the divided output before taking the logarithm. The slope of the calibration line is dependent on the total haemoglobin concentration. Nonetheless an average calibration line can be used between 70 and 100% oxygen saturation. For 78 measurements of pig blood samples in this range (haemoglobin concentration between 96 and 161 g.1(-1)), the standard deviation of the difference between the fiberoptic oximeter and a Radiometer OSM1 oxygen saturation meter was 1.9% saturation, for 152 samples over the entire saturation range the standard deviation of the difference was 3.1% saturation. The influence of the flow velocity of blood on the light reflection depends on wavelength as well as on oxygen saturation. Therefore, complete compensation for the flow effect is not possible by simple means.", "PMID": 567325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7513", "title": "Estimation of the number of normal subpopulations in an heterogeneous sample and of their parameters. A recurrent method applied to neurobiology.", "content": "A method is proposed to estimate the number of subpopulations which compose a heterogeneous experimental population. The method consists of reconstructing a population sample by adding computed subpopulations, postulated to be independent. The assumption is made that each subpopulation fits a normal distribution; the method may also be generalized to other distributions laws; each subpopulation can thus be entirely defined by its mean, variance and relative weight. Recurrent adjustments of number and parameters of subpopulations are carried out in order to minimize the difference between synthetized and experimental populations. This difference was measured by the quadratic distance chi2 between the two populations. Mean, variance and weight of the computed population must then be close to those of the experimental population in order to consider the results as acceptable. This method is discussed with regard to others proposed in the literature.", "contents": "Estimation of the number of normal subpopulations in an heterogeneous sample and of their parameters. A recurrent method applied to neurobiology. A method is proposed to estimate the number of subpopulations which compose a heterogeneous experimental population. The method consists of reconstructing a population sample by adding computed subpopulations, postulated to be independent. The assumption is made that each subpopulation fits a normal distribution; the method may also be generalized to other distributions laws; each subpopulation can thus be entirely defined by its mean, variance and relative weight. Recurrent adjustments of number and parameters of subpopulations are carried out in order to minimize the difference between synthetized and experimental populations. This difference was measured by the quadratic distance chi2 between the two populations. Mean, variance and weight of the computed population must then be close to those of the experimental population in order to consider the results as acceptable. This method is discussed with regard to others proposed in the literature.", "PMID": 567326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7514", "title": "EEG effects of the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits submitted to thalamic stimulation.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the \"somnogenic\" thalamic area of Hess in chronic rabbit donors significantly increases the EEG delta activity against controls (41%; p less than or equal to 0.05). In recipient rabbits infused with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from these donors, the delta increase against control rabbits (26%) suggests a sedative activity of the infused csf, able to counteract the waking tendency in chronic recipients.", "contents": "EEG effects of the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits submitted to thalamic stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the \"somnogenic\" thalamic area of Hess in chronic rabbit donors significantly increases the EEG delta activity against controls (41%; p less than or equal to 0.05). In recipient rabbits infused with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from these donors, the delta increase against control rabbits (26%) suggests a sedative activity of the infused csf, able to counteract the waking tendency in chronic recipients.", "PMID": 567327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7515", "title": "Hyperthermic effects of arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha in rats.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility that endotoxin fever in rats is mediated by arachidonic acid (AA) which in turn is converted to the active metabolites such as prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2alpha, thromboxane A2 (TxA2), or prostacyclin (PGI2). Evidence is presented indicating that PGE2 induces fever (not hyperthermia) by acting on the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area. Conversely, both PGF2alpha and AA produce mutually similar hyperthermia and there is no correlation between their microinjection sites in the diencephalon and the observed hyperthermic response. In addition, evidence is presented suggesting that involvement of other metabolites of AA, namely TxA2 and PGI2 in the mediation of endotoxin fever in rats seems unlikely. Only PGE2-induced fever is significantly similar, consistent with the parameters of this study, to endotoxin-induced fever in rats. AA-induced hyperthermia is probably brought about by increased levels of PGF2alpha or both PGF2alpha and PGE2 in the hypothalamus following AA injection. It seems highly unlikely that endotoxin produces fever in rats through the increased availability of free AA or through the activation of the PG endoperoxide synthetase in the hypothalamus. The mechanism by which endotoxin may increase PGF2 levels in the rat hypothalamus remains unknown.", "contents": "Hyperthermic effects of arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha in rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility that endotoxin fever in rats is mediated by arachidonic acid (AA) which in turn is converted to the active metabolites such as prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2alpha, thromboxane A2 (TxA2), or prostacyclin (PGI2). Evidence is presented indicating that PGE2 induces fever (not hyperthermia) by acting on the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area. Conversely, both PGF2alpha and AA produce mutually similar hyperthermia and there is no correlation between their microinjection sites in the diencephalon and the observed hyperthermic response. In addition, evidence is presented suggesting that involvement of other metabolites of AA, namely TxA2 and PGI2 in the mediation of endotoxin fever in rats seems unlikely. Only PGE2-induced fever is significantly similar, consistent with the parameters of this study, to endotoxin-induced fever in rats. AA-induced hyperthermia is probably brought about by increased levels of PGF2alpha or both PGF2alpha and PGE2 in the hypothalamus following AA injection. It seems highly unlikely that endotoxin produces fever in rats through the increased availability of free AA or through the activation of the PG endoperoxide synthetase in the hypothalamus. The mechanism by which endotoxin may increase PGF2 levels in the rat hypothalamus remains unknown.", "PMID": 567328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7516", "title": "Flux of metabolic fuels during starvation in the rat.", "content": "Rats were starved for 6 days to determine whether the \"nitrogen sparing\" observed during starvation in humans was also present in rats. The urinary nitrogen excretion decreased on the first day, probably due to metabolism of remaining dietary protein. From the second day of starvation to the end of the starvation period, the urinary nitrogen excretion increased progressively. The hepatic glycogen stores were depleted at the end of the first day. The blood glucose concentration remained constant throughout starvation period except for a 15% decrease on the first day. There was increased mobilization of lipid stores, starting on the first day, reflected by an increase in the blood free fatty acids, glycerol and ketone body concentrations. These metabolite concentrations began to increase on the third and fourth day which probably reflected depleted fat stores since no visible body fat was observed by the fourth day. The data indicate that the rat does not spare body protein during starvation, probably because it depletes its glycogen and fat stores rapidly and must then depend on body protein as the major fuel for energy metabolism.", "contents": "Flux of metabolic fuels during starvation in the rat. Rats were starved for 6 days to determine whether the \"nitrogen sparing\" observed during starvation in humans was also present in rats. The urinary nitrogen excretion decreased on the first day, probably due to metabolism of remaining dietary protein. From the second day of starvation to the end of the starvation period, the urinary nitrogen excretion increased progressively. The hepatic glycogen stores were depleted at the end of the first day. The blood glucose concentration remained constant throughout starvation period except for a 15% decrease on the first day. There was increased mobilization of lipid stores, starting on the first day, reflected by an increase in the blood free fatty acids, glycerol and ketone body concentrations. These metabolite concentrations began to increase on the third and fourth day which probably reflected depleted fat stores since no visible body fat was observed by the fourth day. The data indicate that the rat does not spare body protein during starvation, probably because it depletes its glycogen and fat stores rapidly and must then depend on body protein as the major fuel for energy metabolism.", "PMID": 567330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7517", "title": "Medullary and carotid chemoreceptor interaction for mild stimuli.", "content": "The interaction of medullary and carotid chemoreceptors during mild stimulation was investigated in 44 experiments on 6 chloralose-urethane anesthetized mongrel dogs using a donor-perfused, bilateral carotid sinus preparation. The donor dog breathed hypoxic mixtures (average PaO2 of 78 mm Hg) and the experimental animal breathed hypercapnic mixtures (average PACO2 of 49 mm Hg) in order to separately or simultaneously stimulate both chemoreceptor areas at low levels. After 4 min, the changes of tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (f) and minute ventilation (VI), as a percentage of the control value, were compared to test whether the sums of the changes for separate stimuli were the same as for simultaneous stimuli, i.e. additive chemoreceptor effects. The simultaneous stimuli had significantly (P less than 0.05) greater responses for VT (19% greater than 5%) and VI (42% greater than 13%), but not for f (23% = 9%). Stepwise multiple regression studies of the response/control ratios on the blood gas values showed that multiplicative interaction terms accounted for more of the variance than additive terms for VT, f and VI and yielded equations which had overall significant slopes. We conclude that this evidence demonstrates that the two chemoreceptor effects combine synergistically at low levels of stimulation.", "contents": "Medullary and carotid chemoreceptor interaction for mild stimuli. The interaction of medullary and carotid chemoreceptors during mild stimulation was investigated in 44 experiments on 6 chloralose-urethane anesthetized mongrel dogs using a donor-perfused, bilateral carotid sinus preparation. The donor dog breathed hypoxic mixtures (average PaO2 of 78 mm Hg) and the experimental animal breathed hypercapnic mixtures (average PACO2 of 49 mm Hg) in order to separately or simultaneously stimulate both chemoreceptor areas at low levels. After 4 min, the changes of tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (f) and minute ventilation (VI), as a percentage of the control value, were compared to test whether the sums of the changes for separate stimuli were the same as for simultaneous stimuli, i.e. additive chemoreceptor effects. The simultaneous stimuli had significantly (P less than 0.05) greater responses for VT (19% greater than 5%) and VI (42% greater than 13%), but not for f (23% = 9%). Stepwise multiple regression studies of the response/control ratios on the blood gas values showed that multiplicative interaction terms accounted for more of the variance than additive terms for VT, f and VI and yielded equations which had overall significant slopes. We conclude that this evidence demonstrates that the two chemoreceptor effects combine synergistically at low levels of stimulation.", "PMID": 567331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7518", "title": "Interactions of behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in heat stressed pigeons.", "content": "The interactions of behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in pigeons during ambient heat load were studied by simultaneous measurements of instrumental response rate for cold air reinforcement and respiratory rate. When providing sufficient reinforcement-magnitudes, deep body temperatures were stabilized, due to a linear increase of response rate with ambient loads from 40-60 degrees C, without involving an increase in respiratory heat dissipation. This was effected by maintaining the temporal mean of air temperature and consequently of all skin temperatures at a level independent from load temperature (Fig. 3). When the efficiency of instrumental thermoregulation was limited by reducing the reinforcement-magnitude, not only the instrumental response rate increased, but in addition body temperatures and subsequently respiratory rate rose with the thermal load. Thus a positive correlation between body temperatures and response rate and a simultaneous increase of autonomic heat defence activities characterize incomplete behavioral thermoregulation. The instrumental response rate rapidly followed changes of external load temperature without preceding changes of core temperatures or skin temperatures at well feathered areas (Fig. 6). These findings suggest that the input signal controlling instrumental thermoregulatory behavior is related to the rate of change of temperatures at exposed areas of the body shell, whereas the autonomic heat defence response follows the steady displacements of body temperatures. This points to an important difference between the input signals controlling behavioral and autonomic heat defence in the pigeon.", "contents": "Interactions of behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in heat stressed pigeons. The interactions of behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in pigeons during ambient heat load were studied by simultaneous measurements of instrumental response rate for cold air reinforcement and respiratory rate. When providing sufficient reinforcement-magnitudes, deep body temperatures were stabilized, due to a linear increase of response rate with ambient loads from 40-60 degrees C, without involving an increase in respiratory heat dissipation. This was effected by maintaining the temporal mean of air temperature and consequently of all skin temperatures at a level independent from load temperature (Fig. 3). When the efficiency of instrumental thermoregulation was limited by reducing the reinforcement-magnitude, not only the instrumental response rate increased, but in addition body temperatures and subsequently respiratory rate rose with the thermal load. Thus a positive correlation between body temperatures and response rate and a simultaneous increase of autonomic heat defence activities characterize incomplete behavioral thermoregulation. The instrumental response rate rapidly followed changes of external load temperature without preceding changes of core temperatures or skin temperatures at well feathered areas (Fig. 6). These findings suggest that the input signal controlling instrumental thermoregulatory behavior is related to the rate of change of temperatures at exposed areas of the body shell, whereas the autonomic heat defence response follows the steady displacements of body temperatures. This points to an important difference between the input signals controlling behavioral and autonomic heat defence in the pigeon.", "PMID": 567332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7519", "title": "Distribution of the myocardial tissue PO2 in the rat and the inhomogeneity of the coronary bed.", "content": "The structural inhomogeneity of the myocardial capillary bed is stimulated by microcirculatory units (MCU's) in a diffusion model. This stimulation is based on MCU's in which the arrangement of the capillary ends (concurrent structure, partial and total countercurrent (structure, helical structure) as well as the structure and supply parameters are varied. The variation of these parameters is based on own measurements of the intracapillary HbO2 saturation as well as on the following parameters from the literature: frequency distribution of capillary distance and capillary radius, mean capillary length or capillary section length respectively, arterial and mean venous PO2, mean coronary blood flow, mean O2 consumption and diffusion conductivity. The analysis of O2 supply of the normoxic rat heart shows that an O2 diffusion shunt is obligatory except of MCU's with an extremely large capillary distance or with a concurrent capillary structure. Therefore the minimal tissue PO2 lies at the level of the capillary venous PO2 of a MCU. The maximum of the total PO2 frequency distribution in the normoxic rat myocardium lies at 25 +/- 5 mm Hg, i.e. above the mean venous PO2 (20 mm Hg). Tissue PO2 values between 0 and 5 mm Hg amount to 0.5% i.e. they are extremely rare. Tissue PO2 values of 0-1 mm Hg represent less than 0.2%.", "contents": "Distribution of the myocardial tissue PO2 in the rat and the inhomogeneity of the coronary bed. The structural inhomogeneity of the myocardial capillary bed is stimulated by microcirculatory units (MCU's) in a diffusion model. This stimulation is based on MCU's in which the arrangement of the capillary ends (concurrent structure, partial and total countercurrent (structure, helical structure) as well as the structure and supply parameters are varied. The variation of these parameters is based on own measurements of the intracapillary HbO2 saturation as well as on the following parameters from the literature: frequency distribution of capillary distance and capillary radius, mean capillary length or capillary section length respectively, arterial and mean venous PO2, mean coronary blood flow, mean O2 consumption and diffusion conductivity. The analysis of O2 supply of the normoxic rat heart shows that an O2 diffusion shunt is obligatory except of MCU's with an extremely large capillary distance or with a concurrent capillary structure. Therefore the minimal tissue PO2 lies at the level of the capillary venous PO2 of a MCU. The maximum of the total PO2 frequency distribution in the normoxic rat myocardium lies at 25 +/- 5 mm Hg, i.e. above the mean venous PO2 (20 mm Hg). Tissue PO2 values between 0 and 5 mm Hg amount to 0.5% i.e. they are extremely rare. Tissue PO2 values of 0-1 mm Hg represent less than 0.2%.", "PMID": 567333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7520", "title": "Modifications by stretches of the mechanical response of isolated cerebral and extracerebral arteries to vasoactive agents.", "content": "Length-tension relationship was compared in helically cut strips of canine cerebral, coronary, mesenteric, renal, and femoral arteries. Tension developed progressively by increasing the stretch; with the same strain, a greater passive tension developed in cerebral than in extracerebral arteries. The peak active tension developed by serotonin (cerebral, coronary), norepinephrine (mesenteric, renal and femoral) or K+ (coronary) was obtained at a resting tension of 1.5 g (other than coronary) or 2.0 g (coronary). Papaverine (10(-4) M) caused a relaxation in cerebral arterial strips contracted with serotonin to a level lower than that prior to the addition of serotonin, the relaxation from the initial level of tension being related directly to the stretch applied. The relaxing effect of adenosine was related directly to stretches of cerebral arterial strips. It seems likely that a rise of intra-arterial pressure effects a greater increase in the wall stiffness in cerebral than in extracerebral arteries. The responsiveness to vasoconstricting and vasodilating agents of both cerebral and extracerebral arteries appears to increase when the arteries are distended.", "contents": "Modifications by stretches of the mechanical response of isolated cerebral and extracerebral arteries to vasoactive agents. Length-tension relationship was compared in helically cut strips of canine cerebral, coronary, mesenteric, renal, and femoral arteries. Tension developed progressively by increasing the stretch; with the same strain, a greater passive tension developed in cerebral than in extracerebral arteries. The peak active tension developed by serotonin (cerebral, coronary), norepinephrine (mesenteric, renal and femoral) or K+ (coronary) was obtained at a resting tension of 1.5 g (other than coronary) or 2.0 g (coronary). Papaverine (10(-4) M) caused a relaxation in cerebral arterial strips contracted with serotonin to a level lower than that prior to the addition of serotonin, the relaxation from the initial level of tension being related directly to the stretch applied. The relaxing effect of adenosine was related directly to stretches of cerebral arterial strips. It seems likely that a rise of intra-arterial pressure effects a greater increase in the wall stiffness in cerebral than in extracerebral arteries. The responsiveness to vasoconstricting and vasodilating agents of both cerebral and extracerebral arteries appears to increase when the arteries are distended.", "PMID": 567334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7521", "title": "Current-voltage relations in ventricular muscle preparations from different species.", "content": "Current-voltage relations were determined in ventricular muscle preparations from dog, sheep, pig, guinea pig, bull and cat hearts. The single sucrose gap voltage clamp method was used to apply 2 s steps or slow speed voltage ramps (3-4 mV/s). 1. The current-voltage relations obtained with 2 s steps were similar to those obtained with ramps. 2. Negative slope regions were readily apparent in the current-voltage relations of preparations from all species except cat although the latter did display marked anomalous rectification. 3. Increasing the external potassium concentration from 3 to 10 mM increased the slope of the current-voltage relation around the resting potential and resulted in the \"crossing-over\" and \"crossing-back\" of the relations if all tissues. 4. The two extreme cases of bull (marked negative slope region) and cat (no negative slope region) were compared with regard to transgap intracellular and extracellular resistances; they were quite similar. This suggests that the current-voltage relations reflect differences in membrane properties rather than, for example, different proportions of non-membrane leakage current. 5. In bull ventricular preparations, the application of D-600 (2 X 10(-6) M), 30 min) had only a small effect on the current-voltage relation. In contrast, cesium (10-20 mM) nearly abolished the negative slope region suggesting that this characteristic of the current-voltage relation is due to potassium channel rectification. 6. Possible explanations for action potential durations in bull ventricular fibres being 50 to 100% longer than in cat are considered.", "contents": "Current-voltage relations in ventricular muscle preparations from different species. Current-voltage relations were determined in ventricular muscle preparations from dog, sheep, pig, guinea pig, bull and cat hearts. The single sucrose gap voltage clamp method was used to apply 2 s steps or slow speed voltage ramps (3-4 mV/s). 1. The current-voltage relations obtained with 2 s steps were similar to those obtained with ramps. 2. Negative slope regions were readily apparent in the current-voltage relations of preparations from all species except cat although the latter did display marked anomalous rectification. 3. Increasing the external potassium concentration from 3 to 10 mM increased the slope of the current-voltage relation around the resting potential and resulted in the \"crossing-over\" and \"crossing-back\" of the relations if all tissues. 4. The two extreme cases of bull (marked negative slope region) and cat (no negative slope region) were compared with regard to transgap intracellular and extracellular resistances; they were quite similar. This suggests that the current-voltage relations reflect differences in membrane properties rather than, for example, different proportions of non-membrane leakage current. 5. In bull ventricular preparations, the application of D-600 (2 X 10(-6) M), 30 min) had only a small effect on the current-voltage relation. In contrast, cesium (10-20 mM) nearly abolished the negative slope region suggesting that this characteristic of the current-voltage relation is due to potassium channel rectification. 6. Possible explanations for action potential durations in bull ventricular fibres being 50 to 100% longer than in cat are considered.", "PMID": 567335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7522", "title": "Respiratory oscillations of the arterial PO2 and their effects on the ventilatory controlling system in the cat.", "content": "The respiratory oscillations of the arterial PO2 were measured in paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats by a small (1.2 mm) fast-responding catheter oxygen electrode. The amplitude of these oscillations could be changed independently of the mean PA,O2n by a specially designed respirator circuit. deltaPaO2 was shown to increase with increasing tidal volume or decreasing frequency of the respirator, and with increasing mean PaO2. The amplitude of the oscillations was attenuated considerably from the left atrium to the aorta. No attenuation occurred from the aorta to the carotid artery, provided that the blood flow in the carotid artery was not impeded. The measured attenuation of the oscillations was compared to that calculated by Yokota and Kreuzer (1973) and found to be quite different. The output of the ventilatory controlling system of the cat was measured from the quantified phrenic nerve activity. When only deltaPaO2 was changed at a constant level mean PaO2, the quantified phrenic nerve activity did not change, indicating that the amplitude of the oscillations does not influence the ventilatory controlling system. In vagotomized animals, the periodicities of the oscillations and the phrenic nerve activity were completely dissociated. From the fact that no Cheyne-Stokes type of breathing occurred, it was concluded that the effect of timing is negligible.", "contents": "Respiratory oscillations of the arterial PO2 and their effects on the ventilatory controlling system in the cat. The respiratory oscillations of the arterial PO2 were measured in paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats by a small (1.2 mm) fast-responding catheter oxygen electrode. The amplitude of these oscillations could be changed independently of the mean PA,O2n by a specially designed respirator circuit. deltaPaO2 was shown to increase with increasing tidal volume or decreasing frequency of the respirator, and with increasing mean PaO2. The amplitude of the oscillations was attenuated considerably from the left atrium to the aorta. No attenuation occurred from the aorta to the carotid artery, provided that the blood flow in the carotid artery was not impeded. The measured attenuation of the oscillations was compared to that calculated by Yokota and Kreuzer (1973) and found to be quite different. The output of the ventilatory controlling system of the cat was measured from the quantified phrenic nerve activity. When only deltaPaO2 was changed at a constant level mean PaO2, the quantified phrenic nerve activity did not change, indicating that the amplitude of the oscillations does not influence the ventilatory controlling system. In vagotomized animals, the periodicities of the oscillations and the phrenic nerve activity were completely dissociated. From the fact that no Cheyne-Stokes type of breathing occurred, it was concluded that the effect of timing is negligible.", "PMID": 567338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7523", "title": "Thermally-induced cutaneous sympathetic activity related to blood flow through capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses.", "content": "In the ears of anaesthetized rabbits cutaneous efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SkNA) and blood flow (Q) to capillaries have been measured during various thermal treatments. Warming the spinal cord or skin of the body midside caused a marked decrease in SkNA but capillary Q increased only slightly. Exposure to a warm environment or localized warming of the ear alone induced either a decrease, an increase, or no change in SkNA, but capillary Q always increased markedly. The usual slight increase in capillary Q during spinal warming, was abolished by preventing the usual marked increase in skin temperature. When the spinal cord of the conscious rat was warmed, a marked increase in temperature of the tail (which contains arteriovenous anastomoses, AVA's) indicated dilatation, whereas there was no change in ear temperature (where there are no AVA's). When these results are considered together with recently defined differential influences of reflex and direct effects of temperature on blood flow through cutaneous AVA's and capillaries, it is concluded: (1) That thermally-induced reflex changes in skin blood flow are mediated via sympathetic nervous action on AVA's; (2) Changes in blood flow evoked by direct heating take place through the capillaries, not the AVA's, quite independently of SkNA.", "contents": "Thermally-induced cutaneous sympathetic activity related to blood flow through capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses. In the ears of anaesthetized rabbits cutaneous efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SkNA) and blood flow (Q) to capillaries have been measured during various thermal treatments. Warming the spinal cord or skin of the body midside caused a marked decrease in SkNA but capillary Q increased only slightly. Exposure to a warm environment or localized warming of the ear alone induced either a decrease, an increase, or no change in SkNA, but capillary Q always increased markedly. The usual slight increase in capillary Q during spinal warming, was abolished by preventing the usual marked increase in skin temperature. When the spinal cord of the conscious rat was warmed, a marked increase in temperature of the tail (which contains arteriovenous anastomoses, AVA's) indicated dilatation, whereas there was no change in ear temperature (where there are no AVA's). When these results are considered together with recently defined differential influences of reflex and direct effects of temperature on blood flow through cutaneous AVA's and capillaries, it is concluded: (1) That thermally-induced reflex changes in skin blood flow are mediated via sympathetic nervous action on AVA's; (2) Changes in blood flow evoked by direct heating take place through the capillaries, not the AVA's, quite independently of SkNA.", "PMID": 567339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7524", "title": "Intracerebral gas partial pressure changes under vasoactive drugs. A mass spectrometry study.", "content": "An original technique based on mass spectrometry has been used to measure simultaneously in undrugged, freely-breathing animals local PO2 and PCO2 in the brain (caudate nucleus) and arterial PO2 and PCO2 in the aorta. Injection of vasoactive drugs brought about significant modifications of the partial pressures of the physiological gases in the brain. The origin of these variations was discussed, based on the combination of 3 possible factors: cerebral vascular changes, systemic metabolic changes (PaO2 and PaCO2) and local metabolic changes. It was demonstrated that local variations of PCO2 cannot be held to be responsible for the modifications of cerebral blood flow induced by papaverine or the sympathomimetic drugs.", "contents": "Intracerebral gas partial pressure changes under vasoactive drugs. A mass spectrometry study. An original technique based on mass spectrometry has been used to measure simultaneously in undrugged, freely-breathing animals local PO2 and PCO2 in the brain (caudate nucleus) and arterial PO2 and PCO2 in the aorta. Injection of vasoactive drugs brought about significant modifications of the partial pressures of the physiological gases in the brain. The origin of these variations was discussed, based on the combination of 3 possible factors: cerebral vascular changes, systemic metabolic changes (PaO2 and PaCO2) and local metabolic changes. It was demonstrated that local variations of PCO2 cannot be held to be responsible for the modifications of cerebral blood flow induced by papaverine or the sympathomimetic drugs.", "PMID": 567340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7525", "title": "Effects of locally applied chemicals on transretinal potential and horizontal cells in the isolated carp retina I. Amino acids.", "content": "Experiments were performed on isolated retinas of teh carp (Cyprinus carpio) to investigate the effects of locally applied amino acids on the transretinal potential and the membrane potential of horizontal cells. A minute quantity of each solution of an amino acid was applied locally at different layers by means of pressure-microinjection. The responses were induced by alternating central and annular stimuli of white light. Amino acids applied locally at the distal layer (receptor surface or outer plexiform layer) in the centrally stimulated area, caused, at concentrations of 25--50mM, rapid changes in the light-induced potential, whereas those microinjected into the inner plexiform layer did not. When applied locally at the distal layer, amino acids abolished the proximal PIII response and reduced the amplitude of S-potentials, particularly in response to a central stimulus. However, the resting potential of horizontal cells was depolarized only slightly by acidic amino acids. The results suggest that the passive membrane properties of horizontal cells are not altered significantly by the amino acids applied. Differential susceptibilities of the PII component to acidic and neutral amino acids were found; the former did not change or, in some cases, enlarged, whereas the latter abolished it. Possibly, neutral amino acids interfere with a neural mechanism generating the PII component.", "contents": "Effects of locally applied chemicals on transretinal potential and horizontal cells in the isolated carp retina I. Amino acids. Experiments were performed on isolated retinas of teh carp (Cyprinus carpio) to investigate the effects of locally applied amino acids on the transretinal potential and the membrane potential of horizontal cells. A minute quantity of each solution of an amino acid was applied locally at different layers by means of pressure-microinjection. The responses were induced by alternating central and annular stimuli of white light. Amino acids applied locally at the distal layer (receptor surface or outer plexiform layer) in the centrally stimulated area, caused, at concentrations of 25--50mM, rapid changes in the light-induced potential, whereas those microinjected into the inner plexiform layer did not. When applied locally at the distal layer, amino acids abolished the proximal PIII response and reduced the amplitude of S-potentials, particularly in response to a central stimulus. However, the resting potential of horizontal cells was depolarized only slightly by acidic amino acids. The results suggest that the passive membrane properties of horizontal cells are not altered significantly by the amino acids applied. Differential susceptibilities of the PII component to acidic and neutral amino acids were found; the former did not change or, in some cases, enlarged, whereas the latter abolished it. Possibly, neutral amino acids interfere with a neural mechanism generating the PII component.", "PMID": 567342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7526", "title": "Asymmetry of the chloride transport system in human erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "The concentration dependence of the unidirectional chloride flux and the inhibition of the unidirectional chloride flux by sulfate were studied in human red cell ghosts. The concentration dependence of the unidirectional chloride flux and its inhibition by sulfate were asymmetric. The unidirectional chloride flux can be saturated from the inner and from the outer membrane surface. For the inner membrane surface, lower chloride half-saturation constants were obtained than for the outer membrane surface. The inhibition of the unidirectional chloride flux by sulfate is competitive. In contrast to the chloride half-saturation constants, the inhibition constants of sulfate for the inner membrane surface were higher than the inhibition constants of sulfate for the outher membrane surface. Either there are fixed anion binding sites at the inner and at the outer membrane surface which control the access of anions to a pore, or there is a mobile carrier which is in contact with both membrane surfaces. The asymmetry of the concentration response and of the inhibition of the unidirectional chloride flux suggest that the anion binding sites at the inner and at the outer membrane surface differ with respect to their affinities for chloride and for sulfate. Alternatively, the asymmetry of the chloride transport system could indicate an asymmetric distribution of a mobile anion carrier across the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the chloride transport system in human erythrocyte ghosts. The concentration dependence of the unidirectional chloride flux and the inhibition of the unidirectional chloride flux by sulfate were studied in human red cell ghosts. The concentration dependence of the unidirectional chloride flux and its inhibition by sulfate were asymmetric. The unidirectional chloride flux can be saturated from the inner and from the outer membrane surface. For the inner membrane surface, lower chloride half-saturation constants were obtained than for the outer membrane surface. The inhibition of the unidirectional chloride flux by sulfate is competitive. In contrast to the chloride half-saturation constants, the inhibition constants of sulfate for the inner membrane surface were higher than the inhibition constants of sulfate for the outher membrane surface. Either there are fixed anion binding sites at the inner and at the outer membrane surface which control the access of anions to a pore, or there is a mobile carrier which is in contact with both membrane surfaces. The asymmetry of the concentration response and of the inhibition of the unidirectional chloride flux suggest that the anion binding sites at the inner and at the outer membrane surface differ with respect to their affinities for chloride and for sulfate. Alternatively, the asymmetry of the chloride transport system could indicate an asymmetric distribution of a mobile anion carrier across the erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 567343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7527", "title": "[Treatment of insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus by intravenous droplet infusion of insulin].", "content": "Four patients with an insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus were treated with intravenous droplet injections of swine insulin. There was revealed a rapid reduction of the 24-hour requirement in insulin and of the antiinsulin antibody titre. The method proved to be effective for the treatment of patients with \"immune\" and \"nonimmune\" forms of insulin resistance. The method is recommended for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus decompensation.", "contents": "[Treatment of insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus by intravenous droplet infusion of insulin]. Four patients with an insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus were treated with intravenous droplet injections of swine insulin. There was revealed a rapid reduction of the 24-hour requirement in insulin and of the antiinsulin antibody titre. The method proved to be effective for the treatment of patients with \"immune\" and \"nonimmune\" forms of insulin resistance. The method is recommended for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus decompensation.", "PMID": 567349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7528", "title": "Dopaminergic mediation of beta-endorphin-induced catalepsy.", "content": "Acute intracisternal administration of human beta-endorphin produced catalepsy and increased striatal concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPA) and homovanillic acid (HVA). All of these effects were blocked by naloxone. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor antagonist, also prevented beta-endorphin-induced catalepsy and the increase in striatal DOPAC and HVA. The combination of subcataleptic doses of haloperidol and beta-endorphin produced catalepsy and large increases in striatal DOPAC and HVA. These data provide evidence for a role for nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in beta-endorphin-induced catalepsy. The apparent increase in striatal dopamine turnover following beta-endorphin administration may be compensatory.", "contents": "Dopaminergic mediation of beta-endorphin-induced catalepsy. Acute intracisternal administration of human beta-endorphin produced catalepsy and increased striatal concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPA) and homovanillic acid (HVA). All of these effects were blocked by naloxone. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor antagonist, also prevented beta-endorphin-induced catalepsy and the increase in striatal DOPAC and HVA. The combination of subcataleptic doses of haloperidol and beta-endorphin produced catalepsy and large increases in striatal DOPAC and HVA. These data provide evidence for a role for nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in beta-endorphin-induced catalepsy. The apparent increase in striatal dopamine turnover following beta-endorphin administration may be compensatory.", "PMID": 567367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7529", "title": "Pathways of propranolol metabolism. Use of the stable isotope twin-ion GC-MS technique to examine the conversion of propranolol to propranolol-diol by 9000g rat liver supernatant.", "content": "The metabolic conversion of propranolol to propranolol-diol [1-(1-naphthyloxy)-2,3-propyleneglycol] by rat liver 9000g supernatant was demonstrated to proceed through the intermediate 3-naphthyloxy-2-hydroxypropionaldehyde. Using side chain deuterated propranolol-d5 as substrate, propranolol-diol-d4 was produced, indicating an obligatory aldehyde intermediate. Analysis of desisopropylpropranolol obtained in the same incubation showed no loss of deuterium indicating that the possibility of rapidly tautomerizing imine intermediate did not make a significant contribution in this metabolic conversion. Desisopropylpropranolol, added in small amounts to the incubation mixture is more rapidly converted to the propranolol-diol than is propranolol, indicating that the major pathway of conversion of propranolol to its diol metabolite is through the desisopropylpropranolol intermediate.", "contents": "Pathways of propranolol metabolism. Use of the stable isotope twin-ion GC-MS technique to examine the conversion of propranolol to propranolol-diol by 9000g rat liver supernatant. The metabolic conversion of propranolol to propranolol-diol [1-(1-naphthyloxy)-2,3-propyleneglycol] by rat liver 9000g supernatant was demonstrated to proceed through the intermediate 3-naphthyloxy-2-hydroxypropionaldehyde. Using side chain deuterated propranolol-d5 as substrate, propranolol-diol-d4 was produced, indicating an obligatory aldehyde intermediate. Analysis of desisopropylpropranolol obtained in the same incubation showed no loss of deuterium indicating that the possibility of rapidly tautomerizing imine intermediate did not make a significant contribution in this metabolic conversion. Desisopropylpropranolol, added in small amounts to the incubation mixture is more rapidly converted to the propranolol-diol than is propranolol, indicating that the major pathway of conversion of propranolol to its diol metabolite is through the desisopropylpropranolol intermediate.", "PMID": 567368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7530", "title": "Plasma vitamin A transport and visual dark adaptation in diseases of the intestine and liver.", "content": "Quantitative analyses of plasma concentrations of retinol binding protein (RBP), prealbumin and total proteins were performed in normal subjects and in forty-two patients suffering from diseases of the intestine and liver. The visual dark adaptation ability (DAA) was also assessed. Reduction of DAA and of RBP and prealbumin levels was noted in patients with chronic liver disease and fat malabsorption. In sixty-eight patients with intestinal diseases the RBP concentration seemed to be reduced in relation to the degree and duration of steatorrhoea. Furthermore, inflammatory activity, as revealed by laborabory tests, markedly reduced the RBP level. Treatment with vitamin A increased the RBP and prealbumin concentrations and restored the DAA to normal in patients with malabsorption but normal liver function. In patients with liver disease reduced DAA and serum RBP values were not affected by vitamin A therapy. Only at RBP concentrations below half the normal was impairment of the dark adaptation observed, suggesting that serum RBP is a more sensitive indicator of vitamin A deficiency than measurement of dark adaptation.", "contents": "Plasma vitamin A transport and visual dark adaptation in diseases of the intestine and liver. Quantitative analyses of plasma concentrations of retinol binding protein (RBP), prealbumin and total proteins were performed in normal subjects and in forty-two patients suffering from diseases of the intestine and liver. The visual dark adaptation ability (DAA) was also assessed. Reduction of DAA and of RBP and prealbumin levels was noted in patients with chronic liver disease and fat malabsorption. In sixty-eight patients with intestinal diseases the RBP concentration seemed to be reduced in relation to the degree and duration of steatorrhoea. Furthermore, inflammatory activity, as revealed by laborabory tests, markedly reduced the RBP level. Treatment with vitamin A increased the RBP and prealbumin concentrations and restored the DAA to normal in patients with malabsorption but normal liver function. In patients with liver disease reduced DAA and serum RBP values were not affected by vitamin A therapy. Only at RBP concentrations below half the normal was impairment of the dark adaptation observed, suggesting that serum RBP is a more sensitive indicator of vitamin A deficiency than measurement of dark adaptation.", "PMID": 567371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7531", "title": "Phenylalanine depletion for the management of phenylketonuria: use of enzyme reactors with immobilized enzymes.", "content": "Multitubular enzyme reactors with immobilized phenylalanine ammonia lyase were tested in vitro and in vivo for depletion of phenylalanine in circulating blood. Sustained reduction of phenylalanine was achieved in less than 30 minutes. A 50% decrease of phenylalanine was obtained with a 2-hour application of enzyme reactors and was maintained for more than 2 days. Similar enzyme reactors have therapeutic potential for temporary management of phenylketonuric patients when their circulating phenylalanine becomes exceedingly high because of infection, fever, or pregnancy.", "contents": "Phenylalanine depletion for the management of phenylketonuria: use of enzyme reactors with immobilized enzymes. Multitubular enzyme reactors with immobilized phenylalanine ammonia lyase were tested in vitro and in vivo for depletion of phenylalanine in circulating blood. Sustained reduction of phenylalanine was achieved in less than 30 minutes. A 50% decrease of phenylalanine was obtained with a 2-hour application of enzyme reactors and was maintained for more than 2 days. Similar enzyme reactors have therapeutic potential for temporary management of phenylketonuric patients when their circulating phenylalanine becomes exceedingly high because of infection, fever, or pregnancy.", "PMID": 567372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7532", "title": "Formation of mutagens in beef and beef extract during cooking.", "content": "Mutagens, distinguishable from benzo[a]pyrene and from mutagenic amino acid and protein pyrolysis products, are formed when ground beef is cooked in a home hamburger cooking appliance or when beef stock is concentrated, by boiling, to a paste known commercially as beef extract. \"Well-done\" hamburgers contain about 0.14 part per million of the mutagens, and beef bouillon cubes which contain beef extract about 0.1 part per million. Since such mutagens may be potentially carcionogenic and are formed during ordinary cooking procedures, their occurrence raises questions about possible risks to human health.", "contents": "Formation of mutagens in beef and beef extract during cooking. Mutagens, distinguishable from benzo[a]pyrene and from mutagenic amino acid and protein pyrolysis products, are formed when ground beef is cooked in a home hamburger cooking appliance or when beef stock is concentrated, by boiling, to a paste known commercially as beef extract. \"Well-done\" hamburgers contain about 0.14 part per million of the mutagens, and beef bouillon cubes which contain beef extract about 0.1 part per million. Since such mutagens may be potentially carcionogenic and are formed during ordinary cooking procedures, their occurrence raises questions about possible risks to human health.", "PMID": 567374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7533", "title": "Histidine-rich protein as a model malaria vaccine.", "content": "Ducklings were successfully immunized against Plasmodium lophurae with a purified and characterized histidine-rich protein as antigen. The use of adjuvant is not required for this protective effect, and immunity can be passively transferred with serum.", "contents": "Histidine-rich protein as a model malaria vaccine. Ducklings were successfully immunized against Plasmodium lophurae with a purified and characterized histidine-rich protein as antigen. The use of adjuvant is not required for this protective effect, and immunity can be passively transferred with serum.", "PMID": 567375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7534", "title": "Phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium of the RCS rat.", "content": "The retinal pigment epithelium of RCS rats, previously thought not to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, exhibited a peak of phagocytosis in vivo when animals were kept under conditions of cyclic lighting (12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of light). The peak occurred at 1 hour after the onset of light, with maximum and minimum levels of phagocytosis averaging about 5 percent of that found in  the pigment epithelium of Osborn-Mendel rats used as a control. Eyecups that were obtained from Osborn-Mendel rats and maintained for up to 3 hours in organ culture demonstrated levels of phagocytosis that were sevenfold greater than those of unincubated controls. Likewise a tenfold increase occurred in incubated as opposed to unicubated RCS eyes, raising the possibility that phagocytosis could be experimentally stimulated in vivo.", "contents": "Phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium of the RCS rat. The retinal pigment epithelium of RCS rats, previously thought not to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, exhibited a peak of phagocytosis in vivo when animals were kept under conditions of cyclic lighting (12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of light). The peak occurred at 1 hour after the onset of light, with maximum and minimum levels of phagocytosis averaging about 5 percent of that found in  the pigment epithelium of Osborn-Mendel rats used as a control. Eyecups that were obtained from Osborn-Mendel rats and maintained for up to 3 hours in organ culture demonstrated levels of phagocytosis that were sevenfold greater than those of unincubated controls. Likewise a tenfold increase occurred in incubated as opposed to unicubated RCS eyes, raising the possibility that phagocytosis could be experimentally stimulated in vivo.", "PMID": 567376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7535", "title": "Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the hip.", "content": "An elderly patient is presented who developed a fatal angiosarcoma of the hip about ten years after surgery and radiation for a uterine malignancy. She developed a metastasis of the uterine tumor, requiring additional radiation, which led to aseptic necrosis of the hip and chronic joint and soft tissue infection of the hip from a joint prosthesis. Subsequently she developed chronic lymphedema of the hip and finally the cutaneous angiosarcoma in this area. Any or all of these factors might bear a causative relationship to the angiosarcoma, but none can be proved.", "contents": "Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the hip. An elderly patient is presented who developed a fatal angiosarcoma of the hip about ten years after surgery and radiation for a uterine malignancy. She developed a metastasis of the uterine tumor, requiring additional radiation, which led to aseptic necrosis of the hip and chronic joint and soft tissue infection of the hip from a joint prosthesis. Subsequently she developed chronic lymphedema of the hip and finally the cutaneous angiosarcoma in this area. Any or all of these factors might bear a causative relationship to the angiosarcoma, but none can be proved.", "PMID": 567378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7536", "title": "Bilateral renal loss resulting from intravesical formalin instillation.", "content": "A patient was referred for evaluation of obstructive uropathy after treatment with 10% formalin to control recurrent hemorrhagic radiation cystitis. Progressive bilateral ureteral, pelvic, and renal parenchymal destruction occurred despite ileal ureteral replacement. This complication of therapy reinforces the concept that vesical instillation of formalin should be done only in extreme cases and then only in low concentrations.", "contents": "Bilateral renal loss resulting from intravesical formalin instillation. A patient was referred for evaluation of obstructive uropathy after treatment with 10% formalin to control recurrent hemorrhagic radiation cystitis. Progressive bilateral ureteral, pelvic, and renal parenchymal destruction occurred despite ileal ureteral replacement. This complication of therapy reinforces the concept that vesical instillation of formalin should be done only in extreme cases and then only in low concentrations.", "PMID": 567380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7537", "title": "Purpura and Schamberg's disease.", "content": "We have described a 9-year-old boy with progressive pigmentary dermatosis. The disease requires no treatment, but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of purpura in childhood to avoid unnecessary delay and concern to the patient.", "contents": "Purpura and Schamberg's disease. We have described a 9-year-old boy with progressive pigmentary dermatosis. The disease requires no treatment, but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of purpura in childhood to avoid unnecessary delay and concern to the patient.", "PMID": 567381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7538", "title": "Euploid somatic recombinants with two active X or XY (1)Y(I) chromosomes isolated from cultured male Indian Muntjac cells after HVJ virus fusion, and their use for gene assignment.", "content": "Four diploid somatic recombinants were isolated from hybrids either between or within two diploid cell lines of a male Indian muntjac after HVJ virus-mediated cell fusion. Both parental lines had a normal male karyotype, 7,X,Y1,Y2, in which the largest autosomal pair was heteromorphic with respect to the size of the secondary constriction (1h+/1h-), C bands, and nucleolar organizers. Of the four recombinants, three showed a 6,XX,1h+/1h+ or 1h+/1h- karyotype, the remaining one a 7,XY1Y2,1h+/1h+. No late-replicating X chromosome was found in the XX recombinants, although it was demonstrated in the natural XX line, suggesting the presence of two active X chromosomes in the former. The G6PD, PGK, and HPRT activities were proportional to the number of active X chromosomes present in all cell types examined, indicating their X-linkage, whereas the same level of activities obtained for LDH and 6PGD indicated their autosomal linkage.", "contents": "Euploid somatic recombinants with two active X or XY (1)Y(I) chromosomes isolated from cultured male Indian Muntjac cells after HVJ virus fusion, and their use for gene assignment. Four diploid somatic recombinants were isolated from hybrids either between or within two diploid cell lines of a male Indian muntjac after HVJ virus-mediated cell fusion. Both parental lines had a normal male karyotype, 7,X,Y1,Y2, in which the largest autosomal pair was heteromorphic with respect to the size of the secondary constriction (1h+/1h-), C bands, and nucleolar organizers. Of the four recombinants, three showed a 6,XX,1h+/1h+ or 1h+/1h- karyotype, the remaining one a 7,XY1Y2,1h+/1h+. No late-replicating X chromosome was found in the XX recombinants, although it was demonstrated in the natural XX line, suggesting the presence of two active X chromosomes in the former. The G6PD, PGK, and HPRT activities were proportional to the number of active X chromosomes present in all cell types examined, indicating their X-linkage, whereas the same level of activities obtained for LDH and 6PGD indicated their autosomal linkage.", "PMID": 567383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7539", "title": "Phenotypic expression of malignancy in hybrid and cybrid mouse cells.", "content": "This study has been directed toward the effect of cytoplasmic transfer on the expression of marker properties in hybrid cell systems. Conventional hybrids between two nucleated cells were constructed between tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells. Cytoplasmic hybrids, or cybrids, were constructed between enucleated chloramphenicol resistant (CAP R) donor cells (cytoplasts) and nucleated recipient cells. Clear-cut evidence for the cytoplasmic transmission of CAP resistance was obtained. Although cytoplasmic transfer had no effect on tumorigenicity or growth in soft agar, preliminary evidence was found that saturation density of the recipient cells could be altered by cytoplasmic addition in cybrids.", "contents": "Phenotypic expression of malignancy in hybrid and cybrid mouse cells. This study has been directed toward the effect of cytoplasmic transfer on the expression of marker properties in hybrid cell systems. Conventional hybrids between two nucleated cells were constructed between tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells. Cytoplasmic hybrids, or cybrids, were constructed between enucleated chloramphenicol resistant (CAP R) donor cells (cytoplasts) and nucleated recipient cells. Clear-cut evidence for the cytoplasmic transmission of CAP resistance was obtained. Although cytoplasmic transfer had no effect on tumorigenicity or growth in soft agar, preliminary evidence was found that saturation density of the recipient cells could be altered by cytoplasmic addition in cybrids.", "PMID": 567384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7540", "title": "The relationship between induced mutation frequency and chromosome dosage in established mouse fibroblast lines.", "content": "The frequencies of induced mutation to ouabain (OUA) and 6-thioguanine (6TG) resistance were compared in two established mouse fibroblast lines with different doses of the active X chromosome. The activity states of the X chromosomes were determined by DNA replication studies. Mutation frequency to 6TG R, an X-linked recessive phenotype, was inversely related to dosage whereas OUA R, a codominant phenotpye, occurred with equal frequency in both lines. 6TG R clones isolated from the line containing a majority of cells with two active X chromosomes were monosomic for the active X chromosome. Enzyme activity studies of these cytologically monosomic lines yieled results that were consistent with the presence of a single active X chromosome. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that mutation frequency is dependent on gene dosage.", "contents": "The relationship between induced mutation frequency and chromosome dosage in established mouse fibroblast lines. The frequencies of induced mutation to ouabain (OUA) and 6-thioguanine (6TG) resistance were compared in two established mouse fibroblast lines with different doses of the active X chromosome. The activity states of the X chromosomes were determined by DNA replication studies. Mutation frequency to 6TG R, an X-linked recessive phenotype, was inversely related to dosage whereas OUA R, a codominant phenotpye, occurred with equal frequency in both lines. 6TG R clones isolated from the line containing a majority of cells with two active X chromosomes were monosomic for the active X chromosome. Enzyme activity studies of these cytologically monosomic lines yieled results that were consistent with the presence of a single active X chromosome. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that mutation frequency is dependent on gene dosage.", "PMID": 567385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7541", "title": "[Serological typing of isolates of Pasteurella multocida from poultry and other animals in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "Pasteurella multocida isolates, isolated from poultry, birds and mammals in the Netherlands, were typed serologically. The standard sera were directed against Heddleston reference strains. Of the 202 isolates, 37.6 per cent were of type 1, 24.2 per cent of type 3, 2 per cent of type 5, 5.9 per cent of type 10 and 3.5 per cent of type 12. Cross reactions with two serotypes were shown by 18.8 per cent of the other isolates and with three serotypes by 3.5 per cent. The serotype of P. multocida isolates from several animals of the same flock on three farms was determined. Practically all the isolates from one and the same farm were found to be of the same serotype. The resulting prospects of serotyping for the use of vaccines are referred to.", "contents": "[Serological typing of isolates of Pasteurella multocida from poultry and other animals in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. Pasteurella multocida isolates, isolated from poultry, birds and mammals in the Netherlands, were typed serologically. The standard sera were directed against Heddleston reference strains. Of the 202 isolates, 37.6 per cent were of type 1, 24.2 per cent of type 3, 2 per cent of type 5, 5.9 per cent of type 10 and 3.5 per cent of type 12. Cross reactions with two serotypes were shown by 18.8 per cent of the other isolates and with three serotypes by 3.5 per cent. The serotype of P. multocida isolates from several animals of the same flock on three farms was determined. Practically all the isolates from one and the same farm were found to be of the same serotype. The resulting prospects of serotyping for the use of vaccines are referred to.", "PMID": 567387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7542", "title": "[Radiological and clinical considerations on navicular disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological and clinical interpretation of alterations of the navicular bone, the interaction of radiological and clinical symptoms in relation to the age of the animal, the influence of work-load on this interaction and the possibility of predicting navicular disease at an early stage are discussed. The discussion is based on experience in a study of 130 horses.", "contents": "[Radiological and clinical considerations on navicular disease (author's transl)]. The radiological and clinical interpretation of alterations of the navicular bone, the interaction of radiological and clinical symptoms in relation to the age of the animal, the influence of work-load on this interaction and the possibility of predicting navicular disease at an early stage are discussed. The discussion is based on experience in a study of 130 horses.", "PMID": 567388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7543", "title": "Antimycobacterial activity of some potential chemotherapeutic compounds.", "content": "Fourteen compounds were tested in vitro for activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare and other pathogenic mycobacteria. Only clofazimine and chaulmoogric acid showed significant activity against M. intracellulare. In view of known minimal side effects of clofazimine further studies are warranted for this drug in chemotherapy of M. intracellulare infections.", "contents": "Antimycobacterial activity of some potential chemotherapeutic compounds. Fourteen compounds were tested in vitro for activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare and other pathogenic mycobacteria. Only clofazimine and chaulmoogric acid showed significant activity against M. intracellulare. In view of known minimal side effects of clofazimine further studies are warranted for this drug in chemotherapy of M. intracellulare infections.", "PMID": 567395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7544", "title": "Severe hemolytic disease of the newborn associated with anti-JSb.", "content": "The red blood cells of the group A infant of a group O central African Negro woman of the Zezuru tribe with anti-Lea and anti-JSb in her serum were found to be strongly agglutinated by a commerical antiglobulin reagent six days after birth. The high concentration of bilirubin in the infant's serum gradually decreased but he became profoundly anemic and, in the absence of a suitable donor, was successfully transfused with blood from his mother. Subsequent tests using the maternal anti-JSb diluted one in ten to avoid agglutination by the anti-Lea showed that the frequency of the JS(b-) phenotype in group O Zezuru is approximately one per cent.", "contents": "Severe hemolytic disease of the newborn associated with anti-JSb. The red blood cells of the group A infant of a group O central African Negro woman of the Zezuru tribe with anti-Lea and anti-JSb in her serum were found to be strongly agglutinated by a commerical antiglobulin reagent six days after birth. The high concentration of bilirubin in the infant's serum gradually decreased but he became profoundly anemic and, in the absence of a suitable donor, was successfully transfused with blood from his mother. Subsequent tests using the maternal anti-JSb diluted one in ten to avoid agglutination by the anti-Lea showed that the frequency of the JS(b-) phenotype in group O Zezuru is approximately one per cent.", "PMID": 567392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7545", "title": "[Effect of cycloheximide on the ultrastructure and several metabolic processes of the cells of an SPEV culture. II].", "content": "The action of cyclohexamide (in doses of 1 and 10 mkg/ml in the course of 24 hours) on porcine embryo kidney cells in culture is accompanied by a powerful suppression of protein and DNA synthesis, mitotic activity, a weaker suppression of RNA synthesis, a lowering of the activity of succinate-, lactate- and alpha-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase, which leads to disorders in the ultrastructure of the cells. After incubation of cells in a fresh medium (in the course of 18, 24 hours) there occurs a total restoration of the ultrastructure of the nuclei, granular endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria, due to the repairing and strong intensification of synthetic processes, respiration and glycolysis, mitotic activity of the cells.", "contents": "[Effect of cycloheximide on the ultrastructure and several metabolic processes of the cells of an SPEV culture. II]. The action of cyclohexamide (in doses of 1 and 10 mkg/ml in the course of 24 hours) on porcine embryo kidney cells in culture is accompanied by a powerful suppression of protein and DNA synthesis, mitotic activity, a weaker suppression of RNA synthesis, a lowering of the activity of succinate-, lactate- and alpha-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase, which leads to disorders in the ultrastructure of the cells. After incubation of cells in a fresh medium (in the course of 18, 24 hours) there occurs a total restoration of the ultrastructure of the nuclei, granular endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria, due to the repairing and strong intensification of synthetic processes, respiration and glycolysis, mitotic activity of the cells.", "PMID": 567393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7546", "title": "[Frequency of lethal chromosomal and genome mutations in man].", "content": "According to the cytogenetic studies chromosome anomalies frequency in 209 children who died in the perinatal period was 7.2 per cent. These cases were found to consist of 8 autosome trisomies, 5 anomalies in sex chromosome system, 1 case of triploidy and 1 case of structural reorganization. Accounting for the elimination of chromosome anomalies during the early periods of fetus development, the frequency of chromosome lethals was shown to be 6.44 X 10(-2) in registered pregnancies and 54.89 X 10-2 in conceptions.", "contents": "[Frequency of lethal chromosomal and genome mutations in man]. According to the cytogenetic studies chromosome anomalies frequency in 209 children who died in the perinatal period was 7.2 per cent. These cases were found to consist of 8 autosome trisomies, 5 anomalies in sex chromosome system, 1 case of triploidy and 1 case of structural reorganization. Accounting for the elimination of chromosome anomalies during the early periods of fetus development, the frequency of chromosome lethals was shown to be 6.44 X 10(-2) in registered pregnancies and 54.89 X 10-2 in conceptions.", "PMID": 567394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7547", "title": "[Quantitative changes of the cytotrophoblast in underweight and normalweight newborn after risk pregnancy and antepartal therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A histochemical-morphometric method was used to determine at the cytotrophoblast of 73 placentas, changes in the composition of the syncytium and in the Langhans' cell count in underweight and normalweight newborn with or without antepartal maternal therapy in comparison to newborn after uneventful pregnancy. The reduction of the percentage share of mature syncytium when the share of predegenerative and degenerative syncytium is increased, as weil as the increase in the average Langhans' cell count in the placentas of premature infants, hypotrophic and eutrophic infants delivered at term after risk pregnancy, compared with normal controls, is statistically significant. Significant differences in the percentage share of mature syncytium between the placentas of premature infants and hypotrophic infants delivered at term, as well as between placentas of eutrophic infants delivered at term, depending of the nature and severity of the risk, are discussed in connection with the significance of the syncytium for the processes of material transport. No correlation with the Apgar score and the occurrence of the respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, nor with the duration of the first and second stage of lavor with macroscopic placenta peculiarities, have been found. The good correlation between placenta findings and classification characteristics of newborn, and clinical aspects of the course of pregnancy, allows the possibility of diagnostic evaluation. Our results indicat also that the morphological performance must be included in the considerations explaining the success of treatment of placental insufficiency.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes of the cytotrophoblast in underweight and normalweight newborn after risk pregnancy and antepartal therapy (author's transl)]. A histochemical-morphometric method was used to determine at the cytotrophoblast of 73 placentas, changes in the composition of the syncytium and in the Langhans' cell count in underweight and normalweight newborn with or without antepartal maternal therapy in comparison to newborn after uneventful pregnancy. The reduction of the percentage share of mature syncytium when the share of predegenerative and degenerative syncytium is increased, as weil as the increase in the average Langhans' cell count in the placentas of premature infants, hypotrophic and eutrophic infants delivered at term after risk pregnancy, compared with normal controls, is statistically significant. Significant differences in the percentage share of mature syncytium between the placentas of premature infants and hypotrophic infants delivered at term, as well as between placentas of eutrophic infants delivered at term, depending of the nature and severity of the risk, are discussed in connection with the significance of the syncytium for the processes of material transport. No correlation with the Apgar score and the occurrence of the respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, nor with the duration of the first and second stage of lavor with macroscopic placenta peculiarities, have been found. The good correlation between placenta findings and classification characteristics of newborn, and clinical aspects of the course of pregnancy, allows the possibility of diagnostic evaluation. Our results indicat also that the morphological performance must be included in the considerations explaining the success of treatment of placental insufficiency.", "PMID": 567400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7548", "title": "[Effect of amino acids on transformation of glucose oxidase as antigen in tissues of immunized animals].", "content": "The effect of certain amino acids on transformation of glucoseoxidase as an antigen in different tissues of the animals immunized with it showed that the used glucoseoxidase of the fungus Penicillium vitale Pidopl. et Bilaj possesses antigenic properties peculiar to this enzyme isolated from other sources. 1.5 minutes after a single administration of the antigen to nonimmunized rabbits it is determined in them in descending amounts in such an order: blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic nodes. The same order is for immunized animals, but the enzyme quantity 1.5 minutes after the last injection is lower considerably in the kidneys, spleen, lymphatic nodes and in blood serum and changes slightly in the lungs and liver. The preliminary loading of animals under experiment immunized with amino acids accelerates essentially disappearance of the antigen under determination (glucoseoxidase in the given case) in the studied tissues. The data obtained testify to the fact that acceleration of antigen disappearance may be not related to interaction with antibodies.", "contents": "[Effect of amino acids on transformation of glucose oxidase as antigen in tissues of immunized animals]. The effect of certain amino acids on transformation of glucoseoxidase as an antigen in different tissues of the animals immunized with it showed that the used glucoseoxidase of the fungus Penicillium vitale Pidopl. et Bilaj possesses antigenic properties peculiar to this enzyme isolated from other sources. 1.5 minutes after a single administration of the antigen to nonimmunized rabbits it is determined in them in descending amounts in such an order: blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic nodes. The same order is for immunized animals, but the enzyme quantity 1.5 minutes after the last injection is lower considerably in the kidneys, spleen, lymphatic nodes and in blood serum and changes slightly in the lungs and liver. The preliminary loading of animals under experiment immunized with amino acids accelerates essentially disappearance of the antigen under determination (glucoseoxidase in the given case) in the studied tissues. The data obtained testify to the fact that acceleration of antigen disappearance may be not related to interaction with antibodies.", "PMID": 567396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7549", "title": "[Experiences with ambulatory anesthesia in urology].", "content": "On the basis of more than 6000 cases is reported on the daily ambulatory practice in anaesthesia carried out on urological patients for several years. The problems and the necessity of the ambulatory anaesthesia, methods and experiences are discussed and it is referred to the errors and danger sources. Exact indication, better instruction of the patients and the parents (in children) on the consequence of the ambulatory anaesthesia, exact observation of the pre- and postoperative precautionary measures, strict organisation, choice of a suitable anaesthetic and adequate methods of anaesthesia are according to our experiences the most important prerequisites for a smooth course and an anaesthesia without complications in ambulatory surgical interventions.", "contents": "[Experiences with ambulatory anesthesia in urology]. On the basis of more than 6000 cases is reported on the daily ambulatory practice in anaesthesia carried out on urological patients for several years. The problems and the necessity of the ambulatory anaesthesia, methods and experiences are discussed and it is referred to the errors and danger sources. Exact indication, better instruction of the patients and the parents (in children) on the consequence of the ambulatory anaesthesia, exact observation of the pre- and postoperative precautionary measures, strict organisation, choice of a suitable anaesthetic and adequate methods of anaesthesia are according to our experiences the most important prerequisites for a smooth course and an anaesthesia without complications in ambulatory surgical interventions.", "PMID": 567405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7550", "title": "[Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in a patient with hypernephroid carcinoma of the kidney is reported. The histological and the angiographic differentiation to adenoma and carcinoma of the liver and the therapeutic procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver (author's transl)]. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in a patient with hypernephroid carcinoma of the kidney is reported. The histological and the angiographic differentiation to adenoma and carcinoma of the liver and the therapeutic procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 567407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7551", "title": "[The value of special care in risk pregnancies in order to prevent low birth weight. 1. Results of treatment].", "content": "In this paper the results of special monitoring of pregnancies with risks are reported and compared with a collective of not specially monitored pregnancies with risks. It is possible to reduce the total rate of low birth weights and the rate of premature infants significantly by special care with consequent use of a schedule of monitoring. The rate of premature infants was 3.7 per cent in the specially monitored collective as far as the women were accessible to a prolongation of gestation. In the cases of birth weights up to 2500 g a significant removal towards higher and more favourable birth weights can be achieved by special monitoring. The causalities in the premature infants are demonstrated. The prolongation of gestation by cerclage is to be considered as a partial success.", "contents": "[The value of special care in risk pregnancies in order to prevent low birth weight. 1. Results of treatment]. In this paper the results of special monitoring of pregnancies with risks are reported and compared with a collective of not specially monitored pregnancies with risks. It is possible to reduce the total rate of low birth weights and the rate of premature infants significantly by special care with consequent use of a schedule of monitoring. The rate of premature infants was 3.7 per cent in the specially monitored collective as far as the women were accessible to a prolongation of gestation. In the cases of birth weights up to 2500 g a significant removal towards higher and more favourable birth weights can be achieved by special monitoring. The causalities in the premature infants are demonstrated. The prolongation of gestation by cerclage is to be considered as a partial success.", "PMID": 567408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7552", "title": "[The value if special care in risk pregnancies for prevention of low birth weight. 2. Studies on effectiveness].", "content": "The rate of pregnancies with risks is about 50 per cent in our area. A retrospective examination of 906 pregnancies with risks and 185 analysed cases of low birthweight infants of the years 1974 to 1976 shows, that 79 per cent of the low birth-weight infants can be predicted by the use of the catalogue mentioned in the first part. The comparison of the percentage of risk factors in the two collectives indicates, that the group of pregnancies with risks is representative. In connection with the results reported in part 1 a special monitoring of all pregnancies with risks is considered to be justified. The causes for success are pointed out. If there is no possibility to organize special monitoring, the consequent use of the schedule of monitoring by trained specialists is recommended.", "contents": "[The value if special care in risk pregnancies for prevention of low birth weight. 2. Studies on effectiveness]. The rate of pregnancies with risks is about 50 per cent in our area. A retrospective examination of 906 pregnancies with risks and 185 analysed cases of low birthweight infants of the years 1974 to 1976 shows, that 79 per cent of the low birth-weight infants can be predicted by the use of the catalogue mentioned in the first part. The comparison of the percentage of risk factors in the two collectives indicates, that the group of pregnancies with risks is representative. In connection with the results reported in part 1 a special monitoring of all pregnancies with risks is considered to be justified. The causes for success are pointed out. If there is no possibility to organize special monitoring, the consequent use of the schedule of monitoring by trained specialists is recommended.", "PMID": 567409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7553", "title": "[The problem of premature births in the GDR].", "content": "In a 5,5% sample of the lifeborns in the GDR in 1974 the distribution of the rate of prematures by uniquebirthes is evaluated for child bearing age, birth-order and age and order at the same time. The sample points a minimum in the group of the 2nd order and age between 25 and 30. Undependently of this result the distribution of the rate of prematures by twins is evaluated for the order of birthes and borns and for child bearing age. The influence of the twins on these distributions is discussed. Modifications of the human reproduction as a result of the decontrol of abortion in 1972 are discussed in its consequences of the rate of prematures. In consequence of the decontrol of abortion an ascent of the rate of prematures would be expected without patronize the risk for premature directly.", "contents": "[The problem of premature births in the GDR]. In a 5,5% sample of the lifeborns in the GDR in 1974 the distribution of the rate of prematures by uniquebirthes is evaluated for child bearing age, birth-order and age and order at the same time. The sample points a minimum in the group of the 2nd order and age between 25 and 30. Undependently of this result the distribution of the rate of prematures by twins is evaluated for the order of birthes and borns and for child bearing age. The influence of the twins on these distributions is discussed. Modifications of the human reproduction as a result of the decontrol of abortion in 1972 are discussed in its consequences of the rate of prematures. In consequence of the decontrol of abortion an ascent of the rate of prematures would be expected without patronize the risk for premature directly.", "PMID": 567410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7554", "title": "[Relationship between employment and the birth of low-birthweight infants].", "content": "In the period from 1969 to 1976 there born 14.368 living single infants with known duration of pregnancy in the gynecological clinic of the district hospital of Schwerin.--By means of this material was proved, if there is a relation between professional activity and the birth of \"infants of low birth weight\".--For some professional groups such a relation could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Relationship between employment and the birth of low-birthweight infants]. In the period from 1969 to 1976 there born 14.368 living single infants with known duration of pregnancy in the gynecological clinic of the district hospital of Schwerin.--By means of this material was proved, if there is a relation between professional activity and the birth of \"infants of low birth weight\".--For some professional groups such a relation could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 567411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7555", "title": "The choice of test for diagnosis of venous thrombosis.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound is the preferred screening test in asymptomatic patients with high risk for venous thrombosis. Radiographic phlebography leads to definitive diagnosis in most instances. Radionuclide angiography using 99mTc MAA with delayed images to detect particle entrapment in venous blood clots can be used when radiographic phlebography is contraindicated or impractical. To detect active thrombosis in patients with past venous disease, the serial fibrinogen uptake test is the method of choice. This method is also used to monitor the efficacy of anticoagulation therapy and to detect propagating thrombosis in patients failing to respond to anticoagulation, hopefully before massive lethal pulmonary embolism occurs. Radionuclide methods are contraindicated in pregnant women and children where non invasive methods are preferred. No completely satisfactory test exists for detection of hypogastric vein thrombosis. Among the methods currently being evaluated in the laboratory the ultrasound B-scan imaging, 99mTc MAA uptake test and 99mTc mAA venous scan offer the best possibilities for successful clinical application.", "contents": "The choice of test for diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Doppler ultrasound is the preferred screening test in asymptomatic patients with high risk for venous thrombosis. Radiographic phlebography leads to definitive diagnosis in most instances. Radionuclide angiography using 99mTc MAA with delayed images to detect particle entrapment in venous blood clots can be used when radiographic phlebography is contraindicated or impractical. To detect active thrombosis in patients with past venous disease, the serial fibrinogen uptake test is the method of choice. This method is also used to monitor the efficacy of anticoagulation therapy and to detect propagating thrombosis in patients failing to respond to anticoagulation, hopefully before massive lethal pulmonary embolism occurs. Radionuclide methods are contraindicated in pregnant women and children where non invasive methods are preferred. No completely satisfactory test exists for detection of hypogastric vein thrombosis. Among the methods currently being evaluated in the laboratory the ultrasound B-scan imaging, 99mTc MAA uptake test and 99mTc mAA venous scan offer the best possibilities for successful clinical application.", "PMID": 567403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7556", "title": "[Changes in the metabolism of cerebral mitochondria under the influence of sera from schizophrenic patients and their relatives].", "content": "With the aid of a polarographic method it was demonstrated that the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and their relatives, unlike the blood serum taken from normal donors evoke a significant change of the metabolism in the mitochondria of the hemispheric cortex. The intensity of oxidation and respiration control under the influence of these sera change similarly, while the intensity of phosphorylation and oxidation with phosphorylation coupling change significantly to a higher degree under the influence of the blood of probands. Changes in the metabolism indices of mitochondria under the influence of these sera to a significant extent are genetically determined.", "contents": "[Changes in the metabolism of cerebral mitochondria under the influence of sera from schizophrenic patients and their relatives]. With the aid of a polarographic method it was demonstrated that the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and their relatives, unlike the blood serum taken from normal donors evoke a significant change of the metabolism in the mitochondria of the hemispheric cortex. The intensity of oxidation and respiration control under the influence of these sera change similarly, while the intensity of phosphorylation and oxidation with phosphorylation coupling change significantly to a higher degree under the influence of the blood of probands. Changes in the metabolism indices of mitochondria under the influence of these sera to a significant extent are genetically determined.", "PMID": 567412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7557", "title": "[Changes in neurons of a spinal ganglion culture during chronic exposure to increasing concentrations of morphine].", "content": "On the model of spinal ganglion cultures in mice by means of a light and electron microscopy the authors studied neuron changes in chronic influence of increasing concentrations of morphine. These studies demonstrated changes in most of the cytoplasmatic organells: changes in the granular and agranular reticulum; an appearance of a large amount of small vesicles in the cytoplasma and lysosome; changes of the mitochondria (partial vacuolization of the crysts and appearance of a big amount of small mitochondria); a large amount of myelin-like structures; changes of the nuclear membranes; nucleoli and an increased amount of ribosomes.", "contents": "[Changes in neurons of a spinal ganglion culture during chronic exposure to increasing concentrations of morphine]. On the model of spinal ganglion cultures in mice by means of a light and electron microscopy the authors studied neuron changes in chronic influence of increasing concentrations of morphine. These studies demonstrated changes in most of the cytoplasmatic organells: changes in the granular and agranular reticulum; an appearance of a large amount of small vesicles in the cytoplasma and lysosome; changes of the mitochondria (partial vacuolization of the crysts and appearance of a big amount of small mitochondria); a large amount of myelin-like structures; changes of the nuclear membranes; nucleoli and an increased amount of ribosomes.", "PMID": 567413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7558", "title": "[Myelin toxicity of the serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in nerve tissue cultures].", "content": "In order to study the myelinotoxicity of the blood serum in patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis the authors used myelinated explants of the spinal cord of mice embryo. A total amount of 17 blood sera of patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis was studied. It was demonstrated that the serum of such patients introduced into nourishing medium in a concentration of 25% does not lead to an expressed demyelination of the nervous fibres. Cultivation of the spinal cord in a medium, containing 5--25% of the patient sera from the moment of explanation does not influence the process of myeline sheath formation. These data indicate that the serum of patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis do not possess myelinotoxic and myelininhibiting properties.", "contents": "[Myelin toxicity of the serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in nerve tissue cultures]. In order to study the myelinotoxicity of the blood serum in patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis the authors used myelinated explants of the spinal cord of mice embryo. A total amount of 17 blood sera of patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis was studied. It was demonstrated that the serum of such patients introduced into nourishing medium in a concentration of 25% does not lead to an expressed demyelination of the nervous fibres. Cultivation of the spinal cord in a medium, containing 5--25% of the patient sera from the moment of explanation does not influence the process of myeline sheath formation. These data indicate that the serum of patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis do not possess myelinotoxic and myelininhibiting properties.", "PMID": 567414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7559", "title": "[Electrophoretic patterns of differently prepared fibrinogen subunits in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing polyacrylamide gels].", "content": "The electrophoretic behaviour of mercapto, carboxamidomethyl, carboxymethyl and thiosulfonic acid derivatives of rabbit fibrinogen subunits was investigated electrophoretically in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing polyacrylamide gels. Comparing carboxymethyl, carboxamidomethyl and thiosulfonic acid derivatives with the corresponding mercapto subunits divergent electrophoretic patterns were observed. Especially, the position of the Bbeta-chain was strongly dependent on the method of preparation. Similar results were obtained from investigating electrophoretic mobilities of albumin with differently substituted SH-groups after reduction with mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic patterns of differently prepared fibrinogen subunits in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing polyacrylamide gels]. The electrophoretic behaviour of mercapto, carboxamidomethyl, carboxymethyl and thiosulfonic acid derivatives of rabbit fibrinogen subunits was investigated electrophoretically in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing polyacrylamide gels. Comparing carboxymethyl, carboxamidomethyl and thiosulfonic acid derivatives with the corresponding mercapto subunits divergent electrophoretic patterns were observed. Especially, the position of the Bbeta-chain was strongly dependent on the method of preparation. Similar results were obtained from investigating electrophoretic mobilities of albumin with differently substituted SH-groups after reduction with mercaptoethanol.", "PMID": 567415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7560", "title": "Serum zinc concentrations in Finns.", "content": "Serum zinc concentrations were measured in 1416 Finns aged 15 years and above and belonging to 18 population groups living in various parts of the country. The mean serum zinc concentration was for men 12.7 mumol/l (82 microgram/100 ml) and for women 11.7 mumol/l (77 microgram/100 ml). Zinc levels varied with sex, age, length of fast, time of day and geographic area. It is noted that the incidence of coronary heart disease, the occurrence of a number of elements in soil and water, and the zinc level in human sera can in a statistical sence be linked to soil composition in Finland. Causal relationships, however, remain obscure.", "contents": "Serum zinc concentrations in Finns. Serum zinc concentrations were measured in 1416 Finns aged 15 years and above and belonging to 18 population groups living in various parts of the country. The mean serum zinc concentration was for men 12.7 mumol/l (82 microgram/100 ml) and for women 11.7 mumol/l (77 microgram/100 ml). Zinc levels varied with sex, age, length of fast, time of day and geographic area. It is noted that the incidence of coronary heart disease, the occurrence of a number of elements in soil and water, and the zinc level in human sera can in a statistical sence be linked to soil composition in Finland. Causal relationships, however, remain obscure.", "PMID": 567420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7561", "title": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the aged.", "content": "Although usually considered a disease of young or middle-aged adults, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not infrequently seen in older patients as well. Twenty of 23 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy seen in the past 2 1/2 years at our institution have been in patients whose average age was 65 years, and who ranged up to 76 years. Sixteen of these had evidence of an obstructive component at cardiac catheterization or echocardiography. Symptoms and signs were similar to those described for the younger patients in the literature, but were often attributed to other causes, including valvular aortic stenosis, arteriosclerotic or hypertensive heart disease, or cerebrovascular disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy was more consistently present on ECG than on x-ray. The not-infrequent occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in older patients, predominantly females, indicates that the natural history of this disease includes a group who suffer few or no symptoms until late in life. Clinical management of younger patients with this diagnosis should be considered in light of this more favorable possible course.", "contents": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the aged. Although usually considered a disease of young or middle-aged adults, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not infrequently seen in older patients as well. Twenty of 23 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy seen in the past 2 1/2 years at our institution have been in patients whose average age was 65 years, and who ranged up to 76 years. Sixteen of these had evidence of an obstructive component at cardiac catheterization or echocardiography. Symptoms and signs were similar to those described for the younger patients in the literature, but were often attributed to other causes, including valvular aortic stenosis, arteriosclerotic or hypertensive heart disease, or cerebrovascular disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy was more consistently present on ECG than on x-ray. The not-infrequent occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in older patients, predominantly females, indicates that the natural history of this disease includes a group who suffer few or no symptoms until late in life. Clinical management of younger patients with this diagnosis should be considered in light of this more favorable possible course.", "PMID": 567421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7562", "title": "Newborn head size and neurological status. Predictors of growth and development of low birth weight infants.", "content": "One hundred eighteen infants with birth weights of 2,000 g or less were evaluated for growth and development at approximately 5 years of age. Review of neonatal data indicated that head circumference less than the tenth percentile at birth and abnormal neurological examination in the newborn period were important predictors of outcome. Both of these factors were associated with poor growth, later microcephaly, and neurological deficit. In addition, neonatal microcephaly was substantially related to poor intellectual attainment. Other associations were seen between microcephaly at birth and intrauterine growth retardation, low Apgar score, and low socioeconomic status, factors that also correlated with poor outcome.", "contents": "Newborn head size and neurological status. Predictors of growth and development of low birth weight infants. One hundred eighteen infants with birth weights of 2,000 g or less were evaluated for growth and development at approximately 5 years of age. Review of neonatal data indicated that head circumference less than the tenth percentile at birth and abnormal neurological examination in the newborn period were important predictors of outcome. Both of these factors were associated with poor growth, later microcephaly, and neurological deficit. In addition, neonatal microcephaly was substantially related to poor intellectual attainment. Other associations were seen between microcephaly at birth and intrauterine growth retardation, low Apgar score, and low socioeconomic status, factors that also correlated with poor outcome.", "PMID": 567424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7563", "title": "Respiratory dysfunction in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurologic abnormalities, fever and renal dysfunction. in six of seven consecutive patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura seen in an eight month period, respiratory impairment was present. Respiratory dysfunction was characterized by tachypnea, hypoxemia nad infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. Five patients required mechanical ventilation. Two patients had cardiogenic pulmonary edema, but they remained hypoxemic despite treatment for pulmonary edema and maintenance of normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure for more than 36 hours. Four patients died and autopsies revealed pulmonary edema, hemorrhage and hyaline thrombi. Pathologic examination of the heart also showed hyaline thrombi. Information from out patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura implicates respiratory dysfunction as a component of this disease as well as the classically described pentad. Cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and possibly bleeding into the lung contributed to pulmonary impairment.", "contents": "Respiratory dysfunction in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurologic abnormalities, fever and renal dysfunction. in six of seven consecutive patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura seen in an eight month period, respiratory impairment was present. Respiratory dysfunction was characterized by tachypnea, hypoxemia nad infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. Five patients required mechanical ventilation. Two patients had cardiogenic pulmonary edema, but they remained hypoxemic despite treatment for pulmonary edema and maintenance of normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure for more than 36 hours. Four patients died and autopsies revealed pulmonary edema, hemorrhage and hyaline thrombi. Pathologic examination of the heart also showed hyaline thrombi. Information from out patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura implicates respiratory dysfunction as a component of this disease as well as the classically described pentad. Cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and possibly bleeding into the lung contributed to pulmonary impairment.", "PMID": 567425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7564", "title": "Babesiosis: malaria mimic.", "content": "Human infection with blood parasites of the genus Babesia can result in a hemolytic disease very similar to malaria. Laboratory diagnosis of babesiosis is dependent upon the detection and identification of the parasite in blood films. The distinguishing criteria are: lack of pigment in infected red blood cells; no circulating schizonts or gametocytes; \"atypical\" malarialike organisms; tetrad groups, rods, or exclamation-mark forms; and persisting parasitemia after treatment for malaria.", "contents": "Babesiosis: malaria mimic. Human infection with blood parasites of the genus Babesia can result in a hemolytic disease very similar to malaria. Laboratory diagnosis of babesiosis is dependent upon the detection and identification of the parasite in blood films. The distinguishing criteria are: lack of pigment in infected red blood cells; no circulating schizonts or gametocytes; \"atypical\" malarialike organisms; tetrad groups, rods, or exclamation-mark forms; and persisting parasitemia after treatment for malaria.", "PMID": 567426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7565", "title": "Treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea by intermittent administration of bromocryptine (CB 154).", "content": "The results obtained with intermittent bromocryptine treatment from the fifth day after the beginning of menstruation until the second day after the basal temperature rise, in 14 women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea and in whom menses had previously been induced by continuous treatment, are presented. All women had menses without reappearance of galactorrhea; serum FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone followed a normal physiologic trend. Only prolactin rose again in the second phase of the cycle, in which lower levels of progesterone were also found, but without any significant interference in the clinical and hormonal trend. It is stressed that administration of bromocryptine during the first part of the cycle might substitute for continuous administration, thereby reducing drug consumption and hence possible side-effects as well as the cost of treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea by intermittent administration of bromocryptine (CB 154). The results obtained with intermittent bromocryptine treatment from the fifth day after the beginning of menstruation until the second day after the basal temperature rise, in 14 women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea and in whom menses had previously been induced by continuous treatment, are presented. All women had menses without reappearance of galactorrhea; serum FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone followed a normal physiologic trend. Only prolactin rose again in the second phase of the cycle, in which lower levels of progesterone were also found, but without any significant interference in the clinical and hormonal trend. It is stressed that administration of bromocryptine during the first part of the cycle might substitute for continuous administration, thereby reducing drug consumption and hence possible side-effects as well as the cost of treatment.", "PMID": 567429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7566", "title": "Clinical, biochemical, and radiologic reversibility of hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea-amenorrhea and abnormal sella by thyroxine in a patient with primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "A case of primary hypothyroidism associated with postpartum galactorrhea-amenorrhea is reported. The configuration of the sella was compatible with pituitary adenoma, but prolactin dynamics did not support an autonomous secretory state. Replacement therapy with thyroxine led to complete reversal of clinical, radiologic, and biochemical abnormalities.", "contents": "Clinical, biochemical, and radiologic reversibility of hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea-amenorrhea and abnormal sella by thyroxine in a patient with primary hypothyroidism. A case of primary hypothyroidism associated with postpartum galactorrhea-amenorrhea is reported. The configuration of the sella was compatible with pituitary adenoma, but prolactin dynamics did not support an autonomous secretory state. Replacement therapy with thyroxine led to complete reversal of clinical, radiologic, and biochemical abnormalities.", "PMID": 567430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7567", "title": "Therapeutic ultrasound in the production of ocular lesions.", "content": "After testing high intensity focused ultrasound on ocular tissues in animals, to obtain damage threshold equations, we used ultrasound for ocular therapy in experimental animals. We developed a therapeutic system for use in conjunction with a low=energy diagnostic ultrasound visualization technique. Our system included a spherical focused transducer operated at a frequency of 9.8 MHz to produce a focal spot 9 cm from the transducer surface. This technique produced controlled ocular tissue damage similar to that produced by laser and xenon are photocoagulation. It can be used to treat any level of tissue, ocular or orbital, and does not require media clarity. Specific tissue absorption properties necessary for laser damage were not required to produce the desired damage.", "contents": "Therapeutic ultrasound in the production of ocular lesions. After testing high intensity focused ultrasound on ocular tissues in animals, to obtain damage threshold equations, we used ultrasound for ocular therapy in experimental animals. We developed a therapeutic system for use in conjunction with a low=energy diagnostic ultrasound visualization technique. Our system included a spherical focused transducer operated at a frequency of 9.8 MHz to produce a focal spot 9 cm from the transducer surface. This technique produced controlled ocular tissue damage similar to that produced by laser and xenon are photocoagulation. It can be used to treat any level of tissue, ocular or orbital, and does not require media clarity. Specific tissue absorption properties necessary for laser damage were not required to produce the desired damage.", "PMID": 567433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7568", "title": "Results of argon laser photocoagulation in presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "We performed argon laser photocoagulation on 31 eyes of 30 patients with presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Nineteen of 25 eyes (76%) with neovascular membranes 0.25 disk diameter or further from the fovea had 6/12 (20/40) or better vision after an average follow-up period of 20 months. Twenty-two of these eyes (88%) had the same or improved visual acuity during this period. When compared to a similar group of untreated eyes, the apparent advantage of photocoagulation in preserving visual acuity was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Results of argon laser photocoagulation in presumed ocular histoplasmosis. We performed argon laser photocoagulation on 31 eyes of 30 patients with presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Nineteen of 25 eyes (76%) with neovascular membranes 0.25 disk diameter or further from the fovea had 6/12 (20/40) or better vision after an average follow-up period of 20 months. Twenty-two of these eyes (88%) had the same or improved visual acuity during this period. When compared to a similar group of untreated eyes, the apparent advantage of photocoagulation in preserving visual acuity was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 567434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7569", "title": "Primary retinal dysplasia transmitted as X-chromosome-linked recessive disorder.", "content": "The familial occurrence of retinal dysplasia in five affected male children suggested X-chromosome-linked recessive inheritance. The clinical features were childhood onset, severe visual impairment, head posture, nystagmus, and strabismus. The ophthalmoscopic findings varied in shape and extension; they ranged from retinal folds to dysplastic tissue covering the posterior pole or gliosis with tumor-like protrusion in the vitreous. The marked variability of the retinal findings was paralleled by the visual acuity, which ranged from some vision to blindness. Electroretinograms coordinated well with ophthalmoscopic observations. Of the five mothers, who are the presumed heterozygous carriers, two showed retinal changes.", "contents": "Primary retinal dysplasia transmitted as X-chromosome-linked recessive disorder. The familial occurrence of retinal dysplasia in five affected male children suggested X-chromosome-linked recessive inheritance. The clinical features were childhood onset, severe visual impairment, head posture, nystagmus, and strabismus. The ophthalmoscopic findings varied in shape and extension; they ranged from retinal folds to dysplastic tissue covering the posterior pole or gliosis with tumor-like protrusion in the vitreous. The marked variability of the retinal findings was paralleled by the visual acuity, which ranged from some vision to blindness. Electroretinograms coordinated well with ophthalmoscopic observations. Of the five mothers, who are the presumed heterozygous carriers, two showed retinal changes.", "PMID": 567435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7570", "title": "An intracaval cannulation for obtaining pure, mixed hepatic venous blood samples.", "content": "A method for obtaining pure, mixed hepatic venous blood is described and evaluated in anesthetized cats. Hepatic vascular congestion does not occur with this \"intracaval cannulation\", however small elevations in central venous blood pressure were noted. Although these changes persisted they did not result in systemic vascular congestion, judging from the normal arterial and portal pressures and from the lack of progressive decrease in arterial blood pressure. Blood samples obtained using the intracaval cannulation were shown to contain identical levels of oxygen as those obtained using a more complex surgical preparation. Reflux of blood from the vena cava does not occur during sampling. The responsiveness of this sampling method to rapid changes in venous content was evaluated by following the changes in glucose balance caused by direct stimulation of the hepatic nerves. The responses measured were similar to those measured in a separate set of experiments obtained using blood samples from a surgically isolated hepatic venous supply.", "contents": "An intracaval cannulation for obtaining pure, mixed hepatic venous blood samples. A method for obtaining pure, mixed hepatic venous blood is described and evaluated in anesthetized cats. Hepatic vascular congestion does not occur with this \"intracaval cannulation\", however small elevations in central venous blood pressure were noted. Although these changes persisted they did not result in systemic vascular congestion, judging from the normal arterial and portal pressures and from the lack of progressive decrease in arterial blood pressure. Blood samples obtained using the intracaval cannulation were shown to contain identical levels of oxygen as those obtained using a more complex surgical preparation. Reflux of blood from the vena cava does not occur during sampling. The responsiveness of this sampling method to rapid changes in venous content was evaluated by following the changes in glucose balance caused by direct stimulation of the hepatic nerves. The responses measured were similar to those measured in a separate set of experiments obtained using blood samples from a surgically isolated hepatic venous supply.", "PMID": 567436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7571", "title": "Studies on platelets: XXVIII: acute thrombocytopenic purpura due to lidocaine (Xylocaine)-mediated antibody. Report of a case.", "content": "A patient developed severe thrombocytopenia three days after the administration of lidocaine (Xylocaine) for dental extractions. Petechial bleeding and thrombocytopenia regressed promptly, probably aided by treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and prednisone. The patient is well one year after her experience and has received other drugs with impunity. The thrombocytopenia appeared related to the presence of a specific antibody, predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM), heat labile, in the patient's plasma and serum. The antibody was lytic in action and needed complement. It probably coupled to the drug, forming an antigen-antibody complex able to fix itself to and cause the lysis of platelets. Thrombocytopenia was induced with the parenteral administration of a small dose of lidocaine to the patient. This case may represent the first recorded example of hematologic complication related to the use of lidocaine.", "contents": "Studies on platelets: XXVIII: acute thrombocytopenic purpura due to lidocaine (Xylocaine)-mediated antibody. Report of a case. A patient developed severe thrombocytopenia three days after the administration of lidocaine (Xylocaine) for dental extractions. Petechial bleeding and thrombocytopenia regressed promptly, probably aided by treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and prednisone. The patient is well one year after her experience and has received other drugs with impunity. The thrombocytopenia appeared related to the presence of a specific antibody, predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM), heat labile, in the patient's plasma and serum. The antibody was lytic in action and needed complement. It probably coupled to the drug, forming an antigen-antibody complex able to fix itself to and cause the lysis of platelets. Thrombocytopenia was induced with the parenteral administration of a small dose of lidocaine to the patient. This case may represent the first recorded example of hematologic complication related to the use of lidocaine.", "PMID": 567427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7572", "title": "A comparative study of some combined treatment regimens in acute toxoplasmosis in mice.", "content": "The effectiveness of five treatment regimens was compared to mice during acute and late infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitic cure rates, as judged by failure of brain tissue from surviving mice to produce infection when inoculated into clean mice, were as follows: pyrimethamine + sulfamethoxypyridazine, 92%; clindamycin + sulfamethoxypyridazine, 75%; spiramycin + sulfamethoxypyridazine, 16.7%; trimethoprim + sulfamethoxypryridazine alone, 0%. Pyrimethamine + sulfamethoxypyridazine was the most effective combination against acute toxoplasmosis in mice.", "contents": "A comparative study of some combined treatment regimens in acute toxoplasmosis in mice. The effectiveness of five treatment regimens was compared to mice during acute and late infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitic cure rates, as judged by failure of brain tissue from surviving mice to produce infection when inoculated into clean mice, were as follows: pyrimethamine + sulfamethoxypyridazine, 92%; clindamycin + sulfamethoxypyridazine, 75%; spiramycin + sulfamethoxypyridazine, 16.7%; trimethoprim + sulfamethoxypryridazine alone, 0%. Pyrimethamine + sulfamethoxypyridazine was the most effective combination against acute toxoplasmosis in mice.", "PMID": 567439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7573", "title": "Platelet aggregability after splenectomy in patients with normosplenism and hypersplenism.", "content": "The relationship between platelet count and aggregability was serially evaluated after splenectomy in patients with normosplenism and hypersplenism, and the results were compared with those found in patients undergoing only upper abdominal surgery. The preoperative count and aggregability of platelets were significantly suppressed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, idiopathic portal hypertension, and prehepatic portal obstruction. However, the platelet aggregability of these patients markedly increased in accordance with the platelet counts after splenectomy. In the patients with normal splenic function preoperatively, splenectomy caused a simultaneous increase in platelet count and aggregability. The platelet function was not always reflected by the count in the patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. On the other hand, in the control patients undergoing only laparatomy the platelet count substantially increased two weeks after operation, but platelet aggregability did not differ from the preoperative value. The present results suggest that additional factors for thromboembolism such as hypotension, acidosis, or stagnant blood flow should be avoided during the peak period of reactive thrombocytosis after splenectomy, and that an appropriate use of anticoagulants or inhibitors of platelet aggregation is recommended if and when necessary.", "contents": "Platelet aggregability after splenectomy in patients with normosplenism and hypersplenism. The relationship between platelet count and aggregability was serially evaluated after splenectomy in patients with normosplenism and hypersplenism, and the results were compared with those found in patients undergoing only upper abdominal surgery. The preoperative count and aggregability of platelets were significantly suppressed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, idiopathic portal hypertension, and prehepatic portal obstruction. However, the platelet aggregability of these patients markedly increased in accordance with the platelet counts after splenectomy. In the patients with normal splenic function preoperatively, splenectomy caused a simultaneous increase in platelet count and aggregability. The platelet function was not always reflected by the count in the patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. On the other hand, in the control patients undergoing only laparatomy the platelet count substantially increased two weeks after operation, but platelet aggregability did not differ from the preoperative value. The present results suggest that additional factors for thromboembolism such as hypotension, acidosis, or stagnant blood flow should be avoided during the peak period of reactive thrombocytosis after splenectomy, and that an appropriate use of anticoagulants or inhibitors of platelet aggregation is recommended if and when necessary.", "PMID": 567440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7574", "title": "Effects of starvation on the oocytes of Cyprinus carpio--a cytomorphological and histochemical study.", "content": "Effects of induced starvation on the morphology of the oocytic nucleus in Cyprinus carpio have been studied to assess the nature of structural aberrations caused and the adaptations induced in the oocytes during the period of stress on account of inanition. An attempt has also been made to study the fate of a number of metabolites during this period. It has also been observed that the nuclear membrane undergoes partial or complete degeneration and there is a proliferation in the number of nucleoli which tend to move into the cytoplasm. In addition, the degenerating oocytes tend to release most of the metabolites into the interstitial tissue surrounding the oocytes.", "contents": "Effects of starvation on the oocytes of Cyprinus carpio--a cytomorphological and histochemical study. Effects of induced starvation on the morphology of the oocytic nucleus in Cyprinus carpio have been studied to assess the nature of structural aberrations caused and the adaptations induced in the oocytes during the period of stress on account of inanition. An attempt has also been made to study the fate of a number of metabolites during this period. It has also been observed that the nuclear membrane undergoes partial or complete degeneration and there is a proliferation in the number of nucleoli which tend to move into the cytoplasm. In addition, the degenerating oocytes tend to release most of the metabolites into the interstitial tissue surrounding the oocytes.", "PMID": 567447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7575", "title": "Failure to separate human x- and y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa by Sephadex gel-filtration.", "content": "Human spermatozoa has been filtered on Sephadex gel columns (G 50 fine powder). 50--70% of the spermatozoa put on the gel bed had been recovered within the filtrate, the remaining spermatozoa--not absorbed to gel particles--were found in the upper third of the column. The percentage of motile spermatozoa was higher (80--95%) in the first fraction as compared to the control samples (40--65%). This technique seems to be unsuitable for a successful separation of human x- and y-spermatozoa, an enrichment of x-spermatozoa couldn't be obtained within the first fractions of the filtrate.", "contents": "Failure to separate human x- and y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa by Sephadex gel-filtration. Human spermatozoa has been filtered on Sephadex gel columns (G 50 fine powder). 50--70% of the spermatozoa put on the gel bed had been recovered within the filtrate, the remaining spermatozoa--not absorbed to gel particles--were found in the upper third of the column. The percentage of motile spermatozoa was higher (80--95%) in the first fraction as compared to the control samples (40--65%). This technique seems to be unsuitable for a successful separation of human x- and y-spermatozoa, an enrichment of x-spermatozoa couldn't be obtained within the first fractions of the filtrate.", "PMID": 567448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7576", "title": "Experimental anastomosis between the parenchyma of spleen and kidney.", "content": "The procedure described using UV-irradiation and surgical removement of the renal capsule leads to the development of anastomoses between the spleen and the kidney. The collaterals are able to divert blood from the portal system to the surface of the kidney and then to the renal vein and the iliac veins systems. The procedure is easily performed and well tolerated.", "contents": "Experimental anastomosis between the parenchyma of spleen and kidney. The procedure described using UV-irradiation and surgical removement of the renal capsule leads to the development of anastomoses between the spleen and the kidney. The collaterals are able to divert blood from the portal system to the surface of the kidney and then to the renal vein and the iliac veins systems. The procedure is easily performed and well tolerated.", "PMID": 567454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7577", "title": "[Adverse effect of amniofetography on fetal thyroid function (author's transl)].", "content": "Amniofetography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of fetal malformations. We have studied the effect of radiopaques dyes, containing large amounts of iodide, on fetal thyroid function. We have performed serial determinations of serum thyrotropin and thyroxine in seven newborn infants submitted to amniofetography. This work demonstrates that amniofetography induces a transient impairment of fetal thyroid function.", "contents": "[Adverse effect of amniofetography on fetal thyroid function (author's transl)]. Amniofetography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of fetal malformations. We have studied the effect of radiopaques dyes, containing large amounts of iodide, on fetal thyroid function. We have performed serial determinations of serum thyrotropin and thyroxine in seven newborn infants submitted to amniofetography. This work demonstrates that amniofetography induces a transient impairment of fetal thyroid function.", "PMID": 567455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7578", "title": "Profile comparisons of physical growth for monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs.", "content": "Three different methods of analysing similarity of physical growth curves within MZ and DZ twin pairs are compared. The concordance of the curves for each pair can be measured by either a multiple regression coefficient (R2) or the square root of the sum of squared differences between corresponding deviation points (D). The latter seems to be a more appropriate measure of profile contour similarity, mainly because the distance between curves is allowed for. An intra-class correlation based on a longitudinal analysis of variance seems to be a useful measure of average profile similarity for comparing groups of individuals. The distributions of the D measures, calculated for all MZ and DZ twin pairs, show MZ pairs to have significantly smaller D-values for both height and weight, on average, than DZ pairs. The intra-class correlations also show a higher concordance in developmental profile for MZ in comparison to DZ.", "contents": "Profile comparisons of physical growth for monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Three different methods of analysing similarity of physical growth curves within MZ and DZ twin pairs are compared. The concordance of the curves for each pair can be measured by either a multiple regression coefficient (R2) or the square root of the sum of squared differences between corresponding deviation points (D). The latter seems to be a more appropriate measure of profile contour similarity, mainly because the distance between curves is allowed for. An intra-class correlation based on a longitudinal analysis of variance seems to be a useful measure of average profile similarity for comparing groups of individuals. The distributions of the D measures, calculated for all MZ and DZ twin pairs, show MZ pairs to have significantly smaller D-values for both height and weight, on average, than DZ pairs. The intra-class correlations also show a higher concordance in developmental profile for MZ in comparison to DZ.", "PMID": 567456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7579", "title": "Effect of heat treatment of human milk on absorption of nitrogen, fat, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus by preterm infants.", "content": "Seven very low birthweight (less than 1.3 kg) preterm infants, aged between 3 and 6 weeks were fed raw, pasteurised, and boiled human milk for 3 consecutive weeks. Serial metabolic balance techniques were used to assess the absorption and retention of calcium, phosphorous, sodium, and nitrogen, and the absorption of fat. Fat absorption was reduced by approximately one-third when raw milk was heated. It is suggested that the improved fat absorption from the raw milk may be related to the preservation of milk lipases. A reduction in the amount of N retained was also noted when the infants were fed boiled milk. There were no obvious differences in the absorption of N or the absorption and retention of Ca, P, and Na between the three milks. All infants gained weight most rapidly during the week in which they were fed raw milk. The mean weight gain during this time was approximately one-third greater than that during similar periods when pasteurised or boiled milk was administered", "contents": "Effect of heat treatment of human milk on absorption of nitrogen, fat, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus by preterm infants. Seven very low birthweight (less than 1.3 kg) preterm infants, aged between 3 and 6 weeks were fed raw, pasteurised, and boiled human milk for 3 consecutive weeks. Serial metabolic balance techniques were used to assess the absorption and retention of calcium, phosphorous, sodium, and nitrogen, and the absorption of fat. Fat absorption was reduced by approximately one-third when raw milk was heated. It is suggested that the improved fat absorption from the raw milk may be related to the preservation of milk lipases. A reduction in the amount of N retained was also noted when the infants were fed boiled milk. There were no obvious differences in the absorption of N or the absorption and retention of Ca, P, and Na between the three milks. All infants gained weight most rapidly during the week in which they were fed raw milk. The mean weight gain during this time was approximately one-third greater than that during similar periods when pasteurised or boiled milk was administered", "PMID": 567458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7580", "title": "The portoenterostomy procedure for biliary atresia: a five year experience.", "content": "The portoenterostomy (Kasai) procedure in infants with biliary atresia has dramatically altered the outlook for this heretofore fatal disease. When performed on infants under three months of age, bile drainage can be achieved in a majority of the patients. Since 1972, 37 infants have been treated with this operation at our institution. Diagnostic operative cholangiography and liver biopsy are recommended if the cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is presumed to be obstructive. When biliary atresia is encountered, identification of the atretic ducts with transection high in the porta hepatis is carried out. Thirty-two infants have had the portojejunostomy, while five, in whom the proximal hepatic ducts were atretic but the gall bladder and distal ducts were patent, underwent portocholecystostomy. Examination of the resected fibrous duct tissue revealed a statistically significant correlation between ductal histology and postoperative outcome. Extended bile drainage has been achieved in 26 of 37 patients. Seventeen exhibit near normal growth and development four months to five years postoperatively. Seven have died with progressive liver disease despite bile drainage. Two additional patients died, jaundice free, from unrelated causes. Despite bile drainage, progressive hepatic fibrosis has been confirmed by serial biopsies in 14 patients. This finding indicates that biliary obstruction is not the sole component in the development of biliary cirrhosis. These data suggest that extrahepatic biliary atresia is a dynamic obliterative process, which can be favorably modified in approximately 50% of the infants by early surgical treatment.", "contents": "The portoenterostomy procedure for biliary atresia: a five year experience. The portoenterostomy (Kasai) procedure in infants with biliary atresia has dramatically altered the outlook for this heretofore fatal disease. When performed on infants under three months of age, bile drainage can be achieved in a majority of the patients. Since 1972, 37 infants have been treated with this operation at our institution. Diagnostic operative cholangiography and liver biopsy are recommended if the cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is presumed to be obstructive. When biliary atresia is encountered, identification of the atretic ducts with transection high in the porta hepatis is carried out. Thirty-two infants have had the portojejunostomy, while five, in whom the proximal hepatic ducts were atretic but the gall bladder and distal ducts were patent, underwent portocholecystostomy. Examination of the resected fibrous duct tissue revealed a statistically significant correlation between ductal histology and postoperative outcome. Extended bile drainage has been achieved in 26 of 37 patients. Seventeen exhibit near normal growth and development four months to five years postoperatively. Seven have died with progressive liver disease despite bile drainage. Two additional patients died, jaundice free, from unrelated causes. Despite bile drainage, progressive hepatic fibrosis has been confirmed by serial biopsies in 14 patients. This finding indicates that biliary obstruction is not the sole component in the development of biliary cirrhosis. These data suggest that extrahepatic biliary atresia is a dynamic obliterative process, which can be favorably modified in approximately 50% of the infants by early surgical treatment.", "PMID": 567461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7581", "title": "The effects of lithium on phenylethylamine behavior in rats are counteracted by monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.", "content": "Rats given a subcutaneous injection of beta-phenylethyl-amine (PEA) (30 or 60 mg/kg) showed stereotyped behavior and autonomic effects which were suppressed by LiCl. Inhibition of Type A MAO by clorgyline or Lilly 51641 (2 or 8 mg/kg) or of Type B MAO by l-deprenyl (2 or 8 mg/kg) counteracted the suppressant effects of LiCl on PEA-behavior. The findings suggest that both Type A MAO and Type B MAO play a role in the effects of LiCl on PEA-behavior.", "contents": "The effects of lithium on phenylethylamine behavior in rats are counteracted by monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors. Rats given a subcutaneous injection of beta-phenylethyl-amine (PEA) (30 or 60 mg/kg) showed stereotyped behavior and autonomic effects which were suppressed by LiCl. Inhibition of Type A MAO by clorgyline or Lilly 51641 (2 or 8 mg/kg) or of Type B MAO by l-deprenyl (2 or 8 mg/kg) counteracted the suppressant effects of LiCl on PEA-behavior. The findings suggest that both Type A MAO and Type B MAO play a role in the effects of LiCl on PEA-behavior.", "PMID": 567462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7582", "title": "Primary hypothyroidism, amenorrhea, and galactorrhea.", "content": "A 30-year-old woman had galactorrhea and secondary amenorrhea, along with symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings of primary hypothyroidism. Serum prolactin and thyrotropin (TSH) levels were elevated. After initiation of thyroid hormone replacement, serum TSH and prolactin levels fell progressively into the normal range. Along with these changes, the patient noted a return of normal menstrual function and the galactorrhea disappeared.", "contents": "Primary hypothyroidism, amenorrhea, and galactorrhea. A 30-year-old woman had galactorrhea and secondary amenorrhea, along with symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings of primary hypothyroidism. Serum prolactin and thyrotropin (TSH) levels were elevated. After initiation of thyroid hormone replacement, serum TSH and prolactin levels fell progressively into the normal range. Along with these changes, the patient noted a return of normal menstrual function and the galactorrhea disappeared.", "PMID": 567464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7583", "title": "The effect of maternal dose on lead retention in suckling rats.", "content": "Lead (Pb) transfer from mother to litter was investigated at the late stage of lactation after a single intrapitoneal injection of 2.0 microgram Pb/ml marked with 203Pb. After 48 hr almost 20% of the maternal dose of 203 Pb was found in the litter, and about 0.6 and 0.2 of the injected dose was found in the liver and kidneys of suckling rats, respectively. Similar whole-body retention was observed earlier in suckling rats after a 20 times lower dose of stable lead was injected intravenously into their mothers.", "contents": "The effect of maternal dose on lead retention in suckling rats. Lead (Pb) transfer from mother to litter was investigated at the late stage of lactation after a single intrapitoneal injection of 2.0 microgram Pb/ml marked with 203Pb. After 48 hr almost 20% of the maternal dose of 203 Pb was found in the litter, and about 0.6 and 0.2 of the injected dose was found in the liver and kidneys of suckling rats, respectively. Similar whole-body retention was observed earlier in suckling rats after a 20 times lower dose of stable lead was injected intravenously into their mothers.", "PMID": 567460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7584", "title": "Structural similarities of hog cholera virus with togaviruses.", "content": "Hog cholera virus grown in PK-15 cells was purified by centrifugation through a sucrose cushion followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Analysis of virus labeled externally with [3H]sodium borohydride on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two glycoproteins, gp55 and gp46. A third structural polypeptide, p36, seems not to be glycosylated. The gp46 was also found in the virus-free supernatant of infected cells. It could be demonstrated by radioimmune precipitation of virus labeled with[35S]methionine that all three polypeptides are specific for hog cholera virions. Electron microscopically hog cholera virus appeared as a spherical particle with a diameter of 42 +/- 8 nm. The virus particles frequently displayed a fringe of projections with a length of about 6--8 nm. The similarities of hog cholera virus with Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses are discussed.", "contents": "Structural similarities of hog cholera virus with togaviruses. Hog cholera virus grown in PK-15 cells was purified by centrifugation through a sucrose cushion followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Analysis of virus labeled externally with [3H]sodium borohydride on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two glycoproteins, gp55 and gp46. A third structural polypeptide, p36, seems not to be glycosylated. The gp46 was also found in the virus-free supernatant of infected cells. It could be demonstrated by radioimmune precipitation of virus labeled with[35S]methionine that all three polypeptides are specific for hog cholera virions. Electron microscopically hog cholera virus appeared as a spherical particle with a diameter of 42 +/- 8 nm. The virus particles frequently displayed a fringe of projections with a length of about 6--8 nm. The similarities of hog cholera virus with Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses are discussed.", "PMID": 567468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7585", "title": "[Stress-reaction of the cell. Changes in carcinoma RS-1 and Jensen sarcoma cells following administration of retinol acetate, hydrocortisone and proserine].", "content": "In the cells of RS-1 carcinoma and those of Iensen's sarcoma it has been stated that acceleration and inhibition of tumor growth induced by nonspecific influence (vitamin A, hydrocortisone, proserin) are accompanied by uniform morphological changes of intracellular structures. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that the changes observed reflect a certain cell adaptation to the altering environmental conditions (cell stress-reaction). The cell stress-reaction is presented morphologically and hence, can by systematized. An attempt of such systematization is suggested.", "contents": "[Stress-reaction of the cell. Changes in carcinoma RS-1 and Jensen sarcoma cells following administration of retinol acetate, hydrocortisone and proserine]. In the cells of RS-1 carcinoma and those of Iensen's sarcoma it has been stated that acceleration and inhibition of tumor growth induced by nonspecific influence (vitamin A, hydrocortisone, proserin) are accompanied by uniform morphological changes of intracellular structures. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that the changes observed reflect a certain cell adaptation to the altering environmental conditions (cell stress-reaction). The cell stress-reaction is presented morphologically and hence, can by systematized. An attempt of such systematization is suggested.", "PMID": 567470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7586", "title": "Auditory brain stem potentials in chronic alcohol intoxication and alcohol withdrawal.", "content": "Auditory brain stem evoked responses were in unrestrained rats during periods of acute and chronic alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, and recovery. Acute alcohol administration altered the auditory brain stem potentials by a prolongation of both peak latency and central conduction time, beginning with early peaks. Similar but lesser effects affecting only the latter peaks were observed during chronic alcohol intoxication. By contrast, alcohol withdrawal resulted in a decrease in the peak latencies of auditory brain stem potentials and a facilitation of central conduction time. Recovery of the auditory brain stem potentials to the normal form required at least three to four weeks. The present study provides the first quantitative data, to our knowledge, on manifestations of alcohol tolerance and withdrawal.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem potentials in chronic alcohol intoxication and alcohol withdrawal. Auditory brain stem evoked responses were in unrestrained rats during periods of acute and chronic alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, and recovery. Acute alcohol administration altered the auditory brain stem potentials by a prolongation of both peak latency and central conduction time, beginning with early peaks. Similar but lesser effects affecting only the latter peaks were observed during chronic alcohol intoxication. By contrast, alcohol withdrawal resulted in a decrease in the peak latencies of auditory brain stem potentials and a facilitation of central conduction time. Recovery of the auditory brain stem potentials to the normal form required at least three to four weeks. The present study provides the first quantitative data, to our knowledge, on manifestations of alcohol tolerance and withdrawal.", "PMID": 567471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7587", "title": "[Aprotinin and the cardiac, intestinal and uterine musculature. Experimental studies in vitro].", "content": "Aprotinine had no significant effect in vitro on rat and frog heart, pregnant and non-pregnant rat uterus, rat duodenum, and guinea-pig ileum. On the other hand, aspecific depression of cardiac intestinal and uterine muscle was noted when concentrations higher than those recommended or clinical use were employed.", "contents": "[Aprotinin and the cardiac, intestinal and uterine musculature. Experimental studies in vitro]. Aprotinine had no significant effect in vitro on rat and frog heart, pregnant and non-pregnant rat uterus, rat duodenum, and guinea-pig ileum. On the other hand, aspecific depression of cardiac intestinal and uterine muscle was noted when concentrations higher than those recommended or clinical use were employed.", "PMID": 567467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7588", "title": "Cross-transmission of strongyle nematodes between macropods and domestic stock.", "content": "Surveys were made of the worm burdens of feral goats, possums and Kangaroo Island Wallabies from places where macropods and ungulates graze together. Sheep and rabbits were experimentally infected with Labiostrongylus eugenii, a strongyle of the Kangaroo Island Wallaby. Neither of these investigations gave any evidence to suggest that cross-transmission of strongyles between macropods and domestic stock could occur.", "contents": "Cross-transmission of strongyle nematodes between macropods and domestic stock. Surveys were made of the worm burdens of feral goats, possums and Kangaroo Island Wallabies from places where macropods and ungulates graze together. Sheep and rabbits were experimentally infected with Labiostrongylus eugenii, a strongyle of the Kangaroo Island Wallaby. Neither of these investigations gave any evidence to suggest that cross-transmission of strongyles between macropods and domestic stock could occur.", "PMID": 567475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7589", "title": "Electrophysiological study of Norrie's disease. An X-linked recessive trait with hearing loss.", "content": "3 patients with Norrie's diseas were examined with electrocochleography and brain-stem-evoked responses. The examination revealed a hearing loss of pure cochlear origin with no involvement of the brain stem. The disease is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait only affecting males with unaffected female carriers. The results are thus in agreement with previous investigations of the topical lesion in genetic hearing loss.", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of Norrie's disease. An X-linked recessive trait with hearing loss. 3 patients with Norrie's diseas were examined with electrocochleography and brain-stem-evoked responses. The examination revealed a hearing loss of pure cochlear origin with no involvement of the brain stem. The disease is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait only affecting males with unaffected female carriers. The results are thus in agreement with previous investigations of the topical lesion in genetic hearing loss.", "PMID": 567472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7590", "title": "Ligand-binding propeties of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "1. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in a plasma-membrane fraction derived from mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE-115 bind [3-3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate according to the Law of Mass Action (Kdissociation 40 pM, h0.96). 2. Antagonist and agonist binding to the receptor was studied by displacement of [3-3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate with non-radioactive ligands. The data show good agreement with similar data obtained on rat brain and ideal smooth muscle [Birdsall & Hulme (1976) J. Neurochem. 27, 7-16] indicating that the receptor is very similar in these three tissues.", "contents": "Ligand-binding propeties of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in mouse neuroblastoma cells. 1. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in a plasma-membrane fraction derived from mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE-115 bind [3-3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate according to the Law of Mass Action (Kdissociation 40 pM, h0.96). 2. Antagonist and agonist binding to the receptor was studied by displacement of [3-3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate with non-radioactive ligands. The data show good agreement with similar data obtained on rat brain and ideal smooth muscle [Birdsall & Hulme (1976) J. Neurochem. 27, 7-16] indicating that the receptor is very similar in these three tissues.", "PMID": 567477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7591", "title": "Inhibition by low concentrations of ouabain of prolactin-induced lactogenesis in rabbit mammary-gland explants.", "content": "1. Explants of mammary tissue from pseudopregnant rabbits were cultured at 37 degrees C in air for 24-48h in Medium 199 buffered with 20mm-Hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulphonic acid]. The medium contained insulin and corticosterone, or insulin, corticosterone and sheep prolactin in the presence or absence of ouabain, an inhibitor of Na(+)/K(+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. The responses of explants were assessed histologically, by measuring the tissue concentration of K(+), and by rates of synthesis of RNA, protein and fatty acids. The effect of ouabain on Na(+) and K(+) concentrations in slices of lactating rabbit mammary-gland tissue incubated for 1h at 37 degrees C in Krebs bicarbonate buffer was also studied. 2. Prolactin increased the concentration of K(+) in mammary explants, an effect prevented by ouabain. In slices of lactating tissue, there was a linear relationship between the log dose of ouabain (from 0.1 to 10mum) and increased Na(+) and decreased K(+) concentrations in the tissue. 3. Ouabain at concentrations up to 1mum did not affect the rate of synthesis of RNA, protein or fatty acids by explants cultured with insulin and corticosterone. By contrast, the stimulatory effect of prolactin on protein synthesis was diminished and the induction of medium-chain fatty acid synthesis by prolactin was almost abolished. RNA synthesis was unaffected. Histological examination showed no tissue damage by 1mum-ouabain. 4. Explants cultured in the presence of 2mum-ouabain for 24h retained their ability to respond to prolactin when the ouabain was removed from the culture medium. Between 24 and 48h they showed responses to prolactin of a magnitude similar to those of explants never exposed to ouabain. 5. These results show that a fully functional Na(+)/K(+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase system is necessary for prolactin to promote secretory activity in rabbit mammary gland.", "contents": "Inhibition by low concentrations of ouabain of prolactin-induced lactogenesis in rabbit mammary-gland explants. 1. Explants of mammary tissue from pseudopregnant rabbits were cultured at 37 degrees C in air for 24-48h in Medium 199 buffered with 20mm-Hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulphonic acid]. The medium contained insulin and corticosterone, or insulin, corticosterone and sheep prolactin in the presence or absence of ouabain, an inhibitor of Na(+)/K(+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. The responses of explants were assessed histologically, by measuring the tissue concentration of K(+), and by rates of synthesis of RNA, protein and fatty acids. The effect of ouabain on Na(+) and K(+) concentrations in slices of lactating rabbit mammary-gland tissue incubated for 1h at 37 degrees C in Krebs bicarbonate buffer was also studied. 2. Prolactin increased the concentration of K(+) in mammary explants, an effect prevented by ouabain. In slices of lactating tissue, there was a linear relationship between the log dose of ouabain (from 0.1 to 10mum) and increased Na(+) and decreased K(+) concentrations in the tissue. 3. Ouabain at concentrations up to 1mum did not affect the rate of synthesis of RNA, protein or fatty acids by explants cultured with insulin and corticosterone. By contrast, the stimulatory effect of prolactin on protein synthesis was diminished and the induction of medium-chain fatty acid synthesis by prolactin was almost abolished. RNA synthesis was unaffected. Histological examination showed no tissue damage by 1mum-ouabain. 4. Explants cultured in the presence of 2mum-ouabain for 24h retained their ability to respond to prolactin when the ouabain was removed from the culture medium. Between 24 and 48h they showed responses to prolactin of a magnitude similar to those of explants never exposed to ouabain. 5. These results show that a fully functional Na(+)/K(+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase system is necessary for prolactin to promote secretory activity in rabbit mammary gland.", "PMID": 567478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7592", "title": "Studies on the proteins of Poecilocera picta. I-changes taking place in the haemolymph protein during moulting.", "content": "The haemolymph proteins of the 6th nymph of P. picta were fractioned by the polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. A total of seven proteins fractions have been detected from the haemolymph. The chemical nature of different protein fractions have been examined by histochemical methods. The changes taking place in the cuticle and epidermal cells have been examined during the transformation of 6th nymph into adult. The fat body proteins have been electrophoretically fractioned and the changes in the concentration of different protein fractions have been examined. It is suggested that the protein fraction 3 of the haemolymph is utilized in the formation of new cuticle. It is concluded by the histochemical observations that proteins of the band 3 are synthesized in the fat body.", "contents": "Studies on the proteins of Poecilocera picta. I-changes taking place in the haemolymph protein during moulting. The haemolymph proteins of the 6th nymph of P. picta were fractioned by the polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. A total of seven proteins fractions have been detected from the haemolymph. The chemical nature of different protein fractions have been examined by histochemical methods. The changes taking place in the cuticle and epidermal cells have been examined during the transformation of 6th nymph into adult. The fat body proteins have been electrophoretically fractioned and the changes in the concentration of different protein fractions have been examined. It is suggested that the protein fraction 3 of the haemolymph is utilized in the formation of new cuticle. It is concluded by the histochemical observations that proteins of the band 3 are synthesized in the fat body.", "PMID": 567481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7593", "title": "Studies on the proteins of Poekilocerus pictus. II--changes taking place in the haemolymph protein during maturation of female.", "content": "In all, 7 protein fractions have been detected in the haemolymph of Poekilocerus pictus by the polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Out of seven protein fractions, four fractions i.e.3,4,5 and 6 take major role in the vitellogenesis. These fractions are accumulated in the ovariectomised female insect. No yolk is deposited in the allatectomised female ovary. The protein fractions 4, 5 and 6 show high concentration of protein in the allatectomised female as compared to the show operated female. It is concluded that the synthesis of protein fraction 3 is controlled by the corpora allata while the fractions 4, 5 and 6 are controlled by the neurosecretory cells.", "contents": "Studies on the proteins of Poekilocerus pictus. II--changes taking place in the haemolymph protein during maturation of female. In all, 7 protein fractions have been detected in the haemolymph of Poekilocerus pictus by the polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Out of seven protein fractions, four fractions i.e.3,4,5 and 6 take major role in the vitellogenesis. These fractions are accumulated in the ovariectomised female insect. No yolk is deposited in the allatectomised female ovary. The protein fractions 4, 5 and 6 show high concentration of protein in the allatectomised female as compared to the show operated female. It is concluded that the synthesis of protein fraction 3 is controlled by the corpora allata while the fractions 4, 5 and 6 are controlled by the neurosecretory cells.", "PMID": 567482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7594", "title": "Studies on the proteins of Poekilocerus pictus. III-changes taking place in the haemolymph protein during maturation of male.", "content": "In all 7 protein fractions have been detected in the haemolymph of Poekilocerus pictus by the Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Out of seven protein fractions, four fractions i.e. 3, 4, 5 and 6 take major role in the maturation of testis. Accumulation of proteins has been observed in the castrated insect. The concentration of the protein decreases and the size of the testis follicle remains small as compared to the normal male in the allatectomised insect. It is concluded that the proteins are selectively incorporated in the testis. It also appears that the synthesis of proteins and the maturation of testis is controlled by the allatum.", "contents": "Studies on the proteins of Poekilocerus pictus. III-changes taking place in the haemolymph protein during maturation of male. In all 7 protein fractions have been detected in the haemolymph of Poekilocerus pictus by the Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Out of seven protein fractions, four fractions i.e. 3, 4, 5 and 6 take major role in the maturation of testis. Accumulation of proteins has been observed in the castrated insect. The concentration of the protein decreases and the size of the testis follicle remains small as compared to the normal male in the allatectomised insect. It is concluded that the proteins are selectively incorporated in the testis. It also appears that the synthesis of proteins and the maturation of testis is controlled by the allatum.", "PMID": 567483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7595", "title": "Some experimental observations on the cryptonephric malpighian tubules.", "content": "Imago of Tenebrio, Dermestes (Coleoptera) and Lepidopterous caterpillars Pieris and Galleria were observed for the general physiology of the cryptonephric Malpighian tubules. Injection of dyes were made. The dyes were taken only by the free portion of the Malpighian tubules. Reassociated Malpighian tubules do not take dyes from the haemoly mph. They are secretory, but not excretory. The perinephric membrane in the Lepidoptera is impermeable to the dyes.", "contents": "Some experimental observations on the cryptonephric malpighian tubules. Imago of Tenebrio, Dermestes (Coleoptera) and Lepidopterous caterpillars Pieris and Galleria were observed for the general physiology of the cryptonephric Malpighian tubules. Injection of dyes were made. The dyes were taken only by the free portion of the Malpighian tubules. Reassociated Malpighian tubules do not take dyes from the haemoly mph. They are secretory, but not excretory. The perinephric membrane in the Lepidoptera is impermeable to the dyes.", "PMID": 567484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7596", "title": "Role of haemolymph proteins in the osmoregulation in damselfly larva.", "content": "In damselfly nymphs different proteins in the haemolymph have been identified which play their role in diuretic and antidiuretic functions.", "contents": "Role of haemolymph proteins in the osmoregulation in damselfly larva. In damselfly nymphs different proteins in the haemolymph have been identified which play their role in diuretic and antidiuretic functions.", "PMID": 567485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7597", "title": "Hydroxylapatite thermal fractionation of chromatin and DNA.", "content": "Chromatin and DNA from developing muscle cultures were fractionated by hydroxylapatite thermal chromatography on the basis of differential thermal stability. A thermal chromatography system was developed in which protein mediated thermal stability of chromatin DNA was maximally expressed. The resulting chromatin and DNA elution profiles were similar to thermal denaturation profiles in low ionic strength solution. Additional studies showed this system was able to detect protein stabilization of DNA in in vitro nucleohistone preparations. Although some protein remained bound to hydroxylapatite during chromatin thermal elution, it did not affect the denaturation or elution behavior of free DNA on the same column. These studies show that fragments of chromatin or DNA can be segregated on the basis of differential thermal stability by hydroxylapatite chromatography.", "contents": "Hydroxylapatite thermal fractionation of chromatin and DNA. Chromatin and DNA from developing muscle cultures were fractionated by hydroxylapatite thermal chromatography on the basis of differential thermal stability. A thermal chromatography system was developed in which protein mediated thermal stability of chromatin DNA was maximally expressed. The resulting chromatin and DNA elution profiles were similar to thermal denaturation profiles in low ionic strength solution. Additional studies showed this system was able to detect protein stabilization of DNA in in vitro nucleohistone preparations. Although some protein remained bound to hydroxylapatite during chromatin thermal elution, it did not affect the denaturation or elution behavior of free DNA on the same column. These studies show that fragments of chromatin or DNA can be segregated on the basis of differential thermal stability by hydroxylapatite chromatography.", "PMID": 567488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7598", "title": "Attempted separation of transcriptively active and inactive chromatin by hydroxylapatite thermal chromatography.", "content": "Chromatin and purified DNA were fractionated by hydroxylapatite thermal chromatography. Fractions of varying thermal stability were tested for the proportions of transcribed sequences and repetitive sequences relative to the unfractionated genome. The first 80--85% of either total chromatin or purified DNA eluted from hydroxylapatite contained the same proportion of hybridizable sequences as total DNA. The remaining 15--20% of chromatin eluting at the highest temperatures was depleted of transcribed sequences. Analysis of the 20% highest melting fraction of purified DNA showed that, while the first two-thirds of this fraction contained the same proportion of transcribed sequences as unfractionated DNA, the last third, comprising about 6% of total DNA, was depleted of active sequences. Although no major differences were detected in nonrepetitive sequence complexity of chromatin fractions, there was a correlation between relative thermal stability and repetitive sequence content in fractions of both chromatin and DNA separated by thermal chromatography. Fragments eluting at higher temperatures contained a greater proportion of repetitive sequences, as indicated by a rapidly renaturing component. Most likely, the latest eluting fractions from both chromatin and purified DNA were enriched for a nontranscribed, highly reiterated, G+C rich satellite component of the chicken genome.", "contents": "Attempted separation of transcriptively active and inactive chromatin by hydroxylapatite thermal chromatography. Chromatin and purified DNA were fractionated by hydroxylapatite thermal chromatography. Fractions of varying thermal stability were tested for the proportions of transcribed sequences and repetitive sequences relative to the unfractionated genome. The first 80--85% of either total chromatin or purified DNA eluted from hydroxylapatite contained the same proportion of hybridizable sequences as total DNA. The remaining 15--20% of chromatin eluting at the highest temperatures was depleted of transcribed sequences. Analysis of the 20% highest melting fraction of purified DNA showed that, while the first two-thirds of this fraction contained the same proportion of transcribed sequences as unfractionated DNA, the last third, comprising about 6% of total DNA, was depleted of active sequences. Although no major differences were detected in nonrepetitive sequence complexity of chromatin fractions, there was a correlation between relative thermal stability and repetitive sequence content in fractions of both chromatin and DNA separated by thermal chromatography. Fragments eluting at higher temperatures contained a greater proportion of repetitive sequences, as indicated by a rapidly renaturing component. Most likely, the latest eluting fractions from both chromatin and purified DNA were enriched for a nontranscribed, highly reiterated, G+C rich satellite component of the chicken genome.", "PMID": 567489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7599", "title": "On the homogeneity of 11-S acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "11-S acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) purified by affinity chromatography of trypsin-digested homogenates was shown to be contaminated with three other active forms of enzyme. The initial purification used an affinity column of the inhibitor, N-methylacridinium ion. Chromatography of the \"affinity-pure\" sample on hydroxyapatite resulted in two peaks of acetylcholinesterase activity. One peak contained only a form sedimenting at 11-S (approx. 85% of the recovered activity). The other peak consisted of a 9.5-S form, in addition to 14-S and 18-S forms. The 9.5-S form (approx. 7% of the activity) co-electrophoresed with 11-S in 6% polyacrylamide gels and co-sedimented with the same form in sucrose density gradients containing 0.1 M NaCl. The purified 11-S enzyme was shown to be homogeneous by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and electrophoresis. These results indicate that 11-S acetylcholinesterase may be unsuitable for some characterization studies due to undetected contamination by the 9.5-S form.", "contents": "On the homogeneity of 11-S acetylcholinesterase. 11-S acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) purified by affinity chromatography of trypsin-digested homogenates was shown to be contaminated with three other active forms of enzyme. The initial purification used an affinity column of the inhibitor, N-methylacridinium ion. Chromatography of the \"affinity-pure\" sample on hydroxyapatite resulted in two peaks of acetylcholinesterase activity. One peak contained only a form sedimenting at 11-S (approx. 85% of the recovered activity). The other peak consisted of a 9.5-S form, in addition to 14-S and 18-S forms. The 9.5-S form (approx. 7% of the activity) co-electrophoresed with 11-S in 6% polyacrylamide gels and co-sedimented with the same form in sucrose density gradients containing 0.1 M NaCl. The purified 11-S enzyme was shown to be homogeneous by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and electrophoresis. These results indicate that 11-S acetylcholinesterase may be unsuitable for some characterization studies due to undetected contamination by the 9.5-S form.", "PMID": 567492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7600", "title": "Hormone receptors. 7. Characteristics of insulin receptors in a new line of cloned neonatal rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. A new line of cloned, differentiated rat hepatocytes (RL-PR-C) was evaluated for its usefulness as an in vitro system for studying the regulation of the insulin receptor. 2. Insulin rapidly reversibly and specifically bound to RL-PR-C hepatocytes. Binding of tracer 125I-labeled insulin, which was competitively inhibited by native insulin as well as by proinsulin and analogs of insulin and proinsulin in proportion to their biological activity, was not influenced by glucagon, corticotropin, or human growth hormone. Anti-insulin receptor serum from a patient with Acanthosis Nigricans Type B competed with 125I-labeled insulin for binding to cell surface sites. 3. Trypsinization destroyed insulin binding sites, but these were restored by incubation under growth conditions; a 75% restoration of binding sites was achieved by one cell population doubling. 4. RL-PR-C hepatocytes responded to insulin binding by an increase in glycogen synthesis from glucose. The insulin effect was maximal at 85 nM, but was detectable at lower, more physiological, concentrations. 5. Chronic exposure (for at least 3h) of hepatocytes to insulin (10(-10)--(10(-8) M) reduced by up to 60% the number of binding sites for insulin (down-regulation). Down-regulation was prevented by cycloheximide at concentration (10 micron) sufficient to inhibit markedly protein synthesis from tracer isoleucine. Recovery from down-regulation induced by native insulin at 10(-7 M or lower concentrations was complete by 18 h under growth conditions. 6. Although RL-PR-C hepatocytes spontaneously transform after about 90 population doublings, no significant differences between normal and transformed cells were observed in insulin binding characteristics and in interaction of cells with anti-insulin receptor serum. However, transformed cells exhibited a substantially reduced (maximum of 20%) down-regulation response to insulin. 7. RL-PR-C rat hepatocytes appear, for these reasons, to be a useful model system for studying the regulation of the insulin receptor.", "contents": "Hormone receptors. 7. Characteristics of insulin receptors in a new line of cloned neonatal rat hepatocytes. 1. A new line of cloned, differentiated rat hepatocytes (RL-PR-C) was evaluated for its usefulness as an in vitro system for studying the regulation of the insulin receptor. 2. Insulin rapidly reversibly and specifically bound to RL-PR-C hepatocytes. Binding of tracer 125I-labeled insulin, which was competitively inhibited by native insulin as well as by proinsulin and analogs of insulin and proinsulin in proportion to their biological activity, was not influenced by glucagon, corticotropin, or human growth hormone. Anti-insulin receptor serum from a patient with Acanthosis Nigricans Type B competed with 125I-labeled insulin for binding to cell surface sites. 3. Trypsinization destroyed insulin binding sites, but these were restored by incubation under growth conditions; a 75% restoration of binding sites was achieved by one cell population doubling. 4. RL-PR-C hepatocytes responded to insulin binding by an increase in glycogen synthesis from glucose. The insulin effect was maximal at 85 nM, but was detectable at lower, more physiological, concentrations. 5. Chronic exposure (for at least 3h) of hepatocytes to insulin (10(-10)--(10(-8) M) reduced by up to 60% the number of binding sites for insulin (down-regulation). Down-regulation was prevented by cycloheximide at concentration (10 micron) sufficient to inhibit markedly protein synthesis from tracer isoleucine. Recovery from down-regulation induced by native insulin at 10(-7 M or lower concentrations was complete by 18 h under growth conditions. 6. Although RL-PR-C hepatocytes spontaneously transform after about 90 population doublings, no significant differences between normal and transformed cells were observed in insulin binding characteristics and in interaction of cells with anti-insulin receptor serum. However, transformed cells exhibited a substantially reduced (maximum of 20%) down-regulation response to insulin. 7. RL-PR-C rat hepatocytes appear, for these reasons, to be a useful model system for studying the regulation of the insulin receptor.", "PMID": 567493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7601", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones by cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells. Effects of potassium cyanide and dinitrophenol.", "content": "Cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cell (NCLP-6E) were used to investigate the uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones. Intracellular accumulation was shown by the failure to acutely release hormone from cells subsequently exposed to serum proteins, and by the metabolic trnasformation of the hormones to deiodinated products and their sulfates. When hepatocarcinoma cell monolayers were studied at hormone concentrations below 10(-10) M, neither KCN nor dinitrophenol inhibited uptake. Taken together with previous findings that uptake was neither saturable nor reduced at low temperature, these results indicate that this process was not active transport. Deiodination of both the phenolic and non-phenolic rings, however, was partially inhibited by KCN but not by dinitrophenol. Sulfation of 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3'-monoiodothyronine was strongly inhibited by both KCN and dinitrophenol. Uptake of the hormones and their metabolites was also measured in suspended hepatocarcinoma cells and compared with the uptake by normal rat hepatocytes, human fibroblasts and human lymphocytes. In these experiments 1 micrometer triidothyronine and 0.47 mM dinitrophenol were used to inhibit deiodination and sulfation, respectively. Uptake was similar in all cell types. Accumulation was highest with 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, intermediate with other compounds having iodines in both rings, lowest with compounds iodinated in only one ring, and absent with iodothronine sulfates. These findings help to explain the relative rates of metabolism of the iodothyronines and their release from the cells.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones by cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells. Effects of potassium cyanide and dinitrophenol. Cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cell (NCLP-6E) were used to investigate the uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones. Intracellular accumulation was shown by the failure to acutely release hormone from cells subsequently exposed to serum proteins, and by the metabolic trnasformation of the hormones to deiodinated products and their sulfates. When hepatocarcinoma cell monolayers were studied at hormone concentrations below 10(-10) M, neither KCN nor dinitrophenol inhibited uptake. Taken together with previous findings that uptake was neither saturable nor reduced at low temperature, these results indicate that this process was not active transport. Deiodination of both the phenolic and non-phenolic rings, however, was partially inhibited by KCN but not by dinitrophenol. Sulfation of 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3'-monoiodothyronine was strongly inhibited by both KCN and dinitrophenol. Uptake of the hormones and their metabolites was also measured in suspended hepatocarcinoma cells and compared with the uptake by normal rat hepatocytes, human fibroblasts and human lymphocytes. In these experiments 1 micrometer triidothyronine and 0.47 mM dinitrophenol were used to inhibit deiodination and sulfation, respectively. Uptake was similar in all cell types. Accumulation was highest with 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, intermediate with other compounds having iodines in both rings, lowest with compounds iodinated in only one ring, and absent with iodothronine sulfates. These findings help to explain the relative rates of metabolism of the iodothyronines and their release from the cells.", "PMID": 567494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7602", "title": "Measurement of binding of terbium to DNA.", "content": "This communication demonstrates further that terbium(III) can be used as a probe for DNA. The stoichiometry of terbium binding to DNA was measured by two new methods. In the first method, calf-thymus DNA was titrated with radioactive terbium-160, which is an isotope of the common terbium-159. The resulting DNA-terbium complex was trapped and measured on millipore filters. In the second method, a peak of UV absorption of terbium was found at 219 nm and was used to measure stocichiometry. By both methods, the stoichiometry of binding was one Tb(III) for each three available phosphate groups in DNA. Finally, a rapid method was developed using terbrium-160 to measure the amount of nucleic acid in a solution.", "contents": "Measurement of binding of terbium to DNA. This communication demonstrates further that terbium(III) can be used as a probe for DNA. The stoichiometry of terbium binding to DNA was measured by two new methods. In the first method, calf-thymus DNA was titrated with radioactive terbium-160, which is an isotope of the common terbium-159. The resulting DNA-terbium complex was trapped and measured on millipore filters. In the second method, a peak of UV absorption of terbium was found at 219 nm and was used to measure stocichiometry. By both methods, the stoichiometry of binding was one Tb(III) for each three available phosphate groups in DNA. Finally, a rapid method was developed using terbrium-160 to measure the amount of nucleic acid in a solution.", "PMID": 567495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7603", "title": "Terbium as a solid-state probe for RNA.", "content": "This paper continues previous work on the analysis of nucleic acid-terbium complexes in the solid state. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the RNA-terbium(III) complex is reported. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of both the RNA-terbium(III) and DNA-terbium(III) complexes as trapped on millipore filters is reported. One hundred percent of the DNA combined with terbium was trapped on millipore filters. Deoxyribonucleic acid was recovered from DNA-terbium(III) complexes trapped on millipore filters using SDS-extraction. Energy transfer was shown to occur from the bases in nucleic acids to the terbium ion, whereas the actual binding of terbium to nucleic acids was due to phosphate groups. The relative fluorescence of homopolyribonucleotide-terbium complexes showed that the guanine moiety was responsible for most of the observed fluorescence. Binding studies showed an equal affinity of radioactive terbium for all the homopolyribonucleotides. The fluorescence of solid-state DNA and RNA terbium complexes was used to measure picomole quantities of DNA or RNA.", "contents": "Terbium as a solid-state probe for RNA. This paper continues previous work on the analysis of nucleic acid-terbium complexes in the solid state. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the RNA-terbium(III) complex is reported. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of both the RNA-terbium(III) and DNA-terbium(III) complexes as trapped on millipore filters is reported. One hundred percent of the DNA combined with terbium was trapped on millipore filters. Deoxyribonucleic acid was recovered from DNA-terbium(III) complexes trapped on millipore filters using SDS-extraction. Energy transfer was shown to occur from the bases in nucleic acids to the terbium ion, whereas the actual binding of terbium to nucleic acids was due to phosphate groups. The relative fluorescence of homopolyribonucleotide-terbium complexes showed that the guanine moiety was responsible for most of the observed fluorescence. Binding studies showed an equal affinity of radioactive terbium for all the homopolyribonucleotides. The fluorescence of solid-state DNA and RNA terbium complexes was used to measure picomole quantities of DNA or RNA.", "PMID": 567496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7604", "title": "General observations on the growth and development of the young pouch opossum, Didelphis virginiana.", "content": "A 3-year study of general growth and development revealed a uniform increase in body length of young pouch opossums during the first 10 weeks of life. Throughout this period, growth was linear and constant for all animals regardless of sex, litter size, or whether animals were obtained from first, second or third litters. Body weights were somewhat more variable, but there were no significant sex differences. Various aspects of external gross morphology are presented and discussed as they relate to growth of the young opossum.", "contents": "General observations on the growth and development of the young pouch opossum, Didelphis virginiana. A 3-year study of general growth and development revealed a uniform increase in body length of young pouch opossums during the first 10 weeks of life. Throughout this period, growth was linear and constant for all animals regardless of sex, litter size, or whether animals were obtained from first, second or third litters. Body weights were somewhat more variable, but there were no significant sex differences. Various aspects of external gross morphology are presented and discussed as they relate to growth of the young opossum.", "PMID": 567497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7605", "title": "Demonstration of a pump-mediated efflux in the epithelial potassium active transport system of insect midgut.", "content": "The larval midgut epithelium of lepidopteran insects (e.g., Hyalophora cecropia and Manduca sexta) actively transports potassium from hemolymph to lumen when mounted in a chamber. The potassium active transport is rheogenic and does not require the presence of other alkali ions. The transepithelial potential difference, short-circuit current, and electromotive force of active transport are rapidly diminished by anoxia. The efflux of potassium, opposite in direction to potassium active transport, dramatically increased in anoxia, whereas the effluxes of sodium, cesium, and chloride did not increase in anoxia. The increase in efflux was found to have an alkali selectivity similar to that of potassium active transport. It is concluded that the rise of efflux in anoxia is due to the change characteristics of the epithelial potassium active transport mechanism in anoxia.", "contents": "Demonstration of a pump-mediated efflux in the epithelial potassium active transport system of insect midgut. The larval midgut epithelium of lepidopteran insects (e.g., Hyalophora cecropia and Manduca sexta) actively transports potassium from hemolymph to lumen when mounted in a chamber. The potassium active transport is rheogenic and does not require the presence of other alkali ions. The transepithelial potential difference, short-circuit current, and electromotive force of active transport are rapidly diminished by anoxia. The efflux of potassium, opposite in direction to potassium active transport, dramatically increased in anoxia, whereas the effluxes of sodium, cesium, and chloride did not increase in anoxia. The increase in efflux was found to have an alkali selectivity similar to that of potassium active transport. It is concluded that the rise of efflux in anoxia is due to the change characteristics of the epithelial potassium active transport mechanism in anoxia.", "PMID": 567504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7606", "title": "[Study of chicken and mouse interferons by the isoelectric focusing method].", "content": "Results of investigation of the chicken and mouse interferons by electrofocussing in sucrose and in polyacrylamide gel are described. The isoelectric points of these interferons were determined. The advantages of the electrofocussing in gel over that in sucrose for the interferon analysis was shown.", "contents": "[Study of chicken and mouse interferons by the isoelectric focusing method]. Results of investigation of the chicken and mouse interferons by electrofocussing in sucrose and in polyacrylamide gel are described. The isoelectric points of these interferons were determined. The advantages of the electrofocussing in gel over that in sucrose for the interferon analysis was shown.", "PMID": 567506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7607", "title": "[Chronobiologic aspect of the mechanism of action of lithium salts in experimental alcoholism].", "content": "Ethanol, used for 2 months in a 5% solution, disorganized the circadian cycle of the hystophysiologic activity of the rat epiphysis. During prolonged (course) administration in the doses close to those used at the clinic lithium chloride normalized the mentioned changes and also prevented their development in case of joint two-months use of ethanol and lithium salt. This effect of the drug correlates with the inhibition or prevention of the ethanol preference development observed under these perimental conditions. A possible interrelationship between the discovered capacity of lithium salt to normalize the chronobiological derangements of the epiphysis and clinical efficacy of these salts in alcoholism and other affective periodical disorders is discussed.", "contents": "[Chronobiologic aspect of the mechanism of action of lithium salts in experimental alcoholism]. Ethanol, used for 2 months in a 5% solution, disorganized the circadian cycle of the hystophysiologic activity of the rat epiphysis. During prolonged (course) administration in the doses close to those used at the clinic lithium chloride normalized the mentioned changes and also prevented their development in case of joint two-months use of ethanol and lithium salt. This effect of the drug correlates with the inhibition or prevention of the ethanol preference development observed under these perimental conditions. A possible interrelationship between the discovered capacity of lithium salt to normalize the chronobiological derangements of the epiphysis and clinical efficacy of these salts in alcoholism and other affective periodical disorders is discussed.", "PMID": 567507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7608", "title": "The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system--evidence against a role in attention, habituation, anxiety and motor activity.", "content": "Lesions of the locus coeruleus system were induced by combined stereotaxic injections of 6-OH-dopamine to the ascending fibres and just lateral to the locus coeruleus itself, to deplete the noradrenaline content of both the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. A group of rats with cortical noradrenaline concentrations of less than 30 ng/g were compared with a group with lesser destruction of the system (mean noradrenaline concentration 71 +/- 44 ng/g) and with controls (mean noradrenaline 347 +/- 58 ng/g). Lesioned rats showed normal motor activity and exploration (assessed with a holeboard) and showed normal habituation of these behaviours. The lesioned rats gave no evidence of increased susceptibility to distracting auditory stimuli whilst licking for water, and the groups did not differ in their rate of habituation to these stimuli, or in dishabituation. In a social interaction test, lesioned animals showed a decrease in social contacts in an unfamiliar situation (interpreted as a response to anxiety) of similar magnitude to that seen in the control group. In this test, lesioned animals engaged in more 'aggressive' behaviour (boxing and wrestling) than did the controls. These findings are incompatible with hypotheses that the locus coeruleus system is an integral part of the physiological mechanisms which control gross motor behaviour, attention, habituation or anxiety. Together with previous findings with the benzodiazepines, the results with the social interaction test make it unlikely that the benzodiazepines exert their anxiolytic effects by inhibiting the locus coeruleus system.", "contents": "The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system--evidence against a role in attention, habituation, anxiety and motor activity. Lesions of the locus coeruleus system were induced by combined stereotaxic injections of 6-OH-dopamine to the ascending fibres and just lateral to the locus coeruleus itself, to deplete the noradrenaline content of both the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. A group of rats with cortical noradrenaline concentrations of less than 30 ng/g were compared with a group with lesser destruction of the system (mean noradrenaline concentration 71 +/- 44 ng/g) and with controls (mean noradrenaline 347 +/- 58 ng/g). Lesioned rats showed normal motor activity and exploration (assessed with a holeboard) and showed normal habituation of these behaviours. The lesioned rats gave no evidence of increased susceptibility to distracting auditory stimuli whilst licking for water, and the groups did not differ in their rate of habituation to these stimuli, or in dishabituation. In a social interaction test, lesioned animals showed a decrease in social contacts in an unfamiliar situation (interpreted as a response to anxiety) of similar magnitude to that seen in the control group. In this test, lesioned animals engaged in more 'aggressive' behaviour (boxing and wrestling) than did the controls. These findings are incompatible with hypotheses that the locus coeruleus system is an integral part of the physiological mechanisms which control gross motor behaviour, attention, habituation or anxiety. Together with previous findings with the benzodiazepines, the results with the social interaction test make it unlikely that the benzodiazepines exert their anxiolytic effects by inhibiting the locus coeruleus system.", "PMID": 567514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7609", "title": "Contralateral turning evoked by the intranigral microinjection of muscimol and other GABA agonists.", "content": "Contraversive turning was evoked by the microinjection of GABAergic agents into the substantia nigra (SN) of the rat. Muscimol, the most potent GABA agonist, evoked contralateral turning when injected into the SN in doses of 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 microgram, whereas 0.5 microgram of muscimol applied at extranigral sites produced no turning. A shorter lived contraversive turning response was evoked by the intranigral micro-injection of imidazole acetic acid (10 or 50 microgram), ethanolamine-O-sulphate (25 or 50 microgram), or GABA (50 microgram). No increase in GABA-induced turning was produced by local pretreatment with pipecolic acid (5 microgram). When injected into the SN, neither picrotoxin, in doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 microgram, nor bicuculline methiodide (Bm), in doses of 0.1 or 0.2 microgram, elicited a significant amount of turning. Picrotoxin, however, partially blocked the turning evoked by the intranigral injection of muscimol, both via the i.p. and intranigral routes of administration whereas Bm did not. In addition, haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the muscimol-induced turning. Hence, we feel GABA mimetic substances injected within the SN might evoke contralateral turning via activation of a heretofore undescribed neural system arising from the SN or by activating the ipsilateral dopaminergic neurons projecting from the SN.", "contents": "Contralateral turning evoked by the intranigral microinjection of muscimol and other GABA agonists. Contraversive turning was evoked by the microinjection of GABAergic agents into the substantia nigra (SN) of the rat. Muscimol, the most potent GABA agonist, evoked contralateral turning when injected into the SN in doses of 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 microgram, whereas 0.5 microgram of muscimol applied at extranigral sites produced no turning. A shorter lived contraversive turning response was evoked by the intranigral micro-injection of imidazole acetic acid (10 or 50 microgram), ethanolamine-O-sulphate (25 or 50 microgram), or GABA (50 microgram). No increase in GABA-induced turning was produced by local pretreatment with pipecolic acid (5 microgram). When injected into the SN, neither picrotoxin, in doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 microgram, nor bicuculline methiodide (Bm), in doses of 0.1 or 0.2 microgram, elicited a significant amount of turning. Picrotoxin, however, partially blocked the turning evoked by the intranigral injection of muscimol, both via the i.p. and intranigral routes of administration whereas Bm did not. In addition, haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the muscimol-induced turning. Hence, we feel GABA mimetic substances injected within the SN might evoke contralateral turning via activation of a heretofore undescribed neural system arising from the SN or by activating the ipsilateral dopaminergic neurons projecting from the SN.", "PMID": 567515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7610", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of cod preproinsulin.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing ribonucleic acid from cod islet greatly stimulated the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into proteins when assayed in a wheat germ translation system. The translation products were examined by specific immunoprecipitation with guinea pig anti cod insulin antibodies and by extraction with acid--ethanol. These measurements revealed at least a fivefold increase in incorporation of labelled amino acid over the nonprogrammed system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography showed a product of molecular weight 12 500, a size considerably larger than cod proinsulin (9000). It is concluded that cod proinsulin is synthesized via a larger precursor, preproinsulin.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of cod preproinsulin. Poly(A)-containing ribonucleic acid from cod islet greatly stimulated the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into proteins when assayed in a wheat germ translation system. The translation products were examined by specific immunoprecipitation with guinea pig anti cod insulin antibodies and by extraction with acid--ethanol. These measurements revealed at least a fivefold increase in incorporation of labelled amino acid over the nonprogrammed system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography showed a product of molecular weight 12 500, a size considerably larger than cod proinsulin (9000). It is concluded that cod proinsulin is synthesized via a larger precursor, preproinsulin.", "PMID": 567518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7611", "title": "The role of temperature and light on inhibition of development of Cooperia oncophora.", "content": "Infective Cooperia oncophora larvae were temperature and light conditioned by holding them at various temperatures and daily light intensities for up to 56 days prior to administration to parasite-free calves via stomach tube. The calves were killed either on day 20 or day 21 postinfection. A marked (up to 80.5%) inhibition of development occurred in larvae held at 4 degrees C while little or no inhibition occurred in larvae held at room temperature or in fresh larvae. Marked inhibition also occurred in larvae held at 15 degrees C for 56 days while a low rate of inhibition occurred in larvae held at 17 degrees C for 42 days. Low incidence of inhibition was recorded in two of four calves given larvae held at ambient temperatures of mid-summer while appreciable inhibition of development of larvae occurred in two calves permitted to graze during the second and third week of September in 1975. Temperature conditioning of C. oncophora eggs for 27 days did not result in inhibition of development of infective larvae subsequently cultured from the eggs. Photoperiod or the presence of light did not have any appreciable effect on the development of inhibition of C. oncophora under the conditions of these investigations.", "contents": "The role of temperature and light on inhibition of development of Cooperia oncophora. Infective Cooperia oncophora larvae were temperature and light conditioned by holding them at various temperatures and daily light intensities for up to 56 days prior to administration to parasite-free calves via stomach tube. The calves were killed either on day 20 or day 21 postinfection. A marked (up to 80.5%) inhibition of development occurred in larvae held at 4 degrees C while little or no inhibition occurred in larvae held at room temperature or in fresh larvae. Marked inhibition also occurred in larvae held at 15 degrees C for 56 days while a low rate of inhibition occurred in larvae held at 17 degrees C for 42 days. Low incidence of inhibition was recorded in two of four calves given larvae held at ambient temperatures of mid-summer while appreciable inhibition of development of larvae occurred in two calves permitted to graze during the second and third week of September in 1975. Temperature conditioning of C. oncophora eggs for 27 days did not result in inhibition of development of infective larvae subsequently cultured from the eggs. Photoperiod or the presence of light did not have any appreciable effect on the development of inhibition of C. oncophora under the conditions of these investigations.", "PMID": 567519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7612", "title": "Serological studies on leptospirosis in cattle in east central Alabama.", "content": "Serological surveys of leptospiral antibodies in cattle were carried out in Macon and the surrounding counties of East Central Alabama. A total of 286 bovine serum samples were screened for the presence of antibodies against live antigens from twelve pathogenic leptospiral serotypes using a microscopic agglutination test. The most frequently encountered serotypes were Leptospira hardjo (47%), Leptospira wolffi (34%), Leptospira canicola (12%), Leptospira pomona (10%) and Leptospira ballum (10%). Leptospira autumnalis, Leptospira grippotyphosa, Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae, Leptospira pyrogenes and Leptospira tarassovi were observed in less than 5% of the samples.", "contents": "Serological studies on leptospirosis in cattle in east central Alabama. Serological surveys of leptospiral antibodies in cattle were carried out in Macon and the surrounding counties of East Central Alabama. A total of 286 bovine serum samples were screened for the presence of antibodies against live antigens from twelve pathogenic leptospiral serotypes using a microscopic agglutination test. The most frequently encountered serotypes were Leptospira hardjo (47%), Leptospira wolffi (34%), Leptospira canicola (12%), Leptospira pomona (10%) and Leptospira ballum (10%). Leptospira autumnalis, Leptospira grippotyphosa, Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae, Leptospira pyrogenes and Leptospira tarassovi were observed in less than 5% of the samples.", "PMID": 567520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7613", "title": "Cholesteryl ester depletion from the ovaries of superovulated female rats fed a normal or essential fatty acid deficient diet.", "content": "The cholesteryl ester content of the ovaries was determined in rats diets containing corn oil or hydrogenated coconut oil (essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient) and subjected to superovulation by injection of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Superovulation increased ovarian weight; the effect was greater in animals fed corn oil. Superovulation significantly decreased total ovarian cholesteryl ester concentration in animals fed corn oil, with disproportionately large decreases occurring in the esters of 20:1, 20:2, 22:5w6, and 22:6w3. Significant decreases were observed in these esters when the data were expressed on a unit mass of tissue basis or in relation to total ovarian mass. In superovulated, EFA-deficient rats, esters of 18:1, 20:1, 22:5w6, and 22:6w3 were significantly lower per unit mass of tissue but this was due, in all cases except that of 22:6w3, to the increased mass of ovarian tissue; there was no decrease in total esters per ovary weight during superovulation of deficient rats. The pattern and degree of selective changes in ovarian cholesteryl esters during superovulation were different from those previously reported for adrenal esters of stressed rats.", "contents": "Cholesteryl ester depletion from the ovaries of superovulated female rats fed a normal or essential fatty acid deficient diet. The cholesteryl ester content of the ovaries was determined in rats diets containing corn oil or hydrogenated coconut oil (essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient) and subjected to superovulation by injection of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Superovulation increased ovarian weight; the effect was greater in animals fed corn oil. Superovulation significantly decreased total ovarian cholesteryl ester concentration in animals fed corn oil, with disproportionately large decreases occurring in the esters of 20:1, 20:2, 22:5w6, and 22:6w3. Significant decreases were observed in these esters when the data were expressed on a unit mass of tissue basis or in relation to total ovarian mass. In superovulated, EFA-deficient rats, esters of 18:1, 20:1, 22:5w6, and 22:6w3 were significantly lower per unit mass of tissue but this was due, in all cases except that of 22:6w3, to the increased mass of ovarian tissue; there was no decrease in total esters per ovary weight during superovulation of deficient rats. The pattern and degree of selective changes in ovarian cholesteryl esters during superovulation were different from those previously reported for adrenal esters of stressed rats.", "PMID": 567521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7614", "title": "Effect of three antagonists on the development of bacterial leaf streak of rice.", "content": "Among 11 epiphytic microorganisms one species each of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Aspergillus were antagonistic to Xanthomonas translucens subsp. oryzicola. Symptoms of bacterial leaf streak did not develop when the antagonists were sprayed on rice leaves 24 h before inoculation. Although the symptoms developed when the antagonists were applied 24 h after inoculation, the number of lesions and their length was significantly reduced over control. When the mixture of each antagonist and the pathogen was applied, no symptoms developed with Pseudomonas and Aspergillus sp. However, the symptoms could develop with Erwinia sp. although the number and length of the lesions was reduced over control.", "contents": "Effect of three antagonists on the development of bacterial leaf streak of rice. Among 11 epiphytic microorganisms one species each of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Aspergillus were antagonistic to Xanthomonas translucens subsp. oryzicola. Symptoms of bacterial leaf streak did not develop when the antagonists were sprayed on rice leaves 24 h before inoculation. Although the symptoms developed when the antagonists were applied 24 h after inoculation, the number of lesions and their length was significantly reduced over control. When the mixture of each antagonist and the pathogen was applied, no symptoms developed with Pseudomonas and Aspergillus sp. However, the symptoms could develop with Erwinia sp. although the number and length of the lesions was reduced over control.", "PMID": 567522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7615", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from T8 Guerin tumor.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from nuclei of T8 Guerin tumor were studied. Two enzymes were purified several hundred times by the use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. One of them belongs to A(I) RNA polymerases and the second to B(II) as was established from their metal and ionic strength requirements. activity in the presence of native and denatured DNA and the resistance to a-amanitin inhibition. The quantity of class A enzyme was increased compared to B, a fact observed with most neoplastic tissues so far studied. This increase of the polymerase responsible  for ribosomal RNA synthesis could probably be related to malignant transformation in animals.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from T8 Guerin tumor. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from nuclei of T8 Guerin tumor were studied. Two enzymes were purified several hundred times by the use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. One of them belongs to A(I) RNA polymerases and the second to B(II) as was established from their metal and ionic strength requirements. activity in the presence of native and denatured DNA and the resistance to a-amanitin inhibition. The quantity of class A enzyme was increased compared to B, a fact observed with most neoplastic tissues so far studied. This increase of the polymerase responsible  for ribosomal RNA synthesis could probably be related to malignant transformation in animals.", "PMID": 567523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7616", "title": "Synergism between the antiproliferative activities of arabinosyladenine and N6-benzyladenosine.", "content": "N6-Benzyladenosine is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine deaminase from L-1210 cells in axenic culture as well as a potent antiproliferative agent in vitro and in vivo. Potentiation of the growth inhibitory activity of 9-beta-D-arabinosyladenine (ara-A) was observed in the L-1210 system with maximum synergism with a mixture of 16 micron ara-A and 10 micron benzyladenosine. Kinetic studies with L-1210 cell lysates showed values for Km of 0.25 mM ara-A and Ki of 0.23 mM benzyladenosine. It is suggested that ara-A and benzyladenosine in suitable combination may be expected to demonstrate enhanced clinical chemotherapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "Synergism between the antiproliferative activities of arabinosyladenine and N6-benzyladenosine. N6-Benzyladenosine is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine deaminase from L-1210 cells in axenic culture as well as a potent antiproliferative agent in vitro and in vivo. Potentiation of the growth inhibitory activity of 9-beta-D-arabinosyladenine (ara-A) was observed in the L-1210 system with maximum synergism with a mixture of 16 micron ara-A and 10 micron benzyladenosine. Kinetic studies with L-1210 cell lysates showed values for Km of 0.25 mM ara-A and Ki of 0.23 mM benzyladenosine. It is suggested that ara-A and benzyladenosine in suitable combination may be expected to demonstrate enhanced clinical chemotherapeutic effectiveness.", "PMID": 567524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7617", "title": "The circadian variations in the epithelial growth of the hamster cheek pouch: quantitative analysis of DNA distributions.", "content": "The pronounced diurnal rhythm in DNA distributions of the hamster cheek pouch epithelium both in the S fraction and in the (G2 + M) fraction was compared with previous studies of the changes in tritiated thymidine labelling index and mitotic activity. The DNA distributions were obtained by flow cytometry after ultrasonic disaggregation of the isolated epithelium into a suspension of single nuclei. The DNA distributions were analysed with the computer program of J. Fried (1976) and by planimetry. The S fraction was higher than the autoradiographic labelling index during the whole 24 hr period. Only the computer fitted S fraction and the labelling index had the same difference between maximal and minimal values, and maxima at the same time of day. The DNA distributions showed a diurnal release of G1 cells into S phase proceeding through (G2 + M) phase and returning to G1 phase within a 24 hr period.", "contents": "The circadian variations in the epithelial growth of the hamster cheek pouch: quantitative analysis of DNA distributions. The pronounced diurnal rhythm in DNA distributions of the hamster cheek pouch epithelium both in the S fraction and in the (G2 + M) fraction was compared with previous studies of the changes in tritiated thymidine labelling index and mitotic activity. The DNA distributions were obtained by flow cytometry after ultrasonic disaggregation of the isolated epithelium into a suspension of single nuclei. The DNA distributions were analysed with the computer program of J. Fried (1976) and by planimetry. The S fraction was higher than the autoradiographic labelling index during the whole 24 hr period. Only the computer fitted S fraction and the labelling index had the same difference between maximal and minimal values, and maxima at the same time of day. The DNA distributions showed a diurnal release of G1 cells into S phase proceeding through (G2 + M) phase and returning to G1 phase within a 24 hr period.", "PMID": 567526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7618", "title": "Nucleic acid profile of the EMT6 cell cycle in vitro.", "content": "Simultaneous RNA and DNA estimations were carried out during the cell cycle of EMT6/M/CC cells growing in vitro following synchronization by mitotic selection. The determinations were performed with a flow cytofluorimeter on individual cells stained with acridine orange. It was found that the RNA content increased during G1 then remained virtually constant between early and mid S phase, but a second increase occurred during late S. The rate of uptake of tritiated uridine paralleled these changes in RNA levels, and it was also found that the rate of uptake in metaphase and anaphase was virtually zero, but a rapid increase occurred in telophase. The increase in DNA during S was approximately linear, and the intermitotic phase and cycle durations were very similar to previously reported results.", "contents": "Nucleic acid profile of the EMT6 cell cycle in vitro. Simultaneous RNA and DNA estimations were carried out during the cell cycle of EMT6/M/CC cells growing in vitro following synchronization by mitotic selection. The determinations were performed with a flow cytofluorimeter on individual cells stained with acridine orange. It was found that the RNA content increased during G1 then remained virtually constant between early and mid S phase, but a second increase occurred during late S. The rate of uptake of tritiated uridine paralleled these changes in RNA levels, and it was also found that the rate of uptake in metaphase and anaphase was virtually zero, but a rapid increase occurred in telophase. The increase in DNA during S was approximately linear, and the intermitotic phase and cycle durations were very similar to previously reported results.", "PMID": 567527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7619", "title": "Role of microtubules in the intracellular transport of growth hormone.", "content": "Pulse-chase experiments utilising (3H)leucine have been used to study the effects of colchicine and vinblastine on intracellular transport and secretion of newly synthesised growth hormone from rat anterior pituitary fragments. Growth hormone was isolated from medium and fragments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When colchicine or vinblastine, which disrupt microtubules, were added immediately after pulse labelling, inhibition of the subsequent secretion of newly synthesised growth hormone was detected throughout the succeeding 5h. Similar inhibition was seen if the drugs were added after a 1h delay. However, if colchicine or vinblastine were added only after a 2h chase incubation, then no significant effect on subsequent release of labelled growth hormone was seen. The results suggest that these agents may inhibit the transport of newly formed growth hormone storage granules from the Golgi complex to the cytoplasmic pool. Microtubules do not appear to be involved in the mechanism of the final secretion of newly synthesised hormone by exocytosis.", "contents": "Role of microtubules in the intracellular transport of growth hormone. Pulse-chase experiments utilising (3H)leucine have been used to study the effects of colchicine and vinblastine on intracellular transport and secretion of newly synthesised growth hormone from rat anterior pituitary fragments. Growth hormone was isolated from medium and fragments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When colchicine or vinblastine, which disrupt microtubules, were added immediately after pulse labelling, inhibition of the subsequent secretion of newly synthesised growth hormone was detected throughout the succeeding 5h. Similar inhibition was seen if the drugs were added after a 1h delay. However, if colchicine or vinblastine were added only after a 2h chase incubation, then no significant effect on subsequent release of labelled growth hormone was seen. The results suggest that these agents may inhibit the transport of newly formed growth hormone storage granules from the Golgi complex to the cytoplasmic pool. Microtubules do not appear to be involved in the mechanism of the final secretion of newly synthesised hormone by exocytosis.", "PMID": 567528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7620", "title": "Filtration effect of endothelial fenestrations on chylomicron transport in neonatal rat liver sinusoids.", "content": "The function of endothelial fenestrations in the control of the passage of chylomicrons from the blood to the liver parenchymal cells was studied ultrastructurally in neonatal rats. Measurement of circulating chylomicrons and endothelial fenestrations as well as chylomicrons in the space of Disse at 2--20 h after the onset of suckling revealed a substantial filtration effect of endothelial fenestrations on chylomicrons larger than 250 nm in diameter. Direct uptake of chylomicrons by parenchymal cells was observed to occur by pinocytosis; Kupffer cells endocytosed only very few chylomicrons, and endothelial cells were inactive in this respect.", "contents": "Filtration effect of endothelial fenestrations on chylomicron transport in neonatal rat liver sinusoids. The function of endothelial fenestrations in the control of the passage of chylomicrons from the blood to the liver parenchymal cells was studied ultrastructurally in neonatal rats. Measurement of circulating chylomicrons and endothelial fenestrations as well as chylomicrons in the space of Disse at 2--20 h after the onset of suckling revealed a substantial filtration effect of endothelial fenestrations on chylomicrons larger than 250 nm in diameter. Direct uptake of chylomicrons by parenchymal cells was observed to occur by pinocytosis; Kupffer cells endocytosed only very few chylomicrons, and endothelial cells were inactive in this respect.", "PMID": 567529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7621", "title": "Microsurgical transection of small nerve fibre bundles in vitro. Effects on axons, growth cones and glial cells.", "content": "Fibres growing from neurons of explanted dorsal root ganglia from 10 day chick embryos were transected and subsequently observed by light and electron microscopy after periods of a few to fifty minutes. Changes immediately proximal and distal to the cut together with alterations further away from the site of injury on both sides of the cut were recorded. Observations were also made on the growth cones of damaged axons and on changes in associated glial cells. Reactive and degenerative changes including the rotation, retraction and swelling of cutaxons occurred rapidly. Electron microscopy revealed tracts of filamentous material close to the sealed-off ends of axons, swollen organelles such as mitochondria, and lamellar bodies of varying dimensions. Proximal to the injury and closer to the explant, damaged and degenerating axons mingled with normal processes. Many contained only a fine granular material, others clumps of organelles, particularly mitochondria. Distal to the cut, microspikes were lost from some growth cones. The dense granular material filling microspikes and growth cones remained unchanged. Clumps of large clear vesicles, lamellar bodies and swollen degenerating mitochondria were present, not only within growth cones, but also in all parts of the axon distal to the cut. Glial cells associated with transected axons soon developed an electron dense cytoplasm containing swollen organelles. Large numbers of vesicles filled with a particulate substance were also found. The possible significance of the changes observed after transection are considered and discussed.", "contents": "Microsurgical transection of small nerve fibre bundles in vitro. Effects on axons, growth cones and glial cells. Fibres growing from neurons of explanted dorsal root ganglia from 10 day chick embryos were transected and subsequently observed by light and electron microscopy after periods of a few to fifty minutes. Changes immediately proximal and distal to the cut together with alterations further away from the site of injury on both sides of the cut were recorded. Observations were also made on the growth cones of damaged axons and on changes in associated glial cells. Reactive and degenerative changes including the rotation, retraction and swelling of cutaxons occurred rapidly. Electron microscopy revealed tracts of filamentous material close to the sealed-off ends of axons, swollen organelles such as mitochondria, and lamellar bodies of varying dimensions. Proximal to the injury and closer to the explant, damaged and degenerating axons mingled with normal processes. Many contained only a fine granular material, others clumps of organelles, particularly mitochondria. Distal to the cut, microspikes were lost from some growth cones. The dense granular material filling microspikes and growth cones remained unchanged. Clumps of large clear vesicles, lamellar bodies and swollen degenerating mitochondria were present, not only within growth cones, but also in all parts of the axon distal to the cut. Glial cells associated with transected axons soon developed an electron dense cytoplasm containing swollen organelles. Large numbers of vesicles filled with a particulate substance were also found. The possible significance of the changes observed after transection are considered and discussed.", "PMID": 567530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7622", "title": "Distribution of myosin and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA protein) in rat spinal cord and in the human frontal cortex as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "The glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein and myosin were localized in rat spinal cord and human frontal cortex using specific antibodies against GFA protein from human spinal cord and highly purified smooth myosin from chicken gizzard by means of an indirect immunofluorescence microscopical approach. A strong GFA protein and myosin immunoreactivity was found in astrocytes of the white and grey matter and in the external glial limitans membrane. The very fine branches of astrocytic processes stained with anti-GFA protein, but not with anti-myosin. Similar results were obtained with the human frontal cortex, where myosin antibodies failed to reveal the very fine branches of protoplasmic astrocytes. As a whole, staining with the GFA protein antiserum was more crisp than with the myosin antibody.", "contents": "Distribution of myosin and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA protein) in rat spinal cord and in the human frontal cortex as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein and myosin were localized in rat spinal cord and human frontal cortex using specific antibodies against GFA protein from human spinal cord and highly purified smooth myosin from chicken gizzard by means of an indirect immunofluorescence microscopical approach. A strong GFA protein and myosin immunoreactivity was found in astrocytes of the white and grey matter and in the external glial limitans membrane. The very fine branches of astrocytic processes stained with anti-GFA protein, but not with anti-myosin. Similar results were obtained with the human frontal cortex, where myosin antibodies failed to reveal the very fine branches of protoplasmic astrocytes. As a whole, staining with the GFA protein antiserum was more crisp than with the myosin antibody.", "PMID": 567531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7623", "title": "Monoclonal antibodies as probes for differentiation and tumor-associated antigens: a Forssman specificity on teratocarcinoma stem cells.", "content": "A set of monoclonal antibodies derived by fusing P3-NS1/1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells from a rat immunized with mouse spleen were screened for activity against a tumor cell panel. One of these antibodies was found to react only with mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and no other tumor cell type tested, including differentiated derivatives of teratocarcinomas. In the adult mouse, this antigen is expressed by subpopulations of cells in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph node, brain, kidney and testes, although not in liver and thymus. This antigen has a species and tissue distribution consistent with that of Forssman antigen. The molecules which carry this specificity on the embryonal carcinoma cells appear to be glycolipids.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibodies as probes for differentiation and tumor-associated antigens: a Forssman specificity on teratocarcinoma stem cells. A set of monoclonal antibodies derived by fusing P3-NS1/1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells from a rat immunized with mouse spleen were screened for activity against a tumor cell panel. One of these antibodies was found to react only with mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and no other tumor cell type tested, including differentiated derivatives of teratocarcinomas. In the adult mouse, this antigen is expressed by subpopulations of cells in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph node, brain, kidney and testes, although not in liver and thymus. This antigen has a species and tissue distribution consistent with that of Forssman antigen. The molecules which carry this specificity on the embryonal carcinoma cells appear to be glycolipids.", "PMID": 567532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7624", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the red pulp of the spleen in various thrombocytopenias].", "content": "The authors describe 10 cases of samples of spleen tissue obtained from patients with various thrombocytopenias which had been subjected to electron microscopical examinations. In splenomegalies associated with liver cirrhoses a certain proportion of platelets accumulated in the spleen, whereas others were ingested by macrophages. No significant polymorhism of the platelets was observed. In cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura marked polymorphism of the platelets as regards size and structure was observed. The platelets also showed a concoisuous relation to the polymorphonuclear laucotytes. The alterations of the inner structure of the platelets could not be regarded as specific, because they were also found in lymhogranuloma.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the red pulp of the spleen in various thrombocytopenias]. The authors describe 10 cases of samples of spleen tissue obtained from patients with various thrombocytopenias which had been subjected to electron microscopical examinations. In splenomegalies associated with liver cirrhoses a certain proportion of platelets accumulated in the spleen, whereas others were ingested by macrophages. No significant polymorhism of the platelets was observed. In cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura marked polymorphism of the platelets as regards size and structure was observed. The platelets also showed a concoisuous relation to the polymorphonuclear laucotytes. The alterations of the inner structure of the platelets could not be regarded as specific, because they were also found in lymhogranuloma.", "PMID": 567536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7625", "title": "Change in permeability of liposomes caused by methylmercury and inorganic mercury.", "content": "The effects of two mercurial compounds, methylmercury and inorganic mercury, on lipids were examined by measuring permeability change of lipid bilayer, liposome. Both decrease in the cholesterol content and increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acid moieties in the lipid bilayers, augmented to susceptibility of the liposomes to the mercurial compounds. Inorganic mercury and methylmercury disrupted the lipid membrane to essentially the same extent. The influence on the permeability seems to be specific for mercury compounds. The significant increase in the permeability of some liposomal preparation noted even at the mercurial concentration of 10(-7) M strongly suggests that lipid in biomembrane could be one of the primary targets of these toxic substances.", "contents": "Change in permeability of liposomes caused by methylmercury and inorganic mercury. The effects of two mercurial compounds, methylmercury and inorganic mercury, on lipids were examined by measuring permeability change of lipid bilayer, liposome. Both decrease in the cholesterol content and increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acid moieties in the lipid bilayers, augmented to susceptibility of the liposomes to the mercurial compounds. Inorganic mercury and methylmercury disrupted the lipid membrane to essentially the same extent. The influence on the permeability seems to be specific for mercury compounds. The significant increase in the permeability of some liposomal preparation noted even at the mercurial concentration of 10(-7) M strongly suggests that lipid in biomembrane could be one of the primary targets of these toxic substances.", "PMID": 567538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7626", "title": "The interaction of dianhydrogalactitol with DNA in cultured Yoshida sarcoma cells.", "content": "Using alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation centrifugation it was found that treatment of Yoshida sarcoma cells in culture for 1 h with increasing concentrations of dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) enhanced the sedimentation rate of DNA in a dose-dependent manner. There was no difference between the amount of protein which co-sedimented with DNA released from treated and untreated cells. When DNA was extracted from the cells using a p-amino-salicylate-phenol mixture, the protein content of DNA seemed not to be affected by DAG. The possibility that DAG could form interstrand cross-linking in cellular DNA was suggested from renaturation studies. The appearance of a fast sedimenting DNA in the alkaline sucrose gradient and the evidence for a cross-linked DNA detected by renaturation technique, only appeared later than 6 h after treatment. A similar delayed effect on the depression in the rate of DNA synthesis was also observed. These data suggest that the inhibition of DNA synthesis may be related to the delayed formation of DNA interstrand cross-linked.", "contents": "The interaction of dianhydrogalactitol with DNA in cultured Yoshida sarcoma cells. Using alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation centrifugation it was found that treatment of Yoshida sarcoma cells in culture for 1 h with increasing concentrations of dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) enhanced the sedimentation rate of DNA in a dose-dependent manner. There was no difference between the amount of protein which co-sedimented with DNA released from treated and untreated cells. When DNA was extracted from the cells using a p-amino-salicylate-phenol mixture, the protein content of DNA seemed not to be affected by DAG. The possibility that DAG could form interstrand cross-linking in cellular DNA was suggested from renaturation studies. The appearance of a fast sedimenting DNA in the alkaline sucrose gradient and the evidence for a cross-linked DNA detected by renaturation technique, only appeared later than 6 h after treatment. A similar delayed effect on the depression in the rate of DNA synthesis was also observed. These data suggest that the inhibition of DNA synthesis may be related to the delayed formation of DNA interstrand cross-linked.", "PMID": 567539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7627", "title": "Trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome. Report of monozygotic twins.", "content": "Monozygotic twins were born with the phenotypical appearance of the trisomy 8 syndrome. The first twin, a stillborn, had autopsy findings suggestive of trisomy 8 syndrome. Cultured lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts of the second, liveborn twin, showed trisomy 8. While the lymphocyte culture showed 46/47, +8 mosaicism, with normal cells predominating, skin fibroblasts yielded only cells with trisomy 8. Bone marrow preparation showed only normal cells, 46,XY. Repeat lymphocyte culture at age 14 months, showed a reduced number of trisomy 8 cells. We would like to emphasize the importance of cytogenetic studies in early infancy, using both peripheral lymphocyte and skin fibroblast cultures, to increase the chance of detecting chromosomal abnormalities.", "contents": "Trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome. Report of monozygotic twins. Monozygotic twins were born with the phenotypical appearance of the trisomy 8 syndrome. The first twin, a stillborn, had autopsy findings suggestive of trisomy 8 syndrome. Cultured lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts of the second, liveborn twin, showed trisomy 8. While the lymphocyte culture showed 46/47, +8 mosaicism, with normal cells predominating, skin fibroblasts yielded only cells with trisomy 8. Bone marrow preparation showed only normal cells, 46,XY. Repeat lymphocyte culture at age 14 months, showed a reduced number of trisomy 8 cells. We would like to emphasize the importance of cytogenetic studies in early infancy, using both peripheral lymphocyte and skin fibroblast cultures, to increase the chance of detecting chromosomal abnormalities.", "PMID": 567548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7628", "title": "A-T rich sequences in vertebrate DNA. A possible explanation of q-banding in metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Partially denatured DNAs from mouse, cow, and chicken were visualized in the electron microscope by the basic protein film technique and the size and distribution of the denatured regions characterized. A-T rich sequences visualized at 15% denaturation average about 1500 bases in length for all three species and are arranged quite non-randomly in the genome. This arrangement is such that 30--50% of the entire genome contains no A-T rich DNA, and another 20% is composed about one-half of A-T rich sequences and one-half of other sequences. Comparison with DNA denaturation profiles indicates that for each organism these sequences are from 25--30% G+C and that there is very little if any DNA more A-T rich than these. Estimates from published studies of fluorescence enhancement of quinacrine bound to A-T rich DNAs suggest that the observed non-random organization of A-T rich sequences is sufficient to account for Q banding of metaphase chromosomes.", "contents": "A-T rich sequences in vertebrate DNA. A possible explanation of q-banding in metaphase chromosomes. Partially denatured DNAs from mouse, cow, and chicken were visualized in the electron microscope by the basic protein film technique and the size and distribution of the denatured regions characterized. A-T rich sequences visualized at 15% denaturation average about 1500 bases in length for all three species and are arranged quite non-randomly in the genome. This arrangement is such that 30--50% of the entire genome contains no A-T rich DNA, and another 20% is composed about one-half of A-T rich sequences and one-half of other sequences. Comparison with DNA denaturation profiles indicates that for each organism these sequences are from 25--30% G+C and that there is very little if any DNA more A-T rich than these. Estimates from published studies of fluorescence enhancement of quinacrine bound to A-T rich DNAs suggest that the observed non-random organization of A-T rich sequences is sufficient to account for Q banding of metaphase chromosomes.", "PMID": 567568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7629", "title": "Chromosome replication patterns in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).", "content": "Patterns of early and late replication in the individual chromosomes of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) have been studied using the techniques of Giemsa staining suppression when bromodeoxyuridine is incorporated into the DNA.--Late replicating autosome regions correspond to G-band regions, early replication regions are less clearly demarcated but correspond to R-band regions plus some G-band zones. In part this reduction in sharpness of early replication bands may be due to the fact that nearly all metaphase G-bands contain R-band material since they are compounded from blocks of  sub-G bands.--The long arm of the X chromosomes in the female differ in the start time of synthesis but are rarely separable at the close of S. There are no differences between the short arms. In the male, Y starts very late but finishes about the same time as the X which behaves like the early replicating X of the female.", "contents": "Chromosome replication patterns in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Patterns of early and late replication in the individual chromosomes of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) have been studied using the techniques of Giemsa staining suppression when bromodeoxyuridine is incorporated into the DNA.--Late replicating autosome regions correspond to G-band regions, early replication regions are less clearly demarcated but correspond to R-band regions plus some G-band zones. In part this reduction in sharpness of early replication bands may be due to the fact that nearly all metaphase G-bands contain R-band material since they are compounded from blocks of  sub-G bands.--The long arm of the X chromosomes in the female differ in the start time of synthesis but are rarely separable at the close of S. There are no differences between the short arms. In the male, Y starts very late but finishes about the same time as the X which behaves like the early replicating X of the female.", "PMID": 567569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7630", "title": "Positive and negative birefringence in chromosomes.", "content": "By using the optical properties of birefringence of DNA, the arrangement of these molecules has been studied in Dinoflagellate chromosomes and Dipteran polytene chromosomes. These latter are used, here, as a reference material. These observations have been made under a polarizing microscope on intact and stretched chromosomes.--Intact Dinoflagellate chromosomes show a positive birefringence, in contrast with polytene chromosomes bands which are negatively birefringent. From these observations one can deducd the preferential orientation of DNA filaments, in Dinoflagellates, normal to the chromosome axis, and in polytene chromosomes parallel to the same axis.--After stretching, these two kinds of chromosomes are negatively birefringent. In both cases, DNA molecules have been aligned along the stretch axis.--In Dinoflagellate chromosomes the passage from a positive to a negative birefringence is realized without any isotropic stage. The intermediary state presents a biaxial structure.", "contents": "Positive and negative birefringence in chromosomes. By using the optical properties of birefringence of DNA, the arrangement of these molecules has been studied in Dinoflagellate chromosomes and Dipteran polytene chromosomes. These latter are used, here, as a reference material. These observations have been made under a polarizing microscope on intact and stretched chromosomes.--Intact Dinoflagellate chromosomes show a positive birefringence, in contrast with polytene chromosomes bands which are negatively birefringent. From these observations one can deducd the preferential orientation of DNA filaments, in Dinoflagellates, normal to the chromosome axis, and in polytene chromosomes parallel to the same axis.--After stretching, these two kinds of chromosomes are negatively birefringent. In both cases, DNA molecules have been aligned along the stretch axis.--In Dinoflagellate chromosomes the passage from a positive to a negative birefringence is realized without any isotropic stage. The intermediary state presents a biaxial structure.", "PMID": 567570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7631", "title": "Brain monoamines and free choice ethanol consumption in rats.", "content": "Rats given intraventricular (i.v.t.) injections of 6-hydroxydopa (90 microgran) showed reduced brain part noradrenaline levels but no change in free choice ethanol consumption, while rats given 6-hydroxydopamine (250 microgram) i.v.t. injections showed reduced brain part noradrenaline and dopamine levels and a reduced free choice ethanol intake. Rats given i.v.t. injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (50 microgram) showed a reduction of serotonin in the hippocampus and an increase in free choice ethanol consumption. Chronic forced ethanol consumption, achieved by placing rats on a Metrecal--ethanol diet, also increased subsequent free choice ethanol intake, but had no permanent effect on brain part monoamine levels. Rats exposed to ethanol prenatally were hyperactive at 5 weeks of age but not at 10 weeks. At 15 weeks, their ethanol preference was not different from that of controls nor did their brain part monoamine levels differ from those of controls at 16 weeks. These results indicate that disrupting the balance between the monoamine neuro-transmitter systems with the neurotoxins alters the free choice ethanol consumption of rats but that prior chronic exposure to ethanol also changes free choice ethanol consumption in the absence of any permanent change in monoamine levels. The long-term behavioral changes seen in rats exposed to ethanol are not due to permanent alterations in the brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, or serotonin.", "contents": "Brain monoamines and free choice ethanol consumption in rats. Rats given intraventricular (i.v.t.) injections of 6-hydroxydopa (90 microgran) showed reduced brain part noradrenaline levels but no change in free choice ethanol consumption, while rats given 6-hydroxydopamine (250 microgram) i.v.t. injections showed reduced brain part noradrenaline and dopamine levels and a reduced free choice ethanol intake. Rats given i.v.t. injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (50 microgram) showed a reduction of serotonin in the hippocampus and an increase in free choice ethanol consumption. Chronic forced ethanol consumption, achieved by placing rats on a Metrecal--ethanol diet, also increased subsequent free choice ethanol intake, but had no permanent effect on brain part monoamine levels. Rats exposed to ethanol prenatally were hyperactive at 5 weeks of age but not at 10 weeks. At 15 weeks, their ethanol preference was not different from that of controls nor did their brain part monoamine levels differ from those of controls at 16 weeks. These results indicate that disrupting the balance between the monoamine neuro-transmitter systems with the neurotoxins alters the free choice ethanol consumption of rats but that prior chronic exposure to ethanol also changes free choice ethanol consumption in the absence of any permanent change in monoamine levels. The long-term behavioral changes seen in rats exposed to ethanol are not due to permanent alterations in the brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, or serotonin.", "PMID": 567571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7632", "title": "Studies on the time and localization of the puberal desensitization to oestrogen in female rats.", "content": "Immature and postpuberal female rats were ovariectomized at 20 or 27 days of age or on the day of the first vaginal oestrus and chronically implanted with oestradiol benzoate (OB) and cholesterol at the ratios of 1 : 60, 1 : 120 or 1 : 240 on the day following castration. Autopsy was performed on day 6 after implantation and the plasma LH concentration determined by radioimmunoassay. Whereas 1 : 60 and 1 : 120 implants of OB and cholesterol placed into the hypothalamic ventromedial-arcuate region depressed the castration-induced elevation of the LH level before and after puberty, the 1 : 240 mixture was effective only in immature rats, but not after vaginal opening and the first ovulation had occurred. A similar trend was recorded after implantation of OB into the cortical amygdaloid nucleus (CAN). However, the oestrogen dose had to be doubled to get comparable results. Bilateral lesioning of the CAN or deefferentation of the mediocortical amygdala by transection of the stria terminalis did not distinctively influence the LH-suppressing effect of daily s.c. injections of 0.1 or 0.05 microgram OB/100 g b. w. in prepuberal rats. The findings demonstrate a sudden change in the hypothalamic threshold to the gonadotrophin-inhibiting effect of oestrogen over a narrow range of time near the onset of puberty. They furthermore suggest that the mediocortical amygdala is not involved in possible extra-hypothalamic control of the puberal desensitization process.", "contents": "Studies on the time and localization of the puberal desensitization to oestrogen in female rats. Immature and postpuberal female rats were ovariectomized at 20 or 27 days of age or on the day of the first vaginal oestrus and chronically implanted with oestradiol benzoate (OB) and cholesterol at the ratios of 1 : 60, 1 : 120 or 1 : 240 on the day following castration. Autopsy was performed on day 6 after implantation and the plasma LH concentration determined by radioimmunoassay. Whereas 1 : 60 and 1 : 120 implants of OB and cholesterol placed into the hypothalamic ventromedial-arcuate region depressed the castration-induced elevation of the LH level before and after puberty, the 1 : 240 mixture was effective only in immature rats, but not after vaginal opening and the first ovulation had occurred. A similar trend was recorded after implantation of OB into the cortical amygdaloid nucleus (CAN). However, the oestrogen dose had to be doubled to get comparable results. Bilateral lesioning of the CAN or deefferentation of the mediocortical amygdala by transection of the stria terminalis did not distinctively influence the LH-suppressing effect of daily s.c. injections of 0.1 or 0.05 microgram OB/100 g b. w. in prepuberal rats. The findings demonstrate a sudden change in the hypothalamic threshold to the gonadotrophin-inhibiting effect of oestrogen over a narrow range of time near the onset of puberty. They furthermore suggest that the mediocortical amygdala is not involved in possible extra-hypothalamic control of the puberal desensitization process.", "PMID": 567576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7633", "title": "Relationship between uterotrophic and interceptive activities of steroidal estrogens.", "content": "The steroidal estrogens ethinylestradiol, mestranol and the synthetic \"impeded\" estrogen derivatives STS 456, STS 593 and J 628 were studied for their postcoital antifertility activity and estrogenicity in mice, rats and rabbits. Results of these studies suggest a positive relationship between these two biological endpoints with the exception of the findings in rats. As seen in uterotrophic--anti-implantation ratio, in view of only one species it is possible to dissociate the interceptive and the unwanted uterotrophic activities. The profound species differences in the effects of exogenous estrogens on the nidation phase are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between uterotrophic and interceptive activities of steroidal estrogens. The steroidal estrogens ethinylestradiol, mestranol and the synthetic \"impeded\" estrogen derivatives STS 456, STS 593 and J 628 were studied for their postcoital antifertility activity and estrogenicity in mice, rats and rabbits. Results of these studies suggest a positive relationship between these two biological endpoints with the exception of the findings in rats. As seen in uterotrophic--anti-implantation ratio, in view of only one species it is possible to dissociate the interceptive and the unwanted uterotrophic activities. The profound species differences in the effects of exogenous estrogens on the nidation phase are discussed.", "PMID": 567577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7634", "title": "The adrenal cortex and the luteotrophic action of estrogens during the estrous cycle in the rat.", "content": "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of estradiol benzoate (EB) on ovarian progesterone secretion in the presence or in the absence of the adrenals. 4-day cyclic female rats were injected with 10 microgram EB on the morning of diestrus I. An increase in the rate of ovarian progesterone secretion in diestrus II at either 10--11 a.m. or at 2 : 30--3 : 30 p.m. was only observed in one of two experimental series. A very significant increase in the peripheral blood progesterone concentration was noted in adrenalectomized EB-treated females as compared to EB-injected intact females, thus suggesting that the adrenals might inhibit the luteotrophic action exerted by EB on the ovary. Experiments in dexamethasone (DEX)-EB-treated females confirmed this view. Peripheral blood progesterone concentration was significantly greater in DEX-EB-treated females than in EB-treated females. The possible mechanisms were discussed in the light of experiments involving the administration of metyrapone (MET) prior to EB injection. While blood progesterone concentration increased following MET-treatment only, no cumulative effects resulted from combined MET and EB-treatment. Progesterone of adrenal origin was then supposed to be implicated in the inhibitory action of the adrenal cortex on the luteotrophic action of EB in cyclic female rats.", "contents": "The adrenal cortex and the luteotrophic action of estrogens during the estrous cycle in the rat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of estradiol benzoate (EB) on ovarian progesterone secretion in the presence or in the absence of the adrenals. 4-day cyclic female rats were injected with 10 microgram EB on the morning of diestrus I. An increase in the rate of ovarian progesterone secretion in diestrus II at either 10--11 a.m. or at 2 : 30--3 : 30 p.m. was only observed in one of two experimental series. A very significant increase in the peripheral blood progesterone concentration was noted in adrenalectomized EB-treated females as compared to EB-injected intact females, thus suggesting that the adrenals might inhibit the luteotrophic action exerted by EB on the ovary. Experiments in dexamethasone (DEX)-EB-treated females confirmed this view. Peripheral blood progesterone concentration was significantly greater in DEX-EB-treated females than in EB-treated females. The possible mechanisms were discussed in the light of experiments involving the administration of metyrapone (MET) prior to EB injection. While blood progesterone concentration increased following MET-treatment only, no cumulative effects resulted from combined MET and EB-treatment. Progesterone of adrenal origin was then supposed to be implicated in the inhibitory action of the adrenal cortex on the luteotrophic action of EB in cyclic female rats.", "PMID": 567578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7635", "title": "Infection patterns in pony mares challenged with the agent of contagious equine metritis 1977.", "content": "Contagious equine metritis 1977 was reproduced in pony mares using cultures of the Gram-negative coccobacillus aetiologically associated with the disease. Variability in clinical response was observed in the first of 2 experiments, with the presence of semen, either alone or in an extender, appearing to potentiate the pathogenicity of the challenge strain of the organism. The experimental disease was characterised by a variable degree of vaginal discharge and concomitant inflammatory changes involving the vervix and vagina. Although all of the affected mares recovered spontaneously, a high percentage continued to harbour the Gram-negative coccobacillus in their genital tracts for variable periods after challenge. Shedding of the organism was either relatively constant or intermittent and was not solely related to the oestrous period. Cytological examination of smears of cervical and urethral swabs was of diagnostic value only during the clinical phase of the infection. There was evidence that reinfection of mares could occur after an interval of 2 weeks.", "contents": "Infection patterns in pony mares challenged with the agent of contagious equine metritis 1977. Contagious equine metritis 1977 was reproduced in pony mares using cultures of the Gram-negative coccobacillus aetiologically associated with the disease. Variability in clinical response was observed in the first of 2 experiments, with the presence of semen, either alone or in an extender, appearing to potentiate the pathogenicity of the challenge strain of the organism. The experimental disease was characterised by a variable degree of vaginal discharge and concomitant inflammatory changes involving the vervix and vagina. Although all of the affected mares recovered spontaneously, a high percentage continued to harbour the Gram-negative coccobacillus in their genital tracts for variable periods after challenge. Shedding of the organism was either relatively constant or intermittent and was not solely related to the oestrous period. Cytological examination of smears of cervical and urethral swabs was of diagnostic value only during the clinical phase of the infection. There was evidence that reinfection of mares could occur after an interval of 2 weeks.", "PMID": 567579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7636", "title": "The technique and clinical application of endometrial cytology in mares.", "content": "Experimental studies of endometrial smears from 26 normal mares showed that after a period of sexual rest exceeding 7 days smears were generally free from inflammatory cells. Smears from 9 mares showing signs of persistent endometritis contained inflammatory cells in 91 per cent while bacterial culture was positive in only 45 per cent. Smears were also taken from 242 Thoroughbred mares as a routine procedure in 1977. It was concluded that endometrial cytology provides a better guide to uterine inflammation than bacteriology. The routine clinical use of endometrial cytology is recommended to aid the interpretation of both positive and negative bacterial cultures from the cervix.", "contents": "The technique and clinical application of endometrial cytology in mares. Experimental studies of endometrial smears from 26 normal mares showed that after a period of sexual rest exceeding 7 days smears were generally free from inflammatory cells. Smears from 9 mares showing signs of persistent endometritis contained inflammatory cells in 91 per cent while bacterial culture was positive in only 45 per cent. Smears were also taken from 242 Thoroughbred mares as a routine procedure in 1977. It was concluded that endometrial cytology provides a better guide to uterine inflammation than bacteriology. The routine clinical use of endometrial cytology is recommended to aid the interpretation of both positive and negative bacterial cultures from the cervix.", "PMID": 567580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7637", "title": "Plasma concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin after intrauterine infusion in pony mares.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin were measured following intrauterine infusion at a dose rate of 22,000 u/kg (250,000 u/ml). The reproductive status of the mare at the time of infusion did not appear to influence plasma concentrations of penicillin, but preswabbing the endometrium for bacteriological culture resulted in peak plasma concentrations which were nearly twice those found in unswabbed mares.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin after intrauterine infusion in pony mares. Plasma concentrations of sodium benzylpenicillin were measured following intrauterine infusion at a dose rate of 22,000 u/kg (250,000 u/ml). The reproductive status of the mare at the time of infusion did not appear to influence plasma concentrations of penicillin, but preswabbing the endometrium for bacteriological culture resulted in peak plasma concentrations which were nearly twice those found in unswabbed mares.", "PMID": 567581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7638", "title": "Pulmonary artery pressures in normal horses and in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Horses clinically affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were found to have pulmonary artery hypertension which was associated with systemic arterial hypoxia. The pulmonary hypertension in symptomatic COPD-affected horses was partially reversible upon remission of clinical signs or by oxygen administration. The induction of acute hypoxaemia caused an increase in pulmonary artery pressure in both normal and COPD-affected horses.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery pressures in normal horses and in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Horses clinically affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were found to have pulmonary artery hypertension which was associated with systemic arterial hypoxia. The pulmonary hypertension in symptomatic COPD-affected horses was partially reversible upon remission of clinical signs or by oxygen administration. The induction of acute hypoxaemia caused an increase in pulmonary artery pressure in both normal and COPD-affected horses.", "PMID": 567582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7639", "title": "Endocardial cushion defect and significant hypoplasia of the left ventricle: a distinct clinical and pathological entity.", "content": "We have identified 12 patients with endocardial cushion defect and marked under-development of the left ventricle. Most of these patients had significant obstructive anomalies of the aortic arch. Pathologically, the left ventricle was very small, but without endocardial fibroelastosis, significant subaortic narrowing was evident, resulting from maladherent atrioventricular valve tissue to the left ventricular outflow tract, and the left ventricular posterior leaflet component of the atrioventricular valve was both grossly deficient and dysplastic. In all 12 a large ostium primum atrial communication was present, but the ventricular contribution to the defect was small. The clinical presentation of severe, intractable congestive heart failure in these neonatal patients would suggest the diagnosis of typical hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Important departures in some of these patients included a leftward, superior and counterclockwise frontal vector on the electrocardiogram and a widely split second sound. Selective biplane angiocardiography will reveal the underdeveloped left ventricle, with an elongated, fixed, 'gooseneck' deformity of the left ventricular outflow tract, severe 'mitral' regurgitation, and a small ascending aorta. Selective right ventriculography will opacify the very much larger right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Finally, these cases broaden the concept of double inlet right ventricle and exaggerated displacement of the atrioventricular canal towards the bulbus cordis.", "contents": "Endocardial cushion defect and significant hypoplasia of the left ventricle: a distinct clinical and pathological entity. We have identified 12 patients with endocardial cushion defect and marked under-development of the left ventricle. Most of these patients had significant obstructive anomalies of the aortic arch. Pathologically, the left ventricle was very small, but without endocardial fibroelastosis, significant subaortic narrowing was evident, resulting from maladherent atrioventricular valve tissue to the left ventricular outflow tract, and the left ventricular posterior leaflet component of the atrioventricular valve was both grossly deficient and dysplastic. In all 12 a large ostium primum atrial communication was present, but the ventricular contribution to the defect was small. The clinical presentation of severe, intractable congestive heart failure in these neonatal patients would suggest the diagnosis of typical hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Important departures in some of these patients included a leftward, superior and counterclockwise frontal vector on the electrocardiogram and a widely split second sound. Selective biplane angiocardiography will reveal the underdeveloped left ventricle, with an elongated, fixed, 'gooseneck' deformity of the left ventricular outflow tract, severe 'mitral' regurgitation, and a small ascending aorta. Selective right ventriculography will opacify the very much larger right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Finally, these cases broaden the concept of double inlet right ventricle and exaggerated displacement of the atrioventricular canal towards the bulbus cordis.", "PMID": 567583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7640", "title": "Comparative effects of penfluridol on circling behavior and striatal DOPAC and serum prolactin concentrations in the rat.", "content": "A single s.c. injection of penfluridol (3 mg/kg) to rats elevated serum concentrations of prolactin for more than 96 h whereas it increased striatal concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and inhibited apomorphine-induced circling behavior for less than 48 h. The dose of penfluridol needed to elevate serum concentrations of prolactin (0.1 mg/kg) was less than that required to elevate striatal concentrations of DOPAC (1 mg/kg) or inhibit apomorphine-induced circling (3 mg/kg). Furthermore, the penfluridol-induced increase of striatal DOPAC was more susceptible to reversal by apomorphine than was the increase of serum prolactin concentrations. These results suggest that the dopamine receptors in the pituitary, which are normally activated by dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular neurons, are more sensitive to the blocking actions of systemically administered penfluridol than are dopamine receptors in the striatum.", "contents": "Comparative effects of penfluridol on circling behavior and striatal DOPAC and serum prolactin concentrations in the rat. A single s.c. injection of penfluridol (3 mg/kg) to rats elevated serum concentrations of prolactin for more than 96 h whereas it increased striatal concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and inhibited apomorphine-induced circling behavior for less than 48 h. The dose of penfluridol needed to elevate serum concentrations of prolactin (0.1 mg/kg) was less than that required to elevate striatal concentrations of DOPAC (1 mg/kg) or inhibit apomorphine-induced circling (3 mg/kg). Furthermore, the penfluridol-induced increase of striatal DOPAC was more susceptible to reversal by apomorphine than was the increase of serum prolactin concentrations. These results suggest that the dopamine receptors in the pituitary, which are normally activated by dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular neurons, are more sensitive to the blocking actions of systemically administered penfluridol than are dopamine receptors in the striatum.", "PMID": 567584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7641", "title": "The effects of naltrexone on the development of physical dependence on morphine.", "content": "A single i.p. injection of naltrexone (20 mg/kg) partially inhibited the development of physical dependence upon morphine in mice rendered dependent on morphine by implantation of a pellet containing 75 mg of morphine free base for three days. This was evidenced by an increase in the dose of naloxone (ED50) required to precipitate withdrawal jumping response. The increase in naloxone ED50 was much more pronounced when naltrexone was given prior to and during the course of pellet implantation. Inhibition was also observed when naltrexone was administered one day after the morphine pellet implantation, i.e., after some dependence had already developed. Naltrexone administration prior to and during the development of dependence also inhibited, but only partially, the loss of body weight and hypothermic response observed during abrupt withdrawal of morphine in morphine-dependent mice. The inhibitory effect of naltrexone on morphine dependence development was not associated with changes in brain morphine concentration.", "contents": "The effects of naltrexone on the development of physical dependence on morphine. A single i.p. injection of naltrexone (20 mg/kg) partially inhibited the development of physical dependence upon morphine in mice rendered dependent on morphine by implantation of a pellet containing 75 mg of morphine free base for three days. This was evidenced by an increase in the dose of naloxone (ED50) required to precipitate withdrawal jumping response. The increase in naloxone ED50 was much more pronounced when naltrexone was given prior to and during the course of pellet implantation. Inhibition was also observed when naltrexone was administered one day after the morphine pellet implantation, i.e., after some dependence had already developed. Naltrexone administration prior to and during the development of dependence also inhibited, but only partially, the loss of body weight and hypothermic response observed during abrupt withdrawal of morphine in morphine-dependent mice. The inhibitory effect of naltrexone on morphine dependence development was not associated with changes in brain morphine concentration.", "PMID": 567585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7642", "title": "The role of the cholinergic system in the development of increased naloxone potency in mice.", "content": "Pretreatment of mice with the anticholinesterase (anti ChE) drugs tacrine or physostigmine augmented the antinociceptive potency of morphine given 3 h later, but had no effect on the antogonist potency of naloxone. Pretreatment with either of these anti ChE drugs together with morphine not only augmented the potency of a subsequent dose of morphine, but also enhanced the antagonist potency of naloxone to a greater extent than after pretreating with morphine only. Neostigmine did not affect the potency of either morphine or naloxone, suggesting that this phenomenon involved central cholinergic mechanisms. Atropine prevented the increase in naloxone potency caused by morphine pretreatment, and greatly reduced the effect of morphine plus the anti ChE drugs. The effects of these various pretreatments on the development of \"acute dependence\" to morphine was also studied. None of the three anti ChE drugs caused any change in this phenomenon, as tested by naloxone-precipitated jumping, although this was significantly increased by pretreatment with either atropine sulphate or atropine methyl nitrate. It is concluded that the increase in naloxone potency following morphine pretreatment involves both a cholinergic mechanism plus narcotic analgesic action. This phenomenon does not seem to be related to the development of either acute tolerance or acute dependence.", "contents": "The role of the cholinergic system in the development of increased naloxone potency in mice. Pretreatment of mice with the anticholinesterase (anti ChE) drugs tacrine or physostigmine augmented the antinociceptive potency of morphine given 3 h later, but had no effect on the antogonist potency of naloxone. Pretreatment with either of these anti ChE drugs together with morphine not only augmented the potency of a subsequent dose of morphine, but also enhanced the antagonist potency of naloxone to a greater extent than after pretreating with morphine only. Neostigmine did not affect the potency of either morphine or naloxone, suggesting that this phenomenon involved central cholinergic mechanisms. Atropine prevented the increase in naloxone potency caused by morphine pretreatment, and greatly reduced the effect of morphine plus the anti ChE drugs. The effects of these various pretreatments on the development of \"acute dependence\" to morphine was also studied. None of the three anti ChE drugs caused any change in this phenomenon, as tested by naloxone-precipitated jumping, although this was significantly increased by pretreatment with either atropine sulphate or atropine methyl nitrate. It is concluded that the increase in naloxone potency following morphine pretreatment involves both a cholinergic mechanism plus narcotic analgesic action. This phenomenon does not seem to be related to the development of either acute tolerance or acute dependence.", "PMID": 567586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7643", "title": "[Ultrastructural organization of the ocelloide of Nematodinium. Phylogenetic aspect of the evolution of Warnowiidae Lindemann dinoflagellates photoreceptor (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study, more details of the different parts of the \"ocelloide\" of Nematodinium are given. The \"hyalosome\" which has a radial symmetry is made of endoplasmic reticulum, except the mitochondrial layer. There is only one constrictor ring and only a beginning of the periocellar gallery. The basal sheet on which the crystalline lens lies is a local differentiation of the cortical layer which is observed on the ceiling of the ocellar camera. This camera is related to the intercingular sulcus. There is also an ocellar fiber. The \"melanosome\" which is made of a double membrane and of many couples of thylakoids is flattened dorso-ventrally. The structure of the retina is similar to that observed in the other Warnowiidae. The pigmented ring is rather well developed and is in continuity with the upper part of the retina. Owing to the simpler organization of its ocelloide, Nematodinium is situated before the genera Warnowia and Erythropsidinium in the evolutionary series.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural organization of the ocelloide of Nematodinium. Phylogenetic aspect of the evolution of Warnowiidae Lindemann dinoflagellates photoreceptor (author's transl)]. In this study, more details of the different parts of the \"ocelloide\" of Nematodinium are given. The \"hyalosome\" which has a radial symmetry is made of endoplasmic reticulum, except the mitochondrial layer. There is only one constrictor ring and only a beginning of the periocellar gallery. The basal sheet on which the crystalline lens lies is a local differentiation of the cortical layer which is observed on the ceiling of the ocellar camera. This camera is related to the intercingular sulcus. There is also an ocellar fiber. The \"melanosome\" which is made of a double membrane and of many couples of thylakoids is flattened dorso-ventrally. The structure of the retina is similar to that observed in the other Warnowiidae. The pigmented ring is rather well developed and is in continuity with the upper part of the retina. Owing to the simpler organization of its ocelloide, Nematodinium is situated before the genera Warnowia and Erythropsidinium in the evolutionary series.", "PMID": 567598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7644", "title": "[Spatio-temporal analysis of contraction dependent surface movements in Physarum polycephalum (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmodial veins of Physarum polycephalum were investigated by combining cinematographical and tensiometrical methods. Veins remaining on their original growing substrate show characteristic surface movements resulting from an intrinsic contraction automaticity. Radial and longitudinal components of surface movements were registered simultaneously. Both contraction activities show identical frequencies, in contrast to results derived from experiments with isolated veins. There is only one genuine frequency and therefore one has not necessarily to suppose the existence of a cooperation of two oscillating systems underlying the rhythmic contraction phenomena. The results are discussed in respect to the basis of the contraction phenomena: the cytoplasmic actomyosin fibrils of Physarum and their function in motive force generation for protoplasmic streaming.", "contents": "[Spatio-temporal analysis of contraction dependent surface movements in Physarum polycephalum (author's transl)]. Plasmodial veins of Physarum polycephalum were investigated by combining cinematographical and tensiometrical methods. Veins remaining on their original growing substrate show characteristic surface movements resulting from an intrinsic contraction automaticity. Radial and longitudinal components of surface movements were registered simultaneously. Both contraction activities show identical frequencies, in contrast to results derived from experiments with isolated veins. There is only one genuine frequency and therefore one has not necessarily to suppose the existence of a cooperation of two oscillating systems underlying the rhythmic contraction phenomena. The results are discussed in respect to the basis of the contraction phenomena: the cytoplasmic actomyosin fibrils of Physarum and their function in motive force generation for protoplasmic streaming.", "PMID": 567599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7645", "title": "Localization of concanavalin A binding sites on the cell membrane of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai: influence of growth conditions.", "content": "Herpetomonas samuelpessoai agglutinates when incubated with concanavalin A (Con A). Agglutination involved binding of Con A to specific receptors as it was inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. The pattern and the intensity of the agglutination as well as the localization of Con A-binding sites were influenced by the composition of the growth medium, growth temperature and time of incubation. Con A-binding sites were detected by using the Con A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine technique.", "contents": "Localization of concanavalin A binding sites on the cell membrane of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai: influence of growth conditions. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai agglutinates when incubated with concanavalin A (Con A). Agglutination involved binding of Con A to specific receptors as it was inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. The pattern and the intensity of the agglutination as well as the localization of Con A-binding sites were influenced by the composition of the growth medium, growth temperature and time of incubation. Con A-binding sites were detected by using the Con A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine technique.", "PMID": 567601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7646", "title": "A method for artificial feeding of motherless 2-week-old rat pups.", "content": "When the rat mother is permanently removed from her litter at 14-15 days postnatally, weight loss in the pups routinely occurs. We now describe a method by which normal weight gain can be achieved at this age in the absence of the mother. Liquid flowing in a continuous stream down a glass surface in the home cage elicits spontaneous licking from the rat pups. If the liquid is a high fat milk formula, the rat pups maintain normal body weight. They do not maintain normal weight if low fat (bovine) milk is presented in this way or if the high fat milk formula is merely available in a reservoir on the cage floor.", "contents": "A method for artificial feeding of motherless 2-week-old rat pups. When the rat mother is permanently removed from her litter at 14-15 days postnatally, weight loss in the pups routinely occurs. We now describe a method by which normal weight gain can be achieved at this age in the absence of the mother. Liquid flowing in a continuous stream down a glass surface in the home cage elicits spontaneous licking from the rat pups. If the liquid is a high fat milk formula, the rat pups maintain normal body weight. They do not maintain normal weight if low fat (bovine) milk is presented in this way or if the high fat milk formula is merely available in a reservoir on the cage floor.", "PMID": 567602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7647", "title": "Interactive effects of parity and early pup stress on the open field behavior of laboratory rats.", "content": "Pups of primiparous and multiparous Sprague Dawley rats received 0-, 2-, or 5-min cold stress on Days 2-6 postpartun. Stressed offspring of primiparous mothers had shorter latencies to move in an open field than did control offspring of primiparous mothers. However, stressed offspring of multiparous mothers had longer latencies than did the controls. The results suggest differences in maternal responsiveness immediately following return of stressed pups to the nest.", "contents": "Interactive effects of parity and early pup stress on the open field behavior of laboratory rats. Pups of primiparous and multiparous Sprague Dawley rats received 0-, 2-, or 5-min cold stress on Days 2-6 postpartun. Stressed offspring of primiparous mothers had shorter latencies to move in an open field than did control offspring of primiparous mothers. However, stressed offspring of multiparous mothers had longer latencies than did the controls. The results suggest differences in maternal responsiveness immediately following return of stressed pups to the nest.", "PMID": 567603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7648", "title": "Chemical diabetes in childhood. Integrated concentrations of glucose, insulin, and growth hormone.", "content": "Children and adolescents with varying degrees of glucose intolerance were studied with constant, blood withdrawal methods, and concentrations of glucose, insulin, and growth hormone were evaluated during a normal twenty-four-hour routine. Integrated concentrations of glucose and insulin in children with chemical diabetes were normal despite abnormal oral glucose-tolerance tests. All but two insulin-dependent diabetics had elevated integrated concentrations of growth hormone, as did some but not all chemical diabetics. Three of four mildly ketoacidotic individuals with newly diagnosed diabetes, who were studied before insulin therapy, had normal growth hormone-integrated concentrations. These data differentiate pharmacologic and physiologic assessments of carbohydrate homeostasis, and they support the concept that elevated growth hormone concentrations may not be a direct result of poor diabetic control.", "contents": "Chemical diabetes in childhood. Integrated concentrations of glucose, insulin, and growth hormone. Children and adolescents with varying degrees of glucose intolerance were studied with constant, blood withdrawal methods, and concentrations of glucose, insulin, and growth hormone were evaluated during a normal twenty-four-hour routine. Integrated concentrations of glucose and insulin in children with chemical diabetes were normal despite abnormal oral glucose-tolerance tests. All but two insulin-dependent diabetics had elevated integrated concentrations of growth hormone, as did some but not all chemical diabetics. Three of four mildly ketoacidotic individuals with newly diagnosed diabetes, who were studied before insulin therapy, had normal growth hormone-integrated concentrations. These data differentiate pharmacologic and physiologic assessments of carbohydrate homeostasis, and they support the concept that elevated growth hormone concentrations may not be a direct result of poor diabetic control.", "PMID": 567604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7649", "title": "Histochemistry and fine structure of the bladder tegument of a larval Multiceps endothoracicus.", "content": "Certain differences were found in the histochemistry and fine structure of an active bladder tegument of an infective larva of M. endothoracicus and a regressively changing bladder of an aging larva of this species. The bladder tegument of an aging larva contained an accumulation of acid mucosubstances and phospholipids, that of a younger larva neutral mucosubstances, and it reacted less strongly than the former to tyrosine, cystine and tryptophane. Evidence was obtained with the scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) microscope for regressive changes in the bladder of an aging larva: its microtriches were more slender, less tightly packed and fibrously interconnected, and there were spherical formations adhering to the microthrix border. Sometimes, the vacuolation of rod-shaped bodies was so much advanced that these bodies looked like vacuoles arising to the surface of the distal cytoplasm. Another sign of bladder regression was the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm of subtegumental cells with contents of a granular to crystalline structure.", "contents": "Histochemistry and fine structure of the bladder tegument of a larval Multiceps endothoracicus. Certain differences were found in the histochemistry and fine structure of an active bladder tegument of an infective larva of M. endothoracicus and a regressively changing bladder of an aging larva of this species. The bladder tegument of an aging larva contained an accumulation of acid mucosubstances and phospholipids, that of a younger larva neutral mucosubstances, and it reacted less strongly than the former to tyrosine, cystine and tryptophane. Evidence was obtained with the scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) microscope for regressive changes in the bladder of an aging larva: its microtriches were more slender, less tightly packed and fibrously interconnected, and there were spherical formations adhering to the microthrix border. Sometimes, the vacuolation of rod-shaped bodies was so much advanced that these bodies looked like vacuoles arising to the surface of the distal cytoplasm. Another sign of bladder regression was the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm of subtegumental cells with contents of a granular to crystalline structure.", "PMID": 567613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7650", "title": "Gene frequency estimates for samples of Black and White twins from the Philadelphia metropolitan area.", "content": "Maximum likelihood estimates of gene frequencies and their standard errors are presented for 21 blood group and serum protein polymorphisms. The observed frequencies for certain high and low frequency antigens also are reported. The data come from a sample of 399 same-sex twin pairs and two sets of triplets from the Greater Philadelphia urban region encompassing roughly five counties in southeastern Pennsylvania and three counties of southern New Jersey. Analyses are carried out separately for the four subgroups created by subdividing the sample by race and co-twin. Total sample estimates are also calculated within the two socially defined racial groups. The gene frequency estimates generally appear to be consistent with previously reported data for U.S. urban populations. The frequency of the Fy allele in the Duffy system, however, seems to be the highest value thus far published for a white population. The white sample Fy allele very well may be a heterogeneous class in which only a very small fraction is comparable to the Fy allele common in the black sample.", "contents": "Gene frequency estimates for samples of Black and White twins from the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Maximum likelihood estimates of gene frequencies and their standard errors are presented for 21 blood group and serum protein polymorphisms. The observed frequencies for certain high and low frequency antigens also are reported. The data come from a sample of 399 same-sex twin pairs and two sets of triplets from the Greater Philadelphia urban region encompassing roughly five counties in southeastern Pennsylvania and three counties of southern New Jersey. Analyses are carried out separately for the four subgroups created by subdividing the sample by race and co-twin. Total sample estimates are also calculated within the two socially defined racial groups. The gene frequency estimates generally appear to be consistent with previously reported data for U.S. urban populations. The frequency of the Fy allele in the Duffy system, however, seems to be the highest value thus far published for a white population. The white sample Fy allele very well may be a heterogeneous class in which only a very small fraction is comparable to the Fy allele common in the black sample.", "PMID": 567619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7651", "title": "Malformative syndrome associated with a ring 10 chromosome and a translocated 10q/19 chromosome.", "content": "A male newborn with a ring 10 chromosome is described. The distal part of the long arm of chromosome 10, deleted during ring formation (10q25), is translocated to the short arm of chromosome 19.", "contents": "Malformative syndrome associated with a ring 10 chromosome and a translocated 10q/19 chromosome. A male newborn with a ring 10 chromosome is described. The distal part of the long arm of chromosome 10, deleted during ring formation (10q25), is translocated to the short arm of chromosome 19.", "PMID": 567620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7652", "title": "Hamster peritoneal macrophages in vitro: substratum adhesion, spreading, phagocytosis and phagolysosome formation.", "content": "A series of manipulations designed to promote cell adhesion and spreading made it possible to maintain satisfactorily hamster peritoneal macrophages in vitro for up to 30 days. The essential requirements for this include in vivo stimulation of the peritoneal cavity, coating of the substratum with polylysine, and the use of HEPES-buffered medium 199 supplemented with horse serum (10%), fetal bovine serum (10%), and lactalbumin hydrolysate (0.5%). Results with the single deletion of the medium components indicate that  serum factors are essential for optimal spreading, and horse serum and lactalbumin hydrolysate for the adhesion of in vivo stimulated macrophages on coated glass surface. The thorotrast-labeling method revealed that secondary lysosomes are especially numerous in cultured cells, which otherwise resemble mouse macrophages in cellular organization, as shown by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. More than 95% of the cultured cells manifested cytochalasin B-sensitive phagocytosis of polystyrene latex spheres which, along with morphologic and ultrastructural evidence, indicate the homogeneity of cell population. Erythrophagocytosis of hamster macrophages was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and found higher after opsonization implying the presence of receptors for immune ligands on their cell surface.", "contents": "Hamster peritoneal macrophages in vitro: substratum adhesion, spreading, phagocytosis and phagolysosome formation. A series of manipulations designed to promote cell adhesion and spreading made it possible to maintain satisfactorily hamster peritoneal macrophages in vitro for up to 30 days. The essential requirements for this include in vivo stimulation of the peritoneal cavity, coating of the substratum with polylysine, and the use of HEPES-buffered medium 199 supplemented with horse serum (10%), fetal bovine serum (10%), and lactalbumin hydrolysate (0.5%). Results with the single deletion of the medium components indicate that  serum factors are essential for optimal spreading, and horse serum and lactalbumin hydrolysate for the adhesion of in vivo stimulated macrophages on coated glass surface. The thorotrast-labeling method revealed that secondary lysosomes are especially numerous in cultured cells, which otherwise resemble mouse macrophages in cellular organization, as shown by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. More than 95% of the cultured cells manifested cytochalasin B-sensitive phagocytosis of polystyrene latex spheres which, along with morphologic and ultrastructural evidence, indicate the homogeneity of cell population. Erythrophagocytosis of hamster macrophages was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and found higher after opsonization implying the presence of receptors for immune ligands on their cell surface.", "PMID": 567621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7653", "title": "Rhythmic changes in pain sensitivity in teeth.", "content": "In 136 healthy men, circadian variations in pain threshold have been observed in healthy front teeth, the pain being elicited by a cold stimulus, alterations in threshold then being inferred from changes in the minimum cold application time. The pain threshold is maximal in the early afternoon and at a minimum in the early morning. In previous experiments using an electrical current as the pain stimulus, a similar diurnal variation of sensitivity was also observed. These results conform with clinical experience of the time of onset of toothache, and are also in accord with known diurnal variations of pain sensitivity in other organs. Further studies were carried out on one subject. The minimum cold application time test was performed over more than 3 years on a healthy front tooth. The results suggest a circannual rhythm of the pain threshold, with a maximum in October/November and a minimum in May.", "contents": "Rhythmic changes in pain sensitivity in teeth. In 136 healthy men, circadian variations in pain threshold have been observed in healthy front teeth, the pain being elicited by a cold stimulus, alterations in threshold then being inferred from changes in the minimum cold application time. The pain threshold is maximal in the early afternoon and at a minimum in the early morning. In previous experiments using an electrical current as the pain stimulus, a similar diurnal variation of sensitivity was also observed. These results conform with clinical experience of the time of onset of toothache, and are also in accord with known diurnal variations of pain sensitivity in other organs. Further studies were carried out on one subject. The minimum cold application time test was performed over more than 3 years on a healthy front tooth. The results suggest a circannual rhythm of the pain threshold, with a maximum in October/November and a minimum in May.", "PMID": 567624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7654", "title": "Changes in drug usage and associated personality traits among college students.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if the trend toward stability of drug usage among college students has continued and to reexamine the relationship between six personality factors and drug usage which had been found in an earlier study. Results indicated that drug use has leveled off, although a relatively minor increase in marijuana use was noted. Results also indicated that four of the six personality factors remained moderately good predictors of drug usage. The implications of the findings that two of the factors were no longer predictive of drug usage were discussed.", "contents": "Changes in drug usage and associated personality traits among college students. This study was designed to determine if the trend toward stability of drug usage among college students has continued and to reexamine the relationship between six personality factors and drug usage which had been found in an earlier study. Results indicated that drug use has leveled off, although a relatively minor increase in marijuana use was noted. Results also indicated that four of the six personality factors remained moderately good predictors of drug usage. The implications of the findings that two of the factors were no longer predictive of drug usage were discussed.", "PMID": 567625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7655", "title": "Urethral reaction to catheter materials in dogs.", "content": "The reaction of the urethra to two new polyurethrane polymers was compared with those produced by materials currently used in the manufacture of urethral catheters. The comparison included silicone, latex rubber, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (Teflon) coated latex, and polyvinyl chloride. There were no significant differences in the reaction of the urethra to the various materials. The present study was carried out in the absence of bacterial contamination.", "contents": "Urethral reaction to catheter materials in dogs. The reaction of the urethra to two new polyurethrane polymers was compared with those produced by materials currently used in the manufacture of urethral catheters. The comparison included silicone, latex rubber, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (Teflon) coated latex, and polyvinyl chloride. There were no significant differences in the reaction of the urethra to the various materials. The present study was carried out in the absence of bacterial contamination.", "PMID": 567626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7656", "title": "Effect of estrogen on sensitivity of rabbit bladder and urethra to phenylephrine.", "content": "The sensitivity of alpha-adrenoceptors to phenylephrine as indicated by the ED50 of the rabbit bladder and urethra was compared for segments in vitro from control (estrous), ovariectomized, ovariectomized-estrogen-treated, and pregnant animals. In control animals there was a trend for urethral segments to be more sensitive to phenylephrine (lower ED50) than bladder segments. This difference was abolished by castration, which decreased the sensitivity of the anular urethral segment, and by pregnancy, which tended to enhance the sensitivity of the bladder. The tension generated by bladder segments was enhanced by pregnancy and tended to be decreased by castration. The effects of castration tended to be reversed by treatment with estrogen (1 microgram per kg of body weight per day for 14 days). These data indicate that estrogen can influence the response of the urethra and urinary bladder to alpha adrenergic stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on sensitivity of rabbit bladder and urethra to phenylephrine. The sensitivity of alpha-adrenoceptors to phenylephrine as indicated by the ED50 of the rabbit bladder and urethra was compared for segments in vitro from control (estrous), ovariectomized, ovariectomized-estrogen-treated, and pregnant animals. In control animals there was a trend for urethral segments to be more sensitive to phenylephrine (lower ED50) than bladder segments. This difference was abolished by castration, which decreased the sensitivity of the anular urethral segment, and by pregnancy, which tended to enhance the sensitivity of the bladder. The tension generated by bladder segments was enhanced by pregnancy and tended to be decreased by castration. The effects of castration tended to be reversed by treatment with estrogen (1 microgram per kg of body weight per day for 14 days). These data indicate that estrogen can influence the response of the urethra and urinary bladder to alpha adrenergic stimulation.", "PMID": 567627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7657", "title": "Clots, oxycel, gelfoam, barium, and cyanoacrylates in transcatheter embolization of rat kidney.", "content": "Transcatheter arterial embolization is an interesting technique; its usefulness in urology has not yet been well assessed. The properties and characteristics of some embolic materials among the more commonly used were investigated by means of a new experimental model, i.e., transcatheter embolization of rat kidney. Autologous clots and Oxycel were found to give a transient embolization, whereas Gelfoam, barium, and cyanoacrylates did not allow recanalization or revascularization. Only barium was found in venous vessels. The findings are discussed in view of the clinical application of the embolic materials considered.", "contents": "Clots, oxycel, gelfoam, barium, and cyanoacrylates in transcatheter embolization of rat kidney. Transcatheter arterial embolization is an interesting technique; its usefulness in urology has not yet been well assessed. The properties and characteristics of some embolic materials among the more commonly used were investigated by means of a new experimental model, i.e., transcatheter embolization of rat kidney. Autologous clots and Oxycel were found to give a transient embolization, whereas Gelfoam, barium, and cyanoacrylates did not allow recanalization or revascularization. Only barium was found in venous vessels. The findings are discussed in view of the clinical application of the embolic materials considered.", "PMID": 567628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7658", "title": "A quantitative method for measurement of lysosomal acid phosphatase latency in cultured rat heart cells with 210Pb.", "content": "A method is described for measuring the latency of lysosomal acid phosphatase in cultured rat heart endotheloid cells. 210Pb was added to a medium used to demonstrate acid phosphatase activity by the Gomori lead method, and the amount of lead deposited was measured with a liquid scintillation counter. Deposition rates were measured after enzyme activation pretreatments with acetate buffer (pH 5.0) at various osmolalities, and after formaldehyde fixation. Formaldehyde, alloxan, or fluoride in the Gomori medium were evaluated for their differential effects on lysosomal and non-lysosomal acid phosphatase. The method was found to provide a sensitive, rapid and quantitative evaluation of acid phosphatase latency and should be useful for studying the integrity of lysosomes within cells.", "contents": "A quantitative method for measurement of lysosomal acid phosphatase latency in cultured rat heart cells with 210Pb. A method is described for measuring the latency of lysosomal acid phosphatase in cultured rat heart endotheloid cells. 210Pb was added to a medium used to demonstrate acid phosphatase activity by the Gomori lead method, and the amount of lead deposited was measured with a liquid scintillation counter. Deposition rates were measured after enzyme activation pretreatments with acetate buffer (pH 5.0) at various osmolalities, and after formaldehyde fixation. Formaldehyde, alloxan, or fluoride in the Gomori medium were evaluated for their differential effects on lysosomal and non-lysosomal acid phosphatase. The method was found to provide a sensitive, rapid and quantitative evaluation of acid phosphatase latency and should be useful for studying the integrity of lysosomes within cells.", "PMID": 567635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7659", "title": "The zoonosis-prone veterinarian.", "content": "A study of 1,182 Illinois veterinarians revealed that 833 had experienced an accident, and of these 833, 42.7% also had experienced a zoonosis. Brucellosis and animal bites were especially prevalent zoonoses. This percentage differed significantly (P less than 0.01) from the 32.4% of 349 accident-free veterinarians who had experienced zoonoses. The prevalence of zoonoses was even higher (50%) among veterinarians with a history of 3 or more accidents. The prevalence of 16 nonzoonotic health conditions was similar in veterinarians who had experienced an accident and in the total veterinary population, demonstrating a degree of specificity to the accident-zoonosis association. Of the subjects studied, 5.7% had experienced 16.5% of the events, accidents or zoonoses. The subgroup that had experienced 5 or more events and the subgroup that experienced no events differed in many characteristics from the total veterinary population. The biological importance of the characteristics of these veterinarians remains to be determined. The hypothesis was advanced that zoonoses can be considered occupational accidents in veterinarians and that certain veterinarians are zoonosis prone. If true, this hypothesis also might apply to certain communicable diseases in the general human population.", "contents": "The zoonosis-prone veterinarian. A study of 1,182 Illinois veterinarians revealed that 833 had experienced an accident, and of these 833, 42.7% also had experienced a zoonosis. Brucellosis and animal bites were especially prevalent zoonoses. This percentage differed significantly (P less than 0.01) from the 32.4% of 349 accident-free veterinarians who had experienced zoonoses. The prevalence of zoonoses was even higher (50%) among veterinarians with a history of 3 or more accidents. The prevalence of 16 nonzoonotic health conditions was similar in veterinarians who had experienced an accident and in the total veterinary population, demonstrating a degree of specificity to the accident-zoonosis association. Of the subjects studied, 5.7% had experienced 16.5% of the events, accidents or zoonoses. The subgroup that had experienced 5 or more events and the subgroup that experienced no events differed in many characteristics from the total veterinary population. The biological importance of the characteristics of these veterinarians remains to be determined. The hypothesis was advanced that zoonoses can be considered occupational accidents in veterinarians and that certain veterinarians are zoonosis prone. If true, this hypothesis also might apply to certain communicable diseases in the general human population.", "PMID": 567636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7660", "title": "Antibiotics from Basidiomycetes. V merulidial, a new antibiotic from the Basidiomycete Merulius tremellosus Fr.", "content": "Merulidial, a new antibiotic, was isolated from the culture fluid of the Basidiomycete Merulius tremellosus Fr., strain No. WQ 568. Merulidial inhibits a variety of bacteria and fungi. In cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma, DNA synthesis is inhibited at lower concentration as compared to RNA and protein synthesis. Merulidial shows mutagenicity when incubated with the his-mutant TA 100 for Salmonella typhimurium (B.N.AMES). The molecular formula as determined by high resolution mass spectrometry is C15H20O3.", "contents": "Antibiotics from Basidiomycetes. V merulidial, a new antibiotic from the Basidiomycete Merulius tremellosus Fr. Merulidial, a new antibiotic, was isolated from the culture fluid of the Basidiomycete Merulius tremellosus Fr., strain No. WQ 568. Merulidial inhibits a variety of bacteria and fungi. In cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma, DNA synthesis is inhibited at lower concentration as compared to RNA and protein synthesis. Merulidial shows mutagenicity when incubated with the his-mutant TA 100 for Salmonella typhimurium (B.N.AMES). The molecular formula as determined by high resolution mass spectrometry is C15H20O3.", "PMID": 567638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7661", "title": "The vitamin K-dependent synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid by bone microsomes.", "content": "Microsomes prepared from embryonic chick bone contain a vitamin K-dependent carboxylating system which post-translationally converts glutamic acid residues in peptides to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gamma-CGlu). Glutamic acid residues in both endogenous chick bone microsomal protein and in the synthetic peptide Phe Leu-Glu-Glu-Val are gamma-carboxylated. These data suggest that bone cells have the capacity for de novo gamma-CGlu synthesis and may be responsible for synthesis of osteocalcin, the major gamma-CGlu protein in bone.", "contents": "The vitamin K-dependent synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid by bone microsomes. Microsomes prepared from embryonic chick bone contain a vitamin K-dependent carboxylating system which post-translationally converts glutamic acid residues in peptides to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gamma-CGlu). Glutamic acid residues in both endogenous chick bone microsomal protein and in the synthetic peptide Phe Leu-Glu-Glu-Val are gamma-carboxylated. These data suggest that bone cells have the capacity for de novo gamma-CGlu synthesis and may be responsible for synthesis of osteocalcin, the major gamma-CGlu protein in bone.", "PMID": 567642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7662", "title": "Human plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Purification and properties.", "content": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase was isolated from normal human plasma. The major form of the active enxyme in plasma was purified to apparent homogeneity and is a 300,000-dalton tetramer containing 4 atoms of tightly bound copper. About 20% of the enzyme activity in plasma was isolated as a dimeric form of this enzyme. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the purified form gave a polypeptide subunit molecular weight of 72,000 and disulfide-linked dimers of this component were observed. Both forms of the enzyme are apparently glycoproteins and interact with immobilized concanavalin A. Furthermore, the enzyme is capable of binding to alkyl-substituted agarose by hydrophobic interaction. Advantage was taken of these properties to purify the enzyme. Both purified tetramer and partially purified dimer were further characterized by kinetic analysis and the Stokes radii and S20,W of these species were compared. Rabbit antiserum to the purified tetramer revealed no immunochemical differences between the two enzyme forms by using a method of immunotitration.", "contents": "Human plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Purification and properties. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase was isolated from normal human plasma. The major form of the active enxyme in plasma was purified to apparent homogeneity and is a 300,000-dalton tetramer containing 4 atoms of tightly bound copper. About 20% of the enzyme activity in plasma was isolated as a dimeric form of this enzyme. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the purified form gave a polypeptide subunit molecular weight of 72,000 and disulfide-linked dimers of this component were observed. Both forms of the enzyme are apparently glycoproteins and interact with immobilized concanavalin A. Furthermore, the enzyme is capable of binding to alkyl-substituted agarose by hydrophobic interaction. Advantage was taken of these properties to purify the enzyme. Both purified tetramer and partially purified dimer were further characterized by kinetic analysis and the Stokes radii and S20,W of these species were compared. Rabbit antiserum to the purified tetramer revealed no immunochemical differences between the two enzyme forms by using a method of immunotitration.", "PMID": 567644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7663", "title": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Chain termination.", "content": "Incubation of chick embryo epiphyseal microsomal preparations with either UDP-[14C]GlcUA or UDP-[14C]-GalNAc plus exogenous chondroitin 6-sulfate resulted in the incorporation of either a single [14C]GlcUA or a [14C]GalNAc onto the nonreducing ends of the exogenous glycosaminoglycan. Degradation by chondroitinase ABC yielded the terminal products [14C]Di-OS, [14C]Di-6S, and [14C]GalNAc. Incubations of the microsomal preparations with either UDP-[14C]GlcUA or UDP-GalN[3H]Ac without exogenous chondroitin 6-sulfate resulted in the addition of a single sugar onto the nonreducing end of endogenous chondroitin sulfate. Degradation by chondroitinase ABC yielded the terminal products [14C]Di-OS, [14C]Di-6S, and GalN[3H]Ac in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:3.5. Incubations of the microsomal preparations with both UDP-[14C]-GlcUA and UDP-GalN[3H]Ac together resulted in formation of [14C,3H]chondroitin chains added to the endogenous chondroitin sulfate. Degradation by chondroitinase ABC resulted in products with a molar ratio of [14C,3H]Di-OS to GalN[3H]Ac varying from approximately 1:1.5 to 1:3. The results of these experiments indicate that chondroitin 6-sulfate terminates at its nonreducing end in a mixture of GlcUA and GalNAc (some sulfated). GalNAc is somewhat more frequent as the terminal sugar and adds more readily to endogenous acceptors.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Chain termination. Incubation of chick embryo epiphyseal microsomal preparations with either UDP-[14C]GlcUA or UDP-[14C]-GalNAc plus exogenous chondroitin 6-sulfate resulted in the incorporation of either a single [14C]GlcUA or a [14C]GalNAc onto the nonreducing ends of the exogenous glycosaminoglycan. Degradation by chondroitinase ABC yielded the terminal products [14C]Di-OS, [14C]Di-6S, and [14C]GalNAc. Incubations of the microsomal preparations with either UDP-[14C]GlcUA or UDP-GalN[3H]Ac without exogenous chondroitin 6-sulfate resulted in the addition of a single sugar onto the nonreducing end of endogenous chondroitin sulfate. Degradation by chondroitinase ABC yielded the terminal products [14C]Di-OS, [14C]Di-6S, and GalN[3H]Ac in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:3.5. Incubations of the microsomal preparations with both UDP-[14C]-GlcUA and UDP-GalN[3H]Ac together resulted in formation of [14C,3H]chondroitin chains added to the endogenous chondroitin sulfate. Degradation by chondroitinase ABC resulted in products with a molar ratio of [14C,3H]Di-OS to GalN[3H]Ac varying from approximately 1:1.5 to 1:3. The results of these experiments indicate that chondroitin 6-sulfate terminates at its nonreducing end in a mixture of GlcUA and GalNAc (some sulfated). GalNAc is somewhat more frequent as the terminal sugar and adds more readily to endogenous acceptors.", "PMID": 567646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7664", "title": "Lag phase during the action of phospholipase A2 on phosphatidylcholine modified by alkanols.", "content": "Theaction of pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) on phosphatidylcholine bilayer is studied under a variety of substrate modification conditions including the incorporation of long chain alcohols (hexanol and several isomeric octanols) into the bilayer. The rate of hydrolysis shows a biphasic dependence upon the concentration of the activating alcohol. The hexanol to lipid molar ratio in the bilayer is approximately 1.4:1 at the optimal alkanol concentration. The lag phase at the beginning of hydrolysis has been shown to depend upon the nature of the bilayer as modified by different alkanols and by intrinsic differences in the unilamellar vesicles (approximate diameter approximately 250 A) compared to the multilamellar vesicles. The rate constant for the activation process responsible for the lag period is first order and does not depend upon the concentration of the enzyme, substrate, alkanol, and calcium. These and other experiments are interpreted in terms of a hypothesis that the pancreatic phospholipase interacts with the bilayer by a catalytic and a recognition site. The data suggest that the packing of the interface regulates the interaction of both the catalytic and the recognition site. It is postulated that the biphasic activation profile as a function of hexanol concentration may be a consequence of two-site interactions between the enzyme and the substrate interface.", "contents": "Lag phase during the action of phospholipase A2 on phosphatidylcholine modified by alkanols. Theaction of pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) on phosphatidylcholine bilayer is studied under a variety of substrate modification conditions including the incorporation of long chain alcohols (hexanol and several isomeric octanols) into the bilayer. The rate of hydrolysis shows a biphasic dependence upon the concentration of the activating alcohol. The hexanol to lipid molar ratio in the bilayer is approximately 1.4:1 at the optimal alkanol concentration. The lag phase at the beginning of hydrolysis has been shown to depend upon the nature of the bilayer as modified by different alkanols and by intrinsic differences in the unilamellar vesicles (approximate diameter approximately 250 A) compared to the multilamellar vesicles. The rate constant for the activation process responsible for the lag period is first order and does not depend upon the concentration of the enzyme, substrate, alkanol, and calcium. These and other experiments are interpreted in terms of a hypothesis that the pancreatic phospholipase interacts with the bilayer by a catalytic and a recognition site. The data suggest that the packing of the interface regulates the interaction of both the catalytic and the recognition site. It is postulated that the biphasic activation profile as a function of hexanol concentration may be a consequence of two-site interactions between the enzyme and the substrate interface.", "PMID": 567648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7665", "title": "An analysis of alterations in ribosomal conformation using reductive methylation.", "content": "Optimal conditions for reductive alkylation of ribosomal proteins in their native and denatured states were examined. The relative accessibility of rat liver ribosomal proteins to reductive alkylation was then examined. Intact ribosomes were firs labeled with [14C]formaldehyde and NaBH4. The proteins were then separated from RNA, denatured in 6 M guanidine, and labeled again using formaldehyde and NaB3H4. The relative accessibility of individual proteins to labeling in the intact state could thus be determined from their 3H/14C ratios following separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results suggest that proteins S6, S11, S26, L3, and L35 are less accessible to labeling while proteins S1, S15, L11, L12, L16, and L24 appear relatively more accessible. The accessibility of individual proteins in ribosomes in different conformational states were then compared. The results indicated that S3, L7, and L36 are likely to be involved in a structural difference when normal polysomes and normal monomers are compared. Also, that S26 and L35, and probably S3, S20, L7, L8, L24, L27, L28 and L34 appear to be involved in a ribosomal conformation change induced by ethionine intoxication.", "contents": "An analysis of alterations in ribosomal conformation using reductive methylation. Optimal conditions for reductive alkylation of ribosomal proteins in their native and denatured states were examined. The relative accessibility of rat liver ribosomal proteins to reductive alkylation was then examined. Intact ribosomes were firs labeled with [14C]formaldehyde and NaBH4. The proteins were then separated from RNA, denatured in 6 M guanidine, and labeled again using formaldehyde and NaB3H4. The relative accessibility of individual proteins to labeling in the intact state could thus be determined from their 3H/14C ratios following separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results suggest that proteins S6, S11, S26, L3, and L35 are less accessible to labeling while proteins S1, S15, L11, L12, L16, and L24 appear relatively more accessible. The accessibility of individual proteins in ribosomes in different conformational states were then compared. The results indicated that S3, L7, and L36 are likely to be involved in a structural difference when normal polysomes and normal monomers are compared. Also, that S26 and L35, and probably S3, S20, L7, L8, L24, L27, L28 and L34 appear to be involved in a ribosomal conformation change induced by ethionine intoxication.", "PMID": 567649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7666", "title": "Tyrosyltubulin ligase and colchicine binding activity in synchronized Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Tyrosyltubulin ligase (TTL) was found to be present in CHO and V79 Chinese hamster cells grown in tissue culture. The enzyme is soluble and requires potassium, magnesium, and ATP for maximum activity and requires tubulin as a substrate. TTL was analyzed through the cell cycle of V79 and CHO Chinese hamster cells. The enzyme showed two peaks of activity in V79 cells at 4 h and 7 h after mitotic selection, corresponding to the early S and mid to late S phases of the cell cycle. In CHO cells the enzyme displayed a major peak of activity at mid S and a minor peak or plateau during early S. Tubulin, as measured by (3H)colchicine binding, was shown to increase through S phase and reach a maximum late in the cycle during G2 approx. 3 h after maximum TTL activity.", "contents": "Tyrosyltubulin ligase and colchicine binding activity in synchronized Chinese hamster cells. Tyrosyltubulin ligase (TTL) was found to be present in CHO and V79 Chinese hamster cells grown in tissue culture. The enzyme is soluble and requires potassium, magnesium, and ATP for maximum activity and requires tubulin as a substrate. TTL was analyzed through the cell cycle of V79 and CHO Chinese hamster cells. The enzyme showed two peaks of activity in V79 cells at 4 h and 7 h after mitotic selection, corresponding to the early S and mid to late S phases of the cell cycle. In CHO cells the enzyme displayed a major peak of activity at mid S and a minor peak or plateau during early S. Tubulin, as measured by (3H)colchicine binding, was shown to increase through S phase and reach a maximum late in the cycle during G2 approx. 3 h after maximum TTL activity.", "PMID": 567652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7667", "title": "A mechanism for the destruction of pinosomes in cultured fibroblasts. Piranhalysis.", "content": "The destruction of large pinosomes was examined with phase-contrast microscopy in cultured mouse fibroblasts. In areas of rapid pinosome breakdown, lysosomes were observed to repeatedly collide with pinosomes without fusing, tearing off small pieces until the pinosomes became smaller and denser. This segmentation of pinosomes by lysosomal collision has been named \"piranhalysis.\"", "contents": "A mechanism for the destruction of pinosomes in cultured fibroblasts. Piranhalysis. The destruction of large pinosomes was examined with phase-contrast microscopy in cultured mouse fibroblasts. In areas of rapid pinosome breakdown, lysosomes were observed to repeatedly collide with pinosomes without fusing, tearing off small pieces until the pinosomes became smaller and denser. This segmentation of pinosomes by lysosomal collision has been named \"piranhalysis.\"", "PMID": 567653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7668", "title": "Dynamics of toxin and lectin receptors on a lymphoma cell line and its toxin-resistant variant using ferritin-conjugated, 125I-labeled ligand.", "content": "The dynamics of the toxin Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCAII or ricin) on cells of a murine lymphoma line (BW5147) and a toxin-resistant variant line (BW5147RicR.3) that is 200 times more resistant than the parent to direct RCAII cytotoxicity were examined using ferritin-conjugated, affinity purified, 125I-labeled RCAII (ferritin-125I-RCAII). Ferritin-125I-RCAII was indistinguishable from native RCAII in quantitative binding and cytotoxicity experiments. When RCAII-sensitive BW5147 and -resistant BW5147RicR.3 cells were labeled with ferritin-125I-RCAII at various toxin concentrations (1--10 microgram/ml), no differences in toxin binding were observed. These same cells were examined by electron microscopy. At low ferritin-125I-RCAII concentrations (1-3 microgram/ml RCAII) where only the parental BW5147 cells were significantly more sensitive to RCAII, toxin receptors were internalized by ferritin-125I-RCAII-induced endocytosis. In parallel experiments, ferritin-125I-RCAII that bound to the resistant BW5147RicR.3 cells remained relatively dispersed or clustered, and there was little evidence of transport into cells via endocytosis. At higher ferritin-125I-RCAII concentrations (greater than 7 microgram/ml RCAII) where both parental and resistant variant cells are sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of RCAII, more ferritin-conjugated toxin was bound, and subsequent endocytosis occurred to a similar degree in both cell types. Endocytosis of ferritin-conjugated concanavalin A was indistinguishable on RCAII-sensitive parental and resistant variant cells at all concentrations tested. The results suggest that a specific defect on the selected BW5147RicR.3 cells prevents RCAII entry into these cells a low toxin concentrations, rendering them more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of RCAII.", "contents": "Dynamics of toxin and lectin receptors on a lymphoma cell line and its toxin-resistant variant using ferritin-conjugated, 125I-labeled ligand. The dynamics of the toxin Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCAII or ricin) on cells of a murine lymphoma line (BW5147) and a toxin-resistant variant line (BW5147RicR.3) that is 200 times more resistant than the parent to direct RCAII cytotoxicity were examined using ferritin-conjugated, affinity purified, 125I-labeled RCAII (ferritin-125I-RCAII). Ferritin-125I-RCAII was indistinguishable from native RCAII in quantitative binding and cytotoxicity experiments. When RCAII-sensitive BW5147 and -resistant BW5147RicR.3 cells were labeled with ferritin-125I-RCAII at various toxin concentrations (1--10 microgram/ml), no differences in toxin binding were observed. These same cells were examined by electron microscopy. At low ferritin-125I-RCAII concentrations (1-3 microgram/ml RCAII) where only the parental BW5147 cells were significantly more sensitive to RCAII, toxin receptors were internalized by ferritin-125I-RCAII-induced endocytosis. In parallel experiments, ferritin-125I-RCAII that bound to the resistant BW5147RicR.3 cells remained relatively dispersed or clustered, and there was little evidence of transport into cells via endocytosis. At higher ferritin-125I-RCAII concentrations (greater than 7 microgram/ml RCAII) where both parental and resistant variant cells are sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of RCAII, more ferritin-conjugated toxin was bound, and subsequent endocytosis occurred to a similar degree in both cell types. Endocytosis of ferritin-conjugated concanavalin A was indistinguishable on RCAII-sensitive parental and resistant variant cells at all concentrations tested. The results suggest that a specific defect on the selected BW5147RicR.3 cells prevents RCAII entry into these cells a low toxin concentrations, rendering them more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of RCAII.", "PMID": 567654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7669", "title": "Pseudomonas vesicularis from cervical specimens.", "content": "Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of five strains of Pseudomonas vesicularis isolated from cervical cultures are reported. The organisms were recovered from Thayer-Martin medium, which, because of its inhibitory properties, restricts over-growth by most other species. Our findings agree with those of Kaltenbach and associates (J. Clin. Microbiol., 1:339--344, 1975) on the importance of esculin hydrolysis, maltose oxidation, and pigmentation in the identification of P. vesicularis. Comparative carbohydrate oxidation studies showed agreement in three of four methods (oxidative attack, buffered single substrate, King oxidative/fermentative medium). No oxidation of carbohydrates was observed in commercial oxidative/fermentative medium. In addition to biochemical characteristics, antibiograms can be useful auxiliary aids in the identification of P. vesicularis and in its differentiation from P. diminuta, a closely related species.", "contents": "Pseudomonas vesicularis from cervical specimens. Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of five strains of Pseudomonas vesicularis isolated from cervical cultures are reported. The organisms were recovered from Thayer-Martin medium, which, because of its inhibitory properties, restricts over-growth by most other species. Our findings agree with those of Kaltenbach and associates (J. Clin. Microbiol., 1:339--344, 1975) on the importance of esculin hydrolysis, maltose oxidation, and pigmentation in the identification of P. vesicularis. Comparative carbohydrate oxidation studies showed agreement in three of four methods (oxidative attack, buffered single substrate, King oxidative/fermentative medium). No oxidation of carbohydrates was observed in commercial oxidative/fermentative medium. In addition to biochemical characteristics, antibiograms can be useful auxiliary aids in the identification of P. vesicularis and in its differentiation from P. diminuta, a closely related species.", "PMID": 567655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7670", "title": "Peptocoagulase: clotting factor produced by bovine strains of Peptococcus indolicus.", "content": "The production of a clotting factor (peptocoagulase) by bovine clinical isolates of Peptococcus indolicus and its nature were investigated. Extracellular peptocoagulase was demonstrated in culture filtrates of 93% and cell associated with washed cell suspensions of 100% of the 75 isolates tested. Both citrated and heparinized plasma were clotted. Crude peptocoagulase was nondialyzable, precipitated with (NH4)2SO4 at 40% saturation, somewhat resistant to heating at both neutral and acid pH, and chloroform insoluble. Culture filtrate did not contain proteolytic activity with albumin and casein, as substrates and no esterase activity was detected with tosylarginine and benzoylarginine methyl esters as substrates. The clotting reaction required peptocoagulase, prothrombin, and fibrinogen. The activation of prothrombin appeared to involve a stoichiometric reaction with peptocoagulase, possibly by formation of a stable complex.", "contents": "Peptocoagulase: clotting factor produced by bovine strains of Peptococcus indolicus. The production of a clotting factor (peptocoagulase) by bovine clinical isolates of Peptococcus indolicus and its nature were investigated. Extracellular peptocoagulase was demonstrated in culture filtrates of 93% and cell associated with washed cell suspensions of 100% of the 75 isolates tested. Both citrated and heparinized plasma were clotted. Crude peptocoagulase was nondialyzable, precipitated with (NH4)2SO4 at 40% saturation, somewhat resistant to heating at both neutral and acid pH, and chloroform insoluble. Culture filtrate did not contain proteolytic activity with albumin and casein, as substrates and no esterase activity was detected with tosylarginine and benzoylarginine methyl esters as substrates. The clotting reaction required peptocoagulase, prothrombin, and fibrinogen. The activation of prothrombin appeared to involve a stoichiometric reaction with peptocoagulase, possibly by formation of a stable complex.", "PMID": 567656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7671", "title": "Propranolol antagonizes the anti-inflammatory effect of alcohol and improves survival of infected intoxicated rabbits.", "content": "We studied the effects of alcohol and propranolol on the course of peritonitis in rabbits. Induction of sterile peritonitis with normal saline led to a 50% augmentation of granulocyte adherence in normal rabbits, and a mean cumulative granulocyte count of 27,000/mm(3) in peritoneal exudate by 8 h. Rabbits intoxicated with alcohol at the time of peritonitis induction maintained a granulocyte adherence below pretreatment values, and only delivered a cumulative mean of 12,000 granulocytes/mm(3) into the peritoneal fluid. When intoxicated rabbits received propranolol intravenously at the time of intoxication, adherence increased above preperitonitis levels, and stayed significantly above values for animals given alcohol alone. In addition, the defect in granulocyte delivery was prevented by propranolol, resulting in a mean cumulative granulocyte count in peritoneal fluid of 24,000/mm(3).When peritonitis was induced with live pneumococci instead of a sterile inflammatory stimulus, 14/18 normal animals survived the infection and were culture-negative when sacrificed at 2 wk. In contrast, 17/18 intoxicated animals died of the infection, in a mean of 2.8 days. 9 of 18 intoxicated animals who also received propranolol survived, and those who died lived a mean of 7.5 days. The survival rates and the time-to-death among the nonsurvivors given propranolol were both significantly greater than in the animals intoxicated without propranolol. Thus, propranolol prevents the granulocyte adherence and delivery defects induced by alcohol intoxication, and significantly improves survival from infection.", "contents": "Propranolol antagonizes the anti-inflammatory effect of alcohol and improves survival of infected intoxicated rabbits. We studied the effects of alcohol and propranolol on the course of peritonitis in rabbits. Induction of sterile peritonitis with normal saline led to a 50% augmentation of granulocyte adherence in normal rabbits, and a mean cumulative granulocyte count of 27,000/mm(3) in peritoneal exudate by 8 h. Rabbits intoxicated with alcohol at the time of peritonitis induction maintained a granulocyte adherence below pretreatment values, and only delivered a cumulative mean of 12,000 granulocytes/mm(3) into the peritoneal fluid. When intoxicated rabbits received propranolol intravenously at the time of intoxication, adherence increased above preperitonitis levels, and stayed significantly above values for animals given alcohol alone. In addition, the defect in granulocyte delivery was prevented by propranolol, resulting in a mean cumulative granulocyte count in peritoneal fluid of 24,000/mm(3).When peritonitis was induced with live pneumococci instead of a sterile inflammatory stimulus, 14/18 normal animals survived the infection and were culture-negative when sacrificed at 2 wk. In contrast, 17/18 intoxicated animals died of the infection, in a mean of 2.8 days. 9 of 18 intoxicated animals who also received propranolol survived, and those who died lived a mean of 7.5 days. The survival rates and the time-to-death among the nonsurvivors given propranolol were both significantly greater than in the animals intoxicated without propranolol. Thus, propranolol prevents the granulocyte adherence and delivery defects induced by alcohol intoxication, and significantly improves survival from infection.", "PMID": 567657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7672", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the commissural and ipsilateral hippocampo-dentate projections in the adult rat.", "content": "The distribution of the associational and commissural afferents to the inner one-fourth of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the rat, has been studied autoradiographically following small injections of 3H-proline into the hilar region of the dentate (from which both groups of afferents arise). Different patterns of axonal labeling are observed after injections into the temporal (i.e., caudal), middle, or septal (rostral) thirds of the hippocampus. Thus after temporal injections labeled commissural and associational afferents are found only in the caudal third of the dentate gyrus, and the grain densities observed on the two sides are markedly asymmetrical around the short, or transverse, axis of the dentate. On the other hand, injections into the middle third of the hippocampus lead to extensive labeling of the commissural and associational afferents throughout the rostral two-thirds of the dentate gyrus, and their distribution, as judged by grain density estimates, is symmetrical on the two sides. Septal injections label fibers over the rostral half of the dentate, and again the labeling pattern on the two sides is asymmetrical (but in the reverse pattern from that seen after temporal injections). These distinctive patterns in the distribution of the two classes of afferents can generally be accounted for on the following assumptions: (1) the commissural and associational afferents share a common cytochemical specificity; (2) they compete with each other for the limited number of synaptic sites available upon the proximal portions of the granule cells: (3) the granule cells are generated along two distinct morphogenetic gradients:from the temporal to the septal pole of the dentate gyrus, and from the tip of its dorsal (or external) to the tip of its ventral (internal) blade; and (4) the first fibers to arrive monopolize the majority of the available synaptic sites, and those that reach their target field later, synapse predominantly upon the last-formed granule cell dendrites. To this extent our findings are consonant with the \"temporal hypothesis\" first formulated by Gottlieb and Cowan ('72). However, to account for the restricted distribution of afferents from the temporal part of the hippocampus, it is necessary to further postulate that there is some degree of topographic (or region-to-region) specificity in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampo-dentate projections.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the commissural and ipsilateral hippocampo-dentate projections in the adult rat. The distribution of the associational and commissural afferents to the inner one-fourth of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of the rat, has been studied autoradiographically following small injections of 3H-proline into the hilar region of the dentate (from which both groups of afferents arise). Different patterns of axonal labeling are observed after injections into the temporal (i.e., caudal), middle, or septal (rostral) thirds of the hippocampus. Thus after temporal injections labeled commissural and associational afferents are found only in the caudal third of the dentate gyrus, and the grain densities observed on the two sides are markedly asymmetrical around the short, or transverse, axis of the dentate. On the other hand, injections into the middle third of the hippocampus lead to extensive labeling of the commissural and associational afferents throughout the rostral two-thirds of the dentate gyrus, and their distribution, as judged by grain density estimates, is symmetrical on the two sides. Septal injections label fibers over the rostral half of the dentate, and again the labeling pattern on the two sides is asymmetrical (but in the reverse pattern from that seen after temporal injections). These distinctive patterns in the distribution of the two classes of afferents can generally be accounted for on the following assumptions: (1) the commissural and associational afferents share a common cytochemical specificity; (2) they compete with each other for the limited number of synaptic sites available upon the proximal portions of the granule cells: (3) the granule cells are generated along two distinct morphogenetic gradients:from the temporal to the septal pole of the dentate gyrus, and from the tip of its dorsal (or external) to the tip of its ventral (internal) blade; and (4) the first fibers to arrive monopolize the majority of the available synaptic sites, and those that reach their target field later, synapse predominantly upon the last-formed granule cell dendrites. To this extent our findings are consonant with the \"temporal hypothesis\" first formulated by Gottlieb and Cowan ('72). However, to account for the restricted distribution of afferents from the temporal part of the hippocampus, it is necessary to further postulate that there is some degree of topographic (or region-to-region) specificity in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampo-dentate projections.", "PMID": 567658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7673", "title": "Determination of orotic acid in whey and modified whey products.", "content": "The concentration of orotic acid in dry whey ranged between 64 and 146 mg/100 g and appeared dependent on whey type. The orotic acid of modified whey products, prepared commercially by electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, or polyphosphate precipitation was between 7 and 124 mg/100 g, which was less than that of dry whey. It appears that whey processing methods do not concentrate orotic acid in whey fractions.", "contents": "Determination of orotic acid in whey and modified whey products. The concentration of orotic acid in dry whey ranged between 64 and 146 mg/100 g and appeared dependent on whey type. The orotic acid of modified whey products, prepared commercially by electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, or polyphosphate precipitation was between 7 and 124 mg/100 g, which was less than that of dry whey. It appears that whey processing methods do not concentrate orotic acid in whey fractions.", "PMID": 567659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7674", "title": "SLB, a new alloantigenic system of the pig.", "content": "An alloantigen segregating in the double back-cross families, distinct from serologically determinalble transplantation antigens controlled by the major histocompatibility complex (SLA), was detected in pigs by the complement-dependent lymphocytotoxic technique. The system was designated SLB and its product (antigen SLB-A1) was demonstrated in all lymphocytes from the lymph nodes, thymus and peripheral blood, but not in the erythrocytes. Back-cross matings supplied evidence of the dominant heredity of SLB-A1. Detection of further SLB antigens was unsuccessful, so that only two alleles (SLB-A1 and SLB-A-) could be determined in families. Double back-cross families revealed a close linkage between the SLB locus and the L blood group locus. Maximun lod score values were calculated in recombination fraction theta=theta.10.", "contents": "SLB, a new alloantigenic system of the pig. An alloantigen segregating in the double back-cross families, distinct from serologically determinalble transplantation antigens controlled by the major histocompatibility complex (SLA), was detected in pigs by the complement-dependent lymphocytotoxic technique. The system was designated SLB and its product (antigen SLB-A1) was demonstrated in all lymphocytes from the lymph nodes, thymus and peripheral blood, but not in the erythrocytes. Back-cross matings supplied evidence of the dominant heredity of SLB-A1. Detection of further SLB antigens was unsuccessful, so that only two alleles (SLB-A1 and SLB-A-) could be determined in families. Double back-cross families revealed a close linkage between the SLB locus and the L blood group locus. Maximun lod score values were calculated in recombination fraction theta=theta.10.", "PMID": 567662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7675", "title": "Placental and foetal weight in the nude mouse.", "content": "Placental and foetal weight and litter size were studied on the 18th day of pregnancy in the athymic nude mouse. Placental weight and litter size were unaffected by the absence of a thymus. Foetal weight was reduced, probably as a result of the health status of such animals.", "contents": "Placental and foetal weight in the nude mouse. Placental and foetal weight and litter size were studied on the 18th day of pregnancy in the athymic nude mouse. Placental weight and litter size were unaffected by the absence of a thymus. Foetal weight was reduced, probably as a result of the health status of such animals.", "PMID": 567663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7676", "title": "Identification of IgA binding structures in skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Immunoelectronmicroscopic and ultrastructural identification of the structures which bind IgA in skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) reveals them to be, in part, a complex of fibrillar components which are covered with amorphous substances. One of the fibers has a diameter of 80--130 A and appears to be tubular, resembling dermal microfibrillar bundles or microtubular elements of elastic fibers. The structures, at times, are associated with the dermal microfibrillar bundles and are found within an elastic fiber system which is in close proximity to the dermal-epidermal junction. Taken together, these findings suggest that the structures which bind IgA are unique to DH and might be a part of an abnormal dermal microfibrillar bundle-elastic fiber system.", "contents": "Identification of IgA binding structures in skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Immunoelectronmicroscopic and ultrastructural identification of the structures which bind IgA in skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) reveals them to be, in part, a complex of fibrillar components which are covered with amorphous substances. One of the fibers has a diameter of 80--130 A and appears to be tubular, resembling dermal microfibrillar bundles or microtubular elements of elastic fibers. The structures, at times, are associated with the dermal microfibrillar bundles and are found within an elastic fiber system which is in close proximity to the dermal-epidermal junction. Taken together, these findings suggest that the structures which bind IgA are unique to DH and might be a part of an abnormal dermal microfibrillar bundle-elastic fiber system.", "PMID": 567664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7677", "title": "Refractory ventricular arrhythmias in a patient with mitral valve prolapse. Successful control with mitral valve replacement.", "content": "A 35-year-old woman with proven mitral valve prolapse developed life threatening ventricular arrhythmias which were refractory to medical therapy. She had one episode of \"cardiac arrest\" presumably due to ventricular tachycardia or possibly ventricular fibrillation, and was successfully resuscitated with closed chest compression. Mitral valve replacement resulted in dramatic control of the ventricular arrhythmias. Over a period of three years following the operation, she has been able to resume an active life with occasional ventricular premature beats and no further episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "contents": "Refractory ventricular arrhythmias in a patient with mitral valve prolapse. Successful control with mitral valve replacement. A 35-year-old woman with proven mitral valve prolapse developed life threatening ventricular arrhythmias which were refractory to medical therapy. She had one episode of \"cardiac arrest\" presumably due to ventricular tachycardia or possibly ventricular fibrillation, and was successfully resuscitated with closed chest compression. Mitral valve replacement resulted in dramatic control of the ventricular arrhythmias. Over a period of three years following the operation, she has been able to resume an active life with occasional ventricular premature beats and no further episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "PMID": 567666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7678", "title": "A model for vesicular exanthema virus, the prototype of the calicivirus group.", "content": "The structure of vesicular exanthema virus, the prototype member of the calicivirus group, has been studied in more detail. The RNA comprises 18% of mol. wt. of about 2.8 x 10(6), based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments in the presence of formaldehyde. The virus contains one major polypeptide, mol. wt. 70 x 10(3) as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by chromatography on Sepharose 6B in the presence of 6 M-guanidine. Further evidence for the presence of a single major polypeptide was obtained by tryptic peptide analysis of 35S-methionine labelled virus. The mol. wt. of a protein oligomer produced by adjusting the pH of virus suspensions to 3.5 was c. 200 x 10(3). On the basis of these data we propose a T = 3 model for the virus capsid incorporating 180 copies of the virus protein.", "contents": "A model for vesicular exanthema virus, the prototype of the calicivirus group. The structure of vesicular exanthema virus, the prototype member of the calicivirus group, has been studied in more detail. The RNA comprises 18% of mol. wt. of about 2.8 x 10(6), based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments in the presence of formaldehyde. The virus contains one major polypeptide, mol. wt. 70 x 10(3) as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by chromatography on Sepharose 6B in the presence of 6 M-guanidine. Further evidence for the presence of a single major polypeptide was obtained by tryptic peptide analysis of 35S-methionine labelled virus. The mol. wt. of a protein oligomer produced by adjusting the pH of virus suspensions to 3.5 was c. 200 x 10(3). On the basis of these data we propose a T = 3 model for the virus capsid incorporating 180 copies of the virus protein.", "PMID": 567672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7679", "title": "A host range mutant of human adenovirus type 5 defective for growth in hamster cells.", "content": "A host-range mutant of adenovirus type 5, which grows in human cells but not in hamster cells, has been isolated. This mutant is complemented in mixed infection in hamster cells at 38.5 degrees C by temperature-sensitive mutants of type 5 belonging to seventeen complementation groups, and may constitute a new group. In mixed infection of human cells at 32 degrees C with the host-range and temperature-sensitive mutants, recombination takes place and by a series of two factor crosses the host-range mutation has been approximately located on the adenovirus genetic map.", "contents": "A host range mutant of human adenovirus type 5 defective for growth in hamster cells. A host-range mutant of adenovirus type 5, which grows in human cells but not in hamster cells, has been isolated. This mutant is complemented in mixed infection in hamster cells at 38.5 degrees C by temperature-sensitive mutants of type 5 belonging to seventeen complementation groups, and may constitute a new group. In mixed infection of human cells at 32 degrees C with the host-range and temperature-sensitive mutants, recombination takes place and by a series of two factor crosses the host-range mutation has been approximately located on the adenovirus genetic map.", "PMID": 567673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7680", "title": "Effect of sulphydryl reagents on the biological activities, polypeptide composition and morphology of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.", "content": "The effect of sulphydryl reagents on haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), a coronavirus of pigs, was investigated. Using increasing concentrations of dithiothreitol (DTT), 50% of the virus infectivity and haemagglutination (HA) activity could be removed by i.5 mM and 4 to 5 mM respectively. The effect of DTT concentrations on the polypeptide composition was also examined. Of the three external glycoproteins gp 125 was found to be the most susceptible, 50% being removed by incubation of the virus with 5 to 6 mM-DTT. Of the other two glycoproteins gp 180 was unaffected by DDT concentrations up to 100 mM and the amount of gp 100 gradually declined at concentrations above 20 mM. The rates of removal of the virus HA activity and gp 125 suggested that this polypeptide was an essential part of the virus haemagglutinin. The lack of evidence for any interpeptide disulphide bonds suggested that the loss of these glycoproteins was due to an alteration in their conformation brought about by the cleavage of intrapeptide disulphide bonds. The loss of protein from the surface of the virus resulted in a change in the virus morphology with the appearance of thin fibrous projections instead of the characteristic petal-like coronavirus projections.", "contents": "Effect of sulphydryl reagents on the biological activities, polypeptide composition and morphology of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. The effect of sulphydryl reagents on haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), a coronavirus of pigs, was investigated. Using increasing concentrations of dithiothreitol (DTT), 50% of the virus infectivity and haemagglutination (HA) activity could be removed by i.5 mM and 4 to 5 mM respectively. The effect of DTT concentrations on the polypeptide composition was also examined. Of the three external glycoproteins gp 125 was found to be the most susceptible, 50% being removed by incubation of the virus with 5 to 6 mM-DTT. Of the other two glycoproteins gp 180 was unaffected by DDT concentrations up to 100 mM and the amount of gp 100 gradually declined at concentrations above 20 mM. The rates of removal of the virus HA activity and gp 125 suggested that this polypeptide was an essential part of the virus haemagglutinin. The lack of evidence for any interpeptide disulphide bonds suggested that the loss of these glycoproteins was due to an alteration in their conformation brought about by the cleavage of intrapeptide disulphide bonds. The loss of protein from the surface of the virus resulted in a change in the virus morphology with the appearance of thin fibrous projections instead of the characteristic petal-like coronavirus projections.", "PMID": 567674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7681", "title": "Induced amnestic confusional phenomena. Pathology and lateralization.", "content": "Additional evidence from pathology findings is presented in support of the proposition that amnestic confusional phenomena, induced by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in epileptic patients and resembling transient global amnesia, are related to unilateral (dominant hemisphere) cerebral mechanisms.", "contents": "Induced amnestic confusional phenomena. Pathology and lateralization. Additional evidence from pathology findings is presented in support of the proposition that amnestic confusional phenomena, induced by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in epileptic patients and resembling transient global amnesia, are related to unilateral (dominant hemisphere) cerebral mechanisms.", "PMID": 567677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7682", "title": "Progesterone-induced decrease of pineal protein synthesis in rats. Possible participation in estrous-related changes of pineal function.", "content": "Pineal protein synthesis in female rats, estimated from the incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins in vitro, exhibited significant changes as a function of the stage of the estrous cycle. These changes were restricted to the proestrous and estrous days; pineal protein synthesis attained its maximum on the morning of proestrus declining abruptly by 53% during the evening, at the time of the expected gonadotrophin and prolactin release. Pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity increased by 10 to 15 times during night-time on every day of cycle; no appreciable modification of its daily rhythm was detected along the estrous cycle. Spayed rats treated for 2 days with progesterone showed a dose-dependent decrease of amino acid incorporation into pineal proteins, regardless of whether estradiol was simultaneously administered or not. Pineal protein synthesis in spayed rats administered with estradiol for 2 days and killed at 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. on the third day, did not show differences as a function of time of sacrifice. When progesterone was injected on the morning of the third day a significant decline in protein synthesis was observed at 5 p.m. Only in the latter group serum LH levels showed significantly greater values at 5 p.m. Pineal serotonin content of estradiol-treated rats increased significantly at evening, an effect which was obliterated by the administration of progesterone; progesterone alone did not affect pineal serotonin content. Radioactivity uptake by pineal glands incubated with labeled progesterone did not show changes along the estrous cycle. These data argue in favour of the involvement of progesterone in the changes of pineal protein synthesis observed during the \"critical period\" for gonadotrophin and prolactin release.", "contents": "Progesterone-induced decrease of pineal protein synthesis in rats. Possible participation in estrous-related changes of pineal function. Pineal protein synthesis in female rats, estimated from the incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins in vitro, exhibited significant changes as a function of the stage of the estrous cycle. These changes were restricted to the proestrous and estrous days; pineal protein synthesis attained its maximum on the morning of proestrus declining abruptly by 53% during the evening, at the time of the expected gonadotrophin and prolactin release. Pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity increased by 10 to 15 times during night-time on every day of cycle; no appreciable modification of its daily rhythm was detected along the estrous cycle. Spayed rats treated for 2 days with progesterone showed a dose-dependent decrease of amino acid incorporation into pineal proteins, regardless of whether estradiol was simultaneously administered or not. Pineal protein synthesis in spayed rats administered with estradiol for 2 days and killed at 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. on the third day, did not show differences as a function of time of sacrifice. When progesterone was injected on the morning of the third day a significant decline in protein synthesis was observed at 5 p.m. Only in the latter group serum LH levels showed significantly greater values at 5 p.m. Pineal serotonin content of estradiol-treated rats increased significantly at evening, an effect which was obliterated by the administration of progesterone; progesterone alone did not affect pineal serotonin content. Radioactivity uptake by pineal glands incubated with labeled progesterone did not show changes along the estrous cycle. These data argue in favour of the involvement of progesterone in the changes of pineal protein synthesis observed during the \"critical period\" for gonadotrophin and prolactin release.", "PMID": 567678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7683", "title": "Membranous structures in pinealocytes of the infertile diabetic mutant mouse (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db).", "content": "The fine structure of the pineal gland of the infertile, diabetic mutant mouse (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db) has been studied. Light and dark parenchymal cells were observed. The major population of pinealocytes in these animals is characterized by an abundance of highly organized membranes located in both the cell body and cell processes. Pinealocytes containing these membranous structures have low electron density (light pinealocytes) and large amounts of perinuclear cytoplasm containing granular vesicles and extensive Golgi. Dilated cisternae of the membranous structures may indicate secretory activity or selective aggregations or raw material. Changes in granule and vesicle content of the central core of cytoplasm of the concentric-shaped membranes and their apparent migration from the cell body to terminal process suggest a synthetic or secretory role. It is not known whether the membranous structures are related to the infertile condition or to the hyperglycemic syndrome; however, the presence of comparable membranes in subterranaen mammals lends support to the theory that the structures may be involved in the synthesis of pineal compounds.", "contents": "Membranous structures in pinealocytes of the infertile diabetic mutant mouse (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db). The fine structure of the pineal gland of the infertile, diabetic mutant mouse (C 57 BL/Ks-db/db) has been studied. Light and dark parenchymal cells were observed. The major population of pinealocytes in these animals is characterized by an abundance of highly organized membranes located in both the cell body and cell processes. Pinealocytes containing these membranous structures have low electron density (light pinealocytes) and large amounts of perinuclear cytoplasm containing granular vesicles and extensive Golgi. Dilated cisternae of the membranous structures may indicate secretory activity or selective aggregations or raw material. Changes in granule and vesicle content of the central core of cytoplasm of the concentric-shaped membranes and their apparent migration from the cell body to terminal process suggest a synthetic or secretory role. It is not known whether the membranous structures are related to the infertile condition or to the hyperglycemic syndrome; however, the presence of comparable membranes in subterranaen mammals lends support to the theory that the structures may be involved in the synthesis of pineal compounds.", "PMID": 567679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7684", "title": "The pineal of the troglophilic fish, Chologaster agassizi: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The pineal of the facultative, cave-dwelling fish, Chologaster agassizi, was examined electron microscopically. Two cell types, photoreceptor and supportive cells, were identified in the pineal epithelium. The photoreceptor cells had well developed outer segments and contained Golgi bodies which were surrounded by both clear and dense-cored vesicles. Vesicle-crowned rods were frequently seen in various regions of the cell. The supportive cells also contained Golgi bodies from which both clear and dense-cored vesicles appeared to originate. In addition, these cells were characterized by peculiar arrangements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the presence of pigment granules. Large quantities of glycogen were observed in both cell types. Small, unmyelinated nerve fibers were seen coursing throughout the pineal epithelium. Terminals filled with pleomorphic, clear vesicles and dense-cored vesicles were present in the vicinity of these nerve fibers. Similar vesicle-filled terminals were observed in close association with the supportive cells. The results of this study indicate that the pineal in this light-deprived species is a metabolically active organ capable of photoreception. Specializations of the organelles in the pineal cells were similar to those observed in other vertebrates living in environments of low light levels.", "contents": "The pineal of the troglophilic fish, Chologaster agassizi: an ultrastructural study. The pineal of the facultative, cave-dwelling fish, Chologaster agassizi, was examined electron microscopically. Two cell types, photoreceptor and supportive cells, were identified in the pineal epithelium. The photoreceptor cells had well developed outer segments and contained Golgi bodies which were surrounded by both clear and dense-cored vesicles. Vesicle-crowned rods were frequently seen in various regions of the cell. The supportive cells also contained Golgi bodies from which both clear and dense-cored vesicles appeared to originate. In addition, these cells were characterized by peculiar arrangements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the presence of pigment granules. Large quantities of glycogen were observed in both cell types. Small, unmyelinated nerve fibers were seen coursing throughout the pineal epithelium. Terminals filled with pleomorphic, clear vesicles and dense-cored vesicles were present in the vicinity of these nerve fibers. Similar vesicle-filled terminals were observed in close association with the supportive cells. The results of this study indicate that the pineal in this light-deprived species is a metabolically active organ capable of photoreception. Specializations of the organelles in the pineal cells were similar to those observed in other vertebrates living in environments of low light levels.", "PMID": 567680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7685", "title": "Central core disease in one of identical twins.", "content": "A case of central core disease in one of identical twins is presented. The light and electron microscopic pathology is reviewed. We believe that these entities are not genetic in this sibship and may be an example of isolated maturational arrest of non-specific aetiology.", "contents": "Central core disease in one of identical twins. A case of central core disease in one of identical twins is presented. The light and electron microscopic pathology is reviewed. We believe that these entities are not genetic in this sibship and may be an example of isolated maturational arrest of non-specific aetiology.", "PMID": 567681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7686", "title": "Studies on porphyrin-heme biosynthesis in organotypic cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion. I. Observations on neuronal and non-neuronal elements.", "content": "Living, mature organotypic cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion maintained in culture for 3 weeks were incubated in medium containing various levels of a precursor of porphyrin and heme formation, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), (0.5 mM to 10 mM) or a combination of ALA (10 MM) and a metal chelator, CaMg-EDTA (5 mM) for up to 48 hours. Although no morphologic changes occurred in the cultures incubated with these compounds as observed by bright-field or dark-field microscopy, fluorescence  microscopic study at 12, 24, and 48 hours demonstrated an intense red fluorescence with in the non-neuronal cells of the cultures (Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages) but not in the nerve cells. Spectrofluorometric analysis of perchloric acid-methanol extracts of the cultures revealed an emission spectrum characteristic of porphyrins. Autoradiographic studies, using 14C-labelled ALA, indicated that ALA was taken up by all cells (nerve cells as well as non-neuronal cells) in the cultures. The cultures incubated with ALA plus the metal chelator CaMg-EDTA showed the same distribution of porphyrin fluorescence, but a 2-fold increase in the amount of porphyrins was generated, when compared to cultures incubated with ALA alone. This observation suggests that a considerable fraction of porphyrins may be utilized to form heme in these cells since CaMa-EDTA blocks ferrochelatase activity, the terminal enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. This is the first demonstration of active porphyrin-heme biosynthesis from ALA in cultured nervous system cells. Our results indicate that this biosynthetic pathway remains active in 3-week old cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion, and further, that the pathway appears to be predominantly present in the non-neuronal cellular elements of the ganglion rather than in nerve cells.", "contents": "Studies on porphyrin-heme biosynthesis in organotypic cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion. I. Observations on neuronal and non-neuronal elements. Living, mature organotypic cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion maintained in culture for 3 weeks were incubated in medium containing various levels of a precursor of porphyrin and heme formation, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), (0.5 mM to 10 mM) or a combination of ALA (10 MM) and a metal chelator, CaMg-EDTA (5 mM) for up to 48 hours. Although no morphologic changes occurred in the cultures incubated with these compounds as observed by bright-field or dark-field microscopy, fluorescence  microscopic study at 12, 24, and 48 hours demonstrated an intense red fluorescence with in the non-neuronal cells of the cultures (Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages) but not in the nerve cells. Spectrofluorometric analysis of perchloric acid-methanol extracts of the cultures revealed an emission spectrum characteristic of porphyrins. Autoradiographic studies, using 14C-labelled ALA, indicated that ALA was taken up by all cells (nerve cells as well as non-neuronal cells) in the cultures. The cultures incubated with ALA plus the metal chelator CaMg-EDTA showed the same distribution of porphyrin fluorescence, but a 2-fold increase in the amount of porphyrins was generated, when compared to cultures incubated with ALA alone. This observation suggests that a considerable fraction of porphyrins may be utilized to form heme in these cells since CaMa-EDTA blocks ferrochelatase activity, the terminal enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. This is the first demonstration of active porphyrin-heme biosynthesis from ALA in cultured nervous system cells. Our results indicate that this biosynthetic pathway remains active in 3-week old cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion, and further, that the pathway appears to be predominantly present in the non-neuronal cellular elements of the ganglion rather than in nerve cells.", "PMID": 567682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7687", "title": "Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride. External chromosome studies on persons with and without VC illness, and on VC exposed animals.", "content": "Chromosome analysis was undertaken on lymphocyte cultures taken from (1) six workers with estimated exposure to VC and four workers with monitored exposure to VC (employed in the BASF); (2) 20 workers showing symptoms of VC illness with unknown exposure and one angiosarcoma case, due to VC exposure (not employed in the BASF); and, (3) on bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters after inhalation of 2,500 ppm or 5,000 ppm, or after intraperitoneal injections of 300 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg. The proband groups showing symptoms of VC illness, the only living angiosarcoma case, and the animal test show a significant increase in the rate of aberrations in comparison to the control group.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride. External chromosome studies on persons with and without VC illness, and on VC exposed animals. Chromosome analysis was undertaken on lymphocyte cultures taken from (1) six workers with estimated exposure to VC and four workers with monitored exposure to VC (employed in the BASF); (2) 20 workers showing symptoms of VC illness with unknown exposure and one angiosarcoma case, due to VC exposure (not employed in the BASF); and, (3) on bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters after inhalation of 2,500 ppm or 5,000 ppm, or after intraperitoneal injections of 300 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg. The proband groups showing symptoms of VC illness, the only living angiosarcoma case, and the animal test show a significant increase in the rate of aberrations in comparison to the control group.", "PMID": 567683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7688", "title": "[Demonstration of tumour temperature variation during curietherapy for cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "We here describe a simple apparatus for measuring temperature, accurate to 3/100 of a degree, which makes it possible to follow variations in the temperature of an accessible internal organ, and we also describe its application to the observation of possible changes in the temperature of a tumour of the uterine cervix, during treatment by curietherapy.", "contents": "[Demonstration of tumour temperature variation during curietherapy for cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. We here describe a simple apparatus for measuring temperature, accurate to 3/100 of a degree, which makes it possible to follow variations in the temperature of an accessible internal organ, and we also describe its application to the observation of possible changes in the temperature of a tumour of the uterine cervix, during treatment by curietherapy.", "PMID": 567691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7689", "title": "Oestrous and ovarian responses to exogenous progesterone and oestrogen in prepubertal ewe lambs in relation to the fecundity of their dams.", "content": "Oestrus was consistently induced by 20, 40 or 80 microgram oestradiol benzoate in progesterone-primed lambs aged 23 weeks and 17 weeks respectively in two experiments. The duration of oestrus increased linearly with increasing log dose of oestrogen, and was negatively correlated with the time of its onset. In the absence of progesterone there was a reduced incidence, later onset and shorter duration of oestrus. Progesterone alone did not induce oestrus. In lambs treated during January (Exp. 2), a later date of injection of oestrogen was associated with earlier onset and longer duration of oestrus. The induced oestrus was anovulatory. Oestrogen reduced the proportion of lambs with follicles greater than or equal to 3 mm in diameter whilst progesterone had no effect. Lambs which were the progeny of low- and high-fecundity dams did not differ in their oestrous or ovarian responses. Correlations between the dam's lamb production index and the time to onset and duration of the induced oestrus were also not significant.", "contents": "Oestrous and ovarian responses to exogenous progesterone and oestrogen in prepubertal ewe lambs in relation to the fecundity of their dams. Oestrus was consistently induced by 20, 40 or 80 microgram oestradiol benzoate in progesterone-primed lambs aged 23 weeks and 17 weeks respectively in two experiments. The duration of oestrus increased linearly with increasing log dose of oestrogen, and was negatively correlated with the time of its onset. In the absence of progesterone there was a reduced incidence, later onset and shorter duration of oestrus. Progesterone alone did not induce oestrus. In lambs treated during January (Exp. 2), a later date of injection of oestrogen was associated with earlier onset and longer duration of oestrus. The induced oestrus was anovulatory. Oestrogen reduced the proportion of lambs with follicles greater than or equal to 3 mm in diameter whilst progesterone had no effect. Lambs which were the progeny of low- and high-fecundity dams did not differ in their oestrous or ovarian responses. Correlations between the dam's lamb production index and the time to onset and duration of the induced oestrus were also not significant.", "PMID": 567692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7690", "title": "Ultrastructural injury to human spermatozoa after freezing and thawing.", "content": "The ultrastructure of human spermatozoa at various stages of the freezing and thawing process was studied. In addition to conventional fixations, a freeze-substitution method was used to examine spermatozoa before they were thawed. Dilution in a glycerol-egg yolk-citrate medium caused slight swelling of the acrosome. During slow freezing, when large ice crystals grow in the diluent, the sperm plasmalemma became tighter, the mitochondria had more angular profiles and there was a reduction in electron density of the acrosomal contents. After thawing, the apical segment of the acrosome usually became swollen and the mitochondria appeared rounded. We deduce that these ultrastructural changes occur either during or after the thawing procedure.", "contents": "Ultrastructural injury to human spermatozoa after freezing and thawing. The ultrastructure of human spermatozoa at various stages of the freezing and thawing process was studied. In addition to conventional fixations, a freeze-substitution method was used to examine spermatozoa before they were thawed. Dilution in a glycerol-egg yolk-citrate medium caused slight swelling of the acrosome. During slow freezing, when large ice crystals grow in the diluent, the sperm plasmalemma became tighter, the mitochondria had more angular profiles and there was a reduction in electron density of the acrosomal contents. After thawing, the apical segment of the acrosome usually became swollen and the mitochondria appeared rounded. We deduce that these ultrastructural changes occur either during or after the thawing procedure.", "PMID": 567693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7691", "title": "Ergot alkaloids. New ergolines as selective dopaminergic stimulants.", "content": "A new two-step sequence for the epimerization of methyl dihydrolysergate (5) at C-8 leading to methyl dihydroisolysergate (7) is presented. The latter compound was used as a starting material for the synthesis of various ergolines, of which (5R,8R,10R)-8-(cyanomethyl)-6-methylergoline (4) is a very strong and long-lasting central dopaminergic agent. Furthermore, it was found that some 8-(arylthiomethyl)-6-methyler-golenes are not able to induce apomorphine-like stereotyped behavior in normal rats but exhibit a remarkable activity in rats unilaterally lesioned by 6-OH-DA in the nigrostriatal region. Compound 4 and (5R,8R)-8-[(2-pyridyl)thiomethyl]-6-methylergolene (9) were further tested for their ability to inhibit ovum implantation and to depress serum prolactin levels in rats. Their potency was evaluated in comparison with (5R,8S,10R)-8-(cyanomethyl)-6-methylergolines (2a and 2b) and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (1) as standards.", "contents": "Ergot alkaloids. New ergolines as selective dopaminergic stimulants. A new two-step sequence for the epimerization of methyl dihydrolysergate (5) at C-8 leading to methyl dihydroisolysergate (7) is presented. The latter compound was used as a starting material for the synthesis of various ergolines, of which (5R,8R,10R)-8-(cyanomethyl)-6-methylergoline (4) is a very strong and long-lasting central dopaminergic agent. Furthermore, it was found that some 8-(arylthiomethyl)-6-methyler-golenes are not able to induce apomorphine-like stereotyped behavior in normal rats but exhibit a remarkable activity in rats unilaterally lesioned by 6-OH-DA in the nigrostriatal region. Compound 4 and (5R,8R)-8-[(2-pyridyl)thiomethyl]-6-methylergolene (9) were further tested for their ability to inhibit ovum implantation and to depress serum prolactin levels in rats. Their potency was evaluated in comparison with (5R,8S,10R)-8-(cyanomethyl)-6-methylergolines (2a and 2b) and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (1) as standards.", "PMID": 567695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7692", "title": "Parasites and associated pathology observed in pinnipeds stranded along the Oregon coast.", "content": "Forty-two seals and sea lions found dead along the Oregon Coast were examined for parasites and associated pathology. Nematode infections of the lung and/or gastrointestinal tract were the primary cause of death in 5 of 42 animals examined. New distribution records were established for Pricetrema zalophi and Zalophotrema hepaticum. New host records include Z. hepaticum and Diphyllobothrium cordatum in the Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus); Nanophyetus salmincola in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); P. zalophi in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina); and P. zalophi, Trigonocotyle sp. and Otostrongylus circumlitus in the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris).", "contents": "Parasites and associated pathology observed in pinnipeds stranded along the Oregon coast. Forty-two seals and sea lions found dead along the Oregon Coast were examined for parasites and associated pathology. Nematode infections of the lung and/or gastrointestinal tract were the primary cause of death in 5 of 42 animals examined. New distribution records were established for Pricetrema zalophi and Zalophotrema hepaticum. New host records include Z. hepaticum and Diphyllobothrium cordatum in the Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus); Nanophyetus salmincola in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); P. zalophi in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina); and P. zalophi, Trigonocotyle sp. and Otostrongylus circumlitus in the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris).", "PMID": 567698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7693", "title": "Levels of cellular DNA polymerases in synchronized bovine paravovirus-infected cells.", "content": "Infection of synchronized bovine fetal spleen cells with bovine parvovirus results in changes in the levels and patterns of DNA polymerases alpha and gamma during the cell cycle. The pattern of DNA polymerase alpha activity closely paralled viral DNA synthesis and the production of progeny virus, and levels, of this enzyme were threefold greater than in mock-infected cells during the period of maximal viral DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase gamma activity remained slightly elevated during viral DNA replication. Levels and patterns of DNA polymerase beta were similar in mock- and virus-infected cells.", "contents": "Levels of cellular DNA polymerases in synchronized bovine paravovirus-infected cells. Infection of synchronized bovine fetal spleen cells with bovine parvovirus results in changes in the levels and patterns of DNA polymerases alpha and gamma during the cell cycle. The pattern of DNA polymerase alpha activity closely paralled viral DNA synthesis and the production of progeny virus, and levels, of this enzyme were threefold greater than in mock-infected cells during the period of maximal viral DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase gamma activity remained slightly elevated during viral DNA replication. Levels and patterns of DNA polymerase beta were similar in mock- and virus-infected cells.", "PMID": 567697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7694", "title": "Seasonal changes in the prevalence of ova of Diphyllobothrium ursi and Baylisascaris transfuga in the feces of the black bear (Ursus americanus).", "content": "An analysis of 114 samples of feces from black bears (Ursus americanus) from La Verendrye Park, Quebec revealed that the prevalence of eggs of Diphyllobothrium ursi and Baylisascaris transfuga varied seasonally. D. ursi ova were most prevalent during the summer and fall and at their lowest in spring while the converse was true for B. transfuga. This phenomenon possibly is associated with the cessation of feeding during the winter denning of black bears.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the prevalence of ova of Diphyllobothrium ursi and Baylisascaris transfuga in the feces of the black bear (Ursus americanus). An analysis of 114 samples of feces from black bears (Ursus americanus) from La Verendrye Park, Quebec revealed that the prevalence of eggs of Diphyllobothrium ursi and Baylisascaris transfuga varied seasonally. D. ursi ova were most prevalent during the summer and fall and at their lowest in spring while the converse was true for B. transfuga. This phenomenon possibly is associated with the cessation of feeding during the winter denning of black bears.", "PMID": 567699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7695", "title": "The prevalence of adiaspiromycosis in three sympatric species of ground squirrels.", "content": "Lungs from three species of ground squirrels collected in south central Saskatchewan were examined by histopathology and a digestion technique for adiaspores of Emmonsia crescens. Two of 81 (2.5%) Citellus richardsoni, 3 of 17 (17.6%) C. tridecemlineatus and 35 of 44 (79.5%) C. franklini were infected. Infection was more common in adults than in young-of-the-year. Tissue digestion was the more sensitive method for detecting adiaspores. Possible reasons for the difference in prevalence among the species are discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of adiaspiromycosis in three sympatric species of ground squirrels. Lungs from three species of ground squirrels collected in south central Saskatchewan were examined by histopathology and a digestion technique for adiaspores of Emmonsia crescens. Two of 81 (2.5%) Citellus richardsoni, 3 of 17 (17.6%) C. tridecemlineatus and 35 of 44 (79.5%) C. franklini were infected. Infection was more common in adults than in young-of-the-year. Tissue digestion was the more sensitive method for detecting adiaspores. Possible reasons for the difference in prevalence among the species are discussed.", "PMID": 567700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7696", "title": "Persistence of spermatozoa in the lower genital tracts of women.", "content": "Cervicovaginal scrapings from 675 women who had volunteered information about the time of their last coitus and their contraceptive and douching practices were stained with Papanicoalaou stain and screened for spermatozoa. Generally, as the interval between coitus and preparation of the smears (postcoital interval) increased, the percentage of smears with spermatozoa and the mean number of spermatozoa per smear decreased, but the percentage of spermatozoa with tails did not change significantly. Spermatozoa were found irregularly after the seventh and rarely after the tenth postcoital day. Vaginal douching, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, coitus interruptus, condoms, and vasectomy were associated with reduced prevalence of spermatozoa in smears.", "contents": "Persistence of spermatozoa in the lower genital tracts of women. Cervicovaginal scrapings from 675 women who had volunteered information about the time of their last coitus and their contraceptive and douching practices were stained with Papanicoalaou stain and screened for spermatozoa. Generally, as the interval between coitus and preparation of the smears (postcoital interval) increased, the percentage of smears with spermatozoa and the mean number of spermatozoa per smear decreased, but the percentage of spermatozoa with tails did not change significantly. Spermatozoa were found irregularly after the seventh and rarely after the tenth postcoital day. Vaginal douching, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, coitus interruptus, condoms, and vasectomy were associated with reduced prevalence of spermatozoa in smears.", "PMID": 567701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7697", "title": "Equestrian injuries. Results of a prospective study.", "content": "In a prospective study involving 110 injured equestrians, there were no noteworthy correlations between age, sex, or experience of the amateur riders and injury occurrence. Tack failure caused several injuries. Among fox hunters the incidence was related only to frequency of hunts. The most common severe injury was to the head, associated with lack of headgear. Fewer than 20% of the 110 riders used a protective helmet. There were four renal contusions and one bladder laceration. The most frequent injuries were fractures of the upper extremities. Wearing a good-quality protective helmet and checking tack are important for injury prevention.", "contents": "Equestrian injuries. Results of a prospective study. In a prospective study involving 110 injured equestrians, there were no noteworthy correlations between age, sex, or experience of the amateur riders and injury occurrence. Tack failure caused several injuries. Among fox hunters the incidence was related only to frequency of hunts. The most common severe injury was to the head, associated with lack of headgear. Fewer than 20% of the 110 riders used a protective helmet. There were four renal contusions and one bladder laceration. The most frequent injuries were fractures of the upper extremities. Wearing a good-quality protective helmet and checking tack are important for injury prevention.", "PMID": 567702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7698", "title": "A 17-year follow-up study of a family with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and WPW syndrome.", "content": "Long term clinical courses of a patient and her family with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and WPW syndrome were described. The mother and her brother (the first generation) had died of heart disease, and 1 sibling had also died suddenly of heart disease when the study began. Seven out of the 8 siblings (the second generation) were followed for 17 years from 1958 to 1976. The 4 siblings had both typical or atypical WPW syndrome and cardiomegaly in 1958, 2 of them died suddenly and unexpectedly, 1 of them died of congestive heart failure, and 1 of them did not have any complaint during the period. One was normal in 1958 but developed cardiomegaly and atypical WPW syndrome in 1976. The other 2 were normal in both 1958 and 1976. The 2 children of the second sibling (the third generation) were followed simultaneously for 15 years. Both had WPW syndrome without cardiomegaly. It was suggested that a late onset of the disease could occur in the family with young onset, that the clinical course might become different mainly by sudden cardiac death which occurred only in the members with abnormal findings, and that WPW syndrome and cardiomegaly could be inherited or occur together in the same generation but separately in the different generation.", "contents": "A 17-year follow-up study of a family with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and WPW syndrome. Long term clinical courses of a patient and her family with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and WPW syndrome were described. The mother and her brother (the first generation) had died of heart disease, and 1 sibling had also died suddenly of heart disease when the study began. Seven out of the 8 siblings (the second generation) were followed for 17 years from 1958 to 1976. The 4 siblings had both typical or atypical WPW syndrome and cardiomegaly in 1958, 2 of them died suddenly and unexpectedly, 1 of them died of congestive heart failure, and 1 of them did not have any complaint during the period. One was normal in 1958 but developed cardiomegaly and atypical WPW syndrome in 1976. The other 2 were normal in both 1958 and 1976. The 2 children of the second sibling (the third generation) were followed simultaneously for 15 years. Both had WPW syndrome without cardiomegaly. It was suggested that a late onset of the disease could occur in the family with young onset, that the clinical course might become different mainly by sudden cardiac death which occurred only in the members with abnormal findings, and that WPW syndrome and cardiomegaly could be inherited or occur together in the same generation but separately in the different generation.", "PMID": 567705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7699", "title": "[Protein concentration in the aqueous humour of the rabbit after argon laser coagulation of the iris (author's transl)].", "content": "After coagulation of the iris of pigmented rabbits with argon laser, the protein concentration of the aqueous humour was measured at different times. An initial increase of the protein concentration was found both after low and high intensity coagulation. Already 5 hours later the protein concentration was again low and no further increase could be observed within 28 days. The contralateral untreated eye showed a lower but significant response. High intensity coagulation lead to a more severe reaction.", "contents": "[Protein concentration in the aqueous humour of the rabbit after argon laser coagulation of the iris (author's transl)]. After coagulation of the iris of pigmented rabbits with argon laser, the protein concentration of the aqueous humour was measured at different times. An initial increase of the protein concentration was found both after low and high intensity coagulation. Already 5 hours later the protein concentration was again low and no further increase could be observed within 28 days. The contralateral untreated eye showed a lower but significant response. High intensity coagulation lead to a more severe reaction.", "PMID": 567716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7700", "title": "Reconstitution of neutral amino acid transport from partially purified membrane components from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Solubilized protein fractions have been obtained from plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells either by extraction with 0.5% Triton X-100 or by extraction with 2% cholate. Partial purification of the solubilized protein fraction has been obtained by utilizing a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. Leucine-binding activity has been detected in the Triton X-100 solubilized membrane fraction. The leucine-binding activity was measured by equilibrium dialysis and was saturable with high levels of leucine or phenylalanine and is not strongly effected by alanine. These properties are similar to those previously identified as System L. In addition, the cholate extracted protein fraction was partially purified and reconstituted into liposomes. Sodium dependent uptake of alanine and leucine could be demonstrated in the reconstituted vesicles. Concentrative uptake was dependent upon a sodium gradient. A membrane potential produced by valinomycin mediated potassium diffusion in the presence of sodium also stimulated amino acid transport in reconstituted liposomes.", "contents": "Reconstitution of neutral amino acid transport from partially purified membrane components from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Solubilized protein fractions have been obtained from plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells either by extraction with 0.5% Triton X-100 or by extraction with 2% cholate. Partial purification of the solubilized protein fraction has been obtained by utilizing a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. Leucine-binding activity has been detected in the Triton X-100 solubilized membrane fraction. The leucine-binding activity was measured by equilibrium dialysis and was saturable with high levels of leucine or phenylalanine and is not strongly effected by alanine. These properties are similar to those previously identified as System L. In addition, the cholate extracted protein fraction was partially purified and reconstituted into liposomes. Sodium dependent uptake of alanine and leucine could be demonstrated in the reconstituted vesicles. Concentrative uptake was dependent upon a sodium gradient. A membrane potential produced by valinomycin mediated potassium diffusion in the presence of sodium also stimulated amino acid transport in reconstituted liposomes.", "PMID": 567720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7701", "title": "[Behavior of rats in the labyrinth after a flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "Rats irradiated aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and in the synchronous mockup showed deteriorated retention and recovery of the skill of traversing the maze. The rats irradiated on the Earth displayed greater changes in the parameters. The rats irradiated inflight exhibited an increased fatigue during enhanced activity. All the exposed animals showed an insignificant change in the capacity to transfer their experience.", "contents": "[Behavior of rats in the labyrinth after a flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite]. Rats irradiated aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and in the synchronous mockup showed deteriorated retention and recovery of the skill of traversing the maze. The rats irradiated on the Earth displayed greater changes in the parameters. The rats irradiated inflight exhibited an increased fatigue during enhanced activity. All the exposed animals showed an insignificant change in the capacity to transfer their experience.", "PMID": 567717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7702", "title": "Effect of pregnancy on the turnover of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in mouse tissues.", "content": "The turnover characteristics of total protein and of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes have been determined in several tissues of the mouse during the later stages of pregnancy. Whereas most tissues showed markedly decreased rates of both synthesis and degradation of proteins, the incorporation rate in uterus increased. Significant differences in the extent of isotope distribution between total protein and lactate dehydrogenase and its isozymes were also noted. Overall the concept emerges of a pool of body protein which is responsive to the physiological stresses of pregnancy at the level of both tissue and cellular function.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy on the turnover of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in mouse tissues. The turnover characteristics of total protein and of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes have been determined in several tissues of the mouse during the later stages of pregnancy. Whereas most tissues showed markedly decreased rates of both synthesis and degradation of proteins, the incorporation rate in uterus increased. Significant differences in the extent of isotope distribution between total protein and lactate dehydrogenase and its isozymes were also noted. Overall the concept emerges of a pool of body protein which is responsive to the physiological stresses of pregnancy at the level of both tissue and cellular function.", "PMID": 567725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7703", "title": "Identification of vasopressor phospholipid in crude soybean lecithin.", "content": "The vasopressor phospholipid in crude soybean lecithin was isolated by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. It represented 0.1% of crude soybean lecithin. The isolated phospholipid was identified to be lysophosphatidic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of TMS-deacylated product and acetolysis product. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis favored the 1-monoacyl isomer over the 2-isomer. By enzymic determination with L-3-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, the isolated phospholipid was identified as 1-monoacyl-L-3-glycerophosphate. Gas chromatographic examination revealed that it was composed of a large percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. The activity of isolated lysophosphatidic acid was slightly less than that of synthetic 1-linoleoyl-L-3-glycerophosphate.", "contents": "Identification of vasopressor phospholipid in crude soybean lecithin. The vasopressor phospholipid in crude soybean lecithin was isolated by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. It represented 0.1% of crude soybean lecithin. The isolated phospholipid was identified to be lysophosphatidic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of TMS-deacylated product and acetolysis product. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis favored the 1-monoacyl isomer over the 2-isomer. By enzymic determination with L-3-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, the isolated phospholipid was identified as 1-monoacyl-L-3-glycerophosphate. Gas chromatographic examination revealed that it was composed of a large percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. The activity of isolated lysophosphatidic acid was slightly less than that of synthetic 1-linoleoyl-L-3-glycerophosphate.", "PMID": 567731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7704", "title": "Trimethoprim-resistant bacteria: cross-resistance patterns.", "content": "One hundred and eighty one strains (clinically isolated) of trimethoprim-resistant bacteria were tested for sensitivity to proguanil, pyrimethamine, methotrexate and methasquin. All these agents had less intrinsic antibacterial activity than trimethoprim, and there was marked cross-resistance between trimethoprim on the one hand and pyrimethamine and methasquin on the other. Methotrexate was of very low activity against Gram-negative bacilli, but was highly inhibitory for streptococci. Proguanil had approximately the same activity for all the organisms tested, and appears not to act as an anti-folate agent.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-resistant bacteria: cross-resistance patterns. One hundred and eighty one strains (clinically isolated) of trimethoprim-resistant bacteria were tested for sensitivity to proguanil, pyrimethamine, methotrexate and methasquin. All these agents had less intrinsic antibacterial activity than trimethoprim, and there was marked cross-resistance between trimethoprim on the one hand and pyrimethamine and methasquin on the other. Methotrexate was of very low activity against Gram-negative bacilli, but was highly inhibitory for streptococci. Proguanil had approximately the same activity for all the organisms tested, and appears not to act as an anti-folate agent.", "PMID": 567736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7705", "title": "[Cytological screening test for cervix cancer: EA-rosette-forming cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Cell suspensions from the cervix may or may not contain EA-rosette-forming cells. In the case of non-rosette formation no further cytological examination is required. In case of rosette formation of moderate degree (10 cells per counting chamber) further cytological examination is necessary since in these cell populations atypical cells might be present. This procedure reduces the number of cytological examinations for about 50% and therefore entails considerable reduction of the load for cytological laboratories.", "contents": "[Cytological screening test for cervix cancer: EA-rosette-forming cells (author's transl)]. Cell suspensions from the cervix may or may not contain EA-rosette-forming cells. In the case of non-rosette formation no further cytological examination is required. In case of rosette formation of moderate degree (10 cells per counting chamber) further cytological examination is necessary since in these cell populations atypical cells might be present. This procedure reduces the number of cytological examinations for about 50% and therefore entails considerable reduction of the load for cytological laboratories.", "PMID": 567739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7706", "title": "[Termination of pregnancy during the IInd and IIIrd trimester with Sulproston (SH B 286 AD) (author's transl)].", "content": "Sulproston (SH B 286 AD), a PGE2-derivate, was used for termination of pregnancy in 40 patients during the IInd and IIIrd trimester. Mean abortion time was 12.7 hours (range:4 to 26 hours). Sulproston was given intravenously (150 to 1000 micrograms) or via an extraamnial catheter (200 to 400 micrograms). One single dose of 500 micrograms was sufficient in 26 patients. Five women required a dose of 150 to 400 micrograms, four patients a dose of 500 to 1000 micrograms. The rate of side effects was low and included freezing, nausea, vomiting or abdominal spasms and dyspnea in one case. An obligatory curettage followed the abortion without exception. There was no statistical significance for changes of blood pressure and heart rate during the perfusion of Sulproston and in the course of the abortion.", "contents": "[Termination of pregnancy during the IInd and IIIrd trimester with Sulproston (SH B 286 AD) (author's transl)]. Sulproston (SH B 286 AD), a PGE2-derivate, was used for termination of pregnancy in 40 patients during the IInd and IIIrd trimester. Mean abortion time was 12.7 hours (range:4 to 26 hours). Sulproston was given intravenously (150 to 1000 micrograms) or via an extraamnial catheter (200 to 400 micrograms). One single dose of 500 micrograms was sufficient in 26 patients. Five women required a dose of 150 to 400 micrograms, four patients a dose of 500 to 1000 micrograms. The rate of side effects was low and included freezing, nausea, vomiting or abdominal spasms and dyspnea in one case. An obligatory curettage followed the abortion without exception. There was no statistical significance for changes of blood pressure and heart rate during the perfusion of Sulproston and in the course of the abortion.", "PMID": 567740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7707", "title": "Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography applied to a study of variation in Arthroderma tuberculatum.", "content": "Replicates of whole colonies of four species of closely related dermatophytes were analyzed by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC). The four species included fifteen strains of Arthroderma tuberculatum, and two strains each of A. benhamiae, Nannizzia gypsea and N. incurvata. Individual peaks on different pyrograms were identified as homologous with the aid of internal markers by the superimposition of pyrograms. The peak height data extracted from the pyrograms of the fungal samples were analyzed to compute average similarities between pairs of pyograms. The average was calculated with each peak weighted equally, and log weighted for its information content. The results of the cluster analyses of proximities were generally similar. Most, but not all, replicates of each strain were similar enough to be clustered together. Some strains belonging to the same species were also similar enough to be grouped in one cluster. Other strains of a single species varied sufficiently to be put in separate clusters. The nearest neighbour to each OTU (pyrogram) was always a replicate of the same strain.", "contents": "Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography applied to a study of variation in Arthroderma tuberculatum. Replicates of whole colonies of four species of closely related dermatophytes were analyzed by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC). The four species included fifteen strains of Arthroderma tuberculatum, and two strains each of A. benhamiae, Nannizzia gypsea and N. incurvata. Individual peaks on different pyrograms were identified as homologous with the aid of internal markers by the superimposition of pyrograms. The peak height data extracted from the pyrograms of the fungal samples were analyzed to compute average similarities between pairs of pyograms. The average was calculated with each peak weighted equally, and log weighted for its information content. The results of the cluster analyses of proximities were generally similar. Most, but not all, replicates of each strain were similar enough to be clustered together. Some strains belonging to the same species were also similar enough to be grouped in one cluster. Other strains of a single species varied sufficiently to be put in separate clusters. The nearest neighbour to each OTU (pyrogram) was always a replicate of the same strain.", "PMID": 567743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7708", "title": "[Study of the sugar composition of Conidiobolus strains saprophytic or pathogenic to man and animal].", "content": "The composition in the cell wall sugars of 13 strains of Conidiobolus coronatus and 1 strain of Conidiobolus incongruus has been determined. Glucose and mannose were found to be the main sugars. The study of the ratio mannose/glucose has shown that there are 3 groups of strains. The first group which contains the strain of C. coronatus isolated from man or chimpanzee is characterized by a ratio lying between 0.92 and 1.3. The second group containing the strains of C. coronatus isolated from horse lesion or from soil is characterized by a ratio lying between 2.7 and 4.1. The last group which contains C. incongruus whose ratio mannose/glucose is 0.44. These results suggest the existence of two groups among the strains of C. coronatus. Lethal temperature of each strain and eventual presence of villosus spores are also mentioned.", "contents": "[Study of the sugar composition of Conidiobolus strains saprophytic or pathogenic to man and animal]. The composition in the cell wall sugars of 13 strains of Conidiobolus coronatus and 1 strain of Conidiobolus incongruus has been determined. Glucose and mannose were found to be the main sugars. The study of the ratio mannose/glucose has shown that there are 3 groups of strains. The first group which contains the strain of C. coronatus isolated from man or chimpanzee is characterized by a ratio lying between 0.92 and 1.3. The second group containing the strains of C. coronatus isolated from horse lesion or from soil is characterized by a ratio lying between 2.7 and 4.1. The last group which contains C. incongruus whose ratio mannose/glucose is 0.44. These results suggest the existence of two groups among the strains of C. coronatus. Lethal temperature of each strain and eventual presence of villosus spores are also mentioned.", "PMID": 567744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7709", "title": "[Effect of various edible oils on the monoxygenases in liver of rats].", "content": "2 months old male rats were fed over a period of 10, 30 and 60 days a diet containing 1.20% sunflower oil, 2.10% sunflower oil and 10% rapeseed oil, 3.6% sunflower oil, 8% rapeseed iuk abd 6% soybean oil. The diets caused changes in the composition of the fatty acid of total lipids and in the activity of the monoxygenase in the liver. The level of the oleic acid in the livers of the 2nd and 3rd groups was elevated. The linolic acid level was elevated in all three groups, the level of the 1st group being the highest. The arachidonic acid level was diminished in all three groups. The aminopyrine demethylase activity increased in all groups only on the 60th day, the activity of the 1st group being the highest. The aniline hydroxylase activity of the 2nd group had a transient increase on the 30th day; on the 60th day only the activity of the 1st group was elevated.", "contents": "[Effect of various edible oils on the monoxygenases in liver of rats]. 2 months old male rats were fed over a period of 10, 30 and 60 days a diet containing 1.20% sunflower oil, 2.10% sunflower oil and 10% rapeseed oil, 3.6% sunflower oil, 8% rapeseed iuk abd 6% soybean oil. The diets caused changes in the composition of the fatty acid of total lipids and in the activity of the monoxygenase in the liver. The level of the oleic acid in the livers of the 2nd and 3rd groups was elevated. The linolic acid level was elevated in all three groups, the level of the 1st group being the highest. The arachidonic acid level was diminished in all three groups. The aminopyrine demethylase activity increased in all groups only on the 60th day, the activity of the 1st group being the highest. The aniline hydroxylase activity of the 2nd group had a transient increase on the 30th day; on the 60th day only the activity of the 1st group was elevated.", "PMID": 567745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7710", "title": "Prolonged partial complex status epilepticus: EEG and behavioral observations.", "content": "Four prolonged episodes of partial complex status epilepticus were observed in a teenaged girl. During each there was an \"ictal\" phase, in which her mental state frequently fluctuated between mildly clouded consciousness and almost total unresponsiveness; once, she was also blind during this phase of impaired consciousness. With therapy, the periods of unresponsiveness became less frequent and less prolonged until a second, \"postictal,\" phase occurred when she was alert, but with profound retrograde and anterograde amnesia that gradually resolved in several weeks. The \"ictal\" EEG pattern always consisted of lateral temporo-occipital fast and sharp waves continually alternating with slow activity. These cycled independently in the two hemispheres and correlated with the fluctuating behavioral state. During the \"postictal\" phase the EEG was diffusely slow with isolated bilaterally independent temporal spikes. The key to the diagnosis of partial complex status epilepticus may be the fluctuating mental state. Recognition and prompt treatment of this disorder are important since delay could result in prolonged or enduring memory impairment.", "contents": "Prolonged partial complex status epilepticus: EEG and behavioral observations. Four prolonged episodes of partial complex status epilepticus were observed in a teenaged girl. During each there was an \"ictal\" phase, in which her mental state frequently fluctuated between mildly clouded consciousness and almost total unresponsiveness; once, she was also blind during this phase of impaired consciousness. With therapy, the periods of unresponsiveness became less frequent and less prolonged until a second, \"postictal,\" phase occurred when she was alert, but with profound retrograde and anterograde amnesia that gradually resolved in several weeks. The \"ictal\" EEG pattern always consisted of lateral temporo-occipital fast and sharp waves continually alternating with slow activity. These cycled independently in the two hemispheres and correlated with the fluctuating behavioral state. During the \"postictal\" phase the EEG was diffusely slow with isolated bilaterally independent temporal spikes. The key to the diagnosis of partial complex status epilepticus may be the fluctuating mental state. Recognition and prompt treatment of this disorder are important since delay could result in prolonged or enduring memory impairment.", "PMID": 567760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7711", "title": "Intravenous phenytoin: clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects.", "content": "Phenytoin was administered intravenously in large doses (mean = 16.6 mg per kilogram) for prevention and treatment of seizures on 159 occasions to 139 patients aged 17 to 94 years (mean = 52 years) and weighing 37 to 113 kg (mean = 65 kg). Hypotension was more frequent among older patients. No deaths were attributable to phenytoin. Volumes of distribution were relatively constant (mean = 0.78 +/- 0.11 liters per kilogram), but half-lives varied considerably and were prolonged (mean = 51 +/- 32 hours) because of the large doses administered. A dose of 18 mg per kilogram was effective in maintaining phenytoin serum levels above 10 microgram per milliliter for 24 hours.", "contents": "Intravenous phenytoin: clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects. Phenytoin was administered intravenously in large doses (mean = 16.6 mg per kilogram) for prevention and treatment of seizures on 159 occasions to 139 patients aged 17 to 94 years (mean = 52 years) and weighing 37 to 113 kg (mean = 65 kg). Hypotension was more frequent among older patients. No deaths were attributable to phenytoin. Volumes of distribution were relatively constant (mean = 0.78 +/- 0.11 liters per kilogram), but half-lives varied considerably and were prolonged (mean = 51 +/- 32 hours) because of the large doses administered. A dose of 18 mg per kilogram was effective in maintaining phenytoin serum levels above 10 microgram per milliliter for 24 hours.", "PMID": 567761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7712", "title": "Human brain binding of phenytoin.", "content": "Human brain tissue from nine patients (eight biopsy, one autopsy) was investigated for 3H-phenytoin-binding activity. Protein-related binding was determined by ultrafiltration and was found to resemble experimental animal tissue binding. Phenytoin binding was enhanced by prior lipid removal. Human brain lipid also interacted with 3H-phenytoin as measured by a partition coefficient technique employing hexane. Both human protein and lipid were quantitatively less active than in animals. Measurement of brain, serum, and CSF levels of phenytoin in six patients showed that brain levels were 4 to 10 times higher than free drug as measured in the CSF. It is concluded that under usual clinical circumstances, human brain accumulates phenytoin against a concentration gradient; the accumulative process may be due to binding of phenytoin to tissue proteins and phospholipids.", "contents": "Human brain binding of phenytoin. Human brain tissue from nine patients (eight biopsy, one autopsy) was investigated for 3H-phenytoin-binding activity. Protein-related binding was determined by ultrafiltration and was found to resemble experimental animal tissue binding. Phenytoin binding was enhanced by prior lipid removal. Human brain lipid also interacted with 3H-phenytoin as measured by a partition coefficient technique employing hexane. Both human protein and lipid were quantitatively less active than in animals. Measurement of brain, serum, and CSF levels of phenytoin in six patients showed that brain levels were 4 to 10 times higher than free drug as measured in the CSF. It is concluded that under usual clinical circumstances, human brain accumulates phenytoin against a concentration gradient; the accumulative process may be due to binding of phenytoin to tissue proteins and phospholipids.", "PMID": 567762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7713", "title": "Corpus callosum and propagation of afterdischarge to contralateral cortex and thalamus.", "content": "The patterns of seizure spread were investigated in cats with experimental seizure foci in the motor cortex. Recordings were made with tungsten microelectrodes. When convulsive activity developed at the focus, there was activation of the ipsilateral thalamus before there was propagation of afterdischarge to the opposite hemisphere. Section of the corpus callosum did not prevent propagation of afterdischarge to the contralateral thalamus, and prolonged the circulation of abnormal activity between the cortex and ipsilateral and contralateral thalamus.", "contents": "Corpus callosum and propagation of afterdischarge to contralateral cortex and thalamus. The patterns of seizure spread were investigated in cats with experimental seizure foci in the motor cortex. Recordings were made with tungsten microelectrodes. When convulsive activity developed at the focus, there was activation of the ipsilateral thalamus before there was propagation of afterdischarge to the opposite hemisphere. Section of the corpus callosum did not prevent propagation of afterdischarge to the contralateral thalamus, and prolonged the circulation of abnormal activity between the cortex and ipsilateral and contralateral thalamus.", "PMID": 567763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7714", "title": "Hypertensive encephalopathy: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings in 20 patients with hypertensive encephalopathy were reviewed. The dominant central nervous system (CNS) symptoms were altered state of consciousness and severe headache. Nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances were less common. Seizures and focal signs were infrequent. The changes seen were invariably accompanied both by the characteristic ophthalmoscopic alterations of malignant hypertension and by uremia. The neuropathologic changes consisted of severe vascular alterations (fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles, thrombosis of arterioles and capillaries), and of parenchymal lesions (microinfarcts, petechial hemorrhages) secondary to the vascular lesions. The vascular changes were not confined to the brain but were diffuse, affecting the eyes, kidneys, and other organs. In the CNS the brainstem was most severely affected. Cerebral edema was not observed, even in those patients who had increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure and papilledema.", "contents": "Hypertensive encephalopathy: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. The clinical and pathologic findings in 20 patients with hypertensive encephalopathy were reviewed. The dominant central nervous system (CNS) symptoms were altered state of consciousness and severe headache. Nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances were less common. Seizures and focal signs were infrequent. The changes seen were invariably accompanied both by the characteristic ophthalmoscopic alterations of malignant hypertension and by uremia. The neuropathologic changes consisted of severe vascular alterations (fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles, thrombosis of arterioles and capillaries), and of parenchymal lesions (microinfarcts, petechial hemorrhages) secondary to the vascular lesions. The vascular changes were not confined to the brain but were diffuse, affecting the eyes, kidneys, and other organs. In the CNS the brainstem was most severely affected. Cerebral edema was not observed, even in those patients who had increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure and papilledema.", "PMID": 567764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7715", "title": "Short chain fatty acid-induced central hyperventilation in rabbits.", "content": "The short chain fatty acid sodium octanoate was infused into rabbits as an 0.2 M solution over 4 hours, resulting in blood and brain levels of 200 to 700 mumoles per liter. During the infusion, animals exhibited marked hyperventilation, resulting in a mild respiratory alkalosis. Octanoate infusion also resulted in significant hyperammonemia and lactic acidemia. Saline-treated control animals demonstrated no clinical or chemical abnormalities. Several short chain fatty acids, including octanoate, are increased in the plasma of patients with hepatic encephalopathies and Reye syndrome. The present study suggests that short chain fatty acids may be endogenous toxins in these clinical disorders. In particular, the central hyperventilation in these conditions may be due to the neurotoxic effect of short chain fatty acids.", "contents": "Short chain fatty acid-induced central hyperventilation in rabbits. The short chain fatty acid sodium octanoate was infused into rabbits as an 0.2 M solution over 4 hours, resulting in blood and brain levels of 200 to 700 mumoles per liter. During the infusion, animals exhibited marked hyperventilation, resulting in a mild respiratory alkalosis. Octanoate infusion also resulted in significant hyperammonemia and lactic acidemia. Saline-treated control animals demonstrated no clinical or chemical abnormalities. Several short chain fatty acids, including octanoate, are increased in the plasma of patients with hepatic encephalopathies and Reye syndrome. The present study suggests that short chain fatty acids may be endogenous toxins in these clinical disorders. In particular, the central hyperventilation in these conditions may be due to the neurotoxic effect of short chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 567765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7716", "title": "Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus impairs CSF secretion by the choroid plexus.", "content": "CSF volume flow and sodium (Na+)-influx rates in normal and kaolin-induced hydrocephalic cats were measured during ventricular perfusion with anisotonic sucrose solutions. When ventricular fluid osmolality was 120 mOsm, CSF volume flow ceased for both groups of cats. As ventricular fluid osmolality was increased, the CSF volume flow rate of normal cats increased to 70 microliter per minute, and in hydrocephalic cats to 40 microliter per minute. In normal cats, for ventricular fluid osmolality between 50 and 350 mOsm, Na+-influx was constant and thought to occur by diffusion; while for higher osmolalities, Na+-influx increased. In hydrocephalic cats, Na+-influx increased over the entire range of ventricular osmolality but was less than in normal cats. Acetazolamide decreased the CSF volume flow in normal cats by 40 percent, but was ineffective in hydrocephalic cats. These results suggest that CSF secretion by the choroid plexus of cats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus is impaired.", "contents": "Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus impairs CSF secretion by the choroid plexus. CSF volume flow and sodium (Na+)-influx rates in normal and kaolin-induced hydrocephalic cats were measured during ventricular perfusion with anisotonic sucrose solutions. When ventricular fluid osmolality was 120 mOsm, CSF volume flow ceased for both groups of cats. As ventricular fluid osmolality was increased, the CSF volume flow rate of normal cats increased to 70 microliter per minute, and in hydrocephalic cats to 40 microliter per minute. In normal cats, for ventricular fluid osmolality between 50 and 350 mOsm, Na+-influx was constant and thought to occur by diffusion; while for higher osmolalities, Na+-influx increased. In hydrocephalic cats, Na+-influx increased over the entire range of ventricular osmolality but was less than in normal cats. Acetazolamide decreased the CSF volume flow in normal cats by 40 percent, but was ineffective in hydrocephalic cats. These results suggest that CSF secretion by the choroid plexus of cats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus is impaired.", "PMID": 567766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7717", "title": "Well-kept secrets of the right hemisphere: a carotid amytal study of restriced memory transfer.", "content": "Verbal and nonverbal recall of a simple tactual stimulus was assessed in patients receiving left intracarotid injections of sodium amytal. During the period of dominant hemisphere anesthetization, a common object was presented to the left hand-right hemisphere but was kept out of view. Following recovery from the drug, six of the eight patients were unable to recall the object verbally, but recognized it immediately in a visual multiple-choice array. These results demonstrate a dissociation of verbal and nonverbal memory mechanisms which suggests that delayed interhemispheric transfer of a functional sensory message is highly improbable.", "contents": "Well-kept secrets of the right hemisphere: a carotid amytal study of restriced memory transfer. Verbal and nonverbal recall of a simple tactual stimulus was assessed in patients receiving left intracarotid injections of sodium amytal. During the period of dominant hemisphere anesthetization, a common object was presented to the left hand-right hemisphere but was kept out of view. Following recovery from the drug, six of the eight patients were unable to recall the object verbally, but recognized it immediately in a visual multiple-choice array. These results demonstrate a dissociation of verbal and nonverbal memory mechanisms which suggests that delayed interhemispheric transfer of a functional sensory message is highly improbable.", "PMID": 567767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7718", "title": "Comparative effectiveness of two extracerebral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors in Parkinson disease.", "content": "In four patients with Parkinson disease, we compared carbidopa combined with levodopa (Sinemet) and benserazide combined with levodopa (Madopar). All of these patients had responded to treatment, first with levodopa and then with Sinemet; after 6 years two continued to show a good response, while two developed marked \"on-off\" phenomena. Clinically, Sinemet and Madopar were similar; however, DOPA levels were higher, but with a shorter half-life, on Madopar. The higher DOPA levels may have been offset by the shorter half-life, resulting in no clinical change. DOPA levels were lower and half-life was shorter in patients with on-off phenomena. These differences may be responsible in part for the on-off phenomena.", "contents": "Comparative effectiveness of two extracerebral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors in Parkinson disease. In four patients with Parkinson disease, we compared carbidopa combined with levodopa (Sinemet) and benserazide combined with levodopa (Madopar). All of these patients had responded to treatment, first with levodopa and then with Sinemet; after 6 years two continued to show a good response, while two developed marked \"on-off\" phenomena. Clinically, Sinemet and Madopar were similar; however, DOPA levels were higher, but with a shorter half-life, on Madopar. The higher DOPA levels may have been offset by the shorter half-life, resulting in no clinical change. DOPA levels were lower and half-life was shorter in patients with on-off phenomena. These differences may be responsible in part for the on-off phenomena.", "PMID": 567768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7719", "title": "Central nervous system infection by Vibrio fetus.", "content": "In a 50-year-old cook, partial motor seizures and signs of dominant hemisphere dysfunction developed after a brief nonspecific febrile illness. Pleocytosis was seen in the cerebrospinal fluid and findings on cerebral angiography and isotope brain scan suggested a subdural collection. Surgical exploration showed only thickening and inflammation of the dura. Cultures of this tissue and of the patient's blood were positive for Vibrio fetus, an organism common in sheep and cattle, but seen rarely in humans. Among the few reported cases of human infection, several have involved the brain and meninges.", "contents": "Central nervous system infection by Vibrio fetus. In a 50-year-old cook, partial motor seizures and signs of dominant hemisphere dysfunction developed after a brief nonspecific febrile illness. Pleocytosis was seen in the cerebrospinal fluid and findings on cerebral angiography and isotope brain scan suggested a subdural collection. Surgical exploration showed only thickening and inflammation of the dura. Cultures of this tissue and of the patient's blood were positive for Vibrio fetus, an organism common in sheep and cattle, but seen rarely in humans. Among the few reported cases of human infection, several have involved the brain and meninges.", "PMID": 567769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7720", "title": "Facial paralysis, its diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "A survey of the various kinds of facial palsies that may profit from well-selected therapy. The diagnostic scheme includes the differentiation of central and peripheral palsies, between paralyses and palsies, the topical problem and the indication for surgical and non-surgical therapies. Eventually some extra help that can be offered to the patient if the final condition is not satisfactory to him.", "contents": "Facial paralysis, its diagnosis and therapy. A survey of the various kinds of facial palsies that may profit from well-selected therapy. The diagnostic scheme includes the differentiation of central and peripheral palsies, between paralyses and palsies, the topical problem and the indication for surgical and non-surgical therapies. Eventually some extra help that can be offered to the patient if the final condition is not satisfactory to him.", "PMID": 567771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7721", "title": "Occult cholesteatoma of the middle ear.", "content": "A clinico-pathological study of 10 cases (including histopathology) indicates that occult cholesteatoma is neither a congenital cholesteatoma nor an epidermoid cyst, originating in the attic through a melaplastic process of middle ear mucosa behind an intact tympanic membrane. Occult cholesteatoma is due to retraction and active immigration of the epidermal layer of the tympanic membrane into the narrow compartments of the epitympanic area and its causative factor is a chronic inflammatory stimulus. Symptomatology is insiduous because extension of destruction depends entirely on the direction of its growth which for its part is guided by the mucosal folds of the epitympanic space.", "contents": "Occult cholesteatoma of the middle ear. A clinico-pathological study of 10 cases (including histopathology) indicates that occult cholesteatoma is neither a congenital cholesteatoma nor an epidermoid cyst, originating in the attic through a melaplastic process of middle ear mucosa behind an intact tympanic membrane. Occult cholesteatoma is due to retraction and active immigration of the epidermal layer of the tympanic membrane into the narrow compartments of the epitympanic area and its causative factor is a chronic inflammatory stimulus. Symptomatology is insiduous because extension of destruction depends entirely on the direction of its growth which for its part is guided by the mucosal folds of the epitympanic space.", "PMID": 567772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7722", "title": "Horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus in man.", "content": "Horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was studied in 20 healthy adults. Although the horizontal OKN showed no directional difference, a statistically significant difference was found between horizontal and vertical OKN. Upward optokinetic pursuit was better on average than downward pursuit, but more variable. The inferiority of vertical OKN seems to indicate a suppression of optokinetic pursuit due to a different direction of the rotational axis from that of gravity. Regarding the vertical OKN findings, it is speculated that manifest directionality found in quadrupeds is modified in men by the change of their visual field on forward locomotion accomplished by their upright walking posture.", "contents": "Horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus in man. Horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was studied in 20 healthy adults. Although the horizontal OKN showed no directional difference, a statistically significant difference was found between horizontal and vertical OKN. Upward optokinetic pursuit was better on average than downward pursuit, but more variable. The inferiority of vertical OKN seems to indicate a suppression of optokinetic pursuit due to a different direction of the rotational axis from that of gravity. Regarding the vertical OKN findings, it is speculated that manifest directionality found in quadrupeds is modified in men by the change of their visual field on forward locomotion accomplished by their upright walking posture.", "PMID": 567774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7723", "title": "Potentiation and its mechanism of cochlear damage resulting from furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "The severe ototoxic interaction of the combined administration of furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin and gentamicin) was studied in rabbits, and its mechanism clarified. Severe damage occurred not only in the inner ear but also in the kidney when both furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics were administered to rabbits. Kanamycin concentration after a single injection of kanamycin with furosemide was much higher not only in the perilymph but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum than that after a single injection of kanamycin alone. The ototoxic interaction following the combined use of furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics seems to be caused mainly by the inhibitory effect of furosemide on the excretion of aminoglycoside antibiotics from the kidneys.", "contents": "Potentiation and its mechanism of cochlear damage resulting from furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics. The severe ototoxic interaction of the combined administration of furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin and gentamicin) was studied in rabbits, and its mechanism clarified. Severe damage occurred not only in the inner ear but also in the kidney when both furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics were administered to rabbits. Kanamycin concentration after a single injection of kanamycin with furosemide was much higher not only in the perilymph but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum than that after a single injection of kanamycin alone. The ototoxic interaction following the combined use of furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics seems to be caused mainly by the inhibitory effect of furosemide on the excretion of aminoglycoside antibiotics from the kidneys.", "PMID": 567775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7724", "title": "Recent cytogenetic advances and implications for pediatric practice.", "content": "We have attempted to present the significant advances made in the area of human cytogenetics in recent years and to outline the new methods of analysis which made these advances possible. Rapid advancement can be expected to continue as these techniques are put to greater use both in clinical practice and in the research laboratory.", "contents": "Recent cytogenetic advances and implications for pediatric practice. We have attempted to present the significant advances made in the area of human cytogenetics in recent years and to outline the new methods of analysis which made these advances possible. Rapid advancement can be expected to continue as these techniques are put to greater use both in clinical practice and in the research laboratory.", "PMID": 567777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7725", "title": "Vagal representation in the cerebellum of the cat.", "content": "The cervical vagus nerve (VN) was electrically stimulated in Nembutal-anaesthetized cats. The responses recorded from the cerebellar surface were found in lob. V and VI in a bilateral sagittal strip perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the folia. At a longer latency, potentials were also found in the paramedian lobule. Field potential analysis confirmed the existence of a sagittal strip in the deep parts of the lobules. The distribution of these potentials and their field potential profiles indicate that they are transmitted through the climbing fiber (CF) system. Experiments with local anaesthetics and deafferentation support our view that the potentials described in the vermis by Dell and Olson (1951) could be originated extracerebellarly. A strong parallelism was found between the amplitude of the cerebellar responses and the amplitude of the group B1 component of the vagal afferent potentials, having a conduction velocity between 4 and 20 m/s. The pathway by which the vagal afferents reach the inferior olive and the functional significance of these afferents are discussed.", "contents": "Vagal representation in the cerebellum of the cat. The cervical vagus nerve (VN) was electrically stimulated in Nembutal-anaesthetized cats. The responses recorded from the cerebellar surface were found in lob. V and VI in a bilateral sagittal strip perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the folia. At a longer latency, potentials were also found in the paramedian lobule. Field potential analysis confirmed the existence of a sagittal strip in the deep parts of the lobules. The distribution of these potentials and their field potential profiles indicate that they are transmitted through the climbing fiber (CF) system. Experiments with local anaesthetics and deafferentation support our view that the potentials described in the vermis by Dell and Olson (1951) could be originated extracerebellarly. A strong parallelism was found between the amplitude of the cerebellar responses and the amplitude of the group B1 component of the vagal afferent potentials, having a conduction velocity between 4 and 20 m/s. The pathway by which the vagal afferents reach the inferior olive and the functional significance of these afferents are discussed.", "PMID": 567781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7726", "title": "Discharge patterns of Purkinje cells activated through the climbing fiber system by stimulation of somatic and visceral afferents.", "content": "Extracellular recordings were obtained from single Purkinje cells (PC) in the intermediate part of the lobule V and VI of the cerebellar cortex in cats anaesthetized with Nembutal. A number of PC responded with a \"complex spike\" (CS) to stimulation of both the superficial radial nerve (SRN) and the vagus nerve (VN). By suppressing the transmission of mossy fiber (MF) inputs through manipulation of the level of anaesthesia, attention was paid to the \"simple spike\" (SS) activity after the CS. Modality-specific differences were found in the length of the post-CS pause, the presence of a post-pause rebound, the effect of pre-CS SS firing rate on pause duration and in the frequency and regularity of post-pause SS discharge. We concluded that these differences arouse from the location of the PC within the climbing fiber (CF) sagittal strip and from the differential activation of the inhibitory interneurons. We propose that modification of SS activity following a CS represents a possible means of information transmission by the CF system.", "contents": "Discharge patterns of Purkinje cells activated through the climbing fiber system by stimulation of somatic and visceral afferents. Extracellular recordings were obtained from single Purkinje cells (PC) in the intermediate part of the lobule V and VI of the cerebellar cortex in cats anaesthetized with Nembutal. A number of PC responded with a \"complex spike\" (CS) to stimulation of both the superficial radial nerve (SRN) and the vagus nerve (VN). By suppressing the transmission of mossy fiber (MF) inputs through manipulation of the level of anaesthesia, attention was paid to the \"simple spike\" (SS) activity after the CS. Modality-specific differences were found in the length of the post-CS pause, the presence of a post-pause rebound, the effect of pre-CS SS firing rate on pause duration and in the frequency and regularity of post-pause SS discharge. We concluded that these differences arouse from the location of the PC within the climbing fiber (CF) sagittal strip and from the differential activation of the inhibitory interneurons. We propose that modification of SS activity following a CS represents a possible means of information transmission by the CF system.", "PMID": 567782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7727", "title": "Responses to intensive training and methandrostenelone administration. I. Contractile and performance variables.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of methandrostenelone (Dianabol) on contractile and performance variables in the rat. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats 90 days old were divided into sedentary and exercise groups; they were further subdivided into Dianabol (0.35 mg/kg/day) treated and untreated groups. The exercise groups underwent a program of high intensity training 7 days/week for 6 weeks. Training produced changes in isometric force-time characteristics indicating increased production of tension. Performance test scores increased significantly from 3 weeks to 6 weeks. Performance by exercise and exercise with Dianabol groups was indistinguishable. It is concluded that Dianabol did not significantly alter the adaptations of the rat to high intensity training.", "contents": "Responses to intensive training and methandrostenelone administration. I. Contractile and performance variables. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of methandrostenelone (Dianabol) on contractile and performance variables in the rat. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats 90 days old were divided into sedentary and exercise groups; they were further subdivided into Dianabol (0.35 mg/kg/day) treated and untreated groups. The exercise groups underwent a program of high intensity training 7 days/week for 6 weeks. Training produced changes in isometric force-time characteristics indicating increased production of tension. Performance test scores increased significantly from 3 weeks to 6 weeks. Performance by exercise and exercise with Dianabol groups was indistinguishable. It is concluded that Dianabol did not significantly alter the adaptations of the rat to high intensity training.", "PMID": 567784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7728", "title": "Influence of glomerular filtration rate on renal PAH secretion rate in the rat kidney. Dependency of PAH extraction on renal filtration fraction.", "content": "PAH secretion (TPAH) was studied in rats at spontaneously occurring glomerular filtration rate (GFR). At saturated transport, TPAH was found to be correlated to GFR. This relationship was also observed at unsaturated transport where TPAH depends upon the PAH concentration in arterial plasma. However, no significant correlation between TPAH and renal PAH load or renal plasma flow rate was found when the effects of GFR were removed by partial correlation analysis. A dependency of TPAH on GFR explains the correlations found between filtration fraction (FF) and renal PAH extraction (EPAH) or renal tubular PAH extraction fraction (EPAH--FFPAH). Thus, even at low PAH concentration in a. plasma, renal PAH extraction may only be assumed to be constant if the filtration fraction is constant.", "contents": "Influence of glomerular filtration rate on renal PAH secretion rate in the rat kidney. Dependency of PAH extraction on renal filtration fraction. PAH secretion (TPAH) was studied in rats at spontaneously occurring glomerular filtration rate (GFR). At saturated transport, TPAH was found to be correlated to GFR. This relationship was also observed at unsaturated transport where TPAH depends upon the PAH concentration in arterial plasma. However, no significant correlation between TPAH and renal PAH load or renal plasma flow rate was found when the effects of GFR were removed by partial correlation analysis. A dependency of TPAH on GFR explains the correlations found between filtration fraction (FF) and renal PAH extraction (EPAH) or renal tubular PAH extraction fraction (EPAH--FFPAH). Thus, even at low PAH concentration in a. plasma, renal PAH extraction may only be assumed to be constant if the filtration fraction is constant.", "PMID": 567783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7729", "title": "Responses to intensive training and methandrostenelone administration: II. Hormonal, organ weights, muscle weights and body composition.", "content": "The hormonal levels of the gonadotropins, the weight of selected organs and of the triceps surae as well as body composition were determined in Sprague Dawley rats at 3 and 6 weeks after intensive training with or without a methandrostenelone (Dianabol) supplement (0.35 mg/kg/day). The controls were sedentary rats of similar age and weight at the start of the experiment. The dianabol treated rats in the sedentary and exercise groups had a depression of plasma LH levels. There were no differences in body weight, specific gravity, lean body weight, fat or %fat between the two trained groups. Dianabol had no apparent effect on the measured parameters other than a depression of LH.", "contents": "Responses to intensive training and methandrostenelone administration: II. Hormonal, organ weights, muscle weights and body composition. The hormonal levels of the gonadotropins, the weight of selected organs and of the triceps surae as well as body composition were determined in Sprague Dawley rats at 3 and 6 weeks after intensive training with or without a methandrostenelone (Dianabol) supplement (0.35 mg/kg/day). The controls were sedentary rats of similar age and weight at the start of the experiment. The dianabol treated rats in the sedentary and exercise groups had a depression of plasma LH levels. There were no differences in body weight, specific gravity, lean body weight, fat or %fat between the two trained groups. Dianabol had no apparent effect on the measured parameters other than a depression of LH.", "PMID": 567785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7730", "title": "Structural differences in the mesentery microcirculation between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The mesentery preparation of normotensive rats (NR) (Pcarotis97 +/- 4 mm Hg) and of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (161 +/- 2 mm Hg) of comparable age (20 +/- 3 weeks) was used to study morphological changes of the microvasculature in established hypertension. The arterioles, classified according to their branching order, had an increased inner diameter in SHR (by 20%). The smooth muscle hypertrophy decreased with smaller vessel size. Pre- and postcapillary vessels were shorter in SHR than in NR by 17 to 35%. The number of these vessels related to the number of the feeding terminal arterioles was found to be reduced by nearly 50% in SHR. The data suggest a lowered arteriolar flow resistance in individual vessels of the hypertensive group concomitant with a gradually disappearing smooth muscle hypertrophy towards the capillary bed. The elevation of the resistance to blood flow in the hypertensive rats is obviously caused by a reduced number of resistance vessels, as seen in the mesentery vascular bed. Similar results were obtained in the true capillaries, which showed greater inner diameters (SHR vs NR:7.2 micron vs 6.4 micron), shortened lengths (141 vs 170 micron) and a reduced number (50 vs 70). Red cell velocity in true capillaries did not differ (0.51 mm/s vs 0.49 mm/s). Arterio-venous shunt vessels were described with an average inner diameter of 11 micron. In SHR these vessels were shorter (424 vs 654 micron) and increased in number. The 'hydraulic hindrance' of AV-shunt vessels and true capillaries together was decreased in SHR; the surface area did not differ between SHR (55.7 . 10(3) micron2) and NR (50.1 . 10(3) micron2) suggesting no major variation in the exchange functions.", "contents": "Structural differences in the mesentery microcirculation between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The mesentery preparation of normotensive rats (NR) (Pcarotis97 +/- 4 mm Hg) and of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (161 +/- 2 mm Hg) of comparable age (20 +/- 3 weeks) was used to study morphological changes of the microvasculature in established hypertension. The arterioles, classified according to their branching order, had an increased inner diameter in SHR (by 20%). The smooth muscle hypertrophy decreased with smaller vessel size. Pre- and postcapillary vessels were shorter in SHR than in NR by 17 to 35%. The number of these vessels related to the number of the feeding terminal arterioles was found to be reduced by nearly 50% in SHR. The data suggest a lowered arteriolar flow resistance in individual vessels of the hypertensive group concomitant with a gradually disappearing smooth muscle hypertrophy towards the capillary bed. The elevation of the resistance to blood flow in the hypertensive rats is obviously caused by a reduced number of resistance vessels, as seen in the mesentery vascular bed. Similar results were obtained in the true capillaries, which showed greater inner diameters (SHR vs NR:7.2 micron vs 6.4 micron), shortened lengths (141 vs 170 micron) and a reduced number (50 vs 70). Red cell velocity in true capillaries did not differ (0.51 mm/s vs 0.49 mm/s). Arterio-venous shunt vessels were described with an average inner diameter of 11 micron. In SHR these vessels were shorter (424 vs 654 micron) and increased in number. The 'hydraulic hindrance' of AV-shunt vessels and true capillaries together was decreased in SHR; the surface area did not differ between SHR (55.7 . 10(3) micron2) and NR (50.1 . 10(3) micron2) suggesting no major variation in the exchange functions.", "PMID": 567786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7731", "title": "Frequency response of the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The stimulus response relation of the epidermal lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis was studied by recording activity of single afferent nerve fibres in isolated preparations. Linear frequency response analysis over a frequency range of 0.1--100Hz was performed under steady-state conditions, using small amplitude, sinusoidal water displacements produced by a glass sphere at a short distance from the skin. Period histograms of afferent nerve activity were computed, and amplitude, phase and mean activity of the response were determined by means of Fourier analysis. A standardization procedure at the start of each experiment made scaling of the frequency responses of different preparations unnecessary. The results show that for small stimulus amplitudes the response of the lateral-line organ over the whole range of frequencies studied can adequately be described as a modulation of the spontaneous activity. The amplitude of the response is proportional to the stimulus amplitude, and the phase of the response is independent of stimulus amplitude. The lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis can thus be regarded as a linear system for stimuli which produce modulation of the spontaneous activity. The frequency response demonstrates unequivocally that the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis functions as a water velocity detector. For frequencies of stimulation from 0.1--20Hz the gain increases with a slope of 7.5 dB/oct, and up to 5Hz the response is almost in phase with the water velocity. The extent to which the different transmission steps between stimulus and response will contribute to the frequency response is discussed.", "contents": "Frequency response of the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis. The stimulus response relation of the epidermal lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis was studied by recording activity of single afferent nerve fibres in isolated preparations. Linear frequency response analysis over a frequency range of 0.1--100Hz was performed under steady-state conditions, using small amplitude, sinusoidal water displacements produced by a glass sphere at a short distance from the skin. Period histograms of afferent nerve activity were computed, and amplitude, phase and mean activity of the response were determined by means of Fourier analysis. A standardization procedure at the start of each experiment made scaling of the frequency responses of different preparations unnecessary. The results show that for small stimulus amplitudes the response of the lateral-line organ over the whole range of frequencies studied can adequately be described as a modulation of the spontaneous activity. The amplitude of the response is proportional to the stimulus amplitude, and the phase of the response is independent of stimulus amplitude. The lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis can thus be regarded as a linear system for stimuli which produce modulation of the spontaneous activity. The frequency response demonstrates unequivocally that the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis functions as a water velocity detector. For frequencies of stimulation from 0.1--20Hz the gain increases with a slope of 7.5 dB/oct, and up to 5Hz the response is almost in phase with the water velocity. The extent to which the different transmission steps between stimulus and response will contribute to the frequency response is discussed.", "PMID": 567787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7732", "title": "The stiffness of amphibian slow and twitch muscle during high speed stretches.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to compare the stiffness of cross-bridges in amphibian slow and twitch muscle. An isolated iliofibularis muscle was subjected to rapid, small stretches during contraction of either slow or twitch fibres at a number of different isometric tensions. The method of analysis allowed the compliance of the cross-bridges to be distinguished from other sources of compliance. Provided that the muscle was stretched sufficinetly rapidly to obtain limiting values of stiffness, little difference was found between the mechanical properties of the cross-bridges in slow and twitch muscle. It is concluded that the difference in observed stiffness of the two muscle types is due to a lower turnover rate of cross-bridges and a smaller number of sarcomeres in slow fibres.", "contents": "The stiffness of amphibian slow and twitch muscle during high speed stretches. Experiments were carried out to compare the stiffness of cross-bridges in amphibian slow and twitch muscle. An isolated iliofibularis muscle was subjected to rapid, small stretches during contraction of either slow or twitch fibres at a number of different isometric tensions. The method of analysis allowed the compliance of the cross-bridges to be distinguished from other sources of compliance. Provided that the muscle was stretched sufficinetly rapidly to obtain limiting values of stiffness, little difference was found between the mechanical properties of the cross-bridges in slow and twitch muscle. It is concluded that the difference in observed stiffness of the two muscle types is due to a lower turnover rate of cross-bridges and a smaller number of sarcomeres in slow fibres.", "PMID": 567788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7733", "title": "The extracellular patch clamp: a method for resolving currents through individual open channels in biological membranes.", "content": "The current contributions of individual ionic channels can be measured by electrically isolating a small patch of membrane. To do this, the tip of a small pipette is brought into close contact with an enzymatically cleaned membrane of a hypersensitive amphibian or mammalian muscle fiber. Current flowing through the pipette is measured. If the pipette contains cholinergic agonist at mu-molar concentrations, square pulse current waveforms can be observed which represent the activation of individual acetylcholine-receptor channels. The square pulses have amplitudes of 1 to 3 pA and durations of 10--100ms. In order to obtain the necessary resolution, a delicate compromise had to be found between different experimental parameters. Pipettes with 1--3 micrometer internal diameter and a steep final taper had to be used, extensive enzyme treatment was necessary, and conditions had be to found in which channels open at a relatively low frequency.", "contents": "The extracellular patch clamp: a method for resolving currents through individual open channels in biological membranes. The current contributions of individual ionic channels can be measured by electrically isolating a small patch of membrane. To do this, the tip of a small pipette is brought into close contact with an enzymatically cleaned membrane of a hypersensitive amphibian or mammalian muscle fiber. Current flowing through the pipette is measured. If the pipette contains cholinergic agonist at mu-molar concentrations, square pulse current waveforms can be observed which represent the activation of individual acetylcholine-receptor channels. The square pulses have amplitudes of 1 to 3 pA and durations of 10--100ms. In order to obtain the necessary resolution, a delicate compromise had to be found between different experimental parameters. Pipettes with 1--3 micrometer internal diameter and a steep final taper had to be used, extensive enzyme treatment was necessary, and conditions had be to found in which channels open at a relatively low frequency.", "PMID": 567789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7734", "title": "Measurements of potassium changes in the cat carotid body under hypoxia and hypercapnia.", "content": "With the aid of potassium-sensitive microelectrodes reinforced by bitumen (tip diameter, 1.5 micrometer), extracellular potassium activity ([K+]e) and DC potential were measured in the cat's carotid body. Under normoxic and normocapnic conditions, potassium values of 1--16 mM (mean value 7.2 mM, standard deviation 3.8 mM) and DC potential values of -11 mV to + 13 mV were recorded. With hypoxia, [K+5e increased by between 1 mM and 9 mM; DC potential was reduced by between 0.5 and 3 mV. With hypercapnia, [K+]e decreased by between 1 mM and 5 mM changes in DC potential were variable. The results suggest that, during hypoxia potassium influences the nervous structures in the carotid body whereas this influence is absent during hypercapnia.", "contents": "Measurements of potassium changes in the cat carotid body under hypoxia and hypercapnia. With the aid of potassium-sensitive microelectrodes reinforced by bitumen (tip diameter, 1.5 micrometer), extracellular potassium activity ([K+]e) and DC potential were measured in the cat's carotid body. Under normoxic and normocapnic conditions, potassium values of 1--16 mM (mean value 7.2 mM, standard deviation 3.8 mM) and DC potential values of -11 mV to + 13 mV were recorded. With hypoxia, [K+5e increased by between 1 mM and 9 mM; DC potential was reduced by between 0.5 and 3 mV. With hypercapnia, [K+]e decreased by between 1 mM and 5 mM changes in DC potential were variable. The results suggest that, during hypoxia potassium influences the nervous structures in the carotid body whereas this influence is absent during hypercapnia.", "PMID": 567790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7735", "title": "Kinetic parameters of calcium metabolism and femur morphometry in rats. I. Influence of sex and age.", "content": "The aim of this study was to establish the influence of age and sex on the kinetic and morphometric parameters of calcium metabolism. Normal values of kinetic parameters were determined in normal adult rats of different ages (4--20 months) and both sexes. Urinary hydrophyline excretion was also assessed and morphometric measurements of the femur were performed. Kinetic parameters expressed as rate constants showed a lowering of calcium turnover (kr) in the rapidly exchangeable calcium compartment until the age of 12 months and urinary and fecal rate constants (ku and kf) showed a small increase. Males exhibited a lower calcium turnover (kT) as well as lower urinary and fecal rate constants. Hydroxyproline excretion diminished with age in both sexes. Lower values were recorded in males. Morphometric parameters of femurs showed no bone loss within the examined age. The results show that differences between the sexes exist in the sense of a faster calcium turnover, higher calcium excretion rate constants, higher collagen degradation and higher bone density in adult female rats.", "contents": "Kinetic parameters of calcium metabolism and femur morphometry in rats. I. Influence of sex and age. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of age and sex on the kinetic and morphometric parameters of calcium metabolism. Normal values of kinetic parameters were determined in normal adult rats of different ages (4--20 months) and both sexes. Urinary hydrophyline excretion was also assessed and morphometric measurements of the femur were performed. Kinetic parameters expressed as rate constants showed a lowering of calcium turnover (kr) in the rapidly exchangeable calcium compartment until the age of 12 months and urinary and fecal rate constants (ku and kf) showed a small increase. Males exhibited a lower calcium turnover (kT) as well as lower urinary and fecal rate constants. Hydroxyproline excretion diminished with age in both sexes. Lower values were recorded in males. Morphometric parameters of femurs showed no bone loss within the examined age. The results show that differences between the sexes exist in the sense of a faster calcium turnover, higher calcium excretion rate constants, higher collagen degradation and higher bone density in adult female rats.", "PMID": 567791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7736", "title": "Plasma protein handling in the rat kidney: micropuncture experiments in the acute heterologous phase of anti-GBM-nephritis.", "content": "Glomerular filtration and tubular uptake of plasma proteins have been studied in the rat using micropuncture techniques. 1. Under control conditions the glomerular capillary wall is an effective barrier, only 7.6 microgram/min x 100 g BW albumin have been measured as filtered load. Four to twelve hours after i.v. injection of anti-glomerular-basement membrane serum (anti-GBM-serum sieving coefficient phi and filtered load increased in a dose-dependent manner (phi albumin in controls = 0.27 x 10(-3), after injection of 0.5 ml Antiserum phi = 0.28 x 10(-3) and 1.0 ml Antiserum phi = 2.32 x 10(-3)). 2. The tubular reabsorption capacity is almost reached under control conditions and amounts to 5.6--10.7 microgram/min x 100 g BW for albumin. Only reduced GFR (0.36 +/- 0.07 ml/min x 100 g BW) and reduced tubular flow lead to increased tubular uptake under overload conditions (10.7 vs. 99.0 microgram albumin/min x 100 g BW). 3. Tubular reabsorption of so-called high-molecular-weight proteins seems to be a nonselective mechanism. The ratio Alb/Alb + Glob (89.9--93.1%) did not differ significantly at the individual puncture sites and in the final urine.", "contents": "Plasma protein handling in the rat kidney: micropuncture experiments in the acute heterologous phase of anti-GBM-nephritis. Glomerular filtration and tubular uptake of plasma proteins have been studied in the rat using micropuncture techniques. 1. Under control conditions the glomerular capillary wall is an effective barrier, only 7.6 microgram/min x 100 g BW albumin have been measured as filtered load. Four to twelve hours after i.v. injection of anti-glomerular-basement membrane serum (anti-GBM-serum sieving coefficient phi and filtered load increased in a dose-dependent manner (phi albumin in controls = 0.27 x 10(-3), after injection of 0.5 ml Antiserum phi = 0.28 x 10(-3) and 1.0 ml Antiserum phi = 2.32 x 10(-3)). 2. The tubular reabsorption capacity is almost reached under control conditions and amounts to 5.6--10.7 microgram/min x 100 g BW for albumin. Only reduced GFR (0.36 +/- 0.07 ml/min x 100 g BW) and reduced tubular flow lead to increased tubular uptake under overload conditions (10.7 vs. 99.0 microgram albumin/min x 100 g BW). 3. Tubular reabsorption of so-called high-molecular-weight proteins seems to be a nonselective mechanism. The ratio Alb/Alb + Glob (89.9--93.1%) did not differ significantly at the individual puncture sites and in the final urine.", "PMID": 567796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7737", "title": "Neurones within the \"chemosensitive area\" on the ventral surface of the brainstem which project to the intermediolateral column.", "content": "With the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase it has been demonstrated that neurones within the \"chemosensitive area\" of the brainstem project to the thoracic intermediolateral column. The function of these neurones is discussed in regard to the regulation of blood pressure.", "contents": "Neurones within the \"chemosensitive area\" on the ventral surface of the brainstem which project to the intermediolateral column. With the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase it has been demonstrated that neurones within the \"chemosensitive area\" of the brainstem project to the thoracic intermediolateral column. The function of these neurones is discussed in regard to the regulation of blood pressure.", "PMID": 567798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7738", "title": "Ultraviolet resonance Raman study of DNA and of its interaction with actinomycin D.", "content": "The DNA-Actinomycin D interaction has been studied by resonance Raman effect using DNA as chromophore. First, the resonance Raman spectra of DNA obtained with a U.V. excitation at wavelengths of 300 nm and 280 nm are presented. The main Raman hands are assigned to the convenient nucleic bases by comparison with the spectra of mononucleotides obtained under the same experimental conditions. In particular, with a 300 nm excitation, the 1582 cm-1 line is provided by adenine, while the 1492 cm-1 one is almost exclusively due to guanine. Then, the DNA-Actinomycin D complex has been studied: the line enhancements and the specificity of the resonance permits the displaying of the DNA spectrum free of any contribution of Actinomycin. The interaction provides a large intensity decrease of the 1492 cm-1 guanine line: this is a direct consequence of the orbital overlapping of the guanine 2-aminogroup with the ring nitrogen of Actinomycin in the DNA-Actinomycin pi complex.", "contents": "Ultraviolet resonance Raman study of DNA and of its interaction with actinomycin D. The DNA-Actinomycin D interaction has been studied by resonance Raman effect using DNA as chromophore. First, the resonance Raman spectra of DNA obtained with a U.V. excitation at wavelengths of 300 nm and 280 nm are presented. The main Raman hands are assigned to the convenient nucleic bases by comparison with the spectra of mononucleotides obtained under the same experimental conditions. In particular, with a 300 nm excitation, the 1582 cm-1 line is provided by adenine, while the 1492 cm-1 one is almost exclusively due to guanine. Then, the DNA-Actinomycin D complex has been studied: the line enhancements and the specificity of the resonance permits the displaying of the DNA spectrum free of any contribution of Actinomycin. The interaction provides a large intensity decrease of the 1492 cm-1 guanine line: this is a direct consequence of the orbital overlapping of the guanine 2-aminogroup with the ring nitrogen of Actinomycin in the DNA-Actinomycin pi complex.", "PMID": 567800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7739", "title": "Pharmacological evidence for dopaminergic pallido-striatal interaction.", "content": "In rats the contents in dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) of neostriatum (nucleus caudatoputamen, NCP) and paleostriatum (globus pallidus, GP) were measured after transection of the capsula interna (CI) or after injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 20 microgram/2 microliter) into the GP of one side. The circling behaviour of the lesioned animals following apomorphine was also studied. 6-OHDA as well as transection decreased the contents in DA and DOPAC in NCP and GP significantly. Following both treatments DA levels in neostriatum were lowest. Nigro-neostriatal pathway lesioned animals (transected or injected with 6-OHDA 16 microgram/2 microliter into substantia nigra, SN) rotated towards the side of lesion after apomorphine (5 mg/kg IP), whereas GP lesioned animals rotated towards the intact side. In animals with both GP and SN lesions at one side turnings of similar intensity towards both sides were seen. In intact rats DA injections (200 microgram/2 microliter) into SN or NCP exhibited contralateral, injections into GP exhibited ipsilateral rotations. The results strengthen the hypothesis on the participation of GP in the regulation of neostriatal content of DA and shows the interaction of the hypothetical dopaminergic pallido-striatal pathway with nigro-neostriatal pathways.", "contents": "Pharmacological evidence for dopaminergic pallido-striatal interaction. In rats the contents in dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) of neostriatum (nucleus caudatoputamen, NCP) and paleostriatum (globus pallidus, GP) were measured after transection of the capsula interna (CI) or after injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 20 microgram/2 microliter) into the GP of one side. The circling behaviour of the lesioned animals following apomorphine was also studied. 6-OHDA as well as transection decreased the contents in DA and DOPAC in NCP and GP significantly. Following both treatments DA levels in neostriatum were lowest. Nigro-neostriatal pathway lesioned animals (transected or injected with 6-OHDA 16 microgram/2 microliter into substantia nigra, SN) rotated towards the side of lesion after apomorphine (5 mg/kg IP), whereas GP lesioned animals rotated towards the intact side. In animals with both GP and SN lesions at one side turnings of similar intensity towards both sides were seen. In intact rats DA injections (200 microgram/2 microliter) into SN or NCP exhibited contralateral, injections into GP exhibited ipsilateral rotations. The results strengthen the hypothesis on the participation of GP in the regulation of neostriatal content of DA and shows the interaction of the hypothetical dopaminergic pallido-striatal pathway with nigro-neostriatal pathways.", "PMID": 567807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7740", "title": "Recovery as a function of the degree of amnesia due to protein synthesis inhibition.", "content": "Retrograde amnesia following inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis has generally been explained as either a failure of consolidation or impairment of a retrieval mechanism. Major evidence for the retrieval hypothesis is provided by studies which utilize a reminder (usually footshock) to attenuate the effect of the protein inhibitor. To examine this question, mice were injected subcutaneously with anisomycin (1 mg/animal, 7 mg/animal, or 1 mg/animal every 2 hr x 7) and given one training trial in a passive avoidance box. All animals received a single retention test on each of four consecutive days, starting either 1, 7, or 21 days after training. One-half of the mice in each group received a footshock reminder 1 hr after their initial test. The footshock reminder did not attenuate the inhibitor-induced amnesia, but multiple testing did produce partial recovery in animals demonstrating some memory of training (both Saline and Anisomycin animals). Animals injected with anisomycin whose testing began 1 day after training demonstrated partial recovery irrespective of drug dosage level. The extent of amnesia and recovery were dependent upon both drug dosage and training-test interval. Implications for the consolidation and retrieval hypotheses are discussed.", "contents": "Recovery as a function of the degree of amnesia due to protein synthesis inhibition. Retrograde amnesia following inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis has generally been explained as either a failure of consolidation or impairment of a retrieval mechanism. Major evidence for the retrieval hypothesis is provided by studies which utilize a reminder (usually footshock) to attenuate the effect of the protein inhibitor. To examine this question, mice were injected subcutaneously with anisomycin (1 mg/animal, 7 mg/animal, or 1 mg/animal every 2 hr x 7) and given one training trial in a passive avoidance box. All animals received a single retention test on each of four consecutive days, starting either 1, 7, or 21 days after training. One-half of the mice in each group received a footshock reminder 1 hr after their initial test. The footshock reminder did not attenuate the inhibitor-induced amnesia, but multiple testing did produce partial recovery in animals demonstrating some memory of training (both Saline and Anisomycin animals). Animals injected with anisomycin whose testing began 1 day after training demonstrated partial recovery irrespective of drug dosage level. The extent of amnesia and recovery were dependent upon both drug dosage and training-test interval. Implications for the consolidation and retrieval hypotheses are discussed.", "PMID": 567808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7741", "title": "Binding of coumarin anticoagulants to human and bovine serum albumin. Circular dichroism studies.", "content": "The interaction of acenocoumarin, coumachlor, phenprocoumon, and warfarin with human and bovine serum albumin was investigated by ultracentrifugation and circular dichroism measurements. Although all four drugs generate extrinsic Cotton effects when bound to human and bovine serum albumin, large differences in the signs and the intensities of the Cotton effects are observed. The differences in the induced Cotton effects suggest differential molecular binding mechanisms.", "contents": "Binding of coumarin anticoagulants to human and bovine serum albumin. Circular dichroism studies. The interaction of acenocoumarin, coumachlor, phenprocoumon, and warfarin with human and bovine serum albumin was investigated by ultracentrifugation and circular dichroism measurements. Although all four drugs generate extrinsic Cotton effects when bound to human and bovine serum albumin, large differences in the signs and the intensities of the Cotton effects are observed. The differences in the induced Cotton effects suggest differential molecular binding mechanisms.", "PMID": 567809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7742", "title": "Methadone induced lysis of mammalian cells.", "content": "Methadone induced lysis of human erythrocytes and mouse leukemic cells was studied. The cells lyse without prior swelling that is a necessary step of colloid osmotic lysis. Methadone is accumulated by both cell types, and is widely distributed intracellurly in mouse leukemic cells. The maximum lytic rate is roughly proportional to the amount of methadone uptake and the Q10 for lysis is equal to the Q10 for methadone partitioning between octanol and water. It is concluded that the cells lyse as a result of a non-specific disruption of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Methadone induced lysis of mammalian cells. Methadone induced lysis of human erythrocytes and mouse leukemic cells was studied. The cells lyse without prior swelling that is a necessary step of colloid osmotic lysis. Methadone is accumulated by both cell types, and is widely distributed intracellurly in mouse leukemic cells. The maximum lytic rate is roughly proportional to the amount of methadone uptake and the Q10 for lysis is equal to the Q10 for methadone partitioning between octanol and water. It is concluded that the cells lyse as a result of a non-specific disruption of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 567832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7743", "title": "[Thorium-induced neoplasia of the spleen? (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient is presented in whom multiple lienal circular foci are seen 25 years after application of a thorium-containing contrast medium for vascular visualization, over and above the well-known characteristic ThO2 deposits in the liver and spleen. The article discusses the problem whether these circular foci which meet the angiographic criteria of an angioblastic sarcoma, should be considered as a thiorium-induced neoplasia.", "contents": "[Thorium-induced neoplasia of the spleen? (author's transl)]. A patient is presented in whom multiple lienal circular foci are seen 25 years after application of a thorium-containing contrast medium for vascular visualization, over and above the well-known characteristic ThO2 deposits in the liver and spleen. The article discusses the problem whether these circular foci which meet the angiographic criteria of an angioblastic sarcoma, should be considered as a thiorium-induced neoplasia.", "PMID": 567836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7744", "title": "Alcohol and acute pancreatitis. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "The effect of chronic alcohol pretreatment and various pancreatobiliary secretions on the severity of experimental pancreatitis was studied in the rat. 95 rats were pretreated with ethanol (20% w/v, 1.1 ml/100 g body weight) five times weekly for 10 to 12 weeks by gastric intubation. 88 rats served as controls. Pancreatic lesions were produced by retograde injection of different pancreatobiliary secretions into the pancreatic ducts. The secretions were collected from both normal and chronically alcohol-fed rats, and each was used for induction of experimental pancreatitis in the control and alcohol pretreated rats. Bile obtained from normal rats was no more toxic to the pancreas than 0.9% saline solution, while bile obtained from the chronically alcohol-fed rats caused significantly more serious lesions to the pancreas than did normal rat bile. Bile-pancreatic juice (mixture of secretions at papilla of Vater) of normal and chronically alcohol-fed rats was as toxic as the bile of the alcohol-fed rats. Alcohol pretreatment had no significant effect on the severity of pancreatitis when control and alcohol-fed groups separately or the whole material according to pretreatment was examined. These results suggest that the metabolic effects of ethanol on the pancreas as such do not sensitize the pancreas to acute pancreatitis. An exogenous mechanism is required. The reflux of toxic alcoholic bile into the pancreas might act as an induction factor in acute alcohol pancreatitis.", "contents": "Alcohol and acute pancreatitis. An experimental study in the rat. The effect of chronic alcohol pretreatment and various pancreatobiliary secretions on the severity of experimental pancreatitis was studied in the rat. 95 rats were pretreated with ethanol (20% w/v, 1.1 ml/100 g body weight) five times weekly for 10 to 12 weeks by gastric intubation. 88 rats served as controls. Pancreatic lesions were produced by retograde injection of different pancreatobiliary secretions into the pancreatic ducts. The secretions were collected from both normal and chronically alcohol-fed rats, and each was used for induction of experimental pancreatitis in the control and alcohol pretreated rats. Bile obtained from normal rats was no more toxic to the pancreas than 0.9% saline solution, while bile obtained from the chronically alcohol-fed rats caused significantly more serious lesions to the pancreas than did normal rat bile. Bile-pancreatic juice (mixture of secretions at papilla of Vater) of normal and chronically alcohol-fed rats was as toxic as the bile of the alcohol-fed rats. Alcohol pretreatment had no significant effect on the severity of pancreatitis when control and alcohol-fed groups separately or the whole material according to pretreatment was examined. These results suggest that the metabolic effects of ethanol on the pancreas as such do not sensitize the pancreas to acute pancreatitis. An exogenous mechanism is required. The reflux of toxic alcoholic bile into the pancreas might act as an induction factor in acute alcohol pancreatitis.", "PMID": 567839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7745", "title": "[Existence of emigrants and mental disorders].", "content": "This paper's purpose is to define the immigrant's status and give evidence of psycho-social problems of the uprooted in a survey of hungarian and czech refugees. It is evident that morbidity of immigrant populations is generally increased. Also, certain nosological states are prevalent. Most of all, we have investigated delusions of reference in a culturally alien environment. Moreover, some psychoanalytical and sociological aspects pertaining to the immigrant's status (identity, assimilation, overadaptation, feelings of discrimination, socio-cultural hierarchy) are discussed. Ultimately, practical approaches to the psychological misery of immigrants are suggested.", "contents": "[Existence of emigrants and mental disorders]. This paper's purpose is to define the immigrant's status and give evidence of psycho-social problems of the uprooted in a survey of hungarian and czech refugees. It is evident that morbidity of immigrant populations is generally increased. Also, certain nosological states are prevalent. Most of all, we have investigated delusions of reference in a culturally alien environment. Moreover, some psychoanalytical and sociological aspects pertaining to the immigrant's status (identity, assimilation, overadaptation, feelings of discrimination, socio-cultural hierarchy) are discussed. Ultimately, practical approaches to the psychological misery of immigrants are suggested.", "PMID": 567840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7746", "title": "[Effect of chronic alcohol administration and of folic acid deficiency on iron absorption].", "content": "The influence of chronic alcohol ingestion and artificially induced folic acid deficiency on iron absorption has been measured in rabbits by whole body counter. Results show that chronic alcohol ingestion does not modify iron absorption. Folic acid deficiency increases iron absorption by two probable mechanisms: first by increased plasma iron turnover (PIT), which parallels ineffective erythropoiesis, and second by a probable direct effect on the intestinal mucous membranes. This second mechanism appears to be independent of PIT: concomitant deficiency of folic acid and alcohol ingestion produces an increase in iron absorption without modification of PIT. Experience with drugs inhibiting protein synthesis suggests that this increase may be mediated by decreased protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic alcohol administration and of folic acid deficiency on iron absorption]. The influence of chronic alcohol ingestion and artificially induced folic acid deficiency on iron absorption has been measured in rabbits by whole body counter. Results show that chronic alcohol ingestion does not modify iron absorption. Folic acid deficiency increases iron absorption by two probable mechanisms: first by increased plasma iron turnover (PIT), which parallels ineffective erythropoiesis, and second by a probable direct effect on the intestinal mucous membranes. This second mechanism appears to be independent of PIT: concomitant deficiency of folic acid and alcohol ingestion produces an increase in iron absorption without modification of PIT. Experience with drugs inhibiting protein synthesis suggests that this increase may be mediated by decreased protein synthesis.", "PMID": 567841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7747", "title": "The role of the pineal gland in the lipid metabolism.", "content": "The study contains the data gathered with time with regard to the involvment of the pineal gland in the lipid metabolism. Thus, it has been demonstrated that administration of the pineal extract lowers serum, hepatic, adrenal and testicular cholesterol of rat and that pinealectomy causes reverse effects. Administration of melatonin did not cause significant alterations. The same pineal extract reduced cholesterolemia, biliary cholesterol and serum phospholipids in rabbits whereas the absence of the pineal gland caused an increase in cholesterolemia, total lipids and FFA. Pineal treatment reduced the major lipid components of the blood and aorta in experimental atheromatosis induced in rabbits. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the inhibiting role played by the pineal gland in the lipid metabolism.", "contents": "The role of the pineal gland in the lipid metabolism. The study contains the data gathered with time with regard to the involvment of the pineal gland in the lipid metabolism. Thus, it has been demonstrated that administration of the pineal extract lowers serum, hepatic, adrenal and testicular cholesterol of rat and that pinealectomy causes reverse effects. Administration of melatonin did not cause significant alterations. The same pineal extract reduced cholesterolemia, biliary cholesterol and serum phospholipids in rabbits whereas the absence of the pineal gland caused an increase in cholesterolemia, total lipids and FFA. Pineal treatment reduced the major lipid components of the blood and aorta in experimental atheromatosis induced in rabbits. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the inhibiting role played by the pineal gland in the lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 567837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7748", "title": "Genetically determined sex-reversal in 46,XY humans.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the existence of a gene, probably on the X chromosome, which prevents testis differentiation when present in 46,XY human embryos. Affected 46,XY women are not completely normal because of premature ovarian involution, as a result of which they have \"streak gonads\" similiar to those of 45,X women.", "contents": "Genetically determined sex-reversal in 46,XY humans. Evidence is presented for the existence of a gene, probably on the X chromosome, which prevents testis differentiation when present in 46,XY human embryos. Affected 46,XY women are not completely normal because of premature ovarian involution, as a result of which they have \"streak gonads\" similiar to those of 45,X women.", "PMID": 567843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7749", "title": "Krabbe's disease in an infant and her fetal sibling. A case report.", "content": "Degenerative diseases of the cerebral white matter are rare, but have severe consequences. The diagnosis of one such disorder, Krabbe's disease, may be made by biochemical analysis of cultured fibroblasts. As the disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, there is a high risk of affected children being born to a heterozygote couple. A description is given of an infant with Krabbe's disease and of the monitoring of the mother's second pregnancy in which an affected fetus was found.", "contents": "Krabbe's disease in an infant and her fetal sibling. A case report. Degenerative diseases of the cerebral white matter are rare, but have severe consequences. The diagnosis of one such disorder, Krabbe's disease, may be made by biochemical analysis of cultured fibroblasts. As the disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, there is a high risk of affected children being born to a heterozygote couple. A description is given of an infant with Krabbe's disease and of the monitoring of the mother's second pregnancy in which an affected fetus was found.", "PMID": 567850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7750", "title": "Bovine experimental paracoccidioidomycosis intradermic test standardization.", "content": "Three intratesticulary inoculated bovines revealed to be susceptible to experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. The experimental infection was self limited with no tendency to dissemination during a follow up period of five months. The histopathologic lesions characterized by granulomatous inflammatory foci, associated or not to necrosis, were found in the testicles, spermatic cords and testicular tunicae. In some of both lesions types the yeast cells of P. brasiliensis were present. The experimental infection did not cure in a follow up period of five months. The immunological response either cellular or humoral were delayed in relation to what happens in other animal species. The three experimentally infected bovines were utilized for some standardization of the paracoccidioidin intradermic test. A type and dose of an antigen which gives a clear reading for the positive tests was determined. The humoral responses were detected mainly by the complement fixation reaction. It was not possible to demonstrate humoral antibodies by the agar immunodiffusion test.", "contents": "Bovine experimental paracoccidioidomycosis intradermic test standardization. Three intratesticulary inoculated bovines revealed to be susceptible to experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. The experimental infection was self limited with no tendency to dissemination during a follow up period of five months. The histopathologic lesions characterized by granulomatous inflammatory foci, associated or not to necrosis, were found in the testicles, spermatic cords and testicular tunicae. In some of both lesions types the yeast cells of P. brasiliensis were present. The experimental infection did not cure in a follow up period of five months. The immunological response either cellular or humoral were delayed in relation to what happens in other animal species. The three experimentally infected bovines were utilized for some standardization of the paracoccidioidin intradermic test. A type and dose of an antigen which gives a clear reading for the positive tests was determined. The humoral responses were detected mainly by the complement fixation reaction. It was not possible to demonstrate humoral antibodies by the agar immunodiffusion test.", "PMID": 567851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7751", "title": "Volatile constituents of Trichothecium roseum.", "content": "In the course of investigation of Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti) for its attractancy against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (cheese mite), the twenty following volatile compounds produced at a very low concentration by the microfungus were identified by gc, gc/ms, gc/c.i.ms and tlc: 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-one, 3-octanol, octa-1,5-dien-3 one, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, octa-1,5-dien-3 ol, furfural, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpineol (alpha and beta) citronellyl acetate, nerol, citronellol, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol geranyl acetate, 1-phenyl ethanol and nerolidol. Octa-1,5-dien-3-ol and octa-1,5-dien-3-one have not been previously isolated from fungi; octa-1,5-dien-3-ol is the most potent attractant amount the volatile compounds detected by gc.", "contents": "Volatile constituents of Trichothecium roseum. In the course of investigation of Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti) for its attractancy against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (cheese mite), the twenty following volatile compounds produced at a very low concentration by the microfungus were identified by gc, gc/ms, gc/c.i.ms and tlc: 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-one, 3-octanol, octa-1,5-dien-3 one, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, octa-1,5-dien-3 ol, furfural, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpineol (alpha and beta) citronellyl acetate, nerol, citronellol, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol geranyl acetate, 1-phenyl ethanol and nerolidol. Octa-1,5-dien-3-ol and octa-1,5-dien-3-one have not been previously isolated from fungi; octa-1,5-dien-3-ol is the most potent attractant amount the volatile compounds detected by gc.", "PMID": 567852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7752", "title": "Gene assignment of alpha-fucosidase and glucose dehydrogenase to the p21 leads to pter region of chromosome 1 in man.", "content": "Assignment of human genes coding for alpha-fucosidase (alphaFUC) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) to chromosome 1 has been confirmed and a location in the p21 leads to pter region demonstrated using man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The regional location of alphaFUC and GDH was established in cell hybrids using human cells possessing 1/2 translocation chromosomes [46,XX,t(1;2)(p21;q37)]. Hybrids which retained the 2q+ chromosome carrying the 1p21 leads to 1pter region concordantly expressed alphaFUC, GDH, and the short-arm markers ENO1, AK2, and PGM1. Hybrids which retained the 1p21 leads to 1qter region only expressed human PEPC and FH. Data obtained from hybrids in which spontaneous breaks in chromosome 1 had occurred indicate that the gene order in 1p21 leads to 1pter is (ENO1,GDH)-alphaFUC-AK2-PGM1.", "contents": "Gene assignment of alpha-fucosidase and glucose dehydrogenase to the p21 leads to pter region of chromosome 1 in man. Assignment of human genes coding for alpha-fucosidase (alphaFUC) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) to chromosome 1 has been confirmed and a location in the p21 leads to pter region demonstrated using man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The regional location of alphaFUC and GDH was established in cell hybrids using human cells possessing 1/2 translocation chromosomes [46,XX,t(1;2)(p21;q37)]. Hybrids which retained the 2q+ chromosome carrying the 1p21 leads to 1pter region concordantly expressed alphaFUC, GDH, and the short-arm markers ENO1, AK2, and PGM1. Hybrids which retained the 1p21 leads to 1qter region only expressed human PEPC and FH. Data obtained from hybrids in which spontaneous breaks in chromosome 1 had occurred indicate that the gene order in 1p21 leads to 1pter is (ENO1,GDH)-alphaFUC-AK2-PGM1.", "PMID": 567853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7753", "title": "Transfer of genetic information via isolated amphibian metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "The metaphase chromosome transfer system of McBride and Ozer (1973) has been adapted to a haploid, euploid, frog cell line. Genes coding for a deoxypyrimidine kinase and an enzyme responsible for a thymidine-specific saturable transport system have each been transferred at frequencies between 10(-6) and 10(-5) transferents per cell treated. Revertants for each of these two genes were observed at frequencies between 10(-8) and 10(-7) revertants per cell tested. Selfing controls showed no transferents. Two colonies were obtained in which cotransfer of both genes may have occurred. Activities of the transferred genes were assayed by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into alkali-stable, acid-precipitable material. Growth properties of 13 transferents in various media were also determined and presence of the appropriate enzymes inferred. These transferents were tested for stability early (25 generations) after transfer and were found to be stable. All 13 transferents possess the normal haploid number of chromosomes (n = 13) with no cytologically detectable chromosomal fragments.", "contents": "Transfer of genetic information via isolated amphibian metaphase chromosomes. The metaphase chromosome transfer system of McBride and Ozer (1973) has been adapted to a haploid, euploid, frog cell line. Genes coding for a deoxypyrimidine kinase and an enzyme responsible for a thymidine-specific saturable transport system have each been transferred at frequencies between 10(-6) and 10(-5) transferents per cell treated. Revertants for each of these two genes were observed at frequencies between 10(-8) and 10(-7) revertants per cell tested. Selfing controls showed no transferents. Two colonies were obtained in which cotransfer of both genes may have occurred. Activities of the transferred genes were assayed by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into alkali-stable, acid-precipitable material. Growth properties of 13 transferents in various media were also determined and presence of the appropriate enzymes inferred. These transferents were tested for stability early (25 generations) after transfer and were found to be stable. All 13 transferents possess the normal haploid number of chromosomes (n = 13) with no cytologically detectable chromosomal fragments.", "PMID": 567854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7754", "title": "The noncoordinate expression of muscle-specific proteins in mutant rat skeletal myoblasts and reinitiation of differentiation in hybrids.", "content": "In rat skeletal myoblasts which are resistant to 5-azacytidine and fusion-incompetent, the muscle-specific protein, creatine phosphokinase, is produced but muscle-specific myosin is not. In human diploid fibroblast X rat myoblast hybrids, myoblast-specific properties are extinguished. Clones can be selected from the hybrids after a number of doublings which reexpress fusion but do not produce creatine phosphokinase. The conclusion is drawn that the expression of muscle-specific phenotype is not coordinate and fusion of myoblasts is not an essential requirement for the appearance of myoblast-specific proteins.", "contents": "The noncoordinate expression of muscle-specific proteins in mutant rat skeletal myoblasts and reinitiation of differentiation in hybrids. In rat skeletal myoblasts which are resistant to 5-azacytidine and fusion-incompetent, the muscle-specific protein, creatine phosphokinase, is produced but muscle-specific myosin is not. In human diploid fibroblast X rat myoblast hybrids, myoblast-specific properties are extinguished. Clones can be selected from the hybrids after a number of doublings which reexpress fusion but do not produce creatine phosphokinase. The conclusion is drawn that the expression of muscle-specific phenotype is not coordinate and fusion of myoblasts is not an essential requirement for the appearance of myoblast-specific proteins.", "PMID": 567855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7755", "title": "[Studying the faeces for the presence of parasites in horses and ponies (author's transl)].", "content": "In 3,791 horses and ponies submitted to the Department of Internal Disease of Farm Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, the faeces were studied for the presence of parasites. The results were classified by age groups and months of arrival. Eggs of the Strongylus type were found to be present in 57.3 per cent of the faecal samples, eggs of Parascaris equorum were present in 6.1 per cent, eggs of Oxyuris equi in 1.2 per cent, eggs or larvae of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in 0.2 per cent, eggs of Anoplocephala in 2.5 per cent and oocysts of Eimeria leuckarti in 0.3 per cent. Eggs of Strongyloides westeri were found to be present in 56.4 per cent of the foals under six months and in 12.3 per cent of those in the 6-12 month range. Eggs of Fasciola hepatica were observed in 0.6 per cent of the faecal samples of horses and ponies over twelve months of age (3,340). The highest proportion of faecal samples containing eggs of the Strongylus type was recorded in Augusts (65.2 per cent), whereas this proportion was 52.4 and 50.7 per cent respectively in April and October. Eggs of O. equi, eggs or larvae of D. arnfieldi and oocysts of E. leucarkti were not observed in horses and ponies over ten years of age. On the other hand, eggs of P. equorum were still found to be present in animals up to fifteen years of age.", "contents": "[Studying the faeces for the presence of parasites in horses and ponies (author's transl)]. In 3,791 horses and ponies submitted to the Department of Internal Disease of Farm Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, the faeces were studied for the presence of parasites. The results were classified by age groups and months of arrival. Eggs of the Strongylus type were found to be present in 57.3 per cent of the faecal samples, eggs of Parascaris equorum were present in 6.1 per cent, eggs of Oxyuris equi in 1.2 per cent, eggs or larvae of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in 0.2 per cent, eggs of Anoplocephala in 2.5 per cent and oocysts of Eimeria leuckarti in 0.3 per cent. Eggs of Strongyloides westeri were found to be present in 56.4 per cent of the foals under six months and in 12.3 per cent of those in the 6-12 month range. Eggs of Fasciola hepatica were observed in 0.6 per cent of the faecal samples of horses and ponies over twelve months of age (3,340). The highest proportion of faecal samples containing eggs of the Strongylus type was recorded in Augusts (65.2 per cent), whereas this proportion was 52.4 and 50.7 per cent respectively in April and October. Eggs of O. equi, eggs or larvae of D. arnfieldi and oocysts of E. leucarkti were not observed in horses and ponies over ten years of age. On the other hand, eggs of P. equorum were still found to be present in animals up to fifteen years of age.", "PMID": 567859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7756", "title": "Pedigree analysis of the hypothermal recovery of the effects of gamma-rays on hepatoma cells.", "content": "Cultured hepatoma cells of the rat were irradiated with 400 to 900 R of gamma-rays. They were kept at room temperature for several hours before transferred to normal culture condition at 37 degrees C. The pedigree analysis of growing cells recorded by cinematography indicated a variety of lethal and non-lethal recovery events such as a decrease in lethal branch formation and an increase in locomotion. The so-called repair immediately after irradiation has many facets depending upon dose and duration of the low temperature treatment.", "contents": "Pedigree analysis of the hypothermal recovery of the effects of gamma-rays on hepatoma cells. Cultured hepatoma cells of the rat were irradiated with 400 to 900 R of gamma-rays. They were kept at room temperature for several hours before transferred to normal culture condition at 37 degrees C. The pedigree analysis of growing cells recorded by cinematography indicated a variety of lethal and non-lethal recovery events such as a decrease in lethal branch formation and an increase in locomotion. The so-called repair immediately after irradiation has many facets depending upon dose and duration of the low temperature treatment.", "PMID": 567860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7757", "title": "[Protein concentration in the neuron--neuroglia system of the anterior horns of the spinal cord in rats following exposure to the tranquilizer diazepam against a background of anticipation stress].", "content": "Anticipation stress was induced in 16 day-old male rats by placing the animals daily for 7 days into individual cells for 45 min. In the end of each 45 min session, an electric stimulation of paws of the animals was done for 2 min. It was shown by visible cytospectrophotometry of amido black-stained spinal cord sections that the anticipation stress for 7 days resulted in an accumulation of the nuclear and cytoplasmic total proteins in the motoneurons of spinal cord anterior horns, with no changes in the body (in fact, in the nuclei) of the glial cells adjacent to the neurons. Intraperitoneal injection of the tranquilizer diazepam (10 mg per kg) 40 min. before the beginning of the last anticipation stress session gave rise to the return to the normal of the protein content per cell in the motoneuron nucleus and cytoplasm while inducing an increase in the quantity of neuroglia cell protein. Differences in the protein metabolism between the neurons and the neuroglia are discussed.", "contents": "[Protein concentration in the neuron--neuroglia system of the anterior horns of the spinal cord in rats following exposure to the tranquilizer diazepam against a background of anticipation stress]. Anticipation stress was induced in 16 day-old male rats by placing the animals daily for 7 days into individual cells for 45 min. In the end of each 45 min session, an electric stimulation of paws of the animals was done for 2 min. It was shown by visible cytospectrophotometry of amido black-stained spinal cord sections that the anticipation stress for 7 days resulted in an accumulation of the nuclear and cytoplasmic total proteins in the motoneurons of spinal cord anterior horns, with no changes in the body (in fact, in the nuclei) of the glial cells adjacent to the neurons. Intraperitoneal injection of the tranquilizer diazepam (10 mg per kg) 40 min. before the beginning of the last anticipation stress session gave rise to the return to the normal of the protein content per cell in the motoneuron nucleus and cytoplasm while inducing an increase in the quantity of neuroglia cell protein. Differences in the protein metabolism between the neurons and the neuroglia are discussed.", "PMID": 567861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7758", "title": "[Effect of antibulins on the distribution of fibrillar elements in mouse embryonal fibroblasts].", "content": "Effects of colcemid, colchicine and vinblastine on distribution of fibrillar elements (microtubules, microfilaments and 100 A filaments) in mouse embryo fibroblasts were studied by the transmission electron microscopy and by additional treatment of cells with cytochalasin B. All the fibrillar components under routine conditions were seen to form a system of elements with a radial distribution. After antitubulin treatment, the radial system was seen tranformed into a circular one, which consisted mainly of microfilament bundles apparently connecting cell peripheral attachment sites with each other.", "contents": "[Effect of antibulins on the distribution of fibrillar elements in mouse embryonal fibroblasts]. Effects of colcemid, colchicine and vinblastine on distribution of fibrillar elements (microtubules, microfilaments and 100 A filaments) in mouse embryo fibroblasts were studied by the transmission electron microscopy and by additional treatment of cells with cytochalasin B. All the fibrillar components under routine conditions were seen to form a system of elements with a radial distribution. After antitubulin treatment, the radial system was seen tranformed into a circular one, which consisted mainly of microfilament bundles apparently connecting cell peripheral attachment sites with each other.", "PMID": 567864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7759", "title": "[Effect of stromal mechanocytes of hematopoietic organs on in vitro formation of antibody producing cells].", "content": "Cultured rabbit fibroblasts of bone marrow, thymus and spleen origin were added in spleen cell cultures in which the primary antibody response to SRBC was induced. Bone marrow fibroblasts caused strong inhibition of the response; thymus fibroblasts stimulated antibody formation; spleen fibroblasts inhibited the response when added in large amounts otherwise they produced no effect. The stimulation of antibody forming cell response by thymus fibroblasts proved independent of whether fibroblasts were irradiated or not. Bone marrow fibroblasts exhibited suppressive effect on the response predominantly during initial stages of antibody induction. All the 3 types of fibroblasts did not influence cell viability in spleen cells cultures, and were much more effective on addition to cultures of A-deficient spleen cells as compared to full spleen cells.", "contents": "[Effect of stromal mechanocytes of hematopoietic organs on in vitro formation of antibody producing cells]. Cultured rabbit fibroblasts of bone marrow, thymus and spleen origin were added in spleen cell cultures in which the primary antibody response to SRBC was induced. Bone marrow fibroblasts caused strong inhibition of the response; thymus fibroblasts stimulated antibody formation; spleen fibroblasts inhibited the response when added in large amounts otherwise they produced no effect. The stimulation of antibody forming cell response by thymus fibroblasts proved independent of whether fibroblasts were irradiated or not. Bone marrow fibroblasts exhibited suppressive effect on the response predominantly during initial stages of antibody induction. All the 3 types of fibroblasts did not influence cell viability in spleen cells cultures, and were much more effective on addition to cultures of A-deficient spleen cells as compared to full spleen cells.", "PMID": 567866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7760", "title": "An example of anti-Jra causing hemolytic disease of the newborn and frequency of Jra antigen in the Japanese population.", "content": "An example of anti-Jra which caused hemolytic disease of the newborn is reported. Two other examples of the antibody were detected in random screening of Japanese donors. In testing 19, 298 unrelated Japanese, 5 Jr(a-) individuals were found, i.e. an incidence of 0.0003 (0.03%); the corresponding gene frequencies were Jra 0.984 and Jr 0.016.", "contents": "An example of anti-Jra causing hemolytic disease of the newborn and frequency of Jra antigen in the Japanese population. An example of anti-Jra which caused hemolytic disease of the newborn is reported. Two other examples of the antibody were detected in random screening of Japanese donors. In testing 19, 298 unrelated Japanese, 5 Jr(a-) individuals were found, i.e. an incidence of 0.0003 (0.03%); the corresponding gene frequencies were Jra 0.984 and Jr 0.016.", "PMID": 567888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7761", "title": "Anti-autologous  erythrocyte plaque-forming cells in pregnancy. A parameter of immunoregulatory change.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from 16 persons (6 Rh-sensitized pregnant women, 1 pregnant non-Rh-sensitized woman, 3 nonpregnant non-Rh-sensitized women, and 6 non-Rh-sensitized males) were assayed for plaque-forming cells (PFC) against several erythrocyte targets. 6 of 7 pregnant women had PFC, whereas only 1 of 6 males had PFC to autologous red cells. Antiautologous erythrocyte PFC in all of the pregnant Rh-sensitized women as well as the 1 nonpregnant multiparous woman may be the result of alloimmunization of mothers by their fetuses during gestation. Further studies in this area would be valuable in determining not only the immune status of a mother in relation to her fetus, but also would be of value in determining the consequences of that immune status on both mother and fetus. Such information would also provide a further clue to the etiology of autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Anti-autologous  erythrocyte plaque-forming cells in pregnancy. A parameter of immunoregulatory change. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from 16 persons (6 Rh-sensitized pregnant women, 1 pregnant non-Rh-sensitized woman, 3 nonpregnant non-Rh-sensitized women, and 6 non-Rh-sensitized males) were assayed for plaque-forming cells (PFC) against several erythrocyte targets. 6 of 7 pregnant women had PFC, whereas only 1 of 6 males had PFC to autologous red cells. Antiautologous erythrocyte PFC in all of the pregnant Rh-sensitized women as well as the 1 nonpregnant multiparous woman may be the result of alloimmunization of mothers by their fetuses during gestation. Further studies in this area would be valuable in determining not only the immune status of a mother in relation to her fetus, but also would be of value in determining the consequences of that immune status on both mother and fetus. Such information would also provide a further clue to the etiology of autoimmune disease.", "PMID": 567889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7762", "title": "Investigations on the involvement of swine influenza A virus (Hsw1N1) in the influenza outbreak recorded in a town of Romania during the 1976--1977 winter season.", "content": "Seroepidemiological investigations performed with 1,620 serum samples and serodiagnostic tests with 166 paired sera demonstrated that swine influenza virus type A/New Jersey 8/76 (Hsw1N1) played no role in the epidemiology of human influenza in a large town of Romania during 1977.", "contents": "Investigations on the involvement of swine influenza A virus (Hsw1N1) in the influenza outbreak recorded in a town of Romania during the 1976--1977 winter season. Seroepidemiological investigations performed with 1,620 serum samples and serodiagnostic tests with 166 paired sera demonstrated that swine influenza virus type A/New Jersey 8/76 (Hsw1N1) played no role in the epidemiology of human influenza in a large town of Romania during 1977.", "PMID": 567886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7763", "title": "Occlusive impedance plethysmography. A noninvasive method of diagnosis of proximal deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess and confirm the accuracy of impedance plethysmography (IPG) by the occlusive cuff method, in detecting proximal (popliteal, femoral and iliac) deep vein thrombosis in patients with symptomatic limbs. In 27 patients 30 consecutive limbs were studied with concurrent venography and IPG. The IPG result was normal in 9 of 9 limbs which were normal on venography, and abnormal in 15 of 16 limbs which showed venographic evidence of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT). An abnormal IPG strongly suggests proximal DVT (predictive value 0.88). A normal IPG virtually rules out proximal DVT (predictive value 1.0).", "contents": "Occlusive impedance plethysmography. A noninvasive method of diagnosis of proximal deep vein thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to assess and confirm the accuracy of impedance plethysmography (IPG) by the occlusive cuff method, in detecting proximal (popliteal, femoral and iliac) deep vein thrombosis in patients with symptomatic limbs. In 27 patients 30 consecutive limbs were studied with concurrent venography and IPG. The IPG result was normal in 9 of 9 limbs which were normal on venography, and abnormal in 15 of 16 limbs which showed venographic evidence of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT). An abnormal IPG strongly suggests proximal DVT (predictive value 0.88). A normal IPG virtually rules out proximal DVT (predictive value 1.0).", "PMID": 567893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7764", "title": "[Advances in non-invasive procedures to diagnose acquired and congenital cardiac valvular disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is presented, based upon the literature published mainly during the past 10 years and upon personal experience with these methods, of the use of non-invasive diagnostic procedures in congenital and acquired valvular disease of the heart and pericardial disorders. Special emphasis is placed on the possibility of obtaining a quantitative assessment of the severity of the disorder. It depends on the underlying disease whether mechanocardiography (phonocardiogram, external pulse recordings) or echocardiography provides optimum diagnostic information. Echocardiography is especially helpful in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Advances in non-invasive procedures to diagnose acquired and congenital cardiac valvular disease (author's transl)]. A review is presented, based upon the literature published mainly during the past 10 years and upon personal experience with these methods, of the use of non-invasive diagnostic procedures in congenital and acquired valvular disease of the heart and pericardial disorders. Special emphasis is placed on the possibility of obtaining a quantitative assessment of the severity of the disorder. It depends on the underlying disease whether mechanocardiography (phonocardiogram, external pulse recordings) or echocardiography provides optimum diagnostic information. Echocardiography is especially helpful in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 567895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7765", "title": "[Characteristics of a culture of embryonal human lung cells spontaneously contaminated with mouse cells].", "content": "The characteristics of human embryo lung culture spontaneously contaminated with mouse cells (HELCCM) are presented. Changes in the cytological and karyological characteristics of the cells were observed as compared with those of the initial human embryo lung (HEL) cell strain. The culture acquired the resistance to adenovirus type 7; at the same time RNA metabolism in HELCCM culture culture chronically infected with adenovirus practically did not differ from that of the control. Electron microscopic examination of the culture revealed virions of oncornavirus types A and C as well as minimal forms of oncornaviruses which morphologically were close to murine oncornaviruses. The results indicate that in the process of passages the initial diploid cells of HEL were eliminated by mouse cells. Therefore at present, the HELCCM cell line is considered to be a mouse line.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a culture of embryonal human lung cells spontaneously contaminated with mouse cells]. The characteristics of human embryo lung culture spontaneously contaminated with mouse cells (HELCCM) are presented. Changes in the cytological and karyological characteristics of the cells were observed as compared with those of the initial human embryo lung (HEL) cell strain. The culture acquired the resistance to adenovirus type 7; at the same time RNA metabolism in HELCCM culture culture chronically infected with adenovirus practically did not differ from that of the control. Electron microscopic examination of the culture revealed virions of oncornavirus types A and C as well as minimal forms of oncornaviruses which morphologically were close to murine oncornaviruses. The results indicate that in the process of passages the initial diploid cells of HEL were eliminated by mouse cells. Therefore at present, the HELCCM cell line is considered to be a mouse line.", "PMID": 567892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7766", "title": "[Intranuclear centers of influenza virus reproduction during the early stage of infection].", "content": "At 1--3 hours after infection of chick fibroblasts and a continuous dog kidney cell line MDCK with WSN and FPV viruses large virus specific structures were found containing parent nucleocapsids, newly synthesized virus-specific RNA and newly synthesized protein. The buoyant density of these structures in cesium chloride was 1.30--1.32 g/ml. The amount of newly synthesized RNA and protein in these structures increased linearly for 3 hours of infection. The parent and newly synthesized RNA in the structures were resistant to ribonuclease. When protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, parent nucleocapsids were also found in the large structures, and primary transcription of the viral genome occurred there as well. Some structures were destroyed upon sonication of the nuclei. It is suggested that in the observed structure the parent nucleocapsids are associated with cell components (possibly, nuclear chromatin), and centers of influenza virus reproduction arise in the sites of association.", "contents": "[Intranuclear centers of influenza virus reproduction during the early stage of infection]. At 1--3 hours after infection of chick fibroblasts and a continuous dog kidney cell line MDCK with WSN and FPV viruses large virus specific structures were found containing parent nucleocapsids, newly synthesized virus-specific RNA and newly synthesized protein. The buoyant density of these structures in cesium chloride was 1.30--1.32 g/ml. The amount of newly synthesized RNA and protein in these structures increased linearly for 3 hours of infection. The parent and newly synthesized RNA in the structures were resistant to ribonuclease. When protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, parent nucleocapsids were also found in the large structures, and primary transcription of the viral genome occurred there as well. Some structures were destroyed upon sonication of the nuclei. It is suggested that in the observed structure the parent nucleocapsids are associated with cell components (possibly, nuclear chromatin), and centers of influenza virus reproduction arise in the sites of association.", "PMID": 567891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7767", "title": "[Agglutinins in marine brown algae. Dedicated to Professor Dr. H. Kn\u00f6ll on his 65th birthday].", "content": "Extracts from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus, and Halidrys siliquosa agglutinated human erythrocytes of groups A, B, O, and AB as well as erythrocytes from some animal species, ascites tumour cells from mice, and streptococci of many groups of the LANCEFIELD system. The extract of Chorda filum did not show haemagglutination but agglutinated ascites tumour cells and streptococci of a few groups.", "contents": "[Agglutinins in marine brown algae. Dedicated to Professor Dr. H. Kn\u00f6ll on his 65th birthday]. Extracts from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus, and Halidrys siliquosa agglutinated human erythrocytes of groups A, B, O, and AB as well as erythrocytes from some animal species, ascites tumour cells from mice, and streptococci of many groups of the LANCEFIELD system. The extract of Chorda filum did not show haemagglutination but agglutinated ascites tumour cells and streptococci of a few groups.", "PMID": 567898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7768", "title": "[Findings in quality controls of ocean fish in the Siegen district].", "content": "In quality tests on traded sea-fish, 30 fresh fish- and 20 quick-frozen fish specimens were tested for their TVB-N content, TMA-N content, as well as for TMAO-N, and were subjected to a sensorial test. Equal portions of codfish- and perch fillets were tested. According to the chemical analytic data, 13 specimens of the fresh fillets proved to be unobjectionable commercial merchandise 17 specimen had to be eliminated as being spoiled, since part of the above values for TVB-N and TMA-N had been considerable exceeded. The results differ enormously between the two species of fish. The perch fillets showed a significant better quality condition than the specimens of codfish. In the sensorial test the objective total result was confirmed in the main. On the basis of the chemical findings one specimen of codfish out of the deep-frozen fillets had to be objected. 16 fillet-specimens could sensorially be approved as being commercially marketable, 4 were tested not for sale. With codfish showing considerable better results than perch.", "contents": "[Findings in quality controls of ocean fish in the Siegen district]. In quality tests on traded sea-fish, 30 fresh fish- and 20 quick-frozen fish specimens were tested for their TVB-N content, TMA-N content, as well as for TMAO-N, and were subjected to a sensorial test. Equal portions of codfish- and perch fillets were tested. According to the chemical analytic data, 13 specimens of the fresh fillets proved to be unobjectionable commercial merchandise 17 specimen had to be eliminated as being spoiled, since part of the above values for TVB-N and TMA-N had been considerable exceeded. The results differ enormously between the two species of fish. The perch fillets showed a significant better quality condition than the specimens of codfish. In the sensorial test the objective total result was confirmed in the main. On the basis of the chemical findings one specimen of codfish out of the deep-frozen fillets had to be objected. 16 fillet-specimens could sensorially be approved as being commercially marketable, 4 were tested not for sale. With codfish showing considerable better results than perch.", "PMID": 567899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7769", "title": "[Urodynamic data].", "content": "This paper gives a survey of urodynamic data that may be used for evaluating functional aspects of the bladder and its excretory tract. The different parameters are physically defined. Units of the International System are used in the dimensional formulae, which facilitates the establishment of relations between these parameters. The so-called urethral drag can be derived from the pressure law of Blasius. The calculation is as follows: urethral drag = vesical pressure/(maximum urethral discharge). This value is proportional to the true vesical resistance in a physical sense.", "contents": "[Urodynamic data]. This paper gives a survey of urodynamic data that may be used for evaluating functional aspects of the bladder and its excretory tract. The different parameters are physically defined. Units of the International System are used in the dimensional formulae, which facilitates the establishment of relations between these parameters. The so-called urethral drag can be derived from the pressure law of Blasius. The calculation is as follows: urethral drag = vesical pressure/(maximum urethral discharge). This value is proportional to the true vesical resistance in a physical sense.", "PMID": 567900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7770", "title": "[Development of the intercalated disc in culture].", "content": "A culture of separated chick embryo heart cells was observed for 48 hours. By electron microscopy it was observed that at the sites of contacts made during culture intercalated discs did not in general develop. Previous reports to the contrary are devoid of controls excluding the possibility that the intercalated discs found originated from the tissue with which the culture was started. Their electron micrographs, in any case, related to the mature state of the tissue used. In one part of the culture used here the site of a contact which had developed in culture shows a fascia adherens to which filaments (of up to myofilament diameter) insert on both sides. Their course, however, is irregular in one cell, and in the other they are very sparse. Z-lines are missing and only round Z-bodies are to be seen, so one can only speak of an intercalated disc at the earliest stage of development. These findings agree with the recently published statement of Gross and M\u00fcller (1977), according to which intercalated discs did not develop even during common pulsation of heart muscle cells for two and a half month, provided that during culture a certain mechanical momentum did not supervene. It is supposed that the intercalated disc Anlage here demonstrated represents one of the most advanced states to which spontaneous development, without mechanical momentum, can lead .", "contents": "[Development of the intercalated disc in culture]. A culture of separated chick embryo heart cells was observed for 48 hours. By electron microscopy it was observed that at the sites of contacts made during culture intercalated discs did not in general develop. Previous reports to the contrary are devoid of controls excluding the possibility that the intercalated discs found originated from the tissue with which the culture was started. Their electron micrographs, in any case, related to the mature state of the tissue used. In one part of the culture used here the site of a contact which had developed in culture shows a fascia adherens to which filaments (of up to myofilament diameter) insert on both sides. Their course, however, is irregular in one cell, and in the other they are very sparse. Z-lines are missing and only round Z-bodies are to be seen, so one can only speak of an intercalated disc at the earliest stage of development. These findings agree with the recently published statement of Gross and M\u00fcller (1977), according to which intercalated discs did not develop even during common pulsation of heart muscle cells for two and a half month, provided that during culture a certain mechanical momentum did not supervene. It is supposed that the intercalated disc Anlage here demonstrated represents one of the most advanced states to which spontaneous development, without mechanical momentum, can lead .", "PMID": 567901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7771", "title": "[Metric growth of the uterus in digenetic trematodes (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The length of the uterus of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Pleurogenoides medians and Fasciola hepatica at different stages of development is correlated with the corrected size of the body (parallel length x breadth). 2. The data plotted in a log-scale show for all three species a sigmoid curve with linear middle section. 3. The function y = ax + ac(xw - x)3 + b(y = log length of the uterus, x = log length of the body, xw = log length of the body at the turning point) fits very well to the data obtained from Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The constants a, ac and b were determined numerically. The function is valid also for Pleurogenoides medians and Fasciola hepatica but with other constants. 4. The linear middle section of the sigmoid curve may be interpreted by allometric growth. During this phase of development the uterus is tubelike. 5. During the earliest stages of development the uterus forms a solid cord of cells (three-dimensional growth) and grows slower than in a later stage after formation of a cell-free interior (two-dimensional growth). 6. The latest phases of development are characterized by a small increase in length of the uterus due to the three-dimensional dilatation by the produced eggs. 7. The computed function is considered as a modification of the law of allometric growth Y = B . Xa, respectively y = ax + b (log Y = y, log X = x).", "contents": "[Metric growth of the uterus in digenetic trematodes (author's transl)]. 1. The length of the uterus of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Pleurogenoides medians and Fasciola hepatica at different stages of development is correlated with the corrected size of the body (parallel length x breadth). 2. The data plotted in a log-scale show for all three species a sigmoid curve with linear middle section. 3. The function y = ax + ac(xw - x)3 + b(y = log length of the uterus, x = log length of the body, xw = log length of the body at the turning point) fits very well to the data obtained from Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The constants a, ac and b were determined numerically. The function is valid also for Pleurogenoides medians and Fasciola hepatica but with other constants. 4. The linear middle section of the sigmoid curve may be interpreted by allometric growth. During this phase of development the uterus is tubelike. 5. During the earliest stages of development the uterus forms a solid cord of cells (three-dimensional growth) and grows slower than in a later stage after formation of a cell-free interior (two-dimensional growth). 6. The latest phases of development are characterized by a small increase in length of the uterus due to the three-dimensional dilatation by the produced eggs. 7. The computed function is considered as a modification of the law of allometric growth Y = B . Xa, respectively y = ax + b (log Y = y, log X = x).", "PMID": 567903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7772", "title": "Forms of aggression in Thomson's gazelle; their situational motivation and their relative frequency in different sex, age, and social classes.", "content": "Forms of aggression, their situational motivations and frequencies in Thomson's gazelle were investigated to elucidate the multiple functions of aggressive behavior as well as quantitative differences in encounters with opponents of different sex, age, and social classes. The study was conducted in the Serengeti National Park (Tanzania) where the gazelle population is estimated to total 600 000. Within three years, 4016 agonistic encounters were recorded and analyzed. Besides the confirmation of its conventionally recognized functions in territoriality, etc., the great role of intraspecific aggression in the coordination of group activities appears to be of special importance.", "contents": "Forms of aggression in Thomson's gazelle; their situational motivation and their relative frequency in different sex, age, and social classes. Forms of aggression, their situational motivations and frequencies in Thomson's gazelle were investigated to elucidate the multiple functions of aggressive behavior as well as quantitative differences in encounters with opponents of different sex, age, and social classes. The study was conducted in the Serengeti National Park (Tanzania) where the gazelle population is estimated to total 600 000. Within three years, 4016 agonistic encounters were recorded and analyzed. Besides the confirmation of its conventionally recognized functions in territoriality, etc., the great role of intraspecific aggression in the coordination of group activities appears to be of special importance.", "PMID": 567909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7773", "title": "Mobbing in the pied flycatcher. Effect of experiencing a live owl on responses to a stuffed facsimile.", "content": "A surprisingly high proportion (42%) of breeding pied flycatchers failed to mob a stuffed pygmy owl placed near the nests. To determine whether the range of effective stimulus objects eliciting mobbing could be extended in these \"non-mobbers\", a live owl, resembling the ineffective dummy in nearly all static owl traits, was briefly exposed. It evoked strong mobbing from all birds, as did the stuffed specimen on a subsequent presentation. The role of experience with live predators and the effect of labile properties of the latter on the mobbing response are discussed.", "contents": "Mobbing in the pied flycatcher. Effect of experiencing a live owl on responses to a stuffed facsimile. A surprisingly high proportion (42%) of breeding pied flycatchers failed to mob a stuffed pygmy owl placed near the nests. To determine whether the range of effective stimulus objects eliciting mobbing could be extended in these \"non-mobbers\", a live owl, resembling the ineffective dummy in nearly all static owl traits, was briefly exposed. It evoked strong mobbing from all birds, as did the stuffed specimen on a subsequent presentation. The role of experience with live predators and the effect of labile properties of the latter on the mobbing response are discussed.", "PMID": 567910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7774", "title": "Species-typical and individually distinctive acoustic features of crow calls of red jungle fowl.", "content": "Crow calls of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) were analyzed for the purposes of (a) determining the extent of commonality and variability of acoustic features within and between individual roosters, and (b) characterizing the modal crow call of this species. Comparisons were made between crow calls of jungle fowl and those of domestic fowl to assess the extent to which domestication has affected these motor patterns.", "contents": "Species-typical and individually distinctive acoustic features of crow calls of red jungle fowl. Crow calls of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) were analyzed for the purposes of (a) determining the extent of commonality and variability of acoustic features within and between individual roosters, and (b) characterizing the modal crow call of this species. Comparisons were made between crow calls of jungle fowl and those of domestic fowl to assess the extent to which domestication has affected these motor patterns.", "PMID": 567911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7775", "title": "[Change in the concentration of free amino acids in the brain upon exposure to amnesia producing agents].", "content": "A comparison was made of free aminoacids content in the brain of rats after amnesia induced by an electric shock or an injection of iproniazid. Immediately after the electric shock the cystine content rises and there is a drop in the content of aspartic acid, proline and isoleucine. Twenty four hours later the content of most of the amino acids rises. A correlation has been found between the glycine content in the brain and the degree of amnesia. Under the influence of iproniazid the content of aspartic and glutamic acids, alanine, tyrosine and phenylalanine in the brain drops and that of proline, glycine, cystine and valine rises. It is assumed that the differences between the content of free aminoacids in the brain after electric shock and iproniazid reflect those between the mechanisms of amnestic action of the two agents.", "contents": "[Change in the concentration of free amino acids in the brain upon exposure to amnesia producing agents]. A comparison was made of free aminoacids content in the brain of rats after amnesia induced by an electric shock or an injection of iproniazid. Immediately after the electric shock the cystine content rises and there is a drop in the content of aspartic acid, proline and isoleucine. Twenty four hours later the content of most of the amino acids rises. A correlation has been found between the glycine content in the brain and the degree of amnesia. Under the influence of iproniazid the content of aspartic and glutamic acids, alanine, tyrosine and phenylalanine in the brain drops and that of proline, glycine, cystine and valine rises. It is assumed that the differences between the content of free aminoacids in the brain after electric shock and iproniazid reflect those between the mechanisms of amnestic action of the two agents.", "PMID": 567906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7776", "title": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. II. Effect of a city smog extract on cell growth and DNA synthesis of hamster kidney cells in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "A city smog extract from an urban area inhibits the cell growth of hamster kidney cells in vitro. Parallel to an inhibition of cell multiplication a diminished rate of total DNA synthesis appeared. The number of cells in DNA synthesis is depressed in presence of city smog extract. These phenomena revealed a dose-response relationship. The biological effect of city smog extract is discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. II. Effect of a city smog extract on cell growth and DNA synthesis of hamster kidney cells in vitro (author's transl)]. A city smog extract from an urban area inhibits the cell growth of hamster kidney cells in vitro. Parallel to an inhibition of cell multiplication a diminished rate of total DNA synthesis appeared. The number of cells in DNA synthesis is depressed in presence of city smog extract. These phenomena revealed a dose-response relationship. The biological effect of city smog extract is discussed.", "PMID": 567914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7777", "title": "[Opsonizing activity of sera from animals immunized with pertussis vaccine].", "content": "Opsonizing activity of guinea pig blood serum containing mercaptoethanol-resistant pertussis antibodies was studied in vitro on a model of microorganism ingestion by the mononuclears of the guinea pig peritoneal exudate. There were revealed distinct differences in the serum activity depending on the phagocytosis object. The blood serum of hyperimmunized rabbits stimulated the ingestion of Bordetella pertussis by mononuclears of guinea pigs--normal and immunized with pertussis vaccine. The blood sera of hyperimmunized guinea pigs and of mice immunized with pertussis vaccine twice displayed opsonins to B. pertussis. The blood sera of animals immunized with pertussis vaccine inhibited the staphylococcus ingestion by the peritoneal exudate mononuclears of guinea pigs, both normal and those immunized with pertussis vaccine.", "contents": "[Opsonizing activity of sera from animals immunized with pertussis vaccine]. Opsonizing activity of guinea pig blood serum containing mercaptoethanol-resistant pertussis antibodies was studied in vitro on a model of microorganism ingestion by the mononuclears of the guinea pig peritoneal exudate. There were revealed distinct differences in the serum activity depending on the phagocytosis object. The blood serum of hyperimmunized rabbits stimulated the ingestion of Bordetella pertussis by mononuclears of guinea pigs--normal and immunized with pertussis vaccine. The blood sera of hyperimmunized guinea pigs and of mice immunized with pertussis vaccine twice displayed opsonins to B. pertussis. The blood sera of animals immunized with pertussis vaccine inhibited the staphylococcus ingestion by the peritoneal exudate mononuclears of guinea pigs, both normal and those immunized with pertussis vaccine.", "PMID": 567917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7778", "title": "[Regulatory role of bone marrow in immunogenesis. III. Humoral factors stimulating and suppressing antibody formation produced by bone marrow cells in in vitro cultures].", "content": "As revealed by the method of cultivation of bone marrow and spleen cells, separated by nucleopore membrane, in two-chamber bottles, the bone marrow cells were capable of producing humoral factor stimulating antibody genesis by the spleen cells. A direct contact of the bone marrow cells with the actively proliferating antigen-stimulated cells of the spleen led to production of a spleen humoral factor suppressing the antibody genesis by the spleen cells. The suppressive action of the bone marrow cells on the antibody genesis in the culture of the spleen cells was mediated through the suppression of the spleen cells proliferation; proliferation of the bone marrow cells is enhanced.", "contents": "[Regulatory role of bone marrow in immunogenesis. III. Humoral factors stimulating and suppressing antibody formation produced by bone marrow cells in in vitro cultures]. As revealed by the method of cultivation of bone marrow and spleen cells, separated by nucleopore membrane, in two-chamber bottles, the bone marrow cells were capable of producing humoral factor stimulating antibody genesis by the spleen cells. A direct contact of the bone marrow cells with the actively proliferating antigen-stimulated cells of the spleen led to production of a spleen humoral factor suppressing the antibody genesis by the spleen cells. The suppressive action of the bone marrow cells on the antibody genesis in the culture of the spleen cells was mediated through the suppression of the spleen cells proliferation; proliferation of the bone marrow cells is enhanced.", "PMID": 567918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7779", "title": "[Formation of group and intergroup antibodies in humans with leptospirosis infections].", "content": "The authors studied regularities attending the biosynthesis of group (homologous) and intergroup (heterologous) antibodies in man during the whole cycle of leptospirosis infection, and for three months after it. Leptospira of the serological groups Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, the most prominent in the morbidity structure at present, served as etiological causative agents of the disease. Biosynthesis of both homologous and heterologous antibodies had its specific features for each serological group of the disease, and was characterized by the quadripol dynamics of 19S-macro and 7S-microglobulin antibodies production in leptospiroses of serological groups Pomona and Gryppotyphosa, whereas in leptospiroses of serological groups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Hebdomadis a graphically dipolic synthesis dynamics of 19S-macroglobulin antibodies alone was noted.", "contents": "[Formation of group and intergroup antibodies in humans with leptospirosis infections]. The authors studied regularities attending the biosynthesis of group (homologous) and intergroup (heterologous) antibodies in man during the whole cycle of leptospirosis infection, and for three months after it. Leptospira of the serological groups Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, the most prominent in the morbidity structure at present, served as etiological causative agents of the disease. Biosynthesis of both homologous and heterologous antibodies had its specific features for each serological group of the disease, and was characterized by the quadripol dynamics of 19S-macro and 7S-microglobulin antibodies production in leptospiroses of serological groups Pomona and Gryppotyphosa, whereas in leptospiroses of serological groups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Hebdomadis a graphically dipolic synthesis dynamics of 19S-macroglobulin antibodies alone was noted.", "PMID": 567919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7780", "title": "Development of the external muscle coats in the digestive tract of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana.", "content": "Development of the external musculature of the gastrointestinal tract has been studied in the stomach, small intestine and colon of the postnatal opossum. The muscle support is thin and poorly developed at birth, especially in the stomach and small intestine where only the inner layer is completely formed. The outer layer is discontinuous and formed by scattered myoblasts. The muscularis externa of the colon at birth is considerably thicker and both layers are present. Subsequent development of the muscularis externa consists of an early period of proliferative activity followed by hypertrophy. A low rate of mitotic activity continues throughout development and into the adult. Elements of the myenteric plexus are present at birth.", "contents": "Development of the external muscle coats in the digestive tract of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Development of the external musculature of the gastrointestinal tract has been studied in the stomach, small intestine and colon of the postnatal opossum. The muscle support is thin and poorly developed at birth, especially in the stomach and small intestine where only the inner layer is completely formed. The outer layer is discontinuous and formed by scattered myoblasts. The muscularis externa of the colon at birth is considerably thicker and both layers are present. Subsequent development of the muscularis externa consists of an early period of proliferative activity followed by hypertrophy. A low rate of mitotic activity continues throughout development and into the adult. Elements of the myenteric plexus are present at birth.", "PMID": 567924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7781", "title": "Influence of pubococcygeal repair on urethral closure pressure at stress.", "content": "Stress incontinence is cured or improved by surgical treatment but the immediate reason is obscure. Simultaneous urethrocystometry with urethral pressure profile recording at rest pre- and postoperatively has shown that the urethral pressure remains fairly unchanged by the operation. Similar measurements, but during stress, have been performed in eight women with stress incontinence before and after pubococcygeal repair with interest focussed on changes in pressure transmission from abdomen to urethra. We have found that the reason for cure is a greatly improved pressure transmission, probably depending on the firm support beneath the urethra postoperatively. Rotational descent is prevented and the \"floor\" beneath the urethra responds with good counterpressure at stress. The pressure transmission was as good at one year as at one month after surgery, pointing to a lasting result.", "contents": "Influence of pubococcygeal repair on urethral closure pressure at stress. Stress incontinence is cured or improved by surgical treatment but the immediate reason is obscure. Simultaneous urethrocystometry with urethral pressure profile recording at rest pre- and postoperatively has shown that the urethral pressure remains fairly unchanged by the operation. Similar measurements, but during stress, have been performed in eight women with stress incontinence before and after pubococcygeal repair with interest focussed on changes in pressure transmission from abdomen to urethra. We have found that the reason for cure is a greatly improved pressure transmission, probably depending on the firm support beneath the urethra postoperatively. Rotational descent is prevented and the \"floor\" beneath the urethra responds with good counterpressure at stress. The pressure transmission was as good at one year as at one month after surgery, pointing to a lasting result.", "PMID": 567925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7782", "title": "Nitrogen and protein components of human milk.", "content": "The true protein content of human milk is 0.9%, in well-nourished as well as malnourished mothers. Casein constitutes only about 20% of the protein nitrogen in human milk. The remaining 80% is derived from the whey proteins, the three dominant components being alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin and secretory IgA. alpha-lactalbumin is a subunit of lactose synthetase. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein which plays a role in the defence against gastro-intestinal infections and is probably also involved in iron transport in the gut. Secretory IgA is comparatively stable at low pH; it is resistant to proteolytic enzymes and plays an essential role in the immunological defence against gastro-intestinal infections. Lysozyme is a minor component of the whey proteins and represents an active enzyme with a bactericidal effect. The nutritional and immunological significance of the marked differences with respect to the nitrogen and protein compositions of human milk and cow's milk should not be underestimated, but need further elucidation.", "contents": "Nitrogen and protein components of human milk. The true protein content of human milk is 0.9%, in well-nourished as well as malnourished mothers. Casein constitutes only about 20% of the protein nitrogen in human milk. The remaining 80% is derived from the whey proteins, the three dominant components being alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin and secretory IgA. alpha-lactalbumin is a subunit of lactose synthetase. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein which plays a role in the defence against gastro-intestinal infections and is probably also involved in iron transport in the gut. Secretory IgA is comparatively stable at low pH; it is resistant to proteolytic enzymes and plays an essential role in the immunological defence against gastro-intestinal infections. Lysozyme is a minor component of the whey proteins and represents an active enzyme with a bactericidal effect. The nutritional and immunological significance of the marked differences with respect to the nitrogen and protein compositions of human milk and cow's milk should not be underestimated, but need further elucidation.", "PMID": 567927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7783", "title": "Lipid and trace element composition of human milk.", "content": "The recent work on lipids and trace elements in human milk has been reviewed. Lipids in human milk are specially important for the development of the central nervous system of the infant, in addition to being a source of nutrients. Recent studies revealed that the concentration of total lipids was low in milk samples from Indian women belonging to the low socio-economic group: linoleic acid constituted a high percent of the fatty acids. The bile-stimulated lipase activity of milk was higher in Ethiopian than in Swedish milk samples. Vitamin D sulphate, the water soluble conjugate of vitamin D, was present in higher concentrations than that reported for vitamin D in lipid fraction; however, the antirachitic activity of vitamin D sulphate is yet to be studies. Copper, zinc, and magnesium concentrations were high in sampled obtained during the first month of lactation. Copper and zinc levels continued to fall gradually till the end of one year lactation. The mean concentrations of zinc and copper in mature milk samples from Indian mothers were similar to those in American samples, though both the samples showed wide variation. A high proportion of zinc in milk was bound to proteins.", "contents": "Lipid and trace element composition of human milk. The recent work on lipids and trace elements in human milk has been reviewed. Lipids in human milk are specially important for the development of the central nervous system of the infant, in addition to being a source of nutrients. Recent studies revealed that the concentration of total lipids was low in milk samples from Indian women belonging to the low socio-economic group: linoleic acid constituted a high percent of the fatty acids. The bile-stimulated lipase activity of milk was higher in Ethiopian than in Swedish milk samples. Vitamin D sulphate, the water soluble conjugate of vitamin D, was present in higher concentrations than that reported for vitamin D in lipid fraction; however, the antirachitic activity of vitamin D sulphate is yet to be studies. Copper, zinc, and magnesium concentrations were high in sampled obtained during the first month of lactation. Copper and zinc levels continued to fall gradually till the end of one year lactation. The mean concentrations of zinc and copper in mature milk samples from Indian mothers were similar to those in American samples, though both the samples showed wide variation. A high proportion of zinc in milk was bound to proteins.", "PMID": 567928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7784", "title": "Variations of serum testosterone estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) binding capacity in infants during the first year of life.", "content": "Serum TeBG binding capacity was measured in 8 cord blood samples, and in peripheral venous blood from 39 male and 31 female infants aged from 1 day to 1 year. In cord blood, TeBG binding capacities were low (1.27 +/- 0.3 microgram/100 ml) with no sex difference. In male infants, TeBG binding capacities increased progressively from birth to 3 months, before decreasing to reach the normal prepubertal level at 6 months. Individual values ranged between 1.16 and 14.5 microgram/100 ml and were significantly correlated with plasma testosterone (r = 0.671, 95% confidence limits 0.440 to 0.818, p less than 0.005) and estradiol (r = 0.734, 95% confidence limits 0.121 to 0.942, p less than 0.01) levels. In female infants, individual values ranged between 1.17 and 14.5 microgram/100 ml, without correlation with age or plasma estradiol level. In male infants the data suggest a positive control ot TeGB binding capacity by estrogens, the negative effect of testosterone being delayed until after the 3rd month of age. In girls, the lack of correlation between TeBG and estradiol can probably be explained by rapid variations of plasma estradiol levels.", "contents": "Variations of serum testosterone estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) binding capacity in infants during the first year of life. Serum TeBG binding capacity was measured in 8 cord blood samples, and in peripheral venous blood from 39 male and 31 female infants aged from 1 day to 1 year. In cord blood, TeBG binding capacities were low (1.27 +/- 0.3 microgram/100 ml) with no sex difference. In male infants, TeBG binding capacities increased progressively from birth to 3 months, before decreasing to reach the normal prepubertal level at 6 months. Individual values ranged between 1.16 and 14.5 microgram/100 ml and were significantly correlated with plasma testosterone (r = 0.671, 95% confidence limits 0.440 to 0.818, p less than 0.005) and estradiol (r = 0.734, 95% confidence limits 0.121 to 0.942, p less than 0.01) levels. In female infants, individual values ranged between 1.17 and 14.5 microgram/100 ml, without correlation with age or plasma estradiol level. In male infants the data suggest a positive control ot TeGB binding capacity by estrogens, the negative effect of testosterone being delayed until after the 3rd month of age. In girls, the lack of correlation between TeBG and estradiol can probably be explained by rapid variations of plasma estradiol levels.", "PMID": 567929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7785", "title": "Plasma free amino acid concentrations of breast-fed infants.", "content": "Photometric determination of alpha-amino nitrogen in peripheral venous plasma and urine from 20 healthy, full-term infants, 1--5 months of age, showing normal growth and development during an uncomplicated lactation, revealed lower plasma levels than what has been found in adults, or 3.7 +/- 1.1 mg/100 ml, and a urinary excretion of 41 +/- 14 mg/24 hours. Ion-exchange chromatography of deproteinized peripheral venous plasma showed low valine concentrations, an increased glycine/valine ratio and high cystine and very high taurine levels when compared to the levels of healthy American infants of comparable ages fed 3--3.5 g/kg of cow-milk protein. The findings indicate that a formula based on cow-milk protein should optimally contain only 1.0--1.2 g protein/100 ml provided that it is \"humanized\" not only with regard to the lactalbumin/casein ratio, but also to the cystine and taurine content. The pattern of the plasma concentrations of free amino acids reported in the present investigation may be used as a normal reference for breast-fed infants.", "contents": "Plasma free amino acid concentrations of breast-fed infants. Photometric determination of alpha-amino nitrogen in peripheral venous plasma and urine from 20 healthy, full-term infants, 1--5 months of age, showing normal growth and development during an uncomplicated lactation, revealed lower plasma levels than what has been found in adults, or 3.7 +/- 1.1 mg/100 ml, and a urinary excretion of 41 +/- 14 mg/24 hours. Ion-exchange chromatography of deproteinized peripheral venous plasma showed low valine concentrations, an increased glycine/valine ratio and high cystine and very high taurine levels when compared to the levels of healthy American infants of comparable ages fed 3--3.5 g/kg of cow-milk protein. The findings indicate that a formula based on cow-milk protein should optimally contain only 1.0--1.2 g protein/100 ml provided that it is \"humanized\" not only with regard to the lactalbumin/casein ratio, but also to the cystine and taurine content. The pattern of the plasma concentrations of free amino acids reported in the present investigation may be used as a normal reference for breast-fed infants.", "PMID": 567930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7786", "title": "Long-term observation of ears with reduced middle ear pressure.", "content": "335 ears from 210 childred in which tympanometry initially indicated middle ear pressure less than or equal to -100 mm H2O or a flat tympanogram have been reinvestigated 3 years later. When the inital investigation was performed all children were 7 years old. The present study reveals that 25% of these ears still have middle ear pressure less than or equal to -100 mm H2O and 16% middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O. In normal material of the same age group 9% have middle ear pressure less than or equal to -100 mm H2O and 4% middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O. The study also reveals effusion in 10% of ears with normal screening audiograms. In ears with normal screening audiograms and middle ear pressure greater than or equal to -145 mm H2O effusion was found in 5% and in ears with abnormal screening audiograms and middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O effusion was found in 81%. As tympanometric criterion for otologist referral, middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O or a flat tympanogram is suggested. The inclusion of tympanometry in routine screening for middle ear pathology in children is recommended.", "contents": "Long-term observation of ears with reduced middle ear pressure. 335 ears from 210 childred in which tympanometry initially indicated middle ear pressure less than or equal to -100 mm H2O or a flat tympanogram have been reinvestigated 3 years later. When the inital investigation was performed all children were 7 years old. The present study reveals that 25% of these ears still have middle ear pressure less than or equal to -100 mm H2O and 16% middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O. In normal material of the same age group 9% have middle ear pressure less than or equal to -100 mm H2O and 4% middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O. The study also reveals effusion in 10% of ears with normal screening audiograms. In ears with normal screening audiograms and middle ear pressure greater than or equal to -145 mm H2O effusion was found in 5% and in ears with abnormal screening audiograms and middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O effusion was found in 81%. As tympanometric criterion for otologist referral, middle ear pressure less than or equal to -150 mm H2O or a flat tympanogram is suggested. The inclusion of tympanometry in routine screening for middle ear pathology in children is recommended.", "PMID": 567926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7787", "title": "Effect of long-term administration of various alcoholic beverages on the in vitro incorporation of 3H-leucine into proteins in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum and liver.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein from anterior and posterior cerebellum, cerebral cortex and liver was studied in rats given 50% of calories as ethanol, brandy, whisky, gin, red wine or isocaloric amounts of glucose together with diets with moderate or low protein-vitamin content for 8--9 months. Higher incorporation rates were usually observed with higher protein-vitamin administration. Red wine and brandy rats usually had the highest, ethanol and gin rats usually the lowest incorporation rates. The incorporation rate thus increased with amount of congeners present.", "contents": "Effect of long-term administration of various alcoholic beverages on the in vitro incorporation of 3H-leucine into proteins in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum and liver. The incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein from anterior and posterior cerebellum, cerebral cortex and liver was studied in rats given 50% of calories as ethanol, brandy, whisky, gin, red wine or isocaloric amounts of glucose together with diets with moderate or low protein-vitamin content for 8--9 months. Higher incorporation rates were usually observed with higher protein-vitamin administration. Red wine and brandy rats usually had the highest, ethanol and gin rats usually the lowest incorporation rates. The incorporation rate thus increased with amount of congeners present.", "PMID": 567931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7788", "title": "Phobic partner-specific impotence in women.", "content": "Functional coital impotence is not exclusive to men. It also occurs in two groups of women: those suffering from vaginismus and those with depressive episodes that give rise to a partner-specific sexual phobia. The latter syndrome is by no means uncommon, yet it has not so far attracted the attention it deserves. This neglect may be largely due to the emotional complications which ensue from it and camouflage its depressive-phobic background. It can be amenable to psychotherapeutic measures combined with antidepressant medication.", "contents": "Phobic partner-specific impotence in women. Functional coital impotence is not exclusive to men. It also occurs in two groups of women: those suffering from vaginismus and those with depressive episodes that give rise to a partner-specific sexual phobia. The latter syndrome is by no means uncommon, yet it has not so far attracted the attention it deserves. This neglect may be largely due to the emotional complications which ensue from it and camouflage its depressive-phobic background. It can be amenable to psychotherapeutic measures combined with antidepressant medication.", "PMID": 567932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7789", "title": "Plasmalogenase is elevated in early demyelinating lesions.", "content": "Plasmalogenase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ethanolamine plasmalogens to long-chain aldehydes and 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines. During development, plasmalogenase activity parallels myelination. The enzyme is most concentrated within oligodendroglial cells and is absent from myelin. The normal function of plasmalogenase in white matter may be related to its specificity for plasmalogens that contain most of the thromboxane and prostaglandin precursors. Plasmalogenase activities are elevated in demyelinating CNS tissues including canine white matter with lesions due to distemper virus. Elevated plasmalogenase activity precedes cellular invasion and lysosomal activation as indicated by beta-glucuronidase, acid proteinase and neutral proteinase activities. The elevation of plasmalogenase activity was 4.9-fold greater than normal in an early demyelinating lesion caused by the Snyder-Hill strain of distemper virus. Phospholipases acting on phosphatidyl ethanolamine were not activated in this tissue and have activities much lower than plasmalogenase in control tissues. Plasmalogenase activities are also elevated after intracerebral injections of complement-dependent anti-myelin antibody and after ischemia. Plasmalogenase acting on the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane may be responsible for necrosis of the oligodendrocyte that results in demyelination.", "contents": "Plasmalogenase is elevated in early demyelinating lesions. Plasmalogenase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ethanolamine plasmalogens to long-chain aldehydes and 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines. During development, plasmalogenase activity parallels myelination. The enzyme is most concentrated within oligodendroglial cells and is absent from myelin. The normal function of plasmalogenase in white matter may be related to its specificity for plasmalogens that contain most of the thromboxane and prostaglandin precursors. Plasmalogenase activities are elevated in demyelinating CNS tissues including canine white matter with lesions due to distemper virus. Elevated plasmalogenase activity precedes cellular invasion and lysosomal activation as indicated by beta-glucuronidase, acid proteinase and neutral proteinase activities. The elevation of plasmalogenase activity was 4.9-fold greater than normal in an early demyelinating lesion caused by the Snyder-Hill strain of distemper virus. Phospholipases acting on phosphatidyl ethanolamine were not activated in this tissue and have activities much lower than plasmalogenase in control tissues. Plasmalogenase activities are also elevated after intracerebral injections of complement-dependent anti-myelin antibody and after ischemia. Plasmalogenase acting on the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane may be responsible for necrosis of the oligodendrocyte that results in demyelination.", "PMID": 567935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7790", "title": "The hazards of a chemical laboratory environment--a study of the mortality in two cohorts of swedish chemists.", "content": "The causes of death among the 93 chemists belonging to a cohort of 857 men, who graduated from the Schools of Chemical Engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, and the Chalmers Institute of Technology (CTH), Gothenburg, Sweden, during the years 1930 to 1950, were studied. The group was followed until the end of 1974. There was a significant increase of cancer, particularly of leukemias/malignant lymphomas and of urogenital tumors. The study indicated that chemists, who continued with laboratory work for at least a few years after graduation and specifically worked with organic compounds, displayed an increased frequency of death from cancer.", "contents": "The hazards of a chemical laboratory environment--a study of the mortality in two cohorts of swedish chemists. The causes of death among the 93 chemists belonging to a cohort of 857 men, who graduated from the Schools of Chemical Engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, and the Chalmers Institute of Technology (CTH), Gothenburg, Sweden, during the years 1930 to 1950, were studied. The group was followed until the end of 1974. There was a significant increase of cancer, particularly of leukemias/malignant lymphomas and of urogenital tumors. The study indicated that chemists, who continued with laboratory work for at least a few years after graduation and specifically worked with organic compounds, displayed an increased frequency of death from cancer.", "PMID": 567938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7791", "title": "The emergence of candidosis. The dominant postmortem cerebral mycosis.", "content": "Comparable human postmortem surveys in central Kentucky and southern Florida have demonstrated an altered pattern of cerebral mycoses due primarily to therapeutic manipulations. From both states 8,975 complete autopsies yielded 39 patients with histologically verified cerebral mycoses. The most common infection was candidosis (49%), characterized by intraparenchymal microabscesses without significant leptomeningitis in hospitalized patients compromised by antibiotic therapy for infection with gram-negative organisms. The remaining 20 patients with noncandidal cerebral mycoses included 9 (23%) with cryptococcosis, 5 (13%) with zygomycosis, 2 (5%) with aspergillosis, 2 (5%) with histoplasmosis, 1 (2.5%) with blastomycosis and 1 (2.5%) with curvulariosis. These compromised patients had leptomeningitis when infected with yeasts and cerebral infarcts with cerebritis when infected with hyphal fungi. In contrast to human cerebral candidosis, the non-candidal cerebral mycoses precipitated the patient's terminal hospitalization. These infections seemed to be contracted outside the hospital. Therapy for gram-negative bacterial infections has enabled Candida species to overtake Cryptococcus neoformans as the most common cause of postmortem cerebral mycosis.", "contents": "The emergence of candidosis. The dominant postmortem cerebral mycosis. Comparable human postmortem surveys in central Kentucky and southern Florida have demonstrated an altered pattern of cerebral mycoses due primarily to therapeutic manipulations. From both states 8,975 complete autopsies yielded 39 patients with histologically verified cerebral mycoses. The most common infection was candidosis (49%), characterized by intraparenchymal microabscesses without significant leptomeningitis in hospitalized patients compromised by antibiotic therapy for infection with gram-negative organisms. The remaining 20 patients with noncandidal cerebral mycoses included 9 (23%) with cryptococcosis, 5 (13%) with zygomycosis, 2 (5%) with aspergillosis, 2 (5%) with histoplasmosis, 1 (2.5%) with blastomycosis and 1 (2.5%) with curvulariosis. These compromised patients had leptomeningitis when infected with yeasts and cerebral infarcts with cerebritis when infected with hyphal fungi. In contrast to human cerebral candidosis, the non-candidal cerebral mycoses precipitated the patient's terminal hospitalization. These infections seemed to be contracted outside the hospital. Therapy for gram-negative bacterial infections has enabled Candida species to overtake Cryptococcus neoformans as the most common cause of postmortem cerebral mycosis.", "PMID": 567939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7792", "title": "Water exchange in the placenta: a mathematical model.", "content": "To better understand the complicated interplay of forces affecting human placental water exchange, we developed a system of differential equations describing the flows of water, glucose, bicarbonate ion, amino acids, CO2, O2, passive cations (such as Na+ and K+), and chloride ion transplacentally and across the erythrocytes. The equations are based largely on the flux equations of irreversible thermodynamics, although Goldman's hypothesis and equation are employed to treat the ionic currents across the erythrocyte membrane. Bicarbonate ion and dissolved carbon dioxide were found to be major forces acting early in capillary transit to produce a large flow of water toward the fetus. Near the end of the capillary an almost equal amount of water returns to the mother, an effect due predominantly to the effect of glucose. For small deviations from accepted normal values, water transfer is most sensitive to changes in passive cations and chloride, followed by bicarbonate and CO2, plasma solutes (including lactate and glucose), hydrostatic pressure, and amino acids. A simple equation is given to summarize the model's results for water transfer when many factors change simultaneously. Uneven distribution of maternal-to-fetal blood flows tends to favor fetal water acquisition.", "contents": "Water exchange in the placenta: a mathematical model. To better understand the complicated interplay of forces affecting human placental water exchange, we developed a system of differential equations describing the flows of water, glucose, bicarbonate ion, amino acids, CO2, O2, passive cations (such as Na+ and K+), and chloride ion transplacentally and across the erythrocytes. The equations are based largely on the flux equations of irreversible thermodynamics, although Goldman's hypothesis and equation are employed to treat the ionic currents across the erythrocyte membrane. Bicarbonate ion and dissolved carbon dioxide were found to be major forces acting early in capillary transit to produce a large flow of water toward the fetus. Near the end of the capillary an almost equal amount of water returns to the mother, an effect due predominantly to the effect of glucose. For small deviations from accepted normal values, water transfer is most sensitive to changes in passive cations and chloride, followed by bicarbonate and CO2, plasma solutes (including lactate and glucose), hydrostatic pressure, and amino acids. A simple equation is given to summarize the model's results for water transfer when many factors change simultaneously. Uneven distribution of maternal-to-fetal blood flows tends to favor fetal water acquisition.", "PMID": 567941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7793", "title": "Genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio).", "content": "Isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated in 3 fish species of family Cyprinidae, i.e. tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). The isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. In crucian carp subunits with different electrophoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the B1, B2, A1, A2 and C loci, while the set of loci in carp is B1, B2, A, C1 and C2 and in tench B, A, C. The locus B of LDH in tench, the locus B2 in crucian carp, and the loci B1, C1 and C2 in carp are polymorphic and have two different alleles in each case. The polymorphism did not affect the total LDH activity in the tissues. All the populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic control of the polymorphism in B1 and C1 loci in carp was proved by test matings. The polymorphism in B loci tested in erythrocytes may be utilized as genetic markers in the fish breeding.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated in 3 fish species of family Cyprinidae, i.e. tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). The isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. In crucian carp subunits with different electrophoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the B1, B2, A1, A2 and C loci, while the set of loci in carp is B1, B2, A, C1 and C2 and in tench B, A, C. The locus B of LDH in tench, the locus B2 in crucian carp, and the loci B1, C1 and C2 in carp are polymorphic and have two different alleles in each case. The polymorphism did not affect the total LDH activity in the tissues. All the populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic control of the polymorphism in B1 and C1 loci in carp was proved by test matings. The polymorphism in B loci tested in erythrocytes may be utilized as genetic markers in the fish breeding.", "PMID": 567944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7794", "title": "[Primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery of the hemangioendotheliosarcoma type].", "content": "A case of primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery presenting with the symptomatology of a bronchopulmonary tumour is studied in comparison with those reported up to the present in the literature. The tumour, examined in the pneumonectomy specimen, appeared to be inserted into the trunk of the left pulmonary artery with unusual propagation in the distal arteries. It had also spread into the neighbouring bronchial lumina. Histologically, the appearance was, rarely, that of a haemangioendotheliosarcoma. The histogenesis of these neoplasms is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery of the hemangioendotheliosarcoma type]. A case of primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery presenting with the symptomatology of a bronchopulmonary tumour is studied in comparison with those reported up to the present in the literature. The tumour, examined in the pneumonectomy specimen, appeared to be inserted into the trunk of the left pulmonary artery with unusual propagation in the distal arteries. It had also spread into the neighbouring bronchial lumina. Histologically, the appearance was, rarely, that of a haemangioendotheliosarcoma. The histogenesis of these neoplasms is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 567945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7795", "title": "[10 Canadian cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride workers].", "content": "Ten cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers from a plant in Shawinigan, Qu\u00e9bec, are reported. The author insist mostly on the occupational history of these workers and on the morphologic description of the lesions. A pathogenic hypothesis is submitted.", "contents": "[10 Canadian cases of angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride workers]. Ten cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers from a plant in Shawinigan, Qu\u00e9bec, are reported. The author insist mostly on the occupational history of these workers and on the morphologic description of the lesions. A pathogenic hypothesis is submitted.", "PMID": 567946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7796", "title": "Anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole in calves.", "content": "Oxfendazole, methyl [5-(Phenylsulfinyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate given to calves at dose level of 2.5 mg/kg as a paste, as a bolus, or as a drench resulted in excellent (97 to 100%) anthelmintic efficacy against mature Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia oncophora, C mcmasteri, C pectinata, C punctata, Nematodirus helvetianus, Trichostrongylus longispicularis, Chabertia ovina, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Against the early 4th stage larvage of O ostertagia and N helvetianus, these formulations had anthelmintic efficacies of 71% to 87% and 21% to 65%, respectively. As the result of differences in drug intake by individual calves, a pelleted feed additive given as top dress on chopped alfalfa hay gave an unsatisfactory mean anthelmintic response. Anthelmintic action in individual calves ranged from none to 98--100%.", "contents": "Anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole in calves. Oxfendazole, methyl [5-(Phenylsulfinyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate given to calves at dose level of 2.5 mg/kg as a paste, as a bolus, or as a drench resulted in excellent (97 to 100%) anthelmintic efficacy against mature Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia oncophora, C mcmasteri, C pectinata, C punctata, Nematodirus helvetianus, Trichostrongylus longispicularis, Chabertia ovina, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Against the early 4th stage larvage of O ostertagia and N helvetianus, these formulations had anthelmintic efficacies of 71% to 87% and 21% to 65%, respectively. As the result of differences in drug intake by individual calves, a pelleted feed additive given as top dress on chopped alfalfa hay gave an unsatisfactory mean anthelmintic response. Anthelmintic action in individual calves ranged from none to 98--100%.", "PMID": 567947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7797", "title": "Immunologic and physiologic responses of calves inoculated with potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella multocida type A.", "content": "Inoculation of calves with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida type A in saline-tris buffer or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant or modified Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in the elicitation of agglutinating, hemagglutinating, bactericidal and homocytotropic antibodies. The antibody response was significantly (P = 0.05) higher in calves inoculated with the KSCN extract in either adjuvant than in those inoculated with the extract in saline-tris buffer. Hemagglutination also was observed if the KSCN extract of P hemolytica was used for sensitizing the tanned sheep red blood cells. Further, calf anti-P multocida extract antisera also was bactericidal to P hemolytica. The KSCN extract of P multocida was found to be nontoxic to calves at 2 doses tested, as judged by an evaluation of total and differential leukocyte counts, body temperature, and pulse rates at various intervals after inoculation.", "contents": "Immunologic and physiologic responses of calves inoculated with potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella multocida type A. Inoculation of calves with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida type A in saline-tris buffer or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant or modified Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in the elicitation of agglutinating, hemagglutinating, bactericidal and homocytotropic antibodies. The antibody response was significantly (P = 0.05) higher in calves inoculated with the KSCN extract in either adjuvant than in those inoculated with the extract in saline-tris buffer. Hemagglutination also was observed if the KSCN extract of P hemolytica was used for sensitizing the tanned sheep red blood cells. Further, calf anti-P multocida extract antisera also was bactericidal to P hemolytica. The KSCN extract of P multocida was found to be nontoxic to calves at 2 doses tested, as judged by an evaluation of total and differential leukocyte counts, body temperature, and pulse rates at various intervals after inoculation.", "PMID": 567948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7798", "title": "Serum sialic acid levels increased in tumor-bearing dogs.", "content": "Serum concentrations of lipid-soluble (glycolipid) sialic acid were determined for 96 client-owned dogs, of which 24 were diagnosed as bearing tumors. A markedly increased concentration of lipid-soluble serum sialic acid was found in 22 of 24 tumor-bearing dogs (92%) compared with 17 of 72 dogs with other definitely false-positive, based on necropsy and follow-up work. Almost all others had acute infections or terminal congestive disorders and were potential tumor bearers. The values obtained appeared to be independent of the sex or age (or both) of the dogs. Based on the analysis of a single biochemical variable, the procedure may permit cancer detection applicable to a wide range of tumor types in dogs if evaluated in terms of the general health status of the animal.", "contents": "Serum sialic acid levels increased in tumor-bearing dogs. Serum concentrations of lipid-soluble (glycolipid) sialic acid were determined for 96 client-owned dogs, of which 24 were diagnosed as bearing tumors. A markedly increased concentration of lipid-soluble serum sialic acid was found in 22 of 24 tumor-bearing dogs (92%) compared with 17 of 72 dogs with other definitely false-positive, based on necropsy and follow-up work. Almost all others had acute infections or terminal congestive disorders and were potential tumor bearers. The values obtained appeared to be independent of the sex or age (or both) of the dogs. Based on the analysis of a single biochemical variable, the procedure may permit cancer detection applicable to a wide range of tumor types in dogs if evaluated in terms of the general health status of the animal.", "PMID": 567949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7799", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic comparisons of caliciviruses.", "content": "Using immunoelectron microscopy, 9 serotypes of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) were compared with 5 serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus and 7 additional calicivirus isolates from marine animals. In addition, swine caliciviruses and marine caliciviruses were compared with the vaccinal strain of feline calicivirus (FCV) F-9. Of 9 VESV types, 8 showed common antigenicity with San Miguel sea lion virus. Of 9 VESV types, 2 showed common antigenicity with FCV F-9. All 12 marine caliciviruses showed common antigenicity with VESV, but not with FCV F-9.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic comparisons of caliciviruses. Using immunoelectron microscopy, 9 serotypes of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) were compared with 5 serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus and 7 additional calicivirus isolates from marine animals. In addition, swine caliciviruses and marine caliciviruses were compared with the vaccinal strain of feline calicivirus (FCV) F-9. Of 9 VESV types, 8 showed common antigenicity with San Miguel sea lion virus. Of 9 VESV types, 2 showed common antigenicity with FCV F-9. All 12 marine caliciviruses showed common antigenicity with VESV, but not with FCV F-9.", "PMID": 567950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7800", "title": "Tolerance of cattle to tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea).", "content": "Calves and cows (n = 45) were fed daily doses of dried prebud tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) derived from a single plant collection made in Tillamook, Oregon. Nine groups of animals were fed for periods of from 5 to 84 days, and the total amount of plant fed per group ranged from 0.75% to 8.40% of the individual animal's body weight. The progressive development of the toxic syndrome was monitored by daily observation of clinical signs and by chemical determinations on blood collected from each animal each week. The animal's tolerance for the plant was dependent on the amount of tansy ragwort fed, and the duration of the dosing period. Cattle were able to tolerate up to 1.5% of their body weight of dried prebud plant when it was consumed within a 15-day period, but the cattle died if a total of 2% of their body weight of the plant was consumed within a 20-day period. Factors affecting tolerance are discussed.", "contents": "Tolerance of cattle to tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). Calves and cows (n = 45) were fed daily doses of dried prebud tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) derived from a single plant collection made in Tillamook, Oregon. Nine groups of animals were fed for periods of from 5 to 84 days, and the total amount of plant fed per group ranged from 0.75% to 8.40% of the individual animal's body weight. The progressive development of the toxic syndrome was monitored by daily observation of clinical signs and by chemical determinations on blood collected from each animal each week. The animal's tolerance for the plant was dependent on the amount of tansy ragwort fed, and the duration of the dosing period. Cattle were able to tolerate up to 1.5% of their body weight of dried prebud plant when it was consumed within a 15-day period, but the cattle died if a total of 2% of their body weight of the plant was consumed within a 20-day period. Factors affecting tolerance are discussed.", "PMID": 567951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7801", "title": "Gingival biopsy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Gingival biopsy has been advocated as a readily available, safe, rapid histologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eighteen gingival biopsies from 16 patients with proven thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura were reviewed. Seven (39%) showed characteristic histologic changes: [1] subendothelial hyalinelike deposits; [2] intraluminal deposits; [3] lack of inflammatory change in vessels and stroma. To assess specificity, gingival sections from 154 patients with oral pathology only and from 50 unselected autopsies were reviewed: 10% to 20% of biopsies from patients with oral pathology only (primarily inflammation) and three of 50 autopsy specimens showed occasional intraluminal deposits but no subendothelial deposits. In addition, other histologic features permitted them to be distinguished from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. We conclude that gingival biopsy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, although helful in confirming the diagnosis, is less often positive than has been suggested. Biopsy of grossly inflamed gingiva should be avoided.", "contents": "Gingival biopsy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Gingival biopsy has been advocated as a readily available, safe, rapid histologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eighteen gingival biopsies from 16 patients with proven thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura were reviewed. Seven (39%) showed characteristic histologic changes: [1] subendothelial hyalinelike deposits; [2] intraluminal deposits; [3] lack of inflammatory change in vessels and stroma. To assess specificity, gingival sections from 154 patients with oral pathology only and from 50 unselected autopsies were reviewed: 10% to 20% of biopsies from patients with oral pathology only (primarily inflammation) and three of 50 autopsy specimens showed occasional intraluminal deposits but no subendothelial deposits. In addition, other histologic features permitted them to be distinguished from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. We conclude that gingival biopsy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, although helful in confirming the diagnosis, is less often positive than has been suggested. Biopsy of grossly inflamed gingiva should be avoided.", "PMID": 567952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7802", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in body fluids.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in serum, saliva, and urine is described. The sensitivity of the assay is such that 0.5 ng/ml of drug can be measured, although the assay does not distinguish between amitriptyline and nortriptyline. Other tricyclic compounds cross-react with the antiserum to varying degrees, but the metabolites of amitriptyline did not significantly cross-react. Total tricyclic compounds were detected in serum and saliva after single oral doses of amitriptyline, although the absorption was slow.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in body fluids. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in serum, saliva, and urine is described. The sensitivity of the assay is such that 0.5 ng/ml of drug can be measured, although the assay does not distinguish between amitriptyline and nortriptyline. Other tricyclic compounds cross-react with the antiserum to varying degrees, but the metabolites of amitriptyline did not significantly cross-react. Total tricyclic compounds were detected in serum and saliva after single oral doses of amitriptyline, although the absorption was slow.", "PMID": 567954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7803", "title": "[Action of egg lysozyme on representatives of the family Micrococcaceae. Its action on Micrococcus].", "content": "The results of the study of the effect of various concentrations of egg lysozyme on M. luteus and M. varians using 2 methods, i.e. serial dilutions in agar and turbidimetric are presented. It was found that the MIC of lysozyme for M. luteus ranged within wide limits, from less than 0.0003 to 1 mg/ml. M. varians was stable to lysozyme. The MIC for all the strains was 8 mg/ml. The turbidimetric method provided determination of general regularities in changes of the optical density in all the strains of M. luteus under the effect of various concentrations of lysozyme. On the basis of these data it was possible to consider the method as the most deep means for determining the intraspecies similarities in the surface structures of Micrococcus as compared to the method of serial dilutions in agar. The dynamics of the changes in the optical density of the M. luteus suspension markedly differed from that of M. varians.", "contents": "[Action of egg lysozyme on representatives of the family Micrococcaceae. Its action on Micrococcus]. The results of the study of the effect of various concentrations of egg lysozyme on M. luteus and M. varians using 2 methods, i.e. serial dilutions in agar and turbidimetric are presented. It was found that the MIC of lysozyme for M. luteus ranged within wide limits, from less than 0.0003 to 1 mg/ml. M. varians was stable to lysozyme. The MIC for all the strains was 8 mg/ml. The turbidimetric method provided determination of general regularities in changes of the optical density in all the strains of M. luteus under the effect of various concentrations of lysozyme. On the basis of these data it was possible to consider the method as the most deep means for determining the intraspecies similarities in the surface structures of Micrococcus as compared to the method of serial dilutions in agar. The dynamics of the changes in the optical density of the M. luteus suspension markedly differed from that of M. varians.", "PMID": 567955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7804", "title": "Formaldehyde incorporation by a new methylotroph (L3).", "content": "A number of bacterial strains have been isolated and investigated in our search for a promising organism in the production of single-cell protein from methanol. Strain L3 among these isolates was identified as an obligate methylotroph which grew only on methanol and formaldehyde as the sole sources of carbon and energy. The organism also grew well in batch and chemostat mixed-substrate cultures containing methanol, formaldehyde, and formate. Although formate was not utilized as a sole carbon and energy source, it was readily taken up and oxidized by either formaldehyde- or methanol-grown cells. The organism incorporated carbon by means of the ribulose monophosphate pathway when growing on either methanol, formaldehyde, or various mixtures of C1 compounds. Its C1-oxidation enzymes included phenazine methosulfate-linked methanol and formaldehyde dehydrogenase and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked formate dehydrogenase. Identical inhibition by formaldehyde of the first two dehydrogenases suggested that they are actually the same enzyme. The organism had a rapid growth rate, a high cell yield in the chemostat, a high protein content, and a favorable amino acid distribution for use as a source of single-cell protein. Of special interest was the ability of the organism to utilize formaldehyde via the ribulose monophosphate cycle.", "contents": "Formaldehyde incorporation by a new methylotroph (L3). A number of bacterial strains have been isolated and investigated in our search for a promising organism in the production of single-cell protein from methanol. Strain L3 among these isolates was identified as an obligate methylotroph which grew only on methanol and formaldehyde as the sole sources of carbon and energy. The organism also grew well in batch and chemostat mixed-substrate cultures containing methanol, formaldehyde, and formate. Although formate was not utilized as a sole carbon and energy source, it was readily taken up and oxidized by either formaldehyde- or methanol-grown cells. The organism incorporated carbon by means of the ribulose monophosphate pathway when growing on either methanol, formaldehyde, or various mixtures of C1 compounds. Its C1-oxidation enzymes included phenazine methosulfate-linked methanol and formaldehyde dehydrogenase and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked formate dehydrogenase. Identical inhibition by formaldehyde of the first two dehydrogenases suggested that they are actually the same enzyme. The organism had a rapid growth rate, a high cell yield in the chemostat, a high protein content, and a favorable amino acid distribution for use as a source of single-cell protein. Of special interest was the ability of the organism to utilize formaldehyde via the ribulose monophosphate cycle.", "PMID": 567956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7805", "title": "[Two filariae parasites of duikers in Gabon (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the male fo Filaria cephalophi Chabaud and Rousselot, 1956 which was unknown. The species is a parasite of Cephalophus dorsalis in Congo and Gabon. Description of Dipetalonema (Loxodontofilaria) faini n. sp., parasite of Cephalophus nigrifrons. The species is closely related to the two Filariae known from Cattle in Ruanda.", "contents": "[Two filariae parasites of duikers in Gabon (author's transl)]. Description of the male fo Filaria cephalophi Chabaud and Rousselot, 1956 which was unknown. The species is a parasite of Cephalophus dorsalis in Congo and Gabon. Description of Dipetalonema (Loxodontofilaria) faini n. sp., parasite of Cephalophus nigrifrons. The species is closely related to the two Filariae known from Cattle in Ruanda.", "PMID": 567953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7806", "title": "The insensitivity of mushroom nuclear RNA polymerase activity to inhibition by amatoxins.", "content": "Nuclear fractions isolated from Amanita phalloides, Amanita muscaria and Agaricus bisporus were subjected to in vitro RNA synthesis assays in the presence of various concentrations of amatoxins. The mushroom nuclei were highly insensitive to inhibition by amatoxin when compared to assays of nuclear fractions isolated from the O\u00f6mycete fungus, Achlya ambisexualis and from rabbit brain.", "contents": "The insensitivity of mushroom nuclear RNA polymerase activity to inhibition by amatoxins. Nuclear fractions isolated from Amanita phalloides, Amanita muscaria and Agaricus bisporus were subjected to in vitro RNA synthesis assays in the presence of various concentrations of amatoxins. The mushroom nuclei were highly insensitive to inhibition by amatoxin when compared to assays of nuclear fractions isolated from the O\u00f6mycete fungus, Achlya ambisexualis and from rabbit brain.", "PMID": 567964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7807", "title": "[Renopyeloureteral duplications with extravesicular dilatation of the ureters (bilateral case and unilateral case)].", "content": "A review is made of the most outstanding, clinical facts in the U.P.R.D. with extravesical, ectopic, ureteral anastomosis, with special reference being made to the radiological diagnosis. The authors recall those stated in Weigert and Meyer's Law, as well as the deformities and deviations which may appear in the twin excretory systems as a result of their duplicity. They defend the subtotal heminephroureterectomy as the best means of therapy for correcting incontinence, providing that there is no ther concomitant anomaly or illness in the opposite kidney as well as in that of the duplicity itself. Two kinds of cases are presented: one bilateral with widening of the right, superior ureter in the urethra and the same on the left side in the vulva; the other left, unilateral with ectopia of the supernumerary ureter in the urethra.", "contents": "[Renopyeloureteral duplications with extravesicular dilatation of the ureters (bilateral case and unilateral case)]. A review is made of the most outstanding, clinical facts in the U.P.R.D. with extravesical, ectopic, ureteral anastomosis, with special reference being made to the radiological diagnosis. The authors recall those stated in Weigert and Meyer's Law, as well as the deformities and deviations which may appear in the twin excretory systems as a result of their duplicity. They defend the subtotal heminephroureterectomy as the best means of therapy for correcting incontinence, providing that there is no ther concomitant anomaly or illness in the opposite kidney as well as in that of the duplicity itself. Two kinds of cases are presented: one bilateral with widening of the right, superior ureter in the urethra and the same on the left side in the vulva; the other left, unilateral with ectopia of the supernumerary ureter in the urethra.", "PMID": 567959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7808", "title": "Hospital surveys of prescribing practices with psychotherapeutic drugs. A critical examination.", "content": "Hospital surveys of psychotherapeutic drug prescribing in the United States have been generally critical of the treatment practices of physicians and have been used to support claims that psychotherapeutic drugs are overprescribed and misused. This report examined several recent multihospital surveys of psychotherapeutic drug use and concludes that the surveys have failed to provide sufficient information to determine the appropriateness of treatment practices. The limitations of these surveys and the need to develop more adequate information about physician prescribing patterns are discussed.", "contents": "Hospital surveys of prescribing practices with psychotherapeutic drugs. A critical examination. Hospital surveys of psychotherapeutic drug prescribing in the United States have been generally critical of the treatment practices of physicians and have been used to support claims that psychotherapeutic drugs are overprescribed and misused. This report examined several recent multihospital surveys of psychotherapeutic drug use and concludes that the surveys have failed to provide sufficient information to determine the appropriateness of treatment practices. The limitations of these surveys and the need to develop more adequate information about physician prescribing patterns are discussed.", "PMID": 567966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7809", "title": "[Narcotic mushrooms with LSD?].", "content": "We tested dried East-Asian mushrooms that have only recently appeared on the German drug \"scene\". They were impregnated with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) but sold as Mexican sacred hallucinogenic mushrooms, containing psilocybine. For the safe identification of psilocybine in mushrooms, TASmethod is proposed. Successful identification of LSD in mushrooms is done by tartaric acid extraction with subsequent TLC of the free base. The modified van Urk reaction in connection with hRf-values is best suited for the detection of psilocybine, psilocine and LSD.", "contents": "[Narcotic mushrooms with LSD?]. We tested dried East-Asian mushrooms that have only recently appeared on the German drug \"scene\". They were impregnated with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) but sold as Mexican sacred hallucinogenic mushrooms, containing psilocybine. For the safe identification of psilocybine in mushrooms, TASmethod is proposed. Successful identification of LSD in mushrooms is done by tartaric acid extraction with subsequent TLC of the free base. The modified van Urk reaction in connection with hRf-values is best suited for the detection of psilocybine, psilocine and LSD.", "PMID": 567963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7810", "title": "[Upper extremity abnormalities, thrombopenia and thrombopathy. 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of congenital radial aplasia and amegakaryocytic thrombopenia are discussed from clinical, genetic and hematological viewpoints. Electron microscope studies of the megakaryocytes in the first two patients revealed the presence of microcytic, immature and hypogranular cells. Platelet aggregability studies in the first patient demonstrated the presence of pathological intra-platelet nucleotide release as well as membrane abnormalities of the Willebrand factor binding site. The second case presented an isolated deficiency in platelet factor 3.", "contents": "[Upper extremity abnormalities, thrombopenia and thrombopathy. 3 cases]. Three cases of congenital radial aplasia and amegakaryocytic thrombopenia are discussed from clinical, genetic and hematological viewpoints. Electron microscope studies of the megakaryocytes in the first two patients revealed the presence of microcytic, immature and hypogranular cells. Platelet aggregability studies in the first patient demonstrated the presence of pathological intra-platelet nucleotide release as well as membrane abnormalities of the Willebrand factor binding site. The second case presented an isolated deficiency in platelet factor 3.", "PMID": 567965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7811", "title": "Occurrence of glycosphingolipids in chicken egg yolk.", "content": "Chicken egg yolk was found to contain a unique glycosphingolipid pattern not seen in other types of tissue or cell. These glycosphingolipids were isolated in pure form and their structures established by sequential enzymic hydrolysis and permethylation analysis. The major gangliosides in chicken egg yolk are N-acetylneuraminosylgalactosylceramide, N-acetylneuraminosyl-lactosylceramide and di-N-acetylneuraminosyl-lactosylceramide. The only neutral glycosphingolipid found in chicken egg yolk is galactosylceramide.", "contents": "Occurrence of glycosphingolipids in chicken egg yolk. Chicken egg yolk was found to contain a unique glycosphingolipid pattern not seen in other types of tissue or cell. These glycosphingolipids were isolated in pure form and their structures established by sequential enzymic hydrolysis and permethylation analysis. The major gangliosides in chicken egg yolk are N-acetylneuraminosylgalactosylceramide, N-acetylneuraminosyl-lactosylceramide and di-N-acetylneuraminosyl-lactosylceramide. The only neutral glycosphingolipid found in chicken egg yolk is galactosylceramide.", "PMID": 567981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7812", "title": "Diurnal variation and response to food withdrawal of lactose synthesis in lactating rats.", "content": "1. The incorporation of radiolabelled plasma glucose into mammary lactose was used to measure the rate of lactose synthesis in lightly anaesthetized lactating rats. 2. Lactose synthesis showed a diurnal variation with a minimum at 18:00h 3. Food withdrawal for 6h did not affect lactose synthesis in the early morning but greatly decreased it in the afternoon or evening. 4. Plasma glucose, milk sugars and total galactosyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.1.22) did not show the above changes. 5. Measurements of plasma insulin, which varies diurnally, and experiments with injected insulin suggested that variations of insulin within the physiological range do not account for the changes in lactose synthesis described.", "contents": "Diurnal variation and response to food withdrawal of lactose synthesis in lactating rats. 1. The incorporation of radiolabelled plasma glucose into mammary lactose was used to measure the rate of lactose synthesis in lightly anaesthetized lactating rats. 2. Lactose synthesis showed a diurnal variation with a minimum at 18:00h 3. Food withdrawal for 6h did not affect lactose synthesis in the early morning but greatly decreased it in the afternoon or evening. 4. Plasma glucose, milk sugars and total galactosyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.1.22) did not show the above changes. 5. Measurements of plasma insulin, which varies diurnally, and experiments with injected insulin suggested that variations of insulin within the physiological range do not account for the changes in lactose synthesis described.", "PMID": 567982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7813", "title": "[Blepharoachalasis (Fuchs) and the Laffer-Ascher syndrome].", "content": "The case report of a 20 year old woman illustrates the course of blepharochalasis. This disease was defined as an entity by E. Fuchs in 1896. It is characterized by relapsong edematous tumefaction and increasing relaxation of the eye lids with atrophy of the skin, blepharophimosis and emergence of a pseudoepicanthus. Folding of the oral mucosa in the upper lip, the so-called double lip, euthyroid struma, and, in later stages, orbital fat hernia and prolapse of the lacrimal gland, are further facultative symptoms. Partially, late stages of the disease had been described as Ascher- or Laffer-Ascher-Syndrome. This syndrome is no separate entity.", "contents": "[Blepharoachalasis (Fuchs) and the Laffer-Ascher syndrome]. The case report of a 20 year old woman illustrates the course of blepharochalasis. This disease was defined as an entity by E. Fuchs in 1896. It is characterized by relapsong edematous tumefaction and increasing relaxation of the eye lids with atrophy of the skin, blepharophimosis and emergence of a pseudoepicanthus. Folding of the oral mucosa in the upper lip, the so-called double lip, euthyroid struma, and, in later stages, orbital fat hernia and prolapse of the lacrimal gland, are further facultative symptoms. Partially, late stages of the disease had been described as Ascher- or Laffer-Ascher-Syndrome. This syndrome is no separate entity.", "PMID": 567995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7814", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of a neutral protease which cleaves the N-terminal propeptides from procollagen.", "content": "A rapid assay procedure was developed for cleavage of the N-terminal propeptides of procollagen. With the assay a neutral procollagen N-protease was purified about 300-fold from chick embryo tendon extract. The enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 260 000 and a pH optimum of 7.4. Ca2+ was required for enzymic activity but this requirement was partially replaced by Mg2+ or Mn2+. The enzyme was bound to concanavalin A-agarose and therefore was presumably a glycoprotein. The N-propeptides released from type I procollagen were of about 23 000 and 11 000 daltons as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The partially purified enzyme was also found to cleave type II procollagen and the N-propeptide obtained was about 18 000 daltons. Heat denaturation of either type I or type II procollagen decreased the rate at which the proteins were cleaved by the N-protease.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of a neutral protease which cleaves the N-terminal propeptides from procollagen. A rapid assay procedure was developed for cleavage of the N-terminal propeptides of procollagen. With the assay a neutral procollagen N-protease was purified about 300-fold from chick embryo tendon extract. The enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 260 000 and a pH optimum of 7.4. Ca2+ was required for enzymic activity but this requirement was partially replaced by Mg2+ or Mn2+. The enzyme was bound to concanavalin A-agarose and therefore was presumably a glycoprotein. The N-propeptides released from type I procollagen were of about 23 000 and 11 000 daltons as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The partially purified enzyme was also found to cleave type II procollagen and the N-propeptide obtained was about 18 000 daltons. Heat denaturation of either type I or type II procollagen decreased the rate at which the proteins were cleaved by the N-protease.", "PMID": 568000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7815", "title": "New laboratory scale purification of beta-amanitin from American Amanita phalloides.", "content": "A modern laboratory scale method for purifying beta-amanitin from the mushroom Amanita phalloides is described. The purification involves solubilizing the toxin from dried mushrooms, removing the lipids by chloroform extraction, desalting on Amberlite XAD-4, adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 at acidic and neutral pH, and ion-exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. The resulting beta-amanitin is homogeneous by thin-layer chromatography and is biologically active.", "contents": "New laboratory scale purification of beta-amanitin from American Amanita phalloides. A modern laboratory scale method for purifying beta-amanitin from the mushroom Amanita phalloides is described. The purification involves solubilizing the toxin from dried mushrooms, removing the lipids by chloroform extraction, desalting on Amberlite XAD-4, adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 at acidic and neutral pH, and ion-exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. The resulting beta-amanitin is homogeneous by thin-layer chromatography and is biologically active.", "PMID": 568002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7816", "title": "Variations in the protein pattern of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell polyribosomes.", "content": "The two-dimensional gel electrophoretic protein pattern of polyribosomes from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been fasted in a nutritionally deprived medium was compared to the corresponding pattern derived from unstarved cells. The proteins were labeled with 3H-labeled amino acids and their counts determined to make the comparison quantitative. Three proteins were found in the \"fasted\" polyribosomes in 4--6-fold greater amounts than in the fed control.", "contents": "Variations in the protein pattern of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell polyribosomes. The two-dimensional gel electrophoretic protein pattern of polyribosomes from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been fasted in a nutritionally deprived medium was compared to the corresponding pattern derived from unstarved cells. The proteins were labeled with 3H-labeled amino acids and their counts determined to make the comparison quantitative. Three proteins were found in the \"fasted\" polyribosomes in 4--6-fold greater amounts than in the fed control.", "PMID": 568003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7817", "title": "Base composition changes in hepatocyte nuclei DNA of rats at different ages.", "content": "DNA extracted from isolated hepatic nuclei of rats at different aged (1 h, 6 and 30 days of life) has been characterized by (i) melting temperature, (ii) buoyant density, (iii) thermal denaturation on hydroxyapatite and (iv) nucleoside composition. The melting midpoint (Tm) determined spectrophotometrically in 0.1 X SSC (0.15 M NaCl/0.0015 M sodium citrate) is 71.9 +/- 0.4 for 1-h-old rats and decreases to 70.7 +/- 0.3 in 6-day-old animals. The buoyant densities of DNAs determined by CsCl on both native and alkaline-denaturated and reneutralized DNA were also found to decrease with age. Hydroxyapatite thermal denaturation of sonicated DNA confirmed the significant difference between the Tm values of 1-h-old and 6-day-old rats (86.5 +/- 0.5 and 85.2 +/- 0.1, respectively). The possibility that these differences in Tm values could be due to an increase in methyl bases, has been ruled out by the finding that the amount of [3H]methyl incorporated in relation to the DNA synthesis is constant at these two ages. The alternative possibility of a change in base composition has been tested by the chromatographic analysis of nucleosides. The dG + dC content is 0.433 +/- 0.003 in 1-h-old rats and decreases to 0.411 +/- 0.002 and to 0.403 +/- 0.005 in 6-day- and 30-day-old rats, respectively. The physiological significance of the different base composition is discussed in relation to the possibility that specific DNA sequences are synthesized during the non-premitotic synthesis which has been found to take place during the first 6 days of life.", "contents": "Base composition changes in hepatocyte nuclei DNA of rats at different ages. DNA extracted from isolated hepatic nuclei of rats at different aged (1 h, 6 and 30 days of life) has been characterized by (i) melting temperature, (ii) buoyant density, (iii) thermal denaturation on hydroxyapatite and (iv) nucleoside composition. The melting midpoint (Tm) determined spectrophotometrically in 0.1 X SSC (0.15 M NaCl/0.0015 M sodium citrate) is 71.9 +/- 0.4 for 1-h-old rats and decreases to 70.7 +/- 0.3 in 6-day-old animals. The buoyant densities of DNAs determined by CsCl on both native and alkaline-denaturated and reneutralized DNA were also found to decrease with age. Hydroxyapatite thermal denaturation of sonicated DNA confirmed the significant difference between the Tm values of 1-h-old and 6-day-old rats (86.5 +/- 0.5 and 85.2 +/- 0.1, respectively). The possibility that these differences in Tm values could be due to an increase in methyl bases, has been ruled out by the finding that the amount of [3H]methyl incorporated in relation to the DNA synthesis is constant at these two ages. The alternative possibility of a change in base composition has been tested by the chromatographic analysis of nucleosides. The dG + dC content is 0.433 +/- 0.003 in 1-h-old rats and decreases to 0.411 +/- 0.002 and to 0.403 +/- 0.005 in 6-day- and 30-day-old rats, respectively. The physiological significance of the different base composition is discussed in relation to the possibility that specific DNA sequences are synthesized during the non-premitotic synthesis which has been found to take place during the first 6 days of life.", "PMID": 568004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7818", "title": "Studies on sheep kidney nuclease. I. An improved purification method and some properties.", "content": "An improved purification method of the sheep kidney nuclease (nuclease SK) specific for single-strans nucleic acid, which includes extraction with 0.85% NaCl, treatment with DEAE-cellulose, fractionation with polyethylene glycol, phospho-cellulose chromatography, CM-Sephadex chromatography and phospho-cellulose rechromatography is described. The nuclease was purified approx. 390-fold. Identity was established by comparison with known properties. Molecular weight was estimated to be 52 000-53 000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The properties of the purified enzyme agreed well those reported previously. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed heat-denatured calf thymus DNA, yeast RNA and no hydrolytic activity for native calf thymus DNA, A2'-pA, A3'-pA, ADP, ATP, 5'-AMP and cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Studies on sheep kidney nuclease. I. An improved purification method and some properties. An improved purification method of the sheep kidney nuclease (nuclease SK) specific for single-strans nucleic acid, which includes extraction with 0.85% NaCl, treatment with DEAE-cellulose, fractionation with polyethylene glycol, phospho-cellulose chromatography, CM-Sephadex chromatography and phospho-cellulose rechromatography is described. The nuclease was purified approx. 390-fold. Identity was established by comparison with known properties. Molecular weight was estimated to be 52 000-53 000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The properties of the purified enzyme agreed well those reported previously. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed heat-denatured calf thymus DNA, yeast RNA and no hydrolytic activity for native calf thymus DNA, A2'-pA, A3'-pA, ADP, ATP, 5'-AMP and cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 568005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7819", "title": "On internal electron transfer in xanthine oxidase.", "content": "The structural basis for intramolecular electron transfer in xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) has been probed using temperature-jump perturbation and optical spectroscopic methods. Redox equilibria were found to be temperature-insensitive; hence it is argued that electron transfer is not accompanied by any extensive macromolecular conformational changes. No evidence for absorption phenomena ascribable to optical electron transfer could be found throughout the course of reductive titration of the biological particle. The combined results suggest that long-range electron transfer in the xanthine oxidase can best be described as occurring between only weakly interacting redox sites embedded in a rigid protein matrix.", "contents": "On internal electron transfer in xanthine oxidase. The structural basis for intramolecular electron transfer in xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) has been probed using temperature-jump perturbation and optical spectroscopic methods. Redox equilibria were found to be temperature-insensitive; hence it is argued that electron transfer is not accompanied by any extensive macromolecular conformational changes. No evidence for absorption phenomena ascribable to optical electron transfer could be found throughout the course of reductive titration of the biological particle. The combined results suggest that long-range electron transfer in the xanthine oxidase can best be described as occurring between only weakly interacting redox sites embedded in a rigid protein matrix.", "PMID": 568006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7820", "title": "Effects of chlordane and heptachlor on the marine dinoflagellate, Exuviella baltica, Lohmann.", "content": "Chlordane and heptachlor at 50 microgram/1 reduced cell density, chlorophyll a per unit volume of culture, 14C uptake per cell and carbon fixation per unit of chlorophyll a in the marine dinoflagellate Exuviella baltica Lohmann. The concentration of chlorophyll a per cell was not reduced, however, by treatment with either compound. Chlordane was more toxic than heptachlor at this concentration, and caused the disintegration of many cells, thus affecting particle size distribution in the cultures. In nature, such an inhibition and shift in size class distribution could affect the availability of food for particle-feeding herbivores.", "contents": "Effects of chlordane and heptachlor on the marine dinoflagellate, Exuviella baltica, Lohmann. Chlordane and heptachlor at 50 microgram/1 reduced cell density, chlorophyll a per unit volume of culture, 14C uptake per cell and carbon fixation per unit of chlorophyll a in the marine dinoflagellate Exuviella baltica Lohmann. The concentration of chlorophyll a per cell was not reduced, however, by treatment with either compound. Chlordane was more toxic than heptachlor at this concentration, and caused the disintegration of many cells, thus affecting particle size distribution in the cultures. In nature, such an inhibition and shift in size class distribution could affect the availability of food for particle-feeding herbivores.", "PMID": 568009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7821", "title": "The action of bradykinin and oxytocin on the isolated whole uterus and myometrium of the rat in oestrus.", "content": "1. A technique is described for obtaining a myometrial preparation devoid of endometrium, from the uterus of the rat in oestrus. 2. Acetylcholine and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) produced concentration-effect curves with the same maximal tensions and slope on the whole uterus and myometrial preparations. Concentration-effect curves to bradykinin and oxytocin on the myometrial preparation were altered, resulting in a shift to the right and a decreased maximum response compared with those produced by the whole uterus. 3. Indomethacin produced greater antagonism of the responses of the whole uterus to bradykinin and oxytocin than to acetylcholine and PGF2alpha, whereas responses of the myometrium to all four agonists were similarly depressed. 4. Responses of the myometrial preparation to a range of concentrations of bradykinin and oxytocin were significantly enhanced by prior sensitization of the myometrium to PGF2alpha. This significant enhancing effect of PGF2alpha was only seen with the threshold dose of acetylcholine. 5. It appears that the mechanism of action of bradykinin and oxytocin on the rat uterus involves both a direct action and an indirect action. The indirect action possibly involves release of prostaglandin(s) from the endometrium.", "contents": "The action of bradykinin and oxytocin on the isolated whole uterus and myometrium of the rat in oestrus. 1. A technique is described for obtaining a myometrial preparation devoid of endometrium, from the uterus of the rat in oestrus. 2. Acetylcholine and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) produced concentration-effect curves with the same maximal tensions and slope on the whole uterus and myometrial preparations. Concentration-effect curves to bradykinin and oxytocin on the myometrial preparation were altered, resulting in a shift to the right and a decreased maximum response compared with those produced by the whole uterus. 3. Indomethacin produced greater antagonism of the responses of the whole uterus to bradykinin and oxytocin than to acetylcholine and PGF2alpha, whereas responses of the myometrium to all four agonists were similarly depressed. 4. Responses of the myometrial preparation to a range of concentrations of bradykinin and oxytocin were significantly enhanced by prior sensitization of the myometrium to PGF2alpha. This significant enhancing effect of PGF2alpha was only seen with the threshold dose of acetylcholine. 5. It appears that the mechanism of action of bradykinin and oxytocin on the rat uterus involves both a direct action and an indirect action. The indirect action possibly involves release of prostaglandin(s) from the endometrium.", "PMID": 568012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7822", "title": "Home blood sampling for plasma glucose assay in control of diabetes.", "content": "Estimation of plasma glucose in home blood samples is needed to improve diabetic control. Sufficiently precise measurements on capillary blood were obtained by (a) storing Reflotest glucose-oxidase strips in a desiccant container before reading and (b) collecting blood samples into a simple vacuum bottle containing potassium fluoride (assay of sodium content indicating volume of plasma collected). The precision of the methods (+/- 1 SD) was +/-0.35 mmol/1 (+/-6.3 mg/100 ml). Clinical reliability was assessed by measuring the basal plasma glucose concentration at home on different mornings in patients with maturity-onset diabetes, the day-to-day variation (+/- 1 SD) being +/-0.73 and +/-0.92 mmol/1 (+/-13.2 and +/-16.6 mg/100 ml) respectively. The mean basal plasma glucose concentration in all 84 patients with maturity-onset diabetes from three general practices was 8 mmol/1 (144 mg/100 ml), 44 of the values exceeding 6 mmol/1 (108 mg/100 ml). Improving control by monitoring the basal plasma glucose concentration in maturity-onset diabetes might help to prevent diabetic complications.", "contents": "Home blood sampling for plasma glucose assay in control of diabetes. Estimation of plasma glucose in home blood samples is needed to improve diabetic control. Sufficiently precise measurements on capillary blood were obtained by (a) storing Reflotest glucose-oxidase strips in a desiccant container before reading and (b) collecting blood samples into a simple vacuum bottle containing potassium fluoride (assay of sodium content indicating volume of plasma collected). The precision of the methods (+/- 1 SD) was +/-0.35 mmol/1 (+/-6.3 mg/100 ml). Clinical reliability was assessed by measuring the basal plasma glucose concentration at home on different mornings in patients with maturity-onset diabetes, the day-to-day variation (+/- 1 SD) being +/-0.73 and +/-0.92 mmol/1 (+/-13.2 and +/-16.6 mg/100 ml) respectively. The mean basal plasma glucose concentration in all 84 patients with maturity-onset diabetes from three general practices was 8 mmol/1 (144 mg/100 ml), 44 of the values exceeding 6 mmol/1 (108 mg/100 ml). Improving control by monitoring the basal plasma glucose concentration in maturity-onset diabetes might help to prevent diabetic complications.", "PMID": 568013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7823", "title": "Visual acuity in hooded rats: effects of superior collicular or posterior neocortical lesions.", "content": "The visual resolution acuity of hooded rats was measured with an avoidance technique, using large, high contrast square-wave gratings of high mean luminance. Measurements were taken before and after ablation of either posterior cortex or the superior colliculus. The cortical lesions included both striate and temporal cortex, and caused retrograde degeneration throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Neither group showed signs of detecting even coarse square-wave gratings when first tested after operation. The animals with collicular lesions quickly relearnt, and their acuity was unaltered. After extensive training 3 out of 4 cortical animals relearnt to detect gratings, and their acuity was reduced to about one-third of its preoperative value. It seems likely that in rats the geniculocortical pathway carries sufficient information for the normal detection of high spatial frequencies. Whether a pathway from superior colliculus to neocortex via a thalamic relay also carries this information is uncertain.", "contents": "Visual acuity in hooded rats: effects of superior collicular or posterior neocortical lesions. The visual resolution acuity of hooded rats was measured with an avoidance technique, using large, high contrast square-wave gratings of high mean luminance. Measurements were taken before and after ablation of either posterior cortex or the superior colliculus. The cortical lesions included both striate and temporal cortex, and caused retrograde degeneration throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Neither group showed signs of detecting even coarse square-wave gratings when first tested after operation. The animals with collicular lesions quickly relearnt, and their acuity was unaltered. After extensive training 3 out of 4 cortical animals relearnt to detect gratings, and their acuity was reduced to about one-third of its preoperative value. It seems likely that in rats the geniculocortical pathway carries sufficient information for the normal detection of high spatial frequencies. Whether a pathway from superior colliculus to neocortex via a thalamic relay also carries this information is uncertain.", "PMID": 568019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7824", "title": "Physiological and morphological identification of a nonpyramidal hippocampal cell type.", "content": "In intracellular recordings from the CA1 region of the hippocampal slice preparation, an infrequent cell type different from the predominant pyramidal cell has been characterized. The cells have very brief spikes, hyperpolarizing after-potentials, and tend to fire at a high spontaneous rate; unitary synaptic potentials are visible in the baseline. Stimulation in stratum radiatum evokes an EPSP which often triggers a short burst of spikes; an IPSP invariably follows the initial excitation. Intracellular injection of HRP into these cells shows them to be a non-pyramidal cell type with extensive local axon ramification; however, they do not resemble the classical basket cell. These cells are, nevertheless, candidates for an interneuron in hippocampus.", "contents": "Physiological and morphological identification of a nonpyramidal hippocampal cell type. In intracellular recordings from the CA1 region of the hippocampal slice preparation, an infrequent cell type different from the predominant pyramidal cell has been characterized. The cells have very brief spikes, hyperpolarizing after-potentials, and tend to fire at a high spontaneous rate; unitary synaptic potentials are visible in the baseline. Stimulation in stratum radiatum evokes an EPSP which often triggers a short burst of spikes; an IPSP invariably follows the initial excitation. Intracellular injection of HRP into these cells shows them to be a non-pyramidal cell type with extensive local axon ramification; however, they do not resemble the classical basket cell. These cells are, nevertheless, candidates for an interneuron in hippocampus.", "PMID": 568020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7825", "title": "Laser iridotomy in post-traumatic and post-surgical pupillary block: a report of five cases.", "content": "In five cases of aphakic pupillary block after trauma or surgery we found laser iridotomy to be a simple, effective, non-invasive alternative to operation in relieving pupillary block where medical management had failed.", "contents": "Laser iridotomy in post-traumatic and post-surgical pupillary block: a report of five cases. In five cases of aphakic pupillary block after trauma or surgery we found laser iridotomy to be a simple, effective, non-invasive alternative to operation in relieving pupillary block where medical management had failed.", "PMID": 568022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7826", "title": "Toxic effects of subconjunctival dicloxacillin.", "content": "Rabbits were given dicloxacillin subconjunctively. Very high levels of the drug were recovered from the aqueous humor. Soon after injection, corneal opacification, epithelial sloughing and conjunctival necrosis were noted clinically. The globes were studied histopathologically.", "contents": "Toxic effects of subconjunctival dicloxacillin. Rabbits were given dicloxacillin subconjunctively. Very high levels of the drug were recovered from the aqueous humor. Soon after injection, corneal opacification, epithelial sloughing and conjunctival necrosis were noted clinically. The globes were studied histopathologically.", "PMID": 568023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7827", "title": "Laser treatment in maculopathy of pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "We report a case of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum with exudative retinopathy which was treated with the Argon laser and in which the visual acuity was preserved and the subretinal neovascular membrane obliterated for ten months. Laser treatment seems to have helped this case although the same treatment has stimulated the development of subretinal neovascular membranes. These cases must be treated cautiously.", "contents": "Laser treatment in maculopathy of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. We report a case of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum with exudative retinopathy which was treated with the Argon laser and in which the visual acuity was preserved and the subretinal neovascular membrane obliterated for ten months. Laser treatment seems to have helped this case although the same treatment has stimulated the development of subretinal neovascular membranes. These cases must be treated cautiously.", "PMID": 568024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7828", "title": "Primary brain sarcomas: light and electron microscopic features.", "content": "The following is a description of the diagnostic structural features in three neoplasms in which we diagnosed: primary intraparenchymal brain sarcoma. One appeared to have arisen de novo from the mesenchymal components of the brain parenchyma and was labeled fibrosarcoma. A second case, having mixed features of meningioma and fibrosarcoma, may represent an instance of sarcomatous changes in a prexisting intraparenchymal meningioma. The third sarcoma's ultrastructural characteristics were those of embryonal capillaries and a designation of hemangiosarcoma is proposed for that one. An angiographic, preoperative diagnosis of meningioma was suggested in all three instances. Two of the patients died a few weeks after craniotomy and the third one is alive and well eighteen months after resection of the neoplasm.", "contents": "Primary brain sarcomas: light and electron microscopic features. The following is a description of the diagnostic structural features in three neoplasms in which we diagnosed: primary intraparenchymal brain sarcoma. One appeared to have arisen de novo from the mesenchymal components of the brain parenchyma and was labeled fibrosarcoma. A second case, having mixed features of meningioma and fibrosarcoma, may represent an instance of sarcomatous changes in a prexisting intraparenchymal meningioma. The third sarcoma's ultrastructural characteristics were those of embryonal capillaries and a designation of hemangiosarcoma is proposed for that one. An angiographic, preoperative diagnosis of meningioma was suggested in all three instances. Two of the patients died a few weeks after craniotomy and the third one is alive and well eighteen months after resection of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 568026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7829", "title": "Multiple sensitivities of mammary tumor cells in culture.", "content": "Cloned cell lines derived from the androgen-responsive Shionogi 115 mouse mammary carcinoma, when cultured in the presence of 3.5 X 10(-8) M testosterone, retain their responsiveness to testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and exhibit fibroblast-like morphology; their growth is poorly regulated by cell density. Dexamethasone at 10(-8) M inhibits proliferation of these cells by 30% but stimulates them by 235% at 10(-6) M in the temporary absence of testosterone. Cell growth is little affected by serum concentration. When cultured for 3 to 4 weeks in testosterone-free medium, however, the cells lose their androgen responsiveness and retain the inhibitory but not the stimulatory response to dexamethasone. They also show an increased sensitivity to serum and increased density regulation and change to an epithelial morphology. It is suggested that the loss of sensitivity to androgens, which does not result from absence of androgen receptor, is related in a complex way to the increased sensitivities to serum and density regulation.", "contents": "Multiple sensitivities of mammary tumor cells in culture. Cloned cell lines derived from the androgen-responsive Shionogi 115 mouse mammary carcinoma, when cultured in the presence of 3.5 X 10(-8) M testosterone, retain their responsiveness to testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and exhibit fibroblast-like morphology; their growth is poorly regulated by cell density. Dexamethasone at 10(-8) M inhibits proliferation of these cells by 30% but stimulates them by 235% at 10(-6) M in the temporary absence of testosterone. Cell growth is little affected by serum concentration. When cultured for 3 to 4 weeks in testosterone-free medium, however, the cells lose their androgen responsiveness and retain the inhibitory but not the stimulatory response to dexamethasone. They also show an increased sensitivity to serum and increased density regulation and change to an epithelial morphology. It is suggested that the loss of sensitivity to androgens, which does not result from absence of androgen receptor, is related in a complex way to the increased sensitivities to serum and density regulation.", "PMID": 568030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7830", "title": "Repetitive sequence transcripts in the mature sea urchin oocyte.", "content": "The expression of interspersed repetitive sequences in the RNA of mature sea urchin oocytes was investigated. 3H-DNA tracers representing short interspersed repetitive sequences a few hundred nucleotides long, and long repetitive sequences approximately 2000 nucleotides long, were prepared from genomic DNA of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. These tracers were reacted with excess RNA from the mature oocyte. About 80% of the reactable short repeat tracer and 35% of the long repeat tracer hybridized. Thus most of the repetitive sequence families in the short repeat tracer are represented in oocyte RNA, and transcripts complementary to both strands of many repeat sequences are present. The kinetics of the reaction show that some transcripts are highly prevalent (greater than 10(5) copies per oocyte), while others are rare (approximately 10(3) copies per oocyte). Nine cloned repetitive sequences were labeled, strand-separated and reacted with the oocyte RNA. Transcripts of both strands of all nine repeats were found in the RNA. The prevalence of transcripts of the cloned repeat families varied from approximately 3000 to 100,000 copies per oocyte. Studies with both cloned and genomic tracers show that transcript prevalence is independent of the genomic reiteration frequency of the transcribed repetitive sequences. Most of the families represented by prevalent transcripts have fewer than 200 copies per haploid genome. The RNA molecules with which the cloned repeats react are at least 1000-2000 nucleotides in length. Other experiments show that a majority of the members of repeat families represented by prevalent transcripts in the oocyte RNA are interspersed among single-copy sequence elements in the genome.", "contents": "Repetitive sequence transcripts in the mature sea urchin oocyte. The expression of interspersed repetitive sequences in the RNA of mature sea urchin oocytes was investigated. 3H-DNA tracers representing short interspersed repetitive sequences a few hundred nucleotides long, and long repetitive sequences approximately 2000 nucleotides long, were prepared from genomic DNA of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. These tracers were reacted with excess RNA from the mature oocyte. About 80% of the reactable short repeat tracer and 35% of the long repeat tracer hybridized. Thus most of the repetitive sequence families in the short repeat tracer are represented in oocyte RNA, and transcripts complementary to both strands of many repeat sequences are present. The kinetics of the reaction show that some transcripts are highly prevalent (greater than 10(5) copies per oocyte), while others are rare (approximately 10(3) copies per oocyte). Nine cloned repetitive sequences were labeled, strand-separated and reacted with the oocyte RNA. Transcripts of both strands of all nine repeats were found in the RNA. The prevalence of transcripts of the cloned repeat families varied from approximately 3000 to 100,000 copies per oocyte. Studies with both cloned and genomic tracers show that transcript prevalence is independent of the genomic reiteration frequency of the transcribed repetitive sequences. Most of the families represented by prevalent transcripts have fewer than 200 copies per haploid genome. The RNA molecules with which the cloned repeats react are at least 1000-2000 nucleotides in length. Other experiments show that a majority of the members of repeat families represented by prevalent transcripts in the oocyte RNA are interspersed among single-copy sequence elements in the genome.", "PMID": 568031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7831", "title": "Histones in the first cleavage cycle of fertilised sea urchin eggs.", "content": "Nuclei were isolated from Echinus eggs through the first cleavage cycle by modification of existing techniques. When these nuclei were extracted with 2 M NaCl and the supernatant diluted to 0.15 M, large amounts of non-histone proteins remained in solution. The precipitated nucleoprotein contained expected amounts of DNA and a protein analogous to mammalian histone H1. Extrachromosomal histone H1 was eliminated by the modified isolation procedure. Amounts of nuclear proteins soluble in 0.15 M NaCl reached a peak in G2. Histones and non-histone proteins were phosphorylated postfertilization, in early prophase and in telophase.", "contents": "Histones in the first cleavage cycle of fertilised sea urchin eggs. Nuclei were isolated from Echinus eggs through the first cleavage cycle by modification of existing techniques. When these nuclei were extracted with 2 M NaCl and the supernatant diluted to 0.15 M, large amounts of non-histone proteins remained in solution. The precipitated nucleoprotein contained expected amounts of DNA and a protein analogous to mammalian histone H1. Extrachromosomal histone H1 was eliminated by the modified isolation procedure. Amounts of nuclear proteins soluble in 0.15 M NaCl reached a peak in G2. Histones and non-histone proteins were phosphorylated postfertilization, in early prophase and in telophase.", "PMID": 568032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7832", "title": "The involvement of microfilaments and microtubules in the lateral mobility of lectin binding sites of normal and brachypod mouse limb mesenchyme.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that differences exist in the lateral mobility of Con A- and WGA-binding sites in the membranes of normal and brachypod mouse limb mesenchymal cells (Hewitt et al., 1978). The work presented here investigates the involvement of microtubules and microfilaments as mediators of binding site mobility in this system. Treatment of cells with colchicine suggests that microtubules are not involved in the mobility of either type of lectin-binding site. Disruption of microfilaments with cytochalasin B prevents the redistribution of Con A-binding sites but not those of WGA. the results were found to be the same for both genotypes. This suggests that the differences which have been found between genotypes are related to some mechanism of restraining the lateral mobility of lectin binding sites other than by attachment to microtubules and microfilaments.", "contents": "The involvement of microfilaments and microtubules in the lateral mobility of lectin binding sites of normal and brachypod mouse limb mesenchyme. It has been demonstrated that differences exist in the lateral mobility of Con A- and WGA-binding sites in the membranes of normal and brachypod mouse limb mesenchymal cells (Hewitt et al., 1978). The work presented here investigates the involvement of microtubules and microfilaments as mediators of binding site mobility in this system. Treatment of cells with colchicine suggests that microtubules are not involved in the mobility of either type of lectin-binding site. Disruption of microfilaments with cytochalasin B prevents the redistribution of Con A-binding sites but not those of WGA. the results were found to be the same for both genotypes. This suggests that the differences which have been found between genotypes are related to some mechanism of restraining the lateral mobility of lectin binding sites other than by attachment to microtubules and microfilaments.", "PMID": 568033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7833", "title": "[Post-splenectomy hyperthermia].", "content": "After an examination of the most important physiopathological alterations of splenectomised patients and on the basis of careful research into the literature on study and classification of post-splenectomy hyperthermia, the Authors stress the importance of infections in the genesis of such hyperthermia, until a few years ago defined as \"sine causa\". On the basis of the consideration that this fever is due to an infection acting on an area (the a-splenic area) which is more vulnerable as it is deprived of a certain part of the reticulo-endothelial system, it was possible to postulate and verify that such hyperthermia could arise only in patients with altered extra-splenic reticulo-endothelial system and hence does not normally occur in patients splenectomised for trauma. On the basis of extensive personal experience, the authors conclude by stressing the therapeutic principles which seem to be most suitable for management of this insidious complication of splenectomy.", "contents": "[Post-splenectomy hyperthermia]. After an examination of the most important physiopathological alterations of splenectomised patients and on the basis of careful research into the literature on study and classification of post-splenectomy hyperthermia, the Authors stress the importance of infections in the genesis of such hyperthermia, until a few years ago defined as \"sine causa\". On the basis of the consideration that this fever is due to an infection acting on an area (the a-splenic area) which is more vulnerable as it is deprived of a certain part of the reticulo-endothelial system, it was possible to postulate and verify that such hyperthermia could arise only in patients with altered extra-splenic reticulo-endothelial system and hence does not normally occur in patients splenectomised for trauma. On the basis of extensive personal experience, the authors conclude by stressing the therapeutic principles which seem to be most suitable for management of this insidious complication of splenectomy.", "PMID": 568039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7834", "title": "Single and two-dimensional echocardiographic visualization of the effects of septal myectomy in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Although the postoperative hemodynamic and echocardiographic features of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis have been studied, the expected consistent postoperative thinning of the interventricular septum has not been reported. In this study, the short-term effects of septal myectomy were evaluated in 16 patients. All patients were assessed with pre- and postoperative hemodynamic studies and M-mode echocardiograms, and six of the 16 patients had pre- and postoperative two-dimensional echocardiograms. The mean resting preoperative gradient of 74 mm Hg (range 10--190 mm Hg), which fell to a mean resting postoperative gradient of 8 mm Hg (range 0--25 mm Hg), was associated with decreased end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness at the midventricular level in 14 of 16 patients and at the subaortic level in 16 of 16 patients by M-mode echocardiography. The group also demonstrated changes in left ventricular outflow tract configuration and dimension, mitral valve systolic anterior motion, mitral E-F0 slope and left ventricular percent fractional shortening by both M-mode and two-dimensional studies. In the two patients who did not show midventricular septal thinning on M-mode echocardiography, the two-dimensional echocardiograms revealed that the area of myectomy extended only through the subaortic region and not down to the midventricular septum. Thus, we have observed consistent postmyectomy septal thinning at both the midventricular and subaortic levels by M-mode echo. By defining the geometry of the septal myectomy in vivo with two-dimensional echocardiography, we can better interpret M-mode studies and identify factors that influence echocardiographic visualization of the region of myectomy.", "contents": "Single and two-dimensional echocardiographic visualization of the effects of septal myectomy in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Although the postoperative hemodynamic and echocardiographic features of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis have been studied, the expected consistent postoperative thinning of the interventricular septum has not been reported. In this study, the short-term effects of septal myectomy were evaluated in 16 patients. All patients were assessed with pre- and postoperative hemodynamic studies and M-mode echocardiograms, and six of the 16 patients had pre- and postoperative two-dimensional echocardiograms. The mean resting preoperative gradient of 74 mm Hg (range 10--190 mm Hg), which fell to a mean resting postoperative gradient of 8 mm Hg (range 0--25 mm Hg), was associated with decreased end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness at the midventricular level in 14 of 16 patients and at the subaortic level in 16 of 16 patients by M-mode echocardiography. The group also demonstrated changes in left ventricular outflow tract configuration and dimension, mitral valve systolic anterior motion, mitral E-F0 slope and left ventricular percent fractional shortening by both M-mode and two-dimensional studies. In the two patients who did not show midventricular septal thinning on M-mode echocardiography, the two-dimensional echocardiograms revealed that the area of myectomy extended only through the subaortic region and not down to the midventricular septum. Thus, we have observed consistent postmyectomy septal thinning at both the midventricular and subaortic levels by M-mode echo. By defining the geometry of the septal myectomy in vivo with two-dimensional echocardiography, we can better interpret M-mode studies and identify factors that influence echocardiographic visualization of the region of myectomy.", "PMID": 568040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7835", "title": "A non-barbital buffer for immunoelectrophoresis and zone electrophoresis in agarose gels.", "content": "We describe buffer for both immunoelectrophoresis and zone electrophoresis procedures in agarose gels, Tricine [N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine] and Tris [2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol] being the main components. This buffer eliminates the procurement cost and inventory control associated with formulation of barbital buffers. We compare it with other common buffer formulations.", "contents": "A non-barbital buffer for immunoelectrophoresis and zone electrophoresis in agarose gels. We describe buffer for both immunoelectrophoresis and zone electrophoresis procedures in agarose gels, Tricine [N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine] and Tris [2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol] being the main components. This buffer eliminates the procurement cost and inventory control associated with formulation of barbital buffers. We compare it with other common buffer formulations.", "PMID": 568042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7836", "title": "The disappearance of HCG and return of pituitary function after abortion.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of HCG/LH and FSH were monitored after a first trimester abortion in eighteen healthy female volunteers three times weekly until the onset of first menstruation. Plasma concentrations of the HCG were measured with a specific RIA for the beta subunit (beta-sub-HCG) from the samples of six of these subjects. The elimination of HCG during the first 12 days was studied from plasma concentrations measured by the radioimmunoassay of LH. The experimental data were well explained by a mathematical model consisting of three exponentially decreasing components. The half-lives of the two more slowly decreasing components were 27 and 168 h. The estimate of the complete disappearance of HCG was 37.7 days, when the specific (beta-sub-HCG) assay was used. Recovery of pituitary function occurred within 4--9 days after abortion, as judged by increased plasma FSH concentrations. In fourteen of eighteen subjects a midcycle LH peak was observed which occurred between 16 and 29 days after abortion. Plasma oestradiol concentrations increased 2--16 days after the rise in plasma FSH. Considerable amounts of HCG still circulated in the blood but the preovulatory peak of oestradiol never began before HCG/LH concentrations had decreased to below the range of the mid-cycle LH peak.", "contents": "The disappearance of HCG and return of pituitary function after abortion. Plasma concentrations of HCG/LH and FSH were monitored after a first trimester abortion in eighteen healthy female volunteers three times weekly until the onset of first menstruation. Plasma concentrations of the HCG were measured with a specific RIA for the beta subunit (beta-sub-HCG) from the samples of six of these subjects. The elimination of HCG during the first 12 days was studied from plasma concentrations measured by the radioimmunoassay of LH. The experimental data were well explained by a mathematical model consisting of three exponentially decreasing components. The half-lives of the two more slowly decreasing components were 27 and 168 h. The estimate of the complete disappearance of HCG was 37.7 days, when the specific (beta-sub-HCG) assay was used. Recovery of pituitary function occurred within 4--9 days after abortion, as judged by increased plasma FSH concentrations. In fourteen of eighteen subjects a midcycle LH peak was observed which occurred between 16 and 29 days after abortion. Plasma oestradiol concentrations increased 2--16 days after the rise in plasma FSH. Considerable amounts of HCG still circulated in the blood but the preovulatory peak of oestradiol never began before HCG/LH concentrations had decreased to below the range of the mid-cycle LH peak.", "PMID": 568043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7837", "title": "Complete trisomy 22.", "content": "Two unrelated girls, aged 6 and 8 years, respectively, are presented with complete trisomy 22 in the absence of detectable mosaicism. In each case, the extra chromosome has been unambiguously identified as chromosome No. 22. The features which were consistent in both girls included: advanced maternal and paternal ages, a history of repeated abortions and stillbirths, normal birthweight with no gross post-natal growth retardation, mental retardation with further severe deterioration at 3-5 years of age, epilepsy (particularly motor seizures), hypotonia, neurological (especially cerebellar) deficit, and abnormal E.E.G. patterns. The physical stigmata comprised: frontal bossing, hypertelorism, bulbous nose, antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, strabismus, long philtrum, large rotated protruding low-set auricles, pectus excavatum, and abnormal dermatoglyphics. The clinical course of the disorder was suggestive of a degenerative phenomenon of the central nervous system neurones.", "contents": "Complete trisomy 22. Two unrelated girls, aged 6 and 8 years, respectively, are presented with complete trisomy 22 in the absence of detectable mosaicism. In each case, the extra chromosome has been unambiguously identified as chromosome No. 22. The features which were consistent in both girls included: advanced maternal and paternal ages, a history of repeated abortions and stillbirths, normal birthweight with no gross post-natal growth retardation, mental retardation with further severe deterioration at 3-5 years of age, epilepsy (particularly motor seizures), hypotonia, neurological (especially cerebellar) deficit, and abnormal E.E.G. patterns. The physical stigmata comprised: frontal bossing, hypertelorism, bulbous nose, antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, strabismus, long philtrum, large rotated protruding low-set auricles, pectus excavatum, and abnormal dermatoglyphics. The clinical course of the disorder was suggestive of a degenerative phenomenon of the central nervous system neurones.", "PMID": 568044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7838", "title": "Taurodontism and enamel hypomaturation associated with X-linked abnormalities.", "content": "The association of taurodontism with hypoplastic/hypomature enamel defects is presented in two cases of X-chromosome aneuploidy (47,XXY) and one of X-linked recessive Amelogenesis Imperfecta. It appears that the X-chromosome not only plays some role in tooth size the degree of taurodontism increasing with increased number of X chromosomes), but probably also plays a role in enamel maturation.", "contents": "Taurodontism and enamel hypomaturation associated with X-linked abnormalities. The association of taurodontism with hypoplastic/hypomature enamel defects is presented in two cases of X-chromosome aneuploidy (47,XXY) and one of X-linked recessive Amelogenesis Imperfecta. It appears that the X-chromosome not only plays some role in tooth size the degree of taurodontism increasing with increased number of X chromosomes), but probably also plays a role in enamel maturation.", "PMID": 568045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7839", "title": "Standard water cystometry and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter.", "content": "Water cystometry and external urethral spincter electromyography permit an accurate diagnosis and provide a rational foundation for treatment of both neurogenic and nonneurogenic vesical dysfunction. The techniques are compatible with and have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of micturition. Properly performed and interpreted, water cystometry and urethral sphincter electromyography a) are an integral part of the work-up of any patient with incontinence or urinary tract infection, b) together with urethral pressure profilometry and uroflowmetry, assist in the selection of those patients who will or will not benefit from attempted surgical correction of incontinence, and c) can be employed to monitor preoperative and postoperative sequelae of major spinal or paraspinal surgery.", "contents": "Standard water cystometry and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter. Water cystometry and external urethral spincter electromyography permit an accurate diagnosis and provide a rational foundation for treatment of both neurogenic and nonneurogenic vesical dysfunction. The techniques are compatible with and have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of micturition. Properly performed and interpreted, water cystometry and urethral sphincter electromyography a) are an integral part of the work-up of any patient with incontinence or urinary tract infection, b) together with urethral pressure profilometry and uroflowmetry, assist in the selection of those patients who will or will not benefit from attempted surgical correction of incontinence, and c) can be employed to monitor preoperative and postoperative sequelae of major spinal or paraspinal surgery.", "PMID": 568048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7840", "title": "Direct electronic urethrocystometry.", "content": "Direct electronic urethrocystometry simultaneously records pressures in the bladder, proximal urethra, and abdomen in a patient at rest and under stress while the bladder fills with urine. It documents the presence or absence of detrusor contractions and is an essential part of the evaluation of patients with detrusor dysfunction and urinary incontinence.", "contents": "Direct electronic urethrocystometry. Direct electronic urethrocystometry simultaneously records pressures in the bladder, proximal urethra, and abdomen in a patient at rest and under stress while the bladder fills with urine. It documents the presence or absence of detrusor contractions and is an essential part of the evaluation of patients with detrusor dysfunction and urinary incontinence.", "PMID": 568050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7841", "title": "Effects of pelvic relaxation on gynecologic urologic problems.", "content": "It is evident that the maintenance and reestablishment of urinary continence is in large part dependent, during times of intraabdominal stress, upon maintenance of an intraurethral pressure higher than that within the bladder. It is important that the presence of cystocele be carefully and accurately assessed preoperatively and intraoperatively so that correction appropriate to its etiologic circumstance can be achieved. Continence is under the influence of urethral tone, as well as the response of the distal urethra to changes in intraabdominal pressure. Cranial elevation of the vesicourethral junction, as may be required, may be provided by any one of several different or combined surgical techniques. When vaginal inversion causes displacement of the vesicourethral junction, a restoration of vaginal depth and axis by transvaginal sacrospinous fixation with appropriate colporrhaphy will relocate a defective urethrovesical site to a higher level within the pelvis where it may once again be responsive to changes in intraabdominal pressure.", "contents": "Effects of pelvic relaxation on gynecologic urologic problems. It is evident that the maintenance and reestablishment of urinary continence is in large part dependent, during times of intraabdominal stress, upon maintenance of an intraurethral pressure higher than that within the bladder. It is important that the presence of cystocele be carefully and accurately assessed preoperatively and intraoperatively so that correction appropriate to its etiologic circumstance can be achieved. Continence is under the influence of urethral tone, as well as the response of the distal urethra to changes in intraabdominal pressure. Cranial elevation of the vesicourethral junction, as may be required, may be provided by any one of several different or combined surgical techniques. When vaginal inversion causes displacement of the vesicourethral junction, a restoration of vaginal depth and axis by transvaginal sacrospinous fixation with appropriate colporrhaphy will relocate a defective urethrovesical site to a higher level within the pelvis where it may once again be responsive to changes in intraabdominal pressure.", "PMID": 568053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7842", "title": "Retropubic urethropexy by the vaginal wall technique in stress urinary incontinence.", "content": "In our opinion retropubic urethropexy via the vaginal wall technique should be considered the primary operation to correct female stress urinary incontinence. The urethrovesical junction is elevated to the midsymphysis and supported by the vaginal wall and endopelvic fascia. Failure is related to not completing the basic objective of the operation, postoperative breakdown due to faulty selection or placement of sutures, and improper patient selection. This operation has proven to be simple, free of disturbing complications, and with durable results. Patients themselves attest to satisfaction with the results of the procedure.", "contents": "Retropubic urethropexy by the vaginal wall technique in stress urinary incontinence. In our opinion retropubic urethropexy via the vaginal wall technique should be considered the primary operation to correct female stress urinary incontinence. The urethrovesical junction is elevated to the midsymphysis and supported by the vaginal wall and endopelvic fascia. Failure is related to not completing the basic objective of the operation, postoperative breakdown due to faulty selection or placement of sutures, and improper patient selection. This operation has proven to be simple, free of disturbing complications, and with durable results. Patients themselves attest to satisfaction with the results of the procedure.", "PMID": 568054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7843", "title": "Women's attitudes toward forcible rape.", "content": "This study assessed the attitudes of women with diverse backgrounds toward possible responses to an attempted sexual assault and also ascertained their beliefs about how society should handle a convicted rapist. Additionally, the role which the personality dimensions of assertiveness and internal-external expectamcy play in shaping attitudes toward rape was investigated. Seventy-seven women and 25 men were administered the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, the Rotter I-E Scale, and a Rape Inventory. Women relied on a narrow range of options to deal with a rapist's attack, depending mostly on less active modes. They advocated humane approaches be taken with convicted rapists. Personality played only a minor role.", "contents": "Women's attitudes toward forcible rape. This study assessed the attitudes of women with diverse backgrounds toward possible responses to an attempted sexual assault and also ascertained their beliefs about how society should handle a convicted rapist. Additionally, the role which the personality dimensions of assertiveness and internal-external expectamcy play in shaping attitudes toward rape was investigated. Seventy-seven women and 25 men were administered the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, the Rotter I-E Scale, and a Rape Inventory. Women relied on a narrow range of options to deal with a rapist's attack, depending mostly on less active modes. They advocated humane approaches be taken with convicted rapists. Personality played only a minor role.", "PMID": 568058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7844", "title": "Fetal blood-borne myelo- and thrombopoietic stem cells in diffusion chambers.", "content": "The potential of hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood for proliferation and differentiation have been studied by the diffusion chamber technique. In a pilot study, it was shown that blast cell production and myelopoiesis from the original lymphoid cell suspension starts 6 days after implantation. Mature granulocytes and megakaryocytes respectively appear in the chambers from the 16th and 10th days onwards. Myelopoiesis is ten times more active in fetal than in adult blood. There were thrombopoietic stem cells in 7 of 10 cord blood samples but in only one of 10 adult blood specimens. It is concluded that the high hematopoietic activity of the bone marrow at term is reflected by an increase in the number of stem cells circulating in the blood. Myelo- and thrombopoietic stem cells must be sought among the lymphoid cells of the original cord blood cell suspension.", "contents": "Fetal blood-borne myelo- and thrombopoietic stem cells in diffusion chambers. The potential of hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood for proliferation and differentiation have been studied by the diffusion chamber technique. In a pilot study, it was shown that blast cell production and myelopoiesis from the original lymphoid cell suspension starts 6 days after implantation. Mature granulocytes and megakaryocytes respectively appear in the chambers from the 16th and 10th days onwards. Myelopoiesis is ten times more active in fetal than in adult blood. There were thrombopoietic stem cells in 7 of 10 cord blood samples but in only one of 10 adult blood specimens. It is concluded that the high hematopoietic activity of the bone marrow at term is reflected by an increase in the number of stem cells circulating in the blood. Myelo- and thrombopoietic stem cells must be sought among the lymphoid cells of the original cord blood cell suspension.", "PMID": 568066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7845", "title": "The central effects of a novel dopamine agonist.", "content": "A new peripheral dopamine agonist which causes dopaminergic renal vasodilation, was tested for central dopaminergic activity. SK & F 38393 stimulated the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in homogenates of rat caudate, as a partial agonist, and caused contralateral rotation in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of substantia nigra. Rotation was shown to be due to a direct effect on supersensitive dopamine receptors. Stimulation of cAMP formation and rotation were blocked by dopamine antagonists. In contrast to other dopamine agonists, SK & F 38393 did not cause stereotypy, emesis or inhibition of prolactin release, nor did SK & F 38393 affect dopamine turnover. The results suggest that SK & F 38393 may selectively stimulate supersensitive central dopamine receptors in vivo or may activate only a certain subclass of dopamine receptors including the receptor in the renal vasculature and the adenylate cyclase coupled postsynaptic receptor in the caudate.", "contents": "The central effects of a novel dopamine agonist. A new peripheral dopamine agonist which causes dopaminergic renal vasodilation, was tested for central dopaminergic activity. SK & F 38393 stimulated the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in homogenates of rat caudate, as a partial agonist, and caused contralateral rotation in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of substantia nigra. Rotation was shown to be due to a direct effect on supersensitive dopamine receptors. Stimulation of cAMP formation and rotation were blocked by dopamine antagonists. In contrast to other dopamine agonists, SK & F 38393 did not cause stereotypy, emesis or inhibition of prolactin release, nor did SK & F 38393 affect dopamine turnover. The results suggest that SK & F 38393 may selectively stimulate supersensitive central dopamine receptors in vivo or may activate only a certain subclass of dopamine receptors including the receptor in the renal vasculature and the adenylate cyclase coupled postsynaptic receptor in the caudate.", "PMID": 568069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7846", "title": "Muscarinic hyposensitivity in the developing rat pretreated with 6-hydroxydopa.", "content": "Atropine-induced locomotor stimulation was investigated in the developing rat pretreated with 6-hydroxydopa at birth. The locomotor stimulation by atropine was first observed on day 20 and gradually increased with age. The treatment with 6-hydroxydopa potentiated atropine-induced locomotor stimulation on days later than day 20 and inhibited a pilocarpine-induced catalepsy on day 30. This suggests that central cholinergic neurons, probably in the neostriatum, reach functional maturity between 15 and 20 days, and that the pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopa induced muscarinic hyposensitivity in the developing rat.", "contents": "Muscarinic hyposensitivity in the developing rat pretreated with 6-hydroxydopa. Atropine-induced locomotor stimulation was investigated in the developing rat pretreated with 6-hydroxydopa at birth. The locomotor stimulation by atropine was first observed on day 20 and gradually increased with age. The treatment with 6-hydroxydopa potentiated atropine-induced locomotor stimulation on days later than day 20 and inhibited a pilocarpine-induced catalepsy on day 30. This suggests that central cholinergic neurons, probably in the neostriatum, reach functional maturity between 15 and 20 days, and that the pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopa induced muscarinic hyposensitivity in the developing rat.", "PMID": 568070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7847", "title": "Systems-matching by degeneration. II. Interpretation of the generation and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in the chicken by a mathematical model.", "content": "Quantitative data on generation and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells during development (Rager and Rager, 1978) are interpreted in terms of a mathematical model which consists of a system of differential equations. By these equations we attempt to describe the formation of retinal ganglion cells and their termination domains in the tectum. Since ganglion cells seem not to degenerate before their axons have arrived at their termination site and start branching, from the arrival time on they may become competent either to continue to mature or to die. Therefore, to find the actual number of competent cells the extension of the fiber pathway between the retina and the optic tectum had also to be measured and computed. The differential equations are united by the principle that at any given time cells in excess of the number of termination domains have to die. By this model the mathematical function was determined. Several parameter values of this function were optimized with the Gauss-Newton method by which the curve was fitted to the measured values. The high correlation obtained by this method allows to conclude that, to a first approximation, the model may be satisfactory. The evidence of competition for termination sites and of systems-matching by cell death is discussed.", "contents": "Systems-matching by degeneration. II. Interpretation of the generation and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in the chicken by a mathematical model. Quantitative data on generation and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells during development (Rager and Rager, 1978) are interpreted in terms of a mathematical model which consists of a system of differential equations. By these equations we attempt to describe the formation of retinal ganglion cells and their termination domains in the tectum. Since ganglion cells seem not to degenerate before their axons have arrived at their termination site and start branching, from the arrival time on they may become competent either to continue to mature or to die. Therefore, to find the actual number of competent cells the extension of the fiber pathway between the retina and the optic tectum had also to be measured and computed. The differential equations are united by the principle that at any given time cells in excess of the number of termination domains have to die. By this model the mathematical function was determined. Several parameter values of this function were optimized with the Gauss-Newton method by which the curve was fitted to the measured values. The high correlation obtained by this method allows to conclude that, to a first approximation, the model may be satisfactory. The evidence of competition for termination sites and of systems-matching by cell death is discussed.", "PMID": 568073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7848", "title": "Motor responses evoked by microstimulation of restiform body in the cat.", "content": "Motor effects produced by microstimulation of restiform body (RB) were studied in acute unanesthetized cats, using tungsten electrodes for stimulating the peduncle and bipolar steel electrodes for recording muscular activity (EMG). The main results were the following. 1. Threshold microstimulation (18.24 microA +/- 8.77 S.D.) of effective foci within RB elicited single muscle contractions of ipsilateral limbs, primarily of forelimb; overthreshold activation (32.83 microA +/- 9.25S.D.) of the same points produced complex movements in 61.54% of cases that involved muscles of shoulder, neck, and trunk. 2. Single muscle contractions exhibited a mean latency (20.09 msec +/- 2.04 S.D.) which was significantly longer than that shown by complex movements (10.00 msec +/- 3.10 S.D.). Furthermore, a decrease in frequency of stimulating train below 300 Hz and a reduction in duration below 30 msec caused a steep rise of threshold for single muscle responses that was not observed when studying complex movements. 3. Acute RB interruption between stimulating electrode and cerebellum abolished single muscle contractions; conversely, complex movements remained unmodified even when the RB was lesioned in cats chronically submitted to interruption of brachium conjunctivum (BC). 4. The pathway involved in promoting RB induced single muscle activation includes interpositus nucleus, BC and rubrospinal tract. Possible modalities of RB afferent participation to the motor control are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Motor responses evoked by microstimulation of restiform body in the cat. Motor effects produced by microstimulation of restiform body (RB) were studied in acute unanesthetized cats, using tungsten electrodes for stimulating the peduncle and bipolar steel electrodes for recording muscular activity (EMG). The main results were the following. 1. Threshold microstimulation (18.24 microA +/- 8.77 S.D.) of effective foci within RB elicited single muscle contractions of ipsilateral limbs, primarily of forelimb; overthreshold activation (32.83 microA +/- 9.25S.D.) of the same points produced complex movements in 61.54% of cases that involved muscles of shoulder, neck, and trunk. 2. Single muscle contractions exhibited a mean latency (20.09 msec +/- 2.04 S.D.) which was significantly longer than that shown by complex movements (10.00 msec +/- 3.10 S.D.). Furthermore, a decrease in frequency of stimulating train below 300 Hz and a reduction in duration below 30 msec caused a steep rise of threshold for single muscle responses that was not observed when studying complex movements. 3. Acute RB interruption between stimulating electrode and cerebellum abolished single muscle contractions; conversely, complex movements remained unmodified even when the RB was lesioned in cats chronically submitted to interruption of brachium conjunctivum (BC). 4. The pathway involved in promoting RB induced single muscle activation includes interpositus nucleus, BC and rubrospinal tract. Possible modalities of RB afferent participation to the motor control are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 568074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7849", "title": "Myelination in chronically-alcoholic mice.", "content": "Chronically-administered ethanol, not impaired nutrition, exerts a specific effect to decrease myelination as measured by the activity of the marker enzyme for myelin, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase.", "contents": "Myelination in chronically-alcoholic mice. Chronically-administered ethanol, not impaired nutrition, exerts a specific effect to decrease myelination as measured by the activity of the marker enzyme for myelin, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase.", "PMID": 568075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7850", "title": "[Rat behavior in an \"open field\" when chronically administered morphine].", "content": "15-day long administration of morphine in doses of 20 to 120 mg/kg, injected twice daily produced initially a depression followed by an increased locomotor activity, more pronounced grooming behavior and less so--rearing. Abnormal forms of behavior like combined arrests and rapid movements, circling, stereatyped gnawing were also observed. Abstinence provoked by withdrawal of morphine or nalophine was characterized predominantly by the stimulation of locomotion and grooming with depressed rearing.", "contents": "[Rat behavior in an \"open field\" when chronically administered morphine]. 15-day long administration of morphine in doses of 20 to 120 mg/kg, injected twice daily produced initially a depression followed by an increased locomotor activity, more pronounced grooming behavior and less so--rearing. Abnormal forms of behavior like combined arrests and rapid movements, circling, stereatyped gnawing were also observed. Abstinence provoked by withdrawal of morphine or nalophine was characterized predominantly by the stimulation of locomotion and grooming with depressed rearing.", "PMID": 568076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7851", "title": "[Change in renin activity in the venous blood plasma of dogs under the influence of furosemide, novurit, ethacrynic acid and mannitol].", "content": "Changes in the activity of renin in the venous blood plasma of dogs, its volume and the circulating blood volume (CBV) were studied in chronic tests under the effect many days of diuretics administration. A comparison of the plasms renin activity as against changes in the volume of plasma and CBV occurring under the effect of saluretics gives an idea on the factorc regulating the renin secretion by the kidneys.", "contents": "[Change in renin activity in the venous blood plasma of dogs under the influence of furosemide, novurit, ethacrynic acid and mannitol]. Changes in the activity of renin in the venous blood plasma of dogs, its volume and the circulating blood volume (CBV) were studied in chronic tests under the effect many days of diuretics administration. A comparison of the plasms renin activity as against changes in the volume of plasma and CBV occurring under the effect of saluretics gives an idea on the factorc regulating the renin secretion by the kidneys.", "PMID": 568077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7852", "title": "[Effects of acute and chronic alcohol poisoning on the noradrenaline content in the rat hypothalamus].", "content": "The content and distribution of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus following acute and chronic alcohol opisoning of animals (by introducing of a 20 degrees alcohol by mouth) was studied by applying biochemical and flurorscence histochemical methods. After poisoiing the content of neorpinephrine in the hypothalamus increased twice as compared with controls and continued to be high for 3 months. This was attended by a greater fluorescence intensity in the noradrenergic fibres, in the areas of the hypothalamic supra-optic nuclei and an inhibition of the transport and release of the neurosecretory material in the supra-optic neurohypophysial system was observed. And, conversely, 6--8 months after poisoning the content of neorpinephrine was halved in comparison with the controls.", "contents": "[Effects of acute and chronic alcohol poisoning on the noradrenaline content in the rat hypothalamus]. The content and distribution of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus following acute and chronic alcohol opisoning of animals (by introducing of a 20 degrees alcohol by mouth) was studied by applying biochemical and flurorscence histochemical methods. After poisoiing the content of neorpinephrine in the hypothalamus increased twice as compared with controls and continued to be high for 3 months. This was attended by a greater fluorescence intensity in the noradrenergic fibres, in the areas of the hypothalamic supra-optic nuclei and an inhibition of the transport and release of the neurosecretory material in the supra-optic neurohypophysial system was observed. And, conversely, 6--8 months after poisoning the content of neorpinephrine was halved in comparison with the controls.", "PMID": 568078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7853", "title": "[Bypass of the outlet of the left ventricle with a Hancock valve tube: report of two cases surgically treated (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe two cases in which the outlet of the left ventricle was recreated by means of a bypass with a valve tube. The first is a case of correct levo-transposition of the great vessels with atresia of the pulmonary, in which a valve tube was applied between the inverted left ventricle and the right branch and trunk of the pulmonary. The second is a case of \"long\" fibrous subvalvular aortic stenosis, a relapse from former correction of membranous subaortic stenosis, in which bypass was applied between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta. This latter method, adopted by McGoon, is held by the Authors to be easier to apply and more physiological in its hemodynamic effects. The clinical and instrumental results were good in both cases. The hemodynamic and cardioangiographic controls carried out in the second case, 4 months after the surgical operation, showed the normal functioning of the prosthesis, an outflow equal to 60.3% of the total capacity through the bypass, and the ample neostomy of the left ventricle in systolic phase.", "contents": "[Bypass of the outlet of the left ventricle with a Hancock valve tube: report of two cases surgically treated (author's transl)]. The Authors describe two cases in which the outlet of the left ventricle was recreated by means of a bypass with a valve tube. The first is a case of correct levo-transposition of the great vessels with atresia of the pulmonary, in which a valve tube was applied between the inverted left ventricle and the right branch and trunk of the pulmonary. The second is a case of \"long\" fibrous subvalvular aortic stenosis, a relapse from former correction of membranous subaortic stenosis, in which bypass was applied between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta. This latter method, adopted by McGoon, is held by the Authors to be easier to apply and more physiological in its hemodynamic effects. The clinical and instrumental results were good in both cases. The hemodynamic and cardioangiographic controls carried out in the second case, 4 months after the surgical operation, showed the normal functioning of the prosthesis, an outflow equal to 60.3% of the total capacity through the bypass, and the ample neostomy of the left ventricle in systolic phase.", "PMID": 568092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7854", "title": "Interference of a synthetic C18 juvenile hormone with mammalian cells in vitro, I. Effects on growth and morphology.", "content": "Some of structural and functional analogs of juvenile hormones are now under field examinations as growth inhibitors of some pest-insect populations. So far however very little is known about the possible interference of these compounds with mammalian cells or organisms. In this research the interference of a synthetic preparation of the insect C18 juvenile hormone with mouse embryo fibroblasts (ME-cells) and mouse cells of an established line (L-cells) was studied. Aliquots of juvenile hormone solution or those of the solvent (DMSO plus ethanol, 9:1) were included into the culture medium and after defined times of contact the cells were tested for their morphology, pattern of growth, proliferation rate and viability. The data for the parameters under examination were evaluated by means of the analysis of variance and checked by the Tuckey test. The sensitivity of ME-cells and L-cells to the agent tested was compared by means of the analysis of variance of the data for mitotic indices of these cells and by evaluation of the number of dead cells in cultures under the particular conditions of the experiments. The main findings can be summarized as follows: 1. Cells of both types are evidently more sensitive to juvenile hormone than to the solvent. 2. ME-cells are more sensitive to both agents than are L-cells. 3. The concentrations of the hormone in the medium required to evoked the cytocidal effect on the mouse cells similarly as those affecting some insect non-target cells were far above concentrations found in insect blood, but they were of the same order of magnitude as those used in physiological experiments with insect organs in vitro.", "contents": "Interference of a synthetic C18 juvenile hormone with mammalian cells in vitro, I. Effects on growth and morphology. Some of structural and functional analogs of juvenile hormones are now under field examinations as growth inhibitors of some pest-insect populations. So far however very little is known about the possible interference of these compounds with mammalian cells or organisms. In this research the interference of a synthetic preparation of the insect C18 juvenile hormone with mouse embryo fibroblasts (ME-cells) and mouse cells of an established line (L-cells) was studied. Aliquots of juvenile hormone solution or those of the solvent (DMSO plus ethanol, 9:1) were included into the culture medium and after defined times of contact the cells were tested for their morphology, pattern of growth, proliferation rate and viability. The data for the parameters under examination were evaluated by means of the analysis of variance and checked by the Tuckey test. The sensitivity of ME-cells and L-cells to the agent tested was compared by means of the analysis of variance of the data for mitotic indices of these cells and by evaluation of the number of dead cells in cultures under the particular conditions of the experiments. The main findings can be summarized as follows: 1. Cells of both types are evidently more sensitive to juvenile hormone than to the solvent. 2. ME-cells are more sensitive to both agents than are L-cells. 3. The concentrations of the hormone in the medium required to evoked the cytocidal effect on the mouse cells similarly as those affecting some insect non-target cells were far above concentrations found in insect blood, but they were of the same order of magnitude as those used in physiological experiments with insect organs in vitro.", "PMID": 568096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7855", "title": "Interference of a synthetic C18 juvenile hormone with mammalian cells in vitro. II. Effects on cell cycle.", "content": "Interference of a synthetic C18 juvenile (JH) with the cell cycle of mouse embryo cells (ME-cells) and mouse cells of established cell line (L-cells) was examined. After 3 hour in the medium with JH (20 mg/ml) the cells were transfered to the regular culture medium and labelled with H3-thymidine then incubated for 1 to 48 hours before processing them for autoradiography. The percentage of labelled mitosis was then calculated for all cells samples examined and the labelled mitosis curves were drown and analyzed. It was shown that in contrast to the solvent which had no effect on duration of any of the component phases of the cell cycle of ME-cells, the juvenile hormone under conditions of these experiments prolonged G1 and G2 intervals what resulted in prolongation of the total cell cycle of these cells. On the other hand it shortened G1 and prolonged G2 intervals of L-cells without changing duration of the total cell cycle. Thus, in the examined mouse cells, they were the G1 and G2 intervals which are affected by JH. This findings are considered as an argument for pleiotropic nature of the juvenile hormone interference with mouse cells, the more so as it interfered with both protein and DNA synthesis in these cells.", "contents": "Interference of a synthetic C18 juvenile hormone with mammalian cells in vitro. II. Effects on cell cycle. Interference of a synthetic C18 juvenile (JH) with the cell cycle of mouse embryo cells (ME-cells) and mouse cells of established cell line (L-cells) was examined. After 3 hour in the medium with JH (20 mg/ml) the cells were transfered to the regular culture medium and labelled with H3-thymidine then incubated for 1 to 48 hours before processing them for autoradiography. The percentage of labelled mitosis was then calculated for all cells samples examined and the labelled mitosis curves were drown and analyzed. It was shown that in contrast to the solvent which had no effect on duration of any of the component phases of the cell cycle of ME-cells, the juvenile hormone under conditions of these experiments prolonged G1 and G2 intervals what resulted in prolongation of the total cell cycle of these cells. On the other hand it shortened G1 and prolonged G2 intervals of L-cells without changing duration of the total cell cycle. Thus, in the examined mouse cells, they were the G1 and G2 intervals which are affected by JH. This findings are considered as an argument for pleiotropic nature of the juvenile hormone interference with mouse cells, the more so as it interfered with both protein and DNA synthesis in these cells.", "PMID": 568097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7856", "title": "Animals, parasites and zoonoses in different types of urban areas.", "content": "The paper gives a survey of health risks associated with the occurrence of animals in urbanized areas. The author distinguishes the following animal categories involved: I. food-producing animals; 2. pets; 3. synanthropic mammals; 4. synanthropic birds; 5. wild mammals and birds; 6. synanthropic arthropods. From the aspect of animal occurrence and zoonoses or other diseases associated with animals he proposes the following classification of urban areas: a) centre of town, b) pericentral part of town, c) residential areas, d) peripheral part of town, e) suburban recreation areas.", "contents": "Animals, parasites and zoonoses in different types of urban areas. The paper gives a survey of health risks associated with the occurrence of animals in urbanized areas. The author distinguishes the following animal categories involved: I. food-producing animals; 2. pets; 3. synanthropic mammals; 4. synanthropic birds; 5. wild mammals and birds; 6. synanthropic arthropods. From the aspect of animal occurrence and zoonoses or other diseases associated with animals he proposes the following classification of urban areas: a) centre of town, b) pericentral part of town, c) residential areas, d) peripheral part of town, e) suburban recreation areas.", "PMID": 568098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7857", "title": "Results of an artificial feeding of eggs of Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 to various beetle species.", "content": "We confirmed in experiments with four beetle species--Carabus granulatus L., Pterostichus vulgaris (L.), Aphodius fimetarius (L.) and A. luridus (L.)--that these can carry and disseminate eggs of Taenia saginata. The eggs pass the digestive tract of these beetle species. Difficulties in entering the digestive tube proper have been explained by the presence of filtrating and triturating organs in the mouth parts of the beetles.", "contents": "Results of an artificial feeding of eggs of Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 to various beetle species. We confirmed in experiments with four beetle species--Carabus granulatus L., Pterostichus vulgaris (L.), Aphodius fimetarius (L.) and A. luridus (L.)--that these can carry and disseminate eggs of Taenia saginata. The eggs pass the digestive tract of these beetle species. Difficulties in entering the digestive tube proper have been explained by the presence of filtrating and triturating organs in the mouth parts of the beetles.", "PMID": 568099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7858", "title": "[Muricide induced by thiamine deficiency in the rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The emotional behavioral aspects and the interaction between the changes of the polyamine contents and muricide response in thiamine deficient rats were investigated. In the thiamine deficient group, there was evidence of muricide and such increased progressively with advanced thiamine deficient feeding. This muricide was characteristic in the following respects; 1) the killer-rats did not eat but only kill a mouse and it was quite difficult to remove a sacrificed animal from the cage. 2) they bit at random into any body region of the mouse. 3) the killer-rats did not bite inanimate objects such as nails nor chalk. 4) the muricide induced by thiamine deficiency could not be suppressed by a single injection of thiamine HCl. On the 30th day of the experimental feeding, both spermidine and spermine levels in the brain of the thiamine deficient group decreased significantly as compared to the control and the pair-fed groups. Both spermidine and spermine levels were reversed to the control levels with a intraperitoneal administration of thiamine. There were no significant differences in spermine and spermidine levels between the killer-rats and non-killer-rats in the thiamine deficient group.", "contents": "[Muricide induced by thiamine deficiency in the rats (author's transl)]. The emotional behavioral aspects and the interaction between the changes of the polyamine contents and muricide response in thiamine deficient rats were investigated. In the thiamine deficient group, there was evidence of muricide and such increased progressively with advanced thiamine deficient feeding. This muricide was characteristic in the following respects; 1) the killer-rats did not eat but only kill a mouse and it was quite difficult to remove a sacrificed animal from the cage. 2) they bit at random into any body region of the mouse. 3) the killer-rats did not bite inanimate objects such as nails nor chalk. 4) the muricide induced by thiamine deficiency could not be suppressed by a single injection of thiamine HCl. On the 30th day of the experimental feeding, both spermidine and spermine levels in the brain of the thiamine deficient group decreased significantly as compared to the control and the pair-fed groups. Both spermidine and spermine levels were reversed to the control levels with a intraperitoneal administration of thiamine. There were no significant differences in spermine and spermidine levels between the killer-rats and non-killer-rats in the thiamine deficient group.", "PMID": 568100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7859", "title": "Extranuclear mutant of Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "A mutant of the hymenomycete Schizophyllum commune was isolated which, owing to an extranuclear mutation, did not utilize acetate as the sole carbon source for growth. The growth of the mutant on glucose minimal medium was completely inhibited by sodium azide but was resistant to the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol or oligomycin. Its endogenous respiration was cyanide-sensitive and was stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol to a considerably smaller degree than that of the wild-type strain. The experimental results obtained with this mutant suggest a defect in aerobic phosphorylation.", "contents": "Extranuclear mutant of Schizophyllum commune. A mutant of the hymenomycete Schizophyllum commune was isolated which, owing to an extranuclear mutation, did not utilize acetate as the sole carbon source for growth. The growth of the mutant on glucose minimal medium was completely inhibited by sodium azide but was resistant to the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol or oligomycin. Its endogenous respiration was cyanide-sensitive and was stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol to a considerably smaller degree than that of the wild-type strain. The experimental results obtained with this mutant suggest a defect in aerobic phosphorylation.", "PMID": 568101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7860", "title": "Biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols in relation to the antibiotic formation in Oudemansiella mucida.", "content": "The production of mucidin by the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida was negatively influenced by the application of D-glucitol as the main carbon source, the effect being independent of the growth rate of the mycelium. The rate of fatty acid synthesis was measured by incorporation of 1-14C-acetate. After 8 days of cultivation, the amount of fatty acids was approximately half that synthetized during cultivation on glucose. The specific rate of incorporation reached its maximum after seven days of cultivation. Incorporation of 2-14C-MEValonate into sterols was the same under the two sets of cultivation conditions. Acetate units from the degraded fatty acids are probably also utilized for antibiotic synthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols in relation to the antibiotic formation in Oudemansiella mucida. The production of mucidin by the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida was negatively influenced by the application of D-glucitol as the main carbon source, the effect being independent of the growth rate of the mycelium. The rate of fatty acid synthesis was measured by incorporation of 1-14C-acetate. After 8 days of cultivation, the amount of fatty acids was approximately half that synthetized during cultivation on glucose. The specific rate of incorporation reached its maximum after seven days of cultivation. Incorporation of 2-14C-MEValonate into sterols was the same under the two sets of cultivation conditions. Acetate units from the degraded fatty acids are probably also utilized for antibiotic synthesis.", "PMID": 568102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7861", "title": "Cellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins in transformed mammalian cells.", "content": "Extracts prepared from several lines of transformed cells were examined for the presence of cellular binding proteins specific for retinoids. Extracts of human retinoblastoma cell line WERI-Rb1 contained a cellular binding protein specific for retinoic acid, whereas extracts of human retinoblastoma cell line Y-79 contained cellular binding proteins for both retinol and retinoic acid. Upon purification, the latter two binding proteins proved to have properties similar to those of the corresponding proteins obtained from bovine retina. Smaller amounts of these binding proteins were detected in extracts of undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma and McCoy cells. HeLa and rat glioma cells had no detectable amount of binding proteins. The 11-cis-retinal-binding protein, present in extracts of human, rat, and bovine retina, was not found in any of the cell lines examined.", "contents": "Cellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins in transformed mammalian cells. Extracts prepared from several lines of transformed cells were examined for the presence of cellular binding proteins specific for retinoids. Extracts of human retinoblastoma cell line WERI-Rb1 contained a cellular binding protein specific for retinoic acid, whereas extracts of human retinoblastoma cell line Y-79 contained cellular binding proteins for both retinol and retinoic acid. Upon purification, the latter two binding proteins proved to have properties similar to those of the corresponding proteins obtained from bovine retina. Smaller amounts of these binding proteins were detected in extracts of undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma and McCoy cells. HeLa and rat glioma cells had no detectable amount of binding proteins. The 11-cis-retinal-binding protein, present in extracts of human, rat, and bovine retina, was not found in any of the cell lines examined.", "PMID": 568121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7862", "title": "Quadruple vaccines containing pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccines.", "content": "Quadruple vaccines (DTP-P), prepared by mixing crude adsorbed Salk poliomyelitis vaccines, heat-killed pertussis vaccines and adsorbed purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were found to be toxic for mice. However, by using purified poliomyelitis and heat-killed formalinized pertussis components, vaccines were prepared that were non-toxic. The pertussis component of these vaccines retained potency over extended periods of storage. Stable, potent DTP-P vaccines offer an excellent alternative to DTP and live poliomyelitis vaccine in the basic immunization of infants and children.", "contents": "Quadruple vaccines containing pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccines. Quadruple vaccines (DTP-P), prepared by mixing crude adsorbed Salk poliomyelitis vaccines, heat-killed pertussis vaccines and adsorbed purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were found to be toxic for mice. However, by using purified poliomyelitis and heat-killed formalinized pertussis components, vaccines were prepared that were non-toxic. The pertussis component of these vaccines retained potency over extended periods of storage. Stable, potent DTP-P vaccines offer an excellent alternative to DTP and live poliomyelitis vaccine in the basic immunization of infants and children.", "PMID": 568123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7863", "title": "[Transurethral laser treatment in bladder neoplasms].", "content": "Within one year 38 patients with bladder tumors--most malignant--were treated by argon-laserbeam (6 Watt and 15 Watt). We now survey altogether 45 endoscopic operations. To bring the laserbeam into the waterfilled bladder, we use a special light-conductor and a normal operation-cystoscope. Laser therapy takes place after conventional electro-resection (TUR) by coagulation of the tumor ground or independently by destroying small relapses of tumors. We have observed some advantages of argon-laser treatment compared to electro-surgery: 1. No convulsions of bladder muscle with the danger of perforation, sometimes produced by current impulses. 2. Painlessness. Laser treatment is possible without anesthesia. 3. More therapeutic range. 4. Cases of absence of recidivation. We hope that the new therapy will be able to reduce the recidivation of bladder tumors and to improve the poor results of operative treatment.", "contents": "[Transurethral laser treatment in bladder neoplasms]. Within one year 38 patients with bladder tumors--most malignant--were treated by argon-laserbeam (6 Watt and 15 Watt). We now survey altogether 45 endoscopic operations. To bring the laserbeam into the waterfilled bladder, we use a special light-conductor and a normal operation-cystoscope. Laser therapy takes place after conventional electro-resection (TUR) by coagulation of the tumor ground or independently by destroying small relapses of tumors. We have observed some advantages of argon-laser treatment compared to electro-surgery: 1. No convulsions of bladder muscle with the danger of perforation, sometimes produced by current impulses. 2. Painlessness. Laser treatment is possible without anesthesia. 3. More therapeutic range. 4. Cases of absence of recidivation. We hope that the new therapy will be able to reduce the recidivation of bladder tumors and to improve the poor results of operative treatment.", "PMID": 568124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7864", "title": "[Fine needle puncture of the prostate: results and complications].", "content": "The transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate is a very accurate method in the diagnostic of prostatic diseases. Results and complications of more than 1200 cases are reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Fine needle puncture of the prostate: results and complications]. The transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate is a very accurate method in the diagnostic of prostatic diseases. Results and complications of more than 1200 cases are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 568125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7865", "title": "[Destruction of bladder neoplasms by means of transurethral neodym-YAG-laser coagulation].", "content": "Tumors of the urinary bladder were destroyed successfully by the use of a Neodymium-YAG-laser for the first time at the Department of Urology of the University of Munich. A final estimation of the real value of this method cannot be made because the number of cases was too small and the period of follow-up too short. Nevertheless we hope to increase the spectrum of transurethral treatment of bladder tumors. The use of the Neodymium-YAG-laser irradiation seems to make sense especially in treatment of tumors reaching deep layers of the bladder wall.", "contents": "[Destruction of bladder neoplasms by means of transurethral neodym-YAG-laser coagulation]. Tumors of the urinary bladder were destroyed successfully by the use of a Neodymium-YAG-laser for the first time at the Department of Urology of the University of Munich. A final estimation of the real value of this method cannot be made because the number of cases was too small and the period of follow-up too short. Nevertheless we hope to increase the spectrum of transurethral treatment of bladder tumors. The use of the Neodymium-YAG-laser irradiation seems to make sense especially in treatment of tumors reaching deep layers of the bladder wall.", "PMID": 568126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7866", "title": "[Embolization versus instillation of formalin. Ideas for the treatment of massive bladder hemorrhages].", "content": "In the treatment of bladder hemorrhage intravesical formalin and arterial embolization with their techniques and complications are described and supplemented by our own experiences. Critical reflexions are added about therapeutic use and limitation of both methods.", "contents": "[Embolization versus instillation of formalin. Ideas for the treatment of massive bladder hemorrhages]. In the treatment of bladder hemorrhage intravesical formalin and arterial embolization with their techniques and complications are described and supplemented by our own experiences. Critical reflexions are added about therapeutic use and limitation of both methods.", "PMID": 568127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7867", "title": "[Results of diagnostic exposure of the testes].", "content": "90 diagnostic exposures of the testis for confirming the clinical diagnosis of a malignant testicular tumor were examined. Wherease in 45 cases the diagnosis was confirmed, in the other 45 cases various diagnoses were established. Macroscopic examination only lead to a high incidence of false diagnoses (15%) followed by unnecessary orchiectomies. Thus, whenever possible a histological confirmation of the macroscopic findings should be made by frozen section before performing orchiectomy.", "contents": "[Results of diagnostic exposure of the testes]. 90 diagnostic exposures of the testis for confirming the clinical diagnosis of a malignant testicular tumor were examined. Wherease in 45 cases the diagnosis was confirmed, in the other 45 cases various diagnoses were established. Macroscopic examination only lead to a high incidence of false diagnoses (15%) followed by unnecessary orchiectomies. Thus, whenever possible a histological confirmation of the macroscopic findings should be made by frozen section before performing orchiectomy.", "PMID": 568128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7868", "title": "The articulations of the neurocranium in the postnatal skeleton of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).", "content": "In the neurocranium of the domestic fowl the centres of ossification present at hatching and appearing susbequently have been investigated and illustrated. The controversy over centres around the orbit is reviewed and it is concluded that paired laterally placed pleurosphenoids are present by the time of hatching, while paired orbitosphenoids situated near the midline and dorsal to the optic foramen do not appear until between 70 and 91 days after hatching. No additional \"presphenoid\" centres were detected. The neurocranial articulations were studied: 27, many of them paired, were identified. The sequence and timing of synostosis were determined.", "contents": "The articulations of the neurocranium in the postnatal skeleton of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). In the neurocranium of the domestic fowl the centres of ossification present at hatching and appearing susbequently have been investigated and illustrated. The controversy over centres around the orbit is reviewed and it is concluded that paired laterally placed pleurosphenoids are present by the time of hatching, while paired orbitosphenoids situated near the midline and dorsal to the optic foramen do not appear until between 70 and 91 days after hatching. No additional \"presphenoid\" centres were detected. The neurocranial articulations were studied: 27, many of them paired, were identified. The sequence and timing of synostosis were determined.", "PMID": 568132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7869", "title": "Structure and function of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from Torulopsis utilis. IV. Detection of exposed guanine residues by chemical modification with kethoxal.", "content": "The reaction of Torulopsis (Candida) utilis 5S ribosomal RNA with kethoxal (beta-ethoxy-alpha-ketobutyraldehyde) was studied in an attempt to identify the exposed guanine residues. At most 7-8 out of 32 guanine residues in T.utilis 5S RNA were kethoxalated after reaction at 37 degrees C for 4 h in the presence of magnesium ions. Localization of the kethoxalated guanine residues in T.utilis 5S RNA was achieved by sequence analyses of RNase T1 digests of the kethoxalated 5S RNA. These analyses showed that residues G37, G57, G91, and some of the three guanine residues G80, G82, and G85, are the most accessible sites. Residues G30, G41, and G49 also reacted with kethoxal though less strongly. These results are for the most part compatible with our secondary structure model for T.utilis 5S 5S RNA (Nishikawa and Takemura (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 935-947). However, partial formation of some hydrogen bonds within the loop region of the model seems to be necessary to explain the inaccessibility of residue G101 to kethoxal. The results are also discussed in comparison with those of similar studies on E.coli 5S RNA.", "contents": "Structure and function of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from Torulopsis utilis. IV. Detection of exposed guanine residues by chemical modification with kethoxal. The reaction of Torulopsis (Candida) utilis 5S ribosomal RNA with kethoxal (beta-ethoxy-alpha-ketobutyraldehyde) was studied in an attempt to identify the exposed guanine residues. At most 7-8 out of 32 guanine residues in T.utilis 5S RNA were kethoxalated after reaction at 37 degrees C for 4 h in the presence of magnesium ions. Localization of the kethoxalated guanine residues in T.utilis 5S RNA was achieved by sequence analyses of RNase T1 digests of the kethoxalated 5S RNA. These analyses showed that residues G37, G57, G91, and some of the three guanine residues G80, G82, and G85, are the most accessible sites. Residues G30, G41, and G49 also reacted with kethoxal though less strongly. These results are for the most part compatible with our secondary structure model for T.utilis 5S 5S RNA (Nishikawa and Takemura (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 935-947). However, partial formation of some hydrogen bonds within the loop region of the model seems to be necessary to explain the inaccessibility of residue G101 to kethoxal. The results are also discussed in comparison with those of similar studies on E.coli 5S RNA.", "PMID": 568134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7870", "title": "Interaction of basic oligo-L-amino acids with deoxyribonucleic acids. Oligo-L-arginines of various chain lengths and herring sperm DNA.", "content": "The interaction of DNA and oligo-L-arginines having definite chain lengths of 1-17 residues was studied by precipitate formation and thermal denaturation of the complexes in order to obtain a better understanding of the roles of nuclear basic proteins. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. Those oligo-L-arginines, (Arg)n, in which n greater than or larger than 4 can bind with DNA irreversibly to form precipitates of the complexes. Among them, oligomers larger than (Arg)5 precipitate DNA completely in Arg/P input ratios below 1. The Arg/P ratios in the precipitates are between 0.6-0.8. 2. The thermal stability of the complexes depends on the method of complex formation, and complexes formed by the dialysis method are more stable than those formed by the mixing method. 3. The binding of (Arg)n to DNA was found to be reversible and in a equilibrium for n less than or equal to 6. In general, the longer the oligomer, the higher the stability of the complex at a definite Arg/P ratio. 4. For (Arg)7-10, three kinds of complexes with different stabilities are formed between DNA and oligopeptides. 5. For (Arg)14-17, only a restricted type of complexes can be formed between DNA and oligomers, as in the case with poly-L-arginine or protamines. 6. The interaction between basic nuclear proteins and DNA is discussed in the light of the basic region in protamine and histone molecules.", "contents": "Interaction of basic oligo-L-amino acids with deoxyribonucleic acids. Oligo-L-arginines of various chain lengths and herring sperm DNA. The interaction of DNA and oligo-L-arginines having definite chain lengths of 1-17 residues was studied by precipitate formation and thermal denaturation of the complexes in order to obtain a better understanding of the roles of nuclear basic proteins. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. Those oligo-L-arginines, (Arg)n, in which n greater than or larger than 4 can bind with DNA irreversibly to form precipitates of the complexes. Among them, oligomers larger than (Arg)5 precipitate DNA completely in Arg/P input ratios below 1. The Arg/P ratios in the precipitates are between 0.6-0.8. 2. The thermal stability of the complexes depends on the method of complex formation, and complexes formed by the dialysis method are more stable than those formed by the mixing method. 3. The binding of (Arg)n to DNA was found to be reversible and in a equilibrium for n less than or equal to 6. In general, the longer the oligomer, the higher the stability of the complex at a definite Arg/P ratio. 4. For (Arg)7-10, three kinds of complexes with different stabilities are formed between DNA and oligopeptides. 5. For (Arg)14-17, only a restricted type of complexes can be formed between DNA and oligomers, as in the case with poly-L-arginine or protamines. 6. The interaction between basic nuclear proteins and DNA is discussed in the light of the basic region in protamine and histone molecules.", "PMID": 568135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7871", "title": "Isolation and characterization of proteoheparan sulfate from plasma membranes of an ascites hepatoma, AH 66.", "content": "A proteoglycan was isolated from plasma membranes prepared from AH 66 cells by the following procedure. The plasma membranes were isolated from cells according to the method devised by Funakoshi and Yamashina (1976) J. Biochem. 80, 1185-1193), then the membranes were made lipid-free. The lipid-free membranes were solubilized with 5 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), then the solution was fractionated on a Sepharose CL 6B column. The proteoglycan eluted near the void volume fraction was further purified by repeated precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The proteoglycan isolated was homogeneous on electrophoresis on a cellulose acetate strip and was identified as proteoheparan sulfate. The preparation contained 10.6% protein, its amino acid composition being characterized by high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, threonine, and serine.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of proteoheparan sulfate from plasma membranes of an ascites hepatoma, AH 66. A proteoglycan was isolated from plasma membranes prepared from AH 66 cells by the following procedure. The plasma membranes were isolated from cells according to the method devised by Funakoshi and Yamashina (1976) J. Biochem. 80, 1185-1193), then the membranes were made lipid-free. The lipid-free membranes were solubilized with 5 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), then the solution was fractionated on a Sepharose CL 6B column. The proteoglycan eluted near the void volume fraction was further purified by repeated precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The proteoglycan isolated was homogeneous on electrophoresis on a cellulose acetate strip and was identified as proteoheparan sulfate. The preparation contained 10.6% protein, its amino acid composition being characterized by high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, threonine, and serine.", "PMID": 568136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7872", "title": "Processing of placental peptide hormones synthesized in lysates containing membranes derived from tunicamycin-treated ascites tumor cells.", "content": "To examine the relationship between pre-protein cleavage and nascent chain glycosylation placental mRNA was translated in a reconstituted ascites cell-free system containing microsomal membranes prepared from tunicamycin-treated or untreated ascites tumor cells. In the absence of membranes, first trimester RNA directed the synthesis of the pre-form of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, whereas, in the presence of normal membranes, first trimester RNA directed the synthesis of a glycosylated form of the alpha subunit. Cell-free lysates containing membranes derived from tunicamycin-treated cells synthesized an alpha subunit protein with little, if any, carbohydrate. This protein was apparently sequestered into membranes since it was resistant to the action of trypsin which was added after translation. The pre-peptide of the alpha subunit protein was removed by treated membranes as determined by amino acid sequence analyses. The non-glycosylated protein pre-placental lactogen was also cleaved to its mature form by tunicamycin membranes. These data strongly suggest that, in vitro, glycosylation is not obligatory for pre-protein cleavage and sequestration of these placental protein hormones.", "contents": "Processing of placental peptide hormones synthesized in lysates containing membranes derived from tunicamycin-treated ascites tumor cells. To examine the relationship between pre-protein cleavage and nascent chain glycosylation placental mRNA was translated in a reconstituted ascites cell-free system containing microsomal membranes prepared from tunicamycin-treated or untreated ascites tumor cells. In the absence of membranes, first trimester RNA directed the synthesis of the pre-form of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, whereas, in the presence of normal membranes, first trimester RNA directed the synthesis of a glycosylated form of the alpha subunit. Cell-free lysates containing membranes derived from tunicamycin-treated cells synthesized an alpha subunit protein with little, if any, carbohydrate. This protein was apparently sequestered into membranes since it was resistant to the action of trypsin which was added after translation. The pre-peptide of the alpha subunit protein was removed by treated membranes as determined by amino acid sequence analyses. The non-glycosylated protein pre-placental lactogen was also cleaved to its mature form by tunicamycin membranes. These data strongly suggest that, in vitro, glycosylation is not obligatory for pre-protein cleavage and sequestration of these placental protein hormones.", "PMID": 568137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7873", "title": "In vitro metabolism and biological activity of all-trans-retinoic acid and its metabolites in hamster trachea.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of all-trans-[11,12-3h]retinoic acid to several more polar compounds has been demonstrated in a hamster tracheal organ culture system. The production of these metabolites is dependent on the presence of tissue. The physiological significance of these compounds is shown by the cochromatography of several of the in vitro formed metabolites synthesized from [carboxy-14C]retinoic acid with metabolites isolated from the intestine and urine of hamsters previously injected with 0.1 to 1.5 microgram of [3H]retinoic acid. One of the metabolites shows about one-tenth the biological activity of all-trans-retinoic acid when tested in a hamster tracheal organ culture assay. This biologically active metabolite is converted by the hamster trachea in vitro to a biologically inactive metabolite.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism and biological activity of all-trans-retinoic acid and its metabolites in hamster trachea. The in vitro metabolism of all-trans-[11,12-3h]retinoic acid to several more polar compounds has been demonstrated in a hamster tracheal organ culture system. The production of these metabolites is dependent on the presence of tissue. The physiological significance of these compounds is shown by the cochromatography of several of the in vitro formed metabolites synthesized from [carboxy-14C]retinoic acid with metabolites isolated from the intestine and urine of hamsters previously injected with 0.1 to 1.5 microgram of [3H]retinoic acid. One of the metabolites shows about one-tenth the biological activity of all-trans-retinoic acid when tested in a hamster tracheal organ culture assay. This biologically active metabolite is converted by the hamster trachea in vitro to a biologically inactive metabolite.", "PMID": 568139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7874", "title": "The stability of cell surface protein to surfactants and denaturants.", "content": "The effects of several denaturants and detergents on the structure and stability of cell surface protein have been evaluated by circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements. Cell surface protein undergoes a single broad transition in both urea and guanidinium chloride. Although guanidinium chloride is twice as effective as urea on a molar basis, both appear to eliminate all of the organized structure present in the native molecule. Nonionic surfactants and lysolecithin have little effect on cell surface protein. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate increases the alpha helical content and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide increases the beta structure of cell surface protein. The reorganization of the polypeptide backbone requires the loss of certain restraints imposed by tertiary interactions as evidenced by a decrease in ellipticity in the far ultraviolet and in the polarization of tryptophanyl fluorescence. These results along with the data of a previous paper (Alexander, S. S., Jr., Colonna, G., Yamada, K. M., Pastan, I., and Edelhoch, H. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5820--5824) suggest the presence of structural domains distributed along the flexible polypeptide chain of cell surface protein.", "contents": "The stability of cell surface protein to surfactants and denaturants. The effects of several denaturants and detergents on the structure and stability of cell surface protein have been evaluated by circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements. Cell surface protein undergoes a single broad transition in both urea and guanidinium chloride. Although guanidinium chloride is twice as effective as urea on a molar basis, both appear to eliminate all of the organized structure present in the native molecule. Nonionic surfactants and lysolecithin have little effect on cell surface protein. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate increases the alpha helical content and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide increases the beta structure of cell surface protein. The reorganization of the polypeptide backbone requires the loss of certain restraints imposed by tertiary interactions as evidenced by a decrease in ellipticity in the far ultraviolet and in the polarization of tryptophanyl fluorescence. These results along with the data of a previous paper (Alexander, S. S., Jr., Colonna, G., Yamada, K. M., Pastan, I., and Edelhoch, H. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5820--5824) suggest the presence of structural domains distributed along the flexible polypeptide chain of cell surface protein.", "PMID": 568142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7875", "title": "A new method for excitation-contraction uncoupling in frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "The mechanical activity of frog sartorius muscle fibers can be uncoupled from the electrical activity of their surface membranes by immersing the preparation in Ringer solution containing either 1.5 or 2.0 M of formamide for 15--20 min. This uncoupling is not reversed when the muscle is transferred to normal frog Ringer solution. Formamide does not affect the electrical activity of the sciatic nerve branch, and both endplate potentials and miniature endplate potentials may be recorded from the uncoupled muscles. Prolonged exposure to formamide, beyond the time needed to paralyze, causes neuromuscular block.", "contents": "A new method for excitation-contraction uncoupling in frog skeletal muscle. The mechanical activity of frog sartorius muscle fibers can be uncoupled from the electrical activity of their surface membranes by immersing the preparation in Ringer solution containing either 1.5 or 2.0 M of formamide for 15--20 min. This uncoupling is not reversed when the muscle is transferred to normal frog Ringer solution. Formamide does not affect the electrical activity of the sciatic nerve branch, and both endplate potentials and miniature endplate potentials may be recorded from the uncoupled muscles. Prolonged exposure to formamide, beyond the time needed to paralyze, causes neuromuscular block.", "PMID": 568143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7876", "title": "Evidence for actin filament-microtubule interaction mediated by microtubule-associated proteins.", "content": "We have used low shear viscometry and electron microscopy to study the interaction between pure actin filaments and microtubules. Mixtures of microtubules having microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with actin filament have very high viscosities compared with the viscosities of the separate components. MAPs themselves also cause a large increase in the viscosity of actin filaments. In contrast, mixtures of actin filaments with tubulin polymers lacking MAPs have low viscosities, close to the sum of the viscosities of the separate components. Our interpretation of these observations is that there is an interaction between actin filaments and microtubules which requires MAPs. This interaction is inhibited by ATP and some related compounds. Electron micrographs of thin sections through mixtures of actin and microtubules show numerous close associations between the two polymers which may be responsible for their high viscosity.", "contents": "Evidence for actin filament-microtubule interaction mediated by microtubule-associated proteins. We have used low shear viscometry and electron microscopy to study the interaction between pure actin filaments and microtubules. Mixtures of microtubules having microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with actin filament have very high viscosities compared with the viscosities of the separate components. MAPs themselves also cause a large increase in the viscosity of actin filaments. In contrast, mixtures of actin filaments with tubulin polymers lacking MAPs have low viscosities, close to the sum of the viscosities of the separate components. Our interpretation of these observations is that there is an interaction between actin filaments and microtubules which requires MAPs. This interaction is inhibited by ATP and some related compounds. Electron micrographs of thin sections through mixtures of actin and microtubules show numerous close associations between the two polymers which may be responsible for their high viscosity.", "PMID": 568144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7877", "title": "Synaptic proteins. Characterization of tubulin and actin and identification of a distinct postsynaptic density polypeptide.", "content": "The major proteins in isolated synaptic junctions (SJs) and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) have been compared to actin, tubulin, and the major neurofilament (NF) protein by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide map analysis. These studies show: (a) tubulin is present in SJ and PSD fractions and is identical to cytoplasmic tubulin, (b) actin in these fractions is very similar to the gamma- and beta-actin found predominantly in nonmuscle cells, and (c) the major PSD protein is distinct from all other known fibrous proteins.", "contents": "Synaptic proteins. Characterization of tubulin and actin and identification of a distinct postsynaptic density polypeptide. The major proteins in isolated synaptic junctions (SJs) and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) have been compared to actin, tubulin, and the major neurofilament (NF) protein by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide map analysis. These studies show: (a) tubulin is present in SJ and PSD fractions and is identical to cytoplasmic tubulin, (b) actin in these fractions is very similar to the gamma- and beta-actin found predominantly in nonmuscle cells, and (c) the major PSD protein is distinct from all other known fibrous proteins.", "PMID": 568145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7878", "title": "Mutual cohesion and cell sorting-out among four species of cellular slime moulds.", "content": "Interspecific cell cohesion among 4 species of cellular slime moulds, Dictyostelium discoideum, D. mucoroides, D. purpureum and Polysphondylium violaceum has been studied. Binary mixtures of aggregation-stage cells of the 4 species were shaken in suspension, one species of each pair being labelled with [3H]thymidine. Cell aggregates were sampled at intervals over 24 h and their composition examined by autoradiography. The following results were obtained: (i) Cells of each species were capable of cohesion with those of the other 3 species. (ii) In general cells of both species in any mixture were present in aggregates after 1 h, but were not localized according to species. (iii) Within 8-h aggregates cells of different species were regionally localized, i.e. sorting-out appeared to have taken place. (iv) 24-h aggregates were more varied: in mixtures of Dictyostelium species, the different species were localized within the aggregates; in mixtures of Dictyostelium species with Polsphondylium, there was a tendency for cells of the different species to become segregated into completely separate aggregates. The significance of these results in relation to both previous descriptive work and recent biochemical studies on the mechanism of slime mould cell cohesion is discussed.", "contents": "Mutual cohesion and cell sorting-out among four species of cellular slime moulds. Interspecific cell cohesion among 4 species of cellular slime moulds, Dictyostelium discoideum, D. mucoroides, D. purpureum and Polysphondylium violaceum has been studied. Binary mixtures of aggregation-stage cells of the 4 species were shaken in suspension, one species of each pair being labelled with [3H]thymidine. Cell aggregates were sampled at intervals over 24 h and their composition examined by autoradiography. The following results were obtained: (i) Cells of each species were capable of cohesion with those of the other 3 species. (ii) In general cells of both species in any mixture were present in aggregates after 1 h, but were not localized according to species. (iii) Within 8-h aggregates cells of different species were regionally localized, i.e. sorting-out appeared to have taken place. (iv) 24-h aggregates were more varied: in mixtures of Dictyostelium species, the different species were localized within the aggregates; in mixtures of Dictyostelium species with Polsphondylium, there was a tendency for cells of the different species to become segregated into completely separate aggregates. The significance of these results in relation to both previous descriptive work and recent biochemical studies on the mechanism of slime mould cell cohesion is discussed.", "PMID": 568147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7879", "title": "Stable derivatives for the gas chromatographic determination of synthetic anabolic stilbene residues (diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol and hexestrol) in meat and organs of treated cattle in the sub-parts per billion (10(9)) level.", "content": "A method for the determination of diethylstilbestrol and the related compounds dienestrol and hexestrol residues in meat and organs of treated cattle is described. After extraction and clean-up, these synthetic estrogens are subjected to reaction with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride, which gives very stable perfluoro esters that are suitable for gas chromatographic determination using an electron-capture detector. With the careful clean-up and the very sensitive response of these derivatives, it is possible to reach a limit of detection in the sub-parts per billion (10(9)) range starting with only 5 g of sample.", "contents": "Stable derivatives for the gas chromatographic determination of synthetic anabolic stilbene residues (diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol and hexestrol) in meat and organs of treated cattle in the sub-parts per billion (10(9)) level. A method for the determination of diethylstilbestrol and the related compounds dienestrol and hexestrol residues in meat and organs of treated cattle is described. After extraction and clean-up, these synthetic estrogens are subjected to reaction with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride, which gives very stable perfluoro esters that are suitable for gas chromatographic determination using an electron-capture detector. With the careful clean-up and the very sensitive response of these derivatives, it is possible to reach a limit of detection in the sub-parts per billion (10(9)) range starting with only 5 g of sample.", "PMID": 568148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7880", "title": "[Preparative isolation of deoxyriboadenylic acids from hydrolysates of oxidized herring sperm DNA (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparative-scale chemical degradation of DNA from herring sperm to mixtures of purine oligonucleotides or deoxyriboadenylic acids is described. The deoxyriboadenylic acid mixture was separated into six fractions according to increasing ionic charge by column chromatography on QAE-Sephadex A-25. Of the first fraction, 75% was deoxyriboadenosine monophosphate; of the second, 99% consisted of a mixture of p(dA)2 and (dA)2p, while of the third 93% was pdAp. The remaining fractions contained more or less complex mixtures of longer-chain oligonucleotides which could be further separated by subsequent re-chromatography on QAE-Sephadex at pH 9.6. By application of paper chromatography to the fractions obtained from column chromatography, the pure nucleotide phosphates pdAp, p(dA)2p, p(dA)3p, p(dA)4p and the mixtures of sequence isomers p(dA)2, (dA)2p; p(dA)3, (dA)3p; and p(dA)6, (dA)6p could be isolated preparatively. The nucleotide phosphates were converted to (dA)2, (dA)3 or (dA)4 and the mixtures of sequence isomers to (dA)2, (dA)3 or (dA)6 by treatment with alkaline phosphatase. By this means dephosphorylated, paper chromatographically pure oligodeoxyriboadenylic acid may be obtained in a preparative scale from the hydrolysates. The structures of the nucleotides thus isolated were deduced from the absorbtion characteristics, the RF values and the results of enzymatic degradation.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of deoxyriboadenylic acids from hydrolysates of oxidized herring sperm DNA (author's transl)]. The preparative-scale chemical degradation of DNA from herring sperm to mixtures of purine oligonucleotides or deoxyriboadenylic acids is described. The deoxyriboadenylic acid mixture was separated into six fractions according to increasing ionic charge by column chromatography on QAE-Sephadex A-25. Of the first fraction, 75% was deoxyriboadenosine monophosphate; of the second, 99% consisted of a mixture of p(dA)2 and (dA)2p, while of the third 93% was pdAp. The remaining fractions contained more or less complex mixtures of longer-chain oligonucleotides which could be further separated by subsequent re-chromatography on QAE-Sephadex at pH 9.6. By application of paper chromatography to the fractions obtained from column chromatography, the pure nucleotide phosphates pdAp, p(dA)2p, p(dA)3p, p(dA)4p and the mixtures of sequence isomers p(dA)2, (dA)2p; p(dA)3, (dA)3p; and p(dA)6, (dA)6p could be isolated preparatively. The nucleotide phosphates were converted to (dA)2, (dA)3 or (dA)4 and the mixtures of sequence isomers to (dA)2, (dA)3 or (dA)6 by treatment with alkaline phosphatase. By this means dephosphorylated, paper chromatographically pure oligodeoxyriboadenylic acid may be obtained in a preparative scale from the hydrolysates. The structures of the nucleotides thus isolated were deduced from the absorbtion characteristics, the RF values and the results of enzymatic degradation.", "PMID": 568149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7881", "title": "Cellular uptake and metabolism of daunorubicin as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to L1210 cells.", "content": "The metabolism of daunorubicin (DNR) to daunorubicinol and daunomycinone in murine leukaemia cells has been examined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid and efficient extraction method has been developed that permits the recovery of the drug and its metabolites from cell homogenates. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography daunorubicinol and daunomycinone have been separated from DNR and the intracellular concentration of the compounds determined. The method developed is very rapid and sensitive, and amounts as small as 30 pg of DNR can be detected. The results indicate that the aldo-keto reductase is not very active in L1210 cells in culture, the main intracellular product found being DNR.", "contents": "Cellular uptake and metabolism of daunorubicin as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to L1210 cells. The metabolism of daunorubicin (DNR) to daunorubicinol and daunomycinone in murine leukaemia cells has been examined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid and efficient extraction method has been developed that permits the recovery of the drug and its metabolites from cell homogenates. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography daunorubicinol and daunomycinone have been separated from DNR and the intracellular concentration of the compounds determined. The method developed is very rapid and sensitive, and amounts as small as 30 pg of DNR can be detected. The results indicate that the aldo-keto reductase is not very active in L1210 cells in culture, the main intracellular product found being DNR.", "PMID": 568150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7882", "title": "The moving two-point discrimination test: clinical evaluation of the quickly adapting fiber/receptor system.", "content": "As the Weber test evaluates the slowly adapting fiber-receptor system (constant touch), the \"moving two-point discrimination test\" evaluates the innervation density of the quickly adapting fiber-receptor system which mediates the perception of touch stimuli moving across the hand. Results with this test in 39 hands used as controls and in 63 patients with nerve injuries show it to be a simple, quick, and valid diagnostic tool in nerve compression syndromes and nerve lacerations and an accurate prognosticator and monitor during sensory reeducation following nerve repair.", "contents": "The moving two-point discrimination test: clinical evaluation of the quickly adapting fiber/receptor system. As the Weber test evaluates the slowly adapting fiber-receptor system (constant touch), the \"moving two-point discrimination test\" evaluates the innervation density of the quickly adapting fiber-receptor system which mediates the perception of touch stimuli moving across the hand. Results with this test in 39 hands used as controls and in 63 patients with nerve injuries show it to be a simple, quick, and valid diagnostic tool in nerve compression syndromes and nerve lacerations and an accurate prognosticator and monitor during sensory reeducation following nerve repair.", "PMID": 568154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7883", "title": "Mitogen stimulation of splenocytes from mice infected with scrapie agent.", "content": "Spleen weights and mitogen responsiveness of splenocyte cultures from scrapie agent-infected and control-inoculated mice were compared over two-month periods following inoculation. Splenocytes from Swiss, C57B1, and BALB/c mice were stimulated with the T (thymus-derived) cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A, the B (bone marrow-derived) cell mitogen bacterial lipopolysaccharide, or pokeweed mitogen, a stimulator of both T and B cells. Although significant splenomegaly was associated with scrapie infection, we failed to observe any significant differences in the activation of experimental and control cells. Studies with BALB/c mice suggested the possibility, however, that with both phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, specific decreases in lymphocyte activation might occur with more optimal culture conditions. The data are consistent with the idea that the scrapie agent stimulates only subtle immunological changes within the host as it destroys the cells of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Mitogen stimulation of splenocytes from mice infected with scrapie agent. Spleen weights and mitogen responsiveness of splenocyte cultures from scrapie agent-infected and control-inoculated mice were compared over two-month periods following inoculation. Splenocytes from Swiss, C57B1, and BALB/c mice were stimulated with the T (thymus-derived) cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A, the B (bone marrow-derived) cell mitogen bacterial lipopolysaccharide, or pokeweed mitogen, a stimulator of both T and B cells. Although significant splenomegaly was associated with scrapie infection, we failed to observe any significant differences in the activation of experimental and control cells. Studies with BALB/c mice suggested the possibility, however, that with both phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, specific decreases in lymphocyte activation might occur with more optimal culture conditions. The data are consistent with the idea that the scrapie agent stimulates only subtle immunological changes within the host as it destroys the cells of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 568156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7884", "title": "The role of corticosterone in the ovulatory cycle of the hen.", "content": "This study was undertaken in laying hens to investigate the possibility that a diurnal increase in the concentration of plasma corticosterone is directly responsible for timing the preovulatory surge of LH which results in the first egg of a sequence. Provided that the ovary contained a mature follicle, i.m. injection of 0.5 or 2.0 but not 0.1 mg corticosterone/kg stimulated a preovulatory release of LH. The dose of 0.5 mg/kg was less effective than that of 2 mg/kg and induced release of LH in only four out of eight hens. However, it resulted in concentrations of plasma corticosterone which were outside the physiological range. Variations in the concentrations of plasma corticosterone were measured in ten hens on two successive nights for 8.5 h starting at the onset of darkness. The birds were maintained on a lighting regimen of 14 h light/day. The hens were selected so that on the first night there was no preovulatory release of LH of a sequence starting soon after the onset od darkness. No diurnal increase in the concentration of plasma corticosterone was observed during the first 6 h of darkness on either night nor was any increase seen before the preovulatory release of LH. These observations suggest that corticosterone is not directly involved in the timing of the first preovulatory surge of LH of a sequence.", "contents": "The role of corticosterone in the ovulatory cycle of the hen. This study was undertaken in laying hens to investigate the possibility that a diurnal increase in the concentration of plasma corticosterone is directly responsible for timing the preovulatory surge of LH which results in the first egg of a sequence. Provided that the ovary contained a mature follicle, i.m. injection of 0.5 or 2.0 but not 0.1 mg corticosterone/kg stimulated a preovulatory release of LH. The dose of 0.5 mg/kg was less effective than that of 2 mg/kg and induced release of LH in only four out of eight hens. However, it resulted in concentrations of plasma corticosterone which were outside the physiological range. Variations in the concentrations of plasma corticosterone were measured in ten hens on two successive nights for 8.5 h starting at the onset of darkness. The birds were maintained on a lighting regimen of 14 h light/day. The hens were selected so that on the first night there was no preovulatory release of LH of a sequence starting soon after the onset od darkness. No diurnal increase in the concentration of plasma corticosterone was observed during the first 6 h of darkness on either night nor was any increase seen before the preovulatory release of LH. These observations suggest that corticosterone is not directly involved in the timing of the first preovulatory surge of LH of a sequence.", "PMID": 568160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7885", "title": "X-chromosome activity in preimplantation mouse embryos from XX and XO mothers.", "content": "Embryos from XO female mice begin development with half the activity levels of an enzyme (HPRT) coded for by a gene on the X chromosome, compared with embryos from XX females. Groups of unfertilized eggs and individual embryos at the 8-cell, morula and blastocyst stages were assayed for HPRT activity. An autosomally coded enzyme (APRT) was assayed simultaneously in the same reaction mix as a control. There is a substantial increase in HPRT activity by the 8-cell stage. However, the mean activity of HPRT in embryos of XO mothers remains half that in embryos of XX mothers. This suggests a significant maternally inherited component of HPRT activity in 8-cell embryos. By the 9- to 16-cell morula stage the HPRT activities in the two groups of embryos become similar due, presumably, to a transition to embryo-coded activity; HPRT activities in individual morulae from XX mothers show a bimodal distribution consistent with the hypothesis that both X-chromosomes are active in XX embryos at this stage.", "contents": "X-chromosome activity in preimplantation mouse embryos from XX and XO mothers. Embryos from XO female mice begin development with half the activity levels of an enzyme (HPRT) coded for by a gene on the X chromosome, compared with embryos from XX females. Groups of unfertilized eggs and individual embryos at the 8-cell, morula and blastocyst stages were assayed for HPRT activity. An autosomally coded enzyme (APRT) was assayed simultaneously in the same reaction mix as a control. There is a substantial increase in HPRT activity by the 8-cell stage. However, the mean activity of HPRT in embryos of XO mothers remains half that in embryos of XX mothers. This suggests a significant maternally inherited component of HPRT activity in 8-cell embryos. By the 9- to 16-cell morula stage the HPRT activities in the two groups of embryos become similar due, presumably, to a transition to embryo-coded activity; HPRT activities in individual morulae from XX mothers show a bimodal distribution consistent with the hypothesis that both X-chromosomes are active in XX embryos at this stage.", "PMID": 568162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7886", "title": "Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. I. Cytolytic effect on tumor target cells.", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulate mouse peritoneal macrophages to kill tumor cells in vitro. Lysis is confined to tumor cells where it is nonspecific; both allogeneic and syngeneic cells being susceptible. Stimulation by LPS appears to be due to direct interaction between LPS and macrophages and does not involve participation by lymphocytes. After exposure to LPS, a latent period must elapse before macrophages can lyse tumor cells. The cytolytic mechanism requires contact between target cells and viable effector cells which maintain their lytic capacity for a sustained period and can kill on repeated occasions. The generation of a macrophage cytolytic effect by LPS is critically dependent upon the absolute number of macrophages which must be sufficient to produce confluent monolayers. These findings indicate that LPS stimulation of macrophages in vitro represents a valuable model system for the study of the mechanisms of macrophage stimulation and of the mediation of tumor cell death.", "contents": "Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. I. Cytolytic effect on tumor target cells. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulate mouse peritoneal macrophages to kill tumor cells in vitro. Lysis is confined to tumor cells where it is nonspecific; both allogeneic and syngeneic cells being susceptible. Stimulation by LPS appears to be due to direct interaction between LPS and macrophages and does not involve participation by lymphocytes. After exposure to LPS, a latent period must elapse before macrophages can lyse tumor cells. The cytolytic mechanism requires contact between target cells and viable effector cells which maintain their lytic capacity for a sustained period and can kill on repeated occasions. The generation of a macrophage cytolytic effect by LPS is critically dependent upon the absolute number of macrophages which must be sufficient to produce confluent monolayers. These findings indicate that LPS stimulation of macrophages in vitro represents a valuable model system for the study of the mechanisms of macrophage stimulation and of the mediation of tumor cell death.", "PMID": 568163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7887", "title": "Immunological studies of mouse decidual cells. I. Membrane markers of decidual cells in the days after implantation.", "content": "Mouse decidual cell suspensions from day 6 to day 8 of gestation were prepared by enzymatic treatment with collagenase and trypsin and tested for various membrane markers. (a) Besides H-2 antigens, Thy-1 antigens are present on about 50% of the cells; this may reflect the fibroblastic origin of decidual cells or be a marker expressed on some decidual cells possibly under hormonal control. (b) T or B lymphocytes, as defined by four Lyt antigens or surface immunoglobulins, are not present in significant amounts. (c) A substantial number of cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcR) is detectable in the decidua, probably closely connected with trophoblast cells; these FcR-bearing cells may act in preventing excessive invasion of uterine tissue by trophoblast or could contribute to the protection of the embryo by interacting with maternal blocking antibodies and trophoblast. No receptors for for complement were detected, even after 16-20 h in culture after trypsin treatment.", "contents": "Immunological studies of mouse decidual cells. I. Membrane markers of decidual cells in the days after implantation. Mouse decidual cell suspensions from day 6 to day 8 of gestation were prepared by enzymatic treatment with collagenase and trypsin and tested for various membrane markers. (a) Besides H-2 antigens, Thy-1 antigens are present on about 50% of the cells; this may reflect the fibroblastic origin of decidual cells or be a marker expressed on some decidual cells possibly under hormonal control. (b) T or B lymphocytes, as defined by four Lyt antigens or surface immunoglobulins, are not present in significant amounts. (c) A substantial number of cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcR) is detectable in the decidua, probably closely connected with trophoblast cells; these FcR-bearing cells may act in preventing excessive invasion of uterine tissue by trophoblast or could contribute to the protection of the embryo by interacting with maternal blocking antibodies and trophoblast. No receptors for for complement were detected, even after 16-20 h in culture after trypsin treatment.", "PMID": 568164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7888", "title": "Fibrinolysis induced by rat glioma cells. A mitosis-triggered process?", "content": "Experimentally induced brain glioma cell lines were studied in cell cultures for their fibrinolytic activity; simultaneously the mitotic index was determined. It was found that the most intense fibrinolytic activity of glioma cells coincides with mitotic waves. After 68 hr incubation of SD/G1 cells on a [125I]fibrin layer, [125I]fibrin digestion products were examined by gel chromatography. Hydroxy-urea and actinomycin D were used as inhibitors in cell cultures, investigating their effect on the expression of fibrinolysis. These studies reveal that [125I]fibrin digestion products are mainly low molecular weight (less than 12,000 daltons) compounds and that fibrinolysis is partially inhibited by the drugs added.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis induced by rat glioma cells. A mitosis-triggered process? Experimentally induced brain glioma cell lines were studied in cell cultures for their fibrinolytic activity; simultaneously the mitotic index was determined. It was found that the most intense fibrinolytic activity of glioma cells coincides with mitotic waves. After 68 hr incubation of SD/G1 cells on a [125I]fibrin layer, [125I]fibrin digestion products were examined by gel chromatography. Hydroxy-urea and actinomycin D were used as inhibitors in cell cultures, investigating their effect on the expression of fibrinolysis. These studies reveal that [125I]fibrin digestion products are mainly low molecular weight (less than 12,000 daltons) compounds and that fibrinolysis is partially inhibited by the drugs added.", "PMID": 568167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7889", "title": "Essentiality of biotin for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed lipid and lipid-free diets.", "content": "A 3 X 2 factorial feeding study was conducted with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to evaluate effects of biotin, no biotin, or a biotin antagonist (avidin) in lipid and lipid-free diets. At 10 weeks, fish fed diets containing lipid were significantly larger than fish fed lipid-free diets. At 20 weeks, fish fed diets containing avidin had grown significantly less than those fed the other diets. At 22 weeks, fish fed the lipid diet supplemented with biotin had grown significantly more than those fed the lipid diet without biotin. Fish fed the lipid diet with avidin were found to be anemic and exhibited a marked depigmentation of the skin. Fish fed biotin in lipid and lipid-free diets had higher liver pyruvate carboxylase activity than fish fed diets without supplemental biotin. These results indicate that channel catfish require an exogenous source of biotin for maximum rates of growth and lipid utilization.", "contents": "Essentiality of biotin for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed lipid and lipid-free diets. A 3 X 2 factorial feeding study was conducted with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to evaluate effects of biotin, no biotin, or a biotin antagonist (avidin) in lipid and lipid-free diets. At 10 weeks, fish fed diets containing lipid were significantly larger than fish fed lipid-free diets. At 20 weeks, fish fed diets containing avidin had grown significantly less than those fed the other diets. At 22 weeks, fish fed the lipid diet supplemented with biotin had grown significantly more than those fed the lipid diet without biotin. Fish fed the lipid diet with avidin were found to be anemic and exhibited a marked depigmentation of the skin. Fish fed biotin in lipid and lipid-free diets had higher liver pyruvate carboxylase activity than fish fed diets without supplemental biotin. These results indicate that channel catfish require an exogenous source of biotin for maximum rates of growth and lipid utilization.", "PMID": 568169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7890", "title": "Plasma whole blood and urine zinc in the assessment of zinc deficiency in the rat.", "content": "Serial measurements of plasma, whole blood, and urine zinc have been made in young adult rats fed zinc deficient and zinc supplemented diets for a total period of 65 days. After commencing a zinc deficient diet plasma zinc fell within 48 hours to 25% of control values and remained at this level throughout the period of study. A substantial diurnal variation was observed in plasma zinc, and the level was significantly lower in the fasting state. Whole blood zinc was unaffected by fasting, showed no diurnal variation, and remained at control values even after 65 days of zinc deficient diet. Urine zinc fell to very low values, 10 days after commencing a zinc deficient diet, but after 30 days rose to control values. Under controlled conditions plasma zinc can be used as an indication of zinc deficiency. Whole blood zinc is of no value in the detection of zinc deficiency. Urine zinc concentration varies with time following a zinc deficient diet.", "contents": "Plasma whole blood and urine zinc in the assessment of zinc deficiency in the rat. Serial measurements of plasma, whole blood, and urine zinc have been made in young adult rats fed zinc deficient and zinc supplemented diets for a total period of 65 days. After commencing a zinc deficient diet plasma zinc fell within 48 hours to 25% of control values and remained at this level throughout the period of study. A substantial diurnal variation was observed in plasma zinc, and the level was significantly lower in the fasting state. Whole blood zinc was unaffected by fasting, showed no diurnal variation, and remained at control values even after 65 days of zinc deficient diet. Urine zinc fell to very low values, 10 days after commencing a zinc deficient diet, but after 30 days rose to control values. Under controlled conditions plasma zinc can be used as an indication of zinc deficiency. Whole blood zinc is of no value in the detection of zinc deficiency. Urine zinc concentration varies with time following a zinc deficient diet.", "PMID": 568170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7891", "title": "Antigenicity of infant formulas: role of immature intestine on protein permeability.", "content": "Preliminary studies of 25 infants fed casein hydrolysate, soy-based or milk-based formulas were undertaken to determine the importance of age with respect to the relative antigenicity of formula proteins. Infants fed casein hydrolysate for the first three months had lower antibody titers (hemagglutinins) to subsequent milk-based or soy-based proteins than those given these formulas since birth. The clinical implications with regard to atopy and gastrointestinal protein intolerance are discussed. Soy protein is at least as antigenic as milk protein and should be used with caution in prophylaxis against possible dietary antigen/antibody-related disease.", "contents": "Antigenicity of infant formulas: role of immature intestine on protein permeability. Preliminary studies of 25 infants fed casein hydrolysate, soy-based or milk-based formulas were undertaken to determine the importance of age with respect to the relative antigenicity of formula proteins. Infants fed casein hydrolysate for the first three months had lower antibody titers (hemagglutinins) to subsequent milk-based or soy-based proteins than those given these formulas since birth. The clinical implications with regard to atopy and gastrointestinal protein intolerance are discussed. Soy protein is at least as antigenic as milk protein and should be used with caution in prophylaxis against possible dietary antigen/antibody-related disease.", "PMID": 568172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7892", "title": "Inactivation kinetics and steady-state current noise in the anomalous rectifier of tunicate egg cell membranes.", "content": "1. Inward K current through the anomalous rectifier in the tunicate egg (Halocynthis roretzi, Drashe) was studied under voltage clamp. The transient inward current in response to a step change of membrane potential was measured. The steady-state current fluctuations were analysed using the power density spectrum (p.d.s.). 2. The inward current showed time-dependent changes, which were described by a pair of the first order kinetic parameters, n and s for activation and inactivation, respectively. The steady-state channel open probability due to the activation process (n infinity) was assumed to be 1.0 for V more negative than about--100 mV, but that of the inactivation process (s infinity) and the time constant of inactivation (taus) were membrane potential dependent in the same potential range; both decreased with increasing hyperpolarization. 3. The inward currents in Na-free choline medium did not inactivate, but were decreased in size. In Na-free Li medium, inactivation was very small; the steady-state conductance was not affected significantly. 4. After exposure to high Ca media, an increase of the conductance was observed. This effect is probably caused by an increase of intracellular Ca due to Ca ions entering through the Na channels. Mg ions slightly decreased the conductance. 5. In the hyperpolarized membrane (-160 less than or equal to V less than or equal to -80mV), steady-state current noise was recorded and analysed using p.d.s. A p.d.s. of the 1/[1 + (f/fc)2] type as well a p.d.s. of the 1/f type was observed; f, frequency, fc, cut-off frequency. 6. fc was translated into time constant tauN (= 1/2pIfC) and compared with the time constant of inactivation, taus. There was a significant correlation betwen these values with a regression coefficient of 0.82. 7. Changing from 400 mM-Li abloshied inactivation and  changed the p.d.s. from the 1/[1 + (f/fc)2] into the 1/f type. These results (paragraphs 5--7)suggest that the fluctuations in the steady-state currents originatte in the inactivation gatin kinetics of the an ofthe anomalous rectifier. 8. The number of anomalous rectifier channels and the unit channel conductance were estimated from the 1/[1 + (f/fc)2] type current noise according to the formula : (see text), where I infinity = gamma Nninfinity s infinity (V--VK), gamma the unit channel conductance, N the maximum number of channels that can be opened by a hyperpolarizing pulse per egg. The unit conductance was 6 pmho in standard artificial sea water and the channel density was 0.028/micrometer2. 9. The unit channel conductance (gamma) was dependent upon external K concentration, but the number ofchannels (N) was not. 10. The increase in chord conductance evoked by higher Ca concentrations was due to the increase of the channel number. By contrast, Mg ions seem to decrease the unit channel conductance slightly.", "contents": "Inactivation kinetics and steady-state current noise in the anomalous rectifier of tunicate egg cell membranes. 1. Inward K current through the anomalous rectifier in the tunicate egg (Halocynthis roretzi, Drashe) was studied under voltage clamp. The transient inward current in response to a step change of membrane potential was measured. The steady-state current fluctuations were analysed using the power density spectrum (p.d.s.). 2. The inward current showed time-dependent changes, which were described by a pair of the first order kinetic parameters, n and s for activation and inactivation, respectively. The steady-state channel open probability due to the activation process (n infinity) was assumed to be 1.0 for V more negative than about--100 mV, but that of the inactivation process (s infinity) and the time constant of inactivation (taus) were membrane potential dependent in the same potential range; both decreased with increasing hyperpolarization. 3. The inward currents in Na-free choline medium did not inactivate, but were decreased in size. In Na-free Li medium, inactivation was very small; the steady-state conductance was not affected significantly. 4. After exposure to high Ca media, an increase of the conductance was observed. This effect is probably caused by an increase of intracellular Ca due to Ca ions entering through the Na channels. Mg ions slightly decreased the conductance. 5. In the hyperpolarized membrane (-160 less than or equal to V less than or equal to -80mV), steady-state current noise was recorded and analysed using p.d.s. A p.d.s. of the 1/[1 + (f/fc)2] type as well a p.d.s. of the 1/f type was observed; f, frequency, fc, cut-off frequency. 6. fc was translated into time constant tauN (= 1/2pIfC) and compared with the time constant of inactivation, taus. There was a significant correlation betwen these values with a regression coefficient of 0.82. 7. Changing from 400 mM-Li abloshied inactivation and  changed the p.d.s. from the 1/[1 + (f/fc)2] into the 1/f type. These results (paragraphs 5--7)suggest that the fluctuations in the steady-state currents originatte in the inactivation gatin kinetics of the an ofthe anomalous rectifier. 8. The number of anomalous rectifier channels and the unit channel conductance were estimated from the 1/[1 + (f/fc)2] type current noise according to the formula : (see text), where I infinity = gamma Nninfinity s infinity (V--VK), gamma the unit channel conductance, N the maximum number of channels that can be opened by a hyperpolarizing pulse per egg. The unit conductance was 6 pmho in standard artificial sea water and the channel density was 0.028/micrometer2. 9. The unit channel conductance (gamma) was dependent upon external K concentration, but the number ofchannels (N) was not. 10. The increase in chord conductance evoked by higher Ca concentrations was due to the increase of the channel number. By contrast, Mg ions seem to decrease the unit channel conductance slightly.", "PMID": 568176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7893", "title": "Obstetric hospitals and general-practitioner maternity units--the statistical record.", "content": "The share of general-practitioner units in the provision of maternity services, though minor, has increased since 1956, but their facilities have consistently been used less intensively than those of consultant obstetric hospitals. Their fetal and neonatal mortality rates, however, have consistently been much lower than in obstetric hospitals, a disparity which the higher proportion of births in hospital, recorded as being at above average risk, is not nearly enough to explain. These facts should be important considerations in any review of maternity services occasioned by changes in the birthrate.", "contents": "Obstetric hospitals and general-practitioner maternity units--the statistical record. The share of general-practitioner units in the provision of maternity services, though minor, has increased since 1956, but their facilities have consistently been used less intensively than those of consultant obstetric hospitals. Their fetal and neonatal mortality rates, however, have consistently been much lower than in obstetric hospitals, a disparity which the higher proportion of births in hospital, recorded as being at above average risk, is not nearly enough to explain. These facts should be important considerations in any review of maternity services occasioned by changes in the birthrate.", "PMID": 568177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7894", "title": "Properties of the thymidine transport system of Chinese hamster ovary cells as probed by nitrobenzylthioinosine.", "content": "The transport of thymidine into Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in suspension culture was measured under conditions in which thymidine was not metabolized, namely, when cells had been depleted of ATP. The system transporting thymidine was saturable (Kztm = 70 micron), rapid 50% of transmembrane equilibrium level attained within 8 sec), and was apparently shared by other nucleosides, but not thymine or hypoxanthine. 6([4-nitrobenzyl]thio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, \"nitrobenzylthioinosine\", inhibited thymidine transport in a simple, noncompetitive fashion with an apparent Ki = 1.0 nM (based on total concentration of inhibitor, which significnatly overestimates that of free inhibitor). The rate of expression of inhibition was slow (t 1/2 = 17 sec) relative to the rate of association of thymidine with its transporter, and thymidine partially protected the transport system against inhibition by nitrobenzylthioinosine. The dissociation constant for the inhibitor-transporter complex was estimated at about 0.1 nM, and the number of binding sites per cell at about 6 x 10(4). HeLa, P388 murine leukemia, and mouse L cells were as sensitive to nitrobenzylthioinosine inhibition of thymidine transport as Chinese hamster ovary cells; Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were much less sensitive.", "contents": "Properties of the thymidine transport system of Chinese hamster ovary cells as probed by nitrobenzylthioinosine. The transport of thymidine into Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in suspension culture was measured under conditions in which thymidine was not metabolized, namely, when cells had been depleted of ATP. The system transporting thymidine was saturable (Kztm = 70 micron), rapid 50% of transmembrane equilibrium level attained within 8 sec), and was apparently shared by other nucleosides, but not thymine or hypoxanthine. 6([4-nitrobenzyl]thio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, \"nitrobenzylthioinosine\", inhibited thymidine transport in a simple, noncompetitive fashion with an apparent Ki = 1.0 nM (based on total concentration of inhibitor, which significnatly overestimates that of free inhibitor). The rate of expression of inhibition was slow (t 1/2 = 17 sec) relative to the rate of association of thymidine with its transporter, and thymidine partially protected the transport system against inhibition by nitrobenzylthioinosine. The dissociation constant for the inhibitor-transporter complex was estimated at about 0.1 nM, and the number of binding sites per cell at about 6 x 10(4). HeLa, P388 murine leukemia, and mouse L cells were as sensitive to nitrobenzylthioinosine inhibition of thymidine transport as Chinese hamster ovary cells; Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were much less sensitive.", "PMID": 568178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7895", "title": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. III. Cleavage maps of viral DNA by restriction endoncleases EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII.", "content": "Cleavage of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) DNA by restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII yielded 7 (A to G), 5 (A to E), and 12 (A to L) fragments, respectively. The order of these fragments has been determined to be GDACBFE for EcoRI fragments, AEBDC for BamHI fragments, and JEBKACDHFGIL for HindIII fragments, and cleavage sites of these enzymes have been mapped on the genome of BAV3. BAV3 preparation contains incomplete virus whose genome has a deletion of about 13% of complete virus genome. Restriction endonuclease digestion of the incomplete virus DNA revealed that EcoRI E and F, BamHI C and HindIII G, I, and L fragments were deleted. Therefore, the deleted region of incomplete virus DNA is located near the right-hand end of the BAV3 DNA molecule, a result consistent with our previous electron-microscopic observations on heteroduplex molecules formed between complete and incomplete BAV3 DNA.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. III. Cleavage maps of viral DNA by restriction endoncleases EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII. Cleavage of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) DNA by restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII yielded 7 (A to G), 5 (A to E), and 12 (A to L) fragments, respectively. The order of these fragments has been determined to be GDACBFE for EcoRI fragments, AEBDC for BamHI fragments, and JEBKACDHFGIL for HindIII fragments, and cleavage sites of these enzymes have been mapped on the genome of BAV3. BAV3 preparation contains incomplete virus whose genome has a deletion of about 13% of complete virus genome. Restriction endonuclease digestion of the incomplete virus DNA revealed that EcoRI E and F, BamHI C and HindIII G, I, and L fragments were deleted. Therefore, the deleted region of incomplete virus DNA is located near the right-hand end of the BAV3 DNA molecule, a result consistent with our previous electron-microscopic observations on heteroduplex molecules formed between complete and incomplete BAV3 DNA.", "PMID": 568182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7896", "title": "Viral DNA sequences and gene products in hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 2.", "content": "Complementary strand-specific adenovirus DNA of full length or from endonuclease BamHI fragments was used as a probe to estimate the fractional representation and abundance of viral sequences in five hamster cell lines (Ad2HE1-5) transformed with UV-inactivated adenovirus type 2. The fraction of the viral genome present in the five transformed cell lines varied from 44% in the Ad2HE5 cell line to 84% in the Ad2HE3 cell line. The number of viral DNA copies per diploid cell equivalent ranged from 1.8 in the Ad2HE1 line to 7.1 in the Ad2HE4 line. In vivo labeling with [35S]methionine followed by immunoprecipitation with an antiserum against adenovirus type 2 early proteins revealed virus-specific polypeptides with molecular weights of 42,000 to 58,000 in extracts from all five hamster cell lines. Several other early viral polypeptides were detected in some of the adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cell lines.", "contents": "Viral DNA sequences and gene products in hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 2. Complementary strand-specific adenovirus DNA of full length or from endonuclease BamHI fragments was used as a probe to estimate the fractional representation and abundance of viral sequences in five hamster cell lines (Ad2HE1-5) transformed with UV-inactivated adenovirus type 2. The fraction of the viral genome present in the five transformed cell lines varied from 44% in the Ad2HE5 cell line to 84% in the Ad2HE3 cell line. The number of viral DNA copies per diploid cell equivalent ranged from 1.8 in the Ad2HE1 line to 7.1 in the Ad2HE4 line. In vivo labeling with [35S]methionine followed by immunoprecipitation with an antiserum against adenovirus type 2 early proteins revealed virus-specific polypeptides with molecular weights of 42,000 to 58,000 in extracts from all five hamster cell lines. Several other early viral polypeptides were detected in some of the adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cell lines.", "PMID": 568181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7897", "title": "Urethral pressure profile in female stress incontinence.", "content": "The accuracy of the urethral pressure profile as a measure of sphincteric competence was examined in female subjects. Most profile measurements selected proved to be significantly different in patients with stress incontinence from those in controls. However, the measurement that seemed to have the highest potential for diagnostic accuracy was the maximum closure pressure in the continence zone, recorded with the bladder full and the patient standing. The concept of the continence zone and incorporating the effect of standing were believed to be the main reasons for this high accuracy. The second best measurement was the maximum closure pressure with the bladder full and the patient surpine. To lessen the chances of a diagnostic error it was recommended that both of these measurements should be obtained. The physiological implications of these findings and the clinical role of the urethral pressure profile examination in the assessment of female patients with urinary incontinence are discussed.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile in female stress incontinence. The accuracy of the urethral pressure profile as a measure of sphincteric competence was examined in female subjects. Most profile measurements selected proved to be significantly different in patients with stress incontinence from those in controls. However, the measurement that seemed to have the highest potential for diagnostic accuracy was the maximum closure pressure in the continence zone, recorded with the bladder full and the patient standing. The concept of the continence zone and incorporating the effect of standing were believed to be the main reasons for this high accuracy. The second best measurement was the maximum closure pressure with the bladder full and the patient surpine. To lessen the chances of a diagnostic error it was recommended that both of these measurements should be obtained. The physiological implications of these findings and the clinical role of the urethral pressure profile examination in the assessment of female patients with urinary incontinence are discussed.", "PMID": 568183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7898", "title": "Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the urethra in a woman: report of a case.", "content": "A case of urethral carcinoma in a 42-year-old woman is reported. The histologic examination of the urethral tumor disclosed mesonephric adenocarcinoma, which is rare in female subjects. The pathology is discussed and the literature is reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the urethra in a woman: report of a case. A case of urethral carcinoma in a 42-year-old woman is reported. The histologic examination of the urethral tumor disclosed mesonephric adenocarcinoma, which is rare in female subjects. The pathology is discussed and the literature is reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 568184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7899", "title": "Studies on the physical dependence potential of analgesics.", "content": "Influence of morphine on the fine structure of mitochondria in the cell of zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex in mice treated chronically with morphine pellets was studied using the electron microscope. The trnasformation of mitochondrial structure was observed 12 hours after morphine pellet implantation and the degree of transformation reached a maximum at 48 hours. These changes, however, disappeared within 4 days. On the 4th day after implantation, removal of the pellet or levallorphan challenge resulted in alteration of the mitochondria with evidence of withdrawal syndrome. Reinjection of morphine to the mice immediately after removal of the pellet, however, prevented the appearance of such mitochondrial transformation. Chlorpromazine or sodium pentobarbital did not affect on the transformation of mitochondria.", "contents": "Studies on the physical dependence potential of analgesics. Influence of morphine on the fine structure of mitochondria in the cell of zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex in mice treated chronically with morphine pellets was studied using the electron microscope. The trnasformation of mitochondrial structure was observed 12 hours after morphine pellet implantation and the degree of transformation reached a maximum at 48 hours. These changes, however, disappeared within 4 days. On the 4th day after implantation, removal of the pellet or levallorphan challenge resulted in alteration of the mitochondria with evidence of withdrawal syndrome. Reinjection of morphine to the mice immediately after removal of the pellet, however, prevented the appearance of such mitochondrial transformation. Chlorpromazine or sodium pentobarbital did not affect on the transformation of mitochondria.", "PMID": 568188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7900", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic aortic subvalvular stenosis and an evaluation of the treatment methods].", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were examined in dynamics. In 25 of them routine general clinical methods of diagnosis were supplemented by echocardiography. In 34 patients the diagnosis was verified in examination by means of intracardiac methods. The authors demonstrated that idiopathic hypertrophic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis may be diagnosed by means of routine clinical methods of examination. Besides identifying the type of the valvular disease, echocardiography gives an idea of the function of the mitral valve. The first results of the management of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis are shown. The possibility of conservative treatment with agents blocking beta-adrenergic receptors is noted.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic aortic subvalvular stenosis and an evaluation of the treatment methods]. Fifty-eight patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were examined in dynamics. In 25 of them routine general clinical methods of diagnosis were supplemented by echocardiography. In 34 patients the diagnosis was verified in examination by means of intracardiac methods. The authors demonstrated that idiopathic hypertrophic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis may be diagnosed by means of routine clinical methods of examination. Besides identifying the type of the valvular disease, echocardiography gives an idea of the function of the mitral valve. The first results of the management of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis are shown. The possibility of conservative treatment with agents blocking beta-adrenergic receptors is noted.", "PMID": 568192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7901", "title": "[Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (authors transl)].", "content": "The case of a 16-year-old boy with progressive external ophthalmoplegia (\"Ophthalmoplegia plus\") is reported. Clinical symptoms consisted of complete external ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, short stature, atrophy and weakness of skeletal muscles, and elevated csf protein. Abnormal mitochondria were found by electron microscopy in scattered atrophic fibres of the muscle biopsy. The syndrome and it's relevance for paediatric differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (authors transl)]. The case of a 16-year-old boy with progressive external ophthalmoplegia (\"Ophthalmoplegia plus\") is reported. Clinical symptoms consisted of complete external ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, short stature, atrophy and weakness of skeletal muscles, and elevated csf protein. Abnormal mitochondria were found by electron microscopy in scattered atrophic fibres of the muscle biopsy. The syndrome and it's relevance for paediatric differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 568196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7902", "title": "[Diagnostic means to exclude deficient secretion of growth hormone in paediatric practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Growth hormone serum levels were measured radioimmunologically in 365 children with stunted growth before and after 10 minutes of stair-climbing, and in 134 children before and after 10 minutes of physical stress produced by means of a bicycle ergometer. Only 20% of the children had a growth hormone level of more than 5 ng/ml before initiation of the study. After climbing the stairs, the hormone level rose in 160 children to more than 5 ng/ml (max. 41.1 ng/ml). Growth hormone deficiency could thus be definitively eliminated as the cause of retarded growth in only 46% of the patients. In 16 (of 22) children of normal size, in 34 (of 49) chilkren with arrested growth who had a corresponding familial background, and in 33 (of 57) children with constitutionally conditioned retarded development, the growth hormone content after exercise on an rose to more than 5 ng/ml. Hence, a total of 65% of the children showed a satisfactory increase of the growth hormone. It follows from this that the ergometer exercise test is more suitable that the stair-climbing test to exclude hormone deficiency as the cause of stunted growth, and can, therefore, be recommended for use in paediatric practice as a supplementary examination method besides clinical findings, case history and determination of the growth rate.", "contents": "[Diagnostic means to exclude deficient secretion of growth hormone in paediatric practice (author's transl)]. Growth hormone serum levels were measured radioimmunologically in 365 children with stunted growth before and after 10 minutes of stair-climbing, and in 134 children before and after 10 minutes of physical stress produced by means of a bicycle ergometer. Only 20% of the children had a growth hormone level of more than 5 ng/ml before initiation of the study. After climbing the stairs, the hormone level rose in 160 children to more than 5 ng/ml (max. 41.1 ng/ml). Growth hormone deficiency could thus be definitively eliminated as the cause of retarded growth in only 46% of the patients. In 16 (of 22) children of normal size, in 34 (of 49) chilkren with arrested growth who had a corresponding familial background, and in 33 (of 57) children with constitutionally conditioned retarded development, the growth hormone content after exercise on an rose to more than 5 ng/ml. Hence, a total of 65% of the children showed a satisfactory increase of the growth hormone. It follows from this that the ergometer exercise test is more suitable that the stair-climbing test to exclude hormone deficiency as the cause of stunted growth, and can, therefore, be recommended for use in paediatric practice as a supplementary examination method besides clinical findings, case history and determination of the growth rate.", "PMID": 568197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7903", "title": "[Prostaglandin E1 therapy in infants with cyanotic congenital heart malformations: hemodynamic and angiographic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "During emergency cardiac catheterization, the mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 (PG-E1) was studied in 7 newborn infants with cyanotic congenital heart malformations and decreased pulmonary blood flow. The main effects upon hemodynamics were an increase of pulmonary blood flow and a decrease of systemic blood flow. At the same time systemic blood pressure decreased slightly and a rise in systemic vascular resistance was calculated. An aortogram before and 15--20 minutes after the infusion of Pg-E1 was started, demonstrated a marked increase of the pulmonary blood flow and a dilation of the ductus arteriosus. Together with these hemodynamic effects the arterial and central venous oxygen saturation rose. In one infant with severe Tetralogy of Fallot, the ductus had already closed and could not be reopened by PgE1. In this infant PG-E1-Infusion had no effect upon arterial oxygen saturation. From these observations it can be concluded that dilation of the ductus is responsible for the rise in arterial oxygen saturation. 3the different indications for therapy with PG-E1 in the neonate are discussed.", "contents": "[Prostaglandin E1 therapy in infants with cyanotic congenital heart malformations: hemodynamic and angiographic findings (author's transl)]. During emergency cardiac catheterization, the mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 (PG-E1) was studied in 7 newborn infants with cyanotic congenital heart malformations and decreased pulmonary blood flow. The main effects upon hemodynamics were an increase of pulmonary blood flow and a decrease of systemic blood flow. At the same time systemic blood pressure decreased slightly and a rise in systemic vascular resistance was calculated. An aortogram before and 15--20 minutes after the infusion of Pg-E1 was started, demonstrated a marked increase of the pulmonary blood flow and a dilation of the ductus arteriosus. Together with these hemodynamic effects the arterial and central venous oxygen saturation rose. In one infant with severe Tetralogy of Fallot, the ductus had already closed and could not be reopened by PgE1. In this infant PG-E1-Infusion had no effect upon arterial oxygen saturation. From these observations it can be concluded that dilation of the ductus is responsible for the rise in arterial oxygen saturation. 3the different indications for therapy with PG-E1 in the neonate are discussed.", "PMID": 568198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7904", "title": "[The influence of exogenous and endogenous factors to physiological jaundice during neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "805 narrative summaries from pregnancy, delivery and neonatal period were examined to find out factors which might influence physiological jaundice in the newborn period. The normal range of bilirubin is: 70% of all newborn babies have maximum bilirubin levels below 10 mg/100 ml, while 2.6 exceed 16 mg/100 ml as maximum. Under special conditions i. e. prematurity, small for date babies, male sex, very young and very old mother bilirubin is higher that normal. EPH-gestosis, high birth weight, stress during delivery, very small and very big placenta are followed by diminished bilirubin levels. These findings are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[The influence of exogenous and endogenous factors to physiological jaundice during neonatal period (author's transl)]. 805 narrative summaries from pregnancy, delivery and neonatal period were examined to find out factors which might influence physiological jaundice in the newborn period. The normal range of bilirubin is: 70% of all newborn babies have maximum bilirubin levels below 10 mg/100 ml, while 2.6 exceed 16 mg/100 ml as maximum. Under special conditions i. e. prematurity, small for date babies, male sex, very young and very old mother bilirubin is higher that normal. EPH-gestosis, high birth weight, stress during delivery, very small and very big placenta are followed by diminished bilirubin levels. These findings are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 568199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7905", "title": "[Neuropsychological and psychiatric aspects of language development disorder of a nine year old patient.(author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of terminology, differential diagnosis, etiology and therapy of language development disorders are demonstrated by a casuistic example. Besides the importance of clinical date special attention was laid on neuropsychological diagnostic procedures and their therapeutic implications. Therapeutic interventions concerning language deficits should be developed individually and in accordance to the diagnostic findings. An early and reliable objectivation of etiology as well as of the degree of the language development disorder is necessary in order to avoid detours of the children through different intitutions.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological and psychiatric aspects of language development disorder of a nine year old patient.(author's transl)]. Problems of terminology, differential diagnosis, etiology and therapy of language development disorders are demonstrated by a casuistic example. Besides the importance of clinical date special attention was laid on neuropsychological diagnostic procedures and their therapeutic implications. Therapeutic interventions concerning language deficits should be developed individually and in accordance to the diagnostic findings. An early and reliable objectivation of etiology as well as of the degree of the language development disorder is necessary in order to avoid detours of the children through different intitutions.", "PMID": 568200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7906", "title": "[About \"a new syndrome\" associated with a familial translocation 13/14 (author's transl)].", "content": "The report describes the case of a 7,9-year-old boy who seems to have clinically the same syndrome described by Ruvalcaba et al. in 1971 and uncertified till now. The propositus in characterized by severe mental retardation, peculiar facies, osseous dysplasia (including clinodactilism), urogenital and skin abnormalities, congenital heart disease (missing to the mentioned author's cases). In contrast with the normal karyotype of Ruvalcaba et al. cases, the boy shows a familial 13/14 Robertsonian translocation, karyotype 45,XY,-13,-14, t (13q14q). The boy's father, not entirely clinically investigated, shows apparently only clinodactilism, but cytogenetically the same chromosomal aberration. The mother is clinically and cytogenetically normal. The boy's grandmother (father's side) has had clinically clinodactilism and heart disease; her karyotype is unknown. The syndrome of the propositus presented in our study is identical clinically, but differs cytogenetically to the one described in \"a new familial syndrome with osseous dysplasia and mental deficiency\" by R. H. A. Ruvalcaba et al. It is not out of the question that the father's and boy's translocation should be balanced, irrespective of the morphological abnormalities and fortuitous associated with them the more so as to the same karyotype, the boy's and father's phenotype have few common features.", "contents": "[About \"a new syndrome\" associated with a familial translocation 13/14 (author's transl)]. The report describes the case of a 7,9-year-old boy who seems to have clinically the same syndrome described by Ruvalcaba et al. in 1971 and uncertified till now. The propositus in characterized by severe mental retardation, peculiar facies, osseous dysplasia (including clinodactilism), urogenital and skin abnormalities, congenital heart disease (missing to the mentioned author's cases). In contrast with the normal karyotype of Ruvalcaba et al. cases, the boy shows a familial 13/14 Robertsonian translocation, karyotype 45,XY,-13,-14, t (13q14q). The boy's father, not entirely clinically investigated, shows apparently only clinodactilism, but cytogenetically the same chromosomal aberration. The mother is clinically and cytogenetically normal. The boy's grandmother (father's side) has had clinically clinodactilism and heart disease; her karyotype is unknown. The syndrome of the propositus presented in our study is identical clinically, but differs cytogenetically to the one described in \"a new familial syndrome with osseous dysplasia and mental deficiency\" by R. H. A. Ruvalcaba et al. It is not out of the question that the father's and boy's translocation should be balanced, irrespective of the morphological abnormalities and fortuitous associated with them the more so as to the same karyotype, the boy's and father's phenotype have few common features.", "PMID": 568201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7907", "title": "[Congenital atresia of the extrahepatic bile-ducts in two siblings (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital atresia of the extrahepatic bile-ducts in two siblings (boy and girl) with parental consanguinity is reported. Diagnosis is based on liver biopsy. In one case (boy) laparotomy was performed. An attempt at reconstructive surgery of the biliary tract was unsuccessful and the boy died at the age of 13 months. Only a small number of cases with familiar congenital extrahepatic biliary atresia have been published to date.", "contents": "[Congenital atresia of the extrahepatic bile-ducts in two siblings (author's transl)]. Congenital atresia of the extrahepatic bile-ducts in two siblings (boy and girl) with parental consanguinity is reported. Diagnosis is based on liver biopsy. In one case (boy) laparotomy was performed. An attempt at reconstructive surgery of the biliary tract was unsuccessful and the boy died at the age of 13 months. Only a small number of cases with familiar congenital extrahepatic biliary atresia have been published to date.", "PMID": 568202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7908", "title": "[Agenesis and dysgenesis of the os sacrum and the os coccygis: a contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "Agenesis and/or dysgenesis of the os sacrum and os coccygis is reported in seven children (4 boys and 3 girls between the ages of 2 and 15). Two of the children had diabetic mothers. The cause may be hereditary or even exogenous (vitamin A deficiency, O (2) deficiency, maternal toxoplasmosis, maternal diabetes). Our cases were compared with 160 cases presented in the literature. The symptomatic therapy, which must be determined on the basis of neurologic, muscular, and urologic findings, is discussed.", "contents": "[Agenesis and dysgenesis of the os sacrum and the os coccygis: a contribution (author's transl)]. Agenesis and/or dysgenesis of the os sacrum and os coccygis is reported in seven children (4 boys and 3 girls between the ages of 2 and 15). Two of the children had diabetic mothers. The cause may be hereditary or even exogenous (vitamin A deficiency, O (2) deficiency, maternal toxoplasmosis, maternal diabetes). Our cases were compared with 160 cases presented in the literature. The symptomatic therapy, which must be determined on the basis of neurologic, muscular, and urologic findings, is discussed.", "PMID": 568203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7909", "title": "Maternal age related pre- and post-implantation fetal mortality: a strain survey.", "content": "Pre and post-implantation mortality were examined as a function of maternal aging in six inbred mouse strains. These strains were chosen to evaluate the effects of altered immunity (A/J and NZB/J) and premature reproductive aging (CBA). The decline in litter size observed with maternal aging does not appear to be the result of a decrease in the number of ova produced. The frequency of both pre- and post-implantation mortality increases with maternal age in all strains examined. Although the highest levels of pre- and post-implantation mortality were found in the NZB/J strain, which features altered immune responses, results from the A/J females, which also display immune dysfunction were at the other end of the spectrum. Thus, no consistant relationship was seen between altered immune function and fetal mortality. The CBA strain which is characterized by premature reproductive decline and marked maternal age-related fetal aneuploidy also demonstrated high levels of pre- and post-implantation mortality, even in the young maternal age range.", "contents": "Maternal age related pre- and post-implantation fetal mortality: a strain survey. Pre and post-implantation mortality were examined as a function of maternal aging in six inbred mouse strains. These strains were chosen to evaluate the effects of altered immunity (A/J and NZB/J) and premature reproductive aging (CBA). The decline in litter size observed with maternal aging does not appear to be the result of a decrease in the number of ova produced. The frequency of both pre- and post-implantation mortality increases with maternal age in all strains examined. Although the highest levels of pre- and post-implantation mortality were found in the NZB/J strain, which features altered immune responses, results from the A/J females, which also display immune dysfunction were at the other end of the spectrum. Thus, no consistant relationship was seen between altered immune function and fetal mortality. The CBA strain which is characterized by premature reproductive decline and marked maternal age-related fetal aneuploidy also demonstrated high levels of pre- and post-implantation mortality, even in the young maternal age range.", "PMID": 568205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7910", "title": "[Fractionation of human erythrocytes according to their sedimentation behaviour caused by gravity. II. Application for the differential diagnosis of erythroblastosis caused by incompatibility in the abo blood group system (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to Rh-erythroblastosis the diagnosis of A/B0-erythroblastosis by means of serological methods is often impossible. Further biochemical investigations, the demonstration of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates in polyvinylpyrrolidone and of typical microsphaerocytes in blood smears can support the diagnosis. Using a modified method by Danon et al. the authors demonstrate an additional population of heavy erythrocytes in the blood of patients suffering from A/B0-erythroblastosis, the relative amount of which correlates with the severity of the disease. The fast method seems to permit prognostic predictions in cord blood.", "contents": "[Fractionation of human erythrocytes according to their sedimentation behaviour caused by gravity. II. Application for the differential diagnosis of erythroblastosis caused by incompatibility in the abo blood group system (author's transl)]. In contrast to Rh-erythroblastosis the diagnosis of A/B0-erythroblastosis by means of serological methods is often impossible. Further biochemical investigations, the demonstration of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates in polyvinylpyrrolidone and of typical microsphaerocytes in blood smears can support the diagnosis. Using a modified method by Danon et al. the authors demonstrate an additional population of heavy erythrocytes in the blood of patients suffering from A/B0-erythroblastosis, the relative amount of which correlates with the severity of the disease. The fast method seems to permit prognostic predictions in cord blood.", "PMID": 568212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7911", "title": "[Free fatty acids of wood mushrooms].", "content": "The total lipid content and percentages of free fatty acids in the lipids of nine wood mushrooms were determined. The total lipid content varied from 9% to 16% of the dry matter. Between 15.9 and 46.5% of the total lipids consisted of free fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the free fatty acids of six mushrooms was analyzed quantitatively. The main component of the free acids was linoleic acid, which accounted for 30.3...60.7% of the free acids.", "contents": "[Free fatty acids of wood mushrooms]. The total lipid content and percentages of free fatty acids in the lipids of nine wood mushrooms were determined. The total lipid content varied from 9% to 16% of the dry matter. Between 15.9 and 46.5% of the total lipids consisted of free fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the free fatty acids of six mushrooms was analyzed quantitatively. The main component of the free acids was linoleic acid, which accounted for 30.3...60.7% of the free acids.", "PMID": 568214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7912", "title": "A study of the sites of interaction between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine for the production of fluphenazine-induced catalepsy.", "content": "The effect of reducing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration within various areas of the central dopamine (DA) system on catalepsy has been investigated. The neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine was used to selectively deplete 5-HT in the striatum, nucleus accumbens septi, tuberculum olfactorium or substantia nigra. Localised depletion of 5-HT within the nucleus accumbens septi and substantia nigra reduced the cataleptic effects of the neuroleptic agent fluphenazine, while lesions of the striatum or tuberculum olfactorium were without effect. Each injection of neurotoxin resulted in a 38--47% depletion of 5-HT in the target site: DA levels were not significantly altered. The results suggest that varied dopamine/5-hydroxytryptamine interactions within the nucleus accumbens may contribute to the action of the neuroleptic. The reduction of fluphenazine-induced catalepsy produced by 5-HT depletion within the substantia nigra supports the concept of a controlling influence of 5-HT on nigro-striatal DA function.", "contents": "A study of the sites of interaction between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine for the production of fluphenazine-induced catalepsy. The effect of reducing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration within various areas of the central dopamine (DA) system on catalepsy has been investigated. The neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine was used to selectively deplete 5-HT in the striatum, nucleus accumbens septi, tuberculum olfactorium or substantia nigra. Localised depletion of 5-HT within the nucleus accumbens septi and substantia nigra reduced the cataleptic effects of the neuroleptic agent fluphenazine, while lesions of the striatum or tuberculum olfactorium were without effect. Each injection of neurotoxin resulted in a 38--47% depletion of 5-HT in the target site: DA levels were not significantly altered. The results suggest that varied dopamine/5-hydroxytryptamine interactions within the nucleus accumbens may contribute to the action of the neuroleptic. The reduction of fluphenazine-induced catalepsy produced by 5-HT depletion within the substantia nigra supports the concept of a controlling influence of 5-HT on nigro-striatal DA function.", "PMID": 568219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7913", "title": "Induction of lysosomal storage by suramin.", "content": "Isolated livers of rats injected with saline or with suramin (250 mg per kg body weight) 24h previously were perfused with a medium containing radioactively labeled formaldehyde-treated albumin. Suramin-loaded livers released breakdown products at a much lower rate than controls and contained about the double amount of undigested radioactive protein up to about 3 h after the start of the perfusion. These results show that inhibition of proteolysis by suramin as reported previously (Davies et al., 1971; Buys et al., 1973) is not caused by binding of the drug to the substrate in the bloodstream. Electron micrographs of liver sections of suramin-treated rats showed that lysosomes of sinusoidal cells resembled those seen in certain lysosomal storage diseases. The effect of suramin on lysosomal enzymes was studied in vitro. When used at a concentration corresponding to the putative concentration in lysosomes in vivo, the drug inhibited the lysosomal endopeptidases cathepsin Bl and D as well as acid phosphatase. Inhibition of acid phosphatase by suramin in vivo could also be demonstrated by histochemical methods. These results suggest that the observed storage phenomena may be mainly caused by inhibition of lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Induction of lysosomal storage by suramin. Isolated livers of rats injected with saline or with suramin (250 mg per kg body weight) 24h previously were perfused with a medium containing radioactively labeled formaldehyde-treated albumin. Suramin-loaded livers released breakdown products at a much lower rate than controls and contained about the double amount of undigested radioactive protein up to about 3 h after the start of the perfusion. These results show that inhibition of proteolysis by suramin as reported previously (Davies et al., 1971; Buys et al., 1973) is not caused by binding of the drug to the substrate in the bloodstream. Electron micrographs of liver sections of suramin-treated rats showed that lysosomes of sinusoidal cells resembled those seen in certain lysosomal storage diseases. The effect of suramin on lysosomal enzymes was studied in vitro. When used at a concentration corresponding to the putative concentration in lysosomes in vivo, the drug inhibited the lysosomal endopeptidases cathepsin Bl and D as well as acid phosphatase. Inhibition of acid phosphatase by suramin in vivo could also be demonstrated by histochemical methods. These results suggest that the observed storage phenomena may be mainly caused by inhibition of lysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 568220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7914", "title": "Malignant haemangioblastoma (haemangiosarcoma) of the meninges.", "content": "The present paper is a report of two cases of malignant haemangioblastoma (haemangiosarcoma) of the meninges. Evidence was found of a tumour made up of vascular proliferation and pleomorphic cells. In case 1 the meningeal tumour had the ultrastructural characteristic of a malignant haemangioendothelioma. In this patient, a spinal tumour found a year later presented the features of a mixed malignant haemangioblastoma. The origin of the tumour in case 2 is the capillary pericyte, the lesion being a malignant haemangiopericytoma. We discuss ultrastucture and properties of the pericyte, its relationship to the cerebral reticulohistiocytic system, and the relationship of malignant haemangiopericytoma with the tumours considered to represent cerebral reticulosis and reticulum cell sarcomas.", "contents": "Malignant haemangioblastoma (haemangiosarcoma) of the meninges. The present paper is a report of two cases of malignant haemangioblastoma (haemangiosarcoma) of the meninges. Evidence was found of a tumour made up of vascular proliferation and pleomorphic cells. In case 1 the meningeal tumour had the ultrastructural characteristic of a malignant haemangioendothelioma. In this patient, a spinal tumour found a year later presented the features of a mixed malignant haemangioblastoma. The origin of the tumour in case 2 is the capillary pericyte, the lesion being a malignant haemangiopericytoma. We discuss ultrastucture and properties of the pericyte, its relationship to the cerebral reticulohistiocytic system, and the relationship of malignant haemangiopericytoma with the tumours considered to represent cerebral reticulosis and reticulum cell sarcomas.", "PMID": 568222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7915", "title": "Vascular invasion as a prognostic factor in stage IB cancer of the cervix.", "content": "One hundred ninety-one cases of histopathologically confirmed invasive carcinoma of the cervix were available to study. Until early diagnosis is made routinely and treatment instituted with a predictable promise for cure, attention must be devoted to studying the natural history of disease, its histologic and nuclear grading, stromal reaction, and whether lymphatics and/or blood vessels are involved. The results are impressive since patients with Stage IB carcinoma with lymphatic and/or blood vessel involvement treated by radical hysterectomy have had a 59.4% 5-year survival rate which has increased dramatically to 90% when there was no involvement. Other features which were analyzed, including tumor type, histologic and nuclear grades, size and number of nucleoli, and stromal leukocyte reactions showed no significant statistical relationship to survival. This may represent a bias because of the small number of cases in each group. This study helped identify the patient at high risk. The high-risk group as outlined by the parameters listed should receive additional therapy. Since the cancer had invaded a vascular channel, the authors selected these patients for combination anticancer chemotherapy. Those patients for combination anticancer chemotherapy. Those patients have not been followed long enough to evaluate the results of the treatment.", "contents": "Vascular invasion as a prognostic factor in stage IB cancer of the cervix. One hundred ninety-one cases of histopathologically confirmed invasive carcinoma of the cervix were available to study. Until early diagnosis is made routinely and treatment instituted with a predictable promise for cure, attention must be devoted to studying the natural history of disease, its histologic and nuclear grading, stromal reaction, and whether lymphatics and/or blood vessels are involved. The results are impressive since patients with Stage IB carcinoma with lymphatic and/or blood vessel involvement treated by radical hysterectomy have had a 59.4% 5-year survival rate which has increased dramatically to 90% when there was no involvement. Other features which were analyzed, including tumor type, histologic and nuclear grades, size and number of nucleoli, and stromal leukocyte reactions showed no significant statistical relationship to survival. This may represent a bias because of the small number of cases in each group. This study helped identify the patient at high risk. The high-risk group as outlined by the parameters listed should receive additional therapy. Since the cancer had invaded a vascular channel, the authors selected these patients for combination anticancer chemotherapy. Those patients for combination anticancer chemotherapy. Those patients have not been followed long enough to evaluate the results of the treatment.", "PMID": 568227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7916", "title": "The effect of chronic alcohol intake upon the hepatic microsomal carcinogen-activation system.", "content": "Ethanol was administered to mice either by repeated intraperitoneal injection, or orally in the drinking water over an extended period of time. Following intraperitoneal ethanol pre-treatment further groups of mice received an injection of benzo(a)pyrene. Alcohol intake decreased the level of microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase which corresponded to the observed decrease in DNA binding of benzo(a)pyrene. In contrast, the number of tumors which developed in the alcohol pre-treated mice exceeded those of the control animals.", "contents": "The effect of chronic alcohol intake upon the hepatic microsomal carcinogen-activation system. Ethanol was administered to mice either by repeated intraperitoneal injection, or orally in the drinking water over an extended period of time. Following intraperitoneal ethanol pre-treatment further groups of mice received an injection of benzo(a)pyrene. Alcohol intake decreased the level of microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase which corresponded to the observed decrease in DNA binding of benzo(a)pyrene. In contrast, the number of tumors which developed in the alcohol pre-treated mice exceeded those of the control animals.", "PMID": 568228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7917", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity of partially hydrolysed serum proteins of cancer patients and normal individuals, analysed by polyacrylamide disc gel cationic electrophoresis. I. Breast cancer.", "content": "Serum samples from patients with primary breast carcinoma, breast carcinoma with metastases, chronic mastitis and fibroadenoma, and healthy individuals, were treated with hydrochloric acid and urea and analysed by polyacrylamide disc gel cationic electrophoresis. The discrete and highly reproducible patterns received showed variations from individual to individual. The frequencies of the presence and of the color intensity of every protein band were compared and profound differences were found for several bands between the four groups of patients and the healthy controls studied. The results suggest that a correlation exists between the electrophoretic profiles of partially hydrolysed serum cationic proteins and occurrence of disease, possibly useful for the early diagnosis of preneoplastic states.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity of partially hydrolysed serum proteins of cancer patients and normal individuals, analysed by polyacrylamide disc gel cationic electrophoresis. I. Breast cancer. Serum samples from patients with primary breast carcinoma, breast carcinoma with metastases, chronic mastitis and fibroadenoma, and healthy individuals, were treated with hydrochloric acid and urea and analysed by polyacrylamide disc gel cationic electrophoresis. The discrete and highly reproducible patterns received showed variations from individual to individual. The frequencies of the presence and of the color intensity of every protein band were compared and profound differences were found for several bands between the four groups of patients and the healthy controls studied. The results suggest that a correlation exists between the electrophoretic profiles of partially hydrolysed serum cationic proteins and occurrence of disease, possibly useful for the early diagnosis of preneoplastic states.", "PMID": 568229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7918", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VII. Helminths in pigs slaughtered at the Pretoria municipal abattoir.", "content": "A total of 52 pigs slaughtered at the Pretoria Municipal Abattoir over a period of 1 year was examined for parastitic helminths. Twenty-six of these pigs were marketed by farmers and 26 by speculators. Of the pigs marketed by farmers 73,1% were found to be infested:--30,8% with Ascaris suum, 65,4% with Ascarops strongylina, 3,8% with Metastrongylus apri, 26,9% with Oesophagostomum spp., 15,4% with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 15,4% with Trichuris suis. All the pigs marketed by speculators were infested:--7,7% with A. suum, 92,3% with A. strongylina, 11,5% with Oesophagostomum spp., 65,4% with Physocephalus sexalatus, 7,7% with T. colubriformis and 11,5% with T. suis. The findings obtained in surveys conducted in Canada, Greece, India, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and the United States of America are quoted for comparison. Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum are recorded for the first time in pigs in the Republic of South Africa.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VII. Helminths in pigs slaughtered at the Pretoria municipal abattoir. A total of 52 pigs slaughtered at the Pretoria Municipal Abattoir over a period of 1 year was examined for parastitic helminths. Twenty-six of these pigs were marketed by farmers and 26 by speculators. Of the pigs marketed by farmers 73,1% were found to be infested:--30,8% with Ascaris suum, 65,4% with Ascarops strongylina, 3,8% with Metastrongylus apri, 26,9% with Oesophagostomum spp., 15,4% with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 15,4% with Trichuris suis. All the pigs marketed by speculators were infested:--7,7% with A. suum, 92,3% with A. strongylina, 11,5% with Oesophagostomum spp., 65,4% with Physocephalus sexalatus, 7,7% with T. colubriformis and 11,5% with T. suis. The findings obtained in surveys conducted in Canada, Greece, India, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and the United States of America are quoted for comparison. Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum are recorded for the first time in pigs in the Republic of South Africa.", "PMID": 568230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7919", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VIII. Helminths in pigs kept under semi-intensive conditions.", "content": "The seasonal incidence of nematode infestations in pigs raised under semi-intensive conditions was determined by the monthly slaughter of 2--4 tracer pigs exposed to infestation in an earthernfloored pen for periods of 1 or 2 months. Although worm burdens were generally small, Ascarops strongylina appeared to be more prevalent from November to March than during the other months of the year. Once Ascaris suum became established in the pen nearly all the pigs became infested. The number of worms never exceeded 88, however, and no seasonal incidence pattern could be determined. Trichuris suis favoured the warmer months from November to March, the smallest numbers being recovered during September and October. One pig only harboured Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 3 had Oesophagostomum dentatum.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VIII. Helminths in pigs kept under semi-intensive conditions. The seasonal incidence of nematode infestations in pigs raised under semi-intensive conditions was determined by the monthly slaughter of 2--4 tracer pigs exposed to infestation in an earthernfloored pen for periods of 1 or 2 months. Although worm burdens were generally small, Ascarops strongylina appeared to be more prevalent from November to March than during the other months of the year. Once Ascaris suum became established in the pen nearly all the pigs became infested. The number of worms never exceeded 88, however, and no seasonal incidence pattern could be determined. Trichuris suis favoured the warmer months from November to March, the smallest numbers being recovered during September and October. One pig only harboured Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 3 had Oesophagostomum dentatum.", "PMID": 568231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7920", "title": "ABO hemolytic disease: a comparative study of clinical severity and delayed anemia.", "content": "The hospital and clinic records of 230 neonates with ABO hemolytic disease (HD) were reviewed. There was no significant difference in clinical severity between AO-HD and BO-HD as measured by (1) number of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and/or those requiring exchange transfusion; (2) hemoglobin concentration; (3) reticulocyte count; (4) bilirubin concentration; and (5) incidence of anemia after discharge from the hospital. There was no difference in the hemoglobin concentrations measured at between four and eight weeks of age in 39 control infants and infants with either AO-HD or BO-HD who did not require an exchange transfusion. Our data do not indicate a clinical difference in the severity of AO-HD and BO-HD. Infants with ABO-HD who do not require exchange transfusion and/or phototherapy and whose hemoglobin concentration at discharge is greater than 15 gm/dl do not need a hemoglobin measurement before 6 weeks of age.", "contents": "ABO hemolytic disease: a comparative study of clinical severity and delayed anemia. The hospital and clinic records of 230 neonates with ABO hemolytic disease (HD) were reviewed. There was no significant difference in clinical severity between AO-HD and BO-HD as measured by (1) number of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and/or those requiring exchange transfusion; (2) hemoglobin concentration; (3) reticulocyte count; (4) bilirubin concentration; and (5) incidence of anemia after discharge from the hospital. There was no difference in the hemoglobin concentrations measured at between four and eight weeks of age in 39 control infants and infants with either AO-HD or BO-HD who did not require an exchange transfusion. Our data do not indicate a clinical difference in the severity of AO-HD and BO-HD. Infants with ABO-HD who do not require exchange transfusion and/or phototherapy and whose hemoglobin concentration at discharge is greater than 15 gm/dl do not need a hemoglobin measurement before 6 weeks of age.", "PMID": 568235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7921", "title": "Human adipose tissue blood flow during prolonged exercise II.", "content": "Subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue blood flows (ATBF) were measured by the 133Xe washout method before, during and after 4h exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The load corresponded to about 50% of VO2 max (i.e. about 1.7l/min). Subcutaneous and perirenal ATBF increased at an average to 3--400 and 700% of their initial control values respectively. In six of nine measuring sites ATBF remained increased in the hour following work. During work plasma glycerol concentrations increased 8 fold. The core temperature increased 0.9 degree C, skin temperature did not change significantly. During passive elevation of body temperature (core temperature +1.5 degree C; skin temperature +3 degree C) neither subcutaneous ATBF nor plasma glycerol concentrations changed significantly. It is concluded that the increase in subcutaneous ATBF during exercise is not a reaction to increased body temperature.", "contents": "Human adipose tissue blood flow during prolonged exercise II. Subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue blood flows (ATBF) were measured by the 133Xe washout method before, during and after 4h exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The load corresponded to about 50% of VO2 max (i.e. about 1.7l/min). Subcutaneous and perirenal ATBF increased at an average to 3--400 and 700% of their initial control values respectively. In six of nine measuring sites ATBF remained increased in the hour following work. During work plasma glycerol concentrations increased 8 fold. The core temperature increased 0.9 degree C, skin temperature did not change significantly. During passive elevation of body temperature (core temperature +1.5 degree C; skin temperature +3 degree C) neither subcutaneous ATBF nor plasma glycerol concentrations changed significantly. It is concluded that the increase in subcutaneous ATBF during exercise is not a reaction to increased body temperature.", "PMID": 568240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7922", "title": "The action of inorganic phosphate on thiamin transport by rat everted jejunal sacs.", "content": "Rat everted jejunal sacs were incubated at 37 degree C in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, pH 7.4, containing thiazole-2- 14C-thiamine (0.2 micrometer), in the absence or in the presence of inorganic phosphate at a final concentration of 6mM. Control experiments under the same conditions, but without labeled thiamin were also carried out. In the intestinal sac wall, the content of labeled and endogenous (unlabeled) thiamin in the free and phosphorylated form was measured, while in the serosal fluid, total transported thiamin (labeled and endogenous) was evaluated. Accumulation in the enterocyte of inorganic phosphate, an inhibitor of thiamin pyrophosphate enzymatic hydrolysis, lowered the dephosphorylation of endogenous thiamin phosphates, both in the presence and in the absence of labeled thiamin. In the presence of labeled thiamin, the following results were observed: a) decreased labeled thiamin uptake and accumulation, both in the phosphorylated and free form; b) reduction of labeled thiamin transport to the serosal side; c) increase of endogenous thiamin exit from the intestinal cell. These findings seem to point out an important role of thiamin phosphorylation-dephosphorylation coupling in thiamin intestinal transport in vitro.", "contents": "The action of inorganic phosphate on thiamin transport by rat everted jejunal sacs. Rat everted jejunal sacs were incubated at 37 degree C in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, pH 7.4, containing thiazole-2- 14C-thiamine (0.2 micrometer), in the absence or in the presence of inorganic phosphate at a final concentration of 6mM. Control experiments under the same conditions, but without labeled thiamin were also carried out. In the intestinal sac wall, the content of labeled and endogenous (unlabeled) thiamin in the free and phosphorylated form was measured, while in the serosal fluid, total transported thiamin (labeled and endogenous) was evaluated. Accumulation in the enterocyte of inorganic phosphate, an inhibitor of thiamin pyrophosphate enzymatic hydrolysis, lowered the dephosphorylation of endogenous thiamin phosphates, both in the presence and in the absence of labeled thiamin. In the presence of labeled thiamin, the following results were observed: a) decreased labeled thiamin uptake and accumulation, both in the phosphorylated and free form; b) reduction of labeled thiamin transport to the serosal side; c) increase of endogenous thiamin exit from the intestinal cell. These findings seem to point out an important role of thiamin phosphorylation-dephosphorylation coupling in thiamin intestinal transport in vitro.", "PMID": 568241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7923", "title": "Effect of antidiuretic hormone and indomethacin on intrarenal microsphere distribution.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to reexamine the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and indomethacin (IM) on intrarenal blood flow distribution by applying the microsphere technique to trained consciuous dogs. ADH and IM were given separately and jointly during maximal water diuresis. ADH in itself caused moderate antidiuresis and marked natriuresis. Although IM by itself had no significant effect on urinary osmotic concentration or solute excretion it greatly enhanced the antidiuretic effect of ADH and abolished its natriuretic effect. Intrarenal blood flow distribution remained unchanged when ADH and IM were given separately but it was shifted toward the inner cortex when the drugs were administered simultaneously. Furthermore, transition from spontaneous antidiuresis to maximal water diuresis did not alter intrarenal blood flow distribution. The results indicate that ADH induced antidiuresis is dissociated from changes in intracortical blood flow distribution. However, the possibility that IM enhancement of ADH mediated antidiuresis is at least in part mediated by intrarenal hemodynamic changes cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Effect of antidiuretic hormone and indomethacin on intrarenal microsphere distribution. The purpose of the present study was to reexamine the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and indomethacin (IM) on intrarenal blood flow distribution by applying the microsphere technique to trained consciuous dogs. ADH and IM were given separately and jointly during maximal water diuresis. ADH in itself caused moderate antidiuresis and marked natriuresis. Although IM by itself had no significant effect on urinary osmotic concentration or solute excretion it greatly enhanced the antidiuretic effect of ADH and abolished its natriuretic effect. Intrarenal blood flow distribution remained unchanged when ADH and IM were given separately but it was shifted toward the inner cortex when the drugs were administered simultaneously. Furthermore, transition from spontaneous antidiuresis to maximal water diuresis did not alter intrarenal blood flow distribution. The results indicate that ADH induced antidiuresis is dissociated from changes in intracortical blood flow distribution. However, the possibility that IM enhancement of ADH mediated antidiuresis is at least in part mediated by intrarenal hemodynamic changes cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 568242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7924", "title": "Modification of salivary duct electrolyte transport in rat and rabbit by physalaemin, VIP, GIP and other enterohormones.", "content": "The effects of various polypeptide enterohormones and the tachykinin secretogogue, physalaemin, on electrolyte transport by the main excretory duct of the mandibular gland of the rabbit were studied in vitro. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 2 X 10(-11) mol 1(-1)) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP, 10(-11) mol 1(-1)) reduced nett Na+ movement from lumen to interstitium and VIP also reduced the transepithelial potential difference; the effective concentrations of the two hormones lay within the range of normal plasma concentrations. Gastrin (5 x 10(-7) mol 1(-1)) and synthetic secretin (2 x 10(-7) mol 1(-1)) had similar effects but only at concentrations well above the normal plasma levels. Caerulein, an analogue of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, had no effect on duct function even at a concentration of 10(-6) mol 1(-1). The potent salivary secretogogue, physalaemin (4 x 10(-8) mol 1(-1)), which is an analogue of Substance P, a putative mammalian enterohormone and neurotransmitter substance, caused a marked increase in ductal Na transport (in rat as well as rabbit). It is concluded that VIP and GIP would normally play a role in determining salivary electrolyte composition and it is postulated that their action may be antagonized by a tachykinin such as Substance P.", "contents": "Modification of salivary duct electrolyte transport in rat and rabbit by physalaemin, VIP, GIP and other enterohormones. The effects of various polypeptide enterohormones and the tachykinin secretogogue, physalaemin, on electrolyte transport by the main excretory duct of the mandibular gland of the rabbit were studied in vitro. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 2 X 10(-11) mol 1(-1)) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP, 10(-11) mol 1(-1)) reduced nett Na+ movement from lumen to interstitium and VIP also reduced the transepithelial potential difference; the effective concentrations of the two hormones lay within the range of normal plasma concentrations. Gastrin (5 x 10(-7) mol 1(-1)) and synthetic secretin (2 x 10(-7) mol 1(-1)) had similar effects but only at concentrations well above the normal plasma levels. Caerulein, an analogue of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, had no effect on duct function even at a concentration of 10(-6) mol 1(-1). The potent salivary secretogogue, physalaemin (4 x 10(-8) mol 1(-1)), which is an analogue of Substance P, a putative mammalian enterohormone and neurotransmitter substance, caused a marked increase in ductal Na transport (in rat as well as rabbit). It is concluded that VIP and GIP would normally play a role in determining salivary electrolyte composition and it is postulated that their action may be antagonized by a tachykinin such as Substance P.", "PMID": 568244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7925", "title": "Radioactive microsphere partitioning of blood flow between capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses in skin of conscious sheep.", "content": "Using radioactive plastic microspheres in conscious sheep, cardiac output is measured by dose injection into a vein, and sampling from the pulmonary artery. Partition of organ blood flow between capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses is derived from cardiac output and the radioactivity in pulmonary artery blood sampled after dose injection into the artery supplying the organ. Validation tests are presented. The hindlimb is shown to be a suitable model for studying thermal influences on skin blood flow. In contrast to other techniques or previous applications of microspheres: (a) conscious, chronically prepared animals are used, (b) there is no need to kill the animal to obtain results, (c) only small doses are necessary, (d) the one nuclide label can be used repeatedly, and (e) there is no need for precisely matched doses.", "contents": "Radioactive microsphere partitioning of blood flow between capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses in skin of conscious sheep. Using radioactive plastic microspheres in conscious sheep, cardiac output is measured by dose injection into a vein, and sampling from the pulmonary artery. Partition of organ blood flow between capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses is derived from cardiac output and the radioactivity in pulmonary artery blood sampled after dose injection into the artery supplying the organ. Validation tests are presented. The hindlimb is shown to be a suitable model for studying thermal influences on skin blood flow. In contrast to other techniques or previous applications of microspheres: (a) conscious, chronically prepared animals are used, (b) there is no need to kill the animal to obtain results, (c) only small doses are necessary, (d) the one nuclide label can be used repeatedly, and (e) there is no need for precisely matched doses.", "PMID": 568246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7926", "title": "Miniature stimulator for chronic animals.", "content": "A small lightweight pulse train generator is described. Train frequency and duration and pulse frequency and duration are continuously variable over a range that is suitable for many types of nerve stimulation experiments. Complete electrical specifications and schematics are shown. Also presented are the changes in contraction time of the cat hind leg muscles after 6-week chronic stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The stimulator, with batteries which are sufficient for more than six weeks operation, is small enough to be mounted on cats.", "contents": "Miniature stimulator for chronic animals. A small lightweight pulse train generator is described. Train frequency and duration and pulse frequency and duration are continuously variable over a range that is suitable for many types of nerve stimulation experiments. Complete electrical specifications and schematics are shown. Also presented are the changes in contraction time of the cat hind leg muscles after 6-week chronic stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The stimulator, with batteries which are sufficient for more than six weeks operation, is small enough to be mounted on cats.", "PMID": 568247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7927", "title": "Contractions of skinned cardiac cells elicited by current pulses.", "content": "Cardiac muscle fragments with disrupted sarcolemma were prepared by homogenization of mouse ventricles. The preparations exhibited spontaneous contractions of a rate between 3 min-1 and 12 min-1 at 20 degrees C, when they were kept in an appropriate solution. 2. Fragments of about cellular size were attached to two stiff glass microelectrodes, and additional contractions between the spontaneous beats were elicited by current pulses. The duration and intensity of the stimuli were varied to obtain strength-duration curves. Rheobase was in the range of 1.5 muA to 10 muA (no isolation of surrounding bath), chronaxia at 35 degrees C between 30 ms and 80 ms. 3. One microelectrode could be glued to a photodiode-force-transducer for simultaneous recording of contractions and electrical stimulation or potential measurement. Duration of phasic contractions was nearly 1s, force was up to 4muN (20 mN/mm2 of tension).", "contents": "Contractions of skinned cardiac cells elicited by current pulses. Cardiac muscle fragments with disrupted sarcolemma were prepared by homogenization of mouse ventricles. The preparations exhibited spontaneous contractions of a rate between 3 min-1 and 12 min-1 at 20 degrees C, when they were kept in an appropriate solution. 2. Fragments of about cellular size were attached to two stiff glass microelectrodes, and additional contractions between the spontaneous beats were elicited by current pulses. The duration and intensity of the stimuli were varied to obtain strength-duration curves. Rheobase was in the range of 1.5 muA to 10 muA (no isolation of surrounding bath), chronaxia at 35 degrees C between 30 ms and 80 ms. 3. One microelectrode could be glued to a photodiode-force-transducer for simultaneous recording of contractions and electrical stimulation or potential measurement. Duration of phasic contractions was nearly 1s, force was up to 4muN (20 mN/mm2 of tension).", "PMID": 568250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7928", "title": "Stimulation of myocardial adenine nucleotide biosynthesis by pentoses and pentitols.", "content": "In rats, pentoses and pentitols, intravenously injected in a single dose of 100 mg/kg, induced a considerable enhancement of the available pool of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and of the rate of adenine nucleotide biosynthesis in the heart, but not in liver and kidney. De novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides not detectable in skeletal muscle of normal rats became measurable after application of ribose. The stimulatory effect of isoproterenol on myocardial adenine nucleotide biosynthesis could be further potentiated by ribose and xylitol, but not by glucose. The isoproterenol-induced decrease of cardiac adenine nucleotide concentrations could be almost completely prevented by repeated administrations of ribose. Thus, pentoses and pentitols in combination with beta-receptor stimulation markedly and quite specifically enhance adenine nucleotide biosynthesis in the rat heart. The results indicate that the increase in the available pool of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate is an important factor for the enhancement of cardiac adenine nucleotide biosynthesis. Moreover, the availability of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and the rate of de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides in the heart seem to be limited by the flow through the hexose monophosphate shunt.", "contents": "Stimulation of myocardial adenine nucleotide biosynthesis by pentoses and pentitols. In rats, pentoses and pentitols, intravenously injected in a single dose of 100 mg/kg, induced a considerable enhancement of the available pool of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and of the rate of adenine nucleotide biosynthesis in the heart, but not in liver and kidney. De novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides not detectable in skeletal muscle of normal rats became measurable after application of ribose. The stimulatory effect of isoproterenol on myocardial adenine nucleotide biosynthesis could be further potentiated by ribose and xylitol, but not by glucose. The isoproterenol-induced decrease of cardiac adenine nucleotide concentrations could be almost completely prevented by repeated administrations of ribose. Thus, pentoses and pentitols in combination with beta-receptor stimulation markedly and quite specifically enhance adenine nucleotide biosynthesis in the rat heart. The results indicate that the increase in the available pool of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate is an important factor for the enhancement of cardiac adenine nucleotide biosynthesis. Moreover, the availability of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and the rate of de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides in the heart seem to be limited by the flow through the hexose monophosphate shunt.", "PMID": 568251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7929", "title": "Concentrative amino acid uptake at the serosal side of colon mucosa.", "content": "Uptake of the nonmetabolizable model amino acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid (= AIB) through the basolateral membrane into epithelial cells was studied in sheep colon stripped of serosa and muscle layers. Only the antiluminal surface of the mucosa was exposed to the incubation medium. Thus AIB entry into epithelial cells could only occur through the basolateral membrane. AIB was taken up by a saturable process against a high concentration gradient. AIB uptake was inhibited by other neutral amino acids but not by sugars. In a low Na+ medium AIB uptake was impaired, indicating that active transport of amino acids through the basolateral membrane of colon epithelial cells is Na+-dependent. In the rat a saturable concentrative uptake of AIB through the basolateral membrane of colon epithelial cells has also been demonstrated. Concentrative uptake of amino acids through the basolateral membranes is probably important for the supply of colon epithelium with amino acids.", "contents": "Concentrative amino acid uptake at the serosal side of colon mucosa. Uptake of the nonmetabolizable model amino acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid (= AIB) through the basolateral membrane into epithelial cells was studied in sheep colon stripped of serosa and muscle layers. Only the antiluminal surface of the mucosa was exposed to the incubation medium. Thus AIB entry into epithelial cells could only occur through the basolateral membrane. AIB was taken up by a saturable process against a high concentration gradient. AIB uptake was inhibited by other neutral amino acids but not by sugars. In a low Na+ medium AIB uptake was impaired, indicating that active transport of amino acids through the basolateral membrane of colon epithelial cells is Na+-dependent. In the rat a saturable concentrative uptake of AIB through the basolateral membrane of colon epithelial cells has also been demonstrated. Concentrative uptake of amino acids through the basolateral membranes is probably important for the supply of colon epithelium with amino acids.", "PMID": 568252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7930", "title": "Computer program for intestinal basic electrical rhythm patterns analysis.", "content": "A FORTRAN program has been elaborated for computerized intestinal Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) analysis. It is based on recognition of individual cycles limits. The reliability of the method was assessed by comparison between computer and visual cycle limits identification. The agreement is 98.2% for BER recorded from the frequency plateau. It is 91.4% for fluctuating BER patterns. For BER frequency computing, drawbacks due to misrecognitions were avoided by cancelling sequences in which they occur.", "contents": "Computer program for intestinal basic electrical rhythm patterns analysis. A FORTRAN program has been elaborated for computerized intestinal Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) analysis. It is based on recognition of individual cycles limits. The reliability of the method was assessed by comparison between computer and visual cycle limits identification. The agreement is 98.2% for BER recorded from the frequency plateau. It is 91.4% for fluctuating BER patterns. For BER frequency computing, drawbacks due to misrecognitions were avoided by cancelling sequences in which they occur.", "PMID": 568253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7931", "title": "A video-angiometer for simultaneous and continuous measurement of inner and outer vessel diameters. Technical report.", "content": "A system is described for continuously measuring vessel diameters. It bases on the evaluation of video signal differences of a video camera which are induced by light intensity differences (grey levels) caused by the vascular wall structures. The system is electronically linear, automatically measuring and in addition eyeball controlled by the human sensor: the inaccuracy does not exceed the 5% level.", "contents": "A video-angiometer for simultaneous and continuous measurement of inner and outer vessel diameters. Technical report. A system is described for continuously measuring vessel diameters. It bases on the evaluation of video signal differences of a video camera which are induced by light intensity differences (grey levels) caused by the vascular wall structures. The system is electronically linear, automatically measuring and in addition eyeball controlled by the human sensor: the inaccuracy does not exceed the 5% level.", "PMID": 568254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7932", "title": "[Platelet volume in essential thrombopenia].", "content": "The electronic method for measuring platelet volume using the Coulter Z BI Counter coupled with a Channelyser C 1000 has been standardized. The distribution of platelet volumes was studied in 28 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and in 59 cases of thrombocytopenia attributed to a failure of platelet production. Results showed that the volumetric distribution curve of platelet rich plasma (PRP) was altered in 40 cases, by the presence of small particles interfering with platelets of small volume and/or by residual red cells modifying its terminal segment. These abnormalities seem linked to the degree of thrombopenia, but independent of its central or peripheral origin. A method of isolation and concentration of platelets in an albumin gradient allowed the restoration of the classical volume distribution in 24 cases out of 40. Simulated thrombopenias obtained by dilution of platelets in their own platelet poor plasma (PPP) showed that the abnormalities in the small volume range could be reproduced in vitro by modifying the proportion of platelets and of small residual elements in the PRP. When the albumin gradient method was used, the classical distribution of platelet volumes was found. Preliminary electron-microscopy studies show that the small elements in the PRP of thrombopenic subjects could be formed by red cell fragments. Cytoenzymologic studies should be able to confirm this. Volumetric parameters were determined from the asymmetric and unimodual distribution of platelets, either directly on PRP or after concentration and separation of platelets in an albumin gradient. They showed that platelet volumes were very often increased in ITP but also occasionnally in thrombopenia of attributed to a failure of production.", "contents": "[Platelet volume in essential thrombopenia]. The electronic method for measuring platelet volume using the Coulter Z BI Counter coupled with a Channelyser C 1000 has been standardized. The distribution of platelet volumes was studied in 28 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and in 59 cases of thrombocytopenia attributed to a failure of platelet production. Results showed that the volumetric distribution curve of platelet rich plasma (PRP) was altered in 40 cases, by the presence of small particles interfering with platelets of small volume and/or by residual red cells modifying its terminal segment. These abnormalities seem linked to the degree of thrombopenia, but independent of its central or peripheral origin. A method of isolation and concentration of platelets in an albumin gradient allowed the restoration of the classical volume distribution in 24 cases out of 40. Simulated thrombopenias obtained by dilution of platelets in their own platelet poor plasma (PPP) showed that the abnormalities in the small volume range could be reproduced in vitro by modifying the proportion of platelets and of small residual elements in the PRP. When the albumin gradient method was used, the classical distribution of platelet volumes was found. Preliminary electron-microscopy studies show that the small elements in the PRP of thrombopenic subjects could be formed by red cell fragments. Cytoenzymologic studies should be able to confirm this. Volumetric parameters were determined from the asymmetric and unimodual distribution of platelets, either directly on PRP or after concentration and separation of platelets in an albumin gradient. They showed that platelet volumes were very often increased in ITP but also occasionnally in thrombopenia of attributed to a failure of production.", "PMID": 568255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7933", "title": "Cloning of chicken lysozyme structural gene sequences synthesized in vitro.", "content": "Double-stranded chicken lysozyme cDNA was synthesized from an oviduct mRNA fraction enriched for lysozyme mRNA. The ds-cDNA was inserted into the BamHI site of plasmid pBR322 using chemically synthesized DNA linker molecules containing the BamHI restriction endonuclease cleavage site. After bacterial transformation, colonies carrying lysozyme DNA were identified by hybridization with highly purified lysozyme cDNA. The 555 base pairs long cloned DNA fragment of one recombinant plasmid was isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion. The DNA sequence of selected parts of the inserted DNA is as predicted from the amino acid sequence of prelysozyme. The sequence data allows the unambiguous location of the coding region within lysozyme mRNA.", "contents": "Cloning of chicken lysozyme structural gene sequences synthesized in vitro. Double-stranded chicken lysozyme cDNA was synthesized from an oviduct mRNA fraction enriched for lysozyme mRNA. The ds-cDNA was inserted into the BamHI site of plasmid pBR322 using chemically synthesized DNA linker molecules containing the BamHI restriction endonuclease cleavage site. After bacterial transformation, colonies carrying lysozyme DNA were identified by hybridization with highly purified lysozyme cDNA. The 555 base pairs long cloned DNA fragment of one recombinant plasmid was isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion. The DNA sequence of selected parts of the inserted DNA is as predicted from the amino acid sequence of prelysozyme. The sequence data allows the unambiguous location of the coding region within lysozyme mRNA.", "PMID": 568256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7934", "title": "Serial bone scintigraphy for assessing the effectiveness of treatment of osseous metastases from prostatic cancer.", "content": "130 serial bone scintigrams were performed to evaluate the course of skeletal metastases under treatment in 36 patients with prostatic cancer. During a successful treatment scintigraphic controls revealed a significant decrease of the metastatic 99mTc-diphosphonate uptake in 14 patients and sometimes even a complete normalization of the skeletal radioactivity distribution, whereas a progression characterized by an increased multifocal radioactivity concentration was registered in 16 patients indicating the failure of the initiated therapy. Based on these results of follow-up studies scintigraphic bone imaging can be recommended for the assessment of the effectiveness of on-going therapy of skeletal metastases.", "contents": "Serial bone scintigraphy for assessing the effectiveness of treatment of osseous metastases from prostatic cancer. 130 serial bone scintigrams were performed to evaluate the course of skeletal metastases under treatment in 36 patients with prostatic cancer. During a successful treatment scintigraphic controls revealed a significant decrease of the metastatic 99mTc-diphosphonate uptake in 14 patients and sometimes even a complete normalization of the skeletal radioactivity distribution, whereas a progression characterized by an increased multifocal radioactivity concentration was registered in 16 patients indicating the failure of the initiated therapy. Based on these results of follow-up studies scintigraphic bone imaging can be recommended for the assessment of the effectiveness of on-going therapy of skeletal metastases.", "PMID": 568257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7935", "title": "Novel mechanisms of reproduction: preimplantational ectogenesis.", "content": "The polarization of attitudes concerning preimplantational ectogenesis, combined with the fact that the field is technically in its infancy, makes likely the passage of much time before the use of ectogenesis becomes widespread either clinically or as a research tool. It is to be hoped that during this interval a properly critical attitude will lead to slow, steady progress while society readjusts some basic philosophic concepts.", "contents": "Novel mechanisms of reproduction: preimplantational ectogenesis. The polarization of attitudes concerning preimplantational ectogenesis, combined with the fact that the field is technically in its infancy, makes likely the passage of much time before the use of ectogenesis becomes widespread either clinically or as a research tool. It is to be hoped that during this interval a properly critical attitude will lead to slow, steady progress while society readjusts some basic philosophic concepts.", "PMID": 568259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7936", "title": "[Effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication on the circadian rhythm of the hypothalamic neurosecretory centers in rats].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on male rats; by means of quantitative cytochemical analysis and karyometry circadian rhythm of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system function was studied. In the evening (9--10 p.m.) the intensity of the synthesis, transport, and neurosecretion showed a significant elevation in comparison with the day (3--4 p.m.). Neurosecretory process was suppressed and the circadian rhythm of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system activity was disturbed in rats given a 5% ethanol solution as the only source of fluid for 2 months. As suggested, damage of an important biorhythm synchronizer (the neurosecretory centers of the hypothalamus) could play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication on the circadian rhythm of the hypothalamic neurosecretory centers in rats]. Experiments were conducted on male rats; by means of quantitative cytochemical analysis and karyometry circadian rhythm of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system function was studied. In the evening (9--10 p.m.) the intensity of the synthesis, transport, and neurosecretion showed a significant elevation in comparison with the day (3--4 p.m.). Neurosecretory process was suppressed and the circadian rhythm of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system activity was disturbed in rats given a 5% ethanol solution as the only source of fluid for 2 months. As suggested, damage of an important biorhythm synchronizer (the neurosecretory centers of the hypothalamus) could play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism.", "PMID": 568261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7937", "title": "Alcohol withdrawal and magnesium deficiency in mice.", "content": "DBA/2J mice exposed to chronic alcohol (ethanol) intoxication were found to have lower whole brain magnesium (Mg) concentrations than control animals. The symptoms of alcohol withdrawal were found to be strikingly similar to those seen in Mg deficient mice exposed to a low Mg diet without alcohol exposure. These findings suggest that CNS Mg deficits produced by alcohol exposure could contribute to the observed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Serum Mg concentrations were also determined, and low correlations (less than or equal to 0.3) were found with brain Mg concentrations.", "contents": "Alcohol withdrawal and magnesium deficiency in mice. DBA/2J mice exposed to chronic alcohol (ethanol) intoxication were found to have lower whole brain magnesium (Mg) concentrations than control animals. The symptoms of alcohol withdrawal were found to be strikingly similar to those seen in Mg deficient mice exposed to a low Mg diet without alcohol exposure. These findings suggest that CNS Mg deficits produced by alcohol exposure could contribute to the observed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Serum Mg concentrations were also determined, and low correlations (less than or equal to 0.3) were found with brain Mg concentrations.", "PMID": 568287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7938", "title": "Addiction liability of Tryon rats: independent transmission of morphine and alcohol consumption.", "content": "Two inbred strains of Tryon rats were tested for consumption of morphine (0.5 mg/ml) and alcohol (10% w/v) solutions in both free and forced situations. Statistically significant differences in intake by strain were found both for morphine and alcohol. The Tryon S3 strain consumed significantly more morphine than the S1 strain in two of the four phases of the experiment. The Tryon S1 strain consumed significantly more alcohol than the S3 in two of the four phases. Factors affecting consumption of drug solutions including sex and activity level were assessed using analysis of covariance. Strain differences were apparent even when these factors were removed from the analyses. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports suggesting a common addiction liability for both morphine and alcohol in inbred strains of animals.", "contents": "Addiction liability of Tryon rats: independent transmission of morphine and alcohol consumption. Two inbred strains of Tryon rats were tested for consumption of morphine (0.5 mg/ml) and alcohol (10% w/v) solutions in both free and forced situations. Statistically significant differences in intake by strain were found both for morphine and alcohol. The Tryon S3 strain consumed significantly more morphine than the S1 strain in two of the four phases of the experiment. The Tryon S1 strain consumed significantly more alcohol than the S3 in two of the four phases. Factors affecting consumption of drug solutions including sex and activity level were assessed using analysis of covariance. Strain differences were apparent even when these factors were removed from the analyses. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports suggesting a common addiction liability for both morphine and alcohol in inbred strains of animals.", "PMID": 568288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7939", "title": "Effects of two cannabinoids upon abstinence signs in ethanol-dependent mice.", "content": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, upon handling-induced convulsions and responsiveness to electric foot shock were examined during abstinence in ethanol-dependent mice. The severity of handling-induced convulsions was apparently increased by THC (10-40 mg/kg) and nabilone (2.5-10 mg/kg) but both drugs elicited similar convulsions in normal mice never exposed to ethanol. Enhanced responsiveness to electric foot shock, evident during abstinence, was suppressed by THC (10-40 MG/KG). The effects of ethanol upon the two abstinence signs were determined for comparative purposes. Ethanol (0.5-4 g/kg) reduced the severity of handling-induced convulsions and suppressed the increased responsiveness to electric foot shock. These results indicate that THC and nabilone have similar actions upon two abstinence signs in ethanol-dependent mice, and although one sign (responsiveness to electric foot shock) was clearly alleviated, another (handling-induced convulsions) was not.", "contents": "Effects of two cannabinoids upon abstinence signs in ethanol-dependent mice. The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, upon handling-induced convulsions and responsiveness to electric foot shock were examined during abstinence in ethanol-dependent mice. The severity of handling-induced convulsions was apparently increased by THC (10-40 mg/kg) and nabilone (2.5-10 mg/kg) but both drugs elicited similar convulsions in normal mice never exposed to ethanol. Enhanced responsiveness to electric foot shock, evident during abstinence, was suppressed by THC (10-40 MG/KG). The effects of ethanol upon the two abstinence signs were determined for comparative purposes. Ethanol (0.5-4 g/kg) reduced the severity of handling-induced convulsions and suppressed the increased responsiveness to electric foot shock. These results indicate that THC and nabilone have similar actions upon two abstinence signs in ethanol-dependent mice, and although one sign (responsiveness to electric foot shock) was clearly alleviated, another (handling-induced convulsions) was not.", "PMID": 568289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7940", "title": "Shock induced alcohol consumption in rats: role of initial preference.", "content": "In three experiments it was found that the effects of inescapable unavoidable shocks upon alcohol intake were dependent upon the initial preference displayed by the animal. When animals displayed a low initial preference for alcohol (Experiment 1) shock stress led to an increase in daily alcohol intake. When animals displayed a high initial preference for alcohol due to the addition of a preferred flavour (Experiment 2) or forced acclimation (Experiment 3) shock stress led to a decrease in daily alcohol intake. It is suggested that alcohol is consumed as a function of the punishing and discriminative properties of the shocks, not to alleviate stress through its pharmacological properties.", "contents": "Shock induced alcohol consumption in rats: role of initial preference. In three experiments it was found that the effects of inescapable unavoidable shocks upon alcohol intake were dependent upon the initial preference displayed by the animal. When animals displayed a low initial preference for alcohol (Experiment 1) shock stress led to an increase in daily alcohol intake. When animals displayed a high initial preference for alcohol due to the addition of a preferred flavour (Experiment 2) or forced acclimation (Experiment 3) shock stress led to a decrease in daily alcohol intake. It is suggested that alcohol is consumed as a function of the punishing and discriminative properties of the shocks, not to alleviate stress through its pharmacological properties.", "PMID": 568290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7941", "title": "Differential behavioral activities from anterior and posterior hypothalamic lesions in the rat.", "content": "Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injections into the anterolateral (AL) or posterolateral (PL) portions of the hypothalamus produced hypokinesia, catalepsy, rigidity and severe weight losses due to aphagia and adipsia. Subcutaneous administration of apomorphine, 1 mg/kg, 48 hr after 6-OHDA injections reversed temporarily the hypokinesia in both AL and PL 6-OHDA groups. However, qualitative and quantitative differences in the behavioral responses to the drug were observed. Motor activity as measured by photocell counts was significantly greater in AL 6-OHDA rats. Apomorphine induced stereotyped behavior in both groups; however, the predominant behavioral responses were oral stereotypies in PL 6-OHDA animals and sniffing in AL 6-OHDA rats.", "contents": "Differential behavioral activities from anterior and posterior hypothalamic lesions in the rat. Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injections into the anterolateral (AL) or posterolateral (PL) portions of the hypothalamus produced hypokinesia, catalepsy, rigidity and severe weight losses due to aphagia and adipsia. Subcutaneous administration of apomorphine, 1 mg/kg, 48 hr after 6-OHDA injections reversed temporarily the hypokinesia in both AL and PL 6-OHDA groups. However, qualitative and quantitative differences in the behavioral responses to the drug were observed. Motor activity as measured by photocell counts was significantly greater in AL 6-OHDA rats. Apomorphine induced stereotyped behavior in both groups; however, the predominant behavioral responses were oral stereotypies in PL 6-OHDA animals and sniffing in AL 6-OHDA rats.", "PMID": 568291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7942", "title": "[Quantification and statistical analysis of ordinal scale type data in psychiatry (author's transl)].", "content": "Observational data from psychiatric patients are usually of the ordinal scale type. Therefore, in the traditional one-rating-per-symptom-and-patient-situation, the resulting score values can be analysed only by applying nonparametric statistical methods. These methods are rather inefficient when--as is usual--there are only four-point-scales for evaluating the symptoms. Moreover, non-parametric methods are not available as of yet to take into consideration the often complex structure of data from psychiatric studies. This leads to the conclusion that the quantification of ordinal scale type data would be very desirable in order that parametric statistical methods could be applied. Such a method of quantification is proposed on the basis of the audiovisual psychiatric rating technique. It is shown that the data resulting from the many-ratings-per-symptom-and-patient-situation can be subjected to parametric statistical methods. In applying the proposed method, therefore, much better use could be made of and a maximum of information could be extracted from the data in psychiatric studies.", "contents": "[Quantification and statistical analysis of ordinal scale type data in psychiatry (author's transl)]. Observational data from psychiatric patients are usually of the ordinal scale type. Therefore, in the traditional one-rating-per-symptom-and-patient-situation, the resulting score values can be analysed only by applying nonparametric statistical methods. These methods are rather inefficient when--as is usual--there are only four-point-scales for evaluating the symptoms. Moreover, non-parametric methods are not available as of yet to take into consideration the often complex structure of data from psychiatric studies. This leads to the conclusion that the quantification of ordinal scale type data would be very desirable in order that parametric statistical methods could be applied. Such a method of quantification is proposed on the basis of the audiovisual psychiatric rating technique. It is shown that the data resulting from the many-ratings-per-symptom-and-patient-situation can be subjected to parametric statistical methods. In applying the proposed method, therefore, much better use could be made of and a maximum of information could be extracted from the data in psychiatric studies.", "PMID": 568292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7943", "title": "N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (paracetamol, acetaminophen) in the treatment of acute schizophrenia.", "content": "The hypothesis that schizophrenia is caused by the release of prostaglandin E into the hypothalamus and may sometimes be accompanied by an elevation of temperature was examined by a clinical trial of the prostaglandin E suppressant N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (paracetamol, acetaminophen). Ten acute schizophrenic patients were included in a double-blind, crossover trial of paracetamol and a placebo, in which each treatment was given for a week. Regular 4-hourly temperatures were recorded in all these cases and in 5 non-schizophrenic patients for comparison. The findings provided no evidence that paracetamol mitigated the symptoms of schizophrenia. The temperatures of the schizophrenics were not elevated more than those of the controls, but the number of cases used was probably too small for this finding to be conclusive.", "contents": "N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (paracetamol, acetaminophen) in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. The hypothesis that schizophrenia is caused by the release of prostaglandin E into the hypothalamus and may sometimes be accompanied by an elevation of temperature was examined by a clinical trial of the prostaglandin E suppressant N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (paracetamol, acetaminophen). Ten acute schizophrenic patients were included in a double-blind, crossover trial of paracetamol and a placebo, in which each treatment was given for a week. Regular 4-hourly temperatures were recorded in all these cases and in 5 non-schizophrenic patients for comparison. The findings provided no evidence that paracetamol mitigated the symptoms of schizophrenia. The temperatures of the schizophrenics were not elevated more than those of the controls, but the number of cases used was probably too small for this finding to be conclusive.", "PMID": 568293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7944", "title": "The feasibility of tracing a sample of school-boys after a lapse of fifteen years.", "content": "Although the relationship between childhood behaviour and adult adjustment is often presented as established fact, relatively few non-retrospective studies have actually examined this perceived association. This paper presents a description of the attempt to establish the feasibility of tracing children after a lapse of 15 years and suggests that this may present fewer insuperable difficulties than might be imagined.", "contents": "The feasibility of tracing a sample of school-boys after a lapse of fifteen years. Although the relationship between childhood behaviour and adult adjustment is often presented as established fact, relatively few non-retrospective studies have actually examined this perceived association. This paper presents a description of the attempt to establish the feasibility of tracing children after a lapse of 15 years and suggests that this may present fewer insuperable difficulties than might be imagined.", "PMID": 568294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7945", "title": "A specific radio-immunological assay for prednisolone in plasma.", "content": "A new, specific radio-immunological assay (R.I.A.) for prednisolone in plasma is described. The R.I.A. incorporates a procedure whereby the endogenous interfering hydrocortisone (in de-proteinized plasma) reacts directly with Girard Reagent T, resulting in a derivative which does not cross react with the specific antibody for prednisolone. The assay is sensitive (quantitation levels are in the 5-10 ng/ml range). The specificity compares favorably with that of a high performance liquid chromatographic procedure.", "contents": "A specific radio-immunological assay for prednisolone in plasma. A new, specific radio-immunological assay (R.I.A.) for prednisolone in plasma is described. The R.I.A. incorporates a procedure whereby the endogenous interfering hydrocortisone (in de-proteinized plasma) reacts directly with Girard Reagent T, resulting in a derivative which does not cross react with the specific antibody for prednisolone. The assay is sensitive (quantitation levels are in the 5-10 ng/ml range). The specificity compares favorably with that of a high performance liquid chromatographic procedure.", "PMID": 568300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7946", "title": "Comparative resistance of San Miguel sea lion virus and vesicular exanthema of swine virus to chemical disinfectants.", "content": "Two similar calici agents, San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV) and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) are susceptible to the virucidal activity of disinfectants of differing formulation. Ten of 12 compounds were effective against six log10 plaque forming units (PFU) of SMSV in a 2-min exposure at 4, 25 and 37 degrees C. However, only seven of these 10 SMSV-positive compounds inactivated VESV under the same conditions of temperature and time. Two compounds were not effective against SMSV in a 20-min exposure at 4 and 25 degrees C, but were effective at 37 degrees C. Two of the three compounds not effective against VESV in a 20-min exposure at 4 and 25 degrees C were also effective at 37 degrees C. The test iodophor compound inactivated SMSV completely but had only minimal inactivating activity against VESV at the three temperatures tested.", "contents": "Comparative resistance of San Miguel sea lion virus and vesicular exanthema of swine virus to chemical disinfectants. Two similar calici agents, San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV) and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) are susceptible to the virucidal activity of disinfectants of differing formulation. Ten of 12 compounds were effective against six log10 plaque forming units (PFU) of SMSV in a 2-min exposure at 4, 25 and 37 degrees C. However, only seven of these 10 SMSV-positive compounds inactivated VESV under the same conditions of temperature and time. Two compounds were not effective against SMSV in a 20-min exposure at 4 and 25 degrees C, but were effective at 37 degrees C. Two of the three compounds not effective against VESV in a 20-min exposure at 4 and 25 degrees C were also effective at 37 degrees C. The test iodophor compound inactivated SMSV completely but had only minimal inactivating activity against VESV at the three temperatures tested.", "PMID": 568301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7947", "title": "[Treatment of urogenital neoplasms in males].", "content": "The carcinomas of the male genitourinary tract--prostate, testicle, bladder, kidney and penis--are discussed with regard to incidence, prognosis and therapeutic possibilities. The results of drug treatment, especially for prostatic and non-seminoma testicular cancers, are presented in detail.", "contents": "[Treatment of urogenital neoplasms in males]. The carcinomas of the male genitourinary tract--prostate, testicle, bladder, kidney and penis--are discussed with regard to incidence, prognosis and therapeutic possibilities. The results of drug treatment, especially for prostatic and non-seminoma testicular cancers, are presented in detail.", "PMID": 568306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7948", "title": "[Measurements of blood citrates in neoplasms with bone metastases].", "content": "Blood citrate was measured in 49 patients with cancer, with or without bone metastases, and in 53 normal subjects. It is significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in patients with bone metastases than in normal subjects or patients without bone metastases. In normal subjects, blood citrate is higher in summer than in winter and higher in older people. The theoretical and practical interest of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "[Measurements of blood citrates in neoplasms with bone metastases]. Blood citrate was measured in 49 patients with cancer, with or without bone metastases, and in 53 normal subjects. It is significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in patients with bone metastases than in normal subjects or patients without bone metastases. In normal subjects, blood citrate is higher in summer than in winter and higher in older people. The theoretical and practical interest of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 568307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7949", "title": "[Pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics].", "content": "A case of antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis is presented. Following resection of a carcinoma of the colon, an 81-year old man was treated with clindamycin for 9 days and with epicillin for another 9 days. One week after discontinuation of antibiotics the patient developed progressively severe diarrhea. Death from central pulmonary embolism ensued 10 days after the onset of diarrhea. Autopsy revealed severe pseudomembranous colitis of the entire large intestine. Pseudomembranous colitis is often observed as a complication after the administration of different antibiotics. The Anglo-American literature contains several recent reports of clindamycin-induced pseudomembranous colitis. The etiopathology of this drug-induced disease is still unclear. A possible interpretation is an antibiotic-induced change in the intestinal flora. Recent observations suggest that toxin-producing clostridia are responsible for the pseudomembranous colitis.", "contents": "[Pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics]. A case of antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis is presented. Following resection of a carcinoma of the colon, an 81-year old man was treated with clindamycin for 9 days and with epicillin for another 9 days. One week after discontinuation of antibiotics the patient developed progressively severe diarrhea. Death from central pulmonary embolism ensued 10 days after the onset of diarrhea. Autopsy revealed severe pseudomembranous colitis of the entire large intestine. Pseudomembranous colitis is often observed as a complication after the administration of different antibiotics. The Anglo-American literature contains several recent reports of clindamycin-induced pseudomembranous colitis. The etiopathology of this drug-induced disease is still unclear. A possible interpretation is an antibiotic-induced change in the intestinal flora. Recent observations suggest that toxin-producing clostridia are responsible for the pseudomembranous colitis.", "PMID": 568308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7950", "title": "[Percutaneous splenoportogammagraphy in the study of patients with portal hypertension].", "content": "Percutaneous esplenoportogammagraphy in 28 patients with portal hypertension, was carried out; in three patients studies were done before and after a derivative operation; in nine only after operation for portal hypertension and thirteen patients were not surgically treated. Hepatic maximal opacification was obtained in 4.35 seconds. In the operated patients the tecnesium reached right cardiac chambers in 2.91 seconds. In three of the thirteen patients with the test, there were intrahepatic circulatory pattern changes, average spleen-liver was 6 seconds and spleen-heart, 7 seconds, that is, esplenoportal perfussion was poor. In all the operated patients the decreased circulation time spleen-heart and the typical image showed anastomosis permeability.", "contents": "[Percutaneous splenoportogammagraphy in the study of patients with portal hypertension]. Percutaneous esplenoportogammagraphy in 28 patients with portal hypertension, was carried out; in three patients studies were done before and after a derivative operation; in nine only after operation for portal hypertension and thirteen patients were not surgically treated. Hepatic maximal opacification was obtained in 4.35 seconds. In the operated patients the tecnesium reached right cardiac chambers in 2.91 seconds. In three of the thirteen patients with the test, there were intrahepatic circulatory pattern changes, average spleen-liver was 6 seconds and spleen-heart, 7 seconds, that is, esplenoportal perfussion was poor. In all the operated patients the decreased circulation time spleen-heart and the typical image showed anastomosis permeability.", "PMID": 568303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7951", "title": "Selective inhibition of tubulin synthesis by amiprophos methyl during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Amiprophos methyl (APM) is a strong, readily reversible and highly selective inhibitor of tubulin synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The extensive induction of tubulin synthesis that accompanies flagellar regeneration in this organism is prevented by 3 to 10 micrometerAPM. When applied after induction has begun, APM causes a rapid cessation of tubulin synthesis. Translation studies in vitro indicate that the lack of tubulin production in APM-treated cells is not due to a direct inhibition of tubulin messenger RNA translation but rather to a selective depletion of tubulin messenger RNA.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of tubulin synthesis by amiprophos methyl during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Amiprophos methyl (APM) is a strong, readily reversible and highly selective inhibitor of tubulin synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The extensive induction of tubulin synthesis that accompanies flagellar regeneration in this organism is prevented by 3 to 10 micrometerAPM. When applied after induction has begun, APM causes a rapid cessation of tubulin synthesis. Translation studies in vitro indicate that the lack of tubulin production in APM-treated cells is not due to a direct inhibition of tubulin messenger RNA translation but rather to a selective depletion of tubulin messenger RNA.", "PMID": 568309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7952", "title": "Phagocytosis of light- and dark-adapted rod outer segments by cultured pigment epithelium.", "content": "Pigment epithelial cells in culture retain their ability to phagocytize rod outer segments. These cells phagocytize rod outer segments isolated from light-adapted rats, or from dark-adapted rats killed after the time at which the lights would normally be turned on. However, they phagocytize for fewer rod outer segments prepared in the dark from the retinas of rats killed before the onset of the normal light cycle. Phagocytosis of dark rod outer segments is variable, but that of light outer segments is reproducible. It is postulated that the effect of light is to synchronize the chemical events that occur at the surface of the rods to prepare them for phagocytosis. These processes also occur in the dark, but more slowly and irregularly than in the light.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of light- and dark-adapted rod outer segments by cultured pigment epithelium. Pigment epithelial cells in culture retain their ability to phagocytize rod outer segments. These cells phagocytize rod outer segments isolated from light-adapted rats, or from dark-adapted rats killed after the time at which the lights would normally be turned on. However, they phagocytize for fewer rod outer segments prepared in the dark from the retinas of rats killed before the onset of the normal light cycle. Phagocytosis of dark rod outer segments is variable, but that of light outer segments is reproducible. It is postulated that the effect of light is to synchronize the chemical events that occur at the surface of the rods to prepare them for phagocytosis. These processes also occur in the dark, but more slowly and irregularly than in the light.", "PMID": 568310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7953", "title": "Hamster refractoriness: the role of insensitivity of pineal target tissues.", "content": "Hamsters exposed to short days undergo gonadal collapse followed by recrudescence and insensitivity to the regressive effects of such photoperiods. This refractoriness may be due to exhaustion of the pineal gland or desensitization of its target. Hamsters whose gonads had spontaneously recrudesced were injected with melatonin (25 micrograms per injection) once daily (known to induce regression in intact hamsters) or twice daily (reported to arrest reproduction in pinealectomized hamsters) for 7 weeks. In neither case did refractory hamsters respond to melatonin treatment. The gonads of intact hamsters treated with melatonin for 21 weeks regressed and spontaneously recrudesced along a normal time course. These results indicate that gonadal refractoriness is due to insensitivity of the target tissues of the pineal gland and imply that melantonin participates in photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in the golden hamster.", "contents": "Hamster refractoriness: the role of insensitivity of pineal target tissues. Hamsters exposed to short days undergo gonadal collapse followed by recrudescence and insensitivity to the regressive effects of such photoperiods. This refractoriness may be due to exhaustion of the pineal gland or desensitization of its target. Hamsters whose gonads had spontaneously recrudesced were injected with melatonin (25 micrograms per injection) once daily (known to induce regression in intact hamsters) or twice daily (reported to arrest reproduction in pinealectomized hamsters) for 7 weeks. In neither case did refractory hamsters respond to melatonin treatment. The gonads of intact hamsters treated with melatonin for 21 weeks regressed and spontaneously recrudesced along a normal time course. These results indicate that gonadal refractoriness is due to insensitivity of the target tissues of the pineal gland and imply that melantonin participates in photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in the golden hamster.", "PMID": 568311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7954", "title": "Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA).", "content": "Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) is a synthetic inhibitor of the plasmin-plasminogen system. It is the only potent antifibrinolytic agent which is commercially available in the United States. Effective blood levels of the drug are readily obtainable with either oral or intravenous administration, with very high levels of the drug being found in the urine since the drug is greatly concentrated during excretion. EACA has been used in numerous clinical situations to control bleeding and has been claimed to be an effective agent in subarachnoid hemorrhage, genitourinary bleeding from many causes, and in dental surgery in hemophiliacs. It may also be effective in several less well studied situations such as prophylaxis of bleeding episodes in hemophiliacs, control of menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, obstetrical bleeding and in bleeding following cardiac and thoracic surgery. Major side effects from EACA include hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis, and generation of thrombi. The incidence of thrombotic events secondary to the inhibition of the fibrinolytic system by EACA is unknown, but may be particularly increased in those patients who have some underlying predisposition to develop thrombosis. The potential benefit from the use of EACA must be weighed against the possible serious complications, particularly the development of widespread thrombi.", "contents": "Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA). Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) is a synthetic inhibitor of the plasmin-plasminogen system. It is the only potent antifibrinolytic agent which is commercially available in the United States. Effective blood levels of the drug are readily obtainable with either oral or intravenous administration, with very high levels of the drug being found in the urine since the drug is greatly concentrated during excretion. EACA has been used in numerous clinical situations to control bleeding and has been claimed to be an effective agent in subarachnoid hemorrhage, genitourinary bleeding from many causes, and in dental surgery in hemophiliacs. It may also be effective in several less well studied situations such as prophylaxis of bleeding episodes in hemophiliacs, control of menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, obstetrical bleeding and in bleeding following cardiac and thoracic surgery. Major side effects from EACA include hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis, and generation of thrombi. The incidence of thrombotic events secondary to the inhibition of the fibrinolytic system by EACA is unknown, but may be particularly increased in those patients who have some underlying predisposition to develop thrombosis. The potential benefit from the use of EACA must be weighed against the possible serious complications, particularly the development of widespread thrombi.", "PMID": 568312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7955", "title": "Survey on Anisakid larvae in marine fish from fish markets in Jakarta.", "content": "Anisakid parasites were found in fish commonly sold in the markets of Jakarta. The larvae found were Anisakis type I and Terranova type B. The rate of infection of these two different Anisakid larvae infecting different species of fish was discussed. To date, no human infection has as yet reported in Indonesia. This may be due to the fact that Indonesians do not usually eat raw fish.", "contents": "Survey on Anisakid larvae in marine fish from fish markets in Jakarta. Anisakid parasites were found in fish commonly sold in the markets of Jakarta. The larvae found were Anisakis type I and Terranova type B. The rate of infection of these two different Anisakid larvae infecting different species of fish was discussed. To date, no human infection has as yet reported in Indonesia. This may be due to the fact that Indonesians do not usually eat raw fish.", "PMID": 568316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7956", "title": "Lymph node invasion by Conidiobolus coronatus and its spore formation in vivo.", "content": "Lymph node invasion with presence of conidia, their replicates, germ tubes, condidia with hair-like projections and hyphae have been observed in a case of entomophthoromycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus. This rare occurrence of conidia with hair-like projections that is usually observed in vitro, has been observed in vivo, in the content of an abscess produced by this agent, C. coronatus in the present case. Severe disfigurement and destruction of facial and nasopharyngeal tissues, have also been observed in this case. Response to therapy with oral KI, surgery, combinations of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole and steroids though found useful initially, was ineffective subsequently as the disease progressed over 7 years. Findings of lymphatic invasion and the extensive destruction observed in the present case warrants a guarded prognosis. Free conidial reproduction found in lymph nodes may suggest the possibility of this disease being infectious, requiring an active and vigorous treatment schedule and control measures in this infection.", "contents": "Lymph node invasion by Conidiobolus coronatus and its spore formation in vivo. Lymph node invasion with presence of conidia, their replicates, germ tubes, condidia with hair-like projections and hyphae have been observed in a case of entomophthoromycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus. This rare occurrence of conidia with hair-like projections that is usually observed in vitro, has been observed in vivo, in the content of an abscess produced by this agent, C. coronatus in the present case. Severe disfigurement and destruction of facial and nasopharyngeal tissues, have also been observed in this case. Response to therapy with oral KI, surgery, combinations of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole and steroids though found useful initially, was ineffective subsequently as the disease progressed over 7 years. Findings of lymphatic invasion and the extensive destruction observed in the present case warrants a guarded prognosis. Free conidial reproduction found in lymph nodes may suggest the possibility of this disease being infectious, requiring an active and vigorous treatment schedule and control measures in this infection.", "PMID": 568318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7957", "title": "Experimental infection of athymic nude New Zealand mice, nu nu strain with mycetoma agents.", "content": "Experiments with athymic nude mice \"nu nu\" strain showed grains of Madurella mycetomi as early as 9 days, and they were well developed by 21 days, after inoculation. Grains were similar to those of humans, in pigment production and tissue reaction.", "contents": "Experimental infection of athymic nude New Zealand mice, nu nu strain with mycetoma agents. Experiments with athymic nude mice \"nu nu\" strain showed grains of Madurella mycetomi as early as 9 days, and they were well developed by 21 days, after inoculation. Grains were similar to those of humans, in pigment production and tissue reaction.", "PMID": 568319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7958", "title": "Cerebral cystic hemangioblastoma.", "content": "A 26-year-old man having a large left frontal lobe cystic mass due to a 1.5 cm capillary hemangioblastoma acting as a mural nodule is presented. The cerebral topographical location of hemangioblastoma is rare and the reported cases are summarized and analyzed. The distinction between hemangioblastoma and angioblastic meningioma is emphasized by the occurrence of a cystic capillary hemangioblastoma in the cerebrum.", "contents": "Cerebral cystic hemangioblastoma. A 26-year-old man having a large left frontal lobe cystic mass due to a 1.5 cm capillary hemangioblastoma acting as a mural nodule is presented. The cerebral topographical location of hemangioblastoma is rare and the reported cases are summarized and analyzed. The distinction between hemangioblastoma and angioblastic meningioma is emphasized by the occurrence of a cystic capillary hemangioblastoma in the cerebrum.", "PMID": 568321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7959", "title": "Determination of soluble fibrin monomer complexes by adsorption on immobilized fibrinogen.", "content": "Determination of fibrin in plasma, also containing fibrinogen, is possible by selective absorption on affinity columns prepared from highly purified fibrinogen. Desorption is complete using 1.0 M potassium bromide, pH 5.3. In addition, the cold-insoluble globulin is desorbed. Therefore, the eluate is checked on microtiter plates by the staphylococcal clumping test which selectively detects fibrin or fibrinogen. The procedure works well with simple laboratory equipment. The diagnosis of fibrinogen-fibrin complexes is demonstrated in some pathological plasmas.", "contents": "Determination of soluble fibrin monomer complexes by adsorption on immobilized fibrinogen. Determination of fibrin in plasma, also containing fibrinogen, is possible by selective absorption on affinity columns prepared from highly purified fibrinogen. Desorption is complete using 1.0 M potassium bromide, pH 5.3. In addition, the cold-insoluble globulin is desorbed. Therefore, the eluate is checked on microtiter plates by the staphylococcal clumping test which selectively detects fibrin or fibrinogen. The procedure works well with simple laboratory equipment. The diagnosis of fibrinogen-fibrin complexes is demonstrated in some pathological plasmas.", "PMID": 568324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7960", "title": "Pseudohyperparathyroidism associated with perirectal adenocarcinomas in elderly female dogs.", "content": "In 8 elderly female dogs a syndrome of hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia was found in association with a perirectal adenocarcinoma. Following removal of the tumour the hypercalcaemia resolved within two days in four of the five operated animals.", "contents": "Pseudohyperparathyroidism associated with perirectal adenocarcinomas in elderly female dogs. In 8 elderly female dogs a syndrome of hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia was found in association with a perirectal adenocarcinoma. Following removal of the tumour the hypercalcaemia resolved within two days in four of the five operated animals.", "PMID": 568325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7961", "title": "Cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole in cultured heart cells.", "content": "Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at concentrations of 100 ppm (0.45 and 0.55 mM, respectively) produced a marked leakage of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from cultured myocardial and endotheloid cells into the culture medium. At this concentration both BHT and BHA markedly depressed the beating rate of cultured heart cells with maximum inhibition occurring within 1 h after antioxidant exposure. Morphologically the appearance of cells in the presence of 100 ppm BHT and BHA was similar to the appearance of control cells. However, when BHT and BHA concentrations were increased to 1000 ppm (4.5 and 5.5 mM, respectively), marked cell lysis was seen after a 1 h exposure period. The results of this study suggest that both BHT and BHA, in relatively large concentrations, produce injury to myocardial cells in culture.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole in cultured heart cells. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at concentrations of 100 ppm (0.45 and 0.55 mM, respectively) produced a marked leakage of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from cultured myocardial and endotheloid cells into the culture medium. At this concentration both BHT and BHA markedly depressed the beating rate of cultured heart cells with maximum inhibition occurring within 1 h after antioxidant exposure. Morphologically the appearance of cells in the presence of 100 ppm BHT and BHA was similar to the appearance of control cells. However, when BHT and BHA concentrations were increased to 1000 ppm (4.5 and 5.5 mM, respectively), marked cell lysis was seen after a 1 h exposure period. The results of this study suggest that both BHT and BHA, in relatively large concentrations, produce injury to myocardial cells in culture.", "PMID": 568327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7962", "title": "Rift Valley Fever virus infections in Egypt: Pathological and virological findings in man.", "content": "Ten strains of Rift Valley Fever virus were isolated from serum samples from acute human cases collected during an epidemic of undifferentiated febrile illness. Post-mortem samples were obtained from two fatal infections. Severe liver necrosis, interstitial pneumonia and myocardial degeneration were seen. Rift Valley Fever virus was isolated from post-mortem samples of liver, cerebro-spinal, pericardial and pleural fluid and from a throat swab. The virus was also isolated from nasopharyngeal washings suggesting that direct transmission from man to man may be possible.", "contents": "Rift Valley Fever virus infections in Egypt: Pathological and virological findings in man. Ten strains of Rift Valley Fever virus were isolated from serum samples from acute human cases collected during an epidemic of undifferentiated febrile illness. Post-mortem samples were obtained from two fatal infections. Severe liver necrosis, interstitial pneumonia and myocardial degeneration were seen. Rift Valley Fever virus was isolated from post-mortem samples of liver, cerebro-spinal, pericardial and pleural fluid and from a throat swab. The virus was also isolated from nasopharyngeal washings suggesting that direct transmission from man to man may be possible.", "PMID": 568328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7963", "title": "Bladder neck hypertrophy and wide bladder neck anomaly (WBNA).", "content": "The urodynamic findings of 247 patients with a neurogenic bladder dysfunction were analyzed to evaluate factors which influence the X-ray picture of the bladder neck and urethra. Patients were classified according to the classification of Bors and Commarr, additionally different types of reflex detrusor activity could be differentiated in cases suffering from a supranuclear lesion. As the micturition cystourethrography of female patients with a supranuclear lesion looks similar to the X-ray picture of young girls with a WBNA a second analysis was made to compare the urodynamics of both groups. It is to note that in supranuclear lesions detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and the type of reflex detrusor activity mainly form the shape of the posterior urethra, neither the duration of the lesion nor the level of spinal cord injury have any influence.", "contents": "Bladder neck hypertrophy and wide bladder neck anomaly (WBNA). The urodynamic findings of 247 patients with a neurogenic bladder dysfunction were analyzed to evaluate factors which influence the X-ray picture of the bladder neck and urethra. Patients were classified according to the classification of Bors and Commarr, additionally different types of reflex detrusor activity could be differentiated in cases suffering from a supranuclear lesion. As the micturition cystourethrography of female patients with a supranuclear lesion looks similar to the X-ray picture of young girls with a WBNA a second analysis was made to compare the urodynamics of both groups. It is to note that in supranuclear lesions detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and the type of reflex detrusor activity mainly form the shape of the posterior urethra, neither the duration of the lesion nor the level of spinal cord injury have any influence.", "PMID": 568335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7964", "title": "Study of threee urethral pressure recording devices: theoretical considerations.", "content": "Using a bladder-urethra model, 2 perfusion catheters (open side and open tip) were compared to the balloon catheter. The most accurate results were obtained using the balloon catheter. Based on the law of continuity and Bernouilli's law, the disadvantage of the open side catheter is due to the inconstant diameter of the sum of the side holes. Therefore, the measured pressure is not necessarily identical to the real pressure. The open tip catheter measures the opening pressure and the recorded pressure does not necessarily reflect the pressure at the site of the tip hole. The balloon catheter has elastic and plastic characteristics. Optimum results were obtained only with prestretch of the balloon and with calibration before and after each study. This catheter was the most complicated, but produced the best results and gave rise to the least irritation.", "contents": "Study of threee urethral pressure recording devices: theoretical considerations. Using a bladder-urethra model, 2 perfusion catheters (open side and open tip) were compared to the balloon catheter. The most accurate results were obtained using the balloon catheter. Based on the law of continuity and Bernouilli's law, the disadvantage of the open side catheter is due to the inconstant diameter of the sum of the side holes. Therefore, the measured pressure is not necessarily identical to the real pressure. The open tip catheter measures the opening pressure and the recorded pressure does not necessarily reflect the pressure at the site of the tip hole. The balloon catheter has elastic and plastic characteristics. Optimum results were obtained only with prestretch of the balloon and with calibration before and after each study. This catheter was the most complicated, but produced the best results and gave rise to the least irritation.", "PMID": 568336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7965", "title": "Urethral closure pressure with stress--a comparison between stress-incontinent and continent women.", "content": "Stress incontinence has been said to occur as a consequence of a low urethral pressure and defective pressure transmission from the abdomen to the urethra due to descent of the bladder neck area. Equipment suitable for dynamic pressure measurements has been used to analyse the losses of urethral pressure that lead to incontinence. The pressure transmission from abdomen to urethra was found to be incomplete in both continent and stress-incontinent women. There was also significant loss of smooth muscle tone in the urethral wall after repeated straining, leading to a still narrower margin between the urethral pressure and the leakage treshold in both continent and stress-incontinent women. The main factor determining the degree of continence or incontinence seemed to be the urethral closure pressure at rest . As long as this pressure is sufficiently high, leakage during sudden stress will not occur.", "contents": "Urethral closure pressure with stress--a comparison between stress-incontinent and continent women. Stress incontinence has been said to occur as a consequence of a low urethral pressure and defective pressure transmission from the abdomen to the urethra due to descent of the bladder neck area. Equipment suitable for dynamic pressure measurements has been used to analyse the losses of urethral pressure that lead to incontinence. The pressure transmission from abdomen to urethra was found to be incomplete in both continent and stress-incontinent women. There was also significant loss of smooth muscle tone in the urethral wall after repeated straining, leading to a still narrower margin between the urethral pressure and the leakage treshold in both continent and stress-incontinent women. The main factor determining the degree of continence or incontinence seemed to be the urethral closure pressure at rest . As long as this pressure is sufficiently high, leakage during sudden stress will not occur.", "PMID": 568337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7966", "title": "Pressure transmission to the pre-urethral space in stress incontinence.", "content": "Pressure transmission from the abdomen to the pre-urethral space has been studied in stress- incontinent women and in some women following pubococcygeal repair for stress incontinence. Pressure was recorded at different levels of the pre-urethral space and simultaneously in the bladder. Simultaneous measurements inside and outside the urethra at different levels above the external urethral meatus showed that an intra-abdominal pressure rise was transmitted via the pre-urethral space to the urethra. Pressure was transmitted almost in full to the surroundings of the lower-most part of the bladder, but outside the functional urethra, transmission was successively more defective along the urethra towards the external meatus. Therefore, a short functional length and a distal maximal pressure plateau in the urethra, as in stress incontinence, is a disadvantage. Pressure losses amount to 1/3 or more. Pressure transmission could be improved to \"supranormal\" values by establishing firm support for the urethra, thereby allowing a minimum of rotational descent with stress and providing good counterpressure.", "contents": "Pressure transmission to the pre-urethral space in stress incontinence. Pressure transmission from the abdomen to the pre-urethral space has been studied in stress- incontinent women and in some women following pubococcygeal repair for stress incontinence. Pressure was recorded at different levels of the pre-urethral space and simultaneously in the bladder. Simultaneous measurements inside and outside the urethra at different levels above the external urethral meatus showed that an intra-abdominal pressure rise was transmitted via the pre-urethral space to the urethra. Pressure was transmitted almost in full to the surroundings of the lower-most part of the bladder, but outside the functional urethra, transmission was successively more defective along the urethra towards the external meatus. Therefore, a short functional length and a distal maximal pressure plateau in the urethra, as in stress incontinence, is a disadvantage. Pressure losses amount to 1/3 or more. Pressure transmission could be improved to \"supranormal\" values by establishing firm support for the urethra, thereby allowing a minimum of rotational descent with stress and providing good counterpressure.", "PMID": 568338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7967", "title": "Internal urethrotomy of urethral stricture under vision--a five-year report.", "content": "This report deals with experience with the method of transurethral incision of urethral strictures under vision in 547 patients involving 662 internal urethrotomies between Nov. 1972 and Aug. 1977. Follow-up examinations showed good results in 79, 3% of the patients. Transurethral incision of urethral strictures can be recommended as the method of choice for the treatment of urethral strictures.", "contents": "Internal urethrotomy of urethral stricture under vision--a five-year report. This report deals with experience with the method of transurethral incision of urethral strictures under vision in 547 patients involving 662 internal urethrotomies between Nov. 1972 and Aug. 1977. Follow-up examinations showed good results in 79, 3% of the patients. Transurethral incision of urethral strictures can be recommended as the method of choice for the treatment of urethral strictures.", "PMID": 568339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7968", "title": "[Ureter malformations and renal dysplasia--an embryological concept (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was made of 32 cases of single ectopic ureters (without duplication) to assess the abnormalities observed in the corresponding renal parenchyma and to correlate renal status with location of the ectopic uretic opening. Specimens were obtained from 26 nephrectomies and renal dysplasia was found in 22 cases. There was a close relationship between renal anomalies and location of the ureteric opening. The more remote the ectopic orifice from its normal position, the more severe were the associated renal lesions. Dysplasia was always present when the ectopic ureter opened outside the urinary tract (vagina, Gartner's duct, vestibule, seminal tract). Am embryological concept is proposed to explain the association of renal dysplasia with abnormal location of the ureter opening. It is based on the abnormal--premature or late--appearance of the ureteral bud on the Wolffian duct resulting in the abnormal positioning of the bud on the Wolffian duct with the ureter growing into nephrogenic tissue lacking the potential for normal renal development and leading to renal dysplasia.", "contents": "[Ureter malformations and renal dysplasia--an embryological concept (author's transl)]. A study was made of 32 cases of single ectopic ureters (without duplication) to assess the abnormalities observed in the corresponding renal parenchyma and to correlate renal status with location of the ectopic uretic opening. Specimens were obtained from 26 nephrectomies and renal dysplasia was found in 22 cases. There was a close relationship between renal anomalies and location of the ureteric opening. The more remote the ectopic orifice from its normal position, the more severe were the associated renal lesions. Dysplasia was always present when the ectopic ureter opened outside the urinary tract (vagina, Gartner's duct, vestibule, seminal tract). Am embryological concept is proposed to explain the association of renal dysplasia with abnormal location of the ureter opening. It is based on the abnormal--premature or late--appearance of the ureteral bud on the Wolffian duct resulting in the abnormal positioning of the bud on the Wolffian duct with the ureter growing into nephrogenic tissue lacking the potential for normal renal development and leading to renal dysplasia.", "PMID": 568340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7969", "title": "Ineffectiveness of treatment of urethral syndrome in women.", "content": "Four hundred ninety-eight episodes of 150 women with female urethral syndrome (lower urinary tract symptoms without definite objective findings) were evaluated. Internal urethrotomy appeared less effective than cystoscopy and dilation. Office dilation with larger sounds appeared less effective than a 16 F sound. Antibacterials and anticholinergics showed no clear evidence of effectiveness.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of treatment of urethral syndrome in women. Four hundred ninety-eight episodes of 150 women with female urethral syndrome (lower urinary tract symptoms without definite objective findings) were evaluated. Internal urethrotomy appeared less effective than cystoscopy and dilation. Office dilation with larger sounds appeared less effective than a 16 F sound. Antibacterials and anticholinergics showed no clear evidence of effectiveness.", "PMID": 568343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7970", "title": "Time to onset of oestrus after the injection of heifers with cloprostenol.", "content": "When two injections of 500 microgram cloprostenol are given 11 days apart to unselected cycling heifers the onset of oestrus behaviour is significantly earlier, and more compact, after the second injection than after the first. The time from treatment to the onset of oestrus following this second injection was not significantly different from that obtaining in animals given a single injection on day 8 of the oestrous cycle. It is suggested that the more precise onset of oestrus after the second of two cloprostenol injections is due to the majority of animals being at a comparable stage of the oestrous cycle when the treatment is given. The earlier oestrus after two cloprostenol injections may be due to the greater number of heifers at days 7, 8 and 9 of the oestrous cycle at the time the second injection is given.", "contents": "Time to onset of oestrus after the injection of heifers with cloprostenol. When two injections of 500 microgram cloprostenol are given 11 days apart to unselected cycling heifers the onset of oestrus behaviour is significantly earlier, and more compact, after the second injection than after the first. The time from treatment to the onset of oestrus following this second injection was not significantly different from that obtaining in animals given a single injection on day 8 of the oestrous cycle. It is suggested that the more precise onset of oestrus after the second of two cloprostenol injections is due to the majority of animals being at a comparable stage of the oestrous cycle when the treatment is given. The earlier oestrus after two cloprostenol injections may be due to the greater number of heifers at days 7, 8 and 9 of the oestrous cycle at the time the second injection is given.", "PMID": 568346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7971", "title": "[Organochlorine pesticide residues in the eggs from poultry raising farms].", "content": "A gas chromatography method was employed to investigate the residual amounts of chlororganic pesticides in a total of 37 average batch samples of eggs taken from 18 large poultry farms. More than two thirds (from 70.3 to 75.6 per cent) of the samples were shown to be free of p'p' DDE, p'p' DDT, and dieldrin, and more than one third (from 35.1 to 43.2 per cent)--of alfa and gamma hexachloran, heptachlor and heptachlorepoxide. In 88,4 per cent of the samples there were found residues of p'p' TDE (up to 0.061 ppm). The egg content showed trace amounts of DDT and metabolites--0.025 ppm, alfa and gamma hexacloran--0.016 ppm, heptachlor--0.006 ppm, heptachlorepoxide--0.01 ppm, and dieldrin--0.002 ppm. These amounts were much lower than the tolerance evaluations postulated by FAO/OMS and those accepted in other countries.", "contents": "[Organochlorine pesticide residues in the eggs from poultry raising farms]. A gas chromatography method was employed to investigate the residual amounts of chlororganic pesticides in a total of 37 average batch samples of eggs taken from 18 large poultry farms. More than two thirds (from 70.3 to 75.6 per cent) of the samples were shown to be free of p'p' DDE, p'p' DDT, and dieldrin, and more than one third (from 35.1 to 43.2 per cent)--of alfa and gamma hexachloran, heptachlor and heptachlorepoxide. In 88,4 per cent of the samples there were found residues of p'p' TDE (up to 0.061 ppm). The egg content showed trace amounts of DDT and metabolites--0.025 ppm, alfa and gamma hexacloran--0.016 ppm, heptachlor--0.006 ppm, heptachlorepoxide--0.01 ppm, and dieldrin--0.002 ppm. These amounts were much lower than the tolerance evaluations postulated by FAO/OMS and those accepted in other countries.", "PMID": 568349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7972", "title": "[Effect of the removal of an induced tumor on the immunological reactivity of mice].", "content": "An extensive surgical intervention in removing a tumor-bearing limb induce in mice an enhancement of immunosuppression state, developed in the process of carcinogenesis. Rehabilitation of the immunocompetence in such mice proceeds in a more active way than in the control animals, subjected to the analogous amputation of the extremity.", "contents": "[Effect of the removal of an induced tumor on the immunological reactivity of mice]. An extensive surgical intervention in removing a tumor-bearing limb induce in mice an enhancement of immunosuppression state, developed in the process of carcinogenesis. Rehabilitation of the immunocompetence in such mice proceeds in a more active way than in the control animals, subjected to the analogous amputation of the extremity.", "PMID": 568353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7973", "title": "[Supplement of the diet of malnourished geriatric patients with essential amino acids (author's transl)].", "content": "A significant improvement in the protein metabolism of twelve malnourished geriatric patients was achieved during a three-week daily supplement of the hospital diet with 9 g essential amino acids (8 classic essential amino acids plus histidine). This was especially evident in the doubled serum concentration of pre-albumin and retinol-binding-protein which may be regarded as highly sensitive parameters of protein metabolism. There was a significant increase of total protein and hemoglobin into the lowest normal range. The immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM, however, remained unchanged for the entire observation period.", "contents": "[Supplement of the diet of malnourished geriatric patients with essential amino acids (author's transl)]. A significant improvement in the protein metabolism of twelve malnourished geriatric patients was achieved during a three-week daily supplement of the hospital diet with 9 g essential amino acids (8 classic essential amino acids plus histidine). This was especially evident in the doubled serum concentration of pre-albumin and retinol-binding-protein which may be regarded as highly sensitive parameters of protein metabolism. There was a significant increase of total protein and hemoglobin into the lowest normal range. The immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM, however, remained unchanged for the entire observation period.", "PMID": 568357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7974", "title": "[The potassium content of mushrooms (author's transl)].", "content": "The potassium content of 410 species (1075 samples) of wild mushrooms ranged between 1.5 and 117g/kg dry wt. It was dependent on species and genus, and on the average was highest in Coprinaceae and lowest in Polyporaceae. A positive correlation was observed between potassium and water content; consequently, the potassium content of the wet wt. showed less variation: it ranged between 0.6 and 14.6 g/kg. In the solid matter of single fruit-bodies (11 species) potassium was distributed as follows: flesh of the cap greater than stem greater than gills or tubes greater than spores. The flesh of the cap contained maximally 1.8 times the potassium of the gills. But due to a correspondingly higher water content, significant potassium differences between fresh weights of these parts of fruit-bodies were uncommon. Potassium was concentrated 20--40-fold in fruit-bodies as compared with the soil.--According to our results mushrooms rank among the most potassium-rich vegetables, appropriate for consideration in diets in chronic potassium deficiency. On the other hand, toxic effects must be considered, especially in cases of renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[The potassium content of mushrooms (author's transl)]. The potassium content of 410 species (1075 samples) of wild mushrooms ranged between 1.5 and 117g/kg dry wt. It was dependent on species and genus, and on the average was highest in Coprinaceae and lowest in Polyporaceae. A positive correlation was observed between potassium and water content; consequently, the potassium content of the wet wt. showed less variation: it ranged between 0.6 and 14.6 g/kg. In the solid matter of single fruit-bodies (11 species) potassium was distributed as follows: flesh of the cap greater than stem greater than gills or tubes greater than spores. The flesh of the cap contained maximally 1.8 times the potassium of the gills. But due to a correspondingly higher water content, significant potassium differences between fresh weights of these parts of fruit-bodies were uncommon. Potassium was concentrated 20--40-fold in fruit-bodies as compared with the soil.--According to our results mushrooms rank among the most potassium-rich vegetables, appropriate for consideration in diets in chronic potassium deficiency. On the other hand, toxic effects must be considered, especially in cases of renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 568364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7975", "title": "[Disturbance due to traffic noise at night].", "content": "In order to obtain bases for the establishment of threshold values in the new environmental law, a random sample survey with 1600 persons in urban and rural areas has been made on the degree of disturbance by street traffic noice in the night.", "contents": "[Disturbance due to traffic noise at night]. In order to obtain bases for the establishment of threshold values in the new environmental law, a random sample survey with 1600 persons in urban and rural areas has been made on the degree of disturbance by street traffic noice in the night.", "PMID": 568365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7976", "title": "In vitro effect of alpha, beta-unsaturated sulphones of the 5-nitrofuran series on the incorporation of C-labelled precursors into Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells.", "content": "The effect of new 5-nitrofuran (5NF) derivatives on the incorporation of 14C precursors of nucleic acids and protein synthesis into Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vitro has been studied. Of the 32 substances that were tested, 22 markedly inhibited the incorporation of adenine, L-valine, uridine and thymidine. The 5NF derivatives influenced the synthesis of nucleic acids in vitro and the proliferation of EAC cells. The effect of the derivatives depends on the nature and position of the substituents as well as on the spatial arrangement of the whole molecule. Some of the evaluated derivatives showed a weak virostatic effect and induced lysogenicity in E. coli C 600. As most of the tested 5NF inhibited E. coli(rec-) mutants, it can be concluded that the (rec-) gene evidently takes part in the repair of their damage.", "contents": "In vitro effect of alpha, beta-unsaturated sulphones of the 5-nitrofuran series on the incorporation of C-labelled precursors into Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells. The effect of new 5-nitrofuran (5NF) derivatives on the incorporation of 14C precursors of nucleic acids and protein synthesis into Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vitro has been studied. Of the 32 substances that were tested, 22 markedly inhibited the incorporation of adenine, L-valine, uridine and thymidine. The 5NF derivatives influenced the synthesis of nucleic acids in vitro and the proliferation of EAC cells. The effect of the derivatives depends on the nature and position of the substituents as well as on the spatial arrangement of the whole molecule. Some of the evaluated derivatives showed a weak virostatic effect and induced lysogenicity in E. coli C 600. As most of the tested 5NF inhibited E. coli(rec-) mutants, it can be concluded that the (rec-) gene evidently takes part in the repair of their damage.", "PMID": 568367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7977", "title": "[Involvement of thalamic nuclei in the formation of conditional avoidance reflexes in rats. II. Lesions of the midline nuclei].", "content": "Lesions of the habenular-paraventricularis-anterior complex of the thalamus caused a total impairment of conditioned avoidance response of hooded rats (Long-Evans-strain) in a jumping test, but not in a simple runway. The change of stereotyped avoidance reactions could be attained very slowly. Running speed was lower and the number of errors much higher using an alternation schedule. Lesions of the nucleus centralis medialis and partly of its surrounding caused less deficits. From the results may be suggested that regulatory interactions between general behavioural activation originating from the brain stem, motivational processes and the analyzer systems are disrupted.", "contents": "[Involvement of thalamic nuclei in the formation of conditional avoidance reflexes in rats. II. Lesions of the midline nuclei]. Lesions of the habenular-paraventricularis-anterior complex of the thalamus caused a total impairment of conditioned avoidance response of hooded rats (Long-Evans-strain) in a jumping test, but not in a simple runway. The change of stereotyped avoidance reactions could be attained very slowly. Running speed was lower and the number of errors much higher using an alternation schedule. Lesions of the nucleus centralis medialis and partly of its surrounding caused less deficits. From the results may be suggested that regulatory interactions between general behavioural activation originating from the brain stem, motivational processes and the analyzer systems are disrupted.", "PMID": 568368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7978", "title": "Effects of medial hypothalamic deafferentation on prolactin secretion in pseudopregnant rats.", "content": "Frontal hypothalamic deafferentation (FHD), which disconnects the anterior hypothalamus from the preoptic area, stops the twice daily surges of prolactin secretion of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy in the rat, and causes rapid luteolysis. Medial hypothalamic deafferentation (MHD), which separates the anterior from the posterior half of the hypothalamus, does not interrupt pregnancy and causes a significant increase in the size of the corpora lutea. To see whether MHD induces an increase in the basal level of prolactin secretion and/or a change in the pattern of prolactin surges, pseudopregnant rats were subjected to MHD or a sham operation on day 3 (day 1 = day of oestrus) and their bloods assayed for prolactin on either day 5 or days 7--8. MHD caused a specific disappearance of the day-time prolactin surge and a diminution in the height of the night-time surge, but no change from the controls in the basal prolactin level. In spite of what thus appears to be a lesser secretion of prolactin than in the controls, the corpora lutea of the MHD rats were larger, and progesterone was secreted at a higher rate and for a longer time, than in the controls. The relation of these findings to the existence of a \"surge centre\" in the hypothalamus was discussed.", "contents": "Effects of medial hypothalamic deafferentation on prolactin secretion in pseudopregnant rats. Frontal hypothalamic deafferentation (FHD), which disconnects the anterior hypothalamus from the preoptic area, stops the twice daily surges of prolactin secretion of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy in the rat, and causes rapid luteolysis. Medial hypothalamic deafferentation (MHD), which separates the anterior from the posterior half of the hypothalamus, does not interrupt pregnancy and causes a significant increase in the size of the corpora lutea. To see whether MHD induces an increase in the basal level of prolactin secretion and/or a change in the pattern of prolactin surges, pseudopregnant rats were subjected to MHD or a sham operation on day 3 (day 1 = day of oestrus) and their bloods assayed for prolactin on either day 5 or days 7--8. MHD caused a specific disappearance of the day-time prolactin surge and a diminution in the height of the night-time surge, but no change from the controls in the basal prolactin level. In spite of what thus appears to be a lesser secretion of prolactin than in the controls, the corpora lutea of the MHD rats were larger, and progesterone was secreted at a higher rate and for a longer time, than in the controls. The relation of these findings to the existence of a \"surge centre\" in the hypothalamus was discussed.", "PMID": 568370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7979", "title": "Action of testosterone propionate on the gonadotrophic function of the pituitary gland in the cyclic female rat.", "content": "Four-day cyclic female rats were injected with 5 mg testosterone propionate (TP) at dioestrus II at 10.00. A blockade of ovulation was observed on the morning of oestrus in most of these animals. No LH surge occurred in the afternoon of pro-oestrus. By contrast the size of follicles exceeding 400 micrometer in diameter did not differ in the afternoon of pro-oestrus in TP-treated and control females. Moreover both the number of follicles and the blood FSH concentration appeared to be higher at 14.00 on pro-oestrus in TP-treated than in control females. The effects of TP in vivo are thus in agreement with the observations which showed that TP caused a blockade of LH release and the maintenance of FSH release in vitro.", "contents": "Action of testosterone propionate on the gonadotrophic function of the pituitary gland in the cyclic female rat. Four-day cyclic female rats were injected with 5 mg testosterone propionate (TP) at dioestrus II at 10.00. A blockade of ovulation was observed on the morning of oestrus in most of these animals. No LH surge occurred in the afternoon of pro-oestrus. By contrast the size of follicles exceeding 400 micrometer in diameter did not differ in the afternoon of pro-oestrus in TP-treated and control females. Moreover both the number of follicles and the blood FSH concentration appeared to be higher at 14.00 on pro-oestrus in TP-treated than in control females. The effects of TP in vivo are thus in agreement with the observations which showed that TP caused a blockade of LH release and the maintenance of FSH release in vitro.", "PMID": 568371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7980", "title": "The effects of cytochalasin B and colchicine on cell motility and ultrastructure in primary cultures of malignant gliomas.", "content": "Primary tissue cultures of human gliomas were treated with cytochalasin B (0.5--60 microgram/ml for 90 min). Cell motility was inhibited irreversibly in glial tumour cells, but the effect was reversible on the mesenchymal cells growing in culture in the lower dose range. Cell adhesion was considerably reduced as the dose was increased, as was the capacity for cells to spread on a surface from suspension. Low concentrations of cytochalasin B caused negligible cell death and little disruption of cell ultrastructure. However, increases in dose were accompanied by a greater predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum and inclusions and aggregation of microfilament bundles. As seen by scanning electron microscopy, cytochalasin B caused the withdrawal of peripheral cell borders, disappearance of ruffles and the breakdown of cytoplasmic lamellae. Charateristic surface blebs and folds appeared in their place. By comparison, colchicine (1--10 microgram/ml) caused a less marked and non-specific reversible reduction in cell motility on both glial and mesenchymal cells. No significant change in cell adhesion or spreading took place even at high doses, although at all concentrations gross disruption of the cell surface took place with changes in ultrastructure characterised by loss of cytoplasmic microtubules and aggregation of 10 nm filaments.", "contents": "The effects of cytochalasin B and colchicine on cell motility and ultrastructure in primary cultures of malignant gliomas. Primary tissue cultures of human gliomas were treated with cytochalasin B (0.5--60 microgram/ml for 90 min). Cell motility was inhibited irreversibly in glial tumour cells, but the effect was reversible on the mesenchymal cells growing in culture in the lower dose range. Cell adhesion was considerably reduced as the dose was increased, as was the capacity for cells to spread on a surface from suspension. Low concentrations of cytochalasin B caused negligible cell death and little disruption of cell ultrastructure. However, increases in dose were accompanied by a greater predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum and inclusions and aggregation of microfilament bundles. As seen by scanning electron microscopy, cytochalasin B caused the withdrawal of peripheral cell borders, disappearance of ruffles and the breakdown of cytoplasmic lamellae. Charateristic surface blebs and folds appeared in their place. By comparison, colchicine (1--10 microgram/ml) caused a less marked and non-specific reversible reduction in cell motility on both glial and mesenchymal cells. No significant change in cell adhesion or spreading took place even at high doses, although at all concentrations gross disruption of the cell surface took place with changes in ultrastructure characterised by loss of cytoplasmic microtubules and aggregation of 10 nm filaments.", "PMID": 568372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7981", "title": "Changes in the sensitivity of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens and in the striatum induced by chronic ethanol administration.", "content": "Rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were maintained on ad libitum food and a forced-intake regimen of ethanol for up to 270 days. Bilateral application of dapamine (DA) into the nucleus accumbens of both chronic ethanol rats and rats undergoing withdrawal produced a pronounced increase in coordinated locomotor activity which was 8--10 times higher than that of untreated water control rats. This phenomenon was first observed after 5 months of ethanol treatment and lasted for about 4 weeks after cessation of the treatment. It is concluded that prolonged ethanol administration produces an increased sensitivity of the DA-receptors in the nucleus accumbens and further supports the contention that central catecholamine mechanisms are involved in the mediation of the withdrawal syndrome observed after chronic treatment with ethanol.", "contents": "Changes in the sensitivity of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens and in the striatum induced by chronic ethanol administration. Rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were maintained on ad libitum food and a forced-intake regimen of ethanol for up to 270 days. Bilateral application of dapamine (DA) into the nucleus accumbens of both chronic ethanol rats and rats undergoing withdrawal produced a pronounced increase in coordinated locomotor activity which was 8--10 times higher than that of untreated water control rats. This phenomenon was first observed after 5 months of ethanol treatment and lasted for about 4 weeks after cessation of the treatment. It is concluded that prolonged ethanol administration produces an increased sensitivity of the DA-receptors in the nucleus accumbens and further supports the contention that central catecholamine mechanisms are involved in the mediation of the withdrawal syndrome observed after chronic treatment with ethanol.", "PMID": 568374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7982", "title": "The influence of ethanol pretreatment on the effects of nine hepatotoxic agents.", "content": "The hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride (0.01 ml/kg i.p.), thioacetamide (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally), paracetamol (0.5 g/kg intraperitoneally), and allyl alcohol (0.05 ml/kg intraperitoneally) as estimated by determination of serum enzyme activities (GOT, GPT, SDH) were enhanced in mice treated with one oral dose of 4.8 g/kg ethanol 16 hrs. previously. Pretreatment of mice with ethanol did not increase the hepatotoxic actions of bromobenzene (0.25 ml/kg intraperitoneally), phalloidin (1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally), alpha-amanitin (0.75 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and praseodymium (12 mg/kg intravenously) though there was a trend to higher enzyme activities in the case of bromobenzene. In guinea-pigs ethanol also aggravated CCl4-induced liver damage, but only strengthened the hepatotoxic activity of D-galactosamine (150 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Treatment with 4.8 g/kg ethanol did not influence liver glutathione levels in mice but increased aniline hydroxylation in the 9000 x g liver homogenate supernatant of mice and guinea-pigs. A dose of 2.4 g/kg ethanol, on the other hand, neither increased aniline hydroxylase activity nor enhanced carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. It is assumed that the enhanced sensitivity to hepatotoxic agents after treatment with ethanol may be due to an enhanced microsomal activation of these substances.", "contents": "The influence of ethanol pretreatment on the effects of nine hepatotoxic agents. The hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride (0.01 ml/kg i.p.), thioacetamide (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally), paracetamol (0.5 g/kg intraperitoneally), and allyl alcohol (0.05 ml/kg intraperitoneally) as estimated by determination of serum enzyme activities (GOT, GPT, SDH) were enhanced in mice treated with one oral dose of 4.8 g/kg ethanol 16 hrs. previously. Pretreatment of mice with ethanol did not increase the hepatotoxic actions of bromobenzene (0.25 ml/kg intraperitoneally), phalloidin (1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally), alpha-amanitin (0.75 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and praseodymium (12 mg/kg intravenously) though there was a trend to higher enzyme activities in the case of bromobenzene. In guinea-pigs ethanol also aggravated CCl4-induced liver damage, but only strengthened the hepatotoxic activity of D-galactosamine (150 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Treatment with 4.8 g/kg ethanol did not influence liver glutathione levels in mice but increased aniline hydroxylation in the 9000 x g liver homogenate supernatant of mice and guinea-pigs. A dose of 2.4 g/kg ethanol, on the other hand, neither increased aniline hydroxylase activity nor enhanced carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. It is assumed that the enhanced sensitivity to hepatotoxic agents after treatment with ethanol may be due to an enhanced microsomal activation of these substances.", "PMID": 568375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7983", "title": "The ultrastructure of the basilar membrane in the cat.", "content": "A detailed study of the feline basilar membrane was performed in 13 cochleae with light microscopy and in six with electron microscopy. The distribution of the mesothelial cells and homogeneous ground substance with the filaments was recorded and plotted as a function of length along the cochlear duct. The width, thickness and number of filaments were also measured. In the lower basal turn the basilar membrane was narrowest and its entire thickness was occupied by filaments. In the apical region the width was maximal and the filaments were fewer. The density of the filaments counted in the bundles showed no significant difference along the cochlear duct or across the width of the basilar membrane, but the number of filaments decreased markedly (approximately a ten-fold difference) from base to apex. The number of mesothelial cells increased towards the apex. These morphological characteristics may be related to the different motion pattern of the basilar membrane along the length of the cochlear duct. A discontinuity of the basement membrane was noted in the apical region in all cochleae studied. These gaps seemed to provide structural evidence for the permeability of the basilar membrane in this area. The vas spiralis was present as a blood vessel in two specimens and only in the apical region. Thus, its function as the sole nutritional source for the organ of Corti is doubtful.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the basilar membrane in the cat. A detailed study of the feline basilar membrane was performed in 13 cochleae with light microscopy and in six with electron microscopy. The distribution of the mesothelial cells and homogeneous ground substance with the filaments was recorded and plotted as a function of length along the cochlear duct. The width, thickness and number of filaments were also measured. In the lower basal turn the basilar membrane was narrowest and its entire thickness was occupied by filaments. In the apical region the width was maximal and the filaments were fewer. The density of the filaments counted in the bundles showed no significant difference along the cochlear duct or across the width of the basilar membrane, but the number of filaments decreased markedly (approximately a ten-fold difference) from base to apex. The number of mesothelial cells increased towards the apex. These morphological characteristics may be related to the different motion pattern of the basilar membrane along the length of the cochlear duct. A discontinuity of the basement membrane was noted in the apical region in all cochleae studied. These gaps seemed to provide structural evidence for the permeability of the basilar membrane in this area. The vas spiralis was present as a blood vessel in two specimens and only in the apical region. Thus, its function as the sole nutritional source for the organ of Corti is doubtful.", "PMID": 568373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7984", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the young.", "content": "Thirty-six young patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were studied. Twenty-seven patients were male and 9 female, and their mean age was 11.3 years (range 5 months to 20 years). Twenty-three patients (64 percent) had symptoms, the most common being dyspnea, angina and syncope. Diagnostic difficulties were encountered frequently in younger patients, especially those with right heart involvement, and in asymptomatic patients with murmurs suggestive of other cardiac defects. Patients were classified retrospectively into three groups on the basis of management. The first group consisted of 16 patients who were operated on; 4 of these patients died, 1 operatively and 3 suddenly late postoperatively (at 1.6, 2 and 10 years). The 12 long-term survivors (average follow-up period 6.2 years) have had good relief of symptoms. The second group comprised seven patients treated with propranolol; none of these died. The 13 patients in the third group received no therapy; 7 of these patients died, 6 suddenly and 1 from congestive cardiac failure. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is a serious disorder that may present at any age and that may be difficult to diagnose. All patients with this disorder should be treated with propranolol; surgical intervention, although it does not totally abolish the risk of sudden death, appears to offer symptomatic improvement in most cases over a long-term follow-up period.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the young. Thirty-six young patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were studied. Twenty-seven patients were male and 9 female, and their mean age was 11.3 years (range 5 months to 20 years). Twenty-three patients (64 percent) had symptoms, the most common being dyspnea, angina and syncope. Diagnostic difficulties were encountered frequently in younger patients, especially those with right heart involvement, and in asymptomatic patients with murmurs suggestive of other cardiac defects. Patients were classified retrospectively into three groups on the basis of management. The first group consisted of 16 patients who were operated on; 4 of these patients died, 1 operatively and 3 suddenly late postoperatively (at 1.6, 2 and 10 years). The 12 long-term survivors (average follow-up period 6.2 years) have had good relief of symptoms. The second group comprised seven patients treated with propranolol; none of these died. The 13 patients in the third group received no therapy; 7 of these patients died, 6 suddenly and 1 from congestive cardiac failure. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is a serious disorder that may present at any age and that may be difficult to diagnose. All patients with this disorder should be treated with propranolol; surgical intervention, although it does not totally abolish the risk of sudden death, appears to offer symptomatic improvement in most cases over a long-term follow-up period.", "PMID": 568378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7985", "title": "Endocarditis caused by Torulopsis glabrata.", "content": "A case of Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis involving the mitral valve is reported. Endocarditis developed during convalescence from severe abdominal trauma and was associated with fungemia. Morphologically characteristic organisms were present in the mitral valve.", "contents": "Endocarditis caused by Torulopsis glabrata. A case of Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis involving the mitral valve is reported. Endocarditis developed during convalescence from severe abdominal trauma and was associated with fungemia. Morphologically characteristic organisms were present in the mitral valve.", "PMID": 568380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7986", "title": "The effect of the milking process on oxytocic activity in the blood plasma of cows during oestrous.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to compare the oxytocic activity of plasma in oestrous cows during milking and for the first and second days following oestrous. Oxytocic activity of blood plasma was measured by the in vitro rat mammary cube assay of van Dongen and Hays. During oestrous, signigicantly lower amounts of oxytocin are released into the bloodstream of cows following milking as compared with the control values.", "contents": "The effect of the milking process on oxytocic activity in the blood plasma of cows during oestrous. The purpose of this work was to compare the oxytocic activity of plasma in oestrous cows during milking and for the first and second days following oestrous. Oxytocic activity of blood plasma was measured by the in vitro rat mammary cube assay of van Dongen and Hays. During oestrous, signigicantly lower amounts of oxytocin are released into the bloodstream of cows following milking as compared with the control values.", "PMID": 568376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7987", "title": "The effect of heparin on the activated partial thromboplastin time.", "content": "Data from the 1976 and 1977 CAP surveys were analyzed for response of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) to heparin. Different sources and concentrations of heparin were used. The results indicate that the precision of the APTT is more dependent on instrumentation than on partial thromboplastin. This was true for all four of the heparinized specimens evaluated. A single exception was found with the \"old\" Dade reagent activated cephaloplastin. The mean difference in the activated partial thromboplastin times obtained with differing concentrations of heparin was entirely dependent on the partial thromboplastin reagent used. No significant difference in the results was found when equal concentrations of bovine lung and porcine intestinal mucosal heparin were compared.", "contents": "The effect of heparin on the activated partial thromboplastin time. Data from the 1976 and 1977 CAP surveys were analyzed for response of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) to heparin. Different sources and concentrations of heparin were used. The results indicate that the precision of the APTT is more dependent on instrumentation than on partial thromboplastin. This was true for all four of the heparinized specimens evaluated. A single exception was found with the \"old\" Dade reagent activated cephaloplastin. The mean difference in the activated partial thromboplastin times obtained with differing concentrations of heparin was entirely dependent on the partial thromboplastin reagent used. No significant difference in the results was found when equal concentrations of bovine lung and porcine intestinal mucosal heparin were compared.", "PMID": 568381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7988", "title": "Electrical spike activity in the human small intestine. A multiple electrode study of fasting diurnal variations.", "content": "An intraluminal probe with 10 pairs of bipolar electrodes was used for continuous recording of myoelectric activity along the entire small intestine during 24 hr in 2 normal fasting human subjects. Two types of regular migrating activity were observed: (1) Bands of a great number of spike potentials appearing at hourly intervals migrating through the entire small intestine. This activity corresponds to phase III of the \"interdigestive myoelectric complex\" described in animal experiments. (2) Bursts of a few spike potentials appearing with minute intervals migrating only through the jejunum. This activity has not previously been demonstrated in man nor in intact animals, but corresponds to the \"minute-rhythm\" described from in vitro experiments.", "contents": "Electrical spike activity in the human small intestine. A multiple electrode study of fasting diurnal variations. An intraluminal probe with 10 pairs of bipolar electrodes was used for continuous recording of myoelectric activity along the entire small intestine during 24 hr in 2 normal fasting human subjects. Two types of regular migrating activity were observed: (1) Bands of a great number of spike potentials appearing at hourly intervals migrating through the entire small intestine. This activity corresponds to phase III of the \"interdigestive myoelectric complex\" described in animal experiments. (2) Bursts of a few spike potentials appearing with minute intervals migrating only through the jejunum. This activity has not previously been demonstrated in man nor in intact animals, but corresponds to the \"minute-rhythm\" described from in vitro experiments.", "PMID": 568382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7989", "title": "Civil liability arising from \"wrongful birth\" following an unsuccessful sterilization operation.", "content": "This Article examines the question of civil liability arising, both in tort and in contract, as a result of the \"wrongful birth\" of a child following an unsuccessful sterilization operation. After a general overview of the concept and background of wrongful birth, the Article deals with tort liability in a sterilization-wrongful-birth action, suggesting in particular that there are four stages in the sterilization process at which a physician's conduct may fall below the standard required by law, and discussing the effect of negligence at each of the four stages. The alternative claim for breach of warranty is then examined, with emphasis on the practical difficulties involved in establishing contractual liability in this type of case. Finally, the Article discusses public policy and assessment of damages issues involved in the wrongful birth action, and evaluates the merits of some of the arguments that have been advanced under these headings--particularly the \"overriding benefit\" theory--to defeat claims for wrongful birth.", "contents": "Civil liability arising from \"wrongful birth\" following an unsuccessful sterilization operation. This Article examines the question of civil liability arising, both in tort and in contract, as a result of the \"wrongful birth\" of a child following an unsuccessful sterilization operation. After a general overview of the concept and background of wrongful birth, the Article deals with tort liability in a sterilization-wrongful-birth action, suggesting in particular that there are four stages in the sterilization process at which a physician's conduct may fall below the standard required by law, and discussing the effect of negligence at each of the four stages. The alternative claim for breach of warranty is then examined, with emphasis on the practical difficulties involved in establishing contractual liability in this type of case. Finally, the Article discusses public policy and assessment of damages issues involved in the wrongful birth action, and evaluates the merits of some of the arguments that have been advanced under these headings--particularly the \"overriding benefit\" theory--to defeat claims for wrongful birth.", "PMID": 568383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7990", "title": "Stability of pediatric liquid dosage forms of ethacrynic acid, indomethacin, methyldopate hydrochloride, prednisone and spironolactone.", "content": "The stability of liquid dosage forms of ethacrynic acid (1 mg/ml), indomethacin (2 mg/ml), methyldopate hydrochloride (25 mg/ml), prednisone (0.5 mg/ml) and spironolactone (2 mg/ml), which often are compounded extemporaneously, was studied. One or two liquid dosage forms of each of the five drugs was prepared with the pure drug or the powder from a commercial dosage form using aqueous sorbitol or simple syrup alone or with a 10% (v/v) solution of alcohol in water. The dosage forms were stored at 24 C in amber-colored bottles for 21-224 days and assayed by various methods. All solutions studied were stable for at least 84 days. A solution was considered stable if it retained 90% of its drug concentration. Except for the prednisone solution, all solutions were stable for at least 164 days; however, the solution of methyldopate hydrochloride prepared from the pure drug became discolored after 98 days. The liquid dosage forms studied have limited stability but can be used by the pharmacist when extemporaneous oral solutions of these drugs are needed.", "contents": "Stability of pediatric liquid dosage forms of ethacrynic acid, indomethacin, methyldopate hydrochloride, prednisone and spironolactone. The stability of liquid dosage forms of ethacrynic acid (1 mg/ml), indomethacin (2 mg/ml), methyldopate hydrochloride (25 mg/ml), prednisone (0.5 mg/ml) and spironolactone (2 mg/ml), which often are compounded extemporaneously, was studied. One or two liquid dosage forms of each of the five drugs was prepared with the pure drug or the powder from a commercial dosage form using aqueous sorbitol or simple syrup alone or with a 10% (v/v) solution of alcohol in water. The dosage forms were stored at 24 C in amber-colored bottles for 21-224 days and assayed by various methods. All solutions studied were stable for at least 84 days. A solution was considered stable if it retained 90% of its drug concentration. Except for the prednisone solution, all solutions were stable for at least 164 days; however, the solution of methyldopate hydrochloride prepared from the pure drug became discolored after 98 days. The liquid dosage forms studied have limited stability but can be used by the pharmacist when extemporaneous oral solutions of these drugs are needed.", "PMID": 568384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7991", "title": "Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the absence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "content": "Systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet and asymmetric septal hypertrophy are the principal components of the dynamic subaortic stenosis in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Mitral valve systolic anterior motion without septal hypertrophy or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has been described, but asymmetric septal hypertrophy is supposedly a consistent feature of dynamic subaortic stenosis. We describe two patients with syncope, chest pain and the typical systolic murmur of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis whose echocardiograms showed mitral valve systolic anterior motion but not asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Normal septal thickness on echo was confirmed by intravenous indocyanine green to identify the right septal endocardium. At catheterization, left ventricular outflow tract gradients were provoked, and neither patient had interventricular septal hypertrophy on biventricular cineangiography. These findings in two cases suggest that mitral valve systolic anterior motion can be the only definable anatomic abnormality associated with symptomatic dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and that asymmetric septal hypertrophy is not a necessary component of this condition.", "contents": "Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the absence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet and asymmetric septal hypertrophy are the principal components of the dynamic subaortic stenosis in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Mitral valve systolic anterior motion without septal hypertrophy or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has been described, but asymmetric septal hypertrophy is supposedly a consistent feature of dynamic subaortic stenosis. We describe two patients with syncope, chest pain and the typical systolic murmur of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis whose echocardiograms showed mitral valve systolic anterior motion but not asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Normal septal thickness on echo was confirmed by intravenous indocyanine green to identify the right septal endocardium. At catheterization, left ventricular outflow tract gradients were provoked, and neither patient had interventricular septal hypertrophy on biventricular cineangiography. These findings in two cases suggest that mitral valve systolic anterior motion can be the only definable anatomic abnormality associated with symptomatic dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and that asymmetric septal hypertrophy is not a necessary component of this condition.", "PMID": 568385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7992", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura occurring in a subject previously splenectomized for traumatic splenic rupture. Role of splenosis in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia.", "content": "A 25 year old woman presented with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. She had undergon splenectomy 12 years previously for traumatic splenic rupture. Thrombocytopenia was ultimately resistant to steroid therapy. Howell-Jolly bodies were absent from the peripheral smear and 99mTC-spleen scan demonstrated foci of increased uptake thought consistent with accessory spleens. However, splenosis alone was demonstrated at laparotomy, and all visible splenotic tissue was surgically removed. The patient responded and adequate platelet counts were maintained after discontinuation of steroid therapy. The functional capacity of splenic implants has been previously demonstrated both in animal and man. However, reports linking splenosis to hematologic disease are rare. In the present case, characteristic splenic function was demonstrated by both the the -9mTc-spleen scan and the absence of the typical peripheral blood findings of asplenia. The hematologic response to the removal of the splenotic tissue attests to its importance in maintaining the thrombocytopenic state. In the setting of prior splenectomy for splenic trauma, splenosis may contribute to hematologic disease. Removal of this splenotic tissue may result in hematologic remission.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura occurring in a subject previously splenectomized for traumatic splenic rupture. Role of splenosis in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia. A 25 year old woman presented with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. She had undergon splenectomy 12 years previously for traumatic splenic rupture. Thrombocytopenia was ultimately resistant to steroid therapy. Howell-Jolly bodies were absent from the peripheral smear and 99mTC-spleen scan demonstrated foci of increased uptake thought consistent with accessory spleens. However, splenosis alone was demonstrated at laparotomy, and all visible splenotic tissue was surgically removed. The patient responded and adequate platelet counts were maintained after discontinuation of steroid therapy. The functional capacity of splenic implants has been previously demonstrated both in animal and man. However, reports linking splenosis to hematologic disease are rare. In the present case, characteristic splenic function was demonstrated by both the the -9mTc-spleen scan and the absence of the typical peripheral blood findings of asplenia. The hematologic response to the removal of the splenotic tissue attests to its importance in maintaining the thrombocytopenic state. In the setting of prior splenectomy for splenic trauma, splenosis may contribute to hematologic disease. Removal of this splenotic tissue may result in hematologic remission.", "PMID": 568386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7993", "title": "Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios centrifuged and uncentrifuged amniotic fluid.", "content": "The literature suggests that the presence of cellular debris and sediment in amniotic fluid samples may alter the value of the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios, with a loss of as much as 75 percent of the surface-active lecithin1 and consequently a marked change in the L/S ratio. We wish to report our findings on 22 amniotic fluids obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis and analyzed with and without preliminary centrifugation. We find the L/S ratio is indeed unaltered by centrifugation. However, the actual amounts of lecithin and sphingomyelin appear to be lower in centrifuged samples.", "contents": "Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios centrifuged and uncentrifuged amniotic fluid. The literature suggests that the presence of cellular debris and sediment in amniotic fluid samples may alter the value of the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios, with a loss of as much as 75 percent of the surface-active lecithin1 and consequently a marked change in the L/S ratio. We wish to report our findings on 22 amniotic fluids obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis and analyzed with and without preliminary centrifugation. We find the L/S ratio is indeed unaltered by centrifugation. However, the actual amounts of lecithin and sphingomyelin appear to be lower in centrifuged samples.", "PMID": 568387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7994", "title": "Production and origin of estrogen in two true hermaphrodites.", "content": "Two 46,XX true hermaphrodites with genital ambiguity since birth and gynecomastia were studied. The production rates of estradiol in these subjects, 77 and 71 microgram per 24 hours, and of estrone, 82 and 136 microgram per 24 hours, were approximately twice those of normal adult men. In one of these subjects the plasma production rates of androstenedione and testosterone were measured and found to be 389 and 1,271 microgram per 24 hours, respectively. In this subject all estrone production, 82 microgram per 24 hours, could be accounted for by extraglandular formation from plasma prehormones, whereas 71 microgram of estradiol per 24 hours could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation and presumably arose from glandular secretion. The concentration of testosterone in the testicular portion of the ovotestis of this subject was 465 ng. per gram of tissue, a value comparable to that found in testicular tissue obtained from adult men. In the other subject of this study, who had a malignant gonadal tumor, the plasma concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin was 3,000 ml.U. per milliliter. From the results of this study we conclude that both ovarian and testicular components of the gonads of these two individuals were endocrinologically active, and that their gynecomastia likely developed as a consequence of gonadal estradiol secretion.", "contents": "Production and origin of estrogen in two true hermaphrodites. Two 46,XX true hermaphrodites with genital ambiguity since birth and gynecomastia were studied. The production rates of estradiol in these subjects, 77 and 71 microgram per 24 hours, and of estrone, 82 and 136 microgram per 24 hours, were approximately twice those of normal adult men. In one of these subjects the plasma production rates of androstenedione and testosterone were measured and found to be 389 and 1,271 microgram per 24 hours, respectively. In this subject all estrone production, 82 microgram per 24 hours, could be accounted for by extraglandular formation from plasma prehormones, whereas 71 microgram of estradiol per 24 hours could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation and presumably arose from glandular secretion. The concentration of testosterone in the testicular portion of the ovotestis of this subject was 465 ng. per gram of tissue, a value comparable to that found in testicular tissue obtained from adult men. In the other subject of this study, who had a malignant gonadal tumor, the plasma concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin was 3,000 ml.U. per milliliter. From the results of this study we conclude that both ovarian and testicular components of the gonads of these two individuals were endocrinologically active, and that their gynecomastia likely developed as a consequence of gonadal estradiol secretion.", "PMID": 568390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7995", "title": "Analysis of secretory patterns of prolactin and gonadotropins during twenty-four hours in a lactating woman before and after resumption of menses.", "content": "Twenty-four hour secretory patterns of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were obtained on two separate occasions from a woman with late physiologic lactation. The studies were performed 26 and 34 months after her child's birth. During the initial study, she had amenorrhea, and her child suckled 13 per cent of the 24 hour period (Study 1). At the time of the second study, she had resumed regular menses and her child suckled for 7 per cent of the 24 hour period (Study 2). The average concentrations of prolactin during Studies 1 and 2 were 40 +/- 1.0 (mean and standard error; No. = 72) and 31 +/- 1.4 ng. per milliliter, respectively. The mean plasma prolactin concentration in Study 1 was significantly greater than that in Study 2 (p less than 0.001). The plasma concentrations of LH and FSH were significantly less in Study 1 than in Study 2 (p less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively). It is concluded that hyperprolactinemia and hypogonadotropinemia were endocrinologic correlates of the amenorrhea of late physiologic lactation in this woman.", "contents": "Analysis of secretory patterns of prolactin and gonadotropins during twenty-four hours in a lactating woman before and after resumption of menses. Twenty-four hour secretory patterns of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were obtained on two separate occasions from a woman with late physiologic lactation. The studies were performed 26 and 34 months after her child's birth. During the initial study, she had amenorrhea, and her child suckled 13 per cent of the 24 hour period (Study 1). At the time of the second study, she had resumed regular menses and her child suckled for 7 per cent of the 24 hour period (Study 2). The average concentrations of prolactin during Studies 1 and 2 were 40 +/- 1.0 (mean and standard error; No. = 72) and 31 +/- 1.4 ng. per milliliter, respectively. The mean plasma prolactin concentration in Study 1 was significantly greater than that in Study 2 (p less than 0.001). The plasma concentrations of LH and FSH were significantly less in Study 1 than in Study 2 (p less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively). It is concluded that hyperprolactinemia and hypogonadotropinemia were endocrinologic correlates of the amenorrhea of late physiologic lactation in this woman.", "PMID": 568391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7996", "title": "The relationship of community mental health centers to the professional standards review organizations program.", "content": "Given the realities of the professional standards review organization (PSRO) program and the necessity for accountability on the part of all health service providers, community mental health centers (CMHCs) should begin now to take an active role in planning their involvement in the PSRO program. The author points out the need for both psychiatrists and nonphysician professionals to become involved. There are many types of mental health services delivered in a given area, and the active involvement of CMHCs can be a major determinant of the shape and direction of this impact.", "contents": "The relationship of community mental health centers to the professional standards review organizations program. Given the realities of the professional standards review organization (PSRO) program and the necessity for accountability on the part of all health service providers, community mental health centers (CMHCs) should begin now to take an active role in planning their involvement in the PSRO program. The author points out the need for both psychiatrists and nonphysician professionals to become involved. There are many types of mental health services delivered in a given area, and the active involvement of CMHCs can be a major determinant of the shape and direction of this impact.", "PMID": 568392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7997", "title": "Splenic artery ligation in distal splenorenal shunts.", "content": "Splenic artery ligation, a simple surgical procedure expected to decrease splenic flow and portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, was performed concomitantly with a distal splenorenal shunt procedure in six patients and as the main surgical procedure in two patients. Immediate cessation of bleeding was achieved in the four patients in whom the splenic artery was ligated to reduce intraoperative bleeding. However, three of the seven patients with previous gastroesophageal hemorrhage rebled from various postoperatively. Symptoms of splenic infarction were observed in six patients, resulting in thrombosis of the splenic vein and/or of the distal splenorenal shunt in four patients and necessitating splenectomy in one. This incidence of thrombosis of the distal splenorenal shunt is much higher than the overall incidence of 5 per cent observed at our institution. It is thus concluded that the splenic artery should not be ligated in cirrhotic patients with patent distal splenorenal shunts, since splenic arterial collateral vessels have already been reduced by the gastric devascularization, an integral component of the distal splenorenal shunt.", "contents": "Splenic artery ligation in distal splenorenal shunts. Splenic artery ligation, a simple surgical procedure expected to decrease splenic flow and portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, was performed concomitantly with a distal splenorenal shunt procedure in six patients and as the main surgical procedure in two patients. Immediate cessation of bleeding was achieved in the four patients in whom the splenic artery was ligated to reduce intraoperative bleeding. However, three of the seven patients with previous gastroesophageal hemorrhage rebled from various postoperatively. Symptoms of splenic infarction were observed in six patients, resulting in thrombosis of the splenic vein and/or of the distal splenorenal shunt in four patients and necessitating splenectomy in one. This incidence of thrombosis of the distal splenorenal shunt is much higher than the overall incidence of 5 per cent observed at our institution. It is thus concluded that the splenic artery should not be ligated in cirrhotic patients with patent distal splenorenal shunts, since splenic arterial collateral vessels have already been reduced by the gastric devascularization, an integral component of the distal splenorenal shunt.", "PMID": 568393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7998", "title": "Acetate fails to reverse myocardial depression in dogs anesthetized with halothane.", "content": "Sodium acetate has been shown to reverse the myocardial depression induced by halothane in vitro. The biochemical basis for this restoration of contractility has been located in the glycolytic pathway. The present study was designed to determine whether this antagonistic property of acetate also occurs in vivo. Dogs autonomically blocked with guanethidine, phenoxybenzamine, and atropine were sequentially anesthetized with halothane in O2 and N2O-O2-succinylcholine in a random pattern. All animals were given sodium acetate IV in amounts adequate to produce pharmacologically active levels. Myocardial performance was measured by LVdP/dtmax, LVPDP/dt/KPmax, and Vmax. Halothane effected a significant depression of these myocardial parameters. Acetate did not reverse this depressant effect of halothane. Acetate, a well-established peripheral vascular vasodilator, did decrease left ventricular and aortic pressures.", "contents": "Acetate fails to reverse myocardial depression in dogs anesthetized with halothane. Sodium acetate has been shown to reverse the myocardial depression induced by halothane in vitro. The biochemical basis for this restoration of contractility has been located in the glycolytic pathway. The present study was designed to determine whether this antagonistic property of acetate also occurs in vivo. Dogs autonomically blocked with guanethidine, phenoxybenzamine, and atropine were sequentially anesthetized with halothane in O2 and N2O-O2-succinylcholine in a random pattern. All animals were given sodium acetate IV in amounts adequate to produce pharmacologically active levels. Myocardial performance was measured by LVdP/dtmax, LVPDP/dt/KPmax, and Vmax. Halothane effected a significant depression of these myocardial parameters. Acetate did not reverse this depressant effect of halothane. Acetate, a well-established peripheral vascular vasodilator, did decrease left ventricular and aortic pressures.", "PMID": 568399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_7999", "title": "Brain sodium, potassium, and osmolality: effects on anesthetic requirement.", "content": "We determined the effects of hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, hyperosmolality and hypo-osmolality on halothane requirement (MAC) in dogs. Hyperkalemia did not change cerebrospinal fluid potassium or MAC. Hypernatremia proportionately increased cerebrospinal fluid sodium and osmolality. MAC concomitantly increased 43%. Serum hyperosmolality achieved by administration of 12 and 25% dextrose increased cerebrospinal fluid osmolality without appreciably altering cerebrospinal fluid sodium or MAC. Infusion of 5% dextraose produced hypo-osmolality of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid sodium was diluted and MAC was reduced by 24%.", "contents": "Brain sodium, potassium, and osmolality: effects on anesthetic requirement. We determined the effects of hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, hyperosmolality and hypo-osmolality on halothane requirement (MAC) in dogs. Hyperkalemia did not change cerebrospinal fluid potassium or MAC. Hypernatremia proportionately increased cerebrospinal fluid sodium and osmolality. MAC concomitantly increased 43%. Serum hyperosmolality achieved by administration of 12 and 25% dextrose increased cerebrospinal fluid osmolality without appreciably altering cerebrospinal fluid sodium or MAC. Infusion of 5% dextraose produced hypo-osmolality of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid sodium was diluted and MAC was reduced by 24%.", "PMID": 568400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8000", "title": "Acute and chronic changes in intra- and extracellular potassium and responses to neuromuscular blocking agents.", "content": "The effects of acutely induced metabolic and respiratory alkalosis with reduction of serum potassium concentration as well as chronic total body potassium depletion induced by furosemide treatment were evaluated and correlated with alteration of neuromuscular blockade induced by d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine in 12 mongrel dogs. Acute respiratory and metabolic alkalosis significantly reduced serum potassium by about 26%, while chronic furosemide treatment (1 mg/kg IV daily for 14 +/- 4 days) significantly reduced both serum potassium concentration (4.16 +/- 0.31 to 3.27 +/- 0.14 mEq/L) and skeletal muscle potassium content (80.9 +/- 5.6 to 58.7 +/- 4.1 mEq/kg). Succinylcholine neuromuscular blockages was essentially unchanged by acute respiratory or metabolic alkalosis or by chronic furosemide treatment, except for more rapid onset of blockade when 0.1 mg/kg succinylcholine was administered during metabolic alkalosis. Acute respiratory alkalosis shortened the duration of neuromuscular blockade induced by d-tubocurarine and pancuronium while acute metabolic alkalosis shortened the duration of pancuronium only and had no effect on d-tubocurarine. Chronic furosemide treatment had no effect on either d-tubocurarine or pancuronium neuromuscular blockage. Potassium concentration gradients between the intracellular and the extracellular compartments may be more important than cellular potassium depletion per se in affecting responses to neuromuscular blocking agents such as succinylcholine, d-tubocurarine, or pancuronium. Serum alkalemia and hypokalemia antagonize the duration of the neuromuscular blocking action of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium but not that of succinylcholine.", "contents": "Acute and chronic changes in intra- and extracellular potassium and responses to neuromuscular blocking agents. The effects of acutely induced metabolic and respiratory alkalosis with reduction of serum potassium concentration as well as chronic total body potassium depletion induced by furosemide treatment were evaluated and correlated with alteration of neuromuscular blockade induced by d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine in 12 mongrel dogs. Acute respiratory and metabolic alkalosis significantly reduced serum potassium by about 26%, while chronic furosemide treatment (1 mg/kg IV daily for 14 +/- 4 days) significantly reduced both serum potassium concentration (4.16 +/- 0.31 to 3.27 +/- 0.14 mEq/L) and skeletal muscle potassium content (80.9 +/- 5.6 to 58.7 +/- 4.1 mEq/kg). Succinylcholine neuromuscular blockages was essentially unchanged by acute respiratory or metabolic alkalosis or by chronic furosemide treatment, except for more rapid onset of blockade when 0.1 mg/kg succinylcholine was administered during metabolic alkalosis. Acute respiratory alkalosis shortened the duration of neuromuscular blockade induced by d-tubocurarine and pancuronium while acute metabolic alkalosis shortened the duration of pancuronium only and had no effect on d-tubocurarine. Chronic furosemide treatment had no effect on either d-tubocurarine or pancuronium neuromuscular blockage. Potassium concentration gradients between the intracellular and the extracellular compartments may be more important than cellular potassium depletion per se in affecting responses to neuromuscular blocking agents such as succinylcholine, d-tubocurarine, or pancuronium. Serum alkalemia and hypokalemia antagonize the duration of the neuromuscular blocking action of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium but not that of succinylcholine.", "PMID": 568402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8001", "title": "Increased sensitivity to succinylcholine in a patient heterozygous for the silent and the fluoride-resistant gene.", "content": "Increased sensitivity to succylcholine may be due to inherited variants of serum cholinesterase (acylcholine-acylhydrolase, E.C.3.1.1.8). Four different allelic genes at locus E1 controlling human serum cholinesterase have been identified: the normal gene Eu1, the atypical gene Ea1, the fluoride-resistant gene Ef1, and the silent gene Es1. These 4 genes give rise to 10 possible genotype combinations. The sensitivity of some of these genotypes to succinylcholine, as, for instance, homozygotes for the atypical enzyme Ea1 Ea1, is well documented. However, the relation between some of the rarer genotypes and the sensitivity to succinylcholine is less well clarified. The present report represents the 1st case in which a peripheral nerve stimulator has been used to substantiate the increased succinylcholine sensitivity of a patient heterozygous for the silent and the fluoride-resistant gene, and the 2nd published case of prolonged apnea following succinylcholine in a patient carrying the Ef1 Es1 genotype for abnormal serum cholinesterase.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity to succinylcholine in a patient heterozygous for the silent and the fluoride-resistant gene. Increased sensitivity to succylcholine may be due to inherited variants of serum cholinesterase (acylcholine-acylhydrolase, E.C.3.1.1.8). Four different allelic genes at locus E1 controlling human serum cholinesterase have been identified: the normal gene Eu1, the atypical gene Ea1, the fluoride-resistant gene Ef1, and the silent gene Es1. These 4 genes give rise to 10 possible genotype combinations. The sensitivity of some of these genotypes to succinylcholine, as, for instance, homozygotes for the atypical enzyme Ea1 Ea1, is well documented. However, the relation between some of the rarer genotypes and the sensitivity to succinylcholine is less well clarified. The present report represents the 1st case in which a peripheral nerve stimulator has been used to substantiate the increased succinylcholine sensitivity of a patient heterozygous for the silent and the fluoride-resistant gene, and the 2nd published case of prolonged apnea following succinylcholine in a patient carrying the Ef1 Es1 genotype for abnormal serum cholinesterase.", "PMID": 568403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8002", "title": "Effect of subanesthetic concentration of enflurane and halothane on human behavior.", "content": "Ten male volunteers performed 3 tasks before, during, and following administration of 3 levels of alveolar halothane (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) for one-half hour each and (on a separate occasion) enflurane (0.15, 0.3, and 0.4%) for one-half hour each. The concentrations of halothane tested representing 7, 13, and 27% of MAC values, respectively; those of enflurane were 9, 18, and 24% of MAC. The tasks were a choice-reaction time test, a digit span test, and a Purdue Pegboard Assembly test. Volunteers also were tested for amnesia with word pairs and a picture. No effects or only slight effects on mental function could be detected at the lowest concentrations of either agent. At higher concentrations both agents impaired function, as indicated by an increase in reaction time, decreased ability to remember numbers, and decreased ability to assemble a simple structural array. Amnesia for word pairs but not pictures occurred at 27% of MAC for halothane and 18% of MAC for enflurane. All test scores reverted to control levels within one-half hour after discontinuing the anesthetic. Our results indicate that subanesthetic but not trace levels of enflurane or halothane can impair mental performance and manual dexterity and produce amnesia. The levels of anesthetic required far exceed those experienced by operating room personnel. However, such levels might be found for several hours in patients following prolonged anesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of subanesthetic concentration of enflurane and halothane on human behavior. Ten male volunteers performed 3 tasks before, during, and following administration of 3 levels of alveolar halothane (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) for one-half hour each and (on a separate occasion) enflurane (0.15, 0.3, and 0.4%) for one-half hour each. The concentrations of halothane tested representing 7, 13, and 27% of MAC values, respectively; those of enflurane were 9, 18, and 24% of MAC. The tasks were a choice-reaction time test, a digit span test, and a Purdue Pegboard Assembly test. Volunteers also were tested for amnesia with word pairs and a picture. No effects or only slight effects on mental function could be detected at the lowest concentrations of either agent. At higher concentrations both agents impaired function, as indicated by an increase in reaction time, decreased ability to remember numbers, and decreased ability to assemble a simple structural array. Amnesia for word pairs but not pictures occurred at 27% of MAC for halothane and 18% of MAC for enflurane. All test scores reverted to control levels within one-half hour after discontinuing the anesthetic. Our results indicate that subanesthetic but not trace levels of enflurane or halothane can impair mental performance and manual dexterity and produce amnesia. The levels of anesthetic required far exceed those experienced by operating room personnel. However, such levels might be found for several hours in patients following prolonged anesthesia.", "PMID": 568404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8003", "title": "Anesthetic considerations for myasthenia gravis and pregnancy.", "content": "Three pregnant patients with myasthenia gravis are presented and anesthetic considerations discussed. The course of myasthenia gravis is highly variable and unpredictable during pregnancy. Anticholinesterase therapy should be maintained during labor, and the IM route of administration is preferred. Exacerbations very often occur in the immediate postpartum period. Regional anesthesia is preferred for vaginal delivery. In the case of cesarean section, general anesthesia may be preferable. Neonatal myasthenia gravis is a transient syndrome that appears in 20 to 30% of the newborns of myasthenic mothers.", "contents": "Anesthetic considerations for myasthenia gravis and pregnancy. Three pregnant patients with myasthenia gravis are presented and anesthetic considerations discussed. The course of myasthenia gravis is highly variable and unpredictable during pregnancy. Anticholinesterase therapy should be maintained during labor, and the IM route of administration is preferred. Exacerbations very often occur in the immediate postpartum period. Regional anesthesia is preferred for vaginal delivery. In the case of cesarean section, general anesthesia may be preferable. Neonatal myasthenia gravis is a transient syndrome that appears in 20 to 30% of the newborns of myasthenic mothers.", "PMID": 568405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8004", "title": "Local anesthetics and tracheal ring ciliary activity.", "content": "The effects of local anesthetics on ciliary activity were studied using ferret tracheal rings maintained in vitro. Ciliary activity was quantitated visually after exposure to varying concentrations of mepivacaine, lidocaine, procaine, chloroprocaine, and bupivacaine. The recovery of ciliary activity was determined after tracheal rings were washed free of the local anesthetic agent. Mepivacaine was the least toxic, with no effect on ciliary activity at a 1.0% concentration. Bupivacaine was the most toxic, with irreversible damage to respiratory epithelium at a concentration of 0.13%. Lower concentrations caused ciliostasis, with some recovery after removal of the anesthetic. Licocaine, procaine, and chloroprocaine also depressed ciliary activity which, in general, was reversible after removal of the anesthetic.", "contents": "Local anesthetics and tracheal ring ciliary activity. The effects of local anesthetics on ciliary activity were studied using ferret tracheal rings maintained in vitro. Ciliary activity was quantitated visually after exposure to varying concentrations of mepivacaine, lidocaine, procaine, chloroprocaine, and bupivacaine. The recovery of ciliary activity was determined after tracheal rings were washed free of the local anesthetic agent. Mepivacaine was the least toxic, with no effect on ciliary activity at a 1.0% concentration. Bupivacaine was the most toxic, with irreversible damage to respiratory epithelium at a concentration of 0.13%. Lower concentrations caused ciliostasis, with some recovery after removal of the anesthetic. Licocaine, procaine, and chloroprocaine also depressed ciliary activity which, in general, was reversible after removal of the anesthetic.", "PMID": 568406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8005", "title": "Blood pressure in the great toe with simulated occlusion of the dorsalis pedis artery.", "content": "Blood pressure was measured in both great toes using strain-gauge plethysmography in 100 healthy persons aged 18 to 43 before and during successive compression of the dorsalis pedis artery, the posterior tibial artery, and both arteries at the same time. In 54 (27 percent) of 200 feet, successive compression of the dorsalis pedis and the posterior tibial arteries produced no decrease in pressure in the great toe. In 47 of the feet, toe pressure decreased significantly only after compression of the posterior tibial artery, and in 65 of the feet toe pressure decreased significantly only after compression of the dorsalis pedis artery. In 34 of the feet, toe pressure decreased significantly after compression of each of the arteries. Thus in 99 (50 percent) of 200 feet, compression of the dorsalis pedis artery decreased the pressure in the great toe significantly, and in 4 feet the pressure decreased below 40 mm Hg. When both arteries were simultaneously compressed, 69 feet showed detectable blood pressure in the great toe. Attempts to evaluate adequacy of collateral circulation by pressure blanching of the great toe prior to artery compression and then observing capillary refilling time upon release of toe compression proved unreliable.", "contents": "Blood pressure in the great toe with simulated occlusion of the dorsalis pedis artery. Blood pressure was measured in both great toes using strain-gauge plethysmography in 100 healthy persons aged 18 to 43 before and during successive compression of the dorsalis pedis artery, the posterior tibial artery, and both arteries at the same time. In 54 (27 percent) of 200 feet, successive compression of the dorsalis pedis and the posterior tibial arteries produced no decrease in pressure in the great toe. In 47 of the feet, toe pressure decreased significantly only after compression of the posterior tibial artery, and in 65 of the feet toe pressure decreased significantly only after compression of the dorsalis pedis artery. In 34 of the feet, toe pressure decreased significantly after compression of each of the arteries. Thus in 99 (50 percent) of 200 feet, compression of the dorsalis pedis artery decreased the pressure in the great toe significantly, and in 4 feet the pressure decreased below 40 mm Hg. When both arteries were simultaneously compressed, 69 feet showed detectable blood pressure in the great toe. Attempts to evaluate adequacy of collateral circulation by pressure blanching of the great toe prior to artery compression and then observing capillary refilling time upon release of toe compression proved unreliable.", "PMID": 568407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8006", "title": "Evaluation of the Swank IL-201 transfusion filter.", "content": "The effects of a new transfusion filter (Swank IL-20U) on stored, whole blood have been examined. Six filters were preloaded by passage of two units of outdated, type-specific bank blood, and the effects of filtration on a third unit of 21-day-old blood flowing under 150 mm Hg pressure were measured. Filtration did not significantly alter erythrocyte or leukocyte count, total or plasma hemoglobin, red-cell fragility, and plasma sodium, potassium, albumin, or globulin. Platelet counts were reduced by 33%. Removal of microaggregates, assessed by Coulter counting, screen filtration pressure, total screen protein, wet and dry weight of material retained, and scanning electron microscopy, was shown to be effective over the entire range of particle size. In comparison with other transfusion filters previously examined in this laboratory, the Swank IL-201 filter combines the features of efficient microaggregate removal with moderate blood-flow rate. Compared to its predecessor, the Swank IL-200, this new filter design has improved flow characteristics without loss of microaggregate removal efficiency. In view of the similarity of performance demonstrated for several of the available filters, it seems likely that relative cost will constitute an important determinant of filter selection.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Swank IL-201 transfusion filter. The effects of a new transfusion filter (Swank IL-20U) on stored, whole blood have been examined. Six filters were preloaded by passage of two units of outdated, type-specific bank blood, and the effects of filtration on a third unit of 21-day-old blood flowing under 150 mm Hg pressure were measured. Filtration did not significantly alter erythrocyte or leukocyte count, total or plasma hemoglobin, red-cell fragility, and plasma sodium, potassium, albumin, or globulin. Platelet counts were reduced by 33%. Removal of microaggregates, assessed by Coulter counting, screen filtration pressure, total screen protein, wet and dry weight of material retained, and scanning electron microscopy, was shown to be effective over the entire range of particle size. In comparison with other transfusion filters previously examined in this laboratory, the Swank IL-201 filter combines the features of efficient microaggregate removal with moderate blood-flow rate. Compared to its predecessor, the Swank IL-200, this new filter design has improved flow characteristics without loss of microaggregate removal efficiency. In view of the similarity of performance demonstrated for several of the available filters, it seems likely that relative cost will constitute an important determinant of filter selection.", "PMID": 568408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8007", "title": "Lumbar sympathetic block with bupivacaine: analgesia for labor.", "content": "Forty primigravidas were given a bilateral paravertebral lumbar sympathetic block during stage I of labor using 10 cc of 0.5% bupivacaine and 1:200,000 epinephrine on each side. Good analgesia was obtained in 38 patients with maximal effect 7.5 +/- 3 minutes after blockage. Maternal mean blood pressure and pulse were unchanged, fetal well-being was not compromised, and labor progressed rapidly. Twenty-eight patients delivered prior to resolution of the block, while in the remaining 12 patients pain returned before delivery with analgesia having lasted 283 +/- 103 minutes. In the former 28 patients, analgesia for expulsion was provided by pudendal, saddle block, or infiltration analgesia, whereas continuous lumbar epidural or caudal analgesia was utilized when remission preceded stage II. In comparison to continuous lumbar epidural analgesia, the procedure is technically more difficult, generally more painful, and requires a second anesthetic for delivery. It is concluded that bilateral paravertebral lumbar sympathetic block with bupivacaine provides reliable analgesia of long duration with a low incidence of undesirable side effects. However, its primary usefulness is in cases where continuous lumbar epidural analgesia is refused or contraindicated.", "contents": "Lumbar sympathetic block with bupivacaine: analgesia for labor. Forty primigravidas were given a bilateral paravertebral lumbar sympathetic block during stage I of labor using 10 cc of 0.5% bupivacaine and 1:200,000 epinephrine on each side. Good analgesia was obtained in 38 patients with maximal effect 7.5 +/- 3 minutes after blockage. Maternal mean blood pressure and pulse were unchanged, fetal well-being was not compromised, and labor progressed rapidly. Twenty-eight patients delivered prior to resolution of the block, while in the remaining 12 patients pain returned before delivery with analgesia having lasted 283 +/- 103 minutes. In the former 28 patients, analgesia for expulsion was provided by pudendal, saddle block, or infiltration analgesia, whereas continuous lumbar epidural or caudal analgesia was utilized when remission preceded stage II. In comparison to continuous lumbar epidural analgesia, the procedure is technically more difficult, generally more painful, and requires a second anesthetic for delivery. It is concluded that bilateral paravertebral lumbar sympathetic block with bupivacaine provides reliable analgesia of long duration with a low incidence of undesirable side effects. However, its primary usefulness is in cases where continuous lumbar epidural analgesia is refused or contraindicated.", "PMID": 568409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8008", "title": "Bupivacaine and other amide local anesthetics inhibit the hydrolysis of chloroprocaine by human serum.", "content": "The rate of hydrolysis of chloroprocaine by human serum was studied in the presence and absence of a number of aminde local anesthetics and their metabolites. Bupivacaine (2.4 microgram/ml) and etidocaine (2.3 microgram/ml) caused 38% and 21% inhibition respectively of the rate of chloroprocaine hydrolysis. Circulating concentrations of these drugs have been reported in this range by several investigators following epidural doses of 150 to 400 mg of either drug. Mepivacaine, lidocaine, and two lidocaine metabolites (glycine xylidide and monoethylglycine xylidide) were only inhibitory at levels much greater than those seen in blood following the usual local anesthetic doses of the parent compounds. Since serum is an important site of chloroprocaine metabolism in man, the probability of chloroprocaine intoxication may be increased when it is administered with local anesthetics such as bupivacaine and etidocaine.", "contents": "Bupivacaine and other amide local anesthetics inhibit the hydrolysis of chloroprocaine by human serum. The rate of hydrolysis of chloroprocaine by human serum was studied in the presence and absence of a number of aminde local anesthetics and their metabolites. Bupivacaine (2.4 microgram/ml) and etidocaine (2.3 microgram/ml) caused 38% and 21% inhibition respectively of the rate of chloroprocaine hydrolysis. Circulating concentrations of these drugs have been reported in this range by several investigators following epidural doses of 150 to 400 mg of either drug. Mepivacaine, lidocaine, and two lidocaine metabolites (glycine xylidide and monoethylglycine xylidide) were only inhibitory at levels much greater than those seen in blood following the usual local anesthetic doses of the parent compounds. Since serum is an important site of chloroprocaine metabolism in man, the probability of chloroprocaine intoxication may be increased when it is administered with local anesthetics such as bupivacaine and etidocaine.", "PMID": 568420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8009", "title": "Epinephrine-induced arrhythmias during enflurane anesthesia in man: a nonlinear dose-response relationship and dose-dependent protection from lidocaine.", "content": "Forty-eight patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery under enflurane anesthesia received submucosal injections of 1:150,000 or 1:200,000 epinephrine in saline, 0.5% lidocaine, or 1.0% lidocaine. The threshold doses for ventricular irritability, defined as 3 or more premature ventricular contractions during or in the 3 to 5 minutes following injection, were 1.3 microgram/kg with saline, 2.5 microgram/kg with 0.5% lidocaine, and 4.9 microgram/kg with 1.0% lidocaine. There was no consistent relationship between epinephrine dose and occurrence of ventricular irritability within or among groups. The data show a protective effect of lidocaine against epinephrine-induced ventricular irritability during enflurane anesthesia and suggest a qualitative as well as quantitative difference between enflurane and other volatile anesthetics in their interaction with epinephrine.", "contents": "Epinephrine-induced arrhythmias during enflurane anesthesia in man: a nonlinear dose-response relationship and dose-dependent protection from lidocaine. Forty-eight patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery under enflurane anesthesia received submucosal injections of 1:150,000 or 1:200,000 epinephrine in saline, 0.5% lidocaine, or 1.0% lidocaine. The threshold doses for ventricular irritability, defined as 3 or more premature ventricular contractions during or in the 3 to 5 minutes following injection, were 1.3 microgram/kg with saline, 2.5 microgram/kg with 0.5% lidocaine, and 4.9 microgram/kg with 1.0% lidocaine. There was no consistent relationship between epinephrine dose and occurrence of ventricular irritability within or among groups. The data show a protective effect of lidocaine against epinephrine-induced ventricular irritability during enflurane anesthesia and suggest a qualitative as well as quantitative difference between enflurane and other volatile anesthetics in their interaction with epinephrine.", "PMID": 568423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8010", "title": "Comparison of spread of epidural anesthesia in pregnant and nonpregnant women.", "content": "Using a standardized epidural anesthetic technic, we compared levels of sensory anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section and in nonpregnant women undergoing elective surgery. When equal volumes of local anesthetic solutions were injected (either 15 ml or 20 ml of 0.75% bupivacaine without epinephrine), there was no statistically significant difference in sensory levels in pregnant and nonpregnant patients.", "contents": "Comparison of spread of epidural anesthesia in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Using a standardized epidural anesthetic technic, we compared levels of sensory anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section and in nonpregnant women undergoing elective surgery. When equal volumes of local anesthetic solutions were injected (either 15 ml or 20 ml of 0.75% bupivacaine without epinephrine), there was no statistically significant difference in sensory levels in pregnant and nonpregnant patients.", "PMID": 568422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8011", "title": "Naloxone fails to antagonize thiopental anesthesia.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the effect in man of naloxone on the central nervous system depression produced by IV thiopental. Eight normal volunteers were given 5 mg/kg thiopental IV. On a separate occasion the same 8 volunteers were given 50 microgram/kg naloxone IV 5 minutes prior to 5 mg/kg thiopental. Naloxone had no significant effect on the rate of return of consciousness following administration of thiopental. Naloxone also had no significant effect on the responses of blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate to thiopental.", "contents": "Naloxone fails to antagonize thiopental anesthesia. A study was undertaken to determine the effect in man of naloxone on the central nervous system depression produced by IV thiopental. Eight normal volunteers were given 5 mg/kg thiopental IV. On a separate occasion the same 8 volunteers were given 50 microgram/kg naloxone IV 5 minutes prior to 5 mg/kg thiopental. Naloxone had no significant effect on the rate of return of consciousness following administration of thiopental. Naloxone also had no significant effect on the responses of blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate to thiopental.", "PMID": 568425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8012", "title": "Interaction of muscle relaxants and local anesthetics at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The effects on neuromuscular (NM) function of combinations of relaxants (d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine) and local anesthetics (cocaine, procaine, lidocaine, etidocaine, and a quaternized derivative of procaine, procaine methobromide) were investigated using the rat's phrenic nerve--hemidiaphragm preparation. Combinations of ineffective concentrations of NM blocking agents with ineffective concentrations of local anesthetics caused a greater than 90% NM block. Preliminary administration of ineffective concentrations of local anesthetics significantly ( p less than 0.001) decreased the ED50 of NM blocking agents. The administration of ineffective concentrations of NM blocking agents caused a similar decrease of the ED50 of local anesthetics. Concentrations of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium which alone produced partial NM block had additive effects. These findings suggest that the interaction of NM blocking agents and local anesthetics consists of true potentiation caused by the different sites of action of the two types of compounds at the NM junction. The degree of potentiation may be enough to cause clinically significant NM block in patients who at the same time receive high enough doses of both agents. In vitro the NM block caused by the combinations of local anesthetics and NM blocking agents can be reversed by 4-aminopyridine.", "contents": "Interaction of muscle relaxants and local anesthetics at the neuromuscular junction. The effects on neuromuscular (NM) function of combinations of relaxants (d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine) and local anesthetics (cocaine, procaine, lidocaine, etidocaine, and a quaternized derivative of procaine, procaine methobromide) were investigated using the rat's phrenic nerve--hemidiaphragm preparation. Combinations of ineffective concentrations of NM blocking agents with ineffective concentrations of local anesthetics caused a greater than 90% NM block. Preliminary administration of ineffective concentrations of local anesthetics significantly ( p less than 0.001) decreased the ED50 of NM blocking agents. The administration of ineffective concentrations of NM blocking agents caused a similar decrease of the ED50 of local anesthetics. Concentrations of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium which alone produced partial NM block had additive effects. These findings suggest that the interaction of NM blocking agents and local anesthetics consists of true potentiation caused by the different sites of action of the two types of compounds at the NM junction. The degree of potentiation may be enough to cause clinically significant NM block in patients who at the same time receive high enough doses of both agents. In vitro the NM block caused by the combinations of local anesthetics and NM blocking agents can be reversed by 4-aminopyridine.", "PMID": 568429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8013", "title": "Tracheal pathology following short-term intubation with low- and high-pressure endotracheal tube cuffs.", "content": "Histologic sections of dog tracheas were taken from 20 dogs anesthetized and intubated for 5 to 7 hours with high-pressure, low-volume Shiley or low-pressure, high-volume Lanz endo-tracheal tubes. Microscopic examination and measurement showed that while the high-pressure, low-volume cuff produced deeper average mucosal erosion, the large-volume, low-pressure cuff resulted in significantly  greater lengths of tracheal mucosa-cuff erosion. Maximal depth of penetration throught the basement membrane was similar in both groups. Grooves in the mucosa were seen in 50% of the high-volume-cuff trachea sections but none of the low-volume-cuff tracheal sections. These findings demonstrate that low-pressure, high-volume endotracheal tube cuffs produce different but significant tracheal damage after short-term intubation when compared to high-pressure, low-volume cuffs.", "contents": "Tracheal pathology following short-term intubation with low- and high-pressure endotracheal tube cuffs. Histologic sections of dog tracheas were taken from 20 dogs anesthetized and intubated for 5 to 7 hours with high-pressure, low-volume Shiley or low-pressure, high-volume Lanz endo-tracheal tubes. Microscopic examination and measurement showed that while the high-pressure, low-volume cuff produced deeper average mucosal erosion, the large-volume, low-pressure cuff resulted in significantly  greater lengths of tracheal mucosa-cuff erosion. Maximal depth of penetration throught the basement membrane was similar in both groups. Grooves in the mucosa were seen in 50% of the high-volume-cuff trachea sections but none of the low-volume-cuff tracheal sections. These findings demonstrate that low-pressure, high-volume endotracheal tube cuffs produce different but significant tracheal damage after short-term intubation when compared to high-pressure, low-volume cuffs.", "PMID": 568428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8014", "title": "Chronic rhinitis in the pre-school child.", "content": "The etiologic role of atopy in chronic rhinitis in 40 infants and pre-school children was investigated and the long-term effectiveness and safety of promethazine studied during six to 48 months. Twenty children were clearly atopic and 16 were not. Four had incomplete laboratory evidence of atopy. In addition to clinical histories and physical findings, the subjects were evaluated by skin tests for common allergens. RAST tests, total IgE levels and absolute eosinophil counts. Promethazine in doses of 3 to 12 mg/kg/day (mean 8 mg) was administered in divided doses, four times a day for perennial rhinitis and on \"as required\" basis for recurrent and seasonal rhinitis. Side effects included drowsiness and irritability, which led to discontinuance of promethazine in one subject. There was no laboratory evidence of hematologic, renal or hepatic abnormalities. Promethazine was found to be an effective agent for symptom-control of chronic rhinitis in the pre-school child.", "contents": "Chronic rhinitis in the pre-school child. The etiologic role of atopy in chronic rhinitis in 40 infants and pre-school children was investigated and the long-term effectiveness and safety of promethazine studied during six to 48 months. Twenty children were clearly atopic and 16 were not. Four had incomplete laboratory evidence of atopy. In addition to clinical histories and physical findings, the subjects were evaluated by skin tests for common allergens. RAST tests, total IgE levels and absolute eosinophil counts. Promethazine in doses of 3 to 12 mg/kg/day (mean 8 mg) was administered in divided doses, four times a day for perennial rhinitis and on \"as required\" basis for recurrent and seasonal rhinitis. Side effects included drowsiness and irritability, which led to discontinuance of promethazine in one subject. There was no laboratory evidence of hematologic, renal or hepatic abnormalities. Promethazine was found to be an effective agent for symptom-control of chronic rhinitis in the pre-school child.", "PMID": 568438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8015", "title": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein for nutritional fortification of low pH food.", "content": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins is an attractive means of obtaining the changes in the functional properties often necessary for incorporating the protein in low pH food, e.g. soft drinks. The main problem associated with protein hydrolysis is the welldel-known formation of bitter-tasting peptides. The bitterness seems to be related to a too high degree of hydrolysis (DH). DH is defined as the percentage of cleaved peptide bonds and serves as the controlling parameter for the hydrolysis process. The choice of hydrolysis parameters is briefly discussed in relation to studies on the hydrolysis kinetics which in many respects can be described by classical enzyme kinetics. Several pilot plant productions of isoelectric soluble soy protein hydrolyzates have been carried out using soy isolate or soy concentrate as the raw material. The preferred enzyme for this type of hydrolysis is Alcalase 0.6 L, a food-grade liquid preparation of subtilism Carlsberg. The chosen hydrolysis parameters are : Substrate conc. : 8 per cent protein (N x 6.25). Enzyme-substrate ratio : 2 per cent. pH : 8.0. Temperature : 50 degrees C. The optimal DH value with regard to taste seems to be 10 per cent, corresponding to about 2 hours' hydrolysis time. The hydrolysis is terminated by the addition of citric or malic acids until pH reaches a value of 4.2. Separation of the supernatant from the unconverted protein is carried out in a continuous, solids-ejecting centrifuge. Preliminary rat trials show a satisfactory nutritional quality of the hydrolyzates. Possible end-uses for soy protein hydrolyzates are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein for nutritional fortification of low pH food. Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins is an attractive means of obtaining the changes in the functional properties often necessary for incorporating the protein in low pH food, e.g. soft drinks. The main problem associated with protein hydrolysis is the welldel-known formation of bitter-tasting peptides. The bitterness seems to be related to a too high degree of hydrolysis (DH). DH is defined as the percentage of cleaved peptide bonds and serves as the controlling parameter for the hydrolysis process. The choice of hydrolysis parameters is briefly discussed in relation to studies on the hydrolysis kinetics which in many respects can be described by classical enzyme kinetics. Several pilot plant productions of isoelectric soluble soy protein hydrolyzates have been carried out using soy isolate or soy concentrate as the raw material. The preferred enzyme for this type of hydrolysis is Alcalase 0.6 L, a food-grade liquid preparation of subtilism Carlsberg. The chosen hydrolysis parameters are : Substrate conc. : 8 per cent protein (N x 6.25). Enzyme-substrate ratio : 2 per cent. pH : 8.0. Temperature : 50 degrees C. The optimal DH value with regard to taste seems to be 10 per cent, corresponding to about 2 hours' hydrolysis time. The hydrolysis is terminated by the addition of citric or malic acids until pH reaches a value of 4.2. Separation of the supernatant from the unconverted protein is carried out in a continuous, solids-ejecting centrifuge. Preliminary rat trials show a satisfactory nutritional quality of the hydrolyzates. Possible end-uses for soy protein hydrolyzates are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 568441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8016", "title": "[Evaluation of soy bean proteins obtained by pressure].", "content": "Besides the processes of extrusion and protein fiber spinning, analogous utilization research with a range of protein sources is continuing at an accelerated pace. However, the pressure forming process, an attractive process for producing protein foods, has not received the attention as it merits. The fabrication techniques contribute the advantages of nutritional value, economic and simplicity in manufacture; it can be extend to utilize in the development of useful textured vegetable protein foods. Here, we present a pressure forming process for producing protein foods with soybean grains. In this paper, we evaluated the composition, and the yield of the products obtained by this process; the trypsin inhibitor and enzymatic proteolyse of the products were also studied. The product obtained contents soluble and insoluble proteins of soybean, 45 p. 100 of protein (N x 6,25), 20-25 p. 100 of carbohydrates of which the fibers are included; moreover it contents 6-7 p. 100 of ash and 20-22 p. 100 of fat. It does not content any starch, the oligosaccharides and antinutritional factors were almost eliminated. This product presents in acceptable textural form resembling traditional animal protein foodstuffs; its fonctional and nutritional properties can meet different utilizations in foodstuffs such as dietetic products and protein complements.", "contents": "[Evaluation of soy bean proteins obtained by pressure]. Besides the processes of extrusion and protein fiber spinning, analogous utilization research with a range of protein sources is continuing at an accelerated pace. However, the pressure forming process, an attractive process for producing protein foods, has not received the attention as it merits. The fabrication techniques contribute the advantages of nutritional value, economic and simplicity in manufacture; it can be extend to utilize in the development of useful textured vegetable protein foods. Here, we present a pressure forming process for producing protein foods with soybean grains. In this paper, we evaluated the composition, and the yield of the products obtained by this process; the trypsin inhibitor and enzymatic proteolyse of the products were also studied. The product obtained contents soluble and insoluble proteins of soybean, 45 p. 100 of protein (N x 6,25), 20-25 p. 100 of carbohydrates of which the fibers are included; moreover it contents 6-7 p. 100 of ash and 20-22 p. 100 of fat. It does not content any starch, the oligosaccharides and antinutritional factors were almost eliminated. This product presents in acceptable textural form resembling traditional animal protein foodstuffs; its fonctional and nutritional properties can meet different utilizations in foodstuffs such as dietetic products and protein complements.", "PMID": 568442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8017", "title": "[Measure of available and blocked lysine in industrial milks].", "content": "The classical methods to measure lysine availability give rise to some difficulties in milks due to the presence of deoxyketose-lysine (DOKL). Six methods, one of which measuring the blocked lysine, are studied. Amino acid chromatography gives a too high value of lysine when it is blocked as DOKL, the latter regenerating lysine during acid hydrolysis. The determined lysine does not correspond to the available one. Fluro-dinitro-benzene is not fully specific for free epsilon-NH2 of lysine and the reducing sugars present interfere during the reaction in converting \"nitro\" into \"amino\" groups. Guanidization is a specific reaction between the epsilon-NH2 of lysine and O-methyl-isourea with formation of homoarginine. The homarginine, calculated as lysine corresponds to the available lysine. Reduction with sodium borhydride converts the DOKL to a stable compound which, during acid hydrolysis, does not regenerate lysine and does not form furosine. The recovered lysine corresponds to the available one. Our \"in vitro\" digestion method with simultaneous dialysis enables the determination of available lysine, as the proteolytic enzymes used do not split up the DOKL binding. The liberated lysine corresponds to the available one. The blocked lysine is measured from furosine after acid hydrolysis. A formula, which makes up the level of furosine formation and for lysine regeneration from DOKL, is established.", "contents": "[Measure of available and blocked lysine in industrial milks]. The classical methods to measure lysine availability give rise to some difficulties in milks due to the presence of deoxyketose-lysine (DOKL). Six methods, one of which measuring the blocked lysine, are studied. Amino acid chromatography gives a too high value of lysine when it is blocked as DOKL, the latter regenerating lysine during acid hydrolysis. The determined lysine does not correspond to the available one. Fluro-dinitro-benzene is not fully specific for free epsilon-NH2 of lysine and the reducing sugars present interfere during the reaction in converting \"nitro\" into \"amino\" groups. Guanidization is a specific reaction between the epsilon-NH2 of lysine and O-methyl-isourea with formation of homoarginine. The homarginine, calculated as lysine corresponds to the available lysine. Reduction with sodium borhydride converts the DOKL to a stable compound which, during acid hydrolysis, does not regenerate lysine and does not form furosine. The recovered lysine corresponds to the available one. Our \"in vitro\" digestion method with simultaneous dialysis enables the determination of available lysine, as the proteolytic enzymes used do not split up the DOKL binding. The liberated lysine corresponds to the available one. The blocked lysine is measured from furosine after acid hydrolysis. A formula, which makes up the level of furosine formation and for lysine regeneration from DOKL, is established.", "PMID": 568443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8018", "title": "[Nutritional study of spun soy proteins].", "content": "Most of metabolic studies in man concerning the ability of soya proteins to obtain an equilibrated nitrogen balance have been made with extruded products. Because of the extending development of spun proteins, it seems necessary to study the protein quality of this type of product. A preliminary study in rat (C.E.P. method) was conducted to improve the nutritional value by complementation of the fibers by the way of binder. The metabolic utilization of this protein was evaluated in human subjects during two periods of 10 days. Soya protein cover respectively 78 and 48% of the total protein intake. Under these experimental conditions in which soya proteins constitute an important percentage of the total protein intake, the mean nitrogen balance is near to be equilibrated and the nitrogen utilization does not present any significative difference between the periods. Parallely to the suppression of animal proteins, the introduction of insatured lipids in the diet, has allowed, moreover, to decrease the concentration of the lipidic parameters of the subjects. This study demonstrated the dietetic interest and the ability of the studied product to provide the supplying of the nitrogen balance.", "contents": "[Nutritional study of spun soy proteins]. Most of metabolic studies in man concerning the ability of soya proteins to obtain an equilibrated nitrogen balance have been made with extruded products. Because of the extending development of spun proteins, it seems necessary to study the protein quality of this type of product. A preliminary study in rat (C.E.P. method) was conducted to improve the nutritional value by complementation of the fibers by the way of binder. The metabolic utilization of this protein was evaluated in human subjects during two periods of 10 days. Soya protein cover respectively 78 and 48% of the total protein intake. Under these experimental conditions in which soya proteins constitute an important percentage of the total protein intake, the mean nitrogen balance is near to be equilibrated and the nitrogen utilization does not present any significative difference between the periods. Parallely to the suppression of animal proteins, the introduction of insatured lipids in the diet, has allowed, moreover, to decrease the concentration of the lipidic parameters of the subjects. This study demonstrated the dietetic interest and the ability of the studied product to provide the supplying of the nitrogen balance.", "PMID": 568444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8019", "title": "[Utilization of pure proteins and peptides for the study of chemical and nutritional changes suffered by milk during heating].", "content": "Milk proteins, and in particular the caseins, undergo during heat treatments (120 degrees C, 20-30 min) physico chemical and nutritional modifications. Using pure proteins (alphas and beta caseins) and peptides, it has been possible to dissociate the effects of heat treatments which, in milk can hide each other. Physico chemical properties of caseins (the ability to bind Ca++ and anionic dyes, acid-basic titration curves, electrophoretic behavior) are strongly altered, while the constitutive aminoacids are less modified. The accessibility of the aminogroups of lysine to the fluorodinitrobenzen and to the O-m\u00e9thylisourea is lowered with a small rate. Lysinoalanyle interactions between serine and lysine are weak at a neutral pH while the isopeptide bonds epsilonN (gamma glutamyl)lysyle are only produced with more severe conditions as those of sterilization. The digestibility to the proteases is enhanced with low heat treatments then decreases with more severe treatments (120 degrees C-80 min.). Many peptides, which are released from the caseins during heating are issued from low specific split peptidic bonds; these peptides have often stimulating properties on the growth of lactic bacteria.", "contents": "[Utilization of pure proteins and peptides for the study of chemical and nutritional changes suffered by milk during heating]. Milk proteins, and in particular the caseins, undergo during heat treatments (120 degrees C, 20-30 min) physico chemical and nutritional modifications. Using pure proteins (alphas and beta caseins) and peptides, it has been possible to dissociate the effects of heat treatments which, in milk can hide each other. Physico chemical properties of caseins (the ability to bind Ca++ and anionic dyes, acid-basic titration curves, electrophoretic behavior) are strongly altered, while the constitutive aminoacids are less modified. The accessibility of the aminogroups of lysine to the fluorodinitrobenzen and to the O-m\u00e9thylisourea is lowered with a small rate. Lysinoalanyle interactions between serine and lysine are weak at a neutral pH while the isopeptide bonds epsilonN (gamma glutamyl)lysyle are only produced with more severe conditions as those of sterilization. The digestibility to the proteases is enhanced with low heat treatments then decreases with more severe treatments (120 degrees C-80 min.). Many peptides, which are released from the caseins during heating are issued from low specific split peptidic bonds; these peptides have often stimulating properties on the growth of lactic bacteria.", "PMID": 568445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8020", "title": "[Preservation of vitamin B1 and B2 during the preparation of pork meat].", "content": "Thiamin and riboflavin seem to resist fairly well to the proceedings of meat products studied here (cooked hams, patties, dry sausages). This result is normal enough to riboflavin, it is less for thiamin which sensitive to nitrite and to heating is well established by the literature. The origin of these observed phenomenons of protection is probably due to the complexation of these vitamins by the meat proteins. A similar phenomenon has been seen before by several authors on milk proteins, eggs and specially sulfhydril groups. This complexation is confirmed by the important release of both vitamins we noted during processing. They are determined much more easily on processed meat products than on raw materials. The nutritional repercussion of the observed phenomenon is difficult to estimate accurately. The vitamins release we find out, make them more available for the organism but it would be compared to the enzymatic decomplexation which occurs in vivo, during digestion, that we did not studied. Nevertheless such an approach would be necessary for the estimation of the practical value of the analytical determinations generally used.", "contents": "[Preservation of vitamin B1 and B2 during the preparation of pork meat]. Thiamin and riboflavin seem to resist fairly well to the proceedings of meat products studied here (cooked hams, patties, dry sausages). This result is normal enough to riboflavin, it is less for thiamin which sensitive to nitrite and to heating is well established by the literature. The origin of these observed phenomenons of protection is probably due to the complexation of these vitamins by the meat proteins. A similar phenomenon has been seen before by several authors on milk proteins, eggs and specially sulfhydril groups. This complexation is confirmed by the important release of both vitamins we noted during processing. They are determined much more easily on processed meat products than on raw materials. The nutritional repercussion of the observed phenomenon is difficult to estimate accurately. The vitamins release we find out, make them more available for the organism but it would be compared to the enzymatic decomplexation which occurs in vivo, during digestion, that we did not studied. Nevertheless such an approach would be necessary for the estimation of the practical value of the analytical determinations generally used.", "PMID": 568446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8021", "title": "Protein quality and iron availability of intermediate moisture beef stored at 38 degrees C.", "content": "The longissimus dorsi of a bull and steer were cut into cubes 1.5 cm3 and processed to a water activity (aw) 0.85 by canning in a solution of 9.5 p. 100 sodium chloride, 0.5 p. 100 potassium sorbate and a pre-determined amount of glycerol and water for sixteen hours with continuous tumbling on an end over shaker. After partial drying the intermediate moisture (i.m.) meat pieces were stored at 38 degrees C for periods up to 24 weeks and then freeze-dried before milling and incorporation into test diets fed to rats. Protein quality of fresh cooked beef and i.m. meat stored at 38 degrees C was measured in terms of net protein utilisation (NPU). There was no significant difference in NPU between cooked beef and freshly processed i.m. beef. There were no changes in NPU of i.m. meat from bull up to 9 weeks of storage. After 3 weeks of storage of the meat from the steer however, the NPU fell to 53.0, a level characteristic of cereal protein. This fall in NPU was associated with a decrease in the levels of all essential amino acids (in the protein hydrolysate). Valine and threonine being first and second limiting amino acids. Further storage of i.m. beef after 3 weeks produced a slower rate of decrease in NPU, the value at 24 weeks being 32.1 (61 p. 100 fall). Available lysine decreased by only 15 p. 100 after twenty-four weeks, this measurement under-estimating the fall in protein quality. The decrease in solubility of the meat in SDS/beta-mercaptoethanol on storage was of similar magnitude to that of NPU. Iron availability of i.m. meat, measured by haemoglobin regeneration in rats, showed improved iron availability compared to freshly cooked beef, even though marked changes had occurred in the meat heamatin complexes.", "contents": "Protein quality and iron availability of intermediate moisture beef stored at 38 degrees C. The longissimus dorsi of a bull and steer were cut into cubes 1.5 cm3 and processed to a water activity (aw) 0.85 by canning in a solution of 9.5 p. 100 sodium chloride, 0.5 p. 100 potassium sorbate and a pre-determined amount of glycerol and water for sixteen hours with continuous tumbling on an end over shaker. After partial drying the intermediate moisture (i.m.) meat pieces were stored at 38 degrees C for periods up to 24 weeks and then freeze-dried before milling and incorporation into test diets fed to rats. Protein quality of fresh cooked beef and i.m. meat stored at 38 degrees C was measured in terms of net protein utilisation (NPU). There was no significant difference in NPU between cooked beef and freshly processed i.m. beef. There were no changes in NPU of i.m. meat from bull up to 9 weeks of storage. After 3 weeks of storage of the meat from the steer however, the NPU fell to 53.0, a level characteristic of cereal protein. This fall in NPU was associated with a decrease in the levels of all essential amino acids (in the protein hydrolysate). Valine and threonine being first and second limiting amino acids. Further storage of i.m. beef after 3 weeks produced a slower rate of decrease in NPU, the value at 24 weeks being 32.1 (61 p. 100 fall). Available lysine decreased by only 15 p. 100 after twenty-four weeks, this measurement under-estimating the fall in protein quality. The decrease in solubility of the meat in SDS/beta-mercaptoethanol on storage was of similar magnitude to that of NPU. Iron availability of i.m. meat, measured by haemoglobin regeneration in rats, showed improved iron availability compared to freshly cooked beef, even though marked changes had occurred in the meat heamatin complexes.", "PMID": 568447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8022", "title": "Four new methods of debittering protein hydrolysates and a fraction of hydrolysates with high content of essential amino acids.", "content": "Extraction of enzymatic protein hydrolysates with azeotropic secondary butyl alcohol (SBA) or aqueous ethanol (AE) or aqueous isopropranol (AI), seems to be an efficient and generally applicable method for removal of bitter compounds. The bitter peptides are concentrated in the alcohol-phase which has an extremely bitter taste. It has a concentration of 40-70 p. 100 essential amino-acids. In the alcohol-phase leucine, isoleucine, phenylalamine and tryptophan were particularly increased. Experiments showed that the bitterness of the alcohol-soluble fraction could be reduced by applying the plastein reaction. A reduction in bitterness of protein hydrolysates could also be achieved by applying hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Of tested gels, hexyl-sepharose was found to be the most effective for debittering of protein hydrolysates.", "contents": "Four new methods of debittering protein hydrolysates and a fraction of hydrolysates with high content of essential amino acids. Extraction of enzymatic protein hydrolysates with azeotropic secondary butyl alcohol (SBA) or aqueous ethanol (AE) or aqueous isopropranol (AI), seems to be an efficient and generally applicable method for removal of bitter compounds. The bitter peptides are concentrated in the alcohol-phase which has an extremely bitter taste. It has a concentration of 40-70 p. 100 essential amino-acids. In the alcohol-phase leucine, isoleucine, phenylalamine and tryptophan were particularly increased. Experiments showed that the bitterness of the alcohol-soluble fraction could be reduced by applying the plastein reaction. A reduction in bitterness of protein hydrolysates could also be achieved by applying hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Of tested gels, hexyl-sepharose was found to be the most effective for debittering of protein hydrolysates.", "PMID": 568448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8023", "title": "[Effect of rubomycin and carminomycin on antibody formation during the immunization of mice with various antigens].", "content": "The maximum immunodepressive effect of rubomycin and carminomycin was observed when the antibiotics were administered intravenously 24 hours after the immunization. The immune response induced by the sheep erythrocytes or the lipopolysaccharide was equally inhibited by rubomycin. Carminomycin in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (0.1 of the LD50) to a larger extent inhibited the immune response stimulated by the lipopolysaccharide. Dependence of the immunodepressive effect of the antibiotics on their dose was found when the drugs were administered intravenously or orally.", "contents": "[Effect of rubomycin and carminomycin on antibody formation during the immunization of mice with various antigens]. The maximum immunodepressive effect of rubomycin and carminomycin was observed when the antibiotics were administered intravenously 24 hours after the immunization. The immune response induced by the sheep erythrocytes or the lipopolysaccharide was equally inhibited by rubomycin. Carminomycin in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (0.1 of the LD50) to a larger extent inhibited the immune response stimulated by the lipopolysaccharide. Dependence of the immunodepressive effect of the antibiotics on their dose was found when the drugs were administered intravenously or orally.", "PMID": 568450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8024", "title": "Effect of hadacidin on growth and adenylosuccinate synthetase activity of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The growth of the eucaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum in liquid culture was completely inhibited by the aspartic acid analog hadacidin (N-formylhydroxyamino-acetic acid). Growth arrest occurred both in chemically defined medium and in complex growth medium containing aspartic acid and AMP precursors such as adenine and adenosine. Although these compounds could not overcome the effect of hadacidin, growth was restored if cells were washed and resuspended in fresh growth medium. Additional experiments showed that D. discoideum contains adenylosuccinate synthetase, the enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from IMP, aspartic acid, and GTP in the de novo biosynthesis of purines. A partially purified preparation of this enzyme was obtained, and the effect of hadacidin on its activity was studied. We found that maximum inhibition of the D. discoideum activity occurs at a ratio of aspartic acid to hadacidin of 5:1, suggesting that the affinity of the drug for this enzyme is less than for the enzyme from rabbit muscle and plants but greater than for that from Escherichia coli. The effect of the drug can be overcome by a 10-fold excess of aspartic acid, suggesting that the drug acts as a competitive inhibitor. A comparison of the adenylosuccinate synthetase activity levels at various stages of growth showed that its specific activity decreases about 60% as cells enter the stationary growth phase, and decreases about 75% after starvation for 2 h. Further studies showed that in cells treated with hadacidin the rate of uptake of exogenous nutrients is reduced about 75% and that these cells are more resistant to rupture by osmotic shock. While the results of this study are consistent with the proposal that growth arrest is contingent upon inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase activity, they also suggest that, as a consequence of this inhibition, some physiological properties of the cell have been altered.", "contents": "Effect of hadacidin on growth and adenylosuccinate synthetase activity of Dictyostelium discoideum. The growth of the eucaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum in liquid culture was completely inhibited by the aspartic acid analog hadacidin (N-formylhydroxyamino-acetic acid). Growth arrest occurred both in chemically defined medium and in complex growth medium containing aspartic acid and AMP precursors such as adenine and adenosine. Although these compounds could not overcome the effect of hadacidin, growth was restored if cells were washed and resuspended in fresh growth medium. Additional experiments showed that D. discoideum contains adenylosuccinate synthetase, the enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from IMP, aspartic acid, and GTP in the de novo biosynthesis of purines. A partially purified preparation of this enzyme was obtained, and the effect of hadacidin on its activity was studied. We found that maximum inhibition of the D. discoideum activity occurs at a ratio of aspartic acid to hadacidin of 5:1, suggesting that the affinity of the drug for this enzyme is less than for the enzyme from rabbit muscle and plants but greater than for that from Escherichia coli. The effect of the drug can be overcome by a 10-fold excess of aspartic acid, suggesting that the drug acts as a competitive inhibitor. A comparison of the adenylosuccinate synthetase activity levels at various stages of growth showed that its specific activity decreases about 60% as cells enter the stationary growth phase, and decreases about 75% after starvation for 2 h. Further studies showed that in cells treated with hadacidin the rate of uptake of exogenous nutrients is reduced about 75% and that these cells are more resistant to rupture by osmotic shock. While the results of this study are consistent with the proposal that growth arrest is contingent upon inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase activity, they also suggest that, as a consequence of this inhibition, some physiological properties of the cell have been altered.", "PMID": 568451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8025", "title": "Quantitation of imidazoles by agar-disk diffusion.", "content": "A simple, reliable, and inexpensive assay for quantitation of the imidazole drugs miconazole, RV 40,500, and RV 41,400 was tested. The assay, similar to a Kirby-Bauer test, was sensitive to less than or equal to 0.2 mug of drug per ml and linear from less than or equal to 0.2 to 10.0 mug/ml. Concentration of inoculum and agar depth in test plates was not as critical as the type of medium, amount of inoculum, or type of drug used.", "contents": "Quantitation of imidazoles by agar-disk diffusion. A simple, reliable, and inexpensive assay for quantitation of the imidazole drugs miconazole, RV 40,500, and RV 41,400 was tested. The assay, similar to a Kirby-Bauer test, was sensitive to less than or equal to 0.2 mug of drug per ml and linear from less than or equal to 0.2 to 10.0 mug/ml. Concentration of inoculum and agar depth in test plates was not as critical as the type of medium, amount of inoculum, or type of drug used.", "PMID": 568452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8026", "title": "Enrichment procedures for isolating salmonellae from raw meat and poultry.", "content": "The combined use of direct enrichment in tetrathionate broth containing brilliant green dye and preenrichment in buffered peptone-water followed by enrichment in tetrathionate broth yielded the maximal recovery of salmonellae from raw meat and poultry samples.", "contents": "Enrichment procedures for isolating salmonellae from raw meat and poultry. The combined use of direct enrichment in tetrathionate broth containing brilliant green dye and preenrichment in buffered peptone-water followed by enrichment in tetrathionate broth yielded the maximal recovery of salmonellae from raw meat and poultry samples.", "PMID": 568453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8027", "title": "Angiosarcoma with pulmonary siderosis and persistent reticulocytosis. Steroid responsiveness suggests an immune basis.", "content": "A 35-year old man with cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea was found to have diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and iron-laden macrophages in the sputum. Pulmonary siderosis was confirmed by transbronchial biopsy. An associated hypochromic anemia required frequent transfusion. Though marrow iron stores were absent, reticulocytosis was maintained. Corticosteroid therapy resulted in cessation of hemoptysis, clearing of the pulmonary infiltration, and a substantial reduction in transfusion requirement. Splenectomy was of no benefit. The patient developed cerebral symptoms with seizures, and rapid deterioration led to cerebral symptoms with seizures, and rapid deterioration led to death. Disseminated hemangiosarcoma was found at autopsy. Steroid responsiveness of the associated pulmonary siderosis suggests that it had an immune basis.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma with pulmonary siderosis and persistent reticulocytosis. Steroid responsiveness suggests an immune basis. A 35-year old man with cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea was found to have diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and iron-laden macrophages in the sputum. Pulmonary siderosis was confirmed by transbronchial biopsy. An associated hypochromic anemia required frequent transfusion. Though marrow iron stores were absent, reticulocytosis was maintained. Corticosteroid therapy resulted in cessation of hemoptysis, clearing of the pulmonary infiltration, and a substantial reduction in transfusion requirement. Splenectomy was of no benefit. The patient developed cerebral symptoms with seizures, and rapid deterioration led to cerebral symptoms with seizures, and rapid deterioration led to death. Disseminated hemangiosarcoma was found at autopsy. Steroid responsiveness of the associated pulmonary siderosis suggests that it had an immune basis.", "PMID": 568458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8028", "title": "Galactosemia as a result of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme in a family (parents and eight children): four of these with clinical diagnosis of classical galactosemia. In two of them a complete transferase deficiency was found, thus confirming diagnosis; the other two, a pair of dizygotic twins, who since birth up to 11 years of age had been on a galactose free diet, showed enzymatic activity consistent with normal heterozygotes, one of them, and with normal homozygotes, the other. The parents and four brothers had the same enzyme activity levels an those found in heterozygotes for galactosemia. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance in classical galactosemia, and we emphasize this point because patients can be treated with dietotherapy and primary prevention is possible through genetic counseling.", "contents": "Galactosemia as a result of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. This study was designed to determine the activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme in a family (parents and eight children): four of these with clinical diagnosis of classical galactosemia. In two of them a complete transferase deficiency was found, thus confirming diagnosis; the other two, a pair of dizygotic twins, who since birth up to 11 years of age had been on a galactose free diet, showed enzymatic activity consistent with normal heterozygotes, one of them, and with normal homozygotes, the other. The parents and four brothers had the same enzyme activity levels an those found in heterozygotes for galactosemia. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance in classical galactosemia, and we emphasize this point because patients can be treated with dietotherapy and primary prevention is possible through genetic counseling.", "PMID": 568459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8029", "title": "Physical illness presenting as psychiatric disease.", "content": "A study of 658 consecutive psychiatric outpatients receiving careful medical and biochemical evaluation, defined an incidence of medical disorders productive of psychiatric symptoms in 9.1% of cases. The most frequent presentations were of depression, confusion, anxiety, and speech or memory disorders. The presence of visual hallucinations was believed to indicate medical etiology until proved otherwise. Major illnesses presenting with psychiatric symptoms in order of frequency were infectious, pulmonary, thyroid, diabetic, hematopoietic, hepatic and CNS diseases. Forty-six percent of these patients suffered from medical illnesses previously unknown to either them or their physician. A plea is made for careful medical evaluation of psychiatric patients.", "contents": "Physical illness presenting as psychiatric disease. A study of 658 consecutive psychiatric outpatients receiving careful medical and biochemical evaluation, defined an incidence of medical disorders productive of psychiatric symptoms in 9.1% of cases. The most frequent presentations were of depression, confusion, anxiety, and speech or memory disorders. The presence of visual hallucinations was believed to indicate medical etiology until proved otherwise. Major illnesses presenting with psychiatric symptoms in order of frequency were infectious, pulmonary, thyroid, diabetic, hematopoietic, hepatic and CNS diseases. Forty-six percent of these patients suffered from medical illnesses previously unknown to either them or their physician. A plea is made for careful medical evaluation of psychiatric patients.", "PMID": 568461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8030", "title": "Selected isolates of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus propagated on bovine turbinate cells: virus titer and soluble antigen production as factors in immunogenicity of killed BVD virus.", "content": "Soluble antigen production in a bovine turbinate cell line by 17 isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus was studied. We showed that the quantity of soluble antigen produced may vary considerably between isolates. Further, the isolate producing the greatest quantity of soluble antigen produced a higher antibody titer in calves than an isolate producing only half as much soluble antigen.", "contents": "Selected isolates of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus propagated on bovine turbinate cells: virus titer and soluble antigen production as factors in immunogenicity of killed BVD virus. Soluble antigen production in a bovine turbinate cell line by 17 isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus was studied. We showed that the quantity of soluble antigen produced may vary considerably between isolates. Further, the isolate producing the greatest quantity of soluble antigen produced a higher antibody titer in calves than an isolate producing only half as much soluble antigen.", "PMID": 568462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8031", "title": "Neuromuscular synapse testing in two cases of suicidal organophosphorous pesticide poisoning.", "content": "Electromyographic neuromuscular testing was performed for two patients with a very low blood cholinesterase activity due to suicidal poisoning with organophosphorous pesticides. Electromyographic results did not differ significantly from those obtained in healthy nonexposed adults. Neuromuscular synapse functioning was normal, as was determined by electromyography. Neurological signs and symptoms are described in detail.", "contents": "Neuromuscular synapse testing in two cases of suicidal organophosphorous pesticide poisoning. Electromyographic neuromuscular testing was performed for two patients with a very low blood cholinesterase activity due to suicidal poisoning with organophosphorous pesticides. Electromyographic results did not differ significantly from those obtained in healthy nonexposed adults. Neuromuscular synapse functioning was normal, as was determined by electromyography. Neurological signs and symptoms are described in detail.", "PMID": 568457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8032", "title": "Surface chemistry characteristics of human umbilical vein used as chronic canine arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "Six bilateral loop arteriovenous fistulas from the femoral artery to the femoral vein were constructed in dogs using Dacron-mesh-coated human umbilical vein. Each graft was punctured twice weekly with a 16 gauge needle for up to 36 weeks, and biopsies were done every four to eight weeks. The long-term patency was 83% at 24 weeks. There was no thrombosis from the needle puncture. Serial histologic examination revealed progressive transmural fibrous cell ingrowth and progressive neointimal cell formation. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated areas of disrupted basement membrane covered with laminar fibrin meshes, probably representing sites of needle puncture. With multiple attenuated internal reflection spectroscopy of the graft lumens, minimal to moderate lipid deposition was observed to a depth of 1 micrometer at 32-36 weeks. No abnormal amounts of minerals were found within the graft walls with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Critical surface tensions remained within the biocompatible range of 20-30 dynes/cm. Human umbilical vein possesses many of the surface chemistry qualities of an ideal vascular prosthesis, has excellent long term patency, and is suitable for use where angioaccess with repeated needle puncture is needed.", "contents": "Surface chemistry characteristics of human umbilical vein used as chronic canine arteriovenous fistulas. Six bilateral loop arteriovenous fistulas from the femoral artery to the femoral vein were constructed in dogs using Dacron-mesh-coated human umbilical vein. Each graft was punctured twice weekly with a 16 gauge needle for up to 36 weeks, and biopsies were done every four to eight weeks. The long-term patency was 83% at 24 weeks. There was no thrombosis from the needle puncture. Serial histologic examination revealed progressive transmural fibrous cell ingrowth and progressive neointimal cell formation. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated areas of disrupted basement membrane covered with laminar fibrin meshes, probably representing sites of needle puncture. With multiple attenuated internal reflection spectroscopy of the graft lumens, minimal to moderate lipid deposition was observed to a depth of 1 micrometer at 32-36 weeks. No abnormal amounts of minerals were found within the graft walls with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Critical surface tensions remained within the biocompatible range of 20-30 dynes/cm. Human umbilical vein possesses many of the surface chemistry qualities of an ideal vascular prosthesis, has excellent long term patency, and is suitable for use where angioaccess with repeated needle puncture is needed.", "PMID": 568463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8033", "title": "Bioengineering aspects of the artificial pancreas.", "content": "In this paper, results of work aimed at the development of artificial beta-cells are presented. An electrolytically driven pump is considered to be a proper device for insulin injection. The transient characteristics of the simplified version of such a pump make it suitable for application in open-loop devices. Methods for electrical control of the injection rate of this pump for application in closed-loop artificial beta-cells are given. An essential component of a closed-loop artificial beta-cell is a glucose sensor. A modified version of the glucose sensor has been developed and its performance is described. Considerations of some control problems related to the artificial pancreas are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Bioengineering aspects of the artificial pancreas. In this paper, results of work aimed at the development of artificial beta-cells are presented. An electrolytically driven pump is considered to be a proper device for insulin injection. The transient characteristics of the simplified version of such a pump make it suitable for application in open-loop devices. Methods for electrical control of the injection rate of this pump for application in closed-loop artificial beta-cells are given. An essential component of a closed-loop artificial beta-cell is a glucose sensor. A modified version of the glucose sensor has been developed and its performance is described. Considerations of some control problems related to the artificial pancreas are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 568464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8034", "title": "Induction of ornithine decarboxylase in synchronized BHK cells by calf serum after a short period of serum-starvation.", "content": "Addition of calf serum to serum-starved cultures of synchronized BHK cells induced temporary production of ornithine decarboxylase, irrespective of the phase of the cell cycle of the BHK cells. The induction depended on the duration of serum starvation and on the amount of serum added. In addition, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the acid-insoluble fraction of BHK cells in the S phase was stimulated by this treatment.", "contents": "Induction of ornithine decarboxylase in synchronized BHK cells by calf serum after a short period of serum-starvation. Addition of calf serum to serum-starved cultures of synchronized BHK cells induced temporary production of ornithine decarboxylase, irrespective of the phase of the cell cycle of the BHK cells. The induction depended on the duration of serum starvation and on the amount of serum added. In addition, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the acid-insoluble fraction of BHK cells in the S phase was stimulated by this treatment.", "PMID": 568465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8035", "title": "Quantitative cidal activity of hyperbaric oxygen for opportunistic yeast pathogens.", "content": "Cidal activities of 24-h exposures to 100% O2 and 95% O2 + 5% CO2 were assayed at 1 and 3 ATA. Studied were 21 yeasts isolated from humans: Candida albicans (8 strains), C. tropicalis (3 strains), C. krusei (3 strains), C. parapsilosis (2 strains), C. guilliermondii (2 strains), and one strain each of C. pseudotropicalis, C. stellatoidea, and Torulopsis sp. Generally, these were extremely sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen, although species and strain differences were observed. Indices of kill from 80-100 (total kill) characterized 17 of the 21 yeasts (81%). Hyperoxia (O2 +/- CO2 at 1 ATA) was not lethal. Deprivation of CO2 as a consequence of hyperbaric exposure to 100% O2 enhanced cidal activity for only 2 of 21 yeasts, whereas hyperbaric exposure to the mixture enhanced activity against four yeasts. Cidal activities were not significantly different for the remaining 15 yeasts. This response to deprivation of CO2 is different from that of bacteria, and manifests fundamental differences between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells.", "contents": "Quantitative cidal activity of hyperbaric oxygen for opportunistic yeast pathogens. Cidal activities of 24-h exposures to 100% O2 and 95% O2 + 5% CO2 were assayed at 1 and 3 ATA. Studied were 21 yeasts isolated from humans: Candida albicans (8 strains), C. tropicalis (3 strains), C. krusei (3 strains), C. parapsilosis (2 strains), C. guilliermondii (2 strains), and one strain each of C. pseudotropicalis, C. stellatoidea, and Torulopsis sp. Generally, these were extremely sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen, although species and strain differences were observed. Indices of kill from 80-100 (total kill) characterized 17 of the 21 yeasts (81%). Hyperoxia (O2 +/- CO2 at 1 ATA) was not lethal. Deprivation of CO2 as a consequence of hyperbaric exposure to 100% O2 enhanced cidal activity for only 2 of 21 yeasts, whereas hyperbaric exposure to the mixture enhanced activity against four yeasts. Cidal activities were not significantly different for the remaining 15 yeasts. This response to deprivation of CO2 is different from that of bacteria, and manifests fundamental differences between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells.", "PMID": 568466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8036", "title": "Solubilization of bovine corpus-luteum adenylate cyclase in lubrol-PX, triton X-100 or digitonin and the stabilizing effect of sodium fluoride present in the solubilization medium.", "content": "1. Adenylate cyclase activity of the washed 600g sediment of bovine corpus-luteum homogenate was solubilized by Lubrol-PX, Triton X-100 and digitonin. Digitonin was the least destructive of NaF-stimulated activity. 2. NaF, present in the solubilization medium together with MgSO4, increased the percentage yields of soluble activity from untreated 600g sediment and 600g sediment which had been preincubated with p[NH]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate). The stabilizing influence of NaF was most marked with digitonin. However, the highest specific activities of soluble enzyme were obtained with Lubrol-PX as solubilizing agent, since digitonin solubilized more membrane protein than does Lubrol-PX, and less of the activity of the digitonin-dispersed 600g sediment was recovered in the 105000g supernatant. 3. p[NH]ppG also has a stabilizing effect when present during the solubilization, but less so than NaF. 4. Both NaF and MgSO4 alone have a stabilizing effect during solubilization. The greatest amounts of soluble activity were obtained with both agents present in the solubilization medium, there being a synergistic effect.", "contents": "Solubilization of bovine corpus-luteum adenylate cyclase in lubrol-PX, triton X-100 or digitonin and the stabilizing effect of sodium fluoride present in the solubilization medium. 1. Adenylate cyclase activity of the washed 600g sediment of bovine corpus-luteum homogenate was solubilized by Lubrol-PX, Triton X-100 and digitonin. Digitonin was the least destructive of NaF-stimulated activity. 2. NaF, present in the solubilization medium together with MgSO4, increased the percentage yields of soluble activity from untreated 600g sediment and 600g sediment which had been preincubated with p[NH]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate). The stabilizing influence of NaF was most marked with digitonin. However, the highest specific activities of soluble enzyme were obtained with Lubrol-PX as solubilizing agent, since digitonin solubilized more membrane protein than does Lubrol-PX, and less of the activity of the digitonin-dispersed 600g sediment was recovered in the 105000g supernatant. 3. p[NH]ppG also has a stabilizing effect when present during the solubilization, but less so than NaF. 4. Both NaF and MgSO4 alone have a stabilizing effect during solubilization. The greatest amounts of soluble activity were obtained with both agents present in the solubilization medium, there being a synergistic effect.", "PMID": 568467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8037", "title": "Acute effect of ascorbic acid on fibrinolytic activity.", "content": "The acute effect of 1 g oral ascorbic acid on serum fibrinolytic activity was studied in 40 adult males. In Group I (healthy adults) administration of ascorbic acid raised the serum level by about 71%, while the fibrinolytic activity increased to a peak of 137% at 6 h. In patients with CAD (Group II) an essentially similar increase in FA was observed. In Group III, simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid with 100 g fat effectively prevented a fall in fibrinolytic activity and actually raised it by 64% above the fasting level.", "contents": "Acute effect of ascorbic acid on fibrinolytic activity. The acute effect of 1 g oral ascorbic acid on serum fibrinolytic activity was studied in 40 adult males. In Group I (healthy adults) administration of ascorbic acid raised the serum level by about 71%, while the fibrinolytic activity increased to a peak of 137% at 6 h. In patients with CAD (Group II) an essentially similar increase in FA was observed. In Group III, simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid with 100 g fat effectively prevented a fall in fibrinolytic activity and actually raised it by 64% above the fasting level.", "PMID": 568476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8038", "title": "Severe and early stenosis of porcine heterograft mitral valve.", "content": "A patient who had aortic and mitral valves replaced by Carpentier porcine heterografts for bacterial endocarditis developed severe heart failure 18 days after operation. A second emergency operation revealed that the mitral prosthesis had become severely stenosed and calcified. A loud Graham Steell murmur had developed during the 12 hours before reoperation but no distinct murmurs of mitral stenosis had been detected.", "contents": "Severe and early stenosis of porcine heterograft mitral valve. A patient who had aortic and mitral valves replaced by Carpentier porcine heterografts for bacterial endocarditis developed severe heart failure 18 days after operation. A second emergency operation revealed that the mitral prosthesis had become severely stenosed and calcified. A loud Graham Steell murmur had developed during the 12 hours before reoperation but no distinct murmurs of mitral stenosis had been detected.", "PMID": 568477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8039", "title": "A sensitive test demonstrating lupus anticoagulant and its behavioural patterns.", "content": "The kaolin clotting time of platelet poor plasma was used as a sensitive test for detecting the lupus anticoagulant in mixtures of normal and patients' plasmas. Platelets were found to decrease the anticoagulant effect of a typical lupus inhibitor. Thus, high sensitivity in this test system was achieved by ensuring low platelet concentrations and omitting platelet lipid substitute. In 17 patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus (DLE), 12 had detectable inhibitor by this method, more than would be detected with routine coagulation tests. Mixing patterns were of four distinct types, representing three different modes of anticoagulant behaviour. The pattern (type 3) of plasma mixtures giving longer kaolin clotting times than the individual components could be reproduced in vitro by adding trace amounts of crude thrombin or platelet fragments to a more typical lupus anticoagulant-containing plasma; formation of such a mixing pattern by the plasma of a patient with DLE may therefore indicate activation of the coagulation pathway. Six patients with idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) had no detectable inhibitor indicating that anti-platelet antibodies behave differently from the lupus anticoagulant.", "contents": "A sensitive test demonstrating lupus anticoagulant and its behavioural patterns. The kaolin clotting time of platelet poor plasma was used as a sensitive test for detecting the lupus anticoagulant in mixtures of normal and patients' plasmas. Platelets were found to decrease the anticoagulant effect of a typical lupus inhibitor. Thus, high sensitivity in this test system was achieved by ensuring low platelet concentrations and omitting platelet lipid substitute. In 17 patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus (DLE), 12 had detectable inhibitor by this method, more than would be detected with routine coagulation tests. Mixing patterns were of four distinct types, representing three different modes of anticoagulant behaviour. The pattern (type 3) of plasma mixtures giving longer kaolin clotting times than the individual components could be reproduced in vitro by adding trace amounts of crude thrombin or platelet fragments to a more typical lupus anticoagulant-containing plasma; formation of such a mixing pattern by the plasma of a patient with DLE may therefore indicate activation of the coagulation pathway. Six patients with idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) had no detectable inhibitor indicating that anti-platelet antibodies behave differently from the lupus anticoagulant.", "PMID": 568479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8040", "title": "Congenital hypofibrinogenaemia and recurrent abortion. Case report.", "content": "A 26-year-old patient, who had had six consecutive spontaneous early abortions, is presented. The patient had hypofibrinogenaemia. The importance of a normal fibrin network in early pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital hypofibrinogenaemia and recurrent abortion. Case report. A 26-year-old patient, who had had six consecutive spontaneous early abortions, is presented. The patient had hypofibrinogenaemia. The importance of a normal fibrin network in early pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 568481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8041", "title": "Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis: a simultaneous bilateral fluorescein angiographic study of the iris.", "content": "Twelve patients with Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) were studied with simultaneous bilateral flucrescein angiography of the iris. The flow began a little earlier in the contralateral iris in 4 cases, and simultaneously in both irides in 8 cases. The radial iris vessels were narrow in 7 eyes with FHC and in the contralateral eyes of 2 elderly patients and 1 patient with pigmentary retinal dystrophy and FHC. An ischaemic sector of the iris was seen in 6 eyes with FHC, neovascularisation of the iris in 8 eyes, and fluorescein leakage of the iris vessels was seen in all eyes with FHC. No neovascularisation of the iris occurred in the contralateral eyes, and only minimal fluorescein leakage was seen at the pupillary border of 5 contralateral eyes. The results support the hypothesis of vascular pathomechanism in FHC.", "contents": "Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis: a simultaneous bilateral fluorescein angiographic study of the iris. Twelve patients with Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) were studied with simultaneous bilateral flucrescein angiography of the iris. The flow began a little earlier in the contralateral iris in 4 cases, and simultaneously in both irides in 8 cases. The radial iris vessels were narrow in 7 eyes with FHC and in the contralateral eyes of 2 elderly patients and 1 patient with pigmentary retinal dystrophy and FHC. An ischaemic sector of the iris was seen in 6 eyes with FHC, neovascularisation of the iris in 8 eyes, and fluorescein leakage of the iris vessels was seen in all eyes with FHC. No neovascularisation of the iris occurred in the contralateral eyes, and only minimal fluorescein leakage was seen at the pupillary border of 5 contralateral eyes. The results support the hypothesis of vascular pathomechanism in FHC.", "PMID": 568482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8042", "title": "Amino acid sequence of progesterone-induced rabbit uteroglobin.", "content": "Uteroglobin, a steroid-binding protein of the uterine secretion of the rabbit which is induced by progesterone, comprises two identical polypeptide chains of 70 amino acid residues linked by two disulfide bonds. The primary structure has been determined by using both automated and manual methods of Edman degradation. Overlapping peptides were isolated from tryptic, and CNBr digests. The sequence is not homologous to any known protein except for a small acidic region (residues 22-29) resembling a sequence found in somatotropin. The C-terminal half is relatively basic. Implications for the secondary structure are discussed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of progesterone-induced rabbit uteroglobin. Uteroglobin, a steroid-binding protein of the uterine secretion of the rabbit which is induced by progesterone, comprises two identical polypeptide chains of 70 amino acid residues linked by two disulfide bonds. The primary structure has been determined by using both automated and manual methods of Edman degradation. Overlapping peptides were isolated from tryptic, and CNBr digests. The sequence is not homologous to any known protein except for a small acidic region (residues 22-29) resembling a sequence found in somatotropin. The C-terminal half is relatively basic. Implications for the secondary structure are discussed.", "PMID": 568483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8043", "title": "Characterization of DNA-protein cross-links formed by treatment of L1210 cells and nuclei with bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (nitrogen mustard).", "content": "Proteins cross-linked to DNA after nitrogen mustard (HN2) treatment of cells or isolated nuclei were purified in CsCl gradients. The protein-DNA cross-links could be cleaved by incubation in dilute acid and could be stabilized by alkali pretreatment. These results indicate that proteins cross-linked to DNA by HN2 are bound to alkylated purines. Analysis of the DNA-bound proteins on NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels showed that primarily large nonhistone proteins are cross-linked to DNA in cells treated with HN2. Very little if any histone is cross-linked to the DNA. Comparison of DNA bound proteins from HN2-treated cells and HN2-treated nuclei showed that in general the same proteins are linked to DNA in both cases, but some qualitative and quantitative differences exist.", "contents": "Characterization of DNA-protein cross-links formed by treatment of L1210 cells and nuclei with bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (nitrogen mustard). Proteins cross-linked to DNA after nitrogen mustard (HN2) treatment of cells or isolated nuclei were purified in CsCl gradients. The protein-DNA cross-links could be cleaved by incubation in dilute acid and could be stabilized by alkali pretreatment. These results indicate that proteins cross-linked to DNA by HN2 are bound to alkylated purines. Analysis of the DNA-bound proteins on NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels showed that primarily large nonhistone proteins are cross-linked to DNA in cells treated with HN2. Very little if any histone is cross-linked to the DNA. Comparison of DNA bound proteins from HN2-treated cells and HN2-treated nuclei showed that in general the same proteins are linked to DNA in both cases, but some qualitative and quantitative differences exist.", "PMID": 568484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8044", "title": "The binding of lectins to components of plasma membranes from porcine submaxillary lymph node lymphocytes.", "content": "By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis the plasma membranes from porcine lymphocytes contain at least 30--35 glycopolypeptides and one or more glycolipids to which one or more of 12 purified lectins bind. The specificities of binding generally followed the same pattern as those of the reaction of the lectin with intact pig lymphocytes. Some lectins (e.g., the isolectin pair, Agaricus bisporus lectins A and B and a group consisting of the Lens culinaris A and B isolectins and the closely related Pisum sativum lectins) bind to almost identical populations of plasma membrane components and compete with each other for all their binding sites. Others (e.g., Concanavalin A and the Lens culinaris-Pisum sativum group and a group consisting of phytohemagglutinin-L, Ricinus communis lectin-60 and Ricinus communis lectin-120 bind in a cross reactive manner to some common binding moieties but, in addition, to certain nonshared ones. Still others (e.g., soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin) do not share any common binding moieties with the other lectins. The amount of lectin binding and the number of membrane components to which a lectin binds is directly related to the Ka of binding of the lectin to the intact lymphocyte. Those with high Ka (Cocanavalin A Lens culinaris lectins, Pisum sativum lectins, phytohemagglutinin-L), bind to 20-30 different components giving very complex binding patterns while those with lower Ka (Agaricus bisporus lectins, wheat germ agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin) bind to 8--13 components with easily distinguishable patterns. Soybean agglutinin binds almost exclusively to a glycolipid fraction while for the others one or more glycopolypeptides served as the major lectin-binding molecule. The Ricinus lectins, two lymphocyte toxins, bind to essentially every plasma membrane component to which the mitogen phytohemagglutinin-L binds, in fact competing for most of those plasma membrane moieties which bind phytohemagglutinin-L.", "contents": "The binding of lectins to components of plasma membranes from porcine submaxillary lymph node lymphocytes. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis the plasma membranes from porcine lymphocytes contain at least 30--35 glycopolypeptides and one or more glycolipids to which one or more of 12 purified lectins bind. The specificities of binding generally followed the same pattern as those of the reaction of the lectin with intact pig lymphocytes. Some lectins (e.g., the isolectin pair, Agaricus bisporus lectins A and B and a group consisting of the Lens culinaris A and B isolectins and the closely related Pisum sativum lectins) bind to almost identical populations of plasma membrane components and compete with each other for all their binding sites. Others (e.g., Concanavalin A and the Lens culinaris-Pisum sativum group and a group consisting of phytohemagglutinin-L, Ricinus communis lectin-60 and Ricinus communis lectin-120 bind in a cross reactive manner to some common binding moieties but, in addition, to certain nonshared ones. Still others (e.g., soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin) do not share any common binding moieties with the other lectins. The amount of lectin binding and the number of membrane components to which a lectin binds is directly related to the Ka of binding of the lectin to the intact lymphocyte. Those with high Ka (Cocanavalin A Lens culinaris lectins, Pisum sativum lectins, phytohemagglutinin-L), bind to 20-30 different components giving very complex binding patterns while those with lower Ka (Agaricus bisporus lectins, wheat germ agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin) bind to 8--13 components with easily distinguishable patterns. Soybean agglutinin binds almost exclusively to a glycolipid fraction while for the others one or more glycopolypeptides served as the major lectin-binding molecule. The Ricinus lectins, two lymphocyte toxins, bind to essentially every plasma membrane component to which the mitogen phytohemagglutinin-L binds, in fact competing for most of those plasma membrane moieties which bind phytohemagglutinin-L.", "PMID": 568485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8045", "title": "Separation of transcriptively active and inactive chromatin. Agarose gel chromatography.", "content": "Sheared chromatin fractionated by currently accepted methods of agarose gel exclusion chromatography, undergoes a limited and non-specific aggregation resulting from the high ionic strength and divalent cation concentration of the column elution buffer. Such aggregation causes the artifactual appearance of radioactively labeled, newly synthesized RNA within the column exclusion volume, erroneously suggesting an enrichment for actively transcribed chromatin. Claims for the efficacy of agarose gel exclusion as a method for separating template-active and -inactive chromatin are based largely on assays for active chromatin which rely on localization of specific molecular complexes of chromatin and nascent RNA. Under the conditions employed, the present studies invalidate this assay and thus cast considerable doubt on the agarose gel exclusion method itself.", "contents": "Separation of transcriptively active and inactive chromatin. Agarose gel chromatography. Sheared chromatin fractionated by currently accepted methods of agarose gel exclusion chromatography, undergoes a limited and non-specific aggregation resulting from the high ionic strength and divalent cation concentration of the column elution buffer. Such aggregation causes the artifactual appearance of radioactively labeled, newly synthesized RNA within the column exclusion volume, erroneously suggesting an enrichment for actively transcribed chromatin. Claims for the efficacy of agarose gel exclusion as a method for separating template-active and -inactive chromatin are based largely on assays for active chromatin which rely on localization of specific molecular complexes of chromatin and nascent RNA. Under the conditions employed, the present studies invalidate this assay and thus cast considerable doubt on the agarose gel exclusion method itself.", "PMID": 568486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8046", "title": "Sex-related differences in diurnal activities and development of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "The activities of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were consistently higher (up to 3-fold) in female compared to male rats fed 2% cholestyramine for 8 h daily. In all animals studied, enzymic activities were highest 6 h after feeding began. However, 85% of the rise in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity occurred in the 6 h before and 89% of the rise in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity occurred in the 6 h after feeding started. Sex-related differences in both enzymic activities first became apparent at the time of sexual maturity. Enzymic activities before weaning were generally low and a late-suckling (13--20 days) rise in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase was not accompanied by a rise in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase. For all of these studies we assayed cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase at two concentrations of exogenous cholesterol to obviate problems relating to size of the cholesterol pool.", "contents": "Sex-related differences in diurnal activities and development of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. The activities of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were consistently higher (up to 3-fold) in female compared to male rats fed 2% cholestyramine for 8 h daily. In all animals studied, enzymic activities were highest 6 h after feeding began. However, 85% of the rise in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity occurred in the 6 h before and 89% of the rise in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity occurred in the 6 h after feeding started. Sex-related differences in both enzymic activities first became apparent at the time of sexual maturity. Enzymic activities before weaning were generally low and a late-suckling (13--20 days) rise in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase was not accompanied by a rise in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase. For all of these studies we assayed cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase at two concentrations of exogenous cholesterol to obviate problems relating to size of the cholesterol pool.", "PMID": 568487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8047", "title": "Changes in the phospholipid molecular species composition of soybean hypocotyl and cotyledon after dedifferentiation.", "content": "The effect of dedifferentiation on the molecular species composition of soybean phospholipids was studied by using hypocotyl, cotyledon and the suspension culture cells established from those organs. Three major phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol) and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine were composed of twelve molecular species. Major species were 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl, 1-obeoyl-2-linoleoyl, 1-palmitoyl-2-linolenoyl and 1-linoleoyl-2-linoleoyl species. Different proportions of the molecular species were found among the three major phospholipids, but phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine was composed of the same proportions of the molecular species as those of phosphatidylethanolamine. After dedifferentiation, the 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl species increased in the cell established from hypocotyl. In the cells established from cotyledon, the 1-palmitoyl-2-linolenoyl species increased dramatically. In both cells, the 1-palmitoyl-2-linolenoyl species increased in response to increase in the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations and the progress of cell growth.", "contents": "Changes in the phospholipid molecular species composition of soybean hypocotyl and cotyledon after dedifferentiation. The effect of dedifferentiation on the molecular species composition of soybean phospholipids was studied by using hypocotyl, cotyledon and the suspension culture cells established from those organs. Three major phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol) and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine were composed of twelve molecular species. Major species were 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl, 1-obeoyl-2-linoleoyl, 1-palmitoyl-2-linolenoyl and 1-linoleoyl-2-linoleoyl species. Different proportions of the molecular species were found among the three major phospholipids, but phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine was composed of the same proportions of the molecular species as those of phosphatidylethanolamine. After dedifferentiation, the 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl species increased in the cell established from hypocotyl. In the cells established from cotyledon, the 1-palmitoyl-2-linolenoyl species increased dramatically. In both cells, the 1-palmitoyl-2-linolenoyl species increased in response to increase in the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations and the progress of cell growth.", "PMID": 568488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8048", "title": "Synthesis of lipoprotein lipase in cultured avian granulosa cells.", "content": "Avian granulosa cells cultured as a homogeneous parenchymal population contain lipolytic activity. This activity is stimulated 2--5-fold by serum, inhibited 90% by 1 M NaCl and inhibited 80% by specific anti-lipoprotein lipase immunoglobulins. 85% of the activity binds to heparin-Sepharose 4B, and 70% of bound activity is eluted with 1.5 M NaCl. Thus, the lipolytic activity of cultured granulosa cells is lipoprotein lipase. Granulosa cells were shown to synthesize lipoprotein lipase in culture by incorporating [3H]leucine into the enzyme protein, as measured with an immunoadsorption technique. Finally, colchicine was shown to increase intracellular lipolytic activity, suggesting an inhibition of secretion of this enzyme by cultured granulosa cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of lipoprotein lipase in cultured avian granulosa cells. Avian granulosa cells cultured as a homogeneous parenchymal population contain lipolytic activity. This activity is stimulated 2--5-fold by serum, inhibited 90% by 1 M NaCl and inhibited 80% by specific anti-lipoprotein lipase immunoglobulins. 85% of the activity binds to heparin-Sepharose 4B, and 70% of bound activity is eluted with 1.5 M NaCl. Thus, the lipolytic activity of cultured granulosa cells is lipoprotein lipase. Granulosa cells were shown to synthesize lipoprotein lipase in culture by incorporating [3H]leucine into the enzyme protein, as measured with an immunoadsorption technique. Finally, colchicine was shown to increase intracellular lipolytic activity, suggesting an inhibition of secretion of this enzyme by cultured granulosa cells.", "PMID": 568489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8049", "title": "The monomeric casein composition of different size bovine casein micelles.", "content": "The fractionation by size of casein micelles from bovine skim milk was performed by chromatography on controlled-pore glass granules (CPG-10/3000). Acid precipitation of the fractionated proteins in combination with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave no indication for monomeric caseins in the whey fractions. A factor besides low temperature appears necessary for the dissociation of, for example, beta-casein from casein micelles. The casein composition was studied by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In bulk skim milk the alphas-, beta- and kappa-caseins were shown to occur in the following relative amounts: 52, 33 and 15%, respectively. The distribution varies with the size of the micelle. In large and medium size micelles the alphas1-casein content is almost constant; beta-casein and kappa-casein appear to be complementary so that the kappa-casein content increases with the decrease in the size of the micelle. In small micelles the relative beta-casein content is about 50%, alphas1-casein is only about 33%. We suggest that beta-casein plays a special role as initiator of micelle formation, and that alphas1-casein stabilizes the structure of the larger micelles.", "contents": "The monomeric casein composition of different size bovine casein micelles. The fractionation by size of casein micelles from bovine skim milk was performed by chromatography on controlled-pore glass granules (CPG-10/3000). Acid precipitation of the fractionated proteins in combination with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave no indication for monomeric caseins in the whey fractions. A factor besides low temperature appears necessary for the dissociation of, for example, beta-casein from casein micelles. The casein composition was studied by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In bulk skim milk the alphas-, beta- and kappa-caseins were shown to occur in the following relative amounts: 52, 33 and 15%, respectively. The distribution varies with the size of the micelle. In large and medium size micelles the alphas1-casein content is almost constant; beta-casein and kappa-casein appear to be complementary so that the kappa-casein content increases with the decrease in the size of the micelle. In small micelles the relative beta-casein content is about 50%, alphas1-casein is only about 33%. We suggest that beta-casein plays a special role as initiator of micelle formation, and that alphas1-casein stabilizes the structure of the larger micelles.", "PMID": 568490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8050", "title": "Serum albumin domain secondary structure prediction.", "content": "A new method has been used to predict probability profiles for helix, beta-sheet and bend structures along the entire sequence and derive an averaged profile for the three homologous domains. The results are correlated with the disulphide bridge pattern, the distribution of hydrophobic sites and points where albumin is cleaved by enzymes.", "contents": "Serum albumin domain secondary structure prediction. A new method has been used to predict probability profiles for helix, beta-sheet and bend structures along the entire sequence and derive an averaged profile for the three homologous domains. The results are correlated with the disulphide bridge pattern, the distribution of hydrophobic sites and points where albumin is cleaved by enzymes.", "PMID": 568491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8051", "title": "Flexibility of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "The native conformation of a protein may be expressed in terms of the dihedral angles, phi's and psi's for the backbone, and kappa's for the side chains, for a given geometry (bond lengths and bond angles). We have developed a method to obtain the dihedral angles for a low-energy structure of a protein, starting with the X-ray structure; it is applied here to examine the degree of flexibility of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Minimization of the total energy of the inhibitor (including nonbonded, electrostatic, torsional, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide loop energies) yields a conformation having a total energy of -221 kcal/mol and a root mean square deviation between all atoms of the computed and experimental structures of 0.63 A. The optimal conformation is not unique, however, there being at least two other conformations of low-energy (-222 and -220 kcal/mol), which resemble the experimental one (root mean square deviations of 0.66 and 0.64 A, respectively). These three conformations are located in different positions in phi, psi space, i.e., with a total deviation of 81 degrees, 100 degrees and 55 degrees from each other (with a root mean square deviation of several degrees per dihedral angle from each other). The nonbonded energies of the backbones, calculated along lines in phi, psi space connecting these three conformations, are all negative, without any intervening energy barriers (on an energy contour map in the phi, psi plane). Side chains were attached at several representative positions in this plane, and the total energy was minimized by varying the kappa's. The energies were of approximately the same magnitude as the previous ones, indicating that the conformation of low energy is flexible to some extent in a restricted region of phi, psi space. Interestingly, the difference delta phi i+1 in phi i+1 for the (i + 1)th residue from one conformation to another is approximately the same as -delta psi i for the ith residue; i.e., the plane of the peptide group between the ith and (i + 1)th residues re-orient without significant changes in the positions of the other atoms. The flexibility of the orientations of the planes of the peptide groups is probably coupled in a cooperative manner to the flexibility of the positions of the backbone and side-chain atoms.", "contents": "Flexibility of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The native conformation of a protein may be expressed in terms of the dihedral angles, phi's and psi's for the backbone, and kappa's for the side chains, for a given geometry (bond lengths and bond angles). We have developed a method to obtain the dihedral angles for a low-energy structure of a protein, starting with the X-ray structure; it is applied here to examine the degree of flexibility of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Minimization of the total energy of the inhibitor (including nonbonded, electrostatic, torsional, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide loop energies) yields a conformation having a total energy of -221 kcal/mol and a root mean square deviation between all atoms of the computed and experimental structures of 0.63 A. The optimal conformation is not unique, however, there being at least two other conformations of low-energy (-222 and -220 kcal/mol), which resemble the experimental one (root mean square deviations of 0.66 and 0.64 A, respectively). These three conformations are located in different positions in phi, psi space, i.e., with a total deviation of 81 degrees, 100 degrees and 55 degrees from each other (with a root mean square deviation of several degrees per dihedral angle from each other). The nonbonded energies of the backbones, calculated along lines in phi, psi space connecting these three conformations, are all negative, without any intervening energy barriers (on an energy contour map in the phi, psi plane). Side chains were attached at several representative positions in this plane, and the total energy was minimized by varying the kappa's. The energies were of approximately the same magnitude as the previous ones, indicating that the conformation of low energy is flexible to some extent in a restricted region of phi, psi space. Interestingly, the difference delta phi i+1 in phi i+1 for the (i + 1)th residue from one conformation to another is approximately the same as -delta psi i for the ith residue; i.e., the plane of the peptide group between the ith and (i + 1)th residues re-orient without significant changes in the positions of the other atoms. The flexibility of the orientations of the planes of the peptide groups is probably coupled in a cooperative manner to the flexibility of the positions of the backbone and side-chain atoms.", "PMID": 568492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8052", "title": "Cardiac and forearm plethysmographic responses to high intensity auditory stimulation.", "content": "This paper reports an investigation of forearm blood flow and cardiac responses to high intensity auditory stimulation. Blood was assessed in terms of forearm girth (FG) using a strain gauge, and since this technique had not been used previously, a preliminary study was conducted to validate the measure. In Experiment 1 (N = 24), subjects performed either a fast- or slow-paced mental arithmetic task. The data indicated that the strain gauge technique differentiated periods of rest from arithmetic stress and produced results comparable with those obtained using limb volume plethysmography. In Experiment 2 (N = 24), subjects received eight presentations of either a 60 dB or a 110 dB white noise stimulus at randomly ordered intervals of 35, 40, 45 and 50 sec; stimulus rise time was 50 msec and the duration 1 sec. Both groups displayed short-latency (i.e. within 10 beats poststimulus) cardiac accelerative responses which habituated over trials. In addition, the 110dB group displayed a long-latency (19.9 sec) accelerative response of approximately 25 beats per min and this was accompanied by an increase in FG. These responses occurred only following the first stimulus presentation, and analysis of the EKG T-wave amplitude suggested that the cardiac response was mediated sympathetically. These results are discussed in terms of conceptions of the startle and defence responses in man and the fight/flight reaction in animals.", "contents": "Cardiac and forearm plethysmographic responses to high intensity auditory stimulation. This paper reports an investigation of forearm blood flow and cardiac responses to high intensity auditory stimulation. Blood was assessed in terms of forearm girth (FG) using a strain gauge, and since this technique had not been used previously, a preliminary study was conducted to validate the measure. In Experiment 1 (N = 24), subjects performed either a fast- or slow-paced mental arithmetic task. The data indicated that the strain gauge technique differentiated periods of rest from arithmetic stress and produced results comparable with those obtained using limb volume plethysmography. In Experiment 2 (N = 24), subjects received eight presentations of either a 60 dB or a 110 dB white noise stimulus at randomly ordered intervals of 35, 40, 45 and 50 sec; stimulus rise time was 50 msec and the duration 1 sec. Both groups displayed short-latency (i.e. within 10 beats poststimulus) cardiac accelerative responses which habituated over trials. In addition, the 110dB group displayed a long-latency (19.9 sec) accelerative response of approximately 25 beats per min and this was accompanied by an increase in FG. These responses occurred only following the first stimulus presentation, and analysis of the EKG T-wave amplitude suggested that the cardiac response was mediated sympathetically. These results are discussed in terms of conceptions of the startle and defence responses in man and the fight/flight reaction in animals.", "PMID": 568493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8053", "title": "Maintenance requirements for bacteria growing on C1-compounds.", "content": "The maintenance coefficient, ms (mmol substrate/g cell dry wt hr), of two distinct groups of C1-utilizing bacteria has been determined by growing the organisms in an aerobic continuous culture limited by different C1 growth substrates. For growth on methanol, ms = 2.5 +/- 0.3 for Pseudomonas C; 3.9 +/- 0.7 for Ps. methylotropha (these bacteria utilize methanol via the ribulose monophosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation); 1.5 +/- 0.2 for Pseudomonas 1, and 2.3 +/- 0.4 for Pseudomonas 135 (the latter bacteria utilize C1-compounds via the serine pathway). For growth on formaldehyde, ms = 1.5 +/- 0.3 for Pseudomonas 1 and 2.7 +/- 0.7 for Pseudomonas 135, whereas on formate the values for ms are 1.0 +/- 0.2 and 4.4 +/- 1.3; respectively. Although the maintenance coefficients did not differ systematically between the two groups of bacteria, the maintenance requirements per generation of the serine pathway bacteria were considerably higher (8.7 vs. 3.9) owing to their slower growth rate. The maximum molar yield values, YMmax (g cell dry wt/mol substrate utilized), corrected for the maintenance energy of bacteria which utilize C1-compounds via the ribulose monophosphate pathway averaged 19.1 when grown on methanol, while the values for bacteria which use the serine pathway averaged 13.5. On formaldehyde an average value of 11.5 is obtained and on formate the average value was 7.4 in the serine pathway bacteria.", "contents": "Maintenance requirements for bacteria growing on C1-compounds. The maintenance coefficient, ms (mmol substrate/g cell dry wt hr), of two distinct groups of C1-utilizing bacteria has been determined by growing the organisms in an aerobic continuous culture limited by different C1 growth substrates. For growth on methanol, ms = 2.5 +/- 0.3 for Pseudomonas C; 3.9 +/- 0.7 for Ps. methylotropha (these bacteria utilize methanol via the ribulose monophosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation); 1.5 +/- 0.2 for Pseudomonas 1, and 2.3 +/- 0.4 for Pseudomonas 135 (the latter bacteria utilize C1-compounds via the serine pathway). For growth on formaldehyde, ms = 1.5 +/- 0.3 for Pseudomonas 1 and 2.7 +/- 0.7 for Pseudomonas 135, whereas on formate the values for ms are 1.0 +/- 0.2 and 4.4 +/- 1.3; respectively. Although the maintenance coefficients did not differ systematically between the two groups of bacteria, the maintenance requirements per generation of the serine pathway bacteria were considerably higher (8.7 vs. 3.9) owing to their slower growth rate. The maximum molar yield values, YMmax (g cell dry wt/mol substrate utilized), corrected for the maintenance energy of bacteria which utilize C1-compounds via the ribulose monophosphate pathway averaged 19.1 when grown on methanol, while the values for bacteria which use the serine pathway averaged 13.5. On formaldehyde an average value of 11.5 is obtained and on formate the average value was 7.4 in the serine pathway bacteria.", "PMID": 568494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8054", "title": "[Transplacental effect of urethane on DNA synthesis in mouse embryonal lung tissue during organotypical cultivation].", "content": "Kinetics of DNA synthesis was estimated by autoradiography in the organ cultures of murine embryonic lung tissue. Strain A mice were taken for this experiment (intact and exposed to transplacental action of urethane--30 mg/g to a pregnant mouse, subcutaneously, once). The explants were examined 1,7, 15 and 21 days after the cultivation. Transplacental urethane inhibited DNA synthesis the first 24 hours. The label index became approximately 3 times less. The next two days it was restored and then stimulated. The maximal label index was noted in the experimental explants on the 7th cultivation day, i.e. on the 8th-10th day after the transplacental action of urethane on the lung tissue in utero. By the 15th cultivation day the label index dropped but was higher than in the intact explants; by the 21st day DNA synthesis in the intact cultures ceased completely, whereas in the experimental animals--it continued.", "contents": "[Transplacental effect of urethane on DNA synthesis in mouse embryonal lung tissue during organotypical cultivation]. Kinetics of DNA synthesis was estimated by autoradiography in the organ cultures of murine embryonic lung tissue. Strain A mice were taken for this experiment (intact and exposed to transplacental action of urethane--30 mg/g to a pregnant mouse, subcutaneously, once). The explants were examined 1,7, 15 and 21 days after the cultivation. Transplacental urethane inhibited DNA synthesis the first 24 hours. The label index became approximately 3 times less. The next two days it was restored and then stimulated. The maximal label index was noted in the experimental explants on the 7th cultivation day, i.e. on the 8th-10th day after the transplacental action of urethane on the lung tissue in utero. By the 15th cultivation day the label index dropped but was higher than in the intact explants; by the 21st day DNA synthesis in the intact cultures ceased completely, whereas in the experimental animals--it continued.", "PMID": 568497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8055", "title": "[Immune response in rats and mice with adjuvant disease].", "content": "There were phasic changes of immune response in rats and mice with adjuvant disease: an increase of antibody production on the 7th day after the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant and its depression on the 21st day; there was also observed suppression of normal antibody production to O- and Vi-antigens of typhoid bacilli.", "contents": "[Immune response in rats and mice with adjuvant disease]. There were phasic changes of immune response in rats and mice with adjuvant disease: an increase of antibody production on the 7th day after the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant and its depression on the 21st day; there was also observed suppression of normal antibody production to O- and Vi-antigens of typhoid bacilli.", "PMID": 568498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8056", "title": "Antidiuretic effect of morphine in the rat: tolerance and physical dependence.", "content": "1 Injection of rats with morphine or methadone, before they received a water load equivalent to 5% of their body weight, produced a dose-dependent antidiuretic effect. Following the antidiuresis, urine was eliminated with kinetics similar to control untreated rats. 2 The antidiuretic effect of morphine or methadone was blocked by naloxone administered before the opiate, or reversed when given after the opiate. 3 Rats implanted with morphine pellets developed a marked degree of tolerance to the antidiuretic effect of morphine. Tolerance was also obtained on injection of three daily doses of morphine or methadone over two days. 4 Withdrawal symptoms were precipitated by naloxone in rats implanted with pellets of morphine; under these conditions the animals showed a marked reduction in urine production as compared to naive rats.", "contents": "Antidiuretic effect of morphine in the rat: tolerance and physical dependence. 1 Injection of rats with morphine or methadone, before they received a water load equivalent to 5% of their body weight, produced a dose-dependent antidiuretic effect. Following the antidiuresis, urine was eliminated with kinetics similar to control untreated rats. 2 The antidiuretic effect of morphine or methadone was blocked by naloxone administered before the opiate, or reversed when given after the opiate. 3 Rats implanted with morphine pellets developed a marked degree of tolerance to the antidiuretic effect of morphine. Tolerance was also obtained on injection of three daily doses of morphine or methadone over two days. 4 Withdrawal symptoms were precipitated by naloxone in rats implanted with pellets of morphine; under these conditions the animals showed a marked reduction in urine production as compared to naive rats.", "PMID": 568501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8057", "title": "The effect on the bladder pressure of sudden entry of fluid into the posterior urethra.", "content": "The posterior urethra was stimulated by the rapid injection of saline against the urethral wall. The effect was studied in 50 female patients attending a urodynamic clinic. The injection was made via a double lumen catheter, and bladder, urethral and rectal pressures were observed during and after the ingress of fluid. The results indicate that sudden entry of fluid into the posterior urethra does not initiate a detrusor contraction even in those patients in whom the injection of fluid is painful. The relevance of these results in relation to the unstable bladder and urodynamic tests is discussed.", "contents": "The effect on the bladder pressure of sudden entry of fluid into the posterior urethra. The posterior urethra was stimulated by the rapid injection of saline against the urethral wall. The effect was studied in 50 female patients attending a urodynamic clinic. The injection was made via a double lumen catheter, and bladder, urethral and rectal pressures were observed during and after the ingress of fluid. The results indicate that sudden entry of fluid into the posterior urethra does not initiate a detrusor contraction even in those patients in whom the injection of fluid is painful. The relevance of these results in relation to the unstable bladder and urodynamic tests is discussed.", "PMID": 568503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8058", "title": "Variations in serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase in normal subjects and chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity varies greatly between individuals but is usually relatively constant within individuals. DBH activity was determined in 20 normal subjects and 6 chronic alcoholics during alcohol ingestion and withdrawal, under controlled and standardized conditions. For all subjects mean random DBH was 423 +/- 249 (mean +/- SD) nmol phenylethanolamine/h per millilitre serum. Between-day serum DBH values vary more than within-day values (21.1% vs 15.1%). Cold-pressor testing or sudden standing does not increase mean DBH; however, some individuals show a significant increase which cannot be elicited on repeat testing. Mean DBH activity did not vary significantly over 24 h. Clinically useful correlations between single random DBH and blood pressure or 24-h urine catechols should not be expected.", "contents": "Variations in serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase in normal subjects and chronic alcoholics. Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity varies greatly between individuals but is usually relatively constant within individuals. DBH activity was determined in 20 normal subjects and 6 chronic alcoholics during alcohol ingestion and withdrawal, under controlled and standardized conditions. For all subjects mean random DBH was 423 +/- 249 (mean +/- SD) nmol phenylethanolamine/h per millilitre serum. Between-day serum DBH values vary more than within-day values (21.1% vs 15.1%). Cold-pressor testing or sudden standing does not increase mean DBH; however, some individuals show a significant increase which cannot be elicited on repeat testing. Mean DBH activity did not vary significantly over 24 h. Clinically useful correlations between single random DBH and blood pressure or 24-h urine catechols should not be expected.", "PMID": 568508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8059", "title": "Microbes associated with the epithelium of the oesophagus and stomach of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).", "content": "Histological examination of oesophagus and stomach specimens from 28 guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) revealed microbes associated with the epithelial surface of these organs. Layers of Gram-positive cocci were associated with oesophageal tissue in all the animals. Yeasts (Torulop-sid pintolopesii) were associated with stomach tissue in most animals 1 week of age or older.", "contents": "Microbes associated with the epithelium of the oesophagus and stomach of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Histological examination of oesophagus and stomach specimens from 28 guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) revealed microbes associated with the epithelial surface of these organs. Layers of Gram-positive cocci were associated with oesophageal tissue in all the animals. Yeasts (Torulop-sid pintolopesii) were associated with stomach tissue in most animals 1 week of age or older.", "PMID": 568510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8060", "title": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma to the anterior uvea and elevated CEA levels.", "content": "A 47-year-old man developed chronic unilateral iridocyclitis with secondary glaucoma, and elevated plasma CEA levels. The eye was enucleated seven months later, and histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic mucin producing CEA positive adenocarcinoma. The patient died one year after the initial onset of symptoms. The primary site of the tumor was not proven, but most likely was the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma to the anterior uvea and elevated CEA levels. A 47-year-old man developed chronic unilateral iridocyclitis with secondary glaucoma, and elevated plasma CEA levels. The eye was enucleated seven months later, and histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic mucin producing CEA positive adenocarcinoma. The patient died one year after the initial onset of symptoms. The primary site of the tumor was not proven, but most likely was the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 568512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8061", "title": "The immunochemistry of lambda-type carrageenans from certain red algae.", "content": "An antibody preparation directed against a structural feature associated with 6-sulphate groups was used to probe structural relations among certain lambda-type carrageenans. Immunochemical and chemical differences are described between the KC1-soluble carrageenans from tetrasporic algal plants of Gigartina corymbifera, Gigartina sp. from San Francisco Bay, Petrocelis middendorfii, Iridaea cordata, Rhodoglossum californicum, and Chondrus crispus. The differences in immunochemical reactivity of the Gigartina and Petrocelis carrageenans relative to the homologous antigen (Chondrus crispus lambda-carrageenan) are attributed to the lower content of 6-sulphate groups on the 4-linked residues in the former carrageenans. Both the immunochemical and chemical data suggest that the Gigartina and Petrocelis carrageenans are largely xi-like in structure but do contain lambda-like features. The i.r. spectrum of the Petrocelis carrageenan differs from that of the Gigartina carrageenans. The carrageenans from I. cordata and R. californicum differ to a lesser degree from Chondrus crispus lambda-type carrageenan. These differences cannot be accounted for by differences in the levels of 6-sulphate groups. Some other structural feature, as yet unidentified, is responsible for the discrepancy in the immunochemical reactivity of these carrageenans to the anti-lambda-carrageenan.", "contents": "The immunochemistry of lambda-type carrageenans from certain red algae. An antibody preparation directed against a structural feature associated with 6-sulphate groups was used to probe structural relations among certain lambda-type carrageenans. Immunochemical and chemical differences are described between the KC1-soluble carrageenans from tetrasporic algal plants of Gigartina corymbifera, Gigartina sp. from San Francisco Bay, Petrocelis middendorfii, Iridaea cordata, Rhodoglossum californicum, and Chondrus crispus. The differences in immunochemical reactivity of the Gigartina and Petrocelis carrageenans relative to the homologous antigen (Chondrus crispus lambda-carrageenan) are attributed to the lower content of 6-sulphate groups on the 4-linked residues in the former carrageenans. Both the immunochemical and chemical data suggest that the Gigartina and Petrocelis carrageenans are largely xi-like in structure but do contain lambda-like features. The i.r. spectrum of the Petrocelis carrageenan differs from that of the Gigartina carrageenans. The carrageenans from I. cordata and R. californicum differ to a lesser degree from Chondrus crispus lambda-type carrageenan. These differences cannot be accounted for by differences in the levels of 6-sulphate groups. Some other structural feature, as yet unidentified, is responsible for the discrepancy in the immunochemical reactivity of these carrageenans to the anti-lambda-carrageenan.", "PMID": 568513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8062", "title": "A study of the specificity of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I by competitive-binding assay with blood-group substances and with blood-group A and B active and other oligosaccharides.", "content": "The specificity of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS I) has been studied by competitive-binding assays (CBA) using tritium-labeled human B and hog A substances. Blood-group B substances isolated from horse gastric mucosae and from human ovarian-cyst fluids were much better inhibitors of binding of tritiated blood-group B substance to insoluble BS I-Sepharose 2B than were human blood-group A substances from saliva and ovarian-cyst fluid. A and B active blood-group substances showed the same range of potency in inhibiting binding of tritium-labeled hog A substance to BS I-Sepharose 2B. CBA with BS I-Sepharose 2B, labeled human blood-group B substance, and human blood-group A and B active aligosaccharides separated the haptens into two groups differing in slope. Group 1, containing methyl alpha-D-GalNAcp, D-GalNAcp, and an A active pentasaccharide ARL 0.52, with 3, 19, and 25 nmol respectively needed for 50% inhibition of binding, has a lower slope than group 2, which contains alpha-D-GalNAcp-(1 leads to 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactitol and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-GalNAcp, with 3 nmol of each required for 50% inhibition of binding, as well as ten glycosides with terminal, nonreducing, alpha-linked D-Galp. The most potent inhibitors of this group were p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-Galp, alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-D-Galp, alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 6)-D-Glcp, and methyl alpha-D-Galp, with 5, 7.4, 9.6, and 11 nmol respectively needed to inhibit binding by 50%. The difference in slopes was explainable in terms of a recent finding that BS I exists as a mixture of five isolectins composed of two subunits having different specificities; subunit A is most specific for alpha-linked, terminal, nonreducing D-GalNAcp, but it also reacts with alpha-linked, terminal, nonreducing D-Galp, whereas subunit B tends to be more specific for terminal, nonreducing, alpha-linked D-Galp.", "contents": "A study of the specificity of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I by competitive-binding assay with blood-group substances and with blood-group A and B active and other oligosaccharides. The specificity of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin I (BS I) has been studied by competitive-binding assays (CBA) using tritium-labeled human B and hog A substances. Blood-group B substances isolated from horse gastric mucosae and from human ovarian-cyst fluids were much better inhibitors of binding of tritiated blood-group B substance to insoluble BS I-Sepharose 2B than were human blood-group A substances from saliva and ovarian-cyst fluid. A and B active blood-group substances showed the same range of potency in inhibiting binding of tritium-labeled hog A substance to BS I-Sepharose 2B. CBA with BS I-Sepharose 2B, labeled human blood-group B substance, and human blood-group A and B active aligosaccharides separated the haptens into two groups differing in slope. Group 1, containing methyl alpha-D-GalNAcp, D-GalNAcp, and an A active pentasaccharide ARL 0.52, with 3, 19, and 25 nmol respectively needed for 50% inhibition of binding, has a lower slope than group 2, which contains alpha-D-GalNAcp-(1 leads to 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactitol and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-GalNAcp, with 3 nmol of each required for 50% inhibition of binding, as well as ten glycosides with terminal, nonreducing, alpha-linked D-Galp. The most potent inhibitors of this group were p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-Galp, alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-D-Galp, alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 6)-D-Glcp, and methyl alpha-D-Galp, with 5, 7.4, 9.6, and 11 nmol respectively needed to inhibit binding by 50%. The difference in slopes was explainable in terms of a recent finding that BS I exists as a mixture of five isolectins composed of two subunits having different specificities; subunit A is most specific for alpha-linked, terminal, nonreducing D-GalNAcp, but it also reacts with alpha-linked, terminal, nonreducing D-Galp, whereas subunit B tends to be more specific for terminal, nonreducing, alpha-linked D-Galp.", "PMID": 568514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8063", "title": "Microtubules in mouse embryo fibroblasts extracted with Triton X-100.", "content": "Treatment of mouse embryo fibroblasts with 1% Triton X-100 at 37 degrees C in the presence of 4M glycerol and 1 mM EGTA results in the extraction of about 80% cellular proteins. Indirect immunofluorescent staining with monospecific antibodies against tubulin showed that extracted cultures contained a well developed system of cytoplasmic microtubules, indistinguishable from a system of control non-extracted cells. Microtubules in extracted cells were sensitive to Ca2+ ions, and to cold or prolonged incubation in a glycerol-free buffer. Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis revealed proteins co-electrophoresed with tubulin and actin in Triton-treated cultures. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of both microtubules and microfilament bundles in the extracted cells, but complete dissolution of plasma and intracellular membranes.", "contents": "Microtubules in mouse embryo fibroblasts extracted with Triton X-100. Treatment of mouse embryo fibroblasts with 1% Triton X-100 at 37 degrees C in the presence of 4M glycerol and 1 mM EGTA results in the extraction of about 80% cellular proteins. Indirect immunofluorescent staining with monospecific antibodies against tubulin showed that extracted cultures contained a well developed system of cytoplasmic microtubules, indistinguishable from a system of control non-extracted cells. Microtubules in extracted cells were sensitive to Ca2+ ions, and to cold or prolonged incubation in a glycerol-free buffer. Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis revealed proteins co-electrophoresed with tubulin and actin in Triton-treated cultures. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of both microtubules and microfilament bundles in the extracted cells, but complete dissolution of plasma and intracellular membranes.", "PMID": 568515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8064", "title": "Iron transport in NRK cells synchronized in G(1) by picolinic acid.", "content": "NRK cells treated with picolinic acid are arrested in G(1)(G0). After removal of the agent a wave of transferrin-dependent iron uptake was observed only in early G(1). Therefore, iron transport is a primary event in the reinitiation of cell growth and may be connected with subsequent metabolic steps leading to initiation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Iron transport in NRK cells synchronized in G(1) by picolinic acid. NRK cells treated with picolinic acid are arrested in G(1)(G0). After removal of the agent a wave of transferrin-dependent iron uptake was observed only in early G(1). Therefore, iron transport is a primary event in the reinitiation of cell growth and may be connected with subsequent metabolic steps leading to initiation of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 568516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8065", "title": "Stimulation by glucocorticoids of myoblast growth at low cell densities.", "content": "Proliferation of rat myoblasts was stimulated by addition of 10(-7) M dexamethasone to cells plated at 25 cells/cm(2). In the presence of fetal calf serum and chick embryo extract, physiological levels of glucocorticoids caused a 3- to 7-fold increase in colony formation. In mass cultures, proliferation of myoblasts was also stimulated by dexamethasone, but fibroblast growth was inhibited. These opposite effects of glucocorticoids on myoblast and fibroblast growth suggest their use in cloning muscle cells from mixed cell populations.", "contents": "Stimulation by glucocorticoids of myoblast growth at low cell densities. Proliferation of rat myoblasts was stimulated by addition of 10(-7) M dexamethasone to cells plated at 25 cells/cm(2). In the presence of fetal calf serum and chick embryo extract, physiological levels of glucocorticoids caused a 3- to 7-fold increase in colony formation. In mass cultures, proliferation of myoblasts was also stimulated by dexamethasone, but fibroblast growth was inhibited. These opposite effects of glucocorticoids on myoblast and fibroblast growth suggest their use in cloning muscle cells from mixed cell populations.", "PMID": 568517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8066", "title": "Supranucleosomal structure of chromatin.", "content": "Rat liver chromatin was moderately digested by micrococcal nuclease and analysed by centrifugation in isokinetic sucrose gradients and electron microscopy. Two classes of particles sedimenting with about 33S and 60S were characterized. Kinetics of their appearance and disappearance during progressive digestion suggests that they represent monomers and dimers cleaved from a higher order (supranucleosomal) structure of chromatin. Biochemical and electron microscopical results suggest that the monomers and dimers contain eight and sixteen nucleosomes, respectively, which are densely packed into 23 nm (monomer) and 29 nm (dimer) globules.", "contents": "Supranucleosomal structure of chromatin. Rat liver chromatin was moderately digested by micrococcal nuclease and analysed by centrifugation in isokinetic sucrose gradients and electron microscopy. Two classes of particles sedimenting with about 33S and 60S were characterized. Kinetics of their appearance and disappearance during progressive digestion suggests that they represent monomers and dimers cleaved from a higher order (supranucleosomal) structure of chromatin. Biochemical and electron microscopical results suggest that the monomers and dimers contain eight and sixteen nucleosomes, respectively, which are densely packed into 23 nm (monomer) and 29 nm (dimer) globules.", "PMID": 568518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8067", "title": "Relationship between the results of bronchial, nasal and conjunctival provocation tests in patients with asthma.", "content": "Skin tests and bronchial, nasal and conjunctival provocation tests with pollen and animal dander allergens were performed in thirty patients with atopic asthma. In vivo test results were compared only when the same batch of allergen had been used. A nasal reaction was mostly elicied at a lower concentration of allergen than was needed to elicit a bronchial reaction (P less than 0.01). Positive nasal reactions were often obtained when the corresponding bronchial tests were negative. The conjunctiva reacted to lower concentrations than the bronchi in a third of the instances of testing, with most of these being tests with mugwort allergen (P less than 0.05). A positive skin test in cases with a negative bronchial challenge test was often accompained by a positive nasal test and in some cases by a positive conjunctival test. It is concluded that nasal or conjunctival provocation tests do not replace bronchial challenge tests. In an asthmatic patient who gives no reaction to bronchial challenge with a particular allergen, a positive skin test may reflect a nasal allergy.", "contents": "Relationship between the results of bronchial, nasal and conjunctival provocation tests in patients with asthma. Skin tests and bronchial, nasal and conjunctival provocation tests with pollen and animal dander allergens were performed in thirty patients with atopic asthma. In vivo test results were compared only when the same batch of allergen had been used. A nasal reaction was mostly elicied at a lower concentration of allergen than was needed to elicit a bronchial reaction (P less than 0.01). Positive nasal reactions were often obtained when the corresponding bronchial tests were negative. The conjunctiva reacted to lower concentrations than the bronchi in a third of the instances of testing, with most of these being tests with mugwort allergen (P less than 0.05). A positive skin test in cases with a negative bronchial challenge test was often accompained by a positive nasal test and in some cases by a positive conjunctival test. It is concluded that nasal or conjunctival provocation tests do not replace bronchial challenge tests. In an asthmatic patient who gives no reaction to bronchial challenge with a particular allergen, a positive skin test may reflect a nasal allergy.", "PMID": 568521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8068", "title": "Treatment of infantile atopic dermatitis with a strict elimination diet.", "content": "Of twenty-one infants with atopic dermatitis, twenty were treated with a strict elimination diet for a period of up to 6 weeks. Seven infants healed and twelve improved. The infants who healed were less than 6 months old and had had a short duration of dermatitis. For one infant the skin condition was unchanged. Another infant was breast-fed throughout the period with dermatitis. Blood eosinophilia and/or elevated serum IgE commonly found on admission decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) during the diet period. On challenge with cows' milk, twelve infants were considered as intolerant. At the age of 2 years the dermatitis had cleared in all but four children. Of these four children, two were still cows' milk intolerant. Another two infants were also cows' milk intolerant, but without dermatitis.", "contents": "Treatment of infantile atopic dermatitis with a strict elimination diet. Of twenty-one infants with atopic dermatitis, twenty were treated with a strict elimination diet for a period of up to 6 weeks. Seven infants healed and twelve improved. The infants who healed were less than 6 months old and had had a short duration of dermatitis. For one infant the skin condition was unchanged. Another infant was breast-fed throughout the period with dermatitis. Blood eosinophilia and/or elevated serum IgE commonly found on admission decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) during the diet period. On challenge with cows' milk, twelve infants were considered as intolerant. At the age of 2 years the dermatitis had cleared in all but four children. Of these four children, two were still cows' milk intolerant. Another two infants were also cows' milk intolerant, but without dermatitis.", "PMID": 568522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8069", "title": "Aerobiological studies based in Derby. II. Simultaneous pollen and spore sampling at eight sites within a 60 km radius.", "content": "In order to determine whether a sampling site in the centre of Derby, where air sampling had been carried out for five summers, really provided valid aerobiological data for the surrounding area, eight identical volumetric spore traps were operated simultaneously during the summer of 1969 at various sites up to 56 km from Derby. For most pollen and spore types, total numbers and seasonal pattern at all the sampling sites were found to be similar, although a few extreme and unexpected variations were noted. Figures varied somewhat in different types of site, and local effects are emphasized.", "contents": "Aerobiological studies based in Derby. II. Simultaneous pollen and spore sampling at eight sites within a 60 km radius. In order to determine whether a sampling site in the centre of Derby, where air sampling had been carried out for five summers, really provided valid aerobiological data for the surrounding area, eight identical volumetric spore traps were operated simultaneously during the summer of 1969 at various sites up to 56 km from Derby. For most pollen and spore types, total numbers and seasonal pattern at all the sampling sites were found to be similar, although a few extreme and unexpected variations were noted. Figures varied somewhat in different types of site, and local effects are emphasized.", "PMID": 568523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8070", "title": "Evaluation of a direct radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "1. A radioimmunoassay for CEA using commercially available reagents (CEA-Roche), which avoids the perchloric acid and dialysis steps used in the CEA-Roche assay, has been devised. 2. Comparison of results on 746 plasma samples using our assay with those obtained using the CEA-Roche assay revealed a highly significant correlation coefficient (0.72; p less than 0.00001). 3. A further comparison of results on 373 plasma samples using our assay, but including a preincubation step with goat serum, with those obtained using the CEA-Roche assay also revealed a highly significant correlation coefficient (0.89; 0.00001). The goat serum preincubation step eliminated most of the discordant results in which our assay value was higher than CEA-Roche assay, presumably because of anti-goat antibodies in the patient plasma sample.", "contents": "Evaluation of a direct radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen. 1. A radioimmunoassay for CEA using commercially available reagents (CEA-Roche), which avoids the perchloric acid and dialysis steps used in the CEA-Roche assay, has been devised. 2. Comparison of results on 746 plasma samples using our assay with those obtained using the CEA-Roche assay revealed a highly significant correlation coefficient (0.72; p less than 0.00001). 3. A further comparison of results on 373 plasma samples using our assay, but including a preincubation step with goat serum, with those obtained using the CEA-Roche assay also revealed a highly significant correlation coefficient (0.89; 0.00001). The goat serum preincubation step eliminated most of the discordant results in which our assay value was higher than CEA-Roche assay, presumably because of anti-goat antibodies in the patient plasma sample.", "PMID": 568524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8071", "title": "Experimental optimization of the detection limit of one-step solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The minimal detection limit and the conditions of maximal sensitivity of a one-step solid-phase inhibition radioimmunoassay for human immunoglobulin A have been determined by application of statistical methods of experimental optimization. The choice of the optimal combination of qualitative variables, such as the origin of the antibody and the nature of the solid phase, was made by the study of a covariable under non-optimal conditions of the quantitative variables, such as the amount of antibody. The covariable was the avidity of the antibody, which is expected to have a large influence on the sensitivity. Only the difference in avidity between two immunosorbents with cellulose or Sepharose as solid-phase material proved to be statistically significant, and further study was done with cellulose. The experimental optimization of the sensitivity as a function of five quantitative variables yielded a reduction of the detection limit by a factor 5.6 (from 23.5 to 4.2 ng IgA). The variables determining the amount of insolubilized antibody in the assay had the largest influence on the value of the detection limit. The conditions of optimal sensitivity did agree with the predictions by a physical model of radioimmunoassay. The results are discussed in relation to the assay parameters such as the amount and the avidity of the insolubilized antibody and the initial percentage of binding, and in relation with theoretical optimization of the sensitivity.", "contents": "Experimental optimization of the detection limit of one-step solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The minimal detection limit and the conditions of maximal sensitivity of a one-step solid-phase inhibition radioimmunoassay for human immunoglobulin A have been determined by application of statistical methods of experimental optimization. The choice of the optimal combination of qualitative variables, such as the origin of the antibody and the nature of the solid phase, was made by the study of a covariable under non-optimal conditions of the quantitative variables, such as the amount of antibody. The covariable was the avidity of the antibody, which is expected to have a large influence on the sensitivity. Only the difference in avidity between two immunosorbents with cellulose or Sepharose as solid-phase material proved to be statistically significant, and further study was done with cellulose. The experimental optimization of the sensitivity as a function of five quantitative variables yielded a reduction of the detection limit by a factor 5.6 (from 23.5 to 4.2 ng IgA). The variables determining the amount of insolubilized antibody in the assay had the largest influence on the value of the detection limit. The conditions of optimal sensitivity did agree with the predictions by a physical model of radioimmunoassay. The results are discussed in relation to the assay parameters such as the amount and the avidity of the insolubilized antibody and the initial percentage of binding, and in relation with theoretical optimization of the sensitivity.", "PMID": 568525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8072", "title": "A simple technique for the measurement of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport in red cells.", "content": "A new, simple and non-radioactive technique is described for the measurement of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport in red cells, which is an alternative to the more complex standard technique using radioactive sodium. The new technique is based on the observation that when excess ouabain is added to blood, the sodium content of the red cells rises, due to complete inhibition of ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux while influx remains unchanged. The rate of increase of red cell sodium is therefore a measure of ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux (Eos). This estimate of Eos, when expressed as a fraction of the original red cell sodium concentration, gives a measure of the ouabain-sensitive, efflux rate constant (ERCos). In healthy persons, ERCos obtained with this new technique agrees closely with that obtained with the standard radioactive technique. In hypokalaemic patients the ERCos estimated by the new technique was less than that obtained with the standard technique, but this difference disappeared as the patients became normokalaemic. We suggest that this difference arises because the new technique measures only net ouabain-sensitive sodium transport whereas the standard technique also measures the ouabain-sensitive Na : Na exchange which is present in patients with hypokalaemia.", "contents": "A simple technique for the measurement of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport in red cells. A new, simple and non-radioactive technique is described for the measurement of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport in red cells, which is an alternative to the more complex standard technique using radioactive sodium. The new technique is based on the observation that when excess ouabain is added to blood, the sodium content of the red cells rises, due to complete inhibition of ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux while influx remains unchanged. The rate of increase of red cell sodium is therefore a measure of ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux (Eos). This estimate of Eos, when expressed as a fraction of the original red cell sodium concentration, gives a measure of the ouabain-sensitive, efflux rate constant (ERCos). In healthy persons, ERCos obtained with this new technique agrees closely with that obtained with the standard radioactive technique. In hypokalaemic patients the ERCos estimated by the new technique was less than that obtained with the standard technique, but this difference disappeared as the patients became normokalaemic. We suggest that this difference arises because the new technique measures only net ouabain-sensitive sodium transport whereas the standard technique also measures the ouabain-sensitive Na : Na exchange which is present in patients with hypokalaemia.", "PMID": 568526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8073", "title": "Preparation of 125iodine-labelled methotrexate and its use in a magnetisable particle solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Two techniques for the iodination of methotrexate are describes, involving covalent linkage to the drug of 125I-labelled N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (Bolton and Hunter reagent), or to 125I-labelled histamine. A rapid highly specific radioimmunoassay for methotrexate was developed, employing a specific antiserum covalently linked to magnetisable particles, and 125I-labelled methotrexate as tracer. Incubation times for the assays were 60 and 10 min for the Bolton and Hunter reagent-linked methotrexate and 125I-labelled histamine-linked methotrexate respectively. Separation of bound from free antigen was achieved by a rapid magnetic separation system. Results obtained for serum samples correlated closely with those using an enzymatic (dihydrofolate reductase) competitive protein binding assay for methotrexate. A major advantage of the assay is its potential for processing large numbers of samples rapidly, making it highly suitable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "Preparation of 125iodine-labelled methotrexate and its use in a magnetisable particle solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Two techniques for the iodination of methotrexate are describes, involving covalent linkage to the drug of 125I-labelled N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (Bolton and Hunter reagent), or to 125I-labelled histamine. A rapid highly specific radioimmunoassay for methotrexate was developed, employing a specific antiserum covalently linked to magnetisable particles, and 125I-labelled methotrexate as tracer. Incubation times for the assays were 60 and 10 min for the Bolton and Hunter reagent-linked methotrexate and 125I-labelled histamine-linked methotrexate respectively. Separation of bound from free antigen was achieved by a rapid magnetic separation system. Results obtained for serum samples correlated closely with those using an enzymatic (dihydrofolate reductase) competitive protein binding assay for methotrexate. A major advantage of the assay is its potential for processing large numbers of samples rapidly, making it highly suitable for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 568527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8074", "title": "Immunology of the lower respiratory tract. III. Concentrations of antigen and of antibody-forming cells in pulmonary and systemic lymphoid tissues of dogs after intrapulmonary or intravenous administration of sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "The distribution of antibody-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes among canine pulmonary and systemic lymphoid tissues differs distinctively depending on whether antigen is administered by the intrapulmonary or the intravenous (i.v.) route. After local (intrapulmonary) immunization, antibody-forming cells are restricted to the lung and regional lymph nodes; after i.v., they are widespread. To test the hypothesis that the tissue distribution of antigen is an important determinant of the resultant distribution of antibody-forming cells, dogs were immunized with radioiodinated sheep erythrocytes, either intrapulmonary (i.p.) or i.v. After 4 days, the concentrations of tissue-bound radioactivity and of antibody-forming cells in various lymphoid tissues were compared. The distribution of tissue-bound radioactivity among lymphoid tissues was clearly determined and different depending on the route of immunization. After i.p. administration, radioactivity was bound to lung and hilar lymph nodes; after i.v., it was found in the lung, liver, spleen and occasionally hilar nodes. Antibody-forming cells appeared in those lymphoid preparations which contained tissue-bound radioactivity. The exception was that locally applied antigen elicited antibody-forming cells in the lung poorly, despite the fact that abundant antigen remained localized to the lung. Notably, i.v. immunization resulted in the appearance of both antibody forming cells and cell-bound radioactivity in the lung. It is concluded that the distribution of antigen among tissues is a major determinant of the distinctive patterns of appearance of antibody-forming cells after different routes of immunization.", "contents": "Immunology of the lower respiratory tract. III. Concentrations of antigen and of antibody-forming cells in pulmonary and systemic lymphoid tissues of dogs after intrapulmonary or intravenous administration of sheep erythrocytes. The distribution of antibody-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes among canine pulmonary and systemic lymphoid tissues differs distinctively depending on whether antigen is administered by the intrapulmonary or the intravenous (i.v.) route. After local (intrapulmonary) immunization, antibody-forming cells are restricted to the lung and regional lymph nodes; after i.v., they are widespread. To test the hypothesis that the tissue distribution of antigen is an important determinant of the resultant distribution of antibody-forming cells, dogs were immunized with radioiodinated sheep erythrocytes, either intrapulmonary (i.p.) or i.v. After 4 days, the concentrations of tissue-bound radioactivity and of antibody-forming cells in various lymphoid tissues were compared. The distribution of tissue-bound radioactivity among lymphoid tissues was clearly determined and different depending on the route of immunization. After i.p. administration, radioactivity was bound to lung and hilar lymph nodes; after i.v., it was found in the lung, liver, spleen and occasionally hilar nodes. Antibody-forming cells appeared in those lymphoid preparations which contained tissue-bound radioactivity. The exception was that locally applied antigen elicited antibody-forming cells in the lung poorly, despite the fact that abundant antigen remained localized to the lung. Notably, i.v. immunization resulted in the appearance of both antibody forming cells and cell-bound radioactivity in the lung. It is concluded that the distribution of antigen among tissues is a major determinant of the distinctive patterns of appearance of antibody-forming cells after different routes of immunization.", "PMID": 568529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8075", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta in one of twins. Case report.", "content": "The is a report of a 5-year-old girl with osteogenesis imperfecta, an uncommon abnormality considered to encompass several distinct disorders and biochemically classified as a connective tissue disease. Affected individuals, in the more severe form of the disease, often die in utero or shortly thereafter secondary to birth trauma. The patient was one of dizygotic twins discordant for osteogenesis imperfecta tarda inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta in one of twins. Case report. The is a report of a 5-year-old girl with osteogenesis imperfecta, an uncommon abnormality considered to encompass several distinct disorders and biochemically classified as a connective tissue disease. Affected individuals, in the more severe form of the disease, often die in utero or shortly thereafter secondary to birth trauma. The patient was one of dizygotic twins discordant for osteogenesis imperfecta tarda inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.", "PMID": 568530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8076", "title": "Remote cerebral hemisphere symptoms from surgically treated patients with posterior fossa brain tumors; vascular factors: a basis for a theory concerning space sickness.", "content": "Three case histories of patients with large tumors in the posterior fossa who were operated on in a sitting position subsequently developed 1 or more symptoms referable to the temporoparietooccipital regions of the brain 24 to 48 hours postoperatively. Initially, it was believed that such symptoms were due to a stimulation of the association pathways causing firing of remote association areas (See Ch. 4). Subsequent studies of the rotation of blood vessels of the brain in the developing embryo and a review of the anatomical location of the arteries supplying the temporoparietooccipital region led to the conclusion that some compromise of the posterior cerebral artery was responsible for the symptoms. The symptomatology in these brain tumor patients was not unlike that seen in the cosmonauts and astronauts in space flight, designated as \"motion sickness\" in the space literature. A suggestion was made as to clarification of the definitions. This author advocated that the term \"motion sickness\" be confined to those symptoms of dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, due to involvement of the peripheral end organ, the inner ear. \"Space sickness\" might include these symptoms but also might have the addition of disorientation or the inversion of image in space and formed or unformed hallucinations. These relate to the temporoparietooccipital area, the midtemporal, and the occipital regions. In such instances, there must be central involvement or a stimulation of this interpretive cortex of the brain. The remote symptoms from the supratentorial cotex were believed to be due to hypoxia related to the posterior cerebral artery compromise, resulting in delayed \"luxury perfusion\" and the development of local lactic acidosis. Transaxial transmission of force with an uncal tentorial herniation causing compression of the posterior cerebral artery was suggested as a mechanism responsible for the vascular compression.", "contents": "Remote cerebral hemisphere symptoms from surgically treated patients with posterior fossa brain tumors; vascular factors: a basis for a theory concerning space sickness. Three case histories of patients with large tumors in the posterior fossa who were operated on in a sitting position subsequently developed 1 or more symptoms referable to the temporoparietooccipital regions of the brain 24 to 48 hours postoperatively. Initially, it was believed that such symptoms were due to a stimulation of the association pathways causing firing of remote association areas (See Ch. 4). Subsequent studies of the rotation of blood vessels of the brain in the developing embryo and a review of the anatomical location of the arteries supplying the temporoparietooccipital region led to the conclusion that some compromise of the posterior cerebral artery was responsible for the symptoms. The symptomatology in these brain tumor patients was not unlike that seen in the cosmonauts and astronauts in space flight, designated as \"motion sickness\" in the space literature. A suggestion was made as to clarification of the definitions. This author advocated that the term \"motion sickness\" be confined to those symptoms of dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, due to involvement of the peripheral end organ, the inner ear. \"Space sickness\" might include these symptoms but also might have the addition of disorientation or the inversion of image in space and formed or unformed hallucinations. These relate to the temporoparietooccipital area, the midtemporal, and the occipital regions. In such instances, there must be central involvement or a stimulation of this interpretive cortex of the brain. The remote symptoms from the supratentorial cotex were believed to be due to hypoxia related to the posterior cerebral artery compromise, resulting in delayed \"luxury perfusion\" and the development of local lactic acidosis. Transaxial transmission of force with an uncal tentorial herniation causing compression of the posterior cerebral artery was suggested as a mechanism responsible for the vascular compression.", "PMID": 568532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8077", "title": "Diurnal rhythms of aminopyrine metabolism: failure to sleep deprivation to affect them.", "content": "After a single oral dose of aminopyrine (9 mg/kg), mean salivary aminopyrine half-lives (t 1/2s) and metabolic clearance rates in 12 normal male volunteers exhibited diurnal variations. Salivary aminopyrine t 1/2s were approximately 50% longer at 8 P.M. (2.1 +/- 0.7 hr) than at 8 A.M. (1.4 +/- 0.3 hr). Mean aminopyrine metabolic clearance rates decreased 20% from 8 A.M. (418.2 +/- 152.0 ml/min) to 8 P.M. (335.3 +/- 107.6 ml/min). There were large interindividual variations in the magnitude of these diurnal changes in aminopyrine t 1/2 and metabolic clearance rates. There were nonsignificant changes in mean aminopyrine apparent volumes of distribution (aVd) which increased only slightly from 53.1 +/- 20.6 L at 8 A.M. to 59.7 +/- 26.5 L at 8 P.M. There were diurnal variations in plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OHCS), mean values of which decreased 60% from 16.2 +/- 4.2 microgram/100 ml at 8 A.M. to 6.5 +/- 1.9 microgram/100 ml at 8 P.M. Sleeplessness for 24 or 48 hr under the conditions of this experiment failed to affect diurnal rhythms in aminopyrine metabolism or plasma 11-OHCS concentrations.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythms of aminopyrine metabolism: failure to sleep deprivation to affect them. After a single oral dose of aminopyrine (9 mg/kg), mean salivary aminopyrine half-lives (t 1/2s) and metabolic clearance rates in 12 normal male volunteers exhibited diurnal variations. Salivary aminopyrine t 1/2s were approximately 50% longer at 8 P.M. (2.1 +/- 0.7 hr) than at 8 A.M. (1.4 +/- 0.3 hr). Mean aminopyrine metabolic clearance rates decreased 20% from 8 A.M. (418.2 +/- 152.0 ml/min) to 8 P.M. (335.3 +/- 107.6 ml/min). There were large interindividual variations in the magnitude of these diurnal changes in aminopyrine t 1/2 and metabolic clearance rates. There were nonsignificant changes in mean aminopyrine apparent volumes of distribution (aVd) which increased only slightly from 53.1 +/- 20.6 L at 8 A.M. to 59.7 +/- 26.5 L at 8 P.M. There were diurnal variations in plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OHCS), mean values of which decreased 60% from 16.2 +/- 4.2 microgram/100 ml at 8 A.M. to 6.5 +/- 1.9 microgram/100 ml at 8 P.M. Sleeplessness for 24 or 48 hr under the conditions of this experiment failed to affect diurnal rhythms in aminopyrine metabolism or plasma 11-OHCS concentrations.", "PMID": 568534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8078", "title": "Spontaneous activities of female versus male newborns.", "content": "This study explored potential sex differences in all activity spontaneously emitted by newborns. 2 groups of full-term infants (14 uncircumcised males, 15 females), equally distributed along several physical and demographic variables, served as subjects. Each newborn was observed for a total of 8 hours during the 2 days following birth. Observational procedures were stringently controlled and interobserver reliability ranged from .84 to .98. Results showed higher levels of wakefulness, facial grimacing, and low-intensity motor activity for males. Of marginal significance, both low-intensity and high-intensity oral activity was higher for males. In addition, a marginally significant interaction effect (sex X interfeeding interval X day) was found for high-intensity oral activity (crying). Independent of sex, high-intensity activity increased in the evening and over an interfeeding period, and low-intensity oral activity increased over days. The pattern of results indicates that even uncircumcised males may be slightly more irritable than females, and thus more active. Potential implications of these findings are considered.", "contents": "Spontaneous activities of female versus male newborns. This study explored potential sex differences in all activity spontaneously emitted by newborns. 2 groups of full-term infants (14 uncircumcised males, 15 females), equally distributed along several physical and demographic variables, served as subjects. Each newborn was observed for a total of 8 hours during the 2 days following birth. Observational procedures were stringently controlled and interobserver reliability ranged from .84 to .98. Results showed higher levels of wakefulness, facial grimacing, and low-intensity motor activity for males. Of marginal significance, both low-intensity and high-intensity oral activity was higher for males. In addition, a marginally significant interaction effect (sex X interfeeding interval X day) was found for high-intensity oral activity (crying). Independent of sex, high-intensity activity increased in the evening and over an interfeeding period, and low-intensity oral activity increased over days. The pattern of results indicates that even uncircumcised males may be slightly more irritable than females, and thus more active. Potential implications of these findings are considered.", "PMID": 568538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8079", "title": "[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Hodgkin's disease--an early sign of a recurrence (author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in the course of Hodgkin's disease is generally judged to be a paraneoplastic immune phenomenon. This concept finds support in the observation of a patient who developed simultaneously a recurrence of ITP and a protein anomaly in the form of an alpha-chain protein. Combined chemotherapy brought about remission of the Hodgkin's disease at the same time as normalisation of the platelet values and disappearance of the alpha-chain protein. There is no necessary correlation between tumour activity and ITP. But if ITP is observed, the most effective means would seem to be rigorous treatment of the Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Hodgkin's disease--an early sign of a recurrence (author's transl)]. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in the course of Hodgkin's disease is generally judged to be a paraneoplastic immune phenomenon. This concept finds support in the observation of a patient who developed simultaneously a recurrence of ITP and a protein anomaly in the form of an alpha-chain protein. Combined chemotherapy brought about remission of the Hodgkin's disease at the same time as normalisation of the platelet values and disappearance of the alpha-chain protein. There is no necessary correlation between tumour activity and ITP. But if ITP is observed, the most effective means would seem to be rigorous treatment of the Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 568541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8080", "title": "Effect of conformation of hCG-beta on generation of hCG-specific antibody.", "content": "Most antisera generated to isolated highly purified beta subunits of human glycoprotein hormones are not sufficiently sensitive to detect physiologic blood levels of the native hormone. In the dissociated state, beta subunits assume a conformation different from that in the native hormone. Since antisera to alpha subunits have essentially no cross-reactivity between species, highly purified hCG-beta was combined with bTSH-alpha. That hybrid served as immunogen to assess whether sensitive, specific hCG antisera would more likely result than using hCG-beta alone. Of five animals immunized, three developed sufficiently sensitive and specific antisera. The results of these studies strongly suggests that human glycoprotein beta subunits combined with non-human alpha subunit are more likely to yield specific, sensitive antisera than when either isolated beta subunit or the native human glycoprotein hormone, containing common alpha determinants, serves as immunogen.", "contents": "Effect of conformation of hCG-beta on generation of hCG-specific antibody. Most antisera generated to isolated highly purified beta subunits of human glycoprotein hormones are not sufficiently sensitive to detect physiologic blood levels of the native hormone. In the dissociated state, beta subunits assume a conformation different from that in the native hormone. Since antisera to alpha subunits have essentially no cross-reactivity between species, highly purified hCG-beta was combined with bTSH-alpha. That hybrid served as immunogen to assess whether sensitive, specific hCG antisera would more likely result than using hCG-beta alone. Of five animals immunized, three developed sufficiently sensitive and specific antisera. The results of these studies strongly suggests that human glycoprotein beta subunits combined with non-human alpha subunit are more likely to yield specific, sensitive antisera than when either isolated beta subunit or the native human glycoprotein hormone, containing common alpha determinants, serves as immunogen.", "PMID": 568544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8081", "title": "Virilizing effect of testosterone and its metabolites on the urovaginal septum of female fetal rats.", "content": "A single injection of 50 microgram testosterone was given to fetal rats on day 17, 18, 19 or 20 of gestation. On day 21, the fetuses were removed from the mother under maternal ether anesthesia, and the length of the urovaginal septum was measured microscopically in female fetuses in order to assess the virilizing effect of testosterone. In fetuses treated with testosterone on day 17, the length of the urovaginal septum was comparable to that of oil-treated littermate controls. In fetuses treated on day 18, the length was significantly abridged compared with controls. In fetuses treated on day 19, the abridgment of the urovaginal septum was most marked. In fetuses treated on day 20, the length of the septum was again comparable to that of controls. The observations suggest that day 19 is the critical day for the virilizing effect of testosterone. Various amounts of testosterone and its metabolites including dihydrotestosterone, androstane-3 beta, 17beta-diol and androstane-3 alpha, 17beta-diol were injected into 19-day-old female fetuses, in order to test the dose relation to the virilizing effects of these steroids in terms of abridgment of the urovaginal septum. As a consequence, it was found that testosterone was the most effective for virilization.", "contents": "Virilizing effect of testosterone and its metabolites on the urovaginal septum of female fetal rats. A single injection of 50 microgram testosterone was given to fetal rats on day 17, 18, 19 or 20 of gestation. On day 21, the fetuses were removed from the mother under maternal ether anesthesia, and the length of the urovaginal septum was measured microscopically in female fetuses in order to assess the virilizing effect of testosterone. In fetuses treated with testosterone on day 17, the length of the urovaginal septum was comparable to that of oil-treated littermate controls. In fetuses treated on day 18, the length was significantly abridged compared with controls. In fetuses treated on day 19, the abridgment of the urovaginal septum was most marked. In fetuses treated on day 20, the length of the septum was again comparable to that of controls. The observations suggest that day 19 is the critical day for the virilizing effect of testosterone. Various amounts of testosterone and its metabolites including dihydrotestosterone, androstane-3 beta, 17beta-diol and androstane-3 alpha, 17beta-diol were injected into 19-day-old female fetuses, in order to test the dose relation to the virilizing effects of these steroids in terms of abridgment of the urovaginal septum. As a consequence, it was found that testosterone was the most effective for virilization.", "PMID": 568545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8082", "title": "The reactivity of a functional tyrosyl residue in carboxypeptidase B. Nitration of the cadmium enzyme.", "content": "Cadmium-carboxypeptidase B was nitrated with tetranitromethane. The enzyme polymerized extensively during nitration. In the monomer nitrated Cd-carboxypeptidase B, 70% of the activity of Cd-carboxypeptidase B was retained. In order to identify the tyrosyl residues nitrated, the enzyme was digested with chymotrypsin and subtilisin and the nitrotyrosyl peptides were purified by affinity chromatography on antityrosyl-antibody-Sepharose conjugate followed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The major nitropeptides, representing 65% of the nitrotyrosyl label, were compatible with the segment of the sequence containing Tyr-240 and Tyr-259. Only 10% of the nitrotyrosyl label was found in the segment of Tyr-248. This indicates that the state of Tyr-248 in Cd-carboxypeptidase B differs from that in zinc-carboxypeptidase B where it shows chemical hyperreactivity due to its proximity to the metal ion.", "contents": "The reactivity of a functional tyrosyl residue in carboxypeptidase B. Nitration of the cadmium enzyme. Cadmium-carboxypeptidase B was nitrated with tetranitromethane. The enzyme polymerized extensively during nitration. In the monomer nitrated Cd-carboxypeptidase B, 70% of the activity of Cd-carboxypeptidase B was retained. In order to identify the tyrosyl residues nitrated, the enzyme was digested with chymotrypsin and subtilisin and the nitrotyrosyl peptides were purified by affinity chromatography on antityrosyl-antibody-Sepharose conjugate followed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The major nitropeptides, representing 65% of the nitrotyrosyl label, were compatible with the segment of the sequence containing Tyr-240 and Tyr-259. Only 10% of the nitrotyrosyl label was found in the segment of Tyr-248. This indicates that the state of Tyr-248 in Cd-carboxypeptidase B differs from that in zinc-carboxypeptidase B where it shows chemical hyperreactivity due to its proximity to the metal ion.", "PMID": 568547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8083", "title": "Formation of 2-deoxyglucose-containing lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Interference with glycosylation of glycoproteins.", "content": "Crude membrane preparations from chick embryo cells catalyse the formation of dolichyl-di-N-acetylchitobiosyl diphosphate [Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2] from uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The formation of this glycolipid was stimulated by exogenous dolichyl phosphate and inhibited by tunicamycin. Adding GDP-mannose to the cell-free system containing Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2 by preincubation led to the formation of a lipid-linked oligosaccharide, containing 8--9 sugar residues. The formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was inhibited by GDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GDP-dGlc): in this case Dol-PP-(Glc-NAc)2-dGlc accumulated. Subsequent additions of mannosyl residues to this trisaccharide-lipid to form lipid-linked oligosaccharides were not possible. Concomitantly the glycosylation of proteins was blocked. Partially inhibitory conditions were obtained by adding both GDP-dGlc and GDP-Man with an excess of GDP-dGlc. Glycosylation of proteins was observed but the glycopeptides did not contain 2-deoxyglucosyl residues. Also in these cases 2-deoxyglucose-containing glycolipids accumulated. The main glycolipid formed under these conditions was Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2-Man-dGlc. Lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing 2-deoxyglucose were formed under these conditions, although in small amounts, but were not transferred to protein. So the molecular basis of the inhibitory action of 2-deoxyglucose on glycosylation of protein is the incorporation of 2-deoxyglucosyl residues during early phases of the biosynthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharides.", "contents": "Formation of 2-deoxyglucose-containing lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Interference with glycosylation of glycoproteins. Crude membrane preparations from chick embryo cells catalyse the formation of dolichyl-di-N-acetylchitobiosyl diphosphate [Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2] from uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The formation of this glycolipid was stimulated by exogenous dolichyl phosphate and inhibited by tunicamycin. Adding GDP-mannose to the cell-free system containing Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2 by preincubation led to the formation of a lipid-linked oligosaccharide, containing 8--9 sugar residues. The formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was inhibited by GDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GDP-dGlc): in this case Dol-PP-(Glc-NAc)2-dGlc accumulated. Subsequent additions of mannosyl residues to this trisaccharide-lipid to form lipid-linked oligosaccharides were not possible. Concomitantly the glycosylation of proteins was blocked. Partially inhibitory conditions were obtained by adding both GDP-dGlc and GDP-Man with an excess of GDP-dGlc. Glycosylation of proteins was observed but the glycopeptides did not contain 2-deoxyglucosyl residues. Also in these cases 2-deoxyglucose-containing glycolipids accumulated. The main glycolipid formed under these conditions was Dol-PP-(GlcNAc)2-Man-dGlc. Lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing 2-deoxyglucose were formed under these conditions, although in small amounts, but were not transferred to protein. So the molecular basis of the inhibitory action of 2-deoxyglucose on glycosylation of protein is the incorporation of 2-deoxyglucosyl residues during early phases of the biosynthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 568548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8084", "title": "Monozygous twins discordant for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "A pair of identical female twins were discordant for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The affected twin was not breast-fed; was bitten by a poisonous snake, and was operated on for struma. She had more infections than her sister but no fractures. Her plasma insulin response to glucose loading was also higher. The twins lived separated in their early childhood.", "contents": "Monozygous twins discordant for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A pair of identical female twins were discordant for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The affected twin was not breast-fed; was bitten by a poisonous snake, and was operated on for struma. She had more infections than her sister but no fractures. Her plasma insulin response to glucose loading was also higher. The twins lived separated in their early childhood.", "PMID": 568549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8085", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 applied locally on intravesical and intraurethral pressures in women.", "content": "In 21 women undergoing simultaneous urethrocystometry because of dysuria, urge, and difficulties to empty the bladder, the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) applied locally in the bladder and urethra were investigated. In all 9 patients receiving PGE2 intravesically, the bladder pressure increased. Simultaneously, there was a signficant decrease in maximum urethral pressure (p less than 0.05), and in urethral closure pressure (p less than 0.005). Residual urine decreased in the 4 patients, in whom it exceeded 50 ml before administration. All 12 patients receiving PGE2 intraurethrally showed a decrease in maximum urethral pressure). There was a significant increase in bladder pressure (p less than 0.05); urethral closure pressure decreased in all patients. Bladder capacity decreased significantly (p less than 0.01). Residual urine exceeding 50 ml was found in 6 patients; it decreased in 4 after PGE2 administration. It is concluded that PGE2 applied intraurethrally can decrease the intraurethral pressure and increase the bladder pressure without side effects. By these actions, the drug might be useful for facilitating bladder emptying in patients with acute retention of urine.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 applied locally on intravesical and intraurethral pressures in women. In 21 women undergoing simultaneous urethrocystometry because of dysuria, urge, and difficulties to empty the bladder, the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) applied locally in the bladder and urethra were investigated. In all 9 patients receiving PGE2 intravesically, the bladder pressure increased. Simultaneously, there was a signficant decrease in maximum urethral pressure (p less than 0.05), and in urethral closure pressure (p less than 0.005). Residual urine decreased in the 4 patients, in whom it exceeded 50 ml before administration. All 12 patients receiving PGE2 intraurethrally showed a decrease in maximum urethral pressure). There was a significant increase in bladder pressure (p less than 0.05); urethral closure pressure decreased in all patients. Bladder capacity decreased significantly (p less than 0.01). Residual urine exceeding 50 ml was found in 6 patients; it decreased in 4 after PGE2 administration. It is concluded that PGE2 applied intraurethrally can decrease the intraurethral pressure and increase the bladder pressure without side effects. By these actions, the drug might be useful for facilitating bladder emptying in patients with acute retention of urine.", "PMID": 568550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8086", "title": "\"Behavioural despair\" in rats and mice: strain differences and the effects of imipramine.", "content": "Rats and mice when forced to swim in a restricted space will rapidly cease attempts to escape and become immobile. Previous experiments have shown that immobility was selectively reduced by antidepressant agents. The present experiments show that important differences exist between strains in both the amount of immobility observed and the effects of imipramine. Strain differences should therefore be taken into account in attempts to replicate results from one laboratory to another.", "contents": "\"Behavioural despair\" in rats and mice: strain differences and the effects of imipramine. Rats and mice when forced to swim in a restricted space will rapidly cease attempts to escape and become immobile. Previous experiments have shown that immobility was selectively reduced by antidepressant agents. The present experiments show that important differences exist between strains in both the amount of immobility observed and the effects of imipramine. Strain differences should therefore be taken into account in attempts to replicate results from one laboratory to another.", "PMID": 568552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8087", "title": "On the etiologic role of ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) infection in infertility.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive infertility patients and sixty-seven controls subjects were studied for the incidence of infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma). On the basis of a complete infertility investigation, the infertility patients were subdivided into those with explained infertility and those with unexplained infertility. Of the patients with unexplained infertility, 55% had a positive culture for T-mycoplasma as compared with a 32% incidence of positive cultures in the control population. The differences were statistically significant. The 6-month pregnancy rate following successful antibiotic treatment in patients with unexplained infertility was 42%. The 6-month pregnancy rate in a comparable group of patients with unexplained infertility, seen during a 3-year period prior to mycoplasma culture and treatment, was 32%. The difference in pregnancy rates between the two groups was not statistically significant. No correlation was found between a poor postcoital test and the presence of T-mycoplasma infection nor between T-mycoplasma infection and poor cervical mucus. The role of T-mycoplasma infection in infertility was neither proven nor disproven by this study.", "contents": "On the etiologic role of ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) infection in infertility. Two hundred consecutive infertility patients and sixty-seven controls subjects were studied for the incidence of infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma). On the basis of a complete infertility investigation, the infertility patients were subdivided into those with explained infertility and those with unexplained infertility. Of the patients with unexplained infertility, 55% had a positive culture for T-mycoplasma as compared with a 32% incidence of positive cultures in the control population. The differences were statistically significant. The 6-month pregnancy rate following successful antibiotic treatment in patients with unexplained infertility was 42%. The 6-month pregnancy rate in a comparable group of patients with unexplained infertility, seen during a 3-year period prior to mycoplasma culture and treatment, was 32%. The difference in pregnancy rates between the two groups was not statistically significant. No correlation was found between a poor postcoital test and the presence of T-mycoplasma infection nor between T-mycoplasma infection and poor cervical mucus. The role of T-mycoplasma infection in infertility was neither proven nor disproven by this study.", "PMID": 568566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8088", "title": "Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) in vaginal fluid and cervical mucus from fertile and infertile women.", "content": "Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) was isolated more frequently and in heavier growth from cervical mucus (49%) than from vaginal fluid (34%). It was isolated in 24% of vaginal fluid samples and in 35% of cervical mucus samples from fertile women, and in 29% of vaginal fluid samples and in 47% of cervical mucus samples from infertile women. The incidence of infection was high following abortion or total hysterectomy and during pregnancy or oral contraceptive use. T-mycoplasma was also isolated from the vaginal fluid and cervical mucus of a woman with tubo-ovarian abscess, but was not present in women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. U. urealyticum did not alter the physiophysiologic characteristics of vaginal fluid and cervical mucus or the sperm penetration and sperm viability in cervical mucus. Treatment with tetracycline eradicated the organism in 88% of the infected women. Pregnancies were recorded during a 6-month follow-up in 1 of 19 infertile women who were treated with tetracycline.", "contents": "Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) in vaginal fluid and cervical mucus from fertile and infertile women. Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) was isolated more frequently and in heavier growth from cervical mucus (49%) than from vaginal fluid (34%). It was isolated in 24% of vaginal fluid samples and in 35% of cervical mucus samples from fertile women, and in 29% of vaginal fluid samples and in 47% of cervical mucus samples from infertile women. The incidence of infection was high following abortion or total hysterectomy and during pregnancy or oral contraceptive use. T-mycoplasma was also isolated from the vaginal fluid and cervical mucus of a woman with tubo-ovarian abscess, but was not present in women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. U. urealyticum did not alter the physiophysiologic characteristics of vaginal fluid and cervical mucus or the sperm penetration and sperm viability in cervical mucus. Treatment with tetracycline eradicated the organism in 88% of the infected women. Pregnancies were recorded during a 6-month follow-up in 1 of 19 infertile women who were treated with tetracycline.", "PMID": 568567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8089", "title": "Traumatic hypomenorrhea-amenorrhea (Asherman's syndrome).", "content": "Traumatic damage to the endometrium (corporeal adhesions) and/or to the cervical internal os (cervical stenosis or atresia) may cause hypomenorrhea-amenorrhea, the only sign of Asherman's syndrome. We demonstrated a close correlation between severity of menstrual insufficiency and extent of corporeal adhesions. Minor adhesions in the lower part of the uterine cavity, however, may cause severe hypomenorrhea, frequently complicated by dysmenorrhea. Secondary amenorrhea may be due either to complete obliteration of the uterine cavity or to stenosis or atresia of the internal os, as proved by radiologic studies. When amenorrhea is due to stenosis or atresia of the internal os, the ovarian cycle continues but the endometrium becomes refractory to horomonal stimuli, and hematometra does not occur. Simple cervical dilatation restores menstruation within 4 to 5 weeks. The menstrual insufficiency of Asherman's syndrome, therefore, may be explained by two pathophysiology mechanisms: (1) reduction of the endometrial bleeding area and (2) trophic changes and unresponsiveness of the endometrium, perhaps caused by a visceral reflex originating in the area of the internal os.", "contents": "Traumatic hypomenorrhea-amenorrhea (Asherman's syndrome). Traumatic damage to the endometrium (corporeal adhesions) and/or to the cervical internal os (cervical stenosis or atresia) may cause hypomenorrhea-amenorrhea, the only sign of Asherman's syndrome. We demonstrated a close correlation between severity of menstrual insufficiency and extent of corporeal adhesions. Minor adhesions in the lower part of the uterine cavity, however, may cause severe hypomenorrhea, frequently complicated by dysmenorrhea. Secondary amenorrhea may be due either to complete obliteration of the uterine cavity or to stenosis or atresia of the internal os, as proved by radiologic studies. When amenorrhea is due to stenosis or atresia of the internal os, the ovarian cycle continues but the endometrium becomes refractory to horomonal stimuli, and hematometra does not occur. Simple cervical dilatation restores menstruation within 4 to 5 weeks. The menstrual insufficiency of Asherman's syndrome, therefore, may be explained by two pathophysiology mechanisms: (1) reduction of the endometrial bleeding area and (2) trophic changes and unresponsiveness of the endometrium, perhaps caused by a visceral reflex originating in the area of the internal os.", "PMID": 568569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8090", "title": "Cytochalasin B stabilises the sub-cortical actin bundles of Chara against a solution of low ionic strength.", "content": "The properties of the sub-cortical actin bundles in the perfused Chara cell model are altered by concentrations of cytochalasin B (CB) which inhibit streaming. This is demonstrated by treating the bundles with intracellularly introduced CB after first using ATP to strip away their associated motile organelles. Such CB-treated bundles are resistant to a solution of low ionic strength which, as judged by light and electron microscopy, extracts untreated bundles. It is therefore concluded that a site of action for CB lies within the actin bundles and that, while the alteration detected may not itself be of direct physiological significance, it may nonetheless indicate the site at which CB inhibits streaming in both the cell model and the intact cell.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B stabilises the sub-cortical actin bundles of Chara against a solution of low ionic strength. The properties of the sub-cortical actin bundles in the perfused Chara cell model are altered by concentrations of cytochalasin B (CB) which inhibit streaming. This is demonstrated by treating the bundles with intracellularly introduced CB after first using ATP to strip away their associated motile organelles. Such CB-treated bundles are resistant to a solution of low ionic strength which, as judged by light and electron microscopy, extracts untreated bundles. It is therefore concluded that a site of action for CB lies within the actin bundles and that, while the alteration detected may not itself be of direct physiological significance, it may nonetheless indicate the site at which CB inhibits streaming in both the cell model and the intact cell.", "PMID": 568572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8091", "title": "The changes in ultrastructure during fertilization of the colourless flagellate Polytoma papillatum with special reference to the configural changes of their mitochondria.", "content": "Changes in the morphology of the mitochondrial inventory (= chondriome), the nucleus and the flagellar apparatus during the generative (sexual) life cycle of Polytoma papillatum were examined by means of the serial sectioning technique. At the onset of copulation gametes do not differ obviously from interphase cells of the vegetative (asexual) life cycle, in that, both primarily contain one basket-shaped mitochondrion. The quadriflagellate and binucleate zygote exhibits a chondriome which consists of one large highly reticulated basket at the periphery of the zygote and 33 smaller mitochondrial units. Therefore, the basket clearly results from fusion of the two gamete chondriomes. The smaller mitochondrial fragments are either spherical to ovoid or elongated and poorly branched; they tend to occupy more central regions of the zygote. After karyogamy the mitochondrial basket disintegrates into several fragments of various shapes and sizes. Most of the mitochondrial fragments are located at the periphery. At the onset of karyogamy the nuclei and the flagellar apparatuses do not differ significantly from those of the gametes and vegetative interphase cells. The diploid nucleus, however, is characterized by: 1. many spherical bodies (diameter: ca. 200 to 600 nm) which are found both in the nucleoplasm and in the nucleolus. The major part of these bodies consists of material whose ultrastructure resembles that of the \"pars fibrosa\" in the nucleolus; 2. three deep invaginations of the nuclear membrane, two of which extend to the nucleolus; 3. an increase of nucleoplasm-filled cavities in the nucleolar \"pars granulosa\". The four flagella are considerably shortened; the basal bodies bound to the flagella have lost their striated connection and the roots have nearly completely disappeared. The results are compared with those obtained from investigations in Chlamydomonas; their significance in extranuclear genetics and in the systematics of Volvocales is discussed.", "contents": "The changes in ultrastructure during fertilization of the colourless flagellate Polytoma papillatum with special reference to the configural changes of their mitochondria. Changes in the morphology of the mitochondrial inventory (= chondriome), the nucleus and the flagellar apparatus during the generative (sexual) life cycle of Polytoma papillatum were examined by means of the serial sectioning technique. At the onset of copulation gametes do not differ obviously from interphase cells of the vegetative (asexual) life cycle, in that, both primarily contain one basket-shaped mitochondrion. The quadriflagellate and binucleate zygote exhibits a chondriome which consists of one large highly reticulated basket at the periphery of the zygote and 33 smaller mitochondrial units. Therefore, the basket clearly results from fusion of the two gamete chondriomes. The smaller mitochondrial fragments are either spherical to ovoid or elongated and poorly branched; they tend to occupy more central regions of the zygote. After karyogamy the mitochondrial basket disintegrates into several fragments of various shapes and sizes. Most of the mitochondrial fragments are located at the periphery. At the onset of karyogamy the nuclei and the flagellar apparatuses do not differ significantly from those of the gametes and vegetative interphase cells. The diploid nucleus, however, is characterized by: 1. many spherical bodies (diameter: ca. 200 to 600 nm) which are found both in the nucleoplasm and in the nucleolus. The major part of these bodies consists of material whose ultrastructure resembles that of the \"pars fibrosa\" in the nucleolus; 2. three deep invaginations of the nuclear membrane, two of which extend to the nucleolus; 3. an increase of nucleoplasm-filled cavities in the nucleolar \"pars granulosa\". The four flagella are considerably shortened; the basal bodies bound to the flagella have lost their striated connection and the roots have nearly completely disappeared. The results are compared with those obtained from investigations in Chlamydomonas; their significance in extranuclear genetics and in the systematics of Volvocales is discussed.", "PMID": 568573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8092", "title": "Structure, synthesis and orientation of microfibrils. V. On the recovery of Oocystis solitaria from microtubule inhibitor treatment.", "content": "Depending on the type of the inhibitor and its concentration one can experimentally induce two forms of aberrant microfibril orientations in O. solitaria cell walls through microtubule inhibitor application. The first form, designated \"Intermediate\", is characterized by the presence of cortical microtubules together with a spiral arrangement of microfibrils. The second form, designated \"Parrallel\", shows a wall with bundles of parallel oriented microfibrils without cortical microtubules. Taking colchicine as an example for a microtubule-inhibitor the \"Parallel\" form may be obtained with 10mM and the \"Intermediate\" with 5 to 1 mM solutions. Some microtubule-inhibitors such as methylbenzimidazole-2yl-carbamate (MBC) produce the \"intermediate\" form only. The recovery of normal microfibril orientation after inhibitor treatment is dependent on three factors: a) the developmental stage--young autospores just beginning to synthesize a wall are absolutely necessary; b) the application of inhibitors with the lowest effective concentration for c) the shortest possible time. Minimal concentrations for obtaining a \"Full\" effect range from 10 mM for colchicine to 1 micrometer for amiprophosmethyl (APM) with incubation periods from 3 to 9 hours. The return to the normal microfibril orientation has been achieved in all cases except after podophyllotoxin treatment. Since APM has been claimed to act selectively on tubulin synthesis in Chlamydomonas it was decided to compare the effects of this compound with cycloheximide (10 microgram/ml) on the recovery of microfibril orientation after colchicine treatment. In both cases no orientation recovery is possible although in the case of cycloheximide, synthesis of cellulose is drastically inhibited. This cycloheximide inhibition is fully reversible. During cycloheximide, but not APM, inhibition cortical microtubules return; however, due to the inhibition of cellulose synthesis itself, they cannot exert their orienting influence.", "contents": "Structure, synthesis and orientation of microfibrils. V. On the recovery of Oocystis solitaria from microtubule inhibitor treatment. Depending on the type of the inhibitor and its concentration one can experimentally induce two forms of aberrant microfibril orientations in O. solitaria cell walls through microtubule inhibitor application. The first form, designated \"Intermediate\", is characterized by the presence of cortical microtubules together with a spiral arrangement of microfibrils. The second form, designated \"Parrallel\", shows a wall with bundles of parallel oriented microfibrils without cortical microtubules. Taking colchicine as an example for a microtubule-inhibitor the \"Parallel\" form may be obtained with 10mM and the \"Intermediate\" with 5 to 1 mM solutions. Some microtubule-inhibitors such as methylbenzimidazole-2yl-carbamate (MBC) produce the \"intermediate\" form only. The recovery of normal microfibril orientation after inhibitor treatment is dependent on three factors: a) the developmental stage--young autospores just beginning to synthesize a wall are absolutely necessary; b) the application of inhibitors with the lowest effective concentration for c) the shortest possible time. Minimal concentrations for obtaining a \"Full\" effect range from 10 mM for colchicine to 1 micrometer for amiprophosmethyl (APM) with incubation periods from 3 to 9 hours. The return to the normal microfibril orientation has been achieved in all cases except after podophyllotoxin treatment. Since APM has been claimed to act selectively on tubulin synthesis in Chlamydomonas it was decided to compare the effects of this compound with cycloheximide (10 microgram/ml) on the recovery of microfibril orientation after colchicine treatment. In both cases no orientation recovery is possible although in the case of cycloheximide, synthesis of cellulose is drastically inhibited. This cycloheximide inhibition is fully reversible. During cycloheximide, but not APM, inhibition cortical microtubules return; however, due to the inhibition of cellulose synthesis itself, they cannot exert their orienting influence.", "PMID": 568574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8093", "title": "Morphological and autoradiographical characterization of membrane-like layers surrounding cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Two membrane-like layers of approximately 7 nM thickness were observed in ultrathin cross-sections of flat-embedded cultured fibroblasts. One \"membrane\", underlying the cell-monolayer, possibly established contacts between cells and substratum. The other \"membrane\" covered the whole cell culture. These \"membranes\" were at least partially synthesized by the cells themselves, as was shown by high resolution autoradiography. With regard to our biochemical findings, the autoradiographical results showed that components of these \"membranes\" consisted of sulfated proteoglycans and may be the morphological equivalent to the biochemically well-defined cell surface associated material, the so-called pericellular pool of glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "Morphological and autoradiographical characterization of membrane-like layers surrounding cultured fibroblasts. Two membrane-like layers of approximately 7 nM thickness were observed in ultrathin cross-sections of flat-embedded cultured fibroblasts. One \"membrane\", underlying the cell-monolayer, possibly established contacts between cells and substratum. The other \"membrane\" covered the whole cell culture. These \"membranes\" were at least partially synthesized by the cells themselves, as was shown by high resolution autoradiography. With regard to our biochemical findings, the autoradiographical results showed that components of these \"membranes\" consisted of sulfated proteoglycans and may be the morphological equivalent to the biochemically well-defined cell surface associated material, the so-called pericellular pool of glycosaminoglycans.", "PMID": 568575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8094", "title": "Hypovitaminemia A in idiopathic hemochromatosis and hepatic cirrhosis. Role of retinol-binding protein and zinc.", "content": "Serum levels of vitamin A, its specific carrier protein retinol-binding protein (RBP), and zinc were determined in 34 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis, 33 cases of alcoholic cirrhosis, 10 cases of non-alcoholic cirrhosis, and in 35 normal controls. In both alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, vitamin A and RBP levels were very significantly reduced, whereas a significantly low zinc was observed only in the alcoholic cirrhosis group. In idiopathic hemochromatosis, vitamin A values were significantly lower compared to normals, whereas serum RBP levels were normal and serum zinc was very close to that of the controls. A significant correlation was found between vitamin A and RBP levels in the entire group of 112 patients. These results, (1) in alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, confirm a dramatic vitamin A deficiency and the major role played by decreased RBP, but tend to deemphasize the possible role of zinc deficiency; (2) in idiopathic hemochromatosis, affirm a significant serum vitamin A deficiency supposedly by a different mechanism from that of alcoholic cirrhosis since in idiopathic hemochromatosis plasma RBP levels are normal. The role of this vitamin A disorder should be considered in the interpretation of clinical signs of idiopathic hemochromatosis such as ichthyosis and visual disorders.", "contents": "Hypovitaminemia A in idiopathic hemochromatosis and hepatic cirrhosis. Role of retinol-binding protein and zinc. Serum levels of vitamin A, its specific carrier protein retinol-binding protein (RBP), and zinc were determined in 34 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis, 33 cases of alcoholic cirrhosis, 10 cases of non-alcoholic cirrhosis, and in 35 normal controls. In both alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, vitamin A and RBP levels were very significantly reduced, whereas a significantly low zinc was observed only in the alcoholic cirrhosis group. In idiopathic hemochromatosis, vitamin A values were significantly lower compared to normals, whereas serum RBP levels were normal and serum zinc was very close to that of the controls. A significant correlation was found between vitamin A and RBP levels in the entire group of 112 patients. These results, (1) in alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, confirm a dramatic vitamin A deficiency and the major role played by decreased RBP, but tend to deemphasize the possible role of zinc deficiency; (2) in idiopathic hemochromatosis, affirm a significant serum vitamin A deficiency supposedly by a different mechanism from that of alcoholic cirrhosis since in idiopathic hemochromatosis plasma RBP levels are normal. The role of this vitamin A disorder should be considered in the interpretation of clinical signs of idiopathic hemochromatosis such as ichthyosis and visual disorders.", "PMID": 568576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8095", "title": "[Echocardiography in obstructive hypertrophic myocardiopathy. Proposed index of severity of the obstruction].", "content": "An obstruction index to estimate the left ventricle outflow gradient from the echocardiogram in patients with obstructive cardiomyopathies is proposed. It is based on the measurements of the mean distance between septum and anterior mtral valve leaflet, the total time of narrowing and the time of minimal and maximal narrowing. In the first group of patients studied, it seems to correlate fairely with the severity of clinical picture and with the gradient found at catheterization.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in obstructive hypertrophic myocardiopathy. Proposed index of severity of the obstruction]. An obstruction index to estimate the left ventricle outflow gradient from the echocardiogram in patients with obstructive cardiomyopathies is proposed. It is based on the measurements of the mean distance between septum and anterior mtral valve leaflet, the total time of narrowing and the time of minimal and maximal narrowing. In the first group of patients studied, it seems to correlate fairely with the severity of clinical picture and with the gradient found at catheterization.", "PMID": 568577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8096", "title": "Induction of granulomas in mice by Crohn's disease tissue.", "content": "Normal and immunodeficient CBA and A2G strain mice were inoculated with crude (100 to 20 to 30 micrometer), cell-free (0.2 micrometer) filtrates of Crohn's or noninflammatory bowel disease tissue homogenates, which were either fresh or frozen to -70 degree C. Mice of each strain developed epithelioid and giant cell granulomas both locally at the site of injection and systemically in response to crude and cell-free filtrates of Crohn's tissues. Control mice did not develop such changes. The granulomas evolved slowly, predominantly between 9 and 27 months. The granuloma-inciting agent has been shown to be present in ileum, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes of patients with Crohn's disease and it withstands freezing to -70 degree C. The use of Crohn's tissues common to this study and one in rabbits previously reported, suggests that the induction of granulomas by this agent is not strain- or species-specific, and is independent of the immune status of CBA mice.", "contents": "Induction of granulomas in mice by Crohn's disease tissue. Normal and immunodeficient CBA and A2G strain mice were inoculated with crude (100 to 20 to 30 micrometer), cell-free (0.2 micrometer) filtrates of Crohn's or noninflammatory bowel disease tissue homogenates, which were either fresh or frozen to -70 degree C. Mice of each strain developed epithelioid and giant cell granulomas both locally at the site of injection and systemically in response to crude and cell-free filtrates of Crohn's tissues. Control mice did not develop such changes. The granulomas evolved slowly, predominantly between 9 and 27 months. The granuloma-inciting agent has been shown to be present in ileum, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes of patients with Crohn's disease and it withstands freezing to -70 degree C. The use of Crohn's tissues common to this study and one in rabbits previously reported, suggests that the induction of granulomas by this agent is not strain- or species-specific, and is independent of the immune status of CBA mice.", "PMID": 568579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8097", "title": "Comparison of an intragastric method of estimating acid output with the pentagastrin test in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects.", "content": "Using Fordtran's technique but substituting the meat extract Oxo for the steak meal we investigated gastric acid secretion in eight control subjects and nine patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. Intragastric titration was performed using a double lumen tube measuring the pH in the stomach every three minutes and adjusting it to 5.5 throughout the test by infusing 0.3-M sodium bicarbonate. On a separate day a pentagastrin test was performed using a conventional gastric aspiration technique. In the eight control subjects the mean acid output after pentagastrin was 13.7 +/- 2.1 (SEM) mmol/h, whereas the mean hourly acid output measured by intragastric titration was 20.1 +/- 3.1. The greater response to Oxo than to pentagastrin in the controls (deltaAO = + 46%) was significant (P less than 0.01). This is in contrast with our duodenal ulcer patients whose mean hourly acid outputs were 22.7 +/- 4.4 and 23.0 +/- 4.4 mmol/h in response to pentagastrin and Oxo respectively (r = 0.95). The findings, while clearly at variance with those of Fordtran and Walsh (1973), are more in keeping with the concept of increased endogenous secretory drive in duodenal ulcer patients compared to normal subjects.", "contents": "Comparison of an intragastric method of estimating acid output with the pentagastrin test in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects. Using Fordtran's technique but substituting the meat extract Oxo for the steak meal we investigated gastric acid secretion in eight control subjects and nine patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. Intragastric titration was performed using a double lumen tube measuring the pH in the stomach every three minutes and adjusting it to 5.5 throughout the test by infusing 0.3-M sodium bicarbonate. On a separate day a pentagastrin test was performed using a conventional gastric aspiration technique. In the eight control subjects the mean acid output after pentagastrin was 13.7 +/- 2.1 (SEM) mmol/h, whereas the mean hourly acid output measured by intragastric titration was 20.1 +/- 3.1. The greater response to Oxo than to pentagastrin in the controls (deltaAO = + 46%) was significant (P less than 0.01). This is in contrast with our duodenal ulcer patients whose mean hourly acid outputs were 22.7 +/- 4.4 and 23.0 +/- 4.4 mmol/h in response to pentagastrin and Oxo respectively (r = 0.95). The findings, while clearly at variance with those of Fordtran and Walsh (1973), are more in keeping with the concept of increased endogenous secretory drive in duodenal ulcer patients compared to normal subjects.", "PMID": 568584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8098", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of pancreatic polypeptide in man.", "content": "Pure bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was infused into 23 healthy subjects at doses of 1, 3, and 5 pmol/kg/min over 60 minutes and plasma PP was measured by radioimmunoassay. During the infusions mean plasma levels of 203 +/- 34, 575 +/- 73, and 930 +/- 48 pmol/l respectively were achieved. Mean disappearance half time on stopping the infusion was 6.9 +/- 0.3 min (mean +/- SEM). The metabolic clearance rate was 5.1 +/- 0.2 ml/kg/min (mean +/- SEM) and the apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 51 +/- 3 ml/kg (mean +/- SEM). This study provides for the first time pharmacokinetic data for PP in man.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of pancreatic polypeptide in man. Pure bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was infused into 23 healthy subjects at doses of 1, 3, and 5 pmol/kg/min over 60 minutes and plasma PP was measured by radioimmunoassay. During the infusions mean plasma levels of 203 +/- 34, 575 +/- 73, and 930 +/- 48 pmol/l respectively were achieved. Mean disappearance half time on stopping the infusion was 6.9 +/- 0.3 min (mean +/- SEM). The metabolic clearance rate was 5.1 +/- 0.2 ml/kg/min (mean +/- SEM) and the apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 51 +/- 3 ml/kg (mean +/- SEM). This study provides for the first time pharmacokinetic data for PP in man.", "PMID": 568585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8099", "title": "A comparison between diabetics receiving a high or low daily insulin dosage.", "content": "Two groups of 8 diabetics, similar in many aspects, who required high (greater than or equal to 128 units) or low (less than or equal to 32 units) total daily insulin dosage were compared during a 24 hour period. C-peptide secretion was detected in all but one of the low dose group, but only in two of the high dose group. No significant differences in serum free and total insulin concentrations were detected and the patterns of blood metabolites were also similar, apart from higher blood glycerol concentrations in the low dose group. No significant differences in the binding characteristics of the antiinsulin antibodies were detected.", "contents": "A comparison between diabetics receiving a high or low daily insulin dosage. Two groups of 8 diabetics, similar in many aspects, who required high (greater than or equal to 128 units) or low (less than or equal to 32 units) total daily insulin dosage were compared during a 24 hour period. C-peptide secretion was detected in all but one of the low dose group, but only in two of the high dose group. No significant differences in serum free and total insulin concentrations were detected and the patterns of blood metabolites were also similar, apart from higher blood glycerol concentrations in the low dose group. No significant differences in the binding characteristics of the antiinsulin antibodies were detected.", "PMID": 568594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8100", "title": "[Limitations of mass transfusion].", "content": "As a result of blood conservation there is nearly no limit to transfusion therapy. This is shown by reviews of the University Clinic of Hamburg-Eppendorf. A still existent limitation in patients with irregular antibodies requires a supraregional cooperation the possibilities of which are discussed. In intensive care medicine an especially critical indication is necessary. Blood transfusion in hopeless cases (ut aliquid fiere) is as unjustifiable as artificial respiration is in patients having an EEG 0-line.", "contents": "[Limitations of mass transfusion]. As a result of blood conservation there is nearly no limit to transfusion therapy. This is shown by reviews of the University Clinic of Hamburg-Eppendorf. A still existent limitation in patients with irregular antibodies requires a supraregional cooperation the possibilities of which are discussed. In intensive care medicine an especially critical indication is necessary. Blood transfusion in hopeless cases (ut aliquid fiere) is as unjustifiable as artificial respiration is in patients having an EEG 0-line.", "PMID": 568601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8101", "title": "[Current status of granulocyte separation and transfusion].", "content": "Granulocyte substitution therapy is of definitive clinical value when correctly indicated and consequently performed. Comparing the different techniques for leucocyte separation, the combination of continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) and filtration (FL) permits the highest yield of granulocytes. As yet, all available methods imply a rather high degree of inconvenience and a considerable rate of side effects for the (normal) donor which cannot easily be justified from a medical point of view. On the other hand, CFC and especially FL have a great potential for further improvement. Hence, higher yields and less donor affection are expectable. Granulocyte procurement is a great challenge to existing transfusion centres requiring their future engagement and expansion in this new and important field.", "contents": "[Current status of granulocyte separation and transfusion]. Granulocyte substitution therapy is of definitive clinical value when correctly indicated and consequently performed. Comparing the different techniques for leucocyte separation, the combination of continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) and filtration (FL) permits the highest yield of granulocytes. As yet, all available methods imply a rather high degree of inconvenience and a considerable rate of side effects for the (normal) donor which cannot easily be justified from a medical point of view. On the other hand, CFC and especially FL have a great potential for further improvement. Hence, higher yields and less donor affection are expectable. Granulocyte procurement is a great challenge to existing transfusion centres requiring their future engagement and expansion in this new and important field.", "PMID": 568602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8102", "title": "Effect of magnesium deficiency and food restriction on the immune response in young mice.", "content": "Similar batches of five-week-old C57 Bl/6 mice were given either a magnesium-deficient diet (4mg Mg/100 g), or a control diet (40 mg/100 g). Control diet intake was either ad libitum or reduced. After immunization with SRBC (sheep red blood cells), the immune response was studied by estimating the number of spleen AFC (antibody-forming cells) capable of lysing SRBC, and by a cytoadhesion test to determine the number of RFC (rosette forming cells). Limitation of the control diet slowed the growth rate in mice. Whenever food intake was reduced from 4g/day to 2.9 or 2.6g/day, the AFC response intensified but the RFC response remained similar. Food limitation might therefore mainly affect immature IgM producing cells with a high dividing rate. Magnesium deficiency produced a drastic fall in the primary and secondary immune responses, as measured by the number of spleen AFC. The number RFC was also much lower in the spleen of deficient animals. Consequently, the spleen immune system is deeply affected by this deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium deficiency and food restriction on the immune response in young mice. Similar batches of five-week-old C57 Bl/6 mice were given either a magnesium-deficient diet (4mg Mg/100 g), or a control diet (40 mg/100 g). Control diet intake was either ad libitum or reduced. After immunization with SRBC (sheep red blood cells), the immune response was studied by estimating the number of spleen AFC (antibody-forming cells) capable of lysing SRBC, and by a cytoadhesion test to determine the number of RFC (rosette forming cells). Limitation of the control diet slowed the growth rate in mice. Whenever food intake was reduced from 4g/day to 2.9 or 2.6g/day, the AFC response intensified but the RFC response remained similar. Food limitation might therefore mainly affect immature IgM producing cells with a high dividing rate. Magnesium deficiency produced a drastic fall in the primary and secondary immune responses, as measured by the number of spleen AFC. The number RFC was also much lower in the spleen of deficient animals. Consequently, the spleen immune system is deeply affected by this deficiency.", "PMID": 568603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8103", "title": "Receptor protein for dihydrotestosterone in nuclei of the female prostate of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis.", "content": "An investigation was carried out to identify and characterize the binding of androgens within the nuclei of the prostate from female Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. After in vivo and in vitro labeling with tritiated androgens, the tissue was subjected to cell fractionation and the nuclear fraction was purified. Gel exclusion chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the nuclear extract showed the presence of a steroid receptor complex having a sedimentation coefficient of 3 S. Subsequent analysis of the bound radioactivity revealed that more than 90 per cent of the recovered tritiated steroid was dihydrotestosterone. This binding was found to be temperature dependent and could not be shown in liver tissue. The behavior of this nuclear steroid receptor complex is compared with that of the male Mastomys and the rat. It is suggested that the female Mastomys could be used as an experimental model for studying hormone effects on the prostate.", "contents": "Receptor protein for dihydrotestosterone in nuclei of the female prostate of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. An investigation was carried out to identify and characterize the binding of androgens within the nuclei of the prostate from female Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. After in vivo and in vitro labeling with tritiated androgens, the tissue was subjected to cell fractionation and the nuclear fraction was purified. Gel exclusion chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the nuclear extract showed the presence of a steroid receptor complex having a sedimentation coefficient of 3 S. Subsequent analysis of the bound radioactivity revealed that more than 90 per cent of the recovered tritiated steroid was dihydrotestosterone. This binding was found to be temperature dependent and could not be shown in liver tissue. The behavior of this nuclear steroid receptor complex is compared with that of the male Mastomys and the rat. It is suggested that the female Mastomys could be used as an experimental model for studying hormone effects on the prostate.", "PMID": 568605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8104", "title": "Bladder and urethral responses to isolated sacral motor root stimulation.", "content": "After complete intradural lumbosacral rhizotomy and cord transection in 40 cats, parasympathetic discharge was induced by electrical stimulation of the second and third sacral roots. Isolation of the stimulus to the preganglionic motor fiber resulted in bladder contraction and reciprocal urethral pressure loss. The threshold for the urethral response was lower than that of the bladder and the urethral response findings strongly suggest that urethral adrenoreceptor activity can be modified peripherally by a primary parasympathetic stimulus.", "contents": "Bladder and urethral responses to isolated sacral motor root stimulation. After complete intradural lumbosacral rhizotomy and cord transection in 40 cats, parasympathetic discharge was induced by electrical stimulation of the second and third sacral roots. Isolation of the stimulus to the preganglionic motor fiber resulted in bladder contraction and reciprocal urethral pressure loss. The threshold for the urethral response was lower than that of the bladder and the urethral response findings strongly suggest that urethral adrenoreceptor activity can be modified peripherally by a primary parasympathetic stimulus.", "PMID": 568606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8105", "title": "[Consulting office tissue banks (author's transl)].", "content": "The technicalities of obtaining graft tissues and the methods of preserving homograft ossicles and cartilage are described. The chemical and biological problems of tissue banks are discussed practically in relation to published experiences of others. The techniques for use of homograft ossicles in tympanoplasty surgery are described. The comparative ease of preparation and preservation of homograft ossicles and hyaline cartilage justifies the establishment of tissue banks in the practice of the private otologist.", "contents": "[Consulting office tissue banks (author's transl)]. The technicalities of obtaining graft tissues and the methods of preserving homograft ossicles and cartilage are described. The chemical and biological problems of tissue banks are discussed practically in relation to published experiences of others. The techniques for use of homograft ossicles in tympanoplasty surgery are described. The comparative ease of preparation and preservation of homograft ossicles and hyaline cartilage justifies the establishment of tissue banks in the practice of the private otologist.", "PMID": 568615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8106", "title": "Ozone depletion: implications for the veterinarian.", "content": "Man has inadvertently modified the stratosphere. There is a good possibility that the ozone layer is being depleted by the use of jet aircraft (SST), chlorofluoromethane propellants, and nitrogen fertilizers. Under unpolluted conditions, the production of ozone equals its destruction. By man's intervention, however, the destruction may exceed the production. The potential outcome is increased intensity of solar ultraviolet (280-400 nm) radiation and penetration to the earth's surface of previously absorbed wavelengths below about 280 nm. The increased ultraviolet radiation would increase the likelihood of skin cancer in man and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in cattle. The climate also might be modified, possibly in an undesirable way.", "contents": "Ozone depletion: implications for the veterinarian. Man has inadvertently modified the stratosphere. There is a good possibility that the ozone layer is being depleted by the use of jet aircraft (SST), chlorofluoromethane propellants, and nitrogen fertilizers. Under unpolluted conditions, the production of ozone equals its destruction. By man's intervention, however, the destruction may exceed the production. The potential outcome is increased intensity of solar ultraviolet (280-400 nm) radiation and penetration to the earth's surface of previously absorbed wavelengths below about 280 nm. The increased ultraviolet radiation would increase the likelihood of skin cancer in man and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in cattle. The climate also might be modified, possibly in an undesirable way.", "PMID": 568617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8107", "title": "Fetal alcohol damage and schizophrenia.", "content": "The case of a 15 year old girl with fetal alcohol damage and schizophrenia is presented. Because fetal exposure to alcohol may produce brain damage, itself associated with increased vulnerability for schizophrenia, and because chronic exposure to alcohol may lead to a symptomatic schizophrenic illness, prospective study of children with fetal alcohol damage is needed to determine whether they are at greater risk for the later development of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Fetal alcohol damage and schizophrenia. The case of a 15 year old girl with fetal alcohol damage and schizophrenia is presented. Because fetal exposure to alcohol may produce brain damage, itself associated with increased vulnerability for schizophrenia, and because chronic exposure to alcohol may lead to a symptomatic schizophrenic illness, prospective study of children with fetal alcohol damage is needed to determine whether they are at greater risk for the later development of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 568621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8108", "title": "Thermal adaptation in yeast: obligate psychrophiles are obligate aerobes, and obligate thermophiles are facultative anaerobes.", "content": "The obligate psychrophilic yeasts Torulopsis psychrophila, T. austromarina, Leucosporidium frigidum, L. gelidum, and L. nivalis were obligate aerobes and were unable to grow anaerobically. In contrast, the obligate thermophilic yeasts T. bovina, T. pintolopesii, Candida slooffii, and Saccharomyces telluris were facultative anaerobes.", "contents": "Thermal adaptation in yeast: obligate psychrophiles are obligate aerobes, and obligate thermophiles are facultative anaerobes. The obligate psychrophilic yeasts Torulopsis psychrophila, T. austromarina, Leucosporidium frigidum, L. gelidum, and L. nivalis were obligate aerobes and were unable to grow anaerobically. In contrast, the obligate thermophilic yeasts T. bovina, T. pintolopesii, Candida slooffii, and Saccharomyces telluris were facultative anaerobes.", "PMID": 568620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8109", "title": "Enzymic racemization of allantoin.", "content": "Allantoin racemase was isolated from cells of Candida utilis, and purified by chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. Using this purified enzyme, the racemization of allantoin in deuterium oxide was investigated. Polarimetric and PMR spectroscopic analyses showed that racemization of allantoin by the enzyme proceeded in parrallel with release of the hydrogen atom (5-H) attached to the asymmetric carbon (C-5) of allantoin. Non-enzymic racemization of allantoin, which was examined for comparison, however, was accompanied by much less or almost no release of allantoin 5-H. This indicates that the mechanism of racemization by the enzyme differs from that of non-enzymic racemization.", "contents": "Enzymic racemization of allantoin. Allantoin racemase was isolated from cells of Candida utilis, and purified by chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. Using this purified enzyme, the racemization of allantoin in deuterium oxide was investigated. Polarimetric and PMR spectroscopic analyses showed that racemization of allantoin by the enzyme proceeded in parrallel with release of the hydrogen atom (5-H) attached to the asymmetric carbon (C-5) of allantoin. Non-enzymic racemization of allantoin, which was examined for comparison, however, was accompanied by much less or almost no release of allantoin 5-H. This indicates that the mechanism of racemization by the enzyme differs from that of non-enzymic racemization.", "PMID": 568622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8110", "title": "Failure of the usual anti-Ig antibody method for quantitative measurement of low affinity antibodies.", "content": "The usual anti-Ig antibody method, consisting of the precipitation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes by heterologous anti-Ig antibody, was applied for quantitative estimation of guinea pig IgG2 anti-ovalbumin and anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies by measuring the maximum amounts of antibody-bound antigens. However, the amounts of antibodies estimated were less than those obtained by other methods: the precipitin reaction, the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes with 50% saturated ammonium sulfate, and equilibrium dialysis. In particular, the anti-Ig antibody method greatly underestimated the amount of anti-DNP antibody with low affinity for epsilon-DNP-L-lysine. Thus, it was concluded that partial dissociation of the antigen-antibody complexes occurring upon precipitation with anti-Ig antibody made the anti-Ig antibody method unsuitable for quantitative determination of antibodies.", "contents": "Failure of the usual anti-Ig antibody method for quantitative measurement of low affinity antibodies. The usual anti-Ig antibody method, consisting of the precipitation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes by heterologous anti-Ig antibody, was applied for quantitative estimation of guinea pig IgG2 anti-ovalbumin and anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies by measuring the maximum amounts of antibody-bound antigens. However, the amounts of antibodies estimated were less than those obtained by other methods: the precipitin reaction, the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes with 50% saturated ammonium sulfate, and equilibrium dialysis. In particular, the anti-Ig antibody method greatly underestimated the amount of anti-DNP antibody with low affinity for epsilon-DNP-L-lysine. Thus, it was concluded that partial dissociation of the antigen-antibody complexes occurring upon precipitation with anti-Ig antibody made the anti-Ig antibody method unsuitable for quantitative determination of antibodies.", "PMID": 568623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8111", "title": "Resonance Raman spectra of riboflavin and its derivatives in the bound state with egg riboflavin binding proteins.", "content": "The resonance Raman spectra of riboflavin (RF) and its derivatives, including 3-deuterated (3-D RF), 3-methyl (3-CH3 RF), 3-carboxymethyl (3-CH2COOH RF), and 7,8-dichlororiboflavins (7,8-Cl RF), in H2O and D2O were observed in the 700-1700 cm-1 region. The fluorescence problem of riboflavin was overcome by complex formation of riboflavin with riboflavin binding proteins. The observed frequencies of Raman lines of RF are in good agreement with those of glucose oxidase obtained by Spiro et al. by the resonance CARS method, although the present spectral range is extended to much lower frequency with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than that for glucose oxidase. The observed Raman lines were assigned to the individual ring modes of isoalloxazine on the basis of the Raman spectra of appropriate model compounds such as uracil, pyrazine, and o-xylene. The 1253 cm-1 line of RF was shifted to ca. 1300 cm-1 for 3-D RF, 3-CH3 RF, and 3-CH2COOH RF, and accordingly can be assigned to the CN stretching mode of Ring III. The 1632 cm-1 line of RF was shifted for 7,8-Cl RF and was assigned to a Ring I mode. No Raman line mainly due to C = O stretching mode was observed in the present resonance Raman spectra.", "contents": "Resonance Raman spectra of riboflavin and its derivatives in the bound state with egg riboflavin binding proteins. The resonance Raman spectra of riboflavin (RF) and its derivatives, including 3-deuterated (3-D RF), 3-methyl (3-CH3 RF), 3-carboxymethyl (3-CH2COOH RF), and 7,8-dichlororiboflavins (7,8-Cl RF), in H2O and D2O were observed in the 700-1700 cm-1 region. The fluorescence problem of riboflavin was overcome by complex formation of riboflavin with riboflavin binding proteins. The observed frequencies of Raman lines of RF are in good agreement with those of glucose oxidase obtained by Spiro et al. by the resonance CARS method, although the present spectral range is extended to much lower frequency with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than that for glucose oxidase. The observed Raman lines were assigned to the individual ring modes of isoalloxazine on the basis of the Raman spectra of appropriate model compounds such as uracil, pyrazine, and o-xylene. The 1253 cm-1 line of RF was shifted to ca. 1300 cm-1 for 3-D RF, 3-CH3 RF, and 3-CH2COOH RF, and accordingly can be assigned to the CN stretching mode of Ring III. The 1632 cm-1 line of RF was shifted for 7,8-Cl RF and was assigned to a Ring I mode. No Raman line mainly due to C = O stretching mode was observed in the present resonance Raman spectra.", "PMID": 568624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8112", "title": "Effects of albumin on the phagocytosis of polystyrene spherules by rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "Polystyrene latex spherules are rapidly phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Surface modifications of the latex spherules can lead to an inhibition of phagocytosis, and the purpose of this study was to analyse in particular inhibition by bovine and human serum albumin. It can be shown that albumin is bound much more strongly by the PSL particle surface than by the cell surface. Furthermore, a correlation was established between the extent to which the particle surface is covered and the extent of phagocytosis inhibition. In the binding of albumin to the particle surface ionic as well as hydrophobic interactions play a role. As a result, the particle acquires a negatively charged hydrophilic coating which effectively diminishes the number of effective cell-particle collisions leading to engulfment.", "contents": "Effects of albumin on the phagocytosis of polystyrene spherules by rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Polystyrene latex spherules are rapidly phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Surface modifications of the latex spherules can lead to an inhibition of phagocytosis, and the purpose of this study was to analyse in particular inhibition by bovine and human serum albumin. It can be shown that albumin is bound much more strongly by the PSL particle surface than by the cell surface. Furthermore, a correlation was established between the extent to which the particle surface is covered and the extent of phagocytosis inhibition. In the binding of albumin to the particle surface ionic as well as hydrophobic interactions play a role. As a result, the particle acquires a negatively charged hydrophilic coating which effectively diminishes the number of effective cell-particle collisions leading to engulfment.", "PMID": 568628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8113", "title": "Genetic characterization of hydroxyurea-resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Hydroxyurea is an excellent selective agent for obtaining drug-resistant mutants. At a frequency of approximately 1 X 10(-5) it was possible to select, in a single step, colonies that exhibited significant resistance to the cytotoxic effects of the drug. These hydroxyurea-resistant cell lines maintained their resistant phenotype after extensive cultivation in the absence of the drug. Reconstruction experiments indicated that the expression of hydroxyurea-resistance and the frequency of drug-resistant colonies was independent of cell densities up to 5 X 10(5) cells per 100-mm selection plate. Luria-Delbr\u00fcck fluctuation analyses indicated that the appearance of hydroxyurea-resistant cells in wild type populations occurred spontaneously and at a rate of 4.8 X 10(-6) per cell per generation in the presence of 0.33 mM drug. Studies with the mutagen, ethyl methane sulfonate indicated that it was capable of increasing the frequency of hydroxyurea-resistant cells by a factor of approximately 10. Also, cell-cell hybridization experiments showed that hydroxyurea-resistance behaves as a dominant or codominant trait and that hydroxyurea-resistance was a useful new genetic marker for selection of somatic cell hybrids. Furthermore, similar to many other drug-resistant cell lines hydroxyurea-resistant cells were found to exhibit an altered sensitivity to a number of non-selective agents (guanazole, N-carbamoyloxyurea, formamidoxime, and hydroxyurethane). Except for guanazole these compounds are structurally very similar to hydroxyurea and may be expected to have similar modes of action. The results presented in this paper support the view that hydroxyurea-resistance is expressed as a normal genetic trait and is a useful genetic marker for somatic cell genetic studies.", "contents": "Genetic characterization of hydroxyurea-resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Hydroxyurea is an excellent selective agent for obtaining drug-resistant mutants. At a frequency of approximately 1 X 10(-5) it was possible to select, in a single step, colonies that exhibited significant resistance to the cytotoxic effects of the drug. These hydroxyurea-resistant cell lines maintained their resistant phenotype after extensive cultivation in the absence of the drug. Reconstruction experiments indicated that the expression of hydroxyurea-resistance and the frequency of drug-resistant colonies was independent of cell densities up to 5 X 10(5) cells per 100-mm selection plate. Luria-Delbr\u00fcck fluctuation analyses indicated that the appearance of hydroxyurea-resistant cells in wild type populations occurred spontaneously and at a rate of 4.8 X 10(-6) per cell per generation in the presence of 0.33 mM drug. Studies with the mutagen, ethyl methane sulfonate indicated that it was capable of increasing the frequency of hydroxyurea-resistant cells by a factor of approximately 10. Also, cell-cell hybridization experiments showed that hydroxyurea-resistance behaves as a dominant or codominant trait and that hydroxyurea-resistance was a useful new genetic marker for selection of somatic cell hybrids. Furthermore, similar to many other drug-resistant cell lines hydroxyurea-resistant cells were found to exhibit an altered sensitivity to a number of non-selective agents (guanazole, N-carbamoyloxyurea, formamidoxime, and hydroxyurethane). Except for guanazole these compounds are structurally very similar to hydroxyurea and may be expected to have similar modes of action. The results presented in this paper support the view that hydroxyurea-resistance is expressed as a normal genetic trait and is a useful genetic marker for somatic cell genetic studies.", "PMID": 568629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8114", "title": "Ribonucleotide reductase from wild type and hydroxyurea-resistant chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "The kinetic properties of partially purified ribonucleotide reductase from Chinese hamster ovary cells have been investigated. Double reciprocal plots of velocity against substrate concentration were found to be linear for three the substrates tested, and yielded apparent Km values of 0.12 mM for CDP, 0.14 mM for ADP and 0.026 mM for GDP. Hydroxyurea, a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reduction, was tested against varying concentrations of ribonucleotide substrates and inhibited the enzyme activity in an uncompetitive fashion. Intercept replots were linear and exhibited Ki values for hydroxyurea of 0.08 mM for CDP reduction, 0.13 mM for ADP reduction and 0.07 mM for GDP reduction. Guanazole, another inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, interacted with the enzyme in a similar manner to hydroxyurea showing an uncompetitive pattern of inhibition with CDP reduction and yielding a Ki value of 0.57 mM. Partially purified ribonucleotide reductase from hydroxyurea-resistant cells was compared to enzyme activity from wild type cells. Significant differences were observed in the hydroxyurea Ki values with the three ribonucleotide substrates that were tested. Also, CDP reductase activity from the drug-resistant cells yielded a significantly higher Ki value for guanazole inhibition than the wild type activity. The properties of partially purified ribonucleotide reductase from a somatic cell hybrid constructed from wild type and hydroxyurea-resistant cells was also examined. The Ki value for hydroxyurea inhibition of CDP reductase was intermediate between the Ki values of the parental lines and indicated a codominant expression of hydroxyurea-resistance at the enzyme level. The most logical explanation for these results is that the mutant cells contain a structurally altered ribonucleotide reductase whose activity is less sensitive to inhibition by hydroxyurea or guanazole.", "contents": "Ribonucleotide reductase from wild type and hydroxyurea-resistant chinese hamster ovary cells. The kinetic properties of partially purified ribonucleotide reductase from Chinese hamster ovary cells have been investigated. Double reciprocal plots of velocity against substrate concentration were found to be linear for three the substrates tested, and yielded apparent Km values of 0.12 mM for CDP, 0.14 mM for ADP and 0.026 mM for GDP. Hydroxyurea, a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reduction, was tested against varying concentrations of ribonucleotide substrates and inhibited the enzyme activity in an uncompetitive fashion. Intercept replots were linear and exhibited Ki values for hydroxyurea of 0.08 mM for CDP reduction, 0.13 mM for ADP reduction and 0.07 mM for GDP reduction. Guanazole, another inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, interacted with the enzyme in a similar manner to hydroxyurea showing an uncompetitive pattern of inhibition with CDP reduction and yielding a Ki value of 0.57 mM. Partially purified ribonucleotide reductase from hydroxyurea-resistant cells was compared to enzyme activity from wild type cells. Significant differences were observed in the hydroxyurea Ki values with the three ribonucleotide substrates that were tested. Also, CDP reductase activity from the drug-resistant cells yielded a significantly higher Ki value for guanazole inhibition than the wild type activity. The properties of partially purified ribonucleotide reductase from a somatic cell hybrid constructed from wild type and hydroxyurea-resistant cells was also examined. The Ki value for hydroxyurea inhibition of CDP reductase was intermediate between the Ki values of the parental lines and indicated a codominant expression of hydroxyurea-resistance at the enzyme level. The most logical explanation for these results is that the mutant cells contain a structurally altered ribonucleotide reductase whose activity is less sensitive to inhibition by hydroxyurea or guanazole.", "PMID": 568630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8115", "title": "Dietary lipid metabolism in lactating dairy cows.", "content": "Effects of feeding an oil seed supplement treated with formalin upon lipid patterns of blood and synthesis of milk fat were evaluated. Percentages and yields of fatty acids of milk fat with chain lengths between 6 and 16 carbons were decreased while percentages and yields of stearate and linoleate were increased when the lipid supplement was fed. Calculations in cows fed control and supplement, 60% and 80%, respectively, of fatty acids of milk were derived from lipids of blood were supported by arterial-venous differences. Comparisons of the fatty acid compositions of triacylglycerol of plasma and milk fat suggested that triacylglycerol may not be the sole source of linoleate transferred from blood to milk fat. A preliminary evaluation of supplement effects upon lipoprotein patterns of serum indicated two peaks in the low density lipoprotein class and that the increase in total cholesterol of blood caused by feeding lipid supplement is due to increases in cholesterol content of the low density and high density lipoprotein classes.", "contents": "Dietary lipid metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Effects of feeding an oil seed supplement treated with formalin upon lipid patterns of blood and synthesis of milk fat were evaluated. Percentages and yields of fatty acids of milk fat with chain lengths between 6 and 16 carbons were decreased while percentages and yields of stearate and linoleate were increased when the lipid supplement was fed. Calculations in cows fed control and supplement, 60% and 80%, respectively, of fatty acids of milk were derived from lipids of blood were supported by arterial-venous differences. Comparisons of the fatty acid compositions of triacylglycerol of plasma and milk fat suggested that triacylglycerol may not be the sole source of linoleate transferred from blood to milk fat. A preliminary evaluation of supplement effects upon lipoprotein patterns of serum indicated two peaks in the low density lipoprotein class and that the increase in total cholesterol of blood caused by feeding lipid supplement is due to increases in cholesterol content of the low density and high density lipoprotein classes.", "PMID": 568635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8116", "title": "Metabolic control of the circulation. Effects of acetate and pyruvate.", "content": "Chloralose-anesthetized dogs were infused intravenously with either Tris-acetate or Tris-pyruvate at 0.0375, 0.075, and 0.15 mmol/kg per min successively, each for 20 min. Acetate infusion increased cardiac output, left ventricular dP/dt and dP/dt/P, and coronary blood flow, while pyruvate infusion did not. Infusions of either substance increased arterial blood and skeletal muscle concentrations of citrate and malate, but only acetate infusion increased the tissue AMP content and decreased the ATP:AMP ratio. The increase in cardiac output produced by acetate was accompanied by an increase in total body oxygen consumption and a decrease in the difference between arterial and mixed venous blood oxygen. Myocardial oxygen consumption increased during acetate infusion, but the decrease in myocardial oxygen extraction and the increase in coronary sinus blood oxygen saturation suggest that an active coronary vasodilation which was not a result of the increased cardiac work, occurred. The concentration of hypoxanthine in the coronary sinus and the content of myocardial adenosine increased, which suggests that the increase in coronary blood flow was caused by the vasodilator action of adenosine released from the myocardium, and that adenosine production is not necessarily tied to PO(2). These systemic and coronary hemodynamic changes also occurred when acetate (0.075 mmol/kg per min) was infused into conscious dogs. Acetate infusion also increased blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, intercostal muscle, and diaphragm. These changes were not affected by propranolol pretreatment, but were abolished by pretreatment with fluoroacetate which reduced acetate oxidation. These results suggest that the circulatory stimulation produced by acetate was not caused by increases in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Instead, it was probably related to the increased cleavage of ATP to AMP that accompanies activation of acetate to acetyl CoA, and was not mediated via beta-adrenergic receptors. It is speculated that hemodynamic changes may occur in patients who undergo hemodialysis with acetate-containing dialysate. Hemodynamic changes of ethanol may also be brought about by acetate, which is one of the intermediates that accumulates during ethanol metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolic control of the circulation. Effects of acetate and pyruvate. Chloralose-anesthetized dogs were infused intravenously with either Tris-acetate or Tris-pyruvate at 0.0375, 0.075, and 0.15 mmol/kg per min successively, each for 20 min. Acetate infusion increased cardiac output, left ventricular dP/dt and dP/dt/P, and coronary blood flow, while pyruvate infusion did not. Infusions of either substance increased arterial blood and skeletal muscle concentrations of citrate and malate, but only acetate infusion increased the tissue AMP content and decreased the ATP:AMP ratio. The increase in cardiac output produced by acetate was accompanied by an increase in total body oxygen consumption and a decrease in the difference between arterial and mixed venous blood oxygen. Myocardial oxygen consumption increased during acetate infusion, but the decrease in myocardial oxygen extraction and the increase in coronary sinus blood oxygen saturation suggest that an active coronary vasodilation which was not a result of the increased cardiac work, occurred. The concentration of hypoxanthine in the coronary sinus and the content of myocardial adenosine increased, which suggests that the increase in coronary blood flow was caused by the vasodilator action of adenosine released from the myocardium, and that adenosine production is not necessarily tied to PO(2). These systemic and coronary hemodynamic changes also occurred when acetate (0.075 mmol/kg per min) was infused into conscious dogs. Acetate infusion also increased blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, intercostal muscle, and diaphragm. These changes were not affected by propranolol pretreatment, but were abolished by pretreatment with fluoroacetate which reduced acetate oxidation. These results suggest that the circulatory stimulation produced by acetate was not caused by increases in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Instead, it was probably related to the increased cleavage of ATP to AMP that accompanies activation of acetate to acetyl CoA, and was not mediated via beta-adrenergic receptors. It is speculated that hemodynamic changes may occur in patients who undergo hemodialysis with acetate-containing dialysate. Hemodynamic changes of ethanol may also be brought about by acetate, which is one of the intermediates that accumulates during ethanol metabolism.", "PMID": 568632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8117", "title": "Influence of dietary protein concentration on milk production by dairy cattle during early lactation.", "content": "In a 3 X 2 factorial experiment 75 Holstein cows in first, second, or third lactation were fed rations containing either 12.2% or 16.2% crude protein in total ration dry matter. On the average, 26% of dry matter intake was from corn silage, 22% from alfalfa-grass hay, and 52% from a grain mix. Protein was controlled by feeding a 13.7% crude protein grain mix with 1.4% urea for the 12% ration and a 19.8% crude protein grain mix with natural protein for the 16% ration. Average daily milk production (kg/day) for wk 2 through 12 of lactation for 12% and 16% rations by lactations were: first, 21.6 and 21.9; second, 25.7 and 31.5; and third, 27.5 and 34.0. Dry matter intakes by lactations were .42, 1.18, and 2.05 kg/day higher for cows fed the high protein compared to low protein rations. Milk composition was not influenced by protein treatment. The markedly different response to protein supplementation in milk production between heifers in first lactation and more mature cows is unexplained.", "contents": "Influence of dietary protein concentration on milk production by dairy cattle during early lactation. In a 3 X 2 factorial experiment 75 Holstein cows in first, second, or third lactation were fed rations containing either 12.2% or 16.2% crude protein in total ration dry matter. On the average, 26% of dry matter intake was from corn silage, 22% from alfalfa-grass hay, and 52% from a grain mix. Protein was controlled by feeding a 13.7% crude protein grain mix with 1.4% urea for the 12% ration and a 19.8% crude protein grain mix with natural protein for the 16% ration. Average daily milk production (kg/day) for wk 2 through 12 of lactation for 12% and 16% rations by lactations were: first, 21.6 and 21.9; second, 25.7 and 31.5; and third, 27.5 and 34.0. Dry matter intakes by lactations were .42, 1.18, and 2.05 kg/day higher for cows fed the high protein compared to low protein rations. Milk composition was not influenced by protein treatment. The markedly different response to protein supplementation in milk production between heifers in first lactation and more mature cows is unexplained.", "PMID": 568636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8118", "title": "Abomasum emptying in young dairy calves fed milk replacers containing animal or vegetable fats.", "content": "Young Holstein male calves, fitted with re-entrant duodenal fistulae, were fed 25% fat milk replacers containing either butter oil, lard, or corn oil in a 3 X 3 Latin square experiment. Proteins were supplied by skim milk powder. Patterns of changes with time after feeding were observed for the composition and pH of duodenal digesta, recovery rates of fresh and dry matter, rates of abomasum emptying for fresh and dry matter, gastric proteolysis, and diarrhea. The composition and pH of duodenal digesta changed markedly with time after feeding, but the only notable differences between milk replacers were for contents of protein nitrogen and total nitrogen. Recovery rates of fresh matter were higher than 100%, presumably due to salivary and gastric secretions. Dry matter was recovered at a rate averaging 100% suggesting that the method used to measure the flow rate and sample duodenal digesta was adequate. The highest flow rates of fresh matter were during the first 3 h after feeding. Differences were marked among the flow rates of constituents of dry matter. Gastric proteolysis was not influenced by the nature of dietary fats. Fecal dry matter, a measure of the severity of diarrhea, was markedly lower for the milk replacer filled with corn oil than for the other two milk replacers.", "contents": "Abomasum emptying in young dairy calves fed milk replacers containing animal or vegetable fats. Young Holstein male calves, fitted with re-entrant duodenal fistulae, were fed 25% fat milk replacers containing either butter oil, lard, or corn oil in a 3 X 3 Latin square experiment. Proteins were supplied by skim milk powder. Patterns of changes with time after feeding were observed for the composition and pH of duodenal digesta, recovery rates of fresh and dry matter, rates of abomasum emptying for fresh and dry matter, gastric proteolysis, and diarrhea. The composition and pH of duodenal digesta changed markedly with time after feeding, but the only notable differences between milk replacers were for contents of protein nitrogen and total nitrogen. Recovery rates of fresh matter were higher than 100%, presumably due to salivary and gastric secretions. Dry matter was recovered at a rate averaging 100% suggesting that the method used to measure the flow rate and sample duodenal digesta was adequate. The highest flow rates of fresh matter were during the first 3 h after feeding. Differences were marked among the flow rates of constituents of dry matter. Gastric proteolysis was not influenced by the nature of dietary fats. Fecal dry matter, a measure of the severity of diarrhea, was markedly lower for the milk replacer filled with corn oil than for the other two milk replacers.", "PMID": 568637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8119", "title": "Hemangiosarcoma subsequent to radiotherapy for a hemangioma in infancy.", "content": "A case is presented of a 31-year-old white man who developed a hemangiosarcoma in the very place where 30 years ago a hemangioma had been treated by radiotherapy. The rarity of such an occurrence is attested to by the fact that only two similar cases were found in the English medical literature.", "contents": "Hemangiosarcoma subsequent to radiotherapy for a hemangioma in infancy. A case is presented of a 31-year-old white man who developed a hemangiosarcoma in the very place where 30 years ago a hemangioma had been treated by radiotherapy. The rarity of such an occurrence is attested to by the fact that only two similar cases were found in the English medical literature.", "PMID": 568638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8120", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in cultured cells. III. DFP treated embryo muscle.", "content": "Brief treatment with 10(-4)M diisopropylfluorophosphate (DEP) irreversibly inactivates acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7; acetylcholine hydrolase) (AChE) activity in 10 day old chick embryonic muscle cultures. Electron microscopic cytochemistry was employed to follow the distribution of new AChE during recovery from DEP treatment. In normal 10 day cultures of embryo pectoralis muscles AChE is localized in the nuclear envelope, perinuclear sarcoplasm, sarcotubular system, subsurface vesicles and bound outside the cells. Immediately after DFP treatment AChE activity is absent in large myotubes. Within 15 min, activity is randomly present in small amounts in the sarcotubular system and nuclear envelope. There is a dramatic increase in activitv in the nuclear envelope during the 1st hr of recovery, and connections between the nuclear envelope and sarcotubular system are often seen. The next few hr of recovery show increased AChE activity. By 4 hr activity approaches that of controls. Six to 8 hr after treatment, AChE activity can be detected spectrophotometrically in the medium and can be seen bound outside the cells with the electron microscope. The spatial and temporal patterns of AChE activity demonstrate that the recovery of AChE and its mobilization and release from DFP-treated cells are not governed solely by the levels attained by the enzyme in the cultured embryo muscle.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in cultured cells. III. DFP treated embryo muscle. Brief treatment with 10(-4)M diisopropylfluorophosphate (DEP) irreversibly inactivates acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7; acetylcholine hydrolase) (AChE) activity in 10 day old chick embryonic muscle cultures. Electron microscopic cytochemistry was employed to follow the distribution of new AChE during recovery from DEP treatment. In normal 10 day cultures of embryo pectoralis muscles AChE is localized in the nuclear envelope, perinuclear sarcoplasm, sarcotubular system, subsurface vesicles and bound outside the cells. Immediately after DFP treatment AChE activity is absent in large myotubes. Within 15 min, activity is randomly present in small amounts in the sarcotubular system and nuclear envelope. There is a dramatic increase in activitv in the nuclear envelope during the 1st hr of recovery, and connections between the nuclear envelope and sarcotubular system are often seen. The next few hr of recovery show increased AChE activity. By 4 hr activity approaches that of controls. Six to 8 hr after treatment, AChE activity can be detected spectrophotometrically in the medium and can be seen bound outside the cells with the electron microscope. The spatial and temporal patterns of AChE activity demonstrate that the recovery of AChE and its mobilization and release from DFP-treated cells are not governed solely by the levels attained by the enzyme in the cultured embryo muscle.", "PMID": 568640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8121", "title": "Thrombocytopenia in polycythemic mice.", "content": "Significant and sustained thrombocytopenia in mice maintained in a polycythemic state with weekly injections of washed packed RBCs prompted the examination of the relationship between the observed thrombocytopenia and the polycythemic state. Platelet production was determined by measurement of 75SeM incorporation into platelets. Platelet survival was studied with 51Cr-labeled platelets. Platelet sequestration was assessed by measuring the trapped platelet 51Cr-bound radioactivity in the spleens of these animals. Blood volume was calculated by measuring the dilution of injected 59Fe-tagged RBCs. These studies failed to reveal decreased platelet production, a shortening of the platelet survival, or significant splenic pooling as factors contributing to the observed thrombocytopenia. The blood volumes in the polycythemic group of animals were 8.9% +/- 0.15 (1 S.D.) body weight vs. 6.4% +/- 0.69 in the normals (p less than 0.001). Contrary to what has been reported for hypoxia-induced polycythemia, our results indicate that transfusion-induced polycythemia does not cause thrombocytopenia by decreasing platelet production. We suggest instead that the observed thrombocytopenia is mainly due to dilution of the circulating platelet mass by the expanded blood volume.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia in polycythemic mice. Significant and sustained thrombocytopenia in mice maintained in a polycythemic state with weekly injections of washed packed RBCs prompted the examination of the relationship between the observed thrombocytopenia and the polycythemic state. Platelet production was determined by measurement of 75SeM incorporation into platelets. Platelet survival was studied with 51Cr-labeled platelets. Platelet sequestration was assessed by measuring the trapped platelet 51Cr-bound radioactivity in the spleens of these animals. Blood volume was calculated by measuring the dilution of injected 59Fe-tagged RBCs. These studies failed to reveal decreased platelet production, a shortening of the platelet survival, or significant splenic pooling as factors contributing to the observed thrombocytopenia. The blood volumes in the polycythemic group of animals were 8.9% +/- 0.15 (1 S.D.) body weight vs. 6.4% +/- 0.69 in the normals (p less than 0.001). Contrary to what has been reported for hypoxia-induced polycythemia, our results indicate that transfusion-induced polycythemia does not cause thrombocytopenia by decreasing platelet production. We suggest instead that the observed thrombocytopenia is mainly due to dilution of the circulating platelet mass by the expanded blood volume.", "PMID": 568642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8122", "title": "The extracorporeal bile duct: a new model for determination of bile flow and bile composition in the intact rat.", "content": "A new model is described which allows measurement of bile flow and sampling of bile in the intact rat with a physiologically functioning sphincter of Oddi. A number of metabolic parameters have been followed to show that animals with such an \"extracorporeal bile duct\" (EBD) behave as intact controls. Especially, there was no difference in the increase in body weight or hepatic fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis between EBD animals and intact controls. The amount of bile salts circulating through the biliary tract amounted to 30.5+/-1.5mumol . 100 g body wt-1 . hr-1, when diurnal variations were averaged. Animals adapted to a restricted feeding regimen showed a significant increase of bile flow and of biliary bile salt and cholesterol excretion during feeding (10AM-3 PM); these parameters reached their maximum 3 hours after onset of food intake.", "contents": "The extracorporeal bile duct: a new model for determination of bile flow and bile composition in the intact rat. A new model is described which allows measurement of bile flow and sampling of bile in the intact rat with a physiologically functioning sphincter of Oddi. A number of metabolic parameters have been followed to show that animals with such an \"extracorporeal bile duct\" (EBD) behave as intact controls. Especially, there was no difference in the increase in body weight or hepatic fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis between EBD animals and intact controls. The amount of bile salts circulating through the biliary tract amounted to 30.5+/-1.5mumol . 100 g body wt-1 . hr-1, when diurnal variations were averaged. Animals adapted to a restricted feeding regimen showed a significant increase of bile flow and of biliary bile salt and cholesterol excretion during feeding (10AM-3 PM); these parameters reached their maximum 3 hours after onset of food intake.", "PMID": 568643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8123", "title": "Lipase hydrolysis of mammalian long-chain 1,2-alkanediol diesters. Nonrandom distribution of fatty acids.", "content": "Long-chain 1,2-alkanediol diesters were isolated from the total surface lipids of golden Syrian hamsters and Swiss albino mice. Hydrolysis of the diol diester waxes with exocellular lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus delemar or with purified porcine pancreatic lipase produced free fatty acids and 2-acyl diols in about 60--80% yield. Nonrandom distribution of the constituent fatty acids at positions 1 and 2 of the alkanediols was observed. In the diester waxes from the hamster, both straight-chain and branched-chain fatty acids of 14 to 20 carbon atoms predominated at position 1 and those of 22 to 26 carbon atoms at position 2. In contrast, the diester waxes of the mouse contained mainly fatty acids of less than 19 carbon atoms, both saturated and monounsaturated, at position 2 and those of greater chain length (20 to 24 carbon atoms) at position 1. The results of the lipase hydrolysis were confirmed by degradation of the diester waxes with Grignard reagent.", "contents": "Lipase hydrolysis of mammalian long-chain 1,2-alkanediol diesters. Nonrandom distribution of fatty acids. Long-chain 1,2-alkanediol diesters were isolated from the total surface lipids of golden Syrian hamsters and Swiss albino mice. Hydrolysis of the diol diester waxes with exocellular lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus delemar or with purified porcine pancreatic lipase produced free fatty acids and 2-acyl diols in about 60--80% yield. Nonrandom distribution of the constituent fatty acids at positions 1 and 2 of the alkanediols was observed. In the diester waxes from the hamster, both straight-chain and branched-chain fatty acids of 14 to 20 carbon atoms predominated at position 1 and those of 22 to 26 carbon atoms at position 2. In contrast, the diester waxes of the mouse contained mainly fatty acids of less than 19 carbon atoms, both saturated and monounsaturated, at position 2 and those of greater chain length (20 to 24 carbon atoms) at position 1. The results of the lipase hydrolysis were confirmed by degradation of the diester waxes with Grignard reagent.", "PMID": 568644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8124", "title": "The preparative isolation of lecithin.", "content": "Lecithin can be prepared on a relatively large scale, free of colored impurities, by a simple two-column procedure. Commercial crude egg lecithin is partially purified by a single-step passage through an alumina column. It is then purified by a two-step passage through a prepacked, commercial silica gel column. The lecithin is prepared in solvent-free form for weighing by lyophilization from cyclohexane. Toxic solvents (chloroform and methanol) are avoided by the use of ethanol, isopropanol, hexane, and water. The elutions are easily monitored by a flow cell in an ordinary spectrophotometer set at 215 nm. Study of the column parameters has made it possible to use heavy loads with a relatively small column and minimal solvent.", "contents": "The preparative isolation of lecithin. Lecithin can be prepared on a relatively large scale, free of colored impurities, by a simple two-column procedure. Commercial crude egg lecithin is partially purified by a single-step passage through an alumina column. It is then purified by a two-step passage through a prepacked, commercial silica gel column. The lecithin is prepared in solvent-free form for weighing by lyophilization from cyclohexane. Toxic solvents (chloroform and methanol) are avoided by the use of ethanol, isopropanol, hexane, and water. The elutions are easily monitored by a flow cell in an ordinary spectrophotometer set at 215 nm. Study of the column parameters has made it possible to use heavy loads with a relatively small column and minimal solvent.", "PMID": 568645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8125", "title": "[Causes, diagnosis and treatment of uterine perforations by intrauterine devices].", "content": "Perforations of the uterus by intra-uterine devices (I.U.D.) are still at present serious complications. Their incidence is very varied and diverse because they are often asymptomatic. Pregnancy of a frequent circumstance under which they are discovered, as well as the more general way, which is the disappearance of the strings, which should always give rise to the suspicion that perforation has happened. There are two types to be distinguished from one another: Immediate perforation due to a faulty technique in insertion, secondary perforation due to gradual wearing down of the uterine wall. The factors predisposing to the occurrence of these accidents are numerous but notable among them are the date in the cycle when the insertion was done and above all the time in relationship to the last pregnancy, parity, the position of the uterus and the experience of the operator. Diagnosis of perforation is not always easy and may require not only radiological investigation without preliminary preparation but also hysterography, ultrasound examination and hysteroscopy. Withdrawal of a device that has perforated the uterus is advisable even if its migration has not given rise to any clinical symptoms. The technique for removing it varies often from case to cause between laparoscopy, laparotomy and culdotomy. Prevention of perforations should not only take into account the contra-indications to insertion but also knowledge of favourable factors, of a rigorous technique for insertion as well as clinical supervision in order to screen for secondary perforations.", "contents": "[Causes, diagnosis and treatment of uterine perforations by intrauterine devices]. Perforations of the uterus by intra-uterine devices (I.U.D.) are still at present serious complications. Their incidence is very varied and diverse because they are often asymptomatic. Pregnancy of a frequent circumstance under which they are discovered, as well as the more general way, which is the disappearance of the strings, which should always give rise to the suspicion that perforation has happened. There are two types to be distinguished from one another: Immediate perforation due to a faulty technique in insertion, secondary perforation due to gradual wearing down of the uterine wall. The factors predisposing to the occurrence of these accidents are numerous but notable among them are the date in the cycle when the insertion was done and above all the time in relationship to the last pregnancy, parity, the position of the uterus and the experience of the operator. Diagnosis of perforation is not always easy and may require not only radiological investigation without preliminary preparation but also hysterography, ultrasound examination and hysteroscopy. Withdrawal of a device that has perforated the uterus is advisable even if its migration has not given rise to any clinical symptoms. The technique for removing it varies often from case to cause between laparoscopy, laparotomy and culdotomy. Prevention of perforations should not only take into account the contra-indications to insertion but also knowledge of favourable factors, of a rigorous technique for insertion as well as clinical supervision in order to screen for secondary perforations.", "PMID": 568639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8126", "title": "Echocardiographic left atrial enlargement. Comparison of vectorcardiogram and electrocardiogram for detection.", "content": "Standard electrocardiograms (ECG) and Frank vectorcardiograms (VCG) were obtained in 43 consecutive patients in sinus rhythm who had echocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement (left atrial internal dimension greater than 4.0 cm; x +/- 1SD = 4.7 +/- 0.5 cm).  High gain VCG P loop measurements for the study group were: maximal posterior magnitude, 0.11 +/- 0.03 mv; duration, 106 +/- 14 msec and ratio of maximal posterior to maximal anterior P vector magnitudes, 3.2 +/- 1.4. Thirty of 43 (70%) patients with echocardiographic determined left atrial enlargement had VCGs diagnostic of that condition. Utilizing New York Heart Association criteria for left atrial enlargement, 17 of 43 patients (40%) had ECGs which were diagnostic. Fifteen of 43 (35%) subjects manifested both ECG and VCG criteria for left atrial enlargement and only two patients had diagnostic ECGs and normal VCGs. It is concluded that analysis of high gain VCG P loops provides a 30% higher yield for the diagnosis of echocardiographically determined left atrial enlargement when compared with P wave examination on the standard ECG.", "contents": "Echocardiographic left atrial enlargement. Comparison of vectorcardiogram and electrocardiogram for detection. Standard electrocardiograms (ECG) and Frank vectorcardiograms (VCG) were obtained in 43 consecutive patients in sinus rhythm who had echocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement (left atrial internal dimension greater than 4.0 cm; x +/- 1SD = 4.7 +/- 0.5 cm).  High gain VCG P loop measurements for the study group were: maximal posterior magnitude, 0.11 +/- 0.03 mv; duration, 106 +/- 14 msec and ratio of maximal posterior to maximal anterior P vector magnitudes, 3.2 +/- 1.4. Thirty of 43 (70%) patients with echocardiographic determined left atrial enlargement had VCGs diagnostic of that condition. Utilizing New York Heart Association criteria for left atrial enlargement, 17 of 43 patients (40%) had ECGs which were diagnostic. Fifteen of 43 (35%) subjects manifested both ECG and VCG criteria for left atrial enlargement and only two patients had diagnostic ECGs and normal VCGs. It is concluded that analysis of high gain VCG P loops provides a 30% higher yield for the diagnosis of echocardiographically determined left atrial enlargement when compared with P wave examination on the standard ECG.", "PMID": 568646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8127", "title": "Effect of anaesthesia on ovarian follicular development and ovulation in the sheep subsequent to prostaglandin-induced luteolysis.", "content": "Prostaglandin analogues were used to induce luteal regression simultaneously in a number of ewes, thereby synchronizing the final stages of follicular maturation in these animals. Some of the ewes were anaesthetized for 24 h immediately after the injection of prostaglandin (experiment 1), and others for 15 h, starting 24 h after the injection of prostaglandin (experiment 2). In both experiments administration of anaesthetic significantly delayed the onset of oestrus and the time of ovulation relative to prostaglandin-treated control animals. The results from assays of blood samples collected at regular intervals in experiment 1 indicated that the preovulatory peak in the concentration of LH and the periovulatory changes in the concentration of FSH were similarly delayed and that during anaesthesia the level of LH was significantly reduced. It is suggested that the reduced level of LH, which probably resulted from a reduction in the secretion of releasing factor due to anaesthesia, failed to support oestrogen production by the Graafian follicle(s), thereby delaying the occurrence of oestrus and ovulation.", "contents": "Effect of anaesthesia on ovarian follicular development and ovulation in the sheep subsequent to prostaglandin-induced luteolysis. Prostaglandin analogues were used to induce luteal regression simultaneously in a number of ewes, thereby synchronizing the final stages of follicular maturation in these animals. Some of the ewes were anaesthetized for 24 h immediately after the injection of prostaglandin (experiment 1), and others for 15 h, starting 24 h after the injection of prostaglandin (experiment 2). In both experiments administration of anaesthetic significantly delayed the onset of oestrus and the time of ovulation relative to prostaglandin-treated control animals. The results from assays of blood samples collected at regular intervals in experiment 1 indicated that the preovulatory peak in the concentration of LH and the periovulatory changes in the concentration of FSH were similarly delayed and that during anaesthesia the level of LH was significantly reduced. It is suggested that the reduced level of LH, which probably resulted from a reduction in the secretion of releasing factor due to anaesthesia, failed to support oestrogen production by the Graafian follicle(s), thereby delaying the occurrence of oestrus and ovulation.", "PMID": 568647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8128", "title": "Recurrent breeding seasons in pinealectomized or optic-nerve-sectioned ferrets.", "content": "The breeding seasons of two groups of pinealectomized ferrets and one group of blind ferrets, with appropriate controls, were observed for up to 5 years after the operations. All animals showed recurrent breeding seasons. Both pinealectomized and blind animals became increasingly asynchronous after the first season, but showed no evidence of a free-running, endogenous circannual periodicity nor of synchronization to light or other environmental cues.", "contents": "Recurrent breeding seasons in pinealectomized or optic-nerve-sectioned ferrets. The breeding seasons of two groups of pinealectomized ferrets and one group of blind ferrets, with appropriate controls, were observed for up to 5 years after the operations. All animals showed recurrent breeding seasons. Both pinealectomized and blind animals became increasingly asynchronous after the first season, but showed no evidence of a free-running, endogenous circannual periodicity nor of synchronization to light or other environmental cues.", "PMID": 568648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8129", "title": "Activation of hypothalamic neuronal activity by the electrolytic deposition of iron into the preoptic area.", "content": "Changes in brain activity after electrochemical stimulation of the preoptic area of pro-oestrous rats were studied by the measurement of the electro-encephalogram (EEG) of the frontal cortex and the recording of single neurones in the anterior hypothalamus. All rats were anaesthetized with urethane between 10.00 and 12.00 h to allow prolonged electrophysiological recording and to block the spontaneous surge of LH during the afternoon. Electrochemical stimulation was applied, between 12.00 and 14.00 h, as an anodal current through an implanted steel electrode; this caused the electrolytic deposition of iron and evoked the release of LH and ovulation. Electrochemical stimulation of the preoptic area changed the cortical EEG, either immediately or after a delay of a few minutes, from a labile pattern with alternate periods of arousal and slow-wave sleep, to a stage of continuous arousal which persisted for the remainder of the recording period (2--3 h). Conversely, the EEG pattern of the cortex was not disturbed by electrolytic lesions placed in the preoptic area through a platinum electrode. Electrochemical stimulation of the arcuate region of the hypothalamus, the lateral septal area, the medial amygdaloid complex and the anterior parts of the thalamus caused no obvious change in the EEG patterns. Ipsilateral anterior hypothalamic neurones, about 1 mm caudal to the focus of electrochemical stimulation, displayed an immediate decrease in electrical activity after application of the current. After 10--20 min however, the rates of discharge of action potentials in 9 out of the 16 neurones under consideration increased progressively from 0.5 to 15--25 action potentials/s and these rates were maintained until the recordings were lost after 90--230 min. No such acceleration in electrical activity was observed in neurones on the contralateral side. Iron deposited during electrochemical stimulation was precipitated as sulphide and stained by Timm's method. There was a central damaged area of radius 0.6 mm surrounded by an 'undamaged' area with considerable infiltration of iron, up to a distance of 1.7 mm from the electrode tip. Cells within the area of infiltration did not stain for iron 10 min after electrochemical stimulation, but after 30 min, neural elements in this peripheral zone were stained in a manner similar to the Golgi method. The concentrations of LH in the plasma remained unchanged in all rats for 10--15 min after electrochemical stimulation. Thereafter, the concentrations increased progressively and approximately in parallel to the changes in action potential activity until, after 2 h, the individual concentrations of 300--600 ng LH/ml were more than six times the values obtained before stimulation. Bilateral electrochemical stimulation resulted in appreciably higher concentrations of LH and produced values close to those observed during the pro-oestrous surge of the hormone...", "contents": "Activation of hypothalamic neuronal activity by the electrolytic deposition of iron into the preoptic area. Changes in brain activity after electrochemical stimulation of the preoptic area of pro-oestrous rats were studied by the measurement of the electro-encephalogram (EEG) of the frontal cortex and the recording of single neurones in the anterior hypothalamus. All rats were anaesthetized with urethane between 10.00 and 12.00 h to allow prolonged electrophysiological recording and to block the spontaneous surge of LH during the afternoon. Electrochemical stimulation was applied, between 12.00 and 14.00 h, as an anodal current through an implanted steel electrode; this caused the electrolytic deposition of iron and evoked the release of LH and ovulation. Electrochemical stimulation of the preoptic area changed the cortical EEG, either immediately or after a delay of a few minutes, from a labile pattern with alternate periods of arousal and slow-wave sleep, to a stage of continuous arousal which persisted for the remainder of the recording period (2--3 h). Conversely, the EEG pattern of the cortex was not disturbed by electrolytic lesions placed in the preoptic area through a platinum electrode. Electrochemical stimulation of the arcuate region of the hypothalamus, the lateral septal area, the medial amygdaloid complex and the anterior parts of the thalamus caused no obvious change in the EEG patterns. Ipsilateral anterior hypothalamic neurones, about 1 mm caudal to the focus of electrochemical stimulation, displayed an immediate decrease in electrical activity after application of the current. After 10--20 min however, the rates of discharge of action potentials in 9 out of the 16 neurones under consideration increased progressively from 0.5 to 15--25 action potentials/s and these rates were maintained until the recordings were lost after 90--230 min. No such acceleration in electrical activity was observed in neurones on the contralateral side. Iron deposited during electrochemical stimulation was precipitated as sulphide and stained by Timm's method. There was a central damaged area of radius 0.6 mm surrounded by an 'undamaged' area with considerable infiltration of iron, up to a distance of 1.7 mm from the electrode tip. Cells within the area of infiltration did not stain for iron 10 min after electrochemical stimulation, but after 30 min, neural elements in this peripheral zone were stained in a manner similar to the Golgi method. The concentrations of LH in the plasma remained unchanged in all rats for 10--15 min after electrochemical stimulation. Thereafter, the concentrations increased progressively and approximately in parallel to the changes in action potential activity until, after 2 h, the individual concentrations of 300--600 ng LH/ml were more than six times the values obtained before stimulation. Bilateral electrochemical stimulation resulted in appreciably higher concentrations of LH and produced values close to those observed during the pro-oestrous surge of the hormone...", "PMID": 568650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8130", "title": "Detrimental effect of visible light on meiosis of mammalian eggs in vitro.", "content": "Short wavelength visible light (less than 470-480 nm) emmitted from ordinary light sources is detrimental to unfertilized hamster eggs in that prolonged exposure to the light disturbs the completion of normal meiosis after the eggs are penetrated by spermatozoa. The fluorescent light commonly used in modern laboratories is more harmful than the light from incandescent lamps. In experiments involving the handling of eggs in vitro, minimal exposure to the light or the use of appropriate filters (e.g., red cellophane sheets) is recommended.", "contents": "Detrimental effect of visible light on meiosis of mammalian eggs in vitro. Short wavelength visible light (less than 470-480 nm) emmitted from ordinary light sources is detrimental to unfertilized hamster eggs in that prolonged exposure to the light disturbs the completion of normal meiosis after the eggs are penetrated by spermatozoa. The fluorescent light commonly used in modern laboratories is more harmful than the light from incandescent lamps. In experiments involving the handling of eggs in vitro, minimal exposure to the light or the use of appropriate filters (e.g., red cellophane sheets) is recommended.", "PMID": 568652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8131", "title": "Models of infantile undernutrition in rats: effects on milk.", "content": "Although there are at least six commonly used methods for producing malnutrition in suckling rat pups, no attempt has been made to determine the quality of the nutrients available to the pups in each of these methods. In the present study, milk composition was determined for each of these methods and related to maternal nutritional status. These methods were: 1) large litters were fostered on the dams; 2) the dams were fed low protein diets; 3) the dams were fed a reduced amount of good quality diet; 4) and 5) the pups were removed from the dams and kept 4) with a non-lactating female or 5) in an incubator for half of the day; and 6) some of each dams' teats were destroyed. Maternal nutritional status was affected only in the cases where the dams' diet was deficient (methods 2 and 3), producing weight loss and lowered hematocrits in both cases and lowered serum protein when the low protein diet was fed. The low protein diet condition resulted in a lower nitrogen content and an elevated total fat content of the mild. It was concluded that previous consideration of all of the above methods as equivalent in terms of the quality of the milk produced is not justified.", "contents": "Models of infantile undernutrition in rats: effects on milk. Although there are at least six commonly used methods for producing malnutrition in suckling rat pups, no attempt has been made to determine the quality of the nutrients available to the pups in each of these methods. In the present study, milk composition was determined for each of these methods and related to maternal nutritional status. These methods were: 1) large litters were fostered on the dams; 2) the dams were fed low protein diets; 3) the dams were fed a reduced amount of good quality diet; 4) and 5) the pups were removed from the dams and kept 4) with a non-lactating female or 5) in an incubator for half of the day; and 6) some of each dams' teats were destroyed. Maternal nutritional status was affected only in the cases where the dams' diet was deficient (methods 2 and 3), producing weight loss and lowered hematocrits in both cases and lowered serum protein when the low protein diet was fed. The low protein diet condition resulted in a lower nitrogen content and an elevated total fat content of the mild. It was concluded that previous consideration of all of the above methods as equivalent in terms of the quality of the milk produced is not justified.", "PMID": 568655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8132", "title": "Relationship of intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusions and cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage.", "content": "The incidence of cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage was determined by computed tomography in 100 infants with birth weights less than or equal to 1,500 gm. A comparison of IVH with serum sodium concentrations and the amount of intravenous sodium bicarbonate administered did not reveal a significant relationship. Analysis of the method of infusion of sodium bicarbonate indicated that the rapid infusion of hyperosmolar (M to M/12) sodium bicarbonate is associated with a significantly increased incidence of IVH.", "contents": "Relationship of intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusions and cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage. The incidence of cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage was determined by computed tomography in 100 infants with birth weights less than or equal to 1,500 gm. A comparison of IVH with serum sodium concentrations and the amount of intravenous sodium bicarbonate administered did not reveal a significant relationship. Analysis of the method of infusion of sodium bicarbonate indicated that the rapid infusion of hyperosmolar (M to M/12) sodium bicarbonate is associated with a significantly increased incidence of IVH.", "PMID": 568656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8133", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the theca interna during follicular atresia in sheep.", "content": "Sixteen antral follicles, 1.8--4.2 mm in diameter, at various stages of atresia, were studied by electron microscopy. Deletion of theca interna cells by condensation followed by fragmentation (apoptosis), with subsequent engulfment of the fragments by remaining thecal cells, was present at all stages, but was most marked during secondary and tertiary atresia. In primary and secondary atresia, the relative numbers of thecal cells whose cytoplasm was rich in tubular endoplasmic reticulum were higher than in non-atretic follicles of comparable size. During tertiary atresia the number of cell layers in the theca interna was reduced, and cells rich in tubular endoplasmic reticulum became proportionately less numerous. Degenerating cellular material was present within the lumina of thecal capillaries at all stages of atresia. Such material was rarely seen in primary atresia, and increased in incidence progressively in later stages. It was concluded that during atresia a large number of theca interna cells are deleted by apoptosis, and many thecal capillaries become blocked with cellular debris.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the theca interna during follicular atresia in sheep. Sixteen antral follicles, 1.8--4.2 mm in diameter, at various stages of atresia, were studied by electron microscopy. Deletion of theca interna cells by condensation followed by fragmentation (apoptosis), with subsequent engulfment of the fragments by remaining thecal cells, was present at all stages, but was most marked during secondary and tertiary atresia. In primary and secondary atresia, the relative numbers of thecal cells whose cytoplasm was rich in tubular endoplasmic reticulum were higher than in non-atretic follicles of comparable size. During tertiary atresia the number of cell layers in the theca interna was reduced, and cells rich in tubular endoplasmic reticulum became proportionately less numerous. Degenerating cellular material was present within the lumina of thecal capillaries at all stages of atresia. Such material was rarely seen in primary atresia, and increased in incidence progressively in later stages. It was concluded that during atresia a large number of theca interna cells are deleted by apoptosis, and many thecal capillaries become blocked with cellular debris.", "PMID": 568661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8134", "title": "Time of ovulation in ewes after treatment with a prostaglandin F-2alpha analogue.", "content": "Treatment of 18 cyclic Clun Forest ewes with two i.m. injections of ICI 80,996, given 9 days apart and without reference to stage of the oestrous cycle, synchronized ovulation in all ewes at a mean time interval of 73.1 +/- 1.6 (s.e.m.) h from the second injection. The interval from the LH peak to ovulation was 22.6 +/- 0.7 h and this is comparable to previously reported gigures for a natural oestrus.", "contents": "Time of ovulation in ewes after treatment with a prostaglandin F-2alpha analogue. Treatment of 18 cyclic Clun Forest ewes with two i.m. injections of ICI 80,996, given 9 days apart and without reference to stage of the oestrous cycle, synchronized ovulation in all ewes at a mean time interval of 73.1 +/- 1.6 (s.e.m.) h from the second injection. The interval from the LH peak to ovulation was 22.6 +/- 0.7 h and this is comparable to previously reported gigures for a natural oestrus.", "PMID": 568662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8135", "title": "Population heterogeneity in human sperm DNA content.", "content": "The range of variability in the population distribution characteristics of sperm DNA content was surveyed in a selected group of donors. The donors included identical twins, carriers of chromosomal translocations, and oligospermics. The DNA content of sperm was measured individually in an automated cytofluorometer. In contrast to normal donors with high sperm counts and relatively constant modal values of sperm DNA, the balanced carriers of translocations were oligospermic and showed wide dispersion of modal values. This is an unexpected finding, since reciprocal events in the alternate form of segregation, which occurs predominantly in male carriers of balanced translocations, should not alter modal values of sperm DNA nor should they be associated with oligospermia. It appears that sperm DNA content in oligospermia, independent of its association with translocation, varies over a wide range. Thus, it is likely that genetic factor(s) unrelated to chromosome translocation control sperm DNA content.", "contents": "Population heterogeneity in human sperm DNA content. The range of variability in the population distribution characteristics of sperm DNA content was surveyed in a selected group of donors. The donors included identical twins, carriers of chromosomal translocations, and oligospermics. The DNA content of sperm was measured individually in an automated cytofluorometer. In contrast to normal donors with high sperm counts and relatively constant modal values of sperm DNA, the balanced carriers of translocations were oligospermic and showed wide dispersion of modal values. This is an unexpected finding, since reciprocal events in the alternate form of segregation, which occurs predominantly in male carriers of balanced translocations, should not alter modal values of sperm DNA nor should they be associated with oligospermia. It appears that sperm DNA content in oligospermia, independent of its association with translocation, varies over a wide range. Thus, it is likely that genetic factor(s) unrelated to chromosome translocation control sperm DNA content.", "PMID": 568663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8136", "title": "Epiphysial dysplasia: a constant finding in the XXXXY syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with the XXXXY syndrome are presented. Both boys are mentally retarded with short stature, muscular hypotonia, and hypogonadism. A constant feature of this syndrome is a varying degree of epiphysial dysplasia probably secondary to hypotonia and growth deceleration.", "contents": "Epiphysial dysplasia: a constant finding in the XXXXY syndrome. Two patients with the XXXXY syndrome are presented. Both boys are mentally retarded with short stature, muscular hypotonia, and hypogonadism. A constant feature of this syndrome is a varying degree of epiphysial dysplasia probably secondary to hypotonia and growth deceleration.", "PMID": 568664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8137", "title": "Chromosome banding studies in two patients with XXXXY syndrome.", "content": "In 2 adult male patients with 49 chromosomes, an XXXXY sex chromosome constitution was confirmed by trypsin-Giemsa banding sites. Clinical findings as well as fingerprint ridge counts were typical of the syndrome. Primary hypogonadism was documented by finding low serum testosterone and raised serum LH and FSH levels. Several radiological abnormalities, not previously described in this syndrome, were seen in 1 patient.", "contents": "Chromosome banding studies in two patients with XXXXY syndrome. In 2 adult male patients with 49 chromosomes, an XXXXY sex chromosome constitution was confirmed by trypsin-Giemsa banding sites. Clinical findings as well as fingerprint ridge counts were typical of the syndrome. Primary hypogonadism was documented by finding low serum testosterone and raised serum LH and FSH levels. Several radiological abnormalities, not previously described in this syndrome, were seen in 1 patient.", "PMID": 568665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8138", "title": "Anterior urethral injuries: four years of experience at the Detroit General Hospital.", "content": "Among 19 patients with trauma of the anterior urethra 16 were treated by urinary diversion without primary repair of the injured area. Of these patients 15 recovered with excellent results. Since most traumatic injuries to the anterior urethra are partial disruptions we believe that urinary diversion may be the only treatment needed.", "contents": "Anterior urethral injuries: four years of experience at the Detroit General Hospital. Among 19 patients with trauma of the anterior urethra 16 were treated by urinary diversion without primary repair of the injured area. Of these patients 15 recovered with excellent results. Since most traumatic injuries to the anterior urethra are partial disruptions we believe that urinary diversion may be the only treatment needed.", "PMID": 568672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8139", "title": "Interference of an anesthetic preparation with plasma triglyceride determinations.", "content": "A marked elevation in plasma triglycerides is observed when experimental animals are anesthetized with a pentobarbital sodium injection (Nembutal), a most widely used anesthetic in animal experiments. This is proven, however, to be a false rise due to the interference of propylene glycol present in the solvent of the injection with the plasma triglyceride determinations. One mole of propylene glycol produces one mole of formaldehyde by oxidation. The formaldehyde thus generated from propylene glycol mixes with those from glycerol moiety of plasma triglycerides, and gives an enhanced color reaction to all chromogenic reactions with formaldehyde. Since most of the chemical methods for plasma triglyceride determination is based on either one of these color reactions, we have to pay attention to a hypertriglyceridemia due to such influence as exerted by a solvent additive of propylene glycol upon the triglyceride measurements.", "contents": "Interference of an anesthetic preparation with plasma triglyceride determinations. A marked elevation in plasma triglycerides is observed when experimental animals are anesthetized with a pentobarbital sodium injection (Nembutal), a most widely used anesthetic in animal experiments. This is proven, however, to be a false rise due to the interference of propylene glycol present in the solvent of the injection with the plasma triglyceride determinations. One mole of propylene glycol produces one mole of formaldehyde by oxidation. The formaldehyde thus generated from propylene glycol mixes with those from glycerol moiety of plasma triglycerides, and gives an enhanced color reaction to all chromogenic reactions with formaldehyde. Since most of the chemical methods for plasma triglyceride determination is based on either one of these color reactions, we have to pay attention to a hypertriglyceridemia due to such influence as exerted by a solvent additive of propylene glycol upon the triglyceride measurements.", "PMID": 568675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8140", "title": "The role of factor XIII in fibroblast proliferation.", "content": "Fibrin stabilizing factor, Factor XIII (F-XIII), which is a transamidating enzyme for fibrin crosslinking, is required for wound healing or fibroblast proliferation. Two know whether or not the enzyme reacts directly to the cell surface, the 3T6 fibroblasts were cultured on fibrin which is natural matrix for the proliferation. Poor-crosslinked and crosslinked fibrin plates were prepared by human plasma clotting with or without the F-XIII inhibitors. In 48 hours culture, the seeded 3 X 10(4) cells were grown to 10.2 X 10(4) on the crosslinked fibrin but only to 3.8 X 10(4) on the poor-crosslinked fibrin plate on the average. The effect of an antifibrinolytic agent, epsilon-aminocaptroic acid was also checked. Consequently, the crosslinking of fibrin seemed to be essential to provide it with favorable property as the contact surface for the growth.", "contents": "The role of factor XIII in fibroblast proliferation. Fibrin stabilizing factor, Factor XIII (F-XIII), which is a transamidating enzyme for fibrin crosslinking, is required for wound healing or fibroblast proliferation. Two know whether or not the enzyme reacts directly to the cell surface, the 3T6 fibroblasts were cultured on fibrin which is natural matrix for the proliferation. Poor-crosslinked and crosslinked fibrin plates were prepared by human plasma clotting with or without the F-XIII inhibitors. In 48 hours culture, the seeded 3 X 10(4) cells were grown to 10.2 X 10(4) on the crosslinked fibrin but only to 3.8 X 10(4) on the poor-crosslinked fibrin plate on the average. The effect of an antifibrinolytic agent, epsilon-aminocaptroic acid was also checked. Consequently, the crosslinking of fibrin seemed to be essential to provide it with favorable property as the contact surface for the growth.", "PMID": 568677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8141", "title": "A temperature-sensitive mutant showing two defective functions.", "content": "A temperature sensitive growth mutant, 13B11 derived from CHO-K1 has been partially characterized. Upon shift to the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) DNA synthesis slows down, but it is partly resumed after prolonged incubation at 39 degrees C. The radioautographic results suggest that reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis is mainly due to decrease in the proportion of DNA synthesizing cells and that increase in that rate observed afterwards is due to appearance of cells that enter S. Synchronized mutant cells incubated at 39 degrees C from the beginning of G1 enter S with the delay of 6 hours. By incubating the cells at 39 degrees C for a restricted period during the G1 phase, some processes in late G1 are found to be susceptible to the high temperature. Mutant cells shifted up in the middle of S performed cell division whereas cells up-shifted in G1 phase did not, although about a half of these cells divided when they were shifted down in the presence of hydroxyurea. The analysis of DNA content of the cells cultured at 39 degrees C for more than one generation time, revealed the accumulation of nuclei containing DNA in amount of almost 4C level. Accordingly in this mutant the process necessary for cell division is also temperature sensitive. Considering the frequency of the appearance of spontaneous revertants (2 X 10(16)), the apparent two lesions of this mutant might be ascribed to the single mutation.", "contents": "A temperature-sensitive mutant showing two defective functions. A temperature sensitive growth mutant, 13B11 derived from CHO-K1 has been partially characterized. Upon shift to the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) DNA synthesis slows down, but it is partly resumed after prolonged incubation at 39 degrees C. The radioautographic results suggest that reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis is mainly due to decrease in the proportion of DNA synthesizing cells and that increase in that rate observed afterwards is due to appearance of cells that enter S. Synchronized mutant cells incubated at 39 degrees C from the beginning of G1 enter S with the delay of 6 hours. By incubating the cells at 39 degrees C for a restricted period during the G1 phase, some processes in late G1 are found to be susceptible to the high temperature. Mutant cells shifted up in the middle of S performed cell division whereas cells up-shifted in G1 phase did not, although about a half of these cells divided when they were shifted down in the presence of hydroxyurea. The analysis of DNA content of the cells cultured at 39 degrees C for more than one generation time, revealed the accumulation of nuclei containing DNA in amount of almost 4C level. Accordingly in this mutant the process necessary for cell division is also temperature sensitive. Considering the frequency of the appearance of spontaneous revertants (2 X 10(16)), the apparent two lesions of this mutant might be ascribed to the single mutation.", "PMID": 568678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8142", "title": "[Respiratory failure in infants with acute bronchiolitis (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1974 until April 1977 232 babies with acut bronchiolitis were hospitalized at the Landeskinder-krankenhaus Linz. They represented 8% of all babies admitted to the ward during this period. 9 (= 3,9%) of these were sucessfully mechanically ventilated because of respiratory failure. A pCO2 level above 60 mm Hg was taken as an sign of respiratory insufficiency. By application of artificial ventilation mortality rate of acut bronchiolitis can further be decreased.", "contents": "[Respiratory failure in infants with acute bronchiolitis (author's transl)]. From 1974 until April 1977 232 babies with acut bronchiolitis were hospitalized at the Landeskinder-krankenhaus Linz. They represented 8% of all babies admitted to the ward during this period. 9 (= 3,9%) of these were sucessfully mechanically ventilated because of respiratory failure. A pCO2 level above 60 mm Hg was taken as an sign of respiratory insufficiency. By application of artificial ventilation mortality rate of acut bronchiolitis can further be decreased.", "PMID": 568681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8143", "title": "[Radiation dose and risk in gastrointestinal roentgendiagnostic of the child (author's transl)].", "content": "In gastrointestinal roentgendiagnostic of the child the exposure of the skin and the testis depends on body height and body weight. The dose grows with the age. The squaredose product (Rcm2) and the energy absorbed by the body (integraldose, rdkg) increases comparably. On the other hand the quotient integraldosis/body weight is similar for the different age-groups. The radiation risk (the probability to die as consequence of a roentgenray induced disease) is approximately 1:100,000 to 1:10,000,000.", "contents": "[Radiation dose and risk in gastrointestinal roentgendiagnostic of the child (author's transl)]. In gastrointestinal roentgendiagnostic of the child the exposure of the skin and the testis depends on body height and body weight. The dose grows with the age. The squaredose product (Rcm2) and the energy absorbed by the body (integraldose, rdkg) increases comparably. On the other hand the quotient integraldosis/body weight is similar for the different age-groups. The radiation risk (the probability to die as consequence of a roentgenray induced disease) is approximately 1:100,000 to 1:10,000,000.", "PMID": 568682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8144", "title": "[Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on an adolescent aged 19 1/2 years, in whom a relapse of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome occurred after a 6 years' remission, when diabetes mellitus had become manifest about 6 months before. Histologically, minimal-changes lesions were found in the kidney at the beginning and also 2 1/2 years after manifestation of the diabetes mellitus; these lesions were of the same type as those which are characteristic for the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. The renal changes in children and adolescents suffering from diabetes mellitus with simultaneous or concurrent onset of nephrotic syndrome, are discussed and contrasted with the lesions observed in adult diabetes. Attention is drawn in this paper to similarity in nature and direction of the biochemical changes of the glomerular basement membrane in the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and in diabetic nephropathy, as a possible common pathogenetic factor for the occurrence of a marked proteinuria.", "contents": "[Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. The paper reports on an adolescent aged 19 1/2 years, in whom a relapse of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome occurred after a 6 years' remission, when diabetes mellitus had become manifest about 6 months before. Histologically, minimal-changes lesions were found in the kidney at the beginning and also 2 1/2 years after manifestation of the diabetes mellitus; these lesions were of the same type as those which are characteristic for the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. The renal changes in children and adolescents suffering from diabetes mellitus with simultaneous or concurrent onset of nephrotic syndrome, are discussed and contrasted with the lesions observed in adult diabetes. Attention is drawn in this paper to similarity in nature and direction of the biochemical changes of the glomerular basement membrane in the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and in diabetic nephropathy, as a possible common pathogenetic factor for the occurrence of a marked proteinuria.", "PMID": 568683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8145", "title": "[Monophylic vacuolisation of promyelocytes in Menke's-syndrome (trichopoliodystrophy) (author's transl)].", "content": "In one case of Menkes' Syndrome (Trichopoliodystrophy), a monophylic vacuolisation of myeloic cells (promyelocytes) of the bone marrow was observed. This finding correlates with an identical observation reported in medical literature, as well as with vacuolisations of metabolic active cells of the brain, musculature and skin observed in patients suffering from this disease. In the present paper, this finding is interpreted as an expression of the underlying disease and of the deficiency of oxidative cell ferment systems, and is discussed as a possible diagnostic and therapeutic criterion.", "contents": "[Monophylic vacuolisation of promyelocytes in Menke's-syndrome (trichopoliodystrophy) (author's transl)]. In one case of Menkes' Syndrome (Trichopoliodystrophy), a monophylic vacuolisation of myeloic cells (promyelocytes) of the bone marrow was observed. This finding correlates with an identical observation reported in medical literature, as well as with vacuolisations of metabolic active cells of the brain, musculature and skin observed in patients suffering from this disease. In the present paper, this finding is interpreted as an expression of the underlying disease and of the deficiency of oxidative cell ferment systems, and is discussed as a possible diagnostic and therapeutic criterion.", "PMID": 568684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8146", "title": "[Spongious cerebral dystrophy at an infant age (Canavan-Bogaert-Bertrand types) in three siblings of a non-Jewish family in upper Franconia (author's transl)].", "content": "A daughter and two sons of possibly consangineous parents died after motor and mental deterioration at 18, 16 and 15 months of age. Spongy degeneration of the CNS (Canavan-van-Bogaert-Bertrand type) was diagnosed on neuropathological examinationtion; the histological findings were almost identical in the patients. Own clinical experiences are compared with reports from the literature; data important in clinical and differential diagnosis are reviewed. Pathogenetical and etiological aspects are discussed; autosomal recessive inheritance has to be considered in genetic counselling.", "contents": "[Spongious cerebral dystrophy at an infant age (Canavan-Bogaert-Bertrand types) in three siblings of a non-Jewish family in upper Franconia (author's transl)]. A daughter and two sons of possibly consangineous parents died after motor and mental deterioration at 18, 16 and 15 months of age. Spongy degeneration of the CNS (Canavan-van-Bogaert-Bertrand type) was diagnosed on neuropathological examinationtion; the histological findings were almost identical in the patients. Own clinical experiences are compared with reports from the literature; data important in clinical and differential diagnosis are reviewed. Pathogenetical and etiological aspects are discussed; autosomal recessive inheritance has to be considered in genetic counselling.", "PMID": 568685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8147", "title": "[Silver-Russell syndrome with panhypopituitarism (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on a 14 years old boy suffering from the unusual combination of Silver-Russell syndrome with panhypopituitarism. The Silver-Russell syndrome is a special form of primordial dwarfism characterised by congenital asymmetry, craniofacial dysmorphy and other anomalies. Its cause is unknown, intrauterine noxes and genetical factors are discussed. In the most cases results of hormone determinations are normal, but also cases with elevated or very low hormone levels were published. This is the first report about a Silver-Russell syndrome combined with panhypopituitarism.", "contents": "[Silver-Russell syndrome with panhypopituitarism (author's transl)]. This is a report on a 14 years old boy suffering from the unusual combination of Silver-Russell syndrome with panhypopituitarism. The Silver-Russell syndrome is a special form of primordial dwarfism characterised by congenital asymmetry, craniofacial dysmorphy and other anomalies. Its cause is unknown, intrauterine noxes and genetical factors are discussed. In the most cases results of hormone determinations are normal, but also cases with elevated or very low hormone levels were published. This is the first report about a Silver-Russell syndrome combined with panhypopituitarism.", "PMID": 568686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8148", "title": "[Syndrome of accelerated skeletal maturation, type Marshall (author's transl)].", "content": "A Female infant is described with marked acceleration of her osseous maturation, unusual facial features, hypotonia and hypertrichosis. She was in respiratory distress and had feeding problems. She died at the age of 18 days.", "contents": "[Syndrome of accelerated skeletal maturation, type Marshall (author's transl)]. A Female infant is described with marked acceleration of her osseous maturation, unusual facial features, hypotonia and hypertrichosis. She was in respiratory distress and had feeding problems. She died at the age of 18 days.", "PMID": 568687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8149", "title": "[Clinical course of congenital toxoplasmosis in dicygotic twins (author's transl)].", "content": "The presented case report deals with the clinical course of a congenital toxoplasmosis in dicygotic twins. The variability of the clinical course was proofed, because one of the twins remained unaffected with clinical signs and was detected only by the conversion of the seroreactions. On the other hand the second twin showed the picture of an acute meningoencephalitis resulting in a neurological defect syndrome. The reasons for the different clinical course, which is more pronounced in dicygotic twins than monocygotic, remain unknown.", "contents": "[Clinical course of congenital toxoplasmosis in dicygotic twins (author's transl)]. The presented case report deals with the clinical course of a congenital toxoplasmosis in dicygotic twins. The variability of the clinical course was proofed, because one of the twins remained unaffected with clinical signs and was detected only by the conversion of the seroreactions. On the other hand the second twin showed the picture of an acute meningoencephalitis resulting in a neurological defect syndrome. The reasons for the different clinical course, which is more pronounced in dicygotic twins than monocygotic, remain unknown.", "PMID": 568688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8150", "title": "[Treatment of intractable diarrhea in infancy with human milk (author's transl)].", "content": "Progressive, severe diarrhea in a Turkish infant, beginning at age of 6 weeks, was refractory to conventional therapy, including casein hydrolysate and total parenteral nutrition. At age of 9 months, human milk as sole food together with small doses of prednisone was started. During the next 7 months of feeding human milk, body weight of the infant rose from 4750 to 7000 g and the stools became normal.", "contents": "[Treatment of intractable diarrhea in infancy with human milk (author's transl)]. Progressive, severe diarrhea in a Turkish infant, beginning at age of 6 weeks, was refractory to conventional therapy, including casein hydrolysate and total parenteral nutrition. At age of 9 months, human milk as sole food together with small doses of prednisone was started. During the next 7 months of feeding human milk, body weight of the infant rose from 4750 to 7000 g and the stools became normal.", "PMID": 568689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8151", "title": "[Progressive combined immunity defect with ectomesodermal dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A boy with dysplastic features had to be treated for recurrent diarrhoea and bronchitis since his tenth month of life. Defects in humoral and cellular immunity were found. The ecto-mesodermal abnormalities are so characteristic that in connection with the immunological changes it seems to be justified to assume a yet undescribed syndrome.", "contents": "[Progressive combined immunity defect with ectomesodermal dysplasia (author's transl)]. A boy with dysplastic features had to be treated for recurrent diarrhoea and bronchitis since his tenth month of life. Defects in humoral and cellular immunity were found. The ecto-mesodermal abnormalities are so characteristic that in connection with the immunological changes it seems to be justified to assume a yet undescribed syndrome.", "PMID": 568690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8152", "title": "[Neonatal small left colon syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on the newborn of a diabetic mother. Intestinal obstruction (subileus) occurred in the infant as a result of a neonatal small left colon syndrome. Diagnosis was established by radiological examination. Contrast enema with Gastrografin resulted in a permanent curative effect. Follow-up studies showed normalisation of the colonic lumen demonstrating the functional character of the disturbance. The etiology of the syndrome has not yet been clarified. It appears to be of differential diagnostic importance to make a clear distinction between this syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease (congenital megacolon) in newborn, because this involves a different therapy.", "contents": "[Neonatal small left colon syndrome (author's transl)]. The article reports on the newborn of a diabetic mother. Intestinal obstruction (subileus) occurred in the infant as a result of a neonatal small left colon syndrome. Diagnosis was established by radiological examination. Contrast enema with Gastrografin resulted in a permanent curative effect. Follow-up studies showed normalisation of the colonic lumen demonstrating the functional character of the disturbance. The etiology of the syndrome has not yet been clarified. It appears to be of differential diagnostic importance to make a clear distinction between this syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease (congenital megacolon) in newborn, because this involves a different therapy.", "PMID": 568691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8153", "title": "Hairy cells and macrophages: a comparative study.", "content": "Leighton tube cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes and splenic cell suspensions of 11 patients with hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) were utilized to compare characteristics of hairy cells and macrophages. Light and electron microscopy, both transmission and scanning, as well as cytochemical studies demonstrated several striking similarities to macrophages. They included phagocytosis of red cells, platelets, cellular debris, and latex particles, adherence to glass with development of long pseudopodia and cytoplasmic granules, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activity and diffuse and granular periodic acid-Schiff positivity.", "contents": "Hairy cells and macrophages: a comparative study. Leighton tube cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes and splenic cell suspensions of 11 patients with hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) were utilized to compare characteristics of hairy cells and macrophages. Light and electron microscopy, both transmission and scanning, as well as cytochemical studies demonstrated several striking similarities to macrophages. They included phagocytosis of red cells, platelets, cellular debris, and latex particles, adherence to glass with development of long pseudopodia and cytoplasmic granules, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activity and diffuse and granular periodic acid-Schiff positivity.", "PMID": 568692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8154", "title": "Discrimination of time-altered sentential approximations and monosyllables by children with reading problems.", "content": "This study compared the performance of normal-reading and reading-impaired children using time-compressed three- and five-word sentential approximations to full grammaticality, and the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test presented with and without pictures. Results suggested that reading-impaired children could be differentiated from normal readers by scores on these measures and by types of errors made. Theoretical and pragmatic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Discrimination of time-altered sentential approximations and monosyllables by children with reading problems. This study compared the performance of normal-reading and reading-impaired children using time-compressed three- and five-word sentential approximations to full grammaticality, and the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test presented with and without pictures. Results suggested that reading-impaired children could be differentiated from normal readers by scores on these measures and by types of errors made. Theoretical and pragmatic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 568694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8155", "title": "Factors affecting the development of isolation-induced hypertension in rats.", "content": "Rats were housed either individually in separate metabolic cages or in pairs in two connecting metabolic cages and systolic blood pressure was measured before and after a 5 day period over which the animals were left undisturbed. After the 5 day period isolated rats were hypertensive whereas paired rats were not. A further study compared the Na+, K+ and water balances of pairs of normotensive rats with those of isolated rats over the 5 days during which the latter became hypertensive. There was no evidence of any renal Na+ and water retention in isolated, hypertensive rats and thus it is unlikely that mineralocorticoids could have caused a plasma volume expansion and thereby contributed to the hypertension.", "contents": "Factors affecting the development of isolation-induced hypertension in rats. Rats were housed either individually in separate metabolic cages or in pairs in two connecting metabolic cages and systolic blood pressure was measured before and after a 5 day period over which the animals were left undisturbed. After the 5 day period isolated rats were hypertensive whereas paired rats were not. A further study compared the Na+, K+ and water balances of pairs of normotensive rats with those of isolated rats over the 5 days during which the latter became hypertensive. There was no evidence of any renal Na+ and water retention in isolated, hypertensive rats and thus it is unlikely that mineralocorticoids could have caused a plasma volume expansion and thereby contributed to the hypertension.", "PMID": 568699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8156", "title": "Tonsillectomies, adenoidectomies, audits: have surgical indications been met?", "content": "In the Seattle Prepaid Health Care Project, we studied medical records and claims information for all 97 children undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy in an independent practice plan from February 1971, through January 1975. Overall only 32 per cent of the procedures met commonly promulgated indications of surgery. Of 77 persons having one of these procedures performed because of recurrent pharyngeal or ear infections, 86 per cent did not meet the indications for surgery suggested by screening criteria adapted from model guidelines for PSRO use. The average number of episodes of illness was estimated to be 1.71/per year in the year prior to surgery using lenient assumptions. It is concluded that a major reduction in the frequency of these procedures would be effected by developing an audit strategy that assures the stated indications meet commonly recommended guidelines. The reduction in surgery would occur irrespective of the debate about the efficacy of these procedures.", "contents": "Tonsillectomies, adenoidectomies, audits: have surgical indications been met? In the Seattle Prepaid Health Care Project, we studied medical records and claims information for all 97 children undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy in an independent practice plan from February 1971, through January 1975. Overall only 32 per cent of the procedures met commonly promulgated indications of surgery. Of 77 persons having one of these procedures performed because of recurrent pharyngeal or ear infections, 86 per cent did not meet the indications for surgery suggested by screening criteria adapted from model guidelines for PSRO use. The average number of episodes of illness was estimated to be 1.71/per year in the year prior to surgery using lenient assumptions. It is concluded that a major reduction in the frequency of these procedures would be effected by developing an audit strategy that assures the stated indications meet commonly recommended guidelines. The reduction in surgery would occur irrespective of the debate about the efficacy of these procedures.", "PMID": 568700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8157", "title": "Cross linking of collagen in the presence of oxidizing lipid.", "content": "Gelatin films containing unsaturated lipid have been exposed to ultraviolet and visible irradiation. No sign of paramagnetism could be detected in the films, although the gelatin was undergoing cross-linking reactions. The addition of nitroxyl-forming radical scavengers decreased the rate of cross-linking as did addition of ascorbic acid to the reacting mixture. Nitroxyls could not be detected in the gels, however. The conclusion is drawn that the main reaction in the cross-linking reaction of collagen is a condensation of amino groups and extrinsic or intrinsic carbonyl groups. The extrinsic aldehydes are formed in the autoxidation of unsaturated lipid.", "contents": "Cross linking of collagen in the presence of oxidizing lipid. Gelatin films containing unsaturated lipid have been exposed to ultraviolet and visible irradiation. No sign of paramagnetism could be detected in the films, although the gelatin was undergoing cross-linking reactions. The addition of nitroxyl-forming radical scavengers decreased the rate of cross-linking as did addition of ascorbic acid to the reacting mixture. Nitroxyls could not be detected in the gels, however. The conclusion is drawn that the main reaction in the cross-linking reaction of collagen is a condensation of amino groups and extrinsic or intrinsic carbonyl groups. The extrinsic aldehydes are formed in the autoxidation of unsaturated lipid.", "PMID": 568706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8158", "title": "[Effect of yeast growth limitation on the respiratory chain, the economic coefficient and the critical oxygen concentration for respiration].", "content": "The effect of the yeast growth limitation by oxygen on the economical coefficient (EC), the operation of the cyanide resistant electron transport pathway (CrETP), and the critical for respiration oxygen concentration concentration ([O2]cr) was studied. The operation of CrETP was found to differ among various yeasts growing on glucose: it could function during both the exponential phase and limitation of growth (Torulopsis candida), or only in the conditions of growth limitation (Candida tropicalis, C. mycoderma, C. lipolytica), sometimes for a very long period (Endomyces geotrichum); in certain cases (C. utilis), it cannot be detected at all. If the main respiratory chain is inhibited by cyanide (i. e. if only CrETP operates), the value of [O2]cr sharply increases; such an increase can be also found in the absence of cyanide but in the conditions of active operation of CrETP. Apparently, the value of [O2]cr is higher for cyanide resistant oxydase of the studied organisms than for cytochrome oxydase. A decrease in EC observed upon the limitation of yeast growth by oxygen (Lozinov et al., 1974) correlates with the appearance or intensification of CrETP. Therefore, the decrease of EC can be attributed to the operation of non-phosphorylating CrETP which occurs in all the studied yeasts (with an exception of C. utilis) when their growth is limited by oxygen.", "contents": "[Effect of yeast growth limitation on the respiratory chain, the economic coefficient and the critical oxygen concentration for respiration]. The effect of the yeast growth limitation by oxygen on the economical coefficient (EC), the operation of the cyanide resistant electron transport pathway (CrETP), and the critical for respiration oxygen concentration concentration ([O2]cr) was studied. The operation of CrETP was found to differ among various yeasts growing on glucose: it could function during both the exponential phase and limitation of growth (Torulopsis candida), or only in the conditions of growth limitation (Candida tropicalis, C. mycoderma, C. lipolytica), sometimes for a very long period (Endomyces geotrichum); in certain cases (C. utilis), it cannot be detected at all. If the main respiratory chain is inhibited by cyanide (i. e. if only CrETP operates), the value of [O2]cr sharply increases; such an increase can be also found in the absence of cyanide but in the conditions of active operation of CrETP. Apparently, the value of [O2]cr is higher for cyanide resistant oxydase of the studied organisms than for cytochrome oxydase. A decrease in EC observed upon the limitation of yeast growth by oxygen (Lozinov et al., 1974) correlates with the appearance or intensification of CrETP. Therefore, the decrease of EC can be attributed to the operation of non-phosphorylating CrETP which occurs in all the studied yeasts (with an exception of C. utilis) when their growth is limited by oxygen.", "PMID": 568709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8159", "title": "[Cholesterol crystal embolism of the cerebral vessels].", "content": "Authors report a case of the \"late phase\" of the cholesterol-crystal embolism in the system of the vertebro-basilar arteries in order to throw light on this, not so unfrequent complication of the atherosclerosis, which in the general medical practice is seldom considered. It is emphasized that the disease can be diagnosed in life by examination of biopsy specimens from the skin, muscles and kidney and by the observation of the eyefundus.", "contents": "[Cholesterol crystal embolism of the cerebral vessels]. Authors report a case of the \"late phase\" of the cholesterol-crystal embolism in the system of the vertebro-basilar arteries in order to throw light on this, not so unfrequent complication of the atherosclerosis, which in the general medical practice is seldom considered. It is emphasized that the disease can be diagnosed in life by examination of biopsy specimens from the skin, muscles and kidney and by the observation of the eyefundus.", "PMID": 568715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8160", "title": "[Clinico-pathological analysis of Amanita phalloides poisoning cases in Hungary during 1960-76].", "content": "Cases of intoxication with Amanita phalloides are analyzed in the 17-year-period-material of the Department of the Forensic Medicine of the Semmelweis Medical University and the Department of the Urgent Internal Diseases of the Municipal Kor\u00e1nyi S\u00e1ndor and Frigyes Hospital. The findings show that the number of intoxication with mushrooms during the last years increased. Pahtomorphological changes were also analyzed. Results of the treatment in intensive care units are also discussed.", "contents": "[Clinico-pathological analysis of Amanita phalloides poisoning cases in Hungary during 1960-76]. Cases of intoxication with Amanita phalloides are analyzed in the 17-year-period-material of the Department of the Forensic Medicine of the Semmelweis Medical University and the Department of the Urgent Internal Diseases of the Municipal Kor\u00e1nyi S\u00e1ndor and Frigyes Hospital. The findings show that the number of intoxication with mushrooms during the last years increased. Pahtomorphological changes were also analyzed. Results of the treatment in intensive care units are also discussed.", "PMID": 568716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8161", "title": "[Data on the genetic aspects of hair on the middle phalanx of the fingers].", "content": "Authors studied the frequency, degree of inheritance of the interdigital hair and its significance in investigation of cases of discussed paternity. Examinations were carried out as a part of the twin-research organized by the Department of Anthropology of the Lorand E\u00f6tv\u00f6s University. 176 adult pairs of twins (86 male and 90 female) were examined. Serological findings show that 103 of them were monozygotes (MZ) and 73 dizygotes (DZ). The frequency of presence or absence of the interdigital hair in men and in families with legally determined fathers were in accordance with findings characterizing the Hungarian and Europid populations. In dizygotic females absence of the interdigital hair was extremely seldom. Among the MZ male pairs of twins discordant cases consisted of 3,8 per cent, among the DZ male twins 32,4 per cent. Among the MZ female pairs of twins 11,6 per cent, and among the DZ twins 23,1 per cent appeared to be discordant. The degree of inheritance was counted using the Holzinger's formula. The value of H in females were 0,49 in males 0,88, the average 0,72. Examination of the interdigital hair may be a valuable tool for determination of the origin of a person.", "contents": "[Data on the genetic aspects of hair on the middle phalanx of the fingers]. Authors studied the frequency, degree of inheritance of the interdigital hair and its significance in investigation of cases of discussed paternity. Examinations were carried out as a part of the twin-research organized by the Department of Anthropology of the Lorand E\u00f6tv\u00f6s University. 176 adult pairs of twins (86 male and 90 female) were examined. Serological findings show that 103 of them were monozygotes (MZ) and 73 dizygotes (DZ). The frequency of presence or absence of the interdigital hair in men and in families with legally determined fathers were in accordance with findings characterizing the Hungarian and Europid populations. In dizygotic females absence of the interdigital hair was extremely seldom. Among the MZ male pairs of twins discordant cases consisted of 3,8 per cent, among the DZ male twins 32,4 per cent. Among the MZ female pairs of twins 11,6 per cent, and among the DZ twins 23,1 per cent appeared to be discordant. The degree of inheritance was counted using the Holzinger's formula. The value of H in females were 0,49 in males 0,88, the average 0,72. Examination of the interdigital hair may be a valuable tool for determination of the origin of a person.", "PMID": 568717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8162", "title": "[Effect of increased temperatures on RNA and protein synthesis in the cells of a synchronous Candida utilis culture].", "content": "The rate of incorporation of labeled precursors for RNA ([14C]uracil) and protein ([14C]DL-leucine) into the cells of the synchronous culture of Candida utilis VKMY-1668 (the optimum temperature of growth, 31--32 degrees C) was studied as a function of different temperatures (28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 41 decrees C). The yeast was grown on a simple mineral medium containing glycerol. RNA synthesis was found to be more susceptible to elevated temperature than protein synthesis: the maximum rate of incorporation was registered at 32--34 degrees C for [14C]DL-leucine and only at 32 degrees C for [14C]uracil (the rate of its incorporation at 34 degrees C decreased by 50% as compared to that at 32 degrees C). The rate of incorporation of [14C]uracil at 34 degrees C reached 100% (the rate at 32 degrees C) when yeast autolysate was added to the medium, and 75 and 70%, respectively, upon the addition of DL-methionine or Mg2+ (as compared to 50% without them).", "contents": "[Effect of increased temperatures on RNA and protein synthesis in the cells of a synchronous Candida utilis culture]. The rate of incorporation of labeled precursors for RNA ([14C]uracil) and protein ([14C]DL-leucine) into the cells of the synchronous culture of Candida utilis VKMY-1668 (the optimum temperature of growth, 31--32 degrees C) was studied as a function of different temperatures (28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 41 decrees C). The yeast was grown on a simple mineral medium containing glycerol. RNA synthesis was found to be more susceptible to elevated temperature than protein synthesis: the maximum rate of incorporation was registered at 32--34 degrees C for [14C]DL-leucine and only at 32 degrees C for [14C]uracil (the rate of its incorporation at 34 degrees C decreased by 50% as compared to that at 32 degrees C). The rate of incorporation of [14C]uracil at 34 degrees C reached 100% (the rate at 32 degrees C) when yeast autolysate was added to the medium, and 75 and 70%, respectively, upon the addition of DL-methionine or Mg2+ (as compared to 50% without them).", "PMID": 568710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8163", "title": "[Determination of the nitrogen-fixing activity of Rhizobium japonicum under sterile microvegetative conditions].", "content": "The nitrogen fixing activity of Rhizobium japonicum in symbiosis with soya grown in the sterile microvegetative conditions at an air humidity of 70%, at a temperature of 20 degrees C and a length of light day of 16 hours was assayed using the acetylene technique. The plants were cultivated in phytotron in glass tubes (245 cm3) illuminated with xenon lamps. This technique can be used, apparently, to determine the nitrogen fixing activity of other legumes and cereals.", "contents": "[Determination of the nitrogen-fixing activity of Rhizobium japonicum under sterile microvegetative conditions]. The nitrogen fixing activity of Rhizobium japonicum in symbiosis with soya grown in the sterile microvegetative conditions at an air humidity of 70%, at a temperature of 20 degrees C and a length of light day of 16 hours was assayed using the acetylene technique. The plants were cultivated in phytotron in glass tubes (245 cm3) illuminated with xenon lamps. This technique can be used, apparently, to determine the nitrogen fixing activity of other legumes and cereals.", "PMID": 568711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8164", "title": "Dose-response relationships and R.B.E. values of dominant lethals induced by X-rays and 1.5 MeV neutrons in prophase-1 oocytes and in mature sperm of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (acari, tetranychidae).", "content": "Mature sperm and prophase-1 oocytes of Tetranychus urticae Koch were irradiated with 250-kVp X-rays or 1.5 MeV fast neutrons. The X-ray doses ranged from 0.5 to 24.0 krad, and those of the fast neutrons from 0.1 to 16.0 krad. The genetic endpoint measured was lethality, expressed in the stages from egg to adulthood in the F1 progeny. The frequency of recessive lethals in female germ cells was estimated by comparing survival of fertilized versus unfertilized F1 eggs, after irradiation with the same dosage. X-Rays induce dominant lethals in prophase-1 oocytes by the action of both single hits on single targets and multiple hits on multiple targets. 1.5-MeV neutrons induce these effects predominantly by the action of multiple tracks on multiple targets. Dominant lethals were induced in mature sperm by X-rays and by fast neutrons by the action of both single hits on single targets and multiple hits on multiple targets. Both for prophase-1 oocytes and for mature sperm the low R.B.E. value corresponded with the relatively large multiple-target component of induction of dominant lethals by fast neutrons. The nature of dominant lethality in relation to the kinetochore organization of the chromosome is discussed. A non-linear trend in the dose--effect relationship was observed for both X-rays and fast neutrons for the estimated frequency of recessive lethals induced in prophase-1 oocytes. X-Rays were more effective than neutrons in inducing recessive lethals in prophase-1 oocytes at doses lower than 3 krad.", "contents": "Dose-response relationships and R.B.E. values of dominant lethals induced by X-rays and 1.5 MeV neutrons in prophase-1 oocytes and in mature sperm of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (acari, tetranychidae). Mature sperm and prophase-1 oocytes of Tetranychus urticae Koch were irradiated with 250-kVp X-rays or 1.5 MeV fast neutrons. The X-ray doses ranged from 0.5 to 24.0 krad, and those of the fast neutrons from 0.1 to 16.0 krad. The genetic endpoint measured was lethality, expressed in the stages from egg to adulthood in the F1 progeny. The frequency of recessive lethals in female germ cells was estimated by comparing survival of fertilized versus unfertilized F1 eggs, after irradiation with the same dosage. X-Rays induce dominant lethals in prophase-1 oocytes by the action of both single hits on single targets and multiple hits on multiple targets. 1.5-MeV neutrons induce these effects predominantly by the action of multiple tracks on multiple targets. Dominant lethals were induced in mature sperm by X-rays and by fast neutrons by the action of both single hits on single targets and multiple hits on multiple targets. Both for prophase-1 oocytes and for mature sperm the low R.B.E. value corresponded with the relatively large multiple-target component of induction of dominant lethals by fast neutrons. The nature of dominant lethality in relation to the kinetochore organization of the chromosome is discussed. A non-linear trend in the dose--effect relationship was observed for both X-rays and fast neutrons for the estimated frequency of recessive lethals induced in prophase-1 oocytes. X-Rays were more effective than neutrons in inducing recessive lethals in prophase-1 oocytes at doses lower than 3 krad.", "PMID": 568718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8165", "title": "Attenuating effect of fighting on shock-induced gastric ulceration and hypertension: hypothesis of inhibition by sensory feedback.", "content": "A behavioral-biochemical hypothesis is presented to explain the attenuating effect of fighting on electric-shock induced gastric ulceration and hypertension in rats. It is suggested that shock-induced gastric lesions and hypertension result from undampened oscillations in central cholinergic and adrenergic activity, respectively, and that the sensory input derived from fighting serves to reduce the amplitude of these oscillations via a process of inhibition. The hypothesis suggests that other forms of sensory input in addition to that supplied by fighting--whether self-generated or produced artificially by electrical or mechanical stimulators--would have an identical equilibrating effect on oscillations in neurotransmitter activity.", "contents": "Attenuating effect of fighting on shock-induced gastric ulceration and hypertension: hypothesis of inhibition by sensory feedback. A behavioral-biochemical hypothesis is presented to explain the attenuating effect of fighting on electric-shock induced gastric ulceration and hypertension in rats. It is suggested that shock-induced gastric lesions and hypertension result from undampened oscillations in central cholinergic and adrenergic activity, respectively, and that the sensory input derived from fighting serves to reduce the amplitude of these oscillations via a process of inhibition. The hypothesis suggests that other forms of sensory input in addition to that supplied by fighting--whether self-generated or produced artificially by electrical or mechanical stimulators--would have an identical equilibrating effect on oscillations in neurotransmitter activity.", "PMID": 568712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8166", "title": "Sterilization of hepatitis B surface antigen-contaminated materials.", "content": "The sterilizing conditions of HBs Ag-contaminated materials were studied by means of the inactivation of the antigenicity (infectivity being thought to be lost when HBs Ag is inactivated). HBs Ag-coated beads and the serum from an HBs Ag-positive patient were used. After each sterilizing procedure, the antigenicity was studied by radioimmunoassay. HBs Ag-positive serum is easily inactivated by boiling and by steam under pressure; however, HBs Ag-coated beads require increased steam under pressure. For sterilizing HBs Ag-contaminated materials, 30 minutes at 132 degrees C is recommended.", "contents": "Sterilization of hepatitis B surface antigen-contaminated materials. The sterilizing conditions of HBs Ag-contaminated materials were studied by means of the inactivation of the antigenicity (infectivity being thought to be lost when HBs Ag is inactivated). HBs Ag-coated beads and the serum from an HBs Ag-positive patient were used. After each sterilizing procedure, the antigenicity was studied by radioimmunoassay. HBs Ag-positive serum is easily inactivated by boiling and by steam under pressure; however, HBs Ag-coated beads require increased steam under pressure. For sterilizing HBs Ag-contaminated materials, 30 minutes at 132 degrees C is recommended.", "PMID": 568713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8167", "title": "Eye movements in ataxia-telangiectasia.", "content": "The spectrum of eye movement disorders in six patients with ataxia-telangiectasia at different stages of progression was assessed quantitatively by electrooculography. All patients demonstrated abnormalities of voluntary and involuntary saccades. The youngest and least involved patient had significantly increased reaction times of voluntary saccades, but normal accuracy and velocity. The other patients demonstrated increased reaction times and marked hypometria of horizontal and vertical voluntary saccades. Saccade velocity remained normal. Vestibular and optokinetic fast components (involuntary saccades) had normal amplitude and velocity but the eyes deviated tonically in the direction of the slow component. We conclude that patients with ataxia-telangiectasia have a defect in the initiation of voluntary and involuntary saccades in the earliest stages. These findings are distinctly different from those in other familial cerebellar atrophy syndromes.", "contents": "Eye movements in ataxia-telangiectasia. The spectrum of eye movement disorders in six patients with ataxia-telangiectasia at different stages of progression was assessed quantitatively by electrooculography. All patients demonstrated abnormalities of voluntary and involuntary saccades. The youngest and least involved patient had significantly increased reaction times of voluntary saccades, but normal accuracy and velocity. The other patients demonstrated increased reaction times and marked hypometria of horizontal and vertical voluntary saccades. Saccade velocity remained normal. Vestibular and optokinetic fast components (involuntary saccades) had normal amplitude and velocity but the eyes deviated tonically in the direction of the slow component. We conclude that patients with ataxia-telangiectasia have a defect in the initiation of voluntary and involuntary saccades in the earliest stages. These findings are distinctly different from those in other familial cerebellar atrophy syndromes.", "PMID": 568727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8168", "title": "The muscular pain-fasciculation syndrome.", "content": "Five cases of a chronic neuromuscular syndrome consisted of muscular aching and sometimes burning pain, fasciculations, cramps, fatigue, and occasional paresthesia. The disorder affected the legs and, less commonly, the girdle, trunk, and arm muscles. The symptoms were enhanced by physical activity and were usually improved by rest. Neither muscular wasting nor weakness was found, although the condition was present for an average of 4.7 years and, in one patient, as long as 10 years. Electrophysiologic studies showed motor abnormalities indicative of axonal degeneration and muscle fiber denervation, most marked in the legs. Light microscopy of skeletal muscle and spinal cord in one case disclosed evidence of mild denervation atrophy in muscle, but no loss of anterior horn cells. The findings are compatible with a benign polyneuropathy.", "contents": "The muscular pain-fasciculation syndrome. Five cases of a chronic neuromuscular syndrome consisted of muscular aching and sometimes burning pain, fasciculations, cramps, fatigue, and occasional paresthesia. The disorder affected the legs and, less commonly, the girdle, trunk, and arm muscles. The symptoms were enhanced by physical activity and were usually improved by rest. Neither muscular wasting nor weakness was found, although the condition was present for an average of 4.7 years and, in one patient, as long as 10 years. Electrophysiologic studies showed motor abnormalities indicative of axonal degeneration and muscle fiber denervation, most marked in the legs. Light microscopy of skeletal muscle and spinal cord in one case disclosed evidence of mild denervation atrophy in muscle, but no loss of anterior horn cells. The findings are compatible with a benign polyneuropathy.", "PMID": 568728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8169", "title": "Mitochondria-lipid-glycogen myopathy, hyperlactacidemia, and carnitine deficiency.", "content": "A 25-month-old girl had proximal myopathy, increased blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and transient ketoacidosis. Muscle biopsy revealed vacuolar myopathy with accumulation of both lipid and glycogen. Electronmicroscopy also showed abnormalities in the shape, size, and internal structure of muscle mitochondria. Carnitine content of skeletal muscle was reduced. Short-chain and long-chain acyl-carnitines were augmented in both plasma and skeletal muscle. Oral carnitine therapy improved muscle strength.", "contents": "Mitochondria-lipid-glycogen myopathy, hyperlactacidemia, and carnitine deficiency. A 25-month-old girl had proximal myopathy, increased blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and transient ketoacidosis. Muscle biopsy revealed vacuolar myopathy with accumulation of both lipid and glycogen. Electronmicroscopy also showed abnormalities in the shape, size, and internal structure of muscle mitochondria. Carnitine content of skeletal muscle was reduced. Short-chain and long-chain acyl-carnitines were augmented in both plasma and skeletal muscle. Oral carnitine therapy improved muscle strength.", "PMID": 568729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8170", "title": "[Case of arteriovenous hemangioma, aneurysm and subdural hematoma].", "content": "In a woman aged 53 years angiography of the internal carotid arteries demonstrated presence of an aneurysm in the region of arteriovenous fistula, which is a very rare occurrence, and coexistence of bilateral spontaneous subdural heamatomas. This coincidence has not been reported.", "contents": "[Case of arteriovenous hemangioma, aneurysm and subdural hematoma]. In a woman aged 53 years angiography of the internal carotid arteries demonstrated presence of an aneurysm in the region of arteriovenous fistula, which is a very rare occurrence, and coexistence of bilateral spontaneous subdural heamatomas. This coincidence has not been reported.", "PMID": 568724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8171", "title": "Character and origin of rotatory movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats.", "content": "High-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats induces three types of rotatory responses: turning the head or stepping movements in a circle toward the side opposite to that of stimulation, psychomotor excitation with contralateral rotation, and ipsilateral turning of the head and trunk. Movements of the last type developed mainly from the ventro-lateral zones of the head of the caudate nucleus, whereas psychomotor excitation, on the other hand, developed from the dorsal zones. Rotatory movements do not depend significantly on a contribution of the internal capsule or cortex. Slow synchronized activity on the EEG at the time of rotation was abolished after curarization of the animals. Caudate rotation is partly due to activation of the globus pallidus, for electrical stimulation of that structure raises the threshold of the responses although it does not block them completely.", "contents": "Character and origin of rotatory movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats. High-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats induces three types of rotatory responses: turning the head or stepping movements in a circle toward the side opposite to that of stimulation, psychomotor excitation with contralateral rotation, and ipsilateral turning of the head and trunk. Movements of the last type developed mainly from the ventro-lateral zones of the head of the caudate nucleus, whereas psychomotor excitation, on the other hand, developed from the dorsal zones. Rotatory movements do not depend significantly on a contribution of the internal capsule or cortex. Slow synchronized activity on the EEG at the time of rotation was abolished after curarization of the animals. Caudate rotation is partly due to activation of the globus pallidus, for electrical stimulation of that structure raises the threshold of the responses although it does not block them completely.", "PMID": 568725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8172", "title": "Myokymia, muscle hypertrophy and percussion \"myotonia\" in chronic recurrent polyneuropathy.", "content": "Three unusual features were observed in a patient with chronic relapsing polyneuropathy: myokymia, muscle hypertrophy, and prolonged contraction in response to muscle percussion. Low nerve conduction velocity and conduction block were demonstrated in all motor nerves tested, indicating a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Myokymia was caused by spontaneous motor unit activity which was shown to originate in peripheral nerves, since it persisted after nerve block and was abolished by regional curarization. Muscle hypertrophy was attributed to increased peripheral nerve activity, and the prolonged contraction of muscle in response to direct percussion was attributed to irritability of intramuscular nerve terminals.", "contents": "Myokymia, muscle hypertrophy and percussion \"myotonia\" in chronic recurrent polyneuropathy. Three unusual features were observed in a patient with chronic relapsing polyneuropathy: myokymia, muscle hypertrophy, and prolonged contraction in response to muscle percussion. Low nerve conduction velocity and conduction block were demonstrated in all motor nerves tested, indicating a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Myokymia was caused by spontaneous motor unit activity which was shown to originate in peripheral nerves, since it persisted after nerve block and was abolished by regional curarization. Muscle hypertrophy was attributed to increased peripheral nerve activity, and the prolonged contraction of muscle in response to direct percussion was attributed to irritability of intramuscular nerve terminals.", "PMID": 568731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8173", "title": "Familial neuromuscular disease with type 1 fiber hypoplasia, tubular aggregates, cardiomyopathy, and myasthenic features.", "content": "Three sisters had autosomal recessive inheritance of a cardiomyopathy, and nonprogressive proximal muscle weakness and lordosis that began in childhood. Small type 1 fibers and tubular aggregates in both fiber types were found on muscle biopsy. In addition, myasthenic features were characterized by fatigability with moderate exercise, decremental response to repetitive nerve stimulation, and improved function with anticholinesterase drug therapy.", "contents": "Familial neuromuscular disease with type 1 fiber hypoplasia, tubular aggregates, cardiomyopathy, and myasthenic features. Three sisters had autosomal recessive inheritance of a cardiomyopathy, and nonprogressive proximal muscle weakness and lordosis that began in childhood. Small type 1 fibers and tubular aggregates in both fiber types were found on muscle biopsy. In addition, myasthenic features were characterized by fatigability with moderate exercise, decremental response to repetitive nerve stimulation, and improved function with anticholinesterase drug therapy.", "PMID": 568732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8174", "title": "Thalamic pure sensory stroke: a pathologic study.", "content": "Two cases of pure sensory stroke were studied pathologically 6 months and 4 years after the acute illness. In both, there were lacunar infarcts in the region of the sensory nucleus of the thalamus on the side opposite the symptoms. The responsible vascular lesion in each case was hypertensive lipohyalinotic cerebral angiopathy, a process that correlates with the presence of hypertension. This was the first time that a complete clinicopathologic investigation was possible in pure sensory stroke and also the first time a lipohyalinotic lesion was shown to be the cause of a specific clinical syndrome.", "contents": "Thalamic pure sensory stroke: a pathologic study. Two cases of pure sensory stroke were studied pathologically 6 months and 4 years after the acute illness. In both, there were lacunar infarcts in the region of the sensory nucleus of the thalamus on the side opposite the symptoms. The responsible vascular lesion in each case was hypertensive lipohyalinotic cerebral angiopathy, a process that correlates with the presence of hypertension. This was the first time that a complete clinicopathologic investigation was possible in pure sensory stroke and also the first time a lipohyalinotic lesion was shown to be the cause of a specific clinical syndrome.", "PMID": 568733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8175", "title": "Spinal cord compression and blood flow. I. The effect of raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure on spinal cord blood flow.", "content": "The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) on spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), measured by the hydrogen clearance technique, was studied in dogs. CSFP was altered by the infusion of mock CSF into the lumbar subarachnoid space. Occluding snares at T-13 limited the effect of raised pressure on the brain. As the perfusion pressure was reduced when the CSFP was increased, flow remained constant up to a perfusion pressure of approximately 50 mm Hg. Below this value, flow decreased with decreasing perfusion pressure. Normal flow values could be reestablished even at a raised CSFP if the perfusion pressure was increased by raising the arterial blood pressure. Rapid reduction of CSFP was accompanied by reactive hyperemia. The autoregulation of flow down to a perfusion pressure of 50 mm Hg was due to progressive decrease in vascular resistance. Carbon dioxide-responsiveness of the vessels was decreased markedly as the perfusion pressure was reduced.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression and blood flow. I. The effect of raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure on spinal cord blood flow. The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) on spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), measured by the hydrogen clearance technique, was studied in dogs. CSFP was altered by the infusion of mock CSF into the lumbar subarachnoid space. Occluding snares at T-13 limited the effect of raised pressure on the brain. As the perfusion pressure was reduced when the CSFP was increased, flow remained constant up to a perfusion pressure of approximately 50 mm Hg. Below this value, flow decreased with decreasing perfusion pressure. Normal flow values could be reestablished even at a raised CSFP if the perfusion pressure was increased by raising the arterial blood pressure. Rapid reduction of CSFP was accompanied by reactive hyperemia. The autoregulation of flow down to a perfusion pressure of 50 mm Hg was due to progressive decrease in vascular resistance. Carbon dioxide-responsiveness of the vessels was decreased markedly as the perfusion pressure was reduced.", "PMID": 568734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8176", "title": "Mirror movements after childhood hemiparesis.", "content": "Mirror movements are normal in childhood and may persist to a later age following early brain lesions. We studied these movements in patients with childhood hemiparesis at different ages. The earlier the lesions, the more the mirror movements persisted. More mirror movement persisted in the nonparetic hand than in the paretic one. Complete paralysis of either hand tended to abolish all mirror movements in both hands. The task eliciting the most mirror movement was one that may come under ipsilateral control following contralateral damage. The greater persistence of mirror movements after earlier lesions appears to be an indicator of more extensive compensatory motor system reorganization that takes place after damage to a less mature nervous system.", "contents": "Mirror movements after childhood hemiparesis. Mirror movements are normal in childhood and may persist to a later age following early brain lesions. We studied these movements in patients with childhood hemiparesis at different ages. The earlier the lesions, the more the mirror movements persisted. More mirror movement persisted in the nonparetic hand than in the paretic one. Complete paralysis of either hand tended to abolish all mirror movements in both hands. The task eliciting the most mirror movement was one that may come under ipsilateral control following contralateral damage. The greater persistence of mirror movements after earlier lesions appears to be an indicator of more extensive compensatory motor system reorganization that takes place after damage to a less mature nervous system.", "PMID": 568735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8177", "title": "An extraordinary form of confabulation.", "content": "We describe five patients with spontaneous, persistent confabulation. While the basis of confabulation in general is not known, the evidence in this specific group of patients with spectacular, impulsive, and spontaneous confabulation suggests a marked deficit in frontal function, superimposed upon a basic defect in memory, as a possible mechanism.", "contents": "An extraordinary form of confabulation. We describe five patients with spontaneous, persistent confabulation. While the basis of confabulation in general is not known, the evidence in this specific group of patients with spectacular, impulsive, and spontaneous confabulation suggests a marked deficit in frontal function, superimposed upon a basic defect in memory, as a possible mechanism.", "PMID": 568737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8178", "title": "Bromocriptine-induced behavioral hypersensitivity: implications for the therapy of parkinsonism.", "content": "Bromocriptine (CB-154) is a direct-acting dopamine agonist of proven clinical efficacy in parkinsonism. The capacity of bromocriptine to induce receptor site hypersensitivity was investigated utilizing a behavioral model in guinea pigs. Following 4 weeks of bromocriptine treatment, animals demonstrated a subsequent long-lasting hypersensitivity to amphetamine and apomorphine. The data suggest that chronic use of bromocriptine can induce receptor site hypersensitivity. These results may be an indication that, because of a similar propensity to side effects during chronic therapy, direct-acting dopamine agonists will offer no long-term advantage over current antiparkinsonian drugs. The observed phenomena suggest that chronic dopaminergic agonism may not be an ideal therapy for parkinsonism.", "contents": "Bromocriptine-induced behavioral hypersensitivity: implications for the therapy of parkinsonism. Bromocriptine (CB-154) is a direct-acting dopamine agonist of proven clinical efficacy in parkinsonism. The capacity of bromocriptine to induce receptor site hypersensitivity was investigated utilizing a behavioral model in guinea pigs. Following 4 weeks of bromocriptine treatment, animals demonstrated a subsequent long-lasting hypersensitivity to amphetamine and apomorphine. The data suggest that chronic use of bromocriptine can induce receptor site hypersensitivity. These results may be an indication that, because of a similar propensity to side effects during chronic therapy, direct-acting dopamine agonists will offer no long-term advantage over current antiparkinsonian drugs. The observed phenomena suggest that chronic dopaminergic agonism may not be an ideal therapy for parkinsonism.", "PMID": 568738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8179", "title": "Paradoxical halide levels in bromide intoxication.", "content": "In two patients with acute bromide toxicity, serum bromide levels rose during the period of observation, but this increase was not associated with clinical deterioration. In both, serum \"chloride\" levels were also high, but these values actually indicated elevated extracellular halide concentrations.", "contents": "Paradoxical halide levels in bromide intoxication. In two patients with acute bromide toxicity, serum bromide levels rose during the period of observation, but this increase was not associated with clinical deterioration. In both, serum \"chloride\" levels were also high, but these values actually indicated elevated extracellular halide concentrations.", "PMID": 568739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8180", "title": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus, parkinsonism, and primary empty sella--coincidence or cause-effect?", "content": "The triad of normal-pressure hydrocephalus, parkinsonism, and primary empty sella appeared in a 70-year-old woman. There was dramatic resolution of the extrapyramidal signs and symptoms on treatment with levodopa-carbidopa and ventriculojugular shunt. The syndrome may be the result of several mechanisms, but an alteration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure dynamics may be the sole etiology for this triad.", "contents": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus, parkinsonism, and primary empty sella--coincidence or cause-effect? The triad of normal-pressure hydrocephalus, parkinsonism, and primary empty sella appeared in a 70-year-old woman. There was dramatic resolution of the extrapyramidal signs and symptoms on treatment with levodopa-carbidopa and ventriculojugular shunt. The syndrome may be the result of several mechanisms, but an alteration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure dynamics may be the sole etiology for this triad.", "PMID": 568740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8181", "title": "Some previously unrecognized features of herpes simplex virus encephalitis.", "content": "The courses of 15 brain biopsy-proven cases of herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) were followed for 6 to 67 months. Convulsive disorders were often temporary, but paralysis was permanent. Patients usually entered the hospital free of paralysis or coma, in a potentially reversible febrile confusional state. Later, paralysis and coma fixed subsequent courses. Mortality was 53.3 percent but, at follow-up, 93.3 percent (14 patients) were dead or living a vegetative existence at home or in institutions. If a definitive diagnosis of HSVE could be made at the time of hospital admission, the prognosis might be remarkably changed.", "contents": "Some previously unrecognized features of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. The courses of 15 brain biopsy-proven cases of herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) were followed for 6 to 67 months. Convulsive disorders were often temporary, but paralysis was permanent. Patients usually entered the hospital free of paralysis or coma, in a potentially reversible febrile confusional state. Later, paralysis and coma fixed subsequent courses. Mortality was 53.3 percent but, at follow-up, 93.3 percent (14 patients) were dead or living a vegetative existence at home or in institutions. If a definitive diagnosis of HSVE could be made at the time of hospital admission, the prognosis might be remarkably changed.", "PMID": 568741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8182", "title": "The modification of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with epsilon aminocaproic acid.", "content": "Epsilon aminocaproic acid, an inhibitor of plasminogen and trypsinogen activators, can decrease the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. The drug was tried because of a number of observations suggesting that neutral proteases, such as plasmin, might be chemical mediators of demyelination. The highest concentrations of plasminogen activator are found in the walls of veins and venules, around which demyelination is common in many demyelinating diseases, including MS. Indeed, the earliest lesion in MS is often demyelination with little cellular infiltration. In vitro studies have shown that neutral proteases secreted by activated macrophages selectively lyse myelin basic protein.", "contents": "The modification of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with epsilon aminocaproic acid. Epsilon aminocaproic acid, an inhibitor of plasminogen and trypsinogen activators, can decrease the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. The drug was tried because of a number of observations suggesting that neutral proteases, such as plasmin, might be chemical mediators of demyelination. The highest concentrations of plasminogen activator are found in the walls of veins and venules, around which demyelination is common in many demyelinating diseases, including MS. Indeed, the earliest lesion in MS is often demyelination with little cellular infiltration. In vitro studies have shown that neutral proteases secreted by activated macrophages selectively lyse myelin basic protein.", "PMID": 568743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8183", "title": "Anamnestic studies in multiple sclerosis: a relationship between familial multiple sclerosis and neoplasia.", "content": "A survey of family histories of malignant neoplasia in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients indicates that a positive history of cancer in near relatives is present in 44 percent of patients and 46 percent of controls. However, those MS patients having such a positive history were much more likely than others to also have a family history of MS. Contrariwise, MS patients with a positive family history of MS had a significantly higher rate of cancer in first degree relatives (71 percent) than others. There was a trend indicating less cancer in families of MS patients possessing the HLA-B7 and DW2 histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "Anamnestic studies in multiple sclerosis: a relationship between familial multiple sclerosis and neoplasia. A survey of family histories of malignant neoplasia in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients indicates that a positive history of cancer in near relatives is present in 44 percent of patients and 46 percent of controls. However, those MS patients having such a positive history were much more likely than others to also have a family history of MS. Contrariwise, MS patients with a positive family history of MS had a significantly higher rate of cancer in first degree relatives (71 percent) than others. There was a trend indicating less cancer in families of MS patients possessing the HLA-B7 and DW2 histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 568746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8184", "title": "Prerequisites for conduction in demyelinated fibers.", "content": "Data are herein reviewed which show that there are structural differences between nodal and internodal membrane in normal myelinated fibers. It appears likely that in most normal myelinated fibers, ionic channel densities in the internodal axon membrane are lower than those at the nodes of Ranvier. Conduction through demyelinated fibers may require structural reorganization, for example, redistribution or production of new channels, in the internodal membrane. Impedance mismatch may also block conduction at sites of demyelination. Reduction in internode distance proximal to the site of demyelination provides one solution to the problem of impedance matching.", "contents": "Prerequisites for conduction in demyelinated fibers. Data are herein reviewed which show that there are structural differences between nodal and internodal membrane in normal myelinated fibers. It appears likely that in most normal myelinated fibers, ionic channel densities in the internodal axon membrane are lower than those at the nodes of Ranvier. Conduction through demyelinated fibers may require structural reorganization, for example, redistribution or production of new channels, in the internodal membrane. Impedance mismatch may also block conduction at sites of demyelination. Reduction in internode distance proximal to the site of demyelination provides one solution to the problem of impedance matching.", "PMID": 568749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8185", "title": "The capillaries in acute and subacute multiple sclerosis plaques: a morphometric analysis.", "content": "Two patients, one with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the other with a glioma of the splenium of the corpus callosum, were biopsied with the aid of CAT. Light microscopy, histochemistry, electronmicroscopy and morphometric analysis of counts of mitochondria, dense bodies, and pinocytotic vesicles within the capillary endothelial cells was done. Examination of the MS plaque showed endothelial cell tight junctions to be closed, basal lamina to be thinned, but endothelial cell mitochondria to be the same as in a patient without MS. Pinocytotic vesicles were markedly increased in endothelial cells in MS. Despite intense inflammation in the surround, endothelial lysosomes were as few as in a control.", "contents": "The capillaries in acute and subacute multiple sclerosis plaques: a morphometric analysis. Two patients, one with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the other with a glioma of the splenium of the corpus callosum, were biopsied with the aid of CAT. Light microscopy, histochemistry, electronmicroscopy and morphometric analysis of counts of mitochondria, dense bodies, and pinocytotic vesicles within the capillary endothelial cells was done. Examination of the MS plaque showed endothelial cell tight junctions to be closed, basal lamina to be thinned, but endothelial cell mitochondria to be the same as in a patient without MS. Pinocytotic vesicles were markedly increased in endothelial cells in MS. Despite intense inflammation in the surround, endothelial lysosomes were as few as in a control.", "PMID": 568753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8186", "title": "Carcinoma of the vulva. A reassessment.", "content": "A recent reassessment of the combined experience in treating vulvar cancer at the Pondville State Cancer Hospital and the Massachusetts General Hospital has been undertaken, covering the 25 years that have elapsed since an earlier comprehensive review was carried out. A few differences in some of the clinical features of the disease and the manner in which it presents itself today were observed. Basic principles of management that had emerged at the time of the earlier report have remained fundamentally the same. However, as the result of a recent trend toward earlier diagnosis that permits prompt treatment of smaller lesions with a lower potential for having had lymphatic spread at the time they are dealt with, there is now room for a somewhat greater degree of careful individualization of the basic surgical approach. This philosophy has been reflected in certain modifications of the overall plan of management as well as in improvements in the technical aspects of diagnosis and therapy that have reduced complications and increased salvage.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the vulva. A reassessment. A recent reassessment of the combined experience in treating vulvar cancer at the Pondville State Cancer Hospital and the Massachusetts General Hospital has been undertaken, covering the 25 years that have elapsed since an earlier comprehensive review was carried out. A few differences in some of the clinical features of the disease and the manner in which it presents itself today were observed. Basic principles of management that had emerged at the time of the earlier report have remained fundamentally the same. However, as the result of a recent trend toward earlier diagnosis that permits prompt treatment of smaller lesions with a lower potential for having had lymphatic spread at the time they are dealt with, there is now room for a somewhat greater degree of careful individualization of the basic surgical approach. This philosophy has been reflected in certain modifications of the overall plan of management as well as in improvements in the technical aspects of diagnosis and therapy that have reduced complications and increased salvage.", "PMID": 568755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8187", "title": "[Development of isolated loach blastoderm during cultivation in different salt media].", "content": "The loach blastoderms were isolated from the yolk during the periods of cleavage and blastulation (5--14.5 tau0) and incubated in various isotonic saline media which differed by the content of K+ and Na+. The survival of blastoderms upon the short-term incubation (up to 60 tau0) varied insignificantly in all the media and upon the longer one (up to 120 tau0) was the maximal in the medium with isotonic content of K+ and Na+ and the minimal in the medium with the low content of K+. The cell proliferation upon incubation in the medium with the low content of K+ was inhibited when the blastoderms were isolated at the stage of 8 tau0 and suffered no changes at the stage of 14 tau0. The ability of differentiation manifested itself earlier and the percentage of differentiated embryos was higher in the media with the high content of K+. The content of K+ in the blastoderms isolated at the stage of 7 tau0 changes with its content in the incubation medium; upon isolation at the stages of 8--9 tau0 to blastoderms accumulate K+ irrespective of its content in the medium and at the stage of 10 tau0 maintain the constant level of K+. Hence, the development of isolated blastoderms depends on the content of K+ in the medium and this dependence reduces with the age.", "contents": "[Development of isolated loach blastoderm during cultivation in different salt media]. The loach blastoderms were isolated from the yolk during the periods of cleavage and blastulation (5--14.5 tau0) and incubated in various isotonic saline media which differed by the content of K+ and Na+. The survival of blastoderms upon the short-term incubation (up to 60 tau0) varied insignificantly in all the media and upon the longer one (up to 120 tau0) was the maximal in the medium with isotonic content of K+ and Na+ and the minimal in the medium with the low content of K+. The cell proliferation upon incubation in the medium with the low content of K+ was inhibited when the blastoderms were isolated at the stage of 8 tau0 and suffered no changes at the stage of 14 tau0. The ability of differentiation manifested itself earlier and the percentage of differentiated embryos was higher in the media with the high content of K+. The content of K+ in the blastoderms isolated at the stage of 7 tau0 changes with its content in the incubation medium; upon isolation at the stages of 8--9 tau0 to blastoderms accumulate K+ irrespective of its content in the medium and at the stage of 10 tau0 maintain the constant level of K+. Hence, the development of isolated blastoderms depends on the content of K+ in the medium and this dependence reduces with the age.", "PMID": 568757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8188", "title": "[Site of fidget gene action and its interaction with the ocular retardation gene in cultured mouse embryo retinas].", "content": "The eye rudiments of 10 and 11 days old mouse embryos of the genotypes +/+ +/+, fi/fi +/+, +/+ or/or, fi/fi or/or and 11 days old embryos of the genotype fi/+ or/+ were cultivated in vitro during 24, 48 and 72 hrs. The expression of the fi gene was shown in the cells of the cultivated fi/fi +/+ retina: its proliferative activity was inhibited. The fi gene was not active in the cells of the developing lens and the anomalies of the latter in homozygotes arose secondarily, due to the inhibition of growth of the retinal rudiment. The fi and or genes interacted synergically in the cultivated fi/fi or/or retina, thus resulting in the marked inhibition of its mitotic activity. This suggests that both the genes act in the retinal cells and, apparently, affect different links of the biochemical chain of events in the preparation of DNA replication.", "contents": "[Site of fidget gene action and its interaction with the ocular retardation gene in cultured mouse embryo retinas]. The eye rudiments of 10 and 11 days old mouse embryos of the genotypes +/+ +/+, fi/fi +/+, +/+ or/or, fi/fi or/or and 11 days old embryos of the genotype fi/+ or/+ were cultivated in vitro during 24, 48 and 72 hrs. The expression of the fi gene was shown in the cells of the cultivated fi/fi +/+ retina: its proliferative activity was inhibited. The fi gene was not active in the cells of the developing lens and the anomalies of the latter in homozygotes arose secondarily, due to the inhibition of growth of the retinal rudiment. The fi and or genes interacted synergically in the cultivated fi/fi or/or retina, thus resulting in the marked inhibition of its mitotic activity. This suggests that both the genes act in the retinal cells and, apparently, affect different links of the biochemical chain of events in the preparation of DNA replication.", "PMID": 568758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8189", "title": "[Hippotherapy--a supplementary treatment for motion disturbance caused by cerebral palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurodevelopmental treatment according to Dr. K. and B. Bobath can be supplemented by hippotherapy. At proper control and guidance, an improvement in posture tone, inhibition of pathological movement patterns, facilitation of normal automatical reactions and the promotion of sensorimotor perceptions is achieved. By adjustment to the swaying movements of the horse, the child feels how to retain straightening alignment, symmetry and balance. By pleasure in this therapy, the child can be motivated to satisfactory cooperation and accepts the therapy horse as its friend. The results of hippotherapy for 27 children afflicted with cerebral palsy permit a conclusion as to the value of this treatment for movement and behaviour disturbance to the drawn.", "contents": "[Hippotherapy--a supplementary treatment for motion disturbance caused by cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. Neurodevelopmental treatment according to Dr. K. and B. Bobath can be supplemented by hippotherapy. At proper control and guidance, an improvement in posture tone, inhibition of pathological movement patterns, facilitation of normal automatical reactions and the promotion of sensorimotor perceptions is achieved. By adjustment to the swaying movements of the horse, the child feels how to retain straightening alignment, symmetry and balance. By pleasure in this therapy, the child can be motivated to satisfactory cooperation and accepts the therapy horse as its friend. The results of hippotherapy for 27 children afflicted with cerebral palsy permit a conclusion as to the value of this treatment for movement and behaviour disturbance to the drawn.", "PMID": 568763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8190", "title": "Thrombocytopenic purpura related to rubella infection.", "content": "Serologic studies for rubella (hemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation changes) were carried out at two-week intervals in 15 patients with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in age-matched controls in the same season during a small rubella epidemic. Hemagglutination inhibition, sucrose density gradient for hemagglutination inhibition, and complement fixation titer changes implicated recent rubella infection as an etiologic factor in five of the 15 patients.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenic purpura related to rubella infection. Serologic studies for rubella (hemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation changes) were carried out at two-week intervals in 15 patients with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in age-matched controls in the same season during a small rubella epidemic. Hemagglutination inhibition, sucrose density gradient for hemagglutination inhibition, and complement fixation titer changes implicated recent rubella infection as an etiologic factor in five of the 15 patients.", "PMID": 568768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8191", "title": "The delta EEG (sleep)-inducing peptide (DSIP). XI. Amino-acid analysis, sequence, synthesis and activity of the nonapeptide.", "content": "A peptide which induces slow-wave EEG (sleep) after intraventricular infusion into the brain has been isolated from the extracorporeal dialysate of cerebral venous blood in rabbits submitted to hypnogenic electrical stimulation of the intralaminar thalamic area. It was shown by amino-acid analysis and sequence determination to be Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu and named \"Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide\" (DSIP). This compound was synthesized as well as 5 possible metabolic products (1--8, 2--9, 2--8, 1--4 and 5--9), 2 nonapeptide analogues (with one and two amino-acids exchanged) and a related tripeptide (Trp-Ser-Glu). All 9 synthetic peptides were infused intraventricularly in rabbits (6 nmol/kg in 0.05 ml of CSF-like solution over 3.5 min) and tested under double-blind conditions. A total of 61 rabbits including controls were used. The EEG from the frontal neocortex and the limbic archicortex were subjected to direct fast-Fourier transformation and analyzed by an 1108 computer system. A highly specific delta and spindle EEG-enhancing effect of the synthetic DSIP could be demonstrated. The mean increase of EEG delta activity reached 35% in the neocortex and limbic cortex as compared to control animals receiving CSF-like solution or any of the other 8 peptides. The final chemical characterization of the synthetic DSIP revealed that only the pure alpha-aspartyl peptide is highly active in contrast to its beta-Asp isomer. A neurohumoral modulating and programming activity was suggested.", "contents": "The delta EEG (sleep)-inducing peptide (DSIP). XI. Amino-acid analysis, sequence, synthesis and activity of the nonapeptide. A peptide which induces slow-wave EEG (sleep) after intraventricular infusion into the brain has been isolated from the extracorporeal dialysate of cerebral venous blood in rabbits submitted to hypnogenic electrical stimulation of the intralaminar thalamic area. It was shown by amino-acid analysis and sequence determination to be Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu and named \"Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide\" (DSIP). This compound was synthesized as well as 5 possible metabolic products (1--8, 2--9, 2--8, 1--4 and 5--9), 2 nonapeptide analogues (with one and two amino-acids exchanged) and a related tripeptide (Trp-Ser-Glu). All 9 synthetic peptides were infused intraventricularly in rabbits (6 nmol/kg in 0.05 ml of CSF-like solution over 3.5 min) and tested under double-blind conditions. A total of 61 rabbits including controls were used. The EEG from the frontal neocortex and the limbic archicortex were subjected to direct fast-Fourier transformation and analyzed by an 1108 computer system. A highly specific delta and spindle EEG-enhancing effect of the synthetic DSIP could be demonstrated. The mean increase of EEG delta activity reached 35% in the neocortex and limbic cortex as compared to control animals receiving CSF-like solution or any of the other 8 peptides. The final chemical characterization of the synthetic DSIP revealed that only the pure alpha-aspartyl peptide is highly active in contrast to its beta-Asp isomer. A neurohumoral modulating and programming activity was suggested.", "PMID": 568769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8192", "title": "Changes in extracellular potassium during the spontaneous activity of medullary respiratory neurones.", "content": "In 34 cats, the changes in extracellular potassium ion activity (aK) and extracellular spike activity within the pool of respiratory neurones in the dorsormedial and ventrolateral medulla were recorded using microelectrodes filled with a liquid potassium ion exchange resin. Cyclic changes in aK which parallel central respiratory activity were restricted to those regions where respiratory neurones are known to be localized. The largest changes in aK (0.1--0.3 mmol . 1(-1)) were found within the ventral pool of inspiratory neurones. The aK increased during inspiration in parallel with the pattern of phrenic nerve activity. The smallest changes in aK (0.02--0.06 mmol . 1(-1)) were observed within the ventral pool of expiratory neurones. Here, aK showed a transient increase during both inspiration and expiration. Within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, small fluctuations of aK were observed paralleling phrenic nerve activity and the afferent discharge of the intact vagal nerves. After the vagal nerves were cut, the changes in aK then paralleled phrenic nerve activity. The variations in aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones did not change after bilateral section of vagal nerves. Repetitive stimulation of the vagal nerves (0.1--0.5 V, 0.05 ms) produced an increase in aK only within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, whereas repetitive spinal cord stimulation (5--10 V, 0.05 ms) resulted in an increase of aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones. The amplitude of the cyclic changes in aK increased significantly whenever the electrode approached individual respiratory neurones as verified by the amplitude and shape of the spikes recorded by the reference barrel. The maximal changes in aK then reached a peak amplitude of 1.3--1.5 mmol . 1(-1), the pattern of aK changes resembling that measured within the pools of neurones. The aK started to rise prior to the discharge of action potentials, indicating that the efflux of K + -ions was produced as a consequence of synaptic transmission. The functional importance of these changes in extracellular potassium is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in extracellular potassium during the spontaneous activity of medullary respiratory neurones. In 34 cats, the changes in extracellular potassium ion activity (aK) and extracellular spike activity within the pool of respiratory neurones in the dorsormedial and ventrolateral medulla were recorded using microelectrodes filled with a liquid potassium ion exchange resin. Cyclic changes in aK which parallel central respiratory activity were restricted to those regions where respiratory neurones are known to be localized. The largest changes in aK (0.1--0.3 mmol . 1(-1)) were found within the ventral pool of inspiratory neurones. The aK increased during inspiration in parallel with the pattern of phrenic nerve activity. The smallest changes in aK (0.02--0.06 mmol . 1(-1)) were observed within the ventral pool of expiratory neurones. Here, aK showed a transient increase during both inspiration and expiration. Within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, small fluctuations of aK were observed paralleling phrenic nerve activity and the afferent discharge of the intact vagal nerves. After the vagal nerves were cut, the changes in aK then paralleled phrenic nerve activity. The variations in aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones did not change after bilateral section of vagal nerves. Repetitive stimulation of the vagal nerves (0.1--0.5 V, 0.05 ms) produced an increase in aK only within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, whereas repetitive spinal cord stimulation (5--10 V, 0.05 ms) resulted in an increase of aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones. The amplitude of the cyclic changes in aK increased significantly whenever the electrode approached individual respiratory neurones as verified by the amplitude and shape of the spikes recorded by the reference barrel. The maximal changes in aK then reached a peak amplitude of 1.3--1.5 mmol . 1(-1), the pattern of aK changes resembling that measured within the pools of neurones. The aK started to rise prior to the discharge of action potentials, indicating that the efflux of K + -ions was produced as a consequence of synaptic transmission. The functional importance of these changes in extracellular potassium is discussed.", "PMID": 568771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8193", "title": "Parotid acinar cells: ionic dependence of acetylcholine-evoked membrane potential changes.", "content": "Segments of mouse parotid were placed in a superfusion chamber. Surface acini were impaled by one or two micro-electrodes for measurement of membrane potential and resistance. The acinus under investigation was stimulated by micro-iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) or adrenaline. Neighbouring acinar cells were electrically coupled. Electrical coupling between acinar cells only occurred within restricted domains probably corresponding to an acinus or a group of acini. Passing direct current through one intracellular electrode, the resting potential of an acinus could be set at desired levels and the dependency of the ACh-evoked potential change on the resting potential investigated. The ACh null potential (initial effect) was about--60 mV. A delayed hyperpolarizing effect of ACh could not be reversed. The initial ACh-evoked potential change was sensitive to alterations in extracellular Na, K and Cl concentration. The delayed ACh-evoked hyperpolarization was blocked by ouabain, exposure to Na-free or K-free solutions. It is concluded that ACh increases mainly K and Na membrane conductance causing K efflux and Na influx with a subsequent Na activation of an electrogenic Na pump.", "contents": "Parotid acinar cells: ionic dependence of acetylcholine-evoked membrane potential changes. Segments of mouse parotid were placed in a superfusion chamber. Surface acini were impaled by one or two micro-electrodes for measurement of membrane potential and resistance. The acinus under investigation was stimulated by micro-iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) or adrenaline. Neighbouring acinar cells were electrically coupled. Electrical coupling between acinar cells only occurred within restricted domains probably corresponding to an acinus or a group of acini. Passing direct current through one intracellular electrode, the resting potential of an acinus could be set at desired levels and the dependency of the ACh-evoked potential change on the resting potential investigated. The ACh null potential (initial effect) was about--60 mV. A delayed hyperpolarizing effect of ACh could not be reversed. The initial ACh-evoked potential change was sensitive to alterations in extracellular Na, K and Cl concentration. The delayed ACh-evoked hyperpolarization was blocked by ouabain, exposure to Na-free or K-free solutions. It is concluded that ACh increases mainly K and Na membrane conductance causing K efflux and Na influx with a subsequent Na activation of an electrogenic Na pump.", "PMID": 568773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8194", "title": "Variation of F-2 toxin production on different substrates.", "content": "The F-2 producing capacity of one Fusarium graminearum strain (strain No. 13) and of three hyphal tip transverse lines (a b and c) isolated from the original strain and of a mixture of these lines (a b and c) was studied in two successive years on different substrates: oats, barley, wheat, grain mixture and wheat bran. In the first year the original strain produced high amounts of F-2 but was heterogenous in toxin production. The F-2 producing capacity of one of the hyphal tip transverse lines (a) was high and that of two lines (b and c) and of the mixture of the three lines (a+b+c) was poor. In the following year the F-2 producing capacity of the fungal cultures had changed: the F-2 producing capacity of the original strain (No. 13) was greatly reduced, that of one hyphal tip transverse line (b) remained poor and that of two hyphal tip transverse lines (a and c) and of the mixture of the lines clearly increased. The F-2 production was changed in all the substrates and in about the same proportion. In general oats was the best substrate for F-2 production. The possible causes of the changed F-2 production are discussed. The estrogenic effect of F-2 produced in different substrates was studied by using as criteria the uterine weight, vaginal opening and liquid content in the uterus of immature female rats. The effect was in direct proportion to the amount of F-2 ingested by the rats. The substrate was without any influence on the physiological effect of F-2, and in this respect our results deviate from some earlier findings.", "contents": "Variation of F-2 toxin production on different substrates. The F-2 producing capacity of one Fusarium graminearum strain (strain No. 13) and of three hyphal tip transverse lines (a b and c) isolated from the original strain and of a mixture of these lines (a b and c) was studied in two successive years on different substrates: oats, barley, wheat, grain mixture and wheat bran. In the first year the original strain produced high amounts of F-2 but was heterogenous in toxin production. The F-2 producing capacity of one of the hyphal tip transverse lines (a) was high and that of two lines (b and c) and of the mixture of the three lines (a+b+c) was poor. In the following year the F-2 producing capacity of the fungal cultures had changed: the F-2 producing capacity of the original strain (No. 13) was greatly reduced, that of one hyphal tip transverse line (b) remained poor and that of two hyphal tip transverse lines (a and c) and of the mixture of the lines clearly increased. The F-2 production was changed in all the substrates and in about the same proportion. In general oats was the best substrate for F-2 production. The possible causes of the changed F-2 production are discussed. The estrogenic effect of F-2 produced in different substrates was studied by using as criteria the uterine weight, vaginal opening and liquid content in the uterus of immature female rats. The effect was in direct proportion to the amount of F-2 ingested by the rats. The substrate was without any influence on the physiological effect of F-2, and in this respect our results deviate from some earlier findings.", "PMID": 568777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8195", "title": "[Comparative ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in a guinea pig model (author's transl)].", "content": "Tobramycin, gentamicin, sisomicin and amikacin are aminoglycoside antibiotics that are used clinically. A significant side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics is the production of hearing loss. Our study was done to determine the relative ototoxic liability of these 4 drugs. All drugs were given in daily doses of 0, 50,100 or 150 mg/kg to guinea pigs subcutaneously for 4 weeks. In addition, 200 mg/kg was was given to the animals receiving amikacin and sisomicin. There were 10 animals in each dosage group. Seven animals were used for auditory study and 3 were used for pharmacokinetic study. Auditory damage was assessed by determining the Preyer pinna reflex, the ability of the cochlea to generate the AC cochlear potential, and the number of sensory hair cells missing from the organ of Corti. The concentration of aminoglycoside antibiotics is determined in the cochlear perilymph and plasma by a radioenzymatic assay. On a equal dose basis the ototoxic liability of gentamicin and sisomicin were very similar and tobramycin and amikacin being less ototoxic than the gentamicin and sisomicin. The pharmacokinetics of single 150 mg/gk doses of the drugs were similar. The exception was that tobramycin reached lower peak levels in plasma and perilymph and its time to peak level in perilymph was delayed relative to the other drugs. Analysis of plasma and perilymph following chronic administration revealed higher concentration of gentamicin and sisomicin than of tobramycin and amikacin.", "contents": "[Comparative ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in a guinea pig model (author's transl)]. Tobramycin, gentamicin, sisomicin and amikacin are aminoglycoside antibiotics that are used clinically. A significant side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics is the production of hearing loss. Our study was done to determine the relative ototoxic liability of these 4 drugs. All drugs were given in daily doses of 0, 50,100 or 150 mg/kg to guinea pigs subcutaneously for 4 weeks. In addition, 200 mg/kg was was given to the animals receiving amikacin and sisomicin. There were 10 animals in each dosage group. Seven animals were used for auditory study and 3 were used for pharmacokinetic study. Auditory damage was assessed by determining the Preyer pinna reflex, the ability of the cochlea to generate the AC cochlear potential, and the number of sensory hair cells missing from the organ of Corti. The concentration of aminoglycoside antibiotics is determined in the cochlear perilymph and plasma by a radioenzymatic assay. On a equal dose basis the ototoxic liability of gentamicin and sisomicin were very similar and tobramycin and amikacin being less ototoxic than the gentamicin and sisomicin. The pharmacokinetics of single 150 mg/gk doses of the drugs were similar. The exception was that tobramycin reached lower peak levels in plasma and perilymph and its time to peak level in perilymph was delayed relative to the other drugs. Analysis of plasma and perilymph following chronic administration revealed higher concentration of gentamicin and sisomicin than of tobramycin and amikacin.", "PMID": 568779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8196", "title": "An improved method for the extraction of cholesterol and phospholipids from the bovine spinal cord.", "content": "A pharmacopoeial grade of cholesterol and a separate phospholipid fraction can be obtained by this simple extraction procedure of bovine spinal cord. The tissue is collected in 5% (Wt/V) formalin. It is then separated from the formalin solution, minced and dried in a hot-air oven at 105 degrees C. Total lipids are extracted with petroleum ether. The cholesterol is separated from the phospholipids by extraction with a mixture of petroleum ether and acetone. The method allows for not only the recovery of the phospholipids but also a high yield of cholesterol without using saponification or tedious purification procedures.", "contents": "An improved method for the extraction of cholesterol and phospholipids from the bovine spinal cord. A pharmacopoeial grade of cholesterol and a separate phospholipid fraction can be obtained by this simple extraction procedure of bovine spinal cord. The tissue is collected in 5% (Wt/V) formalin. It is then separated from the formalin solution, minced and dried in a hot-air oven at 105 degrees C. Total lipids are extracted with petroleum ether. The cholesterol is separated from the phospholipids by extraction with a mixture of petroleum ether and acetone. The method allows for not only the recovery of the phospholipids but also a high yield of cholesterol without using saponification or tedious purification procedures.", "PMID": 568784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8197", "title": "Isolation of a hibernation inducing trigger(s) from the plasma of hibernating woodchucks.", "content": "Plasma from hibernating woodchucks was desalted utilizing a hollow fiber device having a M. W. cut-off of 5,000. This preparation was fractionated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 10.0 resulting in protein components having isoelectric points (pIs) of 4.5, 5.2, 5.5, 6.3, and 7.0. Fraction I (comprised of proteins having pIs of 4.5 and 5.2) induced hibernation within 2 to 6 days in 8 out of 10 summer-active ground squirrels. Fraction II (pI 5.5) and Fraction III (pI 6.3 and 7.0) failed to induce any summer hibernation in 10 animal test groups at identical sample concentrations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Fraction I indicated that albumin was a major constituent of this still heterogeneous preparation. Thus, in order to more clearly define the plasma locus of this hibernation inducing trigger(s) (HIT) molecule, whole plasma and/or Fraction I was fractionated by 3 distinct resolving techniques. These included sub-fractionation of Fraction I by isoelectric focusing utilizing a narrower pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 6.0, isotachophoresis of whole plasma and affinity chromatography of Fraction I and whole plasma. A total of 40 summer-active ground squirrels were injected and assayed for HIT activity with fractionated preparations derived by the three previously cited separation techniques. A total of 18 of these summer-active ground squirrels hibernated. However, a much more impressive figure is that 16 out of 21 animals hibernated when injected with resolved hibernating plasma fractions in which albumin was the predominant plasma protein. A total of 8 control animals were injected with vehicle and none of these hibernated.", "contents": "Isolation of a hibernation inducing trigger(s) from the plasma of hibernating woodchucks. Plasma from hibernating woodchucks was desalted utilizing a hollow fiber device having a M. W. cut-off of 5,000. This preparation was fractionated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 10.0 resulting in protein components having isoelectric points (pIs) of 4.5, 5.2, 5.5, 6.3, and 7.0. Fraction I (comprised of proteins having pIs of 4.5 and 5.2) induced hibernation within 2 to 6 days in 8 out of 10 summer-active ground squirrels. Fraction II (pI 5.5) and Fraction III (pI 6.3 and 7.0) failed to induce any summer hibernation in 10 animal test groups at identical sample concentrations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Fraction I indicated that albumin was a major constituent of this still heterogeneous preparation. Thus, in order to more clearly define the plasma locus of this hibernation inducing trigger(s) (HIT) molecule, whole plasma and/or Fraction I was fractionated by 3 distinct resolving techniques. These included sub-fractionation of Fraction I by isoelectric focusing utilizing a narrower pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 6.0, isotachophoresis of whole plasma and affinity chromatography of Fraction I and whole plasma. A total of 40 summer-active ground squirrels were injected and assayed for HIT activity with fractionated preparations derived by the three previously cited separation techniques. A total of 18 of these summer-active ground squirrels hibernated. However, a much more impressive figure is that 16 out of 21 animals hibernated when injected with resolved hibernating plasma fractions in which albumin was the predominant plasma protein. A total of 8 control animals were injected with vehicle and none of these hibernated.", "PMID": 568785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8198", "title": "The preparation of trypsins and chymotrypsins from bovine and porcine residues after insulin extraction.", "content": "Bovine and porcine pancreatic residue, remaining after the extraction of insulin, has been used to prepare a proteinase powder. This powder was used as a source of trypsin and chymotrypsin. The individual enzymes were isolated and purified by chromatography on sulfopropyl (SP) - Sephadex C-25 and affinity chromatography on soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) - Sepharose. The bovine proteinase powder contained alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin B in the ratio 5 : 2 : 1. The porcine powder contained cationic trypsin, anionic trypsin and cationic chymotrypsin in the ratio 5 : 1.4 : 3. The isolated enzymes were characterized and found to be identical with enzymes isolated from fresh tissue with the exception of porcine chymotrypsin. Porcine cationic chymotrypsin was isolated as two distinct forms, A-1 and A-2, which appear to be different activation products of porcine chymotrypsinogen A. Both forms resemble bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, a three chain structure, rather than porcine chymotrypsin Api, a two chain structure. Futhermore, the  B-chain appears to be cleaved, possibly at residues Phe89-Lys90.", "contents": "The preparation of trypsins and chymotrypsins from bovine and porcine residues after insulin extraction. Bovine and porcine pancreatic residue, remaining after the extraction of insulin, has been used to prepare a proteinase powder. This powder was used as a source of trypsin and chymotrypsin. The individual enzymes were isolated and purified by chromatography on sulfopropyl (SP) - Sephadex C-25 and affinity chromatography on soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) - Sepharose. The bovine proteinase powder contained alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin B in the ratio 5 : 2 : 1. The porcine powder contained cationic trypsin, anionic trypsin and cationic chymotrypsin in the ratio 5 : 1.4 : 3. The isolated enzymes were characterized and found to be identical with enzymes isolated from fresh tissue with the exception of porcine chymotrypsin. Porcine cationic chymotrypsin was isolated as two distinct forms, A-1 and A-2, which appear to be different activation products of porcine chymotrypsinogen A. Both forms resemble bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, a three chain structure, rather than porcine chymotrypsin Api, a two chain structure. Futhermore, the  B-chain appears to be cleaved, possibly at residues Phe89-Lys90.", "PMID": 568786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8199", "title": "Large scale preparation of bovine renal glomerular basement membrane in the presence of protease inhibitors.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of large quantities of basement membrane from bovine renal glomeruli under conditions which minimize or prevent degradation by tissue-associated proteases. The method incorporates the use of moderately-high concentrations of the protease inhibitors: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, epsilon-amino caproic acid, N-ethymaleimide, and diisopropylfluorophosphate; and the maintenance of a temperature of 0-4 degrees C throughout the procedure. Glomeruli preparations are isolated by a modified sieving technique and are routinely of purity greater than 97%. Under optimum conditions, three to four grams of basement membrane can be isolated under safe and rapid conditions in one week.", "contents": "Large scale preparation of bovine renal glomerular basement membrane in the presence of protease inhibitors. A method is described for the isolation of large quantities of basement membrane from bovine renal glomeruli under conditions which minimize or prevent degradation by tissue-associated proteases. The method incorporates the use of moderately-high concentrations of the protease inhibitors: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, epsilon-amino caproic acid, N-ethymaleimide, and diisopropylfluorophosphate; and the maintenance of a temperature of 0-4 degrees C throughout the procedure. Glomeruli preparations are isolated by a modified sieving technique and are routinely of purity greater than 97%. Under optimum conditions, three to four grams of basement membrane can be isolated under safe and rapid conditions in one week.", "PMID": 568787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8200", "title": "Isolation of pyrimidine isostichs from chick erythrocyte DNA.", "content": "The isolation of pyrimidine oligonucleotides (isostichs) from chick erytyrocyte DNA was accomplished on a preparative scale with the goal of providing starting material for further chemical modifications. The DNA was degraded by the method of Burton and Petersen and the isostichs were obtained via paper chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The various isostichs were further fractionated into base compositional isomers, the frequency of which was determined as mole percent of total pyrimidines. Although this work was not intended to be an analytical study, the large quantities of DNA used allowed the measurement of most compositional isomers with an accuracy of 5% of the listed values. The data for long oligothymidylates are less reliable. The results of the present study revealed the anticipated bias in the distribution of pyrimidine isostichs in favor of longer chain lengths as compared to that expected for a random distribution. Isostichs above chain length 10 occur in amounts approximately 7 times greater than calculated.", "contents": "Isolation of pyrimidine isostichs from chick erythrocyte DNA. The isolation of pyrimidine oligonucleotides (isostichs) from chick erytyrocyte DNA was accomplished on a preparative scale with the goal of providing starting material for further chemical modifications. The DNA was degraded by the method of Burton and Petersen and the isostichs were obtained via paper chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The various isostichs were further fractionated into base compositional isomers, the frequency of which was determined as mole percent of total pyrimidines. Although this work was not intended to be an analytical study, the large quantities of DNA used allowed the measurement of most compositional isomers with an accuracy of 5% of the listed values. The data for long oligothymidylates are less reliable. The results of the present study revealed the anticipated bias in the distribution of pyrimidine isostichs in favor of longer chain lengths as compared to that expected for a random distribution. Isostichs above chain length 10 occur in amounts approximately 7 times greater than calculated.", "PMID": 568789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8201", "title": "Naloxone interactions with morphine-and shock-potentiated tonic immobility in chickens.", "content": "Opiate receptor involvement in tonic immobility was examined by administering various does of the opiate antagonist naloxone before measuring morphine-potentiated, shock-poteniated or unpotentiated tonic immobility in chickens. Naloxone attenuated morphine-potentiated, but not shock-potentiated or unpotentiated tonic immobility. Morphine-potentiated tonic immobility appears to be opiate specific.", "contents": "Naloxone interactions with morphine-and shock-potentiated tonic immobility in chickens. Opiate receptor involvement in tonic immobility was examined by administering various does of the opiate antagonist naloxone before measuring morphine-potentiated, shock-poteniated or unpotentiated tonic immobility in chickens. Naloxone attenuated morphine-potentiated, but not shock-potentiated or unpotentiated tonic immobility. Morphine-potentiated tonic immobility appears to be opiate specific.", "PMID": 568800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8202", "title": "Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: evidence for opiate mediation of social affect.", "content": "In order to determine the relationship between endorphins and social attachment, the effects of morphine (an opiate agonist) and naloxone (an opiate antagonist) on various indices of attachment in guinea pigs were studied. In infants, crying or separation-induced distress vocalizations were significantly decreased by single injections of low morphine doses (0.25, .050 and 0.75 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone (1mg/kg1 reliably increased separation distress vocalizations in both juvenile and adult guinea pigs. Therefore, similar to opiate withdrawal symptoms, separation distress appeared to be alleviated by morphine and potentiated by naloxone. As for approach attachment, offspring/maternal proximity-maintenance time was significantly decreased by morphine (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), suggesting that opiates may be capable of replacing a function normally subserved by endorphins in reinforcing attachments. These data support the hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous \"endorphin withdrawal\".", "contents": "Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: evidence for opiate mediation of social affect. In order to determine the relationship between endorphins and social attachment, the effects of morphine (an opiate agonist) and naloxone (an opiate antagonist) on various indices of attachment in guinea pigs were studied. In infants, crying or separation-induced distress vocalizations were significantly decreased by single injections of low morphine doses (0.25, .050 and 0.75 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone (1mg/kg1 reliably increased separation distress vocalizations in both juvenile and adult guinea pigs. Therefore, similar to opiate withdrawal symptoms, separation distress appeared to be alleviated by morphine and potentiated by naloxone. As for approach attachment, offspring/maternal proximity-maintenance time was significantly decreased by morphine (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), suggesting that opiates may be capable of replacing a function normally subserved by endorphins in reinforcing attachments. These data support the hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous \"endorphin withdrawal\".", "PMID": 568801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8203", "title": "Induction of physical dependence upon ethanol in rats using intravenous infusion.", "content": "Intravenous infusions were used to produce physical dependence upon ethanol in rats. The procedure proved to be safe, rapid, and reliable. Ethanol (30% v/v) was administered over a 7-day period. The mean daily dose ranged from 10--14 g/kg/day. Control rats were exposed to a comparable procedure except that saline, rather than ethanol, was infused. All ethanol treated rats that survived the intoxication period (n = 11) showed signs of physical dependence (moderate to severe, n = 8; mild, n = 3) following ethanol withdrawal. Saline treated rats (n = 8) did not show any of these symptoms. The most reliable ethanol withdrawal signs observed were: spontaneous seizure (n = 7), audiogenic seizure (n = 7), tremors (n = 6), tail stiffening (n = 10) and body rigidity (n = 9). These symptoms were analyzed in terms of their hour of onset and hour of maximum intensity following ethanol withdrawal. Application of the intravenous method for the study of ethanol self-administration is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of physical dependence upon ethanol in rats using intravenous infusion. Intravenous infusions were used to produce physical dependence upon ethanol in rats. The procedure proved to be safe, rapid, and reliable. Ethanol (30% v/v) was administered over a 7-day period. The mean daily dose ranged from 10--14 g/kg/day. Control rats were exposed to a comparable procedure except that saline, rather than ethanol, was infused. All ethanol treated rats that survived the intoxication period (n = 11) showed signs of physical dependence (moderate to severe, n = 8; mild, n = 3) following ethanol withdrawal. Saline treated rats (n = 8) did not show any of these symptoms. The most reliable ethanol withdrawal signs observed were: spontaneous seizure (n = 7), audiogenic seizure (n = 7), tremors (n = 6), tail stiffening (n = 10) and body rigidity (n = 9). These symptoms were analyzed in terms of their hour of onset and hour of maximum intensity following ethanol withdrawal. Application of the intravenous method for the study of ethanol self-administration is discussed.", "PMID": 568803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8204", "title": "Role of the periaqueductal gray substance in the antianxiety action of benzodiazepines.", "content": "In order to study the interactions between serotonergic mechanism and electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray substance, rats were trained to lever-press for terminating aversive electric stimuli applied at the Periaqueductal gray and adjoining tectum of the mesencephalon. Experimental sessions consisted of 40 discrete escape trials of a maximum of 30 sec duration, separated by 30 sec intervals. Dose-effect curves of two tryptamine antagonists, cyproheptadine and methysergide, as well as of the benzodiazepine minor tranquilizer, chlordiazepoxide, on average escape latencies and on frequency distribution of individual latencies were determined. Doses of 3 to 10 mg/kg of cyproheptadine decreased average latencies of escape responding in six of eight rats studied. Doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg of methysergide also facilitated escape responding in one of three rats. In contrast, doses from 1 to 10 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide, that cause little sedation or ataxia, produced dose-dependent increases in escape latencies. Furthermore, doses of 5.6 and 10 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide partially blocked escape responding. The facilitatory effects of the tryptamine antagonists suggest that escape behavior is inhibited by brain tryptaminergic mechanisms, whereas the specific depressant effect of chlordiazepoxide on escape from Periaqueductal gray electrical stimulation suggest that this region may be involved in the antianxiety action of benzodiazepines.", "contents": "Role of the periaqueductal gray substance in the antianxiety action of benzodiazepines. In order to study the interactions between serotonergic mechanism and electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic central gray substance, rats were trained to lever-press for terminating aversive electric stimuli applied at the Periaqueductal gray and adjoining tectum of the mesencephalon. Experimental sessions consisted of 40 discrete escape trials of a maximum of 30 sec duration, separated by 30 sec intervals. Dose-effect curves of two tryptamine antagonists, cyproheptadine and methysergide, as well as of the benzodiazepine minor tranquilizer, chlordiazepoxide, on average escape latencies and on frequency distribution of individual latencies were determined. Doses of 3 to 10 mg/kg of cyproheptadine decreased average latencies of escape responding in six of eight rats studied. Doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg of methysergide also facilitated escape responding in one of three rats. In contrast, doses from 1 to 10 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide, that cause little sedation or ataxia, produced dose-dependent increases in escape latencies. Furthermore, doses of 5.6 and 10 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide partially blocked escape responding. The facilitatory effects of the tryptamine antagonists suggest that escape behavior is inhibited by brain tryptaminergic mechanisms, whereas the specific depressant effect of chlordiazepoxide on escape from Periaqueductal gray electrical stimulation suggest that this region may be involved in the antianxiety action of benzodiazepines.", "PMID": 568804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8205", "title": "Clonidine antagonizes naloxone-induced suppression of conditioned behavior and body weight loss in morphine-dependent rats.", "content": "Clonidine's action on naloxone (Nx)-induced suppression of fixed-ratio (FR15) responding and body weight loss was studied in morphine (M)-dependent rats. Clonidine (10--70 microgram/kg IP) injected 30 min prior to the behavioral session resulted in a dose-related suppression of operant behavior in M-naive animals. A small, but significant decrease (3--5%) in body weight was also observed at the higher doses of clonidine. More than twice as much weight loss, associated with diarrhea, was obtained when Nx (5.0 mg/kg IP) was administered to M-dependent animals. When clonidine (10--50 microgram/kg IP) was administered prior to Nx, in M-dependent animals, the withdrawal-induced disruption of operant responding was significantly attenuated. Concurrent weight loss, which was significantly antagonized by 1 microgram clonidine/kg, was decreased by as much as 40 percent. The degree of amelioration of withdrawal that was observed appeared to be inversely related to the dose of clonidine. The optimal dose was 10 microgram/kg, which by itself was only partially behaviorally active. At higher doses, clonidine's blocking properties were less apparent as a result of its own potent behavioral suppressant and diuretic effects which masked its capacity to attenuate withdrawal. The data are discussed in relation to the application of operant technics for assessing drug treatment(s) designed to alter the severity of narcotic withdrawal.", "contents": "Clonidine antagonizes naloxone-induced suppression of conditioned behavior and body weight loss in morphine-dependent rats. Clonidine's action on naloxone (Nx)-induced suppression of fixed-ratio (FR15) responding and body weight loss was studied in morphine (M)-dependent rats. Clonidine (10--70 microgram/kg IP) injected 30 min prior to the behavioral session resulted in a dose-related suppression of operant behavior in M-naive animals. A small, but significant decrease (3--5%) in body weight was also observed at the higher doses of clonidine. More than twice as much weight loss, associated with diarrhea, was obtained when Nx (5.0 mg/kg IP) was administered to M-dependent animals. When clonidine (10--50 microgram/kg IP) was administered prior to Nx, in M-dependent animals, the withdrawal-induced disruption of operant responding was significantly attenuated. Concurrent weight loss, which was significantly antagonized by 1 microgram clonidine/kg, was decreased by as much as 40 percent. The degree of amelioration of withdrawal that was observed appeared to be inversely related to the dose of clonidine. The optimal dose was 10 microgram/kg, which by itself was only partially behaviorally active. At higher doses, clonidine's blocking properties were less apparent as a result of its own potent behavioral suppressant and diuretic effects which masked its capacity to attenuate withdrawal. The data are discussed in relation to the application of operant technics for assessing drug treatment(s) designed to alter the severity of narcotic withdrawal.", "PMID": 568805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8206", "title": "Decreased intoxicating effect of ethanol in rats after 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of ascending dopamine pathways.", "content": "Selective lesion of ascending dopamine pathways was made by injecting the neurotoxin 6-OHDA (8 microgram/4 microliter) bilaterally close to the nigro-striatal dopamine pathway of 18 male Long Evans rats. Similar injections of the vehicle were given to 10 control rats. Two months after the operation intoxication was measured in a tilting-plane test after an injection of ethanol (2 g/kg, IP). Ethanol impaired the performance of the 6-OHDA-treated rats significantly less than that of the controls. This finding suggests a role for the central dopamine neurons in the intoxicating effect of ethanol.", "contents": "Decreased intoxicating effect of ethanol in rats after 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of ascending dopamine pathways. Selective lesion of ascending dopamine pathways was made by injecting the neurotoxin 6-OHDA (8 microgram/4 microliter) bilaterally close to the nigro-striatal dopamine pathway of 18 male Long Evans rats. Similar injections of the vehicle were given to 10 control rats. Two months after the operation intoxication was measured in a tilting-plane test after an injection of ethanol (2 g/kg, IP). Ethanol impaired the performance of the 6-OHDA-treated rats significantly less than that of the controls. This finding suggests a role for the central dopamine neurons in the intoxicating effect of ethanol.", "PMID": 568806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8207", "title": "Effect of signaled versus unsignaled stress of rat myocardium.", "content": "Foot-shock stress resulted in a threefold increase in myocardial uptake of technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate (Tc-99m-MDP) in rats compared to unstressed controls. The introduction of a 4-sec signal prior to each shock resulted in a two-thirds reduction in this stress-induced Tc-99m-MDP myocardial uptake, suggesting that most of the stress-induced myocardial damage was psychologically mediated.", "contents": "Effect of signaled versus unsignaled stress of rat myocardium. Foot-shock stress resulted in a threefold increase in myocardial uptake of technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate (Tc-99m-MDP) in rats compared to unstressed controls. The introduction of a 4-sec signal prior to each shock resulted in a two-thirds reduction in this stress-induced Tc-99m-MDP myocardial uptake, suggesting that most of the stress-induced myocardial damage was psychologically mediated.", "PMID": 568808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8208", "title": "Juvenile nephronophthisis, congenital hepatic fibrosis and retinal hypoplasia in twins.", "content": "Juvenile nephronophthisis has been recognized recently as an important cause of chronic renal failure in childhood and adolescence. This report describes clinical and morphological findings in monozygotic twins in whom the triad of juvenile nephronophthisis, congenital hepatic fibrosis and retinal hypoplasia coexisted. The findings are discussed in relation to previous reports of nephronophthisis associated with either retinal abnormalities or congenital hepatic fibrosis. The occurrence of similar ocular and hepatic anomalies with the other cystic kidney diseases, polycystic disease and medullary sponge kidney disease is reviewed. A spectrum of oculo-hepato-renal syndromes is identified with many interrelated features which suggest a shared basic aetiology.", "contents": "Juvenile nephronophthisis, congenital hepatic fibrosis and retinal hypoplasia in twins. Juvenile nephronophthisis has been recognized recently as an important cause of chronic renal failure in childhood and adolescence. This report describes clinical and morphological findings in monozygotic twins in whom the triad of juvenile nephronophthisis, congenital hepatic fibrosis and retinal hypoplasia coexisted. The findings are discussed in relation to previous reports of nephronophthisis associated with either retinal abnormalities or congenital hepatic fibrosis. The occurrence of similar ocular and hepatic anomalies with the other cystic kidney diseases, polycystic disease and medullary sponge kidney disease is reviewed. A spectrum of oculo-hepato-renal syndromes is identified with many interrelated features which suggest a shared basic aetiology.", "PMID": 568809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8209", "title": "[Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a new metabolic in vitro thyroid function test].", "content": "SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) is a carrier protein for the sex hormones testosterone and estradiol with a molecular weight of about 95000 dalton. It can be used as a metabolic test of thyroid function. SHBG was measured by the adsorption method of Mickelson and Petra; the SHBG contained in serum is incubated with 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and adsorbed to a cellulose filter. Thirty-eight female patients with hyperthyroidism before treatment had markedly elevated levels of SHBG (x +/- SD: 4.85 +/- 2.4 microgram DHT/100 ml) compared with normal controls (1.50 +/- 0.57; p is less than 0.001). A good correlation between the thyroid hormones and SHBG could be domonstrated which was better for T3 than for T4:r =0.76 (p is less than 0.001) for T3 and r= 0.65 (p is less than 0.001) for T4. This agrees with the clinical finding that the circulating T3 level is a better index of the metabolic severity of thyrotoxicosis than T4. After radioiodine treatment SHBG returns to normal values in euthyroid patients (1.38 +/- 0.8; n = 15) and remains elevated in persistent hyperthyroidism (3.99 +/-1,6; n = 67). Even in patients with persistent biochemical hyperthyroidism who are completely euthyroid on clinical examination, SHBG remains high. Despite lack of evidence of clinical hyperthyroidism, this metabolic test demonstrates the biologic significance of merely biochemical hyperthyroidism. Estimation of SHBG as a metabolic thyroid function test in vitro is of special value for the evaluation of patients showing discrepancies between the clinical and biochemical states and for borderline hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a new metabolic in vitro thyroid function test]. SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) is a carrier protein for the sex hormones testosterone and estradiol with a molecular weight of about 95000 dalton. It can be used as a metabolic test of thyroid function. SHBG was measured by the adsorption method of Mickelson and Petra; the SHBG contained in serum is incubated with 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and adsorbed to a cellulose filter. Thirty-eight female patients with hyperthyroidism before treatment had markedly elevated levels of SHBG (x +/- SD: 4.85 +/- 2.4 microgram DHT/100 ml) compared with normal controls (1.50 +/- 0.57; p is less than 0.001). A good correlation between the thyroid hormones and SHBG could be domonstrated which was better for T3 than for T4:r =0.76 (p is less than 0.001) for T3 and r= 0.65 (p is less than 0.001) for T4. This agrees with the clinical finding that the circulating T3 level is a better index of the metabolic severity of thyrotoxicosis than T4. After radioiodine treatment SHBG returns to normal values in euthyroid patients (1.38 +/- 0.8; n = 15) and remains elevated in persistent hyperthyroidism (3.99 +/-1,6; n = 67). Even in patients with persistent biochemical hyperthyroidism who are completely euthyroid on clinical examination, SHBG remains high. Despite lack of evidence of clinical hyperthyroidism, this metabolic test demonstrates the biologic significance of merely biochemical hyperthyroidism. Estimation of SHBG as a metabolic thyroid function test in vitro is of special value for the evaluation of patients showing discrepancies between the clinical and biochemical states and for borderline hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 568820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8210", "title": "Synchronies in mental development: an epigenetic perspective.", "content": "Early mental development is analyzed from an evolutionary viewpoint and related to the dynamic interplay of genetic programming, maturational status, and environmental influence. Data are reported from a large sample of twins and siblings who have been tested longitudinally from 3 months to 6 years of age. Monozygotic twins became increasingly concordant with age and also paralleled each other for the spurts and lags in development. Dizygotic twins became less concordant with age and eventually matched their singleton siblings as closely as one another. The overall results suggested that the course of mental development is guided by the intrinsic scheduling of the genetic program acting in concert with maturational status and environmental influence.", "contents": "Synchronies in mental development: an epigenetic perspective. Early mental development is analyzed from an evolutionary viewpoint and related to the dynamic interplay of genetic programming, maturational status, and environmental influence. Data are reported from a large sample of twins and siblings who have been tested longitudinally from 3 months to 6 years of age. Monozygotic twins became increasingly concordant with age and also paralleled each other for the spurts and lags in development. Dizygotic twins became less concordant with age and eventually matched their singleton siblings as closely as one another. The overall results suggested that the course of mental development is guided by the intrinsic scheduling of the genetic program acting in concert with maturational status and environmental influence.", "PMID": 568822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8211", "title": "Child spacing and birth order: effect on intellectual ability in two-child families.", "content": "The effect on intellectual ability of the spacing of the birth of siblings was studied in two series of young men from two-child families: (i) 535 pairs of brothers and (ii) 1511 unrelated firstborn and secondborn. Birth-order effect and level of ability were not influenced by length of interval between firstborn and secondborn.", "contents": "Child spacing and birth order: effect on intellectual ability in two-child families. The effect on intellectual ability of the spacing of the birth of siblings was studied in two series of young men from two-child families: (i) 535 pairs of brothers and (ii) 1511 unrelated firstborn and secondborn. Birth-order effect and level of ability were not influenced by length of interval between firstborn and secondborn.", "PMID": 568823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8212", "title": "Idiopathic and congenital scoliosis in twins.", "content": "This report contains a case presentation of monozygotic twins who had concordant right thoracic scoliosis of differing severities. One twin also had an associated congenital left lumbar scoliosis and urologic abnormalities. This report would suggest that the genetic basis of scoliosis may occur at multiple gene loci.", "contents": "Idiopathic and congenital scoliosis in twins. This report contains a case presentation of monozygotic twins who had concordant right thoracic scoliosis of differing severities. One twin also had an associated congenital left lumbar scoliosis and urologic abnormalities. This report would suggest that the genetic basis of scoliosis may occur at multiple gene loci.", "PMID": 568825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8213", "title": "Septic abortion with renal failure treated by hysterectomy.", "content": "Acute renal failure is a serious and life-threatening complication of septic abortion. The documented mortality rate varies between 30% and 65%. Initial management of the patient with this complication is directed towards resuscitation which should be carried out in an intensive care unit. If significant clinical improvement has not taken place within the first 12--24 hours, then hysterectomy should be considered as an emergency procedure. In 6 of the 7 patients described, it is thought that early hysterectomy was the crucial factor contributing towards their survival. The presence of diffuse intravascular coagulation, which was seen in all our patients, is an added indication for surgical intervention, and its role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure is discussed.", "contents": "Septic abortion with renal failure treated by hysterectomy. Acute renal failure is a serious and life-threatening complication of septic abortion. The documented mortality rate varies between 30% and 65%. Initial management of the patient with this complication is directed towards resuscitation which should be carried out in an intensive care unit. If significant clinical improvement has not taken place within the first 12--24 hours, then hysterectomy should be considered as an emergency procedure. In 6 of the 7 patients described, it is thought that early hysterectomy was the crucial factor contributing towards their survival. The presence of diffuse intravascular coagulation, which was seen in all our patients, is an added indication for surgical intervention, and its role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure is discussed.", "PMID": 568828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8214", "title": "Drug abuse--a major public health hazard.", "content": "An attempt is made to reveal the escalation of drug abuse in our community as a public health hazard, to initiate the concept of a team approach as the only way to provide early effective treatment, and also to develop preventive measures as the necessary alternative to ostracism and punishment.", "contents": "Drug abuse--a major public health hazard. An attempt is made to reveal the escalation of drug abuse in our community as a public health hazard, to initiate the concept of a team approach as the only way to provide early effective treatment, and also to develop preventive measures as the necessary alternative to ostracism and punishment.", "PMID": 568829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8215", "title": "Impact of simultaneous myocardial revascularization on operative risk, functional result, and survival following mitral valve replacement.", "content": "A cohort of 282 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement with a xenograft bioprosthesis was strictly segregated according to etiology of mitral dysfunction and analyzed regarding the impact of arteriographic coronary artery disease (CAD) and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on operative risk, functional result, and survival. CAD was present in 21% of the 122 patients with predominant mitral stenosis (MS) and 59% of the 155 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR); moreover, discordance between the presence of angina and anatomic CAD was found in 27% (33 of 122) of the MS subgroup and 36% (56 of 155) of the MR subgroup. Etiology of the valvular dysfunction was rheumatic in 148 patients, myxomatous degeneration in 83, and ischemic in 32. Within these subgroups, 41 patients (27%), 40 patients (48%), and 32 patients (100%), respectively, had CAD. Of those patients with CAD, 85% of the rheumatic subgroup, 90% of the degenerative subgroup, and 81% of the ischemic subgroup underwent concomitant CABG at the time of valve replacement. Within each subgroup no statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) differences in operative mortality rate, perioperative myocardial infarction rate, incidence of late angina or late infarction, or late actuarial survival were evident when compared on the basis of CAD, and/or CABG, with one exception. The exception was the 10% incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction in the rheumatic subgrohp with coronary disease versus 2% in the rheumatic subgroup without coronary disease (P = 0.05). Within the time constraints of this study (mean follow-up = 2.3 years; maximum follow-up = 5.9 years), these results support simultaneous MVR and CABG when hemodynamically appreciable CAD is found. Moreover, the overall 43% incidence of arteriographic CAD warrants routine coronary angiography in most adults undergoing preoperative catheterization for mitral valvular disease.", "contents": "Impact of simultaneous myocardial revascularization on operative risk, functional result, and survival following mitral valve replacement. A cohort of 282 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement with a xenograft bioprosthesis was strictly segregated according to etiology of mitral dysfunction and analyzed regarding the impact of arteriographic coronary artery disease (CAD) and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on operative risk, functional result, and survival. CAD was present in 21% of the 122 patients with predominant mitral stenosis (MS) and 59% of the 155 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR); moreover, discordance between the presence of angina and anatomic CAD was found in 27% (33 of 122) of the MS subgroup and 36% (56 of 155) of the MR subgroup. Etiology of the valvular dysfunction was rheumatic in 148 patients, myxomatous degeneration in 83, and ischemic in 32. Within these subgroups, 41 patients (27%), 40 patients (48%), and 32 patients (100%), respectively, had CAD. Of those patients with CAD, 85% of the rheumatic subgroup, 90% of the degenerative subgroup, and 81% of the ischemic subgroup underwent concomitant CABG at the time of valve replacement. Within each subgroup no statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) differences in operative mortality rate, perioperative myocardial infarction rate, incidence of late angina or late infarction, or late actuarial survival were evident when compared on the basis of CAD, and/or CABG, with one exception. The exception was the 10% incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction in the rheumatic subgrohp with coronary disease versus 2% in the rheumatic subgroup without coronary disease (P = 0.05). Within the time constraints of this study (mean follow-up = 2.3 years; maximum follow-up = 5.9 years), these results support simultaneous MVR and CABG when hemodynamically appreciable CAD is found. Moreover, the overall 43% incidence of arteriographic CAD warrants routine coronary angiography in most adults undergoing preoperative catheterization for mitral valvular disease.", "PMID": 568831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8216", "title": "[Mycoplasma synoviae control. I. Studies on the thermal sensitivity of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepicum and Mycoplasma meleagridis)].", "content": "A number of experiments were carried out to study the thermal sensitivity of Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum as well as that of young embryos in vitro and in ovo. A full mycoplasmacidal effect was attained after heating in bouillon cultures for six hours at 45 degrees C (including cultures of Mycoplasma meleagridis), for two and a half hours at 50 degrees C, for ninety minutes at 52 degrees C and for thirty minutes at 55 degrees C. Yoder's method of heating to control these mycoplasmas in hatching eggs was found to be inadequate. When inoculated eggs were heated for ten hours at 45 degrees C, mycoplasmas could no longer be isolated; however, this had a highly adverse effect on the proportion of eggs hatched (33 and 50 percent for hen's eggs and turkey eggs respectively). Mycoplasma synoviae was slightly more sensitive to heating than Mycoplasma gallisepticum, whereas Mycoplasma meleagridis showed more resistance than Mycoplasma gallisepticum. After heating, atypical colonies constantly appeared on the primary plates and conversion of glucose was delayed in the cultures. Isolation by SPF embryos was found to be a more sensitive method than isolation using artificial culture media only. When fresh incubated eggs were heated for ten hours at 45 degrees C, for two and a half hours at 46 degrees C or for thirty minutes at 47 degrees C, fifty percent of embryos died, whereas one hundred per cent died after heating for sixty minutes at 47 degrees C. Thermal treatment of hatching eggs to eliminate Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma meleagridis is unsuitable for use in poultry practice.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma synoviae control. I. Studies on the thermal sensitivity of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepicum and Mycoplasma meleagridis)]. A number of experiments were carried out to study the thermal sensitivity of Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum as well as that of young embryos in vitro and in ovo. A full mycoplasmacidal effect was attained after heating in bouillon cultures for six hours at 45 degrees C (including cultures of Mycoplasma meleagridis), for two and a half hours at 50 degrees C, for ninety minutes at 52 degrees C and for thirty minutes at 55 degrees C. Yoder's method of heating to control these mycoplasmas in hatching eggs was found to be inadequate. When inoculated eggs were heated for ten hours at 45 degrees C, mycoplasmas could no longer be isolated; however, this had a highly adverse effect on the proportion of eggs hatched (33 and 50 percent for hen's eggs and turkey eggs respectively). Mycoplasma synoviae was slightly more sensitive to heating than Mycoplasma gallisepticum, whereas Mycoplasma meleagridis showed more resistance than Mycoplasma gallisepticum. After heating, atypical colonies constantly appeared on the primary plates and conversion of glucose was delayed in the cultures. Isolation by SPF embryos was found to be a more sensitive method than isolation using artificial culture media only. When fresh incubated eggs were heated for ten hours at 45 degrees C, for two and a half hours at 46 degrees C or for thirty minutes at 47 degrees C, fifty percent of embryos died, whereas one hundred per cent died after heating for sixty minutes at 47 degrees C. Thermal treatment of hatching eggs to eliminate Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma meleagridis is unsuitable for use in poultry practice.", "PMID": 568833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8217", "title": "A comparative study of the contraceptive mechanism of the Cu-intrauterine device and the plastic-intrauterine device in rats.", "content": "After inserting the Cu-IUD and plastic-IUD into the horn of the uterus of rats, vaginal smears were daily observed for twelve estrus cycles, but no abnormal changes were noted. The female rats with the IUD were exposed to impregnation placing together with male rats. Neither the Cu-IUD nor the plastic-IUD affected copulation, and a complete contraceptive result was obtained in these rats. There were no significant differences in any effect examined between Cu-IUD and plastic-IUD groups. In order to investigate the influence of copper on the penetration of sperm, we placed the rats with the IUD under direct observation and then exposed them to natural copulation. By examining various sites of the reproductive organs 30 min after copulation, the hindrance of sperm migration by the Cu-IUD was confirmed.", "contents": "A comparative study of the contraceptive mechanism of the Cu-intrauterine device and the plastic-intrauterine device in rats. After inserting the Cu-IUD and plastic-IUD into the horn of the uterus of rats, vaginal smears were daily observed for twelve estrus cycles, but no abnormal changes were noted. The female rats with the IUD were exposed to impregnation placing together with male rats. Neither the Cu-IUD nor the plastic-IUD affected copulation, and a complete contraceptive result was obtained in these rats. There were no significant differences in any effect examined between Cu-IUD and plastic-IUD groups. In order to investigate the influence of copper on the penetration of sperm, we placed the rats with the IUD under direct observation and then exposed them to natural copulation. By examining various sites of the reproductive organs 30 min after copulation, the hindrance of sperm migration by the Cu-IUD was confirmed.", "PMID": 568834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8218", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata fungemia secondary to stone colonization.", "content": "A case of Torulopsis glabrata fungemia with persistent funguria and pyelonephritis secondary to colonization of renal calculus is presented. The importance of secondary colonization of renal calculi in persistent infection and septicemia is discussed.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata fungemia secondary to stone colonization. A case of Torulopsis glabrata fungemia with persistent funguria and pyelonephritis secondary to colonization of renal calculus is presented. The importance of secondary colonization of renal calculi in persistent infection and septicemia is discussed.", "PMID": 568840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8219", "title": "Comparative study of air and water measurements of peak and stabilized static urethral pressures.", "content": "Air and water were forced through female dogs' urethras to determine static urethral pressures. The cauda equina was sectioned to eliminate reflex responses to urethral manipulation, and the urethras were compressed circumferentially with inflatable Silastic cuffs. The peak and stabilized urethral pressures were recorded at flow rates between 20 and 150 ml./min. while cuff pressures were varied between 0 and 100 cm. of water. When the fluid recordings of static urethral pressure were compared with Millar transducer tip catheter measurements of urethral pressure, there were no statistically significant differences between the air cystometer, aneroid sphygmomanometer, and Millar catheter recordings of urethral pressure. At these high flow rates, the water recordings of urethral pressure were significantly higher than the Millar catheter determinations of static uretheral pressure.", "contents": "Comparative study of air and water measurements of peak and stabilized static urethral pressures. Air and water were forced through female dogs' urethras to determine static urethral pressures. The cauda equina was sectioned to eliminate reflex responses to urethral manipulation, and the urethras were compressed circumferentially with inflatable Silastic cuffs. The peak and stabilized urethral pressures were recorded at flow rates between 20 and 150 ml./min. while cuff pressures were varied between 0 and 100 cm. of water. When the fluid recordings of static urethral pressure were compared with Millar transducer tip catheter measurements of urethral pressure, there were no statistically significant differences between the air cystometer, aneroid sphygmomanometer, and Millar catheter recordings of urethral pressure. At these high flow rates, the water recordings of urethral pressure were significantly higher than the Millar catheter determinations of static uretheral pressure.", "PMID": 568841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8220", "title": "Comparative in vitro effects of imipramine, oxybutynin, and flavoxate on rabbit detrusor.", "content": "The ability of imipramine, oxybutynin, and flavoxate to antagonize carbamylcholine and barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced contractions of rabbit detrusor, and to block impulse conduction in desheathed frog sciatic nerves has been assessed in vitro. Impiramine exerts noncompetitive carbamylcholine and BaCl2 blockade by 10(-5) M and a local anesthetic effect equipotent with that of tetracaine. Oxybutynin exerts a strong competitive antagonism of carbamylcholine by 10(-8) M, a noncompetitive antagonism of BaCl2 equivalent to that of imipramine, and moderate local anesthetic activity. Flavoxate, under these experimental conditions exerts little anticholinergic, antispasmodis, or local anesthetic activity. Imipramine and oxybutynin thus demonstrate a number of smooth muscle effects by which their therapeutic actions may be exerted. The mechanisms of action of flavoxate remain obscure.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro effects of imipramine, oxybutynin, and flavoxate on rabbit detrusor. The ability of imipramine, oxybutynin, and flavoxate to antagonize carbamylcholine and barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced contractions of rabbit detrusor, and to block impulse conduction in desheathed frog sciatic nerves has been assessed in vitro. Impiramine exerts noncompetitive carbamylcholine and BaCl2 blockade by 10(-5) M and a local anesthetic effect equipotent with that of tetracaine. Oxybutynin exerts a strong competitive antagonism of carbamylcholine by 10(-8) M, a noncompetitive antagonism of BaCl2 equivalent to that of imipramine, and moderate local anesthetic activity. Flavoxate, under these experimental conditions exerts little anticholinergic, antispasmodis, or local anesthetic activity. Imipramine and oxybutynin thus demonstrate a number of smooth muscle effects by which their therapeutic actions may be exerted. The mechanisms of action of flavoxate remain obscure.", "PMID": 568842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8221", "title": "Use of the phenolsulphonphthalein dye test for fallopian tube patency in cattle.", "content": "Results of preliminary investigations of fallopian tube patency in cattle using a method based on intrauterine instillation of PSP dye, and detection of the dye in the urine, suggest that this test can provide a useful diagnostic aid in cases of bilateral occlusion. In such cases PSP dye is not evident in the urine two hours later. In normal animals dye is present within 30 minutes. In two animals with unilateral blockage dye appeared at an intermediate time between the normal and bilaterally occluded cases. Repetition of the test and the use of adequate volumes of dye to cause uterine distension may be necessary to eliminate false negatives.", "contents": "Use of the phenolsulphonphthalein dye test for fallopian tube patency in cattle. Results of preliminary investigations of fallopian tube patency in cattle using a method based on intrauterine instillation of PSP dye, and detection of the dye in the urine, suggest that this test can provide a useful diagnostic aid in cases of bilateral occlusion. In such cases PSP dye is not evident in the urine two hours later. In normal animals dye is present within 30 minutes. In two animals with unilateral blockage dye appeared at an intermediate time between the normal and bilaterally occluded cases. Repetition of the test and the use of adequate volumes of dye to cause uterine distension may be necessary to eliminate false negatives.", "PMID": 568844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8222", "title": "Prevalence of hydatidosis and cysticercosis in slaughtered livestock in Nigeria.", "content": "A survey was carried out at Kano abattoir in order to estimate the incidence of hydatidosis and cysticercosis in slaughtered livestock. Of the animal species examined, hydatid disease was found in sheep (11.4 per cent), goats (26.5 per cent), cattle (14.7 per cent) and camels (55.5 per cent). Cysticercus tenuicollis was found to be most prevalent in goats (34.2 per cent), followed by sheep (21.4 per cent) and cattle (0.1 per cent). Out of 4844 cattle examined, less than 2 per cent haboured Cysticercus bovis cysts; while Cysticercus ovis cysts were found in sheep (1 per cent) and goats (0.8 per cent).", "contents": "Prevalence of hydatidosis and cysticercosis in slaughtered livestock in Nigeria. A survey was carried out at Kano abattoir in order to estimate the incidence of hydatidosis and cysticercosis in slaughtered livestock. Of the animal species examined, hydatid disease was found in sheep (11.4 per cent), goats (26.5 per cent), cattle (14.7 per cent) and camels (55.5 per cent). Cysticercus tenuicollis was found to be most prevalent in goats (34.2 per cent), followed by sheep (21.4 per cent) and cattle (0.1 per cent). Out of 4844 cattle examined, less than 2 per cent haboured Cysticercus bovis cysts; while Cysticercus ovis cysts were found in sheep (1 per cent) and goats (0.8 per cent).", "PMID": 568846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8223", "title": "[So-called late epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "411 patients with epileptic seizures manifest only after the age of 25 were investigated as to aetiology, seizure type and frequency and age and sex distribution. Neurological, neuro-radiological and EEG findings are reported: There was a clear prevalence of male patients (67%). Manifestation occurred mainly between 30 and 40 years of age (65%). Most seizures were primarily of the generalized grand mal type (68%). Grand mal with focal onset occurred in 13%, partial seizures in 11%, complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures) in 5%, the latter plus grand mal seizures in 2% and other types in 1% of the cases. Aetiological factors were: chronic alcoholism (31%), vascular diseases (17%), tumours (12%), traumatic brain lesions (8,5%), toxic metabolic lesions (6%) and other factors (6%). Idiopathic epilepsy of late onset was a rare cause (4%). The aetiology remained unknown in 15% of cases. We found that the differences in age distribution, seizure type and the EEG findings are significant factors in the differential diagnosis and we compared them with those found in similar investigations.", "contents": "[So-called late epilepsy (author's transl)]. 411 patients with epileptic seizures manifest only after the age of 25 were investigated as to aetiology, seizure type and frequency and age and sex distribution. Neurological, neuro-radiological and EEG findings are reported: There was a clear prevalence of male patients (67%). Manifestation occurred mainly between 30 and 40 years of age (65%). Most seizures were primarily of the generalized grand mal type (68%). Grand mal with focal onset occurred in 13%, partial seizures in 11%, complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures) in 5%, the latter plus grand mal seizures in 2% and other types in 1% of the cases. Aetiological factors were: chronic alcoholism (31%), vascular diseases (17%), tumours (12%), traumatic brain lesions (8,5%), toxic metabolic lesions (6%) and other factors (6%). Idiopathic epilepsy of late onset was a rare cause (4%). The aetiology remained unknown in 15% of cases. We found that the differences in age distribution, seizure type and the EEG findings are significant factors in the differential diagnosis and we compared them with those found in similar investigations.", "PMID": 568852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8224", "title": "[Frequency of lung function disturbances of industrial poultry farmers (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of antibodies against organic dusts of fowls were examined on 339 poultry farmers. 22% of workers had 1 antibody and 3% had 2 antibodies in the serum. The ventilation, the arterial oxygen tension, the residual volume, the Slope Index, the closing volume of each person were measured in the mobile laboratory. Signs of central obstruction and equal ventilation were found in sensitized persons (2 antibodies) about four times more than non-sensitized persons. Suitable lung function screening parameters were the FEV1/FVC and the Slope Index.", "contents": "[Frequency of lung function disturbances of industrial poultry farmers (author's transl)]. The frequency of antibodies against organic dusts of fowls were examined on 339 poultry farmers. 22% of workers had 1 antibody and 3% had 2 antibodies in the serum. The ventilation, the arterial oxygen tension, the residual volume, the Slope Index, the closing volume of each person were measured in the mobile laboratory. Signs of central obstruction and equal ventilation were found in sensitized persons (2 antibodies) about four times more than non-sensitized persons. Suitable lung function screening parameters were the FEV1/FVC and the Slope Index.", "PMID": 568853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8225", "title": "[Hemangiosarcomas of the liver and the spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of hemangiosarcoma of the liver and spleen are described. In the first case, a great number of cavernous blood vessels has been found and this, according to the authors, may support the idea that the tumour aroses within the benign hemangioma. In the other case a thrombocytopenia, a rare complication of the liver hemangioblastoma, has been found. It should be stressed that in spite of a malignant nature of these tumours, neoplastic foci were limited only to the liver and the spleen.", "contents": "[Hemangiosarcomas of the liver and the spleen (author's transl)]. Two cases of hemangiosarcoma of the liver and spleen are described. In the first case, a great number of cavernous blood vessels has been found and this, according to the authors, may support the idea that the tumour aroses within the benign hemangioma. In the other case a thrombocytopenia, a rare complication of the liver hemangioblastoma, has been found. It should be stressed that in spite of a malignant nature of these tumours, neoplastic foci were limited only to the liver and the spleen.", "PMID": 568859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8226", "title": "[Formalin preserved allogenic veins for arterial replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Allogenic saphena magna and umbilical vein grafts can be successfully used for vessel replacement and dialysis shunts. The chemical preservation with 4% buffered formalin is to be recommended as a preservation procedure, since the preparation of the vein grafts can take place aseptically and without the occurrence of immunologic rejections. The conservation procedure is simple, inexpensive and possible everywhere without elaborate technical equipment. The dissecting technique and preparation is demonstrated in detail.", "contents": "[Formalin preserved allogenic veins for arterial replacement (author's transl)]. Allogenic saphena magna and umbilical vein grafts can be successfully used for vessel replacement and dialysis shunts. The chemical preservation with 4% buffered formalin is to be recommended as a preservation procedure, since the preparation of the vein grafts can take place aseptically and without the occurrence of immunologic rejections. The conservation procedure is simple, inexpensive and possible everywhere without elaborate technical equipment. The dissecting technique and preparation is demonstrated in detail.", "PMID": 568860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8227", "title": "[Epidemiology of prematurity in working women].", "content": "Employment of the woman is of utmost importance among all the environmental factors, simultaneously influencing the development of pregnancy. It affects the individuality of the woman, before as well as during pregnancy, influences her social and material environment, thus contributing as well to the risk of prematurity in a positive or negative way. From 1970 onwards there is to observe a general adjustment of the prematurity rates of employed women and house-wives in GDR. In case of good health of the woman full employment and pregnancy are compatible in GDR. This is especially valid for hitherto childless women in full-time work. Furthermore the paper deals with the influences of marital harmony, parents' attitude towards their child, corporal frame and smoking habits of the rate of prematurity.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of prematurity in working women]. Employment of the woman is of utmost importance among all the environmental factors, simultaneously influencing the development of pregnancy. It affects the individuality of the woman, before as well as during pregnancy, influences her social and material environment, thus contributing as well to the risk of prematurity in a positive or negative way. From 1970 onwards there is to observe a general adjustment of the prematurity rates of employed women and house-wives in GDR. In case of good health of the woman full employment and pregnancy are compatible in GDR. This is especially valid for hitherto childless women in full-time work. Furthermore the paper deals with the influences of marital harmony, parents' attitude towards their child, corporal frame and smoking habits of the rate of prematurity.", "PMID": 568861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8228", "title": "[Character of proprioceptive information processing during learning in rats chronically intoxicated with alcohol].", "content": "A conditioned alimentary reflex was elaborated in rats placed into K-shaped maze after 8 months of intoxication with 35 degrees alcohol. The most important changes in experimental animals, as compared to intact ones, were revealed in the character of processing of proprioceptive information coming to the brain during learning. It was found that in the animals temporal relations between the processes of analysis and synthesis and the fixation of memory trace changed. Unlike intact animals, in \"alcoholic\" ones the new  proprioceptive information as related to the previous experience was fixed in the long-term memory and only afterwards underwent analytic and synthetic processing. It is suggested that learning was not in enlarging the information capacity of each singled-out motor unit of full decision, but in their combination into one and only one decision.", "contents": "[Character of proprioceptive information processing during learning in rats chronically intoxicated with alcohol]. A conditioned alimentary reflex was elaborated in rats placed into K-shaped maze after 8 months of intoxication with 35 degrees alcohol. The most important changes in experimental animals, as compared to intact ones, were revealed in the character of processing of proprioceptive information coming to the brain during learning. It was found that in the animals temporal relations between the processes of analysis and synthesis and the fixation of memory trace changed. Unlike intact animals, in \"alcoholic\" ones the new  proprioceptive information as related to the previous experience was fixed in the long-term memory and only afterwards underwent analytic and synthetic processing. It is suggested that learning was not in enlarging the information capacity of each singled-out motor unit of full decision, but in their combination into one and only one decision.", "PMID": 568856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8229", "title": "[Emotional stress in sheep caused by species specific acoustic signals of alarm].", "content": "Tape-record presentation of anxious bleating activates the hypophysal-adrenal system in sheep adapted to experimental conditions. Stressory reaction of the hypophysal-adrenal system is characterized by an unusually long latency (no less than 3 hours) and long duration. The pattern of the observed reaction depends on experimental conditions: in sheep that after stimulation were held in group, activation of the hypophysal-adrenal complex was much shorter than in sheep kept in pairs.", "contents": "[Emotional stress in sheep caused by species specific acoustic signals of alarm]. Tape-record presentation of anxious bleating activates the hypophysal-adrenal system in sheep adapted to experimental conditions. Stressory reaction of the hypophysal-adrenal system is characterized by an unusually long latency (no less than 3 hours) and long duration. The pattern of the observed reaction depends on experimental conditions: in sheep that after stimulation were held in group, activation of the hypophysal-adrenal complex was much shorter than in sheep kept in pairs.", "PMID": 568857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8230", "title": "[Postnatal monitoring of the newborn infant with cardiotachography. II. Significance of cardiotachography for diagnosis of existing conditions in the newborn infant].", "content": "Eighty-five cardiotachograms of newborns aged between 34 and 42 weeks of gestation were studied. Fifty newborns were delivered spontaneously. In seventeen cases caesarean sections were used and in eighteen cases vacuum extractions. Cardiotachograms were recorded continuously throughout the immediate postnatal period until the stabilisation of the heart rate. Cardiotachograms were divided into three typical groups based on their cours of heart rate and fluctuation. The relation between these groups and the methods and duration of delivery and the condition of newborns were discussed. We found a correlation between the pathological cardiotachograms (tachycardiac and bradycardiac type of cardiotachogram) and long expulsion time, existent history of intrauterine disorder and low Apgar score. No relationship could be established between pathological cardiotachograms and the method of delivery.", "contents": "[Postnatal monitoring of the newborn infant with cardiotachography. II. Significance of cardiotachography for diagnosis of existing conditions in the newborn infant]. Eighty-five cardiotachograms of newborns aged between 34 and 42 weeks of gestation were studied. Fifty newborns were delivered spontaneously. In seventeen cases caesarean sections were used and in eighteen cases vacuum extractions. Cardiotachograms were recorded continuously throughout the immediate postnatal period until the stabilisation of the heart rate. Cardiotachograms were divided into three typical groups based on their cours of heart rate and fluctuation. The relation between these groups and the methods and duration of delivery and the condition of newborns were discussed. We found a correlation between the pathological cardiotachograms (tachycardiac and bradycardiac type of cardiotachogram) and long expulsion time, existent history of intrauterine disorder and low Apgar score. No relationship could be established between pathological cardiotachograms and the method of delivery.", "PMID": 568862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8231", "title": "[Contamination of dog feed with salmonella (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative investigation of dog feed the percentage of contamination with Salmonellae was determined. 5.7% out of 229 uncooked animal organs, which belonged to 6 different feed-kitchens, were S.-positive. None of the 40 dried feed samples and of the 30 tinned rations examined were positive. The most frequent serotype was S. derby (var. 0-5 neg). The results confirmed our former conclusions (3), that the dog is to be considered an accidental host of enteric salmonella ingested with the feed. Dried or tinned feed is considered as an improvement which minimises the risk of distribution of salmonella, especially high in imported feed.", "contents": "[Contamination of dog feed with salmonella (author's transl)]. In a comparative investigation of dog feed the percentage of contamination with Salmonellae was determined. 5.7% out of 229 uncooked animal organs, which belonged to 6 different feed-kitchens, were S.-positive. None of the 40 dried feed samples and of the 30 tinned rations examined were positive. The most frequent serotype was S. derby (var. 0-5 neg). The results confirmed our former conclusions (3), that the dog is to be considered an accidental host of enteric salmonella ingested with the feed. Dried or tinned feed is considered as an improvement which minimises the risk of distribution of salmonella, especially high in imported feed.", "PMID": 568863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8232", "title": "[Comparison of methods for the quantitative detection of moulds in foods. III. Comparison of different culture media for the mould plate count (author's transl)].", "content": "The mould plate count and taxonomical grouping of the mould flora of 9 moulded non-fluid foods were compared on totally 12 different media, which are commonly used for the detection of moulds.--In contrary to the bacteriological practice, moulds should only be counted on plates with 20-50 colonies, as on plates covered densely with a mixed mould flora, simple colonies are often no more detectable. Mould plate counts of all tested products were in the same range on all media with a sugar content of 1-2% (dextrose, maltose). With fruits and vegetables, less colonies were isolated on the Sugar Free Agar, Yeast Extract Agar and Aspergillus Differential Medium than on the other media. On those three media and on Plate Count Agar sporulation of many fungi was rather inhibited. On Aspergillus Differential Medium, on which Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus can be differentiated, no false positive colonies were to be seen.--On Malt Extract Agar with 7.5% NaCl the hydrophilic species were supressed, the xerophilic fungi were represented in greater number. The addition of 200 ppm rose bengal inhibited the growth of many fungi, but brought no rising of the colony count compared to Malt Extract Agar without rose bengal.--For the quantitive and qualitative mould plate count, Malt Extract Agar with 50 ppm Chloramphenicol and Chlortetracycline is recommended. For the detection of xerophilic moulds 7.5% NaCl should be added to that medium.--A proposition for the proceeding for the detection of moulds in foods is given.", "contents": "[Comparison of methods for the quantitative detection of moulds in foods. III. Comparison of different culture media for the mould plate count (author's transl)]. The mould plate count and taxonomical grouping of the mould flora of 9 moulded non-fluid foods were compared on totally 12 different media, which are commonly used for the detection of moulds.--In contrary to the bacteriological practice, moulds should only be counted on plates with 20-50 colonies, as on plates covered densely with a mixed mould flora, simple colonies are often no more detectable. Mould plate counts of all tested products were in the same range on all media with a sugar content of 1-2% (dextrose, maltose). With fruits and vegetables, less colonies were isolated on the Sugar Free Agar, Yeast Extract Agar and Aspergillus Differential Medium than on the other media. On those three media and on Plate Count Agar sporulation of many fungi was rather inhibited. On Aspergillus Differential Medium, on which Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus can be differentiated, no false positive colonies were to be seen.--On Malt Extract Agar with 7.5% NaCl the hydrophilic species were supressed, the xerophilic fungi were represented in greater number. The addition of 200 ppm rose bengal inhibited the growth of many fungi, but brought no rising of the colony count compared to Malt Extract Agar without rose bengal.--For the quantitive and qualitative mould plate count, Malt Extract Agar with 50 ppm Chloramphenicol and Chlortetracycline is recommended. For the detection of xerophilic moulds 7.5% NaCl should be added to that medium.--A proposition for the proceeding for the detection of moulds in foods is given.", "PMID": 568864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8233", "title": "Unusual type of neural muscular atrophy with a possible X-chromosomal inheritance pattern.", "content": "In a large family five affected males belonging to four different kinships exhibited a muscle wasting of varying degree and with a predominantly proximal distribution. The index case had a facio-scapulo-humeral and peroneal muscular atrophy, whereas one of his cousins suffered a more generalized involvement starting in infancy and similar to Werdnig-Hoffman disease. The other affected family members had only slight changes. The index case and his affected brother had a positive Babinski sign. In enzyme histochemical preparations, specimens from the index case showed small group atrophy of type 2 fibers along with pseudomyopathic changes (whorled and coiled fibers, splitting) of type 1 fibers. Similar findings were observed in his cousin. Ultrastructural investigation gave no further information. Since all patients were males and the offspring of unaffected sisters, an X-chromosomal mode of transmission is proposed for this illness.", "contents": "Unusual type of neural muscular atrophy with a possible X-chromosomal inheritance pattern. In a large family five affected males belonging to four different kinships exhibited a muscle wasting of varying degree and with a predominantly proximal distribution. The index case had a facio-scapulo-humeral and peroneal muscular atrophy, whereas one of his cousins suffered a more generalized involvement starting in infancy and similar to Werdnig-Hoffman disease. The other affected family members had only slight changes. The index case and his affected brother had a positive Babinski sign. In enzyme histochemical preparations, specimens from the index case showed small group atrophy of type 2 fibers along with pseudomyopathic changes (whorled and coiled fibers, splitting) of type 1 fibers. Similar findings were observed in his cousin. Ultrastructural investigation gave no further information. Since all patients were males and the offspring of unaffected sisters, an X-chromosomal mode of transmission is proposed for this illness.", "PMID": 568868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8234", "title": "Hydranencephaly in vertebral-basilar territory.", "content": "A case is presented of almost complete destruction of the cerebellum secondary to a hemorrhagic event in utero. Lesions consistent with hydranencephaly were found in the territories of the vertebral-basilar circulation. Ependymitis and aqueduct occlusion secondary to the intraventricular bleeding resulted in intrauterine hydrocephalus formation.", "contents": "Hydranencephaly in vertebral-basilar territory. A case is presented of almost complete destruction of the cerebellum secondary to a hemorrhagic event in utero. Lesions consistent with hydranencephaly were found in the territories of the vertebral-basilar circulation. Ependymitis and aqueduct occlusion secondary to the intraventricular bleeding resulted in intrauterine hydrocephalus formation.", "PMID": 568869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8235", "title": "DDAVP in childhood nocturnal enuresis.", "content": "A double-blind study of 18 children aged 6--12 years suffering from primary nocturnal enuresis without signs of underlying organic disease is reported. 20 microgram of DDAVP (desamino-D-arginine vasopressin, Minirin) was given intranasally at bedtime. The effect was prompt and satisfactory in 8 children and relatively good in another 8 children. No adverse effects were noted. DDAVP is advocated for temporary use in children with nocturnal enuresis needing immediate help.", "contents": "DDAVP in childhood nocturnal enuresis. A double-blind study of 18 children aged 6--12 years suffering from primary nocturnal enuresis without signs of underlying organic disease is reported. 20 microgram of DDAVP (desamino-D-arginine vasopressin, Minirin) was given intranasally at bedtime. The effect was prompt and satisfactory in 8 children and relatively good in another 8 children. No adverse effects were noted. DDAVP is advocated for temporary use in children with nocturnal enuresis needing immediate help.", "PMID": 568870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8236", "title": "Hemangiosarcoma of the breast.--Case report with scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Hemangiosarcoma of the breast in a 22-year-old female was presented. She died of massive pulmonary metastasis and apparent internal hemorrhage from the involved liver by metastasis after 40 months of the illness. Intense scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study was undertaken on this lesion. At the same time, in order to compare SEM findings of angiosarcoma with several other benign disorders, the following lesions were chosen, namely, chronically-inflamed veins in the gastric submucosa, benign cavernous  hemangiomas of the skin and liver, and organizing thrombi with papillary structures. Some of these lesions exhibited focal similarities in surface structures to those from angiosarcoma. Besides various characteristics by SEM in angiosarcoma, cell clusters protruding into the vascular cavity were found to be the most unique feature which we have never observed in any other lesions.", "contents": "Hemangiosarcoma of the breast.--Case report with scanning electron microscopic study. Hemangiosarcoma of the breast in a 22-year-old female was presented. She died of massive pulmonary metastasis and apparent internal hemorrhage from the involved liver by metastasis after 40 months of the illness. Intense scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study was undertaken on this lesion. At the same time, in order to compare SEM findings of angiosarcoma with several other benign disorders, the following lesions were chosen, namely, chronically-inflamed veins in the gastric submucosa, benign cavernous  hemangiomas of the skin and liver, and organizing thrombi with papillary structures. Some of these lesions exhibited focal similarities in surface structures to those from angiosarcoma. Besides various characteristics by SEM in angiosarcoma, cell clusters protruding into the vascular cavity were found to be the most unique feature which we have never observed in any other lesions.", "PMID": 568871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8237", "title": "The reactivity of human platelets in the 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A test.", "content": "Stored platelets have been employed in the testing of various antiplatelet antibodies and platelet unrelated immune complexes. The antisera included sera containing ABO-,HLA- or platelet specific (ZWa) antibodies and serum from an adult patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Use was made of 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A (IPA) for the detection of platelet bound IgG. The reactivity of cells with the ITP serum and sera from healthy blood donors increased after storage for a few days, and declined after a highly reactive period extending over some weeks. In some cases predilution of the serum increased the probability of discovering weak antibodies. The normal components of the serum modified the platelet-antibody reaction, but all the various kinds of platelet reactive activities could be detected by this single test.", "contents": "The reactivity of human platelets in the 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A test. Stored platelets have been employed in the testing of various antiplatelet antibodies and platelet unrelated immune complexes. The antisera included sera containing ABO-,HLA- or platelet specific (ZWa) antibodies and serum from an adult patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Use was made of 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A (IPA) for the detection of platelet bound IgG. The reactivity of cells with the ITP serum and sera from healthy blood donors increased after storage for a few days, and declined after a highly reactive period extending over some weeks. In some cases predilution of the serum increased the probability of discovering weak antibodies. The normal components of the serum modified the platelet-antibody reaction, but all the various kinds of platelet reactive activities could be detected by this single test.", "PMID": 568872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8238", "title": "Reflex mechanisms for bladder inhibition.", "content": "Continence of urine requires ability of the bladder to maintain a low intravesical pressure at increasing filling, in order to preserve a positive urethral-bladder pressure gradient. During micturition the conditions are reversed: the bladder has to generate pressures exceeding the urethral pressure, which also presupposes that the urethra opens and remains open as long as is required for all urine to be expelled. These events are made possible by a complicated pattern of central and peripheral neural responses, affecting the bladder-urethral unit. The pioneer work of determining the reflex mechanisms involved in the regulation of the lower urinary tract was done at the beginning of this century. Recently, further studies have been made and by means of electrophysiological investigations previous data have been confirmed. In this communication some important observations are reviewed and one example is given of how bladder inhibitory reflexes are utilized in therapy.", "contents": "Reflex mechanisms for bladder inhibition. Continence of urine requires ability of the bladder to maintain a low intravesical pressure at increasing filling, in order to preserve a positive urethral-bladder pressure gradient. During micturition the conditions are reversed: the bladder has to generate pressures exceeding the urethral pressure, which also presupposes that the urethra opens and remains open as long as is required for all urine to be expelled. These events are made possible by a complicated pattern of central and peripheral neural responses, affecting the bladder-urethral unit. The pioneer work of determining the reflex mechanisms involved in the regulation of the lower urinary tract was done at the beginning of this century. Recently, further studies have been made and by means of electrophysiological investigations previous data have been confirmed. In this communication some important observations are reviewed and one example is given of how bladder inhibitory reflexes are utilized in therapy.", "PMID": 568873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8239", "title": "Adrenergic innervation and adrenergic mechanisms. A study of the human urethra.", "content": "Adrenergic nerves studied by a histochemical method were uniformly distributed along the whole extent of the male and female urethra. Corresponding to the adrenergic innervation a preponderance of contraction-mediating alpha-adrenoceptors was found in vitro studying urethral strips and in vivo recording the urethral closure pressure profile (UCPP). Norephedrine significantly reduced incontinence and increased UCPP in stress-incontinent women.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation and adrenergic mechanisms. A study of the human urethra. Adrenergic nerves studied by a histochemical method were uniformly distributed along the whole extent of the male and female urethra. Corresponding to the adrenergic innervation a preponderance of contraction-mediating alpha-adrenoceptors was found in vitro studying urethral strips and in vivo recording the urethral closure pressure profile (UCPP). Norephedrine significantly reduced incontinence and increased UCPP in stress-incontinent women.", "PMID": 568874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8240", "title": "Cytoplasmic fibrils in plasma cells of a solitary myeloma.", "content": "A 56-year-old woman had solitary plasma-cell myeloma in the right humerus. Six weeks after local irradiation therapy, she died from pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and bilateral pleural effusion with malignant plasma-cell infiltration of the right atrium. Ultrastructural studies of the plasma cells from the myocardium demonstrated large bundles of prominent, non-branching, solid cytoplasmic fibrils in many cells. Each fibril had a width of 66--132 A, periodicity of 30--60 A, and a beaded appearance. These features suggest that the fibrils may be protein material, possibly an immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic fibrils in plasma cells of a solitary myeloma. A 56-year-old woman had solitary plasma-cell myeloma in the right humerus. Six weeks after local irradiation therapy, she died from pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and bilateral pleural effusion with malignant plasma-cell infiltration of the right atrium. Ultrastructural studies of the plasma cells from the myocardium demonstrated large bundles of prominent, non-branching, solid cytoplasmic fibrils in many cells. Each fibril had a width of 66--132 A, periodicity of 30--60 A, and a beaded appearance. These features suggest that the fibrils may be protein material, possibly an immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 568875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8241", "title": "Gastrointestinal tract metastasis in patients with germ-cell tumor of the testis.", "content": "A study of the incidence and clinical course of testicular germ-cell tumor metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract is presented. Gastrointestinal tract metastasis occurred in 25 cases, 5% of all patients evaluated with germ-cell tumor of the testis. Although embryonal carcinoma was the dominant component in all cases, element of choriocarcinoma were found in 20 cases and HCG was positive in 22 cases. Metastasis occurred most commonly by direct invasion from adjacent tumor. The most frequent site of gastrointestinal involvment was the proximal small intestine. Ivolvement of the duodenum was noted in seven cases. The most common gastrointestinal tract manifestations were intestinal obstruction and gastrointestinal bleeding. Although a variety of therapeutic modalities were tried, the average length of survival from the time of diagnosis of gastrointestinal metastasis to death was six months.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal tract metastasis in patients with germ-cell tumor of the testis. A study of the incidence and clinical course of testicular germ-cell tumor metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract is presented. Gastrointestinal tract metastasis occurred in 25 cases, 5% of all patients evaluated with germ-cell tumor of the testis. Although embryonal carcinoma was the dominant component in all cases, element of choriocarcinoma were found in 20 cases and HCG was positive in 22 cases. Metastasis occurred most commonly by direct invasion from adjacent tumor. The most frequent site of gastrointestinal involvment was the proximal small intestine. Ivolvement of the duodenum was noted in seven cases. The most common gastrointestinal tract manifestations were intestinal obstruction and gastrointestinal bleeding. Although a variety of therapeutic modalities were tried, the average length of survival from the time of diagnosis of gastrointestinal metastasis to death was six months.", "PMID": 568878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8242", "title": "Comparisons of dermatoglyphic patterns in monochorionic and dichorionic monozygotic twins.", "content": "The data presented here indicate that different influences affect dermatoglyphic pattern development in MC-MZ and DC-MZ twins. Only five of 84 variables had significant mean differences but their clustering suggested a real difference in mean placement of the atd angle. Nineteen of 84 variables had significantly different within-pair mean squares for the two twin types. Larger numbers of twins will be required to obtain accurate estimates of the magnitude of the dermatoglyphic differences between MC-MZ and DC-MZ twins. Studies of dermatoglyphics in MC-MZ and DC-MZ twins are important to the understanding of factors which influence early embryonic development and when better documented may provide a mechanism for retrospectively diagnosing placental type of MZ twins.", "contents": "Comparisons of dermatoglyphic patterns in monochorionic and dichorionic monozygotic twins. The data presented here indicate that different influences affect dermatoglyphic pattern development in MC-MZ and DC-MZ twins. Only five of 84 variables had significant mean differences but their clustering suggested a real difference in mean placement of the atd angle. Nineteen of 84 variables had significantly different within-pair mean squares for the two twin types. Larger numbers of twins will be required to obtain accurate estimates of the magnitude of the dermatoglyphic differences between MC-MZ and DC-MZ twins. Studies of dermatoglyphics in MC-MZ and DC-MZ twins are important to the understanding of factors which influence early embryonic development and when better documented may provide a mechanism for retrospectively diagnosing placental type of MZ twins.", "PMID": 568879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8243", "title": "The effects of chorion type on variation in IQ in the NCPP twin population.", "content": "The 7-year IQ scores (WISC) of 116 white and 143 black nonmalformed twins of known zygosity and placental type were ascertained from the NINCDS Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP). The type of chorion and zygosity had no significant effect on the mean IQ or among-pair variation. In white monozygotic twins, however, analysis of variance revealed a significantly greater within-pair mean square for dichorionic twins than monochorionic twins. On the other hand, the white dichorionic monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) within-pair mean squares were quite similar. These findings were not evident in blacks for either of the within-pair comparisons. In addition, estimates of genetic variance were dependent upon MZ chorion type in both races. These data suggest to us that (1) in white twin pairs dichorionic placentas are of greater influence than the similarity or dissimilarity of genomes with regard to intrapair IQ development, and (2) failure to consider chorion type may introduce a serious bias in the interpretation of genetic variance estimates of IQ variability.", "contents": "The effects of chorion type on variation in IQ in the NCPP twin population. The 7-year IQ scores (WISC) of 116 white and 143 black nonmalformed twins of known zygosity and placental type were ascertained from the NINCDS Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP). The type of chorion and zygosity had no significant effect on the mean IQ or among-pair variation. In white monozygotic twins, however, analysis of variance revealed a significantly greater within-pair mean square for dichorionic twins than monochorionic twins. On the other hand, the white dichorionic monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) within-pair mean squares were quite similar. These findings were not evident in blacks for either of the within-pair comparisons. In addition, estimates of genetic variance were dependent upon MZ chorion type in both races. These data suggest to us that (1) in white twin pairs dichorionic placentas are of greater influence than the similarity or dissimilarity of genomes with regard to intrapair IQ development, and (2) failure to consider chorion type may introduce a serious bias in the interpretation of genetic variance estimates of IQ variability.", "PMID": 568880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8244", "title": "Cysts of the female external genitalia in the newborn infant.", "content": "Nineteen cases of cysts of the external female genitalia were diagnosed over a two-year period, giving an incidence of six per 1,000 female infants. The embryology, morphology, and differential diagnosis are discussed. No treatment was given and follow-up at two months of age revealed complete resolution of the cysts, thereby establishing their benign course in the newborn period.", "contents": "Cysts of the female external genitalia in the newborn infant. Nineteen cases of cysts of the external female genitalia were diagnosed over a two-year period, giving an incidence of six per 1,000 female infants. The embryology, morphology, and differential diagnosis are discussed. No treatment was given and follow-up at two months of age revealed complete resolution of the cysts, thereby establishing their benign course in the newborn period.", "PMID": 568882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8245", "title": "Electrical and mechanical activity of rat uterus in vivo during the estrous cycle.", "content": "Electromyograms were obtained from three different locations on the uterus of conscious, unrestrained rats during the 4 day estrous cycle. Intrauterine pressure changes were monitored simultaneously by means of indwelling intraluminal balloons (vol. 0.02 to 0.05 ml.). Electrical activity consisted of bursts of action potentials that were usually initiated at either end of the uterus. Propagated burst activity gave rise to cyclic intrauterine pressure changes, whereas bursts appearing at one electrode only did not elicit any measurable contractions. The rate of intrauterine pressure development depended on the propagation velocity, whereas the tension achieved was related to the duration of burst activity. All three parameters of electrical activity studied, namely, the duration and frequency of spike bursts, as well as their rate of propagation, varied significantly during the cycle. Regional differences were also subject to cyclic variations; thus, in proestrus the bursts originated predominantly at the cervical end, whereas in diestrus they were usually initiated at the ovarian end. Oxytocin stimulated the frequency and duration of bursts along the whole uterus and elicited corresponding changes in intrauterine pressure. Response to oxytocin was dose dependent and modified by cycle stage. Norepinephrine caused a transient prolongation of burst activity that was not dose dependent; epinephrine had a marked dose-dependent inhibitory action. The response to catecholamines did not vary significantly during the cycle. The variations in electrical and mechanical activity were characteristic for each stage of the ovarian cycle and could be correlated with the well-known hormonal changes. High circulating estrogen levels in proestrus are associated with infrequent but rapidly propagated spike bursts, whereas low levels in estrus are associated with frequent and sometimes nonpropaged bursts. The rise in plasma estrogen in diestrus coincides with a decrease in the frequency of burst activity, and the elevated progesterone levels are probably causally related to the significant drop in propagation velocity and the increase in duration of bursts observed in diestrus. These findings are consistent with the concept that estrogen withdrawal activates the estrogen-primed, quiescent myometrium, and that progesterone has an effect similar to that of estrogen withdrawal--at least in the rat.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical activity of rat uterus in vivo during the estrous cycle. Electromyograms were obtained from three different locations on the uterus of conscious, unrestrained rats during the 4 day estrous cycle. Intrauterine pressure changes were monitored simultaneously by means of indwelling intraluminal balloons (vol. 0.02 to 0.05 ml.). Electrical activity consisted of bursts of action potentials that were usually initiated at either end of the uterus. Propagated burst activity gave rise to cyclic intrauterine pressure changes, whereas bursts appearing at one electrode only did not elicit any measurable contractions. The rate of intrauterine pressure development depended on the propagation velocity, whereas the tension achieved was related to the duration of burst activity. All three parameters of electrical activity studied, namely, the duration and frequency of spike bursts, as well as their rate of propagation, varied significantly during the cycle. Regional differences were also subject to cyclic variations; thus, in proestrus the bursts originated predominantly at the cervical end, whereas in diestrus they were usually initiated at the ovarian end. Oxytocin stimulated the frequency and duration of bursts along the whole uterus and elicited corresponding changes in intrauterine pressure. Response to oxytocin was dose dependent and modified by cycle stage. Norepinephrine caused a transient prolongation of burst activity that was not dose dependent; epinephrine had a marked dose-dependent inhibitory action. The response to catecholamines did not vary significantly during the cycle. The variations in electrical and mechanical activity were characteristic for each stage of the ovarian cycle and could be correlated with the well-known hormonal changes. High circulating estrogen levels in proestrus are associated with infrequent but rapidly propagated spike bursts, whereas low levels in estrus are associated with frequent and sometimes nonpropaged bursts. The rise in plasma estrogen in diestrus coincides with a decrease in the frequency of burst activity, and the elevated progesterone levels are probably causally related to the significant drop in propagation velocity and the increase in duration of bursts observed in diestrus. These findings are consistent with the concept that estrogen withdrawal activates the estrogen-primed, quiescent myometrium, and that progesterone has an effect similar to that of estrogen withdrawal--at least in the rat.", "PMID": 568883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8246", "title": "Changes in the free and membrane-bound ribosomes in maternal rat liver during starvation.", "content": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) from maternal rat liver was measured in virgin rats and in variously dated pregnant animals that were either fed or starved for one to four days. The total amounts of free and membrane-bound ribosomal RNA differed between pregnant and nonpregnant rats, but the free ribosomal RNA progressively decreased only in the nonpregnant animals. A similar conservation of membrane-bound ribosomal RNA was observed with starvation among the pregnant rats except for the very early dated pregnant rats. Radioisotope labeling experiments using 3H-labeled orotic acid demonstrated a slower increase in specific activity among fed rats, irrespective of pregnancy state. However, metabolic and physiologic changes associated with pregnancy imposed additional complicating factors to the study.", "contents": "Changes in the free and membrane-bound ribosomes in maternal rat liver during starvation. Free and membrane-bound ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) from maternal rat liver was measured in virgin rats and in variously dated pregnant animals that were either fed or starved for one to four days. The total amounts of free and membrane-bound ribosomal RNA differed between pregnant and nonpregnant rats, but the free ribosomal RNA progressively decreased only in the nonpregnant animals. A similar conservation of membrane-bound ribosomal RNA was observed with starvation among the pregnant rats except for the very early dated pregnant rats. Radioisotope labeling experiments using 3H-labeled orotic acid demonstrated a slower increase in specific activity among fed rats, irrespective of pregnancy state. However, metabolic and physiologic changes associated with pregnancy imposed additional complicating factors to the study.", "PMID": 568885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8247", "title": "Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations.", "content": "Of 532 cases of sarcoidosis in the southeastern United States, ocular manifestations were a prominent feature of the disease in 202 (38%) of the patients. Approximately one fifth of them sought medical attention because of ocular complaints. This was the second most frequent clinical manifestation, exceeded only by pulmonary symptoms. When ocular segment structures were affected, the anterior segment was involved in 171 (84.7%) of cases. Chronic granulomatous uveitis was the most common abnormality in 106 cases (52.5%). Posterior segment disease occurred in 51 (25.3%) of cases, usually in the form of chorioretinitis or preiphlebitis; it was sometimes the sole manifestation of ocular sarcoidosis, but usually accompanied abnormalities in the anterior part of the eye. The incidence of central nervous system sarcoidosis was increased when posterior segment involvement was observed. Orbital and adnexal structures, primarily lacrimal gland, were affected in 53 (27.7%) of cases.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations. Of 532 cases of sarcoidosis in the southeastern United States, ocular manifestations were a prominent feature of the disease in 202 (38%) of the patients. Approximately one fifth of them sought medical attention because of ocular complaints. This was the second most frequent clinical manifestation, exceeded only by pulmonary symptoms. When ocular segment structures were affected, the anterior segment was involved in 171 (84.7%) of cases. Chronic granulomatous uveitis was the most common abnormality in 106 cases (52.5%). Posterior segment disease occurred in 51 (25.3%) of cases, usually in the form of chorioretinitis or preiphlebitis; it was sometimes the sole manifestation of ocular sarcoidosis, but usually accompanied abnormalities in the anterior part of the eye. The incidence of central nervous system sarcoidosis was increased when posterior segment involvement was observed. Orbital and adnexal structures, primarily lacrimal gland, were affected in 53 (27.7%) of cases.", "PMID": 568886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8248", "title": "Bilateral necrotizing scleritis.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman whose history was noncontributory for rheumatoid arthritis and collagen disease had bilateral necrotizing inflammation of the sclera. The left eye had necrotizing nodular scleritis and the right eye, massive granuloma of the sclera. In the right eye the orbital adnexae were also involved by granulomatous infiltration and developed a mass of fibroadipose tissue simulating an orbital tumor within a week after enucleation.", "contents": "Bilateral necrotizing scleritis. A 53-year-old woman whose history was noncontributory for rheumatoid arthritis and collagen disease had bilateral necrotizing inflammation of the sclera. The left eye had necrotizing nodular scleritis and the right eye, massive granuloma of the sclera. In the right eye the orbital adnexae were also involved by granulomatous infiltration and developed a mass of fibroadipose tissue simulating an orbital tumor within a week after enucleation.", "PMID": 568887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8249", "title": "Characteristics of the chemotactic response of neoplastic cells to a factor derived from the fifth component of complement.", "content": "Chemotactic factors for malignant neoplastic cells can be generated from either the fifth component of complement or from leukotactic fractions obtained from zymosanactivated serum. Digestion of the fifth component of complement by trypsin initially produced leukotactic activity, but as digestion continues, leukotactic activity is lost and tumor cell chemotactic activity is generated. Separation of the leukotactic activity is lost and tumor cell chemotactic activity is generated. Separation of the leukotactic activity and tumor cell chemotactic activity can be accomplished by gel filtration or isoelectric focusing. Gel filtration indicates that the tumor cell chemotactic factor has a molecular weight of approximately 8000 daltons. Tumor cell chemotactic activity can be generated by trypsinizing the leukotactic fractions isolated by isoelectric focusing. The responses of cultured Walker tumor cells or of Walker ascites tumor cells are dose-dependent and truly chemotactic. Cells from a murine malignant lymphoma do not respond to the complement-derived chemotactic factor for tumor cells, indicating that not all malignant cells share this functional property.", "contents": "Characteristics of the chemotactic response of neoplastic cells to a factor derived from the fifth component of complement. Chemotactic factors for malignant neoplastic cells can be generated from either the fifth component of complement or from leukotactic fractions obtained from zymosanactivated serum. Digestion of the fifth component of complement by trypsin initially produced leukotactic activity, but as digestion continues, leukotactic activity is lost and tumor cell chemotactic activity is generated. Separation of the leukotactic activity is lost and tumor cell chemotactic activity is generated. Separation of the leukotactic activity and tumor cell chemotactic activity can be accomplished by gel filtration or isoelectric focusing. Gel filtration indicates that the tumor cell chemotactic factor has a molecular weight of approximately 8000 daltons. Tumor cell chemotactic activity can be generated by trypsinizing the leukotactic fractions isolated by isoelectric focusing. The responses of cultured Walker tumor cells or of Walker ascites tumor cells are dose-dependent and truly chemotactic. Cells from a murine malignant lymphoma do not respond to the complement-derived chemotactic factor for tumor cells, indicating that not all malignant cells share this functional property.", "PMID": 568888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8250", "title": "Evidence for microfilament involvement in norethandrolone-induced intrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "An experimental study of norethandrolone (NED)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis was made. NED was infused via a portal vein catheter into rat liver in vivo, and measurements were made of bile flow. Liver specimens were taken at intervals for light microscopy and for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Bile-canalicular-rich membrane fractions were prepared. The effects of NED were also examined in isolated hepatocytes in suspension culture. NED infusion induced total cholestasis by 3 hours. Canalicular alterations commonly associated with cholestasis were found in in vivo infused liver and in isolated hepatocytes. Pericanalicular microfilament changes were also noted in both, with loss of filament structure and replacement by a granular zone. In isolated canalicular membrane fractions prepared from NED-treated animals, the normal investment of pericanalicular filaments was no longer present. Loss of the bile canalicular ruthenium red surface coat was also noted. In view of the identical findings in isolated hepatocytes and in in vivo liver, obstruction and mechanical factors can be excluded as possible causes. The results raise the possibility that the mechanism of NED-induced cholestasis may be related to disaggregation and/or detachment of microfilaments from the canalicular membranes.", "contents": "Evidence for microfilament involvement in norethandrolone-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. An experimental study of norethandrolone (NED)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis was made. NED was infused via a portal vein catheter into rat liver in vivo, and measurements were made of bile flow. Liver specimens were taken at intervals for light microscopy and for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Bile-canalicular-rich membrane fractions were prepared. The effects of NED were also examined in isolated hepatocytes in suspension culture. NED infusion induced total cholestasis by 3 hours. Canalicular alterations commonly associated with cholestasis were found in in vivo infused liver and in isolated hepatocytes. Pericanalicular microfilament changes were also noted in both, with loss of filament structure and replacement by a granular zone. In isolated canalicular membrane fractions prepared from NED-treated animals, the normal investment of pericanalicular filaments was no longer present. Loss of the bile canalicular ruthenium red surface coat was also noted. In view of the identical findings in isolated hepatocytes and in in vivo liver, obstruction and mechanical factors can be excluded as possible causes. The results raise the possibility that the mechanism of NED-induced cholestasis may be related to disaggregation and/or detachment of microfilaments from the canalicular membranes.", "PMID": 568889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8251", "title": "Supervision and the professional development of the psychiatric resident.", "content": "The authors used a questionnaire survey to study the way psychiatric residents experience their psychotherapy supervisors at two points in their training. Results show that second-year residents were more critical in their evaluations of supervisors than first- or third-year residents and that there appeared to be a characteristic progression in the experience of residents from year to year. The authors believe that the resident's experience of supervision reflects a developmental process, which others have described and viewed as important in the formation of identity as a psychiatrist.", "contents": "Supervision and the professional development of the psychiatric resident. The authors used a questionnaire survey to study the way psychiatric residents experience their psychotherapy supervisors at two points in their training. Results show that second-year residents were more critical in their evaluations of supervisors than first- or third-year residents and that there appeared to be a characteristic progression in the experience of residents from year to year. The authors believe that the resident's experience of supervision reflects a developmental process, which others have described and viewed as important in the formation of identity as a psychiatrist.", "PMID": 568890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8252", "title": "Liberalized abortion in Oregon: effects on fertility, prematurity, fetal death, and infant death.", "content": "An analysis of Oregon Vital Statistics data from 1965 to 1975 was conducted to assess the impact of Oregon's 1969 abortion legislation, which substantially increased the number of reported medically induced abortions. This increase was associated with a slight increase in the age-adjusted 1970 fertility rate and there was no decrease in births to women in the age groups obtaining proportionately the most abortions. A significant and persistent 11 per cent reduction in premature births to women over age 20 (p less than .001) and a 22 per cent reduction in spontaneous fetal deaths (p less than .05) were associated with liberalized abortion. Decreases in neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality were observed, but were indistinguishable from an ongoing trend toward improved infant health. A gradual 25 per cent decline in the age-adjusted fertility rate occurred between 1969 and 1975, but the increase in the number of reported abortions could account for only one-fourth of this decrease. A seven-fold increase in the use of family planning clinics between 1970 and 1973 and more liberalized laws regarding provision of family planning service appeared to account for a much higher proportion of the decreased fertility than did liberalized abortion.", "contents": "Liberalized abortion in Oregon: effects on fertility, prematurity, fetal death, and infant death. An analysis of Oregon Vital Statistics data from 1965 to 1975 was conducted to assess the impact of Oregon's 1969 abortion legislation, which substantially increased the number of reported medically induced abortions. This increase was associated with a slight increase in the age-adjusted 1970 fertility rate and there was no decrease in births to women in the age groups obtaining proportionately the most abortions. A significant and persistent 11 per cent reduction in premature births to women over age 20 (p less than .001) and a 22 per cent reduction in spontaneous fetal deaths (p less than .05) were associated with liberalized abortion. Decreases in neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality were observed, but were indistinguishable from an ongoing trend toward improved infant health. A gradual 25 per cent decline in the age-adjusted fertility rate occurred between 1969 and 1975, but the increase in the number of reported abortions could account for only one-fourth of this decrease. A seven-fold increase in the use of family planning clinics between 1970 and 1973 and more liberalized laws regarding provision of family planning service appeared to account for a much higher proportion of the decreased fertility than did liberalized abortion.", "PMID": 568892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8253", "title": "Circulating non-human microfilaria in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 12-yr-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus requiring steroid therapy was found to have a circulating microfilaria during an exacerbation of her illness. Morphologically, the microfilaria does not correspond precisely with any previously described species, though similarities exist between the patient's microfilaria and those of Dipetalonema reconditum of the dog and D. interstitium of the grey squirrel. The organism reported here is probably an undescribed species from a wild mammal. Although the association may be merely coincidental, this case suggests that compromised immunity might have led to this unusual infection with a non-human filaria.", "contents": "Circulating non-human microfilaria in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. A 12-yr-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus requiring steroid therapy was found to have a circulating microfilaria during an exacerbation of her illness. Morphologically, the microfilaria does not correspond precisely with any previously described species, though similarities exist between the patient's microfilaria and those of Dipetalonema reconditum of the dog and D. interstitium of the grey squirrel. The organism reported here is probably an undescribed species from a wild mammal. Although the association may be merely coincidental, this case suggests that compromised immunity might have led to this unusual infection with a non-human filaria.", "PMID": 568893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8254", "title": "Cytological changes associated with the functions of the oviduct epithelium during proestrus and estrus in impala, Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812).", "content": "This study was carried out on the ampulla epithelium of the oviduct of impala of various ages. The morphological and ultrastructural features of the component epithelial cells were described. The cytological events which take place in the various cell types were documented and discussed. 2 cell types, the ciliated and nonciliated, constituted the cell population of the epithelium. The absence of glycogen in the epithelial cells was recognised.", "contents": "Cytological changes associated with the functions of the oviduct epithelium during proestrus and estrus in impala, Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein, 1812). This study was carried out on the ampulla epithelium of the oviduct of impala of various ages. The morphological and ultrastructural features of the component epithelial cells were described. The cytological events which take place in the various cell types were documented and discussed. 2 cell types, the ciliated and nonciliated, constituted the cell population of the epithelium. The absence of glycogen in the epithelial cells was recognised.", "PMID": 568895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8255", "title": "Diastolic mitral regurgitation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "An analysis of the left ventricular angiograms of 31 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy revealed diastolic mitral regurgitation in 4, a prevalence of 12.9%. The clinical, echocardiographic, angiographic, and hemodynamic data of these patients were reviewed. Diastolic mitral regurgitation could not be attributed to arrhythmia, PR interval prolongation, atrioventricular dissociation, aortic insufficiency, or aortic stenosis. Reduced left ventricular compliance was evidenced by elevated end-diastolic pressure following angiography and reduced diastolic E-F slope on echocardiography. It is speculated that the rapid inflow of blood into a poorly compliant ventricle established a turbulent flow pattern that resulted in the \"floating\" of blood back into the left atrium.", "contents": "Diastolic mitral regurgitation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An analysis of the left ventricular angiograms of 31 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy revealed diastolic mitral regurgitation in 4, a prevalence of 12.9%. The clinical, echocardiographic, angiographic, and hemodynamic data of these patients were reviewed. Diastolic mitral regurgitation could not be attributed to arrhythmia, PR interval prolongation, atrioventricular dissociation, aortic insufficiency, or aortic stenosis. Reduced left ventricular compliance was evidenced by elevated end-diastolic pressure following angiography and reduced diastolic E-F slope on echocardiography. It is speculated that the rapid inflow of blood into a poorly compliant ventricle established a turbulent flow pattern that resulted in the \"floating\" of blood back into the left atrium.", "PMID": 568896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8256", "title": "Protein polymorphism and geographic variation in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.", "content": "Electrophoretic variations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins were investigated in 8 populations of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The cathodic hemoglobin and the muscle protein in the region II were shown to be polymorphic, in addition to the five polymorphic proteins previously reported (the anodic hemoglobin, muscle protein in the region III, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aspartate aminotransferase; Kimura, 1976 & 1977). The muscle proteins in the regions I, IV and V were monomorphic. The values of genetic distances between loach populations, calculated over 10 loci, indicated that M anguillicaudatus should be classified into two local races.", "contents": "Protein polymorphism and geographic variation in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Electrophoretic variations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins were investigated in 8 populations of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The cathodic hemoglobin and the muscle protein in the region II were shown to be polymorphic, in addition to the five polymorphic proteins previously reported (the anodic hemoglobin, muscle protein in the region III, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aspartate aminotransferase; Kimura, 1976 & 1977). The muscle proteins in the regions I, IV and V were monomorphic. The values of genetic distances between loach populations, calculated over 10 loci, indicated that M anguillicaudatus should be classified into two local races.", "PMID": 568897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8257", "title": "The possibility of germ cell chimaerism in dizygotic twin bulls.", "content": "A study was made of the progeny of a pair of dizygotic twin bulls whose blood group phenotypes were identical but were genotypically different, indicating a complete replacement of one of the bulls haematopoietic tissus by that of its cotwin. The study was made in an attempt to determine whether the genes of one sibling were transmitted by the other. It it were so it would follow that the germ cells of the testes were chimaeric. Blood typing of 97 progeny provided no evidence to indicate the presence of such a germ cell chimaerism.", "contents": "The possibility of germ cell chimaerism in dizygotic twin bulls. A study was made of the progeny of a pair of dizygotic twin bulls whose blood group phenotypes were identical but were genotypically different, indicating a complete replacement of one of the bulls haematopoietic tissus by that of its cotwin. The study was made in an attempt to determine whether the genes of one sibling were transmitted by the other. It it were so it would follow that the germ cells of the testes were chimaeric. Blood typing of 97 progeny provided no evidence to indicate the presence of such a germ cell chimaerism.", "PMID": 568898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8258", "title": "[Psychoneuroses of paternity. Puerperal psychoneuroses in man].", "content": "Psychotic, neurotic and psychosomatic disturbances, directly promoted by fatherhood condition, seem more frequent than the small number of publications about this subject allow to suppose. Twenty original observations are expounded and discussed; they allow the importance of basic psychological ground; it is necessary to differentiate distinctly between initial paternity disturbances, among immature patients, inducing total disorder, and multiple paternity perturbations where anxiety and culpability feeling prevail. Regarding these disturbances and the sociological phenomenon of the \"couvade\", the real puerperality in men is investigated in connection with the personal and relational structure of the individual.", "contents": "[Psychoneuroses of paternity. Puerperal psychoneuroses in man]. Psychotic, neurotic and psychosomatic disturbances, directly promoted by fatherhood condition, seem more frequent than the small number of publications about this subject allow to suppose. Twenty original observations are expounded and discussed; they allow the importance of basic psychological ground; it is necessary to differentiate distinctly between initial paternity disturbances, among immature patients, inducing total disorder, and multiple paternity perturbations where anxiety and culpability feeling prevail. Regarding these disturbances and the sociological phenomenon of the \"couvade\", the real puerperality in men is investigated in connection with the personal and relational structure of the individual.", "PMID": 568904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8259", "title": "[Hereditary transmission of a familial chromosome marker (author's transl)].", "content": "Banding patterns allow identification of chromosome 22 admitting today trisomy 22 without doubt. A case of this chromosomic aberration is presented. Particular characteristic of the case is the existence of Gp+ chromosome in the mother, two of her brothers and two later brothers of the \"probandus\". This variation is not discussed as origin of the trisomy.", "contents": "[Hereditary transmission of a familial chromosome marker (author's transl)]. Banding patterns allow identification of chromosome 22 admitting today trisomy 22 without doubt. A case of this chromosomic aberration is presented. Particular characteristic of the case is the existence of Gp+ chromosome in the mother, two of her brothers and two later brothers of the \"probandus\". This variation is not discussed as origin of the trisomy.", "PMID": 568902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8260", "title": "Differential diagnosis of leukokoria in children.", "content": "The differential diagnosis between the diseases, which cause leukokoria, is discussed. Among them congenital cataract, persistence of the primary vitreous, retrolental fibroplasia, retinoblastoma, Coats' disease, von Hippel's disease, inflammatory pseudoglima, Norrie's disease, and organized intraocular hemorrhage are mentioned.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of leukokoria in children. The differential diagnosis between the diseases, which cause leukokoria, is discussed. Among them congenital cataract, persistence of the primary vitreous, retrolental fibroplasia, retinoblastoma, Coats' disease, von Hippel's disease, inflammatory pseudoglima, Norrie's disease, and organized intraocular hemorrhage are mentioned.", "PMID": 568907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8261", "title": "Experimental scrapie in mice: ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Scrapie, kuru, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are characterized by a similar spongiform pathology, prolonged incubation periods, and an agent with unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. Swiss mice were inoculated with the scrapie agent and sacrificed three to five months later for light and electron microscopy. At three months, small vacuoles were seen within the neuropil of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. By the fifth month these vacuoles had increased in number and size and were accompanied by moderate astrocytic proliferation. The brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord showed variable changes of much less intensity. Many dilated postsynaptic processes contained osmiophilic particles in random or crystalline arrays. The particles, measuring approximately 23 nm in diameter, appeared consistently in postsynaptic processes of brain from scrapie-infected mice, were lacking in controls, and were a size consistent with sedimentation and filtration data for the scrapie agent. Whether these particles represent the scrapie agent must await further studies.", "contents": "Experimental scrapie in mice: ultrastructural observations. Scrapie, kuru, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are characterized by a similar spongiform pathology, prolonged incubation periods, and an agent with unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. Swiss mice were inoculated with the scrapie agent and sacrificed three to five months later for light and electron microscopy. At three months, small vacuoles were seen within the neuropil of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. By the fifth month these vacuoles had increased in number and size and were accompanied by moderate astrocytic proliferation. The brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord showed variable changes of much less intensity. Many dilated postsynaptic processes contained osmiophilic particles in random or crystalline arrays. The particles, measuring approximately 23 nm in diameter, appeared consistently in postsynaptic processes of brain from scrapie-infected mice, were lacking in controls, and were a size consistent with sedimentation and filtration data for the scrapie agent. Whether these particles represent the scrapie agent must await further studies.", "PMID": 568909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8262", "title": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents: O-demethylation of vindoline by Sepedonium chrysospermum.", "content": "Vindoline (1a) was transformed to O-demethylvindoline (1b) by Sepedonium chrysospermum ATCC 13378 in 33% yield. Thin-layer and high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods distinguished 1b from previously reported microbial metabolites of vindoline. The structural proof of 1b was based on its mass spectral fragmentation pattern and on its chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties.", "contents": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents: O-demethylation of vindoline by Sepedonium chrysospermum. Vindoline (1a) was transformed to O-demethylvindoline (1b) by Sepedonium chrysospermum ATCC 13378 in 33% yield. Thin-layer and high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods distinguished 1b from previously reported microbial metabolites of vindoline. The structural proof of 1b was based on its mass spectral fragmentation pattern and on its chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties.", "PMID": 568911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8263", "title": "Disk agar diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts.", "content": "A disk agar diffusion method was developed for testing the susceptibility of rapidly growing yeasts in vitro. A totally defined, completely synthetic agar culture medium (synthetic amino acid medium, fungal) and clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Torulopsis glabrata were used. Turbidimetric adjustment of cell suspensions resulted in standard, reproducible inocula, which gave sharp, clear zones of inhibition when applied by an agar overlay method. Optimal disk loads were determined for amphotericin B, amphotericin B methyl ester, 5-fluorocytosine, clotrimazole, and miconazole. Disk potencies were stable over a 2-month period when stored in a vacuum desiccator at -30 degrees C. Using an error ratebounded classification, the zones of inhibition were correlated with both broth dilution and agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). With amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester, all isolates were susceptible, yielding zone diameters which clustered within 5 mm. Overall correlations between zone diameters and broth dilution MICs with 5-fluorocytosine, miconazole, and clotrimazole were 97, 96, and 82% (excluding T. glabrata), respectively; correlations of zone diameters with agar dilution MICs were 96, 92, and 88%, respectively. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts appears to be generally applicable. However, when results are equivocal, quantitative test methods should be used.", "contents": "Disk agar diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts. A disk agar diffusion method was developed for testing the susceptibility of rapidly growing yeasts in vitro. A totally defined, completely synthetic agar culture medium (synthetic amino acid medium, fungal) and clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Torulopsis glabrata were used. Turbidimetric adjustment of cell suspensions resulted in standard, reproducible inocula, which gave sharp, clear zones of inhibition when applied by an agar overlay method. Optimal disk loads were determined for amphotericin B, amphotericin B methyl ester, 5-fluorocytosine, clotrimazole, and miconazole. Disk potencies were stable over a 2-month period when stored in a vacuum desiccator at -30 degrees C. Using an error ratebounded classification, the zones of inhibition were correlated with both broth dilution and agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). With amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester, all isolates were susceptible, yielding zone diameters which clustered within 5 mm. Overall correlations between zone diameters and broth dilution MICs with 5-fluorocytosine, miconazole, and clotrimazole were 97, 96, and 82% (excluding T. glabrata), respectively; correlations of zone diameters with agar dilution MICs were 96, 92, and 88%, respectively. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts appears to be generally applicable. However, when results are equivocal, quantitative test methods should be used.", "PMID": 568910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8264", "title": "[Cellular response in the mouse to two antigenic extracts from \"Vibrio cholerae\" (author's transl)].", "content": "At the cellular level the primary response in Balb/c mice to an antigen prepared from a strain of Vibrio cholerae Ogawa was studied by a localized vibriolytic plaque procedures which permits the enumeration of immunocytes. The antibody response to a single injection with identical doses of antigen was comparatively studied by both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous immunization. The highest titre was noted two weeks after the intraperitoneal and three days after the subcutaneous injection. Inhibition experiments were performed to obtain an estimate of the average of avidity of the bactericidal antibodies against the different antigens extracted from the vibrio. A correlation between the avidity and the protective properties was noted. The antigen which had a better immunogenetic effect showed the better binding.", "contents": "[Cellular response in the mouse to two antigenic extracts from \"Vibrio cholerae\" (author's transl)]. At the cellular level the primary response in Balb/c mice to an antigen prepared from a strain of Vibrio cholerae Ogawa was studied by a localized vibriolytic plaque procedures which permits the enumeration of immunocytes. The antibody response to a single injection with identical doses of antigen was comparatively studied by both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous immunization. The highest titre was noted two weeks after the intraperitoneal and three days after the subcutaneous injection. Inhibition experiments were performed to obtain an estimate of the average of avidity of the bactericidal antibodies against the different antigens extracted from the vibrio. A correlation between the avidity and the protective properties was noted. The antigen which had a better immunogenetic effect showed the better binding.", "PMID": 568906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8265", "title": "X-linked dyskeratosis congenita with pancytopenia.", "content": "Two maternal male cousins in a Jewish Iraqi kindred were affected with dyskeratosis congenita and had a megaloblastic bone marrow. One cousin had pancytopenia and the other had thrombocytopenia. The kindred displays a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and a beta-thalassemia trait. The following genetic \"markers\" of the X chromosome were studied: G6PD, the X-linked blood groups Xg, and color vision. Linkage analysis indicated that dyskeratosis, G6PD, and Xg are far apart on the X chromosome. Chromosomal studies showed a 46XY karyotype in both cases; however, nonspecific numerical aberrations and structural abnormalities were found in the first and in the second case, polyploidy was seen in four of 60 cells. The proband's cultured fibroblasts did not show increased susceptibility to malignant transformation by simian virus 40, an oncogenic virus.", "contents": "X-linked dyskeratosis congenita with pancytopenia. Two maternal male cousins in a Jewish Iraqi kindred were affected with dyskeratosis congenita and had a megaloblastic bone marrow. One cousin had pancytopenia and the other had thrombocytopenia. The kindred displays a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and a beta-thalassemia trait. The following genetic \"markers\" of the X chromosome were studied: G6PD, the X-linked blood groups Xg, and color vision. Linkage analysis indicated that dyskeratosis, G6PD, and Xg are far apart on the X chromosome. Chromosomal studies showed a 46XY karyotype in both cases; however, nonspecific numerical aberrations and structural abnormalities were found in the first and in the second case, polyploidy was seen in four of 60 cells. The proband's cultured fibroblasts did not show increased susceptibility to malignant transformation by simian virus 40, an oncogenic virus.", "PMID": 568915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8266", "title": "Infection with hepatitis B virus in infancy. A longitudinal study of 8 cases.", "content": "Eight infants who developed HBsAg aged between 1 and 5 months were identified in the greater Copenhagen area during the period 1970--76. 7 had acquired the infection from their mothers and one had received a HBsAg-positive blood infusion, 3 infants had a transient infection lasting 2 to 8 months while the remaining cases developed persistent antigenaemia with evidence of minor liver dysfunction during a follow-up of one to 6 years. HBeAg was persistently present in 4 of 5 infants, indicating infectivity in these patients. Prematurity or administration of specific immunoglobulin at delivery apparently did not affect the course of infection.", "contents": "Infection with hepatitis B virus in infancy. A longitudinal study of 8 cases. Eight infants who developed HBsAg aged between 1 and 5 months were identified in the greater Copenhagen area during the period 1970--76. 7 had acquired the infection from their mothers and one had received a HBsAg-positive blood infusion, 3 infants had a transient infection lasting 2 to 8 months while the remaining cases developed persistent antigenaemia with evidence of minor liver dysfunction during a follow-up of one to 6 years. HBeAg was persistently present in 4 of 5 infants, indicating infectivity in these patients. Prematurity or administration of specific immunoglobulin at delivery apparently did not affect the course of infection.", "PMID": 568916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8267", "title": "Growth and milk intake of normal infants.", "content": "The growth of 94 normal term infants was studied from birth to 6 months. 33 infants were breast fed and the others randomly allocated to one of 3 bottle feeds--Cow and Gate V formula, Baby Milk Plus, and Premium. The weight, length, and head growth velocities were similar in all 4 groups. The infants fed Cow and Gate V formula consumed a larger volume of feed at 3 months than the infants fed the 2 other formulae despite a slower weight gain. It is suggested that this is related to loss of calories in unabsorbed fat. The weight gains of all 4 groups in this study were considerably less than infants fed unmodified milks and early solids, studied in the same region several years later.", "contents": "Growth and milk intake of normal infants. The growth of 94 normal term infants was studied from birth to 6 months. 33 infants were breast fed and the others randomly allocated to one of 3 bottle feeds--Cow and Gate V formula, Baby Milk Plus, and Premium. The weight, length, and head growth velocities were similar in all 4 groups. The infants fed Cow and Gate V formula consumed a larger volume of feed at 3 months than the infants fed the 2 other formulae despite a slower weight gain. It is suggested that this is related to loss of calories in unabsorbed fat. The weight gains of all 4 groups in this study were considerably less than infants fed unmodified milks and early solids, studied in the same region several years later.", "PMID": 568917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8268", "title": "[In vitro and in vivo sensitivity of animal and human melanomas to various chemotherapeutical agents].", "content": "Thin slices of s.c. implanted B-16 melanomas as well as of human melanomas have been incubated for 5 h with (H3) Uridine and (H3) Thymidine in the presence of different chemotherapeutical agents, whose concentration was equivalent to the tenfold therapeutical daily dose in men. In this short term test model, the sensitivity of a melanoma to a chemotherapeutical agent is indicated by the inhibition of the nucleoside uptake by more than 50%. The in vitro sensitivity rates, each based on 10--30 melanomas, are compared to the in vivo sensitivity rates. Sensitivity is indicated by the increase of life span (greater than 25%) in the melanoma bearing mice respectively by the regression of human melanoma metastases (greater than 50%). -- The in vivo sensitivity of the B-16 melanomas, evaluated by the uridine and/or thymidine uptake, was in line with the in vivo sensitivity to all chemotherapeutical agents with the exeption of Adriamycine and DTIC. The in vitro sensitivity of human melanomas to Dactinomicine, Vincristine, BCNU and DTIC corresponds to the in vivo sensitivity whereas no in vitro/in vivo correspondence could be observed in testing Bleomycine, Procarbacine and 5-Fluorouracile.  Comparing the sensitivity of B-16  and human melanomas, similarity was observed in vitro but not in vivo.", "contents": "[In vitro and in vivo sensitivity of animal and human melanomas to various chemotherapeutical agents]. Thin slices of s.c. implanted B-16 melanomas as well as of human melanomas have been incubated for 5 h with (H3) Uridine and (H3) Thymidine in the presence of different chemotherapeutical agents, whose concentration was equivalent to the tenfold therapeutical daily dose in men. In this short term test model, the sensitivity of a melanoma to a chemotherapeutical agent is indicated by the inhibition of the nucleoside uptake by more than 50%. The in vitro sensitivity rates, each based on 10--30 melanomas, are compared to the in vivo sensitivity rates. Sensitivity is indicated by the increase of life span (greater than 25%) in the melanoma bearing mice respectively by the regression of human melanoma metastases (greater than 50%). -- The in vivo sensitivity of the B-16 melanomas, evaluated by the uridine and/or thymidine uptake, was in line with the in vivo sensitivity to all chemotherapeutical agents with the exeption of Adriamycine and DTIC. The in vitro sensitivity of human melanomas to Dactinomicine, Vincristine, BCNU and DTIC corresponds to the in vivo sensitivity whereas no in vitro/in vivo correspondence could be observed in testing Bleomycine, Procarbacine and 5-Fluorouracile.  Comparing the sensitivity of B-16  and human melanomas, similarity was observed in vitro but not in vivo.", "PMID": 568919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8269", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and splenectomy: a current appraisal.", "content": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disease process characterized by microangiopathic anemia, fever, neurologic manifestations, renal abnormalities, and thrombocytopenia. These clinical findings are caused by vascular occlusions of the microcirculation. At present the utilization of splenectomy, in the treatment of this illness, remains a highly controversial subject. However, review of the literature reveals that 70% of the long term survivors of TTP had undergone splenectomy. This report presents five patients with TTP, four of whom had been splenectomized. Long term survival (greater than one year) was achieved in three individuals. It is recommended that splenectomy be considered as part of the initial management of all patients with TTP, in addition to high dose corticosteroids and antiplatelet drugs.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and splenectomy: a current appraisal. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disease process characterized by microangiopathic anemia, fever, neurologic manifestations, renal abnormalities, and thrombocytopenia. These clinical findings are caused by vascular occlusions of the microcirculation. At present the utilization of splenectomy, in the treatment of this illness, remains a highly controversial subject. However, review of the literature reveals that 70% of the long term survivors of TTP had undergone splenectomy. This report presents five patients with TTP, four of whom had been splenectomized. Long term survival (greater than one year) was achieved in three individuals. It is recommended that splenectomy be considered as part of the initial management of all patients with TTP, in addition to high dose corticosteroids and antiplatelet drugs.", "PMID": 568920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8270", "title": "Cardiac myofibril disorientation and Z band abnormalities in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. An electron microscope study.", "content": "Morphological alterations in idiopathic cardiomyopathy were examined and their clinicopathological significance was discussed. Six cases of congestive type and five of hypertrophic type chosen from 22 patients according to our strict criteria were examined by light and electron microscopy. The diameter values of cardiac muscle fibers were broadly distributed with multiple peaks in congestive cases and with 4 peaks in the hypertrophic cases in contrast to the 2 peaks in controls. The chief electron microscopic alterations consisted of myofibril disorientation and Z band abnormalities. The congestive cases were characterized by decreased and disdarrayed myofibrils (loose myofibril disorientation), wheras the hypertrophic cases by abundant myofibrils characteristically entangled with each other (tight myofibril disorientation). The Z band showed 3 types of abnormalities. Type 1 was characterized by widening, bifurcation and overriding of Z bands while the regular sarcomere was retained. The changes were more conspicuous in the hypertrophic cases than in the congestive cases. Type 2 was represented by clumping of Z band substance, and Type 3 by an interwoven form of electron dense fibers. Types 2 and 3 were seen in some of the hypertrophic and congestive cases. The tight myofibril disorientation and Type 1 of Z band abnormalities were considered important cytopathological clues for the diagnosis of the hypertrophic type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Cardiac myofibril disorientation and Z band abnormalities in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. An electron microscope study. Morphological alterations in idiopathic cardiomyopathy were examined and their clinicopathological significance was discussed. Six cases of congestive type and five of hypertrophic type chosen from 22 patients according to our strict criteria were examined by light and electron microscopy. The diameter values of cardiac muscle fibers were broadly distributed with multiple peaks in congestive cases and with 4 peaks in the hypertrophic cases in contrast to the 2 peaks in controls. The chief electron microscopic alterations consisted of myofibril disorientation and Z band abnormalities. The congestive cases were characterized by decreased and disdarrayed myofibrils (loose myofibril disorientation), wheras the hypertrophic cases by abundant myofibrils characteristically entangled with each other (tight myofibril disorientation). The Z band showed 3 types of abnormalities. Type 1 was characterized by widening, bifurcation and overriding of Z bands while the regular sarcomere was retained. The changes were more conspicuous in the hypertrophic cases than in the congestive cases. Type 2 was represented by clumping of Z band substance, and Type 3 by an interwoven form of electron dense fibers. Types 2 and 3 were seen in some of the hypertrophic and congestive cases. The tight myofibril disorientation and Type 1 of Z band abnormalities were considered important cytopathological clues for the diagnosis of the hypertrophic type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 568921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8271", "title": "Therapy groups for women sexually molested as children.", "content": "A neglected class of sexual assault victims consists of women who were molested as children. In response to their unmet needs, therapy groups composed solely of women who were sexually abused in their childhood have been established. The goals of these groups are twofold: (1) the alleviation of sexual guilt and shame and (2) the clarification of emotional and behavioral consequences of molestation. Ten groups have been conducted, each containing four to six members, comprising an overall total of 50 women. In 97% of the cases, a prior relationship had existed between perpetrator and victim. Treatment consisted of a four-session format. During session I, each group participant described her molestation experiences in detail. Sessions II and III focused on how these experiences have affected the women. Session IV dealt with individual stages of recovery and further treatment plans. Clinical findings included feelings of guilt and depression, negative self-image, and problems in interpersonal relationships associated with an underlying mistrust of men, inadequate social skills, and difficulties in sexual functioning. Evaluations of the therapy groups by the participants indicated that the primary curative component was the sense of identification and emotional closeness instilled by a warm and supportive environment where a common bond was shared.", "contents": "Therapy groups for women sexually molested as children. A neglected class of sexual assault victims consists of women who were molested as children. In response to their unmet needs, therapy groups composed solely of women who were sexually abused in their childhood have been established. The goals of these groups are twofold: (1) the alleviation of sexual guilt and shame and (2) the clarification of emotional and behavioral consequences of molestation. Ten groups have been conducted, each containing four to six members, comprising an overall total of 50 women. In 97% of the cases, a prior relationship had existed between perpetrator and victim. Treatment consisted of a four-session format. During session I, each group participant described her molestation experiences in detail. Sessions II and III focused on how these experiences have affected the women. Session IV dealt with individual stages of recovery and further treatment plans. Clinical findings included feelings of guilt and depression, negative self-image, and problems in interpersonal relationships associated with an underlying mistrust of men, inadequate social skills, and difficulties in sexual functioning. Evaluations of the therapy groups by the participants indicated that the primary curative component was the sense of identification and emotional closeness instilled by a warm and supportive environment where a common bond was shared.", "PMID": 568922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8272", "title": "Modeling effects of explicit and nonexplicit sexual stimuli on the sexual anxiety and behavior of women.", "content": "This study focused on the specific effects of explicit and nonexplicit sexual stimuli on anxious, coitally inexperienced women. Using Bandura's social learning theory as the thoretical framework, the consequences of modeling behavior on an individual's response patterns were examined. Responses indicating sexual anxiety level, preferred sexual behavior, and manifest anxiety level were recorded. Forty-five women were selected based on their scores on the Short Manifest Anxiety Scale. The subjects were then randomly placed into three treatment groups: explicit, nonexplicit, and control. Analysis of the data revealed significant differences among the women in each of the three groups regarding sexual behavior. Sexual anxiety levels also differed between women in the explicit and control groups. Pre- and posttest manifest anxiety scores also showed a significant difference in the explicit-group women. It has been shown that anxious, coitally inexperienced women who are exposed to sexually explicit stimuli in a controlled situation will have lower sexual anxiety levels, have lowered manifest anxiety levels, and be more willing to participate in a greater variety of sexual behaviors under appropriate circumstances. The results of this study may aid those in the helping professions gain a better understanding of the effects sexual stimuli have on certain individuals.", "contents": "Modeling effects of explicit and nonexplicit sexual stimuli on the sexual anxiety and behavior of women. This study focused on the specific effects of explicit and nonexplicit sexual stimuli on anxious, coitally inexperienced women. Using Bandura's social learning theory as the thoretical framework, the consequences of modeling behavior on an individual's response patterns were examined. Responses indicating sexual anxiety level, preferred sexual behavior, and manifest anxiety level were recorded. Forty-five women were selected based on their scores on the Short Manifest Anxiety Scale. The subjects were then randomly placed into three treatment groups: explicit, nonexplicit, and control. Analysis of the data revealed significant differences among the women in each of the three groups regarding sexual behavior. Sexual anxiety levels also differed between women in the explicit and control groups. Pre- and posttest manifest anxiety scores also showed a significant difference in the explicit-group women. It has been shown that anxious, coitally inexperienced women who are exposed to sexually explicit stimuli in a controlled situation will have lower sexual anxiety levels, have lowered manifest anxiety levels, and be more willing to participate in a greater variety of sexual behaviors under appropriate circumstances. The results of this study may aid those in the helping professions gain a better understanding of the effects sexual stimuli have on certain individuals.", "PMID": 568923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8273", "title": "Binding of the organophosphates parathion and paraoxon to bovine and human serum albumin.", "content": "Binding of parathion and paraoxon to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by using equilibrium dialysis. The concentration of unbound organophosphate was determined from its anticholinesterase activity. Binding of parathion to BSA was shown to be reversible. The organophosphates interact with only one type of binding sites in BSA and HSA. The affinity constants at pH 7.2 and 4 degrees C for the interaction of BSA or HSA and parathion were found to be 2.7 X 10(6) and 1.5 X 10(6) M-1, respectively. The affinity constants for the interaction of the serum albumins and paraoxon were considerably lower, 6.0 X 10(3) and 1.6 X 10(4) M-1, respectively. Lowering the pH from 7.2 to 4.8 did not significantly affect the binding parameters. The great difference of affinity of the serum albumins to parathion and paraoxon is discussed with respect to the fate of parathion in the body.", "contents": "Binding of the organophosphates parathion and paraoxon to bovine and human serum albumin. Binding of parathion and paraoxon to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by using equilibrium dialysis. The concentration of unbound organophosphate was determined from its anticholinesterase activity. Binding of parathion to BSA was shown to be reversible. The organophosphates interact with only one type of binding sites in BSA and HSA. The affinity constants at pH 7.2 and 4 degrees C for the interaction of BSA or HSA and parathion were found to be 2.7 X 10(6) and 1.5 X 10(6) M-1, respectively. The affinity constants for the interaction of the serum albumins and paraoxon were considerably lower, 6.0 X 10(3) and 1.6 X 10(4) M-1, respectively. Lowering the pH from 7.2 to 4.8 did not significantly affect the binding parameters. The great difference of affinity of the serum albumins to parathion and paraoxon is discussed with respect to the fate of parathion in the body.", "PMID": 568924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8274", "title": "Sequential observations on the gonads and oestrous behaviour of a hermaphrodite gilt.", "content": "A gilt subsequently found to have one ovary and one ovotestis exhibited two oestrous cycles with normal ovulations before lapsing into bahavioural anoestrus. The testicular tissue of the ovotestis was not developed at the time of oestrus and ovulation. After it developed cyclic behaviour was abolished.", "contents": "Sequential observations on the gonads and oestrous behaviour of a hermaphrodite gilt. A gilt subsequently found to have one ovary and one ovotestis exhibited two oestrous cycles with normal ovulations before lapsing into bahavioural anoestrus. The testicular tissue of the ovotestis was not developed at the time of oestrus and ovulation. After it developed cyclic behaviour was abolished.", "PMID": 568925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8275", "title": "Fatty acid composition of aortic lipids in male and female rabbits.", "content": "Aortic tissue of adult New-Zealand male and female white rabbits was studied. After thin-layer chromatography of cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines, their fatty acid compositions are determined. Phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines contain important quantities of arachidonic acid. The level of linoleic acid in these phospholipids is higher in male animals than in female. Conversely the level of arachidonic acid is higher in females than in males.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of aortic lipids in male and female rabbits. Aortic tissue of adult New-Zealand male and female white rabbits was studied. After thin-layer chromatography of cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines, their fatty acid compositions are determined. Phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines contain important quantities of arachidonic acid. The level of linoleic acid in these phospholipids is higher in male animals than in female. Conversely the level of arachidonic acid is higher in females than in males.", "PMID": 568928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8276", "title": "Incidence of thyroid disease in cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The investigative findings of patients considered to have possible hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were examined, and 31 of these fulfilling defined criteria for the disease were reviewed in detail, with emphasis on thyroid abnormalities. Four patients had a history of thyroid disease (13%). Explanations considered for the apparent association were the effects of hyperthyroidism on normal, or more probably, incipiently abnormal myocardium.", "contents": "Incidence of thyroid disease in cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The investigative findings of patients considered to have possible hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were examined, and 31 of these fulfilling defined criteria for the disease were reviewed in detail, with emphasis on thyroid abnormalities. Four patients had a history of thyroid disease (13%). Explanations considered for the apparent association were the effects of hyperthyroidism on normal, or more probably, incipiently abnormal myocardium.", "PMID": 568929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8277", "title": "Echocardiographic sign of right-sided hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The echocardiographic and haemodynamic findings with a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and dynamic subpulmonary stenosis, without left ventricular gradient, are described. The echocardiogram shows not only asymmetric septal hypertrophy, systolic anterior movement of the anterior mitral leaflet, and midsystolic collapse of the aortic valve, but also increase in the right ventricular wall echoes and systolic collapse of the pulmonary valve. We believe that in the absence of pulmonary hypertension these signs, particularly the systolic closing movement of the pulmonary valve cusp, may suggest right ventricular obstruction in HOCM.", "contents": "Echocardiographic sign of right-sided hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The echocardiographic and haemodynamic findings with a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and dynamic subpulmonary stenosis, without left ventricular gradient, are described. The echocardiogram shows not only asymmetric septal hypertrophy, systolic anterior movement of the anterior mitral leaflet, and midsystolic collapse of the aortic valve, but also increase in the right ventricular wall echoes and systolic collapse of the pulmonary valve. We believe that in the absence of pulmonary hypertension these signs, particularly the systolic closing movement of the pulmonary valve cusp, may suggest right ventricular obstruction in HOCM.", "PMID": 568930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8278", "title": "Sequential changes in the human renin-angiotensin system following delivery.", "content": "Plasma renin activity and concentration and angiotensin II concentration have been measured serially in six normotensive primigravidae and in four mildly hypertensive patients in the four immediately following normal delivery. In normotensive patients, both renin and angiotensin II levels fell sharply over the first two hours to levels within the non-pregnant range, with a subsequent rise to levels, similar to those found in late pregnancy. Changes in the mildly hypertensive patients were smaller, and somewhat slower. It is suggested that the initial fall represents clearance of a renin of fetoplacental origin and that the subsequent rise may be a release from feedback suppression of renal renin synthesis.", "contents": "Sequential changes in the human renin-angiotensin system following delivery. Plasma renin activity and concentration and angiotensin II concentration have been measured serially in six normotensive primigravidae and in four mildly hypertensive patients in the four immediately following normal delivery. In normotensive patients, both renin and angiotensin II levels fell sharply over the first two hours to levels within the non-pregnant range, with a subsequent rise to levels, similar to those found in late pregnancy. Changes in the mildly hypertensive patients were smaller, and somewhat slower. It is suggested that the initial fall represents clearance of a renin of fetoplacental origin and that the subsequent rise may be a release from feedback suppression of renal renin synthesis.", "PMID": 568932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8279", "title": "The management of lens damage in perforating corneal lacerations.", "content": "Lens damage is present in 30% of perforating injuries of the anterior segment of the eye. There is no consensus on whether the cataractous lens should be removed at the initial repair of the corneal laceration or later, when the eye has recovered from injury. Twenty-seven consecutive cases with a perforating corneal injury and lens damage were alternatively treated either with simultaneous corneal suturing and cataract removal or with corneal suturing and delayed cataract removal several weeks later. The difference in the frequency of complications between the 2 groups was significant. The 1-step procedure was technically easier to perform, the period of postoperative irritation was shorter, complications due to the presence of an injured lens were prevented, and visual rehabilitation occurred earlier.", "contents": "The management of lens damage in perforating corneal lacerations. Lens damage is present in 30% of perforating injuries of the anterior segment of the eye. There is no consensus on whether the cataractous lens should be removed at the initial repair of the corneal laceration or later, when the eye has recovered from injury. Twenty-seven consecutive cases with a perforating corneal injury and lens damage were alternatively treated either with simultaneous corneal suturing and cataract removal or with corneal suturing and delayed cataract removal several weeks later. The difference in the frequency of complications between the 2 groups was significant. The 1-step procedure was technically easier to perform, the period of postoperative irritation was shorter, complications due to the presence of an injured lens were prevented, and visual rehabilitation occurred earlier.", "PMID": 568933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8280", "title": "Immune response in rats given irradiated wheat.", "content": "1. Rats given diets containing freshly-irradiated wheat showed significantly lower mean antibody titres to four different antigens, decreased numbers of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and rosette-forming lymphocytes as compared to rats given either unirradiated wheat or irradiated wheat stored for a period of 12 weeks. 2. The immune response in rats given 90 g protein/kg diet was essentially similar to that seen in animals given 180 g protein/kg diet.", "contents": "Immune response in rats given irradiated wheat. 1. Rats given diets containing freshly-irradiated wheat showed significantly lower mean antibody titres to four different antigens, decreased numbers of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and rosette-forming lymphocytes as compared to rats given either unirradiated wheat or irradiated wheat stored for a period of 12 weeks. 2. The immune response in rats given 90 g protein/kg diet was essentially similar to that seen in animals given 180 g protein/kg diet.", "PMID": 568934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8281", "title": "Effect of water-soluble oxalates in Amaranthus spp. leaves on the absorption of milk calcium.", "content": "1. Amaranthus spp. leaves contain high amounts of oxalates which affect the calcium absorption. This study was done to determine whether removal of the water-soluble oxalates from the leaves by cooking would reduce this deleterious effect. 2. Experimental work done with two types of basal diets on six adult male subjects has shown that the milk Ca absorption was low when leaves cooked without draining away the water were included in the diet. However when the soluble oxalates were removed by throwing away the water after cooking the leaves, the absorption of milk Ca was unaffected.", "contents": "Effect of water-soluble oxalates in Amaranthus spp. leaves on the absorption of milk calcium. 1. Amaranthus spp. leaves contain high amounts of oxalates which affect the calcium absorption. This study was done to determine whether removal of the water-soluble oxalates from the leaves by cooking would reduce this deleterious effect. 2. Experimental work done with two types of basal diets on six adult male subjects has shown that the milk Ca absorption was low when leaves cooked without draining away the water were included in the diet. However when the soluble oxalates were removed by throwing away the water after cooking the leaves, the absorption of milk Ca was unaffected.", "PMID": 568935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8282", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of compounds I and II of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Enzymatic reaction intermediates of horseradish peroxidase, compounds I and II, were studied by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 220 MHz. The heme peripheral proton peaks were successfully obtained in the downfield region of 50 to 80 ppm from 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-5-sulfonate for compound I and of 10 to 20 ppm for compound II at pH 9.2. This indicates that no isoporphyrin appears in the catalytic cycle of the enzyme. Temperature dependences of the spectra also were determined for these compounds between 7 and 32 degrees C. With increasing temperature, all the peaks in the downfield region for compound I shifted upfield, obeying the Curie law. These results suggest that the Fe atoms in compounds I and II are in ferryl high- and low-spin states, respectively. The spectrum was also observed in solutions of horse metmyoglobin to which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added. The electron formulations of the hemes in their spectra. Evidence was found against a pi-cation radical on the heme ring as a source of the oxidizing equivalent in compound I.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of compounds I and II of horseradish peroxidase. Enzymatic reaction intermediates of horseradish peroxidase, compounds I and II, were studied by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 220 MHz. The heme peripheral proton peaks were successfully obtained in the downfield region of 50 to 80 ppm from 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-5-sulfonate for compound I and of 10 to 20 ppm for compound II at pH 9.2. This indicates that no isoporphyrin appears in the catalytic cycle of the enzyme. Temperature dependences of the spectra also were determined for these compounds between 7 and 32 degrees C. With increasing temperature, all the peaks in the downfield region for compound I shifted upfield, obeying the Curie law. These results suggest that the Fe atoms in compounds I and II are in ferryl high- and low-spin states, respectively. The spectrum was also observed in solutions of horse metmyoglobin to which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added. The electron formulations of the hemes in their spectra. Evidence was found against a pi-cation radical on the heme ring as a source of the oxidizing equivalent in compound I.", "PMID": 568936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8283", "title": "Structural limitations on the bifunctional intercalation of diacridines into DNA.", "content": "An homologous series of diacridines containing two 9-aminoacridine chromophores linked via a simple methylene chain has been studied in order to investigate the minimum interchromophore separation required to permit bifunctional intercalation. Viscometric, sedimentation, and electric dichroism experiments show that compounds having one to four methylene groups in the linker are restricted to monofunctional intercalation, whereas the interaction becomes bifunctional when the chain length is increased to six carbons or more. The results indicate that bifunctional reaction occurs with an interchromophore distance not exceeding 8.8 A, implying that intercalation by these compounds is not subject to neighbor exclusion if the mode of binding is of the classical intercalation type.", "contents": "Structural limitations on the bifunctional intercalation of diacridines into DNA. An homologous series of diacridines containing two 9-aminoacridine chromophores linked via a simple methylene chain has been studied in order to investigate the minimum interchromophore separation required to permit bifunctional intercalation. Viscometric, sedimentation, and electric dichroism experiments show that compounds having one to four methylene groups in the linker are restricted to monofunctional intercalation, whereas the interaction becomes bifunctional when the chain length is increased to six carbons or more. The results indicate that bifunctional reaction occurs with an interchromophore distance not exceeding 8.8 A, implying that intercalation by these compounds is not subject to neighbor exclusion if the mode of binding is of the classical intercalation type.", "PMID": 568937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8284", "title": "Temperature dependence of the apparent affinity and the maximum velocity of the membrane-bound monosaccharide transport system in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis.", "content": "Analysis of the temperature dependence of the monosaccharide transport system in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis (ATCC 26194, CBS 6681), as tested with D-xylose, revealed that the apparent affinity of the transport system, measured as the reciprocal of the half-saturation constant KT, increased when transport velocity was stimulated by temperature (15--30 degrees C) and decreased when the rate of uptake was reduced at temperatures aboce 30 degrees C. Breaks in Arrhenius plots were accompanied by corresponding breaks in van't Hoff plots. Whereas untreated cells exhibited in the van't Hoff plot a discontinuity at 28--30 degrees C this was not observed in heat-treated cells (at either 37 or 45 degrees C). In heat-treated cells the maximum transport velocity was always lower and the apparent affinity higher than in untreated cells at the same temperature; the optimum temperature for both transport velocity and apparent affinity was shifted to higher values. The data are interpreted in terms of a reversible phase transition of membrane lipids effecting an irreversible alteration of membrane structure. The temperature-induced reversible alkalinization of unbuffered yeast suspensions supports this interpretation.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of the apparent affinity and the maximum velocity of the membrane-bound monosaccharide transport system in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the monosaccharide transport system in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis (ATCC 26194, CBS 6681), as tested with D-xylose, revealed that the apparent affinity of the transport system, measured as the reciprocal of the half-saturation constant KT, increased when transport velocity was stimulated by temperature (15--30 degrees C) and decreased when the rate of uptake was reduced at temperatures aboce 30 degrees C. Breaks in Arrhenius plots were accompanied by corresponding breaks in van't Hoff plots. Whereas untreated cells exhibited in the van't Hoff plot a discontinuity at 28--30 degrees C this was not observed in heat-treated cells (at either 37 or 45 degrees C). In heat-treated cells the maximum transport velocity was always lower and the apparent affinity higher than in untreated cells at the same temperature; the optimum temperature for both transport velocity and apparent affinity was shifted to higher values. The data are interpreted in terms of a reversible phase transition of membrane lipids effecting an irreversible alteration of membrane structure. The temperature-induced reversible alkalinization of unbuffered yeast suspensions supports this interpretation.", "PMID": 568938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8285", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis by estradiol-17beta in cultured hepatocytes.", "content": "Estradiol-17beta added to cultured chick embryo hepatocytes induced the appearance in the medium of a phosphoprotein, identified as phosvitin on the basis of: (i) its behaviour on ionic exchange columns; (ii) its SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility; (iii) its amino acid composition. The hormone treatment was also followed by a decreased synthesis of other proteins secreted by the hepatocytes.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis by estradiol-17beta in cultured hepatocytes. Estradiol-17beta added to cultured chick embryo hepatocytes induced the appearance in the medium of a phosphoprotein, identified as phosvitin on the basis of: (i) its behaviour on ionic exchange columns; (ii) its SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility; (iii) its amino acid composition. The hormone treatment was also followed by a decreased synthesis of other proteins secreted by the hepatocytes.", "PMID": 568939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8286", "title": "The interaction of 7-substituted actinomycin D analogs with DNA.", "content": "The interaction of actinomycin D and three new 7-substituted analogs with calf thymus DNA has been studied by a number of physical techniques. The methods utilized in this investigation include visible absorption spectrometry and ultrafiltration methodology for the determination of equilibrium binding constants; viscometry; and circular dichroism. The studies show that the 7-substituted actinomycin D analogs retain the G . C base pair specific DNA binding demonstrated by actinomycin D. The mode of binding to native DNA, despite substitution at position 7, is practically unaltered. The retention of this binding specificity by these analogs seems to be unaffected by changes in the electon properties of the chromophore.", "contents": "The interaction of 7-substituted actinomycin D analogs with DNA. The interaction of actinomycin D and three new 7-substituted analogs with calf thymus DNA has been studied by a number of physical techniques. The methods utilized in this investigation include visible absorption spectrometry and ultrafiltration methodology for the determination of equilibrium binding constants; viscometry; and circular dichroism. The studies show that the 7-substituted actinomycin D analogs retain the G . C base pair specific DNA binding demonstrated by actinomycin D. The mode of binding to native DNA, despite substitution at position 7, is practically unaltered. The retention of this binding specificity by these analogs seems to be unaffected by changes in the electon properties of the chromophore.", "PMID": 568940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8287", "title": "Alamethicin biosynthesis: acetylation of the amino terminus and attachment of phenylalaninol.", "content": "Alamethicin synthetase was extracted from the fungus Trichoderma viride at the end of its exponential growth phase. It is multienzyme complex with a molecular weight of approx. 480 000. The biosynthesis of alamethicin is initiated on the synthetase by acetylation of thiolester-bound aminoisobutyric acid, which remains enzyme bound. Acetyl-CoA serves as the acetate donor. Of the alamethicin constituents, glycine, alanine and valine are also acetylated when incubated alone. This acetylation is prevented by added aminoisobutyric acid, which indicates that the site on alamethicin synthetase catalyzing the acetylation has a preference for aminoisobutyric acid. Alamethicin formation on the synthetase is terminated by linkage of phenylalaninol to the carboxyl terminus of the peptide. It is unlikely that the amino alcohol is a degradation product of alamethicin or that it had been split off from the synthetase complex. Thus it is probably the reaction product of a separate enzyme system.", "contents": "Alamethicin biosynthesis: acetylation of the amino terminus and attachment of phenylalaninol. Alamethicin synthetase was extracted from the fungus Trichoderma viride at the end of its exponential growth phase. It is multienzyme complex with a molecular weight of approx. 480 000. The biosynthesis of alamethicin is initiated on the synthetase by acetylation of thiolester-bound aminoisobutyric acid, which remains enzyme bound. Acetyl-CoA serves as the acetate donor. Of the alamethicin constituents, glycine, alanine and valine are also acetylated when incubated alone. This acetylation is prevented by added aminoisobutyric acid, which indicates that the site on alamethicin synthetase catalyzing the acetylation has a preference for aminoisobutyric acid. Alamethicin formation on the synthetase is terminated by linkage of phenylalaninol to the carboxyl terminus of the peptide. It is unlikely that the amino alcohol is a degradation product of alamethicin or that it had been split off from the synthetase complex. Thus it is probably the reaction product of a separate enzyme system.", "PMID": 568941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8288", "title": "A histone H2B variant from the embryo of the sea urchin Parenchinus angulosus.", "content": "A variant of histone H2B has been isolated from sea urchin embryo (Parenchinus angulosus). Out of the 53 amino acids positioned in the three CNBr-peptides only 26 residues are identical to those in the corresponding positions of calf thymus histone H2B. A similar degree of homology exists between the embryonic variant and the previously characterized variants from sperm cells of the same organism.", "contents": "A histone H2B variant from the embryo of the sea urchin Parenchinus angulosus. A variant of histone H2B has been isolated from sea urchin embryo (Parenchinus angulosus). Out of the 53 amino acids positioned in the three CNBr-peptides only 26 residues are identical to those in the corresponding positions of calf thymus histone H2B. A similar degree of homology exists between the embryonic variant and the previously characterized variants from sperm cells of the same organism.", "PMID": 568942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8289", "title": "Analytical fractionation of cultured hepatoma cells (HTC cells).", "content": "Homogenates of HTC cells have been fractionated by differential centrifugation (in four particulate fractions: N, M, L, P, and a supernatant S) or isopycnic banding in linear sucrose gradients. On this basis, the following subcellular organelles may be characterized: (i) Mitochondria, detected by cytochrome oxidase and succinodehydrogenase, are collected in the M and L fractions, and equilibrate, as a narrow band, at a median buoyant density of 1.18 g/cm3. (ii) Lysosomes, detected by the latent hydrolases beta-glycerophosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, are largely sedimented in the M and L fractions, and display a broad density distribution pattern with a median value of 1.17 g/cm3. This density is decreased or increased after cultivation of the cells in presence of Triton WR-1339 or Dextran 500, respectively. The behavior of cathepsin D is somewhat at variance with that of the two other hydrolases. (iii) Plasma membrane is tentatively detected by alkaline phosphodiesterase I. Largely recovered in the P fraction, this enzyme equilibrates at a median density close to that of the lysosomal hydrolases; the bulk of cholesterol and about half of the leucyl-2-naphthylamidase are closely associated with alkaline phosphodiesterase I; HTC cells do not contain typical 5'-nucleotidase. (iv) Catalase-bearing particles, of high buoyant density (1.22 g/cm3) are present, but 30-40% of the catalase is also found readily soluble. NADPH- and NADH: cytochrome c reductase, and RNA show more complex distributions. It is suggested that the former enzyme is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum; as in liver, NADH reductase activity is shared between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria; half of the RNA is associated with free ribosomes of polysomes. True glucose-6-phosphatase could not be detected.", "contents": "Analytical fractionation of cultured hepatoma cells (HTC cells). Homogenates of HTC cells have been fractionated by differential centrifugation (in four particulate fractions: N, M, L, P, and a supernatant S) or isopycnic banding in linear sucrose gradients. On this basis, the following subcellular organelles may be characterized: (i) Mitochondria, detected by cytochrome oxidase and succinodehydrogenase, are collected in the M and L fractions, and equilibrate, as a narrow band, at a median buoyant density of 1.18 g/cm3. (ii) Lysosomes, detected by the latent hydrolases beta-glycerophosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, are largely sedimented in the M and L fractions, and display a broad density distribution pattern with a median value of 1.17 g/cm3. This density is decreased or increased after cultivation of the cells in presence of Triton WR-1339 or Dextran 500, respectively. The behavior of cathepsin D is somewhat at variance with that of the two other hydrolases. (iii) Plasma membrane is tentatively detected by alkaline phosphodiesterase I. Largely recovered in the P fraction, this enzyme equilibrates at a median density close to that of the lysosomal hydrolases; the bulk of cholesterol and about half of the leucyl-2-naphthylamidase are closely associated with alkaline phosphodiesterase I; HTC cells do not contain typical 5'-nucleotidase. (iv) Catalase-bearing particles, of high buoyant density (1.22 g/cm3) are present, but 30-40% of the catalase is also found readily soluble. NADPH- and NADH: cytochrome c reductase, and RNA show more complex distributions. It is suggested that the former enzyme is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum; as in liver, NADH reductase activity is shared between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria; half of the RNA is associated with free ribosomes of polysomes. True glucose-6-phosphatase could not be detected.", "PMID": 568943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8290", "title": "Rotenone inhibition of tubulin self-assembly.", "content": "Rotenone effectively inhibits the in vitro formation of microtubules from tubulin containing or lacking microtubule-associated proteins. In both cases a concentration of rotenone equal to that of tubulin present completely blocks assembly. The inhibition can be reversed by the addition of dimethylsulfoxide or by removing rotenone with charcoal.", "contents": "Rotenone inhibition of tubulin self-assembly. Rotenone effectively inhibits the in vitro formation of microtubules from tubulin containing or lacking microtubule-associated proteins. In both cases a concentration of rotenone equal to that of tubulin present completely blocks assembly. The inhibition can be reversed by the addition of dimethylsulfoxide or by removing rotenone with charcoal.", "PMID": 568944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8291", "title": "Surface analysis and depth profiles of calcium in hepatoma cells during pyruvate-induced DNA synthesis.", "content": "Induction of DNA synthesis is associated with increased uptake of calcium in cultured cells. Calcium distribution within the plasma membrane and adjacent cytoplasmic layers of hepatoma cells was investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and oxygen plasma etching. Cells in minimal growth medium initiate active DNA synthesis 16 h after addition of sodium pyruvate. Cells stimulated with pyruvate and pyruvate-free controls were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy--oxygen plasma etching at 0--40 A (layer I), 0--450 A (layer II) and 0--4000 A (layer III from the outer cell surface. Calcium concentrations were elevated in induced cells compared with controls: +20% in layer I, +60% in layer II, and +300% in layer III. As the plasma membrane is 90--120 A thick, these results indicate that pyruvate-induced DNA synthesis is preceded by an increase in calcium, most marked in the cytoplasm subjacent to the plasma membrane, moderate at its inner surface, and minimal at its outer surface.", "contents": "Surface analysis and depth profiles of calcium in hepatoma cells during pyruvate-induced DNA synthesis. Induction of DNA synthesis is associated with increased uptake of calcium in cultured cells. Calcium distribution within the plasma membrane and adjacent cytoplasmic layers of hepatoma cells was investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and oxygen plasma etching. Cells in minimal growth medium initiate active DNA synthesis 16 h after addition of sodium pyruvate. Cells stimulated with pyruvate and pyruvate-free controls were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy--oxygen plasma etching at 0--40 A (layer I), 0--450 A (layer II) and 0--4000 A (layer III from the outer cell surface. Calcium concentrations were elevated in induced cells compared with controls: +20% in layer I, +60% in layer II, and +300% in layer III. As the plasma membrane is 90--120 A thick, these results indicate that pyruvate-induced DNA synthesis is preceded by an increase in calcium, most marked in the cytoplasm subjacent to the plasma membrane, moderate at its inner surface, and minimal at its outer surface.", "PMID": 568945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8292", "title": "The utilization of copper and its role in the biosynthesis of copper-containing proteins in the fungus, Dactylium dendroides.", "content": "Aspects of the utilization of copper by the fungus, Dactylium dendroides, have been studied. The organism grows normally at copper levels below 10 nM. Cells grown in medium containing 30 nM copper or less concentrate exogenous metal at all levels of added copper; copper uptake is essentially complete within 15 min and is not inhibited by cycloheximide, dinitrophenol or cyanide. These results indicate that copper absorption is not an energy-dependent process. The relationship between fungal copper status and the activities of three copper-containing enzymes, galactose oxidase, and extracellular enzyme, the cytosolic, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase, has also been established. The synthesis of galactose oxidase protein (holoenzyme plus apo-enzyme) is independent of copper concentration. Cells grown in copper-free medium (less than 10 nM copper) excrete normal amounts of galactose oxidase as an apoprotein. At medium copper levels below 5 micrometer, new cultures contain enough total copper to enable the limited number of cells to attain sufficient intracellular copper to support hologalactose oxidase production. As a result of cell division, however, the amount of copper available per cell drops to a threshold of approx. 10 ng/mg below which point only apogalactose oxidase is secreted. Above 5 micrometer medium copper, holoenzyme secretion is maintained throughout cell growth. The levels of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase respond differently in that the protein itself apparently is synthesized in only limited amounts in copper-depleted cells. Total cellular superoxide dismutase activity is maintained under such conditions by an increase in activity associated with the mitochondrial, CN(-)-insensitive, manganese form of this enzyme. Cells grown at 10 micrometer copper show 83% of their superoxide dismutase activity to be contributed by the Cu/Zn form compared to a 17% contribution to the total activity in cells grown at 30 nM copper, indicating that the biosynthesis of the Cu/Zn and Mn-containing enzymes is coordinated. The data show that the level of copper modulates the synthesis of the cytosolic superoxide dismutase. In contrast, the cytochrome oxidase activity of D. dendroides is independent of cellular copper levels obtainable. Thus, the data also suggest that these three enzymes utilize different cellular copper pools. As cells are depleted of copper by cell division, the available copper is used to maintain Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase activity; at very low levels of copper, only the latter activity is maintained. The induction of the manganisuperoxide dismutase in copper-depleted cells should have practical value in the isolation of this protein.", "contents": "The utilization of copper and its role in the biosynthesis of copper-containing proteins in the fungus, Dactylium dendroides. Aspects of the utilization of copper by the fungus, Dactylium dendroides, have been studied. The organism grows normally at copper levels below 10 nM. Cells grown in medium containing 30 nM copper or less concentrate exogenous metal at all levels of added copper; copper uptake is essentially complete within 15 min and is not inhibited by cycloheximide, dinitrophenol or cyanide. These results indicate that copper absorption is not an energy-dependent process. The relationship between fungal copper status and the activities of three copper-containing enzymes, galactose oxidase, and extracellular enzyme, the cytosolic, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase, has also been established. The synthesis of galactose oxidase protein (holoenzyme plus apo-enzyme) is independent of copper concentration. Cells grown in copper-free medium (less than 10 nM copper) excrete normal amounts of galactose oxidase as an apoprotein. At medium copper levels below 5 micrometer, new cultures contain enough total copper to enable the limited number of cells to attain sufficient intracellular copper to support hologalactose oxidase production. As a result of cell division, however, the amount of copper available per cell drops to a threshold of approx. 10 ng/mg below which point only apogalactose oxidase is secreted. Above 5 micrometer medium copper, holoenzyme secretion is maintained throughout cell growth. The levels of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase respond differently in that the protein itself apparently is synthesized in only limited amounts in copper-depleted cells. Total cellular superoxide dismutase activity is maintained under such conditions by an increase in activity associated with the mitochondrial, CN(-)-insensitive, manganese form of this enzyme. Cells grown at 10 micrometer copper show 83% of their superoxide dismutase activity to be contributed by the Cu/Zn form compared to a 17% contribution to the total activity in cells grown at 30 nM copper, indicating that the biosynthesis of the Cu/Zn and Mn-containing enzymes is coordinated. The data show that the level of copper modulates the synthesis of the cytosolic superoxide dismutase. In contrast, the cytochrome oxidase activity of D. dendroides is independent of cellular copper levels obtainable. Thus, the data also suggest that these three enzymes utilize different cellular copper pools. As cells are depleted of copper by cell division, the available copper is used to maintain Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase activity; at very low levels of copper, only the latter activity is maintained. The induction of the manganisuperoxide dismutase in copper-depleted cells should have practical value in the isolation of this protein.", "PMID": 568946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8293", "title": "Effects of hormones on differentiation of parotid glands of suckling mice in vitro.", "content": "The hormonal requirements for functional differentiation of mouse parotid glands were investigated using organ cultures in chemically defined medium. The hormones tested were insulin, thyroxine and prednisolone, and the parameters examined were alpha-amylase activity and the ultrastructure of the tissue. It is found that most of the amylase in the cultures (80%) was released into the culture medium after 5 days of cultivation. Prednisolone (5 . 10(-3) mg/ml) alone resulted in a 3--4-fold increase in specific activity of amylase (total amylase activity in the medium and culture) over that in its absence, but neither insulin nor thyroxine alone induced the enzyme. Prednisolone plus thyroxine (over 1 . 10(-7) mg/ml) or insulin (over 1 . 10(-3) unit/ml) induced markedly the enzyme, amylase specific activity being as much as 4- or 6-fold that with prednisolone alone. Moreover the enzyme specific activity was dependent on the prednisolone concentration (5 . 10(-7) - 5 . 10(-3) mg/ml) in the presence of thyroxine (1 . 10(-2) mg/ml) or insulin (1 . 10(-2) unit/ml). Morphological differentiation was also observed in explants cultivated in medium containing prednisolone plus thyroxine or insulin. These results suggest that besides glucocorticoids, insulin and thyroxine are involved in increase in amylase activity in mouse parotid glands during the late suckling period.", "contents": "Effects of hormones on differentiation of parotid glands of suckling mice in vitro. The hormonal requirements for functional differentiation of mouse parotid glands were investigated using organ cultures in chemically defined medium. The hormones tested were insulin, thyroxine and prednisolone, and the parameters examined were alpha-amylase activity and the ultrastructure of the tissue. It is found that most of the amylase in the cultures (80%) was released into the culture medium after 5 days of cultivation. Prednisolone (5 . 10(-3) mg/ml) alone resulted in a 3--4-fold increase in specific activity of amylase (total amylase activity in the medium and culture) over that in its absence, but neither insulin nor thyroxine alone induced the enzyme. Prednisolone plus thyroxine (over 1 . 10(-7) mg/ml) or insulin (over 1 . 10(-3) unit/ml) induced markedly the enzyme, amylase specific activity being as much as 4- or 6-fold that with prednisolone alone. Moreover the enzyme specific activity was dependent on the prednisolone concentration (5 . 10(-7) - 5 . 10(-3) mg/ml) in the presence of thyroxine (1 . 10(-2) mg/ml) or insulin (1 . 10(-2) unit/ml). Morphological differentiation was also observed in explants cultivated in medium containing prednisolone plus thyroxine or insulin. These results suggest that besides glucocorticoids, insulin and thyroxine are involved in increase in amylase activity in mouse parotid glands during the late suckling period.", "PMID": 568947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8294", "title": "Extracellular matrix metabolism by chondrocytes. VI. Concomitant depression by exogenous levels of proteoglycan of collagen and proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes.", "content": "The synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans by  cultured chondrocytes, as measured by the incorporation of L-[3H]proline into hydroxyproline and [3H]acetate into glycosaminoglycans, was shown to be depressed by 58% and 39%, respectively, by the addition of exogenous proteoglycan at a concentration of 10 mg/ml growth media. The incorporation of L-[3H]proline into acid-insoluble protein remained unaltered in the presence of the proteoglycan. It was concluded that the effect was depressing the activity on the enzymatic steps, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, which are responsible for the post-translational modification of collagen and proteoglycan.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix metabolism by chondrocytes. VI. Concomitant depression by exogenous levels of proteoglycan of collagen and proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes. The synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans by  cultured chondrocytes, as measured by the incorporation of L-[3H]proline into hydroxyproline and [3H]acetate into glycosaminoglycans, was shown to be depressed by 58% and 39%, respectively, by the addition of exogenous proteoglycan at a concentration of 10 mg/ml growth media. The incorporation of L-[3H]proline into acid-insoluble protein remained unaltered in the presence of the proteoglycan. It was concluded that the effect was depressing the activity on the enzymatic steps, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, which are responsible for the post-translational modification of collagen and proteoglycan.", "PMID": 568948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8295", "title": "[Effect of chemical modification and carboxylate anions on transamination of phenylalanine and alanine in the active center of chicken cytosol aspartate transaminase].", "content": "Photooxidation of a histidine residue in aspartate transaminase leads to proportionate loss of the enzyme activity in reactions with L-aspartate and L-phenylalanine. Modification of two arginine residues by 1,2-cyclohexanedione strongly inhibits transamination of aspartate but, in contrast, slightly increases the rate of phenylalanine transamination. A stimulatory effect of a number of aromatic and aliphatic monocarboxylate anions on the rate of alanine transamination in the active site was observed. Indolylbutyrate was the most effective compound among those tested. Indolylbutyrate and indolylacetate act as competitive inhibitors in the case of transamination of phenylalanine or aspartate. The results were interpreted as indicating the presence in the active center of transaminase of a hydrophobic subsite participating in the binding of aromatic aminoacids.", "contents": "[Effect of chemical modification and carboxylate anions on transamination of phenylalanine and alanine in the active center of chicken cytosol aspartate transaminase]. Photooxidation of a histidine residue in aspartate transaminase leads to proportionate loss of the enzyme activity in reactions with L-aspartate and L-phenylalanine. Modification of two arginine residues by 1,2-cyclohexanedione strongly inhibits transamination of aspartate but, in contrast, slightly increases the rate of phenylalanine transamination. A stimulatory effect of a number of aromatic and aliphatic monocarboxylate anions on the rate of alanine transamination in the active site was observed. Indolylbutyrate was the most effective compound among those tested. Indolylbutyrate and indolylacetate act as competitive inhibitors in the case of transamination of phenylalanine or aspartate. The results were interpreted as indicating the presence in the active center of transaminase of a hydrophobic subsite participating in the binding of aromatic aminoacids.", "PMID": 568950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8296", "title": "[Production of monospecific immunoglobulin against human leukocyte interferon].", "content": "Donkeys were regularly, at seven-day intervals, immunized subcutaneously with human leukocyte interferon (IF) with the activity of 1.6 X 103 U/10 ml. IF-neutralizing antibodies in the titre of 1:128-1:256 were detected in the animals' sera after 38-40 injections. As a result of continuing injections the titre of these antibodies increased considerably. The antibodies to the components of the system in which the IF was obtained were revealed in parallel. Donkey antiinterferon plasma was prepared by plasmapheresis and antiinterferon immunoglobulin (AIFIG) was released from the plasma by centrifugation using ammonium sulphate at 50% saturation. Contamination antibodies were removed from AIFIG by affin chromatography on combined immunosorbent.", "contents": "[Production of monospecific immunoglobulin against human leukocyte interferon]. Donkeys were regularly, at seven-day intervals, immunized subcutaneously with human leukocyte interferon (IF) with the activity of 1.6 X 103 U/10 ml. IF-neutralizing antibodies in the titre of 1:128-1:256 were detected in the animals' sera after 38-40 injections. As a result of continuing injections the titre of these antibodies increased considerably. The antibodies to the components of the system in which the IF was obtained were revealed in parallel. Donkey antiinterferon plasma was prepared by plasmapheresis and antiinterferon immunoglobulin (AIFIG) was released from the plasma by centrifugation using ammonium sulphate at 50% saturation. Contamination antibodies were removed from AIFIG by affin chromatography on combined immunosorbent.", "PMID": 568968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8297", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic study of rat lung brush alveolocytes].", "content": "The 52 alveolar brush cells (ABC) were revealed in the semi-thin sections of the rat lung tissue, metachromatically stained with toluidine blue. Characteristic features of the ABC on the light microscope level were the following: pyramidal body shape, basal position of the nucleus, darker stain tinge of the cytoplasm than that of other alveolar cells, the presence of microvilli on the small free cell surface. There is one ABC per 21 alveocytes, type 2, and 15 alveocytes, type 1. 41.1% of the ABC are localized in places of adjacent alveolus walls junction, 32.7%--on the alveolus wall facing the alveolus cavity, 16.8%--near the alveolus entrance; 9.4% of the cells are directed into the cavities of two neughbo ring alveoli or settle down near the pores of Kohn. In parallel electron microscopy there was revealed in ABC a form of granular cytoplasmic reticulum (unusual for other alveolocytes) in the form of blocks made up of 5-8 cysternae as if adherent one to another, bundles of filaments and microtubules, vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm. The ultrastructure of ABC, their topography, and incidence in the alveoli of rats evidenced their chemoreceptor nature.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic study of rat lung brush alveolocytes]. The 52 alveolar brush cells (ABC) were revealed in the semi-thin sections of the rat lung tissue, metachromatically stained with toluidine blue. Characteristic features of the ABC on the light microscope level were the following: pyramidal body shape, basal position of the nucleus, darker stain tinge of the cytoplasm than that of other alveolar cells, the presence of microvilli on the small free cell surface. There is one ABC per 21 alveocytes, type 2, and 15 alveocytes, type 1. 41.1% of the ABC are localized in places of adjacent alveolus walls junction, 32.7%--on the alveolus wall facing the alveolus cavity, 16.8%--near the alveolus entrance; 9.4% of the cells are directed into the cavities of two neughbo ring alveoli or settle down near the pores of Kohn. In parallel electron microscopy there was revealed in ABC a form of granular cytoplasmic reticulum (unusual for other alveolocytes) in the form of blocks made up of 5-8 cysternae as if adherent one to another, bundles of filaments and microtubules, vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm. The ultrastructure of ABC, their topography, and incidence in the alveoli of rats evidenced their chemoreceptor nature.", "PMID": 568969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8298", "title": "In vitro effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on human polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocyte migration.", "content": "1. The action of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), sodium salicylate, aspirin, phenylbutazone and indomethacin was investigated on the migration of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and lymphocytes, using the system of migration of leucocytes from glass capillary tubes. 2. All NSAID produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cell migration, and were more effective on the migration of the PMN than on lymphocytes. 3. Drugs optimally suppressed PMN migration after 20 to 24 h incubation, and lymphocytes after 3 to 6 h. 4. Prolonged incubation of cells with several concentrations of NSAID demonstrated an 'escape' from inhibition in PMNs prepared from one subject.", "contents": "In vitro effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on human polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocyte migration. 1. The action of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), sodium salicylate, aspirin, phenylbutazone and indomethacin was investigated on the migration of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and lymphocytes, using the system of migration of leucocytes from glass capillary tubes. 2. All NSAID produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cell migration, and were more effective on the migration of the PMN than on lymphocytes. 3. Drugs optimally suppressed PMN migration after 20 to 24 h incubation, and lymphocytes after 3 to 6 h. 4. Prolonged incubation of cells with several concentrations of NSAID demonstrated an 'escape' from inhibition in PMNs prepared from one subject.", "PMID": 568970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8299", "title": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: light and electron microscopic observations of a case.", "content": "The ultrastructure of a case of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is presented. The papillae and septa within the lesion showed a similar organization. The surface was lined by a nonstratified layer of plump endothelial cells. Immediately beneath lay cells and processes of pericytes rich in thin filaments with fusiform densities, resembling smooth muscle cells. Primitive mesenchymal cells were observed to lie among the pericytes. The stroma beyond the subendothelial layer was collagenous and contained fibroblasts. The ultrastructure of the cells and their organization closely resembles human granulation tissue.", "contents": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: light and electron microscopic observations of a case. The ultrastructure of a case of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is presented. The papillae and septa within the lesion showed a similar organization. The surface was lined by a nonstratified layer of plump endothelial cells. Immediately beneath lay cells and processes of pericytes rich in thin filaments with fusiform densities, resembling smooth muscle cells. Primitive mesenchymal cells were observed to lie among the pericytes. The stroma beyond the subendothelial layer was collagenous and contained fibroblasts. The ultrastructure of the cells and their organization closely resembles human granulation tissue.", "PMID": 569010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8300", "title": "Cellular binding proteins for vitamin A in colorectal adenocarcinoma of rat.", "content": "Rat colorectal mucosa was examined during the course of carcinogenesis, induced by chronic administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), for the presence and amount of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. These two binding proteins are implicated in the action of vitamin A in normal and neoplastic tissue. Induced adenocarcinomas were found to contain low levels of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (10 pmol/g), similar to the levels found in adjacent mucosa of the same animal and also in colorectal mucosa from normal rats or rats chronically treated with DMH. However, the adenocarcinomas had high levels of CRBP (300 to 500 pmol/g), and these levels were dramatically higher than levels of CRBP in adjacent mucosa of the same animal (40 to 100 pmol/g), colorectal mucosa from normal rats (20 pmol/g), or colorectal mucosa from rats chronically treated with DMH (22 to 25 pmol/g). Consequently, the increase in CRBP occurred only with tumor appearance and not with the general hyperplasia of the crypts caused by DMH administration. The CRBP of the tumor was associated with endogenous retinol (77 to 100% saturation) and was similar to, if not identical with, CRBP of normal tissue, as judged by fluorescence spectra, sedimentation behavior, and elution position on Sephadex G-75.", "contents": "Cellular binding proteins for vitamin A in colorectal adenocarcinoma of rat. Rat colorectal mucosa was examined during the course of carcinogenesis, induced by chronic administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), for the presence and amount of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. These two binding proteins are implicated in the action of vitamin A in normal and neoplastic tissue. Induced adenocarcinomas were found to contain low levels of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (10 pmol/g), similar to the levels found in adjacent mucosa of the same animal and also in colorectal mucosa from normal rats or rats chronically treated with DMH. However, the adenocarcinomas had high levels of CRBP (300 to 500 pmol/g), and these levels were dramatically higher than levels of CRBP in adjacent mucosa of the same animal (40 to 100 pmol/g), colorectal mucosa from normal rats (20 pmol/g), or colorectal mucosa from rats chronically treated with DMH (22 to 25 pmol/g). Consequently, the increase in CRBP occurred only with tumor appearance and not with the general hyperplasia of the crypts caused by DMH administration. The CRBP of the tumor was associated with endogenous retinol (77 to 100% saturation) and was similar to, if not identical with, CRBP of normal tissue, as judged by fluorescence spectra, sedimentation behavior, and elution position on Sephadex G-75.", "PMID": 569012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8301", "title": "Selective reduction of human tumor cell populations by human granulocytes in vitro.", "content": "Human peripheral blood granulocytes at a 10:1 effector cell:target cell ratio were shown by an in vitro semiquantitative staining procedure to reduce the number of human tumor cells, but not that of normal cells. Microscopic observations revealed that this selective reduction of tumor cells by granulocytes was a function of both detachment and cytolysis. The cytotoxic effect of granulocytes on the tumor cells was confirmed by a quantitative 5-[125I]iodo-2-deoxyuridine release assay. The data indicate that human granulocytes at a relatively low effector:target cell ratio (10:1) have the capacity to recognize and destroy human tumor cells in vitro.", "contents": "Selective reduction of human tumor cell populations by human granulocytes in vitro. Human peripheral blood granulocytes at a 10:1 effector cell:target cell ratio were shown by an in vitro semiquantitative staining procedure to reduce the number of human tumor cells, but not that of normal cells. Microscopic observations revealed that this selective reduction of tumor cells by granulocytes was a function of both detachment and cytolysis. The cytotoxic effect of granulocytes on the tumor cells was confirmed by a quantitative 5-[125I]iodo-2-deoxyuridine release assay. The data indicate that human granulocytes at a relatively low effector:target cell ratio (10:1) have the capacity to recognize and destroy human tumor cells in vitro.", "PMID": 569013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8302", "title": "The proliferative state of clonogenic cells in the Lewis lung tumour after treatment with cytotoxic agents.", "content": "The proportion of clonogenic cells from the Lewis lung carcinoma which are in S-phase of the cell cycle has been measured as the fraction killed by a short exposure to hydroxyurea in vitro. Estimates of the proportions of S-phase cells before and 30 min after doses of gamma-radiation of 1000--2000 rad suggest no alternation in the cell cycle age distribution due to these doses of radiation. As the survivors of these high doses of radiation are predominantly hypoxic, the results imply that hypoxic cells have the same cell cycle age distribution as oxygenated cells in Lewis lung tumours. After treatment with cyclophosphamide or CCNU, the proportion of S-phase cells among the survivors exceeds the faction of S-phase cells in untreated populations. This increase is consistent with a relative resistance of S-phase cells to alkylating agents and nitrosoureas.", "contents": "The proliferative state of clonogenic cells in the Lewis lung tumour after treatment with cytotoxic agents. The proportion of clonogenic cells from the Lewis lung carcinoma which are in S-phase of the cell cycle has been measured as the fraction killed by a short exposure to hydroxyurea in vitro. Estimates of the proportions of S-phase cells before and 30 min after doses of gamma-radiation of 1000--2000 rad suggest no alternation in the cell cycle age distribution due to these doses of radiation. As the survivors of these high doses of radiation are predominantly hypoxic, the results imply that hypoxic cells have the same cell cycle age distribution as oxygenated cells in Lewis lung tumours. After treatment with cyclophosphamide or CCNU, the proportion of S-phase cells among the survivors exceeds the faction of S-phase cells in untreated populations. This increase is consistent with a relative resistance of S-phase cells to alkylating agents and nitrosoureas.", "PMID": 569015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8303", "title": "Effects of antimicrotubular agents on the fine structure of the Golgi complex in embryonic chick osteoblasts.", "content": "Embryonic chick frontal bones were cultured in the presence of colchicine or vinblastine and subsequently examined by tranmission electron microscopy. In control cultures the osteoblasts showed a large Golgi complex consisting of dictyosomes arranged in a well-defined juxtanuclear area. Microtubules were particularly numerous within this Golgi area although they could be observed throughout the cytoplasm. Colchicine and vinblastine caused the disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules, while bundles of 10 nm diameter filaments appeared more frequently. In addition, cell polarity was lost and the Golgi complex became disorganized, with the dictyosomes randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm and showing a decreased number of cisternae and an increased number of vacuoles, the latter generally lacking stainable material. Increased number of autophagosomes were also noted. These findings indicate that microtubules function in the organization of the Golgi complex in osteoblasts. In view of the well documented role of this organelle system in collagen secretion it is suggested that previously observed secretory disturbances produced by antimicrotubular drugs may be due to a defective transfer of material to the dictyosomes and/or a defect in the packaging and transport of such material away from them.", "contents": "Effects of antimicrotubular agents on the fine structure of the Golgi complex in embryonic chick osteoblasts. Embryonic chick frontal bones were cultured in the presence of colchicine or vinblastine and subsequently examined by tranmission electron microscopy. In control cultures the osteoblasts showed a large Golgi complex consisting of dictyosomes arranged in a well-defined juxtanuclear area. Microtubules were particularly numerous within this Golgi area although they could be observed throughout the cytoplasm. Colchicine and vinblastine caused the disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules, while bundles of 10 nm diameter filaments appeared more frequently. In addition, cell polarity was lost and the Golgi complex became disorganized, with the dictyosomes randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm and showing a decreased number of cisternae and an increased number of vacuoles, the latter generally lacking stainable material. Increased number of autophagosomes were also noted. These findings indicate that microtubules function in the organization of the Golgi complex in osteoblasts. In view of the well documented role of this organelle system in collagen secretion it is suggested that previously observed secretory disturbances produced by antimicrotubular drugs may be due to a defective transfer of material to the dictyosomes and/or a defect in the packaging and transport of such material away from them.", "PMID": 569017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8304", "title": "Scanning electron microscope studies of the egg shell in some anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda).", "content": "The tertiary shell of the eggs of anostracan crustaceans consists of two layers, an outer cortex and an inner alveolar layer. Scanning electron microscope studies show that, in most species, these layers are separated by a subcortical space which intercommunicates with spaces in the cortex and with the meshwork of the alveolar layer. No evidence was found for direct communication between pores on the surface of Branchipus stagnalis eggs and the subcortical space. No surface pores were found in the eggs of Branchinecta packardi, Chirocephalus diaphanus, Artemia salina, nor in eggs of the notostracan Triops cancriformis. Similarities in structure and possible functions of the egg shells of anostracan crustaceans and certain insects are discussed in relation to similarities in certain features of their environments.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope studies of the egg shell in some anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). The tertiary shell of the eggs of anostracan crustaceans consists of two layers, an outer cortex and an inner alveolar layer. Scanning electron microscope studies show that, in most species, these layers are separated by a subcortical space which intercommunicates with spaces in the cortex and with the meshwork of the alveolar layer. No evidence was found for direct communication between pores on the surface of Branchipus stagnalis eggs and the subcortical space. No surface pores were found in the eggs of Branchinecta packardi, Chirocephalus diaphanus, Artemia salina, nor in eggs of the notostracan Triops cancriformis. Similarities in structure and possible functions of the egg shells of anostracan crustaceans and certain insects are discussed in relation to similarities in certain features of their environments.", "PMID": 569018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8305", "title": "Possible involvement of putrescine in nucleolar formation in early embryos.", "content": "Continuous treatment of developing eggs of the polychete Ophryotrocha labronica with alpha-methylornithine, which inhibits synthesis of putrescine, led to arrest of development at gastrulation. The present ultrastructural analysis suggests that the arrest of development is due to failure to form nuclei, and thus reveals a possible role for putrescine in nucleolar formation. Further support for this contention was provided by means of electron-microscopical autoradiography. It was found that newly synthesized putrescine, derived from administered 3H-ornithine, labeled the nucleoli intensely at the time of their normal appearance during gastrulation, the time at which the rate of endogenous putrescine synthesis is maximal. These observations have led to the conclusion that putrescine synthesis may be directly involved in formation of nucleoli.", "contents": "Possible involvement of putrescine in nucleolar formation in early embryos. Continuous treatment of developing eggs of the polychete Ophryotrocha labronica with alpha-methylornithine, which inhibits synthesis of putrescine, led to arrest of development at gastrulation. The present ultrastructural analysis suggests that the arrest of development is due to failure to form nuclei, and thus reveals a possible role for putrescine in nucleolar formation. Further support for this contention was provided by means of electron-microscopical autoradiography. It was found that newly synthesized putrescine, derived from administered 3H-ornithine, labeled the nucleoli intensely at the time of their normal appearance during gastrulation, the time at which the rate of endogenous putrescine synthesis is maximal. These observations have led to the conclusion that putrescine synthesis may be directly involved in formation of nucleoli.", "PMID": 569019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8306", "title": "Hardening of the sea urchin fertilization envelope by peroxidase-catalyzed phenolic coupling of tyrosines.", "content": "Within minutes after its elevation from the egg surface, the sea urchin fertilization envelope (FE) becomes \"hardened\" by a reaction that renders it resistant to agents that solubilize, denature or degrade most proteins. Peroxidase activity is released into the surrounding seawater from Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus eggs during fertilization. Evidence from several sources indicate that the catalytic action of the peroxidase is responsible for hardening the FE through the phenolic coupling of tyrosyl residues of the FE proteins. First, the peroxidase is localized within the hardened FE and within the crystalline FE precursor material released from egg cortical granules during the fertilization reaction. Second, a direct correlation is established between the effectiveness of compounds in inhibiting the cortical granule peroxidase (CGP) and their effectiveness in inhibiting hardening of the FE. Third, the CGP catalyzes the cross-linking of tyrosines in solution, a reaction known to be catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Fourth, acid hydrolysates of hardened FEs contain cross-linked tyrosines that are identified by comparing their chromatographic ultraviolet absorption and fluorescent characteristics to those known for cross-linked tyrosines formed by HRP. Finally, when eggs are fertilized in the presence of 125I, the CGP heavily labels proteins of the FE and of the crystalline FE precursor material released with the enzyme from the cortical granules. The iodide label reflects the localization of the CGP and may reflect the sites of peroxidase-generated tyrosyl phenyl radicals involved in the tyrosine coupling reaction. Maximal iodide labeling occurs during the first 5 min period following fertilization, corresponding to the period of FE hardening.", "contents": "Hardening of the sea urchin fertilization envelope by peroxidase-catalyzed phenolic coupling of tyrosines. Within minutes after its elevation from the egg surface, the sea urchin fertilization envelope (FE) becomes \"hardened\" by a reaction that renders it resistant to agents that solubilize, denature or degrade most proteins. Peroxidase activity is released into the surrounding seawater from Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus eggs during fertilization. Evidence from several sources indicate that the catalytic action of the peroxidase is responsible for hardening the FE through the phenolic coupling of tyrosyl residues of the FE proteins. First, the peroxidase is localized within the hardened FE and within the crystalline FE precursor material released from egg cortical granules during the fertilization reaction. Second, a direct correlation is established between the effectiveness of compounds in inhibiting the cortical granule peroxidase (CGP) and their effectiveness in inhibiting hardening of the FE. Third, the CGP catalyzes the cross-linking of tyrosines in solution, a reaction known to be catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Fourth, acid hydrolysates of hardened FEs contain cross-linked tyrosines that are identified by comparing their chromatographic ultraviolet absorption and fluorescent characteristics to those known for cross-linked tyrosines formed by HRP. Finally, when eggs are fertilized in the presence of 125I, the CGP heavily labels proteins of the FE and of the crystalline FE precursor material released with the enzyme from the cortical granules. The iodide label reflects the localization of the CGP and may reflect the sites of peroxidase-generated tyrosyl phenyl radicals involved in the tyrosine coupling reaction. Maximal iodide labeling occurs during the first 5 min period following fertilization, corresponding to the period of FE hardening.", "PMID": 569021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8307", "title": "C3 component of complement secreted by established cell lines.", "content": "The hamster cell line NIL8 secretes the C3 component of complement as well as collagenous molecules and fibronectin (LETS protein). The C3 is found in the culture medium as a disulfidebonded complex of two polypeptides of 130,000 daltons (alpha) and 65,000 daltons (beta). The secreted C3 can be quantitatively cleaved to C3b and further cleaved by C3 inactivators. The activation of C3 to C3b is promoted by zymosan or by antibody-coated erythrocytes, demonstrating participation in both the classical and alternative complement pathways. The availability of this culture system has enabled us to show that C3 is synthesized as a 185,000 dalton precursor (proC3) which is biologically inactive and becomes cleaved to active C3. Some other established cell lines (NIL1 and BALB/c 3T3) also secrete C3, but some others do not.", "contents": "C3 component of complement secreted by established cell lines. The hamster cell line NIL8 secretes the C3 component of complement as well as collagenous molecules and fibronectin (LETS protein). The C3 is found in the culture medium as a disulfidebonded complex of two polypeptides of 130,000 daltons (alpha) and 65,000 daltons (beta). The secreted C3 can be quantitatively cleaved to C3b and further cleaved by C3 inactivators. The activation of C3 to C3b is promoted by zymosan or by antibody-coated erythrocytes, demonstrating participation in both the classical and alternative complement pathways. The availability of this culture system has enabled us to show that C3 is synthesized as a 185,000 dalton precursor (proC3) which is biologically inactive and becomes cleaved to active C3. Some other established cell lines (NIL1 and BALB/c 3T3) also secrete C3, but some others do not.", "PMID": 569023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8308", "title": "Uptake of protein by cultured human trophoblast cells.", "content": "The uptake of peroxidase by cultured human trophoblast cells was monitored ultrastructurally. There was no apparent effect on the distribution of peroxidase caused by treatment at 4 degrees C, with KCN or with IgG. Pinocytic channels penetrate deep into the perinuclear cytoplasm and may act to allow pinocytosis to occur within layers of microfilaments which might otherwise prevent pinosome access to the majority of the synthetic organelles.", "contents": "Uptake of protein by cultured human trophoblast cells. The uptake of peroxidase by cultured human trophoblast cells was monitored ultrastructurally. There was no apparent effect on the distribution of peroxidase caused by treatment at 4 degrees C, with KCN or with IgG. Pinocytic channels penetrate deep into the perinuclear cytoplasm and may act to allow pinocytosis to occur within layers of microfilaments which might otherwise prevent pinosome access to the majority of the synthetic organelles.", "PMID": 569026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8309", "title": "Reaction of tonofilament-like intermediate-sized filaments with antibodies raised against isolated defined polypeptides of bovine hoof prekeratin.", "content": "Total purified and reconstituted bovine hoof prekeratin, containing several polypeptides, as well as individual polypeptide size classes isolated therefrom were used as antigens in guinea pigs. The antibodies raised against these protein preparations were found to decorate the system of wavy arrays of tonofilament-like, intermediate-sized filaments present in various epithelial and epithelia-derived cells. Strong cross-reaction between different vertebrate species was noted, including amphibia. Positive results were obtained with original sera as well as with IgG fractions and antibodies made monospecific by chromatography on total bovine prekeratin covalently bound to Sepharose. Among the antisera raised against the different polypeptide size classes the most intense decoration of fibrillar arrays was obtained with antibodies against fraction 4 which contained polypeptides VI and VII.", "contents": "Reaction of tonofilament-like intermediate-sized filaments with antibodies raised against isolated defined polypeptides of bovine hoof prekeratin. Total purified and reconstituted bovine hoof prekeratin, containing several polypeptides, as well as individual polypeptide size classes isolated therefrom were used as antigens in guinea pigs. The antibodies raised against these protein preparations were found to decorate the system of wavy arrays of tonofilament-like, intermediate-sized filaments present in various epithelial and epithelia-derived cells. Strong cross-reaction between different vertebrate species was noted, including amphibia. Positive results were obtained with original sera as well as with IgG fractions and antibodies made monospecific by chromatography on total bovine prekeratin covalently bound to Sepharose. Among the antisera raised against the different polypeptide size classes the most intense decoration of fibrillar arrays was obtained with antibodies against fraction 4 which contained polypeptides VI and VII.", "PMID": 569027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8310", "title": "Characterization of ellipticine binding to native calf thymus DNA.", "content": "The binding of [14C]ellipticine to native calf thymus DNA was studied using equilibrium dialysis. A Scatchard polt revealed the presence of high-and low-affinity binding sites in DNA, the former having a K of 4.0 X 10(7) M(-1) and an n (saturation limiting of binding) of 0.078 (1mol ellipticine/13 mol of DNA nucleotides). The forces involved in stabilizing the high-affinity binding, which has been equated with intercalative binding, were due to a combination of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Difference spectra of ellipticine in the presence of the polydeoxynucleotides, poly d(A-T) or poly d(G-C), showed that there was no base specificity involved in the high-affinity binding. Ellipticine binding to the low-affinity sites, which has been equated with surface binding, was due primarily to the participation of electrostatic interactions of ellipticine with the anionic phosphate groups on the double helical surface of DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of ellipticine binding to native calf thymus DNA. The binding of [14C]ellipticine to native calf thymus DNA was studied using equilibrium dialysis. A Scatchard polt revealed the presence of high-and low-affinity binding sites in DNA, the former having a K of 4.0 X 10(7) M(-1) and an n (saturation limiting of binding) of 0.078 (1mol ellipticine/13 mol of DNA nucleotides). The forces involved in stabilizing the high-affinity binding, which has been equated with intercalative binding, were due to a combination of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Difference spectra of ellipticine in the presence of the polydeoxynucleotides, poly d(A-T) or poly d(G-C), showed that there was no base specificity involved in the high-affinity binding. Ellipticine binding to the low-affinity sites, which has been equated with surface binding, was due primarily to the participation of electrostatic interactions of ellipticine with the anionic phosphate groups on the double helical surface of DNA.", "PMID": 569028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8311", "title": "Increased thyrotrophin secretion induced by sulpiride in man.", "content": "100 mg i.m. sulpiride (a dopamine-receptor-blocking drug) led to a significant rise in plasma TSH in normal womem, in female patients with galactorrhoea, and, to a much more marked degree, in male and female patients with primary hypothyroidism. In the hypothyroid patients, there was a significant positive correlation between basal TSH and its maximum increment after sulpiride. The drug proved to be an even more potent stimulator of PRL, at least in subjects with normal blood PRL. Normal males, on the other hand, displayed no significant changes in TSH after sulpiride. Continuous administration (150 mg/day per os for 15 days) also resulted in enhancement of TSH in normal women. These results suggest that TSH release is controlled by a dopaminergic mechanism in man. The more accentuated TSH response in hypothyroid patients may perhaps be attributable to the absence of negative-feedback on the part of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Increased thyrotrophin secretion induced by sulpiride in man. 100 mg i.m. sulpiride (a dopamine-receptor-blocking drug) led to a significant rise in plasma TSH in normal womem, in female patients with galactorrhoea, and, to a much more marked degree, in male and female patients with primary hypothyroidism. In the hypothyroid patients, there was a significant positive correlation between basal TSH and its maximum increment after sulpiride. The drug proved to be an even more potent stimulator of PRL, at least in subjects with normal blood PRL. Normal males, on the other hand, displayed no significant changes in TSH after sulpiride. Continuous administration (150 mg/day per os for 15 days) also resulted in enhancement of TSH in normal women. These results suggest that TSH release is controlled by a dopaminergic mechanism in man. The more accentuated TSH response in hypothyroid patients may perhaps be attributable to the absence of negative-feedback on the part of thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 569030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8312", "title": "The effect of heroin addiction on pituitary-testicular function.", "content": "The effect of heroin addiction on pituitary-testicular function was studied in 54 active and 19 abstinent addicts and their results were compared with those of 43 age-matched controls. Abnormal sexual function was frequently found in heroin addicts and this persisted after drug withdrawal. The mean total (mean +/- SE, 18.1 +/- 1.0 nmol/1) and free (0.17 +/- 0.03 nmol/1) testosterone (T) levels in heroin addicts were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (total T 22.8 +/- 1.1 nmol/1), P less than 0.005; free T  0.30 +/- 0.03 nmol/1, P less than 0.005). The mean sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity was higher in heroin addicts (60.1 +/- 5.2 mM) than in healthy controls (35.5 +/- 2.1 mM). These hormonal changes returned promptly to normal after withdrawal. The basal LH and FSH and the responses to LHRH were comparable in the three groups studied. The finding of significantly lower total and free T together with higher SHBG indicates an abnormal testicular function in heroin addiction. Normal basal and LHRH-stimulated LH and FSH levels suggest that chronic heroin abuse depressed testicular function via the hypothalamus or higher centres.", "contents": "The effect of heroin addiction on pituitary-testicular function. The effect of heroin addiction on pituitary-testicular function was studied in 54 active and 19 abstinent addicts and their results were compared with those of 43 age-matched controls. Abnormal sexual function was frequently found in heroin addicts and this persisted after drug withdrawal. The mean total (mean +/- SE, 18.1 +/- 1.0 nmol/1) and free (0.17 +/- 0.03 nmol/1) testosterone (T) levels in heroin addicts were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (total T 22.8 +/- 1.1 nmol/1), P less than 0.005; free T  0.30 +/- 0.03 nmol/1, P less than 0.005). The mean sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity was higher in heroin addicts (60.1 +/- 5.2 mM) than in healthy controls (35.5 +/- 2.1 mM). These hormonal changes returned promptly to normal after withdrawal. The basal LH and FSH and the responses to LHRH were comparable in the three groups studied. The finding of significantly lower total and free T together with higher SHBG indicates an abnormal testicular function in heroin addiction. Normal basal and LHRH-stimulated LH and FSH levels suggest that chronic heroin abuse depressed testicular function via the hypothalamus or higher centres.", "PMID": 569031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8313", "title": "[A new strategy of fight against meningococcal meningitis epidemics in Sahelian Africa].", "content": "An acquired sulfamido-resistance to menigococcus having appeared, the authors propose a single injection of a cheap and efficient antibiotic, chloram-phenicol, suspended in oil for cerebrospinal meningitis treatment. This treatment has been successfully applied at the Bobo-Dioulasso hospital (recovery in 82.5% of the cases). Two controlled experiments on the field of the group A polysaccharidic antimeningococcic vaccine in the Koudougou (Haute-Volta) and Koutiala (Mali) areas confirmed its efficiency and innocuity, the conferred immunity persisting two years at least. The appearance of serogroup C meningococcus at the origin of the epidemic attacks in Nigeria 1975 has been confirmed at Niamey (Niger). In consequence of this new experience of the logistic and economic conditions in the countries of the \"meningitic belt\" the following strategy for meningococcus epidemic control may be proposed:--a strict epidemiologic supervision by nurses in rural dispensaries;--as soon as a few cases are reported in a medical sector, application of the \"minute treatment\" with chloramphenicol to all meningitic patients, which permits the \"lethality prophylaxis\"; the national authorities shall be then warned; they will make the diagnostic of the causal serogroup (A or C) thanks to the electroimmunodiffusion technique;--as soon as the serogroup is demonstrated, a specific \"circonstance vaccination\" campaign for the whole population of the sector shall be carried out, in order to stop the development of the disease.", "contents": "[A new strategy of fight against meningococcal meningitis epidemics in Sahelian Africa]. An acquired sulfamido-resistance to menigococcus having appeared, the authors propose a single injection of a cheap and efficient antibiotic, chloram-phenicol, suspended in oil for cerebrospinal meningitis treatment. This treatment has been successfully applied at the Bobo-Dioulasso hospital (recovery in 82.5% of the cases). Two controlled experiments on the field of the group A polysaccharidic antimeningococcic vaccine in the Koudougou (Haute-Volta) and Koutiala (Mali) areas confirmed its efficiency and innocuity, the conferred immunity persisting two years at least. The appearance of serogroup C meningococcus at the origin of the epidemic attacks in Nigeria 1975 has been confirmed at Niamey (Niger). In consequence of this new experience of the logistic and economic conditions in the countries of the \"meningitic belt\" the following strategy for meningococcus epidemic control may be proposed:--a strict epidemiologic supervision by nurses in rural dispensaries;--as soon as a few cases are reported in a medical sector, application of the \"minute treatment\" with chloramphenicol to all meningitic patients, which permits the \"lethality prophylaxis\"; the national authorities shall be then warned; they will make the diagnostic of the causal serogroup (A or C) thanks to the electroimmunodiffusion technique;--as soon as the serogroup is demonstrated, a specific \"circonstance vaccination\" campaign for the whole population of the sector shall be carried out, in order to stop the development of the disease.", "PMID": 569029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8314", "title": "On the concept of stem cell and a model of functional-morphological structure of the endometrium.", "content": "The paper discusses the fundamentals of a functional-morphological model of the structure of human endometrial ephitelium during two phases of the menstrual cycle. The model is based on the hypothesis that endometrial epithelium comprises populations of stem cells, capable of long-term self maintenance and producing differentiated epithelial cells, which can be divided according to the model, into three types: estradiol-sensitive cells, estradiol- and progesterone-sensitive cells and progesterone-sensitive cells. The significance of changes in blood-estradiol and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle required for conversion of one type of the cells into another is considered, and histochemical characterization of different types of cells is given.", "contents": "On the concept of stem cell and a model of functional-morphological structure of the endometrium. The paper discusses the fundamentals of a functional-morphological model of the structure of human endometrial ephitelium during two phases of the menstrual cycle. The model is based on the hypothesis that endometrial epithelium comprises populations of stem cells, capable of long-term self maintenance and producing differentiated epithelial cells, which can be divided according to the model, into three types: estradiol-sensitive cells, estradiol- and progesterone-sensitive cells and progesterone-sensitive cells. The significance of changes in blood-estradiol and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle required for conversion of one type of the cells into another is considered, and histochemical characterization of different types of cells is given.", "PMID": 569035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8315", "title": "A photomap of the salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi liston (Culicidae: Diptera).", "content": "A photomap of the banding pattern of the salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi Liston, which is first of its kind, has been prepared. The salivary chromosome complement consists of five arms, the shortest of which represents the telocentric X-chromosome, and the remaining four the autosomal arms. A comparison has been made of the banding pattern of this species with other species of the subgenus Cellia.", "contents": "A photomap of the salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi liston (Culicidae: Diptera). A photomap of the banding pattern of the salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi Liston, which is first of its kind, has been prepared. The salivary chromosome complement consists of five arms, the shortest of which represents the telocentric X-chromosome, and the remaining four the autosomal arms. A comparison has been made of the banding pattern of this species with other species of the subgenus Cellia.", "PMID": 569038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8316", "title": "Cell wall synthesis in Allomyces macrogynus.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy and freeze-etching/cleaving have been employed to examine events in the synchronized development of gametophytic germlings of the aquatic Phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus. Motile spores were induced to start synchronized development and the sequence of surface changes associated with the encystment process was studied. Time course studies show that small vesicles (apparently blebbed off from the gamma-particles) start to accumulate on the surface of the plasma membrane after 6 min of synchronized growth at the same time as the first cell wall material can be detected. The vesicles increase in number during encystment. After 15 min of synchronized growth the number of vesicles decrease and after 20 min of growth no vesicle can be observed on the cell surface. During this period the cell surface appears increasingly smooth, probably due to cell wall formation. In freeze-etching/cleaving electron micrographs from this period, both intact and what appear to be ruptured vesicles outside the cell surface, can be observed. The intact vesicle has a characteristic surface pattern presumably of membrane particles. This surface view of the encystment processes supports the hypothesis that the gamma-particles through gamma vesicle formation participate in the cell wall synthesis during encystment in Allomyces.", "contents": "Cell wall synthesis in Allomyces macrogynus. Scanning electron microscopy and freeze-etching/cleaving have been employed to examine events in the synchronized development of gametophytic germlings of the aquatic Phycomycete Allomyces macrogynus. Motile spores were induced to start synchronized development and the sequence of surface changes associated with the encystment process was studied. Time course studies show that small vesicles (apparently blebbed off from the gamma-particles) start to accumulate on the surface of the plasma membrane after 6 min of synchronized growth at the same time as the first cell wall material can be detected. The vesicles increase in number during encystment. After 15 min of synchronized growth the number of vesicles decrease and after 20 min of growth no vesicle can be observed on the cell surface. During this period the cell surface appears increasingly smooth, probably due to cell wall formation. In freeze-etching/cleaving electron micrographs from this period, both intact and what appear to be ruptured vesicles outside the cell surface, can be observed. The intact vesicle has a characteristic surface pattern presumably of membrane particles. This surface view of the encystment processes supports the hypothesis that the gamma-particles through gamma vesicle formation participate in the cell wall synthesis during encystment in Allomyces.", "PMID": 569039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8317", "title": "Studies on the salivary gland chromosomes of an isolated population of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera, Culicidae).", "content": "The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi from a local wild population in Nadasahib (Haryana) have been studied. The banding pattern is compared with the standard pattern of Anopheles stephensi (NICD strain). Differences in the free ends of the X-chromosome and the autosomal arms have been seen. These differences are both in the shape and the banding pattern of the free ends. The impact of ecogeographic isolation on genetic variability between the two species is also discussed. The Nadasahib population is free from natural chromosomal polymorphism, whereas 32 different types of aberrations have been seen in the NICD strain.", "contents": "Studies on the salivary gland chromosomes of an isolated population of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera, Culicidae). The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi from a local wild population in Nadasahib (Haryana) have been studied. The banding pattern is compared with the standard pattern of Anopheles stephensi (NICD strain). Differences in the free ends of the X-chromosome and the autosomal arms have been seen. These differences are both in the shape and the banding pattern of the free ends. The impact of ecogeographic isolation on genetic variability between the two species is also discussed. The Nadasahib population is free from natural chromosomal polymorphism, whereas 32 different types of aberrations have been seen in the NICD strain.", "PMID": 569040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8318", "title": "The effect of furosemide on the pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration rate.", "content": "Considerable controversy exists over the use of furosemide for the prevention of treatment of post traumatic respiratory insufficiency. The conflict revolves around the use of diuretic in a patient with this condition. There is some evidence that a nondiuretic effect of furosemide may be responsible for the reported improvement in lung function. We studied the response to furosemide of the pulmonary microvascular fluid filtration rate reflected in lung lymph flow (Qlym) in the normal lung. Using the unanesthetized sheep lung lymph preparation of Staub, we found a 30% decrease in Qlym after 80 mg furosemide. However, the majority of the decrease occurred within 15 min after injection when diuresis was just beginning. This response appeared to be due to a large decrease in pulmonary venous resistance, decreasing hydrostatic pressure. Protein flow (Qlym x lymph protein content) remained constant. Pulmonary artery pressure remained constant with left atrial pressure decreasing slightly. We have demonstrated that in the normal lung, furosemide significantly decreases the fluid filtration rate by a nondiuretic effect. Further studies of this response should help resolve the controversy over the indications for diuresis and center more attention on the actual mechanism of action of furosemide.", "contents": "The effect of furosemide on the pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration rate. Considerable controversy exists over the use of furosemide for the prevention of treatment of post traumatic respiratory insufficiency. The conflict revolves around the use of diuretic in a patient with this condition. There is some evidence that a nondiuretic effect of furosemide may be responsible for the reported improvement in lung function. We studied the response to furosemide of the pulmonary microvascular fluid filtration rate reflected in lung lymph flow (Qlym) in the normal lung. Using the unanesthetized sheep lung lymph preparation of Staub, we found a 30% decrease in Qlym after 80 mg furosemide. However, the majority of the decrease occurred within 15 min after injection when diuresis was just beginning. This response appeared to be due to a large decrease in pulmonary venous resistance, decreasing hydrostatic pressure. Protein flow (Qlym x lymph protein content) remained constant. Pulmonary artery pressure remained constant with left atrial pressure decreasing slightly. We have demonstrated that in the normal lung, furosemide significantly decreases the fluid filtration rate by a nondiuretic effect. Further studies of this response should help resolve the controversy over the indications for diuresis and center more attention on the actual mechanism of action of furosemide.", "PMID": 569036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8319", "title": "Tolerance, dependence and lethality in morphine-dependent mice after repeated oral administration of methadone.", "content": "Mice were rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine via a morphine pellet implantation. Three days later methadone hydrochloride was administered at a dose of 100mg/kg per os 3 hours after pellet removal and then daily for a total of 5--6 days. This dose of methadone was shown to exhibit a high efficacy for the blockade of morphine abrupt withdrawal jumping and only minimal toxicity. Under these conditions, the level of analgetic tolerance with respect to morphine and methadone and the level of dependence as measured by the naloxone ED50 were initially elevated by the morphine treatment. However, upon substitution with oral methadone these levels declined with time at a rate which did not differ from that of a group of mice receiving only water after morphine pellet removal. Despite these findings, the methadone treatment was associated with an increasing tolerance to methadone lethality during the administration of this narcotic which was nearly double that of a similarly treated water control group by the sixth day. This observation could not be explained by an elevation in the level of cellular tolerance rendered by the methadone treatment since the morphine LD50 was not elevated following identical treatment with morphine and then methadone. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the role of methadone administration and its metabolism in the modification of tolerance and dependence.", "contents": "Tolerance, dependence and lethality in morphine-dependent mice after repeated oral administration of methadone. Mice were rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine via a morphine pellet implantation. Three days later methadone hydrochloride was administered at a dose of 100mg/kg per os 3 hours after pellet removal and then daily for a total of 5--6 days. This dose of methadone was shown to exhibit a high efficacy for the blockade of morphine abrupt withdrawal jumping and only minimal toxicity. Under these conditions, the level of analgetic tolerance with respect to morphine and methadone and the level of dependence as measured by the naloxone ED50 were initially elevated by the morphine treatment. However, upon substitution with oral methadone these levels declined with time at a rate which did not differ from that of a group of mice receiving only water after morphine pellet removal. Despite these findings, the methadone treatment was associated with an increasing tolerance to methadone lethality during the administration of this narcotic which was nearly double that of a similarly treated water control group by the sixth day. This observation could not be explained by an elevation in the level of cellular tolerance rendered by the methadone treatment since the morphine LD50 was not elevated following identical treatment with morphine and then methadone. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the role of methadone administration and its metabolism in the modification of tolerance and dependence.", "PMID": 569043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8320", "title": "Central nervous system myelination in rats exposed to ethanol in utero.", "content": "Pregnant rats were pair-fed using isocaloric control or 6.6% (v/v) ethanol liquid diets. At 18, 25, and 53 days, the in vivo incorporation of [3H] leucine and [14C] glucose into proteins and lipids of three central nervous system (CNS) myelin subfractions was examined in the offspring (control and ethanol pups) of control and ethanol-treated females. With few exceptions, the pattern of CNS myelination appeared near-normal in the ethanol pups. The ethanol pups had brain weights and total myelin protein content within the normal range. In addition, the amount of protein in light, medium, and heavy myelin was normal at 18 and 25 days. However, the ethanol pups had an excess of the chemically and morphologically immature heavy fraction at 53 days. The incorporation of [3H] leucine and [14C] glucose into myelin subfractions and separated proteins and lipids was similar in control and ethanol pups. The findings of near-normal CNS myelination in the offspring of female rats fed an ethanol liquid diet during gestation differ from our previous findings of a premature onset and slowdown of active CNS myelination in the offspring of female rats that consumed an ethanol liquid diet for one month prior to conception as well as during gestation.", "contents": "Central nervous system myelination in rats exposed to ethanol in utero. Pregnant rats were pair-fed using isocaloric control or 6.6% (v/v) ethanol liquid diets. At 18, 25, and 53 days, the in vivo incorporation of [3H] leucine and [14C] glucose into proteins and lipids of three central nervous system (CNS) myelin subfractions was examined in the offspring (control and ethanol pups) of control and ethanol-treated females. With few exceptions, the pattern of CNS myelination appeared near-normal in the ethanol pups. The ethanol pups had brain weights and total myelin protein content within the normal range. In addition, the amount of protein in light, medium, and heavy myelin was normal at 18 and 25 days. However, the ethanol pups had an excess of the chemically and morphologically immature heavy fraction at 53 days. The incorporation of [3H] leucine and [14C] glucose into myelin subfractions and separated proteins and lipids was similar in control and ethanol pups. The findings of near-normal CNS myelination in the offspring of female rats fed an ethanol liquid diet during gestation differ from our previous findings of a premature onset and slowdown of active CNS myelination in the offspring of female rats that consumed an ethanol liquid diet for one month prior to conception as well as during gestation.", "PMID": 569044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8321", "title": "Head circumference, biparietal diameter and brain growth in fetal and postnatal life.", "content": "The curves for biparietal diameter, head circumference and brain weight with increasing age have different shapes, and these differences have been explained. Interconversion procedures are suggested. One important consequence of changing growth velocities relates to assessing prognosis for catch-up following adversity. On the assumption that catch-up of brain growth must occur within the period of the brain weight growth spurt, the interpretation of head circumference charts is discussed.", "contents": "Head circumference, biparietal diameter and brain growth in fetal and postnatal life. The curves for biparietal diameter, head circumference and brain weight with increasing age have different shapes, and these differences have been explained. Interconversion procedures are suggested. One important consequence of changing growth velocities relates to assessing prognosis for catch-up following adversity. On the assumption that catch-up of brain growth must occur within the period of the brain weight growth spurt, the interpretation of head circumference charts is discussed.", "PMID": 569046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8322", "title": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland: III. Disease and drugs in pregnancy.", "content": "The matched pair system of the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations was used to search for association between defects of the central nervous system (CNS), and maternal diseases and/or drug consumption during pregnancy. The study material consisted of 710 cases with CNS defects and their controls. Significant associations were found for the following conditions: influenza, threatened abortion, depressive state, toxemia of pregnancy, diabetic mothers, and for the consumption of the following drugs: salicylates, pyrazolones/anilines, euphoristic analgesics, sympathomimetics, barbiturates, and cough medicines. 259 cases with polydactyly and their controls were also compared, with a view to demonstrating what biases might be introduced by the case-control method. After utilizing the possibilities of this design for examining the above mentioned significant associations, the factors to be seriously considered were reduced to the following ones: influenza, depressive state, toxemia of pregnancy, diabetic mothers and cough medicines.", "contents": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland: III. Disease and drugs in pregnancy. The matched pair system of the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations was used to search for association between defects of the central nervous system (CNS), and maternal diseases and/or drug consumption during pregnancy. The study material consisted of 710 cases with CNS defects and their controls. Significant associations were found for the following conditions: influenza, threatened abortion, depressive state, toxemia of pregnancy, diabetic mothers, and for the consumption of the following drugs: salicylates, pyrazolones/anilines, euphoristic analgesics, sympathomimetics, barbiturates, and cough medicines. 259 cases with polydactyly and their controls were also compared, with a view to demonstrating what biases might be introduced by the case-control method. After utilizing the possibilities of this design for examining the above mentioned significant associations, the factors to be seriously considered were reduced to the following ones: influenza, depressive state, toxemia of pregnancy, diabetic mothers and cough medicines.", "PMID": 569047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8323", "title": "An integrated model for haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions in the newborn brain.", "content": "The vascular anatomy of the developing brain changes from a predominantly basal ganglia orientated pattern at 24 wk to a cortically orientated pattern by 34 wk. This information, combined with other known data on cerebral vascular anatomy and physiology, allows us to develop a model for haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions in the newborn brain based on two main series of reactions. One series involves the effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia in leading to breakdown of the blood--brain barrier with resultant oedema or haemorrhage. The other links a fall in perfusion pressure and factors causing vasoconstriction with the development of ischaemic lesions. Application of the model involves additional consideration of the state of development of the cerebral vessels at the gestational age concerned. The model helps to explain the observed findings in germinal layer haemorrhage/intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia and venous infarction, in the preterm brain. Its use also suggests that there are three patterns of vulnerability in the term infant brain. The model carries several implications for the neonatal management of preterm infants. Routine continuous monitoring of blood pressure is of critical importance as cerebral blood flow may vary with blood pressure in the ill newborn. It is important to avoid head compression which may lead to impaired cerebral perfusion. Finally, control of the acid--base status is essential for maintenance of the blood--brain barrier. Correction of abnormal values must be carried out without provoking rapid swings in either the serum osmolarity or the blood pressure.", "contents": "An integrated model for haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions in the newborn brain. The vascular anatomy of the developing brain changes from a predominantly basal ganglia orientated pattern at 24 wk to a cortically orientated pattern by 34 wk. This information, combined with other known data on cerebral vascular anatomy and physiology, allows us to develop a model for haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions in the newborn brain based on two main series of reactions. One series involves the effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia in leading to breakdown of the blood--brain barrier with resultant oedema or haemorrhage. The other links a fall in perfusion pressure and factors causing vasoconstriction with the development of ischaemic lesions. Application of the model involves additional consideration of the state of development of the cerebral vessels at the gestational age concerned. The model helps to explain the observed findings in germinal layer haemorrhage/intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia and venous infarction, in the preterm brain. Its use also suggests that there are three patterns of vulnerability in the term infant brain. The model carries several implications for the neonatal management of preterm infants. Routine continuous monitoring of blood pressure is of critical importance as cerebral blood flow may vary with blood pressure in the ill newborn. It is important to avoid head compression which may lead to impaired cerebral perfusion. Finally, control of the acid--base status is essential for maintenance of the blood--brain barrier. Correction of abnormal values must be carried out without provoking rapid swings in either the serum osmolarity or the blood pressure.", "PMID": 569048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8324", "title": "Some observations on the interaction of zinc, copper, and iron metabolism in lead and cadmium toxicity.", "content": "A brief review of the literature indicates that nutritional deficiencies have been shown to increase the absorption and toxicity of orally ingested lead and cadmium. Results from recent studies indicates that low level oral ingestion of cadmium and lead perturbs the metabolism of zinc, copper, and iron and that these changes may be the earliest manifestation of the toxicity of lead and cadmium. The significance of these findings reveals itself in two ways: namely, that toxicologic investigations of lead and cadmium, whether experimental or clinical, must be based on a definitive consideration of the nutritional status of animals or people, and, secondly, that the preventive role of nutrition, especially that of trace metal intakes, must be taken seriously when establishing measures for reducing, eliminating, or combatting the toxic effects of widespread exposure to lead and cadmium in humans.", "contents": "Some observations on the interaction of zinc, copper, and iron metabolism in lead and cadmium toxicity. A brief review of the literature indicates that nutritional deficiencies have been shown to increase the absorption and toxicity of orally ingested lead and cadmium. Results from recent studies indicates that low level oral ingestion of cadmium and lead perturbs the metabolism of zinc, copper, and iron and that these changes may be the earliest manifestation of the toxicity of lead and cadmium. The significance of these findings reveals itself in two ways: namely, that toxicologic investigations of lead and cadmium, whether experimental or clinical, must be based on a definitive consideration of the nutritional status of animals or people, and, secondly, that the preventive role of nutrition, especially that of trace metal intakes, must be taken seriously when establishing measures for reducing, eliminating, or combatting the toxic effects of widespread exposure to lead and cadmium in humans.", "PMID": 569050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8325", "title": "Ecological aspects of mercury--selenium interactions in the marine environment.", "content": "In the marine environment, mercury is accompanied by selenium in all investigated species of mammals, birds, and fish--possibly due to a normal homeostatic regulation. It therefore seems likely that selenium will exert its protective action against mercury toxicity in the marine environment, decreasing its detrimental effects on reproduction, behavior, growth, etc. of the organisms and thus protect the population and ecosystem. On the other hand, the increased retention of mercury caused by selenium may lead to a higher level of biomagnification in the food chain and a higher burden in the individual. This might counteract the positive effect of decreased intoxication.", "contents": "Ecological aspects of mercury--selenium interactions in the marine environment. In the marine environment, mercury is accompanied by selenium in all investigated species of mammals, birds, and fish--possibly due to a normal homeostatic regulation. It therefore seems likely that selenium will exert its protective action against mercury toxicity in the marine environment, decreasing its detrimental effects on reproduction, behavior, growth, etc. of the organisms and thus protect the population and ecosystem. On the other hand, the increased retention of mercury caused by selenium may lead to a higher level of biomagnification in the food chain and a higher burden in the individual. This might counteract the positive effect of decreased intoxication.", "PMID": 569051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8326", "title": "Electrical self-stimulation of the brain: a model for the behavioral evaluation of toxic agents.", "content": "Rats implanted chronically with electrodes in the posterior lateral hypothalamus were trained to press levers in order to stimulate the brain electrically. Brief exposures to low oxygen concentrations reduced the lever pressing rate proportionately with the reduction in inspired oxygen. Similar reductions in self-stimulation rates could be observed in animals exposed to carbon monoxide or the organic solvent, trichloroethylene. Prolonged exposures of animals to hypoxia in chambers where self-stimulation rates as well as food and water intake via lever pressing were monitored, indicated that as oxygen concentration declined self-stimulation rates showed a marked increase for 12 hr followed by a decline. Food and water intake were depressed. This increase in self-stimulation was only observed at low (20 degrees C) ambient temperatures and was accompanied by central depletion of norepinephine. At high (30 degrees C) ambient temperatures, self-stimulation was depressed by hypoxia. The data show the importance of comparing acute with chronic exposure to toxic agents, as well as the influence of environmental temperature in influencing behavioral events. In addition, the data indicate that the self-stimulation technique offers unique advantages over behavior maintained by food or water reinforcers in evaluating toxic compounds.", "contents": "Electrical self-stimulation of the brain: a model for the behavioral evaluation of toxic agents. Rats implanted chronically with electrodes in the posterior lateral hypothalamus were trained to press levers in order to stimulate the brain electrically. Brief exposures to low oxygen concentrations reduced the lever pressing rate proportionately with the reduction in inspired oxygen. Similar reductions in self-stimulation rates could be observed in animals exposed to carbon monoxide or the organic solvent, trichloroethylene. Prolonged exposures of animals to hypoxia in chambers where self-stimulation rates as well as food and water intake via lever pressing were monitored, indicated that as oxygen concentration declined self-stimulation rates showed a marked increase for 12 hr followed by a decline. Food and water intake were depressed. This increase in self-stimulation was only observed at low (20 degrees C) ambient temperatures and was accompanied by central depletion of norepinephine. At high (30 degrees C) ambient temperatures, self-stimulation was depressed by hypoxia. The data show the importance of comparing acute with chronic exposure to toxic agents, as well as the influence of environmental temperature in influencing behavioral events. In addition, the data indicate that the self-stimulation technique offers unique advantages over behavior maintained by food or water reinforcers in evaluating toxic compounds.", "PMID": 569052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8327", "title": "Post-translational assembly of lens alpha-crystallin in the reticulocyte lysate and in Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "Lens mRNA was translated in reticulocyte lysate predominantly into monomeric alpha-crystallin chains. Lens polyribosomes added to the cell-free system produced the same polypeptides, but these were detected predominantly in alpha-crystallin aggregates. Lens mRNA, after microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes, produced alpha-crystallin subunits that were exclusively found in the form of high-molecular-weight complexes. Also after injection of the purified 14-S mRNA, coding for the alphaA subuint, the synthesized alpha-A polypeptides were incorporated into high-molecular-weight aggregates. In contrast, the synthesis of alphaB subunits, directed by a 10-S mRNA, did not result in aggregate formation. The experiments thus suggest that aggregate formation of alpha-crystallin is triggered by its alphaA subunits, which are then joined by the alphaB subunits. This process occurs partly in the cell-free system and completely in Xenopus oocytes.", "contents": "Post-translational assembly of lens alpha-crystallin in the reticulocyte lysate and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Lens mRNA was translated in reticulocyte lysate predominantly into monomeric alpha-crystallin chains. Lens polyribosomes added to the cell-free system produced the same polypeptides, but these were detected predominantly in alpha-crystallin aggregates. Lens mRNA, after microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes, produced alpha-crystallin subunits that were exclusively found in the form of high-molecular-weight complexes. Also after injection of the purified 14-S mRNA, coding for the alphaA subuint, the synthesized alpha-A polypeptides were incorporated into high-molecular-weight aggregates. In contrast, the synthesis of alphaB subunits, directed by a 10-S mRNA, did not result in aggregate formation. The experiments thus suggest that aggregate formation of alpha-crystallin is triggered by its alphaA subunits, which are then joined by the alphaB subunits. This process occurs partly in the cell-free system and completely in Xenopus oocytes.", "PMID": 569053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8328", "title": "HLA frequencies and haplotypes in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).", "content": "26 patients with an acute reversible ITP and 6 with chronic ITP were tissue typed, together with their healthy first-degree relatives. The HLA frequencies of the different groups were compared with those of a normal control population. The only significant difference between the groups was an increase in the frequency of Aw32 in acute ITP patients. HLA-Aw32 was present in 26.9% of patients, but in only 0.8% of the controls (corrected P = 0.000027). The possible importance of associations between antigens of the HLA-A locus with certain diseases are discussed. Family analyses and haplotype determinations proved to be unproductive because no familial clustering of ITP was found.", "contents": "HLA frequencies and haplotypes in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). 26 patients with an acute reversible ITP and 6 with chronic ITP were tissue typed, together with their healthy first-degree relatives. The HLA frequencies of the different groups were compared with those of a normal control population. The only significant difference between the groups was an increase in the frequency of Aw32 in acute ITP patients. HLA-Aw32 was present in 26.9% of patients, but in only 0.8% of the controls (corrected P = 0.000027). The possible importance of associations between antigens of the HLA-A locus with certain diseases are discussed. Family analyses and haplotype determinations proved to be unproductive because no familial clustering of ITP was found.", "PMID": 569054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8329", "title": "Comparison of the dopaminergic effects of apomorphine and (-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine.", "content": "(-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) was found to be 2.3 times more active than apomorphine in producing stereotypy in novice mice. This potency ratio was not changed by reserpine pretreatment (4 h prior). However, when mice pretreated with reserpine 24 h earlier were used, NPA was found to be 6.5 times more active in producing locomotor stimulation and 8.7 times more active in producing stereotypy than apomorphine. In these mice, a second dose of reserpine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMT) given 4 h prior to NPA administration considerably reduced the locomotor effects of NPA. Such treatments did not modify the effects of apomorphine. Phenoxybenzamine failed to alter the responses of both these drugs. It was concluded that, while apomorphine possesses direct dopamine (DA) receptor stimulant effect, that of NPA is partly direct and partly indirect in nature. In novice mice, NPA was 91 times more active than apomorphine in inhibiting the alphaMT-induced depletion of brain DA. The question is raised why the powerful DA receptor agonistic effect of NPA did not produce equivalent behavioral responses in mice. The likely explanation would be that, in addition to its effect on the striatonigral DA system from which the stereotypic response originates, NPA also exerts a predominant effect on the mesolimbic areas. The combined effect of NPA on these two components of the DA system is reflected in the biochemical results. The overall dopaminergic effect of NPA is several times greater than that of apomorphine.", "contents": "Comparison of the dopaminergic effects of apomorphine and (-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine. (-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) was found to be 2.3 times more active than apomorphine in producing stereotypy in novice mice. This potency ratio was not changed by reserpine pretreatment (4 h prior). However, when mice pretreated with reserpine 24 h earlier were used, NPA was found to be 6.5 times more active in producing locomotor stimulation and 8.7 times more active in producing stereotypy than apomorphine. In these mice, a second dose of reserpine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMT) given 4 h prior to NPA administration considerably reduced the locomotor effects of NPA. Such treatments did not modify the effects of apomorphine. Phenoxybenzamine failed to alter the responses of both these drugs. It was concluded that, while apomorphine possesses direct dopamine (DA) receptor stimulant effect, that of NPA is partly direct and partly indirect in nature. In novice mice, NPA was 91 times more active than apomorphine in inhibiting the alphaMT-induced depletion of brain DA. The question is raised why the powerful DA receptor agonistic effect of NPA did not produce equivalent behavioral responses in mice. The likely explanation would be that, in addition to its effect on the striatonigral DA system from which the stereotypic response originates, NPA also exerts a predominant effect on the mesolimbic areas. The combined effect of NPA on these two components of the DA system is reflected in the biochemical results. The overall dopaminergic effect of NPA is several times greater than that of apomorphine.", "PMID": 569056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8330", "title": "In vitro characteristics of two established hepatoma cell lines.", "content": "The in vitro behaviours of a fibroblast-like (DENA-RH 13) and an epithelial-like (DENA-RH 13A) cell line, derived from a chemically induced hepatocarcinoma of rat are described. The DENA-RH 13A can be maintained and studied either in monolayer as a transplantable solid tumor or in fluid-suspension culture as ascites tumor in Wistar rats. The cytomorphology and growth pattern of the clones of the cell lines are described. While DENA-RH 13 cells produced undifferentiated tumors with mainly sarcoma-like structures in allogeneic hosts the epithelial-like cell line (DENA-RH 13A) grew in a carcinoma-like pattern in animals.", "contents": "In vitro characteristics of two established hepatoma cell lines. The in vitro behaviours of a fibroblast-like (DENA-RH 13) and an epithelial-like (DENA-RH 13A) cell line, derived from a chemically induced hepatocarcinoma of rat are described. The DENA-RH 13A can be maintained and studied either in monolayer as a transplantable solid tumor or in fluid-suspension culture as ascites tumor in Wistar rats. The cytomorphology and growth pattern of the clones of the cell lines are described. While DENA-RH 13 cells produced undifferentiated tumors with mainly sarcoma-like structures in allogeneic hosts the epithelial-like cell line (DENA-RH 13A) grew in a carcinoma-like pattern in animals.", "PMID": 569065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8331", "title": "Leukoplakia induced by repeated deposition of formalin in rabbit oral mucosa. Long-term experiments with a new \"oral tank\".", "content": "Rabbits were exposed repeatedly to formalin irritation using a new oral tank which allows a chronical contact with the oral mucosa. In long-term experiments (11 months) a preneoplastic unrest of the epithelium with dyskeratosis could be produced. This new model of \"oral tank\" can be used for soluble and insoluble test substances for analyzing pathogenetic processes in the oral cavity.", "contents": "Leukoplakia induced by repeated deposition of formalin in rabbit oral mucosa. Long-term experiments with a new \"oral tank\". Rabbits were exposed repeatedly to formalin irritation using a new oral tank which allows a chronical contact with the oral mucosa. In long-term experiments (11 months) a preneoplastic unrest of the epithelium with dyskeratosis could be produced. This new model of \"oral tank\" can be used for soluble and insoluble test substances for analyzing pathogenetic processes in the oral cavity.", "PMID": 569066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8332", "title": "Cellular responses to surface binding and internalization of concanavalin A. An electron microscopic investigation on the problem of membrane cycling.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of normal and diethylnitrosamine-transformed rat liver cells were labeled in situ with Con A-HRP or ferritin-conjugated Con A. Ligand-induced redistribution with simultaneous internalization of labeled membrane areas occurred in normal as well as in transformed cells when they were reincubated with PBS at 37 degrees C for different periods of time (from 5 min up to 3 hrs). Compared to normal cells, these afore mentioned processes were accelerated in transformed cells. Internalization in normal and transformed cells resulted in a recycling of labeled plasma membrane areas in the Golgi region with the label being finally accumulated in elements which correspond mostly, but not exclusively, to GERL. Then formation of phagolysosomes and multivesiculated bodies occurred whose labeled content was exocytized after fusion with the plasma membrane. This suggested that the internalized plasma membrane areas were at least partly degraded. The relabeling of some parts of the plasma membrane by extruded lysosomal content indicates that at least some Con A molecules are still biological active. Membrane internalization by endocytosis after binding of Con A obviously causes an increased of membrane biogenesis and exocytosis, thus compensating for membrane removal. This is suggested by the vacuolization and enlargement of unlabeled (not in recycling involved) Golgi apparatus. It may indicate a differential functional role of the Golgi apparatus in membrane turnover in the same cell. The fusion of phagolysosomes with the plasma membrane and the insertion of phagolysosomal membrane into the plasma membrane might be another compensatory mechanism.", "contents": "Cellular responses to surface binding and internalization of concanavalin A. An electron microscopic investigation on the problem of membrane cycling. Monolayer cultures of normal and diethylnitrosamine-transformed rat liver cells were labeled in situ with Con A-HRP or ferritin-conjugated Con A. Ligand-induced redistribution with simultaneous internalization of labeled membrane areas occurred in normal as well as in transformed cells when they were reincubated with PBS at 37 degrees C for different periods of time (from 5 min up to 3 hrs). Compared to normal cells, these afore mentioned processes were accelerated in transformed cells. Internalization in normal and transformed cells resulted in a recycling of labeled plasma membrane areas in the Golgi region with the label being finally accumulated in elements which correspond mostly, but not exclusively, to GERL. Then formation of phagolysosomes and multivesiculated bodies occurred whose labeled content was exocytized after fusion with the plasma membrane. This suggested that the internalized plasma membrane areas were at least partly degraded. The relabeling of some parts of the plasma membrane by extruded lysosomal content indicates that at least some Con A molecules are still biological active. Membrane internalization by endocytosis after binding of Con A obviously causes an increased of membrane biogenesis and exocytosis, thus compensating for membrane removal. This is suggested by the vacuolization and enlargement of unlabeled (not in recycling involved) Golgi apparatus. It may indicate a differential functional role of the Golgi apparatus in membrane turnover in the same cell. The fusion of phagolysosomes with the plasma membrane and the insertion of phagolysosomal membrane into the plasma membrane might be another compensatory mechanism.", "PMID": 569067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8333", "title": "Phospholipid composition of Dipylidium caninum.", "content": "The phospholipid composition of Dipylidium caninum has been studied. Chloroform-methanol-soluble fraction amounted to 2.4% and phospholipids to 0.5% of the wet weight of the parasite. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine represented the bulk of the phospholipids, whereas phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, lysolecithin and lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine were present in minor amounts. Sulfatides were also identified in this parasite.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of Dipylidium caninum. The phospholipid composition of Dipylidium caninum has been studied. Chloroform-methanol-soluble fraction amounted to 2.4% and phospholipids to 0.5% of the wet weight of the parasite. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine represented the bulk of the phospholipids, whereas phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, lysolecithin and lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine were present in minor amounts. Sulfatides were also identified in this parasite.", "PMID": 569068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8334", "title": "Satellite DNAs in eukaryotes: a non-adaptive mechanism of speciation which originated with sexual reproduction?", "content": "Satellite DNAs may have originated during evolution at the same time as sexual reproduction in order to suppress crossingover between the 2 heterogametic sex chromosomes, and may have acquired a function of sterility barriers in hybrid species during evolution. This origin of satellite DNAs appears to be reflected in different stages of speciation: partial and total heterogametic sex hybrid sterility and full hybrid sterility might correspond to subspecies, semispecies and full species.", "contents": "Satellite DNAs in eukaryotes: a non-adaptive mechanism of speciation which originated with sexual reproduction? Satellite DNAs may have originated during evolution at the same time as sexual reproduction in order to suppress crossingover between the 2 heterogametic sex chromosomes, and may have acquired a function of sterility barriers in hybrid species during evolution. This origin of satellite DNAs appears to be reflected in different stages of speciation: partial and total heterogametic sex hybrid sterility and full hybrid sterility might correspond to subspecies, semispecies and full species.", "PMID": 569069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8335", "title": "Combination of two techniques: amniocentesis and nervous tissue explants. A pilot investigation.", "content": "Addition of serum derived from amniotic fluid cells (AFS) from Tay Sachs carrier to developing mouse cerebral cortex explants results in excessive accumulation of lipid in neuronal cytoplasm.", "contents": "Combination of two techniques: amniocentesis and nervous tissue explants. A pilot investigation. Addition of serum derived from amniotic fluid cells (AFS) from Tay Sachs carrier to developing mouse cerebral cortex explants results in excessive accumulation of lipid in neuronal cytoplasm.", "PMID": 569070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8336", "title": "Effect of infection of mice with Friend leukemia complex viruses on background antibody-forming cell production in vitro.", "content": "Friend leukemia complex (FLC), and Rowson-Parr virus (RPV) infections of donor mice depress the production of background antibody-forming cells by splenocytes cultured in the absence of specific antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of infection of mice with Friend leukemia complex viruses on background antibody-forming cell production in vitro. Friend leukemia complex (FLC), and Rowson-Parr virus (RPV) infections of donor mice depress the production of background antibody-forming cells by splenocytes cultured in the absence of specific antigenic stimulation.", "PMID": 569071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8337", "title": "The effect of glycine on serum luteinizing hormone in adult female rats.", "content": "The response of serum luteinizing hormone to glycine has been studied during the estrous cycle in adult female rats. I.p. administration of 200 mg of glycine significantly elevated serum luteinizing hormone levels at all stages of the estrous cycle.", "contents": "The effect of glycine on serum luteinizing hormone in adult female rats. The response of serum luteinizing hormone to glycine has been studied during the estrous cycle in adult female rats. I.p. administration of 200 mg of glycine significantly elevated serum luteinizing hormone levels at all stages of the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 569072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8338", "title": "Effects of prenatal stress on the estrous cycle of female offspring as adults.", "content": "Stress during gestation significantly increased estrous cycle length in female offspring as adults, primarily by lengthening the estrus-metestrus stage. Therefore, prenatal stress may disturb the hormonal milieu of the female fetus during a critical hypothalamic differentiation stage.", "contents": "Effects of prenatal stress on the estrous cycle of female offspring as adults. Stress during gestation significantly increased estrous cycle length in female offspring as adults, primarily by lengthening the estrus-metestrus stage. Therefore, prenatal stress may disturb the hormonal milieu of the female fetus during a critical hypothalamic differentiation stage.", "PMID": 569073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8339", "title": "[Cock fighting as a model of emotional stress].", "content": "Aggressive and passive roosters displayed agonistic behaviour towards each other. The formers revealed a highly agonistic attitude in the first half of the experiment followed by an obvious decline. The passive roosters revealed a relatively stable agonstic attitude. The electrocardiorhythmograms showed that handling of the roosters and other manipulations masked the heart primary response to cock-fighting, and that the analysis of the heart rate during restitution only helped to estimate their emotional tension during fighting. Positive correlations between the aggressiveness and noradrenaline content in the plasma, were obtained. The latter correlated with the sexual activity as well. The agonistic behaviour entailed an insignificant activation of the adrenals.", "contents": "[Cock fighting as a model of emotional stress]. Aggressive and passive roosters displayed agonistic behaviour towards each other. The formers revealed a highly agonistic attitude in the first half of the experiment followed by an obvious decline. The passive roosters revealed a relatively stable agonstic attitude. The electrocardiorhythmograms showed that handling of the roosters and other manipulations masked the heart primary response to cock-fighting, and that the analysis of the heart rate during restitution only helped to estimate their emotional tension during fighting. Positive correlations between the aggressiveness and noradrenaline content in the plasma, were obtained. The latter correlated with the sexual activity as well. The agonistic behaviour entailed an insignificant activation of the adrenals.", "PMID": 569080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8340", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandins on embryonal myocardium].", "content": "In tests set up with cultivated isolated cells and explants of the myocardium of 3- and 7-day chicken embryos a positive inotropic and less marked positive chronotropic action of prostaglandins (PG) were disclosed. These effects of PG are fully blocked with polyphloretin phosphate and by addition to the incubation medium of ethylene-glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl)N,N1-tetraacetate (EGTA), whereas in increased Ca2+ concentration in the nutrient medium potentiates the inotropic effects of PGE1. The data obtained suggest that the cardiostimulating action of PG is realized through the specific prostaglandin-sensitive myocardium receptors.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandins on embryonal myocardium]. In tests set up with cultivated isolated cells and explants of the myocardium of 3- and 7-day chicken embryos a positive inotropic and less marked positive chronotropic action of prostaglandins (PG) were disclosed. These effects of PG are fully blocked with polyphloretin phosphate and by addition to the incubation medium of ethylene-glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl)N,N1-tetraacetate (EGTA), whereas in increased Ca2+ concentration in the nutrient medium potentiates the inotropic effects of PGE1. The data obtained suggest that the cardiostimulating action of PG is realized through the specific prostaglandin-sensitive myocardium receptors.", "PMID": 569075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8341", "title": "[Effect of etimizol and sodium hydroxybutyrate on the compensatory-adaptive capabilities of newborns with chronic hypoxia].", "content": "Daily injections of 5 mg/kg of aethimizol to female rabbits during the last week of pregnancy results in normalization of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems reactions in response to a graded mechanical stimulation, in an increased ATP content in the erythrocytes, lesser acidotonic shifts in the blood and marked diminution in the number of stillbirths. Under similar conditions of the exeriment sodium oxybutyrate in a dose of 200 mg/kg did not contribute to normalization of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems response reactions, nor did it lower the acidosis in the blood and had no marked effect on the reduction in the number of stillbirths.", "contents": "[Effect of etimizol and sodium hydroxybutyrate on the compensatory-adaptive capabilities of newborns with chronic hypoxia]. Daily injections of 5 mg/kg of aethimizol to female rabbits during the last week of pregnancy results in normalization of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems reactions in response to a graded mechanical stimulation, in an increased ATP content in the erythrocytes, lesser acidotonic shifts in the blood and marked diminution in the number of stillbirths. Under similar conditions of the exeriment sodium oxybutyrate in a dose of 200 mg/kg did not contribute to normalization of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems response reactions, nor did it lower the acidosis in the blood and had no marked effect on the reduction in the number of stillbirths.", "PMID": 569076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8342", "title": "Radioautographic study of the rat brain, uterus and vagina after [3H]R-5020 injection.", "content": "Localization of [3H]R-5020, a potent synthetic progestin, was examined by radioautography in the central nervous system and the genital tract of estrogen-primed, ovariectomized rat. In the brain, a concentration of radioactivity was found in the nuclei of neurons localized in different specific areas: the preoptic region and the medio-basal hypothalamus. In the anterior pituitary, cells which concentrated the hormone were found. The uterine tissues (uterine horns and cervix) presented a nuclear concentration of radioactivity in stromal and muscle cells but little or no radioactivity in luminal and glandualr epithelia. In the vagina of the same animals, radioactivity was observed in the connective tissue cells, muscle cells and epithelial cells. Hormonal specificity and saturability of radioactivity binding in these target tissues were established by competition with an excess of unlabeled hormones. In the presence of an excess of unlabeled progesterone the nuclear concentration of radioactivity was diminished in all areas, while no inhibition of radioactivity incorporation was observed with unlabeled corticosterone. These results suggest the presence of specific progesterone receptors in the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the genital tract tissues of the rat.", "contents": "Radioautographic study of the rat brain, uterus and vagina after [3H]R-5020 injection. Localization of [3H]R-5020, a potent synthetic progestin, was examined by radioautography in the central nervous system and the genital tract of estrogen-primed, ovariectomized rat. In the brain, a concentration of radioactivity was found in the nuclei of neurons localized in different specific areas: the preoptic region and the medio-basal hypothalamus. In the anterior pituitary, cells which concentrated the hormone were found. The uterine tissues (uterine horns and cervix) presented a nuclear concentration of radioactivity in stromal and muscle cells but little or no radioactivity in luminal and glandualr epithelia. In the vagina of the same animals, radioactivity was observed in the connective tissue cells, muscle cells and epithelial cells. Hormonal specificity and saturability of radioactivity binding in these target tissues were established by competition with an excess of unlabeled hormones. In the presence of an excess of unlabeled progesterone the nuclear concentration of radioactivity was diminished in all areas, while no inhibition of radioactivity incorporation was observed with unlabeled corticosterone. These results suggest the presence of specific progesterone receptors in the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the genital tract tissues of the rat.", "PMID": 569088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8343", "title": "Receptors for 17beta-estradiol in prolactin-secreting rat pituitary cells.", "content": "Estrogens stimulate prolactin (PRL) synthesis by GH3 cells, a clonal strain of rat pituitary cells grown in culture. At 4 degrees C the binding of [3H]17 beta-estradiol to monolayer cultures of GH3 cells was specific and of limited capacity, with half-maximal and maximal binding after 1--2 h and 12 h, respectively. Scatchard analysis showed one single class of binding sites with Kd = 3.1 X 10(-10) M and n = 309 X 10(-15) mol 17 beta-estradiol/mg cell protein, calculated to give approx. 25,000 binding sites per cell. At 4 degrees C less than 10% of the specifically bound [3H]17 beta-estradiol was found in the nuclear fraction. When the incubation temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, the amount of radioactivity in the nucleus increased to 25% within 30 min with a corresponding reduction in the cytoplasm. The cytosol fractions from monolayer cultures as well as from tumors of GH3 cells contained specific 17 beta-estradiol binding  proteins, having a sedimentation constant close to 8S in a salt-free buffer and 4S in the presence of 0.5 M KCl. scatchard analysis showed one single class of binding sites with Kd = 3.6 X 10(-10) M and n = 258 X 10(-15) mol 17 beta-estradiol/mg cytosol protein (GH3 tumor tissue). Thus, GH3 cells grown in culture and in the intact animal have similar binding characteristics as judged from the data for binding affinity, capacity and specificity. After the in vivo administration of [3H]17 beta-estradiol to GH3 tumor-bearing rats, radioactivity could be extracted (0.5 M KCl) from purified nuclei bound to 4.5S macromolecules. We suggest that the action of 17 beta-estradiol on GH3 cells involves an initial binding of the steroid to specific receptors in the cytoplasm, followed by transport of a fraction of the hormone-receptor complexes to the nucleus involving a temperature-sensitive step.", "contents": "Receptors for 17beta-estradiol in prolactin-secreting rat pituitary cells. Estrogens stimulate prolactin (PRL) synthesis by GH3 cells, a clonal strain of rat pituitary cells grown in culture. At 4 degrees C the binding of [3H]17 beta-estradiol to monolayer cultures of GH3 cells was specific and of limited capacity, with half-maximal and maximal binding after 1--2 h and 12 h, respectively. Scatchard analysis showed one single class of binding sites with Kd = 3.1 X 10(-10) M and n = 309 X 10(-15) mol 17 beta-estradiol/mg cell protein, calculated to give approx. 25,000 binding sites per cell. At 4 degrees C less than 10% of the specifically bound [3H]17 beta-estradiol was found in the nuclear fraction. When the incubation temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, the amount of radioactivity in the nucleus increased to 25% within 30 min with a corresponding reduction in the cytoplasm. The cytosol fractions from monolayer cultures as well as from tumors of GH3 cells contained specific 17 beta-estradiol binding  proteins, having a sedimentation constant close to 8S in a salt-free buffer and 4S in the presence of 0.5 M KCl. scatchard analysis showed one single class of binding sites with Kd = 3.6 X 10(-10) M and n = 258 X 10(-15) mol 17 beta-estradiol/mg cytosol protein (GH3 tumor tissue). Thus, GH3 cells grown in culture and in the intact animal have similar binding characteristics as judged from the data for binding affinity, capacity and specificity. After the in vivo administration of [3H]17 beta-estradiol to GH3 tumor-bearing rats, radioactivity could be extracted (0.5 M KCl) from purified nuclei bound to 4.5S macromolecules. We suggest that the action of 17 beta-estradiol on GH3 cells involves an initial binding of the steroid to specific receptors in the cytoplasm, followed by transport of a fraction of the hormone-receptor complexes to the nucleus involving a temperature-sensitive step.", "PMID": 569089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8344", "title": "[Human sex ratio and sex-related selection at birth].", "content": "Sex ratio in 11,500 infants died at different perinatal periods (antenatal, intranatal and postnatal) is studied. Sex ratio in these periods is: 107 male : 100 female; 136 male : 100 female; 168 male : 100 female respectively; differences at each period are statistically significant (alpha less than 0.001). A change in differential sex-linked mortality is observed at perinatal period. High mortality in males, which is characteristic of human postnatal ontogenesis, manifests distinctly from the moment of passing on to extrauterine life.", "contents": "[Human sex ratio and sex-related selection at birth]. Sex ratio in 11,500 infants died at different perinatal periods (antenatal, intranatal and postnatal) is studied. Sex ratio in these periods is: 107 male : 100 female; 136 male : 100 female; 168 male : 100 female respectively; differences at each period are statistically significant (alpha less than 0.001). A change in differential sex-linked mortality is observed at perinatal period. High mortality in males, which is characteristic of human postnatal ontogenesis, manifests distinctly from the moment of passing on to extrauterine life.", "PMID": 569091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8345", "title": "The occurrence of steroid-free, \"activated\" estrogen receptor in target cell nuclei.", "content": "New techniques for the adrenalectomy of pigs and for the isolation of pig uterus nuclei are described. The isolated nuclei were analysed for their content of estradiol and of estradiol receptor. The concentration of the latter exceeded that of the hormone in extracts of uterine nuclei from ovariectomized pigs by ratios of 1.8--10.3. Substantial amounts of both monomer and \"activated\" dimer receptor but no estradiol at all were extracted from uterine nuclei of ovariectomized/adrenalectomized pigs. The mechanism of action of steroid hormones is discussed on the basis of these results.", "contents": "The occurrence of steroid-free, \"activated\" estrogen receptor in target cell nuclei. New techniques for the adrenalectomy of pigs and for the isolation of pig uterus nuclei are described. The isolated nuclei were analysed for their content of estradiol and of estradiol receptor. The concentration of the latter exceeded that of the hormone in extracts of uterine nuclei from ovariectomized pigs by ratios of 1.8--10.3. Substantial amounts of both monomer and \"activated\" dimer receptor but no estradiol at all were extracted from uterine nuclei of ovariectomized/adrenalectomized pigs. The mechanism of action of steroid hormones is discussed on the basis of these results.", "PMID": 569113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8346", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for arthropod moulting hormones, introducing a novel method of immunogen coupling.", "content": "Inokosteron-26-oic acid was coupled to thyroglobulin in aqueous pyridine by a water-soluble carbodiimide. After exhaustive dialysis and gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, a coupling ratio of 164 haptens per molecule of thyroglobulin was determined. In all three animals injected with the conjugate, ecdysone-binding antibodies were detected. After one booster injection the antiserum could be diluted 1 : 5000 (1 : 4000, or 1 : 2000) in order to get a 50% binding of [3H]ecdysone. The dissociation constant was calculated as 5.8 X 10(-10) MOL/L. The antiserum has a greater affinity for ecdysone and 22-isoecdysone than for all other ecdysteroids and steroids tested.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for arthropod moulting hormones, introducing a novel method of immunogen coupling. Inokosteron-26-oic acid was coupled to thyroglobulin in aqueous pyridine by a water-soluble carbodiimide. After exhaustive dialysis and gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, a coupling ratio of 164 haptens per molecule of thyroglobulin was determined. In all three animals injected with the conjugate, ecdysone-binding antibodies were detected. After one booster injection the antiserum could be diluted 1 : 5000 (1 : 4000, or 1 : 2000) in order to get a 50% binding of [3H]ecdysone. The dissociation constant was calculated as 5.8 X 10(-10) MOL/L. The antiserum has a greater affinity for ecdysone and 22-isoecdysone than for all other ecdysteroids and steroids tested.", "PMID": 569114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8347", "title": "Ecdysone oxidase in insects.", "content": "The occurrence of the enzyme ecdysone oxidase was demonstrated in several insect species. In blowflies it was detected mainly in eggs and pupae. The enzyme activity in blowflies varies during development parallel to the ecdysteroid content. This suggests a specific but presently unknown function of the enzyme. Ecdysone oxidase was located mainly in the fat body and gut of blowflies. It is a cytosolic enzyme.", "contents": "Ecdysone oxidase in insects. The occurrence of the enzyme ecdysone oxidase was demonstrated in several insect species. In blowflies it was detected mainly in eggs and pupae. The enzyme activity in blowflies varies during development parallel to the ecdysteroid content. This suggests a specific but presently unknown function of the enzyme. Ecdysone oxidase was located mainly in the fat body and gut of blowflies. It is a cytosolic enzyme.", "PMID": 569115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8348", "title": "Digestion of chromosomal proteins in formaldehyde treated chromatin.", "content": "Treatment of chromatin subunits (nucleosome monomers) with formaldehyde results in the formation of cross-links between DNA and histones and between histones and histones. Digestion of chromosomal proteins with proteinase K does not lower the protein/DNA weight ratio below 0.08 to 0.1 as determined by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation of the digestion product from formaldehyde-treated nucleosomes. In addition to proteinase K, formaldehyde-treated nucleosomes were tested for accessibility to trypsin and pronase. The CsCl gradient patterns show, that pronase digestion and proteinase K treatment yield similar results. Trypsin treatment of control and formaldehyde-treated nucleosomes shows, that the sites which are accessible for trypsin in native nucleosomes, are blocked after formaldehyde treatment. Analysis of the CsCl gradient peak fractions in polyacrylamide gels shows, that the reliability of DNA fragment size determinations depends on the completeness of deproteinization.", "contents": "Digestion of chromosomal proteins in formaldehyde treated chromatin. Treatment of chromatin subunits (nucleosome monomers) with formaldehyde results in the formation of cross-links between DNA and histones and between histones and histones. Digestion of chromosomal proteins with proteinase K does not lower the protein/DNA weight ratio below 0.08 to 0.1 as determined by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation of the digestion product from formaldehyde-treated nucleosomes. In addition to proteinase K, formaldehyde-treated nucleosomes were tested for accessibility to trypsin and pronase. The CsCl gradient patterns show, that pronase digestion and proteinase K treatment yield similar results. Trypsin treatment of control and formaldehyde-treated nucleosomes shows, that the sites which are accessible for trypsin in native nucleosomes, are blocked after formaldehyde treatment. Analysis of the CsCl gradient peak fractions in polyacrylamide gels shows, that the reliability of DNA fragment size determinations depends on the completeness of deproteinization.", "PMID": 569116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8349", "title": "A continuous-flow culture system for organ culture of large explants of adult tissue: effect of oxygen tension on mouse molar periodontium.", "content": "A modified continuous-flow culture system (CFCS) was developed to maintain large explants of periodontium from adult mouse in organ culture. The culture medium was stored in a reservoir outside of the incubator, pumped via polyvinyl tubing into small glass culture chambers that were placed in the oxygenator and then collected in a waste flask. Medium was analyzed for pO2, pCO2 and pH during the culture period. Three-molar and single-molar explants of periodontium were maintained for 48 hr in the CFCS at two different pO2 ranges: 100 to 120 mm Hg and 400 to 420 mm Hg. [3H]Proline was added 24 hr prior to sacrifice. Light-microscope morphological and radioautographic observations suggested that cell viability and incorporation of [3H]proline, probably into newly synthesized protein, increased with an increase in pO2 and was related to a pO2 gradient extending from the periphery to the center of the explants.", "contents": "A continuous-flow culture system for organ culture of large explants of adult tissue: effect of oxygen tension on mouse molar periodontium. A modified continuous-flow culture system (CFCS) was developed to maintain large explants of periodontium from adult mouse in organ culture. The culture medium was stored in a reservoir outside of the incubator, pumped via polyvinyl tubing into small glass culture chambers that were placed in the oxygenator and then collected in a waste flask. Medium was analyzed for pO2, pCO2 and pH during the culture period. Three-molar and single-molar explants of periodontium were maintained for 48 hr in the CFCS at two different pO2 ranges: 100 to 120 mm Hg and 400 to 420 mm Hg. [3H]Proline was added 24 hr prior to sacrifice. Light-microscope morphological and radioautographic observations suggested that cell viability and incorporation of [3H]proline, probably into newly synthesized protein, increased with an increase in pO2 and was related to a pO2 gradient extending from the periphery to the center of the explants.", "PMID": 569117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8350", "title": "Rat hepatocyte primary cultures. IV. Maintenance in defined medium and the role of production of plasminogen activator and other proteases.", "content": "Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes survived well for up to 4 days in defined medium in the presence of dexamethasone but not in its absence. The loss of viability was accompanied by a loss of ultrastructural features characteristic of hepatocytes. The cultures began producing plasminogen activator and a neutral protease after 24 hr in culture. Dexamethasone inhibited the production of both of these substances. The deterioration of the cultures appeared not to be related to plasminogen activator, but prolongation of survival by a variety of protease inhibitors suggested that the neutral protease might contribute to deterioration.", "contents": "Rat hepatocyte primary cultures. IV. Maintenance in defined medium and the role of production of plasminogen activator and other proteases. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes survived well for up to 4 days in defined medium in the presence of dexamethasone but not in its absence. The loss of viability was accompanied by a loss of ultrastructural features characteristic of hepatocytes. The cultures began producing plasminogen activator and a neutral protease after 24 hr in culture. Dexamethasone inhibited the production of both of these substances. The deterioration of the cultures appeared not to be related to plasminogen activator, but prolongation of survival by a variety of protease inhibitors suggested that the neutral protease might contribute to deterioration.", "PMID": 569118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8351", "title": "Evaluation of a proteolytic enzyme mixture isolated from crude trypsins in tissue disaggregation.", "content": "Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase are the pancreatic enzymes required for neonatal rat heart tissue disaggregation. We have previously developed a procedure for the isolation of a mixture of these three enzymes from commercial crude-trypsin samples. Toxic materials present in certain crude-trypsin samples are removed during purification. An evaluation of this mixture was conducted for its ability to disaggregate neonatal rat heart tissue for cell culture. Large numbers of cells were released with minimal cellular damage as determined by their ability to survive and function in culture. Rat lung and kidney tissue also were disaggregated successfully and cultured with this preparation. It is apparent that this enzyme preparation has a potential for disaggregating a wide variety of tissues.", "contents": "Evaluation of a proteolytic enzyme mixture isolated from crude trypsins in tissue disaggregation. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase are the pancreatic enzymes required for neonatal rat heart tissue disaggregation. We have previously developed a procedure for the isolation of a mixture of these three enzymes from commercial crude-trypsin samples. Toxic materials present in certain crude-trypsin samples are removed during purification. An evaluation of this mixture was conducted for its ability to disaggregate neonatal rat heart tissue for cell culture. Large numbers of cells were released with minimal cellular damage as determined by their ability to survive and function in culture. Rat lung and kidney tissue also were disaggregated successfully and cultured with this preparation. It is apparent that this enzyme preparation has a potential for disaggregating a wide variety of tissues.", "PMID": 569119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8352", "title": "Physical and nutritional factors in gel culture of mammalian cells.", "content": "The growth of human glioma cells, cultured as spherical colonies in agarose gel, stopped after about 10 days for both large and small colonies apparently due to an increased osmolality in the gel. When osmolality was kept under control by addition of distilled water, growth continued. However, a continuous increase in the population-doubling period, similar for both large and small colonies, then was observed. The increase persisted although excess amounts of nutrition were added. When the cells were cultured in liquid suspension above a thin layer of agarose gel and most of the medium was repeatedly changed, the colonies continued to grow beyond the limits in gel cultured. HeLa and hamster embryonic lung cell colonies showed a growth pattern in agarose gel similar to the glioma cells. The results imply that the osmolality must be kept under precise control to prevent growth inhibition. However, it seems difficult to ascertain optimal growth in gel culture for more than about 2 weeks probably because of the accumulation of toxic products.", "contents": "Physical and nutritional factors in gel culture of mammalian cells. The growth of human glioma cells, cultured as spherical colonies in agarose gel, stopped after about 10 days for both large and small colonies apparently due to an increased osmolality in the gel. When osmolality was kept under control by addition of distilled water, growth continued. However, a continuous increase in the population-doubling period, similar for both large and small colonies, then was observed. The increase persisted although excess amounts of nutrition were added. When the cells were cultured in liquid suspension above a thin layer of agarose gel and most of the medium was repeatedly changed, the colonies continued to grow beyond the limits in gel cultured. HeLa and hamster embryonic lung cell colonies showed a growth pattern in agarose gel similar to the glioma cells. The results imply that the osmolality must be kept under precise control to prevent growth inhibition. However, it seems difficult to ascertain optimal growth in gel culture for more than about 2 weeks probably because of the accumulation of toxic products.", "PMID": 569121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8353", "title": "The development of chick spinal cord in tissue culture. II. Cultures of whole chick embryos.", "content": "By using whole-chick-embryo cultures followed by fragment cultures of spinal-cord primordia, it was possible to reproduce in vitro the whole process of neuronal development beginning with its initiation and continuing up to and including the maturation of neurons. Normal whole embryos were developed to Hamilton-Hamburger stages 17 and 18 by growing embryos from the primitive streak stage on large (28-mm) glass rings. The advantage of whole-embryo cultures is that development can be staged accurately, which is especially important during the early stages when morphogenesis progresses very rapidly. By using such accurately staged embryos and tritiated thymidine, we have determined that some postmitotic neuronal precursor cells appear in chick embryos as early as Hamburger-Hamilton stages 4 and 5, i.e. the definitive streak stages before the neural tube has formed.", "contents": "The development of chick spinal cord in tissue culture. II. Cultures of whole chick embryos. By using whole-chick-embryo cultures followed by fragment cultures of spinal-cord primordia, it was possible to reproduce in vitro the whole process of neuronal development beginning with its initiation and continuing up to and including the maturation of neurons. Normal whole embryos were developed to Hamilton-Hamburger stages 17 and 18 by growing embryos from the primitive streak stage on large (28-mm) glass rings. The advantage of whole-embryo cultures is that development can be staged accurately, which is especially important during the early stages when morphogenesis progresses very rapidly. By using such accurately staged embryos and tritiated thymidine, we have determined that some postmitotic neuronal precursor cells appear in chick embryos as early as Hamburger-Hamilton stages 4 and 5, i.e. the definitive streak stages before the neural tube has formed.", "PMID": 569122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8354", "title": "Endogenous HPRT activity in mycoplasmas isolated from cell cultures.", "content": "Five mycoplasma species most frequently isolated from cell cultures were tested for the presence of endogenous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) activity. All of the five, cultured in cell-free medium, contained variable but significant levels of HPRT. Two strains of M. hyorhinis exhibited a 13-fold difference in their specific HPRT activity. When infected with any of these mycoplasma species, HPRT-deficient mouse cell mutants rapidly acquired a cell-associated HPRT activity; however, the cells remained sensitive to HAT medium and resistant to 6-thioguanine. On the other hand, normal HPRT-positive cells deliberately infected with the mycoplasmas uniformly became sensitive to HAT medium. The apparent transfer of mycoplasma-specific HPRT activity to HPRT-deficient cells may be used as a sensitive measure of cell infection by these mycoplasma strains. The HPRT activities of mycoplasmas share several common properties so that they can be distinguished easily from the mammalian HPRT isozymes. Compared to the animal cell enzymes, the mycoplasmal HPRT activities are less heat stable, more strongly inhibited by 6-thioguanine, and in general migrate more slowly in electrophoresis at a neutral pH.", "contents": "Endogenous HPRT activity in mycoplasmas isolated from cell cultures. Five mycoplasma species most frequently isolated from cell cultures were tested for the presence of endogenous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) activity. All of the five, cultured in cell-free medium, contained variable but significant levels of HPRT. Two strains of M. hyorhinis exhibited a 13-fold difference in their specific HPRT activity. When infected with any of these mycoplasma species, HPRT-deficient mouse cell mutants rapidly acquired a cell-associated HPRT activity; however, the cells remained sensitive to HAT medium and resistant to 6-thioguanine. On the other hand, normal HPRT-positive cells deliberately infected with the mycoplasmas uniformly became sensitive to HAT medium. The apparent transfer of mycoplasma-specific HPRT activity to HPRT-deficient cells may be used as a sensitive measure of cell infection by these mycoplasma strains. The HPRT activities of mycoplasmas share several common properties so that they can be distinguished easily from the mammalian HPRT isozymes. Compared to the animal cell enzymes, the mycoplasmal HPRT activities are less heat stable, more strongly inhibited by 6-thioguanine, and in general migrate more slowly in electrophoresis at a neutral pH.", "PMID": 569123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8355", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis in organ cultures of neonatal rat lung.", "content": "Organ cultures of newborn rat lungs synthesize and accumulate DNA, RNA, collagen and noncollagenous proteins almost at a linear rate for at least 5 days. During this period the synthesis of collagen consistently exceeds the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins in a pattern similar to neonatal lung growth in vivo. Although some morphological characteristics of lung architecture are distorted after culture, fundamental structural similarities to lungs growing in intact animals are retained. When these cultures are maintained in atmospheres rich in oxygen, increased collagen synthesis is observed, a response similar to that of lungs in intact animals exposed to high oxygen concentrations in vivo. Our studies suggest that lung organ cultures may be a suitable system for investigating the biochemical aspects of lung tissue-environmental interaction.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis in organ cultures of neonatal rat lung. Organ cultures of newborn rat lungs synthesize and accumulate DNA, RNA, collagen and noncollagenous proteins almost at a linear rate for at least 5 days. During this period the synthesis of collagen consistently exceeds the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins in a pattern similar to neonatal lung growth in vivo. Although some morphological characteristics of lung architecture are distorted after culture, fundamental structural similarities to lungs growing in intact animals are retained. When these cultures are maintained in atmospheres rich in oxygen, increased collagen synthesis is observed, a response similar to that of lungs in intact animals exposed to high oxygen concentrations in vivo. Our studies suggest that lung organ cultures may be a suitable system for investigating the biochemical aspects of lung tissue-environmental interaction.", "PMID": 569124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8356", "title": "The rat-tail artery maintained in culture: an experimental model.", "content": "The rat-tail artery was maintained in vitro for 2 weeks to investigate its suitability as an experimental model. The criteria were that (a) it should retain the overall histological organization with normal ultrastructural appearance of the smooth-muscle cells; (b) stored neurotransmitter which could be activated by experimental treatment should be absent; and (c) smooth-muscle ion transport mechanisms should fall within normal range. Vessels were maintained in Falcon tissue-culture dishes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Either 2% or no serum supplement was found to be more suitable than 10% serum due to the high rate of cell proliferation induced by the latter. Light and electron microscopy of cross sections of the vessels indicated that the overall normal vessel architecture was retained, and the ultrastructural features predicted normal function. There were no discernible differences dependent on the length (up to 8- to 10-cm lengths) of the cultured vessel. Preliminary experiments with fluorescent microscopy showed that stored neurotransmitter in the nerves of the vessel wall was no longer present after 48 hr. Ultrastructural examination revealed that storage vesicles in vitro lost their dense cores, representing noradrenalin, between 41 and 48 hr in culture. Normal ion transport mechanisms were retained in the smooth-muscle cells of the arteries in vitro for up to 2 weeks when tested with ion-specific electrodes. Morphological and physiological evidence support the suitability of the rat-tail artery as a model for experimental testing of vascular tissues.", "contents": "The rat-tail artery maintained in culture: an experimental model. The rat-tail artery was maintained in vitro for 2 weeks to investigate its suitability as an experimental model. The criteria were that (a) it should retain the overall histological organization with normal ultrastructural appearance of the smooth-muscle cells; (b) stored neurotransmitter which could be activated by experimental treatment should be absent; and (c) smooth-muscle ion transport mechanisms should fall within normal range. Vessels were maintained in Falcon tissue-culture dishes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Either 2% or no serum supplement was found to be more suitable than 10% serum due to the high rate of cell proliferation induced by the latter. Light and electron microscopy of cross sections of the vessels indicated that the overall normal vessel architecture was retained, and the ultrastructural features predicted normal function. There were no discernible differences dependent on the length (up to 8- to 10-cm lengths) of the cultured vessel. Preliminary experiments with fluorescent microscopy showed that stored neurotransmitter in the nerves of the vessel wall was no longer present after 48 hr. Ultrastructural examination revealed that storage vesicles in vitro lost their dense cores, representing noradrenalin, between 41 and 48 hr in culture. Normal ion transport mechanisms were retained in the smooth-muscle cells of the arteries in vitro for up to 2 weeks when tested with ion-specific electrodes. Morphological and physiological evidence support the suitability of the rat-tail artery as a model for experimental testing of vascular tissues.", "PMID": 569125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8357", "title": "Effect of polypeptide hormones on stimulation of casein secretion by mouse mammary epithelial cells grown on floating collagen gels.", "content": "The in vitro effects of protein hormones on the stimulation of casein secretion by mouse mammary epithelial cells were studied. Mouse mammary glands were enzymatically dissociated and used immediately or were stored frozen and thawed just before use. Cells were cultured on floating collagen gels in the presence of insulin, cortisol and a pituitary or placental polypeptide hormone. Casein, released into the medium, was assayed by a radioimmunoassay against one of the components of mouse casein. Mammary cells released casein into the medium in the presence of as little as 10 ng of ovine prolactin per ml of medium. Human growth hormone stimulated the casein secretion to the same extent as prolactin. Human placental lactogen, ovine and bovine growth hormones were less stimulatory. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone had no effect on the stimulation of casein secretion.", "contents": "Effect of polypeptide hormones on stimulation of casein secretion by mouse mammary epithelial cells grown on floating collagen gels. The in vitro effects of protein hormones on the stimulation of casein secretion by mouse mammary epithelial cells were studied. Mouse mammary glands were enzymatically dissociated and used immediately or were stored frozen and thawed just before use. Cells were cultured on floating collagen gels in the presence of insulin, cortisol and a pituitary or placental polypeptide hormone. Casein, released into the medium, was assayed by a radioimmunoassay against one of the components of mouse casein. Mammary cells released casein into the medium in the presence of as little as 10 ng of ovine prolactin per ml of medium. Human growth hormone stimulated the casein secretion to the same extent as prolactin. Human placental lactogen, ovine and bovine growth hormones were less stimulatory. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone had no effect on the stimulation of casein secretion.", "PMID": 569126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8358", "title": "A continuous-flow method of organ culture.", "content": "A method of perfusion organ culture is described in which explants cultured at the air-medium interface are bathed by a continuous flow of nutrient medium. Morphological studies on the fetal rat lung indicate that explant development in this system is comparable to that obtained using standard organ-culture dishes. Medium supply is easily manipulated and continuous sampling of the effluent stream is possible without disturbing the immediate explant environment. The basic design facilitates secretory-response studies on cultured organ explants as demonstrated by a study of glucose-stimulated insulin release by the neonatal rat pancreas.", "contents": "A continuous-flow method of organ culture. A method of perfusion organ culture is described in which explants cultured at the air-medium interface are bathed by a continuous flow of nutrient medium. Morphological studies on the fetal rat lung indicate that explant development in this system is comparable to that obtained using standard organ-culture dishes. Medium supply is easily manipulated and continuous sampling of the effluent stream is possible without disturbing the immediate explant environment. The basic design facilitates secretory-response studies on cultured organ explants as demonstrated by a study of glucose-stimulated insulin release by the neonatal rat pancreas.", "PMID": 569127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8359", "title": "[Clinical aspects of massive transfusions].", "content": "Clinical aspects of massive transfusion (a minimum of 51 blood/6 hours) were investigated in 30 surgical and urological patients. Main bleeding causes were large tumors, liver surgery, prostatectomy and vascular surgery. Two thirds of the patients died, half of them from irreversible hemorrhagical shock. In secondary causes of death were clotting disturbances, renal failure and infections. About 50% of the transfused patients developed hyperbilirubinemia and hypokalemia. The aim of therapy in massively bleeding patients should be a sufficient continuous substitution of blood volume, heated and filtrated blood, heparinisation and balanced substitution of clotting factors.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of massive transfusions]. Clinical aspects of massive transfusion (a minimum of 51 blood/6 hours) were investigated in 30 surgical and urological patients. Main bleeding causes were large tumors, liver surgery, prostatectomy and vascular surgery. Two thirds of the patients died, half of them from irreversible hemorrhagical shock. In secondary causes of death were clotting disturbances, renal failure and infections. About 50% of the transfused patients developed hyperbilirubinemia and hypokalemia. The aim of therapy in massively bleeding patients should be a sufficient continuous substitution of blood volume, heated and filtrated blood, heparinisation and balanced substitution of clotting factors.", "PMID": 569132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8360", "title": "Studies of effector cell, antibody, and target cell interactions in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "IgG antibodies bound to effector cells through Fc receptors were observed to determine the specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) against cultured target cells. When effector lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of most individuals, they already possessed natural antibodies specific for antigens on cultured cells. Since they lacked IgG antibodies specific for antigens on sheep red blood cell (SRBC) targets, natural cytotoxicity against SRBC was almost non-existent. Effector cells incubated in IgG anti-SRBC became specifically cytotoxic to SRBC. In the process, NCMC and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was diminished, indicating that arming with anti-SRBC replaced natural antibodies and occupied Fc receptors on effector cells. Thus, treating effector cells with serum may result in increased or decreased cytotoxicity depending upon the specificity of antibodies within the serum. This type of modulation of NCMC occurs at the interaction between antibody Fc and Fc receptors and can explain blocking and unblocking.", "contents": "Studies of effector cell, antibody, and target cell interactions in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. IgG antibodies bound to effector cells through Fc receptors were observed to determine the specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) against cultured target cells. When effector lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of most individuals, they already possessed natural antibodies specific for antigens on cultured cells. Since they lacked IgG antibodies specific for antigens on sheep red blood cell (SRBC) targets, natural cytotoxicity against SRBC was almost non-existent. Effector cells incubated in IgG anti-SRBC became specifically cytotoxic to SRBC. In the process, NCMC and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was diminished, indicating that arming with anti-SRBC replaced natural antibodies and occupied Fc receptors on effector cells. Thus, treating effector cells with serum may result in increased or decreased cytotoxicity depending upon the specificity of antibodies within the serum. This type of modulation of NCMC occurs at the interaction between antibody Fc and Fc receptors and can explain blocking and unblocking.", "PMID": 569134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8361", "title": "A behavioral method for efficient screening of visual acuity in young infants. I. Preliminary laboratory development.", "content": "A technique for rapid behavioral screening of grating acuity in infants 1 to 4 months of age is described. The approach, called forced-choice preferential looking (FPL), depends upon the fact that normal infants will stare fixedly at acuity gratings with stripe widths above a rather abrupt cutoff width. The present task is to find the minimum stripe width, termed the diagnostic stripe width, to which infants with normal visual acuity will readily respond. The expectation is that infants with below-normal acuity will not be able to respond to diagnostic stripes so defined. To assess the feasibility of such a test procedure and define preliminary diagnostic stripe widths for infants 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, 76 presumptively normal infants were tested in the laboratory with a 40-trial FPL procedure. Sixty-nine infants (91%) completed the test procedure. For each age group, a preliminary estimate of the diagnostic stripe width was found. The group performance was uniformly high for the stripe widths designated as diagnostic and fell off sharply for finer stripes, confirming the feasibility of the approach.", "contents": "A behavioral method for efficient screening of visual acuity in young infants. I. Preliminary laboratory development. A technique for rapid behavioral screening of grating acuity in infants 1 to 4 months of age is described. The approach, called forced-choice preferential looking (FPL), depends upon the fact that normal infants will stare fixedly at acuity gratings with stripe widths above a rather abrupt cutoff width. The present task is to find the minimum stripe width, termed the diagnostic stripe width, to which infants with normal visual acuity will readily respond. The expectation is that infants with below-normal acuity will not be able to respond to diagnostic stripes so defined. To assess the feasibility of such a test procedure and define preliminary diagnostic stripe widths for infants 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, 76 presumptively normal infants were tested in the laboratory with a 40-trial FPL procedure. Sixty-nine infants (91%) completed the test procedure. For each age group, a preliminary estimate of the diagnostic stripe width was found. The group performance was uniformly high for the stripe widths designated as diagnostic and fell off sharply for finer stripes, confirming the feasibility of the approach.", "PMID": 569135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8362", "title": "Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis: an electron microscopic study of the iris.", "content": "The irides of two patients with Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis were investigated by electron microscopy. The main findings were abnormal melanocytes with relatively few, small, and at times immature melanin granules, abundance of plasma cells, and membranous degeneration of nerve fibers. The defective melanin production may be due to abnormal adrenergic innervation, either primary or secondary to the inflammatory process. The cause for this inflammatory reaction was not evident in this study.", "contents": "Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis: an electron microscopic study of the iris. The irides of two patients with Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis were investigated by electron microscopy. The main findings were abnormal melanocytes with relatively few, small, and at times immature melanin granules, abundance of plasma cells, and membranous degeneration of nerve fibers. The defective melanin production may be due to abnormal adrenergic innervation, either primary or secondary to the inflammatory process. The cause for this inflammatory reaction was not evident in this study.", "PMID": 569136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8363", "title": "Evaluation of estrous activity in bitches treated with mibolerone and exposed to adult male dogs.", "content": "Over approximately a 16-month period, adult male dogs had no influence on estrous activity in bitches treated with an estrus prevention agent (mibolerone). In addition, there was no obvious effect on interestrous interval in untreated bitches.", "contents": "Evaluation of estrous activity in bitches treated with mibolerone and exposed to adult male dogs. Over approximately a 16-month period, adult male dogs had no influence on estrous activity in bitches treated with an estrus prevention agent (mibolerone). In addition, there was no obvious effect on interestrous interval in untreated bitches.", "PMID": 569139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8364", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a new antitumor polysaccharide, KS-2, extracted from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes.", "content": "A new antitumor and antiviral substance, KS-2, was prepared by ethanol precipitation of the hot water extract of culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes KSLE 007. It was further purified by ECTEOLA-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography based on the interferon-inducing activity. Its homogeneity was revealed by CsCl density gradient centrifugation, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and Sephadex G-100 and ECTEOLA-cellulose column chromatography. KS-2 is mainly composed of alpha-linked mannose and contains a small amount of peptide which consists of serine, threonine and alanine with residual amounts of the other amino acids. The estimated molecular weight of KS-2 is between 6.0 X 10(4) and 9.5 X 10(4). KS-2 suppressed the growth of EHRLICH as well as Sarcoma-180 tumors in mice when given either orally or intraperitoneally. It is also capable of inducing an interferon in mice when dosed orally or intraperitoneally. The acute LD50 of KS-2 was found to be extremely low, more than 12,500 mg/kg when administered orally to mice.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a new antitumor polysaccharide, KS-2, extracted from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes. A new antitumor and antiviral substance, KS-2, was prepared by ethanol precipitation of the hot water extract of culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes KSLE 007. It was further purified by ECTEOLA-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography based on the interferon-inducing activity. Its homogeneity was revealed by CsCl density gradient centrifugation, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and Sephadex G-100 and ECTEOLA-cellulose column chromatography. KS-2 is mainly composed of alpha-linked mannose and contains a small amount of peptide which consists of serine, threonine and alanine with residual amounts of the other amino acids. The estimated molecular weight of KS-2 is between 6.0 X 10(4) and 9.5 X 10(4). KS-2 suppressed the growth of EHRLICH as well as Sarcoma-180 tumors in mice when given either orally or intraperitoneally. It is also capable of inducing an interferon in mice when dosed orally or intraperitoneally. The acute LD50 of KS-2 was found to be extremely low, more than 12,500 mg/kg when administered orally to mice.", "PMID": 569140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8365", "title": "New antibiotics from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. II. Epicorazine A: structure elucidation and absolute configuration.", "content": "An antibiotic, epicorazine A, isolated from a particular strain of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum, was shown to be a new epidithiodiketopiperazine from its UV, IR, mass, NMR and CD spectra. X-Ray diffraction measures confirmed this structure and its absolute configuration.", "contents": "New antibiotics from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. II. Epicorazine A: structure elucidation and absolute configuration. An antibiotic, epicorazine A, isolated from a particular strain of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum, was shown to be a new epidithiodiketopiperazine from its UV, IR, mass, NMR and CD spectra. X-Ray diffraction measures confirmed this structure and its absolute configuration.", "PMID": 569141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8366", "title": "New antibiotics from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. III. Epicorazine B: structure elucidation and absolute configuration.", "content": "Comparison of UV, IR, PMR and CD spectra of epicorazine B with those of epicorazine A, a previously isolated metabolite of Epicoccum nigrum, showed that they were isomers with the same epidithiodiketopiperazine skeleton. X-Ray determination of epicorazine B indicated that the difference is related to a cis-trans configuration.", "contents": "New antibiotics from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. III. Epicorazine B: structure elucidation and absolute configuration. Comparison of UV, IR, PMR and CD spectra of epicorazine B with those of epicorazine A, a previously isolated metabolite of Epicoccum nigrum, showed that they were isomers with the same epidithiodiketopiperazine skeleton. X-Ray determination of epicorazine B indicated that the difference is related to a cis-trans configuration.", "PMID": 569142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8367", "title": "Rapid screening method for alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese: collaborative study.", "content": "The method developed for developed for determining alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese, in which phenolphthalein monophosphate is used as the substrate, was collaboratively studied. A 7.5% butanol extract of cheese is reacted with phenolphthalein monophosphate; phenolphthalein is released and yields a red solution that is compared visually with a standard (s) prepared from the same extract. Seven collaborators analyzed 8 samples of cheese, in duplicate, by the screening method and Scharer I method. Of the 208 observations returned, only 4 were incorrect. The alkaline phosphatase method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Rapid screening method for alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese: collaborative study. The method developed for developed for determining alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese, in which phenolphthalein monophosphate is used as the substrate, was collaboratively studied. A 7.5% butanol extract of cheese is reacted with phenolphthalein monophosphate; phenolphthalein is released and yields a red solution that is compared visually with a standard (s) prepared from the same extract. Seven collaborators analyzed 8 samples of cheese, in duplicate, by the screening method and Scharer I method. Of the 208 observations returned, only 4 were incorrect. The alkaline phosphatase method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 569143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8368", "title": "Quantitation of added water in milk by using vapor pressure osmometry.", "content": "A vapor pressure osmometer (VPO) was successfully studied in 1975. An improved osmometer with greater range and temperature stability was evaluated. Repeatability on 290 mOs/kg standard solution was 289.5 +/- 1.08. The mean and standard deviation on 36 water-free milk samples was 280.5 +/- 4 compared to 280.1 +/- 3 in the previous study. Instrument data from 2 osmometers and 2 cryoscopes produced acceptable chi-square values, and the correlation coefficients between methods were better than 0.99 for samples containing 1--21% added water. In a survey involving 760 samples,  more than 37% of producer samples in one cheese plant contained greater than 3% added water. Additional evidence of added water in market milk samples suggests the immediate application of the VPO to help prevent milk adulteration. The vapor pressure osomometer method for quantitating added water in milk has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Quantitation of added water in milk by using vapor pressure osmometry. A vapor pressure osmometer (VPO) was successfully studied in 1975. An improved osmometer with greater range and temperature stability was evaluated. Repeatability on 290 mOs/kg standard solution was 289.5 +/- 1.08. The mean and standard deviation on 36 water-free milk samples was 280.5 +/- 4 compared to 280.1 +/- 3 in the previous study. Instrument data from 2 osmometers and 2 cryoscopes produced acceptable chi-square values, and the correlation coefficients between methods were better than 0.99 for samples containing 1--21% added water. In a survey involving 760 samples,  more than 37% of producer samples in one cheese plant contained greater than 3% added water. Additional evidence of added water in market milk samples suggests the immediate application of the VPO to help prevent milk adulteration. The vapor pressure osomometer method for quantitating added water in milk has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 569144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8369", "title": "Endogenous estradiol-17beta in bovine tissues.", "content": "The development of an assay for the estrogen estradiol-17beta in bovine muscle, kidney, liver, and uterine endometrium is described in this report. The tissue was homogenized, extracted, partitioned, and subjected to routine radioimmunoassay. Chromatography was not used. The first part of the report presents data on the accuracy, reproducibility, and sensitivity of the assay. The concentration of estradiol-17beta in the tissues compared with muscle was ranked as follows: uterine endometrium (10-fold higher), liver (3-fold), and kidney (3-fold). The estrogen concentration was not significantly different in the muscle between heifers, but was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the liver and kidney of heifers and steers. In heifers pre- and post-estrous phase endometrium (a target tissue of E2beta) contained significantly greater concentrations of estradiol-17beta than did luteal phase endometrium (P less than 0.05), but mean levels in the edible tissues were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) between these 2 of the 4 stages of the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Endogenous estradiol-17beta in bovine tissues. The development of an assay for the estrogen estradiol-17beta in bovine muscle, kidney, liver, and uterine endometrium is described in this report. The tissue was homogenized, extracted, partitioned, and subjected to routine radioimmunoassay. Chromatography was not used. The first part of the report presents data on the accuracy, reproducibility, and sensitivity of the assay. The concentration of estradiol-17beta in the tissues compared with muscle was ranked as follows: uterine endometrium (10-fold higher), liver (3-fold), and kidney (3-fold). The estrogen concentration was not significantly different in the muscle between heifers, but was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the liver and kidney of heifers and steers. In heifers pre- and post-estrous phase endometrium (a target tissue of E2beta) contained significantly greater concentrations of estradiol-17beta than did luteal phase endometrium (P less than 0.05), but mean levels in the edible tissues were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) between these 2 of the 4 stages of the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 569145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8370", "title": "Inactivation of the chemoattractant folic acid by cellular slime molds and identification of the reaction product.", "content": "Enzymes inactivating the chemoattractants folic acid and pterin were detected in extracellular, intracellular, and particulate fractions obtained from Dictyostelium discoideum strains NC4 and AX-2 and Polysphondylium violaceum. The products of the inactivation reaction were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and UV spectroscopy. Results obtained indicate that folic acid and pterin were deaminated to 2-deamino folic acid and lumazine, respectively.", "contents": "Inactivation of the chemoattractant folic acid by cellular slime molds and identification of the reaction product. Enzymes inactivating the chemoattractants folic acid and pterin were detected in extracellular, intracellular, and particulate fractions obtained from Dictyostelium discoideum strains NC4 and AX-2 and Polysphondylium violaceum. The products of the inactivation reaction were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and UV spectroscopy. Results obtained indicate that folic acid and pterin were deaminated to 2-deamino folic acid and lumazine, respectively.", "PMID": 569146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8371", "title": "Detection of histones by DNA binding ability after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "Histones can be detected on the basis of their binding to DNA after electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels containing DNA. The method depends on the ability of individual histone components to 1) renature, 2) bind to DNA, and 3) prevent ethidium bromide binding and fluorescence. This technique can provide qualitative and, possibly, quantitative information on histones in crude extracts.", "contents": "Detection of histones by DNA binding ability after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Histones can be detected on the basis of their binding to DNA after electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels containing DNA. The method depends on the ability of individual histone components to 1) renature, 2) bind to DNA, and 3) prevent ethidium bromide binding and fluorescence. This technique can provide qualitative and, possibly, quantitative information on histones in crude extracts.", "PMID": 569148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8372", "title": "Separate amino and carboxyl procollagen peptidases in chick embryo tendon.", "content": "Procollagen synthesized by freshly excised chick enbryo leg tendons is efficiently processed by proteolytic removal of first the amino propeptides and then the carboxyl propeptides. The same processes proceed in confluent short term cell cultures derived from such tendon explants; in sparse cultures cleavage of the amino propeptides predominates. Separate amino and carboxyl procollagen peptidase activities were demonstrated by specific assays in enzymes obtained from cell culture media by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and velocity sedimentation. Both enzymes are inhibited by EDTA and 1:10 phenanthroline but not by inhibitors of serine proteases. Evidence is provided that the proteolytic scissions are specific and similar to the physiologically occurring processes. The collagen telopeptides left after cutting by the enzymes can participate in lysyl oxidase-induced cross-linking. The enzymes can remove propeptides from cross-linked procollagens without destroying these links which occur through telopeptides. The enzymes act on the separated amino and carboxyl portions of procollagen fragmented by vertebrate collagenase and can act on procollagens which have been associated as well as on molecules in solution.", "contents": "Separate amino and carboxyl procollagen peptidases in chick embryo tendon. Procollagen synthesized by freshly excised chick enbryo leg tendons is efficiently processed by proteolytic removal of first the amino propeptides and then the carboxyl propeptides. The same processes proceed in confluent short term cell cultures derived from such tendon explants; in sparse cultures cleavage of the amino propeptides predominates. Separate amino and carboxyl procollagen peptidase activities were demonstrated by specific assays in enzymes obtained from cell culture media by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and velocity sedimentation. Both enzymes are inhibited by EDTA and 1:10 phenanthroline but not by inhibitors of serine proteases. Evidence is provided that the proteolytic scissions are specific and similar to the physiologically occurring processes. The collagen telopeptides left after cutting by the enzymes can participate in lysyl oxidase-induced cross-linking. The enzymes can remove propeptides from cross-linked procollagens without destroying these links which occur through telopeptides. The enzymes act on the separated amino and carboxyl portions of procollagen fragmented by vertebrate collagenase and can act on procollagens which have been associated as well as on molecules in solution.", "PMID": 569151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8373", "title": "Substitution of nucleoside triphosphates for ascorbate in the thymine 7-hydroxylase reaction of Rhodotorula glutinis.", "content": "Nucleoside di- and triphosphates substituted for ascorbate in the thymine 7-hydroxylase reaction in studies carried out with purified preparations from Rhodotorula glutinis. The stimulations brought about by ascorbate and ATP were found not to be additive. Studies with analogues of ATP indicated that hydrolysis may not need to occur in order for the nucleotide effect to be expressed. The stoichiometry of the production of 5-hydroxymethyluracil and CO2 was not changed by the substitution of ATP for ascorbate. The 7-hydroxylase was found to have considerable thermal stability, and inactivation at 98 degrees C resulted in a parallel loss of the activities effected by ascorbate and ATP. This and the retention of the nucleotide effect upon purification suggest the effect is not mediated through another protein co-purified with the 7-hydroxylase.", "contents": "Substitution of nucleoside triphosphates for ascorbate in the thymine 7-hydroxylase reaction of Rhodotorula glutinis. Nucleoside di- and triphosphates substituted for ascorbate in the thymine 7-hydroxylase reaction in studies carried out with purified preparations from Rhodotorula glutinis. The stimulations brought about by ascorbate and ATP were found not to be additive. Studies with analogues of ATP indicated that hydrolysis may not need to occur in order for the nucleotide effect to be expressed. The stoichiometry of the production of 5-hydroxymethyluracil and CO2 was not changed by the substitution of ATP for ascorbate. The 7-hydroxylase was found to have considerable thermal stability, and inactivation at 98 degrees C resulted in a parallel loss of the activities effected by ascorbate and ATP. This and the retention of the nucleotide effect upon purification suggest the effect is not mediated through another protein co-purified with the 7-hydroxylase.", "PMID": 569152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8374", "title": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. IV. Role of the cell surface molecule CAM in the formation of neurite bundles in cultures of spinal ganglia.", "content": "The cell adhesion molecule (CAM) is involved in adhesion among embryonic retinal and brain cells and has been detected in a variety of neural tissues. This paper describes the use of spinal ganglion cultures and specific anti-CAM antibodies to determine the distribution of CAM on plasma membranes of nerve processes, and to assess the results of perturbation of its function during the growth of neurites from ganglia. The results indicate that CAM is distributed over the entire surface of nerve processes, and that specific anti-CAM Fab' fragments alter the morphology of neurite outgrowth. In particular, it was observed that anti-CAM inhibits formation of nerve bundles, so that the ganglion becomes surrounded by a tangled net of fine processes. Growth cone functions, such as neurite elongation, motility, and attachment to the substratum, did not appear to be affected by the antibody. These studies suggest that one of the major functions of CAM is to mediate side-to-side adhesion between neurites to form fascicles, and raise the possibility that this molecule serves a key role in embryogenesis of nerve tissues.", "contents": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. IV. Role of the cell surface molecule CAM in the formation of neurite bundles in cultures of spinal ganglia. The cell adhesion molecule (CAM) is involved in adhesion among embryonic retinal and brain cells and has been detected in a variety of neural tissues. This paper describes the use of spinal ganglion cultures and specific anti-CAM antibodies to determine the distribution of CAM on plasma membranes of nerve processes, and to assess the results of perturbation of its function during the growth of neurites from ganglia. The results indicate that CAM is distributed over the entire surface of nerve processes, and that specific anti-CAM Fab' fragments alter the morphology of neurite outgrowth. In particular, it was observed that anti-CAM inhibits formation of nerve bundles, so that the ganglion becomes surrounded by a tangled net of fine processes. Growth cone functions, such as neurite elongation, motility, and attachment to the substratum, did not appear to be affected by the antibody. These studies suggest that one of the major functions of CAM is to mediate side-to-side adhesion between neurites to form fascicles, and raise the possibility that this molecule serves a key role in embryogenesis of nerve tissues.", "PMID": 569154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8375", "title": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. III. Relationship of the surface molecule CAM to cell adhesion and the development of histotypic patterns.", "content": "We have previously identified a molecule (named cell adhesion molecule [CAM]) that is involved in the in vitro aggregation of neural cells from chick embryos. In the present report, specific anti-CAM antibodies have been used to demonstrated that CAM is localized in neural tissues, and is associated with the plasma membrane of retinal cells and neurites. Furthermore, it has been shown by antibody absorption techniques that the decreased adhesiveness of cultured retinal cells obtained originally from older embryos is correlated with a decrease in the density or accessibility of cell adhesion molecules on the surface of these cells. The central role of CAM in neural cell aggregation has been established by the observation that anti-CAM Fab' fragments inhibit adhesion between neural cells in a variety of assays. To investigate the function of CAM and cell adhesion in developing tissues, aggregates of retinal cells that are capable of forming histotypic patterns in vitro were cultured in the presence and absence of anti-CAM Fab'. The Fab' was found to inhibit sorting out of cell bodies and neurites and to decrease the number of membrane-membrane contacts, suggesting that CAM is associated with cell-cell, cell-neurite, and neurite-neurite interactions.", "contents": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. III. Relationship of the surface molecule CAM to cell adhesion and the development of histotypic patterns. We have previously identified a molecule (named cell adhesion molecule [CAM]) that is involved in the in vitro aggregation of neural cells from chick embryos. In the present report, specific anti-CAM antibodies have been used to demonstrated that CAM is localized in neural tissues, and is associated with the plasma membrane of retinal cells and neurites. Furthermore, it has been shown by antibody absorption techniques that the decreased adhesiveness of cultured retinal cells obtained originally from older embryos is correlated with a decrease in the density or accessibility of cell adhesion molecules on the surface of these cells. The central role of CAM in neural cell aggregation has been established by the observation that anti-CAM Fab' fragments inhibit adhesion between neural cells in a variety of assays. To investigate the function of CAM and cell adhesion in developing tissues, aggregates of retinal cells that are capable of forming histotypic patterns in vitro were cultured in the presence and absence of anti-CAM Fab'. The Fab' was found to inhibit sorting out of cell bodies and neurites and to decrease the number of membrane-membrane contacts, suggesting that CAM is associated with cell-cell, cell-neurite, and neurite-neurite interactions.", "PMID": 569155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8376", "title": "Localized mast cell degranulation induced by concanavalin A-sepharose beads. Implications for the Ca2+ hypothesis of stimulus-secretion coupling.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) covalently linked to Sepharose 4B beads induced localized degranulation of sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells in regions of contact between beads and cells. This degranulation was Ca2+ dependent and was not seen when sensitized mast cells bound to beads conjugated with a nonstimulating lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, or when unsensitized mast cells bound to Con A-Sepharose. The finding that sensitized mast cells which had adhered to Con A-Sepharose beads degranulated in regions of the cell away from the area of bead contact if exposed to soluble Con A excluded the possibility that the localized release was due to a redistribution of the IgE receptors or putative Ca2+ channels to the region of bead contact. The results suggest that, if an influx of Ca2+ is the mechanism for initiating mast cell degranulation, then the opening of Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane of activated mast cells is a localized event and that Ca2+ acts locally within the cell to initiate exocytosis.", "contents": "Localized mast cell degranulation induced by concanavalin A-sepharose beads. Implications for the Ca2+ hypothesis of stimulus-secretion coupling. Concanavalin A (Con A) covalently linked to Sepharose 4B beads induced localized degranulation of sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells in regions of contact between beads and cells. This degranulation was Ca2+ dependent and was not seen when sensitized mast cells bound to beads conjugated with a nonstimulating lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, or when unsensitized mast cells bound to Con A-Sepharose. The finding that sensitized mast cells which had adhered to Con A-Sepharose beads degranulated in regions of the cell away from the area of bead contact if exposed to soluble Con A excluded the possibility that the localized release was due to a redistribution of the IgE receptors or putative Ca2+ channels to the region of bead contact. The results suggest that, if an influx of Ca2+ is the mechanism for initiating mast cell degranulation, then the opening of Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane of activated mast cells is a localized event and that Ca2+ acts locally within the cell to initiate exocytosis.", "PMID": 569156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8377", "title": "Structure and biochemical composition of desmosomes and tonofilaments isolated from calf muzzle epidermis.", "content": "Complexes of plasma membrane segments with desmosomes and attached tonofilaments were separated from the stratum spinosum cells of calf muzzle by means of moderately alkaline buffers of low ionic strength and mechanical homogenization. These structures were further fractionated by the use of various treatments including sonication, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and extraction with buffers containing high concentrations of salt, urea, citric acid, or detergents. Subfractions enriched in desmosome-tonofilament-complexes and tonofilament fragments were studied in detail. The desmosome structures such as the midline, the trilaminar membrane profile, and the desmosomal plaque appeared well preserved and were notably resistant to the various treatments employed. Fractions containing desmosome-tonofilament complexes were invariably dominated by the nonmembranous proteins of the tonofilaments which appeared as five major polypeptide bands (apparent molecular weights: 48,000; 51,000; 58,000; 60,000; 68,000) present in molar ratios of approx. 2:1:1:2:2. Four of these polypeptide bands showed electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of prekeratin polypeptides from bovine hoof. However, the largest polypeptide (68,000 mol wt) migrated significantly less in polyacrylamide gels than the largest component of the hoof prekeratin (approximately 63,000 mol wt). In addition, a series of minor bands, including carbohydrate-containing proteins, were identified and concluded to represent constituents of the desmosomal membrane. The analysis of protein-bound carbohydrates (total 270 microgram/mg phospholipid in desmosome-enriched subfractions) showed the presence of relatively high amounts of glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and sialic acids. These data as well as the lipid composition (e.g., high ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids, relatively high contents of sphingomyelin and gangliosides, and fatty acid pattern) indicate that the desmosomal membrane is complex in protein and lipid composition and has a typical plasma membrane character. The similarity of the desmosome-associated tonofilaments to prekeratin filaments and other forms of intermediate-sized filaments is discussed.", "contents": "Structure and biochemical composition of desmosomes and tonofilaments isolated from calf muzzle epidermis. Complexes of plasma membrane segments with desmosomes and attached tonofilaments were separated from the stratum spinosum cells of calf muzzle by means of moderately alkaline buffers of low ionic strength and mechanical homogenization. These structures were further fractionated by the use of various treatments including sonication, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and extraction with buffers containing high concentrations of salt, urea, citric acid, or detergents. Subfractions enriched in desmosome-tonofilament-complexes and tonofilament fragments were studied in detail. The desmosome structures such as the midline, the trilaminar membrane profile, and the desmosomal plaque appeared well preserved and were notably resistant to the various treatments employed. Fractions containing desmosome-tonofilament complexes were invariably dominated by the nonmembranous proteins of the tonofilaments which appeared as five major polypeptide bands (apparent molecular weights: 48,000; 51,000; 58,000; 60,000; 68,000) present in molar ratios of approx. 2:1:1:2:2. Four of these polypeptide bands showed electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of prekeratin polypeptides from bovine hoof. However, the largest polypeptide (68,000 mol wt) migrated significantly less in polyacrylamide gels than the largest component of the hoof prekeratin (approximately 63,000 mol wt). In addition, a series of minor bands, including carbohydrate-containing proteins, were identified and concluded to represent constituents of the desmosomal membrane. The analysis of protein-bound carbohydrates (total 270 microgram/mg phospholipid in desmosome-enriched subfractions) showed the presence of relatively high amounts of glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and sialic acids. These data as well as the lipid composition (e.g., high ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids, relatively high contents of sphingomyelin and gangliosides, and fatty acid pattern) indicate that the desmosomal membrane is complex in protein and lipid composition and has a typical plasma membrane character. The similarity of the desmosome-associated tonofilaments to prekeratin filaments and other forms of intermediate-sized filaments is discussed.", "PMID": 569157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8378", "title": "The in vitro assembly of flagellar outer doublet tubulin.", "content": "Flagellar outer doublet microtubules were solubilized by use of sonication, and the tubulin was reassembled in vitro into single microtubules containing 14 and 15 protofilaments. The tubulin assembly was dependent on both the KCl and tubulin concentrations, exhibiting a critical concentration of 0.72 mg/ml at optimum solvent conditions. Flagellar tubulin was purified by cycles of temperature-dependent assembly-disassembly and molecular sieve chromatography, and characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Although doublet microtubules were not formed in vitro, outer doublet tubulin assembled onto intact A- and B-subfibers of outer doublet microtubules and basal bodies of Chlamydomonas; the rate of assembly from the distal ends of these structures was greater than that from the proximal ends. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) from mammalian brain stimulated outer doublet tubulin assembly, decorating the microtubules with fine filamentous projections.", "contents": "The in vitro assembly of flagellar outer doublet tubulin. Flagellar outer doublet microtubules were solubilized by use of sonication, and the tubulin was reassembled in vitro into single microtubules containing 14 and 15 protofilaments. The tubulin assembly was dependent on both the KCl and tubulin concentrations, exhibiting a critical concentration of 0.72 mg/ml at optimum solvent conditions. Flagellar tubulin was purified by cycles of temperature-dependent assembly-disassembly and molecular sieve chromatography, and characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Although doublet microtubules were not formed in vitro, outer doublet tubulin assembled onto intact A- and B-subfibers of outer doublet microtubules and basal bodies of Chlamydomonas; the rate of assembly from the distal ends of these structures was greater than that from the proximal ends. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) from mammalian brain stimulated outer doublet tubulin assembly, decorating the microtubules with fine filamentous projections.", "PMID": 569158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8379", "title": "Electrical coupling and uncoupling of exocrine acinar cells.", "content": "The electrical communication network in the mouse pancreatic acinar tissue has been investigated using simultaneous intracellular recording with two separate microelectrodes and direct microscopical control of the localizations of the microelectrode tips. All cells within one acinus were electrically coupled, and the coupling coefficient (the electrotonic potential change in a cell neighboring to the cell into which current is injected [V2] divided by the electrotonic potential change in the cell of current injection [V1]) between two cells near each other (less than 50 micron) was always close to 1. Cells farther apart (50-100 micron) were, in some cases, coupled; in other cases, there was no coupling at all. Coupling coefficients varied between 0 and 1. There was rarely electrical coupling over distances of more than 110 micron. Using microiontophoretic acetylcholine (ACh) application, it was possible to evoke almost complete electrical uncoupling of two previously coupled pancreatic or lacrimal acinar cells from different acini or within one acinus. The effects were fully and quickly reversible. While the ACh-evoked uncoupling in the pancreas was associated with membrane depolarization, ACh caused hyperpolarization in the lacrimal acinar cells. The uncoupling was associated with a very marked reduction in electrical time constant, indicating a reduction in input capacitance (effective surface cell membrane area). The concentrations of stimulants needed to evoke reduction in pancreatic cell-to-cell coupling were 1 micron for ACh, 0.14 nM for caerulein, and 3 nM for bombesin. These concentrations are smaller than those required to evoke maximal enzyme secretion.", "contents": "Electrical coupling and uncoupling of exocrine acinar cells. The electrical communication network in the mouse pancreatic acinar tissue has been investigated using simultaneous intracellular recording with two separate microelectrodes and direct microscopical control of the localizations of the microelectrode tips. All cells within one acinus were electrically coupled, and the coupling coefficient (the electrotonic potential change in a cell neighboring to the cell into which current is injected [V2] divided by the electrotonic potential change in the cell of current injection [V1]) between two cells near each other (less than 50 micron) was always close to 1. Cells farther apart (50-100 micron) were, in some cases, coupled; in other cases, there was no coupling at all. Coupling coefficients varied between 0 and 1. There was rarely electrical coupling over distances of more than 110 micron. Using microiontophoretic acetylcholine (ACh) application, it was possible to evoke almost complete electrical uncoupling of two previously coupled pancreatic or lacrimal acinar cells from different acini or within one acinus. The effects were fully and quickly reversible. While the ACh-evoked uncoupling in the pancreas was associated with membrane depolarization, ACh caused hyperpolarization in the lacrimal acinar cells. The uncoupling was associated with a very marked reduction in electrical time constant, indicating a reduction in input capacitance (effective surface cell membrane area). The concentrations of stimulants needed to evoke reduction in pancreatic cell-to-cell coupling were 1 micron for ACh, 0.14 nM for caerulein, and 3 nM for bombesin. These concentrations are smaller than those required to evoke maximal enzyme secretion.", "PMID": 569159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8380", "title": "Nascent chicken ovalbumin contains the functional equivalent of a signal sequence.", "content": "Highly purified mRNA for chicken ovalbumin has been translated in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes in the presence or absence of EDTA-stripped microsomal membranes from dog pancreas. Nascent--but not completed--ovalbumin was transferred across the microsomal membrane, as demonstrated by cotranslational core glycosylation of ovalbumin nascent chains, by resistance to posttranslational proteolysis of only the glycosylated ovalbumin chains, and by cosedimentation with the membrane of exclusively the glycosylated form. Furthermore, nascent chains of bovine prolactin were observed to compete with nascent ovalbumin for transfer across the microsomal membrane. However, no competition for membrane sites was observed between nascent chains of rabbit globin and either nascent ovalbumin or prolactin. We interpret these results to suggest that nascent ovalbumin contains the functional equivalent of a signal sequence for transfer across membranes, and that membrane components involved in the segregation of secretory proteins with cleaved signal sequences also function in the segregation of ovalbumin.", "contents": "Nascent chicken ovalbumin contains the functional equivalent of a signal sequence. Highly purified mRNA for chicken ovalbumin has been translated in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes in the presence or absence of EDTA-stripped microsomal membranes from dog pancreas. Nascent--but not completed--ovalbumin was transferred across the microsomal membrane, as demonstrated by cotranslational core glycosylation of ovalbumin nascent chains, by resistance to posttranslational proteolysis of only the glycosylated ovalbumin chains, and by cosedimentation with the membrane of exclusively the glycosylated form. Furthermore, nascent chains of bovine prolactin were observed to compete with nascent ovalbumin for transfer across the microsomal membrane. However, no competition for membrane sites was observed between nascent chains of rabbit globin and either nascent ovalbumin or prolactin. We interpret these results to suggest that nascent ovalbumin contains the functional equivalent of a signal sequence for transfer across membranes, and that membrane components involved in the segregation of secretory proteins with cleaved signal sequences also function in the segregation of ovalbumin.", "PMID": 569160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8381", "title": "Cyclic production of tension force in the plasmodial strand of Physarum polycephalum and its relation to microfilament morphology.", "content": "Cyclic contraction and relaxation of plasmodial strands of Physarum polycephalum were measured under both isotonic and isometric conditions, and their relation to changes in microfilament (MF) morphology was investigated. The contraction-relaxation rhythm of a strand segment was insignificant and irregular immediately after isolation from the mother plasmodium. It became regular half an hour later when local minute rhythms were synchronized spontaneously. If a strand kept under isotonic conditions was loaded with a heavier weight or a strand kept under isometric conditions was stretched a few times, the amplitude of each contraction wave was enhanced. After a strand had been thus conditioned, it was fixed at a selected phase of the contraction-relaxation cycle under both isotonic and isometric conditions. The state of MFs changed strikingly according to the phase of the contraction cycle. In the shortening phase of the strand under isotonic contractions, MFs with a diameter of 6--7 nm were arranged parallel to each other to form large compact bundles in which adjacent filaments were bridged with cross linkages. Among these MFs, thicker filaments were sporadically scattered. At about the phase of minimal strand length, most of the MFs became kinky and formed networks. In the elongating phase, new loose bundles of MFs developed from the network. These loose bundles became compact again when the strand reached its maximal elongation phase. In the isometric contraction, MFs in the increasing tension phase were nearly the same as those in the shortening phase in isotonic contraction. Around the maximal tension phase, dense areas of MFs appeared along the bundles in place of the network formed in the isotonic contraction phase. These areas were closely packed, with MFs arranged parallel to each other. In the decreasing and minimal tension phases in isometric contraction, MFs were arranged similarly to those in the elongating and maximally elongated phases, respectively, in isotonic contraction. Alternation between the straight bundle and fine network configuration of the MFs observed in isotonic contraction was inconspicuous in isometric contraction. This was probably due to spatial restriction of shortening under isometric contraction. The results are interpreted in terms of cyclic changes of the aggregation pattern of the MFs in the form of F-actin, as opposed to the possibility that the contraction-relaxation cycles depend on cyclic G-F transformation of actin.", "contents": "Cyclic production of tension force in the plasmodial strand of Physarum polycephalum and its relation to microfilament morphology. Cyclic contraction and relaxation of plasmodial strands of Physarum polycephalum were measured under both isotonic and isometric conditions, and their relation to changes in microfilament (MF) morphology was investigated. The contraction-relaxation rhythm of a strand segment was insignificant and irregular immediately after isolation from the mother plasmodium. It became regular half an hour later when local minute rhythms were synchronized spontaneously. If a strand kept under isotonic conditions was loaded with a heavier weight or a strand kept under isometric conditions was stretched a few times, the amplitude of each contraction wave was enhanced. After a strand had been thus conditioned, it was fixed at a selected phase of the contraction-relaxation cycle under both isotonic and isometric conditions. The state of MFs changed strikingly according to the phase of the contraction cycle. In the shortening phase of the strand under isotonic contractions, MFs with a diameter of 6--7 nm were arranged parallel to each other to form large compact bundles in which adjacent filaments were bridged with cross linkages. Among these MFs, thicker filaments were sporadically scattered. At about the phase of minimal strand length, most of the MFs became kinky and formed networks. In the elongating phase, new loose bundles of MFs developed from the network. These loose bundles became compact again when the strand reached its maximal elongation phase. In the isometric contraction, MFs in the increasing tension phase were nearly the same as those in the shortening phase in isotonic contraction. Around the maximal tension phase, dense areas of MFs appeared along the bundles in place of the network formed in the isotonic contraction phase. These areas were closely packed, with MFs arranged parallel to each other. In the decreasing and minimal tension phases in isometric contraction, MFs were arranged similarly to those in the elongating and maximally elongated phases, respectively, in isotonic contraction. Alternation between the straight bundle and fine network configuration of the MFs observed in isotonic contraction was inconspicuous in isometric contraction. This was probably due to spatial restriction of shortening under isometric contraction. The results are interpreted in terms of cyclic changes of the aggregation pattern of the MFs in the form of F-actin, as opposed to the possibility that the contraction-relaxation cycles depend on cyclic G-F transformation of actin.", "PMID": 569161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8382", "title": "Divalent cation stimulation of in vitro fibre assembly from epidermal keratin protein.", "content": "Keratin was extracted from purified cornified cells of newborn rats in Tris-HCl-buffered 8 M urea containing beta-mercaptoethanol. Microfilaments were assembled in vitro by reducing the ionic strength of buffer and the urea concentration. One millimolar concentration of KCl and NaCl did not affect filament formation, but the same concentration of divalent cations greatly altered this process. CaCl2 and MgCl2 induced gelation of keratin by formation of bundles of birefringent macrofilaments. ZnCl2, CuSO4 and HgCl2 formed greater numbers of macrofilaments and the protein aggregated.", "contents": "Divalent cation stimulation of in vitro fibre assembly from epidermal keratin protein. Keratin was extracted from purified cornified cells of newborn rats in Tris-HCl-buffered 8 M urea containing beta-mercaptoethanol. Microfilaments were assembled in vitro by reducing the ionic strength of buffer and the urea concentration. One millimolar concentration of KCl and NaCl did not affect filament formation, but the same concentration of divalent cations greatly altered this process. CaCl2 and MgCl2 induced gelation of keratin by formation of bundles of birefringent macrofilaments. ZnCl2, CuSO4 and HgCl2 formed greater numbers of macrofilaments and the protein aggregated.", "PMID": 569162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8383", "title": "Recirculation: a uremic syndrome complicating the use of prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis.", "content": "Malfunction of prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas is described in two patients, unheralded by abnormalities of arterial flow or venous resistance. In each case, significant graft recirculation due to stenosis of the venous limb caused the insidious onset of uremic symptoms in patients apparently receiving adequate hemodialysis. The uremic syndromes disappeared after correction of the faulty vascular access. Recirculation may be a \"silent\" cause of prosthetic graft malfunction which is promptly diagnosed by a simple mathematical formula. Routine estimates by a simple mathematical formula. Routine estimates of recirculation should be performed in any chronic hemodialysis patient with relapse of uremic symptoms or suspicious serum chemistries despite regular, uncomplicated hemodialysis. Patients found to have significant recirculation should be considered for angiography and graft replacement or revision.", "contents": "Recirculation: a uremic syndrome complicating the use of prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. Malfunction of prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas is described in two patients, unheralded by abnormalities of arterial flow or venous resistance. In each case, significant graft recirculation due to stenosis of the venous limb caused the insidious onset of uremic symptoms in patients apparently receiving adequate hemodialysis. The uremic syndromes disappeared after correction of the faulty vascular access. Recirculation may be a \"silent\" cause of prosthetic graft malfunction which is promptly diagnosed by a simple mathematical formula. Routine estimates by a simple mathematical formula. Routine estimates of recirculation should be performed in any chronic hemodialysis patient with relapse of uremic symptoms or suspicious serum chemistries despite regular, uncomplicated hemodialysis. Patients found to have significant recirculation should be considered for angiography and graft replacement or revision.", "PMID": 569163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8384", "title": "Computer analysis of cervical cells. Automatic feature extraction and classification.", "content": "A prescreening instrument for cervical smears using computerized image processing and pattern recognition techniques requires that single cells in the specimen can be automatically isolated and analyzed. This paper describes a dual wavelength method for automatic isolation of the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells. Density-oriented, shape-oriented and texture-oriented parameters were calculated and evaluated for more than 600 cells. It is shown that the computer can be taught to distinguish between normal and atypical cells with an accuracy of ca. 97%, while human classification reproducibility is ca. 95%. In addition, an attempt to assign a measure of atypia to individual cells is described.", "contents": "Computer analysis of cervical cells. Automatic feature extraction and classification. A prescreening instrument for cervical smears using computerized image processing and pattern recognition techniques requires that single cells in the specimen can be automatically isolated and analyzed. This paper describes a dual wavelength method for automatic isolation of the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells. Density-oriented, shape-oriented and texture-oriented parameters were calculated and evaluated for more than 600 cells. It is shown that the computer can be taught to distinguish between normal and atypical cells with an accuracy of ca. 97%, while human classification reproducibility is ca. 95%. In addition, an attempt to assign a measure of atypia to individual cells is described.", "PMID": 569164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8385", "title": "Effect of ionizing radiation of the antigenic composition of typhoid bacteria.", "content": "Changes in the antigenic composition of typhoid bacteria occurring during the exposure of microbial suspension to different doses of gamma irradiation [Co60] ranging between 0.5 and 3.0 Mrad were studied. Immunoelectrophoresis in agar was used to determine the antigenic composition of different samples of irradiated bacteria. The antigenic composition of bacteria irradiated with doses up to 2.5 Mrad was found to be similar to that of non-irradiated bacteria. Antigens demonstrated by means of Vi, H and O ontisera are preserved in these bacteria. However, all irradiated bacteria in general slightly differ from non-irradiated bacteria; this is manifest in a different configuration and position of the precipitation lines in the cathodic part of the immunophoreograms. The content of the component migrating rapidly towards the cathode, evidently the O antigen in the R form, in the irradiated bacteria increases with the dose of radiation. No new serologically active substances, non-existent in non-irradiated bacteria, were found to appear in the process of irradiation.", "contents": "Effect of ionizing radiation of the antigenic composition of typhoid bacteria. Changes in the antigenic composition of typhoid bacteria occurring during the exposure of microbial suspension to different doses of gamma irradiation [Co60] ranging between 0.5 and 3.0 Mrad were studied. Immunoelectrophoresis in agar was used to determine the antigenic composition of different samples of irradiated bacteria. The antigenic composition of bacteria irradiated with doses up to 2.5 Mrad was found to be similar to that of non-irradiated bacteria. Antigens demonstrated by means of Vi, H and O ontisera are preserved in these bacteria. However, all irradiated bacteria in general slightly differ from non-irradiated bacteria; this is manifest in a different configuration and position of the precipitation lines in the cathodic part of the immunophoreograms. The content of the component migrating rapidly towards the cathode, evidently the O antigen in the R form, in the irradiated bacteria increases with the dose of radiation. No new serologically active substances, non-existent in non-irradiated bacteria, were found to appear in the process of irradiation.", "PMID": 569165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8386", "title": "Investigation of common and specific components of Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum toxins.", "content": "Interrelations between the common and specific components in the toxins of several strains of Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum were investigated. The method of tissue culture, which yields more stable results than biological tests on animals, was used. It has been demonstrated that native toxins of Cl. seticum (7 strains) and Cl. histolyticum (7 strains) cause cytotoxic changes in chick embryo fibroblasts. These changes are similar to each other and identical with changes occurring under the effect of concentrated toxins of the mentioned microorganisms. Cross reactions of neutralization with antitoxic and species-specific sera against Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum have shown that the strains of Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum synthesize toxins with components possessing common antigenic properties. The strains of Cl. histolyticum synthesize a greater amount of components common with Cl. septicum than the strains of Cl. septicum in which the amount of heterologous antigens varies.", "contents": "Investigation of common and specific components of Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum toxins. Interrelations between the common and specific components in the toxins of several strains of Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum were investigated. The method of tissue culture, which yields more stable results than biological tests on animals, was used. It has been demonstrated that native toxins of Cl. seticum (7 strains) and Cl. histolyticum (7 strains) cause cytotoxic changes in chick embryo fibroblasts. These changes are similar to each other and identical with changes occurring under the effect of concentrated toxins of the mentioned microorganisms. Cross reactions of neutralization with antitoxic and species-specific sera against Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum have shown that the strains of Cl. septicum and Cl. histolyticum synthesize toxins with components possessing common antigenic properties. The strains of Cl. histolyticum synthesize a greater amount of components common with Cl. septicum than the strains of Cl. septicum in which the amount of heterologous antigens varies.", "PMID": 569166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8387", "title": "Experimental investigation of changes in the antigenic structure of influenza viruses during their persistence.", "content": "Systems of persistent influenza infection produced in the cultures of human embryonal kidneys and in the diploid cells of human embryonal lungs under the effect of A/Hong-Kong/1/68 and A/Victoria/35/72 viruses were characterized. The cell systems were studied in the course of 4--3u passages, i. e., from 40 to 289 days. A total of 102 viruses were isolated during the period of observation, out of which 44 were examined for the antigenic profile of HA and NA. The antigenic structure of the initial viruses was preserved in 31 variations isolated while in 13 variants it was pronouncedly and permanently changed. The following mechanisms of the mentioned phenomenon are discussed: mutations, intrapopulation recombinations and integrations.", "contents": "Experimental investigation of changes in the antigenic structure of influenza viruses during their persistence. Systems of persistent influenza infection produced in the cultures of human embryonal kidneys and in the diploid cells of human embryonal lungs under the effect of A/Hong-Kong/1/68 and A/Victoria/35/72 viruses were characterized. The cell systems were studied in the course of 4--3u passages, i. e., from 40 to 289 days. A total of 102 viruses were isolated during the period of observation, out of which 44 were examined for the antigenic profile of HA and NA. The antigenic structure of the initial viruses was preserved in 31 variations isolated while in 13 variants it was pronouncedly and permanently changed. The following mechanisms of the mentioned phenomenon are discussed: mutations, intrapopulation recombinations and integrations.", "PMID": 569169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8388", "title": "Changes in lactate and malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in salmonella under the effect of potassium dichloroisocyanurate.", "content": "The method of enzyme-electrophoresis in agar gel according to Wieme (1959) was used for the study of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isoenzymes of 24-hour and 48-hour Salmonella cultures exposed to a 0.02% solution of potassium dichloroisocyanurate (PDIC). Severe repression of LDH and MDH isoenzymes was observed immediately after the exposure of the culture to the disinfectant solution. A significant decrease in the content of the isoenzyme LDH1 and of the cytoplasmic fraction (C1) of MDH simultaneously with the appearance of the fractions LDH4, LDH1a and LDH1b were established in the strains cultured on MPA in the course of 24 hours following the exposure. A tendency to a decrease in the LDH1 content was preserved in the experimental cultures after 48 hours, but the spectrum of MDH isoenzymes showed almost no differences in comparison with that of MDH isoenzymes in 48-hour cultures of the control strains.", "contents": "Changes in lactate and malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in salmonella under the effect of potassium dichloroisocyanurate. The method of enzyme-electrophoresis in agar gel according to Wieme (1959) was used for the study of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isoenzymes of 24-hour and 48-hour Salmonella cultures exposed to a 0.02% solution of potassium dichloroisocyanurate (PDIC). Severe repression of LDH and MDH isoenzymes was observed immediately after the exposure of the culture to the disinfectant solution. A significant decrease in the content of the isoenzyme LDH1 and of the cytoplasmic fraction (C1) of MDH simultaneously with the appearance of the fractions LDH4, LDH1a and LDH1b were established in the strains cultured on MPA in the course of 24 hours following the exposure. A tendency to a decrease in the LDH1 content was preserved in the experimental cultures after 48 hours, but the spectrum of MDH isoenzymes showed almost no differences in comparison with that of MDH isoenzymes in 48-hour cultures of the control strains.", "PMID": 569170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8389", "title": "Studies of local reactivity to B. pertussis suspensions by means of the rat paw oedema.", "content": "In the present study, the authors verified earlier experience with the rat-paw-oedema test and tried to improve the method and to increase its sensitivity so as to make possible, by means of this test, to screen vaccines producing different reactivity. Toxic and non-toxic B. pertussis suspensions were used as test material. The sensitivity of the animal to the suspension was increased by sensitization of the rats using Alditepera and by influencing the pituitary using different doses of Hydrocortisone. Influencing the pituitary by means of cortisone was found to be more suitable for screening assessment of the reactivity to suspension than sensitizing the animals.", "contents": "Studies of local reactivity to B. pertussis suspensions by means of the rat paw oedema. In the present study, the authors verified earlier experience with the rat-paw-oedema test and tried to improve the method and to increase its sensitivity so as to make possible, by means of this test, to screen vaccines producing different reactivity. Toxic and non-toxic B. pertussis suspensions were used as test material. The sensitivity of the animal to the suspension was increased by sensitization of the rats using Alditepera and by influencing the pituitary using different doses of Hydrocortisone. Influencing the pituitary by means of cortisone was found to be more suitable for screening assessment of the reactivity to suspension than sensitizing the animals.", "PMID": 569171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8390", "title": "Allergy to insect stings. IV. Diagnosis by radioallergosorbent test (R.A.S.T.).", "content": "Radioallergosorbent tests (RAST(s)) have been developed and assessed for the diagnosis of insect hypersensitivity by using a purified allergen from honeybee venom, phospholipase A, and crude yellow jacket venom. Sera from 193 patients positive both by history and skin test to one of these insects were compared with various groups of control sera. Eighty percent of sera from skin test-positive patients were RAST positive; positive RAST were found in 16% of sera tested from skin test-negative patients. A highly positive RAST correlates well with a positive skin test and clinical sensitivity, but serum IgE is not measurable in many patients with mast cell or basophil bound antibody. Since biologically important reactions of antigen with IgE require that the antibody be cell bound, skin testing would be preferred to RAST if one were limited to a single test for the diagnosis of insect allergy.", "contents": "Allergy to insect stings. IV. Diagnosis by radioallergosorbent test (R.A.S.T.). Radioallergosorbent tests (RAST(s)) have been developed and assessed for the diagnosis of insect hypersensitivity by using a purified allergen from honeybee venom, phospholipase A, and crude yellow jacket venom. Sera from 193 patients positive both by history and skin test to one of these insects were compared with various groups of control sera. Eighty percent of sera from skin test-positive patients were RAST positive; positive RAST were found in 16% of sera tested from skin test-negative patients. A highly positive RAST correlates well with a positive skin test and clinical sensitivity, but serum IgE is not measurable in many patients with mast cell or basophil bound antibody. Since biologically important reactions of antigen with IgE require that the antibody be cell bound, skin testing would be preferred to RAST if one were limited to a single test for the diagnosis of insect allergy.", "PMID": 569172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8391", "title": "Complement lysis: evidence for an amphiphilic nature of the terminal membrane C5b-9 complex of human complement.", "content": "The terminal, membrane-derived C5b-9 complex of human complement (C) is an apparently hollow, cylindrical macromolecule vertically oriented on the target membrane. In the present study, an antiserum to the complex has been used to probe its immunobiochemical properties. \"Neoantigenic\" determinants characteristic of the complex have been detected, which are absent on native C5-C9 molecules. Evidence that the C5b-9 complex is an amphiphilic molecule that possesses apolar, detergent-binding surfaces has been obtained by using charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and by direct demonstration of Triton X-100 binding to the complex in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. By the same criteria, serum C5, C6, and C9 are hydrophilic molecules. The results indicate that assembly of C5-C9 into the terminal membrane C5b-9 complex is accompanied by conformational changes in the individual C components that lead to the exposure of apolar molecular regions in the complex. It is proposed that this constitutes the basis for the lipid-binding properties of the macromolecule, which enable it to become inserted into biologic and artificial lipid membranes with apparent generation of a transmembrane pore.", "contents": "Complement lysis: evidence for an amphiphilic nature of the terminal membrane C5b-9 complex of human complement. The terminal, membrane-derived C5b-9 complex of human complement (C) is an apparently hollow, cylindrical macromolecule vertically oriented on the target membrane. In the present study, an antiserum to the complex has been used to probe its immunobiochemical properties. \"Neoantigenic\" determinants characteristic of the complex have been detected, which are absent on native C5-C9 molecules. Evidence that the C5b-9 complex is an amphiphilic molecule that possesses apolar, detergent-binding surfaces has been obtained by using charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and by direct demonstration of Triton X-100 binding to the complex in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. By the same criteria, serum C5, C6, and C9 are hydrophilic molecules. The results indicate that assembly of C5-C9 into the terminal membrane C5b-9 complex is accompanied by conformational changes in the individual C components that lead to the exposure of apolar molecular regions in the complex. It is proposed that this constitutes the basis for the lipid-binding properties of the macromolecule, which enable it to become inserted into biologic and artificial lipid membranes with apparent generation of a transmembrane pore.", "PMID": 569173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8392", "title": "Detection of specific antibody producing cells in porcine colostrum by in ovo translation of their mRNA.", "content": "An improved method is described for the determination of antibody producing cells in sows colostrum. The test system comprises in ovo translation of mRNA from swine colostral cells and analysis of the translation products by radioimmunoassay with specific antibodies and antigen.", "contents": "Detection of specific antibody producing cells in porcine colostrum by in ovo translation of their mRNA. An improved method is described for the determination of antibody producing cells in sows colostrum. The test system comprises in ovo translation of mRNA from swine colostral cells and analysis of the translation products by radioimmunoassay with specific antibodies and antigen.", "PMID": 569175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8393", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the neural crest cell cytoskeleton after triton x-100 demebranation.", "content": "Triton x-100, which solubilizes cell membranes, was used to expose the detergent resistant cytoskeletal systems of cultured day 4 (angulated) and a day 8 (STELLATE) NEURAL CREST cells. This procedure reveals a network of fibers which correlates structurally with the morphological state of neural crest cell differentiation.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the neural crest cell cytoskeleton after triton x-100 demebranation. Triton x-100, which solubilizes cell membranes, was used to expose the detergent resistant cytoskeletal systems of cultured day 4 (angulated) and a day 8 (STELLATE) NEURAL CREST cells. This procedure reveals a network of fibers which correlates structurally with the morphological state of neural crest cell differentiation.", "PMID": 569182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8394", "title": "DNA sequences in influenza virions.", "content": "During the propagation of A (H3N2) influenza virus in chick embryos, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into virions takes place, whereas no such incorporation occurs with Newcastle disease virus. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine is a result of DNA synthesis. This virion-associated DNA is present in cores obtained after treatment of virions with bromelain.", "contents": "DNA sequences in influenza virions. During the propagation of A (H3N2) influenza virus in chick embryos, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into virions takes place, whereas no such incorporation occurs with Newcastle disease virus. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine is a result of DNA synthesis. This virion-associated DNA is present in cores obtained after treatment of virions with bromelain.", "PMID": 569183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8395", "title": "Effect of interferon on the cell cycle of BALB/c 3T3 cells.", "content": "The effect of interferon on the exponential growth phase of BALB/c 3T3 cells was studied. Although interferon reduced the growth rate and the proportion of cells in both the M and S phases (mitotic index and labelling index), there were no appreciable differences in the duration of these phases between control and interferon-treated cells. Moreover, the shape of the first peak of the fraction of labelled mitoses (FLM) curve was not altered by treatment with interferon, which indicates that the duration of the S and G2 phases was not affected. However, the height of the second peak of the curve in interferon-treated cells was extremely reduced as compared to control culture. These results are compatible with the idea that the suppressive effect of interferon is exerted mainly in the G1 phase (A-state) of the cell cycle of BALB/c 3T3 cells.", "contents": "Effect of interferon on the cell cycle of BALB/c 3T3 cells. The effect of interferon on the exponential growth phase of BALB/c 3T3 cells was studied. Although interferon reduced the growth rate and the proportion of cells in both the M and S phases (mitotic index and labelling index), there were no appreciable differences in the duration of these phases between control and interferon-treated cells. Moreover, the shape of the first peak of the fraction of labelled mitoses (FLM) curve was not altered by treatment with interferon, which indicates that the duration of the S and G2 phases was not affected. However, the height of the second peak of the curve in interferon-treated cells was extremely reduced as compared to control culture. These results are compatible with the idea that the suppressive effect of interferon is exerted mainly in the G1 phase (A-state) of the cell cycle of BALB/c 3T3 cells.", "PMID": 569184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8396", "title": "Ultrastructural study of virus-like particles in Chinese hamster lung cells.", "content": "Virus-like particles were found in the E36 cells. One type, associated with centrioles, consisted of two concentric shells with a diam. of 50 to 60 nm. Some of these particles were seen budding through the plasma membrane giving rise to a free immature particle showing two concentric shells and an outer envelope. Concentration of the inner shell into a nucleoid results in a mature particle characterized by a nucleoid, mainly eccentrically located, surrounded by an intermediate layer and wrapped in an envelope. The diameter of the nature and immature particles was 75 to 85 nm. The morphogenesis of this virus-like particle resembles that of the oncoviruses.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of virus-like particles in Chinese hamster lung cells. Virus-like particles were found in the E36 cells. One type, associated with centrioles, consisted of two concentric shells with a diam. of 50 to 60 nm. Some of these particles were seen budding through the plasma membrane giving rise to a free immature particle showing two concentric shells and an outer envelope. Concentration of the inner shell into a nucleoid results in a mature particle characterized by a nucleoid, mainly eccentrically located, surrounded by an intermediate layer and wrapped in an envelope. The diameter of the nature and immature particles was 75 to 85 nm. The morphogenesis of this virus-like particle resembles that of the oncoviruses.", "PMID": 569185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8397", "title": "Characterization of adenovirus type 12 tumour antigen produced in chick fibroblasts.", "content": "Tumor (T) antigen was characterized in non-permissive chick fibroblasts and permissive HEp-2 cells infected with Ad12 either in the presence or in the absence of cytosine arabinoside. Antiserum against T antigen specifically immunoprecipitated two polypeptides of apparent mol. wt. 50 000 and 11 000.", "contents": "Characterization of adenovirus type 12 tumour antigen produced in chick fibroblasts. Tumor (T) antigen was characterized in non-permissive chick fibroblasts and permissive HEp-2 cells infected with Ad12 either in the presence or in the absence of cytosine arabinoside. Antiserum against T antigen specifically immunoprecipitated two polypeptides of apparent mol. wt. 50 000 and 11 000.", "PMID": 569186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8398", "title": "The mutagenic assay of some hair dye components, using the thymidine kinase locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.", "content": "Five hair dye components were tested for their mutagenicity at the TK +/- locus of L5178Y cells. Three of the components, m-phenylenediamine, 2 nitro-p-phenylenediamine, and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, gave a positive response that was dose related; 2,4-diaminoanisole gave a questionable response; and 2,5-diaminoanisole gave a negative response. The assay was carried out in vitro without metabolic activation during a 24-hr chemical exposure period. It is concluded that further in vivo tests are necessary to establish the safety of the hair dyes.", "contents": "The mutagenic assay of some hair dye components, using the thymidine kinase locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Five hair dye components were tested for their mutagenicity at the TK +/- locus of L5178Y cells. Three of the components, m-phenylenediamine, 2 nitro-p-phenylenediamine, and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, gave a positive response that was dose related; 2,4-diaminoanisole gave a questionable response; and 2,5-diaminoanisole gave a negative response. The assay was carried out in vitro without metabolic activation during a 24-hr chemical exposure period. It is concluded that further in vivo tests are necessary to establish the safety of the hair dyes.", "PMID": 569180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8399", "title": "Presence of a covalently linked protein on calicivirus RNA.", "content": "The infective RNA of the calicivirus, vesicular exanthema virus, has been shown to contain a protein which is apparently linked to the RNA by a covalent bond. The protein remained bound to the RNA after boiling with SDS-mercaptoethanol-urea or treating with formamide-dimethylsulphoxide but was removed by incubating with proteinase K. The mol. wt. of the protein was estimated to be about 1o X 1O(3) by electrophoresis in highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. The infectivity of the RNA was destroyed by removal of the protein with proteinase K.", "contents": "Presence of a covalently linked protein on calicivirus RNA. The infective RNA of the calicivirus, vesicular exanthema virus, has been shown to contain a protein which is apparently linked to the RNA by a covalent bond. The protein remained bound to the RNA after boiling with SDS-mercaptoethanol-urea or treating with formamide-dimethylsulphoxide but was removed by incubating with proteinase K. The mol. wt. of the protein was estimated to be about 1o X 1O(3) by electrophoresis in highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. The infectivity of the RNA was destroyed by removal of the protein with proteinase K.", "PMID": 569187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8400", "title": "Correlation between actin polymerization and surface receptor segregation in neuroblastoma cells treated with concanavalin A.", "content": "In response to concanavalin A (Con A), neuroblastoma cells undergo marked morphological changes which involve the retraction of neurites and the induction of broad and extensive lamellar regions around the cell periphery. From the use of FITC-Con A it was shown that the membrane formed on the induced lamellar regions lacked receptors to Con A from the onset of lamella formation. These receptors were confined to the cell body; they initially showed a uniform distribution and were subsequently collected into patches and finally into aggregates or caps. When the aggregates occurred on the cell periphery their position coincided with areas free of lamellae. Investigations of the lamellar regions in Triton-extracted cell monolayers showed them to consist of a meshwork of actin filaments containing radiating thin filament bundles or microspikes. With increasing time in the presence of Con A there was a progressive increase in the number of radiating microspikes. Previous studies have shown the actin in these lamellar regions to be singly polarized with respect to the cell body. From the segregation of Con A receptors away from areas of actin polymerization in the lamellae it is concluded that actin is involved in some indirect way in surface receptor movement.", "contents": "Correlation between actin polymerization and surface receptor segregation in neuroblastoma cells treated with concanavalin A. In response to concanavalin A (Con A), neuroblastoma cells undergo marked morphological changes which involve the retraction of neurites and the induction of broad and extensive lamellar regions around the cell periphery. From the use of FITC-Con A it was shown that the membrane formed on the induced lamellar regions lacked receptors to Con A from the onset of lamella formation. These receptors were confined to the cell body; they initially showed a uniform distribution and were subsequently collected into patches and finally into aggregates or caps. When the aggregates occurred on the cell periphery their position coincided with areas free of lamellae. Investigations of the lamellar regions in Triton-extracted cell monolayers showed them to consist of a meshwork of actin filaments containing radiating thin filament bundles or microspikes. With increasing time in the presence of Con A there was a progressive increase in the number of radiating microspikes. Previous studies have shown the actin in these lamellar regions to be singly polarized with respect to the cell body. From the segregation of Con A receptors away from areas of actin polymerization in the lamellae it is concluded that actin is involved in some indirect way in surface receptor movement.", "PMID": 569188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8401", "title": "Effect of dietary protein on urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in rat.", "content": "The excretion of the amino acid 3-methylhistidine in urine has been shown to be correlated with protein catabolism in skeletal muscle. In rats, 3-methylhistidine is partly acetylated (N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine) and it has been proposed that the relative amounts of 3-methylhistidine and N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine in urine is age dependent. In this experiment the effect of dietary protein quality on urine excretion of 3-methylhistidine and N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine was studied. Six groups of rats (mean weight 80 g) were fed diets containing 10% protein of different quality, the net protein utilization ranging from 76.7 for egg albumin to 28.9 for wheat gluten. The excretion of non-acetylated 3-methylhistidine was not dependent on the diet. There was, however, a good correlation between protein quality and total urine 3-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine plus N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine), the higher the protein quality, the greater being the excretion of total 3-methylhistidine. The relative amounts of 3-methylhistidine and N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine correlated with the mean body weight, but not the age, of the animals. This study therefore demonstrates that a relationship exists between the nutritive quality of the dietary protein and the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in rats.", "contents": "Effect of dietary protein on urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in rat. The excretion of the amino acid 3-methylhistidine in urine has been shown to be correlated with protein catabolism in skeletal muscle. In rats, 3-methylhistidine is partly acetylated (N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine) and it has been proposed that the relative amounts of 3-methylhistidine and N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine in urine is age dependent. In this experiment the effect of dietary protein quality on urine excretion of 3-methylhistidine and N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine was studied. Six groups of rats (mean weight 80 g) were fed diets containing 10% protein of different quality, the net protein utilization ranging from 76.7 for egg albumin to 28.9 for wheat gluten. The excretion of non-acetylated 3-methylhistidine was not dependent on the diet. There was, however, a good correlation between protein quality and total urine 3-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine plus N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine), the higher the protein quality, the greater being the excretion of total 3-methylhistidine. The relative amounts of 3-methylhistidine and N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine correlated with the mean body weight, but not the age, of the animals. This study therefore demonstrates that a relationship exists between the nutritive quality of the dietary protein and the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in rats.", "PMID": 569190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8402", "title": "The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on myocardial glucose and energy metabolism.", "content": "To determine the effect of chronic alcohol ingestion, rats were given 15 or 25% v/v of alcohol in water for a period of 6 months. The activities of some key enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose, mitochondrial respiratory rates, and efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation were studied in the hearts of alcohol-treated and untreated rats. In the group receiving 15% alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) was elevated. In rats given 25% alcohol, activities of G-6-PDH, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were elevated but isocitrate dehydrogenase was reduced. Mitochondrial respiratory rates and the efficiency of phosphorylation were depressed in rats given 25% of alcohol. Except for mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, all biochemical parameters studied were within normal limits a month after alcohol was discontinued.", "contents": "The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on myocardial glucose and energy metabolism. To determine the effect of chronic alcohol ingestion, rats were given 15 or 25% v/v of alcohol in water for a period of 6 months. The activities of some key enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose, mitochondrial respiratory rates, and efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation were studied in the hearts of alcohol-treated and untreated rats. In the group receiving 15% alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) was elevated. In rats given 25% alcohol, activities of G-6-PDH, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were elevated but isocitrate dehydrogenase was reduced. Mitochondrial respiratory rates and the efficiency of phosphorylation were depressed in rats given 25% of alcohol. Except for mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, all biochemical parameters studied were within normal limits a month after alcohol was discontinued.", "PMID": 569191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8403", "title": "Duodenal carcinoid with cytoplasmic whorls of microfilaments.", "content": "A unique ultrastructural feature in a duodenal carcinoid is described, viz., large juxtanuclear accumulations of microfilaments arranged in whorls. Similar microfilaments are found in the D1 cell of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system. Apparently identical whorl-like accumulations of filaments have been previously described in bronchial cells of animals treated with nitrosamines and in human giant cell carcinoma of the lung. We suggest that the D1 cell is the cell of origin for the described carcinoid as well as for the above-mentioned tumours of the lung.", "contents": "Duodenal carcinoid with cytoplasmic whorls of microfilaments. A unique ultrastructural feature in a duodenal carcinoid is described, viz., large juxtanuclear accumulations of microfilaments arranged in whorls. Similar microfilaments are found in the D1 cell of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system. Apparently identical whorl-like accumulations of filaments have been previously described in bronchial cells of animals treated with nitrosamines and in human giant cell carcinoma of the lung. We suggest that the D1 cell is the cell of origin for the described carcinoid as well as for the above-mentioned tumours of the lung.", "PMID": 569192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8404", "title": "Hodgkin's disease: an immunohistochemical and histological study.", "content": "The distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig) in Hodgkin's tissue has been demonstrated in paraffin and cryostat sections by the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method and the two-stage fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-based technique. The morphology and histogenesis of the Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Hodgkin (HD) cells has been studied with the metalophil method of Marshall (1948) and this revealed a population of dendritic histiocytes which corresponded in number, sizes and distribution to the RS and HD cells in adjacent sections stained by haematoxylin and eosin. The largest RS cells, however, appeared to be non-dendritic. A notable feature of Hodgkin's tissue was the tendency for the dendritic cells to form \"nodules\", in combination with a population of small lymphocytes. The PAP technique reveals Ig in the form of mu and delta heavy chains, as well as kappa and lambda light chains, in close association with and probably on the surface of a high proportion of these lymphocytes, suggesting that they are immature B cells. Similar reactions were given by the mantle of lymphocytes of surviving normal lymphoid follicles, and metalophil dendritic histiocytes were also demonstrated within the mantle and subjacent part of the germinal centre. Numerous immunocytes containing Ig were present in all lesions; in the majority of cases, more cells contained gamma than alpha or mu heavy chains, although in these cases alpha-positive cells outnumbered those containing gamma or mu heavy chains. In two-thirds of the cases, one-third of the RS cells contained cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. This was exclusively gamma heavy, although both light chains were present. In about half the cases a minority of the HD cells contained gamma chain. The results suggest that HD and RS cells are dendritic histiocytes of the type normally found in the lymphoid follicles and that their tendency to form nodules in assoication with B lymphocytes is a manifestatin of this origin. It is suggested that the presence of Ig most probably results from absorption of antigen-antibody complexes on the cell surface.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease: an immunohistochemical and histological study. The distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig) in Hodgkin's tissue has been demonstrated in paraffin and cryostat sections by the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method and the two-stage fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-based technique. The morphology and histogenesis of the Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Hodgkin (HD) cells has been studied with the metalophil method of Marshall (1948) and this revealed a population of dendritic histiocytes which corresponded in number, sizes and distribution to the RS and HD cells in adjacent sections stained by haematoxylin and eosin. The largest RS cells, however, appeared to be non-dendritic. A notable feature of Hodgkin's tissue was the tendency for the dendritic cells to form \"nodules\", in combination with a population of small lymphocytes. The PAP technique reveals Ig in the form of mu and delta heavy chains, as well as kappa and lambda light chains, in close association with and probably on the surface of a high proportion of these lymphocytes, suggesting that they are immature B cells. Similar reactions were given by the mantle of lymphocytes of surviving normal lymphoid follicles, and metalophil dendritic histiocytes were also demonstrated within the mantle and subjacent part of the germinal centre. Numerous immunocytes containing Ig were present in all lesions; in the majority of cases, more cells contained gamma than alpha or mu heavy chains, although in these cases alpha-positive cells outnumbered those containing gamma or mu heavy chains. In two-thirds of the cases, one-third of the RS cells contained cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. This was exclusively gamma heavy, although both light chains were present. In about half the cases a minority of the HD cells contained gamma chain. The results suggest that HD and RS cells are dendritic histiocytes of the type normally found in the lymphoid follicles and that their tendency to form nodules in assoication with B lymphocytes is a manifestatin of this origin. It is suggested that the presence of Ig most probably results from absorption of antigen-antibody complexes on the cell surface.", "PMID": 569193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8405", "title": "Amino acid, heme, and sterol requirements of the nematode, Rhabditis maupasi.", "content": "Rhabditis maupasi, a nematode that occurs in the mantle cavity of Helix aspersa and related North African food snails, requires 5 amino acids (lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophane and valine) for maintenance of the stage-3 survival larvae, and 5 additional amino acids (arginine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and, marginally, histidine) for development of these larvae into adults and for reproduction. Tyrosine is beneficial but not absolutely required for reproduction. These results were obtained with axenic R. maupasi grown in a chemically defined medium containing salts, trace metals, purines and pyrimidines, Krebs cycle intermediates, a fatty acid (butyric), vitamins, urea, and a carbohydrate (dextrose). The complete medium contained 18 amino acids; each of 18 test media was deficient in one of the amino acids. In the complete medium and in a medium lacking the \"nematode nonessential\" amino acids, stage-3 R. maupasi developed into adults and produced one generation of offspring. For continuous cultivation, however, the nematode also required hemin or another iron porphyrin as well as a sterol such as cholesterol.", "contents": "Amino acid, heme, and sterol requirements of the nematode, Rhabditis maupasi. Rhabditis maupasi, a nematode that occurs in the mantle cavity of Helix aspersa and related North African food snails, requires 5 amino acids (lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophane and valine) for maintenance of the stage-3 survival larvae, and 5 additional amino acids (arginine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and, marginally, histidine) for development of these larvae into adults and for reproduction. Tyrosine is beneficial but not absolutely required for reproduction. These results were obtained with axenic R. maupasi grown in a chemically defined medium containing salts, trace metals, purines and pyrimidines, Krebs cycle intermediates, a fatty acid (butyric), vitamins, urea, and a carbohydrate (dextrose). The complete medium contained 18 amino acids; each of 18 test media was deficient in one of the amino acids. In the complete medium and in a medium lacking the \"nematode nonessential\" amino acids, stage-3 R. maupasi developed into adults and produced one generation of offspring. For continuous cultivation, however, the nematode also required hemin or another iron porphyrin as well as a sterol such as cholesterol.", "PMID": 569194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8406", "title": "Polyamine metabolism III: urinary acetyl polyamines in human cancer.", "content": "Polyamine levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in the unhydrolyzed 24-hr urine obtained from 15 cancer patients and nine normal subjects. N1-Acetylspermine, N4-acetylspermine, N4-acetylspermidine, and N-(3-aminopropyl)acetamide were not detected in any samples. N1-Acetylspermidine, N8-acetylspermidine, acetylputrescine, and acetylcadaverine were present in all samples. Furthermore, acetylspermidine and acetylputrescine were excreted in much greater quantities than the respective amines in the urine of both cancer patients and normal subjects. The levels of N1-acetylspermidine were considerably higher than the levels of N8-acetylspermidine in the 24-hr urine of cancer patients, resulting in a ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine in the urine of cancer patients significantly higher than that in normal subjects. The urinary levels of acetylputrescine were also significantly higher in cancer patients. The urinary polyamines in 13 of the 15 cancer patients were outside the 95% confidence limits of the normal mean for the ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine and acetylputrescine. All cancer patients showed values outside the 95% confidence limits of the mean for either of these two parameters. Diurnal variation was observed in the urinary excretion of the acetyl polyamines but not for the free amines in two normal subjects.", "contents": "Polyamine metabolism III: urinary acetyl polyamines in human cancer. Polyamine levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in the unhydrolyzed 24-hr urine obtained from 15 cancer patients and nine normal subjects. N1-Acetylspermine, N4-acetylspermine, N4-acetylspermidine, and N-(3-aminopropyl)acetamide were not detected in any samples. N1-Acetylspermidine, N8-acetylspermidine, acetylputrescine, and acetylcadaverine were present in all samples. Furthermore, acetylspermidine and acetylputrescine were excreted in much greater quantities than the respective amines in the urine of both cancer patients and normal subjects. The levels of N1-acetylspermidine were considerably higher than the levels of N8-acetylspermidine in the 24-hr urine of cancer patients, resulting in a ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine in the urine of cancer patients significantly higher than that in normal subjects. The urinary levels of acetylputrescine were also significantly higher in cancer patients. The urinary polyamines in 13 of the 15 cancer patients were outside the 95% confidence limits of the normal mean for the ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine and acetylputrescine. All cancer patients showed values outside the 95% confidence limits of the mean for either of these two parameters. Diurnal variation was observed in the urinary excretion of the acetyl polyamines but not for the free amines in two normal subjects.", "PMID": 569197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8407", "title": "Magnetic microspheres: synthesis of a novel parenteral drug carrier.", "content": "The synthesis and characterization of a novel parenteral drug carrier capable of area specific localization by magnetic means are described. The carrier consists of human serum albumin microspheres, average of 1 micrometer in diameter, in which a magnetizable material (magnetite) and a prototype drug (doxorubicin) are entrapped. Stabilization of the microsphere matrix by formaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, and heat conferred equal stability to the matrix but differentially affected the in vitro drug release rate. Release doxorubicin was chemically identical to the starting material.", "contents": "Magnetic microspheres: synthesis of a novel parenteral drug carrier. The synthesis and characterization of a novel parenteral drug carrier capable of area specific localization by magnetic means are described. The carrier consists of human serum albumin microspheres, average of 1 micrometer in diameter, in which a magnetizable material (magnetite) and a prototype drug (doxorubicin) are entrapped. Stabilization of the microsphere matrix by formaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, and heat conferred equal stability to the matrix but differentially affected the in vitro drug release rate. Release doxorubicin was chemically identical to the starting material.", "PMID": 569198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8408", "title": "Activity of enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis during uterine growth in cyclic rats.", "content": "The pyrimidine nucleotide salvage enzymes, uridine and thymidine kinases, and the enzyme, aspartate carbamyltranferase, involved in de novo synthesis, were investigated to assess their relative contributions to the RNA and DNA precursor requirements of uterine growth in cyclic rats. Only aspartate carbamyltransferase reflected the known fluctuations in plasma oestradiol-17beta and uterine mitotic activity, being minimal at dioestrus 1 and maximal at pro-oestrus. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with oestradiol-17beta stimulated carbamyltransferase activity, but cycloheximide prevented this response, indicating the association between the enzyme and this hormone. Uridine kinase activity did not vary during the oestrous cycle, but there were peaks of thymidine kinase activity on the days of pro-oestrus and the 1st day of dioestrus.", "contents": "Activity of enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis during uterine growth in cyclic rats. The pyrimidine nucleotide salvage enzymes, uridine and thymidine kinases, and the enzyme, aspartate carbamyltranferase, involved in de novo synthesis, were investigated to assess their relative contributions to the RNA and DNA precursor requirements of uterine growth in cyclic rats. Only aspartate carbamyltransferase reflected the known fluctuations in plasma oestradiol-17beta and uterine mitotic activity, being minimal at dioestrus 1 and maximal at pro-oestrus. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with oestradiol-17beta stimulated carbamyltransferase activity, but cycloheximide prevented this response, indicating the association between the enzyme and this hormone. Uridine kinase activity did not vary during the oestrous cycle, but there were peaks of thymidine kinase activity on the days of pro-oestrus and the 1st day of dioestrus.", "PMID": 569202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8409", "title": "Storage of spermatozoa in the female genital tract of the vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi.", "content": "Spermatozoa were observed in all parts of the genital tract in females killed in January, February, March and April although copulation occurs only until early February. The spermatozoa were arranged linearly with their heads orientated towards the epithelial lining.", "contents": "Storage of spermatozoa in the female genital tract of the vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. Spermatozoa were observed in all parts of the genital tract in females killed in January, February, March and April although copulation occurs only until early February. The spermatozoa were arranged linearly with their heads orientated towards the epithelial lining.", "PMID": 569203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8410", "title": "Factors affecting reproduction in red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds on Rhum.", "content": "In a population of free-ranging red deer hinds on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) we investigated relationships between four aspects of reproductive performance (fertility, calf birth weight, birth sex ratio and calving date) and four variables likely to affect the mother's condition: age, reproductive status, home range area and year of calving. Fertility was significantly related to mother's age, reproductive status and home range area as well as to year of calf's birth. Stag calves were heavier than hind calves and birth weight was significantly related to mother's age, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's reproductive status. Birth sex ratio did not differ from parity, and was not significantly associated with any of the four variables examined. Birth date was significantly related to the mother's reproductive status, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's age or the sex of the calf.", "contents": "Factors affecting reproduction in red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds on Rhum. In a population of free-ranging red deer hinds on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) we investigated relationships between four aspects of reproductive performance (fertility, calf birth weight, birth sex ratio and calving date) and four variables likely to affect the mother's condition: age, reproductive status, home range area and year of calving. Fertility was significantly related to mother's age, reproductive status and home range area as well as to year of calf's birth. Stag calves were heavier than hind calves and birth weight was significantly related to mother's age, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's reproductive status. Birth sex ratio did not differ from parity, and was not significantly associated with any of the four variables examined. Birth date was significantly related to the mother's reproductive status, home range area and year of (calf's) birth but not to mother's age or the sex of the calf.", "PMID": 569204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8411", "title": "Maternal age and the incidence of aneuploidy in first-cleavage mouse embryos.", "content": "Eggs obtained from young virgin and aged parous female mice were fertilized in vitro to compare the incidence of aneuploidy in the resulting first-cleavage embryos. There was a significantly higher incidence of aneuploidy in the aged group (7.5% versus 3.3%) and this was due solely to a higher proportion of trisomic female chromosome complements; there was no difference in the incidence of monosomics. These results thus suggest that non-disjunction occurs more frequently in eggs from older females, leading to the production of aneuploid embryos.", "contents": "Maternal age and the incidence of aneuploidy in first-cleavage mouse embryos. Eggs obtained from young virgin and aged parous female mice were fertilized in vitro to compare the incidence of aneuploidy in the resulting first-cleavage embryos. There was a significantly higher incidence of aneuploidy in the aged group (7.5% versus 3.3%) and this was due solely to a higher proportion of trisomic female chromosome complements; there was no difference in the incidence of monosomics. These results thus suggest that non-disjunction occurs more frequently in eggs from older females, leading to the production of aneuploid embryos.", "PMID": 569205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8412", "title": "Cephradine and epicillin in body fluids of lactating and pregnant women.", "content": "The passage of two antibiotics, cephradine and epicillin, into the milk of 12 lactating women and the amniotic fluid of 48 pregnant women was investigated. All women were given a 500-mg capsule every six hours for at least two days prior to our taking multiple biologic samples from them. Constant levels of both antibiotics were reached in the milk of lactating women as well as in the amniotic fluid of mid-term and full-term pregnant women during the sample period. The ratio of drug concentrations in serum to that in milk was about 5.0 for each antibiotic. In the midtrimester women, the ratio of concentrations in serum to amniotic fluid of both antibiotics was approximately 1.0, suggesting the development of an equilibrium between these two compartments. This ratio was 0.2 for both drugs in the full-term women, demonstrating that the antibiotics concentrated in the amniotic fluid compartment.", "contents": "Cephradine and epicillin in body fluids of lactating and pregnant women. The passage of two antibiotics, cephradine and epicillin, into the milk of 12 lactating women and the amniotic fluid of 48 pregnant women was investigated. All women were given a 500-mg capsule every six hours for at least two days prior to our taking multiple biologic samples from them. Constant levels of both antibiotics were reached in the milk of lactating women as well as in the amniotic fluid of mid-term and full-term pregnant women during the sample period. The ratio of drug concentrations in serum to that in milk was about 5.0 for each antibiotic. In the midtrimester women, the ratio of concentrations in serum to amniotic fluid of both antibiotics was approximately 1.0, suggesting the development of an equilibrium between these two compartments. This ratio was 0.2 for both drugs in the full-term women, demonstrating that the antibiotics concentrated in the amniotic fluid compartment.", "PMID": 569206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8413", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of a phosphate ester of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "A water-soluble phosphate ester of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta8-THC) was synthesized and its pharmacological activities were examined. The cataleptogenic and thiopental sleep-potentiating effects of delta8-THC phosphate in the mouse was approximately 10 and 7% of those of delta8-THC, respectively. However this phosphate showed almost the same potency and a longer duration of hypothermic effect, as compared with delta8-THC in the mouse. The acute toxicity of this phosphate was far lower than that of delta8-THC. delta 8-THC phosphate was difficultly hydrolyzed by alkaline phosphatase or mouse liver homogenate in vitro. The mode of action of the phosphate derivative is discussed in connection with this enzymatically difficult hydrolysis.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of a phosphate ester of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. A water-soluble phosphate ester of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta8-THC) was synthesized and its pharmacological activities were examined. The cataleptogenic and thiopental sleep-potentiating effects of delta8-THC phosphate in the mouse was approximately 10 and 7% of those of delta8-THC, respectively. However this phosphate showed almost the same potency and a longer duration of hypothermic effect, as compared with delta8-THC in the mouse. The acute toxicity of this phosphate was far lower than that of delta8-THC. delta 8-THC phosphate was difficultly hydrolyzed by alkaline phosphatase or mouse liver homogenate in vitro. The mode of action of the phosphate derivative is discussed in connection with this enzymatically difficult hydrolysis.", "PMID": 569207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8414", "title": "2,5-Bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)cyclopentylamine, a peripheral dopamine blocking agent.", "content": "2,5-Bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)cyclopentylamine hydrochloride has been synthesized. The intermediate 2,5-bis-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)cyclopentanone was formed in 91.8% yield using a sodium methoxide catalyzed aldol condensation and catalytic reduction. The oxime of this ketone was catalytically hydrogenated to the amine which was converted to the hydrochloride (76%). The amine hydrochloride was found to be an effective antagonist to the low-dose hypotensive effect of dopamine; the half-life of this effect was 18 min. At dopamine doses of 3 mg/kg in the atropinized and phenoxybenzamine treated dog, the ED50 for blockade was 4--5 mumol/kg. In direct contrast to its peripheral dopamine blocking activity, the compound potentiates apomorphine-induced stereotypy.", "contents": "2,5-Bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)cyclopentylamine, a peripheral dopamine blocking agent. 2,5-Bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)cyclopentylamine hydrochloride has been synthesized. The intermediate 2,5-bis-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)cyclopentanone was formed in 91.8% yield using a sodium methoxide catalyzed aldol condensation and catalytic reduction. The oxime of this ketone was catalytically hydrogenated to the amine which was converted to the hydrochloride (76%). The amine hydrochloride was found to be an effective antagonist to the low-dose hypotensive effect of dopamine; the half-life of this effect was 18 min. At dopamine doses of 3 mg/kg in the atropinized and phenoxybenzamine treated dog, the ED50 for blockade was 4--5 mumol/kg. In direct contrast to its peripheral dopamine blocking activity, the compound potentiates apomorphine-induced stereotypy.", "PMID": 569208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8415", "title": "The jelly envelopes and fertilization of eggs of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "Fertilization in Notophthalmus viridescens is internal and involves passage of the sperm through five layers of egg jelly (J5-J1, from outermost to innermost), each of which is secreted by a discrete region of the oviduct. Polyspermy is normal. Passage of the sperm through the jelly and into the egg was studied by a technique of artificial insemination similar to natural insemination, in that undiluted fluid from the vas deferens was applied directly to eggs with various layers of jelly present, followed by flooding with water three to five minutes later. In general, successful fertilization increased as the number of jelly layers increased; jellyless coelomic eggs were not fertilizable. Sperm passage through the jelly and into the egg usually occurs within one to three minutes. Upon hydration of the jelly, barriers to sperm penetration develop in layers J5 and J3. Changes in the egg jelly thus seem to be involved in the restriction of polyspermy to a low level.", "contents": "The jelly envelopes and fertilization of eggs of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Fertilization in Notophthalmus viridescens is internal and involves passage of the sperm through five layers of egg jelly (J5-J1, from outermost to innermost), each of which is secreted by a discrete region of the oviduct. Polyspermy is normal. Passage of the sperm through the jelly and into the egg was studied by a technique of artificial insemination similar to natural insemination, in that undiluted fluid from the vas deferens was applied directly to eggs with various layers of jelly present, followed by flooding with water three to five minutes later. In general, successful fertilization increased as the number of jelly layers increased; jellyless coelomic eggs were not fertilizable. Sperm passage through the jelly and into the egg usually occurs within one to three minutes. Upon hydration of the jelly, barriers to sperm penetration develop in layers J5 and J3. Changes in the egg jelly thus seem to be involved in the restriction of polyspermy to a low level.", "PMID": 569209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8416", "title": "Sexual dysfunction in women who were molested as children: one response pattern and suggestions for treatment.", "content": "A common pattern of women who were sexually molested as children and seek treatment for sexual dysfunction is described. The arousal, rather than the orgasmic, component is involved. The reasons for the evolution of this particular dysfunction are discussed. Treatment should extend the period of sensate focus and address the issues of the woman's anger, her need for control, and her guilt. Excellent results can be achieved in helping the patient to experience physical intimacy and the pleasure of sexual arousal.", "contents": "Sexual dysfunction in women who were molested as children: one response pattern and suggestions for treatment. A common pattern of women who were sexually molested as children and seek treatment for sexual dysfunction is described. The arousal, rather than the orgasmic, component is involved. The reasons for the evolution of this particular dysfunction are discussed. Treatment should extend the period of sensate focus and address the issues of the woman's anger, her need for control, and her guilt. Excellent results can be achieved in helping the patient to experience physical intimacy and the pleasure of sexual arousal.", "PMID": 569211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8417", "title": "Interdisciplinary treatment of male sexual dysfunction in a military health care setting.", "content": "An interdisciplinary approach to the rapid treatment of male sexual dysfunction is presented. Clinical results for 36 sexually dysfunctional men, ages 20 to 61 are stated. Increased communication between physicians and sex therapists results in improved patient care and increased satisfaction for staff and patients. Interdepartmental cooperation within a health care setting maximizes effective use of personnel and knowledge resources.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary treatment of male sexual dysfunction in a military health care setting. An interdisciplinary approach to the rapid treatment of male sexual dysfunction is presented. Clinical results for 36 sexually dysfunctional men, ages 20 to 61 are stated. Increased communication between physicians and sex therapists results in improved patient care and increased satisfaction for staff and patients. Interdepartmental cooperation within a health care setting maximizes effective use of personnel and knowledge resources.", "PMID": 569212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8418", "title": "Effects of erotic stimulation and masturbatory training upon situational orgasmic dysfunction.", "content": "Six single women, aged 22 to 29 years, were treated in a laboratory situation through erotic stimulation with masturbatory training for the disorder of situational orgasmic dysfunction. With single subject designs, three conditions of treatment were counterbalanced to estimate component effects. Intervention conditions included exposure to selected erotic stimuli, self-masturbation, and the preceding simultaneous combination. Frequency of orgasm was monitored via heart rate and verbal confirmation. Erotic stimulation with masturbatory training proved adequate to establish and maintain orgasmic responsiveness. Follow-up measures, conducted 6 to 12 months thereafter, partially supported generalization of treatment effects across environments and into existing heterosexual patterns of behavior.", "contents": "Effects of erotic stimulation and masturbatory training upon situational orgasmic dysfunction. Six single women, aged 22 to 29 years, were treated in a laboratory situation through erotic stimulation with masturbatory training for the disorder of situational orgasmic dysfunction. With single subject designs, three conditions of treatment were counterbalanced to estimate component effects. Intervention conditions included exposure to selected erotic stimuli, self-masturbation, and the preceding simultaneous combination. Frequency of orgasm was monitored via heart rate and verbal confirmation. Erotic stimulation with masturbatory training proved adequate to establish and maintain orgasmic responsiveness. Follow-up measures, conducted 6 to 12 months thereafter, partially supported generalization of treatment effects across environments and into existing heterosexual patterns of behavior.", "PMID": 569213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8419", "title": "The treatment of sexual dysfunction in gay male couples.", "content": "This paper reports a 2-year experience in treating sexual dysfunction in 22 gay male couples. The full range of arousal, orgasmic and desire phase disorders as well as case examples and variations in treatment techniques are discussed. To date, this comparative neglected area of research and treatment has yielded encouraging results.", "contents": "The treatment of sexual dysfunction in gay male couples. This paper reports a 2-year experience in treating sexual dysfunction in 22 gay male couples. The full range of arousal, orgasmic and desire phase disorders as well as case examples and variations in treatment techniques are discussed. To date, this comparative neglected area of research and treatment has yielded encouraging results.", "PMID": 569214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8420", "title": "[The treatment of urinary retention in the woman by partial urethrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary retention due to a urological cause is relatively rare in the woman. As in the male, it is associated with dysuria, frequency, bladder distension and renal failure, and nevertheless is often unrecognised. Attributed to bladder neck disease, treatment by endoscopic resection gives few good results. The abnormal length of the urethra (35 to 60 mm) in women with retention led us to shorten the urethra by ablation of the meatus and resection of 10 to 15 mm of the terminal urethra in order to obtain a final length a little shorter than the average, less than 30 mm. This shortening involves opening of the urethrovesical angle and restores micturition. This simple technique, free of mortality, resulted in micturition without residue in 12 of the 15 patients operated upon and seen at long term follow-up. It may be used without difficulty when another technique has failed; endoscopic resection, YV plasty, dilatations.", "contents": "[The treatment of urinary retention in the woman by partial urethrectomy (author's transl)]. Urinary retention due to a urological cause is relatively rare in the woman. As in the male, it is associated with dysuria, frequency, bladder distension and renal failure, and nevertheless is often unrecognised. Attributed to bladder neck disease, treatment by endoscopic resection gives few good results. The abnormal length of the urethra (35 to 60 mm) in women with retention led us to shorten the urethra by ablation of the meatus and resection of 10 to 15 mm of the terminal urethra in order to obtain a final length a little shorter than the average, less than 30 mm. This shortening involves opening of the urethrovesical angle and restores micturition. This simple technique, free of mortality, resulted in micturition without residue in 12 of the 15 patients operated upon and seen at long term follow-up. It may be used without difficulty when another technique has failed; endoscopic resection, YV plasty, dilatations.", "PMID": 569217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8421", "title": "Mutants of Sindbis virus. III. Host polypeptides present in purified HR and ts103 virus particles.", "content": "The amounts of host-encoded protein present in purified Sindbis virions of both the HR strain and of a mutant (ts103) which makes multicored particles were examined. Cells were labeled with [35S]methionine before infection and with [3H]methionine postinfection. Virions were purified by velocity sedimentation and isopycnic banding, and their polypeptides were examined by polyacrylamide gels in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing discontinuous buffer system. Host prelabeled material was found principally in a small number of discrete polypeptides in HR virions, which contained as little as 0.2% host-encoded protein. Virus-sized particles of mutant ts103 contained significantly more host material, and multiploid particles from ts103 infection contained up to 12% host prelabeled protein.", "contents": "Mutants of Sindbis virus. III. Host polypeptides present in purified HR and ts103 virus particles. The amounts of host-encoded protein present in purified Sindbis virions of both the HR strain and of a mutant (ts103) which makes multicored particles were examined. Cells were labeled with [35S]methionine before infection and with [3H]methionine postinfection. Virions were purified by velocity sedimentation and isopycnic banding, and their polypeptides were examined by polyacrylamide gels in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing discontinuous buffer system. Host prelabeled material was found principally in a small number of discrete polypeptides in HR virions, which contained as little as 0.2% host-encoded protein. Virus-sized particles of mutant ts103 contained significantly more host material, and multiploid particles from ts103 infection contained up to 12% host prelabeled protein.", "PMID": 569218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8422", "title": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and schizophrenia in identical twins.", "content": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and schizophrenia occurred in monozygotic twins. Dermatoglyphics and blood grouping determined monozygocity. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease appeared to be an autosomal dominant trait transmitted from the mother. No definite evidence of inheritance was seen for schizophrenia.", "contents": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and schizophrenia in identical twins. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and schizophrenia occurred in monozygotic twins. Dermatoglyphics and blood grouping determined monozygocity. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease appeared to be an autosomal dominant trait transmitted from the mother. No definite evidence of inheritance was seen for schizophrenia.", "PMID": 569219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8423", "title": "Preference for morphine and drug-seeking behavior in morphine dependent rats.", "content": "We have already reported that morphine pretreated rats prefered morphine-admixed food during choice trials with the two cup method. In the present work, we utilized both the five and two cup methods and observed the preference for morphine in rats forcedly pretreated with the drug and the increasing rate of preference for the drug in rats where the feeding time was limited. In morphine pretreated rats, preference rate for morphine was 61.2 +/- 3.0% with the five cup method and 61.8 +/- 3.3% with the two cup method during the choice trials. In rats that were limitedly treated with morphine, each preference rate for morphine during choice trials rapidly increased in the five cup method, i.e. 5.5 leads to 14.4 leads to 31.7 leads to 43.6 leads to 61.2%, and the preference rate for morphine stabilized at approximately 60 percent. Findings with the two cup method were similar. After the preference for morphine was stabilized at the 60 percent level, morphine was given subcutaneously and it was found that the preference rate was dependent on the dose injected. When the drug-admixed concentration was changed from 1 mg/g food to 0.5 and 2 mg/g food, the preference rate changed in parallel with the concentration. When the number of food cups containing morphine-admixed food was changed from 1/5 to 2/5, 3/5 and 4/5 food cup, the preference rate was not effected. These studies clearly demonstrate drug-seeking behavior in rats. In the process of preference for morphine, morphine treatment enhances spontaneous intake of morphine-admixed food.", "contents": "Preference for morphine and drug-seeking behavior in morphine dependent rats. We have already reported that morphine pretreated rats prefered morphine-admixed food during choice trials with the two cup method. In the present work, we utilized both the five and two cup methods and observed the preference for morphine in rats forcedly pretreated with the drug and the increasing rate of preference for the drug in rats where the feeding time was limited. In morphine pretreated rats, preference rate for morphine was 61.2 +/- 3.0% with the five cup method and 61.8 +/- 3.3% with the two cup method during the choice trials. In rats that were limitedly treated with morphine, each preference rate for morphine during choice trials rapidly increased in the five cup method, i.e. 5.5 leads to 14.4 leads to 31.7 leads to 43.6 leads to 61.2%, and the preference rate for morphine stabilized at approximately 60 percent. Findings with the two cup method were similar. After the preference for morphine was stabilized at the 60 percent level, morphine was given subcutaneously and it was found that the preference rate was dependent on the dose injected. When the drug-admixed concentration was changed from 1 mg/g food to 0.5 and 2 mg/g food, the preference rate changed in parallel with the concentration. When the number of food cups containing morphine-admixed food was changed from 1/5 to 2/5, 3/5 and 4/5 food cup, the preference rate was not effected. These studies clearly demonstrate drug-seeking behavior in rats. In the process of preference for morphine, morphine treatment enhances spontaneous intake of morphine-admixed food.", "PMID": 569222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8424", "title": "Control of oxyurids in mice using thiabendazole.", "content": "Mice with a natural infection of Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera were continuously medicated with 0.1% thiabendazole in the diet. No oxyurids were found in test animals after 24 days of treatment though control animals remained infected. Growth rates in treated animals increased. 2 generations of mice were studied and, although overall production fell by 1.45%, the use of this drug in total eradication of the worms is suggested.", "contents": "Control of oxyurids in mice using thiabendazole. Mice with a natural infection of Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera were continuously medicated with 0.1% thiabendazole in the diet. No oxyurids were found in test animals after 24 days of treatment though control animals remained infected. Growth rates in treated animals increased. 2 generations of mice were studied and, although overall production fell by 1.45%, the use of this drug in total eradication of the worms is suggested.", "PMID": 569226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8425", "title": "Metabolic stability of the nucleoside transport system of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "Rates of transport of uridine and thymidine, estimated with a rapid sampling technique, did not change with culture age. Inhibition of cellular RNA and protein synthesis for periods up to 6 h, did not lead to a loss of nucleoside transport activity. Mild treatment of cell suspensions with trypsin or neuraminidase had no effect on the kinetics of thymidine transport. Thus we conclude, contrary to previous reports, that nucleoside transporters are metabolically stable and that the decreases in nucleoside uptake rates observed with decreased protein synthesis reflect loss of nucleoside kinase activities. These kinases (which have narrow substrate specificity) rather than the membrane-associated, transport apparatus (which has broad substrate specificity) are the most likely sites for regulation of nucleoside uptake.", "contents": "Metabolic stability of the nucleoside transport system of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. Rates of transport of uridine and thymidine, estimated with a rapid sampling technique, did not change with culture age. Inhibition of cellular RNA and protein synthesis for periods up to 6 h, did not lead to a loss of nucleoside transport activity. Mild treatment of cell suspensions with trypsin or neuraminidase had no effect on the kinetics of thymidine transport. Thus we conclude, contrary to previous reports, that nucleoside transporters are metabolically stable and that the decreases in nucleoside uptake rates observed with decreased protein synthesis reflect loss of nucleoside kinase activities. These kinases (which have narrow substrate specificity) rather than the membrane-associated, transport apparatus (which has broad substrate specificity) are the most likely sites for regulation of nucleoside uptake.", "PMID": 569229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8426", "title": "A sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay for secretory IgA: its application for the determination of urinary levels of secretory IgA in children and adults.", "content": "A sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay method was established for the specific quantitative determination of secretory IgA (sIgA) by taking advantage of the dual antigenicities of sIgA, one specific for alpha-chain and the other for secretory component (SC). The sIgA and IgA in the sample were first bound by anti-IgA antibodies coated on the polystyrene tube, then the amount of bound sIgA was quantified by the use of 125I-labeled anti-SC antibodies. This method is quite sensitive and allows us to distinguish sIgA from IgA and free SC which usually coexist in exocrine secretions. Linear relationship was observed between the bound radioactivity of radioiodinated anti-SC and the amount of sIgA in the range of 5 to 60 ng of sIgA. With this method, the urinary sIgA levels in normal children and adults were measured. Urinary sIgA was detected in half of infants within 7 days after birth, while it could be demonstrated in almost all of the infants by 14th day. Then, it gradually increased and reached about a half of the adult level by the age of puberty. This method will be useful for the sensitive and specific measurement of sIgA in various exocrine secretions.", "contents": "A sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay for secretory IgA: its application for the determination of urinary levels of secretory IgA in children and adults. A sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay method was established for the specific quantitative determination of secretory IgA (sIgA) by taking advantage of the dual antigenicities of sIgA, one specific for alpha-chain and the other for secretory component (SC). The sIgA and IgA in the sample were first bound by anti-IgA antibodies coated on the polystyrene tube, then the amount of bound sIgA was quantified by the use of 125I-labeled anti-SC antibodies. This method is quite sensitive and allows us to distinguish sIgA from IgA and free SC which usually coexist in exocrine secretions. Linear relationship was observed between the bound radioactivity of radioiodinated anti-SC and the amount of sIgA in the range of 5 to 60 ng of sIgA. With this method, the urinary sIgA levels in normal children and adults were measured. Urinary sIgA was detected in half of infants within 7 days after birth, while it could be demonstrated in almost all of the infants by 14th day. Then, it gradually increased and reached about a half of the adult level by the age of puberty. This method will be useful for the sensitive and specific measurement of sIgA in various exocrine secretions.", "PMID": 569244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8427", "title": "Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis): progress and course based on a personal series of 118 cases.", "content": "A follow-up study has been made of a personal series of 118 cases of patients with scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) followed for periods up to 25 years. These were classified according to the early distribution of skin changes as Type 1 (skin changes in fingers only), 48 cases; Type 2 (skin changes beyond the fingers but mainly in extremities), 47 cases; and Type 3 (diffuse), 19 cases, and atypical, four cases. Eighty per cent of the total series have survived five years, and 68% have survived 10 years. Survival is related to the type of scleroderma, being much better for Types 1 and 2 (acrosclerotic) than for Type 3 (diffuse). Actual compared with expected survival rate was better for younger than for older patients and for females than for males. Although the disease type gives an indication of survival in general, the caution must be used in the individual cases, as the course of the disease is very variable even in patients of the same type, and is subject to remission and relapse.", "contents": "Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis): progress and course based on a personal series of 118 cases. A follow-up study has been made of a personal series of 118 cases of patients with scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) followed for periods up to 25 years. These were classified according to the early distribution of skin changes as Type 1 (skin changes in fingers only), 48 cases; Type 2 (skin changes beyond the fingers but mainly in extremities), 47 cases; and Type 3 (diffuse), 19 cases, and atypical, four cases. Eighty per cent of the total series have survived five years, and 68% have survived 10 years. Survival is related to the type of scleroderma, being much better for Types 1 and 2 (acrosclerotic) than for Type 3 (diffuse). Actual compared with expected survival rate was better for younger than for older patients and for females than for males. Although the disease type gives an indication of survival in general, the caution must be used in the individual cases, as the course of the disease is very variable even in patients of the same type, and is subject to remission and relapse.", "PMID": 569246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8428", "title": "[Human anthrax in Tougan district (Upper-Volta) (author's transl)].", "content": "23 cases of human anthrax observed in a limited district of Upper-Volta are reported with comments on clinical and epidemiological features and treatment.", "contents": "[Human anthrax in Tougan district (Upper-Volta) (author's transl)]. 23 cases of human anthrax observed in a limited district of Upper-Volta are reported with comments on clinical and epidemiological features and treatment.", "PMID": 569242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8429", "title": "[A new pathophysiological explanation of ciguaterra (author's transl)].", "content": "After pointing out clinical, biochemical and biological similarities between paralytic shellfish poisoning and ciguaterra fish poisoning, the authors describe their recent discoveries in regard to ciguaterra origin. The causal agent searched without results since many years, might be a dinoflagellate, of the genus Diplopsalis.", "contents": "[A new pathophysiological explanation of ciguaterra (author's transl)]. After pointing out clinical, biochemical and biological similarities between paralytic shellfish poisoning and ciguaterra fish poisoning, the authors describe their recent discoveries in regard to ciguaterra origin. The causal agent searched without results since many years, might be a dinoflagellate, of the genus Diplopsalis.", "PMID": 569243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8430", "title": "Role of cell-associated pathogen metabolism in infection of tracheal explants by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "The effect of environmental conditions on the relative pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae for hamster tracheal explants was investigated. Organisms from the early stages of the growth cycle (e.g., day 1 to 2) were more effective in the induction of ciliostasis than were older cultures. Both the degree of ciliostasis and the speed of onset were affected. The type of explant culture medium also affected pathogenic potential. M. pneumoniae infection produced significantly greater ciliostasis and cytonecrosis in a \"permissive\" medium, i.e., one capable of supporting mycoplasma metabolism and replication, than in a \"nonpermissive\" medium. However, no adenine protection effect could be detected under permissive conditions, though it was quite striking when a nonpermissive medium was used as the post-infection explant medium. This suggests that the cell damage noted under permissive conditions may result from processes distinct from those operative in the actual host-parasite cellular interaction.", "contents": "Role of cell-associated pathogen metabolism in infection of tracheal explants by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The effect of environmental conditions on the relative pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae for hamster tracheal explants was investigated. Organisms from the early stages of the growth cycle (e.g., day 1 to 2) were more effective in the induction of ciliostasis than were older cultures. Both the degree of ciliostasis and the speed of onset were affected. The type of explant culture medium also affected pathogenic potential. M. pneumoniae infection produced significantly greater ciliostasis and cytonecrosis in a \"permissive\" medium, i.e., one capable of supporting mycoplasma metabolism and replication, than in a \"nonpermissive\" medium. However, no adenine protection effect could be detected under permissive conditions, though it was quite striking when a nonpermissive medium was used as the post-infection explant medium. This suggests that the cell damage noted under permissive conditions may result from processes distinct from those operative in the actual host-parasite cellular interaction.", "PMID": 569248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8431", "title": "Growth of some attenuated influenza viruses in hamster tracheal organ cultures.", "content": "Hamster tracheal organ cultures were infected with different influenza viruses and the metabolic activity measured using a tetrazolium reduction assay. In addition, relative ciliary activity was observed, virus multiplication measured, and histological studies were made. The hamster organ cultures proved relatively simple to set up and were sensitive to infection with influenza viruses; and the tetrazolium reduction was a reliable objective measure of relative tissue damage correlating well with histological and virological findings as well as with visual assessment of ciliary activities.", "contents": "Growth of some attenuated influenza viruses in hamster tracheal organ cultures. Hamster tracheal organ cultures were infected with different influenza viruses and the metabolic activity measured using a tetrazolium reduction assay. In addition, relative ciliary activity was observed, virus multiplication measured, and histological studies were made. The hamster organ cultures proved relatively simple to set up and were sensitive to infection with influenza viruses; and the tetrazolium reduction was a reliable objective measure of relative tissue damage correlating well with histological and virological findings as well as with visual assessment of ciliary activities.", "PMID": 569249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8432", "title": "Somatic crossing-over in Glycine max (L.) merrill: activation of dimethyl nitrosoamine by plant seed and comparison with methyl nitrosourea in inducing somatic mosaicism.", "content": "The soybean system used for detecting environmental mutagens is analyzed for various types of spots on the leaves of heterozygous y11y11 plants and homozygous y11y11's induced by a nitrosoamine (dimethyl nitrosoamine, DMN) and a nitrosoamide (methyl nitrosourea, MNU). It is shown that the nitrosoamine can be \"activated\" by the seed (is converted to a true mutagen) without the addition of NADPH or S-9 fraction of the liver homogenate as is necessary in animal tissue culture or bacterial studies. Whereas somatic mosaicism in soybean can be induced with a dose as low as 1.25 ppm of DMN, the upper limit in spot production is reached at around 60 ppm concentration, applied for 0--24 h. Such saturation effect may be due to a limited amount of DMN being converted to true mutagen. MNU, on the other hand, does not show such limitations, perhaps because of its property of being a direct mutagen not necessitating an intermediate step required for converting the promutagen DMN. The frequency of twin spots on Y11y11 leaves increases only slightly by either DMN or MNU, suggesting only a small increase in somatic crossing-over induced by the two chemicals. The yellow spots increase the most, perhaps due to segmental losses carrying Y11 or non-complementary segregation of exchanges involving non-homologous chromosomes. Neither chemical is found capable of mutating y11 to Y11 as seen by the general lack of light green sectors on y11Y11 plants. Usefulness of the soybean system in studying mutagenesis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Somatic crossing-over in Glycine max (L.) merrill: activation of dimethyl nitrosoamine by plant seed and comparison with methyl nitrosourea in inducing somatic mosaicism. The soybean system used for detecting environmental mutagens is analyzed for various types of spots on the leaves of heterozygous y11y11 plants and homozygous y11y11's induced by a nitrosoamine (dimethyl nitrosoamine, DMN) and a nitrosoamide (methyl nitrosourea, MNU). It is shown that the nitrosoamine can be \"activated\" by the seed (is converted to a true mutagen) without the addition of NADPH or S-9 fraction of the liver homogenate as is necessary in animal tissue culture or bacterial studies. Whereas somatic mosaicism in soybean can be induced with a dose as low as 1.25 ppm of DMN, the upper limit in spot production is reached at around 60 ppm concentration, applied for 0--24 h. Such saturation effect may be due to a limited amount of DMN being converted to true mutagen. MNU, on the other hand, does not show such limitations, perhaps because of its property of being a direct mutagen not necessitating an intermediate step required for converting the promutagen DMN. The frequency of twin spots on Y11y11 leaves increases only slightly by either DMN or MNU, suggesting only a small increase in somatic crossing-over induced by the two chemicals. The yellow spots increase the most, perhaps due to segmental losses carrying Y11 or non-complementary segregation of exchanges involving non-homologous chromosomes. Neither chemical is found capable of mutating y11 to Y11 as seen by the general lack of light green sectors on y11Y11 plants. Usefulness of the soybean system in studying mutagenesis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 569252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8433", "title": "Immune thrombocytopenia. Use of a Coombs antiglobulin test to detect IgG and C3 on platelets.", "content": "We applied a radiolabeled Coombs antiglobulin test to the diagnosis and management of immune thrombocytopenia in adults and children. This assay substantiated that the majority of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura have increased levels of IgG on their platelets. Platelet-associated C3 was elevated in a subset of these patients, some of whom had normal levels oet-associated IgG, thus suggesting a role for C3 in the pathogenesis of the thrombocytopenia. The assay enabled us to anticipate a change in clinical status, establish the presence of immunologic remission after splenectomy and propose several mechanisms by which corticosteroids act. Platelets from a patient with the post-transfusion-purpura syndrome also carried increased IgG, indicating a role for IgG antibody or IgG-containing immune complexes in the destruction of host platelets in this disease. The radiolabeled Coombs test provides a general means to help diagnose, manage and study immune platelet disorders.", "contents": "Immune thrombocytopenia. Use of a Coombs antiglobulin test to detect IgG and C3 on platelets. We applied a radiolabeled Coombs antiglobulin test to the diagnosis and management of immune thrombocytopenia in adults and children. This assay substantiated that the majority of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura have increased levels of IgG on their platelets. Platelet-associated C3 was elevated in a subset of these patients, some of whom had normal levels oet-associated IgG, thus suggesting a role for C3 in the pathogenesis of the thrombocytopenia. The assay enabled us to anticipate a change in clinical status, establish the presence of immunologic remission after splenectomy and propose several mechanisms by which corticosteroids act. Platelets from a patient with the post-transfusion-purpura syndrome also carried increased IgG, indicating a role for IgG antibody or IgG-containing immune complexes in the destruction of host platelets in this disease. The radiolabeled Coombs test provides a general means to help diagnose, manage and study immune platelet disorders.", "PMID": 569254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8434", "title": "The effect of chronic ethanol intake on the growth and spread of some murine tumors.", "content": "The effect of chronic ethanol intake on the growth and spread of some murine tumors has been investigated. The treatment had no effect on the B 16 melanoma but tended to decrease the number of Ehrlich ascites cells. In the case of the Lewis lung carcinoma, administration of ethanol for two weeks tended to lower the number of metastases to the lung without significantly affecting the primary tumor size, whereas more prolonged ethanol intake decreased the weight of the primary tumor in addition to decreasing its dissemination.", "contents": "The effect of chronic ethanol intake on the growth and spread of some murine tumors. The effect of chronic ethanol intake on the growth and spread of some murine tumors has been investigated. The treatment had no effect on the B 16 melanoma but tended to decrease the number of Ehrlich ascites cells. In the case of the Lewis lung carcinoma, administration of ethanol for two weeks tended to lower the number of metastases to the lung without significantly affecting the primary tumor size, whereas more prolonged ethanol intake decreased the weight of the primary tumor in addition to decreasing its dissemination.", "PMID": 569263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8435", "title": "[Orientation of the cleavage spindles in pulmonate mollusks. I. The role of the form of the blastomeres in 2d cleavage spindle orientation].", "content": "In the normal two-celled embryos of various pulmonate molluscs, the orientation of spindles characteristic of metaanaphase is being frequently established gradually, in the process of transition from pro- to metaphase accompained by the growth of spindle and asters. The typical growth of contact zone between the blastomeres of the common pond snail embryos was inhibited to a different extent under their cultivation after the 1 cleavage division in the calcium-free media or after trypsinization. At the same time the orientation of meta-anaphase spindles was markedly affected (as judged by an angle alpha between the spindle axis and the plane of contact zone in the equatorial projection). When analyzing the model distributions of the angles between the two spindle axes (in the same projection), it was shown that the empirical distributions of these angles corresponded to the principle of stochastic combination of two alpha. A conclusion is drawn that the orientation of one spindle does not depend on that of another but the position of each of them depends on the size of the contact zone and, hence, on the general form of the adjacent blastomere region. Some other processes determining the spindle orientation are discussed.", "contents": "[Orientation of the cleavage spindles in pulmonate mollusks. I. The role of the form of the blastomeres in 2d cleavage spindle orientation]. In the normal two-celled embryos of various pulmonate molluscs, the orientation of spindles characteristic of metaanaphase is being frequently established gradually, in the process of transition from pro- to metaphase accompained by the growth of spindle and asters. The typical growth of contact zone between the blastomeres of the common pond snail embryos was inhibited to a different extent under their cultivation after the 1 cleavage division in the calcium-free media or after trypsinization. At the same time the orientation of meta-anaphase spindles was markedly affected (as judged by an angle alpha between the spindle axis and the plane of contact zone in the equatorial projection). When analyzing the model distributions of the angles between the two spindle axes (in the same projection), it was shown that the empirical distributions of these angles corresponded to the principle of stochastic combination of two alpha. A conclusion is drawn that the orientation of one spindle does not depend on that of another but the position of each of them depends on the size of the contact zone and, hence, on the general form of the adjacent blastomere region. Some other processes determining the spindle orientation are discussed.", "PMID": 569264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8436", "title": "[Orientation of the cleavage spindles in pulmonate mollusks. II. The role of the architecture of the intercellular contacts in III and IV cleavage spindle orientation].", "content": "In the normal development of pulmonate molluscs, the variety of orientations of the III and IV cleavage spindles markedly reduces in the process of transition from pro- to meta- and anaphase. Even prior to the completion of spindle growth in these cleavage divisions the external faces of blastomeres become asymmetrical due to intercellular interactions but the whole system of external intercellular contacts (edges) is characterized by a certain symmetry. This symmetry coincides partially or fully with that of the system of definitive spindles. In the artificially obtained four-celled common pond snail embryos with the chain-like position of blastomeres, the III cleavage spindles were oriented at right angles to the polar axis, rather than in parallel with it (as in the normal development). The eight-celled embryos with symmetrical external faces of macromeres were also obtained. The variety of orientation of the IV cleavage definitive spindles in such embryos was markedly widened and in the macromeres with inverse asymmetry the inversion of the sign of declination of the spindles was observed. The spindle orientation depends, thus, on the form of adjacent region of the external face. This form as a whole is determined by the mutual position of blastomeres, curvature of surface and relative length of the face edges.", "contents": "[Orientation of the cleavage spindles in pulmonate mollusks. II. The role of the architecture of the intercellular contacts in III and IV cleavage spindle orientation]. In the normal development of pulmonate molluscs, the variety of orientations of the III and IV cleavage spindles markedly reduces in the process of transition from pro- to meta- and anaphase. Even prior to the completion of spindle growth in these cleavage divisions the external faces of blastomeres become asymmetrical due to intercellular interactions but the whole system of external intercellular contacts (edges) is characterized by a certain symmetry. This symmetry coincides partially or fully with that of the system of definitive spindles. In the artificially obtained four-celled common pond snail embryos with the chain-like position of blastomeres, the III cleavage spindles were oriented at right angles to the polar axis, rather than in parallel with it (as in the normal development). The eight-celled embryos with symmetrical external faces of macromeres were also obtained. The variety of orientation of the IV cleavage definitive spindles in such embryos was markedly widened and in the macromeres with inverse asymmetry the inversion of the sign of declination of the spindles was observed. The spindle orientation depends, thus, on the form of adjacent region of the external face. This form as a whole is determined by the mutual position of blastomeres, curvature of surface and relative length of the face edges.", "PMID": 569265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8437", "title": "[Action of embryonic thymus and liver cells on the development of the ascitic form of Ehrlich's carcinoma].", "content": "The influence of the cells of embryonic thymus and liver on the development of Ehrlich carcinoma was studied. The intraperitoneal injection of the embryonic cells in the adult mice infested by the Ehrlich carcinoma resulted in a marked lengthening of the life time of animals and an increase of the survival percentage. The embryonic cells of thymus and liver inhibited sharply the growth of carcinoma cells in the diffusion chambers as well. In contrast to this, the thymus and bone marrow cells of adult animals, taken in the same concentrations as the embryonic cells, exhibited only a slight inhibiting effect on the growth of tumour cells. On the basis of these data a suggestion is put forward to the effect that the embryonic immunocompetent cells determine the stronger inhibition of tumour growth in the embryos as compared with the adult animals.", "contents": "[Action of embryonic thymus and liver cells on the development of the ascitic form of Ehrlich's carcinoma]. The influence of the cells of embryonic thymus and liver on the development of Ehrlich carcinoma was studied. The intraperitoneal injection of the embryonic cells in the adult mice infested by the Ehrlich carcinoma resulted in a marked lengthening of the life time of animals and an increase of the survival percentage. The embryonic cells of thymus and liver inhibited sharply the growth of carcinoma cells in the diffusion chambers as well. In contrast to this, the thymus and bone marrow cells of adult animals, taken in the same concentrations as the embryonic cells, exhibited only a slight inhibiting effect on the growth of tumour cells. On the basis of these data a suggestion is put forward to the effect that the embryonic immunocompetent cells determine the stronger inhibition of tumour growth in the embryos as compared with the adult animals.", "PMID": 569266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8438", "title": "Cardiovascular emergencies in pediatrics.", "content": "This article dicusses emergencies of cardiovascular origin in infants and children. Particular attention is given to congestive heart failure, hypoxic states, arrhythmias, cardiac tamponade, perinatal cardaic emergencies and conditions simulating cardiac crises. An outline of etiologic and therapeutic approach is included, and guidelines are provided for the practitioner who is called to care for such emergency situations.", "contents": "Cardiovascular emergencies in pediatrics. This article dicusses emergencies of cardiovascular origin in infants and children. Particular attention is given to congestive heart failure, hypoxic states, arrhythmias, cardiac tamponade, perinatal cardaic emergencies and conditions simulating cardiac crises. An outline of etiologic and therapeutic approach is included, and guidelines are provided for the practitioner who is called to care for such emergency situations.", "PMID": 569269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8439", "title": "Social pediatric emergencies.", "content": "A social pediatric emergency invokes the concept of a crisis situation, which often reflects an acute temporary state, the culmination of problems of long duration. The needs demonstrated in child abuse, neglect and deprivation, sexual abuse, the handling of the crisis of birth, pregnancy and abnormality, death and dying, adoption and learning disabilities are related to the family psychodynamic relationships and the doctor team approach. The social pediatrician can play his role as the physician, advocate, activist and educationalist in the many complex situations revealed within family, community and society.", "contents": "Social pediatric emergencies. A social pediatric emergency invokes the concept of a crisis situation, which often reflects an acute temporary state, the culmination of problems of long duration. The needs demonstrated in child abuse, neglect and deprivation, sexual abuse, the handling of the crisis of birth, pregnancy and abnormality, death and dying, adoption and learning disabilities are related to the family psychodynamic relationships and the doctor team approach. The social pediatrician can play his role as the physician, advocate, activist and educationalist in the many complex situations revealed within family, community and society.", "PMID": 569270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8440", "title": "Energetics of anaerobic glycolysis in dog gastrocnemius.", "content": "Thermally isolated gastrocnemii were stimulated to exhaustion, by rhythmic isotonic (70 N) tetanic contractions, during complete occlusion of blood flow. Enthalpy change (h = work + heat) and work output (w) (kJ/kg) were obtained from records of deep muscle temperature and shortening. The lactate produced (LA, mol/kg) was measured in the outflow after reestablishement of blood flow. The following relationships were obtained: h = 76LA + 1.2, and w = 19.8LA + 0.30. As the energy liberated at exhaustion by alactic energy sources (approximately P and O2 stores) is constant, deltah/deltaLA = 76 (+/- 10.5; S.E.) kJ/mol is the enthalpy change for lactate formation (delta HLA). The neutralization heat was estimated on muscle homogenates at 12kJ/mol, leaving approximately 64 kJ/MOL for deltaH of LA formation proper. The mechanical efficiencies of work related to LA formation (ELA) and of that not related to LA formation (EnonLA) were practically identical (0.25). From these values and from deltaHLA, the enthalpy change of approximately P splitting was estimated in the range of 52--62kJ/mol, depending on the value of the ratio delta approximately P/deltaLA assumed in the calculation.", "contents": "Energetics of anaerobic glycolysis in dog gastrocnemius. Thermally isolated gastrocnemii were stimulated to exhaustion, by rhythmic isotonic (70 N) tetanic contractions, during complete occlusion of blood flow. Enthalpy change (h = work + heat) and work output (w) (kJ/kg) were obtained from records of deep muscle temperature and shortening. The lactate produced (LA, mol/kg) was measured in the outflow after reestablishement of blood flow. The following relationships were obtained: h = 76LA + 1.2, and w = 19.8LA + 0.30. As the energy liberated at exhaustion by alactic energy sources (approximately P and O2 stores) is constant, deltah/deltaLA = 76 (+/- 10.5; S.E.) kJ/mol is the enthalpy change for lactate formation (delta HLA). The neutralization heat was estimated on muscle homogenates at 12kJ/mol, leaving approximately 64 kJ/MOL for deltaH of LA formation proper. The mechanical efficiencies of work related to LA formation (ELA) and of that not related to LA formation (EnonLA) were practically identical (0.25). From these values and from deltaHLA, the enthalpy change of approximately P splitting was estimated in the range of 52--62kJ/mol, depending on the value of the ratio delta approximately P/deltaLA assumed in the calculation.", "PMID": 569275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8441", "title": "Quantitative description of acetylcholine release and fluctuations in nerve terminals of torpedo electric organ submitted to stimulation.", "content": "A model, considering cytoplasmic ACh as the difference between cumulated outputs per impulse, and synthesized ACh leads to simple equations correlating biochemical and electrical measurables. Intrinsic properties of the release mechanism are deduced.", "contents": "Quantitative description of acetylcholine release and fluctuations in nerve terminals of torpedo electric organ submitted to stimulation. A model, considering cytoplasmic ACh as the difference between cumulated outputs per impulse, and synthesized ACh leads to simple equations correlating biochemical and electrical measurables. Intrinsic properties of the release mechanism are deduced.", "PMID": 569277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8442", "title": "The influence of high ambient temperature on thermoregulatory response to intrahypothalamic injections of noradrenaline and serotonin in the pigeon.", "content": "1. Pigeons with chronically implanted injection cannula in the hypothalamus were injected with noradrenaline (NA, 10 micrograms/microliter) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10 micrograms/microliter) at the ambient temperature (Ta) of 38 degrees or 42 degrees C. 2. Initial tests at cold (6 degrees C) indicated that birds responded hypothermically to NA and in most instances also to 5-HT. 3. Intrahypothalamic injection of NA (10 micrograms/microliter) had no appreciable effect on oxygen consumption (VO2), body temperature (Tb), foot temperature (Tf), or heart and respiratory rates at Ta 38 degrees C. The increase of VO2, Tb and Tf noted after similar injection at 42 degrees C was in all probability due to observed excitement and bursts of struggling rather than effects on thermoregulatory mechanisms. 4. 5-HT (10 micrograms/microliter) injected at Ta 38 degrees C depressed respiratory frequency from panting (600 breaths.min-1) to normal rate (ca. 50.min-1) within 2--4 min. The absence of panting lasted about 10 min, but only a slight increase of VO2, Tb and Tf followed. At Ta 42 degrees C, no notable changes of VO2, Tb and Tf were recorded after 5-HT injection. 5. It is concluded that 5-HT has an inhibitory action on neuronal pathway controlling panting activity in the pigeon, but NA seems to be ineffective.", "contents": "The influence of high ambient temperature on thermoregulatory response to intrahypothalamic injections of noradrenaline and serotonin in the pigeon. 1. Pigeons with chronically implanted injection cannula in the hypothalamus were injected with noradrenaline (NA, 10 micrograms/microliter) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10 micrograms/microliter) at the ambient temperature (Ta) of 38 degrees or 42 degrees C. 2. Initial tests at cold (6 degrees C) indicated that birds responded hypothermically to NA and in most instances also to 5-HT. 3. Intrahypothalamic injection of NA (10 micrograms/microliter) had no appreciable effect on oxygen consumption (VO2), body temperature (Tb), foot temperature (Tf), or heart and respiratory rates at Ta 38 degrees C. The increase of VO2, Tb and Tf noted after similar injection at 42 degrees C was in all probability due to observed excitement and bursts of struggling rather than effects on thermoregulatory mechanisms. 4. 5-HT (10 micrograms/microliter) injected at Ta 38 degrees C depressed respiratory frequency from panting (600 breaths.min-1) to normal rate (ca. 50.min-1) within 2--4 min. The absence of panting lasted about 10 min, but only a slight increase of VO2, Tb and Tf followed. At Ta 42 degrees C, no notable changes of VO2, Tb and Tf were recorded after 5-HT injection. 5. It is concluded that 5-HT has an inhibitory action on neuronal pathway controlling panting activity in the pigeon, but NA seems to be ineffective.", "PMID": 569280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8443", "title": "Effect of divalent cations on acetylcholine release from cardiac parasympathetic nerve endings.", "content": "The influence of several divalent cations on acetylcholine (ACh) release from vagus nerve terminals was studied in quiescent guinea-pig auricles. ACh release was induced by stimulus trains subthreshold for excitation of atrial cells. The ACh released evoked a hyperpolarization of the atrial cell membrane. Changes in ACh sensitivity of the atrial cell membrane were tested by application of ACh-containing solutions. ACh release increased with the external Ca concentration. External Sr maintained the ACh release in 'Ca-free' media. However, Sr ions were less effective than Ca ions. External Mg acted as a weak inhibitor of the stimulus evoked ACh release, whereas Co and Mn ions exerted a strong inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of divalent cations on acetylcholine release from cardiac parasympathetic nerve endings. The influence of several divalent cations on acetylcholine (ACh) release from vagus nerve terminals was studied in quiescent guinea-pig auricles. ACh release was induced by stimulus trains subthreshold for excitation of atrial cells. The ACh released evoked a hyperpolarization of the atrial cell membrane. Changes in ACh sensitivity of the atrial cell membrane were tested by application of ACh-containing solutions. ACh release increased with the external Ca concentration. External Sr maintained the ACh release in 'Ca-free' media. However, Sr ions were less effective than Ca ions. External Mg acted as a weak inhibitor of the stimulus evoked ACh release, whereas Co and Mn ions exerted a strong inhibition.", "PMID": 569281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8444", "title": "Micropuncture study on the effects of lithium on proximal and distal tubule function in the rat kidney.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were performed in rats infused with LiCl to induce stable plasma lithium concentrations of 2--3 mEq/l, or with an equivalent amount of NaCl. In free flow experiments LiCl reduced proximal tubule fractional reabsorption of sodium and potassium. Reduced reabsorption of bicarbonate, as reflected by a decrease in TF/PCl, was also observed. Proximal fractional reabsorption of chloride, however, was not affected. The TF/PIn at the end proximal tubule was 2.6 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) in controls and 2.1 +/- 0.1 in the experimental animals (P less than 0.025). In the distal portions of the nephron lithium treatment caused a fall in fractional reabsorption of water and sodium, while potassium secretion was stimulated in the distal tubule. Previous studies have indicated that lithium influences antidiuretic hormone stimulated water transport in the collecting duct. These experiments demonstrate that lithium also affects the transport of water and electrolytes in multiple nephron segments, including the proximal and distal convolution.", "contents": "Micropuncture study on the effects of lithium on proximal and distal tubule function in the rat kidney. Micropuncture studies were performed in rats infused with LiCl to induce stable plasma lithium concentrations of 2--3 mEq/l, or with an equivalent amount of NaCl. In free flow experiments LiCl reduced proximal tubule fractional reabsorption of sodium and potassium. Reduced reabsorption of bicarbonate, as reflected by a decrease in TF/PCl, was also observed. Proximal fractional reabsorption of chloride, however, was not affected. The TF/PIn at the end proximal tubule was 2.6 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) in controls and 2.1 +/- 0.1 in the experimental animals (P less than 0.025). In the distal portions of the nephron lithium treatment caused a fall in fractional reabsorption of water and sodium, while potassium secretion was stimulated in the distal tubule. Previous studies have indicated that lithium influences antidiuretic hormone stimulated water transport in the collecting duct. These experiments demonstrate that lithium also affects the transport of water and electrolytes in multiple nephron segments, including the proximal and distal convolution.", "PMID": 569282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8445", "title": "Effects of vasopressin and its deamino-D-arginine analogue on renin release in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The direct action of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and its deamino-D-arginine analogue (DDAVP) on renin release (RR) has been studied in isolated rat kidneys perfused with an electrolyte solution at constant pressure in a single-pass system. AVP and DDAVP infused at various concentrations (80 to 2100 pg/ml and 80 to 8700 pg/ml, respectively) reduced volume and increased osmolality of urine in a dose-dependent way. High doses of AVP reduced renal perfusate flow and glomerular filtration rate while DDAVP had no effect on renal haemodynamics. When vasoconstrictor doses of AVP or high concentrations of DDAVP were infused, \"basal\" RR remained unchanged. However, when RR had been stimulated by infusion of isoproterenol, vasoconstrictor doses of AVP as well as high doses of DDAVP which did not increase renal vascular resistance diminished RR by about 30% (P less than 0.01, and P less than 0.05, respectively). These results suggest that the inhibition of RR by vasopressin is not related to its vasoconstrictor action.", "contents": "Effects of vasopressin and its deamino-D-arginine analogue on renin release in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The direct action of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and its deamino-D-arginine analogue (DDAVP) on renin release (RR) has been studied in isolated rat kidneys perfused with an electrolyte solution at constant pressure in a single-pass system. AVP and DDAVP infused at various concentrations (80 to 2100 pg/ml and 80 to 8700 pg/ml, respectively) reduced volume and increased osmolality of urine in a dose-dependent way. High doses of AVP reduced renal perfusate flow and glomerular filtration rate while DDAVP had no effect on renal haemodynamics. When vasoconstrictor doses of AVP or high concentrations of DDAVP were infused, \"basal\" RR remained unchanged. However, when RR had been stimulated by infusion of isoproterenol, vasoconstrictor doses of AVP as well as high doses of DDAVP which did not increase renal vascular resistance diminished RR by about 30% (P less than 0.01, and P less than 0.05, respectively). These results suggest that the inhibition of RR by vasopressin is not related to its vasoconstrictor action.", "PMID": 569283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8446", "title": "The differential effect of cooling on the responses of splenic capsular and vascular smooth muscle to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline.", "content": "The responses of the capsular and vascular smooth muscle of the dog's spleen to splenic nerve stimulation and to infused noradrenaline have been studied in the isolated, blood-perfused preparation at 37 degrees C, at 27 degrees C and again after rewarming to 37 degrees C. It was found that cooling per se had no effect on perfusion pressure but reduced splenic arterial blood flow, and caused no appreciable alteration in spleen volume. The increase in splenic flow resistance in response to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline was significantly greater at 27 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, but the concomitant reduction in spleen volume was significantly reduced. The enhanced effect of splenic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline on splenic flow resistance is discussed in terms of the relative contributions of an increased smooth muscle response and increased blood viscosity. The different effects of cooling on the responses of splenic vascular and capsular smooth muscle to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline are discussed in the context of the effect of cooling on other vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "The differential effect of cooling on the responses of splenic capsular and vascular smooth muscle to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline. The responses of the capsular and vascular smooth muscle of the dog's spleen to splenic nerve stimulation and to infused noradrenaline have been studied in the isolated, blood-perfused preparation at 37 degrees C, at 27 degrees C and again after rewarming to 37 degrees C. It was found that cooling per se had no effect on perfusion pressure but reduced splenic arterial blood flow, and caused no appreciable alteration in spleen volume. The increase in splenic flow resistance in response to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline was significantly greater at 27 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, but the concomitant reduction in spleen volume was significantly reduced. The enhanced effect of splenic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline on splenic flow resistance is discussed in terms of the relative contributions of an increased smooth muscle response and increased blood viscosity. The different effects of cooling on the responses of splenic vascular and capsular smooth muscle to nerve stimulation and noradrenaline are discussed in the context of the effect of cooling on other vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 569284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8447", "title": "Maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate (TmPi) in the absence of parathyroid hormone in the rat: decrease of the TmPi during prolonged administration of phosphate and the role of calcium.", "content": "Clearance titration studies were performed to examine the maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate (TmPi) in acutely parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats. Under control conditions, the reabsorption of Pi was 6.01 +/- 0.92mumol/min (mean +/- S.D.), and during the administration of phosphate the reabsorption of Pi increased initially to 11.62 +/- 2.20 and decreased finally to 7.97 +/- 2.02mumol/min. The Reabs/GFR values were 2.12 +/- 0.23 (control), 3.57 +/- 0.21 and 2.49 +/- 0.42mumol/ml (experimental), respectively. Thus, the TmPi decreased significantly during phosphate loading. Because this drop of the TmPi was accompanied by a significant decrease of the calcium concentration in plasma in these PTX animals, another series of experiments was performed in which the calcium losses in plasma were replaced. Under these conditions the decrease of the TMPi was significantly smaller than in hypocalcemia. It is concluded that calcium may regulate the renal Pi transport in the absence of parathyroid hormones, at least in hypo- and normocalcemic states.", "contents": "Maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate (TmPi) in the absence of parathyroid hormone in the rat: decrease of the TmPi during prolonged administration of phosphate and the role of calcium. Clearance titration studies were performed to examine the maximal reabsorptive capacity for inorganic phosphate (TmPi) in acutely parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats. Under control conditions, the reabsorption of Pi was 6.01 +/- 0.92mumol/min (mean +/- S.D.), and during the administration of phosphate the reabsorption of Pi increased initially to 11.62 +/- 2.20 and decreased finally to 7.97 +/- 2.02mumol/min. The Reabs/GFR values were 2.12 +/- 0.23 (control), 3.57 +/- 0.21 and 2.49 +/- 0.42mumol/ml (experimental), respectively. Thus, the TmPi decreased significantly during phosphate loading. Because this drop of the TmPi was accompanied by a significant decrease of the calcium concentration in plasma in these PTX animals, another series of experiments was performed in which the calcium losses in plasma were replaced. Under these conditions the decrease of the TMPi was significantly smaller than in hypocalcemia. It is concluded that calcium may regulate the renal Pi transport in the absence of parathyroid hormones, at least in hypo- and normocalcemic states.", "PMID": 569285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8448", "title": "Magnesium handling in the dog kidney: a micropuncture study.", "content": "Micropuncture and clearance experiments were done on normal dogs to investigate magnesium handling by proximal and distal nephron segments. Tubular fluid electrolytes were analyzed with the electron microprobe. Tubular fluid to ultrafilterable magnesium ratio (TF/UF magnesium) was observed to rise above unity but less than the TF/P insulin ratio generated along the proximal tubule. This is in contrast to the other major cations, the ratios of which remain close to unity as water is abstracted. Tubular fluid obtained from the distal tubule contained less magnesium than the glomerular filtrate (mean TF/UF magnesium of 0.6) indicating the loop of Henle is the major nephron segment reclaiming a significant portion of the filtered load. The faction of filtered load remaining at the distal sampling site was similar to the fraction appearing in the urine (8% vs 7%) indicating very little reabsorption beyond the distal tubule in these normal states.", "contents": "Magnesium handling in the dog kidney: a micropuncture study. Micropuncture and clearance experiments were done on normal dogs to investigate magnesium handling by proximal and distal nephron segments. Tubular fluid electrolytes were analyzed with the electron microprobe. Tubular fluid to ultrafilterable magnesium ratio (TF/UF magnesium) was observed to rise above unity but less than the TF/P insulin ratio generated along the proximal tubule. This is in contrast to the other major cations, the ratios of which remain close to unity as water is abstracted. Tubular fluid obtained from the distal tubule contained less magnesium than the glomerular filtrate (mean TF/UF magnesium of 0.6) indicating the loop of Henle is the major nephron segment reclaiming a significant portion of the filtered load. The faction of filtered load remaining at the distal sampling site was similar to the fraction appearing in the urine (8% vs 7%) indicating very little reabsorption beyond the distal tubule in these normal states.", "PMID": 569286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8449", "title": "[Recent Lassa, Marbourg and Ebola viruses in African tropical viruses. I. Semiology--physiopathology--diagnosis--treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Three new viruses have been identified in Africa during the present decade. They may cause sporadic cases or limited outbreaks, and they are probably endemic in areas which are still ill-defined. Severe forms of infection lead to the haemorrhagic syndrome or to hypovolemic shock, the physiopathology of which is being studied. The case-fatality ratio of severe cases is between 30 and 85 per cent. Nosocomial outbreaks have been observed, but they can be avoided if appropriate barrier nursing measures are carried out for the treatment of patients or adequate protection measures for sampling and examination of laboratory specimens. As such cases may be transferred outside the endemic zone, this implies that countries receiving travellers from Africa should have hospitals with specialized units for strict isolation and treatment of these patients.", "contents": "[Recent Lassa, Marbourg and Ebola viruses in African tropical viruses. I. Semiology--physiopathology--diagnosis--treatment (author's transl)]. Three new viruses have been identified in Africa during the present decade. They may cause sporadic cases or limited outbreaks, and they are probably endemic in areas which are still ill-defined. Severe forms of infection lead to the haemorrhagic syndrome or to hypovolemic shock, the physiopathology of which is being studied. The case-fatality ratio of severe cases is between 30 and 85 per cent. Nosocomial outbreaks have been observed, but they can be avoided if appropriate barrier nursing measures are carried out for the treatment of patients or adequate protection measures for sampling and examination of laboratory specimens. As such cases may be transferred outside the endemic zone, this implies that countries receiving travellers from Africa should have hospitals with specialized units for strict isolation and treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 569288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8450", "title": "Localisation of foldback DNA sequences in nuclei chromosomes of Scilla, Secale, and of mouse.", "content": "Foldback DNA, prepared from mouse and Scilla sibirica main band DNA, and from rye (Secale cereale) total DNA, was characterised by denaturation, renaturation, and electron microscopy. 3H-cRNA of this DNA was hybridised in situ to nuclei and chromosomes of the respective species. There is no universal labelling pattern among the three species. In mouse, highly repetitive foldback DNA is present in the whole chromatin including the satellite DNA-containing regions. In Scilla sibirica, on the contrary, the highly repetitive foldback sequences are excluded form the satellite DNA loci and are arranged in clusters in the remaining chromatin. In rye, there is a clear preferential labelling of the chromocenters in the interphase nuclei as well as metaphase chromosomes, indicating that highly repetitive foldback DNA is preferentially located among other highly repetitive sequences.", "contents": "Localisation of foldback DNA sequences in nuclei chromosomes of Scilla, Secale, and of mouse. Foldback DNA, prepared from mouse and Scilla sibirica main band DNA, and from rye (Secale cereale) total DNA, was characterised by denaturation, renaturation, and electron microscopy. 3H-cRNA of this DNA was hybridised in situ to nuclei and chromosomes of the respective species. There is no universal labelling pattern among the three species. In mouse, highly repetitive foldback DNA is present in the whole chromatin including the satellite DNA-containing regions. In Scilla sibirica, on the contrary, the highly repetitive foldback sequences are excluded form the satellite DNA loci and are arranged in clusters in the remaining chromatin. In rye, there is a clear preferential labelling of the chromocenters in the interphase nuclei as well as metaphase chromosomes, indicating that highly repetitive foldback DNA is preferentially located among other highly repetitive sequences.", "PMID": 569290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8451", "title": "DNA polymerase alpha and beta in the California urchin.", "content": "DNA polymerase alpha and beta were identified in the urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The DNA polymerase beta sedimented at 3.4 S, constituted 5% of total DNA polymerase activity, and was resistant to N-ethylmaleimide and high ionic strength. The polymerase alpha sedimented at 6--8 S, was inhibited by N-ethylmalemide or 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4, and was dependent upon glycerol for preservation of activity. Both the polymerases alpha and beta were nuclear associated in embryos. The DNA polymerase alpha was markedly heterogeneous on DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange and showed three modal polymerase species. These polymerase alpha species were indistinguishable by template activity assays but the DNA polymerase associated ribonucleotidyl transferase (Biochemistry 75 : 3106-3113, 1976) was found predominantly with only one of the DNA polymerase alpha species.", "contents": "DNA polymerase alpha and beta in the California urchin. DNA polymerase alpha and beta were identified in the urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The DNA polymerase beta sedimented at 3.4 S, constituted 5% of total DNA polymerase activity, and was resistant to N-ethylmaleimide and high ionic strength. The polymerase alpha sedimented at 6--8 S, was inhibited by N-ethylmalemide or 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4, and was dependent upon glycerol for preservation of activity. Both the polymerases alpha and beta were nuclear associated in embryos. The DNA polymerase alpha was markedly heterogeneous on DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange and showed three modal polymerase species. These polymerase alpha species were indistinguishable by template activity assays but the DNA polymerase associated ribonucleotidyl transferase (Biochemistry 75 : 3106-3113, 1976) was found predominantly with only one of the DNA polymerase alpha species.", "PMID": 569291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8452", "title": "Preparation of a complementary DNA for leghaemoglobin and direct demonstration that leghaemoglobin is encoded by the soybean genome.", "content": "In soybean root nodules, leghaemoglobin (Lb) accounts for 25--30% of the total soluble protein but is not detected in other tissues. In order to determine whether the Lb genes are plant or bacterial in origin a cDNA probe for Lb was prepared from 9S poly (A) containing mRNA of root nodules. Although this 9S mRNA directed synthesis of predominantly three forms of Lb in vitro, the kinetics of hybridisation of cDNA and the 9S mRNA showed a transition at about 30% hybridisation which suggested that the 9S-cDNA was not pure Lb-cDNA. The abundant, Lb-cDNA was prepared by two cycles of hybridising 9S mRNA and cDNA to a Rot of 3 X 10(-3) and isolation of the hybridised cDNA on hydroxyapatite. The Lb-cDNA was homogeneous in hybridisation analysis with 9S mRNA and electrophoresis in 98% formamide gels. This cDNA hybridised with soybean DNA and not with Rhizobium DNA, thus directly demonstrating that Lb genes are of plant origin. Titration of Lb-cDNA with soybean DNA showed that Lb genes are reiterated about forty-fold per haploid genome.", "contents": "Preparation of a complementary DNA for leghaemoglobin and direct demonstration that leghaemoglobin is encoded by the soybean genome. In soybean root nodules, leghaemoglobin (Lb) accounts for 25--30% of the total soluble protein but is not detected in other tissues. In order to determine whether the Lb genes are plant or bacterial in origin a cDNA probe for Lb was prepared from 9S poly (A) containing mRNA of root nodules. Although this 9S mRNA directed synthesis of predominantly three forms of Lb in vitro, the kinetics of hybridisation of cDNA and the 9S mRNA showed a transition at about 30% hybridisation which suggested that the 9S-cDNA was not pure Lb-cDNA. The abundant, Lb-cDNA was prepared by two cycles of hybridising 9S mRNA and cDNA to a Rot of 3 X 10(-3) and isolation of the hybridised cDNA on hydroxyapatite. The Lb-cDNA was homogeneous in hybridisation analysis with 9S mRNA and electrophoresis in 98% formamide gels. This cDNA hybridised with soybean DNA and not with Rhizobium DNA, thus directly demonstrating that Lb genes are of plant origin. Titration of Lb-cDNA with soybean DNA showed that Lb genes are reiterated about forty-fold per haploid genome.", "PMID": 569292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8453", "title": "Partial purification of transcriptionally active nucleosomes from trout testis cells.", "content": "Mononucleosomes (MN1) enriched in structural non-histone proteins and transcribed DNA sequences were obtained by limited digestion of trout testis nuclei with micrococcal nuclease followed by selective solubilization in 0.1 M NaCl. These monosomes consist of the four inner histones plus stoichiometric amounts of the non-histone protein H6, of the HMG group, complexed with 140 base pairs of DNA. Hybridization experiments indicate that MN1 DNA is enriched in sequences complementary to cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA.", "contents": "Partial purification of transcriptionally active nucleosomes from trout testis cells. Mononucleosomes (MN1) enriched in structural non-histone proteins and transcribed DNA sequences were obtained by limited digestion of trout testis nuclei with micrococcal nuclease followed by selective solubilization in 0.1 M NaCl. These monosomes consist of the four inner histones plus stoichiometric amounts of the non-histone protein H6, of the HMG group, complexed with 140 base pairs of DNA. Hybridization experiments indicate that MN1 DNA is enriched in sequences complementary to cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA.", "PMID": 569293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8454", "title": "[Studies of lipase-induced fat necrosis in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Disseminated fat necrosis can be produced by intraperitoneal injection of porcine pancreatic lipase. They get detecable by intravital staining with Phosphine 3R about 15 min after injection. The earliest fine structural findings are spotty destruction of the pinocytic invaginations and vesicles, combined with alterations of the cell membrane. Later there is a complete destruction and disintegration of the cytoplasm and its organels as well as the nucleus, whereas the cell membrane partly remains visible. At the same time the central lipid droplet shows cloudy disintegration and clumping as well as cristalline and granular structures. In the beginning the necrosis is limited to single cells. Later the adjacent fat cells also undergo necrosis, even when the applicated lipase has been removed after 30 min. In light microscopic studies fat necrosis are detectable 30 min after the application of lipase. During the first 48 hours they get demarcated by leucocytes. In the following days resorption and organisation take place. Lipolytic drugs facilitate the development of fat necrosis, whereas antilipolytic drugs inhibit it. In starvation the number of fat necrosis rises, after feeding it decreases. In the diurnal rhythm there is a maximum after midnight and a minimum in the early afternoon. The results support the hypothesis that pancreatic lipase only attacks fat cells, which are lipolytically active.", "contents": "[Studies of lipase-induced fat necrosis in rats (author's transl)]. Disseminated fat necrosis can be produced by intraperitoneal injection of porcine pancreatic lipase. They get detecable by intravital staining with Phosphine 3R about 15 min after injection. The earliest fine structural findings are spotty destruction of the pinocytic invaginations and vesicles, combined with alterations of the cell membrane. Later there is a complete destruction and disintegration of the cytoplasm and its organels as well as the nucleus, whereas the cell membrane partly remains visible. At the same time the central lipid droplet shows cloudy disintegration and clumping as well as cristalline and granular structures. In the beginning the necrosis is limited to single cells. Later the adjacent fat cells also undergo necrosis, even when the applicated lipase has been removed after 30 min. In light microscopic studies fat necrosis are detectable 30 min after the application of lipase. During the first 48 hours they get demarcated by leucocytes. In the following days resorption and organisation take place. Lipolytic drugs facilitate the development of fat necrosis, whereas antilipolytic drugs inhibit it. In starvation the number of fat necrosis rises, after feeding it decreases. In the diurnal rhythm there is a maximum after midnight and a minimum in the early afternoon. The results support the hypothesis that pancreatic lipase only attacks fat cells, which are lipolytically active.", "PMID": 569296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8455", "title": "Growth deficiency dysmorphic syndromes.", "content": "The precept is set forth that many patterns of malformation are the consequences of congenital hypoplasia in the skeletal system, as in osteochondrodysplasias, or in multiple tissues as in a host of dysmorphic syndromes. The disorders include those caused by most known teratogens in man, by chromosomal abnormalities, mutant gene disorders and a number of syndromes of unknown etiology. Not uncommonly there is a good correlation between the degree of linear growth deficiency and brain growth deficiency within a particular syndrome. Postnatally there is usually a lack of catch-up growth; the children tend to grow at a normal rate for their diminished size by birth. Because there is often a problem in skeletal morphogenesis, roentgenographic interpretation for 'bone age' may be misleading in terms of maturational age. There is no known therapy for congenital hypoplasia disorders, and the ultimate prognosis for height may be judged from the height of adults with the particular disorder in question and related to genetic background of the parents. For example, the adult growth of girls with XO Turner syndrome tends to be about 3.7 SD's below that expected for mean parental height.", "contents": "Growth deficiency dysmorphic syndromes. The precept is set forth that many patterns of malformation are the consequences of congenital hypoplasia in the skeletal system, as in osteochondrodysplasias, or in multiple tissues as in a host of dysmorphic syndromes. The disorders include those caused by most known teratogens in man, by chromosomal abnormalities, mutant gene disorders and a number of syndromes of unknown etiology. Not uncommonly there is a good correlation between the degree of linear growth deficiency and brain growth deficiency within a particular syndrome. Postnatally there is usually a lack of catch-up growth; the children tend to grow at a normal rate for their diminished size by birth. Because there is often a problem in skeletal morphogenesis, roentgenographic interpretation for 'bone age' may be misleading in terms of maturational age. There is no known therapy for congenital hypoplasia disorders, and the ultimate prognosis for height may be judged from the height of adults with the particular disorder in question and related to genetic background of the parents. For example, the adult growth of girls with XO Turner syndrome tends to be about 3.7 SD's below that expected for mean parental height.", "PMID": 569297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8456", "title": "The fetal brain and intrauterine growth.", "content": "The fetal brain stimulates intrauterine growth in man, rat and other species. Human congenital brain anomalies and experiments in rats indicate that the hypothalamus is the brain area responsible for this effect. The only factor found to stimulate intra-uterine growth was alpha-MSH. Various observations and experiments in rat show that stimulation of fetal somatic growth might indeed be a physiological function of alpha-MSH, while observations in the human fetus indicate that alpha-MSH might play a similar role in intra-uterine growth in man as well. Preliminary data in rat point to a similar function of this hormone in brain development.", "contents": "The fetal brain and intrauterine growth. The fetal brain stimulates intrauterine growth in man, rat and other species. Human congenital brain anomalies and experiments in rats indicate that the hypothalamus is the brain area responsible for this effect. The only factor found to stimulate intra-uterine growth was alpha-MSH. Various observations and experiments in rat show that stimulation of fetal somatic growth might indeed be a physiological function of alpha-MSH, while observations in the human fetus indicate that alpha-MSH might play a similar role in intra-uterine growth in man as well. Preliminary data in rat point to a similar function of this hormone in brain development.", "PMID": 569298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8457", "title": "[Tinea nigra. Apropos of a case diagnosed as melanoma of superficial dissemination].", "content": "The authors report a case of tinea nigra of left sole, diagnosticate at the beginning as melanoma of superficial dissemination. The mycological studies confirmed the dermatological diagnostic of tinea nigra by Cladosporium werneckii.", "contents": "[Tinea nigra. Apropos of a case diagnosed as melanoma of superficial dissemination]. The authors report a case of tinea nigra of left sole, diagnosticate at the beginning as melanoma of superficial dissemination. The mycological studies confirmed the dermatological diagnostic of tinea nigra by Cladosporium werneckii.", "PMID": 569299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8458", "title": "[Effect of different nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of lipase by Oospora lactis].", "content": "The effect of inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds on the synthesis of biomass and extracellular lipase by Oospora lactis was studied. Among the inorganic nitrogen sources ammonium sulphate and ammonium secondary phosphate and among the organic nitrogen sources yeast autolysate proved to be most beneficial for the lipase synthesis. Lipase activity and biomass accumulation in the medium containing yeast autolysate were greater than in the media containing the above ammonium salts. Lipase synthesis reached maximum in the nutrient medium containing yeast autolysate (0.7%) and ammonium sulphate (0.3%).", "contents": "[Effect of different nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of lipase by Oospora lactis]. The effect of inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds on the synthesis of biomass and extracellular lipase by Oospora lactis was studied. Among the inorganic nitrogen sources ammonium sulphate and ammonium secondary phosphate and among the organic nitrogen sources yeast autolysate proved to be most beneficial for the lipase synthesis. Lipase activity and biomass accumulation in the medium containing yeast autolysate were greater than in the media containing the above ammonium salts. Lipase synthesis reached maximum in the nutrient medium containing yeast autolysate (0.7%) and ammonium sulphate (0.3%).", "PMID": 569300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8459", "title": "An evaluation of the intrapair relationship for personal attributes in the NHLBI twin study.", "content": "We have considered a group of questions which attempt to define the environments of twins in our study both within and between twin pairs. Only 8 of 31 questions on which twins compared themselves to their co-twins were reliable and showed discordance for twin pairs. Comparing discordant twins for cardiovascular risk factors, few significant results were obtained. Cigarette smoking seemed to be most closely related to the environmental differences; but negatively related to achievement in grade school and high school and to which twin was stronger in childhood. Weight at examination appeared to be related to strength in childhood. In addition, there may be a negative relationship between income and blood pressure. One additional question showed MZ twins get together significantly more often than DZ twins. In terms of differnces in environmental covariance, the question \"how frequently do you and your twin get together now?\" may be a simple but valuable measure of similarity of twins and should be considered for inclusion in twin studies.", "contents": "An evaluation of the intrapair relationship for personal attributes in the NHLBI twin study. We have considered a group of questions which attempt to define the environments of twins in our study both within and between twin pairs. Only 8 of 31 questions on which twins compared themselves to their co-twins were reliable and showed discordance for twin pairs. Comparing discordant twins for cardiovascular risk factors, few significant results were obtained. Cigarette smoking seemed to be most closely related to the environmental differences; but negatively related to achievement in grade school and high school and to which twin was stronger in childhood. Weight at examination appeared to be related to strength in childhood. In addition, there may be a negative relationship between income and blood pressure. One additional question showed MZ twins get together significantly more often than DZ twins. In terms of differnces in environmental covariance, the question \"how frequently do you and your twin get together now?\" may be a simple but valuable measure of similarity of twins and should be considered for inclusion in twin studies.", "PMID": 569312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8460", "title": "Synthesis of some 2-styrylquinazoline derivatives structurally related to certain chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "The synthesis of certain 2-styryl-4-arylaminoquinazolines having the general formula 1 is described. 4-Chloro-2-styrylquinazolines were prepared by chlorination of 2-styryl-4-quinazolones in benzene solution using phosphorus oxychloride and an excess of dimethylaniline. Reacting the chlorostyrylquinazolines with certain arylamines afforded 1.", "contents": "Synthesis of some 2-styrylquinazoline derivatives structurally related to certain chemotherapeutic agents. The synthesis of certain 2-styryl-4-arylaminoquinazolines having the general formula 1 is described. 4-Chloro-2-styrylquinazolines were prepared by chlorination of 2-styryl-4-quinazolones in benzene solution using phosphorus oxychloride and an excess of dimethylaniline. Reacting the chlorostyrylquinazolines with certain arylamines afforded 1.", "PMID": 569334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8461", "title": "Investigation of iridoid substances in Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.", "content": "Active principles of bearberry have been studied for several decades. The drug Folium uvae-ursi is useful to the pharmaceutical industry (in production of medicinal teas) for its disinfective effect on the urinary tract which is derived from the content of phenolic glucosides. This work is a part of the total evaluation of the drug from the point of view of contents of active principles, biogenesis, isolation, qualitative and quantitative differences during the vegetative period, and the changes during technological treatment and pharmacological activity of its active principles.", "contents": "Investigation of iridoid substances in Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Active principles of bearberry have been studied for several decades. The drug Folium uvae-ursi is useful to the pharmaceutical industry (in production of medicinal teas) for its disinfective effect on the urinary tract which is derived from the content of phenolic glucosides. This work is a part of the total evaluation of the drug from the point of view of contents of active principles, biogenesis, isolation, qualitative and quantitative differences during the vegetative period, and the changes during technological treatment and pharmacological activity of its active principles.", "PMID": 569336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8462", "title": "Effect of electrostatic fields on the chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed in vivo.", "content": "An effect of electrostatic fields on the chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed in vivo has been demonstrated. Cells exposed to horizontal electrostatic fields for two weeks had almost a threefold increase in the percentage of abnormal chromosomes when compared to control cells or cells exposed to vertical electrostatic fields for the same period. Extended exposure times of 4--15 weeks resulted in the disappearance of the aberrant chromosomes. It is suggested that the effected cells were incapable of cellular replication resulting eventually in their disappearance via cell death.", "contents": "Effect of electrostatic fields on the chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed in vivo. An effect of electrostatic fields on the chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed in vivo has been demonstrated. Cells exposed to horizontal electrostatic fields for two weeks had almost a threefold increase in the percentage of abnormal chromosomes when compared to control cells or cells exposed to vertical electrostatic fields for the same period. Extended exposure times of 4--15 weeks resulted in the disappearance of the aberrant chromosomes. It is suggested that the effected cells were incapable of cellular replication resulting eventually in their disappearance via cell death.", "PMID": 569338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8463", "title": "A fluorescent probe study of salmine AI.", "content": "A fluorescent probe, 1-p-toluidinylnapthalene-8-sulfonate (1,8-TNS), was used to study the nonpolar sites on salmine AI. Fluorescence enhancement resulting from binding between the probe and the protein occurs at a wavelength of maximum emission of 497-500 nm, indicating the existence of moderately nonpolar binding sites on salmine AI. Fluorescence enhancement decreases as the ionic strength of the solvent is increased from 0.002 M to 0.050 M. Fluorescence increases with increasing acidity although this effect is not correlated to the pKa of 1,8-TNS. Positive cooperative binding takes place between 1,8-TNS and salmine AI. Equilibrium dialysis indicates that binding occurs only under conditions resulting in significant fluorescent enhancement. The binding was also studied using thin film dialysis, which is much faster than equilibrium dialysis and avoids the observed changes in probe-protein interaction that occur over long time periods with the latter system.", "contents": "A fluorescent probe study of salmine AI. A fluorescent probe, 1-p-toluidinylnapthalene-8-sulfonate (1,8-TNS), was used to study the nonpolar sites on salmine AI. Fluorescence enhancement resulting from binding between the probe and the protein occurs at a wavelength of maximum emission of 497-500 nm, indicating the existence of moderately nonpolar binding sites on salmine AI. Fluorescence enhancement decreases as the ionic strength of the solvent is increased from 0.002 M to 0.050 M. Fluorescence increases with increasing acidity although this effect is not correlated to the pKa of 1,8-TNS. Positive cooperative binding takes place between 1,8-TNS and salmine AI. Equilibrium dialysis indicates that binding occurs only under conditions resulting in significant fluorescent enhancement. The binding was also studied using thin film dialysis, which is much faster than equilibrium dialysis and avoids the observed changes in probe-protein interaction that occur over long time periods with the latter system.", "PMID": 569339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8464", "title": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of vascular access complications.", "content": "In 24 patients, sonograms were obtained of 25 vascular accesses, 16 of which were bovine grafts, 7 arteriovenous fistulae, 1 a polytetrafluoroethylene graft, and 1 an external Silastic shunt. On the sonograms, the lumen, course, and insertions of the vascular grafts and fistulae were outlined, anterior and posterior aneurysms demonstrated, hematomas differentiated from aneurysms, and intrinsic distinguished from extrinsic lesions. The authors conclude ultrasonography is a valuable adjunct to clinical evaluation in assessing certain complications of vascular access.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of vascular access complications. In 24 patients, sonograms were obtained of 25 vascular accesses, 16 of which were bovine grafts, 7 arteriovenous fistulae, 1 a polytetrafluoroethylene graft, and 1 an external Silastic shunt. On the sonograms, the lumen, course, and insertions of the vascular grafts and fistulae were outlined, anterior and posterior aneurysms demonstrated, hematomas differentiated from aneurysms, and intrinsic distinguished from extrinsic lesions. The authors conclude ultrasonography is a valuable adjunct to clinical evaluation in assessing certain complications of vascular access.", "PMID": 569345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8465", "title": "Changes in the effects of cocaine during chronic treatment.", "content": "The principle object of the study was to identify the changes in the rat's response to cocaine which occurred during chronic administration of the drug. Doses of 20 and 35 mg/Kg cocaine were administered at intervals of 12 and 24 hours, for 300 days or until their effects proved fatal. Four main effects were observed: sensitization to cocaine's convulsant and behavioral activating properties, tolerance to its weight loss effects and decreased response duration. Convulsant sensitization occurred primarily among rats receiving the higher dose of cocaine. All other effects occurred with equal frequency in rats at both doses. None of the changes were dependent on the interval between injections.", "contents": "Changes in the effects of cocaine during chronic treatment. The principle object of the study was to identify the changes in the rat's response to cocaine which occurred during chronic administration of the drug. Doses of 20 and 35 mg/Kg cocaine were administered at intervals of 12 and 24 hours, for 300 days or until their effects proved fatal. Four main effects were observed: sensitization to cocaine's convulsant and behavioral activating properties, tolerance to its weight loss effects and decreased response duration. Convulsant sensitization occurred primarily among rats receiving the higher dose of cocaine. All other effects occurred with equal frequency in rats at both doses. None of the changes were dependent on the interval between injections.", "PMID": 569350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8466", "title": "Effect of propranolol on glycerol induced acute renal failure in rats.", "content": "The effect produced by propranolol, administered for a prolonged period of time and in large doses, on renal function in rats has been studied, as well as the modifications induced by this treatment in an experimental model of acute renal failure, and the effects of a single dose of propranolol given 1 hour before provoking failure. Propranolol, administered chronically, causes sodium and water retention and increases creatinine clearance. Acute renal failure induced by glycerol in rats treated for 7 days with propranolol is less severe than the one produced in untreated animals. In this ARF model, a single dose of propranolol does not seem to have a protective effect.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on glycerol induced acute renal failure in rats. The effect produced by propranolol, administered for a prolonged period of time and in large doses, on renal function in rats has been studied, as well as the modifications induced by this treatment in an experimental model of acute renal failure, and the effects of a single dose of propranolol given 1 hour before provoking failure. Propranolol, administered chronically, causes sodium and water retention and increases creatinine clearance. Acute renal failure induced by glycerol in rats treated for 7 days with propranolol is less severe than the one produced in untreated animals. In this ARF model, a single dose of propranolol does not seem to have a protective effect.", "PMID": 569349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8467", "title": "Urate metabolism and gastric ulcerations in rats as influenced by stress and allopurinol.", "content": "Stress and allopurinol (ALL) were investigated in rats with regard to their influence on serum uric acid and glucose concentration, gastric secretion, microcirculation (MBF) and stress ulcer index. There is a non-competitive type of interaction between severe stress and ALL-mediated xanthine oxydase inhibition (= per cent fall in serum uric acid) as compared with control conditions (= mild stress). Vmax is different (84.6 +/- 1.9 and 92.3+/-2.26; P less than 0.05), but not Km (0.39 +/- 0.09 and 0.68 +/- 0.08 mg/kg/h ALL). Serum uric acid is higher in rats with draining gastric fistula than those with closed fistula suggesting that already mild stress is associated with an increase in uricemia in this species. ALL does not significantly alter gastric acid and uric acid secretion but improves markedly gastric ulcer index during mild and severe stress. Since MBF is significantly elevated by ALL during the latter circumstances, a dissociation between MBF and acid secretion is one feature of ALL actions and might become a primary aim in treatment of this disorder.", "contents": "Urate metabolism and gastric ulcerations in rats as influenced by stress and allopurinol. Stress and allopurinol (ALL) were investigated in rats with regard to their influence on serum uric acid and glucose concentration, gastric secretion, microcirculation (MBF) and stress ulcer index. There is a non-competitive type of interaction between severe stress and ALL-mediated xanthine oxydase inhibition (= per cent fall in serum uric acid) as compared with control conditions (= mild stress). Vmax is different (84.6 +/- 1.9 and 92.3+/-2.26; P less than 0.05), but not Km (0.39 +/- 0.09 and 0.68 +/- 0.08 mg/kg/h ALL). Serum uric acid is higher in rats with draining gastric fistula than those with closed fistula suggesting that already mild stress is associated with an increase in uricemia in this species. ALL does not significantly alter gastric acid and uric acid secretion but improves markedly gastric ulcer index during mild and severe stress. Since MBF is significantly elevated by ALL during the latter circumstances, a dissociation between MBF and acid secretion is one feature of ALL actions and might become a primary aim in treatment of this disorder.", "PMID": 569351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8468", "title": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from the canine genital tract: a survey of 108 healthy dogs.", "content": "Cultivation of preputial or vaginal swab samples from 108 apparently healthy dogs gave presumptive mycoplasma growth in 72 cases. Specific identification of 58 mycoplasma isolates based on biochemical studies, indirect immunofluorescence and growth inhibition tests showed association with eight different species or groups, only four of which had previously yielded genital isolates. Fourteen strains were related to M bovigenitalium.", "contents": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from the canine genital tract: a survey of 108 healthy dogs. Cultivation of preputial or vaginal swab samples from 108 apparently healthy dogs gave presumptive mycoplasma growth in 72 cases. Specific identification of 58 mycoplasma isolates based on biochemical studies, indirect immunofluorescence and growth inhibition tests showed association with eight different species or groups, only four of which had previously yielded genital isolates. Fourteen strains were related to M bovigenitalium.", "PMID": 569352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8469", "title": "Instability of benzimidazole resistance in nematode eggs.", "content": "The resistance of the eggs of benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis is not stable and will decrease in the absence of drug challenge. Dosing animals harbouring resistant H contortus with either thiabendazole or mebendazole selects for nematodes producing thiabendazole resistant eggs. The eggs of a thiabendazole selected strain of H contortus were more resistant to thiabendazole, parbendazole and oxibendazole but less resistant to cambendazole and mebendazole.", "contents": "Instability of benzimidazole resistance in nematode eggs. The resistance of the eggs of benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis is not stable and will decrease in the absence of drug challenge. Dosing animals harbouring resistant H contortus with either thiabendazole or mebendazole selects for nematodes producing thiabendazole resistant eggs. The eggs of a thiabendazole selected strain of H contortus were more resistant to thiabendazole, parbendazole and oxibendazole but less resistant to cambendazole and mebendazole.", "PMID": 569353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8470", "title": "Response of basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion and of serum gastrin to short- and long-term intravenous infusion of salmon calcitonin in hyperchlorhydric subjects.", "content": "In 23 volunteers with gastric hyperchlorhydria the effect of intravenous administration of salmon calcitonin (SMC) on basal (n = 11) and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion (n = 12) and on immunoreactive serum gastrin (n = 11) was studied under various experimental conditions. SMC (0.075 microgram . kg(-1) . 2h(-1) and 0.3 microgram . kg(-1) . h(-1)) caused a statistically significant reduction of HCl output of 75% and 80% and of pepsin of 55% and 90%. Serum gastrin concentration showed a dose-dependent decrease of 17% and 31% respectively. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was moderately inhibited by short-term administration of SMC (0.15 and 0.30 microgram . kg(-1) . 30 min(-1)), the effect being confined to the period of application of the hormone. Long-term infusion of the smaller dose for 2 1/2 h induced a sustained decrease of HCl output by 55%. It is assumed that SMC inhibits gastric secretion mainly by interfering with the production or liberation, or both, of gastrin. Whether long-term administration of SMC has advantages over substances currently used as therapeutic inhibitors of gastric secretion, e.g. in gastroduodenal bleeding, has yet to be investigated.", "contents": "Response of basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion and of serum gastrin to short- and long-term intravenous infusion of salmon calcitonin in hyperchlorhydric subjects. In 23 volunteers with gastric hyperchlorhydria the effect of intravenous administration of salmon calcitonin (SMC) on basal (n = 11) and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion (n = 12) and on immunoreactive serum gastrin (n = 11) was studied under various experimental conditions. SMC (0.075 microgram . kg(-1) . 2h(-1) and 0.3 microgram . kg(-1) . h(-1)) caused a statistically significant reduction of HCl output of 75% and 80% and of pepsin of 55% and 90%. Serum gastrin concentration showed a dose-dependent decrease of 17% and 31% respectively. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was moderately inhibited by short-term administration of SMC (0.15 and 0.30 microgram . kg(-1) . 30 min(-1)), the effect being confined to the period of application of the hormone. Long-term infusion of the smaller dose for 2 1/2 h induced a sustained decrease of HCl output by 55%. It is assumed that SMC inhibits gastric secretion mainly by interfering with the production or liberation, or both, of gastrin. Whether long-term administration of SMC has advantages over substances currently used as therapeutic inhibitors of gastric secretion, e.g. in gastroduodenal bleeding, has yet to be investigated.", "PMID": 569355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8471", "title": "Detection of antiplatelet antibody in immune thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Two methods have been developed for the detection of antiplatelet antibodies in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The first, a competitive RIA, is highly sensitive, reproducible and allows quantitation of platelet associated immunoglobulins (PAI) and specifically adsorbed antiplatelet antibodies from serum of patients with ITP. The second procedure developed is a simple and rapid qualitative test, where antiplatelet antibodies are detected through the formation of rosettes of protein A producing Staphylococcus aureus with sensitized human platelets.", "contents": "Detection of antiplatelet antibody in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Two methods have been developed for the detection of antiplatelet antibodies in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The first, a competitive RIA, is highly sensitive, reproducible and allows quantitation of platelet associated immunoglobulins (PAI) and specifically adsorbed antiplatelet antibodies from serum of patients with ITP. The second procedure developed is a simple and rapid qualitative test, where antiplatelet antibodies are detected through the formation of rosettes of protein A producing Staphylococcus aureus with sensitized human platelets.", "PMID": 569356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8472", "title": "The margin to incontinence after three types of operation for stress incontinence.", "content": "Three of the most widely used operations for stress incontinence--urethropexy ad modum Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz, pubococcygeal repair according to Ingelman-Sundberg and the Zoedler sling operation--were studied concerning urodynamic results. Simultaneous urethrocystometry with recording of the urethral pressure profile was used to quantify postoperative continence. The urethral pressure profile at rest, the transmission of pressure from abdomen to urethra and the efficiency of the smooth muscle in the urethral wall and its supporting tissues in a dynamic situation were compared with preoperative findings. Equally good results were obtained with the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz and the Ingelman-Sundberg operation, which improved pressure transmission.", "contents": "The margin to incontinence after three types of operation for stress incontinence. Three of the most widely used operations for stress incontinence--urethropexy ad modum Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz, pubococcygeal repair according to Ingelman-Sundberg and the Zoedler sling operation--were studied concerning urodynamic results. Simultaneous urethrocystometry with recording of the urethral pressure profile was used to quantify postoperative continence. The urethral pressure profile at rest, the transmission of pressure from abdomen to urethra and the efficiency of the smooth muscle in the urethral wall and its supporting tissues in a dynamic situation were compared with preoperative findings. Equally good results were obtained with the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz and the Ingelman-Sundberg operation, which improved pressure transmission.", "PMID": 569358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8473", "title": "Human and mouse hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase: dimers and tetramers.", "content": "Human and mouse hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase subunits combine to form an active heteropolymer. Dimers form the basic subunit structure of the enzymes, yet the dimers can readily associate to form tetramers. The equilibrium between dimers and tetramers is significantly influenced by the ionic strength of the enzyme solvent.", "contents": "Human and mouse hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase: dimers and tetramers. Human and mouse hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase subunits combine to form an active heteropolymer. Dimers form the basic subunit structure of the enzymes, yet the dimers can readily associate to form tetramers. The equilibrium between dimers and tetramers is significantly influenced by the ionic strength of the enzyme solvent.", "PMID": 569362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8474", "title": "Chemotactic responses of tumor cells to products of resorbing bone.", "content": "To explore possible mechanisms for the metastasis of malignant cells to bone, a model of tumor cell migration was developed, using Walker carcinosarcoma or malignant lymphoma cells. It was found that bone contains a factor that is strongly chemotactic for tumor cells. This factoor is released by a variety of agents that induce resorption of bone.", "contents": "Chemotactic responses of tumor cells to products of resorbing bone. To explore possible mechanisms for the metastasis of malignant cells to bone, a model of tumor cell migration was developed, using Walker carcinosarcoma or malignant lymphoma cells. It was found that bone contains a factor that is strongly chemotactic for tumor cells. This factoor is released by a variety of agents that induce resorption of bone.", "PMID": 569363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8475", "title": "Oocyte-follicle cell gap junctions in Xenopus laevis and the effects of gonadotropin on their permeability.", "content": "Junctions between Xenopus laevis oocytes and follicle cells have been identified as gap junctions by the passage of microinjected fluorescent dye from oocytes to follicle cells. The opening or assembly of these junctions, or both, appears to be regulated by gonadotropins.", "contents": "Oocyte-follicle cell gap junctions in Xenopus laevis and the effects of gonadotropin on their permeability. Junctions between Xenopus laevis oocytes and follicle cells have been identified as gap junctions by the passage of microinjected fluorescent dye from oocytes to follicle cells. The opening or assembly of these junctions, or both, appears to be regulated by gonadotropins.", "PMID": 569364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8476", "title": "Fertilizable life of mouse eggs stored at 1 C and 25 C.", "content": "Unfertilized mouse eggs were suspended in various media for 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours at 1 C and 25 C before exposure to spermatozoa in vitro. The largest number of eggs undergoing fertilization at both temperatures occurred after storage for 1 and 2 hours with the number decreasing over the remaining 6 hours. More eggs stored at 25 C appeared to be undergoing normal fertilization, especially after storage for 4 hours, when compared with eggs stored at 1 C. Various abnormalities associated with fertilization were visible in some eggs after storage at each time period and at both temperatures.", "contents": "Fertilizable life of mouse eggs stored at 1 C and 25 C. Unfertilized mouse eggs were suspended in various media for 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours at 1 C and 25 C before exposure to spermatozoa in vitro. The largest number of eggs undergoing fertilization at both temperatures occurred after storage for 1 and 2 hours with the number decreasing over the remaining 6 hours. More eggs stored at 25 C appeared to be undergoing normal fertilization, especially after storage for 4 hours, when compared with eggs stored at 1 C. Various abnormalities associated with fertilization were visible in some eggs after storage at each time period and at both temperatures.", "PMID": 569370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8477", "title": "Proestrous levels of LH and FSH subsequent to adrenalectomy the same morning.", "content": "Adrenalectomies and sham-adrenalectomies were performed on the day of proestrus between 0900 and 1000 hours. On the afternoon and evening of the same day, these animals, as well as unoperated control animals, were sacrificed at 2-hour intervals from 1400 through 2400 hours and blood was taken from the abdominal aorta. Plasma concentrations of LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. Adrenalectomized, sham-adrenalectomized, and normal rats all show a peak in LH levels at 1800 hours on proestrus. Peak concentrations of FSH were found at 2200 hours in control and adrenalectomized rats, while in the sham-adrenalectomized animals an advancement of the FSH surge by 2 hours, to 2000 hours, was seen.", "contents": "Proestrous levels of LH and FSH subsequent to adrenalectomy the same morning. Adrenalectomies and sham-adrenalectomies were performed on the day of proestrus between 0900 and 1000 hours. On the afternoon and evening of the same day, these animals, as well as unoperated control animals, were sacrificed at 2-hour intervals from 1400 through 2400 hours and blood was taken from the abdominal aorta. Plasma concentrations of LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. Adrenalectomized, sham-adrenalectomized, and normal rats all show a peak in LH levels at 1800 hours on proestrus. Peak concentrations of FSH were found at 2200 hours in control and adrenalectomized rats, while in the sham-adrenalectomized animals an advancement of the FSH surge by 2 hours, to 2000 hours, was seen.", "PMID": 569371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8478", "title": "The action of immobilized thrombin on factor VIII, fibrinogen and a synthetic tripeptide.", "content": "Bovine thrombin was insolubilized by attachment to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose (Sepharose-thrombin) or to activated (Affi-Gel 10) agarose containing a 10 A long arm (Affi-Gel-thrombin). Coupling in both instances approximated 7,000 units of thrombin per ml packed gel as determined by 125I-thrombin incorporation. The thrombin beads hydrolyzed the synthetic tripeptide Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA (S-2160) at different rates, with the Sepharose-thrombin more active (220 esterase units per ml) than Affi-Gel thrombin (20.4 units per ml). The Km was significantly higher for the insolubilized thrombins (2 X 10(-3) M) than uncoupled thrombin (Km = 8 X 10(-5) M). The Sepharose-thrombin activated factor VIII significantly more rapidly than Affi-Gel-thrombin. Neither matrix-bound thrombin clotted a fibrinogen solution or liberated significant amounts of fibrinopeptides over 48 hr. This data indicates that a proteolysis of factor VIII, rather than a complex with thrombin, is the method of activation of factor VIII and that factor VIII is more accessible to the action of immobilized thrombin than is fibrinogen.", "contents": "The action of immobilized thrombin on factor VIII, fibrinogen and a synthetic tripeptide. Bovine thrombin was insolubilized by attachment to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose (Sepharose-thrombin) or to activated (Affi-Gel 10) agarose containing a 10 A long arm (Affi-Gel-thrombin). Coupling in both instances approximated 7,000 units of thrombin per ml packed gel as determined by 125I-thrombin incorporation. The thrombin beads hydrolyzed the synthetic tripeptide Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA (S-2160) at different rates, with the Sepharose-thrombin more active (220 esterase units per ml) than Affi-Gel thrombin (20.4 units per ml). The Km was significantly higher for the insolubilized thrombins (2 X 10(-3) M) than uncoupled thrombin (Km = 8 X 10(-5) M). The Sepharose-thrombin activated factor VIII significantly more rapidly than Affi-Gel-thrombin. Neither matrix-bound thrombin clotted a fibrinogen solution or liberated significant amounts of fibrinopeptides over 48 hr. This data indicates that a proteolysis of factor VIII, rather than a complex with thrombin, is the method of activation of factor VIII and that factor VIII is more accessible to the action of immobilized thrombin than is fibrinogen.", "PMID": 569372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8479", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations of feeding behavior, nutrition, and reproduction in laboratory cultures of Thalassicolla nucleata.", "content": "T. nucleata is a skeletonless, single-celled radiolarian commonly found in ocean surface water. Specimens were cultured in the laboratory in a seawater--antibiotic medium. Feeding experiments show that T. nucleata is omnivorous with preference for crustacea, colorless flagellates, and occasional diatoms. Pigmented algae bearing organic thecae are occasionally consumed, but Dunaliella sp. is rejected. Rhizopodial activity during algal predation is compared to activity during crustacean predation, and evidence for differentiation of function among rhizopodia is presented. Electron microscopic observations and evidence from cytochalasin B treatment support the hypothesis that microfilaments mediate organized rhizopodial streaming. Reproduction is by isospores which resemble those in other spumellarian Radiolaria. Survival time in laboratory culture indicates that T. nucleata has a life span of at least 3 weeks. These findings are discussed in relation to the unique requirements imposed by a pelagic habitat on survival of a single-celled floating organism.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations of feeding behavior, nutrition, and reproduction in laboratory cultures of Thalassicolla nucleata. T. nucleata is a skeletonless, single-celled radiolarian commonly found in ocean surface water. Specimens were cultured in the laboratory in a seawater--antibiotic medium. Feeding experiments show that T. nucleata is omnivorous with preference for crustacea, colorless flagellates, and occasional diatoms. Pigmented algae bearing organic thecae are occasionally consumed, but Dunaliella sp. is rejected. Rhizopodial activity during algal predation is compared to activity during crustacean predation, and evidence for differentiation of function among rhizopodia is presented. Electron microscopic observations and evidence from cytochalasin B treatment support the hypothesis that microfilaments mediate organized rhizopodial streaming. Reproduction is by isospores which resemble those in other spumellarian Radiolaria. Survival time in laboratory culture indicates that T. nucleata has a life span of at least 3 weeks. These findings are discussed in relation to the unique requirements imposed by a pelagic habitat on survival of a single-celled floating organism.", "PMID": 569373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8480", "title": "Examination of the role of follicle stimulating hormone in estrogen biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro in the ovary of the cyclic hamster.", "content": "The effect of neutralizing endogenous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) with specific antisera on the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of estrogen in the ovary of cycling hamster was studied. Neutralization of FSH or LH on proestrus resulted in a reduction in the estradiol concentration of the ovary on diestrus-2 and next proestrus, suggesting an impairment in follicular development. Injection of FSH antiserum at 0900 h of diestrus-2 significantly reduced the ovarian estradiol concentration within 6--7 h. Further, these ovaries on incubation with testosterone (T) in vitro at 1600 h of the same day or the next day synthesized significantly lower amounts of estradiol, compared to corresponding control ovaries. Although testosterone itself, in the absence of endogenous FSH, could stimulate estrogen synthesis to some extent, FSH had to be supplemented with T to restore estrogen synthesis to the level seen in control ovaries incubated with T. Lack of FSH thus appeared to affect the aromatization step in the estrogen biosynthetic pathway in the ovary of hamster on diestrus-2. In contrast to this, FSH antiserum given on the morning of proestrus had no effect on the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of estrogen, when examined 6--7 h later. The results suggest that there could be a difference in the need for FSH at different times of the cycle. Neutralization of LH either on diestrus-2 or proestrus resulted in a drastic reduction in estradiol concentration of the ovary. This block was at the level of androgen synthesis, since supplementing testerone alone in vitro could stimulate estrogen synthesis to a more or less similar extent as in the ovaries of control hamsters.", "contents": "Examination of the role of follicle stimulating hormone in estrogen biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro in the ovary of the cyclic hamster. The effect of neutralizing endogenous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) with specific antisera on the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of estrogen in the ovary of cycling hamster was studied. Neutralization of FSH or LH on proestrus resulted in a reduction in the estradiol concentration of the ovary on diestrus-2 and next proestrus, suggesting an impairment in follicular development. Injection of FSH antiserum at 0900 h of diestrus-2 significantly reduced the ovarian estradiol concentration within 6--7 h. Further, these ovaries on incubation with testosterone (T) in vitro at 1600 h of the same day or the next day synthesized significantly lower amounts of estradiol, compared to corresponding control ovaries. Although testosterone itself, in the absence of endogenous FSH, could stimulate estrogen synthesis to some extent, FSH had to be supplemented with T to restore estrogen synthesis to the level seen in control ovaries incubated with T. Lack of FSH thus appeared to affect the aromatization step in the estrogen biosynthetic pathway in the ovary of hamster on diestrus-2. In contrast to this, FSH antiserum given on the morning of proestrus had no effect on the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of estrogen, when examined 6--7 h later. The results suggest that there could be a difference in the need for FSH at different times of the cycle. Neutralization of LH either on diestrus-2 or proestrus resulted in a drastic reduction in estradiol concentration of the ovary. This block was at the level of androgen synthesis, since supplementing testerone alone in vitro could stimulate estrogen synthesis to a more or less similar extent as in the ovaries of control hamsters.", "PMID": 569379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8481", "title": "[Changes in the endomembrane system and mitochondria of cultured chick fibroblasts upon application of colchicine and following its withdrawal].", "content": "After the administration of colchicine (5 mcg/ml) into nutritive medium of primary tissue culture there is a remarkable decrease in the volume and number of fibroblast-membrane organoids during the first 3 hours. The removing of colchicine-damaged fibroblasts into the medium without colchicine leads to the renewal of the most of intracellular membranes during the following 24 hours. Probable reasons and mechanisms of colchicine-induced alterations are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the endomembrane system and mitochondria of cultured chick fibroblasts upon application of colchicine and following its withdrawal]. After the administration of colchicine (5 mcg/ml) into nutritive medium of primary tissue culture there is a remarkable decrease in the volume and number of fibroblast-membrane organoids during the first 3 hours. The removing of colchicine-damaged fibroblasts into the medium without colchicine leads to the renewal of the most of intracellular membranes during the following 24 hours. Probable reasons and mechanisms of colchicine-induced alterations are discussed.", "PMID": 569382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8482", "title": "[Effect of microorganism population density on protein metabolism].", "content": "The influence of population density of yeasts Candida utilis on the protein synthesis was investigated using 14C-L-leucine. After 15--30 minutes of exposure in 14C-L-leucine, the isotope incorporation into the protein was negligible at subcritical density of cell suspension (10(4)--5X10(5) cells/mm3), but then beginning from the 10(6) cells/mm3 density, a sharp activation of incorporation was observed. With increased incubation time up to 60--120 minutes for high density suspension (more than 10(6) cells/mm3), the degradation of newly-synthesized protein is the more the higher the cell concentrations and incubation time. The changes of protein synthesis intensity seem to be not associated with the influence of such traditional factors as nutrient medium exhaustion, toxicosis, change of hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen deficiency. It is suggested that structurally functional shifts in cells initiated by intercellular interactions may underlie the dependence of protein synthesis on the suspension culture density.", "contents": "[Effect of microorganism population density on protein metabolism]. The influence of population density of yeasts Candida utilis on the protein synthesis was investigated using 14C-L-leucine. After 15--30 minutes of exposure in 14C-L-leucine, the isotope incorporation into the protein was negligible at subcritical density of cell suspension (10(4)--5X10(5) cells/mm3), but then beginning from the 10(6) cells/mm3 density, a sharp activation of incorporation was observed. With increased incubation time up to 60--120 minutes for high density suspension (more than 10(6) cells/mm3), the degradation of newly-synthesized protein is the more the higher the cell concentrations and incubation time. The changes of protein synthesis intensity seem to be not associated with the influence of such traditional factors as nutrient medium exhaustion, toxicosis, change of hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen deficiency. It is suggested that structurally functional shifts in cells initiated by intercellular interactions may underlie the dependence of protein synthesis on the suspension culture density.", "PMID": 569383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8483", "title": "[Attempts at freezing bull semen in a yolk-raffinose medium without glycerin].", "content": "A new medium was produced, containing no glycerin but rich in raffinose, egg yolk, and mineral water, adequate for freezing bull semen. It was tested parallel to a control extender, consisting of yolk, lactose, and glycerine. The absolute survival rate of the spermatozoa kept at 0-4 degrees C in a raffinose medium proved by 24.25 h higher than that of the spermatozoa in the control medium. No other essential differences were established as to motility, heat resistance and percent of pathologic forms of freshly diluted and frozen semen between the test and the control medium. The biologic test on a total of 133 cows resulted in a 71.4% conception rate at first insemination. The semen frozen in the control medium showed 62.6% conception at the insemination of 123 cows. The difference of 8.8% was in favour of the new synthetic medium. The insufficient number of animals (133) used in the investigations made it necessary to test the new medium on a wider production basis.", "contents": "[Attempts at freezing bull semen in a yolk-raffinose medium without glycerin]. A new medium was produced, containing no glycerin but rich in raffinose, egg yolk, and mineral water, adequate for freezing bull semen. It was tested parallel to a control extender, consisting of yolk, lactose, and glycerine. The absolute survival rate of the spermatozoa kept at 0-4 degrees C in a raffinose medium proved by 24.25 h higher than that of the spermatozoa in the control medium. No other essential differences were established as to motility, heat resistance and percent of pathologic forms of freshly diluted and frozen semen between the test and the control medium. The biologic test on a total of 133 cows resulted in a 71.4% conception rate at first insemination. The semen frozen in the control medium showed 62.6% conception at the insemination of 123 cows. The difference of 8.8% was in favour of the new synthetic medium. The insufficient number of animals (133) used in the investigations made it necessary to test the new medium on a wider production basis.", "PMID": 569392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8484", "title": "Scombroid poisoning. Report of an outbreak.", "content": "An outbreak of scombroid poisoning occurred in San Francisco in the fall of 1977. The vehicle was sashimi prepared from spoiled tuna fish. Prompt public health measures prevented further consumption of the implicated food. Laboratory studies showed the presence in the tuna of bacterial species capable of producing large amounts of histamine, a substance strongly implicated in scombroid poisoning. Chemical analysis showed that histamine is very unevenly distributed in the flesh of spoiling tuna, therefore accounting for the sometimes random occurrence of disease among people eating the same food at the same table.", "contents": "Scombroid poisoning. Report of an outbreak. An outbreak of scombroid poisoning occurred in San Francisco in the fall of 1977. The vehicle was sashimi prepared from spoiled tuna fish. Prompt public health measures prevented further consumption of the implicated food. Laboratory studies showed the presence in the tuna of bacterial species capable of producing large amounts of histamine, a substance strongly implicated in scombroid poisoning. Chemical analysis showed that histamine is very unevenly distributed in the flesh of spoiling tuna, therefore accounting for the sometimes random occurrence of disease among people eating the same food at the same table.", "PMID": 569397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8485", "title": "[A pneumatic generator of aerosols for group vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "It is given the description of a pneumatic generator of Aerosols--with the basical technical data--designed and built by the authors of this paper. The generator is used for producing aerosols for simultaneous vaccination of animals. Electrization of the aerosols contribute to a higher stability of the droplets and also to their longer retainment in the respiratory organs.", "contents": "[A pneumatic generator of aerosols for group vaccination (author's transl)]. It is given the description of a pneumatic generator of Aerosols--with the basical technical data--designed and built by the authors of this paper. The generator is used for producing aerosols for simultaneous vaccination of animals. Electrization of the aerosols contribute to a higher stability of the droplets and also to their longer retainment in the respiratory organs.", "PMID": 569401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8486", "title": "Blood-group A and G specific structures in toad (Bufo) spawn. Comparative studies on three species (Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Bufo calamita).", "content": "Permethylation analyses of the spawn material of three toad (Bufo) species allow the conclusion that the serologically determinant group in Bufo bufo spawn is identical with that found in human and hog blood-group A substances (i.e. GalNAc(alpha1,3) [Fuc(alpha1,2)] Gal -), and the serologically determinant group in Bufo viridis and Bufo calamita spawn is identical with that found in blood-group H substances (i.e. Fuc(alpha1,2) Gal -).", "contents": "Blood-group A and G specific structures in toad (Bufo) spawn. Comparative studies on three species (Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Bufo calamita). Permethylation analyses of the spawn material of three toad (Bufo) species allow the conclusion that the serologically determinant group in Bufo bufo spawn is identical with that found in human and hog blood-group A substances (i.e. GalNAc(alpha1,3) [Fuc(alpha1,2)] Gal -), and the serologically determinant group in Bufo viridis and Bufo calamita spawn is identical with that found in blood-group H substances (i.e. Fuc(alpha1,2) Gal -).", "PMID": 569402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8487", "title": "Behavioural and physiological effects of testosterone propionate and cyproterone acetate in immature male domestic ducks, Anas platyrhynchos.", "content": "The behavioural and morphological effects of testosterone propionate and of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate were studied in male domestic ducks. Testosterone was also measured by radioimmunoassay in the plasma of these birds to relate the behaviour to the actual circulating levels of hormone. Testosterone stimulates sexual behaviour but has few effects on social displays. There is no correlation between the individual variations of plasma testosterone and sexual behaviour.", "contents": "Behavioural and physiological effects of testosterone propionate and cyproterone acetate in immature male domestic ducks, Anas platyrhynchos. The behavioural and morphological effects of testosterone propionate and of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate were studied in male domestic ducks. Testosterone was also measured by radioimmunoassay in the plasma of these birds to relate the behaviour to the actual circulating levels of hormone. Testosterone stimulates sexual behaviour but has few effects on social displays. There is no correlation between the individual variations of plasma testosterone and sexual behaviour.", "PMID": 569405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8488", "title": "[Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soilborne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil. III. Influence of rye and rape grown as winter catch crop on the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron (author's transl)].", "content": "In a five-years field trial, the influence of two winter catchcrops, rye and rape, upon the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides has been studied. The winter catch-crops had been repeated three times, followed either by stubble-crop or without in fall of the fourth year. The variants (blocks) had been completed by two variants without catch-crop, either carefully cultivated or overgrown with weeds. Each of the four blocks had been divided three times to be grown with three different crop sequences containing 80%, 60% (with the insusceptible corn), or 40% haulm fruit, respectively. Each of the 12 variants had been divided into two parts by continuous fallow stripe, one part being artificially infested with the pathogen in the beginning (1st winter wheat). In the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year, only spring crops were grown, followed by winter wheat in the 5th year. The final exploration resulted in a medium to heavy degree of infection, being significantly higher in the 80% cereal crop sequence than in the 60% and 40% sequences. Concerning the catch-crops, infection in the rye variants was equal or significantly lower than in the carefully cultivated variants without catch-crop. On the other hand, infection of the rape variants had become significantly higher than that of the catch-crop-free ones, about as heavily as in the weed-infested variants. From fall 1966 to summer 1969, the development of the saprophytic soil microflora and several other edaphic parameters had been investigated. Remarkable differences in intensity of disintegration have been observed under the influence of the main crops, cereals or potatoes, respectively, but no differences could be stated resulting from the matter of disintegration--residues of rye or rape--, which might interpret the contrasting effects on the pathogen. Too, no indication for antagonistic activity of bacteria or actinomycetes has been noted. The results are compared with known facts of Cercosporella and of other soil borne pathogens. The difference in biology of Cercosporella on the one hand, and of root infecting fungi on the other hand seems to be most important to explain the results obtained.", "contents": "[Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soilborne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil. III. Influence of rye and rape grown as winter catch crop on the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron (author's transl)]. In a five-years field trial, the influence of two winter catchcrops, rye and rape, upon the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides has been studied. The winter catch-crops had been repeated three times, followed either by stubble-crop or without in fall of the fourth year. The variants (blocks) had been completed by two variants without catch-crop, either carefully cultivated or overgrown with weeds. Each of the four blocks had been divided three times to be grown with three different crop sequences containing 80%, 60% (with the insusceptible corn), or 40% haulm fruit, respectively. Each of the 12 variants had been divided into two parts by continuous fallow stripe, one part being artificially infested with the pathogen in the beginning (1st winter wheat). In the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year, only spring crops were grown, followed by winter wheat in the 5th year. The final exploration resulted in a medium to heavy degree of infection, being significantly higher in the 80% cereal crop sequence than in the 60% and 40% sequences. Concerning the catch-crops, infection in the rye variants was equal or significantly lower than in the carefully cultivated variants without catch-crop. On the other hand, infection of the rape variants had become significantly higher than that of the catch-crop-free ones, about as heavily as in the weed-infested variants. From fall 1966 to summer 1969, the development of the saprophytic soil microflora and several other edaphic parameters had been investigated. Remarkable differences in intensity of disintegration have been observed under the influence of the main crops, cereals or potatoes, respectively, but no differences could be stated resulting from the matter of disintegration--residues of rye or rape--, which might interpret the contrasting effects on the pathogen. Too, no indication for antagonistic activity of bacteria or actinomycetes has been noted. The results are compared with known facts of Cercosporella and of other soil borne pathogens. The difference in biology of Cercosporella on the one hand, and of root infecting fungi on the other hand seems to be most important to explain the results obtained.", "PMID": 569406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8489", "title": "[Studies on the composting of feathers (author's transl)].", "content": "The nitrogen of keratin of feathers is not taken up by plants as a suitable N-source. It becomes available by the keratinolytic activity of microorganisms. The high temperature evolved during the composting process promotes the growth and activity of thermophilic, keratin-decomposing microorganisms, e.g. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The increasing in temperature (self-heating) reflects the course of composting. A feather-peat mixture exhibits a considerably high heat production, i.e. a fast decomposition of keratin and other organic matter.", "contents": "[Studies on the composting of feathers (author's transl)]. The nitrogen of keratin of feathers is not taken up by plants as a suitable N-source. It becomes available by the keratinolytic activity of microorganisms. The high temperature evolved during the composting process promotes the growth and activity of thermophilic, keratin-decomposing microorganisms, e.g. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The increasing in temperature (self-heating) reflects the course of composting. A feather-peat mixture exhibits a considerably high heat production, i.e. a fast decomposition of keratin and other organic matter.", "PMID": 569407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8490", "title": "[Influence of sulphur dioxide on the growth of some fungal species (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper presents results of experiments with fumigation of different concentrations of SO2 on Flamulina velutipes, Nematoloma fasciculare, and Pleurotus ostreatus. All the three concentrations of SO2, 84, 168, and 1.680 microgram/m3, had inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungi species. The inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungi species. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing SO2 concentration. All the three fungial species were prevented from growing by the concentration of 1.680 microgram/m3 SO2. Any changes in morphological structure of hyphae, were not observed.", "contents": "[Influence of sulphur dioxide on the growth of some fungal species (author's transl)]. The paper presents results of experiments with fumigation of different concentrations of SO2 on Flamulina velutipes, Nematoloma fasciculare, and Pleurotus ostreatus. All the three concentrations of SO2, 84, 168, and 1.680 microgram/m3, had inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungi species. The inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungi species. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing SO2 concentration. All the three fungial species were prevented from growing by the concentration of 1.680 microgram/m3 SO2. Any changes in morphological structure of hyphae, were not observed.", "PMID": 569409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8491", "title": "Surgical treatment of urinary fistulae.", "content": "A survey is presented, based upon a personal material of 225 cases of urinary fistulae. 173 of them were postoperative or obstetric fistulae, whereas 52 had appeared after a radiological or combined radiological and surgical treatment for cancer of the uterus. --The author's method for preparing the fistula region from a transverse incision under the external urethral orifice is described as well as his grafting techniques. Vessels are brought to the fistula region by using flaps from one or both pubococcygeus muscles, the rectus abdominis muscle or the gracilis muscle. --For vesico-vaginal fistulae situated high up in the fundus a graft from the omentum majus or an appendix epiploica is sometimes used. They can usually be grasped from below after the peritoneum has been opened. --In cases where the ureters were also damaged by irradiation a special technique was used. After the damaged part of the ureter had been resected the ureters were implanted into an ileum segment which was anastomosed to the bladder fistula. --In one of the 173 non-irradiated cases, a Bricker-bladder had finally to be made because of the failure to achieve a functioning urethra. The others were all cured after one or in a few cases two operations. --Among the 52 cases, which had been irradiated, 46 coud to be made, one got a fast growing local recurrence of the carcinoma and one had too bad general condition to allow a diversion operation. Two patients have rest fistulae but may be possible to cure conservatively.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of urinary fistulae. A survey is presented, based upon a personal material of 225 cases of urinary fistulae. 173 of them were postoperative or obstetric fistulae, whereas 52 had appeared after a radiological or combined radiological and surgical treatment for cancer of the uterus. --The author's method for preparing the fistula region from a transverse incision under the external urethral orifice is described as well as his grafting techniques. Vessels are brought to the fistula region by using flaps from one or both pubococcygeus muscles, the rectus abdominis muscle or the gracilis muscle. --For vesico-vaginal fistulae situated high up in the fundus a graft from the omentum majus or an appendix epiploica is sometimes used. They can usually be grasped from below after the peritoneum has been opened. --In cases where the ureters were also damaged by irradiation a special technique was used. After the damaged part of the ureter had been resected the ureters were implanted into an ileum segment which was anastomosed to the bladder fistula. --In one of the 173 non-irradiated cases, a Bricker-bladder had finally to be made because of the failure to achieve a functioning urethra. The others were all cured after one or in a few cases two operations. --Among the 52 cases, which had been irradiated, 46 coud to be made, one got a fast growing local recurrence of the carcinoma and one had too bad general condition to allow a diversion operation. Two patients have rest fistulae but may be possible to cure conservatively.", "PMID": 569410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8492", "title": "[The carbachol test on the determination of detrusor denervation following extended hysterectomy].", "content": "Following radical hysterectomy the urinary bladder develops a denervation supersensitivity to cholinergic stimulation. The carbachol-test based on that observation: after filling the bladder with 100 ml sterile saline and subcutaneous administration of 0,004 mg.kg-1 body weight carbachol the course of the intravesical pressure was recorded. Normal bladders respond with a pressure rise non exceeding 15 cm H2O. Between 15 and 20 cm H2O is a suspicous zone. Test results of more than 20 cm H2O indicate a denervated bladder with increasing certainty. 6 healthy women and 50 patients underwent radical hysterectomy were examined. In 20 women measurements before and after the operation were performed. The carbachol-test is semiquantitative only. In patients with bladder dysfunction we found predominant pathological test results. But there is no evident correlation between the level of the test result and the clinical degree of the micturition disturbances. In some cases the effects of the detrusor supersensitivity on the urethra and the ureter were examined. The conditions of the denervated bladder call for caution in the administration of cholinergic drugs.", "contents": "[The carbachol test on the determination of detrusor denervation following extended hysterectomy]. Following radical hysterectomy the urinary bladder develops a denervation supersensitivity to cholinergic stimulation. The carbachol-test based on that observation: after filling the bladder with 100 ml sterile saline and subcutaneous administration of 0,004 mg.kg-1 body weight carbachol the course of the intravesical pressure was recorded. Normal bladders respond with a pressure rise non exceeding 15 cm H2O. Between 15 and 20 cm H2O is a suspicous zone. Test results of more than 20 cm H2O indicate a denervated bladder with increasing certainty. 6 healthy women and 50 patients underwent radical hysterectomy were examined. In 20 women measurements before and after the operation were performed. The carbachol-test is semiquantitative only. In patients with bladder dysfunction we found predominant pathological test results. But there is no evident correlation between the level of the test result and the clinical degree of the micturition disturbances. In some cases the effects of the detrusor supersensitivity on the urethra and the ureter were examined. The conditions of the denervated bladder call for caution in the administration of cholinergic drugs.", "PMID": 569411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8493", "title": "Oral treatment of human taeniasis by ethereal extract of male-fern (aspidium) preceded by the administration of hypertonic solution of magnesium sulphate.", "content": "29 Patients of ages varying from 12 to 60 years were treated orally with doses of 0.07 g/kg body weight of ethereal extract of male-fern, preceded by the administration of hypertonic solution of magnesium sulphate (15 g in 200 ml of water). All of them were previously treated with other anthelminthics without success. 25 of the patients obtained total cure. One woman expelled 14 scoleces of T. solium. The species determination for the 29 cases of Taeniasis revealed 3 cases of T. solium (10.3%) and 26 cases of T. saginata (89.7%).", "contents": "Oral treatment of human taeniasis by ethereal extract of male-fern (aspidium) preceded by the administration of hypertonic solution of magnesium sulphate. 29 Patients of ages varying from 12 to 60 years were treated orally with doses of 0.07 g/kg body weight of ethereal extract of male-fern, preceded by the administration of hypertonic solution of magnesium sulphate (15 g in 200 ml of water). All of them were previously treated with other anthelminthics without success. 25 of the patients obtained total cure. One woman expelled 14 scoleces of T. solium. The species determination for the 29 cases of Taeniasis revealed 3 cases of T. solium (10.3%) and 26 cases of T. saginata (89.7%).", "PMID": 569412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8494", "title": "[Monosaccharide composition of the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter].", "content": "The authors studied antigens obtained by Grasset's method from 13 strains of Citrobacter of the International collection. The strains possessed O- and H-antigens whose behaviur in the electric field differed. All the strains under study were divided into two groups (by the number of serologically-active components of their O-antigens); representatives of the second group had no cathode O-antigen component. Chemical composition of specific lipopolysaccharides (LPS) obtained by Westphal's method was determined. Fourteen different sugars were revealed. The strains under study were referred to the known chemotypes. Strain 16/52 (8a, 8c) was for the first time studied in respect to the monosaccharide composition of specific LPS, and was referred to chemotype designated as CC-L.", "contents": "[Monosaccharide composition of the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter]. The authors studied antigens obtained by Grasset's method from 13 strains of Citrobacter of the International collection. The strains possessed O- and H-antigens whose behaviur in the electric field differed. All the strains under study were divided into two groups (by the number of serologically-active components of their O-antigens); representatives of the second group had no cathode O-antigen component. Chemical composition of specific lipopolysaccharides (LPS) obtained by Westphal's method was determined. Fourteen different sugars were revealed. The strains under study were referred to the known chemotypes. Strain 16/52 (8a, 8c) was for the first time studied in respect to the monosaccharide composition of specific LPS, and was referred to chemotype designated as CC-L.", "PMID": 569413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8495", "title": "Studies on heterogeneity of the lysine-rich histone from ox pancreas.", "content": "1. Histone H1 from ox pancrease has been isolated by preparative electrophoresis at pH 2.7 in polyacrylamide slab gel, using the fraction F1 of Oliver et al. (1972, Biochem. J., 129, 349--353) as starting material. 2. The isolated histone H1 showed higher heterogeneity on isoelectric focusing than on polyacrylamide electrophoresis in long gel. The isoelectric points of the main subfractions of histone H1 were at pH 8.0--8.4.", "contents": "Studies on heterogeneity of the lysine-rich histone from ox pancreas. 1. Histone H1 from ox pancrease has been isolated by preparative electrophoresis at pH 2.7 in polyacrylamide slab gel, using the fraction F1 of Oliver et al. (1972, Biochem. J., 129, 349--353) as starting material. 2. The isolated histone H1 showed higher heterogeneity on isoelectric focusing than on polyacrylamide electrophoresis in long gel. The isoelectric points of the main subfractions of histone H1 were at pH 8.0--8.4.", "PMID": 569416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8496", "title": "Initiation of voiding in healthy women and those with stress incontinence.", "content": "Sixteen healthy women, and 13 with stress incontinence were investigated by simultaneous urethrocystometry during the initiation of voiding. In the healthy women, there was a decrease in the maximum intra-urethral pressure immediately before micturition. A few seconds later (mean 3.0 sec), the intravesical pressure increased. As a result, the urethral closure pressure decreased to zero, and urine started to escape from the urethra. In the patients with stress in continence, three different ways of initiating micturition were observed. Five patients initiated voiding by the Valsalva manoeuvre, 3 mainly by decreasing the maximum urthral pressure, and 5 mainly in the same way as the healthy women. The results suggest that preoperative analysis of the micturition pattern by means of simultaneous urethrocystometry can be of value for the choice of operative procedure, and thereby make it possible to avoid or reduce postoperative retention of urine.", "contents": "Initiation of voiding in healthy women and those with stress incontinence. Sixteen healthy women, and 13 with stress incontinence were investigated by simultaneous urethrocystometry during the initiation of voiding. In the healthy women, there was a decrease in the maximum intra-urethral pressure immediately before micturition. A few seconds later (mean 3.0 sec), the intravesical pressure increased. As a result, the urethral closure pressure decreased to zero, and urine started to escape from the urethra. In the patients with stress in continence, three different ways of initiating micturition were observed. Five patients initiated voiding by the Valsalva manoeuvre, 3 mainly by decreasing the maximum urthral pressure, and 5 mainly in the same way as the healthy women. The results suggest that preoperative analysis of the micturition pattern by means of simultaneous urethrocystometry can be of value for the choice of operative procedure, and thereby make it possible to avoid or reduce postoperative retention of urine.", "PMID": 569418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8497", "title": "Bladder base insufficiency. Radiological, urodynamic, and clinical aspects.", "content": "Among 420 consecutive patients referred for voiding cystourethrography 26% presented the picture of bladder base insufficiency (b.b.i.). The examination was carried out as a colpo-cysto-urethrography. A urodynamic and gynecological examination was performed in each patient. The characteristic morphological features were: Anterior and inferior displacement of the bladder neck and a pointed bladder base. The position and form of the vagina was normal. Radiological signs of detrusor function were weak and opening of the bladder neck was characterized by funneling. Urodynamically the patients with b.b.i. showed low opening and low detrusor contraction pressures. The flows were highly varying. Very high flows were seen in a few patients but the more common pattern was slightly reduced maximum flow rates. Opening of the internal urethral orifice is known to be caused by detrusor contraction. Closing is passive, caused by elastic properties in the tissues. In b.b.i. intravesical pressures during micturition were low and radiological signs of detrusor contraction were weak, indicating that the bladder neck was easily opened. This, on the other hand, means that the bladder neck was insufficiently closed during bladder reservoir function, and may explain the main symptom, stress incontinence, which was present in 84% of the patients. The underlying pathology in anatomical support and suspension of the bladder base is discussed.", "contents": "Bladder base insufficiency. Radiological, urodynamic, and clinical aspects. Among 420 consecutive patients referred for voiding cystourethrography 26% presented the picture of bladder base insufficiency (b.b.i.). The examination was carried out as a colpo-cysto-urethrography. A urodynamic and gynecological examination was performed in each patient. The characteristic morphological features were: Anterior and inferior displacement of the bladder neck and a pointed bladder base. The position and form of the vagina was normal. Radiological signs of detrusor function were weak and opening of the bladder neck was characterized by funneling. Urodynamically the patients with b.b.i. showed low opening and low detrusor contraction pressures. The flows were highly varying. Very high flows were seen in a few patients but the more common pattern was slightly reduced maximum flow rates. Opening of the internal urethral orifice is known to be caused by detrusor contraction. Closing is passive, caused by elastic properties in the tissues. In b.b.i. intravesical pressures during micturition were low and radiological signs of detrusor contraction were weak, indicating that the bladder neck was easily opened. This, on the other hand, means that the bladder neck was insufficiently closed during bladder reservoir function, and may explain the main symptom, stress incontinence, which was present in 84% of the patients. The underlying pathology in anatomical support and suspension of the bladder base is discussed.", "PMID": 569419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8498", "title": "Catecholamine-containing and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres in the rabbit conjunctiva.", "content": "The innervation of the rabbit conjunctiva was investigated histochemically. Nerves containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were demonstrated using a copper thiocholine technique. Sympathetic nerve fibres were demonstrated using either the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) or glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence (GIF) method. In addition, GIF and AChE-reactions were performed consecutively for the demonstration of fluorescent and AChE-positive nerves in the same specimen. The number of AChE-positive nerve fibres exceeded that of fluorescent fibres. Both fibre types were more numerous in the stroma of the limbal and tarsal conjunctiva than in the fornix. In the epithelium, only a few AChE-positive nerves were observed. These are assumed to be sensory. Most nerves seemed to contain both catecholamine-containing and AChE-positive fibres. However, nerves fibres containing only AChE-activity were also found. The blood vessels of the conjunctiva were innervated by both fluorescent and AChE-positive nerves, the distribution and number of which differed slightly.", "contents": "Catecholamine-containing and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres in the rabbit conjunctiva. The innervation of the rabbit conjunctiva was investigated histochemically. Nerves containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were demonstrated using a copper thiocholine technique. Sympathetic nerve fibres were demonstrated using either the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) or glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence (GIF) method. In addition, GIF and AChE-reactions were performed consecutively for the demonstration of fluorescent and AChE-positive nerves in the same specimen. The number of AChE-positive nerve fibres exceeded that of fluorescent fibres. Both fibre types were more numerous in the stroma of the limbal and tarsal conjunctiva than in the fornix. In the epithelium, only a few AChE-positive nerves were observed. These are assumed to be sensory. Most nerves seemed to contain both catecholamine-containing and AChE-positive fibres. However, nerves fibres containing only AChE-activity were also found. The blood vessels of the conjunctiva were innervated by both fluorescent and AChE-positive nerves, the distribution and number of which differed slightly.", "PMID": 569420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8499", "title": "Autoradiography on erythrokinesis and multihemoglobins in juvenile Salmo salar L. at various respiratory gas regimes.", "content": "The kinetics of erythropoiesis in 5--6 month old Salmo salar L. was correlated to 4 combinations of environmental PO2 and pH/PCO2. Given single doses of 55Fe at the start of continuous flow bioassays, the incorporation was examined in circulating red blood cells (RBC) by autoradiography on blood smears. The proportions of immature, labelled immature and labelled mature erythrocytes were calculated on samples taken at intervals up to 52 days. Compared to control fish kept at a PO2 corresponding to 90% air saturation and pH/PCO2 at 7.6/8 pH unit/mmHg, oxygen depletion to 50% air saturation stimulated the proliferation of RBC stem cells and enhanced RBC maturation. Ceteris paribus, sustained hypercapnia at a PCO2 in a respiratory water raised to 23 mm Hg (pH 7.1--7.2), stimulated proliferation but did not affect the output of mature RBC. Simultaneously lowered PO2 and raised PCO2 to the levels mentioned above obviously stressed the fish, as the effect of lowered PO2 per se was not manifested. Radioactivity was traced to all electrophoretically separable protein fractions from RBC hemolysates. The relevance of blood physiological criteria for probing the fitness or well being of fish in environmental respiratory stress conditions has been discussed.", "contents": "Autoradiography on erythrokinesis and multihemoglobins in juvenile Salmo salar L. at various respiratory gas regimes. The kinetics of erythropoiesis in 5--6 month old Salmo salar L. was correlated to 4 combinations of environmental PO2 and pH/PCO2. Given single doses of 55Fe at the start of continuous flow bioassays, the incorporation was examined in circulating red blood cells (RBC) by autoradiography on blood smears. The proportions of immature, labelled immature and labelled mature erythrocytes were calculated on samples taken at intervals up to 52 days. Compared to control fish kept at a PO2 corresponding to 90% air saturation and pH/PCO2 at 7.6/8 pH unit/mmHg, oxygen depletion to 50% air saturation stimulated the proliferation of RBC stem cells and enhanced RBC maturation. Ceteris paribus, sustained hypercapnia at a PCO2 in a respiratory water raised to 23 mm Hg (pH 7.1--7.2), stimulated proliferation but did not affect the output of mature RBC. Simultaneously lowered PO2 and raised PCO2 to the levels mentioned above obviously stressed the fish, as the effect of lowered PO2 per se was not manifested. Radioactivity was traced to all electrophoretically separable protein fractions from RBC hemolysates. The relevance of blood physiological criteria for probing the fitness or well being of fish in environmental respiratory stress conditions has been discussed.", "PMID": 569421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8500", "title": "Haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system.", "content": "Experiences with 47 haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system seen in our department over a period of 33 years are described. Among these cases there were six tumours of the brain stem and four of the cerebrum. It is pointed out that, after a diagnosis of brain stem tumour has been made, a shunt procedure is indicated if high intracranial pressure is present. Radiation does not seem to help this kind of patient. Polycythaemia was observed in both types of tumours. One case of spinal cord tumour was seen during the same period, and in another case multiple tumours of the brain stem and the spinal cord were observed.", "contents": "Haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. Experiences with 47 haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system seen in our department over a period of 33 years are described. Among these cases there were six tumours of the brain stem and four of the cerebrum. It is pointed out that, after a diagnosis of brain stem tumour has been made, a shunt procedure is indicated if high intracranial pressure is present. Radiation does not seem to help this kind of patient. Polycythaemia was observed in both types of tumours. One case of spinal cord tumour was seen during the same period, and in another case multiple tumours of the brain stem and the spinal cord were observed.", "PMID": 569422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8501", "title": "Chilean experience with fortified children's formulas.", "content": "In this paper we have described all the steps needed to develop an efficient program for distributing children's fortified formulas. The easiest steps are to develop the formulas on an experimental and laboratory basis. The real obstacles lie in implementation at the national level. All that has been described applies to experience in Chile, which we consider very successful because of the acceptance of the program as well as spectacular advances in preventing malnutrition. The figures for 1977 show that combining all degrees of malnutrition in the under six age group, the prevalence is now 12.2% compared to nearly 60% found 10 years ago. This progress is due, not only to the specific program, but also to the many others that constitute the national food and nutrition policy (CONPAN, 1976). This success is due to the persistent, skilled effort of many professional and technical staff members. It is impractical to acknowledge all individual contributions here. The National Food and Nutrition Council, the National Health Service, Universities, Research Bodies, and private enterprizes have all contributed to this joint effort. The purpose of this presentation is that this experience may benefit other countries with similar problems.", "contents": "Chilean experience with fortified children's formulas. In this paper we have described all the steps needed to develop an efficient program for distributing children's fortified formulas. The easiest steps are to develop the formulas on an experimental and laboratory basis. The real obstacles lie in implementation at the national level. All that has been described applies to experience in Chile, which we consider very successful because of the acceptance of the program as well as spectacular advances in preventing malnutrition. The figures for 1977 show that combining all degrees of malnutrition in the under six age group, the prevalence is now 12.2% compared to nearly 60% found 10 years ago. This progress is due, not only to the specific program, but also to the many others that constitute the national food and nutrition policy (CONPAN, 1976). This success is due to the persistent, skilled effort of many professional and technical staff members. It is impractical to acknowledge all individual contributions here. The National Food and Nutrition Council, the National Health Service, Universities, Research Bodies, and private enterprizes have all contributed to this joint effort. The purpose of this presentation is that this experience may benefit other countries with similar problems.", "PMID": 569423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8502", "title": "Improvement of the protein quality of corn with soybean protein.", "content": "In most Central American countries, lime-treated corn provides 31% of the total protein and 45% of the energy intake, and beans 24% of the protein and 12% of the calories. Such diet is low in protein quality and quantity, as well as in energy. To overcome these deficiencies, corn can be supplemented either with its limiting amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, or better still, with whole soybeans which improve not only the amount and quality of the protein consumed but, because of their high oil content, the energy intake as well. In addition, animal experiments have shown that for maximum utilization of these nutrients, adequate vitamin and mineral intake is indispensable. At a level of 15 parts of whole soybean or 8 parts soybean-derived products, to 85--92 parts of corn there were no significant changes in the rheological or organoleptic characteristics of the tortilla prepared there of. Higher levels of soybean products, however, may affect the consistency of the lime-treated corn dough and, therefore, the tortilla acceptability. Since corn is usually cooked, but not ground, at home, the soybean supplement can be successfully added at the wet--milling stage of dough preparation or whole soybeans and corn may be cooked together, when a nutritional intervention is desired at the village level. At an industrial scale, if whole soybeans are used, they may be cooked together with corn, and if soy flour is used, this can be mixed at the end of the process when the cooked corn is ground to a flour. A flow diagram for supplementing corn with 15% whole soybeans is presented. If interventions of this nature are to be successful, there is need for increasing the prestige of corn-based food, as well as of nutrition education programs in these populations.", "contents": "Improvement of the protein quality of corn with soybean protein. In most Central American countries, lime-treated corn provides 31% of the total protein and 45% of the energy intake, and beans 24% of the protein and 12% of the calories. Such diet is low in protein quality and quantity, as well as in energy. To overcome these deficiencies, corn can be supplemented either with its limiting amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, or better still, with whole soybeans which improve not only the amount and quality of the protein consumed but, because of their high oil content, the energy intake as well. In addition, animal experiments have shown that for maximum utilization of these nutrients, adequate vitamin and mineral intake is indispensable. At a level of 15 parts of whole soybean or 8 parts soybean-derived products, to 85--92 parts of corn there were no significant changes in the rheological or organoleptic characteristics of the tortilla prepared there of. Higher levels of soybean products, however, may affect the consistency of the lime-treated corn dough and, therefore, the tortilla acceptability. Since corn is usually cooked, but not ground, at home, the soybean supplement can be successfully added at the wet--milling stage of dough preparation or whole soybeans and corn may be cooked together, when a nutritional intervention is desired at the village level. At an industrial scale, if whole soybeans are used, they may be cooked together with corn, and if soy flour is used, this can be mixed at the end of the process when the cooked corn is ground to a flour. A flow diagram for supplementing corn with 15% whole soybeans is presented. If interventions of this nature are to be successful, there is need for increasing the prestige of corn-based food, as well as of nutrition education programs in these populations.", "PMID": 569424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8503", "title": "Amino acid supplementation of isolated soybean protein in milk replacers for preruminant lambs.", "content": "The growth of preruminant calves and lambs fed on milk replacers containing vegetable proteins is generally inferior to that of preruminants given cows' milk. The inferior performance has variously been attributed to an amino acid imbalance, to heat damage in preparation, and to the presence of growth-retarding substances. Soybean products that have been treated to remove, or destroy, growth-retarding substances are now available commercially. An experimental design is described that has been used to determine the order of limiting amino acids in soy protein isolates, and which may also be used to estimate requirements for individual amino acids. The design allows an economy in time and in experimental animals, and gives results that are not significantly different from those determined in classical balance experiments.", "contents": "Amino acid supplementation of isolated soybean protein in milk replacers for preruminant lambs. The growth of preruminant calves and lambs fed on milk replacers containing vegetable proteins is generally inferior to that of preruminants given cows' milk. The inferior performance has variously been attributed to an amino acid imbalance, to heat damage in preparation, and to the presence of growth-retarding substances. Soybean products that have been treated to remove, or destroy, growth-retarding substances are now available commercially. An experimental design is described that has been used to determine the order of limiting amino acids in soy protein isolates, and which may also be used to estimate requirements for individual amino acids. The design allows an economy in time and in experimental animals, and gives results that are not significantly different from those determined in classical balance experiments.", "PMID": 569425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8504", "title": "Inhibition of lysinoalanine synthesis by protein acylation.", "content": "Treating wheat gluten, soy protein, and lactalbumin under alkaline conditions at 65 degree C for various times destroys part of the threonine, cystine, lysine, tyrosine, and arginine residues in these proteins. The losses were accompanied by the appearance of lysinoalanine and unidentified ninhydrin-positive substances. Treating wool under somewhat milder alkaline conditions destroys part of the cystine and lysine residues, but not the other amino acids cited. In this case, loss of cystine and lysine was accompanied by the appearance of lanthionine and lysinoalanine. Amino acid analysis of alkali-treated acylated proteins revealed that acylation by acetic and succinic anhydrides prevents or minimizes destruction of lysine residues and the formation of lysinoalanine in wheat gluten and soy protein and, in wool, minimizes destruction of cystine and lysine residues and the formation of lanthionine lysinoalanine. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the observed inhibiting effects of protein acylation and oertain additives on lysinoalanine formation.", "contents": "Inhibition of lysinoalanine synthesis by protein acylation. Treating wheat gluten, soy protein, and lactalbumin under alkaline conditions at 65 degree C for various times destroys part of the threonine, cystine, lysine, tyrosine, and arginine residues in these proteins. The losses were accompanied by the appearance of lysinoalanine and unidentified ninhydrin-positive substances. Treating wool under somewhat milder alkaline conditions destroys part of the cystine and lysine residues, but not the other amino acids cited. In this case, loss of cystine and lysine was accompanied by the appearance of lanthionine and lysinoalanine. Amino acid analysis of alkali-treated acylated proteins revealed that acylation by acetic and succinic anhydrides prevents or minimizes destruction of lysine residues and the formation of lysinoalanine in wheat gluten and soy protein and, in wool, minimizes destruction of cystine and lysine residues and the formation of lanthionine lysinoalanine. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the observed inhibiting effects of protein acylation and oertain additives on lysinoalanine formation.", "PMID": 569426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8505", "title": "Nutritional improvement of food proteins by means of the plastein reaction and its novel modification.", "content": "The paper reviews recent studies in the application of the plastein reaction for the improvement of amino acid compositions of food proteins; it describes in a large measure the specific incorporation of amino acid esters into protein hydrolysate during the plastein reaction with papain. The information obtained from this specificity study has been found useful in the improvement of several unconventional as well as conventional proteins by incorporating controlled amounts of essential amino acids through the plastein reaction. Prior to carrying out this reaction, however, it is necessary to prepare a protein hydrolysate as its substrate. The entire process thus requires two independent steps: enzymatic protein hydrolysis and resynthesis. In very recent work we have found it possible to incorporate amino acid esters directly into protein by one step when a proper reaction condition has been adopted. This novel \"one--step process\" is also discussed in comparison with the conventional plastein reaction.", "contents": "Nutritional improvement of food proteins by means of the plastein reaction and its novel modification. The paper reviews recent studies in the application of the plastein reaction for the improvement of amino acid compositions of food proteins; it describes in a large measure the specific incorporation of amino acid esters into protein hydrolysate during the plastein reaction with papain. The information obtained from this specificity study has been found useful in the improvement of several unconventional as well as conventional proteins by incorporating controlled amounts of essential amino acids through the plastein reaction. Prior to carrying out this reaction, however, it is necessary to prepare a protein hydrolysate as its substrate. The entire process thus requires two independent steps: enzymatic protein hydrolysis and resynthesis. In very recent work we have found it possible to incorporate amino acid esters directly into protein by one step when a proper reaction condition has been adopted. This novel \"one--step process\" is also discussed in comparison with the conventional plastein reaction.", "PMID": 569427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8506", "title": "Improving protein quality of bread - nutritional benefits and realities.", "content": "The bases for improving bread protein quality are critically examined. Protein consumption is shown to be directly related to total calorie intake in many countries, with a correlation coefficient (r) of greater than or equal to 0.90. Concentration of protein in bread, % kilocalories, is similar to that of mixed diets in many parts of the world. Quality of bread protein, when evaluated by male weanling rats, may be improved by supplementation with lysine and threonine, as well as with many protein sources. Human adults, on bread diets, may be maintained in nitrogen equilibrium or slightly positive nitrogen balance. Increases, however, in nitrogen retention have been reported when lysine was added to bread. Laboratory studies with infants and young children, often hospitalized and recovering from severe malnutrition, show that lysine supplementation of wheat flour and gluten diets enhanced nitrogen retention and weight gain. No effect was observed when whole wheat diets were supplemented with lysine. Several field studies with children indicate that the addition of lysine to either supplemental breads provided at school, or to all wheat products consumed, resulted in no observed beneficial effects. Other field studies report an increase in either weight or height with addition of lysine to breads. A laboratory study with human adults suggests that a wheat flour: soy flour mixture has a higher biological value than wheat flour alone. The role, in human nutrition, of breads with improved protein quality remains somewhat obscure.", "contents": "Improving protein quality of bread - nutritional benefits and realities. The bases for improving bread protein quality are critically examined. Protein consumption is shown to be directly related to total calorie intake in many countries, with a correlation coefficient (r) of greater than or equal to 0.90. Concentration of protein in bread, % kilocalories, is similar to that of mixed diets in many parts of the world. Quality of bread protein, when evaluated by male weanling rats, may be improved by supplementation with lysine and threonine, as well as with many protein sources. Human adults, on bread diets, may be maintained in nitrogen equilibrium or slightly positive nitrogen balance. Increases, however, in nitrogen retention have been reported when lysine was added to bread. Laboratory studies with infants and young children, often hospitalized and recovering from severe malnutrition, show that lysine supplementation of wheat flour and gluten diets enhanced nitrogen retention and weight gain. No effect was observed when whole wheat diets were supplemented with lysine. Several field studies with children indicate that the addition of lysine to either supplemental breads provided at school, or to all wheat products consumed, resulted in no observed beneficial effects. Other field studies report an increase in either weight or height with addition of lysine to breads. A laboratory study with human adults suggests that a wheat flour: soy flour mixture has a higher biological value than wheat flour alone. The role, in human nutrition, of breads with improved protein quality remains somewhat obscure.", "PMID": 569428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8507", "title": "Soy protein utilization in food systems.", "content": "Soy protein products are utilized in food systems as whole beans, flours and grits, concentrates and isolates, and textured products. Soy proteins play a significant role in food systems as a source of supplementary and complementary protein and contribute functional properties such as solubility, water absorption, viscosity, emulsification, texture, and antioxidation. Whole soybeans are processed into snack foods, beverages, and fermented foods. Soy protein is an ideal supplement for cereal protein because it corrects lysine and other  amino acid deficiencies. Blends of soy flour or grits with cereals such as corn, wheat, or sorghum are widely used in world feeding programs. The blends are also valuable in domestic food systems such as breakfast cereals and baked foods. Concentrates and isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods. Isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods. Isolates are employed as whipping agents and coffee whiteners. Thermoplastic extrusion of defatted flours or protein concentrates produces an expanded type of textured protein. Isolated soy protein is converted to meat analogs by a spun fiber process. Textured soy protein products are used to extend or replace meat products in food systems.", "contents": "Soy protein utilization in food systems. Soy protein products are utilized in food systems as whole beans, flours and grits, concentrates and isolates, and textured products. Soy proteins play a significant role in food systems as a source of supplementary and complementary protein and contribute functional properties such as solubility, water absorption, viscosity, emulsification, texture, and antioxidation. Whole soybeans are processed into snack foods, beverages, and fermented foods. Soy protein is an ideal supplement for cereal protein because it corrects lysine and other  amino acid deficiencies. Blends of soy flour or grits with cereals such as corn, wheat, or sorghum are widely used in world feeding programs. The blends are also valuable in domestic food systems such as breakfast cereals and baked foods. Concentrates and isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods. Isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods. Isolates are employed as whipping agents and coffee whiteners. Thermoplastic extrusion of defatted flours or protein concentrates produces an expanded type of textured protein. Isolated soy protein is converted to meat analogs by a spun fiber process. Textured soy protein products are used to extend or replace meat products in food systems.", "PMID": 569429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8508", "title": "Right atrial ultrastructure in congenital heart disease. I. Comparison of ventricular septal defect and endocardial cushion defect.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies were performed on portions of the operatively resected right atrium from six patients with a ventricular septal defect and six patients with an endocardial cushion defect. The six patients with a ventricular septal defect had normal right atrial mean pressure and no evidence of right atrial volume overload. Ultrastructurally, the atrial muscle cells in these patients appeared normal and measured 6 to 12 mu in diameter. The six patients with an endocardial cushion defect had elevated right atrial mean pressure and evidence of right atrial volume overload. Ultrastructurally, the atrial muscle cells in these patients were generally larger than 12 mu in diameter. The cells were irregular and had multiple and occasionally widened intercalated discs. In addition, there were degenerative changes in two patients with markedly increased atrial pressure. These changes included extensive loss of contractile elements, aggregation of small irregular mitochondria and proliferation of tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The structural changes suggest that hypertrophy of the right atrium may be secondary to volume overload of the atrium, whereas degenerative changes may be secondary to increased right atrial pressure.", "contents": "Right atrial ultrastructure in congenital heart disease. I. Comparison of ventricular septal defect and endocardial cushion defect. Ultrastructural studies were performed on portions of the operatively resected right atrium from six patients with a ventricular septal defect and six patients with an endocardial cushion defect. The six patients with a ventricular septal defect had normal right atrial mean pressure and no evidence of right atrial volume overload. Ultrastructurally, the atrial muscle cells in these patients appeared normal and measured 6 to 12 mu in diameter. The six patients with an endocardial cushion defect had elevated right atrial mean pressure and evidence of right atrial volume overload. Ultrastructurally, the atrial muscle cells in these patients were generally larger than 12 mu in diameter. The cells were irregular and had multiple and occasionally widened intercalated discs. In addition, there were degenerative changes in two patients with markedly increased atrial pressure. These changes included extensive loss of contractile elements, aggregation of small irregular mitochondria and proliferation of tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The structural changes suggest that hypertrophy of the right atrium may be secondary to volume overload of the atrium, whereas degenerative changes may be secondary to increased right atrial pressure.", "PMID": 569433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8509", "title": "Relation between apexcardiographic a wave and posterior aortic wall motion.", "content": "Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, an apexcardiogram and an aortic root echocardiogram were recorded in 24 patients. Eleven patients (46%) had a ratio of atrial to total amplitude (a/OE ratio) greater than 14% in the apexcardiogram, and all patients had a left atrial systolic posterior aortic wall motion after the conduit period that was greater than 50% of the total posterior aortic wall excursion as measured from the O to V points (A/OV ratio) on the echocardiogram. Only 2 of 24 patients (8%) had an echographic A/OV ratio greater than 0.5 with an apexcardiographic a/OE ratio of less than 14%. There was a significantly (P less than 0.001) high degree of positive correlation between the apexcardiographic a/OE ratio and the echographic A/OV ratio (r = 0.81), the a/OE ratio and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.82), and the A/OV ratio and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.75). It is concluded that the amplitude of posterior aortic root motion during atrial systole in relation to total posterior aortic wall motion may provide a useful index for the noninvasive assessment of left ventricular compliance and end-diastolic pressure.", "contents": "Relation between apexcardiographic a wave and posterior aortic wall motion. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, an apexcardiogram and an aortic root echocardiogram were recorded in 24 patients. Eleven patients (46%) had a ratio of atrial to total amplitude (a/OE ratio) greater than 14% in the apexcardiogram, and all patients had a left atrial systolic posterior aortic wall motion after the conduit period that was greater than 50% of the total posterior aortic wall excursion as measured from the O to V points (A/OV ratio) on the echocardiogram. Only 2 of 24 patients (8%) had an echographic A/OV ratio greater than 0.5 with an apexcardiographic a/OE ratio of less than 14%. There was a significantly (P less than 0.001) high degree of positive correlation between the apexcardiographic a/OE ratio and the echographic A/OV ratio (r = 0.81), the a/OE ratio and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.82), and the A/OV ratio and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.75). It is concluded that the amplitude of posterior aortic root motion during atrial systole in relation to total posterior aortic wall motion may provide a useful index for the noninvasive assessment of left ventricular compliance and end-diastolic pressure.", "PMID": 569436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8510", "title": "The distribution and endocrine nature of the abdominal paraganglia of adult man.", "content": "The paraganglia of adult man were studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method for histochemical characterization of biogenic monoamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was used to record the emission spectra and fluorescence intensities of the paraganglionic cells. The study of samples from six patients showed that well vascularized paraganglia were widely distributed throughout the retroperitoneal spaces. The paraganglia exhibited strong FIF with the spectral characteristics of monamines. Treatment with HC1 caused an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the paraganglia and a simultaneous shift of the emission maximum from 480--495 nm. This change suggests the presence of high concentrations of tryptophyl-containing peptides and is not due to monoamines. The possibility of a dual endocrine function for the paraganglia is discussed.", "contents": "The distribution and endocrine nature of the abdominal paraganglia of adult man. The paraganglia of adult man were studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method for histochemical characterization of biogenic monoamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was used to record the emission spectra and fluorescence intensities of the paraganglionic cells. The study of samples from six patients showed that well vascularized paraganglia were widely distributed throughout the retroperitoneal spaces. The paraganglia exhibited strong FIF with the spectral characteristics of monamines. Treatment with HC1 caused an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the paraganglia and a simultaneous shift of the emission maximum from 480--495 nm. This change suggests the presence of high concentrations of tryptophyl-containing peptides and is not due to monoamines. The possibility of a dual endocrine function for the paraganglia is discussed.", "PMID": 569437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8511", "title": "Essential fatty acid requirements in infancy.", "content": "The view expressed by Cuthbertson that essential fatty acid needs of human infants have been overestimated is contested. In our view Cuthbertson's assessment of essential fatty acid requirements of infants is too low because 1) consideration of the omega3 fatty acids is omitted; 2) the biological value of long-chain essential fatty acids is wrongly assessed; and 3) the significance of variations in composition of random human milk samples is misunderstood.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid requirements in infancy. The view expressed by Cuthbertson that essential fatty acid needs of human infants have been overestimated is contested. In our view Cuthbertson's assessment of essential fatty acid requirements of infants is too low because 1) consideration of the omega3 fatty acids is omitted; 2) the biological value of long-chain essential fatty acids is wrongly assessed; and 3) the significance of variations in composition of random human milk samples is misunderstood.", "PMID": 569438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8512", "title": "Meningitis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae in a preterm infant.", "content": "This report describes a case of meningitis caused by a Lancefield group C streptococcus (Streptococcus dysgalactiae) in a 9-week-old infant. Bacteria of this group rarely cause serious infections in man. The organism was identified as a member of Lancefield group C by the acid extraction method and as S. dysgalactiae by biochemical tests. The patient's condition responded well to penicillin and tobramycin therapy, with no obvious neurologic sequelae.", "contents": "Meningitis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae in a preterm infant. This report describes a case of meningitis caused by a Lancefield group C streptococcus (Streptococcus dysgalactiae) in a 9-week-old infant. Bacteria of this group rarely cause serious infections in man. The organism was identified as a member of Lancefield group C by the acid extraction method and as S. dysgalactiae by biochemical tests. The patient's condition responded well to penicillin and tobramycin therapy, with no obvious neurologic sequelae.", "PMID": 569439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8513", "title": "Effects of dextran 70 on factor VIII activity.", "content": "A case of apparent association of dextran 70 therapy with reduced factor VIII activity in a 24-year-old white woman with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is reported. Diagnosis of TTP was based on clinical and laboratory data consistent with transient neurological deficits, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. Intravenous dextran 70 (250 ml every 12 hours) and oral prednisone (80 mg daily) were given for TTP. Additional oral medications included codeine, Maalox and Tabron. When assay showed a factor VIII activity of 14% on the third day of dextran 70 administration, the drug was discontinued and oral administration of dipyridamole (100 mg four times daily) was begun. Factor VIII activity increased to 82% on day six. Dextran 70 (125 ml every 12 hours) was resumed on day seven following a splenectomy on the previous day. When factor VIII activity subsequently decreased from 75% to 29% within two days, dextran 70 was again discontinued and dipyridamole reinstituted at its earlier dosage. The patient's discharge medications included dipyridamole and 60 mg of prednisone daily (to be tapered). Reports of dextran 70-induced hemostatic defects involving platelets and factor VIII are reviewed. Dextran will form, with factors I and VIII, cryoprecipitates that may reduce the activity of factor VIII. It is suggested that patients receiving dextrans be monitored with partial thromboplastin times and, if available, with assays of factor VIII activity.", "contents": "Effects of dextran 70 on factor VIII activity. A case of apparent association of dextran 70 therapy with reduced factor VIII activity in a 24-year-old white woman with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is reported. Diagnosis of TTP was based on clinical and laboratory data consistent with transient neurological deficits, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. Intravenous dextran 70 (250 ml every 12 hours) and oral prednisone (80 mg daily) were given for TTP. Additional oral medications included codeine, Maalox and Tabron. When assay showed a factor VIII activity of 14% on the third day of dextran 70 administration, the drug was discontinued and oral administration of dipyridamole (100 mg four times daily) was begun. Factor VIII activity increased to 82% on day six. Dextran 70 (125 ml every 12 hours) was resumed on day seven following a splenectomy on the previous day. When factor VIII activity subsequently decreased from 75% to 29% within two days, dextran 70 was again discontinued and dipyridamole reinstituted at its earlier dosage. The patient's discharge medications included dipyridamole and 60 mg of prednisone daily (to be tapered). Reports of dextran 70-induced hemostatic defects involving platelets and factor VIII are reviewed. Dextran will form, with factors I and VIII, cryoprecipitates that may reduce the activity of factor VIII. It is suggested that patients receiving dextrans be monitored with partial thromboplastin times and, if available, with assays of factor VIII activity.", "PMID": 569441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8514", "title": "Glucose lactate interrelations in sheep.", "content": "The constant-infusion, isotope-dilution method was used to investigate the interrelationships between the glucose and lactate pools of six trained sheep deprived of food overnight. Arterial plasma lactate concentration was a linear function of the net lactate entry rate as was the net production of glucose from lactate, which suggests that the net rate of formation of glucose from lactate is dependent on the availability of lactate. Similarly the arterial plasma glucose concentration was correlated with the net entry rate of glucose as was the net production rate of lactate from glucose, suggesting that the net rate of lactate production from glucose is a function of arterial plasma glucose concentration. The demonstration of these two interrelations between glucose and lactate in normal sheep suggests that, in the absence of external factors producing hormonal or other changes that could cause perturbations of carbohydrate homeostasis, the net rates of conversion of glucose to lactate and of lactate to glucose may be largely determined by the arterial concentrations of glucose and lactate, respectively.", "contents": "Glucose lactate interrelations in sheep. The constant-infusion, isotope-dilution method was used to investigate the interrelationships between the glucose and lactate pools of six trained sheep deprived of food overnight. Arterial plasma lactate concentration was a linear function of the net lactate entry rate as was the net production of glucose from lactate, which suggests that the net rate of formation of glucose from lactate is dependent on the availability of lactate. Similarly the arterial plasma glucose concentration was correlated with the net entry rate of glucose as was the net production rate of lactate from glucose, suggesting that the net rate of lactate production from glucose is a function of arterial plasma glucose concentration. The demonstration of these two interrelations between glucose and lactate in normal sheep suggests that, in the absence of external factors producing hormonal or other changes that could cause perturbations of carbohydrate homeostasis, the net rates of conversion of glucose to lactate and of lactate to glucose may be largely determined by the arterial concentrations of glucose and lactate, respectively.", "PMID": 569442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8515", "title": "Streptocerciasis: degeneration of adult Dipetalonema streptocerca in man following diethylcarbamazine therapy.", "content": "Thirty-three patients in Zaire with streptocerciasis were treated daily with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for 21 days. Histopathologic studies of biopsy specimens with papules of skin established that during DEC treatment adult male and female Dipetalonema streptocerca die and degenerate. DEC may thus produce radical cures of streptocerciasis.", "contents": "Streptocerciasis: degeneration of adult Dipetalonema streptocerca in man following diethylcarbamazine therapy. Thirty-three patients in Zaire with streptocerciasis were treated daily with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for 21 days. Histopathologic studies of biopsy specimens with papules of skin established that during DEC treatment adult male and female Dipetalonema streptocerca die and degenerate. DEC may thus produce radical cures of streptocerciasis.", "PMID": 569443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8516", "title": "Demonstration of a common antigen between Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "The presence of a common antigen between Schistosoma mansoni eggs and Fasciola hepatica adult worms was demonstrated by utilizing in an anti-S. mansoni adult worm antiserum. Although not one of the three major serologic S. mansoni egg antigens, its complete cross-reactivity suggests that serologic tests done with these crude antigenic extracts will result in many false-positive cases in areas where both parasites are endemic.", "contents": "Demonstration of a common antigen between Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica. The presence of a common antigen between Schistosoma mansoni eggs and Fasciola hepatica adult worms was demonstrated by utilizing in an anti-S. mansoni adult worm antiserum. Although not one of the three major serologic S. mansoni egg antigens, its complete cross-reactivity suggests that serologic tests done with these crude antigenic extracts will result in many false-positive cases in areas where both parasites are endemic.", "PMID": 569444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8517", "title": "Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975.", "content": "During the first 10 days of February 1975, an Australian hitchhiker contracted Marburg virus disease while traveling through Rhodesia and died; the infection was subsequently passed to two other persons, who recovered. Investigators retraced the hitchhiker's steps in March and again in June 1975 in an effort to uncover the natural reservoir of the virus and determine how it was transmitted. Serum samples were collected from humans and animals wherever the patient had come in close contact with animals or insects. Arthropods of various types were collected in June 1975 and again in February 1976 for virus isolation attempts; at no time did the patient come in direct contact with nonhuman primates of any kind, or any other animals. Indirect contact with bats, monkeys, and birds through aerosols was possible, though at some distance. Direct contact with arthropods occurred throughout the trip; on several occasions it was notably severe. We believe that during this outbreak the first Marburg virus infection occurred by vector-borne transmission from an arthropod yet to be identified, and that patients 2 and 3 acquired the disease by exposure to the oropharyngeal secretions of patients 1 and 2, respectively. Studies are underway to identify the species of arthropod involved in this transmission.", "contents": "Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975. During the first 10 days of February 1975, an Australian hitchhiker contracted Marburg virus disease while traveling through Rhodesia and died; the infection was subsequently passed to two other persons, who recovered. Investigators retraced the hitchhiker's steps in March and again in June 1975 in an effort to uncover the natural reservoir of the virus and determine how it was transmitted. Serum samples were collected from humans and animals wherever the patient had come in close contact with animals or insects. Arthropods of various types were collected in June 1975 and again in February 1976 for virus isolation attempts; at no time did the patient come in direct contact with nonhuman primates of any kind, or any other animals. Indirect contact with bats, monkeys, and birds through aerosols was possible, though at some distance. Direct contact with arthropods occurred throughout the trip; on several occasions it was notably severe. We believe that during this outbreak the first Marburg virus infection occurred by vector-borne transmission from an arthropod yet to be identified, and that patients 2 and 3 acquired the disease by exposure to the oropharyngeal secretions of patients 1 and 2, respectively. Studies are underway to identify the species of arthropod involved in this transmission.", "PMID": 569445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8518", "title": "A comparative study of prevalence of skin hypersensitivity to cockroach and house dust antigens.", "content": "Allergy skin tests with cockroach antigen along with various common inhalant allergens were performed on 222 atopic and on 63 non-atopic subjects. The most prevalent allergen producing a positive skin test was house dust antigen with a positive response of 72%, 78% and 57% in atopic adults, atopic children and non-atopic children, respectively. The next prevalent positive skin test was to cockroach antigen with 50%, 60% and 27%, respectively, of the three groups tested. The differences between positive cockroach hypersensitivity and house dust hypersensitivity in all three groups tested were statistically significant. Next in order of prevalence of positive skin test to common inhalants were western weeds, ragweeds and cats. Incidence of cockroach hypersensitivity was 58% among asthmatic adults and 69% among asthmatic children. The results indicate that cockroach hypersensitivity is highly prevalent and that cockroach antigen is an independent agent from house dust as a cause of immediate hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "A comparative study of prevalence of skin hypersensitivity to cockroach and house dust antigens. Allergy skin tests with cockroach antigen along with various common inhalant allergens were performed on 222 atopic and on 63 non-atopic subjects. The most prevalent allergen producing a positive skin test was house dust antigen with a positive response of 72%, 78% and 57% in atopic adults, atopic children and non-atopic children, respectively. The next prevalent positive skin test was to cockroach antigen with 50%, 60% and 27%, respectively, of the three groups tested. The differences between positive cockroach hypersensitivity and house dust hypersensitivity in all three groups tested were statistically significant. Next in order of prevalence of positive skin test to common inhalants were western weeds, ragweeds and cats. Incidence of cockroach hypersensitivity was 58% among asthmatic adults and 69% among asthmatic children. The results indicate that cockroach hypersensitivity is highly prevalent and that cockroach antigen is an independent agent from house dust as a cause of immediate hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 569451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8519", "title": "Diurnal variations in outflow facility.", "content": "Tonography was carried out at 8 AM, 2 PM, and 8 PM on 43 normal eyes, 58 open-angle glaucomatous eyes and 10 ocular hypertensive eyes. Diurnal variations in outflow facility and their relation to those in intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied. Diurnal variations in outflow facility were present in almost all eyes, with approximately a 10% exception. The average diurnal variation in true outflow facility (deltaCtrue) was 0.10 microliter/min/mm Hg in normal eyes and 0.07 microliter/min/mm Hg in glaucomatous eyes. The average rate of diurnal variation in true outflow facility: formula: (see text) was 43.6% in normal eyes and 69.1% in glaucomatous eyes. The value was greater in glaucomatous eyes than in normal eyes. The curve of diurnal variations in true outflow facility was divided into 5 types, and in glaucomatous eyes the value of outflow facility was apt to increase in the morning and decrease in the evening. In 42% of the normal and 45% of the glaucomatous eyes, inverse relation was seen between diurnal variations in outflow facility and diurnal rhythm in IOP. It is thought that diurnal variations in outflow facility, along with diurnal fluctuations in the rate of aqueous formation, are one of the factors responsible for the diurnal rhythm found in IOP.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in outflow facility. Tonography was carried out at 8 AM, 2 PM, and 8 PM on 43 normal eyes, 58 open-angle glaucomatous eyes and 10 ocular hypertensive eyes. Diurnal variations in outflow facility and their relation to those in intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied. Diurnal variations in outflow facility were present in almost all eyes, with approximately a 10% exception. The average diurnal variation in true outflow facility (deltaCtrue) was 0.10 microliter/min/mm Hg in normal eyes and 0.07 microliter/min/mm Hg in glaucomatous eyes. The average rate of diurnal variation in true outflow facility: formula: (see text) was 43.6% in normal eyes and 69.1% in glaucomatous eyes. The value was greater in glaucomatous eyes than in normal eyes. The curve of diurnal variations in true outflow facility was divided into 5 types, and in glaucomatous eyes the value of outflow facility was apt to increase in the morning and decrease in the evening. In 42% of the normal and 45% of the glaucomatous eyes, inverse relation was seen between diurnal variations in outflow facility and diurnal rhythm in IOP. It is thought that diurnal variations in outflow facility, along with diurnal fluctuations in the rate of aqueous formation, are one of the factors responsible for the diurnal rhythm found in IOP.", "PMID": 569452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8520", "title": "Argon laser treatment of cutaneous vascular abnormalities: progress report.", "content": "One hundred six cutaneous vascular abnormalities were treated over a 3-year period by the argon laser. Absorption of light energy causes heat coagulation of the hemangioma with sparing of the overlying skin and secondary skin appendages. Patients with port wine hemangiomas, capillary/cavernous hemangiomas, and telangiectasia showed good response to argon laser treatment. Superficial varicosities of the lower extremity proved to be relatively insensitive to laser treatment. The argon laser shows promise as an effective clinical tool in the treatment of hemangiomas; however, further clinical and laboratory investigation will be necessary to establish the laser as the modality of choice in the treatment of such lesions.", "contents": "Argon laser treatment of cutaneous vascular abnormalities: progress report. One hundred six cutaneous vascular abnormalities were treated over a 3-year period by the argon laser. Absorption of light energy causes heat coagulation of the hemangioma with sparing of the overlying skin and secondary skin appendages. Patients with port wine hemangiomas, capillary/cavernous hemangiomas, and telangiectasia showed good response to argon laser treatment. Superficial varicosities of the lower extremity proved to be relatively insensitive to laser treatment. The argon laser shows promise as an effective clinical tool in the treatment of hemangiomas; however, further clinical and laboratory investigation will be necessary to establish the laser as the modality of choice in the treatment of such lesions.", "PMID": 569453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8521", "title": "Dermatoglyphic total patterns on palms, finger-tips and soles in twins.", "content": "110 palms of MZ twins and 111 like-sexed pairs of DZ twins have been compared in respect of a concordance rate of the palmar, sole and finger-tip total pattern types. Dermatoglyphic patterns have been classified according to the topological method, and the distributions of the numbers of discordant pattern elements from homolateral, heterolateral and bilateral comparisons in MZ and DZ twins, respectively, are presented. The highest concordance occurs in homolateral comparisons in MZ twins and the lowest in heterolateral comparisons. Bilateral concordance is highest for sole and finger-patterns, while palmar patterns present a considerable degree of dermatoglyphic asymmetry. Palmar, sole and finger-tip patterns are also not alike in homolateral concordance rates within MZ and DZ twin pairs. The differences between MZ and DZ twins are much more pronounced for sole patterns than for palmar or finger-tip patterns, which is also reflected in the estimated H values. For soles, this may be in some way related to the considerable symmetry of patterns. The fact that some pattern elements are intercorrelated may also introduce a bias in estimates of heritability, based on twin material.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic total patterns on palms, finger-tips and soles in twins. 110 palms of MZ twins and 111 like-sexed pairs of DZ twins have been compared in respect of a concordance rate of the palmar, sole and finger-tip total pattern types. Dermatoglyphic patterns have been classified according to the topological method, and the distributions of the numbers of discordant pattern elements from homolateral, heterolateral and bilateral comparisons in MZ and DZ twins, respectively, are presented. The highest concordance occurs in homolateral comparisons in MZ twins and the lowest in heterolateral comparisons. Bilateral concordance is highest for sole and finger-patterns, while palmar patterns present a considerable degree of dermatoglyphic asymmetry. Palmar, sole and finger-tip patterns are also not alike in homolateral concordance rates within MZ and DZ twin pairs. The differences between MZ and DZ twins are much more pronounced for sole patterns than for palmar or finger-tip patterns, which is also reflected in the estimated H values. For soles, this may be in some way related to the considerable symmetry of patterns. The fact that some pattern elements are intercorrelated may also introduce a bias in estimates of heritability, based on twin material.", "PMID": 569454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8522", "title": "Transfusion syndrome and the heritability of IQ.", "content": "The recent analysis of transfusion syndrome effects by Munsinger (1977) suggests that there is literally no effect of social environment on IQ variation in the population. The detailed analysis of Munsinger's report, however, indicates that his conclusions cannot be supported. Though Munsinger assigned birthweights to separated MZ twin pairs described in the literature, there do not in fact exist birthweight data for most pairs. Further, for some pairs, Munsinger also estimated their IQ's. There is no valid basis for Munsinger's claim that he has detected those separated MZ pairs within which transfusion syndrome occurred. When discussing six studies of birthweights of MZ pairs reared together, Munsinger in each case made transcription errors in selecting data from the original studies. Then he misapplied a statistical formula to the erroneous data, and concluded that inclusion of pairs with large birth-weight differences biased the IQ correlation of MZ's downwards. When Munsinger's own data base is correctly analysed, employing his own procedures, inclusion of pairs with large birthweight differences in fact increases the IQ correlation. There is thus no demonstrable basis for Munsinger's claims about transfusion syndrome and the heritability of IQ.", "contents": "Transfusion syndrome and the heritability of IQ. The recent analysis of transfusion syndrome effects by Munsinger (1977) suggests that there is literally no effect of social environment on IQ variation in the population. The detailed analysis of Munsinger's report, however, indicates that his conclusions cannot be supported. Though Munsinger assigned birthweights to separated MZ twin pairs described in the literature, there do not in fact exist birthweight data for most pairs. Further, for some pairs, Munsinger also estimated their IQ's. There is no valid basis for Munsinger's claim that he has detected those separated MZ pairs within which transfusion syndrome occurred. When discussing six studies of birthweights of MZ pairs reared together, Munsinger in each case made transcription errors in selecting data from the original studies. Then he misapplied a statistical formula to the erroneous data, and concluded that inclusion of pairs with large birth-weight differences biased the IQ correlation of MZ's downwards. When Munsinger's own data base is correctly analysed, employing his own procedures, inclusion of pairs with large birthweight differences in fact increases the IQ correlation. There is thus no demonstrable basis for Munsinger's claims about transfusion syndrome and the heritability of IQ.", "PMID": 569456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8523", "title": "Chromosome studies at the paediatric necropsy.", "content": "The results of chromosome studies from 1193 consecutive paediatric necropsies in Edinburgh and 331 in Adelaide are given. In the Edinburgh series 51 major chromosome abnormalities were detected in 780 (6.5%) necropsies where chromosome studies were successful and in Adelaide 16 in 295 (5.4%) were found. It is suggested that chromosome studies should become an integral part of the paediatric necropsy except for deaths due to primary central nervous system lesions and trauma.", "contents": "Chromosome studies at the paediatric necropsy. The results of chromosome studies from 1193 consecutive paediatric necropsies in Edinburgh and 331 in Adelaide are given. In the Edinburgh series 51 major chromosome abnormalities were detected in 780 (6.5%) necropsies where chromosome studies were successful and in Adelaide 16 in 295 (5.4%) were found. It is suggested that chromosome studies should become an integral part of the paediatric necropsy except for deaths due to primary central nervous system lesions and trauma.", "PMID": 569457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8524", "title": "Absence of the d triradius.", "content": "Ten cases of absence of the d triradius are reported from a heterogeneous collection of dermatoglyphs from 3610 subjects. There was one case in 1000 normal' controls. There were three cases in a group of 800 subjects with congenital heart disease. There were two cases with the 49, XXXXY constitution, a previously noted association. A pair of probably monozygous twins were discordant for absence of the d triradius. The condition was left-sided in six cases, right-sided in one case, and affected both sides in three cases.", "contents": "Absence of the d triradius. Ten cases of absence of the d triradius are reported from a heterogeneous collection of dermatoglyphs from 3610 subjects. There was one case in 1000 normal' controls. There were three cases in a group of 800 subjects with congenital heart disease. There were two cases with the 49, XXXXY constitution, a previously noted association. A pair of probably monozygous twins were discordant for absence of the d triradius. The condition was left-sided in six cases, right-sided in one case, and affected both sides in three cases.", "PMID": 569458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8525", "title": "X-linked muscular dystrophy.", "content": "X-linked muscular dystrophy has been separated into two types that are generally considered to be distinct entities. We have investigated three families with X-linked muscular dystrophy who demonstrate remarkable intrafamilial variability. In one family 2 brothers with a benign type had a maternal uncle who was affected with the Duchenne type. In another family, 4 members had the benign type but a fifth was much more severely affected than in the classic Duchenne dystrophy; therefore the presence of an \"aggressive form\" is proposed. A third family also had both benign and severe types. A search of the literature revealed families in which the severe and benign types coexisted. The genetic determinants of this heterogeneity are not yet known. Clinical similarities between benign and severe types of X-linked muscular dystrophy and the presence of families with both types suggest that the two are intimately related.", "contents": "X-linked muscular dystrophy. X-linked muscular dystrophy has been separated into two types that are generally considered to be distinct entities. We have investigated three families with X-linked muscular dystrophy who demonstrate remarkable intrafamilial variability. In one family 2 brothers with a benign type had a maternal uncle who was affected with the Duchenne type. In another family, 4 members had the benign type but a fifth was much more severely affected than in the classic Duchenne dystrophy; therefore the presence of an \"aggressive form\" is proposed. A third family also had both benign and severe types. A search of the literature revealed families in which the severe and benign types coexisted. The genetic determinants of this heterogeneity are not yet known. Clinical similarities between benign and severe types of X-linked muscular dystrophy and the presence of families with both types suggest that the two are intimately related.", "PMID": 569459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8526", "title": "Congenital fiber type disproportion in identical twins.", "content": "Eighteen-month-old identical twins with the muscle histological characteristics of congenital fiber type disproportion are reported. The fiber typing system of pH-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was used to analyze the size and percentage of type 1, 2A, and 2B fibers in muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy. Both twins had significantly larger type 2 than type 1 fibers, with 2B fibers representing the largest type. One patient also had type 1 predominance at the expense of a reduction in 2B (2B deficiency). The probands as well as other family members had transient delayed motor development, macrocephaly, and normal intelligence. A biopsy obtained from 1 of these family members failed to demonstrate a similar histological abnormality. The disorder is nonprogressive in this family, as evidenced by minimal disability in the older members and gradual improvement in the probands.", "contents": "Congenital fiber type disproportion in identical twins. Eighteen-month-old identical twins with the muscle histological characteristics of congenital fiber type disproportion are reported. The fiber typing system of pH-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was used to analyze the size and percentage of type 1, 2A, and 2B fibers in muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy. Both twins had significantly larger type 2 than type 1 fibers, with 2B fibers representing the largest type. One patient also had type 1 predominance at the expense of a reduction in 2B (2B deficiency). The probands as well as other family members had transient delayed motor development, macrocephaly, and normal intelligence. A biopsy obtained from 1 of these family members failed to demonstrate a similar histological abnormality. The disorder is nonprogressive in this family, as evidenced by minimal disability in the older members and gradual improvement in the probands.", "PMID": 569460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8527", "title": "Visual evoked potentials and postmortem findings in a case of cortical blindness.", "content": "A patient with cortical blindness due to extensive bilateral posterior cerebral infarcts showed occipital visual evoked potentials to flash stimulation on repeated testing. These responses were probably mediated by extrageniculocalcarine connections between the optic nerve and the secondary visual cortex of the occipital convexity.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials and postmortem findings in a case of cortical blindness. A patient with cortical blindness due to extensive bilateral posterior cerebral infarcts showed occipital visual evoked potentials to flash stimulation on repeated testing. These responses were probably mediated by extrageniculocalcarine connections between the optic nerve and the secondary visual cortex of the occipital convexity.", "PMID": 569461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8528", "title": "Enhanced production of Rauscher leukemia virus after infection of high-passaged JLS-V9 cells.", "content": "JLS-V9, a mouse bone marrow cell line infected with Rauscher leukemia virus at high passage level, produced larger amounts of virus than the standard JLS-V10 cells. The enhanced virus production was attributed to the increased saturation density of JLS-V9 cells.", "contents": "Enhanced production of Rauscher leukemia virus after infection of high-passaged JLS-V9 cells. JLS-V9, a mouse bone marrow cell line infected with Rauscher leukemia virus at high passage level, produced larger amounts of virus than the standard JLS-V10 cells. The enhanced virus production was attributed to the increased saturation density of JLS-V9 cells.", "PMID": 569463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8529", "title": "Evaluation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a potential mycotoxin producer on soybeans.", "content": "Solvent extracts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia were nontoxic to mice and chicken embryos; psoralens were not detected. Solvent extracts of soybeans inoculated with 10 strains of S. sclerotiorum were toxic on injection but nontoxic on per os administration to mice. The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the soybeans may partially help explain toxicity by intraperitineal injection.", "contents": "Evaluation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a potential mycotoxin producer on soybeans. Solvent extracts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia were nontoxic to mice and chicken embryos; psoralens were not detected. Solvent extracts of soybeans inoculated with 10 strains of S. sclerotiorum were toxic on injection but nontoxic on per os administration to mice. The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the soybeans may partially help explain toxicity by intraperitineal injection.", "PMID": 569464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8530", "title": "Temperature function integration and the development and metabolism of poultry spoilage bacteria.", "content": "The rate of spoilage of chicken tissues, the development of spoilage bacteria, and the utilization of amino acids by spoilage bacteria as a function of temperature were more accurately described by the general spoilage curve of Olley and Ratkowsky (Food Technol. Aust. 25:66-73, 1973; Food Technol. N.Z. 8:13-17, 1973) than by the linear equation of Spencer and Baines (Food Technol. [Chicago] 18:175-179, 1964). Remaining shelf life of poultry tissues may be predicted at temperatures up to 16 degrees C by using a temperature function integrator which incorporates the general spoilage curve.", "contents": "Temperature function integration and the development and metabolism of poultry spoilage bacteria. The rate of spoilage of chicken tissues, the development of spoilage bacteria, and the utilization of amino acids by spoilage bacteria as a function of temperature were more accurately described by the general spoilage curve of Olley and Ratkowsky (Food Technol. Aust. 25:66-73, 1973; Food Technol. N.Z. 8:13-17, 1973) than by the linear equation of Spencer and Baines (Food Technol. [Chicago] 18:175-179, 1964). Remaining shelf life of poultry tissues may be predicted at temperatures up to 16 degrees C by using a temperature function integrator which incorporates the general spoilage curve.", "PMID": 569465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8531", "title": "Light inhibits the production of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in Alternaria alternata.", "content": "Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, grown in drop culture, produced alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in late growth phase. Production was almost completely inhibited when the fungal cultures were exposed to white light (180 W/m2), although mycelial dry weight was not significantly affected. The fungus was most sensitive to light during the exponential growth phase. Twelve hours of light exposure was sufficient to decrease significantly the production of the secondary metabolites. In light the fungus produced a red-brown pigment of unknown nature.", "contents": "Light inhibits the production of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in Alternaria alternata. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, grown in drop culture, produced alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in late growth phase. Production was almost completely inhibited when the fungal cultures were exposed to white light (180 W/m2), although mycelial dry weight was not significantly affected. The fungus was most sensitive to light during the exponential growth phase. Twelve hours of light exposure was sufficient to decrease significantly the production of the secondary metabolites. In light the fungus produced a red-brown pigment of unknown nature.", "PMID": 569466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8532", "title": "Comparison of four agar plating media with and without added novobiocin for isolation of salmonellae from beef and deboned poultry meat.", "content": "Four plating media, Hektoen enteric (HE), xylose-lysine deoxycholate (XLD), tryptic soy-xylose-lysine (TSXL), and tryptic soy-brillant green (TSBG) agars with and without 10 mg of added novobiocin per ml, were evaluated for recovery of Salmonella from roast beef and deboned turkey. Colonies producing a reaction typical of H(2)S-positive salmonellae (alkaline with black centers) were picked. On the media without novobiocin, from 109 determinations on 75 samples, number of salmonellae found and false-positives were, respectively: HE-13, 58; XLD-17, 18; TSXL-23, 0; TSBG-22, 7. When novobiocin was present the corresponding results were: HE-17, 24; XLD-21, 2; TSXL-23, 3; TSBG-20, 7. A total of 25 determinations were positive on one or more agars. False-positives on HE and XLD without novobiocin were predominantly Proteus, which were almost totally eliminated by addition of 10 mg of novobiocin per liter. If alkaline H(2)S-negative colonies had been considered, many more false-positives would have been found on HE and XLD but not on TSBG or TSXL. Addition of novobiocin markedly improved isolations of salmonellae from XLD and HE and reduced the number of false-positives. Addition of novobiocin did not improve performance of TSXL and slightly impaired differentiation of salmonellae from Citrobacter on TSBG. XLD with novobiocin and TSXL are highly specific for H(2)S-positive salmonellae, and the appearance of Salmonella-like colonies on these media can be considered a presumptive test for H(2)S-positive salmonellae.", "contents": "Comparison of four agar plating media with and without added novobiocin for isolation of salmonellae from beef and deboned poultry meat. Four plating media, Hektoen enteric (HE), xylose-lysine deoxycholate (XLD), tryptic soy-xylose-lysine (TSXL), and tryptic soy-brillant green (TSBG) agars with and without 10 mg of added novobiocin per ml, were evaluated for recovery of Salmonella from roast beef and deboned turkey. Colonies producing a reaction typical of H(2)S-positive salmonellae (alkaline with black centers) were picked. On the media without novobiocin, from 109 determinations on 75 samples, number of salmonellae found and false-positives were, respectively: HE-13, 58; XLD-17, 18; TSXL-23, 0; TSBG-22, 7. When novobiocin was present the corresponding results were: HE-17, 24; XLD-21, 2; TSXL-23, 3; TSBG-20, 7. A total of 25 determinations were positive on one or more agars. False-positives on HE and XLD without novobiocin were predominantly Proteus, which were almost totally eliminated by addition of 10 mg of novobiocin per liter. If alkaline H(2)S-negative colonies had been considered, many more false-positives would have been found on HE and XLD but not on TSBG or TSXL. Addition of novobiocin markedly improved isolations of salmonellae from XLD and HE and reduced the number of false-positives. Addition of novobiocin did not improve performance of TSXL and slightly impaired differentiation of salmonellae from Citrobacter on TSBG. XLD with novobiocin and TSXL are highly specific for H(2)S-positive salmonellae, and the appearance of Salmonella-like colonies on these media can be considered a presumptive test for H(2)S-positive salmonellae.", "PMID": 569467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8533", "title": "Reappraisal of linoleic acid requirement of the young infant, with particular regard to use of modified cows' milk formulae.", "content": "Most infants in the UK are bottle fed with cows' milk formulae that are alleged to provide less than the minimum requirement for linoleic acid, i.e. 1% of the total dietary energy. 20 term infants fed solely on a modified cows' milk formula that provided 0.55% of the energy from linoleic acid were therefore examined for evidence of deficiency. Rates of growth in length and weight, measured during the first 3 months of life, were identical with those of 20 wholly breast-fed infants. Voluntary food intakes (kcal/kg per day) followed the normal pattern. The fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids showed changes characteristic of a low intake of linoleic acid, but triene:tetraene ratios did not indicate a deficiency state, and clinical signs of deficiency were not observed. These findings suggest that the requirement for linoleic acid is substantially less than was formerly believed. The small amount of alpha-linolenic acid present in cows' milk may however exert a sparing effect on linoleic acid.", "contents": "Reappraisal of linoleic acid requirement of the young infant, with particular regard to use of modified cows' milk formulae. Most infants in the UK are bottle fed with cows' milk formulae that are alleged to provide less than the minimum requirement for linoleic acid, i.e. 1% of the total dietary energy. 20 term infants fed solely on a modified cows' milk formula that provided 0.55% of the energy from linoleic acid were therefore examined for evidence of deficiency. Rates of growth in length and weight, measured during the first 3 months of life, were identical with those of 20 wholly breast-fed infants. Voluntary food intakes (kcal/kg per day) followed the normal pattern. The fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids showed changes characteristic of a low intake of linoleic acid, but triene:tetraene ratios did not indicate a deficiency state, and clinical signs of deficiency were not observed. These findings suggest that the requirement for linoleic acid is substantially less than was formerly believed. The small amount of alpha-linolenic acid present in cows' milk may however exert a sparing effect on linoleic acid.", "PMID": 569468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8534", "title": "Heart failure apparently due to overfeeding in a neonate.", "content": "Severe heart failure in a one-month-old infant is described, apparently due to the administration of cows' milk in the region of 300 ml/kg per day. There was also pronounced hypocalcaemia. The infant responded rapidly to treatment with no evidence of intrinsic heart disease.", "contents": "Heart failure apparently due to overfeeding in a neonate. Severe heart failure in a one-month-old infant is described, apparently due to the administration of cows' milk in the region of 300 ml/kg per day. There was also pronounced hypocalcaemia. The infant responded rapidly to treatment with no evidence of intrinsic heart disease.", "PMID": 569469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8535", "title": "Faecal excretion of oligosaccharides and other carbohydrates in normal neonates.", "content": "Chromatographic analysis of sugars in the stools of 40 normal newborn infants has shown the presence of an oligosaccharide in 85% of samples. The oligosaccharide has been shown to contain fucose (6-deoxygalactose), glucose, and galactose and is present in normal breast milk. In addition fucose has also been found in the presence of galactose in some samples and is probably a breakdown product of milk oligosaccharides. These findings, which affect the interpretation of faecal sugar excretion, have not been described previously.", "contents": "Faecal excretion of oligosaccharides and other carbohydrates in normal neonates. Chromatographic analysis of sugars in the stools of 40 normal newborn infants has shown the presence of an oligosaccharide in 85% of samples. The oligosaccharide has been shown to contain fucose (6-deoxygalactose), glucose, and galactose and is present in normal breast milk. In addition fucose has also been found in the presence of galactose in some samples and is probably a breakdown product of milk oligosaccharides. These findings, which affect the interpretation of faecal sugar excretion, have not been described previously.", "PMID": 569470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8536", "title": "Excretion of MHPG in normal subjects: implications for biological classification of affective disorders.", "content": "Exretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was measured repeatedly in 17 normal subjects. The amount of MHPG excreted over a 24-hour period was fairly stable over a period of three consecutive 24-hour samplings, but stability was rather poor over subsequent periods of several weeks, suggesting that execretory patterns are not traits. A normal range of MHPG excretion was estimated to be 900 to 3,500 micrograms/24 hr. This range covers the majority of persons with affective disorders whose excretion patterns have been measured, although comparisons of absolute values between laboratories must be made cautiously. Further, substantial changes within this range may occur in normal subjects with no accompanying change in affect. A slight but definite diurnal pattern of excretion was found, with a peak at the period of 1600 to 1800 hours. No clear relationship to MHPG excretion to state of physical activity, recent consumption of foods or beverages, or prevailing affective state was defined in those subjects living under normal conditions. While MHPG excretion may yet prove useful for categorizing depressed patients and predicting response to drugs, any inferences drawn regarding the pathogenesis of affective disorders must be guarded.", "contents": "Excretion of MHPG in normal subjects: implications for biological classification of affective disorders. Exretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was measured repeatedly in 17 normal subjects. The amount of MHPG excreted over a 24-hour period was fairly stable over a period of three consecutive 24-hour samplings, but stability was rather poor over subsequent periods of several weeks, suggesting that execretory patterns are not traits. A normal range of MHPG excretion was estimated to be 900 to 3,500 micrograms/24 hr. This range covers the majority of persons with affective disorders whose excretion patterns have been measured, although comparisons of absolute values between laboratories must be made cautiously. Further, substantial changes within this range may occur in normal subjects with no accompanying change in affect. A slight but definite diurnal pattern of excretion was found, with a peak at the period of 1600 to 1800 hours. No clear relationship to MHPG excretion to state of physical activity, recent consumption of foods or beverages, or prevailing affective state was defined in those subjects living under normal conditions. While MHPG excretion may yet prove useful for categorizing depressed patients and predicting response to drugs, any inferences drawn regarding the pathogenesis of affective disorders must be guarded.", "PMID": 569471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8537", "title": "Enzyme activities and protein and carbohydrate concentrations in cervical secretions at dioestrus in normal ewes and ewes with permanent phytooestrogenic infertility.", "content": "Cervical secretions of clover-affected and control ewes in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle were obtained by flushing the anterior vagina. The flushings were analysed for proteins, carbohydrates and enzyme activities, and were found to be similar to the secretions of the normal ovine uterus. There was significantly more protein, carbohydrate and acid-soluble glycoprotein but less alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylglycosidases (EC 3.2.1.30 and 3.2.1.53) and ribonuclease I in the vaginal flushings of clover-affected ewes. The observed changes were not due to more inflammation in the cervix of clover-affected ewes as there were fewer bacteria, leukocytes and epithelial cells and no elevation of lysozomal enzyme activities in their flushings. It is suggested that the cervix of the clover-affected ewe behaves as though under a stronger than normal oestrogenic stimulation during dioestrus.", "contents": "Enzyme activities and protein and carbohydrate concentrations in cervical secretions at dioestrus in normal ewes and ewes with permanent phytooestrogenic infertility. Cervical secretions of clover-affected and control ewes in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle were obtained by flushing the anterior vagina. The flushings were analysed for proteins, carbohydrates and enzyme activities, and were found to be similar to the secretions of the normal ovine uterus. There was significantly more protein, carbohydrate and acid-soluble glycoprotein but less alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylglycosidases (EC 3.2.1.30 and 3.2.1.53) and ribonuclease I in the vaginal flushings of clover-affected ewes. The observed changes were not due to more inflammation in the cervix of clover-affected ewes as there were fewer bacteria, leukocytes and epithelial cells and no elevation of lysozomal enzyme activities in their flushings. It is suggested that the cervix of the clover-affected ewe behaves as though under a stronger than normal oestrogenic stimulation during dioestrus.", "PMID": 569472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8538", "title": "Prostaglandin F in the fallopian tube secretion of the ewe.", "content": "Oviducal secretions were obtained from conscious unrestrained ewes throughout the oestrous cycle via indwelling cannulae and the content of prostaglandin F (PGF) was determined by radioimmunoassay. Levels of PGF of up to 230 ng/ml were found in oviducal fluids obtained from ewes showing regular patterns of secretion and normal cyclical ovarian function as indicated by plasma progesterone measurement. Relatively large day to day fluctuations in content were evident, but there was no consistent relationship between concentration and stage of the oestrous cycle. Concentrations of PGF in excess of 100 ng/ml were common in preparations where autopsy later revealed infection or tissue irritation, and the concentration of PGF invariably exceeded 75 ng/ml when the concentration of protein in the oviducal fluid was abnormally high.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F in the fallopian tube secretion of the ewe. Oviducal secretions were obtained from conscious unrestrained ewes throughout the oestrous cycle via indwelling cannulae and the content of prostaglandin F (PGF) was determined by radioimmunoassay. Levels of PGF of up to 230 ng/ml were found in oviducal fluids obtained from ewes showing regular patterns of secretion and normal cyclical ovarian function as indicated by plasma progesterone measurement. Relatively large day to day fluctuations in content were evident, but there was no consistent relationship between concentration and stage of the oestrous cycle. Concentrations of PGF in excess of 100 ng/ml were common in preparations where autopsy later revealed infection or tissue irritation, and the concentration of PGF invariably exceeded 75 ng/ml when the concentration of protein in the oviducal fluid was abnormally high.", "PMID": 569473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8539", "title": "Fusion and hybridization of marsupial and eutherian cells. V. Development of selective systems.", "content": "The availability of systems which permit the selective elimination of marsupial cells from fused cultures is an essential requirement for the production of marsupial X eutherian somatic cell hybrids. Such hybrids have particular advantages for genetic studies of mammalian cells. We describe the isolation and characterization of several drug-resistant marsupial cell strains. We have selected strains resistant to concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml of the purine analogues 8-azaguanine and 6-thioguanine. Several of these strains were found to be deficient in the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and consequently sensitive to hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) selective medium. We have also isolated marsupial cell strains resistant to concentrations of 22 micrograms/ml of the thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine. These strains were thymidine kinase deficient and HAT sensitive. Drug resistance was a stable characteristic maintained for many generations in the absence of the drug. However, inhibition of growth of these drug-resistant strains was strongly density dependent, a factor that caused difficulties in the selection of hybrids. We have also developed selective systems which exploit differences between marsupial and eutherian cells in sensitivity to growth in ouabain, and in adhesiveness and other growth properties. Marsupial cells were found to be naturally much more sensitive to ouabain than rodent cells, a phenomenon that should be useful in the selection of marsupial X rodent cellular hybrids. We discuss a number of difficulties associated with the derivation and use of variant marsupial cell strains.", "contents": "Fusion and hybridization of marsupial and eutherian cells. V. Development of selective systems. The availability of systems which permit the selective elimination of marsupial cells from fused cultures is an essential requirement for the production of marsupial X eutherian somatic cell hybrids. Such hybrids have particular advantages for genetic studies of mammalian cells. We describe the isolation and characterization of several drug-resistant marsupial cell strains. We have selected strains resistant to concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml of the purine analogues 8-azaguanine and 6-thioguanine. Several of these strains were found to be deficient in the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and consequently sensitive to hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) selective medium. We have also isolated marsupial cell strains resistant to concentrations of 22 micrograms/ml of the thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine. These strains were thymidine kinase deficient and HAT sensitive. Drug resistance was a stable characteristic maintained for many generations in the absence of the drug. However, inhibition of growth of these drug-resistant strains was strongly density dependent, a factor that caused difficulties in the selection of hybrids. We have also developed selective systems which exploit differences between marsupial and eutherian cells in sensitivity to growth in ouabain, and in adhesiveness and other growth properties. Marsupial cells were found to be naturally much more sensitive to ouabain than rodent cells, a phenomenon that should be useful in the selection of marsupial X rodent cellular hybrids. We discuss a number of difficulties associated with the derivation and use of variant marsupial cell strains.", "PMID": 569474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8540", "title": "Assignment of the gene for glyoxylase I to mouse chromosome 17 by somatic cell genetics.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the assignment of the gene for glyoxylase I to mouse chromosome 17 using mouse X Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. GLO I was not expressed concordantly with any known marker enzymes which represented 11 linkage groups. The presence of chromosome 17 and expression of GLO I were concordant in 31/31 clones. GLO I is thus linked to the H-2 histocompatibility locus in the mouse.", "contents": "Assignment of the gene for glyoxylase I to mouse chromosome 17 by somatic cell genetics. Evidence is presented for the assignment of the gene for glyoxylase I to mouse chromosome 17 using mouse X Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. GLO I was not expressed concordantly with any known marker enzymes which represented 11 linkage groups. The presence of chromosome 17 and expression of GLO I were concordant in 31/31 clones. GLO I is thus linked to the H-2 histocompatibility locus in the mouse.", "PMID": 569476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8541", "title": "Extensive conjugation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) metabolites in cultured human skin fibroblasts and rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "[G-3H]Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) metabolism in human skin fibroblasts and rat hepatoma cells in culture was determined by high-pressure liquid-chromatographic analysis of both cell extract and uptake medium. Conjugated metabolites were selectively hydrolysed by incubation with arylsulphatase or beta-glucuronidase before analysis. The principal metabolites of dopamine in fibroblast cells are 3-methoxytyramine 4-O-sulphate and 3-methoxytyramine. No significant differences, either in the amounts of these metabolites or in the amount of dopamine metabolism, were observed in fibroblasts from both normal and homocystinuric individuals. In rat hepatoma cells, the major metabolite of dopamine was 3-methoxytyramine 4- or 3-O-glucuronide; lower concentrations of dopamine 4- or 3-O-glucuronide, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and two unidentified glucuronide conjugates were also observed. Significant differences in the relative concentrations of these metabolites in cell and uptake medium were observed in both cell systems.", "contents": "Extensive conjugation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) metabolites in cultured human skin fibroblasts and rat hepatoma cells. [G-3H]Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) metabolism in human skin fibroblasts and rat hepatoma cells in culture was determined by high-pressure liquid-chromatographic analysis of both cell extract and uptake medium. Conjugated metabolites were selectively hydrolysed by incubation with arylsulphatase or beta-glucuronidase before analysis. The principal metabolites of dopamine in fibroblast cells are 3-methoxytyramine 4-O-sulphate and 3-methoxytyramine. No significant differences, either in the amounts of these metabolites or in the amount of dopamine metabolism, were observed in fibroblasts from both normal and homocystinuric individuals. In rat hepatoma cells, the major metabolite of dopamine was 3-methoxytyramine 4- or 3-O-glucuronide; lower concentrations of dopamine 4- or 3-O-glucuronide, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and two unidentified glucuronide conjugates were also observed. Significant differences in the relative concentrations of these metabolites in cell and uptake medium were observed in both cell systems.", "PMID": 569477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8542", "title": "Symmetry of binding sites of a mouse IgA myeloma protein (MOPC 315).", "content": "We have investigated the mechanism of monovalency of the 7S subunit of a mouse IgA myeloma protein (MOPC 315) against a large antigen. This subunit, although it clearly can bind two molecules of a small hapten, fails to precipitate or hemagglutinate the relevant multivalent antigen. In an equilibrium Farr assay, we have shown that the subunit has only one valence for a univalent 40,000 molecular weight antigen (dinitrophenyl-dextran). We have investigated how various levels of affinity labeling quantitatively affect (a) the valence observed in the equilibrium Farr assay against a large antigen, and (b) the binding of the MOPC 315 to an insoluble antigenic matrix. Our results indicate that the Fab regions of the 7S subunit are arranged symmetrically and that the inactivity of one of them toward a large antigen is probably due to steric hindrance caused by the antigen bound to the adjacent site.", "contents": "Symmetry of binding sites of a mouse IgA myeloma protein (MOPC 315). We have investigated the mechanism of monovalency of the 7S subunit of a mouse IgA myeloma protein (MOPC 315) against a large antigen. This subunit, although it clearly can bind two molecules of a small hapten, fails to precipitate or hemagglutinate the relevant multivalent antigen. In an equilibrium Farr assay, we have shown that the subunit has only one valence for a univalent 40,000 molecular weight antigen (dinitrophenyl-dextran). We have investigated how various levels of affinity labeling quantitatively affect (a) the valence observed in the equilibrium Farr assay against a large antigen, and (b) the binding of the MOPC 315 to an insoluble antigenic matrix. Our results indicate that the Fab regions of the 7S subunit are arranged symmetrically and that the inactivity of one of them toward a large antigen is probably due to steric hindrance caused by the antigen bound to the adjacent site.", "PMID": 569494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8543", "title": "DNA Bifunctional intercalators. 2. Fluorescence properties and DNA binding interaction of an ethidium homodimer and an acridine ethidium heterodimer.", "content": "An ethidium homodimer and acridine ethidium heterodimer have been synthesized (Gaugain, B., Barbet, J., Oberlin, R., Roques, B. P., & Le Pecq, J. B. (1978) Biochemistry 17 (preceding paper in this issue)). The binding of these molecules to DNA has been studied. We show that these dimers intercalate only one of their chromophores in DNA. At high salt concentration (Na+ greater than 1 M) only a single type of DNA-binding site exists. Binding affinity constants can then be measured directly using the Mc Ghee & Von Hippel treatment (Mc Ghee, J. D., & Von Hippel, P. H. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 86, 469). In these conditions the dimers cover four base pairs when bound to DNA. Binding affinities have been deduced from competition experiments in 0.2 M Na+ and are in agreement with the extrapolated values determined from direct DNA-binding measurements at high ionic strength. As expected, the intrinsic binding constant of these dimers is considerably larger than the affinity of the monomer (ethidium dimer K = 2 X 10(8) M-1; ethidium bromide K = 1.5 X 10(5) M-1 in 0.2 M Na+). The fluorescence properties of these molecules have also been studied. The efficiency of the energy transfer from the acridine to the phenanthridinium chromophore, in the acridine ethidium heterodimer when bound to DNA, depends on the square of the AT base pair content. The large increase of fluorescence on binding to DNA combined with a high affinity constant for nucleic acid fluorescent probes. In particular, such molecules can be used in competition experiments to determine the DNA binding constant of ligands of high binding affinity such as bifunctional intercalators.", "contents": "DNA Bifunctional intercalators. 2. Fluorescence properties and DNA binding interaction of an ethidium homodimer and an acridine ethidium heterodimer. An ethidium homodimer and acridine ethidium heterodimer have been synthesized (Gaugain, B., Barbet, J., Oberlin, R., Roques, B. P., & Le Pecq, J. B. (1978) Biochemistry 17 (preceding paper in this issue)). The binding of these molecules to DNA has been studied. We show that these dimers intercalate only one of their chromophores in DNA. At high salt concentration (Na+ greater than 1 M) only a single type of DNA-binding site exists. Binding affinity constants can then be measured directly using the Mc Ghee & Von Hippel treatment (Mc Ghee, J. D., & Von Hippel, P. H. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 86, 469). In these conditions the dimers cover four base pairs when bound to DNA. Binding affinities have been deduced from competition experiments in 0.2 M Na+ and are in agreement with the extrapolated values determined from direct DNA-binding measurements at high ionic strength. As expected, the intrinsic binding constant of these dimers is considerably larger than the affinity of the monomer (ethidium dimer K = 2 X 10(8) M-1; ethidium bromide K = 1.5 X 10(5) M-1 in 0.2 M Na+). The fluorescence properties of these molecules have also been studied. The efficiency of the energy transfer from the acridine to the phenanthridinium chromophore, in the acridine ethidium heterodimer when bound to DNA, depends on the square of the AT base pair content. The large increase of fluorescence on binding to DNA combined with a high affinity constant for nucleic acid fluorescent probes. In particular, such molecules can be used in competition experiments to determine the DNA binding constant of ligands of high binding affinity such as bifunctional intercalators.", "PMID": 569495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8544", "title": "Magnetic circular dichroism of netropsin and natural circular dichroism of the netropsin-DNA complex.", "content": "We report the first measurement of the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of the basic polypeptide antibiotic netropsin (Nt). The MCD shows that the longest wavelength absorption band of Nt is the sum of more than one component and permits a radically new interpretation of the circular dichroism of the complex which Nt forms with DNA. We conclude that Nt has no major effect on the CD and thus the helical structure of the bases of the DNA to which it is bound. Thus the ability of Nt to inhibit the function of DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and the photoreactivating enzyme must be mediated by factors other than a distortion of the helical structure of the bases.", "contents": "Magnetic circular dichroism of netropsin and natural circular dichroism of the netropsin-DNA complex. We report the first measurement of the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of the basic polypeptide antibiotic netropsin (Nt). The MCD shows that the longest wavelength absorption band of Nt is the sum of more than one component and permits a radically new interpretation of the circular dichroism of the complex which Nt forms with DNA. We conclude that Nt has no major effect on the CD and thus the helical structure of the bases of the DNA to which it is bound. Thus the ability of Nt to inhibit the function of DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and the photoreactivating enzyme must be mediated by factors other than a distortion of the helical structure of the bases.", "PMID": 569496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8545", "title": "On the activation of bovine chymotrypsinogen A. Preparation of alanine-neochymotrypsinogen and its activation to alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "Alanine-neochymotrypsinogen was prepared by incubating 20 parts bovine pancreas chymotrypsinogen A with one part alpha-chymotrypsin in a solution containing 1 M (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 M sodium acetate, 0.05 M Tris buffer (pH 8.0) and 0.5 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor. Optimal yields of NH2-terminal alanine were obtained after 60 h incubation at 4 degrees C. Ala-neochymotrypsinogen was isolated from the reaction mixture by affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose. As expected, the purified preparation was enzymatically inactive and, compared to chymotrypsinogen, had one additional NH2-terminal group identified as alanine. Ala-neochymotrypsinogen was activated by incubating with trypsin at a zymogen : trypsin ratio of 30 : 1 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.6 at 4 degrees C for 1 h. The fully active, stable species was identified as alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "On the activation of bovine chymotrypsinogen A. Preparation of alanine-neochymotrypsinogen and its activation to alpha-chymotrypsin. Alanine-neochymotrypsinogen was prepared by incubating 20 parts bovine pancreas chymotrypsinogen A with one part alpha-chymotrypsin in a solution containing 1 M (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 M sodium acetate, 0.05 M Tris buffer (pH 8.0) and 0.5 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor. Optimal yields of NH2-terminal alanine were obtained after 60 h incubation at 4 degrees C. Ala-neochymotrypsinogen was isolated from the reaction mixture by affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose. As expected, the purified preparation was enzymatically inactive and, compared to chymotrypsinogen, had one additional NH2-terminal group identified as alanine. Ala-neochymotrypsinogen was activated by incubating with trypsin at a zymogen : trypsin ratio of 30 : 1 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.6 at 4 degrees C for 1 h. The fully active, stable species was identified as alpha-chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 569499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8546", "title": "Purification and biochemical characterization of an 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin.", "content": "The chromatographic separation and biochemical characterization of a beta-bungarotoxin is described. This toxin is isolated as the most basic eluting protein of Bungarus multicinctus venom when separated by column chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25. The protein migrated as a single band on pH 4.3 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of this toxin was estimated to be 10 000 +/- 1000 by analytical sedimentation analysis. This value was consistent with the electrophoretic mobility of the toxin in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The amino acid composition of this 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin was similar to that of the 22 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin previously reported (Lee et al. (1972) J. Chromatogr. 72, 71--82; Kelly, R.B. and Brown, III, F.R. (1974) J. Neurobiol. 5, 135--150; Kondo et al. (1978) J. Biochem. Tokyo 83, 91--99), suggesting that the 11 000-dalton toxin may be one of the polypeptide chains of the larger toxin. The 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin was toxic to mice when injected intravenously. Animals that received lethal doses exhibited hyperexcitability followed by ataxia, convulsions, and death. The minimum lethal dose was 0.12 microgram/g body weight. This beta-bungarotoxin exhibited Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A activity comparable to that of the 22 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin. The enzyme exhibited phospholipid substrate specificity in the rank order of phosphatidyl-choline, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidyl-inositol. The enzyme activity was destroyed by boiling for 3 min at pH 8.6. In addition, an enzymatically inactive quantity of the 11 000-dalton toxin, equivalent to five times the minimum lethal dose of enzymatically active toxin, was not lethal when injected into mice. To test whether phospholipase A activity is responsible for lethality, bee venom phospholipase A2 was injected into mice at similar and greater concentrations with no toxic effect. Thus, while phospholipase A activity may be required for the lethal effect of the 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin, the specificity of action of the toxin is not determined by its enzyme activity.", "contents": "Purification and biochemical characterization of an 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin. The chromatographic separation and biochemical characterization of a beta-bungarotoxin is described. This toxin is isolated as the most basic eluting protein of Bungarus multicinctus venom when separated by column chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25. The protein migrated as a single band on pH 4.3 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of this toxin was estimated to be 10 000 +/- 1000 by analytical sedimentation analysis. This value was consistent with the electrophoretic mobility of the toxin in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The amino acid composition of this 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin was similar to that of the 22 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin previously reported (Lee et al. (1972) J. Chromatogr. 72, 71--82; Kelly, R.B. and Brown, III, F.R. (1974) J. Neurobiol. 5, 135--150; Kondo et al. (1978) J. Biochem. Tokyo 83, 91--99), suggesting that the 11 000-dalton toxin may be one of the polypeptide chains of the larger toxin. The 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin was toxic to mice when injected intravenously. Animals that received lethal doses exhibited hyperexcitability followed by ataxia, convulsions, and death. The minimum lethal dose was 0.12 microgram/g body weight. This beta-bungarotoxin exhibited Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A activity comparable to that of the 22 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin. The enzyme exhibited phospholipid substrate specificity in the rank order of phosphatidyl-choline, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidyl-inositol. The enzyme activity was destroyed by boiling for 3 min at pH 8.6. In addition, an enzymatically inactive quantity of the 11 000-dalton toxin, equivalent to five times the minimum lethal dose of enzymatically active toxin, was not lethal when injected into mice. To test whether phospholipase A activity is responsible for lethality, bee venom phospholipase A2 was injected into mice at similar and greater concentrations with no toxic effect. Thus, while phospholipase A activity may be required for the lethal effect of the 11 000-dalton beta-bungarotoxin, the specificity of action of the toxin is not determined by its enzyme activity.", "PMID": 569500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8547", "title": "Purification of retinol-binding protein from serum and urine by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A new method for the purification of retinol-binding protein from urine and serum is described. The method is based on the reversible binding of retinol-binding protein to retinoic acid linked to Sepharose and prealbumin linked to Sepharose. The yield is comparable to conventional methods using ion exchange and gel filtration and the product is an apo retinol-binding protein of high purity. The product has the same electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight and the same ability to interact with retinoic acid and prealbumin as retinol-binding protein prepared by conventional methods.", "contents": "Purification of retinol-binding protein from serum and urine by affinity chromatography. A new method for the purification of retinol-binding protein from urine and serum is described. The method is based on the reversible binding of retinol-binding protein to retinoic acid linked to Sepharose and prealbumin linked to Sepharose. The yield is comparable to conventional methods using ion exchange and gel filtration and the product is an apo retinol-binding protein of high purity. The product has the same electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight and the same ability to interact with retinoic acid and prealbumin as retinol-binding protein prepared by conventional methods.", "PMID": 569501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8548", "title": "Non-parallel secretion of newly synthesized rat pancreatic proteins after feeding a diet containing raw soybean flour.", "content": "The relative rate of secretion of rat pancreatic proteins was studied in vivo using a double label method. Rats were injected with [3H]leucine and after different time intervals with [14C]leucine. At a fixed time after administration of the second precursor the animals were killed, and the pancreatic proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The dpm of tritium to dpm of 14C ratio of several identified enzymes was assessed. The percentage secretion of a newly synthesized secretory protein was derived from the difference between the actual 3H/14C ratio and the 3H/14C ratio that was found for non-secretory proteins. In pancreata of rats fed with a standard diet several identified proteins, viz. three trypsinogens, chymotrypsinogen and three amylases were secreted in \"parallel\". When a diet containing raw soybean flour was fed, the secretory pattern for the amylases differed from that of the other proteins.", "contents": "Non-parallel secretion of newly synthesized rat pancreatic proteins after feeding a diet containing raw soybean flour. The relative rate of secretion of rat pancreatic proteins was studied in vivo using a double label method. Rats were injected with [3H]leucine and after different time intervals with [14C]leucine. At a fixed time after administration of the second precursor the animals were killed, and the pancreatic proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The dpm of tritium to dpm of 14C ratio of several identified enzymes was assessed. The percentage secretion of a newly synthesized secretory protein was derived from the difference between the actual 3H/14C ratio and the 3H/14C ratio that was found for non-secretory proteins. In pancreata of rats fed with a standard diet several identified proteins, viz. three trypsinogens, chymotrypsinogen and three amylases were secreted in \"parallel\". When a diet containing raw soybean flour was fed, the secretory pattern for the amylases differed from that of the other proteins.", "PMID": 569502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8549", "title": "Cytotoxicity as an indicator for transport mechanism: evidence that melphalan is transported by two leucine-preferring carrier systems in the L1210 murine leukemia cell.", "content": "Melaphan, L-phenylalanine mustard, is transported by the L1210 cell through carriers of the leucine (L) type. Its initial rate of transport is inhibited by both L-leucine, a naturally occuring L system amino acid and 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), A SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID WHICH IS TRANSPORTED BY THE L system in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Both amino acids inhibited melphalan transport comparably in sodium-free medium. However, BCH, in medium containing sodium, was unable to reduce a component of melphalan transport which was readily inhibited by leucine but not by alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Inhibition analysis indicated that leucine competes with BCH for transport but that a portion of leucine transport is not readily inhibited by BCH. These results suggest that in the L1010 cell melphalan is transported equally by a BCH-sensitive, sodium-independent L system and a BCH-insensitive, sodium-dependent L system.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity as an indicator for transport mechanism: evidence that melphalan is transported by two leucine-preferring carrier systems in the L1210 murine leukemia cell. Melaphan, L-phenylalanine mustard, is transported by the L1210 cell through carriers of the leucine (L) type. Its initial rate of transport is inhibited by both L-leucine, a naturally occuring L system amino acid and 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), A SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID WHICH IS TRANSPORTED BY THE L system in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Both amino acids inhibited melphalan transport comparably in sodium-free medium. However, BCH, in medium containing sodium, was unable to reduce a component of melphalan transport which was readily inhibited by leucine but not by alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Inhibition analysis indicated that leucine competes with BCH for transport but that a portion of leucine transport is not readily inhibited by BCH. These results suggest that in the L1010 cell melphalan is transported equally by a BCH-sensitive, sodium-independent L system and a BCH-insensitive, sodium-dependent L system.", "PMID": 569503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8550", "title": "Day-to-day variations in serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in homosexual males.", "content": "Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in sera of eight homosexual males and a matched control group were determined every second day during one month. Significant day-to-day variations in serum levels of FSH and a reversed LH area/FSH area ratio among homosexuals were found. There were no significant differences between homosexuals and controls in relation to the average levels of the tested hormones nor the average area and variance of LH and testosterone. It is suggested that a single blood sample for each subject is not enough for hormonal evaluation of homosexuals. It is suggested that the present findings may point to some defect in the gonadotropin regulation in male homosexuals.", "contents": "Day-to-day variations in serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in homosexual males. Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in sera of eight homosexual males and a matched control group were determined every second day during one month. Significant day-to-day variations in serum levels of FSH and a reversed LH area/FSH area ratio among homosexuals were found. There were no significant differences between homosexuals and controls in relation to the average levels of the tested hormones nor the average area and variance of LH and testosterone. It is suggested that a single blood sample for each subject is not enough for hormonal evaluation of homosexuals. It is suggested that the present findings may point to some defect in the gonadotropin regulation in male homosexuals.", "PMID": 569505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8551", "title": "[Effect of substances of a polypeptide nature isolated from the cerebral cortex on the immune response of mice].", "content": "The influence of low molecular weight polypeptides (Mol wt below 10,000) isolated by acetic acid extraction from the cortex and white matter of the brain and from the bone marrow of cows on the primary immune response to SRBC was studied in experiments on 248 male CBA mice. The results showed that after the subcutaneous injections of the preparations from the cortex (where the theta-antigen cross-reacting with the thymocytes was localized) for 5 days prior to and 3 days post immunization, hemagglutinin titres and the quantity of direct (IgM) and indirect (IgG) antibody-forming cells increased 2.5 times in comparison with the control. The preparations from the white matter of the brain and from the bone marrow failed to demonstrate such an effect.", "contents": "[Effect of substances of a polypeptide nature isolated from the cerebral cortex on the immune response of mice]. The influence of low molecular weight polypeptides (Mol wt below 10,000) isolated by acetic acid extraction from the cortex and white matter of the brain and from the bone marrow of cows on the primary immune response to SRBC was studied in experiments on 248 male CBA mice. The results showed that after the subcutaneous injections of the preparations from the cortex (where the theta-antigen cross-reacting with the thymocytes was localized) for 5 days prior to and 3 days post immunization, hemagglutinin titres and the quantity of direct (IgM) and indirect (IgG) antibody-forming cells increased 2.5 times in comparison with the control. The preparations from the white matter of the brain and from the bone marrow failed to demonstrate such an effect.", "PMID": 569517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8552", "title": "[Frequency, time and type of metastasis of different transplantable tumors in mice].", "content": "The character of metastasis of 9 strains of transplantable mouse tumours in conventional subcutaneous inoculation was studied. There were differences in the frequency, intensity, and types of metastasis of different tumours. Periods of onset of metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma and RL-67, and also of sarcoma-37 were established. Sarcoma, Lewis and RL-67 lung carcinomas, adenocarcinoma of the colon AKATOL, Cloudman's melanoma and B-16 metastasized most intensively. Sarcoma-37 metastasizing into the regional and remote lymph nodes, Lewis lung carcinoma and melanomas metastasizing into the lungs, RL-67 lung carcinoma metastasizing into the lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands, ovaries, the heart, and also adenocarcinoma of the colon AKATOL metastasizing into the lymph nodes and the liver can be used as models for the research in the field of drug action upon metastases and the metastasis process.", "contents": "[Frequency, time and type of metastasis of different transplantable tumors in mice]. The character of metastasis of 9 strains of transplantable mouse tumours in conventional subcutaneous inoculation was studied. There were differences in the frequency, intensity, and types of metastasis of different tumours. Periods of onset of metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma and RL-67, and also of sarcoma-37 were established. Sarcoma, Lewis and RL-67 lung carcinomas, adenocarcinoma of the colon AKATOL, Cloudman's melanoma and B-16 metastasized most intensively. Sarcoma-37 metastasizing into the regional and remote lymph nodes, Lewis lung carcinoma and melanomas metastasizing into the lungs, RL-67 lung carcinoma metastasizing into the lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands, ovaries, the heart, and also adenocarcinoma of the colon AKATOL metastasizing into the lymph nodes and the liver can be used as models for the research in the field of drug action upon metastases and the metastasis process.", "PMID": 569518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8553", "title": "[Hormone of mullerian regression, inducing agent of the testis in chick embryo].", "content": "When embryonic testes are grafted in the coelom of female chick embryos, one observes significantly related effects on the mullerian ducts which regress more or less and on the gonads, with inhibition of the left ovary and eventual transformation of the right rudiment into a testes. The hormone responsible for mullerian regression is also a testes inductor.", "contents": "[Hormone of mullerian regression, inducing agent of the testis in chick embryo]. When embryonic testes are grafted in the coelom of female chick embryos, one observes significantly related effects on the mullerian ducts which regress more or less and on the gonads, with inhibition of the left ovary and eventual transformation of the right rudiment into a testes. The hormone responsible for mullerian regression is also a testes inductor.", "PMID": 569519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8554", "title": "The influence of acute ethanol intoxication on intracranial physical dynamics.", "content": "The influence of acute ethanolic intoxication on intracranial physical dynamics was assessed in 42 adult cats. Acute ethanolism significantly alters intracranial tissue compliance as determined by the intracranial volume-pressure response. Cerebral vasodilatation, secondary to ethanol administration, appears to be an underlying mechanism, possibly augmented by secondary cerebral edema. Studies of CSF production and absorption as well as osmolar ratio show no changes under conditions of acute ethanol intoxication. The observed decrease in cerebral compliance may well relate to the poor prognosis, in general, of the alcoholic brain that is subjected to trauma.", "contents": "The influence of acute ethanol intoxication on intracranial physical dynamics. The influence of acute ethanolic intoxication on intracranial physical dynamics was assessed in 42 adult cats. Acute ethanolism significantly alters intracranial tissue compliance as determined by the intracranial volume-pressure response. Cerebral vasodilatation, secondary to ethanol administration, appears to be an underlying mechanism, possibly augmented by secondary cerebral edema. Studies of CSF production and absorption as well as osmolar ratio show no changes under conditions of acute ethanol intoxication. The observed decrease in cerebral compliance may well relate to the poor prognosis, in general, of the alcoholic brain that is subjected to trauma.", "PMID": 569522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8555", "title": "Lithium accumulation in erythrocytes of manic-depressive patients: an in vivo twin study.", "content": "Genetic factors play an important role in drug metabolism and drug response. In order to investigate genetic variables in lithium prophylaxis and lithium distribution across the erythrocyte in manic-depression, we have examined forty-two pairs of twins monozygotic (n = 25) and dizygotic (n = 17) with manic-depression. Concordant twins as a group show better lithium prophylaxis than do discordant twins. These results are consistent with previously published family studies of affective illness suggesting a positive relationship between genetic background and success of lithium prophylaxis. Lithium distribution across the red blood cell (RBC) was assessed by estimating lithium RBC/plasma ratios. The lithium ratio's intrapair differences in both groups of twins were minimal with a high heritability index suggesting that genetic factors play a role in lithium ion distribution. A high linear correlation was found between lithium ratio and plasma lithium and there was no difference in lithium ratios according to sex, affective state and response to lithium. The distribution of lithium ratios was homogenous in the lithium responders' population but this was not the case in the non-responders, suggesting biological heterogeneity of lithium distribution in lithium failures. The implications of these results are discussed as they relate to the genetic determinates of lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive illness. These results indicate that lithium ratios are of limited value in lithium maintenance therapy. Our lithium kinetic data, however, are consistent with the concept of a lithium extrusion mechanism from red blood cells.", "contents": "Lithium accumulation in erythrocytes of manic-depressive patients: an in vivo twin study. Genetic factors play an important role in drug metabolism and drug response. In order to investigate genetic variables in lithium prophylaxis and lithium distribution across the erythrocyte in manic-depression, we have examined forty-two pairs of twins monozygotic (n = 25) and dizygotic (n = 17) with manic-depression. Concordant twins as a group show better lithium prophylaxis than do discordant twins. These results are consistent with previously published family studies of affective illness suggesting a positive relationship between genetic background and success of lithium prophylaxis. Lithium distribution across the red blood cell (RBC) was assessed by estimating lithium RBC/plasma ratios. The lithium ratio's intrapair differences in both groups of twins were minimal with a high heritability index suggesting that genetic factors play a role in lithium ion distribution. A high linear correlation was found between lithium ratio and plasma lithium and there was no difference in lithium ratios according to sex, affective state and response to lithium. The distribution of lithium ratios was homogenous in the lithium responders' population but this was not the case in the non-responders, suggesting biological heterogeneity of lithium distribution in lithium failures. The implications of these results are discussed as they relate to the genetic determinates of lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive illness. These results indicate that lithium ratios are of limited value in lithium maintenance therapy. Our lithium kinetic data, however, are consistent with the concept of a lithium extrusion mechanism from red blood cells.", "PMID": 569523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8556", "title": "The induction of giant ring traps and regulation of conidiogenesis in the predacious fungus Dactylella brochopaga.", "content": "The nematophagous fungus Dactylella brochopaga was grown and supplied with prey under different conditions of light and atmospheric stagnation. Poor ventilation induced the formation of functional giant traps, hitherto unreported. Darkness inhibited sporulation. The adaptive significance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "The induction of giant ring traps and regulation of conidiogenesis in the predacious fungus Dactylella brochopaga. The nematophagous fungus Dactylella brochopaga was grown and supplied with prey under different conditions of light and atmospheric stagnation. Poor ventilation induced the formation of functional giant traps, hitherto unreported. Darkness inhibited sporulation. The adaptive significance of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 569543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8557", "title": "Thorotrast associated hepatic angiosarcoma with 36 years latency.", "content": "An hepatic angiosarcoma that developed 36 years after thorotrast administration is described with radiological and autoradiographic findings. An unusual feature of this case is the remarkably long latent period.", "contents": "Thorotrast associated hepatic angiosarcoma with 36 years latency. An hepatic angiosarcoma that developed 36 years after thorotrast administration is described with radiological and autoradiographic findings. An unusual feature of this case is the remarkably long latent period.", "PMID": 569544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8558", "title": "Improved management of nonseminomatous testis tumors.", "content": "Two contributions to the management of nonseminomatous germinal cell (NSGC) tumors of the testis are reviewed. First, a midline technique of extended retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) has been developed allowing good access to both renal suprahilar zones as well as the traditional hilar and infrahilar areas. This has been employed at Indiana University Medical Center for staging patients with embryonal carcinoma or teratocarcinoma of the testis who had negative preoperative chest tomography. Of 58 consecutive patients from 1965-1975, 30 were Stage A and 28 Stage B. Thirty of 30 Stage A patients survived (100%) and 24 of 28 (86%) operated Stage B patients survived, for an overall survival of 54/58 (93%). The second contribution relates to development of a new combination chemotherapy protocol for Stage C disease. Preoperative Stage C lesions are treated with Platinum, Velban and Bleomycin (PVB). Those who achieve clearance of pulmonary tumors but who have anatomic or serologic evidence of persistent retroperitoneal tumor after PVB chemotherapy are later treated with RPLND. Six of 12 such patients have been rendered tumor free and now enjoy complete remission. Furthermore, 33 of 50 (66%) patients with disseminated Stage C disease achieved initial complete remission using this drug combination. Twenty-six remain in continuous complete remission with no evidence of disease from 2 to 4 years. Seven are alive, in partial remission, and 17 are dead. Improving chemotherapy opens alternative methods of managing advanced testis cancer.", "contents": "Improved management of nonseminomatous testis tumors. Two contributions to the management of nonseminomatous germinal cell (NSGC) tumors of the testis are reviewed. First, a midline technique of extended retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) has been developed allowing good access to both renal suprahilar zones as well as the traditional hilar and infrahilar areas. This has been employed at Indiana University Medical Center for staging patients with embryonal carcinoma or teratocarcinoma of the testis who had negative preoperative chest tomography. Of 58 consecutive patients from 1965-1975, 30 were Stage A and 28 Stage B. Thirty of 30 Stage A patients survived (100%) and 24 of 28 (86%) operated Stage B patients survived, for an overall survival of 54/58 (93%). The second contribution relates to development of a new combination chemotherapy protocol for Stage C disease. Preoperative Stage C lesions are treated with Platinum, Velban and Bleomycin (PVB). Those who achieve clearance of pulmonary tumors but who have anatomic or serologic evidence of persistent retroperitoneal tumor after PVB chemotherapy are later treated with RPLND. Six of 12 such patients have been rendered tumor free and now enjoy complete remission. Furthermore, 33 of 50 (66%) patients with disseminated Stage C disease achieved initial complete remission using this drug combination. Twenty-six remain in continuous complete remission with no evidence of disease from 2 to 4 years. Seven are alive, in partial remission, and 17 are dead. Improving chemotherapy opens alternative methods of managing advanced testis cancer.", "PMID": 569545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8559", "title": "Actin microfilaments in melanophores of Fundulus heteroclitus. Their possible involvement in melanosome migration.", "content": "In melanophores of Fundulus heteroclitus, hormone-stimulated melanosome aggregation is accompanied by cytoplasmic flow from the cellular processes to the perikaryon, and reversal of these events takes place upon hormone-induced melanosome dispersion. These cells contain parallel arrays of microtubules, the majority of which are located in the perikaryon and in cortical regions of the processes. Studies with heavy meromyosin binding demonstrated two types of actin filaments: 11 a decorated meshwork of filaments similar to those usually found in close association with plasma membranes, and 2) filaments decorated in a manner similar to that of stress fibers. There is an apparent increase in the amount of filaments during melanosome aggregation. These results are discussed in relation to intracellular movement.", "contents": "Actin microfilaments in melanophores of Fundulus heteroclitus. Their possible involvement in melanosome migration. In melanophores of Fundulus heteroclitus, hormone-stimulated melanosome aggregation is accompanied by cytoplasmic flow from the cellular processes to the perikaryon, and reversal of these events takes place upon hormone-induced melanosome dispersion. These cells contain parallel arrays of microtubules, the majority of which are located in the perikaryon and in cortical regions of the processes. Studies with heavy meromyosin binding demonstrated two types of actin filaments: 11 a decorated meshwork of filaments similar to those usually found in close association with plasma membranes, and 2) filaments decorated in a manner similar to that of stress fibers. There is an apparent increase in the amount of filaments during melanosome aggregation. These results are discussed in relation to intracellular movement.", "PMID": 569547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8560", "title": "Surface changes during development and involution of the cement gland of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The cement gland was studied from stage 17, when the anlage is established, to stage 49, shortly before its disappearance. At early stages, the apical membrane is covered by small microvilli that are more abundant than in the surrounding epiblast cells. Vesicular protrusions along the cell boundaries are also more numerous in the gland cells. When the gland reaches maturity, the apical membranes of gland cells differentiate into two regions. In the cranial, kidney-shaped region, the membranes are very narrow and protrude above the level of cell boundaries. Long and slender villi raise from the surface adjacent to cell boundaries. Apical surfaces in the caudal portion are larger and flattened. Cell boundaries are lined with shorter and thicker surface projections. At these stages, the bordering cells are covered with secretion vesicles. During involution the number of cells is progressively reduced. The area of the caudal portion increases relative to the area of the cranial portion. Apical surfaces become more flattened. Surface projections become much shorter and invade the whole of the apical surface. Bordering cells lose their secretion vesicles and their apical surface becomes ruffled with numerous short wrinkles. The significance of the apical structures and their evolution is discussed.", "contents": "Surface changes during development and involution of the cement gland of Xenopus laevis. The cement gland was studied from stage 17, when the anlage is established, to stage 49, shortly before its disappearance. At early stages, the apical membrane is covered by small microvilli that are more abundant than in the surrounding epiblast cells. Vesicular protrusions along the cell boundaries are also more numerous in the gland cells. When the gland reaches maturity, the apical membranes of gland cells differentiate into two regions. In the cranial, kidney-shaped region, the membranes are very narrow and protrude above the level of cell boundaries. Long and slender villi raise from the surface adjacent to cell boundaries. Apical surfaces in the caudal portion are larger and flattened. Cell boundaries are lined with shorter and thicker surface projections. At these stages, the bordering cells are covered with secretion vesicles. During involution the number of cells is progressively reduced. The area of the caudal portion increases relative to the area of the cranial portion. Apical surfaces become more flattened. Surface projections become much shorter and invade the whole of the apical surface. Bordering cells lose their secretion vesicles and their apical surface becomes ruffled with numerous short wrinkles. The significance of the apical structures and their evolution is discussed.", "PMID": 569548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8561", "title": "Intranuclear microfilament bundles in the ependymal cells of the third ventricle of the rat.", "content": "Intranuclear microfilament bundles were observed in ependymal cells of the third ventricle of the rat. The appeared as single, cylindrically-shaped fibrillar bands up to 4.9 micrometer in length. In cross sections of bundles, the microfilaments exhibited an apparently regular arrangement. They were separated by a distance of 4 to 5 nm, measuring approximately 11 nm from centre to centre. One bundle consisted of 55 to 88 microfilaments. The intranuclear bundles terminated at the inner membrane of the nucleus. They exhibited close spatial relationship to perinuclear chromatin, chromatin centres, intrachromatin granules and fibrillar structures. The average ratio of nuclear sections with and without bundles was 1:15.", "contents": "Intranuclear microfilament bundles in the ependymal cells of the third ventricle of the rat. Intranuclear microfilament bundles were observed in ependymal cells of the third ventricle of the rat. The appeared as single, cylindrically-shaped fibrillar bands up to 4.9 micrometer in length. In cross sections of bundles, the microfilaments exhibited an apparently regular arrangement. They were separated by a distance of 4 to 5 nm, measuring approximately 11 nm from centre to centre. One bundle consisted of 55 to 88 microfilaments. The intranuclear bundles terminated at the inner membrane of the nucleus. They exhibited close spatial relationship to perinuclear chromatin, chromatin centres, intrachromatin granules and fibrillar structures. The average ratio of nuclear sections with and without bundles was 1:15.", "PMID": 569549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8562", "title": "A nuclear extract of Xenopus laevis oocytes that accurately transcribes 5S RNA genes.", "content": "Xenopus 5S RNA genes in recombinant form with the plasmid pMB9 are transcribed accurately when added to a supernatant fraction obtained from disrupted nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes. After an initial 30 min lag period, the rate of synthesis of 5S RNA is constant for at least an hour and synthesis is still detected after 18 hr. As much as 40% of the total RNA synthesized from the recombinant DNA used in these experiments can be 5S RNA. The coding strand of the 5S RNA genes is transcribed at a rate 10 to 15 times greater than the noncoding strand. Plasmid and spacer DNA, however, are also transcribed. What fraction of total RNA synthesized is 5S RNA is strongly affected by DNA concentration, ionic strength and MgCl2 concentration. Inhibition of transcription by intermediate concentrations of alpha-amanitin demonstrates that RNA polymerase III transcribes at least 90% of all RNA synthesized. Adenovirus 2 DNA is also transcribed in the nuclear supernatant by RNA polymerase III. Approximately 15% of the total RNA synthesized migrates in an acrylamide gel as a band of 5.5S RNA and has been identified as virus-associated RNA1 by its oligonucleotide fingerprint.", "contents": "A nuclear extract of Xenopus laevis oocytes that accurately transcribes 5S RNA genes. Xenopus 5S RNA genes in recombinant form with the plasmid pMB9 are transcribed accurately when added to a supernatant fraction obtained from disrupted nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes. After an initial 30 min lag period, the rate of synthesis of 5S RNA is constant for at least an hour and synthesis is still detected after 18 hr. As much as 40% of the total RNA synthesized from the recombinant DNA used in these experiments can be 5S RNA. The coding strand of the 5S RNA genes is transcribed at a rate 10 to 15 times greater than the noncoding strand. Plasmid and spacer DNA, however, are also transcribed. What fraction of total RNA synthesized is 5S RNA is strongly affected by DNA concentration, ionic strength and MgCl2 concentration. Inhibition of transcription by intermediate concentrations of alpha-amanitin demonstrates that RNA polymerase III transcribes at least 90% of all RNA synthesized. Adenovirus 2 DNA is also transcribed in the nuclear supernatant by RNA polymerase III. Approximately 15% of the total RNA synthesized migrates in an acrylamide gel as a band of 5.5S RNA and has been identified as virus-associated RNA1 by its oligonucleotide fingerprint.", "PMID": 569551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8563", "title": "Recessive sex-determining genes in human XX male syndrome.", "content": "Maleness is normally inherited as a dominant trait (a single copy of the Y chromosome induces testicular differentiation of the embryonic gonad), but our genealogic study of three XX males in one pedigree indicated an autosomal recessive mode of male inheritance. Subsequent study revealed the presence of H-Y antigens in the three XX males and in their mothers, and suggested that excess H-Y may be found in the fathers. Inasmuch as H-Y loci have been mapped to the human Y chromosome, these data favor the view that H-Y structural loci comprise a family of testis-determining genes, and that Y autosome (or Y-X) translocation can generate either dominant or recessive modes of XX sex reversal, depending upon the particular portion of H-Y genes transferred.", "contents": "Recessive sex-determining genes in human XX male syndrome. Maleness is normally inherited as a dominant trait (a single copy of the Y chromosome induces testicular differentiation of the embryonic gonad), but our genealogic study of three XX males in one pedigree indicated an autosomal recessive mode of male inheritance. Subsequent study revealed the presence of H-Y antigens in the three XX males and in their mothers, and suggested that excess H-Y may be found in the fathers. Inasmuch as H-Y loci have been mapped to the human Y chromosome, these data favor the view that H-Y structural loci comprise a family of testis-determining genes, and that Y autosome (or Y-X) translocation can generate either dominant or recessive modes of XX sex reversal, depending upon the particular portion of H-Y genes transferred.", "PMID": 569552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8564", "title": "Studies on histone organization in the nucleosome using formaldehyde as a reversible cross-linking agent.", "content": "A new procedure is described which allows selective reversal of formaldehyde cross-linking in both histone-histone and histone-DNA of nuclei isolated from calf thymus. All ten possible dimers of the four non-H1 histones, H3, H2B, H2A and H4, are observed, the major dimers being H3-H3, H3-H2A, H2B-H2A, H2a-H2A and two separate dimers of H2B-H4. Although oligomers of the non-H1 histones are formed by prolonged treatment with this reagent, 50% of the histones continue to remain resistant to cross-linking with each other. For those histones which cross-linking with each other. For those histones which cross-link, the site of cross-linking within the molecules is located in the \"core\" (trysin-resistant) regionand therfore indicates proximities for these molecules within the nucleosome. The core region also cross-links to DNA, indicating intimate interactions between this region in all the non-H1 histones with DNA.", "contents": "Studies on histone organization in the nucleosome using formaldehyde as a reversible cross-linking agent. A new procedure is described which allows selective reversal of formaldehyde cross-linking in both histone-histone and histone-DNA of nuclei isolated from calf thymus. All ten possible dimers of the four non-H1 histones, H3, H2B, H2A and H4, are observed, the major dimers being H3-H3, H3-H2A, H2B-H2A, H2a-H2A and two separate dimers of H2B-H4. Although oligomers of the non-H1 histones are formed by prolonged treatment with this reagent, 50% of the histones continue to remain resistant to cross-linking with each other. For those histones which cross-linking with each other. For those histones which cross-link, the site of cross-linking within the molecules is located in the \"core\" (trysin-resistant) regionand therfore indicates proximities for these molecules within the nucleosome. The core region also cross-links to DNA, indicating intimate interactions between this region in all the non-H1 histones with DNA.", "PMID": 569554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8565", "title": "The effect of amino acid analogues and heat shock on gene expression in chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "The addition of certain amino acid analogues (canavanine, hydroxynorvaline, o-methylthreonine) or a mild heat shock at 45 degrees C caused chicken embryo fibroblasts to increase rapidly the synthesis of three proteins (molecular weights 22,000, 76,000 and 95,000 daltons) to levels which dominate the cells biosynthetic capacity and exceed the level of synthesis of the major cell structural proteins. Actinomycin D blocked the increased synthesis of p22, p76 and p95 in both analogue and heat shock-treated cells, while cycloheximide addition during the \"induction\" period blocked formation of these proteins only in analoguetreated cells. The elevated levels of synthesis for this set of proteins began to decrease shortly after restoration of the normal amino acid or normal temperature, and the normal pattern of cell protein synthesis was found 8 hr later. Induction of a similar set of proteins was detected in mouse L cells and baby hamster kidney cells after treatment with amino acid analogues or heat shock. Several laboratories have reported synthesis of proteins with similar molecular weights in cells subjected to conditions that alter glucose metabolism, and we speculate that these proteins may be associated with a hexose transport system.", "contents": "The effect of amino acid analogues and heat shock on gene expression in chicken embryo fibroblasts. The addition of certain amino acid analogues (canavanine, hydroxynorvaline, o-methylthreonine) or a mild heat shock at 45 degrees C caused chicken embryo fibroblasts to increase rapidly the synthesis of three proteins (molecular weights 22,000, 76,000 and 95,000 daltons) to levels which dominate the cells biosynthetic capacity and exceed the level of synthesis of the major cell structural proteins. Actinomycin D blocked the increased synthesis of p22, p76 and p95 in both analogue and heat shock-treated cells, while cycloheximide addition during the \"induction\" period blocked formation of these proteins only in analoguetreated cells. The elevated levels of synthesis for this set of proteins began to decrease shortly after restoration of the normal amino acid or normal temperature, and the normal pattern of cell protein synthesis was found 8 hr later. Induction of a similar set of proteins was detected in mouse L cells and baby hamster kidney cells after treatment with amino acid analogues or heat shock. Several laboratories have reported synthesis of proteins with similar molecular weights in cells subjected to conditions that alter glucose metabolism, and we speculate that these proteins may be associated with a hexose transport system.", "PMID": 569556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8566", "title": "Modulation and mapping of a human plasminogen activator by cell fusion.", "content": "Neoplastic cells, transformed cells and some normal mammalian cells secrete large amounts of plasminogen activator (PA), an arginine-specific protease which converts plasminogen to plasmin. To study the regulation of PA, we have obtained two classes of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids. PG19, a mouse PA+ cell line, was fused with C32 (human PA+) or human diploid fibroblasts (PA-). All hybrids secreted PA. Human- and mouse-specific forms of PA were distinguished in these hybrids by electrophoretic methods. While all hybrids produced the murine PA, many produced the human PA and some did not. All hybrids which produced human PA had chromosome 6 in common. The absence of each of the other human chromosomes did not affect PA expression, while the absence of chromosome 6 correlated with the lack of human PA. We conclude that chromosome 6 carries the structural gene for human PA. These experiments also show that the fusion of mouse PA+ cells with human PA- cells results in the activation of the human PA gene.", "contents": "Modulation and mapping of a human plasminogen activator by cell fusion. Neoplastic cells, transformed cells and some normal mammalian cells secrete large amounts of plasminogen activator (PA), an arginine-specific protease which converts plasminogen to plasmin. To study the regulation of PA, we have obtained two classes of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids. PG19, a mouse PA+ cell line, was fused with C32 (human PA+) or human diploid fibroblasts (PA-). All hybrids secreted PA. Human- and mouse-specific forms of PA were distinguished in these hybrids by electrophoretic methods. While all hybrids produced the murine PA, many produced the human PA and some did not. All hybrids which produced human PA had chromosome 6 in common. The absence of each of the other human chromosomes did not affect PA expression, while the absence of chromosome 6 correlated with the lack of human PA. We conclude that chromosome 6 carries the structural gene for human PA. These experiments also show that the fusion of mouse PA+ cells with human PA- cells results in the activation of the human PA gene.", "PMID": 569557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8567", "title": "Scarcity of minor EEG abnormalities during the first two years of life.", "content": "This EEG study is based upon pediatric material (0--5 years) of an institution for handicapped children (983 records, 798 children) and a teaching hospital (956 records, 643 children). In records read as abnormal, stress was laid on the degree of abnormality. A grading system of abnormality was consistently employed and facilitated the quantification of EEG abnormalities. The following grades were used: minimally abnormal, slightly abnormal, moderately abnormal, abnormal and very abnormal. The age of the children was broken down as follows: 0--3 months, 4--6, 7--9, 10--12, 13--15, 16--18, 19--21, 22--24, 25--30, 31--36, 37--42, 43--48, 49--54 and 55--60 months. It was found that minor EEG abnormalities (minimally to moderately abnormal) were scarce in the age range from 0--21 months. The rariety of such minor abnormalities proved to be statistically highly significant. A breakdown into epileptic and non-epileptic conditions did not yield much additional information. This could be due to a limited number of EEG responses (with lack of fine intermediate nuances of abnormality) to cerebral impairment below the age of 21 months. It is also possible, however, that further progress in the field of clinical-electrical correlations can demonstrate the mildly abnormal character of certain patterns (hitherto regarded as normal).", "contents": "Scarcity of minor EEG abnormalities during the first two years of life. This EEG study is based upon pediatric material (0--5 years) of an institution for handicapped children (983 records, 798 children) and a teaching hospital (956 records, 643 children). In records read as abnormal, stress was laid on the degree of abnormality. A grading system of abnormality was consistently employed and facilitated the quantification of EEG abnormalities. The following grades were used: minimally abnormal, slightly abnormal, moderately abnormal, abnormal and very abnormal. The age of the children was broken down as follows: 0--3 months, 4--6, 7--9, 10--12, 13--15, 16--18, 19--21, 22--24, 25--30, 31--36, 37--42, 43--48, 49--54 and 55--60 months. It was found that minor EEG abnormalities (minimally to moderately abnormal) were scarce in the age range from 0--21 months. The rariety of such minor abnormalities proved to be statistically highly significant. A breakdown into epileptic and non-epileptic conditions did not yield much additional information. This could be due to a limited number of EEG responses (with lack of fine intermediate nuances of abnormality) to cerebral impairment below the age of 21 months. It is also possible, however, that further progress in the field of clinical-electrical correlations can demonstrate the mildly abnormal character of certain patterns (hitherto regarded as normal).", "PMID": 569563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8568", "title": "Congenital and infantile scoliosis in triplets.", "content": "Presumed monozygotic triplets presented with discordant, \"mirrow-image,\" hemivertebral congenital scoliosis in 2 infants and an idiopathic (infantile) scoliosis, without recognized developmental abnormalities, in the third. The findings suggest extragenetic causality in all 3--problems of cleavage/somite formation in the 2 with hemivertebrae, and intrauterine positioning in the third.", "contents": "Congenital and infantile scoliosis in triplets. Presumed monozygotic triplets presented with discordant, \"mirrow-image,\" hemivertebral congenital scoliosis in 2 infants and an idiopathic (infantile) scoliosis, without recognized developmental abnormalities, in the third. The findings suggest extragenetic causality in all 3--problems of cleavage/somite formation in the 2 with hemivertebrae, and intrauterine positioning in the third.", "PMID": 569565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8569", "title": "Adolescent parent education: a maturational model.", "content": "Health care, educational and social programs are frequently required to assist increasing numbers of adolescent mothers to meet their own needs and those of their babies. This paper presents a maturational rationale for development of a comprehensive parent education program. Some pertinent aspects of adolescent psychological development are first presented to provide a perspective for understanding the models illustrating the teenage mother's responses to her child. Barriers are then delineated which commonly restrict the young mother from attaining the mature relationship with her baby presented in a maturational model. Specific recommendations are offered in the areas of program development, content, and structure.", "contents": "Adolescent parent education: a maturational model. Health care, educational and social programs are frequently required to assist increasing numbers of adolescent mothers to meet their own needs and those of their babies. This paper presents a maturational rationale for development of a comprehensive parent education program. Some pertinent aspects of adolescent psychological development are first presented to provide a perspective for understanding the models illustrating the teenage mother's responses to her child. Barriers are then delineated which commonly restrict the young mother from attaining the mature relationship with her baby presented in a maturational model. Specific recommendations are offered in the areas of program development, content, and structure.", "PMID": 569568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8570", "title": "The epidemiology of depressive disorder.", "content": "The concept of depression is reviewed. Depression is defined as a syndrome and thus involves particularly subjective decisions by the diagnostician. The conceptual difficulties which arise from this are outlined. The rate of risk is reviewed, using both studies of treated cases and community interview surveys. The study of treated rates tells more of the variables affecting the process of declaration than of depression. It is proposed that case-finding has the prerequisite of precise case-definition with a standardized instrument. Only then can comparability be reached. The effect sociodemographic variables on rates of risk is analysed: it is concluded that they do not account for much of the variance because they are at best gross measures. The role of life events is assessed and it is argued that only by the study of their possible interactions with other factors will an adequate causal explanation of depression be achieved. The usefulness of this as a validation of the concept of depression is emphasized. In this paper we shall firstly look at how concepts of depression affect the process of arriving at a diagnosis and secondly at policies of case finding. We are then in a position to survey critically the findings of epidemiology in the study of depression. Finally, we will review work which throws light on the social causation of depression with the emphasis on recent developments.", "contents": "The epidemiology of depressive disorder. The concept of depression is reviewed. Depression is defined as a syndrome and thus involves particularly subjective decisions by the diagnostician. The conceptual difficulties which arise from this are outlined. The rate of risk is reviewed, using both studies of treated cases and community interview surveys. The study of treated rates tells more of the variables affecting the process of declaration than of depression. It is proposed that case-finding has the prerequisite of precise case-definition with a standardized instrument. Only then can comparability be reached. The effect sociodemographic variables on rates of risk is analysed: it is concluded that they do not account for much of the variance because they are at best gross measures. The role of life events is assessed and it is argued that only by the study of their possible interactions with other factors will an adequate causal explanation of depression be achieved. The usefulness of this as a validation of the concept of depression is emphasized. In this paper we shall firstly look at how concepts of depression affect the process of arriving at a diagnosis and secondly at policies of case finding. We are then in a position to survey critically the findings of epidemiology in the study of depression. Finally, we will review work which throws light on the social causation of depression with the emphasis on recent developments.", "PMID": 569567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8571", "title": "Effect of isometric strength training of mechanical, electrical, and metabolic aspects of muscle function.", "content": "Monozygous twin pairs (two female and four male) were used in a strength training study so that one member of each pair served as training subject (TS) and the other members as nonexercising controls (CS). TS trained four times a week for 12 weeks with maximal isometric knee extensions of the right leg. The parameters studied included muscle strength, endurance time, electromyographic activity, and activities of several key enzymes in nonoxidative an oxidative muscle metabolism. The results disclosed that in addition to a 20% increase in isometric knee extension strength in the trained leg of TS, an average increase of 11% was observed in strength of TS untrained leg. CS did not demonstrate any change in muscle strength. Training also included an improvement in the maintenance of a static load of 60% of the pretraining maximum. Increase in the maximum integrated electromyographic activity (IEMG) of the rectus femoris muscle occurred concomitantly with the knee extension strength. Traning also caused reduction in the IEMG/tension ratio at submaximal loads indicating a more econimical usage of the rectus femoris muscles. Muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis muscle showed that the enzyme activities of MDH, SDH, and HK were higher, and LDH and CPK lower in the trained leg as compared to the nontrained control leg of TS or to the values of the untrained member of the twin pair. It is concluded that isometric strength training as used in the present study can cause increased recruitment of the availabel motor unit pool, improved efficiency at submaximal loads, and surprisingly also enchancement of the oxidative metabolism in the muscle.", "contents": "Effect of isometric strength training of mechanical, electrical, and metabolic aspects of muscle function. Monozygous twin pairs (two female and four male) were used in a strength training study so that one member of each pair served as training subject (TS) and the other members as nonexercising controls (CS). TS trained four times a week for 12 weeks with maximal isometric knee extensions of the right leg. The parameters studied included muscle strength, endurance time, electromyographic activity, and activities of several key enzymes in nonoxidative an oxidative muscle metabolism. The results disclosed that in addition to a 20% increase in isometric knee extension strength in the trained leg of TS, an average increase of 11% was observed in strength of TS untrained leg. CS did not demonstrate any change in muscle strength. Training also included an improvement in the maintenance of a static load of 60% of the pretraining maximum. Increase in the maximum integrated electromyographic activity (IEMG) of the rectus femoris muscle occurred concomitantly with the knee extension strength. Traning also caused reduction in the IEMG/tension ratio at submaximal loads indicating a more econimical usage of the rectus femoris muscles. Muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis muscle showed that the enzyme activities of MDH, SDH, and HK were higher, and LDH and CPK lower in the trained leg as compared to the nontrained control leg of TS or to the values of the untrained member of the twin pair. It is concluded that isometric strength training as used in the present study can cause increased recruitment of the availabel motor unit pool, improved efficiency at submaximal loads, and surprisingly also enchancement of the oxidative metabolism in the muscle.", "PMID": 569576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8572", "title": "Photooxidation of soybean apoleghemoglobin with protoporphyrin IX, heme and dye.", "content": "Soybean apoleghemoglobin a was irradiated with visible light in the presence of different sensitizers to probe the heme environment of the protein. With protoporphyrin IX as sensitizer, specific photooxidation of histidine-92 and histidine-61 occurred. Irradiation of oxyleghemoglobin and cyanleghemoglobin resulted in photooxidation of histidine-92, while addition of methylene blue caused both histidine-92 and histidine-61 to be oxidized. Apoleghemoglobin, irradiated in the presence of rose bengal or methylene blue, lost tryptophan-128 in addition to the two histidines.", "contents": "Photooxidation of soybean apoleghemoglobin with protoporphyrin IX, heme and dye. Soybean apoleghemoglobin a was irradiated with visible light in the presence of different sensitizers to probe the heme environment of the protein. With protoporphyrin IX as sensitizer, specific photooxidation of histidine-92 and histidine-61 occurred. Irradiation of oxyleghemoglobin and cyanleghemoglobin resulted in photooxidation of histidine-92, while addition of methylene blue caused both histidine-92 and histidine-61 to be oxidized. Apoleghemoglobin, irradiated in the presence of rose bengal or methylene blue, lost tryptophan-128 in addition to the two histidines.", "PMID": 569578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8573", "title": "Force-time characteristics and fiber composition in human leg extensor muscles.", "content": "Recording of the force-time (f-t) characteristics of muscular contraction expresses the rate at which tension is developed. To further understand the problems involved in force production during voluntary contraction, the f-t curve was registered during maximal voluntary isometric extension of both legs performed in the sitting position with the knee angle at 107 degrees. 38 athletes representing various sport events, five pairs of monozygous, and ten pairs of dizygous twins were used as subjects. The reference group consisted of eight normal men. The data disclosed that the time to produce certain force levels showed good trial-to-trial and satisfactory day-to-day reproducibility below tension levels of 0.9 x PO. At these force levels the time of tension development was positively (p less than 0.05) related to the per cent distribution of slow twitch fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle. This result is consistent with animal experiments concerning the mechanical characteristics of slow and fast muscles. In addition, it was observed that the athletic groups had f-t curves different from the other subjects. Genetic factors had only slight influence on the f-t measurement.", "contents": "Force-time characteristics and fiber composition in human leg extensor muscles. Recording of the force-time (f-t) characteristics of muscular contraction expresses the rate at which tension is developed. To further understand the problems involved in force production during voluntary contraction, the f-t curve was registered during maximal voluntary isometric extension of both legs performed in the sitting position with the knee angle at 107 degrees. 38 athletes representing various sport events, five pairs of monozygous, and ten pairs of dizygous twins were used as subjects. The reference group consisted of eight normal men. The data disclosed that the time to produce certain force levels showed good trial-to-trial and satisfactory day-to-day reproducibility below tension levels of 0.9 x PO. At these force levels the time of tension development was positively (p less than 0.05) related to the per cent distribution of slow twitch fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle. This result is consistent with animal experiments concerning the mechanical characteristics of slow and fast muscles. In addition, it was observed that the athletic groups had f-t curves different from the other subjects. Genetic factors had only slight influence on the f-t measurement.", "PMID": 569577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8574", "title": "Influence of the infection with lipid-containing viruses on the metabolism and pools of phospholipid precursors in animal cells.", "content": "The influence of infection with three different lipid-containing RNA viruses, Newcastle disease virus, fowl plague virus, and Semliki Forest virus on the phosphatidylcholine precursors of chick embryo cells and of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells has been measured. In chick embryo cells infection with Newcastle disease virus does not influence the energy charge, or the distribution and absolute pool sizes of the precursors or the choline phosphotransferase activity. In chick embryo cells infected with fowl plague virus the CDP-choline pool increases because of an inhibition of the choline phosphotransferase activity. The phosphorylcholine and CTP pools are smaller in infected cells when compared with mock-infected ones, although the energy charge is not influenced by infection. In chick embryo cells as well as in BHK cells the energy charge is diminished by infection with Semliki Forest virus. Therefore the CTP and phosphorylcholine pools are decreased. The CDP-choline pool in chick embryo cells becomes extremely small after infection with Semliki Forest virus because of a significant stimulation of the choline phosphotransferase. In BHK cells infected with Semliki Forest virus the opposite effect is observed. There are also severe effects on the uptake of the labeled precursors by infection. One and the same virus (Semliki Forest virus) has two completely different effects on the phosphatidylcholine precursors when infecting two different cell types. If one and the same cell type (chick embryo cells) is infected with three different lipid-containing RNA viruses also completely different effects on the phosphatidylcholine precursors were observed. Thus, each virus develops its own strategy to influence the lipid metabolism of the host cell, depending also on the choice of the host. This explains the many disturbing contradictory results described in the literature about the influence of lipid-containing viruses on the lipid metabolism of the host.", "contents": "Influence of the infection with lipid-containing viruses on the metabolism and pools of phospholipid precursors in animal cells. The influence of infection with three different lipid-containing RNA viruses, Newcastle disease virus, fowl plague virus, and Semliki Forest virus on the phosphatidylcholine precursors of chick embryo cells and of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells has been measured. In chick embryo cells infection with Newcastle disease virus does not influence the energy charge, or the distribution and absolute pool sizes of the precursors or the choline phosphotransferase activity. In chick embryo cells infected with fowl plague virus the CDP-choline pool increases because of an inhibition of the choline phosphotransferase activity. The phosphorylcholine and CTP pools are smaller in infected cells when compared with mock-infected ones, although the energy charge is not influenced by infection. In chick embryo cells as well as in BHK cells the energy charge is diminished by infection with Semliki Forest virus. Therefore the CTP and phosphorylcholine pools are decreased. The CDP-choline pool in chick embryo cells becomes extremely small after infection with Semliki Forest virus because of a significant stimulation of the choline phosphotransferase. In BHK cells infected with Semliki Forest virus the opposite effect is observed. There are also severe effects on the uptake of the labeled precursors by infection. One and the same virus (Semliki Forest virus) has two completely different effects on the phosphatidylcholine precursors when infecting two different cell types. If one and the same cell type (chick embryo cells) is infected with three different lipid-containing RNA viruses also completely different effects on the phosphatidylcholine precursors were observed. Thus, each virus develops its own strategy to influence the lipid metabolism of the host cell, depending also on the choice of the host. This explains the many disturbing contradictory results described in the literature about the influence of lipid-containing viruses on the lipid metabolism of the host.", "PMID": 569579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8575", "title": "Complete assignment of aromatic 1H nuclear magnetic resonances of the tyrosine residues of hen lysozyme.", "content": "The complete assignment of the aromatic proton nuclear magnetic resonances of the three tyrosine residues in hen lysozyme is reported. These assignments were made using double resonance techniques, specific chemical modifications of one residue (Tyr-23), and by interpretation of the effects of paramagnetic lanthanide ions. Some aspects of the behaviour of the tyrosine residues are reported, including pK values, reactivity towards modifying agents and conformational mobility.", "contents": "Complete assignment of aromatic 1H nuclear magnetic resonances of the tyrosine residues of hen lysozyme. The complete assignment of the aromatic proton nuclear magnetic resonances of the three tyrosine residues in hen lysozyme is reported. These assignments were made using double resonance techniques, specific chemical modifications of one residue (Tyr-23), and by interpretation of the effects of paramagnetic lanthanide ions. Some aspects of the behaviour of the tyrosine residues are reported, including pK values, reactivity towards modifying agents and conformational mobility.", "PMID": 569580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8576", "title": "An unidentified neonatal progeroid syndrome: follow-up report.", "content": "Two male infants with a pseudo-hydrocephalic progeroid syndrome with natal teeth are compared with two very similar female cases reported in the literature and interpreted as congenital progeria. All these cases may represent a separate entity, a previously unrecognized genetic progeroid syndrome.", "contents": "An unidentified neonatal progeroid syndrome: follow-up report. Two male infants with a pseudo-hydrocephalic progeroid syndrome with natal teeth are compared with two very similar female cases reported in the literature and interpreted as congenital progeria. All these cases may represent a separate entity, a previously unrecognized genetic progeroid syndrome.", "PMID": 569581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8577", "title": "Left ventricular function in patients with hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "From 1970 to 1977 the diagnosis of hypertrophic, nonobstructive cardiomyopathy was made by clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic findings in 13 patients (2 females and 11 males). Echocardiography showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy in 10 of the 12 evaluated patients (83%) and symmetric hypertrophy of the septum and the posterior wall in 2 patients (17%). Systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet was found in 5 patients (42%) although there was no obstruction of the outflow tract. Significantly higher angiographic ejection parameters were present in the 13 patients with cardiomyopathy compared to 13 control patients and the angiographic lateral wall thickness was significantly larger in patients with cardiomyopathy than in controls. The clinical course was followed during 36 mth; a stable course was found in 8 (group A) and a deterioration in 5 patients (group B). Physical working capacity and left ventricular systolic ejection fraction were significantly higher in group A than in group B. Ejection fraction in group B was similar to that of the controls whereas physical working capacity was depressed. Thus, in nonobstructive cardiomyopathy a higher than normal ejection fraction is needed to maintain a normal physical working capacity. Th increased ejection performance seems, however, not to be related to an increase in muscle fiber shortening, but can be explained by geometric reasons.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in patients with hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy. From 1970 to 1977 the diagnosis of hypertrophic, nonobstructive cardiomyopathy was made by clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic findings in 13 patients (2 females and 11 males). Echocardiography showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy in 10 of the 12 evaluated patients (83%) and symmetric hypertrophy of the septum and the posterior wall in 2 patients (17%). Systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet was found in 5 patients (42%) although there was no obstruction of the outflow tract. Significantly higher angiographic ejection parameters were present in the 13 patients with cardiomyopathy compared to 13 control patients and the angiographic lateral wall thickness was significantly larger in patients with cardiomyopathy than in controls. The clinical course was followed during 36 mth; a stable course was found in 8 (group A) and a deterioration in 5 patients (group B). Physical working capacity and left ventricular systolic ejection fraction were significantly higher in group A than in group B. Ejection fraction in group B was similar to that of the controls whereas physical working capacity was depressed. Thus, in nonobstructive cardiomyopathy a higher than normal ejection fraction is needed to maintain a normal physical working capacity. Th increased ejection performance seems, however, not to be related to an increase in muscle fiber shortening, but can be explained by geometric reasons.", "PMID": 569582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8578", "title": "Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with unusual involvement of the right ventricle.", "content": "4 cases of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are reported. In all of them, the onset of symptoms occurred before the 8th mth of life, and were characterized by severe right cardiac failure. In 3 cases the catheterization revealed significant decrease in right ventricular compliance and severe reduction of its cavity. The pathological studies were consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with predominant involvement of the right ventricle. The pedigree disclosed a Mendelian autosomal recessive type of inheritance.", "contents": "Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with unusual involvement of the right ventricle. 4 cases of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are reported. In all of them, the onset of symptoms occurred before the 8th mth of life, and were characterized by severe right cardiac failure. In 3 cases the catheterization revealed significant decrease in right ventricular compliance and severe reduction of its cavity. The pathological studies were consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with predominant involvement of the right ventricle. The pedigree disclosed a Mendelian autosomal recessive type of inheritance.", "PMID": 569583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8579", "title": "Single-dose tolerance to antinociception, and physical dependence on beta-endorphin in mice.", "content": "beta-Endorphin (B-EN) injected intracerebroventricularly in mice produced a rapid onset, dose-dependent antinociceptive effect. The median analgesic dose (AD50) 30 min following administration was found to be 270 ng/mouse (3.7 nmoles/kg). B-EN produced an acute, single-dose tolerance which was characterized by its dose dependence and the time course of its development. Single-dose tolerance development was demonstrable with doses twice or more the AD50. Tolerance was maximal at about 12 h following the priming dose and disappeared within 48 h. Tolerance was accompanied by some degree of physical dependence as noted by signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal similar to those elicitable in the morphine-dependent state. Tolerance development to B-EN was blocked by the simultaneous administration of naloxone and also by pretreatment with 0.35 mg/kg actinomycin D or 30 mg/kg cycloheximide 30 min before B-EN. It appears that single-dose tolerance to B-EN was initiated by processes similar to those involved with tolerance resulting from chronic administration of morphine.", "contents": "Single-dose tolerance to antinociception, and physical dependence on beta-endorphin in mice. beta-Endorphin (B-EN) injected intracerebroventricularly in mice produced a rapid onset, dose-dependent antinociceptive effect. The median analgesic dose (AD50) 30 min following administration was found to be 270 ng/mouse (3.7 nmoles/kg). B-EN produced an acute, single-dose tolerance which was characterized by its dose dependence and the time course of its development. Single-dose tolerance development was demonstrable with doses twice or more the AD50. Tolerance was maximal at about 12 h following the priming dose and disappeared within 48 h. Tolerance was accompanied by some degree of physical dependence as noted by signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal similar to those elicitable in the morphine-dependent state. Tolerance development to B-EN was blocked by the simultaneous administration of naloxone and also by pretreatment with 0.35 mg/kg actinomycin D or 30 mg/kg cycloheximide 30 min before B-EN. It appears that single-dose tolerance to B-EN was initiated by processes similar to those involved with tolerance resulting from chronic administration of morphine.", "PMID": 569586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8580", "title": "6-OHDA lesion to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle alters morphine-induced locomotor activity and catalepsy.", "content": "Rats show an initial depression in locomotor activity in response to doses of morphine greater than 5 mg/kg during the first hour after injection which is followed by a prolonged hyperactive phase. The effect of bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle on this biphasic action of morphine was studied. These lesions were found to significantly potentiate the locomotor depressant effects of morphine at 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg while leaving the subsequent stimulant action of morphine unchanged. The cataleptic action of morphine at 20.0 mg/kg as measured in a separate test was also potentiated. These lesions were found to deplete hippocampal and cortical noradrenaline (NA) to 3% and hypothalamic NA to 32% of control values and also to cause significant increases in cerebellar and spinal NA. These data suggest a role for NA in the depressant effects of morphine but not in its subsequent stimulant actions which appear to be mediated by other neurochemical systems.", "contents": "6-OHDA lesion to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle alters morphine-induced locomotor activity and catalepsy. Rats show an initial depression in locomotor activity in response to doses of morphine greater than 5 mg/kg during the first hour after injection which is followed by a prolonged hyperactive phase. The effect of bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle on this biphasic action of morphine was studied. These lesions were found to significantly potentiate the locomotor depressant effects of morphine at 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg while leaving the subsequent stimulant action of morphine unchanged. The cataleptic action of morphine at 20.0 mg/kg as measured in a separate test was also potentiated. These lesions were found to deplete hippocampal and cortical noradrenaline (NA) to 3% and hypothalamic NA to 32% of control values and also to cause significant increases in cerebellar and spinal NA. These data suggest a role for NA in the depressant effects of morphine but not in its subsequent stimulant actions which appear to be mediated by other neurochemical systems.", "PMID": 569587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8581", "title": "Irritable aggression and open field behavior in rats given 2-phenylcyclopropylamines.", "content": "Adult male Wistar rats given an i.p. injection (3 ml/kg) of a 2-phenylcyclopropylamine (59 mumol/kg) were tested 3--5 h later for shock-induced aggression, jump threshold, stereotypic movement, rearing and ambulation. Shock-induced aggression was facilitated by trans-1-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (1-TPCP) and was suppressed by trans-d-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (d-TPCP). Neither drug affected jump threshold. The effects of 1-TPCP and d-TPCP on irritable aggression are discussed in terms of the effects of the drugs on monoaminergic mechanisms. A behavioral syndrome of increased stereotypic behavior of the serotonin-dependent type as well as decreased rearing and ambulation occurred in rats given d-TPCP, trans-dl-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine, but not in rats given 1-TPCP, cis-dl-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine or 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine. The findings suggest that the behavioral syndrome depended in part on the absence of a chlorine substitution in the ortho position of the phenyl ring.", "contents": "Irritable aggression and open field behavior in rats given 2-phenylcyclopropylamines. Adult male Wistar rats given an i.p. injection (3 ml/kg) of a 2-phenylcyclopropylamine (59 mumol/kg) were tested 3--5 h later for shock-induced aggression, jump threshold, stereotypic movement, rearing and ambulation. Shock-induced aggression was facilitated by trans-1-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (1-TPCP) and was suppressed by trans-d-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (d-TPCP). Neither drug affected jump threshold. The effects of 1-TPCP and d-TPCP on irritable aggression are discussed in terms of the effects of the drugs on monoaminergic mechanisms. A behavioral syndrome of increased stereotypic behavior of the serotonin-dependent type as well as decreased rearing and ambulation occurred in rats given d-TPCP, trans-dl-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine, but not in rats given 1-TPCP, cis-dl-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine or 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-cyclopropylamine. The findings suggest that the behavioral syndrome depended in part on the absence of a chlorine substitution in the ortho position of the phenyl ring.", "PMID": 569588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8582", "title": "Evidence that a nigral gabaergic--cholinergic balance controls posture.", "content": "The intranigral injection of kainic acid (k.a.) (3.5 nM/s.n.) produced a lesion which resulted in a decreased muscarinic receptor binding capacity and in a decreased choline acetyl transferase (CAT) activity confined to the pars reticulata. The unilateral, intranigral injection of carbachol in the substantia nigra (s.n.) produced turning, ipsilateral to the injected side, of dose-related intensity, which was antagonized by scopolamine given either i.p. or intranigrally together with carbachol. The bilateral, intranigral injection of carbachol produced rigid catalepsy, highly resistant to apomorphine administration and antagonized by scopolamine. On the other hand, the catalepsy produced by intranigral picrotoxin was much more sensitive to apomorphine and was disrupted by systemic scopolamine administration. Intranigral scopolamine per se produced either contralateral turning or stereotyped movements consistently, when injected unilaterally or bilaterally, respectively. In addition, scopolamine injected bilaterally in the s.n. but not in the caudate nucleus (c.n.), at the concentration of 64 nM side, was able to antagonize the haloperidol-induced catalepsy and to prevent the tremors and the muscular rigidity produced by arecoline. This effect of scopolamine was surmountable with a higher dose of arecoline. Finally, intranigral muscimol (0.44 nM/s.n.) prevented the occurrence of the parkinsonian syndrome produced by systemic arecoline. It is concluded that the muscarinic receptors present in the s.n. pars reticulata play a role in the control of posture opposite to that of the nigral GABA receptors.", "contents": "Evidence that a nigral gabaergic--cholinergic balance controls posture. The intranigral injection of kainic acid (k.a.) (3.5 nM/s.n.) produced a lesion which resulted in a decreased muscarinic receptor binding capacity and in a decreased choline acetyl transferase (CAT) activity confined to the pars reticulata. The unilateral, intranigral injection of carbachol in the substantia nigra (s.n.) produced turning, ipsilateral to the injected side, of dose-related intensity, which was antagonized by scopolamine given either i.p. or intranigrally together with carbachol. The bilateral, intranigral injection of carbachol produced rigid catalepsy, highly resistant to apomorphine administration and antagonized by scopolamine. On the other hand, the catalepsy produced by intranigral picrotoxin was much more sensitive to apomorphine and was disrupted by systemic scopolamine administration. Intranigral scopolamine per se produced either contralateral turning or stereotyped movements consistently, when injected unilaterally or bilaterally, respectively. In addition, scopolamine injected bilaterally in the s.n. but not in the caudate nucleus (c.n.), at the concentration of 64 nM side, was able to antagonize the haloperidol-induced catalepsy and to prevent the tremors and the muscular rigidity produced by arecoline. This effect of scopolamine was surmountable with a higher dose of arecoline. Finally, intranigral muscimol (0.44 nM/s.n.) prevented the occurrence of the parkinsonian syndrome produced by systemic arecoline. It is concluded that the muscarinic receptors present in the s.n. pars reticulata play a role in the control of posture opposite to that of the nigral GABA receptors.", "PMID": 569589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8583", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus: new observations on the parameters necessary for ovulation in rats anaesthetised with pentobarbitone during the pro-oestrous \"critical period\".", "content": "The experiments were designed to specifiy optimal parameters of hypothalamic electrical stimulation to induce ovulation in rats anaesthetised with pentobarbitone during the \"critical period\" on the afternoon of pro-oestrous. We have established that duration of stimulation in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus is of greater importance than total number of pulses delivered. The minimum period of stimulation to ensure that all rats ovulated was 45 min. However, stimulation in the arcuate region did not have to be continuous throughout this period. Indeed, three 5-min bursts at 100 Hz distributed equally through 45 min always caused ovulation whereas a continuous 15-min stimulation at the same frequency was without effect. With 30 min of continuous stimulation in the arcuate region, at frequencies ranging from 10 to 100 Hz, approximately half of the rats ovulated.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus: new observations on the parameters necessary for ovulation in rats anaesthetised with pentobarbitone during the pro-oestrous \"critical period\". The experiments were designed to specifiy optimal parameters of hypothalamic electrical stimulation to induce ovulation in rats anaesthetised with pentobarbitone during the \"critical period\" on the afternoon of pro-oestrous. We have established that duration of stimulation in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus is of greater importance than total number of pulses delivered. The minimum period of stimulation to ensure that all rats ovulated was 45 min. However, stimulation in the arcuate region did not have to be continuous throughout this period. Indeed, three 5-min bursts at 100 Hz distributed equally through 45 min always caused ovulation whereas a continuous 15-min stimulation at the same frequency was without effect. With 30 min of continuous stimulation in the arcuate region, at frequencies ranging from 10 to 100 Hz, approximately half of the rats ovulated.", "PMID": 569591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8584", "title": "Permeability coefficients of the egg-case membrane of Scyliorhinus canicula L.", "content": "The cleidoic egg-case of the dogfish appears to have a highly porous and permeable outer membrane, the pore radius being computed to be 13.6 A. It does not present any physiological barrier to small molecules and therefore constitutes an open ionic and osmotic system for the embryo. Being a porous protein membrane it may be of value as a model for molecular transport mechanisms.", "contents": "Permeability coefficients of the egg-case membrane of Scyliorhinus canicula L. The cleidoic egg-case of the dogfish appears to have a highly porous and permeable outer membrane, the pore radius being computed to be 13.6 A. It does not present any physiological barrier to small molecules and therefore constitutes an open ionic and osmotic system for the embryo. Being a porous protein membrane it may be of value as a model for molecular transport mechanisms.", "PMID": 569596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8585", "title": "Electron microscopical observation of the contact between ribosomes and detergent-resistant cytofilaments.", "content": "The contact of cytofilaments with ribosome-like particles in Triton X-100-treated cells of Zajdela ascites hepatoma was revealed. It is suggested that cytofilaments are engaged in the transport of ribosomes from the nuclear surface into definite areas of cytoplasm.", "contents": "Electron microscopical observation of the contact between ribosomes and detergent-resistant cytofilaments. The contact of cytofilaments with ribosome-like particles in Triton X-100-treated cells of Zajdela ascites hepatoma was revealed. It is suggested that cytofilaments are engaged in the transport of ribosomes from the nuclear surface into definite areas of cytoplasm.", "PMID": 569597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8586", "title": "[Dynamics of blood circulation and oxygen consumption in mammary glands].", "content": "In lactating albino mice, the blood flow rate and oxygen consumption in mammary tissues varied with a period of 45--50 min. The maximal values were reached at the initial stage of the secretory cycle: oxygen consumption 9.7 +/- 2.5 ml O2/100 g.min, and blood flow 94.3 +/- 21.2 ml/100 g.min. The minimal values of oxygen consumption and blood flow ere recorded on the 30--35th min of the secretory cycle and were 1.2 +/- 0.4 ml O2/100 g.min and 16.2 +/- 5.3 ml/100 g.min, respectively. Oxygen consumption by the secretory cells at the beginning of the secretory cycle averaged 19.3 +/- 5.2 ml 92/100 g.min, and within 30--35 min--3.3 +/- 1.1 ml O2/100 g.min. The linear relations between the intensity of blood flow and oxygen consumption in the mammary gland were revealed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of blood circulation and oxygen consumption in mammary glands]. In lactating albino mice, the blood flow rate and oxygen consumption in mammary tissues varied with a period of 45--50 min. The maximal values were reached at the initial stage of the secretory cycle: oxygen consumption 9.7 +/- 2.5 ml O2/100 g.min, and blood flow 94.3 +/- 21.2 ml/100 g.min. The minimal values of oxygen consumption and blood flow ere recorded on the 30--35th min of the secretory cycle and were 1.2 +/- 0.4 ml O2/100 g.min and 16.2 +/- 5.3 ml/100 g.min, respectively. Oxygen consumption by the secretory cells at the beginning of the secretory cycle averaged 19.3 +/- 5.2 ml 92/100 g.min, and within 30--35 min--3.3 +/- 1.1 ml O2/100 g.min. The linear relations between the intensity of blood flow and oxygen consumption in the mammary gland were revealed.", "PMID": 569600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8587", "title": "[Biorhythm structure as one of the criteria of the body's capacity for physiologic adaptation].", "content": "In order to establish the criteria of the organism's ability for adaptation, we examined 16 healthy subjects, 10 of whom were able to very well adapt themselves to changes in environment, whereas 6 subjects could not do that well enough. In the background examinations (and for the well-adapting subjects in examinations made after meridian crossing in flight), the blood pressure, heart rate, and capillaroscopic picture were recorded during 3 days 5 times a day. Apart from that, the biorhythmic structure of the natural nocturnal sleep EEG was analysed. The data obtained showed that the well-adapting subjects had these characteristics of the biorhythms structure: relatively higher mean values of the parameters under study, a major dispersion of these values over different hours of the day and night, and clear temporal structure of the 24-hr curve as expressed by occurrence of the maximal and the minimal values of the functions at the same hours.", "contents": "[Biorhythm structure as one of the criteria of the body's capacity for physiologic adaptation]. In order to establish the criteria of the organism's ability for adaptation, we examined 16 healthy subjects, 10 of whom were able to very well adapt themselves to changes in environment, whereas 6 subjects could not do that well enough. In the background examinations (and for the well-adapting subjects in examinations made after meridian crossing in flight), the blood pressure, heart rate, and capillaroscopic picture were recorded during 3 days 5 times a day. Apart from that, the biorhythmic structure of the natural nocturnal sleep EEG was analysed. The data obtained showed that the well-adapting subjects had these characteristics of the biorhythms structure: relatively higher mean values of the parameters under study, a major dispersion of these values over different hours of the day and night, and clear temporal structure of the 24-hr curve as expressed by occurrence of the maximal and the minimal values of the functions at the same hours.", "PMID": 569601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8588", "title": "The kinetics of inhibition with methotrexate and vinblastine of the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice.", "content": "Forty-eight or 72 h after immunization with sheep red blood cells, CBA mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of methotrexate or vinblastine, 2.5 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg respectively, and then the number of direct plaque-forming cells in their spleen was estimated at 4-h intervals. The PFC growth curve showed an exponential and staircase pattern. After administration of both cytostatics, the PFC numbers in the spleen of mice changed in a wave-like fashion: the increase was accompanied by a decrease. In some parts of the curves obtained the PFC numbers increased or decreased 2 to 7 times within 4 hours. A marked increase in PFC numbers in the controls and in animals treated with both cytostatics occurred at 60, 72--76, 84--88 h of the immune response. It is suggested that methotrexate and vinblastine do not prevent recruitment of precursor cells into PFC and consequently the number of PFC increases. The decrease in PFC numbers under the influence of both cytostatics presumably results from \"unbalanced growth\".", "contents": "The kinetics of inhibition with methotrexate and vinblastine of the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice. Forty-eight or 72 h after immunization with sheep red blood cells, CBA mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of methotrexate or vinblastine, 2.5 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg respectively, and then the number of direct plaque-forming cells in their spleen was estimated at 4-h intervals. The PFC growth curve showed an exponential and staircase pattern. After administration of both cytostatics, the PFC numbers in the spleen of mice changed in a wave-like fashion: the increase was accompanied by a decrease. In some parts of the curves obtained the PFC numbers increased or decreased 2 to 7 times within 4 hours. A marked increase in PFC numbers in the controls and in animals treated with both cytostatics occurred at 60, 72--76, 84--88 h of the immune response. It is suggested that methotrexate and vinblastine do not prevent recruitment of precursor cells into PFC and consequently the number of PFC increases. The decrease in PFC numbers under the influence of both cytostatics presumably results from \"unbalanced growth\".", "PMID": 569602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8589", "title": "Microtubule reassembly-interactions between microtubules and pore complexes, endoplasmic reticulum and 100 A filaments in tumour cells in vitro.", "content": "100 A filaments and annulate lamellae were often observed in the vicinity of vinblastine-induced paracrystals in tumour cells treated with nocodazole. There was often a direct continuity between 100 A filaments and paracrystals. The assembly of microtubules was examined in nocodazole-treated cells with special attention to possible initiating sites. We found an apparent association of microtubules with pore like structures associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. A complex system of 100 A filaments, microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum was observed. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Microtubule reassembly-interactions between microtubules and pore complexes, endoplasmic reticulum and 100 A filaments in tumour cells in vitro. 100 A filaments and annulate lamellae were often observed in the vicinity of vinblastine-induced paracrystals in tumour cells treated with nocodazole. There was often a direct continuity between 100 A filaments and paracrystals. The assembly of microtubules was examined in nocodazole-treated cells with special attention to possible initiating sites. We found an apparent association of microtubules with pore like structures associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. A complex system of 100 A filaments, microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum was observed. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 569605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8590", "title": "Modified desmosomes in cultured epithelial cells.", "content": "Junctional complexes are described in various cultured cells of epithelial origin and morphology which show structural features different from those of both typical maculae adhaerentes and fasciae adhaerentes. Established rat kangaroo kidney-derived cell lines (PtK1 and PtK2) and secondary cultures of cells derived from lactating bovine mammary gland epithelium (BMGE) have been studied in particular detail. Several types of modified desmosomes are described which are characterized by altered dimensions and spacings of the individual desmosomal units, variations in intercellular gap width, less distinct submembranous coats and midline structures (dense strata) of the intercellular space, and lack of attachment of typical tonofibril-like bundles of tonofilaments. The observations suggest that progressive changes in junction morphology from desmosome-like to that of a more intermediate junction frequently occur during in vitro culturing of epithelial cells.", "contents": "Modified desmosomes in cultured epithelial cells. Junctional complexes are described in various cultured cells of epithelial origin and morphology which show structural features different from those of both typical maculae adhaerentes and fasciae adhaerentes. Established rat kangaroo kidney-derived cell lines (PtK1 and PtK2) and secondary cultures of cells derived from lactating bovine mammary gland epithelium (BMGE) have been studied in particular detail. Several types of modified desmosomes are described which are characterized by altered dimensions and spacings of the individual desmosomal units, variations in intercellular gap width, less distinct submembranous coats and midline structures (dense strata) of the intercellular space, and lack of attachment of typical tonofibril-like bundles of tonofilaments. The observations suggest that progressive changes in junction morphology from desmosome-like to that of a more intermediate junction frequently occur during in vitro culturing of epithelial cells.", "PMID": 569606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8591", "title": "Pharmacogenetics of tolbutamide metabolism in humans.", "content": "This study was designed to focus on the genetic control of tolbutamide dispositon in humans and to provide insight into the potential for high accrued blood levels in individuals receiving fixed dosage regimens. Tolbutamide was administered intravenously to 42 nondiabetic subjects, eight of their relatives, and to five sets of twins. A ninefold variation in the rate of tolbutamide disappearance from plasms (Kd) was found. This variation was characterized by a trimodal frequency distribution, suggestive of monogenic inheritance and consistent with pedigree analysis, indicating autosomal transmission of rapid and slow inactivation of tolbutamide. A heritability value of 0.995 for Kd indicated little influence of environmental factors on variation of this rate. Interindividual differences in the binding of 35S-tolbutamide to serum proteins were also assessed. No correlation was found between tolbutamide serum protein binding affinity and Kd. Analysis of the metabolites of tolbutamide in urine samples provided evidence for the microsomal oxidation of the drug to hydroxytolbutamide as the primary site of genetic control. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for monogenic control of tolbutamide metabolism in man. The results suggest that fixed dosage regimens of this drug, as were prescribed in the controversial University Group Diabetes Program study, might lead to higher accrued blood levels in slow inactivators.", "contents": "Pharmacogenetics of tolbutamide metabolism in humans. This study was designed to focus on the genetic control of tolbutamide dispositon in humans and to provide insight into the potential for high accrued blood levels in individuals receiving fixed dosage regimens. Tolbutamide was administered intravenously to 42 nondiabetic subjects, eight of their relatives, and to five sets of twins. A ninefold variation in the rate of tolbutamide disappearance from plasms (Kd) was found. This variation was characterized by a trimodal frequency distribution, suggestive of monogenic inheritance and consistent with pedigree analysis, indicating autosomal transmission of rapid and slow inactivation of tolbutamide. A heritability value of 0.995 for Kd indicated little influence of environmental factors on variation of this rate. Interindividual differences in the binding of 35S-tolbutamide to serum proteins were also assessed. No correlation was found between tolbutamide serum protein binding affinity and Kd. Analysis of the metabolites of tolbutamide in urine samples provided evidence for the microsomal oxidation of the drug to hydroxytolbutamide as the primary site of genetic control. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for monogenic control of tolbutamide metabolism in man. The results suggest that fixed dosage regimens of this drug, as were prescribed in the controversial University Group Diabetes Program study, might lead to higher accrued blood levels in slow inactivators.", "PMID": 569611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8592", "title": "[Spontaneous hyperstimulation of the ovaries with luteal cysts and ascites during a twin pregnancy-extreme case of the syndrome of painfull early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Laparotomy was performed in a para II gravida II of 28 years in an early twin pregnancy. The left ovary was enlarged to 18 X 8 cm, the right ovary to 1i X 8 cm by luteal cysts. The abdominal cavity contained an ample amount of peritoneal fluid. The history is understood as spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation, and as an extreme case of the relatively common syndrome of painfull early pregnancy, occasionally leading to unnecessary surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Spontaneous hyperstimulation of the ovaries with luteal cysts and ascites during a twin pregnancy-extreme case of the syndrome of painfull early pregnancy (author's transl)]. Laparotomy was performed in a para II gravida II of 28 years in an early twin pregnancy. The left ovary was enlarged to 18 X 8 cm, the right ovary to 1i X 8 cm by luteal cysts. The abdominal cavity contained an ample amount of peritoneal fluid. The history is understood as spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation, and as an extreme case of the relatively common syndrome of painfull early pregnancy, occasionally leading to unnecessary surgical intervention.", "PMID": 569614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8593", "title": "Diurnal serum levels of primary conjugated bile acids. Assessment by specific radioimmunoassays for conjugates of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "The serum levels of conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid (chenyl conjugates) and of cholic acid (cholyl conjugates) were determined by specific radioimmunoassays during a 24-hour period, which included three liquid meals and an overnight fast, in five healthy volunteers, five patients with previous cholecystectomy, five patients with documented bile acid malabsorption because of ileal resection, and four pregnant women. In healthy subjects, fasting-state levels of chenyl conjugates, when compared with those of cholyl conjugates, were higher; postprandially, levels of chenyl conjugates rose to a peak sooner (30 minutes vs 60 minutes) and to higher levels (5.2 +/- 1.3 muM vs 2.0 +/- 0.5 muM, M +/- SE). In cholecystectomised patients, the integrated areas under the curve for both bile acids were similar to those of the healthy controls, but postprandial peaks were less marked. In patients with bile acid malabsorption, postprandial rises of chenyl conjugates were lower but remained relatively constant throughout the day, whereas cholyl conjugate levels diminished progressively with each successive meal, consistant with depletion of the cholyl, but not the chenyl, pool. In three of four pregnant women, the postprandial rise of chenyl conjugates was disproportionately less compared with that of healthy controls. These results confirm the dynamic complexity of serum bile acid levels in man and indicate that the major circulating primary bile acids are chenyl conjugates. They support previous proposals that jejunal absorption of chenyl conjugates is important in the normal enterohepatic circulation of bile acids; and they suggest an abnormality in the enterohepatic circulation in pregnancy.", "contents": "Diurnal serum levels of primary conjugated bile acids. Assessment by specific radioimmunoassays for conjugates of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. The serum levels of conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid (chenyl conjugates) and of cholic acid (cholyl conjugates) were determined by specific radioimmunoassays during a 24-hour period, which included three liquid meals and an overnight fast, in five healthy volunteers, five patients with previous cholecystectomy, five patients with documented bile acid malabsorption because of ileal resection, and four pregnant women. In healthy subjects, fasting-state levels of chenyl conjugates, when compared with those of cholyl conjugates, were higher; postprandially, levels of chenyl conjugates rose to a peak sooner (30 minutes vs 60 minutes) and to higher levels (5.2 +/- 1.3 muM vs 2.0 +/- 0.5 muM, M +/- SE). In cholecystectomised patients, the integrated areas under the curve for both bile acids were similar to those of the healthy controls, but postprandial peaks were less marked. In patients with bile acid malabsorption, postprandial rises of chenyl conjugates were lower but remained relatively constant throughout the day, whereas cholyl conjugate levels diminished progressively with each successive meal, consistant with depletion of the cholyl, but not the chenyl, pool. In three of four pregnant women, the postprandial rise of chenyl conjugates was disproportionately less compared with that of healthy controls. These results confirm the dynamic complexity of serum bile acid levels in man and indicate that the major circulating primary bile acids are chenyl conjugates. They support previous proposals that jejunal absorption of chenyl conjugates is important in the normal enterohepatic circulation of bile acids; and they suggest an abnormality in the enterohepatic circulation in pregnancy.", "PMID": 569619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8594", "title": "Epithelial rat liver cells have cell surface receptors recognizing a phosphorylated carbohydrate on lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "Receptor-mediated endocytosis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by cultured epithelial rat liver cells is inhibited by mannose, L-fucose and most effectively by mannose 6-phosphate. Endocytosis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is lost after treatment of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase. These findings indicate that epithelial rat liver cells possess cell surface receptors that recognize a phosphorylated carbohydrate on alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, as was previously reported for cell surface receptors of human skin fibroblasts. Inhibition of alpha-mannosidase endocytosis by epithelial rat liver cells in the presence of mannose 6-phosphate and loss of enzyme endocytosis after treatment with alkaline phosphatase suggest that this enzyme is recognized by the same receptor.", "contents": "Epithelial rat liver cells have cell surface receptors recognizing a phosphorylated carbohydrate on lysosomal enzymes. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by cultured epithelial rat liver cells is inhibited by mannose, L-fucose and most effectively by mannose 6-phosphate. Endocytosis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is lost after treatment of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase. These findings indicate that epithelial rat liver cells possess cell surface receptors that recognize a phosphorylated carbohydrate on alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, as was previously reported for cell surface receptors of human skin fibroblasts. Inhibition of alpha-mannosidase endocytosis by epithelial rat liver cells in the presence of mannose 6-phosphate and loss of enzyme endocytosis after treatment with alkaline phosphatase suggest that this enzyme is recognized by the same receptor.", "PMID": 569630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8595", "title": "Sexual differentiation of the brain.", "content": "Ontogenetically the brain is female and, regardless of genetic sex, would remain so if not exposed to gonadal hormones at a critical stage in its development. Research in animals in which this exposure occurs after birth is providing evidence that the differentiation of the neural substrates that regulate pituitary activity and sexual behavior is localized to a particular hypothalamic region.", "contents": "Sexual differentiation of the brain. Ontogenetically the brain is female and, regardless of genetic sex, would remain so if not exposed to gonadal hormones at a critical stage in its development. Research in animals in which this exposure occurs after birth is providing evidence that the differentiation of the neural substrates that regulate pituitary activity and sexual behavior is localized to a particular hypothalamic region.", "PMID": 569631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8596", "title": "Origin of mitotic cells of the chorionic villi in direct chromosome analysis.", "content": "The origin of mitotic cells was investigated histologically in chorionic tissue, metaphase plates of which were used for direct cytogenetic study. Mitotic figures were often observed in the Langhans' cell layers, but absolutely none were seen in the syncytium and stromal cells.", "contents": "Origin of mitotic cells of the chorionic villi in direct chromosome analysis. The origin of mitotic cells was investigated histologically in chorionic tissue, metaphase plates of which were used for direct cytogenetic study. Mitotic figures were often observed in the Langhans' cell layers, but absolutely none were seen in the syncytium and stromal cells.", "PMID": 569634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8597", "title": "Environmental backgrounds of young Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.", "content": "Twenty-four Chinese NPC patients under 25 years of age at the time of diagnosis were interviewed. The interviews were carried out in the presence of their families in 22 cases and concentrated on the environmental background of the subject's infancy and early childhood. An analysis of the results eliminated household inhalants, aerial contaminants, medicines, food therapy, spices, fresh foods and soya sauce as likely factors in carcinogenesis. The only remaining foods eaten by all subjects and worthy of consideration were laap cheung, salted fish and tau si. Salted fish was the most commonly eaten and the only one fed to babies. In childhood, the subjects had rarely or never been fed vegetables or fruits. Most had, since childhood, been characteristically sickly, inactive, withdrawn and choosy about their food. It would appear that consumption of salted fish and vitamin C-deficiency in early childhood are important environmental factors and that a certain personality type may be associated with an increased risk.", "contents": "Environmental backgrounds of young Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Twenty-four Chinese NPC patients under 25 years of age at the time of diagnosis were interviewed. The interviews were carried out in the presence of their families in 22 cases and concentrated on the environmental background of the subject's infancy and early childhood. An analysis of the results eliminated household inhalants, aerial contaminants, medicines, food therapy, spices, fresh foods and soya sauce as likely factors in carcinogenesis. The only remaining foods eaten by all subjects and worthy of consideration were laap cheung, salted fish and tau si. Salted fish was the most commonly eaten and the only one fed to babies. In childhood, the subjects had rarely or never been fed vegetables or fruits. Most had, since childhood, been characteristically sickly, inactive, withdrawn and choosy about their food. It would appear that consumption of salted fish and vitamin C-deficiency in early childhood are important environmental factors and that a certain personality type may be associated with an increased risk.", "PMID": 569635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8598", "title": "Analysis for volatile nitrosamines in salt-preserved foodstuffs traditionally consumed by southern Chinese.", "content": "Six types of salted fish and 10 other sorts of salted food products traditionally consumed by southern Chinese were analysed by GC-MS for the presence of volatile nitrosamines. The detection limit in the original raw food was 1 microg/kg for each nitrosamine. Only NDMA, in the range of 1-35 microg/kg, could be detected, in four of the six types of salted fish samples examined; and no nitrosamines were found in the other salted food products.", "contents": "Analysis for volatile nitrosamines in salt-preserved foodstuffs traditionally consumed by southern Chinese. Six types of salted fish and 10 other sorts of salted food products traditionally consumed by southern Chinese were analysed by GC-MS for the presence of volatile nitrosamines. The detection limit in the original raw food was 1 microg/kg for each nitrosamine. Only NDMA, in the range of 1-35 microg/kg, could be detected, in four of the six types of salted fish samples examined; and no nitrosamines were found in the other salted food products.", "PMID": 569636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8599", "title": "Comparison of tissue-cultured bovine endothelial cells from aorta and saphenous vein.", "content": "Endothelial cells were harvested from bovine aorta and saphenous vein with collagenase and cultured in McCoy's 5a medium (modified GIBCO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were subcultured through 17 passages over 4 to 5 months. The growth properties in culture of the two cell types were compared. Morphological comparisons included phase microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Comparisons with cultured aortic smooth-muscle cells were made using phase and scanning electron microscopy. No differences were found between cultured endothelial cells from aorta and saphenous vein. Differences in growth patterns in culture clearly distinguished both endothelial cell types from smooth-muscle cells. The presence of Weibel-Palade bodies identified the cells from both sources as endothelial.", "contents": "Comparison of tissue-cultured bovine endothelial cells from aorta and saphenous vein. Endothelial cells were harvested from bovine aorta and saphenous vein with collagenase and cultured in McCoy's 5a medium (modified GIBCO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were subcultured through 17 passages over 4 to 5 months. The growth properties in culture of the two cell types were compared. Morphological comparisons included phase microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Comparisons with cultured aortic smooth-muscle cells were made using phase and scanning electron microscopy. No differences were found between cultured endothelial cells from aorta and saphenous vein. Differences in growth patterns in culture clearly distinguished both endothelial cell types from smooth-muscle cells. The presence of Weibel-Palade bodies identified the cells from both sources as endothelial.", "PMID": 569638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8600", "title": "Development of Sertoli cell junctions in vitro--a freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Seminiferous tubules of 1-day-old rats were maintained in organ culture for up to 40 days. Five classes of intercellular junctions between Sertoli cells were observed by the freeze-fracture method as the tissue aged: (a) typical gap junctions; (b) focal tight junctions; (c) macular tight junctions; (d) meandering tight junctions; and (e) extensive tight junctions. The relative proportions of these types of Sertoli cell junctions were quantitated as the organ cultures progressed. The junctional structures observed and classified in organ culture were identical to those seen in vivo, but the timing of their appearance and/or disappearance, as well as their relative proportions, was different from that observed in the developing animal. Extensive tight junctions, with numerous parallel strands, were observed in the 40-day cultures; however, their oblique orientation with respect to the myoid layer was in contrast to the parallel orientation observed in vivo.", "contents": "Development of Sertoli cell junctions in vitro--a freeze-fracture study. Seminiferous tubules of 1-day-old rats were maintained in organ culture for up to 40 days. Five classes of intercellular junctions between Sertoli cells were observed by the freeze-fracture method as the tissue aged: (a) typical gap junctions; (b) focal tight junctions; (c) macular tight junctions; (d) meandering tight junctions; and (e) extensive tight junctions. The relative proportions of these types of Sertoli cell junctions were quantitated as the organ cultures progressed. The junctional structures observed and classified in organ culture were identical to those seen in vivo, but the timing of their appearance and/or disappearance, as well as their relative proportions, was different from that observed in the developing animal. Extensive tight junctions, with numerous parallel strands, were observed in the 40-day cultures; however, their oblique orientation with respect to the myoid layer was in contrast to the parallel orientation observed in vivo.", "PMID": 569639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8601", "title": "Decontamination of bacterial infection of monolayer cultures with a specific bacteriophage.", "content": "A few cell lines and primary monolayer cultures were accidentally infected by bacteria. These cultures were successfully decontaminated by means of the specific bacteriophage virus after quick identification of the responsible bacteria. This method presents a practical interest for preservation of valuable cultures.", "contents": "Decontamination of bacterial infection of monolayer cultures with a specific bacteriophage. A few cell lines and primary monolayer cultures were accidentally infected by bacteria. These cultures were successfully decontaminated by means of the specific bacteriophage virus after quick identification of the responsible bacteria. This method presents a practical interest for preservation of valuable cultures.", "PMID": 569640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8602", "title": "IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins to Bacteroides (Fusiformis) nodosus protease in infected and immunized sheep.", "content": "Sheep experimentally infected with foot rot developed antibodies that neutralized the proteolytic activity of Bacteroides nodosus culture filtrates in vitro. Similar antibody activity developed in sheep vaccinated against foot rot. In both cases the antibody was initially only associated with the IgG2 fraction of serum, but with time there was an increase in the proportion associated with IgG1. A subsidiary protein peak devoid of antiprotease activity was observed in elution profiles of affected and vaccinated sheep.", "contents": "IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins to Bacteroides (Fusiformis) nodosus protease in infected and immunized sheep. Sheep experimentally infected with foot rot developed antibodies that neutralized the proteolytic activity of Bacteroides nodosus culture filtrates in vitro. Similar antibody activity developed in sheep vaccinated against foot rot. In both cases the antibody was initially only associated with the IgG2 fraction of serum, but with time there was an increase in the proportion associated with IgG1. A subsidiary protein peak devoid of antiprotease activity was observed in elution profiles of affected and vaccinated sheep.", "PMID": 569644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8603", "title": "Host defense mechanisms against influenza virus: interaction of influenza virus with murine macrophages in vitro.", "content": "The interaction of mouse macrophages with influenza virus was examined as part of a study into the defense mechanisms against influenza infection. Macrophages exposed to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 virus produced infectious foci on susceptible indicator cell monolayers. Sampling of supernatant fluids and cells from infected macrophage cultures showed release of virus adsorbed to the cell surface. Active virus replication in macrophages could not be demonstrated. Exposing macrophages to specific antibody before or after virus infection resulted in a significant decrease in the number of infectious macrophages. The results suggest that although macrophages are not the source of replicating influenza virus, they are able to spread the infection by having virus attaching to their surface. This activity is interfered with by the presence of specific antibody.", "contents": "Host defense mechanisms against influenza virus: interaction of influenza virus with murine macrophages in vitro. The interaction of mouse macrophages with influenza virus was examined as part of a study into the defense mechanisms against influenza infection. Macrophages exposed to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 virus produced infectious foci on susceptible indicator cell monolayers. Sampling of supernatant fluids and cells from infected macrophage cultures showed release of virus adsorbed to the cell surface. Active virus replication in macrophages could not be demonstrated. Exposing macrophages to specific antibody before or after virus infection resulted in a significant decrease in the number of infectious macrophages. The results suggest that although macrophages are not the source of replicating influenza virus, they are able to spread the infection by having virus attaching to their surface. This activity is interfered with by the presence of specific antibody.", "PMID": 569645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8604", "title": "Requirement of calcium ions for cell degeneration with a toxin (vibriolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "A highly purified toxin (vibriolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus caused degeneration of cell shape, such as bleb and balloon formation, of mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells in culture. An extracellular Ca2+ concentration of more than 10(-6) M was necessary for the degeneration of cell shape, but extracellular Mg2+, Na+, and K+ were not necessary. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, vibriolysin also caused full contraction of myofibrils of mouse myocardial cells and reduction of both actin cables and tubulin networks of mouse melanoma cells. Vibriolysin also caused excess uptake of Ca2+ from the incubation medium by mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells. Chick myocardial cells, which show neither degeneration of cell shape nor full contraction of myofibrils, did not take up excess 45Ca2+ in the presence of vibriolysin. These findings suggest that the vibriolysin-induced degeneration of cell shape of mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells is due to excess uptake of Ca2+ from the incubation medium by the cells.", "contents": "Requirement of calcium ions for cell degeneration with a toxin (vibriolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A highly purified toxin (vibriolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus caused degeneration of cell shape, such as bleb and balloon formation, of mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells in culture. An extracellular Ca2+ concentration of more than 10(-6) M was necessary for the degeneration of cell shape, but extracellular Mg2+, Na+, and K+ were not necessary. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, vibriolysin also caused full contraction of myofibrils of mouse myocardial cells and reduction of both actin cables and tubulin networks of mouse melanoma cells. Vibriolysin also caused excess uptake of Ca2+ from the incubation medium by mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells. Chick myocardial cells, which show neither degeneration of cell shape nor full contraction of myofibrils, did not take up excess 45Ca2+ in the presence of vibriolysin. These findings suggest that the vibriolysin-induced degeneration of cell shape of mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells is due to excess uptake of Ca2+ from the incubation medium by the cells.", "PMID": 569646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8605", "title": "Serum pseudocholinesterase variants in Mexican-born patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "No difference in the distribution of serum pseudocholinesterase variants could be found in lepromatous leprosy patients as compared with controls. The variety of reported relationships of pseudocholinesterase variants in leprosy suggests that only in some populations is a locus regulating pseudocholinesterase genetically linked to a hypothetical locus regulating susceptibility to leprosy.", "contents": "Serum pseudocholinesterase variants in Mexican-born patients with lepromatous leprosy. No difference in the distribution of serum pseudocholinesterase variants could be found in lepromatous leprosy patients as compared with controls. The variety of reported relationships of pseudocholinesterase variants in leprosy suggests that only in some populations is a locus regulating pseudocholinesterase genetically linked to a hypothetical locus regulating susceptibility to leprosy.", "PMID": 569647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8606", "title": "Use of nitrogen mustard N-oxide for the fixation of electron microscopic tissues.", "content": "Nitrogen mustard N-oxide was tried for the fixation of tissue for electron microscopy. A fixative consisting of 1% nitrogen mustard N-oxide, 1% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde buffered at pH 7.4 followed by 1% OsO4 buffered at pH 7.4 was found useful for the tissues examined: thyroid, anterior pituitary, adrenal gland and oviduct of mice. If the tissues are fixed and the sections are stained with uranyl acetate and lead acetate doubly, the follicle colloid, colloid droplets, and secretory granules containing thyroglobulin in the thyroid become higher in electron density. The cisterna of the maturing face of the Golgi apparatus, secretory granules, ribosomes, nucleolus and chromatin in the cells examined are extremely electron dense. Tubular elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the adrenal cortical cell and microtubules in all the cells examined are also well preserved. The fixative containing nitrogen mustard N-oxide is useful also for cytochemistry. Using tissue fixed by this method and stained en bloc by uranyl acetate, the noradrenaline and adrenaline cells in the adrenal medulla are clearly distinguished by light microscopy.", "contents": "Use of nitrogen mustard N-oxide for the fixation of electron microscopic tissues. Nitrogen mustard N-oxide was tried for the fixation of tissue for electron microscopy. A fixative consisting of 1% nitrogen mustard N-oxide, 1% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde buffered at pH 7.4 followed by 1% OsO4 buffered at pH 7.4 was found useful for the tissues examined: thyroid, anterior pituitary, adrenal gland and oviduct of mice. If the tissues are fixed and the sections are stained with uranyl acetate and lead acetate doubly, the follicle colloid, colloid droplets, and secretory granules containing thyroglobulin in the thyroid become higher in electron density. The cisterna of the maturing face of the Golgi apparatus, secretory granules, ribosomes, nucleolus and chromatin in the cells examined are extremely electron dense. Tubular elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the adrenal cortical cell and microtubules in all the cells examined are also well preserved. The fixative containing nitrogen mustard N-oxide is useful also for cytochemistry. Using tissue fixed by this method and stained en bloc by uranyl acetate, the noradrenaline and adrenaline cells in the adrenal medulla are clearly distinguished by light microscopy.", "PMID": 569653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8607", "title": "Determination of iodide in nutritional beverage products using an ion selective electrode.", "content": "An ion selective electrode procedure is described for the precise, accurate determination of iodide at the sub-ppm level in a variety of nutritional beverages. The relative standard deviation of the analysis is 1--4%; recoveries range from 90 to 120%. Comparison with results from neutron activation analysis and the traditional Sandell-Kolthoff procedure shows that the ion selective electrode procedure is free of determine error and that dry ashing of samples can lead to low results.", "contents": "Determination of iodide in nutritional beverage products using an ion selective electrode. An ion selective electrode procedure is described for the precise, accurate determination of iodide at the sub-ppm level in a variety of nutritional beverages. The relative standard deviation of the analysis is 1--4%; recoveries range from 90 to 120%. Comparison with results from neutron activation analysis and the traditional Sandell-Kolthoff procedure shows that the ion selective electrode procedure is free of determine error and that dry ashing of samples can lead to low results.", "PMID": 569655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8608", "title": "A leprosy health education project.", "content": "Results of a survey of knowledge and attitudes of the general public towards leprosy and knowledge, attitudes and practices of leprosy patients are reported. This survey is the base line for a health education project, based on social psychological theories of behavior, which is described. The results of the survey show that the general public has very little knowledge about leprosy; patients have more knowledge. Attitudes measured with a Likert scale are negative for the general public and only slightly positive for the patients. Allopathic treatment for leprosy is preferred by most, but many do not relate the \"patch\" to leprosy and therefore do not seek early treatment. In addition, many patients do not complete the treatment. There is much need for health education.", "contents": "A leprosy health education project. Results of a survey of knowledge and attitudes of the general public towards leprosy and knowledge, attitudes and practices of leprosy patients are reported. This survey is the base line for a health education project, based on social psychological theories of behavior, which is described. The results of the survey show that the general public has very little knowledge about leprosy; patients have more knowledge. Attitudes measured with a Likert scale are negative for the general public and only slightly positive for the patients. Allopathic treatment for leprosy is preferred by most, but many do not relate the \"patch\" to leprosy and therefore do not seek early treatment. In addition, many patients do not complete the treatment. There is much need for health education.", "PMID": 569649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8609", "title": "Automated fluorometric determination of vitamin A in milk.", "content": "A previously published fluorometric method for vitamin A in milk, involving saponification in centrifuge tubes and extraction with hexane, was automated using conventional automated equipment including a filter fluorometer. The extraction and separation steps were affected by the presence of fat, so standards were prepared in milk. The peaks obtained with samples were 95% of steady state values. The coefficients of variation for 10 replicate analyses were 1.9% for unfortified milk and 1.3% for fortified milk. In tests on 19 different milk samples, the results of the automated and manual fluorometric methods differed by less than 10%; a colorimetric method using SbCl3 gave more erratic results and was more lengthy and laborious.", "contents": "Automated fluorometric determination of vitamin A in milk. A previously published fluorometric method for vitamin A in milk, involving saponification in centrifuge tubes and extraction with hexane, was automated using conventional automated equipment including a filter fluorometer. The extraction and separation steps were affected by the presence of fat, so standards were prepared in milk. The peaks obtained with samples were 95% of steady state values. The coefficients of variation for 10 replicate analyses were 1.9% for unfortified milk and 1.3% for fortified milk. In tests on 19 different milk samples, the results of the automated and manual fluorometric methods differed by less than 10%; a colorimetric method using SbCl3 gave more erratic results and was more lengthy and laborious.", "PMID": 569656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8610", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of sodium 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate residues on soybeans and foliage, soil, milk, and liver.", "content": "Residues of sodium 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate and its free acid are determined by treating a sample extract with diazomethane to convert the residues to methyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate. This compound is purified by chromatography on Florisil and measured by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. The method has been used on soybeans, soybean foliage, soil, milk, and liver. It can detect 0.01 ppm with recoveries of 70--75%.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of sodium 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate residues on soybeans and foliage, soil, milk, and liver. Residues of sodium 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate and its free acid are determined by treating a sample extract with diazomethane to convert the residues to methyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate. This compound is purified by chromatography on Florisil and measured by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. The method has been used on soybeans, soybean foliage, soil, milk, and liver. It can detect 0.01 ppm with recoveries of 70--75%.", "PMID": 569657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8611", "title": "Occurrence of mRNA for storage protein in dry soybean seeds.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing RNA has been isolated from the cotyledons of soybean seeds by adsorption on a poly(U)-Sepharose column. Approximately 0.15% of the total soybean RNA applied bound to the column. The bound RNA (poly(A)-containing RNA) was shown to be mRNA by its ability to serve as template in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. Poly(A)-containing RNA was polydisperse, migrating from approximately 50,000 to 700,000 daltons with a mean of 150,000 daltons in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The size of the poly(A) portion of this RNA was in the range of 55 to 290 nucleotides. The adenylic acid content of the presumed poly(A) fragment was about 95%. The radioactive products of translation directed by the poly(A)-containing RNA in the wheat germ cell-free system were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoprecipitation using antisera against beta-conglycinin and glycinin. The results of this investigation show that mRNAs for the subunit proteins of the major components of a soybean storage protein exist in the poly(A)-containing RNA preparation obtained from the cotyledons of dry soybean seeds.", "contents": "Occurrence of mRNA for storage protein in dry soybean seeds. Poly(A)-containing RNA has been isolated from the cotyledons of soybean seeds by adsorption on a poly(U)-Sepharose column. Approximately 0.15% of the total soybean RNA applied bound to the column. The bound RNA (poly(A)-containing RNA) was shown to be mRNA by its ability to serve as template in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. Poly(A)-containing RNA was polydisperse, migrating from approximately 50,000 to 700,000 daltons with a mean of 150,000 daltons in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The size of the poly(A) portion of this RNA was in the range of 55 to 290 nucleotides. The adenylic acid content of the presumed poly(A) fragment was about 95%. The radioactive products of translation directed by the poly(A)-containing RNA in the wheat germ cell-free system were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoprecipitation using antisera against beta-conglycinin and glycinin. The results of this investigation show that mRNAs for the subunit proteins of the major components of a soybean storage protein exist in the poly(A)-containing RNA preparation obtained from the cotyledons of dry soybean seeds.", "PMID": 569658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8612", "title": "Functions of cytoplasmic fibers in intracellular movements in BHK-21 cells.", "content": "After trypsinization and replating, BHK-21 cells spread and change shape from a rounded to a fibroblastic form. Time-lapse movies of spreading cells reveal that organelles are redistributed by saltatory movements from a juxtanuclear position into the expanding regions of cytoplasm. Bidirectional saltations are seen along the long axes of fully spread cells. As the spreading process progresses, the pattern of saltatory movements changes and the average speed of saltations increases from 1.7 MICROMETER/S during the early stages of spreading to 2.3 micrometer/s in fully spread cells. Correlative electron microscope studies indicate that the patterns of saltatory movements that lead to the redistribution of organelles during spreading are closely related to changes in the degree of assembly, organization, and distribution of microtubules and 10-nm filaments. Colchicine (10 microgram/ml of culture medium) reversibly disassembles the microtubule-10-nm filament complexes which form during cell spreading. This treatment results in the disappearance of microtubules and the appearance of a juxtanuclear accumulation of 10-nm filaments. These changes closely parallel an inhibition of saltatory movements. Within 30 min after the addition of the colchicine, pseudopod-like extensions form rapidly at the cell periphery, and adjacent organelles are seen to stream into them. The pseudopods contain extensive arrays of actinlike microfilament bundles which bind skeletal-muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). Therefore, in the presence of colchicine, intracellular movements are altered from a normal saltatory pattern into a pattern reminiscent of the type of cytoplasmic streaming seen in amoeboid organisms. The streaming may reflect either the activity or the contractility of submembranous microfilament bundles. Streaming activity is not seen in cells containing well-organized microtubule-10-nm filament complexes.", "contents": "Functions of cytoplasmic fibers in intracellular movements in BHK-21 cells. After trypsinization and replating, BHK-21 cells spread and change shape from a rounded to a fibroblastic form. Time-lapse movies of spreading cells reveal that organelles are redistributed by saltatory movements from a juxtanuclear position into the expanding regions of cytoplasm. Bidirectional saltations are seen along the long axes of fully spread cells. As the spreading process progresses, the pattern of saltatory movements changes and the average speed of saltations increases from 1.7 MICROMETER/S during the early stages of spreading to 2.3 micrometer/s in fully spread cells. Correlative electron microscope studies indicate that the patterns of saltatory movements that lead to the redistribution of organelles during spreading are closely related to changes in the degree of assembly, organization, and distribution of microtubules and 10-nm filaments. Colchicine (10 microgram/ml of culture medium) reversibly disassembles the microtubule-10-nm filament complexes which form during cell spreading. This treatment results in the disappearance of microtubules and the appearance of a juxtanuclear accumulation of 10-nm filaments. These changes closely parallel an inhibition of saltatory movements. Within 30 min after the addition of the colchicine, pseudopod-like extensions form rapidly at the cell periphery, and adjacent organelles are seen to stream into them. The pseudopods contain extensive arrays of actinlike microfilament bundles which bind skeletal-muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). Therefore, in the presence of colchicine, intracellular movements are altered from a normal saltatory pattern into a pattern reminiscent of the type of cytoplasmic streaming seen in amoeboid organisms. The streaming may reflect either the activity or the contractility of submembranous microfilament bundles. Streaming activity is not seen in cells containing well-organized microtubule-10-nm filament complexes.", "PMID": 569659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8613", "title": "A thin-section and freeze-fracture study of microfilament-membrane attachments in choroid plexus and intestinal microvilli.", "content": "Choroid plexus and intestinal microvilli in thin sections have microfilaments in the cytoplasm adjacent to the membranes, and in replicas have broken strands of filaments in both cytoplasm and on E faces of plasm membranes. The microfilaments contain actin as indicated by their binding of heavy meromyosin (HMM). In sections of choroid plexus, the microfilaments are 7-8 nm in diameter and form a loose meshwork which lies parallel to the membrane and which is connected to the membranes both by short, connecting filaments (8 times 30 nm) and dense globules (approximately 15-20 nm). The filamentous strands seen in replicas are approximately 8 nm in diameter. Because they are similar in diameter and are connected to the membrane, these filamentous strands seen in replicas apparently represent the connecting structures, portions of the microfilaments, or both. The filamentous strands attached to the membrane are usually associated with the E face and appear to be pulled through the P half-membrane. In replicas of intestinal brush border microvilli, the connecting strands attaching core microfilaments to the membrane are readily visualized. In contrast, regions of attachment of core microfilaments to dense material at the tips of microvilli are associated with few particles on P faces and with few filamentous strands on the E faces of the membranes. Freeze-fracture replicas suggest a morphologically similar type of connecting strand attachment for microfilament-membrane binding in both choroid plexus and intestinal microvilli, despite the lack of a prominent core bundle of microfilaments in choroid plexus microvilli.", "contents": "A thin-section and freeze-fracture study of microfilament-membrane attachments in choroid plexus and intestinal microvilli. Choroid plexus and intestinal microvilli in thin sections have microfilaments in the cytoplasm adjacent to the membranes, and in replicas have broken strands of filaments in both cytoplasm and on E faces of plasm membranes. The microfilaments contain actin as indicated by their binding of heavy meromyosin (HMM). In sections of choroid plexus, the microfilaments are 7-8 nm in diameter and form a loose meshwork which lies parallel to the membrane and which is connected to the membranes both by short, connecting filaments (8 times 30 nm) and dense globules (approximately 15-20 nm). The filamentous strands seen in replicas are approximately 8 nm in diameter. Because they are similar in diameter and are connected to the membrane, these filamentous strands seen in replicas apparently represent the connecting structures, portions of the microfilaments, or both. The filamentous strands attached to the membrane are usually associated with the E face and appear to be pulled through the P half-membrane. In replicas of intestinal brush border microvilli, the connecting strands attaching core microfilaments to the membrane are readily visualized. In contrast, regions of attachment of core microfilaments to dense material at the tips of microvilli are associated with few particles on P faces and with few filamentous strands on the E faces of the membranes. Freeze-fracture replicas suggest a morphologically similar type of connecting strand attachment for microfilament-membrane binding in both choroid plexus and intestinal microvilli, despite the lack of a prominent core bundle of microfilaments in choroid plexus microvilli.", "PMID": 569660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8614", "title": "Two functionally distinct pools of glycosaminoglycan in the substrate adhesion site of murine cells.", "content": "Footpad adhesion sites pinch off from the rest of the cell surface during EGTA-mediated detachment of normal or virus-transformed murine cells from their tissue culture substrates. In these studies, highly purified trypsin and testicullar hyaluronidase were used to investigate the selective destruction or solubilization of proteins and polysaccharides in this substrate-attached material (SAM). Trypsin-mediated detachment of cells or trypsinization of SAM after EGTA-mediated detachment of cells resulted in the following changes in SAM composition: (a) solubilization of 50-70% of the glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide with loss of only a small fraction of the protein, (b) selective loss of one species of glycosaminoglycan-associated protein in longterm radiolabeled preparations, (c) no selective loss of the LETS glycoprotein or cytoskeletal proteins in longterm radiolabeled preparations, and (d) selective loss of one species of glycosaminoglycan-associated protein, a protion of the LETS glycoprotein, and proteins Cd (mol wt 47,000 and Ce' (mol wt 39,000) in short term radiolabeled preparations. Digestion of SAM with testicular hyaluronidase resulted in: (a) almost complete solubilization of the hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate moieties from long term radiolabeled SAM with minimal loss of heparan sulfate, (b) solubilization of a small portion of the LETS glycoprotein and the cytoskeletal proteins from longterm radiolabeled SAM, (c) resistance to solubilization of protein and polysaccharide in reattaching cell SAM which contains principally heparan sulfate, and (d) complete solubilization of the LETS glycoprotein in short term radiolabeled preparations with no loss of cytoskeletal proteins. Thus, there appear to be two distinct pools of LETS in SAM, one associated in some unknown fashion with hyaluronate-chondroitin sulfate complexes, and a second associated with some other component in SAM, perhaps heparan sulfate. These data, together with other results, suggest that the cell-substrate adhesion process may be mediated principally by a heparan sulfate--LETS complex and that hyaluronate-chondroitin sulfate complexes may be important in the detachability of cells from the serum-coated substrate by destabilizing LETS matrices at posterior footpad adhesion sites.", "contents": "Two functionally distinct pools of glycosaminoglycan in the substrate adhesion site of murine cells. Footpad adhesion sites pinch off from the rest of the cell surface during EGTA-mediated detachment of normal or virus-transformed murine cells from their tissue culture substrates. In these studies, highly purified trypsin and testicullar hyaluronidase were used to investigate the selective destruction or solubilization of proteins and polysaccharides in this substrate-attached material (SAM). Trypsin-mediated detachment of cells or trypsinization of SAM after EGTA-mediated detachment of cells resulted in the following changes in SAM composition: (a) solubilization of 50-70% of the glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide with loss of only a small fraction of the protein, (b) selective loss of one species of glycosaminoglycan-associated protein in longterm radiolabeled preparations, (c) no selective loss of the LETS glycoprotein or cytoskeletal proteins in longterm radiolabeled preparations, and (d) selective loss of one species of glycosaminoglycan-associated protein, a protion of the LETS glycoprotein, and proteins Cd (mol wt 47,000 and Ce' (mol wt 39,000) in short term radiolabeled preparations. Digestion of SAM with testicular hyaluronidase resulted in: (a) almost complete solubilization of the hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate moieties from long term radiolabeled SAM with minimal loss of heparan sulfate, (b) solubilization of a small portion of the LETS glycoprotein and the cytoskeletal proteins from longterm radiolabeled SAM, (c) resistance to solubilization of protein and polysaccharide in reattaching cell SAM which contains principally heparan sulfate, and (d) complete solubilization of the LETS glycoprotein in short term radiolabeled preparations with no loss of cytoskeletal proteins. Thus, there appear to be two distinct pools of LETS in SAM, one associated in some unknown fashion with hyaluronate-chondroitin sulfate complexes, and a second associated with some other component in SAM, perhaps heparan sulfate. These data, together with other results, suggest that the cell-substrate adhesion process may be mediated principally by a heparan sulfate--LETS complex and that hyaluronate-chondroitin sulfate complexes may be important in the detachability of cells from the serum-coated substrate by destabilizing LETS matrices at posterior footpad adhesion sites.", "PMID": 569661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8615", "title": "The visualization of actin filament polarity in thin sections. Evidence for the uniform polarity of membrane-associated filaments.", "content": "We have developed an improved method for visualizing actin filament polarity in thin sections. Myosin subfragment-1 (S-1)-decorated actin filaments display a dramatically enhanced arrowhead configuration when fixed in a medium which contains 0.2 % tannic acid. With the exception of brush borders from intestinal epithelial cells, the arrowhead periodicity of decorated filaments in a variety of nonmuscle cells is similar to that in isolated myofibrils. The periodicity of decorated filaments in brush borders is significantly smaller. Actin filaments which attach to membranes display a clear, uniform polarity, with the S-1 arrowheads pointing away from the plasma membrane, while those which comprise the stress fibers of myoblasts and CHO cells have antiparallel polarities. These observations are consistent with a sliding filament mechanism of cell motility.", "contents": "The visualization of actin filament polarity in thin sections. Evidence for the uniform polarity of membrane-associated filaments. We have developed an improved method for visualizing actin filament polarity in thin sections. Myosin subfragment-1 (S-1)-decorated actin filaments display a dramatically enhanced arrowhead configuration when fixed in a medium which contains 0.2 % tannic acid. With the exception of brush borders from intestinal epithelial cells, the arrowhead periodicity of decorated filaments in a variety of nonmuscle cells is similar to that in isolated myofibrils. The periodicity of decorated filaments in brush borders is significantly smaller. Actin filaments which attach to membranes display a clear, uniform polarity, with the S-1 arrowheads pointing away from the plasma membrane, while those which comprise the stress fibers of myoblasts and CHO cells have antiparallel polarities. These observations are consistent with a sliding filament mechanism of cell motility.", "PMID": 569662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8616", "title": "Osmotic properties of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells during the cell cycle.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were grown and maintained in continuous spinner culture. The population of dividing cells was synchronized by a double thymidine block technique. Cell cycle phases were determined graphically by plotting mitotic index, cell number, and DNA synthesis against time. Changes in the osmotic properties of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells during the cell cycle are described. Permeability to water is highest at the initiation of S and progressively decreases to its lowest value just after mitosis. Heats of activation for water permeability vary during the cell cycle, ranging from 9-14 kcal/mole. Results may imply changes in the state of water in the membrane during the cycle. The volume of osmotically active cell water is highest during S and early G2 and decreases during the mitotic phase,  as cells undergo division. Total water content remains stable at 82% (w/w) during the cycle. Total concentration of the three major ions (Na, K, Cl), expressed as mEq/liter total cell volume, does not change. The fraction of total cell water which is osmotically active (Ponder's R) decreased gradually from 0.75 at S to about 0.56 following mitosis. Findings suggest that a fraction of the total water within the cell exists in a \"bound\" form and is, therefore, incapable of being shifted under the driving force of osmotic pressure. This fraction of bound water increases during the cell cycle. Possible alterations in membrane fluidity and the state of water in the cell are discussed.", "contents": "Osmotic properties of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells during the cell cycle. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were grown and maintained in continuous spinner culture. The population of dividing cells was synchronized by a double thymidine block technique. Cell cycle phases were determined graphically by plotting mitotic index, cell number, and DNA synthesis against time. Changes in the osmotic properties of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells during the cell cycle are described. Permeability to water is highest at the initiation of S and progressively decreases to its lowest value just after mitosis. Heats of activation for water permeability vary during the cell cycle, ranging from 9-14 kcal/mole. Results may imply changes in the state of water in the membrane during the cycle. The volume of osmotically active cell water is highest during S and early G2 and decreases during the mitotic phase,  as cells undergo division. Total water content remains stable at 82% (w/w) during the cycle. Total concentration of the three major ions (Na, K, Cl), expressed as mEq/liter total cell volume, does not change. The fraction of total cell water which is osmotically active (Ponder's R) decreased gradually from 0.75 at S to about 0.56 following mitosis. Findings suggest that a fraction of the total water within the cell exists in a \"bound\" form and is, therefore, incapable of being shifted under the driving force of osmotic pressure. This fraction of bound water increases during the cell cycle. Possible alterations in membrane fluidity and the state of water in the cell are discussed.", "PMID": 569663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8617", "title": "Neisseria confirmation by an enriched, bicarbonate-containing carbohydrate medium.", "content": "A sugar fermentation medium for the confirmation of Neisseria and related species was developed. The medium contained a commercial supplement and a hemoglobin source prepared from lysed sheep erythrocytes. Bicarbonate in the medium substituted for a CO2-supplemented atmosphere. The medium was dispensed into screw-capped tubes. This medium was compared to cystine-Trypticase agar and the modified rapid fermentation test in the confirmation of Neisseria species. Performance of the new medium was equivalent to that of the modified rapid fermentation test, but cystine-Trypticase agar failed to confirm a significant number of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Neisseria confirmation by an enriched, bicarbonate-containing carbohydrate medium. A sugar fermentation medium for the confirmation of Neisseria and related species was developed. The medium contained a commercial supplement and a hemoglobin source prepared from lysed sheep erythrocytes. Bicarbonate in the medium substituted for a CO2-supplemented atmosphere. The medium was dispensed into screw-capped tubes. This medium was compared to cystine-Trypticase agar and the modified rapid fermentation test in the confirmation of Neisseria species. Performance of the new medium was equivalent to that of the modified rapid fermentation test, but cystine-Trypticase agar failed to confirm a significant number of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 569664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8618", "title": "Ability of chimpanzees to respond to symbols of quantity in comparison with that of children and of monkeys.", "content": "Four chimpanzees, 4 rhesus monkeys, and 11 children aged 4-9 yr were assessed under comparable conditions for their ability to make use of colors as symbols of quantity. One particular color represented the quantifier \"all\"; another represented \"some\"; another represented \"one\"; a fourth represented \"none.\" These arbitrarily chosen colors retained their individual meanings when the test conditions were varied on three occasions. The ability of the subjects to continue responding appropriately to the colors immediately after a change of test condition was used as the measure of performance. The apes performed like the monkeys, having especial difficulties relative to the children with the most sensitive quantifier \"some.\"", "contents": "Ability of chimpanzees to respond to symbols of quantity in comparison with that of children and of monkeys. Four chimpanzees, 4 rhesus monkeys, and 11 children aged 4-9 yr were assessed under comparable conditions for their ability to make use of colors as symbols of quantity. One particular color represented the quantifier \"all\"; another represented \"some\"; another represented \"one\"; a fourth represented \"none.\" These arbitrarily chosen colors retained their individual meanings when the test conditions were varied on three occasions. The ability of the subjects to continue responding appropriately to the colors immediately after a change of test condition was used as the measure of performance. The apes performed like the monkeys, having especial difficulties relative to the children with the most sensitive quantifier \"some.\"", "PMID": 569665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8619", "title": "Relation between 22-kHz ultrasonic signals and sociosexual behavior in rats.", "content": "The copulatory performance of male rats, tested in a large seminaturalistic environment, was assessed to determine the relation between 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations and a range of sociosexual behaviors. The male rats were tested until sexual exhaustion. Such ultrasonic signals were shown to occur in a wider range of sociosexual circumstances than previously reported; for example, the calls occcurred in particular social circumstances during the preejaculatory period as well as during the postejaculatory interval. There was no consistent evidence that the emission of this call during the postejaculatory period consistently functions to keep the female away from the male. The nature and occurrence of postejaculatory ultrasonic signals showed increasing variability in successive ejaculatory series. The results of this and previous studies are interpreted within a semiotic theory of communication. The 22-kHz call is described as a message that makes available the information that the sender is in a socially depressed and withdrawn state.", "contents": "Relation between 22-kHz ultrasonic signals and sociosexual behavior in rats. The copulatory performance of male rats, tested in a large seminaturalistic environment, was assessed to determine the relation between 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations and a range of sociosexual behaviors. The male rats were tested until sexual exhaustion. Such ultrasonic signals were shown to occur in a wider range of sociosexual circumstances than previously reported; for example, the calls occcurred in particular social circumstances during the preejaculatory period as well as during the postejaculatory interval. There was no consistent evidence that the emission of this call during the postejaculatory period consistently functions to keep the female away from the male. The nature and occurrence of postejaculatory ultrasonic signals showed increasing variability in successive ejaculatory series. The results of this and previous studies are interpreted within a semiotic theory of communication. The 22-kHz call is described as a message that makes available the information that the sender is in a socially depressed and withdrawn state.", "PMID": 569666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8620", "title": "Mesencephalic participation in the control of sexual behavior in the female rat.", "content": "Electric stimuli applied to both pudendal nerves evoked field potentials, unit responses, and multiunit responses in the ventrolateral midbrain, in and around the peripeduncular nucleus. Bilateral lesions placed in this region suppressed sexual behavioral responses (lordosis and courting behavior) of ovariectomized rats primed with 5, 10, 100, and 1,000 microgram of estradiol benzoate and 2 mg of progesterone per kilogram of body weight. It is proposed that the region in question represents a relay station for the integration of sensory and endocrine information concerned in the control of receptive sexual behavior in the female rat.", "contents": "Mesencephalic participation in the control of sexual behavior in the female rat. Electric stimuli applied to both pudendal nerves evoked field potentials, unit responses, and multiunit responses in the ventrolateral midbrain, in and around the peripeduncular nucleus. Bilateral lesions placed in this region suppressed sexual behavioral responses (lordosis and courting behavior) of ovariectomized rats primed with 5, 10, 100, and 1,000 microgram of estradiol benzoate and 2 mg of progesterone per kilogram of body weight. It is proposed that the region in question represents a relay station for the integration of sensory and endocrine information concerned in the control of receptive sexual behavior in the female rat.", "PMID": 569667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8621", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis as observed in a large community hospital: relation to age and history of hypertension.", "content": "The character of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was studied retrospectively in a large community hospital for the six-year period, 1968--1974. Cases were discovered by examining the records of the Cardiac Non-Invasive Laboratory (phono- and echocardiography). Of the 46 cases of IHSS identified, 39 were in patients of the 50--81 age group. Thirty-two (82 percent) of the 39 patients were women, and 25 (78 percent) of these had a significant degree of hypertension. The hypertension had been present for more than five years in 62 percent of the cases. In 84 percent of the elderly females, the cardiac murmur had been present for less than ten years, and in 65 percent for less than five years. There was no family history of IHSS. Eighteen of the 46 IHSS patients underwent cardiac catheterization which confirmed the accuracy of the cardiographic data in all cases. The results of this study indicated that IHSS is usually nonfamilial, predominates in elderly females, and tends to be acquired after a lengthy period of hypertension. Cardiographic data appear highly specific diagnostically, often rendering cardiac catheterization unnecessary. Previous studies have not clearly defined the role of hypertension in the development of IHSS, at least partly because of the highly selective nature of most series reported from referral centers. These series often contain large numbers of younger patients.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis as observed in a large community hospital: relation to age and history of hypertension. The character of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was studied retrospectively in a large community hospital for the six-year period, 1968--1974. Cases were discovered by examining the records of the Cardiac Non-Invasive Laboratory (phono- and echocardiography). Of the 46 cases of IHSS identified, 39 were in patients of the 50--81 age group. Thirty-two (82 percent) of the 39 patients were women, and 25 (78 percent) of these had a significant degree of hypertension. The hypertension had been present for more than five years in 62 percent of the cases. In 84 percent of the elderly females, the cardiac murmur had been present for less than ten years, and in 65 percent for less than five years. There was no family history of IHSS. Eighteen of the 46 IHSS patients underwent cardiac catheterization which confirmed the accuracy of the cardiographic data in all cases. The results of this study indicated that IHSS is usually nonfamilial, predominates in elderly females, and tends to be acquired after a lengthy period of hypertension. Cardiographic data appear highly specific diagnostically, often rendering cardiac catheterization unnecessary. Previous studies have not clearly defined the role of hypertension in the development of IHSS, at least partly because of the highly selective nature of most series reported from referral centers. These series often contain large numbers of younger patients.", "PMID": 569669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8622", "title": "The effect of age on reproduction in repeatedly mated female rats.", "content": "The effects of age and repeated pregnancies on reproduction were studied in Long-Evans rats. Indices of reproduction measured included estrous cycles, successful mating, numbers of rats producing litters, average litter size, average pup weight and serum LH-from a 4 pm proestrous blood sample. There were no differences in these reproductive parameters between rats with serial pregnancies initiated at 2 or 9 mo of age. The percentage of rats producing normal litters was reduced much faster than the percentage of successfully mated rats with normal ovarian cycles. Although 60% of the rats still had normal ovarian cycles and were mated at 17 mo of age, only one rat (4%) produced a litter. Increasing age and multiple pregnancies did not significantly affect the LH concentration of the proestrous blood sample or the average litter size or pup weight of the rats with successful pregnancies. These data suggest post-ovulatory loss of reproduction in the aging rat.", "contents": "The effect of age on reproduction in repeatedly mated female rats. The effects of age and repeated pregnancies on reproduction were studied in Long-Evans rats. Indices of reproduction measured included estrous cycles, successful mating, numbers of rats producing litters, average litter size, average pup weight and serum LH-from a 4 pm proestrous blood sample. There were no differences in these reproductive parameters between rats with serial pregnancies initiated at 2 or 9 mo of age. The percentage of rats producing normal litters was reduced much faster than the percentage of successfully mated rats with normal ovarian cycles. Although 60% of the rats still had normal ovarian cycles and were mated at 17 mo of age, only one rat (4%) produced a litter. Increasing age and multiple pregnancies did not significantly affect the LH concentration of the proestrous blood sample or the average litter size or pup weight of the rats with successful pregnancies. These data suggest post-ovulatory loss of reproduction in the aging rat.", "PMID": 569671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8623", "title": "Regulating hospital labor costs: a case study in the politics of state rate commissions.", "content": "With the advent of various attempts to control hospital costs by direct state regulation, labor input costs have become a target of particular attention. This focus is due in part to the unique discretion administrators can exercise over labor factors, and in part to the large absolute part of hospital resources devoted to labor costs, conservatively estimated to be about 55 percent of total budget. This paper examines the impact of state efforts in prospectively setting rates on collective bargaining outcomes in the hospital sector. Specifically, bargaining in New York, Maryland and Connecticut is examined. The paper concludes that government attempts at controlling costs have, in all cases, required the regulatory bodies to consciously exert influence on the collective bargaining process. Further, while such attempts seem to be within the paradigm of multilateral bargaining, there are significant distinguishing features in the role hospital regulatory bodies play in the bargaining process. These variations from the multilateral paradigm may impede the long run ability of rate review efforts to control bargaining outcomes with respect to wages.", "contents": "Regulating hospital labor costs: a case study in the politics of state rate commissions. With the advent of various attempts to control hospital costs by direct state regulation, labor input costs have become a target of particular attention. This focus is due in part to the unique discretion administrators can exercise over labor factors, and in part to the large absolute part of hospital resources devoted to labor costs, conservatively estimated to be about 55 percent of total budget. This paper examines the impact of state efforts in prospectively setting rates on collective bargaining outcomes in the hospital sector. Specifically, bargaining in New York, Maryland and Connecticut is examined. The paper concludes that government attempts at controlling costs have, in all cases, required the regulatory bodies to consciously exert influence on the collective bargaining process. Further, while such attempts seem to be within the paradigm of multilateral bargaining, there are significant distinguishing features in the role hospital regulatory bodies play in the bargaining process. These variations from the multilateral paradigm may impede the long run ability of rate review efforts to control bargaining outcomes with respect to wages.", "PMID": 569672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8624", "title": "Microfluorimetric scanning of sympathetic nerve fibers. An improved method to quantitate formaldehyde induced fluorescence of biogenic amines.", "content": "A two dimensional scanning procedure was developed for studying quantitative aspects of formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) from noradrenaline containing nerve fibers. A computer (PDP 12) controlled scanning device was equipped with a cooled photomultiplier, a 0.5 micron scanning stage and a 0.5 micron measuring spot. Photodecomposition was reduced by a high scanspeed (100/sec) and a small excitation field. Digitized images were obtained with a high resolution. Data (10,000/scan) of large scan areas (2500 micron2) in the iris of the rat were transformed into fluorescence histograms, which allowed statistical evaluation. Visible changes induced in the histochemical preparation by administration of drugs (reserpine, L-Dopa) were reflected in characteristic changes in the histograms. A minor reduction in noradrenaline content, which was too small to be detected by visual observation of the microscopical image and by classical microfluorimetric methods, did evoke a significant change in the histograms. It is concluded that microfluorimetric scanning is a very sensitive technique for detecting changes of formaldehyde induced fluorescence from neuronal networks.", "contents": "Microfluorimetric scanning of sympathetic nerve fibers. An improved method to quantitate formaldehyde induced fluorescence of biogenic amines. A two dimensional scanning procedure was developed for studying quantitative aspects of formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) from noradrenaline containing nerve fibers. A computer (PDP 12) controlled scanning device was equipped with a cooled photomultiplier, a 0.5 micron scanning stage and a 0.5 micron measuring spot. Photodecomposition was reduced by a high scanspeed (100/sec) and a small excitation field. Digitized images were obtained with a high resolution. Data (10,000/scan) of large scan areas (2500 micron2) in the iris of the rat were transformed into fluorescence histograms, which allowed statistical evaluation. Visible changes induced in the histochemical preparation by administration of drugs (reserpine, L-Dopa) were reflected in characteristic changes in the histograms. A minor reduction in noradrenaline content, which was too small to be detected by visual observation of the microscopical image and by classical microfluorimetric methods, did evoke a significant change in the histograms. It is concluded that microfluorimetric scanning is a very sensitive technique for detecting changes of formaldehyde induced fluorescence from neuronal networks.", "PMID": 569674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8625", "title": "Inhibition of epithelial cell death in the secondary palate in vitro by alteration of lysosome function.", "content": "The secondary palate in vivo and in vitro exhibits selective cell death at its medialedge epithelium (MEE) at a precise developmental age. This epithelial degeneration is mediated, in part, by MEE lysosomes. Previous studies in vitro (27) showed that the glutamine analogue, diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON), prevented MEE cell death by inhibiting glucosamine synthesis and thereby the glycosylation of proteins without affecting either the synthesis or activity of palatal lysosomal enzymes. In the present study, histochemical examination of MEE from DON treated day-15 rat palates demonstrated that acid phosphatase activity was restricted to Golgi saccules and associated vesicles as well as to lysosomes. Control MEE had reaction product in these structures and distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm of degenerating cells. DON treatment therefore appears to alter the intracellular distribution of lysosomal enzymes. Since DON treatment appears to have prevented MEE cell death by inhibiting glycosylation of proteins, glycosylation of lysosomal membranes or lysosomal enzymes may be essential for its role in programmed cell death.", "contents": "Inhibition of epithelial cell death in the secondary palate in vitro by alteration of lysosome function. The secondary palate in vivo and in vitro exhibits selective cell death at its medialedge epithelium (MEE) at a precise developmental age. This epithelial degeneration is mediated, in part, by MEE lysosomes. Previous studies in vitro (27) showed that the glutamine analogue, diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON), prevented MEE cell death by inhibiting glucosamine synthesis and thereby the glycosylation of proteins without affecting either the synthesis or activity of palatal lysosomal enzymes. In the present study, histochemical examination of MEE from DON treated day-15 rat palates demonstrated that acid phosphatase activity was restricted to Golgi saccules and associated vesicles as well as to lysosomes. Control MEE had reaction product in these structures and distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm of degenerating cells. DON treatment therefore appears to alter the intracellular distribution of lysosomal enzymes. Since DON treatment appears to have prevented MEE cell death by inhibiting glycosylation of proteins, glycosylation of lysosomal membranes or lysosomal enzymes may be essential for its role in programmed cell death.", "PMID": 569675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8626", "title": "Myxomatosis: changes in the epidemiology of myxomatosis coincident with the establishment of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Mallee region of Victoria.", "content": "Outbreaks of myxomatosis during the winter or spring have coincided with the establishment of the European rabbit flea in the Mallee region. The severity of these outbreaks has varied from causing complete suppression of the normal spring increase in rabbit numbers to being completely ineffective in a year in which late spring rains allowed rabbit breeding to extend into the early summer.In 1973 and 1974 effective spring myxomatosis caused heavy mortality in kittens before they emerged from the warrens. The age of the population increased as the result of few young rabbits coming into the population and of the lessened stress on old rabbits in a low summer-autumn population. This effect was reversed in the late-breeding year, 1976, when flea numbers were apparently too low to maintain a spring outbreak and rabbit numbers increased rapidly.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: changes in the epidemiology of myxomatosis coincident with the establishment of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Mallee region of Victoria. Outbreaks of myxomatosis during the winter or spring have coincided with the establishment of the European rabbit flea in the Mallee region. The severity of these outbreaks has varied from causing complete suppression of the normal spring increase in rabbit numbers to being completely ineffective in a year in which late spring rains allowed rabbit breeding to extend into the early summer.In 1973 and 1974 effective spring myxomatosis caused heavy mortality in kittens before they emerged from the warrens. The age of the population increased as the result of few young rabbits coming into the population and of the lessened stress on old rabbits in a low summer-autumn population. This effect was reversed in the late-breeding year, 1976, when flea numbers were apparently too low to maintain a spring outbreak and rabbit numbers increased rapidly.", "PMID": 569676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8627", "title": "Inherited 'mosaicism' within the ABO blood group system.", "content": "A family with examples of the rare condition known as 'inherited mosaicism affecting the ABO blood groups' has been studied. In this family there were five examples of Bmos:O mosaicism. Blood group gene-specified transferase estimations were studied in this condition for the first time. In 'affected' members, levels of B gene-specified transferase were low, and amounted to only 7--10% of the activity of a normal control. It is proposed that Bmos is correctly classified as a new form of weak B.", "contents": "Inherited 'mosaicism' within the ABO blood group system. A family with examples of the rare condition known as 'inherited mosaicism affecting the ABO blood groups' has been studied. In this family there were five examples of Bmos:O mosaicism. Blood group gene-specified transferase estimations were studied in this condition for the first time. In 'affected' members, levels of B gene-specified transferase were low, and amounted to only 7--10% of the activity of a normal control. It is proposed that Bmos is correctly classified as a new form of weak B.", "PMID": 569677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8628", "title": "Linkage of tobiano coat spotting and albumin markers in a pony family.", "content": "Genetic segregation patterns among blood type markers and various phenotypically observed traits were studied in a small herd of ponies. The herd consisted of 10 mares without white spotting and a single stallion with the dominant pattern of tobiano spotting. Comparison of segregation patterns at loci for which the stallion was heterozygous showed tight linkage for the Alb-B and tobiano markers. In 17 cases in which the Alb contribution of the sire could be determined, all 10 foals that inherited AlbB from him were tobiano spotted, and all 7 non-spotted foals inherited his AlbA. The use of the symbol To is proposed for dominantly inherited tobiano spotting linked to the albumin.", "contents": "Linkage of tobiano coat spotting and albumin markers in a pony family. Genetic segregation patterns among blood type markers and various phenotypically observed traits were studied in a small herd of ponies. The herd consisted of 10 mares without white spotting and a single stallion with the dominant pattern of tobiano spotting. Comparison of segregation patterns at loci for which the stallion was heterozygous showed tight linkage for the Alb-B and tobiano markers. In 17 cases in which the Alb contribution of the sire could be determined, all 10 foals that inherited AlbB from him were tobiano spotted, and all 7 non-spotted foals inherited his AlbA. The use of the symbol To is proposed for dominantly inherited tobiano spotting linked to the albumin.", "PMID": 569673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8629", "title": "Steroidal control of the release of the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the rat.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on 4 day cyclic rats or immature rats induced to ovulate by administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Removal of the ovaries and adrenal glands at 17.00 h of pro-oestrus, i.e. after the critical period, prevented the appearance of the surge of LH. Sham-operation or removal of only one of the sets of glands had no effect. This indicates that the preovulatory increase in the concentration of oestradiol is not solely responsible for the surge of LH; the presence of a steroid, secreted by the ovaries and adrenal glands in the late afternoon of pro-oestrus, is also required. Attempts were made to reinstate the surge of LH in ovariectomized, adrenalectomized rats by administration of one of the steroids normally secreted in late pro-oestrus. Corticosterone, 20alpha- and 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone all had no effect. Progesterone injected at the time of the operation stimulated the release of LH but only after the plasma concentration had reached its maximum 3--5 hr after injection. Testosterone also stimulated the release of LH some hours after administration.", "contents": "Steroidal control of the release of the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the rat. Experiments were carried out on 4 day cyclic rats or immature rats induced to ovulate by administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Removal of the ovaries and adrenal glands at 17.00 h of pro-oestrus, i.e. after the critical period, prevented the appearance of the surge of LH. Sham-operation or removal of only one of the sets of glands had no effect. This indicates that the preovulatory increase in the concentration of oestradiol is not solely responsible for the surge of LH; the presence of a steroid, secreted by the ovaries and adrenal glands in the late afternoon of pro-oestrus, is also required. Attempts were made to reinstate the surge of LH in ovariectomized, adrenalectomized rats by administration of one of the steroids normally secreted in late pro-oestrus. Corticosterone, 20alpha- and 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone all had no effect. Progesterone injected at the time of the operation stimulated the release of LH but only after the plasma concentration had reached its maximum 3--5 hr after injection. Testosterone also stimulated the release of LH some hours after administration.", "PMID": 569680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8630", "title": "Persistence training: a partial reinforcement procedure for reversing learned helplessness and depression.", "content": "This article examines the relative merits of either partial or continuous (total) success therapy as a device for reversing learned helplessness and depression in humans. College students experienced (a) no treatment followed by either abbreviated (20 trials) or extended (40 trials) continuous success therapy, (b) soluble problems followed by either abbreviated or extended continuous success therapy, (c) insoluble problems followed by either abbreviated or extended continuous success therapy, or (d) insoluble problems followed be either abbreviated or extended partial success therapy. Subsequently, subjects in all eight groups received 40 escape-extinction trials in which aversive tones were not controllable. The results of this experiment indicated that both continuous and partial success schedules were effective in reversing depressed responding (helplessness) induced by prior exposure to insoluble problems. However, only the partial success therapy schedules produced persistent escape responding in extinction. Also, across therapy procedures, extended therapy generated more response persistence in escape extinction than did abbreviated therapy. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed, and a compatible new treatment program, labeled persistence training, is introduced.", "contents": "Persistence training: a partial reinforcement procedure for reversing learned helplessness and depression. This article examines the relative merits of either partial or continuous (total) success therapy as a device for reversing learned helplessness and depression in humans. College students experienced (a) no treatment followed by either abbreviated (20 trials) or extended (40 trials) continuous success therapy, (b) soluble problems followed by either abbreviated or extended continuous success therapy, (c) insoluble problems followed by either abbreviated or extended continuous success therapy, or (d) insoluble problems followed be either abbreviated or extended partial success therapy. Subsequently, subjects in all eight groups received 40 escape-extinction trials in which aversive tones were not controllable. The results of this experiment indicated that both continuous and partial success schedules were effective in reversing depressed responding (helplessness) induced by prior exposure to insoluble problems. However, only the partial success therapy schedules produced persistent escape responding in extinction. Also, across therapy procedures, extended therapy generated more response persistence in escape extinction than did abbreviated therapy. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed, and a compatible new treatment program, labeled persistence training, is introduced.", "PMID": 569682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8631", "title": "Assessment of the interferon-like activity in preparations of leukocyte pyrogen.", "content": "Preparations of crude leukocytes from rabbit peritoneal exudates contain interferon-like activity which may be separated from pyrogen activity both by Sephadex chromatography and by purification of the pyrogen. This indicates that, despite some similarities, leukocyte pyrogen is not an interferon.", "contents": "Assessment of the interferon-like activity in preparations of leukocyte pyrogen. Preparations of crude leukocytes from rabbit peritoneal exudates contain interferon-like activity which may be separated from pyrogen activity both by Sephadex chromatography and by purification of the pyrogen. This indicates that, despite some similarities, leukocyte pyrogen is not an interferon.", "PMID": 569683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8632", "title": "Phenotypic mixing between two primate oncoviruses.", "content": "Phenotypic mixing between the primate oncoviruses HL23V and BEV has been demonstrated to occur in doubly-infected bat lung (Tb) cells with the production of HL23V(BEV) pseudotype virus. The presence of the HL23V(BEV) pseudotype permitted the host range for replication of HL23V to be extended to murine cells previously 'resistant' to HL23V replication due to a block at the level of virus penetration. Expression of BEV genetic information was observed in doubly-infected rat cells and also in mouse and rat MSV-transformed non-producer cell lines co-cultivated with BEV-producing Tb cells. No evidence for genetic recombination between these viruses could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Phenotypic mixing between two primate oncoviruses. Phenotypic mixing between the primate oncoviruses HL23V and BEV has been demonstrated to occur in doubly-infected bat lung (Tb) cells with the production of HL23V(BEV) pseudotype virus. The presence of the HL23V(BEV) pseudotype permitted the host range for replication of HL23V to be extended to murine cells previously 'resistant' to HL23V replication due to a block at the level of virus penetration. Expression of BEV genetic information was observed in doubly-infected rat cells and also in mouse and rat MSV-transformed non-producer cell lines co-cultivated with BEV-producing Tb cells. No evidence for genetic recombination between these viruses could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 569684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8633", "title": "Association of normal serum protein antigens with chimpanzee hepatitis B surface antigen particles.", "content": "HBsAg/adw was purified from 2.6 liters of pooled plasma from a single chimpanzee carrier by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation followed by isopycnic and rate zonal centrifugation. The different morphological populatilons of HBsAg separated in the final rate zonal centrifugation step were combined into seven pools: two fractions rich in filaments and Dane particles, two pools composed of filaments and 20--28-nm spheres, and three fractions containing mostly 20--28-nm spheres. The purified preparations of HBsAg analyzed for normal serum protein contaminants revealed albumin and traces of IgG. The same samples analyzed after Tween-80 treatment, revealed enhanced quantitites of the previous two contaminants, and in addition, transferrin, traces of alpha2-macroglobulin, IgM, and complement (C3/C3c). The residual contaminants were mostly removed by further purification and fractionation after detergent treatment using zone convection electrofocusing and rate zonal centrifugation. Our findings indicate that conventional purification techniques will not provide preparations of HBsAg free of traces of serum protein contaminants. Many of these are released only by detergent treatments and subsequent purification. It is not yet clear whether detergents release these contaminants from the interior of the particles or from firm association or incorporation within the membranes.", "contents": "Association of normal serum protein antigens with chimpanzee hepatitis B surface antigen particles. HBsAg/adw was purified from 2.6 liters of pooled plasma from a single chimpanzee carrier by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation followed by isopycnic and rate zonal centrifugation. The different morphological populatilons of HBsAg separated in the final rate zonal centrifugation step were combined into seven pools: two fractions rich in filaments and Dane particles, two pools composed of filaments and 20--28-nm spheres, and three fractions containing mostly 20--28-nm spheres. The purified preparations of HBsAg analyzed for normal serum protein contaminants revealed albumin and traces of IgG. The same samples analyzed after Tween-80 treatment, revealed enhanced quantitites of the previous two contaminants, and in addition, transferrin, traces of alpha2-macroglobulin, IgM, and complement (C3/C3c). The residual contaminants were mostly removed by further purification and fractionation after detergent treatment using zone convection electrofocusing and rate zonal centrifugation. Our findings indicate that conventional purification techniques will not provide preparations of HBsAg free of traces of serum protein contaminants. Many of these are released only by detergent treatments and subsequent purification. It is not yet clear whether detergents release these contaminants from the interior of the particles or from firm association or incorporation within the membranes.", "PMID": 569685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8634", "title": "Biological activity of hepatitis B antigens in cell culture.", "content": "Direct interference by purified hepatitis B surface antigen or virus particles was not demonstrated in tissue culture. Significant levels of interferon were not induced. The surface antigen did not block the adsorption of other viruses.", "contents": "Biological activity of hepatitis B antigens in cell culture. Direct interference by purified hepatitis B surface antigen or virus particles was not demonstrated in tissue culture. Significant levels of interferon were not induced. The surface antigen did not block the adsorption of other viruses.", "PMID": 569686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8635", "title": "Seasonal diurnal variations in LH release in immature female rats and the effect of pinealectomy.", "content": "In springtime only, LH release in young immature female rats shows an increase at 2 p.m. Pinealectomy, performed early after birth, abolishes this increase.", "contents": "Seasonal diurnal variations in LH release in immature female rats and the effect of pinealectomy. In springtime only, LH release in young immature female rats shows an increase at 2 p.m. Pinealectomy, performed early after birth, abolishes this increase.", "PMID": 569687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8636", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsants on plasma testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels.", "content": "Plasma sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone levels were measured in 29 patients with epilepsy (16 men and 13 women), most of them on chronic therapy with anticonvulsant drugs. Sex hormone binding globulin concentrations were increased in both sexes and testosterone levels in male patients. It is postulated that anticonvulsants may induce hepatic synthesis of SHBG.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsants on plasma testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels. Plasma sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone levels were measured in 29 patients with epilepsy (16 men and 13 women), most of them on chronic therapy with anticonvulsant drugs. Sex hormone binding globulin concentrations were increased in both sexes and testosterone levels in male patients. It is postulated that anticonvulsants may induce hepatic synthesis of SHBG.", "PMID": 569688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8637", "title": "Effect of pregnancy on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs and rats.", "content": "Pregnancy in guinea pigs and rats exerted a suppressive influence on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Early or late stages in pregnancy had a similar effect in delaying the onset of EAE, a greater delay being observed in pregnant guinea pigs with full term pregnancies. However, the suppressive effect in the majority of animals was only temporary and when they developed the disease the clinical severity was then similar to that in the controls. Clinical symptoms of EAE, in guinea pigs that did not maintain their pregnancy, developed soon after abortion or resorption and these animals deteriorated rapidly. Histologic lesions were markedly enhanced with prominent demyelination in the majority of guinea pigs that were sensitised when pregnant.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs and rats. Pregnancy in guinea pigs and rats exerted a suppressive influence on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Early or late stages in pregnancy had a similar effect in delaying the onset of EAE, a greater delay being observed in pregnant guinea pigs with full term pregnancies. However, the suppressive effect in the majority of animals was only temporary and when they developed the disease the clinical severity was then similar to that in the controls. Clinical symptoms of EAE, in guinea pigs that did not maintain their pregnancy, developed soon after abortion or resorption and these animals deteriorated rapidly. Histologic lesions were markedly enhanced with prominent demyelination in the majority of guinea pigs that were sensitised when pregnant.", "PMID": 569689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8638", "title": "Occupational hypersensitivity lung disease.", "content": "A case of occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by an air conditioning unit is presented. Aspergillus fumigatus and aureobasidium pullulans were cultured from this unit and antibodies to these organisms were found the patient's blood. The case shows that this disease may present in a very subtle form and may be diagnosed by a culture from the patient's environment and an easily performed blood precipitin test. The importance of searching for this type of lung disease and the need for obtaining precipitin tests are stressed.", "contents": "Occupational hypersensitivity lung disease. A case of occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by an air conditioning unit is presented. Aspergillus fumigatus and aureobasidium pullulans were cultured from this unit and antibodies to these organisms were found the patient's blood. The case shows that this disease may present in a very subtle form and may be diagnosed by a culture from the patient's environment and an easily performed blood precipitin test. The importance of searching for this type of lung disease and the need for obtaining precipitin tests are stressed.", "PMID": 569690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8639", "title": "A comparison of clonidine with morphine for antinociceptive and antiwithdrawal actions.", "content": "Clonidine was found to possess dose-dependent analgesic and antiwithdrawal activity. In mice, clonidine prolonged the tail flick latency and inhibited phenylquinone-induced writhing. In rats, it inhibited tail withdrawal from hot water and a pain response to pressure application on an inflamed paw. The effective doses of clonidine were different in the different tests employed, but they were always smaller than those of morphine. Naloxone failed to antagonize the analgesic actions of clonidine but effectively antagonized those of morphine. Phenoxybenzamine also did not alter the inhibition of tail flick-induced by clonidine. Clonidine suppressed morphine withdrawal body shakes in a dose-dependent manner as does morphine. This action of clonidine was not reversed by naloxone. In usual laboratory tests, clonidine appears to be an effective analgesic which antagonizes signs of morphine withdrawal.", "contents": "A comparison of clonidine with morphine for antinociceptive and antiwithdrawal actions. Clonidine was found to possess dose-dependent analgesic and antiwithdrawal activity. In mice, clonidine prolonged the tail flick latency and inhibited phenylquinone-induced writhing. In rats, it inhibited tail withdrawal from hot water and a pain response to pressure application on an inflamed paw. The effective doses of clonidine were different in the different tests employed, but they were always smaller than those of morphine. Naloxone failed to antagonize the analgesic actions of clonidine but effectively antagonized those of morphine. Phenoxybenzamine also did not alter the inhibition of tail flick-induced by clonidine. Clonidine suppressed morphine withdrawal body shakes in a dose-dependent manner as does morphine. This action of clonidine was not reversed by naloxone. In usual laboratory tests, clonidine appears to be an effective analgesic which antagonizes signs of morphine withdrawal.", "PMID": 569695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8640", "title": "Quantitative comparison of physical dependence on tertiary butanol and ethanol in mice: correlation with lipid solubility.", "content": "Mice were made physically dependent on t-butanol and the withdrawal reaction was compared quantitatively with that produced by ethanol. The mice inhaled t-butanol vapor (50-140 mumol/1 of air) continuously for 1, 3, 6 or 9 days. Daily t-butanol blood levels were determined by gas chromatography, using ethanol as internal standard. After t-butanol exposure the mice were removed from the vapor chamber and the withdrawal reaction was quantitated by hourly scoring of convulsions elicited by handling. The peak of the withdrawal reaction occurred 3 to 5 hr after the mice were removed from the t-butanol vapor. The intensity of the withdrawal reaction increased with the duration of inhalation, and with the t-butanol blood levels maintained during the intoxication period. The withdrawal syndrome was qualitatively similar to that produced by ethanol. Quantitatively, t-butanol was 4 to 5 times more potent than ethanol in producing physical dependence. Since t-butanol is about 4 to 5 times more lipid soluble than ethanol, the data are consistent with a cell membrane site for alcohols in producing physical dependence.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of physical dependence on tertiary butanol and ethanol in mice: correlation with lipid solubility. Mice were made physically dependent on t-butanol and the withdrawal reaction was compared quantitatively with that produced by ethanol. The mice inhaled t-butanol vapor (50-140 mumol/1 of air) continuously for 1, 3, 6 or 9 days. Daily t-butanol blood levels were determined by gas chromatography, using ethanol as internal standard. After t-butanol exposure the mice were removed from the vapor chamber and the withdrawal reaction was quantitated by hourly scoring of convulsions elicited by handling. The peak of the withdrawal reaction occurred 3 to 5 hr after the mice were removed from the t-butanol vapor. The intensity of the withdrawal reaction increased with the duration of inhalation, and with the t-butanol blood levels maintained during the intoxication period. The withdrawal syndrome was qualitatively similar to that produced by ethanol. Quantitatively, t-butanol was 4 to 5 times more potent than ethanol in producing physical dependence. Since t-butanol is about 4 to 5 times more lipid soluble than ethanol, the data are consistent with a cell membrane site for alcohols in producing physical dependence.", "PMID": 569697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8641", "title": "Differential effects of leucine and methionine enkephalin on morphine-induced analgesia, acute tolerance and dependence.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular (40-80 microgram) or i.p. (5-20 mg/kg) injection of leucine enkephalin 15 min before or after s.c. morphine administration resulted in a marked, dose-dependent enhancement of morphine analgesia as measured by the mouse tail-flick assay. Further, i.p. injection of leucine enkephalin (5 mg/kg) enhanced the analgesia produced by methadone and levorphanol in the tail-flick assay but not that by nalorphine in the abdominal constriction assay. Met- but not leu-enkephalin was an active analgesic in the abdominal constriction assay with the doses used. (D-Ala2, D-leu5)-enkephalin (1 mg/kg) treatment also markedly enhanced morphine analgesia. Similarly, administration of leucine enkephalin enhanced the development of acute tolerance and dependence produced by a single dose of morphine. Methionine enkephalin had no effect on any of the pharmacological responses produced by morphine, methadone or levorphanol. Morphine brain levels of mice after treatment with leucine or methionine enkephalin were found to be no different than those of saline-treated control animals. These results suggest that leucine enkephalin may be an important and potent physiological modulator of narcotic efficacy.", "contents": "Differential effects of leucine and methionine enkephalin on morphine-induced analgesia, acute tolerance and dependence. Intracerebroventricular (40-80 microgram) or i.p. (5-20 mg/kg) injection of leucine enkephalin 15 min before or after s.c. morphine administration resulted in a marked, dose-dependent enhancement of morphine analgesia as measured by the mouse tail-flick assay. Further, i.p. injection of leucine enkephalin (5 mg/kg) enhanced the analgesia produced by methadone and levorphanol in the tail-flick assay but not that by nalorphine in the abdominal constriction assay. Met- but not leu-enkephalin was an active analgesic in the abdominal constriction assay with the doses used. (D-Ala2, D-leu5)-enkephalin (1 mg/kg) treatment also markedly enhanced morphine analgesia. Similarly, administration of leucine enkephalin enhanced the development of acute tolerance and dependence produced by a single dose of morphine. Methionine enkephalin had no effect on any of the pharmacological responses produced by morphine, methadone or levorphanol. Morphine brain levels of mice after treatment with leucine or methionine enkephalin were found to be no different than those of saline-treated control animals. These results suggest that leucine enkephalin may be an important and potent physiological modulator of narcotic efficacy.", "PMID": 569699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8642", "title": "Follow-up of preschool age survivors of neonatal intensive care.", "content": "High risk birth status is related to a number of subsequent deficits in development. Factors such as maternal education and economic status of the family are hypothesized to affect the development of high risk children. In this study preschool aged survivors (n = 18) of a neonatal intensive care nursery were compared to a randomly selected control sample (n = 18) on measures of intelligence, receptive language, and visual motor integration. No significant effects were found for birth status alone. A significant interaction between level of maternal education and birth status was found on the measure of intelligence.", "contents": "Follow-up of preschool age survivors of neonatal intensive care. High risk birth status is related to a number of subsequent deficits in development. Factors such as maternal education and economic status of the family are hypothesized to affect the development of high risk children. In this study preschool aged survivors (n = 18) of a neonatal intensive care nursery were compared to a randomly selected control sample (n = 18) on measures of intelligence, receptive language, and visual motor integration. No significant effects were found for birth status alone. A significant interaction between level of maternal education and birth status was found on the measure of intelligence.", "PMID": 569706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8643", "title": "Nitroxynil. Anthelmintic activity in cattle following subcutaneous injection.", "content": "Nitroxynil injected subcutaneously at 10 mg/kg live mass achieved Class A efficacy when evaluated by the non parametric method against adult Fasciola gigantica. Haemonchus placei, Bonustomum phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum in cattle. The compound was not effective against adult Cooperia spp. at the same dosage.", "contents": "Nitroxynil. Anthelmintic activity in cattle following subcutaneous injection. Nitroxynil injected subcutaneously at 10 mg/kg live mass achieved Class A efficacy when evaluated by the non parametric method against adult Fasciola gigantica. Haemonchus placei, Bonustomum phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum in cattle. The compound was not effective against adult Cooperia spp. at the same dosage.", "PMID": 569707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8644", "title": "Ulcerative vaginitis due to Torulopsis glabrata: a case report.", "content": "A patient with ulcerative vaginitis is presented. The differential diagnosis included malignant ulcer, chancroid, and granuloma venereum. Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis, which was subsequently proven, responded successfully to clotrimazole suppositories. Predisposing and related factors and isolation and identification procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Ulcerative vaginitis due to Torulopsis glabrata: a case report. A patient with ulcerative vaginitis is presented. The differential diagnosis included malignant ulcer, chancroid, and granuloma venereum. Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis, which was subsequently proven, responded successfully to clotrimazole suppositories. Predisposing and related factors and isolation and identification procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 569709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8645", "title": "Evaluation of the standard agglutination test in the diagnosis of human brucellosis in the Sudan.", "content": "297 healthy persons were investigated on a volunteer basis for human brucellosis using S.A.T. 221 of them were in contact with cattle, sheep or goats; and 14.9 per cent of such people were found reactors. Those who were not in contact with animals (76 persons) gave 14.5 per cent rate of reactivity. To interpretate the S.A.T. for diagnosis of human brucellosis in the Sudan, the significant titre needs to be 160 I.U./ml or over (for persons not in contact with animals), and 320 I.U./ml or over for persons in contact with animals.", "contents": "Evaluation of the standard agglutination test in the diagnosis of human brucellosis in the Sudan. 297 healthy persons were investigated on a volunteer basis for human brucellosis using S.A.T. 221 of them were in contact with cattle, sheep or goats; and 14.9 per cent of such people were found reactors. Those who were not in contact with animals (76 persons) gave 14.5 per cent rate of reactivity. To interpretate the S.A.T. for diagnosis of human brucellosis in the Sudan, the significant titre needs to be 160 I.U./ml or over (for persons not in contact with animals), and 320 I.U./ml or over for persons in contact with animals.", "PMID": 569712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8646", "title": "Retropharyngeal space - a review of anatomy, pathology, and clinical presentation.", "content": "Antibiotic therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of suppuration of the deep fascial spaces of the neck. Affectations of the retropharyngeal space are not commonly encountered. This paper reviews the anatomy of the retropharyngeal space and the pathological processes that involve it. three cases are presented. One patient developed a retorpharyngeal abscess from traumatic perforation of the pharynx secondary to oroendotracheal intubation, another from neoplastic perforation secondary to carcinoma of the hypopharynx. The third patient developed a large retropharyngeal hematoma due to a fracture of the cervical spine, necessitating a tracheostomy.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal space - a review of anatomy, pathology, and clinical presentation. Antibiotic therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of suppuration of the deep fascial spaces of the neck. Affectations of the retropharyngeal space are not commonly encountered. This paper reviews the anatomy of the retropharyngeal space and the pathological processes that involve it. three cases are presented. One patient developed a retorpharyngeal abscess from traumatic perforation of the pharynx secondary to oroendotracheal intubation, another from neoplastic perforation secondary to carcinoma of the hypopharynx. The third patient developed a large retropharyngeal hematoma due to a fracture of the cervical spine, necessitating a tracheostomy.", "PMID": 569713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8647", "title": "Live fish in right bronchus.", "content": "A rare type of foreign body - a live fish - inhaled into the right bronchus has been reported. A small fish may not cast a shadow in the x-ray.", "contents": "Live fish in right bronchus. A rare type of foreign body - a live fish - inhaled into the right bronchus has been reported. A small fish may not cast a shadow in the x-ray.", "PMID": 569714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8648", "title": "Residue organic mixtures from drinking water show in vitro mutagenic and transforming activity.", "content": "Indications of possible health effects of residue organics in drinking water have been sought using short-term tests of mutagenic and transforming activity. Ten percent or less of the total organic material in drinking water has been identified; the remainder is believed to include thousands of unknown nonvolatile compounds. Residual organics were concentrated from drinking water from representative U.S. cities by reverse osmosis followed by liquid-liquid extraction [yielding the reverse osmosis concentrate-organic extract (ROC-OE) fraction] and sorption-desorption on XAD-2 resin. Samples of these residue organics were provided by the Environmental Protection Agency for bioassay. They were examined for mutagenic activity by using Salmonella tester strains (primarily TA98 and TA100) and for transforming activity by using mouse fibroblasts (BALB/3T3 clone 1-13). City-specific patterns of dose-dependent bacterial mutagenesis and of bacterial toxicity were observed for these samples and for subfractions generated by sequential extractions with hexane, ethyl ether, and acetone. Mutagenic effects were essentially independent of a microsome activation system prepared from liver of Aroclor 1254-induced rats. On the basis of strain-specific effects in mutagenesis and differential distributions of mutagenic activity during liquid-liquid extraction, at least some of the active compounds are thought to be acidic, frameshift mutagens. The ROC-OE fraction of a New Orleans sample transformed BALB/3T3 cells in replicate experiments. By comparison with the bacterial mutagenesis data, cell transformation is a relatively sensitive method for detecting possible mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in this sample. The appropriateness of these systems for the assay of complex mixtures and the degree to which reverse osmosis concentrates contain the unaltered organic compounds in the original samples are discussed.", "contents": "Residue organic mixtures from drinking water show in vitro mutagenic and transforming activity. Indications of possible health effects of residue organics in drinking water have been sought using short-term tests of mutagenic and transforming activity. Ten percent or less of the total organic material in drinking water has been identified; the remainder is believed to include thousands of unknown nonvolatile compounds. Residual organics were concentrated from drinking water from representative U.S. cities by reverse osmosis followed by liquid-liquid extraction [yielding the reverse osmosis concentrate-organic extract (ROC-OE) fraction] and sorption-desorption on XAD-2 resin. Samples of these residue organics were provided by the Environmental Protection Agency for bioassay. They were examined for mutagenic activity by using Salmonella tester strains (primarily TA98 and TA100) and for transforming activity by using mouse fibroblasts (BALB/3T3 clone 1-13). City-specific patterns of dose-dependent bacterial mutagenesis and of bacterial toxicity were observed for these samples and for subfractions generated by sequential extractions with hexane, ethyl ether, and acetone. Mutagenic effects were essentially independent of a microsome activation system prepared from liver of Aroclor 1254-induced rats. On the basis of strain-specific effects in mutagenesis and differential distributions of mutagenic activity during liquid-liquid extraction, at least some of the active compounds are thought to be acidic, frameshift mutagens. The ROC-OE fraction of a New Orleans sample transformed BALB/3T3 cells in replicate experiments. By comparison with the bacterial mutagenesis data, cell transformation is a relatively sensitive method for detecting possible mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in this sample. The appropriateness of these systems for the assay of complex mixtures and the degree to which reverse osmosis concentrates contain the unaltered organic compounds in the original samples are discussed.", "PMID": 569710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8649", "title": "The Kish urethral illuminating catheter.", "content": "The urethral illuminating catheter is a disposable fiberoptic catheter used to illuminate the urethra and bladder of a female patient during an open surgical correction of stress incontinence. The Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure for correction of stress incontinence in a female patient has been used widely since 1949. The most common cause of failure of this procedure has been improper placement of the urethrovesical suspension sutures. Morbidity connected with the procedure results from penetration of the urothelium by the suspending sutures. The urethral illuminating catheter specifically delineates the urethra and bladder fiberoptically. The instrument aids in dissection, allows accurate placement of the suspension sutures, reduces morbidity, reduces operative time and increases the success rate.", "contents": "The Kish urethral illuminating catheter. The urethral illuminating catheter is a disposable fiberoptic catheter used to illuminate the urethra and bladder of a female patient during an open surgical correction of stress incontinence. The Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure for correction of stress incontinence in a female patient has been used widely since 1949. The most common cause of failure of this procedure has been improper placement of the urethrovesical suspension sutures. Morbidity connected with the procedure results from penetration of the urothelium by the suspending sutures. The urethral illuminating catheter specifically delineates the urethra and bladder fiberoptically. The instrument aids in dissection, allows accurate placement of the suspension sutures, reduces morbidity, reduces operative time and increases the success rate.", "PMID": 569718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8650", "title": "The treatment of urethral stricture disease by internal urethrotomy: a clinical review.", "content": "The results of internal urethrotomy with 6 weeks of postoperative catheter drainage and antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of urethral strictures in 28 patients are presented. Satisfactory results were obtained in 68 per cent of the patients. Because of the simplicity of this technique and the good results obtained we believe that internal urethrotomy often is the best initial approach to strictures that become difficult to manage by periodic dilation.", "contents": "The treatment of urethral stricture disease by internal urethrotomy: a clinical review. The results of internal urethrotomy with 6 weeks of postoperative catheter drainage and antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of urethral strictures in 28 patients are presented. Satisfactory results were obtained in 68 per cent of the patients. Because of the simplicity of this technique and the good results obtained we believe that internal urethrotomy often is the best initial approach to strictures that become difficult to manage by periodic dilation.", "PMID": 569719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8651", "title": "Posterior urethral valves: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Since 1969 we have treated 10 pediatric cases of posterior urethral valves. Of these patients 5 underwent early upper tract diversion and 5 underwent valve resection and observation. There were no deaths and no patients with permanent urinary diversion. All patients in whom blood pressure was recorded were hypertensive preoperatively and normotensive postoperatively. Creatinine clearances stabilized or improved in all but 1 case, although the urogram findings did not correlate well with improved clearance. Dilatation of the upper tracts resolved slowly in all cases. The current treatment should include early valve resection or fulguration followed by observation with emphasis on renal function, blood pressure and infection as opposed to the urographic appearance of the collecting system.", "contents": "Posterior urethral valves: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment. Since 1969 we have treated 10 pediatric cases of posterior urethral valves. Of these patients 5 underwent early upper tract diversion and 5 underwent valve resection and observation. There were no deaths and no patients with permanent urinary diversion. All patients in whom blood pressure was recorded were hypertensive preoperatively and normotensive postoperatively. Creatinine clearances stabilized or improved in all but 1 case, although the urogram findings did not correlate well with improved clearance. Dilatation of the upper tracts resolved slowly in all cases. The current treatment should include early valve resection or fulguration followed by observation with emphasis on renal function, blood pressure and infection as opposed to the urographic appearance of the collecting system.", "PMID": 569720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8652", "title": "Protein-sparing effect of intravenously administered branched chain amino acids in adult rats.", "content": "Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) serve as intermediate energy substrates for peripheral tissues. Experiments were conducted to evaluate protein-sparing properties of BCAA at different doses without dextrose. Forty healthy male adult Wistar rats, weighing 437 +/- 34 gm, were randomly assigned to one of five groups. Four groups of eight rats were cannulated at the jugular vein and infused with 3% amino acid solutions containing 13, 23, 50 or 100% BCAA; an additional eight fasted rats served as controls. Results show that weight loss was not significantly different between groups, but was lower than in the fasted rats. Nitrogen balance (NB) was least negative in the 23% BCAA group, followed by 13, 50 and 100% BCAA. Protein-sparing index (PSI), defined as that portion of the infused nitrogen that is used for sparing body proteins, agreed with the calculated fat/protein ratios. Higher PSI and fat/protein ratios resulted from solutions containing balanced amino acid patterns (13 and 23%). No obvious imbalances in plasma amino acid patterns were observed. It is concluded that more protein conservation can be achieved with amino acid solutions containing a balanced amino acid pattern and that the effect of additional BCAA on protein conservation is limited in adult rats.", "contents": "Protein-sparing effect of intravenously administered branched chain amino acids in adult rats. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) serve as intermediate energy substrates for peripheral tissues. Experiments were conducted to evaluate protein-sparing properties of BCAA at different doses without dextrose. Forty healthy male adult Wistar rats, weighing 437 +/- 34 gm, were randomly assigned to one of five groups. Four groups of eight rats were cannulated at the jugular vein and infused with 3% amino acid solutions containing 13, 23, 50 or 100% BCAA; an additional eight fasted rats served as controls. Results show that weight loss was not significantly different between groups, but was lower than in the fasted rats. Nitrogen balance (NB) was least negative in the 23% BCAA group, followed by 13, 50 and 100% BCAA. Protein-sparing index (PSI), defined as that portion of the infused nitrogen that is used for sparing body proteins, agreed with the calculated fat/protein ratios. Higher PSI and fat/protein ratios resulted from solutions containing balanced amino acid patterns (13 and 23%). No obvious imbalances in plasma amino acid patterns were observed. It is concluded that more protein conservation can be achieved with amino acid solutions containing a balanced amino acid pattern and that the effect of additional BCAA on protein conservation is limited in adult rats.", "PMID": 569721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8653", "title": "Routine anthropometry and arm radiography in assessment of nutritional status: its potential.", "content": "Elementary anthropometric and radiographic techniques, carefully executed and routinely employed in definitive surveys of healthy persons, are of potential value in assessment of patients, and provide the following: 1. Formulas to compute mean \"ideal body weights\" of young adults from stature (W = kh1.7). 2. A \"unit size-weight\" index (uS-W) with a mean value of 100 or nearly identical to 100 for all mean \"ideal weights\" relative to stature. 3. The distribution of values of the uS-W index for 80 and 90% of the population of young adults around the mean. 4. Conversion of body girths and stature to ponderal equivalents such that component A reflects fatness (if present) and component B, leanness and muscularity. 5. Conversion of skeletal diameters and stature to a relative \"frame\" size weight, designated component C, and employed as a \"reference weight\" (Ref W) for the calculation of lean body weight (LBW) in the male, and \"minimal weight\" as well as LBW in the female. 6. Conversion of skinfold thickness to estimates of body fat by means of a surface area formulation where: Weight of fat = SA x skinfold widths x k(fat). 7. The introduction of comprehensive arm radiography to reveal presumptive estimates of body fat from SA and of the amount of bone and muscle in the arm to LBW. 8. The visualization of body shape in the somatogram, and the value of photography under strictly controlled conditions.", "contents": "Routine anthropometry and arm radiography in assessment of nutritional status: its potential. Elementary anthropometric and radiographic techniques, carefully executed and routinely employed in definitive surveys of healthy persons, are of potential value in assessment of patients, and provide the following: 1. Formulas to compute mean \"ideal body weights\" of young adults from stature (W = kh1.7). 2. A \"unit size-weight\" index (uS-W) with a mean value of 100 or nearly identical to 100 for all mean \"ideal weights\" relative to stature. 3. The distribution of values of the uS-W index for 80 and 90% of the population of young adults around the mean. 4. Conversion of body girths and stature to ponderal equivalents such that component A reflects fatness (if present) and component B, leanness and muscularity. 5. Conversion of skeletal diameters and stature to a relative \"frame\" size weight, designated component C, and employed as a \"reference weight\" (Ref W) for the calculation of lean body weight (LBW) in the male, and \"minimal weight\" as well as LBW in the female. 6. Conversion of skinfold thickness to estimates of body fat by means of a surface area formulation where: Weight of fat = SA x skinfold widths x k(fat). 7. The introduction of comprehensive arm radiography to reveal presumptive estimates of body fat from SA and of the amount of bone and muscle in the arm to LBW. 8. The visualization of body shape in the somatogram, and the value of photography under strictly controlled conditions.", "PMID": 569722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8654", "title": "Prophylactic trials for stroke in stroke-prone SHR. (3) Amino acid analysis of various diets and their prophylactic effect.", "content": "This study confirmed again that high protein diet feeding decreased the incidence of stroke, and high fish protein diet did attenuate severe hypertension but high soybean protein diet did not affect the hypertension. Dietary amino acid analyses indicated that increases in total amino acids, essential amino acids and nonpolar amino acids but not acid or basic amino acids were significantly related to the reduction of stroke incidence. Among essential amino acids, lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and leucine contents were inversely related to stroke incidence, and methionine content was significantly related to the dietary antihypertensive effect of high protein diets. The prophylactic effect of high protein diets may be ascribed to some amino acid constituent.", "contents": "Prophylactic trials for stroke in stroke-prone SHR. (3) Amino acid analysis of various diets and their prophylactic effect. This study confirmed again that high protein diet feeding decreased the incidence of stroke, and high fish protein diet did attenuate severe hypertension but high soybean protein diet did not affect the hypertension. Dietary amino acid analyses indicated that increases in total amino acids, essential amino acids and nonpolar amino acids but not acid or basic amino acids were significantly related to the reduction of stroke incidence. Among essential amino acids, lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and leucine contents were inversely related to stroke incidence, and methionine content was significantly related to the dietary antihypertensive effect of high protein diets. The prophylactic effect of high protein diets may be ascribed to some amino acid constituent.", "PMID": 569725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8655", "title": "Mitral valve replacement using a porcine xenograft for treatment of IHSS--A case report.", "content": "Recently we treated a 24-year-old female IHSS patient by mitral valve replacement, using a porcine xenograft valve. Following surgery, clinical manifestations improved markedly and postoperative cardiac catheterization revealed that the pressure gradient between left ventricle and aorta had dropped to a minimum compared with the pre-operative value of 104 mmHg and end-diastolic pressure of the left ventricle had returned to normal level.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement using a porcine xenograft for treatment of IHSS--A case report. Recently we treated a 24-year-old female IHSS patient by mitral valve replacement, using a porcine xenograft valve. Following surgery, clinical manifestations improved markedly and postoperative cardiac catheterization revealed that the pressure gradient between left ventricle and aorta had dropped to a minimum compared with the pre-operative value of 104 mmHg and end-diastolic pressure of the left ventricle had returned to normal level.", "PMID": 569726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8656", "title": "[The glaucoma in heterochromic cyclitis Fuchs. Gonioscopic studies and electron microscopic investigations of the trabecular meshwork (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven patients suffering from heterochromic cyclitis Fuchs had been investigated by gonioscopy after paracentesis of the anterior chamber. Independent to previous intraocular pressure and tonographical results parts or all of the canal of Schlemm were filled with blood, followed by haemorrhage into the trabecular meshwork on several sites and bleeding into the anterior chamber. Three of the patients were operated on because of a chronic secundary glaucoma and the dissected trabecular meshwork was investigated by electron microscopy. Atrophy of the inner--and outer wall of the canal of Schlemm as well as missing of the endothelium of the trabecular meshwork was to be observed. Discussing the gonioscopical observations and electron-microscopical results the glaucoma in heterochromic cyclitis Fuchs seems to be caused by a collapse of the canal of Schlemm and not by increasing resistance in trabecular meshwork by sclerosis or hyaline membranes.", "contents": "[The glaucoma in heterochromic cyclitis Fuchs. Gonioscopic studies and electron microscopic investigations of the trabecular meshwork (author's transl)]. Seven patients suffering from heterochromic cyclitis Fuchs had been investigated by gonioscopy after paracentesis of the anterior chamber. Independent to previous intraocular pressure and tonographical results parts or all of the canal of Schlemm were filled with blood, followed by haemorrhage into the trabecular meshwork on several sites and bleeding into the anterior chamber. Three of the patients were operated on because of a chronic secundary glaucoma and the dissected trabecular meshwork was investigated by electron microscopy. Atrophy of the inner--and outer wall of the canal of Schlemm as well as missing of the endothelium of the trabecular meshwork was to be observed. Discussing the gonioscopical observations and electron-microscopical results the glaucoma in heterochromic cyclitis Fuchs seems to be caused by a collapse of the canal of Schlemm and not by increasing resistance in trabecular meshwork by sclerosis or hyaline membranes.", "PMID": 569727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8657", "title": "[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: improved prognosis through aggressive multiple drug combination and irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1964-1975 43 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated. 60% of the patients had far advanced disease at diagnosis. Therapy before 1970 consisted of low dose irradiation to the primary and single agent chemotherapy; no C.N.S. irradiation to prevent meningeal recurrence was given. Median survival in this group was 5 months; all patients died. Since 1970 all children with NHL were entered into a modified leukaemia protocol regardless of stage or primary site. Therapy comprised an aggressive multiple drug combination, high dose local irradiation and prophylactic C.N.S. irradiation with intrathecal methotrexate. 41% of the patients treated since 1970 survive in continuous complete remission with a median observation time of 31+ (1-93+) months. All relapses occurred within 30 months after diagnosis. Stage of disease was the most important prognostic factor in our patients. Risk of a primary C.N.S. relapse in the total group was 30% for patients without prophylactic C.N.S. therapy compared to only 6% for patients with treatment.", "contents": "[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: improved prognosis through aggressive multiple drug combination and irradiation (author's transl)]. From 1964-1975 43 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated. 60% of the patients had far advanced disease at diagnosis. Therapy before 1970 consisted of low dose irradiation to the primary and single agent chemotherapy; no C.N.S. irradiation to prevent meningeal recurrence was given. Median survival in this group was 5 months; all patients died. Since 1970 all children with NHL were entered into a modified leukaemia protocol regardless of stage or primary site. Therapy comprised an aggressive multiple drug combination, high dose local irradiation and prophylactic C.N.S. irradiation with intrathecal methotrexate. 41% of the patients treated since 1970 survive in continuous complete remission with a median observation time of 31+ (1-93+) months. All relapses occurred within 30 months after diagnosis. Stage of disease was the most important prognostic factor in our patients. Risk of a primary C.N.S. relapse in the total group was 30% for patients without prophylactic C.N.S. therapy compared to only 6% for patients with treatment.", "PMID": 569731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8658", "title": "[Suggestion for treatment of primarily inoperable omphalocele (author's transl)].", "content": "Bending primarily inoperable omphalocele can be avoided by simply using St\u00fclpa tube-dressing together with a spongering. Epithelising under the employment of tannin or Betaisodona becomes much easier if this method is used.", "contents": "[Suggestion for treatment of primarily inoperable omphalocele (author's transl)]. Bending primarily inoperable omphalocele can be avoided by simply using St\u00fclpa tube-dressing together with a spongering. Epithelising under the employment of tannin or Betaisodona becomes much easier if this method is used.", "PMID": 569732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8659", "title": "[Investigation on the influence of a tocolytic treatment of pregnant women with diazepam and fenoterol on the bilirubin levels and apgar score of newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study of 2618 pregnant women we examined the influence of diazepam monotherapy as well as the combination of diazepam and fenoterol on the bilirubin concentrations and Apgar scores of the newborn children. In the diazepam-treated group 17-27% of the newborns showed Apgar scores of 6 or less. In the group treated with diazepam and fenoterol, 66-68% of the newborn had Apgar scores of 6 or less. The effect of diazepam on the bilirubin levels appears to depend on the dose and duration of the diazepam treatment: low, short term diazepam doses cause a slight bilirubin increase, while higher diazepam doses cause a reduction of the bilirubin levels. Following the combination therapy of diazepam and fenoterol a significant number of the infants developed neonatal jaundice. Due to the fact that following the combination therapy the diazepam concentration of the newborns were higher than following the monotherapy, we ascribe the greater frequency of the low Apgar values and also possibly the larger bilirubin increase to the higher diazepam concentration caused by fenoterol.", "contents": "[Investigation on the influence of a tocolytic treatment of pregnant women with diazepam and fenoterol on the bilirubin levels and apgar score of newborn (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study of 2618 pregnant women we examined the influence of diazepam monotherapy as well as the combination of diazepam and fenoterol on the bilirubin concentrations and Apgar scores of the newborn children. In the diazepam-treated group 17-27% of the newborns showed Apgar scores of 6 or less. In the group treated with diazepam and fenoterol, 66-68% of the newborn had Apgar scores of 6 or less. The effect of diazepam on the bilirubin levels appears to depend on the dose and duration of the diazepam treatment: low, short term diazepam doses cause a slight bilirubin increase, while higher diazepam doses cause a reduction of the bilirubin levels. Following the combination therapy of diazepam and fenoterol a significant number of the infants developed neonatal jaundice. Due to the fact that following the combination therapy the diazepam concentration of the newborns were higher than following the monotherapy, we ascribe the greater frequency of the low Apgar values and also possibly the larger bilirubin increase to the higher diazepam concentration caused by fenoterol.", "PMID": 569733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8660", "title": "[Comparison of two cholesterol determination methods in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In 792 children aged 1 day-16 years cholesterol in serum was determined by two different methods: the well-known Liebermann-Burchard-reaction and the new enzymatical colorimetric test (Boehringer). The later procedure is simple and reliable. The cholesterol values got by this method amounted to 20 mg/dl lower. But it is not allowed to use a conversion-factor. The values in newborns and infants were significantly lower than these found in school childrens and adults.", "contents": "[Comparison of two cholesterol determination methods in children (author's transl)]. In 792 children aged 1 day-16 years cholesterol in serum was determined by two different methods: the well-known Liebermann-Burchard-reaction and the new enzymatical colorimetric test (Boehringer). The later procedure is simple and reliable. The cholesterol values got by this method amounted to 20 mg/dl lower. But it is not allowed to use a conversion-factor. The values in newborns and infants were significantly lower than these found in school childrens and adults.", "PMID": 569734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8661", "title": "[The sagittal and transverse thoracic diameter in children in the pre-school age (author's transl)].", "content": "Important factors in assessing the development of the trunk are, among others, the relative thoracic data, for example, measurement of the width and depth of the thorax and calculation of the relative thoracic diameter, as well as the thoracic index. The normal values recorded in 196 healthy boys and girls aged 3-6 years, are stated.", "contents": "[The sagittal and transverse thoracic diameter in children in the pre-school age (author's transl)]. Important factors in assessing the development of the trunk are, among others, the relative thoracic data, for example, measurement of the width and depth of the thorax and calculation of the relative thoracic diameter, as well as the thoracic index. The normal values recorded in 196 healthy boys and girls aged 3-6 years, are stated.", "PMID": 569736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8662", "title": "[Congenital dilatations and stenoses of the bile ducts in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The congenital choledochus cyst is an extremely rare disease pattern. The author presents two own cases of boys aged 4 1/2 years in whom the disease was manifested as a fusiform dilatation of the cholodochus and of the other bile ducts on the one hand, and by a cyst in the second case. Both cases were characterised by an additional annular stenosis of the cholodochus immediately before the junction of the pancreatic duct. The article discusses the most essential criteria in respect of clinic, diagnosis and therapy, as well as the etiological aspects.", "contents": "[Congenital dilatations and stenoses of the bile ducts in children (author's transl)]. The congenital choledochus cyst is an extremely rare disease pattern. The author presents two own cases of boys aged 4 1/2 years in whom the disease was manifested as a fusiform dilatation of the cholodochus and of the other bile ducts on the one hand, and by a cyst in the second case. Both cases were characterised by an additional annular stenosis of the cholodochus immediately before the junction of the pancreatic duct. The article discusses the most essential criteria in respect of clinic, diagnosis and therapy, as well as the etiological aspects.", "PMID": 569737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8663", "title": "[Adolescent cystinosis. Review of the literature and case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of adolescent cystinosis in a 17 1/2 year-old boy is reported. The metabolic disorder was diagnosed at the  age of 13 years. Cystine was demonstrated in cornea and bone marrow and was increased in fibroblasts (3.64 nMol 1/2-cystine/mg protein). The renal lesions were characteristic of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. The rate of detoriation in renal function increased from 1.5 to 6.6 mg/100 ml serum creatinine during the time of follow up. As well as the parents one brother (0.51 nMol 1/2-cystine/mg protein) appears to be a heterozygote carrier of the cystinosis gene. The striking features in adolescent cystinosis were shown by a review of the literature and the present case report.", "contents": "[Adolescent cystinosis. Review of the literature and case report (author's transl)]. A case of adolescent cystinosis in a 17 1/2 year-old boy is reported. The metabolic disorder was diagnosed at the  age of 13 years. Cystine was demonstrated in cornea and bone marrow and was increased in fibroblasts (3.64 nMol 1/2-cystine/mg protein). The renal lesions were characteristic of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. The rate of detoriation in renal function increased from 1.5 to 6.6 mg/100 ml serum creatinine during the time of follow up. As well as the parents one brother (0.51 nMol 1/2-cystine/mg protein) appears to be a heterozygote carrier of the cystinosis gene. The striking features in adolescent cystinosis were shown by a review of the literature and the present case report.", "PMID": 569738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8664", "title": "[Long-term second remission in acute leukemia of childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case of acute childhood leukemia, who presents with the following exceptional features: During complete remission early bilateral leukemic infiltrations of the testes, followed--after an intervall of several months--by a serve, general relapse with ascites. New induction therapy resulted in a second complete remission, persisting for the next 8 years with 6MP as well as after cessation of therapy until up to more than 17 years. Comparable courses are not as yet on record.", "contents": "[Long-term second remission in acute leukemia of childhood (author's transl)]. Report on a case of acute childhood leukemia, who presents with the following exceptional features: During complete remission early bilateral leukemic infiltrations of the testes, followed--after an intervall of several months--by a serve, general relapse with ascites. New induction therapy resulted in a second complete remission, persisting for the next 8 years with 6MP as well as after cessation of therapy until up to more than 17 years. Comparable courses are not as yet on record.", "PMID": 569740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8665", "title": "Direct modification of the glycocalyx of a cultured muscle cell line by incorporation of foreign gangliosides and an integral membrane glycoprotein.", "content": "As part of a program to better understand the cause-or-effect nature of the relationship between cell surface carbohydrate and cell properties and behaviour, experiments have been carried out on direct modification of the glycocalyx of cultured cells. Modification was by incorporation of gangliosides and an integral membrane glycoprotein chosen to be dissimilar to species occurring naturally in the cell line. Two methods of incorporation were investigated: simple addition of the new components to the culture medium for various times, or assembly of the components into the walls of lipid vesicles which were subsequently fused with cells. Gangliosides from beef brain and glycophorin, the major human erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein, were successfully added to the surface of myoblasts in quantities sufficient to represent a significant perturbation. Changes in cell adhesion, morphology, and viability were observed which seem to be a direct result of glycocalyx modification.", "contents": "Direct modification of the glycocalyx of a cultured muscle cell line by incorporation of foreign gangliosides and an integral membrane glycoprotein. As part of a program to better understand the cause-or-effect nature of the relationship between cell surface carbohydrate and cell properties and behaviour, experiments have been carried out on direct modification of the glycocalyx of cultured cells. Modification was by incorporation of gangliosides and an integral membrane glycoprotein chosen to be dissimilar to species occurring naturally in the cell line. Two methods of incorporation were investigated: simple addition of the new components to the culture medium for various times, or assembly of the components into the walls of lipid vesicles which were subsequently fused with cells. Gangliosides from beef brain and glycophorin, the major human erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein, were successfully added to the surface of myoblasts in quantities sufficient to represent a significant perturbation. Changes in cell adhesion, morphology, and viability were observed which seem to be a direct result of glycocalyx modification.", "PMID": 569743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8666", "title": "Immunochemical purification of probe-labeled plasma membrane proteins: an approach to the molecular anatomy of the cell surface.", "content": "The probe 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sodium sulfonate may be used under appropriate conditions for selective labeling of plasma membrane proteins exposed at the outer cell surface. Labeled proteins, solubilized by detergents, can be purified by reverse immunoadsorption using antiprobe antibodies covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. This method has been applied to an investigation of the outer cell surface structure of chicken embryo and hamster fibroblasts. Coelectrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of probe-labeled membrane proteins purified from baby hamster kidney fibroblasts have shown that 7 major protein groups of different molecular weight are exposed on both control and Rous sarcoma or polyoma virus-transformed cells. Moreover, the transformed cells display a nonvirion component of 80--100 k daltons that is not labeled by the probe in normal cells. In fibroblasts transformed by a temperature sensitive Rous sarcoma virus mutant, that transforms at 37 degrees C but not at 41 degrees C, the expression of this component is related to the expression of the transformed phenotype.", "contents": "Immunochemical purification of probe-labeled plasma membrane proteins: an approach to the molecular anatomy of the cell surface. The probe 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sodium sulfonate may be used under appropriate conditions for selective labeling of plasma membrane proteins exposed at the outer cell surface. Labeled proteins, solubilized by detergents, can be purified by reverse immunoadsorption using antiprobe antibodies covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. This method has been applied to an investigation of the outer cell surface structure of chicken embryo and hamster fibroblasts. Coelectrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of probe-labeled membrane proteins purified from baby hamster kidney fibroblasts have shown that 7 major protein groups of different molecular weight are exposed on both control and Rous sarcoma or polyoma virus-transformed cells. Moreover, the transformed cells display a nonvirion component of 80--100 k daltons that is not labeled by the probe in normal cells. In fibroblasts transformed by a temperature sensitive Rous sarcoma virus mutant, that transforms at 37 degrees C but not at 41 degrees C, the expression of this component is related to the expression of the transformed phenotype.", "PMID": 569744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8667", "title": "Measuring the effectiveness of perinatal medical care.", "content": "An outcome-based index of the effectiveness of perinatal care was empirically tested using 3,441,448 linked birth-death records. In order to construct the index, an \"expected\" perinatal mortality rate was computed for 504 California hospitals, based on each newborn's birth weight, sex, race, and plurality. The index was then defined as the ratio of the observed mortality rate to that expected. From the sixteen-fold range observed in the unadjusted rates, a two-fold variation could be attributed to differentials in the efficacy of medical care. The remainder resulted from differences in patient risk and from binomial variations. The observed--expected ratio was observed to be significantly correlated with a number of traditional indicators of medical care quality. Multiple regression techniques revealed that the mortality ratio was significantly lower in larger delivery services, in urban hospitals, in hospitals performing above-average numbers of cesarean sections in those recording Apgar scores, and in hospitals having higher specialist-to-generalist ratios. Conversely, the ratio was significantly higher in hospitals with larger percentages of Spanish-surnamed mothers and in private proprietary hospitals. By separating the index into its observed and expected components, the regression model accounted for 82 per cent of the variance in the observed perinatal mortality rates.", "contents": "Measuring the effectiveness of perinatal medical care. An outcome-based index of the effectiveness of perinatal care was empirically tested using 3,441,448 linked birth-death records. In order to construct the index, an \"expected\" perinatal mortality rate was computed for 504 California hospitals, based on each newborn's birth weight, sex, race, and plurality. The index was then defined as the ratio of the observed mortality rate to that expected. From the sixteen-fold range observed in the unadjusted rates, a two-fold variation could be attributed to differentials in the efficacy of medical care. The remainder resulted from differences in patient risk and from binomial variations. The observed--expected ratio was observed to be significantly correlated with a number of traditional indicators of medical care quality. Multiple regression techniques revealed that the mortality ratio was significantly lower in larger delivery services, in urban hospitals, in hospitals performing above-average numbers of cesarean sections in those recording Apgar scores, and in hospitals having higher specialist-to-generalist ratios. Conversely, the ratio was significantly higher in hospitals with larger percentages of Spanish-surnamed mothers and in private proprietary hospitals. By separating the index into its observed and expected components, the regression model accounted for 82 per cent of the variance in the observed perinatal mortality rates.", "PMID": 569745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8668", "title": "[Endoscopic neodymium-yag laser irradiation for control of bleeding acute and chronic ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "The essential problem of acute gastrointestinal bleeding is hemorrhagic shock. Using a high-power Nd-Yag laser, transmitted endoscopically by Dr. Nath's triconic quartz fiber, it was possible to occlude massive arterial bleeding ulcers immediately after endoscopic localization. Of 202 bleeding ulcers in the upper gastrointestinal tract, 193 = 96% could be stopped. The mortality rate was reduced in bleeding acute ulcers from 58% to 36% and in bleeding chronic ulcers from 21% to 5.1%.", "contents": "[Endoscopic neodymium-yag laser irradiation for control of bleeding acute and chronic ulcers (author's transl)]. The essential problem of acute gastrointestinal bleeding is hemorrhagic shock. Using a high-power Nd-Yag laser, transmitted endoscopically by Dr. Nath's triconic quartz fiber, it was possible to occlude massive arterial bleeding ulcers immediately after endoscopic localization. Of 202 bleeding ulcers in the upper gastrointestinal tract, 193 = 96% could be stopped. The mortality rate was reduced in bleeding acute ulcers from 58% to 36% and in bleeding chronic ulcers from 21% to 5.1%.", "PMID": 569747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8669", "title": "[Bleeding gastroduodenal ulcer: operative procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "The high mortality rate in bleeding of gastroduodenal ulcer is decreased by early operation or successful conservative treatment. Necessity and urgency of the operation are dependent on the individual risk factors, localization of the ulcer, intensity of bleeding, type of ulcer, and grading of the ulcerogenic lesion. The general operative procedure should be performed after emergency endoscopy: highly selective vagotomy with three vessel ligatures in duodenal ulcer, partial gastrectomy in gastric ulcer, and intensive conservative treatment in acute ulcerations. If lasercoagulation is feasible, emergency operations are dramatically reduced in favor of elective surgery.", "contents": "[Bleeding gastroduodenal ulcer: operative procedure (author's transl)]. The high mortality rate in bleeding of gastroduodenal ulcer is decreased by early operation or successful conservative treatment. Necessity and urgency of the operation are dependent on the individual risk factors, localization of the ulcer, intensity of bleeding, type of ulcer, and grading of the ulcerogenic lesion. The general operative procedure should be performed after emergency endoscopy: highly selective vagotomy with three vessel ligatures in duodenal ulcer, partial gastrectomy in gastric ulcer, and intensive conservative treatment in acute ulcerations. If lasercoagulation is feasible, emergency operations are dramatically reduced in favor of elective surgery.", "PMID": 569748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8670", "title": "Incidence and type of otopathology associated with congenital palatopharyngeal incompetence.", "content": "Based upon the known association of cleft palate and middle ear disease, a study was undertaken to determine the incidence and type of middle ear pathology associated with velar anomalies exclusive of cleft palate which may produce congenital palatal pharyngeal incompetence. The range of velar anomalies encountered was subdivided into congenital palatal incompetence Type 1 (clinically manifested by one or more of a triad of visible palatal anomalies including submucous deficiency of the hard palate, bifid uvula, and a diastasis of velar musculature) and congenital palatal incompetence Type 2 (no visible velar anomalies but radiographic anomalies of the velopharyngeal region such as short or thin velum and/or enlarged nasopharyngeal dimensions consequent to vertebral and skull base anomalies). Middle ear disease was assessed separately in CPI Types 1 and 2 in order to differentiate the effects upon middle ear function between overt and occult velar anomalies. Middle ear disease was more frequent in CPI Type 1 than in CPI Type 2. The predominant otopathologic finding was serous otitis media, paralleling the type associated with cleft palate. Tympanic membrane atrophy, tympanosclerosis and tympanic membrane perforation, often considered sequelae of chronic serous otitis media, were noted infrequently. This investigation supports the concept that middle ear disease frequently occurs with congenital palatal incompetence as it does with cleft palate.", "contents": "Incidence and type of otopathology associated with congenital palatopharyngeal incompetence. Based upon the known association of cleft palate and middle ear disease, a study was undertaken to determine the incidence and type of middle ear pathology associated with velar anomalies exclusive of cleft palate which may produce congenital palatal pharyngeal incompetence. The range of velar anomalies encountered was subdivided into congenital palatal incompetence Type 1 (clinically manifested by one or more of a triad of visible palatal anomalies including submucous deficiency of the hard palate, bifid uvula, and a diastasis of velar musculature) and congenital palatal incompetence Type 2 (no visible velar anomalies but radiographic anomalies of the velopharyngeal region such as short or thin velum and/or enlarged nasopharyngeal dimensions consequent to vertebral and skull base anomalies). Middle ear disease was assessed separately in CPI Types 1 and 2 in order to differentiate the effects upon middle ear function between overt and occult velar anomalies. Middle ear disease was more frequent in CPI Type 1 than in CPI Type 2. The predominant otopathologic finding was serous otitis media, paralleling the type associated with cleft palate. Tympanic membrane atrophy, tympanosclerosis and tympanic membrane perforation, often considered sequelae of chronic serous otitis media, were noted infrequently. This investigation supports the concept that middle ear disease frequently occurs with congenital palatal incompetence as it does with cleft palate.", "PMID": 569749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8671", "title": "Hormonal and nutritional status: critical conditions for endemic goiter epidemiology?", "content": "Recent advances in protein metabolism and in glycoprotein synthesis bring further insight into endemic goiter epidemiology. Retinol circulates in the blood stream in close parallelism with retinol-binding protein and prealbumin (RBP-PA), a protein complex whose liver secretory rate is dependent upon hormonal and nutritional status. On the other hand, normal glycosylation reaction occurs through the formation of a retinol-linked sugar complex. It is suggested that the relative drop of serum retinol levels, as a result of modified hormonal climate and/or declining protein status, might constitute a critical factor capable of inducing a defective incorporation of mannose into native thyroglobulin, leading to an early depression of the full glycoprotein production. This concept affords a comprehensive explanation of the following unresolved data recorded in goitrous areas: (1) clinical and biochemical discrepancies between subjects living in the same morbid territory, (2) persistence of endemicity in spite of appropriate iodine supplementation, (3) similar prevalence of goiter hypertrophy in male and female prepubertal children, (4) increased frequency of goiter enlargement in the four most vulnerable groups, namely preschool children of both sexes, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and elderly persons, (5) decreased impact of thyroid swelling accompanying improved socio-economic status, even without iodine addition, and (6) resurgence of goitrous hyperplasia as an effect of seasonal or sporadic deterioration of nutritional habits, even when iodine supply remains unchanged.", "contents": "Hormonal and nutritional status: critical conditions for endemic goiter epidemiology? Recent advances in protein metabolism and in glycoprotein synthesis bring further insight into endemic goiter epidemiology. Retinol circulates in the blood stream in close parallelism with retinol-binding protein and prealbumin (RBP-PA), a protein complex whose liver secretory rate is dependent upon hormonal and nutritional status. On the other hand, normal glycosylation reaction occurs through the formation of a retinol-linked sugar complex. It is suggested that the relative drop of serum retinol levels, as a result of modified hormonal climate and/or declining protein status, might constitute a critical factor capable of inducing a defective incorporation of mannose into native thyroglobulin, leading to an early depression of the full glycoprotein production. This concept affords a comprehensive explanation of the following unresolved data recorded in goitrous areas: (1) clinical and biochemical discrepancies between subjects living in the same morbid territory, (2) persistence of endemicity in spite of appropriate iodine supplementation, (3) similar prevalence of goiter hypertrophy in male and female prepubertal children, (4) increased frequency of goiter enlargement in the four most vulnerable groups, namely preschool children of both sexes, adolescent girls, pregnant women, and elderly persons, (5) decreased impact of thyroid swelling accompanying improved socio-economic status, even without iodine addition, and (6) resurgence of goitrous hyperplasia as an effect of seasonal or sporadic deterioration of nutritional habits, even when iodine supply remains unchanged.", "PMID": 569753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8672", "title": "Perinatal asphyxia and outcome of very low birthweight infants.", "content": "Seventy-eight very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (whose birthweights were 1500 g or less) were admitted to the Neonatal Special Care Unit in 1977. Seventy-two of them required treatment in the intensive care area; these represented 40% of admissions to that area of the Unit. The mortality rate was 20% for infants weighing 1001 g to 1500 g, and 52% for those weighing 501 g to 1000 g. An Apgar score of 0 to 3 at two minutes and five minutes was reported in 34% and 19% of VLBW infants respectively. Although there was no difference in birthweight between the groups with a high or low Apgar score, the mortality rate of infants with a five-minute Apgar score of 0 to 3 was 79% compared to 22% in those with a score of 4 to 10. Over 50% of the infants developed hyaline membrane disease regardless of Apgar score. However, in the infants with a five-minute Apgar score of 0 to 3, the severity of respiratory insufficiency was increased as indicated by increased requirement for high inspired oxygen, and the need for intermittent positive pressure ventilation. The duration of stay in the neonatal intensive care area, and the total length of hospital stay of the 49 VLBW survivors were shorter in the group with higher two-minute and five-minute Apgar scores. Long-term morbidity cannot yet be ascertained. It is likely that prevention, or prompt detection, and appropriate management of perinatal asphyxia would produce a further decline in mortality as well as morbidity for VLBW infants.", "contents": "Perinatal asphyxia and outcome of very low birthweight infants. Seventy-eight very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (whose birthweights were 1500 g or less) were admitted to the Neonatal Special Care Unit in 1977. Seventy-two of them required treatment in the intensive care area; these represented 40% of admissions to that area of the Unit. The mortality rate was 20% for infants weighing 1001 g to 1500 g, and 52% for those weighing 501 g to 1000 g. An Apgar score of 0 to 3 at two minutes and five minutes was reported in 34% and 19% of VLBW infants respectively. Although there was no difference in birthweight between the groups with a high or low Apgar score, the mortality rate of infants with a five-minute Apgar score of 0 to 3 was 79% compared to 22% in those with a score of 4 to 10. Over 50% of the infants developed hyaline membrane disease regardless of Apgar score. However, in the infants with a five-minute Apgar score of 0 to 3, the severity of respiratory insufficiency was increased as indicated by increased requirement for high inspired oxygen, and the need for intermittent positive pressure ventilation. The duration of stay in the neonatal intensive care area, and the total length of hospital stay of the 49 VLBW survivors were shorter in the group with higher two-minute and five-minute Apgar scores. Long-term morbidity cannot yet be ascertained. It is likely that prevention, or prompt detection, and appropriate management of perinatal asphyxia would produce a further decline in mortality as well as morbidity for VLBW infants.", "PMID": 569754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8673", "title": "Effects of estradiol-17beta in the male Xenopus laevis: isolation and translation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA populations.", "content": "Total Xenopus liver cytoplasmic RNA isolated following long-term estrogen administration (14 days) was fractioned using Sepharose 4B chromatography. One of the Sepharose 4B peaks was shown to contain RNA with a molecular weight reported for vitellogenin mRNA (approximately 34S). The presence of estrogen-induced vitellogenin mRNA in the peak 5 RNA was determined by translation of the RNA in the oocyte and analysis of the oocyte translational products by immunoprecipitation with anti-vitellogenin. Sepharose 4B peaks 2 and 3 were also observed to contain estrogen induced mRNA populations sedimenting between 9--18S. These findings suggest that Sepharose 4B chromatography might prove useful in separating different mRNA populations following estrogen-induced gene activation.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol-17beta in the male Xenopus laevis: isolation and translation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA populations. Total Xenopus liver cytoplasmic RNA isolated following long-term estrogen administration (14 days) was fractioned using Sepharose 4B chromatography. One of the Sepharose 4B peaks was shown to contain RNA with a molecular weight reported for vitellogenin mRNA (approximately 34S). The presence of estrogen-induced vitellogenin mRNA in the peak 5 RNA was determined by translation of the RNA in the oocyte and analysis of the oocyte translational products by immunoprecipitation with anti-vitellogenin. Sepharose 4B peaks 2 and 3 were also observed to contain estrogen induced mRNA populations sedimenting between 9--18S. These findings suggest that Sepharose 4B chromatography might prove useful in separating different mRNA populations following estrogen-induced gene activation.", "PMID": 569762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8674", "title": "Immobilized flounder muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Partially purified flounder muscle (Pseudopleuronectus americanus) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was immobilized on cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose. The catalytic properties of the immobilized preparation were studied to determine if immobilization alters the kinetic properties of the native holoenzyme. The results indicate that the pH activity profile of immobilized glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase did not differ from that of the native enzyme. The Michaelis constants (Km) for NAD and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were somewhat altered. The enzyme stability toward various inactivation treatments in the presence and absence of NAD was characterized and compared to that of he native enzyme. When either form of the enzyme was incubated with urea at concentrations greater than 2M, inactivation occurred very rapidly. Incubation in 0.1% trypsin for 60 minutes decreased the activity of immobilized glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by 45% and of the native soluble enzyme by 70%. The immobilized enzyme also exhibited considerably more stability than the native soluble enzyme when exposed to a temperature of 50 degrees or to 20 mM ATP. In all cases NAD either greatly reduced the rate of inactivation or completely protected the enzyme from inactivation.", "contents": "Immobilized flounder muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Partially purified flounder muscle (Pseudopleuronectus americanus) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was immobilized on cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose. The catalytic properties of the immobilized preparation were studied to determine if immobilization alters the kinetic properties of the native holoenzyme. The results indicate that the pH activity profile of immobilized glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase did not differ from that of the native enzyme. The Michaelis constants (Km) for NAD and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were somewhat altered. The enzyme stability toward various inactivation treatments in the presence and absence of NAD was characterized and compared to that of he native enzyme. When either form of the enzyme was incubated with urea at concentrations greater than 2M, inactivation occurred very rapidly. Incubation in 0.1% trypsin for 60 minutes decreased the activity of immobilized glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by 45% and of the native soluble enzyme by 70%. The immobilized enzyme also exhibited considerably more stability than the native soluble enzyme when exposed to a temperature of 50 degrees or to 20 mM ATP. In all cases NAD either greatly reduced the rate of inactivation or completely protected the enzyme from inactivation.", "PMID": 569763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8675", "title": "[Benign recurrent cholestasis in monozygotic twin girls (author's transl)].", "content": "The cases of Monozygotic twin girls suffering from benign recurrent familiar intrahepatic cholestasis are reported. So far both children had six icteric episodes due to this disease. These episodes occurred during times of severe emotional stress therefore, it may be assumed that a latent enzyme deficiency in the metabolism of bile acids, which is determined genetically, could be influenced by psychosomatic mechanisms. During the acute phases phenobarbital and cholestyramine succesfully reduced serum bilirubin levels.", "contents": "[Benign recurrent cholestasis in monozygotic twin girls (author's transl)]. The cases of Monozygotic twin girls suffering from benign recurrent familiar intrahepatic cholestasis are reported. So far both children had six icteric episodes due to this disease. These episodes occurred during times of severe emotional stress therefore, it may be assumed that a latent enzyme deficiency in the metabolism of bile acids, which is determined genetically, could be influenced by psychosomatic mechanisms. During the acute phases phenobarbital and cholestyramine succesfully reduced serum bilirubin levels.", "PMID": 569764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8676", "title": "Intrinsic haematopoietic activity of cerebellar haemangioblastomas. Ultrastructural study of three cases.", "content": "Three cerebellar haemangioblastomas were studied by electron microscopy. One of these shows electron-dense granules within the tumour cells, indicative of erythropoietic activity, as previously described in a haemangioblastoma. The biological significance of these granules is discussed. Biological assay of serum erythropoietic activity was performed in one case.", "contents": "Intrinsic haematopoietic activity of cerebellar haemangioblastomas. Ultrastructural study of three cases. Three cerebellar haemangioblastomas were studied by electron microscopy. One of these shows electron-dense granules within the tumour cells, indicative of erythropoietic activity, as previously described in a haemangioblastoma. The biological significance of these granules is discussed. Biological assay of serum erythropoietic activity was performed in one case.", "PMID": 569772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8677", "title": "Reanalysis of the preoptic afferents and efferents involved in the surge of LH, FSH and prolactin release in the proestrous rat.", "content": "In order to elucidate neural pathways concerned with the proestrous surge of LH, FSH and prolactin (Prl) release, brain transection or lesion was made acutely under ether anesthesia between 12.00 and 14.00 h of proestrus, and electrochemical stimulation was done under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (31.5 mg/kg b.w.) injected at 13.45 h. Transection which interrupted the connection of septum (SEPT), diagonal band of Broca (DBB) and bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) with the preoptic-suprachiasmatic area interfered with ovulation and surge of release of all 3 hormones. Isolation of the basal part of the suprachiasmatic area, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCH), blocked ovulation also. Bilateral lesions in the medial preoptic area (MPO) with platinium-iridium electrode blocked ovulation and the surge of LH and Prl release, but not of FSH. Lesions in the SCH blocked ovulation and the surge of LH, but not of FSH and Prl. In the rat with acute isolation of the basal part of the suprachiasmatic area and SCH, stimulation of the MPO failed to induce ovulation and LH release, but was followed by FSH release. Prl release was not inhibited as in the intact rat. When the rat had the antero-SCH cut, stimulation of the SCH induced LH release but not FSH, and the inhibition on Prl release was pronounced. These findings offer evidence that the limbic-forebrain inputs are necessary for the preoptic integration in order to stimulate the proestrous surge of LH, FSH and Prl release. Furthermore, it is possible that separate pathways from the preoptic area to the medial basal hypothalamus are concerned in the stimulation of individual hormones--a restricted route for LH which may pass through the SCH, a diffuse one for FSH which may pass through either the SCH or anterior hypothalamic area, and a relatively diffuse one for Prl which may pass outside the SCH.", "contents": "Reanalysis of the preoptic afferents and efferents involved in the surge of LH, FSH and prolactin release in the proestrous rat. In order to elucidate neural pathways concerned with the proestrous surge of LH, FSH and prolactin (Prl) release, brain transection or lesion was made acutely under ether anesthesia between 12.00 and 14.00 h of proestrus, and electrochemical stimulation was done under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (31.5 mg/kg b.w.) injected at 13.45 h. Transection which interrupted the connection of septum (SEPT), diagonal band of Broca (DBB) and bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) with the preoptic-suprachiasmatic area interfered with ovulation and surge of release of all 3 hormones. Isolation of the basal part of the suprachiasmatic area, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCH), blocked ovulation also. Bilateral lesions in the medial preoptic area (MPO) with platinium-iridium electrode blocked ovulation and the surge of LH and Prl release, but not of FSH. Lesions in the SCH blocked ovulation and the surge of LH, but not of FSH and Prl. In the rat with acute isolation of the basal part of the suprachiasmatic area and SCH, stimulation of the MPO failed to induce ovulation and LH release, but was followed by FSH release. Prl release was not inhibited as in the intact rat. When the rat had the antero-SCH cut, stimulation of the SCH induced LH release but not FSH, and the inhibition on Prl release was pronounced. These findings offer evidence that the limbic-forebrain inputs are necessary for the preoptic integration in order to stimulate the proestrous surge of LH, FSH and Prl release. Furthermore, it is possible that separate pathways from the preoptic area to the medial basal hypothalamus are concerned in the stimulation of individual hormones--a restricted route for LH which may pass through the SCH, a diffuse one for FSH which may pass through either the SCH or anterior hypothalamic area, and a relatively diffuse one for Prl which may pass outside the SCH.", "PMID": 569773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8678", "title": "Induction of persistent estrus by constant light: effects of neonatal constant light and Harderian gland function.", "content": "The effect of constant light on the age at onset of persistent estrus was compared in rats exposed to constant light since birth (LL-0) and those exposed beginning at 70 days of age (LL-70). Persistent estrus occurred about 27 days later in the LL-0 rats than in the LL-70 rats. Exposure to LL for just the 1st 15 days of life (LL-0-15) and then subsequent exposure to LL at 71 days also delayed the induction of persistent estrus. Neonatal injection of a Harderian gland (HG) homogenate to LL-0-15 rats reduced the age of vaginal opening and 1st estrus and reduced the delayed onset of persistent estrus caused by the neonatal LL. Harderianectomy of LL-0 or hematoporphyrin injections in LL-0-15 rats had no effect on the onset of LL-induced persistent estrus.", "contents": "Induction of persistent estrus by constant light: effects of neonatal constant light and Harderian gland function. The effect of constant light on the age at onset of persistent estrus was compared in rats exposed to constant light since birth (LL-0) and those exposed beginning at 70 days of age (LL-70). Persistent estrus occurred about 27 days later in the LL-0 rats than in the LL-70 rats. Exposure to LL for just the 1st 15 days of life (LL-0-15) and then subsequent exposure to LL at 71 days also delayed the induction of persistent estrus. Neonatal injection of a Harderian gland (HG) homogenate to LL-0-15 rats reduced the age of vaginal opening and 1st estrus and reduced the delayed onset of persistent estrus caused by the neonatal LL. Harderianectomy of LL-0 or hematoporphyrin injections in LL-0-15 rats had no effect on the onset of LL-induced persistent estrus.", "PMID": 569774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8679", "title": "Effects of adrenalectomy and constant light on the rat estrous cycle.", "content": "Adult female ARS/Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to acclimatize to a a lighting schedule of 12L:12D (LD) for 5 weeks. At that time, half the animals were adrenalectomized, and all rats remained in LD for an additional 4 to 5 weeks. Subsequently, half of the control and half of the adrenalectomized rats were exposed to constant light (LL) for an additional 8 weeks, at which time all animals were sacificed. Operated rats with regenerated adrenal tissue, determined either by macroscopic examination or serum corticosterone assay (about 50% of the rats), were excluded from all data calculations. Acute disturbances of estrous cycle length were minor. The long-term effects revealed a significant increase in 5-day cycles among the adrenalectomized rats, although the majority of cycles recorded (80%) were still 4 days in length. None of the rats in LD showed spontaneous persistent estrus. Adrenalectomy did not affect the number of ova shed. When placed in LL, the adrenalectomized rats continued to cycle longer than the unoperated controls, but all rats showed persistent estrus (5 or more consecutive days of vaginal cornification) within 7--8 weeks. Adrenalectomized rats had significantly higher body weights than controls. Relative uterine weight was decreased in these animals in both lighting regimens but only reached statistical significance in LD. Ovarian weight, by contrast, was significantly increased among adrenalectomized rats in LD but was identical in both groups in LL. Adrenal weight of intact rats was not altered by LL. Since estrous cycles can continue for at least 6 months in the absence of the adrenal gland, the persistent estrus that occurs in LL is not merely due to the loss of a diurnal rhythm of corticosteroids. Indeed, when adrenalectomized rats are placed in LL, they continue to show estrous cycles longer than do intact rats. Adrenalectomy does appear to increase the length of the cycle in some animals, and the hormonal basis for this warrants further study.", "contents": "Effects of adrenalectomy and constant light on the rat estrous cycle. Adult female ARS/Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to acclimatize to a a lighting schedule of 12L:12D (LD) for 5 weeks. At that time, half the animals were adrenalectomized, and all rats remained in LD for an additional 4 to 5 weeks. Subsequently, half of the control and half of the adrenalectomized rats were exposed to constant light (LL) for an additional 8 weeks, at which time all animals were sacificed. Operated rats with regenerated adrenal tissue, determined either by macroscopic examination or serum corticosterone assay (about 50% of the rats), were excluded from all data calculations. Acute disturbances of estrous cycle length were minor. The long-term effects revealed a significant increase in 5-day cycles among the adrenalectomized rats, although the majority of cycles recorded (80%) were still 4 days in length. None of the rats in LD showed spontaneous persistent estrus. Adrenalectomy did not affect the number of ova shed. When placed in LL, the adrenalectomized rats continued to cycle longer than the unoperated controls, but all rats showed persistent estrus (5 or more consecutive days of vaginal cornification) within 7--8 weeks. Adrenalectomized rats had significantly higher body weights than controls. Relative uterine weight was decreased in these animals in both lighting regimens but only reached statistical significance in LD. Ovarian weight, by contrast, was significantly increased among adrenalectomized rats in LD but was identical in both groups in LL. Adrenal weight of intact rats was not altered by LL. Since estrous cycles can continue for at least 6 months in the absence of the adrenal gland, the persistent estrus that occurs in LL is not merely due to the loss of a diurnal rhythm of corticosteroids. Indeed, when adrenalectomized rats are placed in LL, they continue to show estrous cycles longer than do intact rats. Adrenalectomy does appear to increase the length of the cycle in some animals, and the hormonal basis for this warrants further study.", "PMID": 569775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8680", "title": "Prevention of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy by local treatment of the ovary with 6-OHDA.", "content": "The possible role of a neural mechanism involved in the development of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy has been studied. A new technique, the use of a special plastic capsule, has been developed to allow chronic local treatment of the ovary. Local treatment of one of the ovaries with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) resulted in a weight increase in the other ovary. In the unilaterally ovariectomized rat the local application of 6-OHDA on the ovary blocked the development of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy. Local treatment of the ovary with dopamine (DA) did not interfere with the compensatory ovarian growth of the other ovary. Data suggest that intact adrenergic afferent and efferent neural elements of the ovary are required for the development of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy.", "contents": "Prevention of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy by local treatment of the ovary with 6-OHDA. The possible role of a neural mechanism involved in the development of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy has been studied. A new technique, the use of a special plastic capsule, has been developed to allow chronic local treatment of the ovary. Local treatment of one of the ovaries with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) resulted in a weight increase in the other ovary. In the unilaterally ovariectomized rat the local application of 6-OHDA on the ovary blocked the development of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy. Local treatment of the ovary with dopamine (DA) did not interfere with the compensatory ovarian growth of the other ovary. Data suggest that intact adrenergic afferent and efferent neural elements of the ovary are required for the development of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy.", "PMID": 569776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8681", "title": "Clinical features of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger disease).", "content": "Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, a chronic vascular dementia with hydrocephalus, was characterized pathologically in five patients by severe thickening of small vessels and by diffuse regions of white matter loss with gliosis. Lacunar infarcts were also present. The clinical picture in 11 patients was characterized by: (1) persistent hypertension and systemic vascular disease; (2) acute strokes; (3) subacute accumulation of focal neurologic symptoms and signs over weeks to months; (4) long plateau periods; (5) lengthy clinical course; (6) dementia; (7) prominent motor signs and pseudobulbar palsy and; (8) hydrocephalus. The pathogenesis of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy is unknown; possible mechanisms include diffuse ischemia and fluid transudation with subsequent gliosis related to subacute hypertensive encephalopathy.", "contents": "Clinical features of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger disease). Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, a chronic vascular dementia with hydrocephalus, was characterized pathologically in five patients by severe thickening of small vessels and by diffuse regions of white matter loss with gliosis. Lacunar infarcts were also present. The clinical picture in 11 patients was characterized by: (1) persistent hypertension and systemic vascular disease; (2) acute strokes; (3) subacute accumulation of focal neurologic symptoms and signs over weeks to months; (4) long plateau periods; (5) lengthy clinical course; (6) dementia; (7) prominent motor signs and pseudobulbar palsy and; (8) hydrocephalus. The pathogenesis of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy is unknown; possible mechanisms include diffuse ischemia and fluid transudation with subsequent gliosis related to subacute hypertensive encephalopathy.", "PMID": 569779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8682", "title": "Oral contraceptives and stroke in young women: a clinicopathologic correlation.", "content": "Pathologic studies of women with fatal cerebrovascular disease who have received oral contraceptives are infrequently found in the literature. Three cases of this type are reported here. The pathologic findings included an intrinsic vascular lesion in the form of intimal hyperplasia with and without associated thrombosis, found in arteries supplying the brain. Similar vascular lesions have been reported previously in other sites of the vascular system in association with exogenous or endogenous steroids. They have also been found in other species under the influence of steroids. This hyperplasia of vessel intima may be found in association with other clinicopathologic entities, but stigmata of other diseases were not found in these three patients.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and stroke in young women: a clinicopathologic correlation. Pathologic studies of women with fatal cerebrovascular disease who have received oral contraceptives are infrequently found in the literature. Three cases of this type are reported here. The pathologic findings included an intrinsic vascular lesion in the form of intimal hyperplasia with and without associated thrombosis, found in arteries supplying the brain. Similar vascular lesions have been reported previously in other sites of the vascular system in association with exogenous or endogenous steroids. They have also been found in other species under the influence of steroids. This hyperplasia of vessel intima may be found in association with other clinicopathologic entities, but stigmata of other diseases were not found in these three patients.", "PMID": 569780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8683", "title": "Aphasia following infarction of the left supplementary motor area: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "The speech disturbance of a patient with a single embolic infarct of the left supplementary motor area was characterized by initial mutism, rapid recovery to fluent speech marked by short sentences with normal grammar, persistent severe impairment of writing, and frustration and anxiety related to language tasks.", "contents": "Aphasia following infarction of the left supplementary motor area: a clinicopathologic study. The speech disturbance of a patient with a single embolic infarct of the left supplementary motor area was characterized by initial mutism, rapid recovery to fluent speech marked by short sentences with normal grammar, persistent severe impairment of writing, and frustration and anxiety related to language tasks.", "PMID": 569781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8684", "title": "Muscle wasting and carbohydrate homeostasis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Carbohydrate homeostasis was evaluated in nine patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and in six age-matched normal boys. Mild carbohydrate intolerance was observed in the DMD patients during an oral glucose tolerance test. Only minor differences were observed between the DMD patients and the normal subjects during an oral glucose tolerance test. Only minor differnences were observed between the DMD patients and the normal subjects during a 30-hour period of caloric deprivation. Despite obvious muscle wasting and significant hypoalaninemia, the DMD group was resistant to fasting hypoglycemia. Plasma glutamine concentrations were the same in both groups under all study conditions. Dueterium-labeled glucose and alanine flux studies documented normal glucose inflow and outflow rates and decreased alanine inflow and outflow rates in the DMD group. The 40 percent reduction in alanine turnover, however, was less than expected for a group of patients with an estimated 67 percent reduction in muscle mass. These observations suggest that there may be accelerated protein degradation in the muscles of DMD patients.", "contents": "Muscle wasting and carbohydrate homeostasis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Carbohydrate homeostasis was evaluated in nine patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and in six age-matched normal boys. Mild carbohydrate intolerance was observed in the DMD patients during an oral glucose tolerance test. Only minor differences were observed between the DMD patients and the normal subjects during an oral glucose tolerance test. Only minor differnences were observed between the DMD patients and the normal subjects during a 30-hour period of caloric deprivation. Despite obvious muscle wasting and significant hypoalaninemia, the DMD group was resistant to fasting hypoglycemia. Plasma glutamine concentrations were the same in both groups under all study conditions. Dueterium-labeled glucose and alanine flux studies documented normal glucose inflow and outflow rates and decreased alanine inflow and outflow rates in the DMD group. The 40 percent reduction in alanine turnover, however, was less than expected for a group of patients with an estimated 67 percent reduction in muscle mass. These observations suggest that there may be accelerated protein degradation in the muscles of DMD patients.", "PMID": 569782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8685", "title": "Ventricular fluid homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in patients with movement disorders.", "content": "Ventricular fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the respective metabolites of dopamine and serotonin, were measured in 57 patients undergoing thalamotomy for relief of movement disorders. The diseases included were Parkinson disease, dystonia, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and posttraumatic or posthypoxic encephalopathy. Untreated parkinsonian patients had the lowest mean HVA level (119 ng per milliliter). Patients with multiple sclerosis or with posttraumatic or posthypoxic encephalopathy with both intellectual impairment and bilateral motor involvement had lower mean HVA levels (197 and 177 ng per milliliter, respectively) than cerebral palsy patients with bilateral motor disease (233 ng per milliliter), dystonia patients (246 ng per milliliter), or multiple sclerosis patients with normal intellect (376 ng per milliliter). The data suggest that diffuse cerebral disease may lead to diminished dopaminergic activity. Ventricular fluid 5-HIAA levels were similar in all groups of patients. Chronic cerebellar stimulation markedly increased ventricular fluid HVA and 5-HIAA levels, indicating that cerebellar stimulation affected cerebral dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.", "contents": "Ventricular fluid homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in patients with movement disorders. Ventricular fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the respective metabolites of dopamine and serotonin, were measured in 57 patients undergoing thalamotomy for relief of movement disorders. The diseases included were Parkinson disease, dystonia, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and posttraumatic or posthypoxic encephalopathy. Untreated parkinsonian patients had the lowest mean HVA level (119 ng per milliliter). Patients with multiple sclerosis or with posttraumatic or posthypoxic encephalopathy with both intellectual impairment and bilateral motor involvement had lower mean HVA levels (197 and 177 ng per milliliter, respectively) than cerebral palsy patients with bilateral motor disease (233 ng per milliliter), dystonia patients (246 ng per milliliter), or multiple sclerosis patients with normal intellect (376 ng per milliliter). The data suggest that diffuse cerebral disease may lead to diminished dopaminergic activity. Ventricular fluid 5-HIAA levels were similar in all groups of patients. Chronic cerebellar stimulation markedly increased ventricular fluid HVA and 5-HIAA levels, indicating that cerebellar stimulation affected cerebral dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.", "PMID": 569783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8686", "title": "Diminished ventricular fluid dopamine metabolites in adult-onset dystonia.", "content": "Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the respective metabolites of dopamine and serotonin, were measured in ventricular fluid obtained from 20 patients with torsion dystonia at the time of ventriculography prior to thalamic surgery. The patients could be divided into two distinct types of dystonia--childhood-onset and adult-onset--which were identifiable on clinical and biochemical grounds. In the 14 patients with childhood-onset dystonia, the first symptom appeared in one limb in early childhood and the disease usually progressed rapidly. In the six patients with adult-onset dystonia, the first symptom usually appeared in axial muscles after adolescence and the disease progressed slowly. Ventricular fluid HVA levels were significantly lower in the patients with adult-onset dystonia than in those with childhood-onset dystonia. The differences suggest diminished dopaminergic activity, possibly secondary to nigrostriatal dysfunction, in adult-onset dystonia.", "contents": "Diminished ventricular fluid dopamine metabolites in adult-onset dystonia. Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the respective metabolites of dopamine and serotonin, were measured in ventricular fluid obtained from 20 patients with torsion dystonia at the time of ventriculography prior to thalamic surgery. The patients could be divided into two distinct types of dystonia--childhood-onset and adult-onset--which were identifiable on clinical and biochemical grounds. In the 14 patients with childhood-onset dystonia, the first symptom appeared in one limb in early childhood and the disease usually progressed rapidly. In the six patients with adult-onset dystonia, the first symptom usually appeared in axial muscles after adolescence and the disease progressed slowly. Ventricular fluid HVA levels were significantly lower in the patients with adult-onset dystonia than in those with childhood-onset dystonia. The differences suggest diminished dopaminergic activity, possibly secondary to nigrostriatal dysfunction, in adult-onset dystonia.", "PMID": 569784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8687", "title": "Assessing segmental excitability after acute rostral lesions. I. The F response.", "content": "F responses were elicited from both hands of patients shortly after they sustained unilateral cerebrovascular lesions. In 17 of 29 patients, significant abnormalities were found; F responses occurred with decreased persistence and/or amplitude on the clinically involved side, a change which was seen only in patients studied within 4 weeks of the ictus. The most prominent changes (in comparison with the clinically uninvolved side) occurred with extensive lesions. The abnormalities of F response correlated clinically with severity of the weakness, decrease in tone, and decrease in deep tendon reflexes. These changes in F response are consistent with a decreased \"central excitatory state\" at the spinal segmental level during the early phase after a supratentorial stroke.", "contents": "Assessing segmental excitability after acute rostral lesions. I. The F response. F responses were elicited from both hands of patients shortly after they sustained unilateral cerebrovascular lesions. In 17 of 29 patients, significant abnormalities were found; F responses occurred with decreased persistence and/or amplitude on the clinically involved side, a change which was seen only in patients studied within 4 weeks of the ictus. The most prominent changes (in comparison with the clinically uninvolved side) occurred with extensive lesions. The abnormalities of F response correlated clinically with severity of the weakness, decrease in tone, and decrease in deep tendon reflexes. These changes in F response are consistent with a decreased \"central excitatory state\" at the spinal segmental level during the early phase after a supratentorial stroke.", "PMID": 569785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8688", "title": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: limits of functional compensation.", "content": "Two patients with radiologically confirmed total agenesis of the corpus callosum, and free of gross focal hemispheric pathology, received a battery of lateralized and free-field language and perceptual-motor tests. These tasks allowed a comparison of (1) agenic findings with previous results from surgical commissurotomy patients, and (2) the inter- and intrahemispheric performance for each agenic subject. In general, the results indicate that the two agenic patients do not demonstrate the marked deficits of cross-integration reported after commissurotomy. However, there was an upper limit to their integrative capacity for visual, and to an even greater extent, for fine motor and kinesthetically mediated performance. The tasks that proved particularly difficult appeared to have common factors which may be related to functional capabilities of the ipsilateral motor pathways and anterior commissure.", "contents": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: limits of functional compensation. Two patients with radiologically confirmed total agenesis of the corpus callosum, and free of gross focal hemispheric pathology, received a battery of lateralized and free-field language and perceptual-motor tests. These tasks allowed a comparison of (1) agenic findings with previous results from surgical commissurotomy patients, and (2) the inter- and intrahemispheric performance for each agenic subject. In general, the results indicate that the two agenic patients do not demonstrate the marked deficits of cross-integration reported after commissurotomy. However, there was an upper limit to their integrative capacity for visual, and to an even greater extent, for fine motor and kinesthetically mediated performance. The tasks that proved particularly difficult appeared to have common factors which may be related to functional capabilities of the ipsilateral motor pathways and anterior commissure.", "PMID": 569786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8689", "title": "Kinetic evidence for a structural abnormality of lipoamide dehydrogenase in two patients with Friedreich ataxia.", "content": "Two unrelated patients with Friedreich ataxia were deficient in the activity of the enzyme lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD). The enzymes from the patients' platelets differed significantly from controls in activity, in KM for lipoamide, and in KM for NADH. The data are consistent with a structural mutation of the gene coding for LAD.", "contents": "Kinetic evidence for a structural abnormality of lipoamide dehydrogenase in two patients with Friedreich ataxia. Two unrelated patients with Friedreich ataxia were deficient in the activity of the enzyme lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD). The enzymes from the patients' platelets differed significantly from controls in activity, in KM for lipoamide, and in KM for NADH. The data are consistent with a structural mutation of the gene coding for LAD.", "PMID": 569787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8690", "title": "Anal muscle electromyograms differ in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "Electromyography (EMG) of anal sphincter muscles was different in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Shy-Drager syndome. In 30 patients with ALS, EMG of the external sphincter muscle was essentially normal, with no signs of denervation. In eight cases of Shy-Drager syndrome, however, motor unit potentials of the anal sphincter had highly polyphasic forms of long duration and high amplitude. In the Shy-Drager syndrome, there seems to be specific damage of lower motor neurons that innervate the external sphincter muscle of the anus.", "contents": "Anal muscle electromyograms differ in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Shy-Drager syndrome. Electromyography (EMG) of anal sphincter muscles was different in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Shy-Drager syndome. In 30 patients with ALS, EMG of the external sphincter muscle was essentially normal, with no signs of denervation. In eight cases of Shy-Drager syndrome, however, motor unit potentials of the anal sphincter had highly polyphasic forms of long duration and high amplitude. In the Shy-Drager syndrome, there seems to be specific damage of lower motor neurons that innervate the external sphincter muscle of the anus.", "PMID": 569788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8691", "title": "Association of central pontine myelinolysis and Marchiafave-Bignami disease.", "content": "Combined pathologic features of central pontine myelinolysis and Marchiafava-Bignami disease occurred in a 53-year-old man with chronic alcoholism. This association is rare despite the basic similarities of these two disorders. The combination of both conditions in the same patient suggests a common pathogenetic mechanism.", "contents": "Association of central pontine myelinolysis and Marchiafave-Bignami disease. Combined pathologic features of central pontine myelinolysis and Marchiafava-Bignami disease occurred in a 53-year-old man with chronic alcoholism. This association is rare despite the basic similarities of these two disorders. The combination of both conditions in the same patient suggests a common pathogenetic mechanism.", "PMID": 569789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8692", "title": "Midline hyperplasia with malformation of the fornical system.", "content": "A physically and intellectually normally developed boy had a resection of a lumbar myelomeningocele shortly after birth and a shunt was inserted for hydrocephalus. He died at age 12 years after a traffic accident. Autopsy disclosed a hyperplasia of the cerebellar vermis. An abnormal median-sagittal triangular fiber tract ran on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and contained more than 3 million fibers, most of them very thin and myelinated. The tract was identified as a hyperplastic fornix dorsalis. The complex malformation was attributed to hyperplasia of midline structures.", "contents": "Midline hyperplasia with malformation of the fornical system. A physically and intellectually normally developed boy had a resection of a lumbar myelomeningocele shortly after birth and a shunt was inserted for hydrocephalus. He died at age 12 years after a traffic accident. Autopsy disclosed a hyperplasia of the cerebellar vermis. An abnormal median-sagittal triangular fiber tract ran on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and contained more than 3 million fibers, most of them very thin and myelinated. The tract was identified as a hyperplastic fornix dorsalis. The complex malformation was attributed to hyperplasia of midline structures.", "PMID": 569790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8693", "title": "Adult onset nemaline myopathy.", "content": "A 47-year-old man had symptoms of nemaline myopathy for approximately 1 year. There were marked elevations of creatine kinase, a feature not previously described. Examination of the nervous system at autopsy failed to reveal any abnormalities.", "contents": "Adult onset nemaline myopathy. A 47-year-old man had symptoms of nemaline myopathy for approximately 1 year. There were marked elevations of creatine kinase, a feature not previously described. Examination of the nervous system at autopsy failed to reveal any abnormalities.", "PMID": 569791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8694", "title": "Notalgia paresthetica.", "content": "Notalgia paresthetica was described by Astwazaturow in 1934. We have seen six cases in the past year, suggesting that it is not rare. This sensory neuritis affects the posterior rami of several spinal nerves (arising from thoracic segments T2 to T6), causing pruritus, burning, and dysesthesias. Examination reveals hypesthesia. Although the cause is not known, the course seems benign. The posterior rami of these five dorsal roots traverse a 90-degree course through the multifidus spinae muscle, making them unique among the posterior rami.", "contents": "Notalgia paresthetica. Notalgia paresthetica was described by Astwazaturow in 1934. We have seen six cases in the past year, suggesting that it is not rare. This sensory neuritis affects the posterior rami of several spinal nerves (arising from thoracic segments T2 to T6), causing pruritus, burning, and dysesthesias. Examination reveals hypesthesia. Although the cause is not known, the course seems benign. The posterior rami of these five dorsal roots traverse a 90-degree course through the multifidus spinae muscle, making them unique among the posterior rami.", "PMID": 569792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8695", "title": "Handcuffs and cheiralgia paresthetica.", "content": "Cheiralgia paresthetica has been reported in the past, but the exact etiology is unknown. We present two cases that occurred secondary to handcuff placement.", "contents": "Handcuffs and cheiralgia paresthetica. Cheiralgia paresthetica has been reported in the past, but the exact etiology is unknown. We present two cases that occurred secondary to handcuff placement.", "PMID": 569793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8696", "title": "Testicular regression syndrome.", "content": "Recently, the testicular regression syndrome has been reported as being representative of a clinical range of XY agonadal persons. A patient with aberrant fetal sexual development is described. Of particular interest is that all of the tissues examined--the rudimentary uterine horn and the 2 fallopian tubes--displayed an XY chromosome complement. Correlation was made between the known temporal events of embryogenesis of the testes and the apparent time of regression of the testes. In this patient, the insult to testicular development, with subsequent testicular regression, occurred between 48 and 60 days after fertilization. This review supports the previously reported thesis that in certain XY persons the testes are irreparably damaged at a critical stage in fetal development, and that this critical stage is represented by a range of abnormalities of genital development. Possible causes and simplified nomenclature for such gonadal damage are presented.", "contents": "Testicular regression syndrome. Recently, the testicular regression syndrome has been reported as being representative of a clinical range of XY agonadal persons. A patient with aberrant fetal sexual development is described. Of particular interest is that all of the tissues examined--the rudimentary uterine horn and the 2 fallopian tubes--displayed an XY chromosome complement. Correlation was made between the known temporal events of embryogenesis of the testes and the apparent time of regression of the testes. In this patient, the insult to testicular development, with subsequent testicular regression, occurred between 48 and 60 days after fertilization. This review supports the previously reported thesis that in certain XY persons the testes are irreparably damaged at a critical stage in fetal development, and that this critical stage is represented by a range of abnormalities of genital development. Possible causes and simplified nomenclature for such gonadal damage are presented.", "PMID": 569795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8697", "title": "Ovulation induction in amenorrheic women.", "content": "Seventy-six patients with primary or secondary amenorrhea who wished to conceive were treated with clomiphene citrate, 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine, and/or human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG). Of these 71 patients who received clomiphene citrate, 39 (55%) ovulated. Of these 71 patients, 52 had withdrawal uterine bleeding following IM progesterone, and 38 (73%) ovulated; only 1 of the 19 who did not bleed ovulated (P less than 0.001). Ovulation occurred in the former group of patients whether or not they had galactorrhea. Of the 32 patients who failed to ovulate despite treatment with the maximal dose of clomiphene, 250 mg/day for 5 days, 26 received hMG-hCG. All 26 ovulated and 15 conceived. All 8 patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea who were treated either primarily or secondarily with bromergocryptine ovulated, and 4 conceived. Therefore, the drug of choice for ovulation induction in amenorrheic patients depends on 1) the presence of withdrawal bleeding after progesterone and 2) the presence of galactorrhea. In all patients with progesterone withdrawal bleeding with or without galactorrhea, the initial treatment of choice is clomiphene citrate. In the absence of withdrawal bleeding, hMG should be administered if galactorrhea is absent, and bromergocryptine should be administered if galactorrhea is present.", "contents": "Ovulation induction in amenorrheic women. Seventy-six patients with primary or secondary amenorrhea who wished to conceive were treated with clomiphene citrate, 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine, and/or human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG). Of these 71 patients who received clomiphene citrate, 39 (55%) ovulated. Of these 71 patients, 52 had withdrawal uterine bleeding following IM progesterone, and 38 (73%) ovulated; only 1 of the 19 who did not bleed ovulated (P less than 0.001). Ovulation occurred in the former group of patients whether or not they had galactorrhea. Of the 32 patients who failed to ovulate despite treatment with the maximal dose of clomiphene, 250 mg/day for 5 days, 26 received hMG-hCG. All 26 ovulated and 15 conceived. All 8 patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea who were treated either primarily or secondarily with bromergocryptine ovulated, and 4 conceived. Therefore, the drug of choice for ovulation induction in amenorrheic patients depends on 1) the presence of withdrawal bleeding after progesterone and 2) the presence of galactorrhea. In all patients with progesterone withdrawal bleeding with or without galactorrhea, the initial treatment of choice is clomiphene citrate. In the absence of withdrawal bleeding, hMG should be administered if galactorrhea is absent, and bromergocryptine should be administered if galactorrhea is present.", "PMID": 569796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8698", "title": "Transvitreal carbon dioxide laser photocautery and vitrectomy.", "content": "A new form of carbon dioxide laser has been developed that allows placement of infrared energy within a fluid medium. Transvitreal photocautery, vitrectomy, and laser scalpel incisions have been accomplished utilizing this delivery modality of infrared energy. Clinical trials are presently underway.", "contents": "Transvitreal carbon dioxide laser photocautery and vitrectomy. A new form of carbon dioxide laser has been developed that allows placement of infrared energy within a fluid medium. Transvitreal photocautery, vitrectomy, and laser scalpel incisions have been accomplished utilizing this delivery modality of infrared energy. Clinical trials are presently underway.", "PMID": 569799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8699", "title": "Audiologic manifestations in otitis media.", "content": "The pathologic processes that affect the middle ear transmission mechanisms in otitis media are dynamically variable and may cause different degrees of severity and changing pure tone configurations. By the same token, different disease conditions may yield similar audiometric curves. The air-bone gap is the chief indicator of middle ear abnormality but rarely provides a quantifying measure or a means of differential diagnosis. The clinician and audiologist must concern themselves singularly and together in achieving a correct diagnosis especially when there is concomitant neurosensory hearing loss. They must apply all the facilities at their disposal in order to correlate the otoscopic clinical findings with the magnitude and type of hearing loss.", "contents": "Audiologic manifestations in otitis media. The pathologic processes that affect the middle ear transmission mechanisms in otitis media are dynamically variable and may cause different degrees of severity and changing pure tone configurations. By the same token, different disease conditions may yield similar audiometric curves. The air-bone gap is the chief indicator of middle ear abnormality but rarely provides a quantifying measure or a means of differential diagnosis. The clinician and audiologist must concern themselves singularly and together in achieving a correct diagnosis especially when there is concomitant neurosensory hearing loss. They must apply all the facilities at their disposal in order to correlate the otoscopic clinical findings with the magnitude and type of hearing loss.", "PMID": 569803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8700", "title": "Transurethral external sphincterotomy sans external sphincter.", "content": "Of 51 patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia undergoing external urethral spincterotomy by transurethral resection, histological examination revealed no skeletal muscle in the resected tissue in six patients. The functional improvement which resulted in these cases despite this finding with an explanation for the same forms the topic of this paper.", "contents": "Transurethral external sphincterotomy sans external sphincter. Of 51 patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia undergoing external urethral spincterotomy by transurethral resection, histological examination revealed no skeletal muscle in the resected tissue in six patients. The functional improvement which resulted in these cases despite this finding with an explanation for the same forms the topic of this paper.", "PMID": 569804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8701", "title": "Perspectives in open spaces. A geometrical application of the Thouless index.", "content": "A geometrical model for computing 'general perspectives' is discussed. It is based on the power function r = p(d/t) 1 -i, where i is the Thouless index for the phenomenal regression to the real object, r is the real size of the object, p is the apparent size, d is the distance between the subject and the object, and t is the distance between the subject and the projection plane. This model assumes that i is invariant for different distances and this was verified in seventy children and adults at distances of 15 or 120 m. A computer program draws families of curved perspectives which are well-fitted to the actual shape of large visual alleys produced by experiment in open fields.", "contents": "Perspectives in open spaces. A geometrical application of the Thouless index. A geometrical model for computing 'general perspectives' is discussed. It is based on the power function r = p(d/t) 1 -i, where i is the Thouless index for the phenomenal regression to the real object, r is the real size of the object, p is the apparent size, d is the distance between the subject and the object, and t is the distance between the subject and the projection plane. This model assumes that i is invariant for different distances and this was verified in seventy children and adults at distances of 15 or 120 m. A computer program draws families of curved perspectives which are well-fitted to the actual shape of large visual alleys produced by experiment in open fields.", "PMID": 569806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8702", "title": "The AC impedance of Necturus gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "The impedance of Necturus gallbladder epithelium was determined using sine wave currents of 1 Hz to 30 kHz. In control Ringer's solution the impedance locus exhibited a simple semicircle with minute shift of the high frequency end along the real axis and a minute depression of the center below the real axis (average 0.9 +/- 0.7 degrees). Neglecting the slight suppression, the impedance of 1 cm2 of epithelium can be represented by an electrical analogue consisting of a parallel RC element of 115 +/- 26 omega and 5.16 +/- 0.9 muF in series with a small resistor of 5.3 +/- 1.3 omega. In agreement with experimental results obtained under ionic or osmotic substitutions, the applicability of this simple RC analogue to gallbladder epithelium under control conditions can be explained by the influence of the paracellular shunt and by assuming the time constants of the apical and basal cell membranes to be comparable. Based on these data and on voltage divider measurements obtained with microelectrodes the capacitances of the apical and basal cell membrane can be estimated to be approximately 7 and approximately 18 muF/cm2. The latter value agrees well with estimates of the surface folding obtained from electromicrographs, if the specific cell membrane capacitance is assumed to be approximately 1 muF/cm2 as in other cell membranes.", "contents": "The AC impedance of Necturus gallbladder epithelium. The impedance of Necturus gallbladder epithelium was determined using sine wave currents of 1 Hz to 30 kHz. In control Ringer's solution the impedance locus exhibited a simple semicircle with minute shift of the high frequency end along the real axis and a minute depression of the center below the real axis (average 0.9 +/- 0.7 degrees). Neglecting the slight suppression, the impedance of 1 cm2 of epithelium can be represented by an electrical analogue consisting of a parallel RC element of 115 +/- 26 omega and 5.16 +/- 0.9 muF in series with a small resistor of 5.3 +/- 1.3 omega. In agreement with experimental results obtained under ionic or osmotic substitutions, the applicability of this simple RC analogue to gallbladder epithelium under control conditions can be explained by the influence of the paracellular shunt and by assuming the time constants of the apical and basal cell membranes to be comparable. Based on these data and on voltage divider measurements obtained with microelectrodes the capacitances of the apical and basal cell membrane can be estimated to be approximately 7 and approximately 18 muF/cm2. The latter value agrees well with estimates of the surface folding obtained from electromicrographs, if the specific cell membrane capacitance is assumed to be approximately 1 muF/cm2 as in other cell membranes.", "PMID": 569807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8703", "title": "Transcutaneous, noninvasive PO2 monitoring in adults during exercise and hypoxemia.", "content": "A new, commercially available, transcutaneous (tc) PO2 monitor was tested in adult females and in laboratory animals to assess its applicability in measuring arterial oxygen tension during physiological stress. Observed values on dogs correlated well with direct measurements of arterial PO2 and with previous data obtained from measurements of arterial blood during exercise and hypoxemia. In our female subjects the unit responded rapidly to changes in inspired ambient oxygen and electrical stability was excellent during maximal exercise tests. Transcutaneous PO2 decreased to an average of 87.8 Torr during maximum exercise breathing 20.9% O2, and to 32 Torr while breathing 12.6% O2 at maximum work. Two distinct patterns of response to tc PO2 were observed during hypoxic and normoxic exercise. The technique appears to have substantial future application both in clinical and physiological investigation involving adult subjects.", "contents": "Transcutaneous, noninvasive PO2 monitoring in adults during exercise and hypoxemia. A new, commercially available, transcutaneous (tc) PO2 monitor was tested in adult females and in laboratory animals to assess its applicability in measuring arterial oxygen tension during physiological stress. Observed values on dogs correlated well with direct measurements of arterial PO2 and with previous data obtained from measurements of arterial blood during exercise and hypoxemia. In our female subjects the unit responded rapidly to changes in inspired ambient oxygen and electrical stability was excellent during maximal exercise tests. Transcutaneous PO2 decreased to an average of 87.8 Torr during maximum exercise breathing 20.9% O2, and to 32 Torr while breathing 12.6% O2 at maximum work. Two distinct patterns of response to tc PO2 were observed during hypoxic and normoxic exercise. The technique appears to have substantial future application both in clinical and physiological investigation involving adult subjects.", "PMID": 569808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8704", "title": "An analysis of the effect of the rate of stimulation and adrenaline on the duration of the cardiac action potential.", "content": "1. Changes of action potential duration in cat papillary muscle have been correlated with changes of peak tension. It has been assumed that peak tension is an approximate indicator of [Ca2+]i. 2. When stimulation is commenced after a rest of several minutes, or after a decrease or increase of the stimulus rate, or after rest periods of different duration the changes of action potential duration are closely related to changes of peak tension. These results suggest that [Ca2+]i is of primary importance in determining rate-dependent changes of action potential duration, including the shortening of the action potential at high rates of stimulation. 3. The results also indicate the presence of a factor which tends to prolong the action potential at high rates of stimulation. Thus the duration of the action potential at high stimulus rates is longer than at lower rates when measured at a given value of peak tension. Furthermore in low Ca2+ there can be a prolongation of the steady state action potential at high rates. Comparison with the work of Cohen et al. (1976) suggests that this factor is responsible for the polarity of the T-wave of the ECG. 4. The action of adrenaline on action potential duration has also been analysed. It is shown to have two effects--a prolonging effect probably related to the adrenaline induced increase of Isi, and a shortening effect probably related to an increase of [Ca2+]i (as judged by the increase of peak tension).", "contents": "An analysis of the effect of the rate of stimulation and adrenaline on the duration of the cardiac action potential. 1. Changes of action potential duration in cat papillary muscle have been correlated with changes of peak tension. It has been assumed that peak tension is an approximate indicator of [Ca2+]i. 2. When stimulation is commenced after a rest of several minutes, or after a decrease or increase of the stimulus rate, or after rest periods of different duration the changes of action potential duration are closely related to changes of peak tension. These results suggest that [Ca2+]i is of primary importance in determining rate-dependent changes of action potential duration, including the shortening of the action potential at high rates of stimulation. 3. The results also indicate the presence of a factor which tends to prolong the action potential at high rates of stimulation. Thus the duration of the action potential at high stimulus rates is longer than at lower rates when measured at a given value of peak tension. Furthermore in low Ca2+ there can be a prolongation of the steady state action potential at high rates. Comparison with the work of Cohen et al. (1976) suggests that this factor is responsible for the polarity of the T-wave of the ECG. 4. The action of adrenaline on action potential duration has also been analysed. It is shown to have two effects--a prolonging effect probably related to the adrenaline induced increase of Isi, and a shortening effect probably related to an increase of [Ca2+]i (as judged by the increase of peak tension).", "PMID": 569809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8705", "title": "Biosynthesis of mitochondrial protein components in the liver of cold exposed or adapted rats.", "content": "Liver mitochondria of rats exposed or adapted to cold were fractionated after labelling in vivo with radioactive amino acid mixture. Specific activity (Cpm/mg proteins) of unfractionated proteins from the whole mitochondria, water soluble proteins and cytochrome c after the animals exposure to 4 degrees C for 3, 6, 12 and 24 hr was higher as compared with the controls adapted to 24 degrees C; specific activity of contractile and structural proteins was not changed. In rats exposed to cold for 7, 14 and 21 days the labelling of all fractions studied was at the level of controls. The liver weight was increased in cold adapted rats (21 days). If expressed per total liver mass, radioactivity of all fractions was higher in cold adapted rats than in controls.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of mitochondrial protein components in the liver of cold exposed or adapted rats. Liver mitochondria of rats exposed or adapted to cold were fractionated after labelling in vivo with radioactive amino acid mixture. Specific activity (Cpm/mg proteins) of unfractionated proteins from the whole mitochondria, water soluble proteins and cytochrome c after the animals exposure to 4 degrees C for 3, 6, 12 and 24 hr was higher as compared with the controls adapted to 24 degrees C; specific activity of contractile and structural proteins was not changed. In rats exposed to cold for 7, 14 and 21 days the labelling of all fractions studied was at the level of controls. The liver weight was increased in cold adapted rats (21 days). If expressed per total liver mass, radioactivity of all fractions was higher in cold adapted rats than in controls.", "PMID": 569811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8706", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of slow calcium current on rested state contraction of papillary muscles and post rest contractions of atrial muscle of the cat and rabbit hearts.", "content": "Effect of Ni, Co and Mn ions and of D-600 on rested state contractions (RSCs) of cat and rabbit papillary muscles and on post rest contractions (PRCs) of cat and rabbit atrial muscle was investigated. Ni and Co in concentration 2 mmol/l reduced the force of RSCs in papillary muscles by 78%, increased the dip between the phase 1 and 2 of respective action potentials (APs), lowered the level of plateau and decreased the total duration of AP. Strong PRCs in atrial muscle were reduced by Ni only by 25%, while the subsequent beats were strongly inhibited. Ni completely inhibited RSCs in papillary muscles increased by caffeine (10 mmol/1) or by reduction in Na concentration by 50%. Mn ions in concentration 1--2 mmol/l inhibited strongly both RSCs in papillary muscles and strong PRCs in atrial muscle, increased the dip between phase 1 and 2 and increased total duration of AP. Mn ions stimulated 45Ca efflux from papillary muscles and atrial strips. D-600 did not affect RSCs nor the shape of respective APs. It is concluded that RSCs in papillary muscles are directly activated by Ca inflow during the respective excitation while strong PRCs in atrial muscle are activated mostly by Ca released from intracellular stores.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of slow calcium current on rested state contraction of papillary muscles and post rest contractions of atrial muscle of the cat and rabbit hearts. Effect of Ni, Co and Mn ions and of D-600 on rested state contractions (RSCs) of cat and rabbit papillary muscles and on post rest contractions (PRCs) of cat and rabbit atrial muscle was investigated. Ni and Co in concentration 2 mmol/l reduced the force of RSCs in papillary muscles by 78%, increased the dip between the phase 1 and 2 of respective action potentials (APs), lowered the level of plateau and decreased the total duration of AP. Strong PRCs in atrial muscle were reduced by Ni only by 25%, while the subsequent beats were strongly inhibited. Ni completely inhibited RSCs in papillary muscles increased by caffeine (10 mmol/1) or by reduction in Na concentration by 50%. Mn ions in concentration 1--2 mmol/l inhibited strongly both RSCs in papillary muscles and strong PRCs in atrial muscle, increased the dip between phase 1 and 2 and increased total duration of AP. Mn ions stimulated 45Ca efflux from papillary muscles and atrial strips. D-600 did not affect RSCs nor the shape of respective APs. It is concluded that RSCs in papillary muscles are directly activated by Ca inflow during the respective excitation while strong PRCs in atrial muscle are activated mostly by Ca released from intracellular stores.", "PMID": 569810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8707", "title": "Intracellular Ca2+ injection causes membrane hyperpolarization and conductance increase in lacrimal acinar cells.", "content": "Membrane potential and resistance measurements were carried out on segments of superfused mouse exorbital lacrimal glands by inserting two microelectrodes into neighbouring coupled cells. Short-lasting intracellular injections of Ca2+, by the method of microiontophoresis, caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction. These effects were also observed in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blocking agents. From the potential and resistance changes observed the null potential for the action of Ca2+ was calculated to be -50 mV. Short-lasting extracellular Ca2+ applications caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction, but these effects were blocked by a combination of atropine and phentolamine. Intracellular Ca2+ application mimics the action of adrenaline and acetylcholine on lacrimal acinar cells.", "contents": "Intracellular Ca2+ injection causes membrane hyperpolarization and conductance increase in lacrimal acinar cells. Membrane potential and resistance measurements were carried out on segments of superfused mouse exorbital lacrimal glands by inserting two microelectrodes into neighbouring coupled cells. Short-lasting intracellular injections of Ca2+, by the method of microiontophoresis, caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction. These effects were also observed in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blocking agents. From the potential and resistance changes observed the null potential for the action of Ca2+ was calculated to be -50 mV. Short-lasting extracellular Ca2+ applications caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction, but these effects were blocked by a combination of atropine and phentolamine. Intracellular Ca2+ application mimics the action of adrenaline and acetylcholine on lacrimal acinar cells.", "PMID": 569812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8708", "title": "Morphology and electrophysiological properties of cutaneous sensilla in agamid lizards.", "content": "The external morphology of agamid cutaneous sensilla has been studied by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrophysiological recordings from single organs were obtained in response to mechanical bending of the centrally located long seta. In this way the mechanoreceptive function of reptilian cutaneous sensilla has been established for the first time.", "contents": "Morphology and electrophysiological properties of cutaneous sensilla in agamid lizards. The external morphology of agamid cutaneous sensilla has been studied by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrophysiological recordings from single organs were obtained in response to mechanical bending of the centrally located long seta. In this way the mechanoreceptive function of reptilian cutaneous sensilla has been established for the first time.", "PMID": 569813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8709", "title": "Relaxation of the ACh-induced potassium current in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments were carried out in order to study the mechanism of the ACh action in the rabbit S-A node cell. The following results were obtained: 1. The reversal potential of the ACh-induced current behaved like a potassium electrode, confirming that the ACh-operated channels pass potassium ions selectively. 2. On depolarizing voltage jumps the ACh-induced current showed an instantaneous peak from which the current decayed to a new steady level (relaxation). On hyperpolarizing voltage jumps the initial step change in current was followed by a gradual increase. 3. The time course of the current change on voltage jumps was well fitted by a single exponential and the time constant became longer as the membrane potential was increased. 4. The instantaneous I-V curve was linear while in the steady state the curve became flatter at low negative membrane potentials and steeper at high negative membrane potentials. The results suggest that ACh opens a specific potassium channel when the drug is bound to the muscarinic receptor. The opening and closing rate constants for this potassium channel depend on the membrane potential in such a way that on depolarizing voltage jumps the fraction of open channels gradually decreases and on hyperpolarization the fraction increases.", "contents": "Relaxation of the ACh-induced potassium current in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell. Voltage clamp experiments were carried out in order to study the mechanism of the ACh action in the rabbit S-A node cell. The following results were obtained: 1. The reversal potential of the ACh-induced current behaved like a potassium electrode, confirming that the ACh-operated channels pass potassium ions selectively. 2. On depolarizing voltage jumps the ACh-induced current showed an instantaneous peak from which the current decayed to a new steady level (relaxation). On hyperpolarizing voltage jumps the initial step change in current was followed by a gradual increase. 3. The time course of the current change on voltage jumps was well fitted by a single exponential and the time constant became longer as the membrane potential was increased. 4. The instantaneous I-V curve was linear while in the steady state the curve became flatter at low negative membrane potentials and steeper at high negative membrane potentials. The results suggest that ACh opens a specific potassium channel when the drug is bound to the muscarinic receptor. The opening and closing rate constants for this potassium channel depend on the membrane potential in such a way that on depolarizing voltage jumps the fraction of open channels gradually decreases and on hyperpolarization the fraction increases.", "PMID": 569814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8710", "title": "On the nature of the neural abnormality in human amblyopia; neural aberrations and neural sensitivity loss.", "content": "In this investigation contrast threshold measurements are compared with supra-threshold perception for a group of human amblyopes. The results indicate that human amblyopia involves, in some cases, not only loss of sensitivity but spatial distortion. Thus a new group of amblyopes can now be identified in which only distortion occurs. These results have important physiological implications for both the normal and abnormal visual systems. Neurophysiologists investigating visual loss from deprivation should assess whether similar distortions occur in animals. This question may hold the answer to whether the present animal models are relevant to the human condition.", "contents": "On the nature of the neural abnormality in human amblyopia; neural aberrations and neural sensitivity loss. In this investigation contrast threshold measurements are compared with supra-threshold perception for a group of human amblyopes. The results indicate that human amblyopia involves, in some cases, not only loss of sensitivity but spatial distortion. Thus a new group of amblyopes can now be identified in which only distortion occurs. These results have important physiological implications for both the normal and abnormal visual systems. Neurophysiologists investigating visual loss from deprivation should assess whether similar distortions occur in animals. This question may hold the answer to whether the present animal models are relevant to the human condition.", "PMID": 569815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8711", "title": "Transport and accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (A.I.B.) in the guinea pig placenta.", "content": "Active transport of A.I.B. from mother to fetus was studied. This was done in the intact animal and using the isolated placenta, artificially perfused at both sides. It was shown that A.I.B. is actively accumulated in the placental cells. An estimate of the kinetic constants is given. It is shown that this accumulation takes place predominantly from the maternal side of the placenta. A.I.B. that has been accumulated is cleared to the maternal and fetal circulation in equal amounts. So the netto active transport from mother to fetus is brought about by an unequal distribution of carriers, the maternal side being most active.", "contents": "Transport and accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (A.I.B.) in the guinea pig placenta. Active transport of A.I.B. from mother to fetus was studied. This was done in the intact animal and using the isolated placenta, artificially perfused at both sides. It was shown that A.I.B. is actively accumulated in the placental cells. An estimate of the kinetic constants is given. It is shown that this accumulation takes place predominantly from the maternal side of the placenta. A.I.B. that has been accumulated is cleared to the maternal and fetal circulation in equal amounts. So the netto active transport from mother to fetus is brought about by an unequal distribution of carriers, the maternal side being most active.", "PMID": 569817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8712", "title": "Effect of exercise on metabolism of glycogen and triglycerides in the respiratory muscles.", "content": "It was shown that during muscular exertion the diaphragm muscle and the intercostal muscles utilize endogenous glycogen whereas only the diaphragm muscle utilizes endogenous triglycerides. The post-excercise glycogen repletion in the diaphragm muscle was much faster than in the intercostal muscles. In the diaphragm muscle, marked overshoot of the glycogen level occurred early after the exercise.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on metabolism of glycogen and triglycerides in the respiratory muscles. It was shown that during muscular exertion the diaphragm muscle and the intercostal muscles utilize endogenous glycogen whereas only the diaphragm muscle utilizes endogenous triglycerides. The post-excercise glycogen repletion in the diaphragm muscle was much faster than in the intercostal muscles. In the diaphragm muscle, marked overshoot of the glycogen level occurred early after the exercise.", "PMID": 569818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8713", "title": "The relative dependence of the activity of Renshaw cells on recurrent pathways during contraction of the triceps muscle.", "content": "Renshaw cell activity was recorded simultaneously with motoneuronal unit discharge during vibration and tetanic stimulation of triceps muscles in decerebrated cats. The experiments confirm that, in this preparation, the motoneurones are the main source of Renshaw cell firing during muscle stretch and vibration and when motoneuronal discharge was induced through the gamma loop. However they also show that a discharge of Renshaw cells, monosynaptically coupled with triceps motoneurones through their recurrent collaterals, could be elicited during contraction of the muscle at the time when the discharge of these motoneurones had been silenced. The recording of the stretch receptors and motoneuronal unit discharge during stretch, vibration, and ventral root stimulation gave evidence of the contribution of the withdrawal of excitation by primary endings to the occurrence of the silent period during tetanic contraction of the muscle. The measurements of the critical firing level in motoneuronal units responding reflexly to held stretch and vibration of the muscles, and silencing their discharge during muscle shortening, showed that these cells are amongst the lowest ranking in the pool For these reasons, these data suggest that Renshaw cell firing during vibration and tetanic contraction of the muscle cannot be attributed only to the alpha motoneurone excitation by the Ia fibres.", "contents": "The relative dependence of the activity of Renshaw cells on recurrent pathways during contraction of the triceps muscle. Renshaw cell activity was recorded simultaneously with motoneuronal unit discharge during vibration and tetanic stimulation of triceps muscles in decerebrated cats. The experiments confirm that, in this preparation, the motoneurones are the main source of Renshaw cell firing during muscle stretch and vibration and when motoneuronal discharge was induced through the gamma loop. However they also show that a discharge of Renshaw cells, monosynaptically coupled with triceps motoneurones through their recurrent collaterals, could be elicited during contraction of the muscle at the time when the discharge of these motoneurones had been silenced. The recording of the stretch receptors and motoneuronal unit discharge during stretch, vibration, and ventral root stimulation gave evidence of the contribution of the withdrawal of excitation by primary endings to the occurrence of the silent period during tetanic contraction of the muscle. The measurements of the critical firing level in motoneuronal units responding reflexly to held stretch and vibration of the muscles, and silencing their discharge during muscle shortening, showed that these cells are amongst the lowest ranking in the pool For these reasons, these data suggest that Renshaw cell firing during vibration and tetanic contraction of the muscle cannot be attributed only to the alpha motoneurone excitation by the Ia fibres.", "PMID": 569819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8714", "title": "The effect of procaine on the passive electrical properties of guinea-pig ventricular muscle.", "content": "Electrotonic potentials produced by rectangular hyperpolarizing current pulses were recorded intracellularly at various distances from guinea-pig papillary muscles and the results were analyzed according to the single-dimensional cable model. In normal Tyrode solution the space constant (lambda) was 0.62 +/- 0.12 mm (mean and S.D., nine preparations) and the time constant (tau) was 4.0 +/- 0.8 ms. Procaine (1 mg/ml) increased lambda to 1.20 +/- 0.29 mm and tau to 19.7 +/- 4.7 ms by increasing the membrane resistance, while the membrane capacity was only slightly increased and little change was observed in the internal longitudinal resistance. The dose-response relationship revealed that procaine inhibited the resting membrane conductance almost completely in a one-to-one manner with the dissociation constant of about 1 mM. It was suggested that potassium conductance predominant in the resting membrane conductance in guinea-pig papillary muscle was depressed by procaine and that electrical coupling is well maintained even when the membrane resistivity of apposed normal ordinary membrane at intercalated disks becomes high.", "contents": "The effect of procaine on the passive electrical properties of guinea-pig ventricular muscle. Electrotonic potentials produced by rectangular hyperpolarizing current pulses were recorded intracellularly at various distances from guinea-pig papillary muscles and the results were analyzed according to the single-dimensional cable model. In normal Tyrode solution the space constant (lambda) was 0.62 +/- 0.12 mm (mean and S.D., nine preparations) and the time constant (tau) was 4.0 +/- 0.8 ms. Procaine (1 mg/ml) increased lambda to 1.20 +/- 0.29 mm and tau to 19.7 +/- 4.7 ms by increasing the membrane resistance, while the membrane capacity was only slightly increased and little change was observed in the internal longitudinal resistance. The dose-response relationship revealed that procaine inhibited the resting membrane conductance almost completely in a one-to-one manner with the dissociation constant of about 1 mM. It was suggested that potassium conductance predominant in the resting membrane conductance in guinea-pig papillary muscle was depressed by procaine and that electrical coupling is well maintained even when the membrane resistivity of apposed normal ordinary membrane at intercalated disks becomes high.", "PMID": 569820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8715", "title": "The temperature dependence of parallel and series elastic elements in the vascular smooth muscle of the rat portal vein.", "content": "The stiffness of a parallel (PE) as well as of a series elastic element (SE) in the isolated rat portal vein was determined at 37 degrees C and at 25 degrees C. The length-tension curve of the PE was obtained by a stepwise lengthening of the preparation and showed no temperature dependence for the element: the mean extension of the PE was 48.8% of the optimum length L0 at 37 degrees C, and 47.3% of L0 at 25 degrees C when loaded with the maximum active force T0. The maximum force occurred at both temperatures with the same muscle length. Even the stiffness factor, i.e. the slope 'k' of the linear function dT/dL = k . T + c showed no temperature dependence. The series elasticity was determined by means of the quick-release technique from afterloaded isometric contractions of the tetanized preparation. A distinct temperature influence was revealed by the decrease of the mean SE extension from 13.5% of L0 at 37 degrees C to 10.9% of L0 at 25 degrees C (P less than 0.0005). The stiffness factor, normalized to the actual muscle length, was 12.0 per ML at 37 degrees C and 14.7 per ML at 25 degrees C (P less than 0.025). The values obtained for the portal vein are equivalent to those calculated for other smooth muscle preparations but the stiffness of series elasticity is well below that found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle.", "contents": "The temperature dependence of parallel and series elastic elements in the vascular smooth muscle of the rat portal vein. The stiffness of a parallel (PE) as well as of a series elastic element (SE) in the isolated rat portal vein was determined at 37 degrees C and at 25 degrees C. The length-tension curve of the PE was obtained by a stepwise lengthening of the preparation and showed no temperature dependence for the element: the mean extension of the PE was 48.8% of the optimum length L0 at 37 degrees C, and 47.3% of L0 at 25 degrees C when loaded with the maximum active force T0. The maximum force occurred at both temperatures with the same muscle length. Even the stiffness factor, i.e. the slope 'k' of the linear function dT/dL = k . T + c showed no temperature dependence. The series elasticity was determined by means of the quick-release technique from afterloaded isometric contractions of the tetanized preparation. A distinct temperature influence was revealed by the decrease of the mean SE extension from 13.5% of L0 at 37 degrees C to 10.9% of L0 at 25 degrees C (P less than 0.0005). The stiffness factor, normalized to the actual muscle length, was 12.0 per ML at 37 degrees C and 14.7 per ML at 25 degrees C (P less than 0.025). The values obtained for the portal vein are equivalent to those calculated for other smooth muscle preparations but the stiffness of series elasticity is well below that found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 569822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8716", "title": "Thermal control of blood flow through capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses in skin of sheep.", "content": "Using radioactive microsphere and electromagnetic techniques, hindleg vascular responses were studied in 38 conscious, chronically prepared sheep subjected to either exposure to a warm environment, and/or local warming of the hypothalamus, spinal cord, forelegs of hindlegs. The total proportion of cardiac output passing through AVA's was increased by all treatments. AVA flow in hindleg skin was increased but capillary flow was unchanged by warming the hypothalamus, spinal cord or forelegs. AVA flow was unchanged but capillary flow was increased by warming the ambient air or the hindlegs alone. Equivalent cooling treatments resulted in AVA and capillary flow changes converse to warming. It is concluded that, in sheep, blood flow through cutaneous AVA's is controlled by specific thermoregulatory reflexes, whereas capillary flow is the target of local temperature effects. A significant role for the direction of the thermal gradient across the skin is implicated.", "contents": "Thermal control of blood flow through capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses in skin of sheep. Using radioactive microsphere and electromagnetic techniques, hindleg vascular responses were studied in 38 conscious, chronically prepared sheep subjected to either exposure to a warm environment, and/or local warming of the hypothalamus, spinal cord, forelegs of hindlegs. The total proportion of cardiac output passing through AVA's was increased by all treatments. AVA flow in hindleg skin was increased but capillary flow was unchanged by warming the hypothalamus, spinal cord or forelegs. AVA flow was unchanged but capillary flow was increased by warming the ambient air or the hindlegs alone. Equivalent cooling treatments resulted in AVA and capillary flow changes converse to warming. It is concluded that, in sheep, blood flow through cutaneous AVA's is controlled by specific thermoregulatory reflexes, whereas capillary flow is the target of local temperature effects. A significant role for the direction of the thermal gradient across the skin is implicated.", "PMID": 569825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8717", "title": "Oronasal breathing during exercise.", "content": "The shift from nasal to oronasal breathing (ONBS) has been observed on 73 subjects with two independent methods. A first group of 63 subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer at increasing work load (98--196 W) has been observed. On 35 subjects the highest value of ventilation attained with nasal breathing was 40.2 +/- 9.41 . min-1 S.D. Ten subjects breathed through the mouth at all loads, while 5 never opened the mouth. On 13 subjects it was not possible to make reliable measurements. On a second group of 10 subjects utilizing a different techniques which did not need a face mask, the ventilation at which one changes the pattern of breathing was found to be 44.2 +/- 13.51 . min-1 S.D. On the same subjects nasal resistance did not show any correlation with ONBS. It is concluded that ONBS is not solely determined by nasal resistance, though an indirect effect due to hypoventilation and hence to changes in alveolar air composition cannot be ruled out. It is likely that ONBS is also influenced by psychological factors.", "contents": "Oronasal breathing during exercise. The shift from nasal to oronasal breathing (ONBS) has been observed on 73 subjects with two independent methods. A first group of 63 subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer at increasing work load (98--196 W) has been observed. On 35 subjects the highest value of ventilation attained with nasal breathing was 40.2 +/- 9.41 . min-1 S.D. Ten subjects breathed through the mouth at all loads, while 5 never opened the mouth. On 13 subjects it was not possible to make reliable measurements. On a second group of 10 subjects utilizing a different techniques which did not need a face mask, the ventilation at which one changes the pattern of breathing was found to be 44.2 +/- 13.51 . min-1 S.D. On the same subjects nasal resistance did not show any correlation with ONBS. It is concluded that ONBS is not solely determined by nasal resistance, though an indirect effect due to hypoventilation and hence to changes in alveolar air composition cannot be ruled out. It is likely that ONBS is also influenced by psychological factors.", "PMID": 569826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8718", "title": "Segmental heterogeneity of epithelial transport in rat large intestine.", "content": "Functionally isolated segments of rat colon and rectum were perfused in situ in a closed loop system. Rectum was defined as the lower 25--35% of the length of large intestine (cecum excluded). Perfusion conditions were optimized at 0.5 ml.min-1 and 3 cm H2O luminal pressure. Variation of perfusion rate between 0.2 and 2 ml.min-1 did not influence net volume transport (JNV). Luminal distension following elevation of hydrostatic pressure to 18 cm H2O reversibly increased Jnv. Under control conditions Jnv and Na+-transport rates (JnNa) of colon were 2--3 times higher than those of rectum. In colon transepithelial electrical potential difference (psims) was time independent --12 mV (lumen negative) whereas rectal psims increased with time from --6 mV, reaching a plateau of --67 mV within 6 h. Amiloride 10(-4) mol.l-1 had no effect on psims, Jnv, and JnNa in colon but did slightly depress K+-secretion in colon descendens. In contrast, psims in rectum was dose-dependently depressed, being reversed to +7 mV at 10(-4) mol.l-1. Jnv and JnNa were decreased by half. Acetazolamide in addition to amiloride lowered the positive post-amiloride rectal psims by half. Adrenalectomy had no effect on colonic psims, but abolished psims of the rectum. A single dose of 40 microgram.kg-1 b.w. aldosterone during the experiment restored the typical time course of rectal psims, but did not affect psims in colon. It is concluded that aldosterone induces an amiloride-sensitive Na+-pathway only in rectum, but not in colon, and that colon and rectum differ basically in their transport properties, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, as do the kidney distal convoluted tubule and the cortical collecting duct.", "contents": "Segmental heterogeneity of epithelial transport in rat large intestine. Functionally isolated segments of rat colon and rectum were perfused in situ in a closed loop system. Rectum was defined as the lower 25--35% of the length of large intestine (cecum excluded). Perfusion conditions were optimized at 0.5 ml.min-1 and 3 cm H2O luminal pressure. Variation of perfusion rate between 0.2 and 2 ml.min-1 did not influence net volume transport (JNV). Luminal distension following elevation of hydrostatic pressure to 18 cm H2O reversibly increased Jnv. Under control conditions Jnv and Na+-transport rates (JnNa) of colon were 2--3 times higher than those of rectum. In colon transepithelial electrical potential difference (psims) was time independent --12 mV (lumen negative) whereas rectal psims increased with time from --6 mV, reaching a plateau of --67 mV within 6 h. Amiloride 10(-4) mol.l-1 had no effect on psims, Jnv, and JnNa in colon but did slightly depress K+-secretion in colon descendens. In contrast, psims in rectum was dose-dependently depressed, being reversed to +7 mV at 10(-4) mol.l-1. Jnv and JnNa were decreased by half. Acetazolamide in addition to amiloride lowered the positive post-amiloride rectal psims by half. Adrenalectomy had no effect on colonic psims, but abolished psims of the rectum. A single dose of 40 microgram.kg-1 b.w. aldosterone during the experiment restored the typical time course of rectal psims, but did not affect psims in colon. It is concluded that aldosterone induces an amiloride-sensitive Na+-pathway only in rectum, but not in colon, and that colon and rectum differ basically in their transport properties, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, as do the kidney distal convoluted tubule and the cortical collecting duct.", "PMID": 569827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8719", "title": "Three successive steady-state CO2-response curves. No change of sensitivity of the ventilatory controlling system for CO2.", "content": "Three successive steady-state CO2-response curves, with 10-minute intervals, were taken in seven healthy subjects at rest in normoxia. No systematic difference in the slopes between the three curves could be found. The results suggest that a previous steady-state CO2-response curve does not change the sensitivity of the ventilatory controlling system for CO2.", "contents": "Three successive steady-state CO2-response curves. No change of sensitivity of the ventilatory controlling system for CO2. Three successive steady-state CO2-response curves, with 10-minute intervals, were taken in seven healthy subjects at rest in normoxia. No systematic difference in the slopes between the three curves could be found. The results suggest that a previous steady-state CO2-response curve does not change the sensitivity of the ventilatory controlling system for CO2.", "PMID": 569828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8720", "title": "Microcirculation of the epimyocardial layer of the heart. I. A method for in vivo observation of the microcirculation of superficial ventricular myocardium of the heart and capillary flow pattern under normal and hypoxic conditions.", "content": "To study microcirculation of the heart in vivo, we developed a new technique of epi-illumination of the beating rat ventricular myocardium. Five tiny needles connected to the operation table were horizontally inserted into the ventricular myocardium just beneath the epicardium in order to restrict cardiac movement during contraction and to enhance the amount of light reflected from the structures under study. The in vivo light and fluorescent microscopy were performed with the Ultropak and the Fluopak systems (Leitz) combined with a highly sensitive television camera and recording system. In 142 individual in vivo measurements (6 animals) the mean capillary diameter amounted to 6.0 +/- 1.0 mu. In the same experiments, the mean intercapillary distance was 18.7 +/- 1.7 mu. In agreement with the literature, the capillaries of the epimyocardial layer of the rat heart demonstrate a mixed countercurrent flow pattern. In contrast to other authors, we observed no recruitment of resting capillaries after hypoxia.", "contents": "Microcirculation of the epimyocardial layer of the heart. I. A method for in vivo observation of the microcirculation of superficial ventricular myocardium of the heart and capillary flow pattern under normal and hypoxic conditions. To study microcirculation of the heart in vivo, we developed a new technique of epi-illumination of the beating rat ventricular myocardium. Five tiny needles connected to the operation table were horizontally inserted into the ventricular myocardium just beneath the epicardium in order to restrict cardiac movement during contraction and to enhance the amount of light reflected from the structures under study. The in vivo light and fluorescent microscopy were performed with the Ultropak and the Fluopak systems (Leitz) combined with a highly sensitive television camera and recording system. In 142 individual in vivo measurements (6 animals) the mean capillary diameter amounted to 6.0 +/- 1.0 mu. In the same experiments, the mean intercapillary distance was 18.7 +/- 1.7 mu. In agreement with the literature, the capillaries of the epimyocardial layer of the rat heart demonstrate a mixed countercurrent flow pattern. In contrast to other authors, we observed no recruitment of resting capillaries after hypoxia.", "PMID": 569829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8721", "title": "A simple circuit for automatic continuous recording of microelectrode resitance.", "content": "Microelectrodes with tip diameters less than or equal to 0.5 micron used for intracellular recording sometimes give artefactual readings due to tip potentials. These appear to be caused by a change in the tip of the microelectrode upon impalement with a corresponding change in microelectrode resistance. A circuit is described which enables the resistance of the microelectrode to be continuously monitored throughout an experiment. The electrode is used as one half of a potential divider for an a.c. signal at 20 Hz with an amplitude of 20 mV. The other half of the potential divider is a 1000 Momega resistor. The a.c. signal across the microelectrode is approximately proportional to the microelectrode resistance in the range 0 --50 Momega. This signal is amplified, rectified and smoothed and then displayed on a chart recorder or other convenient meter.", "contents": "A simple circuit for automatic continuous recording of microelectrode resitance. Microelectrodes with tip diameters less than or equal to 0.5 micron used for intracellular recording sometimes give artefactual readings due to tip potentials. These appear to be caused by a change in the tip of the microelectrode upon impalement with a corresponding change in microelectrode resistance. A circuit is described which enables the resistance of the microelectrode to be continuously monitored throughout an experiment. The electrode is used as one half of a potential divider for an a.c. signal at 20 Hz with an amplitude of 20 mV. The other half of the potential divider is a 1000 Momega resistor. The a.c. signal across the microelectrode is approximately proportional to the microelectrode resistance in the range 0 --50 Momega. This signal is amplified, rectified and smoothed and then displayed on a chart recorder or other convenient meter.", "PMID": 569830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8722", "title": "The effects of intraportal infusions of glucagon on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog: inhibition of hepatic arterial vasoconstrictor reponses to noradrenaline.", "content": "The sympathetically-innervated hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog were perfused simultaneously in situ. Glucagon was infused into the hepatic portal vein (1--10 microgram/min); it caused increases in hepatic portal vascular resistance and tended to reduce the hepatic arterial vascular resistance. Extrahepatic effects of intraportal infusions of glucagon included increases in superior mesenteric blood flow and heart rate and falls in systemic arterial pressure. A test dose of noradrenaline (10 microgram) injected into either the hepatic artery or the portal vein caused both hepatic arterial and portal venous vasoconstriction. The hepatic arterial constrictor responses to noradrenaline were antagonized by intraportal infusions of glucagon. In contrast, intraportal glucagon did not antagonize the portal constrictor responses to intraarterial or intraportal noradrenaline. Elevated portal blood glucagon concentrations may \"protect\" the hepatic arterial blood flow from vasoconstriction due to elevated systemic levels of vasoactive substances including catecholamines.", "contents": "The effects of intraportal infusions of glucagon on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog: inhibition of hepatic arterial vasoconstrictor reponses to noradrenaline. The sympathetically-innervated hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog were perfused simultaneously in situ. Glucagon was infused into the hepatic portal vein (1--10 microgram/min); it caused increases in hepatic portal vascular resistance and tended to reduce the hepatic arterial vascular resistance. Extrahepatic effects of intraportal infusions of glucagon included increases in superior mesenteric blood flow and heart rate and falls in systemic arterial pressure. A test dose of noradrenaline (10 microgram) injected into either the hepatic artery or the portal vein caused both hepatic arterial and portal venous vasoconstriction. The hepatic arterial constrictor responses to noradrenaline were antagonized by intraportal infusions of glucagon. In contrast, intraportal glucagon did not antagonize the portal constrictor responses to intraarterial or intraportal noradrenaline. Elevated portal blood glucagon concentrations may \"protect\" the hepatic arterial blood flow from vasoconstriction due to elevated systemic levels of vasoactive substances including catecholamines.", "PMID": 569834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8723", "title": "Cholinergic and adrenergic influences upon cat skeletal muscle performance induced by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus.", "content": "The influence exerted by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus (zone of cholinergic vasodilatation) on the performance of triceps surae during tetanic contraction has been investigated. Hypothalamic stimulation, if combined with indirect muscle stimulation, improves muscle performance, i.e. slows down the rate of decrease of contraction. The effect is abolished by atropine (0.5 mg/kg) and insensitive to propanolol (0.1 mg/kg). The cholinergic influence is only effective if hypothalamic stimulation coincides with the beginning of motor nerve stimulation. In some of our experiments stimulation of the same central structures elicited another influence on muscle performance, associated with the release of adrenaline into the blood. In this case, contrary to the cholinergic influence, the force of contraction increases only when hypothalamic stimulation does not start earlier than 100 s after the initiation of contraction (phase of slow decline of tension). The effect is insensitive to atropine (0.1 mg/kg) and abolished by propanolol (0.1 mg/kg).", "contents": "Cholinergic and adrenergic influences upon cat skeletal muscle performance induced by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus. The influence exerted by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus (zone of cholinergic vasodilatation) on the performance of triceps surae during tetanic contraction has been investigated. Hypothalamic stimulation, if combined with indirect muscle stimulation, improves muscle performance, i.e. slows down the rate of decrease of contraction. The effect is abolished by atropine (0.5 mg/kg) and insensitive to propanolol (0.1 mg/kg). The cholinergic influence is only effective if hypothalamic stimulation coincides with the beginning of motor nerve stimulation. In some of our experiments stimulation of the same central structures elicited another influence on muscle performance, associated with the release of adrenaline into the blood. In this case, contrary to the cholinergic influence, the force of contraction increases only when hypothalamic stimulation does not start earlier than 100 s after the initiation of contraction (phase of slow decline of tension). The effect is insensitive to atropine (0.1 mg/kg) and abolished by propanolol (0.1 mg/kg).", "PMID": 569836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8724", "title": "Compartmental analysis of Na efflux across ileum mucosal membrane.", "content": "A new tracer analysis technique has been developed for efflux from a three compartment series system. With this technique, results are based on pools contributing to efflux and not on total tissue pools. The use of this technique is illustrated in a study of Na efflux across the luminal membrane of rabbit ileum. Na efflux was described by two exponentials with half-times of 1.78 min and 13.5 min. The fast component, with a flux of 68.0 mumoles/h cm2 and a calculated Na concentration of 166 mM, was identified as an extracellular compartment. The slow component, with a flux of 13.2 mumoles/h cm2 and Na concentration of 86 mM, was identified with efflux across the mucosal membrane of epithelial cells.", "contents": "Compartmental analysis of Na efflux across ileum mucosal membrane. A new tracer analysis technique has been developed for efflux from a three compartment series system. With this technique, results are based on pools contributing to efflux and not on total tissue pools. The use of this technique is illustrated in a study of Na efflux across the luminal membrane of rabbit ileum. Na efflux was described by two exponentials with half-times of 1.78 min and 13.5 min. The fast component, with a flux of 68.0 mumoles/h cm2 and a calculated Na concentration of 166 mM, was identified as an extracellular compartment. The slow component, with a flux of 13.2 mumoles/h cm2 and Na concentration of 86 mM, was identified with efflux across the mucosal membrane of epithelial cells.", "PMID": 569837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8725", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for adenosine in biological samples.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for adenosine has been developed. Antibodies directed against adenosine (titer 1:400--1:700) were obtained by immunizing rabbits with adenosine, conjugated via its vicinal hydroxyl groups to bovine serum albumin (periodate oxidation). Interfering adenosine deaminase activity was removed from the antisera by treatment with DEAE-cellulose. Free and antibody bound 3H-adenosine was separated by either the \"second antibody\" precipitation method or by a simple filtration step. The sensitivity and assay range for adenosine was 1--100 pmoles per assay tube. Structurally related purine compounds (adenine nucleotides, adenine) crossreacted with adenosine binding and were removed by a single chromatographic step. Analysis of the adenosine content in normoxic guinea pig hearts yielded 2.53 nmoles/g, a value which was confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for adenosine in biological samples. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for adenosine has been developed. Antibodies directed against adenosine (titer 1:400--1:700) were obtained by immunizing rabbits with adenosine, conjugated via its vicinal hydroxyl groups to bovine serum albumin (periodate oxidation). Interfering adenosine deaminase activity was removed from the antisera by treatment with DEAE-cellulose. Free and antibody bound 3H-adenosine was separated by either the \"second antibody\" precipitation method or by a simple filtration step. The sensitivity and assay range for adenosine was 1--100 pmoles per assay tube. Structurally related purine compounds (adenine nucleotides, adenine) crossreacted with adenosine binding and were removed by a single chromatographic step. Analysis of the adenosine content in normoxic guinea pig hearts yielded 2.53 nmoles/g, a value which was confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis.", "PMID": 569839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8726", "title": "The selectivity of the delayed potassium conductance of frog skeletal muscle fibers.", "content": "A voltage-clamp technique was used to measure reversal potentials of delayed currents in frog skeletal muscle fibres immersed in solutions containing Li2SO4,Na2SO4,K2so4,Rb2SO4, or Cs2SO4. The selectivity sequence found for the underlying permeability mechanism was K greater than or equal to Rb greater than Cs greater than Na greater than or equal to Li.", "contents": "The selectivity of the delayed potassium conductance of frog skeletal muscle fibers. A voltage-clamp technique was used to measure reversal potentials of delayed currents in frog skeletal muscle fibres immersed in solutions containing Li2SO4,Na2SO4,K2so4,Rb2SO4, or Cs2SO4. The selectivity sequence found for the underlying permeability mechanism was K greater than or equal to Rb greater than Cs greater than Na greater than or equal to Li.", "PMID": 569840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8727", "title": "Effects of sodium acetylsalicylate on thermoregulatory responses of rats to different ambient temperatures.", "content": "The effects of intraperitoneal administration of sodium acetylsalicylate (aspirin) on thermoregulatory responses (Ta) of 15, 22 and 29 degrees C were assessed. Intraperitoneal administration of aspirin produced dose-dependent hypothermia at both 15 and 22 degrees C. The hypothermia was brought about by cutaneous vasodilation (as indicated by an increase of the tail and foot skin temperatures). However, in the heat (29 degrees C), i.p. administration of the same amount of aspirin produced no change in rectal temperature, since the thermo-regulatory responses were unaffected by aspirin application at this Ta. Thus it appears that aspirin increases heat loss and leads to hypothermia in rats.", "contents": "Effects of sodium acetylsalicylate on thermoregulatory responses of rats to different ambient temperatures. The effects of intraperitoneal administration of sodium acetylsalicylate (aspirin) on thermoregulatory responses (Ta) of 15, 22 and 29 degrees C were assessed. Intraperitoneal administration of aspirin produced dose-dependent hypothermia at both 15 and 22 degrees C. The hypothermia was brought about by cutaneous vasodilation (as indicated by an increase of the tail and foot skin temperatures). However, in the heat (29 degrees C), i.p. administration of the same amount of aspirin produced no change in rectal temperature, since the thermo-regulatory responses were unaffected by aspirin application at this Ta. Thus it appears that aspirin increases heat loss and leads to hypothermia in rats.", "PMID": 569841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8728", "title": "Imparied thermoregulation in pregnant rabbits at term.", "content": "Pregnant and nonpregnant female rabbits were placed in hot (33 degrees C) and cold (3 degrees C) environments and their core temperatures measured. Pregnant rabbits during the 3 days before giving birth were less able to maintain normal body temperatures in thermally adverse environments than were nonpregnant rabbits. This alteration in thermoregulatory ability may permit an environmental temperature change that is not dangerous to nonpregnant rabbits to be potentially harmful or lethal to both mother and offspring.", "contents": "Imparied thermoregulation in pregnant rabbits at term. Pregnant and nonpregnant female rabbits were placed in hot (33 degrees C) and cold (3 degrees C) environments and their core temperatures measured. Pregnant rabbits during the 3 days before giving birth were less able to maintain normal body temperatures in thermally adverse environments than were nonpregnant rabbits. This alteration in thermoregulatory ability may permit an environmental temperature change that is not dangerous to nonpregnant rabbits to be potentially harmful or lethal to both mother and offspring.", "PMID": 569842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8729", "title": "[Pathogenesis of the premenstrual syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible influence of estrogens, progesterone and prolactin, even as their interrelationships, in the genesis of the premenstrual syndrome are analysed. Special reference is made to their action on hydrosaline metabolism and vascular permeability. Some drugs used in the treatment of this syndrome indicate that a central role might be played by the vascular filter.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of the premenstrual syndrome (author's transl)]. The possible influence of estrogens, progesterone and prolactin, even as their interrelationships, in the genesis of the premenstrual syndrome are analysed. Special reference is made to their action on hydrosaline metabolism and vascular permeability. Some drugs used in the treatment of this syndrome indicate that a central role might be played by the vascular filter.", "PMID": 569843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8730", "title": "Auto-immune Addison's disease in identical twins.", "content": "Identical male twins are described, one of whom presented with clinical symptoms of Addison's disease whereas the other was shown to have a deficient adrenal cortical response to stimulation tests. Both had positive adrenal cortex antibodies.", "contents": "Auto-immune Addison's disease in identical twins. Identical male twins are described, one of whom presented with clinical symptoms of Addison's disease whereas the other was shown to have a deficient adrenal cortical response to stimulation tests. Both had positive adrenal cortex antibodies.", "PMID": 569846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8731", "title": "Naloxone reversal of morphine catationia: role of caudate and periaqueductal gray.", "content": "The narcotic antagonist, naloxone, was microinjected into the head of the caudate nucleus (HC), periaqueductal gray matter (PG), and cerebellar white matter (CB) of rats to counteract the catatonia induced by systemic morphine. Naloxone produced a loss of the catatonic response when administered into HC or PG, but not when microinjected into CB. Isotonic saline in HC, PG, and CB did not counteract the catatonic effects of morphine. The reversal of catatonia was similar for naloxone injections in HC and PG. Both these areas have high concentrations of opiate receptors while CB has few opiate receptors. It is suggested that the HC and PG are involved in the reversal of the catatonic effects of morphine via the high concentrations of opiate receptors found there.", "contents": "Naloxone reversal of morphine catationia: role of caudate and periaqueductal gray. The narcotic antagonist, naloxone, was microinjected into the head of the caudate nucleus (HC), periaqueductal gray matter (PG), and cerebellar white matter (CB) of rats to counteract the catatonia induced by systemic morphine. Naloxone produced a loss of the catatonic response when administered into HC or PG, but not when microinjected into CB. Isotonic saline in HC, PG, and CB did not counteract the catatonic effects of morphine. The reversal of catatonia was similar for naloxone injections in HC and PG. Both these areas have high concentrations of opiate receptors while CB has few opiate receptors. It is suggested that the HC and PG are involved in the reversal of the catatonic effects of morphine via the high concentrations of opiate receptors found there.", "PMID": 569859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8732", "title": "Tolerance and evidence of physical dependence to daily codeine injections in the rat.", "content": "Core temperatures, measured by telemetry, and acquisition of food pellets on a continuous reinforcement schedule were recorded every 30 min in unrestrained male rats given saline for 5 days before and 5 days after 10 daily SC injections of codeine phosphate (200 mg/kg) at 08:00 hr. After the first codeine injection rats were immobile, slightly catatonic, breathed shallowly and had elevated core temperatures, loss of body weight and inhibition of feeding activity. As injections of codeine were repeated, the initial depressant signs decreased and the period of inhibited feeding was replaced by prolonged (greater than 8 hr) post-injection bouts of feeding activity (stimulated feeding) during daylight hours. Core temperatures remained elevated during this phase of drug-induced feeding activity. Mean body weight and 24-hr food intake remained below control levels over the 10-day codeine period as diurnal feeding patterns became reversed. On the first withdrawal day core temperatures declined and feeding patterns changed from those responses on the last codeine day as the rats lost body weight and were hyperirritable. As withdrawal continued core temperature and feeding patterns began to resemble those of the saline control period, body weights increased and hyperirritability subsided. In this study, tolerance and evidence of physical dependence to daily injections of codeine could be demonstrated in rats by continuous monitoring of their diurnal feeding and temperature responses.", "contents": "Tolerance and evidence of physical dependence to daily codeine injections in the rat. Core temperatures, measured by telemetry, and acquisition of food pellets on a continuous reinforcement schedule were recorded every 30 min in unrestrained male rats given saline for 5 days before and 5 days after 10 daily SC injections of codeine phosphate (200 mg/kg) at 08:00 hr. After the first codeine injection rats were immobile, slightly catatonic, breathed shallowly and had elevated core temperatures, loss of body weight and inhibition of feeding activity. As injections of codeine were repeated, the initial depressant signs decreased and the period of inhibited feeding was replaced by prolonged (greater than 8 hr) post-injection bouts of feeding activity (stimulated feeding) during daylight hours. Core temperatures remained elevated during this phase of drug-induced feeding activity. Mean body weight and 24-hr food intake remained below control levels over the 10-day codeine period as diurnal feeding patterns became reversed. On the first withdrawal day core temperatures declined and feeding patterns changed from those responses on the last codeine day as the rats lost body weight and were hyperirritable. As withdrawal continued core temperature and feeding patterns began to resemble those of the saline control period, body weights increased and hyperirritability subsided. In this study, tolerance and evidence of physical dependence to daily injections of codeine could be demonstrated in rats by continuous monitoring of their diurnal feeding and temperature responses.", "PMID": 569860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8733", "title": "Pilocarpine, food deprivation, and induction of mouse killing by cats.", "content": "Effects of three treatments that induce mouse killing by rats were examined with cats. Food deprivation induced about 50% killing after 24 hr and almost 100% killing by 27 hr. Pilocarpine (at doses of 1.0 mg/kg that produced marked side-effects, and whether or not methyl atropine pretreatment blocked those side-effects) and chlordiazepoxide (at doses of 1.0--2.0 mg/kg) did not induce any killing. Pilocarpine produced a dose-related inhibition of spontaneous mouse killing (as it does in rats), but this was antagonised by methyl atropine. The side-effects of pilocarpine and chlordiazepoxide did not seem to account for their failure to induce killing. In contrast with food deprivation, the mechanisms by which pilocarpine and chloridazepoxide induce killing in rats may not have homologs in cats.", "contents": "Pilocarpine, food deprivation, and induction of mouse killing by cats. Effects of three treatments that induce mouse killing by rats were examined with cats. Food deprivation induced about 50% killing after 24 hr and almost 100% killing by 27 hr. Pilocarpine (at doses of 1.0 mg/kg that produced marked side-effects, and whether or not methyl atropine pretreatment blocked those side-effects) and chlordiazepoxide (at doses of 1.0--2.0 mg/kg) did not induce any killing. Pilocarpine produced a dose-related inhibition of spontaneous mouse killing (as it does in rats), but this was antagonised by methyl atropine. The side-effects of pilocarpine and chlordiazepoxide did not seem to account for their failure to induce killing. In contrast with food deprivation, the mechanisms by which pilocarpine and chloridazepoxide induce killing in rats may not have homologs in cats.", "PMID": 569861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8734", "title": "Despite various drugs, cats continue to kill mice.", "content": "Amphetamines (d- at 0.5--4 mg/kg; 1- at 2--4 mg/kg) inhibited spontaneous mouse killing by some, but not all cats. Various other drugs (drugs and maximum tested doses were: imipramine, 64 mg/kg; amitriptyline, 32 mg/kg; tranylcypromine, 2 mg/kg; tripelennamine, 4 mg/kg; scopolamine, 1 mg/kg; methyl scopolamine 1 mg/kg; chlordiazepoxide 16 mg/kg; diazepam 4 mg/kg; meprobamate, 80 mg/kg; pentobarbital, 16 mg/kg; chlorpromazine, 8 mg/kg; and haloperidol, 0.5 mg/kg) did not reliably inhibit such killing. In contrast with rats, mouse killing by cats was not consistently blocked by antidepressants or amphetamines. When individual cats were inhibited, their reduction of killing seemed related to anorexia rather than to affective arousal.", "contents": "Despite various drugs, cats continue to kill mice. Amphetamines (d- at 0.5--4 mg/kg; 1- at 2--4 mg/kg) inhibited spontaneous mouse killing by some, but not all cats. Various other drugs (drugs and maximum tested doses were: imipramine, 64 mg/kg; amitriptyline, 32 mg/kg; tranylcypromine, 2 mg/kg; tripelennamine, 4 mg/kg; scopolamine, 1 mg/kg; methyl scopolamine 1 mg/kg; chlordiazepoxide 16 mg/kg; diazepam 4 mg/kg; meprobamate, 80 mg/kg; pentobarbital, 16 mg/kg; chlorpromazine, 8 mg/kg; and haloperidol, 0.5 mg/kg) did not reliably inhibit such killing. In contrast with rats, mouse killing by cats was not consistently blocked by antidepressants or amphetamines. When individual cats were inhibited, their reduction of killing seemed related to anorexia rather than to affective arousal.", "PMID": 569862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8735", "title": "Effect of stress on brain histamine.", "content": "Stress of short duration (5 min) resulted in a significant increase in plasma corticosterone level and a significant decrease in the midbrain histamine concentration in rats. Exposure to 15 min stress caused a significant elevation in the hypothalamic histamine level. Stress of longer duration (30 or 60 min) did not affect hypothalamic, cortical or midbrain histamine concentration although plasma corticosterone level remained elevated. Repeated exposures of rats of 15 min stress did not significantly alter histamine concentration of any of the brain regions studied. Plasma corticosterone concentration was only 28% of that observed in animals exposed to single 15 min stress. Present data suggest a role of brain histamine in response to stress.", "contents": "Effect of stress on brain histamine. Stress of short duration (5 min) resulted in a significant increase in plasma corticosterone level and a significant decrease in the midbrain histamine concentration in rats. Exposure to 15 min stress caused a significant elevation in the hypothalamic histamine level. Stress of longer duration (30 or 60 min) did not affect hypothalamic, cortical or midbrain histamine concentration although plasma corticosterone level remained elevated. Repeated exposures of rats of 15 min stress did not significantly alter histamine concentration of any of the brain regions studied. Plasma corticosterone concentration was only 28% of that observed in animals exposed to single 15 min stress. Present data suggest a role of brain histamine in response to stress.", "PMID": 569863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8736", "title": "Preparation and evaluation of a sustained morphine delivery system in rats.", "content": "A new drug delivery system to induce physical dependence to morphine in rats is described. The device consists of a silicone polymer containing a water soluble \"carrier\" material, sodium alginate, which swells on contact with moisture to release the drug. The silicone or silastic pellets formulated to contain morphine sulfate are very easily prepared and the advantages over existing methods to induce physical dependence to morphine are discussed. In addition, a comparison of the percent of drug released and withdrawal intensities in rats was made with a silastic-morphine sulfate pellet, silastic-morphine base pellet and a microcrystalline cellulose-morphine base pellet.", "contents": "Preparation and evaluation of a sustained morphine delivery system in rats. A new drug delivery system to induce physical dependence to morphine in rats is described. The device consists of a silicone polymer containing a water soluble \"carrier\" material, sodium alginate, which swells on contact with moisture to release the drug. The silicone or silastic pellets formulated to contain morphine sulfate are very easily prepared and the advantages over existing methods to induce physical dependence to morphine are discussed. In addition, a comparison of the percent of drug released and withdrawal intensities in rats was made with a silastic-morphine sulfate pellet, silastic-morphine base pellet and a microcrystalline cellulose-morphine base pellet.", "PMID": 569864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8737", "title": "[Sociotherapeutical competence in a team (author's transl)].", "content": "The author agrees with Wing in defining sociotherapy as a deliberate reshaping of the environment aiming at reducing the signs of disease. This type of therapy has proved effective alongside the other two important kinds of therapy in psychiatry, namely, physical treatment and psychotherapy. Sociotherapy is explained by means of examples which can be classified as general sociotherapy and individual sociotherapy. Its application in the in-patient field is at present only possible if the female and male nurses accept it as a challenge and of the other members of team recognise and discuss it importance. Administrative bodies must be won over as partners in sociotherapy.", "contents": "[Sociotherapeutical competence in a team (author's transl)]. The author agrees with Wing in defining sociotherapy as a deliberate reshaping of the environment aiming at reducing the signs of disease. This type of therapy has proved effective alongside the other two important kinds of therapy in psychiatry, namely, physical treatment and psychotherapy. Sociotherapy is explained by means of examples which can be classified as general sociotherapy and individual sociotherapy. Its application in the in-patient field is at present only possible if the female and male nurses accept it as a challenge and of the other members of team recognise and discuss it importance. Administrative bodies must be won over as partners in sociotherapy.", "PMID": 569877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8738", "title": "Heritability of type A behavior.", "content": "Ninety-three pairs of monozygotic and 97 pairs of dizygotic middle-aged, American, male twins were studied to estimate the heritability of Type A behavior--a coronary heart disease-prone behavior pattern. Participants were given the interview assessment of Type A behavior. In addition, they completed four psychological test batteries: the Thurstone Temperament Schedule, the Jenkins Activity Survey, the California Psychological Inventory, and the Gough Adjective Check List. Type A behavior measured by interview was found to be nonheritable. Psychological test scales which significantly correlated with Type A behavior, however, generally had significant heritability estimates. Only the Adjective Check List scales, which significantly correlated with Type A, showed nonsignificant heritability estimates. Selected items from these Adjective Check List scales may provide a method for assessment of Type A behavior possibly free from genetic influence.", "contents": "Heritability of type A behavior. Ninety-three pairs of monozygotic and 97 pairs of dizygotic middle-aged, American, male twins were studied to estimate the heritability of Type A behavior--a coronary heart disease-prone behavior pattern. Participants were given the interview assessment of Type A behavior. In addition, they completed four psychological test batteries: the Thurstone Temperament Schedule, the Jenkins Activity Survey, the California Psychological Inventory, and the Gough Adjective Check List. Type A behavior measured by interview was found to be nonheritable. Psychological test scales which significantly correlated with Type A behavior, however, generally had significant heritability estimates. Only the Adjective Check List scales, which significantly correlated with Type A, showed nonsignificant heritability estimates. Selected items from these Adjective Check List scales may provide a method for assessment of Type A behavior possibly free from genetic influence.", "PMID": 569878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8739", "title": "Comparison of behavioral arousal induced by apomorphine and N-n-propylnorapomorphine.", "content": "A preliminary evaluation of behavioral arousal in mice, as a model system for quantifying activity of presumptive antiparkinsonian and antischizophrenic agents, was made. In experiments not yet published, we have observed stereotypic cage climbing induced by two aporphines (apomorphine, APO; and N-n-propylnoraporphine, NPA) to be specifically dopaminergic. Time of peak effect was found to be 15--30 min and an ED50 of approximately 4 mg/kg was established for both drugs. In the present study we have investigated the activity of APO and NPA on behavioral arousal. As measured by electromagnetic sensors, behavioral arousal reflects several responses including spontaneous locomotor activity and repetitive movements (e.g., grooming and rearing). The procedures which we have employed minimize artifacts due to handling and injection routines while maximizing our ability to observe time of peak effect (based on blood levels). Dose and time response analyses of APO and NPA (i.p.) demonstrated a time of peak effect from 15--30 min and ED50 values of 3.0 and 2.5 mg/kg for APO and NPA, respectively. The results of our experiments show that for a 90 min period over the 1--10 mg/kg dose range employed, APO exhibits a linear dose response relationship whereas that for NPA is sigmoidal. Similarities in time of peak effect and ED50s for the two aporphines in stereotypic cage-climbing and behavioral arousal experiments suggest that the behavioral arousal induced by APO and NPA may be dopaminergically mediated.", "contents": "Comparison of behavioral arousal induced by apomorphine and N-n-propylnorapomorphine. A preliminary evaluation of behavioral arousal in mice, as a model system for quantifying activity of presumptive antiparkinsonian and antischizophrenic agents, was made. In experiments not yet published, we have observed stereotypic cage climbing induced by two aporphines (apomorphine, APO; and N-n-propylnoraporphine, NPA) to be specifically dopaminergic. Time of peak effect was found to be 15--30 min and an ED50 of approximately 4 mg/kg was established for both drugs. In the present study we have investigated the activity of APO and NPA on behavioral arousal. As measured by electromagnetic sensors, behavioral arousal reflects several responses including spontaneous locomotor activity and repetitive movements (e.g., grooming and rearing). The procedures which we have employed minimize artifacts due to handling and injection routines while maximizing our ability to observe time of peak effect (based on blood levels). Dose and time response analyses of APO and NPA (i.p.) demonstrated a time of peak effect from 15--30 min and ED50 values of 3.0 and 2.5 mg/kg for APO and NPA, respectively. The results of our experiments show that for a 90 min period over the 1--10 mg/kg dose range employed, APO exhibits a linear dose response relationship whereas that for NPA is sigmoidal. Similarities in time of peak effect and ED50s for the two aporphines in stereotypic cage-climbing and behavioral arousal experiments suggest that the behavioral arousal induced by APO and NPA may be dopaminergically mediated.", "PMID": 569888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8740", "title": "Methamphetamine-induced behavioural effects and brain concentrations of methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine in mice.", "content": "(+)-Methamphetamine (MA) produced dose-related behavioural changes in mice. There was a correlation between the type of behavioural response and the peak brain MA concentration after the i.p. administration of each of the following doses of (+)-MA: 0.64 mg/kg (decreased quiescence--0.738 microgram/g MA), 2.5 mg/kg (increased locomotor activity--3.148 microgram/g MA) and 10.0 mg/kg (stereotyped behaviour--12.608 microgram/g MA). During the 90-min experimental period, there was no positive correlation between the magnitude of each type of drug-induced behaviour and the brain MA concentration. For 10.0 mg/kg (+)-MA, there was a negative correlation between the drug-induced stereotyped behaviour and the brain MA concentration. The apparent disappearance half-life of MA from brain was dependent on the dose of (+)-MA: 0.64 mg/kg (t1/2 56.6 min), 2.5 mg/kg (t1/2 66.6 min), 10.0 mg/kg (42.2 min). For the three (+)-MA doses, the metabolite amphetamine (A) also was present in the brain and the A/MA + A brain concentration ratio was 0.11--0.14. This metabolite appeared to have only a small involvement in the MA-induced behavioural effects.", "contents": "Methamphetamine-induced behavioural effects and brain concentrations of methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine in mice. (+)-Methamphetamine (MA) produced dose-related behavioural changes in mice. There was a correlation between the type of behavioural response and the peak brain MA concentration after the i.p. administration of each of the following doses of (+)-MA: 0.64 mg/kg (decreased quiescence--0.738 microgram/g MA), 2.5 mg/kg (increased locomotor activity--3.148 microgram/g MA) and 10.0 mg/kg (stereotyped behaviour--12.608 microgram/g MA). During the 90-min experimental period, there was no positive correlation between the magnitude of each type of drug-induced behaviour and the brain MA concentration. For 10.0 mg/kg (+)-MA, there was a negative correlation between the drug-induced stereotyped behaviour and the brain MA concentration. The apparent disappearance half-life of MA from brain was dependent on the dose of (+)-MA: 0.64 mg/kg (t1/2 56.6 min), 2.5 mg/kg (t1/2 66.6 min), 10.0 mg/kg (42.2 min). For the three (+)-MA doses, the metabolite amphetamine (A) also was present in the brain and the A/MA + A brain concentration ratio was 0.11--0.14. This metabolite appeared to have only a small involvement in the MA-induced behavioural effects.", "PMID": 569889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8741", "title": "Effects of long term ethanol ingestion on RNA metabolism by inner membranes of rat brain mitochondria.", "content": "Recent laboratory endeavors have been primarily concerned with determining the effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on cerebral RNA metabolism within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Toward this goal, a series of experiments were carried out by determining the RNA and protein synthetic activity of the organelle. Brain mitochondria actively incorporated [5-3H]orotic acid into RNA under in vivo conditions. In addition, data showed that a major portion of the radioactivity present in the cold TCA insoluble residue from labeled intact mitochondria could be recovered in the digitonin treated purified IMM fraction. Maximum incorporation of [5-3H]orotic acid into RNA took place within 24 hrs followed by a rapid decline in activity on the 5th day of the pulse in both 'control' and 'ethanol' ingesting rats. Data revealed that ethanol ingestion affected the degree of incorporation of labeled RNA precursor into the mitochondrial RNA fraction. The observed effect was in the form of inhibition and was dependent on the duration of the initial pulse. Thus, while at earlier time points a decreased incorporation of the precursor into mitochondrial RNA was obtained in the ethanol imbibing rats, the inhibition was not observed when the pulse time was extended to 5 days. Such results indicate the possibility of a rapid turnover rate for the brain mitochondrial RNA with the 'ethanol' group having a faster rate of turnover when compared to the 'control' group.", "contents": "Effects of long term ethanol ingestion on RNA metabolism by inner membranes of rat brain mitochondria. Recent laboratory endeavors have been primarily concerned with determining the effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on cerebral RNA metabolism within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Toward this goal, a series of experiments were carried out by determining the RNA and protein synthetic activity of the organelle. Brain mitochondria actively incorporated [5-3H]orotic acid into RNA under in vivo conditions. In addition, data showed that a major portion of the radioactivity present in the cold TCA insoluble residue from labeled intact mitochondria could be recovered in the digitonin treated purified IMM fraction. Maximum incorporation of [5-3H]orotic acid into RNA took place within 24 hrs followed by a rapid decline in activity on the 5th day of the pulse in both 'control' and 'ethanol' ingesting rats. Data revealed that ethanol ingestion affected the degree of incorporation of labeled RNA precursor into the mitochondrial RNA fraction. The observed effect was in the form of inhibition and was dependent on the duration of the initial pulse. Thus, while at earlier time points a decreased incorporation of the precursor into mitochondrial RNA was obtained in the ethanol imbibing rats, the inhibition was not observed when the pulse time was extended to 5 days. Such results indicate the possibility of a rapid turnover rate for the brain mitochondrial RNA with the 'ethanol' group having a faster rate of turnover when compared to the 'control' group.", "PMID": 569890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8742", "title": "Effect of vasectomy on thyroid function.", "content": "Long-Evans rats vasectomized unilaterally or bilaterally at 2 months of age showed marked reductions in weight of testes, seminal vesicles and prostate glands 2 and 12 months post-vasectomy. Thyroid weight, thyroid 131I uptake, serum PB131I, circulating levels of serum T4 and chromatographic analysis of thyroid hydrolysates revealed no alterations due to vasectomy. These findings indicate that vasectomy, unilateral or bilateral, and whether of 2 or 12 months duration, did not exert an effect on thyroid function.", "contents": "Effect of vasectomy on thyroid function. Long-Evans rats vasectomized unilaterally or bilaterally at 2 months of age showed marked reductions in weight of testes, seminal vesicles and prostate glands 2 and 12 months post-vasectomy. Thyroid weight, thyroid 131I uptake, serum PB131I, circulating levels of serum T4 and chromatographic analysis of thyroid hydrolysates revealed no alterations due to vasectomy. These findings indicate that vasectomy, unilateral or bilateral, and whether of 2 or 12 months duration, did not exert an effect on thyroid function.", "PMID": 569891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8743", "title": "Detection of androgen and estrogen receptors in human prostatic carcinoma and hyperplasia by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "The histochemical detection of androgen and estrogen receptors in human prostatic tissue was achieved employing fluorescein labeled conjugates of bovine serum albumin linked to testosterone and estradiol. Results were compared to those of dextran-coated charcoal and protamine sulfate assays and correlated in 85% of specimens. Early findings include a relatively uniform distribution of receptor in hyperplastic epithelium in contrast to marked tumor cell receptor heterogeneity in cancer. Location of receptor in nucleus and/or cytoplasm was readily determined.", "contents": "Detection of androgen and estrogen receptors in human prostatic carcinoma and hyperplasia by fluorescence microscopy. The histochemical detection of androgen and estrogen receptors in human prostatic tissue was achieved employing fluorescein labeled conjugates of bovine serum albumin linked to testosterone and estradiol. Results were compared to those of dextran-coated charcoal and protamine sulfate assays and correlated in 85% of specimens. Early findings include a relatively uniform distribution of receptor in hyperplastic epithelium in contrast to marked tumor cell receptor heterogeneity in cancer. Location of receptor in nucleus and/or cytoplasm was readily determined.", "PMID": 569892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8744", "title": "Correlation between antiestrogenic and antiovulatory activity of some newer substituted coumarins.", "content": "Seven 7-(4-substituted thiosemicarbazido methoxy)-4-methyl coumarins were found to antagonize the uterotropic effects of estradiol and blocked the copper acetate induced ovulation in rabbits.", "contents": "Correlation between antiestrogenic and antiovulatory activity of some newer substituted coumarins. Seven 7-(4-substituted thiosemicarbazido methoxy)-4-methyl coumarins were found to antagonize the uterotropic effects of estradiol and blocked the copper acetate induced ovulation in rabbits.", "PMID": 569893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8745", "title": "[14 cases of \"anti-N\" antibodies in hemodialysis patients in Marseille].", "content": "Some medical centers re-use dialysis units sterilized with formaldehyde. In a study of 239 cases, 14 \"anti-N\" antibodies were found only among the 59 patients of the medical centers which re-use dialysis units. The action of formol seems to be confirmed by the presence of \"anti-N\" in 2 patients who had undergone prosthesis several times, but not dialysis. For these prostheses, a bone cement, sterilized with formol, was used. These \"anti-N\" are very often associated with cold autoagglutinins, and appear regardless of the patient's MN group. The action of formaldehyde suggests the following hypotheses:--antigenic modification;--disturbances in the immune response mechanisms;--a combination of the two. In the first hypothesis: the action of formol discovered since a long time on red cells. In the second hypothesis: the existence of auto-agglutinins only among the 14 hemo-dialysis patients with anti-N antibodies.", "contents": "[14 cases of \"anti-N\" antibodies in hemodialysis patients in Marseille]. Some medical centers re-use dialysis units sterilized with formaldehyde. In a study of 239 cases, 14 \"anti-N\" antibodies were found only among the 59 patients of the medical centers which re-use dialysis units. The action of formol seems to be confirmed by the presence of \"anti-N\" in 2 patients who had undergone prosthesis several times, but not dialysis. For these prostheses, a bone cement, sterilized with formol, was used. These \"anti-N\" are very often associated with cold autoagglutinins, and appear regardless of the patient's MN group. The action of formaldehyde suggests the following hypotheses:--antigenic modification;--disturbances in the immune response mechanisms;--a combination of the two. In the first hypothesis: the action of formol discovered since a long time on red cells. In the second hypothesis: the existence of auto-agglutinins only among the 14 hemo-dialysis patients with anti-N antibodies.", "PMID": 569896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8746", "title": "[Hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina].", "content": "Hemangioblastomas are dysontogenetic tumors of the central nervous system. They occur as single tumors or multiple. Hereditary and sporadic cases are known. The most frequent localisations are the retina and cerebellum but they can be localized at any site of the neuraxis. In a 37 year old male patient a solitary hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina was demonstrated by myelography and totally removed by laminectomy. In the literature 17 cases of isolated hemangioblastomas of the cauda equina are described. A further 16 cases of were observed within a Lindau-complex, 10 of which remained without symptoms. For diagnosis of the type of tumor a myelography is rarely sufficient. The only successful therapeutic measure is total surgical removal.", "contents": "[Hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina]. Hemangioblastomas are dysontogenetic tumors of the central nervous system. They occur as single tumors or multiple. Hereditary and sporadic cases are known. The most frequent localisations are the retina and cerebellum but they can be localized at any site of the neuraxis. In a 37 year old male patient a solitary hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina was demonstrated by myelography and totally removed by laminectomy. In the literature 17 cases of isolated hemangioblastomas of the cauda equina are described. A further 16 cases of were observed within a Lindau-complex, 10 of which remained without symptoms. For diagnosis of the type of tumor a myelography is rarely sufficient. The only successful therapeutic measure is total surgical removal.", "PMID": 569900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8747", "title": "In vitro model for stretch-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle.", "content": "Mechanical stretch of embryonic chicken skeletal myotubes developed in vitro leads to many of the biochemical changes seen in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. These include increased amino acid accumulation, increased incorporation of amino acids into general cellular proteins and myosin heavy chains, and increased accumulation of total protein and myosin heavy chains. This model system should aid in understanding how the growth rate of skeletal muscle is regulated by its activity.", "contents": "In vitro model for stretch-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. Mechanical stretch of embryonic chicken skeletal myotubes developed in vitro leads to many of the biochemical changes seen in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. These include increased amino acid accumulation, increased incorporation of amino acids into general cellular proteins and myosin heavy chains, and increased accumulation of total protein and myosin heavy chains. This model system should aid in understanding how the growth rate of skeletal muscle is regulated by its activity.", "PMID": 569901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8748", "title": "Evidence against a role of acetaldehyde in electroencephalographic signs of ethanol-induced intoxication.", "content": "Acetaldehyde, the proximate metabolite of ethanol, when injected intravenously in rats produced electroencephalogram (EEG) changes similar to those observed after ethanol administration; that is, low doses activated the cortical EEG and higher doses caused activation followed by synchronization. However, when acetaldehyde was administered as a continuous infusion to simulate production of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, only synchronization occurred, and then only at the higher doses. At low infusion dosage when the EEG was unaffected, concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood were equal to or greater than those which occur during intoxication. Thus, acetaldehyde by itself cannot account for ethanol-induced EEG synchronization.", "contents": "Evidence against a role of acetaldehyde in electroencephalographic signs of ethanol-induced intoxication. Acetaldehyde, the proximate metabolite of ethanol, when injected intravenously in rats produced electroencephalogram (EEG) changes similar to those observed after ethanol administration; that is, low doses activated the cortical EEG and higher doses caused activation followed by synchronization. However, when acetaldehyde was administered as a continuous infusion to simulate production of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, only synchronization occurred, and then only at the higher doses. At low infusion dosage when the EEG was unaffected, concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood were equal to or greater than those which occur during intoxication. Thus, acetaldehyde by itself cannot account for ethanol-induced EEG synchronization.", "PMID": 569902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8749", "title": "Sex pheromone in the dog.", "content": "Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate has been identified in the vaginal secretions of female dogs in estrus. When small amounts of this compound were applied to the vulvas of anestrous or spayed females, males placed with these females became sexually aroused and attempted to mount them.", "contents": "Sex pheromone in the dog. Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate has been identified in the vaginal secretions of female dogs in estrus. When small amounts of this compound were applied to the vulvas of anestrous or spayed females, males placed with these females became sexually aroused and attempted to mount them.", "PMID": 569903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8750", "title": "The effects of some dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors on the control mechanisms of the estrous cycle in rats.", "content": "Disulfiram (DS) administered in single doses of 200--400 mg/kg i.p. before the critical period of proestrus (9--11 h), or in diestrus--2 (20--23 h), induced in most animals prolongation of the estrus, i.e. an antiovulatory action. FLA-63 had the same effect in a smaller dose (2 mg/kg s.c.) DS elicited the ovulation-blocking action only in doses known to reduce the cerebral noradrenaline level. For the central site of DS action plead its efficacy after i.v.c. administration in a much smaller dose (1 mg/rat), the reduction of the uterine weight, as well as the lack of any significant influence of the drug on the peripheral actions of estradiol. The fact that the two DBH-inhibitors provoked mostly an antiovulatory effect supports the stimulatory role of adrenergic neurons in the control of LRF secretion, because DBH is present only in these neurons and not in the dopaminergic pathways.", "contents": "The effects of some dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors on the control mechanisms of the estrous cycle in rats. Disulfiram (DS) administered in single doses of 200--400 mg/kg i.p. before the critical period of proestrus (9--11 h), or in diestrus--2 (20--23 h), induced in most animals prolongation of the estrus, i.e. an antiovulatory action. FLA-63 had the same effect in a smaller dose (2 mg/kg s.c.) DS elicited the ovulation-blocking action only in doses known to reduce the cerebral noradrenaline level. For the central site of DS action plead its efficacy after i.v.c. administration in a much smaller dose (1 mg/rat), the reduction of the uterine weight, as well as the lack of any significant influence of the drug on the peripheral actions of estradiol. The fact that the two DBH-inhibitors provoked mostly an antiovulatory effect supports the stimulatory role of adrenergic neurons in the control of LRF secretion, because DBH is present only in these neurons and not in the dopaminergic pathways.", "PMID": 569899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8751", "title": "Circadian clock in culture: N-acetyltransferase activity of chick pineal glands oscillates in vitro.", "content": "N-Acetyltransferase activity was measured in organ-cultured chick pineal glands. A circadian rhythm of enzyme activity persisted in cultured glands for up to 4 days. The phase of the rhythm in vitro closely approximates its phase in vivo. These observations demonstrate that the pineal gland of chicks contains (or is) a self-sustained circadian oscillator.", "contents": "Circadian clock in culture: N-acetyltransferase activity of chick pineal glands oscillates in vitro. N-Acetyltransferase activity was measured in organ-cultured chick pineal glands. A circadian rhythm of enzyme activity persisted in cultured glands for up to 4 days. The phase of the rhythm in vitro closely approximates its phase in vivo. These observations demonstrate that the pineal gland of chicks contains (or is) a self-sustained circadian oscillator.", "PMID": 569904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8752", "title": "[A comparism between lysosomal enzyme activity in normal ectocervical squamous epithelium and squamous carcinoma of the ectocervix].", "content": "A comparative study was made of the total lysosomal enzyme activity found in homogenates of normal ectocervical squamous epithelium and squamous carcinoma of this epithelium. The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D and acid ribonuclease were higher in carcinoma tissue than in normal tissue. The most important observation made was with regard to the distribution of enzyme activity in homogenates. In carcinoma homogenates most of the enzyme activity was detected in the lysosomal fractions, whereas in controls the activity was predominantly found in the cytosol fractions. No histochemical and electron microscopical techniques were used in this study. Because it was possible to sediment the enzyme activity and to demonstrate latency, these can be referred to as lysosomal enzymes with certainty.", "contents": "[A comparism between lysosomal enzyme activity in normal ectocervical squamous epithelium and squamous carcinoma of the ectocervix]. A comparative study was made of the total lysosomal enzyme activity found in homogenates of normal ectocervical squamous epithelium and squamous carcinoma of this epithelium. The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin D and acid ribonuclease were higher in carcinoma tissue than in normal tissue. The most important observation made was with regard to the distribution of enzyme activity in homogenates. In carcinoma homogenates most of the enzyme activity was detected in the lysosomal fractions, whereas in controls the activity was predominantly found in the cytosol fractions. No histochemical and electron microscopical techniques were used in this study. Because it was possible to sediment the enzyme activity and to demonstrate latency, these can be referred to as lysosomal enzymes with certainty.", "PMID": 569909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8753", "title": "The fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "Two unrelated children with the fetal alcohol syndrome are described. Features of the syndrome include mental deficiency, growth delay, and craniofacial, limb and cardiac anomalies. The finding of this spectrum of abnormalities raises the possibility of alcohol ingestion during pregnancy. The deleterious effects of alcohol on the developing fetus are emphasized. In view of the high prevalence of alcoholism in this country the fetal syndrome must be regarded as a serious and preventable cause of morbidity.", "contents": "The fetal alcohol syndrome. Two unrelated children with the fetal alcohol syndrome are described. Features of the syndrome include mental deficiency, growth delay, and craniofacial, limb and cardiac anomalies. The finding of this spectrum of abnormalities raises the possibility of alcohol ingestion during pregnancy. The deleterious effects of alcohol on the developing fetus are emphasized. In view of the high prevalence of alcoholism in this country the fetal syndrome must be regarded as a serious and preventable cause of morbidity.", "PMID": 569911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8754", "title": "The fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "Four cases of the fetal alcohol syndrome are described, and the clinical features are reviewed. The most consistently found features are pre- and postnatal growth retardation, small palpebral fissures and mental deficiency. In view of this, chronic alcoholic women shold avoid pregnancy until they have weaned off alcohol, but should it occur then the question of termination must be considered.", "contents": "The fetal alcohol syndrome. Four cases of the fetal alcohol syndrome are described, and the clinical features are reviewed. The most consistently found features are pre- and postnatal growth retardation, small palpebral fissures and mental deficiency. In view of this, chronic alcoholic women shold avoid pregnancy until they have weaned off alcohol, but should it occur then the question of termination must be considered.", "PMID": 569912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8755", "title": "Synergistic effects of phorone on the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and paracetamol in mice.", "content": "Administration of phorone (diisopropylidene acetone), an industrial solvent, to mice caused a rapid depletion of hepatic glutathione, which is due to enzymatic conjugation of phorone with glutathione, mediated by cytoplasmic enzymes of the liver. Whereas phorone, even in high doses, did not show hepatotoxic effects by itself, combined administration of phorone with a subtoxic dose of either paracetamol or bromobenzene strongly enhanced hepatotoxicity of the latter compounds as was judged from a rise in serum transaminase activities. These findings are compatible with the concept of a dose threshold for biologically reactive intermediate compounds which are bioinactivated through glutathione conjugation.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of phorone on the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and paracetamol in mice. Administration of phorone (diisopropylidene acetone), an industrial solvent, to mice caused a rapid depletion of hepatic glutathione, which is due to enzymatic conjugation of phorone with glutathione, mediated by cytoplasmic enzymes of the liver. Whereas phorone, even in high doses, did not show hepatotoxic effects by itself, combined administration of phorone with a subtoxic dose of either paracetamol or bromobenzene strongly enhanced hepatotoxicity of the latter compounds as was judged from a rise in serum transaminase activities. These findings are compatible with the concept of a dose threshold for biologically reactive intermediate compounds which are bioinactivated through glutathione conjugation.", "PMID": 569914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8756", "title": "The presence in salivary secretions of Glossina morsitans of stages of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei other than those occurring in the salivary glands.", "content": "Using the bat wing membrane technique to study salivary secretions of Glossina morsitans infected with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei, it was shown that flies extrude infected salivary secretions as early as day six after an infective blood meal. The non-salivary-gland stages of T. (T.) brucei were extruded intermittently and flies infected with such trypanosomes were not all destined to develop metacyclic infections. Once the salivary glands were involved, the trypanosomes appeared in the secretions each time the flies were tested. Some of the flies with gut infections, but no demonstrable salivary gland involvement, transmitted T. brucei to mice and it is suggested that these infections were intiated by some of the proventricular trypanosomes secreted with saliva.", "contents": "The presence in salivary secretions of Glossina morsitans of stages of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei other than those occurring in the salivary glands. Using the bat wing membrane technique to study salivary secretions of Glossina morsitans infected with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei, it was shown that flies extrude infected salivary secretions as early as day six after an infective blood meal. The non-salivary-gland stages of T. (T.) brucei were extruded intermittently and flies infected with such trypanosomes were not all destined to develop metacyclic infections. Once the salivary glands were involved, the trypanosomes appeared in the secretions each time the flies were tested. Some of the flies with gut infections, but no demonstrable salivary gland involvement, transmitted T. brucei to mice and it is suggested that these infections were intiated by some of the proventricular trypanosomes secreted with saliva.", "PMID": 569915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8757", "title": "[Proliferative kinetics of antibody-forming cells normally and exposed to vinblastine].", "content": "The proliferative kinetics of IgM antibody-producing cells (APC) of mice immunized by sheep red blood cells was studied using autoradiography and vinblastine. The incorporation index for APC was determined every 4 hours from 72 to 112 hours of the immune response. The significance of recruitment in APC exponential growth was proven by means of 3 different regimes of 3H-thymidine introduction to immunized mice. The discontinuous character of recruitment and its resistance to vinblastine were shown. It is suggested that vinblastine impared both APC and their precursors.", "contents": "[Proliferative kinetics of antibody-forming cells normally and exposed to vinblastine]. The proliferative kinetics of IgM antibody-producing cells (APC) of mice immunized by sheep red blood cells was studied using autoradiography and vinblastine. The incorporation index for APC was determined every 4 hours from 72 to 112 hours of the immune response. The significance of recruitment in APC exponential growth was proven by means of 3 different regimes of 3H-thymidine introduction to immunized mice. The discontinuous character of recruitment and its resistance to vinblastine were shown. It is suggested that vinblastine impared both APC and their precursors.", "PMID": 569917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8758", "title": "[Hepatic energy metabolism disorders in emotionally-painful stress and prevention of these disorders with sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate].", "content": "Content and biosynthesis of glycogen in rat liver tissue as well as transition of 14C from main substrates of tricarboxylic acid cycle to CO2, examined in liver slices, were studied under conditions of stress caused by pain and emotion. The stress was accompanied by mobilization of the glycogen deposits; glycogen synthesis in liver tissue and oxidation of pyruvate, asparate succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate in tricarboxylic acid cycle were inhibited. At the same time, the stress was accompanied by ulcerous impairments of gastric mucosa. The phenomena observed appear to be due to increased activity of adrenergic and sympathoadrenal systems. Prior to the stress administration of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate, which activates the inhibitory GHB-ergic system of brain, prevented distinctly the impairments found.", "contents": "[Hepatic energy metabolism disorders in emotionally-painful stress and prevention of these disorders with sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate]. Content and biosynthesis of glycogen in rat liver tissue as well as transition of 14C from main substrates of tricarboxylic acid cycle to CO2, examined in liver slices, were studied under conditions of stress caused by pain and emotion. The stress was accompanied by mobilization of the glycogen deposits; glycogen synthesis in liver tissue and oxidation of pyruvate, asparate succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate in tricarboxylic acid cycle were inhibited. At the same time, the stress was accompanied by ulcerous impairments of gastric mucosa. The phenomena observed appear to be due to increased activity of adrenergic and sympathoadrenal systems. Prior to the stress administration of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate, which activates the inhibitory GHB-ergic system of brain, prevented distinctly the impairments found.", "PMID": 569922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8759", "title": "[RNA transcripts of both strands of viral DNA in cells infected with vaccinia virus].", "content": "Denaturated 3H-thymidine-labeled vaccinia virus DNA was hybridized with an excess of \"late\" virus-specific RNA isolated from virus-infected chick embryo cell cultures 8 hours postinfection. The percentage of DNA converted into DNA-RNA hybrid under these conditions never exceeded 50%. If the RNA preparation had been self-annealed prior to hybridization, the percentage was decreased slightly. On the other hand, if the self-annealed RNA had been treated with RN-ase and the double-stranded DNA-RNA hybrids had been denaturated, they became capable of converting into hybrids at least 68% of the labeled DNA. These data indicate that transcription of both DNA strands occurs in a large portion (over 68%) of vaccinia virus genome.", "contents": "[RNA transcripts of both strands of viral DNA in cells infected with vaccinia virus]. Denaturated 3H-thymidine-labeled vaccinia virus DNA was hybridized with an excess of \"late\" virus-specific RNA isolated from virus-infected chick embryo cell cultures 8 hours postinfection. The percentage of DNA converted into DNA-RNA hybrid under these conditions never exceeded 50%. If the RNA preparation had been self-annealed prior to hybridization, the percentage was decreased slightly. On the other hand, if the self-annealed RNA had been treated with RN-ase and the double-stranded DNA-RNA hybrids had been denaturated, they became capable of converting into hybrids at least 68% of the labeled DNA. These data indicate that transcription of both DNA strands occurs in a large portion (over 68%) of vaccinia virus genome.", "PMID": 569925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8760", "title": "[Electronoptical studies of the effect of 1-[p-(methylnitrosamino)-benzylidenamino]-adamantane on the fowl plague virus (FPV) in cell culture].", "content": "The adamantanamine derivative 1-[p-(methylnitrosamino)-benzylidenamino]-adamantane (MBAA) at a concentration of 40 microgram/ml demonstrated no effect on adsorption of fowl plague virus (FPV) on chick embryonal cells. The penetration of the virions took place by means of pinocytosis. In the final stages of penetration the virions became gradually disintegrated. Under the influence of MBAA, after break-down of the membrane of pinocytic vesicles a swollen part of the virus core remained in cytoplasm. The morphologically visible replication stages were completely blocked by MBAA. From these results it was concluded that the antiviral action of MBAA most probably depends on a block of virus replication between the final stages of the penetration process and the beginning of production of virus specific structural antigens.", "contents": "[Electronoptical studies of the effect of 1-[p-(methylnitrosamino)-benzylidenamino]-adamantane on the fowl plague virus (FPV) in cell culture]. The adamantanamine derivative 1-[p-(methylnitrosamino)-benzylidenamino]-adamantane (MBAA) at a concentration of 40 microgram/ml demonstrated no effect on adsorption of fowl plague virus (FPV) on chick embryonal cells. The penetration of the virions took place by means of pinocytosis. In the final stages of penetration the virions became gradually disintegrated. Under the influence of MBAA, after break-down of the membrane of pinocytic vesicles a swollen part of the virus core remained in cytoplasm. The morphologically visible replication stages were completely blocked by MBAA. From these results it was concluded that the antiviral action of MBAA most probably depends on a block of virus replication between the final stages of the penetration process and the beginning of production of virus specific structural antigens.", "PMID": 569933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8761", "title": "[Rhodosporidium Banno: dose-effect relations, mutagenic efficiency, and spectrum of mutants in the induction of auxotrophic mutants by ultraviolet light and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine].", "content": "The kinetics, efficiency, and specificity of induction of forward mutations to auxotrophy by ultraviolet light (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was examined in stationary phase cells of Rhodosporidium (Rhodotorula) wild strain Rg1. In comparison to the spontaneous level the frequency of auxotrophic mutants was increased more than 1000 times by both mutagens, however, the mutagenic efficiency of MNNG was higher than that of UV. We found that the forward mutation rate is a linear function of the applicated UV and MNNG doses in the range to 600 J m-2 or 25 mM X min, respectively. The 35 studied biosynthetic pathways to amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and vitamins are genetically blocked at different frequencies, but there is not any significant difference between UV and MNNG induced frequencies of mutants with a specific requirement. However, in difference to the approximately equal distribution of the MNNG-induced nic mutants among the genetic blocks of the tryptophan-nicotinamide pathway, UV-induced nic mutants occurred with a higher frequency in the genes of the tryptophan pyrrolase and the 3-hydroxykynureninase than in the genes of the other enzymes of the pathway.", "contents": "[Rhodosporidium Banno: dose-effect relations, mutagenic efficiency, and spectrum of mutants in the induction of auxotrophic mutants by ultraviolet light and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine]. The kinetics, efficiency, and specificity of induction of forward mutations to auxotrophy by ultraviolet light (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was examined in stationary phase cells of Rhodosporidium (Rhodotorula) wild strain Rg1. In comparison to the spontaneous level the frequency of auxotrophic mutants was increased more than 1000 times by both mutagens, however, the mutagenic efficiency of MNNG was higher than that of UV. We found that the forward mutation rate is a linear function of the applicated UV and MNNG doses in the range to 600 J m-2 or 25 mM X min, respectively. The 35 studied biosynthetic pathways to amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and vitamins are genetically blocked at different frequencies, but there is not any significant difference between UV and MNNG induced frequencies of mutants with a specific requirement. However, in difference to the approximately equal distribution of the MNNG-induced nic mutants among the genetic blocks of the tryptophan-nicotinamide pathway, UV-induced nic mutants occurred with a higher frequency in the genes of the tryptophan pyrrolase and the 3-hydroxykynureninase than in the genes of the other enzymes of the pathway.", "PMID": 569934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8762", "title": "[State and developmental trends of urogenital tuberculosis--20 years clinical and pathologic-anatomical experiences].", "content": "On the basis of own experiences of twenty years and taking into consideration the knowledge of other authors the developmental tendency in the treatment of the urogenital tuberculosis is demonstrated, the indications to nephrectomy, resection of the kidney, and epididymectomy are reified as well as kind and sequelae of errors in chemotherapy analysed. From 1958 to 1977 2,868 patients with urogenital tuberculosis were hospitalized in the Central Clinic Bad Berka. Of them about 41% had to undergo an operation. A decrease of the quantity of operations can be observed only in the renal resections, whereas the nephrectomy rate is unchangedly high (16.3% of the own patients) and even shows an increasing tendency since 1975. Comparative examinations show that the pathologo-anatomical picture of the ectomized kidneys has not changed during the period of observation. The knowledge of the symptom-poor course obliges also further on differential-diagnostically to take into consideration the urogenital tuberculosis. Only on this way the still large number of organ endangering complications may be encountered in time.", "contents": "[State and developmental trends of urogenital tuberculosis--20 years clinical and pathologic-anatomical experiences]. On the basis of own experiences of twenty years and taking into consideration the knowledge of other authors the developmental tendency in the treatment of the urogenital tuberculosis is demonstrated, the indications to nephrectomy, resection of the kidney, and epididymectomy are reified as well as kind and sequelae of errors in chemotherapy analysed. From 1958 to 1977 2,868 patients with urogenital tuberculosis were hospitalized in the Central Clinic Bad Berka. Of them about 41% had to undergo an operation. A decrease of the quantity of operations can be observed only in the renal resections, whereas the nephrectomy rate is unchangedly high (16.3% of the own patients) and even shows an increasing tendency since 1975. Comparative examinations show that the pathologo-anatomical picture of the ectomized kidneys has not changed during the period of observation. The knowledge of the symptom-poor course obliges also further on differential-diagnostically to take into consideration the urogenital tuberculosis. Only on this way the still large number of organ endangering complications may be encountered in time.", "PMID": 569938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8763", "title": "[Modern therapy and after-care in urogenital tuberculosis].", "content": "The present therapy of the urogenital tuberculosis is based on the effective medicaments (rifampizin, isonicotinic acid hydrazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol). It rests on an optimum dosage in connection with a best suited combination, taking into consideration the relations of sensitiveness and side effects as well as consequent long-term treatment. It is referred to the possibility of additional administrations of corticosteroid preparations and it is taken notice to the necessity also to treat unspecific mixed infections. Under the modern chemotherapy with bactericidal effect a stable negativation practically always develops within 3 months. Actual recidivations were not seen during the last 12 years. Apart from a compilation of the indications to nephrectomy references to possibilities of plastic surgical corrections of the urinary system are given. Two tables give information about the patients who were operatively treated during the last 15 years. A close collaboration of the various therapeutic institutions with a consulting urologist -- particularly in problematic and advanced cases of the disease -- nearly always saves the patient with urogenital tuberculosis from invalidism.", "contents": "[Modern therapy and after-care in urogenital tuberculosis]. The present therapy of the urogenital tuberculosis is based on the effective medicaments (rifampizin, isonicotinic acid hydrazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol). It rests on an optimum dosage in connection with a best suited combination, taking into consideration the relations of sensitiveness and side effects as well as consequent long-term treatment. It is referred to the possibility of additional administrations of corticosteroid preparations and it is taken notice to the necessity also to treat unspecific mixed infections. Under the modern chemotherapy with bactericidal effect a stable negativation practically always develops within 3 months. Actual recidivations were not seen during the last 12 years. Apart from a compilation of the indications to nephrectomy references to possibilities of plastic surgical corrections of the urinary system are given. Two tables give information about the patients who were operatively treated during the last 15 years. A close collaboration of the various therapeutic institutions with a consulting urologist -- particularly in problematic and advanced cases of the disease -- nearly always saves the patient with urogenital tuberculosis from invalidism.", "PMID": 569939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8764", "title": "[Eye tuberculosis].", "content": "At present the eye tuberculosis still occurs only in its reactive form. But also these pathological processes may quite considerably disturb the vision. In the first place are chorioiditis (uveitis posterior), iritis and iridocyclitis (uveitis anterior), uveitis totalis and periphlebitis retinae are by far less frequent. Number and severity of the pathological processes considerably decreased during the last years, above all also the new diseases. Relapses are still increasedly observed. The problems of diagnostics and the necessary therapeutic measures are described.", "contents": "[Eye tuberculosis]. At present the eye tuberculosis still occurs only in its reactive form. But also these pathological processes may quite considerably disturb the vision. In the first place are chorioiditis (uveitis posterior), iritis and iridocyclitis (uveitis anterior), uveitis totalis and periphlebitis retinae are by far less frequent. Number and severity of the pathological processes considerably decreased during the last years, above all also the new diseases. Relapses are still increasedly observed. The problems of diagnostics and the necessary therapeutic measures are described.", "PMID": 569940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8765", "title": "[Method of measuring pressure using perfusion manometry].", "content": "Based on the principle of perfusion manometry, a device for the assessment of intraluminal pressures in urethra and anal canal is presented. The technical parameters are reported. The method may be utilized for clinical diagnosis in cases of disturbed micturition and defecation in children as well as for the function of esophagus.", "contents": "[Method of measuring pressure using perfusion manometry]. Based on the principle of perfusion manometry, a device for the assessment of intraluminal pressures in urethra and anal canal is presented. The technical parameters are reported. The method may be utilized for clinical diagnosis in cases of disturbed micturition and defecation in children as well as for the function of esophagus.", "PMID": 569941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8766", "title": "[Changes of orbitofrontal astroglia in senile dementia (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes of orbitofrontal studied astroglia in 10 cases of senile dementia have been studied. The modification of Golgi-method by Bubenaite was used. The results reveal 4 different types of changed astroglia. A relation between changes of makroglia and the aging process of CNS is suggested. The changes of glia are not a result of nervous cell alterations, but an independent neuroglial process under the conditions of aging.", "contents": "[Changes of orbitofrontal astroglia in senile dementia (author's transl)]. The changes of orbitofrontal studied astroglia in 10 cases of senile dementia have been studied. The modification of Golgi-method by Bubenaite was used. The results reveal 4 different types of changed astroglia. A relation between changes of makroglia and the aging process of CNS is suggested. The changes of glia are not a result of nervous cell alterations, but an independent neuroglial process under the conditions of aging.", "PMID": 569950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8767", "title": "[Conditioned reactions and mediator-humoral shifts during neurotization in a probabilistic pain reinforcement situation].", "content": "Substitution of regular partial reinforcement for random one (in both cases the reinforcement frequency was 50%) acted in some dogs as a neurotizing factor: they showed unrest, stable defensive reflexes disappeared, corresponding changes were observed in vegetative reactions. At the same time activation of the sympatho-adrenal system was recorded along with a drop in concentration of acetylcholine in peripheric blood. It is noted that the development of neurotic disturbances in dogs in these conditions were to a certain degree dependent of the dominating motivation.", "contents": "[Conditioned reactions and mediator-humoral shifts during neurotization in a probabilistic pain reinforcement situation]. Substitution of regular partial reinforcement for random one (in both cases the reinforcement frequency was 50%) acted in some dogs as a neurotizing factor: they showed unrest, stable defensive reflexes disappeared, corresponding changes were observed in vegetative reactions. At the same time activation of the sympatho-adrenal system was recorded along with a drop in concentration of acetylcholine in peripheric blood. It is noted that the development of neurotic disturbances in dogs in these conditions were to a certain degree dependent of the dominating motivation.", "PMID": 569945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8768", "title": "Immunological detection of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-synthesizing polysomes from Streptomyces hydrogenans.", "content": "Immunoprecipitation of polyribosomes from Streptomyces hydrogenans synthesizing 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was performed by immunoelectrophoresis. Only polyribosomes from cells induced by 11beta, 21-dihydroxy-4, 11(20)-pregnadien-3-one in vivo were precipitated by immunoglobulins specific for 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. No unspecific precipitations with polysomes from control cells cultivated in the absence of steroids were observed. Therefore, 11beta, 21-dihydroxy-4, 17(20)-pregnadien-3-one increases the number of biological active polyribosomes involved in 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase synthesis, presumably by specific stimulation of mRNA synthesis in Streptomyces hydrogenans.", "contents": "Immunological detection of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-synthesizing polysomes from Streptomyces hydrogenans. Immunoprecipitation of polyribosomes from Streptomyces hydrogenans synthesizing 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was performed by immunoelectrophoresis. Only polyribosomes from cells induced by 11beta, 21-dihydroxy-4, 11(20)-pregnadien-3-one in vivo were precipitated by immunoglobulins specific for 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. No unspecific precipitations with polysomes from control cells cultivated in the absence of steroids were observed. Therefore, 11beta, 21-dihydroxy-4, 17(20)-pregnadien-3-one increases the number of biological active polyribosomes involved in 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase synthesis, presumably by specific stimulation of mRNA synthesis in Streptomyces hydrogenans.", "PMID": 569951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8769", "title": "[Radioimmunological differentiation of yeasts (author's transl)].", "content": "A microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay is described for the differentiation or microorganisms by using six species of yeasts as a model. Rabbits were immunized with homogenized cells of the yeasts. The rabbit sera obtained were absorbed to homologous cells and after elution, the antibodies so obtained were labeled with 125I. Cross-reacting antibodies were eliminated by absorption to the corresponding yeast cells (table 1). With this radioimmunoassay it was possible to identify 51 out of 52 strains of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, Torulopsis glabrata and Geotrichum candidum (table 2), whereas only 30 out of 52 strains could be differentiated by the conventional agglutination procedure (table 3). In the radioimmunoassay four immunoglobulin preparations directed against C. tropicalis, C. krusei, Torulopsis glabrata and Geotrichum candidum reacted only with the corresponding species. The immunoglobulin preparation directed against C. albicans reacted both with C. albicans and C. tropicalis and the preparation directed against C. pseudotropicalis reacted with C. pseudotropicalis and C. krusei (fig. 1). None of 60 isolates of 10 species of bacteria cross-reacted with the six yeast antisera, when tested in the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological differentiation of yeasts (author's transl)]. A microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay is described for the differentiation or microorganisms by using six species of yeasts as a model. Rabbits were immunized with homogenized cells of the yeasts. The rabbit sera obtained were absorbed to homologous cells and after elution, the antibodies so obtained were labeled with 125I. Cross-reacting antibodies were eliminated by absorption to the corresponding yeast cells (table 1). With this radioimmunoassay it was possible to identify 51 out of 52 strains of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, Torulopsis glabrata and Geotrichum candidum (table 2), whereas only 30 out of 52 strains could be differentiated by the conventional agglutination procedure (table 3). In the radioimmunoassay four immunoglobulin preparations directed against C. tropicalis, C. krusei, Torulopsis glabrata and Geotrichum candidum reacted only with the corresponding species. The immunoglobulin preparation directed against C. albicans reacted both with C. albicans and C. tropicalis and the preparation directed against C. pseudotropicalis reacted with C. pseudotropicalis and C. krusei (fig. 1). None of 60 isolates of 10 species of bacteria cross-reacted with the six yeast antisera, when tested in the radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 569952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8770", "title": "[Angioblastomas, their special forms and rare locations].", "content": "Sorting over of our angioblastoma cases occurring in the period from 1954 to 1977 was carried out under the aspect of special forms and rare localisations. Among a total of 93 angioblastomas in 66 patients, there were 81 infratentorial (60 patients), 5 supratentorial (5 patients), and 7 spinal (4 patients) angioblastomas. For 8 of the infratentorial angioblastomas a participation of the brain stem was found; their prognosis was unfavourable and all these patients died. Angioblastomas occurring in a multiple manner are also involving problems unless they are restricted to the cerebellar spheres and the vermis of the cerebellum. In this group there were 37 angioblastomas occurring in 10 patients with an increased familial occurrence in four cases and a systematic affection with angiomatosis retinae in five patients. Four of these patients also died. The large number of 5 angioblastomas of the cerebrum has induced us to study these cases particularly critically. There was a good prognosis for all these cases; they all were solitary tumours (2 solid tumours and 3 typical large-syctic angioblastomas). The prognosis of the spinal angioblastomas of which 7 were found in 4 patients, is dependent upon location and the question of the systematised affection. Remarkably large is the number of young angioblastoma carriers. All 5 cerebral angioblastomas and 6 cerebellar angioblastomas were found in patients below the age of 18. From these findings conclusions can be drawn with regard to an optimisation of an early detection and the exact angiographic clarificatior in order to avoid unnecessary losses due to transfers being carried out too late and, on the other hand, to sort out inoperable findings.", "contents": "[Angioblastomas, their special forms and rare locations]. Sorting over of our angioblastoma cases occurring in the period from 1954 to 1977 was carried out under the aspect of special forms and rare localisations. Among a total of 93 angioblastomas in 66 patients, there were 81 infratentorial (60 patients), 5 supratentorial (5 patients), and 7 spinal (4 patients) angioblastomas. For 8 of the infratentorial angioblastomas a participation of the brain stem was found; their prognosis was unfavourable and all these patients died. Angioblastomas occurring in a multiple manner are also involving problems unless they are restricted to the cerebellar spheres and the vermis of the cerebellum. In this group there were 37 angioblastomas occurring in 10 patients with an increased familial occurrence in four cases and a systematic affection with angiomatosis retinae in five patients. Four of these patients also died. The large number of 5 angioblastomas of the cerebrum has induced us to study these cases particularly critically. There was a good prognosis for all these cases; they all were solitary tumours (2 solid tumours and 3 typical large-syctic angioblastomas). The prognosis of the spinal angioblastomas of which 7 were found in 4 patients, is dependent upon location and the question of the systematised affection. Remarkably large is the number of young angioblastoma carriers. All 5 cerebral angioblastomas and 6 cerebellar angioblastomas were found in patients below the age of 18. From these findings conclusions can be drawn with regard to an optimisation of an early detection and the exact angiographic clarificatior in order to avoid unnecessary losses due to transfers being carried out too late and, on the other hand, to sort out inoperable findings.", "PMID": 569953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8771", "title": "[Possible experimental model of Korsakoff's syndrome].", "content": "Study of the effects of chronic alcohol intoxication on conditioned behaviour in rats revealed spatial desorientation, the lack of a stable level of alertness, \"negative attitude\" to novelty, automatism of motor habit and periodical impairment of temporary connection reproduction. The authors conclude that the observed changes are comparable to a certain degree with the clinical pattern of Korsakov syndrome.", "contents": "[Possible experimental model of Korsakoff's syndrome]. Study of the effects of chronic alcohol intoxication on conditioned behaviour in rats revealed spatial desorientation, the lack of a stable level of alertness, \"negative attitude\" to novelty, automatism of motor habit and periodical impairment of temporary connection reproduction. The authors conclude that the observed changes are comparable to a certain degree with the clinical pattern of Korsakov syndrome.", "PMID": 569946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8772", "title": "[Secondary structure of condensed DNA. wide-angle, small-angle x-ray scattering and circular dichroism].", "content": "Ethanol precipitated DNA shows a CD spectrum of the +psi-type which is similar to that of DNA in the A-form. DNA condensed with cetyl-trimethylammonium-bromide shows, depending on the condensation velocity, a CD spectrum of the -psi-type, or a CD spectrum only slightly modified from that of DNA in solution. The first spectrum is similar to that of DNA in the C-form, and the second one, to that of DNA in the B-form. Using large-angle X-ray scattering of the three DNA condensates and comparing them with the scattering curves calculated from the atom coordinates for the A-, B-, and C-form of DNA it is shown that the secondary structure of the DNA belongs in all three cases to the B-family. It follows from this result that the secondary structure of DNA alone does not determine the type of CD spectrum. The CD spectrum of condensed DNA is essentially determined by the supramolecular structures of the partially crystalline DNA condensates. These supramolecular structures can be demonstrated by the small-angle X-ray diagrams. The condensation of DNA by ethanol and cetyl-trimethylammonium-bromide proceeds in the form of a partial crystallization of the DNA.", "contents": "[Secondary structure of condensed DNA. wide-angle, small-angle x-ray scattering and circular dichroism]. Ethanol precipitated DNA shows a CD spectrum of the +psi-type which is similar to that of DNA in the A-form. DNA condensed with cetyl-trimethylammonium-bromide shows, depending on the condensation velocity, a CD spectrum of the -psi-type, or a CD spectrum only slightly modified from that of DNA in solution. The first spectrum is similar to that of DNA in the C-form, and the second one, to that of DNA in the B-form. Using large-angle X-ray scattering of the three DNA condensates and comparing them with the scattering curves calculated from the atom coordinates for the A-, B-, and C-form of DNA it is shown that the secondary structure of the DNA belongs in all three cases to the B-family. It follows from this result that the secondary structure of DNA alone does not determine the type of CD spectrum. The CD spectrum of condensed DNA is essentially determined by the supramolecular structures of the partially crystalline DNA condensates. These supramolecular structures can be demonstrated by the small-angle X-ray diagrams. The condensation of DNA by ethanol and cetyl-trimethylammonium-bromide proceeds in the form of a partial crystallization of the DNA.", "PMID": 569956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8773", "title": "Purification of \"inhibin\" from human ovarian follicular fluid.", "content": "Following the earlier demonstration of inhibin-like activity in human ovarian follicular fluid a method for its purification to apparent homogeneity is described. The fluid was converted to acetone powder and subjected sequentially to ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200, continuous gradient ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, first with a pH gradient from 8.0 to 4.0 and then with a NaCl gradient to 1 M at pH 5.2. The active fraction from this step was subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and finally passed through an Amicon Centriflo membrane CF-25 (cut off point: 25,000 m.w.). The ultrafiltrate was homogeneous by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of the order of 23 000 and was capable of suppressing serum gonadotrophin levels in the castrated male rats in as low a dose as 25 microgram/rat.", "contents": "Purification of \"inhibin\" from human ovarian follicular fluid. Following the earlier demonstration of inhibin-like activity in human ovarian follicular fluid a method for its purification to apparent homogeneity is described. The fluid was converted to acetone powder and subjected sequentially to ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200, continuous gradient ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, first with a pH gradient from 8.0 to 4.0 and then with a NaCl gradient to 1 M at pH 5.2. The active fraction from this step was subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and finally passed through an Amicon Centriflo membrane CF-25 (cut off point: 25,000 m.w.). The ultrafiltrate was homogeneous by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of the order of 23 000 and was capable of suppressing serum gonadotrophin levels in the castrated male rats in as low a dose as 25 microgram/rat.", "PMID": 569957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8774", "title": "[Assessment of the biological condition of a nonsterile preparation of cerebral dura mater during long-term storage in a formalin solution].", "content": "An allogeneic cerebral dura mater prepared under nonsterile conditions will become fully sterilized after 48 hours of storage in a 0.75% formalin solution. The long-term (up to 3 years) conservation of this tissue in the above mentioned solution preserves it in a condition permitting transplantation. The experimental transplantation of such tissue results in making the subdural space airtight. This occurs primarily because of the adhesion of the edges of the donor and recipients dura mater in the area of the defect as a result of aseptic inflammation with subsequent resolution and replacement of the transplant with the connective tissue of a similar structure with the dura mater.", "contents": "[Assessment of the biological condition of a nonsterile preparation of cerebral dura mater during long-term storage in a formalin solution]. An allogeneic cerebral dura mater prepared under nonsterile conditions will become fully sterilized after 48 hours of storage in a 0.75% formalin solution. The long-term (up to 3 years) conservation of this tissue in the above mentioned solution preserves it in a condition permitting transplantation. The experimental transplantation of such tissue results in making the subdural space airtight. This occurs primarily because of the adhesion of the edges of the donor and recipients dura mater in the area of the defect as a result of aseptic inflammation with subsequent resolution and replacement of the transplant with the connective tissue of a similar structure with the dura mater.", "PMID": 569955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8775", "title": "Ultrastructural lens changes in X-ray induced cataract of the rat.", "content": "The effect of in vivo X-irradiation on the ultrastructure of the rat lens was investigated by electron microscopy. The left eye of each animal was exposed to a single dose of 1500 r of X-rays, while the other parts of the body were protected by a lead shield. The protected eye served as a control. Samples of the lenses were taken for electron microscopical examination at intervals of 3, 7, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days after the irradiation. The first ultrastructural changes induced by X-rays were found after three days in the epithelial cells which became vacuolated. After seven days these cells showed marked oedema and after six months the whole epithelium was shrunken. The most prominent changes in the lens fibres were swelling and vacuolization. No alterations were noted in the lens capsule. The first visible opacities of the lens were found ninety days after irradiation under the posterior capsule and three months later the entire lens was totally opaque.", "contents": "Ultrastructural lens changes in X-ray induced cataract of the rat. The effect of in vivo X-irradiation on the ultrastructure of the rat lens was investigated by electron microscopy. The left eye of each animal was exposed to a single dose of 1500 r of X-rays, while the other parts of the body were protected by a lead shield. The protected eye served as a control. Samples of the lenses were taken for electron microscopical examination at intervals of 3, 7, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days after the irradiation. The first ultrastructural changes induced by X-rays were found after three days in the epithelial cells which became vacuolated. After seven days these cells showed marked oedema and after six months the whole epithelium was shrunken. The most prominent changes in the lens fibres were swelling and vacuolization. No alterations were noted in the lens capsule. The first visible opacities of the lens were found ninety days after irradiation under the posterior capsule and three months later the entire lens was totally opaque.", "PMID": 569963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8776", "title": "Evaluation of phentolamine as a provocative test for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Intravenous injection of phentolamine potentially offers a better provocative test for aortic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction than do Valsalva's maneuver, inhalation of isoproterenol, or of amyl nitrite. In hemodynamic studies, phentolamine enhanced myocardial contractility, and decreased afterload with only induction of slight tachycardia. Phentolamine (5 mg.) was administered intravenously to five patients who had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, and 35 patients who had valvular dysfunctions, after which echocardiographic and phonocardiographic recordings were performed. Recordings were of high quality despite changing hemodynamics. Systolic pressures fell an average of 20 mm. Hg; no pressure fell below 90 mm. Hg; there was no notable increase in heart rate. In the five patients with typical idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the amyl nitrite increased the obstructive index from 39.6 +/- 12 to 51 +/- 18.9 (P less than 0.05); whereas, phentolamine increased the obstructive index to 69.8 +/- 25.6 (P less than 0.015). After a 2 week course of oral administration of 80 mg. of propranolol daily, and then either inhalation of amyl nitrite or injection of phentolamine, there was no change from the mean resting obstructive index. Phentolamine appears to be a safe, simple and specific diagnostic agent, and more potent than amyl nitrite in eliciting dynamic obstruction in IHSS; phentolamine and amyl nitrite do not affect the obstructive index in patients with beta blockade.", "contents": "Evaluation of phentolamine as a provocative test for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Intravenous injection of phentolamine potentially offers a better provocative test for aortic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction than do Valsalva's maneuver, inhalation of isoproterenol, or of amyl nitrite. In hemodynamic studies, phentolamine enhanced myocardial contractility, and decreased afterload with only induction of slight tachycardia. Phentolamine (5 mg.) was administered intravenously to five patients who had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, and 35 patients who had valvular dysfunctions, after which echocardiographic and phonocardiographic recordings were performed. Recordings were of high quality despite changing hemodynamics. Systolic pressures fell an average of 20 mm. Hg; no pressure fell below 90 mm. Hg; there was no notable increase in heart rate. In the five patients with typical idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the amyl nitrite increased the obstructive index from 39.6 +/- 12 to 51 +/- 18.9 (P less than 0.05); whereas, phentolamine increased the obstructive index to 69.8 +/- 25.6 (P less than 0.015). After a 2 week course of oral administration of 80 mg. of propranolol daily, and then either inhalation of amyl nitrite or injection of phentolamine, there was no change from the mean resting obstructive index. Phentolamine appears to be a safe, simple and specific diagnostic agent, and more potent than amyl nitrite in eliciting dynamic obstruction in IHSS; phentolamine and amyl nitrite do not affect the obstructive index in patients with beta blockade.", "PMID": 569969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8777", "title": "Effect of ethanol feeding on bone composition in the rat.", "content": "The effect of ethanol feeding for a period of 3 months on the mineral and collagen content of bone was determined in the rat. Ethanol feeding resulted in no changes in the density or in the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline, or nitrogen in the tibiae. Also, the serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were unaffected by ethanol feeding. The development of a mild degree of osteomolacia was suggested, however, by decreases in EDTA-extractable mineral content and in the calcium/hydroxyproline ratio in  the tibiae of the ethanol-fed as compared with the control animals. The urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans was not changed by ethanol-feeding while the urinary excretion of peptide-bound hydroxyproline was increased. The minimal bone changes found after ethanol feeding in this study are an unlikely cause for the observed increases in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol feeding on bone composition in the rat. The effect of ethanol feeding for a period of 3 months on the mineral and collagen content of bone was determined in the rat. Ethanol feeding resulted in no changes in the density or in the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline, or nitrogen in the tibiae. Also, the serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were unaffected by ethanol feeding. The development of a mild degree of osteomolacia was suggested, however, by decreases in EDTA-extractable mineral content and in the calcium/hydroxyproline ratio in  the tibiae of the ethanol-fed as compared with the control animals. The urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans was not changed by ethanol-feeding while the urinary excretion of peptide-bound hydroxyproline was increased. The minimal bone changes found after ethanol feeding in this study are an unlikely cause for the observed increases in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline.", "PMID": 569970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8778", "title": "Diurnal rhythmicity of absorption of a lipid compound (vitamin K-1) in vivo in the rat.", "content": "The possibility of rhythmicity in the intestinal absorption of lipids was explored by assessing the absorption of vitamin K-1 by the unanesthetized rat at 6 PM, 12 and 6 AM, and 12 PM. A marked variability in the absorption rate of vitamin K-1 was found throughout the 18-hr period. The highest rates of absorption occurred at midnight (139.8 +/- .22 and 134.4 +/- 9.1 pmol/min/10 cm of jejunum and ileum, respectively). The lowest rates of absorption occurred at 6 AM (54.5 +/- 1 and 81.4 +/- 7.4 pmol/min/10 cm of jejunum and ileum, respectively). Absorption rates at noon were not different from absorption at 6 AM but an initial increase in absorption was noted at 6 PM. Synchronization of the absorptive rate with time is most likely related to the time of feeding and not to changes in the pattern of illumination. The possibility of marked diurnal variability in the absorption rate should be considered in the design and execution of intestinal absorption experiments.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythmicity of absorption of a lipid compound (vitamin K-1) in vivo in the rat. The possibility of rhythmicity in the intestinal absorption of lipids was explored by assessing the absorption of vitamin K-1 by the unanesthetized rat at 6 PM, 12 and 6 AM, and 12 PM. A marked variability in the absorption rate of vitamin K-1 was found throughout the 18-hr period. The highest rates of absorption occurred at midnight (139.8 +/- .22 and 134.4 +/- 9.1 pmol/min/10 cm of jejunum and ileum, respectively). The lowest rates of absorption occurred at 6 AM (54.5 +/- 1 and 81.4 +/- 7.4 pmol/min/10 cm of jejunum and ileum, respectively). Absorption rates at noon were not different from absorption at 6 AM but an initial increase in absorption was noted at 6 PM. Synchronization of the absorptive rate with time is most likely related to the time of feeding and not to changes in the pattern of illumination. The possibility of marked diurnal variability in the absorption rate should be considered in the design and execution of intestinal absorption experiments.", "PMID": 569972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8779", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in cultured lymphocytes of twins.", "content": "Measurement of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in cultured lymphocytes of 18 monozygotic and 30 dizygotic twin pairs showed that basal and induced AHH activity and AHH inducibility are heritable traits. The data are consistent with AHH inducibility being determined by a single or a very few polymorphic genes.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in cultured lymphocytes of twins. Measurement of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in cultured lymphocytes of 18 monozygotic and 30 dizygotic twin pairs showed that basal and induced AHH activity and AHH inducibility are heritable traits. The data are consistent with AHH inducibility being determined by a single or a very few polymorphic genes.", "PMID": 569973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8780", "title": "Evaluation of the fibrinogen analyzer.", "content": "The fibrinogen analyzer, a newly introduced instrument for plasma fibrinogen assay, was evaluated for its clinical use. Fibrinogen was assayed based on the automated measurement of absorbance changes of fibrinogen clotting by thrombin. High reproducibility and close correlation with the phenol method were observed. Concentrations of heparin below 1.25 mu/ml had minimal effects on the fibrinogen assay using the fibrinogen analyzer. Free hemoglobin below 400 mg/dl and bilirubin with a concentration less than 4 mg/dl had no significant effects on the fibrinogen values. This instrument is highly recommended for plasma fibrinogen assay in clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Evaluation of the fibrinogen analyzer. The fibrinogen analyzer, a newly introduced instrument for plasma fibrinogen assay, was evaluated for its clinical use. Fibrinogen was assayed based on the automated measurement of absorbance changes of fibrinogen clotting by thrombin. High reproducibility and close correlation with the phenol method were observed. Concentrations of heparin below 1.25 mu/ml had minimal effects on the fibrinogen assay using the fibrinogen analyzer. Free hemoglobin below 400 mg/dl and bilirubin with a concentration less than 4 mg/dl had no significant effects on the fibrinogen values. This instrument is highly recommended for plasma fibrinogen assay in clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 569974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8781", "title": "Free-living fungi as artifacts on hematology preparations.", "content": "The appearance of Helicosporium sp., a free-living fungus, is reported as a contaminant resembling nematode microfilaria on a Wright's stained blood smear. Also, an unidentified object with structures resembling the septate hyphae of the Fungi Imperfecti and two other forms with some features similar to the fungal genus Fusarium were found on leukocyte alkaline phosphatase preparations of blood smears. The possible incorrect identification of these pseudoparasites is discussed and a review of the pertinent literature included.", "contents": "Free-living fungi as artifacts on hematology preparations. The appearance of Helicosporium sp., a free-living fungus, is reported as a contaminant resembling nematode microfilaria on a Wright's stained blood smear. Also, an unidentified object with structures resembling the septate hyphae of the Fungi Imperfecti and two other forms with some features similar to the fungal genus Fusarium were found on leukocyte alkaline phosphatase preparations of blood smears. The possible incorrect identification of these pseudoparasites is discussed and a review of the pertinent literature included.", "PMID": 569975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8782", "title": "\"Recurrent\" stress urinary incontinence.", "content": "This report constitutes a 15 year review of 205 operations performed upon 198 adult women suffering from \"recurrent\" stress urinary incontinence (SUI). All patients received special preoperative investigation including direct electronic urethrocystometry and metallic bead-chain urethrocystography. From these studies 163 of the patients were determined to have pure \"anatomic SUI\" and 42 demonstrated characteristics of anatomic SUI plus some anatomic or physiologic defect which might compromise the final results (\"compromised SUI\"). Preoperative radiographs demonstrating the previous causes for failure fell into four general categories: philosophic, pragmatic, subjective, and psychological. All patients were operated upon with the single objective of achieving high retropubic elevation and fixation of the urethrovesical junction. In those have pure \"anatomic SUI\" the failure rate was 5 per cent. In the \"compromised SUI\" group the failure rate was 39 per cent. Type II detrusor dyssynergia was the most common cause of failure.", "contents": "\"Recurrent\" stress urinary incontinence. This report constitutes a 15 year review of 205 operations performed upon 198 adult women suffering from \"recurrent\" stress urinary incontinence (SUI). All patients received special preoperative investigation including direct electronic urethrocystometry and metallic bead-chain urethrocystography. From these studies 163 of the patients were determined to have pure \"anatomic SUI\" and 42 demonstrated characteristics of anatomic SUI plus some anatomic or physiologic defect which might compromise the final results (\"compromised SUI\"). Preoperative radiographs demonstrating the previous causes for failure fell into four general categories: philosophic, pragmatic, subjective, and psychological. All patients were operated upon with the single objective of achieving high retropubic elevation and fixation of the urethrovesical junction. In those have pure \"anatomic SUI\" the failure rate was 5 per cent. In the \"compromised SUI\" group the failure rate was 39 per cent. Type II detrusor dyssynergia was the most common cause of failure.", "PMID": 569976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8783", "title": "Pathology of pars planitis.", "content": "Seven eyes and one vitrectomy specimen from seven patients with pars planitis and complications such as secondary glaucoma and phthisis bulbi were studied histopathologically. Two of the specimens were also examined by electron microscopy. All cases showed a typical intravitreal \"snowbank\" opacity overlying the pars plana. On light microscopy, these \"snowbanks\" appeared to consist of a loose fibrovascular layer containing occasional fibrocyte-like cells and scattered mononuclear inflammatory cells adjacent to the hyperplastic nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana. Within the vitreous base, an extensive fibroglial proliferation had developed, often drawing the peripheral retina anteriorly into the \"snowbank.\" Electron microscopy showed this fibroglial tissue to be composed of condensed vitreous collagen and probable fibrous astrocytes which had produced larger-diameter (about 24 mm) collagen fibrils. The fibroglial proliferation also appeared continuous with an ultrastructurally similar preretinal fibroglial membrane. All eyes showed prominent lymphocytic cuffing and mural infiltration of retinal veins, with sparing of the arterioles. Several cases showed cystoid macular edema. Only mild choroiditis or cyclitis could be shown in some cases. We believe that in pars planitis the fibroglial \"snowbank\" may reflect a common inflammatory process involving both the peripheral retina and vitreous base.", "contents": "Pathology of pars planitis. Seven eyes and one vitrectomy specimen from seven patients with pars planitis and complications such as secondary glaucoma and phthisis bulbi were studied histopathologically. Two of the specimens were also examined by electron microscopy. All cases showed a typical intravitreal \"snowbank\" opacity overlying the pars plana. On light microscopy, these \"snowbanks\" appeared to consist of a loose fibrovascular layer containing occasional fibrocyte-like cells and scattered mononuclear inflammatory cells adjacent to the hyperplastic nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana. Within the vitreous base, an extensive fibroglial proliferation had developed, often drawing the peripheral retina anteriorly into the \"snowbank.\" Electron microscopy showed this fibroglial tissue to be composed of condensed vitreous collagen and probable fibrous astrocytes which had produced larger-diameter (about 24 mm) collagen fibrils. The fibroglial proliferation also appeared continuous with an ultrastructurally similar preretinal fibroglial membrane. All eyes showed prominent lymphocytic cuffing and mural infiltration of retinal veins, with sparing of the arterioles. Several cases showed cystoid macular edema. Only mild choroiditis or cyclitis could be shown in some cases. We believe that in pars planitis the fibroglial \"snowbank\" may reflect a common inflammatory process involving both the peripheral retina and vitreous base.", "PMID": 569977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8784", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to retrobulbar injections of methylprednisolone acetate.", "content": "A patient with chronic cyclitis developed hyperemia of the episcleral and bulbar conjunctival vessels after retrobulbar injections of methylprednisolone acetate suspension. Intradermal testing revealed the responsible allergen to be methylprednisolone acetate; hypersensitivity could not be demonstrated by patch testing, despite use of increased concentrations.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to retrobulbar injections of methylprednisolone acetate. A patient with chronic cyclitis developed hyperemia of the episcleral and bulbar conjunctival vessels after retrobulbar injections of methylprednisolone acetate suspension. Intradermal testing revealed the responsible allergen to be methylprednisolone acetate; hypersensitivity could not be demonstrated by patch testing, despite use of increased concentrations.", "PMID": 569978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8785", "title": "Immunopathologic and histologic studies on benign recurrent hematuria. Clinicopathologic similarities with IgA nephropathy.", "content": "From a series of 152 renal biopsy specimens examined by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy, nine specimens were identified as being from patients with BRH. Histopathologic changes in renal biopsy specimens from most of the 9 patients consisted of either normal or slightly proliferative glomerulonephritis. Characteristic alterations were observed by electron microscopy, which showed the presence of small amounts of electron-dense deposits within the mesangium. In addition, immunofluorescent staining of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with BRH and their family members showed an increase of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the emergence of microhematuria among the families of patients with BRH indicates that some familial factors may be involved in the development of BRH and IgA nephropathy, which suggests that these two disorders may be closely related.", "contents": "Immunopathologic and histologic studies on benign recurrent hematuria. Clinicopathologic similarities with IgA nephropathy. From a series of 152 renal biopsy specimens examined by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy, nine specimens were identified as being from patients with BRH. Histopathologic changes in renal biopsy specimens from most of the 9 patients consisted of either normal or slightly proliferative glomerulonephritis. Characteristic alterations were observed by electron microscopy, which showed the presence of small amounts of electron-dense deposits within the mesangium. In addition, immunofluorescent staining of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with BRH and their family members showed an increase of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the emergence of microhematuria among the families of patients with BRH indicates that some familial factors may be involved in the development of BRH and IgA nephropathy, which suggests that these two disorders may be closely related.", "PMID": 569980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8786", "title": "Digestion of the fifth component of complement by leukocyte enzymes. Sequential generation of chemotactic activities for leukocytes and for tumor cells.", "content": "Leukocytes contain within their lysosomal granules enzymatic activity that will generate from C5 chemotactic activity for leukocytes (neutrophils) and tumor (Walker carcinosarcoma) cells. Similar activity has been found in phagocytic supernatant fluids from neutrophils and in purified preparations of the leukocyte neutral proteases elastase and cathepsin G. White leukotactic activities can be generated from either the third (C3) or the fifth (C5) components of complement, only C5 serves as a source for generation of the chemotactic activity for tumor cells. As has been previously shown with trypsin, the C5-related chemotactic activities generated by leukocyte proteases are time-dependent: leukotactic activity appears early, then disappears, and is replaced by chemotactic activity for tumor cells. The generation of these chemotactic activities from C5 is blocked by prior treatment of leukocyte preparations with the neutral protease inhibitor Trasylol. The demonstration that enzyme activities from leukocytes have the ability to generate tumor cell chemotactic factors from C5 suggests a possible mechanism by which the development of metastatic lesions may be promoted at sites of tissue injury or inflammation.", "contents": "Digestion of the fifth component of complement by leukocyte enzymes. Sequential generation of chemotactic activities for leukocytes and for tumor cells. Leukocytes contain within their lysosomal granules enzymatic activity that will generate from C5 chemotactic activity for leukocytes (neutrophils) and tumor (Walker carcinosarcoma) cells. Similar activity has been found in phagocytic supernatant fluids from neutrophils and in purified preparations of the leukocyte neutral proteases elastase and cathepsin G. White leukotactic activities can be generated from either the third (C3) or the fifth (C5) components of complement, only C5 serves as a source for generation of the chemotactic activity for tumor cells. As has been previously shown with trypsin, the C5-related chemotactic activities generated by leukocyte proteases are time-dependent: leukotactic activity appears early, then disappears, and is replaced by chemotactic activity for tumor cells. The generation of these chemotactic activities from C5 is blocked by prior treatment of leukocyte preparations with the neutral protease inhibitor Trasylol. The demonstration that enzyme activities from leukocytes have the ability to generate tumor cell chemotactic factors from C5 suggests a possible mechanism by which the development of metastatic lesions may be promoted at sites of tissue injury or inflammation.", "PMID": 569981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8787", "title": "Ectopic Leydig cells in a seminiferous tubules of an infertile human male with a chromosomal aberration.", "content": "A case of a human male infertility with chromosomal aberration is reported. The patient showed neither mental retardation nor physical abnormalities except that the testes were somewhat small and soft. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were 49.0 and 19.0 mIU/ml. Plasma testosterone was 2.6 ng/ml. Karyotype was considered to be 46 XY q-, long arms of the Y chromosome being deleted. Histological features of the testis were peculiar. Seminiferous tubules were small and devoid of spermatogenic cells, consisting only of Sertoli cells. Peritubular boundary layer of the tubules showed a marked increase in width due to the increase of collagen fibers. The base of some Sertoli cells was seen to protrude into the thickened peritubular boundary layer or, though rare, into the interstitial space. Unusual cells which had a round vesicular nucleus and abundant, dense cytoplasms also occurred in the boundary layer of most tubules. These cells were identified as Leydig cells because of an extensively developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum in their cytoplasm, although they lacked Reinke's crystals. These ectopic Leydig cells sometimes lay in direct contact with Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubule.", "contents": "Ectopic Leydig cells in a seminiferous tubules of an infertile human male with a chromosomal aberration. A case of a human male infertility with chromosomal aberration is reported. The patient showed neither mental retardation nor physical abnormalities except that the testes were somewhat small and soft. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were 49.0 and 19.0 mIU/ml. Plasma testosterone was 2.6 ng/ml. Karyotype was considered to be 46 XY q-, long arms of the Y chromosome being deleted. Histological features of the testis were peculiar. Seminiferous tubules were small and devoid of spermatogenic cells, consisting only of Sertoli cells. Peritubular boundary layer of the tubules showed a marked increase in width due to the increase of collagen fibers. The base of some Sertoli cells was seen to protrude into the thickened peritubular boundary layer or, though rare, into the interstitial space. Unusual cells which had a round vesicular nucleus and abundant, dense cytoplasms also occurred in the boundary layer of most tubules. These cells were identified as Leydig cells because of an extensively developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum in their cytoplasm, although they lacked Reinke's crystals. These ectopic Leydig cells sometimes lay in direct contact with Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubule.", "PMID": 569984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8788", "title": "Hepatocyte responses to volatile anesthetics: changes in surface scanning and enzyme leakage.", "content": "The effects of volatile anesthetics were assessed in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes by surface-scanning electron microscopy and by measuring leakage of cellular enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase into the surrounding medium. The order of potency in regard to their capacity to produce alterations of these parameters was halothane = methoxyflurane greater than ether = control. The extent of enzyme leakage from hepatocytes exposed to halothane or methoxyflurane was both dose dependent and, for the first 30 minutes, time dependent. Surface scanning of the isolated hepatocytes showed that both halothane and methoxyflurane produced enzyme leakage and morphologic changes in cellular membranes, but ether did not. These studies demonstrate that scanning electron microscopy and enzyme leakage from cells are useful for the evaluation of drug-induced changes in lever cells in vitro. The relation between these drug-induced changes and clinical hepatotoxicity remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Hepatocyte responses to volatile anesthetics: changes in surface scanning and enzyme leakage. The effects of volatile anesthetics were assessed in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes by surface-scanning electron microscopy and by measuring leakage of cellular enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase into the surrounding medium. The order of potency in regard to their capacity to produce alterations of these parameters was halothane = methoxyflurane greater than ether = control. The extent of enzyme leakage from hepatocytes exposed to halothane or methoxyflurane was both dose dependent and, for the first 30 minutes, time dependent. Surface scanning of the isolated hepatocytes showed that both halothane and methoxyflurane produced enzyme leakage and morphologic changes in cellular membranes, but ether did not. These studies demonstrate that scanning electron microscopy and enzyme leakage from cells are useful for the evaluation of drug-induced changes in lever cells in vitro. The relation between these drug-induced changes and clinical hepatotoxicity remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 569986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8789", "title": "Persistent erection in thiamine-deficient rats.", "content": "Male Wistar rats, maintained on a thiamine-deficient diet, showed a significant weight loss, decrease in heart frequency, disturbance of urinary excretion, and symptoms of polyneuritis. Once persistent erection ocurred in these rats, it continued throughout the study and subsided in most cases after the administration of thiamine HCl.", "contents": "Persistent erection in thiamine-deficient rats. Male Wistar rats, maintained on a thiamine-deficient diet, showed a significant weight loss, decrease in heart frequency, disturbance of urinary excretion, and symptoms of polyneuritis. Once persistent erection ocurred in these rats, it continued throughout the study and subsided in most cases after the administration of thiamine HCl.", "PMID": 569985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8790", "title": "An evaluation of liquid-crystal thermometry as a screening device for intraoperative hyperthermia.", "content": "Disposable liquid-crystal temperature-trend indicators were evaluated under clinical conditions that simulated the development of intraoperative hyperthermia during anesthesia. Comparison was made to forehead thermistors for rapidity, accuracy, and linearity of response as well as correlation with esophageal and rectal thermistor recordings. The liquid-crystal monitors were comparable to the forehead thermistors in both rapidity and linearity or response, but not in accuracy. A linear correlation existed with the esophageal thermistor temperatures. Correlation with the rectal temperatures was not as exact. It is concluded that liquid-crystal thermometers may adequately serve as screening devices for intraoperative hyperthermia.", "contents": "An evaluation of liquid-crystal thermometry as a screening device for intraoperative hyperthermia. Disposable liquid-crystal temperature-trend indicators were evaluated under clinical conditions that simulated the development of intraoperative hyperthermia during anesthesia. Comparison was made to forehead thermistors for rapidity, accuracy, and linearity of response as well as correlation with esophageal and rectal thermistor recordings. The liquid-crystal monitors were comparable to the forehead thermistors in both rapidity and linearity or response, but not in accuracy. A linear correlation existed with the esophageal thermistor temperatures. Correlation with the rectal temperatures was not as exact. It is concluded that liquid-crystal thermometers may adequately serve as screening devices for intraoperative hyperthermia.", "PMID": 569991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8791", "title": "Determinants and genesis of canine pneumocardiogram.", "content": "The pneumocardiogram measures the to-and-fro movement of gas from the lung with each heartbeat during apnea. Six mongrel dogs were prepared with chronic ascending aortic or pulmonary artery flow probes, corresponding occlusion cuffs and intraventricular pressure transducers. Under halothane anesthesia, the flow pneumocardiogram (PnCG) and its time derivative (acceleration pneumocardiogram or dPn/dt) were transduced during apnea by a small high-gain pneumotachograph. All variables were recorded on paper. The effects on the pneumocardiogram of great vessel occlusion, changes in cardiac loading, small airway patency, and chest wall integrity were investigated. Four of the animals were treated subsequently to produce a chemical cardiac denervation and restudied. The systolic component of the dPn/dt which correlates with myocardial contractility (IJ wave) was dependent primarily on left ventricular (LV) ejection, markedly affected by cardiac preload and modified by afterload changes to a lesser degree. Small airway closure obliterated the wave form, while opening the chest wall attenuated the dPn/dt IJ wave by 25%. This study shows the dPn/dt IJ wave is anatomically related to LV performance and responds to changes in LV function similar to other noninvasive cardiac measurements.", "contents": "Determinants and genesis of canine pneumocardiogram. The pneumocardiogram measures the to-and-fro movement of gas from the lung with each heartbeat during apnea. Six mongrel dogs were prepared with chronic ascending aortic or pulmonary artery flow probes, corresponding occlusion cuffs and intraventricular pressure transducers. Under halothane anesthesia, the flow pneumocardiogram (PnCG) and its time derivative (acceleration pneumocardiogram or dPn/dt) were transduced during apnea by a small high-gain pneumotachograph. All variables were recorded on paper. The effects on the pneumocardiogram of great vessel occlusion, changes in cardiac loading, small airway patency, and chest wall integrity were investigated. Four of the animals were treated subsequently to produce a chemical cardiac denervation and restudied. The systolic component of the dPn/dt which correlates with myocardial contractility (IJ wave) was dependent primarily on left ventricular (LV) ejection, markedly affected by cardiac preload and modified by afterload changes to a lesser degree. Small airway closure obliterated the wave form, while opening the chest wall attenuated the dPn/dt IJ wave by 25%. This study shows the dPn/dt IJ wave is anatomically related to LV performance and responds to changes in LV function similar to other noninvasive cardiac measurements.", "PMID": 569989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8792", "title": "Halothane and enflurane protect against bronchospasm in an asthma dog model.", "content": "Experimental asthma was induced in 6 dogs previously sensitized to ascaris antigen by ventilating them with aerosolyzed ascaris antigen for 10 minutes. Pulmonary resistance was calculated from simultaneous pressure and flow measurements at a long volume 200 ml above functional residual capacity. Prior to administration of aerosolyzed ascaris antigen, pulmonary resistance was 2.35 +/- 0.56 (mean +/- SEM) cm H2O/L/sec in dogs anesthetized with thiopental. Twenty minutes after the end of ascaris antigen administration, pulmonary resistance was 5.72 +/- 1.29 in dogs given additional thiopental, 3.18 +/- 0.62 in dogs anesthetized with halothane (0.87% inspired concentration), and 3.03 +/- 0.60 in dogs anesthetized with enflurane (2.2% inspired concentration). These differences in responses of pulmonary resistance were statistically significant at 0.05 level. Halothane and enflurane were equally effective in decreasing pulmonary resistance in an ascaris antigen dog model of asthma.", "contents": "Halothane and enflurane protect against bronchospasm in an asthma dog model. Experimental asthma was induced in 6 dogs previously sensitized to ascaris antigen by ventilating them with aerosolyzed ascaris antigen for 10 minutes. Pulmonary resistance was calculated from simultaneous pressure and flow measurements at a long volume 200 ml above functional residual capacity. Prior to administration of aerosolyzed ascaris antigen, pulmonary resistance was 2.35 +/- 0.56 (mean +/- SEM) cm H2O/L/sec in dogs anesthetized with thiopental. Twenty minutes after the end of ascaris antigen administration, pulmonary resistance was 5.72 +/- 1.29 in dogs given additional thiopental, 3.18 +/- 0.62 in dogs anesthetized with halothane (0.87% inspired concentration), and 3.03 +/- 0.60 in dogs anesthetized with enflurane (2.2% inspired concentration). These differences in responses of pulmonary resistance were statistically significant at 0.05 level. Halothane and enflurane were equally effective in decreasing pulmonary resistance in an ascaris antigen dog model of asthma.", "PMID": 569987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8793", "title": "Gastric fluid pH in patients receiving cimetidine.", "content": "Gastric fluid pH was measured immediately after anesthetic induction in 150 fasted adult patients with or without prior cimetidine. All patients had received morphine-atropine preanesthetic medication. Gastric fluid pH was above 2.5 in 39/50 patients (78%) receiving cimetidine 300 mg orally with 50 ml H2O the evening before operation. The same dose of oral cimetidine but 60 to 90 minutes before anesthetic induction resulted in gastric fluid pH above 2.5 in 42/50 patients (84%). In contrast, gastric fluid pH was above 2.5 in only 20/50 patients (40%) not receiving cimetidine. We conclude that oral cimetidine administered 60 to 90 minutes before anesthetic induction is a practical way to increase gastric fluid pH above 2.5 in the majority of fasting adult patients.", "contents": "Gastric fluid pH in patients receiving cimetidine. Gastric fluid pH was measured immediately after anesthetic induction in 150 fasted adult patients with or without prior cimetidine. All patients had received morphine-atropine preanesthetic medication. Gastric fluid pH was above 2.5 in 39/50 patients (78%) receiving cimetidine 300 mg orally with 50 ml H2O the evening before operation. The same dose of oral cimetidine but 60 to 90 minutes before anesthetic induction resulted in gastric fluid pH above 2.5 in 42/50 patients (84%). In contrast, gastric fluid pH was above 2.5 in only 20/50 patients (40%) not receiving cimetidine. We conclude that oral cimetidine administered 60 to 90 minutes before anesthetic induction is a practical way to increase gastric fluid pH above 2.5 in the majority of fasting adult patients.", "PMID": 569992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8794", "title": "Automated measurement and frequency analysis of the pneumocardiogram.", "content": "The flow pneumocardiogram (PnCG), ie, measurement of cardiogenic gas movement in and out of the lung during apnea, was transduced by an in-line, high-gain pneumotachograph. A portion of the differentiated PnCG, the dPn/dt IJ wave, has been shown previously to correlate closely with left ventricular function. A simple analog device was designed and tested to measure the dPn/dt IJ amplitude on a practical beat-to-beat basis. Frequency-power spectral analysis showed the PnCG to be a low frequency phenomenon with the systolic component in the 9-to-10-Hz range. Appropriate band-pass filtering of the PnCG and its applicability as an intraoperative monitoring device are presented.", "contents": "Automated measurement and frequency analysis of the pneumocardiogram. The flow pneumocardiogram (PnCG), ie, measurement of cardiogenic gas movement in and out of the lung during apnea, was transduced by an in-line, high-gain pneumotachograph. A portion of the differentiated PnCG, the dPn/dt IJ wave, has been shown previously to correlate closely with left ventricular function. A simple analog device was designed and tested to measure the dPn/dt IJ amplitude on a practical beat-to-beat basis. Frequency-power spectral analysis showed the PnCG to be a low frequency phenomenon with the systolic component in the 9-to-10-Hz range. Appropriate band-pass filtering of the PnCG and its applicability as an intraoperative monitoring device are presented.", "PMID": 569988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8795", "title": "Domperidone in the treatment of postoperative vomiting: a double-blind multicenter study.", "content": "Domperidone was compared with placebo in a multicenter double-blind study of 116 patients (15 to 80 years) with postoperative vomiting. After vomiting had occurred, the patients received either domperidone 10 mg or placebo IV. Patients were then followed for at least 6 hours or until a 2nd injection of domperidone 10 mg from an open supply was needed. The period of time until an additional injection was registered and compared between the 2 treatment groups. Fifty-nine percent of the placebo patients needed a 2nd injection before the end of the 6-hour follow-up, compared with only 35% of the domperidone patients (p less than 0.05). When a 2nd injection was required, the time elapsed before it was needed was longer (p = 0.01) in the domperidone group (median 150 minutes) than in the placebo one (median 120 minutes). There were no significant side-effects.", "contents": "Domperidone in the treatment of postoperative vomiting: a double-blind multicenter study. Domperidone was compared with placebo in a multicenter double-blind study of 116 patients (15 to 80 years) with postoperative vomiting. After vomiting had occurred, the patients received either domperidone 10 mg or placebo IV. Patients were then followed for at least 6 hours or until a 2nd injection of domperidone 10 mg from an open supply was needed. The period of time until an additional injection was registered and compared between the 2 treatment groups. Fifty-nine percent of the placebo patients needed a 2nd injection before the end of the 6-hour follow-up, compared with only 35% of the domperidone patients (p less than 0.05). When a 2nd injection was required, the time elapsed before it was needed was longer (p = 0.01) in the domperidone group (median 150 minutes) than in the placebo one (median 120 minutes). There were no significant side-effects.", "PMID": 569995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8796", "title": "A test of the carcinogenicity of enflurane, isoflurane, halothane, methoxyflurane, and nitrous oxide in mice.", "content": "We exposed Swiss ICR mice for 2-hour periods to 1/32, 1/8 and/or 1/2 MAC enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, or N2O both in utero during the last 1/2 of pregnancy (4 exposures at 2-day intervals) and after delivery (24 exposures at 2-to-3-day intervals). Anesthetics were delivered in air or in O2. Thus, 1973 mice were exposed and examined after 15 months of life for the development of neoplastic lesions. Neoplastic lesions (principally pulmonary adenomas, lymphomas, hepatocyte lesions, liver vascular lesions) were found in all treatment and control sets. There was no indication that a specific anesthetic or anesthetic dose was carcinogenic. Our results do not confirm the suggestion that isoflurane is a hepatocarcinogen, nor do our data suggest that the modern inhaled anesthetics pose a significant threat of carcinogenicity.", "contents": "A test of the carcinogenicity of enflurane, isoflurane, halothane, methoxyflurane, and nitrous oxide in mice. We exposed Swiss ICR mice for 2-hour periods to 1/32, 1/8 and/or 1/2 MAC enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, or N2O both in utero during the last 1/2 of pregnancy (4 exposures at 2-day intervals) and after delivery (24 exposures at 2-to-3-day intervals). Anesthetics were delivered in air or in O2. Thus, 1973 mice were exposed and examined after 15 months of life for the development of neoplastic lesions. Neoplastic lesions (principally pulmonary adenomas, lymphomas, hepatocyte lesions, liver vascular lesions) were found in all treatment and control sets. There was no indication that a specific anesthetic or anesthetic dose was carcinogenic. Our results do not confirm the suggestion that isoflurane is a hepatocarcinogen, nor do our data suggest that the modern inhaled anesthetics pose a significant threat of carcinogenicity.", "PMID": 569993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8797", "title": "Respiratory function following premedication with droperidol or diazepam.", "content": "Respiratory function was measured before and 1 hour after premedication with diazepam (10 mg IM) or droperidol (5 mg IM) in 2 groups of 14 normal patients scheduled for elective surgery. Diazepam had no significant effects on respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, dead space, VD/VT %, alveolar ventilation, expired Po2, or Pco2, end-tidal Pco2, arterial Po2 or Pco2, or alveolar-arterial Po2 or Pco2 gradients. Droperidol was associated with statistically significant but modest reductions in tidal volume (-13.3%) and minute ventilation (-8.4%) while other respiratory functions remained unaffected.", "contents": "Respiratory function following premedication with droperidol or diazepam. Respiratory function was measured before and 1 hour after premedication with diazepam (10 mg IM) or droperidol (5 mg IM) in 2 groups of 14 normal patients scheduled for elective surgery. Diazepam had no significant effects on respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, dead space, VD/VT %, alveolar ventilation, expired Po2, or Pco2, end-tidal Pco2, arterial Po2 or Pco2, or alveolar-arterial Po2 or Pco2 gradients. Droperidol was associated with statistically significant but modest reductions in tidal volume (-13.3%) and minute ventilation (-8.4%) while other respiratory functions remained unaffected.", "PMID": 569994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8798", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of arteriovenous fistula and bovine graft fistula used for hemodialysis.", "content": "This study shows that arteriovenous fistulas created for vascular access to hemodialysis result in an increase in cardiac output and pulse rate, and a decrease in the total peripheral resistance. These changes are severe with bovine graft fistula; physicians should be aware of this potentially dangerous hemodynamic change in these patients.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of arteriovenous fistula and bovine graft fistula used for hemodialysis. This study shows that arteriovenous fistulas created for vascular access to hemodialysis result in an increase in cardiac output and pulse rate, and a decrease in the total peripheral resistance. These changes are severe with bovine graft fistula; physicians should be aware of this potentially dangerous hemodynamic change in these patients.", "PMID": 570008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8799", "title": "Pocket gonioscopy.", "content": "A simple and effective method for viewing the anterior chamber angle allowing a physician to adequately grade the depth of the anterior chamber angle is described. Such a judgment is necessary for distinguishing narrow angle from open angle type of glaucoma.", "contents": "Pocket gonioscopy. A simple and effective method for viewing the anterior chamber angle allowing a physician to adequately grade the depth of the anterior chamber angle is described. Such a judgment is necessary for distinguishing narrow angle from open angle type of glaucoma.", "PMID": 570009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8800", "title": "Progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation.", "content": "Three children, 2 of them siblings, developed a progressive dystonic condition in the first decade of life. The symptoms and signs were milder in the mornings or after a daytime nap but worsened greatly later in the day. One patient became unable to walk by evening. Investigations in 2 patients revealed a reduced concentration of cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid. The 2 more severely affected patients showed dramatic and sustained improvement with levodopa therapy. The condition bears a clinical resemblance to some reported cases of juvenile Parkinson's disease but is probably a separate disorder.", "contents": "Progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Three children, 2 of them siblings, developed a progressive dystonic condition in the first decade of life. The symptoms and signs were milder in the mornings or after a daytime nap but worsened greatly later in the day. One patient became unable to walk by evening. Investigations in 2 patients revealed a reduced concentration of cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid. The 2 more severely affected patients showed dramatic and sustained improvement with levodopa therapy. The condition bears a clinical resemblance to some reported cases of juvenile Parkinson's disease but is probably a separate disorder.", "PMID": 570014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8801", "title": "Genetically marked Rhizobium identifiable as inoculum strain in nodules of soybean plants grown in fields populated with Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "The fate of an inoculum strain of Rhizobium japonicum was studied using a genetically marked strain I-11O subline carrying resistance markers for azide, rifampin, and streptomycin (I-110 ARS). At the time of planting into a field populated with R. japonicum, seeds of soybean cultivars Kent and Peking were inoculated with varying cell densities of strain I-110 ARS. At various times during the growing season, surface-sterilized root nodules were examined for the presence of the inoculum strain by plating onto selective media. The recovery of the inoculum strain was unambiguous, varying, in the case of Kent cultivar, from about 5% with plants (sampled at 51 days) that had been inoculated with 3 X 10(8) cells per cm of row to about 20% with plants (sampled at 90 days) that had been inoculated with 3 X 10(9) cells per cm. The symbiotically incompatible interaction of Peking and strain 110 in Rhizobium-populated field soil was confirmed by the finding that at 60 days after planting, only one nodule in 360 sampled contained strain I-110 ARS. The use of genetically marked Rhizobium bacteria was found to provide for precise identification of the inoculum strain in nodules of field-grown soybeans.", "contents": "Genetically marked Rhizobium identifiable as inoculum strain in nodules of soybean plants grown in fields populated with Rhizobium japonicum. The fate of an inoculum strain of Rhizobium japonicum was studied using a genetically marked strain I-11O subline carrying resistance markers for azide, rifampin, and streptomycin (I-110 ARS). At the time of planting into a field populated with R. japonicum, seeds of soybean cultivars Kent and Peking were inoculated with varying cell densities of strain I-110 ARS. At various times during the growing season, surface-sterilized root nodules were examined for the presence of the inoculum strain by plating onto selective media. The recovery of the inoculum strain was unambiguous, varying, in the case of Kent cultivar, from about 5% with plants (sampled at 51 days) that had been inoculated with 3 X 10(8) cells per cm of row to about 20% with plants (sampled at 90 days) that had been inoculated with 3 X 10(9) cells per cm. The symbiotically incompatible interaction of Peking and strain 110 in Rhizobium-populated field soil was confirmed by the finding that at 60 days after planting, only one nodule in 360 sampled contained strain I-110 ARS. The use of genetically marked Rhizobium bacteria was found to provide for precise identification of the inoculum strain in nodules of field-grown soybeans.", "PMID": 570015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8802", "title": "Bacteriocin-like substances produced by Rhizobium japonicum and other slow-growing rhizobia.", "content": "Bacteriocin-like substances were commonly produced by slow-growing Rhizobium japonicum and cowpea rhizobia on an L-arabinose medium. Antagonism between strains of R. japonicum was not detected in vitro; however, such strains were often sensitive to some bacteriocins produced by cowpea rhizobia. Inhibitory zones (2 to 8 mm from colony margins), produced by 58 of 66 R. japonicum test strains, were reproducibly detected with Corynebacterium nebraskense as an indicator. Quantitative production was not related to symbiotic properties of effective strains, since nine noninfective strains and one ineffective strain produced bacteriocin. Eight R. japonicum strains that did not produce bacteriocin nevertheless formed effective nodules on soybeans. R. japonicum strains that produced bacteriocin in vitro had no antagonistic effect on nonproducer strains during soybean nodulation. Under controlled conditions, a nonproducer (3I1b135) predominated over a bacteriocin producer (3I1b6) when inoculated at 1:1 and 1:9 ratios. Depending on the particular ratio, up to 38% of the total nodules formed were infected with mixed combinations. The bacteriocin(s) had a restricted host range and antibiotic-like properties which included the ability to be dialyzed and resistance to heat (75 to 80 degrees C, 30 min), Pronase, proteinase K, trypsin, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease. R. japonicum strains representing genetic, serological, cultural, and geographic diversity were differentiated into three groups on the basis of bacteriocin production.", "contents": "Bacteriocin-like substances produced by Rhizobium japonicum and other slow-growing rhizobia. Bacteriocin-like substances were commonly produced by slow-growing Rhizobium japonicum and cowpea rhizobia on an L-arabinose medium. Antagonism between strains of R. japonicum was not detected in vitro; however, such strains were often sensitive to some bacteriocins produced by cowpea rhizobia. Inhibitory zones (2 to 8 mm from colony margins), produced by 58 of 66 R. japonicum test strains, were reproducibly detected with Corynebacterium nebraskense as an indicator. Quantitative production was not related to symbiotic properties of effective strains, since nine noninfective strains and one ineffective strain produced bacteriocin. Eight R. japonicum strains that did not produce bacteriocin nevertheless formed effective nodules on soybeans. R. japonicum strains that produced bacteriocin in vitro had no antagonistic effect on nonproducer strains during soybean nodulation. Under controlled conditions, a nonproducer (3I1b135) predominated over a bacteriocin producer (3I1b6) when inoculated at 1:1 and 1:9 ratios. Depending on the particular ratio, up to 38% of the total nodules formed were infected with mixed combinations. The bacteriocin(s) had a restricted host range and antibiotic-like properties which included the ability to be dialyzed and resistance to heat (75 to 80 degrees C, 30 min), Pronase, proteinase K, trypsin, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease. R. japonicum strains representing genetic, serological, cultural, and geographic diversity were differentiated into three groups on the basis of bacteriocin production.", "PMID": 570016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8803", "title": "Pathology of chronic otitis media.", "content": "A review of 800 pathological temporal bones collected from autopsy cases revealed 333 ((41.6%) to have some type of otitis media; purulent otitis media (52.5%), serous otitis media (6%), mucoid otitis media (4.5%), and chronic otitis media (36.9%). The 123 temporal bones with chronic otitis media were further studied and found to have granulation tissue, cholesteatoma, cholesterin granuloma, bone changes, and fibrosis. Other findings included tympanic membrane perforation, tympanosclerosis, metaplasia of the epithelium with subepithelial glandular formation, suppuration, labyrinthitis, and evidence of complications of chronic otitis media (meningitis, subdural abscess, brain abscess, petrositis, and endolymphatic hydrops). From this study it was concluded: 1) chronic otitis media occurred quite frequently, from a histological standpoint, in the absence of tympanic membrane perforation; 2) granulation tissue in temporal bones was found much more frequently in chronic otitis media than was cholesteatoma; and 3) complications and sequelae of otitis media tended to occur more commonly secondary to granulation tissue than to cholesteatoma.", "contents": "Pathology of chronic otitis media. A review of 800 pathological temporal bones collected from autopsy cases revealed 333 ((41.6%) to have some type of otitis media; purulent otitis media (52.5%), serous otitis media (6%), mucoid otitis media (4.5%), and chronic otitis media (36.9%). The 123 temporal bones with chronic otitis media were further studied and found to have granulation tissue, cholesteatoma, cholesterin granuloma, bone changes, and fibrosis. Other findings included tympanic membrane perforation, tympanosclerosis, metaplasia of the epithelium with subepithelial glandular formation, suppuration, labyrinthitis, and evidence of complications of chronic otitis media (meningitis, subdural abscess, brain abscess, petrositis, and endolymphatic hydrops). From this study it was concluded: 1) chronic otitis media occurred quite frequently, from a histological standpoint, in the absence of tympanic membrane perforation; 2) granulation tissue in temporal bones was found much more frequently in chronic otitis media than was cholesteatoma; and 3) complications and sequelae of otitis media tended to occur more commonly secondary to granulation tissue than to cholesteatoma.", "PMID": 570010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8804", "title": "Radiation resistance and injury of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "The D values of Yersinia enterocolitica strains IP134, IP107, and WA, irradiated at 25 degrees C in Trypticase soy broth, ranged from 9.7 to 11.8 krad. When irradiated in ground beef at 25 and -30 degrees C, the D value of strain IP107 was 19.5 and 38.8 krad, respectively. Cells suspended in Trypticase soy broth were more sensitive to storage at -20 degrees C than those mixed in ground beef. The percentages of inactivation and of injury (inability to form colonies in the presence of 3.0% NaCl) of cells stored in ground beef for 10 days at -20 degrees C were 70 and 23%, respectively. Prior irradiation did not alter the cell's sensitivity to storage at -20 degrees C, nor did storage at -20 degrees C alter the cell's resistance to irradiation at 25 degrees C. Added NaCl concentrations of up to 4.0% in Trypticase soy agar (TSA) (which contains 0.5% NaCl) had little effect on colony formation at 36 degrees C of unirradiated Y. enterocolitica. With added 4.0% NaCl, 79% of the cells formed colonies at 36 degrees C; with 5.0% NaCl added, no colonies were formed. Although 2.5% NaCl added to ground beef did not sensitize Y. enterocolitica cells to irradiation, when added to TSA it reduced the number of apparent radiation survivors. Cells uninjured by irradiation formed colonies on TSA when incubated at either 36 or 5 degrees C. More survivors of an exposure to 60 krad were capable of recovery and forming colonies on TSA when incubated at 36 degrees C for 1 day than at 5 degrees C for 14 days. This difference in count was considered a manifestation of injury to certain survivors of irradiation.", "contents": "Radiation resistance and injury of Yersinia enterocolitica. The D values of Yersinia enterocolitica strains IP134, IP107, and WA, irradiated at 25 degrees C in Trypticase soy broth, ranged from 9.7 to 11.8 krad. When irradiated in ground beef at 25 and -30 degrees C, the D value of strain IP107 was 19.5 and 38.8 krad, respectively. Cells suspended in Trypticase soy broth were more sensitive to storage at -20 degrees C than those mixed in ground beef. The percentages of inactivation and of injury (inability to form colonies in the presence of 3.0% NaCl) of cells stored in ground beef for 10 days at -20 degrees C were 70 and 23%, respectively. Prior irradiation did not alter the cell's sensitivity to storage at -20 degrees C, nor did storage at -20 degrees C alter the cell's resistance to irradiation at 25 degrees C. Added NaCl concentrations of up to 4.0% in Trypticase soy agar (TSA) (which contains 0.5% NaCl) had little effect on colony formation at 36 degrees C of unirradiated Y. enterocolitica. With added 4.0% NaCl, 79% of the cells formed colonies at 36 degrees C; with 5.0% NaCl added, no colonies were formed. Although 2.5% NaCl added to ground beef did not sensitize Y. enterocolitica cells to irradiation, when added to TSA it reduced the number of apparent radiation survivors. Cells uninjured by irradiation formed colonies on TSA when incubated at either 36 or 5 degrees C. More survivors of an exposure to 60 krad were capable of recovery and forming colonies on TSA when incubated at 36 degrees C for 1 day than at 5 degrees C for 14 days. This difference in count was considered a manifestation of injury to certain survivors of irradiation.", "PMID": 570017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8805", "title": "Alterations in plasma norepinephrine concentration during surgical resection of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Using a sensitive and specific radioenzymatic assay, the plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration was measured in seven patients with pheochromocytoma, one patient with bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia, one patient with a retroperitoneal paraganglioma, and two patients undergoing bilateral adrenalectomies for palliation of metastatic breast carcinoma. Surgical manipulation of the pheochromocytomas resulted in striking increases in plasma NE concentration with concomitant increases in blood pressure. There were either small changes or no changes in the patients' plasma NE and blood pressure during resection of the normal adrenal glands, the adrenal glands with medullary hyperplasia, or the retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was measured in one patient with pheochromocytomas and the patient with medullary hyperplasia. There was no change in plasma DBH in either patient, supporting the concept that exocytosis is not the primary mechanism for catecholamine secretion from pheochromocytomas. It was also noted that enflurane is an excellent general anesthetic for the resection of pheochromocytomas, and that sodium nitroprusside (rather than phentolamine) may be the agent of choice for the management of the hypertensive episodes that occur during surgical manipulation of pheochromocytomas.", "contents": "Alterations in plasma norepinephrine concentration during surgical resection of pheochromocytoma. Using a sensitive and specific radioenzymatic assay, the plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration was measured in seven patients with pheochromocytoma, one patient with bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia, one patient with a retroperitoneal paraganglioma, and two patients undergoing bilateral adrenalectomies for palliation of metastatic breast carcinoma. Surgical manipulation of the pheochromocytomas resulted in striking increases in plasma NE concentration with concomitant increases in blood pressure. There were either small changes or no changes in the patients' plasma NE and blood pressure during resection of the normal adrenal glands, the adrenal glands with medullary hyperplasia, or the retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was measured in one patient with pheochromocytomas and the patient with medullary hyperplasia. There was no change in plasma DBH in either patient, supporting the concept that exocytosis is not the primary mechanism for catecholamine secretion from pheochromocytomas. It was also noted that enflurane is an excellent general anesthetic for the resection of pheochromocytomas, and that sodium nitroprusside (rather than phentolamine) may be the agent of choice for the management of the hypertensive episodes that occur during surgical manipulation of pheochromocytomas.", "PMID": 570022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8806", "title": "Factors underlying infertility in the alcoholic.", "content": "In an effort to identify the factor(s) contributing to loss in sexual competence in alcoholics, a pilot study was made of the interrelationships of hepatic disease, plasma hormone levels and importnce in 35 male patients in an alcohol unit. Contrary to previous reports, impotence was not a direct concomitant of hepatic disease, elevated sex hormone-binding globulin capacity or hyperestrinism. The most significant aberration found was a nearly 30% lower mean free testosterone concentration which appeared to be secondary to a mean total testosterone concentration 20% below that of the subjects with normal sexual function. We conclude from this that impotence results from testicular secretion impaired by the action of alcohol or its metabolite, acetaldehyde.", "contents": "Factors underlying infertility in the alcoholic. In an effort to identify the factor(s) contributing to loss in sexual competence in alcoholics, a pilot study was made of the interrelationships of hepatic disease, plasma hormone levels and importnce in 35 male patients in an alcohol unit. Contrary to previous reports, impotence was not a direct concomitant of hepatic disease, elevated sex hormone-binding globulin capacity or hyperestrinism. The most significant aberration found was a nearly 30% lower mean free testosterone concentration which appeared to be secondary to a mean total testosterone concentration 20% below that of the subjects with normal sexual function. We conclude from this that impotence results from testicular secretion impaired by the action of alcohol or its metabolite, acetaldehyde.", "PMID": 570023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8807", "title": "Cytolysis of rat glioma cells in vitro by autonomic drugs.", "content": "The results of glioma chemotherapy obtained so far have been rather disappointing. New attempts have been made to kill glioma cells with autonomic drugs. Experiments were done with rat C-6 glioma cells in the cell culture. Among all cholinergic blockers tested, only the irreversible cholinergic blockers such as bromoacetylcholine (BrACh), iodoacetylcholine and alphabungarotoxin were effective to inhibit glioma cells (with 50% cytolytic doses of 6.7 x 10(-6)M, 3.0 x 10(-6)M and 7.4 x 10(-5)M respectively). It is interesting to note that the hydrolytic product of BrACh, bromoacetate, was as potent as BrACh to inhibit glioma cells. Most of the adrenergic blockers, both reversible and irreversible ones, showed no cytolytic activity on glioma cells with concentrations up to 1.0 x 10(-4)M except phentolamine and propranolol which showed weak cytolytic activities. It is interesting to note, on the other hand, that 6-hydroxydopamine (an adrenergic neuron degenerating agent) and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (a serotonergic neuron degenerating agent) also showed mild cytolytic effects on glioma cells with 50% cytolytic doses of 5.0 x 10(-5)M and 5.3 x 10(-5)M, respectively.", "contents": "Cytolysis of rat glioma cells in vitro by autonomic drugs. The results of glioma chemotherapy obtained so far have been rather disappointing. New attempts have been made to kill glioma cells with autonomic drugs. Experiments were done with rat C-6 glioma cells in the cell culture. Among all cholinergic blockers tested, only the irreversible cholinergic blockers such as bromoacetylcholine (BrACh), iodoacetylcholine and alphabungarotoxin were effective to inhibit glioma cells (with 50% cytolytic doses of 6.7 x 10(-6)M, 3.0 x 10(-6)M and 7.4 x 10(-5)M respectively). It is interesting to note that the hydrolytic product of BrACh, bromoacetate, was as potent as BrACh to inhibit glioma cells. Most of the adrenergic blockers, both reversible and irreversible ones, showed no cytolytic activity on glioma cells with concentrations up to 1.0 x 10(-4)M except phentolamine and propranolol which showed weak cytolytic activities. It is interesting to note, on the other hand, that 6-hydroxydopamine (an adrenergic neuron degenerating agent) and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (a serotonergic neuron degenerating agent) also showed mild cytolytic effects on glioma cells with 50% cytolytic doses of 5.0 x 10(-5)M and 5.3 x 10(-5)M, respectively.", "PMID": 570024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8808", "title": "Electroencephalographic and behavioral observations in rats during chronic ethanol ingestion and after abstinence.", "content": "Increasing aqueous solutions of ethanol were given to rats, starting immediately after weaning, instead of drinking water. A 12% v/v concentration was reached on day 81 of age and maintained from then on. Animals drinking 12% ethanol had a median blood alcohol level of 333 mg/l. No major changes in their hippocampal or neocortical EEG patterns were observed at the age of 3 1/2 or 6--7 months while they were on the drug. Upon withdrawal, the younger group showed a decline of the mean frequency of hippocampal and neocortical large, irregular amplitude EEG activity; the older group showed instead a decline of the frequency of hippocampal theta. The performance of psuedoconditioned and of conditioned shuttle responses was unaltered after 3 1/2 to 6 months of ethanol consumption or after one week of abstinence from the drug.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and behavioral observations in rats during chronic ethanol ingestion and after abstinence. Increasing aqueous solutions of ethanol were given to rats, starting immediately after weaning, instead of drinking water. A 12% v/v concentration was reached on day 81 of age and maintained from then on. Animals drinking 12% ethanol had a median blood alcohol level of 333 mg/l. No major changes in their hippocampal or neocortical EEG patterns were observed at the age of 3 1/2 or 6--7 months while they were on the drug. Upon withdrawal, the younger group showed a decline of the mean frequency of hippocampal and neocortical large, irregular amplitude EEG activity; the older group showed instead a decline of the frequency of hippocampal theta. The performance of psuedoconditioned and of conditioned shuttle responses was unaltered after 3 1/2 to 6 months of ethanol consumption or after one week of abstinence from the drug.", "PMID": 570025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8809", "title": "Deranged diurnal feeding pattern and altered brain serotonin turnover in heroin-dependent rats.", "content": "Rats rendered tolerant to and dependent on heroin by administering escalating dosages of heroin from 5 mg/kg-1 to 30 mg/kg-1 s,c, twice daily for 10 days exhibited disrupted diurnal feeding patterns. Daylight food intake was significantly increased, whereas night-time feeding was significantly decreased, as compared with the saline-control group. Growth rate evaluated on the basis of changes in daily body weights was considerably attenuated. The heroin-treated rats showed typical abstinence signs upon naloxone challenge 8 hr after the last heroin challenge. No significant changes were observed in the brain levels of tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The formation of newly synthesised 3H-serotonin from 3H-tryptophan was significantly reduced, as evidenced from the decreased specific activity of serotonin. The results obtained in this study indicate that whereas the perturbed diurnal feeding activity cannot be ascribed exclusively to altered central serotonergic mechanism, chronic heroin treatment appears to decrease the rate of serotonin via a negative feedback loop.", "contents": "Deranged diurnal feeding pattern and altered brain serotonin turnover in heroin-dependent rats. Rats rendered tolerant to and dependent on heroin by administering escalating dosages of heroin from 5 mg/kg-1 to 30 mg/kg-1 s,c, twice daily for 10 days exhibited disrupted diurnal feeding patterns. Daylight food intake was significantly increased, whereas night-time feeding was significantly decreased, as compared with the saline-control group. Growth rate evaluated on the basis of changes in daily body weights was considerably attenuated. The heroin-treated rats showed typical abstinence signs upon naloxone challenge 8 hr after the last heroin challenge. No significant changes were observed in the brain levels of tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The formation of newly synthesised 3H-serotonin from 3H-tryptophan was significantly reduced, as evidenced from the decreased specific activity of serotonin. The results obtained in this study indicate that whereas the perturbed diurnal feeding activity cannot be ascribed exclusively to altered central serotonergic mechanism, chronic heroin treatment appears to decrease the rate of serotonin via a negative feedback loop.", "PMID": 570026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8810", "title": "The measurement of change in endogenous affective disorders.", "content": "Psychopathological syndromes, as originally revealed by clinical observation, can also be detected by multivariate statistical analyses of symptom ratings. Changes in the course of psychiatric syndromes may be rated simply by improvement scales or by consecutive quantifications of symptoms and their comparison in chronological order. For the latter approach, which is less liable to bias, clinical ratings of psychopathology by staff members, self-ratings by the patients, analyses of patients' overt behavior (including video and speech records), or objective measurements of psychological and/or physiological variables can be used. Advantages and limitations of these different methods are discussed and illustrated by examples from ongoing clinical research in affective disorders. Generally, the combined use of different rating procedures is recommended. Self-ratings are economical, but they may represent aspects of psychopathology other than clinical ratings. In endogenous depression, mood scales are valid (supplementary) tools for the quantification of long-term as well as short-term changes, including diurnal variations. In severe conditions of mania, however, clinical rating has been--until now--the only valid basis for quantifying the degree of psychopathology and its changes with time. Precise evaluation of changes in psychopathology is essential in longitudinal investigations of endogenous affective disorders, since psychopathology up to now seems to have been the most sensitive and the most specific indicator of the hypothetical underlying abnormalities of cerebral functioning.", "contents": "The measurement of change in endogenous affective disorders. Psychopathological syndromes, as originally revealed by clinical observation, can also be detected by multivariate statistical analyses of symptom ratings. Changes in the course of psychiatric syndromes may be rated simply by improvement scales or by consecutive quantifications of symptoms and their comparison in chronological order. For the latter approach, which is less liable to bias, clinical ratings of psychopathology by staff members, self-ratings by the patients, analyses of patients' overt behavior (including video and speech records), or objective measurements of psychological and/or physiological variables can be used. Advantages and limitations of these different methods are discussed and illustrated by examples from ongoing clinical research in affective disorders. Generally, the combined use of different rating procedures is recommended. Self-ratings are economical, but they may represent aspects of psychopathology other than clinical ratings. In endogenous depression, mood scales are valid (supplementary) tools for the quantification of long-term as well as short-term changes, including diurnal variations. In severe conditions of mania, however, clinical rating has been--until now--the only valid basis for quantifying the degree of psychopathology and its changes with time. Precise evaluation of changes in psychopathology is essential in longitudinal investigations of endogenous affective disorders, since psychopathology up to now seems to have been the most sensitive and the most specific indicator of the hypothetical underlying abnormalities of cerebral functioning.", "PMID": 570027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8811", "title": "Heredity-environment analyses of Jencks's IQ correlations.", "content": "Three different published heredity-environment analyses of Jencks's summary correlations for IQ have yielded strikingly different results. It is shown empirically that differences in selection of data and in computational procedures and logical inconsistencies in specifying equations are not responsible for the differences in results. Rather, the differences trace to the underlying assumptions made by the various authors. The analyses suggest that the assumptions concerning genetic dominance, assortative mating, and special twin environments were especially critical, while those regarding selective placement and different modes of environmental transmission were not.", "contents": "Heredity-environment analyses of Jencks's IQ correlations. Three different published heredity-environment analyses of Jencks's summary correlations for IQ have yielded strikingly different results. It is shown empirically that differences in selection of data and in computational procedures and logical inconsistencies in specifying equations are not responsible for the differences in results. Rather, the differences trace to the underlying assumptions made by the various authors. The analyses suggest that the assumptions concerning genetic dominance, assortative mating, and special twin environments were especially critical, while those regarding selective placement and different modes of environmental transmission were not.", "PMID": 570034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8812", "title": "The diagnosis of zygosity in twins.", "content": "Uniovular and diovular twin pairs can be classified with at least 90% accuracy by careful questioning or by ratings by observers of similarity in appearance, eye color, ear conformation, and the like. This article outlines the methods required for highly accurate zygosity diagnosis using blood typing, fingerprints, and anthropometry. The logic behind the use of discrete Mendelian phenotypes is explained and tables are provided which give the odds against a dizygotic twin pair showing concordance on eight blood group systems, four serum proteins, and six red blood cell enzymes. These tables are suitable for use with American twins of European ancestry; the method of generating such tables is explained so that similar tables based on different gene frequency estimates or for additional genetic markers can be easily constructed. The logic behind the use of metric, polygenic traits in zygosity diagnosis is also presented, together with tables giving the odds against a dizygotic twin pair showing various degrees of similarity in ponderal index, in cephalic index, and in Slater's Z score, a measure of fingerprint similarity. Taken together, the 18 serological markers should misclassify dizygotic twins as monozygotic fewer than two times in 1000. With the three anthropometric variables, this average probability of misclassification drops about 1 order of magnitude.", "contents": "The diagnosis of zygosity in twins. Uniovular and diovular twin pairs can be classified with at least 90% accuracy by careful questioning or by ratings by observers of similarity in appearance, eye color, ear conformation, and the like. This article outlines the methods required for highly accurate zygosity diagnosis using blood typing, fingerprints, and anthropometry. The logic behind the use of discrete Mendelian phenotypes is explained and tables are provided which give the odds against a dizygotic twin pair showing concordance on eight blood group systems, four serum proteins, and six red blood cell enzymes. These tables are suitable for use with American twins of European ancestry; the method of generating such tables is explained so that similar tables based on different gene frequency estimates or for additional genetic markers can be easily constructed. The logic behind the use of metric, polygenic traits in zygosity diagnosis is also presented, together with tables giving the odds against a dizygotic twin pair showing various degrees of similarity in ponderal index, in cephalic index, and in Slater's Z score, a measure of fingerprint similarity. Taken together, the 18 serological markers should misclassify dizygotic twins as monozygotic fewer than two times in 1000. With the three anthropometric variables, this average probability of misclassification drops about 1 order of magnitude.", "PMID": 570035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8813", "title": "Partial covalent structure of two basic chromosomal proteins from human spermatozoa.", "content": "The partial covalent structure of the basic chromosomal proteins I and II isolated from human spermatozoa was determined by automatic Edman degradation and digestion with carboxypeptidases A and B. The partial covalent structures obtained are compared with complete and partial known sequences of the basic chromosomal proteins from other animals.", "contents": "Partial covalent structure of two basic chromosomal proteins from human spermatozoa. The partial covalent structure of the basic chromosomal proteins I and II isolated from human spermatozoa was determined by automatic Edman degradation and digestion with carboxypeptidases A and B. The partial covalent structures obtained are compared with complete and partial known sequences of the basic chromosomal proteins from other animals.", "PMID": 570041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8814", "title": "[Age of measles vaccination in Lombardy from the results of a seroepidemiological survey in Milan].", "content": "In view of the introduction of measles vaccination in Lombardy and since the age of vaccination is of paramount importance, measles h.i.a. were titrated in sera from 209 children between 0 and 6 years of age (of whom 171/0--2) and from 40 woman in the child-bearing age. As it could be expected from the high prevalence of adults with antibody (95%), 90% of umbelical cord sera have h.ia.,, Over 50% of children 15 days-3 months of age are still positive and afterwards the positivity decreases progressivley till a minimum of 8% in children 10--12 months old. Beginning with the second year of life the percentage of immune children grows slowly to reach 50% in the age group 3--6 years. The distribution of antibody titers between 6 and 12 months, time at which maternal antibody are largely waned, suggested that the infection with measles virus is a rare event in the first year of life, while a substantial number of children gets the infection between 18 and 24 months. From these results it appears that also in Lombardy measles vaccination should be given not before 13 months and not after 18 months of age.", "contents": "[Age of measles vaccination in Lombardy from the results of a seroepidemiological survey in Milan]. In view of the introduction of measles vaccination in Lombardy and since the age of vaccination is of paramount importance, measles h.i.a. were titrated in sera from 209 children between 0 and 6 years of age (of whom 171/0--2) and from 40 woman in the child-bearing age. As it could be expected from the high prevalence of adults with antibody (95%), 90% of umbelical cord sera have h.ia.,, Over 50% of children 15 days-3 months of age are still positive and afterwards the positivity decreases progressivley till a minimum of 8% in children 10--12 months old. Beginning with the second year of life the percentage of immune children grows slowly to reach 50% in the age group 3--6 years. The distribution of antibody titers between 6 and 12 months, time at which maternal antibody are largely waned, suggested that the infection with measles virus is a rare event in the first year of life, while a substantial number of children gets the infection between 18 and 24 months. From these results it appears that also in Lombardy measles vaccination should be given not before 13 months and not after 18 months of age.", "PMID": 570046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8815", "title": "Regional left ventricular wall movement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Left ventriculograms of 20 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were digitised frame by frame and analysed using a contour display. Abnormalities of regional wall movement were present in 17, and included an abnormal sequence of inward movement during systole (13), regional delay in the onset of inward movement (10), and an abnormal dispersion of peak velocities (5). Diastolic wall movement was disturbed in 13, because of abnormal peak velocities in 7 and regional asynchrony in 6. Abnormal wall movement during the two isovolumic periods was rare in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, unlike ischaemic heart disease. These disturbances may reflect underlying structural abnormalities.", "contents": "Regional left ventricular wall movement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Left ventriculograms of 20 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were digitised frame by frame and analysed using a contour display. Abnormalities of regional wall movement were present in 17, and included an abnormal sequence of inward movement during systole (13), regional delay in the onset of inward movement (10), and an abnormal dispersion of peak velocities (5). Diastolic wall movement was disturbed in 13, because of abnormal peak velocities in 7 and regional asynchrony in 6. Abnormal wall movement during the two isovolumic periods was rare in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, unlike ischaemic heart disease. These disturbances may reflect underlying structural abnormalities.", "PMID": 570052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8816", "title": "Plasma renin activity in coarctation of the aorta before and after surgical correction.", "content": "In 37 patients with coarctation of the aorta, arterial blood pressure and ambulant plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined before and, in 15 patients, after surgical correction. The systolic blood pressure was raised in all the cases and the diastolic pressure was raised in 30 patients. Ambulant PRA was increased in 11 patients when compared with normal subjects of similar age. Twelve of the 15 operated patients had a significant decrease of systolic pressure after operation. Eight had raised PRA, and in 7 of these PRA fell to normal after operation and the blood pressure also fell; in 1 patient the decrease of PRA was unaccompanied by a fall in blood pressure. Though there was no significant correlation between the changes in blood pressure and PRA after operation it seems possible from our results that the renin-angiotensin system may be activated and contribute to the raised arterial pressure which occurs in patients with aortic coarctation.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in coarctation of the aorta before and after surgical correction. In 37 patients with coarctation of the aorta, arterial blood pressure and ambulant plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined before and, in 15 patients, after surgical correction. The systolic blood pressure was raised in all the cases and the diastolic pressure was raised in 30 patients. Ambulant PRA was increased in 11 patients when compared with normal subjects of similar age. Twelve of the 15 operated patients had a significant decrease of systolic pressure after operation. Eight had raised PRA, and in 7 of these PRA fell to normal after operation and the blood pressure also fell; in 1 patient the decrease of PRA was unaccompanied by a fall in blood pressure. Though there was no significant correlation between the changes in blood pressure and PRA after operation it seems possible from our results that the renin-angiotensin system may be activated and contribute to the raised arterial pressure which occurs in patients with aortic coarctation.", "PMID": 570053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8817", "title": "Myocardial biopsy in diagnosis of endomyocardiopathy in patient with electro- and vectorcardiographic signs of myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 52-year-old woman is described with the clinical picture of congestive heart failure, electro- and vectorcardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction, combined with angiographically hypokinetic left ventricle, but with patent coronary arteries. Endomyocardial biopsy disclosed changes consistent with 'congestive cardiomyopathy'. Thus, the study shows that the Q wave pattern on the electrocardiogram provides insufficient evidence for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, and may be misleading in patients with cardiomyopathy. In such circumstances, endomyocardial biopsy from the left or right ventricle appears to be a helpful diagnostic method, and further use of this technique may permit a more precise diagnosis in patients with a history of myocardial infarction, but with normal coronary arteries.", "contents": "Myocardial biopsy in diagnosis of endomyocardiopathy in patient with electro- and vectorcardiographic signs of myocardial infarction. A 52-year-old woman is described with the clinical picture of congestive heart failure, electro- and vectorcardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction, combined with angiographically hypokinetic left ventricle, but with patent coronary arteries. Endomyocardial biopsy disclosed changes consistent with 'congestive cardiomyopathy'. Thus, the study shows that the Q wave pattern on the electrocardiogram provides insufficient evidence for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, and may be misleading in patients with cardiomyopathy. In such circumstances, endomyocardial biopsy from the left or right ventricle appears to be a helpful diagnostic method, and further use of this technique may permit a more precise diagnosis in patients with a history of myocardial infarction, but with normal coronary arteries.", "PMID": 570054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8818", "title": "Maternal haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and renal handling of urate in pregnancies ending in the births of small-for-dates infants.", "content": "In nine patients who gave birth to babies below the fifth centile in weight, serum urate concentration and fractional reabsorption of urate were significantly higher than in 25 control patients whose babies were of normal birth weight. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit were also significantly increased in the small-for-dates group. All of these changes may reflect depletion of extracellular fluid volume.", "contents": "Maternal haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and renal handling of urate in pregnancies ending in the births of small-for-dates infants. In nine patients who gave birth to babies below the fifth centile in weight, serum urate concentration and fractional reabsorption of urate were significantly higher than in 25 control patients whose babies were of normal birth weight. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit were also significantly increased in the small-for-dates group. All of these changes may reflect depletion of extracellular fluid volume.", "PMID": 570055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8819", "title": "Single treatment laser iridotomy.", "content": "A technique is described for producing an iridotomy in the treatment of closed-angle and secondary glaucoma using a single pulse from a dye laser. It was successful in 28 out of 32 eyes treated, and no significant complications were encountered.", "contents": "Single treatment laser iridotomy. A technique is described for producing an iridotomy in the treatment of closed-angle and secondary glaucoma using a single pulse from a dye laser. It was successful in 28 out of 32 eyes treated, and no significant complications were encountered.", "PMID": 570056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8820", "title": "Piloplex, a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt. A: Long-term study.", "content": "Thirty eyes of 15 patients with open-angle glaucoma were followed up for a period of up to  1 year while being treated with Piloplex eye drops containg a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt. Average morning intraocular pressure (IOP) values during treatment with pilocarpine hydrochloride administered 4 times daily was 20.5 mmHg. Average morning IOP values during Piloplex medication administered only twice daily were 19.8 to 18.2 mmHg (range of averages on 14 sessions). These findings indicate the lower average pressure during Piloplex medication and show its prolonged hypotensive effect. Both medications contained an equivalent total daily amount of pilocarpine. Throughout the 1-year study period no adverse side effects were reported, and only 1 patient complained of local sensitivity reaction. Visual disturbances characteristic of pilocarpine eye drops were reduced from 3 times a day on pilocarpine hydrochloride 4 times daily to once a day on Piloplex twice daily.", "contents": "Piloplex, a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt. A: Long-term study. Thirty eyes of 15 patients with open-angle glaucoma were followed up for a period of up to  1 year while being treated with Piloplex eye drops containg a new long-acting pilocarpine polymer salt. Average morning intraocular pressure (IOP) values during treatment with pilocarpine hydrochloride administered 4 times daily was 20.5 mmHg. Average morning IOP values during Piloplex medication administered only twice daily were 19.8 to 18.2 mmHg (range of averages on 14 sessions). These findings indicate the lower average pressure during Piloplex medication and show its prolonged hypotensive effect. Both medications contained an equivalent total daily amount of pilocarpine. Throughout the 1-year study period no adverse side effects were reported, and only 1 patient complained of local sensitivity reaction. Visual disturbances characteristic of pilocarpine eye drops were reduced from 3 times a day on pilocarpine hydrochloride 4 times daily to once a day on Piloplex twice daily.", "PMID": 570057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8821", "title": "The combination of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% in 1 eyedrop (GA) in glaucoma treatment.", "content": "During a 7-month period 33 patients (20 with primary open-angle glaucoma and 13 with suspected glaucoma) were treated with guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% in 1 eyedrop twice daily. The previous therapy was discontinued and the aim of the trial was to treat the patients with GA alone. There was an average decrease in intraocular pressure of 10.8 mmHg or 37.5% for the whole group (including 5 patients with additional therapy). In eyes with an average IOP in a day-curve without medication equal to or higher than 28 mmHg we found a decrease of 44.6% or 14.4 mmHg, and in eyes with an average IOP without medication between 21 and 28 mmHg a decrease of 30.4% or 7.6 mmHg. With GA alone the IOP was 3.3 to 3.9 mmHg lower than on the previous therapy (P less than 0.05); 46% of the eyes without additional therapy had all IOPs lower than 22 mmHg and 74% of the eyes had IOPs lower than 22 mmHg except 1 with a peak lower or equal to 25 mmHg 3 hours after application. This peak 3 hours after application indicates that GA has a biphasic action and was significant at the 0.5% level. Red eyes and slight ptosis were no problem for most patients. Patients found it very convenient to administer GA only twice daily.", "contents": "The combination of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% in 1 eyedrop (GA) in glaucoma treatment. During a 7-month period 33 patients (20 with primary open-angle glaucoma and 13 with suspected glaucoma) were treated with guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% in 1 eyedrop twice daily. The previous therapy was discontinued and the aim of the trial was to treat the patients with GA alone. There was an average decrease in intraocular pressure of 10.8 mmHg or 37.5% for the whole group (including 5 patients with additional therapy). In eyes with an average IOP in a day-curve without medication equal to or higher than 28 mmHg we found a decrease of 44.6% or 14.4 mmHg, and in eyes with an average IOP without medication between 21 and 28 mmHg a decrease of 30.4% or 7.6 mmHg. With GA alone the IOP was 3.3 to 3.9 mmHg lower than on the previous therapy (P less than 0.05); 46% of the eyes without additional therapy had all IOPs lower than 22 mmHg and 74% of the eyes had IOPs lower than 22 mmHg except 1 with a peak lower or equal to 25 mmHg 3 hours after application. This peak 3 hours after application indicates that GA has a biphasic action and was significant at the 0.5% level. Red eyes and slight ptosis were no problem for most patients. Patients found it very convenient to administer GA only twice daily.", "PMID": 570058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8822", "title": "Fluorescence anisotropy decay due to rotational brownian motion of ethidium intercalated in double strand DNA.", "content": "The transient fluorescence of solutions of ethidium bromide . DNA complexes has been measured by pulse fluorimetry at different temperatures and in solvents containing various amounts of sucrose. The molar ratio of ethidium to nucleotides was low. Under these conditions the anisotropy decay was due to the Brownian motion of ethidium molecules intercalated in the double strand DNA molecules. This anisotropy decay could be described by a sum of 3 exponential terms, with correlation times 01, 02, 03 which were linear functions of the ratio of the solvent viscosity to the absolute temperature (n/T). The amplitude of the exponential term characterized by the shortest correlation time (01) has been found to depend on temperature while the ratio of the amplitude of the two other terms (characterized by 02 and 03) was independent of temperature. These results were interpreted as follows: 01 corresponds to a fast motion of the dye in its site. 02 and 03 describe a tortional motion of the ethidium bromide. DNA complex, involving several nucleotide pairs.", "contents": "Fluorescence anisotropy decay due to rotational brownian motion of ethidium intercalated in double strand DNA. The transient fluorescence of solutions of ethidium bromide . DNA complexes has been measured by pulse fluorimetry at different temperatures and in solvents containing various amounts of sucrose. The molar ratio of ethidium to nucleotides was low. Under these conditions the anisotropy decay was due to the Brownian motion of ethidium molecules intercalated in the double strand DNA molecules. This anisotropy decay could be described by a sum of 3 exponential terms, with correlation times 01, 02, 03 which were linear functions of the ratio of the solvent viscosity to the absolute temperature (n/T). The amplitude of the exponential term characterized by the shortest correlation time (01) has been found to depend on temperature while the ratio of the amplitude of the two other terms (characterized by 02 and 03) was independent of temperature. These results were interpreted as follows: 01 corresponds to a fast motion of the dye in its site. 02 and 03 describe a tortional motion of the ethidium bromide. DNA complex, involving several nucleotide pairs.", "PMID": 570059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8823", "title": "Analysis of the effectiveness of sodium chloride in dissociating non-histone chromatin proteins of cultured hepatoma cells.", "content": "We examined the ability of NaCl (at 0.15 to 3 M) to release non-histone proteins from chromatin of cultured rat hepatoma cells. The percentage of the non-histones released increased with increasing NaCl concentrations up to 0.75 M; 1 and 3 M NaCl were not significantly more effective. A maximum of 50% of the non-histone protein was recovered free of DNA. The release of non-histones from sheared and unsheared chromatin was similar. The electrophoretic patterns of the non-histone proteins released by NaCl resembled that of the non-histones released by sodium dodecyl sulfate, which indicates that many of the detectable components were at least partially released by NaCl. Some non-histones (especially low molecular weight polypeptides) were fully released by NaCl and other proteins were relatively resistant to NaCl release. Higher recoveries of NaCl-dissociated non-histones were obtained with sucrose gradient centrifugation than with centrifugation in the absence of sucrose.", "contents": "Analysis of the effectiveness of sodium chloride in dissociating non-histone chromatin proteins of cultured hepatoma cells. We examined the ability of NaCl (at 0.15 to 3 M) to release non-histone proteins from chromatin of cultured rat hepatoma cells. The percentage of the non-histones released increased with increasing NaCl concentrations up to 0.75 M; 1 and 3 M NaCl were not significantly more effective. A maximum of 50% of the non-histone protein was recovered free of DNA. The release of non-histones from sheared and unsheared chromatin was similar. The electrophoretic patterns of the non-histone proteins released by NaCl resembled that of the non-histones released by sodium dodecyl sulfate, which indicates that many of the detectable components were at least partially released by NaCl. Some non-histones (especially low molecular weight polypeptides) were fully released by NaCl and other proteins were relatively resistant to NaCl release. Higher recoveries of NaCl-dissociated non-histones were obtained with sucrose gradient centrifugation than with centrifugation in the absence of sucrose.", "PMID": 570060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8824", "title": "Evidence for compartmentation of uridine nucleotide pools in rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "Interaction between the de novo and salvage pathways of pyrimidine metabolism was studied in a line of rat hepatoma cells by co-labelling with [14C]-uridine and [3H]orotate. A difference in the ratio of 14C/3H between CTP and UTP in acid-soluble nucleotide pool was reflected in the corresponding ratios in CMP and UMP in RNA, with uridine labelling cytidine nucleotides relatively more effectively than orotate. These results are not compatible with the concept of a single UTP pool, and a new model for pyrimidine anabolic pathways, based on compartmentation of de novo from salvage pathways, is proposed.", "contents": "Evidence for compartmentation of uridine nucleotide pools in rat hepatoma cells. Interaction between the de novo and salvage pathways of pyrimidine metabolism was studied in a line of rat hepatoma cells by co-labelling with [14C]-uridine and [3H]orotate. A difference in the ratio of 14C/3H between CTP and UTP in acid-soluble nucleotide pool was reflected in the corresponding ratios in CMP and UMP in RNA, with uridine labelling cytidine nucleotides relatively more effectively than orotate. These results are not compatible with the concept of a single UTP pool, and a new model for pyrimidine anabolic pathways, based on compartmentation of de novo from salvage pathways, is proposed.", "PMID": 570061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8825", "title": "Effect of progesterone, estrogen withdrawal and secondary estrogen treatment of mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthesis in chick oviduct membranes.", "content": "Oviduct membranes from chicks treated with diethylstilbestrol have a fully induced level of an enzyme that transfers mannose from GDP-Man to form mannosylphosphoryldolichol (Lucas, J.J. and Levin, E. (1977) J. Biol. Chem.252, 4330--4336). Withdrawal of diethylstilbestrol for 5 days causes a decrease in oviduct weight, lysozyme, and 60% of the mannosyltransferase activity. Chicks withdrawn from treatment for 10 days followed by secondary stimulation with diethylstilbestrol exhibit a more rapid increase in the mannosyltransferase activity than chicks that have not been previously treated with diethylstilbestrol. Further experiments indicate that the decrease in mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthesis after hormonal withdrawal may be the result of decreased levels of endogenous dolichyphosphate in the membrane preparations.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone, estrogen withdrawal and secondary estrogen treatment of mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthesis in chick oviduct membranes. Oviduct membranes from chicks treated with diethylstilbestrol have a fully induced level of an enzyme that transfers mannose from GDP-Man to form mannosylphosphoryldolichol (Lucas, J.J. and Levin, E. (1977) J. Biol. Chem.252, 4330--4336). Withdrawal of diethylstilbestrol for 5 days causes a decrease in oviduct weight, lysozyme, and 60% of the mannosyltransferase activity. Chicks withdrawn from treatment for 10 days followed by secondary stimulation with diethylstilbestrol exhibit a more rapid increase in the mannosyltransferase activity than chicks that have not been previously treated with diethylstilbestrol. Further experiments indicate that the decrease in mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthesis after hormonal withdrawal may be the result of decreased levels of endogenous dolichyphosphate in the membrane preparations.", "PMID": 570062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8826", "title": "Subcellular distribution of free and esterified forms of vitamin A in the pigment epithelium of the retina and in liver.", "content": "1. The distribution of vitamin A was examined in various subcellular fractions of rat liver and bovine retinal pigment epithelium. In rat liver, the major portion of the vitamin is in the cytosol, whereas in pigment epithelium, it is concentrated mainly in the microsomes. The microsomal vitamin A of pigment epithelium is tightly bound to membranes, as shown by the inability to release it except by organic solvent extraction or incubation with Triton X-100. 2. In both tissues, two different forms of cytosol vitamin A could be distinguished by ultracentrifugation. The major portion in liver is in the floating lipid phase and consists mainly of retinyl ester. The remainder (less than 10% of the total) is in the underlying infranatant; about 90% of the vitamin A in this fraction is esterified. By contrast, two-thirds of the vitamin A of pigment epithelial cell cytosol is in the infranatant; it consists of both esterified and unesterified retinol. The floating layer in the pigment epithelial cytosol consists entirely of retinyl ester. 3. These two forms of cytosol vitamin A in the pigment epithelium could also be separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 which yielded two distinct fluorescent peaks. The first, which appeared in the void volume and corresponded in all probability to the floating layer obtained by ultracentrifugation, consisted only of retinyl ester. The second peak, which was eluted in approximately the same position as myoglobin, contained only unesterified retinol. It was abolished completely by preincubation with pronase. These findings support the view that the second peak represents the endogenous retinol-retinol binding protein complex of pigment epithelial cytosol. The fluorescent enhancement of the retinol bound to protein in this peak was about 4--5-fold compared to retinol in organic solvents.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of free and esterified forms of vitamin A in the pigment epithelium of the retina and in liver. 1. The distribution of vitamin A was examined in various subcellular fractions of rat liver and bovine retinal pigment epithelium. In rat liver, the major portion of the vitamin is in the cytosol, whereas in pigment epithelium, it is concentrated mainly in the microsomes. The microsomal vitamin A of pigment epithelium is tightly bound to membranes, as shown by the inability to release it except by organic solvent extraction or incubation with Triton X-100. 2. In both tissues, two different forms of cytosol vitamin A could be distinguished by ultracentrifugation. The major portion in liver is in the floating lipid phase and consists mainly of retinyl ester. The remainder (less than 10% of the total) is in the underlying infranatant; about 90% of the vitamin A in this fraction is esterified. By contrast, two-thirds of the vitamin A of pigment epithelial cell cytosol is in the infranatant; it consists of both esterified and unesterified retinol. The floating layer in the pigment epithelial cytosol consists entirely of retinyl ester. 3. These two forms of cytosol vitamin A in the pigment epithelium could also be separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 which yielded two distinct fluorescent peaks. The first, which appeared in the void volume and corresponded in all probability to the floating layer obtained by ultracentrifugation, consisted only of retinyl ester. The second peak, which was eluted in approximately the same position as myoglobin, contained only unesterified retinol. It was abolished completely by preincubation with pronase. These findings support the view that the second peak represents the endogenous retinol-retinol binding protein complex of pigment epithelial cytosol. The fluorescent enhancement of the retinol bound to protein in this peak was about 4--5-fold compared to retinol in organic solvents.", "PMID": 570063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8827", "title": "Vitamin A receptors of the retina: differential binding in light and dark.", "content": "Vitamin A receptors of the retina appear to be differentially extractable in light and in dark suggesting that they could function as inter- or intra-cellular transport vehicles in the visual cycle.", "contents": "Vitamin A receptors of the retina: differential binding in light and dark. Vitamin A receptors of the retina appear to be differentially extractable in light and in dark suggesting that they could function as inter- or intra-cellular transport vehicles in the visual cycle.", "PMID": 570064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8828", "title": "Multivalued stimulus-response relation in isolated elasmobranch utricles.", "content": "The relation between a maintained spatial orientation and the corresponding fully adapted discharge rate was multivalued in all the afferents tonically sensitive to maintained spatial orientation observed in isolated utricles of Rhinobates productus. The spread of rate values was of the order of changes produced by natural tilts. The occurrence of multivaluedness in isolated receptors indicated that peripheral issues are sufficient. Two factors contributed: firstly, the side from which the orientation had been reached (i.e. \"hysteresis\"): higher adapted rates occurred when the preceding orientation was characterized by lower rates and when the corresponding transition caused acceleration; secondly, \"spontaneous\" rate variations, some of which resembled markedly, and interacted with, the effects of tilts. It was not possible to identify the basic mechanisms underlying these factors. The multivaluedness in the coding of maintained position, because of its constancy and magnitude, cannot be ignored. It, as well as the sensitivity to fast transients, must be taken into account in utricular models, in evaluations of information transmission, and in psychophysical explorations.", "contents": "Multivalued stimulus-response relation in isolated elasmobranch utricles. The relation between a maintained spatial orientation and the corresponding fully adapted discharge rate was multivalued in all the afferents tonically sensitive to maintained spatial orientation observed in isolated utricles of Rhinobates productus. The spread of rate values was of the order of changes produced by natural tilts. The occurrence of multivaluedness in isolated receptors indicated that peripheral issues are sufficient. Two factors contributed: firstly, the side from which the orientation had been reached (i.e. \"hysteresis\"): higher adapted rates occurred when the preceding orientation was characterized by lower rates and when the corresponding transition caused acceleration; secondly, \"spontaneous\" rate variations, some of which resembled markedly, and interacted with, the effects of tilts. It was not possible to identify the basic mechanisms underlying these factors. The multivaluedness in the coding of maintained position, because of its constancy and magnitude, cannot be ignored. It, as well as the sensitivity to fast transients, must be taken into account in utricular models, in evaluations of information transmission, and in psychophysical explorations.", "PMID": 570065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8829", "title": "[Reaction mechanism of succinyl CoA synthetase from pigeon thoracic muscle].", "content": "The ability of succinyl-CoA-synthetase from pigeon thoracic muscle to interact with ATP is investigated. gamma-32P-ATP and 8-14C-ATP were used in experiments. It is found that the enzyme, when reacting with ATP in the presence of Mg2+, forms a complex containing 2 moles of ATP residue and 2 moles of phosphoric acid residue (splitted from ATP) per 1 mole of protein. After 2 hours of incubation at 0-4 degrees C, the complex is converted into another one, containing 4 residues of phosphoric acid per 1 mole of @protein. Both complexes are active, and their incubation with succinate and CoA results in the formation of succinyl-CoA. The reaction capacity of these enzyme complexes with some reaction substrates is investigated. The enzyme complex containing 2 phosphoric acid residues and 2 nucleotide residues is found to interact neither with CoA, nor with succinate. The enzyme complex containing 4 phosphoric acid residues does not react with CoA, but it interacts with 14C-succinate, releasing inorganic phosphate in the amount equivalent to the equimolar amount of protein-binding succinic acid.", "contents": "[Reaction mechanism of succinyl CoA synthetase from pigeon thoracic muscle]. The ability of succinyl-CoA-synthetase from pigeon thoracic muscle to interact with ATP is investigated. gamma-32P-ATP and 8-14C-ATP were used in experiments. It is found that the enzyme, when reacting with ATP in the presence of Mg2+, forms a complex containing 2 moles of ATP residue and 2 moles of phosphoric acid residue (splitted from ATP) per 1 mole of protein. After 2 hours of incubation at 0-4 degrees C, the complex is converted into another one, containing 4 residues of phosphoric acid per 1 mole of @protein. Both complexes are active, and their incubation with succinate and CoA results in the formation of succinyl-CoA. The reaction capacity of these enzyme complexes with some reaction substrates is investigated. The enzyme complex containing 2 phosphoric acid residues and 2 nucleotide residues is found to interact neither with CoA, nor with succinate. The enzyme complex containing 4 phosphoric acid residues does not react with CoA, but it interacts with 14C-succinate, releasing inorganic phosphate in the amount equivalent to the equimolar amount of protein-binding succinic acid.", "PMID": 570066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8830", "title": "Replicon sizes in mammalian cells as estimated by an x-ray plus bromodeoxyuridine photolysis method.", "content": "A new method is described for estimating replicon sizes in mammalian cells. Cultures were pulse labeled with [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for up to 1 h. The lengths of the resulting labeled regions of DNA, Lobs, were estimated by a technique wherein the change in molecular weight of nascent DNA strands, induced by 313 nm light, is measured by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. If cells are exposed to 1,000 rads of X-rays immediately before pulse labeling, initiation of replicon operation is blocked, although chain elongation proceeds almost normally. Under these conditions Lobs continues to increase only until operating replicons have completed their replication. This value for Lobs then remains constant as long as the block to initiation remains and represents an estimate for the average size of replicons operating in the cells before X-irradiation. For human diploid fibroblasts and human HeLa cells this estimated average size is approximately 17 micron, whereas for Chinese hamster ovary cells, the average replicon size is about 42 micron.", "contents": "Replicon sizes in mammalian cells as estimated by an x-ray plus bromodeoxyuridine photolysis method. A new method is described for estimating replicon sizes in mammalian cells. Cultures were pulse labeled with [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for up to 1 h. The lengths of the resulting labeled regions of DNA, Lobs, were estimated by a technique wherein the change in molecular weight of nascent DNA strands, induced by 313 nm light, is measured by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. If cells are exposed to 1,000 rads of X-rays immediately before pulse labeling, initiation of replicon operation is blocked, although chain elongation proceeds almost normally. Under these conditions Lobs continues to increase only until operating replicons have completed their replication. This value for Lobs then remains constant as long as the block to initiation remains and represents an estimate for the average size of replicons operating in the cells before X-irradiation. For human diploid fibroblasts and human HeLa cells this estimated average size is approximately 17 micron, whereas for Chinese hamster ovary cells, the average replicon size is about 42 micron.", "PMID": 570067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8831", "title": "Presence of a platelet aggregating factor in the plasma of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and its inhibition by normal plasma.", "content": "Three patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by infusion of normal plasma with dramatic responses. The plasmas collected from these patients during relapse induced in vitro aggregation of washed platelets from both normal donors and the patients during remission. The platelet aggregating factor was not dialyzable or adsorbable by Al(OH)3 and was not inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate, hirudin, or heparin in the presence of normal amounts of antithrombin. In contrast to the platelet aggregation induced by platelet isoantibody, the platelet aggregating activity of TTP plasma diminished as a function of time when it was incubated with normal plasma at 37 degrees C. These observations suggest that at least some instances of TTP appear to be due to deficiency of a plasma inhibitor to counteract a platelet aggregating factor demonstrated to be present in the plasma of these patients.", "contents": "Presence of a platelet aggregating factor in the plasma of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and its inhibition by normal plasma. Three patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by infusion of normal plasma with dramatic responses. The plasmas collected from these patients during relapse induced in vitro aggregation of washed platelets from both normal donors and the patients during remission. The platelet aggregating factor was not dialyzable or adsorbable by Al(OH)3 and was not inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate, hirudin, or heparin in the presence of normal amounts of antithrombin. In contrast to the platelet aggregation induced by platelet isoantibody, the platelet aggregating activity of TTP plasma diminished as a function of time when it was incubated with normal plasma at 37 degrees C. These observations suggest that at least some instances of TTP appear to be due to deficiency of a plasma inhibitor to counteract a platelet aggregating factor demonstrated to be present in the plasma of these patients.", "PMID": 570069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8832", "title": "Vascular smooth muscle activity of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid.", "content": "The effects of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid (7-OPA), alone and as an antagonist of PGE2 and PGF2alpha, were investigaed in isolated rabbit aortic and canine renal arterial (diameter approximentaly 0.5 mm) strips. 7-OPA caused contractions in both preparations; threshold concentrations were 3- to 10-fold higher than the PGs and maximum contraction was 50-60%. In concentrations of 10(-5) M, 7-OPA inhibited contractions by PGF2alpha and PGE2. The same concentration of 7-OPA did not inhibit norepinephrine-induced contractions. These data indicate that 7-OPA is a partial agonist of PG receptors and produces its antagonism of PGE2 and PGF2alpha by that mechanism.", "contents": "Vascular smooth muscle activity of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid. The effects of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid (7-OPA), alone and as an antagonist of PGE2 and PGF2alpha, were investigaed in isolated rabbit aortic and canine renal arterial (diameter approximentaly 0.5 mm) strips. 7-OPA caused contractions in both preparations; threshold concentrations were 3- to 10-fold higher than the PGs and maximum contraction was 50-60%. In concentrations of 10(-5) M, 7-OPA inhibited contractions by PGF2alpha and PGE2. The same concentration of 7-OPA did not inhibit norepinephrine-induced contractions. These data indicate that 7-OPA is a partial agonist of PG receptors and produces its antagonism of PGE2 and PGF2alpha by that mechanism.", "PMID": 570070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8833", "title": "[Therapy of a refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by vinblastine-loaded thrombocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "A 15-year-old patient with ITP which was refractory to corticosteroids, splenectomy, and immunosuppressive therapy with vincristine was twice treated with platelets loaded with vinblastine. Five days after the application of the platelets vinblastine complex the platelets began to rise up to 600 X 10(9)/l. The remission has lasted until now for more than 15 weeks. The therapy showed no major side effects except for a transient granulocytopenia.", "contents": "[Therapy of a refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by vinblastine-loaded thrombocytes (author's transl)]. A 15-year-old patient with ITP which was refractory to corticosteroids, splenectomy, and immunosuppressive therapy with vincristine was twice treated with platelets loaded with vinblastine. Five days after the application of the platelets vinblastine complex the platelets began to rise up to 600 X 10(9)/l. The remission has lasted until now for more than 15 weeks. The therapy showed no major side effects except for a transient granulocytopenia.", "PMID": 570071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8834", "title": "The synthesis rate and turnover time of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine in brains of rats treated chronically with morphine.", "content": "1. Four schedules of subcutaneous pellet implantation were used to induce tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. The schedules included implantation of four morphine pellets (each containing 75 mg of morphine free base) during a 3 day period (schedule 1); six pellets during 3 days (schedule 2); six pellets during 7 days (schedule 3) and ten pellets during a 10 day period (schedule 4). 3. A high degree of tolerance and dependence on morphine, comparable to that induced in mouse by implantation of a single morphine pellet for 3 days, was produced with schedule 4. 4. Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover rates as measured by rate of accumulation of 5-HT after monoamine oxidase inhibition by pargyline were not different in rats rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine according to schedules 1 to 4 when compared with corresponding placebo pellet-implanted rats. 5. The turnover rates of 5-HT in brain of morphine-and placebo pellet-implanted rats (schedule 4) from which the pellets had been removed for 24 h were also similar. 6. It is concluded that tolerance to, and physical dependence upon morphine in the rat is not associated with changes in brain 5-HT dynamics.", "contents": "The synthesis rate and turnover time of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine in brains of rats treated chronically with morphine. 1. Four schedules of subcutaneous pellet implantation were used to induce tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. The schedules included implantation of four morphine pellets (each containing 75 mg of morphine free base) during a 3 day period (schedule 1); six pellets during 3 days (schedule 2); six pellets during 7 days (schedule 3) and ten pellets during a 10 day period (schedule 4). 3. A high degree of tolerance and dependence on morphine, comparable to that induced in mouse by implantation of a single morphine pellet for 3 days, was produced with schedule 4. 4. Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover rates as measured by rate of accumulation of 5-HT after monoamine oxidase inhibition by pargyline were not different in rats rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine according to schedules 1 to 4 when compared with corresponding placebo pellet-implanted rats. 5. The turnover rates of 5-HT in brain of morphine-and placebo pellet-implanted rats (schedule 4) from which the pellets had been removed for 24 h were also similar. 6. It is concluded that tolerance to, and physical dependence upon morphine in the rat is not associated with changes in brain 5-HT dynamics.", "PMID": 570072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8835", "title": "Disturbances in body image estimation as related to other characteristics and outcome in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Body image distortion in 79 female anorexia nervosa patients were examined on a visual-size estimation apparatus during the emaciated stage of illness. Both they and an age-matched female control group overestimated their body widths, so this overestimation cannot be considered unique to anorexia nervosa. Among anorexia patients the degree of overestimation was associated with less weight gain during treatment, greater denial of illness, and several other pretreatment characteristics indicative of poor outcome.", "contents": "Disturbances in body image estimation as related to other characteristics and outcome in anorexia nervosa. Body image distortion in 79 female anorexia nervosa patients were examined on a visual-size estimation apparatus during the emaciated stage of illness. Both they and an age-matched female control group overestimated their body widths, so this overestimation cannot be considered unique to anorexia nervosa. Among anorexia patients the degree of overestimation was associated with less weight gain during treatment, greater denial of illness, and several other pretreatment characteristics indicative of poor outcome.", "PMID": 570073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8836", "title": "Very pure porcine insulin in clinical practice.", "content": "In a one-year follow-up study the insulin dose in diabetic patients using very pure porcine insulin was compared with that in patients using conventional preparations. The dose of insulin used to obtain diabetic control was reduced by 7% in 108 patients treated solely with very pure porcine insulin from the start of insulin treatment when compared with 108 matched patients who had received conventional insulins. In 117 patients whose treatment had been changed from conventional bovine or bovine-porcine insulin to very pure porcine insulin the dose was reduced by 9%. A further 511 patients receiving conventional insulins were examined for local cutaneous or subcutaneous abnormalities at insulin injection sites. Lipoatrophy was found in 49 of these patients (10%), but not in patients using very pure porcine insulin. The results confirm that very pure porcine insulin reduces the insulin dose needed to maintain diabetic control and may resolve or prevent local reactions such as lipoatrophy. Long-term advantages in reduced antigenicity to insulin and contaminating peptides remain to be established.", "contents": "Very pure porcine insulin in clinical practice. In a one-year follow-up study the insulin dose in diabetic patients using very pure porcine insulin was compared with that in patients using conventional preparations. The dose of insulin used to obtain diabetic control was reduced by 7% in 108 patients treated solely with very pure porcine insulin from the start of insulin treatment when compared with 108 matched patients who had received conventional insulins. In 117 patients whose treatment had been changed from conventional bovine or bovine-porcine insulin to very pure porcine insulin the dose was reduced by 9%. A further 511 patients receiving conventional insulins were examined for local cutaneous or subcutaneous abnormalities at insulin injection sites. Lipoatrophy was found in 49 of these patients (10%), but not in patients using very pure porcine insulin. The results confirm that very pure porcine insulin reduces the insulin dose needed to maintain diabetic control and may resolve or prevent local reactions such as lipoatrophy. Long-term advantages in reduced antigenicity to insulin and contaminating peptides remain to be established.", "PMID": 570074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8837", "title": "Agonistic behavior elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain in western collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris.", "content": "Western collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris, were tested in three experiments using electrical stimulation of the brain. In experiment 1, agonistic behavior (defensive, aggressive and escape) responses were elicited in free-moving unanesthetized lizards. In experiment 2, areas were localized from which gular extension, a common component of defensive and aggressive behavior, could be evoked in anesthetized animals. Experiment 3 was carried out to demonstrate that defensive and aggressive behavior could be elicited from the same stimulation sites both in anesthetized and unanesthetized lizards. Initially, gular extension was evoked while the animal was anesthetized and later the animal was tested while freely moving and unanesthetized. Based on a combined plot of the sites from which defensive and aggressive behavior was evoked in experiments 1--3, the higher threshold sites (51--750 muA) were in the dorsal ventricular ridge anterior, amygdaloid complex, septal and preoptic areas, hypothalamus, thalamus and adjacent to the nucleus profundus mesencephali (NPM) and reticular formation. Lower threshold sites (up to 50 muA) are found in the NPM and the reticular formation. Escape behavior can be evoked from stimulation sites within or adjacent to areas from which defensive and aggressive behavior can be elicited.", "contents": "Agonistic behavior elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain in western collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris. Western collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris, were tested in three experiments using electrical stimulation of the brain. In experiment 1, agonistic behavior (defensive, aggressive and escape) responses were elicited in free-moving unanesthetized lizards. In experiment 2, areas were localized from which gular extension, a common component of defensive and aggressive behavior, could be evoked in anesthetized animals. Experiment 3 was carried out to demonstrate that defensive and aggressive behavior could be elicited from the same stimulation sites both in anesthetized and unanesthetized lizards. Initially, gular extension was evoked while the animal was anesthetized and later the animal was tested while freely moving and unanesthetized. Based on a combined plot of the sites from which defensive and aggressive behavior was evoked in experiments 1--3, the higher threshold sites (51--750 muA) were in the dorsal ventricular ridge anterior, amygdaloid complex, septal and preoptic areas, hypothalamus, thalamus and adjacent to the nucleus profundus mesencephali (NPM) and reticular formation. Lower threshold sites (up to 50 muA) are found in the NPM and the reticular formation. Escape behavior can be evoked from stimulation sites within or adjacent to areas from which defensive and aggressive behavior can be elicited.", "PMID": 570079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8838", "title": "Lateralized hunger: ipsilateral attenuation of cortical spreading depression-induced feeding after unilateral 6-OHDA injection into the substantia nigra.", "content": "Unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra in the rat significantly attenuated cortical spreading depression (CSD)-induced eating from the hemisphere ipsilateral but not contralateral to the lesion. The lateralized decrease in elicited feeding was correlated with postlesion body weight loss, striatal catecholamine depletion (dopamine, 94%; norepinephrine, 52%) and amphetamine-induced ipsilateral turning, and can be characterized as an inability of the lesioned nigrostriatal system to maintain the CSD-elicited response rather than a failure to induce it. The interhemispheric control procedure allows us to exclude various general sensory and motor deficits to account for the decrement of feeding, and to attribute the feeding deficit to a reduced nigrostriatal transmission. It is suggested that CSD-induced feeding is due to an activation of integrative sensorimotor systems (especially the nigrostriatal dopamine system), rather than to homeostatic imbalances.", "contents": "Lateralized hunger: ipsilateral attenuation of cortical spreading depression-induced feeding after unilateral 6-OHDA injection into the substantia nigra. Unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra in the rat significantly attenuated cortical spreading depression (CSD)-induced eating from the hemisphere ipsilateral but not contralateral to the lesion. The lateralized decrease in elicited feeding was correlated with postlesion body weight loss, striatal catecholamine depletion (dopamine, 94%; norepinephrine, 52%) and amphetamine-induced ipsilateral turning, and can be characterized as an inability of the lesioned nigrostriatal system to maintain the CSD-elicited response rather than a failure to induce it. The interhemispheric control procedure allows us to exclude various general sensory and motor deficits to account for the decrement of feeding, and to attribute the feeding deficit to a reduced nigrostriatal transmission. It is suggested that CSD-induced feeding is due to an activation of integrative sensorimotor systems (especially the nigrostriatal dopamine system), rather than to homeostatic imbalances.", "PMID": 570080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8839", "title": "The role of the dorsal and median raphe in the inhibition of muricide.", "content": "Previous work has implicated the putative neurotransmitter serotonin in the inhibition of muricide. This study examined the possibility that the nuclei of the mesencephalic raphe function differentially in the control of this behavior. The results indicate that radiofrequency lesions confined to the dorsal raphe are sufficient to produce muricide in naturally non-killing rats. Lesions of the median raphe do not produce attack. Evidence is presented that suggests that the region of the tegmentum juxtaposed to the dorsal raphe and central gray contains neural mechanisms necessary for the final behavioral components of the attack sequence.", "contents": "The role of the dorsal and median raphe in the inhibition of muricide. Previous work has implicated the putative neurotransmitter serotonin in the inhibition of muricide. This study examined the possibility that the nuclei of the mesencephalic raphe function differentially in the control of this behavior. The results indicate that radiofrequency lesions confined to the dorsal raphe are sufficient to produce muricide in naturally non-killing rats. Lesions of the median raphe do not produce attack. Evidence is presented that suggests that the region of the tegmentum juxtaposed to the dorsal raphe and central gray contains neural mechanisms necessary for the final behavioral components of the attack sequence.", "PMID": 570081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8840", "title": "Inorganic salt denaturants stabilize ribonuclease against denaturation by urea.", "content": "The isothermal denaturation of ribonuclease A by mixed denaturant systems was investigated at 25 degrees C. It was observed that low concentrations of lithium chloride stabilize the protein against denaturation by urea, even though the salt itself is a denaturant. This study also provides, for the first time, the most convincing evidence that the lithium chloride denatured ribonuclease A contains some of the native secondary and tertiary structure.", "contents": "Inorganic salt denaturants stabilize ribonuclease against denaturation by urea. The isothermal denaturation of ribonuclease A by mixed denaturant systems was investigated at 25 degrees C. It was observed that low concentrations of lithium chloride stabilize the protein against denaturation by urea, even though the salt itself is a denaturant. This study also provides, for the first time, the most convincing evidence that the lithium chloride denatured ribonuclease A contains some of the native secondary and tertiary structure.", "PMID": 570084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8841", "title": "Parallelism between ethanol and imidazole interactions with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "The rate effects of imidazole on the EE isoenzyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been analysed in terms of the elucidated kinetic mechanism of the enzyme. These imidazole effects on both directions of the reaction within nonexcess as well as excess ranges of substrate concentrations pointed to the competition between imidazole and ethanol for binding to the same three enzyme species in the kinetic mechanism, namely the free enzyme, the enzyme-NAD+ complex, and the enzyme-NADH complex. Moreover, both imidazole and ethanol brought about an enhancement in the rate of dissociation of NAD+ from its binding site on the enzyme.", "contents": "Parallelism between ethanol and imidazole interactions with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The rate effects of imidazole on the EE isoenzyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been analysed in terms of the elucidated kinetic mechanism of the enzyme. These imidazole effects on both directions of the reaction within nonexcess as well as excess ranges of substrate concentrations pointed to the competition between imidazole and ethanol for binding to the same three enzyme species in the kinetic mechanism, namely the free enzyme, the enzyme-NAD+ complex, and the enzyme-NADH complex. Moreover, both imidazole and ethanol brought about an enhancement in the rate of dissociation of NAD+ from its binding site on the enzyme.", "PMID": 570085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8842", "title": "Lassa fever, Marburg and Ebola virus diseases and other exotic diseases: is there a risk to Canada?", "content": "There are seven exotic diseases of concern; three of these, the most unpredictable and least understood, are Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease and Ebola virus disease. In this article the epidemiologic aspects of these diseases are discussed, with particular emphasis on exportation from their indigenous areas in Africa and on the occurrence of secondary cases. Any of these conditions could be brought into Canada either by aeromedical evacuation or inadvertently. Between 1972 and 1978 there were seven occasions when Canada could have been involved with handling cases of Lassa fever. The Government of Canada has purchased several containment bed and transit isolators. These units, with filtered air under negative pressure, accommodate infectious patients being transported and cared for without contaminating medical attendants or the environment.", "contents": "Lassa fever, Marburg and Ebola virus diseases and other exotic diseases: is there a risk to Canada? There are seven exotic diseases of concern; three of these, the most unpredictable and least understood, are Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease and Ebola virus disease. In this article the epidemiologic aspects of these diseases are discussed, with particular emphasis on exportation from their indigenous areas in Africa and on the occurrence of secondary cases. Any of these conditions could be brought into Canada either by aeromedical evacuation or inadvertently. Between 1972 and 1978 there were seven occasions when Canada could have been involved with handling cases of Lassa fever. The Government of Canada has purchased several containment bed and transit isolators. These units, with filtered air under negative pressure, accommodate infectious patients being transported and cared for without contaminating medical attendants or the environment.", "PMID": 570088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8843", "title": "Enhancement of viral transformation for evaluation of the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of inorganic metal salts.", "content": "Thirty-eight metal salts were tested for their capacity to enhance transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by a simian adenovirus, SA7. All of the metal salts with known carcinogenic potential in animals or mutagenic activity in microbial or mammalian cells increased the SA7 transformation frequency. Metals were classified into three groups according to the concentration necessary to produce significant enhancement. Those showing highest activity (positive at less than 0.05 mM) were the salts of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and platinum. The second group (positive from 0.05 to 0.6 mM) included beryllium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, thallium, and zinc. Iron salts were placed in a third group (only positive at concentrations greater than 0.9 mM). With the exception of ZnCl2 and ZnSO4, enhancement was demonstrated by both a relative increase in the viral transformation frequency and an absolute increase in the number of transformed foci among treated cells. The latter observation and the demonstration of enhancement in the absence of overt cell killing negate the possibility that enhancement resulted from the selection of transformation-sensitive cells.", "contents": "Enhancement of viral transformation for evaluation of the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of inorganic metal salts. Thirty-eight metal salts were tested for their capacity to enhance transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by a simian adenovirus, SA7. All of the metal salts with known carcinogenic potential in animals or mutagenic activity in microbial or mammalian cells increased the SA7 transformation frequency. Metals were classified into three groups according to the concentration necessary to produce significant enhancement. Those showing highest activity (positive at less than 0.05 mM) were the salts of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and platinum. The second group (positive from 0.05 to 0.6 mM) included beryllium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, thallium, and zinc. Iron salts were placed in a third group (only positive at concentrations greater than 0.9 mM). With the exception of ZnCl2 and ZnSO4, enhancement was demonstrated by both a relative increase in the viral transformation frequency and an absolute increase in the number of transformed foci among treated cells. The latter observation and the demonstration of enhancement in the absence of overt cell killing negate the possibility that enhancement resulted from the selection of transformation-sensitive cells.", "PMID": 570089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8844", "title": "DNA-protein and DNA interstrand cross-linking by cis- and trans-platinum(II) diamminedichloride in L1210 mouse leukemia cells and relation to cytotoxicity.", "content": "The effects of cis- and trans-platinum(II) diamminedichloride on L1210 cells were investigated using the technique of DNA alkaline elution. Both agents produced reductions in alkaline elution rates which were partially or, in some cases, almost completely reversed by incubation of the cell lysates with proteinase K. The proteinase-sensitive component of this effect is taken to reflect DNA-protein cross-linking, while the proteinase-resistant component of this effect may include interstrand cross-links. The cytotoxicity of the two agents did not correlate with the extent of DNA-protein cross-linking but did appear to correlate with the extent of proteinase-resistant cross-linking; therefore, there may be a relationship between cytotoxicity and interstrand cross-linking.", "contents": "DNA-protein and DNA interstrand cross-linking by cis- and trans-platinum(II) diamminedichloride in L1210 mouse leukemia cells and relation to cytotoxicity. The effects of cis- and trans-platinum(II) diamminedichloride on L1210 cells were investigated using the technique of DNA alkaline elution. Both agents produced reductions in alkaline elution rates which were partially or, in some cases, almost completely reversed by incubation of the cell lysates with proteinase K. The proteinase-sensitive component of this effect is taken to reflect DNA-protein cross-linking, while the proteinase-resistant component of this effect may include interstrand cross-links. The cytotoxicity of the two agents did not correlate with the extent of DNA-protein cross-linking but did appear to correlate with the extent of proteinase-resistant cross-linking; therefore, there may be a relationship between cytotoxicity and interstrand cross-linking.", "PMID": 570092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8845", "title": "The internal structure of axons from rat sciatic nerve.", "content": "Sciatic nerves from rats were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4% tannic acid in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, which allowed demonstration of a filamentous network between the usual intra-axonal organelles. The network appears to consist of longitudinal 10 nm in diameter filaments and cross-linking filaments of about 6 nm diameter. Exposure to cold caused disruption of microtubules, but not the filaments, and incubation at 37 degrees C following cold exposure resulted in reformation of the microtubules which again showed linking with the filaments. Exposure of the nerves to cold in the presence of D2O did not cause disruption of the microtubules but there did appear to be some loss of the fine filaments. These findings suggest that the finer cross-linking filaments are of a different nature than the longitudinal 10 nm filaments, and that there is a dynamic relationship between these filaments and microtubules since the cross-linkages reappear following microtubule disruption and reformation.", "contents": "The internal structure of axons from rat sciatic nerve. Sciatic nerves from rats were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4% tannic acid in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, which allowed demonstration of a filamentous network between the usual intra-axonal organelles. The network appears to consist of longitudinal 10 nm in diameter filaments and cross-linking filaments of about 6 nm diameter. Exposure to cold caused disruption of microtubules, but not the filaments, and incubation at 37 degrees C following cold exposure resulted in reformation of the microtubules which again showed linking with the filaments. Exposure of the nerves to cold in the presence of D2O did not cause disruption of the microtubules but there did appear to be some loss of the fine filaments. These findings suggest that the finer cross-linking filaments are of a different nature than the longitudinal 10 nm filaments, and that there is a dynamic relationship between these filaments and microtubules since the cross-linkages reappear following microtubule disruption and reformation.", "PMID": 570094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8846", "title": "Undifferentiated and differentiated L6 myoblast plasma membranes. I: Comparison of the morphology of plasma membrane vesiculation and the factors influencing the vesiculation process.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of a variety of cell lines can be induced to shed plasma membrane vesicles by exposure to 25 mM formaldehyde--2 mM dithiothreitol. An analysis of the process of membrane shedding can provide a method to probe the general characteristics of the plasma membrane in different cell populations. We have, therefore, analyzed membrane shedding in L6 myoblasts at different stages of differentiation. The results show that the morphology of membrane shedding is comparable in undifferentiated or differentiated L6 myoblasts, as are the factors that influence the process of membrane shedding. L6 myoblasts at various stages of differentiation have similar requirements for metabolic energy, physiological temperature, pH, and monovalent and divalent cations.", "contents": "Undifferentiated and differentiated L6 myoblast plasma membranes. I: Comparison of the morphology of plasma membrane vesiculation and the factors influencing the vesiculation process. Monolayer cultures of a variety of cell lines can be induced to shed plasma membrane vesicles by exposure to 25 mM formaldehyde--2 mM dithiothreitol. An analysis of the process of membrane shedding can provide a method to probe the general characteristics of the plasma membrane in different cell populations. We have, therefore, analyzed membrane shedding in L6 myoblasts at different stages of differentiation. The results show that the morphology of membrane shedding is comparable in undifferentiated or differentiated L6 myoblasts, as are the factors that influence the process of membrane shedding. L6 myoblasts at various stages of differentiation have similar requirements for metabolic energy, physiological temperature, pH, and monovalent and divalent cations.", "PMID": 570095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8847", "title": "Cerebellar hemangioblastoma: computed tomographic, angiographic and clinical correlation in seven cases.", "content": "Seven patients with histologically confirmed cerebellar hemangioblastomas are reviewed in order to establish computed tomographic (CT), angiographic and clinical characteristics and correlations. Noncontrast CT scans demonstrated most cystic lesions but did not always depict nodules on the cyst wall and small solid tumors. Contrast-enhanced CT scans demonstrated the solid and cystic types of tumors but in some cases angiography better delineated them and the presence of nodules. The CT appearance reflected the pathologic characteristics, which included vascular channels, cyst formation and nodules. Solid tumors enhanced homogeneously and could not be definitively distinguished from other cerebellar neoplasms by CT alone. One atypical undifferentiated tumor appeared as a solid mass with a necrotic center. The CT appearance of associated retinal angiomatosis is also described. Hydrocephalus, gait or appendicular ataxia was the initial clinical presentation in these patients.", "contents": "Cerebellar hemangioblastoma: computed tomographic, angiographic and clinical correlation in seven cases. Seven patients with histologically confirmed cerebellar hemangioblastomas are reviewed in order to establish computed tomographic (CT), angiographic and clinical characteristics and correlations. Noncontrast CT scans demonstrated most cystic lesions but did not always depict nodules on the cyst wall and small solid tumors. Contrast-enhanced CT scans demonstrated the solid and cystic types of tumors but in some cases angiography better delineated them and the presence of nodules. The CT appearance reflected the pathologic characteristics, which included vascular channels, cyst formation and nodules. Solid tumors enhanced homogeneously and could not be definitively distinguished from other cerebellar neoplasms by CT alone. One atypical undifferentiated tumor appeared as a solid mass with a necrotic center. The CT appearance of associated retinal angiomatosis is also described. Hydrocephalus, gait or appendicular ataxia was the initial clinical presentation in these patients.", "PMID": 570102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8848", "title": "[Livaditis procedure used for repair of esophageal atresia type I (author's transl)].", "content": "The livaditis procedure and the prognosis of post-operative leakage being now improved, it is tempting to perform an early repair of esophageal atresia type I. The authors report the successful treatment of esophageal atresia performed at the age of 7 weeks, despite a gap of 5 vertebrae between both segments and an anastomotic leak.", "contents": "[Livaditis procedure used for repair of esophageal atresia type I (author's transl)]. The livaditis procedure and the prognosis of post-operative leakage being now improved, it is tempting to perform an early repair of esophageal atresia type I. The authors report the successful treatment of esophageal atresia performed at the age of 7 weeks, despite a gap of 5 vertebrae between both segments and an anastomotic leak.", "PMID": 570098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8849", "title": "Evaluation of a competitive binding assay for cortisol using horse transcortin.", "content": "A non-chromatographic competitive binding assay (CBA) using horse transcortin has been employed in the routine measurement of cortisol in plasma, urine and amniotic fluids. Comparing the values with those of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) or a fluorimetric method (FM) an excellent correlation between the three methods both in plasma and urine has been calculated in normal subjects and in patients with various endocrine disorders. In amniotic fluids, however, there were discrepancies between CBA and RIA. Whereas CBA showed no differences, RIA gave significantly higher values in amniotic fluids of female than of male fetuses. Elevated free plasma cortisol levels observed in patients with prostatic cancer after diethyl stilboestrol diphosphate therapy did not correlate with unconjugated urinary cortisol concentration as measured with CBA and FM. In newborns, a relatively high plasma level found 12 hours after birth was followed by a nadir on the 2nd and 3rd day of life and by an increase until levels of adults on the 5th day of life were reached.", "contents": "Evaluation of a competitive binding assay for cortisol using horse transcortin. A non-chromatographic competitive binding assay (CBA) using horse transcortin has been employed in the routine measurement of cortisol in plasma, urine and amniotic fluids. Comparing the values with those of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) or a fluorimetric method (FM) an excellent correlation between the three methods both in plasma and urine has been calculated in normal subjects and in patients with various endocrine disorders. In amniotic fluids, however, there were discrepancies between CBA and RIA. Whereas CBA showed no differences, RIA gave significantly higher values in amniotic fluids of female than of male fetuses. Elevated free plasma cortisol levels observed in patients with prostatic cancer after diethyl stilboestrol diphosphate therapy did not correlate with unconjugated urinary cortisol concentration as measured with CBA and FM. In newborns, a relatively high plasma level found 12 hours after birth was followed by a nadir on the 2nd and 3rd day of life and by an increase until levels of adults on the 5th day of life were reached.", "PMID": 570104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8850", "title": "Future trends which will influence waste disposal.", "content": "The disposal and management of solid wastes are ancient problems. The evolution of practices naturally changed as populations grew and sites for disposal became less acceptable. The central search was for easy disposal at minimum costs. The methods changed from indiscriminate dumping to sanitary landfill, feeding to swine, reduction, incineration, and various forms of re-use and recycling. Virtually all procedures have disabilities and rising costs. Many methods once abandoned are being rediscovered. Promises for so-called innovations outstrip accomplishments. Markets for salvage vary widely or disappear completely. The search for conserving materials and energy at minimum cost must go on forever.", "contents": "Future trends which will influence waste disposal. The disposal and management of solid wastes are ancient problems. The evolution of practices naturally changed as populations grew and sites for disposal became less acceptable. The central search was for easy disposal at minimum costs. The methods changed from indiscriminate dumping to sanitary landfill, feeding to swine, reduction, incineration, and various forms of re-use and recycling. Virtually all procedures have disabilities and rising costs. Many methods once abandoned are being rediscovered. Promises for so-called innovations outstrip accomplishments. Markets for salvage vary widely or disappear completely. The search for conserving materials and energy at minimum cost must go on forever.", "PMID": 570105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8851", "title": "A test of the sympathic nervous system of the urethra.", "content": "The administration of 5 mg phentolamine by a new technique decreases the urethral closure pressure by 38%. The latter could be used as a test for the sympatic nervous system in the urethra.", "contents": "A test of the sympathic nervous system of the urethra. The administration of 5 mg phentolamine by a new technique decreases the urethral closure pressure by 38%. The latter could be used as a test for the sympatic nervous system in the urethra.", "PMID": 570107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8852", "title": "Incorporation of 6-thioguanosine and 4-thiouridine into RNA. Application to isolation of newly synthesised RNA by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Isolation of newly synthesised RNA can be achieved by treatment of cells in culture with 6-thioguanosine or 4-thiouridine followed by separation of thiol-containing RNA by affinity chromatography on mercurated cellulose columns. After short periods of treatment with 6-thioguanosine the proportion of RNA retained on mercurated cellulose is the same for both poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-free RNA, indicating similar incorporation of the drug into mRNA and rRNA. However, after longer periods of exposure, the cytotoxic effect of 6-thioguanosine results in diminished incorporation of radioactive uridine into RNA and of radioactive leucine into protein; this suggests that synthesis of both RNA and protein are impaired. On the other hand, even after long exposure to high concentrations of 4-thiouridine, the syntheses of RNA and protein are not significantly affected. Proteins synthesised after treatment of cells with 6-thioguanosine are less stable than proteins synthesised after treatment of cells with 4-thiouridine.", "contents": "Incorporation of 6-thioguanosine and 4-thiouridine into RNA. Application to isolation of newly synthesised RNA by affinity chromatography. Isolation of newly synthesised RNA can be achieved by treatment of cells in culture with 6-thioguanosine or 4-thiouridine followed by separation of thiol-containing RNA by affinity chromatography on mercurated cellulose columns. After short periods of treatment with 6-thioguanosine the proportion of RNA retained on mercurated cellulose is the same for both poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-free RNA, indicating similar incorporation of the drug into mRNA and rRNA. However, after longer periods of exposure, the cytotoxic effect of 6-thioguanosine results in diminished incorporation of radioactive uridine into RNA and of radioactive leucine into protein; this suggests that synthesis of both RNA and protein are impaired. On the other hand, even after long exposure to high concentrations of 4-thiouridine, the syntheses of RNA and protein are not significantly affected. Proteins synthesised after treatment of cells with 6-thioguanosine are less stable than proteins synthesised after treatment of cells with 4-thiouridine.", "PMID": 570106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8853", "title": "Synthesis and antitumour activity of new daunorubicin and adriamycin analogues.", "content": "A new synthetic procedure for the preparation of daunorubicin and adriamycin analogues bearing different substituents on ring D, has been developed. The new compounds display outstanding efficacy against experimental tumours of mice.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumour activity of new daunorubicin and adriamycin analogues. A new synthetic procedure for the preparation of daunorubicin and adriamycin analogues bearing different substituents on ring D, has been developed. The new compounds display outstanding efficacy against experimental tumours of mice.", "PMID": 570116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8854", "title": "Stable and transmissible dicentric chromosome with terminal centromeres in ascites cell of mouse sarcoma 180.", "content": "The occurrence of a stable and transmissible dicentric chromosome with 2 terminal centromers has been reported in the ascites form of mouse sarcoma 180 cells which is chromosomally hypotetraploid. The number of such dicentrics is 2 in all endoreduplicated cells. The probable mode of anaphase separation of the dicentric has been discussed.", "contents": "Stable and transmissible dicentric chromosome with terminal centromeres in ascites cell of mouse sarcoma 180. The occurrence of a stable and transmissible dicentric chromosome with 2 terminal centromers has been reported in the ascites form of mouse sarcoma 180 cells which is chromosomally hypotetraploid. The number of such dicentrics is 2 in all endoreduplicated cells. The probable mode of anaphase separation of the dicentric has been discussed.", "PMID": 570117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8855", "title": "Histamine H1- and H2-receptor-mediated gastric microcirculatory effects in the aetiology of stress ulceration in the rat stomach.", "content": "Stress produced severe mucosal ulcers, increased mucosal microcirculation and lowered mast cell counts in the glandular wall of rat stomachs. Mepyramine i.m. or metiamide i.p. effectively prevented both ulceration and microcirculatory changes but not stress-reduced mast cell counts.", "contents": "Histamine H1- and H2-receptor-mediated gastric microcirculatory effects in the aetiology of stress ulceration in the rat stomach. Stress produced severe mucosal ulcers, increased mucosal microcirculation and lowered mast cell counts in the glandular wall of rat stomachs. Mepyramine i.m. or metiamide i.p. effectively prevented both ulceration and microcirculatory changes but not stress-reduced mast cell counts.", "PMID": 570118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8856", "title": "Folic acid levels in blood and seminal plasma of normo- and oligospermic patients prior and following folic acid treatment.", "content": "Folic acid was estimated in blood and seminal plasma of normo- and oligospermic men. Following folic acid administration (10 mg TID for 30 days), the levels in blood and semen increased. However, sperm counts, motility and DNA content of spermatozoa were not affected.", "contents": "Folic acid levels in blood and seminal plasma of normo- and oligospermic patients prior and following folic acid treatment. Folic acid was estimated in blood and seminal plasma of normo- and oligospermic men. Following folic acid administration (10 mg TID for 30 days), the levels in blood and semen increased. However, sperm counts, motility and DNA content of spermatozoa were not affected.", "PMID": 570119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8857", "title": "[Effects of a definite stress on the enzyme activities in blood plasma in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was designed to analyze the effects of a short term stress on the quantitative levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP), creatine phosphokinase (CK), aldolase (ALD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate dehydrogenase-1-isoenzyme (LDH 1) during 24 h after stress. For all the enzymes studied higher values for the activity were found due to stress in comparison to the activity level before the stress. The period during the 24 h after stress to reach maximum activity depends on the enzyme and in part on the sex of the animal.", "contents": "[Effects of a definite stress on the enzyme activities in blood plasma in mice (author's transl)]. The present study was designed to analyze the effects of a short term stress on the quantitative levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP), creatine phosphokinase (CK), aldolase (ALD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate dehydrogenase-1-isoenzyme (LDH 1) during 24 h after stress. For all the enzymes studied higher values for the activity were found due to stress in comparison to the activity level before the stress. The period during the 24 h after stress to reach maximum activity depends on the enzyme and in part on the sex of the animal.", "PMID": 570120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8858", "title": "Natural occurrence of trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T2) and zearalenone in corn.", "content": "Samples of corn suspected of causing infertility and refusal symptoms were analyzed and found to contain nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T2 toxin and zearalenone, metabolites from Fusarium species.", "contents": "Natural occurrence of trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T2) and zearalenone in corn. Samples of corn suspected of causing infertility and refusal symptoms were analyzed and found to contain nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T2 toxin and zearalenone, metabolites from Fusarium species.", "PMID": 570123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8859", "title": "On the lymphatic spread of cancer.", "content": "Experimental demonstration that agents promoting cellular motility and/or vascular permeability enhance the spread of tumour to regional or distant lymph nodes. Tumour emboli appear to reach the regional glands via the lymphatic channels and the distant nodes by haematogenous route.", "contents": "On the lymphatic spread of cancer. Experimental demonstration that agents promoting cellular motility and/or vascular permeability enhance the spread of tumour to regional or distant lymph nodes. Tumour emboli appear to reach the regional glands via the lymphatic channels and the distant nodes by haematogenous route.", "PMID": 570124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8860", "title": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperolactinemic amenorrhea.", "content": "Thirty women with secondary amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia were studied; galactorrhea was present in 25 of them, and 18 were infertile. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were high in all cases, between 26 and 120 ng/ml. All women were treated with bromocriptine in increasing doses from 2.5 to 5.0 or 7.5 mg daily, according to the response obtained, for 4 months. In 27 patients a PRL determination was performed during treatment; values returned to normal (up to 20 ng/ml) in 23 women and remained high in 4. Galactorrhea disappeared in 21 of 25 women. Ovulatory menses were re-established in 17 patients (56.6%). Seven women became pregnant (38.8%), one of them after bromocriptine and clomiphene were given simultaneously in the same cycle. According to our results and a literature review the following conclusions may be drawn: (1) bromocriptine is a useful therapeutic tool for re-establishing menstruation and inducing ovulation in patients with the hyperprolactinemic-amenorrhea syndrome; (2) the association of bromocriptine and clomiphene could be the next step in the treatment of patients who fail to ovulate with bromocriptine alone.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperolactinemic amenorrhea. Thirty women with secondary amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia were studied; galactorrhea was present in 25 of them, and 18 were infertile. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were high in all cases, between 26 and 120 ng/ml. All women were treated with bromocriptine in increasing doses from 2.5 to 5.0 or 7.5 mg daily, according to the response obtained, for 4 months. In 27 patients a PRL determination was performed during treatment; values returned to normal (up to 20 ng/ml) in 23 women and remained high in 4. Galactorrhea disappeared in 21 of 25 women. Ovulatory menses were re-established in 17 patients (56.6%). Seven women became pregnant (38.8%), one of them after bromocriptine and clomiphene were given simultaneously in the same cycle. According to our results and a literature review the following conclusions may be drawn: (1) bromocriptine is a useful therapeutic tool for re-establishing menstruation and inducing ovulation in patients with the hyperprolactinemic-amenorrhea syndrome; (2) the association of bromocriptine and clomiphene could be the next step in the treatment of patients who fail to ovulate with bromocriptine alone.", "PMID": 570131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8861", "title": "Plasma prolactin in juvenile diabetics. 24-h studies with somatostatin.", "content": "In normal subjects during 24-hours saline infusion, plasma prolactin showed a number of small rises during day and night. The mean night-time level was significantly higher than the day-time level (8.2 +/- 0.6 ng/ml as against 4.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml). In 12 insulin-dependent diabetics the 24 h plasma prolactin pattern was identical to that found in normals. Somatostatin infusion (4 mg/24 h in normals; 2--6 mg/24 h in diabetics) had no effect on the 24 h plasma prolactin pattern in either normals or in diabetics.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin in juvenile diabetics. 24-h studies with somatostatin. In normal subjects during 24-hours saline infusion, plasma prolactin showed a number of small rises during day and night. The mean night-time level was significantly higher than the day-time level (8.2 +/- 0.6 ng/ml as against 4.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml). In 12 insulin-dependent diabetics the 24 h plasma prolactin pattern was identical to that found in normals. Somatostatin infusion (4 mg/24 h in normals; 2--6 mg/24 h in diabetics) had no effect on the 24 h plasma prolactin pattern in either normals or in diabetics.", "PMID": 570136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8862", "title": "Factitious diabetes and antibody mediated resistance to beef insulin.", "content": "A case of factitious diabetes is reported. The patient gave herself insulin intermittently over a four year period. A high concentration of insulin binding antibody was found with the antibody showing much greater avidity towards beef than human insulin. There was resistance to intravenously administered beef insulin with low concentrations of free insulin and high concentrations of bound insulin. In contrast, in response to a glucose tolerance test, both the free insulin and C-peptide responses were normal as was glucose tolerance. The clinical difference in responsiveness to the human and beef insulins is well illustrated in vitro by insulin binding differences and is probably a function not only of different equilibrium constants of the antibody for human and beef insulins but also of different high affinity binding site concentrations.", "contents": "Factitious diabetes and antibody mediated resistance to beef insulin. A case of factitious diabetes is reported. The patient gave herself insulin intermittently over a four year period. A high concentration of insulin binding antibody was found with the antibody showing much greater avidity towards beef than human insulin. There was resistance to intravenously administered beef insulin with low concentrations of free insulin and high concentrations of bound insulin. In contrast, in response to a glucose tolerance test, both the free insulin and C-peptide responses were normal as was glucose tolerance. The clinical difference in responsiveness to the human and beef insulins is well illustrated in vitro by insulin binding differences and is probably a function not only of different equilibrium constants of the antibody for human and beef insulins but also of different high affinity binding site concentrations.", "PMID": 570137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8863", "title": "[Acute myocardial infarction in a case of obstructive cardiomyopathy of the left ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of acute myocardial infarction in 64 year old man with idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy of left ventricle is described. The Authors emphasize the rarity of association and that the diagnosis of obstructive cardiomyopathy in the elderly is always almost misinterpreted. This depends on the poor specificity of clinical and phonocardiographic findings, both basal and under pharmacological tests. The Authors point out that in adult patients with left ventricular idiopathic obstructive cardiomyopathy who must be operated also selective coronary angiography should be performed.", "contents": "[Acute myocardial infarction in a case of obstructive cardiomyopathy of the left ventricle (author's transl)]. A case of acute myocardial infarction in 64 year old man with idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy of left ventricle is described. The Authors emphasize the rarity of association and that the diagnosis of obstructive cardiomyopathy in the elderly is always almost misinterpreted. This depends on the poor specificity of clinical and phonocardiographic findings, both basal and under pharmacological tests. The Authors point out that in adult patients with left ventricular idiopathic obstructive cardiomyopathy who must be operated also selective coronary angiography should be performed.", "PMID": 570138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8864", "title": "Electrical and thermal injuries in pig skin--evaluated and compared by light microscopy.", "content": "The morphology of pig skin after electrical (el) and thermal exposure was studied in order to find methods applicable for disclosing electrical torture. Biopsies from pig skin exposed 24 hours earlier to either heat or electrical current under general anesthesia were studied by light microscopy. The amount of energy used of either type ranged from about 6 to about 100 joule deposited on two circular areas of the skin measuring 12 mm in diameter. In sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin alterations were found in heat-influenced specimens following the administration of moderate and large doses of energy. Changes were observed in el-influenced specimens also after the administration of low amounts of energy, which did not lead to macroscopical changes in the skin. The two types of energy induced different patterns of alterations inside the epidermis. The most characteristic change following heat exposure was the presence of a granular or fibrillar eosinophilic cytoplasm and subepidermal clefts, while el-expoure often produced white homogeneous cytoplasm and shadowy nuclei (\"white necrosis\") in the attached epidermis. The individual changes could be produced by both types of injury, but to a highly different degree. However, the alteration classified as \"vesicular nuclei\" was only observed observed in el-damaged skin. The dermis from the more severely injured skin of both groups showed a homogeneous appearance (\"necrosis\"). While the changes of epidermis and dermis in response to heat were diffusely distributed, the changes created by electrical injury were often present in segments. By electrical damage homogeneous areas with loss of stainability and shadowy nuclei were occasionally observed in sweat glands, hair sheaths and in vessel walls, structures which are suggested to serve as conductors for the electrical current. \"Vesicular nuclei\" were observed in similar structures. Some of the findings may be associated with differences in intensity of energy during exposure to heat and electricity. Furthermore, the existence of different biological patterns following the two types of exposure should be considered. The studies are being continued to elucidate these basic questions, and to study further the medical diagnostic potential of examining skin biopsies from tortured individuals.", "contents": "Electrical and thermal injuries in pig skin--evaluated and compared by light microscopy. The morphology of pig skin after electrical (el) and thermal exposure was studied in order to find methods applicable for disclosing electrical torture. Biopsies from pig skin exposed 24 hours earlier to either heat or electrical current under general anesthesia were studied by light microscopy. The amount of energy used of either type ranged from about 6 to about 100 joule deposited on two circular areas of the skin measuring 12 mm in diameter. In sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin alterations were found in heat-influenced specimens following the administration of moderate and large doses of energy. Changes were observed in el-influenced specimens also after the administration of low amounts of energy, which did not lead to macroscopical changes in the skin. The two types of energy induced different patterns of alterations inside the epidermis. The most characteristic change following heat exposure was the presence of a granular or fibrillar eosinophilic cytoplasm and subepidermal clefts, while el-expoure often produced white homogeneous cytoplasm and shadowy nuclei (\"white necrosis\") in the attached epidermis. The individual changes could be produced by both types of injury, but to a highly different degree. However, the alteration classified as \"vesicular nuclei\" was only observed observed in el-damaged skin. The dermis from the more severely injured skin of both groups showed a homogeneous appearance (\"necrosis\"). While the changes of epidermis and dermis in response to heat were diffusely distributed, the changes created by electrical injury were often present in segments. By electrical damage homogeneous areas with loss of stainability and shadowy nuclei were occasionally observed in sweat glands, hair sheaths and in vessel walls, structures which are suggested to serve as conductors for the electrical current. \"Vesicular nuclei\" were observed in similar structures. Some of the findings may be associated with differences in intensity of energy during exposure to heat and electricity. Furthermore, the existence of different biological patterns following the two types of exposure should be considered. The studies are being continued to elucidate these basic questions, and to study further the medical diagnostic potential of examining skin biopsies from tortured individuals.", "PMID": 570153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8865", "title": "C-bands in chromosomes 1,9, and 16 of twins.", "content": "Thirty-two pairs of Caucasoid twins, 16 monozygotic (MZ) and 16 dizygotic (DZ) of the same sex, were studied in relation to the C-bands of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. Concordance was not absolute among MZ, the best evaluation of the degree of genetic determination for these traits being 0.40 for chromosome 16, 0.64 for chromosome 1, and 0.73 for chromosome 9. Possible explanations for the failure to obtain 100% concordance are methodologic shortcomings, intercell variations in chromosome contraction, and unequal mitotic crossing over.", "contents": "C-bands in chromosomes 1,9, and 16 of twins. Thirty-two pairs of Caucasoid twins, 16 monozygotic (MZ) and 16 dizygotic (DZ) of the same sex, were studied in relation to the C-bands of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. Concordance was not absolute among MZ, the best evaluation of the degree of genetic determination for these traits being 0.40 for chromosome 16, 0.64 for chromosome 1, and 0.73 for chromosome 9. Possible explanations for the failure to obtain 100% concordance are methodologic shortcomings, intercell variations in chromosome contraction, and unequal mitotic crossing over.", "PMID": 570165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8866", "title": "Mitotic chiasmata in human diplochromosomes.", "content": "Three placental tissue cultures of spontaneous human abortions showed an unusually high frequency of metaphases with diplochromosomes. In 62 such cells, nine configurations were interpreted as mitotic chiasmata between the two sister chromosomes of a diplochromosome. One U-type exchange between two sister chromosomes was also found. This differs significantly from the 1 : 1 ratio of adjacent and alternate exchanges in translocations, thus supporting the idea that mitotic chiasmata are in principle different from chromatid translocations. The hypothesis is put forward that the frequency of homologous exchanges is determined by the intimacy of pairing which ranges from meiotic pairing through sister chromatid association, through sister chromosome association in diplochromosomes to accidental pairing of homologous regions in diploid cells.", "contents": "Mitotic chiasmata in human diplochromosomes. Three placental tissue cultures of spontaneous human abortions showed an unusually high frequency of metaphases with diplochromosomes. In 62 such cells, nine configurations were interpreted as mitotic chiasmata between the two sister chromosomes of a diplochromosome. One U-type exchange between two sister chromosomes was also found. This differs significantly from the 1 : 1 ratio of adjacent and alternate exchanges in translocations, thus supporting the idea that mitotic chiasmata are in principle different from chromatid translocations. The hypothesis is put forward that the frequency of homologous exchanges is determined by the intimacy of pairing which ranges from meiotic pairing through sister chromatid association, through sister chromosome association in diplochromosomes to accidental pairing of homologous regions in diploid cells.", "PMID": 570166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8867", "title": "Twins and Q-banded chromosome polymorphisms.", "content": "Q-banded chromosomal analyses were performed on 24 pairs of twins to determine the stability and heritability of chromosome polymorphisms, and to establish the use of these markers in the determination of twin zygosity. Sixteen twin pairs were determined monozygotic by chromosome polymorphism analysis and confirmed monozygotic by blood group genotyping. No two genetically distinct individuals had the same polymorphic pattern, suggesting the individuality of each morphological karyotype. The frequencies for the various types of chromosome polymorphisms, including stalk length variations, were determined. Analysis of frequency distribution for variant combinations showed random association.", "contents": "Twins and Q-banded chromosome polymorphisms. Q-banded chromosomal analyses were performed on 24 pairs of twins to determine the stability and heritability of chromosome polymorphisms, and to establish the use of these markers in the determination of twin zygosity. Sixteen twin pairs were determined monozygotic by chromosome polymorphism analysis and confirmed monozygotic by blood group genotyping. No two genetically distinct individuals had the same polymorphic pattern, suggesting the individuality of each morphological karyotype. The frequencies for the various types of chromosome polymorphisms, including stalk length variations, were determined. Analysis of frequency distribution for variant combinations showed random association.", "PMID": 570167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8868", "title": "Selection and characterization of bovine aortic endothelial cells.", "content": "This paper reports techniques for isolation, selection and long-term passage of bovine aortic endothelium (BAE). A [3H]thymidine-selection technique was developed to limit overgrowth of cultures by contaminating smooth-muscle cells. The resulting cultures could be passaged for a replicative life span of 35 to 40 doublings and maintained a stable, normal karyotpye throughout this period. Despite the fact that these cultures reached a stable monolayer with density-inhibited growth state, postconfluent cells showed focal areas of a second growth pattern called \"sprouting.\" This was seen only when cultures were maintained at high densities for periods of 1 to 2 weeks. Ultrastructural analysis, as well as immunofluorescence studies with markers for endothelial cells (factor VIII) and smooth-muscle cells (actin), indicates that this phenomenon is not due to overgrowth of a residual population of smooth-muscle cells, but may represent a second growth pattern of the endothelial cells themselves.", "contents": "Selection and characterization of bovine aortic endothelial cells. This paper reports techniques for isolation, selection and long-term passage of bovine aortic endothelium (BAE). A [3H]thymidine-selection technique was developed to limit overgrowth of cultures by contaminating smooth-muscle cells. The resulting cultures could be passaged for a replicative life span of 35 to 40 doublings and maintained a stable, normal karyotpye throughout this period. Despite the fact that these cultures reached a stable monolayer with density-inhibited growth state, postconfluent cells showed focal areas of a second growth pattern called \"sprouting.\" This was seen only when cultures were maintained at high densities for periods of 1 to 2 weeks. Ultrastructural analysis, as well as immunofluorescence studies with markers for endothelial cells (factor VIII) and smooth-muscle cells (actin), indicates that this phenomenon is not due to overgrowth of a residual population of smooth-muscle cells, but may represent a second growth pattern of the endothelial cells themselves.", "PMID": 570168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8869", "title": "Immediate IgA precursor cells in rabbit intestinal lamina propria.", "content": "Immunofluorscence studies have shown that injection of lymphocytes from either the intestinal lamina propria (LP) or from the Peyer's patches (PP) into irradiated (1000-1250 rad) allogeneic rabbits leads to the differentiation and proliferation of IgA containing cells in the spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and intestine by day 6 and to a lesser extent by day 4. In contrast, few IgA containing cells were seen in irradiated animals not given lymphocytes or given popliteal lymph node cells. Transfer of PP lymphocytes resulted in statistically greater numbers of IgA containing cells in the recipient MLN or spleen than did transfer of LP lymphocytes. In the PP of recipient rabbits given either LP or PP lymphocytes, intercellular IgA was abundant and more IgA containing cells were seen near the PP than in sites distant from PP. These results show that IgA precursor cells are present in the intestinal LP as well as in the PP. The nature and distribution of the IgA precursor and the characteristics of the IgA repopulation are discussed.", "contents": "Immediate IgA precursor cells in rabbit intestinal lamina propria. Immunofluorscence studies have shown that injection of lymphocytes from either the intestinal lamina propria (LP) or from the Peyer's patches (PP) into irradiated (1000-1250 rad) allogeneic rabbits leads to the differentiation and proliferation of IgA containing cells in the spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and intestine by day 6 and to a lesser extent by day 4. In contrast, few IgA containing cells were seen in irradiated animals not given lymphocytes or given popliteal lymph node cells. Transfer of PP lymphocytes resulted in statistically greater numbers of IgA containing cells in the recipient MLN or spleen than did transfer of LP lymphocytes. In the PP of recipient rabbits given either LP or PP lymphocytes, intercellular IgA was abundant and more IgA containing cells were seen near the PP than in sites distant from PP. These results show that IgA precursor cells are present in the intestinal LP as well as in the PP. The nature and distribution of the IgA precursor and the characteristics of the IgA repopulation are discussed.", "PMID": 570174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8870", "title": "Increased infiltration by monocytes in delayed type hypersensitivity site following cyclophosphamide treatment.", "content": "Sensitized lymphocytes transferred locally with antigens into footpads of unprinted mice can elicit a delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Treatment of recipients with cyclophosphamide (CY) increased the infiltration observed at the DTH site. The enlargement of footpads was detected with low doses of DTH mediating cells as with large ones. An enumeration of circulating monocytes performed on the test days and the preceding days has shown a three to ten fold increase of number of monocytes. During the recovery following CY treatment (20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) a rebound effect at level of precursors of monocytes was observed. Thus a dual mechanism is proposed to explain the effect of CY on DTH reaction: a liberation of DTH cells by inhibition of B response as previously described; an increased number of monocytes which can be recruited by DTH-cells in site of antigen injection.", "contents": "Increased infiltration by monocytes in delayed type hypersensitivity site following cyclophosphamide treatment. Sensitized lymphocytes transferred locally with antigens into footpads of unprinted mice can elicit a delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Treatment of recipients with cyclophosphamide (CY) increased the infiltration observed at the DTH site. The enlargement of footpads was detected with low doses of DTH mediating cells as with large ones. An enumeration of circulating monocytes performed on the test days and the preceding days has shown a three to ten fold increase of number of monocytes. During the recovery following CY treatment (20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) a rebound effect at level of precursors of monocytes was observed. Thus a dual mechanism is proposed to explain the effect of CY on DTH reaction: a liberation of DTH cells by inhibition of B response as previously described; an increased number of monocytes which can be recruited by DTH-cells in site of antigen injection.", "PMID": 570175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8871", "title": "Morphometric study of testicle alterations in rats submitted to hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "Testicle lesions and spermatogenetic activity in adult rats submitted to hypervitaminosis A were determined by quantitative studies of the germinal epithelium and of Leydig cells. Hypophysary levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and relative weights of the adrenals were also determined, and the results were interpreted as being caused by the double mechanism of action (direct and indirect) of vitamin A.", "contents": "Morphometric study of testicle alterations in rats submitted to hypervitaminosis A. Testicle lesions and spermatogenetic activity in adult rats submitted to hypervitaminosis A were determined by quantitative studies of the germinal epithelium and of Leydig cells. Hypophysary levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and relative weights of the adrenals were also determined, and the results were interpreted as being caused by the double mechanism of action (direct and indirect) of vitamin A.", "PMID": 570178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8872", "title": "Stimulated production of interferon by a low-molecular-weight factor from chicken-egg fluids.", "content": "Exposure of five-year-old L-929 cell monolayers to low-molecular-weight factor obtaiend from chicken egg-yolk fluids stimulated the production of Semliki Forest virus (SFV)-induced interferon, particularly when the cells were infected with a low-input multiplicity of SFV. The stimulatory effect on interferon production was not expressed in polyriboinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid-induced interferon. Furthermore, the high yield of interferon was correlated with and followed the increase in viral yield, thus suggesting that the yolk factor stimulates the growth of SFV, which in turn triggers the higher production of interferon. The outstanding feature of the yolk factor is its ability to stimulate the production of virus-induced interferon during the lytic cycle of virus replication.", "contents": "Stimulated production of interferon by a low-molecular-weight factor from chicken-egg fluids. Exposure of five-year-old L-929 cell monolayers to low-molecular-weight factor obtaiend from chicken egg-yolk fluids stimulated the production of Semliki Forest virus (SFV)-induced interferon, particularly when the cells were infected with a low-input multiplicity of SFV. The stimulatory effect on interferon production was not expressed in polyriboinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid-induced interferon. Furthermore, the high yield of interferon was correlated with and followed the increase in viral yield, thus suggesting that the yolk factor stimulates the growth of SFV, which in turn triggers the higher production of interferon. The outstanding feature of the yolk factor is its ability to stimulate the production of virus-induced interferon during the lytic cycle of virus replication.", "PMID": 570180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8873", "title": "Entropy in the hierarchical cluster analysis of hospitals.", "content": "A new technique integrating concepts from cluster analysis and information theory was applied to the classification of Michigan hospitals. First, a number of cost-related variables that describe the hospitals and their surroundings were used in a cluster analysis to produce a hierarchy of classifications. Then for each classification, the within-group entropy was computed for each group of hospitals and averaged over the classification. Finally, this average entropy was used as an aid to judgment in deciding which of the many classifications in the hierarchy yields the most reasonable groupings of hospitals.", "contents": "Entropy in the hierarchical cluster analysis of hospitals. A new technique integrating concepts from cluster analysis and information theory was applied to the classification of Michigan hospitals. First, a number of cost-related variables that describe the hospitals and their surroundings were used in a cluster analysis to produce a hierarchy of classifications. Then for each classification, the within-group entropy was computed for each group of hospitals and averaged over the classification. Finally, this average entropy was used as an aid to judgment in deciding which of the many classifications in the hierarchy yields the most reasonable groupings of hospitals.", "PMID": 570181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8874", "title": "Freeze-drying of unfixed monolayer cultures for electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "A method has been developed for freezing, drying and embedding of unfixed monolayer cultures for electron microscopic autoradiography (EM ARG). Experimental results showed: a) Aclar 33 C was a more suitable substrate than the plastic of petri dishes, b) cultures pressed rapidly against the polished face of a large copper cylinder chilled in liquid nitrogen had better cellular morphology than did cultures dipped in Freon 12 chilled in liquid nitrogen, and c) cultures embedded in Epon alone had finer extracellular ice spaces and lower background grain densities than did cultures embedded in Epon with 1% silicone. This method has been used to evaluate the effect of fixation on the localization of the neurotransmitter, 3H-gamma-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA), in neurons of dispersed cell cultures. EM ARG results showed that the neuronal cell bodies and vesicle elements were present in similar numbers in both glutaraldehyde fixed and freeze-dried cultures.", "contents": "Freeze-drying of unfixed monolayer cultures for electron microscopic autoradiography. A method has been developed for freezing, drying and embedding of unfixed monolayer cultures for electron microscopic autoradiography (EM ARG). Experimental results showed: a) Aclar 33 C was a more suitable substrate than the plastic of petri dishes, b) cultures pressed rapidly against the polished face of a large copper cylinder chilled in liquid nitrogen had better cellular morphology than did cultures dipped in Freon 12 chilled in liquid nitrogen, and c) cultures embedded in Epon alone had finer extracellular ice spaces and lower background grain densities than did cultures embedded in Epon with 1% silicone. This method has been used to evaluate the effect of fixation on the localization of the neurotransmitter, 3H-gamma-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA), in neurons of dispersed cell cultures. EM ARG results showed that the neuronal cell bodies and vesicle elements were present in similar numbers in both glutaraldehyde fixed and freeze-dried cultures.", "PMID": 570182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8875", "title": "The use of ultrasonication to remove non-specific precipitate.", "content": "The non-specific artifactual precipitate found in glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedded tissues, following acid phosphatase histochemical incubation, can now be eliminated with brief ultrasonication. A treatment of 1 to 2 min totally eliminated the artifactual residue, leaving the true histochemical reaction product and the physical integrity of the tissues intact. With this technique, most loosely bound precipitates, which clutter and mask GMA or conventionally embedded tissues, may now be treated and eliminated.", "contents": "The use of ultrasonication to remove non-specific precipitate. The non-specific artifactual precipitate found in glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedded tissues, following acid phosphatase histochemical incubation, can now be eliminated with brief ultrasonication. A treatment of 1 to 2 min totally eliminated the artifactual residue, leaving the true histochemical reaction product and the physical integrity of the tissues intact. With this technique, most loosely bound precipitates, which clutter and mask GMA or conventionally embedded tissues, may now be treated and eliminated.", "PMID": 570183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8876", "title": "Oral carotenoids for photohypersensitivity in patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria, polymorphous light eruptions and lupus erythematodes discoides.", "content": "beta-Carotene and canthaxanthin in a dose of 75--250 mg a day by mouth reduced the symptons of exposure to the sun in all 7 treated patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria (EPP), in 15 of 18 with polymorphous light eruptions (PMLE) and in 3 of 4 with lupus erythematodes discoides. In the EPP group the protoporphyrin level tended to vary inversely with that of the serum carotenoids. The level of retinol-binding protein in plasma remained unchanged despite a substantial rise in the concentration of the serum carotenoids. Estimation of the minimal erythema dose for unfiltered light from a Xenon lamp in 7 patients with PMLE showed an increase in only 1 patient. Neither clinical examination nor repeated laboratory studies revealed any serious side effects of the treatment.", "contents": "Oral carotenoids for photohypersensitivity in patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria, polymorphous light eruptions and lupus erythematodes discoides. beta-Carotene and canthaxanthin in a dose of 75--250 mg a day by mouth reduced the symptons of exposure to the sun in all 7 treated patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria (EPP), in 15 of 18 with polymorphous light eruptions (PMLE) and in 3 of 4 with lupus erythematodes discoides. In the EPP group the protoporphyrin level tended to vary inversely with that of the serum carotenoids. The level of retinol-binding protein in plasma remained unchanged despite a substantial rise in the concentration of the serum carotenoids. Estimation of the minimal erythema dose for unfiltered light from a Xenon lamp in 7 patients with PMLE showed an increase in only 1 patient. Neither clinical examination nor repeated laboratory studies revealed any serious side effects of the treatment.", "PMID": 570177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8877", "title": "Simultaneous observation of quinacrine bands and silver grains on radiolabeled metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "A procedure is described for quinacrine banding of radiolabeled metaphase chromosomes for autoradiography. The chromosomes can be labeled either in vivo or by in situ hybridization. The banding procedure involves treating the slides with RNase and formamide and staining in quinacrine. The slides are then processed for autoradiography. After development of the photoemulsion, the chromosomes can be karyotyped with UV light by their fluorescent banding patterns and the silver grains overlaying the chromosomes can be demonstrated by the addition of tungsten light. It is possible by careful manipulation of the visible light to simultaneously observe both fluorescent bands and silver grains. This technique should significantly increase the accuracy of chromosome identification after autoradiography and decrease the time and effort required for such analysis.", "contents": "Simultaneous observation of quinacrine bands and silver grains on radiolabeled metaphase chromosomes. A procedure is described for quinacrine banding of radiolabeled metaphase chromosomes for autoradiography. The chromosomes can be labeled either in vivo or by in situ hybridization. The banding procedure involves treating the slides with RNase and formamide and staining in quinacrine. The slides are then processed for autoradiography. After development of the photoemulsion, the chromosomes can be karyotyped with UV light by their fluorescent banding patterns and the silver grains overlaying the chromosomes can be demonstrated by the addition of tungsten light. It is possible by careful manipulation of the visible light to simultaneously observe both fluorescent bands and silver grains. This technique should significantly increase the accuracy of chromosome identification after autoradiography and decrease the time and effort required for such analysis.", "PMID": 570184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8878", "title": "Tibiotarsal arthrodesis in a Moufflon sheep.", "content": "Restraint of a mature Moufflon sheep resulted in severe fracture and luxation of a previously osteoarthritic tibiotarsal joint. Arthrodesis was accomplished by means of internal pin fixation and an external fiberglass cast. After 3 months of hospitalization, the ram was returned to the original flock. Competition for dominance within the flock resulted in physical trauma to the ram. Seven months after surgery, the ram sustained a fractured ulna and died from exposure.", "contents": "Tibiotarsal arthrodesis in a Moufflon sheep. Restraint of a mature Moufflon sheep resulted in severe fracture and luxation of a previously osteoarthritic tibiotarsal joint. Arthrodesis was accomplished by means of internal pin fixation and an external fiberglass cast. After 3 months of hospitalization, the ram was returned to the original flock. Competition for dominance within the flock resulted in physical trauma to the ram. Seven months after surgery, the ram sustained a fractured ulna and died from exposure.", "PMID": 570185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8879", "title": "Tumor and tumor-like lesions of perilimbal conjunctiva in laboratory dogs.", "content": "Review of records of 1,680 research colony Beagles revealed proliferative and neoplastic lesions in the nasal or temporal limbal conjunctiva of 8 male and 6 famale dogs. The mean age at observation was 5.2 years. The lesions ranged from acanthosis and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctival epithelium to vascular ectasia, hemangioma, and invasive hemangiosarcoma of the underlying lamina propria. The lesions developed under circumstances that suggested solar radiation was involved in the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Tumor and tumor-like lesions of perilimbal conjunctiva in laboratory dogs. Review of records of 1,680 research colony Beagles revealed proliferative and neoplastic lesions in the nasal or temporal limbal conjunctiva of 8 male and 6 famale dogs. The mean age at observation was 5.2 years. The lesions ranged from acanthosis and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctival epithelium to vascular ectasia, hemangioma, and invasive hemangiosarcoma of the underlying lamina propria. The lesions developed under circumstances that suggested solar radiation was involved in the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 570186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8880", "title": "Ultrastructure of Rickettsia rhipicephali, a new member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae in tissues of the host vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus.", "content": "Rickettsia rhipicephali is similar in ultrastructure to R. rickettsii while differing from other rickettsiae of the typhus group and of Q fever and others by its lack of a prominently reticulated cytoplasmic matrix and in the thickness of the inner osmophilic layer of the cell wall. In tissues of the tick vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. rhipicephali had a mean length and width of 1.2 and 0.46 micrometer, respectively. It possessed a trilaminar cell wall with an adhering capsule-like layer. The trilaminar cell wall was approximately 12 to 18 nm thick; its inner osmophilic layer was thicker than that previously reported for other rickettsiae. The capsule-like layer varied from 7 to 18 nm thick. The plasma membrane was similar in structure, measurement, and appearance to that of other reported rickettsiae. The cytoplasm appeared to be composed of a finely granular, amorphous, ground substance and randomly dispersed ribosomes and lacked a reticular matrix or nuclear fibrils. In massively infected salivary glands and ovarial tissues of its tick vector, R. rhipicephali produced a low degree of histopathology which does not appear to affect the engorgement and egg-laying process of the ticks.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Rickettsia rhipicephali, a new member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae in tissues of the host vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Rickettsia rhipicephali is similar in ultrastructure to R. rickettsii while differing from other rickettsiae of the typhus group and of Q fever and others by its lack of a prominently reticulated cytoplasmic matrix and in the thickness of the inner osmophilic layer of the cell wall. In tissues of the tick vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. rhipicephali had a mean length and width of 1.2 and 0.46 micrometer, respectively. It possessed a trilaminar cell wall with an adhering capsule-like layer. The trilaminar cell wall was approximately 12 to 18 nm thick; its inner osmophilic layer was thicker than that previously reported for other rickettsiae. The capsule-like layer varied from 7 to 18 nm thick. The plasma membrane was similar in structure, measurement, and appearance to that of other reported rickettsiae. The cytoplasm appeared to be composed of a finely granular, amorphous, ground substance and randomly dispersed ribosomes and lacked a reticular matrix or nuclear fibrils. In massively infected salivary glands and ovarial tissues of its tick vector, R. rhipicephali produced a low degree of histopathology which does not appear to affect the engorgement and egg-laying process of the ticks.", "PMID": 570191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8881", "title": "Characterization of anti-ApApA antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies to a trinucleotide, ApApA, were prepared by injecting bovine serum albumin conjugated with ApApA into rabbits. The specificities of the antibodies were determined by estimating the inhibiton of the binding of [14C]ApApA to the antibodies by various nonradioactive  mono-, oligo-, and polynucleotides, using the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The antibodies were found to react with ApApN sequences and oligoadenylic acids, but also reacted slightly with polyadenylic acid, RNA and DNA. Significant crossreactions were observed with other oligonucleotides containing adenosine.", "contents": "Characterization of anti-ApApA antibodies. Antibodies to a trinucleotide, ApApA, were prepared by injecting bovine serum albumin conjugated with ApApA into rabbits. The specificities of the antibodies were determined by estimating the inhibiton of the binding of [14C]ApApA to the antibodies by various nonradioactive  mono-, oligo-, and polynucleotides, using the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The antibodies were found to react with ApApN sequences and oligoadenylic acids, but also reacted slightly with polyadenylic acid, RNA and DNA. Significant crossreactions were observed with other oligonucleotides containing adenosine.", "PMID": 570192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8882", "title": "Binding of N-acetyl-chitotriose to Asp 52-esterified hen lysozyme.", "content": "The pH dependence of the binding constant of (GlcNAc)3 to Asp 52-esterified lysozyme was determined by the fluorescence technique. The pK values of Asp 101 in the modified lysozyme and its complex with (GlcNAc)3 were determined to be 4.5 and 3.6, respectively, at 25 degrees C and 0.1 ionic strength. This result is different from that obtained by Parsons and Raftery ((1972) Biochemistry 11, 1633--1638), who observed no pK shift of Asp 101. The macroscopic pK value of Asp 52 in intact lysozyme determined by them using the pH difference titration data of Asp 52-esterified lysozyme relative to intact lysozyme ((1972) Biochemistry 11, 1623--1629) was 4.5, which is higher by about one pH unit than the pK value determined by our group (Kuramitsu et al. (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 671--683; (1977) ibid. 82, 585--597; (1978) ibid. 83, 159--170. We found that their pH difference titration data in the absence and presence of saccharides can be consistently interpreted in terms of our pK values of Asp 52, Glu 35, and Asp 101, if we assume that the pK value of another ionizable group (probably Asp 48) is perturbed on esterification of Asp 52.", "contents": "Binding of N-acetyl-chitotriose to Asp 52-esterified hen lysozyme. The pH dependence of the binding constant of (GlcNAc)3 to Asp 52-esterified lysozyme was determined by the fluorescence technique. The pK values of Asp 101 in the modified lysozyme and its complex with (GlcNAc)3 were determined to be 4.5 and 3.6, respectively, at 25 degrees C and 0.1 ionic strength. This result is different from that obtained by Parsons and Raftery ((1972) Biochemistry 11, 1633--1638), who observed no pK shift of Asp 101. The macroscopic pK value of Asp 52 in intact lysozyme determined by them using the pH difference titration data of Asp 52-esterified lysozyme relative to intact lysozyme ((1972) Biochemistry 11, 1623--1629) was 4.5, which is higher by about one pH unit than the pK value determined by our group (Kuramitsu et al. (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 671--683; (1977) ibid. 82, 585--597; (1978) ibid. 83, 159--170. We found that their pH difference titration data in the absence and presence of saccharides can be consistently interpreted in terms of our pK values of Asp 52, Glu 35, and Asp 101, if we assume that the pK value of another ionizable group (probably Asp 48) is perturbed on esterification of Asp 52.", "PMID": 570193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8883", "title": "Solvent perturbation of the fluorescence of fluorescein bound to specific antibody. Fluorescence quenching of the bound fluorophore by iodide.", "content": "Differential accessibility of liganded, high affinity rabbit anti-fluorescyl IgG antibody combining sites to the aqueous milieu has been investigated by solvent perturbation of the extrinsic fluorescence of bound fluorophore. Iodide, a dynamic quencher of fluorescein, was selected for use in these studies after examination of a number of water-soluble fluorescence quenchers. Quenching of antibody-bound fluorophore by iodide was measured with a number of liganded anti-fluorescyl IgG preparations, demonstrating partial solvent exposure of the fluorophore as well as heterogeneity of the high affinity antibody populations. Fluorescence quenching, lifetime, and absorption spectroscopy provided evidence that the antibody-bound fluorophore quenched by iodide interacted with it directly and that anomalous binding of the anion to the surface of the protein, resulting in ground state perturbations of the immunoglobulin, could not explain the observed results.", "contents": "Solvent perturbation of the fluorescence of fluorescein bound to specific antibody. Fluorescence quenching of the bound fluorophore by iodide. Differential accessibility of liganded, high affinity rabbit anti-fluorescyl IgG antibody combining sites to the aqueous milieu has been investigated by solvent perturbation of the extrinsic fluorescence of bound fluorophore. Iodide, a dynamic quencher of fluorescein, was selected for use in these studies after examination of a number of water-soluble fluorescence quenchers. Quenching of antibody-bound fluorophore by iodide was measured with a number of liganded anti-fluorescyl IgG preparations, demonstrating partial solvent exposure of the fluorophore as well as heterogeneity of the high affinity antibody populations. Fluorescence quenching, lifetime, and absorption spectroscopy provided evidence that the antibody-bound fluorophore quenched by iodide interacted with it directly and that anomalous binding of the anion to the surface of the protein, resulting in ground state perturbations of the immunoglobulin, could not explain the observed results.", "PMID": 570194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8884", "title": "Electron-capture detection of chloramphenicol using a heptafluorobutyrate derivative. Application to residues in milk.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitation of the halogenated heptafluorobutyrate derivative of chloramphenicol, using electron-capture detection. Treatment of the chromatographic support with heptafluorobutyric anhydride permits a linear recovery even at very low concentrations. After extraction using acetonitrile followed by a convenient cleaning procedure, this method can be applied to the determination of trace amounts of chloramphenicol in milk. Interfering peaks have been observed on the chromatograms of some control milk samples. These determine the detection limit of 50 ppb.", "contents": "Electron-capture detection of chloramphenicol using a heptafluorobutyrate derivative. Application to residues in milk. A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitation of the halogenated heptafluorobutyrate derivative of chloramphenicol, using electron-capture detection. Treatment of the chromatographic support with heptafluorobutyric anhydride permits a linear recovery even at very low concentrations. After extraction using acetonitrile followed by a convenient cleaning procedure, this method can be applied to the determination of trace amounts of chloramphenicol in milk. Interfering peaks have been observed on the chromatograms of some control milk samples. These determine the detection limit of 50 ppb.", "PMID": 570195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8885", "title": "Analysis of the anti-coccidial drug, halofunginone, in chicken feed using gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Methods are described for the analysis of the anti-coccidial drug, halofuginone, at concentrations of 3 ppm in chicken feed, using gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both methods are based on ethyl acetate extraction, partition into hydrochloric acid and purification and concentration using XAD-2 column chromatography. The precision and accuracy of both methods is given.", "contents": "Analysis of the anti-coccidial drug, halofunginone, in chicken feed using gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Methods are described for the analysis of the anti-coccidial drug, halofuginone, at concentrations of 3 ppm in chicken feed, using gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both methods are based on ethyl acetate extraction, partition into hydrochloric acid and purification and concentration using XAD-2 column chromatography. The precision and accuracy of both methods is given.", "PMID": 570196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8886", "title": "The effect of acute and chronic ethanol intake on hepatic glycerolipid biosynthesis in the hamster.", "content": "The effect of acute and chronic ethanol intake on hepatic glycerolipid biosynthesis in the hamster was studied by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The results were compared with those from control hamsters receiving isocaloric amounts of glucose. Both chronic and acute ethanol intake elevated serum and hepatic triglyceride concentrations and induced a rapid rise in the capacity of neutral glycerolipid formation from sn[1,3-14C]glycerol-3-phosphate by hamster liver homogenate and microsomal fractions. Ethanol intake also produced a corresponding increase in the incorporation of [1,3-14C]glycerol into hepatic neutral glycerolipids by the intact animal. The ethanol-induced rise in the capacity of neutral glycerolipid production by liver as measured in vivo and in vitro correlated well with an increase in hepatic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity. Therefore, the rise in hepatic and serum triglyceride levels associated with ethanol intake may be explained in part by an increase in the activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "The effect of acute and chronic ethanol intake on hepatic glycerolipid biosynthesis in the hamster. The effect of acute and chronic ethanol intake on hepatic glycerolipid biosynthesis in the hamster was studied by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The results were compared with those from control hamsters receiving isocaloric amounts of glucose. Both chronic and acute ethanol intake elevated serum and hepatic triglyceride concentrations and induced a rapid rise in the capacity of neutral glycerolipid formation from sn[1,3-14C]glycerol-3-phosphate by hamster liver homogenate and microsomal fractions. Ethanol intake also produced a corresponding increase in the incorporation of [1,3-14C]glycerol into hepatic neutral glycerolipids by the intact animal. The ethanol-induced rise in the capacity of neutral glycerolipid production by liver as measured in vivo and in vitro correlated well with an increase in hepatic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity. Therefore, the rise in hepatic and serum triglyceride levels associated with ethanol intake may be explained in part by an increase in the activity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 570197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8887", "title": "Proximate and mineral content of fast foods. Pizzas, Mexican-American-style foods, and submarine sandwiches.", "content": "Pizzas, Mexican-American style foods, and submarine sandwiches were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition, and the nutrients compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances for teen-agers. Fast foods can be a source of considerable nutrition. More nutritional analyses of fast foods are warranted and should be encouraged.", "contents": "Proximate and mineral content of fast foods. Pizzas, Mexican-American-style foods, and submarine sandwiches. Pizzas, Mexican-American style foods, and submarine sandwiches were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition, and the nutrients compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances for teen-agers. Fast foods can be a source of considerable nutrition. More nutritional analyses of fast foods are warranted and should be encouraged.", "PMID": 570199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8888", "title": "A milk-borne outbreak due to Salmonella dublin.", "content": "Salmonella dublin is primarily adapted to bovines and is a relatively rare cause of human illness. An outbreak is described in which it was estimated that at least 700 persons were infected from milk which had not been subjected to heat treatment. Although the organism was isolated from retail samples of milk, investigations at the dairy farm were inconclusive and a number of questions are posed. Attention is drawn to the value of inter-disciplinary cooperation in the investigation of the outbreak.", "contents": "A milk-borne outbreak due to Salmonella dublin. Salmonella dublin is primarily adapted to bovines and is a relatively rare cause of human illness. An outbreak is described in which it was estimated that at least 700 persons were infected from milk which had not been subjected to heat treatment. Although the organism was isolated from retail samples of milk, investigations at the dairy farm were inconclusive and a number of questions are posed. Attention is drawn to the value of inter-disciplinary cooperation in the investigation of the outbreak.", "PMID": 570201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8889", "title": "[Early and late inhibition of lactation using bromocriptine. A comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "After having reviewed our present knowledge of the pharmacology of bromocriptine, its action on the pituitary, centrally and peripherally, the authors detail the results they have obtained in inhibiting lactation in two groups of patients who had delivered normally or had Caesarean sections. In the first group where bromocriptine was started in the first 24 hours with dosages of 2.5 mg every 12 hours for 14 days, clinical signs of breast engorgement and of milk secretion were insignificant and the level of prolactin had dropped to normal menstrual cycle levels from the third day after delivery. In the second group where the first dose of bromocriptine was given at least 48 hours after Caesarean section, the levels of prolactin dropped just as sharply from the third day after delivery, but on the other hand the clinical signs of breast engorgement and milk secretion were marked and completely comparable to those which are found in patients who are not going to breast feed but who have received no treatment to inhibit lactation.", "contents": "[Early and late inhibition of lactation using bromocriptine. A comparative study (author's transl)]. After having reviewed our present knowledge of the pharmacology of bromocriptine, its action on the pituitary, centrally and peripherally, the authors detail the results they have obtained in inhibiting lactation in two groups of patients who had delivered normally or had Caesarean sections. In the first group where bromocriptine was started in the first 24 hours with dosages of 2.5 mg every 12 hours for 14 days, clinical signs of breast engorgement and of milk secretion were insignificant and the level of prolactin had dropped to normal menstrual cycle levels from the third day after delivery. In the second group where the first dose of bromocriptine was given at least 48 hours after Caesarean section, the levels of prolactin dropped just as sharply from the third day after delivery, but on the other hand the clinical signs of breast engorgement and milk secretion were marked and completely comparable to those which are found in patients who are not going to breast feed but who have received no treatment to inhibit lactation.", "PMID": 570200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8890", "title": "Inhibition of complement-mediated lysis of sheep erythrocytes by cell-free preparations from Streptococcus mutans BHT.", "content": "A cell-free extract from the spent medium of Streptococcus mutans BHT was tested for anti-complementary activity with sheep erythrocytes (E) as target cells. It was determined that this extract was enriched for extracellular lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and that the LTA bound to the surfaces of sheep E. Furthermore, sheep E, sheep E plus antibodies (EA), and sheep cells in the intermediate stage of complement (C) component fixation EAC14 became refractory to C-mediated lysis after treatment with the LTA-rich extract. Sheep E in the intermediate states EAC142 and EAC1423567 were unaffected despite the fact that LTA could be detected on the surfaces of these cells with the passive hemagglutination procedure. Preliminary results showed that the C inhibitory activity co-purified with LTA, and LTA (both crude and purified) from other bacteria were anticomplementary. Both crude extracellular material from S. mutans BHT and partially purified extracellular LTA from the same bacteria caused consumption of whole human C activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of complement-mediated lysis of sheep erythrocytes by cell-free preparations from Streptococcus mutans BHT. A cell-free extract from the spent medium of Streptococcus mutans BHT was tested for anti-complementary activity with sheep erythrocytes (E) as target cells. It was determined that this extract was enriched for extracellular lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and that the LTA bound to the surfaces of sheep E. Furthermore, sheep E, sheep E plus antibodies (EA), and sheep cells in the intermediate stage of complement (C) component fixation EAC14 became refractory to C-mediated lysis after treatment with the LTA-rich extract. Sheep E in the intermediate states EAC142 and EAC1423567 were unaffected despite the fact that LTA could be detected on the surfaces of these cells with the passive hemagglutination procedure. Preliminary results showed that the C inhibitory activity co-purified with LTA, and LTA (both crude and purified) from other bacteria were anticomplementary. Both crude extracellular material from S. mutans BHT and partially purified extracellular LTA from the same bacteria caused consumption of whole human C activity.", "PMID": 570205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8891", "title": "Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. I. Minimal number of daily egg counts in urine necessary to establish intensity of infection.", "content": "The intensity of infection with Schistosoma haematobium (worm burden) can be approximated by quantifying the number of parasite eggs excreted in the urine. A new method of egg counting has been developed in which urine samples are passed through transparent Nuclepore filters (Nuclepore Corp., Pleasanton, Calif.). The method requires no staining, is rapid, and can be performed in the field. It has previously been reported, however, that there is a significant daily fluctuation in output of eggs in the urine of patients with schistosomiasis haematobia. In the present study, daily urine samples were obtained on each of the 10 school days during a 12-day period from 121 schoolchildren in Coast Province, Kenya (total, 10 samples per child). In terms of detecting infection, it was of interest that egg counts of 0 were very rarely recorded for subjects whose mean egg counts were greater than 20/10 ml of urine. When the patients were classified into one of four groups, according to egg count (less than 1, 1--100, 101--400, greater than 400), the proportion correctly classified based on a single urine specimen was 75%; this proportion rose to 78% when the classification was based on two specimens and to 83% with three specimens. Most of the urine specimens that were misclassified belonged in an adjacent group.", "contents": "Quantification of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. I. Minimal number of daily egg counts in urine necessary to establish intensity of infection. The intensity of infection with Schistosoma haematobium (worm burden) can be approximated by quantifying the number of parasite eggs excreted in the urine. A new method of egg counting has been developed in which urine samples are passed through transparent Nuclepore filters (Nuclepore Corp., Pleasanton, Calif.). The method requires no staining, is rapid, and can be performed in the field. It has previously been reported, however, that there is a significant daily fluctuation in output of eggs in the urine of patients with schistosomiasis haematobia. In the present study, daily urine samples were obtained on each of the 10 school days during a 12-day period from 121 schoolchildren in Coast Province, Kenya (total, 10 samples per child). In terms of detecting infection, it was of interest that egg counts of 0 were very rarely recorded for subjects whose mean egg counts were greater than 20/10 ml of urine. When the patients were classified into one of four groups, according to egg count (less than 1, 1--100, 101--400, greater than 400), the proportion correctly classified based on a single urine specimen was 75%; this proportion rose to 78% when the classification was based on two specimens and to 83% with three specimens. Most of the urine specimens that were misclassified belonged in an adjacent group.", "PMID": 570210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8892", "title": "Ultrastructure of mononuclear phagocytes developing in liquid bone marrow cultures. A study on peroxidatic activity.", "content": "Monoblasts, promonocytes, and macrophages in in vitro cultures of murine bone marrow were studied ultrastructurally, with special attention to peroxidatic activity. Monoblasts show peroxidatic activity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope as well as in the granules. The presence of peroxidatic activity in the Golgi apparatus could not be determined. Promonocytes have peroxidase-positive rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, and granules, as previously reported. During culture, cells are formed with peroxidatic activity similar to that of monocytes or exudate macrophages (positive granules; negative Golgi apparatus, RER, and nuclear envelope); we call these cells early macrophages. In addition, transitional macrophages with both positive granules and positive RER, nuclear envelope, negative Golgi apparatus (as in exudate- resident macrophages in vivo), and mature macrophages with peroxidatic activity only in the RER and nuclear envelope (as in resident macrophages in vivo) were found. A considerable number of cells without detectable peroxidatic activity were also encountered. Our finding that macrophages with the peroxidatic pattern of monocytes (early macrophages), exudate-resident macrophages (transitional macrophages), and resident macrophages (mature macrophages), develop in vitro from proliferating precursor cells deriving from the bone marrow, demonstrates once again that resident macrophages in tissues originate from precursor cells in the bone marrow. Therefore, this conclusion can no longer be challenged on the basis of a cytochemical difference between monocytes and exudate macrophages on the one hand and resident macrophages on the other.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of mononuclear phagocytes developing in liquid bone marrow cultures. A study on peroxidatic activity. Monoblasts, promonocytes, and macrophages in in vitro cultures of murine bone marrow were studied ultrastructurally, with special attention to peroxidatic activity. Monoblasts show peroxidatic activity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope as well as in the granules. The presence of peroxidatic activity in the Golgi apparatus could not be determined. Promonocytes have peroxidase-positive rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, and granules, as previously reported. During culture, cells are formed with peroxidatic activity similar to that of monocytes or exudate macrophages (positive granules; negative Golgi apparatus, RER, and nuclear envelope); we call these cells early macrophages. In addition, transitional macrophages with both positive granules and positive RER, nuclear envelope, negative Golgi apparatus (as in exudate- resident macrophages in vivo), and mature macrophages with peroxidatic activity only in the RER and nuclear envelope (as in resident macrophages in vivo) were found. A considerable number of cells without detectable peroxidatic activity were also encountered. Our finding that macrophages with the peroxidatic pattern of monocytes (early macrophages), exudate-resident macrophages (transitional macrophages), and resident macrophages (mature macrophages), develop in vitro from proliferating precursor cells deriving from the bone marrow, demonstrates once again that resident macrophages in tissues originate from precursor cells in the bone marrow. Therefore, this conclusion can no longer be challenged on the basis of a cytochemical difference between monocytes and exudate macrophages on the one hand and resident macrophages on the other.", "PMID": 570211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8893", "title": "The induction of macrophage spreading by factor B of the properdin system.", "content": "Unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages attached to a glass substratum responded to activated human factor B (Bb) of the properdin system but not to native factor B with rapid spreading and a concomitant increase in their apparent surface area. Excellent correlation of the distribution of Bb protein and cell-spreading activity was found upon purification of Bb by ion-exchange and molecular seive chromatography and alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1.6 microgram of purified Bb was sufficient to induce spreading in 50% of 5 x 10(4) glass attached macrophages within 1-2 h at 37 degrees C. Treatment of Bb with di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate indicated that the intact catalytic site of the serine-proteinase Bb was required for the initiation of macrophage spreading. The involvement of factor B in the induction of rapid cell spreading could also be indirectly demonstrated in an autologous system in which F(ab')2 fragments of an antiserum to mouse B prevented mouse macrophages from spreading in response to complement-activated mouse serum. These experiments suggest a role for factor B and the alternative pathway of complement fixation in the localization of mononuclear phagocytes to areas of inflammation.", "contents": "The induction of macrophage spreading by factor B of the properdin system. Unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages attached to a glass substratum responded to activated human factor B (Bb) of the properdin system but not to native factor B with rapid spreading and a concomitant increase in their apparent surface area. Excellent correlation of the distribution of Bb protein and cell-spreading activity was found upon purification of Bb by ion-exchange and molecular seive chromatography and alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1.6 microgram of purified Bb was sufficient to induce spreading in 50% of 5 x 10(4) glass attached macrophages within 1-2 h at 37 degrees C. Treatment of Bb with di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate indicated that the intact catalytic site of the serine-proteinase Bb was required for the initiation of macrophage spreading. The involvement of factor B in the induction of rapid cell spreading could also be indirectly demonstrated in an autologous system in which F(ab')2 fragments of an antiserum to mouse B prevented mouse macrophages from spreading in response to complement-activated mouse serum. These experiments suggest a role for factor B and the alternative pathway of complement fixation in the localization of mononuclear phagocytes to areas of inflammation.", "PMID": 570212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8894", "title": "A hundred years of gemellology.", "content": "Over the past hundred years, since Sir Francis Galton first pointed out its scientific value, the study of twins has considerably widened its scope and significance. Gemellology has come to represent an important branch of human genetics and to be applied to the most diverse fields of biomedical and behavioral research, besides obviously contributing to the study of the specific biological, medical, and psychological aspects of the twin condition. More recently, then, it has in turn originated a new branch of modern genetic research, chronogenetics. Finally, sponsored and coordinated by the Mendel Institute in Rome, an International Society for Twins Studies has developed.", "contents": "A hundred years of gemellology. Over the past hundred years, since Sir Francis Galton first pointed out its scientific value, the study of twins has considerably widened its scope and significance. Gemellology has come to represent an important branch of human genetics and to be applied to the most diverse fields of biomedical and behavioral research, besides obviously contributing to the study of the specific biological, medical, and psychological aspects of the twin condition. More recently, then, it has in turn originated a new branch of modern genetic research, chronogenetics. Finally, sponsored and coordinated by the Mendel Institute in Rome, an International Society for Twins Studies has developed.", "PMID": 570213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8895", "title": "A biological approach to two forms of human self-injury.", "content": "One hundred cases of self-injury, comprising 39 self-cutters and 61 self-poisoners, were interviewed when they became able to describe the act: 83 in a casualty department, 17 in a hospital. Standardized recordings were made of their feeling state before and after the act, together with an account of the social circumstances under which it occurred. The information was obtained in a way which allowed comparison with existing animal data on self-injury, although comparisons were made between what is known of animal behavior in this area and human feelings as reported by these subjects. The results indicate similarities between what is known of animal self-injury and self-cutting in man in the form of the injury, in the social situation preceding the act, and in the agitation preceding it. Similarities also exist, but are less close, for the self-poisoners. The most obvious effect of the act is a reduction in tension; this may constitute its physiological value.", "contents": "A biological approach to two forms of human self-injury. One hundred cases of self-injury, comprising 39 self-cutters and 61 self-poisoners, were interviewed when they became able to describe the act: 83 in a casualty department, 17 in a hospital. Standardized recordings were made of their feeling state before and after the act, together with an account of the social circumstances under which it occurred. The information was obtained in a way which allowed comparison with existing animal data on self-injury, although comparisons were made between what is known of animal behavior in this area and human feelings as reported by these subjects. The results indicate similarities between what is known of animal self-injury and self-cutting in man in the form of the injury, in the social situation preceding the act, and in the agitation preceding it. Similarities also exist, but are less close, for the self-poisoners. The most obvious effect of the act is a reduction in tension; this may constitute its physiological value.", "PMID": 570215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8896", "title": "Platelet-associated immunoglobulin G in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Childhood ITP is an acquired hemorrhagic disorder with a heterogeneous clinical course. We measured PAIgG levels in 20 children with ITP (7 acute, 13 chronic). Both groups had significantly greater PAIgG values than age-matched normal subjects and thrombocytopenic controls (P less than 0.001). In addition, PAIgG values in chronic ITP were significantly lower than those in acute ITP (P less than 0.003). Serial PAIgG values were obtained in some patients; most returned to normal in association with clinical recovery. The measurement of PAIgG is useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of childhood ITP. PAIgG values may assist in differentiating acute and chronic disease in children.", "contents": "Platelet-associated immunoglobulin G in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Childhood ITP is an acquired hemorrhagic disorder with a heterogeneous clinical course. We measured PAIgG levels in 20 children with ITP (7 acute, 13 chronic). Both groups had significantly greater PAIgG values than age-matched normal subjects and thrombocytopenic controls (P less than 0.001). In addition, PAIgG values in chronic ITP were significantly lower than those in acute ITP (P less than 0.003). Serial PAIgG values were obtained in some patients; most returned to normal in association with clinical recovery. The measurement of PAIgG is useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of childhood ITP. PAIgG values may assist in differentiating acute and chronic disease in children.", "PMID": 570218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8897", "title": "Gametogenesis and fertilization in Rhabdias ranae Walton 1929: I. The parasitic hermaphrodite.", "content": "The somatic, diploid, and haploid chromosome numbers were determined in the hermaphrodite (24, 12, eggs 6, spermatozoa 5 or 6). Oocytes in the ovary synapsis zone contain 6 tetrads. The tetrads seem to disappear in the growth zone and reappear in the oocyte just prior to fertilization. After sperm penetration, the tetrads move to the periphery and form 2 polocytes by rapid meiotic divisions. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testis zone. Primary spermatocytes show 5 large tetrads and 2 small heterochromosomal dyads which lag on the spindle during division. Each resultant secondary spermatocyte has 1 small and 5 large dyads. In the equational division, one of the lagging heterochromosomes (X) is lost in a small cytophore as cytokinesis occurs. Two spermatids are produced, one with 5 chromosomes and the other with 6 chromosomes. Fertilization occurs in the seminal receptacle and results in either free-living males (2N = 11) or females (2N = 12).", "contents": "Gametogenesis and fertilization in Rhabdias ranae Walton 1929: I. The parasitic hermaphrodite. The somatic, diploid, and haploid chromosome numbers were determined in the hermaphrodite (24, 12, eggs 6, spermatozoa 5 or 6). Oocytes in the ovary synapsis zone contain 6 tetrads. The tetrads seem to disappear in the growth zone and reappear in the oocyte just prior to fertilization. After sperm penetration, the tetrads move to the periphery and form 2 polocytes by rapid meiotic divisions. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testis zone. Primary spermatocytes show 5 large tetrads and 2 small heterochromosomal dyads which lag on the spindle during division. Each resultant secondary spermatocyte has 1 small and 5 large dyads. In the equational division, one of the lagging heterochromosomes (X) is lost in a small cytophore as cytokinesis occurs. Two spermatids are produced, one with 5 chromosomes and the other with 6 chromosomes. Fertilization occurs in the seminal receptacle and results in either free-living males (2N = 11) or females (2N = 12).", "PMID": 570219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8898", "title": "Development of functional dependence on ethanol in dopaminergic systems.", "content": "Withdrawal of mice from chronic ethanol treatment results in a decreased responsiveness of striatal (but not mesolimbic) dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity to stimulation by dopamine. This subsensitivity is not apparent at the time of withdrawal from chronic feeding of ethanol, when animals are still intoxicated, but becomes evident as ethanol is eliminated from the animals. Addition of ethanol in vitro to tissue homogenates from ethanol-withdrawn animals, at concentrations similar to those found in brain at the time of withdrawal, normalizes the response of the adenylate cyclase to dopamine. No difference is evident between control and ethanol-withdrawn animals in stimulation of adenylate cyclase by sodium fluoride. The specificity of the response of striatal adenylate cyclase to stimulation by dopamine, as compared to other transmitters, is unaltered by chronic ethanol feeding. Chronic treatment with ethanol and withdrawal also does not affect the specific binding of spiroperidol in either striatal or mesolimbic regions. It is suggested that the decreased response of adenylate cyclase to dopamine in ethanol-withdrawn animals results from decreased efficiency of coupling between dopamine \"receptor\" sites and catalytic units of adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Development of functional dependence on ethanol in dopaminergic systems. Withdrawal of mice from chronic ethanol treatment results in a decreased responsiveness of striatal (but not mesolimbic) dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity to stimulation by dopamine. This subsensitivity is not apparent at the time of withdrawal from chronic feeding of ethanol, when animals are still intoxicated, but becomes evident as ethanol is eliminated from the animals. Addition of ethanol in vitro to tissue homogenates from ethanol-withdrawn animals, at concentrations similar to those found in brain at the time of withdrawal, normalizes the response of the adenylate cyclase to dopamine. No difference is evident between control and ethanol-withdrawn animals in stimulation of adenylate cyclase by sodium fluoride. The specificity of the response of striatal adenylate cyclase to stimulation by dopamine, as compared to other transmitters, is unaltered by chronic ethanol feeding. Chronic treatment with ethanol and withdrawal also does not affect the specific binding of spiroperidol in either striatal or mesolimbic regions. It is suggested that the decreased response of adenylate cyclase to dopamine in ethanol-withdrawn animals results from decreased efficiency of coupling between dopamine \"receptor\" sites and catalytic units of adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 570225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8899", "title": "Desmosome-like structures between tumor cells and endothelial cells in choriocarcinoma heterotransplanted into the nude mouse: a preliminary report.", "content": "Tumor cells obtained from the metastatic focus of the lung of a 51-year-old woman with choriocarcinoma were transplanted in the subcutaneous tissue of the nude mouse and studied with an electron microscope. At the junctional zone between the tumor and the invaded cells a desmosome-like structure, between the transplanted tumor cells and endothelial cells, was observed in the nude mouse. Although this finding seems quite unusual, it may be related to the unique character of the early trophoblast.", "contents": "Desmosome-like structures between tumor cells and endothelial cells in choriocarcinoma heterotransplanted into the nude mouse: a preliminary report. Tumor cells obtained from the metastatic focus of the lung of a 51-year-old woman with choriocarcinoma were transplanted in the subcutaneous tissue of the nude mouse and studied with an electron microscope. At the junctional zone between the tumor and the invaded cells a desmosome-like structure, between the transplanted tumor cells and endothelial cells, was observed in the nude mouse. Although this finding seems quite unusual, it may be related to the unique character of the early trophoblast.", "PMID": 570227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8900", "title": "Congenital anophthalmos. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital anophthalmos.", "content": "Congenital anophthalmos must be differentiated from \"clinical anophthalmos\" where blepharophimosis renders examination of the contents of the orbit impossible. Ultrasonographic examination of these orbits can be performed for documentation of the total absence of cyst-like ocular structures without the need for examination under anesthesia and surgical exploration. Two cases of true anophthalmos have recently been seen by us and the diagnosis confirmed ultrasonographically.", "contents": "Congenital anophthalmos. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital anophthalmos. Congenital anophthalmos must be differentiated from \"clinical anophthalmos\" where blepharophimosis renders examination of the contents of the orbit impossible. Ultrasonographic examination of these orbits can be performed for documentation of the total absence of cyst-like ocular structures without the need for examination under anesthesia and surgical exploration. Two cases of true anophthalmos have recently been seen by us and the diagnosis confirmed ultrasonographically.", "PMID": 570223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8901", "title": "A hypoglossal reflex elicited by mechanical stimulation of the mandibular mucosa in the cat.", "content": "Electromyographic responses of extrinsic tongue muscle motor units to innocuous mechanical stimulation of the mandibular mucosa were studied in urethane-chloralose anesthetized cats. The mechanical stimulation either excited or inhibited spike discharges in some extrinsic tongue muscle motor units when applied to the alveolar gingival musosa on the lingual side. Excitatory receptive fields of styloglossal motor units were predominantly ipsilateral, and the molar and second premolar gingivae were the most effective. In contrast, excitatory receptive fields of hyoglossal motor units were predominantly contralateral, the molar gingiva being most effective. In genioglossal motor units, only the ipsilateral alveolar gingiva was excitatory, while ipsi- and/or contralateral alveolar gingivae were inhibitory. The inhibitory receptive field was located in the molar and/or second premolar alveolar gingivae. When an anesthetic spray was applied to the mucosal surface, the reflex response completely disappeared, indicating its origin to be located in the stimulated gingival mucosa. After cutting the lingual nerve, reflex responses to mechanical stimulation of the premolar and molar gingival mucosa was abolished. It was concluded that the premolar and molar gingival mucosa constitutes a part of the afferent source for the linguo-hypoglossal reflex.", "contents": "A hypoglossal reflex elicited by mechanical stimulation of the mandibular mucosa in the cat. Electromyographic responses of extrinsic tongue muscle motor units to innocuous mechanical stimulation of the mandibular mucosa were studied in urethane-chloralose anesthetized cats. The mechanical stimulation either excited or inhibited spike discharges in some extrinsic tongue muscle motor units when applied to the alveolar gingival musosa on the lingual side. Excitatory receptive fields of styloglossal motor units were predominantly ipsilateral, and the molar and second premolar gingivae were the most effective. In contrast, excitatory receptive fields of hyoglossal motor units were predominantly contralateral, the molar gingiva being most effective. In genioglossal motor units, only the ipsilateral alveolar gingiva was excitatory, while ipsi- and/or contralateral alveolar gingivae were inhibitory. The inhibitory receptive field was located in the molar and/or second premolar alveolar gingivae. When an anesthetic spray was applied to the mucosal surface, the reflex response completely disappeared, indicating its origin to be located in the stimulated gingival mucosa. After cutting the lingual nerve, reflex responses to mechanical stimulation of the premolar and molar gingival mucosa was abolished. It was concluded that the premolar and molar gingival mucosa constitutes a part of the afferent source for the linguo-hypoglossal reflex.", "PMID": 570232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8902", "title": "[Aggravating test by objective audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "ERA is used in 87 cases of suspect aggravation of hearing loss. The late evoked potentials are important additional audiological facts which increase the security of audiological decisions in valuation of the hearing loss level. If there is no full accord of audiological facts, then should be noted beside permanent stubborn aggravation also possibility of absent central information processing.", "contents": "[Aggravating test by objective audiometry (author's transl)]. ERA is used in 87 cases of suspect aggravation of hearing loss. The late evoked potentials are important additional audiological facts which increase the security of audiological decisions in valuation of the hearing loss level. If there is no full accord of audiological facts, then should be noted beside permanent stubborn aggravation also possibility of absent central information processing.", "PMID": 570234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8903", "title": "Denaturation of mouse satellite DNA upon melting of chromatin in solution.", "content": "The denaturation of mouse satellite DNA upon melting of chromatin in solution of low ionic strength has been studied. A procedure for preparation of partially denaturated chromatin was developed which enabled the isolation of double-stranded (non-denatured) DNA sequences according to their thermal stability in chromatin. The content of mouse satellite DNA in these DNA sequences was determined by hybridization with RNA, complementary to satellite DNA in order to find the temperature interval of denaturation of satellite DNA. It was found that the melting temperature of satellite DNA in chromatin was lower than that of the total DNA. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported anomalous behaviour of satellite DNA upon melting of chromatin on hydroxyapatite.", "contents": "Denaturation of mouse satellite DNA upon melting of chromatin in solution. The denaturation of mouse satellite DNA upon melting of chromatin in solution of low ionic strength has been studied. A procedure for preparation of partially denaturated chromatin was developed which enabled the isolation of double-stranded (non-denatured) DNA sequences according to their thermal stability in chromatin. The content of mouse satellite DNA in these DNA sequences was determined by hybridization with RNA, complementary to satellite DNA in order to find the temperature interval of denaturation of satellite DNA. It was found that the melting temperature of satellite DNA in chromatin was lower than that of the total DNA. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported anomalous behaviour of satellite DNA upon melting of chromatin on hydroxyapatite.", "PMID": 570242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8904", "title": "The effect of caffeine on post-replication repair and survival in two L5178Y cell lines with different sensitivities to UV irradiation.", "content": "2 Strains of murine lymphoma L5178Y cells that varied from the point of view of sensitivity to UV irradiation (mean lethal doses: 3.6 and 8.5 J/m2 for L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S cells, respectively) also differed with respect to sensitization by caffeine. L5178Y-S cells were sensitized to UV irradiation by 0.75 mM caffeine, whereas in the same conditions L5178Y-R cells were not sensitized. Sedimentation analysis of the newly synthesized DNA indicated UV-induced gap formation in L5178Y-S cells only. The subsequent gap filling was inhibited by caffeine. Exposure to UV irradiation induced no gaps in L5178Y-R cells. However, when caffeine was added immediately after irradiation, DNA with reduced molecular weight was found in irradiated cells of both strains after a 2-h chase. On the other hand, caffeine inhibited elongation of undamaged DNA strands in neither of the 2 cell strains.", "contents": "The effect of caffeine on post-replication repair and survival in two L5178Y cell lines with different sensitivities to UV irradiation. 2 Strains of murine lymphoma L5178Y cells that varied from the point of view of sensitivity to UV irradiation (mean lethal doses: 3.6 and 8.5 J/m2 for L5178Y-R and L5178Y-S cells, respectively) also differed with respect to sensitization by caffeine. L5178Y-S cells were sensitized to UV irradiation by 0.75 mM caffeine, whereas in the same conditions L5178Y-R cells were not sensitized. Sedimentation analysis of the newly synthesized DNA indicated UV-induced gap formation in L5178Y-S cells only. The subsequent gap filling was inhibited by caffeine. Exposure to UV irradiation induced no gaps in L5178Y-R cells. However, when caffeine was added immediately after irradiation, DNA with reduced molecular weight was found in irradiated cells of both strains after a 2-h chase. On the other hand, caffeine inhibited elongation of undamaged DNA strands in neither of the 2 cell strains.", "PMID": 570243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8905", "title": "Deformities of chick embryos in experimental Akabane virus infection.", "content": "A material containing 10(3.0) approximately 10(5.0) TCID50 of Akabane virus was inoculated into 6-day-old chick embryos by the yolk sac route. Death of embryos did not increase in the course of embryonic development till 18 days of age, as compared with control groups. Later than 18 days of age, however, the numbers of dead and peeping but unhatched embryos increased, making the hatching rate significantly low. Deformities, such as arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly, appeared in almost all the dead and unhatched embryos. They were severe in dead embryos, considerably severe in peeping unhatched embryos, and comparatively mild, though highly frequent, in affected hatched chicks. Many of the hatched chicks manifested ataxia, abnormal gait, astasia, or tremor of body or legs separately or together. Virus growth was demonstrated in chick embryos inoculated at 7 days of age. The virus titer was the highest (10(3.25 approximately 10(3.75) TCID50/O.1g) in head, trunk, and muscle, and the second highest (10(2.0) approximately 10(2.5) in brain, heart, and other visceral organs. It was the highest (10(4.0) approximately 10(4.5)) in muscle and a mixture of cerebellum and brain stem in embryos inoculated at 8 days of age.", "contents": "Deformities of chick embryos in experimental Akabane virus infection. A material containing 10(3.0) approximately 10(5.0) TCID50 of Akabane virus was inoculated into 6-day-old chick embryos by the yolk sac route. Death of embryos did not increase in the course of embryonic development till 18 days of age, as compared with control groups. Later than 18 days of age, however, the numbers of dead and peeping but unhatched embryos increased, making the hatching rate significantly low. Deformities, such as arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly, appeared in almost all the dead and unhatched embryos. They were severe in dead embryos, considerably severe in peeping unhatched embryos, and comparatively mild, though highly frequent, in affected hatched chicks. Many of the hatched chicks manifested ataxia, abnormal gait, astasia, or tremor of body or legs separately or together. Virus growth was demonstrated in chick embryos inoculated at 7 days of age. The virus titer was the highest (10(3.25 approximately 10(3.75) TCID50/O.1g) in head, trunk, and muscle, and the second highest (10(2.0) approximately 10(2.5) in brain, heart, and other visceral organs. It was the highest (10(4.0) approximately 10(4.5)) in muscle and a mixture of cerebellum and brain stem in embryos inoculated at 8 days of age.", "PMID": 570255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8906", "title": "Composition and histological observations of enlarged pancreases of chicks adapted to raw soybean meal diets.", "content": "Chicks fed raw soybean meal (RSBM) as a sole protein source developed a significantly enlarged pancreas as compared to chicks fed heated soybean meal. No difference in DNA, RNA and protein content was observed, but the number of acinar cells was significantly higher in pancreases of chicks fed RSBM, after 14 and 28 days of feeding. Histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed that the enlargement of the pancreas resulted both from the hyperplasmic increase in the number of acinar cells and from the dilution of the acini by intercellular connective tissue and the appearance of cytopathogenetic areas.", "contents": "Composition and histological observations of enlarged pancreases of chicks adapted to raw soybean meal diets. Chicks fed raw soybean meal (RSBM) as a sole protein source developed a significantly enlarged pancreas as compared to chicks fed heated soybean meal. No difference in DNA, RNA and protein content was observed, but the number of acinar cells was significantly higher in pancreases of chicks fed RSBM, after 14 and 28 days of feeding. Histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed that the enlargement of the pancreas resulted both from the hyperplasmic increase in the number of acinar cells and from the dilution of the acini by intercellular connective tissue and the appearance of cytopathogenetic areas.", "PMID": 570259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8907", "title": "Congenital abnormalities in newborns of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous parents.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the types, patterns, and frequencies of congenital anomalies among newborns of both consanguineous and nonconsanguineous parents in southern Iran. From 9526 consecutive pregnancies observed, 9623 newborns resulted (9431 singleton and 95 sets of multiple gestation). There were 7261 newborns from nonconsanguineous parents and 2362 (24.5%) babies from consanguineous marriages. Of the total pregnancies, 1.54% resulted in malformed children (1.53% of singleton and 2.1% of multiple gestations). The incidence of congenital abnormalities in newborns of nonconsanguineous parents was 1.66% as compared to 4.02% for newborns of the consanguineous group. Major and multiple malformations were found to be slightly more common in the consanguinous group. Prematurity, prenatal mortality rate, and congenital abnormalities were more common in the consanguineous group. Probably the closer the familial relationship of the parents, the greater the chances of congenital abnormalities.", "contents": "Congenital abnormalities in newborns of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous parents. The aim of this study was to determine the types, patterns, and frequencies of congenital anomalies among newborns of both consanguineous and nonconsanguineous parents in southern Iran. From 9526 consecutive pregnancies observed, 9623 newborns resulted (9431 singleton and 95 sets of multiple gestation). There were 7261 newborns from nonconsanguineous parents and 2362 (24.5%) babies from consanguineous marriages. Of the total pregnancies, 1.54% resulted in malformed children (1.53% of singleton and 2.1% of multiple gestations). The incidence of congenital abnormalities in newborns of nonconsanguineous parents was 1.66% as compared to 4.02% for newborns of the consanguineous group. Major and multiple malformations were found to be slightly more common in the consanguinous group. Prematurity, prenatal mortality rate, and congenital abnormalities were more common in the consanguineous group. Probably the closer the familial relationship of the parents, the greater the chances of congenital abnormalities.", "PMID": 570260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8908", "title": "Coexistent empty sella and prolactin-secreting microadenoma.", "content": "The empty sella turcica may be found in people with no antecedent history of intracranial disease, as well as in those with known pituitary pathology or following therapy to the pituitary gland. We have evaluated 3 women with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia, 2 of whom had amenorrhea. Each had an empty sella. In all cases polytomograms demonstrated asymmetry of the sella floor with focal bony erosion, conventional pneumoencephalography showed intrasellar air, and polytomographic pneumoencephalography confirmed air limited to one side of the pituitary fossa with tumor and/or residual normal tissue on the opposite side. In 2 patients who had extensive endocrine evaluation, pituitary function was normal with the exception of hyperprolactinemia. Transsphenoidal excision of microadenomas resulted in postoperative normalization of the serum prolactin concentration and resumption of regular menses in the previously amenorrheic women.", "contents": "Coexistent empty sella and prolactin-secreting microadenoma. The empty sella turcica may be found in people with no antecedent history of intracranial disease, as well as in those with known pituitary pathology or following therapy to the pituitary gland. We have evaluated 3 women with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia, 2 of whom had amenorrhea. Each had an empty sella. In all cases polytomograms demonstrated asymmetry of the sella floor with focal bony erosion, conventional pneumoencephalography showed intrasellar air, and polytomographic pneumoencephalography confirmed air limited to one side of the pituitary fossa with tumor and/or residual normal tissue on the opposite side. In 2 patients who had extensive endocrine evaluation, pituitary function was normal with the exception of hyperprolactinemia. Transsphenoidal excision of microadenomas resulted in postoperative normalization of the serum prolactin concentration and resumption of regular menses in the previously amenorrheic women.", "PMID": 570261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8909", "title": "The effect of  vitamins A, E and K on experimentally induced histomoniasis in turkeys.", "content": "Vitamins A, E and K were incorporated into turkey starter rations at normal (1 x ), 5 x and 50 x the National Research Council recommended vitamin levels and evaluated for their effect on histomoniasis in turkeys. Infected as well as comparable unifected poults were included in all trials. Each vitamin was also evaluated at normal and 50 x the NRC level in combination with ipronidazole, a low-level antihistomonal agent. In addition to performance parameters, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plasma enzyme levels were used to evaluate the vitamin effect. None of the vitamins tested alone were found to be effective in terms of reducing mortality and morbidity following a severe Histomonas meleagridis challenge, regardless of the vitamin dose. A significant improvement in performance was demonstrated with the vitamin E (50 X)--ipronidazole combination and a numerical improvement with the vitamin A (50 X)--ipronidazole combination over ipronidazole alone or the poults fed NRC recommended vitamin levels. The GOT and LDH plasma enzyme levels correlated well with the progressive pathological changes associated with the disease. At 11 days post-infection both enzymes were consistently and significantly elevated above those of the uninfected controls, irrespective of the vitamin levels provided. The presence of low ipronidazole in most instances delayed the onset of clinical symptoms and was associated with a delay in enzyme elevation, indicating the excellent correlation and sensitivity of the enzyme method in assessing liver damage.", "contents": "The effect of  vitamins A, E and K on experimentally induced histomoniasis in turkeys. Vitamins A, E and K were incorporated into turkey starter rations at normal (1 x ), 5 x and 50 x the National Research Council recommended vitamin levels and evaluated for their effect on histomoniasis in turkeys. Infected as well as comparable unifected poults were included in all trials. Each vitamin was also evaluated at normal and 50 x the NRC level in combination with ipronidazole, a low-level antihistomonal agent. In addition to performance parameters, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plasma enzyme levels were used to evaluate the vitamin effect. None of the vitamins tested alone were found to be effective in terms of reducing mortality and morbidity following a severe Histomonas meleagridis challenge, regardless of the vitamin dose. A significant improvement in performance was demonstrated with the vitamin E (50 X)--ipronidazole combination and a numerical improvement with the vitamin A (50 X)--ipronidazole combination over ipronidazole alone or the poults fed NRC recommended vitamin levels. The GOT and LDH plasma enzyme levels correlated well with the progressive pathological changes associated with the disease. At 11 days post-infection both enzymes were consistently and significantly elevated above those of the uninfected controls, irrespective of the vitamin levels provided. The presence of low ipronidazole in most instances delayed the onset of clinical symptoms and was associated with a delay in enzyme elevation, indicating the excellent correlation and sensitivity of the enzyme method in assessing liver damage.", "PMID": 570265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8910", "title": "Microautoradiographic studies on the cellular localization of radiothallium.", "content": "201Tl-chloride and 204Tl-nitrate were similarly distributed in organs of mice 10 min and 60 min after intravenous injection. Autoradiographic studies were carried out with 204Tl-nitrate in rats (injected intraperitoneally) as well as in mice and dogs (injected intravenously). Thallium localized in the cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules of the kidney. In the intestines, it was distributed mostly in the cells of the smooth musculature and surface epithelium of the villi. Some silver grains were seen in the goblet cells and in the lumen as well. It localized in the sarcoplasm of the myocardium and the skeletal muscle cells. In thyroid, most of the thallium was seen in the colloidal part of the follicle. In testes, silver grains were seen in and around the cells of Sertoli and in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Some localized concentration in the interstitial cells of the testes was also observed.", "contents": "Microautoradiographic studies on the cellular localization of radiothallium. 201Tl-chloride and 204Tl-nitrate were similarly distributed in organs of mice 10 min and 60 min after intravenous injection. Autoradiographic studies were carried out with 204Tl-nitrate in rats (injected intraperitoneally) as well as in mice and dogs (injected intravenously). Thallium localized in the cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules of the kidney. In the intestines, it was distributed mostly in the cells of the smooth musculature and surface epithelium of the villi. Some silver grains were seen in the goblet cells and in the lumen as well. It localized in the sarcoplasm of the myocardium and the skeletal muscle cells. In thyroid, most of the thallium was seen in the colloidal part of the follicle. In testes, silver grains were seen in and around the cells of Sertoli and in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Some localized concentration in the interstitial cells of the testes was also observed.", "PMID": 570267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8911", "title": "EEG and other effects of naltrexone and heroin in man.", "content": "This paper reviews older results on EEG and behavioral effects of heroin and opiate antagonists in exaddicts, and presents new findings on the effects of naltrexone in men who have never been addicted. Ten normal volunteers were given on three separate occasions placebo, 50 mg or 100 mg of naltrexone. The average alpha frequency was significantly slower after naltrexone than after placebo. Naltrexone elicited a significant reduction of breathing rate and oral temperature. Those results indicate that naltrexone does not act as a pure narcotic antagonist in non-addicted men.", "contents": "EEG and other effects of naltrexone and heroin in man. This paper reviews older results on EEG and behavioral effects of heroin and opiate antagonists in exaddicts, and presents new findings on the effects of naltrexone in men who have never been addicted. Ten normal volunteers were given on three separate occasions placebo, 50 mg or 100 mg of naltrexone. The average alpha frequency was significantly slower after naltrexone than after placebo. Naltrexone elicited a significant reduction of breathing rate and oral temperature. Those results indicate that naltrexone does not act as a pure narcotic antagonist in non-addicted men.", "PMID": 570272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8912", "title": "Surgical management of silicone mastitis.", "content": "The results of the operative treatment of 22 cases of silicone mastitis are presented. Moderate involvement can usually be managed successfully by local excision of the masses, or by a subcutaneous mastectomy with later reconstruction. Patients with severe skin infiltration and/or pectoral muscle involvement are prone to complications, however, and we now believe an aggressive approach--such as a complete mastectomy with nipple banking and excision of the infiltrated muscle, might be best. This would allow the later reconstruction to proceed in relatively uninvolved tissue, and prevent the problems of recurrent inflammation from placing bag-gel prostheses in a residual bed of silicone-infiltrated tissue.", "contents": "Surgical management of silicone mastitis. The results of the operative treatment of 22 cases of silicone mastitis are presented. Moderate involvement can usually be managed successfully by local excision of the masses, or by a subcutaneous mastectomy with later reconstruction. Patients with severe skin infiltration and/or pectoral muscle involvement are prone to complications, however, and we now believe an aggressive approach--such as a complete mastectomy with nipple banking and excision of the infiltrated muscle, might be best. This would allow the later reconstruction to proceed in relatively uninvolved tissue, and prevent the problems of recurrent inflammation from placing bag-gel prostheses in a residual bed of silicone-infiltrated tissue.", "PMID": 570284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8913", "title": "A possible genetic contribution to the alexithymia trait.", "content": "Alexithymic characteristics were studied in 15 monozygotic and 18 like-sex dizygotic healthy young twin pairs in a semistructured interview. Variance analysis showed larger within-pair variances in the dizygotic than in the monozygotic twins. With some reservations, these results point to a genetic influence on the etiology of the alexithymic phenomenon.", "contents": "A possible genetic contribution to the alexithymia trait. Alexithymic characteristics were studied in 15 monozygotic and 18 like-sex dizygotic healthy young twin pairs in a semistructured interview. Variance analysis showed larger within-pair variances in the dizygotic than in the monozygotic twins. With some reservations, these results point to a genetic influence on the etiology of the alexithymic phenomenon.", "PMID": 570290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8914", "title": "[Clinical and EMG study of botulism (case report) (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe the clinical and electromyographic findings of a case of botulism with complete recovery. Therapy was based on anti-cholynesterasic drugs, on guanidine (at dosage of 30 mg/kg/day) and on antibotulinic serum. The neuromuscular transmission was assessed with the Desmedt's test: during the disease the EMG showed a tipical pattern of facilitation of motor units potentials during stimulation at 30 per second, becoming normal after recovery.", "contents": "[Clinical and EMG study of botulism (case report) (author's transl)]. The Authors describe the clinical and electromyographic findings of a case of botulism with complete recovery. Therapy was based on anti-cholynesterasic drugs, on guanidine (at dosage of 30 mg/kg/day) and on antibotulinic serum. The neuromuscular transmission was assessed with the Desmedt's test: during the disease the EMG showed a tipical pattern of facilitation of motor units potentials during stimulation at 30 per second, becoming normal after recovery.", "PMID": 570296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8915", "title": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Torulopsis glabrata.", "content": "Torulopsis glabrata is a yeast-like fungus with increasing importance as an opportunistic human pathogen. The role of serum complement in resistance to this infection was studied by chemotactic and opsonic assays. The results indicate that T. glabrata activates complement via the alternative pathway. This may be an important mechanism in host immunity to this fungus.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Torulopsis glabrata. Torulopsis glabrata is a yeast-like fungus with increasing importance as an opportunistic human pathogen. The role of serum complement in resistance to this infection was studied by chemotactic and opsonic assays. The results indicate that T. glabrata activates complement via the alternative pathway. This may be an important mechanism in host immunity to this fungus.", "PMID": 570297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8916", "title": "[A new familial muscular disorder demonstrated by the intra-sarcoplasmic accumulation of a granulo-filamentous material which is dense on electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "This report concerns a family in which several members presented an involvement of skeletal and velo-pharyngeal muscles, associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, respiratory disturbances and lens opacities. The mode of transmission is autosomal dominant. The E.M.G. showed neither spontaneous activity nor myotonic discharges. In two patients, the muscle biopsies showed identical changes. By light microscopy it was seen that in numerous type I fibres, the intermyofibrillar network was \"rubbed out\" and this occurred along with splitting of such fibres. Electron microscopy revealed an intrasarcoplasmic accumulation of an electron-dense granulo-filamentous material: in some areas it formed a mesh of threads around the myofibrils and in others it was disposed regularly in small stacks facing the Z lines. Continuity or structural similarity of this material and the Z lines was not observed; its relationship with the dense strips of leptofibrils is suggested.", "contents": "[A new familial muscular disorder demonstrated by the intra-sarcoplasmic accumulation of a granulo-filamentous material which is dense on electron microscopy (author's transl)]. This report concerns a family in which several members presented an involvement of skeletal and velo-pharyngeal muscles, associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, respiratory disturbances and lens opacities. The mode of transmission is autosomal dominant. The E.M.G. showed neither spontaneous activity nor myotonic discharges. In two patients, the muscle biopsies showed identical changes. By light microscopy it was seen that in numerous type I fibres, the intermyofibrillar network was \"rubbed out\" and this occurred along with splitting of such fibres. Electron microscopy revealed an intrasarcoplasmic accumulation of an electron-dense granulo-filamentous material: in some areas it formed a mesh of threads around the myofibrils and in others it was disposed regularly in small stacks facing the Z lines. Continuity or structural similarity of this material and the Z lines was not observed; its relationship with the dense strips of leptofibrils is suggested.", "PMID": 570292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8917", "title": "Innervation of scar tissue in the skin of the rat.", "content": "In this study the reinnervation of scar tissue was investigated histochemically to demonstrate catecholamine fluorescence and nonspecific cholinesterase activity. The scarring was produced by healing and contraction of a defect in the dorsal skin of the rat. The first regenerating nerves showing nonspecific cholinesterase activity were observed in the scar four weeks postoperatively. Throughout the investigation period, that is up to twenty weeks after the operation, only free regenerated nerves were found in the scar; no encapsulated nerve endings were observed. No fluorescent adrenergic nerves were found in the dense collagenous part of the scar tissue. Regenerated fluorescent nerves were, however, observed in the loose regenerated connective tissue under the scar. Most of these nerves followed the course of blood vessels. In the present work a vigorous contraction of the scar tissue was noted and a poor innervation of the scar tissue with free nerves was observed. The role of these regenerated nerve endings in sensory discrimination, and the importance of different transmitters acting in the sensory system are discussed.", "contents": "Innervation of scar tissue in the skin of the rat. In this study the reinnervation of scar tissue was investigated histochemically to demonstrate catecholamine fluorescence and nonspecific cholinesterase activity. The scarring was produced by healing and contraction of a defect in the dorsal skin of the rat. The first regenerating nerves showing nonspecific cholinesterase activity were observed in the scar four weeks postoperatively. Throughout the investigation period, that is up to twenty weeks after the operation, only free regenerated nerves were found in the scar; no encapsulated nerve endings were observed. No fluorescent adrenergic nerves were found in the dense collagenous part of the scar tissue. Regenerated fluorescent nerves were, however, observed in the loose regenerated connective tissue under the scar. Most of these nerves followed the course of blood vessels. In the present work a vigorous contraction of the scar tissue was noted and a poor innervation of the scar tissue with free nerves was observed. The role of these regenerated nerve endings in sensory discrimination, and the importance of different transmitters acting in the sensory system are discussed.", "PMID": 570298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8918", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of exfoliated malignant and non-malignant human urothelial cells.", "content": "Midstream urine samples were taken from 35 patients with histologically diagnosed urinary bladder carcinoma, from 27 patients without history or sign of malignancy or infection in the urinary tract, and from eight patiens with cystitis. The urine was filtered through Millipore filters, or Nuclepore filters, pore size 5.0 microns, on which the cells were caught. From the same patients biopsies were obtained from different anatomic regions of the urinary bladders as well as from the carcinomas that were present. The filters and the biopsies were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The exfoliated cells trapped on the filters were in good morphological condition. Idential characteristics of the cell surface morphology were recognized in the biopsies and the exfoliated cells from each patient. In non-malignant cases the cells displayed the regional morphological charcteristics of the urinary bladder. Bacteria and an increased number of red and white blood cells were attached to the cell surface of numerous exfoliated cells in patients with cystitis, but no pleomorphic microvilli were detected in these patients. In cases of malignancy exfoliated cells with pleomorphic microvilli on their surface were detected. A large majority of the exfoliated cells shed in the urine with pleomorphic microvilli on their surfaces still retained enough regional surface characteristics to determine their origin. Some of the cells were completely covered with pleomorphic microvilli and it was impossible to determine their origin.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of exfoliated malignant and non-malignant human urothelial cells. Midstream urine samples were taken from 35 patients with histologically diagnosed urinary bladder carcinoma, from 27 patients without history or sign of malignancy or infection in the urinary tract, and from eight patiens with cystitis. The urine was filtered through Millipore filters, or Nuclepore filters, pore size 5.0 microns, on which the cells were caught. From the same patients biopsies were obtained from different anatomic regions of the urinary bladders as well as from the carcinomas that were present. The filters and the biopsies were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The exfoliated cells trapped on the filters were in good morphological condition. Idential characteristics of the cell surface morphology were recognized in the biopsies and the exfoliated cells from each patient. In non-malignant cases the cells displayed the regional morphological charcteristics of the urinary bladder. Bacteria and an increased number of red and white blood cells were attached to the cell surface of numerous exfoliated cells in patients with cystitis, but no pleomorphic microvilli were detected in these patients. In cases of malignancy exfoliated cells with pleomorphic microvilli on their surface were detected. A large majority of the exfoliated cells shed in the urine with pleomorphic microvilli on their surfaces still retained enough regional surface characteristics to determine their origin. Some of the cells were completely covered with pleomorphic microvilli and it was impossible to determine their origin.", "PMID": 570299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8919", "title": "The urethral pressure profiles in continent and stress-incontinent women.", "content": "Simultaneous urethrocystometry, including recording of the urethral pressure profile, was performed in 127 women aged 30 to 69 years; 42 of the women were free from urologic disorders and 85 had stress incontinence of urine. Both groups were subgrouped according to age. The results in the continent and the incontinent women were analyzed separately, in order to disclose any age-related changes. The data within each decade of age were also comparatively analyzed. In the bladder pressure at rest no age-related changes were found, and the readings were similar in the continent and the incontinent women. The maximum urethral pressure fell significantly with rising age in both groups and was significantly reduced in stress incontinence. The urethral closure pressure showed variations similar to those in the maximum urethral pressure. No lower limit of urethral closure pressure that definitely predisposed to stress incontinence could be established. The functional length of the urethra diminished significantly with rising age in the continent, but not in the incontinent women. The absolute length of the urethra did not show such diminution. Both the functional and the absolute urethral length were significantly less in the incontinent than in the continent women in the age groups between 30 and 49 years.", "contents": "The urethral pressure profiles in continent and stress-incontinent women. Simultaneous urethrocystometry, including recording of the urethral pressure profile, was performed in 127 women aged 30 to 69 years; 42 of the women were free from urologic disorders and 85 had stress incontinence of urine. Both groups were subgrouped according to age. The results in the continent and the incontinent women were analyzed separately, in order to disclose any age-related changes. The data within each decade of age were also comparatively analyzed. In the bladder pressure at rest no age-related changes were found, and the readings were similar in the continent and the incontinent women. The maximum urethral pressure fell significantly with rising age in both groups and was significantly reduced in stress incontinence. The urethral closure pressure showed variations similar to those in the maximum urethral pressure. No lower limit of urethral closure pressure that definitely predisposed to stress incontinence could be established. The functional length of the urethra diminished significantly with rising age in the continent, but not in the incontinent women. The absolute length of the urethra did not show such diminution. Both the functional and the absolute urethral length were significantly less in the incontinent than in the continent women in the age groups between 30 and 49 years.", "PMID": 570300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8920", "title": "Protein deficiency and tribal warfare in Amazonia: new data.", "content": "Increasing numbers of anthropological studies about native Amazonian warfare and demographic practices attempt to explain these phenomena as competition over or a response to scarce game animals and other sources of high-quality protein. Recently completed field research among the Yanomam\u00f6 Indians living at the Venezuela-Brazil border indicates that their protein intake is comparable to that found in highly developed industrialized nations and as much as 200 percent more than many nutritional authorities recommend as daily allowances. Recent data on other Amazonian tribes likewise fails to indicate a correlation between protein intake and intensity of warfare patterns.", "contents": "Protein deficiency and tribal warfare in Amazonia: new data. Increasing numbers of anthropological studies about native Amazonian warfare and demographic practices attempt to explain these phenomena as competition over or a response to scarce game animals and other sources of high-quality protein. Recently completed field research among the Yanomam\u00f6 Indians living at the Venezuela-Brazil border indicates that their protein intake is comparable to that found in highly developed industrialized nations and as much as 200 percent more than many nutritional authorities recommend as daily allowances. Recent data on other Amazonian tribes likewise fails to indicate a correlation between protein intake and intensity of warfare patterns.", "PMID": 570302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8921", "title": "Accessory optic projections upon oculomotor nuclei and vestibulocerebellum.", "content": "Displaced retinal ganglion cells in birds are the sole source of the retinal projection onto the nucleus of the basal optic root, the main component of the accessory optic system. This nucleus has direct bilateral axonal projections onto the oculomotor nuclear complex, the trochlear nucleus- and folia IXc,d and paraflocculus of the vestibulocerebellum. The cerebellar projection terminates within a superficial band of the granule cell layer adjacent to the Purkinje cell layer as a mossy fiber system. This bisynaptic projection onto oculomotor neurons and the cerebellum may play a functionally distinct and specific role in oculomotor reflexes.", "contents": "Accessory optic projections upon oculomotor nuclei and vestibulocerebellum. Displaced retinal ganglion cells in birds are the sole source of the retinal projection onto the nucleus of the basal optic root, the main component of the accessory optic system. This nucleus has direct bilateral axonal projections onto the oculomotor nuclear complex, the trochlear nucleus- and folia IXc,d and paraflocculus of the vestibulocerebellum. The cerebellar projection terminates within a superficial band of the granule cell layer adjacent to the Purkinje cell layer as a mossy fiber system. This bisynaptic projection onto oculomotor neurons and the cerebellum may play a functionally distinct and specific role in oculomotor reflexes.", "PMID": 570303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8922", "title": "Hormone changes triggered by aggression in a natural population of blackbirds.", "content": "The concentrations of hormones in the plasma of male red-winged blackbirds caught at the height of an aggressive encounter are significantly different from those in males that have not recently engaged in aggressive behavior. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone in the plasma are decreased in the aggressive males, whereas androgen concentrations are affected in a more complex manner. Concentrations of corticoids do not appear to be affected by aggressive behavior.", "contents": "Hormone changes triggered by aggression in a natural population of blackbirds. The concentrations of hormones in the plasma of male red-winged blackbirds caught at the height of an aggressive encounter are significantly different from those in males that have not recently engaged in aggressive behavior. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone in the plasma are decreased in the aggressive males, whereas androgen concentrations are affected in a more complex manner. Concentrations of corticoids do not appear to be affected by aggressive behavior.", "PMID": 570304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8923", "title": "Hybridization properties of human X-chromosomal RNA transcripts from murine--human hybrids.", "content": "A human--mouse hybrid cell line which has retained the human X chromosome and a fragment of chromosome 2 contains RNA sequences transcribed from human DNA. Nuclear RNA enriched for human sequences was prepared from this hybrid cell line by a multistep hybridization procedure to mouse and human DNA immoblized on nitrocellulose filters. The properties of this RNA were analyzed by RNA--DNA hybridization techniques. The results indicate that we have prepared a RNA fraction enriched for sequences homologous to repeated DNA sequences of the human X chromosome.", "contents": "Hybridization properties of human X-chromosomal RNA transcripts from murine--human hybrids. A human--mouse hybrid cell line which has retained the human X chromosome and a fragment of chromosome 2 contains RNA sequences transcribed from human DNA. Nuclear RNA enriched for human sequences was prepared from this hybrid cell line by a multistep hybridization procedure to mouse and human DNA immoblized on nitrocellulose filters. The properties of this RNA were analyzed by RNA--DNA hybridization techniques. The results indicate that we have prepared a RNA fraction enriched for sequences homologous to repeated DNA sequences of the human X chromosome.", "PMID": 570305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8924", "title": "Pentose-utilizing variants of Novikoff hepatoma cells: phenotypic characterization.", "content": "Forty-three independent variants of the Novikoff hepatoma cell line have been isolated for their ability to use D-xylose, D-ribose, and/or L-arabinose as a sole carbon and energy source. The variants exhibited marked morphological changes and a loss or decrease of cloning efficiency in soft agar. The xylose and arabinose variants showed similar phenotypes while the ribose variants were a phenotypically heterogenous group. Two major classes of variants were found with regard to their specificity for pentoses: one class could grow on ribose, xylose, or arabinose, while the second class grew only on ribose. The lack of specificity for pentose use was correlated with the ability to use pentitols for growth. The frequency of pentose-utilizing clones was 5 X 10(-2) to 10(-3), and nitrosoguanidine treatment increased this frequency tenfold. Fluctuation analyses showed the appearance of pentose-utilizing variants to be a random event. Of the variants examined, 84% expressed a stable pentose phenotype, and of those, 6% were cold sensitive and 8% were temperature sensitive for pentose utilization. In addition to the suggested mutational basis for the pentose phenotype, two variants showed a large increase in chromosome number from 73 +/- 3 to 132 +/- 10.", "contents": "Pentose-utilizing variants of Novikoff hepatoma cells: phenotypic characterization. Forty-three independent variants of the Novikoff hepatoma cell line have been isolated for their ability to use D-xylose, D-ribose, and/or L-arabinose as a sole carbon and energy source. The variants exhibited marked morphological changes and a loss or decrease of cloning efficiency in soft agar. The xylose and arabinose variants showed similar phenotypes while the ribose variants were a phenotypically heterogenous group. Two major classes of variants were found with regard to their specificity for pentoses: one class could grow on ribose, xylose, or arabinose, while the second class grew only on ribose. The lack of specificity for pentose use was correlated with the ability to use pentitols for growth. The frequency of pentose-utilizing clones was 5 X 10(-2) to 10(-3), and nitrosoguanidine treatment increased this frequency tenfold. Fluctuation analyses showed the appearance of pentose-utilizing variants to be a random event. Of the variants examined, 84% expressed a stable pentose phenotype, and of those, 6% were cold sensitive and 8% were temperature sensitive for pentose utilization. In addition to the suggested mutational basis for the pentose phenotype, two variants showed a large increase in chromosome number from 73 +/- 3 to 132 +/- 10.", "PMID": 570306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8925", "title": "The differentiation of the columella in avian embryos treated with hadacidin with some observations on other skeletal abnormalities.", "content": "Single doses of N-formyl hydroxyaminoacetic acid (hadacidin) were injected into chick embryos HH stages 5-30. Embryos surviving for 8+ days total incubation time were recovered and examined for gross and microscopically observable defects. Particular attention was paid to the development of the columella. Survival was only 20%, but a high incidence of cranio-facial and hind limb defects was observed in most age groups. While three categories of columella defect were observed, reflecting some degree of age dependency, this chondrogenic tissue is less susceptible to teratogenic action than other skeletal tissues. The types of columella defect observed are interpreted in the light of a model of cellular interactions in fenestra vestibularis differentiation presented previously. It is concluded that hadacidin produces abnormalities of skeletal differentiation by disrupting morphogenetic, rather than the initiative phases of development of particular elements.", "contents": "The differentiation of the columella in avian embryos treated with hadacidin with some observations on other skeletal abnormalities. Single doses of N-formyl hydroxyaminoacetic acid (hadacidin) were injected into chick embryos HH stages 5-30. Embryos surviving for 8+ days total incubation time were recovered and examined for gross and microscopically observable defects. Particular attention was paid to the development of the columella. Survival was only 20%, but a high incidence of cranio-facial and hind limb defects was observed in most age groups. While three categories of columella defect were observed, reflecting some degree of age dependency, this chondrogenic tissue is less susceptible to teratogenic action than other skeletal tissues. The types of columella defect observed are interpreted in the light of a model of cellular interactions in fenestra vestibularis differentiation presented previously. It is concluded that hadacidin produces abnormalities of skeletal differentiation by disrupting morphogenetic, rather than the initiative phases of development of particular elements.", "PMID": 570307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8926", "title": "Plasma pepsinogen levels in some experimental infections of Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle.", "content": "Two groups of calves were infected with larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi to establish large numbers of adults and arrested larvae. In one group symptoms of ostertagiasis were seen and there was a loss of three months growth; in the other, in which adult worms were removed by a single anthelmintic treatment, there was only a transient reduction in live-weight gain. Plasma pepsinogen levels were however the same in the two groups and followed the same course. Even after 25 weeks, when calves had been growing normally for up to three months, plasma pepsinogen values were still around 5 iu per litre, well above the level generally regarded as diagnostic of ostertagiasis. The relevance of these findings to the use of the test in the diagnosis of ostertagiasis is discussed. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Plasma pepsinogen levels in some experimental infections of Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. Two groups of calves were infected with larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi to establish large numbers of adults and arrested larvae. In one group symptoms of ostertagiasis were seen and there was a loss of three months growth; in the other, in which adult worms were removed by a single anthelmintic treatment, there was only a transient reduction in live-weight gain. Plasma pepsinogen levels were however the same in the two groups and followed the same course. Even after 25 weeks, when calves had been growing normally for up to three months, plasma pepsinogen values were still around 5 iu per litre, well above the level generally regarded as diagnostic of ostertagiasis. The relevance of these findings to the use of the test in the diagnosis of ostertagiasis is discussed. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 570316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8927", "title": "The oestrous cycle of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).", "content": "Thirty-five complete oestrous cycles were studied in five nonpregnant camels (Camelus dromedarius) over a period of 15 months. The oestrous cycle did not have a luteal phase. During the cycle of 28 days the ovarian activity was strictly follicular. Follicles matured in six days, maintained their size for 13 days and regressed in eight days. Ovulation was non-spontaneous and required the stimulus of coitus. Manual stimulation of the cervix for 15 minutes did not induce ovulation. The external manifestations of the oestrous cycle as well as the changes in the ovaries and the genital tract were also studied.", "contents": "The oestrous cycle of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Thirty-five complete oestrous cycles were studied in five nonpregnant camels (Camelus dromedarius) over a period of 15 months. The oestrous cycle did not have a luteal phase. During the cycle of 28 days the ovarian activity was strictly follicular. Follicles matured in six days, maintained their size for 13 days and regressed in eight days. Ovulation was non-spontaneous and required the stimulus of coitus. Manual stimulation of the cervix for 15 minutes did not induce ovulation. The external manifestations of the oestrous cycle as well as the changes in the ovaries and the genital tract were also studied.", "PMID": 570318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8928", "title": "[Influence of an active attitude towards induction of labour, on the occurrence of pathological amniotic fluid - a comparison of the birth years 1967 and 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis was made of discolored amniotic fluid when our attitude changed towards artificial birth induction. Whereas during 1967 only 8.2% of all births were induced, the total birth inductions during the second comparable year increased to 23.5%. This active interference at the end of the gestation period made it possible to reduce the occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid cases from 13.6% to 6.4%. It was thereby established that the lowered perinatal mortality was partially due to this very significantly reduced occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid. The increased surgical termination of pregnancy, in this group lowered the infant mortality from 2,1% to 0,9%. Based on our observations we feel that in a secured gestation period close to the end of term, active obestrical interference is indicated and in cases of discolored amniotic fluid immediate assistance in terminating the pregnancy is required.", "contents": "[Influence of an active attitude towards induction of labour, on the occurrence of pathological amniotic fluid - a comparison of the birth years 1967 and 1976 (author's transl)]. An analysis was made of discolored amniotic fluid when our attitude changed towards artificial birth induction. Whereas during 1967 only 8.2% of all births were induced, the total birth inductions during the second comparable year increased to 23.5%. This active interference at the end of the gestation period made it possible to reduce the occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid cases from 13.6% to 6.4%. It was thereby established that the lowered perinatal mortality was partially due to this very significantly reduced occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid. The increased surgical termination of pregnancy, in this group lowered the infant mortality from 2,1% to 0,9%. Based on our observations we feel that in a secured gestation period close to the end of term, active obestrical interference is indicated and in cases of discolored amniotic fluid immediate assistance in terminating the pregnancy is required.", "PMID": 570324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8929", "title": "[New types of canned meats for infant and dietetic nutrition].", "content": "In line with the current concept for a balanced nutrition and physiological-biochemical peculiarities of the child's organism a raw meat was selected, formulations and technology of fabricating canned goods of meat and edible viscera of three degrees of communition for three age groups of children were elaborated. An approbation made in pediatric and medical establishments justified recommending inclusion of all the kinds of these canned meat in the ration of infants aged up to one year, and of the homogenized ones- also for dietetic consumption.", "contents": "[New types of canned meats for infant and dietetic nutrition]. In line with the current concept for a balanced nutrition and physiological-biochemical peculiarities of the child's organism a raw meat was selected, formulations and technology of fabricating canned goods of meat and edible viscera of three degrees of communition for three age groups of children were elaborated. An approbation made in pediatric and medical establishments justified recommending inclusion of all the kinds of these canned meat in the ration of infants aged up to one year, and of the homogenized ones- also for dietetic consumption.", "PMID": 570321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8930", "title": "[Borderline cases in law and medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Medical problems and their solution may call for consideration of legal consequences in advance, as medical action can result in a violation of the penal code. This is illustrated in the case of homoiotransplantation, using fetal kidneys, which leads to prolicide without abortion (96, 97 StGB) and the surgical separation of Siamese twins an unpaired common organ. The predictable death of one constitutes the fact of murder (75 StGB) while prolicide is possible under the regulations of the Austrian penal code.", "contents": "[Borderline cases in law and medicine (author's transl)]. Medical problems and their solution may call for consideration of legal consequences in advance, as medical action can result in a violation of the penal code. This is illustrated in the case of homoiotransplantation, using fetal kidneys, which leads to prolicide without abortion (96, 97 StGB) and the surgical separation of Siamese twins an unpaired common organ. The predictable death of one constitutes the fact of murder (75 StGB) while prolicide is possible under the regulations of the Austrian penal code.", "PMID": 570331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8931", "title": "[Non-invasive cerclage using supportive pessaries for prevention and therapy of premature birth].", "content": "It was told about a pessary, with the help of which could be done an excellent therapy and prophylaxis of the threatening of a partus pr\u00e4maturus imminens in cervixinsufficiency. To make use of it is very simple. With the help of this method one could lower the rate of miscarriages to 3,6% in comparison to a period without cerclage or pessary, when the rate of premature children was 6,6%.", "contents": "[Non-invasive cerclage using supportive pessaries for prevention and therapy of premature birth]. It was told about a pessary, with the help of which could be done an excellent therapy and prophylaxis of the threatening of a partus pr\u00e4maturus imminens in cervixinsufficiency. To make use of it is very simple. With the help of this method one could lower the rate of miscarriages to 3,6% in comparison to a period without cerclage or pessary, when the rate of premature children was 6,6%.", "PMID": 570333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8932", "title": "[Weight distribution of live births in the GDR (German Democratic Republic) in 1973].", "content": "Birth-weight-distributiones of life-borns in the GDR in 1973 show differences in all parameters as in sex of children as in professional qualification of women at the time of confinement. The results indicate the necessity to take norms of birth-weight as changeable in time and locality. It is necessary to actualize these norms continuously.", "contents": "[Weight distribution of live births in the GDR (German Democratic Republic) in 1973]. Birth-weight-distributiones of life-borns in the GDR in 1973 show differences in all parameters as in sex of children as in professional qualification of women at the time of confinement. The results indicate the necessity to take norms of birth-weight as changeable in time and locality. It is necessary to actualize these norms continuously.", "PMID": 570334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8933", "title": "Are prostaglandins involved in the regulation of coronary blood flow? A review of the evidence.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PG's) fulfil most of the criteria required for the metabolic \"coupler\" linking increases in myocardial activity with increases in coronary blood flow. They are synthesized by the heart and coronary vessels, profoundly modify coronary blood flow in low concentrations and are released under conditions of hypoxia and myocardial ischaemia. Studies with inhibitors of PG-synthetase however provide no firm evidence that PG's are involved in the physiological regulation of myocardial blood flow. These studies are reviewed.", "contents": "Are prostaglandins involved in the regulation of coronary blood flow? A review of the evidence. Prostaglandins (PG's) fulfil most of the criteria required for the metabolic \"coupler\" linking increases in myocardial activity with increases in coronary blood flow. They are synthesized by the heart and coronary vessels, profoundly modify coronary blood flow in low concentrations and are released under conditions of hypoxia and myocardial ischaemia. Studies with inhibitors of PG-synthetase however provide no firm evidence that PG's are involved in the physiological regulation of myocardial blood flow. These studies are reviewed.", "PMID": 570337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8934", "title": "Hypertension-induced protein leakage in the brain in ethanol-intoxicated conscious and anesthetized rats.", "content": "Ethanol has been shown to aggravate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in cerebral trauma and in cerebral gas embolism, possibly by changing the endothelial cell membrane. No difference in protein extravasation was found between intoxicated and control rats under nitrous oxide anesthesia after the injection of bicuculline, a drug that hemodynamically gives rise to high blood pressure in combination with cerebral vasodilatation. In contrast there was a statistically significant increase in protein leakage in conscious intoxicated rats. The fact that ethanol increased the vulnerability only in conscious rats might indicate that nitrous oxide and ethanol have a common effect on the endothelial cell membranes or that nitrous oxide neutralizes an action of ethanol. Protein leakage induced by acute hypertension is more severe in rats anesthetized with nitrous oxide than in conscious rats, a difference that might to some extent be related to an effect of nitrous oxide on the endothelial cells. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence of ethanol and nitrous oxide on the endothelial cell membrane.", "contents": "Hypertension-induced protein leakage in the brain in ethanol-intoxicated conscious and anesthetized rats. Ethanol has been shown to aggravate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in cerebral trauma and in cerebral gas embolism, possibly by changing the endothelial cell membrane. No difference in protein extravasation was found between intoxicated and control rats under nitrous oxide anesthesia after the injection of bicuculline, a drug that hemodynamically gives rise to high blood pressure in combination with cerebral vasodilatation. In contrast there was a statistically significant increase in protein leakage in conscious intoxicated rats. The fact that ethanol increased the vulnerability only in conscious rats might indicate that nitrous oxide and ethanol have a common effect on the endothelial cell membranes or that nitrous oxide neutralizes an action of ethanol. Protein leakage induced by acute hypertension is more severe in rats anesthetized with nitrous oxide than in conscious rats, a difference that might to some extent be related to an effect of nitrous oxide on the endothelial cells. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence of ethanol and nitrous oxide on the endothelial cell membrane.", "PMID": 570339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8935", "title": "Role of prolonged breast feeding in infant growth.", "content": "The growth of 238 healthy full-term infants was followed under a carefully monitored nutritional protocol during the first year of life. The infants were weaned at different ages either to a proprietary infant milk formula or to a home-prepared cow's milk formula. Solid foods were introduced at 3.5 months of age. The 56 infants who were breast-fed for a period of at least 6 months were compared to infants weaned prior to one month of age to one of the two milk regimens. In the breast-fed infants, the weight, weight-for-height-age, and skinfold thickness were similar to values in the proprietary formula-fed infants but were lower than the corresponding values in the cow's milk-fed infants at 6 months of age and subsequently. By using weight-for-height-age as a criterion, no obesity was found among any of the 238 infants, and only 1.7% were considered to be overweight. The results indicate that present recommendations for infant feeding in Finland--including prolonged breast feeding, the use of proprietary milk formulas after weaning, and later introduction of solid foods--prevent overnutrition.", "contents": "Role of prolonged breast feeding in infant growth. The growth of 238 healthy full-term infants was followed under a carefully monitored nutritional protocol during the first year of life. The infants were weaned at different ages either to a proprietary infant milk formula or to a home-prepared cow's milk formula. Solid foods were introduced at 3.5 months of age. The 56 infants who were breast-fed for a period of at least 6 months were compared to infants weaned prior to one month of age to one of the two milk regimens. In the breast-fed infants, the weight, weight-for-height-age, and skinfold thickness were similar to values in the proprietary formula-fed infants but were lower than the corresponding values in the cow's milk-fed infants at 6 months of age and subsequently. By using weight-for-height-age as a criterion, no obesity was found among any of the 238 infants, and only 1.7% were considered to be overweight. The results indicate that present recommendations for infant feeding in Finland--including prolonged breast feeding, the use of proprietary milk formulas after weaning, and later introduction of solid foods--prevent overnutrition.", "PMID": 570340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8936", "title": "Congenital ascites due to mesenteric vessel constriction caused by malrotation of the intestines.", "content": "A newborn premature girl with congenital, non-chylous ascites is presented. The ascites recurred although laparocentesis was performed three times. The ascites was probably due to a superior mesenteric vein constriction caused by a malrotation of the intestines. After division of the Ladd-bands no ascites recurred. Non-chylous, congenital ascites may have a surgically treatable cause.", "contents": "Congenital ascites due to mesenteric vessel constriction caused by malrotation of the intestines. A newborn premature girl with congenital, non-chylous ascites is presented. The ascites recurred although laparocentesis was performed three times. The ascites was probably due to a superior mesenteric vein constriction caused by a malrotation of the intestines. After division of the Ladd-bands no ascites recurred. Non-chylous, congenital ascites may have a surgically treatable cause.", "PMID": 570341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8937", "title": "In mice aggressive behavior provokes vast increase in plasma renin concentration, causing only slight, if any, increase in blood pressure.", "content": "In mice aggressive behaviour causes a vast release of renin, which can result in about 600-fold increase in plasma renin concentration, reaching 6 Goldblatt Units, corresponding to 15 microgram renin per ml. This increase is mainly due to release of submaxillary renin, but there is also a significantly increased renal renin release. The degree of renin release is influenced by the duration of the aggression and by previous contact with other mice. Contrasting with the vast increase in plasma renin the blood pressure is normal or only moderately increased. This disproportion is not due to the depletion of renin substrate, caused by the increased renin, as shown by the increased calculated renin activity, as well as by decrease in blood pressure elicited by blockade of the renin system. Nor is the disproportion due to change in the sensitivity of the vessels to angiotensin II, the cause of this lack of tachyphylaxis being unknown. By way of exclusion the lack of pronounced increase in blood pressure can be explained by homeostatic function of the cardiovascular reflexes, which may also account for the fact that the pressor response after injection of pure submaxillary renin is only short, contrasting with a prolonged marked increase in plasma renin concentration.", "contents": "In mice aggressive behavior provokes vast increase in plasma renin concentration, causing only slight, if any, increase in blood pressure. In mice aggressive behaviour causes a vast release of renin, which can result in about 600-fold increase in plasma renin concentration, reaching 6 Goldblatt Units, corresponding to 15 microgram renin per ml. This increase is mainly due to release of submaxillary renin, but there is also a significantly increased renal renin release. The degree of renin release is influenced by the duration of the aggression and by previous contact with other mice. Contrasting with the vast increase in plasma renin the blood pressure is normal or only moderately increased. This disproportion is not due to the depletion of renin substrate, caused by the increased renin, as shown by the increased calculated renin activity, as well as by decrease in blood pressure elicited by blockade of the renin system. Nor is the disproportion due to change in the sensitivity of the vessels to angiotensin II, the cause of this lack of tachyphylaxis being unknown. By way of exclusion the lack of pronounced increase in blood pressure can be explained by homeostatic function of the cardiovascular reflexes, which may also account for the fact that the pressor response after injection of pure submaxillary renin is only short, contrasting with a prolonged marked increase in plasma renin concentration.", "PMID": 570342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8938", "title": "Supratentorial haemangioblastoma. Case report.", "content": "A case of supratentorial haemangioblastoma is presented. Diagnostic examinations, including computerized axial tomography, were not accurate. Histological examination of the removed tissue disclosed the correct diagnosis. Supratentorial haemangioblastomas are very rare tumours. We describe a case with regard to preoperative neuroradiological investigations, computerized axial tomography, and final histological diagnosis.", "contents": "Supratentorial haemangioblastoma. Case report. A case of supratentorial haemangioblastoma is presented. Diagnostic examinations, including computerized axial tomography, were not accurate. Histological examination of the removed tissue disclosed the correct diagnosis. Supratentorial haemangioblastomas are very rare tumours. We describe a case with regard to preoperative neuroradiological investigations, computerized axial tomography, and final histological diagnosis.", "PMID": 570343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8939", "title": "Response of anamnestic IgA-producing cells in the mouse gut after repeated intragastric immunization.", "content": "1) Repeated intragastric immunization after a 90-day interval results in a local immunologic memory. 2) Repeated intragastric immunization does not induce the same circulation of gut lymphocytes as does the initial oral immunization. 3) Measurement of circulating antibodies is a poor criterion for gauging the local immune status. 4) A gastric intubation dose of 4 X 10(9) SRBC given daily for 4 days appears to be suboptimal for the induction of a local immune response.", "contents": "Response of anamnestic IgA-producing cells in the mouse gut after repeated intragastric immunization. 1) Repeated intragastric immunization after a 90-day interval results in a local immunologic memory. 2) Repeated intragastric immunization does not induce the same circulation of gut lymphocytes as does the initial oral immunization. 3) Measurement of circulating antibodies is a poor criterion for gauging the local immune status. 4) A gastric intubation dose of 4 X 10(9) SRBC given daily for 4 days appears to be suboptimal for the induction of a local immune response.", "PMID": 570346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8940", "title": "Regulation by sex hormones of immunoglobulins in rat uterine and vaginal secretions.", "content": "1) Uterine and vaginal IgA and IgG levels are under estradiol control and vary independently of serum levels. Estradiol regulation does not require the presence of an intact hypothalamo-pituitary axis. 2) The stimulatory effects of estradiol on IgA and IgG in the uterus and the inhibitory effects observed in the vagina depend on both dose and duration of treatment. 3) The changes in IgA and IgG levels in the genital tract of castrate animals following the administration of estradiol are consistent with those that take place spontaneously during the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Regulation by sex hormones of immunoglobulins in rat uterine and vaginal secretions. 1) Uterine and vaginal IgA and IgG levels are under estradiol control and vary independently of serum levels. Estradiol regulation does not require the presence of an intact hypothalamo-pituitary axis. 2) The stimulatory effects of estradiol on IgA and IgG in the uterus and the inhibitory effects observed in the vagina depend on both dose and duration of treatment. 3) The changes in IgA and IgG levels in the genital tract of castrate animals following the administration of estradiol are consistent with those that take place spontaneously during the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 570345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8941", "title": "Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis and other acute encephalitides.", "content": "Cases of acute encephalitis reported to the CDC are divided into five groups: arboviral (8% of the 1965 to 1974 total), enteroviral (2%), post-infection (25%), encephalitis due to other known agents (3%), and encephalitis of indeterminate etiology (62%). With increased use of live virus vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella, postinfection encephalitis has decreased, and SLE had become one of the most common preventable encephalitides in the United States. In 1975 SLE virus caused at least 1,791 cases of encephalitis, 42% of the reported total. In addition, the age distribution of persons with encephalitis of indeterminate etiology suggests that SLE virus may be an important contributor to that caegory during the summer months. The warm-weather transmission cycle of the SLE virus is well established. The reservoir is birds. The principal vector is the peridomestic C. pipiens mosquito in the Midwest and South and the rural C. tarsalis in the West. Man is an incidental and dead-end host. The winter reservoir is unknown. Human illness occurs in the summer. Asymptomatic human infections are about 200 times more common than symptomatic infections. Clinical attack rates and severity of illness increase with age. Case-fatality ratios of 35 to 38% have been reported for persons 60 years of age and older. For unknown reasons, SLE virus causes periodic major epidemics. The epidemics are more noticeable and better studied in major cities, but they probably affect rural areas as well. SLE is more common in areas of the country with warm climates. Epidemics in the North, when they occur, begin later but are of the same duration as epidemics in the South. Presumably, large epidemics of SLE can be prevented by mosquito control programs. Cumbersome and possibly insensitive diagnostic techniques impair our evaluation and understanding of SLE and other encephalitides. Insufficient information about the factors causing or preceding SLE epidemics impedes successful preventive measures. The use of emergency mosquito control programs after an epidemic has started has not been shown to reduce the number of human cases.", "contents": "Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis and other acute encephalitides. Cases of acute encephalitis reported to the CDC are divided into five groups: arboviral (8% of the 1965 to 1974 total), enteroviral (2%), post-infection (25%), encephalitis due to other known agents (3%), and encephalitis of indeterminate etiology (62%). With increased use of live virus vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella, postinfection encephalitis has decreased, and SLE had become one of the most common preventable encephalitides in the United States. In 1975 SLE virus caused at least 1,791 cases of encephalitis, 42% of the reported total. In addition, the age distribution of persons with encephalitis of indeterminate etiology suggests that SLE virus may be an important contributor to that caegory during the summer months. The warm-weather transmission cycle of the SLE virus is well established. The reservoir is birds. The principal vector is the peridomestic C. pipiens mosquito in the Midwest and South and the rural C. tarsalis in the West. Man is an incidental and dead-end host. The winter reservoir is unknown. Human illness occurs in the summer. Asymptomatic human infections are about 200 times more common than symptomatic infections. Clinical attack rates and severity of illness increase with age. Case-fatality ratios of 35 to 38% have been reported for persons 60 years of age and older. For unknown reasons, SLE virus causes periodic major epidemics. The epidemics are more noticeable and better studied in major cities, but they probably affect rural areas as well. SLE is more common in areas of the country with warm climates. Epidemics in the North, when they occur, begin later but are of the same duration as epidemics in the South. Presumably, large epidemics of SLE can be prevented by mosquito control programs. Cumbersome and possibly insensitive diagnostic techniques impair our evaluation and understanding of SLE and other encephalitides. Insufficient information about the factors causing or preceding SLE epidemics impedes successful preventive measures. The use of emergency mosquito control programs after an epidemic has started has not been shown to reduce the number of human cases.", "PMID": 570348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8942", "title": "Uniformity of human milk.", "content": "Compositon of human milk was studied during the feed in six women, through-out the day in one woman on 3 consecutive days and in three women on 39 occasions during established lactation. The total lipid content varied in the course of suckling as well as diurnally in a regular and predictable manner, but the fatty acid composition of the lipid remained constant and was similar in the subjects examined. Fatty acid pattern of milk lipid of one woman supplementing her diet with unsaturated fats was studied. The changes in the milk lipid compostion, induced by the altered diet, are discussed in relation to the mechanism of milk fat synthesis. The described changes in milk composition are specific and may be physiologically significant. The composition of lipid in milk of mothers on adequate and balanced diet shows only limited fluctuations forming a species-specific pattern. The variations that occur in extreme dietary conditions (malnutrition, undernutrition, supplementation) are not random and can be predicted.", "contents": "Uniformity of human milk. Compositon of human milk was studied during the feed in six women, through-out the day in one woman on 3 consecutive days and in three women on 39 occasions during established lactation. The total lipid content varied in the course of suckling as well as diurnally in a regular and predictable manner, but the fatty acid composition of the lipid remained constant and was similar in the subjects examined. Fatty acid pattern of milk lipid of one woman supplementing her diet with unsaturated fats was studied. The changes in the milk lipid compostion, induced by the altered diet, are discussed in relation to the mechanism of milk fat synthesis. The described changes in milk composition are specific and may be physiologically significant. The composition of lipid in milk of mothers on adequate and balanced diet shows only limited fluctuations forming a species-specific pattern. The variations that occur in extreme dietary conditions (malnutrition, undernutrition, supplementation) are not random and can be predicted.", "PMID": 570353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8943", "title": "Autoimmune hematologic diseases associated with infraclinical systemic lupus erythematosus in four patients. A human equivalent of the NZB mice.", "content": "In four patients with a diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura antinuclear antibodies and circulating immune complexes (Clq-BA test) have developed at some time in their history. Renal biopsy material was assayed with different methods. Immunofluorescence studies revealed granular deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and third component of complement (C3). Upon optic microscopy, three patients had mild mesangial proliferation, one a focal glomerulonephritis. Upon electron microscopy, all patients exhibited mesangial and/or subendothelial deposits. The patients have been followed for 18 to 37 years since the beginning of their disease. There has been no clinical evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), although they present in their glomeruli immunologic and anatomic features compatible with this disease. These patients seem to be a human equivalent of the black NZB mouse which presents immunohematologic disorders and some biologic markers of SLE without having a full clinical picture of SLE.", "contents": "Autoimmune hematologic diseases associated with infraclinical systemic lupus erythematosus in four patients. A human equivalent of the NZB mice. In four patients with a diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura antinuclear antibodies and circulating immune complexes (Clq-BA test) have developed at some time in their history. Renal biopsy material was assayed with different methods. Immunofluorescence studies revealed granular deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and third component of complement (C3). Upon optic microscopy, three patients had mild mesangial proliferation, one a focal glomerulonephritis. Upon electron microscopy, all patients exhibited mesangial and/or subendothelial deposits. The patients have been followed for 18 to 37 years since the beginning of their disease. There has been no clinical evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), although they present in their glomeruli immunologic and anatomic features compatible with this disease. These patients seem to be a human equivalent of the black NZB mouse which presents immunohematologic disorders and some biologic markers of SLE without having a full clinical picture of SLE.", "PMID": 570354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8944", "title": "Effect of epinephrine infusion on maternal and uterine oxygen uptake in the pregnant ewe.", "content": "Ten chronically instrumented pregnant ewes were studied to assess the effect of an epinephrine-induced decrease in uterine blood flow on the oxygen uptake of the uteroplacental-fetal tissue mass. Additional measurements of maternal cardiac output, oxygen uptake, arterial pressure, and hematocrit were obtained. Continuous systemic infusion of epinephrine at a rate of 0.3 to 0.4 microgram per kilogram per minute produced a mean decrease in uterine blood flow of 42 per cent (288 +/- 15 to 157 +/- 8 ml.per kilogram per minute). However, the oxygen uptake of the uteroplacental-fetal tissue mass remained at control levels due to an associated 79 per cent increase in the arteriovenous oxygen content difference across the uterine circulation. The calorigenic and cardiovascular systemic effects of epinephrine (a 22 per cent increase in maternal oxygen uptake and a 43 per cent increase in maternal cardiac output) were not related to the changes in either uterine flow or oxygen uptake. The implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of epinephrine infusion on maternal and uterine oxygen uptake in the pregnant ewe. Ten chronically instrumented pregnant ewes were studied to assess the effect of an epinephrine-induced decrease in uterine blood flow on the oxygen uptake of the uteroplacental-fetal tissue mass. Additional measurements of maternal cardiac output, oxygen uptake, arterial pressure, and hematocrit were obtained. Continuous systemic infusion of epinephrine at a rate of 0.3 to 0.4 microgram per kilogram per minute produced a mean decrease in uterine blood flow of 42 per cent (288 +/- 15 to 157 +/- 8 ml.per kilogram per minute). However, the oxygen uptake of the uteroplacental-fetal tissue mass remained at control levels due to an associated 79 per cent increase in the arteriovenous oxygen content difference across the uterine circulation. The calorigenic and cardiovascular systemic effects of epinephrine (a 22 per cent increase in maternal oxygen uptake and a 43 per cent increase in maternal cardiac output) were not related to the changes in either uterine flow or oxygen uptake. The implications of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 570358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8945", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in the elderly.", "content": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was diagnosed in 22 patients above the age of 50 during a seven-year period. There was no female preponderance. Steroid therapy was effective, particularly in preventing hemorrhage and is considered to be the treatment of choice. Splenectomy may be less beneficial than in younger patients with ITP. Complications of the disease and its treatment are minimal.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in the elderly. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was diagnosed in 22 patients above the age of 50 during a seven-year period. There was no female preponderance. Steroid therapy was effective, particularly in preventing hemorrhage and is considered to be the treatment of choice. Splenectomy may be less beneficial than in younger patients with ITP. Complications of the disease and its treatment are minimal.", "PMID": 570355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8946", "title": "Ultrastructure of the collagen fibril. I. Some features of the structure of the collagen fibril.", "content": "In the human ovary, thyroid gland and in the rat tail tendon the plasma membrane of fibroblasts may \"disappear\" or \"dissolve\", leading to a direct contact of the cytoplasm with extracellular space. Extracellular filaments and collagen fibrils may grow directly out of the cytoplasm and from extracellular vesicles and cellular remnants. The filaments are complex structures composed of 3 to 5 subfilaments. Adjacent collagen fibrils are connected with interfibrillar bridges. In the rat tail tendon 2 different types and opposite orientated fibrils are found. After enzymatic treatment it becomes clear that the collagen fibril has a tridimensional organization and is composed of filaments and amorphous cementing matrix. The matrix is easily affected by various enzymes and washed away, revealing thus the inner spiral structure of the fibril.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the collagen fibril. I. Some features of the structure of the collagen fibril. In the human ovary, thyroid gland and in the rat tail tendon the plasma membrane of fibroblasts may \"disappear\" or \"dissolve\", leading to a direct contact of the cytoplasm with extracellular space. Extracellular filaments and collagen fibrils may grow directly out of the cytoplasm and from extracellular vesicles and cellular remnants. The filaments are complex structures composed of 3 to 5 subfilaments. Adjacent collagen fibrils are connected with interfibrillar bridges. In the rat tail tendon 2 different types and opposite orientated fibrils are found. After enzymatic treatment it becomes clear that the collagen fibril has a tridimensional organization and is composed of filaments and amorphous cementing matrix. The matrix is easily affected by various enzymes and washed away, revealing thus the inner spiral structure of the fibril.", "PMID": 570362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8947", "title": "The milk ejection of the rat, as a stimulus and a response to the litter.", "content": "A finding that the milk ejection of the rat is stimulated effectively only if at least half the pups are suckled is confirmed. This relationship, however, is found if the mother is anaesthetized but not if the mother is conscious. If the mother is conscious, the milk obtained by individual hungry pups is unaffected by the number of other hungry pups suckled. This is true whether the other pups of the litter are removed, or whether they are present but satiated. After the milk ejection, pups tend to leave the mother's nipple. Milk yield decreases with each milk ejection of a series, but getting less milk does not make the pups more likely to leave the nipple in search of another.", "contents": "The milk ejection of the rat, as a stimulus and a response to the litter. A finding that the milk ejection of the rat is stimulated effectively only if at least half the pups are suckled is confirmed. This relationship, however, is found if the mother is anaesthetized but not if the mother is conscious. If the mother is conscious, the milk obtained by individual hungry pups is unaffected by the number of other hungry pups suckled. This is true whether the other pups of the litter are removed, or whether they are present but satiated. After the milk ejection, pups tend to leave the mother's nipple. Milk yield decreases with each milk ejection of a series, but getting less milk does not make the pups more likely to leave the nipple in search of another.", "PMID": 570363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8948", "title": "Milk precipitins in selective IgA deficiency.", "content": "Precipitating antibody to cow milk's antigens (commonly bovine IgM) is found in 40-50% of selective IgA deficient patients. These precipitins may obscure the diagnosis of selective IgA deficiency by formation of anti-antiserum precipitin rings in radial immunodiffusion. Abnormal immunoregulatory function along with excess absorption of milk antigens in the absence of secretory IgA may be predisposing factors. Elimination of dietary cow's milk results in disappearance of these antibodies.", "contents": "Milk precipitins in selective IgA deficiency. Precipitating antibody to cow milk's antigens (commonly bovine IgM) is found in 40-50% of selective IgA deficient patients. These precipitins may obscure the diagnosis of selective IgA deficiency by formation of anti-antiserum precipitin rings in radial immunodiffusion. Abnormal immunoregulatory function along with excess absorption of milk antigens in the absence of secretory IgA may be predisposing factors. Elimination of dietary cow's milk results in disappearance of these antibodies.", "PMID": 570365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8949", "title": "[Gastroesophageal reflux in infancy. The physiological basis of management (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastrin has a regulating effect on the complicated closing mechanism of the lower oesophageal sphincter. This hormone produced in G-cells of the pyloric antrum and carried by the blood stream has its greatest effect on the anterior fundus wall, cardias and the lower oesophageal sphincter. Thus, when there is a failure in the closing mechanism of the lower oesophageal sphincter produced by lacking maturity of the oesophageal fibers and the cardias zone, only those surgical procedures using the gastric fundus in order to correct the failure can guarantee a good result, if medical treatment has not been successful. The authors comment on the physiological basis of the treatment, the medical as well as the surgical one, of the gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "contents": "[Gastroesophageal reflux in infancy. The physiological basis of management (author's transl)]. Gastrin has a regulating effect on the complicated closing mechanism of the lower oesophageal sphincter. This hormone produced in G-cells of the pyloric antrum and carried by the blood stream has its greatest effect on the anterior fundus wall, cardias and the lower oesophageal sphincter. Thus, when there is a failure in the closing mechanism of the lower oesophageal sphincter produced by lacking maturity of the oesophageal fibers and the cardias zone, only those surgical procedures using the gastric fundus in order to correct the failure can guarantee a good result, if medical treatment has not been successful. The authors comment on the physiological basis of the treatment, the medical as well as the surgical one, of the gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 570367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8950", "title": "[Reflections and perspectives on institutional therapy in neurotic depressions].", "content": "We have found that an institutional psychoth\u00e9rapy for neurosis could benefit by using elements of the work of Winnicott as well as of the bioenergetic and existential movements. This corresponds to a more and more explicit request from depressed patients who are expecting more from their stay in the hospital than simply to recharge their energy. We thought that our department, because of its size, type of patients, staff and its own orientation would be well adapted to an experience of this kind. In our hospital we try to facilitate in the patient: --regressive experiences; --the perception of \"being\"; --the symbolic and emotional feeling of the reality of time and place and particularity of the body; --the capacity to repair himself; --playing in the sense of Winnicott: playing with the in and the out (of onesself), the positions of the body, verbal play, play of alternation. --Centering on desire on the interior space, with the capacity to be \"alone in the presence on another\"; --the discovery of \"responsability\" and \"compassion\", also in the sense of Winnicott. We must take into consideration that in order to benefit from this type of therapy, there must be a good enough integration and a pain that is authentically experienced, that is, not acted out, not sutured, and without too many defenses. The results can be appreciated only very subjectively, since improvement is of a qualitative order, in the area of development of being serious existentially. We can perhaps envisage another future for the depressed patient than the interminable repetition of relapses or of beign treated indefinitely. This consists of discovering another way of being, more global, more serious, more authentic (real-self), considering the difficulties involved in the engagement of the realself in an already structured existence.", "contents": "[Reflections and perspectives on institutional therapy in neurotic depressions]. We have found that an institutional psychoth\u00e9rapy for neurosis could benefit by using elements of the work of Winnicott as well as of the bioenergetic and existential movements. This corresponds to a more and more explicit request from depressed patients who are expecting more from their stay in the hospital than simply to recharge their energy. We thought that our department, because of its size, type of patients, staff and its own orientation would be well adapted to an experience of this kind. In our hospital we try to facilitate in the patient: --regressive experiences; --the perception of \"being\"; --the symbolic and emotional feeling of the reality of time and place and particularity of the body; --the capacity to repair himself; --playing in the sense of Winnicott: playing with the in and the out (of onesself), the positions of the body, verbal play, play of alternation. --Centering on desire on the interior space, with the capacity to be \"alone in the presence on another\"; --the discovery of \"responsability\" and \"compassion\", also in the sense of Winnicott. We must take into consideration that in order to benefit from this type of therapy, there must be a good enough integration and a pain that is authentically experienced, that is, not acted out, not sutured, and without too many defenses. The results can be appreciated only very subjectively, since improvement is of a qualitative order, in the area of development of being serious existentially. We can perhaps envisage another future for the depressed patient than the interminable repetition of relapses or of beign treated indefinitely. This consists of discovering another way of being, more global, more serious, more authentic (real-self), considering the difficulties involved in the engagement of the realself in an already structured existence.", "PMID": 570369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8951", "title": "[Histofluorescence study of epiphyseal monoamines in the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) during various experimental conditions in hibernation period (author's transl)].", "content": "During the hibernation period, the epiphyseal catecholamine charge is well detected in the garden dormouse; it appears more important in darkened animals at 22 degrees C and much less in animals under continuous lighting. Serotoninergic elements have only been shown in animals living under complete darkness. An important catecholaminergic and indolaminergic charge appears in sexually-hypoactive-animals; during ovarian activation after illumination a diminution (of this charge) is observed. In this species, an inverse relation exists between the importance of epiphyseal monoaminergic metabolism and the hypothalamic gonadostimulating catecholamine discharge.", "contents": "[Histofluorescence study of epiphyseal monoamines in the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) during various experimental conditions in hibernation period (author's transl)]. During the hibernation period, the epiphyseal catecholamine charge is well detected in the garden dormouse; it appears more important in darkened animals at 22 degrees C and much less in animals under continuous lighting. Serotoninergic elements have only been shown in animals living under complete darkness. An important catecholaminergic and indolaminergic charge appears in sexually-hypoactive-animals; during ovarian activation after illumination a diminution (of this charge) is observed. In this species, an inverse relation exists between the importance of epiphyseal monoaminergic metabolism and the hypothalamic gonadostimulating catecholamine discharge.", "PMID": 570371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8952", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and safety of cefamandole in infants and children.", "content": "Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, has greater activity against common pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Proteus (including indole-positive strains), than available cephalosporin drugs. We have evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of this drug in 30 infants and children. Blood levels and urinary excretion of the drug were similar to those previously found in adults. The only side effects were mild and transient elevation of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in 12 patients and of blood urea nitrogen in 1 patient in whom serum creatinine remained normal and unchanged.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and safety of cefamandole in infants and children. Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, has greater activity against common pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Proteus (including indole-positive strains), than available cephalosporin drugs. We have evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of this drug in 30 infants and children. Blood levels and urinary excretion of the drug were similar to those previously found in adults. The only side effects were mild and transient elevation of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in 12 patients and of blood urea nitrogen in 1 patient in whom serum creatinine remained normal and unchanged.", "PMID": 570372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8953", "title": "Thynnascaris rhacodes sp. n. (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) in fishes from the Israeli Mediterranean coast.", "content": "Thynnascaris rhacodes sp. n. infects Pelates quadrilineatus, Solea vulgaris, Boops boops, Lithognathus mormyrus, Obleida melanura, Diplodus vulgaris, D. sargus, and Sparus auratus from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Unique in that the cuticle on the female tail is wrinkled, the ascaridoid is further characterized by possessing 27 to 35 precloacal papillae, a body length of 11 to 85 mm, similar spicules 3 to 6% of body length, a length-ratio of intestinal cecum to ventricular appendage of 1 : 1 to 5, and lips longer than wide.", "contents": "Thynnascaris rhacodes sp. n. (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) in fishes from the Israeli Mediterranean coast. Thynnascaris rhacodes sp. n. infects Pelates quadrilineatus, Solea vulgaris, Boops boops, Lithognathus mormyrus, Obleida melanura, Diplodus vulgaris, D. sargus, and Sparus auratus from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Unique in that the cuticle on the female tail is wrinkled, the ascaridoid is further characterized by possessing 27 to 35 precloacal papillae, a body length of 11 to 85 mm, similar spicules 3 to 6% of body length, a length-ratio of intestinal cecum to ventricular appendage of 1 : 1 to 5, and lips longer than wide.", "PMID": 570370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8954", "title": "The lungs in congenital bilateral renal agenesis and dysplasia.", "content": "A detailed quantitative analysis was made of the lungs from 8 infants dying with bilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia. Total lung volume was reduced in all cases, particularly in those with renal agenesis. In both groups there was a reduction in number of airway generations, indicating interference with development at between 12 and 16 weeks' gestation. The alveoli in each acinus were reduced in size and, in some cases, number--although their stage of differentiation was normal for age--pointing to a disturbance of growth during later fetal life also. As liquor is largely non-renal in origin at least up to 16 weeks' gestation, it seems that there are factors other than the oligohydramnios interfering in early lung growth in these cases, such as reduced proline production by the kidney.", "contents": "The lungs in congenital bilateral renal agenesis and dysplasia. A detailed quantitative analysis was made of the lungs from 8 infants dying with bilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia. Total lung volume was reduced in all cases, particularly in those with renal agenesis. In both groups there was a reduction in number of airway generations, indicating interference with development at between 12 and 16 weeks' gestation. The alveoli in each acinus were reduced in size and, in some cases, number--although their stage of differentiation was normal for age--pointing to a disturbance of growth during later fetal life also. As liquor is largely non-renal in origin at least up to 16 weeks' gestation, it seems that there are factors other than the oligohydramnios interfering in early lung growth in these cases, such as reduced proline production by the kidney.", "PMID": 570375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8955", "title": "Cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy: an important contributing cause of secondary sugar intolerance in young infants with acute infective enteritis.", "content": "The effect of cows' milk protein (CMP) on the mucosal disaccharidases was investigated in 23 infants with acute infective enteritis. Jejunal biopsies performed before and after cows' milk provocation were subjected to histological examination and to mucosal disaccharidase enzyme (lactase, sucrase, and maltase) analyses. After milk challenge, changes in mucosal histology were observed in 18 infants, in 17 of them the levels of all 3 mucosal disaccharidases were much reduced. 10 of these infants developed diarrhoea and, in 6, the stools were positive for reducing sugar. It is concluded that CMP has a deleterious effect on the jejunal mucosa of young infants recovering from infective enteritis, so that in the management of young infants with sugar intolerance secondary to infective enteritis, CMP and lactose should be excluded from the diet.", "contents": "Cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy: an important contributing cause of secondary sugar intolerance in young infants with acute infective enteritis. The effect of cows' milk protein (CMP) on the mucosal disaccharidases was investigated in 23 infants with acute infective enteritis. Jejunal biopsies performed before and after cows' milk provocation were subjected to histological examination and to mucosal disaccharidase enzyme (lactase, sucrase, and maltase) analyses. After milk challenge, changes in mucosal histology were observed in 18 infants, in 17 of them the levels of all 3 mucosal disaccharidases were much reduced. 10 of these infants developed diarrhoea and, in 6, the stools were positive for reducing sugar. It is concluded that CMP has a deleterious effect on the jejunal mucosa of young infants recovering from infective enteritis, so that in the management of young infants with sugar intolerance secondary to infective enteritis, CMP and lactose should be excluded from the diet.", "PMID": 570376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8956", "title": "Ribulose-peptide in human semen: I. Isolation.", "content": "A substance apparently related to a compound consisting of phospho-peptide and ribulose-peptide in the yolk of chick embryos was isolated from acid soluble fractions of human semen by means of Dowex 1 (OH) form column chromatography. The treated precipitate of human semen was examined with an analytical ultracentrifuge by means of synthetic boundary cells and found to be a single component. The sedimentation coefficient was 0.80. The sugar component in the precipitate was identified as ribulose by paper chromatography, color reaction, absorption spectrum of the reaction product in the orcinol, and enzymatic analysis. Amino acids detected in the acid hydrolysate of the precipitate were lysine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine. From the above, this substance was determined to be a ribulose-peptide.", "contents": "Ribulose-peptide in human semen: I. Isolation. A substance apparently related to a compound consisting of phospho-peptide and ribulose-peptide in the yolk of chick embryos was isolated from acid soluble fractions of human semen by means of Dowex 1 (OH) form column chromatography. The treated precipitate of human semen was examined with an analytical ultracentrifuge by means of synthetic boundary cells and found to be a single component. The sedimentation coefficient was 0.80. The sugar component in the precipitate was identified as ribulose by paper chromatography, color reaction, absorption spectrum of the reaction product in the orcinol, and enzymatic analysis. Amino acids detected in the acid hydrolysate of the precipitate were lysine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine. From the above, this substance was determined to be a ribulose-peptide.", "PMID": 570379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8957", "title": "Ribulose-peptide in human semen: II. Synthesis.", "content": "In order to study the metabolism of a naturally occurring peptide containing D-ribulose in the semen, a pathway of D-ribulose synthesis from radioactively labeled glucose was analyzed. Semen obtained from ten healthy adults was used in this study. The seminal fluid of each person sampled was divided into two equal parts and each one was incubated with glucose-1-14C or glucose-6-14C at room temperature for 1 hr. The rate of incorporation into ribulose from glucose-6-14C was higher than that of glucose-1-14C. This suggests that the ribulose in semen might be converted from glucose through the pentose-phosphate cycle, and incorporated into the ribulose-peptide through an unknown pathway. Incorporation of the labelled 14C was also found in all of the amino acids which were detected in the acid hydrolysate of the ribulose-peptide.", "contents": "Ribulose-peptide in human semen: II. Synthesis. In order to study the metabolism of a naturally occurring peptide containing D-ribulose in the semen, a pathway of D-ribulose synthesis from radioactively labeled glucose was analyzed. Semen obtained from ten healthy adults was used in this study. The seminal fluid of each person sampled was divided into two equal parts and each one was incubated with glucose-1-14C or glucose-6-14C at room temperature for 1 hr. The rate of incorporation into ribulose from glucose-6-14C was higher than that of glucose-1-14C. This suggests that the ribulose in semen might be converted from glucose through the pentose-phosphate cycle, and incorporated into the ribulose-peptide through an unknown pathway. Incorporation of the labelled 14C was also found in all of the amino acids which were detected in the acid hydrolysate of the ribulose-peptide.", "PMID": 570380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8958", "title": "Possible relations between the secretory cycle of the neurosecretory cells in the rat paraventricular nucleus and the estrous cycle.", "content": "The ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the female rat in various stages of the estrous cycle was studied by electron microscopy. On account of the secretory cycle, the neurosecretory neurons were classified into four types, and the incidence of each type was counted throughout the estrous cycle. In proestrous afternoon, neurons at the phase of protein synthesis (Type I neuron) increased in number. In estrus and metestrus, neurons at the phase of granule production (Type II neuron) and granule storage (Type III neuron) increased in number. In diestrus and in early morning of the proestrus, neurons at the phase of granule transport (Type IV neuron) and Herring bodies increased in number and in size. The secretory cycle in the paraventricular nucleus of the female rat was intimately related to the estrous cycle. We also observed the neurons in the supraoptic nucleus, but there were no changes accompanying the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Possible relations between the secretory cycle of the neurosecretory cells in the rat paraventricular nucleus and the estrous cycle. The ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the female rat in various stages of the estrous cycle was studied by electron microscopy. On account of the secretory cycle, the neurosecretory neurons were classified into four types, and the incidence of each type was counted throughout the estrous cycle. In proestrous afternoon, neurons at the phase of protein synthesis (Type I neuron) increased in number. In estrus and metestrus, neurons at the phase of granule production (Type II neuron) and granule storage (Type III neuron) increased in number. In diestrus and in early morning of the proestrus, neurons at the phase of granule transport (Type IV neuron) and Herring bodies increased in number and in size. The secretory cycle in the paraventricular nucleus of the female rat was intimately related to the estrous cycle. We also observed the neurons in the supraoptic nucleus, but there were no changes accompanying the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 570381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8959", "title": "Pituitary gonadal system function in patients with erectile impotence and premature ejaculation.", "content": "The pituitary testicular system was studied in men with psychogenic impotence. Eight patients with primary erectile impotence age 22--36 years, eight men with secondary erectile impotence age 29--55 years, and 16 men with premature ejaculation age 23--43 years were studied. The last group was further divided into two subgroups: E1 (n = 7) patients without and E2 (n = 9) patients with anxiety and avoidance behavior toward coital activity. Sixteen normal adult men age 21--44 served as a control group. Diagnosis was made after psychiatric and physical examinations. Patients complaining primarily of loss of libido were not considered in the study. Ten consecutive blood samples were obtained over a period of 3 hr from each patient. Luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, and free (not protein-bound) testosterone were measured. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between patients and normal controls.", "contents": "Pituitary gonadal system function in patients with erectile impotence and premature ejaculation. The pituitary testicular system was studied in men with psychogenic impotence. Eight patients with primary erectile impotence age 22--36 years, eight men with secondary erectile impotence age 29--55 years, and 16 men with premature ejaculation age 23--43 years were studied. The last group was further divided into two subgroups: E1 (n = 7) patients without and E2 (n = 9) patients with anxiety and avoidance behavior toward coital activity. Sixteen normal adult men age 21--44 served as a control group. Diagnosis was made after psychiatric and physical examinations. Patients complaining primarily of loss of libido were not considered in the study. Ten consecutive blood samples were obtained over a period of 3 hr from each patient. Luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, and free (not protein-bound) testosterone were measured. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between patients and normal controls.", "PMID": 570382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8960", "title": "[Multiple developmental defects. The Neu-Pov\u00fdsilov\u00e1 syndrome].", "content": "An observation of Neu-Pov\u00fdsilov\u00e1 lethal syndrome of multiple congenital malformations and data on 6 cases of this syndrome described in the literature are presented. The main morphological manifestations of the syndrome include markedly manifest prenatal hypoplasia, defects of the CNS and the extremities. The presumed type of heredity is autosomal-recessive.", "contents": "[Multiple developmental defects. The Neu-Pov\u00fdsilov\u00e1 syndrome]. An observation of Neu-Pov\u00fdsilov\u00e1 lethal syndrome of multiple congenital malformations and data on 6 cases of this syndrome described in the literature are presented. The main morphological manifestations of the syndrome include markedly manifest prenatal hypoplasia, defects of the CNS and the extremities. The presumed type of heredity is autosomal-recessive.", "PMID": 570383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8961", "title": "Problems of infections relating to international travel.", "content": "Every year we see an increasing number of people travelling overseas. Whilst many confine their travel to Europe, South East Asia and North America, more and more people are visiting other less familiar countries where diseases not encountered in Australia occur. An awareness of the existence of such diseases and appropriate precautions against them should minimize the risk of infection.", "contents": "Problems of infections relating to international travel. Every year we see an increasing number of people travelling overseas. Whilst many confine their travel to Europe, South East Asia and North America, more and more people are visiting other less familiar countries where diseases not encountered in Australia occur. An awareness of the existence of such diseases and appropriate precautions against them should minimize the risk of infection.", "PMID": 570384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8962", "title": "[Surgical treatment of tuberculous pyelic retraction with an ileum segment. Review 16 years after the operation].", "content": "This paper starts with an introduction on the urodynamic, biochemical and histological aspects of the ileon in its function as urine conductor, reviewing the factors which justify its use in Urology to replace the tubercular ureter. There follows the clinical and technical description of a patient with pyelic retraction and multiple ureteral stenosis of phymic etiology, who underwent a complete replacement of the ureter and pelvis by a segment of the ileon. The authors then analyse the results obtained according to general controls in the urinary apparatus 16 years after the operation. They come to the conclusion that a well-fitted ileal segment is always preferable to a bad ureter, contributing to the exceptional nature of the mutilation of organs in urinary tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of tuberculous pyelic retraction with an ileum segment. Review 16 years after the operation]. This paper starts with an introduction on the urodynamic, biochemical and histological aspects of the ileon in its function as urine conductor, reviewing the factors which justify its use in Urology to replace the tubercular ureter. There follows the clinical and technical description of a patient with pyelic retraction and multiple ureteral stenosis of phymic etiology, who underwent a complete replacement of the ureter and pelvis by a segment of the ileon. The authors then analyse the results obtained according to general controls in the urinary apparatus 16 years after the operation. They come to the conclusion that a well-fitted ileal segment is always preferable to a bad ureter, contributing to the exceptional nature of the mutilation of organs in urinary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 570378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8963", "title": "beta-Aspartylglycine, a substance unique to caecal contents of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice.", "content": "The caecal supernatants from germ-free, antibiotic-treated and control mice were compared with respect to their content of low-molecular-weight substances (less than 3500 mol. wt.). The supernatants contained about the same amount of free amino acids. After acid hydrolysis, the caecal supernatants of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice showed a 2.9-fold increase in free amino acids, whereas a similar treatment of the supernatant from control mice resulted in a 2.6-fold increase. By gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, and high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 3.5 of the fractions eluted after the void volume, it was found that the caecal supernatants of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice contained a substance more acidic than aspartic acid. Preparative high-voltage electrophoresis, dansylation, amino acid analysis and a specific colour reaction showed the substance to be beta-aspartylglycine. After a minimal 36 h of treatment with neomycin and bacitracin, a high concentration of beta-aspartylglycine was found, and no enterococci and aerobic Gram-negative rods could be cultured from the caecal contents. The possibility that in one mouse the appearance of beta-aspartylglycine was related to a decrease in Gram-negative rods was ruled out by selective elimination of aerobic Gram-negative rods by using polymyxin B. This suggests that other bacteria concomitantly eliminated with the enterococci and aerobic Gram-negative rods, directly or indirectly, could play a role in the accumulation of beta-aspartylglycine.", "contents": "beta-Aspartylglycine, a substance unique to caecal contents of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice. The caecal supernatants from germ-free, antibiotic-treated and control mice were compared with respect to their content of low-molecular-weight substances (less than 3500 mol. wt.). The supernatants contained about the same amount of free amino acids. After acid hydrolysis, the caecal supernatants of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice showed a 2.9-fold increase in free amino acids, whereas a similar treatment of the supernatant from control mice resulted in a 2.6-fold increase. By gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, and high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 3.5 of the fractions eluted after the void volume, it was found that the caecal supernatants of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice contained a substance more acidic than aspartic acid. Preparative high-voltage electrophoresis, dansylation, amino acid analysis and a specific colour reaction showed the substance to be beta-aspartylglycine. After a minimal 36 h of treatment with neomycin and bacitracin, a high concentration of beta-aspartylglycine was found, and no enterococci and aerobic Gram-negative rods could be cultured from the caecal contents. The possibility that in one mouse the appearance of beta-aspartylglycine was related to a decrease in Gram-negative rods was ruled out by selective elimination of aerobic Gram-negative rods by using polymyxin B. This suggests that other bacteria concomitantly eliminated with the enterococci and aerobic Gram-negative rods, directly or indirectly, could play a role in the accumulation of beta-aspartylglycine.", "PMID": 570395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8964", "title": "The oestrogen receptor in the rat uterus in relation to intra-uterine devices and the oestrous cycle.", "content": "We investigated the binding characteristics, content and intracellular distribution of nuclear and cytosolic oestrogen receptors in the uteri of rats bearing a unilateral intrauterine device, fitted 14--18 days earlier, at four phases of a 5-day oestrous cycle. The patterns of changes in wet weight and content of cytosolic and nuclear receptor that normally occur during the oestrous cycle were not altered by the presence of the device. At all stages of the cycle the intra-uterine-device-containing horn had a greater wet weight and a correspondingly higher content of cytosolic receptor than its contralateral control horn, the cellular concentration of cytosolic receptor being apparently maintained. However, the intra-uterine-device-containing horn had significantly lower cellular concentrations (i.e. per mg of DNA) of nuclear receptor, particularly at late dioestrus and pro-oestrus. Thus the treated horn showed a decreased translocation of receptor in response to increases in circulating oestrogens. Both horns contained equivalent amounts of an activating factor implicated in translocation and measured in vitro by binding of cytosol receptor to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The presence of an intra-uterine device neither altered the dissociation constants (Kd) of the nuclear and cytosolic oestrogen-receptor complexes nor the stability of the nuclear receptor complex in vitro. The decreased translocation cannot thus be directly attributed to changes in the physical properties of the receptor. This decrease may be responsible for the anti-fertility effect of the intra-uterine device (which affects only the treated horn of the bicornuate rat uterus), since implantation of the blastocyst requires correct concentrations of nuclear oestrogen receptor.", "contents": "The oestrogen receptor in the rat uterus in relation to intra-uterine devices and the oestrous cycle. We investigated the binding characteristics, content and intracellular distribution of nuclear and cytosolic oestrogen receptors in the uteri of rats bearing a unilateral intrauterine device, fitted 14--18 days earlier, at four phases of a 5-day oestrous cycle. The patterns of changes in wet weight and content of cytosolic and nuclear receptor that normally occur during the oestrous cycle were not altered by the presence of the device. At all stages of the cycle the intra-uterine-device-containing horn had a greater wet weight and a correspondingly higher content of cytosolic receptor than its contralateral control horn, the cellular concentration of cytosolic receptor being apparently maintained. However, the intra-uterine-device-containing horn had significantly lower cellular concentrations (i.e. per mg of DNA) of nuclear receptor, particularly at late dioestrus and pro-oestrus. Thus the treated horn showed a decreased translocation of receptor in response to increases in circulating oestrogens. Both horns contained equivalent amounts of an activating factor implicated in translocation and measured in vitro by binding of cytosol receptor to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The presence of an intra-uterine device neither altered the dissociation constants (Kd) of the nuclear and cytosolic oestrogen-receptor complexes nor the stability of the nuclear receptor complex in vitro. The decreased translocation cannot thus be directly attributed to changes in the physical properties of the receptor. This decrease may be responsible for the anti-fertility effect of the intra-uterine device (which affects only the treated horn of the bicornuate rat uterus), since implantation of the blastocyst requires correct concentrations of nuclear oestrogen receptor.", "PMID": 570396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8965", "title": "[Influence of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate on the responses of isolated coronary arteries to adrenaline, in the presense of pyrogallol].", "content": "The effect of PLP on the adrenaline-induced relaxation of coronary arteries was studied in vitro, after known inhibitor of COMT, Pyrogallol. Relaxation of response to adrenaline were increased by PLP. Pyrogallol potentiated responses of coronary strips to adrenaline and also reduced or abolished the enhancing effects of PLP. It is concluded that PLP enhances the response of coronary smooth muscle to adrenaline by inhibiting a enzymatic pathway for the inactivation of catecholamines.", "contents": "[Influence of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate on the responses of isolated coronary arteries to adrenaline, in the presense of pyrogallol]. The effect of PLP on the adrenaline-induced relaxation of coronary arteries was studied in vitro, after known inhibitor of COMT, Pyrogallol. Relaxation of response to adrenaline were increased by PLP. Pyrogallol potentiated responses of coronary strips to adrenaline and also reduced or abolished the enhancing effects of PLP. It is concluded that PLP enhances the response of coronary smooth muscle to adrenaline by inhibiting a enzymatic pathway for the inactivation of catecholamines.", "PMID": 570403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8966", "title": "[Influence of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate on responses of isolated coronary arteries to noradrenaline, in the presence of pyrogallol].", "content": "The effect of PLP on the noradrenaline-induced relaxation of coronary arteries was studied in vitro, after known inhibitor of COMT, Pyrogallol. Relaxation of response to noradrenaline were increased by PLP. Pyrogallol potentiated responses of coronary strips to noradrenaline and also reduced or abolished the enhancing effects of PLP. It is concluded that PLP enhances the response of coronary smooth muscle to noradrenaline by inhibiting a enzymatic pathway for the inactivation of catecolamines.", "contents": "[Influence of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate on responses of isolated coronary arteries to noradrenaline, in the presence of pyrogallol]. The effect of PLP on the noradrenaline-induced relaxation of coronary arteries was studied in vitro, after known inhibitor of COMT, Pyrogallol. Relaxation of response to noradrenaline were increased by PLP. Pyrogallol potentiated responses of coronary strips to noradrenaline and also reduced or abolished the enhancing effects of PLP. It is concluded that PLP enhances the response of coronary smooth muscle to noradrenaline by inhibiting a enzymatic pathway for the inactivation of catecolamines.", "PMID": 570404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8967", "title": "Evidence suggesting that some proteolytic enzymes may cleave only the trans form of the peptide bond.", "content": "The rates of hydrolysis of glycy-L-proline and L-phenylalanyl-L-proline, catalyzed by prolidase, have been measured at several temperatures under conditions where a high ratio of prolidase activity to substrate concentration existed. Two well-separated kinetic phases, which can be adequately treated as two first-order reactions, were observed for the hydrolysis. The relative amplitudes of the two phases are nearly independent of temperature, but strongly dependent on the initial state of protonation of the dipeptides. It was found that the amplitude of the slow phase is strictly proportional to the known amount of cis isomer, while the amplitude of the fast phase correlates with the amount of the trans isomer. Furthermore, the relaxation time and activation energy of the slow phase of hydrolysis are in good agreement with the same parameters determined for cis-trans isomerization of the dipeptides, as measured by a pH-jump method for samples not being hydrolyzed. These results lead us to the conclusion that the slow phase seen for hydrolysis is rate limited by cis-trans isomerization of the X-pro peptide bond. Thus, this proline-specific protease appears to have an absolute requirement for the trans form of the peptide bond and appears not to cleave the cis form or to cleave it extremely slowly.", "contents": "Evidence suggesting that some proteolytic enzymes may cleave only the trans form of the peptide bond. The rates of hydrolysis of glycy-L-proline and L-phenylalanyl-L-proline, catalyzed by prolidase, have been measured at several temperatures under conditions where a high ratio of prolidase activity to substrate concentration existed. Two well-separated kinetic phases, which can be adequately treated as two first-order reactions, were observed for the hydrolysis. The relative amplitudes of the two phases are nearly independent of temperature, but strongly dependent on the initial state of protonation of the dipeptides. It was found that the amplitude of the slow phase is strictly proportional to the known amount of cis isomer, while the amplitude of the fast phase correlates with the amount of the trans isomer. Furthermore, the relaxation time and activation energy of the slow phase of hydrolysis are in good agreement with the same parameters determined for cis-trans isomerization of the dipeptides, as measured by a pH-jump method for samples not being hydrolyzed. These results lead us to the conclusion that the slow phase seen for hydrolysis is rate limited by cis-trans isomerization of the X-pro peptide bond. Thus, this proline-specific protease appears to have an absolute requirement for the trans form of the peptide bond and appears not to cleave the cis form or to cleave it extremely slowly.", "PMID": 570405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8968", "title": "Purification and characterization of RNA polymerase II resistant to alpha-amanitin from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus.", "content": "The DNA-dependent RNA polymerases II or B (ribonucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The purification procedures involve precipitation with polyethylenimine, selective elution of RNA polymerase II from the polyethylenimine precipitate, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, CM-cellulose chromatography, and exclusion chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5M. With this procedure 11 mg of RNA polymerase II is recovered from 1.5 kg of mushroom tissue. RNA polymerase II from Agaricus bisporus has 12 subunits with the following molecular weights: 182,000, 140,000, 89,000, 69,000, 53,000, 41,000, 37,000, 31,000, 29,000, 25,000, 19,000, and 16,500. Purified RNA polymerase II from Agaricus bisporous was half-maximally inhibited by the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin at a concentration of 6.5 microgram/mL (7 X 10(-6) M), which is 650-fold more resistant than mammalian RNA polymerases II. The apparent Ki for the alpha-amanitin-RNA polymerase complex was estimated to be 12 X 10(-6) M. The activity of purified RNA polymerase II from the mushroom was quite typical of other eukaryotic RNA polymerase II with regard to template preference, salt optima, and divalent metal cation optima.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of RNA polymerase II resistant to alpha-amanitin from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The DNA-dependent RNA polymerases II or B (ribonucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The purification procedures involve precipitation with polyethylenimine, selective elution of RNA polymerase II from the polyethylenimine precipitate, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, CM-cellulose chromatography, and exclusion chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5M. With this procedure 11 mg of RNA polymerase II is recovered from 1.5 kg of mushroom tissue. RNA polymerase II from Agaricus bisporus has 12 subunits with the following molecular weights: 182,000, 140,000, 89,000, 69,000, 53,000, 41,000, 37,000, 31,000, 29,000, 25,000, 19,000, and 16,500. Purified RNA polymerase II from Agaricus bisporous was half-maximally inhibited by the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin at a concentration of 6.5 microgram/mL (7 X 10(-6) M), which is 650-fold more resistant than mammalian RNA polymerases II. The apparent Ki for the alpha-amanitin-RNA polymerase complex was estimated to be 12 X 10(-6) M. The activity of purified RNA polymerase II from the mushroom was quite typical of other eukaryotic RNA polymerase II with regard to template preference, salt optima, and divalent metal cation optima.", "PMID": 570413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8969", "title": "Deuterium magnetic resonance study of cholesteryl esters in membranes.", "content": "The ternary systems EYL:H2O (50:50 wt %) containing 1 and 5 mol % cholesteryl palmitate-d31 or 1 and 5 mol % cholesteryl palmitate-16,16,16,16-d3 have been studied. Cholesteryl palmitate-d31 gave a unique deuterium magnetic resonance spectrum corresponding to a homogeneous (delta vQ = 3 and 12 kHz) and a solid phase (deltaVQ = 38 and 118 kHz). From the characteristic spectra and spin-lattice relaxation times, a procedure for calculating the amount of each phase present in the ternary mixture is given resulting in a maximum value of homogeneously dissolved cholesteryl palmitate of 0.2 +/- 0.1 mol % and a solid fraction above 0.2 mol %. The most probable order parameter for the (-CD2)n portion of the homogeneous fraction of cholesteryl palmitate-d31 was determined from the quadrupolar splittings to be S = 0.1 which is less than one-half that of the order parameter found for the lecithin chains. Possible explanations for the diminution of the order parameter for cholesteryl ester in bilayers are discussed.", "contents": "Deuterium magnetic resonance study of cholesteryl esters in membranes. The ternary systems EYL:H2O (50:50 wt %) containing 1 and 5 mol % cholesteryl palmitate-d31 or 1 and 5 mol % cholesteryl palmitate-16,16,16,16-d3 have been studied. Cholesteryl palmitate-d31 gave a unique deuterium magnetic resonance spectrum corresponding to a homogeneous (delta vQ = 3 and 12 kHz) and a solid phase (deltaVQ = 38 and 118 kHz). From the characteristic spectra and spin-lattice relaxation times, a procedure for calculating the amount of each phase present in the ternary mixture is given resulting in a maximum value of homogeneously dissolved cholesteryl palmitate of 0.2 +/- 0.1 mol % and a solid fraction above 0.2 mol %. The most probable order parameter for the (-CD2)n portion of the homogeneous fraction of cholesteryl palmitate-d31 was determined from the quadrupolar splittings to be S = 0.1 which is less than one-half that of the order parameter found for the lecithin chains. Possible explanations for the diminution of the order parameter for cholesteryl ester in bilayers are discussed.", "PMID": 570415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8970", "title": "Studies of a large transformation-increased membrane protein in the BHK21 cell system.", "content": "We have recently described in BHK cells a plasma membrane protein of molecular weight 177,000, which is significantly increased in Hamster Sarcoma Virus-transformed cells (Lage-Davila, A. and Montagnier, L. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 79, 577--584). We present now a study of proteins from purified plasma membrane fractions in the same pair of clones. Solubilization conditions, cross-linking experiments, metabolic labelling and enzymatic radioiodination allow to characterize this 177,000 transformation-increased protein as an integral membrane glycoprotein partially exposed at the outer cell surface. Additional information on other membrane proteins in this system is also given.", "contents": "Studies of a large transformation-increased membrane protein in the BHK21 cell system. We have recently described in BHK cells a plasma membrane protein of molecular weight 177,000, which is significantly increased in Hamster Sarcoma Virus-transformed cells (Lage-Davila, A. and Montagnier, L. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 79, 577--584). We present now a study of proteins from purified plasma membrane fractions in the same pair of clones. Solubilization conditions, cross-linking experiments, metabolic labelling and enzymatic radioiodination allow to characterize this 177,000 transformation-increased protein as an integral membrane glycoprotein partially exposed at the outer cell surface. Additional information on other membrane proteins in this system is also given.", "PMID": 570416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8971", "title": "Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and differential thymidine sensitivities of cultured mouse lymphoma and myeloma cells.", "content": "The effects of various concentrations of thymidine on DNA synthesis and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate contents of a highly thymidine-sensitive cultured mouse lymphoma cell line (WEHI-7) and a relatively resistant mouse myeloma cell line (HPC-108) have been studied by 32P-labelling techniques. DNA synthesis in the myeloma cells was inhibited by thymidine at concentrations of 10(-3) M or greater, while DNA synthesis in the lymphoma cells was inhibited by concentrations 30-fold lower, consistent with the 25-fold difference between the two cell lines in sensitivity to growth inhibition by thymidine. Thymidine caused marked elevation of the dTTP and dGTP pools, slight elevation or no change in the dATP pool and a marked decrease in the dCTP pool in cells of both lines. The greater resistance of HPC-108 cells to thymidine inhibition was related to the finding that they normally contained a much higher concentration of dCTP than did the WEHI-7 cells. Pool size measurements on thymidine-treated (10(-4) M) cells of an additional seven sensitive lymphoma and six relatively resistant myeloma cell lines indicated that in all 15 lines studied, with one exception, a critical concentration of dCTP of about 32 nmol per ml of cell volume was required for the maintenance of normal rates of DNA synthesis. The dCTP content found normally in the lymphoma cells was only a little above this concentration. Amongst the myeloma lines, three contained similarly low levels of dCTP, but were more resistant to thymidine inhibition probably because of their inefficient production of dTTP from thymidine. Cells of the other four myeloma lines (including HPC-108) normally contained much higher dCTP concentrations. The mechanism of thymidine action was explained by reference to the known allosteric properties of ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and differential thymidine sensitivities of cultured mouse lymphoma and myeloma cells. The effects of various concentrations of thymidine on DNA synthesis and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate contents of a highly thymidine-sensitive cultured mouse lymphoma cell line (WEHI-7) and a relatively resistant mouse myeloma cell line (HPC-108) have been studied by 32P-labelling techniques. DNA synthesis in the myeloma cells was inhibited by thymidine at concentrations of 10(-3) M or greater, while DNA synthesis in the lymphoma cells was inhibited by concentrations 30-fold lower, consistent with the 25-fold difference between the two cell lines in sensitivity to growth inhibition by thymidine. Thymidine caused marked elevation of the dTTP and dGTP pools, slight elevation or no change in the dATP pool and a marked decrease in the dCTP pool in cells of both lines. The greater resistance of HPC-108 cells to thymidine inhibition was related to the finding that they normally contained a much higher concentration of dCTP than did the WEHI-7 cells. Pool size measurements on thymidine-treated (10(-4) M) cells of an additional seven sensitive lymphoma and six relatively resistant myeloma cell lines indicated that in all 15 lines studied, with one exception, a critical concentration of dCTP of about 32 nmol per ml of cell volume was required for the maintenance of normal rates of DNA synthesis. The dCTP content found normally in the lymphoma cells was only a little above this concentration. Amongst the myeloma lines, three contained similarly low levels of dCTP, but were more resistant to thymidine inhibition probably because of their inefficient production of dTTP from thymidine. Cells of the other four myeloma lines (including HPC-108) normally contained much higher dCTP concentrations. The mechanism of thymidine action was explained by reference to the known allosteric properties of ribonucleotide reductase.", "PMID": 570417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8972", "title": "Isolation of replication forks from growing Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "A procedure is described which permits the large-scale isolation of essentially complete replications forks from the DNA of Ehrlich ascites cells. The whole nuclear DNA is first isolated by a method which involves minimal hydrodynamic shear. The DNA is then degraded by cryolysis, a freeze-thawing procedure, to a size providing the otherwise very labile forked structures with a sufficient resistance against shear forces. Finally, the Y-shaped structures of replicating DNA are separated by nitrocellulose column chromatography. When the newly formed strands of replicating DNA were density-labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine the DNA fraction isolated by this procedure banded in isopycnic CsCl gradients at a density expected for Y-shaped molecules with two light-heavy branches and one light-light branch and sedimented significantly faster than the corresponding bulk DNA fraction through neutral sucrose gradients. The forked molecules could be visualized by electron microscopy. The essential step of the procedure is the cryolysis which produces fragments from larger DNA structure essentially at random. When the cryolysis is omitted the forked structures are disrupted within the highly susceptible regions around the branching point.", "contents": "Isolation of replication forks from growing Ehrlich ascites cells. A procedure is described which permits the large-scale isolation of essentially complete replications forks from the DNA of Ehrlich ascites cells. The whole nuclear DNA is first isolated by a method which involves minimal hydrodynamic shear. The DNA is then degraded by cryolysis, a freeze-thawing procedure, to a size providing the otherwise very labile forked structures with a sufficient resistance against shear forces. Finally, the Y-shaped structures of replicating DNA are separated by nitrocellulose column chromatography. When the newly formed strands of replicating DNA were density-labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine the DNA fraction isolated by this procedure banded in isopycnic CsCl gradients at a density expected for Y-shaped molecules with two light-heavy branches and one light-light branch and sedimented significantly faster than the corresponding bulk DNA fraction through neutral sucrose gradients. The forked molecules could be visualized by electron microscopy. The essential step of the procedure is the cryolysis which produces fragments from larger DNA structure essentially at random. When the cryolysis is omitted the forked structures are disrupted within the highly susceptible regions around the branching point.", "PMID": 570418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8973", "title": "Nick translation of mammalian DNA.", "content": "The labelling of mouse DNA by nick translation with DNA polymerase I has been investigated with respect to the time of incubation, requirement for DNAase I, size of the product, and uniformity of labelling, and the hybridisability and stability of the resultant labelled probes. Total mouse DNA and reannealed unique mouse DNA sequences can be labelled by nick translation in the presence of [3H]dCTP and [3H]TTP to a specific activity of 7 . 10(6)--20 . 10(6) cpm/microgram DNA. The hybridisation characteristics of nick-translated whole DNA with an excess of unlabelled mouse-embryo driver DNA indicates that no preferential labelling of repetitive or unique DNA sequence classes occurs. In addition, the proportion of unique DNA sequences labelled by nick translation which hybridises with polyadenylated nuclear RNA from Friend cells is the same as that of unique DNA sequences isolated from cells labelled with [3H]thymidine in vivo, indicating that few (if any) of the unique DNA sequences are unrepresented in the nick-translated probe. Probes which contain [3H]dTMP are unstable, and show a considerable reduction in hybridisability over a period of 6 months at --20 degrees C. The decrease is accompanied by an increase in the number of mismatched sites in duplexes containing the labelled probe (as shown by thermal stability measurements of hybrid molecules) and a decrease in the rate of hybridisation of the probe with total mouse DNA. In contrast, DNA which is labelled with [3H]dCMP alone is stable, and does not show any decrease in hybridisability on prolonged storage.", "contents": "Nick translation of mammalian DNA. The labelling of mouse DNA by nick translation with DNA polymerase I has been investigated with respect to the time of incubation, requirement for DNAase I, size of the product, and uniformity of labelling, and the hybridisability and stability of the resultant labelled probes. Total mouse DNA and reannealed unique mouse DNA sequences can be labelled by nick translation in the presence of [3H]dCTP and [3H]TTP to a specific activity of 7 . 10(6)--20 . 10(6) cpm/microgram DNA. The hybridisation characteristics of nick-translated whole DNA with an excess of unlabelled mouse-embryo driver DNA indicates that no preferential labelling of repetitive or unique DNA sequence classes occurs. In addition, the proportion of unique DNA sequences labelled by nick translation which hybridises with polyadenylated nuclear RNA from Friend cells is the same as that of unique DNA sequences isolated from cells labelled with [3H]thymidine in vivo, indicating that few (if any) of the unique DNA sequences are unrepresented in the nick-translated probe. Probes which contain [3H]dTMP are unstable, and show a considerable reduction in hybridisability over a period of 6 months at --20 degrees C. The decrease is accompanied by an increase in the number of mismatched sites in duplexes containing the labelled probe (as shown by thermal stability measurements of hybrid molecules) and a decrease in the rate of hybridisation of the probe with total mouse DNA. In contrast, DNA which is labelled with [3H]dCMP alone is stable, and does not show any decrease in hybridisability on prolonged storage.", "PMID": 570419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8974", "title": "Sequence organization of the soybean genome.", "content": "The total complexity of one constituent soybean (Glycine max) genome is estimated to be 1.29 . 10(9) nucleotide pairs, as determined by analysis of the reassociation kinetics of sheared (0.47 kilobase) DNA. Single copy sequences are estimated to represent from 53 to 64% of the genome by analysis of hydroxyapatite binding of repetitive DNA as a function of fragment length. From 65 to 70% of these single copy sequences have a short period interspersion with 1.11--1.36 kilobase lengths alternating with 0.3--0.4 kilobase repetitive sequence elements. The repetitive sequences of soybean DNA are interspersed both among themselves and among single copy regions of the genome.", "contents": "Sequence organization of the soybean genome. The total complexity of one constituent soybean (Glycine max) genome is estimated to be 1.29 . 10(9) nucleotide pairs, as determined by analysis of the reassociation kinetics of sheared (0.47 kilobase) DNA. Single copy sequences are estimated to represent from 53 to 64% of the genome by analysis of hydroxyapatite binding of repetitive DNA as a function of fragment length. From 65 to 70% of these single copy sequences have a short period interspersion with 1.11--1.36 kilobase lengths alternating with 0.3--0.4 kilobase repetitive sequence elements. The repetitive sequences of soybean DNA are interspersed both among themselves and among single copy regions of the genome.", "PMID": 570420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8975", "title": "Structural changes of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA derived from hydrodynamic measurements.", "content": "The paper reports on sedimentation and viscosity measurements performed on ultraviolet-irradiated DNA from T7 phage and calf thymus. From the hydrodynamic data the relative changes in the mean molecular weight, radius of gyration, and effective Kuhn statistical segment length were calculated. The results show that ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm) leads to a significant decrease of the effective statistical segment length of DNA which may be due to small local helix kinks (produced by the generation of photodimers) and a local increase of chain flexibility. Alterations in the overall DNA conformation may be observed even at low fluences where the mean molecular weight almost stays constant. The locally distorted helix regions possibly may serve as recognition sites in the first step of excision repair.", "contents": "Structural changes of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA derived from hydrodynamic measurements. The paper reports on sedimentation and viscosity measurements performed on ultraviolet-irradiated DNA from T7 phage and calf thymus. From the hydrodynamic data the relative changes in the mean molecular weight, radius of gyration, and effective Kuhn statistical segment length were calculated. The results show that ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm) leads to a significant decrease of the effective statistical segment length of DNA which may be due to small local helix kinks (produced by the generation of photodimers) and a local increase of chain flexibility. Alterations in the overall DNA conformation may be observed even at low fluences where the mean molecular weight almost stays constant. The locally distorted helix regions possibly may serve as recognition sites in the first step of excision repair.", "PMID": 570421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8976", "title": "Negative homotropic cooperativity in rat muscle AMP deaminase. A kinetic study on the inhibition of the enzyme by ATP.", "content": "1. Rat skeletal muscle AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) at optimal KCl concentrations shows a biphasic response to increasing levels of the allosteric inhibitor ATP. 2. Up to 10 micrometer, ATP appears to convert the enzyme to a form exhibiting sigmoidal kinetics while at higher concentrations its inhibitory effect is manifested by an alteration of AMP binding to AMP deaminase indicative of negative homotropic cooperativity at about 50% saturation. 3. AMP deaminase is inactivated by incubation with the periodate oxidation product of ATP. The (oxidized ATP)--AMP deaminase complex stabilized by NaBH4 reduction shows kinetic properties similar to those of the native enzyme in the presence of high ATP concentrations. 4. A plausible explanation of the observed cooperativity is that ATP induces different conformational state of AMP deaminase subunits, causing the substrate to follow a sequential mechanism of binding to enzyme. 5. Binding of the radioactive oxidized ATP shows that 3.2 mol of this reagent bind per mol AMP deaminase.", "contents": "Negative homotropic cooperativity in rat muscle AMP deaminase. A kinetic study on the inhibition of the enzyme by ATP. 1. Rat skeletal muscle AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) at optimal KCl concentrations shows a biphasic response to increasing levels of the allosteric inhibitor ATP. 2. Up to 10 micrometer, ATP appears to convert the enzyme to a form exhibiting sigmoidal kinetics while at higher concentrations its inhibitory effect is manifested by an alteration of AMP binding to AMP deaminase indicative of negative homotropic cooperativity at about 50% saturation. 3. AMP deaminase is inactivated by incubation with the periodate oxidation product of ATP. The (oxidized ATP)--AMP deaminase complex stabilized by NaBH4 reduction shows kinetic properties similar to those of the native enzyme in the presence of high ATP concentrations. 4. A plausible explanation of the observed cooperativity is that ATP induces different conformational state of AMP deaminase subunits, causing the substrate to follow a sequential mechanism of binding to enzyme. 5. Binding of the radioactive oxidized ATP shows that 3.2 mol of this reagent bind per mol AMP deaminase.", "PMID": 570422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8977", "title": "Inhibition of esterase and amidase activities of alpha- and beta-thrombin in the presence of antithrombin III and heparin.", "content": "Inhibition of the esterase and amidase activities of bovine alpha- and beta-thrombin in the presence of antithrombin III and heparin has been studied. It was found that both the esterase and amidase activities of alpha-thrombin were inhibited by antithrombin III and the reactions were accelerated by heparin. The inhibition of amidase and esterase activities of beta-thrombin by antithrombin III has also been demonstrated. Heparin however did not increase the rate of inactivation of the enzyme.", "contents": "Inhibition of esterase and amidase activities of alpha- and beta-thrombin in the presence of antithrombin III and heparin. Inhibition of the esterase and amidase activities of bovine alpha- and beta-thrombin in the presence of antithrombin III and heparin has been studied. It was found that both the esterase and amidase activities of alpha-thrombin were inhibited by antithrombin III and the reactions were accelerated by heparin. The inhibition of amidase and esterase activities of beta-thrombin by antithrombin III has also been demonstrated. Heparin however did not increase the rate of inactivation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 570423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8978", "title": "Active enzyme sedimentation of pig heart fumarase.", "content": "Active band sedimentation studies of pig heart fumarase indicate that the enzyme is predominantly tetrameric at enzyme concentrations between 0.0125 and 0.25 mg/ml and at a fumarate concentration of 2.5 mM. At enzyme concentrations of 0.25--1.0 mg/ml and fumarate concentrations known to activate and inhibit the enzyme, the sedimentation band of fumarase becomes disperse and indicates the presence of polymers greater than tetramers.", "contents": "Active enzyme sedimentation of pig heart fumarase. Active band sedimentation studies of pig heart fumarase indicate that the enzyme is predominantly tetrameric at enzyme concentrations between 0.0125 and 0.25 mg/ml and at a fumarate concentration of 2.5 mM. At enzyme concentrations of 0.25--1.0 mg/ml and fumarate concentrations known to activate and inhibit the enzyme, the sedimentation band of fumarase becomes disperse and indicates the presence of polymers greater than tetramers.", "PMID": 570424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8979", "title": "Stereospecific (--)-[3H]norepinephrine binding to bovine hypothalamus. Possible identification of the catecholamine uptake site in synaptic vesicles.", "content": "A (--)-[3H]norepinephrine binding site was identified in a crude synaptosomal fraction isolated from bovine hypothalamus which bound norepinephrine rapidly, reversibly, and stereospecificially. The results were most consistent with binding of (-)-[H]norepinephrine to the carrier molecule used to translocate biogenic amines into synaptic vesicles. The binding studies indicated that specific binding of (--)-[3H]norepinephrine to the crude synaptosomal fraction was greatly enhanced by 4 mM MgCl2 pand 1 mM ATP. The increased binding of (--)-[3H5norepinephrine also occurred in the presence of MgCl2 and GTP, but AMP, adenosine and adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate would not substitute for ATP. Neither CaCl2 nor ZnSO4 could be substituted for the MgCl2. In the presence of MgCl2 and ATP, the dissociation constant for (--)-[3H]norepinephrine was 280 nM with a specific binding site density of 4.8 pmol/mg protein. Binding was stereospecific with ratios of 15, 4, and 6.5 for the affinities of (--)-isomers to (+)-isomers for norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoproterenol, respectively. Drug competition studies, conducted in the presence of Mg2+ and ATP, indicated that (--)-epinephrine, (--)-norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin had inhibitory constants ranging from 0.25 to 0.8 micron with (--)-isoproterenol and tyramine having inhibitory constants around 2 micron. Reserpine was the most potent inhibitor having an inhibition constant of 8.6 +/- 0.3 nM. The binding data were not consistent with the specific site being the alpha- or beta-receptors for norepinephrine, the Uptake1 Site for norepinephrine into synaptosomes or the metabolizing enzymes for norepinephrine.", "contents": "Stereospecific (--)-[3H]norepinephrine binding to bovine hypothalamus. Possible identification of the catecholamine uptake site in synaptic vesicles. A (--)-[3H]norepinephrine binding site was identified in a crude synaptosomal fraction isolated from bovine hypothalamus which bound norepinephrine rapidly, reversibly, and stereospecificially. The results were most consistent with binding of (-)-[H]norepinephrine to the carrier molecule used to translocate biogenic amines into synaptic vesicles. The binding studies indicated that specific binding of (--)-[3H]norepinephrine to the crude synaptosomal fraction was greatly enhanced by 4 mM MgCl2 pand 1 mM ATP. The increased binding of (--)-[3H5norepinephrine also occurred in the presence of MgCl2 and GTP, but AMP, adenosine and adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate would not substitute for ATP. Neither CaCl2 nor ZnSO4 could be substituted for the MgCl2. In the presence of MgCl2 and ATP, the dissociation constant for (--)-[3H]norepinephrine was 280 nM with a specific binding site density of 4.8 pmol/mg protein. Binding was stereospecific with ratios of 15, 4, and 6.5 for the affinities of (--)-isomers to (+)-isomers for norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoproterenol, respectively. Drug competition studies, conducted in the presence of Mg2+ and ATP, indicated that (--)-epinephrine, (--)-norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin had inhibitory constants ranging from 0.25 to 0.8 micron with (--)-isoproterenol and tyramine having inhibitory constants around 2 micron. Reserpine was the most potent inhibitor having an inhibition constant of 8.6 +/- 0.3 nM. The binding data were not consistent with the specific site being the alpha- or beta-receptors for norepinephrine, the Uptake1 Site for norepinephrine into synaptosomes or the metabolizing enzymes for norepinephrine.", "PMID": 570425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8980", "title": "[Interaction of human creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes with rabbit antibodies and their Fab-fragments].", "content": "The interaction of human creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes with rabbit antibodies and their Fab has been studied. It has been shown that Fab of the antibodies against MM or BB isoenzymes preserve high specificity of intact antibodies and the ability to inhibit creatine kinase isoenzymes. Differences between antibodies and their Fab have been found to exist with respect to the kinetics of binding with homologous isoenzymes: the rate of the complex formation for Fab is significantly higher. The interaction of creatine kinase isoenzymes with intact antibodies and their Fab is not affected by the addition of creatine kinase substrates. The antibodies against MM and BB isoenzymes have been used to study the individual properties of each subunit of the M- and B-type in a hybrid dimer MB. It has been shown that such properties of these subunits as the Michaelis constants, pH dependence and inhibition by homologous antibodies are identical to those of non-hybrid MM and BB isoenzymes, respectively.", "contents": "[Interaction of human creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes with rabbit antibodies and their Fab-fragments]. The interaction of human creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes with rabbit antibodies and their Fab has been studied. It has been shown that Fab of the antibodies against MM or BB isoenzymes preserve high specificity of intact antibodies and the ability to inhibit creatine kinase isoenzymes. Differences between antibodies and their Fab have been found to exist with respect to the kinetics of binding with homologous isoenzymes: the rate of the complex formation for Fab is significantly higher. The interaction of creatine kinase isoenzymes with intact antibodies and their Fab is not affected by the addition of creatine kinase substrates. The antibodies against MM and BB isoenzymes have been used to study the individual properties of each subunit of the M- and B-type in a hybrid dimer MB. It has been shown that such properties of these subunits as the Michaelis constants, pH dependence and inhibition by homologous antibodies are identical to those of non-hybrid MM and BB isoenzymes, respectively.", "PMID": 570426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8981", "title": "Influence of prenatal and continuous postnatal protein-deficient diets on the development of rats.", "content": "The influence of prenatal and continuous postnatal protein-restricted diet on the development of rats was investigated. Virgin female rats were maintained for 35 days on isocaloric diets containing 8 or 25% casein, and then mated. The animals were supplied their respective diets during gestation and nursing. It was observed that the offspring of mothers kept on the 8% casein diet had 50% less body weight, and 10-15% less brain weight than the corresponding controls. The peak of rapid brain growth for both groups of animals occurred at age 6 days. The rate of de novo biosynthesis of sterols, following the injection of (2-14C)-mevalonic acid into the midline thalamic area and the cerebellum, was also investigated. A significant shift of the age of peaking of 14C-incorporation into sterols in the cerebellum was noted. Our results indicate that although unlimited amounts of food were supplied to the mothers on the 8% casein diet, this could not offset the detrimental effect of the protein deficiency on the offspring.", "contents": "Influence of prenatal and continuous postnatal protein-deficient diets on the development of rats. The influence of prenatal and continuous postnatal protein-restricted diet on the development of rats was investigated. Virgin female rats were maintained for 35 days on isocaloric diets containing 8 or 25% casein, and then mated. The animals were supplied their respective diets during gestation and nursing. It was observed that the offspring of mothers kept on the 8% casein diet had 50% less body weight, and 10-15% less brain weight than the corresponding controls. The peak of rapid brain growth for both groups of animals occurred at age 6 days. The rate of de novo biosynthesis of sterols, following the injection of (2-14C)-mevalonic acid into the midline thalamic area and the cerebellum, was also investigated. A significant shift of the age of peaking of 14C-incorporation into sterols in the cerebellum was noted. Our results indicate that although unlimited amounts of food were supplied to the mothers on the 8% casein diet, this could not offset the detrimental effect of the protein deficiency on the offspring.", "PMID": 570427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8982", "title": "[Effect of carbidine on the sex glands of rats chronically exposed to ethanol].", "content": "In experiments on rats it was shown that carbidine injected intramuscularly for two weeks does not effect gonadotropic action in a dose effective in experimental therapy of alcohol dependence (4 mg/kg). The drug neither potentiates adverse after-effects of chronic action of ethanol on ovo- and spermatogenesis nor slows down the course of the reparative processes in the gonads after ethanol is discontinued. However, further regressive changes in the gonadal generative elements were recorded in administering carbidine against the background of continued use of ethanol.", "contents": "[Effect of carbidine on the sex glands of rats chronically exposed to ethanol]. In experiments on rats it was shown that carbidine injected intramuscularly for two weeks does not effect gonadotropic action in a dose effective in experimental therapy of alcohol dependence (4 mg/kg). The drug neither potentiates adverse after-effects of chronic action of ethanol on ovo- and spermatogenesis nor slows down the course of the reparative processes in the gonads after ethanol is discontinued. However, further regressive changes in the gonadal generative elements were recorded in administering carbidine against the background of continued use of ethanol.", "PMID": 570436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8983", "title": "[Preliminary lymphocyte activation by a mitogen as a condition for demonstrating the ability of the Fab-fragment of normal IgG to inhibit lymphocyte transformation].", "content": "Peculiarities attending inhibition of the PHA-induced blast-cell transformation of human lymphocytes by F(ab')2 fragment of rabbit IgG were studied. It was shown that the fragment did not affect the intensity of blast-cell transformation if the lymphocytes were preliminarily incubated with the fragment for 24 h at 37 degrees or 4 degrees C and then transferred to the fresh medium containing PHA. However, if the fragment was added to the cells 24 or 48 h following PHA it produced a significant inhibition of the blast-cell transformation. These data may indicate that F(ab')2 fragment interferes with the lymphocyte transformation only when the cells are already activated with PHA.", "contents": "[Preliminary lymphocyte activation by a mitogen as a condition for demonstrating the ability of the Fab-fragment of normal IgG to inhibit lymphocyte transformation]. Peculiarities attending inhibition of the PHA-induced blast-cell transformation of human lymphocytes by F(ab')2 fragment of rabbit IgG were studied. It was shown that the fragment did not affect the intensity of blast-cell transformation if the lymphocytes were preliminarily incubated with the fragment for 24 h at 37 degrees or 4 degrees C and then transferred to the fresh medium containing PHA. However, if the fragment was added to the cells 24 or 48 h following PHA it produced a significant inhibition of the blast-cell transformation. These data may indicate that F(ab')2 fragment interferes with the lymphocyte transformation only when the cells are already activated with PHA.", "PMID": 570437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8984", "title": "Sex chromosomes in the sockeye salmon: a Y-autosome fusion.", "content": "Chromosomes of 21 sockeye salmon [Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)] from three locations in Washington state were examined. All males had 57 chromosomes, while all females had 58 chromosomes. Both sexes had 104 chromosome arms. It appears that in males of this species the Y chromosome and an autosome have fused to form a metacentric chromosome.", "contents": "Sex chromosomes in the sockeye salmon: a Y-autosome fusion. Chromosomes of 21 sockeye salmon [Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)] from three locations in Washington state were examined. All males had 57 chromosomes, while all females had 58 chromosomes. Both sexes had 104 chromosome arms. It appears that in males of this species the Y chromosome and an autosome have fused to form a metacentric chromosome.", "PMID": 570442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8985", "title": "Q-banding of chromosomes in human spontaneous abortions.", "content": "Chromosome studies of 242 spontaneous abortions were carried out by Q-banding technique. The abortuses were selected for study because they were phenotypically abnormal, had not progressed beyond 12 weeks development or were from women with repeated abortions. Chromosome anomalies were found in 126 (52%) of the abortuses. Of these, 71 (56%) were trisomies. Trisomies were found for all the autosomes except Nos. 1, 3, 5, 11, 17 and 18. Triploidy was the second commonest anomaly in this series, making up 26 (21%) of the total anomalies. About 70% of these had an XXY sex chromosome complement. Only 16 (13%) of the abortuses had X monosomy, a lower frequency than would be expected in an unselected study. Tetraploidy was found in 8 abortuses and the 5 remaining specimens had various anomalies. These included 3 translocations, a trisomy 21,X monosomy and a ring chromosome 13. Except for the greater frequency of XXY than XXX sex chromosomes in the triploids, there was no evidence of a distortion of the sex ratio, either among the trisomic or among the chromosomally normal abortuses.", "contents": "Q-banding of chromosomes in human spontaneous abortions. Chromosome studies of 242 spontaneous abortions were carried out by Q-banding technique. The abortuses were selected for study because they were phenotypically abnormal, had not progressed beyond 12 weeks development or were from women with repeated abortions. Chromosome anomalies were found in 126 (52%) of the abortuses. Of these, 71 (56%) were trisomies. Trisomies were found for all the autosomes except Nos. 1, 3, 5, 11, 17 and 18. Triploidy was the second commonest anomaly in this series, making up 26 (21%) of the total anomalies. About 70% of these had an XXY sex chromosome complement. Only 16 (13%) of the abortuses had X monosomy, a lower frequency than would be expected in an unselected study. Tetraploidy was found in 8 abortuses and the 5 remaining specimens had various anomalies. These included 3 translocations, a trisomy 21,X monosomy and a ring chromosome 13. Except for the greater frequency of XXY than XXX sex chromosomes in the triploids, there was no evidence of a distortion of the sex ratio, either among the trisomic or among the chromosomally normal abortuses.", "PMID": 570443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8986", "title": "Subacute toxicological evaluation of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in rats.", "content": "Weanling Wistar rats of both sexes were fed diets containing 0 (control), 1% and 5% ground sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum derived from infected rapeseed (Brassica napus). Body weight, feed consumption and clinical appearance were monitored over an 84-day period. Blood samples were collected on days 41 and 84 and necropsies performed on day 84. Weight gain and feed consumption were similar in the control and 1% groups. In the 5% group, weight gain was depressed, feed wastage was greater and at termination more than half the rats were in poor body condition with alopecia and hyperkeratosis of the tail. These effects were probably nutritional and due to unpalatability of the diet. Blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose concentrations did not vary consistently among the groups. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity was significantly depressed (p less than 0.001) by consumption of sclerotia. This depression was dose-related and consistent on days 41 and 84. There were no significant differences (p greater than 0.05) between groups in the ratios of liver weight and kidney weight to body weight.", "contents": "Subacute toxicological evaluation of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in rats. Weanling Wistar rats of both sexes were fed diets containing 0 (control), 1% and 5% ground sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum derived from infected rapeseed (Brassica napus). Body weight, feed consumption and clinical appearance were monitored over an 84-day period. Blood samples were collected on days 41 and 84 and necropsies performed on day 84. Weight gain and feed consumption were similar in the control and 1% groups. In the 5% group, weight gain was depressed, feed wastage was greater and at termination more than half the rats were in poor body condition with alopecia and hyperkeratosis of the tail. These effects were probably nutritional and due to unpalatability of the diet. Blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose concentrations did not vary consistently among the groups. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity was significantly depressed (p less than 0.001) by consumption of sclerotia. This depression was dose-related and consistent on days 41 and 84. There were no significant differences (p greater than 0.05) between groups in the ratios of liver weight and kidney weight to body weight.", "PMID": 570444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8987", "title": "A role for the adrenal cortex in the onset of cystic ovarian follicles in the sow.", "content": "The corticotrophin (ACTH)-adrenal cortical axis has previously been implicated in the onset of cystic ovaries in the sow. In view of the role of the ACTH-adrenal cortical axis in stress, two sows were subjected to an elevated environmental temperature of 32 degrees C for three hours daily during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Plasma concentrations of glucocorticosteroids and progesterone fluctuated markedly in one sow that developed cystic ovaries. Concentrations of these hormones did not vary greatly in the other sow that did not develop cystic follicles. Exposure to an environmental temperature of 32 degrees C for three hours or injection of 1 IU/kg bodyweight of ACTH for each of two ovariectomized sows resulted in an elevation in progesterone values to 5-7 ng/ml plasma from basal levels of 1-2 ng/ml and a rise in total glucocorticosteroids from basal levels of 1 or 2 microgram/100 ml plasma to 4-10 microgram/100 ml. Injection of 2 mg/kg bodyweight of progesterone and 4 mg/kg bodyweight of cortisol into the ovariectomized sows was found to approximate these elevations in plasma steroid values. When either progesterone or cortisol was injected daily during the follicular phase into two intact sows in two successive experiments at these dosage levels, similarly elevated plasma steroid concentrations were seen and cystic ovarian follicles resulted. The results suggest that glucocorticosteroids and progesterone of adrenal origin may be involved in the onset of cystic ovaries in the sow.", "contents": "A role for the adrenal cortex in the onset of cystic ovarian follicles in the sow. The corticotrophin (ACTH)-adrenal cortical axis has previously been implicated in the onset of cystic ovaries in the sow. In view of the role of the ACTH-adrenal cortical axis in stress, two sows were subjected to an elevated environmental temperature of 32 degrees C for three hours daily during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Plasma concentrations of glucocorticosteroids and progesterone fluctuated markedly in one sow that developed cystic ovaries. Concentrations of these hormones did not vary greatly in the other sow that did not develop cystic follicles. Exposure to an environmental temperature of 32 degrees C for three hours or injection of 1 IU/kg bodyweight of ACTH for each of two ovariectomized sows resulted in an elevation in progesterone values to 5-7 ng/ml plasma from basal levels of 1-2 ng/ml and a rise in total glucocorticosteroids from basal levels of 1 or 2 microgram/100 ml plasma to 4-10 microgram/100 ml. Injection of 2 mg/kg bodyweight of progesterone and 4 mg/kg bodyweight of cortisol into the ovariectomized sows was found to approximate these elevations in plasma steroid values. When either progesterone or cortisol was injected daily during the follicular phase into two intact sows in two successive experiments at these dosage levels, similarly elevated plasma steroid concentrations were seen and cystic ovarian follicles resulted. The results suggest that glucocorticosteroids and progesterone of adrenal origin may be involved in the onset of cystic ovaries in the sow.", "PMID": 570445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8988", "title": "Measurement of diurnal core temperatures of rats in operant cages by AM telemetry.", "content": "A special AM telemetric system of recording core temperature was developed for rats working in individual, adjacent operant conditioning chambers within a sound-attenuated room. The system monitored core temperatures of each rat continuously and recorded them, in degrees Celsius, every 30 min so that diurnal patterns and fluctuations after saline or drug injections could be determined. Periodic comparisons showed close agreement with temperatures recorded by a rectal probe.", "contents": "Measurement of diurnal core temperatures of rats in operant cages by AM telemetry. A special AM telemetric system of recording core temperature was developed for rats working in individual, adjacent operant conditioning chambers within a sound-attenuated room. The system monitored core temperatures of each rat continuously and recorded them, in degrees Celsius, every 30 min so that diurnal patterns and fluctuations after saline or drug injections could be determined. Periodic comparisons showed close agreement with temperatures recorded by a rectal probe.", "PMID": 570446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8989", "title": "Banded filaments associated with the aster yellows MLO in Vinca rosea L.", "content": "The ultrastructure of an aster yellows mycoplasma-like organism was studied in the phloem of periwinkle (Vinca rosea L.) plants. Banded filaments were observed in association with mycoplasma-like organisms of characteristic morphology. The filaments were variable in length, from 50-100 nm in width, and displayed a regular periodic banding of alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent structures.", "contents": "Banded filaments associated with the aster yellows MLO in Vinca rosea L. The ultrastructure of an aster yellows mycoplasma-like organism was studied in the phloem of periwinkle (Vinca rosea L.) plants. Banded filaments were observed in association with mycoplasma-like organisms of characteristic morphology. The filaments were variable in length, from 50-100 nm in width, and displayed a regular periodic banding of alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent structures.", "PMID": 570447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8990", "title": "Osmotic effects on radial growth rate and specific growth rate of three soil fungi.", "content": "The radial growth rate on osmotically adjusted agar medium and the relative specific growth rate in osmotically adjusted liquid medium were determined for Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, and Verticillium dahliae. On basal medium, an isolate of P. ultimum and R. solani had similar radial growth rates of 0.52 and 0.47 mm/h, respectively, whereas V. dahliae grew at a rate of 0.08 mm/h. Radial growth rate was reduced 50% at osmotic potentials of -16, -27, and -32 bars for P. ultimum, R. solani, and V. dahliae, respectively. No growth occurred at -32 bars for P. ultimum, -56.2 bars for R. solani, and -100 bars for V. dahlia. Specific growth rates in liquid culture were 0.011 h-1 for P. ultimum, 0.008 h-1 for V. dahliae, and 0.026 h-1 for R. solani. Ratios of radial growth rate (Kr) to specific growth rate (alphas) were computed for each fungus growing at different osmotic potentials. There was not a constant relationship between Kr on agar and alphas in liquid medium, e.g., Kr/alphas ratios varied from 8-41% from a mean ratio for a particular species. The results indicated that radial growth rate on osmotic agar was not useful as a measure of relative specific growth rate of a fungus in osmotically adjusted liquid medium.", "contents": "Osmotic effects on radial growth rate and specific growth rate of three soil fungi. The radial growth rate on osmotically adjusted agar medium and the relative specific growth rate in osmotically adjusted liquid medium were determined for Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, and Verticillium dahliae. On basal medium, an isolate of P. ultimum and R. solani had similar radial growth rates of 0.52 and 0.47 mm/h, respectively, whereas V. dahliae grew at a rate of 0.08 mm/h. Radial growth rate was reduced 50% at osmotic potentials of -16, -27, and -32 bars for P. ultimum, R. solani, and V. dahliae, respectively. No growth occurred at -32 bars for P. ultimum, -56.2 bars for R. solani, and -100 bars for V. dahlia. Specific growth rates in liquid culture were 0.011 h-1 for P. ultimum, 0.008 h-1 for V. dahliae, and 0.026 h-1 for R. solani. Ratios of radial growth rate (Kr) to specific growth rate (alphas) were computed for each fungus growing at different osmotic potentials. There was not a constant relationship between Kr on agar and alphas in liquid medium, e.g., Kr/alphas ratios varied from 8-41% from a mean ratio for a particular species. The results indicated that radial growth rate on osmotic agar was not useful as a measure of relative specific growth rate of a fungus in osmotically adjusted liquid medium.", "PMID": 570448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8991", "title": "Ouabain induced stereotyped behavior in rats.", "content": "Stereotyped behavior was induced in rats with ouabain administered intraventricularly in doses of 2, 3 and 4 microgram in 50 microliter saline. Haloperiodol reduced the stereotyped behaviour. Monoamine turnover studies showed a reduction in concentration of norepinephrine in hippocampus and midbrain, an increase in norepinephrine turnover in the medulla oblongata and a reduction in dopamine turnover in the striatum. The interpretation of these finds is discussed. It is suggested that this model could be significant clinically as it demonstrates that impairment of Na+-K+-ATP'ase may result in behavioral abnormalities characterised by stereotypy.", "contents": "Ouabain induced stereotyped behavior in rats. Stereotyped behavior was induced in rats with ouabain administered intraventricularly in doses of 2, 3 and 4 microgram in 50 microliter saline. Haloperiodol reduced the stereotyped behaviour. Monoamine turnover studies showed a reduction in concentration of norepinephrine in hippocampus and midbrain, an increase in norepinephrine turnover in the medulla oblongata and a reduction in dopamine turnover in the striatum. The interpretation of these finds is discussed. It is suggested that this model could be significant clinically as it demonstrates that impairment of Na+-K+-ATP'ase may result in behavioral abnormalities characterised by stereotypy.", "PMID": 570449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8992", "title": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning.", "content": "Two cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning after ingestion of mussels occurred in October 1977 in Nova Scotia. The incidence of this type of poisoning is relatively high among persons living on the coast of the Bay of Fundy and the estuary of the St. Lawrence River. The causative organism, Gonyaulax tamarensis, elaborates an endotoxin, saxitoxin, that blocks neuromuscular transmission in the motor axon and muscle membrane while leaving the end-plate unaffected; it also suppresses conduction in the atrioventricular node and inhibits the respiratory centre. The clinical manifestations are unique and include numbness of the lips, tongue and fingertips within minutes of ingestion of the poisoned shellfish, then numbness of the legs, arms and neck, with general muscular incoordination, and finally respiratory distress and muscular paralysis. Treatment is symptomatic and prevention can only occur by public education.", "contents": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning. Two cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning after ingestion of mussels occurred in October 1977 in Nova Scotia. The incidence of this type of poisoning is relatively high among persons living on the coast of the Bay of Fundy and the estuary of the St. Lawrence River. The causative organism, Gonyaulax tamarensis, elaborates an endotoxin, saxitoxin, that blocks neuromuscular transmission in the motor axon and muscle membrane while leaving the end-plate unaffected; it also suppresses conduction in the atrioventricular node and inhibits the respiratory centre. The clinical manifestations are unique and include numbness of the lips, tongue and fingertips within minutes of ingestion of the poisoned shellfish, then numbness of the legs, arms and neck, with general muscular incoordination, and finally respiratory distress and muscular paralysis. Treatment is symptomatic and prevention can only occur by public education.", "PMID": 570450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8993", "title": "Carcinoid of the uterine cervix: a case report with light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "The case of a 33-year-old woman with primary carcinoid of the uterine cervix is reported. Primary carcinoid tumor is well known to occur in organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, lung and gonads. However, its occurrence in the uterine cervix is rare. To our knowledge, primary carcinoid of the uterine cervix has not been reported from the United States, although it has been well documented by non-American authors. Light microscopically, the tumor was characterized by formation of solid nests, trabeculae and glands. The cells therein showed argyrophil granules but were negative for argentaffin reaction. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of numerous neurosecretory granules and microfilaments. On the basis of light microscopic ultrastructural and cytochemical properties, the tumor is believed to arise from the normal argyrophil cell of the cervix and is regarded as an endocrine tumor, a member of the group of neoplasms called apudomas.", "contents": "Carcinoid of the uterine cervix: a case report with light and electron microscopic studies. The case of a 33-year-old woman with primary carcinoid of the uterine cervix is reported. Primary carcinoid tumor is well known to occur in organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, lung and gonads. However, its occurrence in the uterine cervix is rare. To our knowledge, primary carcinoid of the uterine cervix has not been reported from the United States, although it has been well documented by non-American authors. Light microscopically, the tumor was characterized by formation of solid nests, trabeculae and glands. The cells therein showed argyrophil granules but were negative for argentaffin reaction. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of numerous neurosecretory granules and microfilaments. On the basis of light microscopic ultrastructural and cytochemical properties, the tumor is believed to arise from the normal argyrophil cell of the cervix and is regarded as an endocrine tumor, a member of the group of neoplasms called apudomas.", "PMID": 570452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8994", "title": "Egg lectin of Rana japonica and its receptor glycoprotein of Ehrlich tumor cells.", "content": "Egg lectin of Rana japonica, which specifically agglutinates transformed cells but does not agglutinate nontransformed cells and erythrocytes, has been isolated by gel filtration and successive ion-exchange chromatographies on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose columns and has been characterized as a homogeneous carbohydrate-free protein with a relative molecular weight of 13,500. The lectin, at a concentration of 1 microgram/0.1 ml, causes obvious cytoagglutination of various transformed and tumor cell. The receptor of the Erlich ascites tumor cells which inhibits the lectin-induced agglutination of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells has been isolated and characterized. The receptor was solubilized from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by treating a tumor cell suspension with insolubilized trypsin, and the solubilized receptor was isolated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The receptor was identified as a homogeneous glycoprotein having about 25% carbohydrate. The receptor, at a concentration of 4 microgram/0.1 ml, completely inhibited the cytoagglutination of the Ehrlich carcinoma cells caused by three agglutination doses (about 3 microgram/0.1 ml) of the R. japonica lectin.", "contents": "Egg lectin of Rana japonica and its receptor glycoprotein of Ehrlich tumor cells. Egg lectin of Rana japonica, which specifically agglutinates transformed cells but does not agglutinate nontransformed cells and erythrocytes, has been isolated by gel filtration and successive ion-exchange chromatographies on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose columns and has been characterized as a homogeneous carbohydrate-free protein with a relative molecular weight of 13,500. The lectin, at a concentration of 1 microgram/0.1 ml, causes obvious cytoagglutination of various transformed and tumor cell. The receptor of the Erlich ascites tumor cells which inhibits the lectin-induced agglutination of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells has been isolated and characterized. The receptor was solubilized from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by treating a tumor cell suspension with insolubilized trypsin, and the solubilized receptor was isolated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The receptor was identified as a homogeneous glycoprotein having about 25% carbohydrate. The receptor, at a concentration of 4 microgram/0.1 ml, completely inhibited the cytoagglutination of the Ehrlich carcinoma cells caused by three agglutination doses (about 3 microgram/0.1 ml) of the R. japonica lectin.", "PMID": 570454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8995", "title": "Transcatheter embolization of the kidney with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate: experimental and clinical results.", "content": "The technique and efficacy of therapeutic catheter embolization of the kidney with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) were studied in 80 rabbits (including control groups) and in 10 dogs. A mixture of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, 50% glucose, and tantalum powder was used for the embolization. Complete and permanent vascular occlusion was found in nearly all cases. The main complication observed was a reflux of embolizing material into the lumbar arteries, which occurred in seven rabbits. Clinically therapeutic embolization was performed in six patients with hypernephroma. The indication for embolization in these patients, as well as in two others with iatrogenic lesions, was pronounced hematuria. Cessation of bleeding was achieved in all cases. For embolization the coaxial catheter technique is recommended; in special cases with extensive arteriovenous shunts, adjunctive balloon occlusion would be advisable.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization of the kidney with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate: experimental and clinical results. The technique and efficacy of therapeutic catheter embolization of the kidney with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) were studied in 80 rabbits (including control groups) and in 10 dogs. A mixture of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, 50% glucose, and tantalum powder was used for the embolization. Complete and permanent vascular occlusion was found in nearly all cases. The main complication observed was a reflux of embolizing material into the lumbar arteries, which occurred in seven rabbits. Clinically therapeutic embolization was performed in six patients with hypernephroma. The indication for embolization in these patients, as well as in two others with iatrogenic lesions, was pronounced hematuria. Cessation of bleeding was achieved in all cases. For embolization the coaxial catheter technique is recommended; in special cases with extensive arteriovenous shunts, adjunctive balloon occlusion would be advisable.", "PMID": 570455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8996", "title": "A simple method for producing different growth fractions in vitro for use in anti-cancer drug studies.", "content": "A simple technique has been used experimentally to produce in vitro Chinese hamster ovary cells with growth fractions ranging from 0 to 100%. Known numbers of exponentially growing and plateau-phase tissue culture cells were mixed in various proportions to yield the desired final growth fraction. Cells attach to the culture flask surface within 1 hr of mixing. Treatment at that time with the nitrosourea compounds, CCNU and MeCCNU, resulted in differential drug survival sensitivities that were dependent upon the growth fraction of the population treated.", "contents": "A simple method for producing different growth fractions in vitro for use in anti-cancer drug studies. A simple technique has been used experimentally to produce in vitro Chinese hamster ovary cells with growth fractions ranging from 0 to 100%. Known numbers of exponentially growing and plateau-phase tissue culture cells were mixed in various proportions to yield the desired final growth fraction. Cells attach to the culture flask surface within 1 hr of mixing. Treatment at that time with the nitrosourea compounds, CCNU and MeCCNU, resulted in differential drug survival sensitivities that were dependent upon the growth fraction of the population treated.", "PMID": 570456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8997", "title": "Diurnal variation in proliferative compartments and their relation to cryptogenic cells in the mouse colon.", "content": "The depth of the crypts in mouse descending colon varied diurnally, between twenty-six cells at 24.00 hours and thirty-eight cells at 12.00 hours. Cell loss from the colon was greatest immediately before the maximum faeces production, at the beginning of the dark period. The labelling index of the colon also changed, from 9% at 20.00 hours to 16% at 12.00 hours. The greatest variation in labelling index occurred at the top of the zone of proliferative cells, between the ninth and eighteenth cell position up the crypt. In this region a synchronized cohort of about forty cells apparently entered S phase once a day. Although the length of the proliferative zone doubled at 12.00 hours, that of the non-proliferative zone remained fairly constant all day. The number of cryptogenic cells per crypt was estimated by comparing single and split-dose X-ray survival curves. This gave a mean value of two cryptogenic cells per crypt. Crypts rarely regenerated from the base after irradiation. The cryptogenic cells probably lay between cell positions Nos 9 and 18 up the crypt and probably did not function as stem cells in the normal crypt.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in proliferative compartments and their relation to cryptogenic cells in the mouse colon. The depth of the crypts in mouse descending colon varied diurnally, between twenty-six cells at 24.00 hours and thirty-eight cells at 12.00 hours. Cell loss from the colon was greatest immediately before the maximum faeces production, at the beginning of the dark period. The labelling index of the colon also changed, from 9% at 20.00 hours to 16% at 12.00 hours. The greatest variation in labelling index occurred at the top of the zone of proliferative cells, between the ninth and eighteenth cell position up the crypt. In this region a synchronized cohort of about forty cells apparently entered S phase once a day. Although the length of the proliferative zone doubled at 12.00 hours, that of the non-proliferative zone remained fairly constant all day. The number of cryptogenic cells per crypt was estimated by comparing single and split-dose X-ray survival curves. This gave a mean value of two cryptogenic cells per crypt. Crypts rarely regenerated from the base after irradiation. The cryptogenic cells probably lay between cell positions Nos 9 and 18 up the crypt and probably did not function as stem cells in the normal crypt.", "PMID": 570457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8998", "title": "The mechanism of microtubule associated cytoplasmic transport. Isolation and preliminary characterisation of a microtubule transport system.", "content": "The nutritive tubes of telotrophic insect ovaries are cytoplasmic channels along which ribosomes are transported over distances of several mm from trophic  cells to the developing oocytes. The presence within the nutritive tubes of a massive number of orientated microtubules renders them strongly birefringent in polarised light, a property which, together with their size, rendered them amenable to isolation by microdissection. Ultrastructurally the isolated tubes were indistinguishable from undissected controls. Polyacrylamide gels revealed a consistent pattern of some 30 bands of which tubulin was the most prominent. The tubes also contained a band which comigrated with the major high molecular weight microtubule associated protein (MAP) from mouse brain but no detectable actin, myosin or dynein. Microtubules in the isolated tubes were not depolymerised by treatments (cold, calcium and colchicine) which typically disrupt cytoplasmic microtubules. Following extraction of the membrane enclosing the tubes and the cytoplasmic matrix the microtubule cytoskeleton persisted, retaining its cylindrical organisation although no bridges between the microtubules were detected in the electron microscope. The possibility that the stability and spatial deployment of the nutritive tube microtubules is conferred by specific microtubule accessory proteins is discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of microtubule associated cytoplasmic transport. Isolation and preliminary characterisation of a microtubule transport system. The nutritive tubes of telotrophic insect ovaries are cytoplasmic channels along which ribosomes are transported over distances of several mm from trophic  cells to the developing oocytes. The presence within the nutritive tubes of a massive number of orientated microtubules renders them strongly birefringent in polarised light, a property which, together with their size, rendered them amenable to isolation by microdissection. Ultrastructurally the isolated tubes were indistinguishable from undissected controls. Polyacrylamide gels revealed a consistent pattern of some 30 bands of which tubulin was the most prominent. The tubes also contained a band which comigrated with the major high molecular weight microtubule associated protein (MAP) from mouse brain but no detectable actin, myosin or dynein. Microtubules in the isolated tubes were not depolymerised by treatments (cold, calcium and colchicine) which typically disrupt cytoplasmic microtubules. Following extraction of the membrane enclosing the tubes and the cytoplasmic matrix the microtubule cytoskeleton persisted, retaining its cylindrical organisation although no bridges between the microtubules were detected in the electron microscope. The possibility that the stability and spatial deployment of the nutritive tube microtubules is conferred by specific microtubule accessory proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 570458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_8999", "title": "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry study of the yolk syncytial layer in the alevin of trout (Salmo fario trutta L.) after hatching. I. The vitellolysis zone.", "content": "After hatching, the yolk syncytial layer of Salmo fario trutta may be subdivided into two zones, namely, the vitellolysis zone (containing numerous yolk platelets), and the cytoplasmic zone (where yolk platelets are rare). In the vitellolysis zone, two stages in the utilization of the yolk are observed: 1) The first stage, comprises the formation of yolk platelets from coalescent yolk by spherical cutting out and basal scission. This process seems to be achieved by the invagination of fibrillar elements into the coalescent yolk to form individual yolk platelets surrounded by a limiting membrane. 2) The second stage essentially consists of the extrusion or budding of yolk matter from a yolk platelet. Again, where the yolk matter leaves a platelet, fibrillar elements are evident and show an alkaline phosphatase activity. The platelets of the vitellolysis zone have a homogeneous content and variable diameter; they never acquire a heterogeneous and polymorphic aspect which could be interpreted as an intermediate stage in their degradation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry study of the yolk syncytial layer in the alevin of trout (Salmo fario trutta L.) after hatching. I. The vitellolysis zone. After hatching, the yolk syncytial layer of Salmo fario trutta may be subdivided into two zones, namely, the vitellolysis zone (containing numerous yolk platelets), and the cytoplasmic zone (where yolk platelets are rare). In the vitellolysis zone, two stages in the utilization of the yolk are observed: 1) The first stage, comprises the formation of yolk platelets from coalescent yolk by spherical cutting out and basal scission. This process seems to be achieved by the invagination of fibrillar elements into the coalescent yolk to form individual yolk platelets surrounded by a limiting membrane. 2) The second stage essentially consists of the extrusion or budding of yolk matter from a yolk platelet. Again, where the yolk matter leaves a platelet, fibrillar elements are evident and show an alkaline phosphatase activity. The platelets of the vitellolysis zone have a homogeneous content and variable diameter; they never acquire a heterogeneous and polymorphic aspect which could be interpreted as an intermediate stage in their degradation.", "PMID": 570459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9000", "title": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasopressin-neurophysin and oxytocin-neurophysin neurons in the human hypothalamus.", "content": "With the use of immunocytochemistry, it was shown that both the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in humans contain at least two different neurophysins. These two human neurophysins are immunologically related to bovine neurophysin I and neurophysin II, respectively. One human neurophysin is associated with vasopressin, the other wiht oxytocin. Human vasopressin-neurophysin and oxytocin-neurophysin are located separately in two different types of neurons, which correspond respectively to the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons of both the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurophysin of the human vasopressinergic suprachiasmatic neurons appears to be closely related to or identical with neurophysin of the vasopressinergic neurons of the human magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasopressin-neurophysin and oxytocin-neurophysin neurons in the human hypothalamus. With the use of immunocytochemistry, it was shown that both the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in humans contain at least two different neurophysins. These two human neurophysins are immunologically related to bovine neurophysin I and neurophysin II, respectively. One human neurophysin is associated with vasopressin, the other wiht oxytocin. Human vasopressin-neurophysin and oxytocin-neurophysin are located separately in two different types of neurons, which correspond respectively to the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons of both the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurophysin of the human vasopressinergic suprachiasmatic neurons appears to be closely related to or identical with neurophysin of the vasopressinergic neurons of the human magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei.", "PMID": 570460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9001", "title": "Detailed neurite morphologies of sister neurolbastoma cells are related.", "content": "Neuroblastoma cells exhibit a wide variety of patterns of neurite morphology. However, when these cells are induced to extend neurites under conditions in which mitotic sister cells are readily identifiable, 60% of these sister pairs display analogous morphologies. These cells are related either as identical twins or as mirror images of each other. The relatedness is expressed in considerable detail of neurite morphology. These relationshiops can persist through at least two cell divisions. The results suggest that animal cells can inherit specific determinants of shape.", "contents": "Detailed neurite morphologies of sister neurolbastoma cells are related. Neuroblastoma cells exhibit a wide variety of patterns of neurite morphology. However, when these cells are induced to extend neurites under conditions in which mitotic sister cells are readily identifiable, 60% of these sister pairs display analogous morphologies. These cells are related either as identical twins or as mirror images of each other. The relatedness is expressed in considerable detail of neurite morphology. These relationshiops can persist through at least two cell divisions. The results suggest that animal cells can inherit specific determinants of shape.", "PMID": 570461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9002", "title": "Middle ear effusions: a consideration of factors involved in their aetiology, maintenance and treatment.", "content": "Although the treatment of chronic middle ear effusion in children by paracentesis and the insertion of a ventilator tube is popular, it is well recognized that this method does not always provide a cure. Failures are frequently attributed to premature extrusion of the tube. Success in designing a 'long-stay tube' will depend upon a better understanding of the pathogenesis of middle ear effusion. Some of the various factors considered responsible for the initiation and maintenance of middle ear effusion are discussed and the possible mechanisms of tube extrusion are considered.", "contents": "Middle ear effusions: a consideration of factors involved in their aetiology, maintenance and treatment. Although the treatment of chronic middle ear effusion in children by paracentesis and the insertion of a ventilator tube is popular, it is well recognized that this method does not always provide a cure. Failures are frequently attributed to premature extrusion of the tube. Success in designing a 'long-stay tube' will depend upon a better understanding of the pathogenesis of middle ear effusion. Some of the various factors considered responsible for the initiation and maintenance of middle ear effusion are discussed and the possible mechanisms of tube extrusion are considered.", "PMID": 570465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9003", "title": "The human X-chromosome and the levels of serum immunoglobulin M.", "content": "The serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A and M were measured in a sample of 93 pairs of monozygotic twins, their spouses, and their offspring. The hypothesis that the human X-chromosome carries genes which control the levels of immunoglobulin M was tested with three different approaches. Our results indicate that environmental factors are primarily responsible for the observed variation in the levels of IgG and IgA. The variance of IgM seems to be mostly the result of X-linked gene effects, with women having higher IgM levels than men.", "contents": "The human X-chromosome and the levels of serum immunoglobulin M. The serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A and M were measured in a sample of 93 pairs of monozygotic twins, their spouses, and their offspring. The hypothesis that the human X-chromosome carries genes which control the levels of immunoglobulin M was tested with three different approaches. Our results indicate that environmental factors are primarily responsible for the observed variation in the levels of IgG and IgA. The variance of IgM seems to be mostly the result of X-linked gene effects, with women having higher IgM levels than men.", "PMID": 570466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9004", "title": "[An example of research on biological control: Entomophthora fungi pathogenic for aphids].", "content": "The results obtained in 15 years of research on the Entomophthorales pathogen of aphids showed the importance of the action of these fungi in the regulation of natural aphid populations and their possible use in agriculture as a biological control agent. Recent ecological studies on natural populations of aphids established the seasonal variation of the different fungal species and the diverse degrees of specificity between the species or groups of species of aphid and the various species of Entomophthora. The study of populations dynamics of an aphid species on a cultivated plant permitted the determination of the way a certain number of biotic and abiotic factors, such as temperature, humidity, thresholds of the insect population and of the infecting fungus lead to an epizootic development. If the air propagation of the disease by conidia is understood for a long time, the role of the soil as a reservoir for the infecting fungus has been demonstrated recently. Under favourable climatic conditions, the use of industrially produced resistant resting spores would allow the regulation of aphid populations in nature.", "contents": "[An example of research on biological control: Entomophthora fungi pathogenic for aphids]. The results obtained in 15 years of research on the Entomophthorales pathogen of aphids showed the importance of the action of these fungi in the regulation of natural aphid populations and their possible use in agriculture as a biological control agent. Recent ecological studies on natural populations of aphids established the seasonal variation of the different fungal species and the diverse degrees of specificity between the species or groups of species of aphid and the various species of Entomophthora. The study of populations dynamics of an aphid species on a cultivated plant permitted the determination of the way a certain number of biotic and abiotic factors, such as temperature, humidity, thresholds of the insect population and of the infecting fungus lead to an epizootic development. If the air propagation of the disease by conidia is understood for a long time, the role of the soil as a reservoir for the infecting fungus has been demonstrated recently. Under favourable climatic conditions, the use of industrially produced resistant resting spores would allow the regulation of aphid populations in nature.", "PMID": 570463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9005", "title": "Swimmer's itch. A review and case report.", "content": "The historical development of Swimmer's Itch is reviewed and details of investigative work done to discover the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are presented. The distribution, life cycle, and necessary conditions for disease are discussed. A small epidemic of Swimmer's Itch in Lake Michigan is reported.", "contents": "Swimmer's itch. A review and case report. The historical development of Swimmer's Itch is reviewed and details of investigative work done to discover the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are presented. The distribution, life cycle, and necessary conditions for disease are discussed. A small epidemic of Swimmer's Itch in Lake Michigan is reported.", "PMID": 570471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9006", "title": "Acute valvular insufficiency complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "This report describes a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy complicated by acute aortic and probably mitral valvular incompetence caused by endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Following the onset of valvular insufficiency, this patient developed hypotension and pulmonary edema and eventually underwent cardiac surgery in an attempt to control these complications. We review the unique pathophysiology of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and its alterations in the presence of acute valvular incompetence and analyze the limitations of medical management of cardiac decompensation in patients with this combination of cardiac abnormalities. The possible need for early surgery in such patients is examined.", "contents": "Acute valvular insufficiency complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. This report describes a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy complicated by acute aortic and probably mitral valvular incompetence caused by endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Following the onset of valvular insufficiency, this patient developed hypotension and pulmonary edema and eventually underwent cardiac surgery in an attempt to control these complications. We review the unique pathophysiology of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and its alterations in the presence of acute valvular incompetence and analyze the limitations of medical management of cardiac decompensation in patients with this combination of cardiac abnormalities. The possible need for early surgery in such patients is examined.", "PMID": 570472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9007", "title": "Calcific pulmonic stenosis in adulthood: treatment by valve replacement (porcine xenograft) with postoperative hemodynamic evaluation.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic features are described in a 56-year-old man in whom severe, isolated pulmonic valve stenosis was treated by valve replacement with a porcine prosthesis. The calcific deposits were located on the ventricular aspect of the pulmonic valve, opposite the location (arterial aspect) of calcific deposits on stenotic aortic valves, and calcific deposits also were present in the tricuspid valve anulus.", "contents": "Calcific pulmonic stenosis in adulthood: treatment by valve replacement (porcine xenograft) with postoperative hemodynamic evaluation. Clinical and morphologic features are described in a 56-year-old man in whom severe, isolated pulmonic valve stenosis was treated by valve replacement with a porcine prosthesis. The calcific deposits were located on the ventricular aspect of the pulmonic valve, opposite the location (arterial aspect) of calcific deposits on stenotic aortic valves, and calcific deposits also were present in the tricuspid valve anulus.", "PMID": 570473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9008", "title": "Evidence that control of fetal thyrotropin secretion is independent of both the fetal and maternal hypothalamus.", "content": "Propylthiouracil (PTU) administered to pregnant rats from day 18-21 of gestation caused a significant increase in maternal and fetal thyroid weight and plasma TSH. Fetal encephalectomy on day 18 did not significantly affect basal or PTU-stimulated pituitary-thyroid function. Destruction of the basal hypothalamus in the mother on day 13 or 16 markedly reduced maternal plasma TSH and thyroxine and prevented a PTU-induced increase in thyroid size, but did not affect fetal pituitary-thyroid function. Plasma PRL, was undetectable in both intact and encephalectomized fetuses at 21 days but was increased greater than 6-fold to approximately 2 microgram/ml in the mothers by maternal hypothalamic destruction. We conclude that fetal pituitary-thyroid function in the rat is not dependent on either fetal or maternal hypothalamic TRH.", "contents": "Evidence that control of fetal thyrotropin secretion is independent of both the fetal and maternal hypothalamus. Propylthiouracil (PTU) administered to pregnant rats from day 18-21 of gestation caused a significant increase in maternal and fetal thyroid weight and plasma TSH. Fetal encephalectomy on day 18 did not significantly affect basal or PTU-stimulated pituitary-thyroid function. Destruction of the basal hypothalamus in the mother on day 13 or 16 markedly reduced maternal plasma TSH and thyroxine and prevented a PTU-induced increase in thyroid size, but did not affect fetal pituitary-thyroid function. Plasma PRL, was undetectable in both intact and encephalectomized fetuses at 21 days but was increased greater than 6-fold to approximately 2 microgram/ml in the mothers by maternal hypothalamic destruction. We conclude that fetal pituitary-thyroid function in the rat is not dependent on either fetal or maternal hypothalamic TRH.", "PMID": 570482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9009", "title": "Displacement of estradiol from estrogen receptors by simple alkyl phenols.", "content": "Simple alkyl phenols have been tested for their ability to prevent the binding of [3H]estradiol and to displace the prebound hormone from estrogen receptors of uterine cytosols. Tetrahydronaphthol, an analog of the A and B rings of estradiol, is highly effective in preventing the forward bindng of estradiol. p-sec-Amyl phenol (pSAP) with a flexible alkyl chain corresponding to the B ring of estradiol is highly effective at 0 C in displacing estradiol which had been prebound by the receptor. Both compounds were more effective at  0 C than at 23 C. The data are discussed in terms of sequential conformational changes which might be required for the binding and release of the natural hormones and their possible relevance to receptor action.", "contents": "Displacement of estradiol from estrogen receptors by simple alkyl phenols. Simple alkyl phenols have been tested for their ability to prevent the binding of [3H]estradiol and to displace the prebound hormone from estrogen receptors of uterine cytosols. Tetrahydronaphthol, an analog of the A and B rings of estradiol, is highly effective in preventing the forward bindng of estradiol. p-sec-Amyl phenol (pSAP) with a flexible alkyl chain corresponding to the B ring of estradiol is highly effective at 0 C in displacing estradiol which had been prebound by the receptor. Both compounds were more effective at  0 C than at 23 C. The data are discussed in terms of sequential conformational changes which might be required for the binding and release of the natural hormones and their possible relevance to receptor action.", "PMID": 570484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9010", "title": "Prolactin during pregnancy and lactation in the rabbit.", "content": "By using a specific heterologous double-antibody RIA, changes in the blood levels of PRL during pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, and lactation have been investigated for the first time in the rabbit. Blood levels fluctuate during early and midpregnancy in a manner similar to that in pseudopregnancy. Levels decline in the third trimester of pregnancy and increase dramatically (3- to 25-fold) at or 1--2 days before delivery. Pituitary levels of PRL showed no significant alteration, and fetal serum and amniotic fluid levels of PRL remain low (less than 10 ng/ml) throughout pregnancy. No significant PRL-like, GH-like, or placental lactogen-like activity could be demonstrated either in serum or in extracts of placenta (n = 262) taken between days 10 and 31 of pregnancy. Postpartum blood levels of PRL were similar in lactating and postpartum nonlactating females. In lactating females, suckling evoked an immediate increase (15- to 25-fold) in circulating PRL levels. Handling the female or the iv injection of oxytocin during lactation did not cause PRL release. In contrast, manual test stimulation caused an immediate increase in blood levels of PRL and a response pattern very similar to that of natural suckling. These results suggest that PRL release during suckling occurs solely in response to the tactile stimulation of the teats.", "contents": "Prolactin during pregnancy and lactation in the rabbit. By using a specific heterologous double-antibody RIA, changes in the blood levels of PRL during pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, and lactation have been investigated for the first time in the rabbit. Blood levels fluctuate during early and midpregnancy in a manner similar to that in pseudopregnancy. Levels decline in the third trimester of pregnancy and increase dramatically (3- to 25-fold) at or 1--2 days before delivery. Pituitary levels of PRL showed no significant alteration, and fetal serum and amniotic fluid levels of PRL remain low (less than 10 ng/ml) throughout pregnancy. No significant PRL-like, GH-like, or placental lactogen-like activity could be demonstrated either in serum or in extracts of placenta (n = 262) taken between days 10 and 31 of pregnancy. Postpartum blood levels of PRL were similar in lactating and postpartum nonlactating females. In lactating females, suckling evoked an immediate increase (15- to 25-fold) in circulating PRL levels. Handling the female or the iv injection of oxytocin during lactation did not cause PRL release. In contrast, manual test stimulation caused an immediate increase in blood levels of PRL and a response pattern very similar to that of natural suckling. These results suggest that PRL release during suckling occurs solely in response to the tactile stimulation of the teats.", "PMID": 570485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9011", "title": "Maternal and fetal concentrations of ovine placental lactogen measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A specific and sensitive homologous RIA for ovine placental lactogen (oPL) has been developed. The assay is specific for oPL in that ovine pituitary PRL (oPRL), GH (oGH), and other pituitary hormones, as well as rat, caprine, bovine, monkey, and human PLs exhibit no cross-reaction in the assay. The lower limit of sensitivity of the assay is 1.0 ng/ml. In uterine vein samples oPL was measurable after day 40 of gestation and in peripheral sera after day 48 (3.5 +/- 1.9 ng/ml). Peripheral plasma oPL concentrations reached peak levels by day 131--141 (649 +/- 205--565 +/- 347 ng/ml), then began to decline approximately 5 days before parturition and disappeared rapidly after delivery. No significant circadian variation in serum oPL concentrations was found during a 4-day period of sampling from day 120--125 of gestation. Fetal serum oPL levels ranged from 24--150 ng/ml throughout pregnancy. oPL was measurable in fetal membranes as early as day 20--30 (0.21 +/- 0.06 microgram/g wet wt), whereas the concentration in maternal caruncles at this time was 0.1 +/- 0.06 microgram/g wet wt. In the placentomes, peak concentrations occurred around day 101--130. Peak concentrations of oPL in allantoic fluid were found between day 35--50, with detectable levels as early as day 18. In amniotic fluid, oPL was measurable between day 40--50. Concentrations of oPL in urine from the pregnant ewe never exceeded 5 ng/ml.", "contents": "Maternal and fetal concentrations of ovine placental lactogen measured by radioimmunoassay. A specific and sensitive homologous RIA for ovine placental lactogen (oPL) has been developed. The assay is specific for oPL in that ovine pituitary PRL (oPRL), GH (oGH), and other pituitary hormones, as well as rat, caprine, bovine, monkey, and human PLs exhibit no cross-reaction in the assay. The lower limit of sensitivity of the assay is 1.0 ng/ml. In uterine vein samples oPL was measurable after day 40 of gestation and in peripheral sera after day 48 (3.5 +/- 1.9 ng/ml). Peripheral plasma oPL concentrations reached peak levels by day 131--141 (649 +/- 205--565 +/- 347 ng/ml), then began to decline approximately 5 days before parturition and disappeared rapidly after delivery. No significant circadian variation in serum oPL concentrations was found during a 4-day period of sampling from day 120--125 of gestation. Fetal serum oPL levels ranged from 24--150 ng/ml throughout pregnancy. oPL was measurable in fetal membranes as early as day 20--30 (0.21 +/- 0.06 microgram/g wet wt), whereas the concentration in maternal caruncles at this time was 0.1 +/- 0.06 microgram/g wet wt. In the placentomes, peak concentrations occurred around day 101--130. Peak concentrations of oPL in allantoic fluid were found between day 35--50, with detectable levels as early as day 18. In amniotic fluid, oPL was measurable between day 40--50. Concentrations of oPL in urine from the pregnant ewe never exceeded 5 ng/ml.", "PMID": 570486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9012", "title": "Persistent estrus and blockade of progesterone-induced LH release follows lesions which do not damage the suprachiasmatic nucleus.", "content": "Very small electrolytic lesions were made over the anterior or posterior portion of the optic chiasm in mature female rats showing normal estrous cycles. Lesions over the posterior portion of chiasm destroyed the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) while the anterior lesions destroyed a small neural structure, here designated as the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Both lesions were effective in inducing persistent vaginal estrus, but when animals were ovariectomized and treated with exogenous and progesterone it was found that lesions including the MPN alone, but not the SCN alone, eliminated the positive feedback effects of this steroid regimen on LH release.", "contents": "Persistent estrus and blockade of progesterone-induced LH release follows lesions which do not damage the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Very small electrolytic lesions were made over the anterior or posterior portion of the optic chiasm in mature female rats showing normal estrous cycles. Lesions over the posterior portion of chiasm destroyed the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) while the anterior lesions destroyed a small neural structure, here designated as the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Both lesions were effective in inducing persistent vaginal estrus, but when animals were ovariectomized and treated with exogenous and progesterone it was found that lesions including the MPN alone, but not the SCN alone, eliminated the positive feedback effects of this steroid regimen on LH release.", "PMID": 570487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9013", "title": "Growth hormone release in conscious pinealectomized and sham-operated male rats.", "content": "Conscious, adult male, sham-operated (control), and pinealectomized (Pect) rats with chronic jugular cannulae were bled during the day or night. Daytime samples were obtained from rats housed singly in small cages, while the night samples were obtained from animals on a reversed light-dark cycle kept in a larger isolation cubicle. During the day, controls showed frequent secretory bursts of GH release, as evidenced by dramatic elevations of plasma GH with a periodicity of 2.3 h. In the Pect rats, there was a more variable GH release, with some animals showing spikes similar in amplitude to those of controls and others showing no spikes. There were significantly fewer GH values in excess of 150 ng/ml after Pect, and GH release over the total period of sampling, calculated from the area under the plasma GH curve, was significantly reduced. During the night, plasma GH spikes of controls were significantly reduced in frequency and amplitude, but these were not further significantly reduced by Pect. Under our conditions, there was a diurnal change in GH release with reduced release at night. Pinealectomy significantly reduced GH release during the day but did not significantly further reduce GH release at night.", "contents": "Growth hormone release in conscious pinealectomized and sham-operated male rats. Conscious, adult male, sham-operated (control), and pinealectomized (Pect) rats with chronic jugular cannulae were bled during the day or night. Daytime samples were obtained from rats housed singly in small cages, while the night samples were obtained from animals on a reversed light-dark cycle kept in a larger isolation cubicle. During the day, controls showed frequent secretory bursts of GH release, as evidenced by dramatic elevations of plasma GH with a periodicity of 2.3 h. In the Pect rats, there was a more variable GH release, with some animals showing spikes similar in amplitude to those of controls and others showing no spikes. There were significantly fewer GH values in excess of 150 ng/ml after Pect, and GH release over the total period of sampling, calculated from the area under the plasma GH curve, was significantly reduced. During the night, plasma GH spikes of controls were significantly reduced in frequency and amplitude, but these were not further significantly reduced by Pect. Under our conditions, there was a diurnal change in GH release with reduced release at night. Pinealectomy significantly reduced GH release during the day but did not significantly further reduce GH release at night.", "PMID": 570488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9014", "title": "Stimulation of human fibroblast protein, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by bovine growth hormone fragments.", "content": "Bovine GH and two fragments which were obtained by dissociation of a limited tryptic digest of the hormone stimulated protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis of contact-inhibited human fibroblasts. The stimulation of protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis was similar for the test substances. Maximal stimulation was noted at 10 nM. At that concentration, protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis were respectively increased 1.80, 1.42, and 1.37 times by GH; 1.93, 1.27, and 1.46 times by A-I (the larger fragment); and 1.99, 1.26, and 1.33 times by A-II (the smaller fragment). The action of GH, A-I, and A-II was similar to that of fetal calf serum, but was distinguished by the time course of stimulation and by the magnitude of the response. For example, GH, A-I, and A-II produced their earliest detectable effect at 10 h for protein synthesis, 22 h for RNA synthesis, and 26 h for DNA synthesis. On the other hand, serum stimulated protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis at 6, 10, and 16 h, respectively. These data show that human fibroblasts respond equally to GH, A-I, and A-II and suggest that there may be more than one \"active site\" in the GH molecule. Lastly, human fibroblasts may represent a useful system to study the actions of GH in vitro.", "contents": "Stimulation of human fibroblast protein, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by bovine growth hormone fragments. Bovine GH and two fragments which were obtained by dissociation of a limited tryptic digest of the hormone stimulated protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis of contact-inhibited human fibroblasts. The stimulation of protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis was similar for the test substances. Maximal stimulation was noted at 10 nM. At that concentration, protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis were respectively increased 1.80, 1.42, and 1.37 times by GH; 1.93, 1.27, and 1.46 times by A-I (the larger fragment); and 1.99, 1.26, and 1.33 times by A-II (the smaller fragment). The action of GH, A-I, and A-II was similar to that of fetal calf serum, but was distinguished by the time course of stimulation and by the magnitude of the response. For example, GH, A-I, and A-II produced their earliest detectable effect at 10 h for protein synthesis, 22 h for RNA synthesis, and 26 h for DNA synthesis. On the other hand, serum stimulated protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis at 6, 10, and 16 h, respectively. These data show that human fibroblasts respond equally to GH, A-I, and A-II and suggest that there may be more than one \"active site\" in the GH molecule. Lastly, human fibroblasts may represent a useful system to study the actions of GH in vitro.", "PMID": 570489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9015", "title": "Receptors for androgen and estrogen in the rat lung.", "content": "By the use of sucrose density gradient and protamine sulfate analyses, the cytosol fraction of rat lung has been found to contain binding activities for both androgenic and estrogenic steroids. These activities are present in lungs of rats of both sexes and at all ages examined. Both activities interacted stereospecifically with, and possessed high affinity for, the respective ligand, and sedimented in the 8-9S region of low salt sucrose density gradients. The androgen-binding activity appeared to bind 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone with similar affinities, but in vitro, whole lung incubation studies demonstrated that DHT is the perdominant androgen found in lung nuclei. In the immature male rat, removal of endogenous androgen by castration-adrenalectomy had no effect on DHT-binding activity in lung cytosol. In the adult, however, this procedure led to a marked cycloheximide-sensitive increase in binding activity. During postnatal development in male rats, relatively constant levels of both androgen- and estrogen-binding activities were found in the lung until the peripubertal period, from which time a striking increase in DHT binding and a decline in that of estradiol were observed. In female rats, cyclic changes in the level of both binding activities were evident during the estrous cycle. When considered in the light of evidence that sex steroids influence certain aspects of lung biochemistry, these data suggest that the demonstrated binding activities represent hormone receptor activities which may mediate a variety of biological events in the lung.", "contents": "Receptors for androgen and estrogen in the rat lung. By the use of sucrose density gradient and protamine sulfate analyses, the cytosol fraction of rat lung has been found to contain binding activities for both androgenic and estrogenic steroids. These activities are present in lungs of rats of both sexes and at all ages examined. Both activities interacted stereospecifically with, and possessed high affinity for, the respective ligand, and sedimented in the 8-9S region of low salt sucrose density gradients. The androgen-binding activity appeared to bind 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone with similar affinities, but in vitro, whole lung incubation studies demonstrated that DHT is the perdominant androgen found in lung nuclei. In the immature male rat, removal of endogenous androgen by castration-adrenalectomy had no effect on DHT-binding activity in lung cytosol. In the adult, however, this procedure led to a marked cycloheximide-sensitive increase in binding activity. During postnatal development in male rats, relatively constant levels of both androgen- and estrogen-binding activities were found in the lung until the peripubertal period, from which time a striking increase in DHT binding and a decline in that of estradiol were observed. In female rats, cyclic changes in the level of both binding activities were evident during the estrous cycle. When considered in the light of evidence that sex steroids influence certain aspects of lung biochemistry, these data suggest that the demonstrated binding activities represent hormone receptor activities which may mediate a variety of biological events in the lung.", "PMID": 570490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9016", "title": "Cytoplasmic estrogen receptors and estrogen concentrations in bovine uterine endometrium.", "content": "Specific cytoplasmic binding of 17beta-[3H]estradiol ([3H]E2beta) by unoccupied receptors in bovine uterine endometrium was determined by saturation analysis and correlated with endometrium levels of E2beta in 21 cows. The concentrations of these estrogen receptors (ER) during the estrous cycle were significantly greater during proestrus, estrus, and postestrus (days 18-20 and 0-4 of the cycle) than during the midluteal period (days 10-12; P less than 0.05). These increases in ER concentration paralleled increases in endometrial and plasma E2beta concentrations. In a preliminary experiment involving six heifers killed during the estrous cycle, a comparison of the ER concentrations of the horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum showed no significant differences, as did a study of the dissociation constant of the steroid-receptor interaction during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. The order of inhibition of cytoplasmic binding of [3H]E2beta by estrogens was as follows: E2beta greater than E1 greater than E2alpha greater than E3 at 4 C. The concentration of ER in six pregnant animals was higher on days 2-3 than on days 13-14 after insemination, which was similar to that found in cycling animals; however, the difference between days was not significant. Ovariectomy of two heifers resulted in slightly higher ER concentrations than in intact heifers, whereas immunization of two heifers with an E2beta conjugate resulted in levels 2-fold higher. In these altered animals plasma progesterone (P4) was nearly nondetectable. ER concentration was inversely related to the level of plasma P4 in cycling heifers (r = -0.58, P less than 0.01). Endometrial estrogen and plasma estrogen levels were also inversely correlated with plasma P4 levels (r = -0.65, P less than 0.01 and r = -0.48, P less than 0.05, respectively). Thus, if P4 level influences ER levels, the hormone may make the tissue less responsive to ovarian estrogens at such time as the luteal phase of the cycle and during pregnancy.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic estrogen receptors and estrogen concentrations in bovine uterine endometrium. Specific cytoplasmic binding of 17beta-[3H]estradiol ([3H]E2beta) by unoccupied receptors in bovine uterine endometrium was determined by saturation analysis and correlated with endometrium levels of E2beta in 21 cows. The concentrations of these estrogen receptors (ER) during the estrous cycle were significantly greater during proestrus, estrus, and postestrus (days 18-20 and 0-4 of the cycle) than during the midluteal period (days 10-12; P less than 0.05). These increases in ER concentration paralleled increases in endometrial and plasma E2beta concentrations. In a preliminary experiment involving six heifers killed during the estrous cycle, a comparison of the ER concentrations of the horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum showed no significant differences, as did a study of the dissociation constant of the steroid-receptor interaction during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. The order of inhibition of cytoplasmic binding of [3H]E2beta by estrogens was as follows: E2beta greater than E1 greater than E2alpha greater than E3 at 4 C. The concentration of ER in six pregnant animals was higher on days 2-3 than on days 13-14 after insemination, which was similar to that found in cycling animals; however, the difference between days was not significant. Ovariectomy of two heifers resulted in slightly higher ER concentrations than in intact heifers, whereas immunization of two heifers with an E2beta conjugate resulted in levels 2-fold higher. In these altered animals plasma progesterone (P4) was nearly nondetectable. ER concentration was inversely related to the level of plasma P4 in cycling heifers (r = -0.58, P less than 0.01). Endometrial estrogen and plasma estrogen levels were also inversely correlated with plasma P4 levels (r = -0.65, P less than 0.01 and r = -0.48, P less than 0.05, respectively). Thus, if P4 level influences ER levels, the hormone may make the tissue less responsive to ovarian estrogens at such time as the luteal phase of the cycle and during pregnancy.", "PMID": 570493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9017", "title": "Identification of cytochrome P-450, and its distribution in the membrana granulosa of the preovulatory follicle, using quantitative cytochemistry.", "content": "The distribution of cytochrome P-450 (C-P450), an essential component of the oxidative enzyme system involved in the hydroxylation of steroids, was measured by quantitative cytochemistry in cryostat sections of preovulatory follicles obtained from rats in proestrous. The sections were reacted with medium saturated with carbon monoxide with or without the addition of sodium dithionite. The absorbance spectrum was measured from 400 to 500 nm and a difference spectrum calculated by subtracting the extinction obtained from incubations without sodium dithionite from that obtained in the presence of sodium dithionite. A distinct peak at 450nm was recorded in cells of the peripheral portion of the membrana granulosa (MG) but not in those of the cumulus, providing evidence for the presence and differential distribution of C-P450 in the MG of the preovulatory follicle.", "contents": "Identification of cytochrome P-450, and its distribution in the membrana granulosa of the preovulatory follicle, using quantitative cytochemistry. The distribution of cytochrome P-450 (C-P450), an essential component of the oxidative enzyme system involved in the hydroxylation of steroids, was measured by quantitative cytochemistry in cryostat sections of preovulatory follicles obtained from rats in proestrous. The sections were reacted with medium saturated with carbon monoxide with or without the addition of sodium dithionite. The absorbance spectrum was measured from 400 to 500 nm and a difference spectrum calculated by subtracting the extinction obtained from incubations without sodium dithionite from that obtained in the presence of sodium dithionite. A distinct peak at 450nm was recorded in cells of the peripheral portion of the membrana granulosa (MG) but not in those of the cumulus, providing evidence for the presence and differential distribution of C-P450 in the MG of the preovulatory follicle.", "PMID": 570494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9018", "title": "Rabbit ovarian protein kinases. II. Effect of an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin or luteinizing hormone on the multiplicity of follicular and luteal protein kinases.", "content": "DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the 105,000 X g supernatant fraction (cytosol) obtained from popped estrous rabbit follicles revealed the presence of a single form of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, designated protein kinase 3. The iv injection of an ovulatory dose of hCG to estrous rabbits promoted the appearance of a second, transient peak of cytosol cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase 1. Protein kinase 1 was detected within 10 min of hCG administration but had regressed to undetectable levels by 24 h in corpora lutea (CL) of pseudopregnancy and by 72 h in CL of pregnancy. Ovulation and subsequent CL formation were accompanied by the appearance of a third form of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, designated protein kinase 2. Protein kinase 2 was present within 2 h after hCG administration and persisted as a major form of cytosol cAMP-dependent protein kinase throughout the life span of CL. All three forms of protein kinase were inhibited by the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor from rabbit skeletal muscle, possessed cAMP-binding activity, and were markedly stimulated by 10(-7) M cAMP. The activity of protein kinase 3 in CL of pregnancy, in corpora albicantia, and in interstitial tissue was markedly greater than that in follicles or in CL of pseudopregnancy, while the activity of protein kinase 2 remained relatively constant throughout the luteal life span. The iv injection of a luteolytic dose of hCG to 4-day pseudopregnant rabbits promoted no alterations of the protein kinase elution profile upon DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the luteal cytosol obtained 10 min to 3 days post-hCG injection. However, with dedifferentiation of corpora albicantia into interstitial tissue, the cAMP dependency of protein kinase 2 was reduced. The results indicate that the enzymatic activity and multiplicity of cAMP-dependent protein kinases in the cytosol of ovarian structures are subject to regulation by LH (hCG) and depend upon the various reproductive stages of the rabbit.", "contents": "Rabbit ovarian protein kinases. II. Effect of an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin or luteinizing hormone on the multiplicity of follicular and luteal protein kinases. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the 105,000 X g supernatant fraction (cytosol) obtained from popped estrous rabbit follicles revealed the presence of a single form of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, designated protein kinase 3. The iv injection of an ovulatory dose of hCG to estrous rabbits promoted the appearance of a second, transient peak of cytosol cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase 1. Protein kinase 1 was detected within 10 min of hCG administration but had regressed to undetectable levels by 24 h in corpora lutea (CL) of pseudopregnancy and by 72 h in CL of pregnancy. Ovulation and subsequent CL formation were accompanied by the appearance of a third form of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, designated protein kinase 2. Protein kinase 2 was present within 2 h after hCG administration and persisted as a major form of cytosol cAMP-dependent protein kinase throughout the life span of CL. All three forms of protein kinase were inhibited by the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor from rabbit skeletal muscle, possessed cAMP-binding activity, and were markedly stimulated by 10(-7) M cAMP. The activity of protein kinase 3 in CL of pregnancy, in corpora albicantia, and in interstitial tissue was markedly greater than that in follicles or in CL of pseudopregnancy, while the activity of protein kinase 2 remained relatively constant throughout the luteal life span. The iv injection of a luteolytic dose of hCG to 4-day pseudopregnant rabbits promoted no alterations of the protein kinase elution profile upon DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the luteal cytosol obtained 10 min to 3 days post-hCG injection. However, with dedifferentiation of corpora albicantia into interstitial tissue, the cAMP dependency of protein kinase 2 was reduced. The results indicate that the enzymatic activity and multiplicity of cAMP-dependent protein kinases in the cytosol of ovarian structures are subject to regulation by LH (hCG) and depend upon the various reproductive stages of the rabbit.", "PMID": 570495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9019", "title": "The actions of serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on hypothalamic processes leading to adenohypophyseal luteinizing hormone release.", "content": "The effects of third ventricle (3V) infusion of exogenous monoamines on the secretion of LH were investigated in Nembutal-blocked proestrous rats after electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Two microcannulae were anatomically oriented through the ventral surface of the brain to establish a push-pull flow system in the 3V at the rate of 3.9 microliter/min for 160 min. Serotonin perfusions (2.6 x 10(-3) M for 160 min at 3.9 microgram/min) significantly depressed the MPOA-ECS-induced rise in plasma LH at 160 and 200 min, but did not diminish the secretion of LH after an intraatrial injection of 250 ng LRH. Seemingly, the reduced plasma LH which follows MPOA-ECS in serotonin-treated rats is the consequence of decreased hypothalamic LRH secretion. Desipramine (3.6 x 10(-4) M), a norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor, did not prevent serotonin inhibition. In contrast, the specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. Lilly 110140 (3.2 X 10(-4) M), and cyproheptadine (2.9 x 10(-4) M) blocked the inhibitory effects of serotonin. Serotonin was also tested in proestrous rats anesthetized with Nembutal within 1 h after the beginning of the light cycle (morning rats) and in proestrous rats at least 15 min after the start of the dark cycle (night rats). Serotonin (2.6 x 10(-3) M) failed to diminish the rise in plasma LH after ECS in morning rats, but depressed the ECS-induced increase of LH in night rats. Perfusions of 3 X 10(-8) M NE at 3.9 microliter/min for 160 min augmented the plasma LH increase after MPOA-ECS but only at 160 and 200 min, while its response to LRH was not tested. At higher concentrations, 3 x 10(-6) M NE markedly suppressed the rise in plasma LH after ECS and also depressed the secretion of LH after an intraatrial injection of LRH. In contrast, 3 x 10(-6) M epinephrine which inhibited the response to LRH, potentiated the MPOA-ECS-induced rise in plasma LH. Higher concentrations of epinephrine (3 x 10(-4) M), however, inhibited both the ECS and LRH-induced secretion of LH.", "contents": "The actions of serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on hypothalamic processes leading to adenohypophyseal luteinizing hormone release. The effects of third ventricle (3V) infusion of exogenous monoamines on the secretion of LH were investigated in Nembutal-blocked proestrous rats after electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Two microcannulae were anatomically oriented through the ventral surface of the brain to establish a push-pull flow system in the 3V at the rate of 3.9 microliter/min for 160 min. Serotonin perfusions (2.6 x 10(-3) M for 160 min at 3.9 microgram/min) significantly depressed the MPOA-ECS-induced rise in plasma LH at 160 and 200 min, but did not diminish the secretion of LH after an intraatrial injection of 250 ng LRH. Seemingly, the reduced plasma LH which follows MPOA-ECS in serotonin-treated rats is the consequence of decreased hypothalamic LRH secretion. Desipramine (3.6 x 10(-4) M), a norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor, did not prevent serotonin inhibition. In contrast, the specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. Lilly 110140 (3.2 X 10(-4) M), and cyproheptadine (2.9 x 10(-4) M) blocked the inhibitory effects of serotonin. Serotonin was also tested in proestrous rats anesthetized with Nembutal within 1 h after the beginning of the light cycle (morning rats) and in proestrous rats at least 15 min after the start of the dark cycle (night rats). Serotonin (2.6 x 10(-3) M) failed to diminish the rise in plasma LH after ECS in morning rats, but depressed the ECS-induced increase of LH in night rats. Perfusions of 3 X 10(-8) M NE at 3.9 microliter/min for 160 min augmented the plasma LH increase after MPOA-ECS but only at 160 and 200 min, while its response to LRH was not tested. At higher concentrations, 3 x 10(-6) M NE markedly suppressed the rise in plasma LH after ECS and also depressed the secretion of LH after an intraatrial injection of LRH. In contrast, 3 x 10(-6) M epinephrine which inhibited the response to LRH, potentiated the MPOA-ECS-induced rise in plasma LH. Higher concentrations of epinephrine (3 x 10(-4) M), however, inhibited both the ECS and LRH-induced secretion of LH.", "PMID": 570497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9020", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia-induced precocious puberty in the female rat: ovarian site of action.", "content": "Hyperprolactinemia induced in immature female rats by chronic treatment with sulpiride, a dopaminergic receptor blocker, resulted in advancement of the onset of puberty. While serum PRL levels increased promptly after initiation of the treatment and remained elevated throughout the entire period studied (day 22 to first diestrus after vaginal opening), gonadotropin levels did not appear to be altered and increased abruptly only at the time of the first preovulatory surge. Except for a decrease during the first diestrus, serum TSH and GH were not consistently altered by sulpiride. After 5 days of treatment, serum progesterone levels, but not those of androgens, were increased in hyperprolactinemic (HP) rats. Uterine weight, taken as an index of estrogen secretion, was unambiguously increased in HP rats, the first significant difference being observed 5 days after initiation of the sulpiride treatment (day 27). Ovarian estrogen and progesterone responsiveness of normal animals to gonadotropins, as determined by in vitro release of the steroids after incubation with hCG, increased with age. The response was dramatically enhanced in HP rats, its magnitude increasing markedly as the animals approached puberty. Androgen response to hCG was, however, similar in HP and control rats. In vitro release of adrenal progesterone, but not that of estrogen or androgens, was slightly enhanced in HP rats. When sulpiride treatment was terminated on the first day of diestrus after vaginal opening, the animals continued to show estrous cycles. By contrast, maintenance of the treatment for several days after vaginal opening resulted in a condition of constant diestrus. The results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which PRL induces precocious puberty in the female rat is by sensitizing the ovaries to the low circulating gonadotropin levels observed during the prepubertal period. In addition, PRL also seems to stimulate progesterone secretion by the adrenal glands.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia-induced precocious puberty in the female rat: ovarian site of action. Hyperprolactinemia induced in immature female rats by chronic treatment with sulpiride, a dopaminergic receptor blocker, resulted in advancement of the onset of puberty. While serum PRL levels increased promptly after initiation of the treatment and remained elevated throughout the entire period studied (day 22 to first diestrus after vaginal opening), gonadotropin levels did not appear to be altered and increased abruptly only at the time of the first preovulatory surge. Except for a decrease during the first diestrus, serum TSH and GH were not consistently altered by sulpiride. After 5 days of treatment, serum progesterone levels, but not those of androgens, were increased in hyperprolactinemic (HP) rats. Uterine weight, taken as an index of estrogen secretion, was unambiguously increased in HP rats, the first significant difference being observed 5 days after initiation of the sulpiride treatment (day 27). Ovarian estrogen and progesterone responsiveness of normal animals to gonadotropins, as determined by in vitro release of the steroids after incubation with hCG, increased with age. The response was dramatically enhanced in HP rats, its magnitude increasing markedly as the animals approached puberty. Androgen response to hCG was, however, similar in HP and control rats. In vitro release of adrenal progesterone, but not that of estrogen or androgens, was slightly enhanced in HP rats. When sulpiride treatment was terminated on the first day of diestrus after vaginal opening, the animals continued to show estrous cycles. By contrast, maintenance of the treatment for several days after vaginal opening resulted in a condition of constant diestrus. The results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which PRL induces precocious puberty in the female rat is by sensitizing the ovaries to the low circulating gonadotropin levels observed during the prepubertal period. In addition, PRL also seems to stimulate progesterone secretion by the adrenal glands.", "PMID": 570498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9021", "title": "Long term effect of teflutixol on apomorphine-induced stereotypy and vomiting in dogs.", "content": "Dose--response relationships to apomorphine-induced vomiting and stereotyped running behaviour have been determined in dogs before, and up to 24 and 28 days respectively, after daily oral treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of teflutixol or 12 days. The ED50 values for apomorphine-induced vomiting after teflutixol were not different from those obtained before treatment. Stereotyped running behaviour of increasing intensity was seen 4--12 days after teflutixol treatment. The intensity then declined and returned to normal. The results suggest that the nigro-neostriatal dopamine system in dogs became hypersensitive after prolonged teflutixol treatment, while the dopamine receptors of the emetic chemotrigger zone did not.", "contents": "Long term effect of teflutixol on apomorphine-induced stereotypy and vomiting in dogs. Dose--response relationships to apomorphine-induced vomiting and stereotyped running behaviour have been determined in dogs before, and up to 24 and 28 days respectively, after daily oral treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of teflutixol or 12 days. The ED50 values for apomorphine-induced vomiting after teflutixol were not different from those obtained before treatment. Stereotyped running behaviour of increasing intensity was seen 4--12 days after teflutixol treatment. The intensity then declined and returned to normal. The results suggest that the nigro-neostriatal dopamine system in dogs became hypersensitive after prolonged teflutixol treatment, while the dopamine receptors of the emetic chemotrigger zone did not.", "PMID": 570504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9022", "title": "Dopaminergic antagonism and catalepsy in the developing rat.", "content": "The cataleptic effect of the dopaminergic blockers spiroperidol and haloperidol was investigated in developing rats. Both neuroleptics were found to produce less catalepsy in 15 day old rats than in either 10 or 20 day old animals. It is proposed that the decrement in catalepsy occurring between 10 and 15 days of age is related to increased dopaminergic activity in the neostriatum. The reversal of this phenomenon by 20 days may be a consequence of maturation of cholinergic local circuit neurons.", "contents": "Dopaminergic antagonism and catalepsy in the developing rat. The cataleptic effect of the dopaminergic blockers spiroperidol and haloperidol was investigated in developing rats. Both neuroleptics were found to produce less catalepsy in 15 day old rats than in either 10 or 20 day old animals. It is proposed that the decrement in catalepsy occurring between 10 and 15 days of age is related to increased dopaminergic activity in the neostriatum. The reversal of this phenomenon by 20 days may be a consequence of maturation of cholinergic local circuit neurons.", "PMID": 570505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9023", "title": "Effects of morphine and related drugs on core temperature of two strains of rat.", "content": "The changes in core temperature induced by low (5 mg/kg) and high (40 mg/kg) doses of morphine were compared in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. In Sprague-Dawley rats the low dose caused a hyperthermia and the high dose a hypothermia but in Wistar rats both doses caused a hyperthermia. In either case the change in core temperature was antagonized by naloxone (2 mg/kg). Tolerance to the effects of the high dose of morphine developed in both strains of rat. Dextromoramide (3.75 and 15 mg/kg) also had an effect on core temperature, but in this case the responses of the strains were opposite to those seen with morphine. Laevomoramide was relatively ineffective. Naloxone (2 mg/kg) had no effect on the ability of rats of either strain to withstand heat or cold stress, providing no evidence that endogenous morphine-like substances have a physiological role in thermoregulation.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and related drugs on core temperature of two strains of rat. The changes in core temperature induced by low (5 mg/kg) and high (40 mg/kg) doses of morphine were compared in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. In Sprague-Dawley rats the low dose caused a hyperthermia and the high dose a hypothermia but in Wistar rats both doses caused a hyperthermia. In either case the change in core temperature was antagonized by naloxone (2 mg/kg). Tolerance to the effects of the high dose of morphine developed in both strains of rat. Dextromoramide (3.75 and 15 mg/kg) also had an effect on core temperature, but in this case the responses of the strains were opposite to those seen with morphine. Laevomoramide was relatively ineffective. Naloxone (2 mg/kg) had no effect on the ability of rats of either strain to withstand heat or cold stress, providing no evidence that endogenous morphine-like substances have a physiological role in thermoregulation.", "PMID": 570506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9024", "title": "Arrangement of nucleosomes in condensed chromatin fibres.", "content": "Condensed chromatin shows globules of 300 A formed by approximately 8 to 10 nucleosomes. Each globule might be an uncoiled turn of a supercoil. This supercoil forms major coils along the fibre.", "contents": "Arrangement of nucleosomes in condensed chromatin fibres. Condensed chromatin shows globules of 300 A formed by approximately 8 to 10 nucleosomes. Each globule might be an uncoiled turn of a supercoil. This supercoil forms major coils along the fibre.", "PMID": 570507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9025", "title": "Tsetse fly reactions to light and humidity gradients.", "content": "Tsetse flies are positively phototactic below about 30 degree C and negatively phototactic above it. The flies show a preference for the wet end of a humidity gradient and the bright end of a dorsal light intensity gradient. Studies of activity levels indicate that tsetse flies should aggregate in damp situations where the activity levels is minimal, whereas in practice the flies are distributed throughout the whole of gradient. Analyses of the water and fat content of experimental flies indicates that the reactions of individual flies is determined by their physiological condition and the conditions under which the flies have previously been kept. Previous ecological studies on the reactions of flies to humidity and light stimuli need to be reassessed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Tsetse fly reactions to light and humidity gradients. Tsetse flies are positively phototactic below about 30 degree C and negatively phototactic above it. The flies show a preference for the wet end of a humidity gradient and the bright end of a dorsal light intensity gradient. Studies of activity levels indicate that tsetse flies should aggregate in damp situations where the activity levels is minimal, whereas in practice the flies are distributed throughout the whole of gradient. Analyses of the water and fat content of experimental flies indicates that the reactions of individual flies is determined by their physiological condition and the conditions under which the flies have previously been kept. Previous ecological studies on the reactions of flies to humidity and light stimuli need to be reassessed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 570508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9026", "title": "A comparative study of the effects of muscimol and diazepam on the recall of noxious events.", "content": "Muscimol induced in rats a recall deficit which possibly results from a dissociation of learning. In one out of the 2 experimental conditions studied, a cross dissociation of learning was found between diazepam and muscimol.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects of muscimol and diazepam on the recall of noxious events. Muscimol induced in rats a recall deficit which possibly results from a dissociation of learning. In one out of the 2 experimental conditions studied, a cross dissociation of learning was found between diazepam and muscimol.", "PMID": 570509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9027", "title": "Chick and duck blastoderms can expand on each others vitelline membranes.", "content": "The expansion rates in vitro of chick and duck blastoderms transferred to each others vitelline membranes were compared with blastoderms left in place. Duck blastoderms expanded slightly faster than chick, irrespective of membrane type. There was no specificity.", "contents": "Chick and duck blastoderms can expand on each others vitelline membranes. The expansion rates in vitro of chick and duck blastoderms transferred to each others vitelline membranes were compared with blastoderms left in place. Duck blastoderms expanded slightly faster than chick, irrespective of membrane type. There was no specificity.", "PMID": 570510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9028", "title": "Anti-estrogen inhibition of testosterone-stimulated aggression in mice.", "content": "Testosterone-stimulated intermale aggression in castrated mice can be reversibly inhibited by anti-estrogen administration suggesting that estrogen formation and actions in the brain may be required for testosterone's behavioral actions.", "contents": "Anti-estrogen inhibition of testosterone-stimulated aggression in mice. Testosterone-stimulated intermale aggression in castrated mice can be reversibly inhibited by anti-estrogen administration suggesting that estrogen formation and actions in the brain may be required for testosterone's behavioral actions.", "PMID": 570511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9029", "title": "The fractional postcoital test: a reappraisal.", "content": "Postcoital tests (PCTs) were conducted following artificial insemination with either live or dead spermatozoa. The cervical mucus samples were analyzed for sperm counts and acid phosphatase activity. The results indicate that the final distribution of mucus and sperm in the PCT sampling catheter is not truly representative of their original distribution within the cervix. Moreover, PCTs done after insemination with semen containing only dead sperm yield unrealistically high sperm counts and high cervical mucus acid phosphatase levels. This is apparently due to the translocation of semen from the area of the external os into the mucus sample by the sampling catheter. This problem can be largely prevented by removing a plug of mucus from the external os prior to the catheter sampling procedure.", "contents": "The fractional postcoital test: a reappraisal. Postcoital tests (PCTs) were conducted following artificial insemination with either live or dead spermatozoa. The cervical mucus samples were analyzed for sperm counts and acid phosphatase activity. The results indicate that the final distribution of mucus and sperm in the PCT sampling catheter is not truly representative of their original distribution within the cervix. Moreover, PCTs done after insemination with semen containing only dead sperm yield unrealistically high sperm counts and high cervical mucus acid phosphatase levels. This is apparently due to the translocation of semen from the area of the external os into the mucus sample by the sampling catheter. This problem can be largely prevented by removing a plug of mucus from the external os prior to the catheter sampling procedure.", "PMID": 570517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9030", "title": "The influence of insemination timing and semen characteristics on the efficiency of a donor insemination program.", "content": "The analysis of accumulated data from conceptional and nonconceptional ovulatory menstrual cycles of patients undertaking artificial donor insemination has allowed some observations to be made on the practical aspects which may influence the efficiency of the program. The evidence suggests that with the use of preserved semen, accurate timing of insemination is essential, and that days 0 and +1 with respect to the luteinizing hormone surge appear to be advantageous as compared with closely related days. When the numbers of motile spermatozoa which were inseminated over a critical 4-day interval were analyzed, the results also suggested that improved conception rates occurred when larger numbers of active spermatozoa were used. A comparison was made between those patients who had been inseminated on a single occasion and those inseminated on more than one occasion during the periovulatory period. The results obtained from those cycles inseminated on a single occasion were inferior to those obtained from cycles inseminated more than once. Finally, some limited comparison is drawn between the established insemination programs of bovine husbandry and the relatively inefficient human experience. One explanation may lie in the wider spectrum of donor semen desirable for the human programs.", "contents": "The influence of insemination timing and semen characteristics on the efficiency of a donor insemination program. The analysis of accumulated data from conceptional and nonconceptional ovulatory menstrual cycles of patients undertaking artificial donor insemination has allowed some observations to be made on the practical aspects which may influence the efficiency of the program. The evidence suggests that with the use of preserved semen, accurate timing of insemination is essential, and that days 0 and +1 with respect to the luteinizing hormone surge appear to be advantageous as compared with closely related days. When the numbers of motile spermatozoa which were inseminated over a critical 4-day interval were analyzed, the results also suggested that improved conception rates occurred when larger numbers of active spermatozoa were used. A comparison was made between those patients who had been inseminated on a single occasion and those inseminated on more than one occasion during the periovulatory period. The results obtained from those cycles inseminated on a single occasion were inferior to those obtained from cycles inseminated more than once. Finally, some limited comparison is drawn between the established insemination programs of bovine husbandry and the relatively inefficient human experience. One explanation may lie in the wider spectrum of donor semen desirable for the human programs.", "PMID": 570518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9031", "title": "[Relationship between the phase of the sex cycle and differences in the rate of hexenal detoxication and its induction by phenobarbital in female rats].", "content": "Differences in hexenal detoxication rate and its induction with small doses of phenobarbital in mongrel female rats, depending upon the stage of the sex cycle, were investigated. The application of the hexobarbital test demonstrated that the duration of a continuous lateral position and re-establishment of locomotion after administration of a standard dose of hexobarbital in the stages of proestrus and estrus are much shorter than they are in the stages meta- and diestrus. In females pretreated with small doses of phenobarbital were found the same temporal correlations of sleep and restored locomotion during corresponding cycles following administration of hexobarbital as in controls, but their levels proved 2-3 times lower respectively than they were in control females. Low doses of phenobarbital (10, 10 and 20 mg/kg) used in the present experiments are nearly as effective as are doses almost by one order higher (80-150 mg/kg), used by other authors.", "contents": "[Relationship between the phase of the sex cycle and differences in the rate of hexenal detoxication and its induction by phenobarbital in female rats]. Differences in hexenal detoxication rate and its induction with small doses of phenobarbital in mongrel female rats, depending upon the stage of the sex cycle, were investigated. The application of the hexobarbital test demonstrated that the duration of a continuous lateral position and re-establishment of locomotion after administration of a standard dose of hexobarbital in the stages of proestrus and estrus are much shorter than they are in the stages meta- and diestrus. In females pretreated with small doses of phenobarbital were found the same temporal correlations of sleep and restored locomotion during corresponding cycles following administration of hexobarbital as in controls, but their levels proved 2-3 times lower respectively than they were in control females. Low doses of phenobarbital (10, 10 and 20 mg/kg) used in the present experiments are nearly as effective as are doses almost by one order higher (80-150 mg/kg), used by other authors.", "PMID": 570513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9032", "title": "[Relationship between sex and the development and course of experimental chronic alcoholism].", "content": "The existence of sex differences in the development and course of experimental alcoholism in sexually mature rats (with 20 individual animals of each sex) was established. With formation of preference to a 8% ethanol solution as against water, with free access of the animals to the liquids, this process by its speed is shown to proceed quicker in males, but the females display a greater degree of preference. Moreover, the females manifest a greater lability with respect to the fortifying properties of ethanol. In framing the preference the presence of a second animal of the same or the other sex leads to a greater consumption of ethanol by the females than by males. On a repeated offering of ethanol following its cancellation the renewed preference of ethanol to water occurs in females quicker and more intensively than in males.", "contents": "[Relationship between sex and the development and course of experimental chronic alcoholism]. The existence of sex differences in the development and course of experimental alcoholism in sexually mature rats (with 20 individual animals of each sex) was established. With formation of preference to a 8% ethanol solution as against water, with free access of the animals to the liquids, this process by its speed is shown to proceed quicker in males, but the females display a greater degree of preference. Moreover, the females manifest a greater lability with respect to the fortifying properties of ethanol. In framing the preference the presence of a second animal of the same or the other sex leads to a greater consumption of ethanol by the females than by males. On a repeated offering of ethanol following its cancellation the renewed preference of ethanol to water occurs in females quicker and more intensively than in males.", "PMID": 570514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9033", "title": "[Effect of piracetam on some manifestations of the effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde].", "content": "An experimental study of pyracetam (2-pyrrolidonacetamide) showed it capable to mitigate some behavioral and toxic manifestations of the action exerted by alcohol in tests on mice and rats, such as those of the \"open field\", \"conflict situation\", \"rotating rod\" and righting reflex. Pyracetam also attenuated some toxic symptoms of acetaldehyde in mice. It shortened the duration of coma, lessened the intensity of convulsive seizures, but it had no influence on the lethal effect of acetaldehyde. The type of the relation between doses and effects suggests the observed antagonism to be of a nonspecific nature.", "contents": "[Effect of piracetam on some manifestations of the effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde]. An experimental study of pyracetam (2-pyrrolidonacetamide) showed it capable to mitigate some behavioral and toxic manifestations of the action exerted by alcohol in tests on mice and rats, such as those of the \"open field\", \"conflict situation\", \"rotating rod\" and righting reflex. Pyracetam also attenuated some toxic symptoms of acetaldehyde in mice. It shortened the duration of coma, lessened the intensity of convulsive seizures, but it had no influence on the lethal effect of acetaldehyde. The type of the relation between doses and effects suggests the observed antagonism to be of a nonspecific nature.", "PMID": 570515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9034", "title": "Morphological research on the male gonad in long-lasting alcoholization of rats.", "content": "The research was carried out on 64 male rats of the Wistar strain aged between 3 to 4 weeks and of an initial body weight of 150 to 300 g. The observed animals were divided into 4 experimental groups and for each individual group of alcoholized rats there was a separate control group. 40 animals in the experimental group were given 40% of ethyl alcohol in a dose of 3 g/kg body weight throughout a period of 13 days the 1. group, 51 days the II. group, 102 days the III. group and 204 days the IV. group. The last dose of alcohol was given 24 h before they were killed. The macroscopic appearance and the weight of the testicles was determined. The sections of testicles were stained with hematoxyline and eosine with the Azan method according to HEIDEN-HAIN and with Masson's Three-coloured stain. In each group the diemater of the seminal tubules was measured. A gradual decrease in the size and weight of the animal testicles was ascertained together with the prolongation of the duration of alcoholization. On the basis of my own observations one can suggest that, the narrowing of the seminal tubules light is one of the first noticeable results of the negative influence of ethyl alcohol on the gonad. In the microscopic preparations of the testicles of chronically alcoholized animals an inhibition in the spermio- and spermatogenesis, degenerative changes in the periphery of the spermatogenic epithelium were noticed. The intensification of the above described changes were observed to be dependent on the duration period of alcohol intoxication.", "contents": "Morphological research on the male gonad in long-lasting alcoholization of rats. The research was carried out on 64 male rats of the Wistar strain aged between 3 to 4 weeks and of an initial body weight of 150 to 300 g. The observed animals were divided into 4 experimental groups and for each individual group of alcoholized rats there was a separate control group. 40 animals in the experimental group were given 40% of ethyl alcohol in a dose of 3 g/kg body weight throughout a period of 13 days the 1. group, 51 days the II. group, 102 days the III. group and 204 days the IV. group. The last dose of alcohol was given 24 h before they were killed. The macroscopic appearance and the weight of the testicles was determined. The sections of testicles were stained with hematoxyline and eosine with the Azan method according to HEIDEN-HAIN and with Masson's Three-coloured stain. In each group the diemater of the seminal tubules was measured. A gradual decrease in the size and weight of the animal testicles was ascertained together with the prolongation of the duration of alcoholization. On the basis of my own observations one can suggest that, the narrowing of the seminal tubules light is one of the first noticeable results of the negative influence of ethyl alcohol on the gonad. In the microscopic preparations of the testicles of chronically alcoholized animals an inhibition in the spermio- and spermatogenesis, degenerative changes in the periphery of the spermatogenic epithelium were noticed. The intensification of the above described changes were observed to be dependent on the duration period of alcohol intoxication.", "PMID": 570531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9035", "title": "[Obstetrical problems in patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. A casuistic presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder of bleeding arrest. The differential diagnosis of this platelet defect with respect to recently gained knowledge is presented in the case of a pregnant woman. Because of pelvic presentation a cesarean section was performed after adequate platelet substitution, which did not involve excessive blood loss. A severe puerperal infection necessitated an abdominal hysterectomy after appropriate platelet transfusion. The difficulties in testing platelet function in the newborn are discussed. The effectiveness of a commercially available homologous phospholipide complex (Fibraccel) was tested on the patient in a noncritical phase. The results appear important for general procedure when pregnancy and platelet dysfunction concur.", "contents": "[Obstetrical problems in patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. A casuistic presentation (author's transl)]. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder of bleeding arrest. The differential diagnosis of this platelet defect with respect to recently gained knowledge is presented in the case of a pregnant woman. Because of pelvic presentation a cesarean section was performed after adequate platelet substitution, which did not involve excessive blood loss. A severe puerperal infection necessitated an abdominal hysterectomy after appropriate platelet transfusion. The difficulties in testing platelet function in the newborn are discussed. The effectiveness of a commercially available homologous phospholipide complex (Fibraccel) was tested on the patient in a noncritical phase. The results appear important for general procedure when pregnancy and platelet dysfunction concur.", "PMID": 570532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9036", "title": "Spontaneous infection of white laboratory mice with Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison, 1960 under natural conditions.", "content": "Fifty white laboratory mice were planted in a microbiotope in which adiaspiromycosis has been detected in 52 Microtus arvalis during the last 10 years. Four of the white mice became infected with adiaspiromycosis. Serological tests revealed the infection in two mice exposed for 3 months. After 4 months' exposure, another two mice were found to be infected and the positive serological results were confirmed by microscopical examination which revealed adiaspores in their lungs. The infection was thus detected by serological methods sooner than by microscopical examination.", "contents": "Spontaneous infection of white laboratory mice with Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison, 1960 under natural conditions. Fifty white laboratory mice were planted in a microbiotope in which adiaspiromycosis has been detected in 52 Microtus arvalis during the last 10 years. Four of the white mice became infected with adiaspiromycosis. Serological tests revealed the infection in two mice exposed for 3 months. After 4 months' exposure, another two mice were found to be infected and the positive serological results were confirmed by microscopical examination which revealed adiaspores in their lungs. The infection was thus detected by serological methods sooner than by microscopical examination.", "PMID": 570537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9037", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of long-acting phenothiazines with particular reference to fluphenazine decanoate (author's transl)].", "content": "A long-term study was performed on the effects of fluphenazine decanoate and the results were compared with those of fluphenazine-2HCl and fluphenazine enanthate. These agents given orally were equipotent in inhibiting the motility of mice. With subcutaneous administration, decanoate and enanthate showed a clearly prolonged action, whereas fluphenazine-2HCl was effective for only 3 days. Decanoate and enanthate did not produce marked hypothermia in rats. Like enanthate, decanoate inhibited, for a long duration, apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior and methamphetamine group toxicity in mice, as well as induced catalepsy in rats. It was found that fluphenazine-2HCl markedly inhibited certain agonists-induced contraction of isolated preparations while enanthate and decanoate inhibited these contractions almost equally. In rats, enanthate induced a persistent hypotension and marked changes in ECG while decanoate showed a transient hypotension and slight changes in ECG. In the study of rat brain catecholamine turnover, these three drugs significantly increased dopamine turnover, and decanoate and enanthate were found to have prolonged effects. No significant change in noradrenaline turnover was observed. These results indicate that fluphenazine decanoate has the same spectrum of activity as enanthate except for its slower onset, weaker potency and longer duration of action. A prolonged tranquilizing effect was most evident.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of long-acting phenothiazines with particular reference to fluphenazine decanoate (author's transl)]. A long-term study was performed on the effects of fluphenazine decanoate and the results were compared with those of fluphenazine-2HCl and fluphenazine enanthate. These agents given orally were equipotent in inhibiting the motility of mice. With subcutaneous administration, decanoate and enanthate showed a clearly prolonged action, whereas fluphenazine-2HCl was effective for only 3 days. Decanoate and enanthate did not produce marked hypothermia in rats. Like enanthate, decanoate inhibited, for a long duration, apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior and methamphetamine group toxicity in mice, as well as induced catalepsy in rats. It was found that fluphenazine-2HCl markedly inhibited certain agonists-induced contraction of isolated preparations while enanthate and decanoate inhibited these contractions almost equally. In rats, enanthate induced a persistent hypotension and marked changes in ECG while decanoate showed a transient hypotension and slight changes in ECG. In the study of rat brain catecholamine turnover, these three drugs significantly increased dopamine turnover, and decanoate and enanthate were found to have prolonged effects. No significant change in noradrenaline turnover was observed. These results indicate that fluphenazine decanoate has the same spectrum of activity as enanthate except for its slower onset, weaker potency and longer duration of action. A prolonged tranquilizing effect was most evident.", "PMID": 570538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9038", "title": "Regulation of periodicity and intensity of photo-induced conidiation of Trichoderma viride.", "content": "After a short irradiation at 366 nm with 200 lx, the intensity of conidiation of Trichoderma viride colonies grown in the dark increased for the first 10 s proportionally with time. The increase slowed down after 10 s-5 min of exposure and after 10-60 min of irradiation the conidiation intensity began to decrease. When photo-induced by daylight, the conidiation started at a high rate after 25 h and persisted even after 48 h. The conidiation had no circadian character and its periodicity depended on the periodicity of photo-induction. Its intensity was also influenced by the carbon sources used, a maximum being reached with glucose (1-2%). Higher glucose concentrations inhibited conidiation but had no influence on growth of colonies.", "contents": "Regulation of periodicity and intensity of photo-induced conidiation of Trichoderma viride. After a short irradiation at 366 nm with 200 lx, the intensity of conidiation of Trichoderma viride colonies grown in the dark increased for the first 10 s proportionally with time. The increase slowed down after 10 s-5 min of exposure and after 10-60 min of irradiation the conidiation intensity began to decrease. When photo-induced by daylight, the conidiation started at a high rate after 25 h and persisted even after 48 h. The conidiation had no circadian character and its periodicity depended on the periodicity of photo-induction. Its intensity was also influenced by the carbon sources used, a maximum being reached with glucose (1-2%). Higher glucose concentrations inhibited conidiation but had no influence on growth of colonies.", "PMID": 570539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9039", "title": "Effect of volatile substances from Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum on spore respiration and germination of some soil fungi.", "content": "Oxygen uptake by the spores of Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, F. solani, Mucor racemosus and Trichoderma viride was increased in the presence of volatile substances extracted from Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum. This increase was greater in the presence of volatile substances from O. basilicum than O. majorana, except in the case of F. semitectum where the reverse was true. A drop in the RQ of all the germinating spores was observed in the presence of these substances. Volatile substances from O. majorana reduced the spore germination of M. racemosus whereas the spores of T. viride were stimulated to germinate. Volatile substances from O. basilicum stimulated the spore germination of M. racemosus whereas T. viride spores were not affected.", "contents": "Effect of volatile substances from Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum on spore respiration and germination of some soil fungi. Oxygen uptake by the spores of Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, F. solani, Mucor racemosus and Trichoderma viride was increased in the presence of volatile substances extracted from Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum. This increase was greater in the presence of volatile substances from O. basilicum than O. majorana, except in the case of F. semitectum where the reverse was true. A drop in the RQ of all the germinating spores was observed in the presence of these substances. Volatile substances from O. majorana reduced the spore germination of M. racemosus whereas the spores of T. viride were stimulated to germinate. Volatile substances from O. basilicum stimulated the spore germination of M. racemosus whereas T. viride spores were not affected.", "PMID": 570540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9040", "title": "Analysis of hog thyroglobulin. Identification of galactosamine and absence of lysinoalanine, a potential product of tyrosine coupling.", "content": "A small peak in the amino acid analysis of hog thyroglobulin was observed in the region reported for lysinoalanine and galactosamine. Since galactosamine had been previously reported absent in hog thyroglobulin, the possibility that this peak was lysinoalanine, a potential product of the coupling of two iodotyrosines, was investigated. Tests, however, showed that the material was galactosamine and that hog thyroglobulin contains no significant amount of lysinoalanine. Approximately 5 moles of galactosamine were found per mole of thyroglobulin.", "contents": "Analysis of hog thyroglobulin. Identification of galactosamine and absence of lysinoalanine, a potential product of tyrosine coupling. A small peak in the amino acid analysis of hog thyroglobulin was observed in the region reported for lysinoalanine and galactosamine. Since galactosamine had been previously reported absent in hog thyroglobulin, the possibility that this peak was lysinoalanine, a potential product of the coupling of two iodotyrosines, was investigated. Tests, however, showed that the material was galactosamine and that hog thyroglobulin contains no significant amount of lysinoalanine. Approximately 5 moles of galactosamine were found per mole of thyroglobulin.", "PMID": 570542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9041", "title": "[Human nitrogen balance under oral administration of egg proteins].", "content": "Long-term nitrogen balance periods over 17 and 24 days were performed in 5 healthy volunteers (2 females, 3 males) in order to evaluate the requirements under varying input of whole egg protein. Nitrogen balances are consquently influenced in a positive or negative way by increased or decreased protein intake. The estimation of protein requirements, an important precondition for evaluation of biological value of proteins and/or amino acid mixtures, however, is not influenced as far as experiments are conducted in the linear region between input and balance. In spite of considerable variations of protein intake maximum alterations of requirements of 20, and average ones of 10 per cent points are shown. Even under most unfavorable conditions of comparison potato egg pattern of amino acids administered orally and parenterally exceeds egg protein, given orally, at least by 7, atthe most by 27 points, and reported values of amino acids according to ROSE'S or to the plasma pattern by 36, 23, and 21 points.", "contents": "[Human nitrogen balance under oral administration of egg proteins]. Long-term nitrogen balance periods over 17 and 24 days were performed in 5 healthy volunteers (2 females, 3 males) in order to evaluate the requirements under varying input of whole egg protein. Nitrogen balances are consquently influenced in a positive or negative way by increased or decreased protein intake. The estimation of protein requirements, an important precondition for evaluation of biological value of proteins and/or amino acid mixtures, however, is not influenced as far as experiments are conducted in the linear region between input and balance. In spite of considerable variations of protein intake maximum alterations of requirements of 20, and average ones of 10 per cent points are shown. Even under most unfavorable conditions of comparison potato egg pattern of amino acids administered orally and parenterally exceeds egg protein, given orally, at least by 7, atthe most by 27 points, and reported values of amino acids according to ROSE'S or to the plasma pattern by 36, 23, and 21 points.", "PMID": 570550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9042", "title": "[Antithrombotic agents for the prevention of thromboses during infraclavicular vena cava catheterizaiton].", "content": "To study the suppressibility of thrombosis due to central venous catheter phlebographically, groups of 25 patients were given low-dose-heparin, dextran 70 or salicylate (initial application preoperatively). The catheter was inserted for 6 to 8 days. As a control group 25 patients received no antithrombotic medication whatsoever. Of these cases 35% showed evidence of thrombus formation. In comparison only the patients with salicylate showed a significant reduction of catheter-induced thrombosis by 67%. By comparing the heparin to the control group  the total of thrombotic formations when planimetrically assessed results in a ration of 1:12, which is superior to dextran and salicylate.", "contents": "[Antithrombotic agents for the prevention of thromboses during infraclavicular vena cava catheterizaiton]. To study the suppressibility of thrombosis due to central venous catheter phlebographically, groups of 25 patients were given low-dose-heparin, dextran 70 or salicylate (initial application preoperatively). The catheter was inserted for 6 to 8 days. As a control group 25 patients received no antithrombotic medication whatsoever. Of these cases 35% showed evidence of thrombus formation. In comparison only the patients with salicylate showed a significant reduction of catheter-induced thrombosis by 67%. By comparing the heparin to the control group  the total of thrombotic formations when planimetrically assessed results in a ration of 1:12, which is superior to dextran and salicylate.", "PMID": 570551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9043", "title": "[The human utilization of orally administered 15N-glycine].", "content": "In 7 convalescent patients we studied utilisation of a single dose of 15N-labelled glycine. In intervals we estimated total-N, urea-N, NH3-N and their 15N-abundances (urine). The following results were obtained. The peak of ammonium-15N appeared 25 minutes earlier than the  peak of urea-15 N. The cumulative elimination of total-15N amounted to 25% of uptake after 24 hours and to 34.4% after 6 days. 12 hours after application 53% of the total amount, excreted within 6 days, were already eliminated. 24 hours after administration 80% of total-15N was urea-15N and 2.8% NH3-15N. Further we found correlations between N-balance (N-application minus excretion) and elimination of 15N-urea: If N-balance got more negative, the amount of cumulative elimination, the portion of urea-15N to total-15N and the percentage of elimination after 12 hours related to 6 days were elevated. That means that in stress condition utilisation of glycine to urea is higher and accelerated. The model seems acceptable, to get information concerning metabolic situation in a simple way.", "contents": "[The human utilization of orally administered 15N-glycine]. In 7 convalescent patients we studied utilisation of a single dose of 15N-labelled glycine. In intervals we estimated total-N, urea-N, NH3-N and their 15N-abundances (urine). The following results were obtained. The peak of ammonium-15N appeared 25 minutes earlier than the  peak of urea-15 N. The cumulative elimination of total-15N amounted to 25% of uptake after 24 hours and to 34.4% after 6 days. 12 hours after application 53% of the total amount, excreted within 6 days, were already eliminated. 24 hours after administration 80% of total-15N was urea-15N and 2.8% NH3-15N. Further we found correlations between N-balance (N-application minus excretion) and elimination of 15N-urea: If N-balance got more negative, the amount of cumulative elimination, the portion of urea-15N to total-15N and the percentage of elimination after 12 hours related to 6 days were elevated. That means that in stress condition utilisation of glycine to urea is higher and accelerated. The model seems acceptable, to get information concerning metabolic situation in a simple way.", "PMID": 570552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9044", "title": "Immunoglobulin-binding structure on bovine group G streptococci different from type III Fc receptors on human group G streptococci.", "content": "The immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding capacity of 54 group G streptococci of human and bovine origin was investigated. Of 20 human strains, 17 carried a surface component which could combine with human IgG and bovine IgG1 and IgG2. Inhibition experiments with unlabeled human IgG and with a panel of animal sera revealed that the same surface component was involved in the binding of human as well as bovine immunoglobulins. Of 16 beta-hemolytic bovine group G streptococci, 13 reacted with human IgG but not with bovine IgG1 or IgG2. This binding structure was different from the type III Fc reactivity found in human group G streptococci. All human strains, including the three IgG Fc-nonreactive strains, fermented trehalose, in contrast to all bovine beta-hemolytic strains, which were negative. Immunoglobulin Fc reactivity is thus a feature not only of human strains but also of some bovine strains.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-binding structure on bovine group G streptococci different from type III Fc receptors on human group G streptococci. The immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding capacity of 54 group G streptococci of human and bovine origin was investigated. Of 20 human strains, 17 carried a surface component which could combine with human IgG and bovine IgG1 and IgG2. Inhibition experiments with unlabeled human IgG and with a panel of animal sera revealed that the same surface component was involved in the binding of human as well as bovine immunoglobulins. Of 16 beta-hemolytic bovine group G streptococci, 13 reacted with human IgG but not with bovine IgG1 or IgG2. This binding structure was different from the type III Fc reactivity found in human group G streptococci. All human strains, including the three IgG Fc-nonreactive strains, fermented trehalose, in contrast to all bovine beta-hemolytic strains, which were negative. Immunoglobulin Fc reactivity is thus a feature not only of human strains but also of some bovine strains.", "PMID": 570553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9045", "title": "Proteoglycans, proteases, chemotaxis, and aggregation of inflammatory, cells.", "content": "A trypsin-like protease activity present in rabbit alveolar macrophages was shown to be activated by hyaluronic acid (HA) at  10(-9) M, but not by other proteoglycans. This activation of proteases by HA was accompanied by aggregation of alveolar macrophages and by the release of chemotactic activity. This chemotactic activity was destroyed by proteases and was less active for polymorphonuclear leukocytes than for alveolar macrophages. These effects of HA appear to be sepcific for alveolar macrophages, because no similar effects of HA on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes or lymphocytes could be observed. These observations suggest that HA, which is secreted into airways, plays a specific role in the macrophage-mediated chronic inflammatory processes in the distal lung.", "contents": "Proteoglycans, proteases, chemotaxis, and aggregation of inflammatory, cells. A trypsin-like protease activity present in rabbit alveolar macrophages was shown to be activated by hyaluronic acid (HA) at  10(-9) M, but not by other proteoglycans. This activation of proteases by HA was accompanied by aggregation of alveolar macrophages and by the release of chemotactic activity. This chemotactic activity was destroyed by proteases and was less active for polymorphonuclear leukocytes than for alveolar macrophages. These effects of HA appear to be sepcific for alveolar macrophages, because no similar effects of HA on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes or lymphocytes could be observed. These observations suggest that HA, which is secreted into airways, plays a specific role in the macrophage-mediated chronic inflammatory processes in the distal lung.", "PMID": 570554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9046", "title": "Model studies on dental plaque formation: deoxyhexoses in Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "A careful examination of two strains of Actinomyces viscosus, T14V (virulent) and T14AV (avirulent), revealed no qualitative or quantitative difference in 6-deoxyhexose content of their cell surface. For a further study of the role of these sugars in cell surface-related phenomena, the stereochemical configuration of deoxyhexoses of A. viscosus T14 was established by two complementary approaches. (i) Examination of the biosynthetic pathway was found to lead to the formation of both 6-deoxy-l-talose and 6-deoxy-l-mannose and showed no differences in the ability of either bacterial strain, A. viscosus T14V or T14AV, to produce the precursors of these cell wall components. The biosynthetic pathway for 6-deoxy-l-talose and 6-deoxy-l-mannose was found to originate from deoxy-thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)-d-glucose, which in turn is converted to dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose. Epimerization at carbons 3 and 5 of the hexose moiety of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose is followed by stereospecific reduction with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to yield dTDP-6-deoxy-l-talose and dTDP-6-deoxy-l-mannose. In cell-free extracts of both A. viscosus T14 and T14AV, an identical ratio of 6-deoxy-l-talose to 6-deoxy-l-mannose of 1:8 was produced. Known precursors for the d-isomers of the same 6-deoxyhexoses such as guanosine diphosphate-d-mannose and dTDP-d-mannose were not converted by A. viscosus T14 cell-free extracts. (ii) Isolation of 6-[U-(14)C]deoxytalose and 6-[U-(14)C]deoxymannose from both strains of A. viscosus T14 was carried out by growing cells in a medium containing d-[U-(14)C]glucose. Again no qualitative or quantitative difference was noticeable between the two strains when 6-deoxy-hexoses were released from whole cells or purified cell walls by acid hydrolysis. Radioactive 6-[U-(14)C]deoxytalose isolated from the cell surface was used in an isotope dilution experiment to establish the stereochemical configuration of this 6-deoxyhexose. The radioactive sugar was mixed with unlabeled standard d- or l-6-deoxyhexose, respectively, and conversion to the corresponding 1-phenylflavazole derivative was carried out. Recrystallization to constant specific activity identified the radioactive sugar isolated from A. viscosus to be the l-isomer. A facile synthesis of the rare sugars 6-deoxy-l-talose and 6-deoxy-d-talose is reported.", "contents": "Model studies on dental plaque formation: deoxyhexoses in Actinomyces viscosus. A careful examination of two strains of Actinomyces viscosus, T14V (virulent) and T14AV (avirulent), revealed no qualitative or quantitative difference in 6-deoxyhexose content of their cell surface. For a further study of the role of these sugars in cell surface-related phenomena, the stereochemical configuration of deoxyhexoses of A. viscosus T14 was established by two complementary approaches. (i) Examination of the biosynthetic pathway was found to lead to the formation of both 6-deoxy-l-talose and 6-deoxy-l-mannose and showed no differences in the ability of either bacterial strain, A. viscosus T14V or T14AV, to produce the precursors of these cell wall components. The biosynthetic pathway for 6-deoxy-l-talose and 6-deoxy-l-mannose was found to originate from deoxy-thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)-d-glucose, which in turn is converted to dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose. Epimerization at carbons 3 and 5 of the hexose moiety of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose is followed by stereospecific reduction with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to yield dTDP-6-deoxy-l-talose and dTDP-6-deoxy-l-mannose. In cell-free extracts of both A. viscosus T14 and T14AV, an identical ratio of 6-deoxy-l-talose to 6-deoxy-l-mannose of 1:8 was produced. Known precursors for the d-isomers of the same 6-deoxyhexoses such as guanosine diphosphate-d-mannose and dTDP-d-mannose were not converted by A. viscosus T14 cell-free extracts. (ii) Isolation of 6-[U-(14)C]deoxytalose and 6-[U-(14)C]deoxymannose from both strains of A. viscosus T14 was carried out by growing cells in a medium containing d-[U-(14)C]glucose. Again no qualitative or quantitative difference was noticeable between the two strains when 6-deoxy-hexoses were released from whole cells or purified cell walls by acid hydrolysis. Radioactive 6-[U-(14)C]deoxytalose isolated from the cell surface was used in an isotope dilution experiment to establish the stereochemical configuration of this 6-deoxyhexose. The radioactive sugar was mixed with unlabeled standard d- or l-6-deoxyhexose, respectively, and conversion to the corresponding 1-phenylflavazole derivative was carried out. Recrystallization to constant specific activity identified the radioactive sugar isolated from A. viscosus to be the l-isomer. A facile synthesis of the rare sugars 6-deoxy-l-talose and 6-deoxy-d-talose is reported.", "PMID": 570555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9047", "title": "Effects of zinc chloride on guinea pig complement component activity in vitro: concentration-dependent inhibition and enhancement.", "content": "We have studied the in vitro effects of zinc chloride on the hemolytic activity of each component of the guinea pig classical complement pathway over a wide range (25 to 500 muM) of zinc concentrations. At high concentrations (>200 muM) the activity of all components was strongly inhibited by this metal. Concentrations of 500 muM inhibited C1 and C5 by 80 and 65%, respectively, whereas all other components were inhibited by more than 94%. Zinc chloride at 25 muM produced more varied effects, with C2, C3, and C6 inhibited by 36, 35, and 55%. C7 and C8 were inhibited by approximately 25%, whereas C1, C4, and C9 were not appreciably affected. The activity of the fifth component, on the other hand, was strongly enhanced by the presence of zinc. Concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 muM zinc chloride produced increases of 92, 44, and 18%, respectively, in C5 titers when present during the activation-binding step of this component. Further studies indicated that the activities of cell-bound complement components were unaffected by zinc treatment after activation and/or binding to the sheep erythrocyte surface had occurred. In addition, zinc did not appear to inhibit by causing irreversible denaturation of either total complement proteins or its various components. Rather, it appears that zinc must be present as a reactant during the activation and/or binding step of each component for inhibition or enhancement to occur.", "contents": "Effects of zinc chloride on guinea pig complement component activity in vitro: concentration-dependent inhibition and enhancement. We have studied the in vitro effects of zinc chloride on the hemolytic activity of each component of the guinea pig classical complement pathway over a wide range (25 to 500 muM) of zinc concentrations. At high concentrations (>200 muM) the activity of all components was strongly inhibited by this metal. Concentrations of 500 muM inhibited C1 and C5 by 80 and 65%, respectively, whereas all other components were inhibited by more than 94%. Zinc chloride at 25 muM produced more varied effects, with C2, C3, and C6 inhibited by 36, 35, and 55%. C7 and C8 were inhibited by approximately 25%, whereas C1, C4, and C9 were not appreciably affected. The activity of the fifth component, on the other hand, was strongly enhanced by the presence of zinc. Concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 muM zinc chloride produced increases of 92, 44, and 18%, respectively, in C5 titers when present during the activation-binding step of this component. Further studies indicated that the activities of cell-bound complement components were unaffected by zinc treatment after activation and/or binding to the sheep erythrocyte surface had occurred. In addition, zinc did not appear to inhibit by causing irreversible denaturation of either total complement proteins or its various components. Rather, it appears that zinc must be present as a reactant during the activation and/or binding step of each component for inhibition or enhancement to occur.", "PMID": 570556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9048", "title": "IgE and IgG4 antibodies in specific human allergies.", "content": "In 90 sera from patients with specific allergies (i. e. to guinea pig dander, cat dander, horse dander, dog dander, human dander or ipecac) and with positive skin tests to the allergenic preparations, the presence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies was determined by radioallergosorbent test (RAST). A correlation between IgE RAST scores and IgG4 RAST scores to the individual allergens was established. In patients allergic to guinea pig dander, a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores but positive IgG4 RAST scores was found. This was less often the case in the group with cat dander allergy. IgG RAST scores determined in 51 sera proved to have some predictive value with respect to IgG4 or other IgG subclasses involved in the allergic reactions. Because a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores was found, IgE RAST inhibition does not seem to be the method of choice for the standardization of allergenic preparations in general.", "contents": "IgE and IgG4 antibodies in specific human allergies. In 90 sera from patients with specific allergies (i. e. to guinea pig dander, cat dander, horse dander, dog dander, human dander or ipecac) and with positive skin tests to the allergenic preparations, the presence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies was determined by radioallergosorbent test (RAST). A correlation between IgE RAST scores and IgG4 RAST scores to the individual allergens was established. In patients allergic to guinea pig dander, a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores but positive IgG4 RAST scores was found. This was less often the case in the group with cat dander allergy. IgG RAST scores determined in 51 sera proved to have some predictive value with respect to IgG4 or other IgG subclasses involved in the allergic reactions. Because a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores was found, IgE RAST inhibition does not seem to be the method of choice for the standardization of allergenic preparations in general.", "PMID": 570557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9049", "title": "DI patient refractory to vasopressin and dDAVP: absence of antibodies to AVP and dDAVP and inactivating factor in blood serum.", "content": "Antibodies to either AVP or dDAVP were sought in the serum of a patient suffering from diabetes insipidus and treated with Adiuretin (Spofa) to which the patient had become refractory. Neither the antibodies nor the presence of enzymes inactivating LVP was detected in the serum.", "contents": "DI patient refractory to vasopressin and dDAVP: absence of antibodies to AVP and dDAVP and inactivating factor in blood serum. Antibodies to either AVP or dDAVP were sought in the serum of a patient suffering from diabetes insipidus and treated with Adiuretin (Spofa) to which the patient had become refractory. Neither the antibodies nor the presence of enzymes inactivating LVP was detected in the serum.", "PMID": 570558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9050", "title": "Differential retinoid binding in chick pigment epithelium and choroid.", "content": "A receptor for retinol but not for retinoic acid was demonstrated to be present in fresh chick embryo pigment epithelium and in pigment epithelial cells grown in tissue culture. In contrast, chick choroid was found to possess receptors for both retinoic acid and retinol.", "contents": "Differential retinoid binding in chick pigment epithelium and choroid. A receptor for retinol but not for retinoic acid was demonstrated to be present in fresh chick embryo pigment epithelium and in pigment epithelial cells grown in tissue culture. In contrast, chick choroid was found to possess receptors for both retinoic acid and retinol.", "PMID": 570559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9051", "title": "Reliability of the middle ear examination.", "content": "Interobserver reliability of physical signs elicited and diagnoses made on middle ear examination were studied. Effect on reliability of variation in observer knowledge, patient age and instrument were defined. Two board-certified, color-seeing pediatric specialists who worked in the same clinic examined consecutively 350 ears with the same otoscope for each case. Over a period of four months, four different otoscopes were used to examine at least 50 ears with each. The following groups of findings were graded independently by the pediatrician according to pre-set criteria: color, landmarks and light reflex. Diagnosis was also recorded. At no time did the observers discuss their findings or diagnoses. Degree of interobserver agreement was expressed by the reliability coefficient (values given below) and the K coefficient. Overall agreement on findings ranged from 0.50 for landmarks to 0.85 for air-fluid level. Overall agreement for diagnoses was 0.72. Specific agreement on physical findings ranged from 0.0 for presence of air-fluid level to 0.85 for absence of air-fluid level. Specific agreement on diagnoses ranged from 0.08 on serous otitis to 0.56 on otitis media and 0.61 on normal. After the age of one year, agreement did not increase with age. Agreement did not change significantly with different instruments or as the study progressed. We concluded that equivalence of observer knowledge strongly increases agreement, while patient age less than one year decreases agreement, and type of instrument does not affect agreement. Clinicians should be trained to recognized middle ear signs and diagnoses according to specified criteria to maximize interobserver agreement.", "contents": "Reliability of the middle ear examination. Interobserver reliability of physical signs elicited and diagnoses made on middle ear examination were studied. Effect on reliability of variation in observer knowledge, patient age and instrument were defined. Two board-certified, color-seeing pediatric specialists who worked in the same clinic examined consecutively 350 ears with the same otoscope for each case. Over a period of four months, four different otoscopes were used to examine at least 50 ears with each. The following groups of findings were graded independently by the pediatrician according to pre-set criteria: color, landmarks and light reflex. Diagnosis was also recorded. At no time did the observers discuss their findings or diagnoses. Degree of interobserver agreement was expressed by the reliability coefficient (values given below) and the K coefficient. Overall agreement on findings ranged from 0.50 for landmarks to 0.85 for air-fluid level. Overall agreement for diagnoses was 0.72. Specific agreement on physical findings ranged from 0.0 for presence of air-fluid level to 0.85 for absence of air-fluid level. Specific agreement on diagnoses ranged from 0.08 on serous otitis to 0.56 on otitis media and 0.61 on normal. After the age of one year, agreement did not increase with age. Agreement did not change significantly with different instruments or as the study progressed. We concluded that equivalence of observer knowledge strongly increases agreement, while patient age less than one year decreases agreement, and type of instrument does not affect agreement. Clinicians should be trained to recognized middle ear signs and diagnoses according to specified criteria to maximize interobserver agreement.", "PMID": 570560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9052", "title": "Evaluation of primary plating media for the isolation of group A streptococcus from delayed throat cultures.", "content": "Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar (SXT-BA), neomycin blood agar (NEO-BA) and plain sheep blood agar plates (SBA) were compared for isolating group A streptococci in 1,954 throat cultures. SBA and SXT-BA had similar isolation rates (approximately 75% of all positive isolates). NEO-BA was significantly better (87% recovery). A combination of any two media gave 92-95% recovery of group A streptococci from throat specimens.", "contents": "Evaluation of primary plating media for the isolation of group A streptococcus from delayed throat cultures. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar (SXT-BA), neomycin blood agar (NEO-BA) and plain sheep blood agar plates (SBA) were compared for isolating group A streptococci in 1,954 throat cultures. SBA and SXT-BA had similar isolation rates (approximately 75% of all positive isolates). NEO-BA was significantly better (87% recovery). A combination of any two media gave 92-95% recovery of group A streptococci from throat specimens.", "PMID": 570561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9053", "title": "Thrombocytopenic purpura occurring during the early phase of a mumps infection.", "content": "Thrombocytopenic purpura with reduced megakaryocyte count in bone marrow was found in a very early phase of a mumps infection in a one year 9 months old boy. No antithrombocyte antibodies were detected. Three weeks later, the mumps antibody titer in the serum was significantly elevated, and thrombocyte and megakaryocyte counts returned to normal.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenic purpura occurring during the early phase of a mumps infection. Thrombocytopenic purpura with reduced megakaryocyte count in bone marrow was found in a very early phase of a mumps infection in a one year 9 months old boy. No antithrombocyte antibodies were detected. Three weeks later, the mumps antibody titer in the serum was significantly elevated, and thrombocyte and megakaryocyte counts returned to normal.", "PMID": 570563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9054", "title": "Surface features of exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells during the oestrous cycle of the rat examined by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to document vaginal exfoliative cytology (smears) as seen with the scanning electron microscope during the first, hormonally induced oestrous cycle of PMS-LH treated immature rats and to compare it with the surface morphology of the intact vaginal wall of similarly treated rats. Exfoliated cells were obtained by vaginal lavage 7--9 hours (pro-oestrus), 18--20 hours (oestrus), 28--34 hours (metoestrus) and 60--64 hours (dioestrus) after administration of luteinizing hormone. Cell suspensions were plated upon moistened Millipore filters according to the method of Shelton & Orenstein (1975). The pro-oestrous stage was characterized by round to ovoid cells with numerous short microvillus-like protrusions and blebs. The vaginal wall exhibited folds lined by cells with many short microvilli. Oestrus was characterized by flattened angular cells with either blebs, microridges or both. The intact wall exhibited 'flattened mosaics' of cells, some in the process of desquamation, with ridges and pits. Metoestrus resembled oestrus, except for the presence of a few leucocytes in the plated specimens. Dioestrus was characterized by an abundance of pleomorphic leucocytes with blebs of varying sizes. The vaginal wall appeared as a 'cobblestone' pavement with cells of varying sizes and shapes possessing numerous short, microvilli with bulbous endings.", "contents": "Surface features of exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells during the oestrous cycle of the rat examined by scanning electron microscopy. The purpose of this study was to document vaginal exfoliative cytology (smears) as seen with the scanning electron microscope during the first, hormonally induced oestrous cycle of PMS-LH treated immature rats and to compare it with the surface morphology of the intact vaginal wall of similarly treated rats. Exfoliated cells were obtained by vaginal lavage 7--9 hours (pro-oestrus), 18--20 hours (oestrus), 28--34 hours (metoestrus) and 60--64 hours (dioestrus) after administration of luteinizing hormone. Cell suspensions were plated upon moistened Millipore filters according to the method of Shelton & Orenstein (1975). The pro-oestrous stage was characterized by round to ovoid cells with numerous short microvillus-like protrusions and blebs. The vaginal wall exhibited folds lined by cells with many short microvilli. Oestrus was characterized by flattened angular cells with either blebs, microridges or both. The intact wall exhibited 'flattened mosaics' of cells, some in the process of desquamation, with ridges and pits. Metoestrus resembled oestrus, except for the presence of a few leucocytes in the plated specimens. Dioestrus was characterized by an abundance of pleomorphic leucocytes with blebs of varying sizes. The vaginal wall appeared as a 'cobblestone' pavement with cells of varying sizes and shapes possessing numerous short, microvilli with bulbous endings.", "PMID": 570565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9055", "title": "Characterization of active derivatives produced by acetamidination and selective autolysis of bovine trypsin.", "content": "A commercial preparation of bovine trypsin was treated with methyl acetimidate-HCl, and most of the lysine residues were converted to trypsin-resistant residues retaining their cationic charges. The modified preparation was then fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography on SE-Sephadex C-50 into two active components, amidinated alpha- and amidinated beta-trypsins. The latter component (Am-beta-trypsin), which consisted of a single polypeptide chain, was allowed to autolyze at pH 7.8, 25 degrees C for 3.5 h and a new active component named Am-delta-trypsin was isolated from the autolysate. Several lines of experimental evidence indicated that Am-delta-trypsin was derived by primary cleavage of the bond Arg105-Val106. Cleavage at Arg55-Leu56, on the other hand, appeared to lead to inactivation of Am-beta-trypsin. The kinetic properties of the catalytic hydrolyses of synthetic substrates and the affinity to Gly-Gly-Arg immobilized on Sepharose were compared among Am-delta-, Am-beta-, and Am-alpha-trypsins. Am-delta-trypsin resembled Am-beta-trypsin in these properties, but did not resemble Am-alpha-trypsin which had a cleavage at Lys131-Ser132.", "contents": "Characterization of active derivatives produced by acetamidination and selective autolysis of bovine trypsin. A commercial preparation of bovine trypsin was treated with methyl acetimidate-HCl, and most of the lysine residues were converted to trypsin-resistant residues retaining their cationic charges. The modified preparation was then fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography on SE-Sephadex C-50 into two active components, amidinated alpha- and amidinated beta-trypsins. The latter component (Am-beta-trypsin), which consisted of a single polypeptide chain, was allowed to autolyze at pH 7.8, 25 degrees C for 3.5 h and a new active component named Am-delta-trypsin was isolated from the autolysate. Several lines of experimental evidence indicated that Am-delta-trypsin was derived by primary cleavage of the bond Arg105-Val106. Cleavage at Arg55-Leu56, on the other hand, appeared to lead to inactivation of Am-beta-trypsin. The kinetic properties of the catalytic hydrolyses of synthetic substrates and the affinity to Gly-Gly-Arg immobilized on Sepharose were compared among Am-delta-, Am-beta-, and Am-alpha-trypsins. Am-delta-trypsin resembled Am-beta-trypsin in these properties, but did not resemble Am-alpha-trypsin which had a cleavage at Lys131-Ser132.", "PMID": 570566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9056", "title": "Copurification of actin and desmin from chicken smooth muscle and their copolymerization in vitro to intermediate filaments.", "content": "Desmin is a 50,000-mol wt protein that is enriched along with 100-A filaments in chicken gizzard that has been extracted with 1 M KI. Although 1 M KI removes most of the actin from gizzard, a small fraction of this protein remains persistently insoluble, along with desmin. The solubility properties of this actin are the same as for desmin: they are both insoluble in high salt concentrations, but are solubilized at low pH or by agents that dissociate hydrophobic bonds. Desmin may be purified by repeated cycles of solubilization by 1 M acetic acid and subsequent precipitation by neutralization to pH 4. During this process, a constant nonstoichiometric ratio of actin to desmin is attained. Gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA34 in the presence of 0.5% Sarkosyl NL-97 reveals nonmonomeric fractions of actin and desmin that comigrate through the column. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P300 in the presence of 1 M acetic acid reveals that the majority of desmin is monomeric under these conditions. A small fraction of desmin and all of the actin elute with the excluded volume. When the acetic acid is removed from actin-desmin solutions by dialysis, a gel forms that is composed of filaments with diameters of 120-140 A. These filaments react uniformly with both anti-actin and anti-desmin antiserum. These results suggest that desmin is the major subunit of the muscle 100-A filaments and that it may form nonstoichiometric complexes with actin.", "contents": "Copurification of actin and desmin from chicken smooth muscle and their copolymerization in vitro to intermediate filaments. Desmin is a 50,000-mol wt protein that is enriched along with 100-A filaments in chicken gizzard that has been extracted with 1 M KI. Although 1 M KI removes most of the actin from gizzard, a small fraction of this protein remains persistently insoluble, along with desmin. The solubility properties of this actin are the same as for desmin: they are both insoluble in high salt concentrations, but are solubilized at low pH or by agents that dissociate hydrophobic bonds. Desmin may be purified by repeated cycles of solubilization by 1 M acetic acid and subsequent precipitation by neutralization to pH 4. During this process, a constant nonstoichiometric ratio of actin to desmin is attained. Gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA34 in the presence of 0.5% Sarkosyl NL-97 reveals nonmonomeric fractions of actin and desmin that comigrate through the column. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P300 in the presence of 1 M acetic acid reveals that the majority of desmin is monomeric under these conditions. A small fraction of desmin and all of the actin elute with the excluded volume. When the acetic acid is removed from actin-desmin solutions by dialysis, a gel forms that is composed of filaments with diameters of 120-140 A. These filaments react uniformly with both anti-actin and anti-desmin antiserum. These results suggest that desmin is the major subunit of the muscle 100-A filaments and that it may form nonstoichiometric complexes with actin.", "PMID": 570568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9057", "title": "Correlation of the effect of Ca+2 on Na+ and K+ permeability and membrane potential of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The effect of Ca+2 on the transport and intracellular distribution of Na+ and K+ in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated in an effort to establish the mechanism of Ca+2-induced hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Inclusion of Ca+2 (2 mM) in the incubation medium leads to reduced cytoplasmic concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- in steady cells. In cells inhibited by ouabain, Ca+2 causes a 41% decrease in the rate of net K+ loss, but is without effect on the rate of net Na+ accumulation. Net K+ flux is reduced by 50%, while net Na+ flux is unchanged in the transport-inhibited cells. The membrane potential of cells in Ca+2-free medium (-13.9 +/- 0.8 mV) is unaffected by the addition of ouabain. However, the potential of cells in Ca+2-containing medium (-23.3 +/- 1.2 mV) declines in one hour after the addition of ouabain to values comparable to those of control cells (-15.2 +/- 0.7 mV). The results of these experiments are consistent with the postulation that Ca+2 exerts two effects on Na+ and K+ transport. First, Ca+2 reduces the membrane permeability to K+ by 25%. Second, Ca+2 alters the coupling of the Na/K active transport mechanism leading to an electrogenic hyperpolarization of the membrane.", "contents": "Correlation of the effect of Ca+2 on Na+ and K+ permeability and membrane potential of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The effect of Ca+2 on the transport and intracellular distribution of Na+ and K+ in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated in an effort to establish the mechanism of Ca+2-induced hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Inclusion of Ca+2 (2 mM) in the incubation medium leads to reduced cytoplasmic concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- in steady cells. In cells inhibited by ouabain, Ca+2 causes a 41% decrease in the rate of net K+ loss, but is without effect on the rate of net Na+ accumulation. Net K+ flux is reduced by 50%, while net Na+ flux is unchanged in the transport-inhibited cells. The membrane potential of cells in Ca+2-free medium (-13.9 +/- 0.8 mV) is unaffected by the addition of ouabain. However, the potential of cells in Ca+2-containing medium (-23.3 +/- 1.2 mV) declines in one hour after the addition of ouabain to values comparable to those of control cells (-15.2 +/- 0.7 mV). The results of these experiments are consistent with the postulation that Ca+2 exerts two effects on Na+ and K+ transport. First, Ca+2 reduces the membrane permeability to K+ by 25%. Second, Ca+2 alters the coupling of the Na/K active transport mechanism leading to an electrogenic hyperpolarization of the membrane.", "PMID": 570569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9058", "title": "Evidence for lack of phosphatidic acid and phospholipase D activity in milk.", "content": "Phosphatidic acid could not be demonstrated when milk was assayed for phospholipase D activity even when lecithin was added. The concentration of \"free\" choline in milk remained the same before and after addition of lecithin. However, phosphatidic acid and an increased concentration of \"free\" choline were demonstrated when cabbage phospholipase D was added to raw milk. The concentration of phosphatidic acid and \"free\" choline in milk increased appreciably when both lecithin and cabbage phospholipase D were added to raw milk. Phospholipase D activity in milk was assayed at 23.5 C, pH 5.6, in the presence of 10% vol/vol of diethyl ether and .015M calcium chloride. \"Free\" choline was determined by adjusting the acid whey from milk to pH 11 and adding a freshly prepared 3% methanolic solution of ammonium reineckate. The precipitated choline reineckate was washed, dissolved in acetone, and its absorbance measured at 520 nm. The absence or presence of phosphatidic acid was shown by thin-layer chromatography. These results refute a previous report which proposed that both phosphatidic acid and phospholipase D were in milk.", "contents": "Evidence for lack of phosphatidic acid and phospholipase D activity in milk. Phosphatidic acid could not be demonstrated when milk was assayed for phospholipase D activity even when lecithin was added. The concentration of \"free\" choline in milk remained the same before and after addition of lecithin. However, phosphatidic acid and an increased concentration of \"free\" choline were demonstrated when cabbage phospholipase D was added to raw milk. The concentration of phosphatidic acid and \"free\" choline in milk increased appreciably when both lecithin and cabbage phospholipase D were added to raw milk. Phospholipase D activity in milk was assayed at 23.5 C, pH 5.6, in the presence of 10% vol/vol of diethyl ether and .015M calcium chloride. \"Free\" choline was determined by adjusting the acid whey from milk to pH 11 and adding a freshly prepared 3% methanolic solution of ammonium reineckate. The precipitated choline reineckate was washed, dissolved in acetone, and its absorbance measured at 520 nm. The absence or presence of phosphatidic acid was shown by thin-layer chromatography. These results refute a previous report which proposed that both phosphatidic acid and phospholipase D were in milk.", "PMID": 570572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9059", "title": "Minerals in whey and whey fractions.", "content": "Liquid and dried acid and sweet wheys and the concentrates and permeates obtained from ultrafiltration of whey were analyzed for major and trace minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption and phosphorus by a colorimetric method. Zinc, iron, copper, and manganese were determined by flameless atomic absorption. The composition of all wheys and their fractions differed in nutritionally important minerals. Calcium was three times as great and zinc twenty times as great in acid whey as in sweet whey.", "contents": "Minerals in whey and whey fractions. Liquid and dried acid and sweet wheys and the concentrates and permeates obtained from ultrafiltration of whey were analyzed for major and trace minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption and phosphorus by a colorimetric method. Zinc, iron, copper, and manganese were determined by flameless atomic absorption. The composition of all wheys and their fractions differed in nutritionally important minerals. Calcium was three times as great and zinc twenty times as great in acid whey as in sweet whey.", "PMID": 570573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9060", "title": "Induction of lactation: lactational, physiological, and hormonal responses in the bovine.", "content": "Milk yields, physiological responses, and concentrations of plasma hormones were evaluated in 24 attempts to induce lactation in nonlactating dairy cows. Subcutaneous injections of estradiol-17beta and progesterone (.10 and .25 mg/kg body weight per day) for 7 consecutive days were used. Dexamethasone injections (.028 mg/kg body weight per day) on days 18 to 20 were given during 12 attempts at induction. Milking was initiated on day 21. All cows showed proestrus activity within 2 days after the first steroid injection; this subsided, then reappeared in many animals between days 16 to 20. In 14 of 24 attempts mean daily milk production was greater than 5 kg. Actual or projected 305-day lactation milk yields were between 1859 and 5354 kg. However, milk yields of seven induced cows averaged only 73% (32% to 136% range) of their previous natural lactations. Dexamethasone injections increased the number of cows that produced more than 5 kg/day; however, milk yields were not improved. Concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and progesterone in plasma were unaffected by dexamethasone, but concentrations of glucocorticoids in plasma were depressed on days 19 to 22. Concentrations of prolactin (peak and mean) in plasma for six cows each that produced greater or less than 5 kg/day did not differ. However, concentrations of prolactin increased in the week following steroid injections (days 8 to 15) only in those cows that produced greater than 5 kg/day but were elevated in all cows during the 3rd wk.", "contents": "Induction of lactation: lactational, physiological, and hormonal responses in the bovine. Milk yields, physiological responses, and concentrations of plasma hormones were evaluated in 24 attempts to induce lactation in nonlactating dairy cows. Subcutaneous injections of estradiol-17beta and progesterone (.10 and .25 mg/kg body weight per day) for 7 consecutive days were used. Dexamethasone injections (.028 mg/kg body weight per day) on days 18 to 20 were given during 12 attempts at induction. Milking was initiated on day 21. All cows showed proestrus activity within 2 days after the first steroid injection; this subsided, then reappeared in many animals between days 16 to 20. In 14 of 24 attempts mean daily milk production was greater than 5 kg. Actual or projected 305-day lactation milk yields were between 1859 and 5354 kg. However, milk yields of seven induced cows averaged only 73% (32% to 136% range) of their previous natural lactations. Dexamethasone injections increased the number of cows that produced more than 5 kg/day; however, milk yields were not improved. Concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and progesterone in plasma were unaffected by dexamethasone, but concentrations of glucocorticoids in plasma were depressed on days 19 to 22. Concentrations of prolactin (peak and mean) in plasma for six cows each that produced greater or less than 5 kg/day did not differ. However, concentrations of prolactin increased in the week following steroid injections (days 8 to 15) only in those cows that produced greater than 5 kg/day but were elevated in all cows during the 3rd wk.", "PMID": 570574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9061", "title": "Effect of melengestrol acetate on growth and reproduction in rats.", "content": "Effects of melengestrol acetate on reproductive performance of 48 female rats and 20 of their female progeny were evaluated in two experiments. Treatments of 0, .01, and .1 mg in .1 ml of propylene glycol were given three groups of 16 rats for 7 days. From day 7 following sperm detection (10-day breeding period), half from each group received .1 mg per day for 14 days. Experiment 2 tested performance of 10 progeny exposed or unexposed to in utero treatment. Cyclic changes in Experiment 1 were inhibited only in animals receiving daily initial treatment of .1 mg. Estrus was detected in 61.5% of animals within 48 h of treatment withdrawal. Synchronization caused no significant changes in conception rates or postbreeding results of treatment. Treatment during gestation lowered weight gain for dams, increased gestation length, and decreased number of pups per litter. Treatment lowered mean weight per litter and weight per pup. It also caused high mortality among pups. In Experiment 2, there were no differences between progeny groups in gestation length, litter size, weight per litter, weight per pup, or mortality rate.", "contents": "Effect of melengestrol acetate on growth and reproduction in rats. Effects of melengestrol acetate on reproductive performance of 48 female rats and 20 of their female progeny were evaluated in two experiments. Treatments of 0, .01, and .1 mg in .1 ml of propylene glycol were given three groups of 16 rats for 7 days. From day 7 following sperm detection (10-day breeding period), half from each group received .1 mg per day for 14 days. Experiment 2 tested performance of 10 progeny exposed or unexposed to in utero treatment. Cyclic changes in Experiment 1 were inhibited only in animals receiving daily initial treatment of .1 mg. Estrus was detected in 61.5% of animals within 48 h of treatment withdrawal. Synchronization caused no significant changes in conception rates or postbreeding results of treatment. Treatment during gestation lowered weight gain for dams, increased gestation length, and decreased number of pups per litter. Treatment lowered mean weight per litter and weight per pup. It also caused high mortality among pups. In Experiment 2, there were no differences between progeny groups in gestation length, litter size, weight per litter, weight per pup, or mortality rate.", "PMID": 570575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9062", "title": "Effect of some hygienic factors on family health.", "content": "On the basis of longitudinal observations of a large group of town habitants the author determined some hygienic factors of direct as well as indirect influence on their health. The author elaborated a series of sanitary and hygienic recommendations believing that even in case of complete dispensarization of the population and assurance of suitable medical assistance, the physicians have all the same to take into consideration concentrate living conditions of each family.", "contents": "Effect of some hygienic factors on family health. On the basis of longitudinal observations of a large group of town habitants the author determined some hygienic factors of direct as well as indirect influence on their health. The author elaborated a series of sanitary and hygienic recommendations believing that even in case of complete dispensarization of the population and assurance of suitable medical assistance, the physicians have all the same to take into consideration concentrate living conditions of each family.", "PMID": 570578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9063", "title": "Interaction of molybdenum with other elements and compounds in the organism.", "content": "The toxic effect of molybdenum lies in the inhibition of the activity of the sulphide oxidase system and in the formation of thiomolybdate from molybdate and endogenous sulphides. Sulphate ions activate the enzymic system oxidizing sulphide and thiomolybdate thus restraining the formation of thiomolybdate and accelerating the oxidation of thiomolybdate to the less toxic molybdate.", "contents": "Interaction of molybdenum with other elements and compounds in the organism. The toxic effect of molybdenum lies in the inhibition of the activity of the sulphide oxidase system and in the formation of thiomolybdate from molybdate and endogenous sulphides. Sulphate ions activate the enzymic system oxidizing sulphide and thiomolybdate thus restraining the formation of thiomolybdate and accelerating the oxidation of thiomolybdate to the less toxic molybdate.", "PMID": 570579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9064", "title": "Ecology of Staphylococcus aureus: comparative characterization of strains isolated from man, cattle and sheep in Bulgaria and in the GDR.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus strains from man, cattle and sheep have been differentiated by biochemical tests and by phage typing. Strains from pathological material of human origin mostly belong to the host-specific variety hominis, strains from mastitis in cattle mostly belong to the host-specific variety bovis. However, there are also strains from cattle which cannot be allotted to one of the known host-specific varieties and also strains which belong to the host-specific variety hominis. Strains from mastitis in sheep clearly differ from strains of human and bovine origin; these strains are designated as variety ovis. The frequency distribution of the host-specific varieties in man, cattle and sheep is the same in Bulgaria and in the GDR.", "contents": "Ecology of Staphylococcus aureus: comparative characterization of strains isolated from man, cattle and sheep in Bulgaria and in the GDR. Staphylococcus aureus strains from man, cattle and sheep have been differentiated by biochemical tests and by phage typing. Strains from pathological material of human origin mostly belong to the host-specific variety hominis, strains from mastitis in cattle mostly belong to the host-specific variety bovis. However, there are also strains from cattle which cannot be allotted to one of the known host-specific varieties and also strains which belong to the host-specific variety hominis. Strains from mastitis in sheep clearly differ from strains of human and bovine origin; these strains are designated as variety ovis. The frequency distribution of the host-specific varieties in man, cattle and sheep is the same in Bulgaria and in the GDR.", "PMID": 570580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9065", "title": "Human arthropod-borne virus infections in Nigeria. Serological and virological investigations and Shaki, Oyo State.", "content": "During the early dry season of 1972, an arbovirus surveillance was carried out is Shaki. On hundred and twenty human blood samples and 304 sera were processed for virus isolation and serology respectively. A high prevalence of antibodies to 8 arbovirus antigens was found in the community. Percentage of positive sera was as follows: Chikungunya (24%)  Sindbis (19%), Yellow fever (55%), Dengue (54%), West Nile (58%) and Wesselsbron (67%). Human infections by Ilesha virus (35%) and Ingwavuma (15%) were also demonstrated. No virus was isolated from the blood samples processed.", "contents": "Human arthropod-borne virus infections in Nigeria. Serological and virological investigations and Shaki, Oyo State. During the early dry season of 1972, an arbovirus surveillance was carried out is Shaki. On hundred and twenty human blood samples and 304 sera were processed for virus isolation and serology respectively. A high prevalence of antibodies to 8 arbovirus antigens was found in the community. Percentage of positive sera was as follows: Chikungunya (24%)  Sindbis (19%), Yellow fever (55%), Dengue (54%), West Nile (58%) and Wesselsbron (67%). Human infections by Ilesha virus (35%) and Ingwavuma (15%) were also demonstrated. No virus was isolated from the blood samples processed.", "PMID": 570581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9066", "title": "Rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies in females of child-bearing age in western Nigeria.", "content": "Hitherto, epidemiological surveys of viral disease in Nigeria had been concentrated mostly on arboviral infections. This could be due to prevalence of the arthropod vectors responsible for the arboviral infections in this country. Recently, however, the Departments of Paediatrics and Ophthalmology of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, reported an alarming number of cases of congenital heart defects and cataracts in some infants in the wards. The clinical histories of these cases seemed to incriminate congenital rubella infection. A serological survey of females of child-bearing age was carried out the detection of antibodies to rubella virus using the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. The results showed that over 70% of the sera tested were positive for rubella HI antibody.", "contents": "Rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies in females of child-bearing age in western Nigeria. Hitherto, epidemiological surveys of viral disease in Nigeria had been concentrated mostly on arboviral infections. This could be due to prevalence of the arthropod vectors responsible for the arboviral infections in this country. Recently, however, the Departments of Paediatrics and Ophthalmology of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, reported an alarming number of cases of congenital heart defects and cataracts in some infants in the wards. The clinical histories of these cases seemed to incriminate congenital rubella infection. A serological survey of females of child-bearing age was carried out the detection of antibodies to rubella virus using the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. The results showed that over 70% of the sera tested were positive for rubella HI antibody.", "PMID": 570582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9067", "title": "[Biological properties of the mumps virus--behavior in the rct marker].", "content": "12 different mumps virus strains or their variations were studied in the rct-marker in dog kidney cell cultures at 32 degree and 39 degree C. The results obtained were compared with those of the T50 marker ascertained earlier revealing considerably coincident data. Changes in culture conditions became clearly evident in both markers. Relations between their behaviour in vitro in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "[Biological properties of the mumps virus--behavior in the rct marker]. 12 different mumps virus strains or their variations were studied in the rct-marker in dog kidney cell cultures at 32 degree and 39 degree C. The results obtained were compared with those of the T50 marker ascertained earlier revealing considerably coincident data. Changes in culture conditions became clearly evident in both markers. Relations between their behaviour in vitro in vivo are discussed.", "PMID": 570583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9068", "title": "Evaluation of the indirect haemagglutination test in the diagnosis of amoebiasis.", "content": "The IHA test was evaluated in the diagnosis of amoebiasis. Axenically-grown E. histolytica was used as an antigen. A total of 427 sera from symptomatic (intestinal and extra-intestinal) amoebiasis patients. asymptomatic carriers, patients with parasitic intestinal infections other than E. histolytica, and healthy controls were tested. From 288 symptomatic cases of amoebiasis, 232 (80.6 per cent) gave positive reactions. In 93 asymptomatic cases of amoebiasis, 55 (59.1 percent) were seropositive. In testing of sera from 16 subjects with parasitic intestinal infections other than E. histolytica, a low-level positive IHA titres occurred in 2 (12.5 per cent). The test was also positive with a low titre in 3 (10.0 per cent) of the 30 subjects of the healthy control group. The results indicate that the IHA test is of value in the confirmation of intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebic infections especially in cases where the parasite is difficult to demonstrate.", "contents": "Evaluation of the indirect haemagglutination test in the diagnosis of amoebiasis. The IHA test was evaluated in the diagnosis of amoebiasis. Axenically-grown E. histolytica was used as an antigen. A total of 427 sera from symptomatic (intestinal and extra-intestinal) amoebiasis patients. asymptomatic carriers, patients with parasitic intestinal infections other than E. histolytica, and healthy controls were tested. From 288 symptomatic cases of amoebiasis, 232 (80.6 per cent) gave positive reactions. In 93 asymptomatic cases of amoebiasis, 55 (59.1 percent) were seropositive. In testing of sera from 16 subjects with parasitic intestinal infections other than E. histolytica, a low-level positive IHA titres occurred in 2 (12.5 per cent). The test was also positive with a low titre in 3 (10.0 per cent) of the 30 subjects of the healthy control group. The results indicate that the IHA test is of value in the confirmation of intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebic infections especially in cases where the parasite is difficult to demonstrate.", "PMID": 570584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9069", "title": "A new trend in non-infectious immunology-investigation of the biological role of natural anti-tissue antibodies in humans and animals.", "content": "The author analysis a number of studies of Soviet and foreign investigators demonstrating the presence of natural anti-tissue antibodies in healthy human and animals. A large number of these antibodies appear during and they occur more frequently and in larger amounts in females than in males. The physiological function of these antibodies which influence the permeability of tissues, their metabolism and their role in the removal and neutralization of the products of cell disintegration and metabolism, are discussed. Emphasis is laid on the participation of normal autoantibodies in the resistance of the organism of tumours and to radiation, discovered in the last few years. The studies dealing with the detection of activators--inductors of normal autoantibodies and with the role of their effect in specific immune response are mentioned. Thus the review elucidates the theoretical and practical perspectives of exploring this new trend in immunology.", "contents": "A new trend in non-infectious immunology-investigation of the biological role of natural anti-tissue antibodies in humans and animals. The author analysis a number of studies of Soviet and foreign investigators demonstrating the presence of natural anti-tissue antibodies in healthy human and animals. A large number of these antibodies appear during and they occur more frequently and in larger amounts in females than in males. The physiological function of these antibodies which influence the permeability of tissues, their metabolism and their role in the removal and neutralization of the products of cell disintegration and metabolism, are discussed. Emphasis is laid on the participation of normal autoantibodies in the resistance of the organism of tumours and to radiation, discovered in the last few years. The studies dealing with the detection of activators--inductors of normal autoantibodies and with the role of their effect in specific immune response are mentioned. Thus the review elucidates the theoretical and practical perspectives of exploring this new trend in immunology.", "PMID": 570585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9070", "title": "Intra-ovarian formation of steroid sulphates: measurement and influence of gonadotrophins.", "content": "The steroid sulphokinase activity in 105 000 g supernatant fractions from rat and bovine ovarian tissue has been determined by measuring the radioactivity incorporated into conjugated steroids after incubation with 14C-labelled androgens and oestrogens. The enzyme from bovine ovaries was partially characterized, changes in its activity with pH were measured and Km values of 30, 10 and 4 mumol/1 were obtained for testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone respectively. The rate of formation of sulphates from oestrogens by preparations of bovine luteal tissue was 10--20 times higher than the rate of formation by follicular tissue (P less than 0.001), but both tissues exhibited similar rate of sulphate formation with testosterone. Sulphation of dehydroepiandrosterone by the ovaries of gonadotrophin-treated rats did not differ from that observed in the control group, whereas sulphation of oestrone was nearly three times greater in ovaries obtained from rats treated with gonadotrophins (P less than 0.005). Furthermore, a comparison of steriod sulphation in the ovaries of pseudopregnant and normal cyclic rats showed that the sulphation of oestrone was about six times greater during pseudopregnancy. These observations suggest that the formation of oestrogen, but not androgen, sulphates by ovarian aryl sulphokinase differs in follicular and luteal tissue and may be gonadotrophin dependent. The greater capacity of luteal, compared with follicular, tissue for the sulphation of oestrogens may be a control mechanism for steroidogenesis within the ovarian tissue.", "contents": "Intra-ovarian formation of steroid sulphates: measurement and influence of gonadotrophins. The steroid sulphokinase activity in 105 000 g supernatant fractions from rat and bovine ovarian tissue has been determined by measuring the radioactivity incorporated into conjugated steroids after incubation with 14C-labelled androgens and oestrogens. The enzyme from bovine ovaries was partially characterized, changes in its activity with pH were measured and Km values of 30, 10 and 4 mumol/1 were obtained for testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone respectively. The rate of formation of sulphates from oestrogens by preparations of bovine luteal tissue was 10--20 times higher than the rate of formation by follicular tissue (P less than 0.001), but both tissues exhibited similar rate of sulphate formation with testosterone. Sulphation of dehydroepiandrosterone by the ovaries of gonadotrophin-treated rats did not differ from that observed in the control group, whereas sulphation of oestrone was nearly three times greater in ovaries obtained from rats treated with gonadotrophins (P less than 0.005). Furthermore, a comparison of steriod sulphation in the ovaries of pseudopregnant and normal cyclic rats showed that the sulphation of oestrone was about six times greater during pseudopregnancy. These observations suggest that the formation of oestrogen, but not androgen, sulphates by ovarian aryl sulphokinase differs in follicular and luteal tissue and may be gonadotrophin dependent. The greater capacity of luteal, compared with follicular, tissue for the sulphation of oestrogens may be a control mechanism for steroidogenesis within the ovarian tissue.", "PMID": 570587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9071", "title": "Cytological effects of hormones and plasma on bovine mammary tissue in vitro.", "content": "Mammary explants from two heifers pretreated with oestradiol and progesterone were cultured for 96 h with various combinations of hormones and calf plasma to identify the complement causing mammary tissue development in vitro in the cow. Initial tissue histology, determined by quantitative morphological analysis, was maintained by incubation with insulin, cortisol, oestrogen and progesterone; enlarged lumina were observed after treatment with insulin and cortisol. Lactogenesis was induced in vitro by insulin, cortisol and prolactin, enhanced by adding oestrogen and progesterone at the doses used here and further stimulated by the addition of plasma. The most highly developed mammary alveoli were characterized by an increased luminal area with lipid and stainable secretion, epithelia with large lipid droplets in the apical cytoplasm and a limited stromal area. In a second experiment, samples of plasma were collected from two cows, successfully induced to lactate, on days 6, 15, 17, 19 and 21 after treatment with oestradiol and progesterone. Mammary gland explants from five heifers pretreated with oestradiol and progesterone in vivo were cultured with insulin and cortisol plus these plasma samples (30%, v/v) to test for changes in lactogenic activity. All plasma samples were found equally beneficial in promoting tissue differentiation. These experiments show that low concentrations of ovarian steroids synergize with prolactin at the level of the mammary epitherlium and suggest that other plasma components aid the development of bovine mammary epithelium in vitro.", "contents": "Cytological effects of hormones and plasma on bovine mammary tissue in vitro. Mammary explants from two heifers pretreated with oestradiol and progesterone were cultured for 96 h with various combinations of hormones and calf plasma to identify the complement causing mammary tissue development in vitro in the cow. Initial tissue histology, determined by quantitative morphological analysis, was maintained by incubation with insulin, cortisol, oestrogen and progesterone; enlarged lumina were observed after treatment with insulin and cortisol. Lactogenesis was induced in vitro by insulin, cortisol and prolactin, enhanced by adding oestrogen and progesterone at the doses used here and further stimulated by the addition of plasma. The most highly developed mammary alveoli were characterized by an increased luminal area with lipid and stainable secretion, epithelia with large lipid droplets in the apical cytoplasm and a limited stromal area. In a second experiment, samples of plasma were collected from two cows, successfully induced to lactate, on days 6, 15, 17, 19 and 21 after treatment with oestradiol and progesterone. Mammary gland explants from five heifers pretreated with oestradiol and progesterone in vivo were cultured with insulin and cortisol plus these plasma samples (30%, v/v) to test for changes in lactogenic activity. All plasma samples were found equally beneficial in promoting tissue differentiation. These experiments show that low concentrations of ovarian steroids synergize with prolactin at the level of the mammary epitherlium and suggest that other plasma components aid the development of bovine mammary epithelium in vitro.", "PMID": 570589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9072", "title": "Fluctuations of adenylate cyclase activity during anterior regeneration in Owenia fusiformis (Polychaete Annelid).", "content": "Biochemical assays of adenylate cyclase activity were performed during the early phases of regeneration in Owenia fusiformis (Polychaete Annelid). The results indicate the existence of a strong stimulation in an early phase following trauma. This stimulation is then followed by periodic fluctuations exhibiting a diurnal rhythm correlated with the cell cycle. Adenylate cyclase activity is also shown to be neurotransmitter-dependent. In this paper it is proposed that neurotransmitters might participate in the regulation of cyclic AMP formation, by means of adenylate cyclase acting on target blastema cells, undergoing the cell cycle.", "contents": "Fluctuations of adenylate cyclase activity during anterior regeneration in Owenia fusiformis (Polychaete Annelid). Biochemical assays of adenylate cyclase activity were performed during the early phases of regeneration in Owenia fusiformis (Polychaete Annelid). The results indicate the existence of a strong stimulation in an early phase following trauma. This stimulation is then followed by periodic fluctuations exhibiting a diurnal rhythm correlated with the cell cycle. Adenylate cyclase activity is also shown to be neurotransmitter-dependent. In this paper it is proposed that neurotransmitters might participate in the regulation of cyclic AMP formation, by means of adenylate cyclase acting on target blastema cells, undergoing the cell cycle.", "PMID": 570591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9073", "title": "Voltage-modulated membrane resistance in coupled leech neurons.", "content": "1. Resistive interactions have been studied between two pairs of large identifiable neurons in ganglion 6 of the leech CNS, called the lateral and rostral cells. Both are motor neurons causing penile eversion. 2. Lateral and rostral neurons have different membrane resistance properties. Input resistances of lateral neurons are virtually constant. By contrast, membrane resistances of rostral neurons are highly voltage dependent. When depolarized from resting potential to firing level, a rostral neuron's input resistance can increase 10-fold, from 30 to 300 Momega. 3. Voltage-dependent membrane characteristics of rostral neurons cause resistive interactions with lateral neurons to be nonlinear. DC potentials evoked in lateral cells are transmitted to rostral cells with an efficiency varying over a 10-fold range. Hyperpolarizing coupling is weak, with coupling factors of about 0.03. Depolarizing coupling factors increase progressively with increasing lateral neuron depolarization, reaching values of up to 0.3. 4. Membrane resistance changes in rostral neurons accompany lateral to rostral cell interactions. Input resistances increase during depolarizing and decrease during hyperpolarizing coupling potentials. The lateral to rostral cell junctional resistance is high and invariant, as evidenced by uniformly weak coupling in the reverse direction, from rostral to lateral neurons. 5. In conclusion, asymmetries in lateral to rostral cell interaction are based on postsynaptic rather than junctional resistance changes. The impact of the lateral onto the rostral cell's excitability contains a nonlinear component besides the usual linear additive one. As in conventional resistive coupling, depolarizing coupling potentials raise the rostral neuron closer to its voltage threshold. But more significantly, depolarizing coupling potentials lower the rostral neuron's current threshold because increases in resistance proportionately reduce the amount of excitatory current needed to reach firing level. Thus, the resistance change acts to amplify the input signal efficiency. In addition to the static changes in current threshold, the reostral neuron also changes dynamically. Membrane resistance increases lead to increases in space constant shrinking the neuron's electrical lenght. 6. Other properties of the network have been analyzed. The pair of lateral neurons is strongly coupled, whereas the pair of rostral neurons is weakly coupled, the coupling factors are 0.3 and 0.05, respectively. Hyperpolarizing membrane time constants for the lateral and rostral neurons are estimated to be between 100 and 200 ms. Time constants of depolarized rostral neurons are significantly larger.", "contents": "Voltage-modulated membrane resistance in coupled leech neurons. 1. Resistive interactions have been studied between two pairs of large identifiable neurons in ganglion 6 of the leech CNS, called the lateral and rostral cells. Both are motor neurons causing penile eversion. 2. Lateral and rostral neurons have different membrane resistance properties. Input resistances of lateral neurons are virtually constant. By contrast, membrane resistances of rostral neurons are highly voltage dependent. When depolarized from resting potential to firing level, a rostral neuron's input resistance can increase 10-fold, from 30 to 300 Momega. 3. Voltage-dependent membrane characteristics of rostral neurons cause resistive interactions with lateral neurons to be nonlinear. DC potentials evoked in lateral cells are transmitted to rostral cells with an efficiency varying over a 10-fold range. Hyperpolarizing coupling is weak, with coupling factors of about 0.03. Depolarizing coupling factors increase progressively with increasing lateral neuron depolarization, reaching values of up to 0.3. 4. Membrane resistance changes in rostral neurons accompany lateral to rostral cell interactions. Input resistances increase during depolarizing and decrease during hyperpolarizing coupling potentials. The lateral to rostral cell junctional resistance is high and invariant, as evidenced by uniformly weak coupling in the reverse direction, from rostral to lateral neurons. 5. In conclusion, asymmetries in lateral to rostral cell interaction are based on postsynaptic rather than junctional resistance changes. The impact of the lateral onto the rostral cell's excitability contains a nonlinear component besides the usual linear additive one. As in conventional resistive coupling, depolarizing coupling potentials raise the rostral neuron closer to its voltage threshold. But more significantly, depolarizing coupling potentials lower the rostral neuron's current threshold because increases in resistance proportionately reduce the amount of excitatory current needed to reach firing level. Thus, the resistance change acts to amplify the input signal efficiency. In addition to the static changes in current threshold, the reostral neuron also changes dynamically. Membrane resistance increases lead to increases in space constant shrinking the neuron's electrical lenght. 6. Other properties of the network have been analyzed. The pair of lateral neurons is strongly coupled, whereas the pair of rostral neurons is weakly coupled, the coupling factors are 0.3 and 0.05, respectively. Hyperpolarizing membrane time constants for the lateral and rostral neurons are estimated to be between 100 and 200 ms. Time constants of depolarized rostral neurons are significantly larger.", "PMID": 570596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9074", "title": "[Evolution of plasma corticosterone concentration in basal conditions or after psychic aggression during growth in the Rat. Influence of neonatal gonadectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Evolution, during growth, of basal plasma concentration of corticosterone and the adrenocortical response to psychic aggression was studied in animals of both sexes, normal or gonadectomized on the day of birth. 1. In the control animals : (a) The fluctuations of the basal plasma concentration of corticosterone took a similar course in the male and female; no significant difference was observed between males and females except on the 55th day. (b) The intensity of the response to aggression took the same course in all the test animals between the 15th and 60th day with an increase between the 15th and 45th day and a decrease between the 45th and 60th day. 2. In the animals whose gonads were removed at birth, the basal plasma concentration of corticosterone and the response to psychic aggression developed in a similar manner in the two sexes, during the period studied. 3. These results suggest the existence of an autonomous maturation of the adrenocortical function which is independent of genetic sex and gonadal secretions. These latter, however, play a determinant role in the amplitude of the response which is increased by estrogens and decreased by androgens. The existence of a mechanism whose maturation is accomplished, in part, independently of the gonadal secretions and is responsible for the response to aggression is discussed.", "contents": "[Evolution of plasma corticosterone concentration in basal conditions or after psychic aggression during growth in the Rat. Influence of neonatal gonadectomy (author's transl)]. Evolution, during growth, of basal plasma concentration of corticosterone and the adrenocortical response to psychic aggression was studied in animals of both sexes, normal or gonadectomized on the day of birth. 1. In the control animals : (a) The fluctuations of the basal plasma concentration of corticosterone took a similar course in the male and female; no significant difference was observed between males and females except on the 55th day. (b) The intensity of the response to aggression took the same course in all the test animals between the 15th and 60th day with an increase between the 15th and 45th day and a decrease between the 45th and 60th day. 2. In the animals whose gonads were removed at birth, the basal plasma concentration of corticosterone and the response to psychic aggression developed in a similar manner in the two sexes, during the period studied. 3. These results suggest the existence of an autonomous maturation of the adrenocortical function which is independent of genetic sex and gonadal secretions. These latter, however, play a determinant role in the amplitude of the response which is increased by estrogens and decreased by androgens. The existence of a mechanism whose maturation is accomplished, in part, independently of the gonadal secretions and is responsible for the response to aggression is discussed.", "PMID": 570600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9075", "title": "Periovulatory gonadotrophin and ovarian steroid patterns in sheep of breeds with differing fecundity.", "content": "Plasma hormone concentrations before and during luteolysis (induced by injection of a prostaglandin analogue on Day 10 or 11 of the cycle), during the period of preovulatory follicle growth and ovulation were examined in sheep with known differences in ovulation rate (Romanov, Pr\u00e9alpes, Romanov x Pr\u00e9alpes cross, Ile de France). The number of CL at the time of treatment and the ovulation rate in the ensuing cycle were established by endoscopy. Plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone and total oestrogen were measured by radioimmunoassays in the 3 days before PG injection, then hourly for the 24 h after PG injection and 2-hourly for a further period up to about 100 h after PG injection. The onset and duration of oestrus were also recorded. Although breed differences were observed for many of the features studied, only the intervals between oestrus and the LH peak and between PG injection and the LH peak were significantly correlated with ovulation rate.", "contents": "Periovulatory gonadotrophin and ovarian steroid patterns in sheep of breeds with differing fecundity. Plasma hormone concentrations before and during luteolysis (induced by injection of a prostaglandin analogue on Day 10 or 11 of the cycle), during the period of preovulatory follicle growth and ovulation were examined in sheep with known differences in ovulation rate (Romanov, Pr\u00e9alpes, Romanov x Pr\u00e9alpes cross, Ile de France). The number of CL at the time of treatment and the ovulation rate in the ensuing cycle were established by endoscopy. Plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone and total oestrogen were measured by radioimmunoassays in the 3 days before PG injection, then hourly for the 24 h after PG injection and 2-hourly for a further period up to about 100 h after PG injection. The onset and duration of oestrus were also recorded. Although breed differences were observed for many of the features studied, only the intervals between oestrus and the LH peak and between PG injection and the LH peak were significantly correlated with ovulation rate.", "PMID": 570601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9076", "title": "Luteolytic effect of oestrone sulphate on cyclic beef heifers.", "content": "The action of oestrone sulphate on luteal function was tested in cyclic beef heifers. Once daily injection of 28 or 56 mg oestrone sulphate in corn oil beginning on Day 10 of the cycle had a significant luteolytic effect as compared to corn oil-treated controls.", "contents": "Luteolytic effect of oestrone sulphate on cyclic beef heifers. The action of oestrone sulphate on luteal function was tested in cyclic beef heifers. Once daily injection of 28 or 56 mg oestrone sulphate in corn oil beginning on Day 10 of the cycle had a significant luteolytic effect as compared to corn oil-treated controls.", "PMID": 570602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9077", "title": "Plasma progesterone levels throughout the oestrous cycle and release of LH at oestrus in sheep with different ovulation rates.", "content": "The concentrations of progesterone in the peripheral plasma throughout the oestrous cycle and the preovulatory LH discharge were examined in Finnish Landrace, Galway and Fingalway (Finnish Landrace X Galway) ewes. Progesterone levels were significantly higher in Finnish Landrace ewes during the luteal phase of the cycle (Days 10--13) than in Galways of Fingalways in which the concentrations were similar. Luteal-phase progesterone levels were almost 50% higher during December than during October in all three breeds. The relationship between the number of CL and plasma progesterone was not a simple linear function. All aspects of the preovulatory LH discharge were similar in the three breeds with the exception of the timing of the LH release in relation to the onset of oestrus. This occurred earliest in the Galway and latest in the Finnish Landrace while the Fingalway was intermediate.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone levels throughout the oestrous cycle and release of LH at oestrus in sheep with different ovulation rates. The concentrations of progesterone in the peripheral plasma throughout the oestrous cycle and the preovulatory LH discharge were examined in Finnish Landrace, Galway and Fingalway (Finnish Landrace X Galway) ewes. Progesterone levels were significantly higher in Finnish Landrace ewes during the luteal phase of the cycle (Days 10--13) than in Galways of Fingalways in which the concentrations were similar. Luteal-phase progesterone levels were almost 50% higher during December than during October in all three breeds. The relationship between the number of CL and plasma progesterone was not a simple linear function. All aspects of the preovulatory LH discharge were similar in the three breeds with the exception of the timing of the LH release in relation to the onset of oestrus. This occurred earliest in the Galway and latest in the Finnish Landrace while the Fingalway was intermediate.", "PMID": 570603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9078", "title": "Multiple marking of cell surface receptors by gold granules: simultaneous localization of three lectin receptors on human erythrocytes.", "content": "A method is described for transmission electron microscopy which allows high resolution mapping of three lectin receptors on the same cell. As a model, receptors for Concanavalin A, soya bean and wheat germ agglutinins have been simultaneously localized on human erythrocytes using lectin-labelled gold markers of different sizes (5, 17 and 26 nm, respectively). Quantitative binding data and examination of stereoscopic micrographs of thin sections of marked erythrocytes indicated that the greatest part of these lectin markers was bound by receptors spatially separated. As gold granules are electron dense and uniform in size, they are well suited for multiple marking of cell surface components. The method is simple and leads to a better understanding of the topography of cell membranes.", "contents": "Multiple marking of cell surface receptors by gold granules: simultaneous localization of three lectin receptors on human erythrocytes. A method is described for transmission electron microscopy which allows high resolution mapping of three lectin receptors on the same cell. As a model, receptors for Concanavalin A, soya bean and wheat germ agglutinins have been simultaneously localized on human erythrocytes using lectin-labelled gold markers of different sizes (5, 17 and 26 nm, respectively). Quantitative binding data and examination of stereoscopic micrographs of thin sections of marked erythrocytes indicated that the greatest part of these lectin markers was bound by receptors spatially separated. As gold granules are electron dense and uniform in size, they are well suited for multiple marking of cell surface components. The method is simple and leads to a better understanding of the topography of cell membranes.", "PMID": 570606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9079", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo Y/22 translocation.", "content": "Prenatal chromosomal analysis was performed at 17 weeks' gestation because of the previous birth of a girl with trisomy 13. A seemingly balanced de novo Y/22 translocation was diagnosed. Translocations involving the Y chromosome are rare and no similar translocation, detected pre- or postnatally, could be found in published reports. The counselling problems are discussed. The pregnancy ended at term with the birth of a phenotypically normal boy. After birth, the prenatal diagnosis was confirmed and the H-Y antigen expression was determined.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo Y/22 translocation. Prenatal chromosomal analysis was performed at 17 weeks' gestation because of the previous birth of a girl with trisomy 13. A seemingly balanced de novo Y/22 translocation was diagnosed. Translocations involving the Y chromosome are rare and no similar translocation, detected pre- or postnatally, could be found in published reports. The counselling problems are discussed. The pregnancy ended at term with the birth of a phenotypically normal boy. After birth, the prenatal diagnosis was confirmed and the H-Y antigen expression was determined.", "PMID": 570605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9080", "title": "A new method for electromyography of the female urethra.", "content": "A newly developed catheter enables the introduction of fine wire electrodes into the urethral striated sphincter muscle at predetermined locations and depths. Because of FET-probes electrode wires can be short, thus the signals show minimal artifacts owing to cable movement. The technique 1) facilitates registration of signals during coughing, walking, micturition and other activities, 2) is simple to perform and painless to the patient, 3) can be done by inexperienced personnel and 4) provides assurance that the electrodes are in the urethral sphincter muscle.", "contents": "A new method for electromyography of the female urethra. A newly developed catheter enables the introduction of fine wire electrodes into the urethral striated sphincter muscle at predetermined locations and depths. Because of FET-probes electrode wires can be short, thus the signals show minimal artifacts owing to cable movement. The technique 1) facilitates registration of signals during coughing, walking, micturition and other activities, 2) is simple to perform and painless to the patient, 3) can be done by inexperienced personnel and 4) provides assurance that the electrodes are in the urethral sphincter muscle.", "PMID": 570609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9081", "title": "[Congenital valves and diaphragms of the urethra in adult men. A series of 16 observations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 16 adult men with congenital valves and diaphragms in the urethra, and stress that: --their frequency is greater than is commonly stated; --they have serious effects on the upper urinary tract; --they are often difficult to diagnose radiologically; --they are responsible for some cases of difficulty in ejaculation which are wrongly considered to be cases of lack of ejaculation;  --endoscopy play a fundamental role in their diagnosis and treatment, --excellent results are obtained with endoscopic treatment.", "contents": "[Congenital valves and diaphragms of the urethra in adult men. A series of 16 observations (author's transl)]. The authors studied 16 adult men with congenital valves and diaphragms in the urethra, and stress that: --their frequency is greater than is commonly stated; --they have serious effects on the upper urinary tract; --they are often difficult to diagnose radiologically; --they are responsible for some cases of difficulty in ejaculation which are wrongly considered to be cases of lack of ejaculation;  --endoscopy play a fundamental role in their diagnosis and treatment, --excellent results are obtained with endoscopic treatment.", "PMID": 570608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9082", "title": "Radiation therapy of the nasopharynx: a 30 year view.", "content": "A 15 to 30 year follow-up study has been made of radium therapy to the nasopharynx for Eustachian tube obstruction and serous otitis, with a review of the relevant literature. No malignancies or other complications have been seen or recorded. Objective evaluation leads to the conclusion that this is a safe, effective treatment modality. In spite of this it has been discontinued because of public fear and pressure. A judgement reached for this reason, ignoring scientific medical facts, contains the seeds of decline of quality and effectiveness of medical care.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of the nasopharynx: a 30 year view. A 15 to 30 year follow-up study has been made of radium therapy to the nasopharynx for Eustachian tube obstruction and serous otitis, with a review of the relevant literature. No malignancies or other complications have been seen or recorded. Objective evaluation leads to the conclusion that this is a safe, effective treatment modality. In spite of this it has been discontinued because of public fear and pressure. A judgement reached for this reason, ignoring scientific medical facts, contains the seeds of decline of quality and effectiveness of medical care.", "PMID": 570625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9083", "title": "[Genetic means for control of insect vectors of human diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "We divide genetical control methods in two major groups:--mechanisms operating between different species and an example is the attempt of control of A. gambiae in West Africa,--mechanisms operating in a single species with: gamma rays and chemical treatment for sterilisation, cytoplasmic incompatibility (ex.: C. pipiens). Genetical control also suppose the knowledge of biology and ecology of the target insect. This paper does not want to be an exhaustive review of this problem. Its only ambition is to try and expose the possible applications of genetics in the control of vectors.", "contents": "[Genetic means for control of insect vectors of human diseases (author's transl)]. We divide genetical control methods in two major groups:--mechanisms operating between different species and an example is the attempt of control of A. gambiae in West Africa,--mechanisms operating in a single species with: gamma rays and chemical treatment for sterilisation, cytoplasmic incompatibility (ex.: C. pipiens). Genetical control also suppose the knowledge of biology and ecology of the target insect. This paper does not want to be an exhaustive review of this problem. Its only ambition is to try and expose the possible applications of genetics in the control of vectors.", "PMID": 570628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9084", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Sarcomatoid renal adenocarcinomas are rare, invariably fatal tumors. There is only one report of treatment of this tumor with chemotherapy. We report a case of an advanced sarcomatoid renal adenocarcinoma treated with chemoimmunotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), DTIC, BCG, and sarcoma viral oncolysate. The patient had an objective response with a marked reduction in the size of the tumor mass. The residual tumor was removed surgically, and the patient remains in complete remission two years after the diagnosis was made.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. Sarcomatoid renal adenocarcinomas are rare, invariably fatal tumors. There is only one report of treatment of this tumor with chemotherapy. We report a case of an advanced sarcomatoid renal adenocarcinoma treated with chemoimmunotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), DTIC, BCG, and sarcoma viral oncolysate. The patient had an objective response with a marked reduction in the size of the tumor mass. The residual tumor was removed surgically, and the patient remains in complete remission two years after the diagnosis was made.", "PMID": 570634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9085", "title": "Loss of rRNA genes during a phenotypic, masculinizing mutation in Allomyces arbuscla.", "content": "Saturation hybridization of 3H rRNA from Allomyces arbuscula Bali wild-type to homologous DNA and to DNA preparations from Allomyces arbuscula Bali X-ray induced male mutant and an interspecific male hybrid (Allomyces arbuscula X Allomyces macrogynus Emerson and Wilson) has shown approximately 50--60% reduction in the cistrons coding for rRNA in the masculinized strains.", "contents": "Loss of rRNA genes during a phenotypic, masculinizing mutation in Allomyces arbuscla. Saturation hybridization of 3H rRNA from Allomyces arbuscula Bali wild-type to homologous DNA and to DNA preparations from Allomyces arbuscula Bali X-ray induced male mutant and an interspecific male hybrid (Allomyces arbuscula X Allomyces macrogynus Emerson and Wilson) has shown approximately 50--60% reduction in the cistrons coding for rRNA in the masculinized strains.", "PMID": 570636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9086", "title": "[Intestinal schistosomiasis in People's Republic of Congo. Epidemiological features derived from statistics (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1952 to 1976, 910 cases of intestinal schistosomiasis have been registered in People's Republic of Congo. The distribution is not homogeneous. The higher rate has been registered in Brazzaville. The country annual rate is increasing and this constitutes a potential danger.", "contents": "[Intestinal schistosomiasis in People's Republic of Congo. Epidemiological features derived from statistics (author's transl)]. From 1952 to 1976, 910 cases of intestinal schistosomiasis have been registered in People's Republic of Congo. The distribution is not homogeneous. The higher rate has been registered in Brazzaville. The country annual rate is increasing and this constitutes a potential danger.", "PMID": 570627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9087", "title": "[Formation and degradation of peroxisomes in yeasts].", "content": "The formation, development and degradation of peroxisomes were studied directly in growing yeast-methylotrophs under the microscope using anoptral and phase contrast. The degradation of peroxisomes was caused by their degeneration and dislocation to the central vacuole of the yeast cell. A fluorescent-microscopic technique was elaborated for detecting selectively the crystals of catalase in the cells. As was shown by intravitam studies, electron microscopy and cytochemistry, peroxisomes are directly connected with the central vacuole of the cell, enzymes being transferred from the former into the latter. Experiments conducted with different cultures have demonstrated that the high activity of exocatalase is typical of methylotrophic yeast organisms. The highest activity that was exhibited for a long period of time was found in Torulopsis molischiana.", "contents": "[Formation and degradation of peroxisomes in yeasts]. The formation, development and degradation of peroxisomes were studied directly in growing yeast-methylotrophs under the microscope using anoptral and phase contrast. The degradation of peroxisomes was caused by their degeneration and dislocation to the central vacuole of the yeast cell. A fluorescent-microscopic technique was elaborated for detecting selectively the crystals of catalase in the cells. As was shown by intravitam studies, electron microscopy and cytochemistry, peroxisomes are directly connected with the central vacuole of the cell, enzymes being transferred from the former into the latter. Experiments conducted with different cultures have demonstrated that the high activity of exocatalase is typical of methylotrophic yeast organisms. The highest activity that was exhibited for a long period of time was found in Torulopsis molischiana.", "PMID": 570633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9088", "title": "Chromosome breakage and neoplastic transformation of Syrian golden hamster embryonic cells in tissue culture by transplacental application of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2).", "content": "Hamster embryos were treated with 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) in vivo (in the mother) by transplacental application. The fetuses were isolated 24 h after administration of the AF-2 and cultured. Within the first 24h of primary culture, some parts of the cells were treated with colcemide for 3 h so that mitotic cells could be observed in the first cell cycle in vitro. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in metaphase plates showed a marked dose-dependence in chromosomal aberrations. Transplacental application of AF-2 also caused slightly dose-dependent morphological transformation. When some transformed colonies were cloned and transferred to the hamster cheek pouch, these cells produced tumors in the host animals. This new in vivo--in vitro combination assay system is considered  to be useful for detection of environmental potential carcinogens.", "contents": "Chromosome breakage and neoplastic transformation of Syrian golden hamster embryonic cells in tissue culture by transplacental application of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2). Hamster embryos were treated with 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) in vivo (in the mother) by transplacental application. The fetuses were isolated 24 h after administration of the AF-2 and cultured. Within the first 24h of primary culture, some parts of the cells were treated with colcemide for 3 h so that mitotic cells could be observed in the first cell cycle in vitro. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in metaphase plates showed a marked dose-dependence in chromosomal aberrations. Transplacental application of AF-2 also caused slightly dose-dependent morphological transformation. When some transformed colonies were cloned and transferred to the hamster cheek pouch, these cells produced tumors in the host animals. This new in vivo--in vitro combination assay system is considered  to be useful for detection of environmental potential carcinogens.", "PMID": 570638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9089", "title": "H-Y antigen mosaicism in the gonad of a 46,XX true hermaphrodite.", "content": "To clarify the mechanism for the coexistence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the 46,XX true hermaphrodite, we studied a 20-year-old phenotypic male with gynecomastia and elevated serum concentrations of estradiol in whom an ovotestis was discovered upon scrotal exploration. Y chromosomal material could not be detected by fluorescent Y-body analysis or Giemsa-banding technics in cells cultured from peripheral blood, breast or forearm skin or the ovarian or testicular portions of the ovotestis. However, serologic testing, using the sperm cytotoxicity assay, revealed that cells cultured from the testicular portion of the ovotestis were H-Y antigen positive whereas cells cultured from the ovarian portion were H-Y antigen negative. These observations indicate that the ovotestis arises from an H-Y+/H-Y- mosaic primordium.", "contents": "H-Y antigen mosaicism in the gonad of a 46,XX true hermaphrodite. To clarify the mechanism for the coexistence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the 46,XX true hermaphrodite, we studied a 20-year-old phenotypic male with gynecomastia and elevated serum concentrations of estradiol in whom an ovotestis was discovered upon scrotal exploration. Y chromosomal material could not be detected by fluorescent Y-body analysis or Giemsa-banding technics in cells cultured from peripheral blood, breast or forearm skin or the ovarian or testicular portions of the ovotestis. However, serologic testing, using the sperm cytotoxicity assay, revealed that cells cultured from the testicular portion of the ovotestis were H-Y antigen positive whereas cells cultured from the ovarian portion were H-Y antigen negative. These observations indicate that the ovotestis arises from an H-Y+/H-Y- mosaic primordium.", "PMID": 570639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9090", "title": "[The action of products of the formaldehyde reaction with different amines on nucleic acids and their components].", "content": "The kinetics and equilibrium of the reaction between nucleic acids components and the products of formaldehyde interaction with ethanolamine and different amino acids has been studied. These parameters were found to be similar for all the products used. The destabilization of the N-glycosidic bond in deoxyadenosine caused by formaldehyde derivatives of different amines was studied. The rate of the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond under the action of formaldehyde derivatives of glycine and ethanolamine was found to be 10 times greater than that under the action of formaldehyde derivatives of other amines. It is shown that DNA preparations with different content of adenine can be obtained by adding the product of formaldehyde reaction with glycine to DNA.", "contents": "[The action of products of the formaldehyde reaction with different amines on nucleic acids and their components]. The kinetics and equilibrium of the reaction between nucleic acids components and the products of formaldehyde interaction with ethanolamine and different amino acids has been studied. These parameters were found to be similar for all the products used. The destabilization of the N-glycosidic bond in deoxyadenosine caused by formaldehyde derivatives of different amines was studied. The rate of the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond under the action of formaldehyde derivatives of glycine and ethanolamine was found to be 10 times greater than that under the action of formaldehyde derivatives of other amines. It is shown that DNA preparations with different content of adenine can be obtained by adding the product of formaldehyde reaction with glycine to DNA.", "PMID": 570637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9091", "title": "Taxonomy of Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis and Padhye.", "content": "The black yeast-like fungus Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis et Padhye was originally described as Torula jeanselmei by Langeron. Since its original description in 1928, this dematiaceous hyphomycete has been placed in the genera Phialophora, Pullularia and Rhinocladiella by various authors. Study of the type culture of E. jeanselmei has confirmed that the principle conidiogenous cells of this fungus are annellides, thus supporting its current generic disposition. After reviewing the neotype culture of Phialophora gougerotii (Matruchot) Borelli sensu Borelli, the type culture of Torula bergeri Langeron, authentic cultures of Margarinomyces heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Mangenot sensu Mangenot, the type culture of Trichosporium heteromorphum Nannfeldt and the neotype culture of Exophiala mansonii (Castellani) de Hoog sensu de Hoog, as well as additional cultures, it was concluded that P. gougerotti sensu Borelli, T. bergeri and M. heteromorphis sensu Mangenot pro parte are conspecific with E. jeanselmei. Trichosporium heteromorphum and E. jeanselmei are not conspecific as suggested by some workers. Tr. heteromorphum is a distinct species and should be referred to as Phialophora heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Wang. Sporotrichum gougerotti Matruchot is considered to be a later synonym of Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen et Perkins and E. mansonii sensu de Hoog as a later synonym of Microsporum mansonii Castellani. M. mansonii is held to be a later synonym of Malassezia furfur (Robin) Baillon. The neotype culture of E. mansonii produces phialides without collarettes.", "contents": "Taxonomy of Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis and Padhye. The black yeast-like fungus Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis et Padhye was originally described as Torula jeanselmei by Langeron. Since its original description in 1928, this dematiaceous hyphomycete has been placed in the genera Phialophora, Pullularia and Rhinocladiella by various authors. Study of the type culture of E. jeanselmei has confirmed that the principle conidiogenous cells of this fungus are annellides, thus supporting its current generic disposition. After reviewing the neotype culture of Phialophora gougerotii (Matruchot) Borelli sensu Borelli, the type culture of Torula bergeri Langeron, authentic cultures of Margarinomyces heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Mangenot sensu Mangenot, the type culture of Trichosporium heteromorphum Nannfeldt and the neotype culture of Exophiala mansonii (Castellani) de Hoog sensu de Hoog, as well as additional cultures, it was concluded that P. gougerotti sensu Borelli, T. bergeri and M. heteromorphis sensu Mangenot pro parte are conspecific with E. jeanselmei. Trichosporium heteromorphum and E. jeanselmei are not conspecific as suggested by some workers. Tr. heteromorphum is a distinct species and should be referred to as Phialophora heteromorpha (Nannfeldt) Wang. Sporotrichum gougerotti Matruchot is considered to be a later synonym of Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen et Perkins and E. mansonii sensu de Hoog as a later synonym of Microsporum mansonii Castellani. M. mansonii is held to be a later synonym of Malassezia furfur (Robin) Baillon. The neotype culture of E. mansonii produces phialides without collarettes.", "PMID": 570642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9092", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the hypothalamus, limbic structures, and the anterior pituitary during the estrous cycle.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzyme (ISO) pattern were measured in the hypothalamus (HYP), amygdala (AMYG), hippocampus (HIP), cerebral cortex and anterior pituitary (PIT) of adult female rats sacrificed at different estrous cycle phases. The HYP, the AMYG and the PIT showed their maximal LDH values at proestrus and the lowest at diestrus. Those of the HIP showed the opposite pattern. The study of the ISO distribution pattern indicated that the cyclic variations of pituitary LDH activity were mainly due to changes of the ISO rich in A subunits, while in the B type they remained constant. By contrast, the cyclic changes of total LDH activity of all the brain structures studied were due to well balanced variations of both A and B subunits.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the hypothalamus, limbic structures, and the anterior pituitary during the estrous cycle. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzyme (ISO) pattern were measured in the hypothalamus (HYP), amygdala (AMYG), hippocampus (HIP), cerebral cortex and anterior pituitary (PIT) of adult female rats sacrificed at different estrous cycle phases. The HYP, the AMYG and the PIT showed their maximal LDH values at proestrus and the lowest at diestrus. Those of the HIP showed the opposite pattern. The study of the ISO distribution pattern indicated that the cyclic variations of pituitary LDH activity were mainly due to changes of the ISO rich in A subunits, while in the B type they remained constant. By contrast, the cyclic changes of total LDH activity of all the brain structures studied were due to well balanced variations of both A and B subunits.", "PMID": 570646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9093", "title": "Contribution to the study of the arterial nutrition of the cervical spinal cord.", "content": "The feeding of the anterior spinal artery of the cervical cord is very poor. Angiographic studies have shown that only two to three radiculomedullar arteries assure the feeding of this arterial axis. Since it is possible that smaller feeding arteries exist, which are not visible on a conventional X-ray study, we have reviewed cases with arteriovenous aneurysms or vascularized tumors in the cervical region, and obstructions of the vertebral arteries. In these cases, the feeding arteries may be hypertrophic. In spite of being hypertrophic, their number is not increased, and the statistical proportion is the same as in the studies carried out in normal cases.", "contents": "Contribution to the study of the arterial nutrition of the cervical spinal cord. The feeding of the anterior spinal artery of the cervical cord is very poor. Angiographic studies have shown that only two to three radiculomedullar arteries assure the feeding of this arterial axis. Since it is possible that smaller feeding arteries exist, which are not visible on a conventional X-ray study, we have reviewed cases with arteriovenous aneurysms or vascularized tumors in the cervical region, and obstructions of the vertebral arteries. In these cases, the feeding arteries may be hypertrophic. In spite of being hypertrophic, their number is not increased, and the statistical proportion is the same as in the studies carried out in normal cases.", "PMID": 570651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9094", "title": "The borderline pituitary fossa in patients with amenorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea.", "content": "A retrospective clinicoradiological study of 80 patients with amenorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea showed: 1. Of 60 patients, in whom prolactin levels were estimated, 28 (47%) had hyperprolactinaemia (serum prolactin levels greater than 20 ng/ml). 2. Hyperprolactinaemia was present in 85% of patients with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea, 35% of those with galactorrhoea only, and 12.5% of those with only amenorrhoea. 3. Pituitary adenomas were surgically removed from six patients; all but one had prolactin levels over 100 ng/ml. The level was 53 ng/ml in the sixth patient. 4. There is a considerable degree of observer variation in the interpretation of borderline sellar changes. 5. Minor abnormalities of the pituitary fossa were noted in 64% of patients with hyperprolactinaemia and 36% of those with normal prolactin levels. 6. The highest incidence of perfectly normal sellae was among patients with either amenorrhoea or galactorrhoea and normal serum prolactin.", "contents": "The borderline pituitary fossa in patients with amenorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea. A retrospective clinicoradiological study of 80 patients with amenorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea showed: 1. Of 60 patients, in whom prolactin levels were estimated, 28 (47%) had hyperprolactinaemia (serum prolactin levels greater than 20 ng/ml). 2. Hyperprolactinaemia was present in 85% of patients with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea, 35% of those with galactorrhoea only, and 12.5% of those with only amenorrhoea. 3. Pituitary adenomas were surgically removed from six patients; all but one had prolactin levels over 100 ng/ml. The level was 53 ng/ml in the sixth patient. 4. There is a considerable degree of observer variation in the interpretation of borderline sellar changes. 5. Minor abnormalities of the pituitary fossa were noted in 64% of patients with hyperprolactinaemia and 36% of those with normal prolactin levels. 6. The highest incidence of perfectly normal sellae was among patients with either amenorrhoea or galactorrhoea and normal serum prolactin.", "PMID": 570652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9095", "title": "Clinical and extraneural histologic diagnosis of neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis.", "content": "Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is manifested by visual and intellectual deterioration and seizures. Autofluorescent lipopigments are found in neural and many nonneural tissues, with characteristic staining and ultrastructural properties. Presumptive diagnosis can usually be made on the basis of history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic tests, but in the absence of a specific biochemical defect, histologic confirmation is essential. A 6-year-old boy with the clinical appearance of the juvenile form of the disease had sea-blue histiocytes in the bone marrow, and curvilinear profiles in ultrastructural inclusions in skin biopsy tissue, cultured skin fibroblasts, and bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Clinical and extraneural histologic diagnosis of neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis. Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is manifested by visual and intellectual deterioration and seizures. Autofluorescent lipopigments are found in neural and many nonneural tissues, with characteristic staining and ultrastructural properties. Presumptive diagnosis can usually be made on the basis of history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic tests, but in the absence of a specific biochemical defect, histologic confirmation is essential. A 6-year-old boy with the clinical appearance of the juvenile form of the disease had sea-blue histiocytes in the bone marrow, and curvilinear profiles in ultrastructural inclusions in skin biopsy tissue, cultured skin fibroblasts, and bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 570655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9096", "title": "Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: a pathologic study of the neuromuscular system.", "content": "An infant with congenital central hypoventilation was managed by bilateral phrenic nerve pacing for 3 months. He died at 8 months of age, following 19 days of continuous bilateral pacing necessitated by the eventual loss of voluntary as well as autonomic ventilatory control. The phrenic nerves showed axonal dystrophy at the site of electrode implantation and more severe distal degeneration. Focal neurogenic atrophy was seen in the diaphragmatic muscle. These changes were attributed to electrical injury resulting from the period of continuous pacing. The most significant neuropathologic finding was a mild generalized decrease in the density of neurons and myelinated nerve fibers in the respiratory centers of the medulla. These morphologic abnormalities were attributed to a sublethal intrauterine lesion that would be the first example of a morphologic correlation with the functional abnormality in congenital central hypoventilation.", "contents": "Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: a pathologic study of the neuromuscular system. An infant with congenital central hypoventilation was managed by bilateral phrenic nerve pacing for 3 months. He died at 8 months of age, following 19 days of continuous bilateral pacing necessitated by the eventual loss of voluntary as well as autonomic ventilatory control. The phrenic nerves showed axonal dystrophy at the site of electrode implantation and more severe distal degeneration. Focal neurogenic atrophy was seen in the diaphragmatic muscle. These changes were attributed to electrical injury resulting from the period of continuous pacing. The most significant neuropathologic finding was a mild generalized decrease in the density of neurons and myelinated nerve fibers in the respiratory centers of the medulla. These morphologic abnormalities were attributed to a sublethal intrauterine lesion that would be the first example of a morphologic correlation with the functional abnormality in congenital central hypoventilation.", "PMID": 570656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9097", "title": "Movement-activated central fast rhythms: an EEG finding in action myoclonus.", "content": "Five patients with relatively mild but disabling action myoclonus displayed a subtle and heretofore unemphasized electroencephalographic manifestation of action myoclonus consisting of low-voltage, central fast activity somatotopically related to the extremity being used. The importance of recognizing this rhythm lies in its association with milder forms of action myoclonus which resemble other types of movement disorders, the difficulty in recognizing this rhythm unless special tests are carried out, and the beneficial response of anticonvulsant therapy if the nature of the movement is realized.", "contents": "Movement-activated central fast rhythms: an EEG finding in action myoclonus. Five patients with relatively mild but disabling action myoclonus displayed a subtle and heretofore unemphasized electroencephalographic manifestation of action myoclonus consisting of low-voltage, central fast activity somatotopically related to the extremity being used. The importance of recognizing this rhythm lies in its association with milder forms of action myoclonus which resemble other types of movement disorders, the difficulty in recognizing this rhythm unless special tests are carried out, and the beneficial response of anticonvulsant therapy if the nature of the movement is realized.", "PMID": 570657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9098", "title": "Methylphenidate-induced chorea: case report and pharmacologic implications.", "content": "In a child with minimal brain dysfunction, we found that chorea was related to the major central effect of methylphenidate and probably to the effect of the drug on central catecholaminergic systems. Also, after 3 weeks of treatment with methylphenidate, guinea pigs showed a hypersensitive response to apomorphine, suggesting that chronic administration of methylphenidate leads to hypersensitivity of receptor sites. Chorea beginning shortly after initiation of methylphenidate therapy probably is related to the central dopaminergic effect of the drug; when choreic movements appear after chronic methylphenidate administration, altered responsiveness of striatal dopamine receptor sites may be responsible.", "contents": "Methylphenidate-induced chorea: case report and pharmacologic implications. In a child with minimal brain dysfunction, we found that chorea was related to the major central effect of methylphenidate and probably to the effect of the drug on central catecholaminergic systems. Also, after 3 weeks of treatment with methylphenidate, guinea pigs showed a hypersensitive response to apomorphine, suggesting that chronic administration of methylphenidate leads to hypersensitivity of receptor sites. Chorea beginning shortly after initiation of methylphenidate therapy probably is related to the central dopaminergic effect of the drug; when choreic movements appear after chronic methylphenidate administration, altered responsiveness of striatal dopamine receptor sites may be responsible.", "PMID": 570658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9099", "title": "Reproduction in Duchenne dystrophy.", "content": "A man with Duchenne muscular dystrophy fathered two living children. He was 1 of 10 affected males in 5 generations. Clinical and genetic patterns, muscle biopsies, autopsy results, and serum enzymes were all compatible with the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. History, blood typing, and karyotypes indicated that he was the biologic father. This report gives confirmatory evidence that Duchenne dystrophy is transmitted as an X-linked defect.", "contents": "Reproduction in Duchenne dystrophy. A man with Duchenne muscular dystrophy fathered two living children. He was 1 of 10 affected males in 5 generations. Clinical and genetic patterns, muscle biopsies, autopsy results, and serum enzymes were all compatible with the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. History, blood typing, and karyotypes indicated that he was the biologic father. This report gives confirmatory evidence that Duchenne dystrophy is transmitted as an X-linked defect.", "PMID": 570659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9100", "title": "Serum creatine phosphokinase and pyruvate kinase in neuromuscular disorders and Duchenne dystrophy carriers.", "content": "Serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and pyruvic kinase (PK) were determined in 42 controls, 57 patients with various neuromuscular disorders, and 23 female relatives of Duchenne dystrophy patients. CPK and PK enzyme activities were increased in comparable numbers of muscle disease patients and female carriers; there was no advantage in the combined use of the two tests. We did not confirm earlier reports suggesting that determination of PK is more valuable than CPK in carrier detection.", "contents": "Serum creatine phosphokinase and pyruvate kinase in neuromuscular disorders and Duchenne dystrophy carriers. Serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and pyruvic kinase (PK) were determined in 42 controls, 57 patients with various neuromuscular disorders, and 23 female relatives of Duchenne dystrophy patients. CPK and PK enzyme activities were increased in comparable numbers of muscle disease patients and female carriers; there was no advantage in the combined use of the two tests. We did not confirm earlier reports suggesting that determination of PK is more valuable than CPK in carrier detection.", "PMID": 570660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9101", "title": "Morphometric study of motoneurons in congenital nemaline myopathy and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease.", "content": "To test whether congenital nemaline myopathy (NM) might have a neurogenic basis, we evaluated the number and frequency distribution of L5 motoneuron cell bodies and their myelinated ventral root (VSR) axons in a typical case. Results were compared to those from three age-matched controls and those from a child with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (WHD). Diameter histograms of cell bodies of L5 motoneurons from controls contained three peaks which were identified as large, intermediate, and small cytons (LC, IC, and SC). In previous work from our laboratory, the numbers of LC and IC of the L5 segment was found to correspond closely enough to the numbers of LA and IA (large and intermediate diameter myelinated axons) of L5 ventral spinal root to indicate that the majority of LC are alpha and the majority of IC are gamma motoneurons. The number of LC of L5 reference cords varied from 3508 to 4916, and of IC from 967 to 2204. The diameter histogram of cytons from the NM case differed from controls; the LC and IC peaks were displaced to smaller diameter categories, but their number was normal (4520 and 2023, respectively). In WHD, the numbers of LC and IC were 211 and 946, respectively. Axons were similarly affected. The severe decrease from normal in the number of large motoneurons in WHD, and the reduction in size without loss of motoneurons in NM, indicates a different morphologic basis for NM and WHD. In NM the reduction in size without decrease in number of motoneurons is probably secondary to congenital myopathy and does not provide evidence for a neurogenic etiology.", "contents": "Morphometric study of motoneurons in congenital nemaline myopathy and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. To test whether congenital nemaline myopathy (NM) might have a neurogenic basis, we evaluated the number and frequency distribution of L5 motoneuron cell bodies and their myelinated ventral root (VSR) axons in a typical case. Results were compared to those from three age-matched controls and those from a child with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (WHD). Diameter histograms of cell bodies of L5 motoneurons from controls contained three peaks which were identified as large, intermediate, and small cytons (LC, IC, and SC). In previous work from our laboratory, the numbers of LC and IC of the L5 segment was found to correspond closely enough to the numbers of LA and IA (large and intermediate diameter myelinated axons) of L5 ventral spinal root to indicate that the majority of LC are alpha and the majority of IC are gamma motoneurons. The number of LC of L5 reference cords varied from 3508 to 4916, and of IC from 967 to 2204. The diameter histogram of cytons from the NM case differed from controls; the LC and IC peaks were displaced to smaller diameter categories, but their number was normal (4520 and 2023, respectively). In WHD, the numbers of LC and IC were 211 and 946, respectively. Axons were similarly affected. The severe decrease from normal in the number of large motoneurons in WHD, and the reduction in size without loss of motoneurons in NM, indicates a different morphologic basis for NM and WHD. In NM the reduction in size without decrease in number of motoneurons is probably secondary to congenital myopathy and does not provide evidence for a neurogenic etiology.", "PMID": 570661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9102", "title": "Total blindness after trivial frontal head trauma: bilateral indirect optic nerve injury.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl developed bilateral blindness and partial third nerve paresis immediately following a closed head injury. Bilateral optic atrophy developed subsequently. This is the first report of an association between second and third nerve injuries after minor head trauma in the absence of a preexisting lesion. The pathophysiology of indirect injury to the optic nerve under these circumstances is uncertain, but the lesions in this patient seemed to be due to ischemia.", "contents": "Total blindness after trivial frontal head trauma: bilateral indirect optic nerve injury. A 10-year-old girl developed bilateral blindness and partial third nerve paresis immediately following a closed head injury. Bilateral optic atrophy developed subsequently. This is the first report of an association between second and third nerve injuries after minor head trauma in the absence of a preexisting lesion. The pathophysiology of indirect injury to the optic nerve under these circumstances is uncertain, but the lesions in this patient seemed to be due to ischemia.", "PMID": 570662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9103", "title": "Increased CSF IgM in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "CSF IgM levels have been measured by radioimmunoassay in 56 patients with MS, 62 patients with other neurologic diseases, and 31 normal controls. Forty-eight percent of the patients with MS had a raised CSF IgM level compared with 5 percent of the patients with other diseases. The IgM level did not correlate with the IgG level. Forty percent of the MS patients with normal IgG levels had high IgM levels. No relationship was found between the CSF IgM level and length or severity of the MS, relapses, or steroid therapy. Attempts to identify the IgM as being anti-measles were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Increased CSF IgM in multiple sclerosis. CSF IgM levels have been measured by radioimmunoassay in 56 patients with MS, 62 patients with other neurologic diseases, and 31 normal controls. Forty-eight percent of the patients with MS had a raised CSF IgM level compared with 5 percent of the patients with other diseases. The IgM level did not correlate with the IgG level. Forty percent of the MS patients with normal IgG levels had high IgM levels. No relationship was found between the CSF IgM level and length or severity of the MS, relapses, or steroid therapy. Attempts to identify the IgM as being anti-measles were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 570665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9104", "title": "Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study.", "content": "Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) as a precursor of stroke was assessed over 24 years of follow-up of the general population sample at Framingham, Massachusetts. Persons with chronic established AF, with or without rheumatic heart disease (RHD), are at greatly increased risk of stroke, and the stroke is probably due to embolism. Chronic AF in the absence of RHD is associated with more than a fivefold increase in stroke indicence, while AF with RHD has a 17-fold increase. Stroke occurrence increased as duration of AF increased, with no evidence of a particularly vulnerable period. Chronic idiopathic AF is an important precursor of cerebral embolism. Controlled trials of anticoagulants or antiarrhythmic agents in persons with chronic AF may demonstrate if strokes can be prevented in this highly susceptible group.", "contents": "Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study. Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) as a precursor of stroke was assessed over 24 years of follow-up of the general population sample at Framingham, Massachusetts. Persons with chronic established AF, with or without rheumatic heart disease (RHD), are at greatly increased risk of stroke, and the stroke is probably due to embolism. Chronic AF in the absence of RHD is associated with more than a fivefold increase in stroke indicence, while AF with RHD has a 17-fold increase. Stroke occurrence increased as duration of AF increased, with no evidence of a particularly vulnerable period. Chronic idiopathic AF is an important precursor of cerebral embolism. Controlled trials of anticoagulants or antiarrhythmic agents in persons with chronic AF may demonstrate if strokes can be prevented in this highly susceptible group.", "PMID": 570666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9105", "title": "Twin study of multiple sclerosis: an epidemiologic inquiry.", "content": "The National Research Council Twin Registry comprises 16,000 pairs of white male twins, both members of which had been in military service, mainly in World War II. All their available military and Veterans Administration records and their responses to a 1965 to 1970 NRC questionnaire have been coded as to disease. Upon review we found 16 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) among 15 pairs of twins, for an age-specific prevalence rate of 51 per 100,000 veterans aged 43 to 53--about half the expected frequency. Of the 15 sets, three sets refused cooperation and three were unavailable for study. Nine sets were examined and interviewed together with the mother. One of five monozygotic twin pairs was concordant for MS and in another the co-twin of an MS case had had a solitary episode of retrobulbar neuritis; all others were discordant. There were more definable environmental events (as noted below) among the affected twins than among the unaffected co-twins. The greatest excess was within the 20 years before onset. Summing events across the four 5-year periods before onset, among the 10 MS versus the eight not-MS individuals, there were 5:1 instances of trauma, 8:2 or operation, 7:1 of ether anesthesia, 7:1 of allergy, 10:5 of infection, and 9:0 of animal exposure. Summing these same events within each 5-year period, the MS:control ratios were 9:1, 10:2, 12:3, and 15:4, respectively, for 0 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, and 15 to 19 years before onset.", "contents": "Twin study of multiple sclerosis: an epidemiologic inquiry. The National Research Council Twin Registry comprises 16,000 pairs of white male twins, both members of which had been in military service, mainly in World War II. All their available military and Veterans Administration records and their responses to a 1965 to 1970 NRC questionnaire have been coded as to disease. Upon review we found 16 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) among 15 pairs of twins, for an age-specific prevalence rate of 51 per 100,000 veterans aged 43 to 53--about half the expected frequency. Of the 15 sets, three sets refused cooperation and three were unavailable for study. Nine sets were examined and interviewed together with the mother. One of five monozygotic twin pairs was concordant for MS and in another the co-twin of an MS case had had a solitary episode of retrobulbar neuritis; all others were discordant. There were more definable environmental events (as noted below) among the affected twins than among the unaffected co-twins. The greatest excess was within the 20 years before onset. Summing events across the four 5-year periods before onset, among the 10 MS versus the eight not-MS individuals, there were 5:1 instances of trauma, 8:2 or operation, 7:1 of ether anesthesia, 7:1 of allergy, 10:5 of infection, and 9:0 of animal exposure. Summing these same events within each 5-year period, the MS:control ratios were 9:1, 10:2, 12:3, and 15:4, respectively, for 0 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, and 15 to 19 years before onset.", "PMID": 570667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9106", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE levels in central nervous system disorders.", "content": "Using a radioimmunoassay, we evaluated the cerebrospinal fluid content of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE in multiple sclerosis, viral meningitis, and tumors. Abnormal immunoglobulin levels occurred in all conditions, reaching 13 times the norm for IgM in multiple sclerosis and 5 times the norm in aseptic meningitis. Striking increases also occurred with IgA, IgM, and IgE in benign and malignant (both primary and metastatic) tumors of the CNS. Furthermore, the immunoglobulin-protein ratio was calculated. In aseptic meningitis and multiple sclerosis, the ratio was significant as compared to the norms.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE levels in central nervous system disorders. Using a radioimmunoassay, we evaluated the cerebrospinal fluid content of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE in multiple sclerosis, viral meningitis, and tumors. Abnormal immunoglobulin levels occurred in all conditions, reaching 13 times the norm for IgM in multiple sclerosis and 5 times the norm in aseptic meningitis. Striking increases also occurred with IgA, IgM, and IgE in benign and malignant (both primary and metastatic) tumors of the CNS. Furthermore, the immunoglobulin-protein ratio was calculated. In aseptic meningitis and multiple sclerosis, the ratio was significant as compared to the norms.", "PMID": 570668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9107", "title": "Binocular fundus reflectometry and ophthalmodynamometry in carotid occlusion.", "content": "Continuous bilateral simultaneous measurement of the circulation time between arm and ocular fundus and arm and earlobe was performed by fundus reflectometry (FRM). Differences in dye appearance time between the two ocular fundi were larger in cases of angiographically proved stenosis or occlusion of the common or the internal carotid artery. Prolonged dye appearance times in the earlobe were observed in occlusive disease of the common or external carotid artery. The harmless method of FRM seems to be useful in the detection of carotid occlusive disease and helpful in deciding whether carotid angiography should be performed.", "contents": "Binocular fundus reflectometry and ophthalmodynamometry in carotid occlusion. Continuous bilateral simultaneous measurement of the circulation time between arm and ocular fundus and arm and earlobe was performed by fundus reflectometry (FRM). Differences in dye appearance time between the two ocular fundi were larger in cases of angiographically proved stenosis or occlusion of the common or the internal carotid artery. Prolonged dye appearance times in the earlobe were observed in occlusive disease of the common or external carotid artery. The harmless method of FRM seems to be useful in the detection of carotid occlusive disease and helpful in deciding whether carotid angiography should be performed.", "PMID": 570669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9108", "title": "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in the young.", "content": "There have been few descriptions of spontaneous epidural hematoma of the spinal cord in children. Duration of symptoms in previous cases has varied from hours to days. We recently evaluated a 6-year-old girl with cord compression from an extradural clot, who complained of thoracic back pain for 3 months before becoming paraplegic. Our experience suggests that spontaneous epidural bleeding may be responsible for episodic back pain and cord compression in children.", "contents": "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in the young. There have been few descriptions of spontaneous epidural hematoma of the spinal cord in children. Duration of symptoms in previous cases has varied from hours to days. We recently evaluated a 6-year-old girl with cord compression from an extradural clot, who complained of thoracic back pain for 3 months before becoming paraplegic. Our experience suggests that spontaneous epidural bleeding may be responsible for episodic back pain and cord compression in children.", "PMID": 570670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9109", "title": "Myosin light chains in Duchenne dystrophy and paraplegic muscle.", "content": "Myosin light chains were isolated from cat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles rendered paraplegic for 1 year and from the vastus lateralis of six patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Despite the altered pattern of function of these muscles, no alterations were noted in the type or relative proportion of these myosin light chains when compared to control muscles.", "contents": "Myosin light chains in Duchenne dystrophy and paraplegic muscle. Myosin light chains were isolated from cat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles rendered paraplegic for 1 year and from the vastus lateralis of six patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Despite the altered pattern of function of these muscles, no alterations were noted in the type or relative proportion of these myosin light chains when compared to control muscles.", "PMID": 570671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9110", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow comparison of right and left hand movement.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow measurements were made in normal right-handed subjects by the 133 xenon inhalation method at rest and during movement of either hand. Left hand movement evoked a prominent focal flow increase in the right hemisphere in the Rolandic region. During right hand movement, there was a smaller and not statistically significant increase in left hemisphere Rolandic region. This suggests that more effort is required of right-handed subjects to move the left hand than the right, or that motor organization differs for left and right hand movements. Of several flow indices tested, there was little difference among gray matter flow rate, the product of gray matter flow and relative weight, the mean regional flow, and the initial slope index, all reflecting the flow changes with nearly equal sensitivity. The gray matter weight and fractional flow did not change consistently during hand movement.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow comparison of right and left hand movement. Regional cerebral blood flow measurements were made in normal right-handed subjects by the 133 xenon inhalation method at rest and during movement of either hand. Left hand movement evoked a prominent focal flow increase in the right hemisphere in the Rolandic region. During right hand movement, there was a smaller and not statistically significant increase in left hemisphere Rolandic region. This suggests that more effort is required of right-handed subjects to move the left hand than the right, or that motor organization differs for left and right hand movements. Of several flow indices tested, there was little difference among gray matter flow rate, the product of gray matter flow and relative weight, the mean regional flow, and the initial slope index, all reflecting the flow changes with nearly equal sensitivity. The gray matter weight and fractional flow did not change consistently during hand movement.", "PMID": 570672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9111", "title": "Eye movement fatigue in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "An 18-year-old woman presented with dissociated nystagmus that was first attributed to multiple sclerosis. When she attempted to maintain 30-degree horizontal gaze deviation in either direction, there was progressive weakness of the adducting eye and increasing amplitude of nystagmus in the abducting eye. The amplitude and maximum velocity of repetitive one-per-second 30-degree saccades progressively decreased over a 3-minute period. Intravenous edrophonium completely abolished the dissociated nystagmus and adducting muscle weakness, and returned the saccade maximum velocity to normal. Her subsequent response to pyridostigmine and thymectomy confirmed the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Eye movement fatigue in myasthenia gravis. An 18-year-old woman presented with dissociated nystagmus that was first attributed to multiple sclerosis. When she attempted to maintain 30-degree horizontal gaze deviation in either direction, there was progressive weakness of the adducting eye and increasing amplitude of nystagmus in the abducting eye. The amplitude and maximum velocity of repetitive one-per-second 30-degree saccades progressively decreased over a 3-minute period. Intravenous edrophonium completely abolished the dissociated nystagmus and adducting muscle weakness, and returned the saccade maximum velocity to normal. Her subsequent response to pyridostigmine and thymectomy confirmed the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 570673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9112", "title": "Supraorbital Doppler studies, carotid bruits, and arteriography in unilateral ocular or cerebral ischemic disorders.", "content": "In 122 patients with unilateral brain or ocular ischemia, supraorbital Doppler studies revealed evidence of obstruction in 44 of 51 common or internal carotid arteries having greater than 70 percent stenosis, and in only 4 of 23 arteries with 50 to 70 percent stenosis. Ipsilateral bruits were present in 52 of 74 carotid arteries with greater than 50 percent stenosis, and in 19 of 37 arteries with less than 50 percent stenosis. Only one false-positive Doppler result occurred, and only 15 false-positive midcervical bruits were present in 129 normal carotid arteries. Unfortunately, these studies do not decrease the need for radiopaque arteriography, since in 11 of 53 patients, a potentially operable, symptomatic, nonobstructive common or internal carotid artery lesion would not have been suspected by supraorbital Doppler testing and auscultation alone.", "contents": "Supraorbital Doppler studies, carotid bruits, and arteriography in unilateral ocular or cerebral ischemic disorders. In 122 patients with unilateral brain or ocular ischemia, supraorbital Doppler studies revealed evidence of obstruction in 44 of 51 common or internal carotid arteries having greater than 70 percent stenosis, and in only 4 of 23 arteries with 50 to 70 percent stenosis. Ipsilateral bruits were present in 52 of 74 carotid arteries with greater than 50 percent stenosis, and in 19 of 37 arteries with less than 50 percent stenosis. Only one false-positive Doppler result occurred, and only 15 false-positive midcervical bruits were present in 129 normal carotid arteries. Unfortunately, these studies do not decrease the need for radiopaque arteriography, since in 11 of 53 patients, a potentially operable, symptomatic, nonobstructive common or internal carotid artery lesion would not have been suspected by supraorbital Doppler testing and auscultation alone.", "PMID": 570674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9113", "title": "Age-related changes in peripheral and central nerve conduction in man.", "content": "Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) latencies, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (CVs), and F-wave latenies were measured in 15 elderly normal subjects (mean age 74.1 years), and the results were used to derive indirect estimates of spinal cord CVs. These measurements were compared to those from 15 younger normal adults (mean age 31.6 years), and the nerve conduction characteristics of all 30 subjects were analyzed with respect to age. Peripheral motor and sensory CVs slowed progressively, and the onset latencies of F-waves and SEPs increased gradually with advancing age. Spinal cord CVs showed little change until approximately age 60, and declined sharply thereafter. In addition, the latencies of F-waves and SEPs were positively associated with height. Human clinical and experimental studies utilizing SEP and F-wave measurements must allow for morphologic differences between individuals, and for the systematic changes which accompany normal aging.", "contents": "Age-related changes in peripheral and central nerve conduction in man. Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) latencies, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (CVs), and F-wave latenies were measured in 15 elderly normal subjects (mean age 74.1 years), and the results were used to derive indirect estimates of spinal cord CVs. These measurements were compared to those from 15 younger normal adults (mean age 31.6 years), and the nerve conduction characteristics of all 30 subjects were analyzed with respect to age. Peripheral motor and sensory CVs slowed progressively, and the onset latencies of F-waves and SEPs increased gradually with advancing age. Spinal cord CVs showed little change until approximately age 60, and declined sharply thereafter. In addition, the latencies of F-waves and SEPs were positively associated with height. Human clinical and experimental studies utilizing SEP and F-wave measurements must allow for morphologic differences between individuals, and for the systematic changes which accompany normal aging.", "PMID": 570675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9114", "title": "Cerebral complications of angiography for transient ischemia and stroke: prediction of risk.", "content": "We examined the records of 147  consecutive patients studied by femoral catheterization to identify factors contributing to angiographic risk in cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral complications occurred in 12.2 percent and were permanent in 5.2 percent. Computer-assisted multivariate analysis of 21 possible risk factors was done. Two of these risk factors correlated strongly with increased risk: number of previous transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) (p less than 0.001), and the presence of arterial stenosis of greater than 90 percent (p less than 0.03). Risk factors of marginal significance were: diabetes, female sex, and number of selective injections. A discriminant function for estimation of risk was derived: D = [8 X number of TIAs] + [6 x number of arteries catheterized] + [14 if diabetic, 0 if not] + [11 if female, 0 if male]. When D was greater than 55, 77 percent of patients had a complication. When D was less than 55, 98 percent of patients had no complication. Unfortunately, patients in whom the study is most indicated tend to be those at greatest risk.", "contents": "Cerebral complications of angiography for transient ischemia and stroke: prediction of risk. We examined the records of 147  consecutive patients studied by femoral catheterization to identify factors contributing to angiographic risk in cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral complications occurred in 12.2 percent and were permanent in 5.2 percent. Computer-assisted multivariate analysis of 21 possible risk factors was done. Two of these risk factors correlated strongly with increased risk: number of previous transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) (p less than 0.001), and the presence of arterial stenosis of greater than 90 percent (p less than 0.03). Risk factors of marginal significance were: diabetes, female sex, and number of selective injections. A discriminant function for estimation of risk was derived: D = [8 X number of TIAs] + [6 x number of arteries catheterized] + [14 if diabetic, 0 if not] + [11 if female, 0 if male]. When D was greater than 55, 77 percent of patients had a complication. When D was less than 55, 98 percent of patients had no complication. Unfortunately, patients in whom the study is most indicated tend to be those at greatest risk.", "PMID": 570676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9115", "title": "Assessing segmental excitability after acute rostral lesions: II. The blink reflex.", "content": "Blink reflexes were obtained in a total of 34 different patients with cerebrovascular lesions; 28 were studied within 1 week of the ictus and 11 were eventually restudied. In 13, the latency of the first component of the reflex on the clinically involved side was significantly delayed (greater than 1.5 msec). This was an acute phenomenon that usually resolved within the first week after the ictus, correlated clinically with the severity of the hemiparesis and decrease in tone, and may be seen with lesions restricted to the pyramidal tract. The second component was absent in 17 of 34 patients during the early phase after stroke, and was associated with a decreased corneal response. These changes, which reflect decreased excitability of certain brainstem structures (rather than a lesion within those structures), are therefore potentially important for documenting CNS pathophysiology.", "contents": "Assessing segmental excitability after acute rostral lesions: II. The blink reflex. Blink reflexes were obtained in a total of 34 different patients with cerebrovascular lesions; 28 were studied within 1 week of the ictus and 11 were eventually restudied. In 13, the latency of the first component of the reflex on the clinically involved side was significantly delayed (greater than 1.5 msec). This was an acute phenomenon that usually resolved within the first week after the ictus, correlated clinically with the severity of the hemiparesis and decrease in tone, and may be seen with lesions restricted to the pyramidal tract. The second component was absent in 17 of 34 patients during the early phase after stroke, and was associated with a decreased corneal response. These changes, which reflect decreased excitability of certain brainstem structures (rather than a lesion within those structures), are therefore potentially important for documenting CNS pathophysiology.", "PMID": 570677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9116", "title": "Differential aphasia in tow bilingual individuals.", "content": "Moderate nonfluent aphasia following a left parietotemporal lesion was found in the native language of one bilingual patient, in contrast to less severe, fluent aphasia in the patient's secondary language. Conversely, mild anomia was found in the native language of a second patient, while global aphasia was found in the secondary language. His lesion was located in the left posterior frontal area. These examples of differential aphasia were assessed by standard aphasia tests and by language inventory translated into the appropriate languages. We propose that differential aphasia resulting from a single hemispheric lesion is related to the disruption of different basic cognitive functions, which participate to varying degrees in the performance of the languages affected. In terms of neurolinguistic theory, the findings in these patients support the observation that most frequently used language is the first to recover. They refute the notion that the native language recovers first.", "contents": "Differential aphasia in tow bilingual individuals. Moderate nonfluent aphasia following a left parietotemporal lesion was found in the native language of one bilingual patient, in contrast to less severe, fluent aphasia in the patient's secondary language. Conversely, mild anomia was found in the native language of a second patient, while global aphasia was found in the secondary language. His lesion was located in the left posterior frontal area. These examples of differential aphasia were assessed by standard aphasia tests and by language inventory translated into the appropriate languages. We propose that differential aphasia resulting from a single hemispheric lesion is related to the disruption of different basic cognitive functions, which participate to varying degrees in the performance of the languages affected. In terms of neurolinguistic theory, the findings in these patients support the observation that most frequently used language is the first to recover. They refute the notion that the native language recovers first.", "PMID": 570678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9117", "title": "Quality of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: predictive value of early neurologic evaluation.", "content": "One hundred and seventeen patients were admitted following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. After initial neurologic evaluation, they were followed prospectively until discharge or death. Seventeen patients were alert when admitted. Of these, four died and 10 of 13 survivors were neurologically normal. One hundred of the patients were unresponsive; of these, 60 died. Of 40 survivors, 15 were neurologically normal, at discharge; 15 could perform some self-care but were confused, and 10 required total care. Absence of pupillary light reaction, oculocephalic reflexes, purposeful response to pain, and spontaneous respirations were associated with high mortality and more severe neurologic deficits. However, some patients with usually unfavorable signs recovered good neurologic function.", "contents": "Quality of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: predictive value of early neurologic evaluation. One hundred and seventeen patients were admitted following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. After initial neurologic evaluation, they were followed prospectively until discharge or death. Seventeen patients were alert when admitted. Of these, four died and 10 of 13 survivors were neurologically normal. One hundred of the patients were unresponsive; of these, 60 died. Of 40 survivors, 15 were neurologically normal, at discharge; 15 could perform some self-care but were confused, and 10 required total care. Absence of pupillary light reaction, oculocephalic reflexes, purposeful response to pain, and spontaneous respirations were associated with high mortality and more severe neurologic deficits. However, some patients with usually unfavorable signs recovered good neurologic function.", "PMID": 570679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9118", "title": "Functional paralysis of horizontal gaze.", "content": "A 52-year-old steelworker displayed a consistent defect in leftward voluntary gaze across the midline. Both fast (saccadic) and slow (pursuit) eye movements were affected. Neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation revealed no additional neurologic or ophthalmologic deficit. Pupilary miosis occurred during leftward gaze attempt, indicating that the gaze palsy was due to spasm of the near reflex. Special maneuvers during clinical eye movement testing disclosed full ability to make normal horizontal fast and slow eye movements despite the apparent defect in \"voluntary\" leftward gaze.", "contents": "Functional paralysis of horizontal gaze. A 52-year-old steelworker displayed a consistent defect in leftward voluntary gaze across the midline. Both fast (saccadic) and slow (pursuit) eye movements were affected. Neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation revealed no additional neurologic or ophthalmologic deficit. Pupilary miosis occurred during leftward gaze attempt, indicating that the gaze palsy was due to spasm of the near reflex. Special maneuvers during clinical eye movement testing disclosed full ability to make normal horizontal fast and slow eye movements despite the apparent defect in \"voluntary\" leftward gaze.", "PMID": 570680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9119", "title": "Pyramidal infarction in the medulla: a cause of pure motor hemiplegia sparing the face.", "content": "We present a case with an infarct limited to the right pyramidal tract in the medulla. The lesion lay approximately 1 cm below the pontomedullary junction. On the basis of this case and three previously reported cases of medullary pyramidal infarction, there is defined a syndrome of severe hemiplegia with relative sparing of the face, tongue and articulation, minimal sensory loss, and good recovery. The hemiplegia is initially flaccid and later spastic. Transient symptoms, referable to the tegmentum of the medulla, occur at the onset, and reflect ischemia in the deeper territory of a paramedian penetrating vessel.", "contents": "Pyramidal infarction in the medulla: a cause of pure motor hemiplegia sparing the face. We present a case with an infarct limited to the right pyramidal tract in the medulla. The lesion lay approximately 1 cm below the pontomedullary junction. On the basis of this case and three previously reported cases of medullary pyramidal infarction, there is defined a syndrome of severe hemiplegia with relative sparing of the face, tongue and articulation, minimal sensory loss, and good recovery. The hemiplegia is initially flaccid and later spastic. Transient symptoms, referable to the tegmentum of the medulla, occur at the onset, and reflect ischemia in the deeper territory of a paramedian penetrating vessel.", "PMID": 570681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9120", "title": "Effect of animal proteins on the absorption of food iron in man.", "content": "The way in which meat and fish act to promote the absorption of nonheme iron in food is not known. The present paper is a report of the results of a series of studies aimed at obtaining some insight into the mechanism of action of meat and other animal proteins on the absorption of food iron. Beef, fish, chicken and calf thymus all increased the iron absorption to about the same extent. Neither egg albumin, cysteine or a water extract of beef did, however, affect the absorption of food iron. Beef increased the absorption of a solution of inorganic iron given without food only when the iron salt was trivalent or when sodium phytate was added to the solution. It was concluded that meat acts by counteracting luminal factors that inhibit iron absorption. The most probable mechanism for this action is formation of a luminal carrier which transports the iron to the mucosal cell membrane.", "contents": "Effect of animal proteins on the absorption of food iron in man. The way in which meat and fish act to promote the absorption of nonheme iron in food is not known. The present paper is a report of the results of a series of studies aimed at obtaining some insight into the mechanism of action of meat and other animal proteins on the absorption of food iron. Beef, fish, chicken and calf thymus all increased the iron absorption to about the same extent. Neither egg albumin, cysteine or a water extract of beef did, however, affect the absorption of food iron. Beef increased the absorption of a solution of inorganic iron given without food only when the iron salt was trivalent or when sodium phytate was added to the solution. It was concluded that meat acts by counteracting luminal factors that inhibit iron absorption. The most probable mechanism for this action is formation of a luminal carrier which transports the iron to the mucosal cell membrane.", "PMID": 570683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9121", "title": "The Sertoli cell in mixed gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "Since 1937, over 100 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis have been described. Thus far, no correlation has been made between the light and electron microscopic morphology of the gonad and the appearance of the ipsilateral internal genitalia. In the case presented in this paper the presence or absence of the Sertoli cell in the ipsilateral gonad correlates with the morphology of the internal genitalia on that side.", "contents": "The Sertoli cell in mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Since 1937, over 100 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis have been described. Thus far, no correlation has been made between the light and electron microscopic morphology of the gonad and the appearance of the ipsilateral internal genitalia. In the case presented in this paper the presence or absence of the Sertoli cell in the ipsilateral gonad correlates with the morphology of the internal genitalia on that side.", "PMID": 570684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9122", "title": "Extramembranous pregnancy in twin gestation.", "content": "An ususual case of extramembranous development of 1 infant in a twin pregnancy is described. The pregnancy was associated with the intermittent loss of liquor and a bloody discharge starting at the 26th week of gestation. Spontaneous delivery occurred at the 32nd week of gestation; the first infant was delivered by vertex and the second by breech presentation. The first infant was normal, but the second infant, who died shortly after delivery, had most of the external features of dysplasia renofacialis. (Potter facies). The gestation was diamniotic, dichorionic, and with a single placenta, but the side of the affected twin was markedly circumvallate, with short, thick membranes that covered no more than 10% of the infant.", "contents": "Extramembranous pregnancy in twin gestation. An ususual case of extramembranous development of 1 infant in a twin pregnancy is described. The pregnancy was associated with the intermittent loss of liquor and a bloody discharge starting at the 26th week of gestation. Spontaneous delivery occurred at the 32nd week of gestation; the first infant was delivered by vertex and the second by breech presentation. The first infant was normal, but the second infant, who died shortly after delivery, had most of the external features of dysplasia renofacialis. (Potter facies). The gestation was diamniotic, dichorionic, and with a single placenta, but the side of the affected twin was markedly circumvallate, with short, thick membranes that covered no more than 10% of the infant.", "PMID": 570685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9123", "title": "Pregnancy in a true hermaphrodite.", "content": "True hermaphroditism is a rare form of intersexuality, and fertility in such an anomaly has been reported only once before in literature. A 19-year-old true hermaphrodite reared as a female with normal secondary sex characteristics and a karyotype of 46,XX was treated by removal of the left ovotestis. The right ovary and other pelvic organs were of a normal female. Ten months after the treatment she became pregnant. The pregnancy was complicated by a premature delivery of a 1500-g male infant that showed no congenital anomalies. Histologic findings of the ovotestis and clinical findings of a true hermaphrodite with pregnancy are presented.", "contents": "Pregnancy in a true hermaphrodite. True hermaphroditism is a rare form of intersexuality, and fertility in such an anomaly has been reported only once before in literature. A 19-year-old true hermaphrodite reared as a female with normal secondary sex characteristics and a karyotype of 46,XX was treated by removal of the left ovotestis. The right ovary and other pelvic organs were of a normal female. Ten months after the treatment she became pregnant. The pregnancy was complicated by a premature delivery of a 1500-g male infant that showed no congenital anomalies. Histologic findings of the ovotestis and clinical findings of a true hermaphrodite with pregnancy are presented.", "PMID": 570686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9124", "title": "The ultrastructure of the round window membrane of the cat.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the round window membrane of the cat was investigated. Three distinct layers were recognised and described. It was established that the outer epithelial layer is non-ciliated, but often contains microvilli. The middle layer, under the basement membrane, contains a large amount of collagen and elastic fibres in addition to fibrocytes. The inner layer is a continuation of the epithelial layer of the perilymphatic space. The thickness of the membrane has been measured as being 15--20 micrometer. The latest human audiological and clinical observations concerning the function and rupture of the round window membrane emhasise the importance of the electron microscopic study of this membrane.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the round window membrane of the cat. The ultrastructure of the round window membrane of the cat was investigated. Three distinct layers were recognised and described. It was established that the outer epithelial layer is non-ciliated, but often contains microvilli. The middle layer, under the basement membrane, contains a large amount of collagen and elastic fibres in addition to fibrocytes. The inner layer is a continuation of the epithelial layer of the perilymphatic space. The thickness of the membrane has been measured as being 15--20 micrometer. The latest human audiological and clinical observations concerning the function and rupture of the round window membrane emhasise the importance of the electron microscopic study of this membrane.", "PMID": 570687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9125", "title": "Bilateral synchronous trabecular adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland.", "content": "This report deals with a rare case of bilateral cancer of the parotid gland, with lymph node metastases. Histologically, the tumor was a trabecular adenocarcinoma. The first neoplasm was located in the right parotid gland and developed into a pleomorphic adenoma. Both cancers were treated with parotidectomy and bilateral neck dissection. From a comprehensive review of the literature, it appears that the present case is the sixth on record of bilateral parotid tumors. Pathogenetically, it is suggested that a common carcinogenic factor might have acted simultaneously and bilaterally on the parotid gland.", "contents": "Bilateral synchronous trabecular adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. This report deals with a rare case of bilateral cancer of the parotid gland, with lymph node metastases. Histologically, the tumor was a trabecular adenocarcinoma. The first neoplasm was located in the right parotid gland and developed into a pleomorphic adenoma. Both cancers were treated with parotidectomy and bilateral neck dissection. From a comprehensive review of the literature, it appears that the present case is the sixth on record of bilateral parotid tumors. Pathogenetically, it is suggested that a common carcinogenic factor might have acted simultaneously and bilaterally on the parotid gland.", "PMID": 570688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9126", "title": "Cochlear blood circulation studied with microspheres.", "content": "The cochlear blood flow was studied with the microsphere method in guinea pigs, rats and cats. Results from experiments using different sizes of microspheres were compared and the effect of middle ear infection or perforation of the otic capsule on the cochlear microcirculation was investigated. Neither the opening of the cochlear bony wall nor the middle ear infection influenced the blood flow in the cochlea. 9- and 15-micrometer spheres were given simultaneously and the results were equivalent, indicating no more shunting of the smaller ones than of the bigger ones. Thus, the smaller spheres are to be preferred, since the smaller ones can be used in a larger number without negative effects on the general circulation. In cats, the cochlear blood circulation was determined before and during cervical sympathetic stimulation. Sympathetic stimulation caused a reduction of 25% of the cochlear blood flow.", "contents": "Cochlear blood circulation studied with microspheres. The cochlear blood flow was studied with the microsphere method in guinea pigs, rats and cats. Results from experiments using different sizes of microspheres were compared and the effect of middle ear infection or perforation of the otic capsule on the cochlear microcirculation was investigated. Neither the opening of the cochlear bony wall nor the middle ear infection influenced the blood flow in the cochlea. 9- and 15-micrometer spheres were given simultaneously and the results were equivalent, indicating no more shunting of the smaller ones than of the bigger ones. Thus, the smaller spheres are to be preferred, since the smaller ones can be used in a larger number without negative effects on the general circulation. In cats, the cochlear blood circulation was determined before and during cervical sympathetic stimulation. Sympathetic stimulation caused a reduction of 25% of the cochlear blood flow.", "PMID": 570689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9127", "title": "Tympanometry in 2-year-old children.", "content": "Screening tympanometry was performed in 278 healthy 2-year-old children (556 ears) born the first 10 days of every month in 1976 in two municipalities from Copenhagen County. A middle ear pressure between 0 and -99 mm H2O was found in 49.6%, between -100 and -199 in 19.4%, between -200 and -300 in 20.1%, and flat curves in 10.8%. The latter group also otoscopically gave evidence of middle ear effusion. The results reveal the highest incidence of tubal dysfunction and middle ear effusion for this age group in contrast to any other age group. However, a large spontaneous recovery from secretory otitis was also noted. No differences were found between sexes, right ear/left ear, the socio-economic factors, or whether the children lived in houses or apartments. Children who were nursed in public nurseries had a significantly higher incidence of secretory otitis than those nursed in private nurseries or at home.", "contents": "Tympanometry in 2-year-old children. Screening tympanometry was performed in 278 healthy 2-year-old children (556 ears) born the first 10 days of every month in 1976 in two municipalities from Copenhagen County. A middle ear pressure between 0 and -99 mm H2O was found in 49.6%, between -100 and -199 in 19.4%, between -200 and -300 in 20.1%, and flat curves in 10.8%. The latter group also otoscopically gave evidence of middle ear effusion. The results reveal the highest incidence of tubal dysfunction and middle ear effusion for this age group in contrast to any other age group. However, a large spontaneous recovery from secretory otitis was also noted. No differences were found between sexes, right ear/left ear, the socio-economic factors, or whether the children lived in houses or apartments. Children who were nursed in public nurseries had a significantly higher incidence of secretory otitis than those nursed in private nurseries or at home.", "PMID": 570690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9128", "title": "Positional nystagmus of the persistent type.", "content": "In a 6-year period (1970-1975), a total number of 10,730 patients were examined oto-neurologically by the same physician, all of the patients being referred from the neuromedical and neurosurgical departments. Persistent positional nystagmus is in this material the same as central positional nystagmus, because the lesion in all cases was of central origin. Central positional nystagmus was found to be a rare symptom, since it was only demonstrated in 124 patients (1%). Central positional nystagmus was defined as being with no latency, low and irregular frequency, nonfatiguable with no accompanying dizziness, and the patients examined in the following positions: right and left side, supine and with hanging head. In 52 cases (42%) the nystagmus was only demonstrated with hanging head. The diagnoses were dominated by intracranial tumors (34 infra-tentorial, 19 supratentorial). Among other diagnoses encountered were intracranial vascular disease, encephalopathia, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. 21 patients were children under 15 years of age, and in this group the intracranial tumors, especially the infratentorial, were even more dominant.", "contents": "Positional nystagmus of the persistent type. In a 6-year period (1970-1975), a total number of 10,730 patients were examined oto-neurologically by the same physician, all of the patients being referred from the neuromedical and neurosurgical departments. Persistent positional nystagmus is in this material the same as central positional nystagmus, because the lesion in all cases was of central origin. Central positional nystagmus was found to be a rare symptom, since it was only demonstrated in 124 patients (1%). Central positional nystagmus was defined as being with no latency, low and irregular frequency, nonfatiguable with no accompanying dizziness, and the patients examined in the following positions: right and left side, supine and with hanging head. In 52 cases (42%) the nystagmus was only demonstrated with hanging head. The diagnoses were dominated by intracranial tumors (34 infra-tentorial, 19 supratentorial). Among other diagnoses encountered were intracranial vascular disease, encephalopathia, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. 21 patients were children under 15 years of age, and in this group the intracranial tumors, especially the infratentorial, were even more dominant.", "PMID": 570691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9129", "title": "Use of lyophilized dura in aural surgery.", "content": "Lyophilized dura was utilized in chronic ear surgery to cover raw promontory surfaces, to stabilize the reconstructed ossicles, to raise the posterior insertion point of the grafted drum after canal wall removal, and to fortify the soft posterior canal wall. In 3 guinea pigs, lyodura was also placed in the bulla and studied 6, 12 and 16 months later. In 6 months of time, lyodura had become covered with normal epithelium and in 12 months of time, the greatest part of the lyodura was resorbed from the middle ear, normal epithelium having developed. In the canal wall area, resorption is slower and collagenic dural network is clearly recognizable even after a period of 24 months. Lyophilized dura contains no irritating material and is considered to be a versatile and useful material in chronic ear surgery.", "contents": "Use of lyophilized dura in aural surgery. Lyophilized dura was utilized in chronic ear surgery to cover raw promontory surfaces, to stabilize the reconstructed ossicles, to raise the posterior insertion point of the grafted drum after canal wall removal, and to fortify the soft posterior canal wall. In 3 guinea pigs, lyodura was also placed in the bulla and studied 6, 12 and 16 months later. In 6 months of time, lyodura had become covered with normal epithelium and in 12 months of time, the greatest part of the lyodura was resorbed from the middle ear, normal epithelium having developed. In the canal wall area, resorption is slower and collagenic dural network is clearly recognizable even after a period of 24 months. Lyophilized dura contains no irritating material and is considered to be a versatile and useful material in chronic ear surgery.", "PMID": 570692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9130", "title": "Meni\u00e8re's disease. II. A neuropsychological study.", "content": "23 Meni\u00e8re patients were examined with a extensive battery of neuro-psychological tests. In a previous investigation, the authors had demonstrated that patients with long-duration Meni\u00e8re's disease had psychological disturbances, presumably localized in the nondominant hemisphere. In the present investigation, the patients had short-duration Meni\u00e8re's disease, and we were unable to replicate the results of the former investigation. It is concluded that the central changes in nondominant hemisphere function develop over a long period of time. It is hoped for that further neuropsychological investigations of Meni\u00e8re patients will give more information on what is primary in Meni\u00e8re's disease: peripheral, sensory or central neurological changes.", "contents": "Meni\u00e8re's disease. II. A neuropsychological study. 23 Meni\u00e8re patients were examined with a extensive battery of neuro-psychological tests. In a previous investigation, the authors had demonstrated that patients with long-duration Meni\u00e8re's disease had psychological disturbances, presumably localized in the nondominant hemisphere. In the present investigation, the patients had short-duration Meni\u00e8re's disease, and we were unable to replicate the results of the former investigation. It is concluded that the central changes in nondominant hemisphere function develop over a long period of time. It is hoped for that further neuropsychological investigations of Meni\u00e8re patients will give more information on what is primary in Meni\u00e8re's disease: peripheral, sensory or central neurological changes.", "PMID": 570693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9131", "title": "Quantitative histology of the normal ethmoidal sinus.", "content": "In 16 patients the mucosa from 32 normal ethmoidal sinuses was removed post mortem and studied by whole-mount methods. In the anterior ethmoidal cells, there was a median density of 0.5 gland/mm2, in the posterior cells 0.13 gland/mm2. The distribution of the glands was irregular, with the highest density around the ostia. Individual variations of density were wide, ranging from 0.07 to 0.81 gland/mm2. The median density of goblet cells was the same in the anterior and posterior ethmoidal cells, about 6,900 cells/mm2. The greater part of the mucous secretion in the ethmoid is produced by the goblet cells.", "contents": "Quantitative histology of the normal ethmoidal sinus. In 16 patients the mucosa from 32 normal ethmoidal sinuses was removed post mortem and studied by whole-mount methods. In the anterior ethmoidal cells, there was a median density of 0.5 gland/mm2, in the posterior cells 0.13 gland/mm2. The distribution of the glands was irregular, with the highest density around the ostia. Individual variations of density were wide, ranging from 0.07 to 0.81 gland/mm2. The median density of goblet cells was the same in the anterior and posterior ethmoidal cells, about 6,900 cells/mm2. The greater part of the mucous secretion in the ethmoid is produced by the goblet cells.", "PMID": 570694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9132", "title": "Treatment of long, rigid tracheal stenoses. An experimental study on animals.", "content": "Using both PVC models and animal experiments, new surgical methods of expanding long, rigid tracheal stenoses were investigated. After making a longitudinal incision laterally, oval-shaped composite grafts from the auricle were sutured on either side of the trachea. The stenoses were successfully stretched from about 35 to about 80% of the original lumina. In this way, and together with a sleeve resection, stenoses up to 7 or 8 cm are operable. It is the first time in experiments that a stenosis was carried out beforehand, and later expanded. This method allows a better judgement of the final result to be reached. Modifications of the basic technique are described and results are discussed in some detail.", "contents": "Treatment of long, rigid tracheal stenoses. An experimental study on animals. Using both PVC models and animal experiments, new surgical methods of expanding long, rigid tracheal stenoses were investigated. After making a longitudinal incision laterally, oval-shaped composite grafts from the auricle were sutured on either side of the trachea. The stenoses were successfully stretched from about 35 to about 80% of the original lumina. In this way, and together with a sleeve resection, stenoses up to 7 or 8 cm are operable. It is the first time in experiments that a stenosis was carried out beforehand, and later expanded. This method allows a better judgement of the final result to be reached. Modifications of the basic technique are described and results are discussed in some detail.", "PMID": 570695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9133", "title": "[Organic impotence. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Organic impotence is far more frequent than usually thought. Diagnosed frequently on clinical grounds, organic impotence is confirmed by more sophisticated and invasive techniques (Multi Modal Psychologic interview: MMPI, Nocturnal penile tumescence detection, pelvic angiography). Apart from local and neurogenic factors, vasculogenic impotence seems very frequent although its treatment has not met with the anticipated success. Intracavernous prosthesis remains the best form of palliative treatment in cases of organic impotence.", "contents": "[Organic impotence. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)]. Organic impotence is far more frequent than usually thought. Diagnosed frequently on clinical grounds, organic impotence is confirmed by more sophisticated and invasive techniques (Multi Modal Psychologic interview: MMPI, Nocturnal penile tumescence detection, pelvic angiography). Apart from local and neurogenic factors, vasculogenic impotence seems very frequent although its treatment has not met with the anticipated success. Intracavernous prosthesis remains the best form of palliative treatment in cases of organic impotence.", "PMID": 570699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9134", "title": "Reactivity of antibodies to guanosine modified by the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "N-(guanosin-8-yl) acetylaminofluorene (Guo-AAF) was prepared by the reaction of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF) and guanosine. Antibodies to Guo-AAF were elicited in rabbits by immunization with bovine serum albumin-Guo-AAF conjugate. The antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-Guo-AAF column. The reactivity of these antibodies towards several ligands was studied by radioimmunoassay. The antibodies have the same affinity for double stranded DNA-AAF and single stranded DNA-AAF. Thus the geometry of the regions of DNA substituted by AAF residues is the same in native and denatured DNA. The affinity of the antibodies is smaller for DNA-AAF than for Guo-AAF. This can be due in part to the stacking of AAF residues with the adjacent bases as shown by the study of the interactions between the antibodies and AAF-oligonucleotides. The circular dichroism spectra of AAF-oligonucleotides bound to the antibodies are reported.", "contents": "Reactivity of antibodies to guanosine modified by the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene. N-(guanosin-8-yl) acetylaminofluorene (Guo-AAF) was prepared by the reaction of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF) and guanosine. Antibodies to Guo-AAF were elicited in rabbits by immunization with bovine serum albumin-Guo-AAF conjugate. The antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-Guo-AAF column. The reactivity of these antibodies towards several ligands was studied by radioimmunoassay. The antibodies have the same affinity for double stranded DNA-AAF and single stranded DNA-AAF. Thus the geometry of the regions of DNA substituted by AAF residues is the same in native and denatured DNA. The affinity of the antibodies is smaller for DNA-AAF than for Guo-AAF. This can be due in part to the stacking of AAF residues with the adjacent bases as shown by the study of the interactions between the antibodies and AAF-oligonucleotides. The circular dichroism spectra of AAF-oligonucleotides bound to the antibodies are reported.", "PMID": 570700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9135", "title": "[A new method of comparing intravital and postmortal coronary angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A cardanically suspended plexiglass cylinder, filled with water and containing a specific supporter, enables postmortal hearts to be x-rayed in every possible projection. After filling the coronary vessel system with x-ray contrast medium, intravital angiograms can be repeated postmortally with equitable projection. The diastolic and systolic change of ventricle size in intravital hearts as well as postmortal rigor mortis or relaxation, result in only insignificant differences between postmortem and intravital x-rays of the coronary vessels taken from the same projection. Combined with histological studies, such examinations promise further knowledge about the development of degenerative changes of the coronary vessels. The described apparatus is also suitable for comparative intravital and postmortal x-ray examinations of other organs. With its aid, stereoscopic x-ray pictures can also easily be made.", "contents": "[A new method of comparing intravital and postmortal coronary angiography (author's transl)]. A cardanically suspended plexiglass cylinder, filled with water and containing a specific supporter, enables postmortal hearts to be x-rayed in every possible projection. After filling the coronary vessel system with x-ray contrast medium, intravital angiograms can be repeated postmortally with equitable projection. The diastolic and systolic change of ventricle size in intravital hearts as well as postmortal rigor mortis or relaxation, result in only insignificant differences between postmortem and intravital x-rays of the coronary vessels taken from the same projection. Combined with histological studies, such examinations promise further knowledge about the development of degenerative changes of the coronary vessels. The described apparatus is also suitable for comparative intravital and postmortal x-ray examinations of other organs. With its aid, stereoscopic x-ray pictures can also easily be made.", "PMID": 570701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9136", "title": "Post-circumcision epidermoid inclusion cysts of the clitoris.", "content": "We describe our experiences during the last 5 years with 19 cases of epidermoid inclusion cysts of the clitoris resulting from circumcision. There were 14 children and 5 adults. The management consisted of complete excision of the cyst, and reconstruction of the clitoris, wherever possible.", "contents": "Post-circumcision epidermoid inclusion cysts of the clitoris. We describe our experiences during the last 5 years with 19 cases of epidermoid inclusion cysts of the clitoris resulting from circumcision. There were 14 children and 5 adults. The management consisted of complete excision of the cyst, and reconstruction of the clitoris, wherever possible.", "PMID": 570710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9137", "title": "Gastrointestinal perforation by chicken bones.", "content": "Four cases of gastrointestinal perforation by chicken bones are presented. Variability in the clinical manifestations generally precludes a correct preoperative diagnosis of intraabdominal chicken bone abscess. However, in 2 patients, a diagnosis was possible with plain abdominal radiographs. Although the abnormalities seen were nonspecific, the identification of a chicken bone with an associated mass or extraluminal gas collection in a patient with signs of peritonitis, mechanical bowel obstruction, or pneumoperitoneum strongly suggests the diagnosis. A history of alcoholism or wearing dentures strengthens it.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal perforation by chicken bones. Four cases of gastrointestinal perforation by chicken bones are presented. Variability in the clinical manifestations generally precludes a correct preoperative diagnosis of intraabdominal chicken bone abscess. However, in 2 patients, a diagnosis was possible with plain abdominal radiographs. Although the abnormalities seen were nonspecific, the identification of a chicken bone with an associated mass or extraluminal gas collection in a patient with signs of peritonitis, mechanical bowel obstruction, or pneumoperitoneum strongly suggests the diagnosis. A history of alcoholism or wearing dentures strengthens it.", "PMID": 570715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9138", "title": "Combined urethrocystometry and cinefluorography in continent and incontinent women.", "content": "Intravesical and intra-urethral pressures were recorded in 5 continent women and 10 women with urinary stress incontinence using combined urethrocystometry and cinefluorography. At rest, two types of stress incontinence could be recognized; one involved widening of the proximal urethra and the other did not. Under stress, the proximal urethra was rather mobile in the incontinent women. Artifacts caused by axial movement of the urethral microtransducer were eliminated by fixation of the catheter against the external meatus.", "contents": "Combined urethrocystometry and cinefluorography in continent and incontinent women. Intravesical and intra-urethral pressures were recorded in 5 continent women and 10 women with urinary stress incontinence using combined urethrocystometry and cinefluorography. At rest, two types of stress incontinence could be recognized; one involved widening of the proximal urethra and the other did not. Under stress, the proximal urethra was rather mobile in the incontinent women. Artifacts caused by axial movement of the urethral microtransducer were eliminated by fixation of the catheter against the external meatus.", "PMID": 570716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9139", "title": "[Etiological study of low fertility in eastern Gaboon. III. Filarial endemicity (Loa loa, D. perstans). Prevalence of microfilariae in hydroceles (author's transl)].", "content": "During an inquiry performed in Gaboon the prevalence of hydroceles had led to puncture systematically every vaginal flow. 68 fluids were so collected at the end of the inquiry. Subsequently the statistical analysis of the results in men seems to suggest a correlation between microfilaremia (Loa loa and D. perstans) and the prevalence of hydroceles. Microfilariae were found in 77% according to the following distribution: Loa loa seldom diagnosed in this kind of flow were detected in 10%; D. perstans although never reported so far in hydrocele fluids appeared to be present in 62%. O. volvulus more currently referred to in hydrocele liquids were scarcely traced.", "contents": "[Etiological study of low fertility in eastern Gaboon. III. Filarial endemicity (Loa loa, D. perstans). Prevalence of microfilariae in hydroceles (author's transl)]. During an inquiry performed in Gaboon the prevalence of hydroceles had led to puncture systematically every vaginal flow. 68 fluids were so collected at the end of the inquiry. Subsequently the statistical analysis of the results in men seems to suggest a correlation between microfilaremia (Loa loa and D. perstans) and the prevalence of hydroceles. Microfilariae were found in 77% according to the following distribution: Loa loa seldom diagnosed in this kind of flow were detected in 10%; D. perstans although never reported so far in hydrocele fluids appeared to be present in 62%. O. volvulus more currently referred to in hydrocele liquids were scarcely traced.", "PMID": 570721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9140", "title": "Pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat after chronic alcohol ingestion: nonparallel secretion of proteins and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Pancreatic secretion was studied in rats given 20% (v/v) ethanol or water ad libitum for 7--8 months. Basal secretion samples were collected for 30 min, after which secretion was stimulated with secretin (1.1 U/h) and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (2.8 U/h). Then, four  successive 30-min samples were collected. The flow rate, protein concentration and output, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) concentration and output, and chymotrypsinogen concentration increased significantly from basal levels during the first stimulation period in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups. During the second, third, and fourth stimulation periods gradual decreases of these parameters were observed in both groups, and the decrease of volume, protein output, and PSTI output were significantly greater in the alcohol group than in the control group. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of chymotrypsinogen, protein, and PSTI, but the PSTI/protein ratio was significantly lower in the alcohol group at the end of the experiment. The concentrations of bicarbonate did not decrease during stimulation and were elevated in the alcohol group compared with the control group during the fourth period. It is suggested that the decreased PSTI/enzyme ratio caused by long-term alcohol ingestion might favour premature activation of the proenzymes in the pancreatic ducts.", "contents": "Pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat after chronic alcohol ingestion: nonparallel secretion of proteins and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Pancreatic secretion was studied in rats given 20% (v/v) ethanol or water ad libitum for 7--8 months. Basal secretion samples were collected for 30 min, after which secretion was stimulated with secretin (1.1 U/h) and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (2.8 U/h). Then, four  successive 30-min samples were collected. The flow rate, protein concentration and output, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) concentration and output, and chymotrypsinogen concentration increased significantly from basal levels during the first stimulation period in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups. During the second, third, and fourth stimulation periods gradual decreases of these parameters were observed in both groups, and the decrease of volume, protein output, and PSTI output were significantly greater in the alcohol group than in the control group. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of chymotrypsinogen, protein, and PSTI, but the PSTI/protein ratio was significantly lower in the alcohol group at the end of the experiment. The concentrations of bicarbonate did not decrease during stimulation and were elevated in the alcohol group compared with the control group during the fourth period. It is suggested that the decreased PSTI/enzyme ratio caused by long-term alcohol ingestion might favour premature activation of the proenzymes in the pancreatic ducts.", "PMID": 570722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9141", "title": "[New insulins in diabetes therapy].", "content": "The new MC or RI insulins are critically reviewed and the indications for switching to MC or RI pork insulin are discussed. A new means of determining the insulin requirement of brittle diabetics is short-time use of an insulin infusion apparatus.", "contents": "[New insulins in diabetes therapy]. The new MC or RI insulins are critically reviewed and the indications for switching to MC or RI pork insulin are discussed. A new means of determining the insulin requirement of brittle diabetics is short-time use of an insulin infusion apparatus.", "PMID": 570723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9142", "title": "Enduring changes in dopamine receptor cells of pups from drug administration to pregnant and nursing rats.", "content": "A decrease in specific [3H]spiroperidol binding to rat caudate tissue and a parallel decrease in sensitivity to apomorphine in eliciting stereotyped behavior was observed in the offspring of rat mothers treated with either haloperidol or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine-methyl ester during pregnancy. In contrast, evidence of increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity was observed in the pups if haloperidol was administered to their mothers postpartum during nursing rather than during pregnancy.", "contents": "Enduring changes in dopamine receptor cells of pups from drug administration to pregnant and nursing rats. A decrease in specific [3H]spiroperidol binding to rat caudate tissue and a parallel decrease in sensitivity to apomorphine in eliciting stereotyped behavior was observed in the offspring of rat mothers treated with either haloperidol or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine-methyl ester during pregnancy. In contrast, evidence of increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity was observed in the pups if haloperidol was administered to their mothers postpartum during nursing rather than during pregnancy.", "PMID": 570724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9143", "title": "Modified bases characterized in intact DNA by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry.", "content": "Pyrolysis of DNA into a chemical ionization source yields protonated bases and other base-containing ions. Kinetic energy spectra allow the characterization of the bases 5-methylcytosine and 1-methyladenine from underivatized salmon sperm DNA. Isomeric bases are distinguishable with this technique.", "contents": "Modified bases characterized in intact DNA by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. Pyrolysis of DNA into a chemical ionization source yields protonated bases and other base-containing ions. Kinetic energy spectra allow the characterization of the bases 5-methylcytosine and 1-methyladenine from underivatized salmon sperm DNA. Isomeric bases are distinguishable with this technique.", "PMID": 570725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9144", "title": "Idiopathic scoliosis in identical (monozygotic) twins.", "content": "The exact nature of the primary predisposing cause of idiopathic scoliosis is unknown. Hereditary and/or environmental factors may be responsible. Two sets of identical twins presenting in adolescence with concordant scoliotic curves were studied and lend support for a hereditary predisposition favoring a multifactorial inheritance.", "contents": "Idiopathic scoliosis in identical (monozygotic) twins. The exact nature of the primary predisposing cause of idiopathic scoliosis is unknown. Hereditary and/or environmental factors may be responsible. Two sets of identical twins presenting in adolescence with concordant scoliotic curves were studied and lend support for a hereditary predisposition favoring a multifactorial inheritance.", "PMID": 570726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9145", "title": "Haemangiosarcoma of the pulmonary valve presenting as a pulmonary stenosis. A case report.", "content": "Intractable congestive cardiac failure, unexplained arrhythmias, changes in the cardiac silhouette and murmurs which change with position are all features which should arouse suspicion of a cardiac tumour. A case of intracardiac haemangiosarcoma of endothelial origin is discussed. The tumour presented as a pulmonary stenosis and extended into the right ventricular myocardium, causing a right bundle-branch block. At first the tumour seemed to be restricted to the endothelium of the pulmonary vascular bed, but it later infiltrated the interstitium and bronchi, cuasing dyspnoea and haemoptysis. After surgical removal of the tumour and reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract, the patient was free of symptoms for 14 months. However, rapid tumour growth in the pulmonary arterial system, lung interstitium and right ventricle subsequently recurred. Deep radiotherapy did not cause the tumour to regress.", "contents": "Haemangiosarcoma of the pulmonary valve presenting as a pulmonary stenosis. A case report. Intractable congestive cardiac failure, unexplained arrhythmias, changes in the cardiac silhouette and murmurs which change with position are all features which should arouse suspicion of a cardiac tumour. A case of intracardiac haemangiosarcoma of endothelial origin is discussed. The tumour presented as a pulmonary stenosis and extended into the right ventricular myocardium, causing a right bundle-branch block. At first the tumour seemed to be restricted to the endothelium of the pulmonary vascular bed, but it later infiltrated the interstitium and bronchi, cuasing dyspnoea and haemoptysis. After surgical removal of the tumour and reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract, the patient was free of symptoms for 14 months. However, rapid tumour growth in the pulmonary arterial system, lung interstitium and right ventricle subsequently recurred. Deep radiotherapy did not cause the tumour to regress.", "PMID": 570727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9146", "title": "Histoplasmosis in the Cape Province. A report of the second known outbreak.", "content": "Histoplasmosis is a rare disease in the Cape Province. The diagnosis of acute disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient who presented at Groote Schuur Hospital 3 weeks after a caving expedition, led to the identification of acute benign pulmonary histoplasmosis in 9 other people who had explored the same cave. Possible explanations for this outbreak are discussed.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis in the Cape Province. A report of the second known outbreak. Histoplasmosis is a rare disease in the Cape Province. The diagnosis of acute disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient who presented at Groote Schuur Hospital 3 weeks after a caving expedition, led to the identification of acute benign pulmonary histoplasmosis in 9 other people who had explored the same cave. Possible explanations for this outbreak are discussed.", "PMID": 570729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9147", "title": "Unusual presentation of choriocarcinoma. A case report.", "content": "We report the management of a case of malignant trophoblastic disease which presented initially as a haematemesis and melaena from a gastric metastasis. The patient had had a tubal sterilization 4 years previously. The management of trophoblastic disease in general is also discussed, and the importance of chemotherapy is stressed.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of choriocarcinoma. A case report. We report the management of a case of malignant trophoblastic disease which presented initially as a haematemesis and melaena from a gastric metastasis. The patient had had a tubal sterilization 4 years previously. The management of trophoblastic disease in general is also discussed, and the importance of chemotherapy is stressed.", "PMID": 570730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9148", "title": "Severe intravascular hemolysis after triple valve replacement: cure by replacement of aortic and mitral valves with porcine xenografts.", "content": "A case report of a patient with a triple cardiac valve replacement complicated by severe postoperative intravascular hemolysis is presented. The patient had neither prosthetic valvular dysfunction nor paravalvular leak and had an excellent hemodynamic response to the operation. Despite intensive medical management, the patient required transfusions of 500 ml of blood every 3 weeks. Replacement of the aortic and mitral prostheses with porcine xenografts alleviated the problem. When a patient requires triple valve replacement, the use of homograft or heterograft valves should be seriously considered as a means of minimizing this potential complication.", "contents": "Severe intravascular hemolysis after triple valve replacement: cure by replacement of aortic and mitral valves with porcine xenografts. A case report of a patient with a triple cardiac valve replacement complicated by severe postoperative intravascular hemolysis is presented. The patient had neither prosthetic valvular dysfunction nor paravalvular leak and had an excellent hemodynamic response to the operation. Despite intensive medical management, the patient required transfusions of 500 ml of blood every 3 weeks. Replacement of the aortic and mitral prostheses with porcine xenografts alleviated the problem. When a patient requires triple valve replacement, the use of homograft or heterograft valves should be seriously considered as a means of minimizing this potential complication.", "PMID": 570732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9149", "title": "Microtubules and actin in giant nerve fibers of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus.", "content": "Giant axons of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, are filled with microtubules that are decorated with fine, irregular filaments. Mitochondria and membrane-limited clear vesicles are the only other distinguishable elements in the axoplasm and are located around the periphery of the axon near the axolemma. Neither 100 A neurofilaments nor 70 A microfilaments are evident in fixed, intact axons or in negatively stained axoplasm. Actin-like microfilaments are a prominent constituent of the glial cells that closely ensheathe the axons, and gel electrophoresis studies suggest that most of the actin in the nerve fibers is located in the glia rather than in the axons. Studies of isolated axoplasm indicate that microtubules are the primary elements stabilizing the axoplasm. The microtubules in the isolated axoplasm are disrupted by Ca2+ in the medium in the presence of protease inhibitors.", "contents": "Microtubules and actin in giant nerve fibers of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Giant axons of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, are filled with microtubules that are decorated with fine, irregular filaments. Mitochondria and membrane-limited clear vesicles are the only other distinguishable elements in the axoplasm and are located around the periphery of the axon near the axolemma. Neither 100 A neurofilaments nor 70 A microfilaments are evident in fixed, intact axons or in negatively stained axoplasm. Actin-like microfilaments are a prominent constituent of the glial cells that closely ensheathe the axons, and gel electrophoresis studies suggest that most of the actin in the nerve fibers is located in the glia rather than in the axons. Studies of isolated axoplasm indicate that microtubules are the primary elements stabilizing the axoplasm. The microtubules in the isolated axoplasm are disrupted by Ca2+ in the medium in the presence of protease inhibitors.", "PMID": 570745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9150", "title": "Spreading of vascular endothelial cells in culture: spatial reorganization of cytoplasmic fibers and organelles.", "content": "The three-dimensional organization and fine structure of cytoplasmic components within whole non-embedded bovine aortic endothelial cells were examined during their attachment and spreading in tissue culture. Cells were cultured directly on Formvar-coated gold grids, fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, critical point dried and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using stereoscopic methods, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Reorganization of cytoplasmic structures during cell spreading occurred in four sequential stages: (1) spreading of the plasma membrane and unstructured cytoplasmic matrix; (2) spreading of cytoplasmic fiber systems (microtubules, microfilament bundles and microtrabecular system); (3) alignment of microfilament bundles and formation of radial tracts of microtubules; and (4) centripetal movement of organelles along radial tracts. These stages observed by TEM correlated with progressive degrees of cell flattening as visualized by SEM. These studies demonstrate that a characteristic reorganization of intracellular fiber systems and organelles accompanies the spreading of endothelial cells in culture.", "contents": "Spreading of vascular endothelial cells in culture: spatial reorganization of cytoplasmic fibers and organelles. The three-dimensional organization and fine structure of cytoplasmic components within whole non-embedded bovine aortic endothelial cells were examined during their attachment and spreading in tissue culture. Cells were cultured directly on Formvar-coated gold grids, fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, critical point dried and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using stereoscopic methods, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Reorganization of cytoplasmic structures during cell spreading occurred in four sequential stages: (1) spreading of the plasma membrane and unstructured cytoplasmic matrix; (2) spreading of cytoplasmic fiber systems (microtubules, microfilament bundles and microtrabecular system); (3) alignment of microfilament bundles and formation of radial tracts of microtubules; and (4) centripetal movement of organelles along radial tracts. These stages observed by TEM correlated with progressive degrees of cell flattening as visualized by SEM. These studies demonstrate that a characteristic reorganization of intracellular fiber systems and organelles accompanies the spreading of endothelial cells in culture.", "PMID": 570746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9151", "title": "Formaldehyde-induced appearance of septate junctions between digestive vacuoles.", "content": "Tissue biopsies from (1) some chronic inflammatory diseases, (2) a necrotic tumoral process, (3) normal human lymphatic ganglia, and (4) two congenital diseases of the adrenal cortex were selected for study. A block from each biopsy was fixed in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde; a second block was fixed in 10% formaldehyde. In all cases septate junctions between digestive vacuoles did occur in phagocytic cells and some adrenal cortex cells fixed in formaldehyde. These junctions were similar to those reported recently for malakoplakia phagocytes. Consistently, they were not found to attach organelles other than lysosomes derivatives. Both phagocytes and adrenal cortex cells in the material fixed in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde did not display adhesive specializations between digestive vacuoles. This suggests that the septate junctions described herein are artifactuous structures induced by formaldehyde. There is, however, a certain degree of specificity of cells having the capability of developing these septate junctions. It is assumed that the coating material of digestive organelles in phogocytes and some other cells would be responsible for both cell specificity and organelle specificity of the formaldehyde-induced septate junctions.", "contents": "Formaldehyde-induced appearance of septate junctions between digestive vacuoles. Tissue biopsies from (1) some chronic inflammatory diseases, (2) a necrotic tumoral process, (3) normal human lymphatic ganglia, and (4) two congenital diseases of the adrenal cortex were selected for study. A block from each biopsy was fixed in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde; a second block was fixed in 10% formaldehyde. In all cases septate junctions between digestive vacuoles did occur in phagocytic cells and some adrenal cortex cells fixed in formaldehyde. These junctions were similar to those reported recently for malakoplakia phagocytes. Consistently, they were not found to attach organelles other than lysosomes derivatives. Both phagocytes and adrenal cortex cells in the material fixed in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde did not display adhesive specializations between digestive vacuoles. This suggests that the septate junctions described herein are artifactuous structures induced by formaldehyde. There is, however, a certain degree of specificity of cells having the capability of developing these septate junctions. It is assumed that the coating material of digestive organelles in phogocytes and some other cells would be responsible for both cell specificity and organelle specificity of the formaldehyde-induced septate junctions.", "PMID": 570747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9152", "title": "Urethrocystometric findings in urgency.", "content": "15 women with chronic urgency have been examined with simultaneous urethrocystometry during an exacerbation of their disease. A thin microtip transducer catheter was used for pressure registrations. Both the bladder pressure and the maximal urethral pressure in the erect position were recorded during slow filling of the bladder. Although the patients had severe symptoms of frequency and in some cases urge incontinence in daily life, bladder capacity was almost normal. The desire to void appeared early but was not accompanied by a rise in bladder pressure. Even when the patients felt violent tenesmi, the bladder pressure curve remained completely calm. Only the urethral pressure reacted, with rapid rises and falls of 20--40 mm Hg, as the patients desperately tried to hold urine. Thus, no detrusor activity, but only a certain instability of the urethral pressure accompanied the subjectively imperious desire to void in urgency.", "contents": "Urethrocystometric findings in urgency. 15 women with chronic urgency have been examined with simultaneous urethrocystometry during an exacerbation of their disease. A thin microtip transducer catheter was used for pressure registrations. Both the bladder pressure and the maximal urethral pressure in the erect position were recorded during slow filling of the bladder. Although the patients had severe symptoms of frequency and in some cases urge incontinence in daily life, bladder capacity was almost normal. The desire to void appeared early but was not accompanied by a rise in bladder pressure. Even when the patients felt violent tenesmi, the bladder pressure curve remained completely calm. Only the urethral pressure reacted, with rapid rises and falls of 20--40 mm Hg, as the patients desperately tried to hold urine. Thus, no detrusor activity, but only a certain instability of the urethral pressure accompanied the subjectively imperious desire to void in urgency.", "PMID": 570752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9153", "title": "[Cellular reactions of immunocytes against prostate carcinoma and their clinical relevance (author's transl)].", "content": "The body's intrinsic defence against cancer depends mainly on cells of the lymphatic and reticulo-endothelial system, recognisable by an infiltration of mononuclear round cells into tumour tissue. In contrast to bladder carcinoma, cellular immune defence reactions to prostate carcinoma are only regularly observed when the tumour has broken through the capsule, or when distant metastases are present. This observation may be explained by the absence of an intrinsic lymphatic vascular system in the prostate. In contrast to bladder carcinoma, cellular immune defence reactions have no clinical significance in the later stages of prostate carcinoma.", "contents": "[Cellular reactions of immunocytes against prostate carcinoma and their clinical relevance (author's transl)]. The body's intrinsic defence against cancer depends mainly on cells of the lymphatic and reticulo-endothelial system, recognisable by an infiltration of mononuclear round cells into tumour tissue. In contrast to bladder carcinoma, cellular immune defence reactions to prostate carcinoma are only regularly observed when the tumour has broken through the capsule, or when distant metastases are present. This observation may be explained by the absence of an intrinsic lymphatic vascular system in the prostate. In contrast to bladder carcinoma, cellular immune defence reactions have no clinical significance in the later stages of prostate carcinoma.", "PMID": 570753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9154", "title": "Cultures from different parts of the urethra in female urethral syndrome.", "content": "It is a common belief that the female urethral syndrome is an infectious disease, caused by ascending vestibular microorganisms or bacteria harboured in the paraurethral glands. To study the flora of different parts of the urethra in patients with urgency, cultures were obtained in 36 cases from the proximal urethra, the external urethral opening, the distal urethra after paraurethral massage and from the upper vagina for comparison. All locations were dominated by lactobacillae. Enterobacteria and anaerobic bacteria occurred in approximately one third of the cases at all sites, although only in small amounts in the urethra, especially in the proximal part. The urethral and the vaginal flora resembled each other very closely. Only in a few cases did a possible pathogen reside solely in the urethra, i.e. it could not be found in the vagina or in the vestibular flora. On the whole, no appreciable amount of any microorganism was present in the urethra or in secretion from the paraurethral glands. The clinical significance which a very small amount of enterobacteria or anaerobes may have in these locations remains to be established.", "contents": "Cultures from different parts of the urethra in female urethral syndrome. It is a common belief that the female urethral syndrome is an infectious disease, caused by ascending vestibular microorganisms or bacteria harboured in the paraurethral glands. To study the flora of different parts of the urethra in patients with urgency, cultures were obtained in 36 cases from the proximal urethra, the external urethral opening, the distal urethra after paraurethral massage and from the upper vagina for comparison. All locations were dominated by lactobacillae. Enterobacteria and anaerobic bacteria occurred in approximately one third of the cases at all sites, although only in small amounts in the urethra, especially in the proximal part. The urethral and the vaginal flora resembled each other very closely. Only in a few cases did a possible pathogen reside solely in the urethra, i.e. it could not be found in the vagina or in the vestibular flora. On the whole, no appreciable amount of any microorganism was present in the urethra or in secretion from the paraurethral glands. The clinical significance which a very small amount of enterobacteria or anaerobes may have in these locations remains to be established.", "PMID": 570754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9155", "title": "[On the treatment of the osteodystrophia deformans (Paget's disease) with synthetic salmon calcitonin (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixteen patients with Paget's disease of bone aged from 51 to 80 years was treated daily with 20 micrograms (equivalent to 80 MRCU) synthetic salmon calcitonin. Fourteen patients was observed on a long time. In all cases was observed significant reductions in increased serum alkaline phosphatase. The urinary hydroxyproline excretion was also decreased. Other laboratory dates as serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum acide phosphatase, urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion was not significantly influenced by the therapy. The treatment produced a clear remission of pain. After treatment of 6 months the dose was reduced (2 or 3 injections subcutaneously of 20 micrograms salmon calcitonin weekly). There was observed a recurrence of pain and an increase of serum alkaline phosphatase, but not until the pretreatment values. These results confirm the effectiveness of calcitonin treatment in Paget's disease of bone.", "contents": "[On the treatment of the osteodystrophia deformans (Paget's disease) with synthetic salmon calcitonin (author's transl)]. Sixteen patients with Paget's disease of bone aged from 51 to 80 years was treated daily with 20 micrograms (equivalent to 80 MRCU) synthetic salmon calcitonin. Fourteen patients was observed on a long time. In all cases was observed significant reductions in increased serum alkaline phosphatase. The urinary hydroxyproline excretion was also decreased. Other laboratory dates as serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum acide phosphatase, urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion was not significantly influenced by the therapy. The treatment produced a clear remission of pain. After treatment of 6 months the dose was reduced (2 or 3 injections subcutaneously of 20 micrograms salmon calcitonin weekly). There was observed a recurrence of pain and an increase of serum alkaline phosphatase, but not until the pretreatment values. These results confirm the effectiveness of calcitonin treatment in Paget's disease of bone.", "PMID": 570764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9156", "title": "[Activity and isoenzyme composition of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in the blood and erythrocytes of newborn children with hemolytic disease].", "content": "Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were considerably increased in blood serum of healthy children within the first 10 hrs after their birth. Content of LDH4 and LDH5 isoenzymes was increased, along with a decrease in LDH1 content, in blood serum. Differences in LDH isozyme spectra between blood serum and hemolysate in healthy newborns became more distinct within the perinatal period. In blood serum of newborns with hemolytic disease high activity of LDH and MDH was found immediately after birth. As distinct from healthy children, high content of LDH1 and very low concentrations of LDH4 and LDH5 were observed in blood serum of the impaired children within the perinatal period. The dissimilarity in LDH spectra became less distinct in blood serum and hemolysate of children with hemolytic disease. The composition of MDH isoenzymes was not distinctly altered in blood serum and hemolysate of both healthy and impaired newborn children within the perinatal period.", "contents": "[Activity and isoenzyme composition of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in the blood and erythrocytes of newborn children with hemolytic disease]. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were considerably increased in blood serum of healthy children within the first 10 hrs after their birth. Content of LDH4 and LDH5 isoenzymes was increased, along with a decrease in LDH1 content, in blood serum. Differences in LDH isozyme spectra between blood serum and hemolysate in healthy newborns became more distinct within the perinatal period. In blood serum of newborns with hemolytic disease high activity of LDH and MDH was found immediately after birth. As distinct from healthy children, high content of LDH1 and very low concentrations of LDH4 and LDH5 were observed in blood serum of the impaired children within the perinatal period. The dissimilarity in LDH spectra became less distinct in blood serum and hemolysate of children with hemolytic disease. The composition of MDH isoenzymes was not distinctly altered in blood serum and hemolysate of both healthy and impaired newborn children within the perinatal period.", "PMID": 570758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9157", "title": "[Gynecomastia--an indication of a malignant chorionepithelioma in the male].", "content": "The course of the disease in a 26-year-old patient showed that also an endocrinological clinical picture may be the basis of a gynaecomastia. Here the symptom gynaecomastia was bilaterally conditioned by a malignant chorion epithelioma. By this tumour a feminisation with gynaecomastia, atrophy of the testicles and positive HCG-test developes. The ascertainment of the diagnosis is possible with the help of the HCG-test. In the early diagnosis of a malignant chorion epithelioma new therapeutic consequences arise by cytostatic drugs.", "contents": "[Gynecomastia--an indication of a malignant chorionepithelioma in the male]. The course of the disease in a 26-year-old patient showed that also an endocrinological clinical picture may be the basis of a gynaecomastia. Here the symptom gynaecomastia was bilaterally conditioned by a malignant chorion epithelioma. By this tumour a feminisation with gynaecomastia, atrophy of the testicles and positive HCG-test developes. The ascertainment of the diagnosis is possible with the help of the HCG-test. In the early diagnosis of a malignant chorion epithelioma new therapeutic consequences arise by cytostatic drugs.", "PMID": 570765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9158", "title": "[Paradoxical intervention technics in psychotherapy--can the brief therapy model of the Palo-Alto--group serve as a contribution to the broadening of psychotherapeutic treatment methods, especially in behavior therapy].", "content": "This article examines the question, if - in spite of the theoretical inadequacies and insufficient reproducibility of the therapy-model and its treatment methods that Watzlawick et al. described in L\u00f6sungen - an analysis of concrete treatment examples could yield suitable therapeutic techniques to broaden the interventional spectrum of psychotherapy, especially of behavioral oriented forms. The result of the analysis is negative.", "contents": "[Paradoxical intervention technics in psychotherapy--can the brief therapy model of the Palo-Alto--group serve as a contribution to the broadening of psychotherapeutic treatment methods, especially in behavior therapy]. This article examines the question, if - in spite of the theoretical inadequacies and insufficient reproducibility of the therapy-model and its treatment methods that Watzlawick et al. described in L\u00f6sungen - an analysis of concrete treatment examples could yield suitable therapeutic techniques to broaden the interventional spectrum of psychotherapy, especially of behavioral oriented forms. The result of the analysis is negative.", "PMID": 570767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9159", "title": "[Echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies on the influence of verapamil in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "15 patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were studied by m-mode echocardiography and 9 of them also by left heart catheterism before and after 10 mg Verpamil. The following results were obtained: 1. The systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the mitral valve was reduced (p less than 0.005), 2. the enddiastolic and endsystolic diameter were increased (p less than 0.02 and 0.05 respectively), 3. the EF-slope remained unchanged. 4. The left ventricular systolic pressure was reduced (p less than 0.025) and the gradient diminished from an average value of 58 to 34 mmHg (p less than 0.02), 5. heart rate and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure remained constant. The results of this acute study suggest a beneficial effect of Verpamil in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies on the influence of verapamil in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. 15 patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were studied by m-mode echocardiography and 9 of them also by left heart catheterism before and after 10 mg Verpamil. The following results were obtained: 1. The systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the mitral valve was reduced (p less than 0.005), 2. the enddiastolic and endsystolic diameter were increased (p less than 0.02 and 0.05 respectively), 3. the EF-slope remained unchanged. 4. The left ventricular systolic pressure was reduced (p less than 0.025) and the gradient diminished from an average value of 58 to 34 mmHg (p less than 0.02), 5. heart rate and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure remained constant. The results of this acute study suggest a beneficial effect of Verpamil in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 570768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9160", "title": "[Psychosomatic symptoms and functional disorders in migrant workers--Japanese and Greeks in Germany and Germans abroad].", "content": "An epidemiologic pilot-study of Greek, Japanese and German workers in foreign countries investigates genesis, frequency and characteristic symptomatology of psychosomatic and functional disorders. Social change as pathogenic stressor as well as psychopathologic consequences on behavior were demonstrated in the context of the life-change-unit research. The increase of psychosomatic disorders corresponds with intense homesickness reactions which can change in hypochondriacal depression. Psychopathology of intense homesickness, prejudices and other factors which prevent from adequate integration in a new environmental setting were delineated as well as prophylactic-psychosocial and therapeutic procedures.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic symptoms and functional disorders in migrant workers--Japanese and Greeks in Germany and Germans abroad]. An epidemiologic pilot-study of Greek, Japanese and German workers in foreign countries investigates genesis, frequency and characteristic symptomatology of psychosomatic and functional disorders. Social change as pathogenic stressor as well as psychopathologic consequences on behavior were demonstrated in the context of the life-change-unit research. The increase of psychosomatic disorders corresponds with intense homesickness reactions which can change in hypochondriacal depression. Psychopathology of intense homesickness, prejudices and other factors which prevent from adequate integration in a new environmental setting were delineated as well as prophylactic-psychosocial and therapeutic procedures.", "PMID": 570780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9161", "title": "Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas.", "content": "In many primate species, more males than females leave their natal group and transfer to another. In man, chimpanzee and the gorilla, however, the reverse is the case. This paper presents detailed data for the gorilla on individuals' movements into and out of breeding units. Comparisons are made with other primates, and with data on two non-primate species in which females rather than males move between breeding units. Proximate causes and functions of emigration and transfer are considered, and the reasons (proximate and evolutionary) for the observed sex differences in frequency of movement are discussed.", "contents": "Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. In many primate species, more males than females leave their natal group and transfer to another. In man, chimpanzee and the gorilla, however, the reverse is the case. This paper presents detailed data for the gorilla on individuals' movements into and out of breeding units. Comparisons are made with other primates, and with data on two non-primate species in which females rather than males move between breeding units. Proximate causes and functions of emigration and transfer are considered, and the reasons (proximate and evolutionary) for the observed sex differences in frequency of movement are discussed.", "PMID": 570781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9162", "title": "[Treatment of female stress incontinence. Direct vaginal urethrocystopexy using D. Alessandrescu's method].", "content": "In cases of urinary stress incontinence the urethrocystopexy in the vaginal route by the technique of Dan Alessandrescu is described. After 2-10 years 98% out of 489 patients were cured.", "contents": "[Treatment of female stress incontinence. Direct vaginal urethrocystopexy using D. Alessandrescu's method]. In cases of urinary stress incontinence the urethrocystopexy in the vaginal route by the technique of Dan Alessandrescu is described. After 2-10 years 98% out of 489 patients were cured.", "PMID": 570782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9163", "title": "[Treatment of hyperprolactinemic conditions with bromoergocryptine].", "content": "Ten hyperprolactinemic patients were treated by a daily dose of 5 mg bromergocryptine (Parlodel, Sandoz). The prolactine concentration in the peripherial blood showed a fast declind and after two months the patients were relieved from the symptoms (galactorrhea, amenorrhea). As side-effects of the compound headache and nausea were noted.", "contents": "[Treatment of hyperprolactinemic conditions with bromoergocryptine]. Ten hyperprolactinemic patients were treated by a daily dose of 5 mg bromergocryptine (Parlodel, Sandoz). The prolactine concentration in the peripherial blood showed a fast declind and after two months the patients were relieved from the symptoms (galactorrhea, amenorrhea). As side-effects of the compound headache and nausea were noted.", "PMID": 570784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9164", "title": "[Cardiorespirography in physiologic and pathologic premature infants].", "content": "The cardiorespirography investigation, carried out in 42 premature newborn has led to the following results: 1. The narrowed undulatory zone was stated more frequently in cases of prematurely born infants, than in those of mature ones.--2. A silent zone was a typical phenomen with pathological prematurely born infants. The silent zone of type b together with tachypnoe and apnoic attacks and decelerations, prevailed within the group of infants suffering from IRDS. A typical silent zone of type a together with bradycardia, bradypnoe and apnoic attacks without decelerations was found in infants with the symptoms of intracranial haemorrhage. There were observed the silent zone of type a and of type b in cases of severe neonatal infections. But apnoic attacks with decelerations proved to be more frequent than in cases suffering from IRDS and intracranial haemorrhage. The respiratory curves showed an accentuated respiratory periodicity.--3. Whereas in cases of infants with IRDS the correction of the acid base balance brought about the correction of CRG--a gradual passage from the silent zone of type b to the undulatory one, the correction of the acid base balance did not bring about any change in the type of the silent zone within the group of cases of infants suffering from intracranial haemorrhage.--4. The cardiorespirography would therefore be suitable to be used, in relation to acid base balance values, as an additional method of establishing differential diagnosis in neonatal pathological cases.", "contents": "[Cardiorespirography in physiologic and pathologic premature infants]. The cardiorespirography investigation, carried out in 42 premature newborn has led to the following results: 1. The narrowed undulatory zone was stated more frequently in cases of prematurely born infants, than in those of mature ones.--2. A silent zone was a typical phenomen with pathological prematurely born infants. The silent zone of type b together with tachypnoe and apnoic attacks and decelerations, prevailed within the group of infants suffering from IRDS. A typical silent zone of type a together with bradycardia, bradypnoe and apnoic attacks without decelerations was found in infants with the symptoms of intracranial haemorrhage. There were observed the silent zone of type a and of type b in cases of severe neonatal infections. But apnoic attacks with decelerations proved to be more frequent than in cases suffering from IRDS and intracranial haemorrhage. The respiratory curves showed an accentuated respiratory periodicity.--3. Whereas in cases of infants with IRDS the correction of the acid base balance brought about the correction of CRG--a gradual passage from the silent zone of type b to the undulatory one, the correction of the acid base balance did not bring about any change in the type of the silent zone within the group of cases of infants suffering from intracranial haemorrhage.--4. The cardiorespirography would therefore be suitable to be used, in relation to acid base balance values, as an additional method of establishing differential diagnosis in neonatal pathological cases.", "PMID": 570783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9165", "title": "[Effect of homogenates of the substania grisea and alba from a syngeneic brain on the immune response in intact and thymectomized mice].", "content": "Experiments on mice CBA demonstrated homogenate of the grey (cortex) substance of syngenous brain to contain components restoring the T-cells population of the spleen in thymectomized animals and producing a stimulating effect on the immune response to SRBC. Homogenate of the white matter possessed a much lesser activity; it is not excluded that it was connected with the admixture of grey matter in the preparation. Homogenate of syngenous muscle tissue possessed no biological activity.", "contents": "[Effect of homogenates of the substania grisea and alba from a syngeneic brain on the immune response in intact and thymectomized mice]. Experiments on mice CBA demonstrated homogenate of the grey (cortex) substance of syngenous brain to contain components restoring the T-cells population of the spleen in thymectomized animals and producing a stimulating effect on the immune response to SRBC. Homogenate of the white matter possessed a much lesser activity; it is not excluded that it was connected with the admixture of grey matter in the preparation. Homogenate of syngenous muscle tissue possessed no biological activity.", "PMID": 570786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9166", "title": "Critical polytraumatization of a patient by a low-velocity gunshot. Case report.", "content": "A case report of a 15-year-old boy hit by a single low-velocity gun shot is presented. He sustained injuries to the small bowel, colon, appendix, iliac vessels, femoral nerve and ureter. The injury mechanism and the treatment are discussed, and the importance of exploring a retroperitoneal hematoma is emphasized.", "contents": "Critical polytraumatization of a patient by a low-velocity gunshot. Case report. A case report of a 15-year-old boy hit by a single low-velocity gun shot is presented. He sustained injuries to the small bowel, colon, appendix, iliac vessels, femoral nerve and ureter. The injury mechanism and the treatment are discussed, and the importance of exploring a retroperitoneal hematoma is emphasized.", "PMID": 570787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9167", "title": "Diurnal variations of prolactin in the plasma of maturing female rats bearing hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Previous evidence from our laboratory suggested a possible involvement of prolactin (PRL) in the induction of precocious puberty due to hypothalamic lesions in maturing female rats. In the present report the concentrations of PRL in plasma of lesioned and control rats were determined three times a day at three different periods of puberty. Lesions were produced in 20 day-old rats by a radiofrequency current in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). Intact littermates were used as control. Respectively 23, 25 and 28 day-old lesioned and control rats were bled at 08.00, 12.00 or 16.00 h. PRL levels, measured by RIA were determined from plasma aliquots. In control rats, elevated plasma PRL levels were found in the afternoon. Hypothalamic lesion induced a tendency to elevate tonically the PRL plasma concentrations which was evident at 16.00 h in 23 and 25 day-old rats and at 08.00 and 12.00 h in 28 day-old rats. The present results give additional support to our previous suggestion that PRL secretion is modified by the effect of lesions in the AHA.", "contents": "Diurnal variations of prolactin in the plasma of maturing female rats bearing hypothalamic lesions. Previous evidence from our laboratory suggested a possible involvement of prolactin (PRL) in the induction of precocious puberty due to hypothalamic lesions in maturing female rats. In the present report the concentrations of PRL in plasma of lesioned and control rats were determined three times a day at three different periods of puberty. Lesions were produced in 20 day-old rats by a radiofrequency current in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). Intact littermates were used as control. Respectively 23, 25 and 28 day-old lesioned and control rats were bled at 08.00, 12.00 or 16.00 h. PRL levels, measured by RIA were determined from plasma aliquots. In control rats, elevated plasma PRL levels were found in the afternoon. Hypothalamic lesion induced a tendency to elevate tonically the PRL plasma concentrations which was evident at 16.00 h in 23 and 25 day-old rats and at 08.00 and 12.00 h in 28 day-old rats. The present results give additional support to our previous suggestion that PRL secretion is modified by the effect of lesions in the AHA.", "PMID": 570790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9168", "title": "The effect of food intake on insulin receptor in man.", "content": "Insulin binding to circulating monocytes was studied in 22 normal volunteers before and 1, 3 and 5 h after a 1400 Kcal meal. Results indicate that 3 h after food intake there is an increase in the specific cell binding fraction (P less than 0.001) with a change in receptor affinity. Data emerging from the present study demonstrate that there are rapid changes in insulin receptor properties during the day. These changes probably play a role in the regulation of the hormonal and metabolic pattern in normal subjects.", "contents": "The effect of food intake on insulin receptor in man. Insulin binding to circulating monocytes was studied in 22 normal volunteers before and 1, 3 and 5 h after a 1400 Kcal meal. Results indicate that 3 h after food intake there is an increase in the specific cell binding fraction (P less than 0.001) with a change in receptor affinity. Data emerging from the present study demonstrate that there are rapid changes in insulin receptor properties during the day. These changes probably play a role in the regulation of the hormonal and metabolic pattern in normal subjects.", "PMID": 570791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9169", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of a binding protein for insulin-like activity (ILAs) in human amniotic fluid: a possible inhibitor of insulin-like activity.", "content": "An insulin radioreceptor assay (INS-RRA) and an insulin-like activity radioreceptor assay (ILAs-RRA) have been utilized to partially purify and characterize a protein from human amniotic fluid with ILAs-RRA reactivity. An acid-ethanol soluble protein with an apparent molecular weight of 34,500 daltons by calibrated Sephadex chromatography and an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.7 accounts for all of the ILA'S-RRA reactivity present in human amniotic fluid. Since this protein has been found to be a binding protein for ILAs, but not insulin, it has been termed amniotic fluid binding protein or AFBP. AFBP is reactive in a non-parallel manner in the ILAs-RRA and totally inactive in the INS-RRA. The activity of AFBP in the ILAs-RRA is thus to the competition of AFBP with the placental membrane receptor for the [125I]ILAs tracer employed in the ILA'S-RRA. AFBP inhibits the activity of employed insulin, in the INS-RRA, presumably by binding ILAs, while being inactive itself. In two biological assays studied to date, the rat epididymal fat pad assay and the rabbit chondrocyte sulphation assay, AFBP also inhibits the activity of added ILAs. These observations raise the possibility that binding protein(s) for insulin-like peptides may function as inhibitors of their bioactivity in different physiologic and pathologic states. The relation of AFBP to binding protein(s) in human plasma remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of a binding protein for insulin-like activity (ILAs) in human amniotic fluid: a possible inhibitor of insulin-like activity. An insulin radioreceptor assay (INS-RRA) and an insulin-like activity radioreceptor assay (ILAs-RRA) have been utilized to partially purify and characterize a protein from human amniotic fluid with ILAs-RRA reactivity. An acid-ethanol soluble protein with an apparent molecular weight of 34,500 daltons by calibrated Sephadex chromatography and an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.7 accounts for all of the ILA'S-RRA reactivity present in human amniotic fluid. Since this protein has been found to be a binding protein for ILAs, but not insulin, it has been termed amniotic fluid binding protein or AFBP. AFBP is reactive in a non-parallel manner in the ILAs-RRA and totally inactive in the INS-RRA. The activity of AFBP in the ILAs-RRA is thus to the competition of AFBP with the placental membrane receptor for the [125I]ILAs tracer employed in the ILA'S-RRA. AFBP inhibits the activity of employed insulin, in the INS-RRA, presumably by binding ILAs, while being inactive itself. In two biological assays studied to date, the rat epididymal fat pad assay and the rabbit chondrocyte sulphation assay, AFBP also inhibits the activity of added ILAs. These observations raise the possibility that binding protein(s) for insulin-like peptides may function as inhibitors of their bioactivity in different physiologic and pathologic states. The relation of AFBP to binding protein(s) in human plasma remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 570792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9170", "title": "Secretion of proteins, androgen binding protein and oestradiol by Sertoli cells in culture: effects of serum.", "content": "Effects of chicken- and foetal calf serum on secretion products of Sertoli cells have been investigated. At day 5 or 6 of culture, Sertoli cells incubated with 1% chicken serum secreted significantly more androgen binding protein (ABP) than cells cultured in media without chicken serum. This effect of chicken serum was smaller than that of chicken serum together with FSH and testosterone. Addition of 1% chicken serum or foetal calf serum stimulated the incorporation of [3H]leucine in secreted proteins by Sertoli cells. Secretion of oestradiol-17 beta (Oe2) was stimulated by addition of foetal calf serum. However, chicken serum did not stimulate the secretion of Oe2 even in the presence of extra added testosterone. The nature of the compounds in the sera responsible for these effects is unknown, but the effects cannot simply be explained by the presence of FSH or androgens. The results indicate that compounds other than FSH and androgens may influence Sertoli cell function. Evidence has been obtained that a serum component with a molecular weight of less than 5000 may be involved in the stimulation of Oe2 production.", "contents": "Secretion of proteins, androgen binding protein and oestradiol by Sertoli cells in culture: effects of serum. Effects of chicken- and foetal calf serum on secretion products of Sertoli cells have been investigated. At day 5 or 6 of culture, Sertoli cells incubated with 1% chicken serum secreted significantly more androgen binding protein (ABP) than cells cultured in media without chicken serum. This effect of chicken serum was smaller than that of chicken serum together with FSH and testosterone. Addition of 1% chicken serum or foetal calf serum stimulated the incorporation of [3H]leucine in secreted proteins by Sertoli cells. Secretion of oestradiol-17 beta (Oe2) was stimulated by addition of foetal calf serum. However, chicken serum did not stimulate the secretion of Oe2 even in the presence of extra added testosterone. The nature of the compounds in the sera responsible for these effects is unknown, but the effects cannot simply be explained by the presence of FSH or androgens. The results indicate that compounds other than FSH and androgens may influence Sertoli cell function. Evidence has been obtained that a serum component with a molecular weight of less than 5000 may be involved in the stimulation of Oe2 production.", "PMID": 570793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9171", "title": "Locomotor stereotypy in visually deprived kittens.", "content": "Thirty-two kittens from nine litters were observed in home-cages during the first 8 months of life. Eighteen kittens were visually deprived from birth by means of double linen hoods, while 14 served as controls. In 6 of the deprived kittens locomotor stereotypy was observed. The kittens usually shuttled along the front of the cage. The episodes of stereotypy developed fully in the fourth month of life and occupied on the average from 19 to 40 percent of observation time in different kittens. The stereotypy was not observed in any of the control kittens. It is proposed that reduction of sensory stimulation by visual deprivation evokes in some kittens a compensatory mechanism of stereotyped walking which supplies some kinesthetic and tactile stimulation.", "contents": "Locomotor stereotypy in visually deprived kittens. Thirty-two kittens from nine litters were observed in home-cages during the first 8 months of life. Eighteen kittens were visually deprived from birth by means of double linen hoods, while 14 served as controls. In 6 of the deprived kittens locomotor stereotypy was observed. The kittens usually shuttled along the front of the cage. The episodes of stereotypy developed fully in the fourth month of life and occupied on the average from 19 to 40 percent of observation time in different kittens. The stereotypy was not observed in any of the control kittens. It is proposed that reduction of sensory stimulation by visual deprivation evokes in some kittens a compensatory mechanism of stereotyped walking which supplies some kinesthetic and tactile stimulation.", "PMID": 570798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9172", "title": "The effect of raphe nuclei lesions on the rat ovarian cycle.", "content": "The effects of lesions of the median raphe or dorsal raphe nuclei on ovarian cycle were studied in rats. Lesions involving raphe nuclei decreased forebrain 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Rats with lesions of the raphe showed prolonged estrous phase as well as an increase in both the eosinophilic index and karyopycnotic index of the vaginal smears. Histological examinations revealed that lesions of both the dorsal and median raphe produced marked increase in the number of maturing and mature follicles as well as an increase in corpora lutea. The increase in uterine weight was also observed. Present results indicate that lesions of the ascending 5-HT neurons stimulate ovulation and cause an increase in the estrogenic activity. Thus, the 5-HT neurons of the raphe nuclei seem to inhibit ovulation probably due to inhibiting of the hypothalamic releasing hormones.", "contents": "The effect of raphe nuclei lesions on the rat ovarian cycle. The effects of lesions of the median raphe or dorsal raphe nuclei on ovarian cycle were studied in rats. Lesions involving raphe nuclei decreased forebrain 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Rats with lesions of the raphe showed prolonged estrous phase as well as an increase in both the eosinophilic index and karyopycnotic index of the vaginal smears. Histological examinations revealed that lesions of both the dorsal and median raphe produced marked increase in the number of maturing and mature follicles as well as an increase in corpora lutea. The increase in uterine weight was also observed. Present results indicate that lesions of the ascending 5-HT neurons stimulate ovulation and cause an increase in the estrogenic activity. Thus, the 5-HT neurons of the raphe nuclei seem to inhibit ovulation probably due to inhibiting of the hypothalamic releasing hormones.", "PMID": 570795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9173", "title": "Antiplatelet antibodies in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "The serotonin release test using platelets from a panel of donors and autologous platelets after recovery was used to detect platelet antibodies in 42 children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The test was done with sera obtained in the thrombocytopenic phase, in partial recovery, and after recovery. The test results for sera from 23 (55%) of 42 patients with thrombocytopenia were positive against platelets from the donors; 14 (61%) of 23 were positive against autologous platelets; and 28 (88%) of 32 were positive against either donor or autologous platelets. Complete recovery occurred in 17 (52%) of 33 patients whose sera had positive tests against the donor platelets at the time of diagnosis. Postrecovery sera from all patients had negative tests against donor platelets, and two (12%) had positive tests against autologous platelets. These results indicate that childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disease caused by platelet antibody that usually disappears with recovery from the thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Antiplatelet antibodies in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The serotonin release test using platelets from a panel of donors and autologous platelets after recovery was used to detect platelet antibodies in 42 children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The test was done with sera obtained in the thrombocytopenic phase, in partial recovery, and after recovery. The test results for sera from 23 (55%) of 42 patients with thrombocytopenia were positive against platelets from the donors; 14 (61%) of 23 were positive against autologous platelets; and 28 (88%) of 32 were positive against either donor or autologous platelets. Complete recovery occurred in 17 (52%) of 33 patients whose sera had positive tests against the donor platelets at the time of diagnosis. Postrecovery sera from all patients had negative tests against donor platelets, and two (12%) had positive tests against autologous platelets. These results indicate that childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disease caused by platelet antibody that usually disappears with recovery from the thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 570802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9174", "title": "Y-autosome translocation, gonadal dysgenesis, and gonadoblastoma.", "content": "A 5-year-old girl was discovered to have an abnormal karyotype with a translocation involving the Y chromosome. The primary complaint was slight physical growth retardation. Cytogenetic and endocrinologic evaluations were performed. The chromosomal complement exhibited a mosaicism: 45,X,t(Y;18)(q11;p11)/45,X0. The gonads of this patient were typical streaks containing no ova or follicles. A gonadoblastoma was present bilaterally.", "contents": "Y-autosome translocation, gonadal dysgenesis, and gonadoblastoma. A 5-year-old girl was discovered to have an abnormal karyotype with a translocation involving the Y chromosome. The primary complaint was slight physical growth retardation. Cytogenetic and endocrinologic evaluations were performed. The chromosomal complement exhibited a mosaicism: 45,X,t(Y;18)(q11;p11)/45,X0. The gonads of this patient were typical streaks containing no ova or follicles. A gonadoblastoma was present bilaterally.", "PMID": 570803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9175", "title": "Postsynaptic supersensitivity and kindling: further evidence of similarities.", "content": "Fourteen Sprague-Dawley rats of 150 to 200 g of initial weight were given either d-amphetamine or cocaine intermittently following both a drug-abuse model previously described by the author and an intermittent model for pharmacological \"kindling.\" The psychotogenic effects of the drugs were measured as stereotyped behavior utilizing standardized scales. A retest with the same drug and same protocol as the pretest stage was executed after an off-drug period of 12 weeks, demonstrating dopamine receptors hypersensitivity as measured by stereotyped behavior for both d-amphetamine and cocaine. The importance of demonstrating dopamine receptor hypersensitivity with an intermittent (kindling) drug-abuse-type model is discussed.", "contents": "Postsynaptic supersensitivity and kindling: further evidence of similarities. Fourteen Sprague-Dawley rats of 150 to 200 g of initial weight were given either d-amphetamine or cocaine intermittently following both a drug-abuse model previously described by the author and an intermittent model for pharmacological \"kindling.\" The psychotogenic effects of the drugs were measured as stereotyped behavior utilizing standardized scales. A retest with the same drug and same protocol as the pretest stage was executed after an off-drug period of 12 weeks, demonstrating dopamine receptors hypersensitivity as measured by stereotyped behavior for both d-amphetamine and cocaine. The importance of demonstrating dopamine receptor hypersensitivity with an intermittent (kindling) drug-abuse-type model is discussed.", "PMID": 570804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9176", "title": "Mosaic autosomal trisomy in cultures from spontaneous abortions.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 592 karyotyped spontaneous abortions, ten of 103 autosomal trisomies were mosaic, with a normal cell line also present. The frequency of mosaicism (10%) is much higher than that reported in Down syndrome, but similar to that reported in amniotic fluid cultures and in induced abortions. The most likely explanations for this discrepancy are (1) previous underestimation of mosaicism in live births or (2) mosaicism which is often restricted to extraembryonic fetal tissue.", "contents": "Mosaic autosomal trisomy in cultures from spontaneous abortions. In a consecutive series of 592 karyotyped spontaneous abortions, ten of 103 autosomal trisomies were mosaic, with a normal cell line also present. The frequency of mosaicism (10%) is much higher than that reported in Down syndrome, but similar to that reported in amniotic fluid cultures and in induced abortions. The most likely explanations for this discrepancy are (1) previous underestimation of mosaicism in live births or (2) mosaicism which is often restricted to extraembryonic fetal tissue.", "PMID": 570805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9177", "title": "Perinatal difficulties, head and face trauma, and child abuse in the medical histories of seriously delinquent children.", "content": "The authors compared the medical histories of incarcerated and nonincarcerated delinquent children. Incarcerated delinquent children were significantly more likely than nonincarcerated delinquents to have sustained severe head and face injury. Differences were evident by age 2. Perinatal difficulties and psychiatric impairment were also significantly more prevalent in the histories of incarcerated delinquents. Especially violent incarcerated children had more perinatal difficulties, accidents, injuries, and ward admissions than did their less violent incarcerated peers. The authors suggest that the combination of early CNS trauma, parental psychopathology, and social deprivation is responsible for the serious, often violent, delinquency that is now prevalent.", "contents": "Perinatal difficulties, head and face trauma, and child abuse in the medical histories of seriously delinquent children. The authors compared the medical histories of incarcerated and nonincarcerated delinquent children. Incarcerated delinquent children were significantly more likely than nonincarcerated delinquents to have sustained severe head and face injury. Differences were evident by age 2. Perinatal difficulties and psychiatric impairment were also significantly more prevalent in the histories of incarcerated delinquents. Especially violent incarcerated children had more perinatal difficulties, accidents, injuries, and ward admissions than did their less violent incarcerated peers. The authors suggest that the combination of early CNS trauma, parental psychopathology, and social deprivation is responsible for the serious, often violent, delinquency that is now prevalent.", "PMID": 570808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9178", "title": "Case report: Thymectomy-induced remission of acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia in an adult with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "A 57-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, atopy, and basal cell cancer of the skin developed a severe Coombs'-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia which was resistant to treatment with large doses of azathioprine, cytoxan, and prednisone. One year after transcervical thymectomy the hemolytic anemia disappeared and the patient has maintained a normal hemoglobin and negative Coombs' test without immunosuppressants even since. We believe this case report to be the first recorded instance of thymectomy-induced remission of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in an adult.", "contents": "Case report: Thymectomy-induced remission of acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia in an adult with myasthenia gravis. A 57-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, atopy, and basal cell cancer of the skin developed a severe Coombs'-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia which was resistant to treatment with large doses of azathioprine, cytoxan, and prednisone. One year after transcervical thymectomy the hemolytic anemia disappeared and the patient has maintained a normal hemoglobin and negative Coombs' test without immunosuppressants even since. We believe this case report to be the first recorded instance of thymectomy-induced remission of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in an adult.", "PMID": 570806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9179", "title": "Splenectomy and antiplatelet agents in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Ten patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were studied retrospectively. The male:female ratio was 2:3 and the median age was 27 years. Six patients were alive one-half to 18 years after the onset of the disease. Four of these patients underwent emergency splenectomy and received antiplatelet drugs. Of the remaining two, one responded to splenectomy and the other had received a short course of aspirin therapy. The study supports the usefulness of splenectomy and/or antiplatelet agents in the treatment of TTP.", "contents": "Splenectomy and antiplatelet agents in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ten patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were studied retrospectively. The male:female ratio was 2:3 and the median age was 27 years. Six patients were alive one-half to 18 years after the onset of the disease. Four of these patients underwent emergency splenectomy and received antiplatelet drugs. Of the remaining two, one responded to splenectomy and the other had received a short course of aspirin therapy. The study supports the usefulness of splenectomy and/or antiplatelet agents in the treatment of TTP.", "PMID": 570807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9180", "title": "Nonlethal mushroom poisoning.", "content": "The harvesting and consumption of wild mushrooms has become a popular pastime in many areas of the United States. Reports of mushroom poisonings and fatalities have been increasing since 1964. Between May 1973 and April 1978, 16 cases of mushroom poisoning were treated at our institution, including 13 within a 12-month period ending April 1978. All patients exhibited either gastrointestinal or neurologic symptoms, which responded to supportive therapy. There were no fatalities. In most cases, the clinical course can be predicted and appropriate therapy instituted if the mushroom is identified or if the interval between the ingestion and the onset of symptoms can be ascertained and certain characteristic symptoms are observed.", "contents": "Nonlethal mushroom poisoning. The harvesting and consumption of wild mushrooms has become a popular pastime in many areas of the United States. Reports of mushroom poisonings and fatalities have been increasing since 1964. Between May 1973 and April 1978, 16 cases of mushroom poisoning were treated at our institution, including 13 within a 12-month period ending April 1978. All patients exhibited either gastrointestinal or neurologic symptoms, which responded to supportive therapy. There were no fatalities. In most cases, the clinical course can be predicted and appropriate therapy instituted if the mushroom is identified or if the interval between the ingestion and the onset of symptoms can be ascertained and certain characteristic symptoms are observed.", "PMID": 570814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9181", "title": "Zoonotic Brugia filariasis in New England.", "content": "Three human infections with an animal filarial parasite of a Brugia species have been identification in residents of New England over the past 2 years. All patients were asymptomatic except for local, superficial lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis was established pathologically by the finding of immature brugia worms in the biopsied lymph nodes. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was lacking; in one patient, no lymphocyte blastogenesis to filarial antigens and no antifilarial antibodies were detectable. These cases document a wider geographic range in the Northeast for this zoonosis, which had been previously recognized in two residents of the Middle-Atlantic states. The clinical and pathologic features resulting from the worm's intralymphatic localization and the structure of the brugia worm distinguish this entity from other zoonotic filarial infections.", "contents": "Zoonotic Brugia filariasis in New England. Three human infections with an animal filarial parasite of a Brugia species have been identification in residents of New England over the past 2 years. All patients were asymptomatic except for local, superficial lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis was established pathologically by the finding of immature brugia worms in the biopsied lymph nodes. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was lacking; in one patient, no lymphocyte blastogenesis to filarial antigens and no antifilarial antibodies were detectable. These cases document a wider geographic range in the Northeast for this zoonosis, which had been previously recognized in two residents of the Middle-Atlantic states. The clinical and pathologic features resulting from the worm's intralymphatic localization and the structure of the brugia worm distinguish this entity from other zoonotic filarial infections.", "PMID": 570815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9182", "title": "Trace element content in colostrum of different ruminant species at various post-partum intervals.", "content": "The colostrum samples were collected during the period November-December at the first milking after calving (Within 4 hours post-partum) and then every 12 hours (morning and evening) for 6 days respectively from 3 Friesian cows and 3 water buffalo cows. The colostrum samples of 8 \"Gentile di Puglia\" ewes in the first three milkings after calving were also collected. During the experimental period the newborn were separated from their mothers. The Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn content in colostrum was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results are given in Figure 1 for cows and buffaloes, and in Table 1 for ewes. The trace element content during the first 6 days in both groups was higher in the moring colostrum. The mean concentrations of Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, in colostrum of the water buffaloes were higher than in that of the cows.", "contents": "Trace element content in colostrum of different ruminant species at various post-partum intervals. The colostrum samples were collected during the period November-December at the first milking after calving (Within 4 hours post-partum) and then every 12 hours (morning and evening) for 6 days respectively from 3 Friesian cows and 3 water buffalo cows. The colostrum samples of 8 \"Gentile di Puglia\" ewes in the first three milkings after calving were also collected. During the experimental period the newborn were separated from their mothers. The Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn content in colostrum was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results are given in Figure 1 for cows and buffaloes, and in Table 1 for ewes. The trace element content during the first 6 days in both groups was higher in the moring colostrum. The mean concentrations of Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, in colostrum of the water buffaloes were higher than in that of the cows.", "PMID": 570817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9183", "title": "Transfer of antibodies against the CPD virus through colostrum and milk.", "content": "Newborn lamb immunoglobulins are of maternal origin and the transfer is done exclusively by colostrum and milk (syndesmochorial placentation). Antibody levels in colostrum and in maternal serum are the same at the moment of lambing. Milk antibodies are synthesized by cells which invade the udder at the end of the milking period. We immunized ewes with C.P.D. virus during gestation or at the end of lactation and we evaluated the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies in colostrum, in milk and in the sera of the mother and lamb. We recommend vaccination during pregnancy for ewes which are not going to feed their lambs: colostral given protection persists for 3 or 4 weeks. Ewe vaccination when the udder dried up is the choice when natural suckling is used: the lamb is protected as long as it is with its mother. In the conditions used in this work the steroid injection did not interfere with colostral antibody transmission.", "contents": "Transfer of antibodies against the CPD virus through colostrum and milk. Newborn lamb immunoglobulins are of maternal origin and the transfer is done exclusively by colostrum and milk (syndesmochorial placentation). Antibody levels in colostrum and in maternal serum are the same at the moment of lambing. Milk antibodies are synthesized by cells which invade the udder at the end of the milking period. We immunized ewes with C.P.D. virus during gestation or at the end of lactation and we evaluated the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies in colostrum, in milk and in the sera of the mother and lamb. We recommend vaccination during pregnancy for ewes which are not going to feed their lambs: colostral given protection persists for 3 or 4 weeks. Ewe vaccination when the udder dried up is the choice when natural suckling is used: the lamb is protected as long as it is with its mother. In the conditions used in this work the steroid injection did not interfere with colostral antibody transmission.", "PMID": 570818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9184", "title": "Variation in immunoglobulin transfer from ewes to lambs.", "content": "The IgG1 concentrations in two-day-old lambs were significantly correlated with litter size, date of lambing, length of gestation and age of the dam. When these and other effects were allowed for significant breed differences were found, the concentrations being relatively high in Finnish Landrace, Welsh Mountain and Soay lambs, and relatively low in Border Leicester, Oxford Down and Southdown lambs. The concentrations in crossbred lambs were related to those in the parent breeds. The effects of the various factors on the yields of colostrum and total IgG1 by ewes were similar to their effects on the lamb serum concentrations. The yields were highly correlated with milk production. The heritabilities for IgG1 concentration in lambs and for total IgG1 production by ewes were estimated at 0.10 and 0.45, respectively.", "contents": "Variation in immunoglobulin transfer from ewes to lambs. The IgG1 concentrations in two-day-old lambs were significantly correlated with litter size, date of lambing, length of gestation and age of the dam. When these and other effects were allowed for significant breed differences were found, the concentrations being relatively high in Finnish Landrace, Welsh Mountain and Soay lambs, and relatively low in Border Leicester, Oxford Down and Southdown lambs. The concentrations in crossbred lambs were related to those in the parent breeds. The effects of the various factors on the yields of colostrum and total IgG1 by ewes were similar to their effects on the lamb serum concentrations. The yields were highly correlated with milk production. The heritabilities for IgG1 concentration in lambs and for total IgG1 production by ewes were estimated at 0.10 and 0.45, respectively.", "PMID": 570819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9185", "title": "[Morphological variations of rat mammary glands according to the age and the environmental factors (author's transl)].", "content": "We took the microscopic study of the mammary gland lactation as a test of prolactin (Prl) secretion in female rats. Aging is liable to cause the acini secretion in 7 females out of 17. Constant light or the repetition of stresses which are known to increase the serum Prl concentration have no effect in young females' mammary gland but always cause an abundant lactation in the 18 old females. In this test, aging and environment can be synergistic.", "contents": "[Morphological variations of rat mammary glands according to the age and the environmental factors (author's transl)]. We took the microscopic study of the mammary gland lactation as a test of prolactin (Prl) secretion in female rats. Aging is liable to cause the acini secretion in 7 females out of 17. Constant light or the repetition of stresses which are known to increase the serum Prl concentration have no effect in young females' mammary gland but always cause an abundant lactation in the 18 old females. In this test, aging and environment can be synergistic.", "PMID": 570820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9186", "title": "Acute demyelinating disease in a chimpanzee three years after inoculation of brain cells from a patient with MS.", "content": "Brain cells from a patient with classic multiple sclerosis were inoculated intracerebrally into the frontal lobe of a newborn chimpanzee. The animal developed acute quadriplegia three years, two months later and was killed four days after the onset of symptoms. Central nervous system lesions were primarily localized in the spinal cord at root entry zones; these were characterized by demyelination and regeneration of myelin by Schwann cells.", "contents": "Acute demyelinating disease in a chimpanzee three years after inoculation of brain cells from a patient with MS. Brain cells from a patient with classic multiple sclerosis were inoculated intracerebrally into the frontal lobe of a newborn chimpanzee. The animal developed acute quadriplegia three years, two months later and was killed four days after the onset of symptoms. Central nervous system lesions were primarily localized in the spinal cord at root entry zones; these were characterized by demyelination and regeneration of myelin by Schwann cells.", "PMID": 570821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9187", "title": "[Possible use of a single test culture in determining the biological activity of polyene antibiotics].", "content": "A possibility using a common test-culture in estimation of biological activity of levorin, amphotericin B, mycoheptin and nistatin was studied. It was found that C. guillier mondii, strain 40, may be used as a common test-culture. It provided satisfactory microbial growth, clear and rather large inhibition growth zones with respect to all the drugs tested.", "contents": "[Possible use of a single test culture in determining the biological activity of polyene antibiotics]. A possibility using a common test-culture in estimation of biological activity of levorin, amphotericin B, mycoheptin and nistatin was studied. It was found that C. guillier mondii, strain 40, may be used as a common test-culture. It provided satisfactory microbial growth, clear and rather large inhibition growth zones with respect to all the drugs tested.", "PMID": 570822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9188", "title": "Metastatic cancer in guinea pigs irradiated with grenz rays.", "content": "Guinea pigs were irradiated with 100, 200, or 300 rads of grenz rays four times weekly for two years (total doses were 32,600, 65,200, and 94,500 rads) and observed for an additional three years for development of cancer. Four animals of 11 developed squamous cell carcinomas. Three of the animals with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin had metastases in regional lymph nodes. The neoplastic cells showed the same degree of differentiation in the primary tumors as in lymph nodes.", "contents": "Metastatic cancer in guinea pigs irradiated with grenz rays. Guinea pigs were irradiated with 100, 200, or 300 rads of grenz rays four times weekly for two years (total doses were 32,600, 65,200, and 94,500 rads) and observed for an additional three years for development of cancer. Four animals of 11 developed squamous cell carcinomas. Three of the animals with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin had metastases in regional lymph nodes. The neoplastic cells showed the same degree of differentiation in the primary tumors as in lymph nodes.", "PMID": 570823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9189", "title": "Mineral and trace metal supplement for use with synthetic diets based on comminuted chicken.", "content": "Earlier studies (Alexander et al., 1974; Lawson et al., 1977) suggested a suitable composition for a mineral and trace metal supplement for use with synthetic diets containing some natural food. Such a mixture has been evaluated in patients receiving a diet based on comminuted chicken and has been shown to be adequate. This conclusion was based on balance experiments measuring Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, N, and P.", "contents": "Mineral and trace metal supplement for use with synthetic diets based on comminuted chicken. Earlier studies (Alexander et al., 1974; Lawson et al., 1977) suggested a suitable composition for a mineral and trace metal supplement for use with synthetic diets containing some natural food. Such a mixture has been evaluated in patients receiving a diet based on comminuted chicken and has been shown to be adequate. This conclusion was based on balance experiments measuring Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, N, and P.", "PMID": 570824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9190", "title": "The influence of increasing albumin concentrations on the determination of the binding of sulfamethoxy-pyridazine to human and bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The binding of sulfamethoxypyridazine to human and bovine serum albumin was determined at eight constant molar drug/albumin ratios for seven different albumin concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1.5%. The serum albumin concentration affects the determination of the albumin binding of the drug in two different ways. 1. The relative affinity of the albumins for the drug increases with increasing albumin concentrations, while the numbers of binding sites remain constant. 2. The association constants taken from Scatchard plots decrease with increasing albumin concentrations. It is concluded that a direct comparison of binding constants obtained with different albumin concentrations, as widely done, can lead to misinterpretations and should be avoided.", "contents": "The influence of increasing albumin concentrations on the determination of the binding of sulfamethoxy-pyridazine to human and bovine serum albumin. The binding of sulfamethoxypyridazine to human and bovine serum albumin was determined at eight constant molar drug/albumin ratios for seven different albumin concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1.5%. The serum albumin concentration affects the determination of the albumin binding of the drug in two different ways. 1. The relative affinity of the albumins for the drug increases with increasing albumin concentrations, while the numbers of binding sites remain constant. 2. The association constants taken from Scatchard plots decrease with increasing albumin concentrations. It is concluded that a direct comparison of binding constants obtained with different albumin concentrations, as widely done, can lead to misinterpretations and should be avoided.", "PMID": 570826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9191", "title": "[XY/XO mosaicism in a child with feminime phenotype manifesting internal genital ambiguity].", "content": "A 18 year old patient presented with a female phenotype and no signs of sexual maturation. The leukocyte karyotype was XY. At laparotomy, there was no uterus and the gonadal streaks had a  XY/XO mosaicism. There were rudiments of fallopian tubes and epididymis. Histologic examination of the gonads showed foci of Leydig and Sertoli cells.", "contents": "[XY/XO mosaicism in a child with feminime phenotype manifesting internal genital ambiguity]. A 18 year old patient presented with a female phenotype and no signs of sexual maturation. The leukocyte karyotype was XY. At laparotomy, there was no uterus and the gonadal streaks had a  XY/XO mosaicism. There were rudiments of fallopian tubes and epididymis. Histologic examination of the gonads showed foci of Leydig and Sertoli cells.", "PMID": 570828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9192", "title": "[Biological effects and activity threshold of a long-acting purified porcine calcitonin in the child].", "content": "The biologic effects of a purified long-acting porcine calcitonin (pTCT) were investigated in 45 children without any known renal, skeletal, endocrine, or metabolic disorder. pTCT was given as a single im injection at dose levels varying from 1 to 150 MRC u/1.73 m2. Administration of the highest dose was followed by a decrease in serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations and in tubular reabsorption of phosphorus, serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations and in tubular reabsorption of phosphorus. Mean maximal variation of serum calcium was -- 13.8 +/- 2.1 mg/l in children less than 3 years old, versus -- 8.2 +/- 0.9 mg/l (p less than 0.01) in older ones. Such an age-related differences was not observed for the hypophosphatemic action of pTCT. In 40 subjects aged 3 to 14 years the threshold for pTCT hypocalcemic activity was between 1 and 5 MRC u/1.73 m2. No significant differences in the effects on serum calcium of either 10, 25, 75 or 150 MRC u/1.73(2) m could be found. The threshold for pTCT hypophosphatemic activity was between 10 and 25 MRC u/1.73 m2 with, similary, no dose-response relationship for doses varying from 25 to 150 MRC u/1.73 m2. The present data demonstrate the high sensitivity of children, especially those younger than 3 years, to pTCT; furthermore, the lack of a dose-response relationship indicates that the pharmacological use of pTCT in pediatrics at doses higher than 10 to 25 MRC u/1.73 m2 is unnecessary.", "contents": "[Biological effects and activity threshold of a long-acting purified porcine calcitonin in the child]. The biologic effects of a purified long-acting porcine calcitonin (pTCT) were investigated in 45 children without any known renal, skeletal, endocrine, or metabolic disorder. pTCT was given as a single im injection at dose levels varying from 1 to 150 MRC u/1.73 m2. Administration of the highest dose was followed by a decrease in serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations and in tubular reabsorption of phosphorus, serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations and in tubular reabsorption of phosphorus. Mean maximal variation of serum calcium was -- 13.8 +/- 2.1 mg/l in children less than 3 years old, versus -- 8.2 +/- 0.9 mg/l (p less than 0.01) in older ones. Such an age-related differences was not observed for the hypophosphatemic action of pTCT. In 40 subjects aged 3 to 14 years the threshold for pTCT hypocalcemic activity was between 1 and 5 MRC u/1.73 m2. No significant differences in the effects on serum calcium of either 10, 25, 75 or 150 MRC u/1.73(2) m could be found. The threshold for pTCT hypophosphatemic activity was between 10 and 25 MRC u/1.73 m2 with, similary, no dose-response relationship for doses varying from 25 to 150 MRC u/1.73 m2. The present data demonstrate the high sensitivity of children, especially those younger than 3 years, to pTCT; furthermore, the lack of a dose-response relationship indicates that the pharmacological use of pTCT in pediatrics at doses higher than 10 to 25 MRC u/1.73 m2 is unnecessary.", "PMID": 570829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9193", "title": "[A technique of accelerated immunization of animals producing antivenom serum].", "content": "A technique of \"fast\" immunization, for antivenom serum production, is reported. Comparatively to the common technique, this fast method is characterized by more numerous immunizing injections (15 instead of 8) during the two first cycles of immunisation, higher venom doses and the lack of the rest period taking place between the two first cycles of immunization in the common technique. By this fast technique one may obtain a highly efficient anti-venmous serum within 2 1/2 to 3 months whereas the common technique needs 3 1/2 to 4 months to obtain the same results.", "contents": "[A technique of accelerated immunization of animals producing antivenom serum]. A technique of \"fast\" immunization, for antivenom serum production, is reported. Comparatively to the common technique, this fast method is characterized by more numerous immunizing injections (15 instead of 8) during the two first cycles of immunisation, higher venom doses and the lack of the rest period taking place between the two first cycles of immunization in the common technique. By this fast technique one may obtain a highly efficient anti-venmous serum within 2 1/2 to 3 months whereas the common technique needs 3 1/2 to 4 months to obtain the same results.", "PMID": 570825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9194", "title": "[The diagnostic reliability of the jet-wash technique with regard to the diagnostic of endometrium carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The jet-wash technique is an efficient method for diagnosing the endometrium carcinoma. Among 750 women we detected 50 endometrium carcinomata all of which were diagnosed by the jet-wash method. Wrongly positive findings do not exist in our series of examinations. Of the pre-stages of the endometrium carcinoma, such as adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ, however, only scarcely 50 per cent of all cases were diagnosed. The jet-wash method is also suited for outpatient clinics. Thus, patients with risk-factors for the endometrium carcinoma might be controlled annually once in outpatient clinics in addition to the usual cancer prophylactic examinations. Above all, we consider 1. patients suffering from bleeding anomalies as from the 40th year of age, 2. patients free from any symptoms, but suffering from obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 3. patients with an increased narcosis risk, 4. patients of the perimeno-pause prior to an estrogen treatment and 5. cancer post-care patients suffering from a primarily radiated endometrium carcinoma. The direct smears and the cytocentrifuge preparations can be diagnosed right on the day of examination. The thrombin cell block technique requires more work for a cytological laboratory. For a histological laboratory it might not mean any additional essential burden.", "contents": "[The diagnostic reliability of the jet-wash technique with regard to the diagnostic of endometrium carcinoma (author's transl)]. The jet-wash technique is an efficient method for diagnosing the endometrium carcinoma. Among 750 women we detected 50 endometrium carcinomata all of which were diagnosed by the jet-wash method. Wrongly positive findings do not exist in our series of examinations. Of the pre-stages of the endometrium carcinoma, such as adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ, however, only scarcely 50 per cent of all cases were diagnosed. The jet-wash method is also suited for outpatient clinics. Thus, patients with risk-factors for the endometrium carcinoma might be controlled annually once in outpatient clinics in addition to the usual cancer prophylactic examinations. Above all, we consider 1. patients suffering from bleeding anomalies as from the 40th year of age, 2. patients free from any symptoms, but suffering from obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 3. patients with an increased narcosis risk, 4. patients of the perimeno-pause prior to an estrogen treatment and 5. cancer post-care patients suffering from a primarily radiated endometrium carcinoma. The direct smears and the cytocentrifuge preparations can be diagnosed right on the day of examination. The thrombin cell block technique requires more work for a cytological laboratory. For a histological laboratory it might not mean any additional essential burden.", "PMID": 570831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9195", "title": "Occurrence of an endo-1,3-beta-glucanase in culture fluids of the yeast Candida utilis. Purification and characterization of the enzyme activity.", "content": "The endo-1,3-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) secreted into the culture medium by cells of Candida utilis was isolated and purified to homogeneity on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and in ultracentrifugation studies (s20,w = 1.97S). The purified enzyme represented only 0.001% of the total 1,3-beta-glucanase activity, the remainder being due to an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase enzyme, and behaved as an acidic glycoprotein (pI 3.3) in isoelectric-focusing experiments. The mol.wt. was estimated to be 21 000 by gel filtration and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Studies on the hydrolysis of different substrates showed that the enzyme was only able to break down (1 leads to 3)-beta-linkages, by an endo-splitting mechanism. Glucono-delta-lactone, D-glucoronolactone and heavy metal ions such as Hg2+ were inhibitors of the enzyme activity. The function of this endo-beta-glucanase in C. utilis is discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence of an endo-1,3-beta-glucanase in culture fluids of the yeast Candida utilis. Purification and characterization of the enzyme activity. The endo-1,3-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) secreted into the culture medium by cells of Candida utilis was isolated and purified to homogeneity on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and in ultracentrifugation studies (s20,w = 1.97S). The purified enzyme represented only 0.001% of the total 1,3-beta-glucanase activity, the remainder being due to an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase enzyme, and behaved as an acidic glycoprotein (pI 3.3) in isoelectric-focusing experiments. The mol.wt. was estimated to be 21 000 by gel filtration and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Studies on the hydrolysis of different substrates showed that the enzyme was only able to break down (1 leads to 3)-beta-linkages, by an endo-splitting mechanism. Glucono-delta-lactone, D-glucoronolactone and heavy metal ions such as Hg2+ were inhibitors of the enzyme activity. The function of this endo-beta-glucanase in C. utilis is discussed.", "PMID": 570837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9196", "title": "beta-2-Thienyl-DL-alanine as an inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase and phenylalanine intestinal transport.", "content": "The inhibitory properties of beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine on rat phenylalanine hydroxylase from crude liver and kidney homogenates were assessed in vitro and in vivo, as well as its effects on the intestinal transport of phenylalanine, by using a perfusion procedure in vivo. The apparent K(m) for liver phenylalanine hydroxylase changed from 0.61mm in the absence of the inhibitor to 2.70mm in the presence of 24mm-beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine, with no significant change in the V(max.). For kidney the corresponding values were 0.50 and 1.60mm respectively. A single dose of beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine (2mmol/kg) failed to inhibit phenylalanine hydroxylase in either organ. Repeated injections during a 4-day period caused a decline of the enzymic activity to about 40% of controls. Intestinal absorption of phenylalanine when perfused at 0.2-2.0mm concentration was also competitively inhibited by beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine. Its K(i) value was estimated at 81mm. The limited inhibitory effects of beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine towards hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase and phenylalanine intestinal transport, and its rapid metabolism, as suggested by the small elimination of this compound in the urine and its virtual absence from animal tissues, are factors that restrict its potential usefulness as an inducer of phenylketonuria in rats or as an effective blocker of phenylalanine absorption by the gut.", "contents": "beta-2-Thienyl-DL-alanine as an inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase and phenylalanine intestinal transport. The inhibitory properties of beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine on rat phenylalanine hydroxylase from crude liver and kidney homogenates were assessed in vitro and in vivo, as well as its effects on the intestinal transport of phenylalanine, by using a perfusion procedure in vivo. The apparent K(m) for liver phenylalanine hydroxylase changed from 0.61mm in the absence of the inhibitor to 2.70mm in the presence of 24mm-beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine, with no significant change in the V(max.). For kidney the corresponding values were 0.50 and 1.60mm respectively. A single dose of beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine (2mmol/kg) failed to inhibit phenylalanine hydroxylase in either organ. Repeated injections during a 4-day period caused a decline of the enzymic activity to about 40% of controls. Intestinal absorption of phenylalanine when perfused at 0.2-2.0mm concentration was also competitively inhibited by beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine. Its K(i) value was estimated at 81mm. The limited inhibitory effects of beta-2-thienyl-dl-alanine towards hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase and phenylalanine intestinal transport, and its rapid metabolism, as suggested by the small elimination of this compound in the urine and its virtual absence from animal tissues, are factors that restrict its potential usefulness as an inducer of phenylketonuria in rats or as an effective blocker of phenylalanine absorption by the gut.", "PMID": 570838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9197", "title": "Effect of anti-P1A1 antibody on human platelets. I. The role of complement.", "content": "We studied the interaction of complement with human platelets. Complement was activated by IgG anti-P1A1 antibody obtained from 3 patients with the post-transfusion purpura syndrome. We used a heparin-plasma buffer system that permits complement activation and also preserves platelet function. With this system complement activation was efficient, and platelet immune alteration was extensive. Anti-P1A1 antibody was effective only in the presence of complement, in which case both platelet lysis and serotonin release (release reaction) in the absence of lysis were observed. Platelet lysis, as assessed by 51Cr loss, required 10-fold more antibody than was necessary to induce platelet aggregation and release of 14C-serotonin. This platelet release reaction required an intact classic complement sequence through C6. The extent of platelet serotonin release parallelled the depletion of C1 and C4 from platelet-rich plasma. Concentrations of antibody insufficient to induce platelet aggregation and serotonin release could still activate C1 and deposit increased C3 on the platelet surface. These studies demonstrated that complement activation by anti-P1A1 antibody can alter human platelets in a nonlytic system. Several phases of complement-mediated human platelet alteration are possible, depending on the concentration of anti-P1A1 antibody.", "contents": "Effect of anti-P1A1 antibody on human platelets. I. The role of complement. We studied the interaction of complement with human platelets. Complement was activated by IgG anti-P1A1 antibody obtained from 3 patients with the post-transfusion purpura syndrome. We used a heparin-plasma buffer system that permits complement activation and also preserves platelet function. With this system complement activation was efficient, and platelet immune alteration was extensive. Anti-P1A1 antibody was effective only in the presence of complement, in which case both platelet lysis and serotonin release (release reaction) in the absence of lysis were observed. Platelet lysis, as assessed by 51Cr loss, required 10-fold more antibody than was necessary to induce platelet aggregation and release of 14C-serotonin. This platelet release reaction required an intact classic complement sequence through C6. The extent of platelet serotonin release parallelled the depletion of C1 and C4 from platelet-rich plasma. Concentrations of antibody insufficient to induce platelet aggregation and serotonin release could still activate C1 and deposit increased C3 on the platelet surface. These studies demonstrated that complement activation by anti-P1A1 antibody can alter human platelets in a nonlytic system. Several phases of complement-mediated human platelet alteration are possible, depending on the concentration of anti-P1A1 antibody.", "PMID": 570843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9198", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle with subvalvular aortic stenosis.", "content": "A case of double outlet right ventricle had progressive muscular subvalvular aortic stenosis unrelated to the ventricular septal defect. Ventricular systolic pressures were identical and higher than aortic, and the gradient was within the right ventricle. Selective angiocardiography showed a hypertrophied subaortic conus obstructing the right ventricular outlet. Serial haemodynamic and angiographic studies revealed progression of the subaortic stenosis which may have been related to an earlier pulmonary artery banding operation. Distal conal hypertrophy is postulated as the cause of the obstruction.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle with subvalvular aortic stenosis. A case of double outlet right ventricle had progressive muscular subvalvular aortic stenosis unrelated to the ventricular septal defect. Ventricular systolic pressures were identical and higher than aortic, and the gradient was within the right ventricle. Selective angiocardiography showed a hypertrophied subaortic conus obstructing the right ventricular outlet. Serial haemodynamic and angiographic studies revealed progression of the subaortic stenosis which may have been related to an earlier pulmonary artery banding operation. Distal conal hypertrophy is postulated as the cause of the obstruction.", "PMID": 570846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9199", "title": "Thrombocytopathy in preleukaemia: association with a defect of thromboxane A2 activity.", "content": "Platelet aggregation and the platelet prostaglandin pathway have been investigated in two patients with preleukaemic states who had a haemorrhagic tendency but a normal platelet count. In both patients platelet aggregation induced by collagen adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA) were abnormal. Malonyldiadehyde (MDA) production from exogenous AA was normal in both patients thus excluding cyclo-oxygenase deficiency. The platelet aggregating and rabbit aorta contracting activities of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) were very low in both patients. Production of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) assessed by thin layer chromatographic separation of the metabolites of [1(-14)C]AA and by radioimmunoassay, was normal. These abnormalities of platelet function appear to be due to the production of TxA2 with a low biological activity.", "contents": "Thrombocytopathy in preleukaemia: association with a defect of thromboxane A2 activity. Platelet aggregation and the platelet prostaglandin pathway have been investigated in two patients with preleukaemic states who had a haemorrhagic tendency but a normal platelet count. In both patients platelet aggregation induced by collagen adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA) were abnormal. Malonyldiadehyde (MDA) production from exogenous AA was normal in both patients thus excluding cyclo-oxygenase deficiency. The platelet aggregating and rabbit aorta contracting activities of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) were very low in both patients. Production of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) assessed by thin layer chromatographic separation of the metabolites of [1(-14)C]AA and by radioimmunoassay, was normal. These abnormalities of platelet function appear to be due to the production of TxA2 with a low biological activity.", "PMID": 570847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9200", "title": "Fertility of dairy heifers given a commercial diet free of beta-carotene.", "content": "1. Dairy heifers given concentrates including vitamin A and wheat straw from 7 to 17 months of age had an average plasma beta-carotene concentration of 20--60 micrograms/l. Control heifers given the same diet but supplemented with beta-carotene had a beta-carotene plasma concentration of 630--2190 micrograms/l. 2. In contrast to previous findings no differences in duration of standing oestrus, length of oestrous cycle, plasma progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and interval between LH peak and ovulation were observed between the groups. All the heifers conceived after one or two inseminations; conception rate being 69% for heifers given a diet free of beta-carotene and 78% for the controls. 3. Average rate of growth of heifers not supplemented with beta-carotene was 0.75+/-0.02 kg/d v. 0.81+/-0.02 kg/d for the controls (P less than or equal to 0.02). 4. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between present and previous findings are discussed.", "contents": "Fertility of dairy heifers given a commercial diet free of beta-carotene. 1. Dairy heifers given concentrates including vitamin A and wheat straw from 7 to 17 months of age had an average plasma beta-carotene concentration of 20--60 micrograms/l. Control heifers given the same diet but supplemented with beta-carotene had a beta-carotene plasma concentration of 630--2190 micrograms/l. 2. In contrast to previous findings no differences in duration of standing oestrus, length of oestrous cycle, plasma progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and interval between LH peak and ovulation were observed between the groups. All the heifers conceived after one or two inseminations; conception rate being 69% for heifers given a diet free of beta-carotene and 78% for the controls. 3. Average rate of growth of heifers not supplemented with beta-carotene was 0.75+/-0.02 kg/d v. 0.81+/-0.02 kg/d for the controls (P less than or equal to 0.02). 4. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between present and previous findings are discussed.", "PMID": 570848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9201", "title": "Critical micelle concentrations of gangliosides.", "content": "The micellar properties of mixed, bovine gangliosides and purified galactosyl-N-acetylacetylgalactosaminyl (N-acetylneuraminyl) galactosylglucosylceramide were studied by gel filtration, equilibrium dialysis, and band and boundary centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The dissociation of micelles is very slow (days) in water and required us to approach equilibrium by association of monomers rather than by the dissociation of micelles. The gangliosides were therefore first converted into very low molecular weight aggregates (1-3 molecules) by dissolving them in Me2SO. Galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosylglucosylceramide was then diluted into aqueous sucrose gradients and sedimented by the boundary centrifugation technique. This gave a sedimenting micelle and a nonsedimenting monomer concentration of (1-2) x 10-10 M (or less) which corresponds to the critical micelle concentration value. The mixed gangliosides revealed two micellar sizes (i.e., 10 and 4.5 S), the slower sedimenting species being formed from the larger one with time (days). The critical micelle concentration of the mixed gangliosides was found to be approximately 10-8 M by a gel filtration, equilibrium dialysis, and band centrifugation.", "contents": "Critical micelle concentrations of gangliosides. The micellar properties of mixed, bovine gangliosides and purified galactosyl-N-acetylacetylgalactosaminyl (N-acetylneuraminyl) galactosylglucosylceramide were studied by gel filtration, equilibrium dialysis, and band and boundary centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The dissociation of micelles is very slow (days) in water and required us to approach equilibrium by association of monomers rather than by the dissociation of micelles. The gangliosides were therefore first converted into very low molecular weight aggregates (1-3 molecules) by dissolving them in Me2SO. Galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosylglucosylceramide was then diluted into aqueous sucrose gradients and sedimented by the boundary centrifugation technique. This gave a sedimenting micelle and a nonsedimenting monomer concentration of (1-2) x 10-10 M (or less) which corresponds to the critical micelle concentration value. The mixed gangliosides revealed two micellar sizes (i.e., 10 and 4.5 S), the slower sedimenting species being formed from the larger one with time (days). The critical micelle concentration of the mixed gangliosides was found to be approximately 10-8 M by a gel filtration, equilibrium dialysis, and band centrifugation.", "PMID": 570850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9202", "title": "Reactivity of the antibodies to DNA modified by the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with native DNA modified by the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. The interactions between the purified antibodies to nDNA-AAF (or the Fab fragments) and several ligands have been studied. By radioimmunoassay, nDNA-AAF, dDNA-AAF, and GMP-AAF were found to bind to the antibodies with about the same affinity. GMP-AF interacts slightly less, and GMP and N-OH-AAF do not interact. The values of the association constants deduced from fluorescence measurements for the binding of the Fab fragments to nDNA-AAF, dDNA-AAF, and GMP-AAF, in 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.5, are of the same order of magnitude. The values of the association constants with nDNA-AAF and dDNA-AAF depend upon salt concentration. From this variation; it is deduced that 1-1.5 phosphate groups interact by charge--charge interactions with the Fab fragments. The absorption and circular dischroism spectra of GMP-AAF, nDNA-AAF, and dDNA-AAF bound to the Fab fragments show that the Fab fragments induce similar perturbation to the three ligands. These results lead to the conclusion that the immunodeterminant group is the dGMP-AAF residue.", "contents": "Reactivity of the antibodies to DNA modified by the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. Rabbits were immunized with native DNA modified by the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. The interactions between the purified antibodies to nDNA-AAF (or the Fab fragments) and several ligands have been studied. By radioimmunoassay, nDNA-AAF, dDNA-AAF, and GMP-AAF were found to bind to the antibodies with about the same affinity. GMP-AF interacts slightly less, and GMP and N-OH-AAF do not interact. The values of the association constants deduced from fluorescence measurements for the binding of the Fab fragments to nDNA-AAF, dDNA-AAF, and GMP-AAF, in 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.5, are of the same order of magnitude. The values of the association constants with nDNA-AAF and dDNA-AAF depend upon salt concentration. From this variation; it is deduced that 1-1.5 phosphate groups interact by charge--charge interactions with the Fab fragments. The absorption and circular dischroism spectra of GMP-AAF, nDNA-AAF, and dDNA-AAF bound to the Fab fragments show that the Fab fragments induce similar perturbation to the three ligands. These results lead to the conclusion that the immunodeterminant group is the dGMP-AAF residue.", "PMID": 570853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9203", "title": "High-resolution proton magnetic resonance study of porcine colipase and its interactions with taurodeoxycholate.", "content": "A high-resolution 270-MHz proton NMR study of procine colipase I has been performed, and the resonances in the aromatic region of the spectrum have been assigned to amino acid residues by pH titration and decoupling experiments. The apparent pKa values of the three tyrosines were calculated to be 10.2, 10.3, and 11.8 with one of the tyrosines having properties of a \"buried\" residue. A tentative assignment to the amino acid residues in the primary seuqence of colipase will be discussed. The effects of taurodeoxycholate (TDC) and a positively charged deoxycholate derivative on the aromatic region of the colipase NMR spectrum indicate that all tyrosines and one histidine are affected by the bile-salt binding, suggesting that the TDC molecules bind near these residues to a hydrophobic region on colipase. Measurements and calculations on the line width of the C(18) methyl group resonance suggest that the line-width increase of this resonance upon interaction of TDC with colipase to a large extent can be explained as due to the slower tumbling of the TDC molecules bound to colipase.", "contents": "High-resolution proton magnetic resonance study of porcine colipase and its interactions with taurodeoxycholate. A high-resolution 270-MHz proton NMR study of procine colipase I has been performed, and the resonances in the aromatic region of the spectrum have been assigned to amino acid residues by pH titration and decoupling experiments. The apparent pKa values of the three tyrosines were calculated to be 10.2, 10.3, and 11.8 with one of the tyrosines having properties of a \"buried\" residue. A tentative assignment to the amino acid residues in the primary seuqence of colipase will be discussed. The effects of taurodeoxycholate (TDC) and a positively charged deoxycholate derivative on the aromatic region of the colipase NMR spectrum indicate that all tyrosines and one histidine are affected by the bile-salt binding, suggesting that the TDC molecules bind near these residues to a hydrophobic region on colipase. Measurements and calculations on the line width of the C(18) methyl group resonance suggest that the line-width increase of this resonance upon interaction of TDC with colipase to a large extent can be explained as due to the slower tumbling of the TDC molecules bound to colipase.", "PMID": 570855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9204", "title": "Transient intermediates in the reduction of Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes by electrons at low temperature.", "content": "1. The reductions of a number of sperm-whale Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes by electrons generated by gamma-irradiation in ethylene glycol/water glass, have been investigated by using low-temperature spectrophotometry. The ligands are azide, fluoride, imidazole and water. 2. The reduction of the Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes at 77 K leads to the formation of low-spin liganded Fe(II) myoglobin, in the case of the azide, imidazole and water derivatives, while the reduction of the fluoride derivative proceeds both by a pathway involving prior dissociation of the ligand and with the ligand in position. 3. Investigation of the effect of temperature on the stability of the Fe(II) myoglobin-ligand complexes indicates that more than one bound states exists in dissociation of the ligand molecule from the ferrous heme iron of the reduced azide and imidazole derivatives. 4. The results are discussed in terms of the possible structure of the Fe(II) myoglobin complexes and it is suggested that the low-spin state is created by a strained configuration of the heme center with the iron atom in an intermediate position relative to the heme plane.", "contents": "Transient intermediates in the reduction of Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes by electrons at low temperature. 1. The reductions of a number of sperm-whale Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes by electrons generated by gamma-irradiation in ethylene glycol/water glass, have been investigated by using low-temperature spectrophotometry. The ligands are azide, fluoride, imidazole and water. 2. The reduction of the Fe(III) myoglobin-ligand complexes at 77 K leads to the formation of low-spin liganded Fe(II) myoglobin, in the case of the azide, imidazole and water derivatives, while the reduction of the fluoride derivative proceeds both by a pathway involving prior dissociation of the ligand and with the ligand in position. 3. Investigation of the effect of temperature on the stability of the Fe(II) myoglobin-ligand complexes indicates that more than one bound states exists in dissociation of the ligand molecule from the ferrous heme iron of the reduced azide and imidazole derivatives. 4. The results are discussed in terms of the possible structure of the Fe(II) myoglobin complexes and it is suggested that the low-spin state is created by a strained configuration of the heme center with the iron atom in an intermediate position relative to the heme plane.", "PMID": 570856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9205", "title": "The mass spectra of diethylstilbestrol and related compounds.", "content": "The low resolution mass spectra of E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene (diethylstilbestrol), E-[1,1,1-3H3]3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene, E-2,3-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-but-2-ene (dimethylstilbestrol), E,E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)hexa-2,4-diene (dienestrol) and 3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hexane (hexestrol) were examined as the parent compounds, their diacetates, dimethyl ethers, and bis-trimethylsilyl ethers. In addition, the mass spectra of the diethyl ether and the hexadeuteriodimethyl ether of E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene were studied. Each compound gives rise to several sets of characteristic fragment ions associated with loss of alkyl groups, loss of aryl groups and rearrangements. An ion of m/e 165 (C13H9) was found in the spectra of all the compounds studied. With the aid of high resolution mass spectrometry empirical formulae were assigned to major ions of the free diphenols.", "contents": "The mass spectra of diethylstilbestrol and related compounds. The low resolution mass spectra of E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene (diethylstilbestrol), E-[1,1,1-3H3]3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene, E-2,3-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-but-2-ene (dimethylstilbestrol), E,E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)hexa-2,4-diene (dienestrol) and 3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hexane (hexestrol) were examined as the parent compounds, their diacetates, dimethyl ethers, and bis-trimethylsilyl ethers. In addition, the mass spectra of the diethyl ether and the hexadeuteriodimethyl ether of E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene were studied. Each compound gives rise to several sets of characteristic fragment ions associated with loss of alkyl groups, loss of aryl groups and rearrangements. An ion of m/e 165 (C13H9) was found in the spectra of all the compounds studied. With the aid of high resolution mass spectrometry empirical formulae were assigned to major ions of the free diphenols.", "PMID": 570858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9206", "title": "Production of cellulases by Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 in fed-batch and continuous-flow culture with cell recycle.", "content": "The scope in improving enzyme productivities from the cellulose fermentation process is examined in laboratory-scale fermentors. The maximum productivity (30 IU/liter hr) is attained in a continuous-culture process with cell recycle using modified medium containing 0.5% cellulose. Optimum dilution rate and recycle ratio are determined as 0.025 hr-1 and 1.2, respectively, for the process. The system is analyzed and steady-state equations for predicting enzyme protein concentrations in the fermentor are developed. In fed-batch cultures, slow addition of cellulose at high concentrations can improve enzyme productivity by as much as 33% over a batch process. The scope and results of using modified medium for cellulase production are also presented.", "contents": "Production of cellulases by Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 in fed-batch and continuous-flow culture with cell recycle. The scope in improving enzyme productivities from the cellulose fermentation process is examined in laboratory-scale fermentors. The maximum productivity (30 IU/liter hr) is attained in a continuous-culture process with cell recycle using modified medium containing 0.5% cellulose. Optimum dilution rate and recycle ratio are determined as 0.025 hr-1 and 1.2, respectively, for the process. The system is analyzed and steady-state equations for predicting enzyme protein concentrations in the fermentor are developed. In fed-batch cultures, slow addition of cellulose at high concentrations can improve enzyme productivity by as much as 33% over a batch process. The scope and results of using modified medium for cellulase production are also presented.", "PMID": 570860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9207", "title": "[Mechanisms of the hyporeactivity occurring in mice after the administration of the antigen of lysed erythrocytes].", "content": "Specific hyporeactivity state to SRBC was induced in mice by injection of SRBC hemolysate. The blocking serum factor in such mice was not identical by the action character to the antierythrocytic antibodies, possibly representing the antigen-antibody complex. In combined administration to mice of the SRBC hemolysate and cyclophosphamide (CP) production of the blocking serum factor was found to be suppressed; however the mouse reactivity to SRBC proved to be considerably decreased. It is suggested that in this case there occurs inactivation of immuno-competent cells as a result of combined action of CP and the antigen on the SRBC in the nonimmunogenic form.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of the hyporeactivity occurring in mice after the administration of the antigen of lysed erythrocytes]. Specific hyporeactivity state to SRBC was induced in mice by injection of SRBC hemolysate. The blocking serum factor in such mice was not identical by the action character to the antierythrocytic antibodies, possibly representing the antigen-antibody complex. In combined administration to mice of the SRBC hemolysate and cyclophosphamide (CP) production of the blocking serum factor was found to be suppressed; however the mouse reactivity to SRBC proved to be considerably decreased. It is suggested that in this case there occurs inactivation of immuno-competent cells as a result of combined action of CP and the antigen on the SRBC in the nonimmunogenic form.", "PMID": 570861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9208", "title": "[Dependence of the functional activity of immunocompetent mouse spleen cells on their hemopoietic microenvironment].", "content": "Accumulation of erythropoietic, granulopoietic cell elements, a change in the ration and absolute count of the T, B cells, and \"null\" lymphocytes, as well as a sharp inhibition of primary immune response were found in the spleen of CBA mice treated with antierythrocyte sera. The inductive phase of immunogenesis proved to be sensitive to the action of antierythrocyte sera. The data obtained apparently demonstrated the existence of a functional relationship between the immunocompetent spleen cells and their non-lymphoid hemopoietic microenvironment.", "contents": "[Dependence of the functional activity of immunocompetent mouse spleen cells on their hemopoietic microenvironment]. Accumulation of erythropoietic, granulopoietic cell elements, a change in the ration and absolute count of the T, B cells, and \"null\" lymphocytes, as well as a sharp inhibition of primary immune response were found in the spleen of CBA mice treated with antierythrocyte sera. The inductive phase of immunogenesis proved to be sensitive to the action of antierythrocyte sera. The data obtained apparently demonstrated the existence of a functional relationship between the immunocompetent spleen cells and their non-lymphoid hemopoietic microenvironment.", "PMID": 570862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9209", "title": "[Cytology of the lower segment of the female urethra. Normal cellular elements and physiological variations].", "content": "Three types of epithelial cells have been described on desquamation of the inferior part of the feminine urethra: squamous cells, stratified columnar cells, cells of mucous glands. The columnar cells do not show distinctly quantitative variations in relation with the normal feminine sexual cycle. Columnar cells disappear from the 5th month of pregnancy to the beginning of the post-partum period with return afterwards to a normal distribution. Columnar cells are rather numerous on prepubertal and menopausal smears. Urethral squamous cells show qualitative and quantitative variations identical to those observed on vaginal smears.", "contents": "[Cytology of the lower segment of the female urethra. Normal cellular elements and physiological variations]. Three types of epithelial cells have been described on desquamation of the inferior part of the feminine urethra: squamous cells, stratified columnar cells, cells of mucous glands. The columnar cells do not show distinctly quantitative variations in relation with the normal feminine sexual cycle. Columnar cells disappear from the 5th month of pregnancy to the beginning of the post-partum period with return afterwards to a normal distribution. Columnar cells are rather numerous on prepubertal and menopausal smears. Urethral squamous cells show qualitative and quantitative variations identical to those observed on vaginal smears.", "PMID": 570863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9210", "title": "Prostaglandin D2 is the prevailing prostaglandin in the acute inflammatory exudate of urate arthritis in the chicken.", "content": "An acute inflammation was elicited in intertarsal joints of chicken by injection of urate crystals. Inflammatory exudates recovered at different times were assayed for prostaglandin D2(PGD2)E2 and F2 alpha and thromboxane B2 content by specific radioimmunoassays. We found that PGD2 was the prevailing prostaglandin reaching concentrations up to 10 times in excess of PGE2. This finding was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is concluded that PGD2 should be considered as a possible mediator of acute inflammation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin D2 is the prevailing prostaglandin in the acute inflammatory exudate of urate arthritis in the chicken. An acute inflammation was elicited in intertarsal joints of chicken by injection of urate crystals. Inflammatory exudates recovered at different times were assayed for prostaglandin D2(PGD2)E2 and F2 alpha and thromboxane B2 content by specific radioimmunoassays. We found that PGD2 was the prevailing prostaglandin reaching concentrations up to 10 times in excess of PGE2. This finding was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is concluded that PGD2 should be considered as a possible mediator of acute inflammation.", "PMID": 570865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9211", "title": "Effects of drugs on behaviour of aggressive mice.", "content": "1 The occurrence of 11 aggressive and non-aggressive activities was observed in aggressive male mice treated with drugs in paired interactions with non-aggressive males given water. Effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, barbitone, chlorpromazine, imipramine, (+)-amphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) all given orally and of intraperitoneal scopolamine were investigated.2 Scopolamine (0.25 and 0.75 mg/kg), (+)-amphetamine (0.25 and 1 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg), diazepam (10 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (50 mg/kg) reduced aggressive activities (attacks, aggressive unrest) without inhibiting walking across the cage or rearing in the aggressive mice. Thus, the inhibition of aggression induced by these drugs does not seem to be due to neuromuscular impairment and seems to this extent specific. On the other hand, imipramine lessened aggressive activities only at a dose (80 mg/kg) which also decreased walking across the cage and rearing. Barbitone or LSD did not change aggression at either dose tested (20 and 60 or 0.01 and 1 mg/kg, respectively). Aggressive activities were increased significantly only by chlordiazepoxide at a dose of 5 mg/kg.3 (+)-Amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.75 mg/kg) increased escapes and alert postures, respectively, in the aggressive mice.4 Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide decreased tail rattling at 1 and 5 mg/kg, respectively, doses 10 times lower than those inhibiting attacks. The other drugs tested inhibited tail rattling only at doses reducing attacks. Tail rattling appears to be a convenient measure for testing effects of drugs on behavioural conflict.5 Diazepam (5 and 10 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (20 and 50 mg/kg), barbitone (60 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.25 and 0.75 mg/kg) increased sociable activities (sniffing, following partners and climbing over them) whereas (+)-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, imipramine and LSD did not. Effects of the drugs on sociable activities in aggressive mice seem to correlate with their action on punished responding and other types of suppressed behaviour.", "contents": "Effects of drugs on behaviour of aggressive mice. 1 The occurrence of 11 aggressive and non-aggressive activities was observed in aggressive male mice treated with drugs in paired interactions with non-aggressive males given water. Effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, barbitone, chlorpromazine, imipramine, (+)-amphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) all given orally and of intraperitoneal scopolamine were investigated.2 Scopolamine (0.25 and 0.75 mg/kg), (+)-amphetamine (0.25 and 1 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg), diazepam (10 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (50 mg/kg) reduced aggressive activities (attacks, aggressive unrest) without inhibiting walking across the cage or rearing in the aggressive mice. Thus, the inhibition of aggression induced by these drugs does not seem to be due to neuromuscular impairment and seems to this extent specific. On the other hand, imipramine lessened aggressive activities only at a dose (80 mg/kg) which also decreased walking across the cage and rearing. Barbitone or LSD did not change aggression at either dose tested (20 and 60 or 0.01 and 1 mg/kg, respectively). Aggressive activities were increased significantly only by chlordiazepoxide at a dose of 5 mg/kg.3 (+)-Amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.75 mg/kg) increased escapes and alert postures, respectively, in the aggressive mice.4 Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide decreased tail rattling at 1 and 5 mg/kg, respectively, doses 10 times lower than those inhibiting attacks. The other drugs tested inhibited tail rattling only at doses reducing attacks. Tail rattling appears to be a convenient measure for testing effects of drugs on behavioural conflict.5 Diazepam (5 and 10 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (20 and 50 mg/kg), barbitone (60 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.25 and 0.75 mg/kg) increased sociable activities (sniffing, following partners and climbing over them) whereas (+)-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, imipramine and LSD did not. Effects of the drugs on sociable activities in aggressive mice seem to correlate with their action on punished responding and other types of suppressed behaviour.", "PMID": 570866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9212", "title": "Afferent projections related to attack sites in the pontine tegmentum.", "content": "Attack by a cat on a rat was elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventral parabrachial nucleus or the paralemniscal pontine reticular formation. The attack was quiet and it differed from similar behavior elicited at other sites in that the cat not only bit the rat but struck it with its paw. Horseradish peroxidase was deposited at the attack sites. Cells sending projections to the attack sites were located in gyrus proreus, anterior, central, and medial amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral, dorsal and perifornical hypothalamus, as well as the central gray matter, superior colliculus, midbrain reticular formation, locus coeruleus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and nucleus interpositus. Additional sites of cells of origin appeared with less regularity. This distribution of sites correlates well with the sites from which attack can be elicited or modulated.", "contents": "Afferent projections related to attack sites in the pontine tegmentum. Attack by a cat on a rat was elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventral parabrachial nucleus or the paralemniscal pontine reticular formation. The attack was quiet and it differed from similar behavior elicited at other sites in that the cat not only bit the rat but struck it with its paw. Horseradish peroxidase was deposited at the attack sites. Cells sending projections to the attack sites were located in gyrus proreus, anterior, central, and medial amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral, dorsal and perifornical hypothalamus, as well as the central gray matter, superior colliculus, midbrain reticular formation, locus coeruleus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and nucleus interpositus. Additional sites of cells of origin appeared with less regularity. This distribution of sites correlates well with the sites from which attack can be elicited or modulated.", "PMID": 570870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9213", "title": "Estrogen-sensitive progestin-binding sites in the female rat brain and pituitary.", "content": "The following properties of the cytoplasmic progestin receptor were studied in the hypothalamus, cortex, pituitary and uterus of the estrogen-primed castrated adult female rat using the highly potent progestin R 5020 (promegestone). (a) Sedimentation pattern. In sucrose density gradients, the R 5020-progestin receptor complex sedimented with a coefficient of about 6 to 7S. (b) Binding parameters. R 5020 bound to the progestin receptor with an intrinsic dissociation constant of about 10(-9) M as measured by a Dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) technique. The number of binding sites, however, differed widely. (c) Specificity. Only progestins competed for [3H]R 5020 binding. (d) Estrogen-dependency. In both immature and castrated adult rats, estrogen administration increased the number of R 5020-specific binding sites, assayed in vitro by a DCC technique, in the uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus, but not in the amygdala, hippocampus nor in the cortex. The increase was maximum between 40 and 48 h after priming with the potent estrogen, moxestrol, and could not be induced by androgens nor by progestins.", "contents": "Estrogen-sensitive progestin-binding sites in the female rat brain and pituitary. The following properties of the cytoplasmic progestin receptor were studied in the hypothalamus, cortex, pituitary and uterus of the estrogen-primed castrated adult female rat using the highly potent progestin R 5020 (promegestone). (a) Sedimentation pattern. In sucrose density gradients, the R 5020-progestin receptor complex sedimented with a coefficient of about 6 to 7S. (b) Binding parameters. R 5020 bound to the progestin receptor with an intrinsic dissociation constant of about 10(-9) M as measured by a Dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) technique. The number of binding sites, however, differed widely. (c) Specificity. Only progestins competed for [3H]R 5020 binding. (d) Estrogen-dependency. In both immature and castrated adult rats, estrogen administration increased the number of R 5020-specific binding sites, assayed in vitro by a DCC technique, in the uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus, but not in the amygdala, hippocampus nor in the cortex. The increase was maximum between 40 and 48 h after priming with the potent estrogen, moxestrol, and could not be induced by androgens nor by progestins.", "PMID": 570871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9214", "title": "A proposed natural geometry of recovery from akinesia in the lateral hypothalamic rat.", "content": "The Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation is used to analyze and describe neurological recovery from the akinesia caused by severe bilateral lateral hypothalamic (LH) damage in rats. Exploratory movement recovers along several relatively independent dimensions which appear successively. First, lateral head scanning movements recover. At about the same time or later, longitudinal (backward-forward) head scans appear. After movements along these two dimensions increase in amplitude and involve the whole body, vertical (dorsal-ventral) head scans with snout contact (along vertical surfaces) typically appear, and increase gradually in amplitude. Later, vertical rearing without snout contact emerges. Recovery proceeds cephalocaudally, as more caudal limb and body segments are recruited along each of the above dimensions separately. LH rats show delayed recruitment of caudal limb and body segments ('strait-jacket phenomenon'). Support of the body and management of limb and body segments' contact with the ground also recover relatively independently, in a proximodistal fashion. In recovery, arrests between bouts of activity become shorter. Movement first becomes organized in relation to the animals' own body, and only much later, in relation to the environment. In each sequence of movement after pronounced immobility, the rat recapitulates the process of recovery; and, any time it starts to move, it repeats the movements at a particular amplitude several times until there is an increase to the next larger size movement ('warm-up' phenomenon). These regularities explain the apparently bizarre stereotyped behavior in partial enclosures ('behavioral traps') seen in LH rats recovering from akinesia. They also explain some aspects of exploration in rats and normal social behavior of wild animals, particularly in situations involving fear and conflict.", "contents": "A proposed natural geometry of recovery from akinesia in the lateral hypothalamic rat. The Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation is used to analyze and describe neurological recovery from the akinesia caused by severe bilateral lateral hypothalamic (LH) damage in rats. Exploratory movement recovers along several relatively independent dimensions which appear successively. First, lateral head scanning movements recover. At about the same time or later, longitudinal (backward-forward) head scans appear. After movements along these two dimensions increase in amplitude and involve the whole body, vertical (dorsal-ventral) head scans with snout contact (along vertical surfaces) typically appear, and increase gradually in amplitude. Later, vertical rearing without snout contact emerges. Recovery proceeds cephalocaudally, as more caudal limb and body segments are recruited along each of the above dimensions separately. LH rats show delayed recruitment of caudal limb and body segments ('strait-jacket phenomenon'). Support of the body and management of limb and body segments' contact with the ground also recover relatively independently, in a proximodistal fashion. In recovery, arrests between bouts of activity become shorter. Movement first becomes organized in relation to the animals' own body, and only much later, in relation to the environment. In each sequence of movement after pronounced immobility, the rat recapitulates the process of recovery; and, any time it starts to move, it repeats the movements at a particular amplitude several times until there is an increase to the next larger size movement ('warm-up' phenomenon). These regularities explain the apparently bizarre stereotyped behavior in partial enclosures ('behavioral traps') seen in LH rats recovering from akinesia. They also explain some aspects of exploration in rats and normal social behavior of wild animals, particularly in situations involving fear and conflict.", "PMID": 570872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9215", "title": "The origin and species of yeasts in commercial preparations of bovine semen.", "content": "Whereas yeasts were not normally isolated from raw semen samples 13% of commercial frozen semen samples and 71% of preputial washings contained yeasts. Nine genera and 25 species of yeasts have been identified from these two sources. Yeasts originating in the preputial cavity were generally saprobic members of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. Those originating as contaminants during processing were more likely to be opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida. Conception was not necessarily affected by the presence of large numbers of Candida krusei or C. macedoniensis in the uterus.", "contents": "The origin and species of yeasts in commercial preparations of bovine semen. Whereas yeasts were not normally isolated from raw semen samples 13% of commercial frozen semen samples and 71% of preputial washings contained yeasts. Nine genera and 25 species of yeasts have been identified from these two sources. Yeasts originating in the preputial cavity were generally saprobic members of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. Those originating as contaminants during processing were more likely to be opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida. Conception was not necessarily affected by the presence of large numbers of Candida krusei or C. macedoniensis in the uterus.", "PMID": 570874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9216", "title": "Subchronic toxicity test for two thermotolerant filamentous fungi used for single cell protein production.", "content": "Safety evaluations of two thermotolerant filamentous fungi, Cephalosporium eichhorniae 152 (C. 152) and Rhizopus chinensis 180 (R. 180), grown on a sugar-salts medium were carried out through feeding the biomases to rats at 20% or 40% dietary levels for 90 days. There was a control group fed soybean meal. Weight gain and feed consumption for rats fed 20% C. 152 were equal to those for the control animals, but were depressed in the other three groups, especially the rats fed R. 180. All animals appeared normal and healthy except that transient alopecia was found for a short duration in the fungi-treated rats in the initial period. The cause of this lesion is not clear. At the end of the feeding trial, clinical determinations of constituents in blood and urine samples were conducted. The animals were autopsied and weights for four organs were taken. Histopathological examinations for 26 different tissues were carried out. Mild changes were found in both C. 152 and R. 180-treated rats but most of the these were not considered to be related to treatment.", "contents": "Subchronic toxicity test for two thermotolerant filamentous fungi used for single cell protein production. Safety evaluations of two thermotolerant filamentous fungi, Cephalosporium eichhorniae 152 (C. 152) and Rhizopus chinensis 180 (R. 180), grown on a sugar-salts medium were carried out through feeding the biomases to rats at 20% or 40% dietary levels for 90 days. There was a control group fed soybean meal. Weight gain and feed consumption for rats fed 20% C. 152 were equal to those for the control animals, but were depressed in the other three groups, especially the rats fed R. 180. All animals appeared normal and healthy except that transient alopecia was found for a short duration in the fungi-treated rats in the initial period. The cause of this lesion is not clear. At the end of the feeding trial, clinical determinations of constituents in blood and urine samples were conducted. The animals were autopsied and weights for four organs were taken. Histopathological examinations for 26 different tissues were carried out. Mild changes were found in both C. 152 and R. 180-treated rats but most of the these were not considered to be related to treatment.", "PMID": 570875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9217", "title": "Studies of the spore walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris.", "content": "The composition and ultrastructure of spore walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris were compared by chemical and enzymatic assays and electron microscopy. Polymers of N-acetylglucosamine (chitin) and glucosamine (chitosan) were the major carbohydrate wall components of both species. The chitin to chitosan ratio in the spore walls of A. bisporus was about 0.38, while in A. campestris it was about 2.8 These polymers were associated with proteins, lipids (readily extractable and bound), melanin, and a low content of beta-glucan. The quantity of protein, total lipid, melanin, or beta-glucan was similar in spore walls of both species. With the electron microscopy, the spore walls appeared as two well-defined layers which may correspond to microfibrils of chitin and chitosan in which the electron-dense melanin was located in the external layer.", "contents": "Studies of the spore walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris. The composition and ultrastructure of spore walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris were compared by chemical and enzymatic assays and electron microscopy. Polymers of N-acetylglucosamine (chitin) and glucosamine (chitosan) were the major carbohydrate wall components of both species. The chitin to chitosan ratio in the spore walls of A. bisporus was about 0.38, while in A. campestris it was about 2.8 These polymers were associated with proteins, lipids (readily extractable and bound), melanin, and a low content of beta-glucan. The quantity of protein, total lipid, melanin, or beta-glucan was similar in spore walls of both species. With the electron microscopy, the spore walls appeared as two well-defined layers which may correspond to microfibrils of chitin and chitosan in which the electron-dense melanin was located in the external layer.", "PMID": 570877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9218", "title": "Single and low-level oocyst infections of drug-resistant field strains of Eimeria tenella in medicated birds.", "content": "Five out of ten birds infected with a single oocyst of strain Gt2 of Eimeria tenella and medicated with the recommended level of robenidine were found positive in the first experiment and four in the second in comparison with seven and six respectively in nonmedicated birds. Six birds out of ten were found positive in the two groups of similarly medicated birds infected with two or four oocysts each. Although single oocyst infections of strain Lilly 155 were unsuccessful, six out of ten birds were found positive in birds infected with ten oocysts each.All single and low-level oocyst infections were accomplished with oocysts previously treated with beta-glucuronidase and broken into sporocysts prior to infections. The overall results suggested that when a coccidium became resistant to an anticoccidial drug, only one or a few occysts were needed to start an infection if the drug was continued. The results also showed that, perhaps, successful single or low-level oocyst infections can also be used as a criterion for demonstrating drug resistance in coccidia.", "contents": "Single and low-level oocyst infections of drug-resistant field strains of Eimeria tenella in medicated birds. Five out of ten birds infected with a single oocyst of strain Gt2 of Eimeria tenella and medicated with the recommended level of robenidine were found positive in the first experiment and four in the second in comparison with seven and six respectively in nonmedicated birds. Six birds out of ten were found positive in the two groups of similarly medicated birds infected with two or four oocysts each. Although single oocyst infections of strain Lilly 155 were unsuccessful, six out of ten birds were found positive in birds infected with ten oocysts each.All single and low-level oocyst infections were accomplished with oocysts previously treated with beta-glucuronidase and broken into sporocysts prior to infections. The overall results suggested that when a coccidium became resistant to an anticoccidial drug, only one or a few occysts were needed to start an infection if the drug was continued. The results also showed that, perhaps, successful single or low-level oocyst infections can also be used as a criterion for demonstrating drug resistance in coccidia.", "PMID": 570880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9219", "title": "Cyclical changes of vaginal cytology in the cat.", "content": "Vaginal smears from seven cats were examined at two-day intervals for 32 days in order to describe the cyclical pattern of epithelial cells exfoliated throughout the stages of the estrus cycle. Vaginal epithelial cells were classified as parabasal, intermediate and superficial (nucleate and anucleate) cells, and their dimensions were measured for the purpose of definition. The percentages of the epithelial cell populations (i.e. Maturation Index) from Wright's stained smears, were determined at all stages of the estrus cycle. The Eosinophilic Index was estimated on Papanicolaou stained smears. Smears of cats in estrus were populated almost entirely with nucleate and anucleate superficial epithelial cells. Proestrus was characterized by intermediate epithelial cells with increasing eosinophilia, and rare neutrophils. Metestrus was associated with desquamation of intermediate and parabasal epithelial cells, neutrophils and debris. In the anestrus period, groups of intermediate cells and some parabasal epithelial cells were exfoliated. Two cats in the study did not cycle and exhibited anestrus. Of the five cats cycling, eight estrus periods were observed of two to five days duration. The cycles were of 15 to 17 days interval in three normal cats. Two cats did not show a second estrus within 30 days, and were subsequently found to have bacterial growth on the culture of vaginal swabs, however the presence of an initial ovular estrus cannot be ruled out. The rare presence of erythrocytes was associated with vaginal bacterial infections and discharge in two cats.", "contents": "Cyclical changes of vaginal cytology in the cat. Vaginal smears from seven cats were examined at two-day intervals for 32 days in order to describe the cyclical pattern of epithelial cells exfoliated throughout the stages of the estrus cycle. Vaginal epithelial cells were classified as parabasal, intermediate and superficial (nucleate and anucleate) cells, and their dimensions were measured for the purpose of definition. The percentages of the epithelial cell populations (i.e. Maturation Index) from Wright's stained smears, were determined at all stages of the estrus cycle. The Eosinophilic Index was estimated on Papanicolaou stained smears. Smears of cats in estrus were populated almost entirely with nucleate and anucleate superficial epithelial cells. Proestrus was characterized by intermediate epithelial cells with increasing eosinophilia, and rare neutrophils. Metestrus was associated with desquamation of intermediate and parabasal epithelial cells, neutrophils and debris. In the anestrus period, groups of intermediate cells and some parabasal epithelial cells were exfoliated. Two cats in the study did not cycle and exhibited anestrus. Of the five cats cycling, eight estrus periods were observed of two to five days duration. The cycles were of 15 to 17 days interval in three normal cats. Two cats did not show a second estrus within 30 days, and were subsequently found to have bacterial growth on the culture of vaginal swabs, however the presence of an initial ovular estrus cannot be ruled out. The rare presence of erythrocytes was associated with vaginal bacterial infections and discharge in two cats.", "PMID": 570881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9220", "title": "Enhanced metabolism and mutagenesis of nitrosopyrrolidine in liver fractions isolated from chronic ethanol-consuming hamsters.", "content": "The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the ability of isolated liver fractions to metabolize the carcinogen N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPY) was examined. Microsomal fractions of treated animals exhibited increased rates of alpha-hydroxylation of NPY. Similar increases in the specific activities of aniline hydroxylase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome c reductase, and the specific content of cytochrome P-450 were also observed. In contrast, no differences in the specific activities of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase or glucose-6-phosphatase were observed. Liver postmitochondrial supernatants from ethanol-consuming animals were able to produce 5 times more mutants than did control preparations. It is concluded that alpha-hydroxylation of NPY is probably the mechanism by which NPY is converted to a mutagen and that this pathway can be induced by ethanol.", "contents": "Enhanced metabolism and mutagenesis of nitrosopyrrolidine in liver fractions isolated from chronic ethanol-consuming hamsters. The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the ability of isolated liver fractions to metabolize the carcinogen N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPY) was examined. Microsomal fractions of treated animals exhibited increased rates of alpha-hydroxylation of NPY. Similar increases in the specific activities of aniline hydroxylase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome c reductase, and the specific content of cytochrome P-450 were also observed. In contrast, no differences in the specific activities of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase or glucose-6-phosphatase were observed. Liver postmitochondrial supernatants from ethanol-consuming animals were able to produce 5 times more mutants than did control preparations. It is concluded that alpha-hydroxylation of NPY is probably the mechanism by which NPY is converted to a mutagen and that this pathway can be induced by ethanol.", "PMID": 570882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9221", "title": "Persistence of DNA damage during development of liver angiosarcoma in rats fed dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Chronic feeding of a diet containing dimethylnitrosamine (50 ppm) to rats resulted in liver DNA damage monitored as slow sedimentation of the DNA compared to that of the control in alkaline sucrose gradients. The damage in rat liver DNA could be seen within 2 days after beginning the feeding of diets containing the carcinogen and was progressive with the time of feeding, up to 8 weeks. Extended feeding up to 15 or 31 weeks did not result in a proportionate increase in the damage to the DNA. The DNA damage observed at 8 weeks persisted until 31 weeks, at which time liver angiosarcoma was present. Despite the fact that the DNA damage induced by dimethylnitrosamine appears to involve the bulk of the liver DNA, the tumors developed were entirely from vascular endothelium. The implication of these results in the initiation of carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Persistence of DNA damage during development of liver angiosarcoma in rats fed dimethylnitrosamine. Chronic feeding of a diet containing dimethylnitrosamine (50 ppm) to rats resulted in liver DNA damage monitored as slow sedimentation of the DNA compared to that of the control in alkaline sucrose gradients. The damage in rat liver DNA could be seen within 2 days after beginning the feeding of diets containing the carcinogen and was progressive with the time of feeding, up to 8 weeks. Extended feeding up to 15 or 31 weeks did not result in a proportionate increase in the damage to the DNA. The DNA damage observed at 8 weeks persisted until 31 weeks, at which time liver angiosarcoma was present. Despite the fact that the DNA damage induced by dimethylnitrosamine appears to involve the bulk of the liver DNA, the tumors developed were entirely from vascular endothelium. The implication of these results in the initiation of carcinogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 570883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9222", "title": "The pathophysiology and diverse etiology of septal perforator compression.", "content": "Compression of the septal perforator branches of the left anterior descending artery (systolic obliteration and diastolic reopacification during arteriography) has been proposed as a marker of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Among 568 unselected coronary arteriograms this angiographic finding was pronounced in 11 of 17 patients with IHSS; in 12 of 44 with aortic stenosis (AS); in five of 46 patients with severe (95%) proximal stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery; in three of 18 with myocardial bridge; in three of 12 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; in one of 62 with normal right and left heart catheterization; and in none of the 369 patients with other cardiac diseases. Mild septal perforator compression (SPC) was observed in six other patients with IHSS, one patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 19 patients with AS, eight patients with severe stenosis of the LAD and one patient with myocardial bridge. SPC was more pronounced in patients with high systolic pressure gradients (Spearmann Rank r = 0.64, p = 0.003 and Pearson r = 0.31, p = 0.159 for IHSS; Spearmann Rank r = 0.47, p = 0.001; Pearson r = 0.51, p = 0.001 for AS) and increased septal thickness (Spearmann Rank r = 0.45, p = 0.05, Pearson r = 0.61, p = 0.011 for IHSS; Spearmann r = 0.44, p = 0.013, Pearson r = 0.42, p = 0.018 for AS). SPC is not specific for IHSS. It may result from a decrease of the intraluminal pressure in the septal perforators resulting from obstruction at the left ventricular, aortic valvular or coronary arterial level and from increased septal thickness which may lead to higher extraluminal pressure.", "contents": "The pathophysiology and diverse etiology of septal perforator compression. Compression of the septal perforator branches of the left anterior descending artery (systolic obliteration and diastolic reopacification during arteriography) has been proposed as a marker of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Among 568 unselected coronary arteriograms this angiographic finding was pronounced in 11 of 17 patients with IHSS; in 12 of 44 with aortic stenosis (AS); in five of 46 patients with severe (95%) proximal stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery; in three of 18 with myocardial bridge; in three of 12 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; in one of 62 with normal right and left heart catheterization; and in none of the 369 patients with other cardiac diseases. Mild septal perforator compression (SPC) was observed in six other patients with IHSS, one patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 19 patients with AS, eight patients with severe stenosis of the LAD and one patient with myocardial bridge. SPC was more pronounced in patients with high systolic pressure gradients (Spearmann Rank r = 0.64, p = 0.003 and Pearson r = 0.31, p = 0.159 for IHSS; Spearmann Rank r = 0.47, p = 0.001; Pearson r = 0.51, p = 0.001 for AS) and increased septal thickness (Spearmann Rank r = 0.45, p = 0.05, Pearson r = 0.61, p = 0.011 for IHSS; Spearmann r = 0.44, p = 0.013, Pearson r = 0.42, p = 0.018 for AS). SPC is not specific for IHSS. It may result from a decrease of the intraluminal pressure in the septal perforators resulting from obstruction at the left ventricular, aortic valvular or coronary arterial level and from increased septal thickness which may lead to higher extraluminal pressure.", "PMID": 570899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9223", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of seven women with primary amenorrhoea and prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours.", "content": "Seven women with primary amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia were treated with bromocriptine. All the women had started to develop secondary sex characteristics at normal age but pubertal development stopped and menarche did not occur. Radiological signs of a pituitary tumour were found in all the women. Before the pituitary tumour was diagnosed, four women had been given longterm cyclical oestrogen replacement therapy. Three women had received primary tumour therapy with surgery and/or irradiation but had persistent hyperprolactinaemia. The basal luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were low in four of the women while all the women had normal basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and normal or exaggerated gonadotrophin responses to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). None of the women had evidence of endogenous oestrogen production before treatment. Bromocriptine treatment normalized the raised serum prolactin levels (46-2900 microgram/l) in all but one woman, in whom the prolactin level decreased from 160 to 38 microgram/l. Regular ovulatory menstrual cycles appeared in four women, one of whom had previously been treated by transsphenoidal adenomectomy followed by external irradiation. Two other women with persistent hyperprolactinaemia after previous surgical and/or irradiation treatment of large pituitary tumours did not menstruate after more than one year of treatment with bromocriptine. One infertile patient with a microadenoma conceived at the first ovulation on therapy and developed symptoms and signs of tumour growth during pregnancy.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of seven women with primary amenorrhoea and prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours. Seven women with primary amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia were treated with bromocriptine. All the women had started to develop secondary sex characteristics at normal age but pubertal development stopped and menarche did not occur. Radiological signs of a pituitary tumour were found in all the women. Before the pituitary tumour was diagnosed, four women had been given longterm cyclical oestrogen replacement therapy. Three women had received primary tumour therapy with surgery and/or irradiation but had persistent hyperprolactinaemia. The basal luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were low in four of the women while all the women had normal basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and normal or exaggerated gonadotrophin responses to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). None of the women had evidence of endogenous oestrogen production before treatment. Bromocriptine treatment normalized the raised serum prolactin levels (46-2900 microgram/l) in all but one woman, in whom the prolactin level decreased from 160 to 38 microgram/l. Regular ovulatory menstrual cycles appeared in four women, one of whom had previously been treated by transsphenoidal adenomectomy followed by external irradiation. Two other women with persistent hyperprolactinaemia after previous surgical and/or irradiation treatment of large pituitary tumours did not menstruate after more than one year of treatment with bromocriptine. One infertile patient with a microadenoma conceived at the first ovulation on therapy and developed symptoms and signs of tumour growth during pregnancy.", "PMID": 570900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9224", "title": "Contraceptive effects of intravaginal application of acrosin and hyaluronidase inhibitors in rabbit.", "content": "Eight single-drug and combinations of two-drug treatments were used to study the contraceptive efficacy of the intravaginal application of acrosin inhibitors (TLCK; NPGB) and hyaluronidase inhibitors (Compound 53D/k; Phosphorylated hesperidin) in the rabbit. Drug concentrations were selected so that they did not inhibit rabbit sperm motility upon incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. In the first series, the drugs were added to semen before artificial insemination; in the second series, the drugs were administered intravaginally before artificial insemination with untreated rabbit semen. The data show that these drugs are highly effective intravaginal contraceptives in the rabbit. The data suggest that this is a specific inhibitory effect on fertilization since the drug concentrations used did not affect sperm motility.", "contents": "Contraceptive effects of intravaginal application of acrosin and hyaluronidase inhibitors in rabbit. Eight single-drug and combinations of two-drug treatments were used to study the contraceptive efficacy of the intravaginal application of acrosin inhibitors (TLCK; NPGB) and hyaluronidase inhibitors (Compound 53D/k; Phosphorylated hesperidin) in the rabbit. Drug concentrations were selected so that they did not inhibit rabbit sperm motility upon incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. In the first series, the drugs were added to semen before artificial insemination; in the second series, the drugs were administered intravaginally before artificial insemination with untreated rabbit semen. The data show that these drugs are highly effective intravaginal contraceptives in the rabbit. The data suggest that this is a specific inhibitory effect on fertilization since the drug concentrations used did not affect sperm motility.", "PMID": 570904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9225", "title": "Corticosteroidal regulation of the glucocorticoid-binding capacity of rat heart cytoplasmic fraction.", "content": "The effects were studied of variations in blood corticosteroid levels on the glucocorticoid-binding capacities of two types of complex-forming substances, whose presence in the myocardium had been established in previous studies. The hormone binding was assessed by the method of adsorption of free forms of steroids on activated dextrancoated charcoal with application of Scatchard's analysis. The binding capacity was tested both in the presence of endogenous steroids and in cytoplasmic fraction made free of the hormones. After adrenalectomy, experimental stress, and administration of exogenous glucocorticoids the concentration of the complex-forming substance I changed in parallel with changing blood transcortin levels. This finding corroborates the concept that the complex-forming substance I is an intercellular (and possibly partially also intracellular) pool of transcortin or a transcortin-like protein; this pool regulates the accessibility of glucocorticoids to the cytoreceptor proper. The intracellular concentration of the complex-forming substance II (performing the function of receptor) changed only little with varying corticosteroid levels, and variations in its binding capacity evidently resulted from shifts in the equilibrium between the \"occupied\" and \"free\" findings sites as well as in the distribution of this protein between the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions.", "contents": "Corticosteroidal regulation of the glucocorticoid-binding capacity of rat heart cytoplasmic fraction. The effects were studied of variations in blood corticosteroid levels on the glucocorticoid-binding capacities of two types of complex-forming substances, whose presence in the myocardium had been established in previous studies. The hormone binding was assessed by the method of adsorption of free forms of steroids on activated dextrancoated charcoal with application of Scatchard's analysis. The binding capacity was tested both in the presence of endogenous steroids and in cytoplasmic fraction made free of the hormones. After adrenalectomy, experimental stress, and administration of exogenous glucocorticoids the concentration of the complex-forming substance I changed in parallel with changing blood transcortin levels. This finding corroborates the concept that the complex-forming substance I is an intercellular (and possibly partially also intracellular) pool of transcortin or a transcortin-like protein; this pool regulates the accessibility of glucocorticoids to the cytoreceptor proper. The intracellular concentration of the complex-forming substance II (performing the function of receptor) changed only little with varying corticosteroid levels, and variations in its binding capacity evidently resulted from shifts in the equilibrium between the \"occupied\" and \"free\" findings sites as well as in the distribution of this protein between the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions.", "PMID": 570905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9226", "title": "Specific arrangements of human satellite III DNA sequences in human chromosomes.", "content": "DNA was extracted from various rodent-human somatic cell hybrids that contained single or a few human chromosomes. These DNAs were examined by a combination of restriction endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis, and filter hybridisation to radioactive satellite DNA probes following transfer of the denatured restriction fragments from a gel to a nitrocellulose filter. In this way the arrangement of sequences homologous to human satellite III were examined on human chromosomes 1, 7, 11, 15, 22 and X. It was found that the distribution of restriction endonuclease sites within satellite III DNA is different on different chromosomes.", "contents": "Specific arrangements of human satellite III DNA sequences in human chromosomes. DNA was extracted from various rodent-human somatic cell hybrids that contained single or a few human chromosomes. These DNAs were examined by a combination of restriction endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis, and filter hybridisation to radioactive satellite DNA probes following transfer of the denatured restriction fragments from a gel to a nitrocellulose filter. In this way the arrangement of sequences homologous to human satellite III were examined on human chromosomes 1, 7, 11, 15, 22 and X. It was found that the distribution of restriction endonuclease sites within satellite III DNA is different on different chromosomes.", "PMID": 570908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9227", "title": "Relationship between bioassay and radioimmunoassay estimates of prolactin in rat serum.", "content": "RIA and bioassay (BA) estimates of the concentration of PRL ([PRL]) in rat serum were compared using homologous assay systems. A rat mammary gland organ culture BA was developed which allowed objective and quantitative measurement of serum [PRL]. the serum samples were tested at two doses against three doses of the RP-1 rat PRL standard and the responses were quantified by a histometric procedure. The index of precision of the BA ranged from 0.1--0.4 and the secretory response was not affected by physiological concentrations of rat GH, T3, or by gonadal steroids. Serum samples taken from female rats during the estrous cycle, from suckled lactators, from rats bearing a PRL-secreting pituitary tumor, and from females that were treated with perphenazine were assayed. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.99) was obtained between the two assay methods with 21 samples. However, the regression coefficient was 4.20 +/- 0.55.Thus, although the two assays are highly correlated for measuring serum [PRL], the RIA measures only about 25% of the hormone that is detected by the mammary gland organ culture BA.", "contents": "Relationship between bioassay and radioimmunoassay estimates of prolactin in rat serum. RIA and bioassay (BA) estimates of the concentration of PRL ([PRL]) in rat serum were compared using homologous assay systems. A rat mammary gland organ culture BA was developed which allowed objective and quantitative measurement of serum [PRL]. the serum samples were tested at two doses against three doses of the RP-1 rat PRL standard and the responses were quantified by a histometric procedure. The index of precision of the BA ranged from 0.1--0.4 and the secretory response was not affected by physiological concentrations of rat GH, T3, or by gonadal steroids. Serum samples taken from female rats during the estrous cycle, from suckled lactators, from rats bearing a PRL-secreting pituitary tumor, and from females that were treated with perphenazine were assayed. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.99) was obtained between the two assay methods with 21 samples. However, the regression coefficient was 4.20 +/- 0.55.Thus, although the two assays are highly correlated for measuring serum [PRL], the RIA measures only about 25% of the hormone that is detected by the mammary gland organ culture BA.", "PMID": 570911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9228", "title": "Androgenic influences on feminine sexual behavior in male and female rats: defeminization blocked by prenatal antiandrogen treatment.", "content": "The prenatal influence of androgen on the development of female sexual behavior in rats was investigated. The nonsteroidal antiandrogen, flutamide (4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethylisobutyrylanilide; SCH), was administered to pregnant female rats from days 10--22 of gestation in dosages of either 1 mg/mother-day or 5 mg/mother-day. Males and females were gonadectomized in adulthood and tested for the display of lordosis in response to estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or EB with progesterone (P). Males exposed prenatally to either the 1- or 5-mg dosage of flutamide exhibited significantly higher lordosis quotients than controls when given EB alone. The addition of P was without effect in all male groups with regard to estrogen-induced lordosis. Females exposed prenatally to flutamide had significantly higher lordosis quotients than controls when given either 0.175 or 0.25 micrograms EB daily for 3 days. Addition of P to EB treatment significantly facilitated lordosis display in control and flutamide-treated females. The increase of feminine sexual behavior in both males and females of feminine sexual behavior in both males and females resulting from prenatal antiandrogen treatment suggests that androgen, prenatally, inhibits development of female sexual behavior. This androgenic inhibition of sexual receptivity (defeminization) seems to be related to the animal's sensitivity to estrogen in adulthood.", "contents": "Androgenic influences on feminine sexual behavior in male and female rats: defeminization blocked by prenatal antiandrogen treatment. The prenatal influence of androgen on the development of female sexual behavior in rats was investigated. The nonsteroidal antiandrogen, flutamide (4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethylisobutyrylanilide; SCH), was administered to pregnant female rats from days 10--22 of gestation in dosages of either 1 mg/mother-day or 5 mg/mother-day. Males and females were gonadectomized in adulthood and tested for the display of lordosis in response to estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or EB with progesterone (P). Males exposed prenatally to either the 1- or 5-mg dosage of flutamide exhibited significantly higher lordosis quotients than controls when given EB alone. The addition of P was without effect in all male groups with regard to estrogen-induced lordosis. Females exposed prenatally to flutamide had significantly higher lordosis quotients than controls when given either 0.175 or 0.25 micrograms EB daily for 3 days. Addition of P to EB treatment significantly facilitated lordosis display in control and flutamide-treated females. The increase of feminine sexual behavior in both males and females of feminine sexual behavior in both males and females resulting from prenatal antiandrogen treatment suggests that androgen, prenatally, inhibits development of female sexual behavior. This androgenic inhibition of sexual receptivity (defeminization) seems to be related to the animal's sensitivity to estrogen in adulthood.", "PMID": 570912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9229", "title": "Autorhythmometry in hypertension: some methodological aspects and clinical implications.", "content": "Autorhythmometry of blood pressure is a technique easy to be performed and well accepted by hypertensive patients. A simple inspection of data self-collected 5 times a day for many days constitute a sufficiently reliable automonitoring of blood pressure both in basal conditions and in relation to the efficacy of some dietary and/or pharmacological treatment. Several examples are reported to show that more sophisticated statistical manipulation of the data collected may give rise to a better understanding of some clinical and physiological aspects. Both analysis of variance, performed on individual subsets of data averaged at each sampling hour, and single cosinor, performed on longitudinal time series, may be used to detect and quantify a circadian rhythm as a systematic daily variation, averaging towards zero the noise superimposed to the actual time series. Serial section analysis of the data, along all the experimental span, is useful to detect a) the reproducibility of the rhythm b) the variation of its parameters induced by changes in the experimental conditions c) the long-term trend. In the first subject the influence on the circadian rhythm of the pulse rate, temperature and blood pressure, due to a 4 h advancing shift in the rest-activity synchronizer, is well documented. In the first hypertensive patient a circadian rhythm is demonstrated also in blood pressure during two non-consecutive months. No difference is detected in both mesor and amplitude of blood pressure and a full resynchronization of the acrophase is achieved when a 1 h delaying shift in the rest activity synchronizer is imposed. In the second patient a well reproducible rhythm of systolic blood pressure and a low noise/signal ratio is documented by the serial section display. In the third patient the 'lability' of hypertention seems mainly due to salt sensitivity, as documented by the significant lowering of the mesor in the second experimental span, when a lowering of only 30 mEq/day in salt intake is imposed. The serial section better documents the salt-sensitivity of this patient, during a span when loading and depressing of salt intake is imposed. In the last patient the prompt effect of therapy in lowering blood pressure within normal range is well documented by serial section with 3 day interval. A possible effect of masking the circadian rhythm of blood pressure, due to therapy, is inferred by the serial section display with an interval of the same length (33 days) as the subspan without therapy. The possibility of prevention in the hypertensive disease is discussed, with the aim of autorhythmometry and statistical methods employed in this paper.", "contents": "Autorhythmometry in hypertension: some methodological aspects and clinical implications. Autorhythmometry of blood pressure is a technique easy to be performed and well accepted by hypertensive patients. A simple inspection of data self-collected 5 times a day for many days constitute a sufficiently reliable automonitoring of blood pressure both in basal conditions and in relation to the efficacy of some dietary and/or pharmacological treatment. Several examples are reported to show that more sophisticated statistical manipulation of the data collected may give rise to a better understanding of some clinical and physiological aspects. Both analysis of variance, performed on individual subsets of data averaged at each sampling hour, and single cosinor, performed on longitudinal time series, may be used to detect and quantify a circadian rhythm as a systematic daily variation, averaging towards zero the noise superimposed to the actual time series. Serial section analysis of the data, along all the experimental span, is useful to detect a) the reproducibility of the rhythm b) the variation of its parameters induced by changes in the experimental conditions c) the long-term trend. In the first subject the influence on the circadian rhythm of the pulse rate, temperature and blood pressure, due to a 4 h advancing shift in the rest-activity synchronizer, is well documented. In the first hypertensive patient a circadian rhythm is demonstrated also in blood pressure during two non-consecutive months. No difference is detected in both mesor and amplitude of blood pressure and a full resynchronization of the acrophase is achieved when a 1 h delaying shift in the rest activity synchronizer is imposed. In the second patient a well reproducible rhythm of systolic blood pressure and a low noise/signal ratio is documented by the serial section display. In the third patient the 'lability' of hypertention seems mainly due to salt sensitivity, as documented by the significant lowering of the mesor in the second experimental span, when a lowering of only 30 mEq/day in salt intake is imposed. The serial section better documents the salt-sensitivity of this patient, during a span when loading and depressing of salt intake is imposed. In the last patient the prompt effect of therapy in lowering blood pressure within normal range is well documented by serial section with 3 day interval. A possible effect of masking the circadian rhythm of blood pressure, due to therapy, is inferred by the serial section display with an interval of the same length (33 days) as the subspan without therapy. The possibility of prevention in the hypertensive disease is discussed, with the aim of autorhythmometry and statistical methods employed in this paper.", "PMID": 570909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9230", "title": "Patterns of sex steroid and gonadotropin secretion in aging female rats.", "content": "Serum estradiol, progesterone, LH, and FSH were determined by RIA in 20- to 30-month-old constant estrous (CE), irregular pseudopregnant (PP), and anestrous (AS) female rats and from 4- to 5-month-old cycling female rats. Disruption of the estrous cycle in aging rats was associated with major changes in secretion of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian steroids. None of the old rats, in contrast to the young rats, showed cyclic changes in any of the hormones studied. Serum progesterone was much higher in the PP than in the other two old groups, serum estradiol averaged somewhat higher in the CE than in the other two aged groups, and all four hormones were lower in the AS rats than in any other group. Basal serum FSH values were higher in the old CE rats than in either of the other old age groups and were slightly higher than in young rats on the afternoon of proestrus or morning of estrus. Serum FSH values were lower in the old PP and AS rats than in young rats on the afternoon of proestrus or morning of estrus. Serum FSH values were lower in the old PP and AS rats than in young rats on the afternoon of proestrus or morning of estrus. Serum values in the old CE rats were about the same as in young rats on the morning of proestrus or estrus, about the same in old PP rats as in young rats during diestrus, and were undectable in old AS rats. Since the ovaries of old rats are capable of near normal function under appropriate gonadotropic stimulation, it is concluded that the major cause for cessation of regular estrous cycles in old rats lies in altered hypothalamo-pituitary function.", "contents": "Patterns of sex steroid and gonadotropin secretion in aging female rats. Serum estradiol, progesterone, LH, and FSH were determined by RIA in 20- to 30-month-old constant estrous (CE), irregular pseudopregnant (PP), and anestrous (AS) female rats and from 4- to 5-month-old cycling female rats. Disruption of the estrous cycle in aging rats was associated with major changes in secretion of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian steroids. None of the old rats, in contrast to the young rats, showed cyclic changes in any of the hormones studied. Serum progesterone was much higher in the PP than in the other two old groups, serum estradiol averaged somewhat higher in the CE than in the other two aged groups, and all four hormones were lower in the AS rats than in any other group. Basal serum FSH values were higher in the old CE rats than in either of the other old age groups and were slightly higher than in young rats on the afternoon of proestrus or morning of estrus. Serum FSH values were lower in the old PP and AS rats than in young rats on the afternoon of proestrus or morning of estrus. Serum FSH values were lower in the old PP and AS rats than in young rats on the afternoon of proestrus or morning of estrus. Serum values in the old CE rats were about the same as in young rats on the morning of proestrus or estrus, about the same in old PP rats as in young rats during diestrus, and were undectable in old AS rats. Since the ovaries of old rats are capable of near normal function under appropriate gonadotropic stimulation, it is concluded that the major cause for cessation of regular estrous cycles in old rats lies in altered hypothalamo-pituitary function.", "PMID": 570913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9231", "title": "Phytoestrogen interaction with estrogen receptors in human breast cancer cells.", "content": "The interactions of phytoestrogens with estrogen receptors were studied in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The compounds tested were coumestrol, genistein, and formononetin and the mycotoxins, zearalenone and its reduced derivative, zearalenol. All but formononetin compete for binding of [3H]-estradiol to unfilled cytoplasmic estrogen receptor or unfilled nuclear estrogen receptor sites. Relative binding affinities are zearalenol HMP (high melting point isomer) greater than zearalenol LMP (low melting point isomer) greater than zearalenone = coumestrol greater than genistein greater than formononetin. Dissociation constants estimated from competition curves show that binding affinities are high. In contrast to estradiol, phytoestrogens bind only weakly to sex steroid-binding globulin; they also do not bind to corticosteroid-binding globulin. These compounds translocate the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor and bind to unfilled nuclear estrogen receptors in whole cells. Bound nuclear receptors are then processed in a manner similar to estradiol in a step which rapidly decreases total cellular estrogen receptors. The phytoestrogens are also biologically active; they can markedly enhance tumor cell proliferation. In sum, phytoestrogens interact with the estrogen receptors of human breast cancer cells in culture and, therefore, may affect estrogen-mediated events in these cells.", "contents": "Phytoestrogen interaction with estrogen receptors in human breast cancer cells. The interactions of phytoestrogens with estrogen receptors were studied in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The compounds tested were coumestrol, genistein, and formononetin and the mycotoxins, zearalenone and its reduced derivative, zearalenol. All but formononetin compete for binding of [3H]-estradiol to unfilled cytoplasmic estrogen receptor or unfilled nuclear estrogen receptor sites. Relative binding affinities are zearalenol HMP (high melting point isomer) greater than zearalenol LMP (low melting point isomer) greater than zearalenone = coumestrol greater than genistein greater than formononetin. Dissociation constants estimated from competition curves show that binding affinities are high. In contrast to estradiol, phytoestrogens bind only weakly to sex steroid-binding globulin; they also do not bind to corticosteroid-binding globulin. These compounds translocate the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor and bind to unfilled nuclear estrogen receptors in whole cells. Bound nuclear receptors are then processed in a manner similar to estradiol in a step which rapidly decreases total cellular estrogen receptors. The phytoestrogens are also biologically active; they can markedly enhance tumor cell proliferation. In sum, phytoestrogens interact with the estrogen receptors of human breast cancer cells in culture and, therefore, may affect estrogen-mediated events in these cells.", "PMID": 570914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9232", "title": "A tetracycline study of cyclic longitudinal bone growth in the female rat.", "content": "This study shows that bone growth in the young female rat is cyclic. Using tetracycline labeling, measurements were taken for every possible 2-day growth interval during the 4-day estrous cycle. The slow phase of bone growth occurs when estrogen and glucocorticoid serum levels are elevated, whereas the rapid phase of growth occurs when estrogen serum levels are minimal. Parathyroidectomy or 1-microgram injections of exogeneous 17 beta-estradiol retard the rapid phase of growth. Adrenalectomy alters the rate of growth in that the slow phase no longer occurs but rather increases to a rate equal to the rapid phase. The results show that parathyroid hormone is an essential component of the cyclic growth pattern in the young adult female rat and that estrogen, which reduces the rate of longitudinal bone growth, has its effect primarily through its stimulation of glucocorticoid production. These findings are discussed in relation to other recent studies which show that there are no estrogen receptors in bone and that high levels of estrogen stimulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in the kidney. A hypothetical model, interrelating these hormones to the cyclic longitudinal bone growth pattern found in the female rat, is proposed.", "contents": "A tetracycline study of cyclic longitudinal bone growth in the female rat. This study shows that bone growth in the young female rat is cyclic. Using tetracycline labeling, measurements were taken for every possible 2-day growth interval during the 4-day estrous cycle. The slow phase of bone growth occurs when estrogen and glucocorticoid serum levels are elevated, whereas the rapid phase of growth occurs when estrogen serum levels are minimal. Parathyroidectomy or 1-microgram injections of exogeneous 17 beta-estradiol retard the rapid phase of growth. Adrenalectomy alters the rate of growth in that the slow phase no longer occurs but rather increases to a rate equal to the rapid phase. The results show that parathyroid hormone is an essential component of the cyclic growth pattern in the young adult female rat and that estrogen, which reduces the rate of longitudinal bone growth, has its effect primarily through its stimulation of glucocorticoid production. These findings are discussed in relation to other recent studies which show that there are no estrogen receptors in bone and that high levels of estrogen stimulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in the kidney. A hypothetical model, interrelating these hormones to the cyclic longitudinal bone growth pattern found in the female rat, is proposed.", "PMID": 570915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9233", "title": "Nuclear and cytosolic estrogen receptor in gilt endometrium throughout the estrous cycle.", "content": "The levels of nuclear and uncharged cytoplasmic estrogen receptors were determined in gilt endometrium throughout the estrous cycle. Nuclear estrogen receptor was found to reach its highest level of 1.3 (range, 1.0-1.5) pmol/mg DNA on day 1 of the cycle just before ovulation (day 2), after which the values dropped sharply to 0.3 (range, 0.1-0.4) pmol/mg DNA.  This level of nuclear receptor was consistently found through day 9. Between days 9-14, the estrogen receptor present in the nucleus decreased to zero, where it remained until the return of estrus (day 1). The dissociation constant (Kd +/- SD) for the nuclear estrogen receptor was 1.6 (+/- 1.4) x 10(-9) M. Initially, the nuclear estrogen receptor peak at day 1 was preceded by elevation (0.04-0.05 pmol/mg DNA) in cytoplasmic receptor at day 19, which declined when the receptor appeared in the nucleus. There was an even larger peak (range of maximal values, 0.07-0.26 pmol/mg DNA) of uncharged receptor in the cytosol near day 5. Throughout the rest of the cycle the values ranged from 0.01-0.03 pmol/mg DNA. Kd( +/- SD) for the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor was 2.4 (+/- 1.5) x 10(-9) M. The fluctuations of these two pools of endometrial estrogen receptor are discussed in relation to the previously observed cyclic variations in porcine uterine oxidation and sulfurylation of 17 beta-estradiol (Pack and Brooks, Endocrinology 95: 1680, 1974).", "contents": "Nuclear and cytosolic estrogen receptor in gilt endometrium throughout the estrous cycle. The levels of nuclear and uncharged cytoplasmic estrogen receptors were determined in gilt endometrium throughout the estrous cycle. Nuclear estrogen receptor was found to reach its highest level of 1.3 (range, 1.0-1.5) pmol/mg DNA on day 1 of the cycle just before ovulation (day 2), after which the values dropped sharply to 0.3 (range, 0.1-0.4) pmol/mg DNA.  This level of nuclear receptor was consistently found through day 9. Between days 9-14, the estrogen receptor present in the nucleus decreased to zero, where it remained until the return of estrus (day 1). The dissociation constant (Kd +/- SD) for the nuclear estrogen receptor was 1.6 (+/- 1.4) x 10(-9) M. Initially, the nuclear estrogen receptor peak at day 1 was preceded by elevation (0.04-0.05 pmol/mg DNA) in cytoplasmic receptor at day 19, which declined when the receptor appeared in the nucleus. There was an even larger peak (range of maximal values, 0.07-0.26 pmol/mg DNA) of uncharged receptor in the cytosol near day 5. Throughout the rest of the cycle the values ranged from 0.01-0.03 pmol/mg DNA. Kd( +/- SD) for the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor was 2.4 (+/- 1.5) x 10(-9) M. The fluctuations of these two pools of endometrial estrogen receptor are discussed in relation to the previously observed cyclic variations in porcine uterine oxidation and sulfurylation of 17 beta-estradiol (Pack and Brooks, Endocrinology 95: 1680, 1974).", "PMID": 570916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9234", "title": "Glucosamine itself mediates reversible inhibition of protein glycosylation. A study of glucosamine metabolism at inhibitory concentrations in influenza-virus-infected cells.", "content": "The metabolism of glucosamine in chick embryo fibroblasts was studied at different concentrations of the amino sugar added to the culture medium. In glucose-containing medium the well-known metabolites, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate and N-acetylglucosamine, are detectable after inhibition of glycosylation resulting from glucosamine treatment. Especially when the cells were infected with influenza virus, high intracellular concentrations of non-metabolized glucosamine are demonstrable in addition. Removal of the inhibitor from the medium results in release of the block of influenza virus glycoprotein glycosylation within 10 min. The onset of glycosylation is paralleled by a rapid reduction of intracellular levels of glucosamine without significant changes in the concentration of its metabolites. Furthermore, concentrations of GDP-mannose, UDP-glucose, and UDP-galactose remain constant for at least 30 min after reversal of the block. It is concluded that glucosamine as such exerts its effect on glycosylation, rather than one of its metabolites being responsible for this effect.", "contents": "Glucosamine itself mediates reversible inhibition of protein glycosylation. A study of glucosamine metabolism at inhibitory concentrations in influenza-virus-infected cells. The metabolism of glucosamine in chick embryo fibroblasts was studied at different concentrations of the amino sugar added to the culture medium. In glucose-containing medium the well-known metabolites, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate and N-acetylglucosamine, are detectable after inhibition of glycosylation resulting from glucosamine treatment. Especially when the cells were infected with influenza virus, high intracellular concentrations of non-metabolized glucosamine are demonstrable in addition. Removal of the inhibitor from the medium results in release of the block of influenza virus glycoprotein glycosylation within 10 min. The onset of glycosylation is paralleled by a rapid reduction of intracellular levels of glucosamine without significant changes in the concentration of its metabolites. Furthermore, concentrations of GDP-mannose, UDP-glucose, and UDP-galactose remain constant for at least 30 min after reversal of the block. It is concluded that glucosamine as such exerts its effect on glycosylation, rather than one of its metabolites being responsible for this effect.", "PMID": 570921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9235", "title": "The use of biochemical solid-phase techniques in the study of alcohol dehydrogenase. 1. Some studies on subunit interactions in alcohol dehydrogenase with subunits covalently bound to agarose.", "content": "The EE and SS isozymes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been immobilized separately to weakly CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The resulting immobilized dimeric preparations lost practically all of their activity after treatment with 6 M urea. However, enzyme activity was regenerated by allowing the urea-treated Sepharose-bound alcohol dehydrogenase to interact specifically with either soluble subunits of dissociated horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase or soluble dimeric enzyme. The regeneration of steroid activity in the immobilized preparations after treatment of the bound S subunits with soluble E subunits seems to show that true reassociation of the enzyme had taken place on the solid phase, since only isozymes with an S-polypeptide chain are active when using 5 beta-dihydrotestosterone as substrate. The results presented in this paper indicate that immobilized single subunits of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase are inactive and that dimer formation is a prerequisite for the enzymic activity.", "contents": "The use of biochemical solid-phase techniques in the study of alcohol dehydrogenase. 1. Some studies on subunit interactions in alcohol dehydrogenase with subunits covalently bound to agarose. The EE and SS isozymes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been immobilized separately to weakly CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The resulting immobilized dimeric preparations lost practically all of their activity after treatment with 6 M urea. However, enzyme activity was regenerated by allowing the urea-treated Sepharose-bound alcohol dehydrogenase to interact specifically with either soluble subunits of dissociated horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase or soluble dimeric enzyme. The regeneration of steroid activity in the immobilized preparations after treatment of the bound S subunits with soluble E subunits seems to show that true reassociation of the enzyme had taken place on the solid phase, since only isozymes with an S-polypeptide chain are active when using 5 beta-dihydrotestosterone as substrate. The results presented in this paper indicate that immobilized single subunits of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase are inactive and that dimer formation is a prerequisite for the enzymic activity.", "PMID": 570922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9236", "title": "Transurethral laser irradiation of urinary bladder tumors.", "content": "After preliminary animal experiments, endoscopic Neodym-YAG laser irradiation of bladder tumors was performed successfully for the first time. Although no final statement can be made so far on the value of laser irradiation in bladder tumors because of the small number of cases, we believe that laser coagulation will attain a secure place in the transurethral treatment spectrum. A combination of transurethral resection and irradiation of the tumor bed for destruction of intramural tumor cell nests appears especially useful. Laser therapy cannot replace transurethral resection, but it can complement it.", "contents": "Transurethral laser irradiation of urinary bladder tumors. After preliminary animal experiments, endoscopic Neodym-YAG laser irradiation of bladder tumors was performed successfully for the first time. Although no final statement can be made so far on the value of laser irradiation in bladder tumors because of the small number of cases, we believe that laser coagulation will attain a secure place in the transurethral treatment spectrum. A combination of transurethral resection and irradiation of the tumor bed for destruction of intramural tumor cell nests appears especially useful. Laser therapy cannot replace transurethral resection, but it can complement it.", "PMID": 570923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9237", "title": "Stereotypic and hypothermic effects of apomorphine and N-n-propylnorapomorphine in mice.", "content": "Two dopaminergic agonists, apomorphine (APO) and N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) were compared in mice for their ability to induce stereotypic cage-climbing and hypothermia. Stereotypic cage-climbing responses were recorded on videotape and subsequently rated \"blind\" in comparison to the animal's predrug behavior and to the behavior of animals administered control solutions. Hypothermia was measured as changes from predug body temperature. Both APO and NPA produced statistically significant cage-climbing and hypothermia vs. controls. Dose-response analyses (0.5-10 mg/kg, i.p.) indicated that on a milligram basis the two drugs induced similar magnitudes of stereotypic activity. In contrast, dose-response analyses (0.008-40 mg/kg, i.p.) of APO and NPA induced hypothermia suggested an approximate 90-fold greater effect for NPA. These results suggest that there may be two different types of dopaminergic systems responsible for the hypothermic and stereotypic responses measured.", "contents": "Stereotypic and hypothermic effects of apomorphine and N-n-propylnorapomorphine in mice. Two dopaminergic agonists, apomorphine (APO) and N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) were compared in mice for their ability to induce stereotypic cage-climbing and hypothermia. Stereotypic cage-climbing responses were recorded on videotape and subsequently rated \"blind\" in comparison to the animal's predrug behavior and to the behavior of animals administered control solutions. Hypothermia was measured as changes from predug body temperature. Both APO and NPA produced statistically significant cage-climbing and hypothermia vs. controls. Dose-response analyses (0.5-10 mg/kg, i.p.) indicated that on a milligram basis the two drugs induced similar magnitudes of stereotypic activity. In contrast, dose-response analyses (0.008-40 mg/kg, i.p.) of APO and NPA induced hypothermia suggested an approximate 90-fold greater effect for NPA. These results suggest that there may be two different types of dopaminergic systems responsible for the hypothermic and stereotypic responses measured.", "PMID": 570924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9238", "title": "[A new laser endoscope for irradiation of bladder tumors].", "content": "A new endoscopic laser tool is presented consisting of a urethrocystoscope with Albarran-tray. Because of the flexibility of the new guide light fibres it is possible to irradiate any spot of the bladder wall, the bladder neck and the fascia prostatae. Advantages are apart from the flexibility--the simplifying of the equipment, the good working conditions under water and the higher efficacy using the same power output as the usual laser endoscopes.", "contents": "[A new laser endoscope for irradiation of bladder tumors]. A new endoscopic laser tool is presented consisting of a urethrocystoscope with Albarran-tray. Because of the flexibility of the new guide light fibres it is possible to irradiate any spot of the bladder wall, the bladder neck and the fascia prostatae. Advantages are apart from the flexibility--the simplifying of the equipment, the good working conditions under water and the higher efficacy using the same power output as the usual laser endoscopes.", "PMID": 570944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9239", "title": "Effects of gonadotropins on follicular development, ovulation, and atresia in the mature guinea pig.", "content": "The induction of follicular growth, ovulation, and atresia by heterologous gonadotropic preparations was studied late in the reproductive cycle of the adult female guinea pig. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration (10 IU) 12 days following the first signs of opening of the vaginal membrane was found to stimulate ovulation within 24 h in all animals studied, as evidenced by recovery of ova from their oviducts as well as the presence of postovulatory follicles in their ovaries. Histologically, ovaries of animals receiving HCG exhibited atretic changes in most of the follicles smaller than 999 micrometer in diameter. Pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 10 IU) administered on days 9 and 10 of the cycle was not sufficient to stimulate ovulation in this species although histological changes in the follicular complement were observed. Administration of PMSG prior to the HCG appeared to have an inhibitory effect on ovulation induction. Follicles luteinizing with entrapped ova were seen in all groups receiving exogenous gonadotropin, although they were most prevalent in the animals receiving the maximum total gonadotropin doses (i.e. PMSG + HCG).", "contents": "Effects of gonadotropins on follicular development, ovulation, and atresia in the mature guinea pig. The induction of follicular growth, ovulation, and atresia by heterologous gonadotropic preparations was studied late in the reproductive cycle of the adult female guinea pig. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration (10 IU) 12 days following the first signs of opening of the vaginal membrane was found to stimulate ovulation within 24 h in all animals studied, as evidenced by recovery of ova from their oviducts as well as the presence of postovulatory follicles in their ovaries. Histologically, ovaries of animals receiving HCG exhibited atretic changes in most of the follicles smaller than 999 micrometer in diameter. Pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 10 IU) administered on days 9 and 10 of the cycle was not sufficient to stimulate ovulation in this species although histological changes in the follicular complement were observed. Administration of PMSG prior to the HCG appeared to have an inhibitory effect on ovulation induction. Follicles luteinizing with entrapped ova were seen in all groups receiving exogenous gonadotropin, although they were most prevalent in the animals receiving the maximum total gonadotropin doses (i.e. PMSG + HCG).", "PMID": 570952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9240", "title": "The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. I. Rationale of the study. Material. Methods. Heritability of test parameters.", "content": "In the first section of this paper, various research designs in human behavior genetics are compared. In this context, the commonly used concept of biometric genetics is critically evaluated from the point of view of science theory. It is contrasted with the Mendelian gene concept, which, in principle, leads to a much deeper theoretical understanding by offering clues for basic mechanisms. To explore this advantage fully, a research strategy is needed that first looks for genetic variability in a physiological parameter of possible importance for human behavior and then tries to explore the influence of this parameter on the function of the human brain and on behavior. If possible, this genetic parameter should be selected in a way that inferences as to the mechanism of its influence on behavior become feasible. Such genetic variability is provided by the hereditary variants of the normal EEG discovered by earlier work (cf. Vogel, 1970). In the following section, a research program on 298 adult healthy males, most of them soldiers, with various inherited EEG variants is described. Apart from controls with inconspicuous EEGs, this material comprises probands with the following EEG variants: low-voltage (N); low-voltage borderline (NG); monotonous alpha-waves (R); occipital fast alpha-variants (BO); fronto-precentral beta-groups (BG), and diffuse beta-waves (BD). In addition to an EEG examination, the probands were examined with various test methods measuring intelligence (IST; LPS; Raven); working speed and concentration (d-2; KLT); personal attitudes (MMPI; 16PF; RKS); and sensory and motor abilities (flicker fusion; tachistoscopy; reaction time to optic, acoustic and combined stimuli; two-hand dexterity; pursuit rotor; tapping). In a supplementary twin study on 52 male adult twin pairs (26 MZ, 26 DZ), heritabilities were determined for the test scores included in the main study. For most test scores, heritabilities are relatively low; the data are compared with those from the literature. We conclude that the test methods utilized in the main study (on EEG variants) are expected to demonstrate at the most a small to moderate correlation of the EEGs with psychological phenotypes as defined by test examinations, even if a major part of the genetic variability underlying these phenotypes would be due to differences in brain physiology that could be revealed by EEG variation.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. I. Rationale of the study. Material. Methods. Heritability of test parameters. In the first section of this paper, various research designs in human behavior genetics are compared. In this context, the commonly used concept of biometric genetics is critically evaluated from the point of view of science theory. It is contrasted with the Mendelian gene concept, which, in principle, leads to a much deeper theoretical understanding by offering clues for basic mechanisms. To explore this advantage fully, a research strategy is needed that first looks for genetic variability in a physiological parameter of possible importance for human behavior and then tries to explore the influence of this parameter on the function of the human brain and on behavior. If possible, this genetic parameter should be selected in a way that inferences as to the mechanism of its influence on behavior become feasible. Such genetic variability is provided by the hereditary variants of the normal EEG discovered by earlier work (cf. Vogel, 1970). In the following section, a research program on 298 adult healthy males, most of them soldiers, with various inherited EEG variants is described. Apart from controls with inconspicuous EEGs, this material comprises probands with the following EEG variants: low-voltage (N); low-voltage borderline (NG); monotonous alpha-waves (R); occipital fast alpha-variants (BO); fronto-precentral beta-groups (BG), and diffuse beta-waves (BD). In addition to an EEG examination, the probands were examined with various test methods measuring intelligence (IST; LPS; Raven); working speed and concentration (d-2; KLT); personal attitudes (MMPI; 16PF; RKS); and sensory and motor abilities (flicker fusion; tachistoscopy; reaction time to optic, acoustic and combined stimuli; two-hand dexterity; pursuit rotor; tapping). In a supplementary twin study on 52 male adult twin pairs (26 MZ, 26 DZ), heritabilities were determined for the test scores included in the main study. For most test scores, heritabilities are relatively low; the data are compared with those from the literature. We conclude that the test methods utilized in the main study (on EEG variants) are expected to demonstrate at the most a small to moderate correlation of the EEGs with psychological phenotypes as defined by test examinations, even if a major part of the genetic variability underlying these phenotypes would be due to differences in brain physiology that could be revealed by EEG variation.", "PMID": 570956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9241", "title": "[Protein deficiency in hospital food. Possibilities of using protein preparations].", "content": "During a twenty days period, the daily supply of protein with the normal diet was investigated for thirty patients of an emergency station. The system of food distribution allowed precise weighing of each patient's portion. According to the calculation by the \"kleine N\u00e4hrwerttabelle\" an average daily protein allowance of 12.4 kcal% at an average daily energy allowance of 2100 kcal with an average worth of material of 20 \u00f6S was found. The nitrogen loss accounted in the literature for different stress situations enables to calculate a far higher protein need. The use of protein preparations is discussed for satisfying the need. The possibility to use milk-protein for food preparations was tested. In a trial was found that 46.2% of the patients accepted the given protein-enriched soup. Thus the share of protein in total daily calories should be lifted from 12.4 kcal% to 14.6 kcal% spending only 4.44 \u00f6S more than before. Elevating the protein portion with normal food is possible only by spending multiple costs.", "contents": "[Protein deficiency in hospital food. Possibilities of using protein preparations]. During a twenty days period, the daily supply of protein with the normal diet was investigated for thirty patients of an emergency station. The system of food distribution allowed precise weighing of each patient's portion. According to the calculation by the \"kleine N\u00e4hrwerttabelle\" an average daily protein allowance of 12.4 kcal% at an average daily energy allowance of 2100 kcal with an average worth of material of 20 \u00f6S was found. The nitrogen loss accounted in the literature for different stress situations enables to calculate a far higher protein need. The use of protein preparations is discussed for satisfying the need. The possibility to use milk-protein for food preparations was tested. In a trial was found that 46.2% of the patients accepted the given protein-enriched soup. Thus the share of protein in total daily calories should be lifted from 12.4 kcal% to 14.6 kcal% spending only 4.44 \u00f6S more than before. Elevating the protein portion with normal food is possible only by spending multiple costs.", "PMID": 570960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9242", "title": "[Diagnosis of malnutrition].", "content": "A diagnostic program for routine determination of the nutritional status during initial examination is presented. This program includes anthropometric methods (body weight, height, triceps skin fold, circumference of mid-arm muscle) and chemical parameters (creatinine index, albumin, prealbumin, cholesterinase). In addition, determination of the immune status through the absolute lymphocyte count in peripheral blood and intracutaneous testing with streptokinase-dornase, mumps skin test antigen and candida vaccine is recommended. This test plan allows assessment of fat stores, muscle mass, functional proteins and immune competence. The results of this study should be considered when planning adequate nutritional treatment. The results obtained for 168 patients in this test program are reported.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of malnutrition]. A diagnostic program for routine determination of the nutritional status during initial examination is presented. This program includes anthropometric methods (body weight, height, triceps skin fold, circumference of mid-arm muscle) and chemical parameters (creatinine index, albumin, prealbumin, cholesterinase). In addition, determination of the immune status through the absolute lymphocyte count in peripheral blood and intracutaneous testing with streptokinase-dornase, mumps skin test antigen and candida vaccine is recommended. This test plan allows assessment of fat stores, muscle mass, functional proteins and immune competence. The results of this study should be considered when planning adequate nutritional treatment. The results obtained for 168 patients in this test program are reported.", "PMID": 570962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9243", "title": "Response times on urethral pressure profiles: carbon dioxide instrument.", "content": "This study shows that the response time between an actual event and a recorded event on a urethral pressure profile is a function of gas flow rate and gas circuit volume. Response times varied from 1.8 to 10.8 sec. Considerable variation was noted between flow setting and actual gas flow; therefore, calibration of the instrument's gas flow meter is recommended.", "contents": "Response times on urethral pressure profiles: carbon dioxide instrument. This study shows that the response time between an actual event and a recorded event on a urethral pressure profile is a function of gas flow rate and gas circuit volume. Response times varied from 1.8 to 10.8 sec. Considerable variation was noted between flow setting and actual gas flow; therefore, calibration of the instrument's gas flow meter is recommended.", "PMID": 570965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9244", "title": "Effects of clonidine (Catapresan) on urethral pressure.", "content": "Effects of clonidine (Catapresan) on urethral closure pressure profile were investigated in five patients with minor urologic complaints. Plasma norepinephrine was measured as an index of sympathetic nervous activity. Intravenous injection of clonidine resulted in a pronounced fall in maximum urethral pressure. Plasma norepinephrine concentration decreased as expected. There was a statistically significant correlation between changes in plasma norepinephrine and urethral pressure after clonidine. These findings are discussed in relation to the known effects of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on urethral pressure. Clonidine may be useful in the treatment of some patients with functional infravesical obstruction.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine (Catapresan) on urethral pressure. Effects of clonidine (Catapresan) on urethral closure pressure profile were investigated in five patients with minor urologic complaints. Plasma norepinephrine was measured as an index of sympathetic nervous activity. Intravenous injection of clonidine resulted in a pronounced fall in maximum urethral pressure. Plasma norepinephrine concentration decreased as expected. There was a statistically significant correlation between changes in plasma norepinephrine and urethral pressure after clonidine. These findings are discussed in relation to the known effects of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on urethral pressure. Clonidine may be useful in the treatment of some patients with functional infravesical obstruction.", "PMID": 570966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9245", "title": "Canine hip dysplasia: study of heritability in 401 litters of German Shepherd dogs.", "content": "Heritability of hip dysplasia was estimated to be about 0.4 to 0.5 when based on the radiographic evaluations of the hip joints of 2,404 German Shepherd Dogs born at The Armed Forces Dog Training Center in Sweden. The material included all dogs in 401 litters born at the Center from 1965 through 1973 that reached the age of 15 months. To be expected with such high heritability, frequency of hip dysplasia in the offspring was shown to be affected by the hip joint status of sire and dam as well as by the hip joint status of their parents and littermates. Even matings between sires with normal hip joints and dams with only slight dysplasia resulted in significantly higher frequency of hip dysplasia in the offspring, when compared with the frequency if both sires and dams had normal hip joints. Frequency of hip dysplasia in the progeny of sires with normal hip joints varied greatly. Since 1973, selection of the breeding stock has been based on hip joint status (phenotype) of the breeding animals and of their relatives as well as on what had become known about frequency of hip dysplasia in the litters already born (progeny testing). In this way, frequency of hip dysplasia in 347 dogs born at the Center during 1975 was lowered to 28%. This figure should be compared with the figure of 50%, which represents the frequency of hip dysplasia in the kennel up to 1970, when selection was not as strict as could be expected in a well-controlled kennel.", "contents": "Canine hip dysplasia: study of heritability in 401 litters of German Shepherd dogs. Heritability of hip dysplasia was estimated to be about 0.4 to 0.5 when based on the radiographic evaluations of the hip joints of 2,404 German Shepherd Dogs born at The Armed Forces Dog Training Center in Sweden. The material included all dogs in 401 litters born at the Center from 1965 through 1973 that reached the age of 15 months. To be expected with such high heritability, frequency of hip dysplasia in the offspring was shown to be affected by the hip joint status of sire and dam as well as by the hip joint status of their parents and littermates. Even matings between sires with normal hip joints and dams with only slight dysplasia resulted in significantly higher frequency of hip dysplasia in the offspring, when compared with the frequency if both sires and dams had normal hip joints. Frequency of hip dysplasia in the progeny of sires with normal hip joints varied greatly. Since 1973, selection of the breeding stock has been based on hip joint status (phenotype) of the breeding animals and of their relatives as well as on what had become known about frequency of hip dysplasia in the litters already born (progeny testing). In this way, frequency of hip dysplasia in 347 dogs born at the Center during 1975 was lowered to 28%. This figure should be compared with the figure of 50%, which represents the frequency of hip dysplasia in the kennel up to 1970, when selection was not as strict as could be expected in a well-controlled kennel.", "PMID": 570968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9246", "title": "Kinetics for the secretion of nonhelical procollagen by freshly isolated tendon cells.", "content": "Fibroblasts isolated by enzymic digestion of chick embryo tendons have previously been used to examine the kinetics for the secretion of procollagen (Kao, W. W.-Y., Berg, R. A., and Prockop, D. J. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 8391-8397). The results indicated that the kinetics approximated the sum of two first order processes with half-times of 14 and 115 min. Here, the same fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of 1.53 mM cis-4-hydroxyproline, an analogue of proline, or in the presence of 0.3 mM alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase, so that the cells synthesized procollagen which could not assume a triple helical conformation characteristic of procollagen. Measurements of the secretion of nonhelical procollagen indicated that the kinetics for secretion differed from the kinetics for the secretion of procollagen and approximated a single first order process with a half-time of approximately 130 min. The nonhelical procollagen synthesized and secreted in the presence of either cis-4-hydroxyproline or alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl consisted of disulfide-bonded pro gamma chains of type I procollagen. The results suggested that the intracellular nonhelical procollagen was present in a single metabolic pool and secretion from this pool occurred with a different rate-limiting step than for helical procollagen. Further results indicated that nonhelical procollagen had a high affinity for prolyl hydroxylase and the affinity for the enzyme was greatly reduced if the procollagen was allowed to assume the triple helical conformation characteristic of normal procollagen. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the secretion of procollagen is influenced by its conformation-dependent interaction with prolyl hydroxylase or other post-translational enzymes.", "contents": "Kinetics for the secretion of nonhelical procollagen by freshly isolated tendon cells. Fibroblasts isolated by enzymic digestion of chick embryo tendons have previously been used to examine the kinetics for the secretion of procollagen (Kao, W. W.-Y., Berg, R. A., and Prockop, D. J. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 8391-8397). The results indicated that the kinetics approximated the sum of two first order processes with half-times of 14 and 115 min. Here, the same fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of 1.53 mM cis-4-hydroxyproline, an analogue of proline, or in the presence of 0.3 mM alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase, so that the cells synthesized procollagen which could not assume a triple helical conformation characteristic of procollagen. Measurements of the secretion of nonhelical procollagen indicated that the kinetics for secretion differed from the kinetics for the secretion of procollagen and approximated a single first order process with a half-time of approximately 130 min. The nonhelical procollagen synthesized and secreted in the presence of either cis-4-hydroxyproline or alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl consisted of disulfide-bonded pro gamma chains of type I procollagen. The results suggested that the intracellular nonhelical procollagen was present in a single metabolic pool and secretion from this pool occurred with a different rate-limiting step than for helical procollagen. Further results indicated that nonhelical procollagen had a high affinity for prolyl hydroxylase and the affinity for the enzyme was greatly reduced if the procollagen was allowed to assume the triple helical conformation characteristic of normal procollagen. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the secretion of procollagen is influenced by its conformation-dependent interaction with prolyl hydroxylase or other post-translational enzymes.", "PMID": 570970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9247", "title": "Chondroitin SO4 catabolism in chick embryo chondrocytes.", "content": "An enzyme preparation from cultured chick embryo vertebral chondrocytes attacks chondroitin SO4 oligosaccharides from the nonreducing terminal in a recycling pathway involving the sequential action of a beta-glucuronidase, a 4- or a 6-sulfatase, and a beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. The sequence is blocked by saccharo-1,4-lactone, an inhibitor of the beta-glucuronidase, or by 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactonolactone, an inhibitor of the beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. The level of 4-sulfatase activity is low relative to the other activities and limits the rate of catabolism of hybrid oligosaccharide structures containing both 6-sulfated galactosamine residues and 4-sulfated galactosamine residues. This results in the accumulation of shortened oligosaccharides, most of which have galactosamine-4-SO4 residues at their nonreducing terminals. In the presence of the lactone inhibitors, polymeric chondroitin SO4 is broken down by the enzyme preparation to oligosaccharides which are 10 to 15 monosaccharides long, indicating that degradation of chondroitin SO4 chains is initiated by an endoglycosidase which generates oligosaccharide substrates for the recycling exoglycosidase system.", "contents": "Chondroitin SO4 catabolism in chick embryo chondrocytes. An enzyme preparation from cultured chick embryo vertebral chondrocytes attacks chondroitin SO4 oligosaccharides from the nonreducing terminal in a recycling pathway involving the sequential action of a beta-glucuronidase, a 4- or a 6-sulfatase, and a beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. The sequence is blocked by saccharo-1,4-lactone, an inhibitor of the beta-glucuronidase, or by 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactonolactone, an inhibitor of the beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. The level of 4-sulfatase activity is low relative to the other activities and limits the rate of catabolism of hybrid oligosaccharide structures containing both 6-sulfated galactosamine residues and 4-sulfated galactosamine residues. This results in the accumulation of shortened oligosaccharides, most of which have galactosamine-4-SO4 residues at their nonreducing terminals. In the presence of the lactone inhibitors, polymeric chondroitin SO4 is broken down by the enzyme preparation to oligosaccharides which are 10 to 15 monosaccharides long, indicating that degradation of chondroitin SO4 chains is initiated by an endoglycosidase which generates oligosaccharide substrates for the recycling exoglycosidase system.", "PMID": 570972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9248", "title": "The presence of protein kinase activity and acceptors of phosphate groups in nonpolysomal cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes of embryonic chicken muscle.", "content": "Nonpolysomal cytoplasmic (free) mRNA.protein (mRNP) complexes of embryonic chicken muscle were purified by a combination of oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The protein moieties of the purified mRNP complex were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using separation according to charge in the first dimension and molecular weight in the second. Sixteen polypeptides of Mr = 27,000 to 75,000 were present in the mRNP complex. These mRNP polypeptides displayed different electrophoretic migration properties than those of ribosomal proteins. A protein kinase activity was found associated with the mRNP. This enenzyme was able to transfer phosphate group(s) from ATP to at least three acidic mRNP polypeptides of Mr = 27,000, 38,000, and 73,000 and one basic polypeptide of Mr = 75,000. Among these, the Mr = 38,000 acidic polypeptide was the best acceptor of phosphate groups.", "contents": "The presence of protein kinase activity and acceptors of phosphate groups in nonpolysomal cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes of embryonic chicken muscle. Nonpolysomal cytoplasmic (free) mRNA.protein (mRNP) complexes of embryonic chicken muscle were purified by a combination of oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The protein moieties of the purified mRNP complex were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using separation according to charge in the first dimension and molecular weight in the second. Sixteen polypeptides of Mr = 27,000 to 75,000 were present in the mRNP complex. These mRNP polypeptides displayed different electrophoretic migration properties than those of ribosomal proteins. A protein kinase activity was found associated with the mRNP. This enenzyme was able to transfer phosphate group(s) from ATP to at least three acidic mRNP polypeptides of Mr = 27,000, 38,000, and 73,000 and one basic polypeptide of Mr = 75,000. Among these, the Mr = 38,000 acidic polypeptide was the best acceptor of phosphate groups.", "PMID": 570973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9249", "title": "Regulation of procollagen synthesis during the development of chick embryo calvaria. Correlation with procollagen mRNA content.", "content": "During the embryonic development of chick calvaria (membranous cranial bones), the relative rate of procollagen synthesis increased from about 12% of total protein synthesis on Day 10 to about 65% on Day 17. This increase is due to a 1.7-fold increase in the absolute rate of procollagen synthesis and a 3-fold decrease in the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins. The increase in procollagen synthesis is directly proportional to an increase in procollagen mRNA content per cell as measured either by cell-free translation or by hybridization with complementary DNA. The results indicate that translational control of procollagen mRNA does not play a substantial role during calvaria development and that the specialization in the synthesis of this protein is largely due to the loss or inactivation of mRNAs for noncollagenous proteins.", "contents": "Regulation of procollagen synthesis during the development of chick embryo calvaria. Correlation with procollagen mRNA content. During the embryonic development of chick calvaria (membranous cranial bones), the relative rate of procollagen synthesis increased from about 12% of total protein synthesis on Day 10 to about 65% on Day 17. This increase is due to a 1.7-fold increase in the absolute rate of procollagen synthesis and a 3-fold decrease in the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins. The increase in procollagen synthesis is directly proportional to an increase in procollagen mRNA content per cell as measured either by cell-free translation or by hybridization with complementary DNA. The results indicate that translational control of procollagen mRNA does not play a substantial role during calvaria development and that the specialization in the synthesis of this protein is largely due to the loss or inactivation of mRNAs for noncollagenous proteins.", "PMID": 570974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9250", "title": "Interaction of choriocarcinoma cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Resistance of cultured choriocarcinoma cells to cell-mediated cytotoxicity by mitogen-activated lymphocytes.", "content": "Cultured choriocarcinoma (Be Wo) cells exist that share many of the morphologic and bio-synthetic properties of normal human trophoblasts. In an attempt to develop a model for the immunologic relationship between a sensitized mother and fetus, we mixed Be Wo cells with mitogen-activated cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro. Be Wo cells were resistant to the cytolytic effects of the activated lymphocytes despite 24-h exposure and intimate cell-to-cell contact as determined by microscopy. Control target cells, a line of human hepatoma cells, were readily destroyed. Cytotoxicity was measured by determining residual radioactivity of [(3)H]thymidine-labeled target cells after exposure to activated lymphocytes. Employing the quantitative assay, we confirmed the morphologic results and showed that Be Wo and a number of other choriocarcinoma cell lines were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes activated by phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Moreover, Be Wo cells were resistant to injury over a wide range of killer to target cell ratios. Significant killing of the Be Wo cells occurred only after prolonged exposure (48 and 72 h) to the activated lymphocytes. We suggest that one mechanism that may assist the fetus (or a choriocarcinoma) in its immunologic survival is the intrinsic resistance of trophoblast cells to lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Interaction of choriocarcinoma cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Resistance of cultured choriocarcinoma cells to cell-mediated cytotoxicity by mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Cultured choriocarcinoma (Be Wo) cells exist that share many of the morphologic and bio-synthetic properties of normal human trophoblasts. In an attempt to develop a model for the immunologic relationship between a sensitized mother and fetus, we mixed Be Wo cells with mitogen-activated cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro. Be Wo cells were resistant to the cytolytic effects of the activated lymphocytes despite 24-h exposure and intimate cell-to-cell contact as determined by microscopy. Control target cells, a line of human hepatoma cells, were readily destroyed. Cytotoxicity was measured by determining residual radioactivity of [(3)H]thymidine-labeled target cells after exposure to activated lymphocytes. Employing the quantitative assay, we confirmed the morphologic results and showed that Be Wo and a number of other choriocarcinoma cell lines were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes activated by phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Moreover, Be Wo cells were resistant to injury over a wide range of killer to target cell ratios. Significant killing of the Be Wo cells occurred only after prolonged exposure (48 and 72 h) to the activated lymphocytes. We suggest that one mechanism that may assist the fetus (or a choriocarcinoma) in its immunologic survival is the intrinsic resistance of trophoblast cells to lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 570981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9251", "title": "The developmental morphology of Torpedo marmorata: electric organ--electrogenic phase.", "content": "The electrogenic developmental phase of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata begins at 40 mm of embryo length and is characterized by a horizontal flattening of the vertically orientated myotubes. The first sign of this process is a rounding up of the ventral poles of the myotubes and a disassembly of the myofibrils located therein. Occurring concomitantly with this is a migration of the nuclei to the cell center which results in a horizontal plane of nuclei. Filament bundles are then found within the ventral cytoplasm often projecting upwards from the ventral plasma membrane. The filaments of the bundles are dimensionally similar to the myofilaments of muscle and it is suggested that the bundles play a role in cellular transformation. In contrast the dorsal pole of the cell appears to be integrated \"passively\" with the final cell shape as no morphological correlates of a retraction process have been found. A canalicular system, composed of a complex network of irregular tubules and vacuoles, appears just below the dorsal plasma membrane characterizing this region of the cell. A mononucleated satellite cell population lies in close proximity to the dorsal surface of the differentiating cell and fusion between the two cell types occurs throughout development. Cell shape transformation is complete by 55 mm of embryo length and the intercolumnar nerves begin to invade the interelectrocyte space. The ingrowing neurites preferentially course along the ventral electrocyte surface establishing junctions similar to motor endplates.", "contents": "The developmental morphology of Torpedo marmorata: electric organ--electrogenic phase. The electrogenic developmental phase of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata begins at 40 mm of embryo length and is characterized by a horizontal flattening of the vertically orientated myotubes. The first sign of this process is a rounding up of the ventral poles of the myotubes and a disassembly of the myofibrils located therein. Occurring concomitantly with this is a migration of the nuclei to the cell center which results in a horizontal plane of nuclei. Filament bundles are then found within the ventral cytoplasm often projecting upwards from the ventral plasma membrane. The filaments of the bundles are dimensionally similar to the myofilaments of muscle and it is suggested that the bundles play a role in cellular transformation. In contrast the dorsal pole of the cell appears to be integrated \"passively\" with the final cell shape as no morphological correlates of a retraction process have been found. A canalicular system, composed of a complex network of irregular tubules and vacuoles, appears just below the dorsal plasma membrane characterizing this region of the cell. A mononucleated satellite cell population lies in close proximity to the dorsal surface of the differentiating cell and fusion between the two cell types occurs throughout development. Cell shape transformation is complete by 55 mm of embryo length and the intercolumnar nerves begin to invade the interelectrocyte space. The ingrowing neurites preferentially course along the ventral electrocyte surface establishing junctions similar to motor endplates.", "PMID": 570982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9252", "title": "Unsuspected hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the elderly diagnosed by echocardiography.", "content": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) occurs more commonly in the elderly than is generally believed, and is often unsuspected. In 26 patients above the age of 60, the diagnosis was recognized in only 7 (27 percent) prior to echocardiography. Symptoms included dyspnea in 17, chest pain in 16, and dizziness or syncope in 8 patients. In 10 patients, establishing the correct diagnosis led to therapy with propranolol, with or without discontinuation of digitalis; in 7 of these, the chest pain was significantly reduced. An accurate diagnosis is particularly important because drugs that are useful in other forms of heart disease may have adverse effects in IHSS. Echocardiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice and is indicated in the presence of an unexplained systolic murmur, especially when it is associated with chest pain, syncope or left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Unsuspected hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the elderly diagnosed by echocardiography. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) occurs more commonly in the elderly than is generally believed, and is often unsuspected. In 26 patients above the age of 60, the diagnosis was recognized in only 7 (27 percent) prior to echocardiography. Symptoms included dyspnea in 17, chest pain in 16, and dizziness or syncope in 8 patients. In 10 patients, establishing the correct diagnosis led to therapy with propranolol, with or without discontinuation of digitalis; in 7 of these, the chest pain was significantly reduced. An accurate diagnosis is particularly important because drugs that are useful in other forms of heart disease may have adverse effects in IHSS. Echocardiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice and is indicated in the presence of an unexplained systolic murmur, especially when it is associated with chest pain, syncope or left ventricular hypertrophy.", "PMID": 570983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9253", "title": "Desalinated water hygiene and scientific bases for its investigation.", "content": "In view of the increasing scarcity of fresh water reserves in many countries of the world, a thorough hygienic evaluation of the different methods of desalinating highly mineralized underground and sea waters for economic and drinking purpose becomes indispensable. In addition to generally accepted hygienic criteria (favourable organoleptic properties, innocuous chemical composition and epidemiological safety), introduction of supplementary criteria for the assessment of the characteristic of the quality of freshened drinking water is necessary, i.e., its full value in the physiological sense and stability of drinking properties. The necessity of hygienic tests concerned with the study and regulation of the mineral and microelement composition of desalinated drinking water as well as of its microbial composition, structural peculiarities, the so-called \"deuterium number\" and the presence of various organic substances in desalinated water was pointed out. A certain degree of priority should be given to the study of the mentioned indices in hygienic assessment of the different methods of water desalination (distillation, freezing out, ion exchange, electrodialysis, inverse osmosis and others).", "contents": "Desalinated water hygiene and scientific bases for its investigation. In view of the increasing scarcity of fresh water reserves in many countries of the world, a thorough hygienic evaluation of the different methods of desalinating highly mineralized underground and sea waters for economic and drinking purpose becomes indispensable. In addition to generally accepted hygienic criteria (favourable organoleptic properties, innocuous chemical composition and epidemiological safety), introduction of supplementary criteria for the assessment of the characteristic of the quality of freshened drinking water is necessary, i.e., its full value in the physiological sense and stability of drinking properties. The necessity of hygienic tests concerned with the study and regulation of the mineral and microelement composition of desalinated drinking water as well as of its microbial composition, structural peculiarities, the so-called \"deuterium number\" and the presence of various organic substances in desalinated water was pointed out. A certain degree of priority should be given to the study of the mentioned indices in hygienic assessment of the different methods of water desalination (distillation, freezing out, ion exchange, electrodialysis, inverse osmosis and others).", "PMID": 570985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9254", "title": "Effect of uranium on the induction and course of experimental autoimmune orchitis and thyroiditis.", "content": "The influence of acute and chronic uranium poisoning on the induction and course of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and orchitis was studied. It has been demonstrated that the testes and thyroid gland are involved in the general pathological process in uranium poisoning. Autoantibodies to the testes and to the thyroid gland were found to circulate in the blood of the poisoned animals. Uranium poisoning caused destructive changes in the testes and in the thyroid, similar to the picture of an autoimmune process. No summation of the effect was observed in the synthesis of autoantibodies during the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and orchitis on the background of chronic uranium poisoning although the most conspicuous histological changes were found in these groups and were characteristic of a pronounced autoimmune process.", "contents": "Effect of uranium on the induction and course of experimental autoimmune orchitis and thyroiditis. The influence of acute and chronic uranium poisoning on the induction and course of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and orchitis was studied. It has been demonstrated that the testes and thyroid gland are involved in the general pathological process in uranium poisoning. Autoantibodies to the testes and to the thyroid gland were found to circulate in the blood of the poisoned animals. Uranium poisoning caused destructive changes in the testes and in the thyroid, similar to the picture of an autoimmune process. No summation of the effect was observed in the synthesis of autoantibodies during the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and orchitis on the background of chronic uranium poisoning although the most conspicuous histological changes were found in these groups and were characteristic of a pronounced autoimmune process.", "PMID": 570986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9255", "title": "Cellular and humoral hypersensitivity reactions during silicosis and silicotuberculosis.", "content": "Together with the synthesis of specific antibodies and autoantibodies, effects of cellular allergy, such as damage to neutrophils, agglomeration of leukocytes and inhibition of migration of leukocytes with tuberculin and isologous pulmonary antigen were established in patients with silicosis and silicotuberculosis. Autoallergy becomes manifest already in the \"pre-roentgenological\" stage of development of silicosis; in silicotuberculosis it correlates with the stage of the specific process. In both silicosis and silicotuberculosis, it includes elements of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. In clinical practice, allergic reactions of leukocytes with tuberculin can be of assistance in determining the stage of the specific process and in differential diagnosis of silicosis and silicotuberculosis.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral hypersensitivity reactions during silicosis and silicotuberculosis. Together with the synthesis of specific antibodies and autoantibodies, effects of cellular allergy, such as damage to neutrophils, agglomeration of leukocytes and inhibition of migration of leukocytes with tuberculin and isologous pulmonary antigen were established in patients with silicosis and silicotuberculosis. Autoallergy becomes manifest already in the \"pre-roentgenological\" stage of development of silicosis; in silicotuberculosis it correlates with the stage of the specific process. In both silicosis and silicotuberculosis, it includes elements of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. In clinical practice, allergic reactions of leukocytes with tuberculin can be of assistance in determining the stage of the specific process and in differential diagnosis of silicosis and silicotuberculosis.", "PMID": 570987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9256", "title": "[Possibilities of earlier evidence of the lead load].", "content": "A total of 138 workers of a motorcar transportation plant were examined to show a degree of lead damage. The analysis of obtained results was conducted from the two points of view: 1) according to employment time in plant; 2) according to work groups. The following laboratory examinations were carried out: delta-aminolevulin acid and coproporphyrin urinary excretion; determination of serous transaminase of glutaminoxalacetic acid and glutamin and piruvic acid, leucinaminopeptidase, whole protein, albumin-globulin coefficient, protein fractions (albumin alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta 1-, beta 2, gamma) as well as of dehydratase activity of delta-aminolevulin acid in erythrocytes. In conformity with literary data an increased urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulin acid and of coproporphyrin to a different degree, as well as a decrease of dehydratase content of delta-aminolevulin acid in erythrocytes were detected. In the authors' view attention is to be drawn to a minor or greater extent to proportional increase of leucinaminopeptidase content however, in all the age groups and all the professional categories. The results of present examinations are considered by authors an important and sensitive parameter to evidence of lead damage.", "contents": "[Possibilities of earlier evidence of the lead load]. A total of 138 workers of a motorcar transportation plant were examined to show a degree of lead damage. The analysis of obtained results was conducted from the two points of view: 1) according to employment time in plant; 2) according to work groups. The following laboratory examinations were carried out: delta-aminolevulin acid and coproporphyrin urinary excretion; determination of serous transaminase of glutaminoxalacetic acid and glutamin and piruvic acid, leucinaminopeptidase, whole protein, albumin-globulin coefficient, protein fractions (albumin alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta 1-, beta 2, gamma) as well as of dehydratase activity of delta-aminolevulin acid in erythrocytes. In conformity with literary data an increased urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulin acid and of coproporphyrin to a different degree, as well as a decrease of dehydratase content of delta-aminolevulin acid in erythrocytes were detected. In the authors' view attention is to be drawn to a minor or greater extent to proportional increase of leucinaminopeptidase content however, in all the age groups and all the professional categories. The results of present examinations are considered by authors an important and sensitive parameter to evidence of lead damage.", "PMID": 570988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9257", "title": "Mycobacterium valentiae sp. nov., a new species of the genus Mycobacterium isolated from soil.", "content": "One strain of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria was isolated. This study comprises 101 biochemical, cultural and morphological characteristics and reports the behavior towards several concentrations of the most commonly used antituberculous drugs. The organism is considered to belong to a new species of the genus Mycobacterium and has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, USA (ATCC 29356) and in the Czechoslovak Collection of Microorganisms, Czechoslovak National Collection of Type Cultures, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Srob\u00e1rova 48, 100 42 Prague 10 under the My 220/77.", "contents": "Mycobacterium valentiae sp. nov., a new species of the genus Mycobacterium isolated from soil. One strain of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria was isolated. This study comprises 101 biochemical, cultural and morphological characteristics and reports the behavior towards several concentrations of the most commonly used antituberculous drugs. The organism is considered to belong to a new species of the genus Mycobacterium and has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, USA (ATCC 29356) and in the Czechoslovak Collection of Microorganisms, Czechoslovak National Collection of Type Cultures, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Srob\u00e1rova 48, 100 42 Prague 10 under the My 220/77.", "PMID": 570989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9258", "title": "The characteristic and clinical importance of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections on the territory of Volgograd.", "content": "A total of 309 Citrobacter strains isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections of obscure aetiology and from healthy subjects were investigated.  Species specificity of the bacterial cultures was determined by biochemical tests recommended by the International Enterobacteriaceae Subcommittee.  Citrobacter strains were titrated serologically in the reaction of agglutination on glass with a living culture and adsorbed 0-antisera.  Eighteen serological 0 groups were identified; 0 groups 3, 9, 23, 1 and 8 were found most frequently.  Citrobacter was isolated more frequently from patients with acute intestinal infections than from healthy subjects.  Seasonal circulation of Citrobacter strains in spring and summer was established.  The number of culture findings of Citrobacter in the patients increased against the background of reduction in the number of cases of bacteriologically confirmed dysentery.", "contents": "The characteristic and clinical importance of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections on the territory of Volgograd. A total of 309 Citrobacter strains isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections of obscure aetiology and from healthy subjects were investigated.  Species specificity of the bacterial cultures was determined by biochemical tests recommended by the International Enterobacteriaceae Subcommittee.  Citrobacter strains were titrated serologically in the reaction of agglutination on glass with a living culture and adsorbed 0-antisera.  Eighteen serological 0 groups were identified; 0 groups 3, 9, 23, 1 and 8 were found most frequently.  Citrobacter was isolated more frequently from patients with acute intestinal infections than from healthy subjects.  Seasonal circulation of Citrobacter strains in spring and summer was established.  The number of culture findings of Citrobacter in the patients increased against the background of reduction in the number of cases of bacteriologically confirmed dysentery.", "PMID": 570990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9259", "title": "Observation of antibody activity against antibiotics in patients with atopic disease.", "content": "Antibodies to antibiotics were studied in patients hypersensitive to these preparations and in patients with other types of allergic disease. In addition to examining these antibodies, a whole series of other immunological tests were carried out (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, C'3 and OPI). Antibodies to antibiotics were found in a high percentage of subjects, not only in those hypersensitive to antibiotics but also in patients with asthma bronchiale and rhinitis pollinosa. The considerable differences in IgG and IgE observed in patients with high titres of haemagglutinating antibodies to antibiotics point out the blocking character of these antibodies.", "contents": "Observation of antibody activity against antibiotics in patients with atopic disease. Antibodies to antibiotics were studied in patients hypersensitive to these preparations and in patients with other types of allergic disease. In addition to examining these antibodies, a whole series of other immunological tests were carried out (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, C'3 and OPI). Antibodies to antibiotics were found in a high percentage of subjects, not only in those hypersensitive to antibiotics but also in patients with asthma bronchiale and rhinitis pollinosa. The considerable differences in IgG and IgE observed in patients with high titres of haemagglutinating antibodies to antibiotics point out the blocking character of these antibodies.", "PMID": 570991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9260", "title": "Levels of secretory immunoglobulin A, lysozyme (muramidase) and albumin in healthy adults of different ages.", "content": "The content of secretory IgA (sIgA,) lysozyme and albumin was studied in the saliva of 40 health-service employees of different ages without evident signs of disease. The levels of lysozyme decrease significantly with the advancing age whereas those of sIgA and albumin do not decrease up to the age of 55. The levels of lysozyme and sIgA show a significant mutual correlation.", "contents": "Levels of secretory immunoglobulin A, lysozyme (muramidase) and albumin in healthy adults of different ages. The content of secretory IgA (sIgA,) lysozyme and albumin was studied in the saliva of 40 health-service employees of different ages without evident signs of disease. The levels of lysozyme decrease significantly with the advancing age whereas those of sIgA and albumin do not decrease up to the age of 55. The levels of lysozyme and sIgA show a significant mutual correlation.", "PMID": 570992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9261", "title": "Comparative insecticidal acitvity of sumithrin and neopinamine.", "content": "The examination of insecticidal properties of the new pyrethroid--sumithrin--showed this compound in contact action to be a highly effective insecticide, superior in activity to neopinamine. The intestinal action of sumithrin is less pronounced in comparison with neopinamine. Sumithrin is more selective in its effect on insects as compared with neopinamine. In the form of earosols, sumithrin and its mixtures with DDVP are less active than compositions based on neopinamine.", "contents": "Comparative insecticidal acitvity of sumithrin and neopinamine. The examination of insecticidal properties of the new pyrethroid--sumithrin--showed this compound in contact action to be a highly effective insecticide, superior in activity to neopinamine. The intestinal action of sumithrin is less pronounced in comparison with neopinamine. Sumithrin is more selective in its effect on insects as compared with neopinamine. In the form of earosols, sumithrin and its mixtures with DDVP are less active than compositions based on neopinamine.", "PMID": 570993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9262", "title": "Erythropoietin levels in uremic nephric and anephric patients.", "content": "Erythropoietin titers were measured in anemic nephric and anephric patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis by utilizing a plasma concentration technique. In eight out of 11 anephric patients studied, decreased but detectable levels of erythropoietin were found, suggesting that extrarenal erythropoietin plays a role in the regulation of red cell production in anephric patients. In 14 nephric uremic patients, erythropoietin production was found to be more variable, with one group of eight patients having erythropoietin levels in the range for normal nonanemic individuals (3.9 to 15 mU/ml), and a second group of six patients with erythropoietin higher than normal (greater than 15 mU/ml). Both groups were found to be equally anemic, indicating that in the second group the bone marrow is less responsive to erythropoietin. The severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism was found to be higher in this second group, suggesting a role of PTH in the bone marrow unresponsiveness. A good correlation between biological and immunological erythropoietin activities was found in the plasma from normal subjects and uremic nephric and anephric patients.", "contents": "Erythropoietin levels in uremic nephric and anephric patients. Erythropoietin titers were measured in anemic nephric and anephric patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis by utilizing a plasma concentration technique. In eight out of 11 anephric patients studied, decreased but detectable levels of erythropoietin were found, suggesting that extrarenal erythropoietin plays a role in the regulation of red cell production in anephric patients. In 14 nephric uremic patients, erythropoietin production was found to be more variable, with one group of eight patients having erythropoietin levels in the range for normal nonanemic individuals (3.9 to 15 mU/ml), and a second group of six patients with erythropoietin higher than normal (greater than 15 mU/ml). Both groups were found to be equally anemic, indicating that in the second group the bone marrow is less responsive to erythropoietin. The severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism was found to be higher in this second group, suggesting a role of PTH in the bone marrow unresponsiveness. A good correlation between biological and immunological erythropoietin activities was found in the plasma from normal subjects and uremic nephric and anephric patients.", "PMID": 570997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9263", "title": "Experimental radiation pneumonitis. III. Phospholipid studies on the lungs.", "content": "Mice received 2400 rads in two fractions to the thorax; 4 months later when radiation pneumonitis occurred, aspects of their phospholipid metabolism were studied and compared to those of unirradiated mice. In the lung tissue there was a consistent and significant increase in the total phospholipids and particularly in the amount of PC. The proportion of the latter which was disaturated remained constant. In the lavaged AF the increase was smaller and not significant, the degree of disaturation again remaining constant. Isotope labelling in vivo with 3H-glycerol, 14C,-palmitate and 3H-choline indicated significantly increased incorporation of each of these precursors into PC and most other phospholipids. This was not due to changes in nutrition, altered precursor pool sizes, or redistribution of isotope insofar as could be determined. Histologic studies showed the type 2 cells to be large and filled with numerous enlarged lamellar bodies. These results suggest that phospholipid synthesis is enhanced in radiation pneumonitis and that the fall in compliance of the alveolar surface layer is not likely to be due to surfactant deficiency in this model.", "contents": "Experimental radiation pneumonitis. III. Phospholipid studies on the lungs. Mice received 2400 rads in two fractions to the thorax; 4 months later when radiation pneumonitis occurred, aspects of their phospholipid metabolism were studied and compared to those of unirradiated mice. In the lung tissue there was a consistent and significant increase in the total phospholipids and particularly in the amount of PC. The proportion of the latter which was disaturated remained constant. In the lavaged AF the increase was smaller and not significant, the degree of disaturation again remaining constant. Isotope labelling in vivo with 3H-glycerol, 14C,-palmitate and 3H-choline indicated significantly increased incorporation of each of these precursors into PC and most other phospholipids. This was not due to changes in nutrition, altered precursor pool sizes, or redistribution of isotope insofar as could be determined. Histologic studies showed the type 2 cells to be large and filled with numerous enlarged lamellar bodies. These results suggest that phospholipid synthesis is enhanced in radiation pneumonitis and that the fall in compliance of the alveolar surface layer is not likely to be due to surfactant deficiency in this model.", "PMID": 570998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9264", "title": "Circulating levels of angiotensin I measured by radioimmunoassay in hypertensive subjects.", "content": "The development of a uniquely sensitive and specific antiserum to AI has led to the establishment of a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 7.5 pg of AI per milliliter of plasma. Due to its sensitivity this assay permits the measurement of circulating levels of AI, obviating many of the controversial aspects of previously described AI assays which all required either an incubation step at 37 degrees C to allow renin to catalyze the formation of sufficient AI or an extraction procedure to concentrate sufficient peptide to make quantification feasible. Since the sensitivity of this assay also depends upon the availability of very pure trace, a method is described for preparing monoiodinated 125I-AI of specific activity greater than 1000 microCi/microgram. To demonstrate the versatility and sensitivity of this assay, changes in circulating AI levels in response to physiologic stimuli were measured. Blood samples were obtained from 88 subjects from the inferior vena cava below the renal veins in both the supine and upright positions. Values ranged from 12 to 1990 pg/ml of plasma. Eighty-five of the 88 displayed a rise in the AI level during an upright tilt, the mean for the group increasing from 220 to 385 pg/ml of plasma. Three subjects had samples drawn simultaneously from the inferior vena cava and a peripheral artery and/or vein. The amounts of AI in all three sampling locations were essentially the same. Seventeen patients with essential hypertension underwent an infusion of 1.5 L of normal saline, and circulating AI levels were determined before and 120 and 150 min after the start of the infusion. All 17 experienced suppression of their AI levels, the mean for the group at 0, 120 and 150 min being 177, 55, and 50 pg/ml of plasma, respectively. Circulating AI correlated well (r = 0.87009) with plasma renin activity in 226 samples from the renal veins and inferior vena cava from individuals with hypertension of various etiologies.", "contents": "Circulating levels of angiotensin I measured by radioimmunoassay in hypertensive subjects. The development of a uniquely sensitive and specific antiserum to AI has led to the establishment of a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 7.5 pg of AI per milliliter of plasma. Due to its sensitivity this assay permits the measurement of circulating levels of AI, obviating many of the controversial aspects of previously described AI assays which all required either an incubation step at 37 degrees C to allow renin to catalyze the formation of sufficient AI or an extraction procedure to concentrate sufficient peptide to make quantification feasible. Since the sensitivity of this assay also depends upon the availability of very pure trace, a method is described for preparing monoiodinated 125I-AI of specific activity greater than 1000 microCi/microgram. To demonstrate the versatility and sensitivity of this assay, changes in circulating AI levels in response to physiologic stimuli were measured. Blood samples were obtained from 88 subjects from the inferior vena cava below the renal veins in both the supine and upright positions. Values ranged from 12 to 1990 pg/ml of plasma. Eighty-five of the 88 displayed a rise in the AI level during an upright tilt, the mean for the group increasing from 220 to 385 pg/ml of plasma. Three subjects had samples drawn simultaneously from the inferior vena cava and a peripheral artery and/or vein. The amounts of AI in all three sampling locations were essentially the same. Seventeen patients with essential hypertension underwent an infusion of 1.5 L of normal saline, and circulating AI levels were determined before and 120 and 150 min after the start of the infusion. All 17 experienced suppression of their AI levels, the mean for the group at 0, 120 and 150 min being 177, 55, and 50 pg/ml of plasma, respectively. Circulating AI correlated well (r = 0.87009) with plasma renin activity in 226 samples from the renal veins and inferior vena cava from individuals with hypertension of various etiologies.", "PMID": 570999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9265", "title": "Chronic serous otitis media in the adult.", "content": "Twelve adult patients with serous otitis media have been seen in a five-year-period. Five of seven patients with nasopharyngeal neoplasm have died, and one case of polyarteritis nodosa has also terminated fatally. The remaining four patients had benign pathology in the nasopharynx, including one case of branchial cyst. A group of patients with chronic nasopharyngitis but without otological involvement is also reviewed.", "contents": "Chronic serous otitis media in the adult. Twelve adult patients with serous otitis media have been seen in a five-year-period. Five of seven patients with nasopharyngeal neoplasm have died, and one case of polyarteritis nodosa has also terminated fatally. The remaining four patients had benign pathology in the nasopharynx, including one case of branchial cyst. A group of patients with chronic nasopharyngitis but without otological involvement is also reviewed.", "PMID": 571000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9266", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the maxillary antrum: report of a case with brief review of literature.", "content": "An additional (fifth) case of primary angiosarcoma of the left maxillary antrum in a 10-year-male is presented. The patient was given Co60 radiation therapy pre- and post-operatively (4,000 and 5,000 rads respectively). The patient had three recurrences up to June 1977, after which he did not report for further follow-up.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the maxillary antrum: report of a case with brief review of literature. An additional (fifth) case of primary angiosarcoma of the left maxillary antrum in a 10-year-male is presented. The patient was given Co60 radiation therapy pre- and post-operatively (4,000 and 5,000 rads respectively). The patient had three recurrences up to June 1977, after which he did not report for further follow-up.", "PMID": 571001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9267", "title": "Assessment of attack and drinking in White King pigeons on response-independent food schedules.", "content": "Four White King pigeons in Experiment I were exposed to a fixed-time 90-second food schedule with successive access to water and a conspecific target. Drinking per session was sporadic and minimal, while attack per session occurred during most interfood intervals for all animals. Analysis of the temporal distribution of attack showed that the typical postreinforcement pattern of attack developed over the course of the experiment. In Experiment II, the same animals were exposed to a series of fixed-time schedules ranging from 30 to 360 seconds with successive access to water and target. Time engaged in drinking and the number of interfood intervals with drinking were less than that of attack. Food and no-food baselines, which have been typically used to assess schedules-induced drinking and attack, respectively, were used to evaluate the effect of the schedule on attack and water ingestion. Relative to the no-food baseline, both attack and drinking were enhanced by the schedule in all birds. Relative to the food baseline, drinking was slightly suppressed in three birds and attack was enhanced in all. For all animals, the food baseline resulted in more attack and drinking than the no-food baseline.", "contents": "Assessment of attack and drinking in White King pigeons on response-independent food schedules. Four White King pigeons in Experiment I were exposed to a fixed-time 90-second food schedule with successive access to water and a conspecific target. Drinking per session was sporadic and minimal, while attack per session occurred during most interfood intervals for all animals. Analysis of the temporal distribution of attack showed that the typical postreinforcement pattern of attack developed over the course of the experiment. In Experiment II, the same animals were exposed to a series of fixed-time schedules ranging from 30 to 360 seconds with successive access to water and target. Time engaged in drinking and the number of interfood intervals with drinking were less than that of attack. Food and no-food baselines, which have been typically used to assess schedules-induced drinking and attack, respectively, were used to evaluate the effect of the schedule on attack and water ingestion. Relative to the no-food baseline, both attack and drinking were enhanced by the schedule in all birds. Relative to the food baseline, drinking was slightly suppressed in three birds and attack was enhanced in all. For all animals, the food baseline resulted in more attack and drinking than the no-food baseline.", "PMID": 571003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9268", "title": "Two molecular species of mouse L cell interferon differing in lectin binding.", "content": "Binding of L cell interferon to lectins, Wistaria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was studied by affinity chromatography. Of the two molecular species of L cell interferon, F (mol. wt. 24,000) and S (mol. wt. 36,000), only the latter was bound efficiently to WFA-Sepharose and eluted quantitatively with D-galactose followed by a pH 3 buffer, suggesting a substantial difference between the two interferon species in their carbohydrate structure. Both were partially bound to Con A-Sepharose and eluted with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, indicating that at least some of the F species are also glycoprotein, and that both F and S interferon are heterogeneous as regards their affinity to this lectin.", "contents": "Two molecular species of mouse L cell interferon differing in lectin binding. Binding of L cell interferon to lectins, Wistaria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was studied by affinity chromatography. Of the two molecular species of L cell interferon, F (mol. wt. 24,000) and S (mol. wt. 36,000), only the latter was bound efficiently to WFA-Sepharose and eluted quantitatively with D-galactose followed by a pH 3 buffer, suggesting a substantial difference between the two interferon species in their carbohydrate structure. Both were partially bound to Con A-Sepharose and eluted with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, indicating that at least some of the F species are also glycoprotein, and that both F and S interferon are heterogeneous as regards their affinity to this lectin.", "PMID": 571004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9269", "title": "Neuronal degeneration in the brain of the brindled mouse--a light microscope study.", "content": "The brindled mouse (Mobr) is a neurological mutant mouse with a deficiency in copper transport. This mutant has many clinical as well as biochemical features in common with Kinky hair syndrome (KHS) in humans (Tab. 1). Male hemizygotes (Mobr/Y) are characterized by the absence of fur pigment and curly whiskers. They become inactive, losing weight at around the 10th-12th post-natal day. They usually die in an emaciated state around the 15th-16th postnatal day. The brain weight is usually about three fourths of that of littermate controls. Microscopically, widespread neuronal degeneration was noted in the cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei of male hemizygotes after the 12th post-natal day. The degeneration continued to increase until death. Scattered degenerated cells were also noted in the cerebellum. No such degenerative changes were observed in the brain of female heterozygotes (Mobr/+) or in normal or starved littermates. These degenerative changes of neurons in the brindled hemizygote mouse will be compared with the neuropathological changes observed in KHS and in experimental animals with copper deficiency, and the possible pathogenesis of these changes will be discussed.", "contents": "Neuronal degeneration in the brain of the brindled mouse--a light microscope study. The brindled mouse (Mobr) is a neurological mutant mouse with a deficiency in copper transport. This mutant has many clinical as well as biochemical features in common with Kinky hair syndrome (KHS) in humans (Tab. 1). Male hemizygotes (Mobr/Y) are characterized by the absence of fur pigment and curly whiskers. They become inactive, losing weight at around the 10th-12th post-natal day. They usually die in an emaciated state around the 15th-16th postnatal day. The brain weight is usually about three fourths of that of littermate controls. Microscopically, widespread neuronal degeneration was noted in the cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei of male hemizygotes after the 12th post-natal day. The degeneration continued to increase until death. Scattered degenerated cells were also noted in the cerebellum. No such degenerative changes were observed in the brain of female heterozygotes (Mobr/+) or in normal or starved littermates. These degenerative changes of neurons in the brindled hemizygote mouse will be compared with the neuropathological changes observed in KHS and in experimental animals with copper deficiency, and the possible pathogenesis of these changes will be discussed.", "PMID": 571007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9270", "title": "Simultaneous clinical manifestation of subependymoma of the fourth ventricle in identical twins. Case report.", "content": "At the age of 22 years, identical twin brothers simultaneously developed symptoms of intracranial pressure. Radiological investigation revealed cerebellar midline tumors with occlusive hydrocephalus of the third and lateral ventricles. At operation, subependymomas with identical histological features were found in the fourth ventricle in both twins. This is the first report of subependymomas in identical twins. The clinical data suggest that this tumor type is of maldevelopmental origin.", "contents": "Simultaneous clinical manifestation of subependymoma of the fourth ventricle in identical twins. Case report. At the age of 22 years, identical twin brothers simultaneously developed symptoms of intracranial pressure. Radiological investigation revealed cerebellar midline tumors with occlusive hydrocephalus of the third and lateral ventricles. At operation, subependymomas with identical histological features were found in the fourth ventricle in both twins. This is the first report of subependymomas in identical twins. The clinical data suggest that this tumor type is of maldevelopmental origin.", "PMID": 571009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9271", "title": "Diurnal changes in adipose and liver tissue metabolism of lean and obese Zucker rats.", "content": "Metabolic adaptations to cyclic patterns of food intake were studied in genetically lean and obese Zucker rats. Twenty-four lean and 24 obese rats were exposed to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark and allowed food ad libitum. Both groups of rats ate more during the dark period of the cycle. The obese consumed nearly twice as much food as the lean during the light period of the cycle. At 4-hour intervals, rats were killed and liver and epididymal fat pads were removed for metabolic studies. Adipose tissue from lean rats demonstrated marked changes in rates of lipogenesis during the 24-hour cycle whereas adipose tissue from obese rats maintained a relatively steady rate of lipogenesis. Glucose incorporation into the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol was nearly 3-fold higher in adipose tissue from obese rats. Liver lipogenesis in lean and obese rats followed their food intake pattern. Liver lipogenic rate (expressed per organ) was 3- to 5-fold higher in obese than lean rats during most of the 24-hour cycle. These data support the concept that the excessive fatty acids produced in the liver of obese rats are being esterified by adipose cells. Lipolytic response to glucagon was found in adipose tissue from obese rats during the dark and light periods, but only during the dark period for lean rats. These data suggest, in comparison to lean rats, that obese rats do not enter a relative catabolic state during a 24-hour cycle. A constant anabolic state in the genetically prone individual may lead to excessive lipid deposition and obesity.", "contents": "Diurnal changes in adipose and liver tissue metabolism of lean and obese Zucker rats. Metabolic adaptations to cyclic patterns of food intake were studied in genetically lean and obese Zucker rats. Twenty-four lean and 24 obese rats were exposed to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark and allowed food ad libitum. Both groups of rats ate more during the dark period of the cycle. The obese consumed nearly twice as much food as the lean during the light period of the cycle. At 4-hour intervals, rats were killed and liver and epididymal fat pads were removed for metabolic studies. Adipose tissue from lean rats demonstrated marked changes in rates of lipogenesis during the 24-hour cycle whereas adipose tissue from obese rats maintained a relatively steady rate of lipogenesis. Glucose incorporation into the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol was nearly 3-fold higher in adipose tissue from obese rats. Liver lipogenesis in lean and obese rats followed their food intake pattern. Liver lipogenic rate (expressed per organ) was 3- to 5-fold higher in obese than lean rats during most of the 24-hour cycle. These data support the concept that the excessive fatty acids produced in the liver of obese rats are being esterified by adipose cells. Lipolytic response to glucagon was found in adipose tissue from obese rats during the dark and light periods, but only during the dark period for lean rats. These data suggest, in comparison to lean rats, that obese rats do not enter a relative catabolic state during a 24-hour cycle. A constant anabolic state in the genetically prone individual may lead to excessive lipid deposition and obesity.", "PMID": 571011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9272", "title": "Inhibition of human and rat pancreatic proteinases by crude and purified soybean proteinase inhibitors.", "content": "Effects of proteinase inhibitors on total proteolytic activity and trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in human pancreatic juice were determined separately. Purified inhibitors as well as crude extracts of raw soybeans completely inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin activity while 40 to 50% of the total proteolytic activity remained. Inhibition experiments with 1,10-o-phenanthroline showed that this residual proteolytic activity was due mainly to carboxypeptidase A and B. Comparative studies with rat pancreatic enzymes demonstrated certain similarities between the corresponding enzymes from rat and man. However, differences were revealed which indicate that the rat enzymes must be used with great caution when applied as models for the human proteinases when studying effects of soybean inhibitors.", "contents": "Inhibition of human and rat pancreatic proteinases by crude and purified soybean proteinase inhibitors. Effects of proteinase inhibitors on total proteolytic activity and trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in human pancreatic juice were determined separately. Purified inhibitors as well as crude extracts of raw soybeans completely inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin activity while 40 to 50% of the total proteolytic activity remained. Inhibition experiments with 1,10-o-phenanthroline showed that this residual proteolytic activity was due mainly to carboxypeptidase A and B. Comparative studies with rat pancreatic enzymes demonstrated certain similarities between the corresponding enzymes from rat and man. However, differences were revealed which indicate that the rat enzymes must be used with great caution when applied as models for the human proteinases when studying effects of soybean inhibitors.", "PMID": 571012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9273", "title": "Amino acids in human blood plasma after single meals of meat, oil, sucrose and whiskey.", "content": "Six healthy men (21 to 38 years; 58 to 80 kg) consumed an adequate diet in a metabolism unit. At 4-day intervals they ingested test meals and venous blood was drawn before and after ingestion at intervals for 8 hours. Test meals were 100, 200, and 300 g of cooked lean meat and quantities of corn oil, sucrose, and whiskey isoenergetic with 200 g of meat. Plasma was analyzed for 20 amino acids. Mean totals of amino acids (micromoles per liter) were maximally elevated at 1 or 2 hours post cibum for all meals and remained above fasting values at 4 hours, with one exception (glucose meal). At 8 hours they were all below fasting values with one exception (whiskey meal). Individual responses varied so much that mean values are misleading. One subject responded well to ingestion of 100 or 200 g of meat but failed to respond to 300 g of meat, oil, or sucrose. Another subject responded well to oil and sucrose, but failed to respond to 100 or 200 g of meat. Mean total fasting amino acid values for all subjects were relatively constant but values for individual subjects ranged from 16% above to 18% below their own fasting means. Ingestion of whiskey invariably resulted in a significant decline in molar ratios for histidine and a significant increase for threonine.", "contents": "Amino acids in human blood plasma after single meals of meat, oil, sucrose and whiskey. Six healthy men (21 to 38 years; 58 to 80 kg) consumed an adequate diet in a metabolism unit. At 4-day intervals they ingested test meals and venous blood was drawn before and after ingestion at intervals for 8 hours. Test meals were 100, 200, and 300 g of cooked lean meat and quantities of corn oil, sucrose, and whiskey isoenergetic with 200 g of meat. Plasma was analyzed for 20 amino acids. Mean totals of amino acids (micromoles per liter) were maximally elevated at 1 or 2 hours post cibum for all meals and remained above fasting values at 4 hours, with one exception (glucose meal). At 8 hours they were all below fasting values with one exception (whiskey meal). Individual responses varied so much that mean values are misleading. One subject responded well to ingestion of 100 or 200 g of meat but failed to respond to 300 g of meat, oil, or sucrose. Another subject responded well to oil and sucrose, but failed to respond to 100 or 200 g of meat. Mean total fasting amino acid values for all subjects were relatively constant but values for individual subjects ranged from 16% above to 18% below their own fasting means. Ingestion of whiskey invariably resulted in a significant decline in molar ratios for histidine and a significant increase for threonine.", "PMID": 571014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9274", "title": "Effect of morphine on synaptosomal Ca++ uptake.", "content": "The effect of morphine on the uptake of 45Ca++ was studied in synaptosomes from mouse brain using two procedures, centrifugation and filtration. The addition of morphine (1.7 x 10(-7) or 3.4 x 10(-7) M) reduced 45CA++ uptake by either technique, although the basal 45Ca++ uptake by the filtration method was approximately 7-fold higher than that by the centrifugation procedure. Similar effects were obtained after acute morphine treatment with 10 mg/kg s.c. Previous naloxone in vitro treatment (1.9 x 10(-8) M) or in vivo administration (2 mg/kg s.c.) reversed the morphine inhibition of the 45Ca++ uptake. On the other hand, after the animal was rendered tolerant and dependent by morphine pellet implantation, an enhancement of the synaptosomal 45Ca++ uptake was observed. It is concluded that changes in Ca++ fluxes in synaptosomes observed after acute and chronic morphine treatment may be involved with morphine pharmacological action related with analgesia, tolerance and physical dependence.", "contents": "Effect of morphine on synaptosomal Ca++ uptake. The effect of morphine on the uptake of 45Ca++ was studied in synaptosomes from mouse brain using two procedures, centrifugation and filtration. The addition of morphine (1.7 x 10(-7) or 3.4 x 10(-7) M) reduced 45CA++ uptake by either technique, although the basal 45Ca++ uptake by the filtration method was approximately 7-fold higher than that by the centrifugation procedure. Similar effects were obtained after acute morphine treatment with 10 mg/kg s.c. Previous naloxone in vitro treatment (1.9 x 10(-8) M) or in vivo administration (2 mg/kg s.c.) reversed the morphine inhibition of the 45Ca++ uptake. On the other hand, after the animal was rendered tolerant and dependent by morphine pellet implantation, an enhancement of the synaptosomal 45Ca++ uptake was observed. It is concluded that changes in Ca++ fluxes in synaptosomes observed after acute and chronic morphine treatment may be involved with morphine pharmacological action related with analgesia, tolerance and physical dependence.", "PMID": 571016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9275", "title": "Dopaminergic antagonists: effects of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and its N-methyl and N-propyl homologs on apomorphine- and L-dopa-induced behavioral effects in rodents.", "content": "N-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (MTIQ) antagonized apomorphine (APO)-induced stereotypy in a dose-related manner when injected i.p. in rats and attenuated L-dopa-induced hyperactivity in mice. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and its homolog, N-n-propyl-, also blocked APO-induced stereotypy when given similarly. No significant difference was found between the amounts of radioactivity in the brain homogenates of MTIQ- and saline-pretreated rats after injection with [3H] APO. This suggested that MTIQ did not antagonize the behavioral effects of APO by blocking its entry into the brain. Mice fed ad libitum for 90 days with Purina Chow mixed with TIQ (5.0 mg/g) displayed behavioral supersensitivity in comparison with controls when injected with L-dopa (0.40 g/kg i.p.) after pretreatment with carbidopa. This was parallelled by a significant increase of dopamine-related adenylate cyclase activity measured in homogenates of caudate nuclei. The similarity between the behavioral effects induced by some neuroleptics and those observed with TIQ and its homologs suggests that the latter may be a new class of short-acting neuroleptics.", "contents": "Dopaminergic antagonists: effects of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and its N-methyl and N-propyl homologs on apomorphine- and L-dopa-induced behavioral effects in rodents. N-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (MTIQ) antagonized apomorphine (APO)-induced stereotypy in a dose-related manner when injected i.p. in rats and attenuated L-dopa-induced hyperactivity in mice. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and its homolog, N-n-propyl-, also blocked APO-induced stereotypy when given similarly. No significant difference was found between the amounts of radioactivity in the brain homogenates of MTIQ- and saline-pretreated rats after injection with [3H] APO. This suggested that MTIQ did not antagonize the behavioral effects of APO by blocking its entry into the brain. Mice fed ad libitum for 90 days with Purina Chow mixed with TIQ (5.0 mg/g) displayed behavioral supersensitivity in comparison with controls when injected with L-dopa (0.40 g/kg i.p.) after pretreatment with carbidopa. This was parallelled by a significant increase of dopamine-related adenylate cyclase activity measured in homogenates of caudate nuclei. The similarity between the behavioral effects induced by some neuroleptics and those observed with TIQ and its homologs suggests that the latter may be a new class of short-acting neuroleptics.", "PMID": 571017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9276", "title": "Identification of different sodium compartments from smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, in arteries and tissue culture.", "content": "1. The (22)Na efflux curve from the rat tail artery, at 35 degrees C, can be analysed as the sum of three distinct components, from 0 to 90 min of washout. After an initial diffusional component the two late exponential components Be(-kBt) and Ce(-kCt) have the following values: B = 3.03 +/- 0.15 m-mole/kg wet wt. and C = 0.56 +/- 0.04; k(B) = 0.145 +/- 0.005 min(-1) and k(C) = 0.015 +/- 0.007.2. In order to identify the cellular origin of the different compartments we compared the (22)Na efflux curve from the rat tail artery with the curves obtained from whole rabbit aortal strips, rabbit aortal medial or adventitial strips; and primary cultures from rabbit aorta medial smooth muscle cells, cultures of a non-fusing muscle cell line (BC(3)H1), fibroblasts and endothelial cells.3. It is possible to identify under these experimental conditions the cellular compartments from which the different exponential components of the efflux from the whole arteries originate. Fibroblasts and endothelial cultures, as well as adventitial strips exchange (22)Na slowly with exponential constants resembling k(C). Their efflux rate constants are: fibroblast cultures 0.010 +/- 0.002 min(-1), endothelial cells 0.015 +/- 0.003 min(-1) and adventitia 0.019 +/- 0.007 min(-1). Smooth muscle cells are exclusively responsible for the intermediate component Be(-kBt), but they present also a slow component, indistinguishible from the slow exponential component from the other types of cells in the artery. The rate constants for muscle cells are: rabbit aortic media k(B) 0.25 +/- 0.09 min(-1) and k(C) = 0.013 +/- 0.004 min(-1); medial cultures k(B) = 0.202 +/- 0.005 min(-1) and k(C1) = 0.020 +/- 0.003 min(-1); and BC(3)H1 cell culture k(B) = 0.205 +/- 0.083 min(-1) and k(C) = 0.016 +/- 0.003 min(-1).4. The efflux from compartment B of smooth muscle cells is inhibited by ouabain and in the absence of extracellular K(+). The efflux from compartment C is inhibited only by ouabain but not by the suppression of extracellular K(+).5. We propose a distribution of Na(+) in smooth muscle cells in two intracellular compartments: (1) Na(+) freely dissolved in the sarcoplasm, exchanging with the kinetics of compartment B and (2) a second cellular compartment which could be contained in the sarcoplasmic reticulum exchanging with the kinetics of compartment C.6. On the basis of the previous model of Na(+) distribution, considering our values, and without any correction, the estimated sarcoplasmic concentration of Na(+) is 9.6 mM, compatible with the direct measurements obtained in skeletal and heart muscle. The Na(+) concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum would be 4-10 times higher than in the cytoplasm. In order to increase the accuracy of our calculations it would be necessary to account for the interdiffusion and back diffusion of Na(+) between compartments. It is not possible to attain this goal at the present time.", "contents": "Identification of different sodium compartments from smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, in arteries and tissue culture. 1. The (22)Na efflux curve from the rat tail artery, at 35 degrees C, can be analysed as the sum of three distinct components, from 0 to 90 min of washout. After an initial diffusional component the two late exponential components Be(-kBt) and Ce(-kCt) have the following values: B = 3.03 +/- 0.15 m-mole/kg wet wt. and C = 0.56 +/- 0.04; k(B) = 0.145 +/- 0.005 min(-1) and k(C) = 0.015 +/- 0.007.2. In order to identify the cellular origin of the different compartments we compared the (22)Na efflux curve from the rat tail artery with the curves obtained from whole rabbit aortal strips, rabbit aortal medial or adventitial strips; and primary cultures from rabbit aorta medial smooth muscle cells, cultures of a non-fusing muscle cell line (BC(3)H1), fibroblasts and endothelial cells.3. It is possible to identify under these experimental conditions the cellular compartments from which the different exponential components of the efflux from the whole arteries originate. Fibroblasts and endothelial cultures, as well as adventitial strips exchange (22)Na slowly with exponential constants resembling k(C). Their efflux rate constants are: fibroblast cultures 0.010 +/- 0.002 min(-1), endothelial cells 0.015 +/- 0.003 min(-1) and adventitia 0.019 +/- 0.007 min(-1). Smooth muscle cells are exclusively responsible for the intermediate component Be(-kBt), but they present also a slow component, indistinguishible from the slow exponential component from the other types of cells in the artery. The rate constants for muscle cells are: rabbit aortic media k(B) 0.25 +/- 0.09 min(-1) and k(C) = 0.013 +/- 0.004 min(-1); medial cultures k(B) = 0.202 +/- 0.005 min(-1) and k(C1) = 0.020 +/- 0.003 min(-1); and BC(3)H1 cell culture k(B) = 0.205 +/- 0.083 min(-1) and k(C) = 0.016 +/- 0.003 min(-1).4. The efflux from compartment B of smooth muscle cells is inhibited by ouabain and in the absence of extracellular K(+). The efflux from compartment C is inhibited only by ouabain but not by the suppression of extracellular K(+).5. We propose a distribution of Na(+) in smooth muscle cells in two intracellular compartments: (1) Na(+) freely dissolved in the sarcoplasm, exchanging with the kinetics of compartment B and (2) a second cellular compartment which could be contained in the sarcoplasmic reticulum exchanging with the kinetics of compartment C.6. On the basis of the previous model of Na(+) distribution, considering our values, and without any correction, the estimated sarcoplasmic concentration of Na(+) is 9.6 mM, compatible with the direct measurements obtained in skeletal and heart muscle. The Na(+) concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum would be 4-10 times higher than in the cytoplasm. In order to increase the accuracy of our calculations it would be necessary to account for the interdiffusion and back diffusion of Na(+) between compartments. It is not possible to attain this goal at the present time.", "PMID": 571018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9277", "title": "Pseudogout associated with meniscal cysts - report of two patients.", "content": "Two patients with pseudogout developed large meniscal cysts at the knee. In the first case the diagnosis of meniscal cyst was confirmed surically. In the second case, the cyst resolved following thorough aspiration. Polarized microscopy of repeated aspirated from cyst in this case as well as of fluids from the knees of both patients consistently showed positively birefringent rhomboid crystals. X-ray diffraction of fluids from the knee of the second patient identified the crystals as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate.", "contents": "Pseudogout associated with meniscal cysts - report of two patients. Two patients with pseudogout developed large meniscal cysts at the knee. In the first case the diagnosis of meniscal cyst was confirmed surically. In the second case, the cyst resolved following thorough aspiration. Polarized microscopy of repeated aspirated from cyst in this case as well as of fluids from the knees of both patients consistently showed positively birefringent rhomboid crystals. X-ray diffraction of fluids from the knee of the second patient identified the crystals as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate.", "PMID": 571019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9278", "title": "Rigid congeners of dopamine based on octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline: peripheral and central effects.", "content": "A series of cis- and trans-dihydroxycotahydrobenzo[f]quinoline congeners of dopamine has been prepared, in which the N substitutent is H, ethyl, or n-propyl. The trans isomers include the dopamine moiety held rigidly in an antiperiplanar diposition which is believed to be necessary for certian central and peripheral dopaminergic effects. The cis isomers are flexible molecules; the dopamine moiety lacks conformational integrity and it can exist in a conformation which is believed not to favor dopaminergic activity. The trans series of compounds was shown to possess a high level of central and peripheral dopaminergic effects, whereas the cis series was of low activity or was inert. These data further support previous proposals concerning stereochemical requirements for certain dopaminergic agonist activity.", "contents": "Rigid congeners of dopamine based on octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline: peripheral and central effects. A series of cis- and trans-dihydroxycotahydrobenzo[f]quinoline congeners of dopamine has been prepared, in which the N substitutent is H, ethyl, or n-propyl. The trans isomers include the dopamine moiety held rigidly in an antiperiplanar diposition which is believed to be necessary for certian central and peripheral dopaminergic effects. The cis isomers are flexible molecules; the dopamine moiety lacks conformational integrity and it can exist in a conformation which is believed not to favor dopaminergic activity. The trans series of compounds was shown to possess a high level of central and peripheral dopaminergic effects, whereas the cis series was of low activity or was inert. These data further support previous proposals concerning stereochemical requirements for certain dopaminergic agonist activity.", "PMID": 571020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9279", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of sugar-ring hydroxyl analogues of daunorubicin.", "content": "Daunorubicin analogues in which the natural amino sugar, daunosamine, is replaced by neutral 2,6-dideoxy-hexopyranosyl residues have been prepared in high yields. Glycosidation of 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl chloride (13) with daunomycinone under Koenigs-Knorr conditions yielded exclusively the protected alpha-anomeric product 4, which was converted into the free glycoside 5. In contrast, the 1-chloro-D-ribo isomer 19, bearing p-nitrobenzoyl groups for hydroxyl-group protection, furnished a 5:3 mixture of the alpha (6) and beta (7) glycosides. Separation and individual deprotection afforded the target compounds 8 (from 6) and 9 (from 7). Whereas all of the D-ribo analogues (6--9) are inactive as antitumor agents in vivo against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, the protected L-lyxo glycoside 4 (T/C 186) and also the free glycoside 5 (T/C 183) are highly effective in this test system; 5 is also active (T/C 146) in vivo against murine B16 melanocarcinoma.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of sugar-ring hydroxyl analogues of daunorubicin. Daunorubicin analogues in which the natural amino sugar, daunosamine, is replaced by neutral 2,6-dideoxy-hexopyranosyl residues have been prepared in high yields. Glycosidation of 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl chloride (13) with daunomycinone under Koenigs-Knorr conditions yielded exclusively the protected alpha-anomeric product 4, which was converted into the free glycoside 5. In contrast, the 1-chloro-D-ribo isomer 19, bearing p-nitrobenzoyl groups for hydroxyl-group protection, furnished a 5:3 mixture of the alpha (6) and beta (7) glycosides. Separation and individual deprotection afforded the target compounds 8 (from 6) and 9 (from 7). Whereas all of the D-ribo analogues (6--9) are inactive as antitumor agents in vivo against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, the protected L-lyxo glycoside 4 (T/C 186) and also the free glycoside 5 (T/C 183) are highly effective in this test system; 5 is also active (T/C 146) in vivo against murine B16 melanocarcinoma.", "PMID": 571021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9280", "title": "Molecular weight determination of commercial heparin sodium USP and its sterile solutions.", "content": "A liquid chromatographic assay for the characterization of heparin sodium USP, and heparin sterile solutions was developed. The method employs size exclusion chromatography and computer-based data collection and manipulation. An examination of commercially available heparin showed only minor differences between the heparins extracted from beef lung and porcine intestinal mucosa. The molecular weight averages of the material and its sterile solutions were 9000-12,000 daltons. A correlation was observed between average molecular weight and anticoagulant activity for the heparin sodium samples examined.", "contents": "Molecular weight determination of commercial heparin sodium USP and its sterile solutions. A liquid chromatographic assay for the characterization of heparin sodium USP, and heparin sterile solutions was developed. The method employs size exclusion chromatography and computer-based data collection and manipulation. An examination of commercially available heparin showed only minor differences between the heparins extracted from beef lung and porcine intestinal mucosa. The molecular weight averages of the material and its sterile solutions were 9000-12,000 daltons. A correlation was observed between average molecular weight and anticoagulant activity for the heparin sodium samples examined.", "PMID": 571022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9281", "title": "Histamine poisoning in tuberculosis patients on ingestion of tropical fish.", "content": "Three cases of histamine reaction occuring in tuberculosis patients on ingestion of a species of tropical fish, Sardinella (Amblygaster) sirm are reported. The symptoms and the circumstances leading to the reactions are almost identical with those previously reported with another variety of tropical fish, the skipjack or bonito. Isoniazid is a histaminase inhibitor. When fish with a high histamine content is eaten the histamine level in the tissues tends to rise thus producing features of histamine intoxication.", "contents": "Histamine poisoning in tuberculosis patients on ingestion of tropical fish. Three cases of histamine reaction occuring in tuberculosis patients on ingestion of a species of tropical fish, Sardinella (Amblygaster) sirm are reported. The symptoms and the circumstances leading to the reactions are almost identical with those previously reported with another variety of tropical fish, the skipjack or bonito. Isoniazid is a histaminase inhibitor. When fish with a high histamine content is eaten the histamine level in the tissues tends to rise thus producing features of histamine intoxication.", "PMID": 571023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9282", "title": "Bovine coronavirus genome.", "content": "The tissue culture-adapted strain (Mebus) of the bovine coronavirus was grown to titers of greater than 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective doses per ml in secondary bovine embryo kidney cells, and the RNA was isotopically labeled with [3H]uridine. The RNA was extracted from purified virus and was found to have the following properties. (i) It consisted primarily of a homogeneous large-molecular-weight species which comigrated electrophoretically with vesicular stomatitis viral RNA and therefore had an apparent molecular weight of 3.8 X 10(6). (ii) It remained as a 3.8 x 10(6)-molecular-weight molecule after heat denaturation when rapidly harvested virus was examined. (iii) It was 80% susceptible to pancreatic RNase A digestion in high (0.3 M) NaCl, and the 20% resistant fraction was 4S to 7S in size. (iv) It was polyadenylated to the extent that 40 and 60% of the native RNA bound to polyuridylic acid-Sepharose and oligodeoxythymidylic acid-cellulose, respectively, under conditions of high (0.5 M) NaCl.", "contents": "Bovine coronavirus genome. The tissue culture-adapted strain (Mebus) of the bovine coronavirus was grown to titers of greater than 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective doses per ml in secondary bovine embryo kidney cells, and the RNA was isotopically labeled with [3H]uridine. The RNA was extracted from purified virus and was found to have the following properties. (i) It consisted primarily of a homogeneous large-molecular-weight species which comigrated electrophoretically with vesicular stomatitis viral RNA and therefore had an apparent molecular weight of 3.8 X 10(6). (ii) It remained as a 3.8 x 10(6)-molecular-weight molecule after heat denaturation when rapidly harvested virus was examined. (iii) It was 80% susceptible to pancreatic RNase A digestion in high (0.3 M) NaCl, and the 20% resistant fraction was 4S to 7S in size. (iv) It was polyadenylated to the extent that 40 and 60% of the native RNA bound to polyuridylic acid-Sepharose and oligodeoxythymidylic acid-cellulose, respectively, under conditions of high (0.5 M) NaCl.", "PMID": 571025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9283", "title": "Long-term followup of anterior urethral transposition in female patients with neurogenic bladder.", "content": "Between 1961 and 1976, 13 carefully selected female patients with neurogenic bladders and incontinence refractory to other conservative therapy (9 patients) or deteriorating upper urinary tracts (4 patients) underwent anterior urethral transposition. Followup averaging 6 years revealed minimal stomal problems and excellent preservation of renal function. The surgical technique with modifications is presented.", "contents": "Long-term followup of anterior urethral transposition in female patients with neurogenic bladder. Between 1961 and 1976, 13 carefully selected female patients with neurogenic bladders and incontinence refractory to other conservative therapy (9 patients) or deteriorating upper urinary tracts (4 patients) underwent anterior urethral transposition. Followup averaging 6 years revealed minimal stomal problems and excellent preservation of renal function. The surgical technique with modifications is presented.", "PMID": 571026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9284", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a pathology review.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 12 patients with the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was undertaken with a review of pathological material. The gingival biopsy was found to be a poor method of diagnosing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pathological review also verified chronicity of disease. The pancreas was found to be the most severely involved organ, although serum amylase values did not always reflect pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a pathology review. A retrospective analysis of 12 patients with the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was undertaken with a review of pathological material. The gingival biopsy was found to be a poor method of diagnosing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pathological review also verified chronicity of disease. The pancreas was found to be the most severely involved organ, although serum amylase values did not always reflect pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 571027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9285", "title": "The spontaneous release of a high-molecular-weight aggregate containing immunoglobulin G from the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The spontaneous release of tumor cell antigens from the cell surface into the circulation has been proposed as a mechanism whereby tumors may escape the immune response of the host. In this study we have found that Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after removal from the host (mouse) spontaneously release significant amounts of cell surface components during incubation for 1 h in cold isotonic buffer. Immunodiffusion studies revealed that immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a complement component (C3) are included in this spontaneously released material. These surface-bound humoral immune components are apparently released in the form of a high-molecular-weight aggregate (cell coat particle) as shown by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration experiments. Precipitation of IgG from the cell coat particle preparation with antibodies directed against mouse IgG followed by detergent gel electrophoresis of the immune precipitate revealed five major bands in addition to the heavy and light chains of IgG. These results suggest that host IgG is tightly bound to several other components at the cell surface, perhaps in the form of immune complexes. IgG is localized on the tumor cell surface in a highly heterogenous pattern with the appearance of patches and caps in some cells as shown by immunofluorescence analysis. The possibility that humoral immune components bind to the tumor cell surface and result in the shedding of high-molecular-weight aggregates of cell surface antigens into extracellular fluids is discussed.", "contents": "The spontaneous release of a high-molecular-weight aggregate containing immunoglobulin G from the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The spontaneous release of tumor cell antigens from the cell surface into the circulation has been proposed as a mechanism whereby tumors may escape the immune response of the host. In this study we have found that Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after removal from the host (mouse) spontaneously release significant amounts of cell surface components during incubation for 1 h in cold isotonic buffer. Immunodiffusion studies revealed that immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a complement component (C3) are included in this spontaneously released material. These surface-bound humoral immune components are apparently released in the form of a high-molecular-weight aggregate (cell coat particle) as shown by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration experiments. Precipitation of IgG from the cell coat particle preparation with antibodies directed against mouse IgG followed by detergent gel electrophoresis of the immune precipitate revealed five major bands in addition to the heavy and light chains of IgG. These results suggest that host IgG is tightly bound to several other components at the cell surface, perhaps in the form of immune complexes. IgG is localized on the tumor cell surface in a highly heterogenous pattern with the appearance of patches and caps in some cells as shown by immunofluorescence analysis. The possibility that humoral immune components bind to the tumor cell surface and result in the shedding of high-molecular-weight aggregates of cell surface antigens into extracellular fluids is discussed.", "PMID": 571032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9286", "title": "The relationship between diagnostic information available at admission and discharge for patients in one PSRO setting: implications for concurrent review.", "content": "Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) operating guidelines recommend the use of Professional Activity Study (PAS) length of stay norms for conducting concurrent review. These norms, determined by aggregating discharge abstracts from PAS hospitals in the same United States census region, are assigned to patients based only on information known at admission. This study investigated the relationship between patient information available at admission and the information available at discharge in light of its effects on the concurrent review process. Analyzing 52,210 patient records from 68 hospitals in one PSRO setting, it was found that changes in patients' primary diagnosis resulted in changes in their PAS diagnostic category for 41.3 per cent of the patients. A change in PAS diagnostic caetgory after the assignment of the review norm resulted in missed and unnecessary reviews as well as early and late reviews. These findings indicate that there are serious operational problems with the current method of performing concurrent review.", "contents": "The relationship between diagnostic information available at admission and discharge for patients in one PSRO setting: implications for concurrent review. Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) operating guidelines recommend the use of Professional Activity Study (PAS) length of stay norms for conducting concurrent review. These norms, determined by aggregating discharge abstracts from PAS hospitals in the same United States census region, are assigned to patients based only on information known at admission. This study investigated the relationship between patient information available at admission and the information available at discharge in light of its effects on the concurrent review process. Analyzing 52,210 patient records from 68 hospitals in one PSRO setting, it was found that changes in patients' primary diagnosis resulted in changes in their PAS diagnostic category for 41.3 per cent of the patients. A change in PAS diagnostic caetgory after the assignment of the review norm resulted in missed and unnecessary reviews as well as early and late reviews. These findings indicate that there are serious operational problems with the current method of performing concurrent review.", "PMID": 571034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9287", "title": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a report of five cases.", "content": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, an acute clinical disorder of uncertain aetiology, has previously been associated with almost 100% mortality. Dramatic response to exchange transfusion has been reported, and there is some evidence that a circulating immune complex may be involved in the pathogenesis. Therefore, it was decided to employ large-volume plasma exchange by means of a continuous-flow cell separator in the management of five patients with this disease. Three patients showed a dramatic response, which was manifested by rapid correction of the neurological deficit and of the abnormalities in laboratory findings. We conclude that the thrombotic thrombocytopenic syndrome should be regarded as an indication for emergency plasma exchange.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a report of five cases. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, an acute clinical disorder of uncertain aetiology, has previously been associated with almost 100% mortality. Dramatic response to exchange transfusion has been reported, and there is some evidence that a circulating immune complex may be involved in the pathogenesis. Therefore, it was decided to employ large-volume plasma exchange by means of a continuous-flow cell separator in the management of five patients with this disease. Three patients showed a dramatic response, which was manifested by rapid correction of the neurological deficit and of the abnormalities in laboratory findings. We conclude that the thrombotic thrombocytopenic syndrome should be regarded as an indication for emergency plasma exchange.", "PMID": 571037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9288", "title": "Plenary lecture: lymphocytic infiltration in relationship to urologic tumors.", "content": "In summary, it may be said that, to date, among urologic tumors, seminoma is the only one in which lymphocytic and/or plasmacytic infiltration is known to improve the prognosis, and the available information on tumors of bladder, kidney, and prostate do not yet permit any statement relative to prognostic significance of inflammatory cell infiltration. When studying the relationship of lymphocytic and/or plasmacytic infiltration to tumors, it is essential for one to distinguish between cases in which the infiltration is in intimate relationship to the tumor cells and/or where the tumor cells show definite degenerative changes, e.g., seminoma, from those cases in which the inflammation is present at some distance from the tumor, e.g., chronic prostatis, and from those in which the inflammation is preexisting, e.g., schistosomiasis. Claims made about the prognostic significance of such infiltration should have adequate controls.", "contents": "Plenary lecture: lymphocytic infiltration in relationship to urologic tumors. In summary, it may be said that, to date, among urologic tumors, seminoma is the only one in which lymphocytic and/or plasmacytic infiltration is known to improve the prognosis, and the available information on tumors of bladder, kidney, and prostate do not yet permit any statement relative to prognostic significance of inflammatory cell infiltration. When studying the relationship of lymphocytic and/or plasmacytic infiltration to tumors, it is essential for one to distinguish between cases in which the infiltration is in intimate relationship to the tumor cells and/or where the tumor cells show definite degenerative changes, e.g., seminoma, from those cases in which the inflammation is present at some distance from the tumor, e.g., chronic prostatis, and from those in which the inflammation is preexisting, e.g., schistosomiasis. Claims made about the prognostic significance of such infiltration should have adequate controls.", "PMID": 571042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9289", "title": "Transitional cell and renal carcinoma: cell-mediated immunity as determined by the lymphocyte titration technique.", "content": "A unique cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, which can be used for longitudinal patient studies, is described. A study of a patient with renal cell carcinoma is presented.", "contents": "Transitional cell and renal carcinoma: cell-mediated immunity as determined by the lymphocyte titration technique. A unique cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, which can be used for longitudinal patient studies, is described. A study of a patient with renal cell carcinoma is presented.", "PMID": 571043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9290", "title": "Prostate carcinoma: tissue culture cell lines.", "content": "The successful isolation of a malignant human, prostatic epithelial cell line, PC-3, is reported. A partial characterization and ultrastructural analysis is included.", "contents": "Prostate carcinoma: tissue culture cell lines. The successful isolation of a malignant human, prostatic epithelial cell line, PC-3, is reported. A partial characterization and ultrastructural analysis is included.", "PMID": 571045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9291", "title": "HPC-36: an epithelial tissue culture line derived from human prostate adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The development of a tissue culture line of human prostate adenocarcinoma has been described. The culture (HPC-36), derived from tumor tissue explants, is purely epithelial, with characteristics of neoplastic cells. These include a large nuclear size relative to the amount of cytoplasm, multiple nucleoli within the nucleus, many mitotic figures, the formation of multinucleated giant cells, and loss of contact inhibition. The cells also stained positively for acid phosphatase and have been grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. The HPC-36 cells are presently being studied to determine whether they are true descendants of the cancer cells.", "contents": "HPC-36: an epithelial tissue culture line derived from human prostate adenocarcinoma. The development of a tissue culture line of human prostate adenocarcinoma has been described. The culture (HPC-36), derived from tumor tissue explants, is purely epithelial, with characteristics of neoplastic cells. These include a large nuclear size relative to the amount of cytoplasm, multiple nucleoli within the nucleus, many mitotic figures, the formation of multinucleated giant cells, and loss of contact inhibition. The cells also stained positively for acid phosphatase and have been grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. The HPC-36 cells are presently being studied to determine whether they are true descendants of the cancer cells.", "PMID": 571046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9292", "title": "Measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in various cell lines.", "content": "In the last few years, we have developed a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of human prostatic acid phosphatase. This method, which requires samples of the patient's serum, has been proved to be more accurate than the conventional enzymatic assay for the detection of early stages of carcinoma of the prostate. We used the enzymatic assay and radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of prostatic acid phosphatase in cultured prostatic cell lines. We were unable to show any difference in the concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase between prostatic and any other established cell lines.", "contents": "Measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in various cell lines. In the last few years, we have developed a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of human prostatic acid phosphatase. This method, which requires samples of the patient's serum, has been proved to be more accurate than the conventional enzymatic assay for the detection of early stages of carcinoma of the prostate. We used the enzymatic assay and radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of prostatic acid phosphatase in cultured prostatic cell lines. We were unable to show any difference in the concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase between prostatic and any other established cell lines.", "PMID": 571048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9293", "title": "Heterotransplantation of human prostate carcinoma into nude mice.", "content": "Human prostate cancer has been successfully transplanted into nude mice, and our technique is briefly reviewed. Sections of human benign prostatic hypertrophy have also been successfully transplanted, with subsequent cellular multiplication. This technique provides a promising model for laboratory studies of therapy by hormone manipulation.", "contents": "Heterotransplantation of human prostate carcinoma into nude mice. Human prostate cancer has been successfully transplanted into nude mice, and our technique is briefly reviewed. Sections of human benign prostatic hypertrophy have also been successfully transplanted, with subsequent cellular multiplication. This technique provides a promising model for laboratory studies of therapy by hormone manipulation.", "PMID": 571049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9294", "title": "Cyclic changes in the reflex release of prolactin following cervicovaginal stimulation.", "content": "Serum prolactin (Prl) was measured following decapitation at various stages of the estrous cycle in control animals and following cervicovaginal stimulation with a glass rod. Serum Prl was low at 10.00 h at all stages of the estrous cycle but was elevated on the afternoon of proestrus with peak values at 16.00 h and on the afternoon of estrus with peak values at 13.00 h. Cervicovaginal stimulation resulted in 100% incidence of pseudopregnancy when performed on estrus and diestrus I and in a still high incidence when performed on proestrus. However, on diestrous day II, it caused only delayed pseudopregnancy in less than half the rats. Serum Prl was significantly elevated in the afternoon following stimulation on diestrous day I and on estrus, but the already elevated values on proestrus were not further augmented and there was no significant elevation on diestrous day II. Thus, there was a cyclic variation in the response of Prl to cervicovaginal stimulation which correlated with the incidence of immediate pseudopregnancy. Gonadal steroids at this stage of the cycle probably modulate the reflex release or Prl either by an action at the hypothalamic or pituitary level or at both sites. On the basis of evidence provided by others, the immediate release of Prl does not appear to be required for the induction of pseudopregnancy.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in the reflex release of prolactin following cervicovaginal stimulation. Serum prolactin (Prl) was measured following decapitation at various stages of the estrous cycle in control animals and following cervicovaginal stimulation with a glass rod. Serum Prl was low at 10.00 h at all stages of the estrous cycle but was elevated on the afternoon of proestrus with peak values at 16.00 h and on the afternoon of estrus with peak values at 13.00 h. Cervicovaginal stimulation resulted in 100% incidence of pseudopregnancy when performed on estrus and diestrus I and in a still high incidence when performed on proestrus. However, on diestrous day II, it caused only delayed pseudopregnancy in less than half the rats. Serum Prl was significantly elevated in the afternoon following stimulation on diestrous day I and on estrus, but the already elevated values on proestrus were not further augmented and there was no significant elevation on diestrous day II. Thus, there was a cyclic variation in the response of Prl to cervicovaginal stimulation which correlated with the incidence of immediate pseudopregnancy. Gonadal steroids at this stage of the cycle probably modulate the reflex release or Prl either by an action at the hypothalamic or pituitary level or at both sites. On the basis of evidence provided by others, the immediate release of Prl does not appear to be required for the induction of pseudopregnancy.", "PMID": 571051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9295", "title": "Brain tryptophan in isolated aggressive mice.", "content": "Circadian variations in whole brain tryptophan level and food intake were investigated in both normally grouped and isolated male Albino-Swiss mice, maintained on a 12:12 light-dark regimen (lights on 08.00--20.00). A significant diurnal rhythm in brain tryptophan level was evidenced only by grouped animals, in contrast to the relatively sustained and significantly lower tryptophan level found to exist in isolated mice. Significant, daily rhythms in food intake, for both isolated and grouped mice were found to exist, that were highly correlated in phase. Isolated mice, however, consistently demonstrated an increased food consumption throughout the 24-hour period. These results suggest that a possible alteration in tryptophan metabolism exists in isolated mice, as tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is obtained by mammals only through their diet.", "contents": "Brain tryptophan in isolated aggressive mice. Circadian variations in whole brain tryptophan level and food intake were investigated in both normally grouped and isolated male Albino-Swiss mice, maintained on a 12:12 light-dark regimen (lights on 08.00--20.00). A significant diurnal rhythm in brain tryptophan level was evidenced only by grouped animals, in contrast to the relatively sustained and significantly lower tryptophan level found to exist in isolated mice. Significant, daily rhythms in food intake, for both isolated and grouped mice were found to exist, that were highly correlated in phase. Isolated mice, however, consistently demonstrated an increased food consumption throughout the 24-hour period. These results suggest that a possible alteration in tryptophan metabolism exists in isolated mice, as tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is obtained by mammals only through their diet.", "PMID": 571054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9296", "title": "Aggressiveness by isolation and brain serotonin turnover changes in different strains of mice.", "content": "In the framework of aggressive behavior a great amount of studies deal with altered brain monoamine levels or turnover. The involvement of brain serotonergic mechanisms in aggression has been demonstrated in the majority of the studies. In the present work, the biochemical and behavioral changes induced by prolonged socioenvironmental isolation in seven strains of mice were studied. Brain serotonin turnover varies significantly only in those strains which react to isolation with a constant degree of aggressiveness and there appears to exist an inverse correlation between these two parameters. Nevertheless a certain degree of aggression may develop even in the absence of alterations of brain serotonin turnover. Still the intensity of serotonin turnover decrease seems to represent a good indicator of the magnitude of the aggressive reaction.", "contents": "Aggressiveness by isolation and brain serotonin turnover changes in different strains of mice. In the framework of aggressive behavior a great amount of studies deal with altered brain monoamine levels or turnover. The involvement of brain serotonergic mechanisms in aggression has been demonstrated in the majority of the studies. In the present work, the biochemical and behavioral changes induced by prolonged socioenvironmental isolation in seven strains of mice were studied. Brain serotonin turnover varies significantly only in those strains which react to isolation with a constant degree of aggressiveness and there appears to exist an inverse correlation between these two parameters. Nevertheless a certain degree of aggression may develop even in the absence of alterations of brain serotonin turnover. Still the intensity of serotonin turnover decrease seems to represent a good indicator of the magnitude of the aggressive reaction.", "PMID": 571055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9297", "title": "Central pontine myelinolysis. Considerations on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.", "content": "Pontine myelinolysis can be suspected clinically on the basis of the following criteria: (1) Electrolyte disturbance manifested mainly by hyponatremia; (2) progressive neurologic deficits resulting in a \"locked-in\" syndrome; (3) usually, but not necessarily, alcohol abuse; and (4) frequent iatrogenic precipitation of the syndrome by inappropriate rehydration of patients at risk. A major pathophysiologic mechanism for this disorder seems to be the anatomic grid structure of the base of the pons, which is more vulnerable to edema than the cerebral hemispheres. Treatment should be focused on rapid reversal of electrolyte imbalance and judicious use of dehydrating agents. Early diagnosis and treatment might reverse an otherwise malignant syndrome.", "contents": "Central pontine myelinolysis. Considerations on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pontine myelinolysis can be suspected clinically on the basis of the following criteria: (1) Electrolyte disturbance manifested mainly by hyponatremia; (2) progressive neurologic deficits resulting in a \"locked-in\" syndrome; (3) usually, but not necessarily, alcohol abuse; and (4) frequent iatrogenic precipitation of the syndrome by inappropriate rehydration of patients at risk. A major pathophysiologic mechanism for this disorder seems to be the anatomic grid structure of the base of the pons, which is more vulnerable to edema than the cerebral hemispheres. Treatment should be focused on rapid reversal of electrolyte imbalance and judicious use of dehydrating agents. Early diagnosis and treatment might reverse an otherwise malignant syndrome.", "PMID": 571058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9298", "title": "Diagnostic approaches to pituitary adenomas.", "content": "The utility of diagnostic tests for pituitary adenoma was compared in 12 patients. Endocrine and radiologic studies were always abnormal, even when neuro-ophthalmologic tests were normal. In most cases, both tomography of the sella turcica and CT scan revealed a mass in the region of the sella turcica. For more precise definition of suprasellar extension of the mass, metrizamide CT cisternography or tomographic pneumoencephalography with metrizamide provided similar details, although CT cisternography was much more easily done. Angiography provides a means to exclude an aneurysm or vascular malformation, a vascular tumor, or an aberrant course of the internal carotid artery.", "contents": "Diagnostic approaches to pituitary adenomas. The utility of diagnostic tests for pituitary adenoma was compared in 12 patients. Endocrine and radiologic studies were always abnormal, even when neuro-ophthalmologic tests were normal. In most cases, both tomography of the sella turcica and CT scan revealed a mass in the region of the sella turcica. For more precise definition of suprasellar extension of the mass, metrizamide CT cisternography or tomographic pneumoencephalography with metrizamide provided similar details, although CT cisternography was much more easily done. Angiography provides a means to exclude an aneurysm or vascular malformation, a vascular tumor, or an aberrant course of the internal carotid artery.", "PMID": 571059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9299", "title": "Impairment of hand movements under visual guidance.", "content": "Impairment of object-bound movements of the hand performed under visual guidance (\"optic ataxia\") was a prominent sign in a patient with bilateral circumscribed infarctions in the posterior watershed territory. The sign was interpreted as resulting from defective integration of panoramic visual information with proprioceptive information concerning the upper extremity, and as being related either to damage of structures in the parietooccipital junction or their neural outflow to the premotor region.", "contents": "Impairment of hand movements under visual guidance. Impairment of object-bound movements of the hand performed under visual guidance (\"optic ataxia\") was a prominent sign in a patient with bilateral circumscribed infarctions in the posterior watershed territory. The sign was interpreted as resulting from defective integration of panoramic visual information with proprioceptive information concerning the upper extremity, and as being related either to damage of structures in the parietooccipital junction or their neural outflow to the premotor region.", "PMID": 571060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9300", "title": "Phenytoin hepatotoxicity: a case report and review.", "content": "A 17-year-old woman with phenytoin-induced hepatotoxicity was compared with 23 other cases from the literature. Hepatic injury caused by phenytoin is rare but important because of its significant morbidity and mortality. A typical multisystem clinical pattern precedes the manifestations of hepatic dysfunction. Pathologic findings indicate a mixed hepatocellular damage of cholestasis and necrosis. Pathogenic mechanisms are unexplained, but a delayed hypersensitivity reaction appears likely.", "contents": "Phenytoin hepatotoxicity: a case report and review. A 17-year-old woman with phenytoin-induced hepatotoxicity was compared with 23 other cases from the literature. Hepatic injury caused by phenytoin is rare but important because of its significant morbidity and mortality. A typical multisystem clinical pattern precedes the manifestations of hepatic dysfunction. Pathologic findings indicate a mixed hepatocellular damage of cholestasis and necrosis. Pathogenic mechanisms are unexplained, but a delayed hypersensitivity reaction appears likely.", "PMID": 571061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9301", "title": "Unit activity in the hypothalamic arcuate area in rats at different stages of the estrous cycle.", "content": "Changes in sensitivity to dopamine in various stages of the estrous cycle were studied in rats by microiontophoretic application to single neurons of the hypothalamic region and recording unit activity. Most arcuate neurons during the first half of the day in proestrus were shown to respond to dopamine by activation, to correspond to the raised plasma estrogen level in this phase of the estrous cycle. During the second half of the day in proestrus, when the estrogen level is minimal, and in stage diestrus-2, of all the neurons recorded the great majority responded to dopamine by inhibition.", "contents": "Unit activity in the hypothalamic arcuate area in rats at different stages of the estrous cycle. Changes in sensitivity to dopamine in various stages of the estrous cycle were studied in rats by microiontophoretic application to single neurons of the hypothalamic region and recording unit activity. Most arcuate neurons during the first half of the day in proestrus were shown to respond to dopamine by activation, to correspond to the raised plasma estrogen level in this phase of the estrous cycle. During the second half of the day in proestrus, when the estrogen level is minimal, and in stage diestrus-2, of all the neurons recorded the great majority responded to dopamine by inhibition.", "PMID": 571056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9302", "title": "Passively transferred experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Sequential and quantitative study of the motor end-plate fine structure and ultrastructural localization of immune complexes (IgG and C3), and of the acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) was passively transferred with immunoglobulin from rats with chronic EAMG to normal recipients. IgG and C3 were localized on terminal expansions of junctional folds of end-plates by 6 hours. Segments of folds rich in acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and coated with IgG and C3 were shed into the synaptic space by 24 hours, resulting in AChR deficiency of the postsynaptic membrane. Many sensitized postsynaptic regions were destroyed by macrophages by day 2, but effective nerve-muscle contacts were reestablished by day 5. On day 10, end-plates were still structurally abnormal and showed AChR deficiency, but the animals were clinically recovered. On day 54, postsynaptic regions were still reduced in size, with slight reduction of postsynaptic AChR. Throughout the study, the miniature end-plate potential amplitude tended to vary directly with morphometric estimates of the abundance of the postsynaptic membrane reacting for AChR. Complement-mediated injury to the junctional folds and opsonization of the postsynaptic region can explain the morphologic changes. It is not yet known why phagocytic invasion of the end-plate occurs in acute EAMG and in passively transferred EAMG induced by chronic EAMG immuglobulin, but not in chronic EAMG and only rarely in the human disease.", "contents": "Passively transferred experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Sequential and quantitative study of the motor end-plate fine structure and ultrastructural localization of immune complexes (IgG and C3), and of the acetylcholine receptor. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) was passively transferred with immunoglobulin from rats with chronic EAMG to normal recipients. IgG and C3 were localized on terminal expansions of junctional folds of end-plates by 6 hours. Segments of folds rich in acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and coated with IgG and C3 were shed into the synaptic space by 24 hours, resulting in AChR deficiency of the postsynaptic membrane. Many sensitized postsynaptic regions were destroyed by macrophages by day 2, but effective nerve-muscle contacts were reestablished by day 5. On day 10, end-plates were still structurally abnormal and showed AChR deficiency, but the animals were clinically recovered. On day 54, postsynaptic regions were still reduced in size, with slight reduction of postsynaptic AChR. Throughout the study, the miniature end-plate potential amplitude tended to vary directly with morphometric estimates of the abundance of the postsynaptic membrane reacting for AChR. Complement-mediated injury to the junctional folds and opsonization of the postsynaptic region can explain the morphologic changes. It is not yet known why phagocytic invasion of the end-plate occurs in acute EAMG and in passively transferred EAMG induced by chronic EAMG immuglobulin, but not in chronic EAMG and only rarely in the human disease.", "PMID": 571062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9303", "title": "Plasma DOPA and growth hormone in parkinsonism: oscillations in symptoms.", "content": "In 19 patients with Parkinson disease, we studied the relationship of the therapeutic effect of levodopa, or dyskinesia, to the plasma content of DOPA and growth hormone (GH). Those with stable responses to levodopa, individually or as a group, showed stable and lower plasma DOPA levels than those with unstable symptomatic responses. These results show that stable and oscillating clinical responses in Parkinson disease parallel plasma DOPA levels, suggesting that there are different mechanisms in peripheral levodopa metabolism and that extracerebral mechanisms are important in regulating the availability of levodopa to the brain. Plasma GH did not differ in the two groups, suggesting that the secretion of GH is independent of the effects of levodopa in parkinsonism.", "contents": "Plasma DOPA and growth hormone in parkinsonism: oscillations in symptoms. In 19 patients with Parkinson disease, we studied the relationship of the therapeutic effect of levodopa, or dyskinesia, to the plasma content of DOPA and growth hormone (GH). Those with stable responses to levodopa, individually or as a group, showed stable and lower plasma DOPA levels than those with unstable symptomatic responses. These results show that stable and oscillating clinical responses in Parkinson disease parallel plasma DOPA levels, suggesting that there are different mechanisms in peripheral levodopa metabolism and that extracerebral mechanisms are important in regulating the availability of levodopa to the brain. Plasma GH did not differ in the two groups, suggesting that the secretion of GH is independent of the effects of levodopa in parkinsonism.", "PMID": 571063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9304", "title": "A prospective study of the risk of developing multiple sclerosis in uncomplicated optic neuritis.", "content": "We prospectively studied 60 patients with uncomplicated optic neuritis (ON) to determine the risk of subsequent multiple sclerosis (MS). All patients were followed for at least 5 years (mean, 7.1 years). Seventeen patients (28 percent) developed definite MS and four (7 percent) developed probable or possible MS. Six of the 17 patients who developed definite MS did so within the first year. Forty-five percent of the women but only 11 percent of the men developed MS. Both sexes were at highest risk if the ON occurred between the ages of 21 and 40. Fifty-one percent of patients in this age group progressed to MS, whereas the risk for others was 12 percent. There was an overall increased risk of MS with recurrent ON. The course of the MS appeared to be benign during the period of observation.", "contents": "A prospective study of the risk of developing multiple sclerosis in uncomplicated optic neuritis. We prospectively studied 60 patients with uncomplicated optic neuritis (ON) to determine the risk of subsequent multiple sclerosis (MS). All patients were followed for at least 5 years (mean, 7.1 years). Seventeen patients (28 percent) developed definite MS and four (7 percent) developed probable or possible MS. Six of the 17 patients who developed definite MS did so within the first year. Forty-five percent of the women but only 11 percent of the men developed MS. Both sexes were at highest risk if the ON occurred between the ages of 21 and 40. Fifty-one percent of patients in this age group progressed to MS, whereas the risk for others was 12 percent. There was an overall increased risk of MS with recurrent ON. The course of the MS appeared to be benign during the period of observation.", "PMID": 571064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9305", "title": "Use of a computerized information system in the management of patients with transient cerebral ischemia.", "content": "A computerized information system has been developed for storing and retrieving the clinical, demographic and laboratory data on 267 patients with transient cerebral ischemia admitted to Duke University Hospital during the past 4 years. The major objective of this computer system is to improve patient care by providing the clinician with immediate information for decision-making and prognostication, based on experience with prior patients with cerebral ischemia similar to those under the clinician's care. The data bank also provides a resource for clinical investigation for transient cerebral ischemia, and represents a repository of detailed information not available in the usual printed sources of medical instruction.", "contents": "Use of a computerized information system in the management of patients with transient cerebral ischemia. A computerized information system has been developed for storing and retrieving the clinical, demographic and laboratory data on 267 patients with transient cerebral ischemia admitted to Duke University Hospital during the past 4 years. The major objective of this computer system is to improve patient care by providing the clinician with immediate information for decision-making and prognostication, based on experience with prior patients with cerebral ischemia similar to those under the clinician's care. The data bank also provides a resource for clinical investigation for transient cerebral ischemia, and represents a repository of detailed information not available in the usual printed sources of medical instruction.", "PMID": 571065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9306", "title": "Periodic alternating gaze.", "content": "A 77-year-old man with autopsy-proven bilateral cerebral infarction had a periodic alternating conjugate horizontal ocular deviation for 2 days, which ceased shortly before death. There have been four previously reported patients with this disorder. The phenomenon suggests acute bilateral cerebral disease with a relatively intact brainstem.", "contents": "Periodic alternating gaze. A 77-year-old man with autopsy-proven bilateral cerebral infarction had a periodic alternating conjugate horizontal ocular deviation for 2 days, which ceased shortly before death. There have been four previously reported patients with this disorder. The phenomenon suggests acute bilateral cerebral disease with a relatively intact brainstem.", "PMID": 571066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9307", "title": "Lymphocyte adherence in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "It has been reported that peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) adhere to measles-infected human epithelial cells in significantly greater numbers than do lymphocytes from healthy volunteers or patients with other neurologic diseases. We have confirmed this observation in three separate studies, and have investigated the relationship of lymphocyte adherence to the clinical state. Lymphocyte adherence determination values correlated with the degree of certainty of the clinical diagnosis of MS, and lymphocyte adherence values in individual patients increased during clinical exacerbations. Judicious use of this test may facilitate the diagnosis of MS.", "contents": "Lymphocyte adherence in multiple sclerosis. It has been reported that peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) adhere to measles-infected human epithelial cells in significantly greater numbers than do lymphocytes from healthy volunteers or patients with other neurologic diseases. We have confirmed this observation in three separate studies, and have investigated the relationship of lymphocyte adherence to the clinical state. Lymphocyte adherence determination values correlated with the degree of certainty of the clinical diagnosis of MS, and lymphocyte adherence values in individual patients increased during clinical exacerbations. Judicious use of this test may facilitate the diagnosis of MS.", "PMID": 571067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9308", "title": "White-centered retinal hemorrhages: a sign of intracranial hemorrhage.", "content": "White-centered retinal hemorrhages (so-called \"Roth spots\") were seen in an 11-year-old girl with spontaneous intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured \"berry\" aneurysm without underlying systemic disorder.", "contents": "White-centered retinal hemorrhages: a sign of intracranial hemorrhage. White-centered retinal hemorrhages (so-called \"Roth spots\") were seen in an 11-year-old girl with spontaneous intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured \"berry\" aneurysm without underlying systemic disorder.", "PMID": 571068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9309", "title": "Serum LDH-5 in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "We failed to confirm the suggestion that serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 (LDH-5) levels are as sensitive an indicator of the carrier status in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) as are serum levels of creatine kinase. In particular, serum LDH-5 was not increased in carriers when the serum creatine kinase level was normal.", "contents": "Serum LDH-5 in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We failed to confirm the suggestion that serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 (LDH-5) levels are as sensitive an indicator of the carrier status in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) as are serum levels of creatine kinase. In particular, serum LDH-5 was not increased in carriers when the serum creatine kinase level was normal.", "PMID": 571069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9310", "title": "The BAER profile: a method for reporting electrophysiologic brainstem examinations in clinical practice.", "content": "We present a method for graphically reporting the results of brainstem auditory evoked response examinations on the basis of multiple parameters. The method is based on a transform that normalizes the many latency and amplitude measures obtained from the averaged evoked responses of normal subjects tested under standardized conditions. Among the advantages of the method are the simplicity of its use, the identification of disease profiles, and the isolation of relevant parameters for research and diagnosis.", "contents": "The BAER profile: a method for reporting electrophysiologic brainstem examinations in clinical practice. We present a method for graphically reporting the results of brainstem auditory evoked response examinations on the basis of multiple parameters. The method is based on a transform that normalizes the many latency and amplitude measures obtained from the averaged evoked responses of normal subjects tested under standardized conditions. Among the advantages of the method are the simplicity of its use, the identification of disease profiles, and the isolation of relevant parameters for research and diagnosis.", "PMID": 571070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9311", "title": "Clinical recovery from Schilder disease.", "content": "A 7-year-old girl presented with progressive dementia. 99-mTechnetium pertechnetate brain imaging and flow, cerebral angiograms, and a pneumoencephalogram revealed a large, bilateral frontal lesion that crossed the corpus callosum. At surgery, the consistency of affected brain tissue was soft. The histologic diagnosis was Schilder disease. Postoperatively, prednisone therapy was initiated because of clinical evidence of increased intracranial pressure, including funduscopic change. Within 4 months, the prednisone was discontinued, and the child completed the school year at the top of her class. Three years later she continued to function as a superior student, without demonstrable clinical neurologic abnormality.", "contents": "Clinical recovery from Schilder disease. A 7-year-old girl presented with progressive dementia. 99-mTechnetium pertechnetate brain imaging and flow, cerebral angiograms, and a pneumoencephalogram revealed a large, bilateral frontal lesion that crossed the corpus callosum. At surgery, the consistency of affected brain tissue was soft. The histologic diagnosis was Schilder disease. Postoperatively, prednisone therapy was initiated because of clinical evidence of increased intracranial pressure, including funduscopic change. Within 4 months, the prednisone was discontinued, and the child completed the school year at the top of her class. Three years later she continued to function as a superior student, without demonstrable clinical neurologic abnormality.", "PMID": 571071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9312", "title": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia caused by subdural hematoma.", "content": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is caused by lesions in the median longitudinal fasciculus. It is generally the result of primary intraaxial disorders, most commonly multiple sclerosis in young adults and infarction in older adults. Rarely, extraaxial disorders cause INO by compressing the brainstem. We report two patients with INO resulting from subdural hematoma with transtentorial herniation. These cases demonstrate that INO is a reliable, but not a pathognomonic, sign of a primary intraaxial disorder.", "contents": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia caused by subdural hematoma. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is caused by lesions in the median longitudinal fasciculus. It is generally the result of primary intraaxial disorders, most commonly multiple sclerosis in young adults and infarction in older adults. Rarely, extraaxial disorders cause INO by compressing the brainstem. We report two patients with INO resulting from subdural hematoma with transtentorial herniation. These cases demonstrate that INO is a reliable, but not a pathognomonic, sign of a primary intraaxial disorder.", "PMID": 571072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9313", "title": "Computerized tomography in acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy: a case report.", "content": "Computerized tomography in a case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy showed extensive bilateral white matter damage, which resolved almost completely. The patient's near-complete recovery from the disease is followed by serial CT scans, suggesting that initial bilateral demyelinization is followed by slow remyelinization rather than disappearance of edema. CT scanning proves to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of white matter diseases.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy: a case report. Computerized tomography in a case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy showed extensive bilateral white matter damage, which resolved almost completely. The patient's near-complete recovery from the disease is followed by serial CT scans, suggesting that initial bilateral demyelinization is followed by slow remyelinization rather than disappearance of edema. CT scanning proves to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of white matter diseases.", "PMID": 571073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9314", "title": "Bioelectric activity of chick stato-acoustic ganglion cells in culture.", "content": "Electrical membrane properties were recorded intracellularly from dissociated embryonic chick stato-acoustic ganglion (S-AG) cells cultivated in vitro for 8 days. Most S-AG cells exhibited the complete action potentials with overshoot by passing current and a half of them fired repetitively during single prolonged stimulation. In some S-AG cells with relatively high input resistances, long-term negative after-potentials were clearly observed at the end of repetitive discharges. The action potential was composed of fast and slow components. The former component was blocked by tetrodtoxin (TTX) and the latter one was markedly suppressed by treatment with MnCl2 or verapamil. These data indicate that the action potential from the chick S-AG perikaryon is produced by both Na and Ca mechanisms together.", "contents": "Bioelectric activity of chick stato-acoustic ganglion cells in culture. Electrical membrane properties were recorded intracellularly from dissociated embryonic chick stato-acoustic ganglion (S-AG) cells cultivated in vitro for 8 days. Most S-AG cells exhibited the complete action potentials with overshoot by passing current and a half of them fired repetitively during single prolonged stimulation. In some S-AG cells with relatively high input resistances, long-term negative after-potentials were clearly observed at the end of repetitive discharges. The action potential was composed of fast and slow components. The former component was blocked by tetrodtoxin (TTX) and the latter one was markedly suppressed by treatment with MnCl2 or verapamil. These data indicate that the action potential from the chick S-AG perikaryon is produced by both Na and Ca mechanisms together.", "PMID": 571075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9315", "title": "Acetylcarnitine and free carnitine in body fluids before and after birth.", "content": "The acetylcarnitine concentration in amniotic fluid fell significantly between 33 and 37 and 40 weeks of gestation. It was significantly higher in samples that had a low lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio. The acetylcarnitine content of tracheal fluid was higher in samples obtained from premature newborns. The major excretory form of carnitine is the acetate ester and only in adults does the urine contain significant amounts of free carnitine. The level of acetylcarnitine in plasma significantly increases after the first day of life; there was no difference in the plasma levels of carnitine between full-term and premature newborns. Plasma-free carnitine and acetylcarnitine levels were significantly lower in infants who were receiving a soybean-based formula. A positive correlation was found between the plasma level of ketone bodies and that of acetylcarnitine.", "contents": "Acetylcarnitine and free carnitine in body fluids before and after birth. The acetylcarnitine concentration in amniotic fluid fell significantly between 33 and 37 and 40 weeks of gestation. It was significantly higher in samples that had a low lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio. The acetylcarnitine content of tracheal fluid was higher in samples obtained from premature newborns. The major excretory form of carnitine is the acetate ester and only in adults does the urine contain significant amounts of free carnitine. The level of acetylcarnitine in plasma significantly increases after the first day of life; there was no difference in the plasma levels of carnitine between full-term and premature newborns. Plasma-free carnitine and acetylcarnitine levels were significantly lower in infants who were receiving a soybean-based formula. A positive correlation was found between the plasma level of ketone bodies and that of acetylcarnitine.", "PMID": 571081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9316", "title": "Body fat at puberty in rats: alteration by changes in diet.", "content": "The body composition (percent body fat) at vaginal opening of groups of rats fed different diets was determined. Serial changes in body composition prior to vaginal opening were also measured to assess the temporal relationship between first achievement of the body composition subsequently found at puberty and the actual onset of puberty (vaginal opening). The body weight at vaginal opening and the total carcass fat at vaginal opening were significantly different among the three dietary groups (F = 43.06 and 44.60, respectively; P less than 0.001). In addition, the percent body fat at vaginal opening was also significantly different among the three dietary groups (F = 30.30; P less than 0.001). In one group, the percent body fat was the same at the age of 31 days as it was at vaginal opening (mean age 41 days). In a group where food intake was restricted, the percent body fat prior to and at vaginal opening remained lower than that seen at vaginal opening in a group fed the same diet ad libitum. Thus, attainment of a critical level of body weight, total body fat stores, or percent body fat does not trigger puberty in rats.", "contents": "Body fat at puberty in rats: alteration by changes in diet. The body composition (percent body fat) at vaginal opening of groups of rats fed different diets was determined. Serial changes in body composition prior to vaginal opening were also measured to assess the temporal relationship between first achievement of the body composition subsequently found at puberty and the actual onset of puberty (vaginal opening). The body weight at vaginal opening and the total carcass fat at vaginal opening were significantly different among the three dietary groups (F = 43.06 and 44.60, respectively; P less than 0.001). In addition, the percent body fat at vaginal opening was also significantly different among the three dietary groups (F = 30.30; P less than 0.001). In one group, the percent body fat was the same at the age of 31 days as it was at vaginal opening (mean age 41 days). In a group where food intake was restricted, the percent body fat prior to and at vaginal opening remained lower than that seen at vaginal opening in a group fed the same diet ad libitum. Thus, attainment of a critical level of body weight, total body fat stores, or percent body fat does not trigger puberty in rats.", "PMID": 571082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9317", "title": "Intracellular Ca2+ injection causes membrane hyperpolarization and conductance increase in lacrimal acinar cells.", "content": "Membrane potential and resistance measurements were carried out on segments of superfused mouse exorbital lacrimal glands by inserting two microelectrodes into neighbouring coupled cells. Short-lasting intracellular injections of Ca2+, by the method of microiontophoresis, caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction.  These effects were also observed in the presence of adrenergie and cholinergic blocking agents. From the potential and resistance changes observed the null potential for the action of Ca2+ was calculated to be -50 mV. Short-lasting extracellular Ca2+ applications caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction, but these effects were blocked by a combination of atropine and phentolamine. Intracellular Ca2+ application mimics the action of adrenaline and acetylcholine on lacrimal acinar cells.", "contents": "Intracellular Ca2+ injection causes membrane hyperpolarization and conductance increase in lacrimal acinar cells. Membrane potential and resistance measurements were carried out on segments of superfused mouse exorbital lacrimal glands by inserting two microelectrodes into neighbouring coupled cells. Short-lasting intracellular injections of Ca2+, by the method of microiontophoresis, caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction.  These effects were also observed in the presence of adrenergie and cholinergic blocking agents. From the potential and resistance changes observed the null potential for the action of Ca2+ was calculated to be -50 mV. Short-lasting extracellular Ca2+ applications caused membrane hyperpolarization and resistance reduction, but these effects were blocked by a combination of atropine and phentolamine. Intracellular Ca2+ application mimics the action of adrenaline and acetylcholine on lacrimal acinar cells.", "PMID": 571083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9318", "title": "Morphology and electrophysiological properties of cutaneous sensilla in agamid lizards.", "content": "The external morphology of agamid cutaneous sensille has been studied by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrophysiological recordings from single organs were obtained in response to mechanical bending of the centrally located long seta. In this way the mechanoreceptive function of reptilian cutaneous sensilla has been established for the first time.", "contents": "Morphology and electrophysiological properties of cutaneous sensilla in agamid lizards. The external morphology of agamid cutaneous sensille has been studied by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrophysiological recordings from single organs were obtained in response to mechanical bending of the centrally located long seta. In this way the mechanoreceptive function of reptilian cutaneous sensilla has been established for the first time.", "PMID": 571084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9319", "title": "Lifelong hyperarousal in the spontaneously hypertensive rat indicated by operant behavior.", "content": "Instrumental conditioning techniques were used to obtain objective evidence of differences in behavioral arousal between the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the normotensive ancestral Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain. Subjective emotionality ratings previously indicated that the genetically hypertensive rats were more active and aggressive than their normotensive cousins. In a lengthy series of operant conditioning sessions using a small number of adult female SHR and WKY rats, hyperarousal in the SHR was confirmed by their significantly higher response outputs on either response contingent or time contingent schedules of reinforcement. Conditioned emotionality tests during this series of experiments also suggested hyperarousal and aggressiveness in the SHR, since the fear-conditioned stimulus suppressed bar-pressing in the SHR much less than in the WKY. Further experiments with young prehypertensive SHR rats provided the same evidence of hyperresponsivity in the SHR compared to the WKY strain. Furthermore, these young SHR failed to develop hypertension by the end of the study (14 weeks of age), while their nonconditioned SHR cousins had become clearly hypertensive by the same age. This suggests that factors related to the conditioning methods modified the development of high blood pressure in this animal model of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Lifelong hyperarousal in the spontaneously hypertensive rat indicated by operant behavior. Instrumental conditioning techniques were used to obtain objective evidence of differences in behavioral arousal between the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the normotensive ancestral Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain. Subjective emotionality ratings previously indicated that the genetically hypertensive rats were more active and aggressive than their normotensive cousins. In a lengthy series of operant conditioning sessions using a small number of adult female SHR and WKY rats, hyperarousal in the SHR was confirmed by their significantly higher response outputs on either response contingent or time contingent schedules of reinforcement. Conditioned emotionality tests during this series of experiments also suggested hyperarousal and aggressiveness in the SHR, since the fear-conditioned stimulus suppressed bar-pressing in the SHR much less than in the WKY. Further experiments with young prehypertensive SHR rats provided the same evidence of hyperresponsivity in the SHR compared to the WKY strain. Furthermore, these young SHR failed to develop hypertension by the end of the study (14 weeks of age), while their nonconditioned SHR cousins had become clearly hypertensive by the same age. This suggests that factors related to the conditioning methods modified the development of high blood pressure in this animal model of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 571078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9320", "title": "Personality and conditioning: factors of classical CR acquisition and extinction and their relationship to personality types.", "content": "A number of psychophysiological, cognitive and personality measures, and classical appetitive and aversive SR acquisition and extinction rates were taken from a sample of 25 male undergraduate volunteers. Principal Components Analysis of the data revealed general acquisition and extinction factors which were indexed by the psychophysiological variables. Regression analyses showed additionally that Eysenck's E-I dimension predicts both acquisition and extinction rates, and that imagery may be an important mediational variable in CR acquisition.", "contents": "Personality and conditioning: factors of classical CR acquisition and extinction and their relationship to personality types. A number of psychophysiological, cognitive and personality measures, and classical appetitive and aversive SR acquisition and extinction rates were taken from a sample of 25 male undergraduate volunteers. Principal Components Analysis of the data revealed general acquisition and extinction factors which were indexed by the psychophysiological variables. Regression analyses showed additionally that Eysenck's E-I dimension predicts both acquisition and extinction rates, and that imagery may be an important mediational variable in CR acquisition.", "PMID": 571079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9321", "title": "Limbic system seizures and aggressive behavior (superkindling effects).", "content": "This study was done to further analyze the neural mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior associated with psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures. The studies revealed that superkindling the aggressive system by sequential stimulations at seizure-inducing thresholds, of two or more sites in the limbic, hypothalamic, and basal ganglia structures facilitated the production of aggressive seizures. Aggressive behavior in the freely moving cat was evaluated in relation to the occurrence of hissing and growling during stimulation, after-discharge and postictal period. The behavior was correlated with the frequency of the elicited seizures and the seizure durations. Aggression did develop as a component behavioral manifestation of the limbic (psychomotor) seizure. Development of aggressive seizures was facilitated by \"priming\" the aggressive system. Optimum levels of aggressive behavior occurred with seizures of medium duration. Catecholamine blockers tended to attentuate the occurrence of aggression, whereas the agonist tended to facilitate it. Once the aggressive system was rendered hyperexcitable, exteroceptive stimuli also evoked aggressive attack behavior. It was concluded that repeatedly recurring limbic system seizures through superkindling mechanisms can eventually render the limbic-basal ganglia-preoptico-hypothalamic aggressive system hyper-responsive to both recurring seizures and to exteroceptive stimuli with resulting aggressive behavior with or without an accompanying seizure.", "contents": "Limbic system seizures and aggressive behavior (superkindling effects). This study was done to further analyze the neural mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior associated with psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures. The studies revealed that superkindling the aggressive system by sequential stimulations at seizure-inducing thresholds, of two or more sites in the limbic, hypothalamic, and basal ganglia structures facilitated the production of aggressive seizures. Aggressive behavior in the freely moving cat was evaluated in relation to the occurrence of hissing and growling during stimulation, after-discharge and postictal period. The behavior was correlated with the frequency of the elicited seizures and the seizure durations. Aggression did develop as a component behavioral manifestation of the limbic (psychomotor) seizure. Development of aggressive seizures was facilitated by \"priming\" the aggressive system. Optimum levels of aggressive behavior occurred with seizures of medium duration. Catecholamine blockers tended to attentuate the occurrence of aggression, whereas the agonist tended to facilitate it. Once the aggressive system was rendered hyperexcitable, exteroceptive stimuli also evoked aggressive attack behavior. It was concluded that repeatedly recurring limbic system seizures through superkindling mechanisms can eventually render the limbic-basal ganglia-preoptico-hypothalamic aggressive system hyper-responsive to both recurring seizures and to exteroceptive stimuli with resulting aggressive behavior with or without an accompanying seizure.", "PMID": 571080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9322", "title": "Comparative effects of CO2 on the affinity for O2 of fetal and adult erythrocytes.", "content": "1. Oxygen-linked carbamino formation in fetal erythrocytes was compared to that measured in adult erythrocytes. 2. Whole oxygen binding curves were recorded on washed intact erythrocytes either fresh or D-glycerate-2,3-P depleted with a continuous recording technique. Erythrocytes were resuspended in buffer media of different pH and PCO2 varying from 0-10.7 kPa (80 torr) at physiological ionic strength. Oxygen linked carbamates were estimated as deltalog PO2/delta log PCO2 at constant pH and constant saturation levels from 10-90% oxygen saturation. 3. The overall CO2 effect (deltalog P50/deltalog PCO2) was consistently lower in fetal erythrocytes than in the adult. The deltalog PO2/deltalog PCO2 ratio was markedly dependent on oxygen saturation in both types of erythrocytes and highest at the early part of the oxygen binding curve. This was more so in fetal erythrocytes. 4. Carbamino formation was lower in fetal erythrocytes than in adult erythrocytes at any pH value, indicating a higher apparent pK of the alpha amino groups involved in CO2 binding in fetal erythrocytes. This may be related to the different primary structures of the non alpha chains of HbFII and HbAI. 5. The large effect of low PCO2 on both fetal and adult erythrocytes was related to the higher affinity for CO2 of deoxyhemoglobin compared to oxyhemoglobin and a model for CO2 binding analogous to that described by de Bruin et al. [6] for anion binding is proposed. 6. It is concluded that the lower CO2 binding to fetal erythrocytes is in keeping with the lower allosteric effect of other major effectors of hemoglobin within the cells. This leads to a higher affinity for O2 of fetal erythrocytes well suited for O2 transport in utero.", "contents": "Comparative effects of CO2 on the affinity for O2 of fetal and adult erythrocytes. 1. Oxygen-linked carbamino formation in fetal erythrocytes was compared to that measured in adult erythrocytes. 2. Whole oxygen binding curves were recorded on washed intact erythrocytes either fresh or D-glycerate-2,3-P depleted with a continuous recording technique. Erythrocytes were resuspended in buffer media of different pH and PCO2 varying from 0-10.7 kPa (80 torr) at physiological ionic strength. Oxygen linked carbamates were estimated as deltalog PO2/delta log PCO2 at constant pH and constant saturation levels from 10-90% oxygen saturation. 3. The overall CO2 effect (deltalog P50/deltalog PCO2) was consistently lower in fetal erythrocytes than in the adult. The deltalog PO2/deltalog PCO2 ratio was markedly dependent on oxygen saturation in both types of erythrocytes and highest at the early part of the oxygen binding curve. This was more so in fetal erythrocytes. 4. Carbamino formation was lower in fetal erythrocytes than in adult erythrocytes at any pH value, indicating a higher apparent pK of the alpha amino groups involved in CO2 binding in fetal erythrocytes. This may be related to the different primary structures of the non alpha chains of HbFII and HbAI. 5. The large effect of low PCO2 on both fetal and adult erythrocytes was related to the higher affinity for CO2 of deoxyhemoglobin compared to oxyhemoglobin and a model for CO2 binding analogous to that described by de Bruin et al. [6] for anion binding is proposed. 6. It is concluded that the lower CO2 binding to fetal erythrocytes is in keeping with the lower allosteric effect of other major effectors of hemoglobin within the cells. This leads to a higher affinity for O2 of fetal erythrocytes well suited for O2 transport in utero.", "PMID": 571085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9323", "title": "Characteristics of fast excitatory postsynaptic current in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells. Effects of membrane potential, temperature and Ca ions.", "content": "The membrane current underlying the fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSC) of bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells was studied. The relationship between the EPSC amplitude and membrane potential was linear at negative levels of membrane potential, but deviated from the linearity toward a smaller amplitude at positive levels. The falling phase of EPSC almost followed a single exponential decay. The half-decay time (HDT) of EPSC's increased exponentially with an increase in the negativity of membrane potential. The rise time (RT) was also prolonged slightly with membrane hyperpolarization. Lowering of temperature decreased the EPSC amplitude, lengthened markedly the HDT and increased the slope relating the logarithm of the HDT to membrane potential. Neostigmine (1 x 10(-5) M) prolonged both the RT and HDT. A decrease in Ca2+ concentration caused a marked reduction in the EPSC amplitude, and a slight shortening in the RT and HDT. An increase in Ca2+ concentration significantly prolonged the RT and HDT without altering the slope of the relationship between the HDT and membrane potential, while the amplitude of EPSC was increased slightly. The HDT was independent of EPSC amplitude. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for closing the ion channels of the nicotinic receptor at the subsynaptic membrane is regulated by membrane potential. The possible mechanisms of the action of Ca2+ on the decay phase of EPSC were discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics of fast excitatory postsynaptic current in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells. Effects of membrane potential, temperature and Ca ions. The membrane current underlying the fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSC) of bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells was studied. The relationship between the EPSC amplitude and membrane potential was linear at negative levels of membrane potential, but deviated from the linearity toward a smaller amplitude at positive levels. The falling phase of EPSC almost followed a single exponential decay. The half-decay time (HDT) of EPSC's increased exponentially with an increase in the negativity of membrane potential. The rise time (RT) was also prolonged slightly with membrane hyperpolarization. Lowering of temperature decreased the EPSC amplitude, lengthened markedly the HDT and increased the slope relating the logarithm of the HDT to membrane potential. Neostigmine (1 x 10(-5) M) prolonged both the RT and HDT. A decrease in Ca2+ concentration caused a marked reduction in the EPSC amplitude, and a slight shortening in the RT and HDT. An increase in Ca2+ concentration significantly prolonged the RT and HDT without altering the slope of the relationship between the HDT and membrane potential, while the amplitude of EPSC was increased slightly. The HDT was independent of EPSC amplitude. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for closing the ion channels of the nicotinic receptor at the subsynaptic membrane is regulated by membrane potential. The possible mechanisms of the action of Ca2+ on the decay phase of EPSC were discussed.", "PMID": 571086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9324", "title": "Hypothalamic temperature and osmoregulation in the Pekin duck.", "content": "The temperature of the anterior and middle hypothalamus of conscious Pekin ducks was altered with chronically implanted thermodes. Both urine formation and salt secretion by the supraorbital glands were influenced by hypothalamic cooling. When osmotic diuresis was induced by continuous intravenous infusion of 1.2 ml . min-1 of 293 mosm . kg-1 mannitol in H2O solution, hypothalamic cooling increased urine flow rate at reduced urine osmolality and unchanged osmolal excretion rate. The degree of this cold induced diuresis increased with cooling intensity. Additional ADH administration by continuous infusion at a supramaximal dose abolished the diuretic effect of hypothalamic cooling. When water diuresis was induced by intragastric continuous infusion of 1.2 ml . min-1 of distilled water, hypothalamic cooling enhanced the diuresis, but hypothalamic warming had equivocal effects. The diuretic effects of hypothalamic cooling suggest an inhibition of endogeneous ADH release by lowering hypothalamic temperature. When the salt glands of salt adapted ducks were stimulated by continuous intravenous infusion of 0.2 ml . min-1 of 800 mosm . kg-1 NaCl in H2O solution, hypothalamic cooling reduced the salt gland secretion rate to an extent depending on cooling intensity. It is concluded  that the activities of those integrative and/or efferent hypothalamic neurons, which mediate the hormonal control of renal water absorption and the nervous control of salt secretion by the supraorbital gland, depend on their own temperature.", "contents": "Hypothalamic temperature and osmoregulation in the Pekin duck. The temperature of the anterior and middle hypothalamus of conscious Pekin ducks was altered with chronically implanted thermodes. Both urine formation and salt secretion by the supraorbital glands were influenced by hypothalamic cooling. When osmotic diuresis was induced by continuous intravenous infusion of 1.2 ml . min-1 of 293 mosm . kg-1 mannitol in H2O solution, hypothalamic cooling increased urine flow rate at reduced urine osmolality and unchanged osmolal excretion rate. The degree of this cold induced diuresis increased with cooling intensity. Additional ADH administration by continuous infusion at a supramaximal dose abolished the diuretic effect of hypothalamic cooling. When water diuresis was induced by intragastric continuous infusion of 1.2 ml . min-1 of distilled water, hypothalamic cooling enhanced the diuresis, but hypothalamic warming had equivocal effects. The diuretic effects of hypothalamic cooling suggest an inhibition of endogeneous ADH release by lowering hypothalamic temperature. When the salt glands of salt adapted ducks were stimulated by continuous intravenous infusion of 0.2 ml . min-1 of 800 mosm . kg-1 NaCl in H2O solution, hypothalamic cooling reduced the salt gland secretion rate to an extent depending on cooling intensity. It is concluded  that the activities of those integrative and/or efferent hypothalamic neurons, which mediate the hormonal control of renal water absorption and the nervous control of salt secretion by the supraorbital gland, depend on their own temperature.", "PMID": 571087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9325", "title": "Temperature changes of the hypothalamus and body core in ducks feeding in cold water.", "content": "Hypothalamic (Thy), spinal(Tsc) and colonic (Tc) temperatures were measured in Pekin ducks spontaneously dabbling for food in cold water (5 degrees C). In agreement with observations in the pigeon and the fowl Thy was found to be consistently lower by about 0.5 degrees C than the other core temperatures. The drop of Thy during dipping head and neck into the cold water was not substantially greater than that of Tsc, while both changed more than Tc. The measurements do not support the assumption that the hypothalamic region in the duck is exposed to substantially greater temperature fluctuations than other thermosensitive parts of the body core.", "contents": "Temperature changes of the hypothalamus and body core in ducks feeding in cold water. Hypothalamic (Thy), spinal(Tsc) and colonic (Tc) temperatures were measured in Pekin ducks spontaneously dabbling for food in cold water (5 degrees C). In agreement with observations in the pigeon and the fowl Thy was found to be consistently lower by about 0.5 degrees C than the other core temperatures. The drop of Thy during dipping head and neck into the cold water was not substantially greater than that of Tsc, while both changed more than Tc. The measurements do not support the assumption that the hypothalamic region in the duck is exposed to substantially greater temperature fluctuations than other thermosensitive parts of the body core.", "PMID": 571088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9326", "title": "Elimination of central chemosensitivity by coagulation of a bilateral area on the ventral medullary surface in awake cats.", "content": "Breathing and respiratory response to CO2 were observed in 6 awake cats and 1 control before and after bilateral coagulation of the formerly described area S (Schl\u00e4fke and Loeschcke, 1967) on the ventral medullary surface under hyperoxic conditions. Ventilation decreased, PCO2 rose and CO2 response was almost or completely abolished in 4 cats, and moderately reduced in 2 cats.  Inhalation of CO2 had an inhibitory effect on ventilation in two cases. In some instances the respiratory frequency was increased by CO2. Periodic breathing as well as spontaneous hyperventilation elicited by 'arousal' indicate parallels to the Pickwickian or Ondine's curse syndrome. No respiratory changes were produced by a lesion on the pyramidal tract medial to the area S. It is concluded that central chemosensitivity can be eliminated within the superficial layer of the area S. The loss of CO2 response seems to be correlated with complete destruction of the superficial nerve cells located within the area S (Petrovick\u00fd, 1968) and degeneration within the ventral part of the nucleus paragigantocellularis.", "contents": "Elimination of central chemosensitivity by coagulation of a bilateral area on the ventral medullary surface in awake cats. Breathing and respiratory response to CO2 were observed in 6 awake cats and 1 control before and after bilateral coagulation of the formerly described area S (Schl\u00e4fke and Loeschcke, 1967) on the ventral medullary surface under hyperoxic conditions. Ventilation decreased, PCO2 rose and CO2 response was almost or completely abolished in 4 cats, and moderately reduced in 2 cats.  Inhalation of CO2 had an inhibitory effect on ventilation in two cases. In some instances the respiratory frequency was increased by CO2. Periodic breathing as well as spontaneous hyperventilation elicited by 'arousal' indicate parallels to the Pickwickian or Ondine's curse syndrome. No respiratory changes were produced by a lesion on the pyramidal tract medial to the area S. It is concluded that central chemosensitivity can be eliminated within the superficial layer of the area S. The loss of CO2 response seems to be correlated with complete destruction of the superficial nerve cells located within the area S (Petrovick\u00fd, 1968) and degeneration within the ventral part of the nucleus paragigantocellularis.", "PMID": 571089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9327", "title": "Effect of external potassium on the coupled sodium: potassium transport ratio of axons.", "content": "1. Resting membrane potential and the current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons bathed in various potassium solutions with and without ouabain. 2. Ouabain caused a depolarization of the membrane at each [K]o used but did not affect membrane resistance. 3. The ouabain-sensitive transport current was least (3 microamperemeter/cm2) in 0 mM [K]o and greatest (7 microamperemeter/cm2) in 16.2 and 21.6 mM [K]o. 4. The assumption was made an some indirect evidence presented that axons equilibrated in various potassium solutions maintain constant internal sodium and potassium concentrations for up to 3 h. 5. On the basis of this assumption, the apparent ratio of coupled Na : K transport was calculated. It was found to be least (-1.3/1) in 0 mM [K]o and to approach infinity in 16.2 and 21.6 mM [K]o. 6. The data indicate that the apparent variability of the Na : K exchange ratio likely represents an intrinsic property of the exchange mechanism and is less likely to be explained by a fixed-ratio coupled Na : K transport operating in parallel with electro-neutral Na : Na or K : K exchange.", "contents": "Effect of external potassium on the coupled sodium: potassium transport ratio of axons. 1. Resting membrane potential and the current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons bathed in various potassium solutions with and without ouabain. 2. Ouabain caused a depolarization of the membrane at each [K]o used but did not affect membrane resistance. 3. The ouabain-sensitive transport current was least (3 microamperemeter/cm2) in 0 mM [K]o and greatest (7 microamperemeter/cm2) in 16.2 and 21.6 mM [K]o. 4. The assumption was made an some indirect evidence presented that axons equilibrated in various potassium solutions maintain constant internal sodium and potassium concentrations for up to 3 h. 5. On the basis of this assumption, the apparent ratio of coupled Na : K transport was calculated. It was found to be least (-1.3/1) in 0 mM [K]o and to approach infinity in 16.2 and 21.6 mM [K]o. 6. The data indicate that the apparent variability of the Na : K exchange ratio likely represents an intrinsic property of the exchange mechanism and is less likely to be explained by a fixed-ratio coupled Na : K transport operating in parallel with electro-neutral Na : Na or K : K exchange.", "PMID": 571090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9328", "title": "Independent development of contractile properties and myosin light chains in embryonic chick fast and slow muscle.", "content": "1. The contractile speeds and tetanus/twitch ratios of the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles were studied during embryonic development and correlated with the type of myosin light chains present in these muscles as studied by one and two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. At a time when the contractions of PLD were slow, i.e. in 15 day old embryos, the myosin light chains in this muscle were of the fast type. The slow contraction of this muscle may be due to incomplete and slow activation of the contractile elements. The tetanus/twitch ratio of muscles from 15 day old embryos is low and increases sharply with age. This increase could be due to the maturation of the internal membrane system, and occurs at about the same time as the increase in the speed of contraction. 3. ALD muscles contract slowly during all stages of development, although their tetanus/twitch ratio also increases with age. At 13 days they contain a mixture of fast and slow type myosin light chains and with increasing age the proportion of the slow type myosin  light chains increases at the expense of the fast type. The slow time course of contraction of ALD is consistent with the presence of slow type myosin light chains. 4. The possibility that the synthesis of the slow type myosin light chains in ALD is induced by early motor activity in chick embryos is discussed.", "contents": "Independent development of contractile properties and myosin light chains in embryonic chick fast and slow muscle. 1. The contractile speeds and tetanus/twitch ratios of the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles were studied during embryonic development and correlated with the type of myosin light chains present in these muscles as studied by one and two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. At a time when the contractions of PLD were slow, i.e. in 15 day old embryos, the myosin light chains in this muscle were of the fast type. The slow contraction of this muscle may be due to incomplete and slow activation of the contractile elements. The tetanus/twitch ratio of muscles from 15 day old embryos is low and increases sharply with age. This increase could be due to the maturation of the internal membrane system, and occurs at about the same time as the increase in the speed of contraction. 3. ALD muscles contract slowly during all stages of development, although their tetanus/twitch ratio also increases with age. At 13 days they contain a mixture of fast and slow type myosin light chains and with increasing age the proportion of the slow type myosin  light chains increases at the expense of the fast type. The slow time course of contraction of ALD is consistent with the presence of slow type myosin light chains. 4. The possibility that the synthesis of the slow type myosin light chains in ALD is induced by early motor activity in chick embryos is discussed.", "PMID": 571091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9329", "title": "A low-cost, high-precision scope calibrator. A delayed pulse generator with an isolated output.", "content": "A simple scope calibrator for voltage and time calibration is described. A square pulse of calibrated amplitude and pulse-width can be triggered in synchrony with CRO sweep, and displayed, with an adjustable delay, simultaneously with biological signals on CRO screen. The output of the device is isolated from  ground and has a low output impedance (less than 50 omega for most ranges). Both the amplitude (10 muV--1 V) and pulse-width (0.2--1000 ms) of the outputs cover wide ranges in 1--2--5 steps with an accuracy of less than +/- 1%. The output drifts against changes in power supply and temperature are negligibly small. The circuit is designed to give the high performance at reasonably low cost, and to be built with only the components readily available in the market.", "contents": "A low-cost, high-precision scope calibrator. A delayed pulse generator with an isolated output. A simple scope calibrator for voltage and time calibration is described. A square pulse of calibrated amplitude and pulse-width can be triggered in synchrony with CRO sweep, and displayed, with an adjustable delay, simultaneously with biological signals on CRO screen. The output of the device is isolated from  ground and has a low output impedance (less than 50 omega for most ranges). Both the amplitude (10 muV--1 V) and pulse-width (0.2--1000 ms) of the outputs cover wide ranges in 1--2--5 steps with an accuracy of less than +/- 1%. The output drifts against changes in power supply and temperature are negligibly small. The circuit is designed to give the high performance at reasonably low cost, and to be built with only the components readily available in the market.", "PMID": 571092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9330", "title": "A photoelectric diameter gauge utilizing the image sensor.", "content": "We have designed and constructed a blood vessel diameter gauge, utilizing a high resolving power and stability of the image sensor which has become of major interest lately as a new photoelectric transducer. The distinct feature of the gauge is summarized as follows. (1) Contact-free measurements of blood vessel diameter (1--14 mm) are possible. (2) The cuff-type probe is small in size and easy to put to use. (3) The lightguide consisting of optical fibers makes incident light cold. (4) The resolving power of the gauge is 28 micrometer in principle. (5) The frequency response of the gauge is flat up to 100 Hz. A few results of its preliminary application to in vitro and in vivo experiments are also demonstrated.", "contents": "A photoelectric diameter gauge utilizing the image sensor. We have designed and constructed a blood vessel diameter gauge, utilizing a high resolving power and stability of the image sensor which has become of major interest lately as a new photoelectric transducer. The distinct feature of the gauge is summarized as follows. (1) Contact-free measurements of blood vessel diameter (1--14 mm) are possible. (2) The cuff-type probe is small in size and easy to put to use. (3) The lightguide consisting of optical fibers makes incident light cold. (4) The resolving power of the gauge is 28 micrometer in principle. (5) The frequency response of the gauge is flat up to 100 Hz. A few results of its preliminary application to in vitro and in vivo experiments are also demonstrated.", "PMID": 571093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9331", "title": "A mechanistic explanation of the effect of potassium on goldfish intestinal transport.", "content": "Partial replacement of sodium by potassium or rubidium in the solution used to perfuse isolated intestinal segments of goldfish causes an increase in transmural electrical resistance. Serosal replacements have a stronger effect than mucosal replacements. A 70% inhibition of the glucose-evoked transmural electrical current is brought about by serosal replacement of 40 mM sodium by potassium. Transmural mucosal to serosal flux of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose is also strongly inhibited by serosal potassium. These inhibitory effects of potassium do not occur when the intestinal mucosa is stripped free from the intestinal muscular layers. It is concluded that potassium-induced muscular contractures cause a decrease in transport area by pressing the mucosal folds closer against each other. Certain effects of high potassium concentrations that have been reported in mammalian intestinal preparations may involve a similar mechanism.", "contents": "A mechanistic explanation of the effect of potassium on goldfish intestinal transport. Partial replacement of sodium by potassium or rubidium in the solution used to perfuse isolated intestinal segments of goldfish causes an increase in transmural electrical resistance. Serosal replacements have a stronger effect than mucosal replacements. A 70% inhibition of the glucose-evoked transmural electrical current is brought about by serosal replacement of 40 mM sodium by potassium. Transmural mucosal to serosal flux of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose is also strongly inhibited by serosal potassium. These inhibitory effects of potassium do not occur when the intestinal mucosa is stripped free from the intestinal muscular layers. It is concluded that potassium-induced muscular contractures cause a decrease in transport area by pressing the mucosal folds closer against each other. Certain effects of high potassium concentrations that have been reported in mammalian intestinal preparations may involve a similar mechanism.", "PMID": 571094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9332", "title": "Changes in diffraction patterns with length in single muscle fibres at rest.", "content": "The addition of a simple X--Y sampling circuit to a closed circuit television system (CCTV) permits measurements of a narrow profile of the laser diffraction patterns from single frog muscle fibres at rest. Results confirm that maximum intensity occurs at 2.95-3.00 micron, but a positive linear relationship between the dispersions of sarcomeres and sarcomere lengths from 2.7--3.8 micron is obtained in four isolated single fibres.", "contents": "Changes in diffraction patterns with length in single muscle fibres at rest. The addition of a simple X--Y sampling circuit to a closed circuit television system (CCTV) permits measurements of a narrow profile of the laser diffraction patterns from single frog muscle fibres at rest. Results confirm that maximum intensity occurs at 2.95-3.00 micron, but a positive linear relationship between the dispersions of sarcomeres and sarcomere lengths from 2.7--3.8 micron is obtained in four isolated single fibres.", "PMID": 571095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9333", "title": "Muscle glycogen depletion patterns in fast twitch fibre subgroups of man during submaximal and supramaximal exercise.", "content": "Muscle glycogen depletion in ST, FTa and FTb fibres were studied in human subjects undergoing two distinctly different modes of bicycle exercise. Two hours of submaximal exercise (60% of VO2 max) produced a 77% decline in muscle glycogen concentration accompanied by only minor elevations in muscle and blood lactate levels whereas 10 one minute supramaximal work bouts resulted in a 52% decrease in total glycogen concentration and substantially elevated muscle and blood lactate contents. Moreover the patterns of glycogen depletion in the two conditions were also distinctly different. Based on the PAS staining intensity, glycogen was depleted the most in ST fibres and least in FTb fibres, during submaximal work. During supramaximal work FTb fibres were the lightest in PAS staining, with little loss of glycogen from ST fibres. In both situations the loss of glycogen in the FTa fibres was intermediate compared to the other two fibre types. These data support a selective recruitment of muscle fibres during work of different intensities, and further, suggest a physiological basis for the subgrouping of FT fibres in man.", "contents": "Muscle glycogen depletion patterns in fast twitch fibre subgroups of man during submaximal and supramaximal exercise. Muscle glycogen depletion in ST, FTa and FTb fibres were studied in human subjects undergoing two distinctly different modes of bicycle exercise. Two hours of submaximal exercise (60% of VO2 max) produced a 77% decline in muscle glycogen concentration accompanied by only minor elevations in muscle and blood lactate levels whereas 10 one minute supramaximal work bouts resulted in a 52% decrease in total glycogen concentration and substantially elevated muscle and blood lactate contents. Moreover the patterns of glycogen depletion in the two conditions were also distinctly different. Based on the PAS staining intensity, glycogen was depleted the most in ST fibres and least in FTb fibres, during submaximal work. During supramaximal work FTb fibres were the lightest in PAS staining, with little loss of glycogen from ST fibres. In both situations the loss of glycogen in the FTa fibres was intermediate compared to the other two fibre types. These data support a selective recruitment of muscle fibres during work of different intensities, and further, suggest a physiological basis for the subgrouping of FT fibres in man.", "PMID": 571096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9334", "title": "Respiratory gas exchange in the rat spleen in situ and intrasplenic oxyhemoglobin saturation.", "content": "Measurements of splenic respiratory gas exchange and of HbO2 saturations in the red pulp of the rat spleen have shown that there are no indications of a reduced intrasplenic O2 availability during normoxia. The present studies provide evidence that, in the normal spleen, the intrasplenic sequestration of red blood cells cannot be explained by an O2 deficiency in the red pulp since the commonly accepted notion of an intrasplenic hypoxia is not true.", "contents": "Respiratory gas exchange in the rat spleen in situ and intrasplenic oxyhemoglobin saturation. Measurements of splenic respiratory gas exchange and of HbO2 saturations in the red pulp of the rat spleen have shown that there are no indications of a reduced intrasplenic O2 availability during normoxia. The present studies provide evidence that, in the normal spleen, the intrasplenic sequestration of red blood cells cannot be explained by an O2 deficiency in the red pulp since the commonly accepted notion of an intrasplenic hypoxia is not true.", "PMID": 571097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9335", "title": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. IV. The diluting ability of the short loops of Henle.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to establish whether diminished solute reabsorption in the loop of Henle during acute renal failure could explain the loss of urinary concentration and participate in generating a tubuloglomerular feedback-mediated reduction in filtration rate. The electrolyte content of the fluid in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle was determined in situ by monitoring its electrical conductivity after propulsion into the distal tubule with a sudden burst perfusion. The value of the minimum electrolyte concentration decreased exponentially with increasing equilibration time, reaching a steady-state value equivalent to 27 +/- 9 mM NaCl in normal kidneys, 34 +/- 15 mM in mercuric chloride kidneys and 53 +/- 22 mM following ischaemia. A mathematical model was derived to describe the process of sodium chloride dilution from which it was possible to calculate both the permeability and transport velocity of the cortical thick ascending limb. In the normal kidney, the transport velocity was calculated to be 4.65 +/- 0.92 . 10(-5) cm/s, a value not significantly different from that of the mercuric chloride of ischaemic kidneys, and the estimated permeability was 1.13 +/- 0.52 . 10(-5) cm/s, not different from that of the mercuric chloride kidneys but significantly lower than that calculated for the ischaemic kidneys. It is concluded that for the more severely damaged ischaemic model, the loss of urinary concentrating ability was accompanied by a reduction in diluting ability of the ascending limb of the short loop of Henle, which appears to be due, at least in part, to an elevation of the passive permeability to sodium chloride in this segment.", "contents": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. IV. The diluting ability of the short loops of Henle. Experiments were conducted to establish whether diminished solute reabsorption in the loop of Henle during acute renal failure could explain the loss of urinary concentration and participate in generating a tubuloglomerular feedback-mediated reduction in filtration rate. The electrolyte content of the fluid in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle was determined in situ by monitoring its electrical conductivity after propulsion into the distal tubule with a sudden burst perfusion. The value of the minimum electrolyte concentration decreased exponentially with increasing equilibration time, reaching a steady-state value equivalent to 27 +/- 9 mM NaCl in normal kidneys, 34 +/- 15 mM in mercuric chloride kidneys and 53 +/- 22 mM following ischaemia. A mathematical model was derived to describe the process of sodium chloride dilution from which it was possible to calculate both the permeability and transport velocity of the cortical thick ascending limb. In the normal kidney, the transport velocity was calculated to be 4.65 +/- 0.92 . 10(-5) cm/s, a value not significantly different from that of the mercuric chloride of ischaemic kidneys, and the estimated permeability was 1.13 +/- 0.52 . 10(-5) cm/s, not different from that of the mercuric chloride kidneys but significantly lower than that calculated for the ischaemic kidneys. It is concluded that for the more severely damaged ischaemic model, the loss of urinary concentrating ability was accompanied by a reduction in diluting ability of the ascending limb of the short loop of Henle, which appears to be due, at least in part, to an elevation of the passive permeability to sodium chloride in this segment.", "PMID": 571098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9336", "title": "Comparison of thermosensitivity in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area and the midbrain of the rabbit.", "content": "To characterize the role of the midbrain temperature-sensitive structure in thermoregulation, the relative importance of thermosensitivity in the hypothalamus and the midbrain was studied in terms of heat production and heat loss in the rabbit. It was found that altering the local temperature in the midbrain had no influence at all on heat loss from the ear surface and also on heat production, while cooling and warming of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area induced appropriate thermoregulatory responses.", "contents": "Comparison of thermosensitivity in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area and the midbrain of the rabbit. To characterize the role of the midbrain temperature-sensitive structure in thermoregulation, the relative importance of thermosensitivity in the hypothalamus and the midbrain was studied in terms of heat production and heat loss in the rabbit. It was found that altering the local temperature in the midbrain had no influence at all on heat loss from the ear surface and also on heat production, while cooling and warming of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area induced appropriate thermoregulatory responses.", "PMID": 571099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9337", "title": "Evidence for an action of sodium ions in the activation of contraction of twitch muscle fibre.", "content": "Simultaneous records in current clamp conditions of potential and of contraction of frog skeletal twitch muscle fibre have shown that a part of the contraction directly depends on the intervention of sodium ions (increase in presence of veratrine, decrease in lithium Ringer). The results confirm previous voltage clamp data and suggest a mechanism of sodium induced calcium release.", "contents": "Evidence for an action of sodium ions in the activation of contraction of twitch muscle fibre. Simultaneous records in current clamp conditions of potential and of contraction of frog skeletal twitch muscle fibre have shown that a part of the contraction directly depends on the intervention of sodium ions (increase in presence of veratrine, decrease in lithium Ringer). The results confirm previous voltage clamp data and suggest a mechanism of sodium induced calcium release.", "PMID": 571100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9338", "title": "Topography of the respiratory and circulatory responses to acetylcholine and nicotine on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata.", "content": "1. Acetylcholine and nicotine were superfused on the ventral medullary surface between the ponto-medullary border and C1 in anaesthetized cats in order to determine the topical distribution of their actions on respiration and circulation. 2. Acetylcholine (10(-4) g . ml-1 = 5.5 . 10(-4) mMol . ml-1) produced an increase in respiration and a lowering of blood pressure. The magnitude and the time course of the responses varied according to the points of superfusion on the surface. 3. Nicotine (10(-4) g . ml-1 = 6.2 . 10(-4) mMol . ml-1) elicited hyperventilation and more often an increase in arterial pressure on unilateral superfusion of the surface. In some cases, however, a drop in blood pressure was also observed. 4. The responsive regions of the surface on which nicotine acted and elicited hyperventilation, bear a close resemblance to the regions responsive to acetylcholine. 5. The topographical distribution of the respiratory effects elicited by the above-mentioned drugs were similar to the distribution of the responses to changes in pH on the ventral medullary surface or to electrical stimulation. 6. Procaine (2 . 10(-2) g . ml-1 = 7.3 . 10(-2) mMol . ml-1) applied bilaterally in the intermediate zone (S) caused profound inhibition of respiration and of arterial pressure. Procaine at this concentration also inhibited respiratory hyperventilation caused by nicotine (10(-4) g . ml-1 = 6.2 . 10(-4) mMol . ml-1)  applied to the caudal and rostral areas.", "contents": "Topography of the respiratory and circulatory responses to acetylcholine and nicotine on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. 1. Acetylcholine and nicotine were superfused on the ventral medullary surface between the ponto-medullary border and C1 in anaesthetized cats in order to determine the topical distribution of their actions on respiration and circulation. 2. Acetylcholine (10(-4) g . ml-1 = 5.5 . 10(-4) mMol . ml-1) produced an increase in respiration and a lowering of blood pressure. The magnitude and the time course of the responses varied according to the points of superfusion on the surface. 3. Nicotine (10(-4) g . ml-1 = 6.2 . 10(-4) mMol . ml-1) elicited hyperventilation and more often an increase in arterial pressure on unilateral superfusion of the surface. In some cases, however, a drop in blood pressure was also observed. 4. The responsive regions of the surface on which nicotine acted and elicited hyperventilation, bear a close resemblance to the regions responsive to acetylcholine. 5. The topographical distribution of the respiratory effects elicited by the above-mentioned drugs were similar to the distribution of the responses to changes in pH on the ventral medullary surface or to electrical stimulation. 6. Procaine (2 . 10(-2) g . ml-1 = 7.3 . 10(-2) mMol . ml-1) applied bilaterally in the intermediate zone (S) caused profound inhibition of respiration and of arterial pressure. Procaine at this concentration also inhibited respiratory hyperventilation caused by nicotine (10(-4) g . ml-1 = 6.2 . 10(-4) mMol . ml-1)  applied to the caudal and rostral areas.", "PMID": 571101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9339", "title": "A cholinergic mechanism involved in the respiratory chemosensitivity of the medulla oblongata in the cat.", "content": "1. Cholinomimetic and adrenomimetic substances were tested on the chemosensitive zones of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata using a plexiglas ring method. Tidal volume and respiratory frequency, arterial pressure and heart frequency were observed. 2. The increase of ventilation and the depression of arterial blood pressure by locally applied acetylcholine could be blocked by previous local application of atropine. It is therefore assumed that the acetylcholine receptors have muscarinic properties. 3. Nicotine in a small dose raises arterial pressure and with higher doses a drop is observed. The responses of respiration and of arterial pressure to nicotine were blocked by previous intravenous administration of hexamethonium. 4. Local application of atropine in the caudal (L) and rostral (M) chemosensitive zones reduced resting ventilation and the slope of the ventilatory response to CO2-inhalation. Physostigmine in these areas enhanced resting ventilation leaving unchanged the slope of the ventilatory response to CO2-inhalation. 5. With high concentrations of (L)-noradrenaline and (L)-adrenaline a slight increase of arterial pressure was seen while serotonin caused a drop. 6. These results together with those of Fukuda and Loeschcke (1978) suggest that a cholinergic transmission in the surface layer of the ventral medulla is a component in the respiratory and circulatory control systems.", "contents": "A cholinergic mechanism involved in the respiratory chemosensitivity of the medulla oblongata in the cat. 1. Cholinomimetic and adrenomimetic substances were tested on the chemosensitive zones of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata using a plexiglas ring method. Tidal volume and respiratory frequency, arterial pressure and heart frequency were observed. 2. The increase of ventilation and the depression of arterial blood pressure by locally applied acetylcholine could be blocked by previous local application of atropine. It is therefore assumed that the acetylcholine receptors have muscarinic properties. 3. Nicotine in a small dose raises arterial pressure and with higher doses a drop is observed. The responses of respiration and of arterial pressure to nicotine were blocked by previous intravenous administration of hexamethonium. 4. Local application of atropine in the caudal (L) and rostral (M) chemosensitive zones reduced resting ventilation and the slope of the ventilatory response to CO2-inhalation. Physostigmine in these areas enhanced resting ventilation leaving unchanged the slope of the ventilatory response to CO2-inhalation. 5. With high concentrations of (L)-noradrenaline and (L)-adrenaline a slight increase of arterial pressure was seen while serotonin caused a drop. 6. These results together with those of Fukuda and Loeschcke (1978) suggest that a cholinergic transmission in the surface layer of the ventral medulla is a component in the respiratory and circulatory control systems.", "PMID": 571102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9340", "title": "Sodium reabsorption in the papillary collecting duct of rats. Effect of adrenalectomy, low Na+ diet, acetazolamide, HCO-3-free solutions and of amiloride.", "content": "Using the shrinking droplet method and simultaneous perfusion of the peritubular capillaries the isotonic reabsorption of Ringer's solution from the papillary collecting ducts was measured. Under control conditions the volume reabsorption from the papillary collecting ducts was Jv +/- SE = 2.6 +/- 0.1 . 10(-5) cm3 . cm-2 . s-1. In rats which were on low Na+ diet, Jv increased to 127%, and in adrenalectomized animals it decreased to 34% of the control value. Three hours after a;ocatopm pf a;dpsterpme om tje adrenalectomized animals Jv was partially restored to 63% of control rats. Amiloride 10(-4) M, added to the luminal perfusate, produced a strong inhibition of Jv (to 32% of control). Acetazolamide, 10(-4) M, added to both perfusates, reduced Jv very strongly (to 40% of control), while omission of bicarbonate reduced it only to 77% of control. Acetazolamide, added to bicarbonate-free perfusates, did not result in a significant further reduction of Jv. The data indicate that the Na+ reabsorption from the papillary collecting duct is controlled by mineralocorticoids. Furthermore, they suggest the existence of two transport mechanisms in the luminal cell membrane: 1. An amiloride-sensitive entry step and 2. an entry step via a Na+-H+-countertransport mechanism, the latter being less important.", "contents": "Sodium reabsorption in the papillary collecting duct of rats. Effect of adrenalectomy, low Na+ diet, acetazolamide, HCO-3-free solutions and of amiloride. Using the shrinking droplet method and simultaneous perfusion of the peritubular capillaries the isotonic reabsorption of Ringer's solution from the papillary collecting ducts was measured. Under control conditions the volume reabsorption from the papillary collecting ducts was Jv +/- SE = 2.6 +/- 0.1 . 10(-5) cm3 . cm-2 . s-1. In rats which were on low Na+ diet, Jv increased to 127%, and in adrenalectomized animals it decreased to 34% of the control value. Three hours after a;ocatopm pf a;dpsterpme om tje adrenalectomized animals Jv was partially restored to 63% of control rats. Amiloride 10(-4) M, added to the luminal perfusate, produced a strong inhibition of Jv (to 32% of control). Acetazolamide, 10(-4) M, added to both perfusates, reduced Jv very strongly (to 40% of control), while omission of bicarbonate reduced it only to 77% of control. Acetazolamide, added to bicarbonate-free perfusates, did not result in a significant further reduction of Jv. The data indicate that the Na+ reabsorption from the papillary collecting duct is controlled by mineralocorticoids. Furthermore, they suggest the existence of two transport mechanisms in the luminal cell membrane: 1. An amiloride-sensitive entry step and 2. an entry step via a Na+-H+-countertransport mechanism, the latter being less important.", "PMID": 571103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9341", "title": "Effects of mucosal lanthanum on electrical parameters of isolated frog skin. Mechanism of action.", "content": "The effect of mucosal La3+ on electrical parameters of isolated frog skins was studied on isolated frog skins with normally polarized or depolarized apical membrane. La3+ increases R8, the paracellular or shunt resistance and diminishes RNa, the resistance of the active sodium path, in both polarized and depolarized skins. The stimulatory effect of La3+ on short-circuit current (Is.c.) is correlated with this decrease in RNa. The characteristics of the stimulatory effect are: very rapid onset, ionic strength dependency, the possibility of being elicited by many other ions besides La3+. These features allow us to postulate that La3+ might affect the external interfacial potential which in turn affects the resistance of the sodium path.", "contents": "Effects of mucosal lanthanum on electrical parameters of isolated frog skin. Mechanism of action. The effect of mucosal La3+ on electrical parameters of isolated frog skins was studied on isolated frog skins with normally polarized or depolarized apical membrane. La3+ increases R8, the paracellular or shunt resistance and diminishes RNa, the resistance of the active sodium path, in both polarized and depolarized skins. The stimulatory effect of La3+ on short-circuit current (Is.c.) is correlated with this decrease in RNa. The characteristics of the stimulatory effect are: very rapid onset, ionic strength dependency, the possibility of being elicited by many other ions besides La3+. These features allow us to postulate that La3+ might affect the external interfacial potential which in turn affects the resistance of the sodium path.", "PMID": 571104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9342", "title": "The separate and combined influences of common carotid occlusion and nonhypotensive hemorrhage on kidney blood flow.", "content": "The separate and combined effects of bilateral common carotid occlusion (C.C.O.) and hemorrhage on renal blood flow (R.B.F.) were studied in 11 unanesthetized dogs. C.C.O. increased arterial blood pressure (4.4 kPa; 33 mm Hg) and heart rate (10 beats/min) while R.B.F. remained unchanged. When kidney perfusion pressure was maintained at its resting level during C.C.O. (implanted pneumatic cuff) there was also no change in R.B.F. After cutting the aortic nerves in 2 dogs the increase in blood pressure and heart rate with C.C.O. was greater (10.6 kPa; 80 mm Hg and 72 beats/min); however, there was no change in R.B.F. A blood loss of 16% (13.6 ml/kg) reduced central venous pressure (0.3 kPa; 2 mm Hg), increased heart rate (8-14 beats/min) and decreased arterial mean pressure by a maximum of 0.7 kPa (5 mm Hg) (non-hypotensive hemorrhage, N.H.H.). R.B.F. showed a tendency to rise and 90 min after the onset of bleeding was slightly increased (12% of control). After N.H.H. carotid occlusion had no effect on R.B.F. when kidney perfusion pressure increased; when perfusion pressure was controlled during C.C.O. the maximum observed decrease of R.B.F. was 15 ml/min (5% of control). It is concluded that the control of R.B.F. during the baroreceptor reflex under normovolemia and after a blood loss of 16% in the conscious dog at rest does not involve sympathetic vasoconstrictor effects which result in a significant change in total blood flow.", "contents": "The separate and combined influences of common carotid occlusion and nonhypotensive hemorrhage on kidney blood flow. The separate and combined effects of bilateral common carotid occlusion (C.C.O.) and hemorrhage on renal blood flow (R.B.F.) were studied in 11 unanesthetized dogs. C.C.O. increased arterial blood pressure (4.4 kPa; 33 mm Hg) and heart rate (10 beats/min) while R.B.F. remained unchanged. When kidney perfusion pressure was maintained at its resting level during C.C.O. (implanted pneumatic cuff) there was also no change in R.B.F. After cutting the aortic nerves in 2 dogs the increase in blood pressure and heart rate with C.C.O. was greater (10.6 kPa; 80 mm Hg and 72 beats/min); however, there was no change in R.B.F. A blood loss of 16% (13.6 ml/kg) reduced central venous pressure (0.3 kPa; 2 mm Hg), increased heart rate (8-14 beats/min) and decreased arterial mean pressure by a maximum of 0.7 kPa (5 mm Hg) (non-hypotensive hemorrhage, N.H.H.). R.B.F. showed a tendency to rise and 90 min after the onset of bleeding was slightly increased (12% of control). After N.H.H. carotid occlusion had no effect on R.B.F. when kidney perfusion pressure increased; when perfusion pressure was controlled during C.C.O. the maximum observed decrease of R.B.F. was 15 ml/min (5% of control). It is concluded that the control of R.B.F. during the baroreceptor reflex under normovolemia and after a blood loss of 16% in the conscious dog at rest does not involve sympathetic vasoconstrictor effects which result in a significant change in total blood flow.", "PMID": 571105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9343", "title": "Effects of motor nerve anesthesia and tenotomy on muscle membrane properties.", "content": "Motor nerves to soleus muscles of rats were kept anesthetized for up to 7 days by applying solutions of lidocaine base or marcaine HCl. The anesthetic solutions were delivered from a subcutaneously located ALZA-minipump and reached the nerves through silastic cuffs. The ACh supersensitivity of muscles inactivated by nerve anesthesia for 3--7 days was comparable to that of muscles denervated for the same length of time. gm/gk (the ratio of total membrane conductance to the membrane K conductance) decreased from a normal value of 5--10 to less than two in 6--7 days, in anesthetic-inactivated and denervated muscles. The results were variable after 3 days of anesthesia. gm/gk of muscles which were tenotomized for 3 weeks was unchanged. The voltage-current curve for muscles kept in a solution containing 50 mM K propionate, which is steep at +50 mV, was less steep in denervated and anesthetic-inactivated, but not in tenotomized muscles, although atrophy was marked in all non-normal muscles.", "contents": "Effects of motor nerve anesthesia and tenotomy on muscle membrane properties. Motor nerves to soleus muscles of rats were kept anesthetized for up to 7 days by applying solutions of lidocaine base or marcaine HCl. The anesthetic solutions were delivered from a subcutaneously located ALZA-minipump and reached the nerves through silastic cuffs. The ACh supersensitivity of muscles inactivated by nerve anesthesia for 3--7 days was comparable to that of muscles denervated for the same length of time. gm/gk (the ratio of total membrane conductance to the membrane K conductance) decreased from a normal value of 5--10 to less than two in 6--7 days, in anesthetic-inactivated and denervated muscles. The results were variable after 3 days of anesthesia. gm/gk of muscles which were tenotomized for 3 weeks was unchanged. The voltage-current curve for muscles kept in a solution containing 50 mM K propionate, which is steep at +50 mV, was less steep in denervated and anesthetic-inactivated, but not in tenotomized muscles, although atrophy was marked in all non-normal muscles.", "PMID": 571106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9344", "title": "The steady state TTX-sensitive (\"window\") sodium current in cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments on isolated sheep Purkinje fibres showed an increase of the steady state outward membrane current, over the potential range -65mV to -15 mV, in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 3.10(-5 M). This \"window\" current is considered to be the steady state component of the fast sodium current (INa), resulting from the crossover of the activation and inactivation curves which govern the opening of the sodium channel. TTX had no significant effect on the reversal potential, activation curve, kinetics or instantaneous I-V relationship of the pacemaker current IK2. The window found in these experiments extends to potentials well into the range of the action potential plateau. Consequently small changes of the steady state INa might have large effects on the action potential duration. The effects of TTX and local anaesthetics are discussed in this context.", "contents": "The steady state TTX-sensitive (\"window\") sodium current in cardiac Purkinje fibres. Voltage clamp experiments on isolated sheep Purkinje fibres showed an increase of the steady state outward membrane current, over the potential range -65mV to -15 mV, in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 3.10(-5 M). This \"window\" current is considered to be the steady state component of the fast sodium current (INa), resulting from the crossover of the activation and inactivation curves which govern the opening of the sodium channel. TTX had no significant effect on the reversal potential, activation curve, kinetics or instantaneous I-V relationship of the pacemaker current IK2. The window found in these experiments extends to potentials well into the range of the action potential plateau. Consequently small changes of the steady state INa might have large effects on the action potential duration. The effects of TTX and local anaesthetics are discussed in this context.", "PMID": 571107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9345", "title": "Presynaptic excitability changes induced by morphine in single cutaneous afferent C- and A-fibers.", "content": "Intraspinal microstimulation was used to test the excitability of single cutaneous (sural) A- and C-fibers at their central terminals in the cat. Systemic morphine (1.0-2.6 mg/kg) increased the antidromic threshold to 110% (mean value) of control in C-fibers. In some of the C-fibers this effect was reversed by naloxone. A-fibers were not consistently affected by mophine.", "contents": "Presynaptic excitability changes induced by morphine in single cutaneous afferent C- and A-fibers. Intraspinal microstimulation was used to test the excitability of single cutaneous (sural) A- and C-fibers at their central terminals in the cat. Systemic morphine (1.0-2.6 mg/kg) increased the antidromic threshold to 110% (mean value) of control in C-fibers. In some of the C-fibers this effect was reversed by naloxone. A-fibers were not consistently affected by mophine.", "PMID": 571108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9346", "title": "A possible neuronal release of [14C] GABA from the rat cerebellum in vivo.", "content": "Release patterns for exogenously applied [14C] labelled alpha-amino-n-butyric-acid (GABA) have been investigated in rat cerebellar cortex in vivo. An increase in [14C] GABA release could be evoked by stimulating with high (40 mM) K+ or veratridine (10(-4)M) but not with direct electrical stimulation. Biphasic patterns for high K+ and possibly veratridine stimulated release of GABA suggest the existence of two separate anatomical sources of isotope which are sensitive to these depolarising stimuli. Both K+ and veratridine-evoked GABA release are calcium dependent. Studies involving partial replacement of Na+ with HEPES, (N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N-2-ethane-sulphonic acid), sucrose or choline chloride also reveal a sodium dependency of [14C] GABA release. These studies collectively indicate a neuronal source for evoked GABA release, a criterion for transmitter identification not previously satisfied in the cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "A possible neuronal release of [14C] GABA from the rat cerebellum in vivo. Release patterns for exogenously applied [14C] labelled alpha-amino-n-butyric-acid (GABA) have been investigated in rat cerebellar cortex in vivo. An increase in [14C] GABA release could be evoked by stimulating with high (40 mM) K+ or veratridine (10(-4)M) but not with direct electrical stimulation. Biphasic patterns for high K+ and possibly veratridine stimulated release of GABA suggest the existence of two separate anatomical sources of isotope which are sensitive to these depolarising stimuli. Both K+ and veratridine-evoked GABA release are calcium dependent. Studies involving partial replacement of Na+ with HEPES, (N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N-2-ethane-sulphonic acid), sucrose or choline chloride also reveal a sodium dependency of [14C] GABA release. These studies collectively indicate a neuronal source for evoked GABA release, a criterion for transmitter identification not previously satisfied in the cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 571109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9347", "title": "The cholinergic pathway to cerebral blood vessels. I. Morphological studies.", "content": "The application of cobalt chloride to the peripheral cut end of the greater superficial petrosal nerve (g.s.p.n.) in rats revealed that only a few fibers in the plexus of nerves on the adventitial surface of the internal carotid artery were in axonal continuity with the g.s.p.n. A similarly small contribution of cholinergic fibers to cerebral blood vessels from this nerve was suggested by the observation that section of the g.s.p.n. resulted in an insignificant reduction in the density of the AChE-staining plexus in the internal carotid and cerebral arteries and in the incidence of at most 2% degenerate terminals of those observed on the middle cerebral artery. Alternative explanations of the results are discussed: that the AChE-staining fibers are postganglionic, that the time course for degeneration is unusually slow and that non-cholinergic fibers stain non-specifically for AChE. It is concluded that a cholinergic dilator pathway is most probably carried by the g.s.p.n. but that it is not unique.", "contents": "The cholinergic pathway to cerebral blood vessels. I. Morphological studies. The application of cobalt chloride to the peripheral cut end of the greater superficial petrosal nerve (g.s.p.n.) in rats revealed that only a few fibers in the plexus of nerves on the adventitial surface of the internal carotid artery were in axonal continuity with the g.s.p.n. A similarly small contribution of cholinergic fibers to cerebral blood vessels from this nerve was suggested by the observation that section of the g.s.p.n. resulted in an insignificant reduction in the density of the AChE-staining plexus in the internal carotid and cerebral arteries and in the incidence of at most 2% degenerate terminals of those observed on the middle cerebral artery. Alternative explanations of the results are discussed: that the AChE-staining fibers are postganglionic, that the time course for degeneration is unusually slow and that non-cholinergic fibers stain non-specifically for AChE. It is concluded that a cholinergic dilator pathway is most probably carried by the g.s.p.n. but that it is not unique.", "PMID": 571110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9348", "title": "The cholinergic pathway to cerebral blood vessels. II. Physiological studies.", "content": "The effect of stimulating the greater superficial petrosal nerve (g.s.p.n.) upon retroglenoid venous blood flow has been tested in anaesthetized, paralysed and artificially ventilated rats. In 11 out of 15 tests, blood flow increased by an average of 25% with a time to peak response of 28 s. This response was abolished with the injection of atropine 0.1 mg kg-1 injected intra-arterially. With both petrosal nerves intact, the administration of 6-7% CO2 in air or 15% O2 in N2 caused average increases in blood flow of 105% and 45% respectively. These responses were not affected by bilateral section of the g.s.p.n. Similar experiments were carried out in 5 anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits in which, in addition to PaCO2 and PaO2, PO2, PCO2 and blood flow in the caudate nucleus were measured continuously using chronically implanted mass spectrometer catheters and heated thermistors. Caudate nucleus blood flow increased in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia and this response was not significantly affected by section of one or both g.s.p.n., sinus or vagus nerves. With section of sinus and vagus nerves, blood flow changed passively with arterial pressure.", "contents": "The cholinergic pathway to cerebral blood vessels. II. Physiological studies. The effect of stimulating the greater superficial petrosal nerve (g.s.p.n.) upon retroglenoid venous blood flow has been tested in anaesthetized, paralysed and artificially ventilated rats. In 11 out of 15 tests, blood flow increased by an average of 25% with a time to peak response of 28 s. This response was abolished with the injection of atropine 0.1 mg kg-1 injected intra-arterially. With both petrosal nerves intact, the administration of 6-7% CO2 in air or 15% O2 in N2 caused average increases in blood flow of 105% and 45% respectively. These responses were not affected by bilateral section of the g.s.p.n. Similar experiments were carried out in 5 anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits in which, in addition to PaCO2 and PaO2, PO2, PCO2 and blood flow in the caudate nucleus were measured continuously using chronically implanted mass spectrometer catheters and heated thermistors. Caudate nucleus blood flow increased in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia and this response was not significantly affected by section of one or both g.s.p.n., sinus or vagus nerves. With section of sinus and vagus nerves, blood flow changed passively with arterial pressure.", "PMID": 571111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9349", "title": "The effects of temperature on the energetics of rat papillary muscle.", "content": "The mechanical and myothermic responses of left ventricular papillary muscles from adult rats have been examined at 20 degrees and at 27 degrees C. Contraction trains of six isometric or isotonic twitches at 1/6 Hz were used to establish the heat-stress and load-enthalpy relations respectively. Peak isometric stress was slightly higher at 20 degrees than at 27 degrees C (45 vs. 41 mN/mm2) and was inversely related to muscle cross-sectional area. The stress-independent heat component, identified with the activation heat, was 75% greater at the lower temperature. The stress-dependent heat component, identified with the heat of actin-myosin interaction, was unaffected by temperature. In isotonic experiments the external work performance was similar at both temperatures but the heat liberation was significantly enhanced at the lower temperature so that mechanical efficiency (external work/enthalpy) was reduced. Evidence is presented suggesting that the preparations were not O2-diffusion limited at either temperature. The results are discussed in terms of known functional anomalies of rat cardiac tissue.", "contents": "The effects of temperature on the energetics of rat papillary muscle. The mechanical and myothermic responses of left ventricular papillary muscles from adult rats have been examined at 20 degrees and at 27 degrees C. Contraction trains of six isometric or isotonic twitches at 1/6 Hz were used to establish the heat-stress and load-enthalpy relations respectively. Peak isometric stress was slightly higher at 20 degrees than at 27 degrees C (45 vs. 41 mN/mm2) and was inversely related to muscle cross-sectional area. The stress-independent heat component, identified with the activation heat, was 75% greater at the lower temperature. The stress-dependent heat component, identified with the heat of actin-myosin interaction, was unaffected by temperature. In isotonic experiments the external work performance was similar at both temperatures but the heat liberation was significantly enhanced at the lower temperature so that mechanical efficiency (external work/enthalpy) was reduced. Evidence is presented suggesting that the preparations were not O2-diffusion limited at either temperature. The results are discussed in terms of known functional anomalies of rat cardiac tissue.", "PMID": 571112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9350", "title": "Stimulation of phrenic nerve activity by an acetylcholine releasing drug: 4-aminopyridine.", "content": "The effect of the acetylcholine releaser 4-aminopyridine on ventilation was studied by recording and quantifying the efferent phrenic nerve activity in 40 paralysed and vagotomized cats; with arterial Po2, PCO2 and pH kept constant. 4-Aminopyridine, given intravenously or in the vertebral artery, stimulates the phrenic nerve activity in a dose dependent manner. The stimulatory effects of 4-aminopyridine on the phrenic nerve activity could be abolished completely by administration of high doses of atropine. We conclude that 4-aminopyridine, which is used clinically for the reversal of a neuromuscular block, stimulates the phrenic nerve activity. Since the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the central chemoreception has been well established, the effect on the phrenic nerve activity is most probably by an increased release of acetylcholine at the site of the central chemoreceptors.", "contents": "Stimulation of phrenic nerve activity by an acetylcholine releasing drug: 4-aminopyridine. The effect of the acetylcholine releaser 4-aminopyridine on ventilation was studied by recording and quantifying the efferent phrenic nerve activity in 40 paralysed and vagotomized cats; with arterial Po2, PCO2 and pH kept constant. 4-Aminopyridine, given intravenously or in the vertebral artery, stimulates the phrenic nerve activity in a dose dependent manner. The stimulatory effects of 4-aminopyridine on the phrenic nerve activity could be abolished completely by administration of high doses of atropine. We conclude that 4-aminopyridine, which is used clinically for the reversal of a neuromuscular block, stimulates the phrenic nerve activity. Since the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the central chemoreception has been well established, the effect on the phrenic nerve activity is most probably by an increased release of acetylcholine at the site of the central chemoreceptors.", "PMID": 571113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9351", "title": "Glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue of spontaneously and renal hypertensive rats (alterations revealed by adrenalectomy).", "content": "Rats with renal and spontaneous hypertension do no differ from control normotensive rats in 14C-glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis by the adipose tissue in vitro, both with and without insulin stimulation. Adrenalectomy (which eliminates the stabilizing effect of the corticosteroid hormones on the adipocyte membrane) reveals the differences between the hypertensive and normotensive rats in the response of the adipose tissue to insulin. While the adrenalectomized control rats show a significantly lowered \"sensitivity\" of the adipocytes to insulin, the adrenalectomized hypertensive rats do not reveal a noticeable change in glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis under insulin stimulation of glucose transport (the adipose tissue of hypertensive rats \"doesn't notice\" adrenalectomy). The data obtained may indicate changes in the properties of the adipocyte membranes of rats with chronic arterial hypertension and suggest the presence of an extensive alteration of the function of cell membranes in both types of hypertension.", "contents": "Glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue of spontaneously and renal hypertensive rats (alterations revealed by adrenalectomy). Rats with renal and spontaneous hypertension do no differ from control normotensive rats in 14C-glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis by the adipose tissue in vitro, both with and without insulin stimulation. Adrenalectomy (which eliminates the stabilizing effect of the corticosteroid hormones on the adipocyte membrane) reveals the differences between the hypertensive and normotensive rats in the response of the adipose tissue to insulin. While the adrenalectomized control rats show a significantly lowered \"sensitivity\" of the adipocytes to insulin, the adrenalectomized hypertensive rats do not reveal a noticeable change in glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis under insulin stimulation of glucose transport (the adipose tissue of hypertensive rats \"doesn't notice\" adrenalectomy). The data obtained may indicate changes in the properties of the adipocyte membranes of rats with chronic arterial hypertension and suggest the presence of an extensive alteration of the function of cell membranes in both types of hypertension.", "PMID": 571114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9352", "title": "Decrease of calcium binding by the red blood cell membrane in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in essential hypertension.", "content": "Ca binding in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and of patients with essential hypertension was studied. Under conditions of physiological concentration of free Ca in the incubation medium of RBC the outer part of the membrane binds 393 +/- 32 and 435 +/- 30 nmole of Ca per ml of RBC in rats and humans, respectively, without essential differences in the amount of Ca in hypertensive individuals as compared to the normotensive controls. The membrane of red blood cell ghosts (RBCgh) at concentrations of free Ca corresponding to its intracellular concentration binds 4.28 +/- 0.39 and 3.53 +/- 0.15 nmole of Ca per mg of protein of RBCgh in rats and humans, respectively. This part of membrane-bound Ca pool (most probably related to the inner part of the red blood cell membrane) is reduced by 48% in SHR and by 28% in patients with essential hypertension as compared to normotensive controls. It is suggested that the decrease of Ca binding ability of the RBC membrane in both types of hypertension studied may be a pattern of a more widespread cell membrane defect.", "contents": "Decrease of calcium binding by the red blood cell membrane in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in essential hypertension. Ca binding in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and of patients with essential hypertension was studied. Under conditions of physiological concentration of free Ca in the incubation medium of RBC the outer part of the membrane binds 393 +/- 32 and 435 +/- 30 nmole of Ca per ml of RBC in rats and humans, respectively, without essential differences in the amount of Ca in hypertensive individuals as compared to the normotensive controls. The membrane of red blood cell ghosts (RBCgh) at concentrations of free Ca corresponding to its intracellular concentration binds 4.28 +/- 0.39 and 3.53 +/- 0.15 nmole of Ca per mg of protein of RBCgh in rats and humans, respectively. This part of membrane-bound Ca pool (most probably related to the inner part of the red blood cell membrane) is reduced by 48% in SHR and by 28% in patients with essential hypertension as compared to normotensive controls. It is suggested that the decrease of Ca binding ability of the RBC membrane in both types of hypertension studied may be a pattern of a more widespread cell membrane defect.", "PMID": 571115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9353", "title": "Effects of ischaemia on enzyme-activities in the soleus muscle of the rat.", "content": "1. The changes with the time of the activities of some energy-supplying enzymes and of the hydrolytic enzyme, acid phosphatase, were studied over 2 weeks of complete ischaemia, produced in the rat soleus muscle by section of the abdominal aorta and terminal devascularization, leaving nerve and tendon intact. 2. Activities of glycolytic enzymes, oxidative enzymes, hexokinase and acid phosphatase are affected in a different manner. Activities of the glycolytic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase and glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, are lowest on the 1st day and increase thereafter. The first two reach the control values again on the 4th and 14th day, respectively, while glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase reaches about 50% of the control value on the 14th day. The maximum decrease in activity of the oxidative enzymes, citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase occurs later (4th day); thereafter their activity returns slowly to control values, but does not reach them even on the 14th day. Hexokinase activity is slightly decreased on the 1st day; then it increased and reached on the 7th day twice the control value. Thus on the 1st day the activity of the enzymes of aerobic metabolism prevail, and on the 4th day those of anaerobic carbohydrate (glucose) metabolism; the recovery of enzyme activity of aerobic oxidation occurs later. 3. Acid phosphatase activity increased from the 2nd day onwards, reaching up to 3 times the control value on the 4th day and still twice that value on the 14th day. This agrees well with the histochemical picture of acid phosphatase. 4. Histochemical changes of alkaline phosphatase activity reveal destruction of capillary endothelial cells during the first few days after operation and their later proliferation from the periphery, correlating with the loss and recovery of oxidative enzyme activity.", "contents": "Effects of ischaemia on enzyme-activities in the soleus muscle of the rat. 1. The changes with the time of the activities of some energy-supplying enzymes and of the hydrolytic enzyme, acid phosphatase, were studied over 2 weeks of complete ischaemia, produced in the rat soleus muscle by section of the abdominal aorta and terminal devascularization, leaving nerve and tendon intact. 2. Activities of glycolytic enzymes, oxidative enzymes, hexokinase and acid phosphatase are affected in a different manner. Activities of the glycolytic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase and glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, are lowest on the 1st day and increase thereafter. The first two reach the control values again on the 4th and 14th day, respectively, while glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase reaches about 50% of the control value on the 14th day. The maximum decrease in activity of the oxidative enzymes, citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase occurs later (4th day); thereafter their activity returns slowly to control values, but does not reach them even on the 14th day. Hexokinase activity is slightly decreased on the 1st day; then it increased and reached on the 7th day twice the control value. Thus on the 1st day the activity of the enzymes of aerobic metabolism prevail, and on the 4th day those of anaerobic carbohydrate (glucose) metabolism; the recovery of enzyme activity of aerobic oxidation occurs later. 3. Acid phosphatase activity increased from the 2nd day onwards, reaching up to 3 times the control value on the 4th day and still twice that value on the 14th day. This agrees well with the histochemical picture of acid phosphatase. 4. Histochemical changes of alkaline phosphatase activity reveal destruction of capillary endothelial cells during the first few days after operation and their later proliferation from the periphery, correlating with the loss and recovery of oxidative enzyme activity.", "PMID": 571116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9354", "title": "Development of pump electrogenesis in hypokalaemic rat muscle.", "content": "In hypokalaemic rats maintained on a potassium deficient diets for 10-50 days, the isolated \"Na-loaded\" and \"K-depleted\" (\"Na-rich\") muscle fibers showed the membrane potential less than -115 mV in \"fresh\" muscles of normal rats in K+-free Krebs solution. Upon adding 5 mM K+ to the K+-free medium bathing the soleus muscles, the measured potentials of \"Na-rich\" muscles always exceeded the membrane potentials of \"fresh\" muscles in 5 mM K+. The hyperpolarization was dependent on the amount of intracellular Na+ concentration ([\"na]i) accumulated during the potassium deficiency. The electrogenic Na-pump was activated by an increase of [Na]i of less than 5 mM. Further increases in [Na]i resulted in increases in membrane potential which appeared to approach a limit at [Na]i levels higher than 65 mM.", "contents": "Development of pump electrogenesis in hypokalaemic rat muscle. In hypokalaemic rats maintained on a potassium deficient diets for 10-50 days, the isolated \"Na-loaded\" and \"K-depleted\" (\"Na-rich\") muscle fibers showed the membrane potential less than -115 mV in \"fresh\" muscles of normal rats in K+-free Krebs solution. Upon adding 5 mM K+ to the K+-free medium bathing the soleus muscles, the measured potentials of \"Na-rich\" muscles always exceeded the membrane potentials of \"fresh\" muscles in 5 mM K+. The hyperpolarization was dependent on the amount of intracellular Na+ concentration ([\"na]i) accumulated during the potassium deficiency. The electrogenic Na-pump was activated by an increase of [Na]i of less than 5 mM. Further increases in [Na]i resulted in increases in membrane potential which appeared to approach a limit at [Na]i levels higher than 65 mM.", "PMID": 571117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9355", "title": "Distribution of cardiac output in different models of hypertension in the conscious rat.", "content": "The distribution of cardiac output was determined by 15 micron radioactive microspheres in all the major organs of spontaneous, DOCA/NaCl and one kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rats and compared to normotensive Wistar rats. Although there were alterations in cardiac output distribution which were characteristic of each model of hypertension significant changes were common to all three were an increased distribution to skeletal muscle with decreases to the lungs, spleen and hepatosplanchnic tissues. The results suggest that alterations in peripheral resistance induced by hypertension are of unequal importance in the different vascular beds with certain vascular resistance changes occurring irrespective of the origin of the hypertension.", "contents": "Distribution of cardiac output in different models of hypertension in the conscious rat. The distribution of cardiac output was determined by 15 micron radioactive microspheres in all the major organs of spontaneous, DOCA/NaCl and one kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rats and compared to normotensive Wistar rats. Although there were alterations in cardiac output distribution which were characteristic of each model of hypertension significant changes were common to all three were an increased distribution to skeletal muscle with decreases to the lungs, spleen and hepatosplanchnic tissues. The results suggest that alterations in peripheral resistance induced by hypertension are of unequal importance in the different vascular beds with certain vascular resistance changes occurring irrespective of the origin of the hypertension.", "PMID": 571118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9356", "title": "Reproductive efficiency and incidence of MMA after controlled farrowing using a prostaglandin analogue, cloprostenol.", "content": "In a herd of sows 106 sows having 4.3 litters on aver., were over a period of 10 weeks treated on Thursdays with 0.175 mg of cloprostenol on the 111th to 114th day of gestation; 93--95% of the sows treated on the 112th and 113th day farrowed within 33 hours after treatment, 73% after treatment on the 111th day (Table I); the mean period of gestation after treatment was 113.4 +/- 0.9 days. 8 sows that only farrowed 2--5 days after the treatment, had on 21 previous farrowings proved to have significantly longer mean periods of gestation, 115.6 days, than the 112 sows in the control group, having 3.6 litters on average, that farrowed in the same period and section of the piggery as the sows treated with cloprostenol. In total 32 weekend-farrowings occurred in the observation period including 7 farrowings after a period of gestation of 110--113 days, 6 cases of unsuccessfully induced parturition and 19 farrowings on the 114th to 119th day that could have been programmed to occur on Fridays; the number of weekend-farrowings, which for this herd in connection with the weaning procedure normally accounted for about 40--45% of farrowings, could thus be reduced to 7% of farrowings (Table II). Cloprostenol treatment on the 111th day resulting in farrowing on the 112th day leads to a significantly higher rate of piglet mortality after 3 weeks compared with the results after farrowing for control sows that farrowed on the 112th day (Table III); this category of control sows had on previous farrowings proved to have a significantly shorter mean period of gestation, 112.7 days, than that of the sows in the cloprostenol group farrowing on the 112th day which had been 114.3 days on previous farrowings. Farrowing and weaning results after induced parturition resulting in farrowing on the 113th to 115th day showed no significant differences from the results for control sows farrowing spontaneously on the 112th to 115th day of gestation. The incidence of MMA (Table II) was not influenced by the cloprostenol treatment, nor by the number of litters, the length of the period of gestation, or by the piling of farrowings on Fridays.", "contents": "Reproductive efficiency and incidence of MMA after controlled farrowing using a prostaglandin analogue, cloprostenol. In a herd of sows 106 sows having 4.3 litters on aver., were over a period of 10 weeks treated on Thursdays with 0.175 mg of cloprostenol on the 111th to 114th day of gestation; 93--95% of the sows treated on the 112th and 113th day farrowed within 33 hours after treatment, 73% after treatment on the 111th day (Table I); the mean period of gestation after treatment was 113.4 +/- 0.9 days. 8 sows that only farrowed 2--5 days after the treatment, had on 21 previous farrowings proved to have significantly longer mean periods of gestation, 115.6 days, than the 112 sows in the control group, having 3.6 litters on average, that farrowed in the same period and section of the piggery as the sows treated with cloprostenol. In total 32 weekend-farrowings occurred in the observation period including 7 farrowings after a period of gestation of 110--113 days, 6 cases of unsuccessfully induced parturition and 19 farrowings on the 114th to 119th day that could have been programmed to occur on Fridays; the number of weekend-farrowings, which for this herd in connection with the weaning procedure normally accounted for about 40--45% of farrowings, could thus be reduced to 7% of farrowings (Table II). Cloprostenol treatment on the 111th day resulting in farrowing on the 112th day leads to a significantly higher rate of piglet mortality after 3 weeks compared with the results after farrowing for control sows that farrowed on the 112th day (Table III); this category of control sows had on previous farrowings proved to have a significantly shorter mean period of gestation, 112.7 days, than that of the sows in the cloprostenol group farrowing on the 112th day which had been 114.3 days on previous farrowings. Farrowing and weaning results after induced parturition resulting in farrowing on the 113th to 115th day showed no significant differences from the results for control sows farrowing spontaneously on the 112th to 115th day of gestation. The incidence of MMA (Table II) was not influenced by the cloprostenol treatment, nor by the number of litters, the length of the period of gestation, or by the piling of farrowings on Fridays.", "PMID": 571119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9357", "title": "Subendocardial infarction and thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Two female patients who suffered from drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura and subendocardial myocardial infarction are presented. One of them died from cerebral haemorrhage and diffuse subendocardial punctate haemorrhages were found at post-mortem. The abnormal haemostasis which is associated with thrombocytopenia might induce diffuse damage of the myocardium and might impair heart performance. This finding may be more frequent than hitherto appreciated and calls for serial electrographic tracings in thrombocytopenic patients.", "contents": "Subendocardial infarction and thrombocytopenia. Two female patients who suffered from drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura and subendocardial myocardial infarction are presented. One of them died from cerebral haemorrhage and diffuse subendocardial punctate haemorrhages were found at post-mortem. The abnormal haemostasis which is associated with thrombocytopenia might induce diffuse damage of the myocardium and might impair heart performance. This finding may be more frequent than hitherto appreciated and calls for serial electrographic tracings in thrombocytopenic patients.", "PMID": 571120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9358", "title": "A histological comparison of contracted and non-contracted capsules around silicone breast implants.", "content": "A single blind comparison of capsular tissue obtained from both breasts from 7 patients in whom unilateral contracture had occurred leads to the following conclusions: (1) The presence of droplets (presumed to be silicone, or extractable silicone as identified by IR) in capsular tissue does not correlate with the clinical finding of firmness. (2) Contracted capsules are apt to be significantly more cellular, largely as a result of an increased fibroblast population. (3) The apparent severity of inflammation in a biopsy of a capsule does not correlate with the clinical degree of firmness in the breast. (4) In the 7 cases studied, capsule thickness or vascularity, collagen alignment, staining uptake, presence of foreign bodies, or presence of an inner cell layer of macrophages did not correlate with the clinical finding of firmness.", "contents": "A histological comparison of contracted and non-contracted capsules around silicone breast implants. A single blind comparison of capsular tissue obtained from both breasts from 7 patients in whom unilateral contracture had occurred leads to the following conclusions: (1) The presence of droplets (presumed to be silicone, or extractable silicone as identified by IR) in capsular tissue does not correlate with the clinical finding of firmness. (2) Contracted capsules are apt to be significantly more cellular, largely as a result of an increased fibroblast population. (3) The apparent severity of inflammation in a biopsy of a capsule does not correlate with the clinical degree of firmness in the breast. (4) In the 7 cases studied, capsule thickness or vascularity, collagen alignment, staining uptake, presence of foreign bodies, or presence of an inner cell layer of macrophages did not correlate with the clinical finding of firmness.", "PMID": 571127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9359", "title": "[Multiple forms of pectin trans-eliminase from Verticillium dahliae Klebahn -- cotton wilt agent].", "content": "From the culture liquid filtrate of Verticillium dahliae--cotton wilt agent--pectin trans-eliminase (EC) was isolated. The enzyme was isolated and examined, using ultrafiltration, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, isoelectrofocusing, and electrophoresis. The fungus was found capable to produce several forms of pectin trans-eliminase that differed in their molecular weight, charge, synthesis and release regulation, substrate action (position of bonding breakdowns in the pectin polymer molecule). Pectin trans-eliminase activity was also detected in cell walls of the fungal mycelium. Possible origin of multiple forms of the enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "[Multiple forms of pectin trans-eliminase from Verticillium dahliae Klebahn -- cotton wilt agent]. From the culture liquid filtrate of Verticillium dahliae--cotton wilt agent--pectin trans-eliminase (EC) was isolated. The enzyme was isolated and examined, using ultrafiltration, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, isoelectrofocusing, and electrophoresis. The fungus was found capable to produce several forms of pectin trans-eliminase that differed in their molecular weight, charge, synthesis and release regulation, substrate action (position of bonding breakdowns in the pectin polymer molecule). Pectin trans-eliminase activity was also detected in cell walls of the fungal mycelium. Possible origin of multiple forms of the enzyme is discussed.", "PMID": 571122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9360", "title": "Morphine-induced behavioral disruption in rats chronically depleted of brain dopamine.", "content": "The ability of rats, chronically depleted of brain dopamine (DA), to develop tolerance to morphine (120 mg/kg, s.c.) given twice daily was studied using a food-reinforced operant procedure (FR-10). DA was depleted via the administration of 6-OHDA (150 ug, ict.) and desmethylimipramine (DMI; 25 mg/kg, ip.) to rats 14 days of age. This procedure resulted in a 61% depletion of brain DA when these rats were 120 days of age, while norepinephrine levels were not significantly affected. The response rates of DA-depleted and vehicle (ict.) + DMI treated controls were equally suppressed by various acute doses of morphine, but the DA-depleted group appeared to develop tolerance to the higher morphine dosage regimen (120 mg/kg, b.i.d) faster than the control group. In addition, DA-depleted rats exhibited a greater suppression of response rates 24 hr after the cessation of morphine treatment.", "contents": "Morphine-induced behavioral disruption in rats chronically depleted of brain dopamine. The ability of rats, chronically depleted of brain dopamine (DA), to develop tolerance to morphine (120 mg/kg, s.c.) given twice daily was studied using a food-reinforced operant procedure (FR-10). DA was depleted via the administration of 6-OHDA (150 ug, ict.) and desmethylimipramine (DMI; 25 mg/kg, ip.) to rats 14 days of age. This procedure resulted in a 61% depletion of brain DA when these rats were 120 days of age, while norepinephrine levels were not significantly affected. The response rates of DA-depleted and vehicle (ict.) + DMI treated controls were equally suppressed by various acute doses of morphine, but the DA-depleted group appeared to develop tolerance to the higher morphine dosage regimen (120 mg/kg, b.i.d) faster than the control group. In addition, DA-depleted rats exhibited a greater suppression of response rates 24 hr after the cessation of morphine treatment.", "PMID": 571130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9361", "title": "The ultrastructure of the brush cell in bovine lung.", "content": "A cell type with properties similar to those of the brush cell was recognised in the bronchial epithelium of calves. It occurred in small numbers and was not found in airways distal to the small bronchi. The ultrastructural features are described, emphasising the two constant characteristics (i) a dense population of thick apical microvilli and (ii) cytoplasmic filament bundles which extent into the microvilli.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the brush cell in bovine lung. A cell type with properties similar to those of the brush cell was recognised in the bronchial epithelium of calves. It occurred in small numbers and was not found in airways distal to the small bronchi. The ultrastructural features are described, emphasising the two constant characteristics (i) a dense population of thick apical microvilli and (ii) cytoplasmic filament bundles which extent into the microvilli.", "PMID": 571132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9362", "title": "Blood eosinophil leucocytes and eosinophil cationic protein. Diurnal variation in normal subjects and patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "Normal subjects and patients with bronchial asthma showed a similar diurnal variation in blood eosinophil count and serum eosinophil cationic protein concentration. The blood eosinophils showed the highest count during the night whereas serum eosinophil cationic protein showed the highest concentration in the early evening. It is concluded that this may result from a difference in hormonal or other influences.", "contents": "Blood eosinophil leucocytes and eosinophil cationic protein. Diurnal variation in normal subjects and patients with bronchial asthma. Normal subjects and patients with bronchial asthma showed a similar diurnal variation in blood eosinophil count and serum eosinophil cationic protein concentration. The blood eosinophils showed the highest count during the night whereas serum eosinophil cationic protein showed the highest concentration in the early evening. It is concluded that this may result from a difference in hormonal or other influences.", "PMID": 571139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9363", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of Di(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) in male Wistar rats: promotion of pancreatic cancer by a raw soya flour diet.", "content": "Di(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine was administered to rats fed raw or heated (control) soya flour diets. The group fed raw soya flour developed hyperplastic and adenomatous pancreatic nodules and pancreatic adenocarcinomata. We conclude that a diet of raw soya flour augments the carcinogenicity of pancreatic carcinogens in the rat.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of Di(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) in male Wistar rats: promotion of pancreatic cancer by a raw soya flour diet. Di(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine was administered to rats fed raw or heated (control) soya flour diets. The group fed raw soya flour developed hyperplastic and adenomatous pancreatic nodules and pancreatic adenocarcinomata. We conclude that a diet of raw soya flour augments the carcinogenicity of pancreatic carcinogens in the rat.", "PMID": 571138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9364", "title": "[Specific cytolytic activity of human lymphocytes following vaccination with vaccinia virus and measles virus].", "content": "Human peripheral lymphocytes harvested 7 days after vaccination with vaccinia virus or measles virus lyse specifically target cells infected with the corresponding virus. This cytotoxic activity is found in a subpopulation of lymphocytes depleted of T-cells and containing lymphocytes bearing Fc receptor. The activity can also be transferred by supernatant of immune lymphocytes on addition of normal lymphocyte. These results suggest that two types of cell are involved: an antibody-secreting cell providing specific antiviral antibody (B-cells), and an effector cell bearing Fc receptor (K-cells).", "contents": "[Specific cytolytic activity of human lymphocytes following vaccination with vaccinia virus and measles virus]. Human peripheral lymphocytes harvested 7 days after vaccination with vaccinia virus or measles virus lyse specifically target cells infected with the corresponding virus. This cytotoxic activity is found in a subpopulation of lymphocytes depleted of T-cells and containing lymphocytes bearing Fc receptor. The activity can also be transferred by supernatant of immune lymphocytes on addition of normal lymphocyte. These results suggest that two types of cell are involved: an antibody-secreting cell providing specific antiviral antibody (B-cells), and an effector cell bearing Fc receptor (K-cells).", "PMID": 571140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9365", "title": "[Primary thrombocythemia: clinical, pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities].", "content": "The course of primary thrombocythemia has been observed in 22 patients over a period of 1-19 years. In contrast to experience with primary thrombocythemia in the literature, thrombotic complications were far more common than hemorrhage. 20 out of 22 patients complained of pain in toes and fingers due to disturbances of microcirculation, whereas bleeding disorders were present only in 5. Studies on spontaneous aggregation of platelets revealed a close association between platelet hyperaggregability and ischemic attacks. 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid every second day normalized the hyperaggregability in vitro and removed pain completely. The indication for antiaggregating substances in the therapy of primary thrombocythemia is discussed.", "contents": "[Primary thrombocythemia: clinical, pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities]. The course of primary thrombocythemia has been observed in 22 patients over a period of 1-19 years. In contrast to experience with primary thrombocythemia in the literature, thrombotic complications were far more common than hemorrhage. 20 out of 22 patients complained of pain in toes and fingers due to disturbances of microcirculation, whereas bleeding disorders were present only in 5. Studies on spontaneous aggregation of platelets revealed a close association between platelet hyperaggregability and ischemic attacks. 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid every second day normalized the hyperaggregability in vitro and removed pain completely. The indication for antiaggregating substances in the therapy of primary thrombocythemia is discussed.", "PMID": 571141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9366", "title": "[Urinary cytology in tumors of the urinary tract].", "content": "Views on the usefulness of urinary cytology and the best methodological technic differ widely. We perform the examination with spontaneously voided urine; after centrifugation, a smear of the sediment is Papanicolaou-stained. With this method 15 patients were found over a two-year period to have a tumor of the urinary tract or a positive urinary cytology. In 13 patients a tumor was diagnosed; of these 10 had a positive, 1 a questionable and 2 a false negative cytology. In 2 patients the cytology was false positive. Retrospective reexamination of the two false negative results revealed unequivocally malignant cells. One of the two false positive results was confirmed retrospectively and the second could not be checked. The sensitivity of the method was 84.6% and the specificity for unequivocally positive cytologies was 83.3%. Provided the examination is performed by an experienced cytologist, urinary cytology is a useful method which is suitable as a screening test in hematuria and for regular checks in high risk patients (e.g. with analgesic nephropathy).", "contents": "[Urinary cytology in tumors of the urinary tract]. Views on the usefulness of urinary cytology and the best methodological technic differ widely. We perform the examination with spontaneously voided urine; after centrifugation, a smear of the sediment is Papanicolaou-stained. With this method 15 patients were found over a two-year period to have a tumor of the urinary tract or a positive urinary cytology. In 13 patients a tumor was diagnosed; of these 10 had a positive, 1 a questionable and 2 a false negative cytology. In 2 patients the cytology was false positive. Retrospective reexamination of the two false negative results revealed unequivocally malignant cells. One of the two false positive results was confirmed retrospectively and the second could not be checked. The sensitivity of the method was 84.6% and the specificity for unequivocally positive cytologies was 83.3%. Provided the examination is performed by an experienced cytologist, urinary cytology is a useful method which is suitable as a screening test in hematuria and for regular checks in high risk patients (e.g. with analgesic nephropathy).", "PMID": 571143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9367", "title": "Differential mortality by sex in fetal and neonatal deaths.", "content": "Vital statistics data for the United States from 1922 to 1936 and from 1950 to 1972 were used to analyze fetal and early neonatal mortality. This analysis corroborates the previously established pattern of the sex ratio of fetal deaths--highest from months 3 to 5, lower from months 6 to 7 or 8, and increasing at term. It also indicates a postponement of late fetal deaths into the early infant period. Whereas earlier research reports have described the pattern of the sex ratio of fetal deaths, this report repeats this analysis for a recent national data base. This line of analysis is extended by using the patterns observed in the data to produce an empirical estimate of the primary sex ratio. For 1950 to 1972, this ratio (male to female) is conservatively estimated to be 120:100.", "contents": "Differential mortality by sex in fetal and neonatal deaths. Vital statistics data for the United States from 1922 to 1936 and from 1950 to 1972 were used to analyze fetal and early neonatal mortality. This analysis corroborates the previously established pattern of the sex ratio of fetal deaths--highest from months 3 to 5, lower from months 6 to 7 or 8, and increasing at term. It also indicates a postponement of late fetal deaths into the early infant period. Whereas earlier research reports have described the pattern of the sex ratio of fetal deaths, this report repeats this analysis for a recent national data base. This line of analysis is extended by using the patterns observed in the data to produce an empirical estimate of the primary sex ratio. For 1950 to 1972, this ratio (male to female) is conservatively estimated to be 120:100.", "PMID": 571144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9368", "title": "Thiourea reverses cross-links and restores biological activity in DNA treated with dichlorodiaminoplatinum (II).", "content": "Cis and trans dichlorodiaminoplatinum (II) compounds bind to DNA and form DNA cross-links, which are usually considered to be irreversible. Thiourea can reverse these cross-links without any apparent breakdown of the DNA. In addition, cis- and trans-Pt (II) treatment of lambda decreases its transfectivity. After suitable incubation with thiourea, full transfectivity of Pt(II)-treated lambda DNA can be restored.", "contents": "Thiourea reverses cross-links and restores biological activity in DNA treated with dichlorodiaminoplatinum (II). Cis and trans dichlorodiaminoplatinum (II) compounds bind to DNA and form DNA cross-links, which are usually considered to be irreversible. Thiourea can reverse these cross-links without any apparent breakdown of the DNA. In addition, cis- and trans-Pt (II) treatment of lambda decreases its transfectivity. After suitable incubation with thiourea, full transfectivity of Pt(II)-treated lambda DNA can be restored.", "PMID": 571145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9369", "title": "Delay of constant light-induced persistent vaginal estrus by 24-hour time cues in rats.", "content": "The normal ovarian cycle of female rats is typically replaced by persistent estrus when these animals are housed under constant light. Evidence presented here shows that the maintenance of periodicity in the environment can at least delay (if not prevent) the photic induction of persistent vaginal estrus. Female rats in constant light were exposed to vaginal smearing at random times or at the same time every day. In another experiment, female rats were exposed to either constant bright light, constant dim light, or a 24-hour photic cycle of bright and dim light. The onset of persistent vaginal estrus was delayed in rats exposed to 24-hour time cues even though the light intensities were the same as or greater than those for the aperiodic control groups. The results suggest that the absence of 24-hour time cues in constant light contributes to the induction of persistent estrus.", "contents": "Delay of constant light-induced persistent vaginal estrus by 24-hour time cues in rats. The normal ovarian cycle of female rats is typically replaced by persistent estrus when these animals are housed under constant light. Evidence presented here shows that the maintenance of periodicity in the environment can at least delay (if not prevent) the photic induction of persistent vaginal estrus. Female rats in constant light were exposed to vaginal smearing at random times or at the same time every day. In another experiment, female rats were exposed to either constant bright light, constant dim light, or a 24-hour photic cycle of bright and dim light. The onset of persistent vaginal estrus was delayed in rats exposed to 24-hour time cues even though the light intensities were the same as or greater than those for the aperiodic control groups. The results suggest that the absence of 24-hour time cues in constant light contributes to the induction of persistent estrus.", "PMID": 571146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9370", "title": "Brain grafts reduce motor abnormalities produced by destruction of nigrostriatal dopamine system.", "content": "In order to determine if brain tissue grafts can provide functional input to recipient central nervous system tissue, fetal rat dopamine-containg neurons were implanted adjacent to the caudate nucleus of adult recipients whose endogenous dopaminergic input had been destroyed. The grafts showed good survival and axonal outgrowth. Motor abnormalities, which had been induced by the destruction of the endogenous dopaminergic input to the caudate, were significantly reduced after grafting of the fetal brain tissue. These data suggest that such implants may be potentially useful in reversing deficits after circumscribed destruction of brain tissue.", "contents": "Brain grafts reduce motor abnormalities produced by destruction of nigrostriatal dopamine system. In order to determine if brain tissue grafts can provide functional input to recipient central nervous system tissue, fetal rat dopamine-containg neurons were implanted adjacent to the caudate nucleus of adult recipients whose endogenous dopaminergic input had been destroyed. The grafts showed good survival and axonal outgrowth. Motor abnormalities, which had been induced by the destruction of the endogenous dopaminergic input to the caudate, were significantly reduced after grafting of the fetal brain tissue. These data suggest that such implants may be potentially useful in reversing deficits after circumscribed destruction of brain tissue.", "PMID": 571147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9371", "title": "Neonatal mortality in a Black urban community.", "content": "An autopsy study carried out on 103 neonates showed a high incidence of twins, mainly second twins. The commonest cause of death was asphyxia, predominantly among the small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies, and this was possibly associated with placental insufficiency. Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was the next most common cause and occurred in the majority in the first 24 hours. Pulmonary haemorrhage, which used to be common in this population, was very rare. More than 50% of the deaths occurred on the first day of life.", "contents": "Neonatal mortality in a Black urban community. An autopsy study carried out on 103 neonates showed a high incidence of twins, mainly second twins. The commonest cause of death was asphyxia, predominantly among the small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies, and this was possibly associated with placental insufficiency. Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was the next most common cause and occurred in the majority in the first 24 hours. Pulmonary haemorrhage, which used to be common in this population, was very rare. More than 50% of the deaths occurred on the first day of life.", "PMID": 571149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9372", "title": "[Effect of polyethyelene glycol on proliferation of cultured Chinese hamster cells].", "content": "Chinese hamster cells in suspension were treated with PEG 4000 for 20 min. It was found that cell size began to diminish already when a 5% PEG solution was used, and reached the minimal value in a 20% PEG solution. A pronounced cell death was observed when PEG concentration exceeded 20%, but cells that survived retained their proliferation potential. It is concluded that the cell death results from hypoosmotic shock when cell suspension in PEG solution is diluted.", "contents": "[Effect of polyethyelene glycol on proliferation of cultured Chinese hamster cells]. Chinese hamster cells in suspension were treated with PEG 4000 for 20 min. It was found that cell size began to diminish already when a 5% PEG solution was used, and reached the minimal value in a 20% PEG solution. A pronounced cell death was observed when PEG concentration exceeded 20%, but cells that survived retained their proliferation potential. It is concluded that the cell death results from hypoosmotic shock when cell suspension in PEG solution is diluted.", "PMID": 571153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9373", "title": "[Effect of chemical carcinogens on the ultrastructure of cultured differentiating myogenic cells].", "content": "The electron microscope studies have been carried out on primary monolayer tissue culture obtained from body tissues of rat and C3H mouse embryos. The cells of tissue culture were mainly myoblasts and fibroblast-like cells. The cultures were treated with two different carcinogenic substances--benz(a)-pyrene (BP) and methylnitrosonitroguanidine (MNNG). The changes were uniform and showed some alterations in formation of cell complexes, the inhibition of development and maturing of muscle elements, and distrophy of cytoplasmic organelles. The revealed distinction in morphological reaction of myogenic cells to the effect of BP and MNNG were wave-like myofibrillar structures in MNNG-treated cultures.", "contents": "[Effect of chemical carcinogens on the ultrastructure of cultured differentiating myogenic cells]. The electron microscope studies have been carried out on primary monolayer tissue culture obtained from body tissues of rat and C3H mouse embryos. The cells of tissue culture were mainly myoblasts and fibroblast-like cells. The cultures were treated with two different carcinogenic substances--benz(a)-pyrene (BP) and methylnitrosonitroguanidine (MNNG). The changes were uniform and showed some alterations in formation of cell complexes, the inhibition of development and maturing of muscle elements, and distrophy of cytoplasmic organelles. The revealed distinction in morphological reaction of myogenic cells to the effect of BP and MNNG were wave-like myofibrillar structures in MNNG-treated cultures.", "PMID": 571154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9374", "title": "[Urethral strictures following transurethral instrumentation: causes, prevention, results (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper discusses the multiple causes of developing urethral stricture after transurethral instrumentation. Methods are presented how these causes may be avoided with specially by on internal urethrotomy. 1660 cases of TUR show, that in 12,1% an internal urethrotomy was necessary to introduce a 24 F instrument. The frequency--distribution of the localisation of the sites of internal urethrotomy is presented. Follow-up shows that postoperative strictures have developed in 5,1% in cases without internal urethrotomy and only in 2,6% in cases where internal urethrotomy was performed before introducing the instrument for TUR.", "contents": "[Urethral strictures following transurethral instrumentation: causes, prevention, results (author's transl)]. The paper discusses the multiple causes of developing urethral stricture after transurethral instrumentation. Methods are presented how these causes may be avoided with specially by on internal urethrotomy. 1660 cases of TUR show, that in 12,1% an internal urethrotomy was necessary to introduce a 24 F instrument. The frequency--distribution of the localisation of the sites of internal urethrotomy is presented. Follow-up shows that postoperative strictures have developed in 5,1% in cases without internal urethrotomy and only in 2,6% in cases where internal urethrotomy was performed before introducing the instrument for TUR.", "PMID": 571161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9375", "title": "[Influence of loach egg- and embryo-extract on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of insulin].", "content": "Studies of the pig muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were permormed after incubating the enzyme solution with extracts of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) eggs and embryos, which were subjected to the influence of insulin hydrocortisone as well as to insulin combination with actinomycin D, cycloheximide or puromycin. The insulin alone is established to decrease the inactivating ability of the investigated extracts on the lactate dehydrogenase activity, when antibiotics removed to a considerable extent the influence of hormone. In the eggs and embryos there are proteins activating and stabilizing the LDH molecule. The level of LDH activation under the influence of the eggs and embryos extracts subjected to the insulin action was decreased. The addition of hydrocortisone to the medium for the incubation of eggs and embryos does not affect significantly the LDH-inactivating ability of their extracts.", "contents": "[Influence of loach egg- and embryo-extract on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of insulin]. Studies of the pig muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were permormed after incubating the enzyme solution with extracts of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) eggs and embryos, which were subjected to the influence of insulin hydrocortisone as well as to insulin combination with actinomycin D, cycloheximide or puromycin. The insulin alone is established to decrease the inactivating ability of the investigated extracts on the lactate dehydrogenase activity, when antibiotics removed to a considerable extent the influence of hormone. In the eggs and embryos there are proteins activating and stabilizing the LDH molecule. The level of LDH activation under the influence of the eggs and embryos extracts subjected to the insulin action was decreased. The addition of hydrocortisone to the medium for the incubation of eggs and embryos does not affect significantly the LDH-inactivating ability of their extracts.", "PMID": 571156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9376", "title": "Sarcoidosis of urethra simulating carcinoma.", "content": "Sarcoidosis of the urethra was found during endometrial curettage in a thirty-nine-year-old woman with a history of menometrorrhagia and decreased urine stream. Sarcoidosis is known to occur in many parts of the body, but an extensive search of the literature has failed to reveal any previous report of urethral involvement.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of urethra simulating carcinoma. Sarcoidosis of the urethra was found during endometrial curettage in a thirty-nine-year-old woman with a history of menometrorrhagia and decreased urine stream. Sarcoidosis is known to occur in many parts of the body, but an extensive search of the literature has failed to reveal any previous report of urethral involvement.", "PMID": 571163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9377", "title": "Laboratory comparison of urethral profilometry techniques.", "content": "A comparison of urethral pressure profiles performed with the air infusion, water infusion, membrane catheter, and transducer tip catheter techniques was made in a canine model. The gas and water infusion methods gave statistically identical results if the gas studies were performed at flow rates of 100 ml./min. and pull rates of 5 cm./min. The transducer tip catheter and the gas and water infusion techniques gave accurate recordings of peak urethral pressure but were incapable of detecting multiple areas of urethral compression. The transducer tip catheter measurements often were difficult to interpret because of rotation and flexion artifact. The membrane catheter was capable of recording multiple areas of urethral compression but gave spuriously high recordings of peak urethral pressure. We conclude that none of the methods tested will give accurate recordings of urethral pressure in all clinical situations.", "contents": "Laboratory comparison of urethral profilometry techniques. A comparison of urethral pressure profiles performed with the air infusion, water infusion, membrane catheter, and transducer tip catheter techniques was made in a canine model. The gas and water infusion methods gave statistically identical results if the gas studies were performed at flow rates of 100 ml./min. and pull rates of 5 cm./min. The transducer tip catheter and the gas and water infusion techniques gave accurate recordings of peak urethral pressure but were incapable of detecting multiple areas of urethral compression. The transducer tip catheter measurements often were difficult to interpret because of rotation and flexion artifact. The membrane catheter was capable of recording multiple areas of urethral compression but gave spuriously high recordings of peak urethral pressure. We conclude that none of the methods tested will give accurate recordings of urethral pressure in all clinical situations.", "PMID": 571164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9378", "title": "[Clinical and pathomorphological studies of rabbits injected with virulent and lapinized swine plague virus].", "content": "Investigations were carried out to establish the clinical and morphological reactions in rabbits following the consecutive infection with the virulent Vratsa strain and the lapinized K strain of the swine fever virus. It was found that although the virulent strain did not cause a thermal response there were morphological lesions in the body of the rabbits, characterizing the presence of an immune response. The latter was shown to inhibit the thermal reaction in the animals after infecting with lapinized strain. It is stated that such inhibition of the thermal reaction which is typical for strain K is invariably generated if the lapinized virus is injected 120 hours after the injection of the virulent virus.", "contents": "[Clinical and pathomorphological studies of rabbits injected with virulent and lapinized swine plague virus]. Investigations were carried out to establish the clinical and morphological reactions in rabbits following the consecutive infection with the virulent Vratsa strain and the lapinized K strain of the swine fever virus. It was found that although the virulent strain did not cause a thermal response there were morphological lesions in the body of the rabbits, characterizing the presence of an immune response. The latter was shown to inhibit the thermal reaction in the animals after infecting with lapinized strain. It is stated that such inhibition of the thermal reaction which is typical for strain K is invariably generated if the lapinized virus is injected 120 hours after the injection of the virulent virus.", "PMID": 571168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9379", "title": "[Cytoplasmic RNA biosynthesis in Erlich ascitic carcinoma cells under anaerobic conditions].", "content": "Cells of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma were incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 3H-uridine, and the amount and radioactivity of poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-non-containing fraction of cytoplasmatic RNA were determined. It is shown that RNA biosynthesis, as judged by the labeled precursor incorporation, is nearly similar to that under oxygen supply conditions. The specific radioactivity of poly(A)-containing fraction of cytoplasmatic RNA of cells incubated under anaerobic conditions was 2 times as much as that under aerobic ones.", "contents": "[Cytoplasmic RNA biosynthesis in Erlich ascitic carcinoma cells under anaerobic conditions]. Cells of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma were incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 3H-uridine, and the amount and radioactivity of poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-non-containing fraction of cytoplasmatic RNA were determined. It is shown that RNA biosynthesis, as judged by the labeled precursor incorporation, is nearly similar to that under oxygen supply conditions. The specific radioactivity of poly(A)-containing fraction of cytoplasmatic RNA of cells incubated under anaerobic conditions was 2 times as much as that under aerobic ones.", "PMID": 571171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9380", "title": "[Indications for Wanach's operation in cancer of the lower lip].", "content": "The authors examined 206 case reports of patients with primary cancer of the lower lip and of 5 patients with recurrences after radiotherapy, who were subjected to the upper jugular excision during a 10-year period (since 1964 to 1973). Metastases were found histologically in 63% of the cases. Based on the analysis of the material according to the TNM classification, it is believed that the upper jugular excision should be indicated if a) tumors are more than 2 cm in size or in the presence of the infiltrative growth (T3); B) if lymph nodes (N1B, N2B) suspected of metastases are detected, especially in their unilateral enlargement (N1B); c) in the presence of local recurrence if the Wanach surgery was not performed previously. Such approach allowed avoiding surgery on lymph routes in 165 of 206 cases.", "contents": "[Indications for Wanach's operation in cancer of the lower lip]. The authors examined 206 case reports of patients with primary cancer of the lower lip and of 5 patients with recurrences after radiotherapy, who were subjected to the upper jugular excision during a 10-year period (since 1964 to 1973). Metastases were found histologically in 63% of the cases. Based on the analysis of the material according to the TNM classification, it is believed that the upper jugular excision should be indicated if a) tumors are more than 2 cm in size or in the presence of the infiltrative growth (T3); B) if lymph nodes (N1B, N2B) suspected of metastases are detected, especially in their unilateral enlargement (N1B); c) in the presence of local recurrence if the Wanach surgery was not performed previously. Such approach allowed avoiding surgery on lymph routes in 165 of 206 cases.", "PMID": 571172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9381", "title": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. II. Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.", "content": "An attempt was made to standardize the C/N ratio at which maximum protein production may be achieved by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, using sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter in the liquid medium. Three different ways of changing the C/N ratios were tried. The optimum levels of carbon and nitrogen required for the best yield, substrate utilization, and protein production efficiency were worked out.", "contents": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. II. Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus. An attempt was made to standardize the C/N ratio at which maximum protein production may be achieved by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, using sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter in the liquid medium. Three different ways of changing the C/N ratios were tried. The optimum levels of carbon and nitrogen required for the best yield, substrate utilization, and protein production efficiency were worked out.", "PMID": 571180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9382", "title": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. III. Effect of phosphorus on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.", "content": "An attempt was made to select a source of phosphorus that is readily available and ensures maximum protein efficiency for Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, using sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter one in the liquid medium. Of the six different phosphorus compounds tested, urea phosphate was unanimously preferred by the three fungi. The concentration of urea phosphate for maximum protein output was then standardized.", "contents": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. III. Effect of phosphorus on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus. An attempt was made to select a source of phosphorus that is readily available and ensures maximum protein efficiency for Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, using sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter one in the liquid medium. Of the six different phosphorus compounds tested, urea phosphate was unanimously preferred by the three fungi. The concentration of urea phosphate for maximum protein output was then standardized.", "PMID": 571181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9383", "title": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. IV. Effect of certain inorganic salts on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.", "content": "The paper deals with the standardization of the concentrations of magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate, and ferric chloride in the medium containing sugarcane bagasse (for Rhizoctonia melongina and Pleurotus ostreatus) and wheat straw (for Coprinus aratus) for achieving maximum protein production.", "contents": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. IV. Effect of certain inorganic salts on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus. The paper deals with the standardization of the concentrations of magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate, and ferric chloride in the medium containing sugarcane bagasse (for Rhizoctonia melongina and Pleurotus ostreatus) and wheat straw (for Coprinus aratus) for achieving maximum protein production.", "PMID": 571182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9384", "title": "[Pharmacologic analysis of hierarchical relationships in mice].", "content": "In experiments on mice (put in triads and tetrads) stable domination-subordination relations (DS) of predominantly despotic type were formed. The experiments were staged in specially designed communicating populational cages. Pharmacological evidence of inertness of DS relations in small groups of mice is presented. Critical factors of DS inertness are examined. It is shown that psychotropic drugs of different classes have difficult effect on the maintainance of DS inertness. Prolonged administration of psychotropic drugs suppressing the dominant's aggression may result in DS inversion.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic analysis of hierarchical relationships in mice]. In experiments on mice (put in triads and tetrads) stable domination-subordination relations (DS) of predominantly despotic type were formed. The experiments were staged in specially designed communicating populational cages. Pharmacological evidence of inertness of DS relations in small groups of mice is presented. Critical factors of DS inertness are examined. It is shown that psychotropic drugs of different classes have difficult effect on the maintainance of DS inertness. Prolonged administration of psychotropic drugs suppressing the dominant's aggression may result in DS inversion.", "PMID": 571177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9385", "title": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. V. Effect of various organic acids and growth promoters on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.", "content": "Results of an investigation made for selecting a source of organic acid and also a growth promoter that can maximize protein production in the three test fungi, viz., Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus from their respective substrates (i.e. sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter) are reported. Among organic acids, acetic acid (at 0.1% level) and among the growth promoters ascorbic acid (at 0.1% level) had maximum influence on growth and protein production. Based on the detailed investigations carried out with three test fungi (JAUHRI at. al. 1978, Jauhri and Sen 1978a, b, c, new stuffed media have been formulated for the three test fungi which assure maximum protein efficiency from them.", "contents": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. V. Effect of various organic acids and growth promoters on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus. Results of an investigation made for selecting a source of organic acid and also a growth promoter that can maximize protein production in the three test fungi, viz., Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus from their respective substrates (i.e. sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter) are reported. Among organic acids, acetic acid (at 0.1% level) and among the growth promoters ascorbic acid (at 0.1% level) had maximum influence on growth and protein production. Based on the detailed investigations carried out with three test fungi (JAUHRI at. al. 1978, Jauhri and Sen 1978a, b, c, new stuffed media have been formulated for the three test fungi which assure maximum protein efficiency from them.", "PMID": 571183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9386", "title": "[Disruption of situational reflexes in experimental neurosis brought on by changes in the space factor].", "content": "Motor activity elaborated in dogs and consisting of delayed choice reactions in a stochastic system (methods developed by Beritashvili, Hunter) and of rhythmic stereotypes of motor situational reflexes (Kupalov method) was not impaired by changes in spatial parameters of unconditioned stimulus in the stochastic system of choosing one feeding trough out of five. The changes in the spatial arrangement of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in stable stereotypes led to changes in the behaviour of the animals and experimental neurosis with long-lasting disturbances in the situational conditioned reflexes and the short-term memory.", "contents": "[Disruption of situational reflexes in experimental neurosis brought on by changes in the space factor]. Motor activity elaborated in dogs and consisting of delayed choice reactions in a stochastic system (methods developed by Beritashvili, Hunter) and of rhythmic stereotypes of motor situational reflexes (Kupalov method) was not impaired by changes in spatial parameters of unconditioned stimulus in the stochastic system of choosing one feeding trough out of five. The changes in the spatial arrangement of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in stable stereotypes led to changes in the behaviour of the animals and experimental neurosis with long-lasting disturbances in the situational conditioned reflexes and the short-term memory.", "PMID": 571178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9387", "title": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. VI. Quality of the protein formed in Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.", "content": "The amino acid content of the three fungi, viz., Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, grown in liquid media (JAUHRI and SEN 1978d) containing agricultural wastes (sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter), were analysed qualitatively. Amino acid fraction of the three fungi, determined through paper chromatography, contained all the 8 essential amino acids in addition to 9 odd amino acids, except in the case of Rhizoctonia melongina in which the essential amino acid lysine was lacking. The possibilities for mass production and the use of these three fungi in dietetics are further discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. VI. Quality of the protein formed in Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus. The amino acid content of the three fungi, viz., Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, grown in liquid media (JAUHRI and SEN 1978d) containing agricultural wastes (sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter), were analysed qualitatively. Amino acid fraction of the three fungi, determined through paper chromatography, contained all the 8 essential amino acids in addition to 9 odd amino acids, except in the case of Rhizoctonia melongina in which the essential amino acid lysine was lacking. The possibilities for mass production and the use of these three fungi in dietetics are further discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 571184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9388", "title": "[On the physiology of growth and riboflavin overproduction of Eremothecium ashbyii. III. Investigations on the incorporation of radioactive labeled substrates in cell material and riboflavin (author's transl)].", "content": "The incorporation of glycine-2-14C and adenine-U-14C in cell material and riboflavin was investigated in order to determine the proportions metabolites were channeled in growth processes and product synthesis of Eremothecium ashbyii. Extraction- and measurement methods were developed to compare the incorporation of radioactive metabolites into different cell fractions. Young cells incorporate the labeled compounds in a high rate into the cell material. With increasing age of the culture the incorporation of radioactivity is more directed to riboflavin. 96 hours old cells incorporate about seven times more 14C-adenine into riboflavin than into the cell material.", "contents": "[On the physiology of growth and riboflavin overproduction of Eremothecium ashbyii. III. Investigations on the incorporation of radioactive labeled substrates in cell material and riboflavin (author's transl)]. The incorporation of glycine-2-14C and adenine-U-14C in cell material and riboflavin was investigated in order to determine the proportions metabolites were channeled in growth processes and product synthesis of Eremothecium ashbyii. Extraction- and measurement methods were developed to compare the incorporation of radioactive metabolites into different cell fractions. Young cells incorporate the labeled compounds in a high rate into the cell material. With increasing age of the culture the incorporation of radioactivity is more directed to riboflavin. 96 hours old cells incorporate about seven times more 14C-adenine into riboflavin than into the cell material.", "PMID": 571185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9389", "title": "Investigation of amino acid changes in self-sustaining coacervates in presence of alpha-naphthyl amine and beta-naphthyl amine.", "content": "Pronounced variation of amino acids was exhibited. Phenylalanine and tryptophan were invariably present, except at very few exposure periods. Methionine was perceived in many studies in alpha-naphthylamine, while in the study of beta-naphthylamine it was observed at four days' exposure. alpha-Naphthylamine produced cysteine along with tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and norleucine, while beta-naphthylamine gave valine along with tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and norleucine. Complete variation from blank signifies the effect of alpha- and beta-naphthyl amine on the mixture.", "contents": "Investigation of amino acid changes in self-sustaining coacervates in presence of alpha-naphthyl amine and beta-naphthyl amine. Pronounced variation of amino acids was exhibited. Phenylalanine and tryptophan were invariably present, except at very few exposure periods. Methionine was perceived in many studies in alpha-naphthylamine, while in the study of beta-naphthylamine it was observed at four days' exposure. alpha-Naphthylamine produced cysteine along with tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and norleucine, while beta-naphthylamine gave valine along with tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and norleucine. Complete variation from blank signifies the effect of alpha- and beta-naphthyl amine on the mixture.", "PMID": 571186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9390", "title": "[Does the HLA-system enrich our possibilities within the scope of sterility diagnosis?].", "content": "Since the HLA antigens were discovered there were great advances especially in organ transplantation, paternity test and human genetics. --It follows the question after the relevance of HLA antibodies as a reason for infertility. --Bachner, Stolp and coworkers estimated a high frequency of HLA antibodies in infertile women. --In contrast we found in our own investigations: 367 unselected women with undesired infertility showed HLA antibodies in none of the cases.", "contents": "[Does the HLA-system enrich our possibilities within the scope of sterility diagnosis?]. Since the HLA antigens were discovered there were great advances especially in organ transplantation, paternity test and human genetics. --It follows the question after the relevance of HLA antibodies as a reason for infertility. --Bachner, Stolp and coworkers estimated a high frequency of HLA antibodies in infertile women. --In contrast we found in our own investigations: 367 unselected women with undesired infertility showed HLA antibodies in none of the cases.", "PMID": 571187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9391", "title": "Production of coagulase, deoxyribonuclease and heat-stable deoxyribonuclease by canine isolates of staphylococci.", "content": "Staphylococci isolated from different infections in dogs have been investigated for production of coagulase, deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and heat-stable DNase. Alll coagulase-positive strains (220) also produced DNase and heat-stable nuclease. However, 4 out of 15 coagulase-negative strains were also positive in both the DNase and the heat-stable DNase tests. Several tests for DNase and heat-stable DNase were evaluated. No strains were DNase-positive, heat-stable DNase-negative, or vice-versa.", "contents": "Production of coagulase, deoxyribonuclease and heat-stable deoxyribonuclease by canine isolates of staphylococci. Staphylococci isolated from different infections in dogs have been investigated for production of coagulase, deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and heat-stable DNase. Alll coagulase-positive strains (220) also produced DNase and heat-stable nuclease. However, 4 out of 15 coagulase-negative strains were also positive in both the DNase and the heat-stable DNase tests. Several tests for DNase and heat-stable DNase were evaluated. No strains were DNase-positive, heat-stable DNase-negative, or vice-versa.", "PMID": 571188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9392", "title": "Epidemiological studies on salmonella in a certain area (\"Walcheren project\") III. The presence of salmonella in man, insects, seagulls and in foods, chopping-block scrapings from butcher's shops, effluent of sewage treatment plants and drains of butcher's shops.", "content": "For a period of three months in a relatively small area (Walcheren), various materials (meat and meat products, insects, seagull droppings, chopping-block scrapings from butcher's shops, effluent of sewage treatment plants, drains from butcher's shops and stools of patients) were examined again for the presence of Salmonella as a continuation of previous investigations. As had been the case in previous studies, S. typhimurium (27.5%), S. panama (22.2%) and S. brandenburg (9.2%) were the three most frequently isolated serotypes. The three most frequently isolated phage types of S. typhimurium were II 505 (62.1%) II 502 (5.3%) and I 650 (4.2%). The serotypes and phage types were present in almost all the materials examined which again emphasizes the fact that there are contamination cycles of Salmonella. These studies show that the route of contamination divides in the butcher's shops. Salmonella organisms carried with the meat from the slaughter-house find their way into the drains on the one hand, and through meat and meat products, to the consumer on the other. Moreover, the high degree of contamination of effluent is not in accordance with the small number of cases of salmonellosis in man.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies on salmonella in a certain area (\"Walcheren project\") III. The presence of salmonella in man, insects, seagulls and in foods, chopping-block scrapings from butcher's shops, effluent of sewage treatment plants and drains of butcher's shops. For a period of three months in a relatively small area (Walcheren), various materials (meat and meat products, insects, seagull droppings, chopping-block scrapings from butcher's shops, effluent of sewage treatment plants, drains from butcher's shops and stools of patients) were examined again for the presence of Salmonella as a continuation of previous investigations. As had been the case in previous studies, S. typhimurium (27.5%), S. panama (22.2%) and S. brandenburg (9.2%) were the three most frequently isolated serotypes. The three most frequently isolated phage types of S. typhimurium were II 505 (62.1%) II 502 (5.3%) and I 650 (4.2%). The serotypes and phage types were present in almost all the materials examined which again emphasizes the fact that there are contamination cycles of Salmonella. These studies show that the route of contamination divides in the butcher's shops. Salmonella organisms carried with the meat from the slaughter-house find their way into the drains on the one hand, and through meat and meat products, to the consumer on the other. Moreover, the high degree of contamination of effluent is not in accordance with the small number of cases of salmonellosis in man.", "PMID": 571189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9393", "title": "[Gonadotropic activity of the immunoglobulins from placental, abortion and donor blood].", "content": "Gonadotropic activity of 106 series of immunoglobulin preparations obtained in the USSR and-the People's Republic of Bulgaria was studied. In difference from donor immunoglobulins, all the preparations of placental materials were contaminated with chorionic gonadotropin. Gonadotropin content in the immunoglobulins made of abortion serum was 2--7 times greater than in the preparations from the retoplacental serum and the placental extracts. The mean results of gonadotropin content in the immunoglobulins obtained by biological studies differed from those obtained from the investigations by immunological methods since the mentioned methods apparently characterized different properties of the hormonal molecule.", "contents": "[Gonadotropic activity of the immunoglobulins from placental, abortion and donor blood]. Gonadotropic activity of 106 series of immunoglobulin preparations obtained in the USSR and-the People's Republic of Bulgaria was studied. In difference from donor immunoglobulins, all the preparations of placental materials were contaminated with chorionic gonadotropin. Gonadotropin content in the immunoglobulins made of abortion serum was 2--7 times greater than in the preparations from the retoplacental serum and the placental extracts. The mean results of gonadotropin content in the immunoglobulins obtained by biological studies differed from those obtained from the investigations by immunological methods since the mentioned methods apparently characterized different properties of the hormonal molecule.", "PMID": 571190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9394", "title": "[Effect of psychotomimetics and haloperidol on head twitching following alcohol withdrawal in mice].", "content": "After ethanol withdrawal dependent mice exhibited head twitching. The frequency of head-twitches was decreased by LSD and mescaline in a dose-dependent manner and increased by small doses of haloperidol and physostigmine. LSD antagonized the potentiating effects of haloperidol and physostigmine. The incidence of head-twitches after intracerebral injections of 5-HT in naive mice was lessened by LSD. The involvement of dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic transmission systems in the action of psychotomimetics is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of psychotomimetics and haloperidol on head twitching following alcohol withdrawal in mice]. After ethanol withdrawal dependent mice exhibited head twitching. The frequency of head-twitches was decreased by LSD and mescaline in a dose-dependent manner and increased by small doses of haloperidol and physostigmine. LSD antagonized the potentiating effects of haloperidol and physostigmine. The incidence of head-twitches after intracerebral injections of 5-HT in naive mice was lessened by LSD. The involvement of dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic transmission systems in the action of psychotomimetics is discussed.", "PMID": 571191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9395", "title": "Diurnal fluctuation of plasma cortisol levels in the guinea pig.", "content": "Diurnal changes in the basal levels of plasma cortisol were studied in the female guinea pig. Plasma cortisol levels were determined at 8 bleeding times during the entrained 24 h photoperiod (14 h light/10 h dark: lights on 06.00 h). Plasma cortisol levels remained low during the dark phase of the cycle ranging between 6.4 and 9.0 microgram/100 ml. However, at 4 h prior to the onset of the light phase of the photoperiod, a dramatic rise in the plasma cortisol level was measured, which peaked between 04.00 and 08.00 h at 12.3 microgram/100 ml. A subsequent decline in plasma cortisol levels was measured throughout the light phase of the cycle, reaching basal levels before the onset of the dark phase. These data  indicate that a diurnal fluctuation in plasma cortisol occurs in the guinea pig which is very reminiscent of that seen in the human and in contrast with that observed in the rat.", "contents": "Diurnal fluctuation of plasma cortisol levels in the guinea pig. Diurnal changes in the basal levels of plasma cortisol were studied in the female guinea pig. Plasma cortisol levels were determined at 8 bleeding times during the entrained 24 h photoperiod (14 h light/10 h dark: lights on 06.00 h). Plasma cortisol levels remained low during the dark phase of the cycle ranging between 6.4 and 9.0 microgram/100 ml. However, at 4 h prior to the onset of the light phase of the photoperiod, a dramatic rise in the plasma cortisol level was measured, which peaked between 04.00 and 08.00 h at 12.3 microgram/100 ml. A subsequent decline in plasma cortisol levels was measured throughout the light phase of the cycle, reaching basal levels before the onset of the dark phase. These data  indicate that a diurnal fluctuation in plasma cortisol occurs in the guinea pig which is very reminiscent of that seen in the human and in contrast with that observed in the rat.", "PMID": 571192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9396", "title": "Ovulation blockade and receptivity in the cyclic rat.", "content": "The onset and decline of sexual receptivity was determined around oestrus in intact 5-day cyclic rats and in animals in which spontaneous ovulation was inhibited with nembutal. It was observed that early receptivity (before the critical hours at 14--16 h) could be induced by prior exposure of pro-oestrous females to male rats during the morning at pro-oestrus. In most cases early receptivity was associated with a failure to block ovulation with nembutal administered at 14 h. In cyclic rats receptivity disappeared on the day of oestrus between 8 and 10 a.m. By contrast the period of receptivity was prolonged for 24 h in animals in which ovulation was inhibited by nembutal. Reflex ovulation could be induced by exposure of nembutal-blocked rats to intact as well as to pudendectomized male rats, which latter cannot achieve intromissions. This illustrates the limited role of female genital stimuli in the induction of reflex ovulation. Progesterone (1.25 or 5 mg) injected at pro-oestrus during nembutal sedation did not have an attenuating effect on receptivity 24 h later. It is concluded that LH-surge dependent progesterone secretion at pro-oestrus is not essential for the induction and termination of receptivity around oestrus and that hormones, presumably oestrogens, secreted by the persistent pre-ovulatory follicles, are responsible for the prolonged period of receptivity following nembutal blockade of ovulation.", "contents": "Ovulation blockade and receptivity in the cyclic rat. The onset and decline of sexual receptivity was determined around oestrus in intact 5-day cyclic rats and in animals in which spontaneous ovulation was inhibited with nembutal. It was observed that early receptivity (before the critical hours at 14--16 h) could be induced by prior exposure of pro-oestrous females to male rats during the morning at pro-oestrus. In most cases early receptivity was associated with a failure to block ovulation with nembutal administered at 14 h. In cyclic rats receptivity disappeared on the day of oestrus between 8 and 10 a.m. By contrast the period of receptivity was prolonged for 24 h in animals in which ovulation was inhibited by nembutal. Reflex ovulation could be induced by exposure of nembutal-blocked rats to intact as well as to pudendectomized male rats, which latter cannot achieve intromissions. This illustrates the limited role of female genital stimuli in the induction of reflex ovulation. Progesterone (1.25 or 5 mg) injected at pro-oestrus during nembutal sedation did not have an attenuating effect on receptivity 24 h later. It is concluded that LH-surge dependent progesterone secretion at pro-oestrus is not essential for the induction and termination of receptivity around oestrus and that hormones, presumably oestrogens, secreted by the persistent pre-ovulatory follicles, are responsible for the prolonged period of receptivity following nembutal blockade of ovulation.", "PMID": 571193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9397", "title": "Guinea pigs inbred for studies of respiratory anaphylaxis.", "content": "A selective inbreeding of approximately 24 generations of albino guinea pigs by brother x sister mating has resulted in two strains, registered IMM/S and IMM/R, with high and low responsiveness, respectively, to ovalbumin-induced respiratory anaphylaxis. The two guinea pig strains differed in their ability to be immunized by the inhalation of antigen and produce antibodies, as well as to develop respiratory anaphylaxis. A correlation between the strength of the anaphylactic reactions and the amount of hemagglutinating antibodies produced was observed. When immunization was carried out by an intradermal injection of ovalbumin (OA), even in small doses incorporated in FCA, guinea pigs from both strains produced hemagglutinating antibodies in nearly the same amount. These antibodies do not influence the ability of the animals to react with a high respectively low anaphylactic response on subsequent challenge by inhalation of OA, neither in the actively sensitized animals nor in passively sensitized animals. However, with repeated inhalations of OA, desensitization occurred in the intradermally immunized high-responders, while the passively immunized high-responders could be provoked several times without any signs of desensitization. No systematical differences between the two strains with regard to sensitivity to inhalations of histamine were demonstrated. The low responders were found to be less resistant to infections than high-responders.", "contents": "Guinea pigs inbred for studies of respiratory anaphylaxis. A selective inbreeding of approximately 24 generations of albino guinea pigs by brother x sister mating has resulted in two strains, registered IMM/S and IMM/R, with high and low responsiveness, respectively, to ovalbumin-induced respiratory anaphylaxis. The two guinea pig strains differed in their ability to be immunized by the inhalation of antigen and produce antibodies, as well as to develop respiratory anaphylaxis. A correlation between the strength of the anaphylactic reactions and the amount of hemagglutinating antibodies produced was observed. When immunization was carried out by an intradermal injection of ovalbumin (OA), even in small doses incorporated in FCA, guinea pigs from both strains produced hemagglutinating antibodies in nearly the same amount. These antibodies do not influence the ability of the animals to react with a high respectively low anaphylactic response on subsequent challenge by inhalation of OA, neither in the actively sensitized animals nor in passively sensitized animals. However, with repeated inhalations of OA, desensitization occurred in the intradermally immunized high-responders, while the passively immunized high-responders could be provoked several times without any signs of desensitization. No systematical differences between the two strains with regard to sensitivity to inhalations of histamine were demonstrated. The low responders were found to be less resistant to infections than high-responders.", "PMID": 571196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9398", "title": "Neurochemical and behavioural effects of long-term intermittent inhalation of xylene vapour and simultaneous ethanol intake.", "content": "Two-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to 300 p.p.m. of xylene vapour with simultaneous ethanol ingestion for 5 to 18 weeks. Neurochemical effects of mere vapour inhalation included an increase in microsomal superoxide dismutase activity in brain at the end of the experiment. Concomitant ethanol ingestion added significantly to the xylene-induced effects by causing increased proteolysis at the 9th and 14th week of exposure whereas cerebral superoxide dismutase failed to increase in these animals. Preening frequency decreased transiently in ethanol and in xylene groups at 6 and 9 to 12 weeks, respectively, whereas increased ambulation occurred only in the xylene--ethanol group after 12 and 14 weeks of exposure. The behavioural effects were therefore different in the combined exposure, and our biochemical and behavioural observations may point at significant interaction of both solvents although the biochemical mechanisms remain largely unexplained.", "contents": "Neurochemical and behavioural effects of long-term intermittent inhalation of xylene vapour and simultaneous ethanol intake. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to 300 p.p.m. of xylene vapour with simultaneous ethanol ingestion for 5 to 18 weeks. Neurochemical effects of mere vapour inhalation included an increase in microsomal superoxide dismutase activity in brain at the end of the experiment. Concomitant ethanol ingestion added significantly to the xylene-induced effects by causing increased proteolysis at the 9th and 14th week of exposure whereas cerebral superoxide dismutase failed to increase in these animals. Preening frequency decreased transiently in ethanol and in xylene groups at 6 and 9 to 12 weeks, respectively, whereas increased ambulation occurred only in the xylene--ethanol group after 12 and 14 weeks of exposure. The behavioural effects were therefore different in the combined exposure, and our biochemical and behavioural observations may point at significant interaction of both solvents although the biochemical mechanisms remain largely unexplained.", "PMID": 571198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9399", "title": "Progression to left ventricular dilatation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Congestive heart failure with dilated left ventricle developed in two patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Both patients previously underwent cardiac surgery for relief of their outflow obstruction. Alterations in structure and function of the left ventricle during their episode of cardiac failure and thereafter were documented by echocardiography. The findings suggest that progression to left ventricular dilatation is a potential complication in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Progression to left ventricular dilatation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Congestive heart failure with dilated left ventricle developed in two patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Both patients previously underwent cardiac surgery for relief of their outflow obstruction. Alterations in structure and function of the left ventricle during their episode of cardiac failure and thereafter were documented by echocardiography. The findings suggest that progression to left ventricular dilatation is a potential complication in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 571200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9400", "title": "Reduced rate of breath hydrogen excretion with lactose tolerance tests in young children using whole milk.", "content": "On 14 occasions, 1.75 g/kg of body weight of lactose was given in whole milk to preschool children who had significant malabsorption with aqueous lactose solution. The volume of hydrogen excreted in the breath was less after the milk meal. Moreover, the hydrogen response to the nonabsorbable disaccharide, lactulose, was greater with aqueous, solution than with a liquid meal but their difference disappeared when metoclopramide was given with the lactulose: meal. The slower hydrogen production is attributed to slower intestinal delivery of lactose in meals; this phenomenon may account for clinical lactose tolerance often seen in children with demonstrated lactose malabsorption.", "contents": "Reduced rate of breath hydrogen excretion with lactose tolerance tests in young children using whole milk. On 14 occasions, 1.75 g/kg of body weight of lactose was given in whole milk to preschool children who had significant malabsorption with aqueous lactose solution. The volume of hydrogen excreted in the breath was less after the milk meal. Moreover, the hydrogen response to the nonabsorbable disaccharide, lactulose, was greater with aqueous, solution than with a liquid meal but their difference disappeared when metoclopramide was given with the lactulose: meal. The slower hydrogen production is attributed to slower intestinal delivery of lactose in meals; this phenomenon may account for clinical lactose tolerance often seen in children with demonstrated lactose malabsorption.", "PMID": 571202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9401", "title": "The malignant potential of the dysgenetic germ cell in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "We report two cases of extragonadal germ cell tumors in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and review the other cases of germ cell tumors reported in this syndrome. Especially in choriocarcinoma, the presence of Klinefelter's syndrome may be overlooked because of the similar clinical presentations and testicular histology. We recommend karyotypes be carried out in patients with germ cell tumors since the dysgenetic gonad of Klinefelter's syndrome may be important in the pathogenesis of these malignancies. Also patients with Klinefelter's syndrome should be followed closely because of their increased risk of development of germ cell tumors.", "contents": "The malignant potential of the dysgenetic germ cell in Klinefelter's syndrome. We report two cases of extragonadal germ cell tumors in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and review the other cases of germ cell tumors reported in this syndrome. Especially in choriocarcinoma, the presence of Klinefelter's syndrome may be overlooked because of the similar clinical presentations and testicular histology. We recommend karyotypes be carried out in patients with germ cell tumors since the dysgenetic gonad of Klinefelter's syndrome may be important in the pathogenesis of these malignancies. Also patients with Klinefelter's syndrome should be followed closely because of their increased risk of development of germ cell tumors.", "PMID": 571203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9402", "title": "A simplified retropubic urethropexy in the treatment of primary and recurrent urinary stress incontinence in the female.", "content": "Urinary incontinence presents a severe social handicap to the patient and a challenge which has taxed the imagination and ingenuity of surgeons for over a century. Restoration of the urethrovesical junction to its normal retropubic intra-abdominal level will usually result in the cure of pure anatomic female stress incontinence. A retropubic approach is utilized in order to provide for identification and mobilization of the urethra, bladder neck, and vagina. Nonabsorbable sutures are used to attach the perivaginal fascia to the pectineal ligament. The operative technique is described in detail. A series of 77 patients who have been followed for up to 3 1/2 years is presented, showing a stress incontinence cure rate of 96.1%.", "contents": "A simplified retropubic urethropexy in the treatment of primary and recurrent urinary stress incontinence in the female. Urinary incontinence presents a severe social handicap to the patient and a challenge which has taxed the imagination and ingenuity of surgeons for over a century. Restoration of the urethrovesical junction to its normal retropubic intra-abdominal level will usually result in the cure of pure anatomic female stress incontinence. A retropubic approach is utilized in order to provide for identification and mobilization of the urethra, bladder neck, and vagina. Nonabsorbable sutures are used to attach the perivaginal fascia to the pectineal ligament. The operative technique is described in detail. A series of 77 patients who have been followed for up to 3 1/2 years is presented, showing a stress incontinence cure rate of 96.1%.", "PMID": 571204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9403", "title": "Pregnancy in patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "The obstetric and hematologic problems in 21 pregnancies of 18 patients with ATP are analyzed: one maternal and one fetal death occurred. Urinary estriol and oxytocinase were measured. Eighteen infants were born by vaginal delivery and three by cesarean section. None of the 20 liveborn infants died, but they had NIP due to the passage of maternal antibodies to the fetus. These results are compared to those reported in previous publications. The obstetric management of these patients should be individualized and carefully planned; it should not be based on the platelet count.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. The obstetric and hematologic problems in 21 pregnancies of 18 patients with ATP are analyzed: one maternal and one fetal death occurred. Urinary estriol and oxytocinase were measured. Eighteen infants were born by vaginal delivery and three by cesarean section. None of the 20 liveborn infants died, but they had NIP due to the passage of maternal antibodies to the fetus. These results are compared to those reported in previous publications. The obstetric management of these patients should be individualized and carefully planned; it should not be based on the platelet count.", "PMID": 571205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9404", "title": "Responses of the gravid uterine vasculature to arterial levels of local anesthetic agents.", "content": "Responses of the uterine vasculature and myometrium to uterine arterial infusions of local anesthetic agents were evaluated in chronically prepared conscious ewes between 86 and 141 days of gestation. Decreases in uterine blood flow (UBF) with increasing levels of anesthetic drugs were similar to those previously observed in nonpregnant ewes. A 25% decrease in UBF occurred at 7 micrograms of bupivacaine, 11.5 micrograms of 2-chloroprocaine, and 19.5 micrograms of lidocaine per milliliter of control UBF. Myometrial tonus did not change significantly except with bupivacaine where an increase occurred (P less than 0.001). These data indicate that local anesthetic agents may lower gravid UBF by a direct vascular effect and by stimulation of myometrial contractility. The possible clinical implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Responses of the gravid uterine vasculature to arterial levels of local anesthetic agents. Responses of the uterine vasculature and myometrium to uterine arterial infusions of local anesthetic agents were evaluated in chronically prepared conscious ewes between 86 and 141 days of gestation. Decreases in uterine blood flow (UBF) with increasing levels of anesthetic drugs were similar to those previously observed in nonpregnant ewes. A 25% decrease in UBF occurred at 7 micrograms of bupivacaine, 11.5 micrograms of 2-chloroprocaine, and 19.5 micrograms of lidocaine per milliliter of control UBF. Myometrial tonus did not change significantly except with bupivacaine where an increase occurred (P less than 0.001). These data indicate that local anesthetic agents may lower gravid UBF by a direct vascular effect and by stimulation of myometrial contractility. The possible clinical implications of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 571206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9405", "title": "The treatment of acute branch vein occlusion by photocoagulation.", "content": "Twenty-eight eyes with retinal branch vein occlusion were treated by photocoagulation. The clinical posttreatment findings indicated rapid clearing of hemorrhages and exudates. Visual acuity in 12 (43%) eyes improved, in 11 (39%) remained static, and in five (18%) worsened.", "contents": "The treatment of acute branch vein occlusion by photocoagulation. Twenty-eight eyes with retinal branch vein occlusion were treated by photocoagulation. The clinical posttreatment findings indicated rapid clearing of hemorrhages and exudates. Visual acuity in 12 (43%) eyes improved, in 11 (39%) remained static, and in five (18%) worsened.", "PMID": 571209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9406", "title": "Ca and Na selectivity of the active membrane of rabbit AV nodal cells.", "content": "The atrioventricular (AV) node is thought to have a slow ionic channel. These experiments were designed to measure the relative contributions of Na and Ca ions to inward currents in the AV nodal cells of rabbit heart superfused with Tyrode solution. The effects of tetrodoxin (TTX), Mn2+, and verapamil observed in this study were in agreement with reports by others. The overshoot of AV nodal (N) cells was related to external Ca, with a slope of 12 mV/decade, unchanged by addition of TTX. Similar dependence of overshoot on external Na was seen, with a slope of 20 mV/decade. The slope did not change on addition of TTX. Total removal of either Na or Ca from the solution abolished excitability. Using a constant field equation, we estimated relative permeability (P) of the membrane at the time of maximal overshoot to be PCa/PNa congruent to 60 similar to or approximately 100 and PK/PNa congruent to 1. Relative contributions of these ions to the currents were estimated as ICa congruent to 17%, INa congruent to 33% (inward currents), and IK congruent to 50% (outward current). In conclusion, AV nodal cells have \"slow inward-current channels\" that are selective for Ca over Na ions.", "contents": "Ca and Na selectivity of the active membrane of rabbit AV nodal cells. The atrioventricular (AV) node is thought to have a slow ionic channel. These experiments were designed to measure the relative contributions of Na and Ca ions to inward currents in the AV nodal cells of rabbit heart superfused with Tyrode solution. The effects of tetrodoxin (TTX), Mn2+, and verapamil observed in this study were in agreement with reports by others. The overshoot of AV nodal (N) cells was related to external Ca, with a slope of 12 mV/decade, unchanged by addition of TTX. Similar dependence of overshoot on external Na was seen, with a slope of 20 mV/decade. The slope did not change on addition of TTX. Total removal of either Na or Ca from the solution abolished excitability. Using a constant field equation, we estimated relative permeability (P) of the membrane at the time of maximal overshoot to be PCa/PNa congruent to 60 similar to or approximately 100 and PK/PNa congruent to 1. Relative contributions of these ions to the currents were estimated as ICa congruent to 17%, INa congruent to 33% (inward currents), and IK congruent to 50% (outward current). In conclusion, AV nodal cells have \"slow inward-current channels\" that are selective for Ca over Na ions.", "PMID": 571210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9407", "title": "Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of exogenous human and salmon calcitonin in man.", "content": "The metabolism and the urinary excretion of synthetic human and salmon calcitonin-(1--32) [hCT-(1--32), sCT-(1--32)] administered by constant infusions for 240 min were investigated in eight normal subjects. On gel filtration of plasma obtained during the infusions mainly intact hCT-(1--32) and sCT-(1--32) were recognized with homologous radioimmunoassay systems. During constant infusions to equilibrium of 0.04 mg hCT-(1--32) and sCT-(1--32), the metabolic clearance rates (MCR) amounted to 8.4 +/- 1.1 and 3.1 +/- 0.1 ml/kg per min, respectively (P less than 0.01). When hCT-(1--32) was infused at rates of 1 and 4 mg/240 min, the MCR were lower than with 0.04 mg hCT-(1--32), but still higher than with 0.04 mg sCT-(1--32). The half-lives of disappearance of hCT-(1--32) were faster compared to sCT-(1--32), but the difference was not statistically significant. The urinary clearance of hCT-(1--32) determined during the 1 and 4 mg/240 min infusions of hCT-(1--32), as well as of sCT-(1--32) determined during the 0.04-mg infusions of sCT-(1--32) was about 0.1% of the MCR. The half-lives of disappearance of hCT- and sCT-(1--32) incubated in vitro in plasma and urine ranged from 17 to more than 72 h, and the degradation did not affect our calculations of the metabolic breakdown of exogenous CT in vivo.", "contents": "Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of exogenous human and salmon calcitonin in man. The metabolism and the urinary excretion of synthetic human and salmon calcitonin-(1--32) [hCT-(1--32), sCT-(1--32)] administered by constant infusions for 240 min were investigated in eight normal subjects. On gel filtration of plasma obtained during the infusions mainly intact hCT-(1--32) and sCT-(1--32) were recognized with homologous radioimmunoassay systems. During constant infusions to equilibrium of 0.04 mg hCT-(1--32) and sCT-(1--32), the metabolic clearance rates (MCR) amounted to 8.4 +/- 1.1 and 3.1 +/- 0.1 ml/kg per min, respectively (P less than 0.01). When hCT-(1--32) was infused at rates of 1 and 4 mg/240 min, the MCR were lower than with 0.04 mg hCT-(1--32), but still higher than with 0.04 mg sCT-(1--32). The half-lives of disappearance of hCT-(1--32) were faster compared to sCT-(1--32), but the difference was not statistically significant. The urinary clearance of hCT-(1--32) determined during the 1 and 4 mg/240 min infusions of hCT-(1--32), as well as of sCT-(1--32) determined during the 0.04-mg infusions of sCT-(1--32) was about 0.1% of the MCR. The half-lives of disappearance of hCT- and sCT-(1--32) incubated in vitro in plasma and urine ranged from 17 to more than 72 h, and the degradation did not affect our calculations of the metabolic breakdown of exogenous CT in vivo.", "PMID": 571211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9408", "title": "Ascorbate and peroxidase changes during pregnancy in albino rat and Swiss mouse.", "content": "From the 1st to 6th days of pregnancy in the rat, while the blastocyst is still in the fallopian tube, there is high peroxidase activity in the corpus luteum, the blastocyst, and there is high peroxidase activity in the endometrium. On day 8 of pregnancy, peroxidase activity in the corpus luteum begins to fall rapidly, and there is a sharp rise in the peroxidase activity of the uterine endometrium. In all these tissues an inverse relationship exists between peroxidase and ascorbate content. We suggest the involvement of the peroxidase-ascorbate system in the mechanism of the extended function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy and a role for free radicals in the process of implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus.", "contents": "Ascorbate and peroxidase changes during pregnancy in albino rat and Swiss mouse. From the 1st to 6th days of pregnancy in the rat, while the blastocyst is still in the fallopian tube, there is high peroxidase activity in the corpus luteum, the blastocyst, and there is high peroxidase activity in the endometrium. On day 8 of pregnancy, peroxidase activity in the corpus luteum begins to fall rapidly, and there is a sharp rise in the peroxidase activity of the uterine endometrium. In all these tissues an inverse relationship exists between peroxidase and ascorbate content. We suggest the involvement of the peroxidase-ascorbate system in the mechanism of the extended function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy and a role for free radicals in the process of implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus.", "PMID": 571212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9409", "title": "Recovery of intact male and female Dipetalonema streptocerca from man.", "content": "When attempts at teasing adult Dipetalonema streptocerca free from biopsy specimens of human skin proved futile a digestion procedure was initiated. Punch biopsy specimens fixed in Michel's solution (ammonium sulfate) were incubated at 25 degrees C for 3 days in a 1.0% solution of collagenase in tris-HCl buffer. Intact worms were carefully teased out of the digested collagen and camera lucida drawings and measurements were then possible. This marks the first description of intact D. streptocerca adults recovered from man.", "contents": "Recovery of intact male and female Dipetalonema streptocerca from man. When attempts at teasing adult Dipetalonema streptocerca free from biopsy specimens of human skin proved futile a digestion procedure was initiated. Punch biopsy specimens fixed in Michel's solution (ammonium sulfate) were incubated at 25 degrees C for 3 days in a 1.0% solution of collagenase in tris-HCl buffer. Intact worms were carefully teased out of the digested collagen and camera lucida drawings and measurements were then possible. This marks the first description of intact D. streptocerca adults recovered from man.", "PMID": 571213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9410", "title": "Nonlinear antagonism of anesthesia in mice by pressure.", "content": "Previous studies have shown a rectilinear antagonism by pressure of nitrous oxide or isoflurane anesthesia in mice (pressure reversal). Since a rectilinear pressure reversal is predicted by the critical volume hypothesis for anesthesia, we examined this phenomenon with two other gases. We measured the doses of argon or nitrogen which abolished the righting reflex in 50% of animals (ED50) at various high pressures produced by the addition of helium. The ED50 values of argon and nitrogen alone are 16.7 +/- 1.37 and 38.3 +/- 1.62 atmospheres absolute (ATA). Fifty-five percent more argon and 27% more nitrogen is needed to produce anesthesia at 100 ATA. However the increasing anesthetic requirements with pressure were curvilinearly related to pressure, rising most steeply at pressures near the ED50 without helium. This suggests that the pressure reversal of anesthesia is not simply a reciprocal anesthetic expansion-pressure compression phenomenon as predicted by the critical volume hypothesis. It suggests that anesthetics and pressure act at different sites.", "contents": "Nonlinear antagonism of anesthesia in mice by pressure. Previous studies have shown a rectilinear antagonism by pressure of nitrous oxide or isoflurane anesthesia in mice (pressure reversal). Since a rectilinear pressure reversal is predicted by the critical volume hypothesis for anesthesia, we examined this phenomenon with two other gases. We measured the doses of argon or nitrogen which abolished the righting reflex in 50% of animals (ED50) at various high pressures produced by the addition of helium. The ED50 values of argon and nitrogen alone are 16.7 +/- 1.37 and 38.3 +/- 1.62 atmospheres absolute (ATA). Fifty-five percent more argon and 27% more nitrogen is needed to produce anesthesia at 100 ATA. However the increasing anesthetic requirements with pressure were curvilinearly related to pressure, rising most steeply at pressures near the ED50 without helium. This suggests that the pressure reversal of anesthesia is not simply a reciprocal anesthetic expansion-pressure compression phenomenon as predicted by the critical volume hypothesis. It suggests that anesthetics and pressure act at different sites.", "PMID": 571217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9411", "title": "Rapid volume expansion in patients with interstitial lung diseases.", "content": "Rapid administration of intravascular volume expanders is often necessary during anesthesia. Significant controversy still exists on the relative values of different volume expanders. Fifteen hypoxemic patients (Pao2 less than 70 torr on room air) were studied preoperatively. They were randomized into three groups. One group received 1.5 ml/kg of 25% salt-poor human albumin, a second group, 7 ml/kg of fresh frozen plasma; a third group, 7 ml/kg of 0.9% NaCl in water (normal saline). The infusions were given intravenously and completed in 20 minutes. Changes in hemodynamic pressures and flows, blood chemistries, and oxygen uptake and transport variables were studied. It was concluded that fresh frozen plasma afforded the greatest increase in cardiac output and oxygen availability with the least increase in left ventricular stroke work. Colloid osmotic pressure was more significantly increased by fresh frozen plasma than by salt-poor human albumin. Normal saline caused both a decrease in oxygen availability and colloid osmotic pressure. Pulmonary venous admixture increased to some extent in all patients receiving fresh frozen plasma or normal saline. In three patients, this increase was very marked and accompanied by severe arterial hypoxemia.", "contents": "Rapid volume expansion in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Rapid administration of intravascular volume expanders is often necessary during anesthesia. Significant controversy still exists on the relative values of different volume expanders. Fifteen hypoxemic patients (Pao2 less than 70 torr on room air) were studied preoperatively. They were randomized into three groups. One group received 1.5 ml/kg of 25% salt-poor human albumin, a second group, 7 ml/kg of fresh frozen plasma; a third group, 7 ml/kg of 0.9% NaCl in water (normal saline). The infusions were given intravenously and completed in 20 minutes. Changes in hemodynamic pressures and flows, blood chemistries, and oxygen uptake and transport variables were studied. It was concluded that fresh frozen plasma afforded the greatest increase in cardiac output and oxygen availability with the least increase in left ventricular stroke work. Colloid osmotic pressure was more significantly increased by fresh frozen plasma than by salt-poor human albumin. Normal saline caused both a decrease in oxygen availability and colloid osmotic pressure. Pulmonary venous admixture increased to some extent in all patients receiving fresh frozen plasma or normal saline. In three patients, this increase was very marked and accompanied by severe arterial hypoxemia.", "PMID": 571216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9412", "title": "Echocardiographic analysis of human left ventricular diastolic volume and cardiac performance during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Using M-mode echocardiography we found that 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% end-tidal halothane induced dose-related increases in left ventricular volume and decreases in left ventricular performance in seven normal unpremedicated subjects. During controlled respiration with normocarbia, the diastolic minor axis of the heart, which is related to the cube root of left ventricular volume, increased to a maximum of 107. 7 +/- 1.9 (% +/- SE of control) at 1.5% end-tidal halothane from a control value of 43.5 +/- 1.3 (mm +/- SE). Two ejection-phase performance variables, percentage shortening and mean velocity of circumferential shortening decreased to 60.1 +/- 6.1 (% +/- SE of control) and 62.4 +/- 6.5, (% +/- SE of control) at 1.5% halothane from respective control values of 29.7 +/- 2.61 (% +/- SE) and 0.94 +/- 0.08 (circumferences/second +/- SE). Surgical stimulation did not significantly affect these changes. Under these experimental conditions, we conclude that halothane dilates the heart, and that echocardiography can be used to monitor the depressant effect of halothane on the heart.", "contents": "Echocardiographic analysis of human left ventricular diastolic volume and cardiac performance during halothane anesthesia. Using M-mode echocardiography we found that 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% end-tidal halothane induced dose-related increases in left ventricular volume and decreases in left ventricular performance in seven normal unpremedicated subjects. During controlled respiration with normocarbia, the diastolic minor axis of the heart, which is related to the cube root of left ventricular volume, increased to a maximum of 107. 7 +/- 1.9 (% +/- SE of control) at 1.5% end-tidal halothane from a control value of 43.5 +/- 1.3 (mm +/- SE). Two ejection-phase performance variables, percentage shortening and mean velocity of circumferential shortening decreased to 60.1 +/- 6.1 (% +/- SE of control) and 62.4 +/- 6.5, (% +/- SE of control) at 1.5% halothane from respective control values of 29.7 +/- 2.61 (% +/- SE) and 0.94 +/- 0.08 (circumferences/second +/- SE). Surgical stimulation did not significantly affect these changes. Under these experimental conditions, we conclude that halothane dilates the heart, and that echocardiography can be used to monitor the depressant effect of halothane on the heart.", "PMID": 571218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9413", "title": "Nitrous oxide increases enflurane concentrations delivered by Ethrane vaporizers.", "content": "Delivered enflurane concentrations from two calibrated Ethrane vaporizers were determined with total gas flows of 3,5 and 8 L/min. Regardless of total gas flow the presence of 60% nitrous oxide increased enflurane concentrations by 20 to 40% above those concentrations present when only oxygen was flowing through the vaporizer. This nitrous oxide effect was present at all dial settings studied except the lowest engraved (0.25) concentration. Enflurane output at the 0.25% setting was 0.38% with or without nitrous oxide. Maximum changes in enflurane concentrations after adding nitrous oxide required about 5 minutes but the rapidity with which enflurane concentrations approached this maximum value were directly related to total gas flow. Similar effects of nitrous oxide on enflurane output from Cyprane Ethrane vaporizers were also measured. The mechanism of increased vaporizer enflurane output in the presence of nitrous oxide is unknown but may reflect increased gas flow through the vaporizing chamber secondary to increase in gas density associated with nitrous oxide. A similar mechanism has been proposed to explain increased halothane concentrations delivered by Fluotec Mark 2 vaporizers in the presence of nitrous oxide. Clinically, central system stimulation and anesthetic overdose may occur from increased enflurane concentrations delivered when nitrous oxide is added to the gases flowing through the Ethrane vaporizer. The ability to deliver low enflurane concentrations is limited since the measured concentration at the lowest dial setting was nearly 0.4%.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide increases enflurane concentrations delivered by Ethrane vaporizers. Delivered enflurane concentrations from two calibrated Ethrane vaporizers were determined with total gas flows of 3,5 and 8 L/min. Regardless of total gas flow the presence of 60% nitrous oxide increased enflurane concentrations by 20 to 40% above those concentrations present when only oxygen was flowing through the vaporizer. This nitrous oxide effect was present at all dial settings studied except the lowest engraved (0.25) concentration. Enflurane output at the 0.25% setting was 0.38% with or without nitrous oxide. Maximum changes in enflurane concentrations after adding nitrous oxide required about 5 minutes but the rapidity with which enflurane concentrations approached this maximum value were directly related to total gas flow. Similar effects of nitrous oxide on enflurane output from Cyprane Ethrane vaporizers were also measured. The mechanism of increased vaporizer enflurane output in the presence of nitrous oxide is unknown but may reflect increased gas flow through the vaporizing chamber secondary to increase in gas density associated with nitrous oxide. A similar mechanism has been proposed to explain increased halothane concentrations delivered by Fluotec Mark 2 vaporizers in the presence of nitrous oxide. Clinically, central system stimulation and anesthetic overdose may occur from increased enflurane concentrations delivered when nitrous oxide is added to the gases flowing through the Ethrane vaporizer. The ability to deliver low enflurane concentrations is limited since the measured concentration at the lowest dial setting was nearly 0.4%.", "PMID": 571219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9414", "title": "Management of suspected malignant hyperpyrexia in an infant.", "content": "A case of possible malignant hyperthermia in a 6-month-old child is presented. Malignant hyperthermia was manifested in this patient by persistent metabolic acidosis in the intraoperative and postoperative periods, by a rapid rise in temperature with concomitant unresponsiveness in the postoperative period, and by a positive caffeine-halothane stimulation test. The malignant hyperthermia occurring in the postoperative period resolved promptly following administration of dantrolene sodium. An unusual aspect of this case is that both of the child's parents had normal CPK values and negative caffeine-halothane stimulation tests.", "contents": "Management of suspected malignant hyperpyrexia in an infant. A case of possible malignant hyperthermia in a 6-month-old child is presented. Malignant hyperthermia was manifested in this patient by persistent metabolic acidosis in the intraoperative and postoperative periods, by a rapid rise in temperature with concomitant unresponsiveness in the postoperative period, and by a positive caffeine-halothane stimulation test. The malignant hyperthermia occurring in the postoperative period resolved promptly following administration of dantrolene sodium. An unusual aspect of this case is that both of the child's parents had normal CPK values and negative caffeine-halothane stimulation tests.", "PMID": 571220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9415", "title": "Cardiovascular and pulmonary responses following etomidate induction of anesthesia in patients with demonstrated cardiac disease.", "content": "Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects following the administration of 0.3 mg/kg of etomidate were studied in patients with documented cardiac disease. The only significant change was a slight elevation (2 torr) in arterial carbon dioxide tension.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and pulmonary responses following etomidate induction of anesthesia in patients with demonstrated cardiac disease. Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects following the administration of 0.3 mg/kg of etomidate were studied in patients with documented cardiac disease. The only significant change was a slight elevation (2 torr) in arterial carbon dioxide tension.", "PMID": 571221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9416", "title": "Hypotension and respiratory distress caused by rapid infusion of mannitol or hypertonic saline.", "content": "Following a case of mannitol-induced respiratory and circulatory collapse, the effects of hyperosmolar injections on pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic blood pressure, and cardiac output were studied in dogs. The injection of 20 ml of 10% NaCl into the pulmonary artery increased pulmonary arterial pressure and decreased systemic blood pressure by approximately 50% of control values. Injections of solutions of equal hyperosmolar strength, 50 ml of 25% mannitol or 50 ml of 4% NaCl into the pulmonary artery produced no significant elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure, but were associated with comparable decreases in systemic blood pressure. When allowed to vary, cardiac output increased with injections of all three hyperosmolar solutions, yet was still accompanied by falls in systemic blood pressure as large as when cardiac output was held constant. Vagotomy did not prevent these changes in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, nor the increase in cardiac output. After five to 10 injections, the decreases in system blood pressure with any of the solutions and the increases in pulmonary arterial pressure with 10% NaCl disappeared and further injections were without effect. It is concluded that adminstration of mannitol probably does not cause pulmonary edema due to fluid overload, nor does it cause heart failure as evidenced by increases in pulmonary arterial pressure. However, rapid injection may cause a fall in blood pressure and may on occasion be accompanied by bronchospasm, especially in sensitive subjects.", "contents": "Hypotension and respiratory distress caused by rapid infusion of mannitol or hypertonic saline. Following a case of mannitol-induced respiratory and circulatory collapse, the effects of hyperosmolar injections on pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic blood pressure, and cardiac output were studied in dogs. The injection of 20 ml of 10% NaCl into the pulmonary artery increased pulmonary arterial pressure and decreased systemic blood pressure by approximately 50% of control values. Injections of solutions of equal hyperosmolar strength, 50 ml of 25% mannitol or 50 ml of 4% NaCl into the pulmonary artery produced no significant elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure, but were associated with comparable decreases in systemic blood pressure. When allowed to vary, cardiac output increased with injections of all three hyperosmolar solutions, yet was still accompanied by falls in systemic blood pressure as large as when cardiac output was held constant. Vagotomy did not prevent these changes in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, nor the increase in cardiac output. After five to 10 injections, the decreases in system blood pressure with any of the solutions and the increases in pulmonary arterial pressure with 10% NaCl disappeared and further injections were without effect. It is concluded that adminstration of mannitol probably does not cause pulmonary edema due to fluid overload, nor does it cause heart failure as evidenced by increases in pulmonary arterial pressure. However, rapid injection may cause a fall in blood pressure and may on occasion be accompanied by bronchospasm, especially in sensitive subjects.", "PMID": 571222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9417", "title": "Abuse of nitrous oxide.", "content": "The results of an anonymous questionnaire showed that up to 20% of medical and dental students have utilized nitrous oxide in a social setting to produce a \"high.\" Nitrous oxide was obtained from a variety of sources, most often from cylinders used in the production of whipped cream. Although none of the 524 respondents described personal injury with the use of nitrous oxide, a few individuals reported cyanosis, nausea, and syncope.", "contents": "Abuse of nitrous oxide. The results of an anonymous questionnaire showed that up to 20% of medical and dental students have utilized nitrous oxide in a social setting to produce a \"high.\" Nitrous oxide was obtained from a variety of sources, most often from cylinders used in the production of whipped cream. Although none of the 524 respondents described personal injury with the use of nitrous oxide, a few individuals reported cyanosis, nausea, and syncope.", "PMID": 571232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9418", "title": "Mutual potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of antibiotics and relaxants.", "content": "The interaction of d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, or succinylcholine with neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B was investigated using a rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. All neuromuscular blocking agents (relaxants) mutually potentiated the neuromuscular blocking action of one another; combinations of ineffective concentrations of relaxants and antibiotics caused an 82 to 98% neuromuscular block. This extensive potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of relaxants by antibiotics can be attributed to the fact that antibiotics not only have a curare-like stabilizing effect on the postjunctional membrane, but also decrease presynaptic acetylcholine release. Neostigmine (0.25 microgram/ml) only partially antagonized the neuromuscular block caused by the various drug combinations. In contrast, 4 microgram/ml of 4-aminopyridine returned the twitch tension, depressed by combined administration of relaxants and antibiotics, to or above control values except in the case of neuromuscular block caused by the combinations of succinylcholine and polymyxin B.", "contents": "Mutual potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of antibiotics and relaxants. The interaction of d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, or succinylcholine with neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B was investigated using a rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. All neuromuscular blocking agents (relaxants) mutually potentiated the neuromuscular blocking action of one another; combinations of ineffective concentrations of relaxants and antibiotics caused an 82 to 98% neuromuscular block. This extensive potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of relaxants by antibiotics can be attributed to the fact that antibiotics not only have a curare-like stabilizing effect on the postjunctional membrane, but also decrease presynaptic acetylcholine release. Neostigmine (0.25 microgram/ml) only partially antagonized the neuromuscular block caused by the various drug combinations. In contrast, 4 microgram/ml of 4-aminopyridine returned the twitch tension, depressed by combined administration of relaxants and antibiotics, to or above control values except in the case of neuromuscular block caused by the combinations of succinylcholine and polymyxin B.", "PMID": 571233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9419", "title": "The significance of secretory IgA in middle ear fluid.", "content": "Studies of immunoglobulin levels in middle ear fluid in children with chronic otitis media show that MEF (middle ear fluid) IgA levels are proportionately higher than serum levels. Disproportionately elevated MEF IgA levels may be due to secretory IgA. Finding secretory IgA in MEF suggests the presence of a secretory epithelium and may define the etiology of chronic inflammation. Resolution of the secretory epithelium may be hastened with adequate ventilation of the middle ear space.", "contents": "The significance of secretory IgA in middle ear fluid. Studies of immunoglobulin levels in middle ear fluid in children with chronic otitis media show that MEF (middle ear fluid) IgA levels are proportionately higher than serum levels. Disproportionately elevated MEF IgA levels may be due to secretory IgA. Finding secretory IgA in MEF suggests the presence of a secretory epithelium and may define the etiology of chronic inflammation. Resolution of the secretory epithelium may be hastened with adequate ventilation of the middle ear space.", "PMID": 571255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9420", "title": "Angiography of the crus penis in the ram and buck during erection.", "content": "Serial angiography was used to determine blood flow patterns to the penis of rams and bucks. Animals were anesthetized and the internal pudendal artery was catheterized so that contrast medium could be injected toward the crus penis area. By comparing vascular patterns of the ram and buck during erection, it was found that flow patterns of the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) and corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) were similar for both species. Contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscles occluded the arterial inflow and venous outflow to the CCP, making it a closed system during peak erection. However, during erection, the contrast medium continued to flow into the CSP, showing that it is not a closed system. In the vasodilatation phase, the CSP usually filled before and more intensely than did the CCP.", "contents": "Angiography of the crus penis in the ram and buck during erection. Serial angiography was used to determine blood flow patterns to the penis of rams and bucks. Animals were anesthetized and the internal pudendal artery was catheterized so that contrast medium could be injected toward the crus penis area. By comparing vascular patterns of the ram and buck during erection, it was found that flow patterns of the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) and corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) were similar for both species. Contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscles occluded the arterial inflow and venous outflow to the CCP, making it a closed system during peak erection. However, during erection, the contrast medium continued to flow into the CSP, showing that it is not a closed system. In the vasodilatation phase, the CSP usually filled before and more intensely than did the CCP.", "PMID": 571256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9421", "title": "Analgesic properties of lidocaine in mice.", "content": "The analgesic properties of lidocaine and morphine were compared in mice using a hot plate stimulus. An analgesic response was defined as an increase in the time required for an animal to attempt to escape by jumping. When compared to saline-treated controls, lidocaine produced a statistically significant dose-related delay in response to heat. Dose-response curves for morphine and lidocaine indicated that morphine has greater potency and efficacy. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) reversed the analgesic response due to morphine (10 mg/kg) but had no effect on the analgesia produced by lidocaine (50 mg/kg).", "contents": "Analgesic properties of lidocaine in mice. The analgesic properties of lidocaine and morphine were compared in mice using a hot plate stimulus. An analgesic response was defined as an increase in the time required for an animal to attempt to escape by jumping. When compared to saline-treated controls, lidocaine produced a statistically significant dose-related delay in response to heat. Dose-response curves for morphine and lidocaine indicated that morphine has greater potency and efficacy. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) reversed the analgesic response due to morphine (10 mg/kg) but had no effect on the analgesia produced by lidocaine (50 mg/kg).", "PMID": 571251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9422", "title": "Serum cholinesterase levels in patients with cancer.", "content": "Serum cholinesterase levels were determined in 180 patients with carcinoma and in 146 normal subjects. Serum cholinesterase activity was significantly lower in patients suffering from cancer than in normal controls, though still within the normal range. The degree of depression of serum cholinesterase activity was influenced by the extent to which the malignancy had spread and by the site of the primary lesion.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase levels in patients with cancer. Serum cholinesterase levels were determined in 180 patients with carcinoma and in 146 normal subjects. Serum cholinesterase activity was significantly lower in patients suffering from cancer than in normal controls, though still within the normal range. The degree of depression of serum cholinesterase activity was influenced by the extent to which the malignancy had spread and by the site of the primary lesion.", "PMID": 571250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9423", "title": "Pulmonary function in identical twins: comparison of nonsmokers and smokers.", "content": "Forty-five apparently normal pairs of identical twins were given pulmonary function tests to determine the role of genetics in bronchial susceptibility to cigarette smoke. Maximal expiratory flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity (Vmax60) was the best discriminator of smokers from nonsmokers among pairs in which one member smoked and the other did not. The intrapair difference of Vmax60 values in pairs in which both members smoked was the same as in pairs in which both members did not smoke. These data support the view that genetic factors are important in determining the vulnerability of the airways to cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in identical twins: comparison of nonsmokers and smokers. Forty-five apparently normal pairs of identical twins were given pulmonary function tests to determine the role of genetics in bronchial susceptibility to cigarette smoke. Maximal expiratory flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity (Vmax60) was the best discriminator of smokers from nonsmokers among pairs in which one member smoked and the other did not. The intrapair difference of Vmax60 values in pairs in which both members smoked was the same as in pairs in which both members did not smoke. These data support the view that genetic factors are important in determining the vulnerability of the airways to cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 571257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9424", "title": "Naloxone fails to antagonize halothane-induced depression of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum.", "content": "The influence of halothane, or naloxone, or halothane followed by naloxone was investigated in the in vitro myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea pig ileum. Halothane alone in 1.5 to 2.0% (v/v) concentration caused about 50% depression of the twitch and decreased both spontaneous acetylcholine (ACh) release (p less than 0.02) and volley output of ACh (p less than 0.02). Very high concentrations (greater than 1 micron) of naloxone caused a nonspecific, postsynaptic depression of the twitch. Higher than 100 nM concentrations of naloxone increased spontaneous ACh release, but had no effect on the volley output of ACh. Over a wide concentration range, from 15 nM to 3 micron, naloxone did not antagonize in the longitudinal muscle preparation the effects of halothane on any of the parameters investigated. These findings indicate that the sites of action of halothane and naloxone in this preparation are not identical.", "contents": "Naloxone fails to antagonize halothane-induced depression of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. The influence of halothane, or naloxone, or halothane followed by naloxone was investigated in the in vitro myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea pig ileum. Halothane alone in 1.5 to 2.0% (v/v) concentration caused about 50% depression of the twitch and decreased both spontaneous acetylcholine (ACh) release (p less than 0.02) and volley output of ACh (p less than 0.02). Very high concentrations (greater than 1 micron) of naloxone caused a nonspecific, postsynaptic depression of the twitch. Higher than 100 nM concentrations of naloxone increased spontaneous ACh release, but had no effect on the volley output of ACh. Over a wide concentration range, from 15 nM to 3 micron, naloxone did not antagonize in the longitudinal muscle preparation the effects of halothane on any of the parameters investigated. These findings indicate that the sites of action of halothane and naloxone in this preparation are not identical.", "PMID": 571252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9425", "title": "Growth, survival, and resistance of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "content": "The Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium can now be readily cultured on artificial media. Studies were done to define the growth and survival of the LD bacterium in these media and ascertain its susceptibility to disinfecting agents. Growth-curve studies of the Philadelphia 1 strain using Mueller-Hinton broth with ferric pyrophosphate and L-cysteine (Feeley-Gorman broth) showed a lag phase of less than 24 h, a generation time of 3.8 h during the logarithmic phase, a plateau of 2 x 10(7) organisms per millilitre, and continued viability for as long as 110 d. Viability on chocolate agar with 1% hemoglobin and 2% IsoVitaleX added reached 150 d. This strain was susceptible to a variety of commonly recommended hospital and laboratory disinfectants, often in low concentrations. These investigations suggest that prolonged survival may occur in natural as well as artificial milieus and that low concentrations of phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and hypochlorite could eradicate potential reservoirs for human infection.", "contents": "Growth, survival, and resistance of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. The Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium can now be readily cultured on artificial media. Studies were done to define the growth and survival of the LD bacterium in these media and ascertain its susceptibility to disinfecting agents. Growth-curve studies of the Philadelphia 1 strain using Mueller-Hinton broth with ferric pyrophosphate and L-cysteine (Feeley-Gorman broth) showed a lag phase of less than 24 h, a generation time of 3.8 h during the logarithmic phase, a plateau of 2 x 10(7) organisms per millilitre, and continued viability for as long as 110 d. Viability on chocolate agar with 1% hemoglobin and 2% IsoVitaleX added reached 150 d. This strain was susceptible to a variety of commonly recommended hospital and laboratory disinfectants, often in low concentrations. These investigations suggest that prolonged survival may occur in natural as well as artificial milieus and that low concentrations of phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and hypochlorite could eradicate potential reservoirs for human infection.", "PMID": 571258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9426", "title": "Failure of lidocaine to trigger porcine malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Lidocaine, considered by some to be potentially dangerous in malignant hyperthermia (MH), was administered intravenously to a dose of 15 mg/kg to five conscious MH-susceptible pigs. Subsequently the same pigs were given 24 mg/kg intravenously over a period of 2 hours after being anesthetized with thiopental. All animals developed systemic toxicity to lidocaine but without evidence of MH. Prior administration of lidocaine did not prevent development of subsequent MH due to succinylcholine and halothane. Lidocaine is safe in porcine MH.", "contents": "Failure of lidocaine to trigger porcine malignant hyperthermia. Lidocaine, considered by some to be potentially dangerous in malignant hyperthermia (MH), was administered intravenously to a dose of 15 mg/kg to five conscious MH-susceptible pigs. Subsequently the same pigs were given 24 mg/kg intravenously over a period of 2 hours after being anesthetized with thiopental. All animals developed systemic toxicity to lidocaine but without evidence of MH. Prior administration of lidocaine did not prevent development of subsequent MH due to succinylcholine and halothane. Lidocaine is safe in porcine MH.", "PMID": 571253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9427", "title": "Diurnal intraocular pressure in juvenile open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Outpatient diurnal intraocular pressures were obtained on 10 patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma at approximately 6 hour intervals. There were 8 males and 2 females with an age range of 19 to 38 years. All glaucomatous medications were stopped 24 hours before recording the tensions. The peak intraocular pressure was recorded at the 6 PM interval in 6 of the 10 patients. Three patients recorded their highest pressures at the 12 AM (midnight) interval. Extraordinarily wide angles were observed in all cases and myopia was a common refractive error. Although the family history was not known in 3 patients, there was a positive family history of glaucoma in 7 of the 10 patients, which suggests an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Diurnal intraocular pressure in juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Outpatient diurnal intraocular pressures were obtained on 10 patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma at approximately 6 hour intervals. There were 8 males and 2 females with an age range of 19 to 38 years. All glaucomatous medications were stopped 24 hours before recording the tensions. The peak intraocular pressure was recorded at the 6 PM interval in 6 of the 10 patients. Three patients recorded their highest pressures at the 12 AM (midnight) interval. Extraordinarily wide angles were observed in all cases and myopia was a common refractive error. Although the family history was not known in 3 patients, there was a positive family history of glaucoma in 7 of the 10 patients, which suggests an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 571260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9428", "title": "Comparison of squirting made before or after milking on udder infections.", "content": "Within an experimental herd, three groups have been randomly constituted --Control group without squirting --Squirting before milking group --Squirting after milking group. The number of new infections and of persistent infections at the end of the experiment diminishes in the squirting after milking group (Table 1); in this group there were no superinfections (Table 2). The distribution of pathogens is similar for the three groups (Table 3). The results of this experiment are compared with those of three previous squirting experiments done on the same herd (Table 4). The pathogenic and practical signification of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of squirting made before or after milking on udder infections. Within an experimental herd, three groups have been randomly constituted --Control group without squirting --Squirting before milking group --Squirting after milking group. The number of new infections and of persistent infections at the end of the experiment diminishes in the squirting after milking group (Table 1); in this group there were no superinfections (Table 2). The distribution of pathogens is similar for the three groups (Table 3). The results of this experiment are compared with those of three previous squirting experiments done on the same herd (Table 4). The pathogenic and practical signification of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 571261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9429", "title": "Convenient procedures for the biosynthesis, isolation, and isotope labeling of cytochalasins.", "content": "Efforts to improve small-scale yields of useful cytochalasins by fermentation resulted in selection of an enriched aflatoxin medium which increased yields by fivefold over those reported in the literature. With Helminthosporium dematoideum and Zygosporium masonii in stationary culture for 3 weeks, cytochalasins B and D were obtained in quantities approaching 700 and 500 mg/liter, respectively. It appears that the critical component in this growth medium is factors associated with whole wheat. By using these procedures, coupled with improvements in isolation, supplementation with two radioactive phenylalanine species readily produced [14C]- or [3H]cytochalasin B. Oxidation of carrier-free radioactive cytochalasin B to cytochasasin A readily provided this labeled congener as well. The isotopic ocnversion of precursor to crystalline products that met analytical criteria ranged from 2 to 4% of the administered radioactivity.", "contents": "Convenient procedures for the biosynthesis, isolation, and isotope labeling of cytochalasins. Efforts to improve small-scale yields of useful cytochalasins by fermentation resulted in selection of an enriched aflatoxin medium which increased yields by fivefold over those reported in the literature. With Helminthosporium dematoideum and Zygosporium masonii in stationary culture for 3 weeks, cytochalasins B and D were obtained in quantities approaching 700 and 500 mg/liter, respectively. It appears that the critical component in this growth medium is factors associated with whole wheat. By using these procedures, coupled with improvements in isolation, supplementation with two radioactive phenylalanine species readily produced [14C]- or [3H]cytochalasin B. Oxidation of carrier-free radioactive cytochalasin B to cytochasasin A readily provided this labeled congener as well. The isotopic ocnversion of precursor to crystalline products that met analytical criteria ranged from 2 to 4% of the administered radioactivity.", "PMID": 571262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9430", "title": "Curd and whey proteins in the nutrition of low birthweight babies.", "content": "Some animals thrive more satisfactorily on a milk that contains whey and curd protein. For this reason human milk protein (which contains about 40% whey) may have some advantages over cows' milk protein (which contains about 15% whey) and so infants feeding formulae based on demineralised whey in which the protein has been modified to achieve a curd:whey ratio similar to that in human milk may also thrive more satisfactorily. As the exact situation in the human newborn is unclear, the effects of feeding a formula containing unmodified cows' milk protein (mainly curd) and one containing the same amount of modified cows' milk protein (curd and whey) were studied in 57 low birthweight babies during the first 3 months of life. During the early weeks of life the curd and whey group grew bigger, absorbed more nitrogen, and excreted proportionately less urea. These results suggest that a curd and whey formula has advantages in the protein nutrition of low birthweight babies, especially the preterm ones. We feel it would be unwise to reduce the protein content of a formula based on cows' milk below 15 g/1 unless it was modified to achieve a larger proportion of whey protein and hence, among other qualities, more cysteine. Although some of the qualities of human milk protein can be mimicked by the use of demineralised whey formulae, others cannot.", "contents": "Curd and whey proteins in the nutrition of low birthweight babies. Some animals thrive more satisfactorily on a milk that contains whey and curd protein. For this reason human milk protein (which contains about 40% whey) may have some advantages over cows' milk protein (which contains about 15% whey) and so infants feeding formulae based on demineralised whey in which the protein has been modified to achieve a curd:whey ratio similar to that in human milk may also thrive more satisfactorily. As the exact situation in the human newborn is unclear, the effects of feeding a formula containing unmodified cows' milk protein (mainly curd) and one containing the same amount of modified cows' milk protein (curd and whey) were studied in 57 low birthweight babies during the first 3 months of life. During the early weeks of life the curd and whey group grew bigger, absorbed more nitrogen, and excreted proportionately less urea. These results suggest that a curd and whey formula has advantages in the protein nutrition of low birthweight babies, especially the preterm ones. We feel it would be unwise to reduce the protein content of a formula based on cows' milk below 15 g/1 unless it was modified to achieve a larger proportion of whey protein and hence, among other qualities, more cysteine. Although some of the qualities of human milk protein can be mimicked by the use of demineralised whey formulae, others cannot.", "PMID": 571263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9431", "title": "[The effect of various doses HCG on ovulation stimulation in gilts following previous biotechnical puberty induction].", "content": "The effects of various doses of human chorionic gonadetropine (HCG) to stimulate ovulation in 86 gilts in which puberty had been induced by administration of 500 IU of pregnant mare serum (PMS) and 250 IU of HCG were established by slaughter. Only 26.9 per cent of the group without HCG had completed ovulation 120 hours from puberty induction, but 93.5 per cent had done so in the group which had received additional 500 IU or HCG 78 hours after the PMS/HCG injection. Ovulation was completed by 71.4 per cent of those sows which had been stimulated, using 250 IU of HCG. More accurate timing of ovulation in animals of one and the same group can be helpful in better insemination timing.", "contents": "[The effect of various doses HCG on ovulation stimulation in gilts following previous biotechnical puberty induction]. The effects of various doses of human chorionic gonadetropine (HCG) to stimulate ovulation in 86 gilts in which puberty had been induced by administration of 500 IU of pregnant mare serum (PMS) and 250 IU of HCG were established by slaughter. Only 26.9 per cent of the group without HCG had completed ovulation 120 hours from puberty induction, but 93.5 per cent had done so in the group which had received additional 500 IU or HCG 78 hours after the PMS/HCG injection. Ovulation was completed by 71.4 per cent of those sows which had been stimulated, using 250 IU of HCG. More accurate timing of ovulation in animals of one and the same group can be helpful in better insemination timing.", "PMID": 571265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9432", "title": "[Effect of various injection times in ovulation stimulation in gilts following previous biotechnical puberty induction].", "content": "A conclusion derived from the slaughter of 69 gilts was that no role was played by the time intervals tested between puberty induction, using 500 IU of PMS and 250 IU HCG, and subsequent action to stimulate ovulation. Very good follicle maturation and follicle formation as well as the usual uterus and ovary weights were observed, no matter whether 500 IU of HCG were injected to stimulate ovulation 54, 72 or 78 hours after puberty had been induced. Ovulation was very efficiently synchronised by 500 IU of HCG in all three groups in which the ovulation figures relative to follicle formation 120 hours from puberty induction were 92.6, 94.6 or 92.7 per cent.", "contents": "[Effect of various injection times in ovulation stimulation in gilts following previous biotechnical puberty induction]. A conclusion derived from the slaughter of 69 gilts was that no role was played by the time intervals tested between puberty induction, using 500 IU of PMS and 250 IU HCG, and subsequent action to stimulate ovulation. Very good follicle maturation and follicle formation as well as the usual uterus and ovary weights were observed, no matter whether 500 IU of HCG were injected to stimulate ovulation 54, 72 or 78 hours after puberty had been induced. Ovulation was very efficiently synchronised by 500 IU of HCG in all three groups in which the ovulation figures relative to follicle formation 120 hours from puberty induction were 92.6, 94.6 or 92.7 per cent.", "PMID": 571266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9433", "title": "[Metabolism, residue and excretion of the anthelmintic 131 I-rafoxanide in blood, milk, meat and urine of lactating cows].", "content": "Rafoxanide, labelled by 131J, was applied orally in the formulation \"Ursovermit\" to 2 lactating cows, 5 mg/kg bodymass, resp. Residues and halflifes in blood, milk and meat and the excretion in urine are given, related to 131J in the chloroform extract. 3,5-diiodosalicyclic acid was found as metabolite in amounts of 1-2,5%, relative to rafoxanide, resp.", "contents": "[Metabolism, residue and excretion of the anthelmintic 131 I-rafoxanide in blood, milk, meat and urine of lactating cows]. Rafoxanide, labelled by 131J, was applied orally in the formulation \"Ursovermit\" to 2 lactating cows, 5 mg/kg bodymass, resp. Residues and halflifes in blood, milk and meat and the excretion in urine are given, related to 131J in the chloroform extract. 3,5-diiodosalicyclic acid was found as metabolite in amounts of 1-2,5%, relative to rafoxanide, resp.", "PMID": 571267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9434", "title": "[Comparative effects of different inhibitors of phenylalanine hydroxylase and dihydropteridine reductase. In vivo and in vitro study in rats].", "content": "The effects of inhibitors of phenylalanine hydroxylase and dihydropteridine reductase have been tested in vivo and in vitro to induce classical phenylketonuria and the variant due to dihydropteridine reductase deficiency. In addition two inhibitors of intestinal absorption of phenulalanine were investigated. Blood, urine, and hepatic parameters have been measured and are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative effects of different inhibitors of phenylalanine hydroxylase and dihydropteridine reductase. In vivo and in vitro study in rats]. The effects of inhibitors of phenylalanine hydroxylase and dihydropteridine reductase have been tested in vivo and in vitro to induce classical phenylketonuria and the variant due to dihydropteridine reductase deficiency. In addition two inhibitors of intestinal absorption of phenulalanine were investigated. Blood, urine, and hepatic parameters have been measured and are discussed.", "PMID": 571268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9435", "title": "Studies on the course and therapy of the immunological and the nonspecific iridocyclitis in rabbits.", "content": "The immune and carrageenin-induced models of iridocyclitis were elaborated. Characteristics of the dynamics and kinetics of the studied inflammatory processes were conducted on the basis of biochemical indices and of biomicroscopic observations of the anterior chamber of the eye. Evaluation of usefulness of the elaborated models of the uveitis for characterization of the therapeutic effectiveness of the drugs was based on the known antiinflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Studies on the course and therapy of the immunological and the nonspecific iridocyclitis in rabbits. The immune and carrageenin-induced models of iridocyclitis were elaborated. Characteristics of the dynamics and kinetics of the studied inflammatory processes were conducted on the basis of biochemical indices and of biomicroscopic observations of the anterior chamber of the eye. Evaluation of usefulness of the elaborated models of the uveitis for characterization of the therapeutic effectiveness of the drugs was based on the known antiinflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 571269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9436", "title": "[Morphometric characteristics of neuron-glial relations in brain edema caused by stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei].", "content": "Morphologic characteristics and certain changes in cell composition of the cortex and the white substance of the brain have been studied at experimentally produced brain edema by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic field, the indefinite zone, Forel's fields H1 and H2. It has been stated that diffuse edema of the white substance and perivascular edema dominate in histopathological changes. Morphometrical analysis of the structural changes had demonstrated a certain increase in the cortex thickness, decreased density in the arrangement of the neurons and increased volume of their nuclei at more moderate enlargement of their body volumes, as well as increased volume of the nuclei in the cortical glial cells and the white substance cells. In the cortex cells is observed, that is accompanied with increased glial index and average number of perineuronal gliocytes per one neuron. Simultaneously, in both hemispheres, the character in the arrangement of the perineuronal glia as regards the neuron changes. At the same time, in the white substance, the density of the glial arrangement sharply decreases. The changes have demonstrated that wider perivascular spaces predominate in small vessels. All the changes mentioned are more pronounced in the contralateral hemisphere.", "contents": "[Morphometric characteristics of neuron-glial relations in brain edema caused by stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei]. Morphologic characteristics and certain changes in cell composition of the cortex and the white substance of the brain have been studied at experimentally produced brain edema by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic field, the indefinite zone, Forel's fields H1 and H2. It has been stated that diffuse edema of the white substance and perivascular edema dominate in histopathological changes. Morphometrical analysis of the structural changes had demonstrated a certain increase in the cortex thickness, decreased density in the arrangement of the neurons and increased volume of their nuclei at more moderate enlargement of their body volumes, as well as increased volume of the nuclei in the cortical glial cells and the white substance cells. In the cortex cells is observed, that is accompanied with increased glial index and average number of perineuronal gliocytes per one neuron. Simultaneously, in both hemispheres, the character in the arrangement of the perineuronal glia as regards the neuron changes. At the same time, in the white substance, the density of the glial arrangement sharply decreases. The changes have demonstrated that wider perivascular spaces predominate in small vessels. All the changes mentioned are more pronounced in the contralateral hemisphere.", "PMID": 571270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9437", "title": "CNS changes in hyperbilirubinemia. Functional implications.", "content": "Hyperbilirubinemia is a recognized etiologic factor in motor and hearing disorders associated with cerebral palsy. Its role in more subtle forms of neurological impairment is more controversial. Using a mutant animal model, which develops symptoms and signs closely resembling the human kernicterus syndrome, neurons of hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cochlear nuclei, losuc ceruleus, and olfactory bulb were examined by electron microscopy. Pathological changes, observed in all areas studied, consisted of mitochondrial and endoplasmic enlargement and vacuolation, with glycogen deposition; increased extracellular space; myelin figures; and degenerating changes in nerve terminals. If we make the assumption that pathologic changes in the human infant with neonatal jaundice are similar to changes in the animal model, then the widespread involvement of CNS neurons in all cortical areas examined may well help to explain the syndromes of minimal cerebral dysfunction reported in clinical studies.", "contents": "CNS changes in hyperbilirubinemia. Functional implications. Hyperbilirubinemia is a recognized etiologic factor in motor and hearing disorders associated with cerebral palsy. Its role in more subtle forms of neurological impairment is more controversial. Using a mutant animal model, which develops symptoms and signs closely resembling the human kernicterus syndrome, neurons of hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cochlear nuclei, losuc ceruleus, and olfactory bulb were examined by electron microscopy. Pathological changes, observed in all areas studied, consisted of mitochondrial and endoplasmic enlargement and vacuolation, with glycogen deposition; increased extracellular space; myelin figures; and degenerating changes in nerve terminals. If we make the assumption that pathologic changes in the human infant with neonatal jaundice are similar to changes in the animal model, then the widespread involvement of CNS neurons in all cortical areas examined may well help to explain the syndromes of minimal cerebral dysfunction reported in clinical studies.", "PMID": 571271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9438", "title": "Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) toxicity in horses.", "content": "The clinical signs and pathology of 6 field cases of a respiratory disease of horses which occurs in the coastal hinterland of south-eastern Queensland are described. The condition has occurred for many years and has been thought to have been associated with ingestion of Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum). Coughing, rapid heaving respiration, decreased exercise tolerance and loss of condition were seen in affected horses. In longstanding cases fibrosis, alveolar lining cell proliferation, oedema, neutrophil infiltration and abscessation were seen. In some cases vascular thrombosis and infarction occur in the lungs. Similar signs and lesions occurred in one horse fed E. adenophorum for 8 months and early lesions in another fed the flowering stage of the plant for about 6 weeks. Lesions also developed in 2 rabbits experimentally fed the plant, but not in sheep or rats.", "contents": "Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) toxicity in horses. The clinical signs and pathology of 6 field cases of a respiratory disease of horses which occurs in the coastal hinterland of south-eastern Queensland are described. The condition has occurred for many years and has been thought to have been associated with ingestion of Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum). Coughing, rapid heaving respiration, decreased exercise tolerance and loss of condition were seen in affected horses. In longstanding cases fibrosis, alveolar lining cell proliferation, oedema, neutrophil infiltration and abscessation were seen. In some cases vascular thrombosis and infarction occur in the lungs. Similar signs and lesions occurred in one horse fed E. adenophorum for 8 months and early lesions in another fed the flowering stage of the plant for about 6 weeks. Lesions also developed in 2 rabbits experimentally fed the plant, but not in sheep or rats.", "PMID": 571272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9439", "title": "Failure of Heterakis bonasae to transmit Histomonas meleagridis.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine whether Heterakis bonasae eggs from bobwhite quail infected with Histomonas meleagridis would transmit histomoniasis to turkeys. Fifteen helminth-free bobwhites were inoculated per os with embryonated H. bonasae eggs. Each bobwhite was then infected with H. meleagridis via rectal inoculation. Bobwhites that developed cecal lesions rarely retained mature H. bonasae. H. bonasae eggs recovered from bobwhites exposed to or known to have concurrent H. meleagridis infections were inoculated per os to eleven helminth-free turkeys. None of the turkeys developed H. meleagridis infections.", "contents": "Failure of Heterakis bonasae to transmit Histomonas meleagridis. Studies were conducted to determine whether Heterakis bonasae eggs from bobwhite quail infected with Histomonas meleagridis would transmit histomoniasis to turkeys. Fifteen helminth-free bobwhites were inoculated per os with embryonated H. bonasae eggs. Each bobwhite was then infected with H. meleagridis via rectal inoculation. Bobwhites that developed cecal lesions rarely retained mature H. bonasae. H. bonasae eggs recovered from bobwhites exposed to or known to have concurrent H. meleagridis infections were inoculated per os to eleven helminth-free turkeys. None of the turkeys developed H. meleagridis infections.", "PMID": 571273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9440", "title": "Involvement of cytoskeletal structures in nerve-growth-factor-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase.", "content": "Induction of ornithine decarboxylase elicited in response to nerve-growth factor in target organs is greatly decreased by preincubation of these tissues with cytoskeletal poisons such as vinblastine, diamide, cytochalasin B and colchicine. These results are interpreted as evidence for the involvement of receptor-associated cytoskeletal structures in mediating the nerve-growth-factor-specific induction of ornithine decarboxylase.", "contents": "Involvement of cytoskeletal structures in nerve-growth-factor-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Induction of ornithine decarboxylase elicited in response to nerve-growth factor in target organs is greatly decreased by preincubation of these tissues with cytoskeletal poisons such as vinblastine, diamide, cytochalasin B and colchicine. These results are interpreted as evidence for the involvement of receptor-associated cytoskeletal structures in mediating the nerve-growth-factor-specific induction of ornithine decarboxylase.", "PMID": 571277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9441", "title": "Physiological aspects of the regulation of ketogenesis.", "content": "The importance of ketone bodies (acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate) as substrates for peripheral tissues, especially nervous tissue, of man is now firmly established. This has renewed interest in the factors that control the production of ketone bodies by the liver in various physiological situations, such as alterations of dietary status, stage of development or alteration in demand for circulating substrates (e.g. in exercise or lactation). In the discussion of the regulation of ketogenesis in the present paper, distinction is made between extrahepatic and intrahepatic control. The former is mainly concerned with the factors (e.g. hormonal status of animals) that alter the flux of non-esterified fatty acids to the liver, whereas intrahepatic regulation involves the fate (esterification versus beta-oxidation) of fatty acids within the liver. Emphasis is placed on the fact that alterations in blood glucose concentrations are indirectly responsible, via effects on insulin secretion, for the extrahepatic control of ketogenesis. By analogy, it is postulated that the carbohydrate status of the liver may play a role in the intrahepatic regulation of ketogenesis. Some support for this postulate is provided by comparison of measurements of blood ketone-body concentrations in various inborn errors of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism (e.g. deficiencies of glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glycogen synthase) in man and by experiments with isolated rat hepatocytes. Present information on the short- and long-term factors that may be responsible for the altered rates of ketogenesis during the foetal-neonatal and suckling-weanling transitions, in lactation, on feeding a high-fat diet and post-exercise is discussed. It is concluded that the major factors involved in the regulation of ketogenesis in these situations are (a) flux of non-esterified fatty acids to the liver and (b) the partitioning of long-chain acyl-CoA between the esterification and beta-oxidation pathways.", "contents": "Physiological aspects of the regulation of ketogenesis. The importance of ketone bodies (acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate) as substrates for peripheral tissues, especially nervous tissue, of man is now firmly established. This has renewed interest in the factors that control the production of ketone bodies by the liver in various physiological situations, such as alterations of dietary status, stage of development or alteration in demand for circulating substrates (e.g. in exercise or lactation). In the discussion of the regulation of ketogenesis in the present paper, distinction is made between extrahepatic and intrahepatic control. The former is mainly concerned with the factors (e.g. hormonal status of animals) that alter the flux of non-esterified fatty acids to the liver, whereas intrahepatic regulation involves the fate (esterification versus beta-oxidation) of fatty acids within the liver. Emphasis is placed on the fact that alterations in blood glucose concentrations are indirectly responsible, via effects on insulin secretion, for the extrahepatic control of ketogenesis. By analogy, it is postulated that the carbohydrate status of the liver may play a role in the intrahepatic regulation of ketogenesis. Some support for this postulate is provided by comparison of measurements of blood ketone-body concentrations in various inborn errors of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism (e.g. deficiencies of glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glycogen synthase) in man and by experiments with isolated rat hepatocytes. Present information on the short- and long-term factors that may be responsible for the altered rates of ketogenesis during the foetal-neonatal and suckling-weanling transitions, in lactation, on feeding a high-fat diet and post-exercise is discussed. It is concluded that the major factors involved in the regulation of ketogenesis in these situations are (a) flux of non-esterified fatty acids to the liver and (b) the partitioning of long-chain acyl-CoA between the esterification and beta-oxidation pathways.", "PMID": 571280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9442", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine \"in vitro\" on segments of isolated coronary arteries of calves].", "content": "The mechanical responses of coronary arteries to Ach were studied in vitro. Ach caused always a contraction of the preparation, which was prevented or abolished by Athropine but not by Exametonium. Therefore Ach seems to act through muscarinic receptors.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine \"in vitro\" on segments of isolated coronary arteries of calves]. The mechanical responses of coronary arteries to Ach were studied in vitro. Ach caused always a contraction of the preparation, which was prevented or abolished by Athropine but not by Exametonium. Therefore Ach seems to act through muscarinic receptors.", "PMID": 571283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9443", "title": "[Influence of variations of Ca++ on responses of segments of the isolated coronary artery to acetylcholine].", "content": "The effect of external calcium concentration on the Ach-induced contraction of coronary arteries was studied in vitro. It resulted that the effect of Ach was enhanced by the increase, or reduced by the decrease of calcium concentration. It is concluded that, as it was known for the intestinal smooth muscle, also for the smooth muscle of the coronary arteries, the contractile effect of Ach is dependent on the calcium of the medium.", "contents": "[Influence of variations of Ca++ on responses of segments of the isolated coronary artery to acetylcholine]. The effect of external calcium concentration on the Ach-induced contraction of coronary arteries was studied in vitro. It resulted that the effect of Ach was enhanced by the increase, or reduced by the decrease of calcium concentration. It is concluded that, as it was known for the intestinal smooth muscle, also for the smooth muscle of the coronary arteries, the contractile effect of Ach is dependent on the calcium of the medium.", "PMID": 571284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9444", "title": "Hyperprolactinaemia in a patient with the McCune-Albright Syndrome.", "content": "A patient is presented with the syndrome of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and precocious puberty (McCune-Albright Syndrome). In adult life she developed hyperprolactinaemia with galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea; there was also evidence of excessive secretion of growth hormone.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinaemia in a patient with the McCune-Albright Syndrome. A patient is presented with the syndrome of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and precocious puberty (McCune-Albright Syndrome). In adult life she developed hyperprolactinaemia with galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea; there was also evidence of excessive secretion of growth hormone.", "PMID": 571285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9445", "title": "Diurnal changes of the intraocular pressure of patients with angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "The diurnal curves of 21 patients (40 eyes) with angle-closure glaucoma and of 21 normotensive subjects (42 eyes) were studied. The patients with angle-closure glaucoma had a V-shaped diurnal curve that was completely different from the diurnal curve of the normotensive subjects. Most of the eyes of the patients with angle-closure glaucoma had a diurnal change of the intraocular pressure of 8 mmHg or more, while in the normotensive subjects only 1 eye had a diurnal change as large as 8 mmHg.", "contents": "Diurnal changes of the intraocular pressure of patients with angle-closure glaucoma. The diurnal curves of 21 patients (40 eyes) with angle-closure glaucoma and of 21 normotensive subjects (42 eyes) were studied. The patients with angle-closure glaucoma had a V-shaped diurnal curve that was completely different from the diurnal curve of the normotensive subjects. Most of the eyes of the patients with angle-closure glaucoma had a diurnal change of the intraocular pressure of 8 mmHg or more, while in the normotensive subjects only 1 eye had a diurnal change as large as 8 mmHg.", "PMID": 571286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9446", "title": "Estrogen withdrawal in chick oviduct. Evidence for continued expression of active unique genes using an \"expressed\" DNA probe.", "content": "We have analyzed the effect of estrogen on the kinds of unique DNA sequences which are transcriptionally expressed in chick oviduct with an \"expressed\" DNA probe. Steady-state nRNA in estrogen-stimulated chick oviduct represents about 25% of the complexity of total chick unique DNA. To purify this expressed DNA fraction, chick unique DNA was isolated, nick-translated, and hybridized to chemically mercurated oviduct nRNA (Hg-nRNA); the resulting hybrids were bound to sulfhydryl-Sepharose, and DNA was selectively recovered by thermal elution in formamide buffer. To compare the sequence homology between nRNAs isolated from oviduct before or up to 6 days after estrogen withdrawal, trace amounts of expressed DNA derived from estrogen-stimulated oviduct were hybridized in RNA-excess reactions. All nRNAs hybridized with equal efficiency. Furthermore, hybridization of expressed DNA to nRNA mixtures showed that nRNA from nonwithdrawn and withdrawn oviduct contained a similar set of unique sequences. The data indicate that, at most, only a small percentage (0--5%) of transcriptionally active unique DNA sequences are shut down when estrogen is removed from the circulation.", "contents": "Estrogen withdrawal in chick oviduct. Evidence for continued expression of active unique genes using an \"expressed\" DNA probe. We have analyzed the effect of estrogen on the kinds of unique DNA sequences which are transcriptionally expressed in chick oviduct with an \"expressed\" DNA probe. Steady-state nRNA in estrogen-stimulated chick oviduct represents about 25% of the complexity of total chick unique DNA. To purify this expressed DNA fraction, chick unique DNA was isolated, nick-translated, and hybridized to chemically mercurated oviduct nRNA (Hg-nRNA); the resulting hybrids were bound to sulfhydryl-Sepharose, and DNA was selectively recovered by thermal elution in formamide buffer. To compare the sequence homology between nRNAs isolated from oviduct before or up to 6 days after estrogen withdrawal, trace amounts of expressed DNA derived from estrogen-stimulated oviduct were hybridized in RNA-excess reactions. All nRNAs hybridized with equal efficiency. Furthermore, hybridization of expressed DNA to nRNA mixtures showed that nRNA from nonwithdrawn and withdrawn oviduct contained a similar set of unique sequences. The data indicate that, at most, only a small percentage (0--5%) of transcriptionally active unique DNA sequences are shut down when estrogen is removed from the circulation.", "PMID": 571287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9447", "title": "The induced circular dichroism of proflavine intercalated to DNA. Dye-polymer exciton interactions.", "content": "The circular dichroism induced in the visible absorption band of proflavine cation isolatedly intercalated to DNA was investigated in terms of the dye-DNA base pair exciton interaction. The remarkable ionic strength dependence of the induced CD magnitude was in good accord with the CD magnitude calculated on the basis of the dye-polymer Frenkel exciton interaction model and under the extent of helix deformation required for intercalation. In particular the application of the internal and modified intercalation models coupled with the deep trap approximation implied that the preference of the modified intercalation due to electrostatic interaction between the acridine-nitrogen atom and the DNA phosphate group is combined with relatively high ionic strength compared with the internal intercalation.", "contents": "The induced circular dichroism of proflavine intercalated to DNA. Dye-polymer exciton interactions. The circular dichroism induced in the visible absorption band of proflavine cation isolatedly intercalated to DNA was investigated in terms of the dye-DNA base pair exciton interaction. The remarkable ionic strength dependence of the induced CD magnitude was in good accord with the CD magnitude calculated on the basis of the dye-polymer Frenkel exciton interaction model and under the extent of helix deformation required for intercalation. In particular the application of the internal and modified intercalation models coupled with the deep trap approximation implied that the preference of the modified intercalation due to electrostatic interaction between the acridine-nitrogen atom and the DNA phosphate group is combined with relatively high ionic strength compared with the internal intercalation.", "PMID": 571289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9448", "title": "An analysis for transient states with application to tumor shrinkage.", "content": "The evaluation of therapies for chronic diseases is often based on the frequency and/or the duration of improvement. Treated separately, these endpoints may give contradictory impressions of the efficacy of the therapy. We propose a more unified method of summarizing improvement-related data--the probability of being in response, i.e., improved, as a function of time. Although improvement is not the only endpoint considered in most trials and this function will not always provide a clear answer to the question of which treatment has better improvement-related characteristics, it does combine the information on several endpoints usually considered separately into a single easily interpreted item. This function is estimated using the method of maximum likelihood on a distribution-free stochastic model of times to improvement and failure. Censored observations are taken into account. A detailed example using data from a cancer clinical trial is presented.", "contents": "An analysis for transient states with application to tumor shrinkage. The evaluation of therapies for chronic diseases is often based on the frequency and/or the duration of improvement. Treated separately, these endpoints may give contradictory impressions of the efficacy of the therapy. We propose a more unified method of summarizing improvement-related data--the probability of being in response, i.e., improved, as a function of time. Although improvement is not the only endpoint considered in most trials and this function will not always provide a clear answer to the question of which treatment has better improvement-related characteristics, it does combine the information on several endpoints usually considered separately into a single easily interpreted item. This function is estimated using the method of maximum likelihood on a distribution-free stochastic model of times to improvement and failure. Censored observations are taken into account. A detailed example using data from a cancer clinical trial is presented.", "PMID": 571291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9449", "title": "[Genesis of amnesia caused by electroconvulsive shock].", "content": "The effect of a series of repeated electric shocks (ES) on retention of the conditioned reflexes and the content of free amino acids (AA) was investigated in the rat brain. Following repeated electric shocks, the first of which was applied 24 hours after learning, the rats developed amnesia. The content of brain excitatory AA did not change, whereas that of inhibitory AA, phenylalanine and tyrosine sharply decreased. The content of AA in the blood plasma increased. It is suggested that amnesia was caused by a change in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory AA in favour of the former ones. The changes in the functional state of the hematoencephalic barrier may play a certain part in the origin of the shifts mentioned.", "contents": "[Genesis of amnesia caused by electroconvulsive shock]. The effect of a series of repeated electric shocks (ES) on retention of the conditioned reflexes and the content of free amino acids (AA) was investigated in the rat brain. Following repeated electric shocks, the first of which was applied 24 hours after learning, the rats developed amnesia. The content of brain excitatory AA did not change, whereas that of inhibitory AA, phenylalanine and tyrosine sharply decreased. The content of AA in the blood plasma increased. It is suggested that amnesia was caused by a change in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory AA in favour of the former ones. The changes in the functional state of the hematoencephalic barrier may play a certain part in the origin of the shifts mentioned.", "PMID": 571292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9450", "title": "[Experimental stereotypy caused by disorders of GABA-ergic mechanisms in the caudate nuclei].", "content": "The stereotypy was induced in rats by forming generators of pathologically intensified excitation (GPIE) on local disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms in rostral portion of caudate nuclei, using bilateral injection of tetanus toxin. Microinjections of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) into the area of the GPIE and systemic galoperidol administration inhibited the stereotypic behaviour of the animals. It is concluded that the formation of the GPIE may lie in the basis of stereotypy due to the disturbances in presynaptic link of the gamkergic system of caudate nuclei, dopaminergic neurons being an operant part of this GPIE.", "contents": "[Experimental stereotypy caused by disorders of GABA-ergic mechanisms in the caudate nuclei]. The stereotypy was induced in rats by forming generators of pathologically intensified excitation (GPIE) on local disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms in rostral portion of caudate nuclei, using bilateral injection of tetanus toxin. Microinjections of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) into the area of the GPIE and systemic galoperidol administration inhibited the stereotypic behaviour of the animals. It is concluded that the formation of the GPIE may lie in the basis of stereotypy due to the disturbances in presynaptic link of the gamkergic system of caudate nuclei, dopaminergic neurons being an operant part of this GPIE.", "PMID": 571293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9451", "title": "[Suppression of humoral antibody synthesis on exposure to hyperbaric oxygenation].", "content": "The influence of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on the immune response in mice, immunized intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells, was studied. HBO was shown to reduce hemagglutinin and hemolysin titres in peripheral blood as well as to decrease the amount of antibody-forming cells in the spleen. The most pronounced immunodepressant HBO effect is seen when hyperbaric oxygenation is carried out under toxic conditions before immunization of the animals with low antigen doses. Relationship is shown between the immunodepressant HBO effect and reduced leucocyte and lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood of the animals.", "contents": "[Suppression of humoral antibody synthesis on exposure to hyperbaric oxygenation]. The influence of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on the immune response in mice, immunized intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells, was studied. HBO was shown to reduce hemagglutinin and hemolysin titres in peripheral blood as well as to decrease the amount of antibody-forming cells in the spleen. The most pronounced immunodepressant HBO effect is seen when hyperbaric oxygenation is carried out under toxic conditions before immunization of the animals with low antigen doses. Relationship is shown between the immunodepressant HBO effect and reduced leucocyte and lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood of the animals.", "PMID": 571294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9452", "title": "[Participation of hematopoietic stem cells in the process of immune response formation].", "content": "The endogenous colony formation and immunogenesis in mice of CBA and C57BL strains immunized with various doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were studied. An absolute or relative increase of antibody forming cells under the action of growing SRBC dose from 2.10(7) to 2.10(8) as well as a decrease following 2.10(9) dose administration were noted. The number of endogenous hemopoietic spleen colonies augmented depending on increased antigen dose. Strain differences in the number of endogenous spleen colonies remained. It is suggested that the stimulation mode of hemopoietic lines is based on a specific RES blockade by SRBC resulting in enhanced proliferative effect of stem cells.", "contents": "[Participation of hematopoietic stem cells in the process of immune response formation]. The endogenous colony formation and immunogenesis in mice of CBA and C57BL strains immunized with various doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were studied. An absolute or relative increase of antibody forming cells under the action of growing SRBC dose from 2.10(7) to 2.10(8) as well as a decrease following 2.10(9) dose administration were noted. The number of endogenous hemopoietic spleen colonies augmented depending on increased antigen dose. Strain differences in the number of endogenous spleen colonies remained. It is suggested that the stimulation mode of hemopoietic lines is based on a specific RES blockade by SRBC resulting in enhanced proliferative effect of stem cells.", "PMID": 571295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9453", "title": "Content and subcellular localization of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human and animal blood platelets: monoamine distribution between platelets and plasma.", "content": "1 The content of adrenaline (Ad), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine was measured in human, guinea-pig, cat, rabbit and rat blood platelets by a highly sensitive and specific radioenzymatic method.2 In all platelet specimens analyzed, the content of the three catecholamines (CA) was several thousand times lower than that of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).3 In basal conditions, the NA concentration in platelets and plasma always exceeded that of Ad and dopamine.4 In rat and rabbit platelets, Ad, NA and dopamine were present only in the free (unconjugated) form.5 Platelets of rats with storage pool deficiency (Fawn-hooded) contained much less 5-HT and CA than normal rat platelets.6 Following restraint stress, platelets of Fawn-hooded rats, in contrast to normal rat platelets, did not accumulate CA in spite of a dramatic rise in plasma CA.7 Reserpine, a monoamine depletor, released CA as well as 5-HT from rabbit platelets in vivo.8 Subcellular fractionation experiments with rabbit platelets indicate that both CA and 5-HT are most concentrated in the fraction consisting of pure 5-HT organelles.9 Both in humans and rabbits the concentration gradient between platelets and plasma was much lower for CA than for 5-HT, indicating that a high affinity transport mechanism operates in vivo for 5-HT but not for CA.10 In conclusion, the present data show that both human and animal platelets contain Ad, NA and dopamine. The bulk of the CA seems to be stored as unconjugated amines together with 5-HT, histamine and p-octopamine in a multitransmitter storage site, namely the 5-HT organelle.", "contents": "Content and subcellular localization of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human and animal blood platelets: monoamine distribution between platelets and plasma. 1 The content of adrenaline (Ad), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine was measured in human, guinea-pig, cat, rabbit and rat blood platelets by a highly sensitive and specific radioenzymatic method.2 In all platelet specimens analyzed, the content of the three catecholamines (CA) was several thousand times lower than that of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).3 In basal conditions, the NA concentration in platelets and plasma always exceeded that of Ad and dopamine.4 In rat and rabbit platelets, Ad, NA and dopamine were present only in the free (unconjugated) form.5 Platelets of rats with storage pool deficiency (Fawn-hooded) contained much less 5-HT and CA than normal rat platelets.6 Following restraint stress, platelets of Fawn-hooded rats, in contrast to normal rat platelets, did not accumulate CA in spite of a dramatic rise in plasma CA.7 Reserpine, a monoamine depletor, released CA as well as 5-HT from rabbit platelets in vivo.8 Subcellular fractionation experiments with rabbit platelets indicate that both CA and 5-HT are most concentrated in the fraction consisting of pure 5-HT organelles.9 Both in humans and rabbits the concentration gradient between platelets and plasma was much lower for CA than for 5-HT, indicating that a high affinity transport mechanism operates in vivo for 5-HT but not for CA.10 In conclusion, the present data show that both human and animal platelets contain Ad, NA and dopamine. The bulk of the CA seems to be stored as unconjugated amines together with 5-HT, histamine and p-octopamine in a multitransmitter storage site, namely the 5-HT organelle.", "PMID": 571302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9454", "title": "Effects produced by the administration of high doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to the chick embryo.", "content": "White Leghorn chick embryos were injected on the 15th day of incubation with 70 to 300 pmoles 1,25-(OH)2D3. All doses produced hypercalcemia; with the highest dose, the concentration of calcium in serum started to rise 4 h after the injection, reached a peak 20 h after, and was still high 48 h after. Twenty hours after the injection of the same dose, the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the serum was significantly lower than in the corresponding controls. The tibias from 17-day-old chick embryos injected with 300 pmoles on day 15 were shorter, lighter, and had a lower ash content than those from controls. Histological signs of resorption appeared to be reduced with respect to controls, but no precise quantitation was conducted. The fact that hypercalcemia was not accompanied by hyperphosphatemia may suggest that the vitamin stimulates resorption of calcium from the shell, which is mainly formed by calcium carbonate rather than from the bone from which calcium and phosphate are usually resorbed together.", "contents": "Effects produced by the administration of high doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to the chick embryo. White Leghorn chick embryos were injected on the 15th day of incubation with 70 to 300 pmoles 1,25-(OH)2D3. All doses produced hypercalcemia; with the highest dose, the concentration of calcium in serum started to rise 4 h after the injection, reached a peak 20 h after, and was still high 48 h after. Twenty hours after the injection of the same dose, the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the serum was significantly lower than in the corresponding controls. The tibias from 17-day-old chick embryos injected with 300 pmoles on day 15 were shorter, lighter, and had a lower ash content than those from controls. Histological signs of resorption appeared to be reduced with respect to controls, but no precise quantitation was conducted. The fact that hypercalcemia was not accompanied by hyperphosphatemia may suggest that the vitamin stimulates resorption of calcium from the shell, which is mainly formed by calcium carbonate rather than from the bone from which calcium and phosphate are usually resorbed together.", "PMID": 571306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9455", "title": "Low temperature induces decreased germinability of Cylindrocladium microsclerotia.", "content": "Numbers of germinable Cylindrocladium crotalariae microsclerotia (assayed at 26 degrees C) decreased progressively over 4 weeks when naturally infested soils were incubated at 6 degrees C. Lower numbers of germinable microsclerotia were obtained from a soil incubated at--3 than at 5 degrees C, while no germinable microsclerotia were found for soils incubated at--10 degrees C. Significantly, when soils incubated at--10 or at 6 degrees C for 4 weeks were transferred to 26 degrees C for 4 weeks, the low-temperature effect was partially reversed. Incubation of naturally infested soils under field conditions from October to February indicated that a similar low-temperature induced phenomenon exists in nature. Germinability of axenic laboratory-grown microsclerotia of C. crotalariae, C. floridanum, and C. scoparium incubated 4 weeks at 6 degrees C ranged from 0 to 91% (mean = 38%) of the initial germinability. Partial recovery of laboratory-grown microsclerotia from the low-temperature effect, by incubation at 26 degrees C, was demonstrated. Conductivity measurements of solutions bathing microsclerotia incubated at 6 degrees C were higher than those incubated at 26 degrees C for 4 weeks and indicated that chilling injury may account, in part, for decreased germinability of microsclerotia.", "contents": "Low temperature induces decreased germinability of Cylindrocladium microsclerotia. Numbers of germinable Cylindrocladium crotalariae microsclerotia (assayed at 26 degrees C) decreased progressively over 4 weeks when naturally infested soils were incubated at 6 degrees C. Lower numbers of germinable microsclerotia were obtained from a soil incubated at--3 than at 5 degrees C, while no germinable microsclerotia were found for soils incubated at--10 degrees C. Significantly, when soils incubated at--10 or at 6 degrees C for 4 weeks were transferred to 26 degrees C for 4 weeks, the low-temperature effect was partially reversed. Incubation of naturally infested soils under field conditions from October to February indicated that a similar low-temperature induced phenomenon exists in nature. Germinability of axenic laboratory-grown microsclerotia of C. crotalariae, C. floridanum, and C. scoparium incubated 4 weeks at 6 degrees C ranged from 0 to 91% (mean = 38%) of the initial germinability. Partial recovery of laboratory-grown microsclerotia from the low-temperature effect, by incubation at 26 degrees C, was demonstrated. Conductivity measurements of solutions bathing microsclerotia incubated at 6 degrees C were higher than those incubated at 26 degrees C for 4 weeks and indicated that chilling injury may account, in part, for decreased germinability of microsclerotia.", "PMID": 571307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9456", "title": "A histochemical study of the binding of 125I-HCG to the rat ovary throughout the estrous cycle.", "content": "Changes in the distribution of the in vitro uptake of 125I-HCG by the ovaries of adult rats were examined histochemically throughout the estrous cycle. Only in follicles wider than 500 micrometer, occurring mainly at diestrus and proestrus, could granulosa cells bind the labelled hormone. The labelling increased with follicular size and decreased in intensity from the peripheral granulosa cells inwards. No uptake occurred in the oocytes, in the cells of the cumulus oophorus nor in the granulosa cells of the atretic follicles. The binding capacity of the newly-formed corpora lutea of estrus was less than that of preovulatory follicles. The uptake of 125I-HCG by corpora lutea during the first cycle reached its maximum at diestrus but fell sharply by proestrus. The uptake was patchy in the corpora lutea of the second cycle and not significant in the older ones. The uptake of 125I-HCG by thecae increased with follicular size and was greater in the thecae of atretic follicles than in the thecae of growing follicles of like size. There was a greater uptake in the last formed interstitial tissue than there was in older tissue. At proestrus, the uptake of 125I-HCG was unaffected by the LH surge at 18.00 h but had decreased slightly at 24.00 h. The implications of these data in relation to the regulation of receptor sites, is discussed.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the binding of 125I-HCG to the rat ovary throughout the estrous cycle. Changes in the distribution of the in vitro uptake of 125I-HCG by the ovaries of adult rats were examined histochemically throughout the estrous cycle. Only in follicles wider than 500 micrometer, occurring mainly at diestrus and proestrus, could granulosa cells bind the labelled hormone. The labelling increased with follicular size and decreased in intensity from the peripheral granulosa cells inwards. No uptake occurred in the oocytes, in the cells of the cumulus oophorus nor in the granulosa cells of the atretic follicles. The binding capacity of the newly-formed corpora lutea of estrus was less than that of preovulatory follicles. The uptake of 125I-HCG by corpora lutea during the first cycle reached its maximum at diestrus but fell sharply by proestrus. The uptake was patchy in the corpora lutea of the second cycle and not significant in the older ones. The uptake of 125I-HCG by thecae increased with follicular size and was greater in the thecae of atretic follicles than in the thecae of growing follicles of like size. There was a greater uptake in the last formed interstitial tissue than there was in older tissue. At proestrus, the uptake of 125I-HCG was unaffected by the LH surge at 18.00 h but had decreased slightly at 24.00 h. The implications of these data in relation to the regulation of receptor sites, is discussed.", "PMID": 571308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9457", "title": "Nuclear retention of 18S ribosomal RNA by human myeloma cells.", "content": "Normal quiescent lymphocytes regulate their ribosome content by selectively degrading newly synthesized 18S ribosomal RNA. Unlike actively dividing HeLa cells, lymphocytes retain 18S ribosomal RNA in the nucleus after synthesis instead of immediately transporting it to the cytoplasm. Subcellular fractionation of the highly differentiated human neoplastic lymphocyte RPMI-8226 reveals that this cell line also retains 18S ribosomal RNA in the nucleus, a trait not displayed by the less differentiated human lymphoblastoid cell line RPMI-4265. These observations suggest that neoplastic cells can be phenotypically characterized by their ribosomal RNA processing patterns.", "contents": "Nuclear retention of 18S ribosomal RNA by human myeloma cells. Normal quiescent lymphocytes regulate their ribosome content by selectively degrading newly synthesized 18S ribosomal RNA. Unlike actively dividing HeLa cells, lymphocytes retain 18S ribosomal RNA in the nucleus after synthesis instead of immediately transporting it to the cytoplasm. Subcellular fractionation of the highly differentiated human neoplastic lymphocyte RPMI-8226 reveals that this cell line also retains 18S ribosomal RNA in the nucleus, a trait not displayed by the less differentiated human lymphoblastoid cell line RPMI-4265. These observations suggest that neoplastic cells can be phenotypically characterized by their ribosomal RNA processing patterns.", "PMID": 571309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9458", "title": "Myocardial fascicle and fiber disarray in 25 mu-thick sections.", "content": "We compared the histologic picture of myocardial fiber disarray in thin (4 mu) and thick (25 mu) sections of tissues obtained at autopsy from 18 adults and eight infants with clinically normal hearts, from 10 hearts with concentric hypertrophy (hypertensive patients), nine with myocardial infarction and four with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In the thick sections, so-called bizarre myocardial fiber disarray in thin sections was seen as a bizarre fascicle disarray. Therefore, the usual fiber disarray reported in cases of HCM is actually a fascicle disarray with a three-dimensional complex network. There was no marked difference in distribution and frequency of fascicle disarray among normal adult and infant hearts, and diseased hearts with hypertension and myocardial infarction. In the four hearts with HCM, diffuse bizarre fascicle disarray in the thick section was detected in the septum and anterior and posterior walls of the left ventricles in all cases, and in the lateral walls in one case. In the portions without the diffuse fascicle disarray, the distribution of disarray was the same as that in hearts with no HCM. Such fascicle disarray, including that of HCM, is probably congenital.", "contents": "Myocardial fascicle and fiber disarray in 25 mu-thick sections. We compared the histologic picture of myocardial fiber disarray in thin (4 mu) and thick (25 mu) sections of tissues obtained at autopsy from 18 adults and eight infants with clinically normal hearts, from 10 hearts with concentric hypertrophy (hypertensive patients), nine with myocardial infarction and four with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In the thick sections, so-called bizarre myocardial fiber disarray in thin sections was seen as a bizarre fascicle disarray. Therefore, the usual fiber disarray reported in cases of HCM is actually a fascicle disarray with a three-dimensional complex network. There was no marked difference in distribution and frequency of fascicle disarray among normal adult and infant hearts, and diseased hearts with hypertension and myocardial infarction. In the four hearts with HCM, diffuse bizarre fascicle disarray in the thick section was detected in the septum and anterior and posterior walls of the left ventricles in all cases, and in the lateral walls in one case. In the portions without the diffuse fascicle disarray, the distribution of disarray was the same as that in hearts with no HCM. Such fascicle disarray, including that of HCM, is probably congenital.", "PMID": 571311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9459", "title": "The measurement of thyroxine in urine using a competitive protein binding technique.", "content": "The competitive protein vinding assay for the measurement of thyroxine in blood serum was modified for the measurement of thyroxine in urine. Samples of urine of 1 to 5 ml volume containing 0 to 5 ng/ml could be assayed with 100% recovery, and above this range, up to 10 ng, recoveries were higher due to non parallelism with the standard curves. Tests carried out using porcine serum albumin indicate that results obtained by the method are not likely to be affected by proteinuria. The cross reaction with triiodothyronine was 25%. Analysis of urine samples stored at 25 degrees C gave higher values than those stored at +4 degrees C or --20 degrees C over similar periods. These increases at 25 degrees C were of the same magnitude as those obtained by acid hydrolysis of urinary thyroxine conjugates.", "contents": "The measurement of thyroxine in urine using a competitive protein binding technique. The competitive protein vinding assay for the measurement of thyroxine in blood serum was modified for the measurement of thyroxine in urine. Samples of urine of 1 to 5 ml volume containing 0 to 5 ng/ml could be assayed with 100% recovery, and above this range, up to 10 ng, recoveries were higher due to non parallelism with the standard curves. Tests carried out using porcine serum albumin indicate that results obtained by the method are not likely to be affected by proteinuria. The cross reaction with triiodothyronine was 25%. Analysis of urine samples stored at 25 degrees C gave higher values than those stored at +4 degrees C or --20 degrees C over similar periods. These increases at 25 degrees C were of the same magnitude as those obtained by acid hydrolysis of urinary thyroxine conjugates.", "PMID": 571313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9460", "title": "Nurse specialists in family planning: the results of a 3-year study.", "content": "In the first three years of a Nurse Specialist Clinic in Family Planning, 1422 new patients were seen. Oral contraception (OCs) was dispensed for 638 patients, 548 intrauterine devices (IUDs) were fitted and 126 patients received an injectable contraceptive. The continuation rate at thirty months was, 73.2 for OCs, and 68.6 for IUDs. The additional training received by the nurse specialists allowed them to practice comprehensive family planning safely and effectively, as shown by the low \"problem\" rate, 9.1% for OCs and 7.2% for IUDs. Continued use effectiveness, as shown by the second choice of contraception initiated in the clinic for those who stopped using their first method, was also high, 81.5% for OCs and 90.5% for IUD closures.", "contents": "Nurse specialists in family planning: the results of a 3-year study. In the first three years of a Nurse Specialist Clinic in Family Planning, 1422 new patients were seen. Oral contraception (OCs) was dispensed for 638 patients, 548 intrauterine devices (IUDs) were fitted and 126 patients received an injectable contraceptive. The continuation rate at thirty months was, 73.2 for OCs, and 68.6 for IUDs. The additional training received by the nurse specialists allowed them to practice comprehensive family planning safely and effectively, as shown by the low \"problem\" rate, 9.1% for OCs and 7.2% for IUDs. Continued use effectiveness, as shown by the second choice of contraception initiated in the clinic for those who stopped using their first method, was also high, 81.5% for OCs and 90.5% for IUD closures.", "PMID": 571318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9461", "title": "The biology of human drip breast milk.", "content": "The milk which drips from the opposite breast during breast feeding is used in some centres for feeding premature babies, yet there is little scientific information on the biology of this secretion. Drip breast milk (DBM) differs from expressed breast milk (EBM), both in its contents and in the change in its composition over the period of lactation. The fat concentration and energy value of DBM are low, compared with levels reported for EBM: protein, fat, sodium and energy value in DBM fall with the duration of lactation, whereas magnesium and calcium rise, and lactose, potassium osmolality and lysozyme remain constant. The milk fat content of DBM produced by individual donors is linearly related to the daily volume of DBM produced. Studies on 477 women admitted to the Oxford General Practice Obstetric Unit over 1 yr showed that, of the 75% who were lactating successfully 2 wk after delivery, 19% were producing DBM by 2--4 wk. Women who produced DBM did not differ in age or parity from those lactating women who did not, and their babies did not differ in birthweight, gestation, centile or sex. The suitability of DBM as a food for premature infants is discussed.", "contents": "The biology of human drip breast milk. The milk which drips from the opposite breast during breast feeding is used in some centres for feeding premature babies, yet there is little scientific information on the biology of this secretion. Drip breast milk (DBM) differs from expressed breast milk (EBM), both in its contents and in the change in its composition over the period of lactation. The fat concentration and energy value of DBM are low, compared with levels reported for EBM: protein, fat, sodium and energy value in DBM fall with the duration of lactation, whereas magnesium and calcium rise, and lactose, potassium osmolality and lysozyme remain constant. The milk fat content of DBM produced by individual donors is linearly related to the daily volume of DBM produced. Studies on 477 women admitted to the Oxford General Practice Obstetric Unit over 1 yr showed that, of the 75% who were lactating successfully 2 wk after delivery, 19% were producing DBM by 2--4 wk. Women who produced DBM did not differ in age or parity from those lactating women who did not, and their babies did not differ in birthweight, gestation, centile or sex. The suitability of DBM as a food for premature infants is discussed.", "PMID": 571325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9462", "title": "Control of the preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone by steroids in the mouse.", "content": "The regulation of the preovulatory release of LH by steroids was examined in the mouse, a species in which ovulation is strongly influenced by priming pheromones. Ovariectomized mice were implanted with estradiol in Silastic capsules to involve negative feedback. Preovulatory-like LH surges then were induced by injections of either estradiol benzoate (EB) or progesterone. LH surges were not observed in the absence of steroid injection. LH surges always occurred at lights out on a 14-h light, 10-h dark cycle on the day after EB injection but occurred on the same day as progesterone injection. The amount of EB or progesterone injected seemed unimportant but, in either case, had to be given within a limited diurnal period of sensitivity. LH surges comparable to those of intact proestrous females were produced either by injecting both EB and progesterone or by manipulating the background dose of encapsulated estradiol. In the latter regard, when ovariectomized females were implanted with a wide range of doses of estradiol (0.1--1000 microgram/capsule), a decided window phenomenon became apparent. That is, LH surging could be induced by steroid injections only within a limited range of background doses of encapsulated estradiol. The relationship of the above findings to the pheromonal control of LH secretion and ovulation in mice is as yet unclear.", "contents": "Control of the preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone by steroids in the mouse. The regulation of the preovulatory release of LH by steroids was examined in the mouse, a species in which ovulation is strongly influenced by priming pheromones. Ovariectomized mice were implanted with estradiol in Silastic capsules to involve negative feedback. Preovulatory-like LH surges then were induced by injections of either estradiol benzoate (EB) or progesterone. LH surges were not observed in the absence of steroid injection. LH surges always occurred at lights out on a 14-h light, 10-h dark cycle on the day after EB injection but occurred on the same day as progesterone injection. The amount of EB or progesterone injected seemed unimportant but, in either case, had to be given within a limited diurnal period of sensitivity. LH surges comparable to those of intact proestrous females were produced either by injecting both EB and progesterone or by manipulating the background dose of encapsulated estradiol. In the latter regard, when ovariectomized females were implanted with a wide range of doses of estradiol (0.1--1000 microgram/capsule), a decided window phenomenon became apparent. That is, LH surging could be induced by steroid injections only within a limited range of background doses of encapsulated estradiol. The relationship of the above findings to the pheromonal control of LH secretion and ovulation in mice is as yet unclear.", "PMID": 571329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9463", "title": "Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and its antiserum on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the ovary of rat and hamster.", "content": "The ability of FSH to stimulate the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the ovary of the immature rat and cycling hamster has been examined using specific antisera to gonadotropins. The stimulatory effect of FSH on ODC activity in the ovary of the immature rat was abolished when LH antiserum was administered along with FSH, while similar administration of FSH antiserum had no effect on LH action in stimulating ODC activity, thereby demonstrating the specificity of the LH effect. During the estrus cycle of the hamster, ODC activity in the ovary could be detected only on the evening of proestrus, the maximal activity seen at 1700 h being associated with both the Graafian follicles and the rest of the ovarian tissue. Neutralization of the proestrous FSH surge had no effect on the activity of ODC in either of these tissues, while similar administration of LH antiserum at 1300 h of proestrus completely inhibited the ODC activity in both large follicles and the rest of the ovarian tissue. Thus, the surge of LH, but not of FSH, appears to be responsible for regulating the ODC activity in the ovary of the cycling hamster.", "contents": "Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and its antiserum on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the ovary of rat and hamster. The ability of FSH to stimulate the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the ovary of the immature rat and cycling hamster has been examined using specific antisera to gonadotropins. The stimulatory effect of FSH on ODC activity in the ovary of the immature rat was abolished when LH antiserum was administered along with FSH, while similar administration of FSH antiserum had no effect on LH action in stimulating ODC activity, thereby demonstrating the specificity of the LH effect. During the estrus cycle of the hamster, ODC activity in the ovary could be detected only on the evening of proestrus, the maximal activity seen at 1700 h being associated with both the Graafian follicles and the rest of the ovarian tissue. Neutralization of the proestrous FSH surge had no effect on the activity of ODC in either of these tissues, while similar administration of LH antiserum at 1300 h of proestrus completely inhibited the ODC activity in both large follicles and the rest of the ovarian tissue. Thus, the surge of LH, but not of FSH, appears to be responsible for regulating the ODC activity in the ovary of the cycling hamster.", "PMID": 571330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9464", "title": "13C Nuclear magnetic resonance of protamines. The three main components of clupeine.", "content": "The three main components (called YI, YII and Z) of clupeine a protamine from herring have been isolated and characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Resonance belonging to the many different amino acid carbon atoms are observable and assigned. The effect of urea on the clupeine fractions points to the molecules being essentially in extended form in 2H2O solutions. Unusual properties of clupeine fractions can be observed in the presence of phosphate. Two of the fractions, i.e. YI and Z, show that a partial folding occurs in some well-defined whereas fraction YII remains essentially unaltered.", "contents": "13C Nuclear magnetic resonance of protamines. The three main components of clupeine. The three main components (called YI, YII and Z) of clupeine a protamine from herring have been isolated and characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Resonance belonging to the many different amino acid carbon atoms are observable and assigned. The effect of urea on the clupeine fractions points to the molecules being essentially in extended form in 2H2O solutions. Unusual properties of clupeine fractions can be observed in the presence of phosphate. Two of the fractions, i.e. YI and Z, show that a partial folding occurs in some well-defined whereas fraction YII remains essentially unaltered.", "PMID": 571331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9465", "title": "A histone programme during the life cycle of the sea urchin.", "content": "The histone complement of chromatin from early gastrula, late gastrula and from fully differentiated gut cells of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus has been fractionated by molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography. Several of the subfractions thus isolated have been characterized by amino acid composition and partial amino acid sequences as a series of variants of the histones H1, H2A and H2B. Specific histone variants are present in chromatin at specific stages of differentiation.", "contents": "A histone programme during the life cycle of the sea urchin. The histone complement of chromatin from early gastrula, late gastrula and from fully differentiated gut cells of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus has been fractionated by molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography. Several of the subfractions thus isolated have been characterized by amino acid composition and partial amino acid sequences as a series of variants of the histones H1, H2A and H2B. Specific histone variants are present in chromatin at specific stages of differentiation.", "PMID": 571333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9466", "title": "The biosynthesis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. Uncoupling of the synthesis of the large and small subunits in isolated soybean leaf cells.", "content": "Isolated leaf cells from soybean (Glycine max) incorporate [35S]methionine into protein at a linear rate for at least 5h. Analysis of the products of incorporation by one-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that major products are the large and small subunits of the chloroplast enzyme, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. The large subunit is synthesized by chloroplast ribosomes and the small subunit by cytoplasmic ribosomes. Addition of chloramphenicol to the cells reduces incorporation into the large subunit without affecting incorporation into the products of cytoplasmic ribosomes. Addition of cycloheximide or 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide stops incorporation into the small subunit, but large subunit continues to be made for at least 4 h.  For accurate estimates of incorporation into the large subunit, it is essential to use two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, because the large subunit region on one-dimensional gels is contaminated with the products of cytoplasmic ribosomes. Newly synthesized large subunits continue to enter complete molecules of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the absence of small subunit synthesis. These results suggest that, in contrast to the situation in algal cells, the synthesis of the two subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the different subcellular compartments of higher plant cells is not tightly coupled over short time periods, and that a pool of small subunits exists in these cells. The results are disucssed in relation to possible mechanisms for the integration of the synthesis of the large and small subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. Uncoupling of the synthesis of the large and small subunits in isolated soybean leaf cells. Isolated leaf cells from soybean (Glycine max) incorporate [35S]methionine into protein at a linear rate for at least 5h. Analysis of the products of incorporation by one-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that major products are the large and small subunits of the chloroplast enzyme, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. The large subunit is synthesized by chloroplast ribosomes and the small subunit by cytoplasmic ribosomes. Addition of chloramphenicol to the cells reduces incorporation into the large subunit without affecting incorporation into the products of cytoplasmic ribosomes. Addition of cycloheximide or 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide stops incorporation into the small subunit, but large subunit continues to be made for at least 4 h.  For accurate estimates of incorporation into the large subunit, it is essential to use two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, because the large subunit region on one-dimensional gels is contaminated with the products of cytoplasmic ribosomes. Newly synthesized large subunits continue to enter complete molecules of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the absence of small subunit synthesis. These results suggest that, in contrast to the situation in algal cells, the synthesis of the two subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the different subcellular compartments of higher plant cells is not tightly coupled over short time periods, and that a pool of small subunits exists in these cells. The results are disucssed in relation to possible mechanisms for the integration of the synthesis of the large and small subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase.", "PMID": 571334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9467", "title": "Retinol-binding protein from human urine and its interaction with retinol and prealbumin.", "content": "In freshly collected urine from a patient with glomerulotubular proteinuria there were two bands which contained retinol-binding proteins. The cathodal band showed fluorescence in the ultraviolet. After extraction with organic solvents only the anodal non-fluorescent band remained. After addition of an excess retinol only one band remained which by mobility corresponded to the cathodal band. The anodal of the two bands was therefore probably the apo form and the cathodal the holo form of the same retinol-binding protein. Their proportions, determined by densitometric scanning were approximately 4/1 (anodal/cathodal band). More than 85% of the retinol-binding protein in the urine bound to prealbumin-Sephrose. The apo retinol-binding protein from urine had the same electrophoretic mobility on agarose gel el-ctrophoresis and the same pattern on isoelectric focusing as an retinol-binding protein prepared from serum. The carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence of the retinol-binding protein from freshly collected urine that bound to prealbumin-Sepharose, was -Arg-Leu. The amino-terminal sequence was Glu-Arg-Asp-Cys-Arg-Val-Ser-X-Phe-Arg-Val-Lys-Glu-Asn-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ala-Arg-Phe-X-Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr-. This sequence and the amino acid composition are compatible with the view that the retinol-binding protein in urine is the same as in plasma.", "contents": "Retinol-binding protein from human urine and its interaction with retinol and prealbumin. In freshly collected urine from a patient with glomerulotubular proteinuria there were two bands which contained retinol-binding proteins. The cathodal band showed fluorescence in the ultraviolet. After extraction with organic solvents only the anodal non-fluorescent band remained. After addition of an excess retinol only one band remained which by mobility corresponded to the cathodal band. The anodal of the two bands was therefore probably the apo form and the cathodal the holo form of the same retinol-binding protein. Their proportions, determined by densitometric scanning were approximately 4/1 (anodal/cathodal band). More than 85% of the retinol-binding protein in the urine bound to prealbumin-Sephrose. The apo retinol-binding protein from urine had the same electrophoretic mobility on agarose gel el-ctrophoresis and the same pattern on isoelectric focusing as an retinol-binding protein prepared from serum. The carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence of the retinol-binding protein from freshly collected urine that bound to prealbumin-Sepharose, was -Arg-Leu. The amino-terminal sequence was Glu-Arg-Asp-Cys-Arg-Val-Ser-X-Phe-Arg-Val-Lys-Glu-Asn-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ala-Arg-Phe-X-Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr-. This sequence and the amino acid composition are compatible with the view that the retinol-binding protein in urine is the same as in plasma.", "PMID": 571335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9468", "title": "Late anaemia in infants with rhesus haemolytic disease treated with intensive phototherapy.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence of late anaemia in infants with rhesus haemolytic disease (RHD) who had received intensive phototherapy. Sixty infants with RHD and with strongly positive direct Coombs' tests who had received intensive phototherapy (blue double light) were followed as out-patients with regard to development of late anaemia. Fifteen (25%) infants developed moderate anaemia and 5 (8%) severe anaemia, one of the latter requiring a blood transfusion. The incidence of late anaemia was equal in \"non-exchanged\" infants and those who required exchange transfusion. The former developed anaemia significantly earlier than the latter, and in both groups the declining Hb level caused a marked reticulocyte response which was equal in both groups. This response may explain the low incidence of anaemia in both the \"non-exchanged\" and \"exchanged\" infants. From the present study and previous investigations it can be concluded that phototherapy, especially intensive phototherapy, is of great value in the treatment of rhesus haemolytic disease.", "contents": "Late anaemia in infants with rhesus haemolytic disease treated with intensive phototherapy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence of late anaemia in infants with rhesus haemolytic disease (RHD) who had received intensive phototherapy. Sixty infants with RHD and with strongly positive direct Coombs' tests who had received intensive phototherapy (blue double light) were followed as out-patients with regard to development of late anaemia. Fifteen (25%) infants developed moderate anaemia and 5 (8%) severe anaemia, one of the latter requiring a blood transfusion. The incidence of late anaemia was equal in \"non-exchanged\" infants and those who required exchange transfusion. The former developed anaemia significantly earlier than the latter, and in both groups the declining Hb level caused a marked reticulocyte response which was equal in both groups. This response may explain the low incidence of anaemia in both the \"non-exchanged\" and \"exchanged\" infants. From the present study and previous investigations it can be concluded that phototherapy, especially intensive phototherapy, is of great value in the treatment of rhesus haemolytic disease.", "PMID": 571337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9469", "title": "Female pseudohermaphroditism with supplementary phallic urethra.", "content": "A case of female pseudohermaphroditism with supplementary phallic urethra is presented. This case is, to the authors' knowledge, the fifth reported in the world literature.", "contents": "Female pseudohermaphroditism with supplementary phallic urethra. A case of female pseudohermaphroditism with supplementary phallic urethra is presented. This case is, to the authors' knowledge, the fifth reported in the world literature.", "PMID": 571339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9470", "title": "Dopaminergic effects of non-hydroxylated rigid analogs of apomorphine.", "content": "A series of rigid analogs of apomorphine lacking aromatic hydroxyl substitutents were evaluated for dopaminergic properties. Three compounds, N-methyl-N-propyl-2-aminotetralin (Me-Pr-2-AT), N-N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (Di-pr-2-AT) and N,N-dipropyl-2-aminoindane (Di-Pr-2-AI) induced emesis in dogs, contralateral circling in unilaterally lesioned rats, and inhibited prolactin secretion. The induced circling responses, however, were attenuated by prior treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (AMPTME) and the compounds were weak inhibitors of 3-H-dopamine binding in calf caudate homogenates. The possibility that these agents may be metabolically activated in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Dopaminergic effects of non-hydroxylated rigid analogs of apomorphine. A series of rigid analogs of apomorphine lacking aromatic hydroxyl substitutents were evaluated for dopaminergic properties. Three compounds, N-methyl-N-propyl-2-aminotetralin (Me-Pr-2-AT), N-N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (Di-pr-2-AT) and N,N-dipropyl-2-aminoindane (Di-Pr-2-AI) induced emesis in dogs, contralateral circling in unilaterally lesioned rats, and inhibited prolactin secretion. The induced circling responses, however, were attenuated by prior treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (AMPTME) and the compounds were weak inhibitors of 3-H-dopamine binding in calf caudate homogenates. The possibility that these agents may be metabolically activated in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 571341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9471", "title": "Effects of chemical lesion of the ventral noradrenergic bundle or the medial preoptic area on preovulatory LH release in rats.", "content": "The noradrenergic innervation of the medial preoptic area (MPO) and the hypothalamus is provided by mesencephalic neurons via the ventral noradrenergic tract. Fibers of these neurons emerge through the MPO. Bilateral microinjections of 6-OHDA into the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNB) depletes large parts of the diencephalon of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). Since the total hypothalamic DA content is of intrahypothalamic origin, 6-OHDA injection into the VNB does not reduce hypothalamic DA content. Similarly microinjections of 6-OHDA into the MPO reduces hypothalamic and preoptic NE content without altering NE concentrations in other diencephalic structures. Microinjections of 6-OHDA and of the carrier solution of 6-OHDA into the VNB or into the MPO of female rats with regular estrous cycles results in a slight disturbance of the cyclic activity for few days. Within 1--4 days normal cyclic activity is resumed. Preovulatory LH release is substantially reduced 8--12 days after injection of 6-OHDA into the VNB or into the MPO. On the basis of these and previous results it is concluded that the availability of NE in the MPO is an important factor in determining the hight of the preovulatory LH surge.", "contents": "Effects of chemical lesion of the ventral noradrenergic bundle or the medial preoptic area on preovulatory LH release in rats. The noradrenergic innervation of the medial preoptic area (MPO) and the hypothalamus is provided by mesencephalic neurons via the ventral noradrenergic tract. Fibers of these neurons emerge through the MPO. Bilateral microinjections of 6-OHDA into the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNB) depletes large parts of the diencephalon of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). Since the total hypothalamic DA content is of intrahypothalamic origin, 6-OHDA injection into the VNB does not reduce hypothalamic DA content. Similarly microinjections of 6-OHDA into the MPO reduces hypothalamic and preoptic NE content without altering NE concentrations in other diencephalic structures. Microinjections of 6-OHDA and of the carrier solution of 6-OHDA into the VNB or into the MPO of female rats with regular estrous cycles results in a slight disturbance of the cyclic activity for few days. Within 1--4 days normal cyclic activity is resumed. Preovulatory LH release is substantially reduced 8--12 days after injection of 6-OHDA into the VNB or into the MPO. On the basis of these and previous results it is concluded that the availability of NE in the MPO is an important factor in determining the hight of the preovulatory LH surge.", "PMID": 571347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9472", "title": "Effects of cycloheximide on protein synthesis in human lung tumors, regenerating rat liver and hepatomas.", "content": "10(-4) M cycloheximide (CHM) inhibits leucine incorporation to about the same degree in slices of human lung tumors, rat hepatomas, regenerating livers and normal tissues. At 10(-6) M, CHM has a more pronounced effect on tumor tissue and regenerating liver than on normal tissues. 10(-8) M CHM stimulates protein synthesis in normal rat liver slices.", "contents": "Effects of cycloheximide on protein synthesis in human lung tumors, regenerating rat liver and hepatomas. 10(-4) M cycloheximide (CHM) inhibits leucine incorporation to about the same degree in slices of human lung tumors, rat hepatomas, regenerating livers and normal tissues. At 10(-6) M, CHM has a more pronounced effect on tumor tissue and regenerating liver than on normal tissues. 10(-8) M CHM stimulates protein synthesis in normal rat liver slices.", "PMID": 571350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9473", "title": "Influence of ethanol on thyroxine accumulation in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebrospinal fluid in the newborn rabbit.", "content": "The effect of ethanol on thyroxine (T4) accumulation in the hypothalamus (H), pituitary gland (P) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been investigated in 1-15-day-old rabbits. It has been found that H or CSF serum ratios decreased with age by about 2 in the course of 13 postnatal days. Stable T4 resulted in an increase of 125 I-T4 in H, P and CSF. Ethanol per se caused an increase in transfer and accumulation of radiothyroxine or made the changes after loading animals with carrier T4 more pronounced.", "contents": "Influence of ethanol on thyroxine accumulation in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebrospinal fluid in the newborn rabbit. The effect of ethanol on thyroxine (T4) accumulation in the hypothalamus (H), pituitary gland (P) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been investigated in 1-15-day-old rabbits. It has been found that H or CSF serum ratios decreased with age by about 2 in the course of 13 postnatal days. Stable T4 resulted in an increase of 125 I-T4 in H, P and CSF. Ethanol per se caused an increase in transfer and accumulation of radiothyroxine or made the changes after loading animals with carrier T4 more pronounced.", "PMID": 571351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9474", "title": "Effects of postnatal progesterone treatment on ovarian function in adult rats.", "content": "Long-lasting postnatal progesterone administration in female rats induced an early or delayed ovulatory failure with persistent vaginal estrus. Short-term treatment was ineffective. The beginning and incidence of ovulatory failure appeared to depend on the beginning and duration of progresterone treatment. The necessary duration of progesterone administration exceeds the critical postnatal steroid sensitive period of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus. Moreover, long-lasting progesterone treatment results in ovulatory failure even if started after termination of this period.", "contents": "Effects of postnatal progesterone treatment on ovarian function in adult rats. Long-lasting postnatal progesterone administration in female rats induced an early or delayed ovulatory failure with persistent vaginal estrus. Short-term treatment was ineffective. The beginning and incidence of ovulatory failure appeared to depend on the beginning and duration of progresterone treatment. The necessary duration of progesterone administration exceeds the critical postnatal steroid sensitive period of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus. Moreover, long-lasting progesterone treatment results in ovulatory failure even if started after termination of this period.", "PMID": 571352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9475", "title": "Plasma hormone profile in anovulation.", "content": "Daily plasma hormones, including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone (T), were measured in 16 anovulatory patients for a span of 3 to 4 weeks. The clinical diagnoses in this group of patients included the following: anovulation-eumenorrhea (n = 5), anovulation-polymenorrhea (n = 1), anovulation-oligomenorrhea (n = 3), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (n = 1), polycystic ovarian disease (n = 4), severe hypothalamic amenorrhea (n = 1), and postpartum amenorrhea-galactorrhea (n = 1). Follicular activity was evident in polymenorrheic and oligomenorrheic patients, and menstruation occurred in these patients following estrogen withdrawal. No follicular maturation was noted in the group of patients with anovulation-eumenorrhea, and menstruation in these patients was considered breakthrough bleeding. Low FSH levels were observed in anovulatory patients with eumenorrhea, polymenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea. Significantly high LH values were noted in both classic and non-classic polycystic ovarian disease. Extremely low E1 and E2 levels were found in patients with severe hypothalamic amenorrhea and postpartum amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Slightly elevated progesterone levels were observed in polymenorrheic and oligomenorrheic patients prior to menstruation; this was frequently associated with an LH surge or elevation. Elevated T levels were consistently associated with hirsutism but not with obesity.", "contents": "Plasma hormone profile in anovulation. Daily plasma hormones, including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone (T), were measured in 16 anovulatory patients for a span of 3 to 4 weeks. The clinical diagnoses in this group of patients included the following: anovulation-eumenorrhea (n = 5), anovulation-polymenorrhea (n = 1), anovulation-oligomenorrhea (n = 3), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (n = 1), polycystic ovarian disease (n = 4), severe hypothalamic amenorrhea (n = 1), and postpartum amenorrhea-galactorrhea (n = 1). Follicular activity was evident in polymenorrheic and oligomenorrheic patients, and menstruation occurred in these patients following estrogen withdrawal. No follicular maturation was noted in the group of patients with anovulation-eumenorrhea, and menstruation in these patients was considered breakthrough bleeding. Low FSH levels were observed in anovulatory patients with eumenorrhea, polymenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea. Significantly high LH values were noted in both classic and non-classic polycystic ovarian disease. Extremely low E1 and E2 levels were found in patients with severe hypothalamic amenorrhea and postpartum amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Slightly elevated progesterone levels were observed in polymenorrheic and oligomenorrheic patients prior to menstruation; this was frequently associated with an LH surge or elevation. Elevated T levels were consistently associated with hirsutism but not with obesity.", "PMID": 571358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9476", "title": "Intermittent bromocriptine treatment for the induction of ovulation in hyperprolactinemic patients.", "content": "Postovulatory treatment with bromocriptine bears a potential teratogenic risk. Therefore, after restoration of the menstrual cycle in 20 infertile hyperprolactinemic anovulatory patients, treatment was restricted to the follicular phase and the periovulatory period. The resulting intermittent treatment regimen using a dose of 5 mg of bromocriptine/day yielded ovulatory cycles in all 20 patients. Fifteen pregnancies were achieved in thirteen patients, two women becoming pregnant twice. Discontinuation of treatment after ovulation caused hyperprolactinemia during the luteal phase. This did not seem to interfere with the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Hyperprolactinemia during the follicular phase may be related to luteal insufficiency.", "contents": "Intermittent bromocriptine treatment for the induction of ovulation in hyperprolactinemic patients. Postovulatory treatment with bromocriptine bears a potential teratogenic risk. Therefore, after restoration of the menstrual cycle in 20 infertile hyperprolactinemic anovulatory patients, treatment was restricted to the follicular phase and the periovulatory period. The resulting intermittent treatment regimen using a dose of 5 mg of bromocriptine/day yielded ovulatory cycles in all 20 patients. Fifteen pregnancies were achieved in thirteen patients, two women becoming pregnant twice. Discontinuation of treatment after ovulation caused hyperprolactinemia during the luteal phase. This did not seem to interfere with the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Hyperprolactinemia during the follicular phase may be related to luteal insufficiency.", "PMID": 571359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9477", "title": "[Separation of human X- and Y- chromosome-bearing spermatozoa by column chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Separation of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa has been attempted using Sephadex gel filtration. Fractions rich in X-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa were eluted in dependence on length of separation distance and on speed of elution. Spermatozoa remaining at the gel showed a higher percentage of Y-bodies compared with the untreated control. Sedimentation pattern and amount of eluted cells is influenced by eluation conditions.", "contents": "[Separation of human X- and Y- chromosome-bearing spermatozoa by column chromatography (author's transl)]. Separation of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa has been attempted using Sephadex gel filtration. Fractions rich in X-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa were eluted in dependence on length of separation distance and on speed of elution. Spermatozoa remaining at the gel showed a higher percentage of Y-bodies compared with the untreated control. Sedimentation pattern and amount of eluted cells is influenced by eluation conditions.", "PMID": 571361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9478", "title": "Differences in the surface components of normal and SV-40 transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The differences in the surface components of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and those transformed by Simian virus 40 have been examined using the isoelectric equilibrium method. The net negative surface charge density of the transformed cells appears to be marginally lower than that of the untransformed cell. Chemical modification studies of the surface groups have indicated that about 30% more cationic groups are present on the transformed cells, suggesting the occurrence of some additional basic material not detectable on the surface of normal cells. These basic groups show a modulation of ionisation characteristics in the presence of carboxylic groups. This may indicate a distribution of the cationic extra material in the vicinity of acidic glycoprotein components of the surface. This investigation has also revealed the occurrence of unidentified anionic groups which ionise at high pH, which appear to be thiol groups.", "contents": "Differences in the surface components of normal and SV-40 transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. The differences in the surface components of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and those transformed by Simian virus 40 have been examined using the isoelectric equilibrium method. The net negative surface charge density of the transformed cells appears to be marginally lower than that of the untransformed cell. Chemical modification studies of the surface groups have indicated that about 30% more cationic groups are present on the transformed cells, suggesting the occurrence of some additional basic material not detectable on the surface of normal cells. These basic groups show a modulation of ionisation characteristics in the presence of carboxylic groups. This may indicate a distribution of the cationic extra material in the vicinity of acidic glycoprotein components of the surface. This investigation has also revealed the occurrence of unidentified anionic groups which ionise at high pH, which appear to be thiol groups.", "PMID": 571363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9479", "title": "Patterns of behavioral development in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive controls.", "content": "We have examined the behavior of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats and stroke-prone hypertensive (SP-SHR) male rats during the development and maintenance of elevated blood pressure and compared this pattern with age- and gender-matched normotensive (WKY) rats of the same Wistar-Kyoto strain as controls. Rats of each strain (n = 10/age group) were isolated in individual cages and observed for 60 min at 3,4,6,8,10, or 20 weeks of age using a scan sampling technique. At all ages SHR rats were significantly more active than WKY rats whereas SP-SHR rats were intermediate in level of activity. In a 2nd series, activity of male rats of each strain was monitored continuously for 24 hr in the home cage. No strain differences in amount or pattern of total daily activity were evident at either 4-6 or 16-18 weeks of age. These results indicate that SHR rats are more reactive to environmental change, but the intermediate level of activity of SP-SPHR rats suggests that this response is not related to the degree of blood pressure elevation,", "contents": "Patterns of behavioral development in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive controls. We have examined the behavior of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats and stroke-prone hypertensive (SP-SHR) male rats during the development and maintenance of elevated blood pressure and compared this pattern with age- and gender-matched normotensive (WKY) rats of the same Wistar-Kyoto strain as controls. Rats of each strain (n = 10/age group) were isolated in individual cages and observed for 60 min at 3,4,6,8,10, or 20 weeks of age using a scan sampling technique. At all ages SHR rats were significantly more active than WKY rats whereas SP-SHR rats were intermediate in level of activity. In a 2nd series, activity of male rats of each strain was monitored continuously for 24 hr in the home cage. No strain differences in amount or pattern of total daily activity were evident at either 4-6 or 16-18 weeks of age. These results indicate that SHR rats are more reactive to environmental change, but the intermediate level of activity of SP-SPHR rats suggests that this response is not related to the degree of blood pressure elevation,", "PMID": 571375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9480", "title": "Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from insulin-dependent diabetic subjects.", "content": "Insulin-dependent diabetics show a significant reduction in blood platelets' monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity when compared with age-matched and sex-matched controls. This does not appear to be the case for diabetics either on diet control or receiving oral hypoglycemic drugs. The important role of this enzyme in the regulation of the circulating levels of a number of monoamines known to have an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion may indicate the possible inclusion of the MAO/monoamine system in the pathophysiology of diabetes. The possibility of using platelets' MAO activity as a biologic marker for a subgroup of insulin-dependent diabetics is also discussed.", "contents": "Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Insulin-dependent diabetics show a significant reduction in blood platelets' monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity when compared with age-matched and sex-matched controls. This does not appear to be the case for diabetics either on diet control or receiving oral hypoglycemic drugs. The important role of this enzyme in the regulation of the circulating levels of a number of monoamines known to have an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion may indicate the possible inclusion of the MAO/monoamine system in the pathophysiology of diabetes. The possibility of using platelets' MAO activity as a biologic marker for a subgroup of insulin-dependent diabetics is also discussed.", "PMID": 571377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9481", "title": "[Stress incontinence in women--the evaluation and interpretation of intra-urethral pressure profiles obtained by microtransducers (author's transl)].", "content": "In 100 women urethrocystometric investigations were carried out with the microtransducer method. The women were of different height and the examinations were done at different states of bladder filling. The interpretation of the resting and stress pressure profiles of the urethra were done according to well defined parameters. The profiles were studied in continent and in continent women regarding their diagnostic value. From the results guidelines for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of stress incontinence were derived, discussed and conclusions for treatment are outlined.", "contents": "[Stress incontinence in women--the evaluation and interpretation of intra-urethral pressure profiles obtained by microtransducers (author's transl)]. In 100 women urethrocystometric investigations were carried out with the microtransducer method. The women were of different height and the examinations were done at different states of bladder filling. The interpretation of the resting and stress pressure profiles of the urethra were done according to well defined parameters. The profiles were studied in continent and in continent women regarding their diagnostic value. From the results guidelines for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of stress incontinence were derived, discussed and conclusions for treatment are outlined.", "PMID": 571378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9482", "title": "The effect of ginseng on lifespan and stress responses in mice.", "content": "It has been suggested that ginseng can increase long-term resistance to stress and disease and therefore affect the lifespan. We set out to investigate this idea by testing whether the continuous administration of ginseng could affect the lifespan of mice and/or their behavioural responses to stress. 270 mice of strain LACa were divided into three groups: one group which was given ginseng from 8 weeks of age, a second group which was given ginseng from 52 weeks of age and an untreated control group. The mice were generally healthy. Their weights remained stable throughout their lifespan and were not altered by ginseng. Ginseng administration did not significantly alter the lifespan. However, ginseng did cause an exaggeration of the behavioural responses to mild stress. This effect was noticeable soon after ginseng administration and subsequently was maintained.", "contents": "The effect of ginseng on lifespan and stress responses in mice. It has been suggested that ginseng can increase long-term resistance to stress and disease and therefore affect the lifespan. We set out to investigate this idea by testing whether the continuous administration of ginseng could affect the lifespan of mice and/or their behavioural responses to stress. 270 mice of strain LACa were divided into three groups: one group which was given ginseng from 8 weeks of age, a second group which was given ginseng from 52 weeks of age and an untreated control group. The mice were generally healthy. Their weights remained stable throughout their lifespan and were not altered by ginseng. Ginseng administration did not significantly alter the lifespan. However, ginseng did cause an exaggeration of the behavioural responses to mild stress. This effect was noticeable soon after ginseng administration and subsequently was maintained.", "PMID": 571386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9483", "title": "Radiographic and haemodynamic patterns of portal hypertension in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: selection of surgical procedure.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and portal hypertension were studied. The transumbilical portal pressure, transsplenic portal pressure, and thoracic duct occluded pressure were measured simultaneously and thoracic duct lymph flow estimated. Changes in the splanchnic vasculature were studied radiologically barium swallow, splenoportography, and umbilical portography. The transumbilical-transsplenic portal pressure gradient was found to be of particular value. The gradient was considered to be positive when the transumbilical portal pressure was higher than the transsplenic portal pressure, in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension and/or ascites was most probably of hepatic origin. The gradient was considered to be negative when the transumbilical portal pressure was lower than the transsplenic portal pressure; in such cases the primary generating factor of  portal hypertension and/or ascites was most probably of splenic or prehepatic origin. A correlation was found between the type of gradient and the radiographic pattern met with. For instance, in cases with positive gradient the hepatic blood flows, as estimated from the splenoportography, were mostly stage I or II, and showed no retrograde portal vein flow on umbilical portography. While, in cases with negative gradients, the hepatic blood flows were mostly stage III or IV, and showed retrograde portal vein flow on umbilical portography. The type of gradient, the clinicopathological stage, and the radiographic changes in the splanchnic vasculature were taken into account in selecting the surgical procedure to be used in each individual case.", "contents": "Radiographic and haemodynamic patterns of portal hypertension in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: selection of surgical procedure. Twenty-eight patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and portal hypertension were studied. The transumbilical portal pressure, transsplenic portal pressure, and thoracic duct occluded pressure were measured simultaneously and thoracic duct lymph flow estimated. Changes in the splanchnic vasculature were studied radiologically barium swallow, splenoportography, and umbilical portography. The transumbilical-transsplenic portal pressure gradient was found to be of particular value. The gradient was considered to be positive when the transumbilical portal pressure was higher than the transsplenic portal pressure, in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension and/or ascites was most probably of hepatic origin. The gradient was considered to be negative when the transumbilical portal pressure was lower than the transsplenic portal pressure; in such cases the primary generating factor of  portal hypertension and/or ascites was most probably of splenic or prehepatic origin. A correlation was found between the type of gradient and the radiographic pattern met with. For instance, in cases with positive gradient the hepatic blood flows, as estimated from the splenoportography, were mostly stage I or II, and showed no retrograde portal vein flow on umbilical portography. While, in cases with negative gradients, the hepatic blood flows were mostly stage III or IV, and showed retrograde portal vein flow on umbilical portography. The type of gradient, the clinicopathological stage, and the radiographic changes in the splanchnic vasculature were taken into account in selecting the surgical procedure to be used in each individual case.", "PMID": 571387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9484", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha on steroid biosynthesis in rat ovary (author's transl)].", "content": "Conversion in vitro of pregnenolone to progesterone by the ovaries from immature rats after treatment of PMS and HCG was inhibited by addition of PGE2 (1.4 X 10(-7)M) or PGF2 alpha (1.4 X 10(-7)M). Result of conversion in vitro of pregnenolone to progesterone and estradiol-17 beta by ovary of adult rat in estrus showed that the progesterone biosynthesis in the ovary was inhibited by PGF2 alpha (1.4 X 10(-7)M) but the releasing rate of progesterone from the ovary into the medium increased by about 1.25 fold. Progesterone in the medium decreased dramatically following incubation. Estradiol-17 beta in the ovarian tissue and in the medium did not differ from the control rate with addition of PGF2 alpha. When the effect of PGF2 alpha (1.4 X 10(-7)M) in vitro on the conversion of testosterone to estrone and estradiol-17 beta by the ovary from adult rat in estrus was studied, we found that the releasing rate of estrone from the ovary into the medium was increased by addition of PGF2 alpha; the rate was significantly different from control level after addition of PGF2 alpha 30 min of incubation (p less than 0.01). Thus a minute amount of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha influences steroid biosynthesis in the rat ovary.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha on steroid biosynthesis in rat ovary (author's transl)]. Conversion in vitro of pregnenolone to progesterone by the ovaries from immature rats after treatment of PMS and HCG was inhibited by addition of PGE2 (1.4 X 10(-7)M) or PGF2 alpha (1.4 X 10(-7)M). Result of conversion in vitro of pregnenolone to progesterone and estradiol-17 beta by ovary of adult rat in estrus showed that the progesterone biosynthesis in the ovary was inhibited by PGF2 alpha (1.4 X 10(-7)M) but the releasing rate of progesterone from the ovary into the medium increased by about 1.25 fold. Progesterone in the medium decreased dramatically following incubation. Estradiol-17 beta in the ovarian tissue and in the medium did not differ from the control rate with addition of PGF2 alpha. When the effect of PGF2 alpha (1.4 X 10(-7)M) in vitro on the conversion of testosterone to estrone and estradiol-17 beta by the ovary from adult rat in estrus was studied, we found that the releasing rate of estrone from the ovary into the medium was increased by addition of PGF2 alpha; the rate was significantly different from control level after addition of PGF2 alpha 30 min of incubation (p less than 0.01). Thus a minute amount of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha influences steroid biosynthesis in the rat ovary.", "PMID": 571392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9485", "title": "[Relationship between gnawing compulsion and central dopaminergic mechanism in guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been reported that an increased in dopaminergic activity in the striatum can induce gnawing compulsion, a stereotyped behavior. Apomorphine, amphetamine and L-DOPA also produce such effects, particularly in the rat. However, it has been reported that the gnawing compulsion in the guinea pig cannot be induced with L-DOPA and is not related to the levels of catecholamine in the brain. It is of essential importance in this kind of research to clarify whether or not a dopaminergic mechanism is equally involved in gnawing compulsion of the rodent in general. The present study dealt with the mechanism of gnawing compulsion with L-DOPA administration to guinea pigs. Gnawing compulsion was amplified by crystal pick-up and amplifiers and was continuously recorded by an inkwriting-oscilloscope. The recorded data were scored for quantitative and objective analysis. Certainly, L-DOPA alone did not induce continuous gnawing, but the gnawing was obviously induced by pretreatment with benserazide, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. The induced gnawing complusion was inhibited by pimozide and haloperidol which are both dopamine receptor blockers. When catecholamine synthesis was inhibited pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, the amphetamine induced gnawing compulsion alone was markedly inhibited, but the apomorphine or L-DOPA induced gnawing compulsion following the pretreatment with benserazide was not inhibited. Therefore, it was deduced that gnawing compulsion was induced with amphetamine directly by dopamine release, with apomorphine by its direct stimulation of the dopamine receptor, and with L-DOPA by its action on the dopamine receptor, after having been converted to dopamine. Based on these results, it was concluded that the dopaminergic mechanism is closely involved in gnawing compulsion seen in the guinea pig as well as in the rat.", "contents": "[Relationship between gnawing compulsion and central dopaminergic mechanism in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. It has been reported that an increased in dopaminergic activity in the striatum can induce gnawing compulsion, a stereotyped behavior. Apomorphine, amphetamine and L-DOPA also produce such effects, particularly in the rat. However, it has been reported that the gnawing compulsion in the guinea pig cannot be induced with L-DOPA and is not related to the levels of catecholamine in the brain. It is of essential importance in this kind of research to clarify whether or not a dopaminergic mechanism is equally involved in gnawing compulsion of the rodent in general. The present study dealt with the mechanism of gnawing compulsion with L-DOPA administration to guinea pigs. Gnawing compulsion was amplified by crystal pick-up and amplifiers and was continuously recorded by an inkwriting-oscilloscope. The recorded data were scored for quantitative and objective analysis. Certainly, L-DOPA alone did not induce continuous gnawing, but the gnawing was obviously induced by pretreatment with benserazide, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. The induced gnawing complusion was inhibited by pimozide and haloperidol which are both dopamine receptor blockers. When catecholamine synthesis was inhibited pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, the amphetamine induced gnawing compulsion alone was markedly inhibited, but the apomorphine or L-DOPA induced gnawing compulsion following the pretreatment with benserazide was not inhibited. Therefore, it was deduced that gnawing compulsion was induced with amphetamine directly by dopamine release, with apomorphine by its direct stimulation of the dopamine receptor, and with L-DOPA by its action on the dopamine receptor, after having been converted to dopamine. Based on these results, it was concluded that the dopaminergic mechanism is closely involved in gnawing compulsion seen in the guinea pig as well as in the rat.", "PMID": 571393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9486", "title": "Mammary tumour incidence in relation to the pattern of oestrous cycles in mice.", "content": "The patterns of oestrous cycles were examined in new strains of mice exhibiting a high (SHN) and a low (SLN) mammary tumour incidence. These mice originated from the same stock of Swiss albino mice. At the age of 3-4 months, SHN mice showed much longer cycles with continual dioestrous periods than SLN mice. The average lengths of cycles and dioestrous periods were, respectively, 8.3 +/- 0.3 and 6.0 +/- 0.4 days in SHN mice and 4.6 +/- 0.1 and 2.5 +/- 0.1 days in SLN mice. Furthermore, the distinct alteration in the patterns of cycles from SHN to SLN type was associated with complete reduction in mammary tumour incidence in highly inbred C3H/He female mice maintained by brother X sister mating with no selection for mammary tumourigenesis. The relation between the pattern of oestrous cycles and mammary tumourigenesis is discussed from the viewpoint of the endogenous hormonal milieu and the responsiveness of target organs.", "contents": "Mammary tumour incidence in relation to the pattern of oestrous cycles in mice. The patterns of oestrous cycles were examined in new strains of mice exhibiting a high (SHN) and a low (SLN) mammary tumour incidence. These mice originated from the same stock of Swiss albino mice. At the age of 3-4 months, SHN mice showed much longer cycles with continual dioestrous periods than SLN mice. The average lengths of cycles and dioestrous periods were, respectively, 8.3 +/- 0.3 and 6.0 +/- 0.4 days in SHN mice and 4.6 +/- 0.1 and 2.5 +/- 0.1 days in SLN mice. Furthermore, the distinct alteration in the patterns of cycles from SHN to SLN type was associated with complete reduction in mammary tumour incidence in highly inbred C3H/He female mice maintained by brother X sister mating with no selection for mammary tumourigenesis. The relation between the pattern of oestrous cycles and mammary tumourigenesis is discussed from the viewpoint of the endogenous hormonal milieu and the responsiveness of target organs.", "PMID": 571397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9487", "title": "Diurnal variations of plasma lipoproteins and liver lipids in rats fed starch sucrose or fat.", "content": "The incidence of the dietary source of energy on lipid transport and accumulation was investigated over a full nycthemeral cycle in adapted rats fed ad libitum. Starch, sucrose and lard were compared. Lipoprotein composition of the plasma, liver and plasma lipids and insulinemia were analyzed every 3 hours over 24 hours. The pattern of VLDL concentration was dependent on the nature of the energetic substrate. Feeding starch resulted in a remarkable stability of lipoproteins, liver and plasma lipids, despite clearcut diurnal variations in plasma non esterified fatty acids, insulinemia and liver glycogen. In sucrose-fed rats VLDL rose to a sharp maximum in the post prandial period (9-12:00) and were totally cleared by 18:00. In fat-fed rats, HDL were elevated during the night, suggesting a possible stimulation of their synthesis by dietary fat in the intestine. LDL were constantly elevated with peak values at 21:00 while VLDL were very low, even at night, despite elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids. It is concluded that, in animals adapted to a high fat-diet, a high level of circulating non esterified fatty acids is not sufficient to promote the synthesis of VLDL. The main regulating factor appears to be the intensity of hepatic lipogenesis which is stimulated by sucrose and inhibited by lard. No correlation was found between variations in plasma VLDL and insulinemia.", "contents": "Diurnal variations of plasma lipoproteins and liver lipids in rats fed starch sucrose or fat. The incidence of the dietary source of energy on lipid transport and accumulation was investigated over a full nycthemeral cycle in adapted rats fed ad libitum. Starch, sucrose and lard were compared. Lipoprotein composition of the plasma, liver and plasma lipids and insulinemia were analyzed every 3 hours over 24 hours. The pattern of VLDL concentration was dependent on the nature of the energetic substrate. Feeding starch resulted in a remarkable stability of lipoproteins, liver and plasma lipids, despite clearcut diurnal variations in plasma non esterified fatty acids, insulinemia and liver glycogen. In sucrose-fed rats VLDL rose to a sharp maximum in the post prandial period (9-12:00) and were totally cleared by 18:00. In fat-fed rats, HDL were elevated during the night, suggesting a possible stimulation of their synthesis by dietary fat in the intestine. LDL were constantly elevated with peak values at 21:00 while VLDL were very low, even at night, despite elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids. It is concluded that, in animals adapted to a high fat-diet, a high level of circulating non esterified fatty acids is not sufficient to promote the synthesis of VLDL. The main regulating factor appears to be the intensity of hepatic lipogenesis which is stimulated by sucrose and inhibited by lard. No correlation was found between variations in plasma VLDL and insulinemia.", "PMID": 571396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9488", "title": "The lectin-binding sites of the erythrocyte membrane components of horse, swine and sheep. Characterization by their molecular weights.", "content": "The membrane components of equine, porcine and ovine erythrocytes were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequently incubated with the radioiodinated lectins from lentils (LCH), castorbeans (RCA), Phaseolus beans (L-PHA), gorse seeds (UEH-F) and from vineyard snails (HPA). The following individual glycoproteins could be labeled: gp 26, 33, 100 and 320 in horse erythrocytes, gp 24, 46, 75, 130 and 210 in swine and gp 24, 57, 100 and 210 in sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "The lectin-binding sites of the erythrocyte membrane components of horse, swine and sheep. Characterization by their molecular weights. The membrane components of equine, porcine and ovine erythrocytes were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequently incubated with the radioiodinated lectins from lentils (LCH), castorbeans (RCA), Phaseolus beans (L-PHA), gorse seeds (UEH-F) and from vineyard snails (HPA). The following individual glycoproteins could be labeled: gp 26, 33, 100 and 320 in horse erythrocytes, gp 24, 46, 75, 130 and 210 in swine and gp 24, 57, 100 and 210 in sheep erythrocytes.", "PMID": 571398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9489", "title": "Characterization of a carboxypeptidase from the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis.", "content": "A carboxypeptidase has been identified in Rhodotorula glutinis and partially purified. The enzyme is active on N-substituted dipeptides and tripeptides and also exhibits an esterolytic activity. Both activities are inhibited by (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl)chloromethane and by a thermostable fraction present in extracts. The enzyme shows a pH optimum in the range 7.5 to 8.0 and has a molecular weight of 80000, determined by gel filtration.", "contents": "Characterization of a carboxypeptidase from the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis. A carboxypeptidase has been identified in Rhodotorula glutinis and partially purified. The enzyme is active on N-substituted dipeptides and tripeptides and also exhibits an esterolytic activity. Both activities are inhibited by (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl)chloromethane and by a thermostable fraction present in extracts. The enzyme shows a pH optimum in the range 7.5 to 8.0 and has a molecular weight of 80000, determined by gel filtration.", "PMID": 571399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9490", "title": "Follicular growth and atresia in the mouse.", "content": "Follicles were classified on the basis of the number of layers of follicle cells, the presence and degree of development of the zone pellucide, and the presence of an antrum. Formation of an antrum in follicles with less than 7 to 8 cell layers and/or presence of necrotic cells was considered indicative of degeneration. When classified in this manner, the data suggest that follicles and their contained oocytes are committed to either normal development or atresia by the time a third layer of granulosa cells is formed.", "contents": "Follicular growth and atresia in the mouse. Follicles were classified on the basis of the number of layers of follicle cells, the presence and degree of development of the zone pellucide, and the presence of an antrum. Formation of an antrum in follicles with less than 7 to 8 cell layers and/or presence of necrotic cells was considered indicative of degeneration. When classified in this manner, the data suggest that follicles and their contained oocytes are committed to either normal development or atresia by the time a third layer of granulosa cells is formed.", "PMID": 571401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9491", "title": "Differential antibody forming cell response in mice due to levamisole treatment.", "content": "The administration of varying doses of levamisole on the antibody forming cell (AFC) response of C57BL6/J mice to sheep red blood cells was investigated. Doses of 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg potentiated the AFC response, while a dose of 5 mg/kg levamisole blocked the AFC response. Injection of the latter does of levamisole one day after antigen exposure did not inhibit the AFC response. Levamisole did not alter the basal response to sheep red blood cells of otherwise untreated mice.", "contents": "Differential antibody forming cell response in mice due to levamisole treatment. The administration of varying doses of levamisole on the antibody forming cell (AFC) response of C57BL6/J mice to sheep red blood cells was investigated. Doses of 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg potentiated the AFC response, while a dose of 5 mg/kg levamisole blocked the AFC response. Injection of the latter does of levamisole one day after antigen exposure did not inhibit the AFC response. Levamisole did not alter the basal response to sheep red blood cells of otherwise untreated mice.", "PMID": 571403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9492", "title": "Regulation of asthma by intestinal parasites. Investigation of possible mechanisms.", "content": "The serum IgE levels of asthmatic subjects from Papua, New Guniea (PNG) were similar to those of corresponding control subjects but significantly higher than Caucasian asthmatics from Western Australia (AUS). Notwithstanding these differences in total IgE, the levels of IgE antibodies to D. pteronyssinus (RAST units) were similar in both asthmatic groups. The mite specific IgE antibody levels were independent of those to Ascaris and hookworm, suggesting that antigenic competition is not a factor of importance in sensitization to environmental allergens in the tropics. This study does not support the proposal that the low prevalence of allergic disease in tropical areas where parasitism is endemic is attributed to mast cell blockade through saturation of IgE receptors.", "contents": "Regulation of asthma by intestinal parasites. Investigation of possible mechanisms. The serum IgE levels of asthmatic subjects from Papua, New Guniea (PNG) were similar to those of corresponding control subjects but significantly higher than Caucasian asthmatics from Western Australia (AUS). Notwithstanding these differences in total IgE, the levels of IgE antibodies to D. pteronyssinus (RAST units) were similar in both asthmatic groups. The mite specific IgE antibody levels were independent of those to Ascaris and hookworm, suggesting that antigenic competition is not a factor of importance in sensitization to environmental allergens in the tropics. This study does not support the proposal that the low prevalence of allergic disease in tropical areas where parasitism is endemic is attributed to mast cell blockade through saturation of IgE receptors.", "PMID": 571404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9493", "title": "The distribution of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin containing cells over various lymphoid organs of congenitally athymic (nude) mice as a function of age.", "content": "The distribution of cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (C-Ig cells) over various lymphoid organs was studied in congenitally athymic (nude) mice as a function of age. The C-IgM, C-IgG and C-IgA cells were enumerated in spleen, bone marrow, mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches of nude mice and their heterozygous littermates of 6, 40 and 100 weeks of age. In the nude as well as in the heterozygous mice an age-related shift was observed in the localization of the C-Ig cells. In young mice of both groups the majority of these cells resided in the spleen, whereas in adult and old mice the bone marrow was found to be the major C-Ig cell organ, indicating that this shift is not dependent on the presence of the thymus. In young and adult nude and heterozygous mice C-Ig cell numbers in the spleen were comparable, whereas C-Ig cell numbers in the other lymphoid organs were higher in the heterozygous mice than in the nude mice. The total C-Ig cell number in young and adult nude mice was lower than in heterozygous mice of the same age, whereas in old nude mice they were as high as in heterozygous mice of the same age, indicating a retarded development of the immunological activity in nude mice. C-Ig cells in nude mice were almost exclusively of the IgM class, although in the bone marrow of the oldest animals also a substantial number of C-IgG and C-IgA cells was observed. Our finding that nude mice can live up to at least two years of age indicates that the age-related deterioration of the thymus-dependent limb of the immune system is not the cause of ageing, but rather a consequence of it.", "contents": "The distribution of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin containing cells over various lymphoid organs of congenitally athymic (nude) mice as a function of age. The distribution of cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (C-Ig cells) over various lymphoid organs was studied in congenitally athymic (nude) mice as a function of age. The C-IgM, C-IgG and C-IgA cells were enumerated in spleen, bone marrow, mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches of nude mice and their heterozygous littermates of 6, 40 and 100 weeks of age. In the nude as well as in the heterozygous mice an age-related shift was observed in the localization of the C-Ig cells. In young mice of both groups the majority of these cells resided in the spleen, whereas in adult and old mice the bone marrow was found to be the major C-Ig cell organ, indicating that this shift is not dependent on the presence of the thymus. In young and adult nude and heterozygous mice C-Ig cell numbers in the spleen were comparable, whereas C-Ig cell numbers in the other lymphoid organs were higher in the heterozygous mice than in the nude mice. The total C-Ig cell number in young and adult nude mice was lower than in heterozygous mice of the same age, whereas in old nude mice they were as high as in heterozygous mice of the same age, indicating a retarded development of the immunological activity in nude mice. C-Ig cells in nude mice were almost exclusively of the IgM class, although in the bone marrow of the oldest animals also a substantial number of C-IgG and C-IgA cells was observed. Our finding that nude mice can live up to at least two years of age indicates that the age-related deterioration of the thymus-dependent limb of the immune system is not the cause of ageing, but rather a consequence of it.", "PMID": 571405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9494", "title": "Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic studies of distinct allergens in two extracts of Cladosporium herbarum.", "content": "Cladosporium herbarum was supplied from two sources and extracted identically. Antisera against the extracts were produced in rabbits and two reference patterns were established using crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Both patterns showed more than 60 precipitates but less than 50% of the detectable antigens appeared to be identical in the two extracts. The allergens were identified by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) using sera from 35 individuals with proven or suspected allergy to C. herbarum. Four important and 10-20 less important allergens were demonstrated. Among the allergens present, there were none reacting with all patient sera. Only 1 out of 3 rabbits immunized with a suspension of broken cells of C. herbarum showed precipitating antibodies to the statistically most important allergen, while 9 rabbits immunized with aqueous extracts of the mold did not. The composition of the two extracts with respect to allergens differed. Allergens present in one extract were not always detectable in the other. The experiments also showed how CIE/CRIE with various combinations of antigens and antisera may be combined with CRIE inhibition, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and RAST inhibition for comparing complex allergen extracts at the molecular level.", "contents": "Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic studies of distinct allergens in two extracts of Cladosporium herbarum. Cladosporium herbarum was supplied from two sources and extracted identically. Antisera against the extracts were produced in rabbits and two reference patterns were established using crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Both patterns showed more than 60 precipitates but less than 50% of the detectable antigens appeared to be identical in the two extracts. The allergens were identified by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) using sera from 35 individuals with proven or suspected allergy to C. herbarum. Four important and 10-20 less important allergens were demonstrated. Among the allergens present, there were none reacting with all patient sera. Only 1 out of 3 rabbits immunized with a suspension of broken cells of C. herbarum showed precipitating antibodies to the statistically most important allergen, while 9 rabbits immunized with aqueous extracts of the mold did not. The composition of the two extracts with respect to allergens differed. Allergens present in one extract were not always detectable in the other. The experiments also showed how CIE/CRIE with various combinations of antigens and antisera may be combined with CRIE inhibition, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and RAST inhibition for comparing complex allergen extracts at the molecular level.", "PMID": 571415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9495", "title": "Clinical comparison of skin testing and the radioallergosorbent test in dog-sensitive patients using mixed and breed-specific antigens.", "content": "A study of clinical history, intradermal test end points and RAST values with six different dog antigens was made in 20 patients and 5 control subjects. Skin testing was found to be more useful clinically than the RAST. Considerable variability among mixed epidermal extracts was noted. There was no apparent advantage to testing with three individual-breed extracts studied, compared to the most potent mixed epidermal antigen. The results of this study suggest that further efforts toward standardization of potency, methods of preparation and, possibly, breed composition of dog allergenic extracts are required to develop improved allergens for clinical use.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of skin testing and the radioallergosorbent test in dog-sensitive patients using mixed and breed-specific antigens. A study of clinical history, intradermal test end points and RAST values with six different dog antigens was made in 20 patients and 5 control subjects. Skin testing was found to be more useful clinically than the RAST. Considerable variability among mixed epidermal extracts was noted. There was no apparent advantage to testing with three individual-breed extracts studied, compared to the most potent mixed epidermal antigen. The results of this study suggest that further efforts toward standardization of potency, methods of preparation and, possibly, breed composition of dog allergenic extracts are required to develop improved allergens for clinical use.", "PMID": 571416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9496", "title": "Diurnal rhythmicity of nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylylated ribonucleic acids and or polyadenylate-dependent polyadenylate polymerase in rat liver.", "content": "The hepatic concentration of polyadenylylated RNA was measured in rats kept under LD 12:12. In the nuclei, the concentration was maximal during the dark phase, whereas in the cytoplasm, the highest values were measured during the light phase. The activity of nuclear polyadenylate-dependent polyadenylate polymerase showed a rhythm of low amplitude with a maximum at light-off.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythmicity of nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylylated ribonucleic acids and or polyadenylate-dependent polyadenylate polymerase in rat liver. The hepatic concentration of polyadenylylated RNA was measured in rats kept under LD 12:12. In the nuclei, the concentration was maximal during the dark phase, whereas in the cytoplasm, the highest values were measured during the light phase. The activity of nuclear polyadenylate-dependent polyadenylate polymerase showed a rhythm of low amplitude with a maximum at light-off.", "PMID": 571418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9497", "title": "Antiformaldehyde and anti-N-like antibodies in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Seventy-one hemodialysis patients were tested for antibodies to red blood cell antigens; 19 of the 71 had been treated with formaldehyde-sterilized dialysis membranes. The sera of 3 (16%) of these 19 contained anti-N-like antibodies and those of 17 (89%) contained a second agglutinin specific for formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. Anti-N-like and \"antiformaldehyde\" antibodies appear to be serologically distinct. We suggest that residual formaldehyde in formaldehyde-sterilized dialysis membranes reacts with red blood cells to form an immunogen responsible for antiformaldehyde in patients treated with these membranes.", "contents": "Antiformaldehyde and anti-N-like antibodies in hemodialysis patients. Seventy-one hemodialysis patients were tested for antibodies to red blood cell antigens; 19 of the 71 had been treated with formaldehyde-sterilized dialysis membranes. The sera of 3 (16%) of these 19 contained anti-N-like antibodies and those of 17 (89%) contained a second agglutinin specific for formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. Anti-N-like and \"antiformaldehyde\" antibodies appear to be serologically distinct. We suggest that residual formaldehyde in formaldehyde-sterilized dialysis membranes reacts with red blood cells to form an immunogen responsible for antiformaldehyde in patients treated with these membranes.", "PMID": 571419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9498", "title": "Effect of creatinine on various experimentally induced inflammatory models.", "content": "Creatinine, an aminoacid, has been studied for its anti-inflammatory activity. It is orally effective in suppressing the inflammatory responses produced by carrageenan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, nystatin and formaldehyde. It is observed that the antiinflammatory effect of creatinine is not owing to counter irritant action. It is suggested that it may partially be mediating its anti-inflammatory activity by interfering with the action or/and synthesis of prostaglandins. Like phenylbutazone it also possesses an analgesic action.", "contents": "Effect of creatinine on various experimentally induced inflammatory models. Creatinine, an aminoacid, has been studied for its anti-inflammatory activity. It is orally effective in suppressing the inflammatory responses produced by carrageenan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, nystatin and formaldehyde. It is observed that the antiinflammatory effect of creatinine is not owing to counter irritant action. It is suggested that it may partially be mediating its anti-inflammatory activity by interfering with the action or/and synthesis of prostaglandins. Like phenylbutazone it also possesses an analgesic action.", "PMID": 571414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9499", "title": "Synthesis of fetal and adult hemoglobins in culture by human umbilical cord blood erythropoietic precursors.", "content": "We cultured human umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood erythropoietic precursors in methylcellulose clonal assay and measured the synthetic rates of HbA, A2, and F. Hb was labeled with 14C-amino acid in culture and separated by slab-gel isoelectric focusing and quantitated by autoradiography. While the mean percentage of HbF synthesized by adult cells was only 20.1%, that of umbilical cord blood cells was 53.9%, which corresponds closely to the biosynthetic capabilities of umbilical cord blood reticulocytes. Variations in the erythropoietin concentrations did not influence the percentage of HbF. Erythropoietic cell cultures of human umbilical cord blood may provide an important means for studying the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological Hb switching in the perinatal period.", "contents": "Synthesis of fetal and adult hemoglobins in culture by human umbilical cord blood erythropoietic precursors. We cultured human umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood erythropoietic precursors in methylcellulose clonal assay and measured the synthetic rates of HbA, A2, and F. Hb was labeled with 14C-amino acid in culture and separated by slab-gel isoelectric focusing and quantitated by autoradiography. While the mean percentage of HbF synthesized by adult cells was only 20.1%, that of umbilical cord blood cells was 53.9%, which corresponds closely to the biosynthetic capabilities of umbilical cord blood reticulocytes. Variations in the erythropoietin concentrations did not influence the percentage of HbF. Erythropoietic cell cultures of human umbilical cord blood may provide an important means for studying the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological Hb switching in the perinatal period.", "PMID": 571421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9500", "title": "A new dynamic model system for the study of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in cytochemistry. II. Effect of the composition of the incubation medium on the trapping of phosphate ions in acid phosphatase cytochemistry.", "content": "A model system developed for the study of the dynamics of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in cytochemistry served as a basis for the experiments reported in the present paper. The model was used to study the effect of the composition of the cytochemical medium on the trapping of phosphate ions by lead (II) ions in acid phosphatase cytochemistry. In this system a phosphate-containing solution and a lead-containing solution (cytochemical medium) are pumped along opposite sides of a polyacrylamide film. The phosphate concentration at which measurable precipitation starts in the film (critical phosphate concentration) was taken as a measure of the trapping efficiency of the cytochemical medium. The addition of beta-glycerophosphate and cytidine-5'-monophosphate to a buffered lead-containing solution resulted in a higher critical phosphate. The addition of chloride ions and acetone, as well as decreasing the molarity of the acetate buffer of the cytochemical medium, were found to lower the critical phosphate concentration, whereas the addition of fluoride ions, glucose, and sucrose had no effect. From the effect of variations in the composition of the cytochemical medium on the trapping efficiency and the turnover number of acid phosphatase in the medium, it was possible to predict which cytochemical medium would be the most suitable for the demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells. The results were in accordance with the localization of acid phosphatase activity: the higher the trapping efficiency and the turnover number, the higher the amount of precipitate and the number of positive enzymatic sites. In this way an improved cytochemical medium for acid phosphatase was developed.", "contents": "A new dynamic model system for the study of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in cytochemistry. II. Effect of the composition of the incubation medium on the trapping of phosphate ions in acid phosphatase cytochemistry. A model system developed for the study of the dynamics of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in cytochemistry served as a basis for the experiments reported in the present paper. The model was used to study the effect of the composition of the cytochemical medium on the trapping of phosphate ions by lead (II) ions in acid phosphatase cytochemistry. In this system a phosphate-containing solution and a lead-containing solution (cytochemical medium) are pumped along opposite sides of a polyacrylamide film. The phosphate concentration at which measurable precipitation starts in the film (critical phosphate concentration) was taken as a measure of the trapping efficiency of the cytochemical medium. The addition of beta-glycerophosphate and cytidine-5'-monophosphate to a buffered lead-containing solution resulted in a higher critical phosphate. The addition of chloride ions and acetone, as well as decreasing the molarity of the acetate buffer of the cytochemical medium, were found to lower the critical phosphate concentration, whereas the addition of fluoride ions, glucose, and sucrose had no effect. From the effect of variations in the composition of the cytochemical medium on the trapping efficiency and the turnover number of acid phosphatase in the medium, it was possible to predict which cytochemical medium would be the most suitable for the demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells. The results were in accordance with the localization of acid phosphatase activity: the higher the trapping efficiency and the turnover number, the higher the amount of precipitate and the number of positive enzymatic sites. In this way an improved cytochemical medium for acid phosphatase was developed.", "PMID": 571422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9501", "title": "Enzyme histochemical investigation of glycol methacrylate embedded chick embryonic tissue.", "content": "The advantages of the water-soluble glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedding procedure make it highly applicable for use with fragile early embryonic material. Not only can one obtain tissue sections containing excellent histological detail, but numerous enzymes are retained for subsequent histochemical localization. For the purpose of establishing a methodology whereby concomitant histology and histochemistry could be obtainable, various fixatives and fixation times have been evaluated on GMA embedded chick embryonic mesonephros and gonad. It was found that fixing the tissues for 1 h in a solution of 95% ethanol, 5% acetic acid and 10% neutral-buffered formalin resulted in the retention of not only excellent histology but also alkaline and acid phosphatase. Thus, with this procedure, more specific investigations of early embryonic tissue can be performed.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemical investigation of glycol methacrylate embedded chick embryonic tissue. The advantages of the water-soluble glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedding procedure make it highly applicable for use with fragile early embryonic material. Not only can one obtain tissue sections containing excellent histological detail, but numerous enzymes are retained for subsequent histochemical localization. For the purpose of establishing a methodology whereby concomitant histology and histochemistry could be obtainable, various fixatives and fixation times have been evaluated on GMA embedded chick embryonic mesonephros and gonad. It was found that fixing the tissues for 1 h in a solution of 95% ethanol, 5% acetic acid and 10% neutral-buffered formalin resulted in the retention of not only excellent histology but also alkaline and acid phosphatase. Thus, with this procedure, more specific investigations of early embryonic tissue can be performed.", "PMID": 571423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9502", "title": "Effect of sex and reproductive status on sucrose preference, food intake, and body weight of dogs.", "content": "In a study of preferences for diets containing 1% to 20% sucrose over a bland diet, both female and male dogs preferred the diets containing sucrose over a bland diet, but female dogs had a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater preference for 1% sucrose than did males. Differences between sexes were not observed at the higher concentrations. Mean daily caloric intake was calculated for 12 bitches fed ad libitum during metestrus, estrus, and anestrus, as determined from metachrome-stained vaginal smears. Mean daily caloric intake was lowest during estrus (149 +/- 17 kcal/kg of body weight), was higher during metestrus (159 +/- 8 kcal/kg of body weight), and was highest (175 +/- 9 kcal/kg of body weight) during anestrus. Ovariohysterectomized bitches gained significantly (P less than 0.01) more weight (1.3 +/- 0.3 kg) in the first 10 days after surgery than did sham operated controls (0.3 +/- 0.1 kg). Food intake also was significantly greater ( less than 0.01) in the ovariohysterectomized bitches (1,708 kcal/day) than in the sham operated controls (1,423 kcal/day). Depth of subcutaneous fat in shoulder, rib, and rump areas of ovariohysterectomized bitches was not significantly different from that of intact bitches.", "contents": "Effect of sex and reproductive status on sucrose preference, food intake, and body weight of dogs. In a study of preferences for diets containing 1% to 20% sucrose over a bland diet, both female and male dogs preferred the diets containing sucrose over a bland diet, but female dogs had a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater preference for 1% sucrose than did males. Differences between sexes were not observed at the higher concentrations. Mean daily caloric intake was calculated for 12 bitches fed ad libitum during metestrus, estrus, and anestrus, as determined from metachrome-stained vaginal smears. Mean daily caloric intake was lowest during estrus (149 +/- 17 kcal/kg of body weight), was higher during metestrus (159 +/- 8 kcal/kg of body weight), and was highest (175 +/- 9 kcal/kg of body weight) during anestrus. Ovariohysterectomized bitches gained significantly (P less than 0.01) more weight (1.3 +/- 0.3 kg) in the first 10 days after surgery than did sham operated controls (0.3 +/- 0.1 kg). Food intake also was significantly greater ( less than 0.01) in the ovariohysterectomized bitches (1,708 kcal/day) than in the sham operated controls (1,423 kcal/day). Depth of subcutaneous fat in shoulder, rib, and rump areas of ovariohysterectomized bitches was not significantly different from that of intact bitches.", "PMID": 571424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9503", "title": "Studies on flotation techniques for the recovery of helminth eggs from soil and the prevalence of eggs of Toxocara spp in some Kansas public places.", "content": "A technique for extracting Toxocara spp eggs from soil had a recovery efficiency ranging from 53% to 68%. Using the technique, 50 of 232 (22%) soil samples from city and university properties were found to be contaminated with eggs of Toxocara spp. Of 50 samples from highway rest areas, 8 (16%) were contaminated. From a public health standpoint, it was particularly noteworthy that 9 of 23 (39%) samples from sandboxes in student family quarters were contaminated with Toxocara spp eggs.", "contents": "Studies on flotation techniques for the recovery of helminth eggs from soil and the prevalence of eggs of Toxocara spp in some Kansas public places. A technique for extracting Toxocara spp eggs from soil had a recovery efficiency ranging from 53% to 68%. Using the technique, 50 of 232 (22%) soil samples from city and university properties were found to be contaminated with eggs of Toxocara spp. Of 50 samples from highway rest areas, 8 (16%) were contaminated. From a public health standpoint, it was particularly noteworthy that 9 of 23 (39%) samples from sandboxes in student family quarters were contaminated with Toxocara spp eggs.", "PMID": 571425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9504", "title": "Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. VII. Crinipellin, a new antibiotic from the basidiomycetous fungus Crinipellis stipitaria (Fr.) Pat.", "content": "A crystalline antibiotic, which we have named crinipellin, was isolated from submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Crinipellis stipitaria, strain No. 7612. High resolution mass spectrometry yielded the formula C22H28O5. The antibiotic is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, although yeasts and filamentous fungi are affected to a lesser extent. Crinipellin exhibits high in vitro inhibitory activity against the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma. The incorporation of precursors of DNA-, RNA-, and protein syntheses in EHRLICH carcinoma (and in Bacillus brevis) cells was completely inhibited at 5(10) microgram/ml. In Bacillus brevis the inhibition of the incorporation of uridine was found to be due to an interference by crinipellin with the transport of the precursor into the cells.", "contents": "Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. VII. Crinipellin, a new antibiotic from the basidiomycetous fungus Crinipellis stipitaria (Fr.) Pat. A crystalline antibiotic, which we have named crinipellin, was isolated from submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Crinipellis stipitaria, strain No. 7612. High resolution mass spectrometry yielded the formula C22H28O5. The antibiotic is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, although yeasts and filamentous fungi are affected to a lesser extent. Crinipellin exhibits high in vitro inhibitory activity against the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma. The incorporation of precursors of DNA-, RNA-, and protein syntheses in EHRLICH carcinoma (and in Bacillus brevis) cells was completely inhibited at 5(10) microgram/ml. In Bacillus brevis the inhibition of the incorporation of uridine was found to be due to an interference by crinipellin with the transport of the precursor into the cells.", "PMID": 571426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9505", "title": "Davidoff-Dyke-Masson syndrome presenting as childhood schizophrenia.", "content": "The problem of differential diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia versus gross brain pathology is a difficult one. The clinical picture, for instance, of dementia infantalis (Heller's Disease) is indistinguishable from that of schizophrenia (Shaw & Lucas, 1970). The same is true of some major metabolic disorders (Bray,1970). Coexisting neurological and EEG findings for seizures are not helpful since these are often seen in schizophrenia (Bender, 1947; Fish, 1977). Mental retardation may coexist with schizophrenia or any of the other disorders. The following is an unusual case illustration of a child presenting symptoms of schizophrenia, seizures, and retardation without neurological abnormalities. Until his gross anatomical brain pathology was found by neurologic evaluation, he was subjected to the inappropriate treatment of psychotherapy.", "contents": "Davidoff-Dyke-Masson syndrome presenting as childhood schizophrenia. The problem of differential diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia versus gross brain pathology is a difficult one. The clinical picture, for instance, of dementia infantalis (Heller's Disease) is indistinguishable from that of schizophrenia (Shaw & Lucas, 1970). The same is true of some major metabolic disorders (Bray,1970). Coexisting neurological and EEG findings for seizures are not helpful since these are often seen in schizophrenia (Bender, 1947; Fish, 1977). Mental retardation may coexist with schizophrenia or any of the other disorders. The following is an unusual case illustration of a child presenting symptoms of schizophrenia, seizures, and retardation without neurological abnormalities. Until his gross anatomical brain pathology was found by neurologic evaluation, he was subjected to the inappropriate treatment of psychotherapy.", "PMID": 571429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9506", "title": "Urea: obligate intermediate of pyrimidine-ring catabolism in Rhodosporidium toruloides.", "content": "Urea has been shown to be an obligate intermediate in and the penultimate product of the catabolism of pyrimidine-ring nitrogen in Rhodosporidium toruloides (Rhodotorula). One of a series of mutants selected for its inability to utilize uracil as a sole source of nitrogen was unable to utilize urea also. The mutant accumulated urea and failed to form 14CO2 during supplementation with [2-14C]uracil. Radioautograms from the resulting cell extracts and media failed to reveal expected intermediates. Cell-free extracts of the mutant were shown to lack urease activity. Revertants of the mutant were essentially wild type in all tested attributes. Elements of the reductive pathway for pyrimidine catabolism are present in Rhodosporidium (O. A. Milstein and M. L. Bekker, J. Bacteriol. 127: 1-6, 1976), but is has not been determined whether this pathway is involved with production of urea.", "contents": "Urea: obligate intermediate of pyrimidine-ring catabolism in Rhodosporidium toruloides. Urea has been shown to be an obligate intermediate in and the penultimate product of the catabolism of pyrimidine-ring nitrogen in Rhodosporidium toruloides (Rhodotorula). One of a series of mutants selected for its inability to utilize uracil as a sole source of nitrogen was unable to utilize urea also. The mutant accumulated urea and failed to form 14CO2 during supplementation with [2-14C]uracil. Radioautograms from the resulting cell extracts and media failed to reveal expected intermediates. Cell-free extracts of the mutant were shown to lack urease activity. Revertants of the mutant were essentially wild type in all tested attributes. Elements of the reductive pathway for pyrimidine catabolism are present in Rhodosporidium (O. A. Milstein and M. L. Bekker, J. Bacteriol. 127: 1-6, 1976), but is has not been determined whether this pathway is involved with production of urea.", "PMID": 571431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9507", "title": "Evidence for a hierarchical mating system operating via pheromones in Dictyostelium giganteum.", "content": "Studies of four mating types of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium giganteum revealed that each strain secrets its own sexual hormone to which each of the other three strains responds by forming macrocysts. Based on the ability to secrete or respond to hormone, the four strains can be arranged in a mating-type hierarchy.", "contents": "Evidence for a hierarchical mating system operating via pheromones in Dictyostelium giganteum. Studies of four mating types of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium giganteum revealed that each strain secrets its own sexual hormone to which each of the other three strains responds by forming macrocysts. Based on the ability to secrete or respond to hormone, the four strains can be arranged in a mating-type hierarchy.", "PMID": 571432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9508", "title": "Role of pipecolic acid in the biosynthesis of lysine in Rhodotorula glutinis.", "content": "The role of pipecolic acid in the biosynthesis of lysine was investigated in Rhodotorula glutinis, an aerobic red yeast. Supplementation of pipecolic acid in the minimal medium supported the growth of mutants lys2, lys3, and lys5; alpha-aminoadipic acid supported the growth of lys5; but neither alpha-aminoadipic acid nor pipecolic acid supported the growth of mutants MNNG42 and MNNG37. During the growth of the appropriate mutants, pipecolic acid was removed from the growth medium and the intracellular pool. In tracer experiments, radioactivity from [(14)C]pipecolic acid was selectively incorporated into the cellular lysine of lys5 and the wild-type strain. l-Pipecolic acid-dependent enzyme activity did not require any cofactor and was inhibited by mercuric chloride and potassium cyanide. This activity was present in the wild-type strain and all of the mutants tested and was repressed in mutant lys5 when grown in the presence of higher concentration of lysine. The reaction product of pipecolic acid was converted to saccharopine by lys5 enzyme in the presence of glutamate and reduced nicotin-amide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Mutant MNNG37 lacked the saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, indicating that this step is involved in the conversion of alpha-aminoadipic acid and pipecolic acid to lysine. Mutants MNNG37 and MNNG42 accumulated a p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-reacting product in the culture supernatant and in the intracellular pool. Chromatographic properties of the p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde adduct and that of the pipecolic acid-dependent reaction product were similar. The reaction product and the accumulation product were characterized on the basis of mass and absorption spectra as alpha-aminoadipic-semialdehyde, which in solution remains in equilibrium with Delta(1)-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid. Since alpha-aminoadipic-semialdehyde is a known intermediate of the alpha-aminoadipic acid pathway for the biosynthesis of lysine, it is concluded that pipecolic acid is converted to lysine in R. glutinis via alpha-aminoadipic-semialdehyde and saccharopine.", "contents": "Role of pipecolic acid in the biosynthesis of lysine in Rhodotorula glutinis. The role of pipecolic acid in the biosynthesis of lysine was investigated in Rhodotorula glutinis, an aerobic red yeast. Supplementation of pipecolic acid in the minimal medium supported the growth of mutants lys2, lys3, and lys5; alpha-aminoadipic acid supported the growth of lys5; but neither alpha-aminoadipic acid nor pipecolic acid supported the growth of mutants MNNG42 and MNNG37. During the growth of the appropriate mutants, pipecolic acid was removed from the growth medium and the intracellular pool. In tracer experiments, radioactivity from [(14)C]pipecolic acid was selectively incorporated into the cellular lysine of lys5 and the wild-type strain. l-Pipecolic acid-dependent enzyme activity did not require any cofactor and was inhibited by mercuric chloride and potassium cyanide. This activity was present in the wild-type strain and all of the mutants tested and was repressed in mutant lys5 when grown in the presence of higher concentration of lysine. The reaction product of pipecolic acid was converted to saccharopine by lys5 enzyme in the presence of glutamate and reduced nicotin-amide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Mutant MNNG37 lacked the saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, indicating that this step is involved in the conversion of alpha-aminoadipic acid and pipecolic acid to lysine. Mutants MNNG37 and MNNG42 accumulated a p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-reacting product in the culture supernatant and in the intracellular pool. Chromatographic properties of the p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde adduct and that of the pipecolic acid-dependent reaction product were similar. The reaction product and the accumulation product were characterized on the basis of mass and absorption spectra as alpha-aminoadipic-semialdehyde, which in solution remains in equilibrium with Delta(1)-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid. Since alpha-aminoadipic-semialdehyde is a known intermediate of the alpha-aminoadipic acid pathway for the biosynthesis of lysine, it is concluded that pipecolic acid is converted to lysine in R. glutinis via alpha-aminoadipic-semialdehyde and saccharopine.", "PMID": 571433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9509", "title": "Catabolism of L-tyrosine in Trichosporon cutaneum.", "content": "Protocatechuic acid was a catabolite in the degradation of L-tyrosine by Trichosporon cutaneum. Intact cells oxidized to completion various compounds proposed as intermediates in this conversion, but they did not readily oxidize catabolites of the homogentisate and homoprotocatechuate metabolic pathways, which are known to function in other organisms. Cell extracts converted tyrosine first to 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and then to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The proposed hydration product of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, namely, beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hydracrylic acid, was synthesized chemically, and its enzymatic degradation to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was shown to be dependent upon additions of adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme A. The hydroxylase that attacked 4-hydroxybenzoate showed a specific requirement for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Protocatechuate, the product of this reaction, was oxidized by cell extracts supplemented with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or, less effectively, with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, but these extracts contained no ring fission dioxygenase for protocatechuate. Evidence is presented that the principal hydroxylation product of protocatechuate was hydroxyquinol, the benzene nucleus of which was cleaved oxidatively to give maleylacetic acid.", "contents": "Catabolism of L-tyrosine in Trichosporon cutaneum. Protocatechuic acid was a catabolite in the degradation of L-tyrosine by Trichosporon cutaneum. Intact cells oxidized to completion various compounds proposed as intermediates in this conversion, but they did not readily oxidize catabolites of the homogentisate and homoprotocatechuate metabolic pathways, which are known to function in other organisms. Cell extracts converted tyrosine first to 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and then to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The proposed hydration product of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, namely, beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hydracrylic acid, was synthesized chemically, and its enzymatic degradation to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was shown to be dependent upon additions of adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme A. The hydroxylase that attacked 4-hydroxybenzoate showed a specific requirement for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Protocatechuate, the product of this reaction, was oxidized by cell extracts supplemented with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or, less effectively, with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, but these extracts contained no ring fission dioxygenase for protocatechuate. Evidence is presented that the principal hydroxylation product of protocatechuate was hydroxyquinol, the benzene nucleus of which was cleaved oxidatively to give maleylacetic acid.", "PMID": 571434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9510", "title": "Evidence for the presence of messenger ribonucleic acid in Allomyces macrogynus mitospores.", "content": "Sucrose density gradient analysis was used to show that polysomes were present in the mitospores of Allomyces macrogynus. Fifty percent of the spore monosomes were shown to be resistant to dissociation by 0.8 M KCl, indicating that messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was bound to them. These polysomes and all the spore ribosomes were contained in the nuclear cap. Only 4S RNA could be demonstrated in the extra-cap fraction. Hybridization studies using 3H-labeled polydeoxythymidylic acid indicated that polyadenylate was present to the extent of 0.08% of the total spore RNA. Sixty-eight percent of the polyadenylic acid is found in the nuclear cap, and 32% is found in the extra-cap fraction. It was demonstrated that [3H]uridine was taken up by the spores and converted to uridine triphosphate. Lack of incorporation of 3H into RNA indicated that the spores do not synthesize RNA. Thus, the mRNA found in spores is synthesized prior to spore formation.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of messenger ribonucleic acid in Allomyces macrogynus mitospores. Sucrose density gradient analysis was used to show that polysomes were present in the mitospores of Allomyces macrogynus. Fifty percent of the spore monosomes were shown to be resistant to dissociation by 0.8 M KCl, indicating that messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was bound to them. These polysomes and all the spore ribosomes were contained in the nuclear cap. Only 4S RNA could be demonstrated in the extra-cap fraction. Hybridization studies using 3H-labeled polydeoxythymidylic acid indicated that polyadenylate was present to the extent of 0.08% of the total spore RNA. Sixty-eight percent of the polyadenylic acid is found in the nuclear cap, and 32% is found in the extra-cap fraction. It was demonstrated that [3H]uridine was taken up by the spores and converted to uridine triphosphate. Lack of incorporation of 3H into RNA indicated that the spores do not synthesize RNA. Thus, the mRNA found in spores is synthesized prior to spore formation.", "PMID": 571435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9511", "title": "Molecular forms of chicken embryo acetylcholinesterase in vitro and in vivo. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "The four molecular forms of chick embryo leg muscle acetylcholinesterase have been isolated by velocity sedimentation; their apparent sedimentation coefficients are 19.5 S, 11.5 S, 7.1 S, and 5.4 S. All four forms are glycoproteins, exhibit the same Km for acetylcholine, and are inhibited to the same extent by specific inhibitors of acetyl- and buryrylcholinesterase. Treatment of the 19.5 S form of acetylcholinesterase with trypsin generates an array of molecular forms, several of which have sedimentation coefficients identical with the naturally occurring forms. Collagenase treatment of the 19.5 S acetylcholinesterase results in a somewhat different pattern of acetylcholinesterase forms including a novel 20.6 S form. Only the 19.5 S acetylcholinesterase is sensitive to collagenase treatment. Our results indicate that the several acetylcholinesterase forms share a common catalytic subunit, and suggest that the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the chick represent different ensembles of a common monomer. In culture, the muscle cells contain only the 11.5 and 7.1 S acetylcholinesterase forms; however, they also secrete substantial amounts of enzyme into the medium. These secreted acetylcholinesterases have sedimentation coefficients of 9 S and 15 S. The relative abundance of the different acetylcholinesterase molecular forms changes during muscle development, both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that the assembly and distribution of this family of membrane glycoproteins is developmentally regulated.", "contents": "Molecular forms of chicken embryo acetylcholinesterase in vitro and in vivo. Isolation and characterization. The four molecular forms of chick embryo leg muscle acetylcholinesterase have been isolated by velocity sedimentation; their apparent sedimentation coefficients are 19.5 S, 11.5 S, 7.1 S, and 5.4 S. All four forms are glycoproteins, exhibit the same Km for acetylcholine, and are inhibited to the same extent by specific inhibitors of acetyl- and buryrylcholinesterase. Treatment of the 19.5 S form of acetylcholinesterase with trypsin generates an array of molecular forms, several of which have sedimentation coefficients identical with the naturally occurring forms. Collagenase treatment of the 19.5 S acetylcholinesterase results in a somewhat different pattern of acetylcholinesterase forms including a novel 20.6 S form. Only the 19.5 S acetylcholinesterase is sensitive to collagenase treatment. Our results indicate that the several acetylcholinesterase forms share a common catalytic subunit, and suggest that the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the chick represent different ensembles of a common monomer. In culture, the muscle cells contain only the 11.5 and 7.1 S acetylcholinesterase forms; however, they also secrete substantial amounts of enzyme into the medium. These secreted acetylcholinesterases have sedimentation coefficients of 9 S and 15 S. The relative abundance of the different acetylcholinesterase molecular forms changes during muscle development, both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that the assembly and distribution of this family of membrane glycoproteins is developmentally regulated.", "PMID": 571440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9512", "title": "The fabrication of artifacts out of glassy carbon and carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon for biomedical applications.", "content": "Polymeric carbons are produced by the carbonization of a wide range of organic polymeric systems. We have concentrated on the fabrication of two types of polymeric carbons, glassy carbon and carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon (CFRC), both involving phenolic resin precursors. We describe herein the technology which enables us to make dental implants and heart valves out of glassy carbon. We also show how carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon can be made in the form of rods and plates for orthopedic use and molded before firing to produce complex, rigid, individually sculptured shapes suitable for maxillofacial bone replacement. The mechanical properties will be discussed in relation to the structure of these various forms of polymeric carbon. The main purpose of the work is to show that the technology of polymeric-carbon manufacture is essentially simple and the manufacturing process is readily carried out in laboratories which have already been equipped to fabricate standard dental prostheses.", "contents": "The fabrication of artifacts out of glassy carbon and carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon for biomedical applications. Polymeric carbons are produced by the carbonization of a wide range of organic polymeric systems. We have concentrated on the fabrication of two types of polymeric carbons, glassy carbon and carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon (CFRC), both involving phenolic resin precursors. We describe herein the technology which enables us to make dental implants and heart valves out of glassy carbon. We also show how carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon can be made in the form of rods and plates for orthopedic use and molded before firing to produce complex, rigid, individually sculptured shapes suitable for maxillofacial bone replacement. The mechanical properties will be discussed in relation to the structure of these various forms of polymeric carbon. The main purpose of the work is to show that the technology of polymeric-carbon manufacture is essentially simple and the manufacturing process is readily carried out in laboratories which have already been equipped to fabricate standard dental prostheses.", "PMID": 571441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9513", "title": "Intracranial choriocarcinoma.", "content": "A case of intracranial choriocarcinoma (probably primary), a rare variety of atypical teratoma, is reported. Diagnosis and treatment were based on radiological and hormonal studies. The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in the follow-up and treatment of patients with tumors in areas not easily accessible for surgical exploration or biopsy is again documented. The CT findings correlated well with the documented hormonal changes as well as with the patient's clinical status.", "contents": "Intracranial choriocarcinoma. A case of intracranial choriocarcinoma (probably primary), a rare variety of atypical teratoma, is reported. Diagnosis and treatment were based on radiological and hormonal studies. The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in the follow-up and treatment of patients with tumors in areas not easily accessible for surgical exploration or biopsy is again documented. The CT findings correlated well with the documented hormonal changes as well as with the patient's clinical status.", "PMID": 571443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9514", "title": "Chemosurgery for verrucous carcinoma.", "content": "The first cases of verrucous carcinoma treated by chemosurgery are herewith reported. We classify verrucous carcinoma in variants according to site as pan-oral, genito-gluteal, and plantar. Chemosurgery is advocated as the treatment of choice for verrucous carcinoma because ablation, being microscopically monitored, is most likely to be complete, and because by this means maximal conservation of tissue is assured.", "contents": "Chemosurgery for verrucous carcinoma. The first cases of verrucous carcinoma treated by chemosurgery are herewith reported. We classify verrucous carcinoma in variants according to site as pan-oral, genito-gluteal, and plantar. Chemosurgery is advocated as the treatment of choice for verrucous carcinoma because ablation, being microscopically monitored, is most likely to be complete, and because by this means maximal conservation of tissue is assured.", "PMID": 571444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9515", "title": "Model studies on the acriflavine-Feulgen reaction.", "content": "The specificity and quantitative reliability of the Feulgen-acriflavine-SO2 procedure was tested on polyacrylamide model films containing DNA. Noncovalent binding of acriflavine to DNA was observed when the washing procedure, as used in the classical way, was applied. The noncovalently bound acriflavine could be removed with an extra wash in acid-ethanol. The presence of SO2 in the staining solution has been found to enhance covalent binding significantly. The absorbance of films stained by our Feulgen-acriflavine-SO2 procedure is directly proportional to that obtained by the classical Feulgen-pararosanilline-SO2 procedure. The acriflavine-Feulgen procedure has also been tested using a commercial and a purified dye. The use of purified acriflavine, compared to a commercial sample did not result in a significant difference in the maximum absorbance value of stained DNA nor in the absorption or the fluorescence emission spectra of acriflavin covalently bound to DNA.", "contents": "Model studies on the acriflavine-Feulgen reaction. The specificity and quantitative reliability of the Feulgen-acriflavine-SO2 procedure was tested on polyacrylamide model films containing DNA. Noncovalent binding of acriflavine to DNA was observed when the washing procedure, as used in the classical way, was applied. The noncovalently bound acriflavine could be removed with an extra wash in acid-ethanol. The presence of SO2 in the staining solution has been found to enhance covalent binding significantly. The absorbance of films stained by our Feulgen-acriflavine-SO2 procedure is directly proportional to that obtained by the classical Feulgen-pararosanilline-SO2 procedure. The acriflavine-Feulgen procedure has also been tested using a commercial and a purified dye. The use of purified acriflavine, compared to a commercial sample did not result in a significant difference in the maximum absorbance value of stained DNA nor in the absorption or the fluorescence emission spectra of acriflavin covalently bound to DNA.", "PMID": 571445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9516", "title": "Arctic trichinosis: two Alaskan outbreaks from walrus meat.", "content": "The arctic form of Trichinella spiralis that infects terrestrial and marine mammals is of importance in public health because persons living in arctic regions still depend on wild animals for economic subsistence. In 1975, an extended common-source epidemic of trichinosis attributed to consumption of walrus meat involved 29 persons in Barrow, Alaska. Of those persons eating this meat, 64% became ill, and the rate of infection of persons eating meat prepared with little or no cooking was four times as great as that of persons eating cooked meat. One year later a second outbreak occurred when a family ate partially cooked meat from an infected walrus. Clinical illness differed little from the disease acquired in temperature climates; however, only 70% had a positive bentonite flocculation titer, whereas 96% had eosinophilia. These epidemics of trichinosis are the first reported in Alaska to be associated with the consumption of walrus meat.", "contents": "Arctic trichinosis: two Alaskan outbreaks from walrus meat. The arctic form of Trichinella spiralis that infects terrestrial and marine mammals is of importance in public health because persons living in arctic regions still depend on wild animals for economic subsistence. In 1975, an extended common-source epidemic of trichinosis attributed to consumption of walrus meat involved 29 persons in Barrow, Alaska. Of those persons eating this meat, 64% became ill, and the rate of infection of persons eating meat prepared with little or no cooking was four times as great as that of persons eating cooked meat. One year later a second outbreak occurred when a family ate partially cooked meat from an infected walrus. Clinical illness differed little from the disease acquired in temperature climates; however, only 70% had a positive bentonite flocculation titer, whereas 96% had eosinophilia. These epidemics of trichinosis are the first reported in Alaska to be associated with the consumption of walrus meat.", "PMID": 571446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9517", "title": "Effect of dietery weight loss on sex steroid binding sex steroids, and gonadotropins in obese postmenopausal women.", "content": "Measurements of SSBG, E2, T, and gonadotropins were performed in 12 obese postmenopausal women before, during, and after a supplemented fast. Weight loss (mean 18 kg) was associated with an increase in SSBG to levels above those seen in nonobese postmenopausal women, a decrease in serum E2 levels, unchanged T levels, and an increase in both gonadotropins. Thus we conclude that weight change or the circumstances associated with it lead to alterations in circulating levels of SSBG. These observations are consistent with the presence of elevated free T and possibly higher free E2 levels in obese postmenopausal women.", "contents": "Effect of dietery weight loss on sex steroid binding sex steroids, and gonadotropins in obese postmenopausal women. Measurements of SSBG, E2, T, and gonadotropins were performed in 12 obese postmenopausal women before, during, and after a supplemented fast. Weight loss (mean 18 kg) was associated with an increase in SSBG to levels above those seen in nonobese postmenopausal women, a decrease in serum E2 levels, unchanged T levels, and an increase in both gonadotropins. Thus we conclude that weight change or the circumstances associated with it lead to alterations in circulating levels of SSBG. These observations are consistent with the presence of elevated free T and possibly higher free E2 levels in obese postmenopausal women.", "PMID": 571447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9518", "title": "Induction of sexual receptivity by oestradiol benzoate in cyclic female rats: influence of ovarian secretions before injection of oestradiol benzoate.", "content": "The ability of cyclic female rats to show sexual receptivity 24 h after an injection of 2 microgram oestradiol benzoate (OB) was lost 24 h after ovariectomy. Exposure of cyclic rats to antioestrogen (nitromophene monocitrate) implants 24 h before ovariectomy and OB treatment prevented the latter from inducing sexual receptivity within 24 h of administration. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with constant release implants filled with an oil solution of 15 microgram oestradiol/ml had no behavioural effect in itself, but prepared the rats to show lordosis 24 h after administration of OB. Progesterone treatment (4 mg) induced sexual behaviour in cyclic rats on days other than that of the oestrous cycle when the rats are normally receptive. Evidence is presented that a lower level of oestradiol stimulation than that present duing pro-oestrus was needed for the induction of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. It is suggested that the low basal level of oestradiol which was present throughout the oestrous cycle was necessary for the induction of sexual receptivity and that an increase in oestradial stimulation served to increase the behavioural sensitivity to progesterone.", "contents": "Induction of sexual receptivity by oestradiol benzoate in cyclic female rats: influence of ovarian secretions before injection of oestradiol benzoate. The ability of cyclic female rats to show sexual receptivity 24 h after an injection of 2 microgram oestradiol benzoate (OB) was lost 24 h after ovariectomy. Exposure of cyclic rats to antioestrogen (nitromophene monocitrate) implants 24 h before ovariectomy and OB treatment prevented the latter from inducing sexual receptivity within 24 h of administration. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with constant release implants filled with an oil solution of 15 microgram oestradiol/ml had no behavioural effect in itself, but prepared the rats to show lordosis 24 h after administration of OB. Progesterone treatment (4 mg) induced sexual behaviour in cyclic rats on days other than that of the oestrous cycle when the rats are normally receptive. Evidence is presented that a lower level of oestradiol stimulation than that present duing pro-oestrus was needed for the induction of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. It is suggested that the low basal level of oestradiol which was present throughout the oestrous cycle was necessary for the induction of sexual receptivity and that an increase in oestradial stimulation served to increase the behavioural sensitivity to progesterone.", "PMID": 571453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9519", "title": "Inhibition of estrous cyclicity in golden hamsters by melatonin administration on the day of proestrus.", "content": "Single injections of melatonin (25 micrograms) were administered to female hamsters, 15 minutes before lights-out (14L:10D), during either the early diestrous (day 1) or proestrous (day 4) phase of the estrous cycle. Hamsters which received melatonin only on the evening of proestrus became anovulatory by three weeks of treatment, while those that were injected with melatonin during diestrus, or administered oil on either day 1 or 4, continued to exhibit normal estrous cycles. These results indicate that quartan injections of melatonin can suppress reproductive function in female hamsters, and that the effectiveness of the injections may be dependent upon the stage of the estrous cycle at which they are administered.", "contents": "Inhibition of estrous cyclicity in golden hamsters by melatonin administration on the day of proestrus. Single injections of melatonin (25 micrograms) were administered to female hamsters, 15 minutes before lights-out (14L:10D), during either the early diestrous (day 1) or proestrous (day 4) phase of the estrous cycle. Hamsters which received melatonin only on the evening of proestrus became anovulatory by three weeks of treatment, while those that were injected with melatonin during diestrus, or administered oil on either day 1 or 4, continued to exhibit normal estrous cycles. These results indicate that quartan injections of melatonin can suppress reproductive function in female hamsters, and that the effectiveness of the injections may be dependent upon the stage of the estrous cycle at which they are administered.", "PMID": 571454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9520", "title": "[Morphologic and dermatoglyphic aspects of Klinefelter 47,XXY syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The author described 20 personal cases of Klinefelter's syndrome, from among those referred to the Institute of Medical Genetics for cytogenetic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In the first instance, in relation to the morphological aspects, the author carried out a historic and aetiological review of the syndrome, estimated its incidence and described the clinical and endocrinological symptomatology, also the testicular histology. She then outlined the differential diagnosis and the treatment envisaged for these cases. After giving a clinical description and details of the anthropobiometric measurements of these 20 patients, the author analysed the morphograms established on the Decourt-Doumic graphs. According to this schema, and in relation to the normal, patients suffering from Klinefelter's syndrome can be distinguished by four different constitutional types. All these four varieties can, together with testicular atrophy, evoke this chromosomal aberration. Only a karyotype and/or a sexual chromatin test could confirm the presence of a Klinefelter's syndrome. Secondly, a dermatoglyphic analysis of 9 patients available for this examination is given. After discussing the history, embryogenesis and heredity of finger prints, the author compared her results with those previously obtained in other studies. In conformity with these, she observed a decrease of TRC, of the a-b count and of the a-t-d angle. In addition, these patients present an increase in the number of accessory triradii a' and d', as well as an absence or an abortive state of triradius c, an absence of thenar configurations and an increase in those of the interdigital space II. Whilst many dermatoglyphic characters in the Klinefelter's syndrome differ but little from the normal, some of them appear, however, to be specific. Consequently, dermatoglyphic examination, especially in the case of a difficult differential diagnosis, can be a great help to the clinician and the geneticist.", "contents": "[Morphologic and dermatoglyphic aspects of Klinefelter 47,XXY syndrome (author's transl)]. The author described 20 personal cases of Klinefelter's syndrome, from among those referred to the Institute of Medical Genetics for cytogenetic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In the first instance, in relation to the morphological aspects, the author carried out a historic and aetiological review of the syndrome, estimated its incidence and described the clinical and endocrinological symptomatology, also the testicular histology. She then outlined the differential diagnosis and the treatment envisaged for these cases. After giving a clinical description and details of the anthropobiometric measurements of these 20 patients, the author analysed the morphograms established on the Decourt-Doumic graphs. According to this schema, and in relation to the normal, patients suffering from Klinefelter's syndrome can be distinguished by four different constitutional types. All these four varieties can, together with testicular atrophy, evoke this chromosomal aberration. Only a karyotype and/or a sexual chromatin test could confirm the presence of a Klinefelter's syndrome. Secondly, a dermatoglyphic analysis of 9 patients available for this examination is given. After discussing the history, embryogenesis and heredity of finger prints, the author compared her results with those previously obtained in other studies. In conformity with these, she observed a decrease of TRC, of the a-b count and of the a-t-d angle. In addition, these patients present an increase in the number of accessory triradii a' and d', as well as an absence or an abortive state of triradius c, an absence of thenar configurations and an increase in those of the interdigital space II. Whilst many dermatoglyphic characters in the Klinefelter's syndrome differ but little from the normal, some of them appear, however, to be specific. Consequently, dermatoglyphic examination, especially in the case of a difficult differential diagnosis, can be a great help to the clinician and the geneticist.", "PMID": 571455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9521", "title": "The hyperkinetic syndrome following long-term haloperidol treatment: involvement of dopamine and noradrenaline.", "content": "Mice withdrawn for 7 days from a 35-day treatment period with haloperidol (3 mg/kg/day) displayed significantly greater spontaneous locomotor activity (hyperkinesia) than animals withdrawn from the vehicle. The hyperkinesia was antagonized by phenoxybenzamine (an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist) and by FLA-63 (a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) but not by haloperidol (a dopamine receptor antagonist). alpha-Methyl tyrosine (a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor) was effective in antagonizing the hyperkinesia and this blockade by alpha-methyl tyrosine could be completely reversed by the administration of a low dose of the catecholamine precursor, DOPA. The data suggest that noradrenergic systems are of importance for the manifestation of the hyperkinetic syndrome seen in mice withdrawn from long-term haloperidol treatment.", "contents": "The hyperkinetic syndrome following long-term haloperidol treatment: involvement of dopamine and noradrenaline. Mice withdrawn for 7 days from a 35-day treatment period with haloperidol (3 mg/kg/day) displayed significantly greater spontaneous locomotor activity (hyperkinesia) than animals withdrawn from the vehicle. The hyperkinesia was antagonized by phenoxybenzamine (an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist) and by FLA-63 (a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) but not by haloperidol (a dopamine receptor antagonist). alpha-Methyl tyrosine (a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor) was effective in antagonizing the hyperkinesia and this blockade by alpha-methyl tyrosine could be completely reversed by the administration of a low dose of the catecholamine precursor, DOPA. The data suggest that noradrenergic systems are of importance for the manifestation of the hyperkinetic syndrome seen in mice withdrawn from long-term haloperidol treatment.", "PMID": 571456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9522", "title": "Localization and chemical characterization of a partially purified bovine pineal antigonadotropin.", "content": "An antigonadotropic substance was partially purified from aqueous extracts of bovine pineal glands by methods of gel filtration, ultrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography. Two biological tests, viz. inhibition of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy and reduction of ventral prostate weight, were used to guide the purification. The partially purified antigonadotropin was characterized chemically using techniques of UV and fluorescence spectrometry, thin layer and paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The results reveal a diversity of ninhydrin-positive components present in the preparations, including free and peptide-bound amino acids, as well as other unidentified components, but not including any of the commonly occurring indoles, indoleamines or catecholeamines. One peptide, oxidized glutathione, was identified in the most purified material containing the biologically active principle yet pure, synthetric glutathione has no antigonadotropic activity in the biological tests utilized. Although the chemical nature of the bovine pineal antigonadotropin remains in question it may be purified by the methods described. The activity is thought to reside in the extremely small, perhaps trace quantities of residues derived. It is believed that large scale, preparative studies will be required for structural determination.", "contents": "Localization and chemical characterization of a partially purified bovine pineal antigonadotropin. An antigonadotropic substance was partially purified from aqueous extracts of bovine pineal glands by methods of gel filtration, ultrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography. Two biological tests, viz. inhibition of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy and reduction of ventral prostate weight, were used to guide the purification. The partially purified antigonadotropin was characterized chemically using techniques of UV and fluorescence spectrometry, thin layer and paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The results reveal a diversity of ninhydrin-positive components present in the preparations, including free and peptide-bound amino acids, as well as other unidentified components, but not including any of the commonly occurring indoles, indoleamines or catecholeamines. One peptide, oxidized glutathione, was identified in the most purified material containing the biologically active principle yet pure, synthetric glutathione has no antigonadotropic activity in the biological tests utilized. Although the chemical nature of the bovine pineal antigonadotropin remains in question it may be purified by the methods described. The activity is thought to reside in the extremely small, perhaps trace quantities of residues derived. It is believed that large scale, preparative studies will be required for structural determination.", "PMID": 571457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9523", "title": "Ultrastructure of the Mauthner axon collateral and its synapses in the goldfish spinal cord.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the synapses formed by the Mauthner axon collateral (MAC) was examined in the goldfish spinal cord. All such collaterals form axo-dendritic chemical synapses with dendrites of motor and interneurons. Besides these chemical synapses, contacts have been found between some MAC and axons of interneurons, which can be characterized as gap junctions with presumed electrical transmission. All cellular processes contacted by the MAC contain 'dense bands' of material in their cytoplasm. These 'dense bands' are absent from other parts of the fish C.N.S. These observations and the peculiar synaptic pattern are discussed and correlated with electrophysiological results.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the Mauthner axon collateral and its synapses in the goldfish spinal cord. The ultrastructure of the synapses formed by the Mauthner axon collateral (MAC) was examined in the goldfish spinal cord. All such collaterals form axo-dendritic chemical synapses with dendrites of motor and interneurons. Besides these chemical synapses, contacts have been found between some MAC and axons of interneurons, which can be characterized as gap junctions with presumed electrical transmission. All cellular processes contacted by the MAC contain 'dense bands' of material in their cytoplasm. These 'dense bands' are absent from other parts of the fish C.N.S. These observations and the peculiar synaptic pattern are discussed and correlated with electrophysiological results.", "PMID": 571459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9524", "title": "Influence of dietary pyridoxine on selected immune capacities of rat dams and pups.", "content": "The influence of dietary pyridoxine on passive antibody transfer from dams to pups and on active humoral antibody formation by the pups was studied. Rats were fed diets containing 20.0, 0.6, 0.45, or 0.3 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg during gestation and 20.0, 0.4, 0.3, or 0.2 mg/kg during lactation (diets A, B, C, and D). Diets B, C, and D contained 100, 75, and 50% of the NRC requirement for pyridoxine during gestation and lactation. After pups in groups B, C, and D developed signs of pyridoxine deficiency, all dams were fed diet A on days 9 to 21 of lactation. On day 9 vitamin B-6 levels were lower in spleens and thymuses of pups and in milk in groups B, C, and D. However, IgG in sera of dams and pups and in milk indicated that passive antibody transfer was similar for all groups. After weaning, pups in groups A, B, C, and D were fed diets containing 20.0, 0.4, 0.2, and 0 mg vitamin B-6/kg, respectively. On day 35 vitamin B-6 levels were lower in spleens and thymuses of pups fed inadequate pyridoxine (groups B, C, and D). These pups had fewer spleen cells and splenic antibody-forming cells (AFC) and lower levels of humoral antibody. The reduction in spleen cells and splenic AFC resulted in part from lower food intake but was intensified by pyridoxine deprivation.", "contents": "Influence of dietary pyridoxine on selected immune capacities of rat dams and pups. The influence of dietary pyridoxine on passive antibody transfer from dams to pups and on active humoral antibody formation by the pups was studied. Rats were fed diets containing 20.0, 0.6, 0.45, or 0.3 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg during gestation and 20.0, 0.4, 0.3, or 0.2 mg/kg during lactation (diets A, B, C, and D). Diets B, C, and D contained 100, 75, and 50% of the NRC requirement for pyridoxine during gestation and lactation. After pups in groups B, C, and D developed signs of pyridoxine deficiency, all dams were fed diet A on days 9 to 21 of lactation. On day 9 vitamin B-6 levels were lower in spleens and thymuses of pups and in milk in groups B, C, and D. However, IgG in sera of dams and pups and in milk indicated that passive antibody transfer was similar for all groups. After weaning, pups in groups A, B, C, and D were fed diets containing 20.0, 0.4, 0.2, and 0 mg vitamin B-6/kg, respectively. On day 35 vitamin B-6 levels were lower in spleens and thymuses of pups fed inadequate pyridoxine (groups B, C, and D). These pups had fewer spleen cells and splenic antibody-forming cells (AFC) and lower levels of humoral antibody. The reduction in spleen cells and splenic AFC resulted in part from lower food intake but was intensified by pyridoxine deprivation.", "PMID": 571460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9525", "title": "Hepatic lipid metabolism in domestic fowl as influenced by dietary cereal.", "content": "The influence of dietary cereal on hepatic lipid metabolism was studied in adult Japanese quail and mature female chickens fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous corn-soy and wheat-soy diets ad libitum. Hepatic lipid accumulation and rate of biosynthesis were significantly higher in birds fed the corn-soy diet. The differential response to the cereals was seen in ovipositing females but not in mature male quail. There were no significant concomitant changes in body composition, egg production, egg weight, body weight, feed, and energy intake. Results of sequential changes in hepatic lipid metabolism showed that reduction in liver fat was significant 2 to 3 weeks after feeding the wheat diet and was due to a significant reduction in rate of lipogenesis and the amount of triacylglycerols deposited. Plasma levels of free fatty acids and glucose were not significantly altered by the dietary regimes in laying hens. In Japanese quail fed the corn-soy diet, plasma glucose was elevated and there was evidence of impaired glucose tolerance. In vitro rate of oxidation of labeled palmitate was significantly higher in liver homogenates from birds fed the corn-soy diet. Addition of carnitine to the incubation mixtures resulted in an increase of equivalent magnitude for both treatments. Liver hemorrhages were observed in laying hens but not in Japanese quail. Addition of myo-inositol to the corn diet for Japanese quail failed to significantly alter hepatic lipid accumulation. These studies show that differences in liver lipid accumulation due to corn and wheat diets are related to changes in rate of lipogenesis.", "contents": "Hepatic lipid metabolism in domestic fowl as influenced by dietary cereal. The influence of dietary cereal on hepatic lipid metabolism was studied in adult Japanese quail and mature female chickens fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous corn-soy and wheat-soy diets ad libitum. Hepatic lipid accumulation and rate of biosynthesis were significantly higher in birds fed the corn-soy diet. The differential response to the cereals was seen in ovipositing females but not in mature male quail. There were no significant concomitant changes in body composition, egg production, egg weight, body weight, feed, and energy intake. Results of sequential changes in hepatic lipid metabolism showed that reduction in liver fat was significant 2 to 3 weeks after feeding the wheat diet and was due to a significant reduction in rate of lipogenesis and the amount of triacylglycerols deposited. Plasma levels of free fatty acids and glucose were not significantly altered by the dietary regimes in laying hens. In Japanese quail fed the corn-soy diet, plasma glucose was elevated and there was evidence of impaired glucose tolerance. In vitro rate of oxidation of labeled palmitate was significantly higher in liver homogenates from birds fed the corn-soy diet. Addition of carnitine to the incubation mixtures resulted in an increase of equivalent magnitude for both treatments. Liver hemorrhages were observed in laying hens but not in Japanese quail. Addition of myo-inositol to the corn diet for Japanese quail failed to significantly alter hepatic lipid accumulation. These studies show that differences in liver lipid accumulation due to corn and wheat diets are related to changes in rate of lipogenesis.", "PMID": 571462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9526", "title": "Sodium and calcium fluxes in a clonal nerve cell line.", "content": "1. 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ fluxes were studied in the clonal nerve cell line PC12. Three distinct types of ion channels were found: (a) voltage-dependent  Na+ channels, (b) voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and (c) acetylcholine-activated channels permeable to both ions. 2. 22Na+ uptake through voltage-dependent Na+ channels is induced by veratridine and scorpion venom, and is inhibited 50% by 5 X 10(-7) M-tetrodotoxin and greater than 98% by 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin. 3. 45Ca2+ uptake through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels is induced by depolarizing the cells in 50 mM-KCl. This flux is not dependent on the presence of Na+ in the medium and is insensitive to 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin. However, 1 mM-Mn2+ causes a 95% inhibition of K+-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. 4. Veratridine and scorpion venom also induce voltage-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake which can be blocked by 1mM-Mn2+. In contrast to KCl-induced 45Ca2+ uptake, this flux is completely blocked by 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin and is abolished by removal of Na+ from the medium. Thus the depolarizing stimulus for Ca2+ uptake in this case is Na+ from the medium. Thus the depolarizing stimulus for Ca2+ uptake in this case is Na+ influx through voltage-dependent Na+ channels. 5. Carbamylcholine induces both 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ fluxes which are blocked by nicotinic cholinergic antagonists with the exception of alpha-bungarotoxin. The 22Na+ flux occurs exclusively via acetylcholine receptor channels, as evidenced by the lack of effect of 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin. In the presence of Na+, almost all of the 45Ca2+ uptake can be blocked by 1 mM-Mn2+ and thus occurs via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels which are activated by the depolarizing Na+ influx. 6--8% of the total 45Ca2+ flux, however, is insensitive to 1 mM-Mn2+, suggesting that this portion of the uptake occurs via the acetylcholine receptor channels. In Na+-free medium, the Mn2+-resistant 45Ca2+ component increases to 40% of the total uptake, apparently due to lack of competition from Na+ for the acetylcholine receptor channels. This receptor-linked flux still causes sufficient depolarization to induce the additional 60% of the Ca2+ flux through voltage-dependent, Mn2+ sensitive Ca2+ channels. 6. Mn2+ inhibits Ca2+ flux through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels by competing for entry through these channels. 50 mM-KCl induces 54Mn2+ fluxes in PC12 cells that are comparable in magnitude to 45Ca2+ fluxes. 7. In normal saline 45Ca2+ efflux from PC12 cells is several times more rapid than in Na+-free medium, indicating the presence of a Ca2+-Na+ exchange mechanism.", "contents": "Sodium and calcium fluxes in a clonal nerve cell line. 1. 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ fluxes were studied in the clonal nerve cell line PC12. Three distinct types of ion channels were found: (a) voltage-dependent  Na+ channels, (b) voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and (c) acetylcholine-activated channels permeable to both ions. 2. 22Na+ uptake through voltage-dependent Na+ channels is induced by veratridine and scorpion venom, and is inhibited 50% by 5 X 10(-7) M-tetrodotoxin and greater than 98% by 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin. 3. 45Ca2+ uptake through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels is induced by depolarizing the cells in 50 mM-KCl. This flux is not dependent on the presence of Na+ in the medium and is insensitive to 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin. However, 1 mM-Mn2+ causes a 95% inhibition of K+-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. 4. Veratridine and scorpion venom also induce voltage-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake which can be blocked by 1mM-Mn2+. In contrast to KCl-induced 45Ca2+ uptake, this flux is completely blocked by 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin and is abolished by removal of Na+ from the medium. Thus the depolarizing stimulus for Ca2+ uptake in this case is Na+ from the medium. Thus the depolarizing stimulus for Ca2+ uptake in this case is Na+ influx through voltage-dependent Na+ channels. 5. Carbamylcholine induces both 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ fluxes which are blocked by nicotinic cholinergic antagonists with the exception of alpha-bungarotoxin. The 22Na+ flux occurs exclusively via acetylcholine receptor channels, as evidenced by the lack of effect of 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin. In the presence of Na+, almost all of the 45Ca2+ uptake can be blocked by 1 mM-Mn2+ and thus occurs via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels which are activated by the depolarizing Na+ influx. 6--8% of the total 45Ca2+ flux, however, is insensitive to 1 mM-Mn2+, suggesting that this portion of the uptake occurs via the acetylcholine receptor channels. In Na+-free medium, the Mn2+-resistant 45Ca2+ component increases to 40% of the total uptake, apparently due to lack of competition from Na+ for the acetylcholine receptor channels. This receptor-linked flux still causes sufficient depolarization to induce the additional 60% of the Ca2+ flux through voltage-dependent, Mn2+ sensitive Ca2+ channels. 6. Mn2+ inhibits Ca2+ flux through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels by competing for entry through these channels. 50 mM-KCl induces 54Mn2+ fluxes in PC12 cells that are comparable in magnitude to 45Ca2+ fluxes. 7. In normal saline 45Ca2+ efflux from PC12 cells is several times more rapid than in Na+-free medium, indicating the presence of a Ca2+-Na+ exchange mechanism.", "PMID": 571466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9527", "title": "Catecholamine secretion in a rat pheochromocytoma cell line: two pathways for calcium entry.", "content": "1. The pathways for Ca entry during stimulus-secretion coupling were studied by measuring carbamylcholine and KCl activated dopamine (DA) release from PC12, a clonal cell line originated from a rat pheochromocytoma. Various conditions were used to establish the existence of two independent pathways for Ca entry, i.e. a voltage dependent Ca channel and the acetylcholine (ACh) receptor linked channel. 2. DA release from PC12 was stimulated by activation of nicotinic ACh receptors with carbamylcholine. Release was dependent on external Ca, but not Na, and was insensitive to tetrodotoxin. 3. High concentrations of external KCl (15--56 mM) also stimulated the release of dopamine from PC12. This release required external Ca, but not Na, was insensitive to tetrodotoxin and was diminished by high concentrations of Ca. 4. Ni, Co and, to a lesser extent, Mg inhibited both the carbamylcholine and KCl stimulated release of DA in normal and Na-free media. 5. In the absence of Ca and Na, Mn supported DA release stimulated by either carbamylcholine or KCl. 6. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 stimulated DA release when Ca or Mn, but not Co, Ni or Mg, was the only divalent cation present in the medium. 7. Conclusions can be summarized as follows, (a) KCl stimulates DA release by activation of voltage dependent Ca channels. (b) Carbamylcholine probably stimulates DA release by Ca influx through both the ACh channel and voltage dependent Ca channels. (c) Mn ion is a suitable substitute for Ca ion as regards permeation of the Ca and the ACh channels and activation of the secretory process. (d) Na flux through voltage dependent Na channels is not necessary for stimulation of release by either KCl or carbamylcholine.", "contents": "Catecholamine secretion in a rat pheochromocytoma cell line: two pathways for calcium entry. 1. The pathways for Ca entry during stimulus-secretion coupling were studied by measuring carbamylcholine and KCl activated dopamine (DA) release from PC12, a clonal cell line originated from a rat pheochromocytoma. Various conditions were used to establish the existence of two independent pathways for Ca entry, i.e. a voltage dependent Ca channel and the acetylcholine (ACh) receptor linked channel. 2. DA release from PC12 was stimulated by activation of nicotinic ACh receptors with carbamylcholine. Release was dependent on external Ca, but not Na, and was insensitive to tetrodotoxin. 3. High concentrations of external KCl (15--56 mM) also stimulated the release of dopamine from PC12. This release required external Ca, but not Na, was insensitive to tetrodotoxin and was diminished by high concentrations of Ca. 4. Ni, Co and, to a lesser extent, Mg inhibited both the carbamylcholine and KCl stimulated release of DA in normal and Na-free media. 5. In the absence of Ca and Na, Mn supported DA release stimulated by either carbamylcholine or KCl. 6. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 stimulated DA release when Ca or Mn, but not Co, Ni or Mg, was the only divalent cation present in the medium. 7. Conclusions can be summarized as follows, (a) KCl stimulates DA release by activation of voltage dependent Ca channels. (b) Carbamylcholine probably stimulates DA release by Ca influx through both the ACh channel and voltage dependent Ca channels. (c) Mn ion is a suitable substitute for Ca ion as regards permeation of the Ca and the ACh channels and activation of the secretory process. (d) Na flux through voltage dependent Na channels is not necessary for stimulation of release by either KCl or carbamylcholine.", "PMID": 571467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9528", "title": "The effect of exogenous oxytocin on luteal function in mares.", "content": "Daily injections of 150 units oxytocin administered to 6 mares on Days 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 after ovulation (Day 0 = ovulation) failed to induced luteolysis as indicated by the maintenance of normal plasma progestagen concentrations and the occurrence of normal ovulatory intervals. Three additional mares were given oestrogen injections 24 h before an injection of oxytocin on Day 7 after ovulation, but this treatment also failed to induce luteolysis since plasma progestagen concentrations were maintained in all three mares. Two mares exhibited normal ovulatory intervals, while the third developed a corpus luteum which persisted for 46 days.", "contents": "The effect of exogenous oxytocin on luteal function in mares. Daily injections of 150 units oxytocin administered to 6 mares on Days 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 after ovulation (Day 0 = ovulation) failed to induced luteolysis as indicated by the maintenance of normal plasma progestagen concentrations and the occurrence of normal ovulatory intervals. Three additional mares were given oestrogen injections 24 h before an injection of oxytocin on Day 7 after ovulation, but this treatment also failed to induce luteolysis since plasma progestagen concentrations were maintained in all three mares. Two mares exhibited normal ovulatory intervals, while the third developed a corpus luteum which persisted for 46 days.", "PMID": 571469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9529", "title": "Cytoplasmic binding of oestradiol-17beta in several brain regions, pituitary and uterus of ferrets ovariectomized while in or out of oestrus.", "content": "The reproductive status at the time of ovariectomy had no effect on oestradiol binding. In both groups of ferrets the oestradiol binding capacity of the uterus was approximately 10 times greater than that of the other tissues studied; of these other tissues the highest oestradiol binding capacity was present in the pituitary, followed by hypothalamus, midbrain, amygdala and cerebral cortex. The binding affinity of hypothalamic receptors for oestradiol was the same in ferrets which had been previously ovariectomized while either in oestrus or anoestrus. It is suggested that the occurrence of seasonal oestrus does not depend on changes in the binding capacity or affinity of hypothalamic receptors for oestradiol.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic binding of oestradiol-17beta in several brain regions, pituitary and uterus of ferrets ovariectomized while in or out of oestrus. The reproductive status at the time of ovariectomy had no effect on oestradiol binding. In both groups of ferrets the oestradiol binding capacity of the uterus was approximately 10 times greater than that of the other tissues studied; of these other tissues the highest oestradiol binding capacity was present in the pituitary, followed by hypothalamus, midbrain, amygdala and cerebral cortex. The binding affinity of hypothalamic receptors for oestradiol was the same in ferrets which had been previously ovariectomized while either in oestrus or anoestrus. It is suggested that the occurrence of seasonal oestrus does not depend on changes in the binding capacity or affinity of hypothalamic receptors for oestradiol.", "PMID": 571470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9530", "title": "The vaginal smear, mating, egg transport and preimplantation development in a wild guinea-pig, the cuis (Galea musteloides).", "content": "Observations were made on vaginal smear pattern, mating, rate of egg transport and preimplantation development in cuis. In 39 of 45 females (87%) vaginal opening occurred within 2 days of pairing, and in 44 (98%) within 5 days; 36 of the 44 females (82%) mated. By the morning of Day 2, eggs were no longer recovered from the ampulla, having all passed into the isthmus, where they remained till Day 4, p.m. Uterine entry was complete by Day 5, a.m. Uterine blastocysts were no longer recoverable on the morning of Day 6. There was no evidence of blastocyst expansion or zona shedding before implantation.", "contents": "The vaginal smear, mating, egg transport and preimplantation development in a wild guinea-pig, the cuis (Galea musteloides). Observations were made on vaginal smear pattern, mating, rate of egg transport and preimplantation development in cuis. In 39 of 45 females (87%) vaginal opening occurred within 2 days of pairing, and in 44 (98%) within 5 days; 36 of the 44 females (82%) mated. By the morning of Day 2, eggs were no longer recovered from the ampulla, having all passed into the isthmus, where they remained till Day 4, p.m. Uterine entry was complete by Day 5, a.m. Uterine blastocysts were no longer recoverable on the morning of Day 6. There was no evidence of blastocyst expansion or zona shedding before implantation.", "PMID": 571471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9531", "title": "Intervals between multiple ovulations in PMSG-treated and untreated ewes and the relationship between ovulation and oestrus.", "content": "The timing of ovulations in 42 PMSG-treated ewes was determined by repeated endoscopy. The first ovulation occurred at a median time of 23 . 6 +/- 0 . 5 (s.e.m.) h after the onset of oestrus. The median interval between first and second ovulations was less than 1 h, and that between first and last ovulations was approximately 6 h. In 59 untreated ewes, probit regression analysis was applied to the number of ovulations which were found by endoscopy to have occurred by 23, 25 and 27 h after the onset of oestrus. The median time of first ovulation was 25 . 5 +/- 0 . 5 h after the onset of oestrus, this interval being similar in single- and twin-ovulating ewes. The median interval between twin ovulations was 1 . 2 +/- 0 . 6 h. Ovulation occurred after the end of oestrus in at least 75% of ewes.", "contents": "Intervals between multiple ovulations in PMSG-treated and untreated ewes and the relationship between ovulation and oestrus. The timing of ovulations in 42 PMSG-treated ewes was determined by repeated endoscopy. The first ovulation occurred at a median time of 23 . 6 +/- 0 . 5 (s.e.m.) h after the onset of oestrus. The median interval between first and second ovulations was less than 1 h, and that between first and last ovulations was approximately 6 h. In 59 untreated ewes, probit regression analysis was applied to the number of ovulations which were found by endoscopy to have occurred by 23, 25 and 27 h after the onset of oestrus. The median time of first ovulation was 25 . 5 +/- 0 . 5 h after the onset of oestrus, this interval being similar in single- and twin-ovulating ewes. The median interval between twin ovulations was 1 . 2 +/- 0 . 6 h. Ovulation occurred after the end of oestrus in at least 75% of ewes.", "PMID": 571472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9532", "title": "Practical aspects of full-time liaison psychiatry in gynecology.", "content": "A full-time liason psychiatrist can work within a department of obstetrics and gynecology. The full-time position described here includes administrative, clinical, teaching and research aspects within a general hospital affiliated with a medical school. The liason role can be established within a department outside psychiatry where medical and psychologic treatment can be rendered to patients simultaneously and the mediating role between psychiatry and medicine is truly a viable phenomenon.", "contents": "Practical aspects of full-time liaison psychiatry in gynecology. A full-time liason psychiatrist can work within a department of obstetrics and gynecology. The full-time position described here includes administrative, clinical, teaching and research aspects within a general hospital affiliated with a medical school. The liason role can be established within a department outside psychiatry where medical and psychologic treatment can be rendered to patients simultaneously and the mediating role between psychiatry and medicine is truly a viable phenomenon.", "PMID": 571473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9533", "title": "Issues of transference in sex therapy.", "content": "When Masters and Johnson introduced the new sex therapy, it was thought that transference responses and related psychodynamic factors did not have an essential role in the treatment of sexual dysfunction. However, subsequent clinical experience has shown that in a substantial number of cases transference phenomena are crucial and need to be worked with in order for the treatment to be successful. This paper reports on the types of transference reactions observed, the process by which sex therapy energizes these reactions, and the therapist's role in dealing with them. Two cases are presented as illustrations of this process.", "contents": "Issues of transference in sex therapy. When Masters and Johnson introduced the new sex therapy, it was thought that transference responses and related psychodynamic factors did not have an essential role in the treatment of sexual dysfunction. However, subsequent clinical experience has shown that in a substantial number of cases transference phenomena are crucial and need to be worked with in order for the treatment to be successful. This paper reports on the types of transference reactions observed, the process by which sex therapy energizes these reactions, and the therapist's role in dealing with them. Two cases are presented as illustrations of this process.", "PMID": 571475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9534", "title": "Awareness in Gestalt sex therapy.", "content": "Awareness is conceived to be selective, curative, a method, a prescription for ideal living, and a ground for human existence. In this paper the following gestalt awareness methods are described: continuum of awareness, awareness questions, biobehavioral feedback, directed awareness, concentration, present-centering, taking responsibilty, and shuttles in awareness. The use of these methods is illustrated in a gestalt therapy dialogue. The application of awareness as concept and method to sensate focus and to the treatment of the prematurely ejaculating male is discussed. Shuttles in awareness and the shared continua of awareness are introduced as promising new methods in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and as enhancing sexual pleasure and communion.", "contents": "Awareness in Gestalt sex therapy. Awareness is conceived to be selective, curative, a method, a prescription for ideal living, and a ground for human existence. In this paper the following gestalt awareness methods are described: continuum of awareness, awareness questions, biobehavioral feedback, directed awareness, concentration, present-centering, taking responsibilty, and shuttles in awareness. The use of these methods is illustrated in a gestalt therapy dialogue. The application of awareness as concept and method to sensate focus and to the treatment of the prematurely ejaculating male is discussed. Shuttles in awareness and the shared continua of awareness are introduced as promising new methods in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and as enhancing sexual pleasure and communion.", "PMID": 571476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9535", "title": "Concomitant germ cell tumors in monozygotic twins.", "content": "Simultaneously occurring embryonal cell tumors in a 38-year-old set of monozygotic twin brothers are reported. This is the eighth documented case of testicular cancer in twins and it is unique since it is the first report to describe bilateral testicular tumors in 1 of the twin brothers. The role of genetics in the development of certain cancers warrants further study. This documentation of testicular tumors in serologically proved identical twins is used as a basis for discussion of the role of heredity as a possible significant factor in germ cell tumor pathogenesis.", "contents": "Concomitant germ cell tumors in monozygotic twins. Simultaneously occurring embryonal cell tumors in a 38-year-old set of monozygotic twin brothers are reported. This is the eighth documented case of testicular cancer in twins and it is unique since it is the first report to describe bilateral testicular tumors in 1 of the twin brothers. The role of genetics in the development of certain cancers warrants further study. This documentation of testicular tumors in serologically proved identical twins is used as a basis for discussion of the role of heredity as a possible significant factor in germ cell tumor pathogenesis.", "PMID": 571478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9536", "title": "3-Alpha-androstanediol and prostatic growth: comparison of 3-alpha-androstanediol formation in prostates from 8 species including man and dog.", "content": "To determine whether the formation of 3-alpha-androstanediol is critical for androgen-mediated growth of the prostate the conversion of dihydrotestosterone to 3-alpha-androstanediol was assessed in homogenates of 60 normal prostates from 8 species. Rates (nmol. times gm. tissue(-1) times hour(-1)) in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as cofactor were as follows: dog 271, mouse 200, rat 160, opossum 109, rabbit 24, guinea pig 13, man 11 and cat 9. There was no correlation between prostate size and 3-alpha-androstanediol formation in the entire group. Therefore, either differences in the response to 3-alpha-androstanediol within the prostate or variations in the metabolism of 3-alpha-androstanediol must be more important than the rate of its formation for the development of prostatic hypertrophy in the dog.", "contents": "3-Alpha-androstanediol and prostatic growth: comparison of 3-alpha-androstanediol formation in prostates from 8 species including man and dog. To determine whether the formation of 3-alpha-androstanediol is critical for androgen-mediated growth of the prostate the conversion of dihydrotestosterone to 3-alpha-androstanediol was assessed in homogenates of 60 normal prostates from 8 species. Rates (nmol. times gm. tissue(-1) times hour(-1)) in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as cofactor were as follows: dog 271, mouse 200, rat 160, opossum 109, rabbit 24, guinea pig 13, man 11 and cat 9. There was no correlation between prostate size and 3-alpha-androstanediol formation in the entire group. Therefore, either differences in the response to 3-alpha-androstanediol within the prostate or variations in the metabolism of 3-alpha-androstanediol must be more important than the rate of its formation for the development of prostatic hypertrophy in the dog.", "PMID": 571480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9537", "title": "Normal position of the ureteral orifice in infancy and childhood: a quantitative study.", "content": "Normal values for the distance between the vesicoureteral orifice and the internal urethral orifice are given for different ages, heights, weights, crown-to-rump lengths and surface areas of infants and children. A simple estimate of approximate mean values for these measurements also is included.", "contents": "Normal position of the ureteral orifice in infancy and childhood: a quantitative study. Normal values for the distance between the vesicoureteral orifice and the internal urethral orifice are given for different ages, heights, weights, crown-to-rump lengths and surface areas of infants and children. A simple estimate of approximate mean values for these measurements also is included.", "PMID": 571481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9538", "title": "Mechanical genital maldevelopment presenting as pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias.", "content": "Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias is the descriptive terminology of a phenotypic genital abnormality that may develop from multiple etiologic factors, such as defective virilization-masculinization owing to deficient androgenic synthesis, defective androgenic action or mechanical embryologic failure. The case presented herein typifies a mechanical abnormality that results in perineal hypospadias with the appearance of a vaginal introitus but with rectal mucosa incorporated in the urethral opening.", "contents": "Mechanical genital maldevelopment presenting as pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias. Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias is the descriptive terminology of a phenotypic genital abnormality that may develop from multiple etiologic factors, such as defective virilization-masculinization owing to deficient androgenic synthesis, defective androgenic action or mechanical embryologic failure. The case presented herein typifies a mechanical abnormality that results in perineal hypospadias with the appearance of a vaginal introitus but with rectal mucosa incorporated in the urethral opening.", "PMID": 571482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9539", "title": "Choriocarcinoma and undifferentiated cell carcinoma of the bladder with gonadotropin secretion.", "content": "A case of choriocarcinoma and undifferentiated cell carcinoma of the bladder is reported. Transitional cell carcinoma was found initially in the bladder wall and in the terminal stage there was clinical evidence of production of gonadotropin. The concept of choriocarcinoma mimicry would supplant the explanation for the pathological features in this case.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma and undifferentiated cell carcinoma of the bladder with gonadotropin secretion. A case of choriocarcinoma and undifferentiated cell carcinoma of the bladder is reported. Transitional cell carcinoma was found initially in the bladder wall and in the terminal stage there was clinical evidence of production of gonadotropin. The concept of choriocarcinoma mimicry would supplant the explanation for the pathological features in this case.", "PMID": 571483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9540", "title": "Thrombocytopenia found uncommonly during heparin therapy.", "content": "In a prospective study to determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia in patients treated with intravenous heparin sodium of porcine gut origin, only four of 120 patients with suspected venous thromboembolism showed a depression of the platelet count to below 150 x 10(9)/L. In two of these patients, heparin was not considered to be the cause of thrombocytopenia because the platelet count, which fell transiently, rose again while heparin therapy was continued. These results indicate that thrombocytopenia is an uncommon complication of anticoagulant therapy with heparin derived from porcine gut mucosa.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia found uncommonly during heparin therapy. In a prospective study to determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia in patients treated with intravenous heparin sodium of porcine gut origin, only four of 120 patients with suspected venous thromboembolism showed a depression of the platelet count to below 150 x 10(9)/L. In two of these patients, heparin was not considered to be the cause of thrombocytopenia because the platelet count, which fell transiently, rose again while heparin therapy was continued. These results indicate that thrombocytopenia is an uncommon complication of anticoagulant therapy with heparin derived from porcine gut mucosa.", "PMID": 571485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9541", "title": "[Photocoagulation for central vein occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "27 patients with fully developed central vein occlusion were treated by means of photocoagulation. In all cases, a relatively quick regression of retinal hemorrhage and retinal edema occurred, as well as an extensive nomalisation of the caliber of the veins. In over 1/3 of cases, improvement of visual acuity could be achieved; acuity decreased in 1/3 of cases because of macula alterations (fibrosis, cystic edema, pigmentary dystrophy). The results, however, showed a general improvement as compared to disease courses left untreated. None of the patients developed secondary glaucoma during case control which can be assessed as the most significant result of photocoagulation.", "contents": "[Photocoagulation for central vein occlusion (author's transl)]. 27 patients with fully developed central vein occlusion were treated by means of photocoagulation. In all cases, a relatively quick regression of retinal hemorrhage and retinal edema occurred, as well as an extensive nomalisation of the caliber of the veins. In over 1/3 of cases, improvement of visual acuity could be achieved; acuity decreased in 1/3 of cases because of macula alterations (fibrosis, cystic edema, pigmentary dystrophy). The results, however, showed a general improvement as compared to disease courses left untreated. None of the patients developed secondary glaucoma during case control which can be assessed as the most significant result of photocoagulation.", "PMID": 571492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9542", "title": "[Conjunctival myiasis with Oestrus ovis larva (author's transl)].", "content": "Conjunctival infestation of the right eye with larva of the sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis Lin., is described. The larva was studied by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Conjunctival myiasis with Oestrus ovis larva (author's transl)]. Conjunctival infestation of the right eye with larva of the sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis Lin., is described. The larva was studied by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 571493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9543", "title": "[Unstable steroid-dependent hypotony-hypertony-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports an unusual case of a marked hypotony-syndrome without a recognizable cause, occurring after a previously operated chronic angle block glaucoma. On the assumption of a minimal cyclitis local corticosteroid therapy was commenced and lead to recovery of visual function. There were, however, problems in stabilizing intraocular tension both upwards and downwards. The steroids could not be withdrawn, even after 6 months, without the hypotony reappearing. On the other hand, the use of 2 drops of Decadron (dexamethasone) daily lead to tensions above 40 mmHg. The clinical situation is interpreted as a steroid-dependent hyposecretion-normosecretion in the presence of an occluded chamber angle.", "contents": "[Unstable steroid-dependent hypotony-hypertony-syndrome (author's transl)]. The author reports an unusual case of a marked hypotony-syndrome without a recognizable cause, occurring after a previously operated chronic angle block glaucoma. On the assumption of a minimal cyclitis local corticosteroid therapy was commenced and lead to recovery of visual function. There were, however, problems in stabilizing intraocular tension both upwards and downwards. The steroids could not be withdrawn, even after 6 months, without the hypotony reappearing. On the other hand, the use of 2 drops of Decadron (dexamethasone) daily lead to tensions above 40 mmHg. The clinical situation is interpreted as a steroid-dependent hyposecretion-normosecretion in the presence of an occluded chamber angle.", "PMID": 571494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9544", "title": "A possible modulation of acetylcholine receptors of embryonic chick muscle cells by alpha-bungarotoxin.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptors were assayed with alpha-bugarotoxin on embryonic chick skeletal muscle growing in primary cell culture. Toxin was bound specifically to muscle cells and could be competed with D-tubocurarine. Two dissociation constants were obtained by equilibrium binding: 7.2 x 10(-9)M and 2.7 x 10(-7)M at 25 degrees C. Two sets of rate constants were also obtained from dissociation kinetics. There are five times more low affinity sites on cells than high affinity sites. The average density of high-affinity receptors is about 200/micrometers2. A time course of toxin binding to receptors at 37 degrees C in growth medium revealed that under conditions permitting growth and metabolism, toxin bound to cells was lost. The possibility that the growth medium was inactivating toxin molecules was ruled out by showing that unbound toxin molecules in the medium were fully capable of binding to fresh cultures.", "contents": "A possible modulation of acetylcholine receptors of embryonic chick muscle cells by alpha-bungarotoxin. Acetylcholine receptors were assayed with alpha-bugarotoxin on embryonic chick skeletal muscle growing in primary cell culture. Toxin was bound specifically to muscle cells and could be competed with D-tubocurarine. Two dissociation constants were obtained by equilibrium binding: 7.2 x 10(-9)M and 2.7 x 10(-7)M at 25 degrees C. Two sets of rate constants were also obtained from dissociation kinetics. There are five times more low affinity sites on cells than high affinity sites. The average density of high-affinity receptors is about 200/micrometers2. A time course of toxin binding to receptors at 37 degrees C in growth medium revealed that under conditions permitting growth and metabolism, toxin bound to cells was lost. The possibility that the growth medium was inactivating toxin molecules was ruled out by showing that unbound toxin molecules in the medium were fully capable of binding to fresh cultures.", "PMID": 571499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9545", "title": "Transient cerebral ischemic attacks associated with worn porcine heterograft prosthesis. Case report.", "content": "Details are reviewed of a case of transient cerebral ischemic attacks which probably resulted from thromboembolism from a Hancock porcine heterograft prosthesis. Cause of the embolism probably was thrombus formation on the worn cloth covering of the supporting valve stent. Technical and antomic factors which assure precise seating of the prosthesis in the mitral anulus without contacting the ventricular wall appear to be important in preventing this complication.", "contents": "Transient cerebral ischemic attacks associated with worn porcine heterograft prosthesis. Case report. Details are reviewed of a case of transient cerebral ischemic attacks which probably resulted from thromboembolism from a Hancock porcine heterograft prosthesis. Cause of the embolism probably was thrombus formation on the worn cloth covering of the supporting valve stent. Technical and antomic factors which assure precise seating of the prosthesis in the mitral anulus without contacting the ventricular wall appear to be important in preventing this complication.", "PMID": 571500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9546", "title": "Age pigments, cell loss and hippocampal function.", "content": "The specific aims of this study were to perform direct correlational analyses of age differences in learning, short-term memory and arousal in relation to cell loss and lipofuscin increase in the hippocampus CA1 zone and in visual area 17 of the Fisher 344 rat. The following tentative conclusions can be made from the results presented in this study: (1) significant age differences in 2 and 6 hour passive-avoidance retention or memory between mature and old rats were related to non-significant age differences in days to criterion learning, starting latencies, running distance and time in original approach learning, and (2) significant age differences in 2 and 6 hours retention of old, compared to mature rats were correlated significantly with loss of neurons, and very significantly with increases in intraneuronal lipofuscin in the hippocampus CA1 zone and in visual area 17.", "contents": "Age pigments, cell loss and hippocampal function. The specific aims of this study were to perform direct correlational analyses of age differences in learning, short-term memory and arousal in relation to cell loss and lipofuscin increase in the hippocampus CA1 zone and in visual area 17 of the Fisher 344 rat. The following tentative conclusions can be made from the results presented in this study: (1) significant age differences in 2 and 6 hour passive-avoidance retention or memory between mature and old rats were related to non-significant age differences in days to criterion learning, starting latencies, running distance and time in original approach learning, and (2) significant age differences in 2 and 6 hours retention of old, compared to mature rats were correlated significantly with loss of neurons, and very significantly with increases in intraneuronal lipofuscin in the hippocampus CA1 zone and in visual area 17.", "PMID": 571502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9547", "title": "[Otitis nigra: etiologic pathogenetic and clinical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of otitis nigra (idiopathic sero-hemmorrhagic otitis media) as independent clinical entity is shown, presenting 5 cases requiring mastoid surgery. Samples of mastoid mucosa were investigated by light- and electron-microscopy employing histochemical, immunofluorescent and virological techniques. Pathological changes of the small vessels in the subepithelial connective tissue  with increased vascular permeability and extravasation of red blood cells and serum  play a central role in the pathogenetic course of the disease. Disintegration of erythrocytes leads by catabolism of hemoglobin to formation of hemosiderin and ferretin, whereas by processing of phospholipids of the cell-membrane cholesterin cristals are deposited in the connective tissue. These cholesterin deposits in turn induce a foreign body reaction with formation of typical cholesterol granulomas. The mucosa shows secretory activity in intraepithelial secretory cells and glandlike structures in the subepithelial connective tissue. Neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides are demonstrated in the secretory product. As possible cause for the vascular lesion that in turn sets off the pathomechanisme of otitis nigra a subclinical viral infection is discussed. This conjecture is supported by demonstration of virus-like inclusion bodies in macrophages and fibrocytes and of virus-like particles in antral smears. In addition myxoviruses of the parotitis-epidemica group could be identified in these smears by serological methods. Furthermore, the stimulation of the local immunological defense system, evidenced by the presence of numerous immunoglobulin-producing plasmacells in the tissue, is in concord with a viral infection. Therapy requires mastoidectomy in combination with posterior tympanotomy in order to eradicate completely the intractably diseased mastoid mucosa.", "contents": "[Otitis nigra: etiologic pathogenetic and clinical aspects (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of otitis nigra (idiopathic sero-hemmorrhagic otitis media) as independent clinical entity is shown, presenting 5 cases requiring mastoid surgery. Samples of mastoid mucosa were investigated by light- and electron-microscopy employing histochemical, immunofluorescent and virological techniques. Pathological changes of the small vessels in the subepithelial connective tissue  with increased vascular permeability and extravasation of red blood cells and serum  play a central role in the pathogenetic course of the disease. Disintegration of erythrocytes leads by catabolism of hemoglobin to formation of hemosiderin and ferretin, whereas by processing of phospholipids of the cell-membrane cholesterin cristals are deposited in the connective tissue. These cholesterin deposits in turn induce a foreign body reaction with formation of typical cholesterol granulomas. The mucosa shows secretory activity in intraepithelial secretory cells and glandlike structures in the subepithelial connective tissue. Neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides are demonstrated in the secretory product. As possible cause for the vascular lesion that in turn sets off the pathomechanisme of otitis nigra a subclinical viral infection is discussed. This conjecture is supported by demonstration of virus-like inclusion bodies in macrophages and fibrocytes and of virus-like particles in antral smears. In addition myxoviruses of the parotitis-epidemica group could be identified in these smears by serological methods. Furthermore, the stimulation of the local immunological defense system, evidenced by the presence of numerous immunoglobulin-producing plasmacells in the tissue, is in concord with a viral infection. Therapy requires mastoidectomy in combination with posterior tympanotomy in order to eradicate completely the intractably diseased mastoid mucosa.", "PMID": 571503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9548", "title": "[Makeup of the extracellular lipids in Rhodotorula glutinis yeasts].", "content": "The fractional composition of extracellular lipids extracted with hexane and ethanol was studied in the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis 35 by thin-layer chromatography. The two extracts of extracellular lipids were found to be similar in composition though differing in the quantitative content of individual fractions. The fractional composition of extracellular lipids differed from that of intracellular lipids. The peculiarity of the fractional composition of extracellular lipids can be accounted for by the specificity of its fatty acid and alcohol composition.", "contents": "[Makeup of the extracellular lipids in Rhodotorula glutinis yeasts]. The fractional composition of extracellular lipids extracted with hexane and ethanol was studied in the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis 35 by thin-layer chromatography. The two extracts of extracellular lipids were found to be similar in composition though differing in the quantitative content of individual fractions. The fractional composition of extracellular lipids differed from that of intracellular lipids. The peculiarity of the fractional composition of extracellular lipids can be accounted for by the specificity of its fatty acid and alcohol composition.", "PMID": 571509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9549", "title": "[Fractional protein makeup of Candida utilis yeast protoplasts in the process of their growth and development].", "content": "Candida utilis IBFMY-405 was grown in a synthetic medium with glucose. Cells taken at the logarithmic phase of growth were studied. The cells were treated with the enzyme from Helix pomatia to prepare protoplasts which were separated by differential centrifugation into groups according to their size. Three protein fractions were isolated from each group and the amino acid composition of the proteins was determined. Proteins of the first fraction (cytoplasmic) prevailed in all of the protoplast groups while the content of proteins of the second fraction (intermediate or myosin-like) was the lowest. As the size of protoplasts increased, difference in the quantitative content of proteins from the first and second fractions became less pronounced. The content of proteins of the third fraction was 3.6 and 2.4 times higher in the protoplasts of the medium size than in the largest protoplasts. The amino acid composition of each protein fraction differed quantitatively and qualitatively in all of the protoplast groups.", "contents": "[Fractional protein makeup of Candida utilis yeast protoplasts in the process of their growth and development]. Candida utilis IBFMY-405 was grown in a synthetic medium with glucose. Cells taken at the logarithmic phase of growth were studied. The cells were treated with the enzyme from Helix pomatia to prepare protoplasts which were separated by differential centrifugation into groups according to their size. Three protein fractions were isolated from each group and the amino acid composition of the proteins was determined. Proteins of the first fraction (cytoplasmic) prevailed in all of the protoplast groups while the content of proteins of the second fraction (intermediate or myosin-like) was the lowest. As the size of protoplasts increased, difference in the quantitative content of proteins from the first and second fractions became less pronounced. The content of proteins of the third fraction was 3.6 and 2.4 times higher in the protoplasts of the medium size than in the largest protoplasts. The amino acid composition of each protein fraction differed quantitatively and qualitatively in all of the protoplast groups.", "PMID": 571510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9550", "title": "[Effect of long-wave ultraviolet light (313 nm) on the survivability and respiration of Candida utilis yeasts].", "content": "Irradiation of Candida utilis with near-UV (313 nm) was found to inhibit respiration; the degree of the inhibition correlated with the number of killed cells. Irradiation of the yeast mitochondria inhibited the activity of succinate oxidase; the dependence of the inhibition on the dose of near-UV (313 nm) was close to the dose dependence of the photoinhibition of respiration in whole cells. The action spectrum for the inhibition of the activity of succinate oxidase was recorded; it corresponded to the absorption spectrum of ubiquinone isolated from the yeast cells. The data obtained suggest that ubiquinone is a target molecule in the effects of inhibition of respiration and death of yeast cells induced with near-UV (313 nm).", "contents": "[Effect of long-wave ultraviolet light (313 nm) on the survivability and respiration of Candida utilis yeasts]. Irradiation of Candida utilis with near-UV (313 nm) was found to inhibit respiration; the degree of the inhibition correlated with the number of killed cells. Irradiation of the yeast mitochondria inhibited the activity of succinate oxidase; the dependence of the inhibition on the dose of near-UV (313 nm) was close to the dose dependence of the photoinhibition of respiration in whole cells. The action spectrum for the inhibition of the activity of succinate oxidase was recorded; it corresponded to the absorption spectrum of ubiquinone isolated from the yeast cells. The data obtained suggest that ubiquinone is a target molecule in the effects of inhibition of respiration and death of yeast cells induced with near-UV (313 nm).", "PMID": 571511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9551", "title": "[Effect of polyploidogenic factors on Trichothecium roseum mycelium in the process of trichothecine and fibrinolytic enzyme biosynthesis].", "content": "The effect of colchicine and boric acid on the substrate mycelium of Trichothecium roseum was studied in the course of trichothecin biosynthesis. Addition of boric aicd (0.01%) and colchicine (0.1%) to the medium for biosynthesis increased the antibiotic activity of the fungus, this being due to the specific effect of polyploidogenous factors on growth of the mycelium and the proportion of nuclei in it. The number of nuclei increased in cells of the substrate mycelium correlating with a higher antibiotic activity.", "contents": "[Effect of polyploidogenic factors on Trichothecium roseum mycelium in the process of trichothecine and fibrinolytic enzyme biosynthesis]. The effect of colchicine and boric acid on the substrate mycelium of Trichothecium roseum was studied in the course of trichothecin biosynthesis. Addition of boric aicd (0.01%) and colchicine (0.1%) to the medium for biosynthesis increased the antibiotic activity of the fungus, this being due to the specific effect of polyploidogenous factors on growth of the mycelium and the proportion of nuclei in it. The number of nuclei increased in cells of the substrate mycelium correlating with a higher antibiotic activity.", "PMID": 571512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9552", "title": "Chicken ribosomal DNA: gene frequency and purification by R-loop hybridization.", "content": "The genes for ribosomal RNA of chicken are present in about 200--240 copies per haploid genome. The ribosomal genes were separated from the bulk of DNA by different methods. In CsCl-actinomycin D gradients the GC-rich ribosomal DNA is shifted to the lower density side of the bulk of DNA. After hybridization with iodinated ribosomal RNA under conditions where R-loops are formed ribosomal DNA has an increased density. The R-loops can be separated from the bulk of DNA in Cs2-SO4 gradients.", "contents": "Chicken ribosomal DNA: gene frequency and purification by R-loop hybridization. The genes for ribosomal RNA of chicken are present in about 200--240 copies per haploid genome. The ribosomal genes were separated from the bulk of DNA by different methods. In CsCl-actinomycin D gradients the GC-rich ribosomal DNA is shifted to the lower density side of the bulk of DNA. After hybridization with iodinated ribosomal RNA under conditions where R-loops are formed ribosomal DNA has an increased density. The R-loops can be separated from the bulk of DNA in Cs2-SO4 gradients.", "PMID": 571522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9553", "title": "Study of ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid of sea urchin.", "content": "The structure of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) satellite of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm has been re-examined after purification by two widely used methods. Saturation hybridization experiments indicate that about 28--32% of the rDNA contain sequences complementary to rRNA. Results of hyperchromic spectral analysis reveal that the rDNA melts as two distinct but unequal components. The early transition presumably corresponds to the melting of most of the transcribed part and the late transition is suggestive of the melting of a G + C-rich segment of the rDNA, which may be a nontranscribed spacer.", "contents": "Study of ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid of sea urchin. The structure of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) satellite of sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) sperm has been re-examined after purification by two widely used methods. Saturation hybridization experiments indicate that about 28--32% of the rDNA contain sequences complementary to rRNA. Results of hyperchromic spectral analysis reveal that the rDNA melts as two distinct but unequal components. The early transition presumably corresponds to the melting of most of the transcribed part and the late transition is suggestive of the melting of a G + C-rich segment of the rDNA, which may be a nontranscribed spacer.", "PMID": 571523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9554", "title": "[Production and characteristics of seven rat embryo cell lines transformed by adenovirus type 5 and its DNA].", "content": "Seven cell lines transformed by adenovirus type 5 and its DNA were obtained. It was shown that different cell lines contain the fragments of viral DNA which differ in length and number of copies per DNA of diploid cells. They contain from the left end 6% of the viral DNA to complete or almost complete viral genome. All studied cell lines were sensitive to reinfection with adenovirus type 5. They produced no virus being cocultivated with cell sensitive to the virus. No cell line was able to induce tumors even in immunosuppressed newborn rats. All cell lines formed colonies in soft agar. The level of virus-specific antigens was higher in cells that contained a large part of the viral genome. The methods used did not allow to correlate the biological properties of the transformed cells with the length and the number of copies of the integrated part of the viral genome.", "contents": "[Production and characteristics of seven rat embryo cell lines transformed by adenovirus type 5 and its DNA]. Seven cell lines transformed by adenovirus type 5 and its DNA were obtained. It was shown that different cell lines contain the fragments of viral DNA which differ in length and number of copies per DNA of diploid cells. They contain from the left end 6% of the viral DNA to complete or almost complete viral genome. All studied cell lines were sensitive to reinfection with adenovirus type 5. They produced no virus being cocultivated with cell sensitive to the virus. No cell line was able to induce tumors even in immunosuppressed newborn rats. All cell lines formed colonies in soft agar. The level of virus-specific antigens was higher in cells that contained a large part of the viral genome. The methods used did not allow to correlate the biological properties of the transformed cells with the length and the number of copies of the integrated part of the viral genome.", "PMID": 571524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9555", "title": "[Reassociation of interspersed moderate DNA repeats].", "content": "Reassociation kinetics of the fragments of DNA consisting of interspersed repetitive and non-repetitive nucleotide sequences is considered in this paper. Based on the model, suggested by Gavrilov and Mazo (Mol. biol., 11, 101 1977), which takes into account the random DNA shearing, both reassociation kinetics of the total DNA in the region corresponding to interspersed repeat reassociation and that of the isolated preparation of interspersed repetitive sequences are calculated. In both cases influence of the repeat length on the reassociation rate is demonstrated. The estimation of the repetition frequency of rare repeats from pigeon genome is specified using calculations performed.", "contents": "[Reassociation of interspersed moderate DNA repeats]. Reassociation kinetics of the fragments of DNA consisting of interspersed repetitive and non-repetitive nucleotide sequences is considered in this paper. Based on the model, suggested by Gavrilov and Mazo (Mol. biol., 11, 101 1977), which takes into account the random DNA shearing, both reassociation kinetics of the total DNA in the region corresponding to interspersed repeat reassociation and that of the isolated preparation of interspersed repetitive sequences are calculated. In both cases influence of the repeat length on the reassociation rate is demonstrated. The estimation of the repetition frequency of rare repeats from pigeon genome is specified using calculations performed.", "PMID": 571525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9556", "title": "[Study of the pathogenicity of Conidiobolus coronatus in experimental animals].", "content": "The pathogenicity of a strain of Conidiobulus coronatus isolated from Aenolamia postica was investigated in 152 mice, 42 guinea pigs and 47 hamsters. Four routes of inoculation were used: intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intratracheal and scarification in the oral mucosa. Each animal was inoculated 3 times at 3 week intervals. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 8, 15, 45 of 225 days after the first inoculation. Observations of macroscopic lesions (nodules, abscesses, adhesions, etc.) direct examinations, cultures and histopathological studies of different tissues were performed. The aforementioned lesions of tissue were the most frequently found and all of them were resolved by spontaneous cure. The animals inoculated intraperitoneally and subcutaneouslly presented the highest number of postive results. The histopathological features at the 1st and 8th days after inoculation showed an acute inflamatory infiltrate with well preserved fungus filaments; at the 15th day granulomas with giant cells were observed containing fragmented and disintegrated fungal hyphae; at the 45th and 225th days a fibrosis reaction was observed and no fungal filaments, could be found. In no animal was rhinoentomophthoromycosis never reproduced, and according to these results it is considered that either this strain is not a pathogen or its pathogenicity is very low.", "contents": "[Study of the pathogenicity of Conidiobolus coronatus in experimental animals]. The pathogenicity of a strain of Conidiobulus coronatus isolated from Aenolamia postica was investigated in 152 mice, 42 guinea pigs and 47 hamsters. Four routes of inoculation were used: intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intratracheal and scarification in the oral mucosa. Each animal was inoculated 3 times at 3 week intervals. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 8, 15, 45 of 225 days after the first inoculation. Observations of macroscopic lesions (nodules, abscesses, adhesions, etc.) direct examinations, cultures and histopathological studies of different tissues were performed. The aforementioned lesions of tissue were the most frequently found and all of them were resolved by spontaneous cure. The animals inoculated intraperitoneally and subcutaneouslly presented the highest number of postive results. The histopathological features at the 1st and 8th days after inoculation showed an acute inflamatory infiltrate with well preserved fungus filaments; at the 15th day granulomas with giant cells were observed containing fragmented and disintegrated fungal hyphae; at the 45th and 225th days a fibrosis reaction was observed and no fungal filaments, could be found. In no animal was rhinoentomophthoromycosis never reproduced, and according to these results it is considered that either this strain is not a pathogen or its pathogenicity is very low.", "PMID": 571531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9557", "title": "Becker-type muscular dystrophy.", "content": "This is a review of clinical, cardiologic, electrophysiologic, pathologic, and serum creatine kinase changes in eight families with slowly progressive X-linked Becker-type muscular dystrophy. All but one of the patients were able to walk until the age of 16 years, and most lived beyond 20. In every family, electromyography and muscle biopsy showed features which, on the basis of classical criteria, were interpreted as those of both myopathy and denervation, although among patients and among families, one or the other of these processes predominated. The most frequent biopsy picture was of fiber atrophy and hypertrophy, with many split and angulated fibers, and clumps of pyknotic nuclei. Necrosis, phagocytosis, regeneration, endomysial fibrosis, and some fatty infiltration were commonly seen. Review of a family originally described by Becker showed a similar biopsy picture; These pathologic changes are separable from those of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but they often overlap with those seen in other chronic neuromuscular diseases.", "contents": "Becker-type muscular dystrophy. This is a review of clinical, cardiologic, electrophysiologic, pathologic, and serum creatine kinase changes in eight families with slowly progressive X-linked Becker-type muscular dystrophy. All but one of the patients were able to walk until the age of 16 years, and most lived beyond 20. In every family, electromyography and muscle biopsy showed features which, on the basis of classical criteria, were interpreted as those of both myopathy and denervation, although among patients and among families, one or the other of these processes predominated. The most frequent biopsy picture was of fiber atrophy and hypertrophy, with many split and angulated fibers, and clumps of pyknotic nuclei. Necrosis, phagocytosis, regeneration, endomysial fibrosis, and some fatty infiltration were commonly seen. Review of a family originally described by Becker showed a similar biopsy picture; These pathologic changes are separable from those of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but they often overlap with those seen in other chronic neuromuscular diseases.", "PMID": 571527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9558", "title": "Antigenic activity of Emmonsia crescens mutants.", "content": "The antigenic properties of 3 UV mutants of Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 were compared with the original wild strain, further with other 13 E. crescens strains, with E. parva, E. brasiliensis, E. ciferrina and Chrysosporium pannorum. For this purpose the strains were used for the immunisation of 70 rabbits. The formation of specific IgM-and IgG-antibodies was examined in their blood by means of several serologic reactions, and the capability of sensitizing the organism was proved by means of skin tests. All strains stimulated the formation of specific antibodies and sensibilised the macroorganism but in various extent. The differences in the antigenic activity was found not only among the single species but also among the single strains of the same species. All three mutants of E. crescens induced the formation of the specific antibodies but weaker than the virulent strains. They elicited, however, stronger and better reliable skin reactions than the virulent strains.", "contents": "Antigenic activity of Emmonsia crescens mutants. The antigenic properties of 3 UV mutants of Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 were compared with the original wild strain, further with other 13 E. crescens strains, with E. parva, E. brasiliensis, E. ciferrina and Chrysosporium pannorum. For this purpose the strains were used for the immunisation of 70 rabbits. The formation of specific IgM-and IgG-antibodies was examined in their blood by means of several serologic reactions, and the capability of sensitizing the organism was proved by means of skin tests. All strains stimulated the formation of specific antibodies and sensibilised the macroorganism but in various extent. The differences in the antigenic activity was found not only among the single species but also among the single strains of the same species. All three mutants of E. crescens induced the formation of the specific antibodies but weaker than the virulent strains. They elicited, however, stronger and better reliable skin reactions than the virulent strains.", "PMID": 571532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9559", "title": "Neonatal experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Neonatal rats born of and nursed by mothers immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor protein developed a defect of neuromuscular transmission as indicated by reduced miniature endplate potential amplitudes. It is likely that antibodies to the Torpedo receptor protein were passively transferred to the neonates in the milk. With the exception of the route of transfer, this neonatal form of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis appears to be similar to its human counterpart, and thus can serve as an experimental model.", "contents": "Neonatal experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neonatal rats born of and nursed by mothers immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor protein developed a defect of neuromuscular transmission as indicated by reduced miniature endplate potential amplitudes. It is likely that antibodies to the Torpedo receptor protein were passively transferred to the neonates in the milk. With the exception of the route of transfer, this neonatal form of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis appears to be similar to its human counterpart, and thus can serve as an experimental model.", "PMID": 571528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9560", "title": "Aflatoxin B1 influence on excised soya-bean root growth, 14C-leucine uptake and incorporation.", "content": "The present work reports a portion of our continuing effort to determine the mechanism(s) whereby aflatoxins cause toxic responses in in vitro cultured plant tissues. Few investigations have dealt with the mode of action of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in excised plant tissues. Here is detailed AFB1 influence on growth, uptake and incorporation of 14C-leucine by excised, incubated soya-bean roots. Pure AFB1 was added to culture medium prior to autoclaving. One gram fresh weight portions of roots from three-day old soya-bean seedlings were excised and incubated for 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Growth was assayed by following changes in root dry weight. Aflatoxin B1 inhibited root dry weight at both 20 and 30 micrograms/ml. Uptake of 14C-leucine was checked by following its depletion from the medium. Reduced 14C-leucine uptake by roots exposed to 20 micrograms/ml AFB1 suggests that the toxin may alter the plasmalemma. A possible role for AFB1 in modification of membrane-associated amino acid transport mechanisms is discussed. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable cytoplasm was assayed. Inhibition of this incorporation at 20 micrograms/ml AFB1 was most apparent at 12 hours. Thus, AFB1 may also impair the ability of excised soya-bean roots to carry out protein synthesis.", "contents": "Aflatoxin B1 influence on excised soya-bean root growth, 14C-leucine uptake and incorporation. The present work reports a portion of our continuing effort to determine the mechanism(s) whereby aflatoxins cause toxic responses in in vitro cultured plant tissues. Few investigations have dealt with the mode of action of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in excised plant tissues. Here is detailed AFB1 influence on growth, uptake and incorporation of 14C-leucine by excised, incubated soya-bean roots. Pure AFB1 was added to culture medium prior to autoclaving. One gram fresh weight portions of roots from three-day old soya-bean seedlings were excised and incubated for 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Growth was assayed by following changes in root dry weight. Aflatoxin B1 inhibited root dry weight at both 20 and 30 micrograms/ml. Uptake of 14C-leucine was checked by following its depletion from the medium. Reduced 14C-leucine uptake by roots exposed to 20 micrograms/ml AFB1 suggests that the toxin may alter the plasmalemma. A possible role for AFB1 in modification of membrane-associated amino acid transport mechanisms is discussed. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable cytoplasm was assayed. Inhibition of this incorporation at 20 micrograms/ml AFB1 was most apparent at 12 hours. Thus, AFB1 may also impair the ability of excised soya-bean roots to carry out protein synthesis.", "PMID": 571533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9561", "title": "Amino acid transport by a muscle cell line.", "content": "An established rat muscle cell culture, L-6, was employed for the evaluation of muscle amino acid transport. The initial influx of 16 radiolabeled amino acids into these cells was determined, and an overall uptake profile was constructed. L-6 cells accumulate amino acids progressively with time by saturable, temperature-dependent processes. As found in other preparations, several amino acids have sodium-dependent uptake systems. There is a wide range in the rate of transport of the different amino acids. The overall profile of uptake is fairly reproducible and may be characteristic of muscle tissue; it does not resemble that previously found in other cell types. The profile of amino acid uptake into these cells compares favorably with the pattern of amino acid transfer from the bloodstream to muscle found in intact rats. It is concluded that muscle cell transport is basically similar to that of other cell types. L-6 muscle cells have an amino acid uptake profile which resembles that of intact muscle; they should thus prove useful in the further delineation of muscle amino acid transport mechanisms.", "contents": "Amino acid transport by a muscle cell line. An established rat muscle cell culture, L-6, was employed for the evaluation of muscle amino acid transport. The initial influx of 16 radiolabeled amino acids into these cells was determined, and an overall uptake profile was constructed. L-6 cells accumulate amino acids progressively with time by saturable, temperature-dependent processes. As found in other preparations, several amino acids have sodium-dependent uptake systems. There is a wide range in the rate of transport of the different amino acids. The overall profile of uptake is fairly reproducible and may be characteristic of muscle tissue; it does not resemble that previously found in other cell types. The profile of amino acid uptake into these cells compares favorably with the pattern of amino acid transfer from the bloodstream to muscle found in intact rats. It is concluded that muscle cell transport is basically similar to that of other cell types. L-6 muscle cells have an amino acid uptake profile which resembles that of intact muscle; they should thus prove useful in the further delineation of muscle amino acid transport mechanisms.", "PMID": 571529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9562", "title": "Late-onset X-linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.", "content": "A family is described in which five males have late-onset facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and slowly progressive proximal weakness. Electrodiagnostic studies and muscle biopsy were compatible with spinal muscular atrophy. This family appears quite similar to several previously reported families with late-onset X-linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Because of the relative homogeneity of this particular phenotype of spinal muscular atrophy, a single metabolic derangement was sought. Three obligate carriers were studied, and no abnormality was detected. A further family with this condition is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Late-onset X-linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. A family is described in which five males have late-onset facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and slowly progressive proximal weakness. Electrodiagnostic studies and muscle biopsy were compatible with spinal muscular atrophy. This family appears quite similar to several previously reported families with late-onset X-linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Because of the relative homogeneity of this particular phenotype of spinal muscular atrophy, a single metabolic derangement was sought. Three obligate carriers were studied, and no abnormality was detected. A further family with this condition is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 571530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9563", "title": "Activation of feminine sexual behavior in castrated male rats by intrahypothalamic implants of estradiol benzoate.", "content": "The effects of intracerebral estradiol benzoate (EB) implants upon lordosis behavior in castrated male rats were investigated. 27 guage EB-filled or Blank implants were placed unilaterally in either the preoptic area (POA) or the region of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). When 0.5 microgram of EB was administered subcutaneously for eight days, males with EB implants had significantly higher lordosis quotients (LQ) than males with Blank implants. EB implants located in the region of the VMH were significantly more effective in stimulating lordosis responses than implants in the POA. These results indicate that, in male rats as in females, the VMH region is a primary site for the hormonal activation of lordosis behavior.", "contents": "Activation of feminine sexual behavior in castrated male rats by intrahypothalamic implants of estradiol benzoate. The effects of intracerebral estradiol benzoate (EB) implants upon lordosis behavior in castrated male rats were investigated. 27 guage EB-filled or Blank implants were placed unilaterally in either the preoptic area (POA) or the region of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). When 0.5 microgram of EB was administered subcutaneously for eight days, males with EB implants had significantly higher lordosis quotients (LQ) than males with Blank implants. EB implants located in the region of the VMH were significantly more effective in stimulating lordosis responses than implants in the POA. These results indicate that, in male rats as in females, the VMH region is a primary site for the hormonal activation of lordosis behavior.", "PMID": 571538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9564", "title": "Induced ovulation in aged female rats by L-dopa implants into the medial preoptic area.", "content": "Direct placement of L-dopa into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of aged pseudopregnant or constant vaginal estrous female rats resulted in a reinitiation of vaginal cycles and ovulation. Similar treatment with L-dopa in the dorsomedial septum or cortex was ineffective. Direct placement of leucine into any of the three brain regions did not have an effect on ovarian function. Intermittent treatment with L-dopa to MPOA was found to reinstate and maintain vaginal cycles in constant estrous females only when administered on the day of vaginal estrus of successive cycles. These findings support the hypothesis that age-dependent disturbances in ovarian function may be initiated by changes in neurotransmitter metabolism within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Induced ovulation in aged female rats by L-dopa implants into the medial preoptic area. Direct placement of L-dopa into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of aged pseudopregnant or constant vaginal estrous female rats resulted in a reinitiation of vaginal cycles and ovulation. Similar treatment with L-dopa in the dorsomedial septum or cortex was ineffective. Direct placement of leucine into any of the three brain regions did not have an effect on ovarian function. Intermittent treatment with L-dopa to MPOA was found to reinstate and maintain vaginal cycles in constant estrous females only when administered on the day of vaginal estrus of successive cycles. These findings support the hypothesis that age-dependent disturbances in ovarian function may be initiated by changes in neurotransmitter metabolism within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 571539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9565", "title": "Comparison of luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in cycling and anestrous ewes.", "content": "Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (Prl) in the serum of anestrous and cycling ewes were compared. The concentration of LH in serum and the frequency of episodic releases of LH were lower in anestrous than in cycling ewes. Concentrations of LH in serum rose as rapidly after ovariectomy of anestrous ewes as after ovariectomy of cycling ewes. Prl levels were higher during anestrus than at any stage of the estrous cycle; however, high Prl levels were not necessarily associated either with low LH levels or the absence of episodic release of LH. These data suggest: (1) that anestrus is not due to a reduction in the intrinsic ability of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system to secrete LH, and (2) that high Prl levels may be a symptom rather than a cause of seasonal anestrus.", "contents": "Comparison of luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in cycling and anestrous ewes. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (Prl) in the serum of anestrous and cycling ewes were compared. The concentration of LH in serum and the frequency of episodic releases of LH were lower in anestrous than in cycling ewes. Concentrations of LH in serum rose as rapidly after ovariectomy of anestrous ewes as after ovariectomy of cycling ewes. Prl levels were higher during anestrus than at any stage of the estrous cycle; however, high Prl levels were not necessarily associated either with low LH levels or the absence of episodic release of LH. These data suggest: (1) that anestrus is not due to a reduction in the intrinsic ability of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system to secrete LH, and (2) that high Prl levels may be a symptom rather than a cause of seasonal anestrus.", "PMID": 571540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9566", "title": "Effect of electrochemical stimulation in the olfactory bulbs on the release of gonadotropin hormones in rats.", "content": "The olfactory bulbs were electrochemically stimulated in non-anesthetized, freely moving rats, and the ovulatory response and serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were studied. The stimulus was applied at 11:30 h through unilateral stainless steel electrodes chronically implanted, and serial blood samples were obtained by way of a plastic cannula located in the jugular vein. Electrochemical stimulation (100 microA/60 sec) of the main olfactory bulbs in the ventral aspect of the superficial layers as well as in its central core, performed on the day of proestrus, prevented the preovulatory discharge of LH and ovulation. Blockade of ovulation also occurred when the stimulus was applied in the lateral or medial parts of the superficial layers. On the other hand stimulation in the dorsal part blocked the preovulatory surge of LH and ovulation in only 50% of the cases. Stimulation applied in the accessory olfactory bulbs failed to interfere with ovulation and LH discharge. Stimulation of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats applied in superficial layers of the main olfactory bulbs had no significant effect on the release of LH, but when the stimulus was applied in the accessory olfactory bulb a release of LH took place 3-6 h following stimulation. These results indicate that stimulation of the olfactory bulbs produce a dual effect on LH release: while the response of the accessory olfactory bulb is facilitatory in nature, that of the main olfactory bulbs is inhibitory.", "contents": "Effect of electrochemical stimulation in the olfactory bulbs on the release of gonadotropin hormones in rats. The olfactory bulbs were electrochemically stimulated in non-anesthetized, freely moving rats, and the ovulatory response and serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were studied. The stimulus was applied at 11:30 h through unilateral stainless steel electrodes chronically implanted, and serial blood samples were obtained by way of a plastic cannula located in the jugular vein. Electrochemical stimulation (100 microA/60 sec) of the main olfactory bulbs in the ventral aspect of the superficial layers as well as in its central core, performed on the day of proestrus, prevented the preovulatory discharge of LH and ovulation. Blockade of ovulation also occurred when the stimulus was applied in the lateral or medial parts of the superficial layers. On the other hand stimulation in the dorsal part blocked the preovulatory surge of LH and ovulation in only 50% of the cases. Stimulation applied in the accessory olfactory bulbs failed to interfere with ovulation and LH discharge. Stimulation of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats applied in superficial layers of the main olfactory bulbs had no significant effect on the release of LH, but when the stimulus was applied in the accessory olfactory bulb a release of LH took place 3-6 h following stimulation. These results indicate that stimulation of the olfactory bulbs produce a dual effect on LH release: while the response of the accessory olfactory bulb is facilitatory in nature, that of the main olfactory bulbs is inhibitory.", "PMID": 571541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9567", "title": "Rat dopamine hypersensitivity. I. Effect of age.", "content": "Two groups of 5 Sprague-Dawley rats were tested with either d-amphetamine or saline following our drug abuse-kindling model for dopaminergic hypersensitivity on pretest and posttest. However, when the animals were 40 weeks older, the saline group also received d-amphetamine. Thus, this group served as saline control for the initial two tests and-amphetamine control for age on the third session. The control group showed significantly more stereotyped behavior on Phase 3 as compared with the experimental group in the first session. These results suggest an increased responsivity of dopaminergic receptors with age as measured by stereotyped behavior in rats.", "contents": "Rat dopamine hypersensitivity. I. Effect of age. Two groups of 5 Sprague-Dawley rats were tested with either d-amphetamine or saline following our drug abuse-kindling model for dopaminergic hypersensitivity on pretest and posttest. However, when the animals were 40 weeks older, the saline group also received d-amphetamine. Thus, this group served as saline control for the initial two tests and-amphetamine control for age on the third session. The control group showed significantly more stereotyped behavior on Phase 3 as compared with the experimental group in the first session. These results suggest an increased responsivity of dopaminergic receptors with age as measured by stereotyped behavior in rats.", "PMID": 571544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9568", "title": "Rat dopaminergic hypersensitivity. II. Effects of sex.", "content": "Two groups of 5 male and 5 female Sprague-Dawley rats each were tested for dopaminergic hypersensitivity on d-amphetamine or apomorphine following a drug abuse-kindling model. In constrast to the males, the female animals did not develop hypersensitivity on either drug, had a higher baseline stereotyped behavior on low doses of d-amphetamine, and lower baseline for apomorphine. Furthermore, on apomorphine the females showed tolerance instead of hypersensitivity with a significant decrease of stereotyped behavior a posttest as compared with pretest. Female rats do not develop a readily demonstrable dopaminergic hypersensitivity with this procedure and show an absence of reverse tolerance to apomorphine.", "contents": "Rat dopaminergic hypersensitivity. II. Effects of sex. Two groups of 5 male and 5 female Sprague-Dawley rats each were tested for dopaminergic hypersensitivity on d-amphetamine or apomorphine following a drug abuse-kindling model. In constrast to the males, the female animals did not develop hypersensitivity on either drug, had a higher baseline stereotyped behavior on low doses of d-amphetamine, and lower baseline for apomorphine. Furthermore, on apomorphine the females showed tolerance instead of hypersensitivity with a significant decrease of stereotyped behavior a posttest as compared with pretest. Female rats do not develop a readily demonstrable dopaminergic hypersensitivity with this procedure and show an absence of reverse tolerance to apomorphine.", "PMID": 571545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9569", "title": "Reye syndrome: monoamine metabolites in ventricular fluid.", "content": "Concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) were markedly elevated in the ventricular fluid of 15 children with Reye syndrome (median, 887 ng per milliliter) compared to 7 controls (median, 282 ng per milliliter), but 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) values were comparable (medians of 198 and 189 ng per milliliter, respectively). The ratio of 5-HIAA to HVA was significantly lower in patients with Reye syndrome (0.26) than in controls (0.51). Serial samples demonstrated wide fluctuations in HVA concentration, but not in that of 5-HIAA. Monoamine metabolite concentrations were not correlated with serum ammonia, increased intracranial pressure, morbidity, or mortality. Increased HVA in Reye syndrome may reflect cerebral ischemia and release of vasoactive amines (particularly dopamine) into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "contents": "Reye syndrome: monoamine metabolites in ventricular fluid. Concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) were markedly elevated in the ventricular fluid of 15 children with Reye syndrome (median, 887 ng per milliliter) compared to 7 controls (median, 282 ng per milliliter), but 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) values were comparable (medians of 198 and 189 ng per milliliter, respectively). The ratio of 5-HIAA to HVA was significantly lower in patients with Reye syndrome (0.26) than in controls (0.51). Serial samples demonstrated wide fluctuations in HVA concentration, but not in that of 5-HIAA. Monoamine metabolite concentrations were not correlated with serum ammonia, increased intracranial pressure, morbidity, or mortality. Increased HVA in Reye syndrome may reflect cerebral ischemia and release of vasoactive amines (particularly dopamine) into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "PMID": 571546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9570", "title": "Computed tomography and pure motor hemiparesis.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was abnormal in 75% of 33 patients with pure motor hemiparesis (PMH). In 13 cases, lesions were detected in the capsular region; 10 were consistent with infarction, and 3 were of increased density consistent with hemorrhage. Seven had other vascular disorders, and four had nonvascular conditions. Of 20 patients with PMH with normal electroencephalogram (EEG), isotope scan, and cerebrospinal fluid, 11 had CT evidence of a lesion in the internal capsule-corona radiata region. In patients with PMH with normal CT, recovery was more complete and rapid than in those with CT evidence of a vascular lesion. In 5 cases, CT showed a capsular lesion, although the patients had never had any neurologic deficit.", "contents": "Computed tomography and pure motor hemiparesis. Computed tomography (CT) was abnormal in 75% of 33 patients with pure motor hemiparesis (PMH). In 13 cases, lesions were detected in the capsular region; 10 were consistent with infarction, and 3 were of increased density consistent with hemorrhage. Seven had other vascular disorders, and four had nonvascular conditions. Of 20 patients with PMH with normal electroencephalogram (EEG), isotope scan, and cerebrospinal fluid, 11 had CT evidence of a lesion in the internal capsule-corona radiata region. In patients with PMH with normal CT, recovery was more complete and rapid than in those with CT evidence of a vascular lesion. In 5 cases, CT showed a capsular lesion, although the patients had never had any neurologic deficit.", "PMID": 571547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9571", "title": "Cellular immune response against acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: I. Relevance to clinical course and pathogenesis.", "content": "The cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo electric organ was studied in 100 myasthenic patients and 41 healthy subjects. The mean stimulation index (SI) was 2 +/- 0.15 for the patients, and 1.06 +/- 0.08 for the controls. Stimulation was significantly greater when the test medium contained autologous serum rather than a standard universal serum (AB serum). Young patients were generally good responders (SI, 2.39 +/- 0.26), but older patients usually did not respond (mean SI, 1.18 +/- 0.13). Among the younger patients, men had higher responses than women (mean SI, 3.13 +/- 0.63 and 2.05 +/- 0.23, respectively). There was no correlation between degree of lymphocytic reactivity and duration or severity of symptoms.", "contents": "Cellular immune response against acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: I. Relevance to clinical course and pathogenesis. The cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo electric organ was studied in 100 myasthenic patients and 41 healthy subjects. The mean stimulation index (SI) was 2 +/- 0.15 for the patients, and 1.06 +/- 0.08 for the controls. Stimulation was significantly greater when the test medium contained autologous serum rather than a standard universal serum (AB serum). Young patients were generally good responders (SI, 2.39 +/- 0.26), but older patients usually did not respond (mean SI, 1.18 +/- 0.13). Among the younger patients, men had higher responses than women (mean SI, 3.13 +/- 0.63 and 2.05 +/- 0.23, respectively). There was no correlation between degree of lymphocytic reactivity and duration or severity of symptoms.", "PMID": 571548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9572", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of migraine in children.", "content": "We here enumerate criteria that we believe are suitable for the diagnosis of migraine in children. Using these criteria, we identified 84 children retrospectively, and studied their illness for 3 to 9 years thereafter. The majority were male, and 47 patients had frontal headaches. EEGs were performed in 64 children: 17 were paroxysmal, but 7 patients never developed seizures. Referral to a neurologist occurred when there was a marked increase in the frequency or severity of headaches. Irrespective of the form of treatment, about one-half of all patients had more than a 50% reduction in headache frequency in the 6 months following their initial visit to a neurologist.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of migraine in children. We here enumerate criteria that we believe are suitable for the diagnosis of migraine in children. Using these criteria, we identified 84 children retrospectively, and studied their illness for 3 to 9 years thereafter. The majority were male, and 47 patients had frontal headaches. EEGs were performed in 64 children: 17 were paroxysmal, but 7 patients never developed seizures. Referral to a neurologist occurred when there was a marked increase in the frequency or severity of headaches. Irrespective of the form of treatment, about one-half of all patients had more than a 50% reduction in headache frequency in the 6 months following their initial visit to a neurologist.", "PMID": 571549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9573", "title": "Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hemopoietic tissue in pyruvate-kinase-deficiency-caused hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hemopoietic tissue is a rare complication of hemolytic anemias. This is the first report of this complication in hemolytic anemia caused by pyruvate-kinase deficiency. Indium scan, computed tomography (CT) scan, and myelography were helpful in diagnosis. Surgery and radiotherapy were followed by complete recovery during a follow-up period of 12 months.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hemopoietic tissue in pyruvate-kinase-deficiency-caused hemolytic anemia. Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hemopoietic tissue is a rare complication of hemolytic anemias. This is the first report of this complication in hemolytic anemia caused by pyruvate-kinase deficiency. Indium scan, computed tomography (CT) scan, and myelography were helpful in diagnosis. Surgery and radiotherapy were followed by complete recovery during a follow-up period of 12 months.", "PMID": 571550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9574", "title": "Hydrocephalic dementia in Paget disease of the skull: treatment by ventriculoatrial shunt.", "content": "Severe dementia and ataxia in an elderly woman were related to hydrocephalus resulting from Paget disease of the skull, with basilar impression. Ventriculoatrial shunting resulted in dramatic improvement. This procedure, rather than suboccipital decompression, is probably the operation of choice, and should be carried out at an early stage.", "contents": "Hydrocephalic dementia in Paget disease of the skull: treatment by ventriculoatrial shunt. Severe dementia and ataxia in an elderly woman were related to hydrocephalus resulting from Paget disease of the skull, with basilar impression. Ventriculoatrial shunting resulted in dramatic improvement. This procedure, rather than suboccipital decompression, is probably the operation of choice, and should be carried out at an early stage.", "PMID": 571551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9575", "title": "Erythrocytes in Duchenne dystrophy: osmotic fragility and membrane deformability.", "content": "Duchenne erythrocytes showed increased osmotic fragility as compared to controls (p less than 0.01), but individual values overlapped with controls, and only half of the Duchenne erythrocyte values were abnormal. When the effect of the smaller mean corpuscular volume of Duchenne erythrocytes was taken into account, there was no significant difference from controls in membrane deformability, as determined by microsieving or flow channel measurements. The increased osmotic fragility suggests minor changes in erythrocyte membrane properties in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Erythrocytes in Duchenne dystrophy: osmotic fragility and membrane deformability. Duchenne erythrocytes showed increased osmotic fragility as compared to controls (p less than 0.01), but individual values overlapped with controls, and only half of the Duchenne erythrocyte values were abnormal. When the effect of the smaller mean corpuscular volume of Duchenne erythrocytes was taken into account, there was no significant difference from controls in membrane deformability, as determined by microsieving or flow channel measurements. The increased osmotic fragility suggests minor changes in erythrocyte membrane properties in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 571552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9576", "title": "Relaxation time of the adductor pollicis muscle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers: a new method for detecting carriers.", "content": "The half relaxation time (T1/2R) of adductor pollicis muscle contraction after supramaximal ulnar nerve stimulation was measured in normal women and carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The T1/2R after a single stimulus did not differ in these two groups. The decrease of T1/2R after 2-per-second stimulations, however, was significantly greater in the carriers. The percentage of the T1/2R decrease after 2-per-second stimulations in all of the carriers was below the mean -2 SD value for the controls. These findings suggest that determination of the decrease of the T1/2R of the adductor pollicis muscle with 2-per-second stimulations of the ulnar nerve may be a reliable method for detecting Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers.", "contents": "Relaxation time of the adductor pollicis muscle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers: a new method for detecting carriers. The half relaxation time (T1/2R) of adductor pollicis muscle contraction after supramaximal ulnar nerve stimulation was measured in normal women and carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The T1/2R after a single stimulus did not differ in these two groups. The decrease of T1/2R after 2-per-second stimulations, however, was significantly greater in the carriers. The percentage of the T1/2R decrease after 2-per-second stimulations in all of the carriers was below the mean -2 SD value for the controls. These findings suggest that determination of the decrease of the T1/2R of the adductor pollicis muscle with 2-per-second stimulations of the ulnar nerve may be a reliable method for detecting Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers.", "PMID": 571553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9577", "title": "Noninvasive diagnosis of extracranial cerebrovascular disease: oculoplethysmography-phonoangiography and directional Doppler ultrasonography.", "content": "The ability of two noninvasive diagnostic methods--oculoplethysmography-carotid phonoangiography (OPG/CPA) and directional Doppler ultrasonography--to detect extracranial cerebrovascular disease was examined in 400 consecutive studies. Cerebral arteriography was performed in 74 patients. Transient ischemic attack was the most common indication for study (30%). The OPG was normal in 95% of cases in which the diameter of the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) was less than 60% reduced; the ocular pulse was delayed in 86% of cases with ICA stenosis of 60% or more. The overall diagnostic accuracy of OPG was 93%; CPA did not enhance the accuracy of OPG alone. Supraorbital Doppler tests detected 88% of cases of ICA stenosis of 60% or more, but there was a 13% false-positive rate with ICA stenosis of less than 60%. Supratrochlear Doppler tests had only a 1% false-positive rate, but detected only 48% of significant ICA stenoses. Doppler studies were most often abnormal in the presence of ICA occlusion. Thus, OPG was as sensitive as supraorbital Doppler and more sensitive than supratrochlear Doppler in detecting hemodynamically significant ICA stenoses, without the unacceptable false-positive rate observed with the supraorbital Doppler test.", "contents": "Noninvasive diagnosis of extracranial cerebrovascular disease: oculoplethysmography-phonoangiography and directional Doppler ultrasonography. The ability of two noninvasive diagnostic methods--oculoplethysmography-carotid phonoangiography (OPG/CPA) and directional Doppler ultrasonography--to detect extracranial cerebrovascular disease was examined in 400 consecutive studies. Cerebral arteriography was performed in 74 patients. Transient ischemic attack was the most common indication for study (30%). The OPG was normal in 95% of cases in which the diameter of the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) was less than 60% reduced; the ocular pulse was delayed in 86% of cases with ICA stenosis of 60% or more. The overall diagnostic accuracy of OPG was 93%; CPA did not enhance the accuracy of OPG alone. Supraorbital Doppler tests detected 88% of cases of ICA stenosis of 60% or more, but there was a 13% false-positive rate with ICA stenosis of less than 60%. Supratrochlear Doppler tests had only a 1% false-positive rate, but detected only 48% of significant ICA stenoses. Doppler studies were most often abnormal in the presence of ICA occlusion. Thus, OPG was as sensitive as supraorbital Doppler and more sensitive than supratrochlear Doppler in detecting hemodynamically significant ICA stenoses, without the unacceptable false-positive rate observed with the supraorbital Doppler test.", "PMID": 571560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9578", "title": "The prolonged exercise test.", "content": "The response to a standardized exercise test was investigated in 12 volunteers and 13 patients with aches, cramps, and pains. In men, creatine kinase (CK) levels peaked (up to 1600 mU per milliliter) between 10 and 20 hours after exercise. High levels of blood lactate during exercise were related to the intensity of work and to high levels of CK after exercise. The patients could be divided into several groups: (1) those with no change in blood metabolites (psychogenic); (2) those with a disproportionate rise in CK (metabolic myopathies); (3) those with a disproportionate rise of lactate (mitochondrial abnormalities); and (4) in one patient with exercise-related pains, subnormal elevation of fatty acid levels. The correlation of changes in blood lactate, CK, and fatty acids may be useful, whereas an isolated measurement, even if outside the normal range, is often meaningless.", "contents": "The prolonged exercise test. The response to a standardized exercise test was investigated in 12 volunteers and 13 patients with aches, cramps, and pains. In men, creatine kinase (CK) levels peaked (up to 1600 mU per milliliter) between 10 and 20 hours after exercise. High levels of blood lactate during exercise were related to the intensity of work and to high levels of CK after exercise. The patients could be divided into several groups: (1) those with no change in blood metabolites (psychogenic); (2) those with a disproportionate rise in CK (metabolic myopathies); (3) those with a disproportionate rise of lactate (mitochondrial abnormalities); and (4) in one patient with exercise-related pains, subnormal elevation of fatty acid levels. The correlation of changes in blood lactate, CK, and fatty acids may be useful, whereas an isolated measurement, even if outside the normal range, is often meaningless.", "PMID": 571561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9579", "title": "\"Paradoxic\" ear extinction in dichotic listening: possible anatomic significance.", "content": "\"Paradoxic\" extinction in dichotic listening tasks has been attributed to lesions in the interhemispheric auditory pathways, the anatomic courses of which are unknown. The localization of cerebral lesions related to abnormal patterns of dichotic listening was studied in computerized tomographic (CT) scans with a method of anatomic templates. Paradoxic extinction was found consistently with lesions near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles at the level of the trigone in both left and right hemispheres. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the pathway leaves the auditory cortex traveling backward and upward to arch around the lateral ventricles and join the callosum in its posterior region.", "contents": "\"Paradoxic\" ear extinction in dichotic listening: possible anatomic significance. \"Paradoxic\" extinction in dichotic listening tasks has been attributed to lesions in the interhemispheric auditory pathways, the anatomic courses of which are unknown. The localization of cerebral lesions related to abnormal patterns of dichotic listening was studied in computerized tomographic (CT) scans with a method of anatomic templates. Paradoxic extinction was found consistently with lesions near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles at the level of the trigone in both left and right hemispheres. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the pathway leaves the auditory cortex traveling backward and upward to arch around the lateral ventricles and join the callosum in its posterior region.", "PMID": 571562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9580", "title": "Limb muscle endplates in ocular myasthenia gravis: quantitative ultrastructural study.", "content": "Motor endplate ultrastructure in the biceps brachii was quantitatively analyzed in five patients with ocular myasthenia gravis (56 endplates), six patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (83 endplates), and five controls (64 endplates). Ultrastructural changes of the motor endplates were observed in nonweak limb muscles of patients with ocular myasthenia gravis as well as in generalized myasthenia; these changes were mostly restricted to the postsynaptic region. Decrease of the mean presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane length, and postsynaptic membrane density, were more remarkable in generalized myasthenia than in ocular myasthenia. Widening of the primary and secondary synaptic clefts was also observed more frequently in generalized myasthenia. There was no correlation between ultrastructural alterations and the duration of symptoms or treatment, severity of disease, or titers of antiacetylcholine receptor antibody.", "contents": "Limb muscle endplates in ocular myasthenia gravis: quantitative ultrastructural study. Motor endplate ultrastructure in the biceps brachii was quantitatively analyzed in five patients with ocular myasthenia gravis (56 endplates), six patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (83 endplates), and five controls (64 endplates). Ultrastructural changes of the motor endplates were observed in nonweak limb muscles of patients with ocular myasthenia gravis as well as in generalized myasthenia; these changes were mostly restricted to the postsynaptic region. Decrease of the mean presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane length, and postsynaptic membrane density, were more remarkable in generalized myasthenia than in ocular myasthenia. Widening of the primary and secondary synaptic clefts was also observed more frequently in generalized myasthenia. There was no correlation between ultrastructural alterations and the duration of symptoms or treatment, severity of disease, or titers of antiacetylcholine receptor antibody.", "PMID": 571563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9581", "title": "Facial myokymia with polyradiculoneuropathy.", "content": "Two patients had bilateral facial myokymia in association with polyradiculoneuropathy. Characteristic electromyographic findings allow polyradiculoneuropathy to be differentiated from other causes of facial movements, and support the possibility that extraaxial facial nerve involvement is another cause of facial myokymia.", "contents": "Facial myokymia with polyradiculoneuropathy. Two patients had bilateral facial myokymia in association with polyradiculoneuropathy. Characteristic electromyographic findings allow polyradiculoneuropathy to be differentiated from other causes of facial movements, and support the possibility that extraaxial facial nerve involvement is another cause of facial myokymia.", "PMID": 571564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9582", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies of erythrocyte plasma membrane in human neuromuscular diseases.", "content": "Freeze-fracture studies were conducted in erythrocyte plasma membrane from 8 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 8 age-matched controls, 3 adult controls, 10 patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy, and 26 other neuromuscular disease controls. There was marked depletion of intramembranous particles in Duchenne dystrophy, whereas intramembranous particle density counts in other neuromuscular diseases were within normal limits. Therefore, the internal molecular architecture of the erythrocyte membrane is abnormal in Duchenne dystrophy, supporting the concept that a membrane defect involving multiple tissues is present in this disorder.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies of erythrocyte plasma membrane in human neuromuscular diseases. Freeze-fracture studies were conducted in erythrocyte plasma membrane from 8 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 8 age-matched controls, 3 adult controls, 10 patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy, and 26 other neuromuscular disease controls. There was marked depletion of intramembranous particles in Duchenne dystrophy, whereas intramembranous particle density counts in other neuromuscular diseases were within normal limits. Therefore, the internal molecular architecture of the erythrocyte membrane is abnormal in Duchenne dystrophy, supporting the concept that a membrane defect involving multiple tissues is present in this disorder.", "PMID": 571565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9583", "title": "ECHO 25 focal encephalitis and subacute hemichorea.", "content": "ECHO virus 25 focal encephalitis was documented for the first time in a 5-year-old boy with unequivocal hemichorea. Hemichorea caused by enterovirus CNS disease has never been reported. ECHO virus antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells was demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescent technique and typed by a significant rise in neutralizing antibodies against ECHO virus 25. Sequential computerized tomographic (CT) studies with digital analysis demonstrated the evolution of a focal process in the head of the left caudate nucleus, ultimately leading to replacement of tissue by a CSF-containing cyst. In the unclarified pathogenesis of cerebral disease in enterovirus infection, this case suggests a focal inflammatory process rather than vasculitis, occlusion, and infarction. Finally, the near-complete recovery of our patient demonstrated that the mere loss of neostriatal tissue was not decisive in itself, because the tissue loss was permanent and the symptoms were transient.", "contents": "ECHO 25 focal encephalitis and subacute hemichorea. ECHO virus 25 focal encephalitis was documented for the first time in a 5-year-old boy with unequivocal hemichorea. Hemichorea caused by enterovirus CNS disease has never been reported. ECHO virus antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells was demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescent technique and typed by a significant rise in neutralizing antibodies against ECHO virus 25. Sequential computerized tomographic (CT) studies with digital analysis demonstrated the evolution of a focal process in the head of the left caudate nucleus, ultimately leading to replacement of tissue by a CSF-containing cyst. In the unclarified pathogenesis of cerebral disease in enterovirus infection, this case suggests a focal inflammatory process rather than vasculitis, occlusion, and infarction. Finally, the near-complete recovery of our patient demonstrated that the mere loss of neostriatal tissue was not decisive in itself, because the tissue loss was permanent and the symptoms were transient.", "PMID": 571566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9584", "title": "Thalamic neglect.", "content": "Three patients with right thalamic hemorrhage showed contralateral neglect and limb akinesia. They also had anosognosia, visuospatial disorders, and emotional flattening. In animals, neglect can be induced by lesions along a cortico-limbic-reticular loop including the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. We propose that an activation defect is responsible not only for the neglect and akinesia, but also for the visuospatial and emotional defects usually associated with right-hemisphere cortical dysfunction.", "contents": "Thalamic neglect. Three patients with right thalamic hemorrhage showed contralateral neglect and limb akinesia. They also had anosognosia, visuospatial disorders, and emotional flattening. In animals, neglect can be induced by lesions along a cortico-limbic-reticular loop including the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. We propose that an activation defect is responsible not only for the neglect and akinesia, but also for the visuospatial and emotional defects usually associated with right-hemisphere cortical dysfunction.", "PMID": 571567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9585", "title": "Ischemia and sensory nerve conduction in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Sensory conduction along the median nerve was evaluated during 30 minutes of ischemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. There was abnormal persistence of the sensory evoked potential in 19 of 22 diabetic patients, but not in normal controls, patients with nonmetabolic neuropathies, or 5 of 6 patients with motor neuron diseases. There was an excellent correlation between ischemic resistance and effective control of glucose metabolism, as manifested by Hb A1C levels. These data suggest that abnormal ischemic resistance in diabetes may be the most sensitive indicator of peripheral neural dysfunction even when there are no other electrophysiologic or clinical abnormalities.", "contents": "Ischemia and sensory nerve conduction in diabetes mellitus. Sensory conduction along the median nerve was evaluated during 30 minutes of ischemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. There was abnormal persistence of the sensory evoked potential in 19 of 22 diabetic patients, but not in normal controls, patients with nonmetabolic neuropathies, or 5 of 6 patients with motor neuron diseases. There was an excellent correlation between ischemic resistance and effective control of glucose metabolism, as manifested by Hb A1C levels. These data suggest that abnormal ischemic resistance in diabetes may be the most sensitive indicator of peripheral neural dysfunction even when there are no other electrophysiologic or clinical abnormalities.", "PMID": 571568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9586", "title": "Functional anatomy of occipital lobe seizures: an experimental study in rats.", "content": "Small amounts of penicillin were used to create a seizure focus in the primary visual cortex (area 17), extrastriate cortex (area 18 and 18a), and neighboring somatosensory and temporal areas in rats. Autoradiography with 14C-deoxyglucose was used to map the focus and the local cortical and long subcortical circuits. Mild seizures from area 17 were associated with focal spiking without behavioral manifestations. There was restricted utilization of local U-fiber circuits and ipsilateral subcortical visual system nuclei. Stronger seizures filled up the visual cortex and projected into adjacent neocortex and limbic cortex, the contralateral 17-18a border, and additional subcortical nuclei. Seizures originating in the posterior visual cortex were associated with prolonged afterdischarges and stereotyped behavioral manifestations, with spread into the posterior cingulum, the subicular complex, and the bilateral hippocampus. After analyzing the electrographic discharges, behavior, and seizure pathways in each animal, we conclude that ictal symptoms associated with seizures would not be the expression of the function of a cortical focus, but rather of the dysfunction of excessive discharges through many local and long circuits.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of occipital lobe seizures: an experimental study in rats. Small amounts of penicillin were used to create a seizure focus in the primary visual cortex (area 17), extrastriate cortex (area 18 and 18a), and neighboring somatosensory and temporal areas in rats. Autoradiography with 14C-deoxyglucose was used to map the focus and the local cortical and long subcortical circuits. Mild seizures from area 17 were associated with focal spiking without behavioral manifestations. There was restricted utilization of local U-fiber circuits and ipsilateral subcortical visual system nuclei. Stronger seizures filled up the visual cortex and projected into adjacent neocortex and limbic cortex, the contralateral 17-18a border, and additional subcortical nuclei. Seizures originating in the posterior visual cortex were associated with prolonged afterdischarges and stereotyped behavioral manifestations, with spread into the posterior cingulum, the subicular complex, and the bilateral hippocampus. After analyzing the electrographic discharges, behavior, and seizure pathways in each animal, we conclude that ictal symptoms associated with seizures would not be the expression of the function of a cortical focus, but rather of the dysfunction of excessive discharges through many local and long circuits.", "PMID": 571569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9587", "title": "Reversible alexia, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactic acidemia.", "content": "A 11-year-old boy of short stature had recurrent right temporal pounding headaches of 7 months' duration, and progressive visual loss for 3 days. There was a left hemianopia, alexia without agraphia, and diffuse muscle weakness. Investigation established the presence of a mitochondrial myopathy with pyruvate and lactic acidemia and increased serum content of sarcoplasmic enzymes. On treatment with prednisone, the patient's strength and reading skill improved, symptoms resolved, and muscle enzymes returned to normal. Three attempts to reduce steroids resulted in accentuation of symptoms, seizures, weakness, regression of reading skills, and elevation of serum enzymes. The alexia was also reversible.", "contents": "Reversible alexia, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactic acidemia. A 11-year-old boy of short stature had recurrent right temporal pounding headaches of 7 months' duration, and progressive visual loss for 3 days. There was a left hemianopia, alexia without agraphia, and diffuse muscle weakness. Investigation established the presence of a mitochondrial myopathy with pyruvate and lactic acidemia and increased serum content of sarcoplasmic enzymes. On treatment with prednisone, the patient's strength and reading skill improved, symptoms resolved, and muscle enzymes returned to normal. Three attempts to reduce steroids resulted in accentuation of symptoms, seizures, weakness, regression of reading skills, and elevation of serum enzymes. The alexia was also reversible.", "PMID": 571570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9588", "title": "Phantom limb and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Phantom limb phenomena are most often associated with amputations, although they may accompany many neurologic disorders. In the neurologic variety, expression of illusory limbs varies with the level at which the somesthetic pathway is interrupted, and with changes in consciousness. Phantom limb illusions are rarely reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The patient reported here complained of a supernumerary phantom limb during an exacerbation of MS. This case suggests that in neurologic diseases, phantom limb illusions may result from distorted perception of limbs that are subject to both sensory loss and such recurrent spontaneous sensations as paresthesias.", "contents": "Phantom limb and multiple sclerosis. Phantom limb phenomena are most often associated with amputations, although they may accompany many neurologic disorders. In the neurologic variety, expression of illusory limbs varies with the level at which the somesthetic pathway is interrupted, and with changes in consciousness. Phantom limb illusions are rarely reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The patient reported here complained of a supernumerary phantom limb during an exacerbation of MS. This case suggests that in neurologic diseases, phantom limb illusions may result from distorted perception of limbs that are subject to both sensory loss and such recurrent spontaneous sensations as paresthesias.", "PMID": 571571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9589", "title": "Cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: II. Thymectomy and corticosteroids.", "content": "We studied 11 patients with myasthenia gravis who demonstrated a cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. After thymectomy, there was a marked decrease in the patients' lymphocyte reactivity to AChR. The mean reduction of the stimulation index (SI) was 50%, but the response to the nonspecific mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was not affected. In six cases, the lymphocyte response was measured at intervals up to 22 months after thymectomy; in all six, the immune response to AChR remained decreased. In some cases, the response continued to decrease, even to normal values. The effect of corticosteroid treatment was tested in other patients. The cellular immune response to AChR was significantly lower in treated patients (mean SI, 1.64 +/- 0.25) than in untreated  controls (mean SI, 2.41 +/- 0.38), with no significant difference in the response to PHA. These data suggest that a decrease in the cellular immune response to AChR may be one mechanism by which thymectomy and corticosteroids are therapeutic in myasthenia.", "contents": "Cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: II. Thymectomy and corticosteroids. We studied 11 patients with myasthenia gravis who demonstrated a cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. After thymectomy, there was a marked decrease in the patients' lymphocyte reactivity to AChR. The mean reduction of the stimulation index (SI) was 50%, but the response to the nonspecific mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was not affected. In six cases, the lymphocyte response was measured at intervals up to 22 months after thymectomy; in all six, the immune response to AChR remained decreased. In some cases, the response continued to decrease, even to normal values. The effect of corticosteroid treatment was tested in other patients. The cellular immune response to AChR was significantly lower in treated patients (mean SI, 1.64 +/- 0.25) than in untreated  controls (mean SI, 2.41 +/- 0.38), with no significant difference in the response to PHA. These data suggest that a decrease in the cellular immune response to AChR may be one mechanism by which thymectomy and corticosteroids are therapeutic in myasthenia.", "PMID": 571572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9590", "title": "HLA typing and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "In an effort to determine if there might be an association between Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and specific antigens of the HLA system, 18 patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were typed for HLA-A, B, and D antigens. No statistically significant relationship was established by this study.", "contents": "HLA typing and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. In an effort to determine if there might be an association between Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and specific antigens of the HLA system, 18 patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were typed for HLA-A, B, and D antigens. No statistically significant relationship was established by this study.", "PMID": 571573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9591", "title": "Radionuclide imaging in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)--two with acute disease and one with an exacerbation--had abnormal radionuclide brain scans during periods of rapid neurologic deterioration. In two of the three patients radionuclide brain scan showed lesions of both cortex and deeper structures, indicating the panencephalic nature of the disease. There was no contrast enhancement on computerized tomography (CT) in the areas of radiopharmaceutical accumulation in the two patients studied. We feel that delayed radionuclide scanning is more sensitive in detecting acute SSPE than routine contrast-enhanced CT, because more time is allowed for tracer accumulation in lesions and for background activity to decrease.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)--two with acute disease and one with an exacerbation--had abnormal radionuclide brain scans during periods of rapid neurologic deterioration. In two of the three patients radionuclide brain scan showed lesions of both cortex and deeper structures, indicating the panencephalic nature of the disease. There was no contrast enhancement on computerized tomography (CT) in the areas of radiopharmaceutical accumulation in the two patients studied. We feel that delayed radionuclide scanning is more sensitive in detecting acute SSPE than routine contrast-enhanced CT, because more time is allowed for tracer accumulation in lesions and for background activity to decrease.", "PMID": 571574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9592", "title": "[Action of trazodone on the secretion of pituitary hormones. Behavior of prolactin and somatotropin].", "content": "The effect of i.v. trazpdone on PRL and GH was studied in normal subjects and in patients with hypophyseal adenoma coupled with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea or acromegaly. PRL levels were reduced, whereas the behaviour of GH was paradoxical. These results suggest that the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems take part in regulating the secretion of these two hormones. An interesting comparison was made with their behaviour following the administration of bromoergocryptine in the adenoma series.", "contents": "[Action of trazodone on the secretion of pituitary hormones. Behavior of prolactin and somatotropin]. The effect of i.v. trazpdone on PRL and GH was studied in normal subjects and in patients with hypophyseal adenoma coupled with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea or acromegaly. PRL levels were reduced, whereas the behaviour of GH was paradoxical. These results suggest that the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems take part in regulating the secretion of these two hormones. An interesting comparison was made with their behaviour following the administration of bromoergocryptine in the adenoma series.", "PMID": 571582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9593", "title": "[Rare heterochromosomal anomaly: male XX syndrome in association with adenocarcinoma of the breast. Preliminary considerations].", "content": "A case of a male patient with an XX chromosome picture is presented. This anomaly is extremely rare and accompanied, as in the reported case, by morphological and structural alterations of the testicles: tubular fibrosis and germinal aplasia; disturbances of hormone secretion: FSH, LH, testosterone and 17-ketosteroid values were nearer those normally found in females; sex chromatin. The case was rendered more interesting by the simultaneous presence of adenocarcinoma of the breast, which is 100 times less common in males. Statistical evidence is cited for the proposition that this neoplasia has an underlying genetic and endocrine component.", "contents": "[Rare heterochromosomal anomaly: male XX syndrome in association with adenocarcinoma of the breast. Preliminary considerations]. A case of a male patient with an XX chromosome picture is presented. This anomaly is extremely rare and accompanied, as in the reported case, by morphological and structural alterations of the testicles: tubular fibrosis and germinal aplasia; disturbances of hormone secretion: FSH, LH, testosterone and 17-ketosteroid values were nearer those normally found in females; sex chromatin. The case was rendered more interesting by the simultaneous presence of adenocarcinoma of the breast, which is 100 times less common in males. Statistical evidence is cited for the proposition that this neoplasia has an underlying genetic and endocrine component.", "PMID": 571584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9594", "title": "Impact of early nutrition on later development of spontaneous physical activity and lipid metabolism.", "content": "Male rats suckled in large litters (more than 12 pups, group A) had significantly higher levels of spontaneous physical activity and temporarily increased food intake (g/100 g body weight) than male rats from small litters (less than 6 pups, group B). Females did not differ. Epididymal fat pads were significantly lighter in males in group A. The concentration of total lipids in the small intestine was significantly higher in females from group A, and the synthesis of lipids was higher in the animals of both sexes from group A. The synthesis of fatty acids in the intestines was significantly greater in both males and females from group A. Cholesterol concentration in the liver and carcass was the same in all groups. Cholesterogenesis was higher in the liver only in males from group B, and in the carcass in the animals of both sexes from group B.", "contents": "Impact of early nutrition on later development of spontaneous physical activity and lipid metabolism. Male rats suckled in large litters (more than 12 pups, group A) had significantly higher levels of spontaneous physical activity and temporarily increased food intake (g/100 g body weight) than male rats from small litters (less than 6 pups, group B). Females did not differ. Epididymal fat pads were significantly lighter in males in group A. The concentration of total lipids in the small intestine was significantly higher in females from group A, and the synthesis of lipids was higher in the animals of both sexes from group A. The synthesis of fatty acids in the intestines was significantly greater in both males and females from group A. Cholesterol concentration in the liver and carcass was the same in all groups. Cholesterogenesis was higher in the liver only in males from group B, and in the carcass in the animals of both sexes from group B.", "PMID": 571585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9595", "title": "24-Hour patterns of blood sugar, plasma insulin and free fatty acids in patients with primary endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia on isocaloric diets containing 30, 43 and 79 cal% carbohydrates.", "content": "10 patients with primary, endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (type IV hyperlipoproteinemia) underwent three different isocaloric dietary regimes of 10 days duration each. The diets contained either 30, 43 or 79% of calories as carbohydrate with 20% of calories from protein. Analyses of insulin, blood sugar and free fatty acids were conducted on the last day of each dietary period, at frequent intervals. There were no differences in either fasting or diurnal blood sugars with the different diets. Insulin levels were positively correlated with the amount of carbohydrate in the diet and there was an inverse correlation between the carbohydrate contents of the diets and circulating free fatty acid levels during waking hours. Since glucose tolerance is maintained, and diurnal plasma lipid levels are lowest with the low fat regime, such diets may be advantageously used for patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "24-Hour patterns of blood sugar, plasma insulin and free fatty acids in patients with primary endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia on isocaloric diets containing 30, 43 and 79 cal% carbohydrates. 10 patients with primary, endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (type IV hyperlipoproteinemia) underwent three different isocaloric dietary regimes of 10 days duration each. The diets contained either 30, 43 or 79% of calories as carbohydrate with 20% of calories from protein. Analyses of insulin, blood sugar and free fatty acids were conducted on the last day of each dietary period, at frequent intervals. There were no differences in either fasting or diurnal blood sugars with the different diets. Insulin levels were positively correlated with the amount of carbohydrate in the diet and there was an inverse correlation between the carbohydrate contents of the diets and circulating free fatty acid levels during waking hours. Since glucose tolerance is maintained, and diurnal plasma lipid levels are lowest with the low fat regime, such diets may be advantageously used for patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.", "PMID": 571586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9596", "title": "Benign breast disease I: hormonal investigation.", "content": "One hundred eighty-four patients with benign breast disease (BBD) were studied and compared with 50 normal women. All of the women had ovulatory cycles according to a biphasic basal body temperature and a plasma prolactin in the normal range. Their corpus luteum function was evaluated by way of plasma progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) determinations at days 5, 7, and 9 of the hyperthermic phase. In the 184 patients, plasma P over plasma E2 ratio during the luteal phase was found significantly lower than in normal women. When the patients were grouped according to type of breast lesions, it appeared that plasma P was constantly lower in all groups than in the normal women, while plasma E2 was either normal or elevated in the groups of patients with adenosis tumors and increased nodularity of both breasts. From these results it may be postulated that an imbalance in the secretion of E2 and P by the corpus luteum is a constant finding in women with benign breast disease.", "contents": "Benign breast disease I: hormonal investigation. One hundred eighty-four patients with benign breast disease (BBD) were studied and compared with 50 normal women. All of the women had ovulatory cycles according to a biphasic basal body temperature and a plasma prolactin in the normal range. Their corpus luteum function was evaluated by way of plasma progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) determinations at days 5, 7, and 9 of the hyperthermic phase. In the 184 patients, plasma P over plasma E2 ratio during the luteal phase was found significantly lower than in normal women. When the patients were grouped according to type of breast lesions, it appeared that plasma P was constantly lower in all groups than in the normal women, while plasma E2 was either normal or elevated in the groups of patients with adenosis tumors and increased nodularity of both breasts. From these results it may be postulated that an imbalance in the secretion of E2 and P by the corpus luteum is a constant finding in women with benign breast disease.", "PMID": 571588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9597", "title": "Amniocentesis follow-up: infant developmental evaluation.", "content": "The Gesell Developmental Evaluation was administered to 150 children between 8 and 37 months of age whose mothers had second-trimester amniocentesis. The results of the evaluation were analyzed with respect to 1) maternal age at the time of the amniocentesis; 2) volume of fluid aspirated; 3) presence of bloody amniotic fluid; 4) repeat amniotic taps; and 5) medical problems during the first year of life. There was no statistical relationship found between an abnormal developmental score and any of the above 5 items. The results from the same developmental test administered to the control group of 64 young children were not significantly different from the index group.", "contents": "Amniocentesis follow-up: infant developmental evaluation. The Gesell Developmental Evaluation was administered to 150 children between 8 and 37 months of age whose mothers had second-trimester amniocentesis. The results of the evaluation were analyzed with respect to 1) maternal age at the time of the amniocentesis; 2) volume of fluid aspirated; 3) presence of bloody amniotic fluid; 4) repeat amniotic taps; and 5) medical problems during the first year of life. There was no statistical relationship found between an abnormal developmental score and any of the above 5 items. The results from the same developmental test administered to the control group of 64 young children were not significantly different from the index group.", "PMID": 571589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9598", "title": "Diurnal variations in unconjugated and total plasma estriol levels in late normal pregnancy.", "content": "Diurnal variations in plasma unconjugated and total estriol were assessed in 11 third-trimester subjects with uncomplicated pregnancies. Commercially available 125I-labeled radioimmunoassay kits were used. Total plasma estriols reach a nadir during the hours of sleep (400 and 700 hours) which exceeds the episodic fluctuations seen from day to day or during a given 90-minute period. Plasma unconjugated estriol fluctuations over 24 hours did not significantly exceed our previously reported episodic fluctuation of 15.6 +/- 8.2%. The data are interpreted as showing no circadian rhythm, but reflecting, in the case of total plasma estriols, an effect of improved renal clearance during hours of rest. Plasma unconjugated estriol emerges as the test of choice in the monitoring of high-risk pregnancies.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in unconjugated and total plasma estriol levels in late normal pregnancy. Diurnal variations in plasma unconjugated and total estriol were assessed in 11 third-trimester subjects with uncomplicated pregnancies. Commercially available 125I-labeled radioimmunoassay kits were used. Total plasma estriols reach a nadir during the hours of sleep (400 and 700 hours) which exceeds the episodic fluctuations seen from day to day or during a given 90-minute period. Plasma unconjugated estriol fluctuations over 24 hours did not significantly exceed our previously reported episodic fluctuation of 15.6 +/- 8.2%. The data are interpreted as showing no circadian rhythm, but reflecting, in the case of total plasma estriols, an effect of improved renal clearance during hours of rest. Plasma unconjugated estriol emerges as the test of choice in the monitoring of high-risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 571590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9599", "title": "Genetic incompatibility between Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) and Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) and hybrid sterility of Australian and South African Boophilus microplus (Acarina: Ixodidae).", "content": "Virgin females of both Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus microplus, when mated with males of the other species, subsequently produced sterile eggs. Counts of spermiophore capsules in female seminal receptacles showed that the males of both species will mate with the females of both species and that B. microplus males show a slightly greater, but statistically insignificant, mating capacity than B. decoloratus males. South African B. microplus females, when mated with an Australian strain of B. microplus males, produced a 62% yield of viable hybrid progeny while the reciprocal cross produced only a 1,82% hatch of non-viable larvae. The hybrids were sterile when interbred and no hatch resulted when the Fl males were backcrossed with parent females. The reciprocal backcross of hybrid Fl females to parent males resulted in a low percentage hatch of non-viable larvae.", "contents": "Genetic incompatibility between Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) and Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) and hybrid sterility of Australian and South African Boophilus microplus (Acarina: Ixodidae). Virgin females of both Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus microplus, when mated with males of the other species, subsequently produced sterile eggs. Counts of spermiophore capsules in female seminal receptacles showed that the males of both species will mate with the females of both species and that B. microplus males show a slightly greater, but statistically insignificant, mating capacity than B. decoloratus males. South African B. microplus females, when mated with an Australian strain of B. microplus males, produced a 62% yield of viable hybrid progeny while the reciprocal cross produced only a 1,82% hatch of non-viable larvae. The hybrids were sterile when interbred and no hatch resulted when the Fl males were backcrossed with parent females. The reciprocal backcross of hybrid Fl females to parent males resulted in a low percentage hatch of non-viable larvae.", "PMID": 571591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9600", "title": "Neonatal apnea: underlying disorders.", "content": "Data from a prospective study of 50,826 neonates were used to determine the frequency and significance of disorders related to apnea in newborns. Such apnea proved to be a significant prognosticator for neonatal death. Fifty-eight percent of preterm neonates with multiple apneic episodes and 18% with a single episode died, whereas only 6% of those without recorded apnea died. The rates were 44%, 5%, and 1% for full-term infants. Amniotic fluid infection was the underlying disorder in 35% of the preterm and 25% of the term neonates who had multiple episodes of apnea. A third of the preterm and 25% of the term infants who had such apneic episodes had antecedent hypoxia-related disorders, i.e., abruptio placentae, erythromblastosis fetalis, placenta previa, large placental infarcts, and umbilical cord compression. Among the apneic neonates, those who were infected were twice as apt to die as were those who had hypoxia-related disorders. Hypoplasia of the lungs and easily recognized central nervous system malformations were responsible for most of the apnea-related deaths associated with congenital malformations.", "contents": "Neonatal apnea: underlying disorders. Data from a prospective study of 50,826 neonates were used to determine the frequency and significance of disorders related to apnea in newborns. Such apnea proved to be a significant prognosticator for neonatal death. Fifty-eight percent of preterm neonates with multiple apneic episodes and 18% with a single episode died, whereas only 6% of those without recorded apnea died. The rates were 44%, 5%, and 1% for full-term infants. Amniotic fluid infection was the underlying disorder in 35% of the preterm and 25% of the term neonates who had multiple episodes of apnea. A third of the preterm and 25% of the term infants who had such apneic episodes had antecedent hypoxia-related disorders, i.e., abruptio placentae, erythromblastosis fetalis, placenta previa, large placental infarcts, and umbilical cord compression. Among the apneic neonates, those who were infected were twice as apt to die as were those who had hypoxia-related disorders. Hypoplasia of the lungs and easily recognized central nervous system malformations were responsible for most of the apnea-related deaths associated with congenital malformations.", "PMID": 571597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9601", "title": "[Entomophthorosis of Culex pipiens (Culicidae) mosquitoes breeding in basements].", "content": "Foci of mycosis of C. p. pipiens and C. p. molestus caused by the parasitic fungus Entomophthora conglomerata Sorok. were found out in basements flooded with water. The conditions prevailing in the foci, sites of infection of mosquitoes and seasonal changes in the epizootic process are described. Developmental periods of conidiospores in mosquitoes were established experimentally. Entomophthorosis epizootia was found to limit the possibilities of mosquitoes to scatter from the hatching sites and to reduce the number of biting females in the population.", "contents": "[Entomophthorosis of Culex pipiens (Culicidae) mosquitoes breeding in basements]. Foci of mycosis of C. p. pipiens and C. p. molestus caused by the parasitic fungus Entomophthora conglomerata Sorok. were found out in basements flooded with water. The conditions prevailing in the foci, sites of infection of mosquitoes and seasonal changes in the epizootic process are described. Developmental periods of conidiospores in mosquitoes were established experimentally. Entomophthorosis epizootia was found to limit the possibilities of mosquitoes to scatter from the hatching sites and to reduce the number of biting females in the population.", "PMID": 571593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9602", "title": "Sustained effect of human growth hormone therapy on children with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Previous studies have not clarified whether human growth hormone (HGH) therapy can significantly increase the height of patients with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). To determine whether the initial increase in growth rate is sustained through subsequent treatment, 19 prepubertal patients who had IUGR were treated with HGH. Ten of them received a second treatment course. Growth rates (in centimeters per year) were 4.8 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- SD) for the pretreatment period, 7.6 +/- 2.3 for the first treatment period, 4.2 +/- 2.5 for the interval between treatments, 5.9 +/- 1.4 for the second treatment period, and 4.3 +/- 2.6 for the posttreatment period. Growth rates for the two treatment periods were significantly greater than for the periods before, interval between, and posttreatment. Height expressed as the number of standard deviations below the mean for age increased significantly between the onset of treatment and the most recent measurement. These data indicate that HGH has a sustained positive effect on increasing growth rates in children with IUGR, although the magnitude of the effect may decrease with further treatment. Furthermore, we suggest that it is worthwhile to treat patients who have IUGR with HGH for prolonged periods of time, if supplies exceed those necessary to treat children with growth hormone deficiency.", "contents": "Sustained effect of human growth hormone therapy on children with intrauterine growth retardation. Previous studies have not clarified whether human growth hormone (HGH) therapy can significantly increase the height of patients with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). To determine whether the initial increase in growth rate is sustained through subsequent treatment, 19 prepubertal patients who had IUGR were treated with HGH. Ten of them received a second treatment course. Growth rates (in centimeters per year) were 4.8 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- SD) for the pretreatment period, 7.6 +/- 2.3 for the first treatment period, 4.2 +/- 2.5 for the interval between treatments, 5.9 +/- 1.4 for the second treatment period, and 4.3 +/- 2.6 for the posttreatment period. Growth rates for the two treatment periods were significantly greater than for the periods before, interval between, and posttreatment. Height expressed as the number of standard deviations below the mean for age increased significantly between the onset of treatment and the most recent measurement. These data indicate that HGH has a sustained positive effect on increasing growth rates in children with IUGR, although the magnitude of the effect may decrease with further treatment. Furthermore, we suggest that it is worthwhile to treat patients who have IUGR with HGH for prolonged periods of time, if supplies exceed those necessary to treat children with growth hormone deficiency.", "PMID": 571599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9603", "title": "Inhibitory ease--a personality type?", "content": "Measures of reactive, transmarginal and internal inhibition, inhibitory strength, extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) were obtained from a sample of 25 Ss. A Principal Components analysis of the data disclosed factors which were identified tentatively as extinctive/reactive inhibition, transmarginal inhibition, and appetitive and aversive inhibitory strength. N loaded the transmarginal inhibition factor, and I(Introversion) the appetitive inhibitory strength factor. It is suggested that the role of E in appetitive CR extinction may be a function of the extent to which inhibitory strength is involved in inhibitory dynamism.", "contents": "Inhibitory ease--a personality type? Measures of reactive, transmarginal and internal inhibition, inhibitory strength, extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) were obtained from a sample of 25 Ss. A Principal Components analysis of the data disclosed factors which were identified tentatively as extinctive/reactive inhibition, transmarginal inhibition, and appetitive and aversive inhibitory strength. N loaded the transmarginal inhibition factor, and I(Introversion) the appetitive inhibitory strength factor. It is suggested that the role of E in appetitive CR extinction may be a function of the extent to which inhibitory strength is involved in inhibitory dynamism.", "PMID": 571595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9604", "title": "Familial vulnerability for experimental neurosis.", "content": "This summary review of work from one specialized laboratory provides background for the ensuing theoretical discussion concerning experimental neurosis in one inbred strain of purebred pointers. These animals respond selectively to negative reinforcements provided adventitiously in the laboratory environment. The inherited vulnerability of this neurotic strain is contrasted with the high \"immunity\" of a parallel line in the same laboratory environment.", "contents": "Familial vulnerability for experimental neurosis. This summary review of work from one specialized laboratory provides background for the ensuing theoretical discussion concerning experimental neurosis in one inbred strain of purebred pointers. These animals respond selectively to negative reinforcements provided adventitiously in the laboratory environment. The inherited vulnerability of this neurotic strain is contrasted with the high \"immunity\" of a parallel line in the same laboratory environment.", "PMID": 571594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9605", "title": "Fetal and neonatal ventricular arrhythmia.", "content": "Ventricular arrhythmia in the perinatal period is observed with greater frequency than reported in the literature. Four cases from the authors' experience and an analysis of the literature are presented. Of the total of 45 cases, nine were detected in utero, three persisted beyond the neonatal period, and two resulted in death with associated disorders. Twenty-four percent of the entire group had serious medical disorders associated with arrhythmia; however, 43% of the group with ventricular tachycardia had major associated disease.", "contents": "Fetal and neonatal ventricular arrhythmia. Ventricular arrhythmia in the perinatal period is observed with greater frequency than reported in the literature. Four cases from the authors' experience and an analysis of the literature are presented. Of the total of 45 cases, nine were detected in utero, three persisted beyond the neonatal period, and two resulted in death with associated disorders. Twenty-four percent of the entire group had serious medical disorders associated with arrhythmia; however, 43% of the group with ventricular tachycardia had major associated disease.", "PMID": 571600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9606", "title": "Further characterisation of a nucleic acid binding protein.", "content": "A glycoprotein which binds to nucleic acids has now been purified from Ustilago maydis until free from detectable deoxyribonuclease activity. It binds to a variety of substrates and in doing so, makes them soluble in dilute trichloroacetic acid. Physical studies suggest that it forms a variety of aggregates under low ionic strength, but at high ionic strength the monomer consists of a single polypeptide chain. Preliminary experiments have detected this novel binding activity in bacterial, fungal and mammalian cells.", "contents": "Further characterisation of a nucleic acid binding protein. A glycoprotein which binds to nucleic acids has now been purified from Ustilago maydis until free from detectable deoxyribonuclease activity. It binds to a variety of substrates and in doing so, makes them soluble in dilute trichloroacetic acid. Physical studies suggest that it forms a variety of aggregates under low ionic strength, but at high ionic strength the monomer consists of a single polypeptide chain. Preliminary experiments have detected this novel binding activity in bacterial, fungal and mammalian cells.", "PMID": 571603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9607", "title": "Non-effect of Massachusetts cement kiln dust upon the food intake, body weight, or activity of female rats.", "content": "The addition of Georgia cement kiln dust to the diet of cattle or weanling male rats has been reported to increase body weight and feed efficiency. We attempted to replicate these effects by adding kiln dust to the Purina laboratory chow of adult female rats. Massachusetts cement kiln dust caused no significant change in food intake, weight gain, or activity. The kiln dust effect appears, therefore to depend upon (a) ingredients peculiar to Georgia kiln dust, (b) age (juveniles vs. adults), (c) sex and/or (d) deficiencies of the control diet.", "contents": "Non-effect of Massachusetts cement kiln dust upon the food intake, body weight, or activity of female rats. The addition of Georgia cement kiln dust to the diet of cattle or weanling male rats has been reported to increase body weight and feed efficiency. We attempted to replicate these effects by adding kiln dust to the Purina laboratory chow of adult female rats. Massachusetts cement kiln dust caused no significant change in food intake, weight gain, or activity. The kiln dust effect appears, therefore to depend upon (a) ingredients peculiar to Georgia kiln dust, (b) age (juveniles vs. adults), (c) sex and/or (d) deficiencies of the control diet.", "PMID": 571605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9608", "title": "Physical dependence following prolonged ethanol or t-butanol administration to rats.", "content": "Rats were fed on liquid diets containing ethanol or t-butanol. On removal of either alcohol from the diet after 4-20 days, withdrawal reactions were observed. The range of withdrawal signs produced by the two alcohols were identical although the time course of the withdrawal reactions differed. Administration of one alcohol prevented the appearance of a withdrawal reaction in rats dependent on the other alcohol. Depletion of brain noradrenaline and dopamine did not prevent the development of physical dependence on either alcohol. Thus, neither aldehyde formation nor brain catecholamines appear to be involved in the development of physical dependence on these alcohols.", "contents": "Physical dependence following prolonged ethanol or t-butanol administration to rats. Rats were fed on liquid diets containing ethanol or t-butanol. On removal of either alcohol from the diet after 4-20 days, withdrawal reactions were observed. The range of withdrawal signs produced by the two alcohols were identical although the time course of the withdrawal reactions differed. Administration of one alcohol prevented the appearance of a withdrawal reaction in rats dependent on the other alcohol. Depletion of brain noradrenaline and dopamine did not prevent the development of physical dependence on either alcohol. Thus, neither aldehyde formation nor brain catecholamines appear to be involved in the development of physical dependence on these alcohols.", "PMID": 571606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9609", "title": "Videotaping: the evaluation of stereotypic effects of antiparkinsonian agents.", "content": "Two experiments designed to assess the utility of a videotaping methodology in laboratory investigations of the stereotype effects of putative antiparkinsonian agents are presented. The technique minimizes experimental bias through the use of \"blind\" ratings and increases the rating accuracy through the use of within- and between-animals controls. Permanent videotape records allow training of raters to high efficiency, and direct comparisons of different rating scales under identical experimental conditions.", "contents": "Videotaping: the evaluation of stereotypic effects of antiparkinsonian agents. Two experiments designed to assess the utility of a videotaping methodology in laboratory investigations of the stereotype effects of putative antiparkinsonian agents are presented. The technique minimizes experimental bias through the use of \"blind\" ratings and increases the rating accuracy through the use of within- and between-animals controls. Permanent videotape records allow training of raters to high efficiency, and direct comparisons of different rating scales under identical experimental conditions.", "PMID": 571607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9610", "title": "Effects of methomyl and ethanol on behavior in the Sprague-Dawley rat.", "content": "Emotional behavior and activity levels were studied following administration of ethanol and/or a carbamate pesticide, methomyl, to rats via a ground chow diet. Acetylcholinesterase levels were lowered following the experimental diets. The group having the greatest reduction in AChE, the methomyl group, showed less evidence for habituation in an open-field test. No differences relative to control subjects were noted on handling and muricide tests.", "contents": "Effects of methomyl and ethanol on behavior in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Emotional behavior and activity levels were studied following administration of ethanol and/or a carbamate pesticide, methomyl, to rats via a ground chow diet. Acetylcholinesterase levels were lowered following the experimental diets. The group having the greatest reduction in AChE, the methomyl group, showed less evidence for habituation in an open-field test. No differences relative to control subjects were noted on handling and muricide tests.", "PMID": 571608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9611", "title": "Effect of parenteral steroids on edema in replanted rat legs.", "content": "The experiments described demonstrate that parenteral steroid therapy will decrease the amount of postoperative edema in the replanted leg of a rat.", "contents": "Effect of parenteral steroids on edema in replanted rat legs. The experiments described demonstrate that parenteral steroid therapy will decrease the amount of postoperative edema in the replanted leg of a rat.", "PMID": 571613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9612", "title": "[E.E.G. recordings during the course of a rare disease: piroplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two E.E.G. recordings were made in a patient with human piroplasmosis (babesiosis). They showed signs of vigilance disturbances and generalized abnormalities, together with lateralization in the temporal region, on the right side in the first recording and on the left in the second one. These abnormal E.E.G. findings are reported, even though the clinical signs were not typical of babesiosis, as the biological diagnosis was certain (parasite definitely identified in the red blood cells, severe and progressive parasitic infestation), and it is impossible to evoke other aetiological elements. It is impossible to formulate a valid hypothesis, based on our present knowledge, to explain the mechanisms of this encephalic condition. We can only state the findings without prejudging its direct or indirect nature.", "contents": "[E.E.G. recordings during the course of a rare disease: piroplasmosis (author's transl)]. Two E.E.G. recordings were made in a patient with human piroplasmosis (babesiosis). They showed signs of vigilance disturbances and generalized abnormalities, together with lateralization in the temporal region, on the right side in the first recording and on the left in the second one. These abnormal E.E.G. findings are reported, even though the clinical signs were not typical of babesiosis, as the biological diagnosis was certain (parasite definitely identified in the red blood cells, severe and progressive parasitic infestation), and it is impossible to evoke other aetiological elements. It is impossible to formulate a valid hypothesis, based on our present knowledge, to explain the mechanisms of this encephalic condition. We can only state the findings without prejudging its direct or indirect nature.", "PMID": 571615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9613", "title": "The orienting response: importance of instructions.", "content": "A lack of agreement exists among studies of electrodermal habituation in schizophrenia. One explanation for the intractable discrepancies observed concerns the likelihood that there exists intersubject variability in the significance patients attach to stimuli. This possibility is encouraged through the administration of vague and uninformative instructions. A more controlled and sensible procedure, which allows habituation to be measured with greater ecological validity, involves providing subjects with an absorbing alternative task on which to focus their attention after being specifically instructed to ignore the habituation stimulus to the best of their ability.", "contents": "The orienting response: importance of instructions. A lack of agreement exists among studies of electrodermal habituation in schizophrenia. One explanation for the intractable discrepancies observed concerns the likelihood that there exists intersubject variability in the significance patients attach to stimuli. This possibility is encouraged through the administration of vague and uninformative instructions. A more controlled and sensible procedure, which allows habituation to be measured with greater ecological validity, involves providing subjects with an absorbing alternative task on which to focus their attention after being specifically instructed to ignore the habituation stimulus to the best of their ability.", "PMID": 571619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9614", "title": "Sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia in twins.", "content": "In response to my discussion of sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia in twins, Lewine (1979) noted that male schizophrenics are hospitalized earlier than females. He questioned whether females had been followed through the risk period. To clarify, I calculated the age at followup of discordant twins in three studies. In Gottesman and Shields' (1972) study, the majority of both male and female co-twins were still under the age of 45. In contrast, all but a few of Kringlen's (1967a, 1967b, 1968) and Fischer's (1973) co-twins were 45 or over. Their findings support the conclusion that recent twin studies show no significant sex differences in concordance.", "contents": "Sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia in twins. In response to my discussion of sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia in twins, Lewine (1979) noted that male schizophrenics are hospitalized earlier than females. He questioned whether females had been followed through the risk period. To clarify, I calculated the age at followup of discordant twins in three studies. In Gottesman and Shields' (1972) study, the majority of both male and female co-twins were still under the age of 45. In contrast, all but a few of Kringlen's (1967a, 1967b, 1968) and Fischer's (1973) co-twins were 45 or over. Their findings support the conclusion that recent twin studies show no significant sex differences in concordance.", "PMID": 571620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9615", "title": "Assessment of adenoidal hyperplasia.", "content": "Adenoidal tissue recovered at surgery was weighed to see if it would correspond with clinical evidence of increased secretory otitis media and nasal blockage. It was observed that adenoidal enlargement was directly proportional to the severity of clinical signs and symptoms. This was also predicted by lateral roentgenogram of the nasopharynx.", "contents": "Assessment of adenoidal hyperplasia. Adenoidal tissue recovered at surgery was weighed to see if it would correspond with clinical evidence of increased secretory otitis media and nasal blockage. It was observed that adenoidal enlargement was directly proportional to the severity of clinical signs and symptoms. This was also predicted by lateral roentgenogram of the nasopharynx.", "PMID": 571621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9616", "title": "Nematode parasites of rats in West Java, Indonesia.", "content": "From the Indonesian rats, namely Rattus rattus diardii, R. exulans, R. tiomanicus, R. niviventer, R. lepturus, R. bartelsii, R. cremoriventer, R. sabanus and Pithecheir melanurus, surveyed for nematode parasites, the following parasites were recovered: Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Capillaria hepatica, Cyclodontostomum purvisi, Hepatojarakus malayae, Rictularia tani, Mastophorus muris, Physaloptera sp. and Subulura andersoni. Of these, C. purvisi, H. malayae, Physaloptera, sp. and S. andersoni have so far not been reported from Indonesian rats.", "contents": "Nematode parasites of rats in West Java, Indonesia. From the Indonesian rats, namely Rattus rattus diardii, R. exulans, R. tiomanicus, R. niviventer, R. lepturus, R. bartelsii, R. cremoriventer, R. sabanus and Pithecheir melanurus, surveyed for nematode parasites, the following parasites were recovered: Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Capillaria hepatica, Cyclodontostomum purvisi, Hepatojarakus malayae, Rictularia tani, Mastophorus muris, Physaloptera sp. and Subulura andersoni. Of these, C. purvisi, H. malayae, Physaloptera, sp. and S. andersoni have so far not been reported from Indonesian rats.", "PMID": 571622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9617", "title": "Mutants of Arthroderma benhamiae.", "content": "The object of these studies was to isolate conditionally lethal mutants of Arthroderma benhamiae whose vegetative growth was temperature sensitive (ts). Three sorts of mutants were derived from nitrosoguanidine treatment of the microconidia of A. benhamiae: (i) ts \"pleomorphic\", (ii) ts \"non-pleomorphic\", and (iii) slow growers (sg) which were not temperature sensitive. The growth of wild type A. benhamiae, as measured by colony diameters, was 6 mm/day at 37 degrees C (chosen as non-permissive for screening mutants) and 5 mm/day at 25 degrees C (chosen as permissive for screening mutants). Growth of mutants of the first sort was virtually stopped at 37 degrees C but their growth at 25 degrees C was more rapid than that of wild type. The colony texture of these mutants was downy and their mycelium sterile. They failed to mate with parents of opposite mating type. These mutants were considered to be ts \"pleomorphic\". The second sort of mutants were ts \"non-pleomorphic\". Two isolates of this kind were recovered. They grew normally at 25 degrees C but their growth at 37 degrees C was reduced 50--70% of that of wild type. The nature of the temperature sensitive defect has not been identified. The third sort of mutant occurred very frequently. These isolates were slow growers (sg) regardless of temperature of incubation and their response to the respiratory inhibitors antimycin and salicyl hydroxamic acid suggested a defect in mitochondrial ribosome assembly and deficiencies in cytochromes not unlike those observed in the poky mutants of Neurospora. Two of the sg-mutants (sg 2 and sg3) produced abundant cleistothecia with asci and ascospores when back crossed to parents of opposite mating type. The sg 5 mutant produced cleistothecia but no ascospores. The ergosterol content of the sg 2 mutant was nearly the same as that of wild type while the ergosterol content of sg 3 was somewhat reduced and that of sg 5 was markedly reduced as compared to that of wild type. Thus the ergosterol content seems to play some role in sexual reproduction of A. benhamiae. The pattern of sensitivity to amphotericin B also reflected differences in the sterol content of the mutants, i.e., the two mutants with some alteration in their ergosterol content, sg 3 and sg 5 were more resistant to the antibiotic. During the course of these studies a number of variants were observed that produced different sorts and degrees of pigmentation of the reverse of their colonies. One stable variant of this kind gave rise to colonies with a red reverse when incubated at 37 degrees C and a yellow reverse when incubated at 25 degrees C. When plates were shifted from one temperature to another the next wave of growth was the color specified by the temperature.", "contents": "Mutants of Arthroderma benhamiae. The object of these studies was to isolate conditionally lethal mutants of Arthroderma benhamiae whose vegetative growth was temperature sensitive (ts). Three sorts of mutants were derived from nitrosoguanidine treatment of the microconidia of A. benhamiae: (i) ts \"pleomorphic\", (ii) ts \"non-pleomorphic\", and (iii) slow growers (sg) which were not temperature sensitive. The growth of wild type A. benhamiae, as measured by colony diameters, was 6 mm/day at 37 degrees C (chosen as non-permissive for screening mutants) and 5 mm/day at 25 degrees C (chosen as permissive for screening mutants). Growth of mutants of the first sort was virtually stopped at 37 degrees C but their growth at 25 degrees C was more rapid than that of wild type. The colony texture of these mutants was downy and their mycelium sterile. They failed to mate with parents of opposite mating type. These mutants were considered to be ts \"pleomorphic\". The second sort of mutants were ts \"non-pleomorphic\". Two isolates of this kind were recovered. They grew normally at 25 degrees C but their growth at 37 degrees C was reduced 50--70% of that of wild type. The nature of the temperature sensitive defect has not been identified. The third sort of mutant occurred very frequently. These isolates were slow growers (sg) regardless of temperature of incubation and their response to the respiratory inhibitors antimycin and salicyl hydroxamic acid suggested a defect in mitochondrial ribosome assembly and deficiencies in cytochromes not unlike those observed in the poky mutants of Neurospora. Two of the sg-mutants (sg 2 and sg3) produced abundant cleistothecia with asci and ascospores when back crossed to parents of opposite mating type. The sg 5 mutant produced cleistothecia but no ascospores. The ergosterol content of the sg 2 mutant was nearly the same as that of wild type while the ergosterol content of sg 3 was somewhat reduced and that of sg 5 was markedly reduced as compared to that of wild type. Thus the ergosterol content seems to play some role in sexual reproduction of A. benhamiae. The pattern of sensitivity to amphotericin B also reflected differences in the sterol content of the mutants, i.e., the two mutants with some alteration in their ergosterol content, sg 3 and sg 5 were more resistant to the antibiotic. During the course of these studies a number of variants were observed that produced different sorts and degrees of pigmentation of the reverse of their colonies. One stable variant of this kind gave rise to colonies with a red reverse when incubated at 37 degrees C and a yellow reverse when incubated at 25 degrees C. When plates were shifted from one temperature to another the next wave of growth was the color specified by the temperature.", "PMID": 571626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9618", "title": "Mycotic keratitis by Cladorrhinum.", "content": "Cladorrhinum spp (strain CBS 604.75) was isolated, for the first time, from a case of keratomycosis. The patient, a 12 year-old boy, showed a soft white yellowish mycotic excrescence with clear borders which had followed the introduction of a small piece of straw into the cornea. The direct examination of corneal scrapings revealed dark-brown filaments. He was successfully treated with miconazole.", "contents": "Mycotic keratitis by Cladorrhinum. Cladorrhinum spp (strain CBS 604.75) was isolated, for the first time, from a case of keratomycosis. The patient, a 12 year-old boy, showed a soft white yellowish mycotic excrescence with clear borders which had followed the introduction of a small piece of straw into the cornea. The direct examination of corneal scrapings revealed dark-brown filaments. He was successfully treated with miconazole.", "PMID": 571627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9619", "title": "[Variations in the body temperature of cows during oestrus (author's transl)].", "content": "The temperatures of twenty cows were recorded rectally from five days prior to the expected date of oestrus till after ovulation at 2.30, 7 and 12 a.m. and at 5 and 10 p.m. The cows were also examined for oestrus behaviour at these times. When the cows had stood to be mounted for the first time at one of the hours of observation, the ovaries were examined by palpation at the subsequent times to detect ovulation. The total number of cows in heat, in which marked oestrous behaviour was observed, was forty-one. In addition, there were eight cases of silent oestrus, i.e. though the animals did ovulate and usually showed an increase in temperature, they did not stand to be mounted. Variance analysis showed that de 'cow effect', the time of day, the stage of oestrus, the oestrus number and the interaction of the stage of oestrus and the time of day had a significant effect on the body temperature. In 86 per cent of the cases of oestrus (including those of 'silent oestrus'), there was a significant increase in body temperature. This proportion was much smaller, namely 55 per cent, when observations were made about milking time only (7 a.m. and 5 p.m.). The mean difference between the highest temperature during oestrus and the average reference temperature was 0.62 degrees C +/- 0.38 degrees C. Daily monitoring of the temperature was also found to be useful in checking the state of health of the dairy herd.", "contents": "[Variations in the body temperature of cows during oestrus (author's transl)]. The temperatures of twenty cows were recorded rectally from five days prior to the expected date of oestrus till after ovulation at 2.30, 7 and 12 a.m. and at 5 and 10 p.m. The cows were also examined for oestrus behaviour at these times. When the cows had stood to be mounted for the first time at one of the hours of observation, the ovaries were examined by palpation at the subsequent times to detect ovulation. The total number of cows in heat, in which marked oestrous behaviour was observed, was forty-one. In addition, there were eight cases of silent oestrus, i.e. though the animals did ovulate and usually showed an increase in temperature, they did not stand to be mounted. Variance analysis showed that de 'cow effect', the time of day, the stage of oestrus, the oestrus number and the interaction of the stage of oestrus and the time of day had a significant effect on the body temperature. In 86 per cent of the cases of oestrus (including those of 'silent oestrus'), there was a significant increase in body temperature. This proportion was much smaller, namely 55 per cent, when observations were made about milking time only (7 a.m. and 5 p.m.). The mean difference between the highest temperature during oestrus and the average reference temperature was 0.62 degrees C +/- 0.38 degrees C. Daily monitoring of the temperature was also found to be useful in checking the state of health of the dairy herd.", "PMID": 571631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9620", "title": "Transmitral resection of subpulmonary stenosis in transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Adequate surgical relief of left ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOO) in transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with atrio-ventricular concordance and intact ventricular septum, may to a significant degree depend on the severity of the lesion and the anatomic location of the ventricular septum and the mitral valve. A new approach to resection of subpulmonary obstruction in TGA through the left atrium and the retracted mitral valve is described. In contrast to dynamic stenosis, transmitral resection of a fixed subpulmonary narrowing will usually lead to a significant decrease of LVOO in TGA, with good clinical results.", "contents": "Transmitral resection of subpulmonary stenosis in transposition of the great arteries. Adequate surgical relief of left ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOO) in transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with atrio-ventricular concordance and intact ventricular septum, may to a significant degree depend on the severity of the lesion and the anatomic location of the ventricular septum and the mitral valve. A new approach to resection of subpulmonary obstruction in TGA through the left atrium and the retracted mitral valve is described. In contrast to dynamic stenosis, transmitral resection of a fixed subpulmonary narrowing will usually lead to a significant decrease of LVOO in TGA, with good clinical results.", "PMID": 571632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9621", "title": "[Fresh autologus blood transfusion during open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemodynamic parameters were measured in 80 unselected patients prior to cardiopulmonary bypass for a variety of a operative procedures. Isovolemic blood withdrawel up to 24.7 ml/kg or 10 gms% and 30% hematocrit during sternotomy using ACD blood storage containers was carried out prior to bypass. Moderate hemodilution during bypass with postbypass autologous blood transfusion resulted in 60% of the study group not requiring homologous blood. The mean post-operative blood loss in this group was 245 ml. The remaining 40% received up to 1550 ml homologous blood with 820 ml mean post-operative blood loss. Omission or reduction of homologous blood requirement decreases the risk of shock lung, saves clotting factors and reduces strain on blood banking facilities.", "contents": "[Fresh autologus blood transfusion during open heart surgery (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic parameters were measured in 80 unselected patients prior to cardiopulmonary bypass for a variety of a operative procedures. Isovolemic blood withdrawel up to 24.7 ml/kg or 10 gms% and 30% hematocrit during sternotomy using ACD blood storage containers was carried out prior to bypass. Moderate hemodilution during bypass with postbypass autologous blood transfusion resulted in 60% of the study group not requiring homologous blood. The mean post-operative blood loss in this group was 245 ml. The remaining 40% received up to 1550 ml homologous blood with 820 ml mean post-operative blood loss. Omission or reduction of homologous blood requirement decreases the risk of shock lung, saves clotting factors and reduces strain on blood banking facilities.", "PMID": 571633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9622", "title": "On Dipetalonema viteae infection of Mastomys natalensis.", "content": "Experimental infections were carried out with the tissue-dwelling filaria Dipetalonema viteae using the argasid tick Ornithodorus moubata as the intermediate and the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis (Strain GRA Giessen) as the final host. The optimum infective dose was found to be 50 third-stage larvae, which produced patent infections and the recovery rates of adult parasites were 47.6 and 26.4% of the inoculated larvae 140 and 189 days after infection, respectively. After an average prepatent period of 57 days, the microfilaraemia increased progressively and reached relatively low maximum values about 192 days after infection. These maximum values were followed by rapid decrease of microfilaraemia, but microfilariae were still detectable at 261 days post infection. Following the subcutaneous injection of infected animals with dexamethasone in single doses each of 1, 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight 30 minutes before blood puncture, a dose-dependent increase in the microfilarial counts in the circulating blood was observed, this reaching maximum values between 120 and 160 days after infection. Repeated administration of single doses of 10 mg/kg dexamethasone revealed an uniform but temporary increase in the microfilaraemia but this was not associated with any alterations in the reproductive organs of adult female parasites. No correlation could be found between the number of microfilariae in the circulating blood and the number of adult worms recovered from the subcutaneous connective tissue. At necropsy 300 days after infection living female parasites could not be found any more.", "contents": "On Dipetalonema viteae infection of Mastomys natalensis. Experimental infections were carried out with the tissue-dwelling filaria Dipetalonema viteae using the argasid tick Ornithodorus moubata as the intermediate and the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis (Strain GRA Giessen) as the final host. The optimum infective dose was found to be 50 third-stage larvae, which produced patent infections and the recovery rates of adult parasites were 47.6 and 26.4% of the inoculated larvae 140 and 189 days after infection, respectively. After an average prepatent period of 57 days, the microfilaraemia increased progressively and reached relatively low maximum values about 192 days after infection. These maximum values were followed by rapid decrease of microfilaraemia, but microfilariae were still detectable at 261 days post infection. Following the subcutaneous injection of infected animals with dexamethasone in single doses each of 1, 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight 30 minutes before blood puncture, a dose-dependent increase in the microfilarial counts in the circulating blood was observed, this reaching maximum values between 120 and 160 days after infection. Repeated administration of single doses of 10 mg/kg dexamethasone revealed an uniform but temporary increase in the microfilaraemia but this was not associated with any alterations in the reproductive organs of adult female parasites. No correlation could be found between the number of microfilariae in the circulating blood and the number of adult worms recovered from the subcutaneous connective tissue. At necropsy 300 days after infection living female parasites could not be found any more.", "PMID": 571635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9623", "title": "Familial occurrence of testicular neoplasms (in cousins).", "content": "Testicular malignancies in closely related family members rarely occur. Only 18 cases have been reported in the literature. Our cases concern two families with testicular tumors occurring in cousins. This is the first such incidence reported. The need for a thorough checkup of other family members is reiterated.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of testicular neoplasms (in cousins). Testicular malignancies in closely related family members rarely occur. Only 18 cases have been reported in the literature. Our cases concern two families with testicular tumors occurring in cousins. This is the first such incidence reported. The need for a thorough checkup of other family members is reiterated.", "PMID": 571640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9624", "title": "Treatment of delayed onset of spontaneous voiding after surgery for incontinence.", "content": "A preliminary study on 40 female patients who had undergone colposuspension surgery was carried out using four drugs in an attempt to reduce the time taken to void spontaneously following surgery and to define the cause of delay. Oral diazepam given as night sedation, was found to be the most effective drug.", "contents": "Treatment of delayed onset of spontaneous voiding after surgery for incontinence. A preliminary study on 40 female patients who had undergone colposuspension surgery was carried out using four drugs in an attempt to reduce the time taken to void spontaneously following surgery and to define the cause of delay. Oral diazepam given as night sedation, was found to be the most effective drug.", "PMID": 571641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9625", "title": "Pathology of experimental Histophilus ovis infection in sheep. II. Pregnant ewes.", "content": "Intravenous inoculation of Histophilus ovis to pregnant ewes at mid or late gestation resulted in acute bacterial endometritis, placentitis and foetal death. There were no lesions in the foetuses but H. ovis was recovered from the uteri of the ewes and the placentas. Oral or intravaginal administration had no effect.", "contents": "Pathology of experimental Histophilus ovis infection in sheep. II. Pregnant ewes. Intravenous inoculation of Histophilus ovis to pregnant ewes at mid or late gestation resulted in acute bacterial endometritis, placentitis and foetal death. There were no lesions in the foetuses but H. ovis was recovered from the uteri of the ewes and the placentas. Oral or intravaginal administration had no effect.", "PMID": 571643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9626", "title": "[Inactivated saponin vaccine against salmonellal abortion in sheep].", "content": "An inactivated saponine vaccine is prepared from five highly immunogenic Salmonella abortus ovis strains, selected by means of a biological test on white rats. Saline was used as a diluent of the vaccine, with the addition of 30 per cent glycerine, 0.012 per cent saponine and 0.1 per cent propiolactone. The optimum immunization dose of 5 cm3 is injected singly subcutaneously behind the elbow, two and a half months after impregnation. The vaccine is applied on infected farms before the disease occurs. The cellular-humoral immunity, which forms 14 days after the injection, lasts 4--5 months and protects the sheep against salmonellosis abortion.", "contents": "[Inactivated saponin vaccine against salmonellal abortion in sheep]. An inactivated saponine vaccine is prepared from five highly immunogenic Salmonella abortus ovis strains, selected by means of a biological test on white rats. Saline was used as a diluent of the vaccine, with the addition of 30 per cent glycerine, 0.012 per cent saponine and 0.1 per cent propiolactone. The optimum immunization dose of 5 cm3 is injected singly subcutaneously behind the elbow, two and a half months after impregnation. The vaccine is applied on infected farms before the disease occurs. The cellular-humoral immunity, which forms 14 days after the injection, lasts 4--5 months and protects the sheep against salmonellosis abortion.", "PMID": 571645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9627", "title": "[Cardiovascular changes of the foetal circulation during deceleration in acute foetal hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute foetal hypoxia trials were conducted in 11 foetuses of sheep. The following parameters were determined continuously besides heart rate, art. pO2, arterial and venous blood pressure: cardiac output, stroke volume and system resistance. Acute foetal hypoxia was produced in two ways: 1) Compression of the maternal vena cava The arterial blood pressure in the foetus is increased. This is reflected mainly by the systolic blood pressure. This increase is provoked by the increase in stroke volume (up to 100%). This increase in stroke volume is so great that the cardiac output is increased despite the onset of deceleration. The system resistance remains unchanged. 2) Maternal hypoxia In contrast to foetal hypoxia as described above, the increase of stroke volume is not so pronounced at the onset of deceleration, and the system resistance is increased. After termination of maternal hypoxia there is an abrupt change of system resistance back to the original value. Both types of foetal hypoxia will subsequently not differ significantly from each other.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular changes of the foetal circulation during deceleration in acute foetal hypoxia (author's transl)]. Acute foetal hypoxia trials were conducted in 11 foetuses of sheep. The following parameters were determined continuously besides heart rate, art. pO2, arterial and venous blood pressure: cardiac output, stroke volume and system resistance. Acute foetal hypoxia was produced in two ways: 1) Compression of the maternal vena cava The arterial blood pressure in the foetus is increased. This is reflected mainly by the systolic blood pressure. This increase is provoked by the increase in stroke volume (up to 100%). This increase in stroke volume is so great that the cardiac output is increased despite the onset of deceleration. The system resistance remains unchanged. 2) Maternal hypoxia In contrast to foetal hypoxia as described above, the increase of stroke volume is not so pronounced at the onset of deceleration, and the system resistance is increased. After termination of maternal hypoxia there is an abrupt change of system resistance back to the original value. Both types of foetal hypoxia will subsequently not differ significantly from each other.", "PMID": 571650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9628", "title": "[Antenatal estimation of fetal maturity by exfoliative cytology of amniotic fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "In 152 amniotic fluid samples, derived either from amniocentesis or amniotomy, smears have been performed for cytological investigation (staining after Harris-Shorr). The per cent amount of different cell-shapes has been determined. Polygonal, anucleate, transparent cells, representing desquameted fetal keratinocytes, are seen more frequently in late pregnancy and have been registered separately. These data have been compared to the postnatal determination of gestational age after Dubowitz et al, as well as Farr et al. This mode of investigation allows a safe and objective determination of maturity in the last weeks of pregnancy and thereby an exclusion of a presumed fetal prematurity. This method seems very useful in differential diagnosis between fetal hypotrophy and prematurity in the latter part of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Antenatal estimation of fetal maturity by exfoliative cytology of amniotic fluid (author's transl)]. In 152 amniotic fluid samples, derived either from amniocentesis or amniotomy, smears have been performed for cytological investigation (staining after Harris-Shorr). The per cent amount of different cell-shapes has been determined. Polygonal, anucleate, transparent cells, representing desquameted fetal keratinocytes, are seen more frequently in late pregnancy and have been registered separately. These data have been compared to the postnatal determination of gestational age after Dubowitz et al, as well as Farr et al. This mode of investigation allows a safe and objective determination of maturity in the last weeks of pregnancy and thereby an exclusion of a presumed fetal prematurity. This method seems very useful in differential diagnosis between fetal hypotrophy and prematurity in the latter part of pregnancy.", "PMID": 571651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9629", "title": "An analysis on the specificity of the histochemical techniques already proposed to detect catalases and peroxidases.", "content": "The spot test carried on filter paper strips appears as a very suitable technique to investigate the reactivity of catalases, peroxidases, porphyrins (bilirubin and protoporphyrin), metalloporphyrins (haemoglobin, haemin, haematin, chlorophyll and cyanocobalamin), ferric and ferrous salts. By using this technique the specificity of the already proposed techniques admitted as appropriate to detect histochemically peroxidases and catalases was investigated. The results shown from the already proposed techniques to detect peroxidases only the alpha-naphthol reaction is somewhat specific for this enzyme, if the results were taken immediately. However, if the results were taken after 24 h, the reaction loose all specificity. The other techniques proposed to detect peroxidase are not specific, either concerning the discrimination between catalases and peroxidases activity or regarding the possibility to differenciate an enzymic from a catalytic activity provided by haemic iron containing compounds and sometimes by iron salts. Our histochemical technique already proposed as suitable to detect catalases seams to be specific, since peroxidases do not react positively. By replacing benzidine for some others hydrogen donors the peroxidases histochemical techniques remain not specific and are unable to discriminate this enzyme from catalases. Porphyrins (protoporphyrin and bilirubin), magnesium and cobalt containing metalloporhyrins (chlorophyll and cyanocobalamin) do not produce oxidation of any hydrogen donors used. Iron salts are also able to give positive results with some techniques already proposed as suitable for peroxidases and catalases detection.", "contents": "An analysis on the specificity of the histochemical techniques already proposed to detect catalases and peroxidases. The spot test carried on filter paper strips appears as a very suitable technique to investigate the reactivity of catalases, peroxidases, porphyrins (bilirubin and protoporphyrin), metalloporphyrins (haemoglobin, haemin, haematin, chlorophyll and cyanocobalamin), ferric and ferrous salts. By using this technique the specificity of the already proposed techniques admitted as appropriate to detect histochemically peroxidases and catalases was investigated. The results shown from the already proposed techniques to detect peroxidases only the alpha-naphthol reaction is somewhat specific for this enzyme, if the results were taken immediately. However, if the results were taken after 24 h, the reaction loose all specificity. The other techniques proposed to detect peroxidase are not specific, either concerning the discrimination between catalases and peroxidases activity or regarding the possibility to differenciate an enzymic from a catalytic activity provided by haemic iron containing compounds and sometimes by iron salts. Our histochemical technique already proposed as suitable to detect catalases seams to be specific, since peroxidases do not react positively. By replacing benzidine for some others hydrogen donors the peroxidases histochemical techniques remain not specific and are unable to discriminate this enzyme from catalases. Porphyrins (protoporphyrin and bilirubin), magnesium and cobalt containing metalloporhyrins (chlorophyll and cyanocobalamin) do not produce oxidation of any hydrogen donors used. Iron salts are also able to give positive results with some techniques already proposed as suitable for peroxidases and catalases detection.", "PMID": 571653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9630", "title": "[Surgical management of abscessing mastitis and of retromammary abscesses].", "content": "This paper analyses the frequency of abscess-forming mastitis and retromammary abscess in evaluating patients of 11712 births from 1972 to 1978. In 69 cases we found an abscess-forming mastitis and in 6 cases a retromammary abscess. In differential diagnosis there are discussed the clinical symptoms of both diseases. Whereas in the case of intramammary abscess a radial incision with contra-incision and drainage is made, the retromammary abscess indicates a curved incision according of the retromammary abscess are not so frequent but must be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the mamma during puerperium.", "contents": "[Surgical management of abscessing mastitis and of retromammary abscesses]. This paper analyses the frequency of abscess-forming mastitis and retromammary abscess in evaluating patients of 11712 births from 1972 to 1978. In 69 cases we found an abscess-forming mastitis and in 6 cases a retromammary abscess. In differential diagnosis there are discussed the clinical symptoms of both diseases. Whereas in the case of intramammary abscess a radial incision with contra-incision and drainage is made, the retromammary abscess indicates a curved incision according of the retromammary abscess are not so frequent but must be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the mamma during puerperium.", "PMID": 571655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9631", "title": "[Monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant with regard to manifest schizophrenia].", "content": "The author describes psychotic conditions of co-twins who were not seen by a psychiatrist before, in 12 MZ and 62DZ pairs, where the probands suffered from manifest schizophrenia. Among MZ, one half of the examined patients was classified as \"mildly expressed schizophrenia\" and the other as schizoid personality abnormalities. The probands of MZ pairs displayed the prevalence of slow progressive variants of schizophrenia within the framework of both continuous and attack-like forms. DZ co-twins of schizophrenic probands according to the psychotic state formed a range of transitions from mildly expressed schizophrenia through personality abnormalities to accentuated personalities and norm.", "contents": "[Monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant with regard to manifest schizophrenia]. The author describes psychotic conditions of co-twins who were not seen by a psychiatrist before, in 12 MZ and 62DZ pairs, where the probands suffered from manifest schizophrenia. Among MZ, one half of the examined patients was classified as \"mildly expressed schizophrenia\" and the other as schizoid personality abnormalities. The probands of MZ pairs displayed the prevalence of slow progressive variants of schizophrenia within the framework of both continuous and attack-like forms. DZ co-twins of schizophrenic probands according to the psychotic state formed a range of transitions from mildly expressed schizophrenia through personality abnormalities to accentuated personalities and norm.", "PMID": 571657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9632", "title": "The role of chronogenetics and of gemellology in the prevention of genetic morbidity.", "content": "The prevention of hereditary diseases after birth is essentially based on the detection of these diseases at their preclinical level. This may be made possible through a careful pedigree examination and possible identification of a \"genealogical alarm\", as well as a detailed clinical examination of the subject and possible identification of preclinical signs of the pathogenesis, i.e., of a \"clinical alarm\". The respective roles of chronogenetics and of gemellology in this approach are reviewed.", "contents": "The role of chronogenetics and of gemellology in the prevention of genetic morbidity. The prevention of hereditary diseases after birth is essentially based on the detection of these diseases at their preclinical level. This may be made possible through a careful pedigree examination and possible identification of a \"genealogical alarm\", as well as a detailed clinical examination of the subject and possible identification of preclinical signs of the pathogenesis, i.e., of a \"clinical alarm\". The respective roles of chronogenetics and of gemellology in this approach are reviewed.", "PMID": 571658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9633", "title": "Experimental neurosis and gastric secretion in dogs.", "content": "In four dogs (2 males and 2 females from one litter) with established gastric cannula gastric secretion was studied in control experiments and in induced experimental neurosis. Gastric secretion was stimulated by insulin. We monitored in individual 15 min. portions the amount of gastric juice, total HCl output, output of acid gastric proteinases, mucoproteins and some ions. The gastric juice was dialyzed and freeze dried. 50 mg of the lyophilisate was separated on Sephadex G 100. Macromolecular substances were fractionated into glycoproteins (peak I), acid gastric proteinases (peak II) and glycopeptides and polypeptides (peak III). The ratio of these individual macromolecular substances remainded constant in the same dog in all control experiments. However, there were significant differences between individual animals. Induction of experimental neurosis (by collision of the alimentary and avoidance reflex) gave rise to changes not only in the output of HCl and gastric proteinases, but also in the ratio of macromolecular substances. In the series of observed parameters these changes were of a different nature in males and females.", "contents": "Experimental neurosis and gastric secretion in dogs. In four dogs (2 males and 2 females from one litter) with established gastric cannula gastric secretion was studied in control experiments and in induced experimental neurosis. Gastric secretion was stimulated by insulin. We monitored in individual 15 min. portions the amount of gastric juice, total HCl output, output of acid gastric proteinases, mucoproteins and some ions. The gastric juice was dialyzed and freeze dried. 50 mg of the lyophilisate was separated on Sephadex G 100. Macromolecular substances were fractionated into glycoproteins (peak I), acid gastric proteinases (peak II) and glycopeptides and polypeptides (peak III). The ratio of these individual macromolecular substances remainded constant in the same dog in all control experiments. However, there were significant differences between individual animals. Induction of experimental neurosis (by collision of the alimentary and avoidance reflex) gave rise to changes not only in the output of HCl and gastric proteinases, but also in the ratio of macromolecular substances. In the series of observed parameters these changes were of a different nature in males and females.", "PMID": 571660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9634", "title": "Effect of experimental neurosis on the secretion of acid gastric proteinases in dogs.", "content": "In experiments on dogs with gastric cannula we proved that the gastric juice, obtained after intravenous injection of insulin, contained after separation of DEAE Sephadex A-50 5--7 proteolytically active fractions. In four dogs of both sexes the ratio and number of individual fractions remained constant in control experiments. However, there were differences between the animals. After induction of experimental neurosis (by the collision of the alimentary and avoidance reflex) all animals showed the same marked changes in the chromatographic patterns of acid proteinases. There was a change not only in the ratio of two larger groups of proteolytically active fractions but also in the total number of all fractions. These changes persisted for 8--10 weeks after induction of experimental neurosis.", "contents": "Effect of experimental neurosis on the secretion of acid gastric proteinases in dogs. In experiments on dogs with gastric cannula we proved that the gastric juice, obtained after intravenous injection of insulin, contained after separation of DEAE Sephadex A-50 5--7 proteolytically active fractions. In four dogs of both sexes the ratio and number of individual fractions remained constant in control experiments. However, there were differences between the animals. After induction of experimental neurosis (by the collision of the alimentary and avoidance reflex) all animals showed the same marked changes in the chromatographic patterns of acid proteinases. There was a change not only in the ratio of two larger groups of proteolytically active fractions but also in the total number of all fractions. These changes persisted for 8--10 weeks after induction of experimental neurosis.", "PMID": 571661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9635", "title": "A follow-up study of infants with adverse reactions to cow's milk. I. Serum IgE, skin test reactions and RAST in relation to clinical course.", "content": "47 infants with cow's milk sensitivity were followed for a period varying between 6 months to 4 years (mean 28 months). The age at onset of symptoms varied between 14 days to 20 months. The clinical course was studied in relation to reaginic allergy by use of serum IgE, skin prick test and RAST. Infants with an immediate onset of symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and the skin after cow's milk intake were discerned as a distinct entity having a high frequency of atopy in the family, positive skin tests and positive RASTs to milk (71%). Cases with delayed reactions to cow's milk seldom had a positive RAST or skin test. Most infants of both groups showed an increasing tolerance to milk. In RAST positive infants the RAST-titers increased significantly after onset of symptoms. After having reached a peak the titers subclined in several cases. The titers did not reflect the degree of milk sensitivity during the follow-up period. However, infants who developed high titers seemed to develop tolerance more slowly than infants with low titers.", "contents": "A follow-up study of infants with adverse reactions to cow's milk. I. Serum IgE, skin test reactions and RAST in relation to clinical course. 47 infants with cow's milk sensitivity were followed for a period varying between 6 months to 4 years (mean 28 months). The age at onset of symptoms varied between 14 days to 20 months. The clinical course was studied in relation to reaginic allergy by use of serum IgE, skin prick test and RAST. Infants with an immediate onset of symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and the skin after cow's milk intake were discerned as a distinct entity having a high frequency of atopy in the family, positive skin tests and positive RASTs to milk (71%). Cases with delayed reactions to cow's milk seldom had a positive RAST or skin test. Most infants of both groups showed an increasing tolerance to milk. In RAST positive infants the RAST-titers increased significantly after onset of symptoms. After having reached a peak the titers subclined in several cases. The titers did not reflect the degree of milk sensitivity during the follow-up period. However, infants who developed high titers seemed to develop tolerance more slowly than infants with low titers.", "PMID": 571664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9636", "title": "Cow's milk allergy, incidence and pathogenetic role of early exposure to cow's milk formula.", "content": "A study was performed in infants under the age of 12 months born during 1974 and admitted to St. G\u00f6ran's Children's Hospital with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy (CMA). The aims of the study were to determine the role of early exposure to cow's milk formulas as a predisposing factor to CMA and to estimate the incidence of CMA in infancy. Twenty-five infants fulfilled the criteria for CMA. Available records were reviewed and a careful history was obtained from the mothers on two occasions. The patient group was compared with a control group. Sixteen of the 25 infants were exposed to cow's milk protein during their first week in the nursery for newborns, 6 were exposed before the end of the fourth week of life, and 3 infants were apparently not exposed. All infants were breast fed 3 to 26 weeks before re-exposure and occurrence of symptoms. Infants with CMA were given cow's milk formulas during their first 4 weeks of life significantly more often than infants in the control group (p less than 0.01). The incidence of CMA was approximately 1 : 200. The first 4 weeks after birth seem to be a particularly vulnerable period. Hence, in order to prevent CMA, infant formula should not be given--even occasionally--during this period.", "contents": "Cow's milk allergy, incidence and pathogenetic role of early exposure to cow's milk formula. A study was performed in infants under the age of 12 months born during 1974 and admitted to St. G\u00f6ran's Children's Hospital with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy (CMA). The aims of the study were to determine the role of early exposure to cow's milk formulas as a predisposing factor to CMA and to estimate the incidence of CMA in infancy. Twenty-five infants fulfilled the criteria for CMA. Available records were reviewed and a careful history was obtained from the mothers on two occasions. The patient group was compared with a control group. Sixteen of the 25 infants were exposed to cow's milk protein during their first week in the nursery for newborns, 6 were exposed before the end of the fourth week of life, and 3 infants were apparently not exposed. All infants were breast fed 3 to 26 weeks before re-exposure and occurrence of symptoms. Infants with CMA were given cow's milk formulas during their first 4 weeks of life significantly more often than infants in the control group (p less than 0.01). The incidence of CMA was approximately 1 : 200. The first 4 weeks after birth seem to be a particularly vulnerable period. Hence, in order to prevent CMA, infant formula should not be given--even occasionally--during this period.", "PMID": 571665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9637", "title": "Cultivable mycobacteria in sphagnum vegetation of moors in South Sweden and coastal Norway.", "content": "Intact sphagnum vegetation from moors in south Sweden and coastal areas of west Norway contained cultivable mycobacteria in 32% and 30% of the specimens, respectively. This frequency of specimens is lower than the 50% previously found in the partly altered moors of northwestern Germany, but the Scandinavian moors contained a larger variety of species. On both intact and altered moors M. chelonei and M. sphagni sp. nov. were found, the latter a homologous group of 151 strains. In south Sweden the highest frequency was found in S. balticum, S. recurvum. S. tenellum and S. compactum & molle. (40-65%). In coastal Norway the highest frequency was found in S. rubellum (48%) which offers favourable conditions for the accumulation of solar energy due to the red brown colour in the upper parts. Combined with a high humidity in coastal Norway in summer, this may contribute to the growth of mesophilic mycobacteria. A significant affinity of M. chelonei to S. tenellum was stated.", "contents": "Cultivable mycobacteria in sphagnum vegetation of moors in South Sweden and coastal Norway. Intact sphagnum vegetation from moors in south Sweden and coastal areas of west Norway contained cultivable mycobacteria in 32% and 30% of the specimens, respectively. This frequency of specimens is lower than the 50% previously found in the partly altered moors of northwestern Germany, but the Scandinavian moors contained a larger variety of species. On both intact and altered moors M. chelonei and M. sphagni sp. nov. were found, the latter a homologous group of 151 strains. In south Sweden the highest frequency was found in S. balticum, S. recurvum. S. tenellum and S. compactum & molle. (40-65%). In coastal Norway the highest frequency was found in S. rubellum (48%) which offers favourable conditions for the accumulation of solar energy due to the red brown colour in the upper parts. Combined with a high humidity in coastal Norway in summer, this may contribute to the growth of mesophilic mycobacteria. A significant affinity of M. chelonei to S. tenellum was stated.", "PMID": 571666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9638", "title": "The effect of experimental tubal obstruction on the middle ear. Preliminary report.", "content": "The rat was used as a model for studying the effect of tubal obstruction on the middle ear. Animals raised under conventional conditions, SPF- and germ-free animals were used. The predominant findings were: (1) Tubal occlusion causes an effusion of serous fluid into the middle ear cavity and promotes the pathological behaviour of pathogen and non-pathogen symbionts of the middle ear cavity. (2) The germ-free animal is an excellent model for studying the isolated effect of tubal obstruction without the interference of infectious disease. (3) The middle ear reacts towards tubal obstruction by a tendency to resorb and to organize the fluid by phagocytosis and fibrosis of the cavity. Transformation of the epithelium into mucus-producing cells was observed only in those animals which developed a middle ear infection after occlusion. (4) The final result shows a near-totally obliterated middle ear cavity resembling the atelectatic middle ear in humans.", "contents": "The effect of experimental tubal obstruction on the middle ear. Preliminary report. The rat was used as a model for studying the effect of tubal obstruction on the middle ear. Animals raised under conventional conditions, SPF- and germ-free animals were used. The predominant findings were: (1) Tubal occlusion causes an effusion of serous fluid into the middle ear cavity and promotes the pathological behaviour of pathogen and non-pathogen symbionts of the middle ear cavity. (2) The germ-free animal is an excellent model for studying the isolated effect of tubal obstruction without the interference of infectious disease. (3) The middle ear reacts towards tubal obstruction by a tendency to resorb and to organize the fluid by phagocytosis and fibrosis of the cavity. Transformation of the epithelium into mucus-producing cells was observed only in those animals which developed a middle ear infection after occlusion. (4) The final result shows a near-totally obliterated middle ear cavity resembling the atelectatic middle ear in humans.", "PMID": 571662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9639", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: treatment with a combination of antiplatelet drugs.", "content": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease with a vary high mortality. Different modalities of therapy have been tried, but often with no effect. Recently, interest has focused on drugs interfering with platelet function, though few patients have received antiplatelet drugs as the only therapy. We describe a patient with TTP, who recovered completely on a combination therapy with dextran, aspirin and dipyridamole.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: treatment with a combination of antiplatelet drugs. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease with a vary high mortality. Different modalities of therapy have been tried, but often with no effect. Recently, interest has focused on drugs interfering with platelet function, though few patients have received antiplatelet drugs as the only therapy. We describe a patient with TTP, who recovered completely on a combination therapy with dextran, aspirin and dipyridamole.", "PMID": 571667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9640", "title": "[The condition of the Eustachian tube and its influence on the middle ear].", "content": "Any functional disturbance in the auditory tube may be documented morphologically. We demonstrated in case of a block changes within the tubal mucosa and in the adjacent salivary glands. Complete obliteration of the lumen is a very rare instance caused only by severe trauma or as a possible result of heavy inflammatory damage to the mucosa. A lack of ventilation produces in the tympanic cleft a vacuum, followed by a typical effusion out of the altered mucosa. Anaerobic conditions favour hyper and metaplastic transformation of the epithelium. The clinical picture resembles the non-purulent, closed form of otitis, serous otitis media. The missing clearance makes the discharge within the tympanic cleft a great challenge to the mucosa. Granulation tissue proliferates, an enzyme production is initiated and phagocytes help to eliminate or to organize the middle ear content. The clinical picture corresponds to otitis media adhaesiva. If the auditory tube is blocked long enough, the healing result leads to the atelectatic tympanon caused by scare tissue, dystrophic calcification, fatty degeneration of granulation tissue, fibrocystic transformation of the mucosa. The ossicular chain, if not destroyed or interrupted, is fixed. A very dangerous condition is caused by retractionpockets within the ear drum membrane. They give rise to secondary acquired cholesteatoma. In the beginning of the whole process we see the nonfunctioning auditory tube, provoked by an infection. The development of the tubal tonsil and the perivascular aggregations of immunocompetent cells lead to the opinion, that the tube is an immunological not only a mechanical barrier against ascending infections. Favoured by antibiotic treatment the inflammation is localized by the body's own defence within the tympanic tube and causes the blockage, the loss of function, which influences heavily the middle ear and its lining.", "contents": "[The condition of the Eustachian tube and its influence on the middle ear]. Any functional disturbance in the auditory tube may be documented morphologically. We demonstrated in case of a block changes within the tubal mucosa and in the adjacent salivary glands. Complete obliteration of the lumen is a very rare instance caused only by severe trauma or as a possible result of heavy inflammatory damage to the mucosa. A lack of ventilation produces in the tympanic cleft a vacuum, followed by a typical effusion out of the altered mucosa. Anaerobic conditions favour hyper and metaplastic transformation of the epithelium. The clinical picture resembles the non-purulent, closed form of otitis, serous otitis media. The missing clearance makes the discharge within the tympanic cleft a great challenge to the mucosa. Granulation tissue proliferates, an enzyme production is initiated and phagocytes help to eliminate or to organize the middle ear content. The clinical picture corresponds to otitis media adhaesiva. If the auditory tube is blocked long enough, the healing result leads to the atelectatic tympanon caused by scare tissue, dystrophic calcification, fatty degeneration of granulation tissue, fibrocystic transformation of the mucosa. The ossicular chain, if not destroyed or interrupted, is fixed. A very dangerous condition is caused by retractionpockets within the ear drum membrane. They give rise to secondary acquired cholesteatoma. In the beginning of the whole process we see the nonfunctioning auditory tube, provoked by an infection. The development of the tubal tonsil and the perivascular aggregations of immunocompetent cells lead to the opinion, that the tube is an immunological not only a mechanical barrier against ascending infections. Favoured by antibiotic treatment the inflammation is localized by the body's own defence within the tympanic tube and causes the blockage, the loss of function, which influences heavily the middle ear and its lining.", "PMID": 571663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9641", "title": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and transmural myocardial infarction without significant atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic features of transmural myocardial infarction (associated with insignificant or absent atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries) are described in seven patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Marked chronic congestive heart failure associated with supraventricular arrhythmias occurred in six of the seven patients, each of whom had no or mild left ventricular outflow tract obstruction under basal conditions. No patient had typical angina pectoris, and only one patient had clinically evident acute myocardial infarction. Infarction may have caused cardiac arrest in one other patient, but was \"silent\" in the remaining five patients. At necropsy, six of the seven patients had extensive myocardial scarring involving the ventricular septum, left ventricular free wall and one or both left ventricular papillary muscles; in four patients portions of the right ventricular wall were also scarred. Six patients had dilated ventricular cavities, including two who were known to have nondilated ventricular cavities earlier in their clinical course. It is concluded that transmural myocardial infarction in the absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis is a not uncommon finding (prevalence rate 15 percent) in a population of patients who had died from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although transmural infarction is possibly a secondary event, it more likely contributes causally to the clinical deterioration of some patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, leading to ventricular dilatation and progressive fatal cardiac failure.", "contents": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and transmural myocardial infarction without significant atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries. Clinical and morphologic features of transmural myocardial infarction (associated with insignificant or absent atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries) are described in seven patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Marked chronic congestive heart failure associated with supraventricular arrhythmias occurred in six of the seven patients, each of whom had no or mild left ventricular outflow tract obstruction under basal conditions. No patient had typical angina pectoris, and only one patient had clinically evident acute myocardial infarction. Infarction may have caused cardiac arrest in one other patient, but was \"silent\" in the remaining five patients. At necropsy, six of the seven patients had extensive myocardial scarring involving the ventricular septum, left ventricular free wall and one or both left ventricular papillary muscles; in four patients portions of the right ventricular wall were also scarred. Six patients had dilated ventricular cavities, including two who were known to have nondilated ventricular cavities earlier in their clinical course. It is concluded that transmural myocardial infarction in the absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis is a not uncommon finding (prevalence rate 15 percent) in a population of patients who had died from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although transmural infarction is possibly a secondary event, it more likely contributes causally to the clinical deterioration of some patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, leading to ventricular dilatation and progressive fatal cardiac failure.", "PMID": 571670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9642", "title": "The effect of oral zinc supplementation on plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Oral zinc supplementation with 100 mg zinc sulfate over an 8-week period in 36 patients with cystic fibrosis and 17 siblings did not affect the vitamin A transport system, as evidenced by an absence of consistent and significant quantitative changes in plasma levels of vitamin A, retinol-binding protein, and zinc, nor did the exogenous zinc appear to stimulate growth or exert any clinical benefit to the cystic fibrosis patients. The lack of response to zinc supplementation might be explained by the fact that the group of cystic fibrosis subjects studied was fairly healthy in regard to clinical status and certain blood parameters, including zinc.", "contents": "The effect of oral zinc supplementation on plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in cystic fibrosis. Oral zinc supplementation with 100 mg zinc sulfate over an 8-week period in 36 patients with cystic fibrosis and 17 siblings did not affect the vitamin A transport system, as evidenced by an absence of consistent and significant quantitative changes in plasma levels of vitamin A, retinol-binding protein, and zinc, nor did the exogenous zinc appear to stimulate growth or exert any clinical benefit to the cystic fibrosis patients. The lack of response to zinc supplementation might be explained by the fact that the group of cystic fibrosis subjects studied was fairly healthy in regard to clinical status and certain blood parameters, including zinc.", "PMID": 571673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9643", "title": "Congenital cystic malformation of the lung. A form of congenital bronchiolar (\"adenomatoid\") malformation.", "content": "Of 41 cases of cystic lungs in children, 21 were found by microscopy to be due to congenital cystic malformation. In most of the remainder, chronic inflammation and fibrosis precluded differentiation from postinflammatory pneumatocele. A few were intermediate between cystic malformation and congenital lobar emphysema. The cystic malformations were 17 surgical and four necropsy specimens, and two thirds of the patients were under 1 year old. The condition was unilobar, and the cysts were thin-walled, up to 8 cm in diameter, multiple or multilocular, and microscopically resembled proliferated, dilated bronchioles communicating with alveoli. There was a wide range of size, shape, and number of cysts, and no sharp demarcation from adenomatoid malformation in stillborn infants. Thus, bronchiolar malformations fall into two overlapping clinicopathologic groups: (1) adenomatoid malformation in edematous stillborn and premature infants with perdominantly solid lobes showing more epithelial proliferation and immature terminal airways and (2) cystic malformation in term infants and children with predominantly cystic lobes and interspresed mature alveoli.", "contents": "Congenital cystic malformation of the lung. A form of congenital bronchiolar (\"adenomatoid\") malformation. Of 41 cases of cystic lungs in children, 21 were found by microscopy to be due to congenital cystic malformation. In most of the remainder, chronic inflammation and fibrosis precluded differentiation from postinflammatory pneumatocele. A few were intermediate between cystic malformation and congenital lobar emphysema. The cystic malformations were 17 surgical and four necropsy specimens, and two thirds of the patients were under 1 year old. The condition was unilobar, and the cysts were thin-walled, up to 8 cm in diameter, multiple or multilocular, and microscopically resembled proliferated, dilated bronchioles communicating with alveoli. There was a wide range of size, shape, and number of cysts, and no sharp demarcation from adenomatoid malformation in stillborn infants. Thus, bronchiolar malformations fall into two overlapping clinicopathologic groups: (1) adenomatoid malformation in edematous stillborn and premature infants with perdominantly solid lobes showing more epithelial proliferation and immature terminal airways and (2) cystic malformation in term infants and children with predominantly cystic lobes and interspresed mature alveoli.", "PMID": 571674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9644", "title": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia.", "content": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and postdiarrheal hemolytic-uremia syndrome (HUS) developed in a 15-month-old boy after he ingested unpasteurized goat's milk. The epidemiology of this organism and the disease states caused by it are discussed with the suggestion that an association between it and some cases of the HUS might be found if sought.", "contents": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and postdiarrheal hemolytic-uremia syndrome (HUS) developed in a 15-month-old boy after he ingested unpasteurized goat's milk. The epidemiology of this organism and the disease states caused by it are discussed with the suggestion that an association between it and some cases of the HUS might be found if sought.", "PMID": 571675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9645", "title": "Campylobacter fetus infection in human subjects: association with raw milk.", "content": "Within a three week period, four cases of Campylobacter fetus infection were identified in a hospital in Los Angeles County. Three of the four patients had drunk large quantities of an identical brand of commercially available certified raw milk. Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni was isolated from the blood of these three patients. The fourth patient, who did not drink raw milk, had Campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis isolated from his blood. A telephone survey comparing cases and controls for possible risk factors associated with Campylobacter fetus infection confirmed the association with raw milk (P = 0.003). In a serologic survey, evidence suggested that Campylobacter fetus infection was associated with raw milk consumption.", "contents": "Campylobacter fetus infection in human subjects: association with raw milk. Within a three week period, four cases of Campylobacter fetus infection were identified in a hospital in Los Angeles County. Three of the four patients had drunk large quantities of an identical brand of commercially available certified raw milk. Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni was isolated from the blood of these three patients. The fourth patient, who did not drink raw milk, had Campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis isolated from his blood. A telephone survey comparing cases and controls for possible risk factors associated with Campylobacter fetus infection confirmed the association with raw milk (P = 0.003). In a serologic survey, evidence suggested that Campylobacter fetus infection was associated with raw milk consumption.", "PMID": 571676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9646", "title": "Reversed septal curvature. Association with primary pulmonary hypertension and Shone syndrome.", "content": "In the normal heart the interventricular septum is curved concave to the left and functions as a component of the left ventricular wall. We have studied the hearts of five patients at autopsy, after postmortem angiography and fixation in distention, in which the septum was concave to the right ventricle. These patients ranged in age from eight months to 25 years (average, 16 years); three had primary pulmonary hypertension, and two had coarctation of the aorta and congenital aortic stenosis. Catheterization studies in the latter two patients had demonstrated subaortic stenosis. At autopsy there was no evidence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy or of abnormal septal myocardial fiber disarray. The right ventricles were markedly hypertrophied. In each, the septal curvature was reversed leading to protrusion of septal muscle into the left ventricular outflow tract with marked narrowing of the outflow tract. Since the septal configuration is determined early in life, this abnormality of ventricular topography  may develop primarilary or it may develop in hearts subject to early as well as long-standing right ventricular overload.", "contents": "Reversed septal curvature. Association with primary pulmonary hypertension and Shone syndrome. In the normal heart the interventricular septum is curved concave to the left and functions as a component of the left ventricular wall. We have studied the hearts of five patients at autopsy, after postmortem angiography and fixation in distention, in which the septum was concave to the right ventricle. These patients ranged in age from eight months to 25 years (average, 16 years); three had primary pulmonary hypertension, and two had coarctation of the aorta and congenital aortic stenosis. Catheterization studies in the latter two patients had demonstrated subaortic stenosis. At autopsy there was no evidence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy or of abnormal septal myocardial fiber disarray. The right ventricles were markedly hypertrophied. In each, the septal curvature was reversed leading to protrusion of septal muscle into the left ventricular outflow tract with marked narrowing of the outflow tract. Since the septal configuration is determined early in life, this abnormality of ventricular topography  may develop primarilary or it may develop in hearts subject to early as well as long-standing right ventricular overload.", "PMID": 571677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9647", "title": "Immune complexes in uveitis.", "content": "We determined the incidence of immune complex increases, the nature of immune complexes, and the correlation between the immune complex level and clinical uveitis status in patients with chronic iridocyclitis and chronic diffuse uveitis. Ten of 16 patients with chronic iridocyclitis had increased levels of immune complexes, and this correlated with disease activity. Immune complexes were detected in ten of 12 patients with chronic diffuse uveitis. These complexes have a molecular weight of approximately 2 X 10(6) daltons. The antibody component of immune complex is IgG; however; the antigenic component of the immune complexes is unclear.", "contents": "Immune complexes in uveitis. We determined the incidence of immune complex increases, the nature of immune complexes, and the correlation between the immune complex level and clinical uveitis status in patients with chronic iridocyclitis and chronic diffuse uveitis. Ten of 16 patients with chronic iridocyclitis had increased levels of immune complexes, and this correlated with disease activity. Immune complexes were detected in ten of 12 patients with chronic diffuse uveitis. These complexes have a molecular weight of approximately 2 X 10(6) daltons. The antibody component of immune complex is IgG; however; the antigenic component of the immune complexes is unclear.", "PMID": 571679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9648", "title": "Valvar subcoronary aortic stenosis in dogs.", "content": "A technique for producing valvar aortic stenosis is described. The noncoronary sinus of Valsalva is plicated externally at a level proximal to the origin of the coronary arteries. The major intraoperative problems are hemorrhage, acute left ventricular failure, and heart block, all of which can be avoided. The survival rate in 26 dogs was 54% and all the survivors remained active. Moderate left ventricular hypertrophy was produced.", "contents": "Valvar subcoronary aortic stenosis in dogs. A technique for producing valvar aortic stenosis is described. The noncoronary sinus of Valsalva is plicated externally at a level proximal to the origin of the coronary arteries. The major intraoperative problems are hemorrhage, acute left ventricular failure, and heart block, all of which can be avoided. The survival rate in 26 dogs was 54% and all the survivors remained active. Moderate left ventricular hypertrophy was produced.", "PMID": 571680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9649", "title": "[Genetic aspects of depressive illness (author's transl)].", "content": "Depressive syndromes are a group of heterogenous mental disorders. On the basis of genetic studies, one distinguishes between bipolar and unipolar depression. Hereditary transmission varies according to the type of depressive syndrome, and is still the subject of controversies. The place of schizoaffective syndromes remains unclear in the nosology of depression.", "contents": "[Genetic aspects of depressive illness (author's transl)]. Depressive syndromes are a group of heterogenous mental disorders. On the basis of genetic studies, one distinguishes between bipolar and unipolar depression. Hereditary transmission varies according to the type of depressive syndrome, and is still the subject of controversies. The place of schizoaffective syndromes remains unclear in the nosology of depression.", "PMID": 571687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9650", "title": "Cyproheptadine in the management of the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome.", "content": "We evaluated long-term treatment with the antiserotonergic agent cyproheptadine in the management of the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Fifteen women with a mean initial serum prolactin of 37 +/- 7 ng/mL received 16 to 24 mg of cyproheptadine daily; they had a significant decrease in prolactin concentration at 8 and at 16 weeks (P less than 0.01). Gonadotropin responses were variable, but no significant changes were recorded during treatment. Ten of the 15 women had menstrual bleeding while receiving cyproheptadine, seven had decreased galactorrhea, and two had cessation of galactorrhea. The side effects of treatment were transient drowsiness and weight gain. We conclude that long-term treatment of the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with cyproheptadine is effective in lowering serum prolactin in patients with mildly elevated or normal levels. Its effect on fertility remains to be ascertained.", "contents": "Cyproheptadine in the management of the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. We evaluated long-term treatment with the antiserotonergic agent cyproheptadine in the management of the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Fifteen women with a mean initial serum prolactin of 37 +/- 7 ng/mL received 16 to 24 mg of cyproheptadine daily; they had a significant decrease in prolactin concentration at 8 and at 16 weeks (P less than 0.01). Gonadotropin responses were variable, but no significant changes were recorded during treatment. Ten of the 15 women had menstrual bleeding while receiving cyproheptadine, seven had decreased galactorrhea, and two had cessation of galactorrhea. The side effects of treatment were transient drowsiness and weight gain. We conclude that long-term treatment of the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with cyproheptadine is effective in lowering serum prolactin in patients with mildly elevated or normal levels. Its effect on fertility remains to be ascertained.", "PMID": 571691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9651", "title": "[Special hormone-determined constitutional types in women from the anthropological viewpoint].", "content": "The question is examined, whether in females hormonal determined constitution types are present which would require a different dosage of the estrogen respectively gestagen portion in the compound of ovulation inhibitors. Various aspects of constitution biology as well as of hormone physiology connected with this question are discussed in detail. Provided that a coherence between the hormonal balance and the constitutional type would be present, ovulation inhibitors could be dosed for the estrogen respectively gestagen portion. However, until now such a coherence could not be proved convincingly.", "contents": "[Special hormone-determined constitutional types in women from the anthropological viewpoint]. The question is examined, whether in females hormonal determined constitution types are present which would require a different dosage of the estrogen respectively gestagen portion in the compound of ovulation inhibitors. Various aspects of constitution biology as well as of hormone physiology connected with this question are discussed in detail. Provided that a coherence between the hormonal balance and the constitutional type would be present, ovulation inhibitors could be dosed for the estrogen respectively gestagen portion. However, until now such a coherence could not be proved convincingly.", "PMID": 571693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9652", "title": "Induction of colitis in hamsters by topical application of antibiotics.", "content": "Syrian hamsters are exquisitely sensitive to clindamycin; as little as 1 mg/kg of clindamycin given systemically causes a fatal colitis. Clindamycin and erythromycin were applied topically daily to the shaved backs of Syrian hamsters in a hydroalcoholic vehicle. A daily dose of 0.1 mg of clindamycin was lethal to more than half the hamsters and 1 mg to all the animals. The antibiotic-associated toxin from Clostridium difficile was present in their cecal material. Based on body surface areas and estimated usual volumes applied, the lethal dose in hamsters is not dissimilar to that given humans for acne. Oral tetracycline therapy protected the animals from clindamycin toxicity, but the animals died three days after stopping tetracycline if topical clindamycin applications were continued.", "contents": "Induction of colitis in hamsters by topical application of antibiotics. Syrian hamsters are exquisitely sensitive to clindamycin; as little as 1 mg/kg of clindamycin given systemically causes a fatal colitis. Clindamycin and erythromycin were applied topically daily to the shaved backs of Syrian hamsters in a hydroalcoholic vehicle. A daily dose of 0.1 mg of clindamycin was lethal to more than half the hamsters and 1 mg to all the animals. The antibiotic-associated toxin from Clostridium difficile was present in their cecal material. Based on body surface areas and estimated usual volumes applied, the lethal dose in hamsters is not dissimilar to that given humans for acne. Oral tetracycline therapy protected the animals from clindamycin toxicity, but the animals died three days after stopping tetracycline if topical clindamycin applications were continued.", "PMID": 571698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9653", "title": "Differential motility of diploid rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "When rabbit spermatozoa were suspended in a fluid column and incubated for a period of 2.5 hr, there was a change in the relative distribution of morphologically normal, abnormal, and dead spermatozoa. Live, morphologically normal spermatozoa were concentrated in the lower levels of the column, whereas dead and most morphologically abnormal spermatozoa were distributed throughout the upper levels. It appears that the motility of various types of morphologically abnormal rabbit spermatozoa is impaired. These observations strengthen the proposal that the cervix plays an essentially passive role in the selection of spermatozoa during sperm transport in mammals with vaginal insemination.", "contents": "Differential motility of diploid rabbit spermatozoa. When rabbit spermatozoa were suspended in a fluid column and incubated for a period of 2.5 hr, there was a change in the relative distribution of morphologically normal, abnormal, and dead spermatozoa. Live, morphologically normal spermatozoa were concentrated in the lower levels of the column, whereas dead and most morphologically abnormal spermatozoa were distributed throughout the upper levels. It appears that the motility of various types of morphologically abnormal rabbit spermatozoa is impaired. These observations strengthen the proposal that the cervix plays an essentially passive role in the selection of spermatozoa during sperm transport in mammals with vaginal insemination.", "PMID": 571701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9654", "title": "Morphology and fertility of guinea pig spermatozoa aged in vivo.", "content": "The morphology and fertility of spermatozoa from vasa deferentia of guinea pigs were observed following hemicastration or castration for approximately 40 days. The morphology of these aged sperm was studied from living and fixed preparations. Fertilizing ability was assayed by artificial insemination of estrous females and subsequent counting of embryos. Spermatozoa underwent morphological changes including dissociation of rouleaux, curving of tails, and loss of acrosomes; physiological changes included a decline in the number of sperm with progressive motility and increased numbers of immotile spermatozoa with time after the operations. The fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa was maintained for approximately 30 days in both groups. However, sperm from one of the hemicastrated males resulted in conception 36 days postoperation. The data suggest that the loss of motility and decline in fertilizing ability were the result of spermatozoa senescence rather than testicular androgen deficiency.", "contents": "Morphology and fertility of guinea pig spermatozoa aged in vivo. The morphology and fertility of spermatozoa from vasa deferentia of guinea pigs were observed following hemicastration or castration for approximately 40 days. The morphology of these aged sperm was studied from living and fixed preparations. Fertilizing ability was assayed by artificial insemination of estrous females and subsequent counting of embryos. Spermatozoa underwent morphological changes including dissociation of rouleaux, curving of tails, and loss of acrosomes; physiological changes included a decline in the number of sperm with progressive motility and increased numbers of immotile spermatozoa with time after the operations. The fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa was maintained for approximately 30 days in both groups. However, sperm from one of the hemicastrated males resulted in conception 36 days postoperation. The data suggest that the loss of motility and decline in fertilizing ability were the result of spermatozoa senescence rather than testicular androgen deficiency.", "PMID": 571702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9655", "title": "Acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Another cause for hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis.", "content": "Severe hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia developed in a 56-year-old man with Laennec's cirrhosis. Rather than having one or more of the expected causes for these problems associated with cirrhosis, he proved to have acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Treatment with platelet antiaggregant drugs and exchange plasmapheresis was ineffective in controlling the disease. The presence of advanced liver disease may precipitate or complicate this unusual syndrome.", "contents": "Acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Another cause for hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis. Severe hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia developed in a 56-year-old man with Laennec's cirrhosis. Rather than having one or more of the expected causes for these problems associated with cirrhosis, he proved to have acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Treatment with platelet antiaggregant drugs and exchange plasmapheresis was ineffective in controlling the disease. The presence of advanced liver disease may precipitate or complicate this unusual syndrome.", "PMID": 571703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9656", "title": "Enumeration of bacteria forming acetate from H2 and CO2 in anaerobic habitats.", "content": "A method has been worked out that allows the detection and isolation of bacteria fermenting molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide to acetic acid. The ratio of methanogenic to acetogenic bacteria in sludge and lake sediment samples has been found to be approximately 100 to 1. Acetogenic bacteria could not be detected in rumen samples.", "contents": "Enumeration of bacteria forming acetate from H2 and CO2 in anaerobic habitats. A method has been worked out that allows the detection and isolation of bacteria fermenting molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide to acetic acid. The ratio of methanogenic to acetogenic bacteria in sludge and lake sediment samples has been found to be approximately 100 to 1. Acetogenic bacteria could not be detected in rumen samples.", "PMID": 571704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9657", "title": "Effect of temporarily increased ionic strength and of urea on stability of DNA complexes with native and acetylated BPTI.", "content": "Hyperchromism of DNA-BPTI and DNA-acetylated BPTI complexes following dialysis/re-dialysis against solutions of increasing/decreasing concentrations of NaCl, urea or urea and NaCl, amounted to ca 50% of hyperchromism values obtained with free DNA or non-dialyzed complexes Stability of DNA-BPTI and DNA-acetylated BPTI complexes subjected to a temporary effect of NaCl, urea or urea and NaCl resembled stability of the complexes in the presence of Nacl or urea. The presence of all three geometrical DNA forms was detected in re-dialyzed DNA-BPTI and DNA-acetylated BPTI complexes. Possible mechanisms of interaction between BPTI and DNA are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of temporarily increased ionic strength and of urea on stability of DNA complexes with native and acetylated BPTI. Hyperchromism of DNA-BPTI and DNA-acetylated BPTI complexes following dialysis/re-dialysis against solutions of increasing/decreasing concentrations of NaCl, urea or urea and NaCl, amounted to ca 50% of hyperchromism values obtained with free DNA or non-dialyzed complexes Stability of DNA-BPTI and DNA-acetylated BPTI complexes subjected to a temporary effect of NaCl, urea or urea and NaCl resembled stability of the complexes in the presence of Nacl or urea. The presence of all three geometrical DNA forms was detected in re-dialyzed DNA-BPTI and DNA-acetylated BPTI complexes. Possible mechanisms of interaction between BPTI and DNA are discussed.", "PMID": 571705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9658", "title": "Interaction of DNA with guanidylated BPTI.", "content": "It was shown that guanidylated BPTI complexed with DNA stablized the native structure of the latter. It was found that hyperchromism values of DNA-guanidylated BPTI complexes, dialyzed against increasing and redialized against decreasing concentrations of NaCl or urea, amount ot ca 50% of hyperchromism values of free DNA or nondialyzed complexes. All three geometric forms of DNA were detected in DNA-guanidylated BPTI complexes subjected to the transient action of NaCl or urea.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA with guanidylated BPTI. It was shown that guanidylated BPTI complexed with DNA stablized the native structure of the latter. It was found that hyperchromism values of DNA-guanidylated BPTI complexes, dialyzed against increasing and redialized against decreasing concentrations of NaCl or urea, amount ot ca 50% of hyperchromism values of free DNA or nondialyzed complexes. All three geometric forms of DNA were detected in DNA-guanidylated BPTI complexes subjected to the transient action of NaCl or urea.", "PMID": 571706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9659", "title": "[Spur development in chick embryos].", "content": "Normal development of spurs and horny squamae have been studied in histological preparations obtained from the skin of tarsometatarsus in 8--16-day-old embryos. During the first, initial stage of development, by means of rearrangement of cellular matter and cell migration, three main parts of the spur are layed down -- the horny cover, the spur body and the fibrovascular cushion. For the second stage, vigorous growth of the spur germ at the expense of proliferative activity of its cells is characteristic. At the third stage (after hatching) in males, the spur body outgrows and the bony core is formed. Morphogenesis of the horny squama can be devided into two stages. At the initial stages by means of condensing cellular elements, squamous papilla and horny shell are layed down. The fibrovascular cushion is absent. The second stage is similar to the spur one and is characterized by growth of all the germ parts at the expense of cell proliferation. Comparing morphogeneses of the squama and the spur, it is possible to conclude that phylogenetic transformation of the squama into the spur is performed by two means (modi) of phyloembryogenesis: by means of adding new signs of development to the initial terminal stages of its morphogenesis.", "contents": "[Spur development in chick embryos]. Normal development of spurs and horny squamae have been studied in histological preparations obtained from the skin of tarsometatarsus in 8--16-day-old embryos. During the first, initial stage of development, by means of rearrangement of cellular matter and cell migration, three main parts of the spur are layed down -- the horny cover, the spur body and the fibrovascular cushion. For the second stage, vigorous growth of the spur germ at the expense of proliferative activity of its cells is characteristic. At the third stage (after hatching) in males, the spur body outgrows and the bony core is formed. Morphogenesis of the horny squama can be devided into two stages. At the initial stages by means of condensing cellular elements, squamous papilla and horny shell are layed down. The fibrovascular cushion is absent. The second stage is similar to the spur one and is characterized by growth of all the germ parts at the expense of cell proliferation. Comparing morphogeneses of the squama and the spur, it is possible to conclude that phylogenetic transformation of the squama into the spur is performed by two means (modi) of phyloembryogenesis: by means of adding new signs of development to the initial terminal stages of its morphogenesis.", "PMID": 571708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9660", "title": "Alterations of ocular motility in cerebellar pathology. An electro-oculographic study.", "content": "Saccadic as well as smooth pursuit movements were studied by means of electro-oculograms in a group of 14 patients affected by cerebellar diseases. Ten patients had cerebellar atrophies, and four had undergone surgery for cerebellar tumors. Loss of gain of the pursuit system and metric alteration of saccades were the most striking abnormalities observed. Dysmetria was shown to be related to the amplitude of the movement and to the sector of the perimeter within which the movement occurs (movements occurring in the more eccentric sector were more disturbed). A tendency to produce saccades slower than normal was noted in patients affected by olivopontocerebellar atrophy. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of this finding is discussed with particular reference to Wadia-Swaami hereditary ataxia.", "contents": "Alterations of ocular motility in cerebellar pathology. An electro-oculographic study. Saccadic as well as smooth pursuit movements were studied by means of electro-oculograms in a group of 14 patients affected by cerebellar diseases. Ten patients had cerebellar atrophies, and four had undergone surgery for cerebellar tumors. Loss of gain of the pursuit system and metric alteration of saccades were the most striking abnormalities observed. Dysmetria was shown to be related to the amplitude of the movement and to the sector of the perimeter within which the movement occurs (movements occurring in the more eccentric sector were more disturbed). A tendency to produce saccades slower than normal was noted in patients affected by olivopontocerebellar atrophy. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of this finding is discussed with particular reference to Wadia-Swaami hereditary ataxia.", "PMID": 571709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9661", "title": "Internal ophthalmoplegia after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation.", "content": "Internal ophthalmoplegia was found in eight eyes of four patients with juvenile-onset diabetes. All eight eyes had received argon laser panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Internal ophthalmoplegia was not found in any of the 14 eyes of seven patients with juvenile diabetes who had not had photocoagulation treatment. This group included one patient in whom internal ophthalmoplegia was present after treatment. Laser injury to the short ciliary nerves, as they course anteriorly on the inner surface of the sclera, is the probable cause of internal ophthalmoplegia in these patients. To my knowledge, this complication has not been reported previously, but it appears to be a common side effect of PRP.", "contents": "Internal ophthalmoplegia after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation. Internal ophthalmoplegia was found in eight eyes of four patients with juvenile-onset diabetes. All eight eyes had received argon laser panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Internal ophthalmoplegia was not found in any of the 14 eyes of seven patients with juvenile diabetes who had not had photocoagulation treatment. This group included one patient in whom internal ophthalmoplegia was present after treatment. Laser injury to the short ciliary nerves, as they course anteriorly on the inner surface of the sclera, is the probable cause of internal ophthalmoplegia in these patients. To my knowledge, this complication has not been reported previously, but it appears to be a common side effect of PRP.", "PMID": 571710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9662", "title": "Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in ovine ovarian follicles in vitro by human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Cholesterol biosynthesis from DL-[2-14C]mevalonic acid ([14C]MVA) was demonstrated in ovine ovarian follicles and isolated thecal tissues and granulosal cells incubated in vitro. Thecal tissues more readily synthesized cholesterol than did granulosal cells when incubated separately, but in the intact follicle the newly synthesized cholesterol distributed evenly between the two tissue layers, indicating that the theca could act as a supplementary source of cholesterol for the granulosal cells. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) added to the incubation medium was found to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis from [14C]MVA by intact follicles and isolated thecal tissues, but not granulosal cells. This hCG-induced inhibition was evident in whole follicles incubated for 12--48 h, but not at 3--6 h, and was demonstrated in thecal tissues incubated for 3 h. In all cases where inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis was observed, 14C label accumulated in a product characterized by thin layer and vapour phase chromatography as lanosterol, implying that the hCG block lies between lanosterol and cholesterol. Treatment of follicles with hCG also reduced the amount of 14C label incorporated into the cholesteryl ester fraction. These changes were accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the tissue content of cholesteryl ester, but there were no changes in the specific activities to indicate that newly synthesized cholesteryl ester was used selectively as a substrate for progestin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in ovine ovarian follicles in vitro by human chorionic gonadotrophin. Cholesterol biosynthesis from DL-[2-14C]mevalonic acid ([14C]MVA) was demonstrated in ovine ovarian follicles and isolated thecal tissues and granulosal cells incubated in vitro. Thecal tissues more readily synthesized cholesterol than did granulosal cells when incubated separately, but in the intact follicle the newly synthesized cholesterol distributed evenly between the two tissue layers, indicating that the theca could act as a supplementary source of cholesterol for the granulosal cells. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) added to the incubation medium was found to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis from [14C]MVA by intact follicles and isolated thecal tissues, but not granulosal cells. This hCG-induced inhibition was evident in whole follicles incubated for 12--48 h, but not at 3--6 h, and was demonstrated in thecal tissues incubated for 3 h. In all cases where inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis was observed, 14C label accumulated in a product characterized by thin layer and vapour phase chromatography as lanosterol, implying that the hCG block lies between lanosterol and cholesterol. Treatment of follicles with hCG also reduced the amount of 14C label incorporated into the cholesteryl ester fraction. These changes were accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the tissue content of cholesteryl ester, but there were no changes in the specific activities to indicate that newly synthesized cholesteryl ester was used selectively as a substrate for progestin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 571711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9663", "title": "Progesterone and corticosteroids in the initiation of lactation in the sow.", "content": "The concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion from individual glands of two sows increased significantly (P less than 0.01) between 0 and 24 h after parturition. In six sows studied during the perinatal period there was a negative correlation (r = -0.80; P less than 0.02) at parturition between the concentration of progesterone in the blood and the concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion. Furthermore, the increase in concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion after parturition was related to the timing of the decline of plasma progesterone to low levels. The results indicate that the initiation of lactation occurs within 24 h of parturition in most sows, and the results are consistent with the hypothesis that progesterone withdrawal acts as the 'trigger'. Neither the changes in corticosteroid binding globulin nor the changes in total corticosteroids were temporally related to the initiation of lactation. However, a circadian rhythm was observed for total corticosteroids in the blood of three out of nine lactating and pregnant sows, whereas no circadian rhythm was observed in progesterone of the four pregnant sows. The results are discussed in relation to the disease complex mastitis-metritis-agalactia.", "contents": "Progesterone and corticosteroids in the initiation of lactation in the sow. The concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion from individual glands of two sows increased significantly (P less than 0.01) between 0 and 24 h after parturition. In six sows studied during the perinatal period there was a negative correlation (r = -0.80; P less than 0.02) at parturition between the concentration of progesterone in the blood and the concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion. Furthermore, the increase in concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion after parturition was related to the timing of the decline of plasma progesterone to low levels. The results indicate that the initiation of lactation occurs within 24 h of parturition in most sows, and the results are consistent with the hypothesis that progesterone withdrawal acts as the 'trigger'. Neither the changes in corticosteroid binding globulin nor the changes in total corticosteroids were temporally related to the initiation of lactation. However, a circadian rhythm was observed for total corticosteroids in the blood of three out of nine lactating and pregnant sows, whereas no circadian rhythm was observed in progesterone of the four pregnant sows. The results are discussed in relation to the disease complex mastitis-metritis-agalactia.", "PMID": 571712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9664", "title": "Milk production of grazing dairy cattle after a single anthelmintic treatment.", "content": "The prevalence of nematode infections in lactating dairy cattle was determined by faecal egg counts and cultures from over 350 cows selected at random from twelve herds. The mean egg count was 3 eggs per gram (epg) and 43% of the cows sampled were passing detectable concentrations of eggs (greater than 6 eggs) in their faeces. In June 1976 171 cows in 10 herds were treated with 7.5 mg/kg fenbendazole and their milk production compared over the following 2 months with that of 164 untreated cows in the same herds. Anthelmintic treatment had no significant influence on milk production in any of the herds. The contrasting results of this study and recent studies in the United States of America are discussed.", "contents": "Milk production of grazing dairy cattle after a single anthelmintic treatment. The prevalence of nematode infections in lactating dairy cattle was determined by faecal egg counts and cultures from over 350 cows selected at random from twelve herds. The mean egg count was 3 eggs per gram (epg) and 43% of the cows sampled were passing detectable concentrations of eggs (greater than 6 eggs) in their faeces. In June 1976 171 cows in 10 herds were treated with 7.5 mg/kg fenbendazole and their milk production compared over the following 2 months with that of 164 untreated cows in the same herds. Anthelmintic treatment had no significant influence on milk production in any of the herds. The contrasting results of this study and recent studies in the United States of America are discussed.", "PMID": 571714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9665", "title": "Dermatophilosis of sheep association with dipping and effects on production.", "content": "In a trial to ascertain the effect of dipping on dermatophilosis and production in Merino sheep it was found that sheep which had been dipped had more lesions and produced less wool than undipped sheep. Sheep dipped in water or water plus diazinon had more mortalities associated with dermatophilosis than sheep dipped in arsenic or not dipped. The arsenic appeared to aid healing. There were more mortalities in the sheep dipped in water or water plus diazinon one day after shearing than those dipped 10 days after shearing.", "contents": "Dermatophilosis of sheep association with dipping and effects on production. In a trial to ascertain the effect of dipping on dermatophilosis and production in Merino sheep it was found that sheep which had been dipped had more lesions and produced less wool than undipped sheep. Sheep dipped in water or water plus diazinon had more mortalities associated with dermatophilosis than sheep dipped in arsenic or not dipped. The arsenic appeared to aid healing. There were more mortalities in the sheep dipped in water or water plus diazinon one day after shearing than those dipped 10 days after shearing.", "PMID": 571715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9666", "title": "Effects of brief exposure of domestic fowl to very intense acceleration fields.", "content": "Since biological responses to high sustained Gz (HSGz) are determined largely by field intensity and duration of exposure, a series of experiments was arranged to emphasize the effects of field intensity. Male Rhode Island Red chickens were given a single standard exposure of 1 min to a field, which increased from 5-18 +Gz for the series. Acceleration-induced changes were observed in heart rate during and after the treatment, and in lymphocyte frequency and body mass maintenance subsequently. Generally, there was an increasing bradycardia and lymphopenia, which was proportional to field strength. Above 13 G, normal growth and even the maintenance of a pre-treatment body mass were impaired.", "contents": "Effects of brief exposure of domestic fowl to very intense acceleration fields. Since biological responses to high sustained Gz (HSGz) are determined largely by field intensity and duration of exposure, a series of experiments was arranged to emphasize the effects of field intensity. Male Rhode Island Red chickens were given a single standard exposure of 1 min to a field, which increased from 5-18 +Gz for the series. Acceleration-induced changes were observed in heart rate during and after the treatment, and in lymphocyte frequency and body mass maintenance subsequently. Generally, there was an increasing bradycardia and lymphopenia, which was proportional to field strength. Above 13 G, normal growth and even the maintenance of a pre-treatment body mass were impaired.", "PMID": 571716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9667", "title": "Development capacity of artemia cysts and lettuce seeds flown in Cosmos 936 and directly exposed to cosmic rays.", "content": "Developmental capacity of Artemia cysts and chromosomal aberration frequency in lettuce seeds, flown aboard Cosmos 936 have been investigated. Biological objects were located inside or outside the spacecraft. Lettuce seeds were stuck on plastic plates and sandwiched in cellulose sheets in order to discriminate the objects hit by the cosmic heavy ions from the ones not hit. The absorbed dose inside the spacecraft was about 650 mrad. Biological objects were located at different levels in the \"outside\" container; absorbed doses were 1.5 rad for lettuce seeds and 30 rad for Artemia cysts. There was no change in hatch-ability of Artemia cysts located inside or outside the spacecraft when eggs were tested 2-4 months after recovery, but a marked decrease was observed in eggs 9 months after the space flight. Survival of larvae and adults was normal in \"inside\" eggs, but decreased in \"outside\" eggs. Space flight also resulted in a higher frequency of single chromosomal aberrations in cells developed from \"inside and outside\", hit and non-hit seeds. This highest percentage of multiple chromosomal aberrations occurred in seeds hit by the heavy ions.", "contents": "Development capacity of artemia cysts and lettuce seeds flown in Cosmos 936 and directly exposed to cosmic rays. Developmental capacity of Artemia cysts and chromosomal aberration frequency in lettuce seeds, flown aboard Cosmos 936 have been investigated. Biological objects were located inside or outside the spacecraft. Lettuce seeds were stuck on plastic plates and sandwiched in cellulose sheets in order to discriminate the objects hit by the cosmic heavy ions from the ones not hit. The absorbed dose inside the spacecraft was about 650 mrad. Biological objects were located at different levels in the \"outside\" container; absorbed doses were 1.5 rad for lettuce seeds and 30 rad for Artemia cysts. There was no change in hatch-ability of Artemia cysts located inside or outside the spacecraft when eggs were tested 2-4 months after recovery, but a marked decrease was observed in eggs 9 months after the space flight. Survival of larvae and adults was normal in \"inside\" eggs, but decreased in \"outside\" eggs. Space flight also resulted in a higher frequency of single chromosomal aberrations in cells developed from \"inside and outside\", hit and non-hit seeds. This highest percentage of multiple chromosomal aberrations occurred in seeds hit by the heavy ions.", "PMID": 571717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9668", "title": "Molecular and tissue-specific heterogeneity in HPRT deficiency.", "content": "In several patients with different degrees of HPRT deficiencies, residual activities have been determined in both lysed and intact erythrocytes. No close correlation could be found between the degree of HPRT deficiency and the severity of the clinical expression. Unless HPRT activity in both intact and lysed erythrocytes was below detection level, the residual activity in intact red blood cells was higher than in lysates. Tissue-specific heterogeneity was illustrated with a patient suffering from X-linked gout. Lysates from erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cultured fibroblasts showed 1%, 8%, and 100% of normal HPRT activity, respectively. Characterization of the erythrocyte and fibroblast HPRT from this patient showed no kinetic abnormalities. However, there was a decreased heat stability. It is concluded that for a better understanding of the pathophysiology in HPRT deficiency studies on nucleated cells from the different tissues are needed.", "contents": "Molecular and tissue-specific heterogeneity in HPRT deficiency. In several patients with different degrees of HPRT deficiencies, residual activities have been determined in both lysed and intact erythrocytes. No close correlation could be found between the degree of HPRT deficiency and the severity of the clinical expression. Unless HPRT activity in both intact and lysed erythrocytes was below detection level, the residual activity in intact red blood cells was higher than in lysates. Tissue-specific heterogeneity was illustrated with a patient suffering from X-linked gout. Lysates from erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cultured fibroblasts showed 1%, 8%, and 100% of normal HPRT activity, respectively. Characterization of the erythrocyte and fibroblast HPRT from this patient showed no kinetic abnormalities. However, there was a decreased heat stability. It is concluded that for a better understanding of the pathophysiology in HPRT deficiency studies on nucleated cells from the different tissues are needed.", "PMID": 571718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9669", "title": "N-terminal sequences of uteroglobin and its precursor.", "content": "Translation of uteroglobin mRNA in wheat-germ extract has yielded a precursor protein (pre-uteroglobin) containing an N-terminal extension of 21 amino acid residues. The sequence of this extension and that of the 50 N-terminal amino acid residues of uteroglobin have been determined.", "contents": "N-terminal sequences of uteroglobin and its precursor. Translation of uteroglobin mRNA in wheat-germ extract has yielded a precursor protein (pre-uteroglobin) containing an N-terminal extension of 21 amino acid residues. The sequence of this extension and that of the 50 N-terminal amino acid residues of uteroglobin have been determined.", "PMID": 571719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9670", "title": "Distinction between progestin- and glucocorticoid-binding sites in mammary glands. Apparent lack of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors in lactating mammary glands.", "content": "The cytosol fraction of the lactating mammary glands of mice does not appear to contain detectable amounts of progesterone receptors. Mixing experiments indicate that the absence of receptors is not due to interference by other factors in the cytosol. However, in the cytosol of mammary glands, there is specific binding or progestins to certain low-affinity sites which have characteristics of specific glucocorticoid-binding sites.", "contents": "Distinction between progestin- and glucocorticoid-binding sites in mammary glands. Apparent lack of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors in lactating mammary glands. The cytosol fraction of the lactating mammary glands of mice does not appear to contain detectable amounts of progesterone receptors. Mixing experiments indicate that the absence of receptors is not due to interference by other factors in the cytosol. However, in the cytosol of mammary glands, there is specific binding or progestins to certain low-affinity sites which have characteristics of specific glucocorticoid-binding sites.", "PMID": 571720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9671", "title": "[Interaction of an anti-arrhythmic drug (bunaftine) with cardiac myosin].", "content": "The interaction of Bunaphtine with cardiac myosin has been investigated by means the method of differential spectra. The results demonstrate the existence of a qualitative variation of the spectrum, which indicates an effective interaction drug-protein.", "contents": "[Interaction of an anti-arrhythmic drug (bunaftine) with cardiac myosin]. The interaction of Bunaphtine with cardiac myosin has been investigated by means the method of differential spectra. The results demonstrate the existence of a qualitative variation of the spectrum, which indicates an effective interaction drug-protein.", "PMID": 571726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9672", "title": "[Influence of hydrocortisone on the response to noradrenaline of segments of isolated coronary arteries in the presence of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent].", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone on the noradrenaline-induces contraction, after propranolol, was studied in vitro. Contraction of response to noradrenaline were increased by hydrocortisone. We suggest that the hydrocortisone influence depends on inhibition of catecol-O-metiltransferase (COMT).", "contents": "[Influence of hydrocortisone on the response to noradrenaline of segments of isolated coronary arteries in the presence of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent]. The effect of hydrocortisone on the noradrenaline-induces contraction, after propranolol, was studied in vitro. Contraction of response to noradrenaline were increased by hydrocortisone. We suggest that the hydrocortisone influence depends on inhibition of catecol-O-metiltransferase (COMT).", "PMID": 571728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9673", "title": "[Influence of 6-methylprednisolone on responses of isolated coronary arteries to adrenaline].", "content": "The effect of 6-Methylprednisolone on the adrenaline-induced relaxation was studied in vitro. Relaxation of response to adrenaline increased by 6-Methylprednisolone. We suggest that the 6-Methylprednisolone influence influence depends on inhibition of Catecol-O-methyl transferase (COMT).", "contents": "[Influence of 6-methylprednisolone on responses of isolated coronary arteries to adrenaline]. The effect of 6-Methylprednisolone on the adrenaline-induced relaxation was studied in vitro. Relaxation of response to adrenaline increased by 6-Methylprednisolone. We suggest that the 6-Methylprednisolone influence influence depends on inhibition of Catecol-O-methyl transferase (COMT).", "PMID": 571729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9674", "title": "[Influence of dexamethasone on the responses of isolated coronary arteries to adrenaline].", "content": "The effect of Dexamethasone on the adrenaline-induced relaxation was studied in vitro. Relaxation of response to adrenaline increased by Dexamethasone. We suggest that the Dexamethasone influence depends on inhibition of Catecol-O-methyl transferase (COMT).", "contents": "[Influence of dexamethasone on the responses of isolated coronary arteries to adrenaline]. The effect of Dexamethasone on the adrenaline-induced relaxation was studied in vitro. Relaxation of response to adrenaline increased by Dexamethasone. We suggest that the Dexamethasone influence depends on inhibition of Catecol-O-methyl transferase (COMT).", "PMID": 571730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9675", "title": "Changes in gonadotrophin and ovarian hormone levels during the estrous cycle of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus).", "content": "Daily blood samples over a fifteen day period were obtained from two adult female black-tailed deer and circulating levels of progesterone, estrogens, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay. LH levels showed an apogee at the time when there was observed estrous behaviour. The length of the estrous cycle appeared to be 7 days. Progesterone levels peaked just subsequent to the LH peak. High estrogen levels coincided with high progesterone and prolactin levels. FSH reached maximum levels prior to peak estrogen levels. LH and FSH levels reached maxima on different days. There were two steroid peaks between the LH apogees.", "contents": "Changes in gonadotrophin and ovarian hormone levels during the estrous cycle of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). Daily blood samples over a fifteen day period were obtained from two adult female black-tailed deer and circulating levels of progesterone, estrogens, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay. LH levels showed an apogee at the time when there was observed estrous behaviour. The length of the estrous cycle appeared to be 7 days. Progesterone levels peaked just subsequent to the LH peak. High estrogen levels coincided with high progesterone and prolactin levels. FSH reached maximum levels prior to peak estrogen levels. LH and FSH levels reached maxima on different days. There were two steroid peaks between the LH apogees.", "PMID": 571734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9676", "title": "Steady-state kinetic study of action of ribonuclease A, involving a conformational change between 30 and 40 degrees C.", "content": "The steady-state kinetics of the reaction of ribonuclease A with cyclic cytidine 2',3'-phosphate as substrate are investigated as a function of temperature at pH 5 and ionic strength 0.1 M. The results suggest, but cannot prove, that a conformational change near 32 degrees C is involved in the rate-limiting step of the reaction mechanism. This conformational change is proposed to be the same one that was observed in studies of the free enzyme and of enzyme-inhibitor complexes near the same temperature.", "contents": "Steady-state kinetic study of action of ribonuclease A, involving a conformational change between 30 and 40 degrees C. The steady-state kinetics of the reaction of ribonuclease A with cyclic cytidine 2',3'-phosphate as substrate are investigated as a function of temperature at pH 5 and ionic strength 0.1 M. The results suggest, but cannot prove, that a conformational change near 32 degrees C is involved in the rate-limiting step of the reaction mechanism. This conformational change is proposed to be the same one that was observed in studies of the free enzyme and of enzyme-inhibitor complexes near the same temperature.", "PMID": 571735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9677", "title": "Cell adhesion and acquisition of detergent resistance by the cytoskeleton of cultured chick fibroblasts.", "content": "About 30% of the proteins of adherent cultured chick embryo fibroblasts are not solubilized by the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 and remain firmly attached to the substratum. The insoluble residue contains a considerable part of the cell's cytoskeleton and its major constituents are large external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein, the heavy chain of myosin, a 52,000 molecular weight protein and actin. Kinetic studies reveal that cytoskeleton insolubility in Triton is acquired either concurrently with cell adhesion or very closely with it. Neither cell adhesion nor binding of the Triton cytoskeleton to the substratum require de novo synthesis of protein. In the attempt to assess the role of LETS protein in cytoskeleton attachment, we find that trypsin-detached cells rapidly acquire Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton although their LETS protein content is about 15--20% of its level in long-term cultures. Removal of the great majority of LETS molecules of adherent cultures by either urea or trypsin treatment does not affect the relative amount or composition of the anchored cytoskeletal proteins. Also, LETS protein of cultures exposed to cycloheximide for extended periods of time, is reduced to 10% of its maximum amount without much affecting the attachment and composition of the cytoskeleton. It is deduced that the great majority of LETS protein is not required for the attachment of the Triton cytoskeleton to the substratum.", "contents": "Cell adhesion and acquisition of detergent resistance by the cytoskeleton of cultured chick fibroblasts. About 30% of the proteins of adherent cultured chick embryo fibroblasts are not solubilized by the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 and remain firmly attached to the substratum. The insoluble residue contains a considerable part of the cell's cytoskeleton and its major constituents are large external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein, the heavy chain of myosin, a 52,000 molecular weight protein and actin. Kinetic studies reveal that cytoskeleton insolubility in Triton is acquired either concurrently with cell adhesion or very closely with it. Neither cell adhesion nor binding of the Triton cytoskeleton to the substratum require de novo synthesis of protein. In the attempt to assess the role of LETS protein in cytoskeleton attachment, we find that trypsin-detached cells rapidly acquire Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton although their LETS protein content is about 15--20% of its level in long-term cultures. Removal of the great majority of LETS molecules of adherent cultures by either urea or trypsin treatment does not affect the relative amount or composition of the anchored cytoskeletal proteins. Also, LETS protein of cultures exposed to cycloheximide for extended periods of time, is reduced to 10% of its maximum amount without much affecting the attachment and composition of the cytoskeleton. It is deduced that the great majority of LETS protein is not required for the attachment of the Triton cytoskeleton to the substratum.", "PMID": 571736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9678", "title": "Diminished cerebroside-sulfotransferase activity in the Jimpy mouse mutant due to altered lipid composition in microsomal membranes.", "content": "The mouse mutant Jimpy shows a deficient myelination. In the microsomes of the Jimpy brain, the cerebroside-sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.11) activity is low. The cerebroside-sulfotransferase activity of Jimpy microsomes could be normalised by delipidating the microsomes with cold acetone and adding to them acetone-extracted lipids from normal microsomes. The lipids extracted from Jimpy membranes did not influence the cerebroside-sulfotransferase activity of neither normal nor Jimpy microsomes. The same results were obtained if artificial cholesterol-phospholipid mixtures in ratios corresponding to the ones found in normal and Jimpy membranes were used for recombination experiments. Therefore the diminished enzyme activities in Jimpy microsomes may be related to the lower cholesterol-phospholipid ratio found in the microsomal membranes of the Jimpy mutant.", "contents": "Diminished cerebroside-sulfotransferase activity in the Jimpy mouse mutant due to altered lipid composition in microsomal membranes. The mouse mutant Jimpy shows a deficient myelination. In the microsomes of the Jimpy brain, the cerebroside-sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.11) activity is low. The cerebroside-sulfotransferase activity of Jimpy microsomes could be normalised by delipidating the microsomes with cold acetone and adding to them acetone-extracted lipids from normal microsomes. The lipids extracted from Jimpy membranes did not influence the cerebroside-sulfotransferase activity of neither normal nor Jimpy microsomes. The same results were obtained if artificial cholesterol-phospholipid mixtures in ratios corresponding to the ones found in normal and Jimpy membranes were used for recombination experiments. Therefore the diminished enzyme activities in Jimpy microsomes may be related to the lower cholesterol-phospholipid ratio found in the microsomal membranes of the Jimpy mutant.", "PMID": 571737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9679", "title": "Modulation of membrane structure by Ca2+ and dibucaine as detected by 31P NMR.", "content": "The polymorphic phase behaviour of model membrane systems consisting of 20 mol% bovine brain phosphatidylserine and 80 mol% egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine has been examined employing 31P NMR techniques. It is shown that the addition of Ca2+ to such systems can trigger isothermal bilayer to hexagonal (HII) phase transitions, and that such effects can be reversed by the subsequent incorporation of the local anaesthetic dibucaine. These results are discussed in terms of a recent model for membrane fusion (Cullis, P.R. and Hope, M.J. (1978) Nature 271, 672--674) and mechanisms of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Modulation of membrane structure by Ca2+ and dibucaine as detected by 31P NMR. The polymorphic phase behaviour of model membrane systems consisting of 20 mol% bovine brain phosphatidylserine and 80 mol% egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine has been examined employing 31P NMR techniques. It is shown that the addition of Ca2+ to such systems can trigger isothermal bilayer to hexagonal (HII) phase transitions, and that such effects can be reversed by the subsequent incorporation of the local anaesthetic dibucaine. These results are discussed in terms of a recent model for membrane fusion (Cullis, P.R. and Hope, M.J. (1978) Nature 271, 672--674) and mechanisms of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 571738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9680", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from soybean nodule cytosol. Evidence for isoenzymes and kinetics of the most active component.", "content": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxylase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.31) from plant cells of soybean nodules was studied to assess its role in providing carbon skeletons for aspartate and asparagine synthesis. The enzyme was purified 119-fold by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose, BioGel A-1.5m, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Five activity bands were resolved with discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A small quantity of enzyme from the most active band was separated from the others by preparative electrophoresis. The apparent Michaelis constants of this enzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate and HCO3- were 9.4.10(-2) and 4.1.10(-1) mM, respectively. A series of metabolite tested at 1 mM had no significant effect on enzyme activity. These experiments indicate that the major factors directly controlling phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in vivo are phosphoenolpypyruvate and HCO3- concentrations.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from soybean nodule cytosol. Evidence for isoenzymes and kinetics of the most active component. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxylase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.31) from plant cells of soybean nodules was studied to assess its role in providing carbon skeletons for aspartate and asparagine synthesis. The enzyme was purified 119-fold by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose, BioGel A-1.5m, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Five activity bands were resolved with discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A small quantity of enzyme from the most active band was separated from the others by preparative electrophoresis. The apparent Michaelis constants of this enzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate and HCO3- were 9.4.10(-2) and 4.1.10(-1) mM, respectively. A series of metabolite tested at 1 mM had no significant effect on enzyme activity. These experiments indicate that the major factors directly controlling phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in vivo are phosphoenolpypyruvate and HCO3- concentrations.", "PMID": 571739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9681", "title": "The nature and origin of common phobic fears.", "content": "By means of a twin study an attempt was made to throw light upon the aetiology and nosology of phobic fears. Factor analyses revealed five factors, namely separation fears, animal fears, mutilation fears, social fears and nature fears. The study demonstrated that, apart from separation fears, genetic factors play a part in the strength as well as content of phobic fears. Environmental factors, affecting the development of dependence, reserve and neurotic traits generally, seemed also to be of some importance. It was further demonstrated that phobic fears were related to emotional and social adjustment and this was true to an even greater extent for separation fears.", "contents": "The nature and origin of common phobic fears. By means of a twin study an attempt was made to throw light upon the aetiology and nosology of phobic fears. Factor analyses revealed five factors, namely separation fears, animal fears, mutilation fears, social fears and nature fears. The study demonstrated that, apart from separation fears, genetic factors play a part in the strength as well as content of phobic fears. Environmental factors, affecting the development of dependence, reserve and neurotic traits generally, seemed also to be of some importance. It was further demonstrated that phobic fears were related to emotional and social adjustment and this was true to an even greater extent for separation fears.", "PMID": 571742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9682", "title": "Amphetamine-induced circling behavior in rats: effects of unilateral microinjections of GABA and GABA-related drugs into substantia nigra.", "content": "In these experiments, the GABA control upon dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons has been investigated using circling behavior in the rat. Chronically cannulated rats were given D-amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p.) 45 min before unilateral microinjection (0.2 microliter/2 min) into the substantia nigra (SN) of GABA, muscimol, chlordiazepoxide (CDP) or bicuculline. Circling behavior was continuously recorded for 165 min using an automated rotometer. (1) Non-microinjected control rats exhibit a 'spontaneous' circling behavior after amphetamine. (2) When applied to the SN contralateral to the preferential side of the 'spontaneous' rotations, saline enhances contraversive circling; GABA (5 X 10(-5)M), CDP (5 X 10(-5)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-7)M, 5 X 10(-8)M) counteract this effect and induce (except CDP) light ipsiversive rotations; GABA (10(-2)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-5)M) further enhance contraversive turning. (3) When applied to the SN ipsilateral to the preferential side of the 'spontaneous' rotations, saline has no marked effect on the ipsiversive circling behavior but induces weak contraversive turning; GABA (5 X 10(-5)M), CDP (5 X 10(-5)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-8)M) enhance the ipsiversive rotations; GABA (10(-2)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-5)M) transiently decrease the ipsiversive circling; bicuculline (5 x 10(-5)M) induces a vigorous contraversive turning associated with a transient inhibition of the ipsiversive rotations. These results suggest that the activity of the nigral neurons is presumably stimulated by the microinjection itself, by bicuculline and, to a lesser extent, by high concentrations of GABA and muscimol, and inhibited by low concentrations of GABA, muscimol and CDP. These findings could further support the hypotheses of a GABAergic inhibitory control upon DA nigrostriatal pathways and of a GABA-like activity of CDP.", "contents": "Amphetamine-induced circling behavior in rats: effects of unilateral microinjections of GABA and GABA-related drugs into substantia nigra. In these experiments, the GABA control upon dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons has been investigated using circling behavior in the rat. Chronically cannulated rats were given D-amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p.) 45 min before unilateral microinjection (0.2 microliter/2 min) into the substantia nigra (SN) of GABA, muscimol, chlordiazepoxide (CDP) or bicuculline. Circling behavior was continuously recorded for 165 min using an automated rotometer. (1) Non-microinjected control rats exhibit a 'spontaneous' circling behavior after amphetamine. (2) When applied to the SN contralateral to the preferential side of the 'spontaneous' rotations, saline enhances contraversive circling; GABA (5 X 10(-5)M), CDP (5 X 10(-5)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-7)M, 5 X 10(-8)M) counteract this effect and induce (except CDP) light ipsiversive rotations; GABA (10(-2)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-5)M) further enhance contraversive turning. (3) When applied to the SN ipsilateral to the preferential side of the 'spontaneous' rotations, saline has no marked effect on the ipsiversive circling behavior but induces weak contraversive turning; GABA (5 X 10(-5)M), CDP (5 X 10(-5)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-8)M) enhance the ipsiversive rotations; GABA (10(-2)M) and muscimol (5 x 10(-5)M) transiently decrease the ipsiversive circling; bicuculline (5 x 10(-5)M) induces a vigorous contraversive turning associated with a transient inhibition of the ipsiversive rotations. These results suggest that the activity of the nigral neurons is presumably stimulated by the microinjection itself, by bicuculline and, to a lesser extent, by high concentrations of GABA and muscimol, and inhibited by low concentrations of GABA, muscimol and CDP. These findings could further support the hypotheses of a GABAergic inhibitory control upon DA nigrostriatal pathways and of a GABA-like activity of CDP.", "PMID": 571751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9683", "title": "Cytoplasmic progestin-receptors in guinea pig brain: characteristics and relationship to the induction of sexual behavior.", "content": "The synthetic progestin, R 5020, was used to measure cytoplasmic progestin receptors in the brain and pituitary gland of ovariectomized guinea pigs. Progestin receptors with a dissociation constant of 0.1--0.3 nM were measured by gel filtration in all brain regions studied, pituitary gland and the uterus. The receptor is progestin-specific; biologically potent progestins compete well against [3H]R 5020 for binding, but androgens, glucocorticoids and estrogens do not. The concentration of the cytoplasmic progestin receptor in hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum and midbrain is decreased in vivo by behaviorally effective doses of progesterone. In the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, preoptic area-septum and midbrain, but not other brain regions, the concentration of progestin receptors increases after estradiol benzoate-priming. The increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic progestin receptors in hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum is dependent on the dose of estradiol benzoate injected. After a single injection of a dose of estradiol benzoate routinely used to facilitate the display of sexual receptivity (1.6 microgram estradiol benzoate/animal), the latency to an increase and subsequent decrease in cytoplasmic progestin receptors in the hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum correlates well with the previously reported time course for progesterone's facilitation of sexual receptivity after estradiol benzoate injection. The experiments are consistent with the notion that brain progestin receptors mediate at least some of the behavioral effects of progesterone.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic progestin-receptors in guinea pig brain: characteristics and relationship to the induction of sexual behavior. The synthetic progestin, R 5020, was used to measure cytoplasmic progestin receptors in the brain and pituitary gland of ovariectomized guinea pigs. Progestin receptors with a dissociation constant of 0.1--0.3 nM were measured by gel filtration in all brain regions studied, pituitary gland and the uterus. The receptor is progestin-specific; biologically potent progestins compete well against [3H]R 5020 for binding, but androgens, glucocorticoids and estrogens do not. The concentration of the cytoplasmic progestin receptor in hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum and midbrain is decreased in vivo by behaviorally effective doses of progesterone. In the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, preoptic area-septum and midbrain, but not other brain regions, the concentration of progestin receptors increases after estradiol benzoate-priming. The increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic progestin receptors in hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum is dependent on the dose of estradiol benzoate injected. After a single injection of a dose of estradiol benzoate routinely used to facilitate the display of sexual receptivity (1.6 microgram estradiol benzoate/animal), the latency to an increase and subsequent decrease in cytoplasmic progestin receptors in the hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum correlates well with the previously reported time course for progesterone's facilitation of sexual receptivity after estradiol benzoate injection. The experiments are consistent with the notion that brain progestin receptors mediate at least some of the behavioral effects of progesterone.", "PMID": 571753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9684", "title": "Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: low frequency in 104 patients treated with heparin of intestinal mucosal origin.", "content": "A prospective study of 104 patients receiving heparin obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa for 4 or more days was conducted to determine the frequency of associated significant thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100 x 10(9)/I on 2 consecutive days). No episodes of significant thrombocytopenia were identified in the 13 patients receiving heparin by continuous intravenous infusion for a mean of 8.0 days or in the 38 patients receiving heparin subcutaneously for a mean of 9.9 days. In 1 of the 26 patients receiving heparin as intermittent intravenous boluses for a mean of 8.2 days significant thrombocytopenia developed; this patient had laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In none of the 17 patients receiving uninterrupted heparin therapy for 4 or more days by more than one route of administration but for less than 4 days by any single route did significant heparin-associated thrombocytopenia develop. Of the 104 patients 13 had one or more platelet counts of less than 150 x 10(9)/I, but in most it was not possible to definitely relate the thrombocytopenia to the heparin therapy. Platelets in normal platelet-rich plasma did not aggregate when heparin and serum from patients with thrombocytopenia were added. The frequency of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia noted in this study was considerably lower than that reported previously.", "contents": "Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: low frequency in 104 patients treated with heparin of intestinal mucosal origin. A prospective study of 104 patients receiving heparin obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa for 4 or more days was conducted to determine the frequency of associated significant thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100 x 10(9)/I on 2 consecutive days). No episodes of significant thrombocytopenia were identified in the 13 patients receiving heparin by continuous intravenous infusion for a mean of 8.0 days or in the 38 patients receiving heparin subcutaneously for a mean of 9.9 days. In 1 of the 26 patients receiving heparin as intermittent intravenous boluses for a mean of 8.2 days significant thrombocytopenia developed; this patient had laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In none of the 17 patients receiving uninterrupted heparin therapy for 4 or more days by more than one route of administration but for less than 4 days by any single route did significant heparin-associated thrombocytopenia develop. Of the 104 patients 13 had one or more platelet counts of less than 150 x 10(9)/I, but in most it was not possible to definitely relate the thrombocytopenia to the heparin therapy. Platelets in normal platelet-rich plasma did not aggregate when heparin and serum from patients with thrombocytopenia were added. The frequency of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia noted in this study was considerably lower than that reported previously.", "PMID": 571755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9685", "title": "Malignant hemangioendothelioma (angiosarcoma) of the salivary gland: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "A case of malignant hemangioendothelioma (angiosarcoma) of the submaxillary salivary gland is reported and its microscopic and ultrastructural features are described and compared to previous reports of angiosarcoma arising in other locations. These tumors may often contain areas of solid sheets of cells without vascular characteristics and may be confused with poorly differentiated carcinoma or other sarcomas. The ultrastructural features of angiosarcoma are compared to other poorly differentiated tumors. It is concluded that the ultrastructural features of angiosarcoma are distinctive and aid in the diagnosis of this neoplasm.", "contents": "Malignant hemangioendothelioma (angiosarcoma) of the salivary gland: an ultrastructural study. A case of malignant hemangioendothelioma (angiosarcoma) of the submaxillary salivary gland is reported and its microscopic and ultrastructural features are described and compared to previous reports of angiosarcoma arising in other locations. These tumors may often contain areas of solid sheets of cells without vascular characteristics and may be confused with poorly differentiated carcinoma or other sarcomas. The ultrastructural features of angiosarcoma are compared to other poorly differentiated tumors. It is concluded that the ultrastructural features of angiosarcoma are distinctive and aid in the diagnosis of this neoplasm.", "PMID": 571756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9686", "title": "Food additives (natural and synthetic).", "content": "Food additives can be divided into the following categories: intentional, unintentional, contaminants, and those resulting from food processing procedures. Representative food additives from each category are discussed, with special attention being paid to the status of those suspected or proven to be toxic to humans. In addition, certain chemical components of food and methods for testing food additives are considered. Areas requiring additional testing include saccharin, cooking procedures, especially charcoal broiling, and hydrozines in mushrooms. The more recent developments in test procedures, including in vitro test methods, the transplacental exposure route, the use of maximal tolerated dose, and the initiation--promotion sequence, are evaluated.", "contents": "Food additives (natural and synthetic). Food additives can be divided into the following categories: intentional, unintentional, contaminants, and those resulting from food processing procedures. Representative food additives from each category are discussed, with special attention being paid to the status of those suspected or proven to be toxic to humans. In addition, certain chemical components of food and methods for testing food additives are considered. Areas requiring additional testing include saccharin, cooking procedures, especially charcoal broiling, and hydrozines in mushrooms. The more recent developments in test procedures, including in vitro test methods, the transplacental exposure route, the use of maximal tolerated dose, and the initiation--promotion sequence, are evaluated.", "PMID": 571757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9687", "title": "Modes of alcohol administration appropriate for the study of the role of alcohol in carcinogenesis.", "content": "The route of alcohol administration used in the experimental study of the role of alcohol in carcinogenesis should mimic the human condition: the p.o. route should, therefore, have major attention. This route appears in concord with epidemiological evidence of alcohol involvement in cancers of the upper digestive tract. The relative advantages of schedule-induced polydipsia, an alcohol solution as the sole fluid source, and an alcohol-containing fluid diet are assessed, as well as the intake of alcohol via the respired air. These routes allow a wide range of daily alcohol doses to be ingested, the largest resulting in continuous intoxication and the development of physical dependence. The equivocal resulta from various already published typical experiments are discussed, indicating the necessity of using a variety of appropriate dosages, dosage routes, and dosage forms in appropriate controls, as well as indicating the necessity of investigating the role of concentration and kind of alcoholic beverage in a variety of strains and species in both sexes and at various ages.", "contents": "Modes of alcohol administration appropriate for the study of the role of alcohol in carcinogenesis. The route of alcohol administration used in the experimental study of the role of alcohol in carcinogenesis should mimic the human condition: the p.o. route should, therefore, have major attention. This route appears in concord with epidemiological evidence of alcohol involvement in cancers of the upper digestive tract. The relative advantages of schedule-induced polydipsia, an alcohol solution as the sole fluid source, and an alcohol-containing fluid diet are assessed, as well as the intake of alcohol via the respired air. These routes allow a wide range of daily alcohol doses to be ingested, the largest resulting in continuous intoxication and the development of physical dependence. The equivocal resulta from various already published typical experiments are discussed, indicating the necessity of using a variety of appropriate dosages, dosage routes, and dosage forms in appropriate controls, as well as indicating the necessity of investigating the role of concentration and kind of alcoholic beverage in a variety of strains and species in both sexes and at various ages.", "PMID": 571761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9688", "title": "Animal models in cancer research which could be useful in studies of the effect of alcohol on cellular immunity.", "content": "Alcohol appears to exert a depressive effect on host immunity. Animal models useful in studying immune responsiveness in cancer research are discussed, which could be of value in studying the effect of alcoholism. Allogeneic tumor grafts are poorly rejected in immunosuppressed mice. Of the four major cellular elements of the immune system, the macrophage appears to have a critical role in immune surveillance. Several conditions occur which abrogate or restrict the tumoricidal activity of macrophages. Stress induced by physical restraint results in depressed macrophage activation. The tumoricidal activation induced in macrophages by interferon was markedly depressed in the presence of the corticosteroids, hydrocortisone, prednisone, and dexamethasone. In addition, prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGE2) also were found to decrease interferon activation of macrophages. Since immune deficiency is a trait of alcoholism and cancer, animal models with defined, measurable, immunological parameters would be useful in studying the effect of alcohol on cellular immunity.", "contents": "Animal models in cancer research which could be useful in studies of the effect of alcohol on cellular immunity. Alcohol appears to exert a depressive effect on host immunity. Animal models useful in studying immune responsiveness in cancer research are discussed, which could be of value in studying the effect of alcoholism. Allogeneic tumor grafts are poorly rejected in immunosuppressed mice. Of the four major cellular elements of the immune system, the macrophage appears to have a critical role in immune surveillance. Several conditions occur which abrogate or restrict the tumoricidal activity of macrophages. Stress induced by physical restraint results in depressed macrophage activation. The tumoricidal activation induced in macrophages by interferon was markedly depressed in the presence of the corticosteroids, hydrocortisone, prednisone, and dexamethasone. In addition, prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGE2) also were found to decrease interferon activation of macrophages. Since immune deficiency is a trait of alcoholism and cancer, animal models with defined, measurable, immunological parameters would be useful in studying the effect of alcohol on cellular immunity.", "PMID": 571762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9689", "title": "Immunochemical properties of phosphatidyl cholesterol and its homologue.", "content": "1,2-Dipalmitoyl-rac-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-3'-cholesterol (PCH) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-20'-(3-hydroxy norpregn-5-ene) (PET) were combined with poly-L-lysine to form a PCH-poly-L-lysine complex and a PET-poly-L-lysine complex, respectively. These complexes were subcutaneously injected into rabbit foot pad with Freund's complete adjuvant. PCH antiserum showed specificites against the phosphatidyl group, the cholesterol moiety and the side chain of cholesterol. PET antiserum contained the specific antibodies against the phosphatidyl group, the cholesterol moiety and the OH-group at the C3 position of the cholesterol molecule.", "contents": "Immunochemical properties of phosphatidyl cholesterol and its homologue. 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-rac-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-3'-cholesterol (PCH) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-20'-(3-hydroxy norpregn-5-ene) (PET) were combined with poly-L-lysine to form a PCH-poly-L-lysine complex and a PET-poly-L-lysine complex, respectively. These complexes were subcutaneously injected into rabbit foot pad with Freund's complete adjuvant. PCH antiserum showed specificites against the phosphatidyl group, the cholesterol moiety and the side chain of cholesterol. PET antiserum contained the specific antibodies against the phosphatidyl group, the cholesterol moiety and the OH-group at the C3 position of the cholesterol molecule.", "PMID": 571767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9690", "title": "Aortoventriculoplasty for tunnel subaortic stenosis and other obstructions of the left ventricular outflow tract. Clinical and hemodynamic results.", "content": "A new therapeutic concept of enlarging the outflow tracts of both ventricles with a patch and inserting an aortic prosthesis has been developed for the treatment of tunnel subaortic stenosis. This operation has been applied clinically since June 1974 on several types of obstruction in the outflow tract of the left ventricle. Twenty-one operations have been performed on 20 patients under the age of 18 years, with an overall mortality of 24% and no late deaths. Seven patients developed complete right bundle branch block or left anterior hemiblock or both as a result of this operation; transient atrioventricular block and complete left bundle branch block occurred in one patient each. In no case, however, did rhythm disturbances contribute to death. In one patient, the septal incision injured a septal coronary artery, with fatal result. Fourteen patients had catheterization studies postoperatively. Although previous conventional surgery had been unsuccessful, aortoventriculoplasty (AoVPI) reduced the mean gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01), from 94.7 +/- 25.5 mm Hg to 14.4 +/- 17.2 mm Hg, leaving the end-diastolic pressure practically unchanged. No significant defect remained in the patch-covered septal incision. Thus, we consider AoVPI to be the operation of choice for tunnel subaortic stenosis, for valvular aortic stenosis with a narrow annulus and in cases where an artificial aortic valve has become too small because of the patient's growth.", "contents": "Aortoventriculoplasty for tunnel subaortic stenosis and other obstructions of the left ventricular outflow tract. Clinical and hemodynamic results. A new therapeutic concept of enlarging the outflow tracts of both ventricles with a patch and inserting an aortic prosthesis has been developed for the treatment of tunnel subaortic stenosis. This operation has been applied clinically since June 1974 on several types of obstruction in the outflow tract of the left ventricle. Twenty-one operations have been performed on 20 patients under the age of 18 years, with an overall mortality of 24% and no late deaths. Seven patients developed complete right bundle branch block or left anterior hemiblock or both as a result of this operation; transient atrioventricular block and complete left bundle branch block occurred in one patient each. In no case, however, did rhythm disturbances contribute to death. In one patient, the septal incision injured a septal coronary artery, with fatal result. Fourteen patients had catheterization studies postoperatively. Although previous conventional surgery had been unsuccessful, aortoventriculoplasty (AoVPI) reduced the mean gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01), from 94.7 +/- 25.5 mm Hg to 14.4 +/- 17.2 mm Hg, leaving the end-diastolic pressure practically unchanged. No significant defect remained in the patch-covered septal incision. Thus, we consider AoVPI to be the operation of choice for tunnel subaortic stenosis, for valvular aortic stenosis with a narrow annulus and in cases where an artificial aortic valve has become too small because of the patient's growth.", "PMID": 571774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9691", "title": "Increased mitral-aortic separation in discrete subaortic stenosis.", "content": "We recently speculated that mitral-aortic separation (MAS) might be increased in discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS). We have examined this hypothesis in 22 heart specimens in which the subaortic obstruction originated on the muscular ventricular septum below the right aortic sinus, either as a discrete band, an accumulation of several bands or a diffuse ridge, and extended posteriorly into the MAS or anterior leaflet of the mitral valve or both, with a variable relationship to the aortic cusps and sinuses. No specimen had ventricular septal defect, supravalvular aortic stenosis or other features of Shone syndrome. The mean MAS was nearly twice that of 80 normal specimens (4.9 vs 2.5 mm), the range of MAS was increased from normal (0.11 vs 0.7 mm) and the mean diameter of the aortic annulus was decreased compared with the normal specimens, data that will be of interest to echo- and angiocardiographers in the clinical description of DSS, and to the surgeon who must resect these lesions.", "contents": "Increased mitral-aortic separation in discrete subaortic stenosis. We recently speculated that mitral-aortic separation (MAS) might be increased in discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS). We have examined this hypothesis in 22 heart specimens in which the subaortic obstruction originated on the muscular ventricular septum below the right aortic sinus, either as a discrete band, an accumulation of several bands or a diffuse ridge, and extended posteriorly into the MAS or anterior leaflet of the mitral valve or both, with a variable relationship to the aortic cusps and sinuses. No specimen had ventricular septal defect, supravalvular aortic stenosis or other features of Shone syndrome. The mean MAS was nearly twice that of 80 normal specimens (4.9 vs 2.5 mm), the range of MAS was increased from normal (0.11 vs 0.7 mm) and the mean diameter of the aortic annulus was decreased compared with the normal specimens, data that will be of interest to echo- and angiocardiographers in the clinical description of DSS, and to the surgeon who must resect these lesions.", "PMID": 571775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9692", "title": "XY gonadal dysgenesis associated with hGH and gonadotrophin deficiencies.", "content": "A girl of remarkably short stature, referred for investigation with the diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis and the finding of a male karyotype, proved to be deficient in growth hormone and gonadotrophin secretion, and was treated with growth and sex hormones. It was concluded that this case demonstrates an apparently casual coincidence of pituitary insufficiency with XY gonadal dysgenesis, evidently the first to be reported.", "contents": "XY gonadal dysgenesis associated with hGH and gonadotrophin deficiencies. A girl of remarkably short stature, referred for investigation with the diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis and the finding of a male karyotype, proved to be deficient in growth hormone and gonadotrophin secretion, and was treated with growth and sex hormones. It was concluded that this case demonstrates an apparently casual coincidence of pituitary insufficiency with XY gonadal dysgenesis, evidently the first to be reported.", "PMID": 571777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9693", "title": "A study of possible heterogeneity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "One possible explanation for the apparently high birth incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a lethal X-linked disorder, is genetic heterogeneity. As a first step in possibly demonstrating genetic heterogeneity, affected boys were sub-divided into those with and without severe mental handicap. In those with severe mental handicap, ages at onset and of becoming confined to a wheelchair were later, the fall in SCK level with age was less marked, and the urinary excretion of certain aminoacids was greater than in affected boys with normal intelligence. Though the number of subjects investigated was relatively small (15 in each group) and further studies are therefore needed, the results suggest that DMD may not be a single disease entity.", "contents": "A study of possible heterogeneity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. One possible explanation for the apparently high birth incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a lethal X-linked disorder, is genetic heterogeneity. As a first step in possibly demonstrating genetic heterogeneity, affected boys were sub-divided into those with and without severe mental handicap. In those with severe mental handicap, ages at onset and of becoming confined to a wheelchair were later, the fall in SCK level with age was less marked, and the urinary excretion of certain aminoacids was greater than in affected boys with normal intelligence. Though the number of subjects investigated was relatively small (15 in each group) and further studies are therefore needed, the results suggest that DMD may not be a single disease entity.", "PMID": 571778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9694", "title": "Multiple birth risk factors and the distribution of handedness.", "content": "In this study, we attempted to maximize the likelihood of replicating Bakan's (1971, 1977a) observations that left-handedness was more probable in college students who were the progeny of \"high-risk\" births. To do this, the relationships between handedness and a combination of factors known to be associated with birth risk were computed. The observed relationships proved to be trivial and thus the validity of Bakan's hypothesis was questionned.", "contents": "Multiple birth risk factors and the distribution of handedness. In this study, we attempted to maximize the likelihood of replicating Bakan's (1971, 1977a) observations that left-handedness was more probable in college students who were the progeny of \"high-risk\" births. To do this, the relationships between handedness and a combination of factors known to be associated with birth risk were computed. The observed relationships proved to be trivial and thus the validity of Bakan's hypothesis was questionned.", "PMID": 571779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9695", "title": "Ligandinuria: an indication of tubular cell necrosis.", "content": "Ligandinuria is a useful index of acute tubular injury. Ligandin probably enters the urine at the time of initial necrosis and should be looked for soon after the toxic or ischemic event. Periodic examination of perfusates for this substance might yield useful information about techniques for storage of cadaver kidneys.", "contents": "Ligandinuria: an indication of tubular cell necrosis. Ligandinuria is a useful index of acute tubular injury. Ligandin probably enters the urine at the time of initial necrosis and should be looked for soon after the toxic or ischemic event. Periodic examination of perfusates for this substance might yield useful information about techniques for storage of cadaver kidneys.", "PMID": 571780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9696", "title": "Electron microscope study of Cryptostroma corticale.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of Cryptostroma corticale has been carried out with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The usual features in fungi, as well as features characteristic of the family, were shown. It was noted that lomasomes and myelin-type structures were demonstrated by the two fixatives used. Their significance is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscope study of Cryptostroma corticale. An ultrastructural study of Cryptostroma corticale has been carried out with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The usual features in fungi, as well as features characteristic of the family, were shown. It was noted that lomasomes and myelin-type structures were demonstrated by the two fixatives used. Their significance is discussed.", "PMID": 571781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9697", "title": "[Basic data in the application of a new intensity distribution in laser treatment of the upper digestive tract].", "content": "A new pattern of intensity distribution of laser beam, in the shape of a \"topfkuchen\" was found to be satisfactory in avoiding perforation when applied to the gastrointestinal tract. Basic data of the optical and thermophysical properties of the different layers in the stomach of pigs were obtained. Using our distribution pattern of intensity we could see a uniform, superficial zone of coagulation. There were no perforations even after the intact mucosa of the stomach was irradiated by 175 Watts for 2 seconds.", "contents": "[Basic data in the application of a new intensity distribution in laser treatment of the upper digestive tract]. A new pattern of intensity distribution of laser beam, in the shape of a \"topfkuchen\" was found to be satisfactory in avoiding perforation when applied to the gastrointestinal tract. Basic data of the optical and thermophysical properties of the different layers in the stomach of pigs were obtained. Using our distribution pattern of intensity we could see a uniform, superficial zone of coagulation. There were no perforations even after the intact mucosa of the stomach was irradiated by 175 Watts for 2 seconds.", "PMID": 571783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9698", "title": "The grasshopper X chromosome. I. States of condensation and the nuclear envelope at G1, S and G2 of premeiotic interphase and at early meiotic prophase.", "content": "The sub-stages of spermatocyte interphase (G1, S and G2) have been identified in the grasshopper Brachystola magna using E.M. autoradiography and serial thin sectioning techniques. The X chromosome occupies a nuclear envelope bound compartment separate from an autosome compartment during G1 and S. At G2 the X compartment is resolved by coalescence of the membranes enveloping the X chromosome and autosome compartments.--At G1 and S, the compartmentalized X chromatin is laced with nuclear membrane material. This X chromatin associated membrane decreases in amount as the cell passes through G2 and enters early meiotic prophase. There are at least 2 and possibly 3 states of condensation of the heterochromatic X during premeiotic interphase and early meiotic prophase correlated with the presence or absence of membrane material associated with the chromatin.--The X chromatin replicates asynchronously with autosomal euchromatin and synchronously with autosomal heterochromatin associated with nucleoli. The X chromatin replication appears to be associated with the nuclear membrane.--The observations indicate that the nuclear membrane is involved with X chromosome condensation and may be implicated in asynchronous X chromosome replication as well.", "contents": "The grasshopper X chromosome. I. States of condensation and the nuclear envelope at G1, S and G2 of premeiotic interphase and at early meiotic prophase. The sub-stages of spermatocyte interphase (G1, S and G2) have been identified in the grasshopper Brachystola magna using E.M. autoradiography and serial thin sectioning techniques. The X chromosome occupies a nuclear envelope bound compartment separate from an autosome compartment during G1 and S. At G2 the X compartment is resolved by coalescence of the membranes enveloping the X chromosome and autosome compartments.--At G1 and S, the compartmentalized X chromatin is laced with nuclear membrane material. This X chromatin associated membrane decreases in amount as the cell passes through G2 and enters early meiotic prophase. There are at least 2 and possibly 3 states of condensation of the heterochromatic X during premeiotic interphase and early meiotic prophase correlated with the presence or absence of membrane material associated with the chromatin.--The X chromatin replicates asynchronously with autosomal euchromatin and synchronously with autosomal heterochromatin associated with nucleoli. The X chromatin replication appears to be associated with the nuclear membrane.--The observations indicate that the nuclear membrane is involved with X chromosome condensation and may be implicated in asynchronous X chromosome replication as well.", "PMID": 571784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9699", "title": "The grasshopper X chromosome. II. Negative heteropycnosis, transcription activities and compartmentation during spermatogonial stages.", "content": "The X chromosome can be identified with the light microscope throughout all stages of the gonial cell cycle (including interphase) in the grasshopper Brachystola magna. At gonial mitotic stages the X chromosome gives the appearance of being undercondensed or negatively heteropycnotic. At interphase the X projects out from the body of the nucleus.--Examination with the electron microscope reveals that the X is compartmentalized at least two gonial cell cycles prior to the entry of the cells into meiotic prophase. The membrane layers that envelope the X chromatin at interphase remain associated with the X chromosome throughout gonial mitotic stages providing the ultrastructural basis for the apparent negative heteropycnosis observed with the light microscope.--The X chromosome is inactive in RNA synthesis during gonial mitotic stages but is hyperactive in RNA synthesis when compared to autosomes at gonial interphase.--X-chromosome condensation which reaches its maximum at premieotic interphase is initiated at or prior to the pre-pentultimate gonial division.", "contents": "The grasshopper X chromosome. II. Negative heteropycnosis, transcription activities and compartmentation during spermatogonial stages. The X chromosome can be identified with the light microscope throughout all stages of the gonial cell cycle (including interphase) in the grasshopper Brachystola magna. At gonial mitotic stages the X chromosome gives the appearance of being undercondensed or negatively heteropycnotic. At interphase the X projects out from the body of the nucleus.--Examination with the electron microscope reveals that the X is compartmentalized at least two gonial cell cycles prior to the entry of the cells into meiotic prophase. The membrane layers that envelope the X chromatin at interphase remain associated with the X chromosome throughout gonial mitotic stages providing the ultrastructural basis for the apparent negative heteropycnosis observed with the light microscope.--The X chromosome is inactive in RNA synthesis during gonial mitotic stages but is hyperactive in RNA synthesis when compared to autosomes at gonial interphase.--X-chromosome condensation which reaches its maximum at premieotic interphase is initiated at or prior to the pre-pentultimate gonial division.", "PMID": 571785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9700", "title": "Effects of sex steroid hormones on arginine vasopressin in intact and castrated male and female rats.", "content": "In the present study we have examined the effects of androgens and estrogens on circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP). Adult male Wistar rats had serum AVP levels of 0.4 microU/ml. Two weeks after bilateral castration, AVP rose to 2.6 microU/ml, but daily testosterone administration (100 microgram/100 g BW) to the castrate males prevented the AVP increase (0.8 microU/ml). During a normal estrous cycle, adult female Wistar rats had AVP values of 0.6 microU/ml during diestrus, 4.6 microU/ml on the morning of proestrus, 1.3 microU/ml on the afternoon or proestrus, and 1.5 microU/ml on the day of estrus. These changes in AVP paralleled the presumed changes in serum estradiol. Two weeks after bilateral ovariectomy of the adult female rats, AVP was 1.4 microU/ml but daily estradiol injections (100 microgram/100 g BW) to the castrate females produced a rise of serum AVP to 5.0 microU/ml. The results suggest an androgen inhibition and an estrogen stimulation of serum AVP levels.", "contents": "Effects of sex steroid hormones on arginine vasopressin in intact and castrated male and female rats. In the present study we have examined the effects of androgens and estrogens on circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP). Adult male Wistar rats had serum AVP levels of 0.4 microU/ml. Two weeks after bilateral castration, AVP rose to 2.6 microU/ml, but daily testosterone administration (100 microgram/100 g BW) to the castrate males prevented the AVP increase (0.8 microU/ml). During a normal estrous cycle, adult female Wistar rats had AVP values of 0.6 microU/ml during diestrus, 4.6 microU/ml on the morning of proestrus, 1.3 microU/ml on the afternoon or proestrus, and 1.5 microU/ml on the day of estrus. These changes in AVP paralleled the presumed changes in serum estradiol. Two weeks after bilateral ovariectomy of the adult female rats, AVP was 1.4 microU/ml but daily estradiol injections (100 microgram/100 g BW) to the castrate females produced a rise of serum AVP to 5.0 microU/ml. The results suggest an androgen inhibition and an estrogen stimulation of serum AVP levels.", "PMID": 571789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9701", "title": "Pineal melatonin concentrations in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Pineal melatonin concentrations exhibited a marked diurnal rhythmicity in gold hamsters maintained in a light-dark cycle of 15 h of light and 10 h of darkness. When tissue was collected at 3-h intervals throughout a 24-h period, daytime levels of 95--232 pg/pineal gland rose to concentrations of 760--1335 pg/pineal gland (P greater than 0.001 vs. all other values) at 0400 h, 8 h after the onset of darkness. When tissue was collected sequentially during the dark phase, pineal melatonin concentrations remained significantly elevated from 0200--0500 h (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001 vs. daytime values, respectively). Superior cervical ganglionectomy abolished the rhythm of pineal melatonin concentrations, and the concentrations were maintained at 60--105 pg/pineal gland throughout a 24-hr period.", "contents": "Pineal melatonin concentrations in the Syrian hamster. Pineal melatonin concentrations exhibited a marked diurnal rhythmicity in gold hamsters maintained in a light-dark cycle of 15 h of light and 10 h of darkness. When tissue was collected at 3-h intervals throughout a 24-h period, daytime levels of 95--232 pg/pineal gland rose to concentrations of 760--1335 pg/pineal gland (P greater than 0.001 vs. all other values) at 0400 h, 8 h after the onset of darkness. When tissue was collected sequentially during the dark phase, pineal melatonin concentrations remained significantly elevated from 0200--0500 h (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001 vs. daytime values, respectively). Superior cervical ganglionectomy abolished the rhythm of pineal melatonin concentrations, and the concentrations were maintained at 60--105 pg/pineal gland throughout a 24-hr period.", "PMID": 571792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9702", "title": "Testicular aromatization in immature rats: localization and stimulation after gonadotropin administration in vivo.", "content": "Aromatization was measured in testicular microsomal preparations obtained from rats treated 3--4 days with FSH, hCG, or vehicle, hCG, but not FSH, was found consistently to stimulate testicular aromatase activity at least 10-fold. As a marker for FSH action, epididymal androgen-binding protein was assayed and found to be 3 times higher in FSH-treated rats than in either hCG or control rats. hCG, but not FSH or vehicle, stimulated serum testosterone levels more than 100-fold. In all groups, aromatase activity in the microsomal fraction was at least 6 times higher than that found in the mitochondrial fraction. In experiments in which testicular compartments were separated, microsomal preparations from interstitial tissue of hCG-treated rats had 5--7 times more aromatase activity than microsomes from seminiferous tubules and 2--3 times more activity than microsomes from whole testes. It is concluded the hCG administered in vivo can stimulate testicular aromatase activity in immature rats, and the increase in activity is localized in the interstitial tissue.", "contents": "Testicular aromatization in immature rats: localization and stimulation after gonadotropin administration in vivo. Aromatization was measured in testicular microsomal preparations obtained from rats treated 3--4 days with FSH, hCG, or vehicle, hCG, but not FSH, was found consistently to stimulate testicular aromatase activity at least 10-fold. As a marker for FSH action, epididymal androgen-binding protein was assayed and found to be 3 times higher in FSH-treated rats than in either hCG or control rats. hCG, but not FSH or vehicle, stimulated serum testosterone levels more than 100-fold. In all groups, aromatase activity in the microsomal fraction was at least 6 times higher than that found in the mitochondrial fraction. In experiments in which testicular compartments were separated, microsomal preparations from interstitial tissue of hCG-treated rats had 5--7 times more aromatase activity than microsomes from seminiferous tubules and 2--3 times more activity than microsomes from whole testes. It is concluded the hCG administered in vivo can stimulate testicular aromatase activity in immature rats, and the increase in activity is localized in the interstitial tissue.", "PMID": 571793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9703", "title": "Estrogen inhibition of dopamine release into hypophysial portal blood.", "content": "The hypothesis that 17 beta-estradiol suppresses dopamine secretion into hypophysial portal blood was tested. Portal plasma concentrations of dopamine were significantly lower in proestrous rats (1.0 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; mean +/- SE) than in estrous rats (1.9 +/- 0.38 ng/ml). To deplete the animal of endogenous steroid hormones, proestrous rats were adrenalectomized (Adx) and ovariectomized (Ovx). Twenty-four hours later, hypophysial portal blood was collected for 60 min, and the plasma from this blood was analyzed for dopamine. Arterial plasma from these rats was assayed for 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone. The concentrations of dopamine in the portal plasma of sham-operated rats and bilaterally Adx-Ovx rats were similar to those in estrous animals. The concentration of dopamine in portal plasma of Adx-Ovs rats injected 24 h earlier with 50 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol was 1.0 +/- 0.31 ng/ml, which was comparable to that in proestrous animals but less than that in the estrous rats. The concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol in arterial plasma were as follows: 24 +/- 8.3 pg/ml in proestrous rats, 40 +/- 2.9 pg/ml in estrous rats, 10 +/- 1.3 pg/ml in Adx-ovx rats, and 96 +/- 17.3 pg/ml in Adx-Ovx rats injected with 50 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol. Twenty-four hours after injection of 25 micrograms 17beta-extradiol into Adx-Ovx rats, the plasma 17beta-estradiol levels were 51 +/- 7.4 pg/ml, and the dopamine concentrations in portal plasma were 1.9 +/- 0.57 ng/ml. It is concluded that an acute effect of 17 beta-estradiol is suppression of hypothalamic secretion of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood.", "contents": "Estrogen inhibition of dopamine release into hypophysial portal blood. The hypothesis that 17 beta-estradiol suppresses dopamine secretion into hypophysial portal blood was tested. Portal plasma concentrations of dopamine were significantly lower in proestrous rats (1.0 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; mean +/- SE) than in estrous rats (1.9 +/- 0.38 ng/ml). To deplete the animal of endogenous steroid hormones, proestrous rats were adrenalectomized (Adx) and ovariectomized (Ovx). Twenty-four hours later, hypophysial portal blood was collected for 60 min, and the plasma from this blood was analyzed for dopamine. Arterial plasma from these rats was assayed for 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone. The concentrations of dopamine in the portal plasma of sham-operated rats and bilaterally Adx-Ovx rats were similar to those in estrous animals. The concentration of dopamine in portal plasma of Adx-Ovs rats injected 24 h earlier with 50 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol was 1.0 +/- 0.31 ng/ml, which was comparable to that in proestrous animals but less than that in the estrous rats. The concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol in arterial plasma were as follows: 24 +/- 8.3 pg/ml in proestrous rats, 40 +/- 2.9 pg/ml in estrous rats, 10 +/- 1.3 pg/ml in Adx-ovx rats, and 96 +/- 17.3 pg/ml in Adx-Ovx rats injected with 50 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol. Twenty-four hours after injection of 25 micrograms 17beta-extradiol into Adx-Ovx rats, the plasma 17beta-estradiol levels were 51 +/- 7.4 pg/ml, and the dopamine concentrations in portal plasma were 1.9 +/- 0.57 ng/ml. It is concluded that an acute effect of 17 beta-estradiol is suppression of hypothalamic secretion of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood.", "PMID": 571795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9704", "title": "Follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone independently increase the production of androgen-binding protein by Sertoli cells in culture.", "content": "Dose-response curves were obtained for the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by Sertoli cells prepared from testes of 20-day-old rats and treated in culture with either FSH or testosterone (T). FSH stimulated ABP production by up to 3.5 times control levels. For NIH-FSH-S11, the ED50 was 3 ng/ml, and for highly purified ovine FSH, the ED50 was 0.066 ng/ml. Addition of T produced a stimulation of up to 3 times control levels; half-maximal response was obtained at a dose of 4 nM. The presence of small numbers of contaminating Leydig cells in some preparations resulted in production of endogenous T, especially when high doses of NIH-FSH, which contains some LH, were employed. A modified preparation method involving exposure of the cells to distilled water reduced the endogenous T production to low levels. In cultures of cells prepared in this way, addition of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate at a concentration high enough to reduce fractional occupancy of androgen receptors by endogenous T to 0.014 or less had no effect on the stimulation by FSH of ABP production in the cultures. In contrast, cyproterone acetate inhibited stimulation by T of ABP production. We conclude that FSH and T act independently on Sertoli cells from immature rats to increase the secretion of ABP.", "contents": "Follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone independently increase the production of androgen-binding protein by Sertoli cells in culture. Dose-response curves were obtained for the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by Sertoli cells prepared from testes of 20-day-old rats and treated in culture with either FSH or testosterone (T). FSH stimulated ABP production by up to 3.5 times control levels. For NIH-FSH-S11, the ED50 was 3 ng/ml, and for highly purified ovine FSH, the ED50 was 0.066 ng/ml. Addition of T produced a stimulation of up to 3 times control levels; half-maximal response was obtained at a dose of 4 nM. The presence of small numbers of contaminating Leydig cells in some preparations resulted in production of endogenous T, especially when high doses of NIH-FSH, which contains some LH, were employed. A modified preparation method involving exposure of the cells to distilled water reduced the endogenous T production to low levels. In cultures of cells prepared in this way, addition of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate at a concentration high enough to reduce fractional occupancy of androgen receptors by endogenous T to 0.014 or less had no effect on the stimulation by FSH of ABP production in the cultures. In contrast, cyproterone acetate inhibited stimulation by T of ABP production. We conclude that FSH and T act independently on Sertoli cells from immature rats to increase the secretion of ABP.", "PMID": 571796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9705", "title": "Serum prolactin concentrations during hormonally induced pseudopregnancy in the rat.", "content": "Treatment of 5-day cyclic rats with 10 or 100 microgram estradiol benzoate on the day of estrus induced a luteal phase in all animals studied. On the other hand, an injection with 1 microgram estradiol benzoate given on the same day failed to induce pseudopregnancy. When 10 mg progesterone were injected on the day of estrus, about 50% of the rats became pseudopregnant, whereas most of the remaining rats had a 6-day cycle. The injection of 10 or 100 microgram estradiol benzoate or 10 mg progesterone induced a period of increased PRL secretion which lasted for 2--4 days, followed by twice daily surges of PRL at the end of the dark and light periods, respectively. It is argued that pseudopregnancy induction by estradiol benzoate or progesterone is primarily a result of the induction of a period of increased PRL secretion. In this way, progesterone secretion by the recently formed corpora lutea is induced, and the elevated levels of progesterone in turn generate diurnal surges of PRL.", "contents": "Serum prolactin concentrations during hormonally induced pseudopregnancy in the rat. Treatment of 5-day cyclic rats with 10 or 100 microgram estradiol benzoate on the day of estrus induced a luteal phase in all animals studied. On the other hand, an injection with 1 microgram estradiol benzoate given on the same day failed to induce pseudopregnancy. When 10 mg progesterone were injected on the day of estrus, about 50% of the rats became pseudopregnant, whereas most of the remaining rats had a 6-day cycle. The injection of 10 or 100 microgram estradiol benzoate or 10 mg progesterone induced a period of increased PRL secretion which lasted for 2--4 days, followed by twice daily surges of PRL at the end of the dark and light periods, respectively. It is argued that pseudopregnancy induction by estradiol benzoate or progesterone is primarily a result of the induction of a period of increased PRL secretion. In this way, progesterone secretion by the recently formed corpora lutea is induced, and the elevated levels of progesterone in turn generate diurnal surges of PRL.", "PMID": 571800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9706", "title": "Endoscopic management of acute gastric anisakiasis.", "content": "Early endoscopy was performed in six cases of acute gastric anisakiasis. Immediately after detecting the larva of anisakis, the larval body was extracted together with its surrounding mucosa by a biopsy forceps. With the removal of the larva, severe colic pain subsided rapidly. Two cases in our series were identified as the stage IV larvae of the anisakis, type I. It was presumed that the stage III larva had exuviated in the human stomach. It is emphasized that endoscopic extraction of larva is the most effective procedure in dealing with acute gastric anisakiasis.", "contents": "Endoscopic management of acute gastric anisakiasis. Early endoscopy was performed in six cases of acute gastric anisakiasis. Immediately after detecting the larva of anisakis, the larval body was extracted together with its surrounding mucosa by a biopsy forceps. With the removal of the larva, severe colic pain subsided rapidly. Two cases in our series were identified as the stage IV larvae of the anisakis, type I. It was presumed that the stage III larva had exuviated in the human stomach. It is emphasized that endoscopic extraction of larva is the most effective procedure in dealing with acute gastric anisakiasis.", "PMID": 571801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9707", "title": "Toxicological studies of shale oils, some of their components, and commercial products.", "content": "Estonian shale oil contains about 25--30% phenols, and their action determines the toxicity of shale oils. The clinical symptoms of intoxication are rather similar, regardless of route of administration. Due to neurotropic action, the coordination of movements is impaired, and clonic and tetanic convulsions, paresis and paralysis of extremities, and narcosis are observed. In subacute and chronic toxicity tests, dysfunction of the central nervous system was found. In long-term (4--6 month) experiments, changes in liver and kidney function were found. Shale oil has gonadotropic activity and causes changes in the sexual cycle as well as diminution of the number of primordial folicles in the ovaries or a decrease in the quantity of normal spermatogonia in testicular germinal epithelium. Shale oils produce local irritation of skin and mucous membranes. Shale oil can induce sensitization of the organism after repeated administration. The results of acute intoxication tests have proved that volatile and nonvolatile phenol fractions, isomeric dimethylphenols, and 5-methylresorcinol, must be characterized as moderately toxic substances; the LD50 ranges from 501 to 1500 mg/kg. The clinical symptoms of acute toxication are similar for all studied phenols (restlessness, unsteadiness, clonic tremor, paresis and paralysis of extremities, and death). In spite of the moderate toxicity of phenols in acute experiments, repeated administration of small doses can cause different changes in the nervous system and internal organs of experimental animals. For all the phenols studied, the maximum allowable concentration in water was limited by their effect on the organoleptic properties of water. The nonactive dose for warm-blooded animals is from 100 to 3000 times the threshold limit value of phenols on the basis of their organoleptic properties. The effect of commercial products of oil shale industry is generally determined by the toxicity of the main components: water-soluble oil shale phenols.", "contents": "Toxicological studies of shale oils, some of their components, and commercial products. Estonian shale oil contains about 25--30% phenols, and their action determines the toxicity of shale oils. The clinical symptoms of intoxication are rather similar, regardless of route of administration. Due to neurotropic action, the coordination of movements is impaired, and clonic and tetanic convulsions, paresis and paralysis of extremities, and narcosis are observed. In subacute and chronic toxicity tests, dysfunction of the central nervous system was found. In long-term (4--6 month) experiments, changes in liver and kidney function were found. Shale oil has gonadotropic activity and causes changes in the sexual cycle as well as diminution of the number of primordial folicles in the ovaries or a decrease in the quantity of normal spermatogonia in testicular germinal epithelium. Shale oils produce local irritation of skin and mucous membranes. Shale oil can induce sensitization of the organism after repeated administration. The results of acute intoxication tests have proved that volatile and nonvolatile phenol fractions, isomeric dimethylphenols, and 5-methylresorcinol, must be characterized as moderately toxic substances; the LD50 ranges from 501 to 1500 mg/kg. The clinical symptoms of acute toxication are similar for all studied phenols (restlessness, unsteadiness, clonic tremor, paresis and paralysis of extremities, and death). In spite of the moderate toxicity of phenols in acute experiments, repeated administration of small doses can cause different changes in the nervous system and internal organs of experimental animals. For all the phenols studied, the maximum allowable concentration in water was limited by their effect on the organoleptic properties of water. The nonactive dose for warm-blooded animals is from 100 to 3000 times the threshold limit value of phenols on the basis of their organoleptic properties. The effect of commercial products of oil shale industry is generally determined by the toxicity of the main components: water-soluble oil shale phenols.", "PMID": 571802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9708", "title": "Levels of benzo(a)pyrene in oil shale industry wastes, some bodies of water in the Estonian S.S.R. and in water organisms.", "content": "Data on the content of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in oil shale industry wastewater, the effectiveness of various effluent treatment processes (evaporation, extraction with butyl acetate, trickling filters, aeration tanks) in reducing the level of BP in oil shale wastewater, the level of BP in various bodies of water of Estonia, and in fish and other water organisms are reviewed. The quantitative determination of BP in concentrated diethyl ether extracts of water samples was carried out by ultraviolet and spectroluminescence procedures by use of the quasi-linear spectra at -196 degrees C in solid paraffins. It has been found that oil shale industry wastewater contains large amounts of BP. The most efficient purification process for removing the BP in oil shale industry phenol water is extraction with butyl acetate. The level of BP in the rivers of the oil shale industry area is comparatively higher than in other bodies of water of the Republic. The concentration of BP in the lakes of the Estonian S.S.R. is on the whole insignificant. Even the maximum concentration found in our lakes is as a rule less than the safety limit for BP in bodies of water (0.005 microgram/l). During water is treated at the waterworks. The effectiveness of the water treatment in reducing the level of BP varies from 11 to 88%. Filtration was found to be the most effective treatment. About 20 samples of fish from nine bodies of water in Estonia have been analyzed for content of BP. The average content of BP in the muscular tissue of various species of fish is as a rule less than 1 microgram/kg. There is no significant difference in the concentration of BP in sea and freshwater fish. There is no important difference in the content of BP in the organs of various fish. Fat fish contain more BP than lean ones. The weight (age) of fish does not influence the content of BP in the muscular tissue of fish.", "contents": "Levels of benzo(a)pyrene in oil shale industry wastes, some bodies of water in the Estonian S.S.R. and in water organisms. Data on the content of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in oil shale industry wastewater, the effectiveness of various effluent treatment processes (evaporation, extraction with butyl acetate, trickling filters, aeration tanks) in reducing the level of BP in oil shale wastewater, the level of BP in various bodies of water of Estonia, and in fish and other water organisms are reviewed. The quantitative determination of BP in concentrated diethyl ether extracts of water samples was carried out by ultraviolet and spectroluminescence procedures by use of the quasi-linear spectra at -196 degrees C in solid paraffins. It has been found that oil shale industry wastewater contains large amounts of BP. The most efficient purification process for removing the BP in oil shale industry phenol water is extraction with butyl acetate. The level of BP in the rivers of the oil shale industry area is comparatively higher than in other bodies of water of the Republic. The concentration of BP in the lakes of the Estonian S.S.R. is on the whole insignificant. Even the maximum concentration found in our lakes is as a rule less than the safety limit for BP in bodies of water (0.005 microgram/l). During water is treated at the waterworks. The effectiveness of the water treatment in reducing the level of BP varies from 11 to 88%. Filtration was found to be the most effective treatment. About 20 samples of fish from nine bodies of water in Estonia have been analyzed for content of BP. The average content of BP in the muscular tissue of various species of fish is as a rule less than 1 microgram/kg. There is no significant difference in the concentration of BP in sea and freshwater fish. There is no important difference in the content of BP in the organs of various fish. Fat fish contain more BP than lean ones. The weight (age) of fish does not influence the content of BP in the muscular tissue of fish.", "PMID": 571803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9709", "title": "The effect of glycosaminoglycans on the in vitro fibril formation of collagen type I and type III.", "content": "The effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on the in vitro collagen fibril formation of type I and type III collagen extracted from rat skin was studied by measuring the optical absorbancy change of collagen-GAG solution during the fibrillary precipitation and following the electronmicroscopic structure of collagen fibrils. The main difference between type I and type III collagen was found in the kinetic of fibrillary precipitation mainly during the logarithmic growth (\"log\") period of fibril formation. Chondroitin sulphate-A (CSA) shortened this phase and affected especially type III collagen which has a longer \"log\" period. No difference was found in the electronmicroscopic structure of collagen fibrils. The supposed biological significance of the results is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The effect of glycosaminoglycans on the in vitro fibril formation of collagen type I and type III. The effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on the in vitro collagen fibril formation of type I and type III collagen extracted from rat skin was studied by measuring the optical absorbancy change of collagen-GAG solution during the fibrillary precipitation and following the electronmicroscopic structure of collagen fibrils. The main difference between type I and type III collagen was found in the kinetic of fibrillary precipitation mainly during the logarithmic growth (\"log\") period of fibril formation. Chondroitin sulphate-A (CSA) shortened this phase and affected especially type III collagen which has a longer \"log\" period. No difference was found in the electronmicroscopic structure of collagen fibrils. The supposed biological significance of the results is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 571811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9710", "title": "Effects of ovariectomy on the oxidative metabolism of the central nervous system and adrenal glands in female hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "We have studied the influence of ovariectomy on the oxidative activity of hypophysis, hypothalamus, posterior cortex, septal area, amygdala and adrenal glands, in female hamsters, because their neuroendocrine behavior seems to differ from that of rats. Our results show a decreasing the O2 uptake in the hypothalamus and adrenal glands and an increase in the rest of the structures.", "contents": "Effects of ovariectomy on the oxidative metabolism of the central nervous system and adrenal glands in female hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). We have studied the influence of ovariectomy on the oxidative activity of hypophysis, hypothalamus, posterior cortex, septal area, amygdala and adrenal glands, in female hamsters, because their neuroendocrine behavior seems to differ from that of rats. Our results show a decreasing the O2 uptake in the hypothalamus and adrenal glands and an increase in the rest of the structures.", "PMID": 571812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9711", "title": "Activation with (+/-)N-n-propyl-nor-apomorphine (NPA) of the male rat copulatory behavior.", "content": "I.p. (+/-)N-n-propyl-nor-apomorphine HCl (NPA) influences copulatory behavior of vigorous adult male rats in the same ways as apomorphine, i.e., it reduces the latency to ejaculation as well as mount and intromission frequency. Furthermore, NPA administered to impotent male rats restores normal mating behavior in some of them.", "contents": "Activation with (+/-)N-n-propyl-nor-apomorphine (NPA) of the male rat copulatory behavior. I.p. (+/-)N-n-propyl-nor-apomorphine HCl (NPA) influences copulatory behavior of vigorous adult male rats in the same ways as apomorphine, i.e., it reduces the latency to ejaculation as well as mount and intromission frequency. Furthermore, NPA administered to impotent male rats restores normal mating behavior in some of them.", "PMID": 571813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9712", "title": "Are there two types of postpill anovulation?", "content": "Anovulation, indicated by requiring treatment with clomiphene or gonadotropins to conceive, was studied in a cohort of 16,583 women interviewed postpartum. There were 2,853 former oral contraceptive users, and 2.2% of them reported anovulation, compared with 2.7% of controls. Among primigravidas, the rates were 4.2% and 4.4% in pill users and controls, respectively. A statistically significant excess of anovulation was reported by former pill users who had been underweight in relation to their height at the time of conception. Independently of pill use, the condition tended to be associated with obesity. Data from this and previous studies suggest that there may be two distinct entities of postpill anovulation: the first, identical with spontaneous secondary anovulation; the second, occurring in slender women who have used oral contraceptives. These findings need confirmation from prospective studies using standard diagnostic criteria.", "contents": "Are there two types of postpill anovulation? Anovulation, indicated by requiring treatment with clomiphene or gonadotropins to conceive, was studied in a cohort of 16,583 women interviewed postpartum. There were 2,853 former oral contraceptive users, and 2.2% of them reported anovulation, compared with 2.7% of controls. Among primigravidas, the rates were 4.2% and 4.4% in pill users and controls, respectively. A statistically significant excess of anovulation was reported by former pill users who had been underweight in relation to their height at the time of conception. Independently of pill use, the condition tended to be associated with obesity. Data from this and previous studies suggest that there may be two distinct entities of postpill anovulation: the first, identical with spontaneous secondary anovulation; the second, occurring in slender women who have used oral contraceptives. These findings need confirmation from prospective studies using standard diagnostic criteria.", "PMID": 571816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9713", "title": "Spermagglutinating antibodies and beta-spermagglutinins in sera from infertile and fertile women.", "content": "Sera from five groups of women were investigated by the tray agglutination technique for the presence of spermagglutinins: (1) 326 women from infertile couples, (2) 51 women in early pregnancy, (3) 65 women in advanced pregnancy, (4) 41 oral contraceptive users, and (5) 109 presumably fertile, nonpregnant women. By absorbing spermagglutinating sera with a cell-free eluate from spermatozoa, agglutination disappeared when due to a high-molecular weight compound with beta-mobility in preparative zone electrophoresis (denoted beta-spermagglutinin), whereas activity due to sperm antibodies was unchanged. Spermagglutinating sera occurred with comparable frequency among women from infertile couples, women in advanced pregnancy, and oral contraceptive users. The absorption study revealed agglutinating antibodies in a significantly higher frequency and in higher titers among women of infertile couples than among fertile women, in whom beta-spermagglutinins were found almost exclusively. These results demonstrate the importance of discriminating between sperm antibodies and beta-spermagglutinins in studies of sperm antibodies as a cause of infertility in women.", "contents": "Spermagglutinating antibodies and beta-spermagglutinins in sera from infertile and fertile women. Sera from five groups of women were investigated by the tray agglutination technique for the presence of spermagglutinins: (1) 326 women from infertile couples, (2) 51 women in early pregnancy, (3) 65 women in advanced pregnancy, (4) 41 oral contraceptive users, and (5) 109 presumably fertile, nonpregnant women. By absorbing spermagglutinating sera with a cell-free eluate from spermatozoa, agglutination disappeared when due to a high-molecular weight compound with beta-mobility in preparative zone electrophoresis (denoted beta-spermagglutinin), whereas activity due to sperm antibodies was unchanged. Spermagglutinating sera occurred with comparable frequency among women from infertile couples, women in advanced pregnancy, and oral contraceptive users. The absorption study revealed agglutinating antibodies in a significantly higher frequency and in higher titers among women of infertile couples than among fertile women, in whom beta-spermagglutinins were found almost exclusively. These results demonstrate the importance of discriminating between sperm antibodies and beta-spermagglutinins in studies of sperm antibodies as a cause of infertility in women.", "PMID": 571817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9714", "title": "Successful treatment of insulin lipoatrophy. A case report.", "content": "Widespread subcutaneous lipoatrophy developed in a nineteen year old female diabetic using subcutaneous bovine NPH insulin. Neither rotation of the injection site nor injection of the same insulin into the atrophic areas affected the lesions. Replacement of the bovine insulin by a porcine preparation given by deep intramuscular injection into the center of the atrophic areas resulted in disappearance of the lesions within a short time.", "contents": "Successful treatment of insulin lipoatrophy. A case report. Widespread subcutaneous lipoatrophy developed in a nineteen year old female diabetic using subcutaneous bovine NPH insulin. Neither rotation of the injection site nor injection of the same insulin into the atrophic areas affected the lesions. Replacement of the bovine insulin by a porcine preparation given by deep intramuscular injection into the center of the atrophic areas resulted in disappearance of the lesions within a short time.", "PMID": 571820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9715", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of sera from cancer patients against cultured cervical cancer cell lines.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of sera from cervical cancer patients mediated by peripheral blood lymphocytes against cervical cancer cell lines was studied. Percentages of reduction of target QG-K by sera from healthy controls and cervical cancer patients were 4.7% and 32.0%, respectively. Sera from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis also exhibited antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the cells. Especially, high degree of activity was observed in the sera from patients with stage IV and the activity decreased to the control level in recurrent cases. The titer of the sera varied against different target cell lines, and the activity was found even at 1:10(4) dilution of the sera. These activities remained after absorption of the serum with other tumor cells. Complement-dependent cytotoxic activity of the sera was not observed. The meaning of the cytotoxic activity of the sera from cervical cancer patients was discussed.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of sera from cancer patients against cultured cervical cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity of sera from cervical cancer patients mediated by peripheral blood lymphocytes against cervical cancer cell lines was studied. Percentages of reduction of target QG-K by sera from healthy controls and cervical cancer patients were 4.7% and 32.0%, respectively. Sera from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis also exhibited antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the cells. Especially, high degree of activity was observed in the sera from patients with stage IV and the activity decreased to the control level in recurrent cases. The titer of the sera varied against different target cell lines, and the activity was found even at 1:10(4) dilution of the sera. These activities remained after absorption of the serum with other tumor cells. Complement-dependent cytotoxic activity of the sera was not observed. The meaning of the cytotoxic activity of the sera from cervical cancer patients was discussed.", "PMID": 571828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9716", "title": "Changing form and function in one ventricle hearts.", "content": "Postnatal changes in morphology of hearts with one functioning ventricle influence physiology, natural history and physical signs. The most important and early changes relate to the acquiring of subpulmonary or subaortic stenosis. For this to occur, the basic anatomy has to be of particular arrangement; investigators should be aware of the problems and search for gradients both at rest and on Isuprel stimulation when the anatomy is appropriately disturbed. Atrio-ventricular valve regurgitation and calcification may also develop. Many changes are predictable from study of the basic pathology and knowledge of them helps to plan management at the correct time in the living patient.", "contents": "Changing form and function in one ventricle hearts. Postnatal changes in morphology of hearts with one functioning ventricle influence physiology, natural history and physical signs. The most important and early changes relate to the acquiring of subpulmonary or subaortic stenosis. For this to occur, the basic anatomy has to be of particular arrangement; investigators should be aware of the problems and search for gradients both at rest and on Isuprel stimulation when the anatomy is appropriately disturbed. Atrio-ventricular valve regurgitation and calcification may also develop. Many changes are predictable from study of the basic pathology and knowledge of them helps to plan management at the correct time in the living patient.", "PMID": 571834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9717", "title": "Clinical use of metoclopramide test in the diagnosis of women with hyperprolactinemia.", "content": "14 women with elevated prolactin (PRL) serum levels (greater than 25 ng/ml) were given 2.5 mg of metoclopramide, by bolus intravenous injection, to evaluate its diagnosic potential as a stimulus for PRL release. Following metoclopramide injection there was a prompt increase in serum PRL in normal subjects and in patients with moderate PRL elevations associated with galactorrhea-oligomenorrhea. The women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea regardless of the presence of absence of a pituitary tumor, showed a blunted response. Metoclopramide failed to induce TSH secretion in all cases. the use of the metoclopramide test provides no additional clinical information to that furnished by the basal serum PRL concentration for the hyperprolactinemic patient.", "contents": "Clinical use of metoclopramide test in the diagnosis of women with hyperprolactinemia. 14 women with elevated prolactin (PRL) serum levels (greater than 25 ng/ml) were given 2.5 mg of metoclopramide, by bolus intravenous injection, to evaluate its diagnosic potential as a stimulus for PRL release. Following metoclopramide injection there was a prompt increase in serum PRL in normal subjects and in patients with moderate PRL elevations associated with galactorrhea-oligomenorrhea. The women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea regardless of the presence of absence of a pituitary tumor, showed a blunted response. Metoclopramide failed to induce TSH secretion in all cases. the use of the metoclopramide test provides no additional clinical information to that furnished by the basal serum PRL concentration for the hyperprolactinemic patient.", "PMID": 571836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9718", "title": "The transsphenoidal surgical approach to the pituitary.", "content": "The operating microscope and intraoperative fluoroscopic monitoring have converted this approach from a blind procedure into a precise operation that permits selective (as well as nonselective) resection of pituitary tumors, often restoring function to normal or near-normal levels. Experience with the technique has also shed new light on the pathophysiology of acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "The transsphenoidal surgical approach to the pituitary. The operating microscope and intraoperative fluoroscopic monitoring have converted this approach from a blind procedure into a precise operation that permits selective (as well as nonselective) resection of pituitary tumors, often restoring function to normal or near-normal levels. Experience with the technique has also shed new light on the pathophysiology of acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 571837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9719", "title": "Fc receptors for human, rabbit and pig antibodies on human eosinophils from normal persons and patients with atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The presence of Fc receptors on eosinophils from normal persons and atopic patients was investigated using a rosetting technique. Normal eosinophils were found to react with pig antibody (32.5% rosettes), rabbit antibody (46,6% rosettes) and human antibody (29.3% rosettes). Eosinophils from atopic dermatitis patients also formed rosettes with these antibodies, but the percentage of rosettes with pig antibody was significantly higher (63,5%; p less than 0.001) than that given by normal eosinophils. A similar result was found with eosinophils from patients with other atopic diseases (asthma and hay fever) suggesting a similar pattern of eosinophil alteration in all atopic patients. On the other hand, eosinophils from patients with non-atopic eczemas did not differ from those of normals.", "contents": "Fc receptors for human, rabbit and pig antibodies on human eosinophils from normal persons and patients with atopic dermatitis. The presence of Fc receptors on eosinophils from normal persons and atopic patients was investigated using a rosetting technique. Normal eosinophils were found to react with pig antibody (32.5% rosettes), rabbit antibody (46,6% rosettes) and human antibody (29.3% rosettes). Eosinophils from atopic dermatitis patients also formed rosettes with these antibodies, but the percentage of rosettes with pig antibody was significantly higher (63,5%; p less than 0.001) than that given by normal eosinophils. A similar result was found with eosinophils from patients with other atopic diseases (asthma and hay fever) suggesting a similar pattern of eosinophil alteration in all atopic patients. On the other hand, eosinophils from patients with non-atopic eczemas did not differ from those of normals.", "PMID": 571841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9720", "title": "Lymphocyte migratory pathways in adjuvant disease. II. Distribution of thoracic duct lymph-borne immunoblasts.", "content": "Evidence for enhanced extravasation of thoracic duct lymph-borne immuno-blasts within joints of rats during the onset of adjuvant disease was sought by adoptive transfer of cells radiolabeled with (125I)-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. Migratory behavior of cells from normal or adjuvant disease donors, during both inductive and overt stages of the disease process, was contrasted in normal and adjuvant disease recipients. The results provided no evidence to indicate enhanced joint-seeking properties of lymph-borne immuno-blasts obtained from adjuvant disease donors, either during the period preceding overt joint involvement or during the phase of chronic inflammation. The ability of lymph-borne cells to passively transfer the disease thus appears more likely due to systemic actions of these cells, mediators produced by them, or concomitantly passaged antigen upon patterns of inflammatory cell mobilization and/or vascular endothelial cell activation.", "contents": "Lymphocyte migratory pathways in adjuvant disease. II. Distribution of thoracic duct lymph-borne immunoblasts. Evidence for enhanced extravasation of thoracic duct lymph-borne immuno-blasts within joints of rats during the onset of adjuvant disease was sought by adoptive transfer of cells radiolabeled with (125I)-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. Migratory behavior of cells from normal or adjuvant disease donors, during both inductive and overt stages of the disease process, was contrasted in normal and adjuvant disease recipients. The results provided no evidence to indicate enhanced joint-seeking properties of lymph-borne immuno-blasts obtained from adjuvant disease donors, either during the period preceding overt joint involvement or during the phase of chronic inflammation. The ability of lymph-borne cells to passively transfer the disease thus appears more likely due to systemic actions of these cells, mediators produced by them, or concomitantly passaged antigen upon patterns of inflammatory cell mobilization and/or vascular endothelial cell activation.", "PMID": 571842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9721", "title": "C142 complement activity and conglutinogen in bovine milk.", "content": "Bovine milk, derived from uninflamed glands in mid-lactation, is shown to contain the complement components of the classical pathway up to C3. Using functional tests, C142 activity and conglutinogenic activity can be demonstrated in undiluted whey. Conglutinin is rarely found in normal milk.", "contents": "C142 complement activity and conglutinogen in bovine milk. Bovine milk, derived from uninflamed glands in mid-lactation, is shown to contain the complement components of the classical pathway up to C3. Using functional tests, C142 activity and conglutinogenic activity can be demonstrated in undiluted whey. Conglutinin is rarely found in normal milk.", "PMID": 571843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9722", "title": "Immune-mediated inflammation in the lumen of the bovine mammary gland.", "content": "Two groups of cows were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) during lactation by a subcutaneous injection of OA either in Freund's complete or incomplet adjuvant; two groups of animals injected with the respective adjuvants only served as controls. Intraluminal infusion of microgram quantities of OA in uninflamed mammary glands elicited inflammation, i.e., release of leukocytes into the milk, only in the animals previously sensitized to OA. This indicates that an antigen-specific inflammatory pathway can be established in the mammary gland by parenteral sensitization. Immune-mediated release of leukocytes into the milk could not be reproduced by infusing complement fixing. OA-anti-OA complexes into the lumen of uninflamed glands of unsensitized cows.", "contents": "Immune-mediated inflammation in the lumen of the bovine mammary gland. Two groups of cows were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) during lactation by a subcutaneous injection of OA either in Freund's complete or incomplet adjuvant; two groups of animals injected with the respective adjuvants only served as controls. Intraluminal infusion of microgram quantities of OA in uninflamed mammary glands elicited inflammation, i.e., release of leukocytes into the milk, only in the animals previously sensitized to OA. This indicates that an antigen-specific inflammatory pathway can be established in the mammary gland by parenteral sensitization. Immune-mediated release of leukocytes into the milk could not be reproduced by infusing complement fixing. OA-anti-OA complexes into the lumen of uninflamed glands of unsensitized cows.", "PMID": 571844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9723", "title": "Immune deficit in patients with lepromatous leprosy: its nature and relation to genetic factors, spectrum, and duration of the illness.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity or hypersensitivity to M. leprae and other unrelated antigens, such as tuberculin and dinitrochlorobenzene, was studied in 73 leprosy patients of different histopathologic types. It was found that specific as well as nonspecific anergy intensified as the disease spectrum shifted from the tuberculoid toward the lepromatous immunologic pole. Within the lepromatous group, the impairment of cellular immunity became more pronounced as the bacillary load increased. It was found that the impairment of the cell-mediated immunity towards antigens other than M. leprae became more severe as the duration of the illness increased. Late lepromin responsiveness, which is the hallmark of resistance of an individual to M. leprae, may be absent even before the onset of clinical illness. Its deficit seems to be primary and has a genetic predisposition.", "contents": "Immune deficit in patients with lepromatous leprosy: its nature and relation to genetic factors, spectrum, and duration of the illness. Cell-mediated immunity or hypersensitivity to M. leprae and other unrelated antigens, such as tuberculin and dinitrochlorobenzene, was studied in 73 leprosy patients of different histopathologic types. It was found that specific as well as nonspecific anergy intensified as the disease spectrum shifted from the tuberculoid toward the lepromatous immunologic pole. Within the lepromatous group, the impairment of cellular immunity became more pronounced as the bacillary load increased. It was found that the impairment of the cell-mediated immunity towards antigens other than M. leprae became more severe as the duration of the illness increased. Late lepromin responsiveness, which is the hallmark of resistance of an individual to M. leprae, may be absent even before the onset of clinical illness. Its deficit seems to be primary and has a genetic predisposition.", "PMID": 571846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9724", "title": "Immunologic shin titration in leprosy patients and contacts.", "content": "A method of studying delayed-type hypersensitivity was developed with specific antigen in leprosy patients and contacts, measuring the dose-response curve at different lepromin concentrations. This \"immunologictitration\" is highly efficient for discriminating the degree of hypersensitivity reactions among the groups tested. With respect to the Fernandez reaction, the results obtained showed that there was a similar behavior in all groups studied, except in the tuberculoid group which had a more intense response, four times higher than that yielded by contacts of lepromatous patients. In the Mitsuda reaction, a similar behavior was also found among the different groups, except with respect to the reactivity intensity of contacts of lepromatous patients. Here it was demonstrated that this group had a significant depression in response to M. leprae antigen when compared with that from the other groups, independent of the degree of consanguinity or closeness to bacilliferous cases. In order to explain this immunosuppression in contacts of lepromatous patients, a hypothesis is proposed. It is suggested that changes could occur in M. leprae derived from lepromatous patients, diminishing their capacity to produce an adequate immune response.", "contents": "Immunologic shin titration in leprosy patients and contacts. A method of studying delayed-type hypersensitivity was developed with specific antigen in leprosy patients and contacts, measuring the dose-response curve at different lepromin concentrations. This \"immunologictitration\" is highly efficient for discriminating the degree of hypersensitivity reactions among the groups tested. With respect to the Fernandez reaction, the results obtained showed that there was a similar behavior in all groups studied, except in the tuberculoid group which had a more intense response, four times higher than that yielded by contacts of lepromatous patients. In the Mitsuda reaction, a similar behavior was also found among the different groups, except with respect to the reactivity intensity of contacts of lepromatous patients. Here it was demonstrated that this group had a significant depression in response to M. leprae antigen when compared with that from the other groups, independent of the degree of consanguinity or closeness to bacilliferous cases. In order to explain this immunosuppression in contacts of lepromatous patients, a hypothesis is proposed. It is suggested that changes could occur in M. leprae derived from lepromatous patients, diminishing their capacity to produce an adequate immune response.", "PMID": 571847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9725", "title": "The cellular basis for extremity bone loss in leprosy.", "content": "Osteoclasts and osteolytic osteocytes have been observed in the majority of 60 samples of bone taken from five patients with lepromatous or tuberculoid leprosy. These results are interpreted to mean that bone loss in patients with leprosy is an acceleration of a normal cellular process and not the result of avascular necrosis. The acceleration of bone resorption could be due to local release of products from M. leprae or host cells, a hypothesis testable by organ culture methods. The presence of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells in bone samples in this and previous studies is discussed with respect to recent evidence of a role for lymphoid cells in bone resorption.", "contents": "The cellular basis for extremity bone loss in leprosy. Osteoclasts and osteolytic osteocytes have been observed in the majority of 60 samples of bone taken from five patients with lepromatous or tuberculoid leprosy. These results are interpreted to mean that bone loss in patients with leprosy is an acceleration of a normal cellular process and not the result of avascular necrosis. The acceleration of bone resorption could be due to local release of products from M. leprae or host cells, a hypothesis testable by organ culture methods. The presence of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells in bone samples in this and previous studies is discussed with respect to recent evidence of a role for lymphoid cells in bone resorption.", "PMID": 571848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9726", "title": "Pathologic changes in testis and epididymis of infertile leprotic males.", "content": "Thirty-two cases of male infertility in patients having leprosy were studied. One case was oligospermic and the remaining 31 cases were azoospermic. Pathologic changes in the testis and epididymis are described and illustrated. An important observation was the presence of obstruction in the tail of the epididymis in five cases and this obstruction was undoubtedly the cause of sterility in these five cases as the head of the epididymis was full of sperm and testicular biopsy was more or less normal. In the remaining 27 cases, the cause of sterility was testicular affection with fibrosis and hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules in most of the cases.", "contents": "Pathologic changes in testis and epididymis of infertile leprotic males. Thirty-two cases of male infertility in patients having leprosy were studied. One case was oligospermic and the remaining 31 cases were azoospermic. Pathologic changes in the testis and epididymis are described and illustrated. An important observation was the presence of obstruction in the tail of the epididymis in five cases and this obstruction was undoubtedly the cause of sterility in these five cases as the head of the epididymis was full of sperm and testicular biopsy was more or less normal. In the remaining 27 cases, the cause of sterility was testicular affection with fibrosis and hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules in most of the cases.", "PMID": 571849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9727", "title": "Reversal reaction: the prevention of permanent nerve damage. Comparison of short and long-term steroid treatment.", "content": "Borderline leprosy patients with a reversal reaction were studied and short-term steroid treatment compared with prolonged steroid treatment using voluntary muscle testing (VMT) to assess the results. Prolonged steroid treatment was shown to be superior to short-term treatment and free of harmful effects. It is concluded that with the described antireaction treatment, permanent nerve damage can be prevented, provided that the reversal reaction is detected in time (within 3-4 months).", "contents": "Reversal reaction: the prevention of permanent nerve damage. Comparison of short and long-term steroid treatment. Borderline leprosy patients with a reversal reaction were studied and short-term steroid treatment compared with prolonged steroid treatment using voluntary muscle testing (VMT) to assess the results. Prolonged steroid treatment was shown to be superior to short-term treatment and free of harmful effects. It is concluded that with the described antireaction treatment, permanent nerve damage can be prevented, provided that the reversal reaction is detected in time (within 3-4 months).", "PMID": 571856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9728", "title": "Actin filaments in cells of human trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal.", "content": "With subfragment-one of myosin used as the histochemical marker, actin filament distribution was mapped in cells of the aqueous outflow pathway. In uveal, corneal-scleral and juxtacanalicular meshwork cells, bundles of actin filaments were present along the basal cytoplasm. Some of these bundles terminated at adhesion plaques. Juxtacanalicular meshwork cells contained, in addition to bundles, randomly oriented actin filaments at the end of cell extensions. Giant vacuoles in the inner wall of Schlemm's canal did not have actin filaments associated with their membranes; there were, however, intermediate filaments present along the membrane. Bundles of actin filaments were also found within the cells of both inner and external walls of Schlemm's canal. Cells of both the meshwork and inner wall of Schlemm's canal had actin filaments extending out into the cytoplasm from cell junctions. In all areas of the meshwork and especially in the area external to Schlemm's canal, cells were observed which had a cytoplasm, very rich in actin filaments. These cells had characteristics common to smooth muscle cells. The actin filaments of cells of the aqueous outflow pathway could have any or all of several functions. Bundles of filaments in the meshwork could contract to lift and separate trabecular sheets and/or, through their association with adhesion plaques, they could stabilize cells on their collagen substrate, thus acting as cytoskeletal struts. Randomly oriented actin filaments, noted particularly in cells of the juxtacanalicular meshwork, may play a role in phagocytosis. Actin filaments found in association with junctions may be important structures for maintaining cell-to-cell contacts. Lack of actin filaments around giant vacuoles in Schlemm's canal indicates that they do not play a role in shuttling aqueous across the endothelium of the canal. The significance of \"actin-rich\" cells in the meshwork and those external to Schlemm's canal is unknown.", "contents": "Actin filaments in cells of human trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. With subfragment-one of myosin used as the histochemical marker, actin filament distribution was mapped in cells of the aqueous outflow pathway. In uveal, corneal-scleral and juxtacanalicular meshwork cells, bundles of actin filaments were present along the basal cytoplasm. Some of these bundles terminated at adhesion plaques. Juxtacanalicular meshwork cells contained, in addition to bundles, randomly oriented actin filaments at the end of cell extensions. Giant vacuoles in the inner wall of Schlemm's canal did not have actin filaments associated with their membranes; there were, however, intermediate filaments present along the membrane. Bundles of actin filaments were also found within the cells of both inner and external walls of Schlemm's canal. Cells of both the meshwork and inner wall of Schlemm's canal had actin filaments extending out into the cytoplasm from cell junctions. In all areas of the meshwork and especially in the area external to Schlemm's canal, cells were observed which had a cytoplasm, very rich in actin filaments. These cells had characteristics common to smooth muscle cells. The actin filaments of cells of the aqueous outflow pathway could have any or all of several functions. Bundles of filaments in the meshwork could contract to lift and separate trabecular sheets and/or, through their association with adhesion plaques, they could stabilize cells on their collagen substrate, thus acting as cytoskeletal struts. Randomly oriented actin filaments, noted particularly in cells of the juxtacanalicular meshwork, may play a role in phagocytosis. Actin filaments found in association with junctions may be important structures for maintaining cell-to-cell contacts. Lack of actin filaments around giant vacuoles in Schlemm's canal indicates that they do not play a role in shuttling aqueous across the endothelium of the canal. The significance of \"actin-rich\" cells in the meshwork and those external to Schlemm's canal is unknown.", "PMID": 571861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9729", "title": "Morphologic classification of inflammatory, nonspecific, and proliferative lesions of the urinary bladder of mice.", "content": "A morphologic classification of inflammatory, nonspecific, and proliferative lesions of the urinary bladder of mice has been developed. The system was developed over a period of several years in order to tabulate and summarize the lesions for review. The classification has successfully met the needs of the National Center for Toxicological Research and has also provided useful information in understanding the biologic significance of urothelial lesions in mice.", "contents": "Morphologic classification of inflammatory, nonspecific, and proliferative lesions of the urinary bladder of mice. A morphologic classification of inflammatory, nonspecific, and proliferative lesions of the urinary bladder of mice has been developed. The system was developed over a period of several years in order to tabulate and summarize the lesions for review. The classification has successfully met the needs of the National Center for Toxicological Research and has also provided useful information in understanding the biologic significance of urothelial lesions in mice.", "PMID": 571862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9730", "title": "Serum sex hormone binding globulin and testosterone binding after estradiol administration, castration, and their combination in men with prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "We measured serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, the index of testosterone binding to SHRG, and the serum concentrations of testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in 16 patients treated for advanced prostatic carcinoma in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapeutic regimes in reducing total and biologically active androgen in blood. Polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin, 80 mg im as a monthly injection) treatment alone is not as efficient as castration in reducing serum testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. There was no clear difference between the castration and combination treatment (castration followed by polyestradiol phosphate administration) groups in this respect. It is apparent that Estradurin treatment alone and in combination with castration results in small but significant increases in SHBG binding capacity, whereas this parameter did not alter after castration alone. All three forms of treatment resulted in relatively similar significant increases in the index of testosterone binding to SHBG. The rather mild effect of Estradurin on the parameters measured may be attributable to the binding of the exogenous estradiol to SHBG, which thus greatly reduces its biologic activity. We concluded that castration is clearly more effective in reducing the amount of biologically active testosterone than Estradurin and the combination of these treatments has little influence on further reducing total or biologically active circulating testosterone.", "contents": "Serum sex hormone binding globulin and testosterone binding after estradiol administration, castration, and their combination in men with prostatic carcinoma. We measured serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, the index of testosterone binding to SHRG, and the serum concentrations of testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in 16 patients treated for advanced prostatic carcinoma in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapeutic regimes in reducing total and biologically active androgen in blood. Polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin, 80 mg im as a monthly injection) treatment alone is not as efficient as castration in reducing serum testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. There was no clear difference between the castration and combination treatment (castration followed by polyestradiol phosphate administration) groups in this respect. It is apparent that Estradurin treatment alone and in combination with castration results in small but significant increases in SHBG binding capacity, whereas this parameter did not alter after castration alone. All three forms of treatment resulted in relatively similar significant increases in the index of testosterone binding to SHBG. The rather mild effect of Estradurin on the parameters measured may be attributable to the binding of the exogenous estradiol to SHBG, which thus greatly reduces its biologic activity. We concluded that castration is clearly more effective in reducing the amount of biologically active testosterone than Estradurin and the combination of these treatments has little influence on further reducing total or biologically active circulating testosterone.", "PMID": 571863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9731", "title": "Coexistence of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral annular calcification: proposed etiologic relationship.", "content": "A case of combined hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral annular calcification is reported. The characteristic features of both entities were clearly demonstrated by thorough noninvasive examinations. It is proposed that the association of the two conditions is not coincidental but that mitral annular calcification, by narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract, can result in the development of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Mitral annular calcification should possibly be added to the other causes of pressure overload of the left ventricle--such as hypertension and valvular or discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis--as a potential etiology of secondary hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Coexistence of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral annular calcification: proposed etiologic relationship. A case of combined hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral annular calcification is reported. The characteristic features of both entities were clearly demonstrated by thorough noninvasive examinations. It is proposed that the association of the two conditions is not coincidental but that mitral annular calcification, by narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract, can result in the development of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Mitral annular calcification should possibly be added to the other causes of pressure overload of the left ventricle--such as hypertension and valvular or discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis--as a potential etiology of secondary hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 571864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9732", "title": "The role of allergy in chronic pulmonary disease of horses.", "content": "Twenty-five horses with chronic pulmonary disease were skin tested with allergenic extracts of 24 molds, 4 thermophilic actinomyces, barn dust, hay dust, soya-bean mill dust, and grain mill dust. The results were compared with those obtained on 25 normal horses. Between the 2 groups of horses, there was a highly significant difference in positive skin test results at 30 minutes and 4 hours.", "contents": "The role of allergy in chronic pulmonary disease of horses. Twenty-five horses with chronic pulmonary disease were skin tested with allergenic extracts of 24 molds, 4 thermophilic actinomyces, barn dust, hay dust, soya-bean mill dust, and grain mill dust. The results were compared with those obtained on 25 normal horses. Between the 2 groups of horses, there was a highly significant difference in positive skin test results at 30 minutes and 4 hours.", "PMID": 571867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9733", "title": "Formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida. Purification and some properties.", "content": "Formaldehyde dehydrogenase was isolated and purified in an overall yield of 12% from cell-free extract of Pseudomonas putida C-83 by chromatographies on columns of DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and hydroxyapatite. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis and was most active at pH 7.8 using formaldehyde as a substrate. The enzyme was also active toward acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, glyoxal, and pyruvaldehyde, though the reaction rates were low. The enzyme was NAD+-linked but did not require the external addition of glutathione, in contrast with the usual formaldehyde dehydrogenase from liver mitochondria, baker's yeast, and some bacteria. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by Ni2+, Pd2+, Hg2+, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 150,000 by the gel filtration method, and analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme was composed of two subunit monomers. Kinetic analysis gave Km values of 67 microM for formaldehyde and 56 microM for NAD+, and suggested that the reaction proceeds by a \"Ping-pong\" mechanism. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of formaldehyde accompanied by the stoichiometric reduction of NAD+, but no reverse reaction was observed.", "contents": "Formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida. Purification and some properties. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase was isolated and purified in an overall yield of 12% from cell-free extract of Pseudomonas putida C-83 by chromatographies on columns of DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and hydroxyapatite. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis and was most active at pH 7.8 using formaldehyde as a substrate. The enzyme was also active toward acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, glyoxal, and pyruvaldehyde, though the reaction rates were low. The enzyme was NAD+-linked but did not require the external addition of glutathione, in contrast with the usual formaldehyde dehydrogenase from liver mitochondria, baker's yeast, and some bacteria. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by Ni2+, Pd2+, Hg2+, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 150,000 by the gel filtration method, and analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme was composed of two subunit monomers. Kinetic analysis gave Km values of 67 microM for formaldehyde and 56 microM for NAD+, and suggested that the reaction proceeds by a \"Ping-pong\" mechanism. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of formaldehyde accompanied by the stoichiometric reduction of NAD+, but no reverse reaction was observed.", "PMID": 571868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9734", "title": "Number of anti-troponin striations along the thin filament of chick embryonic breast muscle.", "content": "Anti-troponin formed 25 to 29 striations with a period of 38 nm along the whole length of thin filaments in chick embryonic breast muscle, in contrast with the uniform formation of 24 striations in adult muscle. This indicates that the thin filament in embryonic breast muscle is longer than that in the adult muscle.", "contents": "Number of anti-troponin striations along the thin filament of chick embryonic breast muscle. Anti-troponin formed 25 to 29 striations with a period of 38 nm along the whole length of thin filaments in chick embryonic breast muscle, in contrast with the uniform formation of 24 striations in adult muscle. This indicates that the thin filament in embryonic breast muscle is longer than that in the adult muscle.", "PMID": 571869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9735", "title": "Nerve growth factor receptors. Characterization of two distinct classes of binding sites on chick embryo sensory ganglia cells.", "content": "Steady state and kinetic studies on the binding of 125I-beta nerve growth factor (NGF) to single cells from sensory ganglia of 8-day-old chick embryos show two distinct, saturable binding sites with dissociation constants of Kd(I) = 2.3 X 10(-11) M and Kd(II) = 1.7 X 10(-9) M. The difference in the affinities is due to different rate constants of dissociation (k-1(I) = 10(-3) s-1, k-1(II) = 2 X 10(-1 s-1). The association to both sites is apparently diffusion controlled (k+1(I) = 4.8 X 10(7) M-1s-1, k+2(II) = 10(7) to 10(8) M-1s-1). The binding of betaNGF to both sites is specific, since none of a number of hormones or proteins tested compete for the binding of 125I-betaNGF to either of those two sites. The heterogeneity of the binding of 125I-betaNGF is not due to heterogeneity of the 125I-betaNGF preparation nor to a negatively cooperative binding. In experiments where the dissociation of 125I-betaNGF is induced by the addition of saturating amounts of unlabeled betaNGF, the ratio of the 125I-betaNGF released with either of the two dissociation rate constants is solely dependent on the occupancy of the two sites before dissociation is started and is independent of the total occupancy of the sites during dissociation. The rate of dissociation of 125I-betaNGF from the higher affinity binding site I is accelerated by unlabeled betaNGF under conditions where the occupancy is both increased and decreased. Although the dissociation characteristics of 125I-beta NGF change with increasing times of exposure of the cells to the ligand, and 125I-beta NGF is degraded after it binds to the cells, these secondary processes do not interfere with the analysis of the binding data. At the lowest concentration of 125I-beta NGF used for the analysis less than 10% of the 125I-beta NGF is degraded. Both kinetic and steady state binding data reveal the two NGF binding sites at 2 degrees C as well as at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor receptors. Characterization of two distinct classes of binding sites on chick embryo sensory ganglia cells. Steady state and kinetic studies on the binding of 125I-beta nerve growth factor (NGF) to single cells from sensory ganglia of 8-day-old chick embryos show two distinct, saturable binding sites with dissociation constants of Kd(I) = 2.3 X 10(-11) M and Kd(II) = 1.7 X 10(-9) M. The difference in the affinities is due to different rate constants of dissociation (k-1(I) = 10(-3) s-1, k-1(II) = 2 X 10(-1 s-1). The association to both sites is apparently diffusion controlled (k+1(I) = 4.8 X 10(7) M-1s-1, k+2(II) = 10(7) to 10(8) M-1s-1). The binding of betaNGF to both sites is specific, since none of a number of hormones or proteins tested compete for the binding of 125I-betaNGF to either of those two sites. The heterogeneity of the binding of 125I-betaNGF is not due to heterogeneity of the 125I-betaNGF preparation nor to a negatively cooperative binding. In experiments where the dissociation of 125I-betaNGF is induced by the addition of saturating amounts of unlabeled betaNGF, the ratio of the 125I-betaNGF released with either of the two dissociation rate constants is solely dependent on the occupancy of the two sites before dissociation is started and is independent of the total occupancy of the sites during dissociation. The rate of dissociation of 125I-betaNGF from the higher affinity binding site I is accelerated by unlabeled betaNGF under conditions where the occupancy is both increased and decreased. Although the dissociation characteristics of 125I-beta NGF change with increasing times of exposure of the cells to the ligand, and 125I-beta NGF is degraded after it binds to the cells, these secondary processes do not interfere with the analysis of the binding data. At the lowest concentration of 125I-beta NGF used for the analysis less than 10% of the 125I-beta NGF is degraded. Both kinetic and steady state binding data reveal the two NGF binding sites at 2 degrees C as well as at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 571871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9736", "title": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear progestin receptors in human myometrium during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy at term.", "content": "Exchange assays have been developed for the determination of the total progestin in receptor sites (unoccupied and occupied with endogenous hormone) in the cytosol and nuclei of human myometrium using radiolabeled R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) as ligand. These assays have been applied to the measurement of cytosol and nuclear progestin receptor sites in the myometrium during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy at term. Both the cytosol receptor levels as well as the sum of cytosol and nuclear receptor levels were highest during the proliferative phase of the cycle, dropped moderately but significantly in the secretory phase, and decreased markedly in pregnancy at term. Despite the marked drop in cytosol receptor levels, nuclear receptor levels in pregnancy at term were similar to those observed in the proliferative or secretory phase. In addition, the fraction of the total cellular receptor that was associated with the nucleus increased from 5.5% in the proliferative phase to 60% in pregnancy at term. The decrease in cytosol progestin receptor concentration as well as the relative increase in nuclear localization of the receptor in human myometrium in pregnancy at term may be related to the high circulating progesterone levels.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear progestin receptors in human myometrium during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy at term. Exchange assays have been developed for the determination of the total progestin in receptor sites (unoccupied and occupied with endogenous hormone) in the cytosol and nuclei of human myometrium using radiolabeled R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) as ligand. These assays have been applied to the measurement of cytosol and nuclear progestin receptor sites in the myometrium during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy at term. Both the cytosol receptor levels as well as the sum of cytosol and nuclear receptor levels were highest during the proliferative phase of the cycle, dropped moderately but significantly in the secretory phase, and decreased markedly in pregnancy at term. Despite the marked drop in cytosol receptor levels, nuclear receptor levels in pregnancy at term were similar to those observed in the proliferative or secretory phase. In addition, the fraction of the total cellular receptor that was associated with the nucleus increased from 5.5% in the proliferative phase to 60% in pregnancy at term. The decrease in cytosol progestin receptor concentration as well as the relative increase in nuclear localization of the receptor in human myometrium in pregnancy at term may be related to the high circulating progesterone levels.", "PMID": 571873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9737", "title": "Association of HLA-DRw2 with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 38 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) were tested for HLA-A, -B, and -C alloantigens. Isolated B lymphocytes from 20 of these patients were tested for HLA-DRw (Ia) alloantigens. The profile of HLA alloantigens in the patients with AITP was significantly different from that of a matched control population. The most significant finding was the presence of the HLA-DRw2 alloantigen in 75% of patients as compared with 23% in the control population, P less than 0.001, relative risk 10.0 (A relative risk of 1 would indicate no association between the presence of the antigen and the disease.) The co-occurrence of either A3 and B7 (known to be in linkage disequilibrium with DRw2) or A26 and Bw38 was significantly increased as compared with the control population (P less than 0.001). Of the patients positive for DRw2, 47% had the association A26 and Bw38 as compared with the control population association incidence of 21% (P less than 0.1). Thus, in the patient population, A26-Bw38 appears to be a haplotype that is in linkage disequilibrium with DRw2 (as presumably is the case with A3-B7). These data indicate that a predisposition to AITP is inherited with a DRw2 gene of the major histocompatibility system.", "contents": "Association of HLA-DRw2 with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 38 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) were tested for HLA-A, -B, and -C alloantigens. Isolated B lymphocytes from 20 of these patients were tested for HLA-DRw (Ia) alloantigens. The profile of HLA alloantigens in the patients with AITP was significantly different from that of a matched control population. The most significant finding was the presence of the HLA-DRw2 alloantigen in 75% of patients as compared with 23% in the control population, P less than 0.001, relative risk 10.0 (A relative risk of 1 would indicate no association between the presence of the antigen and the disease.) The co-occurrence of either A3 and B7 (known to be in linkage disequilibrium with DRw2) or A26 and Bw38 was significantly increased as compared with the control population (P less than 0.001). Of the patients positive for DRw2, 47% had the association A26 and Bw38 as compared with the control population association incidence of 21% (P less than 0.1). Thus, in the patient population, A26-Bw38 appears to be a haplotype that is in linkage disequilibrium with DRw2 (as presumably is the case with A3-B7). These data indicate that a predisposition to AITP is inherited with a DRw2 gene of the major histocompatibility system.", "PMID": 571874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9738", "title": "Bovine antigens and the formation of circulating immune complexes in selective immunoglobulin A deficiency.", "content": "We have shown that levels of circulating immune complexes are closely associated with the presence of precipitating antibodies to bovine milk proteins in individuals with selective immunoglobin (Ig)A deficiency. To test whether milk proteins are involved in immune complex formation, sera of seven IgA-deficient individuals were studied for the appearance of complexes after milk ingestion. In three of the seven, an initial fall in the level of complexes was followed by an increasing value, which peaked at 120-150 min. In another three, there was a tendency toward the formation of two peaks of complexes, the first at 30-60 min and the second at 120-150 min after drinking milk. One subject, who had had recent treatment for two separate neoplasms, had a steady level of complexes that did not change during the course of this test. After drinking milk, the molecular weight of the complexes found in the sera of one individual at the start of the milk test fell from >19S to 7-11S, and in vitro additions of progressively increasing amounts of a mixture of milk proteins or bovine gamma globulin, to sera that contained complexes produced a progressive reduction in the level of complexes detectable. We conclude that the circulating immune complexes found in some patients who lack IgA contain bovine milk proteins and that periodic fluctuation of the molecular weight of such complexes, depending upon antigen ingestion, appears likely. It remains uncertain what effect the chronic circulation of complexes has upon the clinical state of this group of patients.", "contents": "Bovine antigens and the formation of circulating immune complexes in selective immunoglobulin A deficiency. We have shown that levels of circulating immune complexes are closely associated with the presence of precipitating antibodies to bovine milk proteins in individuals with selective immunoglobin (Ig)A deficiency. To test whether milk proteins are involved in immune complex formation, sera of seven IgA-deficient individuals were studied for the appearance of complexes after milk ingestion. In three of the seven, an initial fall in the level of complexes was followed by an increasing value, which peaked at 120-150 min. In another three, there was a tendency toward the formation of two peaks of complexes, the first at 30-60 min and the second at 120-150 min after drinking milk. One subject, who had had recent treatment for two separate neoplasms, had a steady level of complexes that did not change during the course of this test. After drinking milk, the molecular weight of the complexes found in the sera of one individual at the start of the milk test fell from >19S to 7-11S, and in vitro additions of progressively increasing amounts of a mixture of milk proteins or bovine gamma globulin, to sera that contained complexes produced a progressive reduction in the level of complexes detectable. We conclude that the circulating immune complexes found in some patients who lack IgA contain bovine milk proteins and that periodic fluctuation of the molecular weight of such complexes, depending upon antigen ingestion, appears likely. It remains uncertain what effect the chronic circulation of complexes has upon the clinical state of this group of patients.", "PMID": 571875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9739", "title": "Effects of differential interference with postnatal cerebellar neurogenesis on motor performance, activity level, and maze learning of rats: a developmental study.", "content": "The region of the cerebellum was X-irradiated in infant rats with selected exposure schedules designed to produce animals in which the cerebellar cortex was (a) essentially normal except for agenesis of late forming granule cells with axons situated in the uppermost molecular layer (12--15X), (b) lacking in stellate cells, with a severe reduction in granule cells with axons in the upper molecular layer (8--15X), (c) morphologically disorganized but had only intermediate cell agenesis (4--5X), or (d) disorganized and devoid of practically all postnatally forming interneurons (4--15X). In the first two experiments young adults had to traverse rotating rods that differed in texture and types of obstacles. The 8--15X animals showed no deficits on any of the rods tested. The third study dealt with spontaneous motor performance in the open field at three ages. The 4--5X and 4--15X animals were hypoactive as infants and young adults; this was attributed to their motor deficits. The 8--15X and 12--15X animals were hyperactive in the open field as young adults. The fourth experiment examined intra- and/or intersession habituation. No group differences were found in habituation patterns. In the fifth experiment, using activity wheels, the 4--15X group was hypoactive, and the 8--15X and 12--15X groups were hyperactive as young adults. In the sixth experiment young adults were tested for learning performance in a multiple-unit water maze. The 4--15X group was deficient on single alternation; the 4--5X and 12--15X groups on double alternation. The seventh experiment shed some light on the single alternation deficit of the 4--15X group; only these animals failed to alternate spontaneously in a nonaversive situation. In conclusion, these behavioral results, combined with those of recent morphological investigations, suggest that the cerebellar cortex is hierarchically organized: The basal domain of Purkinje cells and the lower molecular layer are implicated in the coordination of movements; the apical domain of Purkinje cells and the upper molecular layer, in the coordination of actions.", "contents": "Effects of differential interference with postnatal cerebellar neurogenesis on motor performance, activity level, and maze learning of rats: a developmental study. The region of the cerebellum was X-irradiated in infant rats with selected exposure schedules designed to produce animals in which the cerebellar cortex was (a) essentially normal except for agenesis of late forming granule cells with axons situated in the uppermost molecular layer (12--15X), (b) lacking in stellate cells, with a severe reduction in granule cells with axons in the upper molecular layer (8--15X), (c) morphologically disorganized but had only intermediate cell agenesis (4--5X), or (d) disorganized and devoid of practically all postnatally forming interneurons (4--15X). In the first two experiments young adults had to traverse rotating rods that differed in texture and types of obstacles. The 8--15X animals showed no deficits on any of the rods tested. The third study dealt with spontaneous motor performance in the open field at three ages. The 4--5X and 4--15X animals were hypoactive as infants and young adults; this was attributed to their motor deficits. The 8--15X and 12--15X animals were hyperactive in the open field as young adults. The fourth experiment examined intra- and/or intersession habituation. No group differences were found in habituation patterns. In the fifth experiment, using activity wheels, the 4--15X group was hypoactive, and the 8--15X and 12--15X groups were hyperactive as young adults. In the sixth experiment young adults were tested for learning performance in a multiple-unit water maze. The 4--15X group was deficient on single alternation; the 4--5X and 12--15X groups on double alternation. The seventh experiment shed some light on the single alternation deficit of the 4--15X group; only these animals failed to alternate spontaneously in a nonaversive situation. In conclusion, these behavioral results, combined with those of recent morphological investigations, suggest that the cerebellar cortex is hierarchically organized: The basal domain of Purkinje cells and the lower molecular layer are implicated in the coordination of movements; the apical domain of Purkinje cells and the upper molecular layer, in the coordination of actions.", "PMID": 571876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9740", "title": "Effect of reconstitution on vitamins A and C content of whey-soy drink mix.", "content": "The nutritive quality of a whey-soy drink mix was determined by measuring the retention of added vitamins A and C after the product was reconstituted in boiling water. In one study the mix was mixed in boiling water for up to 5 min and analyzed for vitamin content after each 1 min heating interval. The reconstituted product lost approximately 50% of the original vitamin content after being boiled for 1 min. Little further decrease in vitamin content was observed after several additional minutes of boiling until the 5-min interval when both vitamins dropped to about 35% of original amounts. In another study the mix was reconstituted by mixing the powder in boiling water for 20 s, then allowing the mix to stand at room temperature with no additional heating. This mixture decreased slightly in vitamin content when analyzed at 5 min intervals for up to 25 nin. For maximum vitamin retention whey-soy drink mix should be reconstituted by blending it in boiling water for about .5 min, then allowing the mixture to stand at room temperature before serving.", "contents": "Effect of reconstitution on vitamins A and C content of whey-soy drink mix. The nutritive quality of a whey-soy drink mix was determined by measuring the retention of added vitamins A and C after the product was reconstituted in boiling water. In one study the mix was mixed in boiling water for up to 5 min and analyzed for vitamin content after each 1 min heating interval. The reconstituted product lost approximately 50% of the original vitamin content after being boiled for 1 min. Little further decrease in vitamin content was observed after several additional minutes of boiling until the 5-min interval when both vitamins dropped to about 35% of original amounts. In another study the mix was reconstituted by mixing the powder in boiling water for 20 s, then allowing the mix to stand at room temperature with no additional heating. This mixture decreased slightly in vitamin content when analyzed at 5 min intervals for up to 25 nin. For maximum vitamin retention whey-soy drink mix should be reconstituted by blending it in boiling water for about .5 min, then allowing the mixture to stand at room temperature before serving.", "PMID": 571877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9741", "title": "Microwave cookery of beef patties: browning methods.", "content": "Four microwave cooking/browning methods were studied to determine their effects on energy consumption, cooking time, cooking losses, and sensory quality. Ground beef patties were cooked by the following methods: Microwave and browning element, microwave with browning grill, microwave and broiler, combination range oven, microwave only, and conventional range oven. Browning plus microwave cooking increased cooking time by 51 to 71 per cent and energy consumption by 53 to 87 per cent, depending on the method. The microwave-with-browning-grill method showed an over-all advantage over other browning methods. The combination range oven was the least efficient.", "contents": "Microwave cookery of beef patties: browning methods. Four microwave cooking/browning methods were studied to determine their effects on energy consumption, cooking time, cooking losses, and sensory quality. Ground beef patties were cooked by the following methods: Microwave and browning element, microwave with browning grill, microwave and broiler, combination range oven, microwave only, and conventional range oven. Browning plus microwave cooking increased cooking time by 51 to 71 per cent and energy consumption by 53 to 87 per cent, depending on the method. The microwave-with-browning-grill method showed an over-all advantage over other browning methods. The combination range oven was the least efficient.", "PMID": 571881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9742", "title": "Hospital cook/chill foodservices systems. Effect of end temperature of initial cooking on yield and moisture of beef loaf during processing.", "content": "Hospital cook/chill foodservice systems are characterized by two heat processes: Intial cooking and microwave heating for service. End temperature (ET) of initial cooking for beef loaf in actual and in simulated cook/chill systems has been reported to vary from 123 degrees F. (51 degrees C.) to 170 degrees F. (77 degrees C.). After preparation, beef loaf (5 kg.) was initially uncooked or initially cooked to ETs of 113 degrees, 140 degrees, 167 degrees, or 194 degrees F. (45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, or 90 degrees C.), stored chilled (24 hr. at 42 degrees F. [6 degrees C]), and portions (100 gm.) were microwave heated to 165 degrees F. (74 degrees C.) or above. Multiple comparison t-test on data for yield and for moisture content of beef loaf indicated that increasing the ET of initial cooking significantly (P of less than or equal to 0.01) decreased yield and moisture content of beef loaf after initial cooking and after microwave heating for service.", "contents": "Hospital cook/chill foodservices systems. Effect of end temperature of initial cooking on yield and moisture of beef loaf during processing. Hospital cook/chill foodservice systems are characterized by two heat processes: Intial cooking and microwave heating for service. End temperature (ET) of initial cooking for beef loaf in actual and in simulated cook/chill systems has been reported to vary from 123 degrees F. (51 degrees C.) to 170 degrees F. (77 degrees C.). After preparation, beef loaf (5 kg.) was initially uncooked or initially cooked to ETs of 113 degrees, 140 degrees, 167 degrees, or 194 degrees F. (45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, or 90 degrees C.), stored chilled (24 hr. at 42 degrees F. [6 degrees C]), and portions (100 gm.) were microwave heated to 165 degrees F. (74 degrees C.) or above. Multiple comparison t-test on data for yield and for moisture content of beef loaf indicated that increasing the ET of initial cooking significantly (P of less than or equal to 0.01) decreased yield and moisture content of beef loaf after initial cooking and after microwave heating for service.", "PMID": 571882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9743", "title": "Changes in corneal curvature associated with contact lens wear.", "content": "Brief answers are given to 5 complex questions about the corneal curvature of contact lens wearers. Short-term (circadian) and long-term (withdrawal) changes are significant time variables which are often overlooked.", "contents": "Changes in corneal curvature associated with contact lens wear. Brief answers are given to 5 complex questions about the corneal curvature of contact lens wearers. Short-term (circadian) and long-term (withdrawal) changes are significant time variables which are often overlooked.", "PMID": 571883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9744", "title": "The effect of federal drug law on the incidence of drug abuse.", "content": "The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the prevailing \"drug abuse\" control statute in the United States. Its manifest objective is to prevent or reduce drug use's \"substantial and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare of the American people.\" Evaluating CSA's effectiveness in 1975, a Domestic Council Task Force reported in a White Paper to President Gerald Ford that its control measures do \"reduce abuse of dangerous drugs.\" The Task Force's evidence was based upon a before-and-after analysis of the frequency of \"drug abuse episodes\" reported to the nation's Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). This research note challenges the conclusion of the Domestic Council Task Force, subjecting the DAWN evidence to more rigorous scrutiny, and concluding that we do not presently have adequate materials to assess whether CSA meets its health objectives. The context of this conclusion is that of drug control, but its implications apply to health policy and health policy evaluation in general.", "contents": "The effect of federal drug law on the incidence of drug abuse. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the prevailing \"drug abuse\" control statute in the United States. Its manifest objective is to prevent or reduce drug use's \"substantial and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare of the American people.\" Evaluating CSA's effectiveness in 1975, a Domestic Council Task Force reported in a White Paper to President Gerald Ford that its control measures do \"reduce abuse of dangerous drugs.\" The Task Force's evidence was based upon a before-and-after analysis of the frequency of \"drug abuse episodes\" reported to the nation's Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). This research note challenges the conclusion of the Domestic Council Task Force, subjecting the DAWN evidence to more rigorous scrutiny, and concluding that we do not presently have adequate materials to assess whether CSA meets its health objectives. The context of this conclusion is that of drug control, but its implications apply to health policy and health policy evaluation in general.", "PMID": 571884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9745", "title": "Effect of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of the infective larvae of the hookworm, Gaigeria pachyscelis.", "content": "Irradiation of the infective larvae of Gaigeria pachyscelis Railliet and Henry, 1910 with gamma rays upto 160 Kr had no significant effect on the in vitro survival of these larvae for a period of 49 days, maintained either at room temperature (32.2--39.4 degrees C) or at 4 degrees C. However, the behaviour of the irradiated larvae in the lamb host was much changed, as shown by a marked reduction in the worm establishment and the development of stunted and sterile worms from these larvae. As the level of irradiation increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the subsequent worm establishment. It was found that male larvae are more sensitive to the effects of irradiation than female ones, particularly at higher levels.", "contents": "Effect of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of the infective larvae of the hookworm, Gaigeria pachyscelis. Irradiation of the infective larvae of Gaigeria pachyscelis Railliet and Henry, 1910 with gamma rays upto 160 Kr had no significant effect on the in vitro survival of these larvae for a period of 49 days, maintained either at room temperature (32.2--39.4 degrees C) or at 4 degrees C. However, the behaviour of the irradiated larvae in the lamb host was much changed, as shown by a marked reduction in the worm establishment and the development of stunted and sterile worms from these larvae. As the level of irradiation increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the subsequent worm establishment. It was found that male larvae are more sensitive to the effects of irradiation than female ones, particularly at higher levels.", "PMID": 571885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9746", "title": "The use of gamma-radiation-attenuated larvae of Gaigeria pachyscelis Railliet and Henry, 1910, for vaccination in lambs.", "content": "The results of vaccination trial in lambs with gamma-irradiated infective larvae of Gaigeria pachyscelis are described. A single percutaneous (P/C) vaccination of lambs with 2000 infective larvae irradiated at 40 Kr induced the development of resistance. The vaccinated lambs successfully resisted a lethal challenge infection of 5000 non-irradiated larvae 3 months later. In the vaccinated lambs, the manifestations of resistance were shown by marked reduction in the worm establishment, development of retarded and functionally sterile worms and absence of clinical signs of hookworm disease after the challenge infection.", "contents": "The use of gamma-radiation-attenuated larvae of Gaigeria pachyscelis Railliet and Henry, 1910, for vaccination in lambs. The results of vaccination trial in lambs with gamma-irradiated infective larvae of Gaigeria pachyscelis are described. A single percutaneous (P/C) vaccination of lambs with 2000 infective larvae irradiated at 40 Kr induced the development of resistance. The vaccinated lambs successfully resisted a lethal challenge infection of 5000 non-irradiated larvae 3 months later. In the vaccinated lambs, the manifestations of resistance were shown by marked reduction in the worm establishment, development of retarded and functionally sterile worms and absence of clinical signs of hookworm disease after the challenge infection.", "PMID": 571886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9747", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen with Con A-Sepharose chromatography.", "content": "A crude preparation of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) was subjected to affinity chromatography with concanavalin A (Con A) bound to Sepharose 4B. The resulting Con A fractions (bound and unbound) were characterized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and lymphocyte blastogenesis techniques. In the fraction that did not bind to Con A there were at least two distinct antigens, and there were also at least two distinct antigens in the fractions that did bind to Con A. With SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, at least 20 distinct protein bands (Coomassie blue staining) and three glycoprotein bands (PAS reactive) were present in the unbound fractions from Con A chromatography. The bound fractions separated into at least six distinct glycoproteins with SDS electrophoresis. Although both the bound and unbound fractions contained precipitating antigens, only the bound fractions were capable of eliciting lymphocyte blastogenic responses.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen with Con A-Sepharose chromatography. A crude preparation of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) was subjected to affinity chromatography with concanavalin A (Con A) bound to Sepharose 4B. The resulting Con A fractions (bound and unbound) were characterized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and lymphocyte blastogenesis techniques. In the fraction that did not bind to Con A there were at least two distinct antigens, and there were also at least two distinct antigens in the fractions that did bind to Con A. With SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, at least 20 distinct protein bands (Coomassie blue staining) and three glycoprotein bands (PAS reactive) were present in the unbound fractions from Con A chromatography. The bound fractions separated into at least six distinct glycoproteins with SDS electrophoresis. Although both the bound and unbound fractions contained precipitating antigens, only the bound fractions were capable of eliciting lymphocyte blastogenic responses.", "PMID": 571887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9748", "title": "Immunoaffinity purification of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens.", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens were purified from a heterogeneous mixture of soluble egg antigens (crude SEA) with an immunoaffinity column that consisted of the specific anti-SEA antibodies contained in 16-week S. mansoni-infected mouse serum bound to Sepharose 4B. On sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, the purified antigen fraction yielded at least eight bands staining with Coomassie blue and at least five bands staining with Coomaisse blue and at least five bands reacting with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). All of the proteins in the antigenic fraction appear to contain carbohydrate residues. Upon immunoelectrophoresis the antigen yielded four precipitin arcs. The antigenic fraction isolated by means of the immunoaffinity column was then compared to various fractions obtained from concanavalin A (Con A) chromatography of SEA. The results of Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis indicate that the antigenic fraction isolated by immunoaffinity purification of SEA contains the major antigens found in the fractions obtained from Con A chromatography of SEA. The results of SDS gel electrophoresis indicate that the major PAS-reacting bands of the antigenic fraction isolated by immunoaffinity purification are found in the 3rd peak (bound fraction) resulting from Con A chromatography of SEA, whereas the major Coomaisse blue-staining band in the isolated antigenic fraction is found in the 2nd peak (unbound fraction) from Con A chromatography of SEA.", "contents": "Immunoaffinity purification of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens. Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens were purified from a heterogeneous mixture of soluble egg antigens (crude SEA) with an immunoaffinity column that consisted of the specific anti-SEA antibodies contained in 16-week S. mansoni-infected mouse serum bound to Sepharose 4B. On sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, the purified antigen fraction yielded at least eight bands staining with Coomassie blue and at least five bands staining with Coomaisse blue and at least five bands reacting with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). All of the proteins in the antigenic fraction appear to contain carbohydrate residues. Upon immunoelectrophoresis the antigen yielded four precipitin arcs. The antigenic fraction isolated by means of the immunoaffinity column was then compared to various fractions obtained from concanavalin A (Con A) chromatography of SEA. The results of Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis indicate that the antigenic fraction isolated by immunoaffinity purification of SEA contains the major antigens found in the fractions obtained from Con A chromatography of SEA. The results of SDS gel electrophoresis indicate that the major PAS-reacting bands of the antigenic fraction isolated by immunoaffinity purification are found in the 3rd peak (bound fraction) resulting from Con A chromatography of SEA, whereas the major Coomaisse blue-staining band in the isolated antigenic fraction is found in the 2nd peak (unbound fraction) from Con A chromatography of SEA.", "PMID": 571888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9749", "title": "Immunoregulation in experimental schistosomiasis: in vitro induction and assay of spleen cell suppressor activity.", "content": "Spleen cells from normal CBA/J mice or mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were exposed for 48 to 72 hr to either concanavalin A (Con A), soluble egg antigen (SEA), or soluble worm antigenic preparation (SWAP), treated with mitomycin C to prevent further DNA synthesis, and admixed with either normal or sensitized syngeneic spleen cells exposed to a concentration gradient of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or SEA, respectively. Both nonspecific (by Con A) and \"antigen-specific\" (by SEA and SWAP in infected mice only) induction of suppression was observed when using PHA-induced blastogenesis as the final assay. The number of mice with inducible splenic suppressive activity and the degree of PHA suppression induced by exposure to SEA appeared to decline between 8 and 20 weeks of infection. In contrast, when the response of spleen cells from mice infected for 8 weeks to SEA served as the final assay, strong suppressive activity was induced from the spleen cells of all chronically infected mice (20 weeks of infection). This model permits parallel analysis of the induction of suppressor activity by nonspecific and schistosome antigen-specific signals during the course of this chronic, immunoregulated condition, schistosomiasis mansoni.", "contents": "Immunoregulation in experimental schistosomiasis: in vitro induction and assay of spleen cell suppressor activity. Spleen cells from normal CBA/J mice or mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were exposed for 48 to 72 hr to either concanavalin A (Con A), soluble egg antigen (SEA), or soluble worm antigenic preparation (SWAP), treated with mitomycin C to prevent further DNA synthesis, and admixed with either normal or sensitized syngeneic spleen cells exposed to a concentration gradient of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or SEA, respectively. Both nonspecific (by Con A) and \"antigen-specific\" (by SEA and SWAP in infected mice only) induction of suppression was observed when using PHA-induced blastogenesis as the final assay. The number of mice with inducible splenic suppressive activity and the degree of PHA suppression induced by exposure to SEA appeared to decline between 8 and 20 weeks of infection. In contrast, when the response of spleen cells from mice infected for 8 weeks to SEA served as the final assay, strong suppressive activity was induced from the spleen cells of all chronically infected mice (20 weeks of infection). This model permits parallel analysis of the induction of suppressor activity by nonspecific and schistosome antigen-specific signals during the course of this chronic, immunoregulated condition, schistosomiasis mansoni.", "PMID": 571889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9750", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus: characterization of in vitro and in vivo properties.", "content": "An in vitro 51Cr release assay for human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HeLa cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been characterized by using leukophoresed and adherent cell-depleted adult lymphocytes. Lymphoytes from RSV seronegative children were also competent as effector cells. Sera from children with :1) primary and recurrent natural RSV infections, or 2) live attenuated RSV vaccine infection were examined to characterize the behavior of ADCC antibody in vivo. After natural RSV infection ADCC antibody rose and fell more rapidly than neutralizing antibody. In two children undergoing primary RSV infection with attenuated vaccine, neutralizing antibody was formed in the absence of detectable ADCC antibody. The nonparallel behavior of ADCC and neutralizing antibodies suggests the heterogeneity of either the antigen involved or the mechanism of antibody production in the two antibody systems.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus: characterization of in vitro and in vivo properties. An in vitro 51Cr release assay for human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HeLa cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been characterized by using leukophoresed and adherent cell-depleted adult lymphocytes. Lymphoytes from RSV seronegative children were also competent as effector cells. Sera from children with :1) primary and recurrent natural RSV infections, or 2) live attenuated RSV vaccine infection were examined to characterize the behavior of ADCC antibody in vivo. After natural RSV infection ADCC antibody rose and fell more rapidly than neutralizing antibody. In two children undergoing primary RSV infection with attenuated vaccine, neutralizing antibody was formed in the absence of detectable ADCC antibody. The nonparallel behavior of ADCC and neutralizing antibodies suggests the heterogeneity of either the antigen involved or the mechanism of antibody production in the two antibody systems.", "PMID": 571890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9751", "title": "Relation between decreased mental efficiency in mice and the presence of cerebral lesions after experimental encephalitis caused by yellow fever virus.", "content": "The behavior of 1,072 mice that had recovered from encephalitic infection with intracerebrally injected yellow fever virus 17D and of 216 normal mice was tested in a maze and on a horizontal rod rotating around its axle. Infected animals needed more time (average, 8.90 min) to find their food in a maze than did normal animals (average, 4.37 min). Infected mice were able to stay on the rotating rod for a shorter time (average, 6.4 seconds) than were normal animals (average, 9.0 seconds). The correlation between the concentration of virus injected and the performance of the mice was confirmed by the extent of lesions found by histologic study: animals that had anatomic lesions after surviving encephalitic infection showed abnormal behavior.", "contents": "Relation between decreased mental efficiency in mice and the presence of cerebral lesions after experimental encephalitis caused by yellow fever virus. The behavior of 1,072 mice that had recovered from encephalitic infection with intracerebrally injected yellow fever virus 17D and of 216 normal mice was tested in a maze and on a horizontal rod rotating around its axle. Infected animals needed more time (average, 8.90 min) to find their food in a maze than did normal animals (average, 4.37 min). Infected mice were able to stay on the rotating rod for a shorter time (average, 6.4 seconds) than were normal animals (average, 9.0 seconds). The correlation between the concentration of virus injected and the performance of the mice was confirmed by the extent of lesions found by histologic study: animals that had anatomic lesions after surviving encephalitic infection showed abnormal behavior.", "PMID": 571891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9752", "title": "Oxygen consumption in the lizard genus Lacerta in relation to diel variation, maximum activity and body weight.", "content": "1. Diel recordings of VO2 under a 12 h Light/12 h Dark regime, constant light or constant dark reveal a strong endogenous diurnal rhythm in L. sicula. L. vivipara show an exogeneous rhythm with activity occurring only in the light whilst L. viridis have a weak endogeneous rhythm that is modified by behavioural factors and inhibited by dark. 2. Standard (or basal) VO2 can only be attained after several hours in an 'indifferent' environment, shielded from extraneous stimuli. Measurements must be at night (light or dark) for unrestrained L. sicula and in the dark (day or night, restrained or unrestrained) for L. vivipara and L. viridis. Intrageneric std VO2 (ml h-1 STPD) = 0.328 W0.76 or 0.216 W0.77 for 1- or 3-days starvation at 30 degrees C for 0.2 to 34 g Lacerta. 3. Intrageneric maximum VO2 (determined for 30 to 60 s of provoked activity during the day) = 2.66 W0.747 at 30 degrees C for 1-days starvation. 4. Respiratory exchange ratio, R = 0.75 or 0.85 for std VO2 after 1 or 3 days starvation and 0.95 and 1.45 for mean daily and max VO2. High R values are considered a result of anaerobic metabolism and hyperventilation during activity.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption in the lizard genus Lacerta in relation to diel variation, maximum activity and body weight. 1. Diel recordings of VO2 under a 12 h Light/12 h Dark regime, constant light or constant dark reveal a strong endogenous diurnal rhythm in L. sicula. L. vivipara show an exogeneous rhythm with activity occurring only in the light whilst L. viridis have a weak endogeneous rhythm that is modified by behavioural factors and inhibited by dark. 2. Standard (or basal) VO2 can only be attained after several hours in an 'indifferent' environment, shielded from extraneous stimuli. Measurements must be at night (light or dark) for unrestrained L. sicula and in the dark (day or night, restrained or unrestrained) for L. vivipara and L. viridis. Intrageneric std VO2 (ml h-1 STPD) = 0.328 W0.76 or 0.216 W0.77 for 1- or 3-days starvation at 30 degrees C for 0.2 to 34 g Lacerta. 3. Intrageneric maximum VO2 (determined for 30 to 60 s of provoked activity during the day) = 2.66 W0.747 at 30 degrees C for 1-days starvation. 4. Respiratory exchange ratio, R = 0.75 or 0.85 for std VO2 after 1 or 3 days starvation and 0.95 and 1.45 for mean daily and max VO2. High R values are considered a result of anaerobic metabolism and hyperventilation during activity.", "PMID": 571892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9753", "title": "Further evidence in support of a role for hamster sperm hydrolytic enzymes in the acrosome reaction.", "content": "The effects of trypsin inhibitors and phospholipase inhibitors on the acrosome reaction of washed cauda epididymal sperm of golden hamsters were studied using two different incubation systems. One incubation system, a non-synchronous acrosome reaction inducing system, included the use of a highly purified BSA and a protein-free motility factor preparation from hamster adrenal gland. The other system was a relatively synchronous acrosome reaction-inducing-system utilizing the calcium ionophore A23187. Acrosome reactions were inhibited by three low molecular weight synthetic trypsin inhibitors, benzamidine, NPGB and TLCK, when they were added five minutes prior to the initial occurrence of acrosome reactions in the non-synchronous system or five minutes prior to induction of acrosome reactions by A23187 in the synchronous system. Two phospholipase A inhibitors, p-bromophenacyl bromide and mepacrine, were also effective in inhibiting hamster sperm acrosome reactions in both incubation systems. TPCK, an inhibitor of several non-trypsin-like proteases, indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, a large molecular weight polypeptide, did not inhibit acrosome reactions. The inhibition of those acrosome reactions induced by A23187 provides further indirect evidence that the effective inhibitors were functioning at a site within the sperm. The overall results provide: (1) further support for our earlier work suggesting the involvement of an internal trypsin-like enzyme (presumably acrosin) rather than an exogenous trypsin-like enzyme in the hamster sperm acrosome reaction and (2) the first evidence suggesting the possibility that a sperm phospholipase may also be involved in the mammalian acrosome reaction.", "contents": "Further evidence in support of a role for hamster sperm hydrolytic enzymes in the acrosome reaction. The effects of trypsin inhibitors and phospholipase inhibitors on the acrosome reaction of washed cauda epididymal sperm of golden hamsters were studied using two different incubation systems. One incubation system, a non-synchronous acrosome reaction inducing system, included the use of a highly purified BSA and a protein-free motility factor preparation from hamster adrenal gland. The other system was a relatively synchronous acrosome reaction-inducing-system utilizing the calcium ionophore A23187. Acrosome reactions were inhibited by three low molecular weight synthetic trypsin inhibitors, benzamidine, NPGB and TLCK, when they were added five minutes prior to the initial occurrence of acrosome reactions in the non-synchronous system or five minutes prior to induction of acrosome reactions by A23187 in the synchronous system. Two phospholipase A inhibitors, p-bromophenacyl bromide and mepacrine, were also effective in inhibiting hamster sperm acrosome reactions in both incubation systems. TPCK, an inhibitor of several non-trypsin-like proteases, indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, a large molecular weight polypeptide, did not inhibit acrosome reactions. The inhibition of those acrosome reactions induced by A23187 provides further indirect evidence that the effective inhibitors were functioning at a site within the sperm. The overall results provide: (1) further support for our earlier work suggesting the involvement of an internal trypsin-like enzyme (presumably acrosin) rather than an exogenous trypsin-like enzyme in the hamster sperm acrosome reaction and (2) the first evidence suggesting the possibility that a sperm phospholipase may also be involved in the mammalian acrosome reaction.", "PMID": 571894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9754", "title": "Human megakaryocytes. I. Characterization of the membrane and cytoplasmic components of isolated marrow megakaryocytes.", "content": "Human marrow megakaryocytes have been isolated with high purity and yield by processing marrow cells sequentially through density centrifugation and velocity sedimentation. Analysis of the isolated cells for various platelet-associated components by immunofluorescence demonstrated that fibrinogen, plasma factor VIII antigen (factor VIII:AGN) platelet myosin, platelet glycoproteins I and III are present on the membrane and in the cytoplasm of over 90% of marrow megakaryocytes. Parallel studies of human and mouse megakaryocytes and platelets for IgG receptor (FcR), complement receptor type one (CR1) (C3b receptor), complement receptor type two (CR2) (C3d receptor), and Ia antigen by fluorescence and (or) rosette formation methods were performed. FcR were present on most human megakaryocytes and platelets. The Ia antigen was detected on a proportion (10-15%) of human megakaryocytes but it was undetectable on human platelets. CR1 was found on 20-40% of mouse megakaryocytes and also on a proportion of mouse platelets. These differentiation markers may be of use in monitoring megakaryocyte maturation.", "contents": "Human megakaryocytes. I. Characterization of the membrane and cytoplasmic components of isolated marrow megakaryocytes. Human marrow megakaryocytes have been isolated with high purity and yield by processing marrow cells sequentially through density centrifugation and velocity sedimentation. Analysis of the isolated cells for various platelet-associated components by immunofluorescence demonstrated that fibrinogen, plasma factor VIII antigen (factor VIII:AGN) platelet myosin, platelet glycoproteins I and III are present on the membrane and in the cytoplasm of over 90% of marrow megakaryocytes. Parallel studies of human and mouse megakaryocytes and platelets for IgG receptor (FcR), complement receptor type one (CR1) (C3b receptor), complement receptor type two (CR2) (C3d receptor), and Ia antigen by fluorescence and (or) rosette formation methods were performed. FcR were present on most human megakaryocytes and platelets. The Ia antigen was detected on a proportion (10-15%) of human megakaryocytes but it was undetectable on human platelets. CR1 was found on 20-40% of mouse megakaryocytes and also on a proportion of mouse platelets. These differentiation markers may be of use in monitoring megakaryocyte maturation.", "PMID": 571893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9755", "title": "Ionic mechanism of the fertilization potential of the marine worm, Urechis caupo (Echiura).", "content": "Microelectrode and tracer flux studies of the Urechis egg during fertilization have shown: (a) insemination causes a fertilization potential; the membrane potential rises from an initial level of -33 +/- 6 mV to a peak at +51 +/- 6 mV (n = 16), falls to a plateau of about +30 mV, then returns to the original resting potential 9 +/- 1 min (n - 10) later; (b) the fertilization potential results from an increase in Na+ permeability, which is amplified during the first 15 s by a Ca++ action potential; (c) the maximum amplitude of the fertilization potential, excluding the first 15 s, changes by 51 mV for a 10-fold change in external [Na+]; (d) in the 10 min period after insemination, both Na+ and Ca++ influxes increase relative to unfertilized egg values by factors of 17 +/- 7 (n = 6) and 34 +/- 14 (n = 4), respectively; the absolute magnitude of the Na+ influx is 16 +/- 6 times larger than that of Ca++; (e) in the absence of sperm these same electrical and ionic events are elicited by trypsin; thus, the ion channels responsible must preexist in the  unfertilized egg membrane; (f) increased Na+ influx under conditions of experimentally induced polyspermy indicates that during normal monospermic fertilization, only a fraction of available Na+ channels are opened; we conclude that these channels are sperm-gated; (g) Ca++ influx at fertilization is primarily via the membrane potential-gated channel, because kinetics are appropriate, and influx depends on potential in solutions of varying [Na+], but is independent of number of sperm incorporations in normal sea water.", "contents": "Ionic mechanism of the fertilization potential of the marine worm, Urechis caupo (Echiura). Microelectrode and tracer flux studies of the Urechis egg during fertilization have shown: (a) insemination causes a fertilization potential; the membrane potential rises from an initial level of -33 +/- 6 mV to a peak at +51 +/- 6 mV (n = 16), falls to a plateau of about +30 mV, then returns to the original resting potential 9 +/- 1 min (n - 10) later; (b) the fertilization potential results from an increase in Na+ permeability, which is amplified during the first 15 s by a Ca++ action potential; (c) the maximum amplitude of the fertilization potential, excluding the first 15 s, changes by 51 mV for a 10-fold change in external [Na+]; (d) in the 10 min period after insemination, both Na+ and Ca++ influxes increase relative to unfertilized egg values by factors of 17 +/- 7 (n = 6) and 34 +/- 14 (n = 4), respectively; the absolute magnitude of the Na+ influx is 16 +/- 6 times larger than that of Ca++; (e) in the absence of sperm these same electrical and ionic events are elicited by trypsin; thus, the ion channels responsible must preexist in the  unfertilized egg membrane; (f) increased Na+ influx under conditions of experimentally induced polyspermy indicates that during normal monospermic fertilization, only a fraction of available Na+ channels are opened; we conclude that these channels are sperm-gated; (g) Ca++ influx at fertilization is primarily via the membrane potential-gated channel, because kinetics are appropriate, and influx depends on potential in solutions of varying [Na+], but is independent of number of sperm incorporations in normal sea water.", "PMID": 571895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9756", "title": "Familial Y/22 translocation in a woman.", "content": "A phenotypically normal 35-year-old woman who had a malformed fetus was found to have a Y/22 translocation. One brother as well as a sister and her three children also have the Y/22 chromosome while another sister lacks it. The problem raised by the presence of this translocated chromosome for genetic counseling, especially for prenatal diagnosis, is emphasized.", "contents": "Familial Y/22 translocation in a woman. A phenotypically normal 35-year-old woman who had a malformed fetus was found to have a Y/22 translocation. One brother as well as a sister and her three children also have the Y/22 chromosome while another sister lacks it. The problem raised by the presence of this translocated chromosome for genetic counseling, especially for prenatal diagnosis, is emphasized.", "PMID": 571896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9757", "title": "Endocrine function and diagnostic problems in a prepubertal case of 48,XXYY.", "content": "A five-year-old 48,XXYY boy with normal external genitalia, slight bone anomalies and mild mental retardation is described. An endocrine examination revealed normal values with the possible exception of a slight increase of the LH values and the LH response to LH-RH stimulation.", "contents": "Endocrine function and diagnostic problems in a prepubertal case of 48,XXYY. A five-year-old 48,XXYY boy with normal external genitalia, slight bone anomalies and mild mental retardation is described. An endocrine examination revealed normal values with the possible exception of a slight increase of the LH values and the LH response to LH-RH stimulation.", "PMID": 571897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9758", "title": "Primary biochemical defect in copper metabolism in mice with a recessive X-linked mutation analogous to Menkes' disease in man.", "content": "The defect in Menkes' disease in man is identical to that in Brindled mice. The defect manifests itself in a accumulation of copper in some tissues, such as renal, intestinal (mucosa and muscle), pancreatic, osseous, muscular, and dermal. Hence a fatal copper deficiency results in other tissues (e.g., hepatic). The copper transport through the intestine is impaired and copper, which circumvents the block in the copper resorption, is irreversibly trapped in the above-mentioned, copper accumulating tissues where it is bound to a cytoplasmatic protein with molecular weight 10,000 daltons, probably the primary cytoplasmatic copper transporting protein. This protein shows a Cu-S absorption band at 250 nm, and the copper:protein ratio is increased. Such copper rich protein was found neither in the kidneys of the unaffected mice nor in the liver of the mice that do have the defect. Three models of the primary defect in Menkes disease are proposed.", "contents": "Primary biochemical defect in copper metabolism in mice with a recessive X-linked mutation analogous to Menkes' disease in man. The defect in Menkes' disease in man is identical to that in Brindled mice. The defect manifests itself in a accumulation of copper in some tissues, such as renal, intestinal (mucosa and muscle), pancreatic, osseous, muscular, and dermal. Hence a fatal copper deficiency results in other tissues (e.g., hepatic). The copper transport through the intestine is impaired and copper, which circumvents the block in the copper resorption, is irreversibly trapped in the above-mentioned, copper accumulating tissues where it is bound to a cytoplasmatic protein with molecular weight 10,000 daltons, probably the primary cytoplasmatic copper transporting protein. This protein shows a Cu-S absorption band at 250 nm, and the copper:protein ratio is increased. Such copper rich protein was found neither in the kidneys of the unaffected mice nor in the liver of the mice that do have the defect. Three models of the primary defect in Menkes disease are proposed.", "PMID": 571898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9759", "title": "Blood-brain barrier dysfunction to peroxidase after air embolism, aggravated by acute ethanol intoxication.", "content": "Ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated rats were injected with horseradish peroxidase and Evan's blue-labelled albumin and given a small air embolus in the right common carotid artery after ligation of the external carotid branch. In both ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated rats, some endothelial cells, mainly in arteries and arterioles, showed a diffuse distribution of peroxidase in the cytoplasm. In some arterioles with a diffuse endothelial distribution of peroxidase there was a detachment of endothelial cells from the vessel wall, with an exposure of the adluminal basement membrane to blood elements. This endothelial detachment was mainly observed in ethanol-intoxicated rats. The vascular basement membranes underlying detached endothelial cells contained peroxidase, both in ethanol-intoxicated and in non-intoxicated rats. There was a considerable leakage of peroxidase via endothelial pinocytotic vesicles into the vascular basement membranes, mainly in arterioles, but also in capillaries and venules of the embolised hemisphere. This transendothelial pinocytotic transport of peroxidase was more prominent in ethanol-intoxicated than in non-intoxicated rats.", "contents": "Blood-brain barrier dysfunction to peroxidase after air embolism, aggravated by acute ethanol intoxication. Ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated rats were injected with horseradish peroxidase and Evan's blue-labelled albumin and given a small air embolus in the right common carotid artery after ligation of the external carotid branch. In both ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated rats, some endothelial cells, mainly in arteries and arterioles, showed a diffuse distribution of peroxidase in the cytoplasm. In some arterioles with a diffuse endothelial distribution of peroxidase there was a detachment of endothelial cells from the vessel wall, with an exposure of the adluminal basement membrane to blood elements. This endothelial detachment was mainly observed in ethanol-intoxicated rats. The vascular basement membranes underlying detached endothelial cells contained peroxidase, both in ethanol-intoxicated and in non-intoxicated rats. There was a considerable leakage of peroxidase via endothelial pinocytotic vesicles into the vascular basement membranes, mainly in arterioles, but also in capillaries and venules of the embolised hemisphere. This transendothelial pinocytotic transport of peroxidase was more prominent in ethanol-intoxicated than in non-intoxicated rats.", "PMID": 571899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9760", "title": "Occlusion of cerebral artery due to metastasis of chorioepithelioma. Case report.", "content": "A case of cerebral metastasis of chorioepithelioma with an occlusion of the angular artery is presented. The occlusion was verified angiographically, surgically, and microscopically.", "contents": "Occlusion of cerebral artery due to metastasis of chorioepithelioma. Case report. A case of cerebral metastasis of chorioepithelioma with an occlusion of the angular artery is presented. The occlusion was verified angiographically, surgically, and microscopically.", "PMID": 571900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9761", "title": "Methylmalonic acid metabolism of germfree and conventional vitamin B-12 deprived rats fed precursors of methylmalonate.", "content": "Experiments using germfree (GF), ex-germfree (XGF) and conventional (CONV) rats were conducted to study the relationship of intestinal microorganisms to vitamin B-12 (B-12) status and to methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion of the host animal, since B-12 depleted GF rats have been found to excrete less than expected level of urinary MMA. The possibility that the GF rat lacks sufficient precursor of MMA was tested by feeding GF, XGF and CONY rats diets low or high in MMA precursors and examining urinary excretion of MMA and formiminoglutamic acid at intervals. The possibility that the GF rat may metabolize propionate and MMA differently from the CONV rat was examined by a MMA loading-recovery study and a CO2 collection study after [14C]propionate injection. Plasma and tissue B-12 levels were determined at the beginning and the end of the study. Results indicate that 1) lack of sufficient precursor of MMA is partly responsible for the failure of GF, B-12 deficient rat to excrete MMA, 2) GF and CONV rats metabolize propionate and MMA by the same pathways and 3) the presence of intestinal microorganism depletes the body B-12 store of the rat.", "contents": "Methylmalonic acid metabolism of germfree and conventional vitamin B-12 deprived rats fed precursors of methylmalonate. Experiments using germfree (GF), ex-germfree (XGF) and conventional (CONV) rats were conducted to study the relationship of intestinal microorganisms to vitamin B-12 (B-12) status and to methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion of the host animal, since B-12 depleted GF rats have been found to excrete less than expected level of urinary MMA. The possibility that the GF rat lacks sufficient precursor of MMA was tested by feeding GF, XGF and CONY rats diets low or high in MMA precursors and examining urinary excretion of MMA and formiminoglutamic acid at intervals. The possibility that the GF rat may metabolize propionate and MMA differently from the CONV rat was examined by a MMA loading-recovery study and a CO2 collection study after [14C]propionate injection. Plasma and tissue B-12 levels were determined at the beginning and the end of the study. Results indicate that 1) lack of sufficient precursor of MMA is partly responsible for the failure of GF, B-12 deficient rat to excrete MMA, 2) GF and CONV rats metabolize propionate and MMA by the same pathways and 3) the presence of intestinal microorganism depletes the body B-12 store of the rat.", "PMID": 571902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9762", "title": "Demonstration of a novel molecular species in chick embryo brain: cellular retinol-binding protein, F-type.", "content": "By sucrose density gradient sedimentation analysis, a cytosol component of small molecular size which bound 3H-retinoic acid was detected in the chick embryo brain, exhibiting a peak on day 14 (7 days before hatching). In general, cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) have been distinguished by showing binding specificity for retinol or retinoic acid, respectively. However, the component found in embryo brain cytosol exhibited binding affinity for both retinol and retinoic acid, being similar in less ligand-specificity to CRBP (F) which was originally recognized in fish eye cytosol. Moreover, the component also showed a lack of binding affinity for prealbumin (PA), excluding the possibility that chicken plasma RBP was contaminated in the cytosol. These findings strongly suggest that a distinct molecular species of cellular binding protein for vitamin A exists in the brain cytosol of a developing chick embryo.", "contents": "Demonstration of a novel molecular species in chick embryo brain: cellular retinol-binding protein, F-type. By sucrose density gradient sedimentation analysis, a cytosol component of small molecular size which bound 3H-retinoic acid was detected in the chick embryo brain, exhibiting a peak on day 14 (7 days before hatching). In general, cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) have been distinguished by showing binding specificity for retinol or retinoic acid, respectively. However, the component found in embryo brain cytosol exhibited binding affinity for both retinol and retinoic acid, being similar in less ligand-specificity to CRBP (F) which was originally recognized in fish eye cytosol. Moreover, the component also showed a lack of binding affinity for prealbumin (PA), excluding the possibility that chicken plasma RBP was contaminated in the cytosol. These findings strongly suggest that a distinct molecular species of cellular binding protein for vitamin A exists in the brain cytosol of a developing chick embryo.", "PMID": 571904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9763", "title": "Hyperlysinemia with saccharopinuria due to combined lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase deficiencies presenting as cystinuria.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy with speech delay, hyperactive behavior, and minor neurologic abnormalities had been found in the past to have \"intermittent cystinuria.\" A more detailed investigation revealed hyperlysinemia and hyperlysinuria, with lesser increases in urinary excretion of arginine and cystine. The plasma and urine abnormalities increased on a diet of 3 gm of protein/kg body weight/day. Saccharopine, a normal metabolite of lysine not found in the body fluids of normal people, was present in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine of the patient. Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities were not detectable in extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts. Re-examination of the urine of previously studied cases of this double enzyme deficiency suggests that saccharopinuria of variable degree is the rule and not the exception.", "contents": "Hyperlysinemia with saccharopinuria due to combined lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase deficiencies presenting as cystinuria. A 7-year-old boy with speech delay, hyperactive behavior, and minor neurologic abnormalities had been found in the past to have \"intermittent cystinuria.\" A more detailed investigation revealed hyperlysinemia and hyperlysinuria, with lesser increases in urinary excretion of arginine and cystine. The plasma and urine abnormalities increased on a diet of 3 gm of protein/kg body weight/day. Saccharopine, a normal metabolite of lysine not found in the body fluids of normal people, was present in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine of the patient. Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities were not detectable in extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts. Re-examination of the urine of previously studied cases of this double enzyme deficiency suggests that saccharopinuria of variable degree is the rule and not the exception.", "PMID": 571908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9764", "title": "Comparative utilization of pyruvate by Brugia pahangi, Dipetalonema viteae, and Litomosoides carinii.", "content": "The metabolism of pyruvate by the adult filarial parasites Brugia pahangi, Dipetalonema viteae, and Litomosoides carinii has been compared. Istopic carbon-balance studies indicate the presence of significant pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in L. carinii but little or no activity in either B. pahangi or D. viteae. In all 3 helminths, the quantities of pyruvate that were completely oxidized to CO2 and water were very small. The activities of some of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes of B. pahangi also were determined. In particular, a relatively low level of isocitrate dehydrogenase was noted in the mitochondria of B. pahangi. It is suggested that the tricarboxylic acid energy generating pathway is of doubtful importance as an energy yielding pathway in any of these parasites.", "contents": "Comparative utilization of pyruvate by Brugia pahangi, Dipetalonema viteae, and Litomosoides carinii. The metabolism of pyruvate by the adult filarial parasites Brugia pahangi, Dipetalonema viteae, and Litomosoides carinii has been compared. Istopic carbon-balance studies indicate the presence of significant pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in L. carinii but little or no activity in either B. pahangi or D. viteae. In all 3 helminths, the quantities of pyruvate that were completely oxidized to CO2 and water were very small. The activities of some of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes of B. pahangi also were determined. In particular, a relatively low level of isocitrate dehydrogenase was noted in the mitochondria of B. pahangi. It is suggested that the tricarboxylic acid energy generating pathway is of doubtful importance as an energy yielding pathway in any of these parasites.", "PMID": 571909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9765", "title": "Development of Dipetalonema gracile and D. caudispina to the infective stage in Culicoides hollensis.", "content": "The microfilariae of 2 species of Dipetalonema (i.e., D. gracile and D. caudispina), common parasites of South American monkeys, develop to the third (infective) stage in the biting midge, Culicoides hollensis. Development of both species occurs in the abdominal fat body; D. gracile requires 13 days and D. caudispina 9 days. Despite similarities in the patterns of development of both species, the third-stage larvae of each is morphologically distinct.", "contents": "Development of Dipetalonema gracile and D. caudispina to the infective stage in Culicoides hollensis. The microfilariae of 2 species of Dipetalonema (i.e., D. gracile and D. caudispina), common parasites of South American monkeys, develop to the third (infective) stage in the biting midge, Culicoides hollensis. Development of both species occurs in the abdominal fat body; D. gracile requires 13 days and D. caudispina 9 days. Despite similarities in the patterns of development of both species, the third-stage larvae of each is morphologically distinct.", "PMID": 571910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9766", "title": "Histopathology of hepatic and pulmonary granulomata experimentally induced with eggs of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Hepatic granulomata were experimentally induced in previously unexposed white mice, albino rats and golden hamsters by injecting viable exogenous eggs of Schistosoma mansoni via the mesenterico-portal system. Histopathologic studies of livers of these animals showed that the lesions were similar to those in infections resulting form exposure to cercariae as occurs naturally in Mansonian schistosomiasis. Comparable observations made of the lungs of animals that had received egg injections via their tail veins, showed striking differences with respect to timing of the occurrence of various histopathologic stages, mean size of granulomata, cellular composition and pathologic manifestations.", "contents": "Histopathology of hepatic and pulmonary granulomata experimentally induced with eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. Hepatic granulomata were experimentally induced in previously unexposed white mice, albino rats and golden hamsters by injecting viable exogenous eggs of Schistosoma mansoni via the mesenterico-portal system. Histopathologic studies of livers of these animals showed that the lesions were similar to those in infections resulting form exposure to cercariae as occurs naturally in Mansonian schistosomiasis. Comparable observations made of the lungs of animals that had received egg injections via their tail veins, showed striking differences with respect to timing of the occurrence of various histopathologic stages, mean size of granulomata, cellular composition and pathologic manifestations.", "PMID": 571911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9767", "title": "Additive physical dependence: evidence for a common mechanism in alcohol dependence.", "content": "In previous studies we demonstrated that mice could be made physically dependent with 3 or 6 days inhalation of t-butanol or ethanol vapor. In the present experiments the mice were treated with 3 days of t-butanol followed immediately by 3 days of ethanol at equipotent concentrations, for a total of 6 days continuous exposure. Other mice were given these alcohols in the reverse order. Withdrawal reactions, quantitated by scoring convulsions elicited by handling, were equivalent to those resulting from 6 days exposure to either alcohol alone. One alcohol not only substituted for the other in the maintenance of dependence, but also augmented the abstinence syndrome produced by the first 3 days exposure. An additive effect of ethanol and t-butanol in producing a withdrawal reaction is consistent with the hypothesis of a single underlying mechanism for producing physical dependence on alcohols. This experimental model may be useful for studying cross-dependence.", "contents": "Additive physical dependence: evidence for a common mechanism in alcohol dependence. In previous studies we demonstrated that mice could be made physically dependent with 3 or 6 days inhalation of t-butanol or ethanol vapor. In the present experiments the mice were treated with 3 days of t-butanol followed immediately by 3 days of ethanol at equipotent concentrations, for a total of 6 days continuous exposure. Other mice were given these alcohols in the reverse order. Withdrawal reactions, quantitated by scoring convulsions elicited by handling, were equivalent to those resulting from 6 days exposure to either alcohol alone. One alcohol not only substituted for the other in the maintenance of dependence, but also augmented the abstinence syndrome produced by the first 3 days exposure. An additive effect of ethanol and t-butanol in producing a withdrawal reaction is consistent with the hypothesis of a single underlying mechanism for producing physical dependence on alcohols. This experimental model may be useful for studying cross-dependence.", "PMID": 571913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9768", "title": "Bilateral mycotic myositis, osteomyelitis and nephritis in a dog caused by a cephalosporium-like hyphomycete.", "content": "A mycetoma like syndrome in a dog caused by a hyphomycete reminiscent of Acremonium hyalinum (Sacc.) W. Gams, is described. The organism was seen in smears of pus and sections from the kidneys and myocardium and was isolated in pure culture from the lesions.", "contents": "Bilateral mycotic myositis, osteomyelitis and nephritis in a dog caused by a cephalosporium-like hyphomycete. A mycetoma like syndrome in a dog caused by a hyphomycete reminiscent of Acremonium hyalinum (Sacc.) W. Gams, is described. The organism was seen in smears of pus and sections from the kidneys and myocardium and was isolated in pure culture from the lesions.", "PMID": 571914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9769", "title": "Mapping the dopamine receptor. 1. Features derived from modifications in ring E of the neuroleptic butaclamol.", "content": "Several analogues of the neuroleptic agent butaclamol, having modifications in the ring E region of the molecule, have been synthesized. Pharmacological evaluation identified two of the analogues as being equipotent to butaclamol, namely, anhydrobutaclamol (8) and deoxybutaclamol (9a). The molecular structures of both the active and inactive analogues were analyzed and the results have been used for mapping the central dopamine receptor. The existence of a previously proposed lipophilic accessory binding site on the receptor macromolecule has been confirmed. Its minimum dimensions, as well as its locus with respect to the primary binding sites, have been defined. A receptor model incorporating the above features is proposed.", "contents": "Mapping the dopamine receptor. 1. Features derived from modifications in ring E of the neuroleptic butaclamol. Several analogues of the neuroleptic agent butaclamol, having modifications in the ring E region of the molecule, have been synthesized. Pharmacological evaluation identified two of the analogues as being equipotent to butaclamol, namely, anhydrobutaclamol (8) and deoxybutaclamol (9a). The molecular structures of both the active and inactive analogues were analyzed and the results have been used for mapping the central dopamine receptor. The existence of a previously proposed lipophilic accessory binding site on the receptor macromolecule has been confirmed. Its minimum dimensions, as well as its locus with respect to the primary binding sites, have been defined. A receptor model incorporating the above features is proposed.", "PMID": 571916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9770", "title": "Mapping the dopamine receptor. 2. Features derived from modifications in the rings A/B region of the neuroleptic butaclamol.", "content": "Several analogues of the neuroleptic agent butaclamol having modifications in the rings A/B region of the molecule have been synthesized. Pharmacological evaluation identified the benzo[5,6]cyclohepta analogue 2b, isobutaclamol, as being equipotent to butaclamol. The molecular structure of this compound has been analyzed, and the results have been used for mapping the central dopamine receptor. A planar catechol primary binding site, composed of alpha and beta regions, has been identified and its minimal dimensions deduced. Its locus with respect to the nitrogen location site and its complementary hydrogen bond donor site has been specified. Using a Cartesian coordinate system, a receptor model is proposed which incorporates the above-mentioned features. The receptor model has been used to rationalize the observed chirality of the central dopamine receptor.", "contents": "Mapping the dopamine receptor. 2. Features derived from modifications in the rings A/B region of the neuroleptic butaclamol. Several analogues of the neuroleptic agent butaclamol having modifications in the rings A/B region of the molecule have been synthesized. Pharmacological evaluation identified the benzo[5,6]cyclohepta analogue 2b, isobutaclamol, as being equipotent to butaclamol. The molecular structure of this compound has been analyzed, and the results have been used for mapping the central dopamine receptor. A planar catechol primary binding site, composed of alpha and beta regions, has been identified and its minimal dimensions deduced. Its locus with respect to the nitrogen location site and its complementary hydrogen bond donor site has been specified. Using a Cartesian coordinate system, a receptor model is proposed which incorporates the above-mentioned features. The receptor model has been used to rationalize the observed chirality of the central dopamine receptor.", "PMID": 571917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9771", "title": "Biochemical assessment of the nutritional state of gravida of different socio-economic classes at the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha, Nigeria.", "content": "Non-pregnant women from the low socio-economic class were found to have significantly lower haemoglobin, plasma transferrin and retinol-binding protein concentrations than those from the upper classes. Pregnancy in these poor women resulted in a further significant lowering of these constituents. Children born to such mothers had significantly lower birthweights and plasma transferrin concentrations. A highly significant positive correlation was found between maternal serum transferrin concentration and birthweight, suggesting that this protein is a sensitive index of nutritional state in pregnancy.", "contents": "Biochemical assessment of the nutritional state of gravida of different socio-economic classes at the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha, Nigeria. Non-pregnant women from the low socio-economic class were found to have significantly lower haemoglobin, plasma transferrin and retinol-binding protein concentrations than those from the upper classes. Pregnancy in these poor women resulted in a further significant lowering of these constituents. Children born to such mothers had significantly lower birthweights and plasma transferrin concentrations. A highly significant positive correlation was found between maternal serum transferrin concentration and birthweight, suggesting that this protein is a sensitive index of nutritional state in pregnancy.", "PMID": 571919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9772", "title": "Gluconeogenic response during glucose infusions in patients following skeletal trauma or during sepsis.", "content": "In order to quantitate the effect of sepsis and skeletal trauma on gluconeogenesis, four septic and five skeletal trauma patients were evaluated for their ability to convert 14C-L-alanine to 14C-glucose while receiving 5% dextrose by peripheral vein. In the septic group, the mean glucose pool size increased by 35% and the glucose turnover rate increased by 85% over normal. The alanine conversion averaged 11.1% of the dose. The skeletal trauma group showed a glucose pool size increase of 61%, a 100% increase in glucose turnover rate and a 11.7% conversion of the alanine dose to glucose. The increased conversion of 14C-alanine to 14C-glucose in both sepsis and skeletal trauma in the face of an exogenous glucose infusion indicates an abnormal unsuppressible response. Each of the above parameters when compared to normal values was found to be significant at levels greater than 97.5%. The percentages of the dose expired as 14CO2 in three hours were not significantly different from the normals.", "contents": "Gluconeogenic response during glucose infusions in patients following skeletal trauma or during sepsis. In order to quantitate the effect of sepsis and skeletal trauma on gluconeogenesis, four septic and five skeletal trauma patients were evaluated for their ability to convert 14C-L-alanine to 14C-glucose while receiving 5% dextrose by peripheral vein. In the septic group, the mean glucose pool size increased by 35% and the glucose turnover rate increased by 85% over normal. The alanine conversion averaged 11.1% of the dose. The skeletal trauma group showed a glucose pool size increase of 61%, a 100% increase in glucose turnover rate and a 11.7% conversion of the alanine dose to glucose. The increased conversion of 14C-alanine to 14C-glucose in both sepsis and skeletal trauma in the face of an exogenous glucose infusion indicates an abnormal unsuppressible response. Each of the above parameters when compared to normal values was found to be significant at levels greater than 97.5%. The percentages of the dose expired as 14CO2 in three hours were not significantly different from the normals.", "PMID": 571925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9773", "title": "The comparative oxidation of glucose, fructose, sorbitol and xylitol in normal man.", "content": "The aim of the study was to compare the effects of fructose, sorbitol and xylitol with those of glucose on blood glucose and insulin levels and carbohydrate utilization in man. The experiment was performed by means of continuous indirect calorimetry in five groups of five to six normal volunteers during infusion of either glucose, fructose, sorbitol, xylitol or a mixture of fructose, glucose and xylitol in the proportion of 2:1:1. Glucose and insulin did not present any important variations during the fructose, sorbitol and xylitol infusiosns. However, carbohydrate oxidation rose significantly during administration of these substrates. Carbohydrate oxidation rose 80 mg/min for fructose, 27 mg/min for sorbitol, 39 mg/min for xylitol and 75 mg/min for the carbohydrate mixture, in comparison to 101 mg/min for glucose. It is concluded that fructose, sorbitol and xylitol provoke an increase in carbohydrate utilization without a corresponding rise in glycemia and insulinemia.", "contents": "The comparative oxidation of glucose, fructose, sorbitol and xylitol in normal man. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of fructose, sorbitol and xylitol with those of glucose on blood glucose and insulin levels and carbohydrate utilization in man. The experiment was performed by means of continuous indirect calorimetry in five groups of five to six normal volunteers during infusion of either glucose, fructose, sorbitol, xylitol or a mixture of fructose, glucose and xylitol in the proportion of 2:1:1. Glucose and insulin did not present any important variations during the fructose, sorbitol and xylitol infusiosns. However, carbohydrate oxidation rose significantly during administration of these substrates. Carbohydrate oxidation rose 80 mg/min for fructose, 27 mg/min for sorbitol, 39 mg/min for xylitol and 75 mg/min for the carbohydrate mixture, in comparison to 101 mg/min for glucose. It is concluded that fructose, sorbitol and xylitol provoke an increase in carbohydrate utilization without a corresponding rise in glycemia and insulinemia.", "PMID": 571926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9774", "title": "Echocardiographic and angiocardiographic features of supravalvular aortic stenosis in children.", "content": "Fourteen patients with SVAS served as subjects of echocardiographical and angiocardiographical studies and the data obtained were compared. There were significant decreases in aortic diameter at the level of ascending aorta compared to those of the aortic leaflets and significant differences of the percentage change of the aorta between the patients with SVAS and the normals. Echocardiography is, therefore, a useful noninvasive method for evaluating SVAS. If the values of percentage change of the aortic diameter obtained by echocardiogram are below -30%, the values of peak systolic pressure gradients across the supravalvular stenotic region should be higher than 20 mmHg. The value of LV M/V under 1.0 suggests that the pressure gradient is lower than 20 mmHg.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and angiocardiographic features of supravalvular aortic stenosis in children. Fourteen patients with SVAS served as subjects of echocardiographical and angiocardiographical studies and the data obtained were compared. There were significant decreases in aortic diameter at the level of ascending aorta compared to those of the aortic leaflets and significant differences of the percentage change of the aorta between the patients with SVAS and the normals. Echocardiography is, therefore, a useful noninvasive method for evaluating SVAS. If the values of percentage change of the aortic diameter obtained by echocardiogram are below -30%, the values of peak systolic pressure gradients across the supravalvular stenotic region should be higher than 20 mmHg. The value of LV M/V under 1.0 suggests that the pressure gradient is lower than 20 mmHg.", "PMID": 571927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9775", "title": "Effect of graded coronary constriction on the flow reserve in regional myocardium in dog.", "content": "Effects of coronary constriction on the flow reserve of regional myocardium were studied in the anesthetized open-chest dogs. Regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was continuously measured using heated crossthermocouple method. Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) was constricted gradually with a screw type constrictor. The coronary constriction decreased subendocardial myocardial blood flow, while subepicardial myocardial blood flow was not affected until reactive hyperemia in LCX nearly disappeared. Recovery and arrival to peak flow rate of RMBF following the release of 15-second's occlusion of LCX were progressively delayed with an increase in the constriction, especially in the subendocardial myocardium. Repayment of flow debt, however, was remained relatively well since the duration of reactive hyperemia in RMBF was prolonged by an increment of the constriction. From these findings, it might be concluded that in the heart with coronary stenosis recovery from ischemia was caused by prolonged duration of reactive hyperemia, and is suggested that the time required for recovery from ischemia or ischemic abnormalities after the cessation of stress might be an important marker for the severity of coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "Effect of graded coronary constriction on the flow reserve in regional myocardium in dog. Effects of coronary constriction on the flow reserve of regional myocardium were studied in the anesthetized open-chest dogs. Regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was continuously measured using heated crossthermocouple method. Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) was constricted gradually with a screw type constrictor. The coronary constriction decreased subendocardial myocardial blood flow, while subepicardial myocardial blood flow was not affected until reactive hyperemia in LCX nearly disappeared. Recovery and arrival to peak flow rate of RMBF following the release of 15-second's occlusion of LCX were progressively delayed with an increase in the constriction, especially in the subendocardial myocardium. Repayment of flow debt, however, was remained relatively well since the duration of reactive hyperemia in RMBF was prolonged by an increment of the constriction. From these findings, it might be concluded that in the heart with coronary stenosis recovery from ischemia was caused by prolonged duration of reactive hyperemia, and is suggested that the time required for recovery from ischemia or ischemic abnormalities after the cessation of stress might be an important marker for the severity of coronary insufficiency.", "PMID": 571929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9776", "title": "Excitatory and inhibitory electrodermal reflexes evoked by cutaneous stimulation in acute spinal cats.", "content": "The electrodermal reflex (EDR) was recorded from the paws of acute spinal cats by a DC potential recording method. The EDR was produced either by pinching the skin in various areas of the trunk, or by electrical stimulation of cutaneous afferents of various spinal segments. It was found that not only excitatory but also inhibitory EDRs were produced and that occurrence of the excitatory and inhibitory EDRs depended on both the segmental position and the laterality of the stimulated area. Cutaneous stimulation generally produced excitatory EDRs more frequently than inhibitory ones, except when afferent inputs entered the spinal cord at or close to the segments of sudomotor outflow; in the latter case inhibitory EDRs were comparatively frequent and strong. Maximal inhibitory EDRs were elicited by stimulation of the group II afferent fibers of the cutaneous nerves only, whereas maximal excitatory EDRs were elicited after stimulation of the group II, III and IV afferent fibers of cutaneous origin.", "contents": "Excitatory and inhibitory electrodermal reflexes evoked by cutaneous stimulation in acute spinal cats. The electrodermal reflex (EDR) was recorded from the paws of acute spinal cats by a DC potential recording method. The EDR was produced either by pinching the skin in various areas of the trunk, or by electrical stimulation of cutaneous afferents of various spinal segments. It was found that not only excitatory but also inhibitory EDRs were produced and that occurrence of the excitatory and inhibitory EDRs depended on both the segmental position and the laterality of the stimulated area. Cutaneous stimulation generally produced excitatory EDRs more frequently than inhibitory ones, except when afferent inputs entered the spinal cord at or close to the segments of sudomotor outflow; in the latter case inhibitory EDRs were comparatively frequent and strong. Maximal inhibitory EDRs were elicited by stimulation of the group II afferent fibers of the cutaneous nerves only, whereas maximal excitatory EDRs were elicited after stimulation of the group II, III and IV afferent fibers of cutaneous origin.", "PMID": 571931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9777", "title": "[Connatal leukaemia and pseudoleukaemia--two cases with cytochemical findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Two newborn infants with hyperleukocytosis and blast cells in the peripheral blood are compared. Case 1 represents a connatal leukemia, which could be characterized as monocytic by the naphthol-ASesterase reaction, which was inhibited by NaF. The child died after a few hours. Case 2 must be diagnosed as \"pseudoleukemia\" in mongolism. The blast cells were classified as lymphoblastic on the basis of a strong granular beta-glucuronidase reaction. The patient achieved spontaneous remission.", "contents": "[Connatal leukaemia and pseudoleukaemia--two cases with cytochemical findings (author's transl)]. Two newborn infants with hyperleukocytosis and blast cells in the peripheral blood are compared. Case 1 represents a connatal leukemia, which could be characterized as monocytic by the naphthol-ASesterase reaction, which was inhibited by NaF. The child died after a few hours. Case 2 must be diagnosed as \"pseudoleukemia\" in mongolism. The blast cells were classified as lymphoblastic on the basis of a strong granular beta-glucuronidase reaction. The patient achieved spontaneous remission.", "PMID": 571934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9778", "title": "[Encephalopathy due to vincristine sulfate (author's transl)].", "content": "A cytotoxic effect by vincristine sulfate on the cerebral cortex is claimed in literature. In 188 children treated with vincristine we saw no so called \"Vincristine-induced Encephalopathy\". The proportional risk of vincristin-induced cerebral complications amount to 1%, as demonstrated by various authors. In 67 children investigated 5 weeks up to 2 years after last vincristine-injection we found no EEG-tracing, which could be discussed as a vincristine-induced finding.", "contents": "[Encephalopathy due to vincristine sulfate (author's transl)]. A cytotoxic effect by vincristine sulfate on the cerebral cortex is claimed in literature. In 188 children treated with vincristine we saw no so called \"Vincristine-induced Encephalopathy\". The proportional risk of vincristin-induced cerebral complications amount to 1%, as demonstrated by various authors. In 67 children investigated 5 weeks up to 2 years after last vincristine-injection we found no EEG-tracing, which could be discussed as a vincristine-induced finding.", "PMID": 571935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9779", "title": "[Analysis of normal and methylated urinary nucleobases: a new criterion for diagnosis and follow-up of malignancies (author's transl)].", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of the normal and modified nucleobases excreted in urine represents a new and versatile tool. Its use for the diagnosis of malignancies, deliminating infectious diseases, and for the follow-up of the effects of a cytostatic therapy is shown. This method offers a chance to introduce the analysis of a series of fragments of primary gene products into the routine of clinical biochemistry.", "contents": "[Analysis of normal and methylated urinary nucleobases: a new criterion for diagnosis and follow-up of malignancies (author's transl)]. The qualitative and quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of the normal and modified nucleobases excreted in urine represents a new and versatile tool. Its use for the diagnosis of malignancies, deliminating infectious diseases, and for the follow-up of the effects of a cytostatic therapy is shown. This method offers a chance to introduce the analysis of a series of fragments of primary gene products into the routine of clinical biochemistry.", "PMID": 571936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9780", "title": "[Grading procedures for neuroblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Various procedures of practical significance for grading neuroblastoma are described. The comparability of the grading procedures was studied on the basis of a series of 75 cases of neuroblastoma. When the grading procedure of Hughes et al. was applied to the material collected at the Childhood Tumor Registry in Kiel, the proportions of the various grades of malignancy agreed with the data on the collection in Manchester. More than 50% of the cases of neuroblastoma were undifferentiated, corresponding to grade III. An anaplastic type of neuroblastoma is also described. When applying grading procedures, one has to take the possible variations in the histologic picture of neuroblastoma into consideration.", "contents": "[Grading procedures for neuroblastoma (author's transl)]. Various procedures of practical significance for grading neuroblastoma are described. The comparability of the grading procedures was studied on the basis of a series of 75 cases of neuroblastoma. When the grading procedure of Hughes et al. was applied to the material collected at the Childhood Tumor Registry in Kiel, the proportions of the various grades of malignancy agreed with the data on the collection in Manchester. More than 50% of the cases of neuroblastoma were undifferentiated, corresponding to grade III. An anaplastic type of neuroblastoma is also described. When applying grading procedures, one has to take the possible variations in the histologic picture of neuroblastoma into consideration.", "PMID": 571937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9781", "title": "[Resection of a primarily inoperable Ewing's sarcoma of the pelvis (author's transl)].", "content": "A primarily inoperable Ewing's sarcoma in a 10 yrs. old boy arising from the pelvis was totally resected following preoperative T-6 chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A new approach to the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma is discussed.", "contents": "[Resection of a primarily inoperable Ewing's sarcoma of the pelvis (author's transl)]. A primarily inoperable Ewing's sarcoma in a 10 yrs. old boy arising from the pelvis was totally resected following preoperative T-6 chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A new approach to the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma is discussed.", "PMID": 571938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9782", "title": "Alcoholism and cancer. I. Effects of long-term exposure to alcohol on spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma and prolactin levels in C3H/St mice.", "content": "Serum prolactin levels were significantly lower in mice exposed to alcohol for 28 days than they were in controls, and the latency period for adenocarcinoma development was significantly shorter in the alcohol-exposed animals.", "contents": "Alcoholism and cancer. I. Effects of long-term exposure to alcohol on spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma and prolactin levels in C3H/St mice. Serum prolactin levels were significantly lower in mice exposed to alcohol for 28 days than they were in controls, and the latency period for adenocarcinoma development was significantly shorter in the alcohol-exposed animals.", "PMID": 571941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9783", "title": "Increased susceptibility to kindled seizures in rats following a single injection of alcohol.", "content": "After 2 or 2.5 g of alcohol, rats previously subjected to low-intensity electrical stimulation of the amygdala showed first a suppression followed by a potentiation of motor seizures and afterdischarges.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility to kindled seizures in rats following a single injection of alcohol. After 2 or 2.5 g of alcohol, rats previously subjected to low-intensity electrical stimulation of the amygdala showed first a suppression followed by a potentiation of motor seizures and afterdischarges.", "PMID": 571942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9784", "title": "Cardiac valve replacement in children: comparison of tissue with mechanical prostheses.", "content": "Replacement of cardiac valves in children has been associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity in the past. We have compared 24 children from 2 to 18 years of age who have received mechanical valves with 24 children who have received porcine valves. The groups were similar except that (1) there were more mitral operations in the mechanical valve group and more aortic operations in the porcine valve group; (2) more porcine than mechanical valves were implanted in recent years; and (3) the porcine valve group comprised more young patients under 8 years and required more complex operations. Early and late mortality rates were higher in the mechanical than in the porcine valve group. Major late complications were seen in 50 percent of the mechanical valve group and 13 percent of the porcine group. Implantation of an adult-sized aortic valve was made possible in all patients by the use of aortic augmentation annuloplasty. Higher operative mortality rates in the mechanical valve group may have been related more to technique of myocardial preservation during operation than to type of valve. Although differing rates of late morbidity and mortality may also have been related to myocardial preservation and other technical factors, the type of valve used seemed to be an important determinant of the better results in the porcine group. Despite unknown durability of the porcine valve, our data suggest that the safest prosthetic valve to use in children at this time is the glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine prosthesis.", "contents": "Cardiac valve replacement in children: comparison of tissue with mechanical prostheses. Replacement of cardiac valves in children has been associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity in the past. We have compared 24 children from 2 to 18 years of age who have received mechanical valves with 24 children who have received porcine valves. The groups were similar except that (1) there were more mitral operations in the mechanical valve group and more aortic operations in the porcine valve group; (2) more porcine than mechanical valves were implanted in recent years; and (3) the porcine valve group comprised more young patients under 8 years and required more complex operations. Early and late mortality rates were higher in the mechanical than in the porcine valve group. Major late complications were seen in 50 percent of the mechanical valve group and 13 percent of the porcine group. Implantation of an adult-sized aortic valve was made possible in all patients by the use of aortic augmentation annuloplasty. Higher operative mortality rates in the mechanical valve group may have been related more to technique of myocardial preservation during operation than to type of valve. Although differing rates of late morbidity and mortality may also have been related to myocardial preservation and other technical factors, the type of valve used seemed to be an important determinant of the better results in the porcine group. Despite unknown durability of the porcine valve, our data suggest that the safest prosthetic valve to use in children at this time is the glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine prosthesis.", "PMID": 571943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9785", "title": "[Injured tongue due to bite of fer-de-lance (author's transl)].", "content": "A nine-year-old boy was bitten in the tongue by an Asiatic fer-de-lance, a Trimenesurus wagleri. No generalized toxic reaction developed; there was only locally a massive edema of the tongue leading to a severe dyspnea. The child was intubated and administered antiphlogistics, antibiotics, cortison, a tetanus booster shot as well as parenteral nutrition. After three days the local status was unchanged. Because of the danger of the development of necrosis in the laryngeal region as a result of the toxic effect and the sustained intubation, a tracheotomy inferior was carried out. The status localis improved considerably after surgery, so that a week after the bite the tracheostoma could be closed. Four weeks later no pathological findings were made any more, the tracheostoma had healed up well.", "contents": "[Injured tongue due to bite of fer-de-lance (author's transl)]. A nine-year-old boy was bitten in the tongue by an Asiatic fer-de-lance, a Trimenesurus wagleri. No generalized toxic reaction developed; there was only locally a massive edema of the tongue leading to a severe dyspnea. The child was intubated and administered antiphlogistics, antibiotics, cortison, a tetanus booster shot as well as parenteral nutrition. After three days the local status was unchanged. Because of the danger of the development of necrosis in the laryngeal region as a result of the toxic effect and the sustained intubation, a tracheotomy inferior was carried out. The status localis improved considerably after surgery, so that a week after the bite the tracheostoma could be closed. Four weeks later no pathological findings were made any more, the tracheostoma had healed up well.", "PMID": 571946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9786", "title": "Factors affecting plasma amino acid concentrations in control subjects.", "content": "Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in groups of normal control subjects under fasting and postprandial conditions. Differences were observed that were found to be, to a considerable extent, sex-related. Fasting females had lower concentrations than fasting males of several amino acids, although postprandial differences in concentrations between the sexes were not significant. Under the dietary conditions normal for a British population, no significant diurnal variation of plasma amino acid concentrations was found. Reducing the dietary protein by 30% failed to affect plasma amino acid concentrations; however, increasing the dietary protein by 50% resulted in a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of several amino acids, and induced a significant degree of variation throughout the day in six, proline, half-cystine, methionine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The importance of these results with regard to the interpretation of population mean values and disease diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Factors affecting plasma amino acid concentrations in control subjects. Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in groups of normal control subjects under fasting and postprandial conditions. Differences were observed that were found to be, to a considerable extent, sex-related. Fasting females had lower concentrations than fasting males of several amino acids, although postprandial differences in concentrations between the sexes were not significant. Under the dietary conditions normal for a British population, no significant diurnal variation of plasma amino acid concentrations was found. Reducing the dietary protein by 30% failed to affect plasma amino acid concentrations; however, increasing the dietary protein by 50% resulted in a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of several amino acids, and induced a significant degree of variation throughout the day in six, proline, half-cystine, methionine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The importance of these results with regard to the interpretation of population mean values and disease diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 571951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9787", "title": "[Use of the reaction product of beta-alanine and formaldehyde in the kinetic method of determining defects in secondary structure].", "content": "It is shown that the kinetics of DNA despiralization in the presence of beta-alanine--formaldehyde reaction product (beta-ALA-FORM) can be described in terms of theory of DNA despiralisation by \"slowly reacting agents\". Conditions are determined in which beta-ALA-FORM product can be used to establish the concentration of defects in DNA secondary structure. Possible advantages are discussed of using the new agent in the kinetic method of determining DNA defects as compared to formaldehyde, in particular in analysis of DNA complexes with proteins. The data obtained throw some light on the nature of the interaction between beta-alanine and formaldehyde in slightly acidic solutions and with the excess of aminoacid.", "contents": "[Use of the reaction product of beta-alanine and formaldehyde in the kinetic method of determining defects in secondary structure]. It is shown that the kinetics of DNA despiralization in the presence of beta-alanine--formaldehyde reaction product (beta-ALA-FORM) can be described in terms of theory of DNA despiralisation by \"slowly reacting agents\". Conditions are determined in which beta-ALA-FORM product can be used to establish the concentration of defects in DNA secondary structure. Possible advantages are discussed of using the new agent in the kinetic method of determining DNA defects as compared to formaldehyde, in particular in analysis of DNA complexes with proteins. The data obtained throw some light on the nature of the interaction between beta-alanine and formaldehyde in slightly acidic solutions and with the excess of aminoacid.", "PMID": 571955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9788", "title": "Autosomal dominant \"spheroid body myopathy\".", "content": "A slowly progressive autosomal dominant neuromuscular disease--termed spheroid body myopathy--is described in four successive generations and documented by muscle biopsies in five patients of two generations. With an onset in adolescence, the disease proceeds to some motor incapacitation, but life span is apparently not shortened. The salient morphologic feature is the presence of spheroid bodies, chiefly occurring in type 1 myofibers. Ultrastructurally, these spheroid bodies are composed of tiny filaments but are devoid of organelles; in some cases they resemble cytoplasmic bodies. \"Smearing in the 1-band\" is a frequent and early finding. At a later age, signs of denervation are also present, both clinically and in muscle biopsies. The clinical and morphologic features justify the designation of this neuromuscular condition as a distinct entity.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant \"spheroid body myopathy\". A slowly progressive autosomal dominant neuromuscular disease--termed spheroid body myopathy--is described in four successive generations and documented by muscle biopsies in five patients of two generations. With an onset in adolescence, the disease proceeds to some motor incapacitation, but life span is apparently not shortened. The salient morphologic feature is the presence of spheroid bodies, chiefly occurring in type 1 myofibers. Ultrastructurally, these spheroid bodies are composed of tiny filaments but are devoid of organelles; in some cases they resemble cytoplasmic bodies. \"Smearing in the 1-band\" is a frequent and early finding. At a later age, signs of denervation are also present, both clinically and in muscle biopsies. The clinical and morphologic features justify the designation of this neuromuscular condition as a distinct entity.", "PMID": 571956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9789", "title": "Black grain mycetoma: the ultrastructure of Madurella mycetomi.", "content": "Madurella mycetomi, the fungus pathogen of black grain mycetoma, shows an elaborate development of mesosomes as its most striking ultrastructural feature. These occur in addition to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Condensations of hyphal cytoplasm and recurring intrahyphal growth of new hyphal cells are features of the pigment-producing and pathogenic phases of the organism. The abundant pigment which histochemically resembled melanin was not traceable to any ultrastructural granule, nor was it built from a tyrosine precursor. The ultrastructural changes occurring in collagen through a sclerotizing action by the fungus are briefly noted.", "contents": "Black grain mycetoma: the ultrastructure of Madurella mycetomi. Madurella mycetomi, the fungus pathogen of black grain mycetoma, shows an elaborate development of mesosomes as its most striking ultrastructural feature. These occur in addition to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Condensations of hyphal cytoplasm and recurring intrahyphal growth of new hyphal cells are features of the pigment-producing and pathogenic phases of the organism. The abundant pigment which histochemically resembled melanin was not traceable to any ultrastructural granule, nor was it built from a tyrosine precursor. The ultrastructural changes occurring in collagen through a sclerotizing action by the fungus are briefly noted.", "PMID": 571961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9790", "title": "Biosynthesis of the major human red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, in a continuous cell line.", "content": "During biosynthesis of glycophorin A in K562 cells a precursor is rapidly transferred through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane with the COOH-terminal remaining in the cytoplasm. This is glycosylated within the cell and appears at the cell surface after about 30 min. The biosynthetic pathway resembles that described for viral membrane glycoproteins.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the major human red cell sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, in a continuous cell line. During biosynthesis of glycophorin A in K562 cells a precursor is rapidly transferred through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane with the COOH-terminal remaining in the cytoplasm. This is glycosylated within the cell and appears at the cell surface after about 30 min. The biosynthetic pathway resembles that described for viral membrane glycoproteins.", "PMID": 571965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9791", "title": "Substantia nigra as an out-put station for striatal dopaminergic responses: role of a GABA-mediated inhibition of pars reticulata neurons.", "content": "Intranigral administration of kainic acid results in loss of pars reticulata neurons without damage to axons traversing or terminating within the nigra. Unilateral nigral lesions with kainic acid result in an ipsilateral turning upon administration of apomorphine, a dopamine (DA)-receptor agonist and in contralateral turning upon administration of haloperidol, a DA-receptor blocker. Destruction of post-synaptic structures in the striatum of the side contralateral to that injected with kainic acid results in a drastic reduction, abolition or even reversal of the turning effects elicited by apomorphine and haloperidol. Unilateral intranigral microinjection of nanogram amounts of the GABA-receptor antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline elicits ipsilateral circling upon apomorphine administration. Kainic-induced lesion or microinjection of picrotoxin or bicuculline in the nigra ipsilateral to a 6-OHDA-lesion of nigro-striatal DA-neurons results in reduction, abolition or reversal of the contralateral circling produced by apomorphine. The results indicate that the nigra pars reticulata is a station for dopaminergic impulses originating from the striatum and suggest that the turning behavior in response to striatal DA-receptor stimulation is due to a GABA-mediated inhibition of ipsiversive pars reticulata neurons.", "contents": "Substantia nigra as an out-put station for striatal dopaminergic responses: role of a GABA-mediated inhibition of pars reticulata neurons. Intranigral administration of kainic acid results in loss of pars reticulata neurons without damage to axons traversing or terminating within the nigra. Unilateral nigral lesions with kainic acid result in an ipsilateral turning upon administration of apomorphine, a dopamine (DA)-receptor agonist and in contralateral turning upon administration of haloperidol, a DA-receptor blocker. Destruction of post-synaptic structures in the striatum of the side contralateral to that injected with kainic acid results in a drastic reduction, abolition or even reversal of the turning effects elicited by apomorphine and haloperidol. Unilateral intranigral microinjection of nanogram amounts of the GABA-receptor antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline elicits ipsilateral circling upon apomorphine administration. Kainic-induced lesion or microinjection of picrotoxin or bicuculline in the nigra ipsilateral to a 6-OHDA-lesion of nigro-striatal DA-neurons results in reduction, abolition or reversal of the contralateral circling produced by apomorphine. The results indicate that the nigra pars reticulata is a station for dopaminergic impulses originating from the striatum and suggest that the turning behavior in response to striatal DA-receptor stimulation is due to a GABA-mediated inhibition of ipsiversive pars reticulata neurons.", "PMID": 571967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9792", "title": "[Middle cerebral arterial occlusion secondary to brain tumor -- case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A thirty-year-old man who had sudden onsets of unconsciousness, right hemiparesis and conjugate deviation to the left side, was admitted to our clinic. The clinical symptoms were similar to an apoplexic attack. The neurologic examination showed right hyperactive knee and ankle reflexes, and left inferior temporal retinal arterial occlusion. The serial left carotid angiography, performed immediately after admission, showed the occlusion of left middle cerebral artery at the location of trifurcation. We diagnosed this case as a cerebral vascular disease, and then the large amount of Urokinase and Heparin were injected immediately after the diagnosis. The clinical symptoms were improved tremendously after the injection. Three days later, the second left carotid angiography showed the complete recanalization of the occlusion, and further did a tumor stain at the distal portion of the occlusion. The brain scintigram revealed an increased up-take of 99mTc in the left parieto-temporal region. We finally diagnosed brain tumor, and the tumor was subtotally removed by the left parieto-temporal craniotomy. The histological findings of the tumor showed angioblastic meningioma. The cerebral arterial occlusion secondary to the brain tumor should be caused by the compression of the vessels and the hemorrhage of the tumor. This case is rarely reported.", "contents": "[Middle cerebral arterial occlusion secondary to brain tumor -- case report (author's transl)]. A thirty-year-old man who had sudden onsets of unconsciousness, right hemiparesis and conjugate deviation to the left side, was admitted to our clinic. The clinical symptoms were similar to an apoplexic attack. The neurologic examination showed right hyperactive knee and ankle reflexes, and left inferior temporal retinal arterial occlusion. The serial left carotid angiography, performed immediately after admission, showed the occlusion of left middle cerebral artery at the location of trifurcation. We diagnosed this case as a cerebral vascular disease, and then the large amount of Urokinase and Heparin were injected immediately after the diagnosis. The clinical symptoms were improved tremendously after the injection. Three days later, the second left carotid angiography showed the complete recanalization of the occlusion, and further did a tumor stain at the distal portion of the occlusion. The brain scintigram revealed an increased up-take of 99mTc in the left parieto-temporal region. We finally diagnosed brain tumor, and the tumor was subtotally removed by the left parieto-temporal craniotomy. The histological findings of the tumor showed angioblastic meningioma. The cerebral arterial occlusion secondary to the brain tumor should be caused by the compression of the vessels and the hemorrhage of the tumor. This case is rarely reported.", "PMID": 571968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9793", "title": "The complementary nature of computed tomography and angiography in the diagnosis of cerebellar hemangioblastoma.", "content": "Cerebellar hemangioblastomas were seen in seven persons, five being members of the same family. All were studied with constrast enhanced CT scans and vertebral angiograms. The CT scans were superior for demonstrating the cystic component of the tumors and associated hydrocephalus, features not usually evident on the angiograms. The angiograms were superior for revealing the vascular nature, supply and drainage of the tumors. In several patients the angiograms revealed more tumors than could be seen by CT. Both CT and angiography contribute important information in the diagnosis of these neoplasms.", "contents": "The complementary nature of computed tomography and angiography in the diagnosis of cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas were seen in seven persons, five being members of the same family. All were studied with constrast enhanced CT scans and vertebral angiograms. The CT scans were superior for demonstrating the cystic component of the tumors and associated hydrocephalus, features not usually evident on the angiograms. The angiograms were superior for revealing the vascular nature, supply and drainage of the tumors. In several patients the angiograms revealed more tumors than could be seen by CT. Both CT and angiography contribute important information in the diagnosis of these neoplasms.", "PMID": 571969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9794", "title": "Cellular immunity to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: relationship to histocompatibility type and antigenic site.", "content": "To determine the nature of the cellular immune response directed against acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis, we compared lymphocyte stimulation by eel receptor with clinical factors. The mean (+/- SEM) stimulation index was 4.5 +/- 0.9 for 39 myasthenic patients and 0.97 +/- 0.18 for 48 controls (p less than 0.001). Positive response in patients was associated with disease onset after 50 years (10 of 13 patients) and presence of thymoma (seven of eight patients), but not with HLA type. Stimulation index correlated with disease activity (rs = 0.63, p less than 0.01). Blocking the active portion of the receptor molecule with naja toxin resulted in 68 percent diminution of the response, suggesting that this site plays a significant role in the cellular immune response in myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: relationship to histocompatibility type and antigenic site. To determine the nature of the cellular immune response directed against acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis, we compared lymphocyte stimulation by eel receptor with clinical factors. The mean (+/- SEM) stimulation index was 4.5 +/- 0.9 for 39 myasthenic patients and 0.97 +/- 0.18 for 48 controls (p less than 0.001). Positive response in patients was associated with disease onset after 50 years (10 of 13 patients) and presence of thymoma (seven of eight patients), but not with HLA type. Stimulation index correlated with disease activity (rs = 0.63, p less than 0.01). Blocking the active portion of the receptor molecule with naja toxin resulted in 68 percent diminution of the response, suggesting that this site plays a significant role in the cellular immune response in myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 571972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9795", "title": "The risk of epilepsy following febrile convulsions.", "content": "A cohort of 666 children who had convulsions with fever were followed to determine the risks of subsequent epilepsy. High risks were found in children with preexisting cerebral palsy or mental retardation. Other major risk factors were atypical features of the febrile convulsions (such as focal seizures) and duration of febrile seizures for 10 minuts or more. The risk of developing epilepsy by age 20 was about 6 percent for all children who had experienced febrile convulsions. However, this risk figure consisted of a combination of 2.5 percent of children without prior neurologic disorder or atypical or prolonged seizures, and 17 percent of those with such complications.", "contents": "The risk of epilepsy following febrile convulsions. A cohort of 666 children who had convulsions with fever were followed to determine the risks of subsequent epilepsy. High risks were found in children with preexisting cerebral palsy or mental retardation. Other major risk factors were atypical features of the febrile convulsions (such as focal seizures) and duration of febrile seizures for 10 minuts or more. The risk of developing epilepsy by age 20 was about 6 percent for all children who had experienced febrile convulsions. However, this risk figure consisted of a combination of 2.5 percent of children without prior neurologic disorder or atypical or prolonged seizures, and 17 percent of those with such complications.", "PMID": 571973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9796", "title": "CT scans in Menkes disease.", "content": "The clinical courses and serial computerized tomography (CT) scans of four patients with Menkes disease are described. Although the initial clinical presentations were similar, head growth and serial CT scans showed striking individual differences. The CT scans varied from showing no abnormalities early in the disease to showing diffuse cortical atrophy, subdural accumulation of fluid, or multifocal areas of ischemic infarction. The pathologic findings in one patient showed only cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, whereas the findings in another patient showed areas of ischemic infarction, probably secondary to abnormal vessels. Menkes disease should be suspected in male infants with psychomotor deterioration and seizures, or when trauma is suspected from subdural hematoma and multiple fractures.", "contents": "CT scans in Menkes disease. The clinical courses and serial computerized tomography (CT) scans of four patients with Menkes disease are described. Although the initial clinical presentations were similar, head growth and serial CT scans showed striking individual differences. The CT scans varied from showing no abnormalities early in the disease to showing diffuse cortical atrophy, subdural accumulation of fluid, or multifocal areas of ischemic infarction. The pathologic findings in one patient showed only cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, whereas the findings in another patient showed areas of ischemic infarction, probably secondary to abnormal vessels. Menkes disease should be suspected in male infants with psychomotor deterioration and seizures, or when trauma is suspected from subdural hematoma and multiple fractures.", "PMID": 571974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9797", "title": "Microangiopathy of the brain and retina.", "content": "Two women (26 and 40 years old) developed an unusual microangiopathy that affected the brain and retina. Psychiatric symptoms initially overshadowed the subacute features of the progressive neurologic disorder. Ophthalmoscopic findings of multifocal branch retinal artery occlusions provided clinical evidence of vasculopathy. Laboratory data did not reveal evidence of the known vasculitides, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and syphilis. Cerebral angiography suggested vasculitis in the younger patient. Brain biopsy in the older patient (after 3 months of steroid therapy) revealed a sclerosis of the small pial and cortical vessels that was consistent with a \"healed\" angitis. Both patients seemed to respond to steroid therapy.", "contents": "Microangiopathy of the brain and retina. Two women (26 and 40 years old) developed an unusual microangiopathy that affected the brain and retina. Psychiatric symptoms initially overshadowed the subacute features of the progressive neurologic disorder. Ophthalmoscopic findings of multifocal branch retinal artery occlusions provided clinical evidence of vasculopathy. Laboratory data did not reveal evidence of the known vasculitides, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and syphilis. Cerebral angiography suggested vasculitis in the younger patient. Brain biopsy in the older patient (after 3 months of steroid therapy) revealed a sclerosis of the small pial and cortical vessels that was consistent with a \"healed\" angitis. Both patients seemed to respond to steroid therapy.", "PMID": 571975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9798", "title": "Cerebral infarction and migraine: clinical and radiologic correlations.", "content": "Cerebral infarction was documented by arteriography and serial computed cranial tomography (CT) in four young adults (ages 16 to 32 years) with migraine. In one case, posterior cerebral artery occlusion produced a deep parietotemporal infarct. The other three cases all had frontotemporal infarcts (one hemorrhagic) in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, without major arterial occlusion. Two infarcts produced lasting neurologic deficits; one was associated with mild, transitory symptoms, and one was asymtomatic. Laboratory investigations in two cases revealed no hematologic or cardiovascular predisposition to cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral infarction, as revealed by CT, may be more prevalent in \"complicated\" migraine than is generally appreciated. Such lesions may or may not develop in chronologic and anatomic relationship to the headache, and may involve either large or small arteries. The prognosis for functional recovery, based on this limited sample, seems favorable.", "contents": "Cerebral infarction and migraine: clinical and radiologic correlations. Cerebral infarction was documented by arteriography and serial computed cranial tomography (CT) in four young adults (ages 16 to 32 years) with migraine. In one case, posterior cerebral artery occlusion produced a deep parietotemporal infarct. The other three cases all had frontotemporal infarcts (one hemorrhagic) in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, without major arterial occlusion. Two infarcts produced lasting neurologic deficits; one was associated with mild, transitory symptoms, and one was asymtomatic. Laboratory investigations in two cases revealed no hematologic or cardiovascular predisposition to cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral infarction, as revealed by CT, may be more prevalent in \"complicated\" migraine than is generally appreciated. Such lesions may or may not develop in chronologic and anatomic relationship to the headache, and may involve either large or small arteries. The prognosis for functional recovery, based on this limited sample, seems favorable.", "PMID": 571976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9799", "title": "Behr syndrome: a clinicopathologic report.", "content": "Two sisters had Behr syndrome; autopsy was performed on one. The autopsy revealed central atrophy of the optic nerves and total disarray of the normal laminar pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus, dropout of neurons, and gliosis. There were numerous axonal spheroids in the neuropil. Similar spheroids with cell loss and gliosis were also observed in other thalamic nuclei and, rarely, in the pallida. We raise the possibility that Behr syndrome is a manifestation of a heterogeneous group of disorders, and suggest relationship of this particular disease to infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.", "contents": "Behr syndrome: a clinicopathologic report. Two sisters had Behr syndrome; autopsy was performed on one. The autopsy revealed central atrophy of the optic nerves and total disarray of the normal laminar pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus, dropout of neurons, and gliosis. There were numerous axonal spheroids in the neuropil. Similar spheroids with cell loss and gliosis were also observed in other thalamic nuclei and, rarely, in the pallida. We raise the possibility that Behr syndrome is a manifestation of a heterogeneous group of disorders, and suggest relationship of this particular disease to infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.", "PMID": 571977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9800", "title": "Calcification of the basal ganglia: computerized tomography and clinical correlation.", "content": "During a 1-year period, 4219 consecutive computerized tomograms (CT) were reviewed for basal ganglia calcification; 14 patients with such calcification were identified. Calcifications on CT scan were bilateral in 12 of these cases and unilateral in 2. All bilateral calcifications were symmetric. The globus pallidus was the site of calcification in 13 of the 14 patients. Bilateral dentate nucleus calcification was seen in one patient. Skull radiograms were normal in all but one. Patients had diverse symptoms that were often explained by other findings, suggesting that calcifications may be coincidental and that basal ganglia calcification may not be a nosologic entity. Disturbances of calcium metabolism were not found in these patients, minimizing the pathophysiologic significance of altered calcium metabolism and the need for extensive endocrinologic evaluation. The finding of basal ganglia calcification alone does not justify invasive diagnostic procedures. Extrapyramidal signs may be associated with basal ganglia calcification; parkinsonism associated with basal ganglia calcification differs from idiopathic parkinsonism in being resistant to levodopa therapy.", "contents": "Calcification of the basal ganglia: computerized tomography and clinical correlation. During a 1-year period, 4219 consecutive computerized tomograms (CT) were reviewed for basal ganglia calcification; 14 patients with such calcification were identified. Calcifications on CT scan were bilateral in 12 of these cases and unilateral in 2. All bilateral calcifications were symmetric. The globus pallidus was the site of calcification in 13 of the 14 patients. Bilateral dentate nucleus calcification was seen in one patient. Skull radiograms were normal in all but one. Patients had diverse symptoms that were often explained by other findings, suggesting that calcifications may be coincidental and that basal ganglia calcification may not be a nosologic entity. Disturbances of calcium metabolism were not found in these patients, minimizing the pathophysiologic significance of altered calcium metabolism and the need for extensive endocrinologic evaluation. The finding of basal ganglia calcification alone does not justify invasive diagnostic procedures. Extrapyramidal signs may be associated with basal ganglia calcification; parkinsonism associated with basal ganglia calcification differs from idiopathic parkinsonism in being resistant to levodopa therapy.", "PMID": 571978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9801", "title": "Capgras syndrome: a reduplicative phenomenon.", "content": "A patient recovering from a severe head injury developed a prolonged Capgras syndrome in which he believed his wife and five children had been replaced by nearly identical substitutes. Although this phenomenon is considered a functional disorder in the psychiatric literature, recent reports postulate an organic basis. Recent studies of the comparable neurologic disorder, reduplicative paramnesia, have stressed the importance of bilateral frontal and right hemisphere pathology. Neuropsychologic and neuroradiologic data in our patient revealed this combination, suggesting that the Capgras syndrome may be a form of reduplicative paramnesia with the same pathologic substrate.", "contents": "Capgras syndrome: a reduplicative phenomenon. A patient recovering from a severe head injury developed a prolonged Capgras syndrome in which he believed his wife and five children had been replaced by nearly identical substitutes. Although this phenomenon is considered a functional disorder in the psychiatric literature, recent reports postulate an organic basis. Recent studies of the comparable neurologic disorder, reduplicative paramnesia, have stressed the importance of bilateral frontal and right hemisphere pathology. Neuropsychologic and neuroradiologic data in our patient revealed this combination, suggesting that the Capgras syndrome may be a form of reduplicative paramnesia with the same pathologic substrate.", "PMID": 571979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9802", "title": "Influenza and myoglobinuria in brothers.", "content": "Two adult brothers became ill within 48 hours of each other, and both had severe myoglobinuria. One brother died of oliguric renal failure. The other did not have renal failure and survived. Acute influenza A infection was documented serologically and from throat washings in the surviving brother, and by isolation of the influenza A virus from throat cultures and lung tissue of the brother who died. It is not certain whether a genetic myopathy made these brothers susceptible to viral-induced myoglobinuria, but a normal response of venous lactate to ischemic work excluded lack of phosphorylase or phosphofructokinase as a cause of the myoglobinuria in the surviving brother. Neither brother had a history of recurrent episodes of myoglobinuria precipitated by exercise, cold, or fasting, thus making carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency unlikely.", "contents": "Influenza and myoglobinuria in brothers. Two adult brothers became ill within 48 hours of each other, and both had severe myoglobinuria. One brother died of oliguric renal failure. The other did not have renal failure and survived. Acute influenza A infection was documented serologically and from throat washings in the surviving brother, and by isolation of the influenza A virus from throat cultures and lung tissue of the brother who died. It is not certain whether a genetic myopathy made these brothers susceptible to viral-induced myoglobinuria, but a normal response of venous lactate to ischemic work excluded lack of phosphorylase or phosphofructokinase as a cause of the myoglobinuria in the surviving brother. Neither brother had a history of recurrent episodes of myoglobinuria precipitated by exercise, cold, or fasting, thus making carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency unlikely.", "PMID": 571980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9803", "title": "Bromocriptine in Parkinson disease: further studies.", "content": "Bromocriptine was administered to 66 patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) and increasing disability despite optimal treatment with levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet). Forty-five patients tolerated at least 25 mg per day of bromocriptine (the \"adequately treated\" group) in addition to Sinemet and had significantly decreased rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, gait disturbance, and total score, but increased involuntary movements. Twenty-five of these 45 patients improved by at least one stage. Among the 45 patients, 27 had \"on-off\" effects, and in 19 the \"on-off\" effects decreased on bromocriptine. The mean dose of bromocriptine in adequately treated patients las 47 mg, permitting a 10 percent reduction in the dose of levodopa. Twelve adequately treated patients received bromocriptine for at least 1 year, and 8 continued for longer than this. Bromocriptine was discontinued in 29 of 66 patients because of adverse effects, including mental changes (14 patients) and involuntary movements (9 patients). All adverse effects were reversible. Despite adverse effects, expense, and scarcity, bromocriptine, when added to levodopa, is useful in patients with advanced disease who no longer respond satisfactorily to levodopa, and for whom no other treatment is available.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in Parkinson disease: further studies. Bromocriptine was administered to 66 patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) and increasing disability despite optimal treatment with levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet). Forty-five patients tolerated at least 25 mg per day of bromocriptine (the \"adequately treated\" group) in addition to Sinemet and had significantly decreased rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, gait disturbance, and total score, but increased involuntary movements. Twenty-five of these 45 patients improved by at least one stage. Among the 45 patients, 27 had \"on-off\" effects, and in 19 the \"on-off\" effects decreased on bromocriptine. The mean dose of bromocriptine in adequately treated patients las 47 mg, permitting a 10 percent reduction in the dose of levodopa. Twelve adequately treated patients received bromocriptine for at least 1 year, and 8 continued for longer than this. Bromocriptine was discontinued in 29 of 66 patients because of adverse effects, including mental changes (14 patients) and involuntary movements (9 patients). All adverse effects were reversible. Despite adverse effects, expense, and scarcity, bromocriptine, when added to levodopa, is useful in patients with advanced disease who no longer respond satisfactorily to levodopa, and for whom no other treatment is available.", "PMID": 571981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9804", "title": "Spinocerebellar degeneration: hexosaminidase A and B deficiency in two adult sisters.", "content": "Two adult sisters had spinocerebellar degeneration. Biochemical studies revealed a very low activity of both fraction A and fraction B of the lysosomal enzyme, hexosaminidase, in serum and leukocytes. A skin biopsy showed lesions suggestive of neuronal storage disease. The disorder seems to be an adult form of GM2 gangliosidosis.", "contents": "Spinocerebellar degeneration: hexosaminidase A and B deficiency in two adult sisters. Two adult sisters had spinocerebellar degeneration. Biochemical studies revealed a very low activity of both fraction A and fraction B of the lysosomal enzyme, hexosaminidase, in serum and leukocytes. A skin biopsy showed lesions suggestive of neuronal storage disease. The disorder seems to be an adult form of GM2 gangliosidosis.", "PMID": 571983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9805", "title": "Computed tomography in a verified case of tuberculous meningitis.", "content": "In a verified case of tuberculous meningitis, postcontrast computed tomograms demonstrated enhancement of the area corresponding to the cistern surrounding the brainstem. This enhancement disappeared after successful drug treatment of the meningitis.", "contents": "Computed tomography in a verified case of tuberculous meningitis. In a verified case of tuberculous meningitis, postcontrast computed tomograms demonstrated enhancement of the area corresponding to the cistern surrounding the brainstem. This enhancement disappeared after successful drug treatment of the meningitis.", "PMID": 571984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9806", "title": "Alexia without agraphia: lateral and medial infarction of left occipital lobe.", "content": "Four cases of alexia without agraphia were studied by 99m-technetium pertechnetate brain scan. Two types of increased uptake were seen. One was of the triangular type near the midline in the posterior view, said to characterize an infarction in the distribution area of the posterior cerebral artery. This was associated with the well-known clinical picture of alexia without agraphia accompanied by hemianopia and color-naming defect, and was confirmed by postmortem examination. The other type of pathologic isotope uptake, observed in three patients, was more laterally placed, in the basal part of the left occipital lobe, and did not reach the midline. In these cases the alexia was transient and not associated with color-naming defects.", "contents": "Alexia without agraphia: lateral and medial infarction of left occipital lobe. Four cases of alexia without agraphia were studied by 99m-technetium pertechnetate brain scan. Two types of increased uptake were seen. One was of the triangular type near the midline in the posterior view, said to characterize an infarction in the distribution area of the posterior cerebral artery. This was associated with the well-known clinical picture of alexia without agraphia accompanied by hemianopia and color-naming defect, and was confirmed by postmortem examination. The other type of pathologic isotope uptake, observed in three patients, was more laterally placed, in the basal part of the left occipital lobe, and did not reach the midline. In these cases the alexia was transient and not associated with color-naming defects.", "PMID": 571985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9807", "title": "Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting as dementia.", "content": "Subacute dementia was the sole neurologic symptom in a 32-year-old man with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. This condition resolved with medical therapy, in parallel with the return of serum calcium content to normal.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting as dementia. Subacute dementia was the sole neurologic symptom in a 32-year-old man with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. This condition resolved with medical therapy, in parallel with the return of serum calcium content to normal.", "PMID": 571986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9808", "title": "Ruptured aneurysm of the spinal artery of Adamkiewicz during pregnancy.", "content": "Solitary aneurysms of the extramedullary arteries of the spinal cord, not associated with arteriovenous malformations from which they are clinically indistinguishable, are rarely reported; only four cases have appeared in the recent literature. An aneurysm of the great anterior radicular artery of Adamkiewicz was found at autopsy in a 34-year-old pregnant woman. The aneurysm had ruptured into the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Ruptured aneurysm of the spinal artery of Adamkiewicz during pregnancy. Solitary aneurysms of the extramedullary arteries of the spinal cord, not associated with arteriovenous malformations from which they are clinically indistinguishable, are rarely reported; only four cases have appeared in the recent literature. An aneurysm of the great anterior radicular artery of Adamkiewicz was found at autopsy in a 34-year-old pregnant woman. The aneurysm had ruptured into the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 571987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9809", "title": "Bedside evaluation of large motor units in childhood spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "One hundred patients with motor unit disease were examined to determine the diagnostc reliability of several clinical signs of large motor units. These signs were high-intensity, low-pitched rumbling on skeletal muscle auscultation, voluntary contraction fasciculations, contraction fasciculation trembling, and palpable contraction fasciculations. Among 22 cases of spinal muscular atrophy, contration fasciculation trembling was noted in 86 percent, abnormal muscle auscultation in 68 percent, palpable contraction fasciculations in 64 percent, and voluntary contraction fasciculations in 50 percent.", "contents": "Bedside evaluation of large motor units in childhood spinal muscular atrophy. One hundred patients with motor unit disease were examined to determine the diagnostc reliability of several clinical signs of large motor units. These signs were high-intensity, low-pitched rumbling on skeletal muscle auscultation, voluntary contraction fasciculations, contraction fasciculation trembling, and palpable contraction fasciculations. Among 22 cases of spinal muscular atrophy, contration fasciculation trembling was noted in 86 percent, abnormal muscle auscultation in 68 percent, palpable contraction fasciculations in 64 percent, and voluntary contraction fasciculations in 50 percent.", "PMID": 571988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9810", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural study of muscle satellite cells in Duchenne dystrophy.", "content": "Quantitative ultrastructural studies of satellite cell populations, and nuclear chromatin analysis of satellite cell nuclei and true subsarcolemmal nuclei were carried out in normal and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) muscles. There was a remarkable increase in the number of satellite cells in muscles of patients with mild to moderate stages of DMD, as compared to preclinical or very early and probably advanced stages of DMD, and a significant increase in euchromatin content was found in the satellite cell nuclei in DMD. Since it is generally accepted that satellite cells participate actively in muscle fiber regeneration, this study suggests that muscle fiber regeneration is ineffective in DMD.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural study of muscle satellite cells in Duchenne dystrophy. Quantitative ultrastructural studies of satellite cell populations, and nuclear chromatin analysis of satellite cell nuclei and true subsarcolemmal nuclei were carried out in normal and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) muscles. There was a remarkable increase in the number of satellite cells in muscles of patients with mild to moderate stages of DMD, as compared to preclinical or very early and probably advanced stages of DMD, and a significant increase in euchromatin content was found in the satellite cell nuclei in DMD. Since it is generally accepted that satellite cells participate actively in muscle fiber regeneration, this study suggests that muscle fiber regeneration is ineffective in DMD.", "PMID": 571989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9811", "title": "Reversibility of Parinaud syndrome in thalamic hemorrhage.", "content": "Parinaud syndrome, associated with a left thalamic hemorrhage, disappeared completely in a 57-year-old woman after ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The syndrome may be attributed to increased intracranial pressure owing to mass effect on the pretectal region and tectum, or to tightness in the incisura causing hydrocephalus secondary to aqueduct compression. The lesions responsible for the syndrome may not be irreversible.", "contents": "Reversibility of Parinaud syndrome in thalamic hemorrhage. Parinaud syndrome, associated with a left thalamic hemorrhage, disappeared completely in a 57-year-old woman after ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The syndrome may be attributed to increased intracranial pressure owing to mass effect on the pretectal region and tectum, or to tightness in the incisura causing hydrocephalus secondary to aqueduct compression. The lesions responsible for the syndrome may not be irreversible.", "PMID": 571990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9812", "title": "Acute hydrocephalus in cerebellar infarct and hemorrhage.", "content": "Although cerebellar infarction was known at the turn of the century, not until 1956 was it realized that large cerebellar infarctions could cause acute obstructive hydrocephalus. There are many more reports of cerebellar hemorrhages. The clinical differentiation between hemorrhage and infarction was difficult prior to computerized tomography (CT). Cerebellar hemorrhage is a neurosurgical emergency, as are some cerebellar infarctions. We present three patients with acute hydrocephalus resulting from these vascular syndromes; they are first cases to be successfully treated by ventricular drainage and shunting. Four other cerebellar infarcts demonstrate the efficacy of CT.", "contents": "Acute hydrocephalus in cerebellar infarct and hemorrhage. Although cerebellar infarction was known at the turn of the century, not until 1956 was it realized that large cerebellar infarctions could cause acute obstructive hydrocephalus. There are many more reports of cerebellar hemorrhages. The clinical differentiation between hemorrhage and infarction was difficult prior to computerized tomography (CT). Cerebellar hemorrhage is a neurosurgical emergency, as are some cerebellar infarctions. We present three patients with acute hydrocephalus resulting from these vascular syndromes; they are first cases to be successfully treated by ventricular drainage and shunting. Four other cerebellar infarcts demonstrate the efficacy of CT.", "PMID": 571991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9813", "title": "Diazepam and dialysis encephalopathy.", "content": "A patient with the clinical and electroencephalographic features of dialysis encephalopathy exhibited dramatic improvement with the initiation of diazepam therapy. Although improvement was sustained for a period of several weeks, her clinical condition eventually deteriorated despite continued treatment with diazepam and dialysis. Dialysis encephalopathy in this patient is compared with other cases recently reported in the medical literature as having a similar dramatic response to diazepam. It is concluded that diazepam transiently reverses a component of the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome, but it does not appear to change the ultimate prognosis for patients with this condition.", "contents": "Diazepam and dialysis encephalopathy. A patient with the clinical and electroencephalographic features of dialysis encephalopathy exhibited dramatic improvement with the initiation of diazepam therapy. Although improvement was sustained for a period of several weeks, her clinical condition eventually deteriorated despite continued treatment with diazepam and dialysis. Dialysis encephalopathy in this patient is compared with other cases recently reported in the medical literature as having a similar dramatic response to diazepam. It is concluded that diazepam transiently reverses a component of the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome, but it does not appear to change the ultimate prognosis for patients with this condition.", "PMID": 571992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9814", "title": "Hepatic ketogenesis and muscle carnitine deficiency.", "content": "The levels of plasma free carnitine and ketone bodies have been found to fluctuate inversely in fasting individuals without muscle disease. Circulating short-chain acyl-carnitines paralleled beta-hydroxybutyrate levels. A patient with lipid storage myopathy and muscle carnitine deficiency, and his two daughters, developed exaggerated ketogenesis on fasting. The content of total carnitines in the patient's liver was normal, but free carnitine was reduced to 50 percent, and total esterified carnitines were four times greater than the mean value for the controls. The decreased muscle carnitine content in this case may have resulted from chronic hepatic ketogenesis, draining muscle carnitine. Alternatively, decreased muscle carnitine content may have initiated hepatic ketogenesis.", "contents": "Hepatic ketogenesis and muscle carnitine deficiency. The levels of plasma free carnitine and ketone bodies have been found to fluctuate inversely in fasting individuals without muscle disease. Circulating short-chain acyl-carnitines paralleled beta-hydroxybutyrate levels. A patient with lipid storage myopathy and muscle carnitine deficiency, and his two daughters, developed exaggerated ketogenesis on fasting. The content of total carnitines in the patient's liver was normal, but free carnitine was reduced to 50 percent, and total esterified carnitines were four times greater than the mean value for the controls. The decreased muscle carnitine content in this case may have resulted from chronic hepatic ketogenesis, draining muscle carnitine. Alternatively, decreased muscle carnitine content may have initiated hepatic ketogenesis.", "PMID": 572000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9815", "title": "The pathology of drop attacks: a case report.", "content": "A 65-year-old man had four drop attacks in several days and then a fixed stroke with quadriplegia. At autopsy infarction in the lower pons and upper medulla affected principally the corticospinal tracts. Tegmental destruction included reticular formation nuclei with rostral projections, but spared the lateral reticular formation nuclei, from which arise the descending reticulospinal tracts. This case is the first detailed autopsy report of a patient with drop attacks, and supports the view that at least some drop attacks are caused by transient ischemia of the corticospinal tracts.", "contents": "The pathology of drop attacks: a case report. A 65-year-old man had four drop attacks in several days and then a fixed stroke with quadriplegia. At autopsy infarction in the lower pons and upper medulla affected principally the corticospinal tracts. Tegmental destruction included reticular formation nuclei with rostral projections, but spared the lateral reticular formation nuclei, from which arise the descending reticulospinal tracts. This case is the first detailed autopsy report of a patient with drop attacks, and supports the view that at least some drop attacks are caused by transient ischemia of the corticospinal tracts.", "PMID": 572001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9816", "title": "Computed tomography in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Among 50 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from aneurysm, computed tomography (CT) demonstrated evidence of bleeding in 28. In 12 cases, the location and configuration of the high-density blood cast visualized by CT was characteristic and predicted the site of the ruptured aneurysm. CT was reliable in identifying infarction, edema, localized hematoma, hydrocephalus, or rebleeding in patients with SAH and neurologic abnormalities. In four cases, the plain and contrast CT suggested a large intracranial aneurysm. These findings did not permit definitive diagnosis or precise anatomic detail of angiographically defined aneurysms less than 2.0 cm in size.", "contents": "Computed tomography in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Among 50 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from aneurysm, computed tomography (CT) demonstrated evidence of bleeding in 28. In 12 cases, the location and configuration of the high-density blood cast visualized by CT was characteristic and predicted the site of the ruptured aneurysm. CT was reliable in identifying infarction, edema, localized hematoma, hydrocephalus, or rebleeding in patients with SAH and neurologic abnormalities. In four cases, the plain and contrast CT suggested a large intracranial aneurysm. These findings did not permit definitive diagnosis or precise anatomic detail of angiographically defined aneurysms less than 2.0 cm in size.", "PMID": 572002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9817", "title": "Brain aluminum in aging and Alzheimer disease.", "content": "Aluminum was assayed by atomic absorption spectroscopy in 274 brain samples, and assayed in neurons isolated in bulk from the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer dementia and from age-matched patients with no neurologic disease. Brain aluminum concentration increased with age, from late middle age to old age. There were no statistically significant differences in brain aluminum concentration between the 10 patients with Alzheimer disease (mean, 2.7 microgram per gram dry weight of tissue; mean age, 81 years), and the 9 nonneurologic controls (mean, 2.5 microgram per gram; mean age, 73 years). In both groups, the hippocampus had the highest concentration of aluminum (5.6 microgram per gram), and the corpus callosum the lowest (1.5 microgram per gram).", "contents": "Brain aluminum in aging and Alzheimer disease. Aluminum was assayed by atomic absorption spectroscopy in 274 brain samples, and assayed in neurons isolated in bulk from the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer dementia and from age-matched patients with no neurologic disease. Brain aluminum concentration increased with age, from late middle age to old age. There were no statistically significant differences in brain aluminum concentration between the 10 patients with Alzheimer disease (mean, 2.7 microgram per gram dry weight of tissue; mean age, 81 years), and the 9 nonneurologic controls (mean, 2.5 microgram per gram; mean age, 73 years). In both groups, the hippocampus had the highest concentration of aluminum (5.6 microgram per gram), and the corpus callosum the lowest (1.5 microgram per gram).", "PMID": 572003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9818", "title": "Chronic ECHO type 5 virus meningoencephalitis in X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia: treatment with immune plasma.", "content": "A patient with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia developed chronic meningoencephalitis. ECHO virus type 5 was repeatedly cultured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Infusions of high-titer, specific plasma resulted in clinical improvement, but failed to eradicate the virus. After more intensive plasma infusions, the virus could not be cultured from the CSF. The patient died 8 months after institution of intensive therapy. The cause of death was unknown. Autopsy showed persistence of perivascular and meningeal inflammation. Specific anti-ECHO-virus-5 plasma was shown to be more effective in lowering CSF ECHO-virus titers than was plasma without anti-ECHO-virus antibody.", "contents": "Chronic ECHO type 5 virus meningoencephalitis in X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia: treatment with immune plasma. A patient with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia developed chronic meningoencephalitis. ECHO virus type 5 was repeatedly cultured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Infusions of high-titer, specific plasma resulted in clinical improvement, but failed to eradicate the virus. After more intensive plasma infusions, the virus could not be cultured from the CSF. The patient died 8 months after institution of intensive therapy. The cause of death was unknown. Autopsy showed persistence of perivascular and meningeal inflammation. Specific anti-ECHO-virus-5 plasma was shown to be more effective in lowering CSF ECHO-virus titers than was plasma without anti-ECHO-virus antibody.", "PMID": 572004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9819", "title": "Short-latency somatosensory responses in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Cervical and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in 80 patients with suspected or established multiple sclerosis (MS). The cervical response was a more sensitive diagnostic indicator than the cortical response, and was abnormal in 86.7 percent of patients with definite MS and in 40.9 percent of MS suspects. The complementary value of measuring both responses was greatest (89.3 percent) in early probable or latent MS. Comparing the responses obtained from stimulation of the left and right extremities increased the overall diagnostic yield by 25 percent. Abnormal responses were frequently obtained from clinically normal limbs.", "contents": "Short-latency somatosensory responses in multiple sclerosis. Cervical and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in 80 patients with suspected or established multiple sclerosis (MS). The cervical response was a more sensitive diagnostic indicator than the cortical response, and was abnormal in 86.7 percent of patients with definite MS and in 40.9 percent of MS suspects. The complementary value of measuring both responses was greatest (89.3 percent) in early probable or latent MS. Comparing the responses obtained from stimulation of the left and right extremities increased the overall diagnostic yield by 25 percent. Abnormal responses were frequently obtained from clinically normal limbs.", "PMID": 572005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9820", "title": "Enzyme replacement in Tay-Sachs disease.", "content": "Enzyme replacement therapy was attempted with two Tay-Sachs-diseased individuals--a 14-month-old child and a 7-week-old infant. Treatment consisted of repeated weekly intrathecal injections of pure hexosaminidase A. Injection of this enzyme resulted in almost complete disappearance of GM2 from the serum, but did not bring about dissolution of the GM2 membranous cytoplasmic bodies in the brain, as detected by electronmicroscopy. Both patients tolerated the treatment without apparent clinical complications, but no clear-cut improvement was noted as a result of prolonged injections of hexosaminidase A. Since this treatment was initiated in both an advanced stage and a very early stage of the disease, we conclude that enzyme replacement treatment by this route is not beneficial for patients with Tay-Sachs disease.", "contents": "Enzyme replacement in Tay-Sachs disease. Enzyme replacement therapy was attempted with two Tay-Sachs-diseased individuals--a 14-month-old child and a 7-week-old infant. Treatment consisted of repeated weekly intrathecal injections of pure hexosaminidase A. Injection of this enzyme resulted in almost complete disappearance of GM2 from the serum, but did not bring about dissolution of the GM2 membranous cytoplasmic bodies in the brain, as detected by electronmicroscopy. Both patients tolerated the treatment without apparent clinical complications, but no clear-cut improvement was noted as a result of prolonged injections of hexosaminidase A. Since this treatment was initiated in both an advanced stage and a very early stage of the disease, we conclude that enzyme replacement treatment by this route is not beneficial for patients with Tay-Sachs disease.", "PMID": 572006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9821", "title": "Disordered growth hormone and prolactin secretion in primary disorders of sleep.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PR) secretion were evaluated in 28 patients who had sleep apnea or narcolepsy but no other primary neurologic or endocrine disorders. Eighty-one percent of subjects with impaired alertness failed to demonstrate serum GH concentrations in excess of 5 ng per milliliter following oral administration of L-DOPA, 500 mg. Diminished GH responses to sleep and intravenous arginine were observed in 57 percent and 44 percent, respectively, of patients tested. Sleep-related PRL release was less than normal in women with narcolepsy, with or without sleep apnea. All patients had at least one abnormality in GH or PRL secretion.", "contents": "Disordered growth hormone and prolactin secretion in primary disorders of sleep. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PR) secretion were evaluated in 28 patients who had sleep apnea or narcolepsy but no other primary neurologic or endocrine disorders. Eighty-one percent of subjects with impaired alertness failed to demonstrate serum GH concentrations in excess of 5 ng per milliliter following oral administration of L-DOPA, 500 mg. Diminished GH responses to sleep and intravenous arginine were observed in 57 percent and 44 percent, respectively, of patients tested. Sleep-related PRL release was less than normal in women with narcolepsy, with or without sleep apnea. All patients had at least one abnormality in GH or PRL secretion.", "PMID": 572007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9822", "title": "Computerized cranial tomography in Wilson disease.", "content": "Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson disease) is suspected by the clinical picture and confirmed by characteristic laboratory demonstration of impaired copper metabolism. Three patients with Wilson disease involving the basal ganglia were shown to have abnormalities on computerized tomography (CT) scan, whereas four other patients without signs of cerebral involvement had normal brain scans. Wilson disease may be added to the long list of diseases to which the EMI scan may make a useful diagnostic contribution.", "contents": "Computerized cranial tomography in Wilson disease. Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson disease) is suspected by the clinical picture and confirmed by characteristic laboratory demonstration of impaired copper metabolism. Three patients with Wilson disease involving the basal ganglia were shown to have abnormalities on computerized tomography (CT) scan, whereas four other patients without signs of cerebral involvement had normal brain scans. Wilson disease may be added to the long list of diseases to which the EMI scan may make a useful diagnostic contribution.", "PMID": 572009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9823", "title": "Transient global amnesia: clinical and electroencephalographic findings in 10 cases.", "content": "We studied 10 patients with transient global amnesia (TGA). Routine electroencephalograms (EEGs) were normal in six; two showed mild temporal lobe abnormalities, one had bitemporal delta activity with rare sharp waves, and one showed bioccipital rhythmic theta activity. Nasopharyngeal (NP) recordings were obtained in seven patients; five showed independent mesial temporal spike discharges during drug-induced sleep. The discharges are probably due to transient ischemia in deep temporal structures.", "contents": "Transient global amnesia: clinical and electroencephalographic findings in 10 cases. We studied 10 patients with transient global amnesia (TGA). Routine electroencephalograms (EEGs) were normal in six; two showed mild temporal lobe abnormalities, one had bitemporal delta activity with rare sharp waves, and one showed bioccipital rhythmic theta activity. Nasopharyngeal (NP) recordings were obtained in seven patients; five showed independent mesial temporal spike discharges during drug-induced sleep. The discharges are probably due to transient ischemia in deep temporal structures.", "PMID": 572010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9824", "title": "Spinal subarachnoid hematomas: clue to a source of bleeding in traumatic lumbar puncture.", "content": "Although damage to the veins of Batson's epidural plexus is usually considered the origin of bleeding in traumatic lumbar puncture, a lesion of these veins would not explain the cases in which postmortem examination shows blood confined to the subdural and subarachnoid spaces. In two patients who had lumbar punctures a few days before death, there was subarachnoid hematoma of the cauda equina at autopsy. In one of these cases, the radicular vessels were shown to be the source of bleeding. Spinal subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages after lumbar puncture may be due to laceration of radicular vessels by the spinal needle.", "contents": "Spinal subarachnoid hematomas: clue to a source of bleeding in traumatic lumbar puncture. Although damage to the veins of Batson's epidural plexus is usually considered the origin of bleeding in traumatic lumbar puncture, a lesion of these veins would not explain the cases in which postmortem examination shows blood confined to the subdural and subarachnoid spaces. In two patients who had lumbar punctures a few days before death, there was subarachnoid hematoma of the cauda equina at autopsy. In one of these cases, the radicular vessels were shown to be the source of bleeding. Spinal subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages after lumbar puncture may be due to laceration of radicular vessels by the spinal needle.", "PMID": 572011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9825", "title": "The anatomic basis of visual agnosia.", "content": "In a patient with associative visual agnosia without alexia, there was bilateral infarction in the distribution of the posterior cerebral arteries, with corticosubcortical lesions in both occipitotemporal regions, sparing the corpus callosum. Bilateral loss of visual-limbic connections may underlie associative visual agnosia, and bilateral lesions of the inferior longitudinal fasciculi may be the necessary and sufficient lesions for this syndrome. Alexia was absent in this case, perhaps because the corpus callosum was intact.", "contents": "The anatomic basis of visual agnosia. In a patient with associative visual agnosia without alexia, there was bilateral infarction in the distribution of the posterior cerebral arteries, with corticosubcortical lesions in both occipitotemporal regions, sparing the corpus callosum. Bilateral loss of visual-limbic connections may underlie associative visual agnosia, and bilateral lesions of the inferior longitudinal fasciculi may be the necessary and sufficient lesions for this syndrome. Alexia was absent in this case, perhaps because the corpus callosum was intact.", "PMID": 572012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9826", "title": "Myelinotoxic activity on tadpole optic nerve of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with optic neuritis.", "content": "The myelinotoxic activity of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from eight optic neuritis (ON) and five multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with oligoclonal IgG, and from five ON patients without oligoclonal IgG, was tested in the tadpole optic nerve system. CSF from ON or MS patients with oligoclonal CSF IgG gave a significantly greater number of myelinotoxic lesions than did CSF from ON patients without oligoclonal CSF IgG, CSF from control patients, or physiologic saline. Induction of myelinotoxic lesions may be coupled with the presence of oligoclonal IgG. The findings support the hypothesis that there are two different forms of ON, of which one, characterized by oligoclonal IgG in the CSF, is more closely related to MS.", "contents": "Myelinotoxic activity on tadpole optic nerve of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with optic neuritis. The myelinotoxic activity of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from eight optic neuritis (ON) and five multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with oligoclonal IgG, and from five ON patients without oligoclonal IgG, was tested in the tadpole optic nerve system. CSF from ON or MS patients with oligoclonal CSF IgG gave a significantly greater number of myelinotoxic lesions than did CSF from ON patients without oligoclonal CSF IgG, CSF from control patients, or physiologic saline. Induction of myelinotoxic lesions may be coupled with the presence of oligoclonal IgG. The findings support the hypothesis that there are two different forms of ON, of which one, characterized by oligoclonal IgG in the CSF, is more closely related to MS.", "PMID": 572013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9827", "title": "TIA, stroke, and mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Eight patients with transient ischemic attacks, and three with partial nonprogressive strokes associated with mitral valve prolapse, are reported. No other etiology for their ischemic events was found. Only one episode of ischemia recurred on aspirin treatment, whereas none recurred on sodium warfarin therapy.", "contents": "TIA, stroke, and mitral valve prolapse. Eight patients with transient ischemic attacks, and three with partial nonprogressive strokes associated with mitral valve prolapse, are reported. No other etiology for their ischemic events was found. Only one episode of ischemia recurred on aspirin treatment, whereas none recurred on sodium warfarin therapy.", "PMID": 572014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9828", "title": "Disseminated actinomycosis with spinal cord compression: report of two cases.", "content": "We studied two patients with vertebral actinomycosis and symptoms of spinal cord compression. Both patients had a chronic illness characterized by multiple draining skin lesions, weight loss, and progressive leg weakness. They responded to antibiotic therapy and corticosteroids without neurosurgical intervention. The patients were treated with antibiotics for 12 months, and remained well, without major neurologic disorder, for 2 years after stopping medication.", "contents": "Disseminated actinomycosis with spinal cord compression: report of two cases. We studied two patients with vertebral actinomycosis and symptoms of spinal cord compression. Both patients had a chronic illness characterized by multiple draining skin lesions, weight loss, and progressive leg weakness. They responded to antibiotic therapy and corticosteroids without neurosurgical intervention. The patients were treated with antibiotics for 12 months, and remained well, without major neurologic disorder, for 2 years after stopping medication.", "PMID": 572015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9829", "title": "Acute hemiparesis in juvenile insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (JIDDM).", "content": "Four episodes of acute left hemiparesis occurred in three pediatric-age, insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Each had a concomitant respiratory tract infection and headache, but no obvious signs of systemic hypoglycemia. No cerebral abnormalities were demonstrated by angiography or computerized tomography. The clinical course was benign, with slow but complete resolution of neurologic abnormalities within 8 to 24 hours of onset, and no further neurologic complaints in a 7- to 16-month follow-up.", "contents": "Acute hemiparesis in juvenile insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (JIDDM). Four episodes of acute left hemiparesis occurred in three pediatric-age, insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Each had a concomitant respiratory tract infection and headache, but no obvious signs of systemic hypoglycemia. No cerebral abnormalities were demonstrated by angiography or computerized tomography. The clinical course was benign, with slow but complete resolution of neurologic abnormalities within 8 to 24 hours of onset, and no further neurologic complaints in a 7- to 16-month follow-up.", "PMID": 572016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9830", "title": "Increased serum creatine kinase after exercise: a sex-linked phenomenon.", "content": "The effect of 2 hours of exercise on the serum creatine kinase (CK) level was investigated in 11 men and 9 women. The mean increase of CK 24 hours after exercise was significantly greater in men. The relative lack of CK elevation in women may: (1) indicate that female muscle is less susceptible to damage by adverse factors; and (2) explain discrepancies in previous reports.", "contents": "Increased serum creatine kinase after exercise: a sex-linked phenomenon. The effect of 2 hours of exercise on the serum creatine kinase (CK) level was investigated in 11 men and 9 women. The mean increase of CK 24 hours after exercise was significantly greater in men. The relative lack of CK elevation in women may: (1) indicate that female muscle is less susceptible to damage by adverse factors; and (2) explain discrepancies in previous reports.", "PMID": 572017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9831", "title": "The effect of a low-dose oral contraceptive on serum testosterone levels in polycystic ovary disease.", "content": "A study was designed to determine the effect of a low-estrogen-dosage oral contraceptive on the serum concentration of testosterone-binding globulin (TBG) and total and unbound testosterone in patients with polycystic ovary disease (PCOD). Treatment with norethindrone 0.5 mg and ethinyl estradiol 0.035 mg (Modicon, Ortho) increased the TBG concentration and reduced the unbound serum testosterone concentration.", "contents": "The effect of a low-dose oral contraceptive on serum testosterone levels in polycystic ovary disease. A study was designed to determine the effect of a low-estrogen-dosage oral contraceptive on the serum concentration of testosterone-binding globulin (TBG) and total and unbound testosterone in patients with polycystic ovary disease (PCOD). Treatment with norethindrone 0.5 mg and ethinyl estradiol 0.035 mg (Modicon, Ortho) increased the TBG concentration and reduced the unbound serum testosterone concentration.", "PMID": 572024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9832", "title": "Effects of low-birth-weight breech delivery on neonatal mortality.", "content": "The influence of breech presentation on neonatal mortality was studied in 77 viable low-birth-weight breech deliveries. Neonates were divided into 3 weight groups: 1000-1499 g, 1500-1999 g, and 2000-2499 g. The antepartum and intrapartum characteristics of the 3 weight groups were detailed. The 17 neonates who died were studied to determine if alternative delivery methods would have prevented their deaths. Survival rates were 45% in the 1000-1499-g group, 76% in the 1500-1999-g group, and 97% in the 2000-2499-g group. Cervical head entrapment and fetal bradycardia were ominous intrapartum complications, but severe prematurity with respiratory distress syndrome and fetal hydrops were the primary causes of neonatal death. From these data, it is concluded that 1) intrapartum management and delivery of the low-birth-weight breech presentation infant should be individualized, and 2) cesarean section for routine delivery is not justified.", "contents": "Effects of low-birth-weight breech delivery on neonatal mortality. The influence of breech presentation on neonatal mortality was studied in 77 viable low-birth-weight breech deliveries. Neonates were divided into 3 weight groups: 1000-1499 g, 1500-1999 g, and 2000-2499 g. The antepartum and intrapartum characteristics of the 3 weight groups were detailed. The 17 neonates who died were studied to determine if alternative delivery methods would have prevented their deaths. Survival rates were 45% in the 1000-1499-g group, 76% in the 1500-1999-g group, and 97% in the 2000-2499-g group. Cervical head entrapment and fetal bradycardia were ominous intrapartum complications, but severe prematurity with respiratory distress syndrome and fetal hydrops were the primary causes of neonatal death. From these data, it is concluded that 1) intrapartum management and delivery of the low-birth-weight breech presentation infant should be individualized, and 2) cesarean section for routine delivery is not justified.", "PMID": 572025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9833", "title": "Results of hearing testing at 7-year follow-up of kanamycin-treated newborn infants.", "content": "A follow-up study 7--8 years after kanamycin treatment of 83 newborn infants in the Tampere University Central Hospital is described. The Apgar scores ranged from 1 to 10, about half of the patients being premature. Only in 1 case (1.2%) a slight bilateral high-tone loss was found. This patient's birth had been complicated by ablation of the placenta with subsequent cesarean section and he had neonatal sepsis as well. The cause of this hearing defect is thus not necessarily the use of kanamycin. Because of the extended use of reserve antibiotics, microorganisms resistant to modern antibiotics may necessitate in some vital cases the use of kanamycin. Our results indicate that, if serum concentrations are monitored adequately, the use of kanamycin does not necessarily result in a hearing defect.", "contents": "Results of hearing testing at 7-year follow-up of kanamycin-treated newborn infants. A follow-up study 7--8 years after kanamycin treatment of 83 newborn infants in the Tampere University Central Hospital is described. The Apgar scores ranged from 1 to 10, about half of the patients being premature. Only in 1 case (1.2%) a slight bilateral high-tone loss was found. This patient's birth had been complicated by ablation of the placenta with subsequent cesarean section and he had neonatal sepsis as well. The cause of this hearing defect is thus not necessarily the use of kanamycin. Because of the extended use of reserve antibiotics, microorganisms resistant to modern antibiotics may necessitate in some vital cases the use of kanamycin. Our results indicate that, if serum concentrations are monitored adequately, the use of kanamycin does not necessarily result in a hearing defect.", "PMID": 572026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9834", "title": "Neurinoma of the facial nerve.", "content": "This paper deals with 2 cases of peripheral facial paralysis, due to intratemporal facial neuroma of tympanic (case No. 2) and vertical (case No. 1) segments of the Fallopian canal. The authors present a literature review of the intratemporal facial neuromas with special reference to clinical-surgical and differential diagnostic aspects. It is difficult to detect a Schwannoma of the facial nerve during a peripheral facial paralysis; radiological studies of the mastoid and Fallopian canal are essential for this diagnosis. Treatment of neurinomas of the VIIth nerve is always surgical, the authors emphasize the necessity of an 'en masse' tumor-nerve removal and the use of a nerve graft.", "contents": "Neurinoma of the facial nerve. This paper deals with 2 cases of peripheral facial paralysis, due to intratemporal facial neuroma of tympanic (case No. 2) and vertical (case No. 1) segments of the Fallopian canal. The authors present a literature review of the intratemporal facial neuromas with special reference to clinical-surgical and differential diagnostic aspects. It is difficult to detect a Schwannoma of the facial nerve during a peripheral facial paralysis; radiological studies of the mastoid and Fallopian canal are essential for this diagnosis. Treatment of neurinomas of the VIIth nerve is always surgical, the authors emphasize the necessity of an 'en masse' tumor-nerve removal and the use of a nerve graft.", "PMID": 572027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9835", "title": "Criteria for the evaluation of nystagmus.", "content": "Suitable criteria are reported for the analysis and evaluation of the caloric nystagmus as well as for the differentiation of the pathological from the physiological spontaneous nystagmus. Relative values for the difference and the directional preponderance, related to the intensity of the total reaction, seem to be the most appropriate criteria for the evaluation of the caloric test. The values obtained in patients should be compared with interquantile areas of healthy subjects. The parameters 'maximum slow phase velocity' and 'maximum frequency' seem most suitable for the assessment of the reaction intensity in the ENG. At present, the examination with Frenzel's glasses represents the best possibility for differentiation between physiological and pathological spontaneous nystagmus.", "contents": "Criteria for the evaluation of nystagmus. Suitable criteria are reported for the analysis and evaluation of the caloric nystagmus as well as for the differentiation of the pathological from the physiological spontaneous nystagmus. Relative values for the difference and the directional preponderance, related to the intensity of the total reaction, seem to be the most appropriate criteria for the evaluation of the caloric test. The values obtained in patients should be compared with interquantile areas of healthy subjects. The parameters 'maximum slow phase velocity' and 'maximum frequency' seem most suitable for the assessment of the reaction intensity in the ENG. At present, the examination with Frenzel's glasses represents the best possibility for differentiation between physiological and pathological spontaneous nystagmus.", "PMID": 572028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9836", "title": "Transorbital injury from a harpoon involving the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "A harpoon accidentally entered the right eye of a 15-year-old boy. No loss of consciousness occurred. After neuro-radiological assessment, the object which had penetrated the sphenoid sinuses was removed without mishap. He made a good recovery but has, as permanent deficits, an inferotemporal field defect, diminished visual acuity with optic atrophy, a sensory pupillary defect and right ptosis. The need for hospitalisation and a team approach to penetrating injuries of the face is discussed.", "contents": "Transorbital injury from a harpoon involving the paranasal sinuses. A harpoon accidentally entered the right eye of a 15-year-old boy. No loss of consciousness occurred. After neuro-radiological assessment, the object which had penetrated the sphenoid sinuses was removed without mishap. He made a good recovery but has, as permanent deficits, an inferotemporal field defect, diminished visual acuity with optic atrophy, a sensory pupillary defect and right ptosis. The need for hospitalisation and a team approach to penetrating injuries of the face is discussed.", "PMID": 572029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9837", "title": "An X-linked recessive cardiomyopathy with abnormal mitochondria.", "content": "A transvascular endomyocardial biopsy from an infant with cardiomyopathy and chronic congestive heart failure showed abnormal mitochondria when examined by electron microscopy. At necropsy, similar abnormal mitochondria were seen in skeletal muscles, liver, and kidney. The patient's family pedigree revealed several male babies who had cardiac disease and died in infancy. Myocardium obtained at necropsy from three cousins contained mitochondria with abnormalities similar to those from the proband. An X-linked recessive cardiomyopathy seems likely in this family.", "contents": "An X-linked recessive cardiomyopathy with abnormal mitochondria. A transvascular endomyocardial biopsy from an infant with cardiomyopathy and chronic congestive heart failure showed abnormal mitochondria when examined by electron microscopy. At necropsy, similar abnormal mitochondria were seen in skeletal muscles, liver, and kidney. The patient's family pedigree revealed several male babies who had cardiac disease and died in infancy. Myocardium obtained at necropsy from three cousins contained mitochondria with abnormalities similar to those from the proband. An X-linked recessive cardiomyopathy seems likely in this family.", "PMID": 572031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9838", "title": "Effect of hemodilution and hemoconcentration on red cell flow velocity in the capillaries of the rat mesentery.", "content": "Erythrocyte velocities in capillaries of rat mesentery were measured during systemic normotension and hypotension over a range of hematocrit from 0.31 +/- 0.06 to 0.58 +/- 0.04. Velocity was measured according to the method of Tompkins, Monti and Intaglietta. The hematocrit was varied by isovolemic exchange of blood with 4.5 g% albumin solution (bovine) or packed red cells (Hct. approximately 0.9). Hypotension was induced by hemorrhage to a preselected pressure of about 35 mm Hg. Under normotension red cell velocity stayed almost constant over a range of Hct. from 0.31 +/- 0.07 to 0.58 +/- 0.09. However, during hypotension significant differences were found for control animals (Hct. 0.43 +/- 0.07), hemodiluted animals (Hct. 0.31 +/- 0.06), and hemoconcentrated animals (Hct. 0.58 +/- 0.04). Velocities amounted to 36 +/- 21%, 52 +/- 24%, and 29 +/- 27% respectively, compared to control velocity. These marked differences in red cell velocities are explained by the strong effect of the hematocrit levels on apparent blood viscosities. It is assumed that the post-capillary microvascular bed is the site where the hematocrit level will affect apparent blood viscosity most intensively.", "contents": "Effect of hemodilution and hemoconcentration on red cell flow velocity in the capillaries of the rat mesentery. Erythrocyte velocities in capillaries of rat mesentery were measured during systemic normotension and hypotension over a range of hematocrit from 0.31 +/- 0.06 to 0.58 +/- 0.04. Velocity was measured according to the method of Tompkins, Monti and Intaglietta. The hematocrit was varied by isovolemic exchange of blood with 4.5 g% albumin solution (bovine) or packed red cells (Hct. approximately 0.9). Hypotension was induced by hemorrhage to a preselected pressure of about 35 mm Hg. Under normotension red cell velocity stayed almost constant over a range of Hct. from 0.31 +/- 0.07 to 0.58 +/- 0.09. However, during hypotension significant differences were found for control animals (Hct. 0.43 +/- 0.07), hemodiluted animals (Hct. 0.31 +/- 0.06), and hemoconcentrated animals (Hct. 0.58 +/- 0.04). Velocities amounted to 36 +/- 21%, 52 +/- 24%, and 29 +/- 27% respectively, compared to control velocity. These marked differences in red cell velocities are explained by the strong effect of the hematocrit levels on apparent blood viscosities. It is assumed that the post-capillary microvascular bed is the site where the hematocrit level will affect apparent blood viscosity most intensively.", "PMID": 572033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9839", "title": "Cross-tachyphylaxis of the pressor response to angiotensins in conscious rabbits.", "content": "The effect of tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II amide on the pressor potency of angiotensin I, II and III and noradrenaline was investigated in conscious rabbits with indwelling cannulae. No significant difference was observed between the reduction in responses to angiotensin II (58 +/- 4%) and angiotensin III (42 +/- 6%) but angiotensin I (15 +/- 5 %) and noradernaline (17 +/- 10%) responses were less markedly inhibited. If all angiotensin I pressor activity was mediated through its conversion to angiotensin II one would expect an equivalent degree of cross-tachyphylaxis to occur with the two peptides. Our results suggest that angiotensin I may have significant inherent pressor activity of its own, independent of conversion. This compound is already known to have activity at other target tissues. The absence of a significant difference in the degree of tachyphylaxis with angiotensin II and III may indicate they have substantially common pathways as pressor agents.", "contents": "Cross-tachyphylaxis of the pressor response to angiotensins in conscious rabbits. The effect of tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II amide on the pressor potency of angiotensin I, II and III and noradrenaline was investigated in conscious rabbits with indwelling cannulae. No significant difference was observed between the reduction in responses to angiotensin II (58 +/- 4%) and angiotensin III (42 +/- 6%) but angiotensin I (15 +/- 5 %) and noradernaline (17 +/- 10%) responses were less markedly inhibited. If all angiotensin I pressor activity was mediated through its conversion to angiotensin II one would expect an equivalent degree of cross-tachyphylaxis to occur with the two peptides. Our results suggest that angiotensin I may have significant inherent pressor activity of its own, independent of conversion. This compound is already known to have activity at other target tissues. The absence of a significant difference in the degree of tachyphylaxis with angiotensin II and III may indicate they have substantially common pathways as pressor agents.", "PMID": 572034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9840", "title": "Effects of halothane on caffeine-induced tension transients in functionally skinned myocardial fibers.", "content": "The effects of halothane on caffeine-induced tension transients in functionally skinned myocardial fibers were investigated. Fiber bundles from mechanically disrupted rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles were mounted on a tension transducer. The fiber preparation was loaded with Ca2+; Ca2+ was then released by the use of caffeine (25 mM); and the area of the resulting tension transient was measured. Each preparation was sequentially transferred from control to test to control solution. The control solutions were equilibrated with 100% N2, and the test solutions with a mixture of N2 and various halothane concentrations. The preparation was exposed to halothane during the Ca2+ uptake or the release phase only, or during both Ca2+ uptake and release phases. The areas of the test tension transients were compared with those of the two control tension transients. It was found that halothane depressed the caffeine-induced tension transient either during the uptake phase or the combined-uptake-and-release phase but not during the release phase. The halothane-induced depression was dose-dependent, reversible, and comparable to the depression observed in intact isolated papillary muscles. We conclude that halothane could induce myocardial depression by inhibiting Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on caffeine-induced tension transients in functionally skinned myocardial fibers. The effects of halothane on caffeine-induced tension transients in functionally skinned myocardial fibers were investigated. Fiber bundles from mechanically disrupted rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles were mounted on a tension transducer. The fiber preparation was loaded with Ca2+; Ca2+ was then released by the use of caffeine (25 mM); and the area of the resulting tension transient was measured. Each preparation was sequentially transferred from control to test to control solution. The control solutions were equilibrated with 100% N2, and the test solutions with a mixture of N2 and various halothane concentrations. The preparation was exposed to halothane during the Ca2+ uptake or the release phase only, or during both Ca2+ uptake and release phases. The areas of the test tension transients were compared with those of the two control tension transients. It was found that halothane depressed the caffeine-induced tension transient either during the uptake phase or the combined-uptake-and-release phase but not during the release phase. The halothane-induced depression was dose-dependent, reversible, and comparable to the depression observed in intact isolated papillary muscles. We conclude that halothane could induce myocardial depression by inhibiting Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 572036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9841", "title": "Phosphate transport by rat renal brush border membrane vesicles: influence of dietary phosphate, thyroparathyroidectomy, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "In the present work we have investigated whether the changes in the renal handling of inorganic phosphate (Pi) induced by 1) dietary Pi, 2) removal of parathyroid glands and 3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], are associated with alterations in the Na-dependent Pi uptake by brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from renal cortex. Sham-operated (SHAM) or thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats treated or not with 26 pmol/day of 1,25(OH)2D3 i.p. were fed low (0.2%) or high (1.2%) P diet for 7 days. The results showed that in SHAM, TPTX and TPTX+1,25(OH)2D3 the Pi uptake by BBMV was greater after low than high Pi diet. It was greater in TPTX than in SHAM counterparts fed either diets. In TPTX fed low or high Pi diet 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the Pi uptake to the level observed in SHAM. A striking parallelism was found between variations in Pi uptake by BBMV and in the tubular Pi reabsorption of the whole kidney. The Na-dependent glucose, the mannitol uptake by BBMV, and the alkaline phosphatase activity in cortical homogenates and BBMV were not affected by the various treatments. Thus, dietary Pi, chronic TPTX and 1,25(OH)2D3 appear to specifically affect the Na-dependent Pi transport system bound to the brush border membranes of renal cortical tubules. The alterations observed at this membrane level could account, at least in part, for the changes induced by these factors on the overall tubular reabsorption of Pi.", "contents": "Phosphate transport by rat renal brush border membrane vesicles: influence of dietary phosphate, thyroparathyroidectomy, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In the present work we have investigated whether the changes in the renal handling of inorganic phosphate (Pi) induced by 1) dietary Pi, 2) removal of parathyroid glands and 3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], are associated with alterations in the Na-dependent Pi uptake by brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from renal cortex. Sham-operated (SHAM) or thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats treated or not with 26 pmol/day of 1,25(OH)2D3 i.p. were fed low (0.2%) or high (1.2%) P diet for 7 days. The results showed that in SHAM, TPTX and TPTX+1,25(OH)2D3 the Pi uptake by BBMV was greater after low than high Pi diet. It was greater in TPTX than in SHAM counterparts fed either diets. In TPTX fed low or high Pi diet 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the Pi uptake to the level observed in SHAM. A striking parallelism was found between variations in Pi uptake by BBMV and in the tubular Pi reabsorption of the whole kidney. The Na-dependent glucose, the mannitol uptake by BBMV, and the alkaline phosphatase activity in cortical homogenates and BBMV were not affected by the various treatments. Thus, dietary Pi, chronic TPTX and 1,25(OH)2D3 appear to specifically affect the Na-dependent Pi transport system bound to the brush border membranes of renal cortical tubules. The alterations observed at this membrane level could account, at least in part, for the changes induced by these factors on the overall tubular reabsorption of Pi.", "PMID": 572037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9842", "title": "The effects of blood osmolality changes on cat carotid body chemoreceptors in vivo.", "content": "The possibility that carotid chemoreceptors respond to changes in plasma osmolality was investigated in the cat, perfusing the carotid artery with blood made hyper- or hypo-osmotic and recording chemoreceptor activity from carotid nerve fibers. Blood made hyperosmotic with sucrose or NaCl reduced the chemoreceptor discharge, while hypoosmotic blood increased chemoreceptor activity. The minimal osmolality variation necessary to obtain a detectable frequency change was 3--8% of the control. Frequency changes of 30% of the control were obtained with a 20% variation in osmolality. The frequency variations produced by the osmotic changes lasted as long as the infusion was maintained (up to 15 min). In some instances a rebound was observed when iso-osmotic saline was perfused again. A transient change in frequency and a clear rebound were obtained when blood made hypersomotic with glycerol was perfused. These effects probably reflect a rapid change in intracellular osmolality due to the free passage of glycerol across cellular membranes. The modifications in chemoreceptor activity consecutive to osmolality variations are the opposite of those observed in isolated and superfused carotid bodies. As it is known that osmolality values affect the smooth muscle of the blood vessels, we conclude that our results are mainly produced by changes in carotid body blood flow due to a direct effect of hyper- and hypo-osmotic solutions on vascular muscle tone. Chemoreceptor excitation during a decrease in blood osmolality may contribute reflexly to the increased vascular resistance observed during acute osmolality reductions in man.", "contents": "The effects of blood osmolality changes on cat carotid body chemoreceptors in vivo. The possibility that carotid chemoreceptors respond to changes in plasma osmolality was investigated in the cat, perfusing the carotid artery with blood made hyper- or hypo-osmotic and recording chemoreceptor activity from carotid nerve fibers. Blood made hyperosmotic with sucrose or NaCl reduced the chemoreceptor discharge, while hypoosmotic blood increased chemoreceptor activity. The minimal osmolality variation necessary to obtain a detectable frequency change was 3--8% of the control. Frequency changes of 30% of the control were obtained with a 20% variation in osmolality. The frequency variations produced by the osmotic changes lasted as long as the infusion was maintained (up to 15 min). In some instances a rebound was observed when iso-osmotic saline was perfused again. A transient change in frequency and a clear rebound were obtained when blood made hypersomotic with glycerol was perfused. These effects probably reflect a rapid change in intracellular osmolality due to the free passage of glycerol across cellular membranes. The modifications in chemoreceptor activity consecutive to osmolality variations are the opposite of those observed in isolated and superfused carotid bodies. As it is known that osmolality values affect the smooth muscle of the blood vessels, we conclude that our results are mainly produced by changes in carotid body blood flow due to a direct effect of hyper- and hypo-osmotic solutions on vascular muscle tone. Chemoreceptor excitation during a decrease in blood osmolality may contribute reflexly to the increased vascular resistance observed during acute osmolality reductions in man.", "PMID": 572038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9843", "title": "Projection of scrotal thermal afferents to the preoptic and hypothalamic neurons in rats.", "content": "Effects of thermal stimulation (18--41.5 degrees C) of the scrotum were observed on neurons in the preoptic area and hypothalamus (POHY) in anesthetized rats. Changes in firing rate of POHY neurons occurred, with three exceptions, within the scrotal temperature range of 30--41 degrees C. There was no dynamic response and little or no sign of rapid adaptation. Out of 46 warm-sensitive neurons, 34 increased and 9 decreased in firing rate with a rise in scrotal temperature. Out of 26 cold-sensitive neurons, 19 were excited and 4 were suppressed by scrotal cooling. The 3 exceptions were excited by scrotal cooling. The 3 exceptions were excited by scrotal warming above 36 degrees C, and were also excited by cooling below 30 degrees C. Out of 54 thermally-insensitive neurons, 16 were excited by scrotal warming 7 by cooling and 2 by warming and cooling. The scrotal temperature change needed to produce full change in POHY neuronal activity varied from less than 1 degree C to 7 degrees C, and was usually less than 4 degrees C. Thermal stimulation of either half of the scrotum had identical influence on the same POHY neuron.", "contents": "Projection of scrotal thermal afferents to the preoptic and hypothalamic neurons in rats. Effects of thermal stimulation (18--41.5 degrees C) of the scrotum were observed on neurons in the preoptic area and hypothalamus (POHY) in anesthetized rats. Changes in firing rate of POHY neurons occurred, with three exceptions, within the scrotal temperature range of 30--41 degrees C. There was no dynamic response and little or no sign of rapid adaptation. Out of 46 warm-sensitive neurons, 34 increased and 9 decreased in firing rate with a rise in scrotal temperature. Out of 26 cold-sensitive neurons, 19 were excited and 4 were suppressed by scrotal cooling. The 3 exceptions were excited by scrotal cooling. The 3 exceptions were excited by scrotal warming above 36 degrees C, and were also excited by cooling below 30 degrees C. Out of 54 thermally-insensitive neurons, 16 were excited by scrotal warming 7 by cooling and 2 by warming and cooling. The scrotal temperature change needed to produce full change in POHY neuronal activity varied from less than 1 degree C to 7 degrees C, and was usually less than 4 degrees C. Thermal stimulation of either half of the scrotum had identical influence on the same POHY neuron.", "PMID": 572039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9844", "title": "Effect of divalent cations on spontaneous and evoked activity of single mammalian auditory neurones.", "content": "Recordings were obtained from single primary auditory neurones in the guinea pig cochlea during perfusion of the scala tympani with solutions containing elevated concentrations of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+, or with lowered concentrations of Ca2+. Such perfusions caused a reversible depression of spontaneous firing rates. This is consistent with the notion that spontaneous firing is the result of background release of excitatory transmitter from cochlear hair cells, in the absence of acoustic stimulation. The above ion modifications also produced varying changes in single neurone response curves to acoustic stimuli. In one half of the 14 neurons studied these changes were also compatible with a classical blockage of synaptic transmission. The other half however, showed little or no change in sensitivity at low frequencies while large threshold elevations occurred at high frequencies.", "contents": "Effect of divalent cations on spontaneous and evoked activity of single mammalian auditory neurones. Recordings were obtained from single primary auditory neurones in the guinea pig cochlea during perfusion of the scala tympani with solutions containing elevated concentrations of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+, or with lowered concentrations of Ca2+. Such perfusions caused a reversible depression of spontaneous firing rates. This is consistent with the notion that spontaneous firing is the result of background release of excitatory transmitter from cochlear hair cells, in the absence of acoustic stimulation. The above ion modifications also produced varying changes in single neurone response curves to acoustic stimuli. In one half of the 14 neurons studied these changes were also compatible with a classical blockage of synaptic transmission. The other half however, showed little or no change in sensitivity at low frequencies while large threshold elevations occurred at high frequencies.", "PMID": 572041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9845", "title": "On the time course of the acetylcholine-induced hyperpolarization in quiescent guinea-pig atria.", "content": "The time course of the action of acetylcholine (ACh) released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings was studied in quiescent preparations of right atria from the guinea-pig heart. ACh release was induced by stimulation with single impulses subthreshold for excitation of atrial muscle cells. After stimulation a hyperpolarization of the atrial cell membrane could be recorded. At 35 degrees C time to peak (ttp) was reached 580--890 ms after the stimulus pulse. The hyperpolarization declined exponentially with a time constant of 1.6--3.4 s. The early rising phase was proportional to t3 where t is time and displayed a Q10 of about 12. The decay was less temperature-dependent (Q10 of ca. 1.5). Superfusion with solutions containing caffeine (0.25--2.0 mM) an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases resulted in a prolongation of ttp, a flattering of the hyperpolarization maximum and an increase of the time constant of decay. It is suggested that a least three successive reactions are involved in the formation of ionic conductance channels after ACh receptor interaction. The results obtained with caffeine support the idea that formation of a cyclic nucleotide might participate in muscarinic action of ACh in the atrium.", "contents": "On the time course of the acetylcholine-induced hyperpolarization in quiescent guinea-pig atria. The time course of the action of acetylcholine (ACh) released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings was studied in quiescent preparations of right atria from the guinea-pig heart. ACh release was induced by stimulation with single impulses subthreshold for excitation of atrial muscle cells. After stimulation a hyperpolarization of the atrial cell membrane could be recorded. At 35 degrees C time to peak (ttp) was reached 580--890 ms after the stimulus pulse. The hyperpolarization declined exponentially with a time constant of 1.6--3.4 s. The early rising phase was proportional to t3 where t is time and displayed a Q10 of about 12. The decay was less temperature-dependent (Q10 of ca. 1.5). Superfusion with solutions containing caffeine (0.25--2.0 mM) an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases resulted in a prolongation of ttp, a flattering of the hyperpolarization maximum and an increase of the time constant of decay. It is suggested that a least three successive reactions are involved in the formation of ionic conductance channels after ACh receptor interaction. The results obtained with caffeine support the idea that formation of a cyclic nucleotide might participate in muscarinic action of ACh in the atrium.", "PMID": 572042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9846", "title": "Simultaneous measurements of microflow and evoked potentials in the somatomotor cortex of the cat brain during specific sensory activation.", "content": "The behaviour of both microflow and evoked potentials was investigated in the right somatomotor cortex of the cat (anaesthetized with chloralose) during electrical stimulation of the contralateral left forepaw. Frequency, amplitude, and time of stimulation were varied. Using the local hydrogen clearance method the changes of microflow were continuously monitored in the same cortical area from which the evoked potentials were recorded. The experiments have shown that activation of the somatomotor cortex by somatic stimulation of the contralateral forepaw results in changes of microflow which clearly correlate to the side and amplitude of the primary evoked potentials. An increase in flow as well as in amplitude of the potentials depends on the stimulation parameters. The changes of microflow are limited to a small area of 1--2 mm in diameter. We conclude that a tight coupling of flow to functional activity exists in the microcirculatory range.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurements of microflow and evoked potentials in the somatomotor cortex of the cat brain during specific sensory activation. The behaviour of both microflow and evoked potentials was investigated in the right somatomotor cortex of the cat (anaesthetized with chloralose) during electrical stimulation of the contralateral left forepaw. Frequency, amplitude, and time of stimulation were varied. Using the local hydrogen clearance method the changes of microflow were continuously monitored in the same cortical area from which the evoked potentials were recorded. The experiments have shown that activation of the somatomotor cortex by somatic stimulation of the contralateral forepaw results in changes of microflow which clearly correlate to the side and amplitude of the primary evoked potentials. An increase in flow as well as in amplitude of the potentials depends on the stimulation parameters. The changes of microflow are limited to a small area of 1--2 mm in diameter. We conclude that a tight coupling of flow to functional activity exists in the microcirculatory range.", "PMID": 572043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9847", "title": "Risk and advantages of using strongly beveled microelectrodes for electrophysiological studies in cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Conventional microelectrodes (tips with a diameter of 0.5 micrometer, a resistance of 8 MOhm, and a tip potential of -4 mV) were mechanically beveled over a length of 1--2 micrometer (resistance 2.5 MOhm, tip potential between 0 and -1 mV). Properties thought to be relevant for intracellular techniques were studied on the cardiac Purkinje fiber. The comparison with conventional microelectrodes suggests that beveled microelectrodes have an advantage as stated: 1. Intracellular impalement is favoured by the proper shape and the greater mechanical stability; the beveled tip penetrates the connective tissue smoothly without breaking or plugging. 2. Current injection (constant current mode) can be done without blocking or polarizing the tip. The 2 microelectrode voltage clamp technique (Deck et al., 1964) is improved by having lower noise and better stability, by a faster response time, and a greater range of clamp potentials (up to +80 mV). 3. The spontaneous release of the electrolytes filling the microelectrode has a 3-fold greater rate (0.015 pMol/s); this enlargement does not change the electrophysiological properties of the fiber. 4. Intracellular pressure injection requires pressures of 0.3--1.5 bar only to inject the solutes with rates between 1 and 100 pMol/s.", "contents": "Risk and advantages of using strongly beveled microelectrodes for electrophysiological studies in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Conventional microelectrodes (tips with a diameter of 0.5 micrometer, a resistance of 8 MOhm, and a tip potential of -4 mV) were mechanically beveled over a length of 1--2 micrometer (resistance 2.5 MOhm, tip potential between 0 and -1 mV). Properties thought to be relevant for intracellular techniques were studied on the cardiac Purkinje fiber. The comparison with conventional microelectrodes suggests that beveled microelectrodes have an advantage as stated: 1. Intracellular impalement is favoured by the proper shape and the greater mechanical stability; the beveled tip penetrates the connective tissue smoothly without breaking or plugging. 2. Current injection (constant current mode) can be done without blocking or polarizing the tip. The 2 microelectrode voltage clamp technique (Deck et al., 1964) is improved by having lower noise and better stability, by a faster response time, and a greater range of clamp potentials (up to +80 mV). 3. The spontaneous release of the electrolytes filling the microelectrode has a 3-fold greater rate (0.015 pMol/s); this enlargement does not change the electrophysiological properties of the fiber. 4. Intracellular pressure injection requires pressures of 0.3--1.5 bar only to inject the solutes with rates between 1 and 100 pMol/s.", "PMID": 572044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9848", "title": "Construction and function of a new hydraulic cuff occluder.", "content": "The construction of a new type of vascular cuff occluder for use in conscious animals is described. This occluder has the following features: 1. Safe complete vessel occlusion. 2. Occlusion at a definite cuff pressure with extrathoracally pressure control behind the cuff. 3. Long term implantability. 4. Possibility of multiple usage and sterilization.", "contents": "Construction and function of a new hydraulic cuff occluder. The construction of a new type of vascular cuff occluder for use in conscious animals is described. This occluder has the following features: 1. Safe complete vessel occlusion. 2. Occlusion at a definite cuff pressure with extrathoracally pressure control behind the cuff. 3. Long term implantability. 4. Possibility of multiple usage and sterilization.", "PMID": 572045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9849", "title": "The \"chronic\" ear: how to manage mild to severe otitis.", "content": "Otitis media initially involves only the mucosa, but if unchecked, may eventually spread to bone, causing bony erosion and severe osteitis that can have life-threatening CNS complications. Placement of a PE tube generally is all that is necessary to eliminate middle ear fluid and restore normal hearing in serous otitis media and adhesive otitis media. Mastoidectomy is required in more advanced chronic ear disease; if disease is not too extensive, hearing may be restored by tympanoplasty.", "contents": "The \"chronic\" ear: how to manage mild to severe otitis. Otitis media initially involves only the mucosa, but if unchecked, may eventually spread to bone, causing bony erosion and severe osteitis that can have life-threatening CNS complications. Placement of a PE tube generally is all that is necessary to eliminate middle ear fluid and restore normal hearing in serous otitis media and adhesive otitis media. Mastoidectomy is required in more advanced chronic ear disease; if disease is not too extensive, hearing may be restored by tympanoplasty.", "PMID": 572048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9850", "title": "Tonic immobility: effects of dopamine receptor blockade and stimulation.", "content": "Blockade of dopaminergic receptors by haloperidol enhanced the duration of tonic immobility in chickens. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, produced short durations. Apomorphine also produced an increase in stabilimeter activity. These data suggest dopaminergic involvement in tonic immobility, and support a competing response interpretation of the apomorphine effect.", "contents": "Tonic immobility: effects of dopamine receptor blockade and stimulation. Blockade of dopaminergic receptors by haloperidol enhanced the duration of tonic immobility in chickens. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, produced short durations. Apomorphine also produced an increase in stabilimeter activity. These data suggest dopaminergic involvement in tonic immobility, and support a competing response interpretation of the apomorphine effect.", "PMID": 572054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9851", "title": "Scotophobin A causes several responses in goldfish if the pineal gland is present.", "content": "Rat scotophobin A increased dark avoidance in goldfish in dark and light avoidance shuttlebox experiments, controlled for general and light cycling-induced swimming activity. A possible site of action for scotophobin was suggested by the reports that dark avoidance was also increased in goldfish by pinealectomy, a treatment which increased shock sensitivity as well. It was found that scotophobin alone decreased the voltage required to induce tail-flip contractures in goldfish. The pineal gland was further implicated in the mode of action of scotophobin when it was found that this peptide suppressed the norepinephrine-induced aggregation of goldfish chromatophores whose state is in part controlled by pineal melatonin. Pinealectomized goldfish became insensitive to the effects of scotophobin upon both light-dark preference and chromatophore aggregation state. There observations strongly suggest that the pineal gland is required for the action of scotophobin.", "contents": "Scotophobin A causes several responses in goldfish if the pineal gland is present. Rat scotophobin A increased dark avoidance in goldfish in dark and light avoidance shuttlebox experiments, controlled for general and light cycling-induced swimming activity. A possible site of action for scotophobin was suggested by the reports that dark avoidance was also increased in goldfish by pinealectomy, a treatment which increased shock sensitivity as well. It was found that scotophobin alone decreased the voltage required to induce tail-flip contractures in goldfish. The pineal gland was further implicated in the mode of action of scotophobin when it was found that this peptide suppressed the norepinephrine-induced aggregation of goldfish chromatophores whose state is in part controlled by pineal melatonin. Pinealectomized goldfish became insensitive to the effects of scotophobin upon both light-dark preference and chromatophore aggregation state. There observations strongly suggest that the pineal gland is required for the action of scotophobin.", "PMID": 572055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9852", "title": "Altered response to apomorphine and haloperidol after nine days of cocaine injections.", "content": "Sprague Dawley rats, pretreated with nine daily injections of 20 mg/Kg cocaine or saline, were evaluated for aspects of their behavioral response to apomorphine, haloperidol, or cocaine, twenty-four hours after their last pretreatment injection. Data obtained from saline and cocaine pretreated animals indicated that: cocaine pretreated rats were more sensitive to haloperidol-induced catalepsy, less responsive to some of the stereotypic effects of apomorphine and similar in their responses to the anticataleptic properties of cocaine.", "contents": "Altered response to apomorphine and haloperidol after nine days of cocaine injections. Sprague Dawley rats, pretreated with nine daily injections of 20 mg/Kg cocaine or saline, were evaluated for aspects of their behavioral response to apomorphine, haloperidol, or cocaine, twenty-four hours after their last pretreatment injection. Data obtained from saline and cocaine pretreated animals indicated that: cocaine pretreated rats were more sensitive to haloperidol-induced catalepsy, less responsive to some of the stereotypic effects of apomorphine and similar in their responses to the anticataleptic properties of cocaine.", "PMID": 572056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9853", "title": "An electrophysiological correlate of amphetamine revealed motor imbalance in albino rats.", "content": "Ten out of eleven Wistar rats displayed a reliable interhemispheric asymmetry of the secondary slow negative wave (SNW) of the visual evoked potential. A more synchronized EEG was observed on the side of facilitated SNW. The analysis of rotation directionality in the rotometer of these rats after IP (+)-amphetamine administration (1.25 mg/kg) showed that rats reliably rotated towards the side with a more facilitated SNW. It is believed that an imbalance of nigrostriatal DA content underlies the interhemispheric asymmetry of EEG and evoked potentials.", "contents": "An electrophysiological correlate of amphetamine revealed motor imbalance in albino rats. Ten out of eleven Wistar rats displayed a reliable interhemispheric asymmetry of the secondary slow negative wave (SNW) of the visual evoked potential. A more synchronized EEG was observed on the side of facilitated SNW. The analysis of rotation directionality in the rotometer of these rats after IP (+)-amphetamine administration (1.25 mg/kg) showed that rats reliably rotated towards the side with a more facilitated SNW. It is believed that an imbalance of nigrostriatal DA content underlies the interhemispheric asymmetry of EEG and evoked potentials.", "PMID": 572057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9854", "title": "Metabolism correlates of cocaine-induced stereotypy in rats.", "content": "An increase in stereotyped behavior was observed in rats injected daily with cocaine (40 mg/kg, IP), as compared with the first day. This increase persisted 14 days after discontinuation of the drug treatment, and corresponded to increased levels of 3H-cocaine norcocaine and benzoylecgonine in brain. Pretreatment of the animals with SKF-522A, an inhibitor of cocaine demethylation, produced a decrease in stereotypy rating and concomitantly a lower level of 3H-norcocaine in the brain. The role of this metabolite in the production of cocaine-induced stereotyped behavior is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism correlates of cocaine-induced stereotypy in rats. An increase in stereotyped behavior was observed in rats injected daily with cocaine (40 mg/kg, IP), as compared with the first day. This increase persisted 14 days after discontinuation of the drug treatment, and corresponded to increased levels of 3H-cocaine norcocaine and benzoylecgonine in brain. Pretreatment of the animals with SKF-522A, an inhibitor of cocaine demethylation, produced a decrease in stereotypy rating and concomitantly a lower level of 3H-norcocaine in the brain. The role of this metabolite in the production of cocaine-induced stereotyped behavior is discussed.", "PMID": 572058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9855", "title": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic consumption of ethanol by hamsters.", "content": "Male Syrian Golden-Hamsters consumed about 90% of their fluid as an ethanol-water solution when given a choice between water and ethanol-water solutions. This resulted in a daily alcohol intake of about 11 g/kg. After 53 days of alcohol ingestion there was no evidence of tolerance to the soporific effects of parenterally administered ethanol and removal of the ethanol solutions failed to produce any signs of alcohol withdrawal. However, after cessation of ethanol ingestion, the acquisition of escape responding from footshock was impaired in the alcohol group as compared to a control group. Biochemical and ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that chronic ethanol ingestion hepatic glycogen and plasma triglycerides without altering either the hepatic or plasma concentrations of phospholipids, free cholesterol or cholesterol esters. These results demonstrate that the hamster has an unusual metabolic response to ethanol. These findings are contrasted to the biochemical and behavioral effects of the drug in other species.", "contents": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic consumption of ethanol by hamsters. Male Syrian Golden-Hamsters consumed about 90% of their fluid as an ethanol-water solution when given a choice between water and ethanol-water solutions. This resulted in a daily alcohol intake of about 11 g/kg. After 53 days of alcohol ingestion there was no evidence of tolerance to the soporific effects of parenterally administered ethanol and removal of the ethanol solutions failed to produce any signs of alcohol withdrawal. However, after cessation of ethanol ingestion, the acquisition of escape responding from footshock was impaired in the alcohol group as compared to a control group. Biochemical and ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that chronic ethanol ingestion hepatic glycogen and plasma triglycerides without altering either the hepatic or plasma concentrations of phospholipids, free cholesterol or cholesterol esters. These results demonstrate that the hamster has an unusual metabolic response to ethanol. These findings are contrasted to the biochemical and behavioral effects of the drug in other species.", "PMID": 572060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9856", "title": "Diurnal rhythms in noradrenaline turnover and motility after reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Experiments were performed in male Wistar rats synchronized by controlled conditions of light (0700--1900 hr) and of darkness (1900--0700 hr). Separately in each photo-period the effects of reserpine or 6-OHDA on the cardiac noradrenaline turnover. Whereas peripheral chemical sympathectomy did not greatly affect the diurnal rhythm in the motor activity were investigated. Initial depletion of the cardiac noradrenaline after acute application of either drug was significantly greater when injected at 2000 hr compared to 0800 hr. In both photo-periods the cardiac turnover of noradrenaline was increased after peripheral chemical sympathectomy with 6-OHDA as well as after amine depletion with reserpine. Inhibition of the protein synthesis had no effect, ganglionic blockade by chlorisondamine on the other hand abolished the rhythm in the motor activity, subacute treatment with reserpine differently affected motor activity in both photo-periods, depending on the time of drug application within 24 hr of a day. The results show that diurnal variations in the levels of neuronal and of motor activity are able to influence drug effects and have thus to be taken into account in animal studies.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythms in noradrenaline turnover and motility after reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine. Experiments were performed in male Wistar rats synchronized by controlled conditions of light (0700--1900 hr) and of darkness (1900--0700 hr). Separately in each photo-period the effects of reserpine or 6-OHDA on the cardiac noradrenaline turnover. Whereas peripheral chemical sympathectomy did not greatly affect the diurnal rhythm in the motor activity were investigated. Initial depletion of the cardiac noradrenaline after acute application of either drug was significantly greater when injected at 2000 hr compared to 0800 hr. In both photo-periods the cardiac turnover of noradrenaline was increased after peripheral chemical sympathectomy with 6-OHDA as well as after amine depletion with reserpine. Inhibition of the protein synthesis had no effect, ganglionic blockade by chlorisondamine on the other hand abolished the rhythm in the motor activity, subacute treatment with reserpine differently affected motor activity in both photo-periods, depending on the time of drug application within 24 hr of a day. The results show that diurnal variations in the levels of neuronal and of motor activity are able to influence drug effects and have thus to be taken into account in animal studies.", "PMID": 572061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9857", "title": "Impairment of acquisition of a DRL schedule following prolonged ethanol consumption.", "content": "Two groups of male hooded rats (N = 9) were given either ethanol or sucrose solutions as their only source of fluid for six months. Thirty days after the ethanol treatment, the rats were reduced to 85% of their free-feeding weights and allowed to obtain 45 mg of food pellets on an FR 1 schedule fof five consecutive days. Subsequently, the rats were tested on four DRL schedules (6. 12, 18, 24 sec). There was no difference between the two groups on FR 1 or DRL 6 sec schedules; however, when the DRL interval was lengthened to 12, 18, and 24 sec, the ethanol group required more sessions than the sucrose group to reach criterion performance. After increases in the DRL interval, the modal interresponse time of the ethanol group shifted more slowly than that of the sucrose group.", "contents": "Impairment of acquisition of a DRL schedule following prolonged ethanol consumption. Two groups of male hooded rats (N = 9) were given either ethanol or sucrose solutions as their only source of fluid for six months. Thirty days after the ethanol treatment, the rats were reduced to 85% of their free-feeding weights and allowed to obtain 45 mg of food pellets on an FR 1 schedule fof five consecutive days. Subsequently, the rats were tested on four DRL schedules (6. 12, 18, 24 sec). There was no difference between the two groups on FR 1 or DRL 6 sec schedules; however, when the DRL interval was lengthened to 12, 18, and 24 sec, the ethanol group required more sessions than the sucrose group to reach criterion performance. After increases in the DRL interval, the modal interresponse time of the ethanol group shifted more slowly than that of the sucrose group.", "PMID": 572062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9858", "title": "Rat rotation monitoring for pharmacology research.", "content": "Much current neuropharmacological research describes drug site of action and effect in terms of rotational behavior in rats. Such studies at the National Institutes of Health led to the development of required instrumentation capabilities. The method developed for quantifying rotational behavior to the exclusion of other locomotor activity is presented. Such full turns counts can be output as mechanical counter inputs, computer inputs, user-selected time interval subtotals, summary totals, or a voltage proportional to cumulative count which provides turning-rate data when recorded on strip-chart. The latter two options are described herein.", "contents": "Rat rotation monitoring for pharmacology research. Much current neuropharmacological research describes drug site of action and effect in terms of rotational behavior in rats. Such studies at the National Institutes of Health led to the development of required instrumentation capabilities. The method developed for quantifying rotational behavior to the exclusion of other locomotor activity is presented. Such full turns counts can be output as mechanical counter inputs, computer inputs, user-selected time interval subtotals, summary totals, or a voltage proportional to cumulative count which provides turning-rate data when recorded on strip-chart. The latter two options are described herein.", "PMID": 572064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9859", "title": "A reward-reduction model of depression using self stimulating rats: an appraisal.", "content": "A potential model of depression using a \"reward reduction\" technique with intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) has been suggested. A number of rats with electrodes chronically implanted in the medial forebrain bundle were trained on this paradigm. The model involved the use of progressively increasing fixed ratio (IFR) schedules. Two tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine and protriptyline, were administered. Neither of these drugs resulted in the response enhancement which had been predicted. Only d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) produced the predicted \"antidepressant\" action. It was concluded that response instability made this test difficult to operate and that even animals with adequately stable baselines did not produce a response pattern which could be categorised as specifically antidepressant.", "contents": "A reward-reduction model of depression using self stimulating rats: an appraisal. A potential model of depression using a \"reward reduction\" technique with intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) has been suggested. A number of rats with electrodes chronically implanted in the medial forebrain bundle were trained on this paradigm. The model involved the use of progressively increasing fixed ratio (IFR) schedules. Two tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine and protriptyline, were administered. Neither of these drugs resulted in the response enhancement which had been predicted. Only d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) produced the predicted \"antidepressant\" action. It was concluded that response instability made this test difficult to operate and that even animals with adequately stable baselines did not produce a response pattern which could be categorised as specifically antidepressant.", "PMID": 572065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9860", "title": "[Production of granules with controlled drug release rate (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure for microgranulation is described (cf. [7]) which is based on the use of formaldehyde-treated gelatin. The drug (Drotaverin: No-Spa) contained in the matrix is released, dependently of the formaldehyde concentration in the matrix, at a predetermined rate. The release (first-order kinetics) is rapid at low formaldehyde concentrations, and slower at higher formaldehyde concentrations.", "contents": "[Production of granules with controlled drug release rate (author's transl)]. A procedure for microgranulation is described (cf. [7]) which is based on the use of formaldehyde-treated gelatin. The drug (Drotaverin: No-Spa) contained in the matrix is released, dependently of the formaldehyde concentration in the matrix, at a predetermined rate. The release (first-order kinetics) is rapid at low formaldehyde concentrations, and slower at higher formaldehyde concentrations.", "PMID": 572066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9861", "title": "The binding of colchicine and its derivatives to bovine and human serum albumin and human plasma.", "content": "The protein binding of colchicine and its derivatives demecolcine and desacetylcolchiceine was studied by equilibrium dialysis at 22 degrees C and pH 7.38 in bovine and human serum albumin and human plasma. Colchicine and demecolcine (2 X 10(-4) -5 X 10(-4) mol/l) is not bound to proteins. The binding of desacetylcholchiceine was 60--80% in the range 10(-4)-5 X 10(-4) mol/l. The association constant for a single binding site was 8.03 X 10(3) 1/mol for human serum albumin and 13.20 X 10(3) 1/mol for human plasma. The binding profiles for desacetylcholchiceine were quite similar in human serum albumin (4% conc.) and human plasma (3.8% conc. of albumin fraction). We suggest that desacetylcolchiceine was likely to be bound predominantly to albumin. Salicylic acid in vitro, at clinical concentrations (1.8--14.5 X 10(-4) mol/l), significantly decreases the binding of desacetylcolchiceine to human serum albumin.", "contents": "The binding of colchicine and its derivatives to bovine and human serum albumin and human plasma. The protein binding of colchicine and its derivatives demecolcine and desacetylcolchiceine was studied by equilibrium dialysis at 22 degrees C and pH 7.38 in bovine and human serum albumin and human plasma. Colchicine and demecolcine (2 X 10(-4) -5 X 10(-4) mol/l) is not bound to proteins. The binding of desacetylcholchiceine was 60--80% in the range 10(-4)-5 X 10(-4) mol/l. The association constant for a single binding site was 8.03 X 10(3) 1/mol for human serum albumin and 13.20 X 10(3) 1/mol for human plasma. The binding profiles for desacetylcholchiceine were quite similar in human serum albumin (4% conc.) and human plasma (3.8% conc. of albumin fraction). We suggest that desacetylcolchiceine was likely to be bound predominantly to albumin. Salicylic acid in vitro, at clinical concentrations (1.8--14.5 X 10(-4) mol/l), significantly decreases the binding of desacetylcolchiceine to human serum albumin.", "PMID": 572067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9862", "title": "Sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm in depression.", "content": "The effect of total sleep deprivation for one night on the depressive state (measured using the depression rating scale of Bojanovsky and Chloupkova) and the patients' actual state of well being (measured using the self-rating scale of von Zerssen) is investigated in a group of 40 randomly selected inpatient depressives (29 endogenous depressives, 11 neurotic depressives) over a period of 36 h. The endogenous depressives exhibited a statistically significant change. The total index of the depression scale improved by 22.6%, recorded as a 'daily mean difference'. The individual symptoms of depressive mood, lack of interest, inhibition and inappetence were significantly improved. The feature of vital disorders and its common appearance with diurnal variations correlates positively with the degree of sleep deprivation effect. The symptomatology of the neurotic depressive patients also showed a significant improvement but the relatively small group of particularly severe neurotic depressives who also exhibited vital disorders is not representative. In a group of cases, sleep deprivation caused reversion in the depressive symptomatology not only during the night of deprivation but influenced the diurnal rhythm of the depressive symptomatology on the following day, in a therapeutically favourable direction. The results are compared with those of other studies. The methodological problems are discussed and methodological improvements for further investigation are proposed.", "contents": "Sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm in depression. The effect of total sleep deprivation for one night on the depressive state (measured using the depression rating scale of Bojanovsky and Chloupkova) and the patients' actual state of well being (measured using the self-rating scale of von Zerssen) is investigated in a group of 40 randomly selected inpatient depressives (29 endogenous depressives, 11 neurotic depressives) over a period of 36 h. The endogenous depressives exhibited a statistically significant change. The total index of the depression scale improved by 22.6%, recorded as a 'daily mean difference'. The individual symptoms of depressive mood, lack of interest, inhibition and inappetence were significantly improved. The feature of vital disorders and its common appearance with diurnal variations correlates positively with the degree of sleep deprivation effect. The symptomatology of the neurotic depressive patients also showed a significant improvement but the relatively small group of particularly severe neurotic depressives who also exhibited vital disorders is not representative. In a group of cases, sleep deprivation caused reversion in the depressive symptomatology not only during the night of deprivation but influenced the diurnal rhythm of the depressive symptomatology on the following day, in a therapeutically favourable direction. The results are compared with those of other studies. The methodological problems are discussed and methodological improvements for further investigation are proposed.", "PMID": 572080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9863", "title": "Retrograde amnesia for old (reactivated) memory: some anomalous characteristics.", "content": "Old memory, when reactivated by cue exposure, was disrupted by mild or deep hypothermia treatments. New memory was impaired only by deep cooling. Moreover, old but not new learning showed spontaneous recovery. Old reactivated memory may be qualitatively different from newly acquired memory.", "contents": "Retrograde amnesia for old (reactivated) memory: some anomalous characteristics. Old memory, when reactivated by cue exposure, was disrupted by mild or deep hypothermia treatments. New memory was impaired only by deep cooling. Moreover, old but not new learning showed spontaneous recovery. Old reactivated memory may be qualitatively different from newly acquired memory.", "PMID": 572083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9864", "title": "Inherited epilepsy: spike-wave and focal motor seizures in the mutant mouse tottering.", "content": "Mice with the mutant gene tottering (tg, chromosome 8, autosomal recessive) show, in adolescence, abnormal bursts of bilaterally synchronous spike waves as revealed in electrocorticograms recorded over long periods. The spike waves are accompanied by behavioral \"absence\" attacks and intermittent focal motor seizures showing somatotopic progression. Cerebral metabolic activity during seizures was assayed by autoradiography of brain sections from mice injected intravenously with 14C-labeled 2-deoxyglucose. Metabolic activity was increased bilaterally in selected brainstem structures. Spontaneous electrocorticographic and clinical seizures of this general pattern were recognized hitherto only in humans.", "contents": "Inherited epilepsy: spike-wave and focal motor seizures in the mutant mouse tottering. Mice with the mutant gene tottering (tg, chromosome 8, autosomal recessive) show, in adolescence, abnormal bursts of bilaterally synchronous spike waves as revealed in electrocorticograms recorded over long periods. The spike waves are accompanied by behavioral \"absence\" attacks and intermittent focal motor seizures showing somatotopic progression. Cerebral metabolic activity during seizures was assayed by autoradiography of brain sections from mice injected intravenously with 14C-labeled 2-deoxyglucose. Metabolic activity was increased bilaterally in selected brainstem structures. Spontaneous electrocorticographic and clinical seizures of this general pattern were recognized hitherto only in humans.", "PMID": 572084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9865", "title": "Membrane potential changes during chemokinesis in Paramecium.", "content": "Intracellular recordings show that (i) paramecia hyperpolarize slightly in attractants and depolarize in repellents that depend on the avoiding reaction (an abrupt change of swimming direction), and (ii) paramecia more strongly hyperpolarize in repellents and more strongly depolarize in attractants that depend on changes of swimming velocity. These membrane potential changes are in agreement with a hypothesis of membrane potential control of chemokinesis in Paramecium.", "contents": "Membrane potential changes during chemokinesis in Paramecium. Intracellular recordings show that (i) paramecia hyperpolarize slightly in attractants and depolarize in repellents that depend on the avoiding reaction (an abrupt change of swimming direction), and (ii) paramecia more strongly hyperpolarize in repellents and more strongly depolarize in attractants that depend on changes of swimming velocity. These membrane potential changes are in agreement with a hypothesis of membrane potential control of chemokinesis in Paramecium.", "PMID": 572085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9866", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. An extended editorial.", "content": "A hypothesis for the pathogenesis of TTP is developed, centered on the views and findings of Kwaan (Fig. 8). By a series of deductions, inferences, and extensions, an attempt has been made to define considerably more restrictively than heretofore a TTP paradigm of clinical (Tables 1,2,3) and laboratory (Table 4) features. Revisions may be required in the future as increase of knowledge indicates. By similar methods rational, exigent therapeutic measures are selected (Table 5). The innovative therapeutic use of plasma transfusion, as proposed by Byrnes and Lian and their co-workers, is compatible with the paradigm in all respects. The paradigm discriminates for authentic cases of TTP among spurious if similar entities. Such sequestration will constitute a homogeneous universe of case material appropriate for study. The prospective use of the TTP paradigm defined in this papd therapeutic protocol, jointly developed, may accelerate our knowledge and improve our effectiveness in this lethal, if uncommon, disease [49,76,111,170].", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. An extended editorial. A hypothesis for the pathogenesis of TTP is developed, centered on the views and findings of Kwaan (Fig. 8). By a series of deductions, inferences, and extensions, an attempt has been made to define considerably more restrictively than heretofore a TTP paradigm of clinical (Tables 1,2,3) and laboratory (Table 4) features. Revisions may be required in the future as increase of knowledge indicates. By similar methods rational, exigent therapeutic measures are selected (Table 5). The innovative therapeutic use of plasma transfusion, as proposed by Byrnes and Lian and their co-workers, is compatible with the paradigm in all respects. The paradigm discriminates for authentic cases of TTP among spurious if similar entities. Such sequestration will constitute a homogeneous universe of case material appropriate for study. The prospective use of the TTP paradigm defined in this papd therapeutic protocol, jointly developed, may accelerate our knowledge and improve our effectiveness in this lethal, if uncommon, disease [49,76,111,170].", "PMID": 572086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9867", "title": "Antenatal intestinal perforation and meconium peritonitis associated with the neonatal small left colon syndrome.", "content": "Although NSLCS has been considered to have a benign course, we have described an infant who had intrauterine intestinal perforation and meconium peritonitis associated with the NSLCS. Infants of diabetic mothers who are stillborn or who develop abdominal distention shortly after delivery should be suspected of having this complication of NSLCS. This disorder must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants who present with meconium peritonitis.", "contents": "Antenatal intestinal perforation and meconium peritonitis associated with the neonatal small left colon syndrome. Although NSLCS has been considered to have a benign course, we have described an infant who had intrauterine intestinal perforation and meconium peritonitis associated with the NSLCS. Infants of diabetic mothers who are stillborn or who develop abdominal distention shortly after delivery should be suspected of having this complication of NSLCS. This disorder must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants who present with meconium peritonitis.", "PMID": 572092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9868", "title": "Isolation of keratomycetes from the soil of wild animal cages and enclosures in the zoo of the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Italy.", "content": "The keratinophilic fungi present in the soil of wild animal cages and enclosures in the zoo of the \"Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo\", at Pescasseroli, Italy were studied. The goal of the investigation was to determine what species of such fungi existed in wild animal habitats in that area and what variation there may be in their frequency in connection with the seasons. The most prevalent fungus was Trichophyton ajelloi, followed in decreasing order by the Chrysosporium species (C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, C. state of Ctenomyces serratus). The Microsporums were relatively rare. The perfect forms Arthroderma uncinatum, A. quadrifidum, Nannizzia cajetani and Ctenomyces serratus were isolated from plates containing their corresponding imperfect forms. The recurrence of the species present in the soil of each cage and enclosure in April and in July was remarkable.", "contents": "Isolation of keratomycetes from the soil of wild animal cages and enclosures in the zoo of the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Italy. The keratinophilic fungi present in the soil of wild animal cages and enclosures in the zoo of the \"Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo\", at Pescasseroli, Italy were studied. The goal of the investigation was to determine what species of such fungi existed in wild animal habitats in that area and what variation there may be in their frequency in connection with the seasons. The most prevalent fungus was Trichophyton ajelloi, followed in decreasing order by the Chrysosporium species (C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, C. state of Ctenomyces serratus). The Microsporums were relatively rare. The perfect forms Arthroderma uncinatum, A. quadrifidum, Nannizzia cajetani and Ctenomyces serratus were isolated from plates containing their corresponding imperfect forms. The recurrence of the species present in the soil of each cage and enclosure in April and in July was remarkable.", "PMID": 572094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9869", "title": "Primary intraventricular choriocarcinoma.", "content": "A case of a choriocarcinoma within the third ventricle in an eight-year-old girl is described. The patient died suddenly five days after operation. The post mortem examination showed an intraventricular hemorrhage with obstruction of the foramina of Monroe. An additional case in a 16-year-old young man, with similar location and without necropsy, is described. Discussion of the primary origin and etiology of these tumors is presented.", "contents": "Primary intraventricular choriocarcinoma. A case of a choriocarcinoma within the third ventricle in an eight-year-old girl is described. The patient died suddenly five days after operation. The post mortem examination showed an intraventricular hemorrhage with obstruction of the foramina of Monroe. An additional case in a 16-year-old young man, with similar location and without necropsy, is described. Discussion of the primary origin and etiology of these tumors is presented.", "PMID": 572095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9870", "title": "Repair of small blood vessels with the neodymium-YAG laser: a preliminary report.", "content": "A technique for repair of incisions in small blood vessels (diameter, 0.3 to 1.0 mm) in the rat is described using a Neodymium-YAG laser. It is possible to seal the incision without the use of sutures and to preserve the lumen of the vessel. The advantages of this technique over electrocoagulation and microsuture techniques are pointed out. Although the work is in preliminary stages, the technique is considered to be relatively safe, and the potential use of the application in human surgery is indicated. The possible complications of this technique are pointed out.", "contents": "Repair of small blood vessels with the neodymium-YAG laser: a preliminary report. A technique for repair of incisions in small blood vessels (diameter, 0.3 to 1.0 mm) in the rat is described using a Neodymium-YAG laser. It is possible to seal the incision without the use of sutures and to preserve the lumen of the vessel. The advantages of this technique over electrocoagulation and microsuture techniques are pointed out. Although the work is in preliminary stages, the technique is considered to be relatively safe, and the potential use of the application in human surgery is indicated. The possible complications of this technique are pointed out.", "PMID": 572097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9871", "title": "Metastatic cerebral choriocarcinoma without pelvic or pulmonary metastases.", "content": "A unique case of chorionic carcinoma of the right frontal lobe of the brain with extensive subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage is presented. No pelvic or pulmonary findings by physical or X-ray examination were present. The craniotomy, irradiation and chemotherapy effected a cure. A nephrectomy was necessary during the postoperative period.", "contents": "Metastatic cerebral choriocarcinoma without pelvic or pulmonary metastases. A unique case of chorionic carcinoma of the right frontal lobe of the brain with extensive subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage is presented. No pelvic or pulmonary findings by physical or X-ray examination were present. The craniotomy, irradiation and chemotherapy effected a cure. A nephrectomy was necessary during the postoperative period.", "PMID": 572096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9872", "title": "The time course of myocardial high-energy phosphate degradation during potassium cardioplegic arrest.", "content": "Myocardial high-energy phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate levels were determined in the in vivo pig heart model during ischemic arrest and reperfusion to determine the effectiveness of potassium cardioplegia in myocardial protection. Thirty-five pigs were divided into six experimental groups consisting of 2-hour normothermic arrest, 2-hour hypothemic arrest, 2-hour normothermic cardioplegic arrest, and 1-, 2-, and 3-hour hypothermic cardioplegic arrest. Myocardial biopsies from the left ventricle were obtained prior to arrest, every 30 minutes during the arrest interval, and at 30 and 60 minutes of reperfusion. The measurement of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate showed that (1) cardioplegic arrest requires hypothermia to preserve high-energy phosphate levels in myocardial tissue; (2) hypothermia, while not completely protective alone, is more effective than potassium cardioplegia alone in providing myocardial preservation during 2-hour ischemic arrest; (3) the combination of potassium cardioplegia and hypothermia is additive in providing an effective means of maintaining myocardial high-energy phosphate stores during 1, 2, and 3 hours of ischemic arrest; (4) myocardial reperfusion does not allow a return to preischemic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels after 2 hours of arrest, except following hypothermic cardioplegia; and (5) extension of the duration of ischemic arrest to 3 hours using hypothermic cardioplegia prevents recovery of high-energy phosphate stores to preischemic levels during reperfusion. Optimal preservation can be achieved during 2 hours of ischemic arrest by using hypothermic potassium cardioplegia. The effects of myocardial reperfusion, however, prevent full ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) recovery following 3 hours of arrest. No other technique studied was as effective in providing myocardial preservation.", "contents": "The time course of myocardial high-energy phosphate degradation during potassium cardioplegic arrest. Myocardial high-energy phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate levels were determined in the in vivo pig heart model during ischemic arrest and reperfusion to determine the effectiveness of potassium cardioplegia in myocardial protection. Thirty-five pigs were divided into six experimental groups consisting of 2-hour normothermic arrest, 2-hour hypothemic arrest, 2-hour normothermic cardioplegic arrest, and 1-, 2-, and 3-hour hypothermic cardioplegic arrest. Myocardial biopsies from the left ventricle were obtained prior to arrest, every 30 minutes during the arrest interval, and at 30 and 60 minutes of reperfusion. The measurement of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate showed that (1) cardioplegic arrest requires hypothermia to preserve high-energy phosphate levels in myocardial tissue; (2) hypothermia, while not completely protective alone, is more effective than potassium cardioplegia alone in providing myocardial preservation during 2-hour ischemic arrest; (3) the combination of potassium cardioplegia and hypothermia is additive in providing an effective means of maintaining myocardial high-energy phosphate stores during 1, 2, and 3 hours of ischemic arrest; (4) myocardial reperfusion does not allow a return to preischemic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels after 2 hours of arrest, except following hypothermic cardioplegia; and (5) extension of the duration of ischemic arrest to 3 hours using hypothermic cardioplegia prevents recovery of high-energy phosphate stores to preischemic levels during reperfusion. Optimal preservation can be achieved during 2 hours of ischemic arrest by using hypothermic potassium cardioplegia. The effects of myocardial reperfusion, however, prevent full ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) recovery following 3 hours of arrest. No other technique studied was as effective in providing myocardial preservation.", "PMID": 572100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9873", "title": "Angiogenesis capacity as a diagnostic marker for human eye tumors.", "content": "Solid tumors have the capacity to continuously stimulate the proliferation of new capillaries. Aliquots (0.1 cc) of aqueous humor were aspirated from the anterior chamber of the eye of 38 patients undergoing elective ophthalmologic surgery. The material was lyophilized and then inplanted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 10-day-old chick embryos for bioassay. The angiogenesis capacity of each sample was graded as negative or positive. Nine of 10 patients with histologically proven retinoblastoma had positive vascular responses. Seven of 11 patients with choroidal malignant melanoma had a positive response to their aqueous humor on the CAM. Aqueous samples from eyes with an iris and ciliary body malignant melanoma and a metastatic breast carcinoma to the iris had a positive angiogenic response. By contrast, only one of 15 patients undergoing operation for cataracts, glaucoma, or other nonmalignant ocular disease showed an angiogenesis response. The one patient who a positive assay later developed lymphocytic leukemia. These studies show that certain intraocular tumors display angiogenesis capacity before clinically evident neovascular changes of floating tumor cells are seen. Patients without tumors showed no angiogenesis response.", "contents": "Angiogenesis capacity as a diagnostic marker for human eye tumors. Solid tumors have the capacity to continuously stimulate the proliferation of new capillaries. Aliquots (0.1 cc) of aqueous humor were aspirated from the anterior chamber of the eye of 38 patients undergoing elective ophthalmologic surgery. The material was lyophilized and then inplanted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 10-day-old chick embryos for bioassay. The angiogenesis capacity of each sample was graded as negative or positive. Nine of 10 patients with histologically proven retinoblastoma had positive vascular responses. Seven of 11 patients with choroidal malignant melanoma had a positive response to their aqueous humor on the CAM. Aqueous samples from eyes with an iris and ciliary body malignant melanoma and a metastatic breast carcinoma to the iris had a positive angiogenic response. By contrast, only one of 15 patients undergoing operation for cataracts, glaucoma, or other nonmalignant ocular disease showed an angiogenesis response. The one patient who a positive assay later developed lymphocytic leukemia. These studies show that certain intraocular tumors display angiogenesis capacity before clinically evident neovascular changes of floating tumor cells are seen. Patients without tumors showed no angiogenesis response.", "PMID": 572101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9874", "title": "[Incidence of hypomagnesaemia in dry cows (author's transl)].", "content": "In the late summer and early autumn of 1977, seven cases of milk fever were observed on a dairy farm. It was believed that condition was most likely to be due to preparturient hypomagnesaemia. Therefore the magnesium levels in the blood and urine of both lactating and non-lactating cows were determined in this herd during several months.", "contents": "[Incidence of hypomagnesaemia in dry cows (author's transl)]. In the late summer and early autumn of 1977, seven cases of milk fever were observed on a dairy farm. It was believed that condition was most likely to be due to preparturient hypomagnesaemia. Therefore the magnesium levels in the blood and urine of both lactating and non-lactating cows were determined in this herd during several months.", "PMID": 572103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9875", "title": "Substrate properties influencing ultrastructural differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "Epithelial cells dissociated from mammary glands of midpregnant mice and cultured with lactogenic hormones on plastic or collagen gel substrates have been shown to vary in their extent of differentiation, as identified by the presence of secretory organelles and accumulation and secretion of casein. Morphological and biochemical differentiation was obtained on floating collagen gels. At least four unique factors provided by the floating collagen gel substrates are not found on plastic substrates: access of nutrients to basolateral cell surfaces, close proximity of cells to the medium surface and gas phase, interaction of epithelial cells with stromal elements, and substrate flexibility permitting cell shape change. In this study, we have attempted to assess the relative contributions of these factors in the ultrastructural differentiation of mammary cells in culture. None of these factors alone is responsible for the differentiation achieved when all are present. The novel aspect of this research is the identification of the cells' apparent requirements for basolateral access to nutrients and for freedom to assume a preferred shape in order to achieve differentiation.", "contents": "Substrate properties influencing ultrastructural differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in culture. Epithelial cells dissociated from mammary glands of midpregnant mice and cultured with lactogenic hormones on plastic or collagen gel substrates have been shown to vary in their extent of differentiation, as identified by the presence of secretory organelles and accumulation and secretion of casein. Morphological and biochemical differentiation was obtained on floating collagen gels. At least four unique factors provided by the floating collagen gel substrates are not found on plastic substrates: access of nutrients to basolateral cell surfaces, close proximity of cells to the medium surface and gas phase, interaction of epithelial cells with stromal elements, and substrate flexibility permitting cell shape change. In this study, we have attempted to assess the relative contributions of these factors in the ultrastructural differentiation of mammary cells in culture. None of these factors alone is responsible for the differentiation achieved when all are present. The novel aspect of this research is the identification of the cells' apparent requirements for basolateral access to nutrients and for freedom to assume a preferred shape in order to achieve differentiation.", "PMID": 572104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9876", "title": "An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in red deer (Cervus elephus).", "content": "Nine of 15 housed red deer developed an acute disease. Six died and three were killed when severely affected. The clinical and post mortem changes suggested a diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) which was consistent with the pantropic lymphoproliferative histopathological lesions observed. Attempts to isolate an agent or transmit the condition to cattle failed. The relation of the vasculitis to the pathogenesis of the disease and the susceptibility of red deer are discussed.", "contents": "An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in red deer (Cervus elephus). Nine of 15 housed red deer developed an acute disease. Six died and three were killed when severely affected. The clinical and post mortem changes suggested a diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) which was consistent with the pantropic lymphoproliferative histopathological lesions observed. Attempts to isolate an agent or transmit the condition to cattle failed. The relation of the vasculitis to the pathogenesis of the disease and the susceptibility of red deer are discussed.", "PMID": 572110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9877", "title": "Plasmapheresis for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).", "content": "A 70-year-old woman with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was treated with plasmapheresis using fresh frozen plasma as a fluid replacement. Complete recovery and lasting remission were observed. It appears that plasmapheresis combined with massive fresh frozen plasma can be an effective mode of treatment for patients who were, otherwise, refractory to conventional therapy.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). A 70-year-old woman with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was treated with plasmapheresis using fresh frozen plasma as a fluid replacement. Complete recovery and lasting remission were observed. It appears that plasmapheresis combined with massive fresh frozen plasma can be an effective mode of treatment for patients who were, otherwise, refractory to conventional therapy.", "PMID": 572106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9878", "title": "[Twenty-five years' experience in epidemiology and prophylaxis of epidemics at the Centre for Salmonella of Hamburg (author's transl)].", "content": "Salmonella-epidemiology has changed fundamentally since underdeveloped countries have entered international trade and export food-supplies which, due to less stringent controls, are already contaminated either in the countries of origin or in transit. This is shown by numerous case histories of food-poisoning. Multifarious causes of infection from imported food-stuffs are exposed and also the epidemiological consequences from latently infected fat-stock and poultry. Prophylactic measures and advice on preventive treatment are given. The progressive automation in many factories and plants, with aspirations to the highes-degree of efficiency, frequently hides potential sources of infection with a shining facade of chrome and plastic. In the planning and servicing of technical installations, which later may well prove to be a source of infection, sanitary experts are rarely consulted, or if so too late. This paper also emphasises the considerable influence of mass-tourism with the consequent introduction of exotic Salmonella serotypes, and also the potential danger of faeca contamination on motorway rest-stops.", "contents": "[Twenty-five years' experience in epidemiology and prophylaxis of epidemics at the Centre for Salmonella of Hamburg (author's transl)]. Salmonella-epidemiology has changed fundamentally since underdeveloped countries have entered international trade and export food-supplies which, due to less stringent controls, are already contaminated either in the countries of origin or in transit. This is shown by numerous case histories of food-poisoning. Multifarious causes of infection from imported food-stuffs are exposed and also the epidemiological consequences from latently infected fat-stock and poultry. Prophylactic measures and advice on preventive treatment are given. The progressive automation in many factories and plants, with aspirations to the highes-degree of efficiency, frequently hides potential sources of infection with a shining facade of chrome and plastic. In the planning and servicing of technical installations, which later may well prove to be a source of infection, sanitary experts are rarely consulted, or if so too late. This paper also emphasises the considerable influence of mass-tourism with the consequent introduction of exotic Salmonella serotypes, and also the potential danger of faeca contamination on motorway rest-stops.", "PMID": 572122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9879", "title": "[Hemolytic properties of activated (adhesive) peripheral blood lymphocytes from schizophrenia patients].", "content": "The hemolytic properties of adhesive and nonadhesive lymphocytes in the blood of schizophrenic patients and normal donors were studied. It was  demonstrated that adhesive lymphocytes possess hemolytic properties. It was shown as well, that the content of hemolytic active lymphocytes in the adhesive fraction of peripheral blood cells in schizophrenic patients is ten times higher than in a similar cell fraction of normal donors.", "contents": "[Hemolytic properties of activated (adhesive) peripheral blood lymphocytes from schizophrenia patients]. The hemolytic properties of adhesive and nonadhesive lymphocytes in the blood of schizophrenic patients and normal donors were studied. It was  demonstrated that adhesive lymphocytes possess hemolytic properties. It was shown as well, that the content of hemolytic active lymphocytes in the adhesive fraction of peripheral blood cells in schizophrenic patients is ten times higher than in a similar cell fraction of normal donors.", "PMID": 572123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9880", "title": "[Evoked potentials during elaboration of fine differentiations].", "content": "The paper deals with the character of changes in the EP form recorded from the visual cortex of a rat during elaboration of a system of positive and negative (with different degree of precision) conditioned defensive reflexes. It has been shown that in a state of a consolidated habit of pain stimulus avoidance in a shuttle box a negative component with peak latency up to 70 msec develops in EP to the differentiation stimulus of 0.5 c/s. This component is much less pronounced to the 2 c/s conditioned stimulus. When a more precise differentiation stimulus (1 c/s) was presented to the animal in this state the development of the studied component depended on the subsequent behavioural reaction: it developed if the animal reacted in the same way as to the differentiation stimulus. This fact suggests that the generation of this component is connected with the inhibitory processes developing at the time when the animal is choosing its behavioural reaction.", "contents": "[Evoked potentials during elaboration of fine differentiations]. The paper deals with the character of changes in the EP form recorded from the visual cortex of a rat during elaboration of a system of positive and negative (with different degree of precision) conditioned defensive reflexes. It has been shown that in a state of a consolidated habit of pain stimulus avoidance in a shuttle box a negative component with peak latency up to 70 msec develops in EP to the differentiation stimulus of 0.5 c/s. This component is much less pronounced to the 2 c/s conditioned stimulus. When a more precise differentiation stimulus (1 c/s) was presented to the animal in this state the development of the studied component depended on the subsequent behavioural reaction: it developed if the animal reacted in the same way as to the differentiation stimulus. This fact suggests that the generation of this component is connected with the inhibitory processes developing at the time when the animal is choosing its behavioural reaction.", "PMID": 572119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9881", "title": "[Psychotropic effect of Elroquil].", "content": "The psychotropic effect of Elroquil has been studied in 13 cats (8 of them having electrodes implanted in the hypothalamus). Diazepam was used as the reference drug. By electrical stimulation of the brain structures various states of excitation, such as rage, anxiety, restlessness and negation could be provoked. Evaluation was made by a scoring scale and multivector analysis. When administered in doses of 15--20 mg/kg, Elroquil had a reliable tranquilizing effect, without any negation occurring. Only in doses of 40 mg/kg had aggressiveness and rage to be subdued. However, a neurosis-like condition could not be managed. Characteristically, Elroquil neither changed the group behavior of the animals, nor eliminated conflict situations. Ataxia was not stimulated. The vegetative correlation of emotional strain was changed in length but not in intensity.", "contents": "[Psychotropic effect of Elroquil]. The psychotropic effect of Elroquil has been studied in 13 cats (8 of them having electrodes implanted in the hypothalamus). Diazepam was used as the reference drug. By electrical stimulation of the brain structures various states of excitation, such as rage, anxiety, restlessness and negation could be provoked. Evaluation was made by a scoring scale and multivector analysis. When administered in doses of 15--20 mg/kg, Elroquil had a reliable tranquilizing effect, without any negation occurring. Only in doses of 40 mg/kg had aggressiveness and rage to be subdued. However, a neurosis-like condition could not be managed. Characteristically, Elroquil neither changed the group behavior of the animals, nor eliminated conflict situations. Ataxia was not stimulated. The vegetative correlation of emotional strain was changed in length but not in intensity.", "PMID": 572124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9882", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the stability of cardiovascular system functions in immobilized rats of different strains].", "content": "The dynamics of arterial pressure and heart rate was studied in rats of different genetic lines (non-linear, Wistar, Way and August) during immobilization emotional stress. Different lines were characterised by different stability and ability of adaptation to emotional stress. Prognostic criteria were specified that enable to foresee at an early stage of emotional stress the disturbances of cardio-vascular control. The conclusion is made that resistancy against cardio-vascular disturbances during emotional stress is of genetic nature as well as may be due to characteristics of individual growth.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the stability of cardiovascular system functions in immobilized rats of different strains]. The dynamics of arterial pressure and heart rate was studied in rats of different genetic lines (non-linear, Wistar, Way and August) during immobilization emotional stress. Different lines were characterised by different stability and ability of adaptation to emotional stress. Prognostic criteria were specified that enable to foresee at an early stage of emotional stress the disturbances of cardio-vascular control. The conclusion is made that resistancy against cardio-vascular disturbances during emotional stress is of genetic nature as well as may be due to characteristics of individual growth.", "PMID": 572120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9883", "title": "Interaction of daily injections and subcutaneous reservoirs of melatonin on the reproductive physiology of female Syrian hamsters.", "content": "This study investigated the ability of continuously available melatonin (from sc melatonin-beeswax pellets that were implanted bi-weekly) in overcoming the antigonadotrophic action of single daily melatonin (25 microgram) injections given late in the light period to female Syrian hamsters kept in light:dark cycles of 14:10. The melatonin-beeswax pellets contained either 1, 50, 500 microgram, 1 or 10 mg melatonin and 25 mg beeswax. Daily melatonin injections into hamsters implanted with beeswax only caused vaginal acyclicity in 60% of the animals within 6 weeks. After 10 weeks of treatment, uterine weights and pituitary levels of immunoreactive prolactin were still greatly depressed. Beeswax pellets containing either 500 microgram, 1 or 10 mg melatonin overcame the inhibitory effects of daily melatonin injections. Thus, the vaginal cycles and pituitary hormone levels of these animals were indistinguishable from those of untreated control animals. Beeswax pellets containing either 1 or 50 microgram melatonin were incapable of counteracting the antigonadotrophic effects of daily injections of melatonin. This is the first report that continuously available melatonin can negate the effects of daily injections of melatonin in female hamsters. When measured after 10 weeks, none of the treatment procedures significantly influenced circulating levels of luteinizing hormone or prolactin.", "contents": "Interaction of daily injections and subcutaneous reservoirs of melatonin on the reproductive physiology of female Syrian hamsters. This study investigated the ability of continuously available melatonin (from sc melatonin-beeswax pellets that were implanted bi-weekly) in overcoming the antigonadotrophic action of single daily melatonin (25 microgram) injections given late in the light period to female Syrian hamsters kept in light:dark cycles of 14:10. The melatonin-beeswax pellets contained either 1, 50, 500 microgram, 1 or 10 mg melatonin and 25 mg beeswax. Daily melatonin injections into hamsters implanted with beeswax only caused vaginal acyclicity in 60% of the animals within 6 weeks. After 10 weeks of treatment, uterine weights and pituitary levels of immunoreactive prolactin were still greatly depressed. Beeswax pellets containing either 500 microgram, 1 or 10 mg melatonin overcame the inhibitory effects of daily melatonin injections. Thus, the vaginal cycles and pituitary hormone levels of these animals were indistinguishable from those of untreated control animals. Beeswax pellets containing either 1 or 50 microgram melatonin were incapable of counteracting the antigonadotrophic effects of daily injections of melatonin. This is the first report that continuously available melatonin can negate the effects of daily injections of melatonin in female hamsters. When measured after 10 weeks, none of the treatment procedures significantly influenced circulating levels of luteinizing hormone or prolactin.", "PMID": 572125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9884", "title": "Influence of ethanol and dexamethasone on blood-brain barrier dysfunction to albumin.", "content": "Stab-wounded ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated rats were studied with respect to the effect of postoperative dexamethasone treatment on blood-brain barrier dysfunction to bovine albumin. In ethanol-intoxicated rats, fluorescence microscopy revealed an increased area of extravasation of fluorescent tracer, compared to non-intoxicated ones. No significant effect of dexamethasone treatment was observed in non-intoxicated rats. In ethanol-intoxicated rats, dexamethasone treatment resulted in a decreased area of extravasation. Quantitative immuno-electrophoretic measurements of exogeneous bovine albumin confirmed a significant decrease of blood-brain barrier dysfunction to albumin after dexamethasone treatment in ethanol-intoxicated rats, while no significant effect was observed in non-intoxicated ones.", "contents": "Influence of ethanol and dexamethasone on blood-brain barrier dysfunction to albumin. Stab-wounded ethanol-intoxicated and non-intoxicated rats were studied with respect to the effect of postoperative dexamethasone treatment on blood-brain barrier dysfunction to bovine albumin. In ethanol-intoxicated rats, fluorescence microscopy revealed an increased area of extravasation of fluorescent tracer, compared to non-intoxicated ones. No significant effect of dexamethasone treatment was observed in non-intoxicated rats. In ethanol-intoxicated rats, dexamethasone treatment resulted in a decreased area of extravasation. Quantitative immuno-electrophoretic measurements of exogeneous bovine albumin confirmed a significant decrease of blood-brain barrier dysfunction to albumin after dexamethasone treatment in ethanol-intoxicated rats, while no significant effect was observed in non-intoxicated ones.", "PMID": 572126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9885", "title": "Reduction of bladder contractility after alpha-adrenergic blockade and after ganglionic blockade.", "content": "Seven spinal cord injured patients were evaluated with cystometry bladder, electromyography, and pressure profiles  of the external urethral sphincter before and after phenoxybenzamine administration. Seven more patients were evaluated before and after mecamylamine administration. Both drugs reduced the contractility of the bladder. The reduction of bladder contractility may reflect decreased sympathetic stimulation to the bladder. Bladder electric potentials reflect the intrinsic tone of the detrusor muscle.", "contents": "Reduction of bladder contractility after alpha-adrenergic blockade and after ganglionic blockade. Seven spinal cord injured patients were evaluated with cystometry bladder, electromyography, and pressure profiles  of the external urethral sphincter before and after phenoxybenzamine administration. Seven more patients were evaluated before and after mecamylamine administration. Both drugs reduced the contractility of the bladder. The reduction of bladder contractility may reflect decreased sympathetic stimulation to the bladder. Bladder electric potentials reflect the intrinsic tone of the detrusor muscle.", "PMID": 572127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9886", "title": "Corneal endothelial cell density in iridocyclitis.", "content": "The endothelial cells of both eyes of 60 unilateral iridocyclitic patients were photographed with a specular microscope to establish the possible effect of iridocyclitis on corneal endothelial cells. Chronic severe iridocyclitis with mutton-fat keratic precipitates (KP) lowered the central endothelial cell count. Five patients out of the seven with mutton-fat KPs had a distinctly lower central cell density in the affected eye. In the remaining patients, no significant difference in cell densities could be demonstrated between affected and healthy eyes. Neither the inflammatory process itself nor the round white KPs had a deleterious effect on the central corneal endothelial cell densities.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial cell density in iridocyclitis. The endothelial cells of both eyes of 60 unilateral iridocyclitic patients were photographed with a specular microscope to establish the possible effect of iridocyclitis on corneal endothelial cells. Chronic severe iridocyclitis with mutton-fat keratic precipitates (KP) lowered the central endothelial cell count. Five patients out of the seven with mutton-fat KPs had a distinctly lower central cell density in the affected eye. In the remaining patients, no significant difference in cell densities could be demonstrated between affected and healthy eyes. Neither the inflammatory process itself nor the round white KPs had a deleterious effect on the central corneal endothelial cell densities.", "PMID": 572129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9887", "title": "Isolation of a glycopolypeptide fraction with Lactobacillus bifidus subspecies pennsylvanicus growth-promoting activity from whole human milk casein.", "content": "Human milk casein samples were digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin, and a glycopolypeptide fraction was isolated from the soluble portion of the digests by a series of gel filtration steps. The glycopeptide fraction stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus subspecies pennsylvanicius to the same extent as a whey glycopolypeptide fraction previously isolated (Pediat. Res. 10: 1, 1976). It contained between 60 and 70% carbohydrate consisting of galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. This, along with its apparent molecular weight of near 30,000 was also similar to the respective parameters of the whey glycopolypeptide. It is proposed that human milk casein may serve a dual function: that serving the nutritional needs of the breast-fed infant, and that stimulating the growth of L. bifidus subspecies pennsylvanicus. Additionally, the whey glycopolypeptide may arise from casein through proteolysis by an endogenous milk protease.", "contents": "Isolation of a glycopolypeptide fraction with Lactobacillus bifidus subspecies pennsylvanicus growth-promoting activity from whole human milk casein. Human milk casein samples were digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin, and a glycopolypeptide fraction was isolated from the soluble portion of the digests by a series of gel filtration steps. The glycopeptide fraction stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus subspecies pennsylvanicius to the same extent as a whey glycopolypeptide fraction previously isolated (Pediat. Res. 10: 1, 1976). It contained between 60 and 70% carbohydrate consisting of galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. This, along with its apparent molecular weight of near 30,000 was also similar to the respective parameters of the whey glycopolypeptide. It is proposed that human milk casein may serve a dual function: that serving the nutritional needs of the breast-fed infant, and that stimulating the growth of L. bifidus subspecies pennsylvanicus. Additionally, the whey glycopolypeptide may arise from casein through proteolysis by an endogenous milk protease.", "PMID": 572132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9888", "title": "Vitamin A transporting plasma proteins and female sex hormones.", "content": "Retinol-binding protein, prealbumin, and sex steroid plasma levels have been estimated daily in four women during the course of a normal menstrual cycle and in three women during treatment with combined oral contraceptives. The retinol-binding protein level showed a bicyclic variation during the menstrual cycle, whereas for prealbumin no consistent pattern of variation was observed. Oral contraceptive therapy induced a significant increase of retinol-binding protein which was correlated with the increase of vitamin A. The increase was about 35% for the formulation containing synthetic estrogen as compared with 15% for the one with natural estrogen. In relation to retinol-binding protein, the plasma level of prealbumin showed a less rapid increase but the final increment after oral contraceptive therapy appeared to be of the same magnitude for both proteins.", "contents": "Vitamin A transporting plasma proteins and female sex hormones. Retinol-binding protein, prealbumin, and sex steroid plasma levels have been estimated daily in four women during the course of a normal menstrual cycle and in three women during treatment with combined oral contraceptives. The retinol-binding protein level showed a bicyclic variation during the menstrual cycle, whereas for prealbumin no consistent pattern of variation was observed. Oral contraceptive therapy induced a significant increase of retinol-binding protein which was correlated with the increase of vitamin A. The increase was about 35% for the formulation containing synthetic estrogen as compared with 15% for the one with natural estrogen. In relation to retinol-binding protein, the plasma level of prealbumin showed a less rapid increase but the final increment after oral contraceptive therapy appeared to be of the same magnitude for both proteins.", "PMID": 572133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9889", "title": "An evaluation of currently available methods for plasma fibrinogen.", "content": "Fibrinogen levels in a variety of clinical plasma samples were assessed concurrently by several methods. Technics that appeared to provide the best improvements over the basic varieties of methods for fibrinogen assay were used. Results were correlated against a reference method based on Ancrod clottable fibrinogen and calibrated by ultraviolet absorbance with alkaline solutions of carefully dried fibrin standard. The best correlations with the reference method were achieved by an immunologic method using the Centrifichem principle and by heat precipitation with quantitation by packing in microhematocrit tubes. A modified clot opacity method also gave acceptable results. The turbidimetric ammonium sulfate and sodium sulfite precipitation methods correlated less well with the reference method, and in particular, the sodium sulfite technic gave high apparent fibrinogen levels with jaundiced plasmas. Neither of the turbidimetric methods were useful for fibrinogen levels below 50 mg/dl. The thrombin time method showed excellent sensitivity to fibrinogen, even at very low fibrinogen levels, but did not correlate well with the reference method.", "contents": "An evaluation of currently available methods for plasma fibrinogen. Fibrinogen levels in a variety of clinical plasma samples were assessed concurrently by several methods. Technics that appeared to provide the best improvements over the basic varieties of methods for fibrinogen assay were used. Results were correlated against a reference method based on Ancrod clottable fibrinogen and calibrated by ultraviolet absorbance with alkaline solutions of carefully dried fibrin standard. The best correlations with the reference method were achieved by an immunologic method using the Centrifichem principle and by heat precipitation with quantitation by packing in microhematocrit tubes. A modified clot opacity method also gave acceptable results. The turbidimetric ammonium sulfate and sodium sulfite precipitation methods correlated less well with the reference method, and in particular, the sodium sulfite technic gave high apparent fibrinogen levels with jaundiced plasmas. Neither of the turbidimetric methods were useful for fibrinogen levels below 50 mg/dl. The thrombin time method showed excellent sensitivity to fibrinogen, even at very low fibrinogen levels, but did not correlate well with the reference method.", "PMID": 572134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9890", "title": "Aggregation of blood pressure in the families of identical twins.", "content": "The multiple relationships which exist within families of adult monozygotic (MZ) twins permit evaluation of genetic and environmental variance and provide a direct test of maternal effects. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured in 610 members of the families of 76 MZ twin pairs. Age and sex effects on BP were removed via a Z-transformation. Correlations for SBP were .72 for MZ twins and .23 for full siblings. Regression of offspring on single parent was .26. The husband-wife correlation was significant, but it was no higher than the resemblance of a twin to the spouse of his co-twin. Comparisons of maternal and paternal half-siblings provide no evidence of maternal influences on SBP. To evaluate whether familial resemblance of BP is mediated by body size, the original systolic pressures were adjusted by stepwise multiple regression of age, sex, height, weight and skinfold thickness. Adjusting BP for effects of body size reduced regression of offspring on mid-parent from .40 to .23. The authors conclude that familial aggregation of systolic pressure reflects additive genetic variance mediated, in part, by body size and augmented by social homogamy arising from non-random mating.", "contents": "Aggregation of blood pressure in the families of identical twins. The multiple relationships which exist within families of adult monozygotic (MZ) twins permit evaluation of genetic and environmental variance and provide a direct test of maternal effects. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured in 610 members of the families of 76 MZ twin pairs. Age and sex effects on BP were removed via a Z-transformation. Correlations for SBP were .72 for MZ twins and .23 for full siblings. Regression of offspring on single parent was .26. The husband-wife correlation was significant, but it was no higher than the resemblance of a twin to the spouse of his co-twin. Comparisons of maternal and paternal half-siblings provide no evidence of maternal influences on SBP. To evaluate whether familial resemblance of BP is mediated by body size, the original systolic pressures were adjusted by stepwise multiple regression of age, sex, height, weight and skinfold thickness. Adjusting BP for effects of body size reduced regression of offspring on mid-parent from .40 to .23. The authors conclude that familial aggregation of systolic pressure reflects additive genetic variance mediated, in part, by body size and augmented by social homogamy arising from non-random mating.", "PMID": 572136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9891", "title": "Detection of genetic variance in blood pressure of seven-year-old twins.", "content": "Results from twin studies in older children and adults indicate that there is significant genetic variance for blood pressure (BP). Utilizing date which were collected in 12 US university-affiliated hospitals in 1966-1973 in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), the authors sought to determine if the effects of heredity on BP variability are apparent in younger twins. BP was determined in 197 pairs of like-sexed twins at seven years of age. Significant genetic variability for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in the twins, with a heritability estimate of 0.53. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) results tended in the same direction but were not statistically significant. The trends were comparable for both sexes and races. These findings suggest that even at a young age substantial genetic influences on DBP variability are detectable.", "contents": "Detection of genetic variance in blood pressure of seven-year-old twins. Results from twin studies in older children and adults indicate that there is significant genetic variance for blood pressure (BP). Utilizing date which were collected in 12 US university-affiliated hospitals in 1966-1973 in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), the authors sought to determine if the effects of heredity on BP variability are apparent in younger twins. BP was determined in 197 pairs of like-sexed twins at seven years of age. Significant genetic variability for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in the twins, with a heritability estimate of 0.53. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) results tended in the same direction but were not statistically significant. The trends were comparable for both sexes and races. These findings suggest that even at a young age substantial genetic influences on DBP variability are detectable.", "PMID": 572137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9892", "title": "Posttransfusion purpura: therapeutic failure of PlAl-negative platelet transfusion.", "content": "The effect of platelet type-specific transfusion in posttranfusion purpura is reported. Seven days after receiving 4 units of whole blood during total hip replacement a 69-year-old woman developed fulminant thrombocytopenic purpura. Her undiluted serum inhibited the clot retraction of PlAl-positive but not PlAl-negative blood. Anti-PlAl titer of her serum, determined by 51Cr platelet lysis technique, was 1:64. The serum had no lytic activity against platelet-rich plasma from two PlAl-negative donors. No anti-HLA antibody was detectable in the serum by lymphocytotoxicity technique, and serum obtained prior to transfusions had no platelet lytic activity. Four units of PlAl-negative platelet concentrate were administered, the first instance in which this treatment has been used. No rise in platelet count ensued, and the patient succumbed to purpura. Exchange transfusion or plasmapheresis remain the treatments of choice.", "contents": "Posttransfusion purpura: therapeutic failure of PlAl-negative platelet transfusion. The effect of platelet type-specific transfusion in posttranfusion purpura is reported. Seven days after receiving 4 units of whole blood during total hip replacement a 69-year-old woman developed fulminant thrombocytopenic purpura. Her undiluted serum inhibited the clot retraction of PlAl-positive but not PlAl-negative blood. Anti-PlAl titer of her serum, determined by 51Cr platelet lysis technique, was 1:64. The serum had no lytic activity against platelet-rich plasma from two PlAl-negative donors. No anti-HLA antibody was detectable in the serum by lymphocytotoxicity technique, and serum obtained prior to transfusions had no platelet lytic activity. Four units of PlAl-negative platelet concentrate were administered, the first instance in which this treatment has been used. No rise in platelet count ensued, and the patient succumbed to purpura. Exchange transfusion or plasmapheresis remain the treatments of choice.", "PMID": 572138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9893", "title": "Ovarian hyperandrogenism with normal and abnormal histologic findings of the ovaries.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were studied to determine the correlation between biochemical and histologic findings. The biochemical features investigated were the effects of adrenocortical and ovarian suppression by dexamethasone and oral contraceptives (Ovulen) on plasma free androgens. Four patients showed a histologic picture consistent with PCO (Group A), and five had histologically normal ovaries (Group B). The remaining 22 patients had no tissue available for histologic examination (Group C). The baseline values of plasma free testosterone (FTel) were higher and those of testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) were lower (p less than 0.05) in Group A than in Group B, although plasma total testosterone (T) and the free 17beta-hydroxysteroid androgen index (FHSl) were similar in the two groups. During dexamethasone administration in all study groups, T and FTel fell slightly (17.7% to 33.8%), and FHSl levels decreased moderately (36% to 46.6%); in no case did both indices of free androgen levels fall to the normal range for dexamethasone-suppressed women. However, no change was noted in TeBG in all three groups. On the other hand, Ovulen treatment suppressed T and free androgens to normal in all groups, and raised TeBG more than 350% from the baseline. These data suggest a decrease in androgen production. The effects of dexamethasone and Ovulen on all three groups were similar in percent changes. As Group B patients resemble those of Group A biochemically and clinically, except for possibly being less hyperandrogenic, the concept of ovarian hyperandrogenism should be expanded to include patients with no anatomic ovarian abnormality, particularly in milder cases.", "contents": "Ovarian hyperandrogenism with normal and abnormal histologic findings of the ovaries. Thirty-one patients with clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were studied to determine the correlation between biochemical and histologic findings. The biochemical features investigated were the effects of adrenocortical and ovarian suppression by dexamethasone and oral contraceptives (Ovulen) on plasma free androgens. Four patients showed a histologic picture consistent with PCO (Group A), and five had histologically normal ovaries (Group B). The remaining 22 patients had no tissue available for histologic examination (Group C). The baseline values of plasma free testosterone (FTel) were higher and those of testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) were lower (p less than 0.05) in Group A than in Group B, although plasma total testosterone (T) and the free 17beta-hydroxysteroid androgen index (FHSl) were similar in the two groups. During dexamethasone administration in all study groups, T and FTel fell slightly (17.7% to 33.8%), and FHSl levels decreased moderately (36% to 46.6%); in no case did both indices of free androgen levels fall to the normal range for dexamethasone-suppressed women. However, no change was noted in TeBG in all three groups. On the other hand, Ovulen treatment suppressed T and free androgens to normal in all groups, and raised TeBG more than 350% from the baseline. These data suggest a decrease in androgen production. The effects of dexamethasone and Ovulen on all three groups were similar in percent changes. As Group B patients resemble those of Group A biochemically and clinically, except for possibly being less hyperandrogenic, the concept of ovarian hyperandrogenism should be expanded to include patients with no anatomic ovarian abnormality, particularly in milder cases.", "PMID": 572140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9894", "title": "Sexual behavior and response in relation to complications of pregnancy.", "content": "A detailed written questionnaire survey of 155 puerperas is reviewed. Sexual and obstetric data were examined for possible associations leading to premature or low-birth-weight infants. Among 25 patients delivering premature infants (16 with babies weighing less than 2,500 grams), no significant association could be made between coitus, orgasm, and/or other sexual experiences and the proximity to the onset of labor. Orgasmic patients appeared to have a consistently lower percentage of early deliveries. No particular method of sexual gratification was unique except that masturbation was consistently associated with a lower risk of prematurity throughout various stages of gestation. Speculations are advanced to explain these observations. Sexual activity appears to be safe throughout pregnancy in almost all patients. Ruptured membranes on admission may be associated with recent sexual stimulation without orgasm.", "contents": "Sexual behavior and response in relation to complications of pregnancy. A detailed written questionnaire survey of 155 puerperas is reviewed. Sexual and obstetric data were examined for possible associations leading to premature or low-birth-weight infants. Among 25 patients delivering premature infants (16 with babies weighing less than 2,500 grams), no significant association could be made between coitus, orgasm, and/or other sexual experiences and the proximity to the onset of labor. Orgasmic patients appeared to have a consistently lower percentage of early deliveries. No particular method of sexual gratification was unique except that masturbation was consistently associated with a lower risk of prematurity throughout various stages of gestation. Speculations are advanced to explain these observations. Sexual activity appears to be safe throughout pregnancy in almost all patients. Ruptured membranes on admission may be associated with recent sexual stimulation without orgasm.", "PMID": 572141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9895", "title": "Anterior segment metastases from an ovarian choriocarcinoma.", "content": "A 28-year old woman with ovarian choriocarcinoma developed a uveitis in her left eye. Subsequently, a mass was observed in the anterior segment of that eye together with a subconjunctival mass that appeared to extend from it. Biopsy of the subconjunctival nodule showed two different cell types consistent with the cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic elements typical and choriocarcinoma. No abnormalities of the posterior segment were found on careful examination. Treatment consisted of systemic chemotherapy with a variety of therapeutic agents, argon laser photocoagulation of tumor seedings in the anterior chamber angle, radiation to the eye, and finally, subconjunctival injections of methotrexate. The eye became blind and painful and was enucleated. Histopathologic examination revealed residual tumor cells in the anterior segment indicating treatment changes, but there were no abnormalities posteriorly. Choriocarcinoma metastatic to the eye has been reported infrequently, and this is the first case in which anterior segment metastases have been observed and the effects of treatment thoroughly documented.", "contents": "Anterior segment metastases from an ovarian choriocarcinoma. A 28-year old woman with ovarian choriocarcinoma developed a uveitis in her left eye. Subsequently, a mass was observed in the anterior segment of that eye together with a subconjunctival mass that appeared to extend from it. Biopsy of the subconjunctival nodule showed two different cell types consistent with the cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic elements typical and choriocarcinoma. No abnormalities of the posterior segment were found on careful examination. Treatment consisted of systemic chemotherapy with a variety of therapeutic agents, argon laser photocoagulation of tumor seedings in the anterior chamber angle, radiation to the eye, and finally, subconjunctival injections of methotrexate. The eye became blind and painful and was enucleated. Histopathologic examination revealed residual tumor cells in the anterior segment indicating treatment changes, but there were no abnormalities posteriorly. Choriocarcinoma metastatic to the eye has been reported infrequently, and this is the first case in which anterior segment metastases have been observed and the effects of treatment thoroughly documented.", "PMID": 572142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9896", "title": "The addictions as pathological mourning: an attempt at restitution of early losses.", "content": "Drug abuse is an attempt to resolve through the use of chemicals the psychic disequilibrium caused by intrapersonal (narcissistic) losses. The chemical equilibrium creates a false sense of quiet which retards the completion of the process of mourning for these losses. Due to the unconscious need to express these losses, addicts pick up clothing styles, behavior patterns, and grooming habits from the Judeo-Christian mourning and black ghetto rituals. In order to successfully give up the drug, the addict must resolve his grief by completing the stages of mourning in the process of group therapy.", "contents": "The addictions as pathological mourning: an attempt at restitution of early losses. Drug abuse is an attempt to resolve through the use of chemicals the psychic disequilibrium caused by intrapersonal (narcissistic) losses. The chemical equilibrium creates a false sense of quiet which retards the completion of the process of mourning for these losses. Due to the unconscious need to express these losses, addicts pick up clothing styles, behavior patterns, and grooming habits from the Judeo-Christian mourning and black ghetto rituals. In order to successfully give up the drug, the addict must resolve his grief by completing the stages of mourning in the process of group therapy.", "PMID": 572144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9897", "title": "Neurologic complications following the treatment of human Babesia microti infection with diminazene aceturate.", "content": "A 65-year-old man infected with Babesia microti failed to respond to therapy with oral chloroquine phosphate. He was then successfully dreated with diminazene aceturate, an experimental anti-protozoal agent. After his recovery from babesiosis, the patient developed acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome), which was probably related to his diminazene therapy.", "contents": "Neurologic complications following the treatment of human Babesia microti infection with diminazene aceturate. A 65-year-old man infected with Babesia microti failed to respond to therapy with oral chloroquine phosphate. He was then successfully dreated with diminazene aceturate, an experimental anti-protozoal agent. After his recovery from babesiosis, the patient developed acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome), which was probably related to his diminazene therapy.", "PMID": 572145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9898", "title": "Kinetics of Dipetalonema viteae infections established by surgical implantation of adult worms into hamsters.", "content": "Native LVG strain hamsters were infected with Dipetalonema viteae by the surgical implantation of adult worms. Groups of hamsters received either 50 male, 50 female, 50 male plus 50 female or 25 male plus 25 female worms per hamster. Approximately 50% of the transferred worms became established in the recipient hosts regardless of the number or sex of the worms implanted. Microfilaremia occurred in recipient hamsters within 1 week after the transfer of female or male plus female worms. This microfilaremia became negative on week 9 post-transfer and no microfilaremia developed in these hamsters following a secondary challenge infection of male plus female worms. Hamsters whose primary infection consisted solely of male worms developed a microfilaremia when challenged with male plus female worms.", "contents": "Kinetics of Dipetalonema viteae infections established by surgical implantation of adult worms into hamsters. Native LVG strain hamsters were infected with Dipetalonema viteae by the surgical implantation of adult worms. Groups of hamsters received either 50 male, 50 female, 50 male plus 50 female or 25 male plus 25 female worms per hamster. Approximately 50% of the transferred worms became established in the recipient hosts regardless of the number or sex of the worms implanted. Microfilaremia occurred in recipient hamsters within 1 week after the transfer of female or male plus female worms. This microfilaremia became negative on week 9 post-transfer and no microfilaremia developed in these hamsters following a secondary challenge infection of male plus female worms. Hamsters whose primary infection consisted solely of male worms developed a microfilaremia when challenged with male plus female worms.", "PMID": 572146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9899", "title": "Niclosamide as a treatment for Hymenolepis diminuta and Dipylidium caninum infection in man.", "content": "In the 5-year period 1973-1977, 43 patients infected with Dipylidium caninum and 43 patients infected with Hymenolepis diminuta were treated with Yomesan (niclosamide) in the dosages recommended by the Parasitic Disease Drug Service, Center for Disease Control. The first post-treatment stool specimen and 1-week and 3-month specimens were examined in 13 patients with D. caninum and 19 patients with H. diminuta. One hundred percent (13/13) of those with D. caninum and 89% (17/19) of those with H. diminuta had negative examinations at 3 months and were considered cured. Two patients with persistent H. diminuta were cured with a second course of drug without changing the dosage or time schedule. Four of these cases had been unresponsive to an initial course of quinacrine hydrochloride. Thus, niclosamide seems to be an effective, relatively nontoxic drug for the initial therapy of these cestode infections.", "contents": "Niclosamide as a treatment for Hymenolepis diminuta and Dipylidium caninum infection in man. In the 5-year period 1973-1977, 43 patients infected with Dipylidium caninum and 43 patients infected with Hymenolepis diminuta were treated with Yomesan (niclosamide) in the dosages recommended by the Parasitic Disease Drug Service, Center for Disease Control. The first post-treatment stool specimen and 1-week and 3-month specimens were examined in 13 patients with D. caninum and 19 patients with H. diminuta. One hundred percent (13/13) of those with D. caninum and 89% (17/19) of those with H. diminuta had negative examinations at 3 months and were considered cured. Two patients with persistent H. diminuta were cured with a second course of drug without changing the dosage or time schedule. Four of these cases had been unresponsive to an initial course of quinacrine hydrochloride. Thus, niclosamide seems to be an effective, relatively nontoxic drug for the initial therapy of these cestode infections.", "PMID": 572147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9900", "title": "Echinococcus vogeli in man, with a review of polycystic hydatid disease in Colombia and neighboring countries.", "content": "Three cases of polycystic hydatid disease (PHD) from Colombia are reported and 11 others from the region are reviewed. When cysts from two patients were fed to a dog and an ocelot about 250 mature and gravid specimens of Echinococcus vogeli and two poorly developed strobilae, respectively, were recovered. These human cases constitute the first record of the larval stage of E. vogeli, previously known only from the strobilar stage in the type host, the bush dog (Speothos venaticus). Based on the morphological characteristics of the protoscolex rostellar hooks from other PHD cases (6 Colombian, 1 Ecuadorian, and 1 Panamanian), it was concluded that all were also due to E. vogeli, rather than to E. oligarthrus as had been previously suggested. Although E. oligarthrus is or may be present in the same areas, so far no human infection due to this parasite has been confirmed. Of the 14 cases reported, 13 were pathologically proven to be PHD. Clinically, eight had an undiagnosed tumor-like mass in or near the liver, one had a subcutaneous mass in the anterior sixth intercostal space, and in two the cysts were in the chest. Two were autopsy findings. In contrast to E. multilocularis, the cysts produced by E. vogeli were found to be relatively large and filled with fluid; brood capsules and protoscolices were numerous. Focal necrosis was commonly observed but large necrotic cavities were not seen. The main natural intermediate host is the paca (Cuniculus paca); man probably obtains the infection by contamination from feces of infected hunting dogs.", "contents": "Echinococcus vogeli in man, with a review of polycystic hydatid disease in Colombia and neighboring countries. Three cases of polycystic hydatid disease (PHD) from Colombia are reported and 11 others from the region are reviewed. When cysts from two patients were fed to a dog and an ocelot about 250 mature and gravid specimens of Echinococcus vogeli and two poorly developed strobilae, respectively, were recovered. These human cases constitute the first record of the larval stage of E. vogeli, previously known only from the strobilar stage in the type host, the bush dog (Speothos venaticus). Based on the morphological characteristics of the protoscolex rostellar hooks from other PHD cases (6 Colombian, 1 Ecuadorian, and 1 Panamanian), it was concluded that all were also due to E. vogeli, rather than to E. oligarthrus as had been previously suggested. Although E. oligarthrus is or may be present in the same areas, so far no human infection due to this parasite has been confirmed. Of the 14 cases reported, 13 were pathologically proven to be PHD. Clinically, eight had an undiagnosed tumor-like mass in or near the liver, one had a subcutaneous mass in the anterior sixth intercostal space, and in two the cysts were in the chest. Two were autopsy findings. In contrast to E. multilocularis, the cysts produced by E. vogeli were found to be relatively large and filled with fluid; brood capsules and protoscolices were numerous. Focal necrosis was commonly observed but large necrotic cavities were not seen. The main natural intermediate host is the paca (Cuniculus paca); man probably obtains the infection by contamination from feces of infected hunting dogs.", "PMID": 572148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9901", "title": "The effects of chronic disulfiram treatment on mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Compounds which block the formation of the egg shell in female schistosomes are thought to have chemotherapeutic value. One of these compounds, disulfiram, when given chronically in the diet produced a 60% reduction in the mortality of mice carrying a heavy schistosome burden. This reduction in mortality was associated with an 80% decrease in granuloma formation. On the other hand, there was no decrease in the amount of periportal inflammation in drug-treated animals. While the use of this drug results in significant amelioration of schistosomal pathology, its effects are rapidly reversible, thus severely limiting its chemotherapeutic potential.", "contents": "The effects of chronic disulfiram treatment on mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Compounds which block the formation of the egg shell in female schistosomes are thought to have chemotherapeutic value. One of these compounds, disulfiram, when given chronically in the diet produced a 60% reduction in the mortality of mice carrying a heavy schistosome burden. This reduction in mortality was associated with an 80% decrease in granuloma formation. On the other hand, there was no decrease in the amount of periportal inflammation in drug-treated animals. While the use of this drug results in significant amelioration of schistosomal pathology, its effects are rapidly reversible, thus severely limiting its chemotherapeutic potential.", "PMID": 572149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9902", "title": "A longitudinal study of schistosome vector snail populations in Liberia.", "content": "Seasonal changes in populations of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus globosus were observed at 62 locations in Liberia, West Africa. All varieties of water in both urban and rural locations were sampled. A wet season decrease and dry season increase of B. globosus populations in both urban and rural locations, similar to that reported elsewhere in West Africa, was observed. Similar fluctuations of B. pfeifferi populations were noted. The prevalence of schistosome infected vector snails varied markedly between rural and urban locations. At rural sites parasite prevalence followed the appropriate vector snail prevalence. At urban sites a portion of the vector snail population appeared relatively unaffected by seasonal changes. This stable population harbors a reservoir of infected snails that sustain year round transmission. Human infection was sampled in school children in the study area and prevalence of approximately 50% was found for both Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. Added to the malacologic information this suggests less than hyperendemic transmission. The data suggest that urban environments should receive priorities for control programs.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of schistosome vector snail populations in Liberia. Seasonal changes in populations of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus globosus were observed at 62 locations in Liberia, West Africa. All varieties of water in both urban and rural locations were sampled. A wet season decrease and dry season increase of B. globosus populations in both urban and rural locations, similar to that reported elsewhere in West Africa, was observed. Similar fluctuations of B. pfeifferi populations were noted. The prevalence of schistosome infected vector snails varied markedly between rural and urban locations. At rural sites parasite prevalence followed the appropriate vector snail prevalence. At urban sites a portion of the vector snail population appeared relatively unaffected by seasonal changes. This stable population harbors a reservoir of infected snails that sustain year round transmission. Human infection was sampled in school children in the study area and prevalence of approximately 50% was found for both Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. Added to the malacologic information this suggests less than hyperendemic transmission. The data suggest that urban environments should receive priorities for control programs.", "PMID": 572150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9903", "title": "A new form of abdominal zygomycosis different from mucormycosis: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of abdominal zygomycosis occurring in apparently healthy individuals are presented. They had chronic evolution and histologic aspects similar to those found in subcutaneous zygomycosis. In both cases there was involvement of stomach and transverse colon. In one case the liver, biliary system, pancreas, and duodenum were also involved. Fungal cultures were negative. These cases apparently represent a new form of zygomycosis because, although visceral in localization, the disease presents an evolution and histologic features different from the classical form of visceral zygomycosis. Since this infection can be treated the importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "A new form of abdominal zygomycosis different from mucormycosis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Two cases of abdominal zygomycosis occurring in apparently healthy individuals are presented. They had chronic evolution and histologic aspects similar to those found in subcutaneous zygomycosis. In both cases there was involvement of stomach and transverse colon. In one case the liver, biliary system, pancreas, and duodenum were also involved. Fungal cultures were negative. These cases apparently represent a new form of zygomycosis because, although visceral in localization, the disease presents an evolution and histologic features different from the classical form of visceral zygomycosis. Since this infection can be treated the importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 572151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9904", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside: hemodynamic dose-response during enflurane and morphine anesthesia.", "content": "To date there has been no description of the hemodynamic dose-response relationship between enflurane and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), although these drugs are often used together to induce deliberate hypotension. Utilizing aortic root cannulation and thermistor-tipped pulmonary artery catheters, this relationship was studied in six beagles during 1 and 2% enflurane anesthesia and compared with the hemodynamic response induced by SNP in the awake state and during anesthesia with intravenous morphine (6 mg/kg). Each animal received a standard infusion of 100 microgram/kg of SNP administered at three different flow rates (5, 10, and 20 microgram/kg/min). SNP infusion resulted in dose-related reductions in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular stroke work, whereas cardiac output increased. Enflurane potentiated the hypotensive effects of SNP in a dose-related fashion. During morphine anesthesia, however, the hemodynamic effects of SNP were virtually indistinguishable from those observed in the awake state.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside: hemodynamic dose-response during enflurane and morphine anesthesia. To date there has been no description of the hemodynamic dose-response relationship between enflurane and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), although these drugs are often used together to induce deliberate hypotension. Utilizing aortic root cannulation and thermistor-tipped pulmonary artery catheters, this relationship was studied in six beagles during 1 and 2% enflurane anesthesia and compared with the hemodynamic response induced by SNP in the awake state and during anesthesia with intravenous morphine (6 mg/kg). Each animal received a standard infusion of 100 microgram/kg of SNP administered at three different flow rates (5, 10, and 20 microgram/kg/min). SNP infusion resulted in dose-related reductions in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular stroke work, whereas cardiac output increased. Enflurane potentiated the hypotensive effects of SNP in a dose-related fashion. During morphine anesthesia, however, the hemodynamic effects of SNP were virtually indistinguishable from those observed in the awake state.", "PMID": 572154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9905", "title": "The hemodynamic effects of halothane in anemic dogs.", "content": "Hemodynamic dose-response curves and MAC, apneic and lethal concentrations for halothane were determined in two groups of dogs at a normal hematocrit (Hct) (39 +/- 6), and during acute anemia (n = 4) and subacute anemia (n = 4), with a combined Hct of 18 +/- 6. The ratio of subendocardial/subepicardial blood flow was determined by the injection of radioactive microspheres. MAC, apneic, and lethal concentrations of halothane were not significantly different in anemic animals. There were also no differences in the halothane dose-response curves plotted for cardiac output, blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, or arterial base excess. In 32 microsphere injections with Hct as low as 13, no dog had redistribution of myocardial blood flow suggestive of subendocardial ischemia. We conclude that halothane is a safe anesthetic during severe anemia.", "contents": "The hemodynamic effects of halothane in anemic dogs. Hemodynamic dose-response curves and MAC, apneic and lethal concentrations for halothane were determined in two groups of dogs at a normal hematocrit (Hct) (39 +/- 6), and during acute anemia (n = 4) and subacute anemia (n = 4), with a combined Hct of 18 +/- 6. The ratio of subendocardial/subepicardial blood flow was determined by the injection of radioactive microspheres. MAC, apneic, and lethal concentrations of halothane were not significantly different in anemic animals. There were also no differences in the halothane dose-response curves plotted for cardiac output, blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, or arterial base excess. In 32 microsphere injections with Hct as low as 13, no dog had redistribution of myocardial blood flow suggestive of subendocardial ischemia. We conclude that halothane is a safe anesthetic during severe anemia.", "PMID": 572156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9906", "title": "Anesthesiology and the graduating medical student: a national survey.", "content": "Each year, many anesthesiology housestaff positions remain vacant or are filled by foreign medical graduates. While possibly reflecting an overabundance of such housestaff positions, this situation also suggests a lack of U.S. student interest in anesthesiology. To investigate this phenomenon, the authors conducted a survey of American medical school graduates of 1976. The results reveal that 65% of students receive minimal or no systematic exposure to anesthesiology or anesthesiologists. When such exposure occurs, it comes after many students have developed strong specialty preferences. Many students saw anesthesiology as limited in scope and unchallenging and indicated that they did not select anesthesiology because it entails insufficient primary patient care. Contrasts between those entering and not entering anesthesiology suggest, however, that certain variables which are subject to manipulation--such as amount, timing, and content of exposure to anesthesiology--could alter student attitudes and potentially generate increased student interest in the specialty.", "contents": "Anesthesiology and the graduating medical student: a national survey. Each year, many anesthesiology housestaff positions remain vacant or are filled by foreign medical graduates. While possibly reflecting an overabundance of such housestaff positions, this situation also suggests a lack of U.S. student interest in anesthesiology. To investigate this phenomenon, the authors conducted a survey of American medical school graduates of 1976. The results reveal that 65% of students receive minimal or no systematic exposure to anesthesiology or anesthesiologists. When such exposure occurs, it comes after many students have developed strong specialty preferences. Many students saw anesthesiology as limited in scope and unchallenging and indicated that they did not select anesthesiology because it entails insufficient primary patient care. Contrasts between those entering and not entering anesthesiology suggest, however, that certain variables which are subject to manipulation--such as amount, timing, and content of exposure to anesthesiology--could alter student attitudes and potentially generate increased student interest in the specialty.", "PMID": 572157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9907", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of fentanyl during enflurane anesthesia in man.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of three doses of intravenous fentanyl (50, 100, and 200 microgram) were determined in 42 adult patients undergoing intraabdominal surgical procedures with enflurane (2--3%) and nitrous oxide (50%) in oxygen. Fentanyl was administered a minimum of 40 minutes after induction of anesthesia and 30 minutes after initiation of the surgical procedure. Stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, mean arterial and central venous blood pressures, and peripheral arterial resistance were determined by computer analysis of the central aortic pulse-pressure curve according to the method of Warner. Measurements were made before and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes after fentanyl. Fentanyl (50 microgram) produced increases in stroke volume and cardiac output as well as a decrease in peripheral arterial resistance but did not alter heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. Fentanyl (100 microgram) did not significantly change any variable at any time. Fentanyl (1l (200 microgram) produced sustained decreases in stroke volume, cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure and increased central venous pressure but did not alter heart rate or peripheral arterial resistance. The data indicate that fentanyl (50--100 microgram) stimulates or has no effect on cardiovascular dynamics during enflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia but fentanyl (200 microgram) produces significant cardiovascular depression. Our findings suggest that small doses of intravenous fentanyl may be of benefit during enflurane-nitrous oxide but larger doses should probably be avoided.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of fentanyl during enflurane anesthesia in man. The cardiovascular effects of three doses of intravenous fentanyl (50, 100, and 200 microgram) were determined in 42 adult patients undergoing intraabdominal surgical procedures with enflurane (2--3%) and nitrous oxide (50%) in oxygen. Fentanyl was administered a minimum of 40 minutes after induction of anesthesia and 30 minutes after initiation of the surgical procedure. Stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, mean arterial and central venous blood pressures, and peripheral arterial resistance were determined by computer analysis of the central aortic pulse-pressure curve according to the method of Warner. Measurements were made before and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes after fentanyl. Fentanyl (50 microgram) produced increases in stroke volume and cardiac output as well as a decrease in peripheral arterial resistance but did not alter heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. Fentanyl (100 microgram) did not significantly change any variable at any time. Fentanyl (1l (200 microgram) produced sustained decreases in stroke volume, cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure and increased central venous pressure but did not alter heart rate or peripheral arterial resistance. The data indicate that fentanyl (50--100 microgram) stimulates or has no effect on cardiovascular dynamics during enflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia but fentanyl (200 microgram) produces significant cardiovascular depression. Our findings suggest that small doses of intravenous fentanyl may be of benefit during enflurane-nitrous oxide but larger doses should probably be avoided.", "PMID": 572155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9908", "title": "Enflurane and methoxyflurane metabolism at anesthetic and at subanesthetic concentrations.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the importance of concentration of an anesthetic agent as a determinant of the extent of its biotransformation, we measured fluoride excretion in groups of Fischer 344 rats treated with one of several subanesthetic or an anesthetic concentration (1 MAC) of either enflurane or methoxyflurane. Anesthetic administrations (2.0% enflurane or 0.26% methoxyflurane) ranged from 0.15 hours (9 minutes) to 4.8 hours. Subanesthetic exposures, all of 48 hours duration, ranged in concentration from 0.2% enflurane to 0.0016% methoxyflurane. Greatest metabolism occurred at the lowest concentration time (MAC-hours) of subanesthetic administrations and at the shortest duration of anesthetic exposure. Increasing time in the case of anesthetizing exposures, or concentration in subanesthetic exposures, increased the amount of metabolite produced. However, the increased production of metabolite was not proportional to the increase of concentration or duration of exposure. Enzyme induction was ruled out as an important factor in the larger amount of metabolism seen during the subanesthetic exposures. Therefore, the exposure of a patient to the metabolites of an anesthetic is actually low although the anesthetic is administered at a high concentration.", "contents": "Enflurane and methoxyflurane metabolism at anesthetic and at subanesthetic concentrations. In an attempt to determine the importance of concentration of an anesthetic agent as a determinant of the extent of its biotransformation, we measured fluoride excretion in groups of Fischer 344 rats treated with one of several subanesthetic or an anesthetic concentration (1 MAC) of either enflurane or methoxyflurane. Anesthetic administrations (2.0% enflurane or 0.26% methoxyflurane) ranged from 0.15 hours (9 minutes) to 4.8 hours. Subanesthetic exposures, all of 48 hours duration, ranged in concentration from 0.2% enflurane to 0.0016% methoxyflurane. Greatest metabolism occurred at the lowest concentration time (MAC-hours) of subanesthetic administrations and at the shortest duration of anesthetic exposure. Increasing time in the case of anesthetizing exposures, or concentration in subanesthetic exposures, increased the amount of metabolite produced. However, the increased production of metabolite was not proportional to the increase of concentration or duration of exposure. Enzyme induction was ruled out as an important factor in the larger amount of metabolism seen during the subanesthetic exposures. Therefore, the exposure of a patient to the metabolites of an anesthetic is actually low although the anesthetic is administered at a high concentration.", "PMID": 572159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9909", "title": "Cocaine and succinylcholine sensitivity: a new caution.", "content": "Cocaine was stable (93.6 +/- 5.0 (SD)% remaining after 120 minutes) when incubated in plasma from six patients with histories of succinylcholine sensitivity and low dibucaine numbers (phenotype A), but was rapidly hydrolyzed (40.6 +/- 6.6% remaining after 120 minutes) when incubated in plasma obtained from normal subjects (phenotype U). Intermediate decay (69.4 +/- 9.0% remaining) occurred in three heterozygous offspring of the succinylcholine-sensitive patients. Since serum cholinesterase has recently been implicated in the human metabolism of cocaine, patients who are homozygous for the atypical enzyme may be at greater risk for a toxic reaction when administered this drug. We recommend caution in using cocaine for topical anesthesia in patients with histories of succinylcholine sensitivity or low dibucaine numbers.", "contents": "Cocaine and succinylcholine sensitivity: a new caution. Cocaine was stable (93.6 +/- 5.0 (SD)% remaining after 120 minutes) when incubated in plasma from six patients with histories of succinylcholine sensitivity and low dibucaine numbers (phenotype A), but was rapidly hydrolyzed (40.6 +/- 6.6% remaining after 120 minutes) when incubated in plasma obtained from normal subjects (phenotype U). Intermediate decay (69.4 +/- 9.0% remaining) occurred in three heterozygous offspring of the succinylcholine-sensitive patients. Since serum cholinesterase has recently been implicated in the human metabolism of cocaine, patients who are homozygous for the atypical enzyme may be at greater risk for a toxic reaction when administered this drug. We recommend caution in using cocaine for topical anesthesia in patients with histories of succinylcholine sensitivity or low dibucaine numbers.", "PMID": 572161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9910", "title": "Platelet aggregation during and after general anesthesia and surgery.", "content": "Because of evidence suggesting that volatile anesthetics interfere with platelet aggregation in vitro, platelet function was investigated in patients exposed to combinations of nitrous oxide, halothane, and enflurane during brief surgical procedures. In 12 patients undergoing elective operations, blood was sampled before anesthesia, after induction but prior to surgery, during surgery, and postoperatively. Platelet aggregation by ADP, epinephrine, and collagen was similar during each sampling period in all but two subjects in whom only minor changes were noted. During brief exposure to these general anesthetics, there appears to be no clinically important inhibition of platelet function.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation during and after general anesthesia and surgery. Because of evidence suggesting that volatile anesthetics interfere with platelet aggregation in vitro, platelet function was investigated in patients exposed to combinations of nitrous oxide, halothane, and enflurane during brief surgical procedures. In 12 patients undergoing elective operations, blood was sampled before anesthesia, after induction but prior to surgery, during surgery, and postoperatively. Platelet aggregation by ADP, epinephrine, and collagen was similar during each sampling period in all but two subjects in whom only minor changes were noted. During brief exposure to these general anesthetics, there appears to be no clinically important inhibition of platelet function.", "PMID": 572173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9911", "title": "Survey of infants born in 1973 or 1975 to Swedish women working in operating rooms during their pregnancies.", "content": "The outcome of deliveries during 1973 and 1975 of women working during their pregnancy in operating rooms, using register data that provided information on both occupation and outcome of delivery was studied. There were 494 women who worked throughout pregnancy, 37 women worked for more than half of their pregnancies, and 10 women worked during less than half of their pregnancies. The study groups were compared with a reference population composed of all women employed in medical work in Sweden who were delivered during the 2 years. The study population differed from the reference population with respect to maternal age (and perhaps also to parity); corrections were made for this. No differences in the incidence of threatened abortions, in birth weight, in perinatal death rate, or in the incidence of congenital malformations were found. Possibly more gestations lasting less than 37 weeks were noted. We suggest that the negative outcome of the study is due to the unbiased data collection.", "contents": "Survey of infants born in 1973 or 1975 to Swedish women working in operating rooms during their pregnancies. The outcome of deliveries during 1973 and 1975 of women working during their pregnancy in operating rooms, using register data that provided information on both occupation and outcome of delivery was studied. There were 494 women who worked throughout pregnancy, 37 women worked for more than half of their pregnancies, and 10 women worked during less than half of their pregnancies. The study groups were compared with a reference population composed of all women employed in medical work in Sweden who were delivered during the 2 years. The study population differed from the reference population with respect to maternal age (and perhaps also to parity); corrections were made for this. No differences in the incidence of threatened abortions, in birth weight, in perinatal death rate, or in the incidence of congenital malformations were found. Possibly more gestations lasting less than 37 weeks were noted. We suggest that the negative outcome of the study is due to the unbiased data collection.", "PMID": 572175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9912", "title": "A parascalene technique of brachial plexus anesthesia.", "content": "A technique for brachial plexus anesthesia is described consisting of the injection of 20 ml of local anesthetic solution into the lower part of the posterior triangle of the neck at a point 1.5 to 2 cm above the clavicle at the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle. The technique is simple, safe, and produced satisfactory anesthesia of the entire extremity in 97 of the first 100 cases in which it was used. Side effects and complications were minor and transient.", "contents": "A parascalene technique of brachial plexus anesthesia. A technique for brachial plexus anesthesia is described consisting of the injection of 20 ml of local anesthetic solution into the lower part of the posterior triangle of the neck at a point 1.5 to 2 cm above the clavicle at the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle. The technique is simple, safe, and produced satisfactory anesthesia of the entire extremity in 97 of the first 100 cases in which it was used. Side effects and complications were minor and transient.", "PMID": 572172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9913", "title": "Effects of diazepam on succinylcholine-induced myalgia, potassium increase, creatine phosphokinase elevation, and relaxation.", "content": "Diazepam in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg was studied to determine its effect on a subsequently administered dose of 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine. This dose of diazepam prior to succinylcholine (1) significantly diminished the incidence of postoperative muscle pain; (2) decreased the usual increase in serum potassium; (3) did not prevent the rise in creatine phosphokinase; (4) reduced the incidence of muscle fasciculation; and (5) did not affect the magnitude or duration of the succinylcholine neuromuscular block. It was concluded that diazepam had several advantages over d-tubocurarine in the prevention of succinylcholine-induced muscle pain.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam on succinylcholine-induced myalgia, potassium increase, creatine phosphokinase elevation, and relaxation. Diazepam in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg was studied to determine its effect on a subsequently administered dose of 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine. This dose of diazepam prior to succinylcholine (1) significantly diminished the incidence of postoperative muscle pain; (2) decreased the usual increase in serum potassium; (3) did not prevent the rise in creatine phosphokinase; (4) reduced the incidence of muscle fasciculation; and (5) did not affect the magnitude or duration of the succinylcholine neuromuscular block. It was concluded that diazepam had several advantages over d-tubocurarine in the prevention of succinylcholine-induced muscle pain.", "PMID": 572176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9914", "title": "Local anesthetics and pulmonary venous admixture in pregnant and nonpregnant sheep.", "content": "Pulmonary venous admixture (Qs/Qt) was determined in nine nonpregnant sheep and in seven pregnant sheep during their last trimesters of gestation. Pulmonary venous admixture was greater in the pregnant animals (5.7 +/- 1.6% of the cardiac output; mean +/- SD) than in the nonpregnant ones (4.2 +/- 1.3%; p less than 0.05). On consecutive days, four local anesthetics were infused in random order via a femoral venous catheter into each sheep for 30 minutes. Total doses of 1.8 mg/kg of bupivacaine, 2.7 mg/kg of etidocaine, 6 mg/kg of lidocaine, and 15 mg/kg or chloroprocaine were administered. None of the anesthetics induced a significant change in pulmonary venous admixture.", "contents": "Local anesthetics and pulmonary venous admixture in pregnant and nonpregnant sheep. Pulmonary venous admixture (Qs/Qt) was determined in nine nonpregnant sheep and in seven pregnant sheep during their last trimesters of gestation. Pulmonary venous admixture was greater in the pregnant animals (5.7 +/- 1.6% of the cardiac output; mean +/- SD) than in the nonpregnant ones (4.2 +/- 1.3%; p less than 0.05). On consecutive days, four local anesthetics were infused in random order via a femoral venous catheter into each sheep for 30 minutes. Total doses of 1.8 mg/kg of bupivacaine, 2.7 mg/kg of etidocaine, 6 mg/kg of lidocaine, and 15 mg/kg or chloroprocaine were administered. None of the anesthetics induced a significant change in pulmonary venous admixture.", "PMID": 572177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9915", "title": "Physiologic effects of deep hypothermia and microwave rewarming: possible application for neonatal cardiac surgery.", "content": "Deep hypothermia (20 C) without cardiopulmonary bypass is a valuable technique during cardiac surgery in infants but rewarming of the heart following circulatory arrest and cardiac repair has traditionally been a lengthy and difficult process. In experimental animals rewarming the heart with microwave energy, as reported in this work, warms the heart before warming the periphery. In 18 mongrel dogs that were surface cooled to 20 C, we found that during microwave rewarming the core temperature rose 4.7 C per hour. Whole body oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output returned to normal at rates equal to the rates at which they decreased during surface cooling. Blood pressure and arterial gases remained adequate. Microwave rewarming appears to be a useful method for reestablishment of cardiac function and normothermia following deep hypothermia.", "contents": "Physiologic effects of deep hypothermia and microwave rewarming: possible application for neonatal cardiac surgery. Deep hypothermia (20 C) without cardiopulmonary bypass is a valuable technique during cardiac surgery in infants but rewarming of the heart following circulatory arrest and cardiac repair has traditionally been a lengthy and difficult process. In experimental animals rewarming the heart with microwave energy, as reported in this work, warms the heart before warming the periphery. In 18 mongrel dogs that were surface cooled to 20 C, we found that during microwave rewarming the core temperature rose 4.7 C per hour. Whole body oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output returned to normal at rates equal to the rates at which they decreased during surface cooling. Blood pressure and arterial gases remained adequate. Microwave rewarming appears to be a useful method for reestablishment of cardiac function and normothermia following deep hypothermia.", "PMID": 572174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9916", "title": "Recovery from general anesthesia: a simple and comprehensive test for assessment.", "content": "A procedure of totaling the value of coins of different denominations has been evaluated as a simple test for assessing recovery from general anesthesia. The procedure required the patient to pick up speedily seven coins of small denominations one after the other, name the value of each coin as it was picked up, add its value to that of the previous ones and obtain the cumulative total of the seven coins. The test simultaneously assesses return of sensory perception, acuity of vision, ability to quickly change eye fixation, fine muscle coordination, higher intellectual faculties required for mathematical performance, sustained concentration, and word naming. Its preliminary application in a small number of patients has shown consistent results.", "contents": "Recovery from general anesthesia: a simple and comprehensive test for assessment. A procedure of totaling the value of coins of different denominations has been evaluated as a simple test for assessing recovery from general anesthesia. The procedure required the patient to pick up speedily seven coins of small denominations one after the other, name the value of each coin as it was picked up, add its value to that of the previous ones and obtain the cumulative total of the seven coins. The test simultaneously assesses return of sensory perception, acuity of vision, ability to quickly change eye fixation, fine muscle coordination, higher intellectual faculties required for mathematical performance, sustained concentration, and word naming. Its preliminary application in a small number of patients has shown consistent results.", "PMID": 572179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9917", "title": "Do volatile anesthetics act as ideal gases?", "content": "Under conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found in operating rooms, the anesthetics enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane act as nearly ideal gasses even at concentrations producing a saturated vapor phase. The deviations from ideality are 3.44 +/- 0.44% (SEM) for enflurane, 0.94 +/- 0.30% for halothane, and 2.96 +/- 0.29% for isoflurane. That is, 0.9 to 3.4% more anesthetic is vaporized than would be predicted from the vapor pressure of these agents.", "contents": "Do volatile anesthetics act as ideal gases? Under conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found in operating rooms, the anesthetics enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane act as nearly ideal gasses even at concentrations producing a saturated vapor phase. The deviations from ideality are 3.44 +/- 0.44% (SEM) for enflurane, 0.94 +/- 0.30% for halothane, and 2.96 +/- 0.29% for isoflurane. That is, 0.9 to 3.4% more anesthetic is vaporized than would be predicted from the vapor pressure of these agents.", "PMID": 572178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9918", "title": "Distribution of serotypes of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex in Georgia.", "content": "Cultures of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex, isolated from patients who lived throughout the state of Georgia, were studied using the serotyping scheme of Schaefer. One hundred four (77 per cent) of the 135 isolates tested could be classified into 16 serotypes. The rest were not typable. Fifty-eight per cent of all the typable strains were serotypes 1, 14, 16, and 42. Results of the serotyping were recorded, mapped, and analyzed by county of residence. Most frequent isolations of these mycobacteria were from patients who resided in the coastal plain of Georgia. This finding correlates with the mycobacterial skin test studies of Edwards and associates, who found that the largest percentage of reactors to PPD-Battey resided in the costal plain. The disparate distributions of certain serotypes suggest the possible importance of regional factors that may affect the serotypes of mycobacteria indigenous to an area. The data do not suggest that chicken or swine reservoirs are highly significant sources of human mycobacteria.", "contents": "Distribution of serotypes of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex in Georgia. Cultures of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex, isolated from patients who lived throughout the state of Georgia, were studied using the serotyping scheme of Schaefer. One hundred four (77 per cent) of the 135 isolates tested could be classified into 16 serotypes. The rest were not typable. Fifty-eight per cent of all the typable strains were serotypes 1, 14, 16, and 42. Results of the serotyping were recorded, mapped, and analyzed by county of residence. Most frequent isolations of these mycobacteria were from patients who resided in the coastal plain of Georgia. This finding correlates with the mycobacterial skin test studies of Edwards and associates, who found that the largest percentage of reactors to PPD-Battey resided in the costal plain. The disparate distributions of certain serotypes suggest the possible importance of regional factors that may affect the serotypes of mycobacteria indigenous to an area. The data do not suggest that chicken or swine reservoirs are highly significant sources of human mycobacteria.", "PMID": 572193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9919", "title": "Trochlear nerve palsy in a case of herpes zoster ophthalmicus.", "content": "A case of trochlear nerve palsy in herpes zoster ophthalmicus is presented. The rarity of fourth nerve involvement in herpes zoster is emphasized.", "contents": "Trochlear nerve palsy in a case of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. A case of trochlear nerve palsy in herpes zoster ophthalmicus is presented. The rarity of fourth nerve involvement in herpes zoster is emphasized.", "PMID": 572196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9920", "title": "A clinical trial with Piloplex--a new long-acting pilocarpine compound: preliminary report.", "content": "A clinical comparison of the effect of Piloplex (an emulsion containing a new pilocarpine polymer compound) to that of pilocarpine hydrochloride 2% q.i.d.hloride on the intraocular pressure (IOP) was performed on 93 eyes of 51 open-angle glaucoma cases. Clinical studies showed that Piloplex produced a prolonged therapeutic effect, this being consistent with the slow release pattern it has displayed during in vitro experiments. Comparison of diurnal IOP measurements of 84 eyes have shown that when treated with Piloplex, 11 b.i.d., 58 eyes (69%) were under control (IOP values less than 20 mm Hg), whereas only 34 of these 84 eyes (40.5%) were under control when treated with pilocarpine hydrochloride 2% q.i.d. The overall mean diurnal IOP value of the 84 eyes during the treatment with Piloplex, 11 b.i.d., was lower by 2.89 mm Hg (P less than 0.005) than the overall mean diurnal IOP of the same eyes while treated with pilocarpine hydrochloride 2% q.i.d.", "contents": "A clinical trial with Piloplex--a new long-acting pilocarpine compound: preliminary report. A clinical comparison of the effect of Piloplex (an emulsion containing a new pilocarpine polymer compound) to that of pilocarpine hydrochloride 2% q.i.d.hloride on the intraocular pressure (IOP) was performed on 93 eyes of 51 open-angle glaucoma cases. Clinical studies showed that Piloplex produced a prolonged therapeutic effect, this being consistent with the slow release pattern it has displayed during in vitro experiments. Comparison of diurnal IOP measurements of 84 eyes have shown that when treated with Piloplex, 11 b.i.d., 58 eyes (69%) were under control (IOP values less than 20 mm Hg), whereas only 34 of these 84 eyes (40.5%) were under control when treated with pilocarpine hydrochloride 2% q.i.d. The overall mean diurnal IOP value of the 84 eyes during the treatment with Piloplex, 11 b.i.d., was lower by 2.89 mm Hg (P less than 0.005) than the overall mean diurnal IOP of the same eyes while treated with pilocarpine hydrochloride 2% q.i.d.", "PMID": 572195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9921", "title": "[Comparison of the action of carminomycin and rubomycin on the dynamics of the primary and secondary immune responses].", "content": "The effect of rubomycin and carminomycin on the dynamics of the primary and secondary immune response and formation of the immunologic memory to sheep red cells in mice was studied. Differences in the character of the antibiotics effect indicative of the higher selective action of carminomycin on multiplying cells, precursors of the antibody-forming plasmids, were found. Theoretically interesting discrepancies in the effect of the antibiotics on the content of the antibodies in the serum and the antibody-producing cells in the spleen were shown. It was demonstrated that carminomycin had no effect on formation of the immunologic memory inspite of a noticeable decrease in the total number of the spleen nuclear cells and the number of the antibody-forming cells at the moment of immunization under the effect of the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Comparison of the action of carminomycin and rubomycin on the dynamics of the primary and secondary immune responses]. The effect of rubomycin and carminomycin on the dynamics of the primary and secondary immune response and formation of the immunologic memory to sheep red cells in mice was studied. Differences in the character of the antibiotics effect indicative of the higher selective action of carminomycin on multiplying cells, precursors of the antibody-forming plasmids, were found. Theoretically interesting discrepancies in the effect of the antibiotics on the content of the antibodies in the serum and the antibody-producing cells in the spleen were shown. It was demonstrated that carminomycin had no effect on formation of the immunologic memory inspite of a noticeable decrease in the total number of the spleen nuclear cells and the number of the antibody-forming cells at the moment of immunization under the effect of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 572197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9922", "title": "Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods.", "content": "A bacteriological survey was performed on 1,960 food samples encompassing 60 types of health foods available in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. No consistent bacteriological distinction (aerobic plate counts, total coliform and fecal coliform most probable numbers) was observed between foods labeled as organic (raised on soil with compost or nonchemical fertilizer and without application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides) and their counterpart food types bearing no such label. Types and numbers of samples containing Salmonella were: sunflower seeds, 4; soy flour, 3; soy protein powder, 2; soy milk powder, 1; dried active yeast, 1; brewers' years, 1; rye flour, 1; brown rice, 1; and alfalfa seeds,1. The occurrence of this pathogen in three types of soybean products should warrant further investigation of soybean derivatives as potentially significant sources of Salmonella.", "contents": "Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods. A bacteriological survey was performed on 1,960 food samples encompassing 60 types of health foods available in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. No consistent bacteriological distinction (aerobic plate counts, total coliform and fecal coliform most probable numbers) was observed between foods labeled as organic (raised on soil with compost or nonchemical fertilizer and without application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides) and their counterpart food types bearing no such label. Types and numbers of samples containing Salmonella were: sunflower seeds, 4; soy flour, 3; soy protein powder, 2; soy milk powder, 1; dried active yeast, 1; brewers' years, 1; rye flour, 1; brown rice, 1; and alfalfa seeds,1. The occurrence of this pathogen in three types of soybean products should warrant further investigation of soybean derivatives as potentially significant sources of Salmonella.", "PMID": 572198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9923", "title": "Effect of inorganic sulfide on the growth and metabolism of Methanosarcina barkeri strain DM.", "content": "Minimal growth of Methanosarcina barkeri strain DM occurred when sulfide was omitted fromthe growth medium, and addition of either sodium sulfate or coenzyme M to sulfide-depleted media failed to restore growth. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 1.25 mM added sulfide, giving a molar growth yield (YCH4) of 4.4 mg (dry weight) of cells per mmol of CH4 produced. Increasing sulfide to 12.5 mM led to decrease in YCH4 (1.9 mg [dry weight]/mmol of CH4), in the specific growth rate and in be intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate. However, the specific rate of methane production increased. The data suggested that at elevated sulfide levels (12.5 mM) the decrease in YCH4 might be a result of an increase in the relative energy needed for maintnenace and of uncoupling of growth from energy production.", "contents": "Effect of inorganic sulfide on the growth and metabolism of Methanosarcina barkeri strain DM. Minimal growth of Methanosarcina barkeri strain DM occurred when sulfide was omitted fromthe growth medium, and addition of either sodium sulfate or coenzyme M to sulfide-depleted media failed to restore growth. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 1.25 mM added sulfide, giving a molar growth yield (YCH4) of 4.4 mg (dry weight) of cells per mmol of CH4 produced. Increasing sulfide to 12.5 mM led to decrease in YCH4 (1.9 mg [dry weight]/mmol of CH4), in the specific growth rate and in be intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate. However, the specific rate of methane production increased. The data suggested that at elevated sulfide levels (12.5 mM) the decrease in YCH4 might be a result of an increase in the relative energy needed for maintnenace and of uncoupling of growth from energy production.", "PMID": 572199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9924", "title": "Topical heat therapy for cutaneous chromomycosis.", "content": "An aged man with a large scaly plaque over the left buttock was successfully treated by local heat therapy using an electric bed-warmer with a surface temperature of 46 degrees C. Clinically, the lesion involuted completely after two months of treatment. This was concomitantly confirmed by histopathological and mycological studies of biopsy specimens obtained from the lesion at an interval of several weeks. The isolated fungus strain of Fonsecaea pedrosol could grow at 37 degrees C on Sabouraud's dextrose agar, but was totally eradicated 24 hours after the culture was incubated at 46 degrees C. We consider that local heat therapy carried out under strict supervision is a quite effective treatment for chromomycosis. Moreover, it can be performed safely and without much discomfort to patients, and can yield satisfactory results in a relatively short time.", "contents": "Topical heat therapy for cutaneous chromomycosis. An aged man with a large scaly plaque over the left buttock was successfully treated by local heat therapy using an electric bed-warmer with a surface temperature of 46 degrees C. Clinically, the lesion involuted completely after two months of treatment. This was concomitantly confirmed by histopathological and mycological studies of biopsy specimens obtained from the lesion at an interval of several weeks. The isolated fungus strain of Fonsecaea pedrosol could grow at 37 degrees C on Sabouraud's dextrose agar, but was totally eradicated 24 hours after the culture was incubated at 46 degrees C. We consider that local heat therapy carried out under strict supervision is a quite effective treatment for chromomycosis. Moreover, it can be performed safely and without much discomfort to patients, and can yield satisfactory results in a relatively short time.", "PMID": 572200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9925", "title": "Mourning by the family after a stillbirth or neonatal death.", "content": "Failure of the parents to mourn after the sorrow of a stillbirth or neonatal death can result in dire consequences for the well-being of the family. Doctors and nurses should learn how to facilitate mourning and should accept the strange and sometimes bizarre forms this may take. When mourning is facilitated, the family is likely to adjust better to its bereavement.", "contents": "Mourning by the family after a stillbirth or neonatal death. Failure of the parents to mourn after the sorrow of a stillbirth or neonatal death can result in dire consequences for the well-being of the family. Doctors and nurses should learn how to facilitate mourning and should accept the strange and sometimes bizarre forms this may take. When mourning is facilitated, the family is likely to adjust better to its bereavement.", "PMID": 572201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9926", "title": "Ventricular pseudoaneurysm after transaortic septal myotomy for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Clinical and morphological features are described in a man in whom a pseudoaneurysm arising from the ventricular septum developed after transaortic septotomy for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle or ventricular septum has not been described previously in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in whom only the transaortic approach was utilized for septotomy or septectomy or both. In addition, no previous studies have reported pseudoaneurysm arising from the ventricular septum.", "contents": "Ventricular pseudoaneurysm after transaortic septal myotomy for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Clinical and morphological features are described in a man in whom a pseudoaneurysm arising from the ventricular septum developed after transaortic septotomy for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle or ventricular septum has not been described previously in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in whom only the transaortic approach was utilized for septotomy or septectomy or both. In addition, no previous studies have reported pseudoaneurysm arising from the ventricular septum.", "PMID": 572203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9927", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of various modes of cardiac pacing after operation for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of varying heart rate and pacing site were studied in 6 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis following operative relief of outflow obstruction. Ventricular pacing (117 beats per minute) resulted in a 26% decrease in cardiac output (p less than 0.02), a 54% increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p less than 0.03), and a 23% decrease in mean blood pressure (p less than 0.05), compared with normal sinus rhythm (88 beats per minute). Slow atrial pacing (112 beats per minute) did not significantly alter any hemodynamic variable compared with normal sinus rhythm. Rapid atrial pacing (143 beats per minute) produced a similar degree of hemodynamic impairment as ventricular pacing. This study demonstrates that ventricular pacing at heart rates commonly used clinically and rapid atrial rates result in a significant fall in cardiac output. Preservation of atrial systole at heart rates that allow adequate diastolic ventricular filling of a hypertrophied, noncompliant ventricle is stressed. In addition, atrial electrodes are useful to record atrial electrograms or induce rapid atrial stimulation to treat supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of various modes of cardiac pacing after operation for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The hemodynamic effects of varying heart rate and pacing site were studied in 6 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis following operative relief of outflow obstruction. Ventricular pacing (117 beats per minute) resulted in a 26% decrease in cardiac output (p less than 0.02), a 54% increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p less than 0.03), and a 23% decrease in mean blood pressure (p less than 0.05), compared with normal sinus rhythm (88 beats per minute). Slow atrial pacing (112 beats per minute) did not significantly alter any hemodynamic variable compared with normal sinus rhythm. Rapid atrial pacing (143 beats per minute) produced a similar degree of hemodynamic impairment as ventricular pacing. This study demonstrates that ventricular pacing at heart rates commonly used clinically and rapid atrial rates result in a significant fall in cardiac output. Preservation of atrial systole at heart rates that allow adequate diastolic ventricular filling of a hypertrophied, noncompliant ventricle is stressed. In addition, atrial electrodes are useful to record atrial electrograms or induce rapid atrial stimulation to treat supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "PMID": 572204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9928", "title": "Pulmonary valve replacement with a porcine aortic heterograft.", "content": "Pulmonary valve replacement is an uncommon surgical procedure, yet lifesaving when performed under the appropriate circumstances. The patient reported on here had the classic indications for valve replacement: increased pulmonary vascular resistance and associated pulmonary valve incompetence following repair of a congenital heart defect resulting in right heart failure and secondary tricuspid insufficiency. A review of the literature provides the basis for the decision to replace the pulmonary valve with a glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft.", "contents": "Pulmonary valve replacement with a porcine aortic heterograft. Pulmonary valve replacement is an uncommon surgical procedure, yet lifesaving when performed under the appropriate circumstances. The patient reported on here had the classic indications for valve replacement: increased pulmonary vascular resistance and associated pulmonary valve incompetence following repair of a congenital heart defect resulting in right heart failure and secondary tricuspid insufficiency. A review of the literature provides the basis for the decision to replace the pulmonary valve with a glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft.", "PMID": 572205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9929", "title": "Prevention of air embolism after mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft prosthesis.", "content": "The production of prosthetic valve incompetence during atriotomy closure is among the operative maneuvers utilized to prevent air embolism in mitral valve replacement. The leaflets of a porcine bioprosthesis may be retracted safely and effectively, thereby producing temporary valve incompetence, by placing three polypropylene sutures through the valve orifice and around the sewing ring to encircle the leaflets. These traction sutures are eaily pulled out through the atriotomy suture line after all air has been displaced from the heart. The technique has been effective, easily accomplished, and without complications.", "contents": "Prevention of air embolism after mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft prosthesis. The production of prosthetic valve incompetence during atriotomy closure is among the operative maneuvers utilized to prevent air embolism in mitral valve replacement. The leaflets of a porcine bioprosthesis may be retracted safely and effectively, thereby producing temporary valve incompetence, by placing three polypropylene sutures through the valve orifice and around the sewing ring to encircle the leaflets. These traction sutures are eaily pulled out through the atriotomy suture line after all air has been displaced from the heart. The technique has been effective, easily accomplished, and without complications.", "PMID": 572206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9930", "title": "Long-term sequential hemodynamic evaluation of right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using a valve mechanism.", "content": "From May, 1972, to May, 1978, right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction was performed in 20 patients with congenital heart disease. A monocusp patch constructed entirely of glutaraldehyde-stabilized calf pericardium, was employed in 19 patients, and a composite conduit consisting of a three-cusp pericardial xenograft valve in a Dacron tube was used in 1 patient. There were 2 hospital deaths (10%) and no late deaths. The follow-up ranged from 5 to 75 months (mean, 55.7 +/- 4.6 months; total, 1,002 patient months). Eleven patients had completed 5 years of follow-up at the time of writing. Hemodynamic studies were performed in 10 patients at an average of 40 months after operation and the right ventricle-pulmonary artery systolic gradient was 9.3 +/- 1.7 mm Hg. This was not significantly different in 6 patients who had a second postoperative catheterization at 51.8 +/- 2.0 months following operation. Angiography showed fully mobile, thin valve cusps. These results compare well with those reported with other types of conduits, particularly with reference to relief of obstruction.", "contents": "Long-term sequential hemodynamic evaluation of right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using a valve mechanism. From May, 1972, to May, 1978, right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction was performed in 20 patients with congenital heart disease. A monocusp patch constructed entirely of glutaraldehyde-stabilized calf pericardium, was employed in 19 patients, and a composite conduit consisting of a three-cusp pericardial xenograft valve in a Dacron tube was used in 1 patient. There were 2 hospital deaths (10%) and no late deaths. The follow-up ranged from 5 to 75 months (mean, 55.7 +/- 4.6 months; total, 1,002 patient months). Eleven patients had completed 5 years of follow-up at the time of writing. Hemodynamic studies were performed in 10 patients at an average of 40 months after operation and the right ventricle-pulmonary artery systolic gradient was 9.3 +/- 1.7 mm Hg. This was not significantly different in 6 patients who had a second postoperative catheterization at 51.8 +/- 2.0 months following operation. Angiography showed fully mobile, thin valve cusps. These results compare well with those reported with other types of conduits, particularly with reference to relief of obstruction.", "PMID": 572207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9931", "title": "Hepatic damage produced by long-term alcohol consumption in well-nourished rats.", "content": "A study of the effect of long-term alcohol consumption on the liver of well-nourished rats is described. Rats fed for 16 weeks on a semipurified diet supplemented with high levels of vitamins and lipotropic factors and alcohol corresponding to 35% of the total caloric intake developed marked fatty changes of the liver. Mild fatty changes were observed in pair-fed controls receiving as isoenergetic equivalent of sucrose instead of alcohol. Intracellular hyaline bodies, corresponding ultrastructurally to giant mitochondria were abundantly found in the hepatocytes of alcoholic rats, while in the controls they were not seen. Te findings in this investigation are postulated to provide further evidence that the long-term intake of alcohol exerts a direct causative role in the pathogenesis of liver damage.", "contents": "Hepatic damage produced by long-term alcohol consumption in well-nourished rats. A study of the effect of long-term alcohol consumption on the liver of well-nourished rats is described. Rats fed for 16 weeks on a semipurified diet supplemented with high levels of vitamins and lipotropic factors and alcohol corresponding to 35% of the total caloric intake developed marked fatty changes of the liver. Mild fatty changes were observed in pair-fed controls receiving as isoenergetic equivalent of sucrose instead of alcohol. Intracellular hyaline bodies, corresponding ultrastructurally to giant mitochondria were abundantly found in the hepatocytes of alcoholic rats, while in the controls they were not seen. Te findings in this investigation are postulated to provide further evidence that the long-term intake of alcohol exerts a direct causative role in the pathogenesis of liver damage.", "PMID": 572208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9932", "title": "[Possibilities of ovulation synchronization in puberty-induced gilts].", "content": "Puberty was induced in 39 clinically prepuberal gilts (two groups of three sub-groups each) by parallel but locally separated application of 500 IU PMSG (\"Maretropin\") and 250 IU HCG (\"Gonadex\"), with the view to testing ways to synchronise ovulation. Seventy-two hours were allowed to elapse, before 24 animals received another application of 500 IU HCG and 15 animals 250 IU HCG. The animals were slaughtered in consecutive groups of study ovulation and histolotically examined to disclose endometrial processes. Ovulations were found to be well synchronised in the recipients of a second injection of 500 IU HCG. Only sub-threshold effects with no synchronised ovulation were recorded from the animals that had received a second dose of 250 IU HCG. A second injection of 500 IU HCG should be given not until something between 78 and 82 hours after puberty induction for optimum follicle maturation and adequate proliferation of the endometrium.", "contents": "[Possibilities of ovulation synchronization in puberty-induced gilts]. Puberty was induced in 39 clinically prepuberal gilts (two groups of three sub-groups each) by parallel but locally separated application of 500 IU PMSG (\"Maretropin\") and 250 IU HCG (\"Gonadex\"), with the view to testing ways to synchronise ovulation. Seventy-two hours were allowed to elapse, before 24 animals received another application of 500 IU HCG and 15 animals 250 IU HCG. The animals were slaughtered in consecutive groups of study ovulation and histolotically examined to disclose endometrial processes. Ovulations were found to be well synchronised in the recipients of a second injection of 500 IU HCG. Only sub-threshold effects with no synchronised ovulation were recorded from the animals that had received a second dose of 250 IU HCG. A second injection of 500 IU HCG should be given not until something between 78 and 82 hours after puberty induction for optimum follicle maturation and adequate proliferation of the endometrium.", "PMID": 572209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9933", "title": "[Morphokinetic effect of PMSG and sex steroids on parts of the cerebral-hypophyseal-gonadal axis of anestrous sheep].", "content": "The action of gonadotropins and of sexual steroids on links of the cerebro-hypophyseo-gonadal axis can be morphologically quantified in sheep. In that context, karyovolumetry is a highly dependabel and information-yielding quantitative morphological method. In studies conducted with anoestrous sheep and described in this paper that method has helped to detect an inhibitory effect of PMSG and progesterone upon the activity of neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The two sexual steroids produced even stronger inhibition of neuronal activity of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Such results, when evaluated and re-used under the adequate test conditions might be helpful in identifying structures of central nervous disorders along the cerebro-hypophyseo-gonadal axis and produce reliable information on acting points or general action (activation or inhibition) of active substances as well as on the course of control and regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "[Morphokinetic effect of PMSG and sex steroids on parts of the cerebral-hypophyseal-gonadal axis of anestrous sheep]. The action of gonadotropins and of sexual steroids on links of the cerebro-hypophyseo-gonadal axis can be morphologically quantified in sheep. In that context, karyovolumetry is a highly dependabel and information-yielding quantitative morphological method. In studies conducted with anoestrous sheep and described in this paper that method has helped to detect an inhibitory effect of PMSG and progesterone upon the activity of neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The two sexual steroids produced even stronger inhibition of neuronal activity of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Such results, when evaluated and re-used under the adequate test conditions might be helpful in identifying structures of central nervous disorders along the cerebro-hypophyseo-gonadal axis and produce reliable information on acting points or general action (activation or inhibition) of active substances as well as on the course of control and regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 572210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9934", "title": "[Trials of rut induction with prostaglandin F2alpha in gilts].", "content": "The possibility of oestrus induction by means of F-2-alpha prostaglandin was checked on nine gilts. The animals received intramuscular injections of 7.5 mg of 10 mg of PG F2alpha on the tenth or twelfth day of cycle. The sexual behaviours of the animals was followed up, and after slaughter followed macroscopic assessment of the ovaries as well as histomorphological and histochemical examinations of the uterus wall. The results have shown that no oestrus or ovulation could be induced by such injection on the tenth or twelfth day of cycle. Regression of corpora lutea and follicle growth five days following application on the twelfth day of cycle were somewhat faster than the same phenomena when observed following injection on the tenth day. However, oestrus and ovulation failed throughout to occur earlier than they would have occurred any way without any treatment. The cycle was not shortened by application of F-2-alpha prostaglandin.", "contents": "[Trials of rut induction with prostaglandin F2alpha in gilts]. The possibility of oestrus induction by means of F-2-alpha prostaglandin was checked on nine gilts. The animals received intramuscular injections of 7.5 mg of 10 mg of PG F2alpha on the tenth or twelfth day of cycle. The sexual behaviours of the animals was followed up, and after slaughter followed macroscopic assessment of the ovaries as well as histomorphological and histochemical examinations of the uterus wall. The results have shown that no oestrus or ovulation could be induced by such injection on the tenth or twelfth day of cycle. Regression of corpora lutea and follicle growth five days following application on the twelfth day of cycle were somewhat faster than the same phenomena when observed following injection on the tenth day. However, oestrus and ovulation failed throughout to occur earlier than they would have occurred any way without any treatment. The cycle was not shortened by application of F-2-alpha prostaglandin.", "PMID": 572211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9935", "title": "The coupling of transcription from influenza virions to translation in vitro.", "content": "The optimum conditions for the coupling of fowl plague virus (FPV) transcription to an in vitro reticulocyte translation system have been established and shown to be close to those required for maximum RNA synthesis by purified FPV virions. Products have been characterized by the peptides they yield on limited proteolysis in SDS and it has been shown that virus nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) protein are made. The smallest virus coded polypeptide, the non-structural protein (NS), is made in only small amounts in the coupled system although it is a major virus coded product of infected cells early in infection.", "contents": "The coupling of transcription from influenza virions to translation in vitro. The optimum conditions for the coupling of fowl plague virus (FPV) transcription to an in vitro reticulocyte translation system have been established and shown to be close to those required for maximum RNA synthesis by purified FPV virions. Products have been characterized by the peptides they yield on limited proteolysis in SDS and it has been shown that virus nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) protein are made. The smallest virus coded polypeptide, the non-structural protein (NS), is made in only small amounts in the coupled system although it is a major virus coded product of infected cells early in infection.", "PMID": 572213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9936", "title": "[Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome and primitive motor reflexes after heavy brain trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 16-year-old physically and mentally retarded male developed a complete Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome similar to that demonstrated in animal experiments and characterized by so-called psychic blindness, oral tendencies, hypermetamorphosis, emotional disturbance, and hypersexuality after severe brain trauma with loss of consciousness and a transitory hemiplegia. In addition, transitory oral and grasp reflexes were observed. Despite the severity of the clinical symptoms, the patient was able to realize and report on his subjective experience of the reflex and on the instinct-motivated behavior associated with the Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome. In the case described, two basic behavior patterns could be differentiated, each influencing drive and the abnormally increased sexuality. The first phase of the illness was dominated by relatively constant automatic reactions. These had the character of pre-determined instinctive behavior and were more or less emotionally neutral. In the second phase of the illness, the instinctive behavior became less evident and the patient was able to respond more normally to his sensory-motor impulses. Also, emotional experience such as frustration, pleasure, and displeasure regained their meaning for the patient.", "contents": "[Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome and primitive motor reflexes after heavy brain trauma (author's transl)]. A 16-year-old physically and mentally retarded male developed a complete Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome similar to that demonstrated in animal experiments and characterized by so-called psychic blindness, oral tendencies, hypermetamorphosis, emotional disturbance, and hypersexuality after severe brain trauma with loss of consciousness and a transitory hemiplegia. In addition, transitory oral and grasp reflexes were observed. Despite the severity of the clinical symptoms, the patient was able to realize and report on his subjective experience of the reflex and on the instinct-motivated behavior associated with the Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome. In the case described, two basic behavior patterns could be differentiated, each influencing drive and the abnormally increased sexuality. The first phase of the illness was dominated by relatively constant automatic reactions. These had the character of pre-determined instinctive behavior and were more or less emotionally neutral. In the second phase of the illness, the instinctive behavior became less evident and the patient was able to respond more normally to his sensory-motor impulses. Also, emotional experience such as frustration, pleasure, and displeasure regained their meaning for the patient.", "PMID": 572212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9937", "title": "The use of marsupial x eutherian somatic cell hybrids to study marsupial cell surface antigens.", "content": "Buck and Bodmer (1976) have developed a technique for identifying an antigen on the surface of human x mouse somatic cell hybrids, specified by a gene on a particular human chromosome. We have successfully adapted this technique to a study of marsupial cell surface antigens. Somatic cell hybrids between Macropus rufus (Marsupialia) lymphocytes and the mouse cell lines PG19 and 1R were injected intraperitoneally into mice of the same inbred strain from which the above cell lines were derived (C57B16J and C3H, respectively). The only identified M. rufus chromosome present in the hybrid cells was the X chromosome. The antisera, after adsorption with PG19 or 1R, were tested using indirect immunofluorescence, against the hybrid cells, and also against sub-clones (derived from hybrids) which had apparently lost the M. rufus X chromosome, or at least its long arm. The results of these tests showed that the absorbed antisera contained reactivity against an M. rufus cell surface antigen (or antigens). The reactions of one of the antisera were most simply interpreted by supposing that it was detecting an M. rufus X-lined antigen(s).", "contents": "The use of marsupial x eutherian somatic cell hybrids to study marsupial cell surface antigens. Buck and Bodmer (1976) have developed a technique for identifying an antigen on the surface of human x mouse somatic cell hybrids, specified by a gene on a particular human chromosome. We have successfully adapted this technique to a study of marsupial cell surface antigens. Somatic cell hybrids between Macropus rufus (Marsupialia) lymphocytes and the mouse cell lines PG19 and 1R were injected intraperitoneally into mice of the same inbred strain from which the above cell lines were derived (C57B16J and C3H, respectively). The only identified M. rufus chromosome present in the hybrid cells was the X chromosome. The antisera, after adsorption with PG19 or 1R, were tested using indirect immunofluorescence, against the hybrid cells, and also against sub-clones (derived from hybrids) which had apparently lost the M. rufus X chromosome, or at least its long arm. The results of these tests showed that the absorbed antisera contained reactivity against an M. rufus cell surface antigen (or antigens). The reactions of one of the antisera were most simply interpreted by supposing that it was detecting an M. rufus X-lined antigen(s).", "PMID": 572214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9938", "title": "The early development of white adipose tissue. Effects of litter size on the lipoprotein lipase activity of four adipose-tissue depots, serum immunoreactive insulin and tissue cellularity during the first four weeks of life in the rat.", "content": "1. Newborn rats were reared in litters of either four or sixteen individuals. The animals from the small litters gained body weight more rapidly than those from large litters during the first 29 days of postnatal life studied. 2. The relative weights of the perigenital, perirenal, subcutaneous and intramuscular white-adipose-tissue sites in the animals from small litters indicated their relative obesity compared with controls. 3. The adipose depots from animals reared in small litters had a greater proportion of lipid present, by weight, and had a greater number of larger fat-cells present in them compared with the depots of animals reared in large litters. 4. Compared with both normal-sized litter controls and animals reared in sixteens, during the period of study the animals from small litters were hypertriacylglycerolaemic but normocholesterolaemic. 5. During suckling the blood glucose concentrations of animals reared in fours were increased, as were the concentrations of circulating immunoreactive insulin. 6. During the 29 days of life studied, in general, the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose depots from animals reared in fours was greater than for animals in large litters when expressed as mumol of nonesterified fatty acid released from the substrate/h per g fresh weight of tissue, per depot, or per million fat-cells, but were similar per cm(2) of fat-cell surface area. 7. The previously noted [Cryer & Jones (1978) Biochem. J.172, 319-325] pattern of mid-suckling elevation, late-suckling decline and post-weaning increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity of the four white-adipose depots studied was not obliterated by the nutritional manipulations employed. 8. The relation of the enzyme-activity changes and their hormonal stimuli to triacylglycerol accumulation in fat-cells of animals from large and small litters is discussed in relation to the possible significance they may have to our understanding of neonatally induced obesity.", "contents": "The early development of white adipose tissue. Effects of litter size on the lipoprotein lipase activity of four adipose-tissue depots, serum immunoreactive insulin and tissue cellularity during the first four weeks of life in the rat. 1. Newborn rats were reared in litters of either four or sixteen individuals. The animals from the small litters gained body weight more rapidly than those from large litters during the first 29 days of postnatal life studied. 2. The relative weights of the perigenital, perirenal, subcutaneous and intramuscular white-adipose-tissue sites in the animals from small litters indicated their relative obesity compared with controls. 3. The adipose depots from animals reared in small litters had a greater proportion of lipid present, by weight, and had a greater number of larger fat-cells present in them compared with the depots of animals reared in large litters. 4. Compared with both normal-sized litter controls and animals reared in sixteens, during the period of study the animals from small litters were hypertriacylglycerolaemic but normocholesterolaemic. 5. During suckling the blood glucose concentrations of animals reared in fours were increased, as were the concentrations of circulating immunoreactive insulin. 6. During the 29 days of life studied, in general, the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose depots from animals reared in fours was greater than for animals in large litters when expressed as mumol of nonesterified fatty acid released from the substrate/h per g fresh weight of tissue, per depot, or per million fat-cells, but were similar per cm(2) of fat-cell surface area. 7. The previously noted [Cryer & Jones (1978) Biochem. J.172, 319-325] pattern of mid-suckling elevation, late-suckling decline and post-weaning increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity of the four white-adipose depots studied was not obliterated by the nutritional manipulations employed. 8. The relation of the enzyme-activity changes and their hormonal stimuli to triacylglycerol accumulation in fat-cells of animals from large and small litters is discussed in relation to the possible significance they may have to our understanding of neonatally induced obesity.", "PMID": 572219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9939", "title": "Relationship of free fatty acids and magnesium in ethanol withdrawal in dogs.", "content": "A group of dogs was conditioned to drink 4-6 g ethanol/kg/day for long periods. Ethanol ingestion was interrupted at monthly intervals in order to study some metabolic changes of the withdrawal period. Plasma long chain free fatty acids (FFA) increased by a maximum mean of 1.4 meq/liter (threefold), and magnesium (Mg) decreased by a maximum mean of 0.4 meq/liter (75% of control during the first 24 hr of simple ethanol withdrawal. Because magnesium salts of FFA are very insoluble, these divergent changes of Mg and FFA suggest that lipolysis may be responsible for the hypomagnesemia that occurs in ethanol withdrawal. In order to control lipolysis, glucose-insulin, glucose alone, and fructose alone were given intravenously for a 4-hr period beginning 14 hr after withdrawal. FFA fell by a maximum of 65% or 0.44 meq/liter and Mg fell by a maximum of 0.31 meq/liter during the glucose-insulin infusions. Nicotinic acid (10-20 mg/kg) in saline produced an identical drop in FFA and a slight rise in Mg. After stopping the nicotinic acid infusion, a sharp rebound rise in FFA and a sharp fall in Mg occurred similar to the simple withdrawal experiments. The sharp divergent changes in FFA and Mg after cessation of nicotinic acid infusion support the prime role of FFA-effecting movements of Mg and the thesis that FFA bind Mg. Control of lipolysis is theoretically sound in therapy of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "Relationship of free fatty acids and magnesium in ethanol withdrawal in dogs. A group of dogs was conditioned to drink 4-6 g ethanol/kg/day for long periods. Ethanol ingestion was interrupted at monthly intervals in order to study some metabolic changes of the withdrawal period. Plasma long chain free fatty acids (FFA) increased by a maximum mean of 1.4 meq/liter (threefold), and magnesium (Mg) decreased by a maximum mean of 0.4 meq/liter (75% of control during the first 24 hr of simple ethanol withdrawal. Because magnesium salts of FFA are very insoluble, these divergent changes of Mg and FFA suggest that lipolysis may be responsible for the hypomagnesemia that occurs in ethanol withdrawal. In order to control lipolysis, glucose-insulin, glucose alone, and fructose alone were given intravenously for a 4-hr period beginning 14 hr after withdrawal. FFA fell by a maximum of 65% or 0.44 meq/liter and Mg fell by a maximum of 0.31 meq/liter during the glucose-insulin infusions. Nicotinic acid (10-20 mg/kg) in saline produced an identical drop in FFA and a slight rise in Mg. After stopping the nicotinic acid infusion, a sharp rebound rise in FFA and a sharp fall in Mg occurred similar to the simple withdrawal experiments. The sharp divergent changes in FFA and Mg after cessation of nicotinic acid infusion support the prime role of FFA-effecting movements of Mg and the thesis that FFA bind Mg. Control of lipolysis is theoretically sound in therapy of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 572225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9940", "title": "Electrophysiological studies on embryonic heart cells in culture. Scorpion toxin as a tool to reveal latent fast sodium channel.", "content": "Trypsin-dispersed heart cells were obtained from 11-day-old chick embryos. After culture as unstirred suspensions in dimethylsulfoxide-containing medium, spherical aggregates of cells beating spontaneously and apparently synchronously for months were obtained. Two kinds of cell were characterized by electrophysiological recordings: (1) cells with a slow rate of depolarizing phase showing tetrodotoxin-resistant action potential and blocked by D 600 ('slow' cells); (2) cells with high value of rising phase which was strongly decreased by tetrodotoxin and in which D 600 provoked uncoupling of excitation-contraction ('fast' cells). Toxin II from Androctonus australis scorpion venom increased the duration of action potential, which was ascribed to a slowing down of Na+ current inactivation and enhance the maximum rate of depolarization, especially in slow cells. Effects were antagonized by tetrodotoxin in both fast and slow cells. Washing experiments confirmed the results of previous studies, namely that tetrodotoxin and scorpion toxin bind to different receptors. It is concluded that slow cells with tetrodotoxin-resistant action potential contain latent fast Na+ channels that are revealed (activated) by toxin binding to the membrane.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies on embryonic heart cells in culture. Scorpion toxin as a tool to reveal latent fast sodium channel. Trypsin-dispersed heart cells were obtained from 11-day-old chick embryos. After culture as unstirred suspensions in dimethylsulfoxide-containing medium, spherical aggregates of cells beating spontaneously and apparently synchronously for months were obtained. Two kinds of cell were characterized by electrophysiological recordings: (1) cells with a slow rate of depolarizing phase showing tetrodotoxin-resistant action potential and blocked by D 600 ('slow' cells); (2) cells with high value of rising phase which was strongly decreased by tetrodotoxin and in which D 600 provoked uncoupling of excitation-contraction ('fast' cells). Toxin II from Androctonus australis scorpion venom increased the duration of action potential, which was ascribed to a slowing down of Na+ current inactivation and enhance the maximum rate of depolarization, especially in slow cells. Effects were antagonized by tetrodotoxin in both fast and slow cells. Washing experiments confirmed the results of previous studies, namely that tetrodotoxin and scorpion toxin bind to different receptors. It is concluded that slow cells with tetrodotoxin-resistant action potential contain latent fast Na+ channels that are revealed (activated) by toxin binding to the membrane.", "PMID": 572226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9941", "title": "The effect of charged synthetic polymers on proteoglycan synthesis and sequestration in chick embryo fibroblast cultures.", "content": "The polycation, poly(L-lysine), repressed the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in secondary cultures of chick embryo skin fibroblasts and caused sequestration of glycosaminoglycans around the cells. The synthesis of chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, hyaluronic acid and a fourth component, thought to be heparan sulphate, were all inhibited to the same extent but the sequestration of the sulphated polymers were greater than that of the unsulphated. The sequestered material was retained around and not within the cells. Incubations with the polyanion, poly(L-glutamate), showed a slight stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis and in these and control incubations (no additions to medium), most of the glycosaminoglycan synthesised appeared in the culture medium. The subsequent addition of poly(L-glutamate) to incubations containing poly(L-lysine) reversed the inhibitory and sequestering effect of the polycation. It was concluded that the inhibition of synthesis by poly(L-lysine) was either a direct effect of poly(L-lysine) on the cell membrane or a result of the high local pericellular concentration of sequestered proteoglycan.", "contents": "The effect of charged synthetic polymers on proteoglycan synthesis and sequestration in chick embryo fibroblast cultures. The polycation, poly(L-lysine), repressed the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in secondary cultures of chick embryo skin fibroblasts and caused sequestration of glycosaminoglycans around the cells. The synthesis of chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, hyaluronic acid and a fourth component, thought to be heparan sulphate, were all inhibited to the same extent but the sequestration of the sulphated polymers were greater than that of the unsulphated. The sequestered material was retained around and not within the cells. Incubations with the polyanion, poly(L-glutamate), showed a slight stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis and in these and control incubations (no additions to medium), most of the glycosaminoglycan synthesised appeared in the culture medium. The subsequent addition of poly(L-glutamate) to incubations containing poly(L-lysine) reversed the inhibitory and sequestering effect of the polycation. It was concluded that the inhibition of synthesis by poly(L-lysine) was either a direct effect of poly(L-lysine) on the cell membrane or a result of the high local pericellular concentration of sequestered proteoglycan.", "PMID": 572227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9942", "title": "Uptake of fatty acids by cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo: evidence for a facilitation process without energy dependence.", "content": "Cultured heart cells from chick embryo accumulate fatty acids up to 50 fold at a steady-state level under defined conditions [ref.1]. Studies of fatty acid uptake as a function of different cellular parameters (intracellular ATP and pH, membrane potential and electrochemical gradients for monovalent and divalent cations) show the lack of effect of these factors. The rate of uptake is temperature-dependent. The maximum velocity V is affected with no change in the Km value of the saturable component; the activation energies were found to be 35.5 kJ.mol-1 for palmitate and 42 kJ.mol-1 for oleate. The results are in favour of a facilitation process which leads to an accumulation of fatty acids without energy dependence. The accumulation of fatty acids could be due to their association to intracellular membraneous and/or cytosolic components.", "contents": "Uptake of fatty acids by cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo: evidence for a facilitation process without energy dependence. Cultured heart cells from chick embryo accumulate fatty acids up to 50 fold at a steady-state level under defined conditions [ref.1]. Studies of fatty acid uptake as a function of different cellular parameters (intracellular ATP and pH, membrane potential and electrochemical gradients for monovalent and divalent cations) show the lack of effect of these factors. The rate of uptake is temperature-dependent. The maximum velocity V is affected with no change in the Km value of the saturable component; the activation energies were found to be 35.5 kJ.mol-1 for palmitate and 42 kJ.mol-1 for oleate. The results are in favour of a facilitation process which leads to an accumulation of fatty acids without energy dependence. The accumulation of fatty acids could be due to their association to intracellular membraneous and/or cytosolic components.", "PMID": 572228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9943", "title": "[Parental resistance of irradiated mice (CBA X M523)F1 to lymphocytes: fate of transplanted cells, duration of resistance and its specificity].", "content": "The immune response of (CBA X M523)F1 mouse lymphocytes to the antigen (sheep red blood cells) in CBA mice after lethal irradiation was studied. When irradiation, cell transfer and antigen test-injection were performed at the same day the graft activity was inhibited, in comparison with syngeneic system. The activity of donor cells restored on increasing the interval between these processes up to 3 days. Retransplantation of the spleen cells from recipients to irradiated CBA and F1 mice revealed viability of transplanted cells and lack of their readaptation to insyngeneic microenvironment. The recipient's resistance could be specifically overcome by the preinjection of mouse cells combined with cyclophosphamide or without it. The results obtained allow a conclusion that genetic parental resistance of CBA mice to F1 mouse cells is due to the recipient immunocompetent cells which are inactivated 3 days following irradiation. They do not produce cytotoxic effects with respect to donor cells, blocking, however, their activity for some time.", "contents": "[Parental resistance of irradiated mice (CBA X M523)F1 to lymphocytes: fate of transplanted cells, duration of resistance and its specificity]. The immune response of (CBA X M523)F1 mouse lymphocytes to the antigen (sheep red blood cells) in CBA mice after lethal irradiation was studied. When irradiation, cell transfer and antigen test-injection were performed at the same day the graft activity was inhibited, in comparison with syngeneic system. The activity of donor cells restored on increasing the interval between these processes up to 3 days. Retransplantation of the spleen cells from recipients to irradiated CBA and F1 mice revealed viability of transplanted cells and lack of their readaptation to insyngeneic microenvironment. The recipient's resistance could be specifically overcome by the preinjection of mouse cells combined with cyclophosphamide or without it. The results obtained allow a conclusion that genetic parental resistance of CBA mice to F1 mouse cells is due to the recipient immunocompetent cells which are inactivated 3 days following irradiation. They do not produce cytotoxic effects with respect to donor cells, blocking, however, their activity for some time.", "PMID": 572251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9944", "title": "[Diurnal rhythm of changes in the DNA-synthesizing cell count and the mitotic activity of the cells of jejunal epithelium under conditions of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy].", "content": "Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats 7 days after surgery results in increasing proliferative activity of the jejunum epithelium not changing circadian rhythm of the mitotic process. Vagotomy induces changes in the diurnal rhythm structure of DNA-synthesis in the jejunum epithelial cells, i.e. monoapical rhythm in the norm becomes biapical.", "contents": "[Diurnal rhythm of changes in the DNA-synthesizing cell count and the mitotic activity of the cells of jejunal epithelium under conditions of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy]. Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats 7 days after surgery results in increasing proliferative activity of the jejunum epithelium not changing circadian rhythm of the mitotic process. Vagotomy induces changes in the diurnal rhythm structure of DNA-synthesis in the jejunum epithelial cells, i.e. monoapical rhythm in the norm becomes biapical.", "PMID": 572252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9945", "title": "Experimental homocystinemia, endothelial lesions and thrombosis.", "content": "A single intravenous injection of homocystine led to an increase in the number of circulating endothelial cells in the blood of rats. We observed also increased permeability of the lung capillaries, platelet sequestration and activation of the venostatic thrombosis. Endothelial injury is probably the key mechanism of thrombotic and atherosclerotic complications in homocystinuria, an inborn error of the amino acid metabolism.", "contents": "Experimental homocystinemia, endothelial lesions and thrombosis. A single intravenous injection of homocystine led to an increase in the number of circulating endothelial cells in the blood of rats. We observed also increased permeability of the lung capillaries, platelet sequestration and activation of the venostatic thrombosis. Endothelial injury is probably the key mechanism of thrombotic and atherosclerotic complications in homocystinuria, an inborn error of the amino acid metabolism.", "PMID": 572253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9946", "title": "Manipulations of dietary tryptophan: effects on mouse killing and brain serotonin in the rat.", "content": "Maintaining rats on a tryptophan-free diet for 4--6 days induced mouse killing in non-killer rats, and significantly facilitated killing in killer rats, as indicated by shorter latencies to kill the mice. The killing responses were similar in topography to the natural killing responses. These changes in killing behavior did not appear to be due to generalized changes in irritability. The increased killing after maintenance on a tryptophan-free diet was accompanied by a 26% reduction in brain serotonin (5-HT) and a 29% reduction in brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). When the tryptophan-free diet was supplemented with L-tryptophan (0.5 or 2%), brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA were increased above control levels, and the rat's killing response appeared normal both in terms of latency and topography, similar to that seen in control chow fed animals. While rats consumed less of the tryptophan-free and tryptophan supplemented diets, control subjects deprived of chow such that they lost as much weight as rats fed the tryptophan-free diet, did not show changes in killing behavior. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that central serotonergic systems exert inhibitory control over mouse killing behavior in rats.", "contents": "Manipulations of dietary tryptophan: effects on mouse killing and brain serotonin in the rat. Maintaining rats on a tryptophan-free diet for 4--6 days induced mouse killing in non-killer rats, and significantly facilitated killing in killer rats, as indicated by shorter latencies to kill the mice. The killing responses were similar in topography to the natural killing responses. These changes in killing behavior did not appear to be due to generalized changes in irritability. The increased killing after maintenance on a tryptophan-free diet was accompanied by a 26% reduction in brain serotonin (5-HT) and a 29% reduction in brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). When the tryptophan-free diet was supplemented with L-tryptophan (0.5 or 2%), brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA were increased above control levels, and the rat's killing response appeared normal both in terms of latency and topography, similar to that seen in control chow fed animals. While rats consumed less of the tryptophan-free and tryptophan supplemented diets, control subjects deprived of chow such that they lost as much weight as rats fed the tryptophan-free diet, did not show changes in killing behavior. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that central serotonergic systems exert inhibitory control over mouse killing behavior in rats.", "PMID": 572256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9947", "title": "Healing of trabeculectomies in rabbits.", "content": "We studied the healing of trabeculectomies in rabbits with photographs, fluorescein filtration and histological sections. Initially all except 1 developed proven filtration. However, vigorous fibroblastic proliferation (and collagen production) from the subconjunctiva, uvea and sclera combined to close off the fistula by day 14. Groups of eyes treated with 8 mg of prednisolone injected subconjunctivally at operation showed slightly delayed wound healing but by day 30 there was little difference between treated and untreated groups. The steroid treated eyes had complications ranging from endophthalmitis in 1 eye to tissue necrosis in 3 eyes.", "contents": "Healing of trabeculectomies in rabbits. We studied the healing of trabeculectomies in rabbits with photographs, fluorescein filtration and histological sections. Initially all except 1 developed proven filtration. However, vigorous fibroblastic proliferation (and collagen production) from the subconjunctiva, uvea and sclera combined to close off the fistula by day 14. Groups of eyes treated with 8 mg of prednisolone injected subconjunctivally at operation showed slightly delayed wound healing but by day 30 there was little difference between treated and untreated groups. The steroid treated eyes had complications ranging from endophthalmitis in 1 eye to tissue necrosis in 3 eyes.", "PMID": 572257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9948", "title": "Anaerobic mediastinitis and septic shock secondary to esophageal perforation.", "content": "The authors report unusual complications arising from the ingestion of a small fish bone by a 68-year-old man. These included mediastinitis, empyema, pericarditis and septic shock, probably secondary to a small perforation of the esophagus. After appropriate surgical drainage, antibiotic therapy and supportive therapy the patient made a good recovery.", "contents": "Anaerobic mediastinitis and septic shock secondary to esophageal perforation. The authors report unusual complications arising from the ingestion of a small fish bone by a 68-year-old man. These included mediastinitis, empyema, pericarditis and septic shock, probably secondary to a small perforation of the esophagus. After appropriate surgical drainage, antibiotic therapy and supportive therapy the patient made a good recovery.", "PMID": 572258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9949", "title": "Autoimmune disorders complicating adolescent Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Four adolescents with Hodgkin's disease also developed autoimmune diseases. There were two idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), one polymyositis, and one scleroderma. The first two patients developed ITP in the absence of a spleen, and with their Hodgkin's disease in remission. The first patient with Hodgkin's disease has been continuously free of cancer for over five years. The second patient was a 17-year-old male whoe Hodgkin's disease recurred, but whose disease was in remission at the time the ITP occurred. The polymyositis occurred in an 18-year-old youth when he was in his initial remission for his Hodgkin's disease, but his disease subsequently recurred two years later. This youth presented with Coombs positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The polymyositis did not respond to therapy, and he is left with severe muscle wasting and weakness; however, the polymyositis is now quiescent. The scleroderma occurred in an 18-year-old female who had been continuously free of Hodgkin's disease for eight years. The scleroderma did not respond to drug therapy and she now has moderate skin changes, but remains in continuous remission of her Hodgkin's disease. Although there are a few reports of Hodgkin's disease and concurrent autoimmune disorders, physicians dealing with cancer in adolescents should be aware of this association.", "contents": "Autoimmune disorders complicating adolescent Hodgkin's disease. Four adolescents with Hodgkin's disease also developed autoimmune diseases. There were two idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), one polymyositis, and one scleroderma. The first two patients developed ITP in the absence of a spleen, and with their Hodgkin's disease in remission. The first patient with Hodgkin's disease has been continuously free of cancer for over five years. The second patient was a 17-year-old male whoe Hodgkin's disease recurred, but whose disease was in remission at the time the ITP occurred. The polymyositis occurred in an 18-year-old youth when he was in his initial remission for his Hodgkin's disease, but his disease subsequently recurred two years later. This youth presented with Coombs positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The polymyositis did not respond to therapy, and he is left with severe muscle wasting and weakness; however, the polymyositis is now quiescent. The scleroderma occurred in an 18-year-old female who had been continuously free of Hodgkin's disease for eight years. The scleroderma did not respond to drug therapy and she now has moderate skin changes, but remains in continuous remission of her Hodgkin's disease. Although there are a few reports of Hodgkin's disease and concurrent autoimmune disorders, physicians dealing with cancer in adolescents should be aware of this association.", "PMID": 572259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9950", "title": "Cellular binding proteins for vitamin A in the normal human uterine cervix and in dysplasias.", "content": "Cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein are present in the cytosol of normal human uterine cervical tissues, as detected by ultracentrifugation analysis. Both binding proteins have characteristically high specificity for their respective ligands. In sucrose gradients, both proteins sediment in the 2S region and are of similar molecular weight (M.W. approximately 14,000). In blind analyses of cervical biopsies, obtained under direct vision by colposcopy of normal women (control) or from patients histopathologically diagnosed to have dysplasias or carcinoma in situ (study group), CRBP was not detectable by sucrose gradient analysis in 78.8% of the 33 abnormal biopsies, compared to 23.5% of the 34 controls. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). In biopsies in which CRBP was detected, the mean levels were 2.76 and 0.72 pmol/mg protein in the cytosol for the control and study groups, respectively. In some subjects from each group, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein but not CRBP was detected in the biopsied tissue. The presence and role of these binding proteins in vitamin A metabolism, epithelial maturation and differentiation in cervical dysplasias, and in situ lesions remain to be investigated.", "contents": "Cellular binding proteins for vitamin A in the normal human uterine cervix and in dysplasias. Cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein are present in the cytosol of normal human uterine cervical tissues, as detected by ultracentrifugation analysis. Both binding proteins have characteristically high specificity for their respective ligands. In sucrose gradients, both proteins sediment in the 2S region and are of similar molecular weight (M.W. approximately 14,000). In blind analyses of cervical biopsies, obtained under direct vision by colposcopy of normal women (control) or from patients histopathologically diagnosed to have dysplasias or carcinoma in situ (study group), CRBP was not detectable by sucrose gradient analysis in 78.8% of the 33 abnormal biopsies, compared to 23.5% of the 34 controls. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). In biopsies in which CRBP was detected, the mean levels were 2.76 and 0.72 pmol/mg protein in the cytosol for the control and study groups, respectively. In some subjects from each group, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein but not CRBP was detected in the biopsied tissue. The presence and role of these binding proteins in vitamin A metabolism, epithelial maturation and differentiation in cervical dysplasias, and in situ lesions remain to be investigated.", "PMID": 572260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9951", "title": "Efficacy of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and N-[N-gamma-glutamyl-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucinyl]-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine against experimental tumors in conventional and nude mice.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic effects of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) and N-[N-gamma-glutamyl-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucinyl]6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (azotomycin) were evaluated in a spectrum of transplantable experimental tumor systems including xenografts of human tumors in athymic mice. Both drugs displayed remarkable activity against the murine leukemia L1210 and P388, the Colon Tumors C26 and C38 and the CD8F1 mammary tumor. No significant activity was observed against Lewis lung carcinoma, B16 carcinoma, B16 melanoma, and intracranial ependymoblastoma. DON and azotomycin also exhibited striking inhibitory effects on the growth of s.c. human tumor (MX-1 mammary, LX-1 lung and CX-1 and CX-2 colon) xenografts in athymic mice. With the exception of one colon xenograft (CX-1), all tumor lines were markedly responsive to both drugs. Tumor regressions below the initial tumor sizes of 100 to 300 mg, albeit temporary, were brought about by one course of treatment every 4 days for 3 doses (at optimal dose) with either drug. Although these drugs have been tested previously in the clinic and have shown only limited therapeutic effectiveness, they seem to worthy of a second and closer look in light of the recent laboratory results.", "contents": "Efficacy of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and N-[N-gamma-glutamyl-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucinyl]-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine against experimental tumors in conventional and nude mice. The chemotherapeutic effects of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) and N-[N-gamma-glutamyl-6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucinyl]6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (azotomycin) were evaluated in a spectrum of transplantable experimental tumor systems including xenografts of human tumors in athymic mice. Both drugs displayed remarkable activity against the murine leukemia L1210 and P388, the Colon Tumors C26 and C38 and the CD8F1 mammary tumor. No significant activity was observed against Lewis lung carcinoma, B16 carcinoma, B16 melanoma, and intracranial ependymoblastoma. DON and azotomycin also exhibited striking inhibitory effects on the growth of s.c. human tumor (MX-1 mammary, LX-1 lung and CX-1 and CX-2 colon) xenografts in athymic mice. With the exception of one colon xenograft (CX-1), all tumor lines were markedly responsive to both drugs. Tumor regressions below the initial tumor sizes of 100 to 300 mg, albeit temporary, were brought about by one course of treatment every 4 days for 3 doses (at optimal dose) with either drug. Although these drugs have been tested previously in the clinic and have shown only limited therapeutic effectiveness, they seem to worthy of a second and closer look in light of the recent laboratory results.", "PMID": 572261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9952", "title": "Granule secretion by the luteal cell of the sheep: the fate of the granule membrane.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of the sheep has been examined at the mid-stage of the estrous cycle when progesterone secretion is active. Secretory granules are associated with the secretion of this hormone, and the evidence indicates that the granule membrane becomes incorporated into the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Further evidence of this process has been obtained from studies on the uptake of horseradish peroxidase by the luteal cells.", "contents": "Granule secretion by the luteal cell of the sheep: the fate of the granule membrane. The ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of the sheep has been examined at the mid-stage of the estrous cycle when progesterone secretion is active. Secretory granules are associated with the secretion of this hormone, and the evidence indicates that the granule membrane becomes incorporated into the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Further evidence of this process has been obtained from studies on the uptake of horseradish peroxidase by the luteal cells.", "PMID": 572262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9953", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and ventricular preexcitation.", "content": "Two patients who had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and type A ventricular preexcitation were studied and showed variations of the subvalvular flow gradients. The increase in subvalvular gradient, occurring at a time when preexcitation developed, was associated with significant increase of the systolic murmur and the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. In patient 1, the significant increase in subvalvular gradient during ventricular preexcitation was also confirmed by catheterization of the left side of the heart. The increase of the gradient with the development of the ventricular preexcitation was apparently due to decreased end-diastolic volume. The importance of ventricular volume considered as a variable affecting outflow tract gradient in idopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and ventricular preexcitation. Two patients who had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and type A ventricular preexcitation were studied and showed variations of the subvalvular flow gradients. The increase in subvalvular gradient, occurring at a time when preexcitation developed, was associated with significant increase of the systolic murmur and the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. In patient 1, the significant increase in subvalvular gradient during ventricular preexcitation was also confirmed by catheterization of the left side of the heart. The increase of the gradient with the development of the ventricular preexcitation was apparently due to decreased end-diastolic volume. The importance of ventricular volume considered as a variable affecting outflow tract gradient in idopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 572263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9954", "title": "Nucleus-anchoring cytoskeleton in chicken red blood cells.", "content": "Cytoskeleton of chicken erythrocytes was studies studied after extraction of the cells with Triton X-100. In phase contrast microscopy the extracted cells were seen as ghost-like structures with preserved morphology, distinct nucleus and surrounding plasma membrane remnant. In electron microscopy, dense matrix-like nucleus, fibrillar plasma membrane residue and filaments, ca. 10 nm in diameter, traversing the cytoplasmic domain, were seen. Distinct bands of molecular weight 68000, 53000, 32000 and bands of both higher and lower molecular weight were obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extracted cells. These results indicate that intermediate filaments, forming the nucleus-anchoring cytoskeleton, are present in nucleated chicken erythrocytes as part of cellular cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Nucleus-anchoring cytoskeleton in chicken red blood cells. Cytoskeleton of chicken erythrocytes was studies studied after extraction of the cells with Triton X-100. In phase contrast microscopy the extracted cells were seen as ghost-like structures with preserved morphology, distinct nucleus and surrounding plasma membrane remnant. In electron microscopy, dense matrix-like nucleus, fibrillar plasma membrane residue and filaments, ca. 10 nm in diameter, traversing the cytoplasmic domain, were seen. Distinct bands of molecular weight 68000, 53000, 32000 and bands of both higher and lower molecular weight were obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extracted cells. These results indicate that intermediate filaments, forming the nucleus-anchoring cytoskeleton, are present in nucleated chicken erythrocytes as part of cellular cytoskeleton.", "PMID": 572265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9955", "title": "Mitochondrial division in non nucleated sea urchin eggs.", "content": "An electron microscopic analysis of non nucleated and parthenogenetically activated sea urchin eggs shows figures that can be interpreted as dividing mitochondria. This is in agreement with our previous observations showing that the egg nucleus negatively controls mitochondrial DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Mitochondrial division in non nucleated sea urchin eggs. An electron microscopic analysis of non nucleated and parthenogenetically activated sea urchin eggs shows figures that can be interpreted as dividing mitochondria. This is in agreement with our previous observations showing that the egg nucleus negatively controls mitochondrial DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 572266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9956", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in poisoning with the agaric Cortinarius orellanus Fr. having a nephrotoxic effect].", "content": "The authors present a case of fungus poisoning involving nephrotoxic effects. Diagnosis was derived from the typical course of the conditions as well as from the postmortem and mycological investigations of intestinal contents. This is the first case of death due to this kind of poisoning ever described in Czechoslovakia.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in poisoning with the agaric Cortinarius orellanus Fr. having a nephrotoxic effect]. The authors present a case of fungus poisoning involving nephrotoxic effects. Diagnosis was derived from the typical course of the conditions as well as from the postmortem and mycological investigations of intestinal contents. This is the first case of death due to this kind of poisoning ever described in Czechoslovakia.", "PMID": 572268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9957", "title": "Separation of bound from free hormone in radioimmunoassay of lutropin and follitropin.", "content": "A new technique in which polyethylene glycol is added to double-antibody assays of lutropin and follitropin eliminates the need for an incubation period during the separatory phase. After the antigen-first-antibody equilibrium reaction, the second antibody and polyethylene glycol (30 g/L final dilution) are added, the tubes are immediately centrifuged, each supernate is aspirated, and the precipitated antibody-bound hormone is counted. With this combined polyethylene glycol-second-antibody separatory method, the incubation time is shorter than the usual double-antibody separation procedure, but avoids the problem of high nonspecific precipitation, which occurs with polyethylene glycol alone. In addition, the combined separation technique allows the use of sera containing low titers of second antibody and use of smaller volumes of sera containing high titers of second antibodies, thus conserving second-antibody reagent.", "contents": "Separation of bound from free hormone in radioimmunoassay of lutropin and follitropin. A new technique in which polyethylene glycol is added to double-antibody assays of lutropin and follitropin eliminates the need for an incubation period during the separatory phase. After the antigen-first-antibody equilibrium reaction, the second antibody and polyethylene glycol (30 g/L final dilution) are added, the tubes are immediately centrifuged, each supernate is aspirated, and the precipitated antibody-bound hormone is counted. With this combined polyethylene glycol-second-antibody separatory method, the incubation time is shorter than the usual double-antibody separation procedure, but avoids the problem of high nonspecific precipitation, which occurs with polyethylene glycol alone. In addition, the combined separation technique allows the use of sera containing low titers of second antibody and use of smaller volumes of sera containing high titers of second antibodies, thus conserving second-antibody reagent.", "PMID": 572272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9958", "title": "Enzymic assay for serum theophylline.", "content": "We describe an original procedure for determination of theophylline in serum. The drug is extracted from 0.4 mL of serum at pH 7.4 with chloroform/isopropanol (20/1 by vol) and back-extracted into sodium hydroxide (1 mmol/L). The inhibition of beef-liver alkaline phosphatases by theophylline in this alkaline phase is measured at 25 degrees C, with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, in 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol buffer, pH 9.4- The reciprocal of enzyme activity and theophylline concentration are linearly related in the range 2 to 60 mg/L. The maximum interference to be expected from 3-methylxanthine would increase apparent theophylline concentration by no more than 1 mg/L. The method is accurate, free of interference by other xanthines and often-coadministered drugs, and results correlate well with those by the immunoenzymic assay. Major advantages are reagent stability, low cost, and simplicity of instrumentation.", "contents": "Enzymic assay for serum theophylline. We describe an original procedure for determination of theophylline in serum. The drug is extracted from 0.4 mL of serum at pH 7.4 with chloroform/isopropanol (20/1 by vol) and back-extracted into sodium hydroxide (1 mmol/L). The inhibition of beef-liver alkaline phosphatases by theophylline in this alkaline phase is measured at 25 degrees C, with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, in 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol buffer, pH 9.4- The reciprocal of enzyme activity and theophylline concentration are linearly related in the range 2 to 60 mg/L. The maximum interference to be expected from 3-methylxanthine would increase apparent theophylline concentration by no more than 1 mg/L. The method is accurate, free of interference by other xanthines and often-coadministered drugs, and results correlate well with those by the immunoenzymic assay. Major advantages are reagent stability, low cost, and simplicity of instrumentation.", "PMID": 572273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9959", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme--antibody reactions in immuno-inhibition and immunonephelometry.", "content": "I have raised, in rabbits, antibodies against MM and BB isoenzymes of creatine kinase. The antibodies produced were homogeneous by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion and did not cross react with their opposite antigens. Both antisera, however, appeared to be mixtures of antibodies, displaying different equivalences for activation, inactivation, and, possibly, precipitation. Inactivation studies indicated the presence of antibodies effective against dimer only and antibodies effective against monomer or dimer. Both antisera cross reacted with MB and displayed antibodies that appeared to block only half of the activity as well as antibodies that blocked all of the activity. The antisera produced were useful for measuring MB by both immuno-inhibition and immunonephelometry, but neither appears to be advantageous over current electrophoresis or ion-exchange methods. A comparison of decay of MB in patients between activity and mass measurements indicated that activity decay is about 12-fold faster than mass decay.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme--antibody reactions in immuno-inhibition and immunonephelometry. I have raised, in rabbits, antibodies against MM and BB isoenzymes of creatine kinase. The antibodies produced were homogeneous by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion and did not cross react with their opposite antigens. Both antisera, however, appeared to be mixtures of antibodies, displaying different equivalences for activation, inactivation, and, possibly, precipitation. Inactivation studies indicated the presence of antibodies effective against dimer only and antibodies effective against monomer or dimer. Both antisera cross reacted with MB and displayed antibodies that appeared to block only half of the activity as well as antibodies that blocked all of the activity. The antisera produced were useful for measuring MB by both immuno-inhibition and immunonephelometry, but neither appears to be advantageous over current electrophoresis or ion-exchange methods. A comparison of decay of MB in patients between activity and mass measurements indicated that activity decay is about 12-fold faster than mass decay.", "PMID": 572274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9960", "title": "Functional significance of antibody formation after long-term salmon calcitonin therapy.", "content": "Twenty patients with Paget's disease were challenged with porcine (PCT) and salmon (SCT) calcitonin before and after 6 months SCT therapy. Acute hypocalcaemia was clearly related to the prevailing rate of bone turnover but responses to PCT showed that treatment had not disturbed this relationship. Although antibodies to SCT developed in eight patients during the period of treatment the acute hypocalcaemic response to SCT was not diminished in relation to bone turnover. It is suggested that antibodies which develop during the course of SCT therapy do not necessarily exert a functionally effective neutralizing action.", "contents": "Functional significance of antibody formation after long-term salmon calcitonin therapy. Twenty patients with Paget's disease were challenged with porcine (PCT) and salmon (SCT) calcitonin before and after 6 months SCT therapy. Acute hypocalcaemia was clearly related to the prevailing rate of bone turnover but responses to PCT showed that treatment had not disturbed this relationship. Although antibodies to SCT developed in eight patients during the period of treatment the acute hypocalcaemic response to SCT was not diminished in relation to bone turnover. It is suggested that antibodies which develop during the course of SCT therapy do not necessarily exert a functionally effective neutralizing action.", "PMID": 572275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9961", "title": "Inter- and intrasubject variation in diazepam free fraction.", "content": "The extent of intersubject variation in diazepam free fraction was measured in fasting plasma of 74 unrelated subjects. Free fraction differences between subjects were significant and ranged from 0.97% to 1.99%. Diazepam free fraction in 29 males was normally distributed about a mean of 1.25% (range, 1.05% to 1.47%), but the distribution in females was skewed to higher free fractions and 40% had values above the highest in males. Albumin concentration (r = -0.27, p less than 0.002) and age (r = 0.44, p less than 0.001) only accounted for a small part of the variation. Within-pair variances were not greater in 11 dizygotic than in 18 monozygotic twin pairs, indicating a greater contribution of environmental than of genetic factors to diazepam binding. The prehemodialysis free fractions of diazepam in 9 uremic patients ranged from 3.44% to 6.69%, and decreased (p less than 0.005) in 7 after 6 hr of hemodialysis. In 10 subjects determination of intrasubject variation in diazepam free fraction between 14-hr fasting and 2-hr postprandial plasma samples indicated that because subjects differ in their pattern of change in free fraction (p less than 0.001), the overall decrease in mean free fraction did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.10). The mean relative percent change in free fraction within subjects after feeding was 15.2%.", "contents": "Inter- and intrasubject variation in diazepam free fraction. The extent of intersubject variation in diazepam free fraction was measured in fasting plasma of 74 unrelated subjects. Free fraction differences between subjects were significant and ranged from 0.97% to 1.99%. Diazepam free fraction in 29 males was normally distributed about a mean of 1.25% (range, 1.05% to 1.47%), but the distribution in females was skewed to higher free fractions and 40% had values above the highest in males. Albumin concentration (r = -0.27, p less than 0.002) and age (r = 0.44, p less than 0.001) only accounted for a small part of the variation. Within-pair variances were not greater in 11 dizygotic than in 18 monozygotic twin pairs, indicating a greater contribution of environmental than of genetic factors to diazepam binding. The prehemodialysis free fractions of diazepam in 9 uremic patients ranged from 3.44% to 6.69%, and decreased (p less than 0.005) in 7 after 6 hr of hemodialysis. In 10 subjects determination of intrasubject variation in diazepam free fraction between 14-hr fasting and 2-hr postprandial plasma samples indicated that because subjects differ in their pattern of change in free fraction (p less than 0.001), the overall decrease in mean free fraction did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.10). The mean relative percent change in free fraction within subjects after feeding was 15.2%.", "PMID": 572277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9962", "title": "DNA measurements of mitotic chromosomes of the rabbit (Orytolagus cuniculus).", "content": "DNA cytophotometry was used to obtain the relative DNA content of mitotic chromosomes of Orytolagus cuniculus. DNA ranking of the rabbit chromosomes is presented, and related to the quinacrine and Giemsa-banded karyotype. In addition, the relative DNA content of the short and long arms of each chromosome was calculated and the DNA-based centromeric index, (i.e., the ratio of long-arm DNA to total chromosomal DNA) determined. The Y chromosome is clearly a submetacentric chromosome on the basis of the DNA measurements.", "contents": "DNA measurements of mitotic chromosomes of the rabbit (Orytolagus cuniculus). DNA cytophotometry was used to obtain the relative DNA content of mitotic chromosomes of Orytolagus cuniculus. DNA ranking of the rabbit chromosomes is presented, and related to the quinacrine and Giemsa-banded karyotype. In addition, the relative DNA content of the short and long arms of each chromosome was calculated and the DNA-based centromeric index, (i.e., the ratio of long-arm DNA to total chromosomal DNA) determined. The Y chromosome is clearly a submetacentric chromosome on the basis of the DNA measurements.", "PMID": 572281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9963", "title": "Echocardiography in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis coexisting with pericardial effusion.", "content": "Of 89 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who had M-mode echocardiagrams recorded, seven patients with coexisting moderate to large pericardial effusions were identified. The clinical profile, M-mode echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization and angiocardiographic studies in two of the seven patients were analyzed. That the two entities were not associated was suggested by the identification of an etiology for the pericardial effusion in four of the patients. Although the \"swinging heart\" phenomenon was exhibited in the echocardiograms of each patient, the presence of a significant pericardial effusion did not preclude the ability to establish a diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis by M-mode echocardiography.", "contents": "Echocardiography in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis coexisting with pericardial effusion. Of 89 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who had M-mode echocardiagrams recorded, seven patients with coexisting moderate to large pericardial effusions were identified. The clinical profile, M-mode echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization and angiocardiographic studies in two of the seven patients were analyzed. That the two entities were not associated was suggested by the identification of an etiology for the pericardial effusion in four of the patients. Although the \"swinging heart\" phenomenon was exhibited in the echocardiograms of each patient, the presence of a significant pericardial effusion did not preclude the ability to establish a diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis by M-mode echocardiography.", "PMID": 572282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9964", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the heart. Diagnosis by echocardiography.", "content": "Angiosarcoma of the heart is a rare tumor infrequently diagnosed ante mortem. The clinical presentation is usually that of pericarditis or congestive heart failure. This case report illustrates the contribution of echocardiography in suggesting the diagnosis.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the heart. Diagnosis by echocardiography. Angiosarcoma of the heart is a rare tumor infrequently diagnosed ante mortem. The clinical presentation is usually that of pericarditis or congestive heart failure. This case report illustrates the contribution of echocardiography in suggesting the diagnosis.", "PMID": 572283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9965", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid pathways in a murine mutant.", "content": "The hy-3/hy-3 mouse is a model of congenital hydrocephalus. The development of the subarachnoid space and extracellular space were studied in normal and hydrocephalic animals. A previous space in the mesenchyme is altered to form the subarachnoid space. Changes in the extracellular space demonstrate that this space is dynamic and acts to compensate for events occurring in the ventricular system. The aqueduct and central spinal canal are also involved in the hydrocephalic process. Change in cerebral vasculature may indicate the processes which lead to irreversibility.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid pathways in a murine mutant. The hy-3/hy-3 mouse is a model of congenital hydrocephalus. The development of the subarachnoid space and extracellular space were studied in normal and hydrocephalic animals. A previous space in the mesenchyme is altered to form the subarachnoid space. Changes in the extracellular space demonstrate that this space is dynamic and acts to compensate for events occurring in the ventricular system. The aqueduct and central spinal canal are also involved in the hydrocephalic process. Change in cerebral vasculature may indicate the processes which lead to irreversibility.", "PMID": 572284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9966", "title": "[Glucose-homeostasis in resection and non-resection procedures of the stomach].", "content": "Antrectomy or truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty induces an abnormal alimentary hyperglycemia after ingestion of oral glucose. Low doses of secretin normalize the glucose homeostasis in dogs after antrectomy and truncal vagotomy.", "contents": "[Glucose-homeostasis in resection and non-resection procedures of the stomach]. Antrectomy or truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty induces an abnormal alimentary hyperglycemia after ingestion of oral glucose. Low doses of secretin normalize the glucose homeostasis in dogs after antrectomy and truncal vagotomy.", "PMID": 572285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9967", "title": "[Healing process of unpreserved homologous articular cartilage transplantation in animal experiments].", "content": "Our experimental work was concerned with the healing process of fresh homologous osteochondral grafts in the knee joints of 45 sheep. The ultrastructural investigations pointed clearly to the fact that the cells of fresh homografts completely survive under optimal conditions. Neither transformation nor metaplasia were evident.", "contents": "[Healing process of unpreserved homologous articular cartilage transplantation in animal experiments]. Our experimental work was concerned with the healing process of fresh homologous osteochondral grafts in the knee joints of 45 sheep. The ultrastructural investigations pointed clearly to the fact that the cells of fresh homografts completely survive under optimal conditions. Neither transformation nor metaplasia were evident.", "PMID": 572286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9968", "title": "[Studies on organ-related postoperative utilization of administered amino acids].", "content": "The exclusive postoperative supply of carbohydrates resulted in a significant improvement (24%) of cumulative nitrogen balance, because increased insulin production apparently caused augmented recycling of amino acids liberated during catabolism. Through addition of amino acids the decreased branched chain amino acids returned to normal levels, whereas the significant fall in plasma proteins with short half-life remained unchanged. Therefore it is assumed that the available amino acids (64% of supply) have predominantly anabolic functions in peripheral tissues and fewer are used to synthesize plasma proteins in the liver.", "contents": "[Studies on organ-related postoperative utilization of administered amino acids]. The exclusive postoperative supply of carbohydrates resulted in a significant improvement (24%) of cumulative nitrogen balance, because increased insulin production apparently caused augmented recycling of amino acids liberated during catabolism. Through addition of amino acids the decreased branched chain amino acids returned to normal levels, whereas the significant fall in plasma proteins with short half-life remained unchanged. Therefore it is assumed that the available amino acids (64% of supply) have predominantly anabolic functions in peripheral tissues and fewer are used to synthesize plasma proteins in the liver.", "PMID": 572287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9969", "title": "Discordance for achalasia in identical twins.", "content": "Twenty-year-old twin sisters, believed monozygotic on the basis of extensive blood grouping and cytogenetic studies, are reported. One twin demonstrated classical clinical, radiologic, and manometric features of achalasia, while similar studies in her sister documented perfectly normal esophageal motor function. Genetically determined damage to the esophageal parasympathetic innervation is, therefore, not a likely cause for the esophageal motor dysfunction in achalasia.", "contents": "Discordance for achalasia in identical twins. Twenty-year-old twin sisters, believed monozygotic on the basis of extensive blood grouping and cytogenetic studies, are reported. One twin demonstrated classical clinical, radiologic, and manometric features of achalasia, while similar studies in her sister documented perfectly normal esophageal motor function. Genetically determined damage to the esophageal parasympathetic innervation is, therefore, not a likely cause for the esophageal motor dysfunction in achalasia.", "PMID": 572288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9970", "title": "[Treatment of diabetes during pregnancy with Des-Phe insulin: preliminary results (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven pregnant diabetics were treated with Des-Phe insulin (Hoe 01-S and Hoe 02-S). Daily blood glucose profiles were obtained for 7 to 32 weeks, a total of 4182 measurements. The blood glucose level was well controlled with the insulin preparation. Postprandial blood-glucose increase was counteracted so that even one hour after food the preprandial blood sugar concentration had been reached (Des-Phe insulin Hoe 01-S). This ensured normal carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. There were no side effects or skin allergies. The pregnancy proceeded uneventfully in all patients resulting in seven normal infants.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetes during pregnancy with Des-Phe insulin: preliminary results (author's transl)]. Seven pregnant diabetics were treated with Des-Phe insulin (Hoe 01-S and Hoe 02-S). Daily blood glucose profiles were obtained for 7 to 32 weeks, a total of 4182 measurements. The blood glucose level was well controlled with the insulin preparation. Postprandial blood-glucose increase was counteracted so that even one hour after food the preprandial blood sugar concentration had been reached (Des-Phe insulin Hoe 01-S). This ensured normal carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. There were no side effects or skin allergies. The pregnancy proceeded uneventfully in all patients resulting in seven normal infants.", "PMID": 572289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9971", "title": "Studies on pituitary follitropin. IV. A conformation specific radioimmunoassay for the ovine hormone.", "content": "An antiserum to partially purified ovine follitropin (50 x NIH-FSH-S10) shows species specificity. It is conformation dependent and requires the proper recombination of the alpha and beta subunits for maximal reactivity. The isolated alpha subunit is essentially inactive and the hormone specific beta subunit is weakly reactive. The homologous radioimmunoassay is valuable for estimating native ovine follitropin in the presence of free subunits. It also provides a sensitive method to study association-dissociation and structure-function relationships.", "contents": "Studies on pituitary follitropin. IV. A conformation specific radioimmunoassay for the ovine hormone. An antiserum to partially purified ovine follitropin (50 x NIH-FSH-S10) shows species specificity. It is conformation dependent and requires the proper recombination of the alpha and beta subunits for maximal reactivity. The isolated alpha subunit is essentially inactive and the hormone specific beta subunit is weakly reactive. The homologous radioimmunoassay is valuable for estimating native ovine follitropin in the presence of free subunits. It also provides a sensitive method to study association-dissociation and structure-function relationships.", "PMID": 572291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9972", "title": "Reversal by insulin of concanavalin A inhibition of myotube formation and evidence for common binding sites.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) inhibits fusion of trypsin-treated myoblasts. This inhibition is reversed by the addition of supraphysiological concentrations (4 micrograms/ml) of insulin either during continuous presence in culture or by pulse additions at 36 and 48 h of culture, just before the time that cultures not treated with Con A undergo myoblast fusion. This reversal is not due to the mitogenic effects of insulin. Under reversal conditions, no specific displacement of bound [125I]iodo-Con A was detected nor did insulin stimulate metabolite uptake. Cell surface replicas of hemocyanin-tagged Con A showed that insulin reversal of the inhibition of myotube formation correlated with the alteration of Con A-binding sites from a clustered configuration present in the inhibited cells to a dispersed state correlated with normal myotube formation. Although a causal relationship has yet to be shown, the data suggest that insulin-mediated reversal of Con A inhibition of myoblast fusion may be related to the ability of insulin at supraphysiological levels to alter the translational mobility of cell surface components containing glucose and/or mannose residues capable of binding Con A. Evidence is presented which suggests that insulin and Con A share common binding sites, since in the physiological range of insulin concentrations (1 ng/ml), Con A pretreatments results in an inhibition of specific [125I]iodo-insulin binding, and antagonistic interactions of insulin and Con A on metabolite uptake and cell proliferation occur. Thus, it appears that the insulin receptors of developing skeletal muscle are glycoproteins containing glycopyranosides.", "contents": "Reversal by insulin of concanavalin A inhibition of myotube formation and evidence for common binding sites. Concanavalin A (Con A) inhibits fusion of trypsin-treated myoblasts. This inhibition is reversed by the addition of supraphysiological concentrations (4 micrograms/ml) of insulin either during continuous presence in culture or by pulse additions at 36 and 48 h of culture, just before the time that cultures not treated with Con A undergo myoblast fusion. This reversal is not due to the mitogenic effects of insulin. Under reversal conditions, no specific displacement of bound [125I]iodo-Con A was detected nor did insulin stimulate metabolite uptake. Cell surface replicas of hemocyanin-tagged Con A showed that insulin reversal of the inhibition of myotube formation correlated with the alteration of Con A-binding sites from a clustered configuration present in the inhibited cells to a dispersed state correlated with normal myotube formation. Although a causal relationship has yet to be shown, the data suggest that insulin-mediated reversal of Con A inhibition of myoblast fusion may be related to the ability of insulin at supraphysiological levels to alter the translational mobility of cell surface components containing glucose and/or mannose residues capable of binding Con A. Evidence is presented which suggests that insulin and Con A share common binding sites, since in the physiological range of insulin concentrations (1 ng/ml), Con A pretreatments results in an inhibition of specific [125I]iodo-insulin binding, and antagonistic interactions of insulin and Con A on metabolite uptake and cell proliferation occur. Thus, it appears that the insulin receptors of developing skeletal muscle are glycoproteins containing glycopyranosides.", "PMID": 572292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9973", "title": "Properties of the methane mono-oxygenase from extracts of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and evidence for its similarity to the enzyme from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath).", "content": "1. The methane mono-oxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was soluble. The only suitable electron donor was NAD(P)H, neither sodium L-ascorbate nor electrons derived from the oxidation of methanol could substitute for NAD(P)H. Evidence is presented for the existence of an NAD+-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase. 2. Mono-oxygenase activity was not inhibited by a range of potential inhibitors including potassium cyanide, amytal, carbon monoxide or various metal-chelating agents, although 8-hydroxyquinoline and ethyne were effective in this respect. 3. Although the enzyme preparations were unstable on storage, the crude extract could be resolved into two components by ion-exchange chromatography. Activity could be restored to one of the components on addition of purified components from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). 4. Cross-reactivity of mono-oxygenase components and other similarities between the enzymes from M. trichosporium and M. capsulatus are discussed. The properties of the M. trichosporium methane mono-oxygenase reported here are contrasted with the properties of the same enzyme reported by others.", "contents": "Properties of the methane mono-oxygenase from extracts of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and evidence for its similarity to the enzyme from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). 1. The methane mono-oxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was soluble. The only suitable electron donor was NAD(P)H, neither sodium L-ascorbate nor electrons derived from the oxidation of methanol could substitute for NAD(P)H. Evidence is presented for the existence of an NAD+-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase. 2. Mono-oxygenase activity was not inhibited by a range of potential inhibitors including potassium cyanide, amytal, carbon monoxide or various metal-chelating agents, although 8-hydroxyquinoline and ethyne were effective in this respect. 3. Although the enzyme preparations were unstable on storage, the crude extract could be resolved into two components by ion-exchange chromatography. Activity could be restored to one of the components on addition of purified components from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). 4. Cross-reactivity of mono-oxygenase components and other similarities between the enzymes from M. trichosporium and M. capsulatus are discussed. The properties of the M. trichosporium methane mono-oxygenase reported here are contrasted with the properties of the same enzyme reported by others.", "PMID": 572296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9974", "title": "Nucleotide sequence coding for the N-terminal region of the matrix protein influenza virus.", "content": "After polyadenylation in vitro of the influenza virus RNA segment which contains the coding information for the matrix protein, a cDNA copy can be made using the primer p(dT)8-dA and reverse transcriptase. The sequence of 166 nucleotides of the cDNA was determined by a modification [Brownlee, G. G. & Cartwright, E. M. (1977) J. Mol. Biol, 114, 93--117] of the plus/minus method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441--481] and adaptation of the \"dideoxy\" method [Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. & Coulson, A. R. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5463--5467] for sequencing DNA. The cDNA sequences is of the same sense as the mRNA for matrix protein and contains a potential initiating codon, d(ATG), at position 26--28. When matrix protein purified from virus particles was digested with chymotrypsin or trypsin and the amino acid compositions of separated peptides determined, one peptide containing nine amino acids found which had a composition corresponding to that predicted by the cDNA sequence following the first methionine codon, confirming that protein synthesis initiates at this position. The compositions of four other peptides matches those predicted from the nucleotide sequence. There is no processing of the N terminus of the protein before incorporation into the virus particle except for removal of the N-terminal methionine and addition of a \"blocking\" group on the resulting N-terminal serine residue.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence coding for the N-terminal region of the matrix protein influenza virus. After polyadenylation in vitro of the influenza virus RNA segment which contains the coding information for the matrix protein, a cDNA copy can be made using the primer p(dT)8-dA and reverse transcriptase. The sequence of 166 nucleotides of the cDNA was determined by a modification [Brownlee, G. G. & Cartwright, E. M. (1977) J. Mol. Biol, 114, 93--117] of the plus/minus method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441--481] and adaptation of the \"dideoxy\" method [Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. & Coulson, A. R. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5463--5467] for sequencing DNA. The cDNA sequences is of the same sense as the mRNA for matrix protein and contains a potential initiating codon, d(ATG), at position 26--28. When matrix protein purified from virus particles was digested with chymotrypsin or trypsin and the amino acid compositions of separated peptides determined, one peptide containing nine amino acids found which had a composition corresponding to that predicted by the cDNA sequence following the first methionine codon, confirming that protein synthesis initiates at this position. The compositions of four other peptides matches those predicted from the nucleotide sequence. There is no processing of the N terminus of the protein before incorporation into the virus particle except for removal of the N-terminal methionine and addition of a \"blocking\" group on the resulting N-terminal serine residue.", "PMID": 572297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9975", "title": "Presynaptic subsensitivity as a possible basis for sensitization by long-term dopamine mimetics.", "content": "A possible cellular basis for dopaminergic sensitization by long-term dopamine mimetics was examined in rat brain striatum. Long-term apomorphine or amphetamine administration (10 mg/kg/day for 14 days) resulted in a decrease in the specific binding of 3H-apomorphine, but no change in 3H-haloperidol binding. Long-term apomorphine treatment also enhanced the cataleptogenic action of haloperidol, with many rats being spontaneously cataleptic after apomorphine withdrawal. It is suggested that the reduced 3H-apomorphine binding signifies less presynaptic receptors. This permits less autoregulation and enhanced dopamine agonist action, possibly accounting for the dopaminergic sensitization by long-term agonists.", "contents": "Presynaptic subsensitivity as a possible basis for sensitization by long-term dopamine mimetics. A possible cellular basis for dopaminergic sensitization by long-term dopamine mimetics was examined in rat brain striatum. Long-term apomorphine or amphetamine administration (10 mg/kg/day for 14 days) resulted in a decrease in the specific binding of 3H-apomorphine, but no change in 3H-haloperidol binding. Long-term apomorphine treatment also enhanced the cataleptogenic action of haloperidol, with many rats being spontaneously cataleptic after apomorphine withdrawal. It is suggested that the reduced 3H-apomorphine binding signifies less presynaptic receptors. This permits less autoregulation and enhanced dopamine agonist action, possibly accounting for the dopaminergic sensitization by long-term agonists.", "PMID": 572299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9976", "title": "The effect of an intrauterine device on myometrial glycogen in the hamster.", "content": "The myometrical glycogen content of the uterine horns of cycling, castrated and castrated hormone-treated hamsters was basically unaffected by the presence of an intrauterine device (IUD). The study also indicates that visual evaluation of histochemical localization of glycogen is not adequate to determine minor differences in staining intensity. The \"estrogen-like\" effect or stimulatory effect of the IUD on uterine glycogen in the rat is not duplicated in the hamster.", "contents": "The effect of an intrauterine device on myometrial glycogen in the hamster. The myometrical glycogen content of the uterine horns of cycling, castrated and castrated hormone-treated hamsters was basically unaffected by the presence of an intrauterine device (IUD). The study also indicates that visual evaluation of histochemical localization of glycogen is not adequate to determine minor differences in staining intensity. The \"estrogen-like\" effect or stimulatory effect of the IUD on uterine glycogen in the rat is not duplicated in the hamster.", "PMID": 572305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9977", "title": "[Dynamics of hormone secretion during chronic emotional stress].", "content": "Study of spontaneous secretion of corticosteroids and thyroid hormones and the direct hormonal response to stress revealed the pathogenic effect of chronic combined emotional stress upon the hormonal function of adrenal glands. The hippocampus takes part in formation of the emotional tension in response to stress stimulus and of the following hormonal secretion.", "contents": "[Dynamics of hormone secretion during chronic emotional stress]. Study of spontaneous secretion of corticosteroids and thyroid hormones and the direct hormonal response to stress revealed the pathogenic effect of chronic combined emotional stress upon the hormonal function of adrenal glands. The hippocampus takes part in formation of the emotional tension in response to stress stimulus and of the following hormonal secretion.", "PMID": 572306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9978", "title": "The effect of polyanion on the enzymatic degradation of modified deoxyribonucleoprotein samples.", "content": "The degradation of DNA in modified deoxyribonucleoprotein samples by DNase II in the presence of a polyanion (polypentose sulphate) was studied. The behaviour of DNP samples partially depleted of histone and treated with acetic anhydride is characterized by an increased accessibility of their DNA to DNase II, by a decreased polyanion amount needed for the maximum enzymatic degradation of their DNA, and, finally, by a more profound inhibitory effect of higher polyanion amounts on the DNase II-catalyzed degradation. On the other hand, the behaviour of DNP samples treated with formaldehyde is characterized by a decreased accessibility of their DNA to DNase II, by a limited increase in the enzymatic degradation of their DNA in the presence of the polyanion, and finally by a less profound inhibitory effect of higher polyanion amounts on the DNase II-catalyzed degradation.", "contents": "The effect of polyanion on the enzymatic degradation of modified deoxyribonucleoprotein samples. The degradation of DNA in modified deoxyribonucleoprotein samples by DNase II in the presence of a polyanion (polypentose sulphate) was studied. The behaviour of DNP samples partially depleted of histone and treated with acetic anhydride is characterized by an increased accessibility of their DNA to DNase II, by a decreased polyanion amount needed for the maximum enzymatic degradation of their DNA, and, finally, by a more profound inhibitory effect of higher polyanion amounts on the DNase II-catalyzed degradation. On the other hand, the behaviour of DNP samples treated with formaldehyde is characterized by a decreased accessibility of their DNA to DNase II, by a limited increase in the enzymatic degradation of their DNA in the presence of the polyanion, and finally by a less profound inhibitory effect of higher polyanion amounts on the DNase II-catalyzed degradation.", "PMID": 572307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9979", "title": "[Effect of pellet size on respiratory activity and motility of cryopreserved spermatocytes].", "content": "The effect of different pellet volumes at freeze preservation in human semen was studied. It was measured the motility of spermatozoa during an incubation time of several hours at 37 degrees C and the alteration of oxygen consumption after adding rotenone, succinate, digitonine or 2,4-dinitrophenol. - The motility of cryopreserved spermatozoa does not show significant differences after preservation procedure. In respect of oxygen consumption the smallest differences from native material were obtained at a pellet volume of 0,2 to 0,3 cm3. Explanations for this behaviour are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of pellet size on respiratory activity and motility of cryopreserved spermatocytes]. The effect of different pellet volumes at freeze preservation in human semen was studied. It was measured the motility of spermatozoa during an incubation time of several hours at 37 degrees C and the alteration of oxygen consumption after adding rotenone, succinate, digitonine or 2,4-dinitrophenol. - The motility of cryopreserved spermatozoa does not show significant differences after preservation procedure. In respect of oxygen consumption the smallest differences from native material were obtained at a pellet volume of 0,2 to 0,3 cm3. Explanations for this behaviour are discussed.", "PMID": 572308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9980", "title": "Effect of neonatal stunting on development of rats: large litter rearing.", "content": "As nurslings, rat pups reared in large litters showed reduced frequencies of returns to their nest from other parts of the home cage and reached maximum levels of nest returns at older ages than control animals from small litters. These differences were not due to differences in activity level or attraction to the nest but appeared to be perceptual in nature. As adults, animals from large litters showed deficits in learning the 1st 2 problems in a series of visual discriminations in a modified version of the Lashley jumping stand technique in which food reinforcement was not used. The deficits were confined to male animals only and were the result of stronger position habits in the early part of training, rather than an inability to make the discriminations. A comparison of these results with those obtained when other methods of stunting animals are employed revealed that different methods of stunting may result in both common and divergent effects on behavior. One long-term consequence of large litter rearing appears to be increased emotional response to noval situations.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal stunting on development of rats: large litter rearing. As nurslings, rat pups reared in large litters showed reduced frequencies of returns to their nest from other parts of the home cage and reached maximum levels of nest returns at older ages than control animals from small litters. These differences were not due to differences in activity level or attraction to the nest but appeared to be perceptual in nature. As adults, animals from large litters showed deficits in learning the 1st 2 problems in a series of visual discriminations in a modified version of the Lashley jumping stand technique in which food reinforcement was not used. The deficits were confined to male animals only and were the result of stronger position habits in the early part of training, rather than an inability to make the discriminations. A comparison of these results with those obtained when other methods of stunting animals are employed revealed that different methods of stunting may result in both common and divergent effects on behavior. One long-term consequence of large litter rearing appears to be increased emotional response to noval situations.", "PMID": 572311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9981", "title": "Three parameters affecting interlitter variations.", "content": "We studied 3 parameters affecting average body weight differences between mouse litters and have arrived at an approximation of the contribution that each makes to such differences. These parameters are birth weight, genetically based growth potential variations, and maternal competence. We have developed methods for controlling these parameters and show that through their application we can reduce litter-average body weight differences from our normal value of more than 24% to about 3%. The vanished 21% consists of 12% due to differences in maternal competence, 6% due to growth potential differences, and 3% due to initial weight differences.", "contents": "Three parameters affecting interlitter variations. We studied 3 parameters affecting average body weight differences between mouse litters and have arrived at an approximation of the contribution that each makes to such differences. These parameters are birth weight, genetically based growth potential variations, and maternal competence. We have developed methods for controlling these parameters and show that through their application we can reduce litter-average body weight differences from our normal value of more than 24% to about 3%. The vanished 21% consists of 12% due to differences in maternal competence, 6% due to growth potential differences, and 3% due to initial weight differences.", "PMID": 572312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9982", "title": "Argon vs. neodymium YAG laser photocoagulation of experimental canine gastric ulcers.", "content": "A neodymium YAG (Nd:YAG) laser was evaluated in a dog ulcer model used in the same manner as is recommended for bleeding patients (power 55 W, divergence angle 4 degrees, with CO2 gas-jet assistance). The experiments were performed during sterile laparotomy in heparinized dogs. Bleeding gastric ulcers were photocoagulated until bleeding stopped and then examined histologically 7 days later when depth of tissue injury was maximal. In the first series of experiments, the Nd:YAG laser was compared with the 7-W argon laser in the same dogs. Both lasers stopped bleeding from all experimental ulcers. The 55-W Nd:YAG laser caused full-thickness injury to the gastric wall beneath 11 of the 14 treated ulcers, whereas the 7-W argon laser caused no full-thickness injury beneath 14 treated ulcers. In a second series of experiments, we tried to determine whether varying exposure times with the 55-W Nd:YAG laser would make it less injurious; it did not. In a third series of experiments, the 55-W Nd:YAG laser was tested with and without CO2 gas-jet assistance in order to determine if this would affect the depth of injury; it did not. In the final series of experiments, the wattage of the Nd:YAG laser was varied to see if this would reduce depth of injury; lower wattage did not stop bleeding, and intermediate and higher wattages did stop bleeding but did not reduce depth of injury. We conclude that the 55-W Nd:YAG laser as it is currently used clinically produces deeper tissue damage than the argon laser in our animal model. This damage is not reduced by changes in power, duration of exposure, or the presence of gas-jet assistance.", "contents": "Argon vs. neodymium YAG laser photocoagulation of experimental canine gastric ulcers. A neodymium YAG (Nd:YAG) laser was evaluated in a dog ulcer model used in the same manner as is recommended for bleeding patients (power 55 W, divergence angle 4 degrees, with CO2 gas-jet assistance). The experiments were performed during sterile laparotomy in heparinized dogs. Bleeding gastric ulcers were photocoagulated until bleeding stopped and then examined histologically 7 days later when depth of tissue injury was maximal. In the first series of experiments, the Nd:YAG laser was compared with the 7-W argon laser in the same dogs. Both lasers stopped bleeding from all experimental ulcers. The 55-W Nd:YAG laser caused full-thickness injury to the gastric wall beneath 11 of the 14 treated ulcers, whereas the 7-W argon laser caused no full-thickness injury beneath 14 treated ulcers. In a second series of experiments, we tried to determine whether varying exposure times with the 55-W Nd:YAG laser would make it less injurious; it did not. In a third series of experiments, the 55-W Nd:YAG laser was tested with and without CO2 gas-jet assistance in order to determine if this would affect the depth of injury; it did not. In the final series of experiments, the wattage of the Nd:YAG laser was varied to see if this would reduce depth of injury; lower wattage did not stop bleeding, and intermediate and higher wattages did stop bleeding but did not reduce depth of injury. We conclude that the 55-W Nd:YAG laser as it is currently used clinically produces deeper tissue damage than the argon laser in our animal model. This damage is not reduced by changes in power, duration of exposure, or the presence of gas-jet assistance.", "PMID": 572314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9983", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic regeneration in rats by acute and chronic ethanol intoxication.", "content": "We studied the effects of acute and chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic regeneration in rats after partial hepatectomy and toxic liver injury produced by D-galactosamine. Ethanol, when administered as a single dose (6 g/kg), inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA; this effect depended in part on the time of ethanol feeding after partial hepatectomy. Multiple ethanol feedings produced an even greater inhibition, which persisted for at least 48 hr after partial hepatectomy. Rats chronically fed ethanol for 30 days also failed to achieve a hepatic proliferative response to either partial hepatectomy or D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis, comparable with isocaloric pair-fed controls. These investigations suggest that there may be a certain metabolic state in the hepatocyte cell cycle that is most susceptible to the action(s) of ethanol; inhibition of liver regeneration by acute or chronic ethanol consumption may result in delayed recovery from prior or coincident liver injury.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic regeneration in rats by acute and chronic ethanol intoxication. We studied the effects of acute and chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic regeneration in rats after partial hepatectomy and toxic liver injury produced by D-galactosamine. Ethanol, when administered as a single dose (6 g/kg), inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA; this effect depended in part on the time of ethanol feeding after partial hepatectomy. Multiple ethanol feedings produced an even greater inhibition, which persisted for at least 48 hr after partial hepatectomy. Rats chronically fed ethanol for 30 days also failed to achieve a hepatic proliferative response to either partial hepatectomy or D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis, comparable with isocaloric pair-fed controls. These investigations suggest that there may be a certain metabolic state in the hepatocyte cell cycle that is most susceptible to the action(s) of ethanol; inhibition of liver regeneration by acute or chronic ethanol consumption may result in delayed recovery from prior or coincident liver injury.", "PMID": 572315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9984", "title": "Nematocide effect of entomophilic and entomophagous fungi.", "content": "Study of nematocide effect of 48 species of entomophilic and entomophagous fungi from the class Fungi imperfecti against Panagrellus redivivus and Rhabditis oxycerca nematodes revealed a high frequency of fungi with nematocide effect. A close correlation between these two effects was disclosed by measuring the intensity of the nematocide and insecticide effect of fungal extracts.", "contents": "Nematocide effect of entomophilic and entomophagous fungi. Study of nematocide effect of 48 species of entomophilic and entomophagous fungi from the class Fungi imperfecti against Panagrellus redivivus and Rhabditis oxycerca nematodes revealed a high frequency of fungi with nematocide effect. A close correlation between these two effects was disclosed by measuring the intensity of the nematocide and insecticide effect of fungal extracts.", "PMID": 572318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9985", "title": "Personality traits of 47,XYY and 47,XXY males found among juvenile delinquents.", "content": "The mental features of nine 47,XYY males and six 47,XXY males found among Japanese juvenile delinquents were examined. The results of intelligence tests suggested a slight impairment among 47,XYY and 47,XXY males. The psychiatric interviews and the psychological tests revealed that 47,XYY males had a high activity level while 47,XXY males had a low one. Analyses of the offense type and psychophysiological features supported these findings. As the activity level is considered to be largely determined genetically, the extra Y is suspected to be responsible for the high activity level and the extra X in males to be responsible for the low activity level.", "contents": "Personality traits of 47,XYY and 47,XXY males found among juvenile delinquents. The mental features of nine 47,XYY males and six 47,XXY males found among Japanese juvenile delinquents were examined. The results of intelligence tests suggested a slight impairment among 47,XYY and 47,XXY males. The psychiatric interviews and the psychological tests revealed that 47,XYY males had a high activity level while 47,XXY males had a low one. Analyses of the offense type and psychophysiological features supported these findings. As the activity level is considered to be largely determined genetically, the extra Y is suspected to be responsible for the high activity level and the extra X in males to be responsible for the low activity level.", "PMID": 572319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9986", "title": "Combination of differential sister chromatid staining, G-banding pattern, and X-inactivation pattern.", "content": "A method is presented for obtaining a combination of differential sister chromatid staining. G-banding and X-chromosome inactivation pattern. The result of this method enables a precise localization of the sister chromatid exchange points to particular bands of individual chromosomes.", "contents": "Combination of differential sister chromatid staining, G-banding pattern, and X-inactivation pattern. A method is presented for obtaining a combination of differential sister chromatid staining. G-banding and X-chromosome inactivation pattern. The result of this method enables a precise localization of the sister chromatid exchange points to particular bands of individual chromosomes.", "PMID": 572331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9987", "title": "X-linked mental retardation with macro-orchidism and the fragile site at Xq 27 or 28.", "content": "Data are presented suggesting that the form of X-linked mental retardation with macro-orchidism and the form associated with a fragile site at Xq27 or 28 are the same entity.", "contents": "X-linked mental retardation with macro-orchidism and the fragile site at Xq 27 or 28. Data are presented suggesting that the form of X-linked mental retardation with macro-orchidism and the form associated with a fragile site at Xq27 or 28 are the same entity.", "PMID": 572332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9988", "title": "Regulation of radiation pollution: its possible usefulness in strategy for intervention against chemical mutagens.", "content": "Over the last 25 years, a large amount of work has been carried out in the field of safety with regard to ionizing radiations. This has resulted in the establishment of norms of security which have been accepted in most countries. These norms are not perfect; they are constantly reviewed and, from time to time, revised; but, such as they are, they are of tremendous usefulness. These standards may serve as a model of what must be achieved in the field of pollution by chemical mutagens. Further, the norms already in force for radiation may serve as a reference for the establishment of similar norms for the major environmental mutagens. It is not possible to assign a specific factor of equivalence with radiation (rad-equivalence) to a given chemical pollutant; but it is possible to establish point-equivalences with regard to well-defined biological systems under well-defined conditions. When they are accurately determined, such point values may be useful and sensible. In this area, as with radiation, it is impossible to find perfect solutions; however, approximate solutions can be arrived at that would already represent a reat progress with regard to the present situation, and which could later be improved as work in the field allows.", "contents": "Regulation of radiation pollution: its possible usefulness in strategy for intervention against chemical mutagens. Over the last 25 years, a large amount of work has been carried out in the field of safety with regard to ionizing radiations. This has resulted in the establishment of norms of security which have been accepted in most countries. These norms are not perfect; they are constantly reviewed and, from time to time, revised; but, such as they are, they are of tremendous usefulness. These standards may serve as a model of what must be achieved in the field of pollution by chemical mutagens. Further, the norms already in force for radiation may serve as a reference for the establishment of similar norms for the major environmental mutagens. It is not possible to assign a specific factor of equivalence with radiation (rad-equivalence) to a given chemical pollutant; but it is possible to establish point-equivalences with regard to well-defined biological systems under well-defined conditions. When they are accurately determined, such point values may be useful and sensible. In this area, as with radiation, it is impossible to find perfect solutions; however, approximate solutions can be arrived at that would already represent a reat progress with regard to the present situation, and which could later be improved as work in the field allows.", "PMID": 572335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9989", "title": "Effects of antimicrotubule agents, potassium and inhibitors of energy production on hCG secretion.", "content": "The BeWo trophoblastic cell line was employed to assess the requirement for microtubules and cellular energy in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion. In contrast to the general inhibitory effect of colchicine and vincristine on hormone secretion in systems involving exocytosis, wide concentration ranges of these antimicrotubule agents caused enhancement of hCG secretion. Similarly, cytochalasin B, an agent that interferes with microfilament function, doubled both basal hCG secretion, and secretion of hCG stimulated by 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus 1 mM theophylline (dbT). Inhibitors of cellular energy production (2,4-dinitrophenol, malonate, azide) decreased both secreted and cellular levels of hormone. High concentrations of K+ gave no enhancement of basal or dbT-stimulated hCG secretion, nor any reduction of cellular hCG levels. These findings contrasted with observations of others in secretory systems involving exocytosis, in which high K+ potentiated basal or stimulated hormone release and depleted cellular stores of hormone. It was concluded that the process of hCG secretion in the malignant trophoblast is fundamentally different from the mechanism of protein hormone secretion in other tissues.", "contents": "Effects of antimicrotubule agents, potassium and inhibitors of energy production on hCG secretion. The BeWo trophoblastic cell line was employed to assess the requirement for microtubules and cellular energy in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion. In contrast to the general inhibitory effect of colchicine and vincristine on hormone secretion in systems involving exocytosis, wide concentration ranges of these antimicrotubule agents caused enhancement of hCG secretion. Similarly, cytochalasin B, an agent that interferes with microfilament function, doubled both basal hCG secretion, and secretion of hCG stimulated by 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus 1 mM theophylline (dbT). Inhibitors of cellular energy production (2,4-dinitrophenol, malonate, azide) decreased both secreted and cellular levels of hormone. High concentrations of K+ gave no enhancement of basal or dbT-stimulated hCG secretion, nor any reduction of cellular hCG levels. These findings contrasted with observations of others in secretory systems involving exocytosis, in which high K+ potentiated basal or stimulated hormone release and depleted cellular stores of hormone. It was concluded that the process of hCG secretion in the malignant trophoblast is fundamentally different from the mechanism of protein hormone secretion in other tissues.", "PMID": 572336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9990", "title": "[Comparative studies on the use of equimolar 14C-labeled glucose and fructose infusions in normal subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis].", "content": "In 11 normal subjects (NS) and 12 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) the utilisation of 14C-glucose and 14C-fructose infusions (0.75 g/kg/h for 4 h) was compared. There were nor relevant side effects. Lactate and pyruvate were in both groups during fructose infusion slightly increased compared to glucose infusion. The free fatty acids were significantly decreased. The serum glucose level rose more in LC than in NS when given fructose infusion. During glucose and fructose infusion in LC higher insulin concentrations were calculated than in NS. 15 min after infusion of 14C-fructose 20% of the total serum activity was 14C-glucose, after 2 to 4 h the level was 30%. Differences between NS and LC were not found to be significant. The specific activity of 14CO2 was the same in both the 14C-glucose infusion and the 14C-fructose infusion. The glucose oxidation was impaired in LC, but not the 14CO2-exhalation during infusion of 14C-fructose. Unimpaired 14CO2-exhalation, and normal utilisation and conversion to glucose are arguments for the use of fructose in infusion treatment of cirrhotics.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the use of equimolar 14C-labeled glucose and fructose infusions in normal subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis]. In 11 normal subjects (NS) and 12 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) the utilisation of 14C-glucose and 14C-fructose infusions (0.75 g/kg/h for 4 h) was compared. There were nor relevant side effects. Lactate and pyruvate were in both groups during fructose infusion slightly increased compared to glucose infusion. The free fatty acids were significantly decreased. The serum glucose level rose more in LC than in NS when given fructose infusion. During glucose and fructose infusion in LC higher insulin concentrations were calculated than in NS. 15 min after infusion of 14C-fructose 20% of the total serum activity was 14C-glucose, after 2 to 4 h the level was 30%. Differences between NS and LC were not found to be significant. The specific activity of 14CO2 was the same in both the 14C-glucose infusion and the 14C-fructose infusion. The glucose oxidation was impaired in LC, but not the 14CO2-exhalation during infusion of 14C-fructose. Unimpaired 14CO2-exhalation, and normal utilisation and conversion to glucose are arguments for the use of fructose in infusion treatment of cirrhotics.", "PMID": 572338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9991", "title": "[Effect of a 3.6 o/o dextran Ringer acetate solution on moderately hypovolemic patients in intensive care].", "content": "The effects of 1000 ml 3.6% dextran Ringer's acetate solution (Mw 61,800; infusion time 60 min) on circulation, blood and plasma volume, blood viscosity and renal function parameters were investigated, the renal elimination of dextran also being measured. During the entire investigation period no significant alterations of cardiocirculatory parameters, blood and plasma volume and rheological properties of blood could be demonstrated, the same holding true for kidney function values. Dextran excretion was about 33% three hours after the end of infusion, reaching 51% of the whole amount given 21 hours later. It has to be assumed that mainly macromolecular dextran components of less efficiency are retained intravascularly. Taking into consideration the practically absent volume expanding effect - even at the end of infusion period - this dextran solution cannot be recommended as a blood substitute during acute hemorrhage or as an \"expander\" in other shock states.", "contents": "[Effect of a 3.6 o/o dextran Ringer acetate solution on moderately hypovolemic patients in intensive care]. The effects of 1000 ml 3.6% dextran Ringer's acetate solution (Mw 61,800; infusion time 60 min) on circulation, blood and plasma volume, blood viscosity and renal function parameters were investigated, the renal elimination of dextran also being measured. During the entire investigation period no significant alterations of cardiocirculatory parameters, blood and plasma volume and rheological properties of blood could be demonstrated, the same holding true for kidney function values. Dextran excretion was about 33% three hours after the end of infusion, reaching 51% of the whole amount given 21 hours later. It has to be assumed that mainly macromolecular dextran components of less efficiency are retained intravascularly. Taking into consideration the practically absent volume expanding effect - even at the end of infusion period - this dextran solution cannot be recommended as a blood substitute during acute hemorrhage or as an \"expander\" in other shock states.", "PMID": 572339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9992", "title": "[Behavior of the serum fatty acid patterns during administration of an MCT-containing fat emulsion].", "content": "After a continuous intravenous 3-hour infusion of 500 ml fat emulsion containing MCT, composed of 25 g soybean oil and 25 g MCT oils, there was an infusion-induced increase of all fatty acids administered. The medium-chain fatty acids (C8-C12) revealed ideal steady-state conditions and were quickly eliminated after the infusion. The reaction of linoleic acid (C18:2) was not as favorable. Linoleic acid increased steadily during the infusion, and its elimination rate from the serum was delayed.", "contents": "[Behavior of the serum fatty acid patterns during administration of an MCT-containing fat emulsion]. After a continuous intravenous 3-hour infusion of 500 ml fat emulsion containing MCT, composed of 25 g soybean oil and 25 g MCT oils, there was an infusion-induced increase of all fatty acids administered. The medium-chain fatty acids (C8-C12) revealed ideal steady-state conditions and were quickly eliminated after the infusion. The reaction of linoleic acid (C18:2) was not as favorable. Linoleic acid increased steadily during the infusion, and its elimination rate from the serum was delayed.", "PMID": 572340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9993", "title": "[The effect of formula diets with a modified fat content on human plasma phosphatide fractions].", "content": "Variation of human plasma phospholipids by formula diets with different composition of fat are caused by changes of the lecithin fraction, which amounts to 70 to 80% of total phospholipids. The changes of lysolecithin correspond to that of lecithin. The absolute amounts of sphingomyelin are unchanged by the different formula diets, while the relative amounts are negatively correlated to the lecithin fraction.", "contents": "[The effect of formula diets with a modified fat content on human plasma phosphatide fractions]. Variation of human plasma phospholipids by formula diets with different composition of fat are caused by changes of the lecithin fraction, which amounts to 70 to 80% of total phospholipids. The changes of lysolecithin correspond to that of lecithin. The absolute amounts of sphingomyelin are unchanged by the different formula diets, while the relative amounts are negatively correlated to the lecithin fraction.", "PMID": 572341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9994", "title": "Intramuscular inoculation of live respiratory syncytial virus induces immunity in cotton rats.", "content": "Intramuscular inoculation of infant or weanling cotton rats with 10(2.2) to 10(4) plaque-forming units of respiratory syncytial virus induced significant or complete resistance to infection in both the upper and lower portions of the respiratory tract. This resistance did not appear to be the result of in vitro neutralization of virus during homogenization of tissue. Virus was not recovered from the local site of inoculation after 5 min and was never detected in the respiratory tract of intramuscularly inoculated rats. Attempts to detect viral antigens at the site of inoculation by using indirect immunofluorescence were unsuccessful. However, inactivation of infectivity of three different strains of respiratory syncytial virus markedly reduced or completely ablated antigenicity and protective efficacy by the intramuscular route. This suggests that these viruses underwent limited replication, perhaps restricted to an abortive cycle, at the local site of inoculation. An immunosuppressive effect of passive maternally derived immunity was observed. Only 50% of weanling rats possessing passive maternal serum antibody were successfully immunized by intramuscular vaccination with live virus.", "contents": "Intramuscular inoculation of live respiratory syncytial virus induces immunity in cotton rats. Intramuscular inoculation of infant or weanling cotton rats with 10(2.2) to 10(4) plaque-forming units of respiratory syncytial virus induced significant or complete resistance to infection in both the upper and lower portions of the respiratory tract. This resistance did not appear to be the result of in vitro neutralization of virus during homogenization of tissue. Virus was not recovered from the local site of inoculation after 5 min and was never detected in the respiratory tract of intramuscularly inoculated rats. Attempts to detect viral antigens at the site of inoculation by using indirect immunofluorescence were unsuccessful. However, inactivation of infectivity of three different strains of respiratory syncytial virus markedly reduced or completely ablated antigenicity and protective efficacy by the intramuscular route. This suggests that these viruses underwent limited replication, perhaps restricted to an abortive cycle, at the local site of inoculation. An immunosuppressive effect of passive maternally derived immunity was observed. Only 50% of weanling rats possessing passive maternal serum antibody were successfully immunized by intramuscular vaccination with live virus.", "PMID": 572342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9995", "title": "Splenic influence on the development of a local pulmonary immune response.", "content": "The role of the spleen in the development of specific antibody-forming cells (sAFC) in the pulmonary draining lymph nodes (pdLNC) of hamsters after local inoculation of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was evaluated. The role of the spleen was viewed from two vantage points. Panels of animals were either splenectomized with appropriate sham-operated controls before intratracheal inoculation of SRBC, or panels were immunized intravenously simultaneously with the local inoculation of antigen. The presence of an intact spleen was not necessary for the induction of a sAFC response to occur in the pdLNC. Similar numbers of immunoglobulin M (IgM) sAFC were recorded in the pdLNC on day 4 of both sham-operated and splenectomized animals. However, an enhancement of this local response occurred on day 7 if the animals were systemically immunized and therefore demonstrated active participation of the spleen in the specific immune response. The results support the hypothesis that although a local response may occur in the pdLFC in the absence of a spleen or a splenic response, the presence of a systemic or splenic response appears to be important for the enhancement of local IgM sAFC response. These observations suggest that the immune defenses involved in the lower respiratory tract may differ from those in upper respiratory tract and other mucosally lined organs in that the response of the spleen to the antigen affects the local response to that antigen.", "contents": "Splenic influence on the development of a local pulmonary immune response. The role of the spleen in the development of specific antibody-forming cells (sAFC) in the pulmonary draining lymph nodes (pdLNC) of hamsters after local inoculation of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was evaluated. The role of the spleen was viewed from two vantage points. Panels of animals were either splenectomized with appropriate sham-operated controls before intratracheal inoculation of SRBC, or panels were immunized intravenously simultaneously with the local inoculation of antigen. The presence of an intact spleen was not necessary for the induction of a sAFC response to occur in the pdLNC. Similar numbers of immunoglobulin M (IgM) sAFC were recorded in the pdLNC on day 4 of both sham-operated and splenectomized animals. However, an enhancement of this local response occurred on day 7 if the animals were systemically immunized and therefore demonstrated active participation of the spleen in the specific immune response. The results support the hypothesis that although a local response may occur in the pdLFC in the absence of a spleen or a splenic response, the presence of a systemic or splenic response appears to be important for the enhancement of local IgM sAFC response. These observations suggest that the immune defenses involved in the lower respiratory tract may differ from those in upper respiratory tract and other mucosally lined organs in that the response of the spleen to the antigen affects the local response to that antigen.", "PMID": 572343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9996", "title": "Comparison of intratracheal and intravenous inoculation of sheep erythrocytes in the induction of local and systemic immune responses.", "content": "The interdependence of the local and systemic immune systems in the development of the immune responses relating to the lung was evaluated. Hamsters were inoculated with 10(9) sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) via local (intratracheal) or systemic (intravenous) routes of immunization. The local immune response was quantitated by the specific antibody-forming cell (sAFC) response in the pulmonary draining lymph nodes (pdLNC). sAFC in the spleens and serum hemagglutination titers evaluated the systemic immune response. The local inoculation of antigen was superior for induction of the maximal numbers of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and non-IgM sAFC in the pdLNC at 4 days post-immunization. However, the local response coould be enhanced by a concomitant splenic response. The local route of inoculation did not consistently induce an sAFC response in the spleen, but when the spleen was involved, two unique observations were recorded regarding the IgM response: (i) an approximate twofold increase in the numbers of sAFC was seen in the pdLNC on day 7 post-inoculation in animals that had a splenic sAFC response; and (ii) the appearance of an early (day 4) serum IgM hemagglutination titer was observed in the animals with a splenic sAFC response. However, the appearance of IgG serum hemagglutination titers was independent of the indirect sAFC response in the spleen but correlated with the appearance of indirect sAFC response in the pdLNC. As expected, intravenous inoculation of antigen was superior for inducing a systemic IgM response. We concluded that the local and systemic immune responses are related and interdependent in providing immune reactivity related to the lung. Whereas the systemic response enhanced both the serum IgM titer and the specific IgM antibody-forming cell response in the draining nodes, we observed that the local response was sufficient for the IgG serum hemagglutination titer even in the absence of a splenic sAFC response.", "contents": "Comparison of intratracheal and intravenous inoculation of sheep erythrocytes in the induction of local and systemic immune responses. The interdependence of the local and systemic immune systems in the development of the immune responses relating to the lung was evaluated. Hamsters were inoculated with 10(9) sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) via local (intratracheal) or systemic (intravenous) routes of immunization. The local immune response was quantitated by the specific antibody-forming cell (sAFC) response in the pulmonary draining lymph nodes (pdLNC). sAFC in the spleens and serum hemagglutination titers evaluated the systemic immune response. The local inoculation of antigen was superior for induction of the maximal numbers of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and non-IgM sAFC in the pdLNC at 4 days post-immunization. However, the local response coould be enhanced by a concomitant splenic response. The local route of inoculation did not consistently induce an sAFC response in the spleen, but when the spleen was involved, two unique observations were recorded regarding the IgM response: (i) an approximate twofold increase in the numbers of sAFC was seen in the pdLNC on day 7 post-inoculation in animals that had a splenic sAFC response; and (ii) the appearance of an early (day 4) serum IgM hemagglutination titer was observed in the animals with a splenic sAFC response. However, the appearance of IgG serum hemagglutination titers was independent of the indirect sAFC response in the spleen but correlated with the appearance of indirect sAFC response in the pdLNC. As expected, intravenous inoculation of antigen was superior for inducing a systemic IgM response. We concluded that the local and systemic immune responses are related and interdependent in providing immune reactivity related to the lung. Whereas the systemic response enhanced both the serum IgM titer and the specific IgM antibody-forming cell response in the draining nodes, we observed that the local response was sufficient for the IgG serum hemagglutination titer even in the absence of a splenic sAFC response.", "PMID": 572344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9997", "title": "Effect of immune status on dengue 2 virus replication in cultured leukocytes from infants and children.", "content": "Cord blood leukocytes from neonates with maternal dengue antibody supported dengue 2 virus replication in vitro; those from neonates without maternal antibody did not. Cord bloods of infants born to dengue-immune mothers contained a potent enhancing factor which gradually decayed with age and which was absent from neonates born to nonimmune mothers. Permissiveness of cultures of washed peripheral blood leukocytes from infants with maternal antibody declined steadily with increasing age in parallel with the decay of maternal antibody, and the leukocytes were no longer permissive after 10 to 12 months. The demonstration of a dengue maternal infection-enhancing factor in human cord blood from dengue-immune mothers supports the hypothesis that severe primary dengue hemorrhagic fever with shock seen in Bangkok infants is related to maternal immune status.", "contents": "Effect of immune status on dengue 2 virus replication in cultured leukocytes from infants and children. Cord blood leukocytes from neonates with maternal dengue antibody supported dengue 2 virus replication in vitro; those from neonates without maternal antibody did not. Cord bloods of infants born to dengue-immune mothers contained a potent enhancing factor which gradually decayed with age and which was absent from neonates born to nonimmune mothers. Permissiveness of cultures of washed peripheral blood leukocytes from infants with maternal antibody declined steadily with increasing age in parallel with the decay of maternal antibody, and the leukocytes were no longer permissive after 10 to 12 months. The demonstration of a dengue maternal infection-enhancing factor in human cord blood from dengue-immune mothers supports the hypothesis that severe primary dengue hemorrhagic fever with shock seen in Bangkok infants is related to maternal immune status.", "PMID": 572345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9998", "title": "Adherence of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to measles-virus infected cells: modulation by solubilized rhesus erythrocyte membranes and carbohydrates.", "content": "The adherence of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus (HeLa-K11) was studied. The following data were observed. (i) The proportion of HeLa-K11 cells with adherent human peripheral blood lymphocytes of rhesus monkey erythrocytes was similar over a wide range of ratios of HeLa-K11 cells to lymphocytes or erythrocytes. (ii) The great majority of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and erythrocytes reacted with the same HeLa-K11 cell (iii). The adherence of lymphocytes or erythrocytes to HeLa-K11 cells was blocked by rabbit anti-measles virus antibody or solubilized monkey erythrocyte membranes. The pretreatment of erythrocytes or lymphocytes with receptor-destroying enzyme did not alter their adherence properties. (iv) The pattern of inhibition observed with several carbohydrates was similar in both the erythrocyte and the lymphocyte adherence assays. These data are consistent with the possibility that the receptor present on both rhesus monkey erythrocytes and human lymphocytes has similar specificities and biochemical composition.", "contents": "Adherence of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to measles-virus infected cells: modulation by solubilized rhesus erythrocyte membranes and carbohydrates. The adherence of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus (HeLa-K11) was studied. The following data were observed. (i) The proportion of HeLa-K11 cells with adherent human peripheral blood lymphocytes of rhesus monkey erythrocytes was similar over a wide range of ratios of HeLa-K11 cells to lymphocytes or erythrocytes. (ii) The great majority of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and erythrocytes reacted with the same HeLa-K11 cell (iii). The adherence of lymphocytes or erythrocytes to HeLa-K11 cells was blocked by rabbit anti-measles virus antibody or solubilized monkey erythrocyte membranes. The pretreatment of erythrocytes or lymphocytes with receptor-destroying enzyme did not alter their adherence properties. (iv) The pattern of inhibition observed with several carbohydrates was similar in both the erythrocyte and the lymphocyte adherence assays. These data are consistent with the possibility that the receptor present on both rhesus monkey erythrocytes and human lymphocytes has similar specificities and biochemical composition.", "PMID": 572346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_9999", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of two Cladosporium herbarum allergens.", "content": "Two important Cladosporium herbarum allergens (Ag-54 and Ag-32) were partly purified by means of diafiltration, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. Modifications of quantitative immunological techniques, including autoradiography, were used as assay systems for allergenic activity and to provide a basis for evaluation of the immunological purity of the allergens. Ag-54 appeared to have a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 5.0. The molecular weight of Ag-32 appeared to be approximately 13,000 daltons. It consisted of 5 molecular species differing in isoelectric points from 3.4 to 4.4 in intervals of approximately 0.25 pH units. These variants of Ag-32 seemed to be antigenically and allergenically identical.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of two Cladosporium herbarum allergens. Two important Cladosporium herbarum allergens (Ag-54 and Ag-32) were partly purified by means of diafiltration, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. Modifications of quantitative immunological techniques, including autoradiography, were used as assay systems for allergenic activity and to provide a basis for evaluation of the immunological purity of the allergens. Ag-54 appeared to have a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 5.0. The molecular weight of Ag-32 appeared to be approximately 13,000 daltons. It consisted of 5 molecular species differing in isoelectric points from 3.4 to 4.4 in intervals of approximately 0.25 pH units. These variants of Ag-32 seemed to be antigenically and allergenically identical.", "PMID": 572347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10000", "title": "Serum amyloid protein SAA, C-reactive protein and lysozyme in leprosy.", "content": "Serum amyloid protein (SAA) appears to be the precursor of amyloid protein AA, the non-immunoglobulin fibril protein of secondary amyloidosis. Since amyloidosis is known to occur in high frequency associated with lepromatous leprosy (LL), we have examined the SAA levels in untreated LL patients and compared them to the levels observed in patients with tuberculoid leprosy (TT) and a large number observed in healthy controls. We found that SAA is markedly elevated in LL when compared to TT and controls. No clear correlation could be established with C-reactive protein, a well-documented acute phase reactant, or serum lysozyme levels that reflect the presence of monocyte activity. This study showed that SAA levels in leprosy do not appear to be a reflection of inflammatory activity or monocyte turnover. Whether amyloidosis will be more prevalent in patients who have higher SAA levels remains to be determined.", "contents": "Serum amyloid protein SAA, C-reactive protein and lysozyme in leprosy. Serum amyloid protein (SAA) appears to be the precursor of amyloid protein AA, the non-immunoglobulin fibril protein of secondary amyloidosis. Since amyloidosis is known to occur in high frequency associated with lepromatous leprosy (LL), we have examined the SAA levels in untreated LL patients and compared them to the levels observed in patients with tuberculoid leprosy (TT) and a large number observed in healthy controls. We found that SAA is markedly elevated in LL when compared to TT and controls. No clear correlation could be established with C-reactive protein, a well-documented acute phase reactant, or serum lysozyme levels that reflect the presence of monocyte activity. This study showed that SAA levels in leprosy do not appear to be a reflection of inflammatory activity or monocyte turnover. Whether amyloidosis will be more prevalent in patients who have higher SAA levels remains to be determined.", "PMID": 572349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10001", "title": "Lucio's phenomenon: a comparative histological study.", "content": "To study further the pathogenesis of Lucio's phenomenon, we have made a comparative histological study of 11 patients with Lucio's phenomenon and 12 with ENL. Confirming the findings of others, Lucio's reaction could be distinguished from ENL by epidermal necrosis and by necrotizing vasculitis manifesting necrosis in the walls of superficial vessels and severe, focal endothelial proliferation of mid-dermal vessels. Furthermore, in Lucio's phenomenon large numbers of AFB were found in evidently normal and in swollen or proliferating endothelial cells. We hypothesize that patients with Lucio's phenomenon have an exceptionally deficient defense mechanism, allowing unrestricted proliferation of AFB in endothelial cells, facilitating contact between bacterial antigen and circulating antibody and leading to infarction; also, this nadir of resistance allows unimpeded dissemination of AFB, accounting for the clinical features of diffuse non-nodular leprosy. Thus, an explanation is offered for the restriction of Lucio's phenomenon to patients with diffuse non-nodular lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Lucio's phenomenon: a comparative histological study. To study further the pathogenesis of Lucio's phenomenon, we have made a comparative histological study of 11 patients with Lucio's phenomenon and 12 with ENL. Confirming the findings of others, Lucio's reaction could be distinguished from ENL by epidermal necrosis and by necrotizing vasculitis manifesting necrosis in the walls of superficial vessels and severe, focal endothelial proliferation of mid-dermal vessels. Furthermore, in Lucio's phenomenon large numbers of AFB were found in evidently normal and in swollen or proliferating endothelial cells. We hypothesize that patients with Lucio's phenomenon have an exceptionally deficient defense mechanism, allowing unrestricted proliferation of AFB in endothelial cells, facilitating contact between bacterial antigen and circulating antibody and leading to infarction; also, this nadir of resistance allows unimpeded dissemination of AFB, accounting for the clinical features of diffuse non-nodular leprosy. Thus, an explanation is offered for the restriction of Lucio's phenomenon to patients with diffuse non-nodular lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 572350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10002", "title": "In vivo effect of DDS on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte transformation cultures in normal healthy volunteers.", "content": "Depression in PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in peripheral blood has been observed in 15 healthy volunteers after administration of DDS (100 mg/day) for seven days. In vitro culture of lymphocytes obtained from these volunteers in DDS-free normal AB serum has not altered the blast cell numbers. Lymphocytes of these volunteers have been found to contain a significant amount of DDS, ranging from 0.42 to 3.2 micrograms per 10.6 lymphocytes.", "contents": "In vivo effect of DDS on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte transformation cultures in normal healthy volunteers. Depression in PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in peripheral blood has been observed in 15 healthy volunteers after administration of DDS (100 mg/day) for seven days. In vitro culture of lymphocytes obtained from these volunteers in DDS-free normal AB serum has not altered the blast cell numbers. Lymphocytes of these volunteers have been found to contain a significant amount of DDS, ranging from 0.42 to 3.2 micrograms per 10.6 lymphocytes.", "PMID": 572351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10003", "title": "Unusual electrocardiographic presentation of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "A patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and normal coronary arteries, with dynamic electrocardiographic changes resembling acute myocardial ischemia, is presented. A definite association between the electrocardiographic changes and the idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis cannot be absolutely confirmed; however, the findings demonstrate the broad spectrum of electrocardiographic presentation in this disease.", "contents": "Unusual electrocardiographic presentation of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. A patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and normal coronary arteries, with dynamic electrocardiographic changes resembling acute myocardial ischemia, is presented. A definite association between the electrocardiographic changes and the idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis cannot be absolutely confirmed; however, the findings demonstrate the broad spectrum of electrocardiographic presentation in this disease.", "PMID": 572357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10004", "title": "Studies on relationships between the structure and the glycosidase-inhibiting activity of HPAAO and its analogs.", "content": "p-Hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime (HPAAO) (anti and syn forms) obtained by fermentation and its analogs chemically synthesized were tested for their activities to inhibit various glycosidases. HPAAO inhibited bovine liver beta-galactosidase in a competitive manner at pH 7.0 with an apparent Ki value of 8 x 10(-8) M. HPAAO also inhibited various mammalian beta-glycosidases which had pH optima between 6.0 and 8.0. The syn form of HPAAO was found to be more active than the anti form against bovine liver neutral beta-galactosidase. It was concluded that the oxime moiety of HPAAO and its analogs was essential for their enzyme-inhibiting activity and the activities of aromatic or aliphatic oxime derivatives were dependent on the number of carbon atoms in their alkyl-chains.", "contents": "Studies on relationships between the structure and the glycosidase-inhibiting activity of HPAAO and its analogs. p-Hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime (HPAAO) (anti and syn forms) obtained by fermentation and its analogs chemically synthesized were tested for their activities to inhibit various glycosidases. HPAAO inhibited bovine liver beta-galactosidase in a competitive manner at pH 7.0 with an apparent Ki value of 8 x 10(-8) M. HPAAO also inhibited various mammalian beta-glycosidases which had pH optima between 6.0 and 8.0. The syn form of HPAAO was found to be more active than the anti form against bovine liver neutral beta-galactosidase. It was concluded that the oxime moiety of HPAAO and its analogs was essential for their enzyme-inhibiting activity and the activities of aromatic or aliphatic oxime derivatives were dependent on the number of carbon atoms in their alkyl-chains.", "PMID": 572359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10005", "title": "A cytochemical and ultrastructural study of the \"S.I.F.\" cells in cat sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "According to the hypothesis of Eccles and Libet, the small intensely fluorescent cells (S.I.F. cells) in the sympathetic ganglion would represent an essential element in the inhibition of the principal neuron. As a contribution to the study of this important problem, we have investigated serial sections in superior cervical (S.C.G.) and celiac (C.G.) ganglia of the cat, a species that has not been extensively studied up to now, both by fluorescence and electron microscopy. We have shown that the \"S.I.F.\" cells are three times fewer in the cat S.C.G. than in the rat S.C.G. There are five times more \"S.I.F.\" cells in the C.G. of the cat than in the S.C.G. of the same species. Moreover we have described two types of \"S.I.F.\" cells. Type I is composed of cells characterized by highly polymorphous large dense-cored vesicles. These cells lack processes and are grouped in clusters centered on fenestrated capillaries. They could be endocrine function cells. Type II is formed of isolated cells which exibit long processes and establish synaptic junctions with the dendrites of the principal neurons. In this case, the dense-cored vesicles are very regular and much smaller. These cells could be equivalent to interneurons. Type I very strongly predominates in the S.C.G. and C.G. of the cat where it represents more than 90% of the \"S.I.F.\" cell total observed by fluorescence microscopy. A priori such a quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity hardly consistent with Eccles and Libet's hypothesis based on the existence of dopaminergic interneurons only, allows the question to be raised as to the functional significance of the \"S.I.F.\" cells in ganglion physiology. The notion of modulation of ganglionic transmission does not seem to be quiered by these new data but could be founded on different forms of action embodied in the broader conception of the neuromodulation phenomenon.", "contents": "A cytochemical and ultrastructural study of the \"S.I.F.\" cells in cat sympathetic ganglia. According to the hypothesis of Eccles and Libet, the small intensely fluorescent cells (S.I.F. cells) in the sympathetic ganglion would represent an essential element in the inhibition of the principal neuron. As a contribution to the study of this important problem, we have investigated serial sections in superior cervical (S.C.G.) and celiac (C.G.) ganglia of the cat, a species that has not been extensively studied up to now, both by fluorescence and electron microscopy. We have shown that the \"S.I.F.\" cells are three times fewer in the cat S.C.G. than in the rat S.C.G. There are five times more \"S.I.F.\" cells in the C.G. of the cat than in the S.C.G. of the same species. Moreover we have described two types of \"S.I.F.\" cells. Type I is composed of cells characterized by highly polymorphous large dense-cored vesicles. These cells lack processes and are grouped in clusters centered on fenestrated capillaries. They could be endocrine function cells. Type II is formed of isolated cells which exibit long processes and establish synaptic junctions with the dendrites of the principal neurons. In this case, the dense-cored vesicles are very regular and much smaller. These cells could be equivalent to interneurons. Type I very strongly predominates in the S.C.G. and C.G. of the cat where it represents more than 90% of the \"S.I.F.\" cell total observed by fluorescence microscopy. A priori such a quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity hardly consistent with Eccles and Libet's hypothesis based on the existence of dopaminergic interneurons only, allows the question to be raised as to the functional significance of the \"S.I.F.\" cells in ganglion physiology. The notion of modulation of ganglionic transmission does not seem to be quiered by these new data but could be founded on different forms of action embodied in the broader conception of the neuromodulation phenomenon.", "PMID": 572358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10006", "title": "Formation of molecules of biological interest from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a modified sea medium.", "content": "As reported previously, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, and beta-alanine are the predominant amino acids produced from equimolecular formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a modified sea medium enriched with essential transition metal ions. The time course of formation of the amino acids, and related substances was studied. Among the amino acids, glycine was produced earlier. Urea was produced initially and disappeared rapidly. Formation of cyanide, glycinenitrile, and glycinamide preceded the formation of amino acids. Probable pathways for the formation of amino acids and urea are suggested.", "contents": "Formation of molecules of biological interest from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a modified sea medium. As reported previously, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, and beta-alanine are the predominant amino acids produced from equimolecular formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in a modified sea medium enriched with essential transition metal ions. The time course of formation of the amino acids, and related substances was studied. Among the amino acids, glycine was produced earlier. Urea was produced initially and disappeared rapidly. Formation of cyanide, glycinenitrile, and glycinamide preceded the formation of amino acids. Probable pathways for the formation of amino acids and urea are suggested.", "PMID": 572362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10007", "title": "Preparation of ruthenium(II) and ruthenium(III) myoglobin and the reaction of dioxygen, and carbon monoxide, with ruthenium(II) myoglobin.", "content": "Ruthenium myoglobins have been prepared by the reconstitution of horse heart apomyoglobin with either ruthenium(II) or ruthenium(III) mesoporphyrin IX (MpIX) derivatives. The ruthenium(II) and -(III) myo globins (RuMb and RuMb+, respectively) contain one ruthenium porphyrin/heme binding site; the species are readily interconverted using dithionite for reduction and bromine for oxidation. RuMb binds carbon monoxide to give the known carbonyl complex. Reversible oxygenation occurs readily with protein-free RuII(MpIX) species in dimethylformamide, but RuMb in phosphate buffer is irreversibly oxidized by dioxygen to give RuMb+ via an outer sphere electron transfer mechanism.", "contents": "Preparation of ruthenium(II) and ruthenium(III) myoglobin and the reaction of dioxygen, and carbon monoxide, with ruthenium(II) myoglobin. Ruthenium myoglobins have been prepared by the reconstitution of horse heart apomyoglobin with either ruthenium(II) or ruthenium(III) mesoporphyrin IX (MpIX) derivatives. The ruthenium(II) and -(III) myo globins (RuMb and RuMb+, respectively) contain one ruthenium porphyrin/heme binding site; the species are readily interconverted using dithionite for reduction and bromine for oxidation. RuMb binds carbon monoxide to give the known carbonyl complex. Reversible oxygenation occurs readily with protein-free RuII(MpIX) species in dimethylformamide, but RuMb in phosphate buffer is irreversibly oxidized by dioxygen to give RuMb+ via an outer sphere electron transfer mechanism.", "PMID": 572363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10008", "title": "Intermediate (skeletin) filaments in heart Purkinje fibers. A correlative morphological and biochemical identification with evidence of a cytoskeletal function.", "content": "Cow Purkinje fibers contain a population of free cytoplasmic filaments which consistently differ in ultrastructural appearance from actin and myosin filaments, irrespective of preparation technique. The fixation and staining techniques, however, influenced the filament diameter, which was found to be 7.4--9.5 nm for filaments in plastic-embedded material, and 7.0 nm in cryo-sectioned material, thus intermediate as compared to actin and myosin filaments. Cross-sectional profiles suggested that the intermediate-sized filaments are composed of four subfilaments. To provide a basis for further biochemical investigations on the filaments, extraction procedures were carried out to remove other cell organelles. Electron microscopy showed that undulating bundles of intermediate filaments converging towards desmosomes still remained, after the extractions, together with Z-disk material. In spite of the extensive extraction, the shape of the individual cells and the assemblies of cell bundles remained intact. This confirms that the intermediate filaments of cow Purkinje fibers together with desmosomes do in fact have a cytoskeletal function. On account of (a) the cytoskeletal function of the filaments, (b) the similarities to the smooth muscle \"100-A filament\" protein subunit skeletin, and (c) the inadequate and confusing existing terminology, we suggest that the filaments be named \"skeletin filaments.\"", "contents": "Intermediate (skeletin) filaments in heart Purkinje fibers. A correlative morphological and biochemical identification with evidence of a cytoskeletal function. Cow Purkinje fibers contain a population of free cytoplasmic filaments which consistently differ in ultrastructural appearance from actin and myosin filaments, irrespective of preparation technique. The fixation and staining techniques, however, influenced the filament diameter, which was found to be 7.4--9.5 nm for filaments in plastic-embedded material, and 7.0 nm in cryo-sectioned material, thus intermediate as compared to actin and myosin filaments. Cross-sectional profiles suggested that the intermediate-sized filaments are composed of four subfilaments. To provide a basis for further biochemical investigations on the filaments, extraction procedures were carried out to remove other cell organelles. Electron microscopy showed that undulating bundles of intermediate filaments converging towards desmosomes still remained, after the extractions, together with Z-disk material. In spite of the extensive extraction, the shape of the individual cells and the assemblies of cell bundles remained intact. This confirms that the intermediate filaments of cow Purkinje fibers together with desmosomes do in fact have a cytoskeletal function. On account of (a) the cytoskeletal function of the filaments, (b) the similarities to the smooth muscle \"100-A filament\" protein subunit skeletin, and (c) the inadequate and confusing existing terminology, we suggest that the filaments be named \"skeletin filaments.\"", "PMID": 572365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10009", "title": "Nucleation of polar actin filament assembly by a positively charged surface.", "content": "Polylysine-coated polystyrene beads can nucleate polar assembly of monomeric actin into filamentous form. This nucleation has been demonstrated by a combination of biochemical and structural experiments. The polylysine-coated beads accelerate the rate of actin assembly as detected by two different biochemical assays. Subsequent examination of the beads by electron microscopy reveals numerous actin filaments of similar length radiating from the beads. ATP promotes this bead-induced acceleration of assembly. Decoration of the filaments with the myosin fragment S1 shows that these filaments all have the same polarity, with the arrowhead pattern pointing toward the bead. The relevance of the system to in vitro mechanisms and its usefulness in other studies are discussed.", "contents": "Nucleation of polar actin filament assembly by a positively charged surface. Polylysine-coated polystyrene beads can nucleate polar assembly of monomeric actin into filamentous form. This nucleation has been demonstrated by a combination of biochemical and structural experiments. The polylysine-coated beads accelerate the rate of actin assembly as detected by two different biochemical assays. Subsequent examination of the beads by electron microscopy reveals numerous actin filaments of similar length radiating from the beads. ATP promotes this bead-induced acceleration of assembly. Decoration of the filaments with the myosin fragment S1 shows that these filaments all have the same polarity, with the arrowhead pattern pointing toward the bead. The relevance of the system to in vitro mechanisms and its usefulness in other studies are discussed.", "PMID": 572366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10010", "title": "Role of spindle microtubules in the control of cell cycle timing.", "content": "Sea urchin eggs are used to investigate the involvement of spindle microtubules in the mechanisms that control the timing of cell cycle events. Eggs are treated for 4 min with Colcemid at prophase of the first mitosis. No microtubules are assembled for at least 3 h, and the eggs do not divide. These eggs show repeated cycles of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) and nuclear envelope reformation (NER). Mitosis (NEB to NER) is twice as long in Colcemid-treated eggs as in the untreated controls. Interphase (NER to NEB) is the same in both. Thus, each cycle is prolonged entirely in mitosis. The chromosomes of treated eggs condense and eventually split into separate chromatids which do not move apart. This \"canaphase\" splitting is substantially delayed relative to anaphase onset in the control eggs. Treated eggs are irradiated after NEB with 366-nm light to inactivate the Colcemid. This allows the eggs to assemble normal spindles and divide. Up to 14 min after NEB, delays in the start of microtubule assembly give equal delays in anaphase onset, cleavage, and the events of the following cell cycle. Regardless of the delay, anaphase follows irradiation by the normal prometaphase duration. The quantity of spindle microtubules also influences the timing of mitotic events. Short Colcemid treatments administered in prophase of second division cause eggs to assemble small spindles. One blastomere is irradiated after NEB to provide a control cell with a normal-sized spindle. Cells with diminished spindles always initiate anaphase later than their controls. Telophase events are correspondingly delayed. This work demonstrates that spindle microtubules are involved in the mechanisms that control the time when the cell will initiate anaphase, finish mitosis, and start the next cell cycle.", "contents": "Role of spindle microtubules in the control of cell cycle timing. Sea urchin eggs are used to investigate the involvement of spindle microtubules in the mechanisms that control the timing of cell cycle events. Eggs are treated for 4 min with Colcemid at prophase of the first mitosis. No microtubules are assembled for at least 3 h, and the eggs do not divide. These eggs show repeated cycles of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) and nuclear envelope reformation (NER). Mitosis (NEB to NER) is twice as long in Colcemid-treated eggs as in the untreated controls. Interphase (NER to NEB) is the same in both. Thus, each cycle is prolonged entirely in mitosis. The chromosomes of treated eggs condense and eventually split into separate chromatids which do not move apart. This \"canaphase\" splitting is substantially delayed relative to anaphase onset in the control eggs. Treated eggs are irradiated after NEB with 366-nm light to inactivate the Colcemid. This allows the eggs to assemble normal spindles and divide. Up to 14 min after NEB, delays in the start of microtubule assembly give equal delays in anaphase onset, cleavage, and the events of the following cell cycle. Regardless of the delay, anaphase follows irradiation by the normal prometaphase duration. The quantity of spindle microtubules also influences the timing of mitotic events. Short Colcemid treatments administered in prophase of second division cause eggs to assemble small spindles. One blastomere is irradiated after NEB to provide a control cell with a normal-sized spindle. Cells with diminished spindles always initiate anaphase later than their controls. Telophase events are correspondingly delayed. This work demonstrates that spindle microtubules are involved in the mechanisms that control the time when the cell will initiate anaphase, finish mitosis, and start the next cell cycle.", "PMID": 572367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10011", "title": "Actin microfilaments, cell shape, and secretory processes in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of phalloidin and cytochalasin D.", "content": "The effects of phalloidin and cytochalasin D, drugs which, respectively, stabilize and destabilize actin microfilaments, have been tested on isolated rat hepatocytes. Both drugs produced a modification of cell shape, characterized by protrusions bulging from the cytoplasm. In phalloidin-treated hepatocytes, an accumulation of actin microfilamentous network was detectable at the base of each protrusion by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and HMM decoration. This accumulation of microfilaments was absent in cytochalasin D-treated cells. The release of triglycerides, an index of very low density lipoprotein secretion, was inhibited by phalloidin or cytochalasin D, and accompanied by an increase in cellular triglycerides. At the electron microscope examination, triglyceride accumulation was represented by fat droplets and vesicle-enclosed, very low density lipoprotein-like particles. Total protein and albumin secretion was only very slightly modified by either one of these drugs. With the use of various phalloidin analogs, a correlation was observed between their respective ability to stabilize F-actin in vitro, and their effects on cell shape and triglyceride secretion. In conclusion, phalloidin, and cytochalasin D: (a) modify the shape of isolated hepatocytes; (b) inhibit lipoprotein secretion. These effects possibly result from a modification of actin microfilament function.", "contents": "Actin microfilaments, cell shape, and secretory processes in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of phalloidin and cytochalasin D. The effects of phalloidin and cytochalasin D, drugs which, respectively, stabilize and destabilize actin microfilaments, have been tested on isolated rat hepatocytes. Both drugs produced a modification of cell shape, characterized by protrusions bulging from the cytoplasm. In phalloidin-treated hepatocytes, an accumulation of actin microfilamentous network was detectable at the base of each protrusion by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and HMM decoration. This accumulation of microfilaments was absent in cytochalasin D-treated cells. The release of triglycerides, an index of very low density lipoprotein secretion, was inhibited by phalloidin or cytochalasin D, and accompanied by an increase in cellular triglycerides. At the electron microscope examination, triglyceride accumulation was represented by fat droplets and vesicle-enclosed, very low density lipoprotein-like particles. Total protein and albumin secretion was only very slightly modified by either one of these drugs. With the use of various phalloidin analogs, a correlation was observed between their respective ability to stabilize F-actin in vitro, and their effects on cell shape and triglyceride secretion. In conclusion, phalloidin, and cytochalasin D: (a) modify the shape of isolated hepatocytes; (b) inhibit lipoprotein secretion. These effects possibly result from a modification of actin microfilament function.", "PMID": 572368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10012", "title": "Polymerization of actin. VI. The polarity of the actin filaments in the acrosomal process and how it might be determined.", "content": "The polarity of the actin filaments which assemble from the nucleating body or actomere of Thyone and Pisaster sperm was determined using myosin subfragment 1 decoration. The polarity was found to be unidirectional with the arrowheads pointing towards the cell center. When polymerization is induced at low temperature with concentrations of actin near the critical concentration for polymerization, elongation of filaments occurs preferentially off the apical end. If the sperm are induced to undergo the acrosomal reaction with an ionophore, the polarity of the actin filaments attached to the actomere is the same as that already described, but the filaments which polymerize parallel to, but peripheral to, those extending from the actomere are randomly polarized. These randomly polarized filaments appear to result from spontaneous nucleation. When sperm are induced to undergo the acrosomal reaction with eggs, the polarity of the actin filaments is also unidirectional with the arrowheads pointing towards the cell center. From these results we conclude: (a) that the actomere, by nucleating the polymerization of actin filaments, controls the polarity of the actin filaments in the acrosomal process, (b) that the actomere recognizes a surface of the actin monomer that is different from that surface recognized by the dense material attached to membranes, and (c) that egg myosin could not act to pull the sperm into the egg. Included is a discussion of how the observation that monomers add largely to one end of a decorated filament in vitro relates to these in vivo observations.", "contents": "Polymerization of actin. VI. The polarity of the actin filaments in the acrosomal process and how it might be determined. The polarity of the actin filaments which assemble from the nucleating body or actomere of Thyone and Pisaster sperm was determined using myosin subfragment 1 decoration. The polarity was found to be unidirectional with the arrowheads pointing towards the cell center. When polymerization is induced at low temperature with concentrations of actin near the critical concentration for polymerization, elongation of filaments occurs preferentially off the apical end. If the sperm are induced to undergo the acrosomal reaction with an ionophore, the polarity of the actin filaments attached to the actomere is the same as that already described, but the filaments which polymerize parallel to, but peripheral to, those extending from the actomere are randomly polarized. These randomly polarized filaments appear to result from spontaneous nucleation. When sperm are induced to undergo the acrosomal reaction with eggs, the polarity of the actin filaments is also unidirectional with the arrowheads pointing towards the cell center. From these results we conclude: (a) that the actomere, by nucleating the polymerization of actin filaments, controls the polarity of the actin filaments in the acrosomal process, (b) that the actomere recognizes a surface of the actin monomer that is different from that surface recognized by the dense material attached to membranes, and (c) that egg myosin could not act to pull the sperm into the egg. Included is a discussion of how the observation that monomers add largely to one end of a decorated filament in vitro relates to these in vivo observations.", "PMID": 572369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10013", "title": "Size classes of replication units in DNA from sea urchin embryos.", "content": "Sea urchin DNA containing replication structures was isolated from two to four cell stage and blastula stage embryos, and examined by electron microscopy. In addition to the expected eye forms, we also observed molecules with large internal single-stranded gaps. Such structures were not present in DNA devoid of replicating molecules such as that isolated from sea urchin sperm. When the size of eye forms and interbubble distances between the two stages were compared, there was no detectable difference. In both stages, we observed two distinct size classes of bubbles and of interbubble distances. In the case of bubble sizes, the smaller size class was comprised of clustered microbubbles that ranged from 200 base pairs to 1 Kilobase (kb) with a mean of 432 base pairs. The large eye forms measured 1--35 kb with a mean of 6.8 kb. Interbubble distances also yielded two distinct populations, with the smaller class ranging from 400 base pairs to 2.3 kb (mean = 1.1 kb) and the larger population ranging from 2.8 to 36 kb (mean = 10.9 kb). Although other possibilities cannot be entirely excluded, the data support the contention that a substantial fraction of the larger eye-form population arises from the fusion of the clustered microbubbles.", "contents": "Size classes of replication units in DNA from sea urchin embryos. Sea urchin DNA containing replication structures was isolated from two to four cell stage and blastula stage embryos, and examined by electron microscopy. In addition to the expected eye forms, we also observed molecules with large internal single-stranded gaps. Such structures were not present in DNA devoid of replicating molecules such as that isolated from sea urchin sperm. When the size of eye forms and interbubble distances between the two stages were compared, there was no detectable difference. In both stages, we observed two distinct size classes of bubbles and of interbubble distances. In the case of bubble sizes, the smaller size class was comprised of clustered microbubbles that ranged from 200 base pairs to 1 Kilobase (kb) with a mean of 432 base pairs. The large eye forms measured 1--35 kb with a mean of 6.8 kb. Interbubble distances also yielded two distinct populations, with the smaller class ranging from 400 base pairs to 2.3 kb (mean = 1.1 kb) and the larger population ranging from 2.8 to 36 kb (mean = 10.9 kb). Although other possibilities cannot be entirely excluded, the data support the contention that a substantial fraction of the larger eye-form population arises from the fusion of the clustered microbubbles.", "PMID": 572370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10014", "title": "Ultrastructure of the endoplasmic factor responsible for cytoplasmic streaming in Chara internodal cells.", "content": "Previous investigators have proposed that cytoplasmic streaming in Chara internodal cells results from the interaction between an endoplasmic factor and fibrils composed of microfilaments in the stationary cortex. Using the internal perfusion technique, we confirmed the observation that organelles which had been attached to the fibrils by decreasing the internal concentration of ATP moved along the fibrils after ATP was introduced. Thin-sectioned specimens revealed that endoplasmic organelles of various shapes were linked to microfilament bundles in the absence of ATP. Linkage was effected by regularly arranged electron-dense materials with a spacing of 100 -- 130 nm at definite regions on each organelle. The organelles in question were studied in negatively stained preparations of endoplasm. The organelles had some common features. (1) They were all membrane-limited.(2) Their sizes and configurations varied largely. (3) One or more protuberances were present on them. (4) The protuberances were usually rod- or horn-like. (5) Small globular bodies 20--30 nm in diameter were found in ordered array with the same spacing as those in thin sections at the surface of the protuberances. (6) Many fine filaments were always attached to the surface of the protuberances. These fine filaments differed from F-actin in diameter (less than 4 nm) and inability to react with heavy meromyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle. The role of such components of the organelles in cytoplasmic streaming is discussed. A paracrystalline array of microfilaments with a transverse periodicity of about 38 nm is presented, together with its optical diffraction pattern.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the endoplasmic factor responsible for cytoplasmic streaming in Chara internodal cells. Previous investigators have proposed that cytoplasmic streaming in Chara internodal cells results from the interaction between an endoplasmic factor and fibrils composed of microfilaments in the stationary cortex. Using the internal perfusion technique, we confirmed the observation that organelles which had been attached to the fibrils by decreasing the internal concentration of ATP moved along the fibrils after ATP was introduced. Thin-sectioned specimens revealed that endoplasmic organelles of various shapes were linked to microfilament bundles in the absence of ATP. Linkage was effected by regularly arranged electron-dense materials with a spacing of 100 -- 130 nm at definite regions on each organelle. The organelles in question were studied in negatively stained preparations of endoplasm. The organelles had some common features. (1) They were all membrane-limited.(2) Their sizes and configurations varied largely. (3) One or more protuberances were present on them. (4) The protuberances were usually rod- or horn-like. (5) Small globular bodies 20--30 nm in diameter were found in ordered array with the same spacing as those in thin sections at the surface of the protuberances. (6) Many fine filaments were always attached to the surface of the protuberances. These fine filaments differed from F-actin in diameter (less than 4 nm) and inability to react with heavy meromyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle. The role of such components of the organelles in cytoplasmic streaming is discussed. A paracrystalline array of microfilaments with a transverse periodicity of about 38 nm is presented, together with its optical diffraction pattern.", "PMID": 572371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10015", "title": "The effects of ovariectomy and estrogen treatment on the dopamine inhibition of gonadotropin and prolactin release.", "content": "The suppressive action of dopamine (DA) on circulating gonadotropin and PRL levels is found to be positively correlated with their basal serum concentrations. Thus, DA inhibition is greater in ovariectomized (agonadal) women than in normal women on day 2 of their menstrual cycles, and the reverse is observed for PRL. Pretreatment of agonadal subjects with estrogen lowers the basal levels of LH and FSH and thereby proportionately decreases the suppressive effects of DA. Estrogen treatment elevates the basal level of PRL in agonadal subjects and also the PRL-inhibiting effect of DA. These findings indicate that castration and estrogen treatment significantly influence the inhibitory effect of DA on gonadotropin and PRL release.", "contents": "The effects of ovariectomy and estrogen treatment on the dopamine inhibition of gonadotropin and prolactin release. The suppressive action of dopamine (DA) on circulating gonadotropin and PRL levels is found to be positively correlated with their basal serum concentrations. Thus, DA inhibition is greater in ovariectomized (agonadal) women than in normal women on day 2 of their menstrual cycles, and the reverse is observed for PRL. Pretreatment of agonadal subjects with estrogen lowers the basal levels of LH and FSH and thereby proportionately decreases the suppressive effects of DA. Estrogen treatment elevates the basal level of PRL in agonadal subjects and also the PRL-inhibiting effect of DA. These findings indicate that castration and estrogen treatment significantly influence the inhibitory effect of DA on gonadotropin and PRL release.", "PMID": 572372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10016", "title": "Diurnal variation in the response of plasma prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal men.", "content": "Plasma PRL, cortisol, and GH responses to a standard iv dose of regular insulin were studied during the morning and evening in seven normal young men. Hypoglycemia achieved during morning and evening in the same aubjects was equal. There was a substantially greater maximal increment in PRL in the evening compared to the morning (P less than 0.01). The peak levels of cortisol achieved in the morning and evening were equal, but the evening maximal increase was greater (P less than 0.05) because of the significantly lower evening basal cortisol level. Evening increases in GH were greater than in the morning in five subjects and were essentially the same in two subjects; for the group, the evening maximal increment in GH was significantly greater (p less than 0.05 after log transformation). Since serotonergic mechanisms appear to be involved in the PRL, GH, and cortisol responses to hypoglycemia, we suggest the possibility of a diurnal variation in hypothalamic serotonin activity which may partly mediate these differential diurnal hormonal responses to hypoglycemia (although other neurotransmitters may also be involved). The data on cortisol are discussed with regard to the reset hypothesis of feedback inhibition.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in the response of plasma prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal men. Plasma PRL, cortisol, and GH responses to a standard iv dose of regular insulin were studied during the morning and evening in seven normal young men. Hypoglycemia achieved during morning and evening in the same aubjects was equal. There was a substantially greater maximal increment in PRL in the evening compared to the morning (P less than 0.01). The peak levels of cortisol achieved in the morning and evening were equal, but the evening maximal increase was greater (P less than 0.05) because of the significantly lower evening basal cortisol level. Evening increases in GH were greater than in the morning in five subjects and were essentially the same in two subjects; for the group, the evening maximal increment in GH was significantly greater (p less than 0.05 after log transformation). Since serotonergic mechanisms appear to be involved in the PRL, GH, and cortisol responses to hypoglycemia, we suggest the possibility of a diurnal variation in hypothalamic serotonin activity which may partly mediate these differential diurnal hormonal responses to hypoglycemia (although other neurotransmitters may also be involved). The data on cortisol are discussed with regard to the reset hypothesis of feedback inhibition.", "PMID": 572373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10017", "title": "Exotoxin activity associated with the Legionnaires disease bacterium.", "content": "Hemolysis occurred around growth of the Legionnaires disease bacterium on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar containing sterile defibrinated blood from each of five mammalian species. Hemolysis was most pronounced with guinea pig or rabbit blood, was less intense with horse or sheep blood, and was slight with blood from a human donor. Sterile filtrates of allantoic fluid from embryonated hen's eggs that had been infected with this organism displayed hemolytic activity in a radial hemolysis assay with guinea pig cells in agar. Growth of the Legionnaires disease bacterium on F-G agar with 5% hen's egg yolk was surrounded by a zone of clearing and more circumscribed zones of iridescence and increased opacity on and in the medium. Attempts to detect activity analogous to that of Escherichia coli heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin in allantoic fluid from infected eggs or in cultures of the Legionnaires disease bacterium were not successful.", "contents": "Exotoxin activity associated with the Legionnaires disease bacterium. Hemolysis occurred around growth of the Legionnaires disease bacterium on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar containing sterile defibrinated blood from each of five mammalian species. Hemolysis was most pronounced with guinea pig or rabbit blood, was less intense with horse or sheep blood, and was slight with blood from a human donor. Sterile filtrates of allantoic fluid from embryonated hen's eggs that had been infected with this organism displayed hemolytic activity in a radial hemolysis assay with guinea pig cells in agar. Growth of the Legionnaires disease bacterium on F-G agar with 5% hen's egg yolk was surrounded by a zone of clearing and more circumscribed zones of iridescence and increased opacity on and in the medium. Attempts to detect activity analogous to that of Escherichia coli heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin in allantoic fluid from infected eggs or in cultures of the Legionnaires disease bacterium were not successful.", "PMID": 572374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10018", "title": "First isolation of Peptococcus indolicus from a human clinical specimen.", "content": "Peptococcus indolicus was isolated from a skin lesion of a sheepherder. A case report is given, and microbiological features of this organism are described.", "contents": "First isolation of Peptococcus indolicus from a human clinical specimen. Peptococcus indolicus was isolated from a skin lesion of a sheepherder. A case report is given, and microbiological features of this organism are described.", "PMID": 572375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10019", "title": "Relationship of scores on the Escapism Scale of the MMPI to escape from minimum security federal custody.", "content": "Investigated the ability of the Escapism (Ec) scale of the MMPI to differentiate between escape and non-escape minimum security federal prisoners. At the .05 level there was no difference between the scores of the two groups on the Ec scale or on comparisons of other correctional data, age, and ethnic composition. It appears that the Ec scale alone or in combination with other data will be a poor predictor of escape. Also, the rate of escape was so low as to make accurate prediction from any criteria extremely unlikely.", "contents": "Relationship of scores on the Escapism Scale of the MMPI to escape from minimum security federal custody. Investigated the ability of the Escapism (Ec) scale of the MMPI to differentiate between escape and non-escape minimum security federal prisoners. At the .05 level there was no difference between the scores of the two groups on the Ec scale or on comparisons of other correctional data, age, and ethnic composition. It appears that the Ec scale alone or in combination with other data will be a poor predictor of escape. Also, the rate of escape was so low as to make accurate prediction from any criteria extremely unlikely.", "PMID": 572376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10020", "title": "Isolation-induced facilitation of male sexual behavior in mice.", "content": "Sexual performance of male mice housed individually or in groups of 3 or 12 was compared. Experiment 1 examined naive males presented at weekly intervals with ovariectomized, estrogen-primed, progesterone-treated females. Performance in isolates was consistently superior and reached an asymptote that was twice that of grouped animals. Reversal of housing conditions reversed performance. Experiment 2 varied intervals of isolation among subjects, finding facilitation at several intervals. Experiment 3 compared animals under different population densities. Density did not alter the effects of isolation and grouping. In all experiments, additional tests with target males indicated that aggressive and sexual performance were moderately correlated and responded similarly to parametric manipulations. These results parallel and extend studies of isolation-induced aggression.", "contents": "Isolation-induced facilitation of male sexual behavior in mice. Sexual performance of male mice housed individually or in groups of 3 or 12 was compared. Experiment 1 examined naive males presented at weekly intervals with ovariectomized, estrogen-primed, progesterone-treated females. Performance in isolates was consistently superior and reached an asymptote that was twice that of grouped animals. Reversal of housing conditions reversed performance. Experiment 2 varied intervals of isolation among subjects, finding facilitation at several intervals. Experiment 3 compared animals under different population densities. Density did not alter the effects of isolation and grouping. In all experiments, additional tests with target males indicated that aggressive and sexual performance were moderately correlated and responded similarly to parametric manipulations. These results parallel and extend studies of isolation-induced aggression.", "PMID": 572378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10021", "title": "Copulation and intermale aggression in rats.", "content": "Attack behavior of reliably aggressive male Long-Evans rats against unfamiliar male intruders was observed immediately following copulation to one or more ejaculations. Compulatory series to five ejaculations did not differ from copulation to a single ejaculation or from a noncopulatory control in affecting aggressive behavior. Repetitive biting attacks occurred in all conditions, with comparable wounding. Evidently, the male postejaculatory state of insensitivity to sexual stimuli does not extend to stimuli eliciting intermale aggression. A second experiment determined the attack-eliciting capacity of foreign males placed in the home cage of an actively copulating male. As intromissions increased and the interval to ejaculation decreased, the probability of intermale aggression and interruption of copulation diminished. The results are discussed in reference to sexual and aggressive strategies of the copulating male.", "contents": "Copulation and intermale aggression in rats. Attack behavior of reliably aggressive male Long-Evans rats against unfamiliar male intruders was observed immediately following copulation to one or more ejaculations. Compulatory series to five ejaculations did not differ from copulation to a single ejaculation or from a noncopulatory control in affecting aggressive behavior. Repetitive biting attacks occurred in all conditions, with comparable wounding. Evidently, the male postejaculatory state of insensitivity to sexual stimuli does not extend to stimuli eliciting intermale aggression. A second experiment determined the attack-eliciting capacity of foreign males placed in the home cage of an actively copulating male. As intromissions increased and the interval to ejaculation decreased, the probability of intermale aggression and interruption of copulation diminished. The results are discussed in reference to sexual and aggressive strategies of the copulating male.", "PMID": 572379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10022", "title": "Defensive behaviors in rats following septal and septal--amygdala lesions.", "content": "Rats with anterior septal lesions showed a pattern of consistent enhancement of defensive behaviors normally elicited by threatening conspecifics, with no enhancement of attack or general reactivity. Further division of this group indicated that damage to sites anterior and ventral to the septal area, sites previously implicated in the \"septal syndrome,\" produces maximal effect on these behaviors. When amygdala lesions are combined with septal damage this enhanced defensive responding is almost completely eliminated. These results were interpreted as indicating that the septal syndrome represents hyperdefensiveness to conspecific threat stimuli rather than aggression or increased general reactivity, and that amygdaloid mechanisms are also involved in the regulation of conspecific defensive behaviors.", "contents": "Defensive behaviors in rats following septal and septal--amygdala lesions. Rats with anterior septal lesions showed a pattern of consistent enhancement of defensive behaviors normally elicited by threatening conspecifics, with no enhancement of attack or general reactivity. Further division of this group indicated that damage to sites anterior and ventral to the septal area, sites previously implicated in the \"septal syndrome,\" produces maximal effect on these behaviors. When amygdala lesions are combined with septal damage this enhanced defensive responding is almost completely eliminated. These results were interpreted as indicating that the septal syndrome represents hyperdefensiveness to conspecific threat stimuli rather than aggression or increased general reactivity, and that amygdaloid mechanisms are also involved in the regulation of conspecific defensive behaviors.", "PMID": 572380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10023", "title": "Common mammary pathogens and factors in infection and mastitis.", "content": "Inflammation of the mammary gland, commonly known as mastitis, is considered a complex disease in view of its complexities of etiology, pathogenesis, sequela, therapy, and related aspects. The disease of most concern is the one produced by pathogenic microorganisms. However, as a prerequisite the pathogen must not only enter the mammary gland but also be able to survive and multiply in numbers sufficient to produce pathogenic effects. The normal bovine mammary gland is protected from such attacks by several anatomic and biologic armamenta which must be overcome by the invading pathogens. Organisms involved in causation of mastitis vary in their habitat, virulence, and susceptibility to host barriers. Similarly cows vary in their resistance to microbial entry into the mammary gland and subsequent response to overcome the infection. Only a few organisms, however, need to survive in the milieu of the mammary gland to produce mastitis. This paper is a general discussion of these aspects concerning bovine mastitis in relation to common mammary pathogens.", "contents": "Common mammary pathogens and factors in infection and mastitis. Inflammation of the mammary gland, commonly known as mastitis, is considered a complex disease in view of its complexities of etiology, pathogenesis, sequela, therapy, and related aspects. The disease of most concern is the one produced by pathogenic microorganisms. However, as a prerequisite the pathogen must not only enter the mammary gland but also be able to survive and multiply in numbers sufficient to produce pathogenic effects. The normal bovine mammary gland is protected from such attacks by several anatomic and biologic armamenta which must be overcome by the invading pathogens. Organisms involved in causation of mastitis vary in their habitat, virulence, and susceptibility to host barriers. Similarly cows vary in their resistance to microbial entry into the mammary gland and subsequent response to overcome the infection. Only a few organisms, however, need to survive in the milieu of the mammary gland to produce mastitis. This paper is a general discussion of these aspects concerning bovine mastitis in relation to common mammary pathogens.", "PMID": 572381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10024", "title": "Endocrine control of energy metabolism in the cow: correlations of hormones and metabolites in high and low yielding cows for stages of lactation.", "content": "Measures of hormones and metabolites in blood plasma of high and low yielding cattle matched for diet and stage of lactation were investigated for relationships between milk yield, body weight, and concentrations of hormones (prolactin, growth hormone, insulin, and thyroxine) and metabolites (glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and L-lactic acid) for stages of lactation. A first approach correlated total milk yields of 15 cows with average constituents during the four 24-h blood samplings through the first 27 wk of lactation. The second examined associations of changes with sampling periods in milk yield or body weight with changes in hormones and metabolites. Total milk yield of the high yielding group was correlated positively with ratios of growth hormone/thyroxine and glucose/thyroxine and correlated negatively with thyroxine. Changes in growth hormone and its ratio to insulin, and changes in yield were correlated positively for groups combined. Changes in thyroxine were correlated negatively with changes in yield. Changes in liveweight gain were related positively to insulin and lactic acid and negatively with changes in growth hormone. Changes in growth hormone were related positively to changes in nonesterified fatty acids.", "contents": "Endocrine control of energy metabolism in the cow: correlations of hormones and metabolites in high and low yielding cows for stages of lactation. Measures of hormones and metabolites in blood plasma of high and low yielding cattle matched for diet and stage of lactation were investigated for relationships between milk yield, body weight, and concentrations of hormones (prolactin, growth hormone, insulin, and thyroxine) and metabolites (glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and L-lactic acid) for stages of lactation. A first approach correlated total milk yields of 15 cows with average constituents during the four 24-h blood samplings through the first 27 wk of lactation. The second examined associations of changes with sampling periods in milk yield or body weight with changes in hormones and metabolites. Total milk yield of the high yielding group was correlated positively with ratios of growth hormone/thyroxine and glucose/thyroxine and correlated negatively with thyroxine. Changes in growth hormone and its ratio to insulin, and changes in yield were correlated positively for groups combined. Changes in thyroxine were correlated negatively with changes in yield. Changes in liveweight gain were related positively to insulin and lactic acid and negatively with changes in growth hormone. Changes in growth hormone were related positively to changes in nonesterified fatty acids.", "PMID": 572382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10025", "title": "Heat inactivation of superoxide dismutase in bovine milk.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase, and enzyme normal to bovine milk, may be inactivated partially by heat during processing of milk and milk products. A minimal pasteurization temperature (71.7 C for 15 s) does not cause heat inactivation of superoxide dismutase. Higher temperature of pasteurization or systems including a 'vac-heat process' will inactivate a substantial portion of the enzyme. Heat treatments greater than 75 C inactivated more than 20% of the superoxide dismutase. Purified superoxide dismutase fractionated from bovine milk was more sensitive to thermal processing than the superoxide dismutase in bovine milk serum.", "contents": "Heat inactivation of superoxide dismutase in bovine milk. Superoxide dismutase, and enzyme normal to bovine milk, may be inactivated partially by heat during processing of milk and milk products. A minimal pasteurization temperature (71.7 C for 15 s) does not cause heat inactivation of superoxide dismutase. Higher temperature of pasteurization or systems including a 'vac-heat process' will inactivate a substantial portion of the enzyme. Heat treatments greater than 75 C inactivated more than 20% of the superoxide dismutase. Purified superoxide dismutase fractionated from bovine milk was more sensitive to thermal processing than the superoxide dismutase in bovine milk serum.", "PMID": 572383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10026", "title": "Studies on the life cycle of Asymphylodora tincae (Modeer, 1790) (Trematoda: Monorchiidae) in a small lake near Amsterdam. Part 1. The morphology of various stages.", "content": "Aspects of the life cycle of Asymphylodora tincae have been studied in a small lake near Amsterdam. Bithynia tentaculata, being the only snail species that was very numerous in the lake, was the first as well as the main second intermediate host; adult trematodes were found exclusively in the tench, Tinca tinca. A small part of the cercariae that penetrate into B. tentaculata was able to develop into progenetic specimens. A morphological description is given of the following stages of A. tincae: adult, egg, redia, cercariaeum, metacercaria and progenetic stage. The cercariaeum is identified as Cercariaeum paludinae impurae De Filippi, 1854. It is concluded that A. tincae is a species, capable of large variation regarding both morphological structure (e.g. body spination, size) and life cycle.", "contents": "Studies on the life cycle of Asymphylodora tincae (Modeer, 1790) (Trematoda: Monorchiidae) in a small lake near Amsterdam. Part 1. The morphology of various stages. Aspects of the life cycle of Asymphylodora tincae have been studied in a small lake near Amsterdam. Bithynia tentaculata, being the only snail species that was very numerous in the lake, was the first as well as the main second intermediate host; adult trematodes were found exclusively in the tench, Tinca tinca. A small part of the cercariae that penetrate into B. tentaculata was able to develop into progenetic specimens. A morphological description is given of the following stages of A. tincae: adult, egg, redia, cercariaeum, metacercaria and progenetic stage. The cercariaeum is identified as Cercariaeum paludinae impurae De Filippi, 1854. It is concluded that A. tincae is a species, capable of large variation regarding both morphological structure (e.g. body spination, size) and life cycle.", "PMID": 572385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10027", "title": "Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Multicaecum and Brevimulticaecum.", "content": "The genus Multicaecum Baylis 1923, sensu Hartwich 1957, was found to be heterogeneous, comprising species which are released to two distinct genera, namely Multicaecum Bavlis, 1923 and Brevimulticaecum. The latter name is derived from the subgenus Brevinulticaecum Mozgovoy, in Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, and Mozgovoy, 1951 by raising it to generic rank and emending the definition. Multicaecum contains a single species, agile Wedl, 1861 occurring in Crocodylus spp. in Africa, India and Australia, and is characterized by smooth rounded lips, each with a dentigerous ridge comprising small sharp denticles. The excretory pore is level with the nerve ring or behind it, and the ventricular appendices are long and slender. The species gangeticum Maplestone 1930 and quadrata Linstow 1904 are excluded from Multicaecum and regarded as species inquirendae incertae sedis. Brevimulticaecum contains five species occurring in the caimans and the alligator of the New World: baylisi Travassors, 1933 (type species; acuticauda Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1937 is placed in synonomy under baylisi); stekhoveni Baylis, 1947; tenuicolle Rudolphi, 1819; and two new species. Brevimulticaecum spp. are characterized by flat lips with alate margins and notches, without dentigerous ridges, excretory pore in front of or at nerve ring and the ventriculus with short appendices. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the other genera of ascaridoid nematodes in crocodilians.", "contents": "Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Multicaecum and Brevimulticaecum. The genus Multicaecum Baylis 1923, sensu Hartwich 1957, was found to be heterogeneous, comprising species which are released to two distinct genera, namely Multicaecum Bavlis, 1923 and Brevimulticaecum. The latter name is derived from the subgenus Brevinulticaecum Mozgovoy, in Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, and Mozgovoy, 1951 by raising it to generic rank and emending the definition. Multicaecum contains a single species, agile Wedl, 1861 occurring in Crocodylus spp. in Africa, India and Australia, and is characterized by smooth rounded lips, each with a dentigerous ridge comprising small sharp denticles. The excretory pore is level with the nerve ring or behind it, and the ventricular appendices are long and slender. The species gangeticum Maplestone 1930 and quadrata Linstow 1904 are excluded from Multicaecum and regarded as species inquirendae incertae sedis. Brevimulticaecum contains five species occurring in the caimans and the alligator of the New World: baylisi Travassors, 1933 (type species; acuticauda Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1937 is placed in synonomy under baylisi); stekhoveni Baylis, 1947; tenuicolle Rudolphi, 1819; and two new species. Brevimulticaecum spp. are characterized by flat lips with alate margins and notches, without dentigerous ridges, excretory pore in front of or at nerve ring and the ventriculus with short appendices. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the other genera of ascaridoid nematodes in crocodilians.", "PMID": 572386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10028", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies on the plasma membranes of normal human, thrombasthenic, and Bernard-Soulier platelets.", "content": "The description of severe molecular deficiencies of different membrane glycoproteins in thrombasthenic and Bernard-Soulier platelets has led us to investigate the intramembrane organization of their plasma membranes using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. An initial examination of the cleaved plasma membranes of freeze-fractured normal human platelets revealed randomly distributed MAPs on the fracture faces of both the outer and inner phospholipid leaflets of the bilayer. Particle densities of 925 +/- 52/micrometer22 on the EF and 427 +/- 29/micrometer2 on the PF were calculated with a computer-linked picture analyzer. The particle size was heterogeneous on both fracture faces, and the number of particles decreased exponentially in the 5 to 13 nm size range. Examination of the platelets of three thrombasthenic patients revealed a low particle density (36% to 69% of the normal range) on the PF of the cleaved plasma membrane and a reduced particle coefficient between the two fracture faces (PF/EF). This abnormality was accompanied by a preferential decrease in the larger sized particles. In marked contrast 8 to 13 nm particles predominated on both fracture faces of the plasma membranes of the platelets of a Bernard-Soulier patient, and a greater concentration of particles on the PF rather than the EF was uniquely observed. The results further define the modified structure of thrombasthenic and Bernard-Soulier platelet plasma membranes and suggest a structural heterogeneity within the total MAP population of the membranes of normal human platelets.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies on the plasma membranes of normal human, thrombasthenic, and Bernard-Soulier platelets. The description of severe molecular deficiencies of different membrane glycoproteins in thrombasthenic and Bernard-Soulier platelets has led us to investigate the intramembrane organization of their plasma membranes using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. An initial examination of the cleaved plasma membranes of freeze-fractured normal human platelets revealed randomly distributed MAPs on the fracture faces of both the outer and inner phospholipid leaflets of the bilayer. Particle densities of 925 +/- 52/micrometer22 on the EF and 427 +/- 29/micrometer2 on the PF were calculated with a computer-linked picture analyzer. The particle size was heterogeneous on both fracture faces, and the number of particles decreased exponentially in the 5 to 13 nm size range. Examination of the platelets of three thrombasthenic patients revealed a low particle density (36% to 69% of the normal range) on the PF of the cleaved plasma membrane and a reduced particle coefficient between the two fracture faces (PF/EF). This abnormality was accompanied by a preferential decrease in the larger sized particles. In marked contrast 8 to 13 nm particles predominated on both fracture faces of the plasma membranes of the platelets of a Bernard-Soulier patient, and a greater concentration of particles on the PF rather than the EF was uniquely observed. The results further define the modified structure of thrombasthenic and Bernard-Soulier platelet plasma membranes and suggest a structural heterogeneity within the total MAP population of the membranes of normal human platelets.", "PMID": 572392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10029", "title": "Chronic polioencephalitis with cerebral atrophy in infantile X-linked hypogammaglobulineaemia.", "content": "The development of a chronic polioencephalitis is reported in a patient with infantile X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia (IXH Bruton type agammaglobulinaemia). In early childhood, the patient had multiple episodes of purulent inflammation involving the meninges and respiratory tract. He was given continuous administration of gammaglobulin and intermittent treatment with antibiotics, and survived for 21 years. The neuropathological lesion, which revealed severe cerebral atrophy, is described.", "contents": "Chronic polioencephalitis with cerebral atrophy in infantile X-linked hypogammaglobulineaemia. The development of a chronic polioencephalitis is reported in a patient with infantile X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia (IXH Bruton type agammaglobulinaemia). In early childhood, the patient had multiple episodes of purulent inflammation involving the meninges and respiratory tract. He was given continuous administration of gammaglobulin and intermittent treatment with antibiotics, and survived for 21 years. The neuropathological lesion, which revealed severe cerebral atrophy, is described.", "PMID": 572414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10030", "title": "Menstrual cycle affects kinesthetic aftereffect, an index of personality and perceptual style.", "content": "Research suggests that kinesthetic aftereffect (KAE) scores reflect status on a postulated stimulus intensity modulation (SIM) mechanism that damps down subjective stimulus intensity for some (reducing) and increases it for others (augmenting). Such a mechanism would help account for empirically observed individual differences in such behaviors as pain tolerance, sensory deprivation reactivity, and stimulation seeking. It was hypothesized and confirmed in three adult female samples that KAE varies curvilinearly over the menstrual cycle: Greater KAE reduction occurs at the cycle's beginning and end. Neither tiredness, oral contraception, medication, attention, nor social expectations can explain this finding. Of the behaviors studied in the KAE literature, only five are also encompassed by the menstrual cycle literature. Four of these (antisocial behavior, acute schizophrenic episodes, accidents, and activity level) show similar curvilinearity over the cycle. We hypothesize that cyclical variation in the SIM mechanism mediates the curvilinear pattern observed for both these four behaviors and KAE.", "contents": "Menstrual cycle affects kinesthetic aftereffect, an index of personality and perceptual style. Research suggests that kinesthetic aftereffect (KAE) scores reflect status on a postulated stimulus intensity modulation (SIM) mechanism that damps down subjective stimulus intensity for some (reducing) and increases it for others (augmenting). Such a mechanism would help account for empirically observed individual differences in such behaviors as pain tolerance, sensory deprivation reactivity, and stimulation seeking. It was hypothesized and confirmed in three adult female samples that KAE varies curvilinearly over the menstrual cycle: Greater KAE reduction occurs at the cycle's beginning and end. Neither tiredness, oral contraception, medication, attention, nor social expectations can explain this finding. Of the behaviors studied in the KAE literature, only five are also encompassed by the menstrual cycle literature. Four of these (antisocial behavior, acute schizophrenic episodes, accidents, and activity level) show similar curvilinearity over the cycle. We hypothesize that cyclical variation in the SIM mechanism mediates the curvilinear pattern observed for both these four behaviors and KAE.", "PMID": 572417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10031", "title": "Acquired monocular nystagmus in monozygous twins.", "content": "Twins girls presented with monocular nystagmus, head-nodding, and tilting in early infancy. This disorder resolved without therapy or residual defect. This case represents the first documented report of spasmus nutans presenting with only monocular nystagmus in twins. The etiology of spasmus nutans and monocular nystagmus is discussed in light of recent clinical and experimental observations.", "contents": "Acquired monocular nystagmus in monozygous twins. Twins girls presented with monocular nystagmus, head-nodding, and tilting in early infancy. This disorder resolved without therapy or residual defect. This case represents the first documented report of spasmus nutans presenting with only monocular nystagmus in twins. The etiology of spasmus nutans and monocular nystagmus is discussed in light of recent clinical and experimental observations.", "PMID": 572415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10032", "title": "Inherited Duane's syndrome: mirror-like localization of oculomotor disturbances in monozygotic twins.", "content": "Abnormal innervation hampered the left eye in one twin, while producing the same effect in the right  eye of the other twin and in that of his mother.", "contents": "Inherited Duane's syndrome: mirror-like localization of oculomotor disturbances in monozygotic twins. Abnormal innervation hampered the left eye in one twin, while producing the same effect in the right  eye of the other twin and in that of his mother.", "PMID": 572416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10033", "title": "Lactose and casein content of nonpuerperal breast secretion.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with nonpuerperal breast secretion were evaluated for the presence of casein and lactose in the secretions. Only two of seven patients with brownish or greenish secretions were positive for both lactose and casein although an additional six patients were positive for casein alone. Two patients with clear breast secretions were positive for both casein and lactose. However, 16 of 17 patients with milky or white secretions were positive for both casein and lactose. Although casein and lactose are more likely to be present in white breast secretions, other types of breast secretions may also contain these constituents.", "contents": "Lactose and casein content of nonpuerperal breast secretion. Twenty-seven patients with nonpuerperal breast secretion were evaluated for the presence of casein and lactose in the secretions. Only two of seven patients with brownish or greenish secretions were positive for both lactose and casein although an additional six patients were positive for casein alone. Two patients with clear breast secretions were positive for both casein and lactose. However, 16 of 17 patients with milky or white secretions were positive for both casein and lactose. Although casein and lactose are more likely to be present in white breast secretions, other types of breast secretions may also contain these constituents.", "PMID": 572427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10034", "title": "Modified Marshall, Marchetti and Krantz operation.", "content": "A modification of the Marshall, Marchetti and Krantz procedure is described that uses the Babcock clamp for exposure and the rectus muscle for suspension in order to reduce the complications and technical difficulties. The procedure was utilized for 30 patients, and in the same period 27 patients were treated with the nonmodified procedure. A follow-up from one to six years resulted in one patient with a complete failure and another with a partial failure in the modified group and five patients with complete failure in the nonmodified group. The complications rates were essentially the same. However, in the nonmodified group there was one patient with osteitis pubis, one patient with urethral stenosis and two patients with prolonged urinary retention. The results suggest that the modified technique is simple and successful in correcting stress urinary incontinence in women if coupled with adequate study of the patient and careful selection of the treatment.", "contents": "Modified Marshall, Marchetti and Krantz operation. A modification of the Marshall, Marchetti and Krantz procedure is described that uses the Babcock clamp for exposure and the rectus muscle for suspension in order to reduce the complications and technical difficulties. The procedure was utilized for 30 patients, and in the same period 27 patients were treated with the nonmodified procedure. A follow-up from one to six years resulted in one patient with a complete failure and another with a partial failure in the modified group and five patients with complete failure in the nonmodified group. The complications rates were essentially the same. However, in the nonmodified group there was one patient with osteitis pubis, one patient with urethral stenosis and two patients with prolonged urinary retention. The results suggest that the modified technique is simple and successful in correcting stress urinary incontinence in women if coupled with adequate study of the patient and careful selection of the treatment.", "PMID": 572428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10035", "title": "A presumptive new variant of Norrie's disease.", "content": "The present report describes a Brazilian Negro sibship with six males affected by a presumptive new variant of Norrie's disease, an X-linked congenital oculo-acoustical-cerebral degeneration. In addition to the typical stigmata of the disease, all the patients were microcephalic and two of them had cryptorchidism. Possible non-genetic aetiology was investigated with negative results. Xg blood group studies were informative and the lod scores are given, together with those for two previously reported families with Norrie's disease.", "contents": "A presumptive new variant of Norrie's disease. The present report describes a Brazilian Negro sibship with six males affected by a presumptive new variant of Norrie's disease, an X-linked congenital oculo-acoustical-cerebral degeneration. In addition to the typical stigmata of the disease, all the patients were microcephalic and two of them had cryptorchidism. Possible non-genetic aetiology was investigated with negative results. Xg blood group studies were informative and the lod scores are given, together with those for two previously reported families with Norrie's disease.", "PMID": 572429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10036", "title": "The sex ratio in anencephaly.", "content": "A review of the data supports the suggestion of Knox (1974) that the sex ratio and incidence of anencephalics vary together within populations, as they are known to do between populations. There seems some doubts, though, whether Knox was correct in hypothesising that the sex ratio of anencephalics varies with their incidence in relation to the dizygotic twinning rate. The pattern of variation seems to suggest that there are two sorts of cause of anencephaly, one of which is environmental and affects predominantly female embryos. The other may be environmental or genetic, and seems to attack the sexes in roughly equal numbers. If this hypothesis were correct, it would carry implications for the testing of specific teratogens.", "contents": "The sex ratio in anencephaly. A review of the data supports the suggestion of Knox (1974) that the sex ratio and incidence of anencephalics vary together within populations, as they are known to do between populations. There seems some doubts, though, whether Knox was correct in hypothesising that the sex ratio of anencephalics varies with their incidence in relation to the dizygotic twinning rate. The pattern of variation seems to suggest that there are two sorts of cause of anencephaly, one of which is environmental and affects predominantly female embryos. The other may be environmental or genetic, and seems to attack the sexes in roughly equal numbers. If this hypothesis were correct, it would carry implications for the testing of specific teratogens.", "PMID": 572430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10037", "title": "Induction of reversion from the L-form to the sporogenous phase of Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (Benedek).", "content": "The rate of reversion from the L-form to the complete bacillus phase of Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (BLE)was increased by a factor of c. x20, by growth in the presence of 1% diaminopimelic acid in a well plate, and c. x25 with a 1% hog gastric mucin spread on the plate surface. Saturated riboflavin solution and growth products of staphylococci in wells had a lesser effect. The revertants were subsequently stable when isolated in the absence of additive. The rate of reversion from a spheroplast to a diphtheroid phase was not significantly altered by these additives. These findings are of practical value in studies to distinguish between the BLE sporing bacillus and postulated phases of the organism that include diphtheroid and spheroplast L-forms and debated mycoplasma-like forms.", "contents": "Induction of reversion from the L-form to the sporogenous phase of Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (Benedek). The rate of reversion from the L-form to the complete bacillus phase of Bacillus licheniformis var. endoparasiticus (BLE)was increased by a factor of c. x20, by growth in the presence of 1% diaminopimelic acid in a well plate, and c. x25 with a 1% hog gastric mucin spread on the plate surface. Saturated riboflavin solution and growth products of staphylococci in wells had a lesser effect. The revertants were subsequently stable when isolated in the absence of additive. The rate of reversion from a spheroplast to a diphtheroid phase was not significantly altered by these additives. These findings are of practical value in studies to distinguish between the BLE sporing bacillus and postulated phases of the organism that include diphtheroid and spheroplast L-forms and debated mycoplasma-like forms.", "PMID": 572431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10038", "title": "Case report: treatment of catbite injuries of the hand.", "content": "Catbite or scratch injuries frequently contain mixed organisms, and penicillin or erythromycin alone may not give adequate coverage, as shown in the cases described. Incision and drainage should not be neglected or deferred when a deep infectious process is present or bones, joints, or tendon sheaths are involved. Finally, a catbite injury is a deep penetration injury with potentially virulent organisms that require close followup and awareness of potential problems.", "contents": "Case report: treatment of catbite injuries of the hand. Catbite or scratch injuries frequently contain mixed organisms, and penicillin or erythromycin alone may not give adequate coverage, as shown in the cases described. Incision and drainage should not be neglected or deferred when a deep infectious process is present or bones, joints, or tendon sheaths are involved. Finally, a catbite injury is a deep penetration injury with potentially virulent organisms that require close followup and awareness of potential problems.", "PMID": 572432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10039", "title": "Ureteral complications after intravesical formalin instillation.", "content": "Results of formalin therapy for hemorrhage owing to post-radiation cystitis have been studied with special reference to the frequency and severity of ureteral complications. Gross bleeding stopped in 25 of 27 patients within 48 hours. However, 5 patients became anuric immediately after the instillation and in another 7 patients a transient increase in the serum creatinine level was observed. Urinary diversion was necessary in 11 of the 27 patients. The complication rate in the present study is considerably higher than reported previously. Complications may be explained by vesicoureteral reflux of a too strong formalin-alcohol solution. To avoid future complications we suggest that 1) a high diuresis should be induced peroperatively, 2) a 1 to 2 per cent formalin solution without alcohol should be used and 3) the instillation pressure should not exceed 15 cm. water.", "contents": "Ureteral complications after intravesical formalin instillation. Results of formalin therapy for hemorrhage owing to post-radiation cystitis have been studied with special reference to the frequency and severity of ureteral complications. Gross bleeding stopped in 25 of 27 patients within 48 hours. However, 5 patients became anuric immediately after the instillation and in another 7 patients a transient increase in the serum creatinine level was observed. Urinary diversion was necessary in 11 of the 27 patients. The complication rate in the present study is considerably higher than reported previously. Complications may be explained by vesicoureteral reflux of a too strong formalin-alcohol solution. To avoid future complications we suggest that 1) a high diuresis should be induced peroperatively, 2) a 1 to 2 per cent formalin solution without alcohol should be used and 3) the instillation pressure should not exceed 15 cm. water.", "PMID": 572435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10040", "title": "Urodynamics of female urinary incontinence with emphasis on stress incontinence.", "content": "More than 500 female patients with urinary incontinence were studied in our urodynamic laboratory by simultaneous recordings of urethral pressure at 2 levels, bladder pressure, intra-abdominal pressure, and by uroflowmetry and cine-fluoroscopy. Urethral pressure profile under basal conditions was compared to that in patients with a full bladder, under the stress of sharp or sustained increase in intra-abdominal pressure, voluntary perineal muscle activity and patient's position. From these studies stress and urge incontinence, and neurogenic varieties (or a combination of several types) could be differentiated. The clinical application of our findings will be discussed.", "contents": "Urodynamics of female urinary incontinence with emphasis on stress incontinence. More than 500 female patients with urinary incontinence were studied in our urodynamic laboratory by simultaneous recordings of urethral pressure at 2 levels, bladder pressure, intra-abdominal pressure, and by uroflowmetry and cine-fluoroscopy. Urethral pressure profile under basal conditions was compared to that in patients with a full bladder, under the stress of sharp or sustained increase in intra-abdominal pressure, voluntary perineal muscle activity and patient's position. From these studies stress and urge incontinence, and neurogenic varieties (or a combination of several types) could be differentiated. The clinical application of our findings will be discussed.", "PMID": 572436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10041", "title": "Pitfalls of urodynamics.", "content": "Increased interest and use of urodynamic testing have led many clinicians to rely on the results for patient care. Numerous shortcomings and possible sources of error have been identified. Well trained personnel, properly structured examination rooms and understanding of the potential pitfalls in urodynamics are essential to proper medical management of patients with micturition problems.", "contents": "Pitfalls of urodynamics. Increased interest and use of urodynamic testing have led many clinicians to rely on the results for patient care. Numerous shortcomings and possible sources of error have been identified. Well trained personnel, properly structured examination rooms and understanding of the potential pitfalls in urodynamics are essential to proper medical management of patients with micturition problems.", "PMID": 572437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10042", "title": "The changing social implications of vesicovaginal fistulas: linking vesical catheters--a useful adjunct.", "content": "Constant urinary leakage is a serious social and physical problem accompanying a vesicovaginal fistula in curable and incurable patients. The method of linking vesical catheterization is presented as a useful adjunct available to the urologic surgeon. Its applicability in the curable patient awaiting operation and the incurable or inoperable patient is described.", "contents": "The changing social implications of vesicovaginal fistulas: linking vesical catheters--a useful adjunct. Constant urinary leakage is a serious social and physical problem accompanying a vesicovaginal fistula in curable and incurable patients. The method of linking vesical catheterization is presented as a useful adjunct available to the urologic surgeon. Its applicability in the curable patient awaiting operation and the incurable or inoperable patient is described.", "PMID": 572438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10043", "title": "The evaluation of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in essential and secondary hypertension.", "content": "The relation of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity to age was examined in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Plasma DBH activity was the highest in the group of 25--34 years and gradually decreased with age. Plasma DBH activity was higher in the hypertensives than in the normotensives in all age groups, and the difference was significant between the groups of 45--54 and 55--64 years. Plasma DBH activity was increased in labile hypertension. Plasma DBH activity was higher in the group of essential hypertension with normal renal function than in that with reduced renal function. It was lower in the severe hypertensives than in the mild cases. Plasma DBH activity was also decreased in the hypertensive patients with cerebrovascular disorders. Plasma DBH activity was lower in the hypertensive patients with renal parenchymal diseases than those of essential hypertension with normal renal function. Plasma DBH activity was also decreased in primary aldosteronism, while it was increased in pheochromocytoma. These observations suggest that measurement of plasma DBH activity may be valuable in the differentiation of essential hypertension from the secondary forms of hypertension, and the evaluation of the hypertensive processes. To evaluate plasma DBH activity, it is important to consider its age-related changes.", "contents": "The evaluation of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in essential and secondary hypertension. The relation of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity to age was examined in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Plasma DBH activity was the highest in the group of 25--34 years and gradually decreased with age. Plasma DBH activity was higher in the hypertensives than in the normotensives in all age groups, and the difference was significant between the groups of 45--54 and 55--64 years. Plasma DBH activity was increased in labile hypertension. Plasma DBH activity was higher in the group of essential hypertension with normal renal function than in that with reduced renal function. It was lower in the severe hypertensives than in the mild cases. Plasma DBH activity was also decreased in the hypertensive patients with cerebrovascular disorders. Plasma DBH activity was lower in the hypertensive patients with renal parenchymal diseases than those of essential hypertension with normal renal function. Plasma DBH activity was also decreased in primary aldosteronism, while it was increased in pheochromocytoma. These observations suggest that measurement of plasma DBH activity may be valuable in the differentiation of essential hypertension from the secondary forms of hypertension, and the evaluation of the hypertensive processes. To evaluate plasma DBH activity, it is important to consider its age-related changes.", "PMID": 572440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10044", "title": "Effect of stimulation of locus coeruleus on the evoked potential in the amygdala in rats.", "content": "Effects of stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) on evoked potential in the medial amygdala elicited by stimulation of the olfactory bulb (OB-AME potentials) were studied in the gallamine-immobilized rats. The amplitude of the OB-AME potential was inhibited 27.5% by the conditioning stimulation of LC delivered 30 msec before the test stimulation. The inhibitory effect of LC was reduced by propranolol 5 mg/kg i.p., but not by phentolamine 10 mg/kg i.p.. This effect was also reduced by tetrabenazine 10 mg/kg i.p.. Methamphetamine 5 mg/kg i.p. produced considerable potentiation of the LC inhibitory effect and a reduction of the OB-AME potential itself. These results suggest that the LC plays an inhibitory role in the electrical activity of the medial amygdala.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation of locus coeruleus on the evoked potential in the amygdala in rats. Effects of stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) on evoked potential in the medial amygdala elicited by stimulation of the olfactory bulb (OB-AME potentials) were studied in the gallamine-immobilized rats. The amplitude of the OB-AME potential was inhibited 27.5% by the conditioning stimulation of LC delivered 30 msec before the test stimulation. The inhibitory effect of LC was reduced by propranolol 5 mg/kg i.p., but not by phentolamine 10 mg/kg i.p.. This effect was also reduced by tetrabenazine 10 mg/kg i.p.. Methamphetamine 5 mg/kg i.p. produced considerable potentiation of the LC inhibitory effect and a reduction of the OB-AME potential itself. These results suggest that the LC plays an inhibitory role in the electrical activity of the medial amygdala.", "PMID": 572441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10045", "title": "Dissociation of the diurnal variation of aldosterone and cortisol in anephric subjects.", "content": "Diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone and cortisol concentration in man was studied in 13 anephric subjects and 7 normal subjects. All subjects were ambulatory and active throughout the study except during an 8-hour sleep period. Six anephric subjects received Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) during the studies to prevent potassium accumulation and increase in plasma potassium concentration. Diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone concentration with peak and nadir concentrations at 12:00 noon and 12:00 midnight respectively was demonstrated in the studies on normal subjects. Changes in plasma aldosterone concentration were not significantly correlated with changes in plasma concentration but were highly correlated with changes in PRA (P less than 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between plasma aldosterone and potassium concentration in the anephric subjects studied without Kayexalate administration (P less than 0.001). In the anephric subjects who received Kayexalate, plasma aldosterone and potassium concentration remained stable, and no correlation could be demonstrated. No diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone concentration could be demonstrated in either group of anephric subjects, whereas plasma cortisol concentration varied as in the studies on normal subjects. Conclusion. Diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone concentration is dependent on continued stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. Loss of this stimulation has no demonstrable effect on the diurnal variation of plasma cortisol concentration.", "contents": "Dissociation of the diurnal variation of aldosterone and cortisol in anephric subjects. Diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone and cortisol concentration in man was studied in 13 anephric subjects and 7 normal subjects. All subjects were ambulatory and active throughout the study except during an 8-hour sleep period. Six anephric subjects received Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) during the studies to prevent potassium accumulation and increase in plasma potassium concentration. Diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone concentration with peak and nadir concentrations at 12:00 noon and 12:00 midnight respectively was demonstrated in the studies on normal subjects. Changes in plasma aldosterone concentration were not significantly correlated with changes in plasma concentration but were highly correlated with changes in PRA (P less than 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between plasma aldosterone and potassium concentration in the anephric subjects studied without Kayexalate administration (P less than 0.001). In the anephric subjects who received Kayexalate, plasma aldosterone and potassium concentration remained stable, and no correlation could be demonstrated. No diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone concentration could be demonstrated in either group of anephric subjects, whereas plasma cortisol concentration varied as in the studies on normal subjects. Conclusion. Diurnal variation of plasma aldosterone concentration is dependent on continued stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. Loss of this stimulation has no demonstrable effect on the diurnal variation of plasma cortisol concentration.", "PMID": 572442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10046", "title": "[Familial occurrence of Elfin's face (Williams-Beurens Syndrome =wbs) and supravalvular aortic stenosis (= svas) (author's transl)].", "content": "Three siblings out of two families -- the mothers being sisters -- have signs of WBS: a girl shows the complete picture of elfin's face syndrome; a boy who needed surgical treatment for severe supravalvular aortic stenosis, presents only with minimal signs of the peculiar facies like his mother. His brother has slight supravalvular aortic stenosis. The three children described show trivial peripheral pulmonary stenosis. It is known that SVAS and WBS may show a dominant mode of inheritance with variable expressivity. The purpose of this study was to find signs which would prove a dominant inheritance in this kinship. Dental malpositions and coarse upperlip with shallow philtrum where the only symptomes found in the patients and their mothers. If we accept this traits as markers for the syndrome than we could assume a dominant way of inheritance.", "contents": "[Familial occurrence of Elfin's face (Williams-Beurens Syndrome =wbs) and supravalvular aortic stenosis (= svas) (author's transl)]. Three siblings out of two families -- the mothers being sisters -- have signs of WBS: a girl shows the complete picture of elfin's face syndrome; a boy who needed surgical treatment for severe supravalvular aortic stenosis, presents only with minimal signs of the peculiar facies like his mother. His brother has slight supravalvular aortic stenosis. The three children described show trivial peripheral pulmonary stenosis. It is known that SVAS and WBS may show a dominant mode of inheritance with variable expressivity. The purpose of this study was to find signs which would prove a dominant inheritance in this kinship. Dental malpositions and coarse upperlip with shallow philtrum where the only symptomes found in the patients and their mothers. If we accept this traits as markers for the syndrome than we could assume a dominant way of inheritance.", "PMID": 572446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10047", "title": "[Pulmonary insufficiency in childhood. Contribution to diastolic murmurs (author's transl)].", "content": "Diastolic murmurs in childhood are in most cases due to pulmonary insufficiency. They may be functional (Graham-Steel-murmurs, for instance with idiopathic pulmonary ectasis or pulmonary hypertension), but are more and more the symptom of postoperative pulmonary insufficiency. Diastolic murmurs of pulmonary insufficiency were found after operations of valvular and infundibular pulmonary stenosis in 92,5% of the cases (40 children) and after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in 89% of 27 children. The diastolic murmur of pulmonary insufficiency is very good recorded in phonocardiography; with postoperative heart catheterisations and angiocardiography there is good estimation of the degree of the pulmonary insufficiency. There is no doubt about the curative effort of operations in these congenital heart defects, and postoperative pulmonary insufficiency does not impair the operative improvement in childhood. Till now long term observations of these cases up to late adulthood cannot be possible; regular pediatric cardiologic examinations of these operated children are mandatory.", "contents": "[Pulmonary insufficiency in childhood. Contribution to diastolic murmurs (author's transl)]. Diastolic murmurs in childhood are in most cases due to pulmonary insufficiency. They may be functional (Graham-Steel-murmurs, for instance with idiopathic pulmonary ectasis or pulmonary hypertension), but are more and more the symptom of postoperative pulmonary insufficiency. Diastolic murmurs of pulmonary insufficiency were found after operations of valvular and infundibular pulmonary stenosis in 92,5% of the cases (40 children) and after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in 89% of 27 children. The diastolic murmur of pulmonary insufficiency is very good recorded in phonocardiography; with postoperative heart catheterisations and angiocardiography there is good estimation of the degree of the pulmonary insufficiency. There is no doubt about the curative effort of operations in these congenital heart defects, and postoperative pulmonary insufficiency does not impair the operative improvement in childhood. Till now long term observations of these cases up to late adulthood cannot be possible; regular pediatric cardiologic examinations of these operated children are mandatory.", "PMID": 572447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10048", "title": "[The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on some parameters of peripheral circulation in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid in a single dose of 10 mg/kg orally affected the skin temperature of the hand of febrile and afebrile children. In the afebrile group the rise of skin temperature after 1 hour (p less than 0,05) and 2 hours (p less than 0.01) was not accompanied by significant change of the sublingual or axillar temperature. In the febrile group the rise of the skin temperature of the 3rd finger after 1 hour (p less than 0,001) and 2 hours (p less than 0.001) was accompanied by a significant decrease of the sublingual and axillar temperature and by a decrease of pulse rate. The changes were more pronounced after 1 hour after administration of the drug. Similarly, the acetylsalicylic acid enhanced the relative blood flow through the skin of the finger of hand.", "contents": "[The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on some parameters of peripheral circulation in children (author's transl)]. Acetylsalicylic acid in a single dose of 10 mg/kg orally affected the skin temperature of the hand of febrile and afebrile children. In the afebrile group the rise of skin temperature after 1 hour (p less than 0,05) and 2 hours (p less than 0.01) was not accompanied by significant change of the sublingual or axillar temperature. In the febrile group the rise of the skin temperature of the 3rd finger after 1 hour (p less than 0,001) and 2 hours (p less than 0.001) was accompanied by a significant decrease of the sublingual and axillar temperature and by a decrease of pulse rate. The changes were more pronounced after 1 hour after administration of the drug. Similarly, the acetylsalicylic acid enhanced the relative blood flow through the skin of the finger of hand.", "PMID": 572448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10049", "title": "[Interstitial deletion of a chromosome nr. 13: a new syndrome? (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on a 7-year-aged girl with severe mental and physical retardation, short stature and malformations of the face and limbs. In the karyogramm an interstitial deletion of the long arm of a chromosome Nr. 13 was found. The karyotypes of the parents, the girl's brother and of three of her sisters were normal. In the discussion the symptoms of the few hitherto published cases with interstitial or terminal deletion of the chromosome 13 are compared. Till now, however, it is not possible to attach particular symptoms of 13q- -- syndromes to certain bands of the chromosome Nr. 13.", "contents": "[Interstitial deletion of a chromosome nr. 13: a new syndrome? (author's transl)]. We report on a 7-year-aged girl with severe mental and physical retardation, short stature and malformations of the face and limbs. In the karyogramm an interstitial deletion of the long arm of a chromosome Nr. 13 was found. The karyotypes of the parents, the girl's brother and of three of her sisters were normal. In the discussion the symptoms of the few hitherto published cases with interstitial or terminal deletion of the chromosome 13 are compared. Till now, however, it is not possible to attach particular symptoms of 13q- -- syndromes to certain bands of the chromosome Nr. 13.", "PMID": 572449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10050", "title": "[Arthogryposis multiplex congenita with neurogenic atrophy and brachydactyly (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with histologically proved neutrogene atrophy of muscles. The also existing reduction deformities of the limbs, showing aplasia and hypoplasia of phalanges may hypothetically be of neuropathic origin.", "contents": "[Arthogryposis multiplex congenita with neurogenic atrophy and brachydactyly (author's transl)]. Case report of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with histologically proved neutrogene atrophy of muscles. The also existing reduction deformities of the limbs, showing aplasia and hypoplasia of phalanges may hypothetically be of neuropathic origin.", "PMID": 572450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10051", "title": "[Left ventricular aneurysm in an eight-year-old girl (author's transl)].", "content": "A female patient with a heart murmur typical for mitral insufficiency that was first heard, when she was 17 months old, is reported. In the ECG flattened T-waves in the left praecordial leads are seen. Because of a typical x-ray seven years later the diagnosis of leftventricular aneurysm was suspected, guaranteed by angiocardiography and because of repeated supraventricular tachycardias the congenital aneurysm was operated. A differentiation between congenital diverticulum and congenital aneurysm is established, the clinical symptoms of this malformation and the therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Left ventricular aneurysm in an eight-year-old girl (author's transl)]. A female patient with a heart murmur typical for mitral insufficiency that was first heard, when she was 17 months old, is reported. In the ECG flattened T-waves in the left praecordial leads are seen. Because of a typical x-ray seven years later the diagnosis of leftventricular aneurysm was suspected, guaranteed by angiocardiography and because of repeated supraventricular tachycardias the congenital aneurysm was operated. A differentiation between congenital diverticulum and congenital aneurysm is established, the clinical symptoms of this malformation and the therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 572451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10052", "title": "[A case of hyperlipoproteinaemia of type I (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a boy of six years of age with hyperlipoproteinaemia of Type I. His case was notable for abducens paralysis and hepatosplenomegaly. Routine diagnosis with plasmatriglyceride and plasma-cholesterol, as well as liproprotein electrophoresis, was supplemented by measurement of the activity of the triglyceride lipases in the post-heparinplasma.", "contents": "[A case of hyperlipoproteinaemia of type I (author's transl)]. The article reports on a boy of six years of age with hyperlipoproteinaemia of Type I. His case was notable for abducens paralysis and hepatosplenomegaly. Routine diagnosis with plasmatriglyceride and plasma-cholesterol, as well as liproprotein electrophoresis, was supplemented by measurement of the activity of the triglyceride lipases in the post-heparinplasma.", "PMID": 572452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10053", "title": "In vitro durability of Hancock Model 242 porcine heart valve.", "content": "Two Hancock Model 242 prostheses, tissue anulus diameter 21 mm., were tested in a closed, low-volume, accelerated fatigue tester. The fluid media was sterils fresh-frozen plasma. The normal human aortic root was simulated. The cyclic rate was 20 Hz at 37 degrees C. The prostheses developed severe fatigue at 77 million cycles. Fraying of the free edges was found after 2 million cycles. Small tears near the commissures and then holes between collagen bundles at the base of the leaflets appeared at 7 million cycles. At 71 million cycles the leaflets began to tear and complete prolapse, with gross valvular insufficiency occurring at 77 million cycles. The accelerated wear of Hancock procine prosthesis is frequency dependent and independent of media and the flow geometry of the testing device.", "contents": "In vitro durability of Hancock Model 242 porcine heart valve. Two Hancock Model 242 prostheses, tissue anulus diameter 21 mm., were tested in a closed, low-volume, accelerated fatigue tester. The fluid media was sterils fresh-frozen plasma. The normal human aortic root was simulated. The cyclic rate was 20 Hz at 37 degrees C. The prostheses developed severe fatigue at 77 million cycles. Fraying of the free edges was found after 2 million cycles. Small tears near the commissures and then holes between collagen bundles at the base of the leaflets appeared at 7 million cycles. At 71 million cycles the leaflets began to tear and complete prolapse, with gross valvular insufficiency occurring at 77 million cycles. The accelerated wear of Hancock procine prosthesis is frequency dependent and independent of media and the flow geometry of the testing device.", "PMID": 572454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10054", "title": "A positive correlation between declining immune competence and early mortality associated with diethylnitrosamine carcinogenesis in aging mice.", "content": "The effect of age (2.5, 9.5, and 17 months) at time of treatment upon diethylnitrosamine (DEN) carcinogenesis and immune competence has been assessed in female BALB/c mice. Median times of death were 193, 168, and 125 days, respectively, after termination of DEN treatment. Immune competence as a measure by both cell-mediated and humoral immune parameters immediately after DEN treatment was not significantly different among treated and age-matched non-treated control animals. In contrast, a significant age-related decline in immune competence was seen in both DEN-treated and non-treated controls, thereby demonstrating a direct and positive correlation between the natural age-related decrease in immune competence and cancer-induced advanced mortality.", "contents": "A positive correlation between declining immune competence and early mortality associated with diethylnitrosamine carcinogenesis in aging mice. The effect of age (2.5, 9.5, and 17 months) at time of treatment upon diethylnitrosamine (DEN) carcinogenesis and immune competence has been assessed in female BALB/c mice. Median times of death were 193, 168, and 125 days, respectively, after termination of DEN treatment. Immune competence as a measure by both cell-mediated and humoral immune parameters immediately after DEN treatment was not significantly different among treated and age-matched non-treated control animals. In contrast, a significant age-related decline in immune competence was seen in both DEN-treated and non-treated controls, thereby demonstrating a direct and positive correlation between the natural age-related decrease in immune competence and cancer-induced advanced mortality.", "PMID": 572456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10055", "title": "Effect of parental age and developmental rate on the production of active form of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).", "content": "Three similar experiments were conducted to see the effect of parental age and parental developmental speed on the production of \"active-form\" (i.e., capable of flight) offspring in Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). In experiment I, using the adults which emerged on three different days (as fast, intermediate, and slow in development), eggs were collected on three different days (at young, middle, and old age) during the adult life span. The results showed that the older parents produced more active-form offspring irrespective of the parents' own rate of development. In experiment II, the parental rate of development was investigated in more detail by using the adults that emerged over the entire span of their emergence period. In experiment III, the effect of parental age was investigated in more detail by collecting the eggs daily during the female adult's entire life span. Both experiments confirmed the trend observed in experiment I. From these results it can be concluded that the older the parents, the higher the percentage of the active form in their offspring. However, there was no significant systematic trend due to the length of the developmental period of the parents as seen in the parental age. This trend, that more active forms emerge from older parents, seems to be related to the decreased viability of older parents. It is thought that the less viable eggs produced by older parents are more susceptible to stimuli which induce the active form.", "contents": "Effect of parental age and developmental rate on the production of active form of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Three similar experiments were conducted to see the effect of parental age and parental developmental speed on the production of \"active-form\" (i.e., capable of flight) offspring in Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). In experiment I, using the adults which emerged on three different days (as fast, intermediate, and slow in development), eggs were collected on three different days (at young, middle, and old age) during the adult life span. The results showed that the older parents produced more active-form offspring irrespective of the parents' own rate of development. In experiment II, the parental rate of development was investigated in more detail by using the adults that emerged over the entire span of their emergence period. In experiment III, the effect of parental age was investigated in more detail by collecting the eggs daily during the female adult's entire life span. Both experiments confirmed the trend observed in experiment I. From these results it can be concluded that the older the parents, the higher the percentage of the active form in their offspring. However, there was no significant systematic trend due to the length of the developmental period of the parents as seen in the parental age. This trend, that more active forms emerge from older parents, seems to be related to the decreased viability of older parents. It is thought that the less viable eggs produced by older parents are more susceptible to stimuli which induce the active form.", "PMID": 572457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10056", "title": "Tympanoplasty using formaldehyde formed fascia grafts.", "content": "The closure of total perforations of the tympanic membrane has always been more difficult than lesser eardrum defects. Postoperative anterior sulcus blunting and graft lateralization occur with greater frequency in this situation and thus compromise results. In 1975, Rodney Perkins developed and described a technique for the closure of such total perforations which involved the use of formaldehyde treated temporalis muscle fascia, shaped by means of a metal mold into the configuration of a normal tympanic membrane and medial end of the bony external ear canal. This formaldehyde formed fascia (FFF) graft impressed us with its adaptability and logic. This article is a review of 139 cases involving the use of formaldehyde treated grafts not only for closure of total performations, but also for closure of total performations with concomitant middle ear ossicular reconstruction. The postoperative nonperforation rate in this series is 96.4%; blunting and/or graft lateralization was absent in 94.2% of cases. Closures of the air-bone gap to within 20 db occurred in 74% of cases with an overall gain in hearing for all cases of 84%. We believe that formaldehyde formed fascia grafts are an effective tool for the closure of total tympanic membrane perforations with or without concomitant ossicular chain reconstruction.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty using formaldehyde formed fascia grafts. The closure of total perforations of the tympanic membrane has always been more difficult than lesser eardrum defects. Postoperative anterior sulcus blunting and graft lateralization occur with greater frequency in this situation and thus compromise results. In 1975, Rodney Perkins developed and described a technique for the closure of such total perforations which involved the use of formaldehyde treated temporalis muscle fascia, shaped by means of a metal mold into the configuration of a normal tympanic membrane and medial end of the bony external ear canal. This formaldehyde formed fascia (FFF) graft impressed us with its adaptability and logic. This article is a review of 139 cases involving the use of formaldehyde treated grafts not only for closure of total performations, but also for closure of total performations with concomitant middle ear ossicular reconstruction. The postoperative nonperforation rate in this series is 96.4%; blunting and/or graft lateralization was absent in 94.2% of cases. Closures of the air-bone gap to within 20 db occurred in 74% of cases with an overall gain in hearing for all cases of 84%. We believe that formaldehyde formed fascia grafts are an effective tool for the closure of total tympanic membrane perforations with or without concomitant ossicular chain reconstruction.", "PMID": 572458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10057", "title": "[The 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine test in patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea].", "content": "Two cases with expanding pituitary tumours following treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine are presented. The lack of normal response to the usual therapeutic dose of the drug suggests the presence of an organic hypothalamo-pituitary disorder that might favour the expansion of a pituitary tumour.", "contents": "[The 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine test in patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea]. Two cases with expanding pituitary tumours following treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine are presented. The lack of normal response to the usual therapeutic dose of the drug suggests the presence of an organic hypothalamo-pituitary disorder that might favour the expansion of a pituitary tumour.", "PMID": 572455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10058", "title": "Gastric carcinoma promoted by alkaline reflux gastritis -- with special reference to bile and other surfactants as promoters of postoperative gastric cancer.", "content": "For reasons that are not known, the incidence of stomach cancer is declining in most countries. In contrast, cancer of the gastric remnant after partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer disease seems to be increasing. \"Stump cancer\" has been claimed to be a separate disease entity and has recently been mentioned as an iatrogenic cancer. Alkaline bile reflux, dietary surfactants and maybe the abuse of tobacco are postulated as promoting or initiating agents, in causing malignant transformation of the operated as well as non-operated stomach. Variations in gastric pH, microflora and emptying rate may be of importance in the carcinogenic process. The decline in cancer incidence in the non-operated stomach has mainly been restricted to the intestinal type of cancer. Thus, it is important to note that stump cancer often is of the diffuse type. Different target cells and/or modes of carcinogen exposure may be of etiological importance in these histologically and clinically separate neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma promoted by alkaline reflux gastritis -- with special reference to bile and other surfactants as promoters of postoperative gastric cancer. For reasons that are not known, the incidence of stomach cancer is declining in most countries. In contrast, cancer of the gastric remnant after partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer disease seems to be increasing. \"Stump cancer\" has been claimed to be a separate disease entity and has recently been mentioned as an iatrogenic cancer. Alkaline bile reflux, dietary surfactants and maybe the abuse of tobacco are postulated as promoting or initiating agents, in causing malignant transformation of the operated as well as non-operated stomach. Variations in gastric pH, microflora and emptying rate may be of importance in the carcinogenic process. The decline in cancer incidence in the non-operated stomach has mainly been restricted to the intestinal type of cancer. Thus, it is important to note that stump cancer often is of the diffuse type. Different target cells and/or modes of carcinogen exposure may be of etiological importance in these histologically and clinically separate neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 572470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10059", "title": "A model of translational control involving mRNA-associated proteins in chick embryonic muscles.", "content": "Highly purified poly(A)-containing free and polysomal mRNP particles have been isolated by chromatography of subcellular fractions of chick embryonic muscles on oligo-dT-cellulose and elution with low salt buffer at 45 degrees. The free and polysomal mRNP represent two distinct classes of macromolecules, the free particles having a more complex nucleoprotein organization than the polysomal particles. Comparison of the protein moieties of three classes of poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic mRNP -- those released from nuclei after in vitro transcription and processing (transported mRNP), the free, and polysomal mRNP -- strongly suggests that the majority of the mRNA-associated proteins are exchanged in the cytoplasm during the various functional states of mRNA. A model of translational control involving the participation of mRNA-associated proteins in chick embryonic muscles and by analogy in other differentiated eukaryotic cells is proposed.", "contents": "A model of translational control involving mRNA-associated proteins in chick embryonic muscles. Highly purified poly(A)-containing free and polysomal mRNP particles have been isolated by chromatography of subcellular fractions of chick embryonic muscles on oligo-dT-cellulose and elution with low salt buffer at 45 degrees. The free and polysomal mRNP represent two distinct classes of macromolecules, the free particles having a more complex nucleoprotein organization than the polysomal particles. Comparison of the protein moieties of three classes of poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic mRNP -- those released from nuclei after in vitro transcription and processing (transported mRNP), the free, and polysomal mRNP -- strongly suggests that the majority of the mRNA-associated proteins are exchanged in the cytoplasm during the various functional states of mRNA. A model of translational control involving the participation of mRNA-associated proteins in chick embryonic muscles and by analogy in other differentiated eukaryotic cells is proposed.", "PMID": 572474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10060", "title": "[Purification and properties of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from the cow mammary gland].", "content": "Three forms (E1, E2 and E3) of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of total aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from cow lactating mammary gland. The method of purification of all three components is described. E1 is a dimeric molecule (alpha 2) of molecular weight 182 000. Two other forms of molecular weight 67 000 and 64,000 consist of a single polypeptide chain as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Optimum conditions and kinetic parameters of leucyl-tRNA formation were studied for every enzyme form. The low values of Vmax and thermostability are characteristic of E3. All forms of LeuRS interact with 6 isoaccepting tRNA(Leu) from lactating mammary gland and can activate leucine in the absence of tRNA. E2 and E3 are supposed to derive from the native enzyme by endogenous proteolysis. The physico-chemical properties of native LeuRS from lactating mammary gland are compared with those of LeuRS's from other sources.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from the cow mammary gland]. Three forms (E1, E2 and E3) of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of total aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from cow lactating mammary gland. The method of purification of all three components is described. E1 is a dimeric molecule (alpha 2) of molecular weight 182 000. Two other forms of molecular weight 67 000 and 64,000 consist of a single polypeptide chain as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Optimum conditions and kinetic parameters of leucyl-tRNA formation were studied for every enzyme form. The low values of Vmax and thermostability are characteristic of E3. All forms of LeuRS interact with 6 isoaccepting tRNA(Leu) from lactating mammary gland and can activate leucine in the absence of tRNA. E2 and E3 are supposed to derive from the native enzyme by endogenous proteolysis. The physico-chemical properties of native LeuRS from lactating mammary gland are compared with those of LeuRS's from other sources.", "PMID": 572475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10061", "title": "The occurence of haemangioblastoma in three brothers of one family.", "content": "The occurence of haemangioblastomas in three brothers is reported. From a review of the literature it becomes evident that only a few of such cases have been confirmed histologically. The interesting features of our three haemangioblastoma cases, which have all been confirmed histologically, are discussed.", "contents": "The occurence of haemangioblastoma in three brothers of one family. The occurence of haemangioblastomas in three brothers is reported. From a review of the literature it becomes evident that only a few of such cases have been confirmed histologically. The interesting features of our three haemangioblastoma cases, which have all been confirmed histologically, are discussed.", "PMID": 572487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10062", "title": "The operative approach to lipomas of the corpus callosum.", "content": "Survey on the incidence, pathology and the surgical attempts undertaken so far in lipomas of corpus callosum. Report of a case of radical removal with the aid of CO2-Laser beam followed by complete recovery in a 21-year-old woman.", "contents": "The operative approach to lipomas of the corpus callosum. Survey on the incidence, pathology and the surgical attempts undertaken so far in lipomas of corpus callosum. Report of a case of radical removal with the aid of CO2-Laser beam followed by complete recovery in a 21-year-old woman.", "PMID": 572488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10063", "title": "Median raphe stimulation and sham procedures inhibit the LH surge.", "content": "Acute electrolytic stimulation of the median raphe (MR) nucleus (MR Stim) between 13:00 and 16:00 h on proestrus blocked ovulation in 10 of the 21 rats tested, whereas all sham-treated (MR Sham, no current) animals ovulated normally (n = 12). MR Stim at 16:00 h on proestrus in individual cannulated rats 'turned off' the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in all animals tested. Unexpectedly, MR Sham treatment also abruptly inhibited the LH surge, although all animals ovulated. Manipulations associated with acute surgical procedures (puncture of the dura mater, ether anesthesia alone) were also found to inhibit the LH surge, with the magnitude of LH inhibition directly related to the severity of the operative procedures performed (p less than 0.025). The results suggest (1) that inhibition of ovulation following MR stimulation can be attributed to a response to stress qualitatively similar but more severe than that experienced by the MR sham group, and (2) that inhibitory inputs to the ovulatory LH release mechanism cannot be studied using acute surgical procedures.", "contents": "Median raphe stimulation and sham procedures inhibit the LH surge. Acute electrolytic stimulation of the median raphe (MR) nucleus (MR Stim) between 13:00 and 16:00 h on proestrus blocked ovulation in 10 of the 21 rats tested, whereas all sham-treated (MR Sham, no current) animals ovulated normally (n = 12). MR Stim at 16:00 h on proestrus in individual cannulated rats 'turned off' the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in all animals tested. Unexpectedly, MR Sham treatment also abruptly inhibited the LH surge, although all animals ovulated. Manipulations associated with acute surgical procedures (puncture of the dura mater, ether anesthesia alone) were also found to inhibit the LH surge, with the magnitude of LH inhibition directly related to the severity of the operative procedures performed (p less than 0.025). The results suggest (1) that inhibition of ovulation following MR stimulation can be attributed to a response to stress qualitatively similar but more severe than that experienced by the MR sham group, and (2) that inhibitory inputs to the ovulatory LH release mechanism cannot be studied using acute surgical procedures.", "PMID": 572490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10064", "title": "Experimental alterations of endorphin levels in rat pituitary.", "content": "Endorphin (END) levels in rat pituitary were assessed with the opiate receptor binding assay. Procedures reported to alter hormone secretion from END-rich intermediate or anterior lobes were examined for their effect on END content. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) had no significant effect on END content. Ingestion of 2% NaCl reduced END levels in a significant majority of the animals. Suckling, a natural physiological stimulus, significantly elevated neurointermediate lobe END. Footshock and immobilization each evoked 40--50% reductions in anterior lobe END content. Pituitary ENDs are thus affected by many of the same stimuli that also promote release of a number of peptide hormones derived from the same biosynthetic precursor. However, separate mechanisms likely exist for control of secretion of these peptides from anterior and neurointermediate lobe.", "contents": "Experimental alterations of endorphin levels in rat pituitary. Endorphin (END) levels in rat pituitary were assessed with the opiate receptor binding assay. Procedures reported to alter hormone secretion from END-rich intermediate or anterior lobes were examined for their effect on END content. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) had no significant effect on END content. Ingestion of 2% NaCl reduced END levels in a significant majority of the animals. Suckling, a natural physiological stimulus, significantly elevated neurointermediate lobe END. Footshock and immobilization each evoked 40--50% reductions in anterior lobe END content. Pituitary ENDs are thus affected by many of the same stimuli that also promote release of a number of peptide hormones derived from the same biosynthetic precursor. However, separate mechanisms likely exist for control of secretion of these peptides from anterior and neurointermediate lobe.", "PMID": 572491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10065", "title": "The role of bromocriptine in the treatment of parkinsonism.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with parkinsonism, either with intractable symptoms despite optimum-dosage levodopa therapy or with adverse effects from levodopa limiting its usefulness, were treated with bromocriptine, with gradually increasing doses until benefit or adverse effect was encountered. All were initially maintained on optimal levodopa therapy. Improvement was seen in 26 patients, of whom 19 (36 percent of the total 53 patients) had sustained improvement. Effective doses of bromocriptine ranged from 5 to 90 mg per day. Improvement occurred in all categories of clinical problems, including patients who lost some benefit from chronic levodopa therapy as well as those with adverse effects from levodopa. A high incidence (70 percent) of adverse effects of bromocriptine limited the usefulness of this drug. Since one cannot predict which patients might benefit from bromocriptine, this drug is worth a trial in patients not doing well on levodopa therapy if other means to improve their condition are not successful.", "contents": "The role of bromocriptine in the treatment of parkinsonism. Fifty-three patients with parkinsonism, either with intractable symptoms despite optimum-dosage levodopa therapy or with adverse effects from levodopa limiting its usefulness, were treated with bromocriptine, with gradually increasing doses until benefit or adverse effect was encountered. All were initially maintained on optimal levodopa therapy. Improvement was seen in 26 patients, of whom 19 (36 percent of the total 53 patients) had sustained improvement. Effective doses of bromocriptine ranged from 5 to 90 mg per day. Improvement occurred in all categories of clinical problems, including patients who lost some benefit from chronic levodopa therapy as well as those with adverse effects from levodopa. A high incidence (70 percent) of adverse effects of bromocriptine limited the usefulness of this drug. Since one cannot predict which patients might benefit from bromocriptine, this drug is worth a trial in patients not doing well on levodopa therapy if other means to improve their condition are not successful.", "PMID": 572493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10066", "title": "Computed tomography and childhood seizure disorders.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) was performed on 256 children with seizure disorders. The incidence of abnormal scans was closely related to seizure type, and permitted separation of patients into a low-yield and a high-yield group. Low-yield groups included children with idiopathic generalized seizures, children in whom both the neurologic examination and electroencephalogram (EEG) were normal, and children with a generalized seizure of unknown etiology in whom the neurologic examination and the EEG were normal. The high-yield groups included children with partial seizures with elementary symptomatology, partial seizures with complex symptomatology, generalized seizures with known etiology, neonates with seizures, and children whose seizures began as neonates. The overall incidence of abnormalities in the entire group was 33 percent. An abnormal neurologic examination increased the incidence of abnormal CT scans to 64 percent. EEGs were abnormal in 65 percent of the children, but only focal slowing resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of abnormal CT scans. Seven children (2.7 percent) had intracranial abnormalities requiring surgery. If the neurologic examination and EEG were normal, the yield of abnormal CT scans was only 5 percent of the total.", "contents": "Computed tomography and childhood seizure disorders. Computerized tomography (CT) was performed on 256 children with seizure disorders. The incidence of abnormal scans was closely related to seizure type, and permitted separation of patients into a low-yield and a high-yield group. Low-yield groups included children with idiopathic generalized seizures, children in whom both the neurologic examination and electroencephalogram (EEG) were normal, and children with a generalized seizure of unknown etiology in whom the neurologic examination and the EEG were normal. The high-yield groups included children with partial seizures with elementary symptomatology, partial seizures with complex symptomatology, generalized seizures with known etiology, neonates with seizures, and children whose seizures began as neonates. The overall incidence of abnormalities in the entire group was 33 percent. An abnormal neurologic examination increased the incidence of abnormal CT scans to 64 percent. EEGs were abnormal in 65 percent of the children, but only focal slowing resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of abnormal CT scans. Seven children (2.7 percent) had intracranial abnormalities requiring surgery. If the neurologic examination and EEG were normal, the yield of abnormal CT scans was only 5 percent of the total.", "PMID": 572494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10067", "title": "Brainstem auditory evoked responses in leukodystrophies.", "content": "Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) were recorded in seven patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher leukodystrophy (PMD), two with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), and one with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). BAERs were altered in all patients, and the alterations were severe in 9 of the 10 patients. A patient with ALD who as yet had no neurologic symptoms showed only minimal abnormality of the BAERs, consisting of prolongation of the latency of wave V. In the remaining nine patients, only wave I generated in the extramedullary portion of the eighth nerve was recorded with or without a wave II. Subsequent components (III through VII) were absent. No abnormality of BAERs was observed in the 10 known carriers of PMD. The combination of BAERs and EEG is helpful in differentiating leukodystrophy from progressive gray matter diseases.", "contents": "Brainstem auditory evoked responses in leukodystrophies. Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) were recorded in seven patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher leukodystrophy (PMD), two with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), and one with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). BAERs were altered in all patients, and the alterations were severe in 9 of the 10 patients. A patient with ALD who as yet had no neurologic symptoms showed only minimal abnormality of the BAERs, consisting of prolongation of the latency of wave V. In the remaining nine patients, only wave I generated in the extramedullary portion of the eighth nerve was recorded with or without a wave II. Subsequent components (III through VII) were absent. No abnormality of BAERs was observed in the 10 known carriers of PMD. The combination of BAERs and EEG is helpful in differentiating leukodystrophy from progressive gray matter diseases.", "PMID": 572495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10068", "title": "Carotid and vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks: clinical and angiographic correlation.", "content": "Carotid and vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) were clinically and angiographically correlated in 85 patients who had four-vessel angiography within 2 weeks after a TIA. The patients were divided into carotid and vertebrobasilar groups by clinical criteria. In the correlations of symptoms with arteriography, lesions of the contralateral internal carotid artery were observed in 54 percent of the patients. Of 39 patients with vertebrobasilar symptoms, 34 percent also had one carotid lesion and six patients had combinations of symptoms of both carotid and vertebrobasilar disease. In correlation with carotid bruits of the 85 patients, bruits were heard over one carotid artery in 42 percent. Subclavian bruits were heard in 47 percent of the patients with vertebrobasilar symptomatology. TIAs owing to arteriosclerosis of the cervical arteries occurred in 85 percent of the patients, but there was no significant difference in the incidence of atherosclerosis-induced TIA in the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. For accurate population surveys of the prevalence of TIAs, and for clinical decisions, proper categorization of patients is necessary.", "contents": "Carotid and vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks: clinical and angiographic correlation. Carotid and vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) were clinically and angiographically correlated in 85 patients who had four-vessel angiography within 2 weeks after a TIA. The patients were divided into carotid and vertebrobasilar groups by clinical criteria. In the correlations of symptoms with arteriography, lesions of the contralateral internal carotid artery were observed in 54 percent of the patients. Of 39 patients with vertebrobasilar symptoms, 34 percent also had one carotid lesion and six patients had combinations of symptoms of both carotid and vertebrobasilar disease. In correlation with carotid bruits of the 85 patients, bruits were heard over one carotid artery in 42 percent. Subclavian bruits were heard in 47 percent of the patients with vertebrobasilar symptomatology. TIAs owing to arteriosclerosis of the cervical arteries occurred in 85 percent of the patients, but there was no significant difference in the incidence of atherosclerosis-induced TIA in the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. For accurate population surveys of the prevalence of TIAs, and for clinical decisions, proper categorization of patients is necessary.", "PMID": 572496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10069", "title": "Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger): computerized tomography.", "content": "The subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy of Binswanger is characterized clinically by hypertension, dementia, spasticity, syncope, and seizures. It is usually diagnosed pathologically by the finding in white matter of diffuse demyelination or foci of necrosis plus arteriosclerotic and hypertensive vasculopathy. We present a case in which the diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical course and a computerized tomogram which demonstrated extensive white matter degeneration. Postmortem examination confirmed both the diagnosis and the extent of the degeneration as shown by CT scan.", "contents": "Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger): computerized tomography. The subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy of Binswanger is characterized clinically by hypertension, dementia, spasticity, syncope, and seizures. It is usually diagnosed pathologically by the finding in white matter of diffuse demyelination or foci of necrosis plus arteriosclerotic and hypertensive vasculopathy. We present a case in which the diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical course and a computerized tomogram which demonstrated extensive white matter degeneration. Postmortem examination confirmed both the diagnosis and the extent of the degeneration as shown by CT scan.", "PMID": 572497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10070", "title": "Cortical reflex myoclonus.", "content": "Three patients with a type of myoclonus produced by intention and somatosensory stimulation were studied with electrophysiologic techniques. Each jerk typically affected only a few contiguous muscles; agonist and antagonist muscles were activated simultaneously with a simple electromyographic (EMG) burst lasting 10 to 30 msec. Cranial nerve muscles were activated in an order indicating that the signal to produce the myoclonus traveled down the brainstem. In action-induced jerks a negative transient in the electroencephalogram (EEG) from the contralateral sensorimotor cortex consistently preceded the jerk with a fixed latency. In reflex-induced jerks this negative transient could be recognized as a component of the sensory evoked potential. The types of myoclonus are reviewed and it is argued that this type of myoclonus is mediated in cerebral cortex and that the negative transient represents a paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS). The myoclonus may result from hyperactivity of a component of the long-latency stretch reflex.", "contents": "Cortical reflex myoclonus. Three patients with a type of myoclonus produced by intention and somatosensory stimulation were studied with electrophysiologic techniques. Each jerk typically affected only a few contiguous muscles; agonist and antagonist muscles were activated simultaneously with a simple electromyographic (EMG) burst lasting 10 to 30 msec. Cranial nerve muscles were activated in an order indicating that the signal to produce the myoclonus traveled down the brainstem. In action-induced jerks a negative transient in the electroencephalogram (EEG) from the contralateral sensorimotor cortex consistently preceded the jerk with a fixed latency. In reflex-induced jerks this negative transient could be recognized as a component of the sensory evoked potential. The types of myoclonus are reviewed and it is argued that this type of myoclonus is mediated in cerebral cortex and that the negative transient represents a paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS). The myoclonus may result from hyperactivity of a component of the long-latency stretch reflex.", "PMID": 572498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10071", "title": "Early myocardial disease and cramping myalgia in Becker-type muscular dystrophy: a kindred.", "content": "We present a clinical and morphological study concerning a kindred with slowly progressive X-linked muscular dystrophy (Becker type). Five males were affected; one died of heart failure at age 16. Severe and early cardiac disorder is unusual in this type of muscular dystrophy, and death at such an early age had not been reported previously. In the other patients of the kindred, cardiac abnormalities, if present at all, were nonspecific. Another unusual feature in this kindred was severe muscle pain at an early stage of the disease, a feature that cannot yet be explained.", "contents": "Early myocardial disease and cramping myalgia in Becker-type muscular dystrophy: a kindred. We present a clinical and morphological study concerning a kindred with slowly progressive X-linked muscular dystrophy (Becker type). Five males were affected; one died of heart failure at age 16. Severe and early cardiac disorder is unusual in this type of muscular dystrophy, and death at such an early age had not been reported previously. In the other patients of the kindred, cardiac abnormalities, if present at all, were nonspecific. Another unusual feature in this kindred was severe muscle pain at an early stage of the disease, a feature that cannot yet be explained.", "PMID": 572500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10072", "title": "Regulation of plasma potassium in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.", "content": "Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is frequently considered a disorder in which episodes of weakness and an attendant rise in plasma potassium interrupt a baseline of normal strength and potassium. We studied venous potassium throughout a 36-hour period in two patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and in nine normals under rigidly controlled conditions. At no time did the patients with periodic paralysis have an attack of weakness, but their mean potassium concentrations were above the normal range for 33 to 36 hours. In hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, the postprandial change in potassium relative to insulin release exceeded normal. There appears to be a continuous alteration in potassium regulation in our patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.", "contents": "Regulation of plasma potassium in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is frequently considered a disorder in which episodes of weakness and an attendant rise in plasma potassium interrupt a baseline of normal strength and potassium. We studied venous potassium throughout a 36-hour period in two patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and in nine normals under rigidly controlled conditions. At no time did the patients with periodic paralysis have an attack of weakness, but their mean potassium concentrations were above the normal range for 33 to 36 hours. In hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, the postprandial change in potassium relative to insulin release exceeded normal. There appears to be a continuous alteration in potassium regulation in our patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.", "PMID": 572499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10073", "title": "Voluntary vertical nystagmus.", "content": "A patient with hypertropia caused by fourth-nerve palsy manifested primary position oscillations characteristic of voluntary nystagmus. This benign condition must be kept in mind even when dealing with primary position vertical nystagmus to avoid extensive and potentially dangerous investigations.", "contents": "Voluntary vertical nystagmus. A patient with hypertropia caused by fourth-nerve palsy manifested primary position oscillations characteristic of voluntary nystagmus. This benign condition must be kept in mind even when dealing with primary position vertical nystagmus to avoid extensive and potentially dangerous investigations.", "PMID": 572502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10074", "title": "Stimulus-induced EEG complexes and motor spasms in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) typically present with spontaneous periodic, stereotyped electroencephalographic (EEG) complexes and motor spasms, which are not usually affected by sensory stimuli. This report describes two patients with SSPE in whom the EEG complexes and the motor movements occurred mainly in response to afferent stimuli. Various forms of stimuli were effective in precipitating the movements and EEG complexes, particularly when the stimulus was unexpected or startled the patient. During sleep, the EEG complexes spontaneously occurred in a more periodic fashion, typical of SSPE, but afferent stimuli were still effective in evoking the EEG complexes and associated motor spasms.", "contents": "Stimulus-induced EEG complexes and motor spasms in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) typically present with spontaneous periodic, stereotyped electroencephalographic (EEG) complexes and motor spasms, which are not usually affected by sensory stimuli. This report describes two patients with SSPE in whom the EEG complexes and the motor movements occurred mainly in response to afferent stimuli. Various forms of stimuli were effective in precipitating the movements and EEG complexes, particularly when the stimulus was unexpected or startled the patient. During sleep, the EEG complexes spontaneously occurred in a more periodic fashion, typical of SSPE, but afferent stimuli were still effective in evoking the EEG complexes and associated motor spasms.", "PMID": 572503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10075", "title": "Sarcoid encephalopathy with diffuse inflammation and focal hydrocephalus shown by sequential CT.", "content": "Sequential computerized tomography (CT) was performed on a patient with seizures and an organic mental syndrome. Cerebral sarcoidosis was subsequently diagnosed on the basis of noncaseating granulomas in three organ systems. Cranial nerve palsies, hypothalamic dysfunction, and widespread disease were absent. An unusual neuroradiologic sequence of events indicated focal and asymmetric hydrocephalus, mass effect, ependymitis, diffuse breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and periventricular white matter destruction. These findings have not been previously described together in a patient with sarcoid. With the advent of noninvasive CT, it is possible to perform serial investigations of encephalopathies of obscure origin. Findings similar to those in the present case should prompt a thorough search for subclinical systemic involvement by sarcoid.", "contents": "Sarcoid encephalopathy with diffuse inflammation and focal hydrocephalus shown by sequential CT. Sequential computerized tomography (CT) was performed on a patient with seizures and an organic mental syndrome. Cerebral sarcoidosis was subsequently diagnosed on the basis of noncaseating granulomas in three organ systems. Cranial nerve palsies, hypothalamic dysfunction, and widespread disease were absent. An unusual neuroradiologic sequence of events indicated focal and asymmetric hydrocephalus, mass effect, ependymitis, diffuse breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and periventricular white matter destruction. These findings have not been previously described together in a patient with sarcoid. With the advent of noninvasive CT, it is possible to perform serial investigations of encephalopathies of obscure origin. Findings similar to those in the present case should prompt a thorough search for subclinical systemic involvement by sarcoid.", "PMID": 572504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10076", "title": "Association of meningiomas with extraneural primary malignancy.", "content": "In an autopsy-based, case-control study of meningiomas over a 20-year period, there were 76 patients with meningiomas, and 20 of them also had an extraneural primary malignancy. In two control populations with autopsy-proved central nervous system (CNS) pathology (group I) and non-CNS pathology (group II), extraneural primary malignancies were seen in two patients in group I and in seven patients in group II. There was a high degree of statistical association between meningioma and extraneural primary malignancy (chi2 = 17.22, p less than 0.005 group I and chi2 = 7.61, p less than 0.01 group II). Screening of patients with meningioma for extraneural primary malignancy, and of patients with extraneural primary malignancy for meningioma are strongly indicated for the benefit of the patients as well as for further elucidation of the etiologic and temporal relationships between the two conditions.", "contents": "Association of meningiomas with extraneural primary malignancy. In an autopsy-based, case-control study of meningiomas over a 20-year period, there were 76 patients with meningiomas, and 20 of them also had an extraneural primary malignancy. In two control populations with autopsy-proved central nervous system (CNS) pathology (group I) and non-CNS pathology (group II), extraneural primary malignancies were seen in two patients in group I and in seven patients in group II. There was a high degree of statistical association between meningioma and extraneural primary malignancy (chi2 = 17.22, p less than 0.005 group I and chi2 = 7.61, p less than 0.01 group II). Screening of patients with meningioma for extraneural primary malignancy, and of patients with extraneural primary malignancy for meningioma are strongly indicated for the benefit of the patients as well as for further elucidation of the etiologic and temporal relationships between the two conditions.", "PMID": 572505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10077", "title": "Diminution of large pituitary tumor after replacement therapy for primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Thyroid-stimulating, hormone-producing tumors of the pituitary may be associated with primary hypothyroidism. The case presented here illustrates the rapid resolution of a large pituitary tumor after thyroid hormone replacement in a patient with primary hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Diminution of large pituitary tumor after replacement therapy for primary hypothyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating, hormone-producing tumors of the pituitary may be associated with primary hypothyroidism. The case presented here illustrates the rapid resolution of a large pituitary tumor after thyroid hormone replacement in a patient with primary hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 572506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10078", "title": "Familial Kearns-Sayre syndrome.", "content": "The Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a distinctive type of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, characterized by pigmentary degeneration of the retina, heart block, elevated concentration of cerebrospinal fluid protein, and abnormal muscle mitochondria. Previously described cases have all been sporadic. Consequently, viral infections and autoimmune disorders have been proposed as etiologies. The occurrence of KSS in two brothers suggests that genetic factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of some cases.", "contents": "Familial Kearns-Sayre syndrome. The Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a distinctive type of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, characterized by pigmentary degeneration of the retina, heart block, elevated concentration of cerebrospinal fluid protein, and abnormal muscle mitochondria. Previously described cases have all been sporadic. Consequently, viral infections and autoimmune disorders have been proposed as etiologies. The occurrence of KSS in two brothers suggests that genetic factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of some cases.", "PMID": 572507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10079", "title": "Persistent neurologic sequelae of migraine: a case report.", "content": "Multiple cerebral infarctions occurred in a 32-year-old man with both basilar artery and hemiplegic migraine. One event was associated with decrement of propranolol dosage. Platelet aggregation, coagulation studies, and other laboratory studies were normal. Computerized tomography revealed several areas of both old and new infarction. The relationship of the migraine attacks to the brain infarcts remains circumstantial, but migraine was the only identifiable cause of the infarcts in this patient.", "contents": "Persistent neurologic sequelae of migraine: a case report. Multiple cerebral infarctions occurred in a 32-year-old man with both basilar artery and hemiplegic migraine. One event was associated with decrement of propranolol dosage. Platelet aggregation, coagulation studies, and other laboratory studies were normal. Computerized tomography revealed several areas of both old and new infarction. The relationship of the migraine attacks to the brain infarcts remains circumstantial, but migraine was the only identifiable cause of the infarcts in this patient.", "PMID": 572508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10080", "title": "Unilateral asterixis: motor integrative dysfunction in focal vascular disease.", "content": "In three patients we found unilateral asterixis in limbs contralateral to a discrete lesion adjacent to the internal capsule. Etiology was vascular in each, with no metabolic or toxic disturbance. Unilateral asterixis bespeaks focal disease arising from lesions in the thalamus or internal capsule and is a sign of motor integrative dysfunction.", "contents": "Unilateral asterixis: motor integrative dysfunction in focal vascular disease. In three patients we found unilateral asterixis in limbs contralateral to a discrete lesion adjacent to the internal capsule. Etiology was vascular in each, with no metabolic or toxic disturbance. Unilateral asterixis bespeaks focal disease arising from lesions in the thalamus or internal capsule and is a sign of motor integrative dysfunction.", "PMID": 572509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10081", "title": "Reversibility of human myopathy caused by vitamin E deficiency.", "content": "Although a neuromuscular syndrome has been induced experimentally by vitamin E deficiency, a human syndrome has not yet been documented. This report describes a 7-year-old boy with severe malabsorption since birth who presented with progressive external ophthalmoplegia, proximal muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy, hyporeflexia, and bilateral Babinski signs. Abnormalities on neurologic examination included elevated creatine phosphokinase and aldolase, slowed distal sensory latencies, type II muscle fiber atrophy, and a plasma vitamin E level of 8 microgram per deciliter (normal, 550-1500 microgram per deciliter). Treatment with oral water-solubilized vitamin E (400 IU daily; greater than 50 times the normal daily intake) was begun, with repeat laboratory studies at 3-month intervals. Over a 16-month period, plasma vitamin E content gradually increased to 350 microgram per deciliter, associated with declining sarcoplasmic enzyme activities and clinical improvement.", "contents": "Reversibility of human myopathy caused by vitamin E deficiency. Although a neuromuscular syndrome has been induced experimentally by vitamin E deficiency, a human syndrome has not yet been documented. This report describes a 7-year-old boy with severe malabsorption since birth who presented with progressive external ophthalmoplegia, proximal muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy, hyporeflexia, and bilateral Babinski signs. Abnormalities on neurologic examination included elevated creatine phosphokinase and aldolase, slowed distal sensory latencies, type II muscle fiber atrophy, and a plasma vitamin E level of 8 microgram per deciliter (normal, 550-1500 microgram per deciliter). Treatment with oral water-solubilized vitamin E (400 IU daily; greater than 50 times the normal daily intake) was begun, with repeat laboratory studies at 3-month intervals. Over a 16-month period, plasma vitamin E content gradually increased to 350 microgram per deciliter, associated with declining sarcoplasmic enzyme activities and clinical improvement.", "PMID": 572510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10082", "title": "Experimental coonhound paralysis: animal model of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Coonhound paralysis (CHP), a polyradiculoneuritis of dogs that resembles the human Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, was experimentally reproduced by inoculating a dog with raccoon saliva. The test animal was a coonhound that had previously sustained two naturally occurring attacks of CHP. Success in inducing the disease strengthened the notion that raccoon saliva contains the etiologic factor for CHP and that only specifically susceptible dogs are at risk of developing CHP when exposed to this factor.", "contents": "Experimental coonhound paralysis: animal model of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Coonhound paralysis (CHP), a polyradiculoneuritis of dogs that resembles the human Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, was experimentally reproduced by inoculating a dog with raccoon saliva. The test animal was a coonhound that had previously sustained two naturally occurring attacks of CHP. Success in inducing the disease strengthened the notion that raccoon saliva contains the etiologic factor for CHP and that only specifically susceptible dogs are at risk of developing CHP when exposed to this factor.", "PMID": 572511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10083", "title": "Spinal cord injury as a complication of an acupuncture.", "content": "Recently, acupuncture has been widely performed for the treatment of many different diseases. We studied a patient with migraine who had been treated by \"okibari,\" an acupunctural procedure. About 20 needles were inserted permanently in the subcutaneous tissues of his neck and occipital scalp. About 6 months later he hit the back of his neck, and soon after this accident cervical myelopathy occurred. There have been no similar reports.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury as a complication of an acupuncture. Recently, acupuncture has been widely performed for the treatment of many different diseases. We studied a patient with migraine who had been treated by \"okibari,\" an acupunctural procedure. About 20 needles were inserted permanently in the subcutaneous tissues of his neck and occipital scalp. About 6 months later he hit the back of his neck, and soon after this accident cervical myelopathy occurred. There have been no similar reports.", "PMID": 572512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10084", "title": "[Splenectomy. Medical and surgical indications (observations on 95 cases)].", "content": "95 splenectomies carried out at the General Surgery Division of the Busto Arsizio Circolo Hospital between 1967 and 1977 are reported. After some brief historical notes, stress is laid on those forms of primary or secondary splenopathy which are receptive to surgical intervention. Splenectomies with surgical indication (traumatic ruptures during other operations for various conditions) are distinguished from those with medical indication: Cooley, Werlhoff, Hodgkin, hair cell leukaemia, Banti. The clinical, haematological and physiopathological aspects responsible for splenic change are considered for each individual disease on the basis of personal experience.", "contents": "[Splenectomy. Medical and surgical indications (observations on 95 cases)]. 95 splenectomies carried out at the General Surgery Division of the Busto Arsizio Circolo Hospital between 1967 and 1977 are reported. After some brief historical notes, stress is laid on those forms of primary or secondary splenopathy which are receptive to surgical intervention. Splenectomies with surgical indication (traumatic ruptures during other operations for various conditions) are distinguished from those with medical indication: Cooley, Werlhoff, Hodgkin, hair cell leukaemia, Banti. The clinical, haematological and physiopathological aspects responsible for splenic change are considered for each individual disease on the basis of personal experience.", "PMID": 572514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10085", "title": "[The DNCB skin test and its comparison with the radioimmunological determination of CEA in some types of neoplasms].", "content": "The personal series consists of 140 cancer patients followed up over a period of some 3 years and submitted prior to the start of treatment to the DNCB skin test. This test indicates the patient's immune condition and the degree of reactivity shown may be useful prognostically for assessing the course of the disease and its response to immunochemotherapeutic treatment; this was confirmed in 77% of case. The skin test has now been personally associated with CEA radio-immunological metering for patients suffering from breast, lung and digestive system cancer (40 cases in all). The hypothesis, which is supported by the results obtained, is that there is a correlation between CEA titre and skin reactivity to the immunostimulus; in effect, high CEA titres have generally always corresponded to little or no DNCB skin reactivity and vice versa.", "contents": "[The DNCB skin test and its comparison with the radioimmunological determination of CEA in some types of neoplasms]. The personal series consists of 140 cancer patients followed up over a period of some 3 years and submitted prior to the start of treatment to the DNCB skin test. This test indicates the patient's immune condition and the degree of reactivity shown may be useful prognostically for assessing the course of the disease and its response to immunochemotherapeutic treatment; this was confirmed in 77% of case. The skin test has now been personally associated with CEA radio-immunological metering for patients suffering from breast, lung and digestive system cancer (40 cases in all). The hypothesis, which is supported by the results obtained, is that there is a correlation between CEA titre and skin reactivity to the immunostimulus; in effect, high CEA titres have generally always corresponded to little or no DNCB skin reactivity and vice versa.", "PMID": 572515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10086", "title": "Direct effects of neostigmine on aneural myotube cultures.", "content": "Long term (24--96 h) treatment of a mouse-derived myogenic cell line (G8) with meostigmine or physostigmine markedly reduces binding of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) to these cells. Protein synthesis in these cultures is markedly reduced and cell morphology degenerates. Myotubes maintain slightly hyperpolarised resting membrane potentials, and are able to respond to iontophoretic acetylcholine (ACh) application with overshooting action potentials. Prolonged exposure to neostigmine also inhibits protein synthesis in a fibroblastic cell line (B82). The results suggest that degenerative changes at the neuromuscular junction associated with chronic neostigmine treatment in vivo are due to a direct action of the anticholinesterase on the muscle, rather than to altered intracleft ACh levels [2] or to presynaptic effects of the anticholinesterase [15].", "contents": "Direct effects of neostigmine on aneural myotube cultures. Long term (24--96 h) treatment of a mouse-derived myogenic cell line (G8) with meostigmine or physostigmine markedly reduces binding of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) to these cells. Protein synthesis in these cultures is markedly reduced and cell morphology degenerates. Myotubes maintain slightly hyperpolarised resting membrane potentials, and are able to respond to iontophoretic acetylcholine (ACh) application with overshooting action potentials. Prolonged exposure to neostigmine also inhibits protein synthesis in a fibroblastic cell line (B82). The results suggest that degenerative changes at the neuromuscular junction associated with chronic neostigmine treatment in vivo are due to a direct action of the anticholinesterase on the muscle, rather than to altered intracleft ACh levels [2] or to presynaptic effects of the anticholinesterase [15].", "PMID": 572518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10087", "title": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium on the depolarization by GABA of cultured satellite glial cells.", "content": "4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) which selectively blocks K+-conductance of excitable membranes, reversibly abolished the depolarization by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of cultured satellite glial (SG) cells, but did not or only slightly affect the action of GABA on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. It is therefore suggested that the depolarization of glial cells by GABA is an indirect effect due to the accumulation of K+ which is released from adjacent neurons during their depolarization by the amino acid. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) had no effect on the GABA depolarization at a concentration of 15 mM but produced a slight reduction at higher concentrations (60--70 mM).", "contents": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium on the depolarization by GABA of cultured satellite glial cells. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) which selectively blocks K+-conductance of excitable membranes, reversibly abolished the depolarization by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of cultured satellite glial (SG) cells, but did not or only slightly affect the action of GABA on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. It is therefore suggested that the depolarization of glial cells by GABA is an indirect effect due to the accumulation of K+ which is released from adjacent neurons during their depolarization by the amino acid. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) had no effect on the GABA depolarization at a concentration of 15 mM but produced a slight reduction at higher concentrations (60--70 mM).", "PMID": 572519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10088", "title": "Developmentally regulated induction of neurite outgrowth from immature chick sensory neurons (DRG) by homogenates of avian or mammalian heart, liver and brain.", "content": "Neurite outgrowth is elicited from whole explants or dissociated neurons of 8--10-day-old chick embryo sensory, dorsal root ganglia when cultured in the presence of a high speed supernatant fraction (105,000 g) from homogenates of chick or rat heart, liver or brain. The neurite promoting activity is not identical to mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) and is non-dialyzable. Expression of this neurogenic factor would appear to be developmentally regulated as its activity is barely detectable in organs from 6--9-day-old embryos but specific activity rises dramatically in homogenates of organs from embryos of greater than 11 days incubation. Greatest activity is found in chick heart and rat brain with only trace levels in lung or kidney and none in spinal cord.", "contents": "Developmentally regulated induction of neurite outgrowth from immature chick sensory neurons (DRG) by homogenates of avian or mammalian heart, liver and brain. Neurite outgrowth is elicited from whole explants or dissociated neurons of 8--10-day-old chick embryo sensory, dorsal root ganglia when cultured in the presence of a high speed supernatant fraction (105,000 g) from homogenates of chick or rat heart, liver or brain. The neurite promoting activity is not identical to mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) and is non-dialyzable. Expression of this neurogenic factor would appear to be developmentally regulated as its activity is barely detectable in organs from 6--9-day-old embryos but specific activity rises dramatically in homogenates of organs from embryos of greater than 11 days incubation. Greatest activity is found in chick heart and rat brain with only trace levels in lung or kidney and none in spinal cord.", "PMID": 572520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10089", "title": "Enkephalin-like products in embryonic chicken retina.", "content": "Using sensitive and highly specific radioimmunoassays, Met-enkephalin (Met-ENK) and Leu-enkephalin (Leu-ENK) have been shown to exist together in the retina of chicken embryo. After high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a fraction of the retinal extracts seems to be authentic Met-ENK. Following a G-50 filtration, the Met-ENK immunoreactivity has been found associated to three peaks, the lightest having an apparent molecular weight similar to that of the Met-ENK.", "contents": "Enkephalin-like products in embryonic chicken retina. Using sensitive and highly specific radioimmunoassays, Met-enkephalin (Met-ENK) and Leu-enkephalin (Leu-ENK) have been shown to exist together in the retina of chicken embryo. After high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a fraction of the retinal extracts seems to be authentic Met-ENK. Following a G-50 filtration, the Met-ENK immunoreactivity has been found associated to three peaks, the lightest having an apparent molecular weight similar to that of the Met-ENK.", "PMID": 572521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10090", "title": "Regional displacement by sulpiride of [3H]spiperone binding in vivo. Biochemical and behavioural evidence for a preferential action of limbic and nigral dopamine receptors.", "content": "The regional displacement by sulpiride of [3H]spiperone binding in vivo was studied in the rat. A low dose of sulpiride (20 mg/kg) displaced [3H]spiperone binding in certain limbic regions (olfactory tubercle, septum) and the substantia nigra but not in the nucleus accumbens or striatum. At this does sulpiride preferentially blocked apomorphine induced apomorphine Higher doses of sulpiride (150 and 250 mg/kg), which blocked apomorphine induced stereotypes and induced catalepsy were found to displace [3H]spiperone binding in all regions studied including the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. Haloperidol (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) displaced [3H]spiperone to approximately the same extent in all regions studied.", "contents": "Regional displacement by sulpiride of [3H]spiperone binding in vivo. Biochemical and behavioural evidence for a preferential action of limbic and nigral dopamine receptors. The regional displacement by sulpiride of [3H]spiperone binding in vivo was studied in the rat. A low dose of sulpiride (20 mg/kg) displaced [3H]spiperone binding in certain limbic regions (olfactory tubercle, septum) and the substantia nigra but not in the nucleus accumbens or striatum. At this does sulpiride preferentially blocked apomorphine induced apomorphine Higher doses of sulpiride (150 and 250 mg/kg), which blocked apomorphine induced stereotypes and induced catalepsy were found to displace [3H]spiperone binding in all regions studied including the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. Haloperidol (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) displaced [3H]spiperone to approximately the same extent in all regions studied.", "PMID": 572522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10091", "title": "Differential response of sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberrations to mitomycin C of normal and abnormal human lymphocytic cell lines.", "content": "Mitomycin C (MMC) induced chromosome aberrations and an increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE) incidence in a cell line derived from normal lymphocytes, whereas in lines originating from cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (lines SN1029 and SN1033) and Burkitt lymphoma (lines B35 M and HR1K) MMC caused a striking increase in SCE, but not in the frequency of chromosome abnormalities. The latter may be due to the failure of the cells with chromosome aberrations to survive, possibly related to their high sensitivity to MMC. The increased rate of SCE with MMC treatment was more marked in the neoplastic lymphocytic cells than in the normal ones; the sensitivity of SN1029 and SN1033 cells was 10 times higher and that of B35M and HR1K cells about 5 times higher than that of the normal cells. These observations suggest that the MMC-induced high rate of SCE in the neoplastic cells may in some aspects differ from the mechanism(s) leading to chromosome aberrations; and that SCE is a much more sensitive indicator of MMC effects than chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "Differential response of sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberrations to mitomycin C of normal and abnormal human lymphocytic cell lines. Mitomycin C (MMC) induced chromosome aberrations and an increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE) incidence in a cell line derived from normal lymphocytes, whereas in lines originating from cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (lines SN1029 and SN1033) and Burkitt lymphoma (lines B35 M and HR1K) MMC caused a striking increase in SCE, but not in the frequency of chromosome abnormalities. The latter may be due to the failure of the cells with chromosome aberrations to survive, possibly related to their high sensitivity to MMC. The increased rate of SCE with MMC treatment was more marked in the neoplastic lymphocytic cells than in the normal ones; the sensitivity of SN1029 and SN1033 cells was 10 times higher and that of B35M and HR1K cells about 5 times higher than that of the normal cells. These observations suggest that the MMC-induced high rate of SCE in the neoplastic cells may in some aspects differ from the mechanism(s) leading to chromosome aberrations; and that SCE is a much more sensitive indicator of MMC effects than chromosome aberrations.", "PMID": 572524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10092", "title": "[Cytology of egg maturation in the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) in artificial parthenogenesis].", "content": "The orientation of bivalentss in the first meiotic metaphase was studied on the squash preparations and sections of eggs in Bombyx mori L., Antheraea pernyi Gu\u00e8r and Carpocapsa pomonella L. The reduction fissure of bivalents separating the homologous chromosomes lies in the plane of spindle equator; the equation fissure separating the sister chromatids is parallel to the long spindle axis. Complicated rearrangements are observed in the nuclei of the silkworm eggs stimulated to ameiotic parthenogenesis by the high temperature dissociation of bivalents, full destruction of spindle, formation of a new spindle and metaphase plate. The latter includes univalent chromosomes involved in the equation division. As a result, two genetically identical pronuclei with the somatic set of chromosomes are formed.", "contents": "[Cytology of egg maturation in the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) in artificial parthenogenesis]. The orientation of bivalentss in the first meiotic metaphase was studied on the squash preparations and sections of eggs in Bombyx mori L., Antheraea pernyi Gu\u00e8r and Carpocapsa pomonella L. The reduction fissure of bivalents separating the homologous chromosomes lies in the plane of spindle equator; the equation fissure separating the sister chromatids is parallel to the long spindle axis. Complicated rearrangements are observed in the nuclei of the silkworm eggs stimulated to ameiotic parthenogenesis by the high temperature dissociation of bivalents, full destruction of spindle, formation of a new spindle and metaphase plate. The latter includes univalent chromosomes involved in the equation division. As a result, two genetically identical pronuclei with the somatic set of chromosomes are formed.", "PMID": 572525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10093", "title": "Dietary Na+ effects on transepithelial transport of NaCl by hen (Gallus domesticus) lower intestine (colon and coprodeum) perfused luminally in vivo.", "content": "The colon and coprodeum of anaesthetised laying hens was perfused luminally with solutions of varying compositions, to elucidate the influence of three levels of dietary NaCl and of luminal NaCl concentrations on coprodeal and colonic transport of NaCl. Net Na+ and Cl- absorption rates were increased in response to low dietary Na+ levels and higher luminal NaCl concentrations. Net Na+ absorption was always against the prevailing electrochemical gradient, saturably dependent on luminal Na+ concentrations in low Na+ diet birds, and linearly dependent on luminal concentrations in medium and high Na+ diet birds. Net Cl- absorption was usually down its electrochemical gradient. The Cl- flux rates were strongly linearly dependent on Na+ flux rates, and statistically this relationship could account for all significant variation of Cl- fluxes associated with dietary and perfusate treatments. Transmural electrical potential differences were invariably serosa positive, and partly correlated with Na+ fluxes.", "contents": "Dietary Na+ effects on transepithelial transport of NaCl by hen (Gallus domesticus) lower intestine (colon and coprodeum) perfused luminally in vivo. The colon and coprodeum of anaesthetised laying hens was perfused luminally with solutions of varying compositions, to elucidate the influence of three levels of dietary NaCl and of luminal NaCl concentrations on coprodeal and colonic transport of NaCl. Net Na+ and Cl- absorption rates were increased in response to low dietary Na+ levels and higher luminal NaCl concentrations. Net Na+ absorption was always against the prevailing electrochemical gradient, saturably dependent on luminal Na+ concentrations in low Na+ diet birds, and linearly dependent on luminal concentrations in medium and high Na+ diet birds. Net Cl- absorption was usually down its electrochemical gradient. The Cl- flux rates were strongly linearly dependent on Na+ flux rates, and statistically this relationship could account for all significant variation of Cl- fluxes associated with dietary and perfusate treatments. Transmural electrical potential differences were invariably serosa positive, and partly correlated with Na+ fluxes.", "PMID": 572534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10094", "title": "Transepithelial transport of K+, NH4+, inorganic phosphate and water by hen (Gallus domesticus) lower intestine (colon and coprodeum) perfused luminally in vivo.", "content": "The colon and coprodeum of anaesthetised laying hens was perfused luminally with solutions of varying compositions to elucidate the influence of three levels of dietary Na+ and of luminal fluid composition on transport of electrolytes and water. Net rates of secretion of K+ and absorption of NH4+ were increased in response to dietary Na+ depletion and increased luminal Na+ concentrations, but these fluxes were linked to Na+ transport and no dietary or perfusion treatment effects could be detected on them independently of effects on Na+ flux. Similar results were found for Na+-linked water absorption from isosmotic perfusates. Serosal-mucosal net osmotic flow with Na+-free perfusates was significantly reduced by Na+-depletion, but no significant dietary effect could be detected on the serosal-mucosal osmotic permeability coefficient. The reflexion coefficient was effectively unity. Mucosal-serosal inorganic phosphate flux was small. The flux was independent of Na+ flux and dietary Na+ levels, and apparently facilitated by serosalmucosal osmotic flow. The data allowed determination of the absorption/secretion in coprodeum and colon of the ions investigated, as compared to the renal excretion rate.", "contents": "Transepithelial transport of K+, NH4+, inorganic phosphate and water by hen (Gallus domesticus) lower intestine (colon and coprodeum) perfused luminally in vivo. The colon and coprodeum of anaesthetised laying hens was perfused luminally with solutions of varying compositions to elucidate the influence of three levels of dietary Na+ and of luminal fluid composition on transport of electrolytes and water. Net rates of secretion of K+ and absorption of NH4+ were increased in response to dietary Na+ depletion and increased luminal Na+ concentrations, but these fluxes were linked to Na+ transport and no dietary or perfusion treatment effects could be detected on them independently of effects on Na+ flux. Similar results were found for Na+-linked water absorption from isosmotic perfusates. Serosal-mucosal net osmotic flow with Na+-free perfusates was significantly reduced by Na+-depletion, but no significant dietary effect could be detected on the serosal-mucosal osmotic permeability coefficient. The reflexion coefficient was effectively unity. Mucosal-serosal inorganic phosphate flux was small. The flux was independent of Na+ flux and dietary Na+ levels, and apparently facilitated by serosalmucosal osmotic flow. The data allowed determination of the absorption/secretion in coprodeum and colon of the ions investigated, as compared to the renal excretion rate.", "PMID": 572535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10095", "title": "d-Tyrosine prevents hypertension in DOCA-saline treated uninephrectomised rats.", "content": "High blood pressure in DOCA-saline treated uninephrectomised rats is prevented or even reversed by tyrosine, tyramine or by treatments which - based on circumstantial evidence - might increase local brain tyramine concentration.", "contents": "d-Tyrosine prevents hypertension in DOCA-saline treated uninephrectomised rats. High blood pressure in DOCA-saline treated uninephrectomised rats is prevented or even reversed by tyrosine, tyramine or by treatments which - based on circumstantial evidence - might increase local brain tyramine concentration.", "PMID": 572536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10096", "title": "Vagus cardioinhibitory fibers in rats.", "content": "In chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats, compound spike potentials provoked in the cervical vagus nerve with electrical stimulation of the central cut end were found to consist of three major groups, A, delta-B and C. A remarkable cardioinhibition was observed on repetitive stimulation of the vagus nerve with an intensity which gave rise to the delta-B spike potential group. However, when the stimulus intensity was increased further beyond the level where the delta-B potential group had reached the maximum, the potency of cardioinhibition continued to be reinforced with the development of the C potential group. Selective activation of C fibers by anodal block of conductions along A and delta-B fibers was still  associated with a considerable degree of cardioinhibition. These findings indicate that activities of both C fibers and delta-B fibers contribute to vagal cardioinhibition in rats and the view that the vagal cardioinhibition is mediated by B fibers, although valid in cats, can not be held applicable to all species of mammalians.", "contents": "Vagus cardioinhibitory fibers in rats. In chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats, compound spike potentials provoked in the cervical vagus nerve with electrical stimulation of the central cut end were found to consist of three major groups, A, delta-B and C. A remarkable cardioinhibition was observed on repetitive stimulation of the vagus nerve with an intensity which gave rise to the delta-B spike potential group. However, when the stimulus intensity was increased further beyond the level where the delta-B potential group had reached the maximum, the potency of cardioinhibition continued to be reinforced with the development of the C potential group. Selective activation of C fibers by anodal block of conductions along A and delta-B fibers was still  associated with a considerable degree of cardioinhibition. These findings indicate that activities of both C fibers and delta-B fibers contribute to vagal cardioinhibition in rats and the view that the vagal cardioinhibition is mediated by B fibers, although valid in cats, can not be held applicable to all species of mammalians.", "PMID": 572539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10097", "title": "Failure of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) to block sodium pathways in a \"leaky\" epithelium: the urinary bladder of the trout.", "content": "The organic cation 2, 4, 6 - Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) used to block sodium permeability across leaky epithelia is ineffective on isolated urinary bladder of the trout. This observation suggests that this membrane does not present cation-selective paracellular pathways.", "contents": "Failure of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) to block sodium pathways in a \"leaky\" epithelium: the urinary bladder of the trout. The organic cation 2, 4, 6 - Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) used to block sodium permeability across leaky epithelia is ineffective on isolated urinary bladder of the trout. This observation suggests that this membrane does not present cation-selective paracellular pathways.", "PMID": 572540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10098", "title": "Mammalian-like thermosensitivity in the lower brainstem of the Pekin duck.", "content": "In Pekin ducks the brainstem between the preoptic region and the medulla oblongata was probed with chronically implanted bilateral thermodes to evaluate its thermosensory function in temperature regulation. Cooling of the lower mesencephalic and rostral rhombencephalic region in conscious animals elicited cutaneous vasoconstriction and increased metabolic heat production by shivering. This finding contrasts to the observation of a paradoxical inhibition of cold defence activities by cooling the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region in the same species.", "contents": "Mammalian-like thermosensitivity in the lower brainstem of the Pekin duck. In Pekin ducks the brainstem between the preoptic region and the medulla oblongata was probed with chronically implanted bilateral thermodes to evaluate its thermosensory function in temperature regulation. Cooling of the lower mesencephalic and rostral rhombencephalic region in conscious animals elicited cutaneous vasoconstriction and increased metabolic heat production by shivering. This finding contrasts to the observation of a paradoxical inhibition of cold defence activities by cooling the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region in the same species.", "PMID": 572541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10099", "title": "Observations on the validity of using \"NEN-TRAC\" microspheres for measuring organ blood flow.", "content": "\"NEN-TRAC\" brand of radioactive microsphere, 15 micron in diameter, have recently become available and therefore organ blood flow (Q) values obtained using these have been compared with values simultaneously obtained with the well-established \"TRACER\" brand of microspheres. For all major tissues of the body of two conscious sheep, there was excellent agreement between Q values obtained using NEN-TRAC Ce-141 and TRACER Sr-85 in one sheep, and between Q values obtained using NEN-TRAC Ce-141 and Sn-113 and TRACER Cr-51, Sr-85 and Nb-95 in a second sheep. It is concluded that NEN-TRAC microspheres satisfy the major validation tests to which TRACER microspheres have been previously subjected, and therefore it is valid to proceed with use of the new product.", "contents": "Observations on the validity of using \"NEN-TRAC\" microspheres for measuring organ blood flow. \"NEN-TRAC\" brand of radioactive microsphere, 15 micron in diameter, have recently become available and therefore organ blood flow (Q) values obtained using these have been compared with values simultaneously obtained with the well-established \"TRACER\" brand of microspheres. For all major tissues of the body of two conscious sheep, there was excellent agreement between Q values obtained using NEN-TRAC Ce-141 and TRACER Sr-85 in one sheep, and between Q values obtained using NEN-TRAC Ce-141 and Sn-113 and TRACER Cr-51, Sr-85 and Nb-95 in a second sheep. It is concluded that NEN-TRAC microspheres satisfy the major validation tests to which TRACER microspheres have been previously subjected, and therefore it is valid to proceed with use of the new product.", "PMID": 572542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10100", "title": "Characteristics of intraluminal pressure sensing balloons of different materials.", "content": "The physical properties of the balloons made of some polymeric substances were studied. The polyurethanes provided high frequency characteristics but air-leaking disqualified except ECD-651 which was most satisfactory: low permeability and ease of fabrication. Saran was proper but troublesome in making the balloon. Polypropylene and polyethylene, available in film, required heat sealing, which resulted in deformity and low frequency characteristics.", "contents": "Characteristics of intraluminal pressure sensing balloons of different materials. The physical properties of the balloons made of some polymeric substances were studied. The polyurethanes provided high frequency characteristics but air-leaking disqualified except ECD-651 which was most satisfactory: low permeability and ease of fabrication. Saran was proper but troublesome in making the balloon. Polypropylene and polyethylene, available in film, required heat sealing, which resulted in deformity and low frequency characteristics.", "PMID": 572543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10101", "title": "The circular dichroism and X-ray diffraction of DNA condensed from ethanolic solutions.", "content": "It is known that DNA in aqueous-ethanol solutions undergoes a B to A conformational change between 60% and 80% (w/w) ethanol. We have found that precipitates formed by adding salt to DNA in 60% and 80% ethanolic solutions can be very different. DNA precipitated from 60% ethanol forms a fine condensate that only slowly settles out of suspension and shows a characteristic differential scattering of circularly polarized light at long wavelengths. DNA precipitated from 80% ethanol forms a flocculent aggregate that exhibits the CD spectral features of the A conformation. Data from circular dichroism spectra of natural and synthetic nucleic acids and from X-ray diffraction patterns of the precipitates show that DNA molecules precipitated from 60% and 80% ethanol are, respectively, in the B and A conformation. Therefore, the different secondary conformations of DNA in ethanolic solutions are maintained during precipitation under these conditions. These results are of general importance for the preparation and study of condensed forms of DNA, since a relatively small change in the extent of dehydration can change the secondary conformation of DNA and markedly affect the character of a subsequent precipitate.", "contents": "The circular dichroism and X-ray diffraction of DNA condensed from ethanolic solutions. It is known that DNA in aqueous-ethanol solutions undergoes a B to A conformational change between 60% and 80% (w/w) ethanol. We have found that precipitates formed by adding salt to DNA in 60% and 80% ethanolic solutions can be very different. DNA precipitated from 60% ethanol forms a fine condensate that only slowly settles out of suspension and shows a characteristic differential scattering of circularly polarized light at long wavelengths. DNA precipitated from 80% ethanol forms a flocculent aggregate that exhibits the CD spectral features of the A conformation. Data from circular dichroism spectra of natural and synthetic nucleic acids and from X-ray diffraction patterns of the precipitates show that DNA molecules precipitated from 60% and 80% ethanol are, respectively, in the B and A conformation. Therefore, the different secondary conformations of DNA in ethanolic solutions are maintained during precipitation under these conditions. These results are of general importance for the preparation and study of condensed forms of DNA, since a relatively small change in the extent of dehydration can change the secondary conformation of DNA and markedly affect the character of a subsequent precipitate.", "PMID": 572544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10102", "title": "[Bronchial asthma of allergic or irritative origin as an occupational disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The development or exacerbation of an asthmatic condition is more often than is commonly realized attributable to the inhalation during work of substances which have either antigenic properties or induce physico-chemical damage to the mucous membranes. The following substances were found to play a causal role in the development of asthma in exposed persons: penicillin dust, dust inhaled during the threshing of grain, persulfate, formalin, inorganic cooling agents. Procedures to ascertain the aetiology of these occupation-induced obstructive bronchial disease are reviewed. The inhalation challenge test, exposure tests at the place of work and removal of the affected person from contact with the suspected antigen are discussed in respect of their diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Bronchial asthma of allergic or irritative origin as an occupational disease (author's transl)]. The development or exacerbation of an asthmatic condition is more often than is commonly realized attributable to the inhalation during work of substances which have either antigenic properties or induce physico-chemical damage to the mucous membranes. The following substances were found to play a causal role in the development of asthma in exposed persons: penicillin dust, dust inhaled during the threshing of grain, persulfate, formalin, inorganic cooling agents. Procedures to ascertain the aetiology of these occupation-induced obstructive bronchial disease are reviewed. The inhalation challenge test, exposure tests at the place of work and removal of the affected person from contact with the suspected antigen are discussed in respect of their diagnostic value.", "PMID": 572545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10103", "title": "[Changes in protein and nucleic acid metabolism as 1 of the methods for evaluating gonadotoxic action].", "content": "Low concentrations of formaldehyde (0,035 mg/m3) exert injurious effect on the testes. Changes were found in the RNA and DNA content, inhibition of deoxyribonuclease activity and reduced soluble protein content in testicular homogenate. Along with this, there was decrease in spermatozoid motility, indicating eventual weakening of the fecundating capacity of male rats. The parameters used, characterizing nuclein and protein metabolism in the testes, may serve as objective and very sensitive index in testing the gonadotoxic effect of low concentrations of chemical agents. The results of this study should be taken into consideration in making hygiene-toxicologic characteristics of formaldehyde, with special reverence to the threshold of its gonadotoxic effect.", "contents": "[Changes in protein and nucleic acid metabolism as 1 of the methods for evaluating gonadotoxic action]. Low concentrations of formaldehyde (0,035 mg/m3) exert injurious effect on the testes. Changes were found in the RNA and DNA content, inhibition of deoxyribonuclease activity and reduced soluble protein content in testicular homogenate. Along with this, there was decrease in spermatozoid motility, indicating eventual weakening of the fecundating capacity of male rats. The parameters used, characterizing nuclein and protein metabolism in the testes, may serve as objective and very sensitive index in testing the gonadotoxic effect of low concentrations of chemical agents. The results of this study should be taken into consideration in making hygiene-toxicologic characteristics of formaldehyde, with special reverence to the threshold of its gonadotoxic effect.", "PMID": 572546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10104", "title": "Scotophobin A causes dark avoidance in goldfish by elevating pineal N-acetylserotonin.", "content": "We had shown that synthetic rat scotophobin A caused several effects upon goldfish, apparently mediated by the pineal gland. Here we report that norepinephrine decreased goldfish dark avoidance in a manner that was blocked by scotophobin or pinealectomy. Increased dark avoidance was caused by either propranolol or scotophobin alone. Certain components of the pineal melatonin pathway also affected goldfish light-dark preference: serotonin, and especially N-acetylserotonin, increased dark avoidance, as did the hydroxyindole-O-methyl-transferase (HIOMT) product inhibitor, S-adenosyl-homocysteine. Melatonin and S-adenosyl-methionine were without effect in this regard. Pinealectomy prevented the dark avoidance increase caused by serotonin and N-acetylserotonin. These data suggested that increased dark avoidance behavior in goldfish was correlated with N-acetylserotonin buildup in the pineal, and that scotophobin could cause this, if it were to inhibit pineal HIOMT. To test this hypothesis the effect of various agents upon pineal melatonin levels was determined. Scotophobin was found to both reduce pineal melatonin and to block the melatonin-increasing effect of N-acetylserotonin. This led to the discovery that, indeed, scotophobin was an effective inhibitor (KI50, 6 x 10(-7) M) of purified bovine HIOMT.", "contents": "Scotophobin A causes dark avoidance in goldfish by elevating pineal N-acetylserotonin. We had shown that synthetic rat scotophobin A caused several effects upon goldfish, apparently mediated by the pineal gland. Here we report that norepinephrine decreased goldfish dark avoidance in a manner that was blocked by scotophobin or pinealectomy. Increased dark avoidance was caused by either propranolol or scotophobin alone. Certain components of the pineal melatonin pathway also affected goldfish light-dark preference: serotonin, and especially N-acetylserotonin, increased dark avoidance, as did the hydroxyindole-O-methyl-transferase (HIOMT) product inhibitor, S-adenosyl-homocysteine. Melatonin and S-adenosyl-methionine were without effect in this regard. Pinealectomy prevented the dark avoidance increase caused by serotonin and N-acetylserotonin. These data suggested that increased dark avoidance behavior in goldfish was correlated with N-acetylserotonin buildup in the pineal, and that scotophobin could cause this, if it were to inhibit pineal HIOMT. To test this hypothesis the effect of various agents upon pineal melatonin levels was determined. Scotophobin was found to both reduce pineal melatonin and to block the melatonin-increasing effect of N-acetylserotonin. This led to the discovery that, indeed, scotophobin was an effective inhibitor (KI50, 6 x 10(-7) M) of purified bovine HIOMT.", "PMID": 572548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10105", "title": "Pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase: mechanism, and inhibition by scotophobin A.", "content": "We had shown that the behaviorally active peptide, scotophobin A, a synthetic analogue of native scotophobin, acted to increase dark avoidance in goldfish by inhibiting pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), the enzyme which converts N-acetylserotonin (NAS) to melatonin (MEL). Here we determine the reaction sequence of bovine pineal HIOMT and the mechanism whereby scotophobin A inhibits this enzyme. Initial rate studies in which the substrates NAS and the methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine SAM), were independently varied indicated the enzyme reacted by a sequential mechanism. With the product, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), included in the reaction mixtures, data were obtained consistent with the following order of substrate addition and product discharge: (see text). The turnover number was 5.7 moles melatonin formed/mole HIOMT/min. The substrate KMs were 4.2 x 10(-4) M for NAS and 4.9 x 10(-5) M for SAM. Further studies showed that scotophobin A is an inhibitor (KI = 7 x 10(-7) M) competitive with NAS, indicating that this peptide combines with the enzyme-SAM complex. The structural similarity of the tyrosinamide end of scotophobin A to NAS and several other HIOMT inhibitors, including two antischizophrenic drugs, is consistent with these observations.", "contents": "Pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase: mechanism, and inhibition by scotophobin A. We had shown that the behaviorally active peptide, scotophobin A, a synthetic analogue of native scotophobin, acted to increase dark avoidance in goldfish by inhibiting pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), the enzyme which converts N-acetylserotonin (NAS) to melatonin (MEL). Here we determine the reaction sequence of bovine pineal HIOMT and the mechanism whereby scotophobin A inhibits this enzyme. Initial rate studies in which the substrates NAS and the methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine SAM), were independently varied indicated the enzyme reacted by a sequential mechanism. With the product, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), included in the reaction mixtures, data were obtained consistent with the following order of substrate addition and product discharge: (see text). The turnover number was 5.7 moles melatonin formed/mole HIOMT/min. The substrate KMs were 4.2 x 10(-4) M for NAS and 4.9 x 10(-5) M for SAM. Further studies showed that scotophobin A is an inhibitor (KI = 7 x 10(-7) M) competitive with NAS, indicating that this peptide combines with the enzyme-SAM complex. The structural similarity of the tyrosinamide end of scotophobin A to NAS and several other HIOMT inhibitors, including two antischizophrenic drugs, is consistent with these observations.", "PMID": 572549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10106", "title": "Potentiation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by dopamine agonists: possible involvement of central 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Apomorphine (0.12--2 mg/kg, SC) and d-amphetamine (1--8 mg/kg, IP) were each able, at certain doses, to potentiate the cataleptic state produced by the neuroleptic agent, haloperidol (1 mg/kg, IP). In subsequent biochemical experiments, in which the effects of combinations of apomorphine or d-amphetamine and haloperidol on brain monoamine levels were studied, this behavioural observation was seen to be related to an enhanced utilisation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in certain brain regions. The results suggest not only the possible involvement of 5-HT in the production of catalepsy, but also that the effects of these 'classical' dopamine agonists on other central transmitter systems should be considered when interpreting their various behavioural responses.", "contents": "Potentiation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by dopamine agonists: possible involvement of central 5-hydroxytryptamine. Apomorphine (0.12--2 mg/kg, SC) and d-amphetamine (1--8 mg/kg, IP) were each able, at certain doses, to potentiate the cataleptic state produced by the neuroleptic agent, haloperidol (1 mg/kg, IP). In subsequent biochemical experiments, in which the effects of combinations of apomorphine or d-amphetamine and haloperidol on brain monoamine levels were studied, this behavioural observation was seen to be related to an enhanced utilisation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in certain brain regions. The results suggest not only the possible involvement of 5-HT in the production of catalepsy, but also that the effects of these 'classical' dopamine agonists on other central transmitter systems should be considered when interpreting their various behavioural responses.", "PMID": 572550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10107", "title": "Endocrine factors contributing to the ethanol preferences of rodents.", "content": "Groups of C57 Bl/6j mice (alcohol preferring) and DBA/2j mice (alcohol avoiding) were fasted for 24 hours and administered glucose. At 30, 120 and 300 minutes after glucose, the C57 Bl/6j mice had significantly higher levels of plasma glucose than the DBA/2j strain. These differences were observed in comparable groups given either forced access or no access to alcohol. In ad lib fed animals never exposed to alcohol, C57 Bl/6j mice had higher levels of plasma insulin than DBA/2j mice. Plasma levels of glucose and corticosterone were not significantly different in ad lib or fasted animals. The injection of insulin zinc protamine to DBA/2j mice produced 100% convulsions within one hour, but produced to convulsions in C57 Bl/6j mice for as long as 4 hours after administration. These data demonstrate that an insulin resistancy exists in C57 Bl/6j mice which is not dependent upon any prior alcohol experience. Evidence supporting a functional relationship between this diabetogenic disturbance and alcohol preference was obtained in C57 Bl/6j mice which were allowed to choose between water or a 10% alcohol solution (v/v). Insulin zinc protamine produced a selective dose-dependent reduction in alcohol intake. Additional support is received from the discovery that Chinese hamsters, a species genetically predisposed to diabetes, display an impressive preference for 10% alcohol.", "contents": "Endocrine factors contributing to the ethanol preferences of rodents. Groups of C57 Bl/6j mice (alcohol preferring) and DBA/2j mice (alcohol avoiding) were fasted for 24 hours and administered glucose. At 30, 120 and 300 minutes after glucose, the C57 Bl/6j mice had significantly higher levels of plasma glucose than the DBA/2j strain. These differences were observed in comparable groups given either forced access or no access to alcohol. In ad lib fed animals never exposed to alcohol, C57 Bl/6j mice had higher levels of plasma insulin than DBA/2j mice. Plasma levels of glucose and corticosterone were not significantly different in ad lib or fasted animals. The injection of insulin zinc protamine to DBA/2j mice produced 100% convulsions within one hour, but produced to convulsions in C57 Bl/6j mice for as long as 4 hours after administration. These data demonstrate that an insulin resistancy exists in C57 Bl/6j mice which is not dependent upon any prior alcohol experience. Evidence supporting a functional relationship between this diabetogenic disturbance and alcohol preference was obtained in C57 Bl/6j mice which were allowed to choose between water or a 10% alcohol solution (v/v). Insulin zinc protamine produced a selective dose-dependent reduction in alcohol intake. Additional support is received from the discovery that Chinese hamsters, a species genetically predisposed to diabetes, display an impressive preference for 10% alcohol.", "PMID": 572551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10108", "title": "Effects of prolintane on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in rat brain after spiperone treatment.", "content": "Prolintane (1-[alpha-propylphenethyl]-pyrrolidine) but not l-(alpha-methylphenethyl)-pyrrolidine markedly enhanced the increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in the brains of rats treated with spiperone, a neuroleptic drug. This action and other properties of prolintane described in the literature place it in a group of stimulant drugs that includes methylphenidate, cocaine and amfonelic acid with properties that differ from those of amphetamine.", "contents": "Effects of prolintane on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in rat brain after spiperone treatment. Prolintane (1-[alpha-propylphenethyl]-pyrrolidine) but not l-(alpha-methylphenethyl)-pyrrolidine markedly enhanced the increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in the brains of rats treated with spiperone, a neuroleptic drug. This action and other properties of prolintane described in the literature place it in a group of stimulant drugs that includes methylphenidate, cocaine and amfonelic acid with properties that differ from those of amphetamine.", "PMID": 572552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10109", "title": "Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine: effects and interactions with alphamethyltyrosine and tetrabenazine on DRL performance in rats.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate and their interactions with amine-depleting drugs were examined in rats trained to press a lever to obtain water reinforcement on a schedule that differentially reinforced responding at low rates (DRL). Both methylphenidate (2.5-20.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.375-3.0 mg/kg) increased the rate of responding and decreased the frequency of reinforcement on the DRL schedule. Both drugs also shifted the interresponse time (IRT) distributions to the left such that the modal IRT occurred well below the minimum IRT required for reinforcement (d-amphetamine was abut eight times more potent than methylphenidate for each of these effects). The effects of both d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on DRL performance were attenuated by administration of alphamethyltyrosine (AMT) (150 mg/kg) and both drugs attenuated the response rate-suppressing effects of tetrabenazine (TBZ) (4.0 mg/kg). The similarity of the drug interactions between methylphenidate or amphetamine and AMT or TBZ suggest that the doses of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine examined act on similar catecholaminergic pools with the central nervous system to influence DRL performance.", "contents": "Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine: effects and interactions with alphamethyltyrosine and tetrabenazine on DRL performance in rats. The effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate and their interactions with amine-depleting drugs were examined in rats trained to press a lever to obtain water reinforcement on a schedule that differentially reinforced responding at low rates (DRL). Both methylphenidate (2.5-20.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.375-3.0 mg/kg) increased the rate of responding and decreased the frequency of reinforcement on the DRL schedule. Both drugs also shifted the interresponse time (IRT) distributions to the left such that the modal IRT occurred well below the minimum IRT required for reinforcement (d-amphetamine was abut eight times more potent than methylphenidate for each of these effects). The effects of both d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on DRL performance were attenuated by administration of alphamethyltyrosine (AMT) (150 mg/kg) and both drugs attenuated the response rate-suppressing effects of tetrabenazine (TBZ) (4.0 mg/kg). The similarity of the drug interactions between methylphenidate or amphetamine and AMT or TBZ suggest that the doses of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine examined act on similar catecholaminergic pools with the central nervous system to influence DRL performance.", "PMID": 572553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10110", "title": "Alcohol-deprivation effect in rats genetically selected for their ethanol preference.", "content": "Alcohol deprivation and alternate-day access increase voluntary alcohol drinking by normal rat strains in a consistent manner. In contrast, the ANA strain developed by selective outbreeding for low alcohol intake during continuous access showed no increase in their alcohol drinking during alternate-day access and only a small increase after a week of deprivation. The AA strain developed for high alcohol intake showed an increase after a week of deprivation similar in magnitude to that of normal rats but persisting much longer. In order to have been selected, these deviant reactions to deprivation must have been related to deviant baseline levels of alcohol drinking during continuous access, but presently even the AAs with the lowest baselines show the persistent increase and the ANAs with the highest baselines show only small increases. Strain differences were also found in spontaneous alternation in a T-maze. A modification of Pinel and Huang's inhibitory factor model accounting for these results is presented.", "contents": "Alcohol-deprivation effect in rats genetically selected for their ethanol preference. Alcohol deprivation and alternate-day access increase voluntary alcohol drinking by normal rat strains in a consistent manner. In contrast, the ANA strain developed by selective outbreeding for low alcohol intake during continuous access showed no increase in their alcohol drinking during alternate-day access and only a small increase after a week of deprivation. The AA strain developed for high alcohol intake showed an increase after a week of deprivation similar in magnitude to that of normal rats but persisting much longer. In order to have been selected, these deviant reactions to deprivation must have been related to deviant baseline levels of alcohol drinking during continuous access, but presently even the AAs with the lowest baselines show the persistent increase and the ANAs with the highest baselines show only small increases. Strain differences were also found in spontaneous alternation in a T-maze. A modification of Pinel and Huang's inhibitory factor model accounting for these results is presented.", "PMID": 572554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10111", "title": "On the role of ascending dopamine systems in the control of voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol intoxication.", "content": "Selective lesions of the ascending dopamine pathways were made by bilateral injection of the neurotoxin 6-OHDA (8 micrograms/4 microliters). Catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry revealed a marked degeneration of the ascending mesostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems, while the hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline nerve terminals were unaffected. After recovery of feeding and drinking behaviors the voluntary ethanol intake was not different from that of the controls. The time of ethanol-induced narcosis and the extent of ethanol-induced hypothermia were not affected. In contrast, in a tilting-plane test conducted two months after the operation, ethanol impaired the performance of the 6-OHDA-treated rats significantly less than that of the controls. This finding suggests a role for the ascending dopamine neurons to the forebrain in the intoxicating effect of ethanol.", "contents": "On the role of ascending dopamine systems in the control of voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol intoxication. Selective lesions of the ascending dopamine pathways were made by bilateral injection of the neurotoxin 6-OHDA (8 micrograms/4 microliters). Catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry revealed a marked degeneration of the ascending mesostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems, while the hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline nerve terminals were unaffected. After recovery of feeding and drinking behaviors the voluntary ethanol intake was not different from that of the controls. The time of ethanol-induced narcosis and the extent of ethanol-induced hypothermia were not affected. In contrast, in a tilting-plane test conducted two months after the operation, ethanol impaired the performance of the 6-OHDA-treated rats significantly less than that of the controls. This finding suggests a role for the ascending dopamine neurons to the forebrain in the intoxicating effect of ethanol.", "PMID": 572555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10112", "title": "Effect of chlorpromazine and erythromycin on bile salt-induced cholestasis in the rat.", "content": "The effects of subacute administration of chlorpromazine HCI (CPZ), erythromycine base and erythromycin estolate on the cholestatic response to intravenous taurolithocholate (TLC) and taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) in the rat were investigated. All three enhanced the recovery of bile flow after TCDC but not after TLC. Erythromycin base and estolate enhanced bile flow recovery after TCDC and potentiated the increase of plasma 5'-nucleotidase, as did CPZ. Neither erythromycin estolate nor CPZ precipitated a cholestatic response in rat maintained for 9-13 days on a diet supplemented with 0.05% lithocholic acid. It is concluded that the interaction of CPZ and erythromycins with bile salts is not based on the cholestatic properties of the drugs, and hence is not a practical way of distinguishing cholestatic from non-cholestatic drugs.", "contents": "Effect of chlorpromazine and erythromycin on bile salt-induced cholestasis in the rat. The effects of subacute administration of chlorpromazine HCI (CPZ), erythromycine base and erythromycin estolate on the cholestatic response to intravenous taurolithocholate (TLC) and taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) in the rat were investigated. All three enhanced the recovery of bile flow after TCDC but not after TLC. Erythromycin base and estolate enhanced bile flow recovery after TCDC and potentiated the increase of plasma 5'-nucleotidase, as did CPZ. Neither erythromycin estolate nor CPZ precipitated a cholestatic response in rat maintained for 9-13 days on a diet supplemented with 0.05% lithocholic acid. It is concluded that the interaction of CPZ and erythromycins with bile salts is not based on the cholestatic properties of the drugs, and hence is not a practical way of distinguishing cholestatic from non-cholestatic drugs.", "PMID": 572556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10113", "title": "Taxonomic implications of Rhodotorula rubra isolates from polluted sea water in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "content": "Sixty two strains of Rhodotorula rubra which were all isolated from marine and estuarine waters of Rio de Janeiro were found variable for 19 to 32 carbon assimilation tests used in yeast taxonomy. Two R. rubra strains which had latent assimilation of maltose and melizitose appeared to be intermediate with R. pilimanae. Strains of R. glutinis var dairenensis which differed from R. rubra only by weak assimilation of nitrate appeared to be intermediated between these two species. Our physiological tests suggested that R. rubra, R. pilimanae, and part of R. glutinis should be combined and this was supported by DNA base composition and coezyme Q data existing in the literature.", "contents": "Taxonomic implications of Rhodotorula rubra isolates from polluted sea water in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sixty two strains of Rhodotorula rubra which were all isolated from marine and estuarine waters of Rio de Janeiro were found variable for 19 to 32 carbon assimilation tests used in yeast taxonomy. Two R. rubra strains which had latent assimilation of maltose and melizitose appeared to be intermediate with R. pilimanae. Strains of R. glutinis var dairenensis which differed from R. rubra only by weak assimilation of nitrate appeared to be intermediated between these two species. Our physiological tests suggested that R. rubra, R. pilimanae, and part of R. glutinis should be combined and this was supported by DNA base composition and coezyme Q data existing in the literature.", "PMID": 572568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10114", "title": "[Some ultrastructural aspects of the cardiac muscle of albino rat during the acute stress produced by formaldehyde (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied ultrastructurally the influence acute stress, produced by formaldehyde, has on some aspects of the cardiac muscle metabolism in albino rats. The results showed that the cardiac muscle was induced to develop additional work, represented ultrastructurally by an increase in the number of lipid droplets and increased concentration and volume of mitochondria.", "contents": "[Some ultrastructural aspects of the cardiac muscle of albino rat during the acute stress produced by formaldehyde (author's transl)]. The authors studied ultrastructurally the influence acute stress, produced by formaldehyde, has on some aspects of the cardiac muscle metabolism in albino rats. The results showed that the cardiac muscle was induced to develop additional work, represented ultrastructurally by an increase in the number of lipid droplets and increased concentration and volume of mitochondria.", "PMID": 572569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10115", "title": "[Formol-gasoline concentration technique for eggs and cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Modification of the formol-ether concentration technique was made by substituting gasoline for ether and omitting Triton from the formula. Parallel examination of hundred (100) stool samples by the original and by the modified technique resulted in identical distribution of negative, light, medium and heavy positive slides. The same samples examined by the direct smear and by the Kato's technique gave lower rates of positives. The modified technique is useful in laboratories with limited material resources.", "contents": "[Formol-gasoline concentration technique for eggs and cysts (author's transl)]. Modification of the formol-ether concentration technique was made by substituting gasoline for ether and omitting Triton from the formula. Parallel examination of hundred (100) stool samples by the original and by the modified technique resulted in identical distribution of negative, light, medium and heavy positive slides. The same samples examined by the direct smear and by the Kato's technique gave lower rates of positives. The modified technique is useful in laboratories with limited material resources.", "PMID": 572570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10116", "title": "[Effect of the bilateral amygdaloid complex lesion on the hypothalamic l-leucinaminepeptidase activity in the male adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of bilateral lesion of the amygdaloid nuclear complex on the hypothalamic L-leucinaminepeptidase (LAP) activity has been studied in the rat. Amygdalectomized animals show an increase in this activity, specially when lesion extends to the whole complex or when the basolateral and basomedial nuclei remain intact. The increase in LAP activity is not so significant when the lesion does not affect the cortical nucleus.", "contents": "[Effect of the bilateral amygdaloid complex lesion on the hypothalamic l-leucinaminepeptidase activity in the male adult (author's transl)]. The effect of bilateral lesion of the amygdaloid nuclear complex on the hypothalamic L-leucinaminepeptidase (LAP) activity has been studied in the rat. Amygdalectomized animals show an increase in this activity, specially when lesion extends to the whole complex or when the basolateral and basomedial nuclei remain intact. The increase in LAP activity is not so significant when the lesion does not affect the cortical nucleus.", "PMID": 572574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10117", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic administration of pentobarbital on catecholamine uptake in mouse brain synaptosomes.", "content": "The studies showed that pentobarbital at concentrations up to 10(-4) M failed to exhibit any effect on catecholamine uptakes in vitro. In mice treated both acutely and chronically with pentobarbital, there was a significant attenuation in both dopamine and norepinephrine uptakes into synaptosomal preparations. The decrease in both catecholamine uptakes during the course of the development of tolerance to pentobarbital was demonstrated to be time dependent. The ability of catecholamine uptake processes was restored by abrupt withdrawal of pentobarbital by the removal of pentobarbital pellet. It appears that both acute and chronic effects of pentobarbital on catecholamine uptakes may be associated with the development of tolerance to pentobarbital.", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic administration of pentobarbital on catecholamine uptake in mouse brain synaptosomes. The studies showed that pentobarbital at concentrations up to 10(-4) M failed to exhibit any effect on catecholamine uptakes in vitro. In mice treated both acutely and chronically with pentobarbital, there was a significant attenuation in both dopamine and norepinephrine uptakes into synaptosomal preparations. The decrease in both catecholamine uptakes during the course of the development of tolerance to pentobarbital was demonstrated to be time dependent. The ability of catecholamine uptake processes was restored by abrupt withdrawal of pentobarbital by the removal of pentobarbital pellet. It appears that both acute and chronic effects of pentobarbital on catecholamine uptakes may be associated with the development of tolerance to pentobarbital.", "PMID": 572575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10118", "title": "A radio-immunological assay for triamcinolone in plasma.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for the determination of picogram quantities of triamcinolone in plasma is reported. A rapid chemical separation method was incorporated in the procedure to remove the interfering endogenous hydrocortisone which cross reacts (5%) with the antiserum. Application of this radioimmunoassay to the analysis of triamcinolone plasma concentrations following oral administration of a 5 mg dose of the drug to a human volunteer is described.", "contents": "A radio-immunological assay for triamcinolone in plasma. A specific radioimmunoassay for the determination of picogram quantities of triamcinolone in plasma is reported. A rapid chemical separation method was incorporated in the procedure to remove the interfering endogenous hydrocortisone which cross reacts (5%) with the antiserum. Application of this radioimmunoassay to the analysis of triamcinolone plasma concentrations following oral administration of a 5 mg dose of the drug to a human volunteer is described.", "PMID": 572576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10119", "title": "Effect of chronic ethanol administration on phospholipid acyl groups of synaptic plasma membrane fraction isolated from guinea pig brain.", "content": "Guinea pigs were induced chronic alcoholism with a liquid diet containing 5% (w/v) ethanol. There was no apparent change in acyl group composition in the myelin lipids; however, acyl group changes were observed in the phosphoglycerides of synaptic plasma membranes (SPM). In general, acyl group changes are related to a decrease in the proportion of monoenes in both choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and an increase in polyenes (15%) in the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. The changes observed may be associated to the increased membrane-dependent transport activities observed after chronic ethanol treatment.", "contents": "Effect of chronic ethanol administration on phospholipid acyl groups of synaptic plasma membrane fraction isolated from guinea pig brain. Guinea pigs were induced chronic alcoholism with a liquid diet containing 5% (w/v) ethanol. There was no apparent change in acyl group composition in the myelin lipids; however, acyl group changes were observed in the phosphoglycerides of synaptic plasma membranes (SPM). In general, acyl group changes are related to a decrease in the proportion of monoenes in both choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and an increase in polyenes (15%) in the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. The changes observed may be associated to the increased membrane-dependent transport activities observed after chronic ethanol treatment.", "PMID": 572577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10120", "title": "[Isolation and in vitro cultivation of tumor cells from human bronchial carcinoma transplanted to the nu/nu mouse].", "content": "Isolation of pure human tumor cell lines from surgical specimens is still a difficult task. As a result, only a limited number of such cell lines is available for experimental and diagnostic work. In contrast, isolation of malignant cells from human tumors serially transplanted in \"nude\" mice offers many advantages. The amount of tissue obtainable is theoretically unlimited and the percentage of viable cells is usually much larger than in human surgical specimens. However, no simple and reliable technique for isolation and purification of nu/nu-mouse-grown human tumor cells has been available up to now. This preliminary communication describes such a method. Its applicability has been successfully tested on 4 human bronchogenic carcinomas from which pure tumor cell lines could be established.", "contents": "[Isolation and in vitro cultivation of tumor cells from human bronchial carcinoma transplanted to the nu/nu mouse]. Isolation of pure human tumor cell lines from surgical specimens is still a difficult task. As a result, only a limited number of such cell lines is available for experimental and diagnostic work. In contrast, isolation of malignant cells from human tumors serially transplanted in \"nude\" mice offers many advantages. The amount of tissue obtainable is theoretically unlimited and the percentage of viable cells is usually much larger than in human surgical specimens. However, no simple and reliable technique for isolation and purification of nu/nu-mouse-grown human tumor cells has been available up to now. This preliminary communication describes such a method. Its applicability has been successfully tested on 4 human bronchogenic carcinomas from which pure tumor cell lines could be established.", "PMID": 572581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10121", "title": "5-Bromodeoxyuridine inhibits sequence changes within inverted repeat DNA during embryogenesis.", "content": "Previous studies on the genome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin have shown that changes in the nucleotide sequence of inverted repeat sequences occur during embryogenesis. The present study indicates that these sequence changes fail to occur when the embryos are raised in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. This drug is an analog of thymidine, is incorporated into the DNA during embryogenesis, and inhibits cell differentiation in these embryos.", "contents": "5-Bromodeoxyuridine inhibits sequence changes within inverted repeat DNA during embryogenesis. Previous studies on the genome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin have shown that changes in the nucleotide sequence of inverted repeat sequences occur during embryogenesis. The present study indicates that these sequence changes fail to occur when the embryos are raised in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. This drug is an analog of thymidine, is incorporated into the DNA during embryogenesis, and inhibits cell differentiation in these embryos.", "PMID": 572583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10122", "title": "Changes in the electro-encephalogram related to the menstrual cycle.", "content": "A comparison has been made between the electro-encephalograms (EEG) recorded in the premenstrual phase and those recorded at mid-cycle in 25 healthy young women. In only 5 could no difference be discerned visually between the two records obtained from each subject. Eight premenstrual records showed a significant increase in mean alpha frequency and 17 showed an increase in mean alpha amplitude. Theta activity and mild paroxysms were twice as common in premenstrual records, as was an abnormal response to hyperventilation. These findings may correlate with subjective mood changes commonly experienced in the premenstrual phase and in the well-recognized tendency of certain epileptic women to have seizures only at the time of their menses. It is suggested that when reporting on the EEGs of female subjects, cognizance should be taken of the stage reached in the menstrual cycle at the time of recording.", "contents": "Changes in the electro-encephalogram related to the menstrual cycle. A comparison has been made between the electro-encephalograms (EEG) recorded in the premenstrual phase and those recorded at mid-cycle in 25 healthy young women. In only 5 could no difference be discerned visually between the two records obtained from each subject. Eight premenstrual records showed a significant increase in mean alpha frequency and 17 showed an increase in mean alpha amplitude. Theta activity and mild paroxysms were twice as common in premenstrual records, as was an abnormal response to hyperventilation. These findings may correlate with subjective mood changes commonly experienced in the premenstrual phase and in the well-recognized tendency of certain epileptic women to have seizures only at the time of their menses. It is suggested that when reporting on the EEGs of female subjects, cognizance should be taken of the stage reached in the menstrual cycle at the time of recording.", "PMID": 572587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10123", "title": "Health effects of vinyl chloride.", "content": "Vinyl chloride is a basic chemical for plastics manufacturing and has been used as an anesthetic agent. Vinyl chloride's previously unknown carcinogenic capability appears to be related to the body's ability to convert it from a non-toxic or minimally toxic chemical to a toxic and, with prolonged exposure, cancer-forming agent. Early exposure in animals causes body cells to make adaptive changes which may prepare them for malignant transformation and appear to precede evidence of morphological injury. These findings appear to occur before a low-grade chemical injury occurs. Vinyl chloride chemical injury in man appears to follow the same pattern. Present clinical data in humans now demonstrate evidence of pre-cancer injury and cancer transformation of various types of cells in different organs of the body. Manifestations of pre-cancerous injury to organs other than the liver (such as the lung, heart, spleen, brain and lymphatic system) may also be occurring and require further investigation. Early detection of these pre-cancerous chemical injuries requires a prospective ongoing system of surveillance and the development of diagnostic methods which can identify specific causal agents in the presence of non-specific injury. Such a systematic approach has been developed and is now in operation. Its initial achievements appear to be the foundation for future success in controlling the health effects of industrial chemicals.", "contents": "Health effects of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride is a basic chemical for plastics manufacturing and has been used as an anesthetic agent. Vinyl chloride's previously unknown carcinogenic capability appears to be related to the body's ability to convert it from a non-toxic or minimally toxic chemical to a toxic and, with prolonged exposure, cancer-forming agent. Early exposure in animals causes body cells to make adaptive changes which may prepare them for malignant transformation and appear to precede evidence of morphological injury. These findings appear to occur before a low-grade chemical injury occurs. Vinyl chloride chemical injury in man appears to follow the same pattern. Present clinical data in humans now demonstrate evidence of pre-cancer injury and cancer transformation of various types of cells in different organs of the body. Manifestations of pre-cancerous injury to organs other than the liver (such as the lung, heart, spleen, brain and lymphatic system) may also be occurring and require further investigation. Early detection of these pre-cancerous chemical injuries requires a prospective ongoing system of surveillance and the development of diagnostic methods which can identify specific causal agents in the presence of non-specific injury. Such a systematic approach has been developed and is now in operation. Its initial achievements appear to be the foundation for future success in controlling the health effects of industrial chemicals.", "PMID": 572591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10124", "title": "Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract including pulmonary valve replacement in 6 children under two years of age.", "content": "In 6 children under 2 years of age correction of congenital heart defects required reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract including replacement of the pulmonary valve. Outflow tract reconstruction consisted in implantation of a size 14 valved conduit in 2 patients with d-TGA and subpulmonary stenosis and 1-TGA and subpulmonary stenosis, and a size 16 valved conduit in 2 other patients with truncus arteriosus. In 2 children with DOLV, VSD and aneurysm of the pulmonary artery trunk, the pulmonary valve was replaced by porcine heterografts, sizes 19 and 21 respectively, after primary patch reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. There was one operative death in a child with d-TGA, intact ventricular septum and severe subpulmonary stenosis. This child died in low cardiac output, probably because too much contractile muscle was lost at the site of anastomosis with the conduit. For reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve replacement has proven mandatory in cases with pulmonary hypertension in order to prevent postoperative right heart failure. Similarly, in cases with pulmonary stenosis and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries, postoperative pulmonary insufficiency can be deleterious to the right ventricle.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract including pulmonary valve replacement in 6 children under two years of age. In 6 children under 2 years of age correction of congenital heart defects required reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract including replacement of the pulmonary valve. Outflow tract reconstruction consisted in implantation of a size 14 valved conduit in 2 patients with d-TGA and subpulmonary stenosis and 1-TGA and subpulmonary stenosis, and a size 16 valved conduit in 2 other patients with truncus arteriosus. In 2 children with DOLV, VSD and aneurysm of the pulmonary artery trunk, the pulmonary valve was replaced by porcine heterografts, sizes 19 and 21 respectively, after primary patch reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. There was one operative death in a child with d-TGA, intact ventricular septum and severe subpulmonary stenosis. This child died in low cardiac output, probably because too much contractile muscle was lost at the site of anastomosis with the conduit. For reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve replacement has proven mandatory in cases with pulmonary hypertension in order to prevent postoperative right heart failure. Similarly, in cases with pulmonary stenosis and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries, postoperative pulmonary insufficiency can be deleterious to the right ventricle.", "PMID": 572593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10125", "title": "On the regulation and turnover of progesterone metabolites in rat uterus.", "content": "Recently the in vitro progesterone metabolism was shown to be inhibited in uterine tissue by association of the hormone with binding components. However, a dissociation of progesterone would impair the protection of the steroid hormone caused by complex formation. In order to study this effect, the influence of time was investigated on the metabolism of progesterone. Progesterone metabolites were analysed quantitatively from the recovered material of uteri and nutrient media by thin layer chromatography (TLC) at various time invervals. After finishing the incubation with the labelled steroid, the amount of progesterone metabolites produced increased continuously in the tissue during the following hour when the uteri were kept in nutrient medium. This indicated that the dissociation of progesterone from a hormone protein complex led to the subsequent metabolism of the unbound hormone. However, the metabolism was reduced markedly by an increase of the protein content in uterine tissue and with it by an increase of progesterone binding proteins in uterine cytosol as determined by charcoal adsorption technique. Additionally, the amount of progesterone metabolites was found to be much higher in uterine tissue than that released into nutrient medium during the time interval studied. Therefore, uterine tissue concentrates progesterone metabolites, and a rapid turnover of these substances does not occur.", "contents": "On the regulation and turnover of progesterone metabolites in rat uterus. Recently the in vitro progesterone metabolism was shown to be inhibited in uterine tissue by association of the hormone with binding components. However, a dissociation of progesterone would impair the protection of the steroid hormone caused by complex formation. In order to study this effect, the influence of time was investigated on the metabolism of progesterone. Progesterone metabolites were analysed quantitatively from the recovered material of uteri and nutrient media by thin layer chromatography (TLC) at various time invervals. After finishing the incubation with the labelled steroid, the amount of progesterone metabolites produced increased continuously in the tissue during the following hour when the uteri were kept in nutrient medium. This indicated that the dissociation of progesterone from a hormone protein complex led to the subsequent metabolism of the unbound hormone. However, the metabolism was reduced markedly by an increase of the protein content in uterine tissue and with it by an increase of progesterone binding proteins in uterine cytosol as determined by charcoal adsorption technique. Additionally, the amount of progesterone metabolites was found to be much higher in uterine tissue than that released into nutrient medium during the time interval studied. Therefore, uterine tissue concentrates progesterone metabolites, and a rapid turnover of these substances does not occur.", "PMID": 572594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10126", "title": "Dinoflagellate sterols I: Sterol c omposition of the dinoflagellates of Gonyaulax species.", "content": "The sterol composition of five species of dinoflagellates of the family Gonyaulacaeae (Div. Pyrrhophyta) were examined. All the five species (Gonyaulax acatenella, G. tamarensis, G. catennela, G. washing-tonesis, and G. polyedra) were found to contain 4 alpha-23,24(R)-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholest-22-en-3 -ol (dinosterol) and cholesterol as major sterols.", "contents": "Dinoflagellate sterols I: Sterol c omposition of the dinoflagellates of Gonyaulax species. The sterol composition of five species of dinoflagellates of the family Gonyaulacaeae (Div. Pyrrhophyta) were examined. All the five species (Gonyaulax acatenella, G. tamarensis, G. catennela, G. washing-tonesis, and G. polyedra) were found to contain 4 alpha-23,24(R)-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholest-22-en-3 -ol (dinosterol) and cholesterol as major sterols.", "PMID": 572595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10127", "title": "A report of the histological features in 12 cases of gonadoblastoma.", "content": "This report deals with 12 cases of gonadoblastoma submitted to the Ovarian Tumour Panel of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. These tumours are found in children and young adults. Children may present with obvious genital malformation, retarded growth or precocious puberty. In adults the main compliant is amenorrhoea but sometimes there is associated masculinization. Histologically the gonadoblastoma has a distinctive structure, easily recognized in most instances. The most important feature is the instability of the germ cells in these tumours. Nine of these cases showed an associated dysgerminoma, bilateral in 4. In any cases of suspected gonadal dysgenesis presumptive evidence of diagnosis is suggested by the presence of a Y chromosome, raised gonadotrophin output and pelvic calcification on X-ray examination. At operation, streak tissue on both sides must be removed since these tumours are frequently microscopic in size. For the same reason the tissue removed should be serially sectioned.", "contents": "A report of the histological features in 12 cases of gonadoblastoma. This report deals with 12 cases of gonadoblastoma submitted to the Ovarian Tumour Panel of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. These tumours are found in children and young adults. Children may present with obvious genital malformation, retarded growth or precocious puberty. In adults the main compliant is amenorrhoea but sometimes there is associated masculinization. Histologically the gonadoblastoma has a distinctive structure, easily recognized in most instances. The most important feature is the instability of the germ cells in these tumours. Nine of these cases showed an associated dysgerminoma, bilateral in 4. In any cases of suspected gonadal dysgenesis presumptive evidence of diagnosis is suggested by the presence of a Y chromosome, raised gonadotrophin output and pelvic calcification on X-ray examination. At operation, streak tissue on both sides must be removed since these tumours are frequently microscopic in size. For the same reason the tissue removed should be serially sectioned.", "PMID": 572598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10128", "title": "The blood-testis barrier: a morphologic or physiologic phenomenon?", "content": "Blood urea is concentrated in rat seminiferous tubule fluid. Data are presented that provide strong evidence that this urea movement is dependent on active sodium transport. In contrast, in the hamster blood urea is excluded partially from the seminiferous tubule. This may be caused by transport of urea from the lumen to the blood rather than secondary to the morphologic blood, testis barrier at the Sertoli to Sertoli cell tight junctions.", "contents": "The blood-testis barrier: a morphologic or physiologic phenomenon? Blood urea is concentrated in rat seminiferous tubule fluid. Data are presented that provide strong evidence that this urea movement is dependent on active sodium transport. In contrast, in the hamster blood urea is excluded partially from the seminiferous tubule. This may be caused by transport of urea from the lumen to the blood rather than secondary to the morphologic blood, testis barrier at the Sertoli to Sertoli cell tight junctions.", "PMID": 572599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10129", "title": "Abnormalities in the oestrous cycle in the mare.", "content": "The situations and conditions that can disrupt the mares normal oestrous cycle are described. Season of the year is a major influence; maximum reproductive efficiency does not totally coincide with the artificially defined \"breeding season\". Other abnormalities are associated with spontaneously persistent luteal function, psychological influences over behavioural activity, the presence of endometritis, multiple ovulation, reproductive behavior after pregnancy failure and granulosa cell tumours.", "contents": "Abnormalities in the oestrous cycle in the mare. The situations and conditions that can disrupt the mares normal oestrous cycle are described. Season of the year is a major influence; maximum reproductive efficiency does not totally coincide with the artificially defined \"breeding season\". Other abnormalities are associated with spontaneously persistent luteal function, psychological influences over behavioural activity, the presence of endometritis, multiple ovulation, reproductive behavior after pregnancy failure and granulosa cell tumours.", "PMID": 572601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10130", "title": "[Interaction of lambda bacteriophages with mammalian cells. II. Elucidation of the role of interacting components].", "content": "The study of 3H-thymidine labelled bacteriophage lambda C185757 uptake by HeLa, RH and Chinese hamster cell revealed the lack of cells or phage specificity in the phage interaction with cells. The phage uptake is shown to be an active process depending on the cell state. The mechanism of \"protective\" action of calcium chloride is found to be as follows: the calcium phosphate precipitate formed in phosphate-containing media absorbs the phage, thus increasing its concentration on the cell surface, which makes the pinocytosis more effective.", "contents": "[Interaction of lambda bacteriophages with mammalian cells. II. Elucidation of the role of interacting components]. The study of 3H-thymidine labelled bacteriophage lambda C185757 uptake by HeLa, RH and Chinese hamster cell revealed the lack of cells or phage specificity in the phage interaction with cells. The phage uptake is shown to be an active process depending on the cell state. The mechanism of \"protective\" action of calcium chloride is found to be as follows: the calcium phosphate precipitate formed in phosphate-containing media absorbs the phage, thus increasing its concentration on the cell surface, which makes the pinocytosis more effective.", "PMID": 572596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10131", "title": "A further case of chimeric twins: genetic markers of the blood.", "content": "A further case of blood chimerism in male twins concerning red and white cells is described. The erythrocyte chimerism could be detected by 5 out of 16 genetic marker systems and the lymphocyte chimerism by the analysis of autosomal polymorphisms of peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "A further case of chimeric twins: genetic markers of the blood. A further case of blood chimerism in male twins concerning red and white cells is described. The erythrocyte chimerism could be detected by 5 out of 16 genetic marker systems and the lymphocyte chimerism by the analysis of autosomal polymorphisms of peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 572605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10132", "title": "[Biological value of the protein products from soy and cedar nut].", "content": "A complex assessment of the soya and cedar nuts proteinic products was made by using chemical and biological methods. By the E/T ratio, chemical score, as well as by a relative biological value (according to the microbiological method) the samples of the soya and cedar meals, obtained laboratorily by the following technological scheme, proved to stand close. The fermentative proteolysis rate of the nuts protein was twice as great as that of the soya protein. The biological value of the soya curdle, obtained by the traditional technology, and of the cedar curdle was much lower than that of the initial products.", "contents": "[Biological value of the protein products from soy and cedar nut]. A complex assessment of the soya and cedar nuts proteinic products was made by using chemical and biological methods. By the E/T ratio, chemical score, as well as by a relative biological value (according to the microbiological method) the samples of the soya and cedar meals, obtained laboratorily by the following technological scheme, proved to stand close. The fermentative proteolysis rate of the nuts protein was twice as great as that of the soya protein. The biological value of the soya curdle, obtained by the traditional technology, and of the cedar curdle was much lower than that of the initial products.", "PMID": 572603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10133", "title": "Studies on the relevance of microtubules and of microfilament-dependent processes for triggering lymphocyte activation.", "content": "The effects of Isoptin i) on isolated microtubules, ii) on the anti-immunoglobulin and the Concanavalin A induced changes in the plasma membrane topography of murine lymphocytes and iii) on murine lymphocyte activation by lipopolysaccharide and by Concanavalin A was investigated. Isoptin and lidocaine (a local anaestetic) inhibited repolymerisation of tubulin into microtubules and induced depolymerisation of microtubules. Isoptin and lidocaine inhibited competitively binding of colchicine (a classical microtubules disrupting agent) to tubulin. Isoptin induced changes in the plasma membrane topography resembling effects caused by local anaesthetics or by a combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B (an agent affecting microfilament function). Isoptin, lidocaine, colchicine and hydroxyurea when present in the culture medium during the whole incubation period inhibited DNA synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide or Concanavalin A. RNA synthesis was completely inhibited by lidocaine but not by Isoptin or by colchicine. If Isoptin, colchicine or hydroxyurea were removed from the culture medium at 20 h of culture period, the cells immediately started to incorporate 3H-Thymidine. The inhibitory action of lidocaine was irreversible. These results show that Isoptin, a drug which depolymerizes microtubules in vitro and disturbs the mitogen induced changes in plasma membrane topography of lymphocytes (believed to be controlled by microtubules and microfilaments), does not abolish commitment of the cells for DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on the relevance of microtubules and of microfilament-dependent processes for triggering lymphocyte activation. The effects of Isoptin i) on isolated microtubules, ii) on the anti-immunoglobulin and the Concanavalin A induced changes in the plasma membrane topography of murine lymphocytes and iii) on murine lymphocyte activation by lipopolysaccharide and by Concanavalin A was investigated. Isoptin and lidocaine (a local anaestetic) inhibited repolymerisation of tubulin into microtubules and induced depolymerisation of microtubules. Isoptin and lidocaine inhibited competitively binding of colchicine (a classical microtubules disrupting agent) to tubulin. Isoptin induced changes in the plasma membrane topography resembling effects caused by local anaesthetics or by a combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B (an agent affecting microfilament function). Isoptin, lidocaine, colchicine and hydroxyurea when present in the culture medium during the whole incubation period inhibited DNA synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide or Concanavalin A. RNA synthesis was completely inhibited by lidocaine but not by Isoptin or by colchicine. If Isoptin, colchicine or hydroxyurea were removed from the culture medium at 20 h of culture period, the cells immediately started to incorporate 3H-Thymidine. The inhibitory action of lidocaine was irreversible. These results show that Isoptin, a drug which depolymerizes microtubules in vitro and disturbs the mitogen induced changes in plasma membrane topography of lymphocytes (believed to be controlled by microtubules and microfilaments), does not abolish commitment of the cells for DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 572609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10134", "title": "[Carbohydrates of the chicken egg yolk].", "content": "In the yolk of the eggs of hens receiving traditional feeding hydrocarbon mixtures contained in trace amounts therein were analyzed by a specially elaborated method. For identification and quantification the data of the gas liquid chromatography, chromato-mass-spectrometry and ultraviolet spectrophometry were used. In a complex hydrocarbon mixture chromato-mass-spectrometry helped identify the alkanes of the normal and isoprenoid structure, cycloalkanes, of terpene and sterene types. The alkanes and cycloalkanes fraction content was found to comprise 15-30 per 1 mg of the raw mass of the yolk, of the p-alkanes--1-3 mg, squalene--15-17 mg and of monocyclic arenes--about 1 mg.", "contents": "[Carbohydrates of the chicken egg yolk]. In the yolk of the eggs of hens receiving traditional feeding hydrocarbon mixtures contained in trace amounts therein were analyzed by a specially elaborated method. For identification and quantification the data of the gas liquid chromatography, chromato-mass-spectrometry and ultraviolet spectrophometry were used. In a complex hydrocarbon mixture chromato-mass-spectrometry helped identify the alkanes of the normal and isoprenoid structure, cycloalkanes, of terpene and sterene types. The alkanes and cycloalkanes fraction content was found to comprise 15-30 per 1 mg of the raw mass of the yolk, of the p-alkanes--1-3 mg, squalene--15-17 mg and of monocyclic arenes--about 1 mg.", "PMID": 572604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10135", "title": "Bacterial flora of the parturient vagina--implications for neonatal sepsis.", "content": "A bacteriological study of vaginal swabs taken from 78 parturient women at Lagos University Teaching Hospital (L.U.T.H.) is presented. 26.83% of the vaginal cultures were sterile. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. 21.4%, followed by beta hemolytic streptococci 16.65%, of which approximately a half belonged to Lancefield group B. Escherichia coli was isolated in 11.1% of the cases. The implications for neonatal and puerperal sepsis are discussed.", "contents": "Bacterial flora of the parturient vagina--implications for neonatal sepsis. A bacteriological study of vaginal swabs taken from 78 parturient women at Lagos University Teaching Hospital (L.U.T.H.) is presented. 26.83% of the vaginal cultures were sterile. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. 21.4%, followed by beta hemolytic streptococci 16.65%, of which approximately a half belonged to Lancefield group B. Escherichia coli was isolated in 11.1% of the cases. The implications for neonatal and puerperal sepsis are discussed.", "PMID": 572611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10136", "title": "[Determination of cadmium binding proteins in the edible mushroom (Agaricus arvensis Schff, ex Fr.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolation and characterization of cadmium compounds from Agaricus arvensis Schff. ex Fr. are described. These compounds were extractable with buffers. Ultrafiltrations and protein precipitations suggested protein bound cadmium. The mushroom proteins were separated by gel chromatography and the cadmium content in the corresponding fractions was determined by flameless atomic absorption. Two cadmium containing protein fractions were found with cadmium concentrations of 2.1 and 1 mg/g protein, respectively. The molecular weights of both cadmium containing proteins were estimated to be about 2,000 and 15,000--20,000, respectively by comparison with standard proteins.", "contents": "[Determination of cadmium binding proteins in the edible mushroom (Agaricus arvensis Schff, ex Fr.) (author's transl)]. The isolation and characterization of cadmium compounds from Agaricus arvensis Schff. ex Fr. are described. These compounds were extractable with buffers. Ultrafiltrations and protein precipitations suggested protein bound cadmium. The mushroom proteins were separated by gel chromatography and the cadmium content in the corresponding fractions was determined by flameless atomic absorption. Two cadmium containing protein fractions were found with cadmium concentrations of 2.1 and 1 mg/g protein, respectively. The molecular weights of both cadmium containing proteins were estimated to be about 2,000 and 15,000--20,000, respectively by comparison with standard proteins.", "PMID": 572612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10137", "title": "[Electron microscopic investigations on the neuroglia in a case of postnatal hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of a six week-old infant, who has died from postnatal brian hypoxia. The ultrastructural investigation of the neuroglia shows lipid accumulations in most of astroglia cells, but only in a few oligodendrocytes. There is no correlation between glial metamorphosis and myelinization. Furthermore, there were found an immature neuropil, disturbed myelinization, and myelin and neuropil resorption processes. The study demonstrates the important role of hypoxic glial lesions n the evolution of the brain.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic investigations on the neuroglia in a case of postnatal hypoxia (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of a six week-old infant, who has died from postnatal brian hypoxia. The ultrastructural investigation of the neuroglia shows lipid accumulations in most of astroglia cells, but only in a few oligodendrocytes. There is no correlation between glial metamorphosis and myelinization. Furthermore, there were found an immature neuropil, disturbed myelinization, and myelin and neuropil resorption processes. The study demonstrates the important role of hypoxic glial lesions n the evolution of the brain.", "PMID": 572613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10138", "title": "[Immune response to ram erythrocytes and the cellular state of the monocytic phagocytosing system in the early period of a thermal injury].", "content": "The degree of immune response to corpuscular antigen and macrophage reaction within 24 hours after thermal injury were examined in a comparative study. The number of antibody-producing cells, antigen engulfment and elimination by the cells of peritoneal exudate, their adhesiveness to glass, and cathepsin activity in the cells of peritoneal exudate and the spleen were determined. Mice subjected to thermal burns showed suppressed immune response and decreased functional activity of the cells of the monocytic phagocyte system within the first 24 hours, which was manifested by a decrease in the adhesiveness of these cells to glass, and their ability to engulf and destroy xenogenic erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Immune response to ram erythrocytes and the cellular state of the monocytic phagocytosing system in the early period of a thermal injury]. The degree of immune response to corpuscular antigen and macrophage reaction within 24 hours after thermal injury were examined in a comparative study. The number of antibody-producing cells, antigen engulfment and elimination by the cells of peritoneal exudate, their adhesiveness to glass, and cathepsin activity in the cells of peritoneal exudate and the spleen were determined. Mice subjected to thermal burns showed suppressed immune response and decreased functional activity of the cells of the monocytic phagocyte system within the first 24 hours, which was manifested by a decrease in the adhesiveness of these cells to glass, and their ability to engulf and destroy xenogenic erythrocytes.", "PMID": 572614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10139", "title": "\"Physiological\" and cytotoxic cell death in protein deficiency. A study in developing cerebellum in rats.", "content": "Effects of undernutrition on natural (\"physiological\") and cytotoxic cell death due to X-irradiation was studied in developing cerebellum in rats. Undernutrition was induced right from birth by doubling the litter size. Animals reared in a litter of 8 served as controls. In order to get an idea of the relationship of cell death to phases of the cell cycle, the number of labelled dead cells, in the EGL of the fissure prima, was estimated, at time intervals following administration of 3HTdR in a group of 9-day-old rats. No differences were observed in the quantum of \"physiological\" cell death as well as in the rate of nuclear autolysis in the two groups. Undernutrition, however, prolonged the G2-M junction in animals X-irradiated with 200 rads. The kinetics of appearance of labelled dead cells suggested that irrespective of the diet the cells die immediately following mitosis, although the \"decision to die\" was taken at the end of S-phase. It is concluded that the reduction in cell number in the brain in undernutrition is not due to increased cell death.", "contents": "\"Physiological\" and cytotoxic cell death in protein deficiency. A study in developing cerebellum in rats. Effects of undernutrition on natural (\"physiological\") and cytotoxic cell death due to X-irradiation was studied in developing cerebellum in rats. Undernutrition was induced right from birth by doubling the litter size. Animals reared in a litter of 8 served as controls. In order to get an idea of the relationship of cell death to phases of the cell cycle, the number of labelled dead cells, in the EGL of the fissure prima, was estimated, at time intervals following administration of 3HTdR in a group of 9-day-old rats. No differences were observed in the quantum of \"physiological\" cell death as well as in the rate of nuclear autolysis in the two groups. Undernutrition, however, prolonged the G2-M junction in animals X-irradiated with 200 rads. The kinetics of appearance of labelled dead cells suggested that irrespective of the diet the cells die immediately following mitosis, although the \"decision to die\" was taken at the end of S-phase. It is concluded that the reduction in cell number in the brain in undernutrition is not due to increased cell death.", "PMID": 572615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10140", "title": "Relationship between steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation in rat graafian follicles cultured in vitro.", "content": "Rat Graafian follicles were dissected from ovaries during the morning of proestrus and incubated in various media. After an 8 h incubation period, ovarian follicles were collected and analyzed, by radioimmunoassay, for progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, estradiol-17 beta, and dihydrotestosterone. Following incubation in proestrus (a.m.) serum, preovulatory follicles secreted all these steroids and the output of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione was markedly stimulated following the addition of LH to the media. Follicle-enclosed oocytes resumed meiosis when incubated in proestrus serum without added LH. However, germinal vesicle break-down (GVBD) under these conditions was considerably slower than that observed following addition of LH to the medium. \"Spontaneous\" maturation of oocytes in proestrus serum was associated with increased production of steroids. Oocyte maturation and steroidogenesis both occurred following incubation of ovarian follicles in serum obtained from hypophysectomized rats. Addition of LH to the media markedly accelerated these responses. These results suggest that oocyte maturation and steroidogenesis also occur in cultured ovarian follicles in the absence of gonadotrophic hormones. The relationship between steroidogenesis and/or spontaneous oocyte maturation are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation in rat graafian follicles cultured in vitro. Rat Graafian follicles were dissected from ovaries during the morning of proestrus and incubated in various media. After an 8 h incubation period, ovarian follicles were collected and analyzed, by radioimmunoassay, for progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, estradiol-17 beta, and dihydrotestosterone. Following incubation in proestrus (a.m.) serum, preovulatory follicles secreted all these steroids and the output of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione was markedly stimulated following the addition of LH to the media. Follicle-enclosed oocytes resumed meiosis when incubated in proestrus serum without added LH. However, germinal vesicle break-down (GVBD) under these conditions was considerably slower than that observed following addition of LH to the medium. \"Spontaneous\" maturation of oocytes in proestrus serum was associated with increased production of steroids. Oocyte maturation and steroidogenesis both occurred following incubation of ovarian follicles in serum obtained from hypophysectomized rats. Addition of LH to the media markedly accelerated these responses. These results suggest that oocyte maturation and steroidogenesis also occur in cultured ovarian follicles in the absence of gonadotrophic hormones. The relationship between steroidogenesis and/or spontaneous oocyte maturation are discussed.", "PMID": 572618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10141", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of post-etorphine catalepsy. Modyfying effect of amphetamine, apomorphine and dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L-dopa) on etorphine-induced concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat central nervous system.", "content": "Studies on the mechanism of post-etorphine catalepsy. Modyfying of amphetamine, apomorphine and dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (L-DOPA) on etorphine-induced concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat central nervous system. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1979, 30 (2): 279--287. During stereotypy induced with amphetamine, apomorphine and 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) increased concentrations of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) were found in the motor centres of the central nervous system (CNS). In post-etorphine catalepsy the concentrations of DA and NA were also increased in the frontal cortex, striopallidum, pons and cerebellum and in the lumbosacral spinal cord. However, these stereotypy-inducing agents used in premedication of post-etorphine catalepsy delayed significantly its onset and reduced its duration.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of post-etorphine catalepsy. Modyfying effect of amphetamine, apomorphine and dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L-dopa) on etorphine-induced concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat central nervous system. Studies on the mechanism of post-etorphine catalepsy. Modyfying of amphetamine, apomorphine and dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (L-DOPA) on etorphine-induced concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat central nervous system. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1979, 30 (2): 279--287. During stereotypy induced with amphetamine, apomorphine and 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) increased concentrations of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) were found in the motor centres of the central nervous system (CNS). In post-etorphine catalepsy the concentrations of DA and NA were also increased in the frontal cortex, striopallidum, pons and cerebellum and in the lumbosacral spinal cord. However, these stereotypy-inducing agents used in premedication of post-etorphine catalepsy delayed significantly its onset and reduced its duration.", "PMID": 572616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10142", "title": "Estrogen action in the corpus luteum.", "content": "The luteotropic action of estradiol has been studied in the rabbit and rat, and it is proposed that in both species, estradiol may be the \"ultimate\" luteotropic hormone. The acute dependence of the rabbit corpus luteum upon estradiol is illustrated by the rapid decline in serum progesterone after withdrawal of estradiol (removal of Silastic implant containing 17 beta-estradiol) and by the restoration of serum progesterone to normal values when the estradiol implant is replaced 24 hours later. The identification and characterization of a cytoplasmic and nuclear estrogen receptor in the rabbit corpus luteum and the translocation of the cytoplasmic receptor suggest that estradiol may be acting as it does in other estrogen target tissues. The administration of LH antiserum in pregnant rats causes rapid decreases in luteal estradiol and serum progesterone concentrations, which can be prevented by the administration of low doses of testosterone. This luteotropic effect of testosterone is attributed to an action of estradiol which is formed within the corpus luteum via the luteal aromatase. The rabbit corpus luteum, which has no aromatase, is totally dependent upon estradiol produced by the ovarian follicles and LH is essential to maintain follicular estradiol synthesis. The rat corpus luteum, which is rich in aromatase activity, may produce its own estrogen from an androgen precursor synthesized within the luteal tissue. The essential role of LH may be the stimulation of the synthesis of androgen precursor. As a working hypothesis it is proposed that in these two species LH is necessary to stimulate the synthesis of estradiol which then acts to sustain progesterone secretion.", "contents": "Estrogen action in the corpus luteum. The luteotropic action of estradiol has been studied in the rabbit and rat, and it is proposed that in both species, estradiol may be the \"ultimate\" luteotropic hormone. The acute dependence of the rabbit corpus luteum upon estradiol is illustrated by the rapid decline in serum progesterone after withdrawal of estradiol (removal of Silastic implant containing 17 beta-estradiol) and by the restoration of serum progesterone to normal values when the estradiol implant is replaced 24 hours later. The identification and characterization of a cytoplasmic and nuclear estrogen receptor in the rabbit corpus luteum and the translocation of the cytoplasmic receptor suggest that estradiol may be acting as it does in other estrogen target tissues. The administration of LH antiserum in pregnant rats causes rapid decreases in luteal estradiol and serum progesterone concentrations, which can be prevented by the administration of low doses of testosterone. This luteotropic effect of testosterone is attributed to an action of estradiol which is formed within the corpus luteum via the luteal aromatase. The rabbit corpus luteum, which has no aromatase, is totally dependent upon estradiol produced by the ovarian follicles and LH is essential to maintain follicular estradiol synthesis. The rat corpus luteum, which is rich in aromatase activity, may produce its own estrogen from an androgen precursor synthesized within the luteal tissue. The essential role of LH may be the stimulation of the synthesis of androgen precursor. As a working hypothesis it is proposed that in these two species LH is necessary to stimulate the synthesis of estradiol which then acts to sustain progesterone secretion.", "PMID": 572622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10143", "title": "Effect of removal of carbohydrate residues upon the half life and in vivo biological activity of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "The effect of progressive enzymatic removal of various carbohydrates on the half life (T 1/2) and biologic activity in vivo of hCG was studied in rats. The cleavage of carbohydrates such as galactose, glucosamine and mannose, in addition to sialic acid, reduced the T 1/2 from 60--90 for native hCG to less than 3 minutes. The hCG derivatives had no inherent ability to cause ovulation, but in PMSG, Nembutal-treated immature rats, the hCG derivatives with carbohydrate residues internal to sialic acid removed blocked the stimulatory effect of native hCG upon ovulation.", "contents": "Effect of removal of carbohydrate residues upon the half life and in vivo biological activity of human chorionic gonadotropin. The effect of progressive enzymatic removal of various carbohydrates on the half life (T 1/2) and biologic activity in vivo of hCG was studied in rats. The cleavage of carbohydrates such as galactose, glucosamine and mannose, in addition to sialic acid, reduced the T 1/2 from 60--90 for native hCG to less than 3 minutes. The hCG derivatives had no inherent ability to cause ovulation, but in PMSG, Nembutal-treated immature rats, the hCG derivatives with carbohydrate residues internal to sialic acid removed blocked the stimulatory effect of native hCG upon ovulation.", "PMID": 572624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10144", "title": "Influence of the thyroid gland on ovarian function in the aging rat.", "content": "The effects of underfeeding and manipulation of the thyroid axis on ovarian function were determined in young and old rats. The depressant effect of reduced food intake on ovarian cycling in young females was potentiated by chemical thyroidectomy, while young anestrous, underfed rats cycled when their diet was supplemented with thyroid extract. These observations iindicate that cycling aberrations in underfed rats may occur secondarily to an altered thyroid state. To determine if thyroid state influences ovarian function in old animals, constant estrous (CE) rats were underfed or chemically thyroidectomized. All underfed rats eventually cycled, while the response to chemical thyroidectomy alone, though still effective, was less dramatic. Realimented CE animals eventually returned to a pattern of constant vaginal cornification. Underfeeding had no effect on ovarian function in old recurrently pseudopregnant females however, these rats responded to thyroid treatment with renewed cycling. 4-6 (YC) 10-12 (PEP) month old females entered a persistent vaginal estrous condition when fed low doses of thyroid extract with their ad libitum diet. When the thyroid supplemented diet was discontinued, YC females resumed regular cycling, whereas the vaginal smear in 40% of the PEP rats remained cornified. Cycling could be restored in YC-thyroid induced CE rats by electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area. These date suggest that senile deviations from normal cycling in the aging reproductive system may be affected by alterations in the thyroid state.", "contents": "Influence of the thyroid gland on ovarian function in the aging rat. The effects of underfeeding and manipulation of the thyroid axis on ovarian function were determined in young and old rats. The depressant effect of reduced food intake on ovarian cycling in young females was potentiated by chemical thyroidectomy, while young anestrous, underfed rats cycled when their diet was supplemented with thyroid extract. These observations iindicate that cycling aberrations in underfed rats may occur secondarily to an altered thyroid state. To determine if thyroid state influences ovarian function in old animals, constant estrous (CE) rats were underfed or chemically thyroidectomized. All underfed rats eventually cycled, while the response to chemical thyroidectomy alone, though still effective, was less dramatic. Realimented CE animals eventually returned to a pattern of constant vaginal cornification. Underfeeding had no effect on ovarian function in old recurrently pseudopregnant females however, these rats responded to thyroid treatment with renewed cycling. 4-6 (YC) 10-12 (PEP) month old females entered a persistent vaginal estrous condition when fed low doses of thyroid extract with their ad libitum diet. When the thyroid supplemented diet was discontinued, YC females resumed regular cycling, whereas the vaginal smear in 40% of the PEP rats remained cornified. Cycling could be restored in YC-thyroid induced CE rats by electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area. These date suggest that senile deviations from normal cycling in the aging reproductive system may be affected by alterations in the thyroid state.", "PMID": 572625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10145", "title": "Serum and secretory immunoglobulin levels in preleukaemic AKR mice and three other mouse strains.", "content": "Levels of IgM, IgC1, IgG2 AND IgA were determined in serum and milk of AKR mice, which spontaneously develop lymphoma at 6--14 months of age. As a reference C3H, CBA and C57BL mice were studied. Of the four mouse strains studied AKR had the lowest serum and secretory IgA levels. The values of the other immunoglobulins in AKR mice were comparable to those of CBA mice. C3H and C57BL mice had significantly higher immunoglobulin levels. Serum of lactating mice showed fairly decreased IgG1 and IgG2 levels as compared with non-lactating mice, probably due to transudation into the milk. The serum IgM and IgA levels were not consistently affected by lactation.", "contents": "Serum and secretory immunoglobulin levels in preleukaemic AKR mice and three other mouse strains. Levels of IgM, IgC1, IgG2 AND IgA were determined in serum and milk of AKR mice, which spontaneously develop lymphoma at 6--14 months of age. As a reference C3H, CBA and C57BL mice were studied. Of the four mouse strains studied AKR had the lowest serum and secretory IgA levels. The values of the other immunoglobulins in AKR mice were comparable to those of CBA mice. C3H and C57BL mice had significantly higher immunoglobulin levels. Serum of lactating mice showed fairly decreased IgG1 and IgG2 levels as compared with non-lactating mice, probably due to transudation into the milk. The serum IgM and IgA levels were not consistently affected by lactation.", "PMID": 572629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10146", "title": "Exercise performance after septal myotomy and myectomy in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The effect of left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy on exercise capacity and cardiac function in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has not previously been determined. In this study, 29 patients were evaluated during graded treadmill exercise before and after operation. Postoperatively, 27 of 29 patients reported symptomatic improvement and had greatly reduced left ventricular outflow gradient. Twenty-five of 28 patients (89 percent) attained higher exercise levels after operation, and this was accompanied by an increase in total body oxygen consumption from 16 to 21 ml/min per kg (P less than 0.005). A significant increase in cardiac index during maximal exercise also accompanied this improved exercise performance (5.0 to 5.7 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.05). The increase in maximal cardiac index was associated with greater desaturation of mixed venous blood (34 to 24 percent, P less than 0.02) in patients with preoperative angina. At a given level of mixed venous oxygen saturation (30 percent), overall mean cardiac index was higher postoperatively (4.6 to 5.2 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that, although several mechanisms probably contribute to symptomatic improvement after myotomy and myectomy, enhanced cardiac performance plays an important role in the majority of patients.", "contents": "Exercise performance after septal myotomy and myectomy in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The effect of left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy on exercise capacity and cardiac function in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has not previously been determined. In this study, 29 patients were evaluated during graded treadmill exercise before and after operation. Postoperatively, 27 of 29 patients reported symptomatic improvement and had greatly reduced left ventricular outflow gradient. Twenty-five of 28 patients (89 percent) attained higher exercise levels after operation, and this was accompanied by an increase in total body oxygen consumption from 16 to 21 ml/min per kg (P less than 0.005). A significant increase in cardiac index during maximal exercise also accompanied this improved exercise performance (5.0 to 5.7 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.05). The increase in maximal cardiac index was associated with greater desaturation of mixed venous blood (34 to 24 percent, P less than 0.02) in patients with preoperative angina. At a given level of mixed venous oxygen saturation (30 percent), overall mean cardiac index was higher postoperatively (4.6 to 5.2 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that, although several mechanisms probably contribute to symptomatic improvement after myotomy and myectomy, enhanced cardiac performance plays an important role in the majority of patients.", "PMID": 572631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10147", "title": "Clinical manifestations of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract stenosis in infants with d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum.", "content": "Four infants with d-transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum who manifested early clinical symptoms and deterioration due to dynamic left ventricular outflow stenosis are presented. All four had an anatomically adequate atrial septal defect, made at the initial balloon atrial septostomy, that was later confirmed intraoperatively. Two infants continued to have a low arterial oxygen saturation level because of inadequate interatrial mixing, and one of these had severe persistent cyanosis and was treated with the Mustard operation at age 4 days. The other two infants subsequently presented with hypercyanotic spells at age 3 months. All four infants had features of dynamic left ventricular outflow stenosis on hemodynamic, angiocardiographic and echocardiographic studies. The left ventricular outflow pressure gradient was shown to increase after administration of isoproterenol in one infant, and relief of a cyanotic spell with reduction of left ventricular systolic pressure was achieved in another after intravenous administration of propranolol. The Mustard operation relieved symptoms in all infants. The effect of left ventricular outflow tract stenosis on the mechanisms responsible for interatrial mixing in d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract stenosis in infants with d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. Four infants with d-transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum who manifested early clinical symptoms and deterioration due to dynamic left ventricular outflow stenosis are presented. All four had an anatomically adequate atrial septal defect, made at the initial balloon atrial septostomy, that was later confirmed intraoperatively. Two infants continued to have a low arterial oxygen saturation level because of inadequate interatrial mixing, and one of these had severe persistent cyanosis and was treated with the Mustard operation at age 4 days. The other two infants subsequently presented with hypercyanotic spells at age 3 months. All four infants had features of dynamic left ventricular outflow stenosis on hemodynamic, angiocardiographic and echocardiographic studies. The left ventricular outflow pressure gradient was shown to increase after administration of isoproterenol in one infant, and relief of a cyanotic spell with reduction of left ventricular systolic pressure was achieved in another after intravenous administration of propranolol. The Mustard operation relieved symptoms in all infants. The effect of left ventricular outflow tract stenosis on the mechanisms responsible for interatrial mixing in d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum is discussed.", "PMID": 572632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10148", "title": "Pulmonary histoplasmosis associated with exploration of a bat cave.", "content": "Approximately 14 days after exploring a limestone cave in northcentral Florida in February 1973, an 18-year-old female developed a respiratory illness with pronounced shortness of breath and cyanosis. The following day, an 18-year-old male presented to the hospital with similar complaints. The association of illness with their recent caving experience prompted further epidemiologic investigation. Twenty-nine members of a church-sponsored youth group explored the implicated cave. Twenty-three of them later became ill with complaints of cough, afternoon fever and sweats, chest discomfort, and dyspnea on exertion. Histoplasmin skin tests were positive in 18 of 24 individuals tested. Serum for complement fixation (CF) was positive in 12 of 26. Testing of area residents revealed a low incidence of skin test and CF positivity (7% and 0%, respectively). That spelunkers are at risk of acquiring pulmonary histoplasmosis has been noted previously; in Florida this has been related to the exploration of caves infested with bats. This is the largest reported outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis that has been associated with spelunking and further points out that only those individuals who enter the cave are at risk of acquiring the disease, and not those who reside in the surrounding area.", "contents": "Pulmonary histoplasmosis associated with exploration of a bat cave. Approximately 14 days after exploring a limestone cave in northcentral Florida in February 1973, an 18-year-old female developed a respiratory illness with pronounced shortness of breath and cyanosis. The following day, an 18-year-old male presented to the hospital with similar complaints. The association of illness with their recent caving experience prompted further epidemiologic investigation. Twenty-nine members of a church-sponsored youth group explored the implicated cave. Twenty-three of them later became ill with complaints of cough, afternoon fever and sweats, chest discomfort, and dyspnea on exertion. Histoplasmin skin tests were positive in 18 of 24 individuals tested. Serum for complement fixation (CF) was positive in 12 of 26. Testing of area residents revealed a low incidence of skin test and CF positivity (7% and 0%, respectively). That spelunkers are at risk of acquiring pulmonary histoplasmosis has been noted previously; in Florida this has been related to the exploration of caves infested with bats. This is the largest reported outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis that has been associated with spelunking and further points out that only those individuals who enter the cave are at risk of acquiring the disease, and not those who reside in the surrounding area.", "PMID": 572635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10149", "title": "Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. III. Family structure and the analysis of separation experiments.", "content": "Demographic data about family composition or structure in the United States is reviewed. About 25% of white children and a majority of black children are reared in either broken or extended families, and this must be taken into consideration for valid studies of cultural inheritance. Atypical family structures are described including those in which parents include: biological parents, stepparents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, sibs, foster parents, and their spouses. General formulae for a wide variety of kinship correlations are derived using path analysis. The multifactorial model presented allows for cultural inheritance, polygenic inheritance, correlated sibling environments, and phenotypic assortative mating (as previously described for intact families) plus extensions necessary for the analysis of separation experiments. These extensions allow for variable family structure and differences in parental influence due to separation, age or stage of development of the child, birth order, or type of relationship. Family structure is observed to have a marked effect on familial resemblance. Computer simulation studies demonstrate marked heterogeneity among phenotypic correlations for kinships of the same degree of genetic relationship arising in different family structures. Analyses of multiple types of sibs and other relatives in variable family structures offer great promise for the study of cultural inheritance.", "contents": "Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. III. Family structure and the analysis of separation experiments. Demographic data about family composition or structure in the United States is reviewed. About 25% of white children and a majority of black children are reared in either broken or extended families, and this must be taken into consideration for valid studies of cultural inheritance. Atypical family structures are described including those in which parents include: biological parents, stepparents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, sibs, foster parents, and their spouses. General formulae for a wide variety of kinship correlations are derived using path analysis. The multifactorial model presented allows for cultural inheritance, polygenic inheritance, correlated sibling environments, and phenotypic assortative mating (as previously described for intact families) plus extensions necessary for the analysis of separation experiments. These extensions allow for variable family structure and differences in parental influence due to separation, age or stage of development of the child, birth order, or type of relationship. Family structure is observed to have a marked effect on familial resemblance. Computer simulation studies demonstrate marked heterogeneity among phenotypic correlations for kinships of the same degree of genetic relationship arising in different family structures. Analyses of multiple types of sibs and other relatives in variable family structures offer great promise for the study of cultural inheritance.", "PMID": 572636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10150", "title": "Isolated deficiency of platelet procoagulant activity.", "content": "This is a study of a 34 year old woman with a moderate to severe bleeding disorder in whom impaired platelet procoagulant activity (PPA) was found by several methods, including tests of factor 3 availability (PF-3a), prothrombin consumption and contact activation. No deficiencies of platelet adhesion, aggregation, secretion, metabolism or granule-bound substances were detectable. Under adequate platelet coverage, this woman underwent two surgical procedures without difficulty. These findings demonstrate the role of PPA in hemostasis and indicate that a defect in PPA can be an isolated occurrence. The abnormalities in PF-3a found in this patient could be due to the diminished number of factor V binding sites, resulting in impaired factor Xa binding, found in separate studies by Majerus et al.", "contents": "Isolated deficiency of platelet procoagulant activity. This is a study of a 34 year old woman with a moderate to severe bleeding disorder in whom impaired platelet procoagulant activity (PPA) was found by several methods, including tests of factor 3 availability (PF-3a), prothrombin consumption and contact activation. No deficiencies of platelet adhesion, aggregation, secretion, metabolism or granule-bound substances were detectable. Under adequate platelet coverage, this woman underwent two surgical procedures without difficulty. These findings demonstrate the role of PPA in hemostasis and indicate that a defect in PPA can be an isolated occurrence. The abnormalities in PF-3a found in this patient could be due to the diminished number of factor V binding sites, resulting in impaired factor Xa binding, found in separate studies by Majerus et al.", "PMID": 572637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10151", "title": "Argon laser treatment in complications of angioid streaks.", "content": "Five patients with subretinal neovascular complications of angioid streaks were treated with the argon laser. One patient, additionally had a central retinal vein occlusion with preretinal neovascularization. In four out of five cases we obliterated the subretinal neovascular membranes with ensuing improvement of visual acuity. In a follow-up period of 14 months on the average, the treatment appeared to be successful.", "contents": "Argon laser treatment in complications of angioid streaks. Five patients with subretinal neovascular complications of angioid streaks were treated with the argon laser. One patient, additionally had a central retinal vein occlusion with preretinal neovascularization. In four out of five cases we obliterated the subretinal neovascular membranes with ensuing improvement of visual acuity. In a follow-up period of 14 months on the average, the treatment appeared to be successful.", "PMID": 572639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10152", "title": "Photocoagulation of nonproliferative exudative diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "We conducted a study of 35 patients with exudative diabetic retinopathy who chose to have laser photocoagulation and 35 similar controls who did not. The mean follow-up period was 17 months. A trend toward stabilizing and improving visual acuity was noted in the treated group, but the difference between groups was not significant.", "contents": "Photocoagulation of nonproliferative exudative diabetic retinopathy. We conducted a study of 35 patients with exudative diabetic retinopathy who chose to have laser photocoagulation and 35 similar controls who did not. The mean follow-up period was 17 months. A trend toward stabilizing and improving visual acuity was noted in the treated group, but the difference between groups was not significant.", "PMID": 572640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10153", "title": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with retinal telangiectasia.", "content": "A 34-year-old man with unilateral retinal telangiectasia developed a bullous retinal detachment. A horseshoe retinal tear was found at 12 o'clock. The detachment resolved with placement of an encircling scleral buckle. The prompt and permanent resolution of subretinal fluid supported our belief that this was a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "contents": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with retinal telangiectasia. A 34-year-old man with unilateral retinal telangiectasia developed a bullous retinal detachment. A horseshoe retinal tear was found at 12 o'clock. The detachment resolved with placement of an encircling scleral buckle. The prompt and permanent resolution of subretinal fluid supported our belief that this was a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "PMID": 572641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10154", "title": "Carbon dioxide laser scleral dissection and filtering procedure for glaucoma.", "content": "A comparison of eye bank eyes using continuous wave or rapid superpulsed carbon dioxide laser energy indicated that rapid superpulsed was the superior modality for scleral dissection, because there is less charring and puckering of tissue. The results of filtering procedures in five glaucomatous eyes by using rapid superpulsed carbon dioxide energy to perform the scleral dissection revealed the possible advantages of performing the procedure this way might be: (1) the technical ease by which the microdissection is performed under direct microscopic observation with the absence of blood or instruments in the field; (2) the safety factor of never having penetrated into the anterior chamber with a sharp instrument; (3) the possible advantage of the inhibition of healing at the wound margin because of coagulation of tissue at the wound edge by the laser beam; and (4) the bacteriocidal effect of thermal cutting.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide laser scleral dissection and filtering procedure for glaucoma. A comparison of eye bank eyes using continuous wave or rapid superpulsed carbon dioxide laser energy indicated that rapid superpulsed was the superior modality for scleral dissection, because there is less charring and puckering of tissue. The results of filtering procedures in five glaucomatous eyes by using rapid superpulsed carbon dioxide energy to perform the scleral dissection revealed the possible advantages of performing the procedure this way might be: (1) the technical ease by which the microdissection is performed under direct microscopic observation with the absence of blood or instruments in the field; (2) the safety factor of never having penetrated into the anterior chamber with a sharp instrument; (3) the possible advantage of the inhibition of healing at the wound margin because of coagulation of tissue at the wound edge by the laser beam; and (4) the bacteriocidal effect of thermal cutting.", "PMID": 572642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10155", "title": "Structural observations on epithelioid and giant cells in experimental autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis in guinea pigs.", "content": "In order to analyze the role of phagocytic cells in experimental antitubular basement membrane (TBM) antibody-mediated nephritis, Hartley guinea pigs (GP) were immunized with rabbit tubular basement membrane (TBM) in complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis vaccine. Renal tissue was obtained 10 to 15, 15 to 25, and 25 to 35 days after the start of immunization. Severe renal tubulointerstitial (RTI) nephritis developed in 95% of the animals. Linear deposits of IgG and C3 along TBM were seen 10 days after initial immunization. A few days later, monocytes and macrophages infiltrated the interstitium and subsequently differentiated into epithelioid and foreign body-type giant cells (GC). The GC were most actively involved in the destruction of the TBM: Cytoplasmic pseudopodia of the GC adhered to the TBM; the areas of membrane apposition were several microns in length; no evidence of specialization was found in the plasma membrane adjoining the TBM; no cellular organelles, except for abundant microfilaments, were seen in the contact regions. The initial contact was followed by lysis of plasma membrane of the GC and TBM, perforation of TBM, and phagocytosis of TBM fragments. Concomitantly, fluorescent staining for IgG along the TBM became discontinuous or disappeared. Destruction of TBM was accompanied by degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and collapse of tubular architecture. The morphologic observations are consistent with the hypothesis that, in GP, autoimmune RTI nephritis damage of TBM results from the cooperation of humoral and cellular mechanisms, probably akin to those of antibody-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.", "contents": "Structural observations on epithelioid and giant cells in experimental autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis in guinea pigs. In order to analyze the role of phagocytic cells in experimental antitubular basement membrane (TBM) antibody-mediated nephritis, Hartley guinea pigs (GP) were immunized with rabbit tubular basement membrane (TBM) in complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis vaccine. Renal tissue was obtained 10 to 15, 15 to 25, and 25 to 35 days after the start of immunization. Severe renal tubulointerstitial (RTI) nephritis developed in 95% of the animals. Linear deposits of IgG and C3 along TBM were seen 10 days after initial immunization. A few days later, monocytes and macrophages infiltrated the interstitium and subsequently differentiated into epithelioid and foreign body-type giant cells (GC). The GC were most actively involved in the destruction of the TBM: Cytoplasmic pseudopodia of the GC adhered to the TBM; the areas of membrane apposition were several microns in length; no evidence of specialization was found in the plasma membrane adjoining the TBM; no cellular organelles, except for abundant microfilaments, were seen in the contact regions. The initial contact was followed by lysis of plasma membrane of the GC and TBM, perforation of TBM, and phagocytosis of TBM fragments. Concomitantly, fluorescent staining for IgG along the TBM became discontinuous or disappeared. Destruction of TBM was accompanied by degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and collapse of tubular architecture. The morphologic observations are consistent with the hypothesis that, in GP, autoimmune RTI nephritis damage of TBM results from the cooperation of humoral and cellular mechanisms, probably akin to those of antibody-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.", "PMID": 572643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10156", "title": "Relationship of luteal blood flow and corpus luteum function in pseudopregnant rats.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to examine whether blood flow to corpora lutea may regulate luteal function as judged from plasma levels of progesterone (P) in mature pseudopregnant rats. 141Ce-labeled microspheres (14.1 +/- 0.8 micrometer diam) were used to measure cardiac output and organ and tissue blood flow in rats on days 6, 8, 10, and 12 of pseudopregnancy and in proestrus following luteal regression. The mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were similar among all groups of rats. Although a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma P was observed in rats on day 12 of pseudopregnancy, no change in luteal blood flow or distribution of ovarian blood flow to the corpora lutea was seen at this stage of pseudopregnancy when compared to day 8 or 10 of pseudopregnancy. However, a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in luteal blood flow was seen in proestrous rats. Because a decrease in plasma progesterone preceded the decrease in luteal blood flow, it was concluded that physiological luteal regression may not be initiated by a reduction of blood flow to the corpus luteum.", "contents": "Relationship of luteal blood flow and corpus luteum function in pseudopregnant rats. An experiment was conducted to examine whether blood flow to corpora lutea may regulate luteal function as judged from plasma levels of progesterone (P) in mature pseudopregnant rats. 141Ce-labeled microspheres (14.1 +/- 0.8 micrometer diam) were used to measure cardiac output and organ and tissue blood flow in rats on days 6, 8, 10, and 12 of pseudopregnancy and in proestrus following luteal regression. The mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were similar among all groups of rats. Although a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma P was observed in rats on day 12 of pseudopregnancy, no change in luteal blood flow or distribution of ovarian blood flow to the corpora lutea was seen at this stage of pseudopregnancy when compared to day 8 or 10 of pseudopregnancy. However, a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in luteal blood flow was seen in proestrous rats. Because a decrease in plasma progesterone preceded the decrease in luteal blood flow, it was concluded that physiological luteal regression may not be initiated by a reduction of blood flow to the corpus luteum.", "PMID": 572644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10157", "title": "Surface morphology of the rabbit uterus and oviduct during estrus.", "content": "The surface profile of the mucosae of rabbit uteri and Fallopian tubes during estrus were examined under the scanning electron microscope. We found that the endometrium forms interconnecting circularly arranged pillows, short mounds and ledges. Straight, continuous, longitudinal folds do not occur. Ciliated cells are found abundantly in the cavum epithelium, occurring either singly or in small groups. The oviducal mucosa in the ampullary region forms tall, unbranching, longitudinally aligned folds. Secondary and tertiary folds are not found. A complicated system of low lying slanting, diagonal mucosal ledges forms between the tall longitudinal folds. They connect neighbouring longitudinal folds together.", "contents": "Surface morphology of the rabbit uterus and oviduct during estrus. The surface profile of the mucosae of rabbit uteri and Fallopian tubes during estrus were examined under the scanning electron microscope. We found that the endometrium forms interconnecting circularly arranged pillows, short mounds and ledges. Straight, continuous, longitudinal folds do not occur. Ciliated cells are found abundantly in the cavum epithelium, occurring either singly or in small groups. The oviducal mucosa in the ampullary region forms tall, unbranching, longitudinally aligned folds. Secondary and tertiary folds are not found. A complicated system of low lying slanting, diagonal mucosal ledges forms between the tall longitudinal folds. They connect neighbouring longitudinal folds together.", "PMID": 572648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10158", "title": "[Indications of \"post mortem\" radiologic study in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of the radiological \"post mortem\" study (PMRS) is comment with special emphasis on the most important indications. The PMRS was performed in 959 children during five years. The PMRS do not pretend top be a substitute of the necropsy but a complement and in the case that the parents do not give the authorization for necropsy, the only tool for explain the cause of death.", "contents": "[Indications of \"post mortem\" radiologic study in pediatrics (author's transl)]. The role of the radiological \"post mortem\" study (PMRS) is comment with special emphasis on the most important indications. The PMRS was performed in 959 children during five years. The PMRS do not pretend top be a substitute of the necropsy but a complement and in the case that the parents do not give the authorization for necropsy, the only tool for explain the cause of death.", "PMID": 572650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10159", "title": "Fungal infections of dialysis fistulae.", "content": "Bacterial infections of dialysis access fistulae are well known in patients with end-stage renal disease, but fungal infections of these prostheses have not been reported. Two patients who presented with recurrent infections and thromboses of their grafts grew Staphylococcus aureus and Cephalosporium species. This new entity suggests a different approach to the management of clotted grafts in patients with end-stage renal disease. If fungus is isolated from the graft, extirpation of the graft and amphotericin B therapy are suggested. We review here the mycology of Cephalosporium species, in-vitro sensitivity studies, and previous reports of infection with this fungus.", "contents": "Fungal infections of dialysis fistulae. Bacterial infections of dialysis access fistulae are well known in patients with end-stage renal disease, but fungal infections of these prostheses have not been reported. Two patients who presented with recurrent infections and thromboses of their grafts grew Staphylococcus aureus and Cephalosporium species. This new entity suggests a different approach to the management of clotted grafts in patients with end-stage renal disease. If fungus is isolated from the graft, extirpation of the graft and amphotericin B therapy are suggested. We review here the mycology of Cephalosporium species, in-vitro sensitivity studies, and previous reports of infection with this fungus.", "PMID": 572651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10160", "title": "Prolactin-secreting tumors in men: surgical cure.", "content": "Two men presented with decreasing libido and impotence. Endocrine evaluation showed that they both had low levels of serum testosterone and a prolactin-secreting adenoma. Transsphenoidal removal of their tumors resulted in normalization of serum prolactin and testosterone concentrations and normalization of sexual function. These patients represent the first two nonacromegalic men with prolactin-secreting tumors and hypogonadism in whom surgical resection of their tumors resulted in a complete clinical and biochemical remission. We discuss the effects of elevated prolactin on male sexual function.", "contents": "Prolactin-secreting tumors in men: surgical cure. Two men presented with decreasing libido and impotence. Endocrine evaluation showed that they both had low levels of serum testosterone and a prolactin-secreting adenoma. Transsphenoidal removal of their tumors resulted in normalization of serum prolactin and testosterone concentrations and normalization of sexual function. These patients represent the first two nonacromegalic men with prolactin-secreting tumors and hypogonadism in whom surgical resection of their tumors resulted in a complete clinical and biochemical remission. We discuss the effects of elevated prolactin on male sexual function.", "PMID": 572652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10161", "title": "[Action of egg lysozyme on representatives of the family Micrococcaceae. The action on staphylococci].", "content": "The results of the study on the effect of various concentrations of lysozyme on staphylococci of three species, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are presented. The study was performed with the use of the turbidimetric method. It was found that all the staphylococci had a common tendency for changing the optic density (OD) of the suspensions under the effect of lysozyme which was different from that in Micrococcus luteus. However, the dynamics of decreasing the OD in Staph. saprophyticus was characterized by some properties which provided a supposition that the structures of the cell walls in Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis were close, while the cell walls in Staph. saprophyticus had some unknown characteristics.", "contents": "[Action of egg lysozyme on representatives of the family Micrococcaceae. The action on staphylococci]. The results of the study on the effect of various concentrations of lysozyme on staphylococci of three species, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are presented. The study was performed with the use of the turbidimetric method. It was found that all the staphylococci had a common tendency for changing the optic density (OD) of the suspensions under the effect of lysozyme which was different from that in Micrococcus luteus. However, the dynamics of decreasing the OD in Staph. saprophyticus was characterized by some properties which provided a supposition that the structures of the cell walls in Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis were close, while the cell walls in Staph. saprophyticus had some unknown characteristics.", "PMID": 572654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10162", "title": "Effects of ribavirin on BHK-21 cells acutely or persistently infected with mumps virus.", "content": "The effects of ribavirin on BHK-21 cells acutely infected with mumps virus were compared to the effects of the drug on the same cell line persistently infected with mumps virus. Visible cytotoxicity was minimal for both cell types; however, there was an inhibition of cell replication with increasing drug concentrations. Ribavirin had marked antiviral activity against both the acute and persistent infections as determined by an inhibition of hemadsorption plaque formation, decreased immunofluorescence, and a reduction in the release of infectious virus. Even after the drug had been on the persistently infected cells for 72 h, there was still antigen production detectable by immunofluorescence, although the cells no longer hemadsorbed chicken erythrocytes. Ribavirin removal from both types of infection resulted in the renewed synthesis of virus.", "contents": "Effects of ribavirin on BHK-21 cells acutely or persistently infected with mumps virus. The effects of ribavirin on BHK-21 cells acutely infected with mumps virus were compared to the effects of the drug on the same cell line persistently infected with mumps virus. Visible cytotoxicity was minimal for both cell types; however, there was an inhibition of cell replication with increasing drug concentrations. Ribavirin had marked antiviral activity against both the acute and persistent infections as determined by an inhibition of hemadsorption plaque formation, decreased immunofluorescence, and a reduction in the release of infectious virus. Even after the drug had been on the persistently infected cells for 72 h, there was still antigen production detectable by immunofluorescence, although the cells no longer hemadsorbed chicken erythrocytes. Ribavirin removal from both types of infection resulted in the renewed synthesis of virus.", "PMID": 572655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10163", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase activity of the rat testis treated with cyproterone acetate during fetal life.", "content": "Histological changes, total LDH activity and LDH isozyme patterns of testicular tissues of rats, exposed to cyproterone acetate during fetal life, were studied at different days after birth. While such treated testes revealed all stages of spermatogenesis and normal patterns of LDH isozymes including LDH-X bands, complete loss of isozymes was discernible in the Leydig cell fraction. It is probable that this abnormality in the Leydig cell is a consequence of impairment in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis or due to improper scrotal development following CA exposure.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase activity of the rat testis treated with cyproterone acetate during fetal life. Histological changes, total LDH activity and LDH isozyme patterns of testicular tissues of rats, exposed to cyproterone acetate during fetal life, were studied at different days after birth. While such treated testes revealed all stages of spermatogenesis and normal patterns of LDH isozymes including LDH-X bands, complete loss of isozymes was discernible in the Leydig cell fraction. It is probable that this abnormality in the Leydig cell is a consequence of impairment in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis or due to improper scrotal development following CA exposure.", "PMID": 572649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10164", "title": "Killer phenomenon in pathogenic yeast.", "content": "Potentially pathogenic yeast strains from four genera, Candida, Cryptococcus, Torulopsis, and Trichosporon, were examined for killer activity and sensitivity using Saccharomyces and Torulopsis strains of known killer status. Tests were performed by using a streak method and by concentration of culture fluid by lyophilization. Of 236 strains examined, killers were found with low prevalence among Torulopsis and Cryptococcus strains; Candida and Trichosporon isolates showed no killing activity. Different specificities of killing activity were observed among strains of a single species. Sensitive strains were found with varying frequencies in all genera but Trichosporon.", "contents": "Killer phenomenon in pathogenic yeast. Potentially pathogenic yeast strains from four genera, Candida, Cryptococcus, Torulopsis, and Trichosporon, were examined for killer activity and sensitivity using Saccharomyces and Torulopsis strains of known killer status. Tests were performed by using a streak method and by concentration of culture fluid by lyophilization. Of 236 strains examined, killers were found with low prevalence among Torulopsis and Cryptococcus strains; Candida and Trichosporon isolates showed no killing activity. Different specificities of killing activity were observed among strains of a single species. Sensitive strains were found with varying frequencies in all genera but Trichosporon.", "PMID": 572656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10165", "title": "[Morphological effects of pituitary gonadotropic hormones on the development of chick embryo testes and ovaries in organ cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "Organ cultures of sexually differentiated gonads were studied in order to determine the role played by the gonadotropic hormones LH and FSH in the development of chick embryo testes and ovaries. The groups of gonads examined were: A) gonads of normal 18-day-old embryos; B) gonads explants on standard medium; C) standard medium + LH (60 microgram/ml); D) standard medium + FSH (60 microgram/ml); E) standard medium + LH (20 microgram/ml) + FSH (20 microgram/ml). After culture for eight days, the testicular explants from the control group B demonstrated gonocytes in the cortical epithelium, which was stratified and contained no connective tissue, together with a reduction of the diameter of the medullary cords and stromal tissue in relation to 18-day-old embryos. In groups C, D, and E, the cortical epithelium contained no gonocytes and there was differentiation into an albugineous type of connective tissue. The diameter of the cords and the extent of the stroma was similar to that of normal embryos in groups C and D, but were reduced in group E. The cortex in the control group B ovarian explants was thicker than in normal living embryo's ovaries and somatic cells were rarely seen: cords containing gonocytes and lacunae had developed in the medulla. True ovotestes were sometimes observed. The thickness of the cortex and the morphology of the medulla in group C were similar to those of the control group explants. The FSH in the culture medium in groups D and E, caused a reduction in the thickness of the cortex and the development of lacunae.", "contents": "[Morphological effects of pituitary gonadotropic hormones on the development of chick embryo testes and ovaries in organ cultures (author's transl)]. Organ cultures of sexually differentiated gonads were studied in order to determine the role played by the gonadotropic hormones LH and FSH in the development of chick embryo testes and ovaries. The groups of gonads examined were: A) gonads of normal 18-day-old embryos; B) gonads explants on standard medium; C) standard medium + LH (60 microgram/ml); D) standard medium + FSH (60 microgram/ml); E) standard medium + LH (20 microgram/ml) + FSH (20 microgram/ml). After culture for eight days, the testicular explants from the control group B demonstrated gonocytes in the cortical epithelium, which was stratified and contained no connective tissue, together with a reduction of the diameter of the medullary cords and stromal tissue in relation to 18-day-old embryos. In groups C, D, and E, the cortical epithelium contained no gonocytes and there was differentiation into an albugineous type of connective tissue. The diameter of the cords and the extent of the stroma was similar to that of normal embryos in groups C and D, but were reduced in group E. The cortex in the control group B ovarian explants was thicker than in normal living embryo's ovaries and somatic cells were rarely seen: cords containing gonocytes and lacunae had developed in the medulla. True ovotestes were sometimes observed. The thickness of the cortex and the morphology of the medulla in group C were similar to those of the control group explants. The FSH in the culture medium in groups D and E, caused a reduction in the thickness of the cortex and the development of lacunae.", "PMID": 572657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10166", "title": "Flushing syndrome due to mahimahi (scombroid fish) poisoning.", "content": "Scombroid fish poisoning, one of the most common adverse reactions to fish, is also probably one of the most common causes of a flushing syndrome. The reaction usually involves fishes of the Scombridae family but, in Hawaii, the reaction is most often due to mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Onset of the reaction is usually abrupt and commonly associated with a prominent flush resembling a sunburn. Headache, tachye to a toxin with histamine-like properties, which is formed because improper refrigeration enables endogenous bacteria to decarboxylate histidine normally present in dark-meat fishes. Symptoms are usually promptly relieved by parenteral antihistamine therapy.", "contents": "Flushing syndrome due to mahimahi (scombroid fish) poisoning. Scombroid fish poisoning, one of the most common adverse reactions to fish, is also probably one of the most common causes of a flushing syndrome. The reaction usually involves fishes of the Scombridae family but, in Hawaii, the reaction is most often due to mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Onset of the reaction is usually abrupt and commonly associated with a prominent flush resembling a sunburn. Headache, tachye to a toxin with histamine-like properties, which is formed because improper refrigeration enables endogenous bacteria to decarboxylate histidine normally present in dark-meat fishes. Symptoms are usually promptly relieved by parenteral antihistamine therapy.", "PMID": 572660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10167", "title": "Sex hormone binding globulin as a reliable indicator of hormone dependence in human breast cancer.", "content": "One hundred nine pre- and postmenopausal mammary carcinoma cases were studied to elucidate the role of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in the hormone dependence of human breast cancer. Our findings indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between SHBG binding capacity and plasma testosterone concentration. All patients with high SHBG titers were found to be cytosol estrogen receptor (CER) positive and the plasma SHBG binding capacity of CER positive was significantly higher than that of CER negative patients. We also found that the level of pretherapy plasma SHBG concentration is a reliable indicator in predicting the efficacy of hormone therapy. Our findings also confirm that, for a tumor to be hormone dependent, high plasma SHBG concentration and estrogen receptors must be present simultaneously. The present pretherapy determination of SHBG titers is easier and more reliable than previous methods for determining the hormone dependence of human breast tumors.", "contents": "Sex hormone binding globulin as a reliable indicator of hormone dependence in human breast cancer. One hundred nine pre- and postmenopausal mammary carcinoma cases were studied to elucidate the role of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in the hormone dependence of human breast cancer. Our findings indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between SHBG binding capacity and plasma testosterone concentration. All patients with high SHBG titers were found to be cytosol estrogen receptor (CER) positive and the plasma SHBG binding capacity of CER positive was significantly higher than that of CER negative patients. We also found that the level of pretherapy plasma SHBG concentration is a reliable indicator in predicting the efficacy of hormone therapy. Our findings also confirm that, for a tumor to be hormone dependent, high plasma SHBG concentration and estrogen receptors must be present simultaneously. The present pretherapy determination of SHBG titers is easier and more reliable than previous methods for determining the hormone dependence of human breast tumors.", "PMID": 572661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10168", "title": "Disseminated Curvularia lunata infection in a football player.", "content": "For ten years, a 25-year-old immune-competent man experienced a progressive disseminated infection with the saprophytic soil fungus, Curvularia lunata, following presumptive cutaneous inoculation while playing football. Deep, soft tissue abscesses, pulmonary suppuration, paravertebral abscess, and cerebral abscess all followed leg ulcers from neglected abrasions. The patient's delay in obtaining treatment was partially responsible for the paravertebral-mediastinal-pleural-cutaneous fistula that resulted. The importance of prompt and aggressive surgical drainage procedures is clear. Infection was arrested only by surgery. The fungus was inhibited by miconazole nitrate and amphotericin B but it developed resistance to flucytosine. Miconazole appeared to cause resolution of the cerebral abscess. Amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/day) clearly was beneficial but only after effective drainage procedures were done. The patient refused to continue amphotericin B after 5.4 g had been given in two treatments. He became bedridden one year later from back pain that was caused by recurrent disease.", "contents": "Disseminated Curvularia lunata infection in a football player. For ten years, a 25-year-old immune-competent man experienced a progressive disseminated infection with the saprophytic soil fungus, Curvularia lunata, following presumptive cutaneous inoculation while playing football. Deep, soft tissue abscesses, pulmonary suppuration, paravertebral abscess, and cerebral abscess all followed leg ulcers from neglected abrasions. The patient's delay in obtaining treatment was partially responsible for the paravertebral-mediastinal-pleural-cutaneous fistula that resulted. The importance of prompt and aggressive surgical drainage procedures is clear. Infection was arrested only by surgery. The fungus was inhibited by miconazole nitrate and amphotericin B but it developed resistance to flucytosine. Miconazole appeared to cause resolution of the cerebral abscess. Amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/day) clearly was beneficial but only after effective drainage procedures were done. The patient refused to continue amphotericin B after 5.4 g had been given in two treatments. He became bedridden one year later from back pain that was caused by recurrent disease.", "PMID": 572662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10169", "title": "Production and nutritive value of soybeans.", "content": "Soybean world production has been increasing at a rate of 5.2% per year (average yield is around 1,400 kg/ha). This production has been solely used for oil extraction and the protein meal obtained for animal rations, but lately it is being used for human consumption. Brazil, the third largest producer, has had a yearly rate of production increase of 32% in the last years. Average yields in Brazil are still low (around 1,500 kg/ha), but in experimental results, yields over 3,000 kg/ha have been obtained. Some problems needstill to be solved, such as obtention of adapted varieties, soil fertility, adequate agronomic practices, damage by insects and diseases. Protein and oil contents are highly negative correlated, they are genetically controlled and can also be influenced by environmental conditions and agronomic practices. To breed for high protein (above 48%) enhances a decrease in oil and yield, but new varieties containing 43% protein and with a good yielding capacity have been developed lately. Methionine content varies from 1.0 to 1.6% g/16g N; there is a correlation of 0.56 to 0.58 between methionine in the protein and protein in the seed. Particular attention has been given to toxic factors such as trypsin inhibitors, whose action is related to the availability or utilization of methionine; this effect, however, can be eliminated by heat.", "contents": "Production and nutritive value of soybeans. Soybean world production has been increasing at a rate of 5.2% per year (average yield is around 1,400 kg/ha). This production has been solely used for oil extraction and the protein meal obtained for animal rations, but lately it is being used for human consumption. Brazil, the third largest producer, has had a yearly rate of production increase of 32% in the last years. Average yields in Brazil are still low (around 1,500 kg/ha), but in experimental results, yields over 3,000 kg/ha have been obtained. Some problems needstill to be solved, such as obtention of adapted varieties, soil fertility, adequate agronomic practices, damage by insects and diseases. Protein and oil contents are highly negative correlated, they are genetically controlled and can also be influenced by environmental conditions and agronomic practices. To breed for high protein (above 48%) enhances a decrease in oil and yield, but new varieties containing 43% protein and with a good yielding capacity have been developed lately. Methionine content varies from 1.0 to 1.6% g/16g N; there is a correlation of 0.56 to 0.58 between methionine in the protein and protein in the seed. Particular attention has been given to toxic factors such as trypsin inhibitors, whose action is related to the availability or utilization of methionine; this effect, however, can be eliminated by heat.", "PMID": 572663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10170", "title": "[Chemical and biological evaluation of quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Effect of the extraction of saponins by heat treatment].", "content": "The changes in proximate composition, amino acid content and protein efficiency ratio (PER) caused by hot-water extraction of the saponins were studied in four Bolivian varieties of quinua (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd). Detectable saponin was eliminated with an extraction at 70 degrees C. Extraction at 87 degrees C also eliminated the saponins but, in addition, had the tendency of slightly increasing the protein amino acid content. The maximum PER obtained was 2.99 for the Blanca variety, followed by 2.72 for the Sajama variety, also extracted at 87 degrees C (casein gave a PER value of 3.21).", "contents": "[Chemical and biological evaluation of quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Effect of the extraction of saponins by heat treatment]. The changes in proximate composition, amino acid content and protein efficiency ratio (PER) caused by hot-water extraction of the saponins were studied in four Bolivian varieties of quinua (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd). Detectable saponin was eliminated with an extraction at 70 degrees C. Extraction at 87 degrees C also eliminated the saponins but, in addition, had the tendency of slightly increasing the protein amino acid content. The maximum PER obtained was 2.99 for the Blanca variety, followed by 2.72 for the Sajama variety, also extracted at 87 degrees C (casein gave a PER value of 3.21).", "PMID": 572664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10171", "title": "Familial anthropophobia in pointer dogs?", "content": "This article assesses a dog model in terms of a proposed cross-species definition of phobia, the model referring to a strain of unstable dogs that has been produced by selection and inbreeding. The unstable dogs are contrasted with a strain of stable dogs. New findings are presented on approach and activity behavior toward three stimulus objects (man, another dog, and a sheet-covered chair) in a naturalistic setting. The fear response of unstable dogs to objects other than man habituates gradually, whereas the fear response to the sight of man is far more enduring, suggesting a relatively specific fear of man.", "contents": "Familial anthropophobia in pointer dogs? This article assesses a dog model in terms of a proposed cross-species definition of phobia, the model referring to a strain of unstable dogs that has been produced by selection and inbreeding. The unstable dogs are contrasted with a strain of stable dogs. New findings are presented on approach and activity behavior toward three stimulus objects (man, another dog, and a sheet-covered chair) in a naturalistic setting. The fear response of unstable dogs to objects other than man habituates gradually, whereas the fear response to the sight of man is far more enduring, suggesting a relatively specific fear of man.", "PMID": 572666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10172", "title": "Spontaneous CSF otorrhea simulating serous otitis.", "content": "Unilateral congenital sensorineural deafness was observed in a 4-year-old boy. The patient had fluid in the left tympanic cavity, simulating serous otitis, which was caused by a spontaneous CSF leak from the oval window, around the edges of a normal stapedial footplate. Polytomography demonstrated an inner ear dysplasia, viz, dilation of the lateral semicircular canal, vestibule, and cochlea. The CSF leak was controlled by packing the vestibule with muscle and fascia. The literature related to this rare syndrome is reviewed.", "contents": "Spontaneous CSF otorrhea simulating serous otitis. Unilateral congenital sensorineural deafness was observed in a 4-year-old boy. The patient had fluid in the left tympanic cavity, simulating serous otitis, which was caused by a spontaneous CSF leak from the oval window, around the edges of a normal stapedial footplate. Polytomography demonstrated an inner ear dysplasia, viz, dilation of the lateral semicircular canal, vestibule, and cochlea. The CSF leak was controlled by packing the vestibule with muscle and fascia. The literature related to this rare syndrome is reviewed.", "PMID": 572669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10173", "title": "The changes in protein concentration and bacteria of fleece and skin during the development of fleece-rot and body strike in sheep.", "content": "The sequence of events in the development of fleece-rot and body strike in sheep is described. When sheep were wetted by rain, vast increases in the numbers on microorganisms on the fleece and skin surface occured. Frequently, only one bacterial genus, Pseudomonas, proliferated and produced a bacteriostat to inhibit the growth of other resident flora. The development of fleece-rot lesions was characterised by a sudden substantial increase od soluble protein, presumably plasma protein, onto the skin surface. Pseudomonas spp proliferated on the skin surface and frequently produced extracellular, green pigment. First instar blowfly larvae were observed subsequently in such lesions.", "contents": "The changes in protein concentration and bacteria of fleece and skin during the development of fleece-rot and body strike in sheep. The sequence of events in the development of fleece-rot and body strike in sheep is described. When sheep were wetted by rain, vast increases in the numbers on microorganisms on the fleece and skin surface occured. Frequently, only one bacterial genus, Pseudomonas, proliferated and produced a bacteriostat to inhibit the growth of other resident flora. The development of fleece-rot lesions was characterised by a sudden substantial increase od soluble protein, presumably plasma protein, onto the skin surface. Pseudomonas spp proliferated on the skin surface and frequently produced extracellular, green pigment. First instar blowfly larvae were observed subsequently in such lesions.", "PMID": 572671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10174", "title": "[Stimulating effect of schizophrenic patients' plasma on the cellular incorportation of tryptophan in vitro].", "content": "A study of 21 schizophrenic patients and 21 normal donors in one experiment, conducted on a pool or erythrocytes in 18 chickens with the use of a double blind method, confirmed the previously obtained data of the stimulant action of plasma in schizophrenic patients on the uptake of tryptophan by chicken erythrocytes. It was demonstrated, that the plasma at the same time evokes an increase of cytoplasmatic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and myokynase). The authors studied the correlations between the influence of plasma on the tryptophan uptake and the release of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes and its concentration in the incubation medium. The data also demonstrate the parameters of functions describing the first correlation and that it has a nonmonotonous character. The problem of the connection between the plasma action on the tryptophane uptake and its hemolytic activing is discussed.", "contents": "[Stimulating effect of schizophrenic patients' plasma on the cellular incorportation of tryptophan in vitro]. A study of 21 schizophrenic patients and 21 normal donors in one experiment, conducted on a pool or erythrocytes in 18 chickens with the use of a double blind method, confirmed the previously obtained data of the stimulant action of plasma in schizophrenic patients on the uptake of tryptophan by chicken erythrocytes. It was demonstrated, that the plasma at the same time evokes an increase of cytoplasmatic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and myokynase). The authors studied the correlations between the influence of plasma on the tryptophan uptake and the release of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes and its concentration in the incubation medium. The data also demonstrate the parameters of functions describing the first correlation and that it has a nonmonotonous character. The problem of the connection between the plasma action on the tryptophane uptake and its hemolytic activing is discussed.", "PMID": 572682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10175", "title": "[Recurrent obstructive bronchitis in infants].", "content": "The study comprised 458 infants complaining of recurrent obstructive bronchitis from the clinical, chest X-rays and gastroesophageal reflux investigation view points. Spontaneous radiological reflux was found in 49.1% of the patients, although a history of vomiting was present only in 26.6%. In infants with positive radiological reflux, manometrics showed a shorter gastroesophageal sphincter and with lesser pressures than a group of normal infants. With medical treatment of the reflux, remission of the respiratory symptoms was seen in 63.5% of the patients. In a group of infants treated, control X-rays, and manometrics were practiced at the end of the medical treatment showing significant improvement of pressure and length of the gastroesophageal sphincter. The long-term follow-up in infants showing failure of the medical treatment, bronchial asthma appeared in 56.6%.", "contents": "[Recurrent obstructive bronchitis in infants]. The study comprised 458 infants complaining of recurrent obstructive bronchitis from the clinical, chest X-rays and gastroesophageal reflux investigation view points. Spontaneous radiological reflux was found in 49.1% of the patients, although a history of vomiting was present only in 26.6%. In infants with positive radiological reflux, manometrics showed a shorter gastroesophageal sphincter and with lesser pressures than a group of normal infants. With medical treatment of the reflux, remission of the respiratory symptoms was seen in 63.5% of the patients. In a group of infants treated, control X-rays, and manometrics were practiced at the end of the medical treatment showing significant improvement of pressure and length of the gastroesophageal sphincter. The long-term follow-up in infants showing failure of the medical treatment, bronchial asthma appeared in 56.6%.", "PMID": 572685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10176", "title": "[Breast feeding].", "content": "The research that was carried out with comparative groups showed the influence of the work done by a coordinated health group on the prolonged natural lactation. This experience has proved the evident reduction of percentages of malnutrition and diarrhoea in children under 6 months of age.", "contents": "[Breast feeding]. The research that was carried out with comparative groups showed the influence of the work done by a coordinated health group on the prolonged natural lactation. This experience has proved the evident reduction of percentages of malnutrition and diarrhoea in children under 6 months of age.", "PMID": 572686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10177", "title": "[Dyserythropoietic congenital anemia type II with intensive hepatic hemosiderosis in a 1-month-old infant].", "content": "A case of dyserythropoietic congenital anemia type II (HEMPAS) in an infant 35 days of age is reported. Diagnosis was based upon morphological features of the erythroblasts, 25% of them were bi or multinucleated and a positive acidified serum test (pseudo HAM). The early and severe anemia which was present from the first days of life is emphasized. An additional and significant hemolytic factor with a relative tocopherol deficiency is suggested. A very important degree of hepatic hemosiderosis was found at necropsy. This finding reveals the very active dyserytropietic disorder in this case from the beginning of intrauterine file.", "contents": "[Dyserythropoietic congenital anemia type II with intensive hepatic hemosiderosis in a 1-month-old infant]. A case of dyserythropoietic congenital anemia type II (HEMPAS) in an infant 35 days of age is reported. Diagnosis was based upon morphological features of the erythroblasts, 25% of them were bi or multinucleated and a positive acidified serum test (pseudo HAM). The early and severe anemia which was present from the first days of life is emphasized. An additional and significant hemolytic factor with a relative tocopherol deficiency is suggested. A very important degree of hepatic hemosiderosis was found at necropsy. This finding reveals the very active dyserytropietic disorder in this case from the beginning of intrauterine file.", "PMID": 572683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10178", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the heart.", "content": "Two cases of angiosarcomas of the heart are described. In one the tumour, which arose from the right atrium, was demonstrated during life by angiography. In the other, diagnosed only at necropsy, the tumour arose from the right ventricle. Both cases illustrate many of the typical features of this rare tumour and the difficulties of antemortem diagnosis.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the heart. Two cases of angiosarcomas of the heart are described. In one the tumour, which arose from the right atrium, was demonstrated during life by angiography. In the other, diagnosed only at necropsy, the tumour arose from the right ventricle. Both cases illustrate many of the typical features of this rare tumour and the difficulties of antemortem diagnosis.", "PMID": 572693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10179", "title": "[Primary thrombocytopenic purpura in infants under 3 months of age].", "content": "The analysis concerns 14 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura among infants from 1 to 3 months old, studied at the Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda del Hospital San Juan de Dios (Santiago), between 1971 and the first trimester of 1978. In none of them an apparent cause of thrombocytopenia has been found, reason why we called them primary. The very good evolution, the laboratory findings and the history of catarrhal symptoms very recently or developing when illness started leads us to assume that they would suffer from a pathogen similar to the acute ITP. The existence of some clinical differences with acute ITP, as major incidence of anemia, the splenomegaly and the purpura characteristics, could be explained by the age of our patients, but not because they present different disease. The existence of some clinical differences with acute ITP, as major incidence of anemia, the splenomegaly and the purpura characteristics, could be explained by the age of our patients, but not because they present different disease. The increase of the incidence of ITP amongst infants, specially during the first trimester of life, is being emphasized. We suggest that this fact could be due to the presence of new strains of virus.", "contents": "[Primary thrombocytopenic purpura in infants under 3 months of age]. The analysis concerns 14 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura among infants from 1 to 3 months old, studied at the Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda del Hospital San Juan de Dios (Santiago), between 1971 and the first trimester of 1978. In none of them an apparent cause of thrombocytopenia has been found, reason why we called them primary. The very good evolution, the laboratory findings and the history of catarrhal symptoms very recently or developing when illness started leads us to assume that they would suffer from a pathogen similar to the acute ITP. The existence of some clinical differences with acute ITP, as major incidence of anemia, the splenomegaly and the purpura characteristics, could be explained by the age of our patients, but not because they present different disease. The existence of some clinical differences with acute ITP, as major incidence of anemia, the splenomegaly and the purpura characteristics, could be explained by the age of our patients, but not because they present different disease. The increase of the incidence of ITP amongst infants, specially during the first trimester of life, is being emphasized. We suggest that this fact could be due to the presence of new strains of virus.", "PMID": 572684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10180", "title": "Mixed agonist-antagonist opiates and physical dependence.", "content": "1 General methods (chronic, subacute and acute) for assessing physical dependence potential, abstinence precipitating capacity and abstinence preventing activity are briefly presented. 2 Direct dependence experiments indicate that, in general, mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics have relatively lower physical dependence potentials than pure agonist analgesics. That of buprenorphine seems to be particularly low in various animal species. 3 When substitution techniques are used, the dependence potential of buprenorphine seems to be somewhat more developed than with direct dependence techniques. 4 Among various agonists (morphine, methadone and etorphine), antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone and diprenorphine) and mixed agonist-antagonists (pentazocine, butorphanol and buprenorphine), buprenorphine is the most potent and the longest acting drug in preventing precipitated abstinence in mice, rats and dogs. 5 The low physical dependence potential of buprenorphine may result in part from the very slow dissociation of the complex it forms with opiate receptors. This potential might be underestimated when precipitated abstinence methods are used, as naloxone would displace buprenorphine from its receptors only to a very limited extent. New means of evaluating dependence by more direct means need to be developed. 6 Overall, the properties of mixed agonists in general justify their use as analgesics with lower physical dependence potential than the pure opiates and further, those of buprenorphine seem to indicate its possible utility for the treatment of opiate addiction.", "contents": "Mixed agonist-antagonist opiates and physical dependence. 1 General methods (chronic, subacute and acute) for assessing physical dependence potential, abstinence precipitating capacity and abstinence preventing activity are briefly presented. 2 Direct dependence experiments indicate that, in general, mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics have relatively lower physical dependence potentials than pure agonist analgesics. That of buprenorphine seems to be particularly low in various animal species. 3 When substitution techniques are used, the dependence potential of buprenorphine seems to be somewhat more developed than with direct dependence techniques. 4 Among various agonists (morphine, methadone and etorphine), antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone and diprenorphine) and mixed agonist-antagonists (pentazocine, butorphanol and buprenorphine), buprenorphine is the most potent and the longest acting drug in preventing precipitated abstinence in mice, rats and dogs. 5 The low physical dependence potential of buprenorphine may result in part from the very slow dissociation of the complex it forms with opiate receptors. This potential might be underestimated when precipitated abstinence methods are used, as naloxone would displace buprenorphine from its receptors only to a very limited extent. New means of evaluating dependence by more direct means need to be developed. 6 Overall, the properties of mixed agonists in general justify their use as analgesics with lower physical dependence potential than the pure opiates and further, those of buprenorphine seem to indicate its possible utility for the treatment of opiate addiction.", "PMID": 572694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10181", "title": "Megakaryoblastic leukaemia (acute myelofibrosis): a report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients with megakaryoblastic leukaemia are described. All three presented with pancytopenia, a few blast cells in the peripheral blood and absence of overt hepatosplenomegaly. In two of them bone marrow aspiration yielded a dry tap. Histological investigation of the bone marrow indicated that the megakaryocytic cell line was the dominant proliferating lineage. Cytochemical and EM investigation supported these findings. The isomorphic isoenzyme pattern of the elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase might be of diagnostic importance. Despite chemotherapy, there was a rapidly fatal terminal leukaemic phase with high blast cell counts. The differentiation from other haematological malignancies, especially acute (aleukaemic) leukaemias and the accelerated phase of primary (chronic) myelofibrosis, is discussed. The picture appears to be identical with acute (malignant) myelofibrosis.", "contents": "Megakaryoblastic leukaemia (acute myelofibrosis): a report of three cases. Three patients with megakaryoblastic leukaemia are described. All three presented with pancytopenia, a few blast cells in the peripheral blood and absence of overt hepatosplenomegaly. In two of them bone marrow aspiration yielded a dry tap. Histological investigation of the bone marrow indicated that the megakaryocytic cell line was the dominant proliferating lineage. Cytochemical and EM investigation supported these findings. The isomorphic isoenzyme pattern of the elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase might be of diagnostic importance. Despite chemotherapy, there was a rapidly fatal terminal leukaemic phase with high blast cell counts. The differentiation from other haematological malignancies, especially acute (aleukaemic) leukaemias and the accelerated phase of primary (chronic) myelofibrosis, is discussed. The picture appears to be identical with acute (malignant) myelofibrosis.", "PMID": 572695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10182", "title": "Sexual dysfunctional and urinary incontinence.", "content": "One hundred and three female patients attending an incontinence clinic gave information about their marital lives and sexual habits. Forty-eight women (46 per cent) maintained that their urinary disorder had adversely affected sexual relations. Women with bladder instability had a significantly higher incidence of sexual dysfunction than women with genuine stress incontinence.", "contents": "Sexual dysfunctional and urinary incontinence. One hundred and three female patients attending an incontinence clinic gave information about their marital lives and sexual habits. Forty-eight women (46 per cent) maintained that their urinary disorder had adversely affected sexual relations. Women with bladder instability had a significantly higher incidence of sexual dysfunction than women with genuine stress incontinence.", "PMID": 572697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10183", "title": "Vascular opacification and leakage in X-linked (juvenile) retinoschisis.", "content": "A 22-year-old man had X-linked retinoschisis with extensive vascular sheathing in the posterior pole and dendritic opacified retinal vessels in the periphery. Detailed fluorescein angiographic studies were performed. In the far periphery areas of capillary nonperfusion were seen. Sluggish circulation was present in the majority of dendritic opacified vessels in the areas of schisis. Late staining of the disc and posterior arteries and veins was noted. Scattered intraretinal fluorescein leakage was present even in clinically nonschitic retina, which suggests that the vascular changes may precede the retinoschisis. The patient's half-brother also had X-linked retinoschisis, but the schisis and the vascular changes were much less prominent. Although the retinal vascular changes with X-linked retinoschisis are similar to those seen with the Favre-Goldmann syndrome, a differentiation of the two diseases can be made by family studies, the presence or absence of nyctalopia, examination of the macular areas, measurement of dark adaptation, and electroretinogram determinations.", "contents": "Vascular opacification and leakage in X-linked (juvenile) retinoschisis. A 22-year-old man had X-linked retinoschisis with extensive vascular sheathing in the posterior pole and dendritic opacified retinal vessels in the periphery. Detailed fluorescein angiographic studies were performed. In the far periphery areas of capillary nonperfusion were seen. Sluggish circulation was present in the majority of dendritic opacified vessels in the areas of schisis. Late staining of the disc and posterior arteries and veins was noted. Scattered intraretinal fluorescein leakage was present even in clinically nonschitic retina, which suggests that the vascular changes may precede the retinoschisis. The patient's half-brother also had X-linked retinoschisis, but the schisis and the vascular changes were much less prominent. Although the retinal vascular changes with X-linked retinoschisis are similar to those seen with the Favre-Goldmann syndrome, a differentiation of the two diseases can be made by family studies, the presence or absence of nyctalopia, examination of the macular areas, measurement of dark adaptation, and electroretinogram determinations.", "PMID": 572698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10184", "title": "A comparative study of argon laser and krypton laser in the treatment of diabetic optic disc neovascularisation.", "content": "A comparative study of the relative efficacy of the krypton and argon lasers in the treatment of disc new vessels in diabetic retinopathy was made. Resolution of the disc new vessels was achieved in both instances. There were clinical differences in the use and effects of the 2 lasers.", "contents": "A comparative study of argon laser and krypton laser in the treatment of diabetic optic disc neovascularisation. A comparative study of the relative efficacy of the krypton and argon lasers in the treatment of disc new vessels in diabetic retinopathy was made. Resolution of the disc new vessels was achieved in both instances. There were clinical differences in the use and effects of the 2 lasers.", "PMID": 572699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10185", "title": "Assessment of the nutritional quality of proteins: the use of \"ileal\" digestibilities of amino acids as measures of their availabilities.", "content": "1. A comparative study was made of two biological techniques for assessing protein quality in wheat and barley, and in a soya-bean-protein isolate both as received, and after being heat damaged by autoclaving. Amino acid digestibility was determined by the \"ileal\" analysis technique while amino acid availability was measured in growth assays. Some chemical and microbiological tests were also done. 2. Heat treatment of the soya-bean-protein isolate caused little change in amino acid composition but the digestibility of all amino acids and the availability of lysine and methionine were severely reduced, lysine being most affected. The reduced availability of lsyine was not entirely attributable to impaired digestibility. 3. The amino acids in wheat and barley were highly digestible. The availability of methionine and lysine in barley and of methionine in wheat was high, whereas the availability of lysine in wheat was apparently much lower. 4. The results showed that for methionine, digestibility values are a fair measure of the availability. In heat-damaged soya-bean-protein isolate however, digestibility of lysine over-estimated the availability, indicating that amino acid digestibility may sometimes provide a misleading indication of nutritional value.", "contents": "Assessment of the nutritional quality of proteins: the use of \"ileal\" digestibilities of amino acids as measures of their availabilities. 1. A comparative study was made of two biological techniques for assessing protein quality in wheat and barley, and in a soya-bean-protein isolate both as received, and after being heat damaged by autoclaving. Amino acid digestibility was determined by the \"ileal\" analysis technique while amino acid availability was measured in growth assays. Some chemical and microbiological tests were also done. 2. Heat treatment of the soya-bean-protein isolate caused little change in amino acid composition but the digestibility of all amino acids and the availability of lysine and methionine were severely reduced, lysine being most affected. The reduced availability of lsyine was not entirely attributable to impaired digestibility. 3. The amino acids in wheat and barley were highly digestible. The availability of methionine and lysine in barley and of methionine in wheat was high, whereas the availability of lysine in wheat was apparently much lower. 4. The results showed that for methionine, digestibility values are a fair measure of the availability. In heat-damaged soya-bean-protein isolate however, digestibility of lysine over-estimated the availability, indicating that amino acid digestibility may sometimes provide a misleading indication of nutritional value.", "PMID": 572700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10186", "title": "An evaluation of the phytate, zinc, copper, iron and manganese contents of, and zn availability from, soya-based textured-vegetable-protein meat-substitutes or meat-extenders.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the zinc, copper, iron, manganese, protein (nitrogen X 6.25) and phytic acid contents of nineteen soya-bean-based textured-vegetable-protein (TVP) meat-extenders and meat-substitutes and of three \"ready-prepared\" canned meals containing TVP. 2. Phytate analysis was performed using a newly-developed method based on Holt's (1955) procedure. This method enabled the phytate content of milligram quantities of TVP to be estimated, with an SD for six replicates of 3%. 3. The Fe, Cu and Mn contents (mg/kg) of the meat extenders or meat-substitutes varied, with values of 59.4-144, 14.1-19.7 and 19.5-29.1 respectively. The protein content of these products was approximately 500 g/kg. 4. The phytate content of the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes ranged from 11.0 to 20.2 g/kg and the Zn content from 35.0 to 49.4 mg Zn/kg. The calculated molar ratio, phytate: Zn varied from 25 to 42. 5. The trace element, phytate and protein contents of the \"ready-prepared\" canned meals were 30-50% lower than the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes. 6. Cooking the \"ready-prepared\" meals as specified by the manufacturers was without effect on the trace element or phytate content. 7. When TVP was fed to rats as the only protein source, they had significantly lower growth rates and plasma Zn concentrations than rats given an egg-albumen-based diet of similar Zn content (14.5 mg Zn/kg). Supplementation of the TVP diet with Zn (100 mg Zn/kg) significantly increased growth rate and plasma Zn concentration whereas Zn supplementation of the albumen diet was without effect. 8. The possible implications of consumption of TVP products in relation to Zn status of the human population is discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of the phytate, zinc, copper, iron and manganese contents of, and zn availability from, soya-based textured-vegetable-protein meat-substitutes or meat-extenders. 1. A study has been made of the zinc, copper, iron, manganese, protein (nitrogen X 6.25) and phytic acid contents of nineteen soya-bean-based textured-vegetable-protein (TVP) meat-extenders and meat-substitutes and of three \"ready-prepared\" canned meals containing TVP. 2. Phytate analysis was performed using a newly-developed method based on Holt's (1955) procedure. This method enabled the phytate content of milligram quantities of TVP to be estimated, with an SD for six replicates of 3%. 3. The Fe, Cu and Mn contents (mg/kg) of the meat extenders or meat-substitutes varied, with values of 59.4-144, 14.1-19.7 and 19.5-29.1 respectively. The protein content of these products was approximately 500 g/kg. 4. The phytate content of the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes ranged from 11.0 to 20.2 g/kg and the Zn content from 35.0 to 49.4 mg Zn/kg. The calculated molar ratio, phytate: Zn varied from 25 to 42. 5. The trace element, phytate and protein contents of the \"ready-prepared\" canned meals were 30-50% lower than the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes. 6. Cooking the \"ready-prepared\" meals as specified by the manufacturers was without effect on the trace element or phytate content. 7. When TVP was fed to rats as the only protein source, they had significantly lower growth rates and plasma Zn concentrations than rats given an egg-albumen-based diet of similar Zn content (14.5 mg Zn/kg). Supplementation of the TVP diet with Zn (100 mg Zn/kg) significantly increased growth rate and plasma Zn concentration whereas Zn supplementation of the albumen diet was without effect. 8. The possible implications of consumption of TVP products in relation to Zn status of the human population is discussed.", "PMID": 572701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10187", "title": "Studies on the phytate: zinc molar contents in diets as a determinant of Zn availability to young rats.", "content": "1. Studies were carried out in vitro to examine the effects of phytate on the solubility of the trace elements zinc, copper and manganese. Appropriate volumes of a solution of sodium phytate were added to a mineral solution to achieve phytate: Zn values of from 0 : 1 to 45 : 1. In a second series the same values for phytate: Zn were achieved by varying the amount of added Zn at a fixed phytate concentration. 2. In both experiments greater than 85% of the Zn was rendered insoluble at pH 6.5 even at the lowest value for phytate: Zn (5 : 1). The effect of phytate on Zn solubility was greater than effects on Cu or Mn. 3. In a dietary study, rats were offered a semi-synthetic egg-albumin-based diet with added phytate. Two series of diets were prepared, the first had a constant Zn content (18.5 mg Zn/kg) and the amount of sodium phytate varied so as to achieve values for phytate: Zn of from 0 : 1 to 40 : 1 (series 1). In the second series, the same values for phytate: Zn were achieved by adding a fixed amount of phytate (7.4 g phytic acid/kg) while the amount of Zn was varied (series 2). 4. Dietary phytate caused significant reductions in growth rates, plasma Zn concentrations and hair Zn concentrations and greying of the coat at values for phytate: Zn of 15 : 1, 10 : 1, 15 : 1 and 15 : 1, respectively. 5. While phytate was apparently slightly more effective in reducing Zn status when phytate: Zn values were achieved at the lower absolute levels of phytate and zn (series 1 diets), the differences at equivalent phytate: Zn values were small. It was concluded that phytate: Zn values can be used as an indicator of Zn availability from phytate-rich diets. 6. Rats offered three diets containing soya-bean-based textured-vegetable-protein (TVP) exhibited low rates of weight gain compared with rats offered an egg-albumen-based diet of similar Zn content (14.5 mg Zn/kg). Additional Zn supplied in drinking-water (25 mg Zn//l) was without effect on rats consuming the egg-albumin diet but significantly improved the weight gain of rats on the TVP diets. 7. It was concluded that phytate naturally present in TVP behaves similarly to phytate added to an otherwise phytate-free diet and that the reduced availability of Zn in TVP diets can be accounted for entirely by their phytate contents.", "contents": "Studies on the phytate: zinc molar contents in diets as a determinant of Zn availability to young rats. 1. Studies were carried out in vitro to examine the effects of phytate on the solubility of the trace elements zinc, copper and manganese. Appropriate volumes of a solution of sodium phytate were added to a mineral solution to achieve phytate: Zn values of from 0 : 1 to 45 : 1. In a second series the same values for phytate: Zn were achieved by varying the amount of added Zn at a fixed phytate concentration. 2. In both experiments greater than 85% of the Zn was rendered insoluble at pH 6.5 even at the lowest value for phytate: Zn (5 : 1). The effect of phytate on Zn solubility was greater than effects on Cu or Mn. 3. In a dietary study, rats were offered a semi-synthetic egg-albumin-based diet with added phytate. Two series of diets were prepared, the first had a constant Zn content (18.5 mg Zn/kg) and the amount of sodium phytate varied so as to achieve values for phytate: Zn of from 0 : 1 to 40 : 1 (series 1). In the second series, the same values for phytate: Zn were achieved by adding a fixed amount of phytate (7.4 g phytic acid/kg) while the amount of Zn was varied (series 2). 4. Dietary phytate caused significant reductions in growth rates, plasma Zn concentrations and hair Zn concentrations and greying of the coat at values for phytate: Zn of 15 : 1, 10 : 1, 15 : 1 and 15 : 1, respectively. 5. While phytate was apparently slightly more effective in reducing Zn status when phytate: Zn values were achieved at the lower absolute levels of phytate and zn (series 1 diets), the differences at equivalent phytate: Zn values were small. It was concluded that phytate: Zn values can be used as an indicator of Zn availability from phytate-rich diets. 6. Rats offered three diets containing soya-bean-based textured-vegetable-protein (TVP) exhibited low rates of weight gain compared with rats offered an egg-albumen-based diet of similar Zn content (14.5 mg Zn/kg). Additional Zn supplied in drinking-water (25 mg Zn//l) was without effect on rats consuming the egg-albumin diet but significantly improved the weight gain of rats on the TVP diets. 7. It was concluded that phytate naturally present in TVP behaves similarly to phytate added to an otherwise phytate-free diet and that the reduced availability of Zn in TVP diets can be accounted for entirely by their phytate contents.", "PMID": 572702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10188", "title": "The metabolism of methionine in silage-fed sheep.", "content": "1. L-[U-14C]methionine was used to study methionine metabolism in sheep fed on untreated silage, silage treated with formaldehyde and untreated silage plus intraperitoneal infusion of L-methionine. 2. Over-all the values ranged from 0.43 to 0.86 mmol/h for methionine turnover rate, from 13.3 to 19.9 for the percentage of methionine oxidized to carbon dioxide and from 245 to 1089 mumol for methionine pool size.", "contents": "The metabolism of methionine in silage-fed sheep. 1. L-[U-14C]methionine was used to study methionine metabolism in sheep fed on untreated silage, silage treated with formaldehyde and untreated silage plus intraperitoneal infusion of L-methionine. 2. Over-all the values ranged from 0.43 to 0.86 mmol/h for methionine turnover rate, from 13.3 to 19.9 for the percentage of methionine oxidized to carbon dioxide and from 245 to 1089 mumol for methionine pool size.", "PMID": 572703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10189", "title": "Dioxygen replacement reaction in myoglobin.", "content": "The replacement reaction of myoglobin (Mb), MbCO + O2 leads to MbO2 + CO leads to MbCO + O2, has been studied with flash photolysis in the temperature range from 140 to 320 K and the time range from 2 mus to 200 s. In a fraction of the Mb, the photodissociated CO remains within the protein; rebinding is not affected by the presence of O2 and occurs with rates that are identical with the ones observed earlier in solvents containing only CO. In the remaining fraction CO migrates into the solvent and Mb combines preferentially with oxygen. The rate of the subsequent replacement of O2 by CO permits calculation of the oxygen dissociation rate ko2; ko2 has been determined from 260 to 320 K. The measurements support a multibarrier model.", "contents": "Dioxygen replacement reaction in myoglobin. The replacement reaction of myoglobin (Mb), MbCO + O2 leads to MbO2 + CO leads to MbCO + O2, has been studied with flash photolysis in the temperature range from 140 to 320 K and the time range from 2 mus to 200 s. In a fraction of the Mb, the photodissociated CO remains within the protein; rebinding is not affected by the presence of O2 and occurs with rates that are identical with the ones observed earlier in solvents containing only CO. In the remaining fraction CO migrates into the solvent and Mb combines preferentially with oxygen. The rate of the subsequent replacement of O2 by CO permits calculation of the oxygen dissociation rate ko2; ko2 has been determined from 260 to 320 K. The measurements support a multibarrier model.", "PMID": 572704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10190", "title": "Sequence complexities of the poly(A)-containing mRNA in uninfected soybean root and the nodule tissue developed due to the infection by Rhizobium.", "content": "In order to determine the number of structural genes expressed specifically in root nodules, the total complexities of poly(A) + polysomal RNA populations from uninfected roots and mature nodules were compared. Hybridization kinetics of nodule poly(A) + RNA (NRNA) to its cDNA (NcDNA) revealed a very abundant component comprising 18--20% of the NRNA. This component was shown to be leghaemoglobin (Lb) by the similarity of its kinetics of hybridization to that of purified Lb-cDNA. The hybridization kinetics of uninfected root cDNA (RcDNA) to root poly(A) + RNA (RRNA) indicate that this abundant RNA fraction is absent in RRNA. The extent of sequence homologies between root and nodule tissue was determined by heterologous hybridizations of RcDNA to NRNA and vice versa. The data suggest that the mRNA populations of the two tissues are substantially homologous, though shifts in abundance of certain sequences are quite marked. The hybridization of purified Lb-cDNA to total polysomal RNA from developing nodules shows that the increase in concentration of Lb-mRNA sequences parallels the leghaemoglobin synthesis in this tissue. Lb sequences appear to increase between 8 and 13 days after infection with Rhizobium.", "contents": "Sequence complexities of the poly(A)-containing mRNA in uninfected soybean root and the nodule tissue developed due to the infection by Rhizobium. In order to determine the number of structural genes expressed specifically in root nodules, the total complexities of poly(A) + polysomal RNA populations from uninfected roots and mature nodules were compared. Hybridization kinetics of nodule poly(A) + RNA (NRNA) to its cDNA (NcDNA) revealed a very abundant component comprising 18--20% of the NRNA. This component was shown to be leghaemoglobin (Lb) by the similarity of its kinetics of hybridization to that of purified Lb-cDNA. The hybridization kinetics of uninfected root cDNA (RcDNA) to root poly(A) + RNA (RRNA) indicate that this abundant RNA fraction is absent in RRNA. The extent of sequence homologies between root and nodule tissue was determined by heterologous hybridizations of RcDNA to NRNA and vice versa. The data suggest that the mRNA populations of the two tissues are substantially homologous, though shifts in abundance of certain sequences are quite marked. The hybridization of purified Lb-cDNA to total polysomal RNA from developing nodules shows that the increase in concentration of Lb-mRNA sequences parallels the leghaemoglobin synthesis in this tissue. Lb sequences appear to increase between 8 and 13 days after infection with Rhizobium.", "PMID": 572705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10191", "title": "Interaction of rhodium(III) with DNA.", "content": "The nature of interaction of Rh(III) with DNA was studied using viscometry and ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectroscopy. The rate of interaction was found to be very slow at room temperature taking several days for completion. The time needed to attain equilibrium is dependent on the concentrations of metal ion, higher the concentration shorter the period required for equilibration. Visible spectra of Rh(III) were found to alter considerably in the presence of DNA. An increase in absorbance and a red shift were observed in the ultra violet spectra of DNA in the presence of Rh(III). The specific viscosity of DNA solution was found to decrease asymptotically with time and concentrations of metal ion. The melting temperature of DNA was found to increase at lower metal ion concentrations, whereas at higher values a decrease was obtained. At still higher metal ion concentrations (metal ion/DNA-P greater than 3) a 'nonmeltable state' of DNA was observed. These results seem to indicate that Rh(III) binds both with the phosphate and the bases of the DNA.", "contents": "Interaction of rhodium(III) with DNA. The nature of interaction of Rh(III) with DNA was studied using viscometry and ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectroscopy. The rate of interaction was found to be very slow at room temperature taking several days for completion. The time needed to attain equilibrium is dependent on the concentrations of metal ion, higher the concentration shorter the period required for equilibration. Visible spectra of Rh(III) were found to alter considerably in the presence of DNA. An increase in absorbance and a red shift were observed in the ultra violet spectra of DNA in the presence of Rh(III). The specific viscosity of DNA solution was found to decrease asymptotically with time and concentrations of metal ion. The melting temperature of DNA was found to increase at lower metal ion concentrations, whereas at higher values a decrease was obtained. At still higher metal ion concentrations (metal ion/DNA-P greater than 3) a 'nonmeltable state' of DNA was observed. These results seem to indicate that Rh(III) binds both with the phosphate and the bases of the DNA.", "PMID": 572706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10192", "title": "Characterization of a dinoflagellate (amphidinium carterae) dna.", "content": "The DNA of the photosynthetic Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae shows, by certain physico-chemical criteria two major components, a light satellite and a permanent DNA-RNA hybrid whose presence explains the unusual behaviour of Amphidinium DNA according to classical methods of analysis. The frequent presence of a slow-growing accompanying bacterium does not seem to interfere with any of these findings.", "contents": "Characterization of a dinoflagellate (amphidinium carterae) dna. The DNA of the photosynthetic Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae shows, by certain physico-chemical criteria two major components, a light satellite and a permanent DNA-RNA hybrid whose presence explains the unusual behaviour of Amphidinium DNA according to classical methods of analysis. The frequent presence of a slow-growing accompanying bacterium does not seem to interfere with any of these findings.", "PMID": 572707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10193", "title": "Bombyx mori development: the context for its endocrine system.", "content": "Quantitative data on neurohormones (brain-hormones) stero\u00efd hormones, juvenile hormones, in an insect : Bombyx mori are outlined. The variations of hormonal contents throughout larval and pupal development, in eggs and ovocytes are analyzed.", "contents": "Bombyx mori development: the context for its endocrine system. Quantitative data on neurohormones (brain-hormones) stero\u00efd hormones, juvenile hormones, in an insect : Bombyx mori are outlined. The variations of hormonal contents throughout larval and pupal development, in eggs and ovocytes are analyzed.", "PMID": 572708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10194", "title": "[Change in phenamine stereotypy in cats after the electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus].", "content": "Two types of behavioral shifts occur in cats after cessation of repeated low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus head. Behavioral depression originates more frequently from the dorsomedial part of the head whereas stimulation of the ventrolateral part induces the activation before depression. The number and pattern of stereotype movements are variously changed against the background of these shifts following administration of the minimal effective phenamine dose. Desorganization takes place after stimulation of the dorso-medial nucleus parts followed by stereotypy reduction or, on the contrary, by its enhancement in combination with caudate activation.", "contents": "[Change in phenamine stereotypy in cats after the electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus]. Two types of behavioral shifts occur in cats after cessation of repeated low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus head. Behavioral depression originates more frequently from the dorsomedial part of the head whereas stimulation of the ventrolateral part induces the activation before depression. The number and pattern of stereotype movements are variously changed against the background of these shifts following administration of the minimal effective phenamine dose. Desorganization takes place after stimulation of the dorso-medial nucleus parts followed by stereotypy reduction or, on the contrary, by its enhancement in combination with caudate activation.", "PMID": 572713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10195", "title": "[Relationship of the homovanillic acid content in the rat brain after the administration of a neuroleptic and the degree of dopamine receptor sensitivity to an agonist].", "content": "In the experiments on male Wistar rats it was established that the intensity of apomorphine stereotypy gradually increased 6--12 hours after a single injection of haloperidol in a dose of 1 mg/kg. 24 hours later the stereotypy was much higher than in the control animals, its intensity being negatively correlated with the homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration in the rat forebrain. It is suggested that HVA concentration reflects the degree of dopamine receptor sensitivity to the agonist.", "contents": "[Relationship of the homovanillic acid content in the rat brain after the administration of a neuroleptic and the degree of dopamine receptor sensitivity to an agonist]. In the experiments on male Wistar rats it was established that the intensity of apomorphine stereotypy gradually increased 6--12 hours after a single injection of haloperidol in a dose of 1 mg/kg. 24 hours later the stereotypy was much higher than in the control animals, its intensity being negatively correlated with the homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration in the rat forebrain. It is suggested that HVA concentration reflects the degree of dopamine receptor sensitivity to the agonist.", "PMID": 572714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10196", "title": "Substrate specificity of a lipase preparation from Geiotrichum asteroides as a function of the experimental conditions.", "content": "A lipase preparation obtained from the culture fluid of the fungus Geotrichum asteroides was shown to hydrolyze natural plant oils well. Tweens and triglycerides, both soluble in water and insoluble, containing saturated fatty acids (tripalmitic, tristearic, trimyristic and tributyric) are barely hydrolyzed. The nature of the emulsifier and the composition of the buffer used in the reaction mixture exert a great influence on the lipolytic activity of G. asteroides. The optimal temperature for the enzyme preparation with respect to all the oils studied was 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of a lipase preparation from Geiotrichum asteroides as a function of the experimental conditions. A lipase preparation obtained from the culture fluid of the fungus Geotrichum asteroides was shown to hydrolyze natural plant oils well. Tweens and triglycerides, both soluble in water and insoluble, containing saturated fatty acids (tripalmitic, tristearic, trimyristic and tributyric) are barely hydrolyzed. The nature of the emulsifier and the composition of the buffer used in the reaction mixture exert a great influence on the lipolytic activity of G. asteroides. The optimal temperature for the enzyme preparation with respect to all the oils studied was 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 572709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10197", "title": "[Pararenal angiosarcoma as a manifestation of sexual dimorphism in carcinogenesis].", "content": "Pararenal angiosarcoma developed in 42% of CBA male mice injected subcutaneously 1.2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) in a dose of 8 mg/kg body weight within 30 weeks. None of 176 CBA female mice given the same treatment developed such tumors. Histologically, the tumors represented various angiosarcomas characterized by a marked invasive growth into the renal parenchyma.", "contents": "[Pararenal angiosarcoma as a manifestation of sexual dimorphism in carcinogenesis]. Pararenal angiosarcoma developed in 42% of CBA male mice injected subcutaneously 1.2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) in a dose of 8 mg/kg body weight within 30 weeks. None of 176 CBA female mice given the same treatment developed such tumors. Histologically, the tumors represented various angiosarcomas characterized by a marked invasive growth into the renal parenchyma.", "PMID": 572715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10198", "title": "Stimulation of lymphocytes by platelet-antibody-complexes and their role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenia.", "content": "The effect of washed human platelets, platelet lysates, and platelet antibody complexes on 14C-thymidine incorporation by human lymphocytes was studied. For sensitization of platelets, HLA-specific alloantibodies as well as platelet autoantibodies were used. Lymphocytes for in vitro cultures were collected from unsensitized individuals, healthy women with proven fetomaternal immunization against HLA antigens and patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Unsensitized platelets have a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the in vitro proliferation of normal lymphocytes induced by mitogens (PHA, ConA, PWM). Platelet antibody complexes (allo- and autoantibodies; allogenic and autologous lymphocyte-platelet combinations) did not stimulate 14C-thymidine incorporation. Lymphocytes from ITP patients showed a significantly reduced stimulatory response toward PHA compared to normal persons. These findings are discussed in the light of our present knowledge regarding the role of cellular immune reactions in the pathogenesis of ITP.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphocytes by platelet-antibody-complexes and their role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenia. The effect of washed human platelets, platelet lysates, and platelet antibody complexes on 14C-thymidine incorporation by human lymphocytes was studied. For sensitization of platelets, HLA-specific alloantibodies as well as platelet autoantibodies were used. Lymphocytes for in vitro cultures were collected from unsensitized individuals, healthy women with proven fetomaternal immunization against HLA antigens and patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Unsensitized platelets have a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the in vitro proliferation of normal lymphocytes induced by mitogens (PHA, ConA, PWM). Platelet antibody complexes (allo- and autoantibodies; allogenic and autologous lymphocyte-platelet combinations) did not stimulate 14C-thymidine incorporation. Lymphocytes from ITP patients showed a significantly reduced stimulatory response toward PHA compared to normal persons. These findings are discussed in the light of our present knowledge regarding the role of cellular immune reactions in the pathogenesis of ITP.", "PMID": 572717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10199", "title": "Reflex urethral instability.", "content": "Eleven patients with incontinence and large post-voiding residual urine volumes have been studied with a urodynamic technique. Results indicate that reflex urethral relaxation was responsible for urinary incontinence. A probable relationship of this syndrome to bladder overdistension is suggested by ancillary evidence.", "contents": "Reflex urethral instability. Eleven patients with incontinence and large post-voiding residual urine volumes have been studied with a urodynamic technique. Results indicate that reflex urethral relaxation was responsible for urinary incontinence. A probable relationship of this syndrome to bladder overdistension is suggested by ancillary evidence.", "PMID": 572720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10200", "title": "The influence of refined carbohydrate on urinary calcium excretion.", "content": "In the course of study of the influence of varying the amount of refined carbohydrate (sugar and sugar products) in an otherwise standardised diet in 18 normal subjects it was evident that the analysis of 24-h urine collections failed to show the profound diurnal variation in urinary electrolyte excretion and, in particular in this instance, calcium excretion. The analysis of individually voided specimens showed some normal subjects to have spontaneously high peaks of urinary calcium concentration throughout the day even whilst on a diet with low refined carbohydrate content. Increase in the refined carbohydrate content of the otherwise standardised diet caused significant increase in the number of urines with a calcium concentration above 9 mmol/1. Refined carbohydrate, a common cinstituent in Western diets, can therefore influence urinary electrolyte excretion in such a way that there may be an increased risk of over-saturation with calcium oxalate.", "contents": "The influence of refined carbohydrate on urinary calcium excretion. In the course of study of the influence of varying the amount of refined carbohydrate (sugar and sugar products) in an otherwise standardised diet in 18 normal subjects it was evident that the analysis of 24-h urine collections failed to show the profound diurnal variation in urinary electrolyte excretion and, in particular in this instance, calcium excretion. The analysis of individually voided specimens showed some normal subjects to have spontaneously high peaks of urinary calcium concentration throughout the day even whilst on a diet with low refined carbohydrate content. Increase in the refined carbohydrate content of the otherwise standardised diet caused significant increase in the number of urines with a calcium concentration above 9 mmol/1. Refined carbohydrate, a common cinstituent in Western diets, can therefore influence urinary electrolyte excretion in such a way that there may be an increased risk of over-saturation with calcium oxalate.", "PMID": 572722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10201", "title": "Longitudinal study of bladder cancer with cytology and biopsy.", "content": "A study of urinary cytology and selected mucosal biopsies in conjunction with cystoscopy provided additional information of value in the management of 318 patients with bladder cancer. These procedures were especially helpful in patients with no visible lesions on follow-up cystoscopies in assessing the bladder epithelium, the behaviour of which may be unpredictable in that no further tumours may occur, or they may arise at irregular intervals.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of bladder cancer with cytology and biopsy. A study of urinary cytology and selected mucosal biopsies in conjunction with cystoscopy provided additional information of value in the management of 318 patients with bladder cancer. These procedures were especially helpful in patients with no visible lesions on follow-up cystoscopies in assessing the bladder epithelium, the behaviour of which may be unpredictable in that no further tumours may occur, or they may arise at irregular intervals.", "PMID": 572723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10202", "title": "Has the suprapubic suspension operation any influence on the urethral pressure profile?", "content": "The urethral pressure profiles of 35 patients suffering from stress incontinence before and after suprapubic suspension operations have been analysed. Irrespective of the post-operative result there were no significant changes in the various characteristics of the pressure profile. The results suggest that a suspension operation for stress incontinence has no direct effect on the sphincteric urethral mechanism but places the urethra in a higher position where it can be affected by increases in intra-abdominal pressure.", "contents": "Has the suprapubic suspension operation any influence on the urethral pressure profile? The urethral pressure profiles of 35 patients suffering from stress incontinence before and after suprapubic suspension operations have been analysed. Irrespective of the post-operative result there were no significant changes in the various characteristics of the pressure profile. The results suggest that a suspension operation for stress incontinence has no direct effect on the sphincteric urethral mechanism but places the urethra in a higher position where it can be affected by increases in intra-abdominal pressure.", "PMID": 572724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10203", "title": "Management of pregnancy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The outcome of 54 pregnancies in 23 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was analysed. No mother or infant died in the perinatal period. Six patients developed dyspnoea requiring treatment with diuretics. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs were given in 18 pregnancies and three of the infants in this were small for dates and in two fetal bradycardia occurred. The results comfirmed that pregnancy is safe in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A flexible approach should be adopted towards administering beta-adrenergic blocking drugs to pregnant women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Many such patients do well without these drugs and can thus avoid the potential hazards--namely, small-for-dates babies and fetal bradycardia--that are associated with them.", "contents": "Management of pregnancy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The outcome of 54 pregnancies in 23 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was analysed. No mother or infant died in the perinatal period. Six patients developed dyspnoea requiring treatment with diuretics. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs were given in 18 pregnancies and three of the infants in this were small for dates and in two fetal bradycardia occurred. The results comfirmed that pregnancy is safe in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A flexible approach should be adopted towards administering beta-adrenergic blocking drugs to pregnant women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Many such patients do well without these drugs and can thus avoid the potential hazards--namely, small-for-dates babies and fetal bradycardia--that are associated with them.", "PMID": 572730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10204", "title": "Inhibition of mourning by pregnancy: psychopathology and management.", "content": "A bereavement during pregnancy is difficult to mourn: a pregnant woman is so increasingly preoccupied with the new life that mourning is interrupted and often impossible to resume later. This may lead to idealisation of the child as a reincarnation of the dead person or child abuse. A bereaved woman should be helped to mourn at the time of death and to keep alive the expectation of future mourning once her baby is thriving.", "contents": "Inhibition of mourning by pregnancy: psychopathology and management. A bereavement during pregnancy is difficult to mourn: a pregnant woman is so increasingly preoccupied with the new life that mourning is interrupted and often impossible to resume later. This may lead to idealisation of the child as a reincarnation of the dead person or child abuse. A bereaved woman should be helped to mourn at the time of death and to keep alive the expectation of future mourning once her baby is thriving.", "PMID": 572731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10205", "title": "Contribution from geriatric medicine within acute medical wards.", "content": "In 1977 a scheme of attachment to acute medical wards of consultants in geriatric medicine and associated junior medical staff was instituted in a large Edinburgh teaching hospital. The effect on admissions of patients aged 65 and over was examined for comparable periods before and during this arrangement. Mean and median stays were reduced for both sexes but more noticeably for women. The mean stay for all women aged over 65 was reduced from 25 to 16 days and for women aged over 85 from 50 to 19 days. The proportion staying under two weeks was significantly increased in both sexes, and the proportion discharged home also increased, correspondingly fewer patients being transferred to convalescent wards. These changes were not accompanied by increased transfers to the geriatric department, and probably the skills and extra resources available to the geriatric service were the factors mainly responsible for the changes in performance.", "contents": "Contribution from geriatric medicine within acute medical wards. In 1977 a scheme of attachment to acute medical wards of consultants in geriatric medicine and associated junior medical staff was instituted in a large Edinburgh teaching hospital. The effect on admissions of patients aged 65 and over was examined for comparable periods before and during this arrangement. Mean and median stays were reduced for both sexes but more noticeably for women. The mean stay for all women aged over 65 was reduced from 25 to 16 days and for women aged over 85 from 50 to 19 days. The proportion staying under two weeks was significantly increased in both sexes, and the proportion discharged home also increased, correspondingly fewer patients being transferred to convalescent wards. These changes were not accompanied by increased transfers to the geriatric department, and probably the skills and extra resources available to the geriatric service were the factors mainly responsible for the changes in performance.", "PMID": 572732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10206", "title": "Self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of Tsai attenuated by microinjections of spiroperidol into the nucleus accumbens.", "content": "The contribution of dopaminergic neurons to self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex was investigated. The ventral tegmental area is the site of non-striatal dopaminergic neurons and their axons project to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Injections of spiroperidol, a dopamine antagonist, into the nucleus accumbens significantly reduced self-stimulation of the ipsilateral ventral tegmental area but did not influence self-stimulation of the contralateral ventral tegmental area. Injections of spiroperidol into the prefrontal cortex did not reduce self-stimulation of the ipsilateral or contralateral ventral tegmental area. Electrical stimulation of sites in the nucleus accumbens positive for self-stimulation antidromically activated neurons of the ventral tegmental area, and a reduction of discharge of these neurons following administration of apomorphine suggested that they were dopaminergic neurons. These observations provide additional evidence implicating dopaminergic neurons in brain-stimulation reward and suggest that dopaminergic neurons contribute to self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens but not the prefrontal cortex.", "contents": "Self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of Tsai attenuated by microinjections of spiroperidol into the nucleus accumbens. The contribution of dopaminergic neurons to self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex was investigated. The ventral tegmental area is the site of non-striatal dopaminergic neurons and their axons project to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Injections of spiroperidol, a dopamine antagonist, into the nucleus accumbens significantly reduced self-stimulation of the ipsilateral ventral tegmental area but did not influence self-stimulation of the contralateral ventral tegmental area. Injections of spiroperidol into the prefrontal cortex did not reduce self-stimulation of the ipsilateral or contralateral ventral tegmental area. Electrical stimulation of sites in the nucleus accumbens positive for self-stimulation antidromically activated neurons of the ventral tegmental area, and a reduction of discharge of these neurons following administration of apomorphine suggested that they were dopaminergic neurons. These observations provide additional evidence implicating dopaminergic neurons in brain-stimulation reward and suggest that dopaminergic neurons contribute to self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens but not the prefrontal cortex.", "PMID": 572734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10207", "title": "Pericapsular smooth muscle cells in renal corpuscles of the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "During the course of a systematic investigation of the renal corpuscles in various desert rodents (Meriones unguiculati, Meriones shawii, Psammomys obesus, and Dipodymis), a thickened Bowman's capsule was observed light microscopically in some kidneys of adult Meriones unguiculati (Mongolian gerbil). Electron microscopic studies show that this unusual finding may depend on the presence of one or two layers of typical smooth muscle cells adjacent to the outer surface of the basal lamina. In the kidneys of other species of desert rats examined, no pericapsular smooth muscle cells were observed.", "contents": "Pericapsular smooth muscle cells in renal corpuscles of the Mongolian gerbil. During the course of a systematic investigation of the renal corpuscles in various desert rodents (Meriones unguiculati, Meriones shawii, Psammomys obesus, and Dipodymis), a thickened Bowman's capsule was observed light microscopically in some kidneys of adult Meriones unguiculati (Mongolian gerbil). Electron microscopic studies show that this unusual finding may depend on the presence of one or two layers of typical smooth muscle cells adjacent to the outer surface of the basal lamina. In the kidneys of other species of desert rats examined, no pericapsular smooth muscle cells were observed.", "PMID": 572742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10208", "title": "Ascorbate blocks amphetamine-induced turning behavior in rats with unilateral nigro-striatal lesions.", "content": "Unilateral nigro-striatal lesions were produced in rats using 6-hydroxydopamine. Intraperitoneal injections of amphetamine induced circling behavior in these rats due to release of striatal dopamine contralateral to the lesion. Intraperitoneal injections of 1 g/kg of ascorbic acid elevated brain ascorbate. Ascorbate, like other drugs blocking dopamine receptors, attenuated the amphetamine-induced turning behavior. Thus, ascorbic acid might have a role in regulating dopaminergic transmission and could be of therapeutic value in disorders involving functional dopamine excess.", "contents": "Ascorbate blocks amphetamine-induced turning behavior in rats with unilateral nigro-striatal lesions. Unilateral nigro-striatal lesions were produced in rats using 6-hydroxydopamine. Intraperitoneal injections of amphetamine induced circling behavior in these rats due to release of striatal dopamine contralateral to the lesion. Intraperitoneal injections of 1 g/kg of ascorbic acid elevated brain ascorbate. Ascorbate, like other drugs blocking dopamine receptors, attenuated the amphetamine-induced turning behavior. Thus, ascorbic acid might have a role in regulating dopaminergic transmission and could be of therapeutic value in disorders involving functional dopamine excess.", "PMID": 572739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10209", "title": "Enhancement of immune cellular agglutination by use of an avidin-biotin system.", "content": "Classically, one can increase the titer of an agglutinating or first antibody with an antiglobulin or second antibody. We have used an avidin-biotin system in place of antiglobulin to similarly extend the agglutination by an initial anticellular antibody. Erythrocytes were agglutinated by adding in succession, caproylamidobiotin-antibody, avidin, and extender (caproylamidobiotin-macromolecule). The macromolecules evaluated as extenders, in order of increasing potency, were fibrinogen, albumin, succinylated polylysine, and ribonuclease A. From comparative testing, we found that antiglobulin raised the titer of antibody from 2560 to 20,480, and the avidin-biotin tool raised the titer of caproylamidobiotin-antibody from 2560 to 10,240 without extender and to 81,820 with an extender of caproylamidobiotin-ribonuclease. Thus noncovalent extenders add to the capability of the avidin-biotin system to facilitate and substitute for an antibody.", "contents": "Enhancement of immune cellular agglutination by use of an avidin-biotin system. Classically, one can increase the titer of an agglutinating or first antibody with an antiglobulin or second antibody. We have used an avidin-biotin system in place of antiglobulin to similarly extend the agglutination by an initial anticellular antibody. Erythrocytes were agglutinated by adding in succession, caproylamidobiotin-antibody, avidin, and extender (caproylamidobiotin-macromolecule). The macromolecules evaluated as extenders, in order of increasing potency, were fibrinogen, albumin, succinylated polylysine, and ribonuclease A. From comparative testing, we found that antiglobulin raised the titer of antibody from 2560 to 20,480, and the avidin-biotin tool raised the titer of caproylamidobiotin-antibody from 2560 to 10,240 without extender and to 81,820 with an extender of caproylamidobiotin-ribonuclease. Thus noncovalent extenders add to the capability of the avidin-biotin system to facilitate and substitute for an antibody.", "PMID": 572747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10210", "title": "Dizygosity of discordant twins with Noonan syndrome.", "content": "A pair of discordant twins, one of whom had Noonan syndrome, is reported. Most of the cardinal signs of Noonan syndrome were demonstrated by the affected twin. The etiology of the syndrome is briefly reviewed. The dizygosity of the twins was proved by ABO blood grouping and mixed lymphocyte reaction. The findings are interpreted as reasonably good evidence that genetic factors are the prime etiology in the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome.", "contents": "Dizygosity of discordant twins with Noonan syndrome. A pair of discordant twins, one of whom had Noonan syndrome, is reported. Most of the cardinal signs of Noonan syndrome were demonstrated by the affected twin. The etiology of the syndrome is briefly reviewed. The dizygosity of the twins was proved by ABO blood grouping and mixed lymphocyte reaction. The findings are interpreted as reasonably good evidence that genetic factors are the prime etiology in the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome.", "PMID": 572748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10211", "title": "A critical examination of the foundations of immunotherapy for cancer.", "content": "It is argued that immunotherapy (IMTH) for cancer, as well as the theory of cancer immunogenicity on which it rests, derives no secure foundation either from clinical observations or from experimental study of valid animal tumour models. Discouraging clinical observations include: the long history of failure of IMTH; the rejection of IMTH for choriocarcinoma--a true allograft in the patient; the extreme rarity of spontaneous regression, and progressive discrediting of the theory of immunosurveillance; the high frequency of nodal metastasis; and the failure to demonstrate a tumour-specific antigen in man. The great majority of animal tumours used for experimental studies of IMTH display artefactual immunogenicity associated with their mode of induction or conditions of transplantation and cannot be accepted as valid models of clinical cancer. The author reviews his total failure to demonstrate immunogenicity or successful IMTH using a wide range of animal tumours from which known laboratory artefacts have been strictly excluded. The inordinate promotion of tumour immunology and IMTH in recent years is attributed to unfortunate sociological influences encouraging premature assertion of clinical relevance from experimental research.", "contents": "A critical examination of the foundations of immunotherapy for cancer. It is argued that immunotherapy (IMTH) for cancer, as well as the theory of cancer immunogenicity on which it rests, derives no secure foundation either from clinical observations or from experimental study of valid animal tumour models. Discouraging clinical observations include: the long history of failure of IMTH; the rejection of IMTH for choriocarcinoma--a true allograft in the patient; the extreme rarity of spontaneous regression, and progressive discrediting of the theory of immunosurveillance; the high frequency of nodal metastasis; and the failure to demonstrate a tumour-specific antigen in man. The great majority of animal tumours used for experimental studies of IMTH display artefactual immunogenicity associated with their mode of induction or conditions of transplantation and cannot be accepted as valid models of clinical cancer. The author reviews his total failure to demonstrate immunogenicity or successful IMTH using a wide range of animal tumours from which known laboratory artefacts have been strictly excluded. The inordinate promotion of tumour immunology and IMTH in recent years is attributed to unfortunate sociological influences encouraging premature assertion of clinical relevance from experimental research.", "PMID": 572751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10212", "title": "Various manifestations of stratification phenomenon during intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "The authors classify various types of stratification phenomenon during intravenous cholangiography. The stage of gallbladder opacification in the recumbent position has been classified as (I) mottled, (II) dendritic, (III) ring-like, and (IV) homogeneous. 'Dendritic' type of stratification phenomenon has never been reported in the literature to our knowledge. At 20 min following infusion of contrast material homogeneous opacification of the gallbladder was noticed in only 14% of patients. The others fell into types I, II or III of stratification phenomenon. In contrast, 87% of the opacified gallbladders were homogeneous on the after fatty meal film. It is therefore mandatory for diagnosis that either a 24 h film or a fatty meal film be taken to avoid the stratification phenomenon.", "contents": "Various manifestations of stratification phenomenon during intravenous cholangiography. The authors classify various types of stratification phenomenon during intravenous cholangiography. The stage of gallbladder opacification in the recumbent position has been classified as (I) mottled, (II) dendritic, (III) ring-like, and (IV) homogeneous. 'Dendritic' type of stratification phenomenon has never been reported in the literature to our knowledge. At 20 min following infusion of contrast material homogeneous opacification of the gallbladder was noticed in only 14% of patients. The others fell into types I, II or III of stratification phenomenon. In contrast, 87% of the opacified gallbladders were homogeneous on the after fatty meal film. It is therefore mandatory for diagnosis that either a 24 h film or a fatty meal film be taken to avoid the stratification phenomenon.", "PMID": 572752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10213", "title": "Effects of prazosin on blood pressure and plasma renin activity during onset and withdrawal of action in the anaesthetized rat.", "content": "1. The effects of single intramuscular injections of prazosin, 0.1 mg/kg, upon blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity, were studied, over 24 h, in groups of anaesthetized rats, control rats receiving 0.9% saline. 2. Within 6 min of prazosin administration, heart rate fell by 50 beats/min (s.e.m = 19) and blood pressure by 40 mmHg (s.e.m. = 8). Starting levels were regained within 90 min and 16 h of injection, respectively, and thereafter both parameters remained unaltered. Plasma renin activity showed a slight though insignificant rise during the initial hypotension, but subsequently fell to 32% of the control level. 3. The hypotensive response to prazosin, unlike that to the centrally acting agents clonidine or guanfacine, was not followed by overshoots in blood pressure, heart rate or plasma renin activity. Instead, suppression of plasma renin activity was demonstrable after re-establishment of control blood pressure.", "contents": "Effects of prazosin on blood pressure and plasma renin activity during onset and withdrawal of action in the anaesthetized rat. 1. The effects of single intramuscular injections of prazosin, 0.1 mg/kg, upon blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity, were studied, over 24 h, in groups of anaesthetized rats, control rats receiving 0.9% saline. 2. Within 6 min of prazosin administration, heart rate fell by 50 beats/min (s.e.m = 19) and blood pressure by 40 mmHg (s.e.m. = 8). Starting levels were regained within 90 min and 16 h of injection, respectively, and thereafter both parameters remained unaltered. Plasma renin activity showed a slight though insignificant rise during the initial hypotension, but subsequently fell to 32% of the control level. 3. The hypotensive response to prazosin, unlike that to the centrally acting agents clonidine or guanfacine, was not followed by overshoots in blood pressure, heart rate or plasma renin activity. Instead, suppression of plasma renin activity was demonstrable after re-establishment of control blood pressure.", "PMID": 572749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10214", "title": "The entrainment of caecotrophy-rhythm of the rabbit following 6- and 12-h phase-shifts of the Zeitgeber.", "content": "By means of automatic registration of hard faeces excretion the caecotrophy-rhythm of 10 rabbits was monitored. In the animals a negative phase angle difference existed between 'lights on' and the start of caecotrophy in LD 12:12. Five rabbits practised caecotrophy once and 5 rabbits twice/24 h. Following 6-h phase-shifts of the LD-regimen the caecotrophy-rhythm was shifted in the same direction as the Zeitgeber. The time of re-entrainment for advance shifts of caecotrophy is significantly longer than for delay shifts. The inversion of the Zeitgeber causes caecotrophy to be delay-shifted in all animals.", "contents": "The entrainment of caecotrophy-rhythm of the rabbit following 6- and 12-h phase-shifts of the Zeitgeber. By means of automatic registration of hard faeces excretion the caecotrophy-rhythm of 10 rabbits was monitored. In the animals a negative phase angle difference existed between 'lights on' and the start of caecotrophy in LD 12:12. Five rabbits practised caecotrophy once and 5 rabbits twice/24 h. Following 6-h phase-shifts of the LD-regimen the caecotrophy-rhythm was shifted in the same direction as the Zeitgeber. The time of re-entrainment for advance shifts of caecotrophy is significantly longer than for delay shifts. The inversion of the Zeitgeber causes caecotrophy to be delay-shifted in all animals.", "PMID": 572758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10215", "title": "Progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands of mice: characterization and relationship to development.", "content": "Although progesterone receptors have been characterized in a number of target tissues for progesterone, including some mammary tumors, relatively little is known about these receptors in normal mammary tissues. In the present study using R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione), a synthetic progestin, we have identified and characterized the cytoplasmic progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands of mice. The receptor had a high binding affinity (Kd = 2.8 X 10(-9)M) for R5020 and was specific for progestins. The levels of receptor varied at different stages of mammary gland development; the levels were inversely proportional to the secretory activity of the gland. This negative corelation between receptors and secretion was further observed in studies in which lactational involution was induced experimentally. We propose that the functional significance of the modulation of progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands may be related to the known different effects of progesterone in this tissue.", "contents": "Progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands of mice: characterization and relationship to development. Although progesterone receptors have been characterized in a number of target tissues for progesterone, including some mammary tumors, relatively little is known about these receptors in normal mammary tissues. In the present study using R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione), a synthetic progestin, we have identified and characterized the cytoplasmic progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands of mice. The receptor had a high binding affinity (Kd = 2.8 X 10(-9)M) for R5020 and was specific for progestins. The levels of receptor varied at different stages of mammary gland development; the levels were inversely proportional to the secretory activity of the gland. This negative corelation between receptors and secretion was further observed in studies in which lactational involution was induced experimentally. We propose that the functional significance of the modulation of progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands may be related to the known different effects of progesterone in this tissue.", "PMID": 572764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10216", "title": "Serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in girls with hirsutism and menstrual disturbances).", "content": "Seventeen girls with hirsutism and menstrual disturbances aged 16--19 years and 7 hirsute women were investigated. Groups of 15 normal girls and 10 normal women were also included in this study. Serum concentrations of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in basal conditions and following stimulation and suppression tests were estimated. Mean values of T and DHT in hirsute girls were higher than in normal ones but only 4 estimations of T and 2 estimations of DHT exceeded the upper normal limit. The binding capacity of SHBG for T was significantly decreased and in most cases the results were within male ranges. According to the results of dynamic tests 7 cases of the adrenal hyperandrogenism, 5 cases of the ovarian hyperandrogenism and 5 cases of the mixed type of androgen over-production were diagnosed. The authors suggest that the estimations of T, DHT and SHGB in basal conditions and following dynamic tests are of value in the selection of long-term therapy in hirsute girls with menstrual abnormalities.", "contents": "Serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in girls with hirsutism and menstrual disturbances). Seventeen girls with hirsutism and menstrual disturbances aged 16--19 years and 7 hirsute women were investigated. Groups of 15 normal girls and 10 normal women were also included in this study. Serum concentrations of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in basal conditions and following stimulation and suppression tests were estimated. Mean values of T and DHT in hirsute girls were higher than in normal ones but only 4 estimations of T and 2 estimations of DHT exceeded the upper normal limit. The binding capacity of SHBG for T was significantly decreased and in most cases the results were within male ranges. According to the results of dynamic tests 7 cases of the adrenal hyperandrogenism, 5 cases of the ovarian hyperandrogenism and 5 cases of the mixed type of androgen over-production were diagnosed. The authors suggest that the estimations of T, DHT and SHGB in basal conditions and following dynamic tests are of value in the selection of long-term therapy in hirsute girls with menstrual abnormalities.", "PMID": 572765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10217", "title": "Changes in the mouse thymus observed during puberty.", "content": "The changes in the female mouse thymuses during puberty were investigated. During this period the lymphatic cell number in the thymus and its proliferative activity were found to decrease while the mitogen reactivity to PHA to increase. These changes cannot be observed in females ovariectomized before puberty. The role of ovarian hormones in the observed phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the mouse thymus observed during puberty. The changes in the female mouse thymuses during puberty were investigated. During this period the lymphatic cell number in the thymus and its proliferative activity were found to decrease while the mitogen reactivity to PHA to increase. These changes cannot be observed in females ovariectomized before puberty. The role of ovarian hormones in the observed phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 572766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10218", "title": "Changes of dry mass of blood lymphocytes in the course of mouse estrous cycle and their dependence on the sexual steroid hormones.", "content": "The dry mass of blood lymphocytes in female mice has been found to underline the variations according to the phases of estrous cycle. Ovariectomy caused disappearance of cyclic changes and reduced the mean dry mass of lymphocytes. Whereas estradiol was effective in restoration of the lymphocyte dry mass to the values characteristic for non-operated animals, progesterone failed to produce any noticeable effect. It is concluded that estradiol is responsible for the changes of lymphocyte dry mass observed during the successive phases of estrous cycle.", "contents": "Changes of dry mass of blood lymphocytes in the course of mouse estrous cycle and their dependence on the sexual steroid hormones. The dry mass of blood lymphocytes in female mice has been found to underline the variations according to the phases of estrous cycle. Ovariectomy caused disappearance of cyclic changes and reduced the mean dry mass of lymphocytes. Whereas estradiol was effective in restoration of the lymphocyte dry mass to the values characteristic for non-operated animals, progesterone failed to produce any noticeable effect. It is concluded that estradiol is responsible for the changes of lymphocyte dry mass observed during the successive phases of estrous cycle.", "PMID": 572767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10219", "title": "Dissociation and aggregation of lactic dehydrogenase by high hydrostatic pressure.", "content": "As shown by earlier experiments high hydrostatic pressure affects the catalytic function of lactic dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle. In the presence of substrates denaturation occurs, whereas in the absence of substrates and --SH-protecting reagents oxidation of sulfhydryl groups takes place [Schmid, G., L\u00fcdemann, H.-D. & Jaenicke, R. (1975) Biophys. Chem. 3, 90--98; (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 86, 219--224]. Avoiding oxidation effects by reducing conditions in the solvent medium and by chelation of heavy metal ions, the remaining high-pressure effects consist of dissociation of the native quaternary structure into subunits followed by aggregation. Both reactions are influenced by temperature and enzyme concentration. Short incubation (less than or equal to 10 min) at pH 6.0--8.5 and pressures of 0.3--1.0 kbar causes dissociation which is reversed at normal pressure. At 5 degrees C the activation volume is found to be delta V not equal to = -62 +/- 3cm3 . mol-1. Above 1.2 kbar irreversible aggregation takes place; the reaction is favoured by low temperature and decreased pH. The activation volume for the aggregation process at 5 degress C is delta V not equal to = -97 +/- 3cm3 . mol-1. The results may be described by a reaction sequence comprisign pressure-induced dissociation of the native enzyme into its subunits followed by subunit aggregation to form inactive high-molecular-weight particles.", "contents": "Dissociation and aggregation of lactic dehydrogenase by high hydrostatic pressure. As shown by earlier experiments high hydrostatic pressure affects the catalytic function of lactic dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle. In the presence of substrates denaturation occurs, whereas in the absence of substrates and --SH-protecting reagents oxidation of sulfhydryl groups takes place [Schmid, G., L\u00fcdemann, H.-D. & Jaenicke, R. (1975) Biophys. Chem. 3, 90--98; (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 86, 219--224]. Avoiding oxidation effects by reducing conditions in the solvent medium and by chelation of heavy metal ions, the remaining high-pressure effects consist of dissociation of the native quaternary structure into subunits followed by aggregation. Both reactions are influenced by temperature and enzyme concentration. Short incubation (less than or equal to 10 min) at pH 6.0--8.5 and pressures of 0.3--1.0 kbar causes dissociation which is reversed at normal pressure. At 5 degrees C the activation volume is found to be delta V not equal to = -62 +/- 3cm3 . mol-1. Above 1.2 kbar irreversible aggregation takes place; the reaction is favoured by low temperature and decreased pH. The activation volume for the aggregation process at 5 degress C is delta V not equal to = -97 +/- 3cm3 . mol-1. The results may be described by a reaction sequence comprisign pressure-induced dissociation of the native enzyme into its subunits followed by subunit aggregation to form inactive high-molecular-weight particles.", "PMID": 572770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10220", "title": "Enzymic synthesis of lignin precursors. Further studies on cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase from soybean-cell-suspension cultures.", "content": "Isoenzyme 2 of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase from soybean suspension cultures was purified about 3800-fold to apparent homogeneity by an improved purification procedure involving biospecific elution of the enzyme from a NADP+-agarose column. On sodium dodecylsulfate gels the dehydrogenase showed only one protein band with Mr 40 000 +/- 500. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by thiol reagents. Various metal chelators as well as the nonchelating 7,8-benzoquinoline also inhibited enzyme activity. Inhibition by 10 mM 1,10-phenanthroline could be partially reversed by addition of Zn2+. 1,10-Phenanthroline and 7,8-benzoquinoline are non-competitive inhibitors with respect to NADP+. The presence of zinc in the dehydrogenase was proved by atomic absorption spectroscopy and by specific incorporation of 65Zn into the enzyme. In steady-state kinetics inhibition patterns were obtained which are consistent with an ordered bi-bi mechanism in which NADP(H) is the first substrate to bind and the last product released. The cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase belongs to the A-specific dehydrogenases and removes the pro-R hydrogen from coniferyl alcohol. The enzyme shows many similarities with alcohol dehydrogenases from horse and rat liver and from yeast.", "contents": "Enzymic synthesis of lignin precursors. Further studies on cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase from soybean-cell-suspension cultures. Isoenzyme 2 of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase from soybean suspension cultures was purified about 3800-fold to apparent homogeneity by an improved purification procedure involving biospecific elution of the enzyme from a NADP+-agarose column. On sodium dodecylsulfate gels the dehydrogenase showed only one protein band with Mr 40 000 +/- 500. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by thiol reagents. Various metal chelators as well as the nonchelating 7,8-benzoquinoline also inhibited enzyme activity. Inhibition by 10 mM 1,10-phenanthroline could be partially reversed by addition of Zn2+. 1,10-Phenanthroline and 7,8-benzoquinoline are non-competitive inhibitors with respect to NADP+. The presence of zinc in the dehydrogenase was proved by atomic absorption spectroscopy and by specific incorporation of 65Zn into the enzyme. In steady-state kinetics inhibition patterns were obtained which are consistent with an ordered bi-bi mechanism in which NADP(H) is the first substrate to bind and the last product released. The cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase belongs to the A-specific dehydrogenases and removes the pro-R hydrogen from coniferyl alcohol. The enzyme shows many similarities with alcohol dehydrogenases from horse and rat liver and from yeast.", "PMID": 572771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10221", "title": "Combined dynamic studies of the bladder and urethra. Report of a method.", "content": "The authors report a method of complex urodynamic investigation. The intravesical pressure, the intrarectal pressure, the electronically computed detrusor pressure, the urinary flow and the electromyography of the anal and urethral striated sphincters are recorded simultaneously with the fluoroscopic image on 16 mm film using the kinescopic procedure. The intravesical pressure is measured per urethram. The routine examination method is described. The authors consider that the use of 16 mm film has advantages in comparison to videotape recordings. The installation was made out of existing materials except for the electronic mixing device, which was created in the research laboratory. Radiation dosis measurements show that even by extensive examination the received radiation dosis does not exceed the exposure of a standard voiding cystourethrogram.", "contents": "Combined dynamic studies of the bladder and urethra. Report of a method. The authors report a method of complex urodynamic investigation. The intravesical pressure, the intrarectal pressure, the electronically computed detrusor pressure, the urinary flow and the electromyography of the anal and urethral striated sphincters are recorded simultaneously with the fluoroscopic image on 16 mm film using the kinescopic procedure. The intravesical pressure is measured per urethram. The routine examination method is described. The authors consider that the use of 16 mm film has advantages in comparison to videotape recordings. The installation was made out of existing materials except for the electronic mixing device, which was created in the research laboratory. Radiation dosis measurements show that even by extensive examination the received radiation dosis does not exceed the exposure of a standard voiding cystourethrogram.", "PMID": 572773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10222", "title": "Serotonin--dopamine interactions in the nigrostriatal system.", "content": "A study was made of the effects of serotonin uptake inhibition and receptor blockade on the increase in rat striatal homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and on some behavioural responses induced by haloperidol. The serotonin uptake inhibitors CGP 6085 A (4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)-piperidine-HCl), citalopram (Lu 10-171), fluoxetine (Lilly 110140), and clomipramine potentiated the increase in striatal deaminated dopamine metabolites after the neuroleptic. In contrast, the serotonin antagonists methysergide, mianserin and cinanserin antagonized the acceleration of dopamine turnover induced by haloperidol. The catalepsy induced by this neuroleptic was potentiated by CGP 6085 A and citalopram. These 5-HT uptake inhibitors also potentiated the antagonism by haloperidol of apomorphine-induced stereotypies. These results seem to make it worthwhile to test a combination of haloperidol and a serotonin antagonist in schizophrenic patients to see whether the ratio of the therapeutic effect to the extrapyramidal side effects can be improved.", "contents": "Serotonin--dopamine interactions in the nigrostriatal system. A study was made of the effects of serotonin uptake inhibition and receptor blockade on the increase in rat striatal homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and on some behavioural responses induced by haloperidol. The serotonin uptake inhibitors CGP 6085 A (4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)-piperidine-HCl), citalopram (Lu 10-171), fluoxetine (Lilly 110140), and clomipramine potentiated the increase in striatal deaminated dopamine metabolites after the neuroleptic. In contrast, the serotonin antagonists methysergide, mianserin and cinanserin antagonized the acceleration of dopamine turnover induced by haloperidol. The catalepsy induced by this neuroleptic was potentiated by CGP 6085 A and citalopram. These 5-HT uptake inhibitors also potentiated the antagonism by haloperidol of apomorphine-induced stereotypies. These results seem to make it worthwhile to test a combination of haloperidol and a serotonin antagonist in schizophrenic patients to see whether the ratio of the therapeutic effect to the extrapyramidal side effects can be improved.", "PMID": 572774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10223", "title": "Central noradrenergic--cholinergic interaction and locomotor behavior.", "content": "Depletion of forebrain noradrenaline by intracerebral injection of 4 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine into the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle was found to block the cataleptic effects of the muscarinic cholinergic agonist arecoline and to potentiate the locomotor stimulant effects of the muscarinic cholinergic blocker scopolamine. The nicotinic drugs, mecamylamine, a nicotinic blocker, and nicotine itself were unaffected in their actions by the depletion of forebrain noradrenaline. It is concluded that a noradrenergic--cholinergic interaction of the muscarinic type exists in brain and may have a function in the control of arousal, with catalepsy at one extreme and locomotor stimulation at the other.", "contents": "Central noradrenergic--cholinergic interaction and locomotor behavior. Depletion of forebrain noradrenaline by intracerebral injection of 4 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine into the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle was found to block the cataleptic effects of the muscarinic cholinergic agonist arecoline and to potentiate the locomotor stimulant effects of the muscarinic cholinergic blocker scopolamine. The nicotinic drugs, mecamylamine, a nicotinic blocker, and nicotine itself were unaffected in their actions by the depletion of forebrain noradrenaline. It is concluded that a noradrenergic--cholinergic interaction of the muscarinic type exists in brain and may have a function in the control of arousal, with catalepsy at one extreme and locomotor stimulation at the other.", "PMID": 572776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10224", "title": "Benzodiazepine receptors in \"emotional\" and \"non-emotional\" mice; comparison of four strains.", "content": "The binding of 3H-diazepam to membrane benzodiazepine receptors was examined in four inbred strains of mice. \"Emotional\" or \"anxious\" BALB/cJ mice had significantly lower specific benzodiazepine binding when compared with three other \"non-emotional\" strains. Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the lower specific benzodiazepine binding is the result of a lower density of receptors in the \"emotional\" BALB/cJ mice. These results reinforce the contention that a system involving the benzodiazepine receptor may play a role in emotional behavior.", "contents": "Benzodiazepine receptors in \"emotional\" and \"non-emotional\" mice; comparison of four strains. The binding of 3H-diazepam to membrane benzodiazepine receptors was examined in four inbred strains of mice. \"Emotional\" or \"anxious\" BALB/cJ mice had significantly lower specific benzodiazepine binding when compared with three other \"non-emotional\" strains. Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the lower specific benzodiazepine binding is the result of a lower density of receptors in the \"emotional\" BALB/cJ mice. These results reinforce the contention that a system involving the benzodiazepine receptor may play a role in emotional behavior.", "PMID": 572777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10225", "title": "The effects of cholinergic agents on morphine-induced circling behavior in the intact mouse.", "content": "The effects of morphine on locomotor activity in mice was studied. It was shown that morphine in this species induces circling, a dose-dependent, stereotyped behavior. At high doses of morphine, mice engaged virtually exclusively in circling uninterrupted by other activities. The effect was modified by muscarinic agents. Blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine potentiated circling while the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine, attenuated it. The mixed muscarinic/nicotinic cholinergic agonist, physostigmine, had no effect on this behavior.", "contents": "The effects of cholinergic agents on morphine-induced circling behavior in the intact mouse. The effects of morphine on locomotor activity in mice was studied. It was shown that morphine in this species induces circling, a dose-dependent, stereotyped behavior. At high doses of morphine, mice engaged virtually exclusively in circling uninterrupted by other activities. The effect was modified by muscarinic agents. Blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine potentiated circling while the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine, attenuated it. The mixed muscarinic/nicotinic cholinergic agonist, physostigmine, had no effect on this behavior.", "PMID": 572778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10226", "title": "Diurnal rhythm of ethanol metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with 2.0 g/kg of ethanol and analyzed 1 h later at 8 specific times of the day showed diurnal rhythms for alcohol concentrations in the blood, urine, brain and liver tissues. The circadian fluctuation noted for the concentrations of blood and tissue ethanol might indicate a diurnal variation in the enzymatic metabolism of ethanol.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm of ethanol metabolism in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with 2.0 g/kg of ethanol and analyzed 1 h later at 8 specific times of the day showed diurnal rhythms for alcohol concentrations in the blood, urine, brain and liver tissues. The circadian fluctuation noted for the concentrations of blood and tissue ethanol might indicate a diurnal variation in the enzymatic metabolism of ethanol.", "PMID": 572779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10227", "title": "A note on the mechanism of action of UV-irradiation of amphibian embryos.", "content": "The actions on amphibian embryos of UV-irradiation, exposure to Li+ or exposure to ouabain show interesting parallels with their effects on spontaneous release at the presynaptic terminals of the neuromuscular junction. It is suggested that these treatments serve to raise intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in these examples, and that UV-promoted abnormalities in embryogenesis are a consequence of changes in [Ca2+]i at critical stages in development.", "contents": "A note on the mechanism of action of UV-irradiation of amphibian embryos. The actions on amphibian embryos of UV-irradiation, exposure to Li+ or exposure to ouabain show interesting parallels with their effects on spontaneous release at the presynaptic terminals of the neuromuscular junction. It is suggested that these treatments serve to raise intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in these examples, and that UV-promoted abnormalities in embryogenesis are a consequence of changes in [Ca2+]i at critical stages in development.", "PMID": 572780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10228", "title": "Effect of p-coumaric acid on immature estrogen treated and cyclic female mice.", "content": "Oral administration of p-coumaric acid to estrogen-primed immature female mice exerts neither estrogenic nor anti-estrogenic activity, but when it is administered to cyclic female mice in single dose at proestrus or in repeated doses, induces alteration in estrus cycle, ovarian and uterine weight and structure.", "contents": "Effect of p-coumaric acid on immature estrogen treated and cyclic female mice. Oral administration of p-coumaric acid to estrogen-primed immature female mice exerts neither estrogenic nor anti-estrogenic activity, but when it is administered to cyclic female mice in single dose at proestrus or in repeated doses, induces alteration in estrus cycle, ovarian and uterine weight and structure.", "PMID": 572781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10229", "title": "Dopamine-agonist drugs and cerebral electrical activity in the rabbit.", "content": "The eeg changes induced by acute administration in rabbits of dopamine-agonist drugs (bromocriptine, apomorphine, piribedil) were studied. We examined the spontaneous electric activity of cortex and deep structures, the electric excitability thresholds and the action of these drugs in \"cerveau isol\u00e9\" rabbit. Eeg findings were correlated with behavioural reactions. The modes of action and the probable double point of attack of the drugs at the CNS are discussed.", "contents": "Dopamine-agonist drugs and cerebral electrical activity in the rabbit. The eeg changes induced by acute administration in rabbits of dopamine-agonist drugs (bromocriptine, apomorphine, piribedil) were studied. We examined the spontaneous electric activity of cortex and deep structures, the electric excitability thresholds and the action of these drugs in \"cerveau isol\u00e9\" rabbit. Eeg findings were correlated with behavioural reactions. The modes of action and the probable double point of attack of the drugs at the CNS are discussed.", "PMID": 572783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10230", "title": "In vivo evaluation of an effervescent intravaginal contraceptive insert by simulated coital activity.", "content": "Sixteen women ages 20 to 41 participated in a project to evaluate the in vivo intravaginal spermicidal effectiveness of nonoxynol-9 foaming suppositories. Testing of each subject was done at 18 different time intervals ranging from 5 seconds to 6 hours following insertion of the vaginal contraceptive. Simulated coitus using a latex dildo was incorporated in the test design to simulate dispersal of the spermicide that occurs during coitus. Semen specimens meeting uniform criteria for sperm count, motility, morphology, and volume were injected intravaginally; three vaginal aspirates were then immediately obtained to evaluate sperm motility microscopically. Maximal spermicidal effectiveness was found between 5 minutes and 1 hour after insertion of the vaginal contraceptive.", "contents": "In vivo evaluation of an effervescent intravaginal contraceptive insert by simulated coital activity. Sixteen women ages 20 to 41 participated in a project to evaluate the in vivo intravaginal spermicidal effectiveness of nonoxynol-9 foaming suppositories. Testing of each subject was done at 18 different time intervals ranging from 5 seconds to 6 hours following insertion of the vaginal contraceptive. Simulated coitus using a latex dildo was incorporated in the test design to simulate dispersal of the spermicide that occurs during coitus. Semen specimens meeting uniform criteria for sperm count, motility, morphology, and volume were injected intravaginally; three vaginal aspirates were then immediately obtained to evaluate sperm motility microscopically. Maximal spermicidal effectiveness was found between 5 minutes and 1 hour after insertion of the vaginal contraceptive.", "PMID": 572784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10231", "title": "Assessment of pituitary function in patients with serum prolactin levels greater than 100 ng/ml.", "content": "Twelve women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea and prolactin levels greater than 100 ng/ml were evaluated with dynamic pituitary challenge testing. Forty-two per cent of the patients had positive findings on polytomography and subsequent surgical confirmation of a pituitary tumor. Patients with tumors had a delayed elevation of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol following induction of insulin hypoglycemia. Patients had increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels after injection of thyrotropin-releasing factor, but showed blunting of prolactin secretion. Patients with tumors had decreased basal levels of GH and showed a blunted response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRF) stimulation. These patients had normal elevations of follicle-stimulating hormone after LRF challenge. Patients with tumors showed a delay in elevation of GH levels following l-dopa treatment. They also failed to show prolactin suppression following this treatment. There are consistently predictive changes that occur in pituitary functions in the presence of a pituitary tumor. However, absolute prolactin levels and sellar polytomography are more reliable in diagnosing the presence of a pituitary tumor in the patient with galactorrhea-amenorrhea.", "contents": "Assessment of pituitary function in patients with serum prolactin levels greater than 100 ng/ml. Twelve women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea and prolactin levels greater than 100 ng/ml were evaluated with dynamic pituitary challenge testing. Forty-two per cent of the patients had positive findings on polytomography and subsequent surgical confirmation of a pituitary tumor. Patients with tumors had a delayed elevation of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol following induction of insulin hypoglycemia. Patients had increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels after injection of thyrotropin-releasing factor, but showed blunting of prolactin secretion. Patients with tumors had decreased basal levels of GH and showed a blunted response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRF) stimulation. These patients had normal elevations of follicle-stimulating hormone after LRF challenge. Patients with tumors showed a delay in elevation of GH levels following l-dopa treatment. They also failed to show prolactin suppression following this treatment. There are consistently predictive changes that occur in pituitary functions in the presence of a pituitary tumor. However, absolute prolactin levels and sellar polytomography are more reliable in diagnosing the presence of a pituitary tumor in the patient with galactorrhea-amenorrhea.", "PMID": 572785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10232", "title": "The effect of transection of the accessory ligaments on reproduction in the rabbit.", "content": "The mesotubarium superius (MTS) and uterovarian ligament (UOL) contain smooth muscle, are mechanically active, and have been implicated in ovum transport in a number of species. To assess the reproductive importance of these ligaments, they were unilaterally transected in 27 rabbits and the effects on reproduction determined. Reproductive function was characterized in terms of the numbers of corpora lutea, uterine implants, and normal conceptuses resulting from breeding with fertile bucks. Fertility was defined by the proportion of ovulating follicles resulting in implantation and normal conceptuses. Grouped and paired sample analyses of these data showed no differences between the experimental and control sides of the reproductive tracts of animals in which the UOL, MTS, or both were transected. The structural integrity of these ligaments is thus not necessary for normal conception and fertility in the rabbit.", "contents": "The effect of transection of the accessory ligaments on reproduction in the rabbit. The mesotubarium superius (MTS) and uterovarian ligament (UOL) contain smooth muscle, are mechanically active, and have been implicated in ovum transport in a number of species. To assess the reproductive importance of these ligaments, they were unilaterally transected in 27 rabbits and the effects on reproduction determined. Reproductive function was characterized in terms of the numbers of corpora lutea, uterine implants, and normal conceptuses resulting from breeding with fertile bucks. Fertility was defined by the proportion of ovulating follicles resulting in implantation and normal conceptuses. Grouped and paired sample analyses of these data showed no differences between the experimental and control sides of the reproductive tracts of animals in which the UOL, MTS, or both were transected. The structural integrity of these ligaments is thus not necessary for normal conception and fertility in the rabbit.", "PMID": 572786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10233", "title": "Age of measles immunization in tropics.", "content": "Maternal immunity to measles was studied in a group of 500 newborn children and another group of 500 children aged one to 12 months, before vaccination. The geometric mean titer of detectable hemagglutination-inhibition antibody was 16 for newborn children. This titer was absent in most children aged 3 to 5 months. Our previous studies indicate that from 1970 to 1972, children from the lower socio-economic classes aged 5 to 9 months were the main target of measles complications and deaths. Based on the present data, we suggest that children in developing countries should be vaccinated as young as 6 months and should be revaccinated 3 to 4 months later to assure full protection.", "contents": "Age of measles immunization in tropics. Maternal immunity to measles was studied in a group of 500 newborn children and another group of 500 children aged one to 12 months, before vaccination. The geometric mean titer of detectable hemagglutination-inhibition antibody was 16 for newborn children. This titer was absent in most children aged 3 to 5 months. Our previous studies indicate that from 1970 to 1972, children from the lower socio-economic classes aged 5 to 9 months were the main target of measles complications and deaths. Based on the present data, we suggest that children in developing countries should be vaccinated as young as 6 months and should be revaccinated 3 to 4 months later to assure full protection.", "PMID": 572788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10234", "title": "[Controlled tests of anti-meningococcal polysaccharide A vaccine in the African Sahel area (Upper Volta and Mali) ].", "content": "After the first tests of this vaccine in Egypt (1972) and in the Sudan (1973), two controlled tests in the field were performed in two high-risk areas for meningitis: --firstly, in the region of Koudougou (Upper-Volta), in November-December 1973 (17,300 vaccines). Its major aim was to solve operational and logistical problems; --secondly, in the Koutiala (Mali) area, according to a very strict schedule, in November-December 1975 and December 1975 (37,979 vaccines). The complete innocuousness of the vaccine was proven and excellent seroconversion was observed after its administration. On the individual level, it was confirmed that the vaccine ensures excellent protection for a period of at least three years. This new prophylactic weapon inspires the authors to suggest a new strategy in the fight against meningitis epidemics caused by meningococcus in the African Sahel area, taking into account the current increase there in serogroup C, against which there is also a vaccine whose efficacy has already been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Controlled tests of anti-meningococcal polysaccharide A vaccine in the African Sahel area (Upper Volta and Mali) ]. After the first tests of this vaccine in Egypt (1972) and in the Sudan (1973), two controlled tests in the field were performed in two high-risk areas for meningitis: --firstly, in the region of Koudougou (Upper-Volta), in November-December 1973 (17,300 vaccines). Its major aim was to solve operational and logistical problems; --secondly, in the Koutiala (Mali) area, according to a very strict schedule, in November-December 1975 and December 1975 (37,979 vaccines). The complete innocuousness of the vaccine was proven and excellent seroconversion was observed after its administration. On the individual level, it was confirmed that the vaccine ensures excellent protection for a period of at least three years. This new prophylactic weapon inspires the authors to suggest a new strategy in the fight against meningitis epidemics caused by meningococcus in the African Sahel area, taking into account the current increase there in serogroup C, against which there is also a vaccine whose efficacy has already been demonstrated.", "PMID": 572789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10235", "title": "Serum requirement for growth and immunoglobulin synthesis by cultured human lymphocyte lines.", "content": "Swine serum is an inexpensive substitute for foetal calf serum for lymphocyte culture. It gives an increased yield of Ig from 1788 cells and permits the large scale production of cells for Ig mRNA isolation.", "contents": "Serum requirement for growth and immunoglobulin synthesis by cultured human lymphocyte lines. Swine serum is an inexpensive substitute for foetal calf serum for lymphocyte culture. It gives an increased yield of Ig from 1788 cells and permits the large scale production of cells for Ig mRNA isolation.", "PMID": 572790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10236", "title": "In vitro capacitation of ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "Prior to fertilization mammalian spermatozoa undergo physiological changes in the female reproductive tract. These changes are collectively known as capacitation. In essence capacitation is a further differentiation that the sperm cell must acquire beyond the maturational changes that it undergoes in the epididymis. Although capacitation in vitro has been easily achieved in rodents, its accomplishment in the rabbit is inconsistent and difficult. We report here successful in vitro capacitation of ejaculated rabbit sperm, assessed by in vitro and in vivo fertilization of rabbit ova. Sperm were used from pooled ejaculates collected from bucks of proven fertility since sperm collected from individual bucks resulted in significant differences in fertilization levels. Conditions favoring in vitro capacitation were: (1) extended incubation time of 12 h, (2) addition of 20% heated rabbit serum to incubation medium, and (3) an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 8% O2, and 87% N2 during incubation. In vitro capacitation of sperm under these conditions resulted in 67% fertilization compared to 89% for control sperm capacitated for 13 h in the uterus.", "contents": "In vitro capacitation of ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa. Prior to fertilization mammalian spermatozoa undergo physiological changes in the female reproductive tract. These changes are collectively known as capacitation. In essence capacitation is a further differentiation that the sperm cell must acquire beyond the maturational changes that it undergoes in the epididymis. Although capacitation in vitro has been easily achieved in rodents, its accomplishment in the rabbit is inconsistent and difficult. We report here successful in vitro capacitation of ejaculated rabbit sperm, assessed by in vitro and in vivo fertilization of rabbit ova. Sperm were used from pooled ejaculates collected from bucks of proven fertility since sperm collected from individual bucks resulted in significant differences in fertilization levels. Conditions favoring in vitro capacitation were: (1) extended incubation time of 12 h, (2) addition of 20% heated rabbit serum to incubation medium, and (3) an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 8% O2, and 87% N2 during incubation. In vitro capacitation of sperm under these conditions resulted in 67% fertilization compared to 89% for control sperm capacitated for 13 h in the uterus.", "PMID": 572791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10237", "title": "[A study of the natural evolution of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Analysis of 100 cases (authors' transl)].", "content": "The authors present a study of the course of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (C.I.O.), diagnosed both through noninvasive (52) and invasive (48 cases) techniques, in 100 patients. The average period of observation (prospective and retrospective) was 8.2 years; in 68 cases prospective inquiries were carried out over an average period of 4.6 years. In 80% of the cases the first symptoms occurred when the patient was under 40, while the first diagnosis and period of observation usually took place between the ages of 20 and 50. The results of this study confirm that CIO is an illness with a slow evolution; the following facts emerge: a) considerable stability of the symptoms; b) low yearly mortality rate (1.8%); c) high rate of survival 10 years after the first onset of the symptoms. The most frequent cause of death is usually sudden, which leads to the supposition that one of the most important elements for prognosis is the identification and treatment of arrhythmias.", "contents": "[A study of the natural evolution of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Analysis of 100 cases (authors' transl)]. The authors present a study of the course of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (C.I.O.), diagnosed both through noninvasive (52) and invasive (48 cases) techniques, in 100 patients. The average period of observation (prospective and retrospective) was 8.2 years; in 68 cases prospective inquiries were carried out over an average period of 4.6 years. In 80% of the cases the first symptoms occurred when the patient was under 40, while the first diagnosis and period of observation usually took place between the ages of 20 and 50. The results of this study confirm that CIO is an illness with a slow evolution; the following facts emerge: a) considerable stability of the symptoms; b) low yearly mortality rate (1.8%); c) high rate of survival 10 years after the first onset of the symptoms. The most frequent cause of death is usually sudden, which leads to the supposition that one of the most important elements for prognosis is the identification and treatment of arrhythmias.", "PMID": 572792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10238", "title": "[The carotidogram in the diagnosis of the juxtavalvular fibrotic aortic stenosis. Report of 47 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological aspect of the carotid pulse has been under study in 47 cases of juxtavalvular aortic stenosis previously confirmed through hemodynamic and surgical examinations. The study included 39 cases of subvalvular fibrous stenosis (subaortic fibrous stenosis) (SAsV) and 8 cases of supravalvular annular aortic stenosis (S AsV). In 75% of both SAsV and SAsV cases the carotid pulse showed a rapid ascent and a finely notched apex, while in 25% of the cases it followed the pattern of a typical valvular stenosis. This is more obvious for the left carotid artery. The morphology of the carotid pulse resulted as independent from the aortic ventricular gradient, but, on the other hand, connected with the simultaneous stenotic involvement of the valvular cusps. The sign possesses not only high sensitivity but also high specificity with regard to juxtavalvular aortic stenoses because it has only been met with in 2 cases of valvular aortic stenosis. The pathophysiological explanation remains as yet obscure.", "contents": "[The carotidogram in the diagnosis of the juxtavalvular fibrotic aortic stenosis. Report of 47 cases (author's transl)]. The morphological aspect of the carotid pulse has been under study in 47 cases of juxtavalvular aortic stenosis previously confirmed through hemodynamic and surgical examinations. The study included 39 cases of subvalvular fibrous stenosis (subaortic fibrous stenosis) (SAsV) and 8 cases of supravalvular annular aortic stenosis (S AsV). In 75% of both SAsV and SAsV cases the carotid pulse showed a rapid ascent and a finely notched apex, while in 25% of the cases it followed the pattern of a typical valvular stenosis. This is more obvious for the left carotid artery. The morphology of the carotid pulse resulted as independent from the aortic ventricular gradient, but, on the other hand, connected with the simultaneous stenotic involvement of the valvular cusps. The sign possesses not only high sensitivity but also high specificity with regard to juxtavalvular aortic stenoses because it has only been met with in 2 cases of valvular aortic stenosis. The pathophysiological explanation remains as yet obscure.", "PMID": 572793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10239", "title": "[Specificity of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the echocardiographic diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to determine the prevalence of sistolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, we evaluated the echocardiographic records of 229 consecutive patients with a variety of cardiovascular conditions. SAM was present in all the 9 patients of this series with hypetrophic cardiomyopathy and in additional 4 patients with other conditions. Their diagnosis were: arterio-venous fistula of the forearm, tetralogy of Fallot, Prinzmetal angina and idiopatic hypercynetic cardio-circulatory state. Thus SAM without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not a rare event in patients undergoing echocardiography. The wide variability of conditions associated with SAM suggests that it represents a functional and aspecific abnormality and does not involve peculiar anatomic factors.", "contents": "[Specificity of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the echocardiographic diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. In order to determine the prevalence of sistolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, we evaluated the echocardiographic records of 229 consecutive patients with a variety of cardiovascular conditions. SAM was present in all the 9 patients of this series with hypetrophic cardiomyopathy and in additional 4 patients with other conditions. Their diagnosis were: arterio-venous fistula of the forearm, tetralogy of Fallot, Prinzmetal angina and idiopatic hypercynetic cardio-circulatory state. Thus SAM without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not a rare event in patients undergoing echocardiography. The wide variability of conditions associated with SAM suggests that it represents a functional and aspecific abnormality and does not involve peculiar anatomic factors.", "PMID": 572794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10240", "title": "Antitumor activity of norditerpenoid dilactones in Podocarpus plants: structure-activity relationship on in vitro cytotoxicity against Yoshida sarcoma.", "content": "The in vitro cytotoxicity of norditerpenoid dilactones isolated from Podocarpus plants was determined against cultured Yoshida sarcoma cells. The dilactones involved 15 natural lactones as well as their derivatives, which include appropriate modifications necessary to the estimation of the structure-activity relationship. The unsaturated system on the B/C ring portion, the dienolide or the epoxyenolide moiety, is essential for the activity, but the gamma-lactone group on the A/B ring portion is not. Other oxygenated substituents on the skeletal carbons, such as hydroxyl, acyloxyl, or epoxide group, also show some significant effect.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of norditerpenoid dilactones in Podocarpus plants: structure-activity relationship on in vitro cytotoxicity against Yoshida sarcoma. The in vitro cytotoxicity of norditerpenoid dilactones isolated from Podocarpus plants was determined against cultured Yoshida sarcoma cells. The dilactones involved 15 natural lactones as well as their derivatives, which include appropriate modifications necessary to the estimation of the structure-activity relationship. The unsaturated system on the B/C ring portion, the dienolide or the epoxyenolide moiety, is essential for the activity, but the gamma-lactone group on the A/B ring portion is not. Other oxygenated substituents on the skeletal carbons, such as hydroxyl, acyloxyl, or epoxide group, also show some significant effect.", "PMID": 572795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10241", "title": "Neodymium-yag laser treatment of experimental canine gastric bleeding. Acute and chronic studies of photocoagulation, penetration, and perforation.", "content": "Determination of the efficacy and safety of endoscopic laser photocoagulation to control upper gastrointestinal bleeding is prerequisite to the general application of this treatment in humans. We studied photocoagulation hemostasis, penetration, and perforation produced by a 55-W neodymium-yag (Nd:YAG) laser to control standardized experimental gastric bleeding lesions in a heparinized canine model. Photocoagulation of bleeding lesions was 100% successful with an application time of 3.56 +/- 1.65 sec (mean +/- SD). Histologic examintion of the gastric wall revealed a depth of injury to the muscularis externa of 40-100% with greater than 2 sec photocoagulation. Continuous photocoagulation exceeding 4 sec produced an 80-100% depth of muscle injury. Perforation of the gastric wall occurred after 9.6 +/- 1.5 sec, and all dogs studied after perforation survived. These studies indicate that Nd:YAG photocoagulation is an effective method to control experimental gastric bleeding lesions with a ratio between mean photocoagulation hemostasis and perforation times of approximatley 1:3. Further studies are required to define the implications of photocoagulation injury to muscle and the role of the gastric serosa in laser applications.", "contents": "Neodymium-yag laser treatment of experimental canine gastric bleeding. Acute and chronic studies of photocoagulation, penetration, and perforation. Determination of the efficacy and safety of endoscopic laser photocoagulation to control upper gastrointestinal bleeding is prerequisite to the general application of this treatment in humans. We studied photocoagulation hemostasis, penetration, and perforation produced by a 55-W neodymium-yag (Nd:YAG) laser to control standardized experimental gastric bleeding lesions in a heparinized canine model. Photocoagulation of bleeding lesions was 100% successful with an application time of 3.56 +/- 1.65 sec (mean +/- SD). Histologic examintion of the gastric wall revealed a depth of injury to the muscularis externa of 40-100% with greater than 2 sec photocoagulation. Continuous photocoagulation exceeding 4 sec produced an 80-100% depth of muscle injury. Perforation of the gastric wall occurred after 9.6 +/- 1.5 sec, and all dogs studied after perforation survived. These studies indicate that Nd:YAG photocoagulation is an effective method to control experimental gastric bleeding lesions with a ratio between mean photocoagulation hemostasis and perforation times of approximatley 1:3. Further studies are required to define the implications of photocoagulation injury to muscle and the role of the gastric serosa in laser applications.", "PMID": 572796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10242", "title": "Mechanisms responsible for antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity to isolated hepatocytes in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis have been found to be cytotoxic for isolated rabbit hepatocytes. Although this reaction has been shown to be of the antibody-dependent type, no autologous serum was added to the assay system and in the present experiments the source of the antibody has been sought. The failure of puromycin to block the reaction argued against a role for antibody synthesised during the culture period, and the demonstration that normal mononuclear cells could become cytotoxic when preincubated in chronic active hepatitis sera was more in favour of the passive acquisition of an antibody from the circulation. Evidence for the existence of free antibody in the sera reacting with hepatocyte surface antigens came from an additional series of experiments in which it was shown that preincubation of hepatocytes in chronic active hepatitis sera rendered them susceptible to damage by normal mononuclear cells. This effect was almost completely abolished by adding a membrane lipoportein fraction of human liver (LSP) to the sera during the preincubation step, suggesting that the LSP contained those antigens on the hepatocyte surface against which the majority of the antibodies were directed.", "contents": "Mechanisms responsible for antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity to isolated hepatocytes in chronic active hepatitis. Lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis have been found to be cytotoxic for isolated rabbit hepatocytes. Although this reaction has been shown to be of the antibody-dependent type, no autologous serum was added to the assay system and in the present experiments the source of the antibody has been sought. The failure of puromycin to block the reaction argued against a role for antibody synthesised during the culture period, and the demonstration that normal mononuclear cells could become cytotoxic when preincubated in chronic active hepatitis sera was more in favour of the passive acquisition of an antibody from the circulation. Evidence for the existence of free antibody in the sera reacting with hepatocyte surface antigens came from an additional series of experiments in which it was shown that preincubation of hepatocytes in chronic active hepatitis sera rendered them susceptible to damage by normal mononuclear cells. This effect was almost completely abolished by adding a membrane lipoportein fraction of human liver (LSP) to the sera during the preincubation step, suggesting that the LSP contained those antigens on the hepatocyte surface against which the majority of the antibodies were directed.", "PMID": 572801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10243", "title": "Small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte levels in cow's milk protein intolerance.", "content": "The mean small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte count in seven children with untreated cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) on a milk-containing diet was significantly higher than 22 control children also having a milk-containing diet. Ten milk-intolerant children on a milk-free diet had a mean intraepithelial lymphocyte count which was significantly lower than the level in the 22 control children on a milk-containing diet. When these 10 children were challenged with cow's milk they relapsed clinically, and in every case the intraepithelial lymphocyte count rose, although it remained within normal limits. Nineteen children on milk-free diets who had recovered from CMPI had a mean lymphocyte count which was also significantly lower than controls on normal diets, suggesting that when milk is remo-ed from the diet the lymphocyte count is low regardless of whether the child is milk sensitive or not. The reaction of intraepithelial lymphocytes to milk in CMPI is markedly different from their response to gluten in coeliac disease.", "contents": "Small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte levels in cow's milk protein intolerance. The mean small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte count in seven children with untreated cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) on a milk-containing diet was significantly higher than 22 control children also having a milk-containing diet. Ten milk-intolerant children on a milk-free diet had a mean intraepithelial lymphocyte count which was significantly lower than the level in the 22 control children on a milk-containing diet. When these 10 children were challenged with cow's milk they relapsed clinically, and in every case the intraepithelial lymphocyte count rose, although it remained within normal limits. Nineteen children on milk-free diets who had recovered from CMPI had a mean lymphocyte count which was also significantly lower than controls on normal diets, suggesting that when milk is remo-ed from the diet the lymphocyte count is low regardless of whether the child is milk sensitive or not. The reaction of intraepithelial lymphocytes to milk in CMPI is markedly different from their response to gluten in coeliac disease.", "PMID": 572802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10244", "title": "[Synthesis of the bis(S-methoxycarbonylthio)-B-chain of beef insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "The bis(S-methoxycarbonylthio)-B-chain of beef insulin was synthesized from B-chain bis(S-sulfonate) and methoxycarbonyl-sulfenylchloride and reacted with thioglycolic acid as well as with cysteine in acidic solution to the corresponding unsymmetrical disulfides in 80% yield.", "contents": "[Synthesis of the bis(S-methoxycarbonylthio)-B-chain of beef insulin (author's transl)]. The bis(S-methoxycarbonylthio)-B-chain of beef insulin was synthesized from B-chain bis(S-sulfonate) and methoxycarbonyl-sulfenylchloride and reacted with thioglycolic acid as well as with cysteine in acidic solution to the corresponding unsymmetrical disulfides in 80% yield.", "PMID": 572807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10245", "title": "The IRS strikes out in court!", "content": "Three organizations that recently took the IRS to court to obtain tax-exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of the code have won their cases--an HMO and a PSRO on the basis of their benefit to the community, and a cooperative hospital laundry because of its connection with tax-exempt institutions and its nonprofit operation.", "contents": "The IRS strikes out in court! Three organizations that recently took the IRS to court to obtain tax-exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of the code have won their cases--an HMO and a PSRO on the basis of their benefit to the community, and a cooperative hospital laundry because of its connection with tax-exempt institutions and its nonprofit operation.", "PMID": 572811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10246", "title": "Heteromorphic X chromosomes in 46,XX males: evidence for the involvement of X-Y interchange.", "content": "G- and R-banded chromosome preparations from eight of twelve 46,XX males, with no evidence of mosaicism or a free Y chromosome, were distinguished in blind trials from preparations from normal 46,XX females by virtue of heteromorphism of the short arm of one X chromosome. Photographic measurements on X chromosomes and on chromosome pair 7 in cells from twelve 46,XX males, eight 46,XX females, and four 46,XY males revealed a significant increase in the size of the p arm of one X chromosome in the group of XX males, independently characterised as being heteromorphic for Xp. No such differences were observed between X chromosomes of normal males and females or between homologues of chromosome pair 7 in all groups. The heteromorphism in XX males is a consequence of an alteration in shape (banding profile) and length of the tip of the short arm of one X chromosome, and the difference in size of the two Xp arms in these 46,XXp+ males ranged from 0.4% to 22.9%. From various considerations, including the demonstration of a Y-specific DNA fragment in DNA digests from nuclei of one of three XX males tested, it is concluded that the Xp+ chromosome is a product of Xp-Yp exchange. These exchanges are assumed to originate at meiosis in the male parent and may involve an exchange of different amounts of material. The consequences of such unequal exchange are considered in terms of the inheritance of genes located on Yp and distal Xp. No obvious phenotypic difference was associated with the presence or absence of Xp+. Thus, some males diagnosed as 46,XX are mosaic for a cryptic Y-containing cell line, and there is now excellent evidence that maleness in others may be a consequence of an autosomal recessive gene. The present data imply that in around 70% of 46,XX males, maleness is a consequence of the inheritance of a paternal X-Y interchange product.", "contents": "Heteromorphic X chromosomes in 46,XX males: evidence for the involvement of X-Y interchange. G- and R-banded chromosome preparations from eight of twelve 46,XX males, with no evidence of mosaicism or a free Y chromosome, were distinguished in blind trials from preparations from normal 46,XX females by virtue of heteromorphism of the short arm of one X chromosome. Photographic measurements on X chromosomes and on chromosome pair 7 in cells from twelve 46,XX males, eight 46,XX females, and four 46,XY males revealed a significant increase in the size of the p arm of one X chromosome in the group of XX males, independently characterised as being heteromorphic for Xp. No such differences were observed between X chromosomes of normal males and females or between homologues of chromosome pair 7 in all groups. The heteromorphism in XX males is a consequence of an alteration in shape (banding profile) and length of the tip of the short arm of one X chromosome, and the difference in size of the two Xp arms in these 46,XXp+ males ranged from 0.4% to 22.9%. From various considerations, including the demonstration of a Y-specific DNA fragment in DNA digests from nuclei of one of three XX males tested, it is concluded that the Xp+ chromosome is a product of Xp-Yp exchange. These exchanges are assumed to originate at meiosis in the male parent and may involve an exchange of different amounts of material. The consequences of such unequal exchange are considered in terms of the inheritance of genes located on Yp and distal Xp. No obvious phenotypic difference was associated with the presence or absence of Xp+. Thus, some males diagnosed as 46,XX are mosaic for a cryptic Y-containing cell line, and there is now excellent evidence that maleness in others may be a consequence of an autosomal recessive gene. The present data imply that in around 70% of 46,XX males, maleness is a consequence of the inheritance of a paternal X-Y interchange product.", "PMID": 572812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10247", "title": "Do the partners of dizygotic schizophrenic twins run a greater risk of schizophrenia than ordinary siblings?", "content": "An exceptionally high incidence in dizygotic co-twins of schizophrenic index cases, together with normal incidence in siblings, was reported by M. Fischer in 1973. Apart from chance fluctuation, a methodological explanation for the difference is suggested.", "contents": "Do the partners of dizygotic schizophrenic twins run a greater risk of schizophrenia than ordinary siblings? An exceptionally high incidence in dizygotic co-twins of schizophrenic index cases, together with normal incidence in siblings, was reported by M. Fischer in 1973. Apart from chance fluctuation, a methodological explanation for the difference is suggested.", "PMID": 572817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10248", "title": "Antibody-containing cell response in lymph of sheep after intra-intestinal infusion of ovalbumin with and without DEAE-dextran.", "content": "The output of antibody-containing cells (ACC) was monitored in efferent ileal lymph after continuous infusion of ovalbumin into the ileum of sheep with and without the adjuvant DEAE-dextran. When ovalbumin was infused at the slow rate of 5 ml/h, maximum outputs of 2.9 x 10(5) and 2.4 x 10(5 ACC/h were observed on days 9 and 16 respectively. When infused at the faster rate of 15 ml/h, peak levels of 6.9 x 10(5) and 11.7 x 10(5) ACC/h were recorded on days 10 and 16 respectively. The maximum response was substantially enhanced when ovalbumin was infused simultaneously with DEAE-dextran when a mean output of 51.7 x 10(5) ACC/h occurred on day 10. With all treatments the distribution of ACC amongst various immunoglobulin classes was similar. During the first few days of the response IgM-specific ACC predominated and later IgG1-specific ACC were most abundant. Throughout the response a substantial proportion (10-81%) of ACC in efferent ileal lymph were IgA-specific.", "contents": "Antibody-containing cell response in lymph of sheep after intra-intestinal infusion of ovalbumin with and without DEAE-dextran. The output of antibody-containing cells (ACC) was monitored in efferent ileal lymph after continuous infusion of ovalbumin into the ileum of sheep with and without the adjuvant DEAE-dextran. When ovalbumin was infused at the slow rate of 5 ml/h, maximum outputs of 2.9 x 10(5) and 2.4 x 10(5 ACC/h were observed on days 9 and 16 respectively. When infused at the faster rate of 15 ml/h, peak levels of 6.9 x 10(5) and 11.7 x 10(5) ACC/h were recorded on days 10 and 16 respectively. The maximum response was substantially enhanced when ovalbumin was infused simultaneously with DEAE-dextran when a mean output of 51.7 x 10(5) ACC/h occurred on day 10. With all treatments the distribution of ACC amongst various immunoglobulin classes was similar. During the first few days of the response IgM-specific ACC predominated and later IgG1-specific ACC were most abundant. Throughout the response a substantial proportion (10-81%) of ACC in efferent ileal lymph were IgA-specific.", "PMID": 572818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10249", "title": "Intestinal response of sheep to intraperitoneal immunization.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to develop an immunization procedure which centrally stimulated the IgA system of sheep with the release of antibody-containing cells (ACC) of the IgA class into intestinal lymph. It was found that intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin resulted in a substantial output of ACC in intestinal lymph. ACC of the IgA class reached a peak 8--9 days after intraperitoneal injection when they comprised 1.4% of cells in lymph. ACC of the IgM and IgG1 classes comprised 3.5 and 2.9% of cells in lymph at this time. The output of ACC of the IgA, IgM and IgG1 classes in lymph at the peak of the response was respectively, 3.7 X 10(6), 9.8 X 10(6) and 8 X 10(6) cells/h. In marked contrast to rats, virtually no ACC appeared in intestinal lymph of sheep following intraduodenal infusion of ovalbumin in animals primed 2 weeks earlier by intraperitoneal injection of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA).", "contents": "Intestinal response of sheep to intraperitoneal immunization. The aim of the present study was to develop an immunization procedure which centrally stimulated the IgA system of sheep with the release of antibody-containing cells (ACC) of the IgA class into intestinal lymph. It was found that intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin resulted in a substantial output of ACC in intestinal lymph. ACC of the IgA class reached a peak 8--9 days after intraperitoneal injection when they comprised 1.4% of cells in lymph. ACC of the IgM and IgG1 classes comprised 3.5 and 2.9% of cells in lymph at this time. The output of ACC of the IgA, IgM and IgG1 classes in lymph at the peak of the response was respectively, 3.7 X 10(6), 9.8 X 10(6) and 8 X 10(6) cells/h. In marked contrast to rats, virtually no ACC appeared in intestinal lymph of sheep following intraduodenal infusion of ovalbumin in animals primed 2 weeks earlier by intraperitoneal injection of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA).", "PMID": 572819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10250", "title": "Histological investigation on the so-called urethral syndrome.", "content": "The urethral syndrome is generally not associated clinically with urethral changes, however, histology often reveals inflammatory or degenerative alterations. The conventionally diagnosed urethral syndrome can certainly be considered to be a synonym of chronic urethritis in adult females. The remarkable histological lesions were rupture of elastic fibers in the submucosa and the vascular wall, and a decrease of acid mucopolysaccharides in each layer of the urethra, accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration.", "contents": "Histological investigation on the so-called urethral syndrome. The urethral syndrome is generally not associated clinically with urethral changes, however, histology often reveals inflammatory or degenerative alterations. The conventionally diagnosed urethral syndrome can certainly be considered to be a synonym of chronic urethritis in adult females. The remarkable histological lesions were rupture of elastic fibers in the submucosa and the vascular wall, and a decrease of acid mucopolysaccharides in each layer of the urethra, accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration.", "PMID": 572820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10251", "title": "Urethral pressure changes in reflex micturition.", "content": "The mechanism and pattern of urethral pressure changes during bladder filling and voiding were investigated in anesthetized female dogs. A series of experiments was performed involving simultaneous recording of intraurethral and intravesical pressures before and after surgical separation of the bladder from the urethra. Similar experiments were done after pharmacologic blockade of the striated muscles, alpha-adrenergic receptors, and autonomic ganglia. The urethral pressure rise during the collection phase and its drop simultaneous with bladder contraction were observed both before and after vesicourethral interruption. Tubocurarine did not block pressure changes recorded in the proximal urethra. Phentolamine did not prevent a urethral pressure drop simultaneous with detrusor contraction. After effective blockade of autonomic ganglia by pentolinium, reflex micturition could not be induced by bladder filling. However subsequent administration of bethanechol chloride induced a bladder pressure rise together with a simultaneous drop of urethral pressure. We conclude that both vesicourethral muscle continuity and autonomic reflexes contribute to the urethral pressure changes during the two phases of bladder activity, passive collection and active expulsion.", "contents": "Urethral pressure changes in reflex micturition. The mechanism and pattern of urethral pressure changes during bladder filling and voiding were investigated in anesthetized female dogs. A series of experiments was performed involving simultaneous recording of intraurethral and intravesical pressures before and after surgical separation of the bladder from the urethra. Similar experiments were done after pharmacologic blockade of the striated muscles, alpha-adrenergic receptors, and autonomic ganglia. The urethral pressure rise during the collection phase and its drop simultaneous with bladder contraction were observed both before and after vesicourethral interruption. Tubocurarine did not block pressure changes recorded in the proximal urethra. Phentolamine did not prevent a urethral pressure drop simultaneous with detrusor contraction. After effective blockade of autonomic ganglia by pentolinium, reflex micturition could not be induced by bladder filling. However subsequent administration of bethanechol chloride induced a bladder pressure rise together with a simultaneous drop of urethral pressure. We conclude that both vesicourethral muscle continuity and autonomic reflexes contribute to the urethral pressure changes during the two phases of bladder activity, passive collection and active expulsion.", "PMID": 572821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10252", "title": "Muscle and liver glycogen content: diurnal variation and endurance.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of diurnal variations of muscle and liver glycogen stores on exercise endurance in male albino rats. Animals were swum to exhaustion at either 0700 or 1900 h, after which samples of soleus, white vastus lateralis, and red vastus lateralis muscles as well as liver were excised and subsequently analyzed for glycogen content. Glycogen content of all tissues from nonexercising control animals was higher in the morning than in the evening. Consequently, animals at 0700 h swam 60% longer than those at 1900 h (209 +/- 20 min vs. 130 +/- 23 min, respectively). However, because the skeletal tissues of the exhausted animals were not totally depleted of glycogen, it was concluded that fatigue under the swim protocol was the result of hypoglycemia secondary to hepatic glycogen depletion. The results of this study demonstrate the physiological consequences of diurnal glycogen fluctuation and establish experimental support for the importance of controlling this variable in rodent exercise investigations.", "contents": "Muscle and liver glycogen content: diurnal variation and endurance. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of diurnal variations of muscle and liver glycogen stores on exercise endurance in male albino rats. Animals were swum to exhaustion at either 0700 or 1900 h, after which samples of soleus, white vastus lateralis, and red vastus lateralis muscles as well as liver were excised and subsequently analyzed for glycogen content. Glycogen content of all tissues from nonexercising control animals was higher in the morning than in the evening. Consequently, animals at 0700 h swam 60% longer than those at 1900 h (209 +/- 20 min vs. 130 +/- 23 min, respectively). However, because the skeletal tissues of the exhausted animals were not totally depleted of glycogen, it was concluded that fatigue under the swim protocol was the result of hypoglycemia secondary to hepatic glycogen depletion. The results of this study demonstrate the physiological consequences of diurnal glycogen fluctuation and establish experimental support for the importance of controlling this variable in rodent exercise investigations.", "PMID": 572822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10253", "title": "The fine structure of macrophage granules in experimental granulomas in rodents.", "content": "Macrophages in granulomas in four rodent species contain cytoplasmic granules with an ordered substructure similar to those previously described in human granuloma macrophages. These appearances, as well as other ultrastructural features of the cells, are compatible with the view that those macrophages have a secretory function.", "contents": "The fine structure of macrophage granules in experimental granulomas in rodents. Macrophages in granulomas in four rodent species contain cytoplasmic granules with an ordered substructure similar to those previously described in human granuloma macrophages. These appearances, as well as other ultrastructural features of the cells, are compatible with the view that those macrophages have a secretory function.", "PMID": 572823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10254", "title": "The mode of action of a new antitumor antibiotic, sporamycin.", "content": "Sporamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, primarily inhibited DNA synthesis, while RNA and protein synthesis were not significantly affected in HeLa S3 cells. The antibiotic also caused strand scission of cellular DNA. However, the effects were not observed when the cells were incubated at 0 degrees C before washing and subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C. The Tm of calf thymus DNA decreased when incubated with sporamycin in vitro. Sporamycin did not affect DNA synthesis in vitro catalyzed by partially purified DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma derived from EHRLICH ascites cells.", "contents": "The mode of action of a new antitumor antibiotic, sporamycin. Sporamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, primarily inhibited DNA synthesis, while RNA and protein synthesis were not significantly affected in HeLa S3 cells. The antibiotic also caused strand scission of cellular DNA. However, the effects were not observed when the cells were incubated at 0 degrees C before washing and subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C. The Tm of calf thymus DNA decreased when incubated with sporamycin in vitro. Sporamycin did not affect DNA synthesis in vitro catalyzed by partially purified DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma derived from EHRLICH ascites cells.", "PMID": 572824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10255", "title": "Evidence for a fatty acid reductase catalyzing the synthesis of aldehydes for the bacterial bioluminescent reaction. Resolution from luciferase and dependence on fatty acids.", "content": "The enzyme responsible for the stimulation by ATP AND NADPH of light emission catalyzed by bacterial luciferase has been partially purified from extracts of the luminescent bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum. The stimulatory activity was found to be stabilized by high concentrations of mercaptoethanol, permitting it to be separated from luciferase into an active and stable form and enabling further characterization of its functional properties. The activity of the enzyme was shown to be dependent not only on ATP and NADPH but also on the presence of a long chain fatty acid, and was inhibited by the addition of NADH and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The specificity for fatty acids, as measured by the stimulation of luciferase activity, had a very limited range, with maximal luminescence being obtained with myristic acid and lower responses being observed only with tridecanoic and pentadecanoic acid. These results provide evidence in vitro for an enzyme in bioluminescent bacteria that functions as a fatty acid reductase converting fatty acids to aldehydes which in turn can be utilized by luciferase in the light-emitting reaction.", "contents": "Evidence for a fatty acid reductase catalyzing the synthesis of aldehydes for the bacterial bioluminescent reaction. Resolution from luciferase and dependence on fatty acids. The enzyme responsible for the stimulation by ATP AND NADPH of light emission catalyzed by bacterial luciferase has been partially purified from extracts of the luminescent bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum. The stimulatory activity was found to be stabilized by high concentrations of mercaptoethanol, permitting it to be separated from luciferase into an active and stable form and enabling further characterization of its functional properties. The activity of the enzyme was shown to be dependent not only on ATP and NADPH but also on the presence of a long chain fatty acid, and was inhibited by the addition of NADH and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The specificity for fatty acids, as measured by the stimulation of luciferase activity, had a very limited range, with maximal luminescence being obtained with myristic acid and lower responses being observed only with tridecanoic and pentadecanoic acid. These results provide evidence in vitro for an enzyme in bioluminescent bacteria that functions as a fatty acid reductase converting fatty acids to aldehydes which in turn can be utilized by luciferase in the light-emitting reaction.", "PMID": 572825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10256", "title": "Cloned pigmented retinal epiehtlium. The role of microfilaments in the differentiation of cell shape.", "content": "3-wk-old clones of pigmented epithelial cells from chick retina can be divided into four zones on the basis of cellular morphology and pigmentation. These zones appear to represent different stages in the re-expression of differentiation: those cells with essentially no differentiated characteristics are at the outer edge and those with the greatest number are at the center. Cells of the colony exhibit three different types of movement when analyzed by time-lapse cinephotomicrography: focal contractions, extension and retraction of apical protrusions, and undulations of the lateral membranes. All the cells of the colony contain microfilaments, 4--7 nm in Diam, which are primarily arranged as apical and basal webs. In addition, less well defined filamentous networks are found in the apical protrusions and lateral interdigitations. When colonies are treated with 10 micrograms/ml of the drug cytochalasin B (CCB), the apical microfilament arrays are disrupted and movement stops. Both phenomena are reversible upon removal of the drug. During the process of redifferentiation, the cells change their shape from squamous to cuboidal, and the greatest change is found where the colony exhibits the greatest number of focal contractions. The evidence suggests that the apical microfilament arrays are directly responsible for the observed movements, particularly the focal contractions, and that focal contractions contribute to the development of the differentiated cellular shape. Possible roles for the other movements are discussed.", "contents": "Cloned pigmented retinal epiehtlium. The role of microfilaments in the differentiation of cell shape. 3-wk-old clones of pigmented epithelial cells from chick retina can be divided into four zones on the basis of cellular morphology and pigmentation. These zones appear to represent different stages in the re-expression of differentiation: those cells with essentially no differentiated characteristics are at the outer edge and those with the greatest number are at the center. Cells of the colony exhibit three different types of movement when analyzed by time-lapse cinephotomicrography: focal contractions, extension and retraction of apical protrusions, and undulations of the lateral membranes. All the cells of the colony contain microfilaments, 4--7 nm in Diam, which are primarily arranged as apical and basal webs. In addition, less well defined filamentous networks are found in the apical protrusions and lateral interdigitations. When colonies are treated with 10 micrograms/ml of the drug cytochalasin B (CCB), the apical microfilament arrays are disrupted and movement stops. Both phenomena are reversible upon removal of the drug. During the process of redifferentiation, the cells change their shape from squamous to cuboidal, and the greatest change is found where the colony exhibits the greatest number of focal contractions. The evidence suggests that the apical microfilament arrays are directly responsible for the observed movements, particularly the focal contractions, and that focal contractions contribute to the development of the differentiated cellular shape. Possible roles for the other movements are discussed.", "PMID": 572829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10257", "title": "Involvement of glutathione in the inhibition of sea urchin egg mitosis by phenyl glyoxal.", "content": "Cell division in fertilized sea urchin eggs was reversibly inhibited when the ketoaldehyde phenyl glyoxal (PG) at a concentration of 0.1 mM was added to eggs for ten minutes prior to the formation of the mitotic spindle. We investigated whether inhibition of mitosis was due to PG binding to the cell surface (as previously suggested by Stein and Berestecky, '74) or to some intracellular effect. When 14C-PG was added to eggs, label was readily taken up into the egg cytoplasm; very little label was associated with the egg surface. In the cytoplasm PG combined with equimolar amounts of reduced glutathione (GSH), decreasing the levels of cellular GSH to less than 15% of normal and accounting for at least 50% of the PG taken up by eggs. The concentrations of oxidized and protein-bound glutathione were unaffected by PG treatment. We showed that glyoxalase enzymes were present in sea urchin eggs and were capable of metabolizing the PG-GSH complex, thereby restoring GSH to normal levels after PG was removed from the sea water. Though some other effect of PG cannot be ruled out, the major fate of PG in eggs was to combine with GSH, and the transient decrease in GSH which resulted could lead to inhibition of mitosis. While other reports (Nath and Rebhun, '76; Oliver et al., '76) have shown that reagents which oxidize GSH disrupt microtubule-related events, our results showed that such inhibition could be caused by decreased GSH levels alone.", "contents": "Involvement of glutathione in the inhibition of sea urchin egg mitosis by phenyl glyoxal. Cell division in fertilized sea urchin eggs was reversibly inhibited when the ketoaldehyde phenyl glyoxal (PG) at a concentration of 0.1 mM was added to eggs for ten minutes prior to the formation of the mitotic spindle. We investigated whether inhibition of mitosis was due to PG binding to the cell surface (as previously suggested by Stein and Berestecky, '74) or to some intracellular effect. When 14C-PG was added to eggs, label was readily taken up into the egg cytoplasm; very little label was associated with the egg surface. In the cytoplasm PG combined with equimolar amounts of reduced glutathione (GSH), decreasing the levels of cellular GSH to less than 15% of normal and accounting for at least 50% of the PG taken up by eggs. The concentrations of oxidized and protein-bound glutathione were unaffected by PG treatment. We showed that glyoxalase enzymes were present in sea urchin eggs and were capable of metabolizing the PG-GSH complex, thereby restoring GSH to normal levels after PG was removed from the sea water. Though some other effect of PG cannot be ruled out, the major fate of PG in eggs was to combine with GSH, and the transient decrease in GSH which resulted could lead to inhibition of mitosis. While other reports (Nath and Rebhun, '76; Oliver et al., '76) have shown that reagents which oxidize GSH disrupt microtubule-related events, our results showed that such inhibition could be caused by decreased GSH levels alone.", "PMID": 572830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10258", "title": "Measurement of formaldehyde concentrations in a subatmospheric steam-formaldehyde autoclave.", "content": "A method has been developed for measuring formaldehyde concentrations in a subatmospheric steam-formaldehyde autoclave. Data obtained using this method indicate that the concentration of formaldehyde in the chamber atmosphere is not homogeneous and that it decreases rapidly with time. The penetration of formaldehyde vapour into narrow tubes has also been investigated and was shown to be dependent on the length-to-bore ratio of the tubes. The formaldehyde concentration within the tubes could be increased by using a lower vacuum in the air removal stage at the beginning of the cycle.", "contents": "Measurement of formaldehyde concentrations in a subatmospheric steam-formaldehyde autoclave. A method has been developed for measuring formaldehyde concentrations in a subatmospheric steam-formaldehyde autoclave. Data obtained using this method indicate that the concentration of formaldehyde in the chamber atmosphere is not homogeneous and that it decreases rapidly with time. The penetration of formaldehyde vapour into narrow tubes has also been investigated and was shown to be dependent on the length-to-bore ratio of the tubes. The formaldehyde concentration within the tubes could be increased by using a lower vacuum in the air removal stage at the beginning of the cycle.", "PMID": 572833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10259", "title": "Primary sarcoma of the heart: a light and electron microscopic study of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of primary malignant cardiac neoplasms are presented. The first, an angiosarcoma of the right atrium, developed in a 44-year-old housewife, who survived 23 days from the time of presentation; diagnosis was made at necropsy. The second, an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the right ventricle, developed in a 17-year-old student; diagnosis was made by angiocardiography. He underwent surgery and cytotoxic and irradiation therapy and died 14 months later.", "contents": "Primary sarcoma of the heart: a light and electron microscopic study of two cases. Two cases of primary malignant cardiac neoplasms are presented. The first, an angiosarcoma of the right atrium, developed in a 44-year-old housewife, who survived 23 days from the time of presentation; diagnosis was made at necropsy. The second, an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the right ventricle, developed in a 17-year-old student; diagnosis was made by angiocardiography. He underwent surgery and cytotoxic and irradiation therapy and died 14 months later.", "PMID": 572834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10260", "title": "Utilization of milk proteins as starting materials for other foodstuffs.", "content": "The modern food-processing industry is placing more and more emphasis upon the utilization of protein ingredients to provide specific functional properties to a wide range of formulated foods. Isolated milk protein products represent an important and valuable source of protein ingredients due to their recognized superior nutritional, organoleptic and functional properties. This paper provides up-to-date information on the quantities, production processes, composition, general properties, and specific functional properties of the major milk protein products, e.g. caseinates, co-precipitates, lactalbumin, whey protein concentrates and milk blends. The subject of chemical and enzymic modification to improve certain functional properties of milk proteins is considered briefly.", "contents": "Utilization of milk proteins as starting materials for other foodstuffs. The modern food-processing industry is placing more and more emphasis upon the utilization of protein ingredients to provide specific functional properties to a wide range of formulated foods. Isolated milk protein products represent an important and valuable source of protein ingredients due to their recognized superior nutritional, organoleptic and functional properties. This paper provides up-to-date information on the quantities, production processes, composition, general properties, and specific functional properties of the major milk protein products, e.g. caseinates, co-precipitates, lactalbumin, whey protein concentrates and milk blends. The subject of chemical and enzymic modification to improve certain functional properties of milk proteins is considered briefly.", "PMID": 572835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10261", "title": "Eosinophilia in maintenance hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Peripheral blood eosinophilia was noted in 38% of a group of maintenance hemodialysis patients, and documented by bone marrow examination. The prevalence of eosinophilia rose with increasing time on hemodialysis. In 3 subjects the phenomenon appeared to be related to dialysis equipment, but the relationship was less clear in the group as a whole. Severe hypersensitivity reactions during dialysis occurred in 2 patients with marked eosinophilia. Possible causes of sensitization in maintenance hemodialysis patients are discussed.", "contents": "Eosinophilia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was noted in 38% of a group of maintenance hemodialysis patients, and documented by bone marrow examination. The prevalence of eosinophilia rose with increasing time on hemodialysis. In 3 subjects the phenomenon appeared to be related to dialysis equipment, but the relationship was less clear in the group as a whole. Severe hypersensitivity reactions during dialysis occurred in 2 patients with marked eosinophilia. Possible causes of sensitization in maintenance hemodialysis patients are discussed.", "PMID": 572836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10262", "title": "Health in old age: how do physicians' ratings and self-ratings compare?", "content": "The present study was designed to provide information on the relationship between self-reports of health and physicians' ratings in an aged sample, and to determine how both of these measures of health relate to longevity. Subjects were 69 survivors (median age = 84.25 years) of a sample of aged twins who had been followed longitudinally since 1947 to 1949. Self-reports of health were found to be significantly correlated with ratings assigned by a physician on the basis of medical records. Both types of measures were predictive of differences in survival time among the younger subjects in the sample, but neither was significantly related to longevity for older subjects. The results suggest that self-reports could provide a valid, cost-effective means of health assessment in studies in which other forms of health information are lacking.", "contents": "Health in old age: how do physicians' ratings and self-ratings compare? The present study was designed to provide information on the relationship between self-reports of health and physicians' ratings in an aged sample, and to determine how both of these measures of health relate to longevity. Subjects were 69 survivors (median age = 84.25 years) of a sample of aged twins who had been followed longitudinally since 1947 to 1949. Self-reports of health were found to be significantly correlated with ratings assigned by a physician on the basis of medical records. Both types of measures were predictive of differences in survival time among the younger subjects in the sample, but neither was significantly related to longevity for older subjects. The results suggest that self-reports could provide a valid, cost-effective means of health assessment in studies in which other forms of health information are lacking.", "PMID": 572838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10263", "title": "A study of the hygienic aspects of the pedagogic process.", "content": "A knowledge of the laws governing changes in the functional state of the organism of pupils during lessons at school is one of the principal bases for solving the hygienic problems of organizing the teaching. The main concern is the dynamics of changes in the actual functional state of the CNS as a result of a whole complex of endogenous and exogenous factors as well as the school work of the pupil itself. Changes in the functional state of the optic and acoustic analysors deserve special attention in this respect because of their great exposure in pedagogical work. The existing interindividual differences in performance and in the work rate of pupils should be solved by an adequate pedagogical approach. Correct use of the principle of differentiated tuition can be a positive contribution to solving some of the topical problems of hygiene of the pedagogical process.", "contents": "A study of the hygienic aspects of the pedagogic process. A knowledge of the laws governing changes in the functional state of the organism of pupils during lessons at school is one of the principal bases for solving the hygienic problems of organizing the teaching. The main concern is the dynamics of changes in the actual functional state of the CNS as a result of a whole complex of endogenous and exogenous factors as well as the school work of the pupil itself. Changes in the functional state of the optic and acoustic analysors deserve special attention in this respect because of their great exposure in pedagogical work. The existing interindividual differences in performance and in the work rate of pupils should be solved by an adequate pedagogical approach. Correct use of the principle of differentiated tuition can be a positive contribution to solving some of the topical problems of hygiene of the pedagogical process.", "PMID": 572839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10264", "title": "Biochemical investigation of the functional state of various subcellular structures as a criterion for the assessment of unfavourable effects of environmental factors.", "content": "Theoretical basis and results of biochemical studies of the enzymic systems of different localization in the cell--both bound with subcellular structures lysosomes--and dissolved in the cytosol--during experimental exposure to some environmental factors (carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphide and others) are presented. It has been suggested to employ the assessment of the functional state of biomembranes of cellular organelles (e. g. lysosomes) and especially the effect of solubilization of membrane-bound enzymes and labilization of lysosomal membranes as one of the biochemical criteria of hygienic assessment of toxic effects and of some forms of delayed effects of environmental contaminants. Simultaneous biochemical investigation of enzyme-markers of subcellular organelles in the tissues of various organs and in biological fluids (blood, urine, seminal and amniotic fluids) permits us to elaborate and recommend for use in hygienic practice new biochemical criteria of unfavourable biological effects of chemical factors of the environment.", "contents": "Biochemical investigation of the functional state of various subcellular structures as a criterion for the assessment of unfavourable effects of environmental factors. Theoretical basis and results of biochemical studies of the enzymic systems of different localization in the cell--both bound with subcellular structures lysosomes--and dissolved in the cytosol--during experimental exposure to some environmental factors (carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphide and others) are presented. It has been suggested to employ the assessment of the functional state of biomembranes of cellular organelles (e. g. lysosomes) and especially the effect of solubilization of membrane-bound enzymes and labilization of lysosomal membranes as one of the biochemical criteria of hygienic assessment of toxic effects and of some forms of delayed effects of environmental contaminants. Simultaneous biochemical investigation of enzyme-markers of subcellular organelles in the tissues of various organs and in biological fluids (blood, urine, seminal and amniotic fluids) permits us to elaborate and recommend for use in hygienic practice new biochemical criteria of unfavourable biological effects of chemical factors of the environment.", "PMID": 572840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10265", "title": "Bacteriocin typing of some Lactobacillus species of the subgenus betabacterium.", "content": "One hundred and forty cultures of L. fermenti, L. brevis, and L. buchneri were tested by the method of delayed antagonism for sensitivity to 39 bacteriocins produced by lactobacillus strains of different species. According to their bacteriocin sensitivity patterns, 84 L. fermenti, 43 L. brevis and 13 L. buchneri cultures were differentiated into 26, 18 and 10 bacteriocin types, respectively. Bacteriocin typing allows not only intraspecific differentiation of L. fermenti, L. brevis and L. buchneri cultures but also a subdivision of their biochemical-physiological variants.", "contents": "Bacteriocin typing of some Lactobacillus species of the subgenus betabacterium. One hundred and forty cultures of L. fermenti, L. brevis, and L. buchneri were tested by the method of delayed antagonism for sensitivity to 39 bacteriocins produced by lactobacillus strains of different species. According to their bacteriocin sensitivity patterns, 84 L. fermenti, 43 L. brevis and 13 L. buchneri cultures were differentiated into 26, 18 and 10 bacteriocin types, respectively. Bacteriocin typing allows not only intraspecific differentiation of L. fermenti, L. brevis and L. buchneri cultures but also a subdivision of their biochemical-physiological variants.", "PMID": 572842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10266", "title": "A comparative study of changes in immunological reactivity during prolonged introduction of radioactive and chemical substances into the organism with drinking water.", "content": "A comparative study of the factors of non-specific protection and specific immunity, allergic and autoallergic reactivity during prolonged introduction into the organism of experimental animals of 6 different radioactive and 7 harmful chemical substances was carried out. Qualitative and quantitative peculiarities were found in the changes in immunological reactivity during exposure of the organism to radionuclides and stable chemical compounds. Impairment of immunity plays a substantial role in the course and outcome of affections provoked by chronic effect of the substances examined.", "contents": "A comparative study of changes in immunological reactivity during prolonged introduction of radioactive and chemical substances into the organism with drinking water. A comparative study of the factors of non-specific protection and specific immunity, allergic and autoallergic reactivity during prolonged introduction into the organism of experimental animals of 6 different radioactive and 7 harmful chemical substances was carried out. Qualitative and quantitative peculiarities were found in the changes in immunological reactivity during exposure of the organism to radionuclides and stable chemical compounds. Impairment of immunity plays a substantial role in the course and outcome of affections provoked by chronic effect of the substances examined.", "PMID": 572841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10267", "title": "Attempt to isolate antierythrocyte antibodies by the method of affinity chromatography. I. IgM--complete antibodies.", "content": "It follows from the results of the present study that erythrocyte stromata can serve as a suitable insoluble immunosorbent of complete antibodies. When using optimum conditions, such as laboratory incubation timperature, suitable buffers for both washing the column prior to absorption and for elution, it is possible to obtain, by means of the chromatographic column with 0.5 ml of erythrocyte stromata suspended in 40 g of silica glass beads (ballotini), fractions devoid of complete antibodies and subsequently to obtain the latter in purified form by elution. In complete anti antibodies, the elution yield amounted to an average of 35% of the initial amount of antibodies. Although the elution yield is not high and non-specific absorption has been demonstrated, the method can be recommended for the isolation of complete antibodies and thus for the production of monospecific sera because it is easy, rapid and inexpensive due to the regeneration ability of the mentioned columns and the relatively long duration of the immunoabsorption capacity of the incorporated erythrocyte stromata.", "contents": "Attempt to isolate antierythrocyte antibodies by the method of affinity chromatography. I. IgM--complete antibodies. It follows from the results of the present study that erythrocyte stromata can serve as a suitable insoluble immunosorbent of complete antibodies. When using optimum conditions, such as laboratory incubation timperature, suitable buffers for both washing the column prior to absorption and for elution, it is possible to obtain, by means of the chromatographic column with 0.5 ml of erythrocyte stromata suspended in 40 g of silica glass beads (ballotini), fractions devoid of complete antibodies and subsequently to obtain the latter in purified form by elution. In complete anti antibodies, the elution yield amounted to an average of 35% of the initial amount of antibodies. Although the elution yield is not high and non-specific absorption has been demonstrated, the method can be recommended for the isolation of complete antibodies and thus for the production of monospecific sera because it is easy, rapid and inexpensive due to the regeneration ability of the mentioned columns and the relatively long duration of the immunoabsorption capacity of the incorporated erythrocyte stromata.", "PMID": 572843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10268", "title": "Prevalence of HBsAg and anti HBs in hospital personnel.", "content": "Of the 473 employees of a Prague hospital, examined for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the antibody to it (anti HBs), 23 (4.9%) were shown to have the antigen and 88 (18.6%) to have the antibody. No differences were found in the prevalence of HBsAg and anti HB according to sex and age, but the percentage of persons with antibodies increased with increasing length of occupation. Significantly higher levels of antibodies were found in persons having direct contact with the patients or their excretions (nurses, laboratory assistants). Positive serological findings were more frequent in employees with a history of falling ill with hepatitis after entering employment in the health services than in persons without this history. In the serological evidence of hepatitis B according to work place, those working in biochemical and haematological laboratories and in the blood transfusion department took first place, followed by persons employed in medical and surgical departments.", "contents": "Prevalence of HBsAg and anti HBs in hospital personnel. Of the 473 employees of a Prague hospital, examined for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the antibody to it (anti HBs), 23 (4.9%) were shown to have the antigen and 88 (18.6%) to have the antibody. No differences were found in the prevalence of HBsAg and anti HB according to sex and age, but the percentage of persons with antibodies increased with increasing length of occupation. Significantly higher levels of antibodies were found in persons having direct contact with the patients or their excretions (nurses, laboratory assistants). Positive serological findings were more frequent in employees with a history of falling ill with hepatitis after entering employment in the health services than in persons without this history. In the serological evidence of hepatitis B according to work place, those working in biochemical and haematological laboratories and in the blood transfusion department took first place, followed by persons employed in medical and surgical departments.", "PMID": 572844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10269", "title": "Laboratory epidemic of toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Mass occurrence ot toxoplasmosis in laboratory employees of a department of genetics was described. Biological material collected for genetic examinations and cultures as cell cultures in media which, if not directly enhancing proliferation of possibly present toxoplasmata during cultivation, at least do not essentially unfavourably influence their viability, is considered to be a potential source of infection.", "contents": "Laboratory epidemic of toxoplasmosis. Mass occurrence ot toxoplasmosis in laboratory employees of a department of genetics was described. Biological material collected for genetic examinations and cultures as cell cultures in media which, if not directly enhancing proliferation of possibly present toxoplasmata during cultivation, at least do not essentially unfavourably influence their viability, is considered to be a potential source of infection.", "PMID": 572845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10270", "title": "Incidence of antibodies to antibiotics in subjects with chronic staphylococcal diseases.", "content": "Antibody response to antibiotics in patients with chronic staphylococcal diseases was studied and the results were compared with the production of specific antibodies. Increased titres of antibodies to antibiotics were found in cases with inadequate antibody response. The possibility of an immunosuppressive effect of antibiotics on the formation of specific antistaphylococcal antibodies is discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of antibodies to antibiotics in subjects with chronic staphylococcal diseases. Antibody response to antibiotics in patients with chronic staphylococcal diseases was studied and the results were compared with the production of specific antibodies. Increased titres of antibodies to antibiotics were found in cases with inadequate antibody response. The possibility of an immunosuppressive effect of antibiotics on the formation of specific antistaphylococcal antibodies is discussed.", "PMID": 572846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10271", "title": "Evaluation of intercellular adhesion with a very simple technique.", "content": "Rosetting techniques are widely used to quantify or purify various lymphocytic subpopulations; however, these techniques cannot discriminate between different receptors of similar specificities and different binding strengths, further, they do not provide any information concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in cell-cell adhesion. This paper describes a very simple technique of assaying rosette stability: cell suspensions are driven with known pressure through a calibrated needle with a syringe. Adhesion is quantified before and after this treatment. This procedure did not damage rat peritoneal cells used in a model system. Further, this method yielded fairly reproducible results and allowed a crude estimate of the force involved in the binding of glutaraldehyde-treated sheep red cells (GSRC) or immunoglobulin-coated sheep red cells (IGSRC) by rat macrophages (an average force of 0.8 x 10(-7) Newton was needed to separate 50% of bound IGSRC from macrophages). Binding and binding strength were found to be independent parameters. Last, this method possibly provided a way of separating two distinct subpopulations of rat macrophages. It is suggested that this technique might be routinely used to refine rosette studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of intercellular adhesion with a very simple technique. Rosetting techniques are widely used to quantify or purify various lymphocytic subpopulations; however, these techniques cannot discriminate between different receptors of similar specificities and different binding strengths, further, they do not provide any information concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in cell-cell adhesion. This paper describes a very simple technique of assaying rosette stability: cell suspensions are driven with known pressure through a calibrated needle with a syringe. Adhesion is quantified before and after this treatment. This procedure did not damage rat peritoneal cells used in a model system. Further, this method yielded fairly reproducible results and allowed a crude estimate of the force involved in the binding of glutaraldehyde-treated sheep red cells (GSRC) or immunoglobulin-coated sheep red cells (IGSRC) by rat macrophages (an average force of 0.8 x 10(-7) Newton was needed to separate 50% of bound IGSRC from macrophages). Binding and binding strength were found to be independent parameters. Last, this method possibly provided a way of separating two distinct subpopulations of rat macrophages. It is suggested that this technique might be routinely used to refine rosette studies.", "PMID": 572848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10272", "title": "on the extracellular sheath of dermal melanocytes in nevus fusco-ceruleus acromiodeltoideus (Ito) and Mongolian spot. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The dermal melanocytes in the lesions of nevus of Ito and Mongolian spot were shown to possess the extracellular sheath composed of both fine filaments and granules (2-5 nm in diameter). In the case of nevus of Ito, the granular component appeared to predominate in the shealth, which measured up to 3 micrometers in width and was estimated to cover about 97% of the total surface of dermal melanocytes. No ultrastructural changes were appreciable on the melanocyte shealth in nevus of Ito according to the difference in the age of patients (39 and 64 years), or in the lasting period of the dermal melanocytosis. By contrast, the melanocyte sheath in the case of Mongolian spot was much less developed than in nevus of Ito, predominantly filamentous in texture, and showed a marked decline with advance of the age of infants (from 2 mo to 6 yr). Many of the dermal melanocytes in Mongolian spot showed a partial disruption of their cytolemma, resulting in discharges of melanosomes free into the connective tissue matrix. Significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the differtial fate of melanocytes within the human dermis.", "contents": "on the extracellular sheath of dermal melanocytes in nevus fusco-ceruleus acromiodeltoideus (Ito) and Mongolian spot. An ultrastructural study. The dermal melanocytes in the lesions of nevus of Ito and Mongolian spot were shown to possess the extracellular sheath composed of both fine filaments and granules (2-5 nm in diameter). In the case of nevus of Ito, the granular component appeared to predominate in the shealth, which measured up to 3 micrometers in width and was estimated to cover about 97% of the total surface of dermal melanocytes. No ultrastructural changes were appreciable on the melanocyte shealth in nevus of Ito according to the difference in the age of patients (39 and 64 years), or in the lasting period of the dermal melanocytosis. By contrast, the melanocyte sheath in the case of Mongolian spot was much less developed than in nevus of Ito, predominantly filamentous in texture, and showed a marked decline with advance of the age of infants (from 2 mo to 6 yr). Many of the dermal melanocytes in Mongolian spot showed a partial disruption of their cytolemma, resulting in discharges of melanosomes free into the connective tissue matrix. Significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the differtial fate of melanocytes within the human dermis.", "PMID": 572849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10273", "title": "Human reticulocyte maturation and its relevance to erythropoietic stress.", "content": "A comparative study of circulating human reticulocytes by phase-contrast microscopic observation and NMB staining revealed two different forms of reticulocytes which could be clearly distinguished by their distinctive morphologic appearance. These were (1) a multilobular motile form and (2) a cup-shaped nonmotile form. Sequential studies of different populations in the circulation of newborns showed that the multilobular form was the youngest and the cup-shaped form the more mature reticulocyte. The multilobular form was found in the circulation only under conditions of erythropoietic stress and could not be detected in the circulation of hematologically normal individuals. The presence of these characteristic forms in peripheral blood can be used as a reliable indicator of transient or persistent erythropoietic stress.", "contents": "Human reticulocyte maturation and its relevance to erythropoietic stress. A comparative study of circulating human reticulocytes by phase-contrast microscopic observation and NMB staining revealed two different forms of reticulocytes which could be clearly distinguished by their distinctive morphologic appearance. These were (1) a multilobular motile form and (2) a cup-shaped nonmotile form. Sequential studies of different populations in the circulation of newborns showed that the multilobular form was the youngest and the cup-shaped form the more mature reticulocyte. The multilobular form was found in the circulation only under conditions of erythropoietic stress and could not be detected in the circulation of hematologically normal individuals. The presence of these characteristic forms in peripheral blood can be used as a reliable indicator of transient or persistent erythropoietic stress.", "PMID": 572850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10274", "title": "Clinical records.", "content": "By facilitating the early detection of an intracranial lesion, electronystagmography contributed to a successful outcome in a thirty-eight-year-old patient who initially presented only with occasional dizzy spells associated with nausea and vomiting, but with no other central nervous system, cardiovascular or otological signs.", "contents": "Clinical records. By facilitating the early detection of an intracranial lesion, electronystagmography contributed to a successful outcome in a thirty-eight-year-old patient who initially presented only with occasional dizzy spells associated with nausea and vomiting, but with no other central nervous system, cardiovascular or otological signs.", "PMID": 572851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10275", "title": "Dynamic characteristics of F-actin and thin filaments in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Measurements of birefringence, ultraviolet dichorism and quasielastic light scattering were carried out on F-actin in solution and on the thin filaments of glycerinated myofibrils. The birefringence of the I-bands of myofibrils was of the same order of magnitude as that of F-actin or the F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex oriented in vitro at the same concentration. The ultraviolet dichroism spectrum of the I-bands was very similar to that of F-actin or the F-actin complex in vitro, which is due to orientation of bound ADP and tryptophan residues in F-actin. Quasielastic light scattering measurements, electronmicroscopic observations and the analyses of the electro-optic effect of the I-bands suggested approximately the same flexibility for F-actin in vitro and for the thin filaments in vivo. These optical measurements which were made under various conditions provide evidence for a conformational change induced by calcium ions in F-actin both in vivo and in vitro. This conformational change was found to be amplified by the interaction of F-actin with myosin. This is a brief review of our investigation on the dynamics of F-actin and the thin filament in vivo and in vitro by optical methods.", "contents": "Dynamic characteristics of F-actin and thin filaments in vivo and in vitro. Measurements of birefringence, ultraviolet dichorism and quasielastic light scattering were carried out on F-actin in solution and on the thin filaments of glycerinated myofibrils. The birefringence of the I-bands of myofibrils was of the same order of magnitude as that of F-actin or the F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex oriented in vitro at the same concentration. The ultraviolet dichroism spectrum of the I-bands was very similar to that of F-actin or the F-actin complex in vitro, which is due to orientation of bound ADP and tryptophan residues in F-actin. Quasielastic light scattering measurements, electronmicroscopic observations and the analyses of the electro-optic effect of the I-bands suggested approximately the same flexibility for F-actin in vitro and for the thin filaments in vivo. These optical measurements which were made under various conditions provide evidence for a conformational change induced by calcium ions in F-actin both in vivo and in vitro. This conformational change was found to be amplified by the interaction of F-actin with myosin. This is a brief review of our investigation on the dynamics of F-actin and the thin filament in vivo and in vitro by optical methods.", "PMID": 572853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10276", "title": "Dielectric dispersion of actin.", "content": "The dielectric dispersion of G-actin was 7 X 10(6) Hz, and the low frequency reduced dielectric increment 0.99 +/- 0.15 ml/mg. The dielectric increment of F-actin in the range 10(5) to 10(8) Hz was very low, about 0.3.", "contents": "Dielectric dispersion of actin. The dielectric dispersion of G-actin was 7 X 10(6) Hz, and the low frequency reduced dielectric increment 0.99 +/- 0.15 ml/mg. The dielectric increment of F-actin in the range 10(5) to 10(8) Hz was very low, about 0.3.", "PMID": 572854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10277", "title": "Plasma concentrations of ovarian hormones during the oestrous cycle of the sheep and cow.", "content": "Measurements were made of the plasma concentrations of testosterone, progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta during the oestrous cycle of the ewe, and of the plasma concentrations of testosterone and progesterone during the oestrous cycle of the heifer. The maximum concentration of progesterone in the heifer was nearly twice that in the ewe. The maximum concentration of testosterone was similar in both species and occurred at the onset of luteolysis; in the ewe the peak concentration of 19.5 ng/ml plasma was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than the concentrations of testosterone measured during the remainder of the oestrous cycle.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of ovarian hormones during the oestrous cycle of the sheep and cow. Measurements were made of the plasma concentrations of testosterone, progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta during the oestrous cycle of the ewe, and of the plasma concentrations of testosterone and progesterone during the oestrous cycle of the heifer. The maximum concentration of progesterone in the heifer was nearly twice that in the ewe. The maximum concentration of testosterone was similar in both species and occurred at the onset of luteolysis; in the ewe the peak concentration of 19.5 ng/ml plasma was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than the concentrations of testosterone measured during the remainder of the oestrous cycle.", "PMID": 572858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10278", "title": "Electrochemical deposition of iron onto rat oxytocinergic neurones does not result in milk-ejection.", "content": "Exposure of the preoptic-tuberoinfundibular system to iron ions causes ovulation in the pro-oestrous rat. This electrochemical treatment has been used frequently to study the way that the hypothalamus triggers secretion of gonadotrophic hormone and most investigators have assumed that the effect is mediated by the direct excitation of those neurones exposed to the cation. The present paper reports experiments designed to confirm that iron directly excites hypothalamic neurones to the firing frequencies essential for ovulation. Because of the difficulty of measuring input-output relationships in the diffuse preoptic-tuberoinfundibular system the experiments were performed on the anatomically distinct oxytocinergic neurones of the paraventricular-hypophysial tract in lactating rats. These neurones were simulated electrically (from 10 to 50 Hz for between 1 and 300 s) and subjected to the electrochemical treatment by depositing iron ions from the tip of the stimulating electrode (up to 250 muA anodal current for between 60 and 180 s). Changes in intramammary pressure were used to indicate oxytocin release and mammary glands were calibrated for sensitivity by intravenous injection of oxytocin. Electrical stimulation in excess of about 15 Hz invariably caused release of sufficient oxytocin to cause a rise in intramammary pressure. In contrast, no changes in pressure were observed during or after the electrochemical deposition of iron. The results suggest that the response of hypothalamic neurones to electrochemical treatment is not the same as their response to electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Electrochemical deposition of iron onto rat oxytocinergic neurones does not result in milk-ejection. Exposure of the preoptic-tuberoinfundibular system to iron ions causes ovulation in the pro-oestrous rat. This electrochemical treatment has been used frequently to study the way that the hypothalamus triggers secretion of gonadotrophic hormone and most investigators have assumed that the effect is mediated by the direct excitation of those neurones exposed to the cation. The present paper reports experiments designed to confirm that iron directly excites hypothalamic neurones to the firing frequencies essential for ovulation. Because of the difficulty of measuring input-output relationships in the diffuse preoptic-tuberoinfundibular system the experiments were performed on the anatomically distinct oxytocinergic neurones of the paraventricular-hypophysial tract in lactating rats. These neurones were simulated electrically (from 10 to 50 Hz for between 1 and 300 s) and subjected to the electrochemical treatment by depositing iron ions from the tip of the stimulating electrode (up to 250 muA anodal current for between 60 and 180 s). Changes in intramammary pressure were used to indicate oxytocin release and mammary glands were calibrated for sensitivity by intravenous injection of oxytocin. Electrical stimulation in excess of about 15 Hz invariably caused release of sufficient oxytocin to cause a rise in intramammary pressure. In contrast, no changes in pressure were observed during or after the electrochemical deposition of iron. The results suggest that the response of hypothalamic neurones to electrochemical treatment is not the same as their response to electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 572859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10279", "title": "Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone during the breeding season in ewes immunized against androstenedione or testosterone.", "content": "Levels of plasma LH, FSH and progesterone during the breeding season were measured by radioimmunoassay in control ewes and ewes actively immunized against androstenedione-11 alpha-hemisuccinyl--bovine serum albumin or testosterone-3(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin. Immunization against androstenedione resulted in normal oestrous cycles with raised plasma LH and progesterone levels and a reduction in the concentration of FSH during the luteal phase. It is tentatively suggested that androstenedione, or its metabolites, could modify the oestrogenic control of LH secretion and facilitate the release of FSH in the ewe. Immunization against testosterone prevented oestrus and resulted in markedly increased levels of LH without alteration of the FSH concentration. Since evidence of increased binding of oestradiol-17 beta was found in the ewes immunized against testosterone, these results cannot be attributed solely to a reduction in the biologically active faction of testosterone.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone during the breeding season in ewes immunized against androstenedione or testosterone. Levels of plasma LH, FSH and progesterone during the breeding season were measured by radioimmunoassay in control ewes and ewes actively immunized against androstenedione-11 alpha-hemisuccinyl--bovine serum albumin or testosterone-3(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin. Immunization against androstenedione resulted in normal oestrous cycles with raised plasma LH and progesterone levels and a reduction in the concentration of FSH during the luteal phase. It is tentatively suggested that androstenedione, or its metabolites, could modify the oestrogenic control of LH secretion and facilitate the release of FSH in the ewe. Immunization against testosterone prevented oestrus and resulted in markedly increased levels of LH without alteration of the FSH concentration. Since evidence of increased binding of oestradiol-17 beta was found in the ewes immunized against testosterone, these results cannot be attributed solely to a reduction in the biologically active faction of testosterone.", "PMID": 572860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10280", "title": "Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during anoestrus in ewes actively immunized against oestradiol-17 beta, oestrone or testosterone.", "content": "The concentrations of LH and FSH in jugular venous plasma were measured during anoestrus in control ewes and ewes actively immunized against 17 beta-oestradiol-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin, oestrone-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin or testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin. During a 12 h sampling period, the basal level of LH and the frequency of LH pulses were significantly increased in all the immunized animals. The plasma FSH concentration was increased in two out of five oestradiol-immunized ewes and two out of three oestrone-immunized animals. The plasma FSH concentration in the testosterone-immunized animals was similar to the control values. Significant titres of antibodies to oestradiol-17 beta were found in all the immunized animals. It is suggested that binding of oestradiol-17 beta in the circulation by antibodies reduced the negative feedback action normally eserted by this steroid on LH secretion and, to a lesser extent, on FSH escretion. However, since the oestradiol antibody titres in the testosterone-immunized and oestrone-immunized ewes were considerably lower than those found in the oestradiol-immunized animals, it is possible that testosterone and oestrone, perhaps by acting as prehormones, could influence the negative feedback control by oestradiol-17 beta of gonadotrophin secretion in the anoestrous ewe.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during anoestrus in ewes actively immunized against oestradiol-17 beta, oestrone or testosterone. The concentrations of LH and FSH in jugular venous plasma were measured during anoestrus in control ewes and ewes actively immunized against 17 beta-oestradiol-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin, oestrone-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin or testosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime--bovine serum albumin. During a 12 h sampling period, the basal level of LH and the frequency of LH pulses were significantly increased in all the immunized animals. The plasma FSH concentration was increased in two out of five oestradiol-immunized ewes and two out of three oestrone-immunized animals. The plasma FSH concentration in the testosterone-immunized animals was similar to the control values. Significant titres of antibodies to oestradiol-17 beta were found in all the immunized animals. It is suggested that binding of oestradiol-17 beta in the circulation by antibodies reduced the negative feedback action normally eserted by this steroid on LH secretion and, to a lesser extent, on FSH escretion. However, since the oestradiol antibody titres in the testosterone-immunized and oestrone-immunized ewes were considerably lower than those found in the oestradiol-immunized animals, it is possible that testosterone and oestrone, perhaps by acting as prehormones, could influence the negative feedback control by oestradiol-17 beta of gonadotrophin secretion in the anoestrous ewe.", "PMID": 572861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10281", "title": "Glucocorticosteroid receptors in the liver of normal and decapitated rabbit foetuses.", "content": "The affinity and the number of receptor sites for the synthetic steroid triamcinolone acetonide were studied in the livers of foetal rabbits. Twenty-two-, 24- and 29-day-old control and 29-day-old foetuses decapitated on day 22 were used to determine whether a change in steroid receptors occurs in the liver when it accumulates glycogen, and whether decapitation impairs such a change. Steroid receptors were found as early as day 22, when they were as numerous (0.091 pmol/mg protein) as on days 24 (0.098 pmol/mg) and 29 (0.104 pmol/mg). The binding affinity was found to be slightly higher on day 24 than on day 22 and it remained the same on days 24 and 29. The binding affinity of the receptors was the same in decapitated foetuses as in 29-day-old controls but the number of sites was slightly lower. The labelled steroid was transferred to the nucleus of the liver cells in vivo. It seems unlikely that steroid receptors are the limiting factor preventing the accumulation of glycogen in the liver of the rabbit foetus before day 26 or after decapitation.", "contents": "Glucocorticosteroid receptors in the liver of normal and decapitated rabbit foetuses. The affinity and the number of receptor sites for the synthetic steroid triamcinolone acetonide were studied in the livers of foetal rabbits. Twenty-two-, 24- and 29-day-old control and 29-day-old foetuses decapitated on day 22 were used to determine whether a change in steroid receptors occurs in the liver when it accumulates glycogen, and whether decapitation impairs such a change. Steroid receptors were found as early as day 22, when they were as numerous (0.091 pmol/mg protein) as on days 24 (0.098 pmol/mg) and 29 (0.104 pmol/mg). The binding affinity was found to be slightly higher on day 24 than on day 22 and it remained the same on days 24 and 29. The binding affinity of the receptors was the same in decapitated foetuses as in 29-day-old controls but the number of sites was slightly lower. The labelled steroid was transferred to the nucleus of the liver cells in vivo. It seems unlikely that steroid receptors are the limiting factor preventing the accumulation of glycogen in the liver of the rabbit foetus before day 26 or after decapitation.", "PMID": 572862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10282", "title": "Rat defensive behavior: burying noxious food.", "content": "In Experiment 1, rats living in chambers containing bedding material were injected with a toxicosis-producing dose of lithium chloride shortly after their initial taste of sweetened condensed milk. They consumed no additional milk and used the bedding to bury the spout through which the milk had been delivered, although they did not bury a concurrently available water spout. In another control condition, rats did not bury a spout containing a novel solution (saccharin) not paired with toxicosis. In Experiment 2, rats did not bury a milk spout until milk consumption was followed by toxicosis. In Experiment 3, rats buried a spout containing Tabasco pepper sauce but not a concurrently available water spout. Thus, burying the food source appears to be an integral component of the rat's defensive reaction to noxious food.", "contents": "Rat defensive behavior: burying noxious food. In Experiment 1, rats living in chambers containing bedding material were injected with a toxicosis-producing dose of lithium chloride shortly after their initial taste of sweetened condensed milk. They consumed no additional milk and used the bedding to bury the spout through which the milk had been delivered, although they did not bury a concurrently available water spout. In another control condition, rats did not bury a spout containing a novel solution (saccharin) not paired with toxicosis. In Experiment 2, rats did not bury a milk spout until milk consumption was followed by toxicosis. In Experiment 3, rats buried a spout containing Tabasco pepper sauce but not a concurrently available water spout. Thus, burying the food source appears to be an integral component of the rat's defensive reaction to noxious food.", "PMID": 572863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10283", "title": "Age-related changes in ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins in normal and neonatally estrogenized mice.", "content": "Young ovariectomized mice were transplanted with ovaries obtained from either neonatally estrogenized or normal mice at different ages. Cyclic estrus ensued in 71% of the mice receiving ovarian grafts from 3-month-old normal donors. If donors were 12, 15 and 20 months old, cyclic estrus took place in 15, 10 and 0% of the recipients, respectively. By contrast, after transplantation of ovaries from neonatally estrogenized mice, and 3, 12 or 15 months, cyclic estrus occurred in about 42-48% of the recipients regardless of the age of donors. Three of 17 recipients receiving ovarian grafts from 20-month-old neonatally estrogenized donors still showed cyclic estrus. Therefore, in neonatally estrogenized mice, decline of ovarian responsiveness to circulating gonadotropins appears to be inhibited or delayed until at least 15 months of age.", "contents": "Age-related changes in ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins in normal and neonatally estrogenized mice. Young ovariectomized mice were transplanted with ovaries obtained from either neonatally estrogenized or normal mice at different ages. Cyclic estrus ensued in 71% of the mice receiving ovarian grafts from 3-month-old normal donors. If donors were 12, 15 and 20 months old, cyclic estrus took place in 15, 10 and 0% of the recipients, respectively. By contrast, after transplantation of ovaries from neonatally estrogenized mice, and 3, 12 or 15 months, cyclic estrus occurred in about 42-48% of the recipients regardless of the age of donors. Three of 17 recipients receiving ovarian grafts from 20-month-old neonatally estrogenized donors still showed cyclic estrus. Therefore, in neonatally estrogenized mice, decline of ovarian responsiveness to circulating gonadotropins appears to be inhibited or delayed until at least 15 months of age.", "PMID": 572864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10284", "title": "In vitro fertilization of two species of deer mouse eggs by homologous or heterologous sperm and penetration of laboratory mouse eggs by deer mouse sperm.", "content": "Newly ovulated eggs from immature deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus) and mature laboratory mice (Mus musculus) treated with PMSG and HCG were inseminated in vitro with spermatozoa recovered from the cauda epididymidis of mature males. The time required for capacitation of deer mouse sperm in culture was estimated to be about two to five hours based on the dispersal of sperm agglutination and increase of sperm motility. The rate of sperm penetration through the zona pellucida of deer mouse eggs by homologous or heterologous sperm was relatively high (72-91%) but that of laboratory mouse eggs by deer mouse sperm was low (20-21%). After penetration through the zona pellucida, a high proportion of deer mouse eggs (79-93%) were fertilized by homologous or heterologous deer mouse sperm but no laboratory mouse eggs were fertilized by sperm of two species of deer mice. The zona pellucida was dissolved in a higher proportion of laboratory mouse eggs cultured with P. maniculatus (45%) than with P. polionotus sperm (3.4%), but this did not happen by incubation of deer mouse eggs with homologous or heterologous sperm. It seems that there is little difference in sperm penetration and fertilization between these two closely related species of deer mice but the reactions between the mouse eggs and deer mouse sperm are quite different.", "contents": "In vitro fertilization of two species of deer mouse eggs by homologous or heterologous sperm and penetration of laboratory mouse eggs by deer mouse sperm. Newly ovulated eggs from immature deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus) and mature laboratory mice (Mus musculus) treated with PMSG and HCG were inseminated in vitro with spermatozoa recovered from the cauda epididymidis of mature males. The time required for capacitation of deer mouse sperm in culture was estimated to be about two to five hours based on the dispersal of sperm agglutination and increase of sperm motility. The rate of sperm penetration through the zona pellucida of deer mouse eggs by homologous or heterologous sperm was relatively high (72-91%) but that of laboratory mouse eggs by deer mouse sperm was low (20-21%). After penetration through the zona pellucida, a high proportion of deer mouse eggs (79-93%) were fertilized by homologous or heterologous deer mouse sperm but no laboratory mouse eggs were fertilized by sperm of two species of deer mice. The zona pellucida was dissolved in a higher proportion of laboratory mouse eggs cultured with P. maniculatus (45%) than with P. polionotus sperm (3.4%), but this did not happen by incubation of deer mouse eggs with homologous or heterologous sperm. It seems that there is little difference in sperm penetration and fertilization between these two closely related species of deer mice but the reactions between the mouse eggs and deer mouse sperm are quite different.", "PMID": 572865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10285", "title": "Diurnal variation in large granulated vesicles in sympathetic nerve fibers of the mouse pineal--quantitative electron micrsocopic observations.", "content": "Quantitative electron microscopic studies of the sympathetic nerve fibers of the mouse pineal demonstrated a marked diurnal rhythm in the number of the large granulated vesicles of 80 to 150 nm diameter. The number of these vesicles showed its minimum at the middle and the end of the dark period and its maximum at the end of the light period, respectively. The large non-granulated spherical and elliptical vesicles were almost constant in number throughout the day.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in large granulated vesicles in sympathetic nerve fibers of the mouse pineal--quantitative electron micrsocopic observations. Quantitative electron microscopic studies of the sympathetic nerve fibers of the mouse pineal demonstrated a marked diurnal rhythm in the number of the large granulated vesicles of 80 to 150 nm diameter. The number of these vesicles showed its minimum at the middle and the end of the dark period and its maximum at the end of the light period, respectively. The large non-granulated spherical and elliptical vesicles were almost constant in number throughout the day.", "PMID": 572866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10286", "title": "Histopathological types of cardiac fibrosis in myocardial disease.", "content": "Myocardial fibrosis is a frequently observed pathologic finding. It is a common practice to differentiate macroscopic scarring and microscopic scarring, but there has been little attempt to distinguish the various types of interstitial fibrosis, and to determine their prevalence in different cardiac disorders. In this study, we have semiquantitatively assessed microscopic scarring, interfibre and perivascular fibrosis and a distinctive type of plexiform fibrosis. We examined ten hearts with congestive cardiomyopathy, ten with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ten with severe valvular aortic stenosis and ten normal hearts. Perivascular and interfibre fibrosis were quantitatively closely linked and most marked in the congestive cardiomyopathy and the valvular aortic stenosis groups. Plexiform fibrosis occurred maximally in the hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy group, closely associated with myocardium exhibiting muscle fibre disarray. Our study demonstrates that although different types of interstitial fibrosis have particular associations with certain disease entities, the associations are not specific. The recognition of the prevalence of one or more types of interstitial fibrosis may, however, assist in the histopathologic diagnosis of certain myocardial disorders.", "contents": "Histopathological types of cardiac fibrosis in myocardial disease. Myocardial fibrosis is a frequently observed pathologic finding. It is a common practice to differentiate macroscopic scarring and microscopic scarring, but there has been little attempt to distinguish the various types of interstitial fibrosis, and to determine their prevalence in different cardiac disorders. In this study, we have semiquantitatively assessed microscopic scarring, interfibre and perivascular fibrosis and a distinctive type of plexiform fibrosis. We examined ten hearts with congestive cardiomyopathy, ten with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ten with severe valvular aortic stenosis and ten normal hearts. Perivascular and interfibre fibrosis were quantitatively closely linked and most marked in the congestive cardiomyopathy and the valvular aortic stenosis groups. Plexiform fibrosis occurred maximally in the hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy group, closely associated with myocardium exhibiting muscle fibre disarray. Our study demonstrates that although different types of interstitial fibrosis have particular associations with certain disease entities, the associations are not specific. The recognition of the prevalence of one or more types of interstitial fibrosis may, however, assist in the histopathologic diagnosis of certain myocardial disorders.", "PMID": 572867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10287", "title": "Acquired carbohydrate intolerance and cow milk protein-sensitive enteropathy in young infants.", "content": "Sixty infants with acquired carbohydrate intolerance, 19 with protracted diarrhea, and 41 with features indistinguishable from acute infectious enteritis, were maintained on a lactose-free and cow milk protein-free formula for about eight weeks, after which jejunal biopsies were performed before and after oral provocation with cow milk protein. Following provocation, 43 infants showed mucocal abnormalities associated with marked reduction in the levels of all three disaccharidases. In one infant, mucosal change was unaccompanied by enzyme depletion. Six infants had enzyme depletion without visible mucosal changes. In ten infants the intestinal mucosa remained normal and there was no consistent pattern of change in the enzyme levels. The findings suggest that cow milk protein has a deleterious effect on the small bowel mucosa of young infants recovering from enteritis and may be an important contributing cause of acquired carbohydrate intolerance in these infants. In the management of young infants with acquired carbohydrate intolerance both the offending sugar and protein should be excluded.", "contents": "Acquired carbohydrate intolerance and cow milk protein-sensitive enteropathy in young infants. Sixty infants with acquired carbohydrate intolerance, 19 with protracted diarrhea, and 41 with features indistinguishable from acute infectious enteritis, were maintained on a lactose-free and cow milk protein-free formula for about eight weeks, after which jejunal biopsies were performed before and after oral provocation with cow milk protein. Following provocation, 43 infants showed mucocal abnormalities associated with marked reduction in the levels of all three disaccharidases. In one infant, mucosal change was unaccompanied by enzyme depletion. Six infants had enzyme depletion without visible mucosal changes. In ten infants the intestinal mucosa remained normal and there was no consistent pattern of change in the enzyme levels. The findings suggest that cow milk protein has a deleterious effect on the small bowel mucosa of young infants recovering from enteritis and may be an important contributing cause of acquired carbohydrate intolerance in these infants. In the management of young infants with acquired carbohydrate intolerance both the offending sugar and protein should be excluded.", "PMID": 572868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10288", "title": "Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex on stimulation in the brain stem defence centre.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized cats, the pattern of cardiovascular response characteristic of the defence reaction has been elicited by localized electrical stimulation within the appropriate region of the hypothalamus. The baroreceptor reflex response has been elicited by raising the pressure in a blind sac preparation of the carotid sinus or by electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve.2. In addition to arterial blood pressure, heart rate and regional blood flows, activity was recorded in cardiac and renal sympathetic nerves, to assess more precisely the cardiomotor and vasomotor changes during interactions between brain stem stimulation and baroreceptor activation.3. The sympatho-inhibitory and depressor effects of carotid sinus stimulation or electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve could be completely suppressed by stimulation within the hypothalamic defence area, as could the reflex bradycardia. It is concluded that this suppression is effected through the central nervous system.4. Stimulation at points in the hypothalamus close to, but outside, the defence area, and which elicited increases in arterial pressure and sympathetic activity of similar magnitude to those from the defence area itself, did not abolish the sympatho-inhibitory or depressor effects of baroreceptor activation, though the reflex bradycardia was usually inhibited. It is suggested that this less localized change results from augmentation of the central inspiratory drive which inhibits the vagal outflow to the heart.", "contents": "Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex on stimulation in the brain stem defence centre. 1. In anaesthetized cats, the pattern of cardiovascular response characteristic of the defence reaction has been elicited by localized electrical stimulation within the appropriate region of the hypothalamus. The baroreceptor reflex response has been elicited by raising the pressure in a blind sac preparation of the carotid sinus or by electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve.2. In addition to arterial blood pressure, heart rate and regional blood flows, activity was recorded in cardiac and renal sympathetic nerves, to assess more precisely the cardiomotor and vasomotor changes during interactions between brain stem stimulation and baroreceptor activation.3. The sympatho-inhibitory and depressor effects of carotid sinus stimulation or electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve could be completely suppressed by stimulation within the hypothalamic defence area, as could the reflex bradycardia. It is concluded that this suppression is effected through the central nervous system.4. Stimulation at points in the hypothalamus close to, but outside, the defence area, and which elicited increases in arterial pressure and sympathetic activity of similar magnitude to those from the defence area itself, did not abolish the sympatho-inhibitory or depressor effects of baroreceptor activation, though the reflex bradycardia was usually inhibited. It is suggested that this less localized change results from augmentation of the central inspiratory drive which inhibits the vagal outflow to the heart.", "PMID": 572871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10289", "title": "Maintenance of functional corpora lutea in androgenized female rats treated with OMSG.", "content": "Rats were androgenized by injection of 50 micrograms testosterone propionate on the 5th day after birth and when adult were treated with 5 i.u. PMSG; some of the animals were mated. Serum was obtained daily and the concentrations of progesterone, 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and prolactin, estimated by radioimmunoassays, were compared to values found for mated, but not ovulating, androgenized females and those for normal pregnant females. Ovulation and luteinization of follicles occurred. The concentration of progesterone increased after the injection  of PMSG and remained elevated for at least 10 days; mating did not alter the progesterone levels. The concentration of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone was also elevated but the ratio of the level of progesterone to this steroid was generally greater than unity. Prolatin levels were elevated in the rats which ovulated. It is concluded that the corpora lutea induced in androgenized females by PMSG are functional and maintained.", "contents": "Maintenance of functional corpora lutea in androgenized female rats treated with OMSG. Rats were androgenized by injection of 50 micrograms testosterone propionate on the 5th day after birth and when adult were treated with 5 i.u. PMSG; some of the animals were mated. Serum was obtained daily and the concentrations of progesterone, 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and prolactin, estimated by radioimmunoassays, were compared to values found for mated, but not ovulating, androgenized females and those for normal pregnant females. Ovulation and luteinization of follicles occurred. The concentration of progesterone increased after the injection  of PMSG and remained elevated for at least 10 days; mating did not alter the progesterone levels. The concentration of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone was also elevated but the ratio of the level of progesterone to this steroid was generally greater than unity. Prolatin levels were elevated in the rats which ovulated. It is concluded that the corpora lutea induced in androgenized females by PMSG are functional and maintained.", "PMID": 572873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10290", "title": "Female reproductive patterns in nonhibernating bats.", "content": "The major reproductive events in the oestrous cycles of nonhibernating mega- and microchiropteran species are reviewed. However, special attention is given to the reproductive biology of the temperate North American species, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Molossidae), the Mexican free-tailed bat, which expresses dextral uterine and ovarian dominance. Only the larger right ovary is capable of producing an ovulatory follicle and the left has long been considered atrophic. In order to elucidate the normal oestrous cycle and define the structural and functional characteristics of the ovaries of this nonhibernating bat several analytical technique were utilized. These included light microscopic analysis, histochemical localization of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity, and radioimmunoassay of seasonal plasma progesterone levels. Interstitial tissue was found in both ovaries, but the left was almost entirely an interstitial organ. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that the gonads have seasonally varying amounts of delta 5-2 beta-HSD localized either in the thecal cells of the Graafian follicle or in the interstitium. The corpus luteum persisted throughout gestation, reaching maximum development just prior to parturition. Circulating progesterone levels correlated directly with luteal gland size and peaked at 106 ng/ml when the corpus luteum was largest.", "contents": "Female reproductive patterns in nonhibernating bats. The major reproductive events in the oestrous cycles of nonhibernating mega- and microchiropteran species are reviewed. However, special attention is given to the reproductive biology of the temperate North American species, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Molossidae), the Mexican free-tailed bat, which expresses dextral uterine and ovarian dominance. Only the larger right ovary is capable of producing an ovulatory follicle and the left has long been considered atrophic. In order to elucidate the normal oestrous cycle and define the structural and functional characteristics of the ovaries of this nonhibernating bat several analytical technique were utilized. These included light microscopic analysis, histochemical localization of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity, and radioimmunoassay of seasonal plasma progesterone levels. Interstitial tissue was found in both ovaries, but the left was almost entirely an interstitial organ. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that the gonads have seasonally varying amounts of delta 5-2 beta-HSD localized either in the thecal cells of the Graafian follicle or in the interstitium. The corpus luteum persisted throughout gestation, reaching maximum development just prior to parturition. Circulating progesterone levels correlated directly with luteal gland size and peaked at 106 ng/ml when the corpus luteum was largest.", "PMID": 572874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10291", "title": "Surgical complications of gynecologic surgery.", "content": "Complications of gynecological surgery are considerable and when reviewed in detail are almost frightening. There is no substitute for experience and intimate knowledge of the intricate pelvic structures in health and disease.Anyone who is active in the field is sooner or later going to experience some difficulty whether it be due to his miscalculation or to innate conditions in the patient which are beyond his/her control.It is the responsibility of the pelvic surgeon to recognize the complication and apply proper corrective measures. The patient should not be given false hopes of sure success nor should she be deprived of whatever hope for success does exist.", "contents": "Surgical complications of gynecologic surgery. Complications of gynecological surgery are considerable and when reviewed in detail are almost frightening. There is no substitute for experience and intimate knowledge of the intricate pelvic structures in health and disease.Anyone who is active in the field is sooner or later going to experience some difficulty whether it be due to his miscalculation or to innate conditions in the patient which are beyond his/her control.It is the responsibility of the pelvic surgeon to recognize the complication and apply proper corrective measures. The patient should not be given false hopes of sure success nor should she be deprived of whatever hope for success does exist.", "PMID": 572875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10292", "title": "Cystathionine synthase in rat brain: regional and time-of-day differences and their metabolic implications.", "content": "In relation to concern for probable interrelations of cystathionine synthase (CS, EC 4.2.1.21) and methionine, one-carbon, and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism, we have investigated tissue and time-of-day differences in CS activity in the laboratory rat under standardized conditions. Liver, kidney, and pancreas had highest CS activities; nine regions of the CNS had mean activities ranging from 4.5% (lumbosacral cord) to 24.5% (hypothalamus) of mean hepatic activity; pituitary and adrenal glands lacked detectable CS activity. Although significantly lower CS activity occurred in liver (9%, P less than 0.050) and kidney (13%, P less than 0.025) during the interval two hours before to two hours after the daily onset of darkness, no significant changes were found in hypothalamus, cerebellum, or medulla oblongata. Regional CNS differences in CS activity appeared to be without correlation in relation to published data on relative contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4), 5,10-Methylene reductase (N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-NAD-oxidoreductase, (EC 1.1.1.78), or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Therefore, among CNS regions examined, a critical deficiency in ability to metabolize a homocysteine load is considered to be unlikely under normal conditions.", "contents": "Cystathionine synthase in rat brain: regional and time-of-day differences and their metabolic implications. In relation to concern for probable interrelations of cystathionine synthase (CS, EC 4.2.1.21) and methionine, one-carbon, and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism, we have investigated tissue and time-of-day differences in CS activity in the laboratory rat under standardized conditions. Liver, kidney, and pancreas had highest CS activities; nine regions of the CNS had mean activities ranging from 4.5% (lumbosacral cord) to 24.5% (hypothalamus) of mean hepatic activity; pituitary and adrenal glands lacked detectable CS activity. Although significantly lower CS activity occurred in liver (9%, P less than 0.050) and kidney (13%, P less than 0.025) during the interval two hours before to two hours after the daily onset of darkness, no significant changes were found in hypothalamus, cerebellum, or medulla oblongata. Regional CNS differences in CS activity appeared to be without correlation in relation to published data on relative contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4), 5,10-Methylene reductase (N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-NAD-oxidoreductase, (EC 1.1.1.78), or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Therefore, among CNS regions examined, a critical deficiency in ability to metabolize a homocysteine load is considered to be unlikely under normal conditions.", "PMID": 572877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10293", "title": "Dissociated effects of inhibition of catecholamine synthesis on motor activity, \"emotionality,\" and aggression in mice.", "content": "The inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis at the tyrosine hydroxylase level, alpha-methyltyrosine, administered in daily doses of 250 mg/kg IP, altered motor activity and aggressive behavior of isolated male mice in ten-minute paired encounter tests conducted on nine successive days. Motor activity was determined by an electromagnetic activity meter which measures fine and coarse movements separately. Coarse motor activity correlated significantly with aggressive behavior. Nonaggressive fine motor activity was significantly increased, while all the parameters of aggressive behavior showed a significant decrease in aggression. Increased escape behavior, heterogrooming, squeaking, and two cases of stupor were observed, suggesting possible equivalents of anxiousness. The defecation rate did not differ from that of the control group, victors having had a higher rate than losers. Results are discussed in connection with the \"construct of emotionality\" and the hypothesis of there being several categories of aggression with corresponding biochemical correlations.", "contents": "Dissociated effects of inhibition of catecholamine synthesis on motor activity, \"emotionality,\" and aggression in mice. The inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis at the tyrosine hydroxylase level, alpha-methyltyrosine, administered in daily doses of 250 mg/kg IP, altered motor activity and aggressive behavior of isolated male mice in ten-minute paired encounter tests conducted on nine successive days. Motor activity was determined by an electromagnetic activity meter which measures fine and coarse movements separately. Coarse motor activity correlated significantly with aggressive behavior. Nonaggressive fine motor activity was significantly increased, while all the parameters of aggressive behavior showed a significant decrease in aggression. Increased escape behavior, heterogrooming, squeaking, and two cases of stupor were observed, suggesting possible equivalents of anxiousness. The defecation rate did not differ from that of the control group, victors having had a higher rate than losers. Results are discussed in connection with the \"construct of emotionality\" and the hypothesis of there being several categories of aggression with corresponding biochemical correlations.", "PMID": 572878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10294", "title": "Tuberculosis of the male urethra.", "content": "Tuberculosis of the male urethra is a rare lesion, with only 21 cases reported in the literature. Two patients with tuberculosis of the urethra, who presented with multiple periurethral fistulas and a periurethral abscess, are described. In both patients there was associated genitourinary tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be isolated from the urine and the exudate of the perineal ulcers. Biopsy from the perineal ulcers demonstrated tuberculous granulation tissue with tuberculous bacilli. Treatment consisted of suprapubic cystostomy and a 2-year course of antituberculous drugs, consisting of streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid and isoniazid. The urethral fistulas healed with this treatment. The urethral strictures were treated with repeated urethral dilations.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the male urethra. Tuberculosis of the male urethra is a rare lesion, with only 21 cases reported in the literature. Two patients with tuberculosis of the urethra, who presented with multiple periurethral fistulas and a periurethral abscess, are described. In both patients there was associated genitourinary tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be isolated from the urine and the exudate of the perineal ulcers. Biopsy from the perineal ulcers demonstrated tuberculous granulation tissue with tuberculous bacilli. Treatment consisted of suprapubic cystostomy and a 2-year course of antituberculous drugs, consisting of streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid and isoniazid. The urethral fistulas healed with this treatment. The urethral strictures were treated with repeated urethral dilations.", "PMID": 572879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10295", "title": "Sequential bilateral germ cell tumors of the testis despite interval chemotherapy.", "content": "We report on 3 patients who had a second primary germ cell tumor of the testis despite prior or ongoing systemic chemotherapy for the original tumor. Evidence favoring the designation of the tumors as separate primary lesions is presented. The clinical and theoretical implications of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Sequential bilateral germ cell tumors of the testis despite interval chemotherapy. We report on 3 patients who had a second primary germ cell tumor of the testis despite prior or ongoing systemic chemotherapy for the original tumor. Evidence favoring the designation of the tumors as separate primary lesions is presented. The clinical and theoretical implications of this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 572880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10296", "title": "HLA in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and rheumatic heart disease.", "content": "1. HLA antigens were determined in 30 Japanese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Several antigens were more common in patients compared with controls, but statistically significant differences were not evidenced. In families one and two, six of seven kindred who inherited HLA-A9 and B7 had the disease. None of five kindred lacking HLA-B7 showed evidence of the disease. In families three and four, affecting family members had HLA-A2 and BW-35. Our finding suggest that the HLA system may play some role in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with familial occurrence. 2. Twenty patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease were also studied. There was no significant difference in frequencies of HLA antigens between patients and controls.", "contents": "HLA in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and rheumatic heart disease. 1. HLA antigens were determined in 30 Japanese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Several antigens were more common in patients compared with controls, but statistically significant differences were not evidenced. In families one and two, six of seven kindred who inherited HLA-A9 and B7 had the disease. None of five kindred lacking HLA-B7 showed evidence of the disease. In families three and four, affecting family members had HLA-A2 and BW-35. Our finding suggest that the HLA system may play some role in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with familial occurrence. 2. Twenty patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease were also studied. There was no significant difference in frequencies of HLA antigens between patients and controls.", "PMID": 572881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10297", "title": "Hepatocarcinogenesis by hydrazine mycotoxins of edible mushrooms.", "content": "Two edible mushrooms are known to contain hydrazine analogs. The wild false morel Gyromitra esculenta contains up to 0.3% acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone and N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH). The latter chemical, under certain conditions, also yields methylhydrazine. The commonly eaten, cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains up to 0.04% beta-N-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine and 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine. MFH was administered in drinking water continuously for life to Swiss mice and Syrian (golden) hamsters. In both species the compound induced high incidences of benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms. Also, methylhydrazine given orally induced a significant incidence of malignant histiocytomas in the livers of hamsters. The N'-acetyl derivative of 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine administered orally to mice gave rise to lung tumors and blood vessel tumors, mainly in the liver. Furthermore, these three compounds produced tumors in various other tissues. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as benign hepatomas, liver cell carcinomas, angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, and adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs. From representative samples of these neoplasms detailed transmission electron microscopic investigations were also carried out. Since these hydrazine analogs induce tumors in animals and these mushrooms are consumed on a large scale by humans in various parts of the world, their hazardous nature should be considered.", "contents": "Hepatocarcinogenesis by hydrazine mycotoxins of edible mushrooms. Two edible mushrooms are known to contain hydrazine analogs. The wild false morel Gyromitra esculenta contains up to 0.3% acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone and N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH). The latter chemical, under certain conditions, also yields methylhydrazine. The commonly eaten, cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains up to 0.04% beta-N-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine and 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine. MFH was administered in drinking water continuously for life to Swiss mice and Syrian (golden) hamsters. In both species the compound induced high incidences of benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms. Also, methylhydrazine given orally induced a significant incidence of malignant histiocytomas in the livers of hamsters. The N'-acetyl derivative of 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine administered orally to mice gave rise to lung tumors and blood vessel tumors, mainly in the liver. Furthermore, these three compounds produced tumors in various other tissues. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as benign hepatomas, liver cell carcinomas, angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, and adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs. From representative samples of these neoplasms detailed transmission electron microscopic investigations were also carried out. Since these hydrazine analogs induce tumors in animals and these mushrooms are consumed on a large scale by humans in various parts of the world, their hazardous nature should be considered.", "PMID": 572876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10298", "title": "[Organization and performance of a selective screening programm for organic acidurias (author's transl)].", "content": "After definition and a short description of organic acidurias, the benefits of a selective screening for this group of diseases are demonstrated. In all children, being suspected to suffer from an inborn error of metabolism and giving rise to investigate the serum amino acids, the urinary organic acids should be analyzed additionally. A more detailled list of indications is given. Some specialized laboratories performed the necessary investigations routinely are announced.", "contents": "[Organization and performance of a selective screening programm for organic acidurias (author's transl)]. After definition and a short description of organic acidurias, the benefits of a selective screening for this group of diseases are demonstrated. In all children, being suspected to suffer from an inborn error of metabolism and giving rise to investigate the serum amino acids, the urinary organic acids should be analyzed additionally. A more detailled list of indications is given. Some specialized laboratories performed the necessary investigations routinely are announced.", "PMID": 572884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10299", "title": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Austria -- Report of four cases; one with cardiac arrest. First of two parts: clinical observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Since October 1978, four cases of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, a disease previously not yet described in our country were observed in our childrens hospital. This particular disease has been described quite frequently in Japan since 1967. It has a characteristic manifestation being mostly benign and self limited. In a few cases however acute cardiac arrest has been described. The first case we observed expired as a result of acute coronary infarction on the twentyfifth day of illness although clinical improvement had been previously noted. At post mortem examination the coronary arteries showed changes consistent with arteriitis. The following three cases presented the more typical benign course of this disease one of them with deformities of the coronary arteries. The clinical synopsis describes the above mentioned cases.", "contents": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Austria -- Report of four cases; one with cardiac arrest. First of two parts: clinical observations (author's transl)]. Since October 1978, four cases of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, a disease previously not yet described in our country were observed in our childrens hospital. This particular disease has been described quite frequently in Japan since 1967. It has a characteristic manifestation being mostly benign and self limited. In a few cases however acute cardiac arrest has been described. The first case we observed expired as a result of acute coronary infarction on the twentyfifth day of illness although clinical improvement had been previously noted. At post mortem examination the coronary arteries showed changes consistent with arteriitis. The following three cases presented the more typical benign course of this disease one of them with deformities of the coronary arteries. The clinical synopsis describes the above mentioned cases.", "PMID": 572886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10300", "title": "[Study of the glucose concentration in five vascular regions -- aorta, arteria pulmonalis, vena cava inferior, vena cava superior, vena hepatica -- in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the Beckman glucose analyzer, glucose concentration was determined in the serum of the fasting blood in five vascular regions -- aorta, arteria pulmonalis, vena cava inferior, vena cava superior, vena hepatica -- of 52 children (ages 2,5 months up to 14 years and 3 months, x = 6 years and 3 months, male = 28, female = 24) with a healthy metabolism. The comparison of the average values of the glucose concentrations determined in five vascular regions in childhood showed that the glucose concentration in the vena hepatica was statistically significant higher than in the other vascular regions. Moreover the comparison of the glucose concentrations revealed that the values in the vena cava inferior were statistically significant higher as compared to the values in the vena cava superior. The glucose concentrations in the arteria pulmonalis, the vena cava superior and the aorta were nearly equal. Compared with the older children, the younger children had in all the investigated vascular regions lower glucose concentrations.", "contents": "[Study of the glucose concentration in five vascular regions -- aorta, arteria pulmonalis, vena cava inferior, vena cava superior, vena hepatica -- in childhood (author's transl)]. Using the Beckman glucose analyzer, glucose concentration was determined in the serum of the fasting blood in five vascular regions -- aorta, arteria pulmonalis, vena cava inferior, vena cava superior, vena hepatica -- of 52 children (ages 2,5 months up to 14 years and 3 months, x = 6 years and 3 months, male = 28, female = 24) with a healthy metabolism. The comparison of the average values of the glucose concentrations determined in five vascular regions in childhood showed that the glucose concentration in the vena hepatica was statistically significant higher than in the other vascular regions. Moreover the comparison of the glucose concentrations revealed that the values in the vena cava inferior were statistically significant higher as compared to the values in the vena cava superior. The glucose concentrations in the arteria pulmonalis, the vena cava superior and the aorta were nearly equal. Compared with the older children, the younger children had in all the investigated vascular regions lower glucose concentrations.", "PMID": 572887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10301", "title": "[A contribution to the understanding of Infantile self-mutilation based on communication theory (author's transl)].", "content": "Autoaggressive behaviour in childhood often poses diagnostic and even more so, therapeutic problems to the physician. One of the causes on which these problems are based, is that hitherto there was no possibility to look into the \"conditional structure\" of autoaggressive behaviour in a large population of children using sound statistical methods. The results as reported in this study are based on an \"automutilationquestionnaire\" as developed by the authors. They support the hypothesis that the different kings of self-mutilation, although phenomenologically quite variable, represent a deficiency of communication. This communication deficiency is manifested in that the child, by being autoaggressive, seeks to satisfy for the insufficiently compensated asymmetric communication with his environment. This result emphasizes in particular the necessity to include the family in the therapeutic regimen of the treatment of the autoaggressive child.", "contents": "[A contribution to the understanding of Infantile self-mutilation based on communication theory (author's transl)]. Autoaggressive behaviour in childhood often poses diagnostic and even more so, therapeutic problems to the physician. One of the causes on which these problems are based, is that hitherto there was no possibility to look into the \"conditional structure\" of autoaggressive behaviour in a large population of children using sound statistical methods. The results as reported in this study are based on an \"automutilationquestionnaire\" as developed by the authors. They support the hypothesis that the different kings of self-mutilation, although phenomenologically quite variable, represent a deficiency of communication. This communication deficiency is manifested in that the child, by being autoaggressive, seeks to satisfy for the insufficiently compensated asymmetric communication with his environment. This result emphasizes in particular the necessity to include the family in the therapeutic regimen of the treatment of the autoaggressive child.", "PMID": 572888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10302", "title": "[Long-acting traumas following hospitalisation (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on 50 children with hospital (operation) traumas presented many years later to the doctor or educational consultant because of disturbed behaviour basing on an anxiety neurosis combined with a symbiotic mother fixation. In these cases, there was a clear connection between the triggering traumatising event the the existing symptom pattern. Most of the children had been admitted during infancy once or several times to special wards without sufficient psychological care and with restricted visiting hours. Tonsillectomy and strabotomy, as well as equilibrating operations, have proved to the particularly traumatising, especially in infants. This is evident even after several years and shows up during psychodiagnostic examination. Children who have suffered an accident and are admitted to hospital in a state of shock, are particularly susceptible to the hospital separation trauma. Preventive and curative psychohygienic measures are described. The mother's presence in the hospital has always remained the most reliable protection, from the infant's aspect, in all danger situations, including hospitalisation.", "contents": "[Long-acting traumas following hospitalisation (author's transl)]. The article reports on 50 children with hospital (operation) traumas presented many years later to the doctor or educational consultant because of disturbed behaviour basing on an anxiety neurosis combined with a symbiotic mother fixation. In these cases, there was a clear connection between the triggering traumatising event the the existing symptom pattern. Most of the children had been admitted during infancy once or several times to special wards without sufficient psychological care and with restricted visiting hours. Tonsillectomy and strabotomy, as well as equilibrating operations, have proved to the particularly traumatising, especially in infants. This is evident even after several years and shows up during psychodiagnostic examination. Children who have suffered an accident and are admitted to hospital in a state of shock, are particularly susceptible to the hospital separation trauma. Preventive and curative psychohygienic measures are described. The mother's presence in the hospital has always remained the most reliable protection, from the infant's aspect, in all danger situations, including hospitalisation.", "PMID": 572889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10303", "title": "[Intracranial pressure increase following treatment nalidixic acid in a child aged 3 1/2 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurological symptoms developed in a girl aged three-and-a-half years during treatment with nalidixic acid. The symptoms progressed even after the preparation had been discontinued, and culminated in the development of a transient intracranial pressure increase.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure increase following treatment nalidixic acid in a child aged 3 1/2 years (author's transl)]. Neurological symptoms developed in a girl aged three-and-a-half years during treatment with nalidixic acid. The symptoms progressed even after the preparation had been discontinued, and culminated in the development of a transient intracranial pressure increase.", "PMID": 572890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10304", "title": "[Congenital atrial flutter with hydrops fetalis caused by tocolytic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 31-year-old healthy woman received Ritodrine (Pre-Par) from the 26th week of gestation because of twin pregnancy. Three weeks before birth continous intravenous medication with the same drug was commenced because of premature uterine contractions. Five days later a heart rate of over 200/minute was noted in one of the twins. This tachycardia persisted until birth while the heart rate of the other twin remained normal. At 33 weeks monozygotic female twins were delivered after artifical rupture of membranes. One twin was normal, birth weight 1.6 kg. The other baby showed persistent atrial flutter, was hydropic (weight 2.75 kg) and suffered from gross cardiac failure. Atrial flutter was converted to sinus rhythm one hour after birth by DC-countershock. Digoxin was commenced, the child rapidly improved and now still remains in sinus rhythm six month later.", "contents": "[Congenital atrial flutter with hydrops fetalis caused by tocolytic therapy (author's transl)]. A 31-year-old healthy woman received Ritodrine (Pre-Par) from the 26th week of gestation because of twin pregnancy. Three weeks before birth continous intravenous medication with the same drug was commenced because of premature uterine contractions. Five days later a heart rate of over 200/minute was noted in one of the twins. This tachycardia persisted until birth while the heart rate of the other twin remained normal. At 33 weeks monozygotic female twins were delivered after artifical rupture of membranes. One twin was normal, birth weight 1.6 kg. The other baby showed persistent atrial flutter, was hydropic (weight 2.75 kg) and suffered from gross cardiac failure. Atrial flutter was converted to sinus rhythm one hour after birth by DC-countershock. Digoxin was commenced, the child rapidly improved and now still remains in sinus rhythm six month later.", "PMID": 572891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10305", "title": "The child with chromosome ring 15.", "content": "A case of ring chromosome was reported. By application of different techniques it was identified as 15 r. The boy 19 months old was of a short stature, small skull and slight psychomotoric retardation.", "contents": "The child with chromosome ring 15. A case of ring chromosome was reported. By application of different techniques it was identified as 15 r. The boy 19 months old was of a short stature, small skull and slight psychomotoric retardation.", "PMID": 572892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10306", "title": "[Triglandular insufficiency in a 14-year old boy (diabetes mellitus, adrenal cortex insufficiency, hypothyrosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a 14-year old boy who developed diabetes mellitus juvenilis when he was twelve years old. In his fourteenth year of life, an insufficiency of the adrenal cortex appeared as an additional symptom, followed half a year later by hypothyrosis. The article discusses the aetiological aspects. References are added regarding the combination of Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus in children and juveniles.", "contents": "[Triglandular insufficiency in a 14-year old boy (diabetes mellitus, adrenal cortex insufficiency, hypothyrosis) (author's transl)]. The article reports on a 14-year old boy who developed diabetes mellitus juvenilis when he was twelve years old. In his fourteenth year of life, an insufficiency of the adrenal cortex appeared as an additional symptom, followed half a year later by hypothyrosis. The article discusses the aetiological aspects. References are added regarding the combination of Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus in children and juveniles.", "PMID": 572893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10307", "title": "Insulin influences on fetal growth.", "content": "Insulin appears to function as a \"growth hormone\" during late fetal development in man and other species. Infants of diabetic mothers exhibit generalized somatic hypertrophy except for the brain. Effects of insulin on fetal growth may be direct influences on cell proliferation or insulin may indirectly affect growth through stimulation of glucose and amino acid uptake into fetal tissues. While hyperinsulinism results in fetal macrosomy there is a delay in pulmonary functional maturity in infants of diabetic mothers that may reflect insulin induced alterations in lung growth and substrate flow in phospholipids.", "contents": "Insulin influences on fetal growth. Insulin appears to function as a \"growth hormone\" during late fetal development in man and other species. Infants of diabetic mothers exhibit generalized somatic hypertrophy except for the brain. Effects of insulin on fetal growth may be direct influences on cell proliferation or insulin may indirectly affect growth through stimulation of glucose and amino acid uptake into fetal tissues. While hyperinsulinism results in fetal macrosomy there is a delay in pulmonary functional maturity in infants of diabetic mothers that may reflect insulin induced alterations in lung growth and substrate flow in phospholipids.", "PMID": 572898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10308", "title": "[Experiments for the development of a hepatitis B vaccine: immunogenicity of HBsAg in guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was purified from human plasma by gel chromatography, isopyknic centrifugation, and zonal centrifugation. The final product had about 60% of the original activity and was essentially free from hepatitis B virus particles (HBV) and plasma proteins. Treatment with formaldehyde concentrations up to 0.1% for inactivation of residual infectivity did not significantly reduce antigenicity in vitro and immunogenicity in guinea pigs. Adsorption to aluminum hydroxide resulted in 16-fold higher concentrations of antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs) than did injection of soluble HBsAg. After two injections of 0.2 microgram HBsAg, which was treated with 0.1% formaldehyde and absorbed to aluminum hydroxide, the median titer of anti-HBs in guinea pigs was 4 IU/ml (normal value in human hepatitis B convalescents: about 0.1) for 1 year without further injections. When guinea pigs received 12 equivalents of homologous anti-HBs serum before the first injection of adsorbed HBsAg, the same anti-HBs titers were found after the booster injection as in animals which had not been passively immunized. A simultaneous application of an experimental HBsAg vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin would probably decrease the potential risk of HBV infections caused by the vaccine itself and also produce rapid protection. To establish absence of HBV as completely as possible, the vaccine should be produced from anti-HBe-positive plasma by efficient purification procedures and it should be inactivated by formalin.", "contents": "[Experiments for the development of a hepatitis B vaccine: immunogenicity of HBsAg in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was purified from human plasma by gel chromatography, isopyknic centrifugation, and zonal centrifugation. The final product had about 60% of the original activity and was essentially free from hepatitis B virus particles (HBV) and plasma proteins. Treatment with formaldehyde concentrations up to 0.1% for inactivation of residual infectivity did not significantly reduce antigenicity in vitro and immunogenicity in guinea pigs. Adsorption to aluminum hydroxide resulted in 16-fold higher concentrations of antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs) than did injection of soluble HBsAg. After two injections of 0.2 microgram HBsAg, which was treated with 0.1% formaldehyde and absorbed to aluminum hydroxide, the median titer of anti-HBs in guinea pigs was 4 IU/ml (normal value in human hepatitis B convalescents: about 0.1) for 1 year without further injections. When guinea pigs received 12 equivalents of homologous anti-HBs serum before the first injection of adsorbed HBsAg, the same anti-HBs titers were found after the booster injection as in animals which had not been passively immunized. A simultaneous application of an experimental HBsAg vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin would probably decrease the potential risk of HBV infections caused by the vaccine itself and also produce rapid protection. To establish absence of HBV as completely as possible, the vaccine should be produced from anti-HBe-positive plasma by efficient purification procedures and it should be inactivated by formalin.", "PMID": 572908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10309", "title": "[Effect of methanosarcina on the growth of primary anaerobes].", "content": "The effect of Methanosarcina vacuolata on the mixed celluloytic population and on pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria was studied. In the pasteurized enrichment culture decomposing cellulose but producing no methane, the biomass of primary anaerobes increased at a higher rate when Methanosarcina was introduced; the rate of cellulose hydrolysis did not change. Methanosarcina stimulated also the growth of Escherichia intermedia and Ruminococcus albus on a medium containing glucose and cellobiose. The growth of combined cultures with the production of methane was possible only on a medium with a low content of carbohydrates since an increase in the concentration of glucose inhibited the growth of Methanosarcina.", "contents": "[Effect of methanosarcina on the growth of primary anaerobes]. The effect of Methanosarcina vacuolata on the mixed celluloytic population and on pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria was studied. In the pasteurized enrichment culture decomposing cellulose but producing no methane, the biomass of primary anaerobes increased at a higher rate when Methanosarcina was introduced; the rate of cellulose hydrolysis did not change. Methanosarcina stimulated also the growth of Escherichia intermedia and Ruminococcus albus on a medium containing glucose and cellobiose. The growth of combined cultures with the production of methane was possible only on a medium with a low content of carbohydrates since an increase in the concentration of glucose inhibited the growth of Methanosarcina.", "PMID": 572903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10310", "title": "[Preliminary and postradiation effect of long-wave ultraviolet rays on cells of different species of Candida irradiated with short-wave ultraviolet rays].", "content": "Certain characteristics of photoprotection induced by near-UV were studied in Candida guilliermondii. Candida tropicalis was also capable of photoprotection from the lethal effect of far-UV. The spectrum of action of photoprotection was recorded. The photoprotective effect was not found in Candida utilis. The postradiation effect of near-UV was studied. The lethal action of far-UV was intensified in C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis incapable of photoreactivation in contrast to C. utilis capable of photoreactivation.", "contents": "[Preliminary and postradiation effect of long-wave ultraviolet rays on cells of different species of Candida irradiated with short-wave ultraviolet rays]. Certain characteristics of photoprotection induced by near-UV were studied in Candida guilliermondii. Candida tropicalis was also capable of photoprotection from the lethal effect of far-UV. The spectrum of action of photoprotection was recorded. The photoprotective effect was not found in Candida utilis. The postradiation effect of near-UV was studied. The lethal action of far-UV was intensified in C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis incapable of photoreactivation in contrast to C. utilis capable of photoreactivation.", "PMID": 572905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10311", "title": "[Alcohol dehydrogenase activity of Torulopsis candida during growth on intermediate products of glucose and hexadecane oxidation].", "content": "The activity and substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) toward normal primary alcohols with different length of the carbon chain (C2--C16) was studied in the cells of the yeast Torulopsis candida. The yeast was grown in a mineral medium with various carbon substrates: glucose, pyruvate, acetate, hexadecane, cetol and palmite acid. Soluble ADHs in the cytosol fraction and ADHs bound to the fraction of membrane particles (mitochondria and microsomes, etc.) were found in the cells. Dehydration of higher alcohols (C8--C16) by the membrane fraction of cells was shown to have a relatively high rate (considerably higher than in cytosol) when the yeast was grown on hexadecane, cetol, palmitic acid and pyruvate. The membrane fraction of yeast cells prepared upon the growth on all carbon sources tested did not oxidize lower alcohols, ethanol and propanol. In contrast, upon the growth on glucose, ethanol and acetate the activity of ADH was mainly due to soluble ADHs and concentrated mainly in the cytosol fraction. Numerous molecular forms of ADH differing in their affinity for lower and higher alcohols and dependent on the growth substrate were revealed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel.", "contents": "[Alcohol dehydrogenase activity of Torulopsis candida during growth on intermediate products of glucose and hexadecane oxidation]. The activity and substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) toward normal primary alcohols with different length of the carbon chain (C2--C16) was studied in the cells of the yeast Torulopsis candida. The yeast was grown in a mineral medium with various carbon substrates: glucose, pyruvate, acetate, hexadecane, cetol and palmite acid. Soluble ADHs in the cytosol fraction and ADHs bound to the fraction of membrane particles (mitochondria and microsomes, etc.) were found in the cells. Dehydration of higher alcohols (C8--C16) by the membrane fraction of cells was shown to have a relatively high rate (considerably higher than in cytosol) when the yeast was grown on hexadecane, cetol, palmitic acid and pyruvate. The membrane fraction of yeast cells prepared upon the growth on all carbon sources tested did not oxidize lower alcohols, ethanol and propanol. In contrast, upon the growth on glucose, ethanol and acetate the activity of ADH was mainly due to soluble ADHs and concentrated mainly in the cytosol fraction. Numerous molecular forms of ADH differing in their affinity for lower and higher alcohols and dependent on the growth substrate were revealed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel.", "PMID": 572904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10312", "title": "Changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during thermal processing of goat and sheep meats. Part I. Effect of temperature.", "content": "Effect of processing temperature on the changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases in goat and sheep meats was investigated. The major changes in nucleotides and related compounds took place during first 30 min of heating and the rates of changes were maximum at 60 degrees C and minimum at 100 degrees C. At 120 degrees C, thermal degradation of inosinic acid proceeds at significant rates but below 100 degrees C major changes are brought about by phosphomonoesterases (5'-mononucleotidases) during initial stages of heating.", "contents": "Changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during thermal processing of goat and sheep meats. Part I. Effect of temperature. Effect of processing temperature on the changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases in goat and sheep meats was investigated. The major changes in nucleotides and related compounds took place during first 30 min of heating and the rates of changes were maximum at 60 degrees C and minimum at 100 degrees C. At 120 degrees C, thermal degradation of inosinic acid proceeds at significant rates but below 100 degrees C major changes are brought about by phosphomonoesterases (5'-mononucleotidases) during initial stages of heating.", "PMID": 572916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10313", "title": "Pyrimidine dimer excision in human cells and skin cancer.", "content": "We compared three methods for estimating the induction and removal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of human fibroblasts. Results indicate that after UV doses of 5-20 J/m2, 50% of the dimers are removed by 24 hours. Almost complete excision can be observed if the cells are incubated for periods not less than 72 hours after a dose of 5 J/m2. After higher doses, it probably takes even longer for such complete removal to doses, it probably takes even longer for such complete removal to be seen.", "contents": "Pyrimidine dimer excision in human cells and skin cancer. We compared three methods for estimating the induction and removal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of human fibroblasts. Results indicate that after UV doses of 5-20 J/m2, 50% of the dimers are removed by 24 hours. Almost complete excision can be observed if the cells are incubated for periods not less than 72 hours after a dose of 5 J/m2. After higher doses, it probably takes even longer for such complete removal to doses, it probably takes even longer for such complete removal to be seen.", "PMID": 572917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10314", "title": "Role of the pineal gland in diurnal endocrine secretion and rhythm regulation.", "content": "The effects of the pineal gland on diurnal endocrine function were studied in male rats. Pineal stimulation by exposure to short daily photoperiods (1L:23D) did not alter plasma levels of testosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or growth hormone (GH) as compared with those of controls maintained under normal (12L:12D) lighting. Pinealectomy lowered diurnal testosterone levels and increased TSH levels in animals maintained under 1L:23D lighting. Pinealectomy also altered the TSH rhythm and shifted the peak in testosterone levels but did not abolish hormonal rhythms. Active immunization against melatonin and its precursor, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), significantly reduced diurnal androgen levels and elevated TSH levels in animals exposed to short photoperiods, but the 24-hour rhythms persisted. Plasma GH exhibited a diurnal rhythm in animals kept under short photoperiods but GH levels were not affected by any of the above treatments. These data suggest that melatonin and/or NAS may be involved in the maintenance of basal testosterone and TSH levels. The pineal may not be involved in generating hormonal rhythms; however, it may have a role in entraining TSH and testosterone rhythms to environmental lighting.", "contents": "Role of the pineal gland in diurnal endocrine secretion and rhythm regulation. The effects of the pineal gland on diurnal endocrine function were studied in male rats. Pineal stimulation by exposure to short daily photoperiods (1L:23D) did not alter plasma levels of testosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or growth hormone (GH) as compared with those of controls maintained under normal (12L:12D) lighting. Pinealectomy lowered diurnal testosterone levels and increased TSH levels in animals maintained under 1L:23D lighting. Pinealectomy also altered the TSH rhythm and shifted the peak in testosterone levels but did not abolish hormonal rhythms. Active immunization against melatonin and its precursor, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), significantly reduced diurnal androgen levels and elevated TSH levels in animals exposed to short photoperiods, but the 24-hour rhythms persisted. Plasma GH exhibited a diurnal rhythm in animals kept under short photoperiods but GH levels were not affected by any of the above treatments. These data suggest that melatonin and/or NAS may be involved in the maintenance of basal testosterone and TSH levels. The pineal may not be involved in generating hormonal rhythms; however, it may have a role in entraining TSH and testosterone rhythms to environmental lighting.", "PMID": 572924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10315", "title": "Clinical correlations of partial deficiency of lipoamide dehydrogenase.", "content": "Reduced activities of lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) relative to cytochrome oxidase have been found in 12 or 26 patients with inherited ataxias. One of the 12 patients had adult-onset ataxia plus ragged-red muscle fibers. The other 11 had Friedreich syndrome or early-onset variants of this, as did 6 patients with normal enzyme activity. However, the 11 patients with reduced enzyme activity were clinically more homogeneous than the 6 with normal activity.", "contents": "Clinical correlations of partial deficiency of lipoamide dehydrogenase. Reduced activities of lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) relative to cytochrome oxidase have been found in 12 or 26 patients with inherited ataxias. One of the 12 patients had adult-onset ataxia plus ragged-red muscle fibers. The other 11 had Friedreich syndrome or early-onset variants of this, as did 6 patients with normal enzyme activity. However, the 11 patients with reduced enzyme activity were clinically more homogeneous than the 6 with normal activity.", "PMID": 572926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10316", "title": "Epileptogenic paroxysms: modern approaches and clinical correlations.", "content": "Epileptogenic paroxysms were studied in patients whose attacks were verified during prolonged recordings on the closed-circuit television-electroencephalogram (CCTV-EEG). Three types of complex partial seizures and four subvarieties of absence seizures were observed. All patients with complex partial seizures showed interictal spikes. Focal, low-voltage 8- to 30 Hz rhythms were most common during the onset of partial seizures in 64 patients, whereas diffuse spike-wave complexes appeared most often during generalized seizures in 26 patients. Relating the exact onset of clinical attacks on the videotape to depth electrographic events defined the local or diffuse origin of seizures in candidates for anterior temporal lobectomy.", "contents": "Epileptogenic paroxysms: modern approaches and clinical correlations. Epileptogenic paroxysms were studied in patients whose attacks were verified during prolonged recordings on the closed-circuit television-electroencephalogram (CCTV-EEG). Three types of complex partial seizures and four subvarieties of absence seizures were observed. All patients with complex partial seizures showed interictal spikes. Focal, low-voltage 8- to 30 Hz rhythms were most common during the onset of partial seizures in 64 patients, whereas diffuse spike-wave complexes appeared most often during generalized seizures in 26 patients. Relating the exact onset of clinical attacks on the videotape to depth electrographic events defined the local or diffuse origin of seizures in candidates for anterior temporal lobectomy.", "PMID": 572927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10317", "title": "[Activation of bioelectric activity of the brain by sleep deprivation after closed craniocerebral injuries].", "content": "The study was undertaken for establishing the practical usefulness of 24- or 48-hour sleep deprivation test for activation of bioelectric changes in electroencephalographic investigations of patients after craniocerebral injury with loss of consciusness. For clinical and EEG investigations 84 patients were qualified. The age range was mostly 20--26 years with a low standard deviation. Positive activation was obtained in 33 cases (39.3%). A correlation was found between the frequency of positive activation was obtained in 33 cases (39.3%). A correlation was found between the frequency of positive activation and the severity of past trauma. Focal temporal-lobe changes prevailed among these bioelectric changes.", "contents": "[Activation of bioelectric activity of the brain by sleep deprivation after closed craniocerebral injuries]. The study was undertaken for establishing the practical usefulness of 24- or 48-hour sleep deprivation test for activation of bioelectric changes in electroencephalographic investigations of patients after craniocerebral injury with loss of consciusness. For clinical and EEG investigations 84 patients were qualified. The age range was mostly 20--26 years with a low standard deviation. Positive activation was obtained in 33 cases (39.3%). A correlation was found between the frequency of positive activation was obtained in 33 cases (39.3%). A correlation was found between the frequency of positive activation and the severity of past trauma. Focal temporal-lobe changes prevailed among these bioelectric changes.", "PMID": 572922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10318", "title": "Results of the national surveillance for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "The preliminary results of the national surveillance for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome(GBS) are reported. In the first 6 months of 1978, 327 cases of GBS were reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). A statistically significant difference was observed between sex-specific attack rates, and a direct correlation also was observed between advancing age and increasing risk of GBS.", "contents": "Results of the national surveillance for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. The preliminary results of the national surveillance for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome(GBS) are reported. In the first 6 months of 1978, 327 cases of GBS were reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). A statistically significant difference was observed between sex-specific attack rates, and a direct correlation also was observed between advancing age and increasing risk of GBS.", "PMID": 572929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10319", "title": "Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with abnormal pupils and normal eye movements: a case report.", "content": "A 66-year-old woman with acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 [LGB] syndrome) had normal extraocular movements, but her pupils did not react to light or accommodation. This is the first such case to be reported. Pharmacologic testing pointed to postganglionic involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with abnormal pupils and normal eye movements: a case report. A 66-year-old woman with acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 [LGB] syndrome) had normal extraocular movements, but her pupils did not react to light or accommodation. This is the first such case to be reported. Pharmacologic testing pointed to postganglionic involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 572930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10320", "title": "Investigation of the role of prolonged emotional stress in the genesis of hypercholesteremia and hypertension.", "content": "In experiments on freely moving rabbits, exposed to prolonged (for 2 h) interrupted stimulation of negative emotiogenic zones of the hypothalamus through implanted electrodes daily for 4 months, the development of a lasting endogenous hypercholesteremia and of a mild but lasting hypertension was observed. Changes in the cholesterol concentration were greater if stimulation continued in conjunction with daily feeding of the rabbits with small doses of methylthiouracil.", "contents": "Investigation of the role of prolonged emotional stress in the genesis of hypercholesteremia and hypertension. In experiments on freely moving rabbits, exposed to prolonged (for 2 h) interrupted stimulation of negative emotiogenic zones of the hypothalamus through implanted electrodes daily for 4 months, the development of a lasting endogenous hypercholesteremia and of a mild but lasting hypertension was observed. Changes in the cholesterol concentration were greater if stimulation continued in conjunction with daily feeding of the rabbits with small doses of methylthiouracil.", "PMID": 572925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10321", "title": "Sign language aphasia in a non-deaf-mute.", "content": "A 19-year-old left-handed man, who was raised by deaf-mute parents and learned sign language concurrently with normal speech, sustained a traumatic cerebral contusion. He subsequently had no evidence of apraxic, visual-spatial, or sensorimotor deficits of the left limbs with which he was accustomed to use signs. Globally aphasic with a dense right hemiparesis, he initially recovered sign language to a greater degree than spoken language with a reversal on follow-up observations. Receptive skills improved to a greater degree than expressive skills with no marked difference between verbal and sign language, but with natural signs better preserved than finger spelling.", "contents": "Sign language aphasia in a non-deaf-mute. A 19-year-old left-handed man, who was raised by deaf-mute parents and learned sign language concurrently with normal speech, sustained a traumatic cerebral contusion. He subsequently had no evidence of apraxic, visual-spatial, or sensorimotor deficits of the left limbs with which he was accustomed to use signs. Globally aphasic with a dense right hemiparesis, he initially recovered sign language to a greater degree than spoken language with a reversal on follow-up observations. Receptive skills improved to a greater degree than expressive skills with no marked difference between verbal and sign language, but with natural signs better preserved than finger spelling.", "PMID": 572931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10322", "title": "Chorea: a late complication of a subdural hematoma.", "content": "Subdural hematoma has rarely been implicated as a cause of chorea. We describe a case of chorea occurring several months after evacuation of a traumatic subdural hematoma. No other causes of chorea were found. In this case and one previously reported case, signs of tentorial herniation were present prior to surgery. Herniation may damage the basal ganglia, with resultant chorea.", "contents": "Chorea: a late complication of a subdural hematoma. Subdural hematoma has rarely been implicated as a cause of chorea. We describe a case of chorea occurring several months after evacuation of a traumatic subdural hematoma. No other causes of chorea were found. In this case and one previously reported case, signs of tentorial herniation were present prior to surgery. Herniation may damage the basal ganglia, with resultant chorea.", "PMID": 572932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10323", "title": "Fusiform basilar artery aneurysm in a child.", "content": "A giant fisuform basilar artery aneurysm ruptured, causing the death of an 11-year-old girl who had presented with a 5-month history of headaches and a 1-month history of progressive brainstem features with choreiform movements. This case, unlike other reported cases, demonstrated no evidence of a generalized arteriopathy, and draws attention to the occurrence of this rare cause in the differential diagnosis of progressive brainstem syndrome in children.", "contents": "Fusiform basilar artery aneurysm in a child. A giant fisuform basilar artery aneurysm ruptured, causing the death of an 11-year-old girl who had presented with a 5-month history of headaches and a 1-month history of progressive brainstem features with choreiform movements. This case, unlike other reported cases, demonstrated no evidence of a generalized arteriopathy, and draws attention to the occurrence of this rare cause in the differential diagnosis of progressive brainstem syndrome in children.", "PMID": 572933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10324", "title": "Jaw reflex in Friedreich ataxia.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with Friedreich ataxia were examined and found to have a brisk jaw reflex. This previously unreported clinical finding contrasts with the impairment of tendon reflexes in the limbs and should not rule out the diagnosis of Friedreich ataxia.", "contents": "Jaw reflex in Friedreich ataxia. Twenty-one patients with Friedreich ataxia were examined and found to have a brisk jaw reflex. This previously unreported clinical finding contrasts with the impairment of tendon reflexes in the limbs and should not rule out the diagnosis of Friedreich ataxia.", "PMID": 572934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10325", "title": "Audioalgesic and audiovisuoalgesic synesthesias: epileptic manifestation.", "content": "A patient with partial seizures with complex symptomatology of left frontotemporal origin experienced audioalgesic and audiovisuoalgesic synesthesias.", "contents": "Audioalgesic and audiovisuoalgesic synesthesias: epileptic manifestation. A patient with partial seizures with complex symptomatology of left frontotemporal origin experienced audioalgesic and audiovisuoalgesic synesthesias.", "PMID": 572935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10326", "title": "Amphetamine-induced hypersensitivity in guinea pigs.", "content": "Chronic administration of d-amphetamine to young guinea pigs results in an increased behavioral response to this drug. After 6 months of daily amphetamine exposure, animals demonstrated behavioral hypersensitivity and developed full amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior with decreased latency. The data suggest that chronic agonism with amphetamine can produce dopaminergic hypersensitivity, a behavior that contrasts with the development of drug tolerance to other pharmacologic agents. The mechanism of this induced hypersensitivity was studied by comparing brain amphetamine levels after acute and chronic amphetamine treatment. The two groups of guinea pigs showed no significant difference in amphetamine levels or drug distribution. These results suggest that altered amphetamine metabolism cannot account for the hypersensitivity seen after amphetamine exposure. Guinea pigs chronically pretreated with d-amphetamine were hypersensitive to another dopaminergic agonist whose metabolic pathway is distinct from that of amphetamine. These results have therapeutic implications in the management of clinical conditions related to chronic agonist-induced hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Amphetamine-induced hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Chronic administration of d-amphetamine to young guinea pigs results in an increased behavioral response to this drug. After 6 months of daily amphetamine exposure, animals demonstrated behavioral hypersensitivity and developed full amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior with decreased latency. The data suggest that chronic agonism with amphetamine can produce dopaminergic hypersensitivity, a behavior that contrasts with the development of drug tolerance to other pharmacologic agents. The mechanism of this induced hypersensitivity was studied by comparing brain amphetamine levels after acute and chronic amphetamine treatment. The two groups of guinea pigs showed no significant difference in amphetamine levels or drug distribution. These results suggest that altered amphetamine metabolism cannot account for the hypersensitivity seen after amphetamine exposure. Guinea pigs chronically pretreated with d-amphetamine were hypersensitive to another dopaminergic agonist whose metabolic pathway is distinct from that of amphetamine. These results have therapeutic implications in the management of clinical conditions related to chronic agonist-induced hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 572936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10327", "title": "Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in canine and human myasthenia gravis: differential cross-reactivity with human and rabbit receptor.", "content": "Anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody (ab) was found in the serum of a dog with acute myasthenia gravis (MG) by the use of Cowan 1 strain Staphylococcus aureus to bind radiolabeled anti-AChR ab-AChR immune complexes. Fifteen months later, when the dog was in remission, there was only a very low level of the anti-AChR ab. These observations strengthen the contention that anti-AChR ab is important in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis. Higher titers of the canine ab were measured with rabbit than with human AChR, whereas 17 human MG sera, selected to represent a wide range of anti-AChR ab titers, were all more reactive with human AChR. The degree of cross-reactivity of human anti-AChR ab with rabbit AChR varied widely, indicating a heterogeneous population of anti-AChR ab molecules in human myasthenia gravis sera.", "contents": "Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in canine and human myasthenia gravis: differential cross-reactivity with human and rabbit receptor. Anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody (ab) was found in the serum of a dog with acute myasthenia gravis (MG) by the use of Cowan 1 strain Staphylococcus aureus to bind radiolabeled anti-AChR ab-AChR immune complexes. Fifteen months later, when the dog was in remission, there was only a very low level of the anti-AChR ab. These observations strengthen the contention that anti-AChR ab is important in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis. Higher titers of the canine ab were measured with rabbit than with human AChR, whereas 17 human MG sera, selected to represent a wide range of anti-AChR ab titers, were all more reactive with human AChR. The degree of cross-reactivity of human anti-AChR ab with rabbit AChR varied widely, indicating a heterogeneous population of anti-AChR ab molecules in human myasthenia gravis sera.", "PMID": 572937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10328", "title": "Benign acute childhood myositis.", "content": "Four school children, aged 6 to 9 years, had acute postinfectious myositis. The prodromal illness usually involved the upper respiratory tract, but gastrointestinal symptoms were also seen. Fever and nonspecific malaise were characteristic. After cessation of the illness, myalgia involved the calves and thighs. Arm and neck muscles were less frequently affected. Weakness was less marked than muscle pain. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was markedly increased in all cases. Myalgia and CPK levels subsided in less than a week, although one child was not back to normal for 4 weeks. Two children had electromyography, and patchy myopathic changes were found. Viral studies were not helpful in any of the cases.", "contents": "Benign acute childhood myositis. Four school children, aged 6 to 9 years, had acute postinfectious myositis. The prodromal illness usually involved the upper respiratory tract, but gastrointestinal symptoms were also seen. Fever and nonspecific malaise were characteristic. After cessation of the illness, myalgia involved the calves and thighs. Arm and neck muscles were less frequently affected. Weakness was less marked than muscle pain. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was markedly increased in all cases. Myalgia and CPK levels subsided in less than a week, although one child was not back to normal for 4 weeks. Two children had electromyography, and patchy myopathic changes were found. Viral studies were not helpful in any of the cases.", "PMID": 572938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10329", "title": "Sinemet and thyroid function in Parkinson disease.", "content": "Patients on chronic carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) therapy underwent thyroid function testing that included measurement of serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (t3), thyrotropin (TSH), T3 uptake (T3U), free T4 index (FT4I), and free T3 index (FT3I). The subjects were studied both in a random sampling and in a controlled manner, fasting and 2 hours after receiving the drug. All subjects were euthyroid by testing, and there was no significant difference in thyroid hormone levels of patients and controls or in fasting values and values 2 hours after the drug. However, there was a small but significant reduction in serum TSH levels after Sinemet. Therapeutic doses of Sinemet have no significant effect on thyroid function in euthyroid patients with Parkinson disease.", "contents": "Sinemet and thyroid function in Parkinson disease. Patients on chronic carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) therapy underwent thyroid function testing that included measurement of serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (t3), thyrotropin (TSH), T3 uptake (T3U), free T4 index (FT4I), and free T3 index (FT3I). The subjects were studied both in a random sampling and in a controlled manner, fasting and 2 hours after receiving the drug. All subjects were euthyroid by testing, and there was no significant difference in thyroid hormone levels of patients and controls or in fasting values and values 2 hours after the drug. However, there was a small but significant reduction in serum TSH levels after Sinemet. Therapeutic doses of Sinemet have no significant effect on thyroid function in euthyroid patients with Parkinson disease.", "PMID": 572939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10330", "title": "Joseph disease: protein patterns in fibroblasts and brain.", "content": "The separation of brain and fibroblast proteins was analyzed on two-dimensional acrylamide gels. Proteins were examined from skin fibroblast cultures and brain homogenates from the frontal cerebral cortex, putamen, and cerebellum. Protein species from skin fibroblast cultures of controls and patients with Joseph disease or Huntington disease were not significantly different. The proteins from homogenates of the cerebral cortex, putamen, and cerebellum from controls differed from those of one Joseph disease patient. Two major classes of proteins were increased in the patient's putamen and cerebellum. Proteins of 40,000 and 50,000 daltons--including the glial filamentous acidic protein complex (molecular weight 50,000), and two proteins which migrated near actin--were increased in the cerebellum. The glial filamentous acidic protein complex increased 3.7-fold in the putamen of the patient. These protein changes probably represent gliosis, but may also be an expression of the primary genetic mutation.", "contents": "Joseph disease: protein patterns in fibroblasts and brain. The separation of brain and fibroblast proteins was analyzed on two-dimensional acrylamide gels. Proteins were examined from skin fibroblast cultures and brain homogenates from the frontal cerebral cortex, putamen, and cerebellum. Protein species from skin fibroblast cultures of controls and patients with Joseph disease or Huntington disease were not significantly different. The proteins from homogenates of the cerebral cortex, putamen, and cerebellum from controls differed from those of one Joseph disease patient. Two major classes of proteins were increased in the patient's putamen and cerebellum. Proteins of 40,000 and 50,000 daltons--including the glial filamentous acidic protein complex (molecular weight 50,000), and two proteins which migrated near actin--were increased in the cerebellum. The glial filamentous acidic protein complex increased 3.7-fold in the putamen of the patient. These protein changes probably represent gliosis, but may also be an expression of the primary genetic mutation.", "PMID": 572941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10331", "title": "Language after bilateral cerebral infarctions: role of the minor hemisphere in speech.", "content": "Language was studied in four patients with bilateral cerebral infarctions. Bilateral destruction of the third frontal gyri did not necessarily produce the severely limited language output characteristic of global or severe Broca aphasia; for Broca aphasia to occur, there must be extensive frontoparietal damage in the dominant cerebral hemisphere. Thus, the marked recovery of language after lesions limited to the dominant third frontal gyrus is mediated by adjacent areas of the dominant hemisphere, and not by the nondominant third frontal gyrus. The nondominant hemisphere nevertheless has a limited capacity to produce oral speech after extensive damage to the dominant hemisphere and may play an appreciable, although still subsidiary, role in normal articulation. The central gyri and rolandic operculum may be more essential than the third frontal gyri for well-articulated speech.", "contents": "Language after bilateral cerebral infarctions: role of the minor hemisphere in speech. Language was studied in four patients with bilateral cerebral infarctions. Bilateral destruction of the third frontal gyri did not necessarily produce the severely limited language output characteristic of global or severe Broca aphasia; for Broca aphasia to occur, there must be extensive frontoparietal damage in the dominant cerebral hemisphere. Thus, the marked recovery of language after lesions limited to the dominant third frontal gyrus is mediated by adjacent areas of the dominant hemisphere, and not by the nondominant third frontal gyrus. The nondominant hemisphere nevertheless has a limited capacity to produce oral speech after extensive damage to the dominant hemisphere and may play an appreciable, although still subsidiary, role in normal articulation. The central gyri and rolandic operculum may be more essential than the third frontal gyri for well-articulated speech.", "PMID": 572942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10332", "title": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and cholinergic ionophore: an electrophysiologic study.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor from Narke electroplax japonica. A defect of neuromuscular transmission, physiologically identical to human myasthenia gravis, developed when antibodies against the receptor were found in serum. To clarify the mode of action of these antibodies, changes in the endplate current of frog muscle fibers were recorded after exposure to immune rabbit sera. The rabbit sera depressed the amplitude of the endplate current, but caused no change in the time course or the dependence of amplitude and half-decay time on membrane potential. Antibodies may affect acetylcholine binding without impairing ionophore function.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and cholinergic ionophore: an electrophysiologic study. Rabbits were immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor from Narke electroplax japonica. A defect of neuromuscular transmission, physiologically identical to human myasthenia gravis, developed when antibodies against the receptor were found in serum. To clarify the mode of action of these antibodies, changes in the endplate current of frog muscle fibers were recorded after exposure to immune rabbit sera. The rabbit sera depressed the amplitude of the endplate current, but caused no change in the time course or the dependence of amplitude and half-decay time on membrane potential. Antibodies may affect acetylcholine binding without impairing ionophore function.", "PMID": 572943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10333", "title": "The effect of symptom duration on cognitive and motor performance in parkinsonism.", "content": "Neuropsychologic test performance was examined in a normal control group and in three groups of Parkinson disease patients, with symptoms for 2 years or less, for 3 to 5 years, or for 6 to 15 years. On a test battery sampling a wide variety of cognitive and motor abilities, significant intergroup differences occurred primarily on tasks with a primary motor component, although mild intergroup cognitive impairment was also demonstrated. The results suggested that maximal deterioration occurred during the first 5 years of symptoms, with few significant additional changes after that.", "contents": "The effect of symptom duration on cognitive and motor performance in parkinsonism. Neuropsychologic test performance was examined in a normal control group and in three groups of Parkinson disease patients, with symptoms for 2 years or less, for 3 to 5 years, or for 6 to 15 years. On a test battery sampling a wide variety of cognitive and motor abilities, significant intergroup differences occurred primarily on tasks with a primary motor component, although mild intergroup cognitive impairment was also demonstrated. The results suggested that maximal deterioration occurred during the first 5 years of symptoms, with few significant additional changes after that.", "PMID": 572944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10334", "title": "Differential diagnosis of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "Neuromuscular biopsies from 18 patients with proximal muscle weakness were classified electromyographically as myopathy (11 cases), denervation (3 cases), or inconclusive (4 cases). Myopathic changes of muscle fibers occurred in all biopsies. Small angular dark fibers were observed in nine biopsies, and small-group atrophy in four biopsies from the three above-mentioned groups. Two biopsies classified as denervation showed large-group atrophy. Terminal innervation ratio (TIR) was increased only in the three cases classified as denervation and in one inconclusive case. TIR, which is more closely correlated with electromyographic (EMG) results than are muscle fiber changes, may help differentiate spinal muscular atrophy from limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Neuromuscular biopsies from 18 patients with proximal muscle weakness were classified electromyographically as myopathy (11 cases), denervation (3 cases), or inconclusive (4 cases). Myopathic changes of muscle fibers occurred in all biopsies. Small angular dark fibers were observed in nine biopsies, and small-group atrophy in four biopsies from the three above-mentioned groups. Two biopsies classified as denervation showed large-group atrophy. Terminal innervation ratio (TIR) was increased only in the three cases classified as denervation and in one inconclusive case. TIR, which is more closely correlated with electromyographic (EMG) results than are muscle fiber changes, may help differentiate spinal muscular atrophy from limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.", "PMID": 572945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10335", "title": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia: tubular aggregates and type 2 fiber atrophy in muscle.", "content": "We studied 21 patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina and hyperornithinemia. Although the patients were not weak, type 2 muscle fibers were almost universally atrophic and had tubular aggregates. Gyrate atrophy is the first disease in which females are shown to have tubular aggregates; the sexes were affected equally. In gyrate atrophy the number of type 2 fibers decreases with age. The muscle and eye changes are probably related to abnormal creatine synthesis, caused, in gyrate atrophy, by the increased body pool of ornithine; muscle abnormalities may also be present in other tapetoretinal dystrophies.", "contents": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia: tubular aggregates and type 2 fiber atrophy in muscle. We studied 21 patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina and hyperornithinemia. Although the patients were not weak, type 2 muscle fibers were almost universally atrophic and had tubular aggregates. Gyrate atrophy is the first disease in which females are shown to have tubular aggregates; the sexes were affected equally. In gyrate atrophy the number of type 2 fibers decreases with age. The muscle and eye changes are probably related to abnormal creatine synthesis, caused, in gyrate atrophy, by the increased body pool of ornithine; muscle abnormalities may also be present in other tapetoretinal dystrophies.", "PMID": 572946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10336", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. X. Helminths in impala.", "content": "Two to four impala in the Nylsvley Nature Reserve were culled each month from February 1975-February 1976. Two trematode species, 1 cestode species and 13 species of nematodes were recovered from these antelope. Of these, Fasciola gigantica, Gongylonema pulchrum, Haemonchus placei and Trichostrongylus falculatus are new records for impala. In general, H. placei, Longistrongylus sabie and Impalaia tuberculata exhibited a similar pattern of seasonal occurrence. Adult worms were present during November-February, while marked inhibition in the development of large numbers of 4th stage larvae occurred from April-September or October. Cooperia hungi, Cooperioides hamiltoni and Cooperloides hepaticae followed a similar pattern, but inhibition in the 4th larval stage was not as marked and lasted from June-September. No seasonal pattern of prevalence could be determined for Trichostrongylus spp. The worm burdens of young impala increased with the age of the animals and reached a peak when the impala were 1 year old.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. X. Helminths in impala. Two to four impala in the Nylsvley Nature Reserve were culled each month from February 1975-February 1976. Two trematode species, 1 cestode species and 13 species of nematodes were recovered from these antelope. Of these, Fasciola gigantica, Gongylonema pulchrum, Haemonchus placei and Trichostrongylus falculatus are new records for impala. In general, H. placei, Longistrongylus sabie and Impalaia tuberculata exhibited a similar pattern of seasonal occurrence. Adult worms were present during November-February, while marked inhibition in the development of large numbers of 4th stage larvae occurred from April-September or October. Cooperia hungi, Cooperioides hamiltoni and Cooperloides hepaticae followed a similar pattern, but inhibition in the 4th larval stage was not as marked and lasted from June-September. No seasonal pattern of prevalence could be determined for Trichostrongylus spp. The worm burdens of young impala increased with the age of the animals and reached a peak when the impala were 1 year old.", "PMID": 572950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10337", "title": "Production of a chicken meat infusion broth suitable for the mass production of a Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin.", "content": "A chicken meat infusion broth was prepared by various formulations and tested in 200 l volumes for their suitability to support the growth of Haemophilus gallinarum. The best yield (0,1% packed cells, or 10(9) colony-forming units/ml) was obtained with a medium prepared from whole flayed carcasses with a ratio of 1 kg of meat to 1,2 l of water.", "contents": "Production of a chicken meat infusion broth suitable for the mass production of a Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin. A chicken meat infusion broth was prepared by various formulations and tested in 200 l volumes for their suitability to support the growth of Haemophilus gallinarum. The best yield (0,1% packed cells, or 10(9) colony-forming units/ml) was obtained with a medium prepared from whole flayed carcasses with a ratio of 1 kg of meat to 1,2 l of water.", "PMID": 572951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10338", "title": "Tympanometry in 2-year-old children. Seasonal influence on frequency of secretory otitis and tubal function.", "content": "Repetitive screening tympanometry performed in 240 healthy 2-year-old children showed that tympanometric conditions are significantly better in the summer season than in the spring or winter. A very large tendency to spontaneous normalization of the tympanogram type B was demonstrated. Only 16% of the ears that had type B at the first investigation in November had the same type in August. Simultaneous with the normalization of some ears others deteriorated, thus in November type B tympanogram was found in 12%, in February 14.6%, in May 11.3%, and in August 7.2% of all ears investigated. Due to the large variability in the tympanometric conditions which are predominantly caused by catarrhalia, 28.6% of the ears have had type B tympanogram at least once during the period from November to August, while only 1.6% have had type B at all four investigations. The large spontaneous recovery of secretory otitis, demonstrated in the present study, indicates that the child should be observed for a period before implementation of surgical treatment.", "contents": "Tympanometry in 2-year-old children. Seasonal influence on frequency of secretory otitis and tubal function. Repetitive screening tympanometry performed in 240 healthy 2-year-old children showed that tympanometric conditions are significantly better in the summer season than in the spring or winter. A very large tendency to spontaneous normalization of the tympanogram type B was demonstrated. Only 16% of the ears that had type B at the first investigation in November had the same type in August. Simultaneous with the normalization of some ears others deteriorated, thus in November type B tympanogram was found in 12%, in February 14.6%, in May 11.3%, and in August 7.2% of all ears investigated. Due to the large variability in the tympanometric conditions which are predominantly caused by catarrhalia, 28.6% of the ears have had type B tympanogram at least once during the period from November to August, while only 1.6% have had type B at all four investigations. The large spontaneous recovery of secretory otitis, demonstrated in the present study, indicates that the child should be observed for a period before implementation of surgical treatment.", "PMID": 572952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10339", "title": "Tympanometry in three-year-old children. A cohort study on the prognostic value of tympanometry and operative findings in middle ear effusion.", "content": "The operative findings in a homogeneous, preoperatively followed population of 46 3- to 4-year-old children with middle ear effusion treated by adenotomy and paracentesis were correlated with the results of pre- and postoperative tympanometry. Factors of prognostic value were only the immediate type of tympanogram and the quantity of the middle ear effusion, not its viscosity. The combination of the determinative factors divided the material into four groups showing a different course through a 6-month postoperative follow-up. A flat tympanogram and impacted fluid spelt the poorest prognosis, with about 60% recurrences. The influence of the results upon a differentiated treatment of secretory otitis media in the younger age groups is outlined.", "contents": "Tympanometry in three-year-old children. A cohort study on the prognostic value of tympanometry and operative findings in middle ear effusion. The operative findings in a homogeneous, preoperatively followed population of 46 3- to 4-year-old children with middle ear effusion treated by adenotomy and paracentesis were correlated with the results of pre- and postoperative tympanometry. Factors of prognostic value were only the immediate type of tympanogram and the quantity of the middle ear effusion, not its viscosity. The combination of the determinative factors divided the material into four groups showing a different course through a 6-month postoperative follow-up. A flat tympanogram and impacted fluid spelt the poorest prognosis, with about 60% recurrences. The influence of the results upon a differentiated treatment of secretory otitis media in the younger age groups is outlined.", "PMID": 572953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10340", "title": "Functional and histological findings in acoustic neuroma.", "content": "27 patients with acoustic neuroma were operated on by translabyrinthine tumor removal. At operation 8th nerve compartments were identified and removed for study. Results of the audiological test battery and vestibular tests were compared with histological state of the nerve specimens studied. The tumor appears only seldom to invade the cochlear nerve in cases with 'cochlear' hearing loss, but in the majority of cases with 'retrocochlear' hearing loss the cochlear nerve is invaded.", "contents": "Functional and histological findings in acoustic neuroma. 27 patients with acoustic neuroma were operated on by translabyrinthine tumor removal. At operation 8th nerve compartments were identified and removed for study. Results of the audiological test battery and vestibular tests were compared with histological state of the nerve specimens studied. The tumor appears only seldom to invade the cochlear nerve in cases with 'cochlear' hearing loss, but in the majority of cases with 'retrocochlear' hearing loss the cochlear nerve is invaded.", "PMID": 572954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10341", "title": "Electron microscopic study of previously irradiated scleroma.", "content": "Nasal biopsies from 2 scleroma patients who had received previous X-ray therapy were investigated under the electron microscope. In the lamina propria, the majority of Mikulicz cells contained numerous small vacuoles. This was attributed to the effect of X-ray therapy causing temporary suppression of the inflammatory process followed by new granuloma formation. The vacuoles of the Mikulicz cells contained some fine granular and fibrillar material of unknown origin. Rounded electron-dense bodies with microprojections on their surface were present near some Mikulicz cells. These structures were considered to be Russell bodies. Occasional small lymph vessels with obstructed lumina were seen. This might indicate the rare spread of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis bacilli to regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of previously irradiated scleroma. Nasal biopsies from 2 scleroma patients who had received previous X-ray therapy were investigated under the electron microscope. In the lamina propria, the majority of Mikulicz cells contained numerous small vacuoles. This was attributed to the effect of X-ray therapy causing temporary suppression of the inflammatory process followed by new granuloma formation. The vacuoles of the Mikulicz cells contained some fine granular and fibrillar material of unknown origin. Rounded electron-dense bodies with microprojections on their surface were present near some Mikulicz cells. These structures were considered to be Russell bodies. Occasional small lymph vessels with obstructed lumina were seen. This might indicate the rare spread of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis bacilli to regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 572955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10342", "title": "[Loss of hearing in cerebral palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The hearing threshold level was examined in 75 cerebral palsied children (3--15 yrs.). In the case of 5 patients, we were unable to get an audiogram. 50 children had a normal audiogram on both ears. 13 patients had a bilateral, one a unilateral sensoneural loss of hearing. The rate of conductive loss of hearing was unexpectedly high: 4 patients with a bilateral pure conductive loss of hearing, 3 with a bilateral sensoneural loss of hearing and a bilateral additional airborne gap, and 2 with a monaural conductive loss of hearing. The treatment of the conductive deficiency is of primary importance in cases of a super-imposed senso-neural loss of hearing losses. 7 of our patients have been fitted with a hearing aid. The threshold of the stapedius reflex could be estimated in the case of 10 patients suffering from a sensoneural loss of hearing. All had a reduced dynamic range. Reduction of the dynamic range is not a specific trait of cerebral palsy as our cerebral palsied children with normal hearing had a normal dynamic range. No correlation could be found between asphyxia, underweight and hyperbilirubinaemia as single factors in the newborn period and sensoneural loss of hearing nor between athetosis and sensoneural loss of hearing.", "contents": "[Loss of hearing in cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. The hearing threshold level was examined in 75 cerebral palsied children (3--15 yrs.). In the case of 5 patients, we were unable to get an audiogram. 50 children had a normal audiogram on both ears. 13 patients had a bilateral, one a unilateral sensoneural loss of hearing. The rate of conductive loss of hearing was unexpectedly high: 4 patients with a bilateral pure conductive loss of hearing, 3 with a bilateral sensoneural loss of hearing and a bilateral additional airborne gap, and 2 with a monaural conductive loss of hearing. The treatment of the conductive deficiency is of primary importance in cases of a super-imposed senso-neural loss of hearing losses. 7 of our patients have been fitted with a hearing aid. The threshold of the stapedius reflex could be estimated in the case of 10 patients suffering from a sensoneural loss of hearing. All had a reduced dynamic range. Reduction of the dynamic range is not a specific trait of cerebral palsy as our cerebral palsied children with normal hearing had a normal dynamic range. No correlation could be found between asphyxia, underweight and hyperbilirubinaemia as single factors in the newborn period and sensoneural loss of hearing nor between athetosis and sensoneural loss of hearing.", "PMID": 572957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10343", "title": "Inhibition of in vitro synthesis of the second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by a soybean oil emulsion.", "content": "Recently a soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid) (IL) has been released in the United States for use as a parenteral nutrient. The study reported here was undertaken to determine the effect of ingestion of IL on the synthesis and secretion of the second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Cells exposed to IL had extensive Oil Red 0-positive granular-appearing accumulations of neutral lipid within the cytoplasm. Control cells did not stain with Oil Red 0. Incubation of the cells with concentrations of IL from 2.3--37.5 mg/100 ml resulted in a significant decrease in the production of both C2 and C4, which could not be explained by variability between plates. The decrease in total C2 or C4 production by cells incubated with IL for 4 hr was similar to the decrease in production by cells incubated with IL for 48 hr. Several lines of evidence indicated that the decrease of C2 or C4 was the result of decreased synthesis of these proteins and not interference of IL with the detection of the proteins or their secretion from the cells. Exposure of the cells to IL at all concentrations caused reduction of the number of cells having pseudopodia and a rounding-up of the cells. IL did not affect the rate of detachment of the cells from the plates through the 48-hr incubation period or the ability of the cells to exclude trypan blue. Total protein synthesis and total lysozyme production by control and IL-treated cells was similar.", "contents": "Inhibition of in vitro synthesis of the second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by a soybean oil emulsion. Recently a soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid) (IL) has been released in the United States for use as a parenteral nutrient. The study reported here was undertaken to determine the effect of ingestion of IL on the synthesis and secretion of the second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Cells exposed to IL had extensive Oil Red 0-positive granular-appearing accumulations of neutral lipid within the cytoplasm. Control cells did not stain with Oil Red 0. Incubation of the cells with concentrations of IL from 2.3--37.5 mg/100 ml resulted in a significant decrease in the production of both C2 and C4, which could not be explained by variability between plates. The decrease in total C2 or C4 production by cells incubated with IL for 4 hr was similar to the decrease in production by cells incubated with IL for 48 hr. Several lines of evidence indicated that the decrease of C2 or C4 was the result of decreased synthesis of these proteins and not interference of IL with the detection of the proteins or their secretion from the cells. Exposure of the cells to IL at all concentrations caused reduction of the number of cells having pseudopodia and a rounding-up of the cells. IL did not affect the rate of detachment of the cells from the plates through the 48-hr incubation period or the ability of the cells to exclude trypan blue. Total protein synthesis and total lysozyme production by control and IL-treated cells was similar.", "PMID": 572960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10344", "title": "[Pulmonary allescheriosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient properly treated for a previous cavitary tuberculosis, we had the surprise, after hemoptyses, to find a sleigh-bell shaped picture suggesting an intra-cavitary aspergilloma with a very special mycosis with Allescheria Boydii. Proof was provided by the presence of the fungus in direct examination and in culture in bronchial secretions. Surgical exeresis did not cure the patient and a secondary recurrence appeared on which antifungal drugs were ineffective. Antigens were made from the strain. They are used for immunoprecipitations tests. Only the patient's serum is positive; 82 serum test (18 concerned patients with visceral mycosis of farmer's lung disease) remained negative. Twenty two observations or pulmonary allescheriosis were recorded in the world. These figures are certainly below the truth. Three practical consequences can be drawn: --for an intra-cavitary mycetoma, with negative anti-aspergillus precipitins, such a disease must be kept in mind and the fungus looked for in bronchial secretions and specific immuno-precipitation test done; --any mycotic growth must be systematically cultured to determine the type of fungus; --for therapy, if diagnosis was made before the intervention, an antifungal treatment either local or general must be associated to the surgical treatment (contrary to aspergilloma treatment).", "contents": "[Pulmonary allescheriosis (author's transl)]. In a patient properly treated for a previous cavitary tuberculosis, we had the surprise, after hemoptyses, to find a sleigh-bell shaped picture suggesting an intra-cavitary aspergilloma with a very special mycosis with Allescheria Boydii. Proof was provided by the presence of the fungus in direct examination and in culture in bronchial secretions. Surgical exeresis did not cure the patient and a secondary recurrence appeared on which antifungal drugs were ineffective. Antigens were made from the strain. They are used for immunoprecipitations tests. Only the patient's serum is positive; 82 serum test (18 concerned patients with visceral mycosis of farmer's lung disease) remained negative. Twenty two observations or pulmonary allescheriosis were recorded in the world. These figures are certainly below the truth. Three practical consequences can be drawn: --for an intra-cavitary mycetoma, with negative anti-aspergillus precipitins, such a disease must be kept in mind and the fungus looked for in bronchial secretions and specific immuno-precipitation test done; --any mycotic growth must be systematically cultured to determine the type of fungus; --for therapy, if diagnosis was made before the intervention, an antifungal treatment either local or general must be associated to the surgical treatment (contrary to aspergilloma treatment).", "PMID": 572967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10345", "title": "Emptying of the uterovaginal sperm storage glands in the absence of ovulation and oviposition in the domestic hen.", "content": "Domestic hens were treated with pregnant mare serum to study the temporal pattern of sperm gland emptying in the absence of ovulation and oviposition. After a cessation of ovulation and oviposition, the hens were artificially inseminated with .034 ml of pooled semen. Subsequent histological examination of the uterovaginal sperm glands on days 1, 6, and 12 post-insemination indicated that the temporal rate of sperm-gland emptying was not significantly different from that of control birds which were laying normally. This observation suggests that ovulation and oviposition, along with their assoicated humoral factors, have a minimal effect on the emptying of the uterovaginal sperm storage glands.", "contents": "Emptying of the uterovaginal sperm storage glands in the absence of ovulation and oviposition in the domestic hen. Domestic hens were treated with pregnant mare serum to study the temporal pattern of sperm gland emptying in the absence of ovulation and oviposition. After a cessation of ovulation and oviposition, the hens were artificially inseminated with .034 ml of pooled semen. Subsequent histological examination of the uterovaginal sperm glands on days 1, 6, and 12 post-insemination indicated that the temporal rate of sperm-gland emptying was not significantly different from that of control birds which were laying normally. This observation suggests that ovulation and oviposition, along with their assoicated humoral factors, have a minimal effect on the emptying of the uterovaginal sperm storage glands.", "PMID": 572968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10346", "title": "[Distribution of nematode parasites of the digestive system in sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) of the Piedmontese and Valdostano Alpine arc].", "content": "A survey, carried out on gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep and goats of Piemonte and of Valle d'Aosta (87 sheep and 12 goats) has shown the presence of the following species in sheep, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Cooperia curticei, Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Nematodirus abnormalis, Nematodirus filicollis, Nematodirus helvetianus, Nematodirus spathiger, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia lyrata, Ostertagia trifurcata, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostronglus colubriformis, Trichostronglus vitrinus, Trichuris ovis and Trichuris skrjabini; in goats, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus filicollis, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus vitrinus. The percentage of each species in the two host is given in the text table.", "contents": "[Distribution of nematode parasites of the digestive system in sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) of the Piedmontese and Valdostano Alpine arc]. A survey, carried out on gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep and goats of Piemonte and of Valle d'Aosta (87 sheep and 12 goats) has shown the presence of the following species in sheep, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Cooperia curticei, Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Nematodirus abnormalis, Nematodirus filicollis, Nematodirus helvetianus, Nematodirus spathiger, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia lyrata, Ostertagia trifurcata, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostronglus colubriformis, Trichostronglus vitrinus, Trichuris ovis and Trichuris skrjabini; in goats, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus filicollis, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus vitrinus. The percentage of each species in the two host is given in the text table.", "PMID": 572958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10347", "title": "Adult and embryo responses to organophosphate pesticides: azodrin.", "content": "Azodrin was applied to adult embryo chickens, Chukar Partridge, and Bobwhite Quail. Chronic exposure of adult birds to Azodrin mixed in their feed indicated that no a priori predictions could be made about one species based on the results of another; each had a different no effect (MACT) level. The chickens were between 25 and 100 ppm, the Chukar Partridge 5 and 25 ppm, and the Bobwhite quail less than 1.25 ppm. The chicken adults were most resistant, and the quail were least resistant to chronic exposure to Azodrin. Yolk-injected Azodrin caused the embryos of all three species to develop abnormally. The chicken and Chukar embryos developed a generalized achondroplasia, the quail were amuscular, only. In general, the 3 day quail embryos were most resistant to injected Azodrin and the chicken embryo least resistant. The relationship between adult and embryo response was negative.", "contents": "Adult and embryo responses to organophosphate pesticides: azodrin. Azodrin was applied to adult embryo chickens, Chukar Partridge, and Bobwhite Quail. Chronic exposure of adult birds to Azodrin mixed in their feed indicated that no a priori predictions could be made about one species based on the results of another; each had a different no effect (MACT) level. The chickens were between 25 and 100 ppm, the Chukar Partridge 5 and 25 ppm, and the Bobwhite quail less than 1.25 ppm. The chicken adults were most resistant, and the quail were least resistant to chronic exposure to Azodrin. Yolk-injected Azodrin caused the embryos of all three species to develop abnormally. The chicken and Chukar embryos developed a generalized achondroplasia, the quail were amuscular, only. In general, the 3 day quail embryos were most resistant to injected Azodrin and the chicken embryo least resistant. The relationship between adult and embryo response was negative.", "PMID": 572969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10348", "title": "Efficacy and compatibility of amprolium and carbarsone against Coccidiosis and blackhead in turkeys.", "content": "Amprolium and carbarsone were tested separately and in combination for efficacy in prevention of occidiosis and histomoniasis, respectively. In these studies, amprolium at .0125% in the diet was efficacious in prevention of coccidiosis, and carbarsone had no deleterious effects when fed simultaneously at .0375%. Carbarsone at .0250% was efficacious in prevention of histomoniasis, and amprolium had no deleterious effects when fed concurrently at .025%. These results indicated that both drugs could be used in combination without interference of efficacy against the target diseases.", "contents": "Efficacy and compatibility of amprolium and carbarsone against Coccidiosis and blackhead in turkeys. Amprolium and carbarsone were tested separately and in combination for efficacy in prevention of occidiosis and histomoniasis, respectively. In these studies, amprolium at .0125% in the diet was efficacious in prevention of coccidiosis, and carbarsone had no deleterious effects when fed simultaneously at .0375%. Carbarsone at .0250% was efficacious in prevention of histomoniasis, and amprolium had no deleterious effects when fed concurrently at .025%. These results indicated that both drugs could be used in combination without interference of efficacy against the target diseases.", "PMID": 572970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10349", "title": "Stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Restraint stress produced ventricular arrhythmias in seven of seven guinea pigs monitored by a Holter ECG recorder. Couplets and ventricular tachycardia, never seen in unrestrained guinea pigs, were noted in three. The arrhythmias were associated with high heart rates which showed no tendency to decrease during the restraint period.", "contents": "Stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Restraint stress produced ventricular arrhythmias in seven of seven guinea pigs monitored by a Holter ECG recorder. Couplets and ventricular tachycardia, never seen in unrestrained guinea pigs, were noted in three. The arrhythmias were associated with high heart rates which showed no tendency to decrease during the restraint period.", "PMID": 572977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10350", "title": "[Luteinizing hormone content in the pineal body depending on the physiological state of rats].", "content": "The changes in the luteinizing hormone (LH) level in the pineal gland were studied in rats depending on their sex and age, and under conditions of hypophysectomy or gonadectomy. In golden hamsters these changes were studied during the sexual cycle. The LH level was determined by the radioimmunological method. The gonadotropin content in animals aged under 15 days was independent of sex. At the age of 23 days the LH content was greater in the female animals than in the male, whereas in 30- and 60-day female rats it was decreased in comparison with that in the male animals. The LH concentration (per 1 mg of protein) was maximal in the pineal gland extracts of 5-day male and female rats. Gonadectomy of rats led to an approximately double elevation of the LH content in the pineal gland on the 13th postoperative day both in male and female rats. This index was restored to control values three weeks after the operation. From the onset to the termination of diestrus in hamsters the LH content in the pineal gland decreased from 215 to 75 pg/organ, and after diestrus followed by proestrus and estrus it rose to 180 pg/organ (P less than 0.05). A reduction of the LH content to the 10th postoperative day followed hypophysectomy in male and female pubertant rats; the gonadotropin content was restored in two weeks.", "contents": "[Luteinizing hormone content in the pineal body depending on the physiological state of rats]. The changes in the luteinizing hormone (LH) level in the pineal gland were studied in rats depending on their sex and age, and under conditions of hypophysectomy or gonadectomy. In golden hamsters these changes were studied during the sexual cycle. The LH level was determined by the radioimmunological method. The gonadotropin content in animals aged under 15 days was independent of sex. At the age of 23 days the LH content was greater in the female animals than in the male, whereas in 30- and 60-day female rats it was decreased in comparison with that in the male animals. The LH concentration (per 1 mg of protein) was maximal in the pineal gland extracts of 5-day male and female rats. Gonadectomy of rats led to an approximately double elevation of the LH content in the pineal gland on the 13th postoperative day both in male and female rats. This index was restored to control values three weeks after the operation. From the onset to the termination of diestrus in hamsters the LH content in the pineal gland decreased from 215 to 75 pg/organ, and after diestrus followed by proestrus and estrus it rose to 180 pg/organ (P less than 0.05). A reduction of the LH content to the 10th postoperative day followed hypophysectomy in male and female pubertant rats; the gonadotropin content was restored in two weeks.", "PMID": 572973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10351", "title": "Radioprotection by DMSO of mammalian cells exposed to X-rays and to heavy charged-particle beams.", "content": "Populations of G1-phase Chinese hamster cells in stirred suspensions containing various concentrations of DMSO were irradiated with 250 kV X-rays or various heavy charged-particle beams. Chemical radioprotection of cell inactivation was observed for all LET values studied. When cell survival data were resolved into linear and quadratic components, the extent and concentration dependence of DMSO protection were found to be different for the two mechanisms. The chemical kinetics of radioprotection for single-events were similar for LET values up to those which gave the maximum RBE. DMSO protected to a lesser extent against energetic argon ions at an median LET of approximately 220 keV/micron. These data could indicate the contribution of indirect action by hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms to cell inactivation by single-hit and double-hit mechanisms for various radiation qualities. The decrease in RBE observed at very high LET may result, in part, from reduced yields of water radicals at 10(-9)-10(-8) s resulting from radical recombination mechanisms within the charged particle tracks.", "contents": "Radioprotection by DMSO of mammalian cells exposed to X-rays and to heavy charged-particle beams. Populations of G1-phase Chinese hamster cells in stirred suspensions containing various concentrations of DMSO were irradiated with 250 kV X-rays or various heavy charged-particle beams. Chemical radioprotection of cell inactivation was observed for all LET values studied. When cell survival data were resolved into linear and quadratic components, the extent and concentration dependence of DMSO protection were found to be different for the two mechanisms. The chemical kinetics of radioprotection for single-events were similar for LET values up to those which gave the maximum RBE. DMSO protected to a lesser extent against energetic argon ions at an median LET of approximately 220 keV/micron. These data could indicate the contribution of indirect action by hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms to cell inactivation by single-hit and double-hit mechanisms for various radiation qualities. The decrease in RBE observed at very high LET may result, in part, from reduced yields of water radicals at 10(-9)-10(-8) s resulting from radical recombination mechanisms within the charged particle tracks.", "PMID": 572979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10352", "title": "[Effect of estradiol on the prolactin content in the adenohypophysis of sexually mature and immature rats].", "content": "Gel electrophoresis was used in a comparative study of prolactin content in the hypophysis of rats of different age and sex, and at various stages of the estral cycle. The hormone level in the pubertal rats was twice or thrice greater than in the immature ones; it was by 16% less at the diestrus than at the estrus stage. There was no change in the hypophysis prolactin content in male rats at puberty. Ovariectomy was accompained by a sharp reduction of prolactin in the hypophysis. Replacing estradiol therapy increased the amount of prolactin in the hypophysis, without bringing it, however, to the level characteristic of intact rats. Estrogens are responsible for the maintenance of prolactin level, but apparently other factors influencing its content in the hypophysis also exist.", "contents": "[Effect of estradiol on the prolactin content in the adenohypophysis of sexually mature and immature rats]. Gel electrophoresis was used in a comparative study of prolactin content in the hypophysis of rats of different age and sex, and at various stages of the estral cycle. The hormone level in the pubertal rats was twice or thrice greater than in the immature ones; it was by 16% less at the diestrus than at the estrus stage. There was no change in the hypophysis prolactin content in male rats at puberty. Ovariectomy was accompained by a sharp reduction of prolactin in the hypophysis. Replacing estradiol therapy increased the amount of prolactin in the hypophysis, without bringing it, however, to the level characteristic of intact rats. Estrogens are responsible for the maintenance of prolactin level, but apparently other factors influencing its content in the hypophysis also exist.", "PMID": 572974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10353", "title": "2-(Aminomethyl)-2-decarboxyprostaglandin F2 alpha type analogs.", "content": "The 2-(aminomethyl)-2-decarboxy analogs of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), (15S)-15-methyl-PGF2 alpha, 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor-PGF2 alpha and 16,16-dimethyl-PGF2 alpha were synthesized. The amino analogs closely resemble the parent PGF2 alpha compounds as antifertility agents in the hamster.", "contents": "2-(Aminomethyl)-2-decarboxyprostaglandin F2 alpha type analogs. The 2-(aminomethyl)-2-decarboxy analogs of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), (15S)-15-methyl-PGF2 alpha, 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor-PGF2 alpha and 16,16-dimethyl-PGF2 alpha were synthesized. The amino analogs closely resemble the parent PGF2 alpha compounds as antifertility agents in the hamster.", "PMID": 572982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10354", "title": "A survey of attitudes toward responsible pet ownership.", "content": "The concerns of medical and community officials about responsible pet ownership have increased. Before a practical solution can be found for irresponsible ownership and community health problems associated with pet populations, the public's attitudes on issues related to responsible pet ownership must be determined. Such issues include attitudes on dog and cat overpopulation, potential public health problems associated with pet populations, and methods of controlling pet populations and stray animals. Responses to a questionnaire were used to evaluate the attitudes of 910 pet owners and nonowners toward factors comprising responsible pet ownership. The median age of the respondents was 33 years; 414 (45 percent) were men, and 496 (55 percent) were women. At the time of the study, 18 percent owned a cat and a dog, 35 percent owned only a dog, 11 percent showed only a cat, and 36 percent were nonowners. Not only the sex of the respondent but also the category of pet ownership affected opinions on overpopulation of dogs and cats, nuisance and pollution problems associated with these animals, and methods of controlling pet populations in the community. For example, owners agreed strongly on family planning for pets, but a majority of male owners stated that they would not have their dogs neutered.", "contents": "A survey of attitudes toward responsible pet ownership. The concerns of medical and community officials about responsible pet ownership have increased. Before a practical solution can be found for irresponsible ownership and community health problems associated with pet populations, the public's attitudes on issues related to responsible pet ownership must be determined. Such issues include attitudes on dog and cat overpopulation, potential public health problems associated with pet populations, and methods of controlling pet populations and stray animals. Responses to a questionnaire were used to evaluate the attitudes of 910 pet owners and nonowners toward factors comprising responsible pet ownership. The median age of the respondents was 33 years; 414 (45 percent) were men, and 496 (55 percent) were women. At the time of the study, 18 percent owned a cat and a dog, 35 percent owned only a dog, 11 percent showed only a cat, and 36 percent were nonowners. Not only the sex of the respondent but also the category of pet ownership affected opinions on overpopulation of dogs and cats, nuisance and pollution problems associated with these animals, and methods of controlling pet populations in the community. For example, owners agreed strongly on family planning for pets, but a majority of male owners stated that they would not have their dogs neutered.", "PMID": 572978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10355", "title": "The development and survival of Trichuris suis ova on pasture plots in the south of England.", "content": "Pasture plots in the south of England were contaminated each month throughout 1975 with pig faeces containing Trichuris suis ova. At regular intervals thereafter, soil samples were taken, the T suis ova extracted and their state of development noted. Depending on the time of year that the plots were contaminated, ova required between 62 and 90 weeks to complete their development to the infective stage. Little or no development occurred during winter. Once the infective stage was reached, the ova survived for at least two years. Samples taken from the plots at various depths demonstrated that T suis ova did not rapidly leach through the soil but were still available to grazing pigs up to two and a half years later. The early developmental stages of ova appeared to be more susceptible to desiccation than those that had developed to the blastula stage or beyond.", "contents": "The development and survival of Trichuris suis ova on pasture plots in the south of England. Pasture plots in the south of England were contaminated each month throughout 1975 with pig faeces containing Trichuris suis ova. At regular intervals thereafter, soil samples were taken, the T suis ova extracted and their state of development noted. Depending on the time of year that the plots were contaminated, ova required between 62 and 90 weeks to complete their development to the infective stage. Little or no development occurred during winter. Once the infective stage was reached, the ova survived for at least two years. Samples taken from the plots at various depths demonstrated that T suis ova did not rapidly leach through the soil but were still available to grazing pigs up to two and a half years later. The early developmental stages of ova appeared to be more susceptible to desiccation than those that had developed to the blastula stage or beyond.", "PMID": 572984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10356", "title": "[The affected medullary segment in paraplegics. Relation to sexual function in men (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors made a detailed clinical analysis of 119 stabilized total paraplegics in order to define, as precisely as possible, the limits of the medullary segment which, for each patient, had lost all its functional value. The relationships between the affected segments and the sexual capabilities of these patients show that the segment must: --exclude the sacral spinal cord if reflex erections are to occur; --underly Th. IX at least, or better still Th. XI, for psychogenic turgescence to appear; the efferent pathways seem therefore, to emerge from the cord quite close to the level which receives testicular afferent pathways; --underly or overly Th. XII, L I, and L II for at least the greater part, for emission of sperm to occur; a true abrupt ejaculation probably requires the complementary integrity of the sacral spinal cord.", "contents": "[The affected medullary segment in paraplegics. Relation to sexual function in men (author's transl)]. The authors made a detailed clinical analysis of 119 stabilized total paraplegics in order to define, as precisely as possible, the limits of the medullary segment which, for each patient, had lost all its functional value. The relationships between the affected segments and the sexual capabilities of these patients show that the segment must: --exclude the sacral spinal cord if reflex erections are to occur; --underly Th. IX at least, or better still Th. XI, for psychogenic turgescence to appear; the efferent pathways seem therefore, to emerge from the cord quite close to the level which receives testicular afferent pathways; --underly or overly Th. XII, L I, and L II for at least the greater part, for emission of sperm to occur; a true abrupt ejaculation probably requires the complementary integrity of the sacral spinal cord.", "PMID": 572987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10357", "title": "High concentrations of glutathione in glandular stomach: possible implications for carcinogenesis.", "content": "In laboratory rodents, concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) are exceedingly high (up to 7 to 8 millimolar) in the glandular gastric tissue compared to concentrations in other portions of the gastrointestinal tract or to those of most other organs. Gastric GSH varies diurnally, with the highest levels occurring in the late afternoon or early evening. Starvation, treatment with diethyl maleate, or cold-restraint stress all caused marked decreases in stomach GSH, whereas treatment with cobaltous chloride caused an increase in the GSH concentrations. The physiological significance of the high gastric GSH is unknown, but because this endogenous compound may strongly modulate (decrease or increase) the macromolecular binding of certain chemicals capable of inducing stomach tumors, the possible role of glutathione in the pathogenesis of chemically induced gastric cancer should be considered.", "contents": "High concentrations of glutathione in glandular stomach: possible implications for carcinogenesis. In laboratory rodents, concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) are exceedingly high (up to 7 to 8 millimolar) in the glandular gastric tissue compared to concentrations in other portions of the gastrointestinal tract or to those of most other organs. Gastric GSH varies diurnally, with the highest levels occurring in the late afternoon or early evening. Starvation, treatment with diethyl maleate, or cold-restraint stress all caused marked decreases in stomach GSH, whereas treatment with cobaltous chloride caused an increase in the GSH concentrations. The physiological significance of the high gastric GSH is unknown, but because this endogenous compound may strongly modulate (decrease or increase) the macromolecular binding of certain chemicals capable of inducing stomach tumors, the possible role of glutathione in the pathogenesis of chemically induced gastric cancer should be considered.", "PMID": 572989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10358", "title": "Dr. Guthrie and Felis domesticus or: tripping over the cat.", "content": "The principal reactions described in Guthrie and Horton's classic learning monograph appear to have been caused by the mere presence of the experimenters. Neither escape nor food reinforcement is necessary for the establishment of such responses. They are species-typical \"greeting\" reactions, readily elicited by the sight of human observers.", "contents": "Dr. Guthrie and Felis domesticus or: tripping over the cat. The principal reactions described in Guthrie and Horton's classic learning monograph appear to have been caused by the mere presence of the experimenters. Neither escape nor food reinforcement is necessary for the establishment of such responses. They are species-typical \"greeting\" reactions, readily elicited by the sight of human observers.", "PMID": 572990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10359", "title": "Genetic variance in nonverbal intelligence: data from the kinships of identical twins.", "content": "The multiple relationships within kinships of adult monozygotic twins permit incisive analyses to be made of genetic and environmental effects on behavioral traits. Data from families of 65 monozygotic twin pairs yield evidence of genetic variance on the Block Design Test, a nonverbal measure of general intelligence.", "contents": "Genetic variance in nonverbal intelligence: data from the kinships of identical twins. The multiple relationships within kinships of adult monozygotic twins permit incisive analyses to be made of genetic and environmental effects on behavioral traits. Data from families of 65 monozygotic twin pairs yield evidence of genetic variance on the Block Design Test, a nonverbal measure of general intelligence.", "PMID": 572991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10360", "title": "Long-term amphetamine treatment decreases brain serotonin metabolism: implications for theories of schizophrenia.", "content": "Long-term amphetamine administration to cats (a mean of 8.75 milligrams per kilogram twice daily for 10 days) produced large decreases (40 to 67 percent in serotonin and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in all brain regions examined. This treatment also produced several behaviors that are dependent on depressed central serotonergic neurotransmission, and which normally are elicited exclusively by hallucinogenic drugs. Short-term amphetamine administration (15 mg/kg) did not produce these behaviors and resulted in small decreases in brain serotonin and no change in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These data are discussed in the context of monoamine theories of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Long-term amphetamine treatment decreases brain serotonin metabolism: implications for theories of schizophrenia. Long-term amphetamine administration to cats (a mean of 8.75 milligrams per kilogram twice daily for 10 days) produced large decreases (40 to 67 percent in serotonin and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in all brain regions examined. This treatment also produced several behaviors that are dependent on depressed central serotonergic neurotransmission, and which normally are elicited exclusively by hallucinogenic drugs. Short-term amphetamine administration (15 mg/kg) did not produce these behaviors and resulted in small decreases in brain serotonin and no change in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These data are discussed in the context of monoamine theories of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 572992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10361", "title": "46, XY gonadal dysgenesis with secondary amenorrhea, virilization, and bilateral gonadoblastomas.", "content": "A phenotypic girl with secondary amenorrhea, enlargement of the clitoris, XY gonadal dysgenesis, and bilateral gonadoblastomas is described. The presence of secondary amenorrhea does not obviate the existence of a Y chromosome. The presence of the Y chromosome should be a warning that a gonadal tumor may be present and, therefore, gonadectomy must be done as soon as possible and preferably before puberty.", "contents": "46, XY gonadal dysgenesis with secondary amenorrhea, virilization, and bilateral gonadoblastomas. A phenotypic girl with secondary amenorrhea, enlargement of the clitoris, XY gonadal dysgenesis, and bilateral gonadoblastomas is described. The presence of secondary amenorrhea does not obviate the existence of a Y chromosome. The presence of the Y chromosome should be a warning that a gonadal tumor may be present and, therefore, gonadectomy must be done as soon as possible and preferably before puberty.", "PMID": 572994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10362", "title": "Monozygotic twins with early infantile autism. A case report.", "content": "A pair of monozygotic twins were born 3 weeks prematurely. They were concordant for early infantile autism (EIA) and developed at a similar rate until the age of 4 years, when one of them spontaneously improved. The other twin, who has suffered infrequent epileptic seizures since the age of 6 days, is still grossly autistic. The results of neurological examination and the electro-encephalograms of both are within normal limits. The role of genetic factors in the aetiology of autism is stressed, although these factors were not all important in the further development of these twins.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins with early infantile autism. A case report. A pair of monozygotic twins were born 3 weeks prematurely. They were concordant for early infantile autism (EIA) and developed at a similar rate until the age of 4 years, when one of them spontaneously improved. The other twin, who has suffered infrequent epileptic seizures since the age of 6 days, is still grossly autistic. The results of neurological examination and the electro-encephalograms of both are within normal limits. The role of genetic factors in the aetiology of autism is stressed, although these factors were not all important in the further development of these twins.", "PMID": 572995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10363", "title": "Comparison between a humanized cow's milk and a soy product for premature infants.", "content": "A soy-based infant feed was compared with a humanized cow's milk product in newborn preterm babies. Forty preterm infants appropriate for gestational age with birth weights of between 1,500 and 1,800 g were randomly allocated, as they were admitted, to either a soy feed or a humanized cow's milk formula--both commercial products. The trial lasted 35 days for each patient. With a formula intake of 180 ml/kg/day, the patients on the soy feed did not progress well, and most had to be withdrawn from the trial, whereas the group fed on cow's milk fared satisfactorily. With formula intakes of 200 ml/kg/d, progress in the group on the soy feed was improved. However, the body weights and serum albumin levels of the babies receiving the soy product were significantly lower than those of babies on the cow's milk formula at the end of the trial. Until more work has been done, we suggest that soy formulas should be employed with caution in the feeding of small preterm infants.", "contents": "Comparison between a humanized cow's milk and a soy product for premature infants. A soy-based infant feed was compared with a humanized cow's milk product in newborn preterm babies. Forty preterm infants appropriate for gestational age with birth weights of between 1,500 and 1,800 g were randomly allocated, as they were admitted, to either a soy feed or a humanized cow's milk formula--both commercial products. The trial lasted 35 days for each patient. With a formula intake of 180 ml/kg/day, the patients on the soy feed did not progress well, and most had to be withdrawn from the trial, whereas the group fed on cow's milk fared satisfactorily. With formula intakes of 200 ml/kg/d, progress in the group on the soy feed was improved. However, the body weights and serum albumin levels of the babies receiving the soy product were significantly lower than those of babies on the cow's milk formula at the end of the trial. Until more work has been done, we suggest that soy formulas should be employed with caution in the feeding of small preterm infants.", "PMID": 572996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10364", "title": "The binding of diiodosalicylate and flufenamate to the plasma antiactivator: analysis of chemical fibrinolysis.", "content": "The fibrinolytic effect of diiodosalicylate was expressed as apparent units urokinase. The dissociation constant of the urokinase-inhibitor complex is increased 19 times in the presence of 10(-2) M diiodosalicylate. The binding of diiodosalicylate to the antiactivator was estimated and the increase in free urokinase in the presence of diiodosalicylate was calculated. With 10(-2) M diiodosalicylate present only 4% of the inhibitor remains free to bind urokinase. Therefore, the fibrinolytic action of diiodosalicylate can be explained on the basis of its binding to the inhibitor and the release of free urokinase.", "contents": "The binding of diiodosalicylate and flufenamate to the plasma antiactivator: analysis of chemical fibrinolysis. The fibrinolytic effect of diiodosalicylate was expressed as apparent units urokinase. The dissociation constant of the urokinase-inhibitor complex is increased 19 times in the presence of 10(-2) M diiodosalicylate. The binding of diiodosalicylate to the antiactivator was estimated and the increase in free urokinase in the presence of diiodosalicylate was calculated. With 10(-2) M diiodosalicylate present only 4% of the inhibitor remains free to bind urokinase. Therefore, the fibrinolytic action of diiodosalicylate can be explained on the basis of its binding to the inhibitor and the release of free urokinase.", "PMID": 572998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10365", "title": "Cyclic changes in the surface structure of the cervix from the ewe as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Thirty parous ewes were divided into six groups and sacrificed on day 0 (first day of estrus), 1, 2, 10, 15 or 16 of the estrous cycle. The cervices were removed immediately and processed for examination with the scanning electron microscope. Observation of the tissues reveals that the surface of the cervix is highly convoluted, which results in the formation of numerous folds or crypts. Two forms of columnar epithelial cells, a ciliated and a non-ciliated cell with microvilli, line the luminal surface of the cerix in the day 10, luteal-phase ewes. However, on day 15, 2 days before estrus, the non-ciliated cells differentiate into two morphologically distinct types of secretory cells. One type forms when the apex of the non-ciliated cell dilates outward into the lumen of the cervix. Concurrent with apical enlargement, the microvilli are lost and the limiting cell membrane becomes smooth. The other type of cell is characterized by only a slight apical swelling. Consequently, remnants of microvilli along with secretory granules can be observed on the limiting membrane of this cell. Both cells release a particulate component, which is believed to be a precursor of mucus, into the lumen of the cerix. These particles undergo a series of morphological transformations to form a fibrillar layer, generally referred to as 'cervical mucus', that covers the epithelial surface at estrus. One to 2 days following the onset of estrus, the fibers become more closely assoicated with amorphous material that begins to coagulate, thereby revealing the underlying ciliated and non-ciliated cells that characterize the cervix of the luteal-phage ewe. The cyclical variation in secretory cells and factors that may influence that structural transformations which occur in mucus are discussed.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in the surface structure of the cervix from the ewe as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Thirty parous ewes were divided into six groups and sacrificed on day 0 (first day of estrus), 1, 2, 10, 15 or 16 of the estrous cycle. The cervices were removed immediately and processed for examination with the scanning electron microscope. Observation of the tissues reveals that the surface of the cervix is highly convoluted, which results in the formation of numerous folds or crypts. Two forms of columnar epithelial cells, a ciliated and a non-ciliated cell with microvilli, line the luminal surface of the cerix in the day 10, luteal-phase ewes. However, on day 15, 2 days before estrus, the non-ciliated cells differentiate into two morphologically distinct types of secretory cells. One type forms when the apex of the non-ciliated cell dilates outward into the lumen of the cervix. Concurrent with apical enlargement, the microvilli are lost and the limiting cell membrane becomes smooth. The other type of cell is characterized by only a slight apical swelling. Consequently, remnants of microvilli along with secretory granules can be observed on the limiting membrane of this cell. Both cells release a particulate component, which is believed to be a precursor of mucus, into the lumen of the cerix. These particles undergo a series of morphological transformations to form a fibrillar layer, generally referred to as 'cervical mucus', that covers the epithelial surface at estrus. One to 2 days following the onset of estrus, the fibers become more closely assoicated with amorphous material that begins to coagulate, thereby revealing the underlying ciliated and non-ciliated cells that characterize the cervix of the luteal-phage ewe. The cyclical variation in secretory cells and factors that may influence that structural transformations which occur in mucus are discussed.", "PMID": 572999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10366", "title": "Evaluation of the toxicologic and teratogenic potentials of sodium fluorescein in the rat.", "content": "Sodium fluorescein (10%) when injected intravenously (5 ml/kg) in pregnant albino rats crossed the placental barrier and appeared to be distributed throughout the fetus within 15 min. It was detectable in the fetus up to 4 h after injection but not beyond 24 h. A single intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein did not produce embryotoxic or teratogenic effects. Oral LD50 studies using sodium phenobarbital on rats which received sodium fluorescein during their fetal development showed no apparent effects of sodium fluorescein on their drug detoxification systems.", "contents": "Evaluation of the toxicologic and teratogenic potentials of sodium fluorescein in the rat. Sodium fluorescein (10%) when injected intravenously (5 ml/kg) in pregnant albino rats crossed the placental barrier and appeared to be distributed throughout the fetus within 15 min. It was detectable in the fetus up to 4 h after injection but not beyond 24 h. A single intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein did not produce embryotoxic or teratogenic effects. Oral LD50 studies using sodium phenobarbital on rats which received sodium fluorescein during their fetal development showed no apparent effects of sodium fluorescein on their drug detoxification systems.", "PMID": 573003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10367", "title": "Partial death as a defining characteristic of a subculture.", "content": "This paper presents a discussion of the idea of \"partial death\" as it relates to the subculture of the beats or hypsters, especially in San Francisco, from about 1948 to 1964, with special emphasis on the works of Kerouac and Ginsberg and a study by Rigney and Smith.", "contents": "Partial death as a defining characteristic of a subculture. This paper presents a discussion of the idea of \"partial death\" as it relates to the subculture of the beats or hypsters, especially in San Francisco, from about 1948 to 1964, with special emphasis on the works of Kerouac and Ginsberg and a study by Rigney and Smith.", "PMID": 573004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10368", "title": "Attenuation of ultrasound in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Ultrasonic attenuation in fresh and 5% formalin fixed beef skeletal muscle has been measured, as a continuous function of frequency, in the range 1-8 MHz, for muscle fibre orientations both parallel and normal to the direction of propagation. Good agreement was found in all cases between two independent sets of measurements employing transmission and reflection techniques respectively. The data are consistent with a power law dependence of attenuation coefficient on frequency, with an exponent that is not significantly different from unity. For propagation normal to the fibres attenuation values are found as 1.1 +/- 0.15 and 1.6 +/- 0.15 dB cm-1 MHz-1 for fresh and fixed tissue respectively, the corresponding values for parallel propagation being 2.9 +/- 0.23 and 4.1 +/- 0.25 dB cm-1 MHz-1.", "contents": "Attenuation of ultrasound in skeletal muscle. Ultrasonic attenuation in fresh and 5% formalin fixed beef skeletal muscle has been measured, as a continuous function of frequency, in the range 1-8 MHz, for muscle fibre orientations both parallel and normal to the direction of propagation. Good agreement was found in all cases between two independent sets of measurements employing transmission and reflection techniques respectively. The data are consistent with a power law dependence of attenuation coefficient on frequency, with an exponent that is not significantly different from unity. For propagation normal to the fibres attenuation values are found as 1.1 +/- 0.15 and 1.6 +/- 0.15 dB cm-1 MHz-1 for fresh and fixed tissue respectively, the corresponding values for parallel propagation being 2.9 +/- 0.23 and 4.1 +/- 0.25 dB cm-1 MHz-1.", "PMID": 573006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10369", "title": "Prolactin, LH, TSH, T3 and T4 in patients with urogenital carcinomas.", "content": "Serum level of peptide hormones LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin have been measured in patients with urogenital tumor. In this randomized study we found a frequent elevation of TSH and prolactin, which did not correlate. Increased serum level of TSH was confirmed to be without any elevation of serum T3 and T4. In some of these patients ectopic production of peptides may account for this abnormality. Systemic change of peptides in elderly patients, however, must be taken into consideration as well.", "contents": "Prolactin, LH, TSH, T3 and T4 in patients with urogenital carcinomas. Serum level of peptide hormones LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin have been measured in patients with urogenital tumor. In this randomized study we found a frequent elevation of TSH and prolactin, which did not correlate. Increased serum level of TSH was confirmed to be without any elevation of serum T3 and T4. In some of these patients ectopic production of peptides may account for this abnormality. Systemic change of peptides in elderly patients, however, must be taken into consideration as well.", "PMID": 573007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10370", "title": "Intravesical formalin for the control of intractable bladder haemorrhage secondary to radiation cystitis or bladder cancer.", "content": "During the last two years, 17 patients with haemorrhage due to radiation cystitis or bladder cancer have been treated by intravesical infusion of 10% Formalin solution. The results were very good in 9 cases, satisfactory in 3, while the remaining 5 cases were disappointing. The control of bleeding by Formalin was safe especially in patients with secondary haemorrhage due to radiation cystitis with no tumour recurrence.", "contents": "Intravesical formalin for the control of intractable bladder haemorrhage secondary to radiation cystitis or bladder cancer. During the last two years, 17 patients with haemorrhage due to radiation cystitis or bladder cancer have been treated by intravesical infusion of 10% Formalin solution. The results were very good in 9 cases, satisfactory in 3, while the remaining 5 cases were disappointing. The control of bleeding by Formalin was safe especially in patients with secondary haemorrhage due to radiation cystitis with no tumour recurrence.", "PMID": 573008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10371", "title": "[Heat development during tur. experiments with thermoelectric urethra model (author's transl)].", "content": "With the help of a new urethra phantom temperatures caused by leak currents during TUR have been measured. Quantitative analysis indicates the demand for maximum output power of 120 W during TUR.", "contents": "[Heat development during tur. experiments with thermoelectric urethra model (author's transl)]. With the help of a new urethra phantom temperatures caused by leak currents during TUR have been measured. Quantitative analysis indicates the demand for maximum output power of 120 W during TUR.", "PMID": 573009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10372", "title": "Why Marshall-Marchetti operation works . . . or does not.", "content": "Vesicourethral suspension operations fail (1) when preoperative evaluation is insuffcient, leading to improper selection of patients; and (2) for technical reasons when anatomy is uncorrected (suture malplacement, suture breakage, and failure to release adhesions) or when anatomy is corrected (periurethral fibrosis, fistula, stone or granuloma formation on nonabsorbable suture, and overcorrection). Vesicourethral suspension operations work by changing urethrotrigonal anatomy, creating a new equilibrium of forces acting on the bladder neck and urethra.", "contents": "Why Marshall-Marchetti operation works . . . or does not. Vesicourethral suspension operations fail (1) when preoperative evaluation is insuffcient, leading to improper selection of patients; and (2) for technical reasons when anatomy is uncorrected (suture malplacement, suture breakage, and failure to release adhesions) or when anatomy is corrected (periurethral fibrosis, fistula, stone or granuloma formation on nonabsorbable suture, and overcorrection). Vesicourethral suspension operations work by changing urethrotrigonal anatomy, creating a new equilibrium of forces acting on the bladder neck and urethra.", "PMID": 573010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10373", "title": "Niemann-Pick disease in a poodle dog.", "content": "A 5-month-old minature Poodle dog had widespread cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons in the central nervous system and foamy macrophages in the lung, spleen, renal lymph node, liver, adrenal gland and intestine. Concentric membranous cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in the neurons of the central nervous system by electron microscopy. There was no sphingomyelinase in the brain tissue. Sphingomyelin and cholesterol were increased in brain, kidney and liver. A diagnosis of Niemann-Pick Disease was based on absence of sphingomyelinase activity, as well as on histologic, histochemical and chemical findings.", "contents": "Niemann-Pick disease in a poodle dog. A 5-month-old minature Poodle dog had widespread cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons in the central nervous system and foamy macrophages in the lung, spleen, renal lymph node, liver, adrenal gland and intestine. Concentric membranous cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in the neurons of the central nervous system by electron microscopy. There was no sphingomyelinase in the brain tissue. Sphingomyelin and cholesterol were increased in brain, kidney and liver. A diagnosis of Niemann-Pick Disease was based on absence of sphingomyelinase activity, as well as on histologic, histochemical and chemical findings.", "PMID": 573013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10374", "title": "Impotence in the bull: (1) Abnormal venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum penis.", "content": "Six young bulls (two Friesian, two Charolais, one polled Devon and one North Devon) that had never served successfully, showed good libido but lacked penile erection. In five of these bulls, the short flaccid organ was not protruded during attempted service. Radiography of the cavernous bodies and veins of the penis in the living animal demonstrated major venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum penis (ccp) by the dorsal venous system in all cases. This was not seen in normal bulls. Radiography and anatomical preparations of post mortem specimens showed that the ccp was drained by the dorsal venous system throughout the length of the organ. Proximally, the cavernous spaces of the ccp anastomosed with those of the corpus spongiosum penis (csp) and were drained by numerous small veins. Distally, a system of larger veins, not seen in normal bulls, drained into left and right sides of the dorsal venous system. No microscopical abnormalities of spermatozoa or of testes were found, but there was a marked lack of spermatozoa in the caudae epididymides. The evidence suggests that abnormal venous drainage of the ccp may have been the immediate cause of impotence in these bulls.", "contents": "Impotence in the bull: (1) Abnormal venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum penis. Six young bulls (two Friesian, two Charolais, one polled Devon and one North Devon) that had never served successfully, showed good libido but lacked penile erection. In five of these bulls, the short flaccid organ was not protruded during attempted service. Radiography of the cavernous bodies and veins of the penis in the living animal demonstrated major venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum penis (ccp) by the dorsal venous system in all cases. This was not seen in normal bulls. Radiography and anatomical preparations of post mortem specimens showed that the ccp was drained by the dorsal venous system throughout the length of the organ. Proximally, the cavernous spaces of the ccp anastomosed with those of the corpus spongiosum penis (csp) and were drained by numerous small veins. Distally, a system of larger veins, not seen in normal bulls, drained into left and right sides of the dorsal venous system. No microscopical abnormalities of spermatozoa or of testes were found, but there was a marked lack of spermatozoa in the caudae epididymides. The evidence suggests that abnormal venous drainage of the ccp may have been the immediate cause of impotence in these bulls.", "PMID": 573016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10375", "title": "A study of the effects of copper deficiency in Scottish blackface lambs on improved hill pasture.", "content": "One member of each pair of twin lambs from 37 five-and six-year-old Scottish blackface ewes, grazing reseeded pasture suspected of causing a molybdenum-sulphur induced copper deficiency in sheep, was given an injection of 12.5 mg copper calcium edetate at about eight weeks of age. Plasma copper concentrations of these lambs were maintained in the normal range by further injections of copper as required (treatment group). The remaining member of each twin pair received no copper therapy (control group). The control lambs and all ewes showed marked hypocupraemia throughout lactation, whereas the plasma copper concentrations of the treatment lambs, and also of single lambs with continuous access to unimproved hill grazings, remained normal. The live-weight gain of the treatment lambs was significantly greater than that of the control lambs, the difference in mean live-weights after 12 weeks being 2.5 kg. All lambs showed some degree of osteoporosis; this was most severe in the control lambs which had less dense bones and were also more susceptible to bone fractures and to disease. Differences between treatment and control lambs were also observed in haematological parameters and in fleece characteristics.", "contents": "A study of the effects of copper deficiency in Scottish blackface lambs on improved hill pasture. One member of each pair of twin lambs from 37 five-and six-year-old Scottish blackface ewes, grazing reseeded pasture suspected of causing a molybdenum-sulphur induced copper deficiency in sheep, was given an injection of 12.5 mg copper calcium edetate at about eight weeks of age. Plasma copper concentrations of these lambs were maintained in the normal range by further injections of copper as required (treatment group). The remaining member of each twin pair received no copper therapy (control group). The control lambs and all ewes showed marked hypocupraemia throughout lactation, whereas the plasma copper concentrations of the treatment lambs, and also of single lambs with continuous access to unimproved hill grazings, remained normal. The live-weight gain of the treatment lambs was significantly greater than that of the control lambs, the difference in mean live-weights after 12 weeks being 2.5 kg. All lambs showed some degree of osteoporosis; this was most severe in the control lambs which had less dense bones and were also more susceptible to bone fractures and to disease. Differences between treatment and control lambs were also observed in haematological parameters and in fleece characteristics.", "PMID": 573017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10376", "title": "[Experimental gluing of the pleural cavity].", "content": "In experimental research on rabbits the authors assessed the usefulness of tissue adhesive-GRF in obtaining tissue union in the pleural cavity to replace aspiration drainage after thoracosurgical operations. The experiments were carried out on rabbits under general anaesthesia in two groups. First group had thoracotomy and after expansion of the lungs the chest was closed tightly. In second group after thoracotomy the lungs were stabilized with gelatin-resorcin-formaldehyde glue. Aspiration drainage was not used. The observation included: radiologic examination, measurements of pulmonary ventilation using Wright's volumometer and gasometric determination. Moreover the alveolar-capillary oxygen difference and the percent of lung shunt were determined. The authors underline good function glued lungs.", "contents": "[Experimental gluing of the pleural cavity]. In experimental research on rabbits the authors assessed the usefulness of tissue adhesive-GRF in obtaining tissue union in the pleural cavity to replace aspiration drainage after thoracosurgical operations. The experiments were carried out on rabbits under general anaesthesia in two groups. First group had thoracotomy and after expansion of the lungs the chest was closed tightly. In second group after thoracotomy the lungs were stabilized with gelatin-resorcin-formaldehyde glue. Aspiration drainage was not used. The observation included: radiologic examination, measurements of pulmonary ventilation using Wright's volumometer and gasometric determination. Moreover the alveolar-capillary oxygen difference and the percent of lung shunt were determined. The authors underline good function glued lungs.", "PMID": 573025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10377", "title": "Mechanisms of hypogonadism and feminization in alcholic liver disease.", "content": "Based upon studies in man and animals it is proposed that: 1. Alcohol-induced hypogonadism is primarily due to a direct testicular toxicity of ethanol manifested by alcohol-induced reduced testosterone levels. 2. In addition, an alcohol-induced central defect also may contribute to the observed hypogonadism. 3. In contrast to the ease with which hypogonadism can be ascribed to androgen deficiency per se, the observed feminization can not be ascribed to altered estrogen levels alone. Rather, we would propose, that feminization of such men is due to the combined effects of estrogen excess and androgen deficiency upon the patter of estrogen-binding proteins in hepatic cytosol.", "contents": "Mechanisms of hypogonadism and feminization in alcholic liver disease. Based upon studies in man and animals it is proposed that: 1. Alcohol-induced hypogonadism is primarily due to a direct testicular toxicity of ethanol manifested by alcohol-induced reduced testosterone levels. 2. In addition, an alcohol-induced central defect also may contribute to the observed hypogonadism. 3. In contrast to the ease with which hypogonadism can be ascribed to androgen deficiency per se, the observed feminization can not be ascribed to altered estrogen levels alone. Rather, we would propose, that feminization of such men is due to the combined effects of estrogen excess and androgen deficiency upon the patter of estrogen-binding proteins in hepatic cytosol.", "PMID": 573026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10378", "title": "[Survival of Cochliobolus miyabeanus in the soil (author's transl)].", "content": "Survival of C. miyabeanus in irrigated soils of rice fields was higher in infected rice straw (70 days) than in infected rice leaves (40 days). The fungus survived longer in soil depth of 30 cm as in a depth of 15 cm. Between the survival of the fungus and the destruction of infected plant material exist a correlation. In infected rice seeds survived the fungus longer by 5--8 degrees C than by 26--33 degrees C.", "contents": "[Survival of Cochliobolus miyabeanus in the soil (author's transl)]. Survival of C. miyabeanus in irrigated soils of rice fields was higher in infected rice straw (70 days) than in infected rice leaves (40 days). The fungus survived longer in soil depth of 30 cm as in a depth of 15 cm. Between the survival of the fungus and the destruction of infected plant material exist a correlation. In infected rice seeds survived the fungus longer by 5--8 degrees C than by 26--33 degrees C.", "PMID": 573032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10379", "title": "[Role of genetic factors in the formation of trace reactions in man].", "content": "Trace processes due to presentation of visual nonverbal information, and the dynamics of the bioelectrical parameter (mean level of asymmetry of EEG-waves) were studies in 32 pairs of monozygote and 38 pairs of dizygote twins with twins method. Statistical processing of the data revealed a significant effect of genetic factors on the formation of individual variability of the characteristics of trace processes in humans. The results obtained showed that with increased functional load the intrapair similarity of trace reactions increased in monozygote twins and did not change or decrease in dizygote twins and in unrelated pairs. This fact is interpreted at a dependence of appearance of geneticly determined neurophysiological characteristics on the level of functional activity of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Role of genetic factors in the formation of trace reactions in man]. Trace processes due to presentation of visual nonverbal information, and the dynamics of the bioelectrical parameter (mean level of asymmetry of EEG-waves) were studies in 32 pairs of monozygote and 38 pairs of dizygote twins with twins method. Statistical processing of the data revealed a significant effect of genetic factors on the formation of individual variability of the characteristics of trace processes in humans. The results obtained showed that with increased functional load the intrapair similarity of trace reactions increased in monozygote twins and did not change or decrease in dizygote twins and in unrelated pairs. This fact is interpreted at a dependence of appearance of geneticly determined neurophysiological characteristics on the level of functional activity of the nervous system.", "PMID": 573028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10380", "title": "Amino acid content in relation to growth of Helminthosporium maydis Nishikado and Miyake.", "content": "During the growth period of thirty days, altogether thirteen amino acids showed their presence and activity in the developing culture of Helminthosporium maydis Nishikado and Miyake. Initiation of growth by the 5th day coincided with the appearance of profuse amounts of dl-alanine and serine, and moderate amounts of valine, threonine, and aspartic acid. The thirteen amino acids, which appeared in full complement by the 15th day, were actively engaged in accelerating mycelial accumulation. Beyond this growth period, there was a decline in the amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid content in relation to growth of Helminthosporium maydis Nishikado and Miyake. During the growth period of thirty days, altogether thirteen amino acids showed their presence and activity in the developing culture of Helminthosporium maydis Nishikado and Miyake. Initiation of growth by the 5th day coincided with the appearance of profuse amounts of dl-alanine and serine, and moderate amounts of valine, threonine, and aspartic acid. The thirteen amino acids, which appeared in full complement by the 15th day, were actively engaged in accelerating mycelial accumulation. Beyond this growth period, there was a decline in the amino acids.", "PMID": 573033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10381", "title": "Varying spectrum of amino acids in relation to growth in Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan.", "content": "Fifteen amino acids were detected in the developing mycelium of Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan. During the first fortnight of mat accumulation, which was more rapid, a marked influence of amino acids on the growth pattern was discernible. A high level maintenance of dl-alanine l-cysteine, l-leucine/isoleucine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamic, and aspartic acids, as well as an increase in the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid and proline during the first fortnight of culture development were effective in initiating growth and keeping it at a more rapid pace. Glutamine and methionine appeared in the latter half of fungal growth. During this slow pace of mycelial accumulation in the latter half period, there was a general and overall decline in the amount of most of the amino acids. The amino acids started disappearing from the mycelial extract from the 20th day onwards till the end of the 30th day. In the culture filtrate, aspartic acid and proline appeared during the rapid growth phase and dl-alanine and methionine during the slower phase.", "contents": "Varying spectrum of amino acids in relation to growth in Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan. Fifteen amino acids were detected in the developing mycelium of Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan. During the first fortnight of mat accumulation, which was more rapid, a marked influence of amino acids on the growth pattern was discernible. A high level maintenance of dl-alanine l-cysteine, l-leucine/isoleucine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamic, and aspartic acids, as well as an increase in the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid and proline during the first fortnight of culture development were effective in initiating growth and keeping it at a more rapid pace. Glutamine and methionine appeared in the latter half of fungal growth. During this slow pace of mycelial accumulation in the latter half period, there was a general and overall decline in the amount of most of the amino acids. The amino acids started disappearing from the mycelial extract from the 20th day onwards till the end of the 30th day. In the culture filtrate, aspartic acid and proline appeared during the rapid growth phase and dl-alanine and methionine during the slower phase.", "PMID": 573034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10382", "title": "Fluctuation in amino-acid constituents of a developing culture of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and its relation to growth.", "content": "Altogether eleven amino acids were detected in the mycelial extract of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Here, with the appearance of aspartic acid and homoserine on the 5th day, growth was initiated. The maximum mycelial output, achieved by the 15th day, coincided with the detection of leucine/isoleucine and valine in the mycelial extract and of methionine in the culture filtrate. Lysine and gamma-amino-butyric acid which appeared late in the mycelium did not contribute to its growth. Tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, was present only in the culture filtrate and not in the fungal extract. Aspartic acid, homoserine, and methionine were profusely produced in the culture filtrate during the decline of mycelial growth, suggesting that these amino acids could be fungal autolysis products as well.", "contents": "Fluctuation in amino-acid constituents of a developing culture of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and its relation to growth. Altogether eleven amino acids were detected in the mycelial extract of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Here, with the appearance of aspartic acid and homoserine on the 5th day, growth was initiated. The maximum mycelial output, achieved by the 15th day, coincided with the detection of leucine/isoleucine and valine in the mycelial extract and of methionine in the culture filtrate. Lysine and gamma-amino-butyric acid which appeared late in the mycelium did not contribute to its growth. Tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, was present only in the culture filtrate and not in the fungal extract. Aspartic acid, homoserine, and methionine were profusely produced in the culture filtrate during the decline of mycelial growth, suggesting that these amino acids could be fungal autolysis products as well.", "PMID": 573035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10383", "title": "[Studies on habitat of fungi on glass fibre wallpaper (author's transl)].", "content": "The fungi strains Alternaria tenuis C.G. Ness and Ulocladium alternariae (Cke.) Simmons could be isolated from black coloured glass fibre wallpaper. It was investigated that glass fibre wallpaper and covering pastes were not substrate medium but were settled by fungi when there were nutrition substances under or in the air volume of the wallpaper. Both isolated fungi strains converted carboxymethyl-cellulose as alone C- and energy source. The fungicide Smotilon AM limited the spore germination growth of both strains with 0.5% solution. The formation of the biotop glass fibre wallpaper for fungi was discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on habitat of fungi on glass fibre wallpaper (author's transl)]. The fungi strains Alternaria tenuis C.G. Ness and Ulocladium alternariae (Cke.) Simmons could be isolated from black coloured glass fibre wallpaper. It was investigated that glass fibre wallpaper and covering pastes were not substrate medium but were settled by fungi when there were nutrition substances under or in the air volume of the wallpaper. Both isolated fungi strains converted carboxymethyl-cellulose as alone C- and energy source. The fungicide Smotilon AM limited the spore germination growth of both strains with 0.5% solution. The formation of the biotop glass fibre wallpaper for fungi was discussed.", "PMID": 573036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10384", "title": "[The effect of local heat and cold packs on the skin temperature at the knee joint].", "content": "Using the infrared radiometer KT 41, skin temperature of the knee joint was measured in 5 healthy persons on five different points. With the same method skin temperature of knee joints was estimated after hot mud packs of 20 minutes duration and cold packs with frozen bags of 30 minutes duration. The highest temperatures were estimated near the popliteal space, the lowest temperatures on the patella. During 24 hours, a distinct periodical course of skin temperature could be observed. After the hot pack skin temperature of the treated joint significantly rose; after 1 hour the average temperature before heat application was reached again. After cold application with deeply frozen bags, skin temperature dropped drastically and remained colder than pretreatment temperature for almost 5 hours. Heat application did not influence skin temperature of untreated contralateral knee but during cold application also the temperature of untreated knee slightly decreased. Considering the correlation between skin temperature and intraarticular temperature of joints, the effect of local heating and cooling seems to be more intense than supposed and confirms the therapeutic benefit of heat and cold in rheumatology.", "contents": "[The effect of local heat and cold packs on the skin temperature at the knee joint]. Using the infrared radiometer KT 41, skin temperature of the knee joint was measured in 5 healthy persons on five different points. With the same method skin temperature of knee joints was estimated after hot mud packs of 20 minutes duration and cold packs with frozen bags of 30 minutes duration. The highest temperatures were estimated near the popliteal space, the lowest temperatures on the patella. During 24 hours, a distinct periodical course of skin temperature could be observed. After the hot pack skin temperature of the treated joint significantly rose; after 1 hour the average temperature before heat application was reached again. After cold application with deeply frozen bags, skin temperature dropped drastically and remained colder than pretreatment temperature for almost 5 hours. Heat application did not influence skin temperature of untreated contralateral knee but during cold application also the temperature of untreated knee slightly decreased. Considering the correlation between skin temperature and intraarticular temperature of joints, the effect of local heating and cooling seems to be more intense than supposed and confirms the therapeutic benefit of heat and cold in rheumatology.", "PMID": 573031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10385", "title": "Investigation of effect of alpha-naphthylamine and beta-naphthylamine on organic acids formation of self-sustaining coacervates.", "content": "Malonic and oleic acids were found in the typical mixtures. Samples containing alpha-naphthylamine gave oleic and malic acids which disintegrated with time of exposure. Tricarballylic acid was confirmed in presence of beta-naphthyl amine, but disappeared with time. Arachidic, tartaric, and adipic acids were found, but they disappeared in eight days' exposed samples. At later stages of exposure, malonic acid was observed along with sporadic appearances of citric , succinic, and oleic acids. Rate of disintegration of these compounds was directly proportional to time of exposure to sunlight.", "contents": "Investigation of effect of alpha-naphthylamine and beta-naphthylamine on organic acids formation of self-sustaining coacervates. Malonic and oleic acids were found in the typical mixtures. Samples containing alpha-naphthylamine gave oleic and malic acids which disintegrated with time of exposure. Tricarballylic acid was confirmed in presence of beta-naphthyl amine, but disappeared with time. Arachidic, tartaric, and adipic acids were found, but they disappeared in eight days' exposed samples. At later stages of exposure, malonic acid was observed along with sporadic appearances of citric , succinic, and oleic acids. Rate of disintegration of these compounds was directly proportional to time of exposure to sunlight.", "PMID": 573037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10386", "title": "[Immunogenic and adjuvant properties of rat erythrocytes subjected to exposure to a high external temperature].", "content": "The erythrocytes of Wistar rats, subjected to heating at 40 degrees C (4 times, each heating lasting 40 min.) were found to be more immunogenic in mice than the erythrocytes of intact rats. The immunization of intact Wistar rats, in a single injection, with syngeneic erythrocytes obtained from the heated animals did not induce immunological response reaction, whereas 5 injections of these erythrocytes caused an increase in the number of rosette-forming cells. The injection of syngeneic erythrocytes obtained from the heated rats to intact animals also stimulated the development of immune response to sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Immunogenic and adjuvant properties of rat erythrocytes subjected to exposure to a high external temperature]. The erythrocytes of Wistar rats, subjected to heating at 40 degrees C (4 times, each heating lasting 40 min.) were found to be more immunogenic in mice than the erythrocytes of intact rats. The immunization of intact Wistar rats, in a single injection, with syngeneic erythrocytes obtained from the heated animals did not induce immunological response reaction, whereas 5 injections of these erythrocytes caused an increase in the number of rosette-forming cells. The injection of syngeneic erythrocytes obtained from the heated rats to intact animals also stimulated the development of immune response to sheep erythrocytes.", "PMID": 573038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10387", "title": "Light-induced rhythms of prolactin secretion in the ram and the effect of cranial sympathectomy.", "content": "Four Soay rams cranially sympathectomised by removal of the superior cervical ganglia were housed alongside 4 control rams in an artificial lighting regime of alternating 16 week periods of short days (8L : 16D) and long days (16L : 8D) for 2 years. The variations in the plasma prolactin concentration revealed that while the control animals adjusted both the short term (diurnal) and long term (seasonal) rhythms in prolactin secretion in response to the changes in daylength, the ganglionectomised rams failed to respond. These sympathectomised animals continued to show long term changes in the circulating level of prolactin however and during the periods of hypersecretion a conspicuous diurnal rhythm in the hormone concentration was apparent.", "contents": "Light-induced rhythms of prolactin secretion in the ram and the effect of cranial sympathectomy. Four Soay rams cranially sympathectomised by removal of the superior cervical ganglia were housed alongside 4 control rams in an artificial lighting regime of alternating 16 week periods of short days (8L : 16D) and long days (16L : 8D) for 2 years. The variations in the plasma prolactin concentration revealed that while the control animals adjusted both the short term (diurnal) and long term (seasonal) rhythms in prolactin secretion in response to the changes in daylength, the ganglionectomised rams failed to respond. These sympathectomised animals continued to show long term changes in the circulating level of prolactin however and during the periods of hypersecretion a conspicuous diurnal rhythm in the hormone concentration was apparent.", "PMID": 573039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10388", "title": "[Effect of destruction of the frontal and parietal regions of the neocortex on the ability of dogs to solve extrapolation problems].", "content": "Parietoectomized dogs (n = 8), like intact ones (n = 102), are able to extrapolate the direction of the movement of an alimentary stimulus when presented with a complex task variant. In this they differ from animals with a prefrontal lobectomy (n = 10) in which, according to the authors' previous data (1971), the ability to elementary rational activity in Krushinsky extrapolation test (1977), is impaired.", "contents": "[Effect of destruction of the frontal and parietal regions of the neocortex on the ability of dogs to solve extrapolation problems]. Parietoectomized dogs (n = 8), like intact ones (n = 102), are able to extrapolate the direction of the movement of an alimentary stimulus when presented with a complex task variant. In this they differ from animals with a prefrontal lobectomy (n = 10) in which, according to the authors' previous data (1971), the ability to elementary rational activity in Krushinsky extrapolation test (1977), is impaired.", "PMID": 573030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10389", "title": "[Raised serum PRL and androgen levels associated with hyrsutism, amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea].", "content": "This is a report of a case of a case of amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome with hyperprolactinaemia associated with increase of plasma androstenedione and urinary 17-ketosteroids, gradually developed in a sterile subject. Plasma LH and testosterone levels and the results of adrenal suppression and ovarian stimulation tests seem to prove, point towards, the adrenal as the likely source of androgens. Treatment with bromocryptin for 20 weeks brought about a reduction to normal of both PRL and androgens. Resumption of ovulatory cycles followed thereafter and a pregnancy eventually occurred.", "contents": "[Raised serum PRL and androgen levels associated with hyrsutism, amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea]. This is a report of a case of a case of amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome with hyperprolactinaemia associated with increase of plasma androstenedione and urinary 17-ketosteroids, gradually developed in a sterile subject. Plasma LH and testosterone levels and the results of adrenal suppression and ovarian stimulation tests seem to prove, point towards, the adrenal as the likely source of androgens. Treatment with bromocryptin for 20 weeks brought about a reduction to normal of both PRL and androgens. Resumption of ovulatory cycles followed thereafter and a pregnancy eventually occurred.", "PMID": 573041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10390", "title": "Failure of bromocriptine to suppress prolactin in majeptil-induced hyperprolactinemia.", "content": "A case of hyperprolactinemic anovulation with amenorrhea and galactorrhea, due to Phenothizine derivative (Majeptil) is presented. Treatment with bromocriptine, 2.5 mg b.i.d., p.o., or L-Dopa, 500 mg, p.o., did not suppress serum prolactin and menstrual cycle was not resumed. Pituitary prolactin response to TRH and Pituitary LH and FSH response to LHRH were found to be normal. It seems that at the dose used, bromocriptine (a dopaminergic agonist) cannot counteract the phenothiazine induced hyperprolactinemia. Hence, it is not effective in induction of ovulation while the patient is under phenothiazine treatment.", "contents": "Failure of bromocriptine to suppress prolactin in majeptil-induced hyperprolactinemia. A case of hyperprolactinemic anovulation with amenorrhea and galactorrhea, due to Phenothizine derivative (Majeptil) is presented. Treatment with bromocriptine, 2.5 mg b.i.d., p.o., or L-Dopa, 500 mg, p.o., did not suppress serum prolactin and menstrual cycle was not resumed. Pituitary prolactin response to TRH and Pituitary LH and FSH response to LHRH were found to be normal. It seems that at the dose used, bromocriptine (a dopaminergic agonist) cannot counteract the phenothiazine induced hyperprolactinemia. Hence, it is not effective in induction of ovulation while the patient is under phenothiazine treatment.", "PMID": 573042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10391", "title": "Barriers and transport properties of the perineurium. An ultrastructural study with 125I-labeled albuminin and horseradish peroxidase in normal and protein-deprived rats.", "content": "The permeability properties of the perineurium in sciatic nerves of 12-week-old rats were studied. The penetration of 125I-labeled albumin and horseradish peroxidase into the perineurium was investigated electronmicroscopically 10, 30, and 120 min after the local extraneural application of the tracers. The autoradiographic study included age-matched protein-deprived rats. It was concluded that the perineurium acted as a diffusion barrier but also permitted a slow passage of the macromolecules into the endoneurium. The result indicates that this penetration to some extent is due to vesicular transport across the perineurial cells. The significance of these barrier and transport properties of the perineurium is discussed. No obvious differences in perineurial permeability between normal and protein-deprived rats were obtained.", "contents": "Barriers and transport properties of the perineurium. An ultrastructural study with 125I-labeled albuminin and horseradish peroxidase in normal and protein-deprived rats. The permeability properties of the perineurium in sciatic nerves of 12-week-old rats were studied. The penetration of 125I-labeled albumin and horseradish peroxidase into the perineurium was investigated electronmicroscopically 10, 30, and 120 min after the local extraneural application of the tracers. The autoradiographic study included age-matched protein-deprived rats. It was concluded that the perineurium acted as a diffusion barrier but also permitted a slow passage of the macromolecules into the endoneurium. The result indicates that this penetration to some extent is due to vesicular transport across the perineurial cells. The significance of these barrier and transport properties of the perineurium is discussed. No obvious differences in perineurial permeability between normal and protein-deprived rats were obtained.", "PMID": 573043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10392", "title": "Astrocytes in hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and their relationship to stromal cells.", "content": "Thirteen cases of CNS hemangioblastoma were examined with the immunoperoxidase technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to determine if there were astrocytic elements among the \"stromal cells\" of these tumors. In six cases, includinng two leptomeningeal hemangioblastomas, none of the stromal cells were positive on GFAP stain. Seven cases, however, showed variable presence of Gfap positive cells, including clusters of heavily lipidized cells deep within cerebellar hemangioblastomas. These GFAP positive cells were indestinguishable by other stains from interstitial or stromal cells. Thus, it appears that in at least some hemangioblastomas of the CNS parenchyma, a few or many \"stromal cells\" are lipidized astrocytes. All stromal cells, however, cannot be of astrocytic origin, as proposed by Jakobiec et al. (1976), in view of our six cases where no GFAP-positive cells were found in the tumors. It is suggested that cells identified as \"stromal cells\" of hemangioblastomas on light microscopy are a heterogeneous group of cells including astroyctic as well as other elements and that they resemble each other on ordinary stains because of the \"equalizing effect\" of cell lipidization.", "contents": "Astrocytes in hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and their relationship to stromal cells. Thirteen cases of CNS hemangioblastoma were examined with the immunoperoxidase technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to determine if there were astrocytic elements among the \"stromal cells\" of these tumors. In six cases, includinng two leptomeningeal hemangioblastomas, none of the stromal cells were positive on GFAP stain. Seven cases, however, showed variable presence of Gfap positive cells, including clusters of heavily lipidized cells deep within cerebellar hemangioblastomas. These GFAP positive cells were indestinguishable by other stains from interstitial or stromal cells. Thus, it appears that in at least some hemangioblastomas of the CNS parenchyma, a few or many \"stromal cells\" are lipidized astrocytes. All stromal cells, however, cannot be of astrocytic origin, as proposed by Jakobiec et al. (1976), in view of our six cases where no GFAP-positive cells were found in the tumors. It is suggested that cells identified as \"stromal cells\" of hemangioblastomas on light microscopy are a heterogeneous group of cells including astroyctic as well as other elements and that they resemble each other on ordinary stains because of the \"equalizing effect\" of cell lipidization.", "PMID": 573044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10393", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the sporulation of oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. I. Development of the zygote and formation of the sporoblasts.", "content": "The initial stages of sporulation in oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were examined in samples sporulated at 27 degrees C for 0, 6, 12, 16 and 24 hours. The initial zygote was roughly spherical and was limited by a single unit membrane. A few micropores of the inactive type were present on this membrane. The cytoplasm contained a large nucleus with a nucleolus, a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies together with a few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. After the initiation of sporulation little change was noted in the cytoplasm except for an increase in protein synthesis as evidenced by the augmentation of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of polyribosomes. Nuclear division occurred twice giving rise to four nuclei which were situated close to the cell periphery and well separated from each other. At this multinucleate stage a second limiting membrane was formed. The cytoplasmic mass then divided to form the two sporoblasts. This was accomplished by an invagination of the limiting membranes in combination with internally formed membranes. The two binuclear sporoblasts were roughly spherical. They were limited by two unit membranes and contained the same cytoplasmic organelles as described for the zygote.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the sporulation of oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. I. Development of the zygote and formation of the sporoblasts. The initial stages of sporulation in oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were examined in samples sporulated at 27 degrees C for 0, 6, 12, 16 and 24 hours. The initial zygote was roughly spherical and was limited by a single unit membrane. A few micropores of the inactive type were present on this membrane. The cytoplasm contained a large nucleus with a nucleolus, a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies together with a few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. After the initiation of sporulation little change was noted in the cytoplasm except for an increase in protein synthesis as evidenced by the augmentation of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of polyribosomes. Nuclear division occurred twice giving rise to four nuclei which were situated close to the cell periphery and well separated from each other. At this multinucleate stage a second limiting membrane was formed. The cytoplasmic mass then divided to form the two sporoblasts. This was accomplished by an invagination of the limiting membranes in combination with internally formed membranes. The two binuclear sporoblasts were roughly spherical. They were limited by two unit membranes and contained the same cytoplasmic organelles as described for the zygote.", "PMID": 573045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10394", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the sporulation of oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. II. Formation of the sporocyst and structure of the sporocyst wall.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes observed during sporocyst formation and the structure of the sporocyst wall was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for between 12 and 48 hours at 27 degrees C. As the spherical sporoblast developed into the sporocyst the cytoplasmic mass became ellipsoidal in shape although no change was noted in the organelle compliment, which cosisted of two nuclei plus a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and some rough endoplasmic reticulum. The sporocyst wall consisted of a thin outer layer (15-20 nm) which was formed from two limiting membranes of the sporoblast and an inner layer (40-50 nm) which was comprised of four curved plates. This inner layer was formed under the outer layer and, although no specific cytoplasmic organelle disappeared with its formation, some unit membranes were observed close to the plasmalemma during its formation. Each curved plate has a marginal swelling and an interposing strip of material is present between the margins of adjacent plates. The plates are joined to the interposing strip by a thin band of osmiophilic material. In oblique and tangential sections through the plates two types of cross banding were observed which differed in periodicity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the sporulation of oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. II. Formation of the sporocyst and structure of the sporocyst wall. The ultrastructural changes observed during sporocyst formation and the structure of the sporocyst wall was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for between 12 and 48 hours at 27 degrees C. As the spherical sporoblast developed into the sporocyst the cytoplasmic mass became ellipsoidal in shape although no change was noted in the organelle compliment, which cosisted of two nuclei plus a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and some rough endoplasmic reticulum. The sporocyst wall consisted of a thin outer layer (15-20 nm) which was formed from two limiting membranes of the sporoblast and an inner layer (40-50 nm) which was comprised of four curved plates. This inner layer was formed under the outer layer and, although no specific cytoplasmic organelle disappeared with its formation, some unit membranes were observed close to the plasmalemma during its formation. Each curved plate has a marginal swelling and an interposing strip of material is present between the margins of adjacent plates. The plates are joined to the interposing strip by a thin band of osmiophilic material. In oblique and tangential sections through the plates two types of cross banding were observed which differed in periodicity.", "PMID": 573046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10395", "title": "Mechanism of action of the spasmogenic activity of penthylenetetrazol and of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines on rat stomach fundus strips.", "content": "Spasmogenic activity of penthylenetetrazol (PTZ) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isochinoline (THI) derivatives was gradually reduced during storage of their solutions as tested on rat isolated stomach fundus strips. Spasmogenic activity of both PTZ and THI derivatives could be modified by prior exposure of the solutions to electrostatic field and to rotating magnetic field or ultrasound treatment. As a consequence of rotating magnetic field treatment, ED50 values for 1-phenyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isochinoline-hydrochloride (S-23), PTZ and for PTZ crystallized from an ether solution of PTZ (PTZA) doubled, i.e. their activity was reduced by 50 per cent. After an exposure to rotating magnetic field, intrinsic activity of S-23 fell only by 10 to 20 per cent, while after the same treatment the fall in intrinsic activity of PTZ was more pronounced (40 to 50 per cent). Activity of PTZA changed similarly as that of PTZ. Activity of S-23 was similarly modified by exposure of its solution to electrostatic or rotating magnetic field. On the other hand, intrinsic activity of PTZ solution exposed to electrostatic field was twice as high as that of the control PTZ solution. Affinity and intrinsic activity of PTZ solutions diminished after ultrasound treatment. The fall in the activity of PTZ solution of low concentration was greater after the same ultrasound treatment, but its convulsive activity measured in vivo remained unchanged. Spasmogenic activity of ultrasound-treated PTZ reappeared after the solution had been dried under vacuum and then the residue crystallized and redissolved in water. These findings allow the conclusion that the observed changes in activity could be the result of spontaneous or field-evoked alterations in molecular state (orientation, association etc.) conformation. The fact that the activity of PTZ solution measured in vivo did not change during storage supports this assumption.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of the spasmogenic activity of penthylenetetrazol and of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines on rat stomach fundus strips. Spasmogenic activity of penthylenetetrazol (PTZ) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isochinoline (THI) derivatives was gradually reduced during storage of their solutions as tested on rat isolated stomach fundus strips. Spasmogenic activity of both PTZ and THI derivatives could be modified by prior exposure of the solutions to electrostatic field and to rotating magnetic field or ultrasound treatment. As a consequence of rotating magnetic field treatment, ED50 values for 1-phenyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isochinoline-hydrochloride (S-23), PTZ and for PTZ crystallized from an ether solution of PTZ (PTZA) doubled, i.e. their activity was reduced by 50 per cent. After an exposure to rotating magnetic field, intrinsic activity of S-23 fell only by 10 to 20 per cent, while after the same treatment the fall in intrinsic activity of PTZ was more pronounced (40 to 50 per cent). Activity of PTZA changed similarly as that of PTZ. Activity of S-23 was similarly modified by exposure of its solution to electrostatic or rotating magnetic field. On the other hand, intrinsic activity of PTZ solution exposed to electrostatic field was twice as high as that of the control PTZ solution. Affinity and intrinsic activity of PTZ solutions diminished after ultrasound treatment. The fall in the activity of PTZ solution of low concentration was greater after the same ultrasound treatment, but its convulsive activity measured in vivo remained unchanged. Spasmogenic activity of ultrasound-treated PTZ reappeared after the solution had been dried under vacuum and then the residue crystallized and redissolved in water. These findings allow the conclusion that the observed changes in activity could be the result of spontaneous or field-evoked alterations in molecular state (orientation, association etc.) conformation. The fact that the activity of PTZ solution measured in vivo did not change during storage supports this assumption.", "PMID": 573047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10396", "title": "Plasma progesterone, oestradiol 17 beta and premenstrual symptoms.", "content": "Thirty-nine healthy women, mainly hospital employees, median age 23, kept a daily record of symptoms throughout their menstrual cycles and plasma progesterone and oestradiol 17 beta levels were measured daily in the premenstrual week and second daily for the remainder of the cycle. Groups with symptom scores (affective, somatic and total) above and below the median score were compared with respect to mean plasma hormone levels and the pattern of change of plasma hormones over the 3 weeks before menstruation and the last 7 premenstrual days. Progesterone/oestrogen ratios for the latter period were also compared in the same subjects. No significant differences were found. There was a positive correlation of age with mean plasma progesterone level in the 3 weeks before menstruation.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone, oestradiol 17 beta and premenstrual symptoms. Thirty-nine healthy women, mainly hospital employees, median age 23, kept a daily record of symptoms throughout their menstrual cycles and plasma progesterone and oestradiol 17 beta levels were measured daily in the premenstrual week and second daily for the remainder of the cycle. Groups with symptom scores (affective, somatic and total) above and below the median score were compared with respect to mean plasma hormone levels and the pattern of change of plasma hormones over the 3 weeks before menstruation and the last 7 premenstrual days. Progesterone/oestrogen ratios for the latter period were also compared in the same subjects. No significant differences were found. There was a positive correlation of age with mean plasma progesterone level in the 3 weeks before menstruation.", "PMID": 573048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10397", "title": "The timing of menstruation-related symptoms assessed by a daily symptom rating scale.", "content": "A daily symptom rating scale (DSRS) was constructed from items previously used in questionnaires and rating scales measuring menstrual symptoms. The DSRS was found to have adequate reliability and validity. The profiles of symptom intensity of 65 women, mainly hospital staff, median age 19, during one menstrual cycle, with particular emphasis on the premenstrual week and menstruation are reported. Significant differences in ratings during the cycle were found. Ratings increased during the premenstrual week and were maximal on the days immediately preceding and following the onset of menstruation. No abrupt decline in ratings was found when menstruation commenced. Results were compared with answers to a menstrual distress questionnaire, previously administered to the same women and the questionnaire results were in good agreement with DSRS results on the day of maximum symptom intensity (the day immediately before or the day immediately after the onset of menstruation.", "contents": "The timing of menstruation-related symptoms assessed by a daily symptom rating scale. A daily symptom rating scale (DSRS) was constructed from items previously used in questionnaires and rating scales measuring menstrual symptoms. The DSRS was found to have adequate reliability and validity. The profiles of symptom intensity of 65 women, mainly hospital staff, median age 19, during one menstrual cycle, with particular emphasis on the premenstrual week and menstruation are reported. Significant differences in ratings during the cycle were found. Ratings increased during the premenstrual week and were maximal on the days immediately preceding and following the onset of menstruation. No abrupt decline in ratings was found when menstruation commenced. Results were compared with answers to a menstrual distress questionnaire, previously administered to the same women and the questionnaire results were in good agreement with DSRS results on the day of maximum symptom intensity (the day immediately before or the day immediately after the onset of menstruation.", "PMID": 573049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10398", "title": "Steroid hormone regulations of uterine peroxidase activity.", "content": "Uterine peroxidase enzyme activity has been studied as a marker for estrogen action in the uterus to help clarify the mechanism of estrogen action and its modulation by antiestrogens and progestins. Estrogen-induced increases in peroxidase were found to closely parallel increases in uterine weight and DNA content in the castrate rat. In the cycling female rat, uterine peroxidase levels were highest during proestrus and estrus and the lower levels of metestrous and diestrous uteri could be raised to estrous levels by administration of estrogen. However, the estrous levels were not further increased by estrogen treatment. The antiestrogen, CI628, while a very weak inducer of uterine peroxidase, is an effective antagonist of the estrogen induction of the enzyme. The prolonged duration of this CI628-effected inhibition corresponds to the prolonged depletion of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor seen with CI628 treatment. Progesterone, R5020 and norethindrone were also found to be effective antagonists of estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase. Medrogestone and clogestrone, less potent progestins in the rat, were also less effective antagonists of peroxidase induction. Since progesterone was found to inhibit peroxidase induction due to both estrone and diethylstilbestrol, as well as estradiol, it is considered unlikely that this antagonism relates to progestin-induced increases in uterine 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Rather, it is proposed that progestins, acting through progestin  receptor, may have a more direct role, possibly acting at the level of the genome to repress the expression of estrogen-induced products.", "contents": "Steroid hormone regulations of uterine peroxidase activity. Uterine peroxidase enzyme activity has been studied as a marker for estrogen action in the uterus to help clarify the mechanism of estrogen action and its modulation by antiestrogens and progestins. Estrogen-induced increases in peroxidase were found to closely parallel increases in uterine weight and DNA content in the castrate rat. In the cycling female rat, uterine peroxidase levels were highest during proestrus and estrus and the lower levels of metestrous and diestrous uteri could be raised to estrous levels by administration of estrogen. However, the estrous levels were not further increased by estrogen treatment. The antiestrogen, CI628, while a very weak inducer of uterine peroxidase, is an effective antagonist of the estrogen induction of the enzyme. The prolonged duration of this CI628-effected inhibition corresponds to the prolonged depletion of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor seen with CI628 treatment. Progesterone, R5020 and norethindrone were also found to be effective antagonists of estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase. Medrogestone and clogestrone, less potent progestins in the rat, were also less effective antagonists of peroxidase induction. Since progesterone was found to inhibit peroxidase induction due to both estrone and diethylstilbestrol, as well as estradiol, it is considered unlikely that this antagonism relates to progestin-induced increases in uterine 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Rather, it is proposed that progestins, acting through progestin  receptor, may have a more direct role, possibly acting at the level of the genome to repress the expression of estrogen-induced products.", "PMID": 573050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10399", "title": "Studies on the incorporation of the sodium channel of lobster nerve into soybean liposomes.", "content": "Na+ channels of lobster nerve membrane were incorporated into soybean liposomes by the freeze-thaw-sonication procedure. Electron microscopy showed that the vesicular pattern of membranes and liposomes was broken and reassembled during the process. The amount of membrane protein incorporated depended linearly on the amount of membrane protein added to the liposomes for reconstitution. The 22Na flux into the reconstituted vesicles was increased by veratridine (0.5 mM) or grayanotoxin I (150 microM) and the increment was abolished by tetrodotoxin (Ki = 4 to 5 nM). The drug-sensitive 22Na influx depended linearly on the amount of membrane protein incorporated. No response to the drugs was found in protein-free vesicles or in vesicles reconstituted with membrane heated at 50 degrees C for 15 min. A fraction of digitonin-treated membranes had a higher Na+ channel activity. The Na+ channel was able to discriminate between Na+ and K+ or Rb+.", "contents": "Studies on the incorporation of the sodium channel of lobster nerve into soybean liposomes. Na+ channels of lobster nerve membrane were incorporated into soybean liposomes by the freeze-thaw-sonication procedure. Electron microscopy showed that the vesicular pattern of membranes and liposomes was broken and reassembled during the process. The amount of membrane protein incorporated depended linearly on the amount of membrane protein added to the liposomes for reconstitution. The 22Na flux into the reconstituted vesicles was increased by veratridine (0.5 mM) or grayanotoxin I (150 microM) and the increment was abolished by tetrodotoxin (Ki = 4 to 5 nM). The drug-sensitive 22Na influx depended linearly on the amount of membrane protein incorporated. No response to the drugs was found in protein-free vesicles or in vesicles reconstituted with membrane heated at 50 degrees C for 15 min. A fraction of digitonin-treated membranes had a higher Na+ channel activity. The Na+ channel was able to discriminate between Na+ and K+ or Rb+.", "PMID": 573051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10400", "title": "Common problems in the medical care of pilots.", "content": "Family physicians need to have an increased awareness of the medical needs of pilots. A close, trusting relationship is essential. Special consideration must be given when prescribing medications. Hypoxia is a special problem for pilots with cardiovascular and/or respiratory diseases. Several medical problems may occur because of rapid changes in barometric pressure, including barotitis media, which is best treated in flight. Minor ailments, use of alcohol and smoking may become serious problems for aviators; therefore, patient education is important.", "contents": "Common problems in the medical care of pilots. Family physicians need to have an increased awareness of the medical needs of pilots. A close, trusting relationship is essential. Special consideration must be given when prescribing medications. Hypoxia is a special problem for pilots with cardiovascular and/or respiratory diseases. Several medical problems may occur because of rapid changes in barometric pressure, including barotitis media, which is best treated in flight. Minor ailments, use of alcohol and smoking may become serious problems for aviators; therefore, patient education is important.", "PMID": 573054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10401", "title": "Mural vegetations at the site of endocardial trauma in infective endocarditis complicating idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "In two patients infective endocarditis developed as the primary manifestation of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Infected vegetations were present on the mitral and aortic valves. In addition, bacterial vegetations were observed on the septal endocardium at the site of contact between the mitral valve leaflet and the hypertrophic septum. Thus, chronic endocardial trauma, a common finding in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, may provide a fertile nidus for the development of bacterial vegetation.", "contents": "Mural vegetations at the site of endocardial trauma in infective endocarditis complicating idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In two patients infective endocarditis developed as the primary manifestation of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Infected vegetations were present on the mitral and aortic valves. In addition, bacterial vegetations were observed on the septal endocardium at the site of contact between the mitral valve leaflet and the hypertrophic septum. Thus, chronic endocardial trauma, a common finding in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, may provide a fertile nidus for the development of bacterial vegetation.", "PMID": 573057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10402", "title": "The structure and distribution of the cross-striated fibril and associated membranes in guinea pig photoreceptors.", "content": "Examination of longitudinally and transversely sectioned photoreceptor cells of the guinea pig retina revealed an aggregate of thin filaments forming a single cross-striated fibril coursing through the full length of the non-receptor portion of the cell. The fibril begins as the ciliary rootlet from the region of the basal body of the connecting cilium. From the basal body it passes between the mitochondria of the ellipsoid and along the Golgi zone of the myoid region of the inner segment, narrowing from an irregularly shaped bundle to a ribbon-shaped aggregate. The fibril separates into discrete strands, each curving along the nucleus, reuniting into a single bundle to pass down the cell's axon, and terminating deep within the synaptic terminal. The fibril is flanked by two separate membranous saccules, each continuous along nearly its full length. The fibril's extensive course in the guinea pig and its association with continuous membranes necessitates a reexamination of earlier proposals for the function of cross-striated filamentous structures in photoreceptor cells.", "contents": "The structure and distribution of the cross-striated fibril and associated membranes in guinea pig photoreceptors. Examination of longitudinally and transversely sectioned photoreceptor cells of the guinea pig retina revealed an aggregate of thin filaments forming a single cross-striated fibril coursing through the full length of the non-receptor portion of the cell. The fibril begins as the ciliary rootlet from the region of the basal body of the connecting cilium. From the basal body it passes between the mitochondria of the ellipsoid and along the Golgi zone of the myoid region of the inner segment, narrowing from an irregularly shaped bundle to a ribbon-shaped aggregate. The fibril separates into discrete strands, each curving along the nucleus, reuniting into a single bundle to pass down the cell's axon, and terminating deep within the synaptic terminal. The fibril is flanked by two separate membranous saccules, each continuous along nearly its full length. The fibril's extensive course in the guinea pig and its association with continuous membranes necessitates a reexamination of earlier proposals for the function of cross-striated filamentous structures in photoreceptor cells.", "PMID": 573060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10403", "title": "Diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of tryptophan, tryosine, and other neutral amino acids: effect of dietary protein intake.", "content": "The effect of dietary protein content on the diurnal variations in plasma neutral amino acid levels was studied in normal human subjects. For three consecutive 5-day periods, subjects consumed diets containing 0, 75, or 150 g of egg protein per day. Blood samples were drawn at 4-hr intervals on the 4th and 5th days of each period. Consumption of the protein-free diet caused plasma concentrations of all amino acids studied to fall in the late morning and afternoon, while the 150-g protein diet elicited increases in these levels during the daytime. Ingestion of the diet containing 75 g of egg protein tended to diminish the amplitudes of the daily rhythms in plasma amino acid levels, but most amino acids still exhibited small but significant elevations late in the evening. At all times of day, plasma concentrations of the large neutral amino acids studied (i.e., aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and methionine) varied directly with the protein content of the diet. In contrast, the relationships between dietary protein content and the plasma concentrations of glycine and alanine, two small neutral amino acids, were inverse. The ratios of plasma tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine levels to the sum of the concentrations of other large neutral amino acids tended to fall as the protein content of the diet was increased. The corresponding ratio for valine increased as protein was added to the diet, while the leucine and isoleucine ratios were not correlated with dietary protein content. Since diet-induced changes in plasma trypotphan and tyrosine ratios in animals are known to cause parallel alterations in brain tryptophan and tyrosine levels, and thus in the rates of brain serotonin and catecholamine synthesis, our data suggest that ingestion of carbohydrates and protein may also normally affected brain monoamine synthesis in humans.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of tryptophan, tryosine, and other neutral amino acids: effect of dietary protein intake. The effect of dietary protein content on the diurnal variations in plasma neutral amino acid levels was studied in normal human subjects. For three consecutive 5-day periods, subjects consumed diets containing 0, 75, or 150 g of egg protein per day. Blood samples were drawn at 4-hr intervals on the 4th and 5th days of each period. Consumption of the protein-free diet caused plasma concentrations of all amino acids studied to fall in the late morning and afternoon, while the 150-g protein diet elicited increases in these levels during the daytime. Ingestion of the diet containing 75 g of egg protein tended to diminish the amplitudes of the daily rhythms in plasma amino acid levels, but most amino acids still exhibited small but significant elevations late in the evening. At all times of day, plasma concentrations of the large neutral amino acids studied (i.e., aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and methionine) varied directly with the protein content of the diet. In contrast, the relationships between dietary protein content and the plasma concentrations of glycine and alanine, two small neutral amino acids, were inverse. The ratios of plasma tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine levels to the sum of the concentrations of other large neutral amino acids tended to fall as the protein content of the diet was increased. The corresponding ratio for valine increased as protein was added to the diet, while the leucine and isoleucine ratios were not correlated with dietary protein content. Since diet-induced changes in plasma trypotphan and tyrosine ratios in animals are known to cause parallel alterations in brain tryptophan and tyrosine levels, and thus in the rates of brain serotonin and catecholamine synthesis, our data suggest that ingestion of carbohydrates and protein may also normally affected brain monoamine synthesis in humans.", "PMID": 573061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10404", "title": "Diurnal variations in plasma neutral amino acid concentrations among patients with cirrhosis: effect of dietary protein.", "content": "The effect of varying dietary protein content on the daily rhythms in plasma neutral amino acid concentrations was studied in patients with chronic cirrhosis. For two consecutive 5-day periods, subjects consumed diets containing either 0 or 75 g of protein per day. Blood samples were drawn at 4-hr intervals on the 4th and 5th days of each dietary period. For most of the neutral amino acids, the changes in plasma concentration associated with time of day or with variations in dietary protein content were similar to those observed previously in normal subjects. Ingestion of the protein-free diet caused significant reductions in the daytime level of all amino acids studied, except for tryptophan, the concentration of which did not change during the 24-hr period. Ingestion of the 75-g protein diet caused plasma levels of most of theamino acids to increase slightly during the day; these increments were not statistically significant for tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, and methionine. The absolute plasma concentrations of most of the neutral amino acids were also in the normal range; exceptions included methonine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, whose plasma levels were significantly elevated above normal valves. The plasma ratios of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine concentrations to the sum of the concentrations of other large neutral amino acids increased during the day uhen the protein-free diet was ingested; this effect was moderated by the addition of protein to the food. The plasma ratios for the branched-chain amino acids were depressed below normal; those for tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine were significantly increased. The plasma tryptophan ratio was within the normal range. These findings provide a basis for anticipating that the uptake from blood into brain of several of the large neutral amino acids may be modified in patients with chronic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in plasma neutral amino acid concentrations among patients with cirrhosis: effect of dietary protein. The effect of varying dietary protein content on the daily rhythms in plasma neutral amino acid concentrations was studied in patients with chronic cirrhosis. For two consecutive 5-day periods, subjects consumed diets containing either 0 or 75 g of protein per day. Blood samples were drawn at 4-hr intervals on the 4th and 5th days of each dietary period. For most of the neutral amino acids, the changes in plasma concentration associated with time of day or with variations in dietary protein content were similar to those observed previously in normal subjects. Ingestion of the protein-free diet caused significant reductions in the daytime level of all amino acids studied, except for tryptophan, the concentration of which did not change during the 24-hr period. Ingestion of the 75-g protein diet caused plasma levels of most of theamino acids to increase slightly during the day; these increments were not statistically significant for tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, and methionine. The absolute plasma concentrations of most of the neutral amino acids were also in the normal range; exceptions included methonine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, whose plasma levels were significantly elevated above normal valves. The plasma ratios of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine concentrations to the sum of the concentrations of other large neutral amino acids increased during the day uhen the protein-free diet was ingested; this effect was moderated by the addition of protein to the food. The plasma ratios for the branched-chain amino acids were depressed below normal; those for tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine were significantly increased. The plasma tryptophan ratio was within the normal range. These findings provide a basis for anticipating that the uptake from blood into brain of several of the large neutral amino acids may be modified in patients with chronic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 573062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10405", "title": "Increase of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in families of patients with IgA nephropathy.", "content": "IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum IgA, urinary sediments and HLA types of patients with IgA nephropathy and members of their families were examined to elucidate whether some familial factors might be related to the development of IgA nephropathy. Ten patients with IgA nephropathy, 31 family members and 36 age-matched healthy persons were examined. All families included certain members with increased amounts of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes. The pattern of the emergence of family members with increased IgA-bearing lymphocytes was vertical. Some family members who had increased IgA-bearing lymphocytes showed microhematuria at the time of the study. There was no significant correlation between the amounts of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes and levels of serum IgA. HLA types of the ten patients did not show significant deviation from those in the general population. It is suggested that the measurement of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes among family members is useful for the screening of patients with IgA nephropathy.", "contents": "Increase of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes in families of patients with IgA nephropathy. IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum IgA, urinary sediments and HLA types of patients with IgA nephropathy and members of their families were examined to elucidate whether some familial factors might be related to the development of IgA nephropathy. Ten patients with IgA nephropathy, 31 family members and 36 age-matched healthy persons were examined. All families included certain members with increased amounts of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes. The pattern of the emergence of family members with increased IgA-bearing lymphocytes was vertical. Some family members who had increased IgA-bearing lymphocytes showed microhematuria at the time of the study. There was no significant correlation between the amounts of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes and levels of serum IgA. HLA types of the ten patients did not show significant deviation from those in the general population. It is suggested that the measurement of IgA-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes among family members is useful for the screening of patients with IgA nephropathy.", "PMID": 573063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10406", "title": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is rarely seen in Hodgkin disease and the presence of platelet-associated antibody has not been previously reported in these patients. A patient with Hodgkin disease is described who developed a destructive thrombocytopenia demonstrated by shortened platelet survival. In conjunction with his thrombocytopenia, he had marked elevation of platelet-associated immunoglobulin G levels (nanograms IgG per 10(9) platelets: 15,187 prior to splenectomy and 71,130 and 81,900 after surgery). Mean values (+/-SD) of control subjects averaged 1,975 + 381 and four patients with Hodgkin disease and normal platelet counts had levels ranging from 1,581 to 4,011. We suggest that this patient had immune-mediated thrombocytopenia; whether the increase in platelet-associated immunoglobulin G was due to antiplatelet antibody or to adsorbed or phagocytosed immune complexes cannot be demonstrated by these studies. The platelet-associated immunoglobulin G test may be useful in evaluating these patients.", "contents": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in Hodgkin disease. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is rarely seen in Hodgkin disease and the presence of platelet-associated antibody has not been previously reported in these patients. A patient with Hodgkin disease is described who developed a destructive thrombocytopenia demonstrated by shortened platelet survival. In conjunction with his thrombocytopenia, he had marked elevation of platelet-associated immunoglobulin G levels (nanograms IgG per 10(9) platelets: 15,187 prior to splenectomy and 71,130 and 81,900 after surgery). Mean values (+/-SD) of control subjects averaged 1,975 + 381 and four patients with Hodgkin disease and normal platelet counts had levels ranging from 1,581 to 4,011. We suggest that this patient had immune-mediated thrombocytopenia; whether the increase in platelet-associated immunoglobulin G was due to antiplatelet antibody or to adsorbed or phagocytosed immune complexes cannot be demonstrated by these studies. The platelet-associated immunoglobulin G test may be useful in evaluating these patients.", "PMID": 573064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10407", "title": "A syndrome resembling idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in 10 patients with diverse forms of cancer.", "content": "Ten patients with diverse forms of carcinoma (six patients) and of cancer in the lymphoid system (four patients) presented with or subsequently had a syndrome resembling idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). These patients were older than patients who had ITP alone. ITP was coincident with a diagnosis of cancer (three patients), preceded a diagnosis of cancer (three patients) or followed a diagnosis of cancer (four patients). No patients responded to steroid therapy permanently. Therefore, the course of our patients was fairly typical of ITP in the adult. Since we found nine patients with cancer in a survey of 52 consecutive patients with ITP in the adult population admitted to one hospital, this diagnosis may be missed with some frequency; the development of thrombocytopenia being attributed to other causes.", "contents": "A syndrome resembling idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in 10 patients with diverse forms of cancer. Ten patients with diverse forms of carcinoma (six patients) and of cancer in the lymphoid system (four patients) presented with or subsequently had a syndrome resembling idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). These patients were older than patients who had ITP alone. ITP was coincident with a diagnosis of cancer (three patients), preceded a diagnosis of cancer (three patients) or followed a diagnosis of cancer (four patients). No patients responded to steroid therapy permanently. Therefore, the course of our patients was fairly typical of ITP in the adult. Since we found nine patients with cancer in a survey of 52 consecutive patients with ITP in the adult population admitted to one hospital, this diagnosis may be missed with some frequency; the development of thrombocytopenia being attributed to other causes.", "PMID": 573065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10408", "title": "A dog model for human psychopathology.", "content": "The author reviews studies of the development and scientific exploitation of two true-breeding strains of pointer dogs, one of which is basically normal and one of which is nervous, particularly around people. Basic studies, which generally contrast the nervous dogs with the normal dogs, include studies of inheritance, early experience, conditioning, psychophysiology, neuropharmacology, and neurochemistry. The author suggests that the nervous line is an animal model of human psychopathology and probably of cardiac pathology.", "contents": "A dog model for human psychopathology. The author reviews studies of the development and scientific exploitation of two true-breeding strains of pointer dogs, one of which is basically normal and one of which is nervous, particularly around people. Basic studies, which generally contrast the nervous dogs with the normal dogs, include studies of inheritance, early experience, conditioning, psychophysiology, neuropharmacology, and neurochemistry. The author suggests that the nervous line is an animal model of human psychopathology and probably of cardiac pathology.", "PMID": 573071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10409", "title": "Morphologic and functional changes of the aortic intima during experimental hypertension.", "content": "The morphology and permeability to horseradish peroxidase of the rat aortic intima have been investigated in three experimental models of hypertension having different values of plasma renin content and plasma aldosterone level. During hypertension the aortic endothelium shows three main changes: 1) increased arithmetic mean thickness, with prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes; 2) the appearance of actin microfilament bundles; and 3) increased permeability to horseradish peroxidase. These changes are not present in all models, do not appear to depend on hypertension per se, and are independent of each other. The subendothelial layer of hypertensive animals shows an increased thickness that appears to be correlated with an increase of endothelial cell volume. Our results suggest that: 1) the aortic intima reacts differently to different types of hypertension, and 2) factors other than hypertension per se play a role in the development of vascular changes observed in animals with elevated blood pressure.", "contents": "Morphologic and functional changes of the aortic intima during experimental hypertension. The morphology and permeability to horseradish peroxidase of the rat aortic intima have been investigated in three experimental models of hypertension having different values of plasma renin content and plasma aldosterone level. During hypertension the aortic endothelium shows three main changes: 1) increased arithmetic mean thickness, with prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes; 2) the appearance of actin microfilament bundles; and 3) increased permeability to horseradish peroxidase. These changes are not present in all models, do not appear to depend on hypertension per se, and are independent of each other. The subendothelial layer of hypertensive animals shows an increased thickness that appears to be correlated with an increase of endothelial cell volume. Our results suggest that: 1) the aortic intima reacts differently to different types of hypertension, and 2) factors other than hypertension per se play a role in the development of vascular changes observed in animals with elevated blood pressure.", "PMID": 573070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10410", "title": "Occurrence of oocytes in the liver of the percoid fish, Trichogaster fasciatus (Bloch and Schneider) and its probable significance.", "content": "Out of 500 Trichogaster fasciatus examined in one fish stage I and II oocytes were noticed in the liver and its blood sinuses. Apparently this is the first record of such occurrence. It is highly suggestive of the vascular migration of the germ cells enroute to the genital ridge. Possibly due to unknown reasons some might have been stuck up in the liver which is highly vascular.", "contents": "Occurrence of oocytes in the liver of the percoid fish, Trichogaster fasciatus (Bloch and Schneider) and its probable significance. Out of 500 Trichogaster fasciatus examined in one fish stage I and II oocytes were noticed in the liver and its blood sinuses. Apparently this is the first record of such occurrence. It is highly suggestive of the vascular migration of the germ cells enroute to the genital ridge. Possibly due to unknown reasons some might have been stuck up in the liver which is highly vascular.", "PMID": 573075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10411", "title": "Use of a twelve-hour theophylline preparation in chronic adult asthmatics.", "content": "Twenty-one adult chronic asthmatic patients were studied while taking a 12-hour sustained-action theophylline tablet. Pulmonary function testing and serum theophylline levels were monitored for 12 weeks, including testing every two hours over one dosing interval on the final day of the study. Results indicate the preparation tested produced sustained stable theophylline levels for a full 12 hours, with pulmonary function also remaining elevated and stable during this period. There was minimal toxicity reported over the 12-week period and no evidence of tolerance.", "contents": "Use of a twelve-hour theophylline preparation in chronic adult asthmatics. Twenty-one adult chronic asthmatic patients were studied while taking a 12-hour sustained-action theophylline tablet. Pulmonary function testing and serum theophylline levels were monitored for 12 weeks, including testing every two hours over one dosing interval on the final day of the study. Results indicate the preparation tested produced sustained stable theophylline levels for a full 12 hours, with pulmonary function also remaining elevated and stable during this period. There was minimal toxicity reported over the 12-week period and no evidence of tolerance.", "PMID": 573076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10412", "title": "Production of labile Newcastle disease virus progeny after infection of chicken embryo cells in the presence of caffeine.", "content": "A study was undertaken to examine the effects of caffeine on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection of chicken embryo cells. Addition of 10 mM caffeine to the growth medium produced 95% reduction in progeny synthesis, 63% reduction in RNA synthesis, 45% reduction in protein synthesis, and 25% reduction in hemadsorption ability in NDV-infected cultures when compared with untreated, infected cultures. Purified NDV obtained from caffeine-treated, infected cultures was more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation and to damage by freezing and thawing than was observed in untreated virus cultures. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that purified virions contained the same complement of polypeptides, but there was a significant variation in the quantities of several of the NDV polypeptides.", "contents": "Production of labile Newcastle disease virus progeny after infection of chicken embryo cells in the presence of caffeine. A study was undertaken to examine the effects of caffeine on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection of chicken embryo cells. Addition of 10 mM caffeine to the growth medium produced 95% reduction in progeny synthesis, 63% reduction in RNA synthesis, 45% reduction in protein synthesis, and 25% reduction in hemadsorption ability in NDV-infected cultures when compared with untreated, infected cultures. Purified NDV obtained from caffeine-treated, infected cultures was more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation and to damage by freezing and thawing than was observed in untreated virus cultures. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that purified virions contained the same complement of polypeptides, but there was a significant variation in the quantities of several of the NDV polypeptides.", "PMID": 573077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10413", "title": "Effect of intrauterine saline infusion during the late luteal phase on the estrous cycle and luteal function of the mare.", "content": "The intrauterine infusion of 500 ml of warm sterile saline solution into mares on days 12, 13, or 14 after ovulation failed to alter the ovulatory interval, although intervals were shorter for days 12 and 13 (20.6 days) when compared with those in control mares (21.6 days). The IU fusion shortened luteal-life-span on days 12 (12.0 vs 13.8 days) and 13 (13.0 vs 14.4 days) (P is less than 0.05), but not day 14 (14.0 vs 13.5 days), when comparing the effects of IU infusion with an average of before and after base-line data. There was no effect on the interval from corpus luteum regression to ovulation, ie, the final follicular phases. The treatment average for days 12 and 13 combined was 7.7 days vs 7.3 days for controls. Also, no significant effect was observed for the duration of estrus in that the treatment average for days 12 and 13 was 5.1 days, and for controls, 6.0 days. The infusion of saline solution caused an immediate release of prostaglandin F(2alpha) within 5 minutes, with additional large releases occurring over the next 24 hours. Progestin concentrations decreased rapidly in relation to this prostaglandin release.", "contents": "Effect of intrauterine saline infusion during the late luteal phase on the estrous cycle and luteal function of the mare. The intrauterine infusion of 500 ml of warm sterile saline solution into mares on days 12, 13, or 14 after ovulation failed to alter the ovulatory interval, although intervals were shorter for days 12 and 13 (20.6 days) when compared with those in control mares (21.6 days). The IU fusion shortened luteal-life-span on days 12 (12.0 vs 13.8 days) and 13 (13.0 vs 14.4 days) (P is less than 0.05), but not day 14 (14.0 vs 13.5 days), when comparing the effects of IU infusion with an average of before and after base-line data. There was no effect on the interval from corpus luteum regression to ovulation, ie, the final follicular phases. The treatment average for days 12 and 13 combined was 7.7 days vs 7.3 days for controls. Also, no significant effect was observed for the duration of estrus in that the treatment average for days 12 and 13 was 5.1 days, and for controls, 6.0 days. The infusion of saline solution caused an immediate release of prostaglandin F(2alpha) within 5 minutes, with additional large releases occurring over the next 24 hours. Progestin concentrations decreased rapidly in relation to this prostaglandin release.", "PMID": 573079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10414", "title": "Critical evaluation of taeniacidal antibiotic S15-1 (SQ 21, 704) for removal of natural tapeworm infections in dogs and cats.", "content": "The new taeniacidal antibiotic S15-1 (SQ 21,704) was evaluated against naturally occuring infections of Taenia pisiformis in 53 dogs, Dipylidium caninum in 35 dogs, T taeniaformis in 18 cats, and D caninum in 33 cats. It all instances, the compound was administered in gelatine capsules in a single oral dose. The doses tested were between and 200 mg/kg of body weight in dogs and between 15 and 45 mg/kg in cats. In dogs, doses of 25 mg/kg and greater were 100% effective against T pisiformis, whereas a dose of 50 mg/kg was necessary to clear D caninum. In cats, a single oral dose of 22.5 mg/kg was 100% efficacious against T taeniaeformis, and a single dose of 45 mg/kg (the largest dose tested) clearly seven of eight cats of D caninum. The efficacy was limited to tapeworms only; there was no efficacy against nematodes. The antibiotic was well tolerated by both species with no drug-related vomiting or other side-effects observed.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of taeniacidal antibiotic S15-1 (SQ 21, 704) for removal of natural tapeworm infections in dogs and cats. The new taeniacidal antibiotic S15-1 (SQ 21,704) was evaluated against naturally occuring infections of Taenia pisiformis in 53 dogs, Dipylidium caninum in 35 dogs, T taeniaformis in 18 cats, and D caninum in 33 cats. It all instances, the compound was administered in gelatine capsules in a single oral dose. The doses tested were between and 200 mg/kg of body weight in dogs and between 15 and 45 mg/kg in cats. In dogs, doses of 25 mg/kg and greater were 100% effective against T pisiformis, whereas a dose of 50 mg/kg was necessary to clear D caninum. In cats, a single oral dose of 22.5 mg/kg was 100% efficacious against T taeniaeformis, and a single dose of 45 mg/kg (the largest dose tested) clearly seven of eight cats of D caninum. The efficacy was limited to tapeworms only; there was no efficacy against nematodes. The antibiotic was well tolerated by both species with no drug-related vomiting or other side-effects observed.", "PMID": 573080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10415", "title": "Taeniacidal efficacy of SQ 21,704 in dogs by various types of oral administration and in comparison with niclosamide and bunamidine hydrochloride.", "content": "The streptothrinin antibiotics SQ 21,704 was evaluated against naturally occurring Taenia pisiformis and Dipylidium caninum infections in dogs when they were given at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg of body weight in four different rations: loaf-type canned meat; chunk-type canned meat; dry (gravy-type) meal; and dry (pelleted) meal. The SQ 21,704 was 100% efficacious against both T pisiformis and D caninum infections when given with the chunk, gravy, and pelleted rations. When given with the loaf-type canned meat, it was 100% effective against T pisiformis and 60% efficacious against D caninum. The SQ 21,704 was effective against both tapeworm species when given orally as a liquid at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg, formulated as an aqueous suspension containing 94 mg of activity per milliter. The SQ 21,704 was also tested in dogs when given orally in gelatin capsules at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg without fasting, and was 100% efficacious against both tapeworm species. The results of a comparative taeniacidal study demonstrated that SQ 21,704 was 100% effective in removing both T pisiformis and D caninum when administered orally at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg, whereas niclosamide and bunamidine hydrochloride were only partially effective at their recommended dose levels. One of five dogs treated with niclosamide at a dose level of 157 mg/kg was positive at necropsy, giving an orally efficacy of 80%. Three of five dogs treated with bunamidine hydrochloride at a dose level of 49 mg/kg were positive at necropsy, giving an overall efficacy of 40%.", "contents": "Taeniacidal efficacy of SQ 21,704 in dogs by various types of oral administration and in comparison with niclosamide and bunamidine hydrochloride. The streptothrinin antibiotics SQ 21,704 was evaluated against naturally occurring Taenia pisiformis and Dipylidium caninum infections in dogs when they were given at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg of body weight in four different rations: loaf-type canned meat; chunk-type canned meat; dry (gravy-type) meal; and dry (pelleted) meal. The SQ 21,704 was 100% efficacious against both T pisiformis and D caninum infections when given with the chunk, gravy, and pelleted rations. When given with the loaf-type canned meat, it was 100% effective against T pisiformis and 60% efficacious against D caninum. The SQ 21,704 was effective against both tapeworm species when given orally as a liquid at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg, formulated as an aqueous suspension containing 94 mg of activity per milliter. The SQ 21,704 was also tested in dogs when given orally in gelatin capsules at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg without fasting, and was 100% efficacious against both tapeworm species. The results of a comparative taeniacidal study demonstrated that SQ 21,704 was 100% effective in removing both T pisiformis and D caninum when administered orally at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg, whereas niclosamide and bunamidine hydrochloride were only partially effective at their recommended dose levels. One of five dogs treated with niclosamide at a dose level of 157 mg/kg was positive at necropsy, giving an orally efficacy of 80%. Three of five dogs treated with bunamidine hydrochloride at a dose level of 49 mg/kg were positive at necropsy, giving an overall efficacy of 40%.", "PMID": 573081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10416", "title": "Chronic pleural blastomycosis with hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea.", "content": "A patient with pleural blastomycosis developed hyperprolactinemia with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. These abnormalities were corrected by treatment with amphotericin B. Chest wall stimulation secondary to the pleural infection might have resulted in these endocrine abnormalities.", "contents": "Chronic pleural blastomycosis with hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea. A patient with pleural blastomycosis developed hyperprolactinemia with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. These abnormalities were corrected by treatment with amphotericin B. Chest wall stimulation secondary to the pleural infection might have resulted in these endocrine abnormalities.", "PMID": 573082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10417", "title": "The heart and cardiac conduction system in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A clinicopathologic study of 17 autopsied patients.", "content": "The relation between the heart lesions of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and clinical cardiac dysfunction was studied in 17 autopsied patients. Thirteen of the 17 patients had extensive small-vessel thromboses and in some instances hemorrhages and focal necroses within the heart. Congestive heart failure was present in nine of the 17 patients. Thrombotic microcirculatory cardiac lesions and anemia-related high cardiac output may have contributed to cardiac dysfunction. Serial histologic sections of the cardiac conducting system in 10 patients showed microthrombi in seven and associated hemorrhages in five. Lesions were localized to the atrioventricular node and His bundle parts of the system with sparing of the sinoatrial node and bundle branches. Two patients had electrocardiographic evidence suggesting lesions within conducting tissues. Thrombi and hemorrhages are common findings in the conducting tissues in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and may account for cardiac arrest or transient rhythm disturbances.", "contents": "The heart and cardiac conduction system in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A clinicopathologic study of 17 autopsied patients. The relation between the heart lesions of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and clinical cardiac dysfunction was studied in 17 autopsied patients. Thirteen of the 17 patients had extensive small-vessel thromboses and in some instances hemorrhages and focal necroses within the heart. Congestive heart failure was present in nine of the 17 patients. Thrombotic microcirculatory cardiac lesions and anemia-related high cardiac output may have contributed to cardiac dysfunction. Serial histologic sections of the cardiac conducting system in 10 patients showed microthrombi in seven and associated hemorrhages in five. Lesions were localized to the atrioventricular node and His bundle parts of the system with sparing of the sinoatrial node and bundle branches. Two patients had electrocardiographic evidence suggesting lesions within conducting tissues. Thrombi and hemorrhages are common findings in the conducting tissues in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and may account for cardiac arrest or transient rhythm disturbances.", "PMID": 573083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10418", "title": "[New analytic criteria for the characterization of wines].", "content": "Isotopic analysis, determination of radioactivity are factors allowing a better characterization of wines. The analysis of the composition in stable isotopes of the constituants of wine can provide new analytic criteria for characterizing wines. Thus, the concentration of 13C in ethanol can allow the disclosure of an addition of cane sugar or maize sugar to the musts. A study of the composition in stable isotopes of the water of wines of a certain region made it possible to show a correlation between the amount of D and 18O in the water of wine, and the alcohlic concentration. The setting up of the curve showing the decrease of the radioactivity of 14C in the Girondewines allows a determination of the date, accurate to within one year, of these wines. The enzymatic determination of the gluconic acid present in the wines produced from crops attacked by Botrytis Cinerea allows one to estimate the type of rottenness of the grape; the gluconic acid, which is only present in very small quantities in wines produced from sound grapes, represents about 50 p. 100 of the fixed acides of the grapes affected by \"noble rottenness\" and up to 90 p. 100 in the case of adultarated grapes. Thanks to the recults obtained in 1976, standards are proposed to allow the characterization of the wines produced from grapes affected by \"noble rottenness\", so that they can be distinguished from, on the one hand, the wines produced from sound grapes, and on the other hand, the wines produced from adultarated grapes.", "contents": "[New analytic criteria for the characterization of wines]. Isotopic analysis, determination of radioactivity are factors allowing a better characterization of wines. The analysis of the composition in stable isotopes of the constituants of wine can provide new analytic criteria for characterizing wines. Thus, the concentration of 13C in ethanol can allow the disclosure of an addition of cane sugar or maize sugar to the musts. A study of the composition in stable isotopes of the water of wines of a certain region made it possible to show a correlation between the amount of D and 18O in the water of wine, and the alcohlic concentration. The setting up of the curve showing the decrease of the radioactivity of 14C in the Girondewines allows a determination of the date, accurate to within one year, of these wines. The enzymatic determination of the gluconic acid present in the wines produced from crops attacked by Botrytis Cinerea allows one to estimate the type of rottenness of the grape; the gluconic acid, which is only present in very small quantities in wines produced from sound grapes, represents about 50 p. 100 of the fixed acides of the grapes affected by \"noble rottenness\" and up to 90 p. 100 in the case of adultarated grapes. Thanks to the recults obtained in 1976, standards are proposed to allow the characterization of the wines produced from grapes affected by \"noble rottenness\", so that they can be distinguished from, on the one hand, the wines produced from sound grapes, and on the other hand, the wines produced from adultarated grapes.", "PMID": 573085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10419", "title": "[Excretion of androsterone and etiocholanolone related to plasma testosterone binding in three male pseudohermaphrodites (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the relation of plasma testosterone and Sex-Hormone-Binding-Globulin levels to the urinary excretion of androsterone (A) and etiocholanolone (E) in three patients with the syndrome of testicular feminization. They found levels of SHBG in the upper female range, testosterone concentration in the normal male range and urinary excretion rate of A and E in the normal female range.", "contents": "[Excretion of androsterone and etiocholanolone related to plasma testosterone binding in three male pseudohermaphrodites (author's transl)]. The authors studied the relation of plasma testosterone and Sex-Hormone-Binding-Globulin levels to the urinary excretion of androsterone (A) and etiocholanolone (E) in three patients with the syndrome of testicular feminization. They found levels of SHBG in the upper female range, testosterone concentration in the normal male range and urinary excretion rate of A and E in the normal female range.", "PMID": 573092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10420", "title": "Failure of deodorized males to induce oestrus in the wild mouse.", "content": "The ability of female mice to return to oestrus following exposure to males perfumed either with oil of wintergreen or with the commercial perfume, \"Kanta\" was evaluated. Unisexual grouping of female mice induced anoestrus in all individuals. Oestrus was, however, promptly induced in the majority of unisexually grouped females by exposure to normal males. By contrast, exposure to perfumed males failed to induce oestrus in unisexually grouped females. The results suggest that male urine which is the source of the primer pheromone involved in the induction of oestrus was ineffective because of the masking effect of artificial scents. Hence the unisexually grouped females were unable to perceive the pheromone from males and continued to remain in anoestrus following exposure to perfumed males. The results provide additional evidence in support of the view that the urinary pheromone produced by males induces oestrus in females by acting through olfactory pathways.", "contents": "Failure of deodorized males to induce oestrus in the wild mouse. The ability of female mice to return to oestrus following exposure to males perfumed either with oil of wintergreen or with the commercial perfume, \"Kanta\" was evaluated. Unisexual grouping of female mice induced anoestrus in all individuals. Oestrus was, however, promptly induced in the majority of unisexually grouped females by exposure to normal males. By contrast, exposure to perfumed males failed to induce oestrus in unisexually grouped females. The results suggest that male urine which is the source of the primer pheromone involved in the induction of oestrus was ineffective because of the masking effect of artificial scents. Hence the unisexually grouped females were unable to perceive the pheromone from males and continued to remain in anoestrus following exposure to perfumed males. The results provide additional evidence in support of the view that the urinary pheromone produced by males induces oestrus in females by acting through olfactory pathways.", "PMID": 573093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10421", "title": "[The Gongylonematid parasitic in the elephant shrew Elephantus rozeti (Macrocelidae) in Tunisia was identified as Gongylonema brevispiculum Seurat, 1914 (author's transl)].", "content": "Its larval form obtained from experimentally infected intermediate hosts, differs from those of other Gongylonematids. In the genus Gongylonema four types of larvae were recognized. They are characterized by the size and the cephalic and caudal structures of the larvae. The cellular reactions caused by the larvae of G. brevispiculum in the insect muscles are similar to those caused by infections with larvae of Acuarid nematodes.", "contents": "[The Gongylonematid parasitic in the elephant shrew Elephantus rozeti (Macrocelidae) in Tunisia was identified as Gongylonema brevispiculum Seurat, 1914 (author's transl)]. Its larval form obtained from experimentally infected intermediate hosts, differs from those of other Gongylonematids. In the genus Gongylonema four types of larvae were recognized. They are characterized by the size and the cephalic and caudal structures of the larvae. The cellular reactions caused by the larvae of G. brevispiculum in the insect muscles are similar to those caused by infections with larvae of Acuarid nematodes.", "PMID": 573088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10422", "title": "[Microfilaricidal action of Diethylcarbamazine on Dipetalonema dessetae in his natural host (author's transl)].", "content": "With a Filaria of Rodent whose microfilariae are periodic and diurnal, and destroyed by DEC, the authors don't observe the immediate rise of microfilaria count sometimes noted following treatment of periodic filaria during the low phase of microfilaremia. Moreover, the microfilaremia falls at 30% of the pre-treatment level after 15 mn. This may be in relation with the swift digestive absorption, as detected by the rise of the DEC serum level, whose maximum is reached within 15 mn.", "contents": "[Microfilaricidal action of Diethylcarbamazine on Dipetalonema dessetae in his natural host (author's transl)]. With a Filaria of Rodent whose microfilariae are periodic and diurnal, and destroyed by DEC, the authors don't observe the immediate rise of microfilaria count sometimes noted following treatment of periodic filaria during the low phase of microfilaremia. Moreover, the microfilaremia falls at 30% of the pre-treatment level after 15 mn. This may be in relation with the swift digestive absorption, as detected by the rise of the DEC serum level, whose maximum is reached within 15 mn.", "PMID": 573089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10423", "title": "Anencephaly in Japan: paternal age, maternal age and birth order.", "content": "The statistical association between incidence of anencephaly and paternal age, maternal age and birth order was analysed in 1815 cases of foetal deaths with anencephaly reported during 1975--6. The birth order association was confirmed with an extremely high degree of statistical significance.", "contents": "Anencephaly in Japan: paternal age, maternal age and birth order. The statistical association between incidence of anencephaly and paternal age, maternal age and birth order was analysed in 1815 cases of foetal deaths with anencephaly reported during 1975--6. The birth order association was confirmed with an extremely high degree of statistical significance.", "PMID": 573095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10424", "title": "On the use of multiple thresholds for the determination of the mode of inheritance of semi-continuous traits.", "content": "In this article we reconsider the analysis proposed by Reich et al. (1972) for determining the mode of inheritance for semi-continuous traits from intrafamilial data. We consider both the (general) multifactorial and the single-locus model formulation. We show (numerically), by using a much improved numerical analysis technique for the parameter estimation, that there may be many single-locus models that could have given rise to a particular data set, dependent on its size and nature. Finally we question whether the use of monozygotic twins data, or data obtained from defining further levels of severity of the disease, would improve the discrimination between these two types of models.", "contents": "On the use of multiple thresholds for the determination of the mode of inheritance of semi-continuous traits. In this article we reconsider the analysis proposed by Reich et al. (1972) for determining the mode of inheritance for semi-continuous traits from intrafamilial data. We consider both the (general) multifactorial and the single-locus model formulation. We show (numerically), by using a much improved numerical analysis technique for the parameter estimation, that there may be many single-locus models that could have given rise to a particular data set, dependent on its size and nature. Finally we question whether the use of monozygotic twins data, or data obtained from defining further levels of severity of the disease, would improve the discrimination between these two types of models.", "PMID": 573096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10425", "title": "Patterns of incidence of brain tumors in children.", "content": "A population-based community-wide study of the incidence of brain tumors in children from 1960 through 1974 was conducted in the Baltimore area. Incidence rates in boys declined from 1960 to 1974 and were higher in whites than in blacks in all age groups except children under 5 years. A peak in incidence rates was observed in white 5- to 9-year-olds and in blacks from 0 to 4 years of age. In addition, incidence rates tended to be higher in boys than in girls at all ages except at puberty-the 10- to 14-year-old age group-when rates in girls exceeded those in boys. The findings suggest that both host and environmental factors may be involved in the cause of brain tumors in children.", "contents": "Patterns of incidence of brain tumors in children. A population-based community-wide study of the incidence of brain tumors in children from 1960 through 1974 was conducted in the Baltimore area. Incidence rates in boys declined from 1960 to 1974 and were higher in whites than in blacks in all age groups except children under 5 years. A peak in incidence rates was observed in white 5- to 9-year-olds and in blacks from 0 to 4 years of age. In addition, incidence rates tended to be higher in boys than in girls at all ages except at puberty-the 10- to 14-year-old age group-when rates in girls exceeded those in boys. The findings suggest that both host and environmental factors may be involved in the cause of brain tumors in children.", "PMID": 573097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10426", "title": "Variability of agar dilution-replicator method of yeast susceptibility testing.", "content": "The agar dilution method of in vitro susceptibility testing of fungi was analyzed with a Steers-type inoculum replicator, ten strains, and three drugs. The replicator reproducibly delivered the same inoculum to each series of plates. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole (an imidazole) and 5-fluorocytosine, but not that of the polyene nystatin, were dependent on the initial inoculum size. With the former two drugs, but not with the latter, minimal inhibitory concentrations were highly variable depending on the time of reading. Results with agar and broth dilution methods were divergent, and the differences in minimal inhibitory concentrations were variable in serial comparisons by the two methods. If the agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined at first appearance of control growth, a commonly used end point, small variations in the time of reading (as could occur by variation in observer perception of when initial growth appears) induced large variations in the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine and ketoconazole, particularly with rapidly growing strains. Results at 35 and 30 degrees C were similar. The differences in results with the three drugs suggest different mechanisms of action. The variability quantitated with the agar dilution method could result in variability in results between laboratories and even observers in the same laboratory.", "contents": "Variability of agar dilution-replicator method of yeast susceptibility testing. The agar dilution method of in vitro susceptibility testing of fungi was analyzed with a Steers-type inoculum replicator, ten strains, and three drugs. The replicator reproducibly delivered the same inoculum to each series of plates. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole (an imidazole) and 5-fluorocytosine, but not that of the polyene nystatin, were dependent on the initial inoculum size. With the former two drugs, but not with the latter, minimal inhibitory concentrations were highly variable depending on the time of reading. Results with agar and broth dilution methods were divergent, and the differences in minimal inhibitory concentrations were variable in serial comparisons by the two methods. If the agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined at first appearance of control growth, a commonly used end point, small variations in the time of reading (as could occur by variation in observer perception of when initial growth appears) induced large variations in the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine and ketoconazole, particularly with rapidly growing strains. Results at 35 and 30 degrees C were similar. The differences in results with the three drugs suggest different mechanisms of action. The variability quantitated with the agar dilution method could result in variability in results between laboratories and even observers in the same laboratory.", "PMID": 573098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10427", "title": "Coeliac disease in identical twins.", "content": "Coeliac disease occurred at the same age in MZ twins. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology of the small intestine, rapid response to a gluten-free diet, and relapse after reintroduction of gluten.", "contents": "Coeliac disease in identical twins. Coeliac disease occurred at the same age in MZ twins. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology of the small intestine, rapid response to a gluten-free diet, and relapse after reintroduction of gluten.", "PMID": 573100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10428", "title": "[Synthesis of elastoidic fibers in the organ culture of human dermis (author's transl)].", "content": "Organ cultures of human dermal excisions placed on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of incubated chick eggs showed that a elastoidic fiber type could be achieved under experimental conditions within 5 h. The stages leading up to fiber formation could very well be produced by fibrocytes as well as by the splitting of collagen fibrils. The microfibrils (lacking a periodicity and with a diameter of 60-100 A) are characterized by a strong capacity to bind carbohydrate-proteinrich complexes (proteoglycans and glycoproteins). These then aggregate to elastoidic fibers. The amorphous fiber center remains strongly attractive for binding cations. This fiber type is then compared to the (elastoidic) fibers present in senile Elastosis and Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Finally, the possibility of using CAM-cultures as experimental means for simulating such diseases is discussed.", "contents": "[Synthesis of elastoidic fibers in the organ culture of human dermis (author's transl)]. Organ cultures of human dermal excisions placed on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of incubated chick eggs showed that a elastoidic fiber type could be achieved under experimental conditions within 5 h. The stages leading up to fiber formation could very well be produced by fibrocytes as well as by the splitting of collagen fibrils. The microfibrils (lacking a periodicity and with a diameter of 60-100 A) are characterized by a strong capacity to bind carbohydrate-proteinrich complexes (proteoglycans and glycoproteins). These then aggregate to elastoidic fibers. The amorphous fiber center remains strongly attractive for binding cations. This fiber type is then compared to the (elastoidic) fibers present in senile Elastosis and Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Finally, the possibility of using CAM-cultures as experimental means for simulating such diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 573101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10429", "title": "Estrogen-induced galactorrhea in man.", "content": "A 36-year-old man had estrogen-induced galactorrhea and oligospermia. He had been taking an unknown amount of estrogen for a year. While hypogonadism, manifested by decreased libido and potency, was apparent at the time of estrogen administration, galactorrhea appeared two months after estrogen was discontinued. Normal skull film, tomogram views of the sella turcica, and computerized axial tomography scan suggested that long-term estrogen administration caused sustained hyperprolactinemia with levels that ranged between 21 and 83 ng/mL throughout the ensuing year. Prolonged thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin luteinizing hormone response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone were believed to be evidence of a derangement in the hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone secretion. A year after he stopped taking estrogen, the patient gradually regained his potency, his prolactin level declined, the galactorrhea disappeared, and spermatogenesis returned to normal.", "contents": "Estrogen-induced galactorrhea in man. A 36-year-old man had estrogen-induced galactorrhea and oligospermia. He had been taking an unknown amount of estrogen for a year. While hypogonadism, manifested by decreased libido and potency, was apparent at the time of estrogen administration, galactorrhea appeared two months after estrogen was discontinued. Normal skull film, tomogram views of the sella turcica, and computerized axial tomography scan suggested that long-term estrogen administration caused sustained hyperprolactinemia with levels that ranged between 21 and 83 ng/mL throughout the ensuing year. Prolonged thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin luteinizing hormone response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone were believed to be evidence of a derangement in the hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone secretion. A year after he stopped taking estrogen, the patient gradually regained his potency, his prolactin level declined, the galactorrhea disappeared, and spermatogenesis returned to normal.", "PMID": 573104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10430", "title": "Prostaglandins in carrageenin-induced iridocyclitis.", "content": "In a model based on carrageenin-induced inflammation of the anterior eye chamber, prostaglandins and pronounced cellular infiltration appeared in the aqueous humor after six hours. The findings are discussed taking into account various sources of prostaglandins in the course of iridocyclitis.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in carrageenin-induced iridocyclitis. In a model based on carrageenin-induced inflammation of the anterior eye chamber, prostaglandins and pronounced cellular infiltration appeared in the aqueous humor after six hours. The findings are discussed taking into account various sources of prostaglandins in the course of iridocyclitis.", "PMID": 573106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10431", "title": "Immunological alterations in the lungs of mice following ozone exposure: changes in immunoglobulin levels and antibody-containing cells.", "content": "Ozone was added to the air of the environmental chambers containing specific pathogen-free mice. At levels of 0.5 and 0.8 ppm the oxidant was seen to have inflammatory effects, as shown by rising serum albumin levels in lung lavage fluid. Fluorescein conjugated anti-heavy chain sera were used to detect cells containing IgM, IgG, and IgA in measured lung areas termed Pulmonary Units. Antigenic stimuli occurred along the airways, with significant increases of IgA-containing cells in the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. The numbers of IgM- and IgG-containing cells did not increase. Immunodiffusion analyses for immunoglobulins in lung lavage fluid indicated increases of IgG1, IgG2, and IgA in lung secretions. The calculation of changing Ig/Alb ratios suggested that the IgA present was largely the result of local synthesis, while IgG molecules were mainly of serum origin. Possible sources of antigenic stimuli to ozone-exposed lungs are discussed.", "contents": "Immunological alterations in the lungs of mice following ozone exposure: changes in immunoglobulin levels and antibody-containing cells. Ozone was added to the air of the environmental chambers containing specific pathogen-free mice. At levels of 0.5 and 0.8 ppm the oxidant was seen to have inflammatory effects, as shown by rising serum albumin levels in lung lavage fluid. Fluorescein conjugated anti-heavy chain sera were used to detect cells containing IgM, IgG, and IgA in measured lung areas termed Pulmonary Units. Antigenic stimuli occurred along the airways, with significant increases of IgA-containing cells in the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. The numbers of IgM- and IgG-containing cells did not increase. Immunodiffusion analyses for immunoglobulins in lung lavage fluid indicated increases of IgG1, IgG2, and IgA in lung secretions. The calculation of changing Ig/Alb ratios suggested that the IgA present was largely the result of local synthesis, while IgG molecules were mainly of serum origin. Possible sources of antigenic stimuli to ozone-exposed lungs are discussed.", "PMID": 573102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10432", "title": "Capsular delamination (true exfoliation) of the lens. Report of a case.", "content": "This report describes a patient with true exfoliation of the lens capsule. Recurrent anterior uveitis eventually necessitated lens extraction from the left eye. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated areas of capsular dehiscence and evidence of in vivo cellular degeneration. A comparison of true and pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule is made and the term \"capsular delamination\" is proposed for the case reported.", "contents": "Capsular delamination (true exfoliation) of the lens. Report of a case. This report describes a patient with true exfoliation of the lens capsule. Recurrent anterior uveitis eventually necessitated lens extraction from the left eye. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated areas of capsular dehiscence and evidence of in vivo cellular degeneration. A comparison of true and pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule is made and the term \"capsular delamination\" is proposed for the case reported.", "PMID": 573109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10433", "title": "Endotracheal tube ignition during laser surgery of the larynx.", "content": "The ignition of an endotracheal tube was caused by laser penetration of an unprotected portion of the tube during resection of laryngeal papillomas. We discuss the factors that contributed to the ignition, the hazards that were encountered, and the methods of prevention that were used.", "contents": "Endotracheal tube ignition during laser surgery of the larynx. The ignition of an endotracheal tube was caused by laser penetration of an unprotected portion of the tube during resection of laryngeal papillomas. We discuss the factors that contributed to the ignition, the hazards that were encountered, and the methods of prevention that were used.", "PMID": 573110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10434", "title": "The relation between patterns of ovarian follicle growth and ovulation rate in sheep.", "content": "The number and growth rate of follicles within classes based on granulosa volume were determined for ovaries taken from groups of 4-5-year-old, fine-wool Merino ewes drawn at different times of the year from a single strain flock maintained at Armidale, N.S.W. The breeding season of the flock normally extends from February to October and the mean ovulation rate rises from about 0.5 in February to about 1.8-1.9 during April-May. Ewes sampled when they were anoestrous or had one (single-ovulatory) or two (twin-ovulatory) recent corpora lutea did not differ in respect to the mean total number of ovarian follicles, the mean number of follicles in individual classes, the time for follicles to complete their rapid growth stage, or the incidence of follicle atresia. However, the ovaries of twin-ovulatory ewes contained significantly more follicles in the two terminal classes within the rapid growth stage than did the ovaries of single-ovulatory or anoestrous ewes (2.2 v. 0.9 and 1.0). This difference was attributed to the differing numbers of follicles per day entering into the rapid growth stage (5.2, 4.5 and 3.7 respectively in twin-ovulatory, single-ovulatory and anoestrous ewes).", "contents": "The relation between patterns of ovarian follicle growth and ovulation rate in sheep. The number and growth rate of follicles within classes based on granulosa volume were determined for ovaries taken from groups of 4-5-year-old, fine-wool Merino ewes drawn at different times of the year from a single strain flock maintained at Armidale, N.S.W. The breeding season of the flock normally extends from February to October and the mean ovulation rate rises from about 0.5 in February to about 1.8-1.9 during April-May. Ewes sampled when they were anoestrous or had one (single-ovulatory) or two (twin-ovulatory) recent corpora lutea did not differ in respect to the mean total number of ovarian follicles, the mean number of follicles in individual classes, the time for follicles to complete their rapid growth stage, or the incidence of follicle atresia. However, the ovaries of twin-ovulatory ewes contained significantly more follicles in the two terminal classes within the rapid growth stage than did the ovaries of single-ovulatory or anoestrous ewes (2.2 v. 0.9 and 1.0). This difference was attributed to the differing numbers of follicles per day entering into the rapid growth stage (5.2, 4.5 and 3.7 respectively in twin-ovulatory, single-ovulatory and anoestrous ewes).", "PMID": 573111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10435", "title": "Pituitary hormone control of implantation in the mouse.", "content": "In hypophysectomized pregnant mice replacement therapy designed to mimic the normal physiological situation showed that FSH in combination with either prolactin or LH, or prolactin plus LH, could initiate implantation in the absence of the pituitary gland. No pituitary hormone was by itself capable of achieving this result. The combination of prolactin with FSH gave better results than a combination of LH with FSH. Prolactin from sheep, cattle or rats was equally effective in combination with rat FSH in initiating implantation. In mice exhibiting suckling-induced delay of implantation this delay was terminated by injection of FSH. GH by itself or in conjunction with other hormones had no significant effect on implantation or on any of the other parameters associated with implantation that were measured. On the basis of these experimental results it is suggested that prolactin and LH are involved with progesterone production and FSH with oestrogen production, both of which are required for implantation in the mouse.", "contents": "Pituitary hormone control of implantation in the mouse. In hypophysectomized pregnant mice replacement therapy designed to mimic the normal physiological situation showed that FSH in combination with either prolactin or LH, or prolactin plus LH, could initiate implantation in the absence of the pituitary gland. No pituitary hormone was by itself capable of achieving this result. The combination of prolactin with FSH gave better results than a combination of LH with FSH. Prolactin from sheep, cattle or rats was equally effective in combination with rat FSH in initiating implantation. In mice exhibiting suckling-induced delay of implantation this delay was terminated by injection of FSH. GH by itself or in conjunction with other hormones had no significant effect on implantation or on any of the other parameters associated with implantation that were measured. On the basis of these experimental results it is suggested that prolactin and LH are involved with progesterone production and FSH with oestrogen production, both of which are required for implantation in the mouse.", "PMID": 573112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10436", "title": "[Photosensitization in cattle grazing on pastures of Brahciaria decumbens Stapf infested with Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis].", "content": "Aspects of photosensitization in bovines grazing on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf infested with Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis infested all pastures 45(2):117-136, 1978. This paper reports experimental studies on photosensitization in bovines grazing on different pastures of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf in the \"Cerrados\" region (Planaltina, DF). Climatic conditions, zinc content and occurence of fungi on pastures were investigated. Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis infested all pastures examined. Photosensitization was observed in one animal maintained on a pasture of B. decumbens formed with seeds from Australia. Clinical and necropsy data were similar to those related in literature for sporidesmin-intoxicated animals. An isolate of P. chartarum and samples of bovine bile were assayed for sporidesmin presence.", "contents": "[Photosensitization in cattle grazing on pastures of Brahciaria decumbens Stapf infested with Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis]. Aspects of photosensitization in bovines grazing on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf infested with Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis infested all pastures 45(2):117-136, 1978. This paper reports experimental studies on photosensitization in bovines grazing on different pastures of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf in the \"Cerrados\" region (Planaltina, DF). Climatic conditions, zinc content and occurence of fungi on pastures were investigated. Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis infested all pastures examined. Photosensitization was observed in one animal maintained on a pasture of B. decumbens formed with seeds from Australia. Clinical and necropsy data were similar to those related in literature for sporidesmin-intoxicated animals. An isolate of P. chartarum and samples of bovine bile were assayed for sporidesmin presence.", "PMID": 573108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10437", "title": "A 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414. Purification, characterization and preparation of an immunoadsorbent for the enzyme.", "content": "A 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.4) was isolated from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414 by molecular-sieve chromatography on Bio-Gel P-30, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and isoelectric focusing in a density gradient. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at two different pH values, analytical isoelectric focusing in a polyacrylamide-gel slab and molecular-sieve chromatography of the reduced and alkylated enzyme in a denaturing medium indicated a homogeneous protein. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 51,000 and is not a glycoprotein. The pI was found to be 4.66 at 23 degrees C. Antiserum against the purified enzyme was prepared and the amount of enzyme in the original filtrate was determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis to be about 50mg/liter. An immunoadsorbent made from CNBr-activated sepharose 4B and antiserum affords a rapid and highly specific purification of the enzyme.", "contents": "A 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414. Purification, characterization and preparation of an immunoadsorbent for the enzyme. A 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.4) was isolated from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414 by molecular-sieve chromatography on Bio-Gel P-30, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and isoelectric focusing in a density gradient. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at two different pH values, analytical isoelectric focusing in a polyacrylamide-gel slab and molecular-sieve chromatography of the reduced and alkylated enzyme in a denaturing medium indicated a homogeneous protein. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 51,000 and is not a glycoprotein. The pI was found to be 4.66 at 23 degrees C. Antiserum against the purified enzyme was prepared and the amount of enzyme in the original filtrate was determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis to be about 50mg/liter. An immunoadsorbent made from CNBr-activated sepharose 4B and antiserum affords a rapid and highly specific purification of the enzyme.", "PMID": 573117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10438", "title": "Reactivities of hydroxylamine and sodium bisulphite with carbonyl-containing haems and with the prosthetic groups of the erythrocyte green haemoproteins.", "content": "The reactivities of alkaline NH(2)OH and neutral NaHSO(3) with carbonyl and olefinic groups conjugated with the tetrapyrrole nucleus of haems were studied. The reactions were carried out with 2-3nmol of haem a, spirographis haem, isospirographis haem, 2,4-diacetyldeuterohaem and protohaem. Vinyl side chains were found to be insensitive to the chemical action of both alkaline NH(2)OH and neutral NaHSO(3). The formyl-containing haems reacted rapidly with both reagents at room temperature, as evidenced by sizable hypsochromic shifts of the reduced pyridine haemochrome spectrum. In less alkaline solution, the reactions of these formyl-containing haems with NH(2)OH were much slower. 2,4-Diacetyldeuterohaem reacted with alkaline NH(2)OH, but not with neutral NaHSO(3). These rapid, simple and straightforward tests are readily usable in differentiating among formyl, acetyl and other electron-withdrawing side chains conjugated with the tetrapyrrole ring of haems. We applied these observations to an investigation of the two unique prosthetic groups of the bovine erythrocyte green haemoproteins. The prosthetic groups of these two proteins were isolated and spectrally characterized. Under the conditions used, the haems did not react with either NH(2)OH or NaHSO(3), but were altered by dithionite, suggesting that the previous interpretation that a formyl group was present [Hultquist, Dean & Reed (1976) J. Biol. Chem.251, 3927-3932] may have been premature. These studies also provide evidence that the alpha-hydroxyfarnesylethyl side chain of haem a affects the alpha-band maximum, but not the beta- or Soret bands of the reduced pyridine haemochrome spectrum of haem a.", "contents": "Reactivities of hydroxylamine and sodium bisulphite with carbonyl-containing haems and with the prosthetic groups of the erythrocyte green haemoproteins. The reactivities of alkaline NH(2)OH and neutral NaHSO(3) with carbonyl and olefinic groups conjugated with the tetrapyrrole nucleus of haems were studied. The reactions were carried out with 2-3nmol of haem a, spirographis haem, isospirographis haem, 2,4-diacetyldeuterohaem and protohaem. Vinyl side chains were found to be insensitive to the chemical action of both alkaline NH(2)OH and neutral NaHSO(3). The formyl-containing haems reacted rapidly with both reagents at room temperature, as evidenced by sizable hypsochromic shifts of the reduced pyridine haemochrome spectrum. In less alkaline solution, the reactions of these formyl-containing haems with NH(2)OH were much slower. 2,4-Diacetyldeuterohaem reacted with alkaline NH(2)OH, but not with neutral NaHSO(3). These rapid, simple and straightforward tests are readily usable in differentiating among formyl, acetyl and other electron-withdrawing side chains conjugated with the tetrapyrrole ring of haems. We applied these observations to an investigation of the two unique prosthetic groups of the bovine erythrocyte green haemoproteins. The prosthetic groups of these two proteins were isolated and spectrally characterized. Under the conditions used, the haems did not react with either NH(2)OH or NaHSO(3), but were altered by dithionite, suggesting that the previous interpretation that a formyl group was present [Hultquist, Dean & Reed (1976) J. Biol. Chem.251, 3927-3932] may have been premature. These studies also provide evidence that the alpha-hydroxyfarnesylethyl side chain of haem a affects the alpha-band maximum, but not the beta- or Soret bands of the reduced pyridine haemochrome spectrum of haem a.", "PMID": 573118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10439", "title": "Preparation of [32P]phosphatidylcholine and [32P]lysophosphatidylcholine by using soya beans.", "content": "This method describes a procedure that can be carried out easily to obtain large amounts of [32P]phosphatidylcholine and [32P]lysophosphatidylcholine. The method involves germinating soya beans in the presence of [32P]Pi. The yield was 0.58% for [P]phosphatidylcholine and 0.52% for [32P]lysophosphatidylcholine, and the specific radioactivity of both was 10(7) d.p.m./mumol.", "contents": "Preparation of [32P]phosphatidylcholine and [32P]lysophosphatidylcholine by using soya beans. This method describes a procedure that can be carried out easily to obtain large amounts of [32P]phosphatidylcholine and [32P]lysophosphatidylcholine. The method involves germinating soya beans in the presence of [32P]Pi. The yield was 0.58% for [P]phosphatidylcholine and 0.52% for [32P]lysophosphatidylcholine, and the specific radioactivity of both was 10(7) d.p.m./mumol.", "PMID": 573119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10440", "title": "[Uremic-hemolytic syndrome: clinical and pathological observations of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of uremic hemolytic syndrome observed in a 20 months old child has been investigated from the clinical and pathological point of view. All specific clinical manifestations of the syndrome were present as well as the pathognomic pathological finding of a renal trombotic microangiopathy. In addition a generalized lymphoadenopathy likely related to a previous vaccination, was also found. The possible role of such an immune reaction in the pathogenesis of the syndrome in the present case is discussed.", "contents": "[Uremic-hemolytic syndrome: clinical and pathological observations of a case (author's transl)]. A case of uremic hemolytic syndrome observed in a 20 months old child has been investigated from the clinical and pathological point of view. All specific clinical manifestations of the syndrome were present as well as the pathognomic pathological finding of a renal trombotic microangiopathy. In addition a generalized lymphoadenopathy likely related to a previous vaccination, was also found. The possible role of such an immune reaction in the pathogenesis of the syndrome in the present case is discussed.", "PMID": 573125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10441", "title": "[Use of hypnotism in transcutaneous renal biopsy. Preliminary results].", "content": "We wish to point out the outstanding importance of kidney biopsy in diagnosis of kidney diseases and enphasize the fact that it is very important for the patient to give one's full cooperation, in order to achieve the most successful results. Anxious subjects and children usually do not give this cooperation owing to their excessive emotional reactions to the special situation of the biopsy and so we think it useful to induce beforehand a hypnotic state in them, hoping that this would make it possible to carry out the research with the usual transcutaneous technique. In this research, which is to be considered as preliminary, ten patients were examined, nine of whom aged from three to fourteen and one aged forty-six. Eight subjects, out of ten, reached such a degree of hypnotic depth that it was possible to carry out the biopsy in a few minutes without noteworthy difficulties. The high ratio of successful cases and the lack of any considerable complications in their experiments enable the Authors, though still waiting for a wider range of data, to suggest since now the use of hypnosis whenever the patients prove reluctant to cooperation.", "contents": "[Use of hypnotism in transcutaneous renal biopsy. Preliminary results]. We wish to point out the outstanding importance of kidney biopsy in diagnosis of kidney diseases and enphasize the fact that it is very important for the patient to give one's full cooperation, in order to achieve the most successful results. Anxious subjects and children usually do not give this cooperation owing to their excessive emotional reactions to the special situation of the biopsy and so we think it useful to induce beforehand a hypnotic state in them, hoping that this would make it possible to carry out the research with the usual transcutaneous technique. In this research, which is to be considered as preliminary, ten patients were examined, nine of whom aged from three to fourteen and one aged forty-six. Eight subjects, out of ten, reached such a degree of hypnotic depth that it was possible to carry out the biopsy in a few minutes without noteworthy difficulties. The high ratio of successful cases and the lack of any considerable complications in their experiments enable the Authors, though still waiting for a wider range of data, to suggest since now the use of hypnosis whenever the patients prove reluctant to cooperation.", "PMID": 573126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10442", "title": "Treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with verapamil.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy were treated with the calcium inhibitor, verapamil, which was administered in a mean oral dose of 480 mg per day. After an average of 15 months of treatment (4 to 24 months), the QRS amplitude in the electrocardiogram was significantly reduced from 4.2 to 3.8 mV. Heart volume calculated from chest x-ray films in the supine position decreased significantly from 858 to 766 ml per 1.73 m2. In 10 patients, follow-up heart catheterisation showed a decrease in left ventricular muscle mass in 7 patients and a slight increase in 3 patients. Coronary artery diameter decreased in 7 patients, increased in 1, and was unchanged in 2. The reduction in coronary artery diameter is considered to be a consequence of a reduced heart muscle mass. From all available clinical data it is concluded that verapamil treatment is superior to beta-blocker therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with verapamil. Twenty-two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy were treated with the calcium inhibitor, verapamil, which was administered in a mean oral dose of 480 mg per day. After an average of 15 months of treatment (4 to 24 months), the QRS amplitude in the electrocardiogram was significantly reduced from 4.2 to 3.8 mV. Heart volume calculated from chest x-ray films in the supine position decreased significantly from 858 to 766 ml per 1.73 m2. In 10 patients, follow-up heart catheterisation showed a decrease in left ventricular muscle mass in 7 patients and a slight increase in 3 patients. Coronary artery diameter decreased in 7 patients, increased in 1, and was unchanged in 2. The reduction in coronary artery diameter is considered to be a consequence of a reduced heart muscle mass. From all available clinical data it is concluded that verapamil treatment is superior to beta-blocker therapy.", "PMID": 573129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10443", "title": "Evidence that cells from experimental tumours can activate coagulation factor X.", "content": "The procoagulant activity of cells from some experimental tumours isolated in culture or in single-cell suspensions from ascitic fluid was investigated. Cells from Lewis lung carcinoma (primary and metastasis), Ehrlich carcinoma ascites and JW sarcoma ascites were able to shorten markedly the recalcification time of normal, Factor VIII- and Factor VII-deficient but not of Factor X-deficient human plasma. The same cells generated thrombin when mixed with a source of prothrombin and Factor X, absorbed bovine serum (as a source of Factor V), phospholipid and calcium chloride. Thrombin formation was not influenced by the presence of Factor VII. Cells from Sarcoma 180 ascites were completely inactive in both test systems. It is concluded that cells from some experimental tumours have the capacity to activate Coagulation Factor X directly. These findings suggest the existence of an alternative \"cellular\" pathway in the initiation of blood clotting distinct from both the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.", "contents": "Evidence that cells from experimental tumours can activate coagulation factor X. The procoagulant activity of cells from some experimental tumours isolated in culture or in single-cell suspensions from ascitic fluid was investigated. Cells from Lewis lung carcinoma (primary and metastasis), Ehrlich carcinoma ascites and JW sarcoma ascites were able to shorten markedly the recalcification time of normal, Factor VIII- and Factor VII-deficient but not of Factor X-deficient human plasma. The same cells generated thrombin when mixed with a source of prothrombin and Factor X, absorbed bovine serum (as a source of Factor V), phospholipid and calcium chloride. Thrombin formation was not influenced by the presence of Factor VII. Cells from Sarcoma 180 ascites were completely inactive in both test systems. It is concluded that cells from some experimental tumours have the capacity to activate Coagulation Factor X directly. These findings suggest the existence of an alternative \"cellular\" pathway in the initiation of blood clotting distinct from both the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.", "PMID": 573131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10444", "title": "Effect of varying amounts of ethinyl oestradiol in the combined oral contraceptive on plasma sex hormone binding globulin capacity in normal women.", "content": "The plasma sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) capacity has been measured in 52 normal women, 11 women on various oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol and 11 women on oral contraceptives containing less than 35 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol. The results show that women on oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol have a significantly raised SHBG capacity (p less than 0.005) whereas those patients on oral contraceptives containing 35 micrograms or less of ethinyl oestradiol have SHBG capacities which do not differ significantly from normal ovulating women (p greater than 0.05). Thus the 35 micrograms pill interferes less with bound/unbound sex steroid ratios than does the 50 micrograms pill.", "contents": "Effect of varying amounts of ethinyl oestradiol in the combined oral contraceptive on plasma sex hormone binding globulin capacity in normal women. The plasma sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) capacity has been measured in 52 normal women, 11 women on various oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol and 11 women on oral contraceptives containing less than 35 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol. The results show that women on oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol have a significantly raised SHBG capacity (p less than 0.005) whereas those patients on oral contraceptives containing 35 micrograms or less of ethinyl oestradiol have SHBG capacities which do not differ significantly from normal ovulating women (p greater than 0.05). Thus the 35 micrograms pill interferes less with bound/unbound sex steroid ratios than does the 50 micrograms pill.", "PMID": 573132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10445", "title": "Protein nutrition of growing lambs. 2. Effect on nitrogen digestion of supplementing a low-protein-cellulosic diet with either urea, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein.", "content": "1. Lambs with cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were allowed free access to one of four diets: a basal diet of oat hulls and solka floc, or the basel diet supplemented with either urea, urea plus casein or urea plus formaldehyde-treated (HCHO)-casein. Mean nitrogen intake was 1.9 g N/d for the basal diet and 15.0. 32.4 and 36.9 g N/d respectively for the other diets. 2. The rate of irreversible loss of ammonia from the rumen pool estimated using 15NH4+ was highest on the casein diet (33 g NH3-N/d) by comparison with 18 g NH3-N/d for the urea and HCHO-casein diets and 7 g NH3-N/d for the basal diet. 3. The proportions of bacterial and protozoal N in the rumen derived from rumen ammonia did not differ significantly between the supplemented diets and were 0.66 and 0.52 respectively. 4. Estimation of 15N flowing to the duodenum during continuous infusions of 15NH4+ into the rumen indicated considerable ammonia absorption from the rumen on all the diets. Greatest absorption of ammonia (21 gN/d) apparently occurred in animals on the diet supplemented with urea and casein. 5. The estimated microbial non-ammonia-N (NAN) flowing out of the rumen per unit organic matter fermented in the rumen (FOM) was similar on all diets, i.e. 21.3 (+/- 1.09) g N/kg Fom. the requirement for dietary fermentable N for microbial N production on these diets was 1.2 (+/- 0.07) g N/MJ ME. 6. The flow of NAN into the duodenum and through the ileum, and total N in the faeces was significantly influenced by the form of N supplementation. The flow of NAN into the duodenum for the HCHO-casein diet (27 g N/d) was more than twice that for the other diets (11 g N/d). The flow of NAN through the ileum and excretion of total N in the faeces was also greater with the HCHO-casein diet than with all other diets. The apparent digestibility of NAN in the small intestine ranged between 0.62--0.66 for all diets. 7. Urea and casein supplements were apparently completely degraded in the rumen. In contrast, the HCHO-casein was almost completely resistant to degradation in the rumen and only 65% of the HCHO-casein was digested in the small intestine. 8. Protein absorbed : energy absorbed (expressed as NAN digested in the small intestine/MJ ME) was calculated to be 5.5 (+/- 0.70) for the basal, urea and urea-plus-casein diets, and 11.6 (+/- 1.71) for the urea-plus-HCHO-casein diet.", "contents": "Protein nutrition of growing lambs. 2. Effect on nitrogen digestion of supplementing a low-protein-cellulosic diet with either urea, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein. 1. Lambs with cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were allowed free access to one of four diets: a basal diet of oat hulls and solka floc, or the basel diet supplemented with either urea, urea plus casein or urea plus formaldehyde-treated (HCHO)-casein. Mean nitrogen intake was 1.9 g N/d for the basal diet and 15.0. 32.4 and 36.9 g N/d respectively for the other diets. 2. The rate of irreversible loss of ammonia from the rumen pool estimated using 15NH4+ was highest on the casein diet (33 g NH3-N/d) by comparison with 18 g NH3-N/d for the urea and HCHO-casein diets and 7 g NH3-N/d for the basal diet. 3. The proportions of bacterial and protozoal N in the rumen derived from rumen ammonia did not differ significantly between the supplemented diets and were 0.66 and 0.52 respectively. 4. Estimation of 15N flowing to the duodenum during continuous infusions of 15NH4+ into the rumen indicated considerable ammonia absorption from the rumen on all the diets. Greatest absorption of ammonia (21 gN/d) apparently occurred in animals on the diet supplemented with urea and casein. 5. The estimated microbial non-ammonia-N (NAN) flowing out of the rumen per unit organic matter fermented in the rumen (FOM) was similar on all diets, i.e. 21.3 (+/- 1.09) g N/kg Fom. the requirement for dietary fermentable N for microbial N production on these diets was 1.2 (+/- 0.07) g N/MJ ME. 6. The flow of NAN into the duodenum and through the ileum, and total N in the faeces was significantly influenced by the form of N supplementation. The flow of NAN into the duodenum for the HCHO-casein diet (27 g N/d) was more than twice that for the other diets (11 g N/d). The flow of NAN through the ileum and excretion of total N in the faeces was also greater with the HCHO-casein diet than with all other diets. The apparent digestibility of NAN in the small intestine ranged between 0.62--0.66 for all diets. 7. Urea and casein supplements were apparently completely degraded in the rumen. In contrast, the HCHO-casein was almost completely resistant to degradation in the rumen and only 65% of the HCHO-casein was digested in the small intestine. 8. Protein absorbed : energy absorbed (expressed as NAN digested in the small intestine/MJ ME) was calculated to be 5.5 (+/- 0.70) for the basal, urea and urea-plus-casein diets, and 11.6 (+/- 1.71) for the urea-plus-HCHO-casein diet.", "PMID": 573134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10446", "title": "Regulation of phospholipase A2 activity by the lipid-water interface: a monolayer approach.", "content": "Interfacial regulation of phospholipase A2 activity on lecithin monolayers was investigated by using radioactively labeled enzyme. Labeling of the protein with 125I did not produce a change of the enzyme and protein properties as compared to the 3H fully amidinated phospholipase A2. The induction time observed during pre-steady-state kinetics reflects the rate-limiting step of the penetration of the enzyme in the interface. This penetration is reversible. However, in the surface pressure range where the enzyme is able to hydrolyze the lecithin films, the desorption of the protein from the film is slow as compared to the adsorption. Below a surface pressure of 10 dyn/cm nonspecific adsorption occurs. Using lecithins with fatty acids of different chain lengths, we have shown that the kinetics of the penetration process is governed by the packing density of the substrate molecules independent of the surface pressure. However, the steady-state surface concentration of the enzyme increases with the fatty acyl chain length of the lecithin, indicating that hydrophobic interaction occurs between phospholipase A2 and the lipid molecules at the interface. From the lecithins used pancreatic phospholipase A2 preferentially splits substrate molecules with nine carbon atoms in the acyl chain.", "contents": "Regulation of phospholipase A2 activity by the lipid-water interface: a monolayer approach. Interfacial regulation of phospholipase A2 activity on lecithin monolayers was investigated by using radioactively labeled enzyme. Labeling of the protein with 125I did not produce a change of the enzyme and protein properties as compared to the 3H fully amidinated phospholipase A2. The induction time observed during pre-steady-state kinetics reflects the rate-limiting step of the penetration of the enzyme in the interface. This penetration is reversible. However, in the surface pressure range where the enzyme is able to hydrolyze the lecithin films, the desorption of the protein from the film is slow as compared to the adsorption. Below a surface pressure of 10 dyn/cm nonspecific adsorption occurs. Using lecithins with fatty acids of different chain lengths, we have shown that the kinetics of the penetration process is governed by the packing density of the substrate molecules independent of the surface pressure. However, the steady-state surface concentration of the enzyme increases with the fatty acyl chain length of the lecithin, indicating that hydrophobic interaction occurs between phospholipase A2 and the lipid molecules at the interface. From the lecithins used pancreatic phospholipase A2 preferentially splits substrate molecules with nine carbon atoms in the acyl chain.", "PMID": 573135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10447", "title": "Amino acid substitutions of the NH2-terminal Ala1 of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2: a monolayer study.", "content": "Previously it has been shown that the binding of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 to lipid-water interfaces is governed by the pK of the alpha-NH3+ group of the N-terminal alanine. Chemically modified phospholipases A2 in which the N-terminal Ala has been replaced by D-Ala or in which the polypeptide chain has been elongated with DL-Ala no longer display activity toward micellar substrate. The activity of DL-Ala-1-, [D-Ala1]-, and [Gly1]phospholipases A2 on substrate monolayers, which allow a continuous change in the packing density of the lipid molecule, was investigated. At pH 6 [Gly1]phospholipase A2 behaves like the native enzyme on lecithin monolayers. DL-Ala1- and [D-Ala1]phospholipases A2, although they are active in this system, showed a weaker lipid penetration capacity at this pH. Studies on the pH and Ca2+ ion dependency of the pre-steady-state kinetics and of the activity of these radiolabeled proteins showed that [D-Ala1]phospholipase A2 does not possess a second low-affinity site for Ca2+ ions in contrast to the native phospholipase A2. This second low-affinity Ca2+ binding site, which is also absent in [Gly1]phospholipase A2, is induced in the latter enzyme by the presence of lipid-water interfaces.", "contents": "Amino acid substitutions of the NH2-terminal Ala1 of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2: a monolayer study. Previously it has been shown that the binding of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 to lipid-water interfaces is governed by the pK of the alpha-NH3+ group of the N-terminal alanine. Chemically modified phospholipases A2 in which the N-terminal Ala has been replaced by D-Ala or in which the polypeptide chain has been elongated with DL-Ala no longer display activity toward micellar substrate. The activity of DL-Ala-1-, [D-Ala1]-, and [Gly1]phospholipases A2 on substrate monolayers, which allow a continuous change in the packing density of the lipid molecule, was investigated. At pH 6 [Gly1]phospholipase A2 behaves like the native enzyme on lecithin monolayers. DL-Ala1- and [D-Ala1]phospholipases A2, although they are active in this system, showed a weaker lipid penetration capacity at this pH. Studies on the pH and Ca2+ ion dependency of the pre-steady-state kinetics and of the activity of these radiolabeled proteins showed that [D-Ala1]phospholipase A2 does not possess a second low-affinity site for Ca2+ ions in contrast to the native phospholipase A2. This second low-affinity Ca2+ binding site, which is also absent in [Gly1]phospholipase A2, is induced in the latter enzyme by the presence of lipid-water interfaces.", "PMID": 573136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10448", "title": "Sequence complexity of polyadenylated ribonucleic acid from soybean suspension culture cells.", "content": "The sequenc complexity of total poly(A) RNA from a higher plant system, soybean cultured cells, was determined. Labeled cDNA synthesized from the poly(A) RNA hybridized exclusively with the unique sequence component of total soybean DNA. Analysis of the hybridization reaction between cDNA and the poly(A) RNA template revealed three abundance classes in the poly(A) RNA. These classes represent 18, 44, and 38% of the poly(A) RNA and contain information for approximately 60, 1900 and 30,000 different 1400-nucleotide RNA molecules. From these results, the total sequence complexity of poly(A) RNA was estimated to be 4.5 X 10(7) nucleotides. Saturation hybridization of labeled unique DNA with RNA showed that the total cell RNA represents 12.4% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 6.4 X 10(7) nucleotides, while poly(A) RNA respresent 8.7% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 3.3 X 10(7) nucleotides. Thus, it is estimated that 50--70% of total RNA sequence complexity is contained in poly(A) RNA in these cells.", "contents": "Sequence complexity of polyadenylated ribonucleic acid from soybean suspension culture cells. The sequenc complexity of total poly(A) RNA from a higher plant system, soybean cultured cells, was determined. Labeled cDNA synthesized from the poly(A) RNA hybridized exclusively with the unique sequence component of total soybean DNA. Analysis of the hybridization reaction between cDNA and the poly(A) RNA template revealed three abundance classes in the poly(A) RNA. These classes represent 18, 44, and 38% of the poly(A) RNA and contain information for approximately 60, 1900 and 30,000 different 1400-nucleotide RNA molecules. From these results, the total sequence complexity of poly(A) RNA was estimated to be 4.5 X 10(7) nucleotides. Saturation hybridization of labeled unique DNA with RNA showed that the total cell RNA represents 12.4% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 6.4 X 10(7) nucleotides, while poly(A) RNA respresent 8.7% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 3.3 X 10(7) nucleotides. Thus, it is estimated that 50--70% of total RNA sequence complexity is contained in poly(A) RNA in these cells.", "PMID": 573137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10449", "title": "The effect of nystatin on active transport in Rhodotorula glutinis (gracilis) is restricted to the plasma membrane.", "content": "The effect of the polyene antibiotic nystatin on the energy-requiring transport of substrates in the obligatory aerobic yeast Rhodotorula glutinis (gracilis) is restricted to its interaction with the plasma membrane, whereas the energy metabolism in mitochondria remains unaffected by the antibiotic. A method for preparation of the mitochondrial fraction from this yeast is described.", "contents": "The effect of nystatin on active transport in Rhodotorula glutinis (gracilis) is restricted to the plasma membrane. The effect of the polyene antibiotic nystatin on the energy-requiring transport of substrates in the obligatory aerobic yeast Rhodotorula glutinis (gracilis) is restricted to its interaction with the plasma membrane, whereas the energy metabolism in mitochondria remains unaffected by the antibiotic. A method for preparation of the mitochondrial fraction from this yeast is described.", "PMID": 573138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10450", "title": "Fusion of phospholipid vesicles in association with the appearance of lipidic particles as visualized by freeze fracturing.", "content": "The addition of Ca2+ to small unilamellar vesicles of an equimolar mixture of egg phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin induces fusion of these vesicles in association with the appearance of lipidic particles on the fusion sites.", "contents": "Fusion of phospholipid vesicles in association with the appearance of lipidic particles as visualized by freeze fracturing. The addition of Ca2+ to small unilamellar vesicles of an equimolar mixture of egg phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin induces fusion of these vesicles in association with the appearance of lipidic particles on the fusion sites.", "PMID": 573139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10451", "title": "Absorbability of plant sterols and their distribution in rabbit tissues.", "content": "Rabbits were fed a low cholesterol diet containing 2% plant sterols for 10 weeks to determine the absorbability of these sterols and their deposition in the tissues. We found campesterol and beta-sitosterol in the blood and tissues. The plasma campesterol levels were 4.34--13.3 mg/100 ml, whereas, beta-sitosterol levels were 0.41--1 mg/100 ml. Stigmasterol was not detected. The total plasma plant sterol concentration was about 10% of the total plasma sterol. The mean terminal plasma cholesterol concentration averaged 60% higher (55 vs. 88 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001) than the mean initial value. Campesterol was the preponderant sterol in all tissues studied, including the aorta. Sitosterol was found in small amounts in the tissues of the abdominal organs. Stigmasterol was not detected in any tissue studied. Esterified campesterol and sitosterol were detected in trace amounts in most tissues. Campesterol and sitosterol, particularly the former, accumulated in the tissues including the aorta.", "contents": "Absorbability of plant sterols and their distribution in rabbit tissues. Rabbits were fed a low cholesterol diet containing 2% plant sterols for 10 weeks to determine the absorbability of these sterols and their deposition in the tissues. We found campesterol and beta-sitosterol in the blood and tissues. The plasma campesterol levels were 4.34--13.3 mg/100 ml, whereas, beta-sitosterol levels were 0.41--1 mg/100 ml. Stigmasterol was not detected. The total plasma plant sterol concentration was about 10% of the total plasma sterol. The mean terminal plasma cholesterol concentration averaged 60% higher (55 vs. 88 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001) than the mean initial value. Campesterol was the preponderant sterol in all tissues studied, including the aorta. Sitosterol was found in small amounts in the tissues of the abdominal organs. Stigmasterol was not detected in any tissue studied. Esterified campesterol and sitosterol were detected in trace amounts in most tissues. Campesterol and sitosterol, particularly the former, accumulated in the tissues including the aorta.", "PMID": 573140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10452", "title": "Ammonia overloading in hepatocytes isolated from liver of fetal and adult rats.", "content": "Ammonia overloading was investigated during glucose and fructose metabolism in isolated hepatocytes under a variety of metabolic conditions. In all assay conditions, the glycolytic flux and oxygen uptake was not modified by 10 mM ammonia. In hepatocytes isolated from rats fed as libitum, the presence of ammonia caused a decrease in the production of lactate (pyruvate); this effect was not observed in anaerobic incubations, in hepatocytes isolated from starved animals, or in fetal hepatocytes. In spite of an overproduction of urea, ammonia detoxification also takes place by the synthesis of alanine, glutamate and aspartate. Addition of 1 mM aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of aminotransferases, to the incubation medium prevents the formation of these amino acids, and also prevents the decrease of lactate in hepatocytes isolated from fed animals.", "contents": "Ammonia overloading in hepatocytes isolated from liver of fetal and adult rats. Ammonia overloading was investigated during glucose and fructose metabolism in isolated hepatocytes under a variety of metabolic conditions. In all assay conditions, the glycolytic flux and oxygen uptake was not modified by 10 mM ammonia. In hepatocytes isolated from rats fed as libitum, the presence of ammonia caused a decrease in the production of lactate (pyruvate); this effect was not observed in anaerobic incubations, in hepatocytes isolated from starved animals, or in fetal hepatocytes. In spite of an overproduction of urea, ammonia detoxification also takes place by the synthesis of alanine, glutamate and aspartate. Addition of 1 mM aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of aminotransferases, to the incubation medium prevents the formation of these amino acids, and also prevents the decrease of lactate in hepatocytes isolated from fed animals.", "PMID": 573141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10453", "title": "Oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids in human and rat placental and fetal tissues.", "content": "The rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) covers its fatty acid (FA) demands at equal amounts both by maternal-fetal FA transfer and fetal FA synthesis. At the end of the first trimester the human fetal FA synthesis is too small to cover the fetal FA requirements. Therefore, the transfer of FA from the mother to the fetus seems to be the predominant source of fetal FA. The FA oxidation is greater than the FA synthesis in human and rat placenta as well as in the human fetus at the end of the first trimester, whereas the rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) oxidizes and synthesizes FA at equal amounts.", "contents": "Oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids in human and rat placental and fetal tissues. The rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) covers its fatty acid (FA) demands at equal amounts both by maternal-fetal FA transfer and fetal FA synthesis. At the end of the first trimester the human fetal FA synthesis is too small to cover the fetal FA requirements. Therefore, the transfer of FA from the mother to the fetus seems to be the predominant source of fetal FA. The FA oxidation is greater than the FA synthesis in human and rat placenta as well as in the human fetus at the end of the first trimester, whereas the rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) oxidizes and synthesizes FA at equal amounts.", "PMID": 573143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10454", "title": "Influence of environmental conditions and handling on the temperature rhythm of the rat.", "content": "The necessity for considering environmental influences when performing and evaluating animal experiments was confirmed by using a wireless biotelemetry unit. Long-term measurements of nuclear temperature rhythms showed temperature rises of several tenths of a degree and in extreme conditions of up to 1.4 degrees C when animals were subjected to normal daily and experimental procedures.", "contents": "Influence of environmental conditions and handling on the temperature rhythm of the rat. The necessity for considering environmental influences when performing and evaluating animal experiments was confirmed by using a wireless biotelemetry unit. Long-term measurements of nuclear temperature rhythms showed temperature rises of several tenths of a degree and in extreme conditions of up to 1.4 degrees C when animals were subjected to normal daily and experimental procedures.", "PMID": 573147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10455", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and dose of plasma exchange.", "content": "Four patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by plasma-exchange transfusion, three of whom recovered completely. Because previous reports in the literature describing exchange transfusion as treatment for TTP have demonstrated variable success rates, particular attention was given to \"dose\" and frequency of plasma exchange. Evans blue dye studies established a measure of \"dose\" under conditions of varying efficiency. Serum LDH activity was found to be diminished by plasma exchange, and the rate of return of serum LDH activity reflected residual disease activity. The magnitude of LDH activity reduction correlated with the adequacy of dose of plasma exchange and was an indicator for the need of repeated daily exchanges. Failure to obtain a spontaneous increment in platelet count also suggested the need for additional exchanges and/or larger dose of exchange. There is a need for a standard expression of dose of plasma exchange. Utilizing these markers (LDH, platelet count), it may be possible to improve the survival in TTP if adequate dose and frequency of plasma exchange are used.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and dose of plasma exchange. Four patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were treated by plasma-exchange transfusion, three of whom recovered completely. Because previous reports in the literature describing exchange transfusion as treatment for TTP have demonstrated variable success rates, particular attention was given to \"dose\" and frequency of plasma exchange. Evans blue dye studies established a measure of \"dose\" under conditions of varying efficiency. Serum LDH activity was found to be diminished by plasma exchange, and the rate of return of serum LDH activity reflected residual disease activity. The magnitude of LDH activity reduction correlated with the adequacy of dose of plasma exchange and was an indicator for the need of repeated daily exchanges. Failure to obtain a spontaneous increment in platelet count also suggested the need for additional exchanges and/or larger dose of exchange. There is a need for a standard expression of dose of plasma exchange. Utilizing these markers (LDH, platelet count), it may be possible to improve the survival in TTP if adequate dose and frequency of plasma exchange are used.", "PMID": 573148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10456", "title": "Sex-related and cyclic variation of trace elements in rat hypothalamus and pituitary.", "content": "The concentrations of 7 trace elements--iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, bromine, and rubidium--in rat hypothalami and anterior pituitaries were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Male, cycling female, and oophorectomized animals were studied under different conditions of reproductive function. Hypothalamic zinc and copper concentrations both rose between proestrus and estrus days and fell again at diestrus. After castration, concentrations of iron, copper, and arsenic were decreased in both pituitary and hypothalamus, while zinc concentrations rose. Male rats had lower pituitary concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, and rubidium than cycling females. Under these hormonal manipulations, hypothalamus zinc concentration and gonadotropin secretion appear to be correlated. While injections of copper salts into the hypothalamus can also stimulate gonadotropin release, we did not observe any consistent relation between endogenous hypothalamic copper concentrations and gonadotropins.", "contents": "Sex-related and cyclic variation of trace elements in rat hypothalamus and pituitary. The concentrations of 7 trace elements--iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, bromine, and rubidium--in rat hypothalami and anterior pituitaries were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Male, cycling female, and oophorectomized animals were studied under different conditions of reproductive function. Hypothalamic zinc and copper concentrations both rose between proestrus and estrus days and fell again at diestrus. After castration, concentrations of iron, copper, and arsenic were decreased in both pituitary and hypothalamus, while zinc concentrations rose. Male rats had lower pituitary concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, and rubidium than cycling females. Under these hormonal manipulations, hypothalamus zinc concentration and gonadotropin secretion appear to be correlated. While injections of copper salts into the hypothalamus can also stimulate gonadotropin release, we did not observe any consistent relation between endogenous hypothalamic copper concentrations and gonadotropins.", "PMID": 573151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10457", "title": "Relationship between carbon source and susceptibility of Cephalosporium acremonium to selected amino acid analogues.", "content": "The susceptibility of Cephalosporium acremonium to selected amino acid analogues was markedly influenced by the carbon source used in the test media. Lysine hydroxamate, beta-hydroxy norvaline, and hexafluorovaline were toxic when tested with ribose, ribose or fructose, and ribose or galactose, respectively. In contrast, thialysine and thiaisoleucine inhibited C. acremonium with glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and soluble starch. Neither of these analogues was toxic at levels tested when glycerol was used as a carbon source. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of thialysine, homoserine, and alpha-methylserine were greater than 1000, greater than 1000, and 250 microgram/mL, respectively, with glycerol. In contrast, the MIC values for the same three analogues were 31, 62, and 125 microgram/mL, respectively, with mannitol. The matching of the carbon sources with the specific amino acid analogues expands the number of analogues useful for selecting derepressed mutants. Thialysine-resistant mutants (tlysR) of C. acremonium which excrete lysine were isolated on a medium containing mannitol.", "contents": "Relationship between carbon source and susceptibility of Cephalosporium acremonium to selected amino acid analogues. The susceptibility of Cephalosporium acremonium to selected amino acid analogues was markedly influenced by the carbon source used in the test media. Lysine hydroxamate, beta-hydroxy norvaline, and hexafluorovaline were toxic when tested with ribose, ribose or fructose, and ribose or galactose, respectively. In contrast, thialysine and thiaisoleucine inhibited C. acremonium with glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and soluble starch. Neither of these analogues was toxic at levels tested when glycerol was used as a carbon source. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of thialysine, homoserine, and alpha-methylserine were greater than 1000, greater than 1000, and 250 microgram/mL, respectively, with glycerol. In contrast, the MIC values for the same three analogues were 31, 62, and 125 microgram/mL, respectively, with mannitol. The matching of the carbon sources with the specific amino acid analogues expands the number of analogues useful for selecting derepressed mutants. Thialysine-resistant mutants (tlysR) of C. acremonium which excrete lysine were isolated on a medium containing mannitol.", "PMID": 573170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10458", "title": "Determination of plasma erythropoietin levels: an early marker of tumor activity.", "content": "A young female patient developed erythrocytosis during the third recurrence of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Elevated erythropoietin levels were found in the patient's plasma with normalization after resection of the tumor. High erythropoietin titers were also found in the tumor saline extract. A fourth recurrence of the tumor was heralded by a rising plasma erythropoietin level and gradual erythrocytosis despite the absence of change in the clinical picture or the brain scan. In this case, serial plasma erythropoietin determinations served as a useful early marker of the tumor activity.", "contents": "Determination of plasma erythropoietin levels: an early marker of tumor activity. A young female patient developed erythrocytosis during the third recurrence of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Elevated erythropoietin levels were found in the patient's plasma with normalization after resection of the tumor. High erythropoietin titers were also found in the tumor saline extract. A fourth recurrence of the tumor was heralded by a rising plasma erythropoietin level and gradual erythrocytosis despite the absence of change in the clinical picture or the brain scan. In this case, serial plasma erythropoietin determinations served as a useful early marker of the tumor activity.", "PMID": 573171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10459", "title": "Cancer in persons with inherited blood coagulation disorders.", "content": "In order to assess the influence of an inherited blood coagulation disorder in individuals who developed cancer, a mail survey of physicians who care for individuals with a bleeding diathesis was evaluated. Sixty-one individuals in an estimated population of 10,500 with both disorders were identified. An apparent increase in the incidence of cancer in the genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems was noted. However, in the largest group ( hemophilia) the primary site of cancer was similar to an age and sex matched population. There did not appear to be a change in the onset of metastatic disease in these individuals, as compared to an individual with cancer who did not have an inherited blood coagulation disorder.", "contents": "Cancer in persons with inherited blood coagulation disorders. In order to assess the influence of an inherited blood coagulation disorder in individuals who developed cancer, a mail survey of physicians who care for individuals with a bleeding diathesis was evaluated. Sixty-one individuals in an estimated population of 10,500 with both disorders were identified. An apparent increase in the incidence of cancer in the genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems was noted. However, in the largest group ( hemophilia) the primary site of cancer was similar to an age and sex matched population. There did not appear to be a change in the onset of metastatic disease in these individuals, as compared to an individual with cancer who did not have an inherited blood coagulation disorder.", "PMID": 573172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10460", "title": "Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Between 1920 and 1970, 13 patients (7 men and 6 women) with cutaneous angiosarcomas of the head or neck were treated at the Mayo Clinic; the mean age of the patients was 66 years. Three clinical patterns were noted: a superficial spreading type, a nodular type, and an ulcerating type. There were no predisposing benign lesions; however, in one patient, angiosarcoma developed in an area of previously irradiated skin. Three modes of therapy were used: surgery alone, radiation alone, and surgery with postoperative irradiation. Of the 13 patients, 2 survived more than 5 years and 2 were alive within 1 year of therapy. Because cervical lymph node spread is common, lymph node clearance is recommended for patients with lateralized lesion or with palpable lymphadenopathy at presentation.", "contents": "Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the head and neck. Between 1920 and 1970, 13 patients (7 men and 6 women) with cutaneous angiosarcomas of the head or neck were treated at the Mayo Clinic; the mean age of the patients was 66 years. Three clinical patterns were noted: a superficial spreading type, a nodular type, and an ulcerating type. There were no predisposing benign lesions; however, in one patient, angiosarcoma developed in an area of previously irradiated skin. Three modes of therapy were used: surgery alone, radiation alone, and surgery with postoperative irradiation. Of the 13 patients, 2 survived more than 5 years and 2 were alive within 1 year of therapy. Because cervical lymph node spread is common, lymph node clearance is recommended for patients with lateralized lesion or with palpable lymphadenopathy at presentation.", "PMID": 573173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10461", "title": "Analysis of human cancer DNA's for DNA sequence of human adenovirus serotypes 3, 7, 11, 14, 16, and 21 in group B1.", "content": "We have investigated whether Group B human adenoviruses (Ad) (Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, Ad14, Ad16, and Ad21), which are widespread in the human population and are tumorigenic in hamsters, may play a role in human cancer. Hybridization of Ad7-radiolabeled DNA with DNA's from an Ad7-induced primary hamster tumor and from two cell lines (5728 and Ad7 P-cell) established from Ad7-induced hamster tumors indicated multiple copies per cell of 17, 30 to 36, and 20%, respectively of the Ad7 genome. Thus, cells transformed by Group B Ads resemble cells transformed by Group C and Group A Ad's in that they retain multiple copies of a variable fraction of the viral genome. These model studies suggest that possible Group B Ad-induced human cancer cells should contain one or more copies of virus DNA per cell. Therefore, we assayed human cancer DNA's for Ad sequences, by highly sensitive \"saturation-hybridization\" reactions with Ad7 or Ad11 DNA (4 X 10(6) to 2.1 x 10(8) cpm/microgram). We concentrated on cancers of the respiratory and digestive systems, because these systems are the most common sites of infection by Group B Ad's. In 8 independent experiments, no Ad7 sequences were detected in DNA's from 16 normal lung tissues, 18 normal tissues of the digestive system, 34 cancers of the respiratory system, 19 cancers of the digestive system, 11 cancers of the urinary system, 5 cancers of the genital system, 3 cancers of the breast, and 6 Hodgkin's lymphomas. Reconstruction controls with added Ad7 DNA indicated that about 0.05 to 0.1 copy of Ad7 DNA per cell should be detected. Ad11 is strongly implicated as a cause of acute hemorrhagic cystitis. In two independent experiments, no Ad11 sequences were detected in DNA's from 9 carcinomas of bladder, 10 carcinomas of prostate, 24 carcinomas of kidney, 3 hypernephromas, 3 Wilms' tumors, or 2 normal kidneys. Reconstruction experiments indicated that the cancer DNA assays had a sensitivity of 0.05 to 0.1 copy of Ad11 DNA per cell. The DNA's of Group B Ad's are greater than 85% homologous by hybridization; thus, these results are applicable to all Group B serotypes. Our data provide evidence (but not formal proof) that none of the human cancers that we analyzed were induced by Group B Ad's. These tumors represent about 50% of the tumors that affect humans. The possible involvement of Group B Ad's in other less common forms of human cancers is under investigation in our laboratory.", "contents": "Analysis of human cancer DNA's for DNA sequence of human adenovirus serotypes 3, 7, 11, 14, 16, and 21 in group B1. We have investigated whether Group B human adenoviruses (Ad) (Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, Ad14, Ad16, and Ad21), which are widespread in the human population and are tumorigenic in hamsters, may play a role in human cancer. Hybridization of Ad7-radiolabeled DNA with DNA's from an Ad7-induced primary hamster tumor and from two cell lines (5728 and Ad7 P-cell) established from Ad7-induced hamster tumors indicated multiple copies per cell of 17, 30 to 36, and 20%, respectively of the Ad7 genome. Thus, cells transformed by Group B Ads resemble cells transformed by Group C and Group A Ad's in that they retain multiple copies of a variable fraction of the viral genome. These model studies suggest that possible Group B Ad-induced human cancer cells should contain one or more copies of virus DNA per cell. Therefore, we assayed human cancer DNA's for Ad sequences, by highly sensitive \"saturation-hybridization\" reactions with Ad7 or Ad11 DNA (4 X 10(6) to 2.1 x 10(8) cpm/microgram). We concentrated on cancers of the respiratory and digestive systems, because these systems are the most common sites of infection by Group B Ad's. In 8 independent experiments, no Ad7 sequences were detected in DNA's from 16 normal lung tissues, 18 normal tissues of the digestive system, 34 cancers of the respiratory system, 19 cancers of the digestive system, 11 cancers of the urinary system, 5 cancers of the genital system, 3 cancers of the breast, and 6 Hodgkin's lymphomas. Reconstruction controls with added Ad7 DNA indicated that about 0.05 to 0.1 copy of Ad7 DNA per cell should be detected. Ad11 is strongly implicated as a cause of acute hemorrhagic cystitis. In two independent experiments, no Ad11 sequences were detected in DNA's from 9 carcinomas of bladder, 10 carcinomas of prostate, 24 carcinomas of kidney, 3 hypernephromas, 3 Wilms' tumors, or 2 normal kidneys. Reconstruction experiments indicated that the cancer DNA assays had a sensitivity of 0.05 to 0.1 copy of Ad11 DNA per cell. The DNA's of Group B Ad's are greater than 85% homologous by hybridization; thus, these results are applicable to all Group B serotypes. Our data provide evidence (but not formal proof) that none of the human cancers that we analyzed were induced by Group B Ad's. These tumors represent about 50% of the tumors that affect humans. The possible involvement of Group B Ad's in other less common forms of human cancers is under investigation in our laboratory.", "PMID": 573174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10462", "title": "Impaired rate of left ventricular filling in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with atrial fibrillation.", "content": "The external carotid pulse and the phonocardiogram were recorded in a 48-year-old man with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and atrial fibrillation. The degree of obstruction of left ventricular outflow was assessed by the depth of the mid-systolic dip, the length of the left ventricular ejection time and the intensity of the systolic murmur. The correlation found between the degree of outflow obstruction and the length of the preceeding diastole was interpreted in terms of the Frank-Starling mechanism, i.e. augmented diastolic filling led to an increase in the force of contraction and hence to an increase in muscular obstruction to outflow. The observation that this relationship held also for long diastoles suggested that the left ventricle was not completely filled during diastoles of middle length, probably because of the low diastolic distensibility of the stuff and hypertrophic myocardium.", "contents": "Impaired rate of left ventricular filling in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with atrial fibrillation. The external carotid pulse and the phonocardiogram were recorded in a 48-year-old man with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and atrial fibrillation. The degree of obstruction of left ventricular outflow was assessed by the depth of the mid-systolic dip, the length of the left ventricular ejection time and the intensity of the systolic murmur. The correlation found between the degree of outflow obstruction and the length of the preceeding diastole was interpreted in terms of the Frank-Starling mechanism, i.e. augmented diastolic filling led to an increase in the force of contraction and hence to an increase in muscular obstruction to outflow. The observation that this relationship held also for long diastoles suggested that the left ventricle was not completely filled during diastoles of middle length, probably because of the low diastolic distensibility of the stuff and hypertrophic myocardium.", "PMID": 573175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10463", "title": "Discrete fibromembranous aortic stenosis in middle age. Natural history and case report.", "content": "Discrete fibromembranous subaortic stenosis may be severe at birth, progress in severity irrespective of the initial degree of obstruction, and morphologically change during the course of its natural history. Initial status, progression of the lesion and perhaps later development of fibromuscular (tunnel) and/or asymmetric septal hypertrophy may all contribute to a shortened life span and account for the different incidence of fibromembranous subaortic stenosis in children and adults. In the case reported here, a patient survived into the sixth decade with a discrete fibromembranous subaortic stenosis, which led to typical as well as unusual echocardiographic findings.", "contents": "Discrete fibromembranous aortic stenosis in middle age. Natural history and case report. Discrete fibromembranous subaortic stenosis may be severe at birth, progress in severity irrespective of the initial degree of obstruction, and morphologically change during the course of its natural history. Initial status, progression of the lesion and perhaps later development of fibromuscular (tunnel) and/or asymmetric septal hypertrophy may all contribute to a shortened life span and account for the different incidence of fibromembranous subaortic stenosis in children and adults. In the case reported here, a patient survived into the sixth decade with a discrete fibromembranous subaortic stenosis, which led to typical as well as unusual echocardiographic findings.", "PMID": 573176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10464", "title": "Viability of the cervical epithelium during carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "Autoradiograms of histological specimens from the cervix of seventy-five mice were analysed after in vivo injection with an RNA precursor. All nucleated, non-pyknotic cells and some mitotic figures were labelled, which suggested that the tissue was metabolically active (i.e. viable). Only the uppermost epithelial pyknotic cells were devitalized, as deduced by the morphological appearance of the cells and by the absence of label. The viability of the whole epithelium suggests that the previously reported focal distribution of proliferating and non-proliferating areas in the cervical epithelium of mice is a genuine phenomenon.", "contents": "Viability of the cervical epithelium during carcinogenesis in mice. Autoradiograms of histological specimens from the cervix of seventy-five mice were analysed after in vivo injection with an RNA precursor. All nucleated, non-pyknotic cells and some mitotic figures were labelled, which suggested that the tissue was metabolically active (i.e. viable). Only the uppermost epithelial pyknotic cells were devitalized, as deduced by the morphological appearance of the cells and by the absence of label. The viability of the whole epithelium suggests that the previously reported focal distribution of proliferating and non-proliferating areas in the cervical epithelium of mice is a genuine phenomenon.", "PMID": 573177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10465", "title": "Effects of halothane on microtubules in the sciatic nerve of the rat.", "content": "The effect of halothane and colchicine on microtubule repolymerisation after exposure to cold has been examined in the sciatic nerve of the rat. Myelinated axons showed a significant decrease in microtubule numbers and density after exposure to both 20 mM halothane and 10(-5) M colchicine; exposure to both agents simultaneously produced a further significant reduction when compared to halothane alone. It is suggested that halothane can interfere with microtubule repolymerisation in mammalian axons possibly in a similar way to that described in invertebrates.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on microtubules in the sciatic nerve of the rat. The effect of halothane and colchicine on microtubule repolymerisation after exposure to cold has been examined in the sciatic nerve of the rat. Myelinated axons showed a significant decrease in microtubule numbers and density after exposure to both 20 mM halothane and 10(-5) M colchicine; exposure to both agents simultaneously produced a further significant reduction when compared to halothane alone. It is suggested that halothane can interfere with microtubule repolymerisation in mammalian axons possibly in a similar way to that described in invertebrates.", "PMID": 573178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10466", "title": "An ultrastructural study on a new type of hepatic perisinusoidal cell in fish.", "content": "A new type of perisinusoidal cell containing numerous microfilaments is described for the first time. It is found in abundance in the livers of both marine and freshwater fish. These perisinusoidal cells are situated within the space of Disse and adhere firmly through desmosomes both to sinusoidal endothelial cells and to hepatocytes. The cytoplasmic microfilaments are striking and make these cells readily distinguishable from the perisinusoidal fat-storing cells of Ito. Although the function of these cells is not known, the observations presented here suggest that they may provide a supportive framework within the liver.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study on a new type of hepatic perisinusoidal cell in fish. A new type of perisinusoidal cell containing numerous microfilaments is described for the first time. It is found in abundance in the livers of both marine and freshwater fish. These perisinusoidal cells are situated within the space of Disse and adhere firmly through desmosomes both to sinusoidal endothelial cells and to hepatocytes. The cytoplasmic microfilaments are striking and make these cells readily distinguishable from the perisinusoidal fat-storing cells of Ito. Although the function of these cells is not known, the observations presented here suggest that they may provide a supportive framework within the liver.", "PMID": 573179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10467", "title": "Effects of the actin-binding protein DNAase I on cytoplasmic streaming and ultrastructure of Amoeba proteus. An attempt to explain amoeboid movement.", "content": "Microinjection of DNAase I, which is known to form a specific complex with G-actin, induces characteristic changes in cytoplasmic streaming, locomotion and morphology of the contractile apparatus of A. proteus. Light microscopical studies show pronounced streaming originating from the uroid and/or the retracting pseudopods, which ceases 10--15 min after injection of DNAase I, at a time when ultrasctructural studies show that the actin filament system is very much reduced. These results suggest that a controlled reversible equilibrium between soluble and polymerized forms of actin is a necessary requirement for amoeboid movement. The topographic distribution of contractile filaments beneath the plasma membrane visualized by correlated light- and electron microscopy of DNAase I-injected cells establishes the importance of the membrane-bound filamentous layer for three major aspects of streaming: (1) Streaming originates by local contractions of a cell membrane-associated filament layer at the uroid and/or retracting pseudopods, creating a pressure flow. (2) This flow continues beneath the membrane, which is stabilized by filaments in the lateral regions between the posterior end, with a high hydrostatic pressure, and the anterior end, with a low hydrostatic pressure. (3) Pseudopods or extending areas are created by a local destabilization of the cell periphery caused by the separation of the filamentous layer from the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Effects of the actin-binding protein DNAase I on cytoplasmic streaming and ultrastructure of Amoeba proteus. An attempt to explain amoeboid movement. Microinjection of DNAase I, which is known to form a specific complex with G-actin, induces characteristic changes in cytoplasmic streaming, locomotion and morphology of the contractile apparatus of A. proteus. Light microscopical studies show pronounced streaming originating from the uroid and/or the retracting pseudopods, which ceases 10--15 min after injection of DNAase I, at a time when ultrasctructural studies show that the actin filament system is very much reduced. These results suggest that a controlled reversible equilibrium between soluble and polymerized forms of actin is a necessary requirement for amoeboid movement. The topographic distribution of contractile filaments beneath the plasma membrane visualized by correlated light- and electron microscopy of DNAase I-injected cells establishes the importance of the membrane-bound filamentous layer for three major aspects of streaming: (1) Streaming originates by local contractions of a cell membrane-associated filament layer at the uroid and/or retracting pseudopods, creating a pressure flow. (2) This flow continues beneath the membrane, which is stabilized by filaments in the lateral regions between the posterior end, with a high hydrostatic pressure, and the anterior end, with a low hydrostatic pressure. (3) Pseudopods or extending areas are created by a local destabilization of the cell periphery caused by the separation of the filamentous layer from the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 573180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10468", "title": "Ultrastructural reactions of spinal ganglia to tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate: effects of neurotoxicity.", "content": "The ultrastructure of neurons in spinal ganglia of the domestic fowl poisoned with tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate (TOCP) shows characteristic changes. The light neurons react to TOCP by a marked increase in the number of neurofilaments. These neurons also contain mitochondria in various degenerative stages. Several of the altered mitochondria show an increasing osmiophilia. Some of the darker neurons display a hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum or a relative increase of neurofilaments. The mitochondria in some of these cells show early stages of degeneration. These changes appear 13 days after TOCP ingestion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural reactions of spinal ganglia to tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate: effects of neurotoxicity. The ultrastructure of neurons in spinal ganglia of the domestic fowl poisoned with tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate (TOCP) shows characteristic changes. The light neurons react to TOCP by a marked increase in the number of neurofilaments. These neurons also contain mitochondria in various degenerative stages. Several of the altered mitochondria show an increasing osmiophilia. Some of the darker neurons display a hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum or a relative increase of neurofilaments. The mitochondria in some of these cells show early stages of degeneration. These changes appear 13 days after TOCP ingestion.", "PMID": 573181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10469", "title": "Soy versus cow's milk in infants with a biparental history of atopic disease: development of atopic disease and immunoglobulins from birth to 4 years of age.", "content": "Forty-eight children with a biparental history of atopic disease were followed from birth to 4 years of age. One group was fed soy and the other cow's milk from weaning to 9 months of age. Two-thirds of the children developed symptoms of atopic disease with no significant difference between the groups. No difference was found in the serum immunoglobulins (IgE antibodies, IgA, IgG and IgM) during the observation period. The soy fed children showed transiently lower levels of IgG antibodies to cow's milk but higher levels of IgG antibodies to soy protein. Six children showed cow's milk intolerance and a further five had symptoms possibly related to the use of cow's milk. Withholding cow's milk during the first 9 months did not reduce the incidence of symptoms of cow's milk intolerance from birth to 4 years of age. Thus, no benefit was found from replacing cows' milk with soy. A prolonged breast feeding seems most rational for infants at risk of developing atopic disease, even if the present study did not show evidence of a prophylactic effect of breast milk against the development of atopic disease.", "contents": "Soy versus cow's milk in infants with a biparental history of atopic disease: development of atopic disease and immunoglobulins from birth to 4 years of age. Forty-eight children with a biparental history of atopic disease were followed from birth to 4 years of age. One group was fed soy and the other cow's milk from weaning to 9 months of age. Two-thirds of the children developed symptoms of atopic disease with no significant difference between the groups. No difference was found in the serum immunoglobulins (IgE antibodies, IgA, IgG and IgM) during the observation period. The soy fed children showed transiently lower levels of IgG antibodies to cow's milk but higher levels of IgG antibodies to soy protein. Six children showed cow's milk intolerance and a further five had symptoms possibly related to the use of cow's milk. Withholding cow's milk during the first 9 months did not reduce the incidence of symptoms of cow's milk intolerance from birth to 4 years of age. Thus, no benefit was found from replacing cows' milk with soy. A prolonged breast feeding seems most rational for infants at risk of developing atopic disease, even if the present study did not show evidence of a prophylactic effect of breast milk against the development of atopic disease.", "PMID": 573185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10470", "title": "Intra-individual variation in commonly analyzed serum constituents.", "content": "Concentrations of 27 commonly estimated serum constituents were measured in blood sampled from 20 apparently healthy volunteers at 0830, 1230, and 1630 hours on each of four days, at weekly intervals. Time-dependent statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.01) variation was observed in 12 of the constituents. The 15 constituents that showed no statistically significant diurnal variation included the immunoglobulins, other specific proteins, enzymes, cholesterol, calcium, copper, and magnesium. On the different days of the study consistent temporal patterns were observed in urea, creatinine, phosphate, zinc, bilirubin, triglyceride, total protein, and albumin. The magnitude of variation was particularly great in potassium, iron, zinc, and bilirubin. In general, day-to-day changes in concentration exceeded within-day changes, except for potassium, phosphate, and zinc, for which greater changes could be observed within-day than from one day to another at the same time.", "contents": "Intra-individual variation in commonly analyzed serum constituents. Concentrations of 27 commonly estimated serum constituents were measured in blood sampled from 20 apparently healthy volunteers at 0830, 1230, and 1630 hours on each of four days, at weekly intervals. Time-dependent statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.01) variation was observed in 12 of the constituents. The 15 constituents that showed no statistically significant diurnal variation included the immunoglobulins, other specific proteins, enzymes, cholesterol, calcium, copper, and magnesium. On the different days of the study consistent temporal patterns were observed in urea, creatinine, phosphate, zinc, bilirubin, triglyceride, total protein, and albumin. The magnitude of variation was particularly great in potassium, iron, zinc, and bilirubin. In general, day-to-day changes in concentration exceeded within-day changes, except for potassium, phosphate, and zinc, for which greater changes could be observed within-day than from one day to another at the same time.", "PMID": 573186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10471", "title": "Superficial or membrane digestion of peptides in dinitrophenol-inhibited rat small intestine.", "content": "1. Hydrolysis of peptides has been measured in isolated rat small intestine perfused with a pancreatic digest of lactalbumin in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. 2. Although transport of water and amino acids was severely inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, peptide hydrolysis to free amino acids was apparently unimpaired. 3. Only a small fraction of the hydrolysis observed could be accounted for by leakage of enzymes into the lumen. 4. The results show that the brush-border enzymes proximal to the transport mechanism(s) can be an important site of hydrolysis of peptides to amino acids under conditions where the transport of unhydrolysed peptides is inhibited. The results are consistent with the concept of membrane (contact) digestion, although the significance of intracellular hydrolysis and of transmural transport of intact peptides is also discussed.", "contents": "Superficial or membrane digestion of peptides in dinitrophenol-inhibited rat small intestine. 1. Hydrolysis of peptides has been measured in isolated rat small intestine perfused with a pancreatic digest of lactalbumin in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. 2. Although transport of water and amino acids was severely inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, peptide hydrolysis to free amino acids was apparently unimpaired. 3. Only a small fraction of the hydrolysis observed could be accounted for by leakage of enzymes into the lumen. 4. The results show that the brush-border enzymes proximal to the transport mechanism(s) can be an important site of hydrolysis of peptides to amino acids under conditions where the transport of unhydrolysed peptides is inhibited. The results are consistent with the concept of membrane (contact) digestion, although the significance of intracellular hydrolysis and of transmural transport of intact peptides is also discussed.", "PMID": 573188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10472", "title": "The effect of high animal protein intake on the risk of calcium stone-formation in the urinary tract.", "content": "1. Studies were carried out on six normal male subjects to determine the short-term effect of increasing the dietary consumption of animal protein on the urinary risk factors for stone-formation, namely, volume, pH, calcium oxalate, uric acid and glycosaminoglycans. 2. An increase of 34 g/day of animal protein in the diet significantly increased urinary calcium (23%) and oxalate (24%). Total urinary nitrogen increased by an average of 368 mmol/day. The accompanying increase in dietary purine (11 mmol of purine nitrogen/day) caused a 48% increase in the excretion of uric acid. 3. The overall relative probability of forming stones, calculated from a combination of the risk factors, was markedly increased (250%) throughout the period of high animal protein ingestion.", "contents": "The effect of high animal protein intake on the risk of calcium stone-formation in the urinary tract. 1. Studies were carried out on six normal male subjects to determine the short-term effect of increasing the dietary consumption of animal protein on the urinary risk factors for stone-formation, namely, volume, pH, calcium oxalate, uric acid and glycosaminoglycans. 2. An increase of 34 g/day of animal protein in the diet significantly increased urinary calcium (23%) and oxalate (24%). Total urinary nitrogen increased by an average of 368 mmol/day. The accompanying increase in dietary purine (11 mmol of purine nitrogen/day) caused a 48% increase in the excretion of uric acid. 3. The overall relative probability of forming stones, calculated from a combination of the risk factors, was markedly increased (250%) throughout the period of high animal protein ingestion.", "PMID": 573189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10473", "title": "Some estrogenic effects of two oral contraceptives consisting of norgestrel and two different doses of ethynylestradiol.", "content": "Some biological and biochemical effects (i.e. KPI, cervical mucus, SHBG and ceruloplasmin) as well as serum ethynylestradiol and serum norgestrel, following the use of two oral contraceptives containing the same amount of norgestrel (dl-norgestrel 0.5 mg) and either 30 microgram or 50 microgram of ethynylestradiol were compared. There was no difference in the clinical features in either group of patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the levels of unconjugated ethynylestradiol but not in the other biochemical parameters studied. It is concluded that the absence of any such difference might be attributable to the strong antiestrogenic effects of dl-norgestrel.", "contents": "Some estrogenic effects of two oral contraceptives consisting of norgestrel and two different doses of ethynylestradiol. Some biological and biochemical effects (i.e. KPI, cervical mucus, SHBG and ceruloplasmin) as well as serum ethynylestradiol and serum norgestrel, following the use of two oral contraceptives containing the same amount of norgestrel (dl-norgestrel 0.5 mg) and either 30 microgram or 50 microgram of ethynylestradiol were compared. There was no difference in the clinical features in either group of patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the levels of unconjugated ethynylestradiol but not in the other biochemical parameters studied. It is concluded that the absence of any such difference might be attributable to the strong antiestrogenic effects of dl-norgestrel.", "PMID": 573191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10474", "title": "Growth and reproductive development in freemartins hormonally treated from 1 to 79 weeks of age.", "content": "Postnatal growth, steroid hormone profiles and response to steroid hormone treatment were studied in 18 freemartins and one normal female born co-twin with a bull. They were either treated postnatally with testosterone or estrone at one week of age, or left untreated until 50 weeks of age when they received silastic implants calculated to release either 12.9 microgram of estrone or 2.6 microgram of estradiol per day per kg of body weight. Later a dihydrotestosterone-treated group was added. Reproductive development was studied by palpation per rectum and by examination when animals were slaughtered at 79 weeks of age. Treated animals grew slightly faster than untreated animals. Testosterone in untreated freemartins averaged 76 and 87 pg/ml of blood plasma during weeks 1 to 48 and 52 to 56. Corresponding values for those animals with small testosterone implants (weeks 1 to 48) and with larger implants (weeks 52 to 56) were 130 and 272 pg/ml. Estrone and estradiol values appeared to fluctuate between 10 and 50 pg/ml but values are uncertain because they were below the sensitivity of the assay then available. Thus, circulating steroid hormone concentrations were similar to those reported for castrates. Testosterone stimulated clitoral development prenatally and postnatally. None of the treatments influenced vaginal depth, which averaged 4.0, 9.0 and 10.9 cm at 1, 24 and 52 weeks of age. Vaginal depth at birth was not a reliable indicator of freemartinism. Androgen may have inhibited udder development, whereas estrogen appeared to be stimulatory. The reproductive organs of the freemartin were characterized by differences in underdevelopment and the general presence of seminal vesicles. The latter structures, plus clitoral development at birth in 3 animals and postnatal response of the clitoris to testosterone is interpreted to indicate that the presence of androgens is one factor in abnormal development. Otherwise, gross morphology of the reproductive tract was not related to hormone treatment, postnatal gonadal histology, endocrinology or lymphocyte chromosomal karyotypes.", "contents": "Growth and reproductive development in freemartins hormonally treated from 1 to 79 weeks of age. Postnatal growth, steroid hormone profiles and response to steroid hormone treatment were studied in 18 freemartins and one normal female born co-twin with a bull. They were either treated postnatally with testosterone or estrone at one week of age, or left untreated until 50 weeks of age when they received silastic implants calculated to release either 12.9 microgram of estrone or 2.6 microgram of estradiol per day per kg of body weight. Later a dihydrotestosterone-treated group was added. Reproductive development was studied by palpation per rectum and by examination when animals were slaughtered at 79 weeks of age. Treated animals grew slightly faster than untreated animals. Testosterone in untreated freemartins averaged 76 and 87 pg/ml of blood plasma during weeks 1 to 48 and 52 to 56. Corresponding values for those animals with small testosterone implants (weeks 1 to 48) and with larger implants (weeks 52 to 56) were 130 and 272 pg/ml. Estrone and estradiol values appeared to fluctuate between 10 and 50 pg/ml but values are uncertain because they were below the sensitivity of the assay then available. Thus, circulating steroid hormone concentrations were similar to those reported for castrates. Testosterone stimulated clitoral development prenatally and postnatally. None of the treatments influenced vaginal depth, which averaged 4.0, 9.0 and 10.9 cm at 1, 24 and 52 weeks of age. Vaginal depth at birth was not a reliable indicator of freemartinism. Androgen may have inhibited udder development, whereas estrogen appeared to be stimulatory. The reproductive organs of the freemartin were characterized by differences in underdevelopment and the general presence of seminal vesicles. The latter structures, plus clitoral development at birth in 3 animals and postnatal response of the clitoris to testosterone is interpreted to indicate that the presence of androgens is one factor in abnormal development. Otherwise, gross morphology of the reproductive tract was not related to hormone treatment, postnatal gonadal histology, endocrinology or lymphocyte chromosomal karyotypes.", "PMID": 573192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10475", "title": "Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine penetration into blood and fibrin clots.", "content": "The fungicidal effect of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) on fungi incorporated into blood and fibrin clots was investigated. Amphotericin B was ineffective against fungi incorporated into blood clots, but effective in the eradication of fungi in fibrin clots. 5-FC was ineffective both against fungi incorporated in blood clots as well as in fibrin clots. The combination of 5-FC and amphotericin B was likewise ineffective against fungi incorporated into blood clots. The failure of these drugs to penetrate blood clots may explain the treatment failure in fungal endocarditis.", "contents": "Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine penetration into blood and fibrin clots. The fungicidal effect of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) on fungi incorporated into blood and fibrin clots was investigated. Amphotericin B was ineffective against fungi incorporated into blood clots, but effective in the eradication of fungi in fibrin clots. 5-FC was ineffective both against fungi incorporated in blood clots as well as in fibrin clots. The combination of 5-FC and amphotericin B was likewise ineffective against fungi incorporated into blood clots. The failure of these drugs to penetrate blood clots may explain the treatment failure in fungal endocarditis.", "PMID": 573195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10476", "title": "Squint in monozygotic twins.", "content": "In a group of monozygotic twins, in which at least one of the pair squinted, strabismus was observed in both twins in only about half of the cases. Within the concordant group there was variation in the way in which the anomaly became manifest.", "contents": "Squint in monozygotic twins. In a group of monozygotic twins, in which at least one of the pair squinted, strabismus was observed in both twins in only about half of the cases. Within the concordant group there was variation in the way in which the anomaly became manifest.", "PMID": 573196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10477", "title": "Experiences with laser trabeculopuncture.", "content": "54 eyes with glaucoma simplex and 21 eyes with secondary chronic glaucoma were treated once by laser trabeculopuncture and followed up for at least 1 year. The results in the first group were encouraging, in the second group disappointing. L.T.P. appears to be a technique with which, in the majority of cases of glaucoma simplex, a sustained moderate decrease in pressure can be obtained.", "contents": "Experiences with laser trabeculopuncture. 54 eyes with glaucoma simplex and 21 eyes with secondary chronic glaucoma were treated once by laser trabeculopuncture and followed up for at least 1 year. The results in the first group were encouraging, in the second group disappointing. L.T.P. appears to be a technique with which, in the majority of cases of glaucoma simplex, a sustained moderate decrease in pressure can be obtained.", "PMID": 573197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10478", "title": "[Antibody treatment of digoxin intoxication in a patient with renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "A 72-year-old man with coronary heart disease and renal failure required hospitalization because of digoxin intoxication with severe arrhythmias and generalised heart failure. The intoxication was successfully treated and sinus rhythm rapidly restored after administration of heterologous digoxin-specific F(ab')2 antibody fragments. There were no side-effects and the heart failure improved after treatment.", "contents": "[Antibody treatment of digoxin intoxication in a patient with renal failure (author's transl)]. A 72-year-old man with coronary heart disease and renal failure required hospitalization because of digoxin intoxication with severe arrhythmias and generalised heart failure. The intoxication was successfully treated and sinus rhythm rapidly restored after administration of heterologous digoxin-specific F(ab')2 antibody fragments. There were no side-effects and the heart failure improved after treatment.", "PMID": 573199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10479", "title": "The effects of elevated circulating prolactin in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain).", "content": "Administration of ovine or rat PRL to animals, including man, has resulted in decreased urine volume and increased urine osmolality. Contamination of PRL preparations with vasopressin is the most likely explanation for the apparent antidiuretic effect. In this study, diabetes insipidus rats lacking vasopressin(homozygous Brattleboro rats) had extra anterior pituitary glands implanted under the kidney capsule, resulting in hyperprolactinemia. The urine of such rats was not more concentrated than that of unoperated littermates or sham-operated littermates with diabetes insipidus. In fact, hyperprolactinemic male rats produced even less concentrated urine than control rats. Furthermore, the hyperprolactinemic rats responded to exogenous vasopressin in a manner similar to normoprolactinemic rats. These studies provide strong evidence against an antidiuretic action of PRL in mammals.", "contents": "The effects of elevated circulating prolactin in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). Administration of ovine or rat PRL to animals, including man, has resulted in decreased urine volume and increased urine osmolality. Contamination of PRL preparations with vasopressin is the most likely explanation for the apparent antidiuretic effect. In this study, diabetes insipidus rats lacking vasopressin(homozygous Brattleboro rats) had extra anterior pituitary glands implanted under the kidney capsule, resulting in hyperprolactinemia. The urine of such rats was not more concentrated than that of unoperated littermates or sham-operated littermates with diabetes insipidus. In fact, hyperprolactinemic male rats produced even less concentrated urine than control rats. Furthermore, the hyperprolactinemic rats responded to exogenous vasopressin in a manner similar to normoprolactinemic rats. These studies provide strong evidence against an antidiuretic action of PRL in mammals.", "PMID": 573200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10480", "title": "Progesterone \"receptor\" in rat ovary.", "content": "A soluble thermolabile protein with many characteristics of a progesterone receptor has been identified in ovaries of estrogen-stimulated, hypophysectomized, immature female rats. A potent synthetic progestin R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregna-4, 9-diene-3, 20-dione) and a progestin-receptor complex stabilizer (glycerol) were employed. After the incubation of [3H]R5020 with ovarian cytosol, fractionation of a Sephadex G-200 column revealed a peak of radioactivity which eluted with the void volume. This peak, which represented saturable binding, disappeared after heating (37 C for 20 min) and trypsinization. In the absence of glycerol, binding decreased by 84%. Scatchard analysis of the binding curve showed the R5020 binding to be of moderately high affinity (Kd  4 nM), with 232 fmol binding sites/mg cytosol protein. Binding site number rose linearly with increasing cytosol protein concentration. The relative abilities of various steroids to inhibit [3H]R5020 Binding were: R5020 greater than progesterone greater than estradiol greater than testosterone greater than cortisol greater than diethylstilbestrol. [3H]R5020 was not metabolized and did not bind specifically to serum. In summary, we have identified a protein with characteristics of a progesterone receptor in the cytoplasmic fraction of ovarian tissue.", "contents": "Progesterone \"receptor\" in rat ovary. A soluble thermolabile protein with many characteristics of a progesterone receptor has been identified in ovaries of estrogen-stimulated, hypophysectomized, immature female rats. A potent synthetic progestin R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregna-4, 9-diene-3, 20-dione) and a progestin-receptor complex stabilizer (glycerol) were employed. After the incubation of [3H]R5020 with ovarian cytosol, fractionation of a Sephadex G-200 column revealed a peak of radioactivity which eluted with the void volume. This peak, which represented saturable binding, disappeared after heating (37 C for 20 min) and trypsinization. In the absence of glycerol, binding decreased by 84%. Scatchard analysis of the binding curve showed the R5020 binding to be of moderately high affinity (Kd  4 nM), with 232 fmol binding sites/mg cytosol protein. Binding site number rose linearly with increasing cytosol protein concentration. The relative abilities of various steroids to inhibit [3H]R5020 Binding were: R5020 greater than progesterone greater than estradiol greater than testosterone greater than cortisol greater than diethylstilbestrol. [3H]R5020 was not metabolized and did not bind specifically to serum. In summary, we have identified a protein with characteristics of a progesterone receptor in the cytoplasmic fraction of ovarian tissue.", "PMID": 573201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10481", "title": "Stimulation of dopamine release into hypophysial portal blood by administration of progesterone.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that progesterone is involved in the regulation of dopamine release into hypophysial portal blood, female rats were adrenalectomized and ovariectomized at 1200 h on the day of proestrus and, immediately after the operation, injected sc with sesame oil or progesterone. Approximately 24 h later, hypophysial portal blood was collected and the plasma from this blood was analyzed for dopamine. The concentration of dopamine in portal plasma from rats given sesame oil or progesterone (50 mg) was 1.8 +/- 0.24 or 6.0 +/- 1.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SE), respectively. At the time of collection of portal blood, the progesterone concentration in arterial plasma was less than 0.8 ng/ml in rats given sesame oil and was 93 +/- 11 ng/ml in animals given progesterone. Conversely, the circulating concentrations of PRL was less (25 +/- 3 ng/ml) in animals given progesterone and higher (42 +/- 5 ng/ml) in animals given sesame oil. Twenty-four hours after the injection of progesterone (50 mg) into intact proestrous rats, the dopamine concentration in portal plasma was 5.8 +4- 1.29 ng/ml, a concentration which was significantly (P less thann 0.01) higher than that in untreated proestrous rats (1.1 +/- 0.24 ng/ml) but only slightly higher than that in untreated estrous rats (3.7 +/- 1.0 ng/ml). It is proposed 1) that progesterone administered sc can lead to an increased secretion of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood and 2) that the increased concentration of dopamine in portal plasma of intact pregnant rats relative to that of proestrous rats is, in part, a consequence of augmented progesterone secretion.", "contents": "Stimulation of dopamine release into hypophysial portal blood by administration of progesterone. To test the hypothesis that progesterone is involved in the regulation of dopamine release into hypophysial portal blood, female rats were adrenalectomized and ovariectomized at 1200 h on the day of proestrus and, immediately after the operation, injected sc with sesame oil or progesterone. Approximately 24 h later, hypophysial portal blood was collected and the plasma from this blood was analyzed for dopamine. The concentration of dopamine in portal plasma from rats given sesame oil or progesterone (50 mg) was 1.8 +/- 0.24 or 6.0 +/- 1.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SE), respectively. At the time of collection of portal blood, the progesterone concentration in arterial plasma was less than 0.8 ng/ml in rats given sesame oil and was 93 +/- 11 ng/ml in animals given progesterone. Conversely, the circulating concentrations of PRL was less (25 +/- 3 ng/ml) in animals given progesterone and higher (42 +/- 5 ng/ml) in animals given sesame oil. Twenty-four hours after the injection of progesterone (50 mg) into intact proestrous rats, the dopamine concentration in portal plasma was 5.8 +4- 1.29 ng/ml, a concentration which was significantly (P less thann 0.01) higher than that in untreated proestrous rats (1.1 +/- 0.24 ng/ml) but only slightly higher than that in untreated estrous rats (3.7 +/- 1.0 ng/ml). It is proposed 1) that progesterone administered sc can lead to an increased secretion of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood and 2) that the increased concentration of dopamine in portal plasma of intact pregnant rats relative to that of proestrous rats is, in part, a consequence of augmented progesterone secretion.", "PMID": 573202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10482", "title": "Corneal clouding, subvalvular aortic stenosis, and midfacial hypoplasia associated with mental deficiency and growth retardation--a new syndrome?", "content": "Two siblings, a 17 year-old female and a 15 year-old boy, with a hitherto unidentified malformation syndrome are reported. Both presented with corneal clouding, subvalvular aortic stenosis, midfacial hypoplasia, skeletal anomalies, and a variable degree of growth- and mental retardation.", "contents": "Corneal clouding, subvalvular aortic stenosis, and midfacial hypoplasia associated with mental deficiency and growth retardation--a new syndrome? Two siblings, a 17 year-old female and a 15 year-old boy, with a hitherto unidentified malformation syndrome are reported. Both presented with corneal clouding, subvalvular aortic stenosis, midfacial hypoplasia, skeletal anomalies, and a variable degree of growth- and mental retardation.", "PMID": 573203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10483", "title": "Nuclear blebs in oocytes of the fish Clarias batrachus.", "content": "Large nuclear blebs have been observed in oocytes of the fish, Clarias batrachus. The bleb, which contains nucleoplasm, is finally extruded from the nucleus. The extruded body is DNase-sensitive, and it implies that some amount of DNA is extruded from the nucleus of these oocytes.", "contents": "Nuclear blebs in oocytes of the fish Clarias batrachus. Large nuclear blebs have been observed in oocytes of the fish, Clarias batrachus. The bleb, which contains nucleoplasm, is finally extruded from the nucleus. The extruded body is DNase-sensitive, and it implies that some amount of DNA is extruded from the nucleus of these oocytes.", "PMID": 573209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10484", "title": "Effects of captivity on glucose tolerance in dogs.", "content": "Captivity decreased tolerance to glucose and increased blood serotonin levels in 6 normal dogs investigated. Return to freedom brought normalization in the glucose tolerance test and reverted blood serotonin to control levels.", "contents": "Effects of captivity on glucose tolerance in dogs. Captivity decreased tolerance to glucose and increased blood serotonin levels in 6 normal dogs investigated. Return to freedom brought normalization in the glucose tolerance test and reverted blood serotonin to control levels.", "PMID": 573210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10485", "title": "The effect of chloroquine upon the developing lens.", "content": "Applied to the developing lens of the 14-day-old chick embryo, in organ culture conditions, chloroquine prevented the elongation of the primary lens fibres, destroyed the equatorial ones and provoked vacuolisation and/or destruction in the epithelial cells.", "contents": "The effect of chloroquine upon the developing lens. Applied to the developing lens of the 14-day-old chick embryo, in organ culture conditions, chloroquine prevented the elongation of the primary lens fibres, destroyed the equatorial ones and provoked vacuolisation and/or destruction in the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 573211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10486", "title": "Genetic characterization of the new morphological and UV-sensitive mutants in Coprinus cinereus. I. A UV-sensitive mutation rad 1 associated with elevated frequencies of mitotic and meiotic recombination.", "content": "Studies on the effect of an UV-sensitive mutation, rad 1, in meiotic and mitotic recombination in Coprinus indicated that, in homozygous condition, rad 1 increased the spontaneous meiotic recombination by 50% and UV-induced mitotic intergenic recombination by about 5-fold. The homozygous rad 1 diploid was shown to be much more sensitive to the recombinogenic effects of polyfunctional than than of mono- or non-functional alkylating agents.", "contents": "Genetic characterization of the new morphological and UV-sensitive mutants in Coprinus cinereus. I. A UV-sensitive mutation rad 1 associated with elevated frequencies of mitotic and meiotic recombination. Studies on the effect of an UV-sensitive mutation, rad 1, in meiotic and mitotic recombination in Coprinus indicated that, in homozygous condition, rad 1 increased the spontaneous meiotic recombination by 50% and UV-induced mitotic intergenic recombination by about 5-fold. The homozygous rad 1 diploid was shown to be much more sensitive to the recombinogenic effects of polyfunctional than than of mono- or non-functional alkylating agents.", "PMID": 573212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10487", "title": "Liver vitamin A stores in chronic alcoholism in rats: effect of propylthiouracil treatment.", "content": "Administration of alcohol to rats through drinking water for 8 weeks produced a significant decrease in the liver vitamin A stores without causing any change in the plasma vitamin A levels. Treatment of the alcoholic rats with propylthiouracil for 2 weeks restored the liver vitamin A reserves to control levels.", "contents": "Liver vitamin A stores in chronic alcoholism in rats: effect of propylthiouracil treatment. Administration of alcohol to rats through drinking water for 8 weeks produced a significant decrease in the liver vitamin A stores without causing any change in the plasma vitamin A levels. Treatment of the alcoholic rats with propylthiouracil for 2 weeks restored the liver vitamin A reserves to control levels.", "PMID": 573213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10488", "title": "Production and characterization of antibody against aflatoxin M1.", "content": "Antibody against aflatoxin M1 was obtained after immunization of rabbits with bovine serum albumin-afla M1 oxime conjugate. The antibody has greatest binding efficiency for afla M1, and was less efficient for afla B1. Cross-reaction of antibody with aflatoxin Q1, aflatoxicol, and aflatoxin B2a was weak. Aflatoxin B2, G1, and G2 and afla B1-guanine adducts showed almost no cross-reaction with the antibody. The sensitivity of the binding assay for aflatoxin M1 detection is in the range of 1-10 ng per assay. Detailed methods for the preparation of the conjugate, production of immune serum, and methods for antibody determination are described.", "contents": "Production and characterization of antibody against aflatoxin M1. Antibody against aflatoxin M1 was obtained after immunization of rabbits with bovine serum albumin-afla M1 oxime conjugate. The antibody has greatest binding efficiency for afla M1, and was less efficient for afla B1. Cross-reaction of antibody with aflatoxin Q1, aflatoxicol, and aflatoxin B2a was weak. Aflatoxin B2, G1, and G2 and afla B1-guanine adducts showed almost no cross-reaction with the antibody. The sensitivity of the binding assay for aflatoxin M1 detection is in the range of 1-10 ng per assay. Detailed methods for the preparation of the conjugate, production of immune serum, and methods for antibody determination are described.", "PMID": 573214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10489", "title": "The effect of acute ethanol administration on phosphorylcholine uptake and metabolism in rat liver slices.", "content": "Liver slices obtained from normal and acutely ethanol-intoxicated rats were incubated with labelled choline plus unlabelled orthophosphate or labelled phosphorylcholine (PC). After variable times of incubation hydrosoluble compounds and choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) were extracted from the tissue and analyzed. When compared to controls, the slices obtained from intoxicated livers accumulated more PC and synthesized more CPG when incubated with PC; on the other hand, when incubated with choline, they accumulated less PC. From these results it can be concluded that PC is a better lipid precursor in intoxicated livers, than in normal ones. In any case CPG becomes better labelled after incubation with choline than with PC; base-exchange could be liable for this result.", "contents": "The effect of acute ethanol administration on phosphorylcholine uptake and metabolism in rat liver slices. Liver slices obtained from normal and acutely ethanol-intoxicated rats were incubated with labelled choline plus unlabelled orthophosphate or labelled phosphorylcholine (PC). After variable times of incubation hydrosoluble compounds and choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) were extracted from the tissue and analyzed. When compared to controls, the slices obtained from intoxicated livers accumulated more PC and synthesized more CPG when incubated with PC; on the other hand, when incubated with choline, they accumulated less PC. From these results it can be concluded that PC is a better lipid precursor in intoxicated livers, than in normal ones. In any case CPG becomes better labelled after incubation with choline than with PC; base-exchange could be liable for this result.", "PMID": 573216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10490", "title": "Genetic and ethanol-related differences in maternal behavior and offspring viability in mice.", "content": "Primiparous female mice of 2 lines genetically selected for different narcotic responses to ethanol were administered 10% (v/v) ethanol in their drinking water during Days 2-14 of lactation. Ethanol treatment resulted in a marked decrease in growth and viability of pups in both lines. Fewer offspring of the ethanol-sensitive line survived to weaning, apparently because of the failure of a large number of dams to exhibit maternal care. The combination of ethanol treatment and an additional environment stressor (mouse hepatic virus) had a devastating effect on maternal behavior and offspring survival in the ethanol-sensitive line, but far less effect on the ethanol-insensitive mice. Thus, ethanol-sensitive animals appear to be more susceptible to a variety of stressors, including ethanol.", "contents": "Genetic and ethanol-related differences in maternal behavior and offspring viability in mice. Primiparous female mice of 2 lines genetically selected for different narcotic responses to ethanol were administered 10% (v/v) ethanol in their drinking water during Days 2-14 of lactation. Ethanol treatment resulted in a marked decrease in growth and viability of pups in both lines. Fewer offspring of the ethanol-sensitive line survived to weaning, apparently because of the failure of a large number of dams to exhibit maternal care. The combination of ethanol treatment and an additional environment stressor (mouse hepatic virus) had a devastating effect on maternal behavior and offspring survival in the ethanol-sensitive line, but far less effect on the ethanol-insensitive mice. Thus, ethanol-sensitive animals appear to be more susceptible to a variety of stressors, including ethanol.", "PMID": 573220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10491", "title": "Attachment and separation distress in the infant guinea pig.", "content": "This study systematically examined separation-induced distress vocalization in the infant guinea pig. Experiment I found that under maximum separation from both social and physical surroundings, the distress vocalization rate remained high for the 1st 4 weeks and then continuously declined to near zero by Week 12. Repeated testings had no effect on habituation of the rate during Week 5. Experiment II, using separation distress vocalization responses to the social (the mother) and the physical (the home pen) environments, showed that when the mother was present the vocalization rate was extremely low, and when she was absent the rate was moderate if the subject was isolated in the home box and high if the subject was in an unfamiliar box. Experiment III confirmed the finding that primary social attachment took place toward the mother. These results corroborate other attachment measures, and indicate the usefulness of the vocalization technique for the study of attachment in the infant guinea pig.", "contents": "Attachment and separation distress in the infant guinea pig. This study systematically examined separation-induced distress vocalization in the infant guinea pig. Experiment I found that under maximum separation from both social and physical surroundings, the distress vocalization rate remained high for the 1st 4 weeks and then continuously declined to near zero by Week 12. Repeated testings had no effect on habituation of the rate during Week 5. Experiment II, using separation distress vocalization responses to the social (the mother) and the physical (the home pen) environments, showed that when the mother was present the vocalization rate was extremely low, and when she was absent the rate was moderate if the subject was isolated in the home box and high if the subject was in an unfamiliar box. Experiment III confirmed the finding that primary social attachment took place toward the mother. These results corroborate other attachment measures, and indicate the usefulness of the vocalization technique for the study of attachment in the infant guinea pig.", "PMID": 573221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10492", "title": "[Immunotropic activity of new hydroxypyrimidine derivatives].", "content": "The studies on immunotropic activity of the new hydroxypyrimidine derivative, 2,4,6-trimethyl-5-oxypyrimidine, have shown the compound to exert a predominant suppressant action on cell-mediated immune reactions without inhibiting antibody formation. After single intraperitoneal administration at doses within 50-500 mg/kg the drug produces a marked lymphotoxic action (27-46% of survived colony-forming cells), with the mitostatic effect being absent. No direct correlation between the drug dose and its action was recorded: an increase in the dose up to 500 mg/kg does not induce the effect potentiation. HPM-III inhibits hypersensitivity reaction of delayed type, depending on the administration regimen (prior to antigenous effect). Antiproliferative activity of the drug is little pronounced. At concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 mcg/ml of the lymphocyte culture, DNA incorporation of the labeled precursor is inhibited by 7, 13 and 35%, respectively. A slight decrease in the number of antibody-forming cells is noted only at secondary response. The synthesis of humoral antibodies is not inhibited.", "contents": "[Immunotropic activity of new hydroxypyrimidine derivatives]. The studies on immunotropic activity of the new hydroxypyrimidine derivative, 2,4,6-trimethyl-5-oxypyrimidine, have shown the compound to exert a predominant suppressant action on cell-mediated immune reactions without inhibiting antibody formation. After single intraperitoneal administration at doses within 50-500 mg/kg the drug produces a marked lymphotoxic action (27-46% of survived colony-forming cells), with the mitostatic effect being absent. No direct correlation between the drug dose and its action was recorded: an increase in the dose up to 500 mg/kg does not induce the effect potentiation. HPM-III inhibits hypersensitivity reaction of delayed type, depending on the administration regimen (prior to antigenous effect). Antiproliferative activity of the drug is little pronounced. At concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 mcg/ml of the lymphocyte culture, DNA incorporation of the labeled precursor is inhibited by 7, 13 and 35%, respectively. A slight decrease in the number of antibody-forming cells is noted only at secondary response. The synthesis of humoral antibodies is not inhibited.", "PMID": 573215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10493", "title": "Effect of oral administration of 'essential' phospholipid, beta-glycerophosphate, and linoleic acid on biliary lipids in patients with cholelithiasis.", "content": "6 patients with radiolucent cholelithiasis underwent randomized successive 3-week trials on each of the following medications: beta-glycerophosphate, linoleic acid, or purified soybean lecithin. Bile-rich duodenal fluid was obtained prior to the study and following each treatment period. Soybean lecithin feeding effected a qualitative change in biliary lecithin with increased fatty acid unsaturation, but no significant improvement in biliary cholesterol saturation or lipid composition changes including a proportionate increase in biliary phospholipids resulted from any treatment program. A 6-month therapeutic trial with soybean lecithin plus cholic acid failed to show a therapeutic response indicative of gallstone dissolution in the 6 patients.", "contents": "Effect of oral administration of 'essential' phospholipid, beta-glycerophosphate, and linoleic acid on biliary lipids in patients with cholelithiasis. 6 patients with radiolucent cholelithiasis underwent randomized successive 3-week trials on each of the following medications: beta-glycerophosphate, linoleic acid, or purified soybean lecithin. Bile-rich duodenal fluid was obtained prior to the study and following each treatment period. Soybean lecithin feeding effected a qualitative change in biliary lecithin with increased fatty acid unsaturation, but no significant improvement in biliary cholesterol saturation or lipid composition changes including a proportionate increase in biliary phospholipids resulted from any treatment program. A 6-month therapeutic trial with soybean lecithin plus cholic acid failed to show a therapeutic response indicative of gallstone dissolution in the 6 patients.", "PMID": 573222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10494", "title": "Protein-synthesizing machinery in the growing oocyte of the cyclic mouse. A quantitative electron microscopic study.", "content": "A quantitative ultrastructural evaluation of the oocyte ribosomal population was carried out during the oocyte growth, bearing in mind that this period of the mouse oogenesis displays the greatest activity of ribosomal RNA synthesis. At the onset of growth almost 3/4 of the oocyte ribosomes exist as singles, these become polysomal ribosomes as growth progresses. At the same time the number of ribosomes increases. Once the major growth period has elapsed, the number of ribosomes starts to decrease just when lattice-like structures exhibiting a periodic organization begin to accumulate in the oocyte cytoplasmic matrix. Evidence, like the particulate organization of these lattices, the size of their particles, its digestion by RNase, and the time of the lattice appearance, together with data reported by several authors, allows one to suggest that near the end of the oocyte growth a great part of the ribosomes are stored in the lattices to be used during early development.", "contents": "Protein-synthesizing machinery in the growing oocyte of the cyclic mouse. A quantitative electron microscopic study. A quantitative ultrastructural evaluation of the oocyte ribosomal population was carried out during the oocyte growth, bearing in mind that this period of the mouse oogenesis displays the greatest activity of ribosomal RNA synthesis. At the onset of growth almost 3/4 of the oocyte ribosomes exist as singles, these become polysomal ribosomes as growth progresses. At the same time the number of ribosomes increases. Once the major growth period has elapsed, the number of ribosomes starts to decrease just when lattice-like structures exhibiting a periodic organization begin to accumulate in the oocyte cytoplasmic matrix. Evidence, like the particulate organization of these lattices, the size of their particles, its digestion by RNase, and the time of the lattice appearance, together with data reported by several authors, allows one to suggest that near the end of the oocyte growth a great part of the ribosomes are stored in the lattices to be used during early development.", "PMID": 573223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10495", "title": "Fine structure of target neurons of antischizophrenic drugs in the neostriatum--ultracytochemical observation of dopamine and acetylcholine interaction.", "content": "In order to show the fine structure of target neurons of antischizophrenic drugs in the neostriatum, acetylcholinergic neurons were identified by means of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cytochemistry. Two types of neurons were revealed to have ChAc activity and at the same time to be synthesizing sites of AChE. It was observed that both types of neuron receive boutons containing ChAc positive synaptic vesicles at the soma and/or the dendrite. Moreover, both types of neuron were revealed to be postsynaptic sites of dopaminergic synapses from the fact that degenerated boutons after coagulation of the substantia nigra and boutons containing granular synaptic vesicles after incubation with alpha-methylnoradrenaline, contact the soma of the cholinergic neurons. It is speculated that both cholinergic neurons may be reciprocally influenced as in the case of motor neurons and Renshaw cells in the spinal anterior horn.", "contents": "Fine structure of target neurons of antischizophrenic drugs in the neostriatum--ultracytochemical observation of dopamine and acetylcholine interaction. In order to show the fine structure of target neurons of antischizophrenic drugs in the neostriatum, acetylcholinergic neurons were identified by means of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cytochemistry. Two types of neurons were revealed to have ChAc activity and at the same time to be synthesizing sites of AChE. It was observed that both types of neuron receive boutons containing ChAc positive synaptic vesicles at the soma and/or the dendrite. Moreover, both types of neuron were revealed to be postsynaptic sites of dopaminergic synapses from the fact that degenerated boutons after coagulation of the substantia nigra and boutons containing granular synaptic vesicles after incubation with alpha-methylnoradrenaline, contact the soma of the cholinergic neurons. It is speculated that both cholinergic neurons may be reciprocally influenced as in the case of motor neurons and Renshaw cells in the spinal anterior horn.", "PMID": 573230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10496", "title": "Metabolic effects of combined sulphonylurea and metformin therapy in maturity-onset diabetice.", "content": "Twelve hour metabolic studies have been performed in two groups of maturity-onset diabetics treated either by sulphonylurea and metformin therapy or sulphonylurea therapy alone. There was no significant difference in blood glucose concentration between the two groups although serum insulin concentration was significantly higher in the group treated by sulphonylurea therapy alone. Concentrations of several intermediary metabolites were higher when metformin formed part of the therapy. Thus, mean blood lactate, pyruvate, alanine and total ketone body concentrations and the lactate/pyruvate ratio and 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio were all significantly elevated during sulphonylurea and metformin therapy. It is concluded that the use of metformin with a sulphonylurea results in widespread abnormalities in blood concentrations of intermediary metabolites.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of combined sulphonylurea and metformin therapy in maturity-onset diabetice. Twelve hour metabolic studies have been performed in two groups of maturity-onset diabetics treated either by sulphonylurea and metformin therapy or sulphonylurea therapy alone. There was no significant difference in blood glucose concentration between the two groups although serum insulin concentration was significantly higher in the group treated by sulphonylurea therapy alone. Concentrations of several intermediary metabolites were higher when metformin formed part of the therapy. Thus, mean blood lactate, pyruvate, alanine and total ketone body concentrations and the lactate/pyruvate ratio and 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio were all significantly elevated during sulphonylurea and metformin therapy. It is concluded that the use of metformin with a sulphonylurea results in widespread abnormalities in blood concentrations of intermediary metabolites.", "PMID": 573232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10497", "title": "Diurnal variations of fecal and urinary iodine excretion in rats.", "content": "The present study was carried out to elucidate whether there are differences between the renal and fecal iodine patterns over 12-hour day and night intervals. Normal rats fed 125I-LID ad libitum and thyroidectomized animals maintained with 125I-labeled l-thyroxine showed diurnal changes in urinary and fecal iodine excretion, the highest values corresponding to the night period. The urinary volume and fecal weight were also increased during darkness hours. A positive correlation was found between the urinary loss of iodine and the quantitative iodine intake during any urine collection period. The changes of periodicity and timing of food intake alter the diurnal pattern of iodine metabolism. These observations suggest that the difference in food iodine intake between both periods constitutes the best explanation for the spontaneous cyclicity of urinary iodine excretion. However, as a significant difference in urinary iodine content exists between day and night periods in rats fed with the same amount of food within each period, and the morning corticosterone injection increases the renal loss of iodine in this period, it would indicate that other influences may be operative in regulating the diurnal variation of iodine excretion. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the high extrathyroidal metabolism of thyroid hormone and the high proportion of the hormone excreted into the feces during night hours may trigger off the TSH secretion in these situations, where an extrathyroidal pool of thyroid hormones were just adequate for normal peripheral requirements.", "contents": "Diurnal variations of fecal and urinary iodine excretion in rats. The present study was carried out to elucidate whether there are differences between the renal and fecal iodine patterns over 12-hour day and night intervals. Normal rats fed 125I-LID ad libitum and thyroidectomized animals maintained with 125I-labeled l-thyroxine showed diurnal changes in urinary and fecal iodine excretion, the highest values corresponding to the night period. The urinary volume and fecal weight were also increased during darkness hours. A positive correlation was found between the urinary loss of iodine and the quantitative iodine intake during any urine collection period. The changes of periodicity and timing of food intake alter the diurnal pattern of iodine metabolism. These observations suggest that the difference in food iodine intake between both periods constitutes the best explanation for the spontaneous cyclicity of urinary iodine excretion. However, as a significant difference in urinary iodine content exists between day and night periods in rats fed with the same amount of food within each period, and the morning corticosterone injection increases the renal loss of iodine in this period, it would indicate that other influences may be operative in regulating the diurnal variation of iodine excretion. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the high extrathyroidal metabolism of thyroid hormone and the high proportion of the hormone excreted into the feces during night hours may trigger off the TSH secretion in these situations, where an extrathyroidal pool of thyroid hormones were just adequate for normal peripheral requirements.", "PMID": 573233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10498", "title": "The quantitative analysis of polymorphism on human chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y. I. Description of individual karyotypes.", "content": "This study was made to establish a stable quantitative characteristic of C segments on chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y in an individual karyotype that was reproducible in successive experiments. The C segment of these chromosomes were measured in successive cultures of cells from three males and the C segments of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 in cells from three pairs of female monozygotic twins were measured. The results show that the absolute lengths of C segments tend to vary considerably with the cell samples analyzed, while the relative length, i.e., the length of a single C segment as a percentage of the total length of all C segments of the chromosomes being studied, is more stable and can be used for individual characteristics.", "contents": "The quantitative analysis of polymorphism on human chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y. I. Description of individual karyotypes. This study was made to establish a stable quantitative characteristic of C segments on chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y in an individual karyotype that was reproducible in successive experiments. The C segment of these chromosomes were measured in successive cultures of cells from three males and the C segments of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 in cells from three pairs of female monozygotic twins were measured. The results show that the absolute lengths of C segments tend to vary considerably with the cell samples analyzed, while the relative length, i.e., the length of a single C segment as a percentage of the total length of all C segments of the chromosomes being studied, is more stable and can be used for individual characteristics.", "PMID": 573238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10499", "title": "G-banding patterns of high-resolution human chromosomes 6--22, X, and Y.", "content": "A precise schematic representation of the number, height, position, and staining intensity of the Giemsa bands of late prophase, prometaphase, early metaphase, and mid-metaphase chromosomes 6--22, X, and Y is presented. Late prophase chromosomes were found to have 2--2 1/2 times the length and 3--3 1/2 times the number of bands previously observed in mid-metaphase, whereas prometaphases and early metaphases were intermediate in length and number of bands. In this work, the maximum number of bands observed per haploid set in late prophase was 1353, while more than 350 were generally found in mid-metaphase.", "contents": "G-banding patterns of high-resolution human chromosomes 6--22, X, and Y. A precise schematic representation of the number, height, position, and staining intensity of the Giemsa bands of late prophase, prometaphase, early metaphase, and mid-metaphase chromosomes 6--22, X, and Y is presented. Late prophase chromosomes were found to have 2--2 1/2 times the length and 3--3 1/2 times the number of bands previously observed in mid-metaphase, whereas prometaphases and early metaphases were intermediate in length and number of bands. In this work, the maximum number of bands observed per haploid set in late prophase was 1353, while more than 350 were generally found in mid-metaphase.", "PMID": 573239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10500", "title": "Effect of immune serum on the growth of Babesia microti in hamster erythrocytes in short-term culture.", "content": "Short-term in vitro culture of Babesia microti was obtained. Immune hamster serum had an inhibitory effect on the growth of B. microti in vitro. It is suggested that these antibodies act by preventing penetration of erythrocytes by the parasite.", "contents": "Effect of immune serum on the growth of Babesia microti in hamster erythrocytes in short-term culture. Short-term in vitro culture of Babesia microti was obtained. Immune hamster serum had an inhibitory effect on the growth of B. microti in vitro. It is suggested that these antibodies act by preventing penetration of erythrocytes by the parasite.", "PMID": 573243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10501", "title": "A detection tube for cholinesterase inhibiting compounds.", "content": "The enzyme butyrylcholinesterase from horse serum catalyses the hydrolysis of certain esters. The orange-red 2,6-dichloroindophenyl acetate will be converted by the enzyme into a deep blue alcohol. The colour transformation does not occur when the enzyme is inactivated. By making use of this biochemical reaction a cheap and simple, but very sensitive and specific detection tube could bedeveloped. The tube comprises a breakable ampoule with an aqueous buffer solution, a freeze-dried preparation of the chromogenic ester with a filler promoting its dissolution, a freeze-dried preparation of butyrylcholinesterase with a filler promoting its stability, and an indication layer. DDVP can be detected at concentrations as low as 0.4 mg/m3, when the sampled airvolume is 21.", "contents": "A detection tube for cholinesterase inhibiting compounds. The enzyme butyrylcholinesterase from horse serum catalyses the hydrolysis of certain esters. The orange-red 2,6-dichloroindophenyl acetate will be converted by the enzyme into a deep blue alcohol. The colour transformation does not occur when the enzyme is inactivated. By making use of this biochemical reaction a cheap and simple, but very sensitive and specific detection tube could bedeveloped. The tube comprises a breakable ampoule with an aqueous buffer solution, a freeze-dried preparation of the chromogenic ester with a filler promoting its dissolution, a freeze-dried preparation of butyrylcholinesterase with a filler promoting its stability, and an indication layer. DDVP can be detected at concentrations as low as 0.4 mg/m3, when the sampled airvolume is 21.", "PMID": 573244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10502", "title": "Choice of handedness measures in studies of hemispheric specialization.", "content": "Left-and right-handers have been reported to differ in lateral hemispheric specialization for cognition. We compared different methods of dividing subjects into handedness groups: preference(a 12-item questionnaire), performance(speed, strength, dexterity), and preference plus performance, and determined which method of handedness classification indicated the greatest group differences on EEG and dichotic measures of lateral specialization. All handedness measures were significantly intercorrelated. These handedness measures were significantly correlated with the dichotic test over the whole population but were significantly correlated with EEG asymmetry only in females. Scoring degree of handedness showed significant relationships to lateral specialization which were not seen when subjects were classified into discrete handedness groups. Ambidextrous subjects performed as well as right- or left-handers on unimanual tasks despite a lack of hand preference. The hand used for writing was shown to be too limited to be used as the sole index of handedness in studies related to cognition.", "contents": "Choice of handedness measures in studies of hemispheric specialization. Left-and right-handers have been reported to differ in lateral hemispheric specialization for cognition. We compared different methods of dividing subjects into handedness groups: preference(a 12-item questionnaire), performance(speed, strength, dexterity), and preference plus performance, and determined which method of handedness classification indicated the greatest group differences on EEG and dichotic measures of lateral specialization. All handedness measures were significantly intercorrelated. These handedness measures were significantly correlated with the dichotic test over the whole population but were significantly correlated with EEG asymmetry only in females. Scoring degree of handedness showed significant relationships to lateral specialization which were not seen when subjects were classified into discrete handedness groups. Ambidextrous subjects performed as well as right- or left-handers on unimanual tasks despite a lack of hand preference. The hand used for writing was shown to be too limited to be used as the sole index of handedness in studies related to cognition.", "PMID": 573245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10503", "title": "Effects of habitual variations in napping on psychomotor performance, memory and subjective states.", "content": "Effects of habitual variations in napping on psychomotor performance, short-term memory and subjective states were investigated. The subjects were 32 healthy male university students who napped twice or more weekly in themorning and at night. Sixteen were randomly assigned to a control group and 16 to a nap(treatment) group. The experiment comprised two conditions of electrographically (EEG) recorded sleep for the nap group and two EEG monitored conditions of wakefulness for the controls. These conditions were scheduled from 9:35 to 11:35 a.m. and 12 hr later between 9:35 p.m. and 11:35 p.m. Measurements were obtained from: (a) a continuous 10-min auditory reaction time task, (b) a free recall task of short-term memory, (c) an activation-mood adjective check list, and (d) the Stanford Sleepiness scale. Except for memory the dependent variables of waking function were assessed 20 min before and 20 min after all conditions. Following each sleep condition the nap group as opposed to the controls showed a statistically significant improvement in reaction time performance, higher short-term retention, less reported sleepiness and elevated subjective states reflected by fice factors on the adjective mood-activation check list. Among the correlations computed the largest significant coefficients were of stage 4 and REM with posttreatment Stanford Sleepiness ratings. After naps, increased postdormital sleepiness was correlated with stage 4 and decreased sleepiness with REM sleep. Although few strikingly divergent functional effects were associated with morning and nocturanal naps, these did covary with sleep psychophysiology. It is postulated that the phase, the EEG-sleep stages and possibly the duration of accustomed naps are less salient factors influencing performance when the time since awakening until behavioral assessment can be kept constant.", "contents": "Effects of habitual variations in napping on psychomotor performance, memory and subjective states. Effects of habitual variations in napping on psychomotor performance, short-term memory and subjective states were investigated. The subjects were 32 healthy male university students who napped twice or more weekly in themorning and at night. Sixteen were randomly assigned to a control group and 16 to a nap(treatment) group. The experiment comprised two conditions of electrographically (EEG) recorded sleep for the nap group and two EEG monitored conditions of wakefulness for the controls. These conditions were scheduled from 9:35 to 11:35 a.m. and 12 hr later between 9:35 p.m. and 11:35 p.m. Measurements were obtained from: (a) a continuous 10-min auditory reaction time task, (b) a free recall task of short-term memory, (c) an activation-mood adjective check list, and (d) the Stanford Sleepiness scale. Except for memory the dependent variables of waking function were assessed 20 min before and 20 min after all conditions. Following each sleep condition the nap group as opposed to the controls showed a statistically significant improvement in reaction time performance, higher short-term retention, less reported sleepiness and elevated subjective states reflected by fice factors on the adjective mood-activation check list. Among the correlations computed the largest significant coefficients were of stage 4 and REM with posttreatment Stanford Sleepiness ratings. After naps, increased postdormital sleepiness was correlated with stage 4 and decreased sleepiness with REM sleep. Although few strikingly divergent functional effects were associated with morning and nocturanal naps, these did covary with sleep psychophysiology. It is postulated that the phase, the EEG-sleep stages and possibly the duration of accustomed naps are less salient factors influencing performance when the time since awakening until behavioral assessment can be kept constant.", "PMID": 573246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10504", "title": "Quantitative fluorescence histochemistry of combined formaldehyde-chloral-induced fluorescence of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptide in model experiments and in the pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis.", "content": "The relationship between the intensity of combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour-induced fluorescence and the concentration of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptide in model experiments was found to be non-linear. At a certain concentration the intensity began to increase more slowly than the concentration, and when the concentration further increased the intensity even began to decrease. Based on the studies previously reported and on the above findings it seems that fluorescence induced by combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour, glyoxylic acid vapour and possibly also other combined formaldehyde and carbonyl compounds in the hypophyseal cells containing amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides is quenched in normal conditions due to the high local concentration. Thus, small to moderate changes in the amounts of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides cannot be observed by measuring the fluorescence intensity. In tissue experiments the intensity of combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour-induced fluorescence in the rat pars intermedia was measured after reserpine treatment, which decreases the number of hormone storage granules as demonstrated electron microscopically. The fluorescence intensity measurements were combined with an estimation of the amounts of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides extracted from hypophyses and separated in thin-layer chromatography, and subsequently demonstrated by combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour and a protein stain (amido black). Reserpine treatment decreased the fluorescence intensity in the pars intermedia and in thin-layer chromatography, and the staining of the fluorescent band with amido black was also decreased. Amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides appeared to be depleted from the pars intermedia cells together with endorphins and other hormones of the ACTH/MSH cells containing tryptophan.", "contents": "Quantitative fluorescence histochemistry of combined formaldehyde-chloral-induced fluorescence of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptide in model experiments and in the pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis. The relationship between the intensity of combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour-induced fluorescence and the concentration of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptide in model experiments was found to be non-linear. At a certain concentration the intensity began to increase more slowly than the concentration, and when the concentration further increased the intensity even began to decrease. Based on the studies previously reported and on the above findings it seems that fluorescence induced by combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour, glyoxylic acid vapour and possibly also other combined formaldehyde and carbonyl compounds in the hypophyseal cells containing amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides is quenched in normal conditions due to the high local concentration. Thus, small to moderate changes in the amounts of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides cannot be observed by measuring the fluorescence intensity. In tissue experiments the intensity of combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour-induced fluorescence in the rat pars intermedia was measured after reserpine treatment, which decreases the number of hormone storage granules as demonstrated electron microscopically. The fluorescence intensity measurements were combined with an estimation of the amounts of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides extracted from hypophyses and separated in thin-layer chromatography, and subsequently demonstrated by combined formaldehyde-chloral vapour and a protein stain (amido black). Reserpine treatment decreased the fluorescence intensity in the pars intermedia and in thin-layer chromatography, and the staining of the fluorescent band with amido black was also decreased. Amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides appeared to be depleted from the pars intermedia cells together with endorphins and other hormones of the ACTH/MSH cells containing tryptophan.", "PMID": 573249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10505", "title": "Demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase in mitochondria of fern egg cells at electron microscope level.", "content": "The use of ferricyanide in the presence of Cu++ to capture the ferrocyanide generated proved a reliable method for the location of succinic dehydrogenase in fern egg cells. The response of mitochondria-like nuclear evaginations was largely negative, but small patches of apparently authentic reaction product, absent in the controls, were occasionally encountered in their envelopes. From the point of view of deciding the nature of the nuclear evaginations the results were therefore equivocal.", "contents": "Demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase in mitochondria of fern egg cells at electron microscope level. The use of ferricyanide in the presence of Cu++ to capture the ferrocyanide generated proved a reliable method for the location of succinic dehydrogenase in fern egg cells. The response of mitochondria-like nuclear evaginations was largely negative, but small patches of apparently authentic reaction product, absent in the controls, were occasionally encountered in their envelopes. From the point of view of deciding the nature of the nuclear evaginations the results were therefore equivocal.", "PMID": 573250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10506", "title": "Extraction of light filth from ground nutmeg: collaborative study.", "content": "The official method for extracting light filth from ground nutmeg, 44.116, gives variable recoveries of filth elements and results in large amounts of interfering plant material in the light filth extraction. A new method has been developed using a chloroform pretreatment for heavy filth followed by a water-40% isopropanol-mineral oil flotation of light filth. A comparison of the methods in the collaborative study showed a higher recovery of insect fragments, 90.6 vs. 65.2%, and of rodent hairs, 86.5 vs. 66.5%, for the new method over the present official first action method, 44.116. Frothing, an additional problem with the official method, has been reduced by the new method. The new method has been adopted as official first action to replace the existing method.", "contents": "Extraction of light filth from ground nutmeg: collaborative study. The official method for extracting light filth from ground nutmeg, 44.116, gives variable recoveries of filth elements and results in large amounts of interfering plant material in the light filth extraction. A new method has been developed using a chloroform pretreatment for heavy filth followed by a water-40% isopropanol-mineral oil flotation of light filth. A comparison of the methods in the collaborative study showed a higher recovery of insect fragments, 90.6 vs. 65.2%, and of rodent hairs, 86.5 vs. 66.5%, for the new method over the present official first action method, 44.116. Frothing, an additional problem with the official method, has been reduced by the new method. The new method has been adopted as official first action to replace the existing method.", "PMID": 573260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10507", "title": "Modulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis during cell growth as observed in an embryonic chick tendon cell culture.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycan synthesis during cell growth has been studied in terms of unit cell numbers, using 16-day-old embryonic chick tendon cell cultures. Hyaluronic acid production was found to be inversely proportional to the cell density, while the levels of sulfated-glycosaminoglycan synthesis remained constant. On the other hand, hyaluronic acid production remained constant during cell proliferation, though chondroitin sulfate synthesis increased rapidly during an actively growing phase of the cultured cells, and dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate syntheses increased gradually.", "contents": "Modulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis during cell growth as observed in an embryonic chick tendon cell culture. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis during cell growth has been studied in terms of unit cell numbers, using 16-day-old embryonic chick tendon cell cultures. Hyaluronic acid production was found to be inversely proportional to the cell density, while the levels of sulfated-glycosaminoglycan synthesis remained constant. On the other hand, hyaluronic acid production remained constant during cell proliferation, though chondroitin sulfate synthesis increased rapidly during an actively growing phase of the cultured cells, and dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate syntheses increased gradually.", "PMID": 573261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10508", "title": "Stability of ester sulfates in heparin to solvolysis and dilute acid treatment.", "content": "The stability of ester sulfates in porcine intestinal heparin to solvolytic desulfation (100 degrees C, 9 H) with dimethylsulfoxide containing 2% pyridine was examined, in comparison with the case of dilute acid treatment (0.1 M HCl, 100 degrees C, 70 min). The resulting heparin modifications were deaminated and the deamination products were fractionated by the procedures reported previously (1978) J. Biochem. 83, 1567-1575). The yields of disulfated disaccharide (b-2) and monosulfated disaccharides (e-2-1 and e-2-3) indicated that 2-O-sulfates in L-iduronic acid residues of heparin were more libile than 6-O-sulfates in glucosamine residues to the dilute acid treatment, whereas the opposite was the case for the solvolysis. The product of heparin modification by solvolysis was similar to whale heparin in the distribution of ester sulfates.", "contents": "Stability of ester sulfates in heparin to solvolysis and dilute acid treatment. The stability of ester sulfates in porcine intestinal heparin to solvolytic desulfation (100 degrees C, 9 H) with dimethylsulfoxide containing 2% pyridine was examined, in comparison with the case of dilute acid treatment (0.1 M HCl, 100 degrees C, 70 min). The resulting heparin modifications were deaminated and the deamination products were fractionated by the procedures reported previously (1978) J. Biochem. 83, 1567-1575). The yields of disulfated disaccharide (b-2) and monosulfated disaccharides (e-2-1 and e-2-3) indicated that 2-O-sulfates in L-iduronic acid residues of heparin were more libile than 6-O-sulfates in glucosamine residues to the dilute acid treatment, whereas the opposite was the case for the solvolysis. The product of heparin modification by solvolysis was similar to whale heparin in the distribution of ester sulfates.", "PMID": 573262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10509", "title": "The 5'-terminal structure of poly(A)-containing RNA of soybean seeds.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing RNA from soybean seeds was isolated by affinity chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose. Translation of poly(A)-containing RNA was inhibited by the addition of m7GMP. Treatment of the poly(A)-containing RNA with periodate followed by aniline (a chemical removal of 5'-terminal m7G) resulted in a marked reduction of mRNA activity. mRNA activity of the treated RNA was partially restored when S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) was included the wheat germ cell-free system. End groups of the poly(A)-containing RNA were labeled by oxidation with periodate and reduction with [3H]borohydride. Analysis of nuclease digests of 3H-labeled poly(A)-containing RNA showed the existence of materials with a charge between --2 and--3 and/or between --3 and--4 which contain pyrophosphate linkages. These results imply the presence of 5'-terminal capped structures, m7G(5')PPp(5')N and m7G(5')PPP(5')Nm, in soybean poly(A)-containing RNA.", "contents": "The 5'-terminal structure of poly(A)-containing RNA of soybean seeds. Poly(A)-containing RNA from soybean seeds was isolated by affinity chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose. Translation of poly(A)-containing RNA was inhibited by the addition of m7GMP. Treatment of the poly(A)-containing RNA with periodate followed by aniline (a chemical removal of 5'-terminal m7G) resulted in a marked reduction of mRNA activity. mRNA activity of the treated RNA was partially restored when S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) was included the wheat germ cell-free system. End groups of the poly(A)-containing RNA were labeled by oxidation with periodate and reduction with [3H]borohydride. Analysis of nuclease digests of 3H-labeled poly(A)-containing RNA showed the existence of materials with a charge between --2 and--3 and/or between --3 and--4 which contain pyrophosphate linkages. These results imply the presence of 5'-terminal capped structures, m7G(5')PPp(5')N and m7G(5')PPP(5')Nm, in soybean poly(A)-containing RNA.", "PMID": 573263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10510", "title": "The primary structure of cytoplasmic initiator transfer ribonucleic acid from Torulopsis utilis.", "content": "Cytoplasmic initiator transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAinit) was purified from bulk Torulopsis (Candida) utilis tRNA by a series of column chromatography procedures. Sequence analysis of the products of complete and partial digestion of this tRNA with ribonuclease A [EC 3.1.4.22] and ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] enabled us to determine the complete primary structure of the molecule. The chain length of this tRNA was 76, including 11 modified nucleotides. The structure of the tRNA was arranged into a cloverleaf model and compared with those of other initiator tRNA species. As in the cytoplasmic initiator tRNA's of most other eukaryotic cells, the sequence -A-U-C-G- is contained in this tRNA in place of the usual -T-psi-C-G (or A)- found in other tRNA's.", "contents": "The primary structure of cytoplasmic initiator transfer ribonucleic acid from Torulopsis utilis. Cytoplasmic initiator transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAinit) was purified from bulk Torulopsis (Candida) utilis tRNA by a series of column chromatography procedures. Sequence analysis of the products of complete and partial digestion of this tRNA with ribonuclease A [EC 3.1.4.22] and ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] enabled us to determine the complete primary structure of the molecule. The chain length of this tRNA was 76, including 11 modified nucleotides. The structure of the tRNA was arranged into a cloverleaf model and compared with those of other initiator tRNA species. As in the cytoplasmic initiator tRNA's of most other eukaryotic cells, the sequence -A-U-C-G- is contained in this tRNA in place of the usual -T-psi-C-G (or A)- found in other tRNA's.", "PMID": 573264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10511", "title": "Immunochemical comparison of vitamin A binding proteins of rat.", "content": "Specific antibodies against cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), raised in rabbit, were detected by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration using tritium-labeled CRBP, prepared by reductive methylation. By means of radioimmunoassay, pure CRBP from liver and testis as well as CRBP present in a crude extract of liver were compared. All preparations showed identical immunoreactivity, suggesting CRBP is not tissue-specific. In contrast, two other vitamin A-binding proteins, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein, and serum retinol-binding protein, showed no cross-reaction in the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparison of vitamin A binding proteins of rat. Specific antibodies against cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), raised in rabbit, were detected by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration using tritium-labeled CRBP, prepared by reductive methylation. By means of radioimmunoassay, pure CRBP from liver and testis as well as CRBP present in a crude extract of liver were compared. All preparations showed identical immunoreactivity, suggesting CRBP is not tissue-specific. In contrast, two other vitamin A-binding proteins, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein, and serum retinol-binding protein, showed no cross-reaction in the radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 573265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10512", "title": "The isolation and characterization of a specific antibody population directed against the prothrombin activation fragments F2 and F1 + 2.", "content": "We have raised antisera against human prothrombin activation fragment F2 in rabbits and have chromatographed the respective immunoglobulin G fractions on prothrombin-Sepharose, Pr1-Sepharose, and F2-Sepharose immunoadsorbents. The specific antibody population obtained was utilized to construct a double antibody radioimmunoassay capable of measuring as little as 0.8 ng/ml of this component. Our studies suggest that the immunoreactive site defined by this antibody population is most probably located within the negatively charged COOH-terminal region of F2. The immunologic expression of this area is unaffected by denaturation or reduction-alkylation of F2 as well as by attachment of polypeptide to the NH2-terminal of this component. However, the presence of covalently bound polypeptide at the COOH-terminal of F2 reduces its immunologic reactivity by 300- to 400-fold. Prothrombin, Pr1, and Pr*1, which contain the F2 region as part of their covalent structure, are at least 4000 to 7000 times less immunoreactive than F2 on a molar basis. Conversion of these components to thrombin as well as activation fragments generates the theoretically predicted level of immunoreactivity. Masking of the immunoreactive site within these zymogens is due to two phenomena. Firstly, covalent attachment of polypeptides on the COOH-terminal of the F2 segment significantly depresses the reactivity of this region. Secondly, a critical S--S bridge aids in the sequenstration of the immunoreactive site. This cross-link may facilitate interactions between the COOH-terminal of the F2 segment and other regions of the zymogen.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of a specific antibody population directed against the prothrombin activation fragments F2 and F1 + 2. We have raised antisera against human prothrombin activation fragment F2 in rabbits and have chromatographed the respective immunoglobulin G fractions on prothrombin-Sepharose, Pr1-Sepharose, and F2-Sepharose immunoadsorbents. The specific antibody population obtained was utilized to construct a double antibody radioimmunoassay capable of measuring as little as 0.8 ng/ml of this component. Our studies suggest that the immunoreactive site defined by this antibody population is most probably located within the negatively charged COOH-terminal region of F2. The immunologic expression of this area is unaffected by denaturation or reduction-alkylation of F2 as well as by attachment of polypeptide to the NH2-terminal of this component. However, the presence of covalently bound polypeptide at the COOH-terminal of F2 reduces its immunologic reactivity by 300- to 400-fold. Prothrombin, Pr1, and Pr*1, which contain the F2 region as part of their covalent structure, are at least 4000 to 7000 times less immunoreactive than F2 on a molar basis. Conversion of these components to thrombin as well as activation fragments generates the theoretically predicted level of immunoreactivity. Masking of the immunoreactive site within these zymogens is due to two phenomena. Firstly, covalent attachment of polypeptides on the COOH-terminal of the F2 segment significantly depresses the reactivity of this region. Secondly, a critical S--S bridge aids in the sequenstration of the immunoreactive site. This cross-link may facilitate interactions between the COOH-terminal of the F2 segment and other regions of the zymogen.", "PMID": 573266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10513", "title": "The terminal web. A reevaluation of its structure and function.", "content": "The apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the small and large intestines has been examined by freeze-etch techniques as well as conventional and high voltage electron microscopy of sectioned material to gain a better understanding of the fine structural organization of the terminal web region. In the small intestine the terminal web exhibits a distinct stratification caused by the association of different sets of filaments with the three members of the junctional complex. Individual filaments of this network are closely associated with the sealing elements of the tight junctions, the surface of the core microfilament bundles, and the intermicrovillar plasma membrane. This region of the terminal web is the apical zone. The adherens zone appears as a band of interwoven filaments of two different diameters extending across the cytoplasm at the level of the intermediate junction. Within this region of the terminal web, individual 60-70 A actin-like filaments separate from the bundles of core microfilaments to interact with one another and with filaments of similar diameter from the zonula adherens. 100 A tonofilaments also contribute to the adherens zone, presumably stabilizing the orientation of the actin-like filaments. The basal zone which underlies the adherens zone consists of closely interwoven bundles of tonofilaments that are anchored to and interconnect the spot desmosomes. Within the large intestine the cytoplasmic microfilaments form a looser and less clearly stratified network which nevertheless retains the same basic organization found in the small intestine. Transmembrane linkers appear to originate within the cytoplasmic plaques of the spot desmosomes, pass through the plasma membranes, and meet in a staggered configuration in the intercellular space; these linkers may thus mediate the actual  mechanical coupling between the cytoskeletal networks of tonofilament bundles of adjacent cells. This integrated system of cytoplasmic filaments and intercellular junctions endows the apical cytoplasm with both the flexibility and the stability necessary for the normal functioning of the epithelium.", "contents": "The terminal web. A reevaluation of its structure and function. The apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the small and large intestines has been examined by freeze-etch techniques as well as conventional and high voltage electron microscopy of sectioned material to gain a better understanding of the fine structural organization of the terminal web region. In the small intestine the terminal web exhibits a distinct stratification caused by the association of different sets of filaments with the three members of the junctional complex. Individual filaments of this network are closely associated with the sealing elements of the tight junctions, the surface of the core microfilament bundles, and the intermicrovillar plasma membrane. This region of the terminal web is the apical zone. The adherens zone appears as a band of interwoven filaments of two different diameters extending across the cytoplasm at the level of the intermediate junction. Within this region of the terminal web, individual 60-70 A actin-like filaments separate from the bundles of core microfilaments to interact with one another and with filaments of similar diameter from the zonula adherens. 100 A tonofilaments also contribute to the adherens zone, presumably stabilizing the orientation of the actin-like filaments. The basal zone which underlies the adherens zone consists of closely interwoven bundles of tonofilaments that are anchored to and interconnect the spot desmosomes. Within the large intestine the cytoplasmic microfilaments form a looser and less clearly stratified network which nevertheless retains the same basic organization found in the small intestine. Transmembrane linkers appear to originate within the cytoplasmic plaques of the spot desmosomes, pass through the plasma membranes, and meet in a staggered configuration in the intercellular space; these linkers may thus mediate the actual  mechanical coupling between the cytoskeletal networks of tonofilament bundles of adjacent cells. This integrated system of cytoplasmic filaments and intercellular junctions endows the apical cytoplasm with both the flexibility and the stability necessary for the normal functioning of the epithelium.", "PMID": 573268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10514", "title": "A versatile immunoadsorbent capable of binding lectins of various specificities and its use for the separation of cell populations.", "content": "A procedure for cell fractionation using lectin-affinity chromatography is described. It consists of a single affinity adsorbent, hog gastric mucin blood group A+H substance covalently coupled to Sephadex or Sepharose, to which lectins of various specificities can bind. The complex formed, lectin in equilibrium hog A+H substance-Sephadex, then serves as an affinity probe for isolating and fractionating cells. The lectins from Ulex europaeus, Lotus tetragonolobus, Helix pomatia, Dolichos biflorus, and Phaseolus lunatus were used with the same blood group substance as adsorbent. The affinity columns retained erythrocytes with blood group specificity for the adsorbed lectin and thus fractionate cells in mixtures. Cells as well as lectins are eluted by specific sugar inhibitors. Mixtures of two kinds of cells can be separated when the proportion of the adsorbed cells is not too low.", "contents": "A versatile immunoadsorbent capable of binding lectins of various specificities and its use for the separation of cell populations. A procedure for cell fractionation using lectin-affinity chromatography is described. It consists of a single affinity adsorbent, hog gastric mucin blood group A+H substance covalently coupled to Sephadex or Sepharose, to which lectins of various specificities can bind. The complex formed, lectin in equilibrium hog A+H substance-Sephadex, then serves as an affinity probe for isolating and fractionating cells. The lectins from Ulex europaeus, Lotus tetragonolobus, Helix pomatia, Dolichos biflorus, and Phaseolus lunatus were used with the same blood group substance as adsorbent. The affinity columns retained erythrocytes with blood group specificity for the adsorbed lectin and thus fractionate cells in mixtures. Cells as well as lectins are eluted by specific sugar inhibitors. Mixtures of two kinds of cells can be separated when the proportion of the adsorbed cells is not too low.", "PMID": 573269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10515", "title": "Actin in triton-treated cortical preparations of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs.", "content": "Triton-treated cortical fragments of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs prepared in the presence of greater than or equal to 5 mM EGTA contain 15-30% of the total egg actin. However, actin filaments are not readily apparent by electron microscopy on the cortical fragments of unfertilized eggs but are numerous on those of fertilized eggs. The majority of the actin associated with cortical fragments of unfertilized eggs is solubilized by dialysis against a low ionic strength buffer at pH 7.5. This soluble actin preparation (less than 50% pure actin) does not form proper filaments in 0.1 M KCl and 3 mM MgCl2, whereas actin purified from this preparation does, as judged by electron microscopy. Optical diffraction analysis reveals that these purified actin filaments have helical parameters very similar to those of muscle actin. Furthermore, the properties of the purified actin with regard to activation of myosin ATPase are similar to those of actin from other cell types. The possibility that actin is maintained in a nonfilamentous form on the inner surface of the unfertilized egg plasma membrane and is induced to assemble upon fertilization is discussed.", "contents": "Actin in triton-treated cortical preparations of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs. Triton-treated cortical fragments of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs prepared in the presence of greater than or equal to 5 mM EGTA contain 15-30% of the total egg actin. However, actin filaments are not readily apparent by electron microscopy on the cortical fragments of unfertilized eggs but are numerous on those of fertilized eggs. The majority of the actin associated with cortical fragments of unfertilized eggs is solubilized by dialysis against a low ionic strength buffer at pH 7.5. This soluble actin preparation (less than 50% pure actin) does not form proper filaments in 0.1 M KCl and 3 mM MgCl2, whereas actin purified from this preparation does, as judged by electron microscopy. Optical diffraction analysis reveals that these purified actin filaments have helical parameters very similar to those of muscle actin. Furthermore, the properties of the purified actin with regard to activation of myosin ATPase are similar to those of actin from other cell types. The possibility that actin is maintained in a nonfilamentous form on the inner surface of the unfertilized egg plasma membrane and is induced to assemble upon fertilization is discussed.", "PMID": 573270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10516", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-accelerated redistribution of lysosome-like organelles preceding dissolution of the nuclear envelope in rat oocytes maturing in vitro.", "content": "Maturation of the mammalian oocyte is characterized in part by dissolution of the nuclear envelope, or germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB). By fluorescence microscopy after vital uptake of acridine orange (AO), redistribution and perinuclear accumulation of organelles corresponding to lysosomes occur before GVB in rat oocytes undergoing meiotic maturation in vitro. In follicle-enclosed oocytes explanted during the preovulatory gonadotropin surge (GS) and individually cultured as such in chemically defined medium at approximately 22 degrees C, lysosomes aggregated into disperse clusters after 30 min; by 60 min, perinuclear concentration of lysosomes and their essential disappearance from the cortical ooplasm were observed. GVB occurred within 120 min. In contrast, follicle-enclosed oocytes explanted before the GS displayed a generally homogeneous distribution of lysosomes and intact GV for up to 5 h in culture. In oocytes aspirated from follicles before the GS, partially denuded of granulosa cells, and cultivated without added hormone, most lysosomes concentrated around the GV within 60 min, with GVB occurring generally by 120 min. Luteinizing hormone (LH) added in vitro to the isolated preparation at 3 or 30 x 10(-8) M sharply accelerated these events. The effects of LH, not seen with 1.5 x 10(-8) M hormone, were blocked by anti-LH IgG. Up to 60 x 10(-8) M follicle-stimulating hormone or 80 x 10(-8) M prolactin were ineffective in accelerating lysosome redistribution or GVB. After GVB, lysosomes became once again uniformly dispersed and unresponsive, even to 60 x 10(-8) M added LH, a finding consistent with tachyphylaxis of target cells by independent criteria. The present data, all statistically significant at P less than 0.05, demonstrate that mobilization of lysosomes before GVB is a specific response to factors that promote resumption of meiotic maturation of rat oocytes.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-accelerated redistribution of lysosome-like organelles preceding dissolution of the nuclear envelope in rat oocytes maturing in vitro. Maturation of the mammalian oocyte is characterized in part by dissolution of the nuclear envelope, or germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB). By fluorescence microscopy after vital uptake of acridine orange (AO), redistribution and perinuclear accumulation of organelles corresponding to lysosomes occur before GVB in rat oocytes undergoing meiotic maturation in vitro. In follicle-enclosed oocytes explanted during the preovulatory gonadotropin surge (GS) and individually cultured as such in chemically defined medium at approximately 22 degrees C, lysosomes aggregated into disperse clusters after 30 min; by 60 min, perinuclear concentration of lysosomes and their essential disappearance from the cortical ooplasm were observed. GVB occurred within 120 min. In contrast, follicle-enclosed oocytes explanted before the GS displayed a generally homogeneous distribution of lysosomes and intact GV for up to 5 h in culture. In oocytes aspirated from follicles before the GS, partially denuded of granulosa cells, and cultivated without added hormone, most lysosomes concentrated around the GV within 60 min, with GVB occurring generally by 120 min. Luteinizing hormone (LH) added in vitro to the isolated preparation at 3 or 30 x 10(-8) M sharply accelerated these events. The effects of LH, not seen with 1.5 x 10(-8) M hormone, were blocked by anti-LH IgG. Up to 60 x 10(-8) M follicle-stimulating hormone or 80 x 10(-8) M prolactin were ineffective in accelerating lysosome redistribution or GVB. After GVB, lysosomes became once again uniformly dispersed and unresponsive, even to 60 x 10(-8) M added LH, a finding consistent with tachyphylaxis of target cells by independent criteria. The present data, all statistically significant at P less than 0.05, demonstrate that mobilization of lysosomes before GVB is a specific response to factors that promote resumption of meiotic maturation of rat oocytes.", "PMID": 573271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10517", "title": "Actin in spindles of Haemanthus katherinae endosperm. II. Distribution of actin in chromosomal spindle fibres, determined by analysis of serial sections.", "content": "We have studied the arrangements of actin-containing filaments in 13 bundles of kinetochore microtubules in glycerinated, heavy meromyosin-treated Haemanthus endosperm cells: 7 bundles were in a cell at anaphase, and 6 were in a cell at metaphase. Actin-containing filaments were present in each of the 13 bundles of kinetochore microtubules: they were in amongst the microtubules in the bundle and seemed to be associated with the microtubules. Actin-containing filaments in each bundle seemed to terminate at the kinetochores. Actin-containing filaments associated with the kinetochore microtubules were of consistent polarity (the arrowheads pointed towards the kinetochores) whereas those associated with other microtubles and those not associated with microtubules did not have consistent polarity (some pointed towards the spindle pole, others pointed away from it). Roughly, there were as many individual stretches of actin-containing filaments identified per bundle of kinetochore microtubules as there were microtubules which terminated at the kinetochore. These data suggest that actin-containing filaments in spindles have a functional role. We used 2 glycerination procedures in our studies (one for each cell), and neither seemed to disrupt the basic microtubule arrangements: the arrangements of spindle microtubules seen after glycerination of Haemanthus endosperm were identical to those described previously by others in non-glycerinated glutaraldehyde-fixed Haemanthus endosperm. Thus we argue that spindle structure is not disrupted by the procedures, and therefore that the arrangements of actin-containing filaments are not artifacts of the glycerination procedures. The only difference between microtubules in glycerinated cells and microtubules in untreated cells is that there seem to be fewer in the glycerinated cells. The possible role of actin-containing filaments in the spindle is discussed.", "contents": "Actin in spindles of Haemanthus katherinae endosperm. II. Distribution of actin in chromosomal spindle fibres, determined by analysis of serial sections. We have studied the arrangements of actin-containing filaments in 13 bundles of kinetochore microtubules in glycerinated, heavy meromyosin-treated Haemanthus endosperm cells: 7 bundles were in a cell at anaphase, and 6 were in a cell at metaphase. Actin-containing filaments were present in each of the 13 bundles of kinetochore microtubules: they were in amongst the microtubules in the bundle and seemed to be associated with the microtubules. Actin-containing filaments in each bundle seemed to terminate at the kinetochores. Actin-containing filaments associated with the kinetochore microtubules were of consistent polarity (the arrowheads pointed towards the kinetochores) whereas those associated with other microtubles and those not associated with microtubules did not have consistent polarity (some pointed towards the spindle pole, others pointed away from it). Roughly, there were as many individual stretches of actin-containing filaments identified per bundle of kinetochore microtubules as there were microtubules which terminated at the kinetochore. These data suggest that actin-containing filaments in spindles have a functional role. We used 2 glycerination procedures in our studies (one for each cell), and neither seemed to disrupt the basic microtubule arrangements: the arrangements of spindle microtubules seen after glycerination of Haemanthus endosperm were identical to those described previously by others in non-glycerinated glutaraldehyde-fixed Haemanthus endosperm. Thus we argue that spindle structure is not disrupted by the procedures, and therefore that the arrangements of actin-containing filaments are not artifacts of the glycerination procedures. The only difference between microtubules in glycerinated cells and microtubules in untreated cells is that there seem to be fewer in the glycerinated cells. The possible role of actin-containing filaments in the spindle is discussed.", "PMID": 573272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10518", "title": "Mechanism of cleavage of newt eggs.", "content": "Cytokinesis by contraction of the base of the cleavage furrow and the dependence of the position of the future furrow on the arrangement of cytoplasm under it have been demonstrated at relatively earlier stages of cleavage in amphibian eggs. The following experiments and observations on dividing eggs of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster indicated the presence of the contracting force at the base of the furrow and revealed that the above cleavage mechanisms occurred throughout cleavage. (1) Deformation of the animal surface induced conversion of an early furrow to a ridge, the base of the furrow forming the top of the ridge. (2) A needle placed in the path of the furrow blocked its deepening, not only at the point of contact but also in neighbouring regions. Any part of the plane of cleavage could be blocked in this way. (3) A microfilamentous band was found under the plasma membrane at the base of the furrow at a late stage of cleavage. (4) Alteration in the position of the furrow base could be induced in the middle of cleavage by outflow of egg cytoplasm.", "contents": "Mechanism of cleavage of newt eggs. Cytokinesis by contraction of the base of the cleavage furrow and the dependence of the position of the future furrow on the arrangement of cytoplasm under it have been demonstrated at relatively earlier stages of cleavage in amphibian eggs. The following experiments and observations on dividing eggs of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster indicated the presence of the contracting force at the base of the furrow and revealed that the above cleavage mechanisms occurred throughout cleavage. (1) Deformation of the animal surface induced conversion of an early furrow to a ridge, the base of the furrow forming the top of the ridge. (2) A needle placed in the path of the furrow blocked its deepening, not only at the point of contact but also in neighbouring regions. Any part of the plane of cleavage could be blocked in this way. (3) A microfilamentous band was found under the plasma membrane at the base of the furrow at a late stage of cleavage. (4) Alteration in the position of the furrow base could be induced in the middle of cleavage by outflow of egg cytoplasm.", "PMID": 573273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10519", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the effects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on cell cortex organization during the first cleavage of Xenopus laevis eggs. I. Inhibition of furrow formation.", "content": "Xenopus laevis fertilized eggs have been treated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) before the onset of the first cleavage, at the stripe stage and during groove deepening. The ultrastructure of the animal cortex of the arrested embryos has been compared with that of the same region of control embryos at different stages of first furrow formation and of cytochalasin B-treated embryos. The outer side of the plasma membrane of WGA-treated embryos is covered with a coat which is different from the diffuse material observed in either control or cytochalasin B-treated embryos and which is distributed in patches in the groove region. Narrow indentations of the plasma membrane in the cortex of WGA-treated eggs have been observed, particularly in the blocked or regressed groove. In WGA-treated eggs, a few bundles of microfilaments are located under the plasma membrane at the animal pole, but they are never arrayed in a continuous layer as in the control eggs. In the latter, many microtubules are located in close proximity to the microfilament layer at the beginning of cleavage, but they are only occasionally observed in the same region of WGA-treated eggs. It is concluded that the binding of WGA molecules to their receptors on the surface of the Xenopus zygote interferes with the alignment of microfilaments in the furrow region and provokes the disorganization of the aligned microfilaments once the cleavage has begun. Internalization of portions of the nascent membrane in the groove could play an important part in the arrest of cleavage.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the effects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on cell cortex organization during the first cleavage of Xenopus laevis eggs. I. Inhibition of furrow formation. Xenopus laevis fertilized eggs have been treated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) before the onset of the first cleavage, at the stripe stage and during groove deepening. The ultrastructure of the animal cortex of the arrested embryos has been compared with that of the same region of control embryos at different stages of first furrow formation and of cytochalasin B-treated embryos. The outer side of the plasma membrane of WGA-treated embryos is covered with a coat which is different from the diffuse material observed in either control or cytochalasin B-treated embryos and which is distributed in patches in the groove region. Narrow indentations of the plasma membrane in the cortex of WGA-treated eggs have been observed, particularly in the blocked or regressed groove. In WGA-treated eggs, a few bundles of microfilaments are located under the plasma membrane at the animal pole, but they are never arrayed in a continuous layer as in the control eggs. In the latter, many microtubules are located in close proximity to the microfilament layer at the beginning of cleavage, but they are only occasionally observed in the same region of WGA-treated eggs. It is concluded that the binding of WGA molecules to their receptors on the surface of the Xenopus zygote interferes with the alignment of microfilaments in the furrow region and provokes the disorganization of the aligned microfilaments once the cleavage has begun. Internalization of portions of the nascent membrane in the groove could play an important part in the arrest of cleavage.", "PMID": 573274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10520", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the effects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on cell cortex organization during the first cleavage of Xenopus laevis eggs. II. Cortical wound healing.", "content": "Uncleaved fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis treated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) have been pricked at the animal pole both inside and outside the regressed furrow region. The wounded cortex of both regions has been studied with the electron microscope and compared with the same region of wounded, untreated eggs. In all 3 cases, filaments are organized in an annular zone in the damaged cortex. When the surface is pricked outside the regressed furrow of WGA-treated embryos, bundles of microfilaments radiate from the ring and extend in deep folds which form a 'star' around the wound at the surface of the embryo. However, when the surface is pricked in the new membrane of the regressed furrow, filaments are intermingled with internalized portions of the plasma membrane. It is suggested that, when the surface is pricked outside the furrow region, more filaments are mobilized to counteract the tangential retraction of the membrane which has acquired more rigidity after WGA binding.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the effects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on cell cortex organization during the first cleavage of Xenopus laevis eggs. II. Cortical wound healing. Uncleaved fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis treated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) have been pricked at the animal pole both inside and outside the regressed furrow region. The wounded cortex of both regions has been studied with the electron microscope and compared with the same region of wounded, untreated eggs. In all 3 cases, filaments are organized in an annular zone in the damaged cortex. When the surface is pricked outside the regressed furrow of WGA-treated embryos, bundles of microfilaments radiate from the ring and extend in deep folds which form a 'star' around the wound at the surface of the embryo. However, when the surface is pricked in the new membrane of the regressed furrow, filaments are intermingled with internalized portions of the plasma membrane. It is suggested that, when the surface is pricked outside the furrow region, more filaments are mobilized to counteract the tangential retraction of the membrane which has acquired more rigidity after WGA binding.", "PMID": 573275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10521", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic separation of two major toxic compounds from Gymnodinium breve davis.", "content": "Cultured Gymnodinium breve cells were extracted in acidified ether and fractionated by a new, convenient procedure utilizing thin layer chromatography or elution dry column chromatography. The most toxic fraction was further separated either directly by analytical high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or in subsequent work by preparative, followed by analytical HPLC. Two toxic compounds, designated T46 and T47, were isolated; purity of each was demonstrated by rechromatography in analytical HPLC with both adsorptive and reverse phase packings. Both the single pass and recycle modes of operation were used with two detector systems in each to demonstrate a single entity. UV, fluorescence, and stability data differentiated these compounds from previously described, less toxic components from G. breve.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic separation of two major toxic compounds from Gymnodinium breve davis. Cultured Gymnodinium breve cells were extracted in acidified ether and fractionated by a new, convenient procedure utilizing thin layer chromatography or elution dry column chromatography. The most toxic fraction was further separated either directly by analytical high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or in subsequent work by preparative, followed by analytical HPLC. Two toxic compounds, designated T46 and T47, were isolated; purity of each was demonstrated by rechromatography in analytical HPLC with both adsorptive and reverse phase packings. Both the single pass and recycle modes of operation were used with two detector systems in each to demonstrate a single entity. UV, fluorescence, and stability data differentiated these compounds from previously described, less toxic components from G. breve.", "PMID": 573279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10522", "title": "Prolactin in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "PRL was measured radioimmunologically in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained simultaneously in 31 patients with various neurological or infectious, but non-endocrine diseases (group A), 12 patients (7 pregnant women and 5 newborns) with physiological hyperprolactinemia (group B),10 psychiatric patients with pharmacologically induced hyperprolactinemia (group C) 12 normoprolactinemic patients with pituitary adenoma and suprasellar extension (SSE) (group D), And 14 hyperprolactinemic patients with pituitary adenoma with and without SSE (group E). Plasma PRL and CSF PRL concentrations (ng/ml, mean and range in brackets) of the various groups were: group A, 6.2 (1.3-14.5) and 1.3 (0.6-4.7); group B, 85.2 (31-200) and 13.2 (3-28); group C, 54.3 (3.5-160) and 6.5 (0.7-18); group D, 17.2 (5.4-30) and 9.7 (2.7-34); and group E, 2,529 (115-10,000) and 1,449 (6-13,000). The plasma to CSF concentration ratios (mean and range in brackets) were: group A, 5.2 (1.4-13.0); group B, 7.0 (2.9-10.3); group C, 7.3( 3.9-11.3); group D, 2.6 (0.9-7.1); and group E, 10.9 (0.2-34.9). The ratio was greater than 3 in 87% of the non-tumor patients; in 42% of the tumor patients the ratio was less than 3. The correlation between plasma and CSF PRL levels of all 53 subjects without a pituitary tumor (groups A, B, and C) was positive (r=0.9097; P=0.00001); in the 26 tumor patients (groups D and E) the correlation was also positive (r=0.7141; P=0.00002). These results indicate that 1) PRL is a normal constituent of CSF, 2) the CSF PRL level is a function of the plasma level, 3) detectable, or even high, CSF PRL levels per se are not indicative in the presence of a pituitary tumor, with or without SSE, and 4) abnormally low ratios may be found in patients with a pituitary tumor with SSE.", "contents": "Prolactin in human cerebrospinal fluid. PRL was measured radioimmunologically in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained simultaneously in 31 patients with various neurological or infectious, but non-endocrine diseases (group A), 12 patients (7 pregnant women and 5 newborns) with physiological hyperprolactinemia (group B),10 psychiatric patients with pharmacologically induced hyperprolactinemia (group C) 12 normoprolactinemic patients with pituitary adenoma and suprasellar extension (SSE) (group D), And 14 hyperprolactinemic patients with pituitary adenoma with and without SSE (group E). Plasma PRL and CSF PRL concentrations (ng/ml, mean and range in brackets) of the various groups were: group A, 6.2 (1.3-14.5) and 1.3 (0.6-4.7); group B, 85.2 (31-200) and 13.2 (3-28); group C, 54.3 (3.5-160) and 6.5 (0.7-18); group D, 17.2 (5.4-30) and 9.7 (2.7-34); and group E, 2,529 (115-10,000) and 1,449 (6-13,000). The plasma to CSF concentration ratios (mean and range in brackets) were: group A, 5.2 (1.4-13.0); group B, 7.0 (2.9-10.3); group C, 7.3( 3.9-11.3); group D, 2.6 (0.9-7.1); and group E, 10.9 (0.2-34.9). The ratio was greater than 3 in 87% of the non-tumor patients; in 42% of the tumor patients the ratio was less than 3. The correlation between plasma and CSF PRL levels of all 53 subjects without a pituitary tumor (groups A, B, and C) was positive (r=0.9097; P=0.00001); in the 26 tumor patients (groups D and E) the correlation was also positive (r=0.7141; P=0.00002). These results indicate that 1) PRL is a normal constituent of CSF, 2) the CSF PRL level is a function of the plasma level, 3) detectable, or even high, CSF PRL levels per se are not indicative in the presence of a pituitary tumor, with or without SSE, and 4) abnormally low ratios may be found in patients with a pituitary tumor with SSE.", "PMID": 573280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10523", "title": "The interrelationships among prolactin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in humans.", "content": "Serum PRL, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]concentrations were measured in 6 women and 2 men with hyperprolactinemia, 6 normal men and 7 normal women, 4 men and 4 women with primary hyperparathyroidism, and 16 men and 4 women with Ca nephrolithiasis. Plasma 1,25(OH)2D and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were normal in the women and men with hyperprolactinemia. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and elevated serum PTH, plasma 1,25(OH)2D concentrations were elevated but serum PRL levels were normal. Likewise, serum PRL levels were normal in patients with Ca nephrolithiasis who had significantly elevated plasma, 1,25(OH)2D concentrations and normal serum PTH concentrations. Thus, hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary adenoma or idiopathic hypersecretion is not accompanied but elevated plasma concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D.", "contents": "The interrelationships among prolactin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in humans. Serum PRL, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]concentrations were measured in 6 women and 2 men with hyperprolactinemia, 6 normal men and 7 normal women, 4 men and 4 women with primary hyperparathyroidism, and 16 men and 4 women with Ca nephrolithiasis. Plasma 1,25(OH)2D and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were normal in the women and men with hyperprolactinemia. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and elevated serum PTH, plasma 1,25(OH)2D concentrations were elevated but serum PRL levels were normal. Likewise, serum PRL levels were normal in patients with Ca nephrolithiasis who had significantly elevated plasma, 1,25(OH)2D concentrations and normal serum PTH concentrations. Thus, hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary adenoma or idiopathic hypersecretion is not accompanied but elevated plasma concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D.", "PMID": 573283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10524", "title": "Effect of acute administration of salmon and human calcitonin on blood urate and renal excretion of uric acid in patients with Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The sc injection of salmon calcitonin (CT) (100 MRC U) or human CT (50 MRC U) to Pagetic patients reduces the plasma urate concentration and increases the renal excretion of uric acid. This effect is independent of the natriuretic, phosphaturic, or glycosuric actions of CT and is not due to the transient increment of the glomerular filtration rate noted after CT administration. Our results suggest that the hypouricemia observed during CT treatment is related, at least in part to a direct action on the renal handling of uric acid.", "contents": "Effect of acute administration of salmon and human calcitonin on blood urate and renal excretion of uric acid in patients with Paget's disease of bone. The sc injection of salmon calcitonin (CT) (100 MRC U) or human CT (50 MRC U) to Pagetic patients reduces the plasma urate concentration and increases the renal excretion of uric acid. This effect is independent of the natriuretic, phosphaturic, or glycosuric actions of CT and is not due to the transient increment of the glomerular filtration rate noted after CT administration. Our results suggest that the hypouricemia observed during CT treatment is related, at least in part to a direct action on the renal handling of uric acid.", "PMID": 573284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10525", "title": "Hyperreactivity, muricide, and intraspecific aggression in the rat produced by infusion of local anesthetic into the lateral septum or surrounding areas.", "content": "Intracranial infusions of a local anesthetic (lidocaine, 2%) were made bilaterally (4 microliter over 20 min) through permanently implanted cannulas ending in the lateral septum or adjacent areas. Increases in irritability and reactivity to the experimenter, muricide, and intermale aggression were produced by injections into the lateral septum and the region ventral to it. The increases in reactivity and interanimal aggresion occurred in varying degrees and were independent of one another, but intermale aggression occurred only in animals showing muricide. The most effective site for eliciting the entire spectrum of aggressive behaviors was the region ventral to the anterior septum. The region ventral to the posterior septum (medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, straia terminalis) was unique in that it tended to produce a high incidence of muricide, with only modest increases in reactivity. The lateral septum was moderately effective in producing the entire range of aggressive behaviors. No changes in behavior were noted with infusions into the medial septum or th medial forebrain bundle/lateral preoptic area ventrolateral to the septum. It is suggested that the hyperreactivity and irritability may be relat to hyperdefensiveness and that muricide and intermale aggression are points on a continuum of interanimal aggressiveness.", "contents": "Hyperreactivity, muricide, and intraspecific aggression in the rat produced by infusion of local anesthetic into the lateral septum or surrounding areas. Intracranial infusions of a local anesthetic (lidocaine, 2%) were made bilaterally (4 microliter over 20 min) through permanently implanted cannulas ending in the lateral septum or adjacent areas. Increases in irritability and reactivity to the experimenter, muricide, and intermale aggression were produced by injections into the lateral septum and the region ventral to it. The increases in reactivity and interanimal aggresion occurred in varying degrees and were independent of one another, but intermale aggression occurred only in animals showing muricide. The most effective site for eliciting the entire spectrum of aggressive behaviors was the region ventral to the anterior septum. The region ventral to the posterior septum (medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, straia terminalis) was unique in that it tended to produce a high incidence of muricide, with only modest increases in reactivity. The lateral septum was moderately effective in producing the entire range of aggressive behaviors. No changes in behavior were noted with infusions into the medial septum or th medial forebrain bundle/lateral preoptic area ventrolateral to the septum. It is suggested that the hyperreactivity and irritability may be relat to hyperdefensiveness and that muricide and intermale aggression are points on a continuum of interanimal aggressiveness.", "PMID": 573285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10526", "title": "Experiential determinants of postpartum aggression in mice.", "content": "The objective of this research was to explore the experiential determinants and the social controls of postpartum aggregation in mice. In Experiment 1, a group of seven lactating females was tested repeatedly from Day 2 to Day 22 postpartum against male mice; attacks by the females continued through Day 18. Two other groups of seven females tested only once showed diminished attacks against males by Day 14 postpartum. In Experiment 2, eight females were paired with a male for a week prior to parturition; they showed reliably fewer attacks on Day 2 postpartum than a group of nine females that were isolated prior to parturition. All of these results were obtained in a standard 3-min test. A 24-hr test on Day 4 of Experiment 2 revealed that in both groups female attacks dropped to near zero after 30 min. After female attacks declined, males initiated social behavior which occasioned vocalizations by the females. Further, males attacked in 65% of the tests and destroyed the litters of the females in 53% of the tests. The behavior of the male exerted important influences on the structure of extended female-male interactions.", "contents": "Experiential determinants of postpartum aggression in mice. The objective of this research was to explore the experiential determinants and the social controls of postpartum aggregation in mice. In Experiment 1, a group of seven lactating females was tested repeatedly from Day 2 to Day 22 postpartum against male mice; attacks by the females continued through Day 18. Two other groups of seven females tested only once showed diminished attacks against males by Day 14 postpartum. In Experiment 2, eight females were paired with a male for a week prior to parturition; they showed reliably fewer attacks on Day 2 postpartum than a group of nine females that were isolated prior to parturition. All of these results were obtained in a standard 3-min test. A 24-hr test on Day 4 of Experiment 2 revealed that in both groups female attacks dropped to near zero after 30 min. After female attacks declined, males initiated social behavior which occasioned vocalizations by the females. Further, males attacked in 65% of the tests and destroyed the litters of the females in 53% of the tests. The behavior of the male exerted important influences on the structure of extended female-male interactions.", "PMID": 573286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10527", "title": "Acute homeostatic imbalances reinstate sensorimotor dysfunctions in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "It has previously been demonstrated that rats recovered from aphagia and adipsia after large bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area do not show the normal feeding response to 2-deoxyglucose or drinking response to polyethylene glyol. The present work reveals that such homeostatic imbalances reinstate the profound sensorimotor impairments that are seen in the immediate postoperative period but abate in parallel with the gradual recovery of ingestive behaviors. Administration of alpha-methyltyrosine or spiroperidol produced sensory and motor dysfunctions in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions that were similar to those observed after 2-deoxyglucose. These results suggest that the residual feeding and drinking deficits of rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions after apparent recovery of function do not reflect specific loss of putative gluco- and volume-regulatory contributions to ingestive behavior. Instead, they may indicate continued impairments in nonspecific activational components of motivation that normally are mediated, in part, by central dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "Acute homeostatic imbalances reinstate sensorimotor dysfunctions in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions. It has previously been demonstrated that rats recovered from aphagia and adipsia after large bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area do not show the normal feeding response to 2-deoxyglucose or drinking response to polyethylene glyol. The present work reveals that such homeostatic imbalances reinstate the profound sensorimotor impairments that are seen in the immediate postoperative period but abate in parallel with the gradual recovery of ingestive behaviors. Administration of alpha-methyltyrosine or spiroperidol produced sensory and motor dysfunctions in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions that were similar to those observed after 2-deoxyglucose. These results suggest that the residual feeding and drinking deficits of rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions after apparent recovery of function do not reflect specific loss of putative gluco- and volume-regulatory contributions to ingestive behavior. Instead, they may indicate continued impairments in nonspecific activational components of motivation that normally are mediated, in part, by central dopaminergic neurons.", "PMID": 573287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10528", "title": "Effects of medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions on development of sociosexual behavior in dogs.", "content": "Bilateral medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions in adult male dogs eliminate or impair copulatory behavior and reduce urine-marking responses but do not affect aggressive behavior. The present study examined the emergence of the adult forms of these same male sociosexual behavioral patterns when the lesions are made prior to puberty. The subjects were allowed to interact with male peers during development. Animals with lesions had reduced frequence of juvenile mounting and an almost total absence of male copulatory activity in adulthood. Urine-marking and aggressive behavior in the juvenile and adult periods were not affected by the lesions. The findings reveal a sparing of function with regard to urine-marking but not sexual behavior.", "contents": "Effects of medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions on development of sociosexual behavior in dogs. Bilateral medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions in adult male dogs eliminate or impair copulatory behavior and reduce urine-marking responses but do not affect aggressive behavior. The present study examined the emergence of the adult forms of these same male sociosexual behavioral patterns when the lesions are made prior to puberty. The subjects were allowed to interact with male peers during development. Animals with lesions had reduced frequence of juvenile mounting and an almost total absence of male copulatory activity in adulthood. Urine-marking and aggressive behavior in the juvenile and adult periods were not affected by the lesions. The findings reveal a sparing of function with regard to urine-marking but not sexual behavior.", "PMID": 573288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10529", "title": "Catecholamine depletion in mice upon reexposure to stress: mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock.", "content": "Immediately following exposure to 60 inescapable shocks, Swiss-Webster mice had significantly reduced hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE). Within 24 hr NE levels returned to control values. Reexposure to as few as 10 shocks 24 hr after initial stress exposure resulted in a significant decline of hypothalamic NE. Moreover, at this interval after inescapable shock, escape performance was severely disrupted, with a large proportion of mice exhibiting numerous failures to escape shock. Increasing brain dopamine (DA) and NE by L-dopa treatment prior to inescapable shock prevented the escape deficits. Conversely, pairing five inescapable shocks with NE depletion by FLA-63, or both DA and NE depletion by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, disrupted escape performance 24 hr later. Residual drug effects, state dependence, or sustained amine turnover could not account for the behavioral changes observed. Data are discussed in terms of catecholamine mediation of escape performance through variations in response maintenance abilities. Furthermore, it is suggested that the long-term effects of inescapable shock may be due to sensitization effects or conditioned amine depletion.", "contents": "Catecholamine depletion in mice upon reexposure to stress: mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock. Immediately following exposure to 60 inescapable shocks, Swiss-Webster mice had significantly reduced hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE). Within 24 hr NE levels returned to control values. Reexposure to as few as 10 shocks 24 hr after initial stress exposure resulted in a significant decline of hypothalamic NE. Moreover, at this interval after inescapable shock, escape performance was severely disrupted, with a large proportion of mice exhibiting numerous failures to escape shock. Increasing brain dopamine (DA) and NE by L-dopa treatment prior to inescapable shock prevented the escape deficits. Conversely, pairing five inescapable shocks with NE depletion by FLA-63, or both DA and NE depletion by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, disrupted escape performance 24 hr later. Residual drug effects, state dependence, or sustained amine turnover could not account for the behavioral changes observed. Data are discussed in terms of catecholamine mediation of escape performance through variations in response maintenance abilities. Furthermore, it is suggested that the long-term effects of inescapable shock may be due to sensitization effects or conditioned amine depletion.", "PMID": 573289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10530", "title": "Prelordotic behavior in the hamster: a hormonally modulated transition from aggression to sexual receptivity.", "content": "The behavioral responses of the female golden hamster to a sexually experienced male were analyzed as a function of the stage of the female's estrous cycle. Exogenous estradiol or estradiol followed by progesterone was given to ovariectomized females to determine the role of these hormones in the regulation of cyclic changes in the female's response to the male. Females were paired on a daily basis with sexually active males for 10 min, and behavioral interactions were recorded. Significantly more fighting occurred during early diestrus than later in the cycle. During the 24 hr preceding sexual receptivity, fighting was infrequent. BY 8 HR PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY, 86% OF THE POPULATION EXHIBITED A BEHAVIOR RESEMBLING THE ONSET OF LORDOSIS WITHOUT IMMOBILIZATION (PRELORDOSIS). Following ovariectomy fighting was at a high level (80%--90%). Estradiol replacement, over a 28-day test period, resulted in a significant decrease in aggression and a significant increase in the display of the prelordotic response without inducing lordosis. Initially, the treatment with progesterone following 7 days of estradiol treatment caused the female to display lordosis. After 24 hr a significant increase in aggression, which continued as long as progesterone was present, was observed. After removal of progesterone a significant decrease in aggression occurred. Thus, estradiol causes the female to become tolerant of the male's approach, the female exhibiting prelordosis in response to the male's investigation. Estradiol and progesterone are necessary for normal sexual receptivity; however, after 24 hr, estrogen-progesterone-treated females become agonistic to the male.", "contents": "Prelordotic behavior in the hamster: a hormonally modulated transition from aggression to sexual receptivity. The behavioral responses of the female golden hamster to a sexually experienced male were analyzed as a function of the stage of the female's estrous cycle. Exogenous estradiol or estradiol followed by progesterone was given to ovariectomized females to determine the role of these hormones in the regulation of cyclic changes in the female's response to the male. Females were paired on a daily basis with sexually active males for 10 min, and behavioral interactions were recorded. Significantly more fighting occurred during early diestrus than later in the cycle. During the 24 hr preceding sexual receptivity, fighting was infrequent. BY 8 HR PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY, 86% OF THE POPULATION EXHIBITED A BEHAVIOR RESEMBLING THE ONSET OF LORDOSIS WITHOUT IMMOBILIZATION (PRELORDOSIS). Following ovariectomy fighting was at a high level (80%--90%). Estradiol replacement, over a 28-day test period, resulted in a significant decrease in aggression and a significant increase in the display of the prelordotic response without inducing lordosis. Initially, the treatment with progesterone following 7 days of estradiol treatment caused the female to display lordosis. After 24 hr a significant increase in aggression, which continued as long as progesterone was present, was observed. After removal of progesterone a significant decrease in aggression occurred. Thus, estradiol causes the female to become tolerant of the male's approach, the female exhibiting prelordosis in response to the male's investigation. Estradiol and progesterone are necessary for normal sexual receptivity; however, after 24 hr, estrogen-progesterone-treated females become agonistic to the male.", "PMID": 573290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10531", "title": "The molecular size of adenylate cyclase in the absence and presence of nucleotide and hormone effectors.", "content": "The molecular size of adenylate cyclase solubilized from frog erythrocyte membranes by digitonin extraction has been determined by chromatography on Sepharose 6B. Regardless of whether the membranes are exposed to catecholamines, GPP(NH)P, NaF or no effector prior to solubilization, the apparent molecular size of the adenylate cyclase enzyme is the same. Furthermore, a similar elution profile for the enzyme is observed when the catalytic activity in the eluates is measured in the presence of Mn++, rather than Mg++. Since it is generally assumed that the persistent activation of adenylate cyclase by GPP(NH)P requires interaction of the catalytic moiety with the guanine nucleotide regulatory site, it appears that the adenylate cyclase activity detected in the column eluates represents an intact catalytic-regulatory site complex. The adenylate cyclase activity derived from catecholamine pretreated frog erythrocyte membranes does not co-elute with catecholamine-occupied beta-adrenergic receptors, indicating that the agonist-promoted increase in apparent receptor size observed here and in earlier studies does not represent a physical coupling of the receptor and the adenylate cyclase enzyme.", "contents": "The molecular size of adenylate cyclase in the absence and presence of nucleotide and hormone effectors. The molecular size of adenylate cyclase solubilized from frog erythrocyte membranes by digitonin extraction has been determined by chromatography on Sepharose 6B. Regardless of whether the membranes are exposed to catecholamines, GPP(NH)P, NaF or no effector prior to solubilization, the apparent molecular size of the adenylate cyclase enzyme is the same. Furthermore, a similar elution profile for the enzyme is observed when the catalytic activity in the eluates is measured in the presence of Mn++, rather than Mg++. Since it is generally assumed that the persistent activation of adenylate cyclase by GPP(NH)P requires interaction of the catalytic moiety with the guanine nucleotide regulatory site, it appears that the adenylate cyclase activity detected in the column eluates represents an intact catalytic-regulatory site complex. The adenylate cyclase activity derived from catecholamine pretreated frog erythrocyte membranes does not co-elute with catecholamine-occupied beta-adrenergic receptors, indicating that the agonist-promoted increase in apparent receptor size observed here and in earlier studies does not represent a physical coupling of the receptor and the adenylate cyclase enzyme.", "PMID": 573291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10532", "title": "Cook/chill foodservice systems. Predicting cooling time of a ground beef entr\u00e9e chilled in bulk.", "content": "Mathematical formulas which incorporate thermal properties of the food, geometry of the food mass, and process conditions during cooling were used to predict the time required for a cooked ground beef product chilled in bulk to cool to 45 degrees F. (7 degrees C.). Formulas predicted cooling time within 36 min. (11 per cent) of the actual cooling time. For widespread application, additional information on thermal properties of entr\u00e9e products of the type served in foodservice operations needs to be obtained.", "contents": "Cook/chill foodservice systems. Predicting cooling time of a ground beef entr\u00e9e chilled in bulk. Mathematical formulas which incorporate thermal properties of the food, geometry of the food mass, and process conditions during cooling were used to predict the time required for a cooked ground beef product chilled in bulk to cool to 45 degrees F. (7 degrees C.). Formulas predicted cooling time within 36 min. (11 per cent) of the actual cooling time. For widespread application, additional information on thermal properties of entr\u00e9e products of the type served in foodservice operations needs to be obtained.", "PMID": 573293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10533", "title": "[The effects of oral contraceptives on the cytology of the inferior segment of the female urethra].", "content": "The examination of urethral smears of women with different contraceptive agents shows the presence -- in 20 p. 100 of cases -- of very high rates of columnar cells compared with reference smears; with these first smears, the superficial columnar cells and bare nuclei in degeneration increase compared with underlying columnar cells. The presence of the columnar cells is followed by disappearance of the clusters of squamous cells and therefore the cytohormonal interpretation of these smears is difficult. The most frequent cellular modifications consist of squamous parakeratosis and squamous or columnar anisocytosis. Some hypothesis are given.", "contents": "[The effects of oral contraceptives on the cytology of the inferior segment of the female urethra]. The examination of urethral smears of women with different contraceptive agents shows the presence -- in 20 p. 100 of cases -- of very high rates of columnar cells compared with reference smears; with these first smears, the superficial columnar cells and bare nuclei in degeneration increase compared with underlying columnar cells. The presence of the columnar cells is followed by disappearance of the clusters of squamous cells and therefore the cytohormonal interpretation of these smears is difficult. The most frequent cellular modifications consist of squamous parakeratosis and squamous or columnar anisocytosis. Some hypothesis are given.", "PMID": 573295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10534", "title": "[Incidence of antispermatozoidal antibodies in the serum of fertile women (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a simple and reproducible-microagglutination technique for the detection of antispermatozoa antibodies. A positive reaction is detected in 2 p. 100 of women with a normal fertility (12/516), in 10 p. 100 of pregnant women (4/40) and in 32.5 p. 100 of patients with recurrent abortions. There is no relation between anti-HLA antibodies and the sperm agglutinating activity of a serum.", "contents": "[Incidence of antispermatozoidal antibodies in the serum of fertile women (author's transl)]. The authors describe a simple and reproducible-microagglutination technique for the detection of antispermatozoa antibodies. A positive reaction is detected in 2 p. 100 of women with a normal fertility (12/516), in 10 p. 100 of pregnant women (4/40) and in 32.5 p. 100 of patients with recurrent abortions. There is no relation between anti-HLA antibodies and the sperm agglutinating activity of a serum.", "PMID": 573296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10535", "title": "[Intra-uterine gestational age. The value of calcification of dental crowns (author's transl)].", "content": "Calcification in the first decidual molar tooth first appears at the 33-34th week of gestation; and the second at the 36-37th week. It is therefore a stable and precise index of gestational age. It can be estimated in over two-thirds of films of the intra-uterine contents chosen at random. The search for this sign can complement or take the place of looking for epiphyseal centres in the knee. It gives information about gestational age in pathological conditions where bony maturation is abnormal.", "contents": "[Intra-uterine gestational age. The value of calcification of dental crowns (author's transl)]. Calcification in the first decidual molar tooth first appears at the 33-34th week of gestation; and the second at the 36-37th week. It is therefore a stable and precise index of gestational age. It can be estimated in over two-thirds of films of the intra-uterine contents chosen at random. The search for this sign can complement or take the place of looking for epiphyseal centres in the knee. It gives information about gestational age in pathological conditions where bony maturation is abnormal.", "PMID": 573297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10536", "title": "Ultrastructural characteristics of freeze-dried smooth muscle.", "content": "The rapid freezing and vacuum dehydration of tissue has been employed to study the intracellular distribution of diffusible substances at the electron microscopic level. Hower, the ultrastructural detail of freeze-dried tissue is difficult to retain. Consequently, the ultrastructural preservation of freeze-dried smooth muscle has not been sufficient to permit satisfactorily definition of intracellular organelles. Therefore, determinations of the intracellular distribution of soluble ions have not been achieved in freeze-dried smooth muscle. In this study a freeze drying method is presented which provides more satisfactory definition of intracellular organelles than has been available in the past. Using this merens have been preserved. When these muscles are compared to convention preparer of surface vesicles that are observed, and the mitochondria are extremely electron opaque in the freeze-dried tissue. The smooth muscles which have been examined do not have the inherent contrast of other types of tissue nor do they contain the different types of mitochondria that have been observed in nonmuscle tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characteristics of freeze-dried smooth muscle. The rapid freezing and vacuum dehydration of tissue has been employed to study the intracellular distribution of diffusible substances at the electron microscopic level. Hower, the ultrastructural detail of freeze-dried tissue is difficult to retain. Consequently, the ultrastructural preservation of freeze-dried smooth muscle has not been sufficient to permit satisfactorily definition of intracellular organelles. Therefore, determinations of the intracellular distribution of soluble ions have not been achieved in freeze-dried smooth muscle. In this study a freeze drying method is presented which provides more satisfactory definition of intracellular organelles than has been available in the past. Using this merens have been preserved. When these muscles are compared to convention preparer of surface vesicles that are observed, and the mitochondria are extremely electron opaque in the freeze-dried tissue. The smooth muscles which have been examined do not have the inherent contrast of other types of tissue nor do they contain the different types of mitochondria that have been observed in nonmuscle tissue.", "PMID": 573299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10537", "title": "Early ultrastructural changes in the cerebral cortex of rat during ischemia.", "content": "The conducted investigation of the cerebral cortex of the rat during different survival periods following reduction in the cerebral circulation demonstrated an early occurence of ischemic changes characterized by different states of nerve and glial cells. The largest group was made up of neurons of deeper layers exhibiting reactive state of the nucleus and nucleolus and signs of chromatolysis in the cytoplasm. A less common pathology was represented by \"dark\" type changes observed in small stellate and pyramidal neurons of superficial layers. Changes of glial units manifested mainly as swelling and partial melting. The changes observed in neurons are indicative of variability of neurons of superficial and deep layers in sensitivity as well as of different mechanisms underlying structural regulation of cell metabolism and ensuring its optimum level and organization for each functional state.", "contents": "Early ultrastructural changes in the cerebral cortex of rat during ischemia. The conducted investigation of the cerebral cortex of the rat during different survival periods following reduction in the cerebral circulation demonstrated an early occurence of ischemic changes characterized by different states of nerve and glial cells. The largest group was made up of neurons of deeper layers exhibiting reactive state of the nucleus and nucleolus and signs of chromatolysis in the cytoplasm. A less common pathology was represented by \"dark\" type changes observed in small stellate and pyramidal neurons of superficial layers. Changes of glial units manifested mainly as swelling and partial melting. The changes observed in neurons are indicative of variability of neurons of superficial and deep layers in sensitivity as well as of different mechanisms underlying structural regulation of cell metabolism and ensuring its optimum level and organization for each functional state.", "PMID": 573300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10538", "title": "Characterization of human breast milk macrophages cytostatic for human cell lines.", "content": "Approximately 40% of the cells in human early lactation milk possessed the characteristics of macrophages, being adherent, phagocytic, alpha napthyl acetate esterase positive, and possessing C3b and Fc receptors. These cells were also cytostatic for MDA 157, a cell line derived from a pleural effusion of human breast cancer, and HEL 23, a strain of human fetal lung fibroblasts. Investigations into the cytostatic phenomenon indicated that the cytostasis could not be mediated by macrophage-conditioned medium and that very close contact between breast milk macrophages and target cells was required. Cytostasis was not fully effective until 18 hr after the initial interaction between macrophages and target cells.", "contents": "Characterization of human breast milk macrophages cytostatic for human cell lines. Approximately 40% of the cells in human early lactation milk possessed the characteristics of macrophages, being adherent, phagocytic, alpha napthyl acetate esterase positive, and possessing C3b and Fc receptors. These cells were also cytostatic for MDA 157, a cell line derived from a pleural effusion of human breast cancer, and HEL 23, a strain of human fetal lung fibroblasts. Investigations into the cytostatic phenomenon indicated that the cytostasis could not be mediated by macrophage-conditioned medium and that very close contact between breast milk macrophages and target cells was required. Cytostasis was not fully effective until 18 hr after the initial interaction between macrophages and target cells.", "PMID": 573301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10539", "title": "Role of L-alanine in the response of human lymphocytes to PHA and Con A.", "content": "The response of umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL) to PHA and Con A is strongly dependent upon the presence of dialyzable plasma components. The impaired response of human cells in the presence of dialyzed human plasma was restored by calf thymus extract. In the present experiments we have further purified calf thymus extract by means of paper electrophoresis and chromatography on thin-layer cellulose plates. We reached the conclusion that the active material in this model is a single amino acid, alanine. When the different isomeric forms of alanine were tested, we found that L-alanine is the only biologically active material. In addition, we have observed here that the allogeneic response of UCBL is also dependent upon the presence of dialyzable plasma components. This impaired allogeneic response of UCBL in the presence of DHP was restored by addition of L-alanine. The present findings suggest that, under in vitro conditions, for human cells to respond to mitogenic or allogeneic stimulation L-alanine is essential.", "contents": "Role of L-alanine in the response of human lymphocytes to PHA and Con A. The response of umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL) to PHA and Con A is strongly dependent upon the presence of dialyzable plasma components. The impaired response of human cells in the presence of dialyzed human plasma was restored by calf thymus extract. In the present experiments we have further purified calf thymus extract by means of paper electrophoresis and chromatography on thin-layer cellulose plates. We reached the conclusion that the active material in this model is a single amino acid, alanine. When the different isomeric forms of alanine were tested, we found that L-alanine is the only biologically active material. In addition, we have observed here that the allogeneic response of UCBL is also dependent upon the presence of dialyzable plasma components. This impaired allogeneic response of UCBL in the presence of DHP was restored by addition of L-alanine. The present findings suggest that, under in vitro conditions, for human cells to respond to mitogenic or allogeneic stimulation L-alanine is essential.", "PMID": 573302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10540", "title": "The specification of metameric order in the insect Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera). I. Incomplete segment patterns can result from constriction-induced cytological damage to the egg.", "content": "Eggs of the pea-beetle Callosobruchus were divided into two at different stages of development. Both fragments were allowed to develop into partial larvae. The segment patterns of normal and partial larvae are described using cuticular markers of cell differentiation. To study the contribution of cytological damage to the segment gap phenomenon three different types of constriction were performed: complete and incomplete permanent constriction and complete temporary constriction. Changes in the structure of the egg can produce absence of segments resulting from two different effects. First, partial absence of segments results from a decreased egg circumference in the constriction region and involves the disturbance of a morphogenetic process (dorsal closure). Secondly, cytological damage can result in a gap between two arrays of segments. The loss of segments in the gap occurred in two different ways. In a spatial segment gap the two arrays of segments were physically discontinuous, whereas in a non-spatial gap the segments bordering the gap were juxtaposed in a physically continuous cuticle. The extent to which the gap phenomenon can be attributed to cytological damage is discussed. We also discuss, on the basis of certain dorsal defects, a possible stepwise specification of the dorsal transverse cuticular pattern.", "contents": "The specification of metameric order in the insect Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera). I. Incomplete segment patterns can result from constriction-induced cytological damage to the egg. Eggs of the pea-beetle Callosobruchus were divided into two at different stages of development. Both fragments were allowed to develop into partial larvae. The segment patterns of normal and partial larvae are described using cuticular markers of cell differentiation. To study the contribution of cytological damage to the segment gap phenomenon three different types of constriction were performed: complete and incomplete permanent constriction and complete temporary constriction. Changes in the structure of the egg can produce absence of segments resulting from two different effects. First, partial absence of segments results from a decreased egg circumference in the constriction region and involves the disturbance of a morphogenetic process (dorsal closure). Secondly, cytological damage can result in a gap between two arrays of segments. The loss of segments in the gap occurred in two different ways. In a spatial segment gap the two arrays of segments were physically discontinuous, whereas in a non-spatial gap the segments bordering the gap were juxtaposed in a physically continuous cuticle. The extent to which the gap phenomenon can be attributed to cytological damage is discussed. We also discuss, on the basis of certain dorsal defects, a possible stepwise specification of the dorsal transverse cuticular pattern.", "PMID": 573305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10541", "title": "Changes in protein synthesis during the development of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Patterns of protein synthesis during the development of Xenopus were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Up to the end of the blastula stage we find no newly synthesized proteins which are not already made in the oocyte. The first new proteins are seen during gastrulation, and they increase in number during neurulation. Some of these are restricted to the 'ectodermal' region, and some to the 'endodermal' region of embryos divided into two parts. These new, region-specific proteins include alpha-actin. When the oocyte matures the number of detectable newly synthesized proteins decreases, reaching a minimum in the unfertilized egg. Some, such as beta- and gamma-actin, re-appear at the end of cleavage. This could not be shown to be a recovery artifact. The relation of the total mRNA to these changes in protein synthesis was studied by translation in the lysed reticulocyte cell-free system. The mRNAs that code for oocyte proteins that cease synthesis in the unfertilized egg and re-appear in blastulae are nevertheless detectable in total RNA made from eggs. These proteins therefore seem to cease and resume synthesis through translational control. mRNAs for new proteins first appear after gastrulation, just when these proteins are first detected in vivo. This strongly suggests, though it does not prove, that new gene activity is involved. It is therefore likely that region-specific gene activity is already present by the gastrula stage of development, and has an impact on the most abundant kinds of proteins made in the embryo.", "contents": "Changes in protein synthesis during the development of Xenopus laevis. Patterns of protein synthesis during the development of Xenopus were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Up to the end of the blastula stage we find no newly synthesized proteins which are not already made in the oocyte. The first new proteins are seen during gastrulation, and they increase in number during neurulation. Some of these are restricted to the 'ectodermal' region, and some to the 'endodermal' region of embryos divided into two parts. These new, region-specific proteins include alpha-actin. When the oocyte matures the number of detectable newly synthesized proteins decreases, reaching a minimum in the unfertilized egg. Some, such as beta- and gamma-actin, re-appear at the end of cleavage. This could not be shown to be a recovery artifact. The relation of the total mRNA to these changes in protein synthesis was studied by translation in the lysed reticulocyte cell-free system. The mRNAs that code for oocyte proteins that cease synthesis in the unfertilized egg and re-appear in blastulae are nevertheless detectable in total RNA made from eggs. These proteins therefore seem to cease and resume synthesis through translational control. mRNAs for new proteins first appear after gastrulation, just when these proteins are first detected in vivo. This strongly suggests, though it does not prove, that new gene activity is involved. It is therefore likely that region-specific gene activity is already present by the gastrula stage of development, and has an impact on the most abundant kinds of proteins made in the embryo.", "PMID": 573306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10542", "title": "Cyclic changes in the cortical layer of non-nucleated fragments of the newt's egg.", "content": "Various changes in the cortical layer of the amphibian egg have been observed during cleavage; for example, rounding up in the animal hemisphere, increase in stiffness of the surface and reactivity of the cortex to furrow-inducing cytoplasmic components. The three kinds of change occur synchronously with the cleavage cycle. The present experiments were aimed at determining whether the above changes in the cortical layer are caused exclusively by the nucleus or autonomously by the cytoplasm. Uncleaved fertilized eggs of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, were divided into two parts, one nucleated and one non-nucleated, by cutting with a fine glass needle. Special attention was paid to the behaviour of the non-nucleated fragments, where the above-mentioned changes were also observed. The cycle of these changes did not necessarily start synchronously with the cleavage cycle of the nucleated partner, but, once started, the rhythm of both cycles had almost the same timing. These results suggest that some change in the cortex necessary for cleavage furrow formation in the amphibian egg is brought about by cyclic change in the cytoplasm, independently of the nucleus.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in the cortical layer of non-nucleated fragments of the newt's egg. Various changes in the cortical layer of the amphibian egg have been observed during cleavage; for example, rounding up in the animal hemisphere, increase in stiffness of the surface and reactivity of the cortex to furrow-inducing cytoplasmic components. The three kinds of change occur synchronously with the cleavage cycle. The present experiments were aimed at determining whether the above changes in the cortical layer are caused exclusively by the nucleus or autonomously by the cytoplasm. Uncleaved fertilized eggs of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, were divided into two parts, one nucleated and one non-nucleated, by cutting with a fine glass needle. Special attention was paid to the behaviour of the non-nucleated fragments, where the above-mentioned changes were also observed. The cycle of these changes did not necessarily start synchronously with the cleavage cycle of the nucleated partner, but, once started, the rhythm of both cycles had almost the same timing. These results suggest that some change in the cortex necessary for cleavage furrow formation in the amphibian egg is brought about by cyclic change in the cytoplasm, independently of the nucleus.", "PMID": 573307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10543", "title": "[Familial translocation 22/Y and partial autosomal trisomy in a young girl].", "content": "Report on a translocation t(22;Y)(q12;p 13) with conservation of the NOR in normal members from 2 generations of a family. The proposita has in addition a small autosomal duplication, probably (1)(q44-ter) which could explain her mental deficiency.", "contents": "[Familial translocation 22/Y and partial autosomal trisomy in a young girl]. Report on a translocation t(22;Y)(q12;p 13) with conservation of the NOR in normal members from 2 generations of a family. The proposita has in addition a small autosomal duplication, probably (1)(q44-ter) which could explain her mental deficiency.", "PMID": 573310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10544", "title": "Day and night rhythms in the methylation of N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol in the pineal gland of males rats of different ages.", "content": "Next to a night rhythm of the methylation of N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol the presence of a daytime rhythm could also be established. Rhythmicity was studied in May during the night and in June during daytime in 21, 42 and 70 days old male Wistar rats. In 21 days old rats, moderate HIOMT activity was observed from 12 p.m.--4 a.m. In rats aged 42 and 70 days HIOMT activity was increased showing a peak at 4 a.m. In September this night maximum is observed at 12 p.m. in rats, aged 42 days. This points to the presence of a seasonal change in HIOMT rhythmicity during the night. During daytime a moderate HIOMT activity is present, which reaches a maximum at 2 p.m. in the 21 and 42 day old animals, while in the adult 70 days old rats activity starts to increase at 2 p.m. probably reaching a maximum at 6 p.m.", "contents": "Day and night rhythms in the methylation of N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol in the pineal gland of males rats of different ages. Next to a night rhythm of the methylation of N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol the presence of a daytime rhythm could also be established. Rhythmicity was studied in May during the night and in June during daytime in 21, 42 and 70 days old male Wistar rats. In 21 days old rats, moderate HIOMT activity was observed from 12 p.m.--4 a.m. In rats aged 42 and 70 days HIOMT activity was increased showing a peak at 4 a.m. In September this night maximum is observed at 12 p.m. in rats, aged 42 days. This points to the presence of a seasonal change in HIOMT rhythmicity during the night. During daytime a moderate HIOMT activity is present, which reaches a maximum at 2 p.m. in the 21 and 42 day old animals, while in the adult 70 days old rats activity starts to increase at 2 p.m. probably reaching a maximum at 6 p.m.", "PMID": 573311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10545", "title": "Cutaneous masking. I. Psychophysical observations on interactions of multipoint stimuli in man.", "content": "1. Psychophysical masking of cutaneous sensation at the locus of punctate test stimulation has been quantitatively examined with phasic mechanical and brief air-pulse stimuli using a conditioning-test stimulus paradigm. 2. Masking was maximal at the minimal interstimulus distance effective with this paradigm, varies inversely with interstimulus distance, and is demonstrable with the conditioning and test stimuli up to 10 cm apart on the forearm. 3. The degree of masking was found to be a direct function of the relative intensity of the conditioning stimulus with respect to the test stimulus. 4. Variations in the interstimulus interval permitted an investigation of the temporal features of cutaneous masking. It was detectable from 10 ms before to 70 ms after conditioning stimulation. Maximum masking occurred when the test stimulus was delivered about 10 ms following conditioning stimulus onset. 5. We also noted the much less marked, but still significant, enhancement phenomenon, in which weak conditioning stimuli, at just-threshold intensity levels, lowered the detection threshold for sensation at the test stimulus locus. We found this enhancement of sensation to have the same spatial distribution as did masking, but a much reduced time course. It began with the test stimulus presented simultaneously with the conditioning stimulus, peaked with 10--15 ms interstimulus intervals, but decayed in less than 40 ms. 6. Since psychophysical experiments often form the framework for the understanding of physiologic processes, it is suggested that these behavioral determinations of enhancement and masking may be correlated with the electrophysiologic properties of excitation and inhibition in neurons of the major primary somatic pathways of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Cutaneous masking. I. Psychophysical observations on interactions of multipoint stimuli in man. 1. Psychophysical masking of cutaneous sensation at the locus of punctate test stimulation has been quantitatively examined with phasic mechanical and brief air-pulse stimuli using a conditioning-test stimulus paradigm. 2. Masking was maximal at the minimal interstimulus distance effective with this paradigm, varies inversely with interstimulus distance, and is demonstrable with the conditioning and test stimuli up to 10 cm apart on the forearm. 3. The degree of masking was found to be a direct function of the relative intensity of the conditioning stimulus with respect to the test stimulus. 4. Variations in the interstimulus interval permitted an investigation of the temporal features of cutaneous masking. It was detectable from 10 ms before to 70 ms after conditioning stimulation. Maximum masking occurred when the test stimulus was delivered about 10 ms following conditioning stimulus onset. 5. We also noted the much less marked, but still significant, enhancement phenomenon, in which weak conditioning stimuli, at just-threshold intensity levels, lowered the detection threshold for sensation at the test stimulus locus. We found this enhancement of sensation to have the same spatial distribution as did masking, but a much reduced time course. It began with the test stimulus presented simultaneously with the conditioning stimulus, peaked with 10--15 ms interstimulus intervals, but decayed in less than 40 ms. 6. Since psychophysical experiments often form the framework for the understanding of physiologic processes, it is suggested that these behavioral determinations of enhancement and masking may be correlated with the electrophysiologic properties of excitation and inhibition in neurons of the major primary somatic pathways of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 573312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10546", "title": "Pneumonectomy in infants and children: the use of a prosthesis to prevent mediastinal shift and its complications.", "content": "Twenty cases of pneumonectomy in infants and children performed over a 35-yr period have been reviewed. Pneumonectomy may be necessary for inflammatory, congenital, neoplastic, and traumatic conditions. The postoperative complications of progressive mediastinal shift can be minimized by the use of a pleural prosthesis.", "contents": "Pneumonectomy in infants and children: the use of a prosthesis to prevent mediastinal shift and its complications. Twenty cases of pneumonectomy in infants and children performed over a 35-yr period have been reviewed. Pneumonectomy may be necessary for inflammatory, congenital, neoplastic, and traumatic conditions. The postoperative complications of progressive mediastinal shift can be minimized by the use of a pleural prosthesis.", "PMID": 573315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10547", "title": "Synergistic actions of propantheline bromide with cimetidine and thiopropazate hydrochloride in the prevention of stress ulcer formation in rats.", "content": "The effects of propantheline bromide (PB), cimetidine (CM) and thiopropazate hydrochloride (TP) on the course of stress ulcer formation were investigated. Gastric ulcers were induced by subjecting rats to forced exertion. Intragastric administration of PB, CM or TP produced dose-dependent inhibition of gastric ulceration with parallel dose-response curves. PB was found to be 10 times more potent than TP and 44 times more potent than CM. Administration of subtherapeutic doses of PB and TP in combination produced significant synergistic antiulcer activity. Similarly, PB significantly potentiated the antiulcer actions of CM. However, TP in combination with CM showed no more than simple additive effects. The basis for these enhanced antiulcer activities is not fully understood, but they may be related to suppression by PB of one or more factors in the pathophysiology of stress ulcer formation separate from those affected by TP and CM. This finding supports the concept that a combination of anticholinergic drugs with either histamine H2 antagonists or with tranquilizers may be very useful in the prevention of stress ulcer disease in man.", "contents": "Synergistic actions of propantheline bromide with cimetidine and thiopropazate hydrochloride in the prevention of stress ulcer formation in rats. The effects of propantheline bromide (PB), cimetidine (CM) and thiopropazate hydrochloride (TP) on the course of stress ulcer formation were investigated. Gastric ulcers were induced by subjecting rats to forced exertion. Intragastric administration of PB, CM or TP produced dose-dependent inhibition of gastric ulceration with parallel dose-response curves. PB was found to be 10 times more potent than TP and 44 times more potent than CM. Administration of subtherapeutic doses of PB and TP in combination produced significant synergistic antiulcer activity. Similarly, PB significantly potentiated the antiulcer actions of CM. However, TP in combination with CM showed no more than simple additive effects. The basis for these enhanced antiulcer activities is not fully understood, but they may be related to suppression by PB of one or more factors in the pathophysiology of stress ulcer formation separate from those affected by TP and CM. This finding supports the concept that a combination of anticholinergic drugs with either histamine H2 antagonists or with tranquilizers may be very useful in the prevention of stress ulcer disease in man.", "PMID": 573317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10548", "title": "Effects of oestrous cycle and exogenous ovarian steroids on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat lung.", "content": "1. The metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in homogenates of lung and in perfused isolated lungs, was measured, using [14C]5-HT, over the 4-day oestrous cycle in rats. 2. In lung homogenates, 5-HT metabolism (reflecting monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity) was greater during met-oestrus than during the rest of the cycle. 3. In homogenates, the apparent Km for MAO activity was lowest during met-oestrus whereas the, Vmax value was highest during di-oestrus. 4. In perfused lungs, 5-HT metabolism and uptake was greater during pro-oestrus than during met-oestrus. 5. In lung homogenates prepared from female rats treated with 17 beta-oestradiol or progesterone for 8 days, the metabolism of 5-HT was increased. 6. We conclude that although the lung is not usually considered a target organ for ovarian hormones, its metabolic activity is affected by changes in the levels of endogenous or exogenous ovarian steroids, an effect comparable with those already observed in uterus, ovary and other more commonly accepted target organs.", "contents": "Effects of oestrous cycle and exogenous ovarian steroids on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat lung. 1. The metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in homogenates of lung and in perfused isolated lungs, was measured, using [14C]5-HT, over the 4-day oestrous cycle in rats. 2. In lung homogenates, 5-HT metabolism (reflecting monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity) was greater during met-oestrus than during the rest of the cycle. 3. In homogenates, the apparent Km for MAO activity was lowest during met-oestrus whereas the, Vmax value was highest during di-oestrus. 4. In perfused lungs, 5-HT metabolism and uptake was greater during pro-oestrus than during met-oestrus. 5. In lung homogenates prepared from female rats treated with 17 beta-oestradiol or progesterone for 8 days, the metabolism of 5-HT was increased. 6. We conclude that although the lung is not usually considered a target organ for ovarian hormones, its metabolic activity is affected by changes in the levels of endogenous or exogenous ovarian steroids, an effect comparable with those already observed in uterus, ovary and other more commonly accepted target organs.", "PMID": 573318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10549", "title": "Effect of PGF-2 alpha on serum progesterone levels in the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "Induction of some oestrous phenomena was achieved. Treatment with 25 mg PGF-2 alpha cuased mucous discharge, within 48-72 h after injection, which lasted for 4-5 days. Rectal palpation indicated rapid regression of the CL, and in 9 treatments of 6 buffaloes serum progesterone levels declined from 1.76 +/- 0.01 (s.d.) ng/ml before treatment to less than 0.25 ng/ml within 24 h after injection. Concentrations increased at about Day 11 and reached a peak of 1.78 +/- 0.62 ng/ml on Day 18.50 +/- 2.45.", "contents": "Effect of PGF-2 alpha on serum progesterone levels in the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Induction of some oestrous phenomena was achieved. Treatment with 25 mg PGF-2 alpha cuased mucous discharge, within 48-72 h after injection, which lasted for 4-5 days. Rectal palpation indicated rapid regression of the CL, and in 9 treatments of 6 buffaloes serum progesterone levels declined from 1.76 +/- 0.01 (s.d.) ng/ml before treatment to less than 0.25 ng/ml within 24 h after injection. Concentrations increased at about Day 11 and reached a peak of 1.78 +/- 0.62 ng/ml on Day 18.50 +/- 2.45.", "PMID": 573322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10550", "title": "The effects of oestradiol benzoate, progesterone, relaxin and ovariectomy on cervical extensibility in the late pregnant rat.", "content": "Cervical extensibility increased from Day 16 to term in the pregnant rat. Following ovariectomy on Day 16 of pregnancy the cervix became as inextensible by Day 20 as that of non-pregnant animals. Fetal growth was maintained in rats ovariectomized on Day 16 if given oestradiol benzoate plus progesterone but cervical extensibility only increased to a small extent. Relaxin given to these animals further increased cervical extensibility, suggesting a role for this hormone.", "contents": "The effects of oestradiol benzoate, progesterone, relaxin and ovariectomy on cervical extensibility in the late pregnant rat. Cervical extensibility increased from Day 16 to term in the pregnant rat. Following ovariectomy on Day 16 of pregnancy the cervix became as inextensible by Day 20 as that of non-pregnant animals. Fetal growth was maintained in rats ovariectomized on Day 16 if given oestradiol benzoate plus progesterone but cervical extensibility only increased to a small extent. Relaxin given to these animals further increased cervical extensibility, suggesting a role for this hormone.", "PMID": 573323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10551", "title": "Enhanced and co-ordinated movement of the hamster oviduct during the periovulatory period.", "content": "The movement of the hamster oviduct in vivo was examined after injection of a small quantity of India ink into the lowermost region of the isthmus. An active and co-ordinated movement of both the isthmus and ampulla that caused a rapid transport of the ink to the upper ampulla (and eventually to the ovarian bursa) was observed shortly before, during and within a few hours after ovulation. During the rest of the oestrous cycle, no ink was transported to the upper ampulla despite active contractile movement by the isthmus. These observations suggest that the oviduct as a whole exhibits an efficient contractile movement suited for sperm transport only during the periovulatory period.", "contents": "Enhanced and co-ordinated movement of the hamster oviduct during the periovulatory period. The movement of the hamster oviduct in vivo was examined after injection of a small quantity of India ink into the lowermost region of the isthmus. An active and co-ordinated movement of both the isthmus and ampulla that caused a rapid transport of the ink to the upper ampulla (and eventually to the ovarian bursa) was observed shortly before, during and within a few hours after ovulation. During the rest of the oestrous cycle, no ink was transported to the upper ampulla despite active contractile movement by the isthmus. These observations suggest that the oviduct as a whole exhibits an efficient contractile movement suited for sperm transport only during the periovulatory period.", "PMID": 573324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10552", "title": "In-vivo myometrial electrical activity in the cyclic mare.", "content": "Uterine electromyography was performed by means of chronically implanted surface electrodes in 3 Pony mares during spontaneous oestrous cycles and following luteolysis induced by a prostaglandin analogue (fluprostenol). Three distinct patterns were recognized during the oestrous cycle. (1) During oestrus well defined phases of activity with closely grouped high-amplitude spikes were separated by long periods (10-45 min) of complete inactivity. (2) During dioestrus more diffuse phases of activity with low-amplitude spikes were separated by variable periods of relative inactivity. (3) During luteolysis, short and frequently occurring phases of activity were propagated between the two electrodes on one uterine horn; a similar pattern also occurred between 1 and 3 h after injection of fluprostenol. Peripheral plasma progesterone, but not total inconjugated oestrogen, concentrations were closely related to characteristics of the myographic activity during the cycle. Insemination during oestrus and injection of fluprostenol during dioestrus caused a marked and prolonged increase in myometrial electrical activity. Almost any non-specific environmental stimulus, including entry by palpation of the genital tract per rectum and vaginoscopic examination, but these were of brief duration and the normal resting pattern of activity was quickly re-established after completion of the manipulations.", "contents": "In-vivo myometrial electrical activity in the cyclic mare. Uterine electromyography was performed by means of chronically implanted surface electrodes in 3 Pony mares during spontaneous oestrous cycles and following luteolysis induced by a prostaglandin analogue (fluprostenol). Three distinct patterns were recognized during the oestrous cycle. (1) During oestrus well defined phases of activity with closely grouped high-amplitude spikes were separated by long periods (10-45 min) of complete inactivity. (2) During dioestrus more diffuse phases of activity with low-amplitude spikes were separated by variable periods of relative inactivity. (3) During luteolysis, short and frequently occurring phases of activity were propagated between the two electrodes on one uterine horn; a similar pattern also occurred between 1 and 3 h after injection of fluprostenol. Peripheral plasma progesterone, but not total inconjugated oestrogen, concentrations were closely related to characteristics of the myographic activity during the cycle. Insemination during oestrus and injection of fluprostenol during dioestrus caused a marked and prolonged increase in myometrial electrical activity. Almost any non-specific environmental stimulus, including entry by palpation of the genital tract per rectum and vaginoscopic examination, but these were of brief duration and the normal resting pattern of activity was quickly re-established after completion of the manipulations.", "PMID": 573325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10553", "title": "Effect of actinomycin D on uterine prostaglandin production and oestrous cycle length in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Intrauterine, but not systemic, administration of actinomycin D on Day 10 increased oestrous cycle length in guinea-pigs. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels remained elevated during these lengthened cycles presumably because luteal life-span had been extended. Prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha production in vitro, on Day 15, by the uterus of guinea-pigs which had received intrauterine actinomycin D was much lower than control values. This decrease in PG production was not due to lack of precursor, increased metabolism, re-direction of synthesis towards PGE-2, or a direct inhibition by actinomycin D of the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGs. The effects of actinomycin D treatment were not reversed by oestradiol. It is proposed that actinomycin D prevents the increase in uterine PG synthetase levels that normally takes place after Day 11, thereby reducing uterine PGF-2 alpha synthesis and output in vivo, and resulting in luteal maintenance and longer oestrous cycles.", "contents": "Effect of actinomycin D on uterine prostaglandin production and oestrous cycle length in guinea-pigs. Intrauterine, but not systemic, administration of actinomycin D on Day 10 increased oestrous cycle length in guinea-pigs. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels remained elevated during these lengthened cycles presumably because luteal life-span had been extended. Prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha production in vitro, on Day 15, by the uterus of guinea-pigs which had received intrauterine actinomycin D was much lower than control values. This decrease in PG production was not due to lack of precursor, increased metabolism, re-direction of synthesis towards PGE-2, or a direct inhibition by actinomycin D of the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGs. The effects of actinomycin D treatment were not reversed by oestradiol. It is proposed that actinomycin D prevents the increase in uterine PG synthetase levels that normally takes place after Day 11, thereby reducing uterine PGF-2 alpha synthesis and output in vivo, and resulting in luteal maintenance and longer oestrous cycles.", "PMID": 573326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10554", "title": "Plasma oxytocin and vasopressin concentrations in response to prostaglandin injection into the pig.", "content": "A single i.m. injection of 5 mg PGF-2 alpha evoked a significant elevation of plasma oxytocin values in sows 6 days post partum and during dioestrus. Plasma vasopressin levels in dioestrous sows were not significantly affected by PGF-2 alpha. It is concluded that circulating steroid levels do not interfere with the response of oxytocin levels to PGF-2 alpha.", "contents": "Plasma oxytocin and vasopressin concentrations in response to prostaglandin injection into the pig. A single i.m. injection of 5 mg PGF-2 alpha evoked a significant elevation of plasma oxytocin values in sows 6 days post partum and during dioestrus. Plasma vasopressin levels in dioestrous sows were not significantly affected by PGF-2 alpha. It is concluded that circulating steroid levels do not interfere with the response of oxytocin levels to PGF-2 alpha.", "PMID": 573327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10555", "title": "Plasma gonadotrophins and progesterone concentrations during various degrees of underfeeding in pregnant mice.", "content": "Daily reduction of the normal (ad libitum) food consumption by as little as 35% significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) the percentage of mice with implantation sites at Days 7 and 9 of gestation. Underfeeding decreased body weight and reduced the weight of the ovaries and uterus. Plasma progesterone was decreased (P less than 0.05) as dietary intake was restricted and was associated with regression of the corpora lutea. No significant alterations in the plasma values of LH and FSH were observed in mice underfed between Days 1 and 9 of pregnancy. The decrease in plasma progesterone in the absence of reduced LH values may indicate that progesterone secretion between Days 5 and 9 of gestation is not controlled solely by LH.", "contents": "Plasma gonadotrophins and progesterone concentrations during various degrees of underfeeding in pregnant mice. Daily reduction of the normal (ad libitum) food consumption by as little as 35% significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) the percentage of mice with implantation sites at Days 7 and 9 of gestation. Underfeeding decreased body weight and reduced the weight of the ovaries and uterus. Plasma progesterone was decreased (P less than 0.05) as dietary intake was restricted and was associated with regression of the corpora lutea. No significant alterations in the plasma values of LH and FSH were observed in mice underfed between Days 1 and 9 of pregnancy. The decrease in plasma progesterone in the absence of reduced LH values may indicate that progesterone secretion between Days 5 and 9 of gestation is not controlled solely by LH.", "PMID": 573328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10556", "title": "Glucose movement into rat interine fluid.", "content": "The uterine horns of anaesthetized rats were cannulated and 2.5 ml 0.9% NaCl at 37 degrees C were recirculated for up to 90 min. Glucose appeared in the medium, reaching a concentration of approximately 1 mM. Various aspects of the transport process were examined, and it is suggested that the glucose is mainly derived from the plasma, and probably enters the uterine lumen by a process involving facilitated diffusion.", "contents": "Glucose movement into rat interine fluid. The uterine horns of anaesthetized rats were cannulated and 2.5 ml 0.9% NaCl at 37 degrees C were recirculated for up to 90 min. Glucose appeared in the medium, reaching a concentration of approximately 1 mM. Various aspects of the transport process were examined, and it is suggested that the glucose is mainly derived from the plasma, and probably enters the uterine lumen by a process involving facilitated diffusion.", "PMID": 573329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10557", "title": "LH contamination may explain FSH effects on rat Leydig cells.", "content": "Treatment of immature, hypophysectomized male rats with 50 micrograms ovine FSH (NIH-FSH-S12) twice a day for 5 days stimulated the maximum quantity of 17 beta-hydroxyandrogen produced by isolated Leydig cells in response to hCG. Pretreatment of the FSH preparation with an LH antiserum in one study markedly reduced and in another study completely abolished this stimulatory effect of FSH, but only slightly impaired the capacity of the hormone to stimulate the Sertoli cell in vivo (epididymal androgen-binding protein). Administration of another highly potent FSH preparation (LER-1881) had no discernible effects on the dose-response characteristics of the Leydig cells but was superior to the NIH-FSH-S12 in its capacity for stimulating the Sertoli cell. When all hormone preparations were tested for their ability to stimulate steroid secretion from normal Leydig cells in vitro, a close correlation was obtained between their Leydig cell-stimulating activity (a measure of LH contamination) and their capacity to alter Leydig cell responsiveness after in-vivo treatment. FSH treatment had no effects on specific LH binding per 10(6) Leydig cells. It is concluded that the stimulatory influence of FSH on rat Leydig cells may to some extent be a result of the LH contaminating the hormone preparation.", "contents": "LH contamination may explain FSH effects on rat Leydig cells. Treatment of immature, hypophysectomized male rats with 50 micrograms ovine FSH (NIH-FSH-S12) twice a day for 5 days stimulated the maximum quantity of 17 beta-hydroxyandrogen produced by isolated Leydig cells in response to hCG. Pretreatment of the FSH preparation with an LH antiserum in one study markedly reduced and in another study completely abolished this stimulatory effect of FSH, but only slightly impaired the capacity of the hormone to stimulate the Sertoli cell in vivo (epididymal androgen-binding protein). Administration of another highly potent FSH preparation (LER-1881) had no discernible effects on the dose-response characteristics of the Leydig cells but was superior to the NIH-FSH-S12 in its capacity for stimulating the Sertoli cell. When all hormone preparations were tested for their ability to stimulate steroid secretion from normal Leydig cells in vitro, a close correlation was obtained between their Leydig cell-stimulating activity (a measure of LH contamination) and their capacity to alter Leydig cell responsiveness after in-vivo treatment. FSH treatment had no effects on specific LH binding per 10(6) Leydig cells. It is concluded that the stimulatory influence of FSH on rat Leydig cells may to some extent be a result of the LH contaminating the hormone preparation.", "PMID": 573330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10558", "title": "Effect of androstenedione on the oestrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "The implantation of Silastic capsules containing androstenedione (release rate 63.2 +/- 4.4 micrograms/24 h) into 4-day cyclic rats resulted in a prolongation of the cycle (P less than 0.001), most rats showing 5-day cycles after the first, largely unaffected cycle. There was a reduction in ovulation rate (P less than 0.01) and lower serum LH levels on the morning of oestrus (P less than 0.01) but serum FSH levels were unaffected.", "contents": "Effect of androstenedione on the oestrous cycle of the rat. The implantation of Silastic capsules containing androstenedione (release rate 63.2 +/- 4.4 micrograms/24 h) into 4-day cyclic rats resulted in a prolongation of the cycle (P less than 0.001), most rats showing 5-day cycles after the first, largely unaffected cycle. There was a reduction in ovulation rate (P less than 0.01) and lower serum LH levels on the morning of oestrus (P less than 0.01) but serum FSH levels were unaffected.", "PMID": 573331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10559", "title": "The effects of serum oestrogen-binding components on the unbound oestradiol-17 beta fraction in the serum of developing female rats and on inhibition of [3H]oestradiol uptake by uterine tissue in vitro.", "content": "Total oestradiol concentrations in the serum of young female rats were high and decreased after about 21 days of age. High affinity serum oestradiol-binding components (EBP), however, fell steadily from 5 to 23 days of age while the unbound oestradiol-17 beta fraction, which was low early in development, increased between 21 and 28 days of age. Injection (i.v.) of immature (EBP-rich) oestradiol-free serum into 21-day-old female rats led to a decrease in the unbound oestradiol fraction and an increase in serum FSH concentrations. Incubation of uterine tissue with [3H]oestradiol, with or without the addition of diethylstilboestrol (DES), showed the rate and degree of total and DES-suppressible uptake of [3H]oestradiol to be greatest from buffer, less from adult (EBP-poor) serum and negligible from immature (EBP-rich) serum; moreover, there was a positive correlation between the degree of uptake of [3H]oestradiol and the unbound fraction of [3H]oestradiol in the incubate. It is concluded that, at least in young rats, oestradiol activity depends more on the availability of free oestradiol than on its total plasma concentrations.", "contents": "The effects of serum oestrogen-binding components on the unbound oestradiol-17 beta fraction in the serum of developing female rats and on inhibition of [3H]oestradiol uptake by uterine tissue in vitro. Total oestradiol concentrations in the serum of young female rats were high and decreased after about 21 days of age. High affinity serum oestradiol-binding components (EBP), however, fell steadily from 5 to 23 days of age while the unbound oestradiol-17 beta fraction, which was low early in development, increased between 21 and 28 days of age. Injection (i.v.) of immature (EBP-rich) oestradiol-free serum into 21-day-old female rats led to a decrease in the unbound oestradiol fraction and an increase in serum FSH concentrations. Incubation of uterine tissue with [3H]oestradiol, with or without the addition of diethylstilboestrol (DES), showed the rate and degree of total and DES-suppressible uptake of [3H]oestradiol to be greatest from buffer, less from adult (EBP-poor) serum and negligible from immature (EBP-rich) serum; moreover, there was a positive correlation between the degree of uptake of [3H]oestradiol and the unbound fraction of [3H]oestradiol in the incubate. It is concluded that, at least in young rats, oestradiol activity depends more on the availability of free oestradiol than on its total plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 573332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10560", "title": "[Two years feeding toxicity study of tamarind seed polysaccharide in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Tamarind seed polysaccharide (Glyloid) was incorporated at the level of 4, 8, 12% in a standard commercial diet and fed ad lib. to male and female rats for 2 years. No significant changes were noted in the behavior, mortality, body weight, food intake, biochemical analysis of urine and blood, hematological test, organ weight and histopathological findings of rats receiving Glyloid. In all groups containing control group, spontaneous diseases with aging, such as myocardial change, nephropathy, mammary tumor (in female), pituitary tumor etc., were seen. These diseases played important role as the cause of death of the dead rats.", "contents": "[Two years feeding toxicity study of tamarind seed polysaccharide in rats (author's transl)]. Tamarind seed polysaccharide (Glyloid) was incorporated at the level of 4, 8, 12% in a standard commercial diet and fed ad lib. to male and female rats for 2 years. No significant changes were noted in the behavior, mortality, body weight, food intake, biochemical analysis of urine and blood, hematological test, organ weight and histopathological findings of rats receiving Glyloid. In all groups containing control group, spontaneous diseases with aging, such as myocardial change, nephropathy, mammary tumor (in female), pituitary tumor etc., were seen. These diseases played important role as the cause of death of the dead rats.", "PMID": 573334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10561", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the female urethra.", "content": "The clinical course of 4 female patients with complete traumatic rupture of the urethra was evaluated in an effort to propose guide lines for the investigation and initial management of this unusual injury. Treatment modalities are determined by the level of urethral injury and the subsequent effect on continence. We recommend a retropubic approach for bladder neck injuries, a transvaginal approach for proximal urethral ruptures with reanastomosis over a stenting catheter and acceptance of a hypospadiac neomeatus for distal urethral ruptures.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the female urethra. The clinical course of 4 female patients with complete traumatic rupture of the urethra was evaluated in an effort to propose guide lines for the investigation and initial management of this unusual injury. Treatment modalities are determined by the level of urethral injury and the subsequent effect on continence. We recommend a retropubic approach for bladder neck injuries, a transvaginal approach for proximal urethral ruptures with reanastomosis over a stenting catheter and acceptance of a hypospadiac neomeatus for distal urethral ruptures.", "PMID": 573339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10562", "title": "[Cryo- and photocoagulation for choroidal metastases of a thyroid carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 47-year-old patient underwent surgery in 1972 for a metastasising medullary thyroid carcinoma. 4 years later he developed choroidal metastases in the left eye and then, after another 3 months, multiple small metastases appeared in the right eye. The metastases were cryo- and photocoagulated because medullary thyroid carcinoma do not respond to radiation or chemotherapy. Although the single very large metastasis in the left eye was scarcely affected, the multiple metastases in the right eye were destroyed. As a result the patient has retained useful vision in this eye for the past three years.", "contents": "[Cryo- and photocoagulation for choroidal metastases of a thyroid carcinoma (author's transl)]. A 47-year-old patient underwent surgery in 1972 for a metastasising medullary thyroid carcinoma. 4 years later he developed choroidal metastases in the left eye and then, after another 3 months, multiple small metastases appeared in the right eye. The metastases were cryo- and photocoagulated because medullary thyroid carcinoma do not respond to radiation or chemotherapy. Although the single very large metastasis in the left eye was scarcely affected, the multiple metastases in the right eye were destroyed. As a result the patient has retained useful vision in this eye for the past three years.", "PMID": 573349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10563", "title": "Haemolysis due to formaldehyde-induced anti-N-like antibodies in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "During reuse of formaldehyde sterilized Kiil-dialysers, red cell survival, measured by means of 51Cr t/2, was significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) in 16 patients with anti-N-like positive sera, when compared with 19 antibody negative control patients (mean +/- SD: 16.5 +/- 2.7 versus 22.4 +/- 3.1 days.) In antibody negative patients (n = 10) replacement of formaldehyde sterilized dialysers by ethylene-oxide sterilized disposable dialysers resulted in a significant increase (p less than 0.002) of 51Cr t/2 (Mean +/- SD, days: Kiildialyser 16.3 +/- 1.9; disposable dialyser 20.3 +/- 3.5). This improvement took place, although antibody titres persisted during the 51Cr-measurements and declined thereafter only slowly. In antibody negative patients (n = 6) red cell survival did not increase, when formaldehyde as a sterilant was avoided. In antibody positive patients mean haematocrit rose significantly (p less than 0.05), whereas in none of the antibody negative patients a definite change of haematocrit occurred. The data demonstrate, that formaldehyde sterilisation of dialysers may cause antibody-mediated haemolysis contributing to the extent of renal anaemia. This immunohaemolysis may be corrected, in spite of continuing antibody persistance, when formaldehyde exposure is totally avoided, or possibly when minimized.", "contents": "Haemolysis due to formaldehyde-induced anti-N-like antibodies in haemodialysis patients. During reuse of formaldehyde sterilized Kiil-dialysers, red cell survival, measured by means of 51Cr t/2, was significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) in 16 patients with anti-N-like positive sera, when compared with 19 antibody negative control patients (mean +/- SD: 16.5 +/- 2.7 versus 22.4 +/- 3.1 days.) In antibody negative patients (n = 10) replacement of formaldehyde sterilized dialysers by ethylene-oxide sterilized disposable dialysers resulted in a significant increase (p less than 0.002) of 51Cr t/2 (Mean +/- SD, days: Kiildialyser 16.3 +/- 1.9; disposable dialyser 20.3 +/- 3.5). This improvement took place, although antibody titres persisted during the 51Cr-measurements and declined thereafter only slowly. In antibody negative patients (n = 6) red cell survival did not increase, when formaldehyde as a sterilant was avoided. In antibody positive patients mean haematocrit rose significantly (p less than 0.05), whereas in none of the antibody negative patients a definite change of haematocrit occurred. The data demonstrate, that formaldehyde sterilisation of dialysers may cause antibody-mediated haemolysis contributing to the extent of renal anaemia. This immunohaemolysis may be corrected, in spite of continuing antibody persistance, when formaldehyde exposure is totally avoided, or possibly when minimized.", "PMID": 573350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10564", "title": "Instant nutritional assessment.", "content": "Instant nutritional assessment of the hospitalized patient is described based upon admission serum albumin levels and total lymphocyte counts. Abnormalities of these parameters are associated with markedly increased morbidity and mortality in a series of 500 consecutively admitted patient. It is suggested that instant nutritional assessment be performed on all hospitalized patients with appropriate alterations and therapy being made to allow for nutritional repletion.", "contents": "Instant nutritional assessment. Instant nutritional assessment of the hospitalized patient is described based upon admission serum albumin levels and total lymphocyte counts. Abnormalities of these parameters are associated with markedly increased morbidity and mortality in a series of 500 consecutively admitted patient. It is suggested that instant nutritional assessment be performed on all hospitalized patients with appropriate alterations and therapy being made to allow for nutritional repletion.", "PMID": 573345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10565", "title": "Body composition changes in the critically ill patient: emphasis on water balance.", "content": "The moisture contents of foods, fluids, and parenteral solutions taken in and of all samples excreted, the water of oxidation of fuel mixtures burned, and the evaporative water loss must be determined in order to obtain a quantitative picture of water balance. Because there is a tendency to retain water after trauma, surgery, or an acute illness, changes in the water compartment of the body may lead to changes in body weight that may be considered erroneously as changes in energy or protein stores. Measurement of water balance, in addition to calorie and nitrogen balance is one of the most accurate means of accounting for these changes in body composition. Fluid and electrolyte therapy and nutritional supplementation can be tailored to meet the patient's specific needs by utilizing this information. Application of these principles to the care of hospitalized patients outside of the research setting will be discussed.", "contents": "Body composition changes in the critically ill patient: emphasis on water balance. The moisture contents of foods, fluids, and parenteral solutions taken in and of all samples excreted, the water of oxidation of fuel mixtures burned, and the evaporative water loss must be determined in order to obtain a quantitative picture of water balance. Because there is a tendency to retain water after trauma, surgery, or an acute illness, changes in the water compartment of the body may lead to changes in body weight that may be considered erroneously as changes in energy or protein stores. Measurement of water balance, in addition to calorie and nitrogen balance is one of the most accurate means of accounting for these changes in body composition. Fluid and electrolyte therapy and nutritional supplementation can be tailored to meet the patient's specific needs by utilizing this information. Application of these principles to the care of hospitalized patients outside of the research setting will be discussed.", "PMID": 573346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10566", "title": "[Ultrastructure of tumor-stroma junction of invasive laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The tumor-stroma junction of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx was examined electron microscopically. Polymorphic cytoplasmic protrusions (blebs) with a diameter ranging from 2--4 micron to 8--10 micron were observed on the basal and lateral surfaces of the malignant keratinocytes. A system of cytoplasmic 6--8 nm microfilaments can be seen consistently at the base of the blebs. The microfilaments possibly serve as a contractile ring during the pinching-off process of the blebs from the malignant keratinocytes. The blebs were observed at various stages of development until the pinching-off process occurred. They have varying shapes, sizes, and electron density and are plasmamembrane bounded. They contain hyaline ectoplasm, ribosome particles, a fine filamentous and fine granular material as well as some lysosomes. The blebbing phenomenon is discussed in respect to the cellular locomotion of malignant keratinocytes and interpreted as a possible temporary invasion mechanism in the preliminary stages of the tumor growth.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of tumor-stroma junction of invasive laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. The tumor-stroma junction of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx was examined electron microscopically. Polymorphic cytoplasmic protrusions (blebs) with a diameter ranging from 2--4 micron to 8--10 micron were observed on the basal and lateral surfaces of the malignant keratinocytes. A system of cytoplasmic 6--8 nm microfilaments can be seen consistently at the base of the blebs. The microfilaments possibly serve as a contractile ring during the pinching-off process of the blebs from the malignant keratinocytes. The blebs were observed at various stages of development until the pinching-off process occurred. They have varying shapes, sizes, and electron density and are plasmamembrane bounded. They contain hyaline ectoplasm, ribosome particles, a fine filamentous and fine granular material as well as some lysosomes. The blebbing phenomenon is discussed in respect to the cellular locomotion of malignant keratinocytes and interpreted as a possible temporary invasion mechanism in the preliminary stages of the tumor growth.", "PMID": 573354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10567", "title": "Longitudinal assessment of Eustachian tube function in children.", "content": "Eustachian tube function was evaluated in 27 children (32 ears) with tympanostomy tubes at 6-week intervals for 12 to 30 months. Using a modified inflation-deflation test of passive and active ventilatory function, it was found that the ears had persistent functional obstruction. Most ears exhibited no significant change in tubal function throughout the observation period. There was no difference in the ventilatory function when the nasal airway was congested (other than due to purulent upper respiratory tract infection) and not congested. However, significant seasonal effects on Eustachian tube ventilatory function were recorded: function was poorer in the winter than in the summer. No relationship was found between Eustachian tube ventilatory function and the age of the child.", "contents": "Longitudinal assessment of Eustachian tube function in children. Eustachian tube function was evaluated in 27 children (32 ears) with tympanostomy tubes at 6-week intervals for 12 to 30 months. Using a modified inflation-deflation test of passive and active ventilatory function, it was found that the ears had persistent functional obstruction. Most ears exhibited no significant change in tubal function throughout the observation period. There was no difference in the ventilatory function when the nasal airway was congested (other than due to purulent upper respiratory tract infection) and not congested. However, significant seasonal effects on Eustachian tube ventilatory function were recorded: function was poorer in the winter than in the summer. No relationship was found between Eustachian tube ventilatory function and the age of the child.", "PMID": 573355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10568", "title": "Bacteriocinogeny and antibiotic resistance of naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "We studied bacteriocinogenies and antibiotic resistances of naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus mutans isolated from different sources. It was found that naturally occurring strains from humans and rats were distinguished by their bacteriocin susceptibilities and production. We had a few incidences of tetracycline resistant strains only among those isolated from rats. It is quite interesting that none of the resistant strains we collected produced bacteriocins.", "contents": "Bacteriocinogeny and antibiotic resistance of naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus mutans. We studied bacteriocinogenies and antibiotic resistances of naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus mutans isolated from different sources. It was found that naturally occurring strains from humans and rats were distinguished by their bacteriocin susceptibilities and production. We had a few incidences of tetracycline resistant strains only among those isolated from rats. It is quite interesting that none of the resistant strains we collected produced bacteriocins.", "PMID": 573362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10569", "title": "[Cyanide-resistant respiration in Torulopsis candida].", "content": "The effect of cyanide and the inhibitors of cyanide-resistant oxidase--hydroxamic acids on endogenous respiration and oxidation of a number of substrates by Torulopsis candida resting cells taken at different stages of growth on glucose and hexadecane was studied and made it possible to arrive at the following conclusions. 1. The effect of cyanide on endogenous respiration of T. candida differs during its growth on glucose and hexadecane. On hexadecane, irrespective of the growth phage, cyanide inhibits endogenous respiration by 70--75%. On glucose, cyanide inhibits endogenous respiration not more than by 35% and only at the exponential growth phase whereas it stimulates endogenous respiration in the course of other growth stages. 2. The effect of cyanide on respiration of the resting cells of T. candida which oxidize glucose, hexadecane, primary alcohols and tetradecanoic acid hardly depends on the growth stage. It is determined mainly by the nature of a substrate to be oxidized. 3. Hydroxamic acid have no effect on the cell respiration in the absence of cyanide. However, in its presence, they entirely inhibit both endogenous respiration and oxidation of the aforementioned substrates. 4. Under almost all above experimental conditions, the sensitivity of cell respiration to cyanide changes only slightly at different stages of growth on either glucose or hexadecane. This feature markedly distinguishes T. candida among other cyanide-resistant yeasts.", "contents": "[Cyanide-resistant respiration in Torulopsis candida]. The effect of cyanide and the inhibitors of cyanide-resistant oxidase--hydroxamic acids on endogenous respiration and oxidation of a number of substrates by Torulopsis candida resting cells taken at different stages of growth on glucose and hexadecane was studied and made it possible to arrive at the following conclusions. 1. The effect of cyanide on endogenous respiration of T. candida differs during its growth on glucose and hexadecane. On hexadecane, irrespective of the growth phage, cyanide inhibits endogenous respiration by 70--75%. On glucose, cyanide inhibits endogenous respiration not more than by 35% and only at the exponential growth phase whereas it stimulates endogenous respiration in the course of other growth stages. 2. The effect of cyanide on respiration of the resting cells of T. candida which oxidize glucose, hexadecane, primary alcohols and tetradecanoic acid hardly depends on the growth stage. It is determined mainly by the nature of a substrate to be oxidized. 3. Hydroxamic acid have no effect on the cell respiration in the absence of cyanide. However, in its presence, they entirely inhibit both endogenous respiration and oxidation of the aforementioned substrates. 4. Under almost all above experimental conditions, the sensitivity of cell respiration to cyanide changes only slightly at different stages of growth on either glucose or hexadecane. This feature markedly distinguishes T. candida among other cyanide-resistant yeasts.", "PMID": 573366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10570", "title": "Skin test-active substance prepared from culture filtrate of Fonsecaea pedrosoi.", "content": "Ethanol-precipitated substance (EP) was prepared from culture filtrate of Fonsecaea pedrosoi. EP was separated into two components by passing through a Sephadex G-50 column; the faster passing component was referred to as EP-1, the slower as EP-2. EP-1 and EP-2 were evaluated as an antigen for detecting cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in patients with chromomycosis. EP-1 elicited positive delayed skin reactions in all of 8 patients with chromomycosis, of which 7 caused by F. pedrosoi and one by Exophiala jeunselmei. Healthy subjects, patients with sporotrichosis and patients with tinea barbae failed to react to EP-1. These results indicate that EP-1 is a useful tool for detecting cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in patients with chromomycosis caused by F. pedrosoi. It was found that precipitin test using EP-1 as an antigen had little diagnostic value in chromomycosis. EP-2 did not show antigenic activity in both skin and precipitin reactions.", "contents": "Skin test-active substance prepared from culture filtrate of Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Ethanol-precipitated substance (EP) was prepared from culture filtrate of Fonsecaea pedrosoi. EP was separated into two components by passing through a Sephadex G-50 column; the faster passing component was referred to as EP-1, the slower as EP-2. EP-1 and EP-2 were evaluated as an antigen for detecting cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in patients with chromomycosis. EP-1 elicited positive delayed skin reactions in all of 8 patients with chromomycosis, of which 7 caused by F. pedrosoi and one by Exophiala jeunselmei. Healthy subjects, patients with sporotrichosis and patients with tinea barbae failed to react to EP-1. These results indicate that EP-1 is a useful tool for detecting cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in patients with chromomycosis caused by F. pedrosoi. It was found that precipitin test using EP-1 as an antigen had little diagnostic value in chromomycosis. EP-2 did not show antigenic activity in both skin and precipitin reactions.", "PMID": 573371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10571", "title": "[Effect of the lipid component of the medium on lipase biosynthesis by fungi].", "content": "The lipolytic activity of the fungi Aspergillus and Rhizopus was studied on a medium with soybean flour. The lipolytic activity of the Aspergillus fungi was low or absent whereas many of the cultures belonging to the Rhizopus genus possessed the lipolytic activity. The effect of soybean flour components on lipase biosynthesis was studied with Geotrichum asteroides and Rhizopus cohnii AUCMF-597. The lipid component was shown to be necessary for lipase biosynthesis by G. asteroides and to stimulate lipase synthesis by Rh. cohnii AUCMF-597. Oleic acid is presumed to activate lipase biosynthesis by G. asteroides.", "contents": "[Effect of the lipid component of the medium on lipase biosynthesis by fungi]. The lipolytic activity of the fungi Aspergillus and Rhizopus was studied on a medium with soybean flour. The lipolytic activity of the Aspergillus fungi was low or absent whereas many of the cultures belonging to the Rhizopus genus possessed the lipolytic activity. The effect of soybean flour components on lipase biosynthesis was studied with Geotrichum asteroides and Rhizopus cohnii AUCMF-597. The lipid component was shown to be necessary for lipase biosynthesis by G. asteroides and to stimulate lipase synthesis by Rh. cohnii AUCMF-597. Oleic acid is presumed to activate lipase biosynthesis by G. asteroides.", "PMID": 573367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10572", "title": "Experimental cerebral lesions produced by inoculation with Basidiobolus strains.", "content": "Two Basidiobolus strains produced progressive chronic granulomatous lesions in the brain following intracerebral inoculation of mice with hyphal material. Large septate hyphal bodies, together with sperical structures and granular material presumed to be of fungal origin, were present in the granuloma tissue surrounding the IIIrd and lateral ventricles. No progressive lesions developed when Basidiobolus mycelium was inoculated at extra-cerebral sites.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral lesions produced by inoculation with Basidiobolus strains. Two Basidiobolus strains produced progressive chronic granulomatous lesions in the brain following intracerebral inoculation of mice with hyphal material. Large septate hyphal bodies, together with sperical structures and granular material presumed to be of fungal origin, were present in the granuloma tissue surrounding the IIIrd and lateral ventricles. No progressive lesions developed when Basidiobolus mycelium was inoculated at extra-cerebral sites.", "PMID": 573372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10573", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effect of warfarin and vitamin K1.", "content": "1. Sodium warfarin, given by oral or by parenteral route, displays a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect in the formaldehyde and carrageenan induced rat paw edema. This effect becomes patent not only when the warfarin application precedes the local injection of the irritant substance (prophylactic effect), but also when it is given to animals with already developed inflammatory reactions (therapeutic effect). 2. The active doses of Na warfarin lie between 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. Smaller as well as higher doses show a reduced anti-inflammatory effect. 3. A marked anti-inflammatory effect can be noted already 90 min after drug injection at a still normal prothrombin level. 4. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), given by oral or parenteral route, in doses from 1.6 mg/kg upwards, shows a marked anti-inflammatory effect both in the prophylactic and the therapeutic rat paw test. Vitamin K3 is devoid of any anti-inflammatory activity. 5. The anti-inflammatory effect of both sodium warfarin and of vitamin K1 in rats, is not interfered with by previous adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory effect of warfarin and vitamin K1. 1. Sodium warfarin, given by oral or by parenteral route, displays a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect in the formaldehyde and carrageenan induced rat paw edema. This effect becomes patent not only when the warfarin application precedes the local injection of the irritant substance (prophylactic effect), but also when it is given to animals with already developed inflammatory reactions (therapeutic effect). 2. The active doses of Na warfarin lie between 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. Smaller as well as higher doses show a reduced anti-inflammatory effect. 3. A marked anti-inflammatory effect can be noted already 90 min after drug injection at a still normal prothrombin level. 4. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), given by oral or parenteral route, in doses from 1.6 mg/kg upwards, shows a marked anti-inflammatory effect both in the prophylactic and the therapeutic rat paw test. Vitamin K3 is devoid of any anti-inflammatory activity. 5. The anti-inflammatory effect of both sodium warfarin and of vitamin K1 in rats, is not interfered with by previous adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 573373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10574", "title": "Echocardiogram analysis in a pattern recognition framework.", "content": "Echocardiogram analysis is treated in a pattern recognition framework. Anterior mitral leaflet waveforms are classified for the four-class problem consisting of the classes \"normal,\" \"mitral stenosis,\" \"mitral valve prolapse,\" and \"idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.\" In addition, aortic root waveforms and left ventricular wall waveforms are classified for the two-class problem consisting of the classes \"normal\" and \"idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.\" One common method of analysis (Fourier analysis) underlies each classification scheme. Classification accuracy is sufficiently good to warrant the inference that successful automated decision-making based on the algorithms investigated is feasible.", "contents": "Echocardiogram analysis in a pattern recognition framework. Echocardiogram analysis is treated in a pattern recognition framework. Anterior mitral leaflet waveforms are classified for the four-class problem consisting of the classes \"normal,\" \"mitral stenosis,\" \"mitral valve prolapse,\" and \"idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.\" In addition, aortic root waveforms and left ventricular wall waveforms are classified for the two-class problem consisting of the classes \"normal\" and \"idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.\" One common method of analysis (Fourier analysis) underlies each classification scheme. Classification accuracy is sufficiently good to warrant the inference that successful automated decision-making based on the algorithms investigated is feasible.", "PMID": 573369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10575", "title": "Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: possible relationship to rheumatoid vasculitis.", "content": "In three cases of cerebral amyloid angiopathy there was also a chronic cerebral vasculitis characterized by segmental fibrinoid necrosis, chronic adventitial inflammatory infiltrates, obliterative \"endarteritis\" and hyaline arteriolar change, resembling rheumatoid vasculitis. Two of these cases had rheumatoid arthritis, and one had unspecified \"arthritis\" at the onset of dementia. Both vasculitis and amyloidosis involved the leptomeningeal and cerebral cortical vessels. In the two autopsy-verified cases, the vascular disease was limited to the brain. In the third case, only a brain biopsy was available. Amyloid-containing neuritic plaques were present in the cerebral cortex in all three cases, but they were abundant only in one, which also showed numerous Alzheimer tangles.", "contents": "Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: possible relationship to rheumatoid vasculitis. In three cases of cerebral amyloid angiopathy there was also a chronic cerebral vasculitis characterized by segmental fibrinoid necrosis, chronic adventitial inflammatory infiltrates, obliterative \"endarteritis\" and hyaline arteriolar change, resembling rheumatoid vasculitis. Two of these cases had rheumatoid arthritis, and one had unspecified \"arthritis\" at the onset of dementia. Both vasculitis and amyloidosis involved the leptomeningeal and cerebral cortical vessels. In the two autopsy-verified cases, the vascular disease was limited to the brain. In the third case, only a brain biopsy was available. Amyloid-containing neuritic plaques were present in the cerebral cortex in all three cases, but they were abundant only in one, which also showed numerous Alzheimer tangles.", "PMID": 573377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10576", "title": "Myopathy and primary aldosteronism: electronmicroscopic study.", "content": "We studied two patients with myopathy and primary aldosteronism. Necrosis and vacuolation of muscle fibers were found on light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the necrotic areas were characterized by dissolution of myofilaments with degenerative vacuoles. In muscle fibers that did not show necrosis, there were membrane-bound vacuoles, dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, widening of the T-system, and a \"honeycomb\" appearance of T-tubules. These ultrastructural features suggest that the necrosis of muscle fibers may originate from membrane vulnerability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T-system.", "contents": "Myopathy and primary aldosteronism: electronmicroscopic study. We studied two patients with myopathy and primary aldosteronism. Necrosis and vacuolation of muscle fibers were found on light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the necrotic areas were characterized by dissolution of myofilaments with degenerative vacuoles. In muscle fibers that did not show necrosis, there were membrane-bound vacuoles, dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, widening of the T-system, and a \"honeycomb\" appearance of T-tubules. These ultrastructural features suggest that the necrosis of muscle fibers may originate from membrane vulnerability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T-system.", "PMID": 573378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10577", "title": "[Effect of tweens on the lipase activity of Oospora lactis].", "content": "Oospora lactis was found to use Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 as a source of carbon in a nutrient medium for lipase biosynthesis. The highest production of lipase was registered in the medium with Tween-80. The lipase activity of the culture increased if even small quantities of Tweens 40, 60 and, particularly, 80 (0.05--1.0%) were added to the medium containing cottonseed oil. All the tested Tweens stimulating the biosynthesis of lipase were also, at a particular concentration, the inhibitors of this enzyme.", "contents": "[Effect of tweens on the lipase activity of Oospora lactis]. Oospora lactis was found to use Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 as a source of carbon in a nutrient medium for lipase biosynthesis. The highest production of lipase was registered in the medium with Tween-80. The lipase activity of the culture increased if even small quantities of Tweens 40, 60 and, particularly, 80 (0.05--1.0%) were added to the medium containing cottonseed oil. All the tested Tweens stimulating the biosynthesis of lipase were also, at a particular concentration, the inhibitors of this enzyme.", "PMID": 573368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10578", "title": "Genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Previous studies of histocompatibility (HLA) types in multiple sclerosis (MS) families did not provide convincing proof of an HLA-linked susceptibility factor. In 12 families we studied, all MS cases in each family shared at least one chromosome. The probability of this occurring in the absence of genetic linkage is approximately 0.001. The estimated penetrance is 5 percent, implying that the genetic susceptibility factor may be a necessary but not a sufficient cause of MS. Additional studies are needed to identify other differences between affected and unaffected susceptible individuals.", "contents": "Genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Previous studies of histocompatibility (HLA) types in multiple sclerosis (MS) families did not provide convincing proof of an HLA-linked susceptibility factor. In 12 families we studied, all MS cases in each family shared at least one chromosome. The probability of this occurring in the absence of genetic linkage is approximately 0.001. The estimated penetrance is 5 percent, implying that the genetic susceptibility factor may be a necessary but not a sufficient cause of MS. Additional studies are needed to identify other differences between affected and unaffected susceptible individuals.", "PMID": 573379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10579", "title": "Malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): the meaning of a positive CSF cytology.", "content": "We reviewed the correlation between malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (positive cytology) and pathologic findings at autopsy. The purpose was to discover: (1) the incidence of negative CSF cytology in patients with CNS malignancy, (2) the incidence of false-positive cytology, and (3) the relationship between a true-positive cytology and the distribution of malignant tumor at autopsy. Of 117 patients with CNS tumor and premortem cytologic examination of the CSF, 31 (26 percent) were positive and 86 (74 percent) were negative. Only 1 of 66 patients with tumor that did not reach the leptomeninges had a positive cytology. Of 51 patients with leptomeningeal tumor at autopsy, cytology was positive in 30 (59 percent) and negative in 21 (41 percent). Five potentially \"false-positive\" cytologies were encountered: three patients were treated, and tumor may have been eradicated; in two patients with lymphoma, inflammatory cells associated with infection were apparently mistaken for malignant cells. These data indicate that a positive CSF cytology is a reliable indicator of CNS malignancy and almost always reflects leptomeningeal tumor.", "contents": "Malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): the meaning of a positive CSF cytology. We reviewed the correlation between malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (positive cytology) and pathologic findings at autopsy. The purpose was to discover: (1) the incidence of negative CSF cytology in patients with CNS malignancy, (2) the incidence of false-positive cytology, and (3) the relationship between a true-positive cytology and the distribution of malignant tumor at autopsy. Of 117 patients with CNS tumor and premortem cytologic examination of the CSF, 31 (26 percent) were positive and 86 (74 percent) were negative. Only 1 of 66 patients with tumor that did not reach the leptomeninges had a positive cytology. Of 51 patients with leptomeningeal tumor at autopsy, cytology was positive in 30 (59 percent) and negative in 21 (41 percent). Five potentially \"false-positive\" cytologies were encountered: three patients were treated, and tumor may have been eradicated; in two patients with lymphoma, inflammatory cells associated with infection were apparently mistaken for malignant cells. These data indicate that a positive CSF cytology is a reliable indicator of CNS malignancy and almost always reflects leptomeningeal tumor.", "PMID": 573381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10580", "title": "No morphometric abnormality recurrent laryngeal nerve in spastic dysphonia.", "content": "Spastic dysphonia is a disorder of phonation that is usually markedly improved by surgical resection of one recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). In this study, biopsies of the RLN were obtained at surgery from nine patients with spastic dysphonia (disease group) and eight patients with laryngeal cancer (control group). The RLN was found to be composed of several nerve regions having characteristic fiber compositions. For the various nerve regions and for the whole nerve, we evaluated morphology, median fiber diameter, density, and size distribution of fibers. The morphologies of teased fibers were also evaluated. We found no significant differences between the nerves of the disease and control groups. Therefore, we were unable to verify previous reports of neuropathic abnormality of the RLN in spastic dysphonia.", "contents": "No morphometric abnormality recurrent laryngeal nerve in spastic dysphonia. Spastic dysphonia is a disorder of phonation that is usually markedly improved by surgical resection of one recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). In this study, biopsies of the RLN were obtained at surgery from nine patients with spastic dysphonia (disease group) and eight patients with laryngeal cancer (control group). The RLN was found to be composed of several nerve regions having characteristic fiber compositions. For the various nerve regions and for the whole nerve, we evaluated morphology, median fiber diameter, density, and size distribution of fibers. The morphologies of teased fibers were also evaluated. We found no significant differences between the nerves of the disease and control groups. Therefore, we were unable to verify previous reports of neuropathic abnormality of the RLN in spastic dysphonia.", "PMID": 573382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10581", "title": "Computed tomography in Herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "Eight patients with Herpes simplex encephalitis had computed cranial tomography (CT). In every case, areas of decreased attenuation were found in the temporal lobe(s); these areas extended to the insular cortex and often to the frontal or parietal lobes. This change developed between the third and the eleventh day of illness. It was present, sometimes only in retrospect, in patients who were alert as well as patients who were comatose. Compared to the isotopic brain scan, electroencephalogram, and cerebral angiogram, CT demonstrates changes that are indicative of H simplex early enough in the course of the illness to be therapeutically useful.", "contents": "Computed tomography in Herpes simplex encephalitis. Eight patients with Herpes simplex encephalitis had computed cranial tomography (CT). In every case, areas of decreased attenuation were found in the temporal lobe(s); these areas extended to the insular cortex and often to the frontal or parietal lobes. This change developed between the third and the eleventh day of illness. It was present, sometimes only in retrospect, in patients who were alert as well as patients who were comatose. Compared to the isotopic brain scan, electroencephalogram, and cerebral angiogram, CT demonstrates changes that are indicative of H simplex early enough in the course of the illness to be therapeutically useful.", "PMID": 573383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10582", "title": "Carbamazepine: prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures.", "content": "Effects of carbamazepine on alcohol withdrawal seizures and symptoms were studied in rats. Carbamazepine was administered during alcohol feeding and continued during alcohol withdrawal. When carbamazepine serum levels were above 3 micrograms per milliliter, alcohol withdrawal seizures were not observed. Carbamazepine also alleviated alcohol withdrawal symptoms, especially heightened spontaneous activity, startle to noise, stereotyped chewing movements, and intermittent body stiffening.", "contents": "Carbamazepine: prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Effects of carbamazepine on alcohol withdrawal seizures and symptoms were studied in rats. Carbamazepine was administered during alcohol feeding and continued during alcohol withdrawal. When carbamazepine serum levels were above 3 micrograms per milliliter, alcohol withdrawal seizures were not observed. Carbamazepine also alleviated alcohol withdrawal symptoms, especially heightened spontaneous activity, startle to noise, stereotyped chewing movements, and intermittent body stiffening.", "PMID": 573384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10583", "title": "Cerebral arteritis in cat-scratch disease.", "content": "Acute right hemiplegia and transient expressive aphasia occurred in a 7-year-old girl a few days after nonspecific constitutional symptoms and the appearance of a large right submandibular lymph node. Biopsy of this node and lack of other evident cause suggested a diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Carotid arteriography showed a localized arteritis of the supraclinoid part of the left internal carotid artery and the left middle cerebral artery, involving also some lenticulostriate vessels. Computerized tomography demonstrated infarction in the left internal capsule. The size of this infarct and the angiographic abnormalities improved 6 weeks after onset, and coincided with clinical recovery. Cat-scratch disease may have caused the localized arteritis.", "contents": "Cerebral arteritis in cat-scratch disease. Acute right hemiplegia and transient expressive aphasia occurred in a 7-year-old girl a few days after nonspecific constitutional symptoms and the appearance of a large right submandibular lymph node. Biopsy of this node and lack of other evident cause suggested a diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Carotid arteriography showed a localized arteritis of the supraclinoid part of the left internal carotid artery and the left middle cerebral artery, involving also some lenticulostriate vessels. Computerized tomography demonstrated infarction in the left internal capsule. The size of this infarct and the angiographic abnormalities improved 6 weeks after onset, and coincided with clinical recovery. Cat-scratch disease may have caused the localized arteritis.", "PMID": 573385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10584", "title": "Lymphocyte capping in muscular dystrophy.", "content": "We investigated lymphocyte capping in nine patients with muscular dystrophy (seven with Duchenne dystrophy and two with limb-girdle dystrophy), nine carriers, and five normal controls. No differences between the groups were observed. Thus, we have been unable to confirm a recent report that patients with muscular dystrophy, as well as carriers, have a defect in lymphocyte capping.", "contents": "Lymphocyte capping in muscular dystrophy. We investigated lymphocyte capping in nine patients with muscular dystrophy (seven with Duchenne dystrophy and two with limb-girdle dystrophy), nine carriers, and five normal controls. No differences between the groups were observed. Thus, we have been unable to confirm a recent report that patients with muscular dystrophy, as well as carriers, have a defect in lymphocyte capping.", "PMID": 573386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10585", "title": "No association between oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid and HLA antigens in acute aseptic meningitis.", "content": "The frequencies of the HLA antigens A3, B7, and Dw2, previously related with multiple sclerosis, were investigated in 26 patients with acute aseptic meningitis and oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but not in serum when investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis. HLA antigen frequencies were similar in patients with aseptic meningitis and controls. The oligoclonal immune response within the central nervous system in aseptic meningitis is not associated with the same HLA antigens found in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "No association between oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid and HLA antigens in acute aseptic meningitis. The frequencies of the HLA antigens A3, B7, and Dw2, previously related with multiple sclerosis, were investigated in 26 patients with acute aseptic meningitis and oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but not in serum when investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis. HLA antigen frequencies were similar in patients with aseptic meningitis and controls. The oligoclonal immune response within the central nervous system in aseptic meningitis is not associated with the same HLA antigens found in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 573387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10586", "title": "Carrier detection in Duchenne muscular dystropy.", "content": "We investigated the number of echinocytes, the serum hemopexin level, and spectrin band II phosphorylation in the blood of normal subjects, patients, and carriers of Duchenne dystrophy. The patients and carriers exhibited quantitatively significant differences with respect to controls.", "contents": "Carrier detection in Duchenne muscular dystropy. We investigated the number of echinocytes, the serum hemopexin level, and spectrin band II phosphorylation in the blood of normal subjects, patients, and carriers of Duchenne dystrophy. The patients and carriers exhibited quantitatively significant differences with respect to controls.", "PMID": 573388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10587", "title": "Dementia in Parkinson disease: a neuropathologic study.", "content": "Thirty-four autopsy cases conforming to the standard neuropathologic criteria of Parkinson disease were sex- and age-matched with controls who had died of infarct or trauma. All brains were reviewed for changes compatible with Alzheimer disease, and available clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. Nineteen (56 percent) of the Parkinson cases had shown some degree of dementia. The average parkinsonian brain weight was 1281 gm; it was 1365 gm for the controls (p less than 0.02). Plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, granulovacuolar degeneration, and cortical cell loss were present in all but one of the parkinsonian brains; these pathologic changes were present in fewer controls and to a lesser degree. The higher incidence of dementia in patients with Parkinson disease may be explained by the simultaneous presence of Alzheimer disease.", "contents": "Dementia in Parkinson disease: a neuropathologic study. Thirty-four autopsy cases conforming to the standard neuropathologic criteria of Parkinson disease were sex- and age-matched with controls who had died of infarct or trauma. All brains were reviewed for changes compatible with Alzheimer disease, and available clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. Nineteen (56 percent) of the Parkinson cases had shown some degree of dementia. The average parkinsonian brain weight was 1281 gm; it was 1365 gm for the controls (p less than 0.02). Plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, granulovacuolar degeneration, and cortical cell loss were present in all but one of the parkinsonian brains; these pathologic changes were present in fewer controls and to a lesser degree. The higher incidence of dementia in patients with Parkinson disease may be explained by the simultaneous presence of Alzheimer disease.", "PMID": 573401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10588", "title": "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution.", "content": "Five thousand three hundred five World War II and Korean conflict veterans who have been compensated by the Veterans Administration for multiple sclerosis (MS) were matched to controls on the basis of age, date of entry into military service, and branch of service. Case/control ratios for white males, white females, and black males were 1.04, 1.86, and 0.45, respectively. The coterminous 48 states, divided into three tiers on the basis of latitude, exhibited the well-known north-south gradient in risk: For all races and both sexes, case/control ratios were 1.41, 1.00, and 0.53 for the North, Middle, and South tiers. Both white females and black males showed this same north-to-south variation in risk. The case/control ratio for males of races other than black or white was 0.23, with possible deficits in risk for American Indians and Japanese-Americans. Filipinos and Hawaiian Japanese were significantly low-risk groups. These findings suggest that both a racial and a possibly genetic predisposition, as well as a geographically determined differential exposure to an environmental agent, are related to the risk of MS.", "contents": "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution. Five thousand three hundred five World War II and Korean conflict veterans who have been compensated by the Veterans Administration for multiple sclerosis (MS) were matched to controls on the basis of age, date of entry into military service, and branch of service. Case/control ratios for white males, white females, and black males were 1.04, 1.86, and 0.45, respectively. The coterminous 48 states, divided into three tiers on the basis of latitude, exhibited the well-known north-south gradient in risk: For all races and both sexes, case/control ratios were 1.41, 1.00, and 0.53 for the North, Middle, and South tiers. Both white females and black males showed this same north-to-south variation in risk. The case/control ratio for males of races other than black or white was 0.23, with possible deficits in risk for American Indians and Japanese-Americans. Filipinos and Hawaiian Japanese were significantly low-risk groups. These findings suggest that both a racial and a possibly genetic predisposition, as well as a geographically determined differential exposure to an environmental agent, are related to the risk of MS.", "PMID": 573402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10589", "title": "Mechanically and electrically evoked somatosensory potentials in normal humans.", "content": "Somatosensory potentials evoked by mechanical stimulation of the fingernail and electrical stimulation of the nerve in the finger and at the wrist were recorded by surface electrodes over; (1) the digital nerve in the index finger, (2) the median nerve at the wrist, (3) the median nerve at the axilla, (4) the brachial plexus at Erb's point, (5) the cervical cord at C2, and (6) the scalp overlying the somatosensory cortex. Nerve conduction velocities were computed for two portions of the median nerve. Conduction times along the somatosensory pathway between spinal cord and cerebral cortex were also defined. The mechanically evoked potentials had less temporal dispersion, were of lower amplitude, and occasionally consisted of fewer components than the electrically evoked potentials. Electrical stimulation of the nerve trunk at the wrist evoked some additional components not detected by the other stimulation methods. Nerve conduction velocities and conduction times were comparable among the three methods of stimulation.", "contents": "Mechanically and electrically evoked somatosensory potentials in normal humans. Somatosensory potentials evoked by mechanical stimulation of the fingernail and electrical stimulation of the nerve in the finger and at the wrist were recorded by surface electrodes over; (1) the digital nerve in the index finger, (2) the median nerve at the wrist, (3) the median nerve at the axilla, (4) the brachial plexus at Erb's point, (5) the cervical cord at C2, and (6) the scalp overlying the somatosensory cortex. Nerve conduction velocities were computed for two portions of the median nerve. Conduction times along the somatosensory pathway between spinal cord and cerebral cortex were also defined. The mechanically evoked potentials had less temporal dispersion, were of lower amplitude, and occasionally consisted of fewer components than the electrically evoked potentials. Electrical stimulation of the nerve trunk at the wrist evoked some additional components not detected by the other stimulation methods. Nerve conduction velocities and conduction times were comparable among the three methods of stimulation.", "PMID": 573403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10590", "title": "Delayed postischemic hypoperfusion: a potentially damaging consequence of stroke.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was assessed with radioactive butanol and antipyrine during and after 1 hour of unilateral carotid artery occlusion in gerbils. Animals with clinical evidence of stroke demonstrated a marked fall in ipsilateral CBF during occlusion \"no-reflow\" phenomenon did not develop; instead, blood flow returned to normal 5 minutes after the termination of carotid occlusion. Flow subsequently fell to half the control value, however, and remained depressed for several hours despite local metabolic demands. This delayed imbalance in energy supply and demand creates a potential for additional brain damage that might be prevented by appropriate therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Delayed postischemic hypoperfusion: a potentially damaging consequence of stroke. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was assessed with radioactive butanol and antipyrine during and after 1 hour of unilateral carotid artery occlusion in gerbils. Animals with clinical evidence of stroke demonstrated a marked fall in ipsilateral CBF during occlusion \"no-reflow\" phenomenon did not develop; instead, blood flow returned to normal 5 minutes after the termination of carotid occlusion. Flow subsequently fell to half the control value, however, and remained depressed for several hours despite local metabolic demands. This delayed imbalance in energy supply and demand creates a potential for additional brain damage that might be prevented by appropriate therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 573404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10591", "title": "Analysis of the clinical problems in parkinsonism and the complications of long-term levodopa therapy.", "content": "We evaluated the current status of 131 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism who were receiving levodopa therapy. The residual parkinsonian symptoms and signs were tabulated, as were the adverse effects from medication. Response to therapy was correlated with duration of the disease and with duration of treatment. Patients with on-off or wearing-off effects were likely to have been treated for 4 years or longer. Patients treated with levodopa for 4 to 8 years were significantly more impaired with parkinsonism than patients treated for 0 to 3 years, even when patients were matched for total duration of disease. These data suggest that the deterioration of responsiveness after several years of levodopa therapy may be due to the therapy itself. Our findings support the concept that utilization of levodopa therapy should be delayed until a patient becomes significantly impaired in occupational or social situations.", "contents": "Analysis of the clinical problems in parkinsonism and the complications of long-term levodopa therapy. We evaluated the current status of 131 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism who were receiving levodopa therapy. The residual parkinsonian symptoms and signs were tabulated, as were the adverse effects from medication. Response to therapy was correlated with duration of the disease and with duration of treatment. Patients with on-off or wearing-off effects were likely to have been treated for 4 years or longer. Patients treated with levodopa for 4 to 8 years were significantly more impaired with parkinsonism than patients treated for 0 to 3 years, even when patients were matched for total duration of disease. These data suggest that the deterioration of responsiveness after several years of levodopa therapy may be due to the therapy itself. Our findings support the concept that utilization of levodopa therapy should be delayed until a patient becomes significantly impaired in occupational or social situations.", "PMID": 573405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10592", "title": "Hemifacial spasm: clinical and electrophysiologic observations.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with hemifacial spasm were studied clinically and electrodiagnostically. Seven patients had mild facial weakness. All patients had clinical evidence of synkinesis, which often varied considerably. Facial nerve conduction and blink reflex latencies were normal. Facial synkinesis could be measured objectively on the involved side in all patients by simultaneously recording from the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles at the time of supraorbital nerve stimulation. Using this procedure, synkinesis was also observed in association with aberrant regeneration after Bell palsy but was not seen in other movement disorders involving the face. The demonstration of synkinesis and its variability in hemifacial spasm can be of value in differentiating hemifacial spasm from other movement disorders affecting the face and provides further insight into its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm: clinical and electrophysiologic observations. Twenty-three patients with hemifacial spasm were studied clinically and electrodiagnostically. Seven patients had mild facial weakness. All patients had clinical evidence of synkinesis, which often varied considerably. Facial nerve conduction and blink reflex latencies were normal. Facial synkinesis could be measured objectively on the involved side in all patients by simultaneously recording from the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles at the time of supraorbital nerve stimulation. Using this procedure, synkinesis was also observed in association with aberrant regeneration after Bell palsy but was not seen in other movement disorders involving the face. The demonstration of synkinesis and its variability in hemifacial spasm can be of value in differentiating hemifacial spasm from other movement disorders affecting the face and provides further insight into its pathogenesis.", "PMID": 573406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10593", "title": "Cerebral atrophy, EEG slowing age, education, and cognitive functioning in suspected dementia.", "content": "Seventy-eight hospital patients, 50 years of age or older, were selected for suspected changes in mentation and for the absence of focal or other organic brain disease. They were studied in relation to education, age, cerebral atrophy (by computerized tomography), electroencephalographic (EEG) slowing, and performance in several neuropsychologic tests. Adequate test-retest reliability of the cognitive measures and interjudge reliability of the cerebral atrophy and EEG measures were demonstrated. Stepwise multiple regression analyses suggested the following: (1) EEG slowing is the strongest and most general pathologic influence on cognition in elderly persons without overt brain disease. (2) Cerebral atrophy independently affects primarily the verbal recall of recent and remote information. (3) Age independently affects primarily recent memory for both verbal and nonverbal material. (4) Formal education is a powerful influence that must be accounted for in all studies of the effects of age on cognition.", "contents": "Cerebral atrophy, EEG slowing age, education, and cognitive functioning in suspected dementia. Seventy-eight hospital patients, 50 years of age or older, were selected for suspected changes in mentation and for the absence of focal or other organic brain disease. They were studied in relation to education, age, cerebral atrophy (by computerized tomography), electroencephalographic (EEG) slowing, and performance in several neuropsychologic tests. Adequate test-retest reliability of the cognitive measures and interjudge reliability of the cerebral atrophy and EEG measures were demonstrated. Stepwise multiple regression analyses suggested the following: (1) EEG slowing is the strongest and most general pathologic influence on cognition in elderly persons without overt brain disease. (2) Cerebral atrophy independently affects primarily the verbal recall of recent and remote information. (3) Age independently affects primarily recent memory for both verbal and nonverbal material. (4) Formal education is a powerful influence that must be accounted for in all studies of the effects of age on cognition.", "PMID": 573407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10594", "title": "Enhancement of CNS penetration of methotrexate by hyperosmolar intracarotid mannitol or carcinomatous meningitis.", "content": "Intracarotid (i.c.) hyperosmolar mannitol enhances central nervous system (CNS) penetration of intravenous (i.v.) methotrexate (MTX) in normal adult rats. A fivefold augmentation in the CSF:serum and ipsilateral brain:serum MTX concentration ratios was observed 1 hour after drug administration. Intravenous mannitol had no such effect. Rats with meningeal carcinomatosis have a partial defect in blood-brain barrier function, and the CSF:serum MTX concentration ratio was 4.6 times higher in these animals than in normal rats prior to mannitol therapy. Intracarotid hyperosmolar mannitol further augmented the blood-brain barrier permeability to intravenous MTX. Intracarotid mannitol increased the therapeutic effect of MTX, since rats with meningeal carcinomatosis that received i.v. MTX and i.c. mannitol experienced a slight enhancement in survival.", "contents": "Enhancement of CNS penetration of methotrexate by hyperosmolar intracarotid mannitol or carcinomatous meningitis. Intracarotid (i.c.) hyperosmolar mannitol enhances central nervous system (CNS) penetration of intravenous (i.v.) methotrexate (MTX) in normal adult rats. A fivefold augmentation in the CSF:serum and ipsilateral brain:serum MTX concentration ratios was observed 1 hour after drug administration. Intravenous mannitol had no such effect. Rats with meningeal carcinomatosis have a partial defect in blood-brain barrier function, and the CSF:serum MTX concentration ratio was 4.6 times higher in these animals than in normal rats prior to mannitol therapy. Intracarotid hyperosmolar mannitol further augmented the blood-brain barrier permeability to intravenous MTX. Intracarotid mannitol increased the therapeutic effect of MTX, since rats with meningeal carcinomatosis that received i.v. MTX and i.c. mannitol experienced a slight enhancement in survival.", "PMID": 573408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10595", "title": "Sleep apnea: treatment with protriptyline.", "content": "Fourteen patients with an average of more than 60 episodes of upper airway obstruction during night sleep were treated with a nonsedating tricyclic antidepressant, protriptyline. Frequency and duration of recorded apneas decreased in 11 cases, and satisfactory control of sleep apnea was maintained with medical therapy alone in 8 of these 11 patients for 7 to 15 months. Potential adverse effects of protriptyline, particularly on the cardiovascular system, limit its use in this illness. These results indicate the possibility of pharmacologic reversal of sleep-induced incoordination of the upper airway.", "contents": "Sleep apnea: treatment with protriptyline. Fourteen patients with an average of more than 60 episodes of upper airway obstruction during night sleep were treated with a nonsedating tricyclic antidepressant, protriptyline. Frequency and duration of recorded apneas decreased in 11 cases, and satisfactory control of sleep apnea was maintained with medical therapy alone in 8 of these 11 patients for 7 to 15 months. Potential adverse effects of protriptyline, particularly on the cardiovascular system, limit its use in this illness. These results indicate the possibility of pharmacologic reversal of sleep-induced incoordination of the upper airway.", "PMID": 573409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10596", "title": "Extending neurologic services to rural children.", "content": "The University of Kentucky provides neurologic services to rural children by a traveling clinic. In 1978, 438 children (including 231 new patients) made 646 clinic visits. The primary diagnoses were appropriate for a neurology clinic; epilepsy was the most common (74 of 231) among new patients. A community survey of school-age children found the clinic serving 45 percent of \"active epileptics.\" Clinic patients had a higher seizure frequency and came from a more disadvantaged background that nonclinic patients. These data show that an urban-based traveling clinic can identify and care for rural children with neurologic disorders.", "contents": "Extending neurologic services to rural children. The University of Kentucky provides neurologic services to rural children by a traveling clinic. In 1978, 438 children (including 231 new patients) made 646 clinic visits. The primary diagnoses were appropriate for a neurology clinic; epilepsy was the most common (74 of 231) among new patients. A community survey of school-age children found the clinic serving 45 percent of \"active epileptics.\" Clinic patients had a higher seizure frequency and came from a more disadvantaged background that nonclinic patients. These data show that an urban-based traveling clinic can identify and care for rural children with neurologic disorders.", "PMID": 573410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10597", "title": "The flexion-adduction sign in neuralgic amyotrophy.", "content": "In the \"flexion-adduction\" sign, the arm is maintained in a posture of flexion at the elbow and adduction at the shoulder. Abduction and lateral rotation of the arm, with the elbow in extension, may result in radicular pain. These signs may be useful in the evaluation of patients with cervical root or brachial plexus lesions.", "contents": "The flexion-adduction sign in neuralgic amyotrophy. In the \"flexion-adduction\" sign, the arm is maintained in a posture of flexion at the elbow and adduction at the shoulder. Abduction and lateral rotation of the arm, with the elbow in extension, may result in radicular pain. These signs may be useful in the evaluation of patients with cervical root or brachial plexus lesions.", "PMID": 573411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10598", "title": "Bilateral facial palsy associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "A 22-year-old man developed acute bilateral peripheral facial paralysis in association with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, probably as a result of ampicillin allergy. All symptoms cleared except the facial paralysis. He is the first patient in whom acute facial palsy and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have occurred simultaneously.", "contents": "Bilateral facial palsy associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A 22-year-old man developed acute bilateral peripheral facial paralysis in association with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, probably as a result of ampicillin allergy. All symptoms cleared except the facial paralysis. He is the first patient in whom acute facial palsy and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have occurred simultaneously.", "PMID": 573412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10599", "title": "Amplitude of the F wave: a potential means of documenting spasticity.", "content": "The amplitude of 32 averaged F responses (F32) recorded with surface electrodes was 1 percent of the amplitude of the M wave. The largest F response (Fmax) was 4.5 percent of the M wave. In spasticity, Fmax did not increase in amplitude but became more persistent, resulting in a significant increase of F32. There was a positive correlation between the amplitude of F32 and the M wave, and this relationship was abnormal in 60 percent of the studies of patients with spasticity.", "contents": "Amplitude of the F wave: a potential means of documenting spasticity. The amplitude of 32 averaged F responses (F32) recorded with surface electrodes was 1 percent of the amplitude of the M wave. The largest F response (Fmax) was 4.5 percent of the M wave. In spasticity, Fmax did not increase in amplitude but became more persistent, resulting in a significant increase of F32. There was a positive correlation between the amplitude of F32 and the M wave, and this relationship was abnormal in 60 percent of the studies of patients with spasticity.", "PMID": 573413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10600", "title": "Spatially oriented movements in the absence of proprioception.", "content": "Four patients, each with a cerebrovascular accident in a different arterial supply, had unilaterally impaired somatosensory function that included eficits in the perception of touch and proprioception. In spite of central nervous system lesions and absent proprioception, all patients accurately performed spatially oriented movements with the deafferented hand. These observations suggest that execution of certain motor programs can proceed effectively without peripheral feedback.", "contents": "Spatially oriented movements in the absence of proprioception. Four patients, each with a cerebrovascular accident in a different arterial supply, had unilaterally impaired somatosensory function that included eficits in the perception of touch and proprioception. In spite of central nervous system lesions and absent proprioception, all patients accurately performed spatially oriented movements with the deafferented hand. These observations suggest that execution of certain motor programs can proceed effectively without peripheral feedback.", "PMID": 573414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10601", "title": "[Sensitivity of fragmented and stratified sea urchin embryos to cytotoxic neuropharmacological preparations].", "content": "The red half embryos and related quarter embryos (yolk and pigment) of Arbacia lixula, obtained by means of centrifugation of the eggs in sucrose gradient, retain the normal level of sensitivity and supersensitivity to cytotoxic neuropharmaca, antagonists of biogenic monoamines. The white half embryos and clear quarter embryos practically lack supersensitivity whereas the granular quarter embryos restore it to the initial level. The non-pigmented blastomers of stratified embryos are characterized by somewhat weakened supersensitivity. A suggestion is put forward that the supersensitive embryos of A. lixula possess a sensibilizing factor which couples the supersensitivity receptors with the processes of cell division and moves together with the yolk granules upon centrifugation. This factor is not observed in the Strongylocentrotus granularis embryos lacking evident supersensitivity.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of fragmented and stratified sea urchin embryos to cytotoxic neuropharmacological preparations]. The red half embryos and related quarter embryos (yolk and pigment) of Arbacia lixula, obtained by means of centrifugation of the eggs in sucrose gradient, retain the normal level of sensitivity and supersensitivity to cytotoxic neuropharmaca, antagonists of biogenic monoamines. The white half embryos and clear quarter embryos practically lack supersensitivity whereas the granular quarter embryos restore it to the initial level. The non-pigmented blastomers of stratified embryos are characterized by somewhat weakened supersensitivity. A suggestion is put forward that the supersensitive embryos of A. lixula possess a sensibilizing factor which couples the supersensitivity receptors with the processes of cell division and moves together with the yolk granules upon centrifugation. This factor is not observed in the Strongylocentrotus granularis embryos lacking evident supersensitivity.", "PMID": 573422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10602", "title": "Recurrent trichiasis: treatment with laser photocoagulation.", "content": "Treatment of recurrent trichiasis with argon laser photocoagulation is discussed. The laser cutting light is guided into the depths of the eyelid to cauterize the diseased follicles. Eight treated cases have been followed for over six months with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Recurrent trichiasis: treatment with laser photocoagulation. Treatment of recurrent trichiasis with argon laser photocoagulation is discussed. The laser cutting light is guided into the depths of the eyelid to cauterize the diseased follicles. Eight treated cases have been followed for over six months with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 573423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10603", "title": "Familial anterior and posterior lenticonus.", "content": "A pedigree showing anterior lenticonus, posterior lenticonus and deafness with sex-linked inheritance and the probable gene locus in the short-arm of X chromosome is described.", "contents": "Familial anterior and posterior lenticonus. A pedigree showing anterior lenticonus, posterior lenticonus and deafness with sex-linked inheritance and the probable gene locus in the short-arm of X chromosome is described.", "PMID": 573424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10604", "title": "Eye movements associated with eye closure. I. Normal subjects.", "content": "Eye movements associated with eye closure were studied in 36 normal adults, and they were recorded by DC amplifiers of ENG. (1) Eyes moved 64 +/- 17 degrees upward and were adducted 15 +/- 7 degrees when eyes were closed. (2) The vertical eye position was held upwards in 33 persons and slightly turned down in 3 persons. (3) The superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles worked together during eye closure.", "contents": "Eye movements associated with eye closure. I. Normal subjects. Eye movements associated with eye closure were studied in 36 normal adults, and they were recorded by DC amplifiers of ENG. (1) Eyes moved 64 +/- 17 degrees upward and were adducted 15 +/- 7 degrees when eyes were closed. (2) The vertical eye position was held upwards in 33 persons and slightly turned down in 3 persons. (3) The superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles worked together during eye closure.", "PMID": 573425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10605", "title": "Eye movements associated with eye closure. II. Down turning of eye ball elevation.", "content": "DC recordings of horizontal and vertical eye movements of various neurological patients were made in an attempt to specify the mechanism underlying sustained eye ball elevation associated with eye closure. Sudden or gradual down turning of vertical eye ball elevation was seen in the following groups: (1) acute stage of inner ear hypo- or afunction; (2) lateral lesions of the cerebellum; (3) acute stage of cerebellar inflammation, and (4) some cases of cerebral lesions. The following pathway seems to be the simplest which would account for these findings: anterior semicircular canal leads to superior vestibular nucleus leads to brachium conjunctivum leads to oculomotor nucleus leads to superior rectus muscle (ipsilateral) and inferior oblique muscle (contralateral).", "contents": "Eye movements associated with eye closure. II. Down turning of eye ball elevation. DC recordings of horizontal and vertical eye movements of various neurological patients were made in an attempt to specify the mechanism underlying sustained eye ball elevation associated with eye closure. Sudden or gradual down turning of vertical eye ball elevation was seen in the following groups: (1) acute stage of inner ear hypo- or afunction; (2) lateral lesions of the cerebellum; (3) acute stage of cerebellar inflammation, and (4) some cases of cerebral lesions. The following pathway seems to be the simplest which would account for these findings: anterior semicircular canal leads to superior vestibular nucleus leads to brachium conjunctivum leads to oculomotor nucleus leads to superior rectus muscle (ipsilateral) and inferior oblique muscle (contralateral).", "PMID": 573426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10606", "title": "Allergy in otorhinolaryngology.", "content": "The authors discuss briefly the definition of allergy. Then step by step all the stages of a thorough allergic examination of patients with mainly ENT complaints are described with special emphasis on: history, ENT examination, routine laboratory tests (total eosinophil count, nasal smear, skin tests, RIST, RAST) and nose challenge tests. The results of these investigations allow the authors to propose a useful scheme in allergic diagnosis. Finally the therapeutic possibilities in allergic rhinopathy are discussed.", "contents": "Allergy in otorhinolaryngology. The authors discuss briefly the definition of allergy. Then step by step all the stages of a thorough allergic examination of patients with mainly ENT complaints are described with special emphasis on: history, ENT examination, routine laboratory tests (total eosinophil count, nasal smear, skin tests, RIST, RAST) and nose challenge tests. The results of these investigations allow the authors to propose a useful scheme in allergic diagnosis. Finally the therapeutic possibilities in allergic rhinopathy are discussed.", "PMID": 573427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10607", "title": "Treatment of postinflammatory acquired atresia of the external auditory canal.", "content": "In 11 patients postinflammatory acquired atresia of the auditory canal, 7-15 mm thick, was excised, the drum and auditory canal covered with a Thiersch graft alone or by fascia and a Thiersch graft. 2.5-5 years after the operation there was no case of recurrence of the atresia. The functional result was most favourable in cases with atresia of minor thickness. Early operation is recommended, especially as cholesteatoma was found behind the atresia in 2 patients.", "contents": "Treatment of postinflammatory acquired atresia of the external auditory canal. In 11 patients postinflammatory acquired atresia of the auditory canal, 7-15 mm thick, was excised, the drum and auditory canal covered with a Thiersch graft alone or by fascia and a Thiersch graft. 2.5-5 years after the operation there was no case of recurrence of the atresia. The functional result was most favourable in cases with atresia of minor thickness. Early operation is recommended, especially as cholesteatoma was found behind the atresia in 2 patients.", "PMID": 573428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10608", "title": "Myasthenia gravis: the effect of Tensilon on the caloric nystagmus response. Photoelectronystagmographic study.", "content": "The nystagmus response evoked by thermic vestibular stimulation on 25 patients with myasthenia gravis and on 10 control persons was investigated using the photoelectronystagmographic method before and after administration of Tensilon. On the basis of 19 nystagmograms (capable of being evaluated) it was found that the test is of diagnostic value when combined with abstinence from drugs, furthermore, it may indicate under- or overtreatment of patients taking drugs. Excluding the drug-resistant, \"burned out\" cases, a certain correlation may be observed between the magnitude of the reaction evoked by Tensilon and the severity of the clinical condition independent from the existence of ocular symptoms. The advantage of the test, apart from being numerically measurable, is that it can be repeated because of its non-invasive nature causing no physical burden to the patient. Its disadvantage is that it cannot be applied in cases with a pre-existent difference in vestibular tonus - 20% in the material tested.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis: the effect of Tensilon on the caloric nystagmus response. Photoelectronystagmographic study. The nystagmus response evoked by thermic vestibular stimulation on 25 patients with myasthenia gravis and on 10 control persons was investigated using the photoelectronystagmographic method before and after administration of Tensilon. On the basis of 19 nystagmograms (capable of being evaluated) it was found that the test is of diagnostic value when combined with abstinence from drugs, furthermore, it may indicate under- or overtreatment of patients taking drugs. Excluding the drug-resistant, \"burned out\" cases, a certain correlation may be observed between the magnitude of the reaction evoked by Tensilon and the severity of the clinical condition independent from the existence of ocular symptoms. The advantage of the test, apart from being numerically measurable, is that it can be repeated because of its non-invasive nature causing no physical burden to the patient. Its disadvantage is that it cannot be applied in cases with a pre-existent difference in vestibular tonus - 20% in the material tested.", "PMID": 573429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10609", "title": "A study on dermatoses due to tonsillar focal infection using a nation-wide questionnaire in Japan.", "content": "The relation of the infected to nephritis, rheumatic and heart diseases has been recognized but that to dermatoses has not been fully established nor applied clinically by dermatogists or otolaryngologists in the treatment of such patients. In order to assess to attitude of dermatologists as regards the dermatoses due to focal tonsillar infection, a questionnaire was sent to the departments of dermatology of 72 universities in Japan: 44 (61.1%) have replied. There were 40 dermatoses listed as possibly associated with a focal infection. About 60% of the universities endeavoured to detect the focus although the focus was not always removed when identified.", "contents": "A study on dermatoses due to tonsillar focal infection using a nation-wide questionnaire in Japan. The relation of the infected to nephritis, rheumatic and heart diseases has been recognized but that to dermatoses has not been fully established nor applied clinically by dermatogists or otolaryngologists in the treatment of such patients. In order to assess to attitude of dermatologists as regards the dermatoses due to focal tonsillar infection, a questionnaire was sent to the departments of dermatology of 72 universities in Japan: 44 (61.1%) have replied. There were 40 dermatoses listed as possibly associated with a focal infection. About 60% of the universities endeavoured to detect the focus although the focus was not always removed when identified.", "PMID": 573430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10610", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasonography in paranasal sinus diseases. A 5-year review.", "content": "Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with paranasal sinus disease. It is a simple, reliable method with a failure rate of approximately 10%. The increasing use of this diagnostic tool requires the reemphasis and prevention of possible errors in establishing the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasonography in paranasal sinus diseases. A 5-year review. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with paranasal sinus disease. It is a simple, reliable method with a failure rate of approximately 10%. The increasing use of this diagnostic tool requires the reemphasis and prevention of possible errors in establishing the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 573431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10611", "title": "Effects of denervation on resting membrane and action potentials of neonate rat fast and slow twitch muscles.", "content": "During the first 20 days postpartum of the rat, a period of rapid muscle growth, resting potentials and maximum rate of rise and overshoot of action potentials recorded from fast and slow twitch muscle fibres all increased, although did not reach adult values. The action potential of fast twitch muscle fibres had a greater maximum rate of rise and overshoot than that of slow twitch muscle fibres of the same age. Innervation had a marked influence upon maintenance of the electrical properties of muscle fibres in the neonate since denervation reduced the value of the resting potential and maximum rate of rise and overshoot of the action potential. Neverthless, some differences between action potentials recorded from the two fibre types remained 4 days after denervation.", "contents": "Effects of denervation on resting membrane and action potentials of neonate rat fast and slow twitch muscles. During the first 20 days postpartum of the rat, a period of rapid muscle growth, resting potentials and maximum rate of rise and overshoot of action potentials recorded from fast and slow twitch muscle fibres all increased, although did not reach adult values. The action potential of fast twitch muscle fibres had a greater maximum rate of rise and overshoot than that of slow twitch muscle fibres of the same age. Innervation had a marked influence upon maintenance of the electrical properties of muscle fibres in the neonate since denervation reduced the value of the resting potential and maximum rate of rise and overshoot of the action potential. Neverthless, some differences between action potentials recorded from the two fibre types remained 4 days after denervation.", "PMID": 573437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10612", "title": "Model experiments on the effect of bifurcations on capillary blood flow and oxygen transport.", "content": "O2-delivery by a single capillary is a function of the flow rate and the fraction of flow made up of red blood cells. Capillary flow rate in turn depends upon flow resistance which is determined by the fraction of capillary volume occupied by red blood cells. Experiments were carried out to study the relationship between these parameters in an in vitro model consisting of glass capillaries (I.D. 3.3--11.0 micrometer) branching from a large bore feeding channel which was perfused at variable flow rates with suspensions of human red cells with different hematocrits. Capillary flow rates ranged from 0--10(-4) mm3s-1. The results indicate that the red cell flow fraction increases with increasing capillary flow rate and with decreasing feeding vessel flow rate. Capillary volume fraction occupied by red cells similarly depends on these two parameters, but is consistently lower than the red cell flow fraction. Capillary flow resistance increases with flow rate due to increasing volume fraction of cells. If the results obtained with the model system are applicable to in vivo capillaries it must be concluded that O2-delivery by a single capillary is not linearly related to flow rate but increases more than proportionately with flow rate. Due to alteration of resistance with flow rate another type of \"autoregulation\" of capillary flow is proposed which tends to keep flow rate constant despite changes of driving pressure.", "contents": "Model experiments on the effect of bifurcations on capillary blood flow and oxygen transport. O2-delivery by a single capillary is a function of the flow rate and the fraction of flow made up of red blood cells. Capillary flow rate in turn depends upon flow resistance which is determined by the fraction of capillary volume occupied by red blood cells. Experiments were carried out to study the relationship between these parameters in an in vitro model consisting of glass capillaries (I.D. 3.3--11.0 micrometer) branching from a large bore feeding channel which was perfused at variable flow rates with suspensions of human red cells with different hematocrits. Capillary flow rates ranged from 0--10(-4) mm3s-1. The results indicate that the red cell flow fraction increases with increasing capillary flow rate and with decreasing feeding vessel flow rate. Capillary volume fraction occupied by red cells similarly depends on these two parameters, but is consistently lower than the red cell flow fraction. Capillary flow resistance increases with flow rate due to increasing volume fraction of cells. If the results obtained with the model system are applicable to in vivo capillaries it must be concluded that O2-delivery by a single capillary is not linearly related to flow rate but increases more than proportionately with flow rate. Due to alteration of resistance with flow rate another type of \"autoregulation\" of capillary flow is proposed which tends to keep flow rate constant despite changes of driving pressure.", "PMID": 573438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10613", "title": "Exocrine ductal pCO2 in the rabbit pancreas.", "content": "An improved pCO2 microelectrode has been evaluated and used to investigate whether a significant barrier to diffusion of CO2 exists in the rabbit pancreas. The results of this study show the improved Carter and Caflisch pCO2 microelectrode to be an accurate and reliable tool for measuring pancreatic venous and ductal pCO2. The similarities between pCO2 values from the pancreatic ducts and small pancreatic veins suggest that there is no barrier to CO2 diffusion between small veins and exocrine ducts in the rabbit pancreas, and that ductal pCO2 is probably strongly influenced by the CO2 tension of the small pancreatic blood vessels.", "contents": "Exocrine ductal pCO2 in the rabbit pancreas. An improved pCO2 microelectrode has been evaluated and used to investigate whether a significant barrier to diffusion of CO2 exists in the rabbit pancreas. The results of this study show the improved Carter and Caflisch pCO2 microelectrode to be an accurate and reliable tool for measuring pancreatic venous and ductal pCO2. The similarities between pCO2 values from the pancreatic ducts and small pancreatic veins suggest that there is no barrier to CO2 diffusion between small veins and exocrine ducts in the rabbit pancreas, and that ductal pCO2 is probably strongly influenced by the CO2 tension of the small pancreatic blood vessels.", "PMID": 573439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10614", "title": "The effect of various stimulated altitudes on the turnover of norepinephrine and dopamine in the central nervous system of rats.", "content": "The elimination rate constant, half-life and turnover time of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were determined, after inhibiting their biosynthesis by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha MT), in the hypothalamus, striatum and the remainder of the brain of rats exposed to different degrees of hypobaric hypoxia, corresponding to altitudes of 1,800, 3,800, 5,200 and 7,000 meters. The effects varied as a function of the degree of hypoxia and the brain region studied. The turnover time of NE in the hypothalamus remained unchanged, regardless of the altitude, while in the rest of the brain the rate constant of neurotransmitter elimination decreased inversely as a linear function of the degree of hypoxia. On the contrary, the changes of the DA turnover time in the striatum and the rest of the brain, were biphasic, being accelerated by moderate altitudes (1,800 m) and retarded by the two highest simulated altitudes studied as a function of hypoxia. The differential effects of hypoxia on NE and DA turnovers are attributed to different sensitivities of the respective enzyme systems.", "contents": "The effect of various stimulated altitudes on the turnover of norepinephrine and dopamine in the central nervous system of rats. The elimination rate constant, half-life and turnover time of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were determined, after inhibiting their biosynthesis by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha MT), in the hypothalamus, striatum and the remainder of the brain of rats exposed to different degrees of hypobaric hypoxia, corresponding to altitudes of 1,800, 3,800, 5,200 and 7,000 meters. The effects varied as a function of the degree of hypoxia and the brain region studied. The turnover time of NE in the hypothalamus remained unchanged, regardless of the altitude, while in the rest of the brain the rate constant of neurotransmitter elimination decreased inversely as a linear function of the degree of hypoxia. On the contrary, the changes of the DA turnover time in the striatum and the rest of the brain, were biphasic, being accelerated by moderate altitudes (1,800 m) and retarded by the two highest simulated altitudes studied as a function of hypoxia. The differential effects of hypoxia on NE and DA turnovers are attributed to different sensitivities of the respective enzyme systems.", "PMID": 573440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10615", "title": "Time course of the enhanced blood pressure response to reinduction of renal artery stenosis in unclipped renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "Moderate or severe hypertension was induced in rats by application of a clip 0.25 or 0.20 mm internal diameter) to the left renal artery leaving the contralateral kidney intact. Removal of the clip 6, 13 or 24 days after the induction of the hypertension was followed by a rapid decrease in blood pressure. A near normotensive level was reached after 2--6 h. Reapplication of the clip to the unclipped renal artery after 1 day caused an enhanced blood pressure response. The preoperative hypertensive levels were reached within 2 h. This enhanced response was related to the level of blood pressure before the removal of the clip. Lengthening the interval between removal and reapplication of the clip gradually reduced the enhanced response of blood pressure, which had disappeared 8 days after the removal of the clip. Reapplication of the clip to the contralateral renal artery was not followed by an enhanced response in rats with previous moderate or severe hypertension.", "contents": "Time course of the enhanced blood pressure response to reinduction of renal artery stenosis in unclipped renal hypertensive rats. Moderate or severe hypertension was induced in rats by application of a clip 0.25 or 0.20 mm internal diameter) to the left renal artery leaving the contralateral kidney intact. Removal of the clip 6, 13 or 24 days after the induction of the hypertension was followed by a rapid decrease in blood pressure. A near normotensive level was reached after 2--6 h. Reapplication of the clip to the unclipped renal artery after 1 day caused an enhanced blood pressure response. The preoperative hypertensive levels were reached within 2 h. This enhanced response was related to the level of blood pressure before the removal of the clip. Lengthening the interval between removal and reapplication of the clip gradually reduced the enhanced response of blood pressure, which had disappeared 8 days after the removal of the clip. Reapplication of the clip to the contralateral renal artery was not followed by an enhanced response in rats with previous moderate or severe hypertension.", "PMID": 573441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10616", "title": "The influence of the surface electrogram on the rising phase of the mammalian cardiac action potential.", "content": "1. When guinea pig cardiac tissue is stimulated, the rising phase of the action potential is influenced by the shape of the concomitant local surface electrogram. This, in turn, depends on the direction of the wave of excitation passing the recording microelectrode. 2. A symmetrical biphasic surface electrogram yields sigmoid upstrokes with masimum upstroke velocity (Vmax) lower than when it is either zero or uniphasic and negative. 3. When the main direction of the depolarization wave in guinea pig ventricular myocardium is receding from the recording microelectrode, giving rise to negative uniphasic extracellular potentials, a notch might distort the registration of the rising phase of the action potential. 4. When the main direction of the depolarization wave is approaching the recording microelectrode, giving rise to positive uniphasic extracellular potentials, Vmax is transferred to less negative membrane potentials. 5. The extracellular surface electrogram influences the overshoot of the action potentials of the normal atrial and depressed (D-600) ventricular myocardium and is changed, depending on how the wave of excitation passes the recording microelectrode.", "contents": "The influence of the surface electrogram on the rising phase of the mammalian cardiac action potential. 1. When guinea pig cardiac tissue is stimulated, the rising phase of the action potential is influenced by the shape of the concomitant local surface electrogram. This, in turn, depends on the direction of the wave of excitation passing the recording microelectrode. 2. A symmetrical biphasic surface electrogram yields sigmoid upstrokes with masimum upstroke velocity (Vmax) lower than when it is either zero or uniphasic and negative. 3. When the main direction of the depolarization wave in guinea pig ventricular myocardium is receding from the recording microelectrode, giving rise to negative uniphasic extracellular potentials, a notch might distort the registration of the rising phase of the action potential. 4. When the main direction of the depolarization wave is approaching the recording microelectrode, giving rise to positive uniphasic extracellular potentials, Vmax is transferred to less negative membrane potentials. 5. The extracellular surface electrogram influences the overshoot of the action potentials of the normal atrial and depressed (D-600) ventricular myocardium and is changed, depending on how the wave of excitation passes the recording microelectrode.", "PMID": 573442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10617", "title": "A micropuncture study of the renal handling of lithium.", "content": "Although clearance studies in man and experimental animals indicate that filtered lithium is reabsorbed primarily in the proximal tubule, it is unclear whether lithium is also reabsorbed in distal portions of the nephron. Micropuncture studies were, therefore, performed to determine the nephron sites involved in lithium transport during free flow. A method was established to estimate the concentration of lithium in nanoliter samples, using the Helium Glow photometer, which permitted the accurate measurement of lithium in tubular fluid samples over a range from 0.5--30.0 mM. Approximately 56% of filtered lithium and tubular fluid was reabsorbed at the end of the proximal convolution, while at the early distal tubule 75% of filtered lithium and water was reabsorbed. There was no change in net transepithelial movement of lithium beyond the loop of Henle. These data suggest that lithium transport is localized to the proximal tubule, including the pars recta. Lithium reabsorption does not occur in distal tubule or collecting duct. Beyond the early distal tubule net movement of lithium and sodium is dissociated.", "contents": "A micropuncture study of the renal handling of lithium. Although clearance studies in man and experimental animals indicate that filtered lithium is reabsorbed primarily in the proximal tubule, it is unclear whether lithium is also reabsorbed in distal portions of the nephron. Micropuncture studies were, therefore, performed to determine the nephron sites involved in lithium transport during free flow. A method was established to estimate the concentration of lithium in nanoliter samples, using the Helium Glow photometer, which permitted the accurate measurement of lithium in tubular fluid samples over a range from 0.5--30.0 mM. Approximately 56% of filtered lithium and tubular fluid was reabsorbed at the end of the proximal convolution, while at the early distal tubule 75% of filtered lithium and water was reabsorbed. There was no change in net transepithelial movement of lithium beyond the loop of Henle. These data suggest that lithium transport is localized to the proximal tubule, including the pars recta. Lithium reabsorption does not occur in distal tubule or collecting duct. Beyond the early distal tubule net movement of lithium and sodium is dissociated.", "PMID": 573443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10618", "title": "Action potentials can propagate along small strands of smooth muscle.", "content": "Bundles of taenia coli muscle as small as 25 micrometers in diameter were dissected from guinea pigs and incubated in an organ culture media for several days. We found that use of an organ-culture bathing solution greatly extended the in vitro responsiveness as well as survival of such small bundles. Electronmicrographs showed that surviving strands of cells constituted only a very small fraction of the cross section of these bundles. Nonetheless, still they supported propagating nondecrementing action potentials. This means that in some cases strands, only a few cells in cross section, supported propagating action potentials. The long length constant and parallel orientation of cells provide a basis assuming cells act as parallel core conductor segments. For these reasons we have called into question the notion that for propagation to occur there must be a facilitating cooperation between large numbers of smooth muscle cells in parallel. Indeed we suggest that the limiting size for propagation is a strand of single cells.", "contents": "Action potentials can propagate along small strands of smooth muscle. Bundles of taenia coli muscle as small as 25 micrometers in diameter were dissected from guinea pigs and incubated in an organ culture media for several days. We found that use of an organ-culture bathing solution greatly extended the in vitro responsiveness as well as survival of such small bundles. Electronmicrographs showed that surviving strands of cells constituted only a very small fraction of the cross section of these bundles. Nonetheless, still they supported propagating nondecrementing action potentials. This means that in some cases strands, only a few cells in cross section, supported propagating action potentials. The long length constant and parallel orientation of cells provide a basis assuming cells act as parallel core conductor segments. For these reasons we have called into question the notion that for propagation to occur there must be a facilitating cooperation between large numbers of smooth muscle cells in parallel. Indeed we suggest that the limiting size for propagation is a strand of single cells.", "PMID": 573444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10619", "title": "Lifelong variations in heart rates in SPF Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Statistical correlations with body weights.", "content": "In unanesthetized Sprague Dawleys, SPF, of both sexes, housed in DL12:12 (100lux), at a temperature of 18--23 degrees C and a hygrometry of 60--75%, the measurements of heart frequencies during most part of their life point out a continuous decrease with age and an always higher (40--20 c.min-1) heart rate in females than in males. Significant correlations between heart rate and body weight can account for these heart rates variations. Between the ages of 72 and 589 days, which corresponds to the growth period, a linear relationship was established between Log heart rate (y; c. min-1) and Log body weight (x; gram); for males: Log y = 0.122 Log X +Log 938 and for females: Log y = -0.166 Log X + Log 1217. After the age of 600 days, which corresponds to senescence, decreases in heart rate as well as in body weight were observed in both sexes.", "contents": "Lifelong variations in heart rates in SPF Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Statistical correlations with body weights. In unanesthetized Sprague Dawleys, SPF, of both sexes, housed in DL12:12 (100lux), at a temperature of 18--23 degrees C and a hygrometry of 60--75%, the measurements of heart frequencies during most part of their life point out a continuous decrease with age and an always higher (40--20 c.min-1) heart rate in females than in males. Significant correlations between heart rate and body weight can account for these heart rates variations. Between the ages of 72 and 589 days, which corresponds to the growth period, a linear relationship was established between Log heart rate (y; c. min-1) and Log body weight (x; gram); for males: Log y = 0.122 Log X +Log 938 and for females: Log y = -0.166 Log X + Log 1217. After the age of 600 days, which corresponds to senescence, decreases in heart rate as well as in body weight were observed in both sexes.", "PMID": 573445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10620", "title": "Cold-sensitive afferents from the abdomen.", "content": "In cats afferent impulses from splanchnic and vagus nerve preparations were studied. In each splanchnic nerve serving the stomach or the adjacent part of the duodenum, cold-sensitive afferents could be recorded. There were also numerous mechanosensitive fibers originating from stomach, intestine, mesentery and the region of blood vessels. No thermal afferents were found in the vagus nerve. The cardiovascular and respiratory myelinated afferents were insensitive to thermal stimuli.", "contents": "Cold-sensitive afferents from the abdomen. In cats afferent impulses from splanchnic and vagus nerve preparations were studied. In each splanchnic nerve serving the stomach or the adjacent part of the duodenum, cold-sensitive afferents could be recorded. There were also numerous mechanosensitive fibers originating from stomach, intestine, mesentery and the region of blood vessels. No thermal afferents were found in the vagus nerve. The cardiovascular and respiratory myelinated afferents were insensitive to thermal stimuli.", "PMID": 573447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10621", "title": "Computerised image analysis of split-drop micropuncture data.", "content": "A technique is described for rapid and reproducible analysis of split-drop micropuncture sequences recorded on film. Automatic identification of the droplet menisci in each cine frame, and subsequent evaluation is performed by a computerised T.V. image analysis system. In comparison with a more conventional technique, the improvement in reproducibility of the analysis is achieved without loss of accuracy and is accompanied by a three fold increase in speed.", "contents": "Computerised image analysis of split-drop micropuncture data. A technique is described for rapid and reproducible analysis of split-drop micropuncture sequences recorded on film. Automatic identification of the droplet menisci in each cine frame, and subsequent evaluation is performed by a computerised T.V. image analysis system. In comparison with a more conventional technique, the improvement in reproducibility of the analysis is achieved without loss of accuracy and is accompanied by a three fold increase in speed.", "PMID": 573449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10622", "title": "The role of the vagus nerves in the ventilatory response to lowered PaO2 with intact and eliminated carotid chemoreflexes.", "content": "In anaesthetized rabbits the influence of vagal cold-block on the ventilatory response to lowered arterial oxygen pressure was investigated. With intact carotid chemoreflexes, lowered PaO2 caused hyperventilation, which was progressively intensified with the degree of hypoxia, regardless of whether the alveolar PCO2 was uncontrolled or kept constant at the hyperoxic control. The V-PaO2 response was to a greater extent due to an increase of respiratory rate than to one of tidal volume. During hyperoxia, vagal cold-block caused a distinct increase in ventilation provided the alveolar PCO2 was not allowed to decrease. During moderate hypoxia, vagal block caused only a slight increase in ventilation, when PACO2 was not controlled, but a distinct decrease in ventilation, when PACO2 was maintained at the hyperoxic level. Without carotid chemoreflexes, lowered PaO2 did not change ventilation at any level, provided the vagus nerves were left intact. This was due to a substantial increase in respiratory rate counteracting a corresponding decrease in tidal volume. Then vagal block led to a ventilatory depression depending on the degree of hypoxia, which was due to a simultaneous decline in respiratory rate and tidal volume. It is concluded that during hypocapnic hypoxia the vagal stretch reflex primarily inhibits the carotid chemoreflex drive of ventilation. During normocapnic hypoxia, however, the mode of interaction between the peripheral and the central chemical drive has to be considered, which without vagal feed-back is occlusive. This occlusion appears to be counteracted by a vagal mechanism sensitive to CO2 in the airways--and possibly also to a lack of O2--, mainly shortening respiratory cycle duration.", "contents": "The role of the vagus nerves in the ventilatory response to lowered PaO2 with intact and eliminated carotid chemoreflexes. In anaesthetized rabbits the influence of vagal cold-block on the ventilatory response to lowered arterial oxygen pressure was investigated. With intact carotid chemoreflexes, lowered PaO2 caused hyperventilation, which was progressively intensified with the degree of hypoxia, regardless of whether the alveolar PCO2 was uncontrolled or kept constant at the hyperoxic control. The V-PaO2 response was to a greater extent due to an increase of respiratory rate than to one of tidal volume. During hyperoxia, vagal cold-block caused a distinct increase in ventilation provided the alveolar PCO2 was not allowed to decrease. During moderate hypoxia, vagal block caused only a slight increase in ventilation, when PACO2 was not controlled, but a distinct decrease in ventilation, when PACO2 was maintained at the hyperoxic level. Without carotid chemoreflexes, lowered PaO2 did not change ventilation at any level, provided the vagus nerves were left intact. This was due to a substantial increase in respiratory rate counteracting a corresponding decrease in tidal volume. Then vagal block led to a ventilatory depression depending on the degree of hypoxia, which was due to a simultaneous decline in respiratory rate and tidal volume. It is concluded that during hypocapnic hypoxia the vagal stretch reflex primarily inhibits the carotid chemoreflex drive of ventilation. During normocapnic hypoxia, however, the mode of interaction between the peripheral and the central chemical drive has to be considered, which without vagal feed-back is occlusive. This occlusion appears to be counteracted by a vagal mechanism sensitive to CO2 in the airways--and possibly also to a lack of O2--, mainly shortening respiratory cycle duration.", "PMID": 573448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10623", "title": "Computer program for intestinal spike bursts recognition.", "content": "A FORTRAN program has been developed for locating intestinal spike bursts and for estimating their strength. Tested against human scanning, the reliability rate was 92% and the misrecognition rate was 2.5%. This program was applied to the automatisation of the Migrating Myoelectric Complex analysis. A first method computed the percentage of Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) cycles with superimposed spike bursts. A second one was based on the evaluation of spike bursts strength.", "contents": "Computer program for intestinal spike bursts recognition. A FORTRAN program has been developed for locating intestinal spike bursts and for estimating their strength. Tested against human scanning, the reliability rate was 92% and the misrecognition rate was 2.5%. This program was applied to the automatisation of the Migrating Myoelectric Complex analysis. A first method computed the percentage of Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) cycles with superimposed spike bursts. A second one was based on the evaluation of spike bursts strength.", "PMID": 573450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10624", "title": "Volumetric assessment of the capillary filtration coefficient in the cat small intestine.", "content": "The capillary filtration coefficient of the cat small intestine was measured in four ways; the conventional measurement was compared with the \"zero time extrapolation\" technique, and with two methods designed to assess the end of the blood volume shift due to venous pressure elevation. If the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) was determined using small elevations of venous pressure (10 mm Hg or less), there was good agreement between the techniques. Larger elevations of venous pressure resulted in apparent over-estimates of CFC measured by the conventional technique, probably because of increased \"smearing\" of the blood volume shift into the component of the response measured as the CFC. In general, larger elevations of venous pressure gave smaller CFC's, and using venous pressure elevations of 10 mm Hg or less, the CFC was greater if the final elevated venous pressure was 10 mm Hg than if it was 20 or 30 mm Hg. Changes in CFC due to noradrenaline and isoprenaline (about 15 ng/ml arterial blood concentration) were in agreement when small venous pressure elevations were used and CFC measured in three different ways.", "contents": "Volumetric assessment of the capillary filtration coefficient in the cat small intestine. The capillary filtration coefficient of the cat small intestine was measured in four ways; the conventional measurement was compared with the \"zero time extrapolation\" technique, and with two methods designed to assess the end of the blood volume shift due to venous pressure elevation. If the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) was determined using small elevations of venous pressure (10 mm Hg or less), there was good agreement between the techniques. Larger elevations of venous pressure resulted in apparent over-estimates of CFC measured by the conventional technique, probably because of increased \"smearing\" of the blood volume shift into the component of the response measured as the CFC. In general, larger elevations of venous pressure gave smaller CFC's, and using venous pressure elevations of 10 mm Hg or less, the CFC was greater if the final elevated venous pressure was 10 mm Hg than if it was 20 or 30 mm Hg. Changes in CFC due to noradrenaline and isoprenaline (about 15 ng/ml arterial blood concentration) were in agreement when small venous pressure elevations were used and CFC measured in three different ways.", "PMID": 573451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10625", "title": "Cerebral potentials during smooth goal-directed hand movements in right-handed and left-handed subjects.", "content": "During smooth goal-directed hand movements a negative potential shift can be recorded from the human scalp. This goal-directed movement potential (GDMP) is preponderant over central areas with a maximum at the vertex and, over the motor cortex, contralaterally larger than ipsilaterally to the moving hand. In 11 right-handed and 6 left-handed subjects, the morphology and distribution of these potential shifts were studied in relation to task differences, moving hand and handedness. The results show a functional differentiation of two components of the GDMP: (1), a lateralized, slow negative wave, restricted to the precentral area and selectively varying with the hand used, and (2), a widespread, bilateral symmetrical component, selectively influenced by task-specific and individual factors. Two effects reflect an influence of the subject's handedness on the GDMP: (A) averaged for both hand conditions, there are larger amplitudes over the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant hand, and (b), averaged for both hemispheres, larger amplitudes result from using the non-dominant hand.", "contents": "Cerebral potentials during smooth goal-directed hand movements in right-handed and left-handed subjects. During smooth goal-directed hand movements a negative potential shift can be recorded from the human scalp. This goal-directed movement potential (GDMP) is preponderant over central areas with a maximum at the vertex and, over the motor cortex, contralaterally larger than ipsilaterally to the moving hand. In 11 right-handed and 6 left-handed subjects, the morphology and distribution of these potential shifts were studied in relation to task differences, moving hand and handedness. The results show a functional differentiation of two components of the GDMP: (1), a lateralized, slow negative wave, restricted to the precentral area and selectively varying with the hand used, and (2), a widespread, bilateral symmetrical component, selectively influenced by task-specific and individual factors. Two effects reflect an influence of the subject's handedness on the GDMP: (A) averaged for both hand conditions, there are larger amplitudes over the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant hand, and (b), averaged for both hemispheres, larger amplitudes result from using the non-dominant hand.", "PMID": 573452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10626", "title": "Initiation of muscle activity in spinalized pigeons during spinal cord cooling and warming.", "content": "1. The effect of spinal cord temperature changes on muscle activity was investigated in unanaesthetized intact and chronically spinalized pigeons and in acutely spinalized pigeons which were artifically respirated and lightly anaesthetized with ether. 2. Spinal cord cooling regularly produced an increase in muscle activity and visible muscle tremor in intact and spinalized pigeons. This motor cold defence reaction was less intensive in spinalized animals, but was qualitatively identical in all groups with regard to spindle shaped firing patterns and grouped discharges. 3. Intravenous injection of 60-100 mg/kg L-Dopa enhanced the motor response to spinal cord cooling in acutely spinalized pigeons. It is suggested that L-Dopa may act on dopaminergic or noradrenergic neurones in the spinal cord. 4. The results demonstrate that the generation of the motor cold defence response to cooling of the spinal cord in pigeons is basically independent from supra-spinal nervous mechanisms. The decreased intensity of cold induced muscle activity in spinalized animals may be attributed to the loss of excitatory or disinhibitory descending inputs to the spinal cord. 5. Spinal cord warming above normal body temperature (41.5 degrees C) produced an increase in muscle activity and slow muscle movements. The pattern was qualitatively different from that of the cold induced tremor.", "contents": "Initiation of muscle activity in spinalized pigeons during spinal cord cooling and warming. 1. The effect of spinal cord temperature changes on muscle activity was investigated in unanaesthetized intact and chronically spinalized pigeons and in acutely spinalized pigeons which were artifically respirated and lightly anaesthetized with ether. 2. Spinal cord cooling regularly produced an increase in muscle activity and visible muscle tremor in intact and spinalized pigeons. This motor cold defence reaction was less intensive in spinalized animals, but was qualitatively identical in all groups with regard to spindle shaped firing patterns and grouped discharges. 3. Intravenous injection of 60-100 mg/kg L-Dopa enhanced the motor response to spinal cord cooling in acutely spinalized pigeons. It is suggested that L-Dopa may act on dopaminergic or noradrenergic neurones in the spinal cord. 4. The results demonstrate that the generation of the motor cold defence response to cooling of the spinal cord in pigeons is basically independent from supra-spinal nervous mechanisms. The decreased intensity of cold induced muscle activity in spinalized animals may be attributed to the loss of excitatory or disinhibitory descending inputs to the spinal cord. 5. Spinal cord warming above normal body temperature (41.5 degrees C) produced an increase in muscle activity and slow muscle movements. The pattern was qualitatively different from that of the cold induced tremor.", "PMID": 573453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10627", "title": "Characterization of Ca2+- and Sr2+-activated tension in functionally skinned chicken fibers of normal and dystrophic skeletal and normal cardiac muscle.", "content": "The Ca2+ and Sr2+ activation of tension in functionally skinned chicken fibers of normal and dystrophic skeletal and normal cardiac muscle were studied. The muscles studied can be separated into two groups based upon their Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivities: those which are significantly more sensitive to Ca2+ than to Sr2+, pectoralis and posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD), and those which show no Ca2+/Sr2+ sensitivity difference, cardiac and anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD). This suggests that there is more than one type of Ca2+ site involved in Ca2+ control of muscle contraction in different muscle types and suggests that ALD and cardiac muscle may be controlled by a different type of binding site than PLD and pectoralis muscle. Dystrophic ALD and PLD muscles showed little change in their Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivities from those of normal muscles in contrast to the pectoralis which showed a decrease in both Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivity (approaching that of PLD) with the onset of dystrophy. Similarly, upon SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, dystrophic ALD and PLD muscles showed no difference in contractile proteins from those of normal muscles, in contrast to pectoralis muscle where the appearance of a 36,000 dalton protein band correlated with the onset of dystrophy and the changes in the Ca2+/Sr2+ activation properties of this muscle. The contractile protein band pattern of normal and dystrophic PLD and dystrophic pectoralis muscle were similar including the presence of the 36,000 dalton protein.", "contents": "Characterization of Ca2+- and Sr2+-activated tension in functionally skinned chicken fibers of normal and dystrophic skeletal and normal cardiac muscle. The Ca2+ and Sr2+ activation of tension in functionally skinned chicken fibers of normal and dystrophic skeletal and normal cardiac muscle were studied. The muscles studied can be separated into two groups based upon their Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivities: those which are significantly more sensitive to Ca2+ than to Sr2+, pectoralis and posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD), and those which show no Ca2+/Sr2+ sensitivity difference, cardiac and anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD). This suggests that there is more than one type of Ca2+ site involved in Ca2+ control of muscle contraction in different muscle types and suggests that ALD and cardiac muscle may be controlled by a different type of binding site than PLD and pectoralis muscle. Dystrophic ALD and PLD muscles showed little change in their Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivities from those of normal muscles in contrast to the pectoralis which showed a decrease in both Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivity (approaching that of PLD) with the onset of dystrophy. Similarly, upon SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, dystrophic ALD and PLD muscles showed no difference in contractile proteins from those of normal muscles, in contrast to pectoralis muscle where the appearance of a 36,000 dalton protein band correlated with the onset of dystrophy and the changes in the Ca2+/Sr2+ activation properties of this muscle. The contractile protein band pattern of normal and dystrophic PLD and dystrophic pectoralis muscle were similar including the presence of the 36,000 dalton protein.", "PMID": 573454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10628", "title": "Activation of contraction of arterial smooth muscle in the presence of nitrate and other anions.", "content": "Contraction strength was measured in ear artery and aorta of the rabbit and coronary artery of the pig during replacement of chloride with anions of the lyotrophic series. Contractions induced by depolarization with elevated external potassium were potentiated in the presence of foreign anions, while those induced by noradrenaline were affected only at higher concentrations of the drug. Drug induced contractions in calcium-free solutions were not affected by the anions. In the presence of nitrate and excess K the change of membrane potential per tenfold change in (K)o was 56mV in chloride and 50 mV in nitrate solution. Enhancement of contraction strength by nitrate was not associated with alterations in membrane potential. Stimulation of aorta with 29.5 mM K resulted in a larger net uptake of 45Ca in nitrate than in chloride. K-stimulated 45Ca efflux was greater in the ear artery in NO3 solution than Cl solution while 45Ca efflux induced by noradrenaline was not effected by anion replacement. These results suggest that in these arteries anions potentiate contraction by enhancing the influx of external calcium, and do not modify the release of internal stores of calcium.", "contents": "Activation of contraction of arterial smooth muscle in the presence of nitrate and other anions. Contraction strength was measured in ear artery and aorta of the rabbit and coronary artery of the pig during replacement of chloride with anions of the lyotrophic series. Contractions induced by depolarization with elevated external potassium were potentiated in the presence of foreign anions, while those induced by noradrenaline were affected only at higher concentrations of the drug. Drug induced contractions in calcium-free solutions were not affected by the anions. In the presence of nitrate and excess K the change of membrane potential per tenfold change in (K)o was 56mV in chloride and 50 mV in nitrate solution. Enhancement of contraction strength by nitrate was not associated with alterations in membrane potential. Stimulation of aorta with 29.5 mM K resulted in a larger net uptake of 45Ca in nitrate than in chloride. K-stimulated 45Ca efflux was greater in the ear artery in NO3 solution than Cl solution while 45Ca efflux induced by noradrenaline was not effected by anion replacement. These results suggest that in these arteries anions potentiate contraction by enhancing the influx of external calcium, and do not modify the release of internal stores of calcium.", "PMID": 573455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10629", "title": "The role of intrinsic, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory nerves in the regulation of distensibility of the guinea-pig colon.", "content": "1. The lengthening responses of segments of distal colon of guinea-pigs to applied weights were measured. 2. Distensibility was reduced by tetrodotoxin and quinidine; increased by atropine and hyoscine, and unaffected by guanethidine and phentolamine. 3. Tension changes produced by controlled stretches were increased by tetrodotoxin. 4. These results suggest that there is a net, inhibitory, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic influence acting on the muscle during stretch against a background of cholinergic excitatory tone. This inhibitory activity may be activated reflexly by stretch.", "contents": "The role of intrinsic, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory nerves in the regulation of distensibility of the guinea-pig colon. 1. The lengthening responses of segments of distal colon of guinea-pigs to applied weights were measured. 2. Distensibility was reduced by tetrodotoxin and quinidine; increased by atropine and hyoscine, and unaffected by guanethidine and phentolamine. 3. Tension changes produced by controlled stretches were increased by tetrodotoxin. 4. These results suggest that there is a net, inhibitory, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic influence acting on the muscle during stretch against a background of cholinergic excitatory tone. This inhibitory activity may be activated reflexly by stretch.", "PMID": 573456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10630", "title": "Lack of effect of ouabain on sodium transport across the rat placenta.", "content": "The umbilical vascular bed of the rat placenta was perfused in situ. Ouabain (10(-4)M) in the perfusion fluid had no effect on the unidirectional flux of Na+ from the maternal (electrically negative) to the foetal (electrically positive) side of the placenta, or on the transplacental potential difference. This was taken to indicate that there is no significant active transport of Na+ across the placenta of the rat.", "contents": "Lack of effect of ouabain on sodium transport across the rat placenta. The umbilical vascular bed of the rat placenta was perfused in situ. Ouabain (10(-4)M) in the perfusion fluid had no effect on the unidirectional flux of Na+ from the maternal (electrically negative) to the foetal (electrically positive) side of the placenta, or on the transplacental potential difference. This was taken to indicate that there is no significant active transport of Na+ across the placenta of the rat.", "PMID": 573457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10631", "title": "Stimulation of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption by ile5 angiotensin II in the rat kidney.", "content": "A direct dose-dependent stimulation or inhibition by val5-angiotensin II of sodium reabsorption in the rat proximal nephron has been shown using stationary microperfusion combined with perfusion of the peritubular capilaries. Since the circulating form of the hormone in the rat has been suggested to be the ile5-analogue these experiments have been repeated using the ile5-peptide at peritubular concentrations covering the normal physiological range (10-10 -10-13M). Comparison of the results with the previously published data shows no significant difference between the actions of these two analogues. At the concentrations tested both caused significant stimulation of sodium reabsorption with a maximum effect at 10(-11)M.", "contents": "Stimulation of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption by ile5 angiotensin II in the rat kidney. A direct dose-dependent stimulation or inhibition by val5-angiotensin II of sodium reabsorption in the rat proximal nephron has been shown using stationary microperfusion combined with perfusion of the peritubular capilaries. Since the circulating form of the hormone in the rat has been suggested to be the ile5-analogue these experiments have been repeated using the ile5-peptide at peritubular concentrations covering the normal physiological range (10-10 -10-13M). Comparison of the results with the previously published data shows no significant difference between the actions of these two analogues. At the concentrations tested both caused significant stimulation of sodium reabsorption with a maximum effect at 10(-11)M.", "PMID": 573458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10632", "title": "A multiple regression model for blood lactate removal in man.", "content": "After exercise the lactate (La) removal from blood occurs significantly faster during moderate exercise than at rest. However, under both conditions there are considerable inter-individual differences in La removal. These differences in man may depend on the slow-twitch (ST) fiber content of muscle (X1), the La concentration in blood (X2), and the intensity of the recovery exercise (X3). Therefore, multiple regression models were obtained to describe La removal rates with these variables. In 10 women La concentrations were increased via a 6 min bicycle ergometer ride (87% VO2max) and blood La concentrations were measured every 5 min during 20 min resting and active recovery periods (29--49% VO2max). For resting recovery only the initial La concentration after the 6 min exercise provided a significant description for La removal in 8 subjects (P = 0.03). However, for the active recovery a highly significant description for La removal was obtained: La removal rate (mM/1 . min) = 0.773 x 10-2X1 + 0.321 x 10-1X2 - 0.120 x 10-1X3 + 0.202 (R = 0.91; P = 0.01). The statistical independence (P greater than 0.010) of each of these variables in the model suggests that each is contributing uniquely to the total removal rate of La observed during an active recovery period. The relationship between La removal and %ST fibers may be related to the metabolic and anatomical features of these fibers, the La concentration probably reflects the significance of the mass action effect of La, and the intensity of exercise reflects the role of the muscle's metabolic rate. The present results illustrate that the removal of blood lactate is influenced by the interactive effects of the intensity of the recovery exercise, blood lactate concentration and the ST fiber content of muscle.", "contents": "A multiple regression model for blood lactate removal in man. After exercise the lactate (La) removal from blood occurs significantly faster during moderate exercise than at rest. However, under both conditions there are considerable inter-individual differences in La removal. These differences in man may depend on the slow-twitch (ST) fiber content of muscle (X1), the La concentration in blood (X2), and the intensity of the recovery exercise (X3). Therefore, multiple regression models were obtained to describe La removal rates with these variables. In 10 women La concentrations were increased via a 6 min bicycle ergometer ride (87% VO2max) and blood La concentrations were measured every 5 min during 20 min resting and active recovery periods (29--49% VO2max). For resting recovery only the initial La concentration after the 6 min exercise provided a significant description for La removal in 8 subjects (P = 0.03). However, for the active recovery a highly significant description for La removal was obtained: La removal rate (mM/1 . min) = 0.773 x 10-2X1 + 0.321 x 10-1X2 - 0.120 x 10-1X3 + 0.202 (R = 0.91; P = 0.01). The statistical independence (P greater than 0.010) of each of these variables in the model suggests that each is contributing uniquely to the total removal rate of La observed during an active recovery period. The relationship between La removal and %ST fibers may be related to the metabolic and anatomical features of these fibers, the La concentration probably reflects the significance of the mass action effect of La, and the intensity of exercise reflects the role of the muscle's metabolic rate. The present results illustrate that the removal of blood lactate is influenced by the interactive effects of the intensity of the recovery exercise, blood lactate concentration and the ST fiber content of muscle.", "PMID": 573459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10633", "title": "Regulation of myocardial oxygen consumption by perfusion pressure in isolated fibrillating canine heart.", "content": "In order to evaluate whether perfusion pressure or coronary flow affect myocardial oxygen metabolism, oxygen consumption of the isolated fibrillating blood-perfused canine heart was investigated at perfusion pressures of 100, 150, and 200 mm Hg. To obtain different coronary flow rates at a given coronary perfusion pressure, alpha-adrenergic blockade by phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg b.w.) was applied, resulting in an increase in coronary flow and a decrease in myocardial oxygen extration. Myocardial oxygen consumption was increased by elevation of perfusion pressure in both the control and phenoxybenzamine-pretreated group. At the same level of perfusion pressure there was no significant difference between the oxygen consumption of control and phenoxybenzamine-pretreated preparations. It can be concluded that in the isolated fibrillating canine heart oxygen consumption is primarily regulated by perfusion pressure, and is independent from coronary blood flow.", "contents": "Regulation of myocardial oxygen consumption by perfusion pressure in isolated fibrillating canine heart. In order to evaluate whether perfusion pressure or coronary flow affect myocardial oxygen metabolism, oxygen consumption of the isolated fibrillating blood-perfused canine heart was investigated at perfusion pressures of 100, 150, and 200 mm Hg. To obtain different coronary flow rates at a given coronary perfusion pressure, alpha-adrenergic blockade by phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg b.w.) was applied, resulting in an increase in coronary flow and a decrease in myocardial oxygen extration. Myocardial oxygen consumption was increased by elevation of perfusion pressure in both the control and phenoxybenzamine-pretreated group. At the same level of perfusion pressure there was no significant difference between the oxygen consumption of control and phenoxybenzamine-pretreated preparations. It can be concluded that in the isolated fibrillating canine heart oxygen consumption is primarily regulated by perfusion pressure, and is independent from coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 573460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10634", "title": "Cyclic and non-cyclic variations of spinal cord temperature related with temperature regulation in pigeons.", "content": "1. The temperature of the spinal cord (Tvc) was measured in unanaesthetized pigeons at different ambient temperatures (Ta). 2. In short-term experiments spontaneous or noncyclic variations of Tvc at constant (20 and 10 degrees C) and changing Ta were correlated with the amplitude of the electromyogram EMG) which indicates shivering, i.e., heat production. At constant Ta no unequivocal correlation between Tvc (and also Tskin) and EMG was found. During ambient cooling there was often an increase of Tvc which resulted in a positive correlation whereas there was a negative correlation to Tskin. 3. In long-term experiments (24h, LD 12:12Y cyclic variations of Tvc were measured at different Ta and ocrrelated with O2-consumption, i.e., heat production. As with body temperature Tvc was lowered during the dark phase of the diurnal cycle. In the light phase both Tvc and heat production increased with decreasing Ta which results in a positive correlation. In the dark phase there was a smaller increase in heat production but a decrease in Tvc, i.e., a negative correlation. 4. The results show that natural variations of Tvc are often positively ocrrelated with heat production. This is in contrast to experimental changes of Tvc where a clear negative correlation to heat production can be observed.", "contents": "Cyclic and non-cyclic variations of spinal cord temperature related with temperature regulation in pigeons. 1. The temperature of the spinal cord (Tvc) was measured in unanaesthetized pigeons at different ambient temperatures (Ta). 2. In short-term experiments spontaneous or noncyclic variations of Tvc at constant (20 and 10 degrees C) and changing Ta were correlated with the amplitude of the electromyogram EMG) which indicates shivering, i.e., heat production. At constant Ta no unequivocal correlation between Tvc (and also Tskin) and EMG was found. During ambient cooling there was often an increase of Tvc which resulted in a positive correlation whereas there was a negative correlation to Tskin. 3. In long-term experiments (24h, LD 12:12Y cyclic variations of Tvc were measured at different Ta and ocrrelated with O2-consumption, i.e., heat production. As with body temperature Tvc was lowered during the dark phase of the diurnal cycle. In the light phase both Tvc and heat production increased with decreasing Ta which results in a positive correlation. In the dark phase there was a smaller increase in heat production but a decrease in Tvc, i.e., a negative correlation. 4. The results show that natural variations of Tvc are often positively ocrrelated with heat production. This is in contrast to experimental changes of Tvc where a clear negative correlation to heat production can be observed.", "PMID": 573461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10635", "title": "Separate determination of the pulsatile elastic and viscous forces developed in the arterial wall in vivo.", "content": "The viscoelastic behaviour of arteries in vivo is analyzed by separate representation of the purely elastic and the purely viscous properties, using natural pressure and diameter pulses of various dog arteries recorded under steady-state conditions. The circumferential wall stress (sigma) and the radius (r) of the mean wall layer are calculated as functions of time and the hysteresis of the sigma-r diagram is represented. The stress is regarded as the sum of an elastic stress (sigma el) which is a function of r, and a viscous stress (sigma vis) which is a function of dr/dt. Thus sigma el = sigma - sigma vis. Since the sigma el-r diagram must be free from hysteresis, the disappearance of the loop is the criterion that indicates that sigma el has been found. sigma vis is formulated as a second degree polynomial of dr/dt whose coefficients are determined using that criterion. The sigma el-r curve is always nonlinear and the elastic modulus increases with increasing radius. The sigma vis-dr/dt curve, too, is nonlinear. Its slope decreases with increasing dr/dt. The same applies to the wall viscosity (pseudoplastic behaviour). The nonlinear properties can be represented adequately by processing the experimental data in the time domain. Problems inherent in investigations based on the frequency domain, as reported in the literature, are pointed out.", "contents": "Separate determination of the pulsatile elastic and viscous forces developed in the arterial wall in vivo. The viscoelastic behaviour of arteries in vivo is analyzed by separate representation of the purely elastic and the purely viscous properties, using natural pressure and diameter pulses of various dog arteries recorded under steady-state conditions. The circumferential wall stress (sigma) and the radius (r) of the mean wall layer are calculated as functions of time and the hysteresis of the sigma-r diagram is represented. The stress is regarded as the sum of an elastic stress (sigma el) which is a function of r, and a viscous stress (sigma vis) which is a function of dr/dt. Thus sigma el = sigma - sigma vis. Since the sigma el-r diagram must be free from hysteresis, the disappearance of the loop is the criterion that indicates that sigma el has been found. sigma vis is formulated as a second degree polynomial of dr/dt whose coefficients are determined using that criterion. The sigma el-r curve is always nonlinear and the elastic modulus increases with increasing radius. The sigma vis-dr/dt curve, too, is nonlinear. Its slope decreases with increasing dr/dt. The same applies to the wall viscosity (pseudoplastic behaviour). The nonlinear properties can be represented adequately by processing the experimental data in the time domain. Problems inherent in investigations based on the frequency domain, as reported in the literature, are pointed out.", "PMID": 573462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10636", "title": "Thermoregulation in the diabetic-obese (db/db) mouse. The role of non-shivering thermogenesis in energy balance.", "content": "1. Thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis have been studied in the genetically diabetic obese (db/db) mouse. 2. At all environmental temperatures between 33 and 10 degrees C the body temperature of the diabetic mice was lower than that of the normal littermates, the difference varying from 1.1 degrees C at 33 degrees C to 4.5 degrees C at 10 degrees C. 3. At 4 degrees C the diabetic mice rapidly died (3.2h) of hypothermia while the normal mice maintained their body temperature within the normal range. 4. At 23 degrees C the diabetic animals exhibited a diurnal rhythm in body temperature which was similar in both phase and amplitude to the controls, but at every point throughout the 24h cycle the temperature of the mutants was lower by 1--2 degrees C. 5. The resting metabolic rate at thermoneutrality (33 degrees C) was higher per whole animal for the diabetics than for the normals. However, at temperatures below thermoneutrality the converse was observed; between 30 and 4 degrees C the RMR of the mutants was lower than the controls by approximately 25%. 6. The capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis in diabetic mice was only one-half that found in normal animals. 7. The diabetic mouse has abnormalities in thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis which are similar to those found in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. It is concluded that the high metabolic efficiency of the diabetic mouse, like that of the ob/ob mouse, can be explained by a reduced energy expenditure on thermoregulatory thermogenesis; this may represent a primary mechanism for the operation of the \"thirfty genotype\" associated with obesity and diabetes.", "contents": "Thermoregulation in the diabetic-obese (db/db) mouse. The role of non-shivering thermogenesis in energy balance. 1. Thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis have been studied in the genetically diabetic obese (db/db) mouse. 2. At all environmental temperatures between 33 and 10 degrees C the body temperature of the diabetic mice was lower than that of the normal littermates, the difference varying from 1.1 degrees C at 33 degrees C to 4.5 degrees C at 10 degrees C. 3. At 4 degrees C the diabetic mice rapidly died (3.2h) of hypothermia while the normal mice maintained their body temperature within the normal range. 4. At 23 degrees C the diabetic animals exhibited a diurnal rhythm in body temperature which was similar in both phase and amplitude to the controls, but at every point throughout the 24h cycle the temperature of the mutants was lower by 1--2 degrees C. 5. The resting metabolic rate at thermoneutrality (33 degrees C) was higher per whole animal for the diabetics than for the normals. However, at temperatures below thermoneutrality the converse was observed; between 30 and 4 degrees C the RMR of the mutants was lower than the controls by approximately 25%. 6. The capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis in diabetic mice was only one-half that found in normal animals. 7. The diabetic mouse has abnormalities in thermoregulation and non-shivering thermogenesis which are similar to those found in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. It is concluded that the high metabolic efficiency of the diabetic mouse, like that of the ob/ob mouse, can be explained by a reduced energy expenditure on thermoregulatory thermogenesis; this may represent a primary mechanism for the operation of the \"thirfty genotype\" associated with obesity and diabetes.", "PMID": 573463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10637", "title": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. V. The influence of suppressing the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine whether suppression of the renin-angiotensin-system and inhibition of the tubuloglomerular feedback response offer protection from acute renal failure, as found in chronically-salt loaded animals. The juxtaglomerular renin activity and tubuloglomerular feedback response were inhibited acutely, by saline expansion, or chronically, by DOCA-treatment with saline drinking fluid or salt diet, by high salt diet alone, or by inducing two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. The chronic pretreatment procedures depressed juxtaglomerular renin to 16, 7, 13 and 4% of control, respectively, inhibited the feedback response to 53, 37, 56, and 38% of control, respectively, but conferred no benefit in the first hours following a nephrotoxin or ischaemia. In contrast, the acute treatment procedure reduced juxtaglomerular renin activity to only 56% and lowered the feedback response to only 71%, but improved renal function after the nephrotoxin, although not after ischaemia. It is concluded that since severe restrictions of renin activity and tubuloglomerular feedback are not protective, neither is primarily involved in generating the functional restrictions early in acute renal failure. The restoration of renal function by saline expansion accompanied only a modest depression of these two systems and suggests that the beneficial effect may result more from volume expansion or diuresis than from suppression of renal renin or inhibition of tubuloglomerular feedback.", "contents": "The early phase of experimental acute renal failure. V. The influence of suppressing the renin-angiotensin system. Experiments were conducted to determine whether suppression of the renin-angiotensin-system and inhibition of the tubuloglomerular feedback response offer protection from acute renal failure, as found in chronically-salt loaded animals. The juxtaglomerular renin activity and tubuloglomerular feedback response were inhibited acutely, by saline expansion, or chronically, by DOCA-treatment with saline drinking fluid or salt diet, by high salt diet alone, or by inducing two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. The chronic pretreatment procedures depressed juxtaglomerular renin to 16, 7, 13 and 4% of control, respectively, inhibited the feedback response to 53, 37, 56, and 38% of control, respectively, but conferred no benefit in the first hours following a nephrotoxin or ischaemia. In contrast, the acute treatment procedure reduced juxtaglomerular renin activity to only 56% and lowered the feedback response to only 71%, but improved renal function after the nephrotoxin, although not after ischaemia. It is concluded that since severe restrictions of renin activity and tubuloglomerular feedback are not protective, neither is primarily involved in generating the functional restrictions early in acute renal failure. The restoration of renal function by saline expansion accompanied only a modest depression of these two systems and suggests that the beneficial effect may result more from volume expansion or diuresis than from suppression of renal renin or inhibition of tubuloglomerular feedback.", "PMID": 573464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10638", "title": "Functional and metabolic features of an isolated perfused guinea pig heart performing pressure-volume work.", "content": "Cardiac performance and some parameters of glycolytic and oxidative metabolism were analyzed in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts performing pressure-volume work. Perfusion medium was an oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) which contained glucose and physiological concentrations of pyruvate and insulin. The pressure-flow relationship in the coronary vascular bed indicated autoregulation of coronary flow. Left ventricular function was influenced by aortic pressure (Pa) and venous filling pressure (Pv) in accordance with the Frank-Starling principle, i.e. stroke work increased as a function of Pa or Pv to a certain maximum and then decreased. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), on the other hand, was linearly correlated with Pa and Pv, respectively, over the entire pressure range. Efficiency of the left ventricle, therefore, increased to an optimum (16%) and decreased at higher pressures. Myocardial contents of glycogen, ATP and creatine phosphate were not markedly influenced by a change in Pa or Pv. L-Noradrenaline (0.08 micrometer, NA) stimulated stroke work and MVO2 at a all Pv tested; efficiencies reached physiologic values (21%) at high volume loads. The increased MVO2 was associated with an acceleration of pyruvate decarboxylation and lactate release up to 10- and 15-fold, respectively, at elevated but physiological NA concentrations (0.2 micrometer). Our results demonstrate that the isolated perfused working guinea pig heart compares favourably with the non-failing Starling heart-lung preparation and hearts in situ, as far as coronary function, left ventricular performance and oxidative metabolism are concerned.", "contents": "Functional and metabolic features of an isolated perfused guinea pig heart performing pressure-volume work. Cardiac performance and some parameters of glycolytic and oxidative metabolism were analyzed in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts performing pressure-volume work. Perfusion medium was an oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) which contained glucose and physiological concentrations of pyruvate and insulin. The pressure-flow relationship in the coronary vascular bed indicated autoregulation of coronary flow. Left ventricular function was influenced by aortic pressure (Pa) and venous filling pressure (Pv) in accordance with the Frank-Starling principle, i.e. stroke work increased as a function of Pa or Pv to a certain maximum and then decreased. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), on the other hand, was linearly correlated with Pa and Pv, respectively, over the entire pressure range. Efficiency of the left ventricle, therefore, increased to an optimum (16%) and decreased at higher pressures. Myocardial contents of glycogen, ATP and creatine phosphate were not markedly influenced by a change in Pa or Pv. L-Noradrenaline (0.08 micrometer, NA) stimulated stroke work and MVO2 at a all Pv tested; efficiencies reached physiologic values (21%) at high volume loads. The increased MVO2 was associated with an acceleration of pyruvate decarboxylation and lactate release up to 10- and 15-fold, respectively, at elevated but physiological NA concentrations (0.2 micrometer). Our results demonstrate that the isolated perfused working guinea pig heart compares favourably with the non-failing Starling heart-lung preparation and hearts in situ, as far as coronary function, left ventricular performance and oxidative metabolism are concerned.", "PMID": 573465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10639", "title": "Direct visualization of cell to cell coupling: transfer of fluorescent probes in living mammalian pancreatic acini.", "content": "A technique whereby it is possible directly to observe the movement of organic molecules from cell to cell in living mammalian exocrine glands is described. Thin translucent segments of mouse pancreas are mounted in a superfusion bath. Fluorescent probes are injected intracellularly via fine micropipettes and fluorescence observed. Both fluorescein (mol. wt. 332) and procion yellow (mol. wt. 697) are shown to be transferred from the injection cell to neighbouring acinar cells. This shows directly the existence of intercellular communicating pathways.", "contents": "Direct visualization of cell to cell coupling: transfer of fluorescent probes in living mammalian pancreatic acini. A technique whereby it is possible directly to observe the movement of organic molecules from cell to cell in living mammalian exocrine glands is described. Thin translucent segments of mouse pancreas are mounted in a superfusion bath. Fluorescent probes are injected intracellularly via fine micropipettes and fluorescence observed. Both fluorescein (mol. wt. 332) and procion yellow (mol. wt. 697) are shown to be transferred from the injection cell to neighbouring acinar cells. This shows directly the existence of intercellular communicating pathways.", "PMID": 573466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10640", "title": "Production of elastic electrodes for nerve stimulation.", "content": "For better evoking and monitoring electrical activities of visceral nerves, a elastic electrode made of conductive plastic and silicone gum is developed.", "contents": "Production of elastic electrodes for nerve stimulation. For better evoking and monitoring electrical activities of visceral nerves, a elastic electrode made of conductive plastic and silicone gum is developed.", "PMID": 573467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10641", "title": "Pyometra in the dog. II.--A pathophysiological investigation. II. Anamnestic, clinical and reproductive aspects.", "content": "The article deals with the anamnesis and clinical status of pyometra patients at the time of admission for treatment. The average age of 119 pyometra bitches was 7.8 years. About 80 patients were examined for clinical signs of dehydration and hypoperfusion. Such signs were present in up to 80% of the patients, although only about 1/3 seemed weak and in a poor condition. Previous treatment with oral gestagens did not seem to influence the pyometra incidence. However, 14% of the bitches had been given oestrogens (stillbestrol) during the pyometra-associated season.", "contents": "Pyometra in the dog. II.--A pathophysiological investigation. II. Anamnestic, clinical and reproductive aspects. The article deals with the anamnesis and clinical status of pyometra patients at the time of admission for treatment. The average age of 119 pyometra bitches was 7.8 years. About 80 patients were examined for clinical signs of dehydration and hypoperfusion. Such signs were present in up to 80% of the patients, although only about 1/3 seemed weak and in a poor condition. Previous treatment with oral gestagens did not seem to influence the pyometra incidence. However, 14% of the bitches had been given oestrogens (stillbestrol) during the pyometra-associated season.", "PMID": 573469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10642", "title": "Cloning of human satellite III DNA: different components are on different chromosomes.", "content": "Two fragments cloned from purified human satellite III DNA do not cross-react with each other. One fragment, for which a partial sequence is reported, hybridises to satellite II as well as III and is shown to originate on chromosome 1. The other cloned fragment originates from the Y chromosome. This fragment has undergone considerable changes in size when cloned in lambda gt WES lambda B. Human satellite III is shown to consist of a number of non-cross-reacting sequences which nevertheless are related by the presence of closely spaced Hin F1 sites.", "contents": "Cloning of human satellite III DNA: different components are on different chromosomes. Two fragments cloned from purified human satellite III DNA do not cross-react with each other. One fragment, for which a partial sequence is reported, hybridises to satellite II as well as III and is shown to originate on chromosome 1. The other cloned fragment originates from the Y chromosome. This fragment has undergone considerable changes in size when cloned in lambda gt WES lambda B. Human satellite III is shown to consist of a number of non-cross-reacting sequences which nevertheless are related by the presence of closely spaced Hin F1 sites.", "PMID": 573470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10643", "title": "Functional development of dopamine receptors in the rat forebrain.", "content": "Dopamine (DA) was injected unilaterally into the dorsal caudate-putamen (D-CPU), ventral caudate-putamen (V-CPU), piriform cortex (PIR), olfactory tubercle (OTU) and frontal cortex (FC) of two day old rats and rotational behavior observed. Injection of DA into D-CPU, PIR, and OTU produced a contralateral postural deviation which differed significantly from the ipsilateral deviation produced by control injections. Only DA injections into PIR and OTU produced contralateral turning differing significantly from the effects of control injections. These results suggest that the DA receptors in C-CPU, PIR, and OTU involved in rotational behavior are functionally mature at two days of age and that the two components of rotation, postural deviation (direction) and turning (locomotion), involve different neural systems at this age. The developing rat is suggested as a valuable tool for understanding the neural circuitry and pharmacology of rotational behavior.", "contents": "Functional development of dopamine receptors in the rat forebrain. Dopamine (DA) was injected unilaterally into the dorsal caudate-putamen (D-CPU), ventral caudate-putamen (V-CPU), piriform cortex (PIR), olfactory tubercle (OTU) and frontal cortex (FC) of two day old rats and rotational behavior observed. Injection of DA into D-CPU, PIR, and OTU produced a contralateral postural deviation which differed significantly from the ipsilateral deviation produced by control injections. Only DA injections into PIR and OTU produced contralateral turning differing significantly from the effects of control injections. These results suggest that the DA receptors in C-CPU, PIR, and OTU involved in rotational behavior are functionally mature at two days of age and that the two components of rotation, postural deviation (direction) and turning (locomotion), involve different neural systems at this age. The developing rat is suggested as a valuable tool for understanding the neural circuitry and pharmacology of rotational behavior.", "PMID": 573475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10644", "title": "The effect of baclofen and aminooxyacetic acid on the action of drugs stimulating the dopaminergic system.", "content": "Baclofen and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) depressed the explorative and locomotor activity in rats. Baclofen, but not AOAA, decreased the locomotor stimulation, produced by apomorphine. Both compounds did not affect hyperactivity, induced by D, L-amphetamine, amantadine and methylphenidate. Neither baclofen nor AOAA influenced stereotypy induced by the above four substances.", "contents": "The effect of baclofen and aminooxyacetic acid on the action of drugs stimulating the dopaminergic system. Baclofen and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) depressed the explorative and locomotor activity in rats. Baclofen, but not AOAA, decreased the locomotor stimulation, produced by apomorphine. Both compounds did not affect hyperactivity, induced by D, L-amphetamine, amantadine and methylphenidate. Neither baclofen nor AOAA influenced stereotypy induced by the above four substances.", "PMID": 573471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10645", "title": "Effects of neonatal lead exposure on apomorphine-induced aggression and stereotypy in the rat.", "content": "Rats were exposed to lead via the maternal milk. At 90 days of age, lead-exposed pairs and control pairs were tested for aggression induced by 5.0 mg/kg apomorphine. The large increase in aggression in response to apomorphine seen in controls was markedly attenuated in lead-treated subjects. In contrast, apomorphine-induced stereotypy was not affected. These results provide a further demonstration of persistent behavioral abnormalities resulting from early exposure to lead at levels which do not affect weight gain or mortality.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal lead exposure on apomorphine-induced aggression and stereotypy in the rat. Rats were exposed to lead via the maternal milk. At 90 days of age, lead-exposed pairs and control pairs were tested for aggression induced by 5.0 mg/kg apomorphine. The large increase in aggression in response to apomorphine seen in controls was markedly attenuated in lead-treated subjects. In contrast, apomorphine-induced stereotypy was not affected. These results provide a further demonstration of persistent behavioral abnormalities resulting from early exposure to lead at levels which do not affect weight gain or mortality.", "PMID": 573477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10646", "title": "Synthesis of hexahydro-1,4-thiazepine derivatives with expected pharmacological activity. Part I. N-alkyl(hydroxyalkyl)-hexahydro-1,4-thiazepines and 2-(hexahydro-1,4-thiazepinyl)-ethyl esters of phenoxyacetic acids.", "content": "New N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl derivatives of hexahydro-1,4-thiazepine(compounds 1--6, Table 2) were obtained by condensation of 2-chloroethyl-3-chloropropyl sulfide with appropriate primary amines. Estrification of 2-hydroxyethylhexahydro-1,4-thiazepine by chloride of appropriate phenoxyacetic acids yielded 2-(hexahydro-1,4-thiazepinyl)-ethyl esters of phenoxyacetic acids (compounds 7--12, Table 4).", "contents": "Synthesis of hexahydro-1,4-thiazepine derivatives with expected pharmacological activity. Part I. N-alkyl(hydroxyalkyl)-hexahydro-1,4-thiazepines and 2-(hexahydro-1,4-thiazepinyl)-ethyl esters of phenoxyacetic acids. New N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl derivatives of hexahydro-1,4-thiazepine(compounds 1--6, Table 2) were obtained by condensation of 2-chloroethyl-3-chloropropyl sulfide with appropriate primary amines. Estrification of 2-hydroxyethylhexahydro-1,4-thiazepine by chloride of appropriate phenoxyacetic acids yielded 2-(hexahydro-1,4-thiazepinyl)-ethyl esters of phenoxyacetic acids (compounds 7--12, Table 4).", "PMID": 573472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10647", "title": "[Oxidative metabolism of main and accessory olfactory bulbs, limpic system and hypothalamus during the estral cycle of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro oxidative metabolism of hypothalamus, olfactory and limbic systems from female rats in the estrous cycle have been measured. The accessory olfactory bulb becomes most active during diestrous when the hypothalamus reaches its lowest values.", "contents": "[Oxidative metabolism of main and accessory olfactory bulbs, limpic system and hypothalamus during the estral cycle of the rat (author's transl)]. The in vitro oxidative metabolism of hypothalamus, olfactory and limbic systems from female rats in the estrous cycle have been measured. The accessory olfactory bulb becomes most active during diestrous when the hypothalamus reaches its lowest values.", "PMID": 573487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10648", "title": "[Blockade of the pheromonal effects in rat by central deafferentation of the accessory olfactory system].", "content": "Female rats reared without sex odours from male rats have a five day stral cycle. With exposure to male odour the estral cycle is shortened from five to four days. This pheromonal effect is blocked on deafferenting the vomeronasal system by electrolytically damaging both accessory olfactory bulbs.", "contents": "[Blockade of the pheromonal effects in rat by central deafferentation of the accessory olfactory system]. Female rats reared without sex odours from male rats have a five day stral cycle. With exposure to male odour the estral cycle is shortened from five to four days. This pheromonal effect is blocked on deafferenting the vomeronasal system by electrolytically damaging both accessory olfactory bulbs.", "PMID": 573488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10649", "title": "Intestinal brush border enzymes and chronic alcohol ingestion.", "content": "The effect of graded (5, 10, 20, and 50%) chronic ethanol administration on the intestinal brush border enzymic activities has been investigated in the rat at three levels of the intestinal tract (duodenum, jejunum, ileum). Ethanol has been administered for 8, 15, 30, and 90 days. A 30% to 50% decrease of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase results, showing that the effect of alcohol appears in the first 8 days of intoxication is not reversible after 8 days of an alcohol-free diet. The effect of ethanol is not limited to disaccharidases. Impairment of alkaline phosphatase, peptidases and also enterokinases is observed. The decrease is more marked in the duodenum and jujunum than the ileum. The decrease of enzymic activity is generally maximal after 30 days of intoxication. There is then little further deterioration or even significant improvement. At the 30th day of ethanol administration, a clearcut dose-response relationship has been established. The results obtained suggest that ethanol exerts an effect on the intestinal mucosa which is not directly correlated to morphological villus changes.", "contents": "Intestinal brush border enzymes and chronic alcohol ingestion. The effect of graded (5, 10, 20, and 50%) chronic ethanol administration on the intestinal brush border enzymic activities has been investigated in the rat at three levels of the intestinal tract (duodenum, jejunum, ileum). Ethanol has been administered for 8, 15, 30, and 90 days. A 30% to 50% decrease of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase results, showing that the effect of alcohol appears in the first 8 days of intoxication is not reversible after 8 days of an alcohol-free diet. The effect of ethanol is not limited to disaccharidases. Impairment of alkaline phosphatase, peptidases and also enterokinases is observed. The decrease is more marked in the duodenum and jujunum than the ileum. The decrease of enzymic activity is generally maximal after 30 days of intoxication. There is then little further deterioration or even significant improvement. At the 30th day of ethanol administration, a clearcut dose-response relationship has been established. The results obtained suggest that ethanol exerts an effect on the intestinal mucosa which is not directly correlated to morphological villus changes.", "PMID": 573490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10650", "title": "[Recognition of onomatopoeias and animal cries during focalized lesions of the cerebral cortex (author's transl)].", "content": "The recognition of animal cries and their onomatopoeias was compared during the course of right or left unilateral cortical lesions. A double dissociation is noted; in left-sided affections there is a more severe deficiency to onomatopoeia than to cries, whereas in right-sided lesions the quality of the performances is reversed. These results suggest that the right hemisphere is dominant in the auditive recognition of familiar sounds, and supply information as to the linguistic value of onomatopoeias.", "contents": "[Recognition of onomatopoeias and animal cries during focalized lesions of the cerebral cortex (author's transl)]. The recognition of animal cries and their onomatopoeias was compared during the course of right or left unilateral cortical lesions. A double dissociation is noted; in left-sided affections there is a more severe deficiency to onomatopoeia than to cries, whereas in right-sided lesions the quality of the performances is reversed. These results suggest that the right hemisphere is dominant in the auditive recognition of familiar sounds, and supply information as to the linguistic value of onomatopoeias.", "PMID": 573491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10651", "title": "Long-term analgesic effects of inescapable shock and learned helplessness.", "content": "Although exposure to inescapable shocks induced analgesia in rats, the analgesia was not manifest 24 hours later. A brief reexposure to shock, however, restored the analgesia. This reexposure to shock had an analgesic effect only if the rats had been shocked 24 hours previously. Further, long-term analgesic effects depended on the controllability of the original shocks and not on shock exposure per se. Implications of these results for learned helplessness and stress-induced analgesia are discussed.", "contents": "Long-term analgesic effects of inescapable shock and learned helplessness. Although exposure to inescapable shocks induced analgesia in rats, the analgesia was not manifest 24 hours later. A brief reexposure to shock, however, restored the analgesia. This reexposure to shock had an analgesic effect only if the rats had been shocked 24 hours previously. Further, long-term analgesic effects depended on the controllability of the original shocks and not on shock exposure per se. Implications of these results for learned helplessness and stress-induced analgesia are discussed.", "PMID": 573496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10652", "title": "Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with plasma infusions and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Our patient presented with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Treatment failed despite splenectomy, corticosteroids, dextran, and antiplatelet drugs. Plasma infusions induced neurologic recovery, but hematologic improvement could not be sustained when they were discontinued. Cyclophosphamide, however, induced a sustained remission.", "contents": "Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with plasma infusions and cyclophosphamide. Our patient presented with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Treatment failed despite splenectomy, corticosteroids, dextran, and antiplatelet drugs. Plasma infusions induced neurologic recovery, but hematologic improvement could not be sustained when they were discontinued. Cyclophosphamide, however, induced a sustained remission.", "PMID": 573498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10653", "title": "Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonia, Basey Samar, in the Philippines: III. The plasma circumoval precipitin test-procedure and use in epidemiologic studies.", "content": "A plasma circumoval precipitin test is proposed as the basic diagnostic tool for epidemiologic studies on schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. The collection of plasma, the preparation of the COP test slide, and the reading and interpretation of results are described in detail with pertinent comments. The cost, advantages and usefulness of the test are also discussed.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonia, Basey Samar, in the Philippines: III. The plasma circumoval precipitin test-procedure and use in epidemiologic studies. A plasma circumoval precipitin test is proposed as the basic diagnostic tool for epidemiologic studies on schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. The collection of plasma, the preparation of the COP test slide, and the reading and interpretation of results are described in detail with pertinent comments. The cost, advantages and usefulness of the test are also discussed.", "PMID": 573501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10654", "title": "Schistosoma japonicum-like ova in liver and rectal biopsies of three cases in Sabah, Malaysia.", "content": "Three cases of schistosomiasis in 2 Filipinos and one Chinese in Sabah are reported. Diagnosis was based on incidental histological findings of Schistosoma japonicum-like ova in the liver and rectal biopsies. As these 3 patients are immigrants to Sabah, it is assumed that they are imported cases, and that Sabah has been free of the disease from 1970 to 1977.", "contents": "Schistosoma japonicum-like ova in liver and rectal biopsies of three cases in Sabah, Malaysia. Three cases of schistosomiasis in 2 Filipinos and one Chinese in Sabah are reported. Diagnosis was based on incidental histological findings of Schistosoma japonicum-like ova in the liver and rectal biopsies. As these 3 patients are immigrants to Sabah, it is assumed that they are imported cases, and that Sabah has been free of the disease from 1970 to 1977.", "PMID": 573502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10655", "title": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning. A report of 17 cases in Cape Town.", "content": "An outbreak of 17 cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans occurred in Cape Town during May 1978. The clinical features were typical and no deaths occurred. Efforts to correlate the severity of disease with the amount of toxin ingested, to demonstrate a protective effect of alcohol, and to demonstrate the immunogenicity of the toxin proved unsuccessful. The regional ecological effects are described. Continued monitoring for the presence of toxic dinoflagellates must be conducted, and the dangers of the consumption of mussels from the Cape west coast should be widely publicized.", "contents": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning. A report of 17 cases in Cape Town. An outbreak of 17 cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans occurred in Cape Town during May 1978. The clinical features were typical and no deaths occurred. Efforts to correlate the severity of disease with the amount of toxin ingested, to demonstrate a protective effect of alcohol, and to demonstrate the immunogenicity of the toxin proved unsuccessful. The regional ecological effects are described. Continued monitoring for the presence of toxic dinoflagellates must be conducted, and the dangers of the consumption of mussels from the Cape west coast should be widely publicized.", "PMID": 573505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10656", "title": "Transmission experiments with hepatitis B surface antigen and the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L).", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood meals were fed to a colony of the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L) in a series of 5 experiments. Antigen persisted in the bugs for at least 7 1/2 weeks, but was undetectable after 18 weeks. Trans-stadial transmission was demonstrated through one moult only, and transovarial transmission did not occur. Antigen was successfully transmitted by adult bugs into 3 out of 35 canisters of HBsAg-negative blood. Antibody of HBsAg was detected in the serum from a rabbit on which HBsAg-positive adult bugs had fed as well as in the serum of 2 out of 10 guinea-pigs on which HBsAg-positive 4th and 5th nymphal instars had fed. The results as a whole indicate that biological multiplication and biological transmission do not occur in C. lectularius, but mechanical transmission has been demonstrated. This is probably an important means of hepatitis B virus transmission among humans in South Africa.", "contents": "Transmission experiments with hepatitis B surface antigen and the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood meals were fed to a colony of the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius L) in a series of 5 experiments. Antigen persisted in the bugs for at least 7 1/2 weeks, but was undetectable after 18 weeks. Trans-stadial transmission was demonstrated through one moult only, and transovarial transmission did not occur. Antigen was successfully transmitted by adult bugs into 3 out of 35 canisters of HBsAg-negative blood. Antibody of HBsAg was detected in the serum from a rabbit on which HBsAg-positive adult bugs had fed as well as in the serum of 2 out of 10 guinea-pigs on which HBsAg-positive 4th and 5th nymphal instars had fed. The results as a whole indicate that biological multiplication and biological transmission do not occur in C. lectularius, but mechanical transmission has been demonstrated. This is probably an important means of hepatitis B virus transmission among humans in South Africa.", "PMID": 573506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10657", "title": "Assignment of temperature-sensitive mutations of BHK cells to the X chromosome.", "content": "A class of recurring, noncomplementing, recessive, temperature-sensitive mutation of BHK-21 cells has been assigned to the X chromosome. X-linkage was determined by complementation, karyotypic, and enzymatic analyses.", "contents": "Assignment of temperature-sensitive mutations of BHK cells to the X chromosome. A class of recurring, noncomplementing, recessive, temperature-sensitive mutation of BHK-21 cells has been assigned to the X chromosome. X-linkage was determined by complementation, karyotypic, and enzymatic analyses.", "PMID": 573507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10658", "title": "Splenectomy for hematologic disease.", "content": "One hundred and thirty splenectomies were performed at the University Hospital in Birmingham for hematologic disorders during a 12 year period. There were seven deaths of which four were related to sepsis in patients with malignant growths which probably impaired immune competence. Splenectomy was found to be uniformly satisfactory for hereditary hemolytic anemia, for hypersplenism complicating rheumatoid arthritis and for the rare instance of primary hypersplenism. Splenectomy was usually salutary in didopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in antoimmune hemolytic anemia. When done for diagnosis, splenectomy was definitive in about 50 per cent of the instances. Individual patients with thrombotic thrombocyeosinophilia syndrome benefited. Splenectomy for hypoplastic or aplastic anemia in an actual circulation offered only questionable benefit and is rarely necessary for hyperplenism secondary to portal hypertension.", "contents": "Splenectomy for hematologic disease. One hundred and thirty splenectomies were performed at the University Hospital in Birmingham for hematologic disorders during a 12 year period. There were seven deaths of which four were related to sepsis in patients with malignant growths which probably impaired immune competence. Splenectomy was found to be uniformly satisfactory for hereditary hemolytic anemia, for hypersplenism complicating rheumatoid arthritis and for the rare instance of primary hypersplenism. Splenectomy was usually salutary in didopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in antoimmune hemolytic anemia. When done for diagnosis, splenectomy was definitive in about 50 per cent of the instances. Individual patients with thrombotic thrombocyeosinophilia syndrome benefited. Splenectomy for hypoplastic or aplastic anemia in an actual circulation offered only questionable benefit and is rarely necessary for hyperplenism secondary to portal hypertension.", "PMID": 573508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10659", "title": "Electron microscopy of the plexiform lesion.", "content": "Pulmonary arteries from a case of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy were studied with the electron microscope. Many muscular pulmonary arteries showed intimal fibrosis of concentric or \"onion-skin\" type. The cells embedded within this fibrosis resembled smooth muscle but since they also possessed some features of fibroblasts we refer to them as myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts also occurred in plexiform lesions together with fibroblasts and \"fibrillary cells\". These fibrillary cells contained numerous, prominent filaments with a random orientation. They lined the vascular channels of the plexiform lesions as well as being present within the stroma. They appeared to phagocytose fibrin and then to organise the plexiform lesion into a fibrous scar. Fibrillary cells closely resemble vasoformative reserve cells and the cells of the cardiac myxoma and so-called \"papillary tumour\" of heart valves. They may, therefore, be primitive multipotential cells found throughout the entire cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the plexiform lesion. Pulmonary arteries from a case of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy were studied with the electron microscope. Many muscular pulmonary arteries showed intimal fibrosis of concentric or \"onion-skin\" type. The cells embedded within this fibrosis resembled smooth muscle but since they also possessed some features of fibroblasts we refer to them as myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts also occurred in plexiform lesions together with fibroblasts and \"fibrillary cells\". These fibrillary cells contained numerous, prominent filaments with a random orientation. They lined the vascular channels of the plexiform lesions as well as being present within the stroma. They appeared to phagocytose fibrin and then to organise the plexiform lesion into a fibrous scar. Fibrillary cells closely resemble vasoformative reserve cells and the cells of the cardiac myxoma and so-called \"papillary tumour\" of heart valves. They may, therefore, be primitive multipotential cells found throughout the entire cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 573509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10660", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects of Uncinaria stenocephala infections in the Netherlands (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of experimental infections in a total number of twenty-two dogs showed that transmission of the parasite Uncinaria stenocephala from one dog to another is readily achieved by oral route. Cutaneous infection was only successful when large doses were used. From the topographical distribution of some intestinal U. stenocephala worm populations in dogs it was concluded that the hookworm population is concentrated in the proximal part of the ileum. The expulsion of worms observed may be evidence of the size or persistence of the worm population. The prepatent period was found to be (at least) thirteen days, both in dogs and in foxes. Daily worm-egg counts showed a fluctuating rhythm, particularly during the first 2-3 weeks of the patent period. Relatively high peaks were also recorded in some cases. The maximum number of worms eggs was estimated at well over 5,000 eggs per female U. stenocephala worm (in dogs). U. stenocephala eggs and larvae are capable of surviving at low temperatures. U. stenocephala infection was found to be present in twenty-five (86 per cent) out of twenty-nine foxes obtained and examined in 1975, the worm load varying from one to 176 hookworms and averaging thirty worms per fox. From the preliminary results of a number of experimental transmissions it was concluded that foxes and dogs harbour adapted strains of U. stenocephala, which prevents cross infections between these reservoirs from occurring to more than a limited extent.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects of Uncinaria stenocephala infections in the Netherlands (author's transl)]. A series of experimental infections in a total number of twenty-two dogs showed that transmission of the parasite Uncinaria stenocephala from one dog to another is readily achieved by oral route. Cutaneous infection was only successful when large doses were used. From the topographical distribution of some intestinal U. stenocephala worm populations in dogs it was concluded that the hookworm population is concentrated in the proximal part of the ileum. The expulsion of worms observed may be evidence of the size or persistence of the worm population. The prepatent period was found to be (at least) thirteen days, both in dogs and in foxes. Daily worm-egg counts showed a fluctuating rhythm, particularly during the first 2-3 weeks of the patent period. Relatively high peaks were also recorded in some cases. The maximum number of worms eggs was estimated at well over 5,000 eggs per female U. stenocephala worm (in dogs). U. stenocephala eggs and larvae are capable of surviving at low temperatures. U. stenocephala infection was found to be present in twenty-five (86 per cent) out of twenty-nine foxes obtained and examined in 1975, the worm load varying from one to 176 hookworms and averaging thirty worms per fox. From the preliminary results of a number of experimental transmissions it was concluded that foxes and dogs harbour adapted strains of U. stenocephala, which prevents cross infections between these reservoirs from occurring to more than a limited extent.", "PMID": 573511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10661", "title": "[Experimental infection of soft ticks with Dipetalonema witei (author's transl)].", "content": "The intermediate host of Dipetalonema witei, the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata, can be infected experimentally with microfilariae. Microfilariae isolated from the blood of infected donor animals were injected into the dorsal haemocoel of the ticks where they developed to infectious filariae within approx. 50 days. The rate of infection of ticks was 100% when more than 100 microfilariae were injected. An average of 23% was recovered as infectious filariae. Up to 450 ticks can be infected with 1000 microfilariae each from a single donor animal within one year, whereas donor animals can only be used for about 1 month if ticks are naturally infected. The method described has advantages compared to natural tick infections with respect to the rate of infection of ticks, the development of microfilariae, and the amount of infectious material produced.", "contents": "[Experimental infection of soft ticks with Dipetalonema witei (author's transl)]. The intermediate host of Dipetalonema witei, the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata, can be infected experimentally with microfilariae. Microfilariae isolated from the blood of infected donor animals were injected into the dorsal haemocoel of the ticks where they developed to infectious filariae within approx. 50 days. The rate of infection of ticks was 100% when more than 100 microfilariae were injected. An average of 23% was recovered as infectious filariae. Up to 450 ticks can be infected with 1000 microfilariae each from a single donor animal within one year, whereas donor animals can only be used for about 1 month if ticks are naturally infected. The method described has advantages compared to natural tick infections with respect to the rate of infection of ticks, the development of microfilariae, and the amount of infectious material produced.", "PMID": 573516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10662", "title": "Urethral pressure profile using microtip catheter in females.", "content": "The use of urethral pressure profilometry in the clinical investigation of dysfunction of the female lower urinary tract is discussed. Included is a description of the use of two-channel microtip profilometry in the urethral syndrome, urinary retention, detrusor hyperreflexia, stress incontinence, and normal females. Dual-channel profilometry improves the diagnostic accuracy of urethral profile studies and aids in the understanding of lower urinary tract pathophysiology.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile using microtip catheter in females. The use of urethral pressure profilometry in the clinical investigation of dysfunction of the female lower urinary tract is discussed. Included is a description of the use of two-channel microtip profilometry in the urethral syndrome, urinary retention, detrusor hyperreflexia, stress incontinence, and normal females. Dual-channel profilometry improves the diagnostic accuracy of urethral profile studies and aids in the understanding of lower urinary tract pathophysiology.", "PMID": 573517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10663", "title": "[Humoral reactions in BALC/c mice with sarcomatous Moloney-induced tumor].", "content": "In a progressive course of the blastomatous process induced by MSV-Moloney the antitumor antibodies level in the whole blood serum was practically unchanged, while the level of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of these mice was considerably decreased as compared with that in the spleen of intact mice of the same age. If the tumor development was followed by its subsequent resorption, a biphase character of enhancement of the cytotoxic activity both of the whole serum and its fractions was noted. In the utmost developed tumor a reduced AFC level was observed, while in its resorption -- a gradual restoration of the AFC values up to the level characteristic of intact animals of the same age group.", "contents": "[Humoral reactions in BALC/c mice with sarcomatous Moloney-induced tumor]. In a progressive course of the blastomatous process induced by MSV-Moloney the antitumor antibodies level in the whole blood serum was practically unchanged, while the level of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of these mice was considerably decreased as compared with that in the spleen of intact mice of the same age. If the tumor development was followed by its subsequent resorption, a biphase character of enhancement of the cytotoxic activity both of the whole serum and its fractions was noted. In the utmost developed tumor a reduced AFC level was observed, while in its resorption -- a gradual restoration of the AFC values up to the level characteristic of intact animals of the same age group.", "PMID": 573520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10664", "title": "[Animal experimental study on placental passage of testosterone. Experiments in dogs].", "content": "There are still open many questions concerning the diaplacentary effect of medicaments. This above all concerns the steroid hormones and their proper and possible conversion. The problems of the placental barrier as to the permeability for sexual hormones are discussed. In an experimental study in dogs may be proved that a male sexual hormone (TTP) given to a pregnant animal passes the placenta. For this pleads the significancy of the biological androgen proof.", "contents": "[Animal experimental study on placental passage of testosterone. Experiments in dogs]. There are still open many questions concerning the diaplacentary effect of medicaments. This above all concerns the steroid hormones and their proper and possible conversion. The problems of the placental barrier as to the permeability for sexual hormones are discussed. In an experimental study in dogs may be proved that a male sexual hormone (TTP) given to a pregnant animal passes the placenta. For this pleads the significancy of the biological androgen proof.", "PMID": 573530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10665", "title": "[Lipolytic activity from milk isolated strains of the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Tsiklinsky 1899 (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty strains of the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (Tsiklinsky, 1988) were isolated from milk and tested for their lipolythic activity. After incubation for 120 hours at 55 degrees C they formed distinct diffusion zones on culture media containing tributyrin and tween-80. In all strains exocellular lipases were found. Their action on the milk fat increased the number of the free fatty acids. Triglycerides, free fatty acids as well as diglycerides and monoglycerides were identified as split products chromatographically. The activity of the endolipases was lower. In four of the most active endolipases cholesterol was identified as split product of milk fat in addition to those mentioned above.", "contents": "[Lipolytic activity from milk isolated strains of the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Tsiklinsky 1899 (author's transl)]. Thirty strains of the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (Tsiklinsky, 1988) were isolated from milk and tested for their lipolythic activity. After incubation for 120 hours at 55 degrees C they formed distinct diffusion zones on culture media containing tributyrin and tween-80. In all strains exocellular lipases were found. Their action on the milk fat increased the number of the free fatty acids. Triglycerides, free fatty acids as well as diglycerides and monoglycerides were identified as split products chromatographically. The activity of the endolipases was lower. In four of the most active endolipases cholesterol was identified as split product of milk fat in addition to those mentioned above.", "PMID": 573533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10666", "title": "[Probabilities and ethologic analysis of the zoosocial behavior of grouped and isolated mice].", "content": "The effectiveness of probabilistic and ethological approaches to the analysis of normal and pathological animal behaviour is shown. The probabilistic analysis of the frequency, duration and sequence of a large variety of behavioural acts and postures permits to single out the most significant events and diad transitions in the interaction between two animals (previously isolated or grouped). Computer and probabilistic analysis reveals sharp differences in the structure of these acts and their interdependence in isolated and in grouped mice. It is noted that in isolation there occur fixation of the program of aggressive behaviour, a sharp narrowing of the spectrum of possible transitions from aggression to other forms of intraspecific behaviour, aggression being little controlled by intraspecific inhibitory factors which is regarded as pathology of behaviour.", "contents": "[Probabilities and ethologic analysis of the zoosocial behavior of grouped and isolated mice]. The effectiveness of probabilistic and ethological approaches to the analysis of normal and pathological animal behaviour is shown. The probabilistic analysis of the frequency, duration and sequence of a large variety of behavioural acts and postures permits to single out the most significant events and diad transitions in the interaction between two animals (previously isolated or grouped). Computer and probabilistic analysis reveals sharp differences in the structure of these acts and their interdependence in isolated and in grouped mice. It is noted that in isolation there occur fixation of the program of aggressive behaviour, a sharp narrowing of the spectrum of possible transitions from aggression to other forms of intraspecific behaviour, aggression being little controlled by intraspecific inhibitory factors which is regarded as pathology of behaviour.", "PMID": 573527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10667", "title": "[Effect of hippocampal damage on emotional stress in rats].", "content": "Motor reactions and ECGs were recorded in rats with lesioned hippocampus and in intact animals during elaboration of conditioned switching over of heterogeneous conditioned reflexes (alimentary and defensive). In hippocampectomized rats, in contrast to intact ones, the formation of this complex conditioned activity is not accompanied by pronounced vegetative reactions and changes in the ECG. The data obtained point to an active involvement of the hippocampus in formation of emotional stress and confirm the concept of the hippocampus as a brain structure, providing for responses to signals of events with low probability.", "contents": "[Effect of hippocampal damage on emotional stress in rats]. Motor reactions and ECGs were recorded in rats with lesioned hippocampus and in intact animals during elaboration of conditioned switching over of heterogeneous conditioned reflexes (alimentary and defensive). In hippocampectomized rats, in contrast to intact ones, the formation of this complex conditioned activity is not accompanied by pronounced vegetative reactions and changes in the ECG. The data obtained point to an active involvement of the hippocampus in formation of emotional stress and confirm the concept of the hippocampus as a brain structure, providing for responses to signals of events with low probability.", "PMID": 573528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10668", "title": "Therapy of Crohn's disease with metronidazole -- an uncontrolled trial --.", "content": "Twelve patients with Crohn's disease (C.D.), in whom there was no improvement of symptoms and signs under protracted corticosteroid and salicylazosulphapyridine medication, were treated with 1 000 mg metronidazole (M.) daily. Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) was used as a criterion of therapeutic response. Seven patients showed improvement of symptoms with a concomitant fall of the CDAI from 300 +/- 84 to 56 +/- 32 (mean +/- SD) after 10 to 45 days. In one patient, therapeutic success was judged to be doubtful, a negative result being obtained in 4 patients. During follow-up, which was maximally 21 months, patients failed to relapse while receiving a maintenance dose of 250 and 500 mg of M. per day. -- Judicious attempts at drug withdrawal were undertaken during the first 6 months but were invariably followed by a relapse. -- Metronidazole given over a protracted period did not give rise to side-effects. -- A reduction of anaerobic bacterial invaders of the intestine is suggested to underlie the favourable therapeutic effect of M.", "contents": "Therapy of Crohn's disease with metronidazole -- an uncontrolled trial --. Twelve patients with Crohn's disease (C.D.), in whom there was no improvement of symptoms and signs under protracted corticosteroid and salicylazosulphapyridine medication, were treated with 1 000 mg metronidazole (M.) daily. Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) was used as a criterion of therapeutic response. Seven patients showed improvement of symptoms with a concomitant fall of the CDAI from 300 +/- 84 to 56 +/- 32 (mean +/- SD) after 10 to 45 days. In one patient, therapeutic success was judged to be doubtful, a negative result being obtained in 4 patients. During follow-up, which was maximally 21 months, patients failed to relapse while receiving a maintenance dose of 250 and 500 mg of M. per day. -- Judicious attempts at drug withdrawal were undertaken during the first 6 months but were invariably followed by a relapse. -- Metronidazole given over a protracted period did not give rise to side-effects. -- A reduction of anaerobic bacterial invaders of the intestine is suggested to underlie the favourable therapeutic effect of M.", "PMID": 573534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10669", "title": "Intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system as an alternative in cases where conventional IUD's are unsuitable.", "content": "A progesterone intrauterine device (IUD), Progestasert, was prescribed for 25 patients unable to use an ordinary non-hormonal IUD. Both the amount of menstrual bleeding and the discomfort was observed to decrease more often than increase during the period of use of the progesterone IUD. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and the serum iron levels either remained static or increased. Continuation rate was 76 per cent after one year. The authors consider Progestasert a suitable alternative to the ordinary non-hormonal IUD in women with dysmenorrhea or menorrhagia and those in whom a previous IUD had been associated with pain or increased menstruation.", "contents": "Intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system as an alternative in cases where conventional IUD's are unsuitable. A progesterone intrauterine device (IUD), Progestasert, was prescribed for 25 patients unable to use an ordinary non-hormonal IUD. Both the amount of menstrual bleeding and the discomfort was observed to decrease more often than increase during the period of use of the progesterone IUD. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and the serum iron levels either remained static or increased. Continuation rate was 76 per cent after one year. The authors consider Progestasert a suitable alternative to the ordinary non-hormonal IUD in women with dysmenorrhea or menorrhagia and those in whom a previous IUD had been associated with pain or increased menstruation.", "PMID": 573535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10670", "title": "Receptivity of female rats.", "content": "Receptivity of female rats has been investigated under chronic experimental conditions. A receptivity index has been worked out for quantitative evaluation. It proved suitable for disclosing stimulatory (2.5 mg noretynodrel, oestradiol propionate) as well as inhibitory (etynodiol diacetate) effects. 2.5 mg noretynodrel has a biphasic effect; causing an inhibition and later an increase in receptivity. Receptivity of untreated female rats is low and can be increased by various steroids; the best treatment was 50 micrograms oestradiol monopropionate administered twice weekly, but this resulted in an inverse mating reaction, with frequent copulations in every phase of the cycle. In untreated females the number of copulations varied widely. Previous deliveries did not influence receptivity and frigidity was also observed.", "contents": "Receptivity of female rats. Receptivity of female rats has been investigated under chronic experimental conditions. A receptivity index has been worked out for quantitative evaluation. It proved suitable for disclosing stimulatory (2.5 mg noretynodrel, oestradiol propionate) as well as inhibitory (etynodiol diacetate) effects. 2.5 mg noretynodrel has a biphasic effect; causing an inhibition and later an increase in receptivity. Receptivity of untreated female rats is low and can be increased by various steroids; the best treatment was 50 micrograms oestradiol monopropionate administered twice weekly, but this resulted in an inverse mating reaction, with frequent copulations in every phase of the cycle. In untreated females the number of copulations varied widely. Previous deliveries did not influence receptivity and frigidity was also observed.", "PMID": 573537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10671", "title": "Myasthenia gravis and Werlhof's disease.", "content": "A case of Werlhof's disease (immune thrombocytopenia) associated with myasthenia gravis is described. The two disorders developed within a few months of each other. The immunological and practical aspects of the association are discussed.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis and Werlhof's disease. A case of Werlhof's disease (immune thrombocytopenia) associated with myasthenia gravis is described. The two disorders developed within a few months of each other. The immunological and practical aspects of the association are discussed.", "PMID": 573539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10672", "title": "Pregnancy in a patient with porcine valve xenografts.", "content": "The course of pregnancy and successful vaginal delivery of a healthy infant in a 23-year-old woman with previous aortic and mitral valve replacement with porcine xenografts if presented. Unlike the management of pregnant patients with conventional mechanical prostheses, anti-coagulation may not be necessary with xenografts, particularly when there are no other thrombogenic conditions. Other management issues include congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, prophylaxis against subacute bacterial endocarditis, and expeditious labor and delivery.", "contents": "Pregnancy in a patient with porcine valve xenografts. The course of pregnancy and successful vaginal delivery of a healthy infant in a 23-year-old woman with previous aortic and mitral valve replacement with porcine xenografts if presented. Unlike the management of pregnant patients with conventional mechanical prostheses, anti-coagulation may not be necessary with xenografts, particularly when there are no other thrombogenic conditions. Other management issues include congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, prophylaxis against subacute bacterial endocarditis, and expeditious labor and delivery.", "PMID": 573543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10673", "title": "Structural changes in a porcine xenograft after implantation for 105 months.", "content": "Morphologic studies including light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy were performed on a formaldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft prosthesis that functioned well for 8 years and had been implanted for 105 months in the tricuspid valve position. It is the oldest implanted valve studied in this manner. Although all leaflets had some gross deterioration, only one had adherent thrombus. The degenerative changes in the connective tissue from all leaflets were similar to those recently reported in glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine valves implanted for shorter periods. The surfaces of the two nonthrombosed leaflets and small portions of the surface of the thrombosed leaflet were endothelized, and the endothelium appeared to have little or no effect on the degenerative changes in the subjacent connective tissue. Further, the endothelium did not extend over the examined portion of the synthetic anulus of the prosthesis, suggesting that its origin was possibly from cells circulating in the blood.", "contents": "Structural changes in a porcine xenograft after implantation for 105 months. Morphologic studies including light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy were performed on a formaldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft prosthesis that functioned well for 8 years and had been implanted for 105 months in the tricuspid valve position. It is the oldest implanted valve studied in this manner. Although all leaflets had some gross deterioration, only one had adherent thrombus. The degenerative changes in the connective tissue from all leaflets were similar to those recently reported in glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine valves implanted for shorter periods. The surfaces of the two nonthrombosed leaflets and small portions of the surface of the thrombosed leaflet were endothelized, and the endothelium appeared to have little or no effect on the degenerative changes in the subjacent connective tissue. Further, the endothelium did not extend over the examined portion of the synthetic anulus of the prosthesis, suggesting that its origin was possibly from cells circulating in the blood.", "PMID": 573547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10674", "title": "The effect of estrogen on epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in the crypts of the descending colon of the mouse: a radioautographic study.", "content": "The regulatory role of estrogen on cell population kinetics in the descending colon was studied in intact female and ovariectomized mice. In the colonic crypts from intact mice, the crypt size (the number of epithelial cells per crypt column) and the proliferative activity of epithelial cells fluctuated slightly during the estrous cycle. Peak cellularity per crypt column was exhibted during estrus and early diestrus, whereas peaks in labeling index were seen during estrus and late metestrus. While the population size of mucous cells showed a minimal variation, the number of proliferative vacuolated cells per crypt column varied inversely with that of differentiated columnar cells during estrous cycle. The vacuolated cells were increased in number in the preovulatory phase and the columnar cells in the postovulatory phase. Three weeks after bilateral ovariectomy, the colonic crypt appeared to reach a new steady state, which was characterized by a small crypt size, a decrease in the number of differentiated cells, an increase in the relative number of proliferative cells and a relative increase in the proliferative activity of the crypt as compared to intact mice. When ovariectomized mice were treated with estrogen, the number of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells in the crypt was decreased as compared to untreated ovariectomized mice, the decrease being greater after a single injection than after multiple injections of estrogen, and the vacuolated-columnar cell line being affected more than mucous cell line. Meanwhile, the crypt size as well as the population size of differentiated cells in the crypt failed to return to normal after estrogen treatments. Thus, estrogen did not promote differentiation of epithelial cells in the crypt.", "contents": "The effect of estrogen on epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in the crypts of the descending colon of the mouse: a radioautographic study. The regulatory role of estrogen on cell population kinetics in the descending colon was studied in intact female and ovariectomized mice. In the colonic crypts from intact mice, the crypt size (the number of epithelial cells per crypt column) and the proliferative activity of epithelial cells fluctuated slightly during the estrous cycle. Peak cellularity per crypt column was exhibted during estrus and early diestrus, whereas peaks in labeling index were seen during estrus and late metestrus. While the population size of mucous cells showed a minimal variation, the number of proliferative vacuolated cells per crypt column varied inversely with that of differentiated columnar cells during estrous cycle. The vacuolated cells were increased in number in the preovulatory phase and the columnar cells in the postovulatory phase. Three weeks after bilateral ovariectomy, the colonic crypt appeared to reach a new steady state, which was characterized by a small crypt size, a decrease in the number of differentiated cells, an increase in the relative number of proliferative cells and a relative increase in the proliferative activity of the crypt as compared to intact mice. When ovariectomized mice were treated with estrogen, the number of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells in the crypt was decreased as compared to untreated ovariectomized mice, the decrease being greater after a single injection than after multiple injections of estrogen, and the vacuolated-columnar cell line being affected more than mucous cell line. Meanwhile, the crypt size as well as the population size of differentiated cells in the crypt failed to return to normal after estrogen treatments. Thus, estrogen did not promote differentiation of epithelial cells in the crypt.", "PMID": 573548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10675", "title": "Sexual and somatic determinants of the human Y chromosome: studies in a 46,XYp- phenotypic female.", "content": "A case of a 46,XYp- phenotypic female provided an opportunity to evaluate both sexual and somatic determinants for the Y chromosome. The patient had multiple stigmata of Turner syndrome, but normal stature. Laparotomy revealed a normal uterus and tubes, with 1.5 cm undifferentiated gonads. Serological tests for H-Y antigen (ostensibly the product of Y-chromosomal testis-determining genes) indicated absence of the H-Y+ phenotype normally associated with the intact Y chromosome. We conclude that genes exist on the short arm of the human Y chromosome which both suppress some of the somatic stigmata of Turner syndrome and determine normal expression of H-Y antigen and testicular differentiation of the primitive gonad. Our data are consistent with the view that H-Y genes comprise a family of testis-determinants, and that loss of a critical moiety is inconsistent with normal development of the male gonad.", "contents": "Sexual and somatic determinants of the human Y chromosome: studies in a 46,XYp- phenotypic female. A case of a 46,XYp- phenotypic female provided an opportunity to evaluate both sexual and somatic determinants for the Y chromosome. The patient had multiple stigmata of Turner syndrome, but normal stature. Laparotomy revealed a normal uterus and tubes, with 1.5 cm undifferentiated gonads. Serological tests for H-Y antigen (ostensibly the product of Y-chromosomal testis-determining genes) indicated absence of the H-Y+ phenotype normally associated with the intact Y chromosome. We conclude that genes exist on the short arm of the human Y chromosome which both suppress some of the somatic stigmata of Turner syndrome and determine normal expression of H-Y antigen and testicular differentiation of the primitive gonad. Our data are consistent with the view that H-Y genes comprise a family of testis-determinants, and that loss of a critical moiety is inconsistent with normal development of the male gonad.", "PMID": 573550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10676", "title": "The Limulus amebocyte lysate endotoxin assay: current status.", "content": "Research conducted during this decade has clearly established the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test as the most sensitive assay for bacterial endotoxin. In addition, the assay is easily performed, relatively inexpensive, specific for endotoxin, and can be used to test materials that are toxic to rabbits employed in the rabbit pyrogen test. The LAL test has been used in the diagnosis of meningitis, urinary infection, mastitis, and endotoxemia. Other broad applications of the test include quality assurance of parenteral solutions and medical devices as well as the microbial quality of food and water. A review of recent developments in LAL testing is presented and experimental applications of the assay are discussed.", "contents": "The Limulus amebocyte lysate endotoxin assay: current status. Research conducted during this decade has clearly established the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test as the most sensitive assay for bacterial endotoxin. In addition, the assay is easily performed, relatively inexpensive, specific for endotoxin, and can be used to test materials that are toxic to rabbits employed in the rabbit pyrogen test. The LAL test has been used in the diagnosis of meningitis, urinary infection, mastitis, and endotoxemia. Other broad applications of the test include quality assurance of parenteral solutions and medical devices as well as the microbial quality of food and water. A review of recent developments in LAL testing is presented and experimental applications of the assay are discussed.", "PMID": 573551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10677", "title": "Ultrastructural effects of estrogen replacement on postmenopausal endometrium.", "content": "Endometrial adenocarcinoma occurs almost exclusively in postmenopausal women, and excessive or unopposed estrogen stimulation is suspect as a causative factor in its pathogenesis. Furthermore, the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma has increased in women undergoing estrogen replacement therapy. In the present study, the cellular response of premenopausal and postmenopausal endometrium to estrogenic stimulation was compared with endometrial adenocarcinoma by the electron microscope. Tissues were obtained at hysterectomy, endometrial biopsy, or endometrial curettage and were processed routinely for light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally the endometrium from postmenopausal patients undergoing estrogen replacement therapy was similar to normal cyclic endometrium in the late proliferative phase. At least three features of the estrogen-treated postmenopausal tissue resembled those observed in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: accumulation of lipid droplets, irregular nuclei, and perinuclear whorls of microfibrils.", "contents": "Ultrastructural effects of estrogen replacement on postmenopausal endometrium. Endometrial adenocarcinoma occurs almost exclusively in postmenopausal women, and excessive or unopposed estrogen stimulation is suspect as a causative factor in its pathogenesis. Furthermore, the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma has increased in women undergoing estrogen replacement therapy. In the present study, the cellular response of premenopausal and postmenopausal endometrium to estrogenic stimulation was compared with endometrial adenocarcinoma by the electron microscope. Tissues were obtained at hysterectomy, endometrial biopsy, or endometrial curettage and were processed routinely for light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally the endometrium from postmenopausal patients undergoing estrogen replacement therapy was similar to normal cyclic endometrium in the late proliferative phase. At least three features of the estrogen-treated postmenopausal tissue resembled those observed in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: accumulation of lipid droplets, irregular nuclei, and perinuclear whorls of microfibrils.", "PMID": 573552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10678", "title": "Comparison of serum prolactin, plain radiography, and hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica in patients with galactorrhea.", "content": "Hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica is being used with increasing frequency in patients with galactorrhea in order to establish the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. In 201 patients with galactorrhea, serum prolactin (PRL) levels were correlated with anteroposterior (AP)--lateral plain radiographs and hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica. Plain films were normal in 167 and abnormal in 34 patients. Of the 167 patients with normal AP-lateral plain films, 80 had normal tomograms and normal serum prolactin levels while 80 patients had normal tomograms and elevated serum PRL levels (21 to 256 ng/ml). The remaining seven of the 167 patients had normal plain films with abnormal tomograms and elevated serum PRL levels (28 to 176 ng/ml). All patients with abnormal plain radiographs had abnormal tomograms and had either elevated or normal serum PRL levels. In view of these findings, sella tomography is only necessary in patients with normal plain radiographs and elevated serum PRL levels.", "contents": "Comparison of serum prolactin, plain radiography, and hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica in patients with galactorrhea. Hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica is being used with increasing frequency in patients with galactorrhea in order to establish the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. In 201 patients with galactorrhea, serum prolactin (PRL) levels were correlated with anteroposterior (AP)--lateral plain radiographs and hypocycloidal tomography of the sella turcica. Plain films were normal in 167 and abnormal in 34 patients. Of the 167 patients with normal AP-lateral plain films, 80 had normal tomograms and normal serum prolactin levels while 80 patients had normal tomograms and elevated serum PRL levels (21 to 256 ng/ml). The remaining seven of the 167 patients had normal plain films with abnormal tomograms and elevated serum PRL levels (28 to 176 ng/ml). All patients with abnormal plain radiographs had abnormal tomograms and had either elevated or normal serum PRL levels. In view of these findings, sella tomography is only necessary in patients with normal plain radiographs and elevated serum PRL levels.", "PMID": 573553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10679", "title": "Serum vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in malnourished women treated with oral contraceptives: effects of estrogen dose and duration of treatment.", "content": "Malnourished women who had been treated with combination-type oral contraceptives containing 0.03 mg or 0.05 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg d-norgestrel had significantly higher levels of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and vitamin A after two or five cycles of treatment compared with untreated control subjects. The values tended to return to normal by the twelfth cycle of treatment, the trend for reversal being more marked for RBP than for retinol.", "contents": "Serum vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in malnourished women treated with oral contraceptives: effects of estrogen dose and duration of treatment. Malnourished women who had been treated with combination-type oral contraceptives containing 0.03 mg or 0.05 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg d-norgestrel had significantly higher levels of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and vitamin A after two or five cycles of treatment compared with untreated control subjects. The values tended to return to normal by the twelfth cycle of treatment, the trend for reversal being more marked for RBP than for retinol.", "PMID": 573554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10680", "title": "Long-term propranolol therapy in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcome.", "content": "Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, has found an important position in the practice of medicine. Its use in pregnancy, however, is an open question as a number of detrimental side effects have been reported in the fetus and neonate. Ten patients and 12 pregnancies are reported where chronic propranolol has been administered. Five patients with serial pregnancies with and without propranolol therapy are also examined. Maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications are examined. An attempt is made to differentiate drug-related complications from maternal disease--related complications. We conclude that previously reported hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia, neonatal apnea, and bradycardia are not invariable and cannot be statistically correlated with chronic propranolol therapy. Growth retardation, however, appears to be significant in both of our series.", "contents": "Long-term propranolol therapy in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcome. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, has found an important position in the practice of medicine. Its use in pregnancy, however, is an open question as a number of detrimental side effects have been reported in the fetus and neonate. Ten patients and 12 pregnancies are reported where chronic propranolol has been administered. Five patients with serial pregnancies with and without propranolol therapy are also examined. Maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications are examined. An attempt is made to differentiate drug-related complications from maternal disease--related complications. We conclude that previously reported hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia, neonatal apnea, and bradycardia are not invariable and cannot be statistically correlated with chronic propranolol therapy. Growth retardation, however, appears to be significant in both of our series.", "PMID": 573555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10681", "title": "Pigmentary degeneration of the retina in the Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome.", "content": "Dizygotic twins developed a progressive neurologic disorder at age 6 months. When examined at age 7 1/2 years each had spastic quadriparesis and dystonia. Neither had ever spoken a complete sentence. The fundi showed bone spicule formation, a conspicuous choroidal circulation, and a striking accumulation of yellowish-white globular masses of varying sizes and shapes. Because our patients developed both the pigmentary degeneration and clinical signs of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome at a much younger age than patients without retinopathy, we believe this case demonstrated a distinct nosologic entity.", "contents": "Pigmentary degeneration of the retina in the Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. Dizygotic twins developed a progressive neurologic disorder at age 6 months. When examined at age 7 1/2 years each had spastic quadriparesis and dystonia. Neither had ever spoken a complete sentence. The fundi showed bone spicule formation, a conspicuous choroidal circulation, and a striking accumulation of yellowish-white globular masses of varying sizes and shapes. Because our patients developed both the pigmentary degeneration and clinical signs of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome at a much younger age than patients without retinopathy, we believe this case demonstrated a distinct nosologic entity.", "PMID": 573556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10682", "title": "Ovaries and adrenals in murine Schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Some observations on the function of the ovaries in acute infection.", "content": "In mice with acute schistosomiasis mansoni the mean serum level of progesterone, as determined by radioimmunoassay, was significantly lower than in non-infected control animals, probably due to the atrophy of corpora lutea and the discontinuance of their development described in an earlier paper. In spite of the histopathological changes in the ovaries and the decreased level of progesterone in the blood, estrus was present in some infected animals.", "contents": "Ovaries and adrenals in murine Schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Some observations on the function of the ovaries in acute infection. In mice with acute schistosomiasis mansoni the mean serum level of progesterone, as determined by radioimmunoassay, was significantly lower than in non-infected control animals, probably due to the atrophy of corpora lutea and the discontinuance of their development described in an earlier paper. In spite of the histopathological changes in the ovaries and the decreased level of progesterone in the blood, estrus was present in some infected animals.", "PMID": 573557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10683", "title": "Duration of bupivacaine intradermal anesthesia when the bupivacaine is mixed with chloroprocaine.", "content": "In a double-blind trial in 20 human volunteers, the duration of intradermal anesthesia with a mixture of bupivacaine, 0.5 mg, and chloroprocaine, 3 mg, was compared with the duration of intradermal anesthesia obtained with either bupivacaine, 0.5 mg, or chloroprocaine, 3 mg, alone. The duration of intradermal anesthesia produced by the bupivacaine mixed with chloroprocaine, 36 +/- 16 (mean +/- 1 SD) minutes, was significantly less than the duration of the same amount of bupivacaine alone, 139 +/- 78 minutes. Duration of anesthesia with chloroprocaine alone, 24 +/- 11 minutes, was similar to the duration of anesthesia with chloroprocaine plus bupivacaine. A possible explanation for these results is that bupivacaine competes with chloroprocaine for nonspecific receptors at the biophase and in the surrounding nerve tissue.", "contents": "Duration of bupivacaine intradermal anesthesia when the bupivacaine is mixed with chloroprocaine. In a double-blind trial in 20 human volunteers, the duration of intradermal anesthesia with a mixture of bupivacaine, 0.5 mg, and chloroprocaine, 3 mg, was compared with the duration of intradermal anesthesia obtained with either bupivacaine, 0.5 mg, or chloroprocaine, 3 mg, alone. The duration of intradermal anesthesia produced by the bupivacaine mixed with chloroprocaine, 36 +/- 16 (mean +/- 1 SD) minutes, was significantly less than the duration of the same amount of bupivacaine alone, 139 +/- 78 minutes. Duration of anesthesia with chloroprocaine alone, 24 +/- 11 minutes, was similar to the duration of anesthesia with chloroprocaine plus bupivacaine. A possible explanation for these results is that bupivacaine competes with chloroprocaine for nonspecific receptors at the biophase and in the surrounding nerve tissue.", "PMID": 573558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10684", "title": "Muscle contractures and adenosine triphosphate depletion in porcine malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "This study compares several methods for diagnosing susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, using two groups of Poland China swine narrowly defined as genetically susceptible or normal (five pigs each) depending respectively on their response to halothane or to halothane and succinylcholine. Vastus medialis muscle biopsies were excised under thiopental-N2O-O2 anesthesia and used for examination of (1) contracture responses to halothane, (2) contracture responses to caffeine and halothane-caffeine, and (3) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion with and without halothane. All studies were performed in organ baths at 37 C. Halothane alone produced contractures  in two susceptible and one normal preparation; caffeine always produced a contracture at lower concentrations in susceptible muscle; caffeine-halothane contractures in susceptible muscle occurred at lower mean caffeine concentrations, but there was some overlap of individual values; mean ATP depletion was greater in susceptible muscle, but with considerable overlap. Comparisons with the findings of others were hampered by use of absolute rather than comparative values for tension, e.g., grams, rather than grams per cross-sectional area or fraction of peak tension. Examination of the complete dose-response curve provided the best comparative information and caffeine was the consistent predictor of susceptibility.", "contents": "Muscle contractures and adenosine triphosphate depletion in porcine malignant hyperthermia. This study compares several methods for diagnosing susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, using two groups of Poland China swine narrowly defined as genetically susceptible or normal (five pigs each) depending respectively on their response to halothane or to halothane and succinylcholine. Vastus medialis muscle biopsies were excised under thiopental-N2O-O2 anesthesia and used for examination of (1) contracture responses to halothane, (2) contracture responses to caffeine and halothane-caffeine, and (3) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion with and without halothane. All studies were performed in organ baths at 37 C. Halothane alone produced contractures  in two susceptible and one normal preparation; caffeine always produced a contracture at lower concentrations in susceptible muscle; caffeine-halothane contractures in susceptible muscle occurred at lower mean caffeine concentrations, but there was some overlap of individual values; mean ATP depletion was greater in susceptible muscle, but with considerable overlap. Comparisons with the findings of others were hampered by use of absolute rather than comparative values for tension, e.g., grams, rather than grams per cross-sectional area or fraction of peak tension. Examination of the complete dose-response curve provided the best comparative information and caffeine was the consistent predictor of susceptibility.", "PMID": 573559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10685", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to clamping of the aorta during epidural and general anesthesia.", "content": "The cardiovascular responses of aortic cross-clamping and declamping with normal and high ventricular filling pressures were compared during epidural and nitrous oxide-morphine anesthesia in 32 male patients undergoing reconstructive aortic surgery. The patients were divided into four groups. Groups I and II had lumbar epidural blocks with bupivacaine and received nitrous oxide in oxygen to breathe; groups III and IV were anesthetized with morphine (2 mg/kg) and nitrous oxide. During aortic occlusion groups I and III received Ringer's lactate at a rate which maintained mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) 3 to 4 torr above pre-anesthetic values whereas groups II and IV were given Ringer's lactate rates which kept PCWP similar to pre-anesthetic values. Prior to cross-clamping mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance were lower in groups I and II than in groups III and IV but cardiac output, PCWP, and pulmonary vascular resistance were similar in the four gropus. Cross-clamping of the aorta produced no significant change in any cardiovascular variable measured in any group. Declamping did not significantly alter any variable in groups I and III but produced moderate hypotension in group IV and severe hypotension in group II as well as significant decreases in PCWP in both groups. Our data demonstrate that aortic cross-clamping and release result in little change in cardiovascular dynamics in patients anesthetized with epidural or morphine-nitrous oxide and given balanced salt solutions intravenously in amounts adequate to increase left ventricular filling pressures prior to release of the aortic cross-clamp. Our findings also indicate that hypotension can occur in patients in whom left ventricular filling pressures are maintained at normal levels prior to cross-clamp release, especially in patients given epidural anesthesia.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to clamping of the aorta during epidural and general anesthesia. The cardiovascular responses of aortic cross-clamping and declamping with normal and high ventricular filling pressures were compared during epidural and nitrous oxide-morphine anesthesia in 32 male patients undergoing reconstructive aortic surgery. The patients were divided into four groups. Groups I and II had lumbar epidural blocks with bupivacaine and received nitrous oxide in oxygen to breathe; groups III and IV were anesthetized with morphine (2 mg/kg) and nitrous oxide. During aortic occlusion groups I and III received Ringer's lactate at a rate which maintained mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) 3 to 4 torr above pre-anesthetic values whereas groups II and IV were given Ringer's lactate rates which kept PCWP similar to pre-anesthetic values. Prior to cross-clamping mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance were lower in groups I and II than in groups III and IV but cardiac output, PCWP, and pulmonary vascular resistance were similar in the four gropus. Cross-clamping of the aorta produced no significant change in any cardiovascular variable measured in any group. Declamping did not significantly alter any variable in groups I and III but produced moderate hypotension in group IV and severe hypotension in group II as well as significant decreases in PCWP in both groups. Our data demonstrate that aortic cross-clamping and release result in little change in cardiovascular dynamics in patients anesthetized with epidural or morphine-nitrous oxide and given balanced salt solutions intravenously in amounts adequate to increase left ventricular filling pressures prior to release of the aortic cross-clamp. Our findings also indicate that hypotension can occur in patients in whom left ventricular filling pressures are maintained at normal levels prior to cross-clamp release, especially in patients given epidural anesthesia.", "PMID": 573560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10686", "title": "Cumulative dose-response curves for gallamine: effect of altered resting thumb tension and mode of stimulation.", "content": "Neuromuscular blockade studies often use the thumb adductor twitch response to ulna nerve stimulation. Two factors that may influence the results are the resting muscle tension (initial fiber length) and the pattern of the stimulus wave form. This study was undertaken to improve understanding of the effect of these factors and lead to better controlled study conditions and more consistent data. During nitrous oxide-barbiturate-narcotic anesthesia in 10 normal adult patients, as the resting thumb tension was increased from 50 to 200 g, the evoked thumb adductor twitch response (Grass stimulator, 0.25 Hz) was augmented by 28%. There was only a 2.5% increase in the evoked (developed) tension when the resting tension was further increased from 200 to 300 g. Developed tension at 50 g was significantly (p less than 0.001) less than at the other resting tensions. The developed tension at 100 g was also significantly (p less than 0.05) less than at resting tensions of 200 or 300 g. Cumulative dose-response curves for gallamine in nine patients were not significantly altered by increasing resting tension from 50 to 200 g. Biphasic (Block-Aide monitor) or single square wave (Grass stimulator) stimuli wave forms in nine normal adult patients yielded gallamine dose-response curves that were not statistically different. The muscle response to biphasic stimulation during a non-depolarizing blockade was not affected by the average muscle refractory period. Because of the significantly lower developed tension at resting tension settings of 50 to 100 g, a practical consideration during neuromuscular function studies would be to have the resting thumb tension adjusted and rechecked for each patient and kept within the 200-300-g range to ensure maximum uniform developed tension. The type of stimulus wave form selected will not affect results as long as it is used consistently throughout the study.", "contents": "Cumulative dose-response curves for gallamine: effect of altered resting thumb tension and mode of stimulation. Neuromuscular blockade studies often use the thumb adductor twitch response to ulna nerve stimulation. Two factors that may influence the results are the resting muscle tension (initial fiber length) and the pattern of the stimulus wave form. This study was undertaken to improve understanding of the effect of these factors and lead to better controlled study conditions and more consistent data. During nitrous oxide-barbiturate-narcotic anesthesia in 10 normal adult patients, as the resting thumb tension was increased from 50 to 200 g, the evoked thumb adductor twitch response (Grass stimulator, 0.25 Hz) was augmented by 28%. There was only a 2.5% increase in the evoked (developed) tension when the resting tension was further increased from 200 to 300 g. Developed tension at 50 g was significantly (p less than 0.001) less than at the other resting tensions. The developed tension at 100 g was also significantly (p less than 0.05) less than at resting tensions of 200 or 300 g. Cumulative dose-response curves for gallamine in nine patients were not significantly altered by increasing resting tension from 50 to 200 g. Biphasic (Block-Aide monitor) or single square wave (Grass stimulator) stimuli wave forms in nine normal adult patients yielded gallamine dose-response curves that were not statistically different. The muscle response to biphasic stimulation during a non-depolarizing blockade was not affected by the average muscle refractory period. Because of the significantly lower developed tension at resting tension settings of 50 to 100 g, a practical consideration during neuromuscular function studies would be to have the resting thumb tension adjusted and rechecked for each patient and kept within the 200-300-g range to ensure maximum uniform developed tension. The type of stimulus wave form selected will not affect results as long as it is used consistently throughout the study.", "PMID": 573561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10687", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous procaine infusion in humans.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic data during and following the continuous intravenous infusion of procaine are lacking. We studied 12 women undergoing hysterectomy during N2O-O2 and narcotic anesthesia. A constant infusion of 2% procaine was administered at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min to six patients (group I) and at a rate of 1.5 mg/kg/min to the other six (group II). Procaine plasma levels were determined by flame ionization gas-liquid chromatography. Using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, disposition kinetics were studied. Steady-state plasma levels were achieved within 20 to 30 minutes after commencement of the infusion. Following termination of the infusion the drug disappeared with a distribution half-life (t1/2 alpha) of 2.49 +/- 0.36 minutes and an elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) of 7.69 +/- 0.99 minutes at both infusion rates. In group I, the fraction of drug in the central compartment was 65%, the volume of distribution at steady-state was 0.79 +/- 0.14 L/kg, and total body clearance 0.08 +/- 0.01 L/kg/min. In group II, the fraction of drug in the central compartment was 82%, the volume of distribution at steady-state 0.34 +/- 0.07 L/kg, and the total body clearance 0.04 +/- 0.01 L/kg/min. These data indicate that procaine is a drug of limited distribution and tissue uptake with a short duration of action.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous procaine infusion in humans. Pharmacokinetic data during and following the continuous intravenous infusion of procaine are lacking. We studied 12 women undergoing hysterectomy during N2O-O2 and narcotic anesthesia. A constant infusion of 2% procaine was administered at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min to six patients (group I) and at a rate of 1.5 mg/kg/min to the other six (group II). Procaine plasma levels were determined by flame ionization gas-liquid chromatography. Using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, disposition kinetics were studied. Steady-state plasma levels were achieved within 20 to 30 minutes after commencement of the infusion. Following termination of the infusion the drug disappeared with a distribution half-life (t1/2 alpha) of 2.49 +/- 0.36 minutes and an elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) of 7.69 +/- 0.99 minutes at both infusion rates. In group I, the fraction of drug in the central compartment was 65%, the volume of distribution at steady-state was 0.79 +/- 0.14 L/kg, and total body clearance 0.08 +/- 0.01 L/kg/min. In group II, the fraction of drug in the central compartment was 82%, the volume of distribution at steady-state 0.34 +/- 0.07 L/kg, and the total body clearance 0.04 +/- 0.01 L/kg/min. These data indicate that procaine is a drug of limited distribution and tissue uptake with a short duration of action.", "PMID": 573562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10688", "title": "Depression of lung mucociliary dlearance by thiopental and halothane.", "content": "It has previously been demonstrated that an induction dose of thiopental, 25 mg/kg, without continuing anesthesia did not depress peripheral lung mucociliary clearance in the dog, whereas 2 hours of anesthesia with halothane, 1.2 MAC, did depress clearance. To determine whether this was because thiopental depresses the mucociliary apparatus less than halothane, this study compared mucociliary clearance after 2 hours of anesthesia with halothane with clearance after 2 hours of anesthesia with thiopental, 40 mg/kg. With thiopental, 40 mg/kg, 50% mucociliary clearance of tantalum from peripheral airways required 280 +/- 65 (SEM) minutes, which was comparable to clearance obtained with halothane, 1.2 MAC, 382 +/- 27 (SEM) minutes. Hence thiopental depresses mucociliary clearance as much as halothane does when both are administered in equivalent anesthetic doses for equal periods of time.", "contents": "Depression of lung mucociliary dlearance by thiopental and halothane. It has previously been demonstrated that an induction dose of thiopental, 25 mg/kg, without continuing anesthesia did not depress peripheral lung mucociliary clearance in the dog, whereas 2 hours of anesthesia with halothane, 1.2 MAC, did depress clearance. To determine whether this was because thiopental depresses the mucociliary apparatus less than halothane, this study compared mucociliary clearance after 2 hours of anesthesia with halothane with clearance after 2 hours of anesthesia with thiopental, 40 mg/kg. With thiopental, 40 mg/kg, 50% mucociliary clearance of tantalum from peripheral airways required 280 +/- 65 (SEM) minutes, which was comparable to clearance obtained with halothane, 1.2 MAC, 382 +/- 27 (SEM) minutes. Hence thiopental depresses mucociliary clearance as much as halothane does when both are administered in equivalent anesthetic doses for equal periods of time.", "PMID": 573563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10689", "title": "Epinephrine-induced arrhythmias: effect of exogenous prostaglandins and prostaglandin synthesis inhibition during halothane-O2 anesthesia in the dog.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PG) modify sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmission and have antiarrhythmic properties. Inhibitors of PG synthesis sensitize the heart to certain experimentally induced arrhythmias. This study examined the arrhythmogenic dose (AD) of epinephrine in dogs during halothane-O2 anesthesia as modified by the infusion of PG and by treatment with an inhibitor of PG synthesis. Dogs were anesthetized with 1.25 MAC halothane. The AD of epinephrine was established by a series of 3-minute epinephrine infusions at 10-minute intervals. The AD of epinephrine was then redetermined during infusions of PG(PGE1--1 microgram/kg/min and PGF2 alpha--1 microgram/kg/min), after indomethacin, 3 mg/kg, and after aminophylline, 10 mg/kg. The AD remained unchanged from control during both of the PG infusions and following indomethacin. Only following aminophylline did the AD decrease significantly. Our study suggests that pretreatment of surgical patients with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs which inhibit PG synthesis does not increase the likelihood of ventricular arrhythmias during halothane-O2 anesthesia.", "contents": "Epinephrine-induced arrhythmias: effect of exogenous prostaglandins and prostaglandin synthesis inhibition during halothane-O2 anesthesia in the dog. Prostaglandins (PG) modify sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmission and have antiarrhythmic properties. Inhibitors of PG synthesis sensitize the heart to certain experimentally induced arrhythmias. This study examined the arrhythmogenic dose (AD) of epinephrine in dogs during halothane-O2 anesthesia as modified by the infusion of PG and by treatment with an inhibitor of PG synthesis. Dogs were anesthetized with 1.25 MAC halothane. The AD of epinephrine was established by a series of 3-minute epinephrine infusions at 10-minute intervals. The AD of epinephrine was then redetermined during infusions of PG(PGE1--1 microgram/kg/min and PGF2 alpha--1 microgram/kg/min), after indomethacin, 3 mg/kg, and after aminophylline, 10 mg/kg. The AD remained unchanged from control during both of the PG infusions and following indomethacin. Only following aminophylline did the AD decrease significantly. Our study suggests that pretreatment of surgical patients with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs which inhibit PG synthesis does not increase the likelihood of ventricular arrhythmias during halothane-O2 anesthesia.", "PMID": 573565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10690", "title": "Nitrous oxide: effect on accumulation rate and uptake of bowel gases.", "content": "Breathing 79% nitrous oxide (N2O) in oxygen increased the rate of accumulation of bowel gas during intraluminal bowel segment infusions of hydrogen, methane (CH4), air, or carbon dioxide (CO2) in four pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs more than did breathing 100% oxygen. A N2O-associated increase in the volume of naturally produced intestinal gas in five halothane-anesthetized ponies corroborated the findings in the dog studies. In a second group of four dogs a bolus of CH4 or CO2 was injected into the bowel lumen. When the dogs breathed O2 the bowel gas volume decreased. Gas was virtually absent in the CO2-containing segment within 20 minutes. Breathing N2O increased the volume of the segments containing CH4 while the CO2 segments decreased less rapidly than during O2 breathing. Breathing O2 after 30 minutes of N2O breathing caused little change in the rate of decrease in CO2 segment volumes. However, the CH4 segment volume ceased to increase and eventually returned toward control volumes.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide: effect on accumulation rate and uptake of bowel gases. Breathing 79% nitrous oxide (N2O) in oxygen increased the rate of accumulation of bowel gas during intraluminal bowel segment infusions of hydrogen, methane (CH4), air, or carbon dioxide (CO2) in four pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs more than did breathing 100% oxygen. A N2O-associated increase in the volume of naturally produced intestinal gas in five halothane-anesthetized ponies corroborated the findings in the dog studies. In a second group of four dogs a bolus of CH4 or CO2 was injected into the bowel lumen. When the dogs breathed O2 the bowel gas volume decreased. Gas was virtually absent in the CO2-containing segment within 20 minutes. Breathing N2O increased the volume of the segments containing CH4 while the CO2 segments decreased less rapidly than during O2 breathing. Breathing O2 after 30 minutes of N2O breathing caused little change in the rate of decrease in CO2 segment volumes. However, the CH4 segment volume ceased to increase and eventually returned toward control volumes.", "PMID": 573566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10691", "title": "Serum inorganic fluoride levels in obese patients during and after enflurane anesthesia.", "content": "Serum ionic fluoride levels in 24 markedly obese patients (127.6 +/- 6.0 kg) and seven nonobese control subjects (67.3 +/- 1.2 kg) were compared during and following enflurane anesthesia (less than 2.0 MAC hr). Peak serum fluoride levels were higher (28.0 +/- 1.9 vs 17.3 +/- 1.3 micrometers/L, p less than 0.01) and the rate at which fluoride levels increased was more rapid (slope 5.6 vs 2.5 micrometers/L/hr) in obese patients than in control patients. No clinical evidence of nephrotoxicity was found in either group. Vasopressin resistance tests were not performed, and thus it is inknown whether subclinical nephrotoxicity occurred in either study group. Possible reasons for increased enflurane metabolism in obesity are discussed. These possibilities include differences in fluoride ion kinetics, hepatic delivery and penetration of volatile anesthetics, and altered hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Obesity rather than weight is an important determinant of anesthetic biotransformation.", "contents": "Serum inorganic fluoride levels in obese patients during and after enflurane anesthesia. Serum ionic fluoride levels in 24 markedly obese patients (127.6 +/- 6.0 kg) and seven nonobese control subjects (67.3 +/- 1.2 kg) were compared during and following enflurane anesthesia (less than 2.0 MAC hr). Peak serum fluoride levels were higher (28.0 +/- 1.9 vs 17.3 +/- 1.3 micrometers/L, p less than 0.01) and the rate at which fluoride levels increased was more rapid (slope 5.6 vs 2.5 micrometers/L/hr) in obese patients than in control patients. No clinical evidence of nephrotoxicity was found in either group. Vasopressin resistance tests were not performed, and thus it is inknown whether subclinical nephrotoxicity occurred in either study group. Possible reasons for increased enflurane metabolism in obesity are discussed. These possibilities include differences in fluoride ion kinetics, hepatic delivery and penetration of volatile anesthetics, and altered hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Obesity rather than weight is an important determinant of anesthetic biotransformation.", "PMID": 573567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10692", "title": "Comparison of domperidone, droperidol, and metoclopramide in the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting after balanced general anesthesia.", "content": "Women (185) undergoing elective orthopedic surgery under balanced general anesthesia were given 5 or 10 mg of domperidone, 1.25 mg of droperidol, 10 mg of metoclopramide, or a saline placebo intravenously in a double-blind random fashion 5 minutes before the end of anesthesia to prevent postoperative vomiting. Administration of the same antiemetic was repeated intramuscularly during the first 24 hours postoperatively if the patient complained of nausea or retched or vomited. Sigificantly (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.001), fewer of the patients given droperidol were nauseated (25%) or vomited (17%) in comparison with patients given saline (incidence of nausea was 55% and vomiting 40%). Incidences of nausea and vomiting were similar in patients given domperidone, metoclopramide, or saline. Furthermore, 39 to 45% of the patients given domperidone, metoclopramide, or saline needed additional doses of the same drug, whereas only 22% of the patient given droperidol required a second dose. It is concluded that droperidol is effective in the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting after balanced general anesthesia but that domperidone or metoclopramide are not.", "contents": "Comparison of domperidone, droperidol, and metoclopramide in the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting after balanced general anesthesia. Women (185) undergoing elective orthopedic surgery under balanced general anesthesia were given 5 or 10 mg of domperidone, 1.25 mg of droperidol, 10 mg of metoclopramide, or a saline placebo intravenously in a double-blind random fashion 5 minutes before the end of anesthesia to prevent postoperative vomiting. Administration of the same antiemetic was repeated intramuscularly during the first 24 hours postoperatively if the patient complained of nausea or retched or vomited. Sigificantly (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.001), fewer of the patients given droperidol were nauseated (25%) or vomited (17%) in comparison with patients given saline (incidence of nausea was 55% and vomiting 40%). Incidences of nausea and vomiting were similar in patients given domperidone, metoclopramide, or saline. Furthermore, 39 to 45% of the patients given domperidone, metoclopramide, or saline needed additional doses of the same drug, whereas only 22% of the patient given droperidol required a second dose. It is concluded that droperidol is effective in the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting after balanced general anesthesia but that domperidone or metoclopramide are not.", "PMID": 573564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10693", "title": "Anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis: a histocompatibility study.", "content": "The occurrence of acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis was compared in 53 HLA-B 27 positive and 12 HLA-B 27 negative patients with this disease. Uveitis was found in HLA-B 27 positive patients only. These results suggest that uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis are independent diseases occurring on their own and strongly associated with HLA-B 27.", "contents": "Anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis: a histocompatibility study. The occurrence of acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis was compared in 53 HLA-B 27 positive and 12 HLA-B 27 negative patients with this disease. Uveitis was found in HLA-B 27 positive patients only. These results suggest that uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis are independent diseases occurring on their own and strongly associated with HLA-B 27.", "PMID": 573580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10694", "title": "[Effect of gentamycin in combination with prodigiozan on the immunological reactivity of the body].", "content": "The effect of gentamicin sulphate and its combination will prodigiozan on antibody formation in experiments and the levels of the immunobiologic reactivity of patients with purulent inflammatory processes was studied with a purpose of developing rational schemes of antibiotic therapy of infectious diseases. A decrease in the titers of the antibodies to Aeromonas and the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen was noted on repeated administration of gentamicin to albino mice in a dose of 20 mg/kg. This was prevented by the use of prodigiozan in a dose of 500 micrograms/kg once every 4 days. The use of gentamicin in patients with purulent inflammatory diseases in doses of 40 or 80 mg twice a day for 7--10 days had no significant effect on the titers of IgA, IgG, IgM, lysozyme blood serum levels, serum bactericidal activity and absorption activity of the peripheral blood neutrophils. Still, it induced a marked suppression of the neutrophil digestive capacity as compared to the initial levels, especially on administration of gentamicin in a dose of 40 mg twice a day. An increase in the level of IgM and no suppression of the neutrophil digestive capacity were noted after completion of the therapy in the patients treated with gentamicin administered in a dose of 40 mg twice a day and prodigiozan administered in a dose of 50 micrograms once every 4 days. It is recommended to use prodigiozan in combinaed therapy with gentamicin for correction of the changes in the specific and nonspecific protective forces of the host.", "contents": "[Effect of gentamycin in combination with prodigiozan on the immunological reactivity of the body]. The effect of gentamicin sulphate and its combination will prodigiozan on antibody formation in experiments and the levels of the immunobiologic reactivity of patients with purulent inflammatory processes was studied with a purpose of developing rational schemes of antibiotic therapy of infectious diseases. A decrease in the titers of the antibodies to Aeromonas and the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen was noted on repeated administration of gentamicin to albino mice in a dose of 20 mg/kg. This was prevented by the use of prodigiozan in a dose of 500 micrograms/kg once every 4 days. The use of gentamicin in patients with purulent inflammatory diseases in doses of 40 or 80 mg twice a day for 7--10 days had no significant effect on the titers of IgA, IgG, IgM, lysozyme blood serum levels, serum bactericidal activity and absorption activity of the peripheral blood neutrophils. Still, it induced a marked suppression of the neutrophil digestive capacity as compared to the initial levels, especially on administration of gentamicin in a dose of 40 mg twice a day. An increase in the level of IgM and no suppression of the neutrophil digestive capacity were noted after completion of the therapy in the patients treated with gentamicin administered in a dose of 40 mg twice a day and prodigiozan administered in a dose of 50 micrograms once every 4 days. It is recommended to use prodigiozan in combinaed therapy with gentamicin for correction of the changes in the specific and nonspecific protective forces of the host.", "PMID": 573585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10695", "title": "Chitin-binding hemagglutinin produced by Conidiobolus strains.", "content": "A hemagglutinin was produced by strains of Conidiobolus which also produce beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Activity of the hemagglutinin was inhibited by D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides but not by D-glucose, D-mannose, and alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides.", "contents": "Chitin-binding hemagglutinin produced by Conidiobolus strains. A hemagglutinin was produced by strains of Conidiobolus which also produce beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Activity of the hemagglutinin was inhibited by D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides but not by D-glucose, D-mannose, and alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides.", "PMID": 573586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10696", "title": "[Taxonomic reconsideration of Entomophthora obscura Hall & Dunn].", "content": "A set of slides and strains designated as Entomophthora thaxteriana Petch, E. obscura Hall et Dunn and E. ignobilis Hall et Dunn were compared on morphological, physiological, pathological and biochemical bases. It is concluded that E. thaxteriana (name invalidated by Humber, 1978) must be replaced by E. obscura and not by E. ignobilis, this species being considered as nomen dubium. Some intraspecific variations within the species E. obscura were found particularly with regard to the ability to produce resting spores and cystidia.", "contents": "[Taxonomic reconsideration of Entomophthora obscura Hall & Dunn]. A set of slides and strains designated as Entomophthora thaxteriana Petch, E. obscura Hall et Dunn and E. ignobilis Hall et Dunn were compared on morphological, physiological, pathological and biochemical bases. It is concluded that E. thaxteriana (name invalidated by Humber, 1978) must be replaced by E. obscura and not by E. ignobilis, this species being considered as nomen dubium. Some intraspecific variations within the species E. obscura were found particularly with regard to the ability to produce resting spores and cystidia.", "PMID": 573579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10697", "title": "Noninvolvement of beauvericin in the entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana.", "content": "Development of a microbiological autobiographic assay procedure permitted a detailed investigation of the possible role of beauvericin (a toxic ionophoric antibiotic produced by Beauveria bassiana) in the entomopathogenicity of B. bassiana against corn earworm (Heliothis zea) larvae. Analysis of spent media of B. bassiana and the hemolymph of infected and moribund larvae revealed that beauvericin was not present in a soluble form during the time that most (about 90%) larvae died of fungal infection (4 days). Intrahemocoelic injections of up to 6 micrograms of synthetic beauvericin failed to induce any deleterious effects. In addition, although methanol-soluble ionophores, such as valinomycin and bassianolide, were toxic to corn earworm larvae, no methanol-soluble toxin could be detected in the hemolymph of moribund larvae.", "contents": "Noninvolvement of beauvericin in the entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. Development of a microbiological autobiographic assay procedure permitted a detailed investigation of the possible role of beauvericin (a toxic ionophoric antibiotic produced by Beauveria bassiana) in the entomopathogenicity of B. bassiana against corn earworm (Heliothis zea) larvae. Analysis of spent media of B. bassiana and the hemolymph of infected and moribund larvae revealed that beauvericin was not present in a soluble form during the time that most (about 90%) larvae died of fungal infection (4 days). Intrahemocoelic injections of up to 6 micrograms of synthetic beauvericin failed to induce any deleterious effects. In addition, although methanol-soluble ionophores, such as valinomycin and bassianolide, were toxic to corn earworm larvae, no methanol-soluble toxin could be detected in the hemolymph of moribund larvae.", "PMID": 573587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10698", "title": "[Experimental infestation of Cochlicella ventricosa with L1 larvae of protostrongylids (author's transl)].", "content": "Young land-snails (Cochlicella ventricosa) were infested with a plurigeneric mixture of first-stage larvae of Protostrogylids. Cochlicella ventricosa is good host for Cystocaulus and Neostrongylus. Only one larva is able to ensure its complete evolution at a first infestation. A second larva follows the same process, at a second infestation. Such a regulation of the infestation recalls the limitation phenomenon. Hypothesis concerning this regulation process are discussed.20", "contents": "[Experimental infestation of Cochlicella ventricosa with L1 larvae of protostrongylids (author's transl)]. Young land-snails (Cochlicella ventricosa) were infested with a plurigeneric mixture of first-stage larvae of Protostrogylids. Cochlicella ventricosa is good host for Cystocaulus and Neostrongylus. Only one larva is able to ensure its complete evolution at a first infestation. A second larva follows the same process, at a second infestation. Such a regulation of the infestation recalls the limitation phenomenon. Hypothesis concerning this regulation process are discussed.20", "PMID": 573581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10699", "title": "[Dipetalonema dessetae--Aedes aegypti: study of the infected adipose tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological and ultrastructural study of the adipose tissue of Aedes aegypti has shown that infection with the filaria Dipetalonema dessetae locally induces a highly active synthesis of proteins (formation of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, multiplication of mitochondria). This phenomenon appears similar to the effect of beta-ecdysone after the up-take of blood. Mosquitoes let to starve during the development of the filaria show a quick disappearance of storage substances (lipids and glycogen) and involution forms of the induced ergastoplasma (after seventh days only), so that the infected tissue degenerates and the development of the filaria is arrested.", "contents": "[Dipetalonema dessetae--Aedes aegypti: study of the infected adipose tissue (author's transl)]. Histological and ultrastructural study of the adipose tissue of Aedes aegypti has shown that infection with the filaria Dipetalonema dessetae locally induces a highly active synthesis of proteins (formation of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, multiplication of mitochondria). This phenomenon appears similar to the effect of beta-ecdysone after the up-take of blood. Mosquitoes let to starve during the development of the filaria show a quick disappearance of storage substances (lipids and glycogen) and involution forms of the induced ergastoplasma (after seventh days only), so that the infected tissue degenerates and the development of the filaria is arrested.", "PMID": 573582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10700", "title": "[Additional findings on the distribution and prevalence of Tetrapetalonema (Esslingeria) streptocerca (Macfie and Corson, 1922) in West Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Human streptocerciasis has been found in the Accra district (Ghana), in southern Ivory Coast, and in Upper Volta in migrants. During a survey in the forest part of the Volta Region (Eastern Ghana), 119 cases were discovered in ten villages between 6 degrees 50' N., and 7 degrees 50' N., indicating local transmission of the parasite. The parasitic load has always been low. In the area, the presence of T. streptocerca cannot modify the results of a direct diagnosis of onchocerciasis based on the emergence of microfilariae from skin snips in distilled water or normal saline solution. The parasite has not been found in surveys undertaken north of the 8 degrees N., neither in Ghana, nor in Togo or Ivory Coast. The presence of T. streptocerca in villages located on the Togolese border confirm that this filaria exists in Togo too, although no mention is made in the literature.", "contents": "[Additional findings on the distribution and prevalence of Tetrapetalonema (Esslingeria) streptocerca (Macfie and Corson, 1922) in West Africa (author's transl)]. Human streptocerciasis has been found in the Accra district (Ghana), in southern Ivory Coast, and in Upper Volta in migrants. During a survey in the forest part of the Volta Region (Eastern Ghana), 119 cases were discovered in ten villages between 6 degrees 50' N., and 7 degrees 50' N., indicating local transmission of the parasite. The parasitic load has always been low. In the area, the presence of T. streptocerca cannot modify the results of a direct diagnosis of onchocerciasis based on the emergence of microfilariae from skin snips in distilled water or normal saline solution. The parasite has not been found in surveys undertaken north of the 8 degrees N., neither in Ghana, nor in Togo or Ivory Coast. The presence of T. streptocerca in villages located on the Togolese border confirm that this filaria exists in Togo too, although no mention is made in the literature.", "PMID": 573583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10701", "title": "Toxic effects of some alcohol and ethylene glycol derivatives on Cladosporium resinae.", "content": "Eleven commercially available alcohol and ethylene glycol derivatives were tested for their toxicity toward a problem organism in jet fuel, Cladosporium resinae. In the presence of glucose, 20% (vol/vol) ethylene glycol monomethyl ether prevented spore germination and mycelial growth, and 10% (vol/vol) 2-ethoxybutanol, 10% 2-isopropoxyethanol, 10% 3-methoxybutanol, 5% 2-butyloxyethanol, 5% ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and 5% diethylene glycol monobutyl ether were found to have similar effects. In a biphasic kerosene-water system, 3-methoxybutanol, 2-butyloxyethanol, and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether were again found to be more toxic than ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Considerable potassium efflux, protein leakage, and inhibition of endogenous respiration were observed in the presence of the more toxic compounds. 2-Butyloxyethanol also caused loss of sterols from cells.", "contents": "Toxic effects of some alcohol and ethylene glycol derivatives on Cladosporium resinae. Eleven commercially available alcohol and ethylene glycol derivatives were tested for their toxicity toward a problem organism in jet fuel, Cladosporium resinae. In the presence of glucose, 20% (vol/vol) ethylene glycol monomethyl ether prevented spore germination and mycelial growth, and 10% (vol/vol) 2-ethoxybutanol, 10% 2-isopropoxyethanol, 10% 3-methoxybutanol, 5% 2-butyloxyethanol, 5% ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and 5% diethylene glycol monobutyl ether were found to have similar effects. In a biphasic kerosene-water system, 3-methoxybutanol, 2-butyloxyethanol, and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether were again found to be more toxic than ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Considerable potassium efflux, protein leakage, and inhibition of endogenous respiration were observed in the presence of the more toxic compounds. 2-Butyloxyethanol also caused loss of sterols from cells.", "PMID": 573588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10702", "title": "Bovine superoxide dismutase and copper ions potentiate the bactericidal effect of autoxidizing cysteine.", "content": "When cysteine is oxidized by oxygen, hydrogen peroxide is formed, and hydrogen peroxide is very toxic to Peptostreptococcus anaerobius VPI 4330-1. Native and inactivated superoxide dismutase increased the rate of oxidation of cysteine and thereby potentiated the toxic effect of cysteine. A similar increase in the rate of oxidation of cysteine and in the toxicity of cysteine was obtained with Cu2+.", "contents": "Bovine superoxide dismutase and copper ions potentiate the bactericidal effect of autoxidizing cysteine. When cysteine is oxidized by oxygen, hydrogen peroxide is formed, and hydrogen peroxide is very toxic to Peptostreptococcus anaerobius VPI 4330-1. Native and inactivated superoxide dismutase increased the rate of oxidation of cysteine and thereby potentiated the toxic effect of cysteine. A similar increase in the rate of oxidation of cysteine and in the toxicity of cysteine was obtained with Cu2+.", "PMID": 573589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10703", "title": "Side-by-side pairing of the XY bivalent in spermatocytes and the ubiquity of the H-Y locus.", "content": "The pairing mechanism of the XY bivalent, the possibility of crossing-over between X and Y chromosomes during meiotic prophase, and the location of the H-Y locus are of interest with regard to genetic control mechanisms, male gametogenesis, and testicular organization. A whole-mount electron microscope technique has permitted the study of a large number of mouse and hamster spermatocytes to evaluate the spatial relationship of sex chromosomes and autosomes. X and Y chromosomes showed a transient, extensive side-by-side pairing segment along most of the length of the Y chromosome. This extensive pairing segment may cause genetic exchange between X and Y chromosomes. The finding of a small unpaired paracentromeric region of the Y chromosome could be related to a locus of totally sex-linked gene(s) that determine the development of the testis from the undifferentiated embryonic gonad.", "contents": "Side-by-side pairing of the XY bivalent in spermatocytes and the ubiquity of the H-Y locus. The pairing mechanism of the XY bivalent, the possibility of crossing-over between X and Y chromosomes during meiotic prophase, and the location of the H-Y locus are of interest with regard to genetic control mechanisms, male gametogenesis, and testicular organization. A whole-mount electron microscope technique has permitted the study of a large number of mouse and hamster spermatocytes to evaluate the spatial relationship of sex chromosomes and autosomes. X and Y chromosomes showed a transient, extensive side-by-side pairing segment along most of the length of the Y chromosome. This extensive pairing segment may cause genetic exchange between X and Y chromosomes. The finding of a small unpaired paracentromeric region of the Y chromosome could be related to a locus of totally sex-linked gene(s) that determine the development of the testis from the undifferentiated embryonic gonad.", "PMID": 573601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10704", "title": "Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia by kallikrein: results of a double-blind study.", "content": "Ninety subfertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia were treated orally with either 600 units porcine pancreatic kallikrein or placebo daily for 7 wk. Kallikrein caused an increase in the number of spermatozoa (3.1 X 10(7) with a maximum 2--3 mo after onset of therapy. There was an improvement of the quantitative and qualitative sperm motility with a maximum at the end of treatment. Five months after onset of therapy, pretreatment values were regained. There were no major side effects. Conception rates within a period of 1 yr were 16% for placebo and 38% for kallikrein.", "contents": "Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia by kallikrein: results of a double-blind study. Ninety subfertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia were treated orally with either 600 units porcine pancreatic kallikrein or placebo daily for 7 wk. Kallikrein caused an increase in the number of spermatozoa (3.1 X 10(7) with a maximum 2--3 mo after onset of therapy. There was an improvement of the quantitative and qualitative sperm motility with a maximum at the end of treatment. Five months after onset of therapy, pretreatment values were regained. There were no major side effects. Conception rates within a period of 1 yr were 16% for placebo and 38% for kallikrein.", "PMID": 573602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10705", "title": "The prevention by creatinol O-phosphate of myocardial lesions evoked by isoprenaline.", "content": "Isoprenaline 30 mg/kg has been injected subcutaneously in rats pretreated or not with Creatinol O-phosphate (200 mg/kg intraperitoneously). Isoprenaline-induced cardionecrosis and the associated alterations of the ionic composition of the heart were reduced when Creatinol O-phosphate was injected 4 hr before isoprenaline.", "contents": "The prevention by creatinol O-phosphate of myocardial lesions evoked by isoprenaline. Isoprenaline 30 mg/kg has been injected subcutaneously in rats pretreated or not with Creatinol O-phosphate (200 mg/kg intraperitoneously). Isoprenaline-induced cardionecrosis and the associated alterations of the ionic composition of the heart were reduced when Creatinol O-phosphate was injected 4 hr before isoprenaline.", "PMID": 573603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10706", "title": "Modification of pharmacological and toxicological effects of acetophenazine, chlorpromazine and thloridazine in morphine-dependent mice.", "content": "The pharmacological and toxicological responses of three phenothiazine neuroleptics, acetophenazine, chlorpromazine and thioridazine were determined in morphine-dependent mice. The mice were rendered dependent on morphine by implantation of a morphine pellet for 3 days. The control animals received placebo pellets. The pellets were removed and at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hr after the pellet removal, naloxone ED50's for the stereotyped jumping response were determined. The effect of phenothiazine derivatives administered intraperitoneally, at 6, 24 and 72 hr after pellet removal were determined on the 24 hr LD50, locomotor activity and body temperature. The LD50 of all phenothiazines was decreased significantly in mice from which morphine pellets were removed for 6 hr in comparison to placebo pelleted mice. This was the time when maximum degree of dependence on morphine was observed. At 24 and 72 hr after pellet removal, the LD50's in morphine and placebo treated mice were not different. The relative decrease in locomotor activity by all the phenothiazines was less in morphine withdrawn mice as compared to placebo withdrawn mice. The hypothermic response of phenothiazines was enhanced in morphine withdrawn mice. It is concluded that the effects of phenothiazine neuroleptic drugs can be modified in narcotic-dependent subjects. Possible mechanisms of such altered effects are discussed.", "contents": "Modification of pharmacological and toxicological effects of acetophenazine, chlorpromazine and thloridazine in morphine-dependent mice. The pharmacological and toxicological responses of three phenothiazine neuroleptics, acetophenazine, chlorpromazine and thioridazine were determined in morphine-dependent mice. The mice were rendered dependent on morphine by implantation of a morphine pellet for 3 days. The control animals received placebo pellets. The pellets were removed and at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hr after the pellet removal, naloxone ED50's for the stereotyped jumping response were determined. The effect of phenothiazine derivatives administered intraperitoneally, at 6, 24 and 72 hr after pellet removal were determined on the 24 hr LD50, locomotor activity and body temperature. The LD50 of all phenothiazines was decreased significantly in mice from which morphine pellets were removed for 6 hr in comparison to placebo pelleted mice. This was the time when maximum degree of dependence on morphine was observed. At 24 and 72 hr after pellet removal, the LD50's in morphine and placebo treated mice were not different. The relative decrease in locomotor activity by all the phenothiazines was less in morphine withdrawn mice as compared to placebo withdrawn mice. The hypothermic response of phenothiazines was enhanced in morphine withdrawn mice. It is concluded that the effects of phenothiazine neuroleptic drugs can be modified in narcotic-dependent subjects. Possible mechanisms of such altered effects are discussed.", "PMID": 573604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10707", "title": "The effects of oleandrin on cardiac contractility in the normal dog.", "content": "The effects of oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside, were tested on the cardiovascular system of anesthetized dogs with an intact circulation. Oleandrin, administered intravenously, at dosages of 0.01 (Group I), 0.02 (Group II), and 0.05 (Group III) mg/kg, did not affect the mean heart rate significantly in any of the groups of dogs studied. Results were most consistent with 0.05 mg/kg of oleandrin in Group III producing a significant increase in aortic systolic, aortic mean, and left ventricular peak pressures. Oleandrin increased the inotropic state of the heart in all groups of dogs to some extent and the magnitude of change was directly related to the amount of the drug injected. The increased contractility was expressed as a rise in the indices of max dp/dt and max dp/dt/IP, and as a decrease in t-dp/dt. In Group III, with 0.05 mg/kg of oleandrin, left ventricular contractility increased by over 50% as judged from these indices. Oleandrin, in the majority of the dogs, shifted the pressure-velocity curves upward and to the right, increasing both VCE and Vmax. In Group III the increase in Vmax was 32%. The results indicate that oleandrin in the intact, normal dog produced responses that are both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen with the better known cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "The effects of oleandrin on cardiac contractility in the normal dog. The effects of oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside, were tested on the cardiovascular system of anesthetized dogs with an intact circulation. Oleandrin, administered intravenously, at dosages of 0.01 (Group I), 0.02 (Group II), and 0.05 (Group III) mg/kg, did not affect the mean heart rate significantly in any of the groups of dogs studied. Results were most consistent with 0.05 mg/kg of oleandrin in Group III producing a significant increase in aortic systolic, aortic mean, and left ventricular peak pressures. Oleandrin increased the inotropic state of the heart in all groups of dogs to some extent and the magnitude of change was directly related to the amount of the drug injected. The increased contractility was expressed as a rise in the indices of max dp/dt and max dp/dt/IP, and as a decrease in t-dp/dt. In Group III, with 0.05 mg/kg of oleandrin, left ventricular contractility increased by over 50% as judged from these indices. Oleandrin, in the majority of the dogs, shifted the pressure-velocity curves upward and to the right, increasing both VCE and Vmax. In Group III the increase in Vmax was 32%. The results indicate that oleandrin in the intact, normal dog produced responses that are both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen with the better known cardiac glycosides.", "PMID": 573605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10708", "title": "[Clinical and statistical study on the allergy of type 1 to mycetes (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1963 to 1977 the authors have examined 5700 patients; 11.5% of those positive to intradermal test were sensitive to Mold spores. 78 individuals showed allergic sensitivity exclusively to Mold spores; 89% were affected by bronchial asthma. Symptom onset was observed more frequently in subjects 30 to 50 years old. The authors intend to stress the important role played by the allergy to Mold spores in determining type 1 immunologic reactions.", "contents": "[Clinical and statistical study on the allergy of type 1 to mycetes (author's transl)]. From 1963 to 1977 the authors have examined 5700 patients; 11.5% of those positive to intradermal test were sensitive to Mold spores. 78 individuals showed allergic sensitivity exclusively to Mold spores; 89% were affected by bronchial asthma. Symptom onset was observed more frequently in subjects 30 to 50 years old. The authors intend to stress the important role played by the allergy to Mold spores in determining type 1 immunologic reactions.", "PMID": 573600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10709", "title": "Twenty-four-hour rhythm of prolactin depressive patients.", "content": "Twenty-four-hour rhythms of serum prolactin (PRL) levels were studied in seven depressive patients. Blood was collected through an indwelling catheter and the PRL level was determined by homologous double antibody radioimmunoassay. Findings showed a different pattern of secretion of prolactin among depressives as compared to the normal 24-hour rhythm of the hormone. A statistically significant elevation of PRL levels during the evening, several hours before sleep, was found. Morning PRL levels were slightly higher and the average increase of PRL level from one determination to the consecutive one was higher among the depressives. It is assumed that there may be a connection between the diurnal rhythmicity of mood, characteristic of vital depression, and the different 24-hour rhythmicity of PRL level.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour rhythm of prolactin depressive patients. Twenty-four-hour rhythms of serum prolactin (PRL) levels were studied in seven depressive patients. Blood was collected through an indwelling catheter and the PRL level was determined by homologous double antibody radioimmunoassay. Findings showed a different pattern of secretion of prolactin among depressives as compared to the normal 24-hour rhythm of the hormone. A statistically significant elevation of PRL levels during the evening, several hours before sleep, was found. Morning PRL levels were slightly higher and the average increase of PRL level from one determination to the consecutive one was higher among the depressives. It is assumed that there may be a connection between the diurnal rhythmicity of mood, characteristic of vital depression, and the different 24-hour rhythmicity of PRL level.", "PMID": 573606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10710", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the neuroepithelial cells of the respiratory portion of the lungs in experimental inflammatory diseases of the lungs].", "content": "Neuroepithelial cells (NEC) and neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) were found in the lungs of rats among cells of the alveolar epithelium. The peculiar features of NEC structure included microvilli with microfibrils penetrating deep into the cytoplasm, and a complicated structure of the endoplasmic reticulum: reticulum membrane complex. NEC's are arrayed on the alveolar basal membrane singly, in pairs and in larger numbers forming NEB. The latter consist of cells differing in shape, size, and ultrastructure. Most of them have no microvilli with microfibrils inside. In chronic pneumonia NEC's occur more frequently, the ultrastructure of most cells being well-developed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the neuroepithelial cells of the respiratory portion of the lungs in experimental inflammatory diseases of the lungs]. Neuroepithelial cells (NEC) and neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) were found in the lungs of rats among cells of the alveolar epithelium. The peculiar features of NEC structure included microvilli with microfibrils penetrating deep into the cytoplasm, and a complicated structure of the endoplasmic reticulum: reticulum membrane complex. NEC's are arrayed on the alveolar basal membrane singly, in pairs and in larger numbers forming NEB. The latter consist of cells differing in shape, size, and ultrastructure. Most of them have no microvilli with microfibrils inside. In chronic pneumonia NEC's occur more frequently, the ultrastructure of most cells being well-developed.", "PMID": 573607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10711", "title": "[Sudden cardiac death and hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal activity].", "content": "The paper presents current concepts on possible mechanisms of sudden heart death and on systems of neurohormonal heart regulation changes in which may cause sudden heart death. The importance of the main humoral and hormonal changes in possible disorders of electrolyte cardiac balance determining the development of electric instability and ventricle fibrillation underlying most cases of sudden heart death is described. Some morphological changes both in the heart itself and neurohormonal systems regulating it are dealt with.", "contents": "[Sudden cardiac death and hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal activity]. The paper presents current concepts on possible mechanisms of sudden heart death and on systems of neurohormonal heart regulation changes in which may cause sudden heart death. The importance of the main humoral and hormonal changes in possible disorders of electrolyte cardiac balance determining the development of electric instability and ventricle fibrillation underlying most cases of sudden heart death is described. Some morphological changes both in the heart itself and neurohormonal systems regulating it are dealt with.", "PMID": 573608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10712", "title": "X-linked recessive congenital muscle fiber hypotrophy with central nuclei: abnormalities of growth and adenylate cyclase in muscle tissue cultures.", "content": "Muscle cells in cultures established from biopsy specimens of two children with an infantile-fatal form of X-linked recessive muscle fiber smallness with central nuclei showed an unusual ability to proliferate through numerous passages. Ultrastructurally, the cultured muscle fibers appeared very immature even after several weeks. The nuclei were large, the number of ribosomes was greatly increased, the myofibrils remained unstriated, and glycogen was accumulated in large lakes. The plasmalemma bound concanavalin A, alpha-bungarotoxin, and ruthenium red normally, but with tannic acid it did not show the dark binding of mature fibers. Biochemically, in the cultured muscle fibers, beta-adrenergic receptors were quantitatively normal. The level of adenylate cyclase in membranes was less than in cultured normal muscle; this defect could be responsible for impaired control mechanisms resulting in the other abnormalities observed.", "contents": "X-linked recessive congenital muscle fiber hypotrophy with central nuclei: abnormalities of growth and adenylate cyclase in muscle tissue cultures. Muscle cells in cultures established from biopsy specimens of two children with an infantile-fatal form of X-linked recessive muscle fiber smallness with central nuclei showed an unusual ability to proliferate through numerous passages. Ultrastructurally, the cultured muscle fibers appeared very immature even after several weeks. The nuclei were large, the number of ribosomes was greatly increased, the myofibrils remained unstriated, and glycogen was accumulated in large lakes. The plasmalemma bound concanavalin A, alpha-bungarotoxin, and ruthenium red normally, but with tannic acid it did not show the dark binding of mature fibers. Biochemically, in the cultured muscle fibers, beta-adrenergic receptors were quantitatively normal. The level of adenylate cyclase in membranes was less than in cultured normal muscle; this defect could be responsible for impaired control mechanisms resulting in the other abnormalities observed.", "PMID": 573609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10713", "title": "Etiologic factors in secretory otitis.", "content": "We investigated the possible etiologic factors of secretory otitis and dysfunction of the Eustachian tube in 278 healthy 2-year-old children based on screening tympanometry and medical history. We found that catarrhalia was the most frequent etiologic factor, with acute otitis being the second most frequent factor. It was demonstrated that secretory otitis may develop without a preceding infection of the middle ear. It is probable that dysfunction of the tube plays a primary role in the development of secretory otitis. Allergy did not seem to be an etiologic factor. Antibiotic treatment does not promote the development of secretory otitis, but is probably unable to prevent it. Parental disposition could not be related to the children's ear diseases.", "contents": "Etiologic factors in secretory otitis. We investigated the possible etiologic factors of secretory otitis and dysfunction of the Eustachian tube in 278 healthy 2-year-old children based on screening tympanometry and medical history. We found that catarrhalia was the most frequent etiologic factor, with acute otitis being the second most frequent factor. It was demonstrated that secretory otitis may develop without a preceding infection of the middle ear. It is probable that dysfunction of the tube plays a primary role in the development of secretory otitis. Allergy did not seem to be an etiologic factor. Antibiotic treatment does not promote the development of secretory otitis, but is probably unable to prevent it. Parental disposition could not be related to the children's ear diseases.", "PMID": 573610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10714", "title": "The failure of a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue, cloprostenol, to initiate lactation in cattle.", "content": "An experiment was designed to determine if the analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha, cloprostenol, at a dose sufficient to cause luteolysis, was lactogenic in cattle. The mammary glands of eight Friesian heifers were developed by treatment with progesterone plus oestrogen. Lactation was then initiated by administration of cloprostenol and subsequent milk production was compared to that of heifers lactating after a normal pregnancy. Injection of cloprostenol failed to initiate lactation. The level of prolactin but not cortisol in blood was substantially elevated following treatment. The results cast further doubt on the importance of prolactin in the lactogenic process but indicate the likely involvement of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "The failure of a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue, cloprostenol, to initiate lactation in cattle. An experiment was designed to determine if the analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha, cloprostenol, at a dose sufficient to cause luteolysis, was lactogenic in cattle. The mammary glands of eight Friesian heifers were developed by treatment with progesterone plus oestrogen. Lactation was then initiated by administration of cloprostenol and subsequent milk production was compared to that of heifers lactating after a normal pregnancy. Injection of cloprostenol failed to initiate lactation. The level of prolactin but not cortisol in blood was substantially elevated following treatment. The results cast further doubt on the importance of prolactin in the lactogenic process but indicate the likely involvement of glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 573611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10715", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in chicks after administration of toxins from a Phomopsis sp.", "content": "Soybeans inoculated with Phomopis sp. were incubated for weeks and then extracted with methanol and ether, and the culture filtrates were intubated into crops of chicks. Activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in liver were increased, and glycogen stores and plasma glucose concentrations were reduced. Histologically, severe hepatocytic necrosis was found in chicks treated with the toxic culture filtrate. Significant clinical signs were loss of body weight and reduced feed consumption. The metabolic changes responsible for the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in chicks after administration of toxins from a Phomopsis sp. Soybeans inoculated with Phomopis sp. were incubated for weeks and then extracted with methanol and ether, and the culture filtrates were intubated into crops of chicks. Activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in liver were increased, and glycogen stores and plasma glucose concentrations were reduced. Histologically, severe hepatocytic necrosis was found in chicks treated with the toxic culture filtrate. Significant clinical signs were loss of body weight and reduced feed consumption. The metabolic changes responsible for the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 573612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10716", "title": "Copper metabolism in mottled mouse mutants: copper concentrations in tissues during development.", "content": "The copper content of various organs of ;brindled' female heterozygotes and male mice affected by this X-linked mutation are documented at the last day of intrauterine development, at 1 day after birth and at 11 days of age. The findings indicate defective placental transfer of copper in utero, and an even more marked defect in intestinal absorption of copper after birth. In addition there is an abnormal distribution of copper among the tissues of the body once it is absorbed. The mutation produces abnormal accumulation of copper in kidney, in gut mucosa and in testis, whereas liver, brain, plasma and most other organs show diminished copper concentrations. The intestinal malabsorption of copper is accompanied by accumulation of abnormal amounts of the metal in the intestinal-mucosa cells. Copper concentrations in both mucosa and luminal contents rise progressively from duodenum to ileum. Defective upper-intestinal absorption, consequent progressive increase in luminal copper concentration and pinocytosis in the ileum would seem to explain the findings. Radioisotopic studies eliminated the possibility of excessive excretion of copper in bile or across the intestinal mucosa. Detailed comparison with findings in humans with Menkes' syndrome is difficult because of the different stages of development at which the studies have been performed, but the results seem in general to conform very satisfactorily. Those differences seen are probably explicable by known species differences. All the findings are in accord with a hypothesis that the basic defect involves accumulation and retention of copper in the cells of affected tissues such as kidney, gut mucosa and placenta.", "contents": "Copper metabolism in mottled mouse mutants: copper concentrations in tissues during development. The copper content of various organs of ;brindled' female heterozygotes and male mice affected by this X-linked mutation are documented at the last day of intrauterine development, at 1 day after birth and at 11 days of age. The findings indicate defective placental transfer of copper in utero, and an even more marked defect in intestinal absorption of copper after birth. In addition there is an abnormal distribution of copper among the tissues of the body once it is absorbed. The mutation produces abnormal accumulation of copper in kidney, in gut mucosa and in testis, whereas liver, brain, plasma and most other organs show diminished copper concentrations. The intestinal malabsorption of copper is accompanied by accumulation of abnormal amounts of the metal in the intestinal-mucosa cells. Copper concentrations in both mucosa and luminal contents rise progressively from duodenum to ileum. Defective upper-intestinal absorption, consequent progressive increase in luminal copper concentration and pinocytosis in the ileum would seem to explain the findings. Radioisotopic studies eliminated the possibility of excessive excretion of copper in bile or across the intestinal mucosa. Detailed comparison with findings in humans with Menkes' syndrome is difficult because of the different stages of development at which the studies have been performed, but the results seem in general to conform very satisfactorily. Those differences seen are probably explicable by known species differences. All the findings are in accord with a hypothesis that the basic defect involves accumulation and retention of copper in the cells of affected tissues such as kidney, gut mucosa and placenta.", "PMID": 573617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10717", "title": "Copper metabolism in mottled mouse mutants: copper therapy of brindled (Mobr) mice.", "content": "Copper therapy was applied to brindled mouse mutants, which suffer from lethal hypocupraemia, by using cuprous and cupric solutions. The method of treatment was a single subcutaneous injection of 50 microgram of copper at 7 days of age. Early effects of the dose were: prevention of the tremors and spasms seen in untreated mutants, raising to normal and near-normal of caeruloplasmin oxidase and lysyl oxidase activities and pigmentation of skin and fur. Growth of mutants was retarded up to 23 days of age, but thereafter they rapidly gained weight to be nearly normal by 60 days of age. At 3 days after injection, copper concentrations in previously deficient mutant organs apart from liver were at least as much as those of treated normals, which had remained unchanged. Copper in mutant livers had increased only slightly in comparison with the normal control. A state of copper deficiency recurred in mutant tissues by 25 days after injection. A solution of Cu+, retained as such by an alkyl polyether, and sebacic acid resulted in greater growth rates after 23 days than did three other copper treatments. Cu+ may have resulted in an improved growth response owing to it being more readily metabolized than C12+. Delayed release of copper from the site of injection may have played an important role.", "contents": "Copper metabolism in mottled mouse mutants: copper therapy of brindled (Mobr) mice. Copper therapy was applied to brindled mouse mutants, which suffer from lethal hypocupraemia, by using cuprous and cupric solutions. The method of treatment was a single subcutaneous injection of 50 microgram of copper at 7 days of age. Early effects of the dose were: prevention of the tremors and spasms seen in untreated mutants, raising to normal and near-normal of caeruloplasmin oxidase and lysyl oxidase activities and pigmentation of skin and fur. Growth of mutants was retarded up to 23 days of age, but thereafter they rapidly gained weight to be nearly normal by 60 days of age. At 3 days after injection, copper concentrations in previously deficient mutant organs apart from liver were at least as much as those of treated normals, which had remained unchanged. Copper in mutant livers had increased only slightly in comparison with the normal control. A state of copper deficiency recurred in mutant tissues by 25 days after injection. A solution of Cu+, retained as such by an alkyl polyether, and sebacic acid resulted in greater growth rates after 23 days than did three other copper treatments. Cu+ may have resulted in an improved growth response owing to it being more readily metabolized than C12+. Delayed release of copper from the site of injection may have played an important role.", "PMID": 573618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10718", "title": "Copper metabolism in mottled mouse mutants: distribution of 64Cu in brindled (Mobr) mice.", "content": "1. Duodenal injection of 64Cu in treated adult mutant mice (Mobr/y) revealed severe malabsorption of copper. In suckling mutants, malabsorption was less severe, owing to delayed absorption between 2 and 5 h after injection. Pinocytosis at the distal small intestine seems the likely explanation for this difference, and this is supported by results of ileal injection of radioisotope in the suckling mice. 2. The distribution of 64 Cu in various organs was measured in suckling normal, mutant and heterozygote mice and in adult normal and mutant mice during 48 h after intracardiac injection. Excessive accumulation of radioisotope was observed in most extrahepatic organs of mutant and heterozygote mice and was most pronounced in kidney. This could not be explained by initial copper deficiency. The livers of suckling mutant and heterozygote mice lost radioisotope rapidly after normal initial uptake. This pattern was not seen in adult mutants.", "contents": "Copper metabolism in mottled mouse mutants: distribution of 64Cu in brindled (Mobr) mice. 1. Duodenal injection of 64Cu in treated adult mutant mice (Mobr/y) revealed severe malabsorption of copper. In suckling mutants, malabsorption was less severe, owing to delayed absorption between 2 and 5 h after injection. Pinocytosis at the distal small intestine seems the likely explanation for this difference, and this is supported by results of ileal injection of radioisotope in the suckling mice. 2. The distribution of 64 Cu in various organs was measured in suckling normal, mutant and heterozygote mice and in adult normal and mutant mice during 48 h after intracardiac injection. Excessive accumulation of radioisotope was observed in most extrahepatic organs of mutant and heterozygote mice and was most pronounced in kidney. This could not be explained by initial copper deficiency. The livers of suckling mutant and heterozygote mice lost radioisotope rapidly after normal initial uptake. This pattern was not seen in adult mutants.", "PMID": 573619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10719", "title": "Q wave T wave vector discordance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: septal hypertrophy and strain pattern.", "content": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of prominent non-infarctional Q waves. A retrospective analysis of previously published cases confirmed a characteristic Q wave T wave vector discordance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In 41 of 44 cases with predominant Q waves (as part of QS or Qr complexes where Q wave amplitude exceeded R wave height), the T wave was positive, and in all cases with QS type complexes the T wave was positive. This characteristic electrocardiographic sign probably represents a pattern of septal hypertrophy and strain (Q waves with positive T waves and ST segment elevation) which is the inverse of the classical pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy and strain (tall R waves with inverted T waves and ST segment depression).", "contents": "Q wave T wave vector discordance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: septal hypertrophy and strain pattern. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of prominent non-infarctional Q waves. A retrospective analysis of previously published cases confirmed a characteristic Q wave T wave vector discordance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In 41 of 44 cases with predominant Q waves (as part of QS or Qr complexes where Q wave amplitude exceeded R wave height), the T wave was positive, and in all cases with QS type complexes the T wave was positive. This characteristic electrocardiographic sign probably represents a pattern of septal hypertrophy and strain (Q waves with positive T waves and ST segment elevation) which is the inverse of the classical pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy and strain (tall R waves with inverted T waves and ST segment depression).", "PMID": 573621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10720", "title": "Fatty acid composition and thermal behavior of natural sphingomyelins.", "content": "We found significant differences in the fatty acid composition of several bovine brain, egg yolk and sheep erythrocyte sphingomyelins. These differences in fatty acid composition influence the thermal behavior of hydrated sphingomyelin as recorded by differentail scanning calorimetry. Significant differences were also found in the temperature and complexity of the order-disorder phase transitions of bovine brain sphingomyelin obtained from different sources which, in general, correlate with the relative content of the saturated fatty acids (palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) acids) and the long unsaturated nervonic acid (C24:1).", "contents": "Fatty acid composition and thermal behavior of natural sphingomyelins. We found significant differences in the fatty acid composition of several bovine brain, egg yolk and sheep erythrocyte sphingomyelins. These differences in fatty acid composition influence the thermal behavior of hydrated sphingomyelin as recorded by differentail scanning calorimetry. Significant differences were also found in the temperature and complexity of the order-disorder phase transitions of bovine brain sphingomyelin obtained from different sources which, in general, correlate with the relative content of the saturated fatty acids (palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) acids) and the long unsaturated nervonic acid (C24:1).", "PMID": 573625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10721", "title": "In vitro lipid metabolism in the rat pancreas. III. Effects of carbamylcholine and pancreozymin on the turnover of phosphatidylinositols, 1,2-diacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines.", "content": "1. The turnover of phosphatidylinositols and other glycerolipids was examined in rat pancreatic fragments incubated in the presence of carbamylcholine and pancreozymin used at a concentration inducing maximal alpha-amylase hypersecretion. 2. In stimulated tissue, [1-14C]acetate-labeled fatty acids were incorporated into phosphatidylinositols, 1,2-diacylglycerols, and phosphatidic acids in preference to phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, triacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and free fatty acids. Variations in the percent distribution of 14C among fatty acids and in specific activity of individual fatty acids in each lipid class suggested that the secretagogues reduced selection of newly synthesized 1,2-diacylglycerols which occurred in the resting state before their incorporation into phosphatidylinositols. Secretagogues also promoted recycling of endogenous 1,2-diacylglycerols (produced from hydrolysis of unlabeled glycerolipids) for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositols. 3. Increased rate of incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate, [1-14C]linoleate, [1-14C]arachidonate and [1(3)(n)-3H]glycerol into phosphatidylinositols was detrimental to phosphatidylcholines. 4. The lipolytic effects of carbamylcholine and pancreozymin as illustrated by the release of 1,2-diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, were markedly inhibited in calcium-free medium enriched with 1 mM EGTA but increased turnover of phosphatidylinositols as determined from incorporation of radioactive precursors was only moderately affected.", "contents": "In vitro lipid metabolism in the rat pancreas. III. Effects of carbamylcholine and pancreozymin on the turnover of phosphatidylinositols, 1,2-diacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines. 1. The turnover of phosphatidylinositols and other glycerolipids was examined in rat pancreatic fragments incubated in the presence of carbamylcholine and pancreozymin used at a concentration inducing maximal alpha-amylase hypersecretion. 2. In stimulated tissue, [1-14C]acetate-labeled fatty acids were incorporated into phosphatidylinositols, 1,2-diacylglycerols, and phosphatidic acids in preference to phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, triacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and free fatty acids. Variations in the percent distribution of 14C among fatty acids and in specific activity of individual fatty acids in each lipid class suggested that the secretagogues reduced selection of newly synthesized 1,2-diacylglycerols which occurred in the resting state before their incorporation into phosphatidylinositols. Secretagogues also promoted recycling of endogenous 1,2-diacylglycerols (produced from hydrolysis of unlabeled glycerolipids) for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositols. 3. Increased rate of incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate, [1-14C]linoleate, [1-14C]arachidonate and [1(3)(n)-3H]glycerol into phosphatidylinositols was detrimental to phosphatidylcholines. 4. The lipolytic effects of carbamylcholine and pancreozymin as illustrated by the release of 1,2-diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, were markedly inhibited in calcium-free medium enriched with 1 mM EGTA but increased turnover of phosphatidylinositols as determined from incorporation of radioactive precursors was only moderately affected.", "PMID": 573626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10722", "title": "Leghaemoglobin from Trifolium subterraneum. Purification and characterization.", "content": "Leghaemoglobin from the subclover, Trifolium subterraneum cultivar Woogenellup, has been fractionated into at least four electrophoretically distinct components using the ion-exchange chromatographic procedure described by Appleby et al. (Appebly, C.A., Nicola, N.A., Hurrell, J.G.R. and Leach, S.J. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 4444--4450) for soybean leghaemoglobins. Unlike those of soybean, the subclover leghaemoglobins showed no evidence of autoxidation under identical isolation procedures, implying that these proteins have an unusually stable ferrous oxidation state. Circular dichroism in the far-ultraviolet (200--240 nm) indicated a high helicity (approx. 70%) as has been reported for other species of leghaemoglobins. However, circular dichroism in the near-ultraviolet region (240--300 nm) indicated that the haem-protein interactions may be considerably different in the subclover leghaemoglobins and this may explain their atypical resistance to autoxidation and the absence of nicotinate binding in these proteins.", "contents": "Leghaemoglobin from Trifolium subterraneum. Purification and characterization. Leghaemoglobin from the subclover, Trifolium subterraneum cultivar Woogenellup, has been fractionated into at least four electrophoretically distinct components using the ion-exchange chromatographic procedure described by Appleby et al. (Appebly, C.A., Nicola, N.A., Hurrell, J.G.R. and Leach, S.J. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 4444--4450) for soybean leghaemoglobins. Unlike those of soybean, the subclover leghaemoglobins showed no evidence of autoxidation under identical isolation procedures, implying that these proteins have an unusually stable ferrous oxidation state. Circular dichroism in the far-ultraviolet (200--240 nm) indicated a high helicity (approx. 70%) as has been reported for other species of leghaemoglobins. However, circular dichroism in the near-ultraviolet region (240--300 nm) indicated that the haem-protein interactions may be considerably different in the subclover leghaemoglobins and this may explain their atypical resistance to autoxidation and the absence of nicotinate binding in these proteins.", "PMID": 573628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10723", "title": "A cytolytic protein from the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, contain a substance that is lytic in vitro for mammalian erythrocytes. The hemolytic agent, pleurotolysin, was purified to homogeneity and found to be a protein lacking seven of the amino acids commonly found in proteins. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate it exists a monomers of molecular weight 12 050 whereas under non-dissociating conditions it appears to exist as dimers. It is isoelectric at about pH 6.4. The sensitivity of erythrocytes from different animals correlates with sphingomyelin content of the erythrocyte membranes. Sheep erythrocyte membranes inhibit pleurotolysin-induced hemolysis and the inhibition is time and temperature dependent. Ability of membranes to inhibit hemolysis is abolished by prior treatment of membranes with specific phospholipases. Pleurotolysin-induced hemolysis is inhibited by liposomes prepared from cholesterol, dicetyl phosphate and sphingomyelin derived from sheep erythrocytes whereas a variety of other lipid preparations fail to inhibit. It is concluded that sphingomyelin plays a key role in the hemolytic reaction.", "contents": "A cytolytic protein from the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Aqueous extracts of the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, contain a substance that is lytic in vitro for mammalian erythrocytes. The hemolytic agent, pleurotolysin, was purified to homogeneity and found to be a protein lacking seven of the amino acids commonly found in proteins. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate it exists a monomers of molecular weight 12 050 whereas under non-dissociating conditions it appears to exist as dimers. It is isoelectric at about pH 6.4. The sensitivity of erythrocytes from different animals correlates with sphingomyelin content of the erythrocyte membranes. Sheep erythrocyte membranes inhibit pleurotolysin-induced hemolysis and the inhibition is time and temperature dependent. Ability of membranes to inhibit hemolysis is abolished by prior treatment of membranes with specific phospholipases. Pleurotolysin-induced hemolysis is inhibited by liposomes prepared from cholesterol, dicetyl phosphate and sphingomyelin derived from sheep erythrocytes whereas a variety of other lipid preparations fail to inhibit. It is concluded that sphingomyelin plays a key role in the hemolytic reaction.", "PMID": 573629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10724", "title": "Animal model of depression.", "content": "A behavioural procedure is described which may provide an animal model for some aspects of human depression. Rats or mice when forced to swim in a restricted space will rapidly cease attempts to escape and become immobile. Immobility is reduced by many clinically effective antidepressant treatments suggesting that the immobile behaviour may reflect a state of lowered mood in the animal. If so the method could be useful as a simple experimental tool for research into the biology and therapeutics of depression.", "contents": "Animal model of depression. A behavioural procedure is described which may provide an animal model for some aspects of human depression. Rats or mice when forced to swim in a restricted space will rapidly cease attempts to escape and become immobile. Immobility is reduced by many clinically effective antidepressant treatments suggesting that the immobile behaviour may reflect a state of lowered mood in the animal. If so the method could be useful as a simple experimental tool for research into the biology and therapeutics of depression.", "PMID": 573643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10725", "title": "Polarized fluorescence in an electric field: comparison with other electrooptical effects for rodlike fragments of DNA and the problem of the saturation of the induced moment in polyelectrolytes.", "content": "Electrical birefringence, electrical dichroism and polarisation of fluorescence in an electric field experiments have been performed at high fields on sonicated fragments of DNA labelled with Acridine Orange. The latter electrooptical effect gives access to the field dependence of the fourth moment of the orientation function while the two former give access to the field dependence of the second moment. The origin of the large departure from an E2 dependence at rather low degrees of orientation is extensively discussed. Following a suggestion of Shirai on the calculation of orientational averages for a saturated induced moment, we can show that this model rationalizes the existence of a linear E dependence of the orientation factor at intermediate fields and explains very well our experimental results. When applied to previous dichroic data at higher fields it shows that the low value of the dichroism at saturation introduced to fit with other models, in contradiction with the absence of base tilting in the B form of DNA, is not required for a quantitative fit with this new orientation mechanism. The transition from an E2 dependence at low fields to an E dependence at intermediate fields gives an estimate of the field required for the saturation of the ionic polarisation E approximately 6 kV/cm.", "contents": "Polarized fluorescence in an electric field: comparison with other electrooptical effects for rodlike fragments of DNA and the problem of the saturation of the induced moment in polyelectrolytes. Electrical birefringence, electrical dichroism and polarisation of fluorescence in an electric field experiments have been performed at high fields on sonicated fragments of DNA labelled with Acridine Orange. The latter electrooptical effect gives access to the field dependence of the fourth moment of the orientation function while the two former give access to the field dependence of the second moment. The origin of the large departure from an E2 dependence at rather low degrees of orientation is extensively discussed. Following a suggestion of Shirai on the calculation of orientational averages for a saturated induced moment, we can show that this model rationalizes the existence of a linear E dependence of the orientation factor at intermediate fields and explains very well our experimental results. When applied to previous dichroic data at higher fields it shows that the low value of the dichroism at saturation introduced to fit with other models, in contradiction with the absence of base tilting in the B form of DNA, is not required for a quantitative fit with this new orientation mechanism. The transition from an E2 dependence at low fields to an E dependence at intermediate fields gives an estimate of the field required for the saturation of the ionic polarisation E approximately 6 kV/cm.", "PMID": 573644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10726", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during ethanol withdrawal in the rat.", "content": "The ethanol withdrawal syndrome in man and animals is characterized by signs of CNS hyperactivity although a direct measurement of a physiological variable reflecting this CNS hyperactivity has never been performed in untreated man or in animals. We induced ethanol dependence in the rat by means of intragastric intubation with a 20% w/v ethanol solution, thus keeping the animals in a state of continuous severe intoxication for 3--4 days; during the subsequent state of withdrawal characterized by tremor, rigidity, stereotyped movements and general seizures a 25% increase in cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) could be measured; this increase was not due to catecholamines originating from adrenal medulla as adrenomedullectomized animals showed a similar increase in CMRO2 (28%); the withdrawing animals showed a corresponding cerebral blood flow (CBF) increase. The elevated CMRO2 and CBF could be reduced to normal by administration of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (propranolol 2 mg/kg i.v.), and hence the increased CMRO2 during ethanol withdrawal could be related to catecholaminergic systems in the brain, e.g. the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system which is anatomically well suited as a general activating system. This interpretation is supported by the earlier neurochemical finding of an increased cerebral noradrenaline turnover during ethanol withdrawal. The exact mechanism underlying the increased cerebral oxygen consumption during ethanol withdrawal and the effect of propranolol on cerebral function during this condition remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during ethanol withdrawal in the rat. The ethanol withdrawal syndrome in man and animals is characterized by signs of CNS hyperactivity although a direct measurement of a physiological variable reflecting this CNS hyperactivity has never been performed in untreated man or in animals. We induced ethanol dependence in the rat by means of intragastric intubation with a 20% w/v ethanol solution, thus keeping the animals in a state of continuous severe intoxication for 3--4 days; during the subsequent state of withdrawal characterized by tremor, rigidity, stereotyped movements and general seizures a 25% increase in cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) could be measured; this increase was not due to catecholamines originating from adrenal medulla as adrenomedullectomized animals showed a similar increase in CMRO2 (28%); the withdrawing animals showed a corresponding cerebral blood flow (CBF) increase. The elevated CMRO2 and CBF could be reduced to normal by administration of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (propranolol 2 mg/kg i.v.), and hence the increased CMRO2 during ethanol withdrawal could be related to catecholaminergic systems in the brain, e.g. the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system which is anatomically well suited as a general activating system. This interpretation is supported by the earlier neurochemical finding of an increased cerebral noradrenaline turnover during ethanol withdrawal. The exact mechanism underlying the increased cerebral oxygen consumption during ethanol withdrawal and the effect of propranolol on cerebral function during this condition remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 573652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10727", "title": "Effects of innervation by ciliary ganglia on developing muscle in vitro.", "content": "Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of neuromuscular junctions formed in tissue culture between chick ciliary ganglia and chick skeletal muscle cells have been studied. Functional neuromuscular junctions are formed already within 24 h. No functional acetylcholine (ACh) esterase is present at these end-plates. The neurites conduct action potentials to the neuromuscular junctions, where EPPs are generated. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks this nerve conduction but in the presence of TTX MEPP-like potentials remain whose amplitudes are lowered when the Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio in the medium is raised. It is speculated that these large TTX-resistant potentials are multiquantal. The relatively high resting membrane potential in non-innervated muscle fibers was not changed by innervation. ACh-sensitivity was determined by iontophoretical application of ACh to the myotubes. Non-innervated myotubes exhibited an evenly distributed ACh-sensitivity. Local differences in ACh-sensitivity were always gradual and never exceeded a factor of 3. Innervation did not alter the overall ACh-sensitivity, but on functionally innervated muscle cells loci hypersensitive to ACh were found. Hypersensitivity was located within sharply defined areas. Apparently the parasympathetic neurons of the ciliary ganglion are able to form functional neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle cells in tissue culture and to induce the formation of regions of high ACh-sensitivity.", "contents": "Effects of innervation by ciliary ganglia on developing muscle in vitro. Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of neuromuscular junctions formed in tissue culture between chick ciliary ganglia and chick skeletal muscle cells have been studied. Functional neuromuscular junctions are formed already within 24 h. No functional acetylcholine (ACh) esterase is present at these end-plates. The neurites conduct action potentials to the neuromuscular junctions, where EPPs are generated. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks this nerve conduction but in the presence of TTX MEPP-like potentials remain whose amplitudes are lowered when the Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio in the medium is raised. It is speculated that these large TTX-resistant potentials are multiquantal. The relatively high resting membrane potential in non-innervated muscle fibers was not changed by innervation. ACh-sensitivity was determined by iontophoretical application of ACh to the myotubes. Non-innervated myotubes exhibited an evenly distributed ACh-sensitivity. Local differences in ACh-sensitivity were always gradual and never exceeded a factor of 3. Innervation did not alter the overall ACh-sensitivity, but on functionally innervated muscle cells loci hypersensitive to ACh were found. Hypersensitivity was located within sharply defined areas. Apparently the parasympathetic neurons of the ciliary ganglion are able to form functional neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle cells in tissue culture and to induce the formation of regions of high ACh-sensitivity.", "PMID": 573656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10728", "title": "Interspecies aggression in the rat: the role of the diagonal band of Broca.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions of the diagonal band of Broca were made in rats which had previously not killed mice (DBPt) and in rats which had no experience with mice prior to the beginning of the experiment (DBN). The lesions induced killing in 12 of the 20 naive (DBN) rats, but in only 1 of the 16 pretested (DBPt) rats. The region of the diagonal band is projected upon or has extensive projections to many regions of the central nervous system in which lesions have previously been found to induce muricide. The behavior induced by diagonal band lesions and lesions of these other regions was compared.", "contents": "Interspecies aggression in the rat: the role of the diagonal band of Broca. Electrolytic lesions of the diagonal band of Broca were made in rats which had previously not killed mice (DBPt) and in rats which had no experience with mice prior to the beginning of the experiment (DBN). The lesions induced killing in 12 of the 20 naive (DBN) rats, but in only 1 of the 16 pretested (DBPt) rats. The region of the diagonal band is projected upon or has extensive projections to many regions of the central nervous system in which lesions have previously been found to induce muricide. The behavior induced by diagonal band lesions and lesions of these other regions was compared.", "PMID": 573657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10729", "title": "Delayed glaucoma after implantation of a Choyce intraocular lens.", "content": "A Choyce intraocular lens was inserted nine years after a routine intracapsular lens extraction. A year after this second operation, an acute pupil block glaucoma developed. Three weeks after the onset of the glaucoma, repeated laser iridotomies controlled the glaucoma. Pupil block glaucoma may be a complication long after intraocular lens implantation.", "contents": "Delayed glaucoma after implantation of a Choyce intraocular lens. A Choyce intraocular lens was inserted nine years after a routine intracapsular lens extraction. A year after this second operation, an acute pupil block glaucoma developed. Three weeks after the onset of the glaucoma, repeated laser iridotomies controlled the glaucoma. Pupil block glaucoma may be a complication long after intraocular lens implantation.", "PMID": 573660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10730", "title": "Optimization on the selection of auxotrophic mutants in Candida utilis by snail enzyme treatment.", "content": "The determination of the best conditions for the application of the snaill enzyme digestion method in the enrichment of auxotrophic mutants in Candida utilis was carried out following Box and Wilson's mathematical method. The selection procedure proposed was tested in the enrichment of auxotrophic mutants from a mutagenized culture of a wild-type strain. Mutant frequency was increased 46-fold by treatment with snail enzyme. The method also proved useful in the selection of additional auxotrophic mutations from single auxotrophs.", "contents": "Optimization on the selection of auxotrophic mutants in Candida utilis by snail enzyme treatment. The determination of the best conditions for the application of the snaill enzyme digestion method in the enrichment of auxotrophic mutants in Candida utilis was carried out following Box and Wilson's mathematical method. The selection procedure proposed was tested in the enrichment of auxotrophic mutants from a mutagenized culture of a wild-type strain. Mutant frequency was increased 46-fold by treatment with snail enzyme. The method also proved useful in the selection of additional auxotrophic mutations from single auxotrophs.", "PMID": 573661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10731", "title": "Structural and immunochemical characterization of the acidic arabinomannan of Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "A serologically active, acidic arabinomannan has been isolated from Mycobacterium smegmatis. The polysaccharide contains approximately 56 arabinosyl and 11 mannosyl residues, and 2 phosphate, 6 monoesterified succinate, and 4 ether-linked lactate groups. After saponification to remove succinyl groups, the polysaccharide can be separated into phosphorylated (55%) and nonphosphorylated (45%) forms, the former containing a little more arabinose and a little less mannose than the latter. The structures of these polysaccharides were investigated by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy and methylation analysis, before and after selective cleavage of furanosyl linkages. The phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of the polysaccharide were found to have similar, if not identical, structures. The main structural feature of the polysaccharides is the presence of chains of contiguous arabinofuranosyl residues linked alpha-(1 leads to 5). These chains are attached at 0-4 of arabinopyranosyl residues that are present in a core region of the polysaccharide that also contains mannopyranosyl residues. Immunochemical studies demonstrated that the polysaccharide is an effective, precipitating antigen with antisera from rabbits immunized with cell walls or heat-killed cells of M. smegmatis. The polysaccharide is, however, more effective as a precipitating antigen after removal of the succinate groups, and completely ineffective after removal of arabinofuranosyl residues. The polysaccharide therefore contains an important antigen in common with the arabinogalactan lipopolysaccharide of the cell wall of the bacterium, i.e., chains of contiguous alpha-(1 leads to 5)-linked arabinofuranosyl residues.", "contents": "Structural and immunochemical characterization of the acidic arabinomannan of Mycobacterium smegmatis. A serologically active, acidic arabinomannan has been isolated from Mycobacterium smegmatis. The polysaccharide contains approximately 56 arabinosyl and 11 mannosyl residues, and 2 phosphate, 6 monoesterified succinate, and 4 ether-linked lactate groups. After saponification to remove succinyl groups, the polysaccharide can be separated into phosphorylated (55%) and nonphosphorylated (45%) forms, the former containing a little more arabinose and a little less mannose than the latter. The structures of these polysaccharides were investigated by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy and methylation analysis, before and after selective cleavage of furanosyl linkages. The phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of the polysaccharide were found to have similar, if not identical, structures. The main structural feature of the polysaccharides is the presence of chains of contiguous arabinofuranosyl residues linked alpha-(1 leads to 5). These chains are attached at 0-4 of arabinopyranosyl residues that are present in a core region of the polysaccharide that also contains mannopyranosyl residues. Immunochemical studies demonstrated that the polysaccharide is an effective, precipitating antigen with antisera from rabbits immunized with cell walls or heat-killed cells of M. smegmatis. The polysaccharide is, however, more effective as a precipitating antigen after removal of the succinate groups, and completely ineffective after removal of arabinofuranosyl residues. The polysaccharide therefore contains an important antigen in common with the arabinogalactan lipopolysaccharide of the cell wall of the bacterium, i.e., chains of contiguous alpha-(1 leads to 5)-linked arabinofuranosyl residues.", "PMID": 573662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10732", "title": "Operant conditioning of pontine gigantocellular units.", "content": "In order to investigate the behavioral role of pontine gigantocellular field (FTG) units, we have operantly reinforced discharge in these cells in unrestrained cats using lateral hypothalamic stimulation as the reinforcing stimulus. Cats readily learned to increase discharge rate in reinforced FTG cells relative to simultaneously recorded, non-reinforced control cells. Increased FTG discharge was associated with elevated levels of motor activity and often with stereotyped movements. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that FTG unit discharge is related to specific movements.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of pontine gigantocellular units. In order to investigate the behavioral role of pontine gigantocellular field (FTG) units, we have operantly reinforced discharge in these cells in unrestrained cats using lateral hypothalamic stimulation as the reinforcing stimulus. Cats readily learned to increase discharge rate in reinforced FTG cells relative to simultaneously recorded, non-reinforced control cells. Increased FTG discharge was associated with elevated levels of motor activity and often with stereotyped movements. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that FTG unit discharge is related to specific movements.", "PMID": 573658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10733", "title": "The tanycyte of the rat median eminence. I. Synaptoid contacts.", "content": "The present ultrastructural study proves the existence of nerve terminals closely apposed to the plasmalemmata of tanycytes in the rat median eminence. Several of these \"axo-tanycytic\" endings display remarkable accumulations of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of pleomorphic vesicles which are closely apposed on either side of the plasma membrane of each cell compartment. Some of these vesicular profiles give the impression of structural continuity across both membrane systems. This phenomenon is discussed in the context of being a potential substratum for communication between both cell compartments.", "contents": "The tanycyte of the rat median eminence. I. Synaptoid contacts. The present ultrastructural study proves the existence of nerve terminals closely apposed to the plasmalemmata of tanycytes in the rat median eminence. Several of these \"axo-tanycytic\" endings display remarkable accumulations of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of pleomorphic vesicles which are closely apposed on either side of the plasma membrane of each cell compartment. Some of these vesicular profiles give the impression of structural continuity across both membrane systems. This phenomenon is discussed in the context of being a potential substratum for communication between both cell compartments.", "PMID": 573665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10734", "title": "The outer boundary of the cytoskeleton: a lamina derived from plasma membrane proteins.", "content": "We prepared the cytoskeletal framework by gently extracting cells with Triton X-100. Lipids and soluble proteins were removed, leaving a complex meshlike structure which contains the cell nucleus and is composed of the major cell filament networks as well as the microtrabeculae with attached polyribosomes. The surface sheet or lamina covering this structure contains most of the cell surface proteins by the following criteria. Intact cells are labeled externally with radioiodine and then extracted with detergent. The iodinated poteins remain almost entirely with skeletal framework. A new major integral protein, the coat protein of Sindbis virus, is inserted into the plasma membrane of infected cells. This new protein is heavily iodinated and remains almost completely associated with the framework after extraction. Lectin binding and poliovirus binding sites are also retained after detergent extraction. Our results indicate that plasma membrane proteins form a sheet or lamina upon removal of lipids. This lamina reproduces even complex surface convolutions and appears to be supported by and intimately connected to the underlying skeleton. In this case, the surface lamina, and hence the plasma membrane of the original intact cell, might be viewed as a component of the cytoskeletal framework.", "contents": "The outer boundary of the cytoskeleton: a lamina derived from plasma membrane proteins. We prepared the cytoskeletal framework by gently extracting cells with Triton X-100. Lipids and soluble proteins were removed, leaving a complex meshlike structure which contains the cell nucleus and is composed of the major cell filament networks as well as the microtrabeculae with attached polyribosomes. The surface sheet or lamina covering this structure contains most of the cell surface proteins by the following criteria. Intact cells are labeled externally with radioiodine and then extracted with detergent. The iodinated poteins remain almost entirely with skeletal framework. A new major integral protein, the coat protein of Sindbis virus, is inserted into the plasma membrane of infected cells. This new protein is heavily iodinated and remains almost completely associated with the framework after extraction. Lectin binding and poliovirus binding sites are also retained after detergent extraction. Our results indicate that plasma membrane proteins form a sheet or lamina upon removal of lipids. This lamina reproduces even complex surface convolutions and appears to be supported by and intimately connected to the underlying skeleton. In this case, the surface lamina, and hence the plasma membrane of the original intact cell, might be viewed as a component of the cytoskeletal framework.", "PMID": 573666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10735", "title": "Pinocytosis in L cells: its dependence on membrane sterol and the cytoskeleton.", "content": "Pinocytosis in L-cells, grown in serum-free medium, was depressed when cultures were treated with oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol which inhibited sterol synthesis and reduced the sterol concentration of the plasma membranes. Noninhibitory sterols, such as cholesterol or desmosterol counteracted the effects of the inhibitors. Treatment with polylysine increased the rate of pinocytosis in sterol-depleted cells to a level similar to the enhanced rate found in polylysine treated control cells. Drugs which interfere with cytoskeletal systems (microfilaments, microtubules) also depressed pinocytosis but their effect could not be overcome by treatment with polylysine.", "contents": "Pinocytosis in L cells: its dependence on membrane sterol and the cytoskeleton. Pinocytosis in L-cells, grown in serum-free medium, was depressed when cultures were treated with oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol which inhibited sterol synthesis and reduced the sterol concentration of the plasma membranes. Noninhibitory sterols, such as cholesterol or desmosterol counteracted the effects of the inhibitors. Treatment with polylysine increased the rate of pinocytosis in sterol-depleted cells to a level similar to the enhanced rate found in polylysine treated control cells. Drugs which interfere with cytoskeletal systems (microfilaments, microtubules) also depressed pinocytosis but their effect could not be overcome by treatment with polylysine.", "PMID": 573668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10736", "title": "Regulation of initiation of DNA synthesis in relation to mitosis in cultured hepatoma cells.", "content": "The commitment of Reuber H 35 hepatoma cells to DNA synthesis was studied by exposing cells which were synchronized by serum depletion, to serum. It is shown that the period of commitment is 6--8 during the G2 period of the previous cell cycle.", "contents": "Regulation of initiation of DNA synthesis in relation to mitosis in cultured hepatoma cells. The commitment of Reuber H 35 hepatoma cells to DNA synthesis was studied by exposing cells which were synchronized by serum depletion, to serum. It is shown that the period of commitment is 6--8 during the G2 period of the previous cell cycle.", "PMID": 573669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10737", "title": "Diurnal variations of estriol and cortisol in serum and urine in late pregnancy with and without fenoterol-therapy.", "content": "The serum concentration of unconjugated estriol, total estriol, cortisol in one hour intervals and the urinary excretion of total estrogens and cortisol in three hour intervals was determined in eleven apparently healthy women between 26 and 40 weeks of gestation. They were divided into two groups, in order to study the influence of Fenoterol treatment on the daily variation of the measured parameters. Six patients were treated with Fenoterol and five patients received no medication. Between the two groups no statistical differences could be detected for the measured parameters. Regular and marked diurnal variations in cortisol have been observed, whereas total and unconjugated estriol showed small and irregular daily changes. These daily variations of \"estriol\" were of the same magnitude as the two-fold methodical standard deviation. For this reason it is not necessary to standardize the sampling time.", "contents": "Diurnal variations of estriol and cortisol in serum and urine in late pregnancy with and without fenoterol-therapy. The serum concentration of unconjugated estriol, total estriol, cortisol in one hour intervals and the urinary excretion of total estrogens and cortisol in three hour intervals was determined in eleven apparently healthy women between 26 and 40 weeks of gestation. They were divided into two groups, in order to study the influence of Fenoterol treatment on the daily variation of the measured parameters. Six patients were treated with Fenoterol and five patients received no medication. Between the two groups no statistical differences could be detected for the measured parameters. Regular and marked diurnal variations in cortisol have been observed, whereas total and unconjugated estriol showed small and irregular daily changes. These daily variations of \"estriol\" were of the same magnitude as the two-fold methodical standard deviation. For this reason it is not necessary to standardize the sampling time.", "PMID": 573672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10738", "title": "Prader-Willi syndrome and chromosomal mosaicism 46,XY/47,XY,+mar in two cases.", "content": "Two cases of the Prader-Willi syndrome with 46,XY/47,XY,+mar are reported. The majority of Prader-Willi patients with chromosome abnormalities have either 15/15 translocations or mosaicism. Both of these aberrations presumably occur after fertilization. A possible relationship between high parental age and chromosome abnormalities in the Prader-Willi syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Prader-Willi syndrome and chromosomal mosaicism 46,XY/47,XY,+mar in two cases. Two cases of the Prader-Willi syndrome with 46,XY/47,XY,+mar are reported. The majority of Prader-Willi patients with chromosome abnormalities have either 15/15 translocations or mosaicism. Both of these aberrations presumably occur after fertilization. A possible relationship between high parental age and chromosome abnormalities in the Prader-Willi syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 573673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10739", "title": "[Formaldehyde in hair shampoos].", "content": "In most hair shampoos commercially available in Western Germany formaldehyde or formaldehyde liberating substances serve as efficient preservatives especially in shampoos of the lower price group. Besides, PHB-ester, mercury containing substances and since recently brome compounds are used for this purpose. We observed a 15 year old patient who developed an allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in a hair shampoo. However, compared to the widespread opportunities of exposure allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair shampoos is not very frequent. For this rarity of formaldehyde dermatitis caused by shampoos the short period of application and the low concentration because of the high dilution and perhaps the low contact dermatitis reactivity of the scalp are responsible. After all only two out of thirtyone thoroughly questioned patients, who had acquired a professional formaldehyde sensitivity elsewhere, reported a contact dermatitis caused by shampoos, which by the way appeared in the orbital region as typical. Probably allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in shampoos will be expected in patients with a formaldehyde sensitivity acquired formerly elsewhere, especially professionally. To those patients formaldehyde free hair shampoos should be recommended. The declaration of formaledehyde in cosmetics, which will be legally obligatory in Germany in 1979, will be valuable for finding out the alternate products free of formaldehyde.", "contents": "[Formaldehyde in hair shampoos]. In most hair shampoos commercially available in Western Germany formaldehyde or formaldehyde liberating substances serve as efficient preservatives especially in shampoos of the lower price group. Besides, PHB-ester, mercury containing substances and since recently brome compounds are used for this purpose. We observed a 15 year old patient who developed an allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in a hair shampoo. However, compared to the widespread opportunities of exposure allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair shampoos is not very frequent. For this rarity of formaldehyde dermatitis caused by shampoos the short period of application and the low concentration because of the high dilution and perhaps the low contact dermatitis reactivity of the scalp are responsible. After all only two out of thirtyone thoroughly questioned patients, who had acquired a professional formaldehyde sensitivity elsewhere, reported a contact dermatitis caused by shampoos, which by the way appeared in the orbital region as typical. Probably allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in shampoos will be expected in patients with a formaldehyde sensitivity acquired formerly elsewhere, especially professionally. To those patients formaldehyde free hair shampoos should be recommended. The declaration of formaledehyde in cosmetics, which will be legally obligatory in Germany in 1979, will be valuable for finding out the alternate products free of formaldehyde.", "PMID": 573679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10740", "title": "A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of p,p'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. I. Effects on growth and reproduction.", "content": "A toxicity Evaluation of DDT and dieldrin was conducted using Japanese Quail. The effects of feeding DDT (5 and 50 ppm of diet) and dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm of diet) in this four generation study (parental, F1, F2 and F3) were examined in terms of growth, viability, and/or reproduction of offspring. Ten groups (including controls and replicates of groups) contained 21 birds/group for the parental generation, and 21-35 chicks for each respective generation study. At 50 ppm DDT, a marginal decrease in egg hatch-ability of F2 generation was evidenced; the decrease appeared related to a slight decrease in fertility rather than egg production or hatchability of fertile eggs. Data accumulated from all other experimental groups were within the expected range and were comparable to control data.", "contents": "A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of p,p'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. I. Effects on growth and reproduction. A toxicity Evaluation of DDT and dieldrin was conducted using Japanese Quail. The effects of feeding DDT (5 and 50 ppm of diet) and dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm of diet) in this four generation study (parental, F1, F2 and F3) were examined in terms of growth, viability, and/or reproduction of offspring. Ten groups (including controls and replicates of groups) contained 21 birds/group for the parental generation, and 21-35 chicks for each respective generation study. At 50 ppm DDT, a marginal decrease in egg hatch-ability of F2 generation was evidenced; the decrease appeared related to a slight decrease in fertility rather than egg production or hatchability of fertile eggs. Data accumulated from all other experimental groups were within the expected range and were comparable to control data.", "PMID": 573680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10741", "title": "Diurnal variation in serum uric acid of rats fed potassium oxonate.", "content": "The uric acid plasma levels produced in rats fed a hyperuricemic diet including uric acid and potassium oxonate are highly variable and do not attain steady-state blood levels. The levels are dependent on the time of day that the blood was collected.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in serum uric acid of rats fed potassium oxonate. The uric acid plasma levels produced in rats fed a hyperuricemic diet including uric acid and potassium oxonate are highly variable and do not attain steady-state blood levels. The levels are dependent on the time of day that the blood was collected.", "PMID": 573681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10742", "title": "Diurnal rhythm of pituitary-thyroid axis in male rats and the effect of adrenalectomy.", "content": "Levels of TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma (TSH, T4, T3) and pituitary (TSH) of 60-day old male Long-Evans rats. Definite diurnal rhythms were demonstrated in pituitary TSH, plasma TSH and T3 in intact rats, evidenced by the statistically significant differences between zenith and nadir for pituitary TSH, plasma TSH and T3. The zenith value of pituitary TSH and the nadir values of plasma TSH, T4 and T3 were observed at the same time (2400 h) as were the nadir value of pituitary TSH and the zenith values of plasma TSH, T4, and T3 (at 1200 h). Our results indicate that the rhythmicity of pituitary TSH content is a mirror image of that of plasma TSH. Adrenalectomy not only reduced plasma corticosterone levels to almost zero, but also decreased plasma T3 and T4 levels. In adrenalectomized rats, the absolute concentration of pituitary and plasma TSH increased at 1200 h and at 2400 h and, in both cases, the difference between values at 1200 h and at 2400 h persisted. The differences in plasma TSH, T3 and T4 between 1200 h and 2400 h were also observed in sham-adrenalectomized rats. These results suggest glucocorticoids do influence the pituitary-thyroid axis, but that the rhythmicity of the pituitary-thyroid axis does not seem to depend on the rhythmicity of glucocorticoid secretion.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm of pituitary-thyroid axis in male rats and the effect of adrenalectomy. Levels of TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma (TSH, T4, T3) and pituitary (TSH) of 60-day old male Long-Evans rats. Definite diurnal rhythms were demonstrated in pituitary TSH, plasma TSH and T3 in intact rats, evidenced by the statistically significant differences between zenith and nadir for pituitary TSH, plasma TSH and T3. The zenith value of pituitary TSH and the nadir values of plasma TSH, T4 and T3 were observed at the same time (2400 h) as were the nadir value of pituitary TSH and the zenith values of plasma TSH, T4, and T3 (at 1200 h). Our results indicate that the rhythmicity of pituitary TSH content is a mirror image of that of plasma TSH. Adrenalectomy not only reduced plasma corticosterone levels to almost zero, but also decreased plasma T3 and T4 levels. In adrenalectomized rats, the absolute concentration of pituitary and plasma TSH increased at 1200 h and at 2400 h and, in both cases, the difference between values at 1200 h and at 2400 h persisted. The differences in plasma TSH, T3 and T4 between 1200 h and 2400 h were also observed in sham-adrenalectomized rats. These results suggest glucocorticoids do influence the pituitary-thyroid axis, but that the rhythmicity of the pituitary-thyroid axis does not seem to depend on the rhythmicity of glucocorticoid secretion.", "PMID": 573683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10743", "title": "Inhibition of estrous behavior by progesterone in rats: role of neural estrogen and progestin receptors.", "content": "Sexual receptivity can be induced in ovariectomized rats with sequential injections of 17 beta-estradiol-3-benzoate (EB; 2 micrograms sc) and progesterone given 24 h apart. If a high dose of progesterone is used, estrous behavior is followed by a period during which sexual receptivity cannot be reinduced with a second progesterone injection (sequential inhibition). We have examined the effects of a hormone treatment which causes a sequential inhibition on levels of estrogen and progestin receptors in the hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum of ovariectomized rats. In a preliminary experiment, a single injection of 2 micrograms EB caused a significant increase in the concentration of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors, Peak levels were seen at 12-24 h and remained significantly elevated as long as 72 h after EB. In a second experiment, we found that 48 h after EB, brain cytoplasmic estrogen receptors were significantly depressed and nuclear estrogen receptors were significantly elevated. However, a single progesterone injection (5 mg, sc) 24 h after EB had no significant effect on either cytoplasmic or nuclear estrogen receptor levels. Forty-eight hours after EB, brain cytoplasmic progestin receptors were significantly elevated compared with oil-injected controls. In a third experiment, progesterone (5 mg, sc) given 24 h after EB reduced neural cytoplasmic progestin receptors to levels significantly below those of oil-injected controls at 48 h. These results are consistent with the suggestion that progesterone does not interact with neural estrogen receptors to inhibit lordosis in rats. Rather, we suggest that progesterone may induce a behavioral refractoriness to subsequent progesterone treatments, at least in part, by reducing the concentration of neural cytoplasmic progestin receptors.", "contents": "Inhibition of estrous behavior by progesterone in rats: role of neural estrogen and progestin receptors. Sexual receptivity can be induced in ovariectomized rats with sequential injections of 17 beta-estradiol-3-benzoate (EB; 2 micrograms sc) and progesterone given 24 h apart. If a high dose of progesterone is used, estrous behavior is followed by a period during which sexual receptivity cannot be reinduced with a second progesterone injection (sequential inhibition). We have examined the effects of a hormone treatment which causes a sequential inhibition on levels of estrogen and progestin receptors in the hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum of ovariectomized rats. In a preliminary experiment, a single injection of 2 micrograms EB caused a significant increase in the concentration of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors, Peak levels were seen at 12-24 h and remained significantly elevated as long as 72 h after EB. In a second experiment, we found that 48 h after EB, brain cytoplasmic estrogen receptors were significantly depressed and nuclear estrogen receptors were significantly elevated. However, a single progesterone injection (5 mg, sc) 24 h after EB had no significant effect on either cytoplasmic or nuclear estrogen receptor levels. Forty-eight hours after EB, brain cytoplasmic progestin receptors were significantly elevated compared with oil-injected controls. In a third experiment, progesterone (5 mg, sc) given 24 h after EB reduced neural cytoplasmic progestin receptors to levels significantly below those of oil-injected controls at 48 h. These results are consistent with the suggestion that progesterone does not interact with neural estrogen receptors to inhibit lordosis in rats. Rather, we suggest that progesterone may induce a behavioral refractoriness to subsequent progesterone treatments, at least in part, by reducing the concentration of neural cytoplasmic progestin receptors.", "PMID": 573684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10744", "title": "Modification of yeast uricase with polyethylene glycol: disappearance of binding ability towards anti-uricase serum.", "content": "Uricase from Candida utilis was modified with activated polyethylene glycol (2-O-methoxypolyethylene glycol-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine) of molecular weight of 5,000 daltons. The modification of 43% of the total amino groups in the uricase molecule gave rise to a complete loss of the binding ability towards anti-uricase serum from rabbit. This modified uricase retained 15% of the enzymic activity of non-modified uricase.", "contents": "Modification of yeast uricase with polyethylene glycol: disappearance of binding ability towards anti-uricase serum. Uricase from Candida utilis was modified with activated polyethylene glycol (2-O-methoxypolyethylene glycol-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine) of molecular weight of 5,000 daltons. The modification of 43% of the total amino groups in the uricase molecule gave rise to a complete loss of the binding ability towards anti-uricase serum from rabbit. This modified uricase retained 15% of the enzymic activity of non-modified uricase.", "PMID": 573687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10745", "title": "N6-[N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoylmethyl]-coenzyme A. Synthesis and application in affinity chromatography and as an immobilized active coenzyme.", "content": "The synthesis of a new coenzyme A analogue, N6-[N-(6-aminohexyl)carbamoylmethyl]-CoA, suitable for immobilisation through its terminal amino group to support matrices, is described. The synthetic route starts with bis(CoA) and involves the following steps: alkylation with iodoacetic acid and rearrangement yielding bis(N6-carboxymethyl-CoA), elongation of the carboxymethyl terminal with 1,6-diaminohexane using carbodiimide to yield bis(N6-[N-(6-aminohexyl)-carbamoylmethyl]-CoA) and finally the splitting of this bis[CoA analogue) through reduction with dithiothreitol to give the final product in approximately 10% overall yield. This CoA analogue showed 'coenzymic activity' with the enzymes acetyl-CoA synthetase, phosphotransacetylase and succinic thiokinase. Covalent binding of the CoA analogue to Sepharose 4B was normally carried out using its S-(5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid) derivative as this allows a convenient way for determining the amount of ligand coupled, based on the amount of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid liberated from the gel after reduction with dithiothreitol. After covalent binding of the CoA analogue to water-soluble activated dextran 70, the analogue was recycled while present in an ultrafiltration cell using the enzymes phosphotransacetylase and citrate synthase. The reaction was followed by measuring the citrate formed on addition of acetylphosphate and oxaloacetate. In affinity chromatographic studies it was shown that the CoA-Sepharose preparation could bind the CoA-dependent enzymes citrate synthase and succinic thiokinase and these could be biospecifically eluted using soluble CoA.", "contents": "N6-[N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoylmethyl]-coenzyme A. Synthesis and application in affinity chromatography and as an immobilized active coenzyme. The synthesis of a new coenzyme A analogue, N6-[N-(6-aminohexyl)carbamoylmethyl]-CoA, suitable for immobilisation through its terminal amino group to support matrices, is described. The synthetic route starts with bis(CoA) and involves the following steps: alkylation with iodoacetic acid and rearrangement yielding bis(N6-carboxymethyl-CoA), elongation of the carboxymethyl terminal with 1,6-diaminohexane using carbodiimide to yield bis(N6-[N-(6-aminohexyl)-carbamoylmethyl]-CoA) and finally the splitting of this bis[CoA analogue) through reduction with dithiothreitol to give the final product in approximately 10% overall yield. This CoA analogue showed 'coenzymic activity' with the enzymes acetyl-CoA synthetase, phosphotransacetylase and succinic thiokinase. Covalent binding of the CoA analogue to Sepharose 4B was normally carried out using its S-(5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid) derivative as this allows a convenient way for determining the amount of ligand coupled, based on the amount of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid liberated from the gel after reduction with dithiothreitol. After covalent binding of the CoA analogue to water-soluble activated dextran 70, the analogue was recycled while present in an ultrafiltration cell using the enzymes phosphotransacetylase and citrate synthase. The reaction was followed by measuring the citrate formed on addition of acetylphosphate and oxaloacetate. In affinity chromatographic studies it was shown that the CoA-Sepharose preparation could bind the CoA-dependent enzymes citrate synthase and succinic thiokinase and these could be biospecifically eluted using soluble CoA.", "PMID": 573688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10746", "title": "Reaction of formaldehyde with calf-thymus nucleohistone.", "content": "The reactions of formaldehyde with calf thymus nucleohistone were analyzed in the following ways: measurement with fluorescamine of the decrease in primary amino groups resulting from hydroxymethylation and crosslinking reactions, measurement with dodecylsulphate-gel electrophoresis of formation of histone oligomers, measurement of fixation of histones to the DNA in nucleohistone, and measurement of changes in the circular dichroism spectrum in the region of 250--300 nm. In the presence of formaldehyde, the primary amino groups of histones decreased very rapidly, attaining an equilibrium within 60 min, and successively intermolecular crosslinks were also formed between histone molecules, the resulting dimers and oligomers being separable by dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis. Whereas the fixation reaction proceeded much more slowly. The extent of fixation could be measured more accurately by dodecylsulfate/sucrose centrifugation analysis than by sulfuric acid extraction. After removal of formaldehyde from the reaction mixture, the fraction of masked amino groups decreased, perhaps due to the reverse reaction, but the extent of fixation of histones continued to increase with time. No specificity was observed among five molecular species of histones in the fixation reaction. With increase in formaldehyde concentration, the ellipticity of nucleohistone decreased to a minimum with about 0.4% formaldehyde, and then increased.", "contents": "Reaction of formaldehyde with calf-thymus nucleohistone. The reactions of formaldehyde with calf thymus nucleohistone were analyzed in the following ways: measurement with fluorescamine of the decrease in primary amino groups resulting from hydroxymethylation and crosslinking reactions, measurement with dodecylsulphate-gel electrophoresis of formation of histone oligomers, measurement of fixation of histones to the DNA in nucleohistone, and measurement of changes in the circular dichroism spectrum in the region of 250--300 nm. In the presence of formaldehyde, the primary amino groups of histones decreased very rapidly, attaining an equilibrium within 60 min, and successively intermolecular crosslinks were also formed between histone molecules, the resulting dimers and oligomers being separable by dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis. Whereas the fixation reaction proceeded much more slowly. The extent of fixation could be measured more accurately by dodecylsulfate/sucrose centrifugation analysis than by sulfuric acid extraction. After removal of formaldehyde from the reaction mixture, the fraction of masked amino groups decreased, perhaps due to the reverse reaction, but the extent of fixation of histones continued to increase with time. No specificity was observed among five molecular species of histones in the fixation reaction. With increase in formaldehyde concentration, the ellipticity of nucleohistone decreased to a minimum with about 0.4% formaldehyde, and then increased.", "PMID": 573689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10747", "title": "Action of posterior pituitary neuropeptides on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.", "content": "The effect of vasopressin, oxytocin and the C-terminal tripeptide of oxytocin, prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG), were tested on rotational behavior, following unilateral 6-OHDA-enduced lesion of the dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra. Intraventricular injection of lysine8-vasopressin, oxytocin or PLG caused ipsilateral (towards the lesioned side) rotation, as did peripheral administration of amphetamine. Direct local microinjection of the peptides into the substantia nigra on the intact side was without effect. The data suggest that posterior pituitary neuropeptides (vasopressin and oxytocin) caused presynaptic activation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals.", "contents": "Action of posterior pituitary neuropeptides on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. The effect of vasopressin, oxytocin and the C-terminal tripeptide of oxytocin, prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG), were tested on rotational behavior, following unilateral 6-OHDA-enduced lesion of the dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra. Intraventricular injection of lysine8-vasopressin, oxytocin or PLG caused ipsilateral (towards the lesioned side) rotation, as did peripheral administration of amphetamine. Direct local microinjection of the peptides into the substantia nigra on the intact side was without effect. The data suggest that posterior pituitary neuropeptides (vasopressin and oxytocin) caused presynaptic activation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals.", "PMID": 573691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10748", "title": "Clonidine reversal of increased norepinephrine metabolite levels during morphine withdrawal.", "content": "The production of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) in brain regions innervated by the locus coeruleus was increased during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from chronic morphine treatment. This MHPG increase was reversed by subcutaneous administration of clonidine. Changes in MHPG levels paralleled the elctrophysiological changes found by Aghajanian (1978) in locus coeruleus firing rate with similar treatments, demonstrating the usefulness of MHPG changes as an index of central noradrenergic function.", "contents": "Clonidine reversal of increased norepinephrine metabolite levels during morphine withdrawal. The production of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) in brain regions innervated by the locus coeruleus was increased during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from chronic morphine treatment. This MHPG increase was reversed by subcutaneous administration of clonidine. Changes in MHPG levels paralleled the elctrophysiological changes found by Aghajanian (1978) in locus coeruleus firing rate with similar treatments, demonstrating the usefulness of MHPG changes as an index of central noradrenergic function.", "PMID": 573692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10749", "title": "Naloxone-induced contracture of ileum from stressed guinea pigs.", "content": "The in vitro preparation of guinea-pig ileum taken from animals which had been stressed by swimming for 5 min in water at 20 degrees C responded by a dose-dependent contracture to the narcotic antagonist naloxone. This response was antagonised by atropine (8 X 10(-8) g/ml). Ileum preparation from non-stressed guinea pigs did not respond to naloxone in concentrations up to 1 X 10(-5) g/ml. The possibility that this response is a consequence of the stress-induced release of endogenous opiate peptides is discussed.", "contents": "Naloxone-induced contracture of ileum from stressed guinea pigs. The in vitro preparation of guinea-pig ileum taken from animals which had been stressed by swimming for 5 min in water at 20 degrees C responded by a dose-dependent contracture to the narcotic antagonist naloxone. This response was antagonised by atropine (8 X 10(-8) g/ml). Ileum preparation from non-stressed guinea pigs did not respond to naloxone in concentrations up to 1 X 10(-5) g/ml. The possibility that this response is a consequence of the stress-induced release of endogenous opiate peptides is discussed.", "PMID": 573693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10750", "title": "Interactions between serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in rat brain demonstrated by small unilateral lesions of the raphe nuclei.", "content": "Unilateral lesions in the dorsal raphe (DR) resulted in decreased concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increases in homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN). Unilateral lesions in the median raphe (MR) caused similar biochemical changes in the corpus striatim (CS). Apomorphine and amphetamine caused turning behaviour in the lesiond animals which was ipsiversive after DR lesions but contraversive after MR damage. The animals turned in the opposite direction to that induced by these drugs after treatment with 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and in the same direction after treatment with phenelzine plus L-tryptophan. All the drug-induced turning behaviour was blocked by haloperidol. The turning induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and in the same direction after treatment with phenelzine plus L-tryptophan. All the drug-induced turning behaviour was blocked by haloperidol. The turning induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine was blocked by methysergide. This work suggested that the DR and MR nuclei send projections differentially to SN and CS respectively. These projections may exert a tonically active inhibition of dopamine metabolism in their respective terminal areas.", "contents": "Interactions between serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in rat brain demonstrated by small unilateral lesions of the raphe nuclei. Unilateral lesions in the dorsal raphe (DR) resulted in decreased concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increases in homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN). Unilateral lesions in the median raphe (MR) caused similar biochemical changes in the corpus striatim (CS). Apomorphine and amphetamine caused turning behaviour in the lesiond animals which was ipsiversive after DR lesions but contraversive after MR damage. The animals turned in the opposite direction to that induced by these drugs after treatment with 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and in the same direction after treatment with phenelzine plus L-tryptophan. All the drug-induced turning behaviour was blocked by haloperidol. The turning induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and in the same direction after treatment with phenelzine plus L-tryptophan. All the drug-induced turning behaviour was blocked by haloperidol. The turning induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine was blocked by methysergide. This work suggested that the DR and MR nuclei send projections differentially to SN and CS respectively. These projections may exert a tonically active inhibition of dopamine metabolism in their respective terminal areas.", "PMID": 573694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10751", "title": "Behavioral changes produced in the cat by acute and chronic morphine injection and naloxone precipitated withdrawal.", "content": "To address the issue of feline manic responses to morphine, studies were designed to examine the effects of low doses of intravenous morphine on cat behavior with emphasis placed on motor activity changes. An adaptation of an existing scoring system was used in an effort to quantify and describe behavioral patterns or shifts in activity patterns occurring during a cycle of addiction. The acute administration of 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg of morphine induces a response pattern characterized by sitting with fixed staring. An increase in motor activity with dose was also observed. When naloxone was administered prior to morphine injection all behavioral changes normally elicited by morphine were blocked completely. After 7 days of daily morphine injections certain changes in activity profiles occurred, indicating that some degree of tolerance although not complete, was beginning to occur by this time. Naloxone administered to cats maintained for 12 days on1, 2 or 4 mg/kg/day consistently produced a number of withdrawal signs including wet-dog shakes and a catatonic-like posturing. This is the first report describing behavioral responses of the cat during a complete cycle of addiction to low doses of morphine. We not only found that morphine will elicit definite quantifiable changes in behavior in the absence of any feline mania but that cats become readily dependent on these low doses of morphine as evidenced by a characteristic naloxone precipitated withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "Behavioral changes produced in the cat by acute and chronic morphine injection and naloxone precipitated withdrawal. To address the issue of feline manic responses to morphine, studies were designed to examine the effects of low doses of intravenous morphine on cat behavior with emphasis placed on motor activity changes. An adaptation of an existing scoring system was used in an effort to quantify and describe behavioral patterns or shifts in activity patterns occurring during a cycle of addiction. The acute administration of 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg of morphine induces a response pattern characterized by sitting with fixed staring. An increase in motor activity with dose was also observed. When naloxone was administered prior to morphine injection all behavioral changes normally elicited by morphine were blocked completely. After 7 days of daily morphine injections certain changes in activity profiles occurred, indicating that some degree of tolerance although not complete, was beginning to occur by this time. Naloxone administered to cats maintained for 12 days on1, 2 or 4 mg/kg/day consistently produced a number of withdrawal signs including wet-dog shakes and a catatonic-like posturing. This is the first report describing behavioral responses of the cat during a complete cycle of addiction to low doses of morphine. We not only found that morphine will elicit definite quantifiable changes in behavior in the absence of any feline mania but that cats become readily dependent on these low doses of morphine as evidenced by a characteristic naloxone precipitated withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 573695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10752", "title": "Pinitol, a larval growth inhibitor for Heliothis zea in soybeans.", "content": "A search for insect growth inhibitors in methanol extracts of soybean leaves resulted in isolation of pinitol. Pinitol caused a 50% reduction in weight gain (ED50) of Heliothis zea larvae at about 0.7% when added to a synthetic diet. Although myo-inositol is a normal component of the insect diet, it also caused growth inhibition at higher concentrations; ED50 4%.", "contents": "Pinitol, a larval growth inhibitor for Heliothis zea in soybeans. A search for insect growth inhibitors in methanol extracts of soybean leaves resulted in isolation of pinitol. Pinitol caused a 50% reduction in weight gain (ED50) of Heliothis zea larvae at about 0.7% when added to a synthetic diet. Although myo-inositol is a normal component of the insect diet, it also caused growth inhibition at higher concentrations; ED50 4%.", "PMID": 573698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10753", "title": "Cellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins in vitamin A action.", "content": "Two intracellular proteins that bind compounds with vitamin A activity have been discovered in animal tissues. One, called cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), binds retinol with high specificity and affinity, but not retinal or retinoic acid. The other protein, called cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), has high affinity for retinoic acid but does not bind retinol or retinal. CRBP is different from the well-known serum retinol binding protein. The proteins are present in many fetal tissues, whereas their tissue distribution in the adult rat differs. The levels of these proteins change differently during perinatal development, suggesting that they are regulated in a nonsynchronous manner. Some malignant tumors contain these proteins. The presence of these proteins could be an indication of whether the tumor might be inhibited by or might require vitamin A for growth. It appears that the cell nucleus is a target for retinol action, as CRBP allows specific interaction of retinol with the nucleus, showing the presence of specific binding sites for retinol. The number of these sites is dependent on the vitamin A status of the animal.", "contents": "Cellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins in vitamin A action. Two intracellular proteins that bind compounds with vitamin A activity have been discovered in animal tissues. One, called cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), binds retinol with high specificity and affinity, but not retinal or retinoic acid. The other protein, called cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), has high affinity for retinoic acid but does not bind retinol or retinal. CRBP is different from the well-known serum retinol binding protein. The proteins are present in many fetal tissues, whereas their tissue distribution in the adult rat differs. The levels of these proteins change differently during perinatal development, suggesting that they are regulated in a nonsynchronous manner. Some malignant tumors contain these proteins. The presence of these proteins could be an indication of whether the tumor might be inhibited by or might require vitamin A for growth. It appears that the cell nucleus is a target for retinol action, as CRBP allows specific interaction of retinol with the nucleus, showing the presence of specific binding sites for retinol. The number of these sites is dependent on the vitamin A status of the animal.", "PMID": 573703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10754", "title": "Intracellular binding proteins for retinol and retinoic acid: comparison with each other and with serum retinol-binding protein.", "content": "Soluble proteins with binding specificity for either retinol or retinoic acid were isolated from rat testis cytosol. The characteristics of the purified cytosolic protein were compared both with each other, and directly with those of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP). Substantial similarities were observed between the two cytosol retinoid binding proteins, as well as clear differences between each of these proteins and serum RBP. The intracellular binding proteins differed from serum RBP with regard to molecular weight, immuno-reactivity, binding affinity for serum prealbumin, and ultraviolet and fluorescence spectral characteristics. The ultraviolet absorption spectrums of the cytosol binding protein for retinol (CRBP) and of the cytosol binding protein for retinoic acid (CRABP) were almost identical despite differences in the nature of the ligands bound by these two proteins.", "contents": "Intracellular binding proteins for retinol and retinoic acid: comparison with each other and with serum retinol-binding protein. Soluble proteins with binding specificity for either retinol or retinoic acid were isolated from rat testis cytosol. The characteristics of the purified cytosolic protein were compared both with each other, and directly with those of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP). Substantial similarities were observed between the two cytosol retinoid binding proteins, as well as clear differences between each of these proteins and serum RBP. The intracellular binding proteins differed from serum RBP with regard to molecular weight, immuno-reactivity, binding affinity for serum prealbumin, and ultraviolet and fluorescence spectral characteristics. The ultraviolet absorption spectrums of the cytosol binding protein for retinol (CRBP) and of the cytosol binding protein for retinoic acid (CRABP) were almost identical despite differences in the nature of the ligands bound by these two proteins.", "PMID": 573704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10755", "title": "Dispensability of fimbriae: ovum pickup by tubal fistulas in the rabbit.", "content": "This study was carried out to test the general belief that fimbriae should be considered almost indispensable to ovum capture. Surgical procedures, including resection of the mesotubarium superius and infundibulum tubae together with the creation of a fistula, are described. An attempt to enhance tubal patency by temporarily using estrogens is discussed. Ovum pickup was determined by flushing both tubes and the uterus 2 days following ovulation induction. The prior use of estrogens did not appear to have increased subsequent ovum pickup in control animals; on the contrary, it even seems possible that estrogens had negatively influenced pickup by the fistulas. With five fistulas, however, three recovered ova represented a pickup rate of 7% to 14% of all ova available following one human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation. These figures suggest that ovum pickup by terminal ampullary fistulas is not negligible; they might indicate that absence of fimbriae offers neither good protection against pregnancy following sterilization nor a hopeless prognosis for fimbriectomy reversal when a distal patent tube is present.", "contents": "Dispensability of fimbriae: ovum pickup by tubal fistulas in the rabbit. This study was carried out to test the general belief that fimbriae should be considered almost indispensable to ovum capture. Surgical procedures, including resection of the mesotubarium superius and infundibulum tubae together with the creation of a fistula, are described. An attempt to enhance tubal patency by temporarily using estrogens is discussed. Ovum pickup was determined by flushing both tubes and the uterus 2 days following ovulation induction. The prior use of estrogens did not appear to have increased subsequent ovum pickup in control animals; on the contrary, it even seems possible that estrogens had negatively influenced pickup by the fistulas. With five fistulas, however, three recovered ova represented a pickup rate of 7% to 14% of all ova available following one human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation. These figures suggest that ovum pickup by terminal ampullary fistulas is not negligible; they might indicate that absence of fimbriae offers neither good protection against pregnancy following sterilization nor a hopeless prognosis for fimbriectomy reversal when a distal patent tube is present.", "PMID": 573707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10756", "title": "[Genetic aspects of opportunistic fungi].", "content": "The etiologic agents of human mycoses are discussed in taxonomic order. Some fungal genera are used as examples to describe the general genetical behavior of the various groups. Special features of probable genetical and etiological relevance are mentioned.", "contents": "[Genetic aspects of opportunistic fungi]. The etiologic agents of human mycoses are discussed in taxonomic order. Some fungal genera are used as examples to describe the general genetical behavior of the various groups. Special features of probable genetical and etiological relevance are mentioned.", "PMID": 573713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10757", "title": "[Ecology of opportunistic fungi].", "content": "As most of the pathogenic fungi, opportunistic fungi have a saprophytic life in the soil. The knowledge of their life in natural conditions may allow to avoid their proliferation in the vicinity of man. Examples of ecology were taken among Aspergilli and mycetoma-inducing fungi. The ecology of these fungi was studied in Senegal-Mauritania where mycetoma is fairly frequent and well studied. Cultures of L. senegalensis and L. tompkinsii were very often isolated from dry thorns of acacias or other thorn trees. M. mycetomi, the most frequent mycetoma-inducing fungus, was very difficult to culture from wood or soil specimens. A special selective sulphide medium had to be used. Some strains of M. mycetomi were isolated from specimens taken off the surface of termitaria.", "contents": "[Ecology of opportunistic fungi]. As most of the pathogenic fungi, opportunistic fungi have a saprophytic life in the soil. The knowledge of their life in natural conditions may allow to avoid their proliferation in the vicinity of man. Examples of ecology were taken among Aspergilli and mycetoma-inducing fungi. The ecology of these fungi was studied in Senegal-Mauritania where mycetoma is fairly frequent and well studied. Cultures of L. senegalensis and L. tompkinsii were very often isolated from dry thorns of acacias or other thorn trees. M. mycetomi, the most frequent mycetoma-inducing fungus, was very difficult to culture from wood or soil specimens. A special selective sulphide medium had to be used. Some strains of M. mycetomi were isolated from specimens taken off the surface of termitaria.", "PMID": 573714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10758", "title": "[Iatrogenic mycoses with deep visceral localization caused by opportunistic fungi].", "content": "The new therapeutic methods based on antibiotics, corticosteroids and immunosuppressors and the new medicosurgical techniques (catheters, monitoring in intensive-care units, open-heart surgery) modify the host, favorise the adaptation and introduction f endogenous and exogenous yeast-like fungi and thus create a new pathology characterized by deep visceral or septicemic infections due to yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Torulopsis, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Saccharomyces. The pathological aspects are analyzed and therapy is suggested in the light of new findings on polyenes (nystatine, amphotericine B), 5-fluorocytosine, imidazole, derivatives (miconazole, econazole) considering their association in function of synergy or antagonism possibilities.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic mycoses with deep visceral localization caused by opportunistic fungi]. The new therapeutic methods based on antibiotics, corticosteroids and immunosuppressors and the new medicosurgical techniques (catheters, monitoring in intensive-care units, open-heart surgery) modify the host, favorise the adaptation and introduction f endogenous and exogenous yeast-like fungi and thus create a new pathology characterized by deep visceral or septicemic infections due to yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Torulopsis, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Saccharomyces. The pathological aspects are analyzed and therapy is suggested in the light of new findings on polyenes (nystatine, amphotericine B), 5-fluorocytosine, imidazole, derivatives (miconazole, econazole) considering their association in function of synergy or antagonism possibilities.", "PMID": 573715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10759", "title": "Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on mucosal morphology and mitotic index in the rat small intestine.", "content": "Rats were maintained 16 weeks on a well-balanced semisynthetic solid diet supplemented with ethanol which comprised 35% of total calories. A control group was pair-fed the same basic diet with sucrose replacing ethanol isocalorically. Striking changes in mucosal morphology and mitotic index were observed in the jejunum and ileum of ethanol-fed rats in comparison to pair-fed controls. Furthermore, it is significant that these changes were more pronounced in the ileum than in the jejunum. Since ethanol is almost completely absorbed in the stomach and upper intestine, under the conditions of this study, we propose that, apart from a possible topical toxic effect of ethanol, there appear to be other separate possible causes of the extensive small intestinal changes found in ethanol-fed rats. The first is that the changes are due to injurious effects of blood-borne ethanol; secondly, the changes could be a functional adaptation due to altered luminal nutrition as a consequence of the introduction of ethanol in the diet.", "contents": "Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on mucosal morphology and mitotic index in the rat small intestine. Rats were maintained 16 weeks on a well-balanced semisynthetic solid diet supplemented with ethanol which comprised 35% of total calories. A control group was pair-fed the same basic diet with sucrose replacing ethanol isocalorically. Striking changes in mucosal morphology and mitotic index were observed in the jejunum and ileum of ethanol-fed rats in comparison to pair-fed controls. Furthermore, it is significant that these changes were more pronounced in the ileum than in the jejunum. Since ethanol is almost completely absorbed in the stomach and upper intestine, under the conditions of this study, we propose that, apart from a possible topical toxic effect of ethanol, there appear to be other separate possible causes of the extensive small intestinal changes found in ethanol-fed rats. The first is that the changes are due to injurious effects of blood-borne ethanol; secondly, the changes could be a functional adaptation due to altered luminal nutrition as a consequence of the introduction of ethanol in the diet.", "PMID": 573717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10760", "title": "Effect of long term alcohol feeding on the pancreas in rat.", "content": "To elucidate the pathophysiological process of alcoholic pancreatitis, chronic alcohol intoxication was made in Wistar rats on balanced diet giving 20% ethanol freely for 60 weeks. The control rats received water. Histological picture of the pancreas, hormonal activity in the mucosa of upper digestive tract and the nature of pancreatic juice were examined in every 15th week. The results were as follows. 1) No histological changes were noted in the pancreas of control group. In the ethanol group, morphological abnormalities of the pancreas appeared after 30 weeks. Of the histological findings, the changes on the ductal system such as dilatation of pancreatic duct, plug formation in the ductal lumen and periductal fibrosis were significant. 2) The long term ethanol administration tended to decrease the amounts of gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin contained in the gastrointestinal mucosa. 3) Regardless of the histological changes of the pancreas, almost no changes were noted in the bicarbonate and protein concentration during the experimental period of 60 weeks. From the above results, a mechanism obstructing pancreatic ductal system is considered to be important in the pancreatic lesions by alcohol rather than a mechanism of stimulating pancreatic exocrine secretion.", "contents": "Effect of long term alcohol feeding on the pancreas in rat. To elucidate the pathophysiological process of alcoholic pancreatitis, chronic alcohol intoxication was made in Wistar rats on balanced diet giving 20% ethanol freely for 60 weeks. The control rats received water. Histological picture of the pancreas, hormonal activity in the mucosa of upper digestive tract and the nature of pancreatic juice were examined in every 15th week. The results were as follows. 1) No histological changes were noted in the pancreas of control group. In the ethanol group, morphological abnormalities of the pancreas appeared after 30 weeks. Of the histological findings, the changes on the ductal system such as dilatation of pancreatic duct, plug formation in the ductal lumen and periductal fibrosis were significant. 2) The long term ethanol administration tended to decrease the amounts of gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin contained in the gastrointestinal mucosa. 3) Regardless of the histological changes of the pancreas, almost no changes were noted in the bicarbonate and protein concentration during the experimental period of 60 weeks. From the above results, a mechanism obstructing pancreatic ductal system is considered to be important in the pancreatic lesions by alcohol rather than a mechanism of stimulating pancreatic exocrine secretion.", "PMID": 573718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10761", "title": "Duplications in Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Thirteen chromosomal duplications, all unlinked to their linkage of origin, have been identified following X-irradiation. Ten are X-chromosome duplications, of which six are half-translocations on three autosomomal linkage groups and four are free fragments. Five of the half-translocations are homozygous fertile and two are recognizable cytologically as chromosome satellites, both of which show some mitotic instability. The free-X duplications show varying tendencies for loss. Three appear not to overlap in extent previously identified free-X duplications. The fourth carries genes from linkage group V, as well as X. Three duplications of a portion of linkage group II were identified and found to be free and quite stable in hyperploids. Some of the free duplications tend to disjoin from the X chromosome in males. New X-chromosome map data are presented.", "contents": "Duplications in Caenorhabditis elegans. Thirteen chromosomal duplications, all unlinked to their linkage of origin, have been identified following X-irradiation. Ten are X-chromosome duplications, of which six are half-translocations on three autosomomal linkage groups and four are free fragments. Five of the half-translocations are homozygous fertile and two are recognizable cytologically as chromosome satellites, both of which show some mitotic instability. The free-X duplications show varying tendencies for loss. Three appear not to overlap in extent previously identified free-X duplications. The fourth carries genes from linkage group V, as well as X. Three duplications of a portion of linkage group II were identified and found to be free and quite stable in hyperploids. Some of the free duplications tend to disjoin from the X chromosome in males. New X-chromosome map data are presented.", "PMID": 573721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10762", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation in the dog stomach.", "content": "Laser photocoagulation is one of a number of methods currently under investigation for the endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The Argon ion and Neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd YAG) lasers are theoretically suitable as the beam from each may be transmitted via a flexible fibre. Argon laser photocoagulation has been shown to be effective and we have elucidated which factors determine its safety and efficacy. Studies on normal canine gastric mucosa showed that the depth of tissue damage depended chiefly on the total incident laser energy on any one spot, and that below 50 J the risk of perforation was extremely low. The energy density was much less important. The haemostatic effect depended more on the laser power. In artificial bleeding gastric ulcers in heparinised dogs the most effective level was 7--9 W, at which 22 out of 23 ulcers (96%) stopped bleeding completely, compared with one out of 12 controls. Photocoagulation was achieved in these cases with energies well within the safe limits. The procedure was effective endoscopically, and these results justify early clinical studies in man.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation in the dog stomach. Laser photocoagulation is one of a number of methods currently under investigation for the endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The Argon ion and Neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd YAG) lasers are theoretically suitable as the beam from each may be transmitted via a flexible fibre. Argon laser photocoagulation has been shown to be effective and we have elucidated which factors determine its safety and efficacy. Studies on normal canine gastric mucosa showed that the depth of tissue damage depended chiefly on the total incident laser energy on any one spot, and that below 50 J the risk of perforation was extremely low. The energy density was much less important. The haemostatic effect depended more on the laser power. In artificial bleeding gastric ulcers in heparinised dogs the most effective level was 7--9 W, at which 22 out of 23 ulcers (96%) stopped bleeding completely, compared with one out of 12 controls. Photocoagulation was achieved in these cases with energies well within the safe limits. The procedure was effective endoscopically, and these results justify early clinical studies in man.", "PMID": 573722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10763", "title": "Characterization of an intracellular inhibitor of the carboxypeptidase R from Rhodotorula glutinis.", "content": "A peptidic inhibitor of the carboxypeptidase R from Rhodotorula glutinis has been identified and partially purified. A molecular weight of 31 000 was found by gel filtration. The inhibitor is reversibly separated from the carboxypeptidase by chaotropic agents. Removal of the inhibitor by an acid protease explains the osberved activation of the carboxypeptidase by incubation at acidic pH values.", "contents": "Characterization of an intracellular inhibitor of the carboxypeptidase R from Rhodotorula glutinis. A peptidic inhibitor of the carboxypeptidase R from Rhodotorula glutinis has been identified and partially purified. A molecular weight of 31 000 was found by gel filtration. The inhibitor is reversibly separated from the carboxypeptidase by chaotropic agents. Removal of the inhibitor by an acid protease explains the osberved activation of the carboxypeptidase by incubation at acidic pH values.", "PMID": 573739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10764", "title": "Isolation of a crystalline A14-(N-methylpyridinium) derivative of bovine insulin.", "content": "Reaction of insulin with 2-chloro- or 2-iodo-N-methylpyridinium iodide affords, amongst others, an insulin analogue modified at tha A14-tyrosine residue. Degradative procedures which pinpoint the exact position of modification are described. Highest yields of the derivative are obtained using the 2-iodo-N-methylpyridinium iodide as reagent. In the mouse convulsion assay this derivative retains 72% of its activity.", "contents": "Isolation of a crystalline A14-(N-methylpyridinium) derivative of bovine insulin. Reaction of insulin with 2-chloro- or 2-iodo-N-methylpyridinium iodide affords, amongst others, an insulin analogue modified at tha A14-tyrosine residue. Degradative procedures which pinpoint the exact position of modification are described. Highest yields of the derivative are obtained using the 2-iodo-N-methylpyridinium iodide as reagent. In the mouse convulsion assay this derivative retains 72% of its activity.", "PMID": 573740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10765", "title": "Analysis of intrafamilial correlations, serum levels of IGM and the human X-chromosome.", "content": "The serum concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM) were measured in a sample of 93 monozygotic twin pairs, their spouses, and their offsprings. The hypothesis that the human X chromosome carries genes that control the levels of IgM was tested with two different approaches neither one of which provided conclusive evidence to support the IgM X-linked gene hypothesis.", "contents": "Analysis of intrafamilial correlations, serum levels of IGM and the human X-chromosome. The serum concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM) were measured in a sample of 93 monozygotic twin pairs, their spouses, and their offsprings. The hypothesis that the human X chromosome carries genes that control the levels of IgM was tested with two different approaches neither one of which provided conclusive evidence to support the IgM X-linked gene hypothesis.", "PMID": 573743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10766", "title": "[Zinc in the tissues: age dependence and local findings in cachexia, live cirrhosis and long-term intensive care].", "content": "Zinc concentrations in autopsy material of human heart muscle, skeletal muscle, iliac crest, pancreas and liver were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Age dependent differences of zinc concentrations are seen in the liver. High values shows liver of premature infants, a minimum is measured in childhood which is followed by an increase in adult and senile patients. The other organs show no significant changes. Different diseases like diabetes or liver cirrhosis do not influence the zinc concentration in skeletal muscles  and iliac crest. Long-term intensive care patients show a marked decrease in zinc concentration of the heart muscle. In the cirrhotic liver the zinc pool is depleted. In diabetes mellitus zinc concentration of the whole pancreas is normal, in cachexia it is critically decreased.", "contents": "[Zinc in the tissues: age dependence and local findings in cachexia, live cirrhosis and long-term intensive care]. Zinc concentrations in autopsy material of human heart muscle, skeletal muscle, iliac crest, pancreas and liver were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Age dependent differences of zinc concentrations are seen in the liver. High values shows liver of premature infants, a minimum is measured in childhood which is followed by an increase in adult and senile patients. The other organs show no significant changes. Different diseases like diabetes or liver cirrhosis do not influence the zinc concentration in skeletal muscles  and iliac crest. Long-term intensive care patients show a marked decrease in zinc concentration of the heart muscle. In the cirrhotic liver the zinc pool is depleted. In diabetes mellitus zinc concentration of the whole pancreas is normal, in cachexia it is critically decreased.", "PMID": 573747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10767", "title": "Immunochemical and structural integrity of surface protein antigens of mycobacteria during separation from armadillo liver tissue.", "content": "Surface proteins of Mycobacterium smegmatis were iodinated using the lactoperoxidase method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated two major surface proteins in the radiolabelled M. smegmatis. Both surface proteins were released from M. smegmatis using the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The major surface component was sensitive to pronase digestion and contained no detectable carbohydrate. The second radiolabelled component was found to be of low molecular weight, resistant to pronase digestion and stained positive for carbohydrate by the periodic acid/Schiff method. Triton X-100 solubilized radiolabelled surface proteins were antigenic as assessed by a radioimmune precipitation test. When surface labelled M. smegmatis was mixed with armadillo liver tissue and separated from tissue using a method formerly employed by the World Health Organization Immunology of Leprosy Program for the purification of M. leprae, as much as 50% of the surface proteins of M. smegmatis was either released or destroyed. In addition, another twenty distinct proteins were released from M. smegmatis after treatment with Triton X-100. Similar losses of proteins from M. leprae may also occur using this procedure for M. leprae purification. Separation techniques employing surfactants and enzymatic treatment should be carefully evaluated since proteins lost during these procedures may prove relevant to human immune responses to M. leprae.", "contents": "Immunochemical and structural integrity of surface protein antigens of mycobacteria during separation from armadillo liver tissue. Surface proteins of Mycobacterium smegmatis were iodinated using the lactoperoxidase method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated two major surface proteins in the radiolabelled M. smegmatis. Both surface proteins were released from M. smegmatis using the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The major surface component was sensitive to pronase digestion and contained no detectable carbohydrate. The second radiolabelled component was found to be of low molecular weight, resistant to pronase digestion and stained positive for carbohydrate by the periodic acid/Schiff method. Triton X-100 solubilized radiolabelled surface proteins were antigenic as assessed by a radioimmune precipitation test. When surface labelled M. smegmatis was mixed with armadillo liver tissue and separated from tissue using a method formerly employed by the World Health Organization Immunology of Leprosy Program for the purification of M. leprae, as much as 50% of the surface proteins of M. smegmatis was either released or destroyed. In addition, another twenty distinct proteins were released from M. smegmatis after treatment with Triton X-100. Similar losses of proteins from M. leprae may also occur using this procedure for M. leprae purification. Separation techniques employing surfactants and enzymatic treatment should be carefully evaluated since proteins lost during these procedures may prove relevant to human immune responses to M. leprae.", "PMID": 573748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10768", "title": "Detection of mycolic acid in leprous tissue.", "content": "A method is described for the extraction of mycolic acid from lepromatous leprosy tissues and from tuberculous tissues and its identification by thin layer chromatography. Verification of the mycolic acid extracted and separated by thin layer chromatography was accomplished by infrared spectroscopy. Although the presence of mycolic acid in tissues is not, in itself, diagnostic for leprosy, its demonstration in biopsy tissues might be a useful additional qualitative test if used in conjunction with clinical evidence of the disease.", "contents": "Detection of mycolic acid in leprous tissue. A method is described for the extraction of mycolic acid from lepromatous leprosy tissues and from tuberculous tissues and its identification by thin layer chromatography. Verification of the mycolic acid extracted and separated by thin layer chromatography was accomplished by infrared spectroscopy. Although the presence of mycolic acid in tissues is not, in itself, diagnostic for leprosy, its demonstration in biopsy tissues might be a useful additional qualitative test if used in conjunction with clinical evidence of the disease.", "PMID": 573749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10769", "title": "Untreated lepromatous leprosy: histopathological findings in cutaneous blood vessels.", "content": "Skin biopsies from 100 patients with untreated lepromatous leprosy from Malaysia, India, Africa, and South America were examined with particular regard to pathological changes in intima, media, or adventitia of blood vessels and to the presence of leprosy bacilli in these layers. Bacilli were found in capillaries, venules, or arterioles in all cases, and in many instances they were present in endothelial lining cells or smooth muscle in large masses (globi). In several cases, solid-staining bacilli in endothelial lining cells were especially prominent. The findings are discussed in relation to a) the continuous bacteremia of lepromatous leprosy, b) the role of endothelial cells in phagocytosis, c) smooth muscle cells of the media as a site in which bacilli may persist, and d) the transmission of human leprosy by biting arthropods.", "contents": "Untreated lepromatous leprosy: histopathological findings in cutaneous blood vessels. Skin biopsies from 100 patients with untreated lepromatous leprosy from Malaysia, India, Africa, and South America were examined with particular regard to pathological changes in intima, media, or adventitia of blood vessels and to the presence of leprosy bacilli in these layers. Bacilli were found in capillaries, venules, or arterioles in all cases, and in many instances they were present in endothelial lining cells or smooth muscle in large masses (globi). In several cases, solid-staining bacilli in endothelial lining cells were especially prominent. The findings are discussed in relation to a) the continuous bacteremia of lepromatous leprosy, b) the role of endothelial cells in phagocytosis, c) smooth muscle cells of the media as a site in which bacilli may persist, and d) the transmission of human leprosy by biting arthropods.", "PMID": 573750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10770", "title": "Synthetic enkephalins. Addicting properties and conformational studies in solution.", "content": "The addicting properties of [Leu5]enkephalin in mice are conserved in the LSer3 analogue and lost both in the L-Ser2 analogue and in all the L-Cha4 derivatives of the above peptides. Fluorescence measurements in water show the presence of hydrogen-bonded tyrosul OH groups in [Leu5]-enkephalin and in its LSer2 analogue. The Phe4/Cha replacements do not influence these equilibria, but they affect the near u.v. dichroism of the hydrogen bonded tyrosyl residues. In the peptide absorption region in water solution, only [Leu5]-enkephalin and its cyclohexylalnyl derivative show a positive dichroism towards high frequencies, which is maintained in 8 M ura. No clear relation is found between conformation(s) in solution and biological activity. A II' beta-turn, with residues in positions 2 and 3 at the corners, is suggested for the conformation of enkephalin bound to the receptors involved in the bioassay here used.", "contents": "Synthetic enkephalins. Addicting properties and conformational studies in solution. The addicting properties of [Leu5]enkephalin in mice are conserved in the LSer3 analogue and lost both in the L-Ser2 analogue and in all the L-Cha4 derivatives of the above peptides. Fluorescence measurements in water show the presence of hydrogen-bonded tyrosul OH groups in [Leu5]-enkephalin and in its LSer2 analogue. The Phe4/Cha replacements do not influence these equilibria, but they affect the near u.v. dichroism of the hydrogen bonded tyrosyl residues. In the peptide absorption region in water solution, only [Leu5]-enkephalin and its cyclohexylalnyl derivative show a positive dichroism towards high frequencies, which is maintained in 8 M ura. No clear relation is found between conformation(s) in solution and biological activity. A II' beta-turn, with residues in positions 2 and 3 at the corners, is suggested for the conformation of enkephalin bound to the receptors involved in the bioassay here used.", "PMID": 573753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10771", "title": "The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of the developing hypogastric (main pelvic) ganglion of the rat. Short adrenergic neurons and the effect of testosterone.", "content": "The development of the hypogastric ganglion of normal and testosterone-treated rats was studied using formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method. The fluorescence intensities were recorded microspectrofluorimetrically. In normally developing rats cytoplasmic FIF decreases and cell size increases with age. In normally developing rats cytoplasmic FIF decreases and cell size increases with age. In testosterone-treated animals FIF increases during 2--6 weeks compared to the controls. The differences between control and experimental rats were significant. The diameters were significantly longer in treated animals in three and four week old groups. Vacuolated neurons were seen earlier in testosterone-treated rats. No changes in FIF or in cell size were noticed in the superior cervical ganglion. The male sex steroid, testosterone evidently influences the catecholamine turnover and cellular growth during development in the male pelvic ganglion.", "contents": "The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of the developing hypogastric (main pelvic) ganglion of the rat. Short adrenergic neurons and the effect of testosterone. The development of the hypogastric ganglion of normal and testosterone-treated rats was studied using formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method. The fluorescence intensities were recorded microspectrofluorimetrically. In normally developing rats cytoplasmic FIF decreases and cell size increases with age. In normally developing rats cytoplasmic FIF decreases and cell size increases with age. In testosterone-treated animals FIF increases during 2--6 weeks compared to the controls. The differences between control and experimental rats were significant. The diameters were significantly longer in treated animals in three and four week old groups. Vacuolated neurons were seen earlier in testosterone-treated rats. No changes in FIF or in cell size were noticed in the superior cervical ganglion. The male sex steroid, testosterone evidently influences the catecholamine turnover and cellular growth during development in the male pelvic ganglion.", "PMID": 573757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10772", "title": "Effects of 4-methyl umbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside on chondrogenesis and proteoglycan synthesis in chick limb bud mesenchymal cell cultures.", "content": "When chick limb bud mesenchyme cells from stage 23 to 24 embryos are plated at high density, they rapidly divide and a large proportion initiate chondrogenic expression during the first 2 to 3 days in culture. Between Days 4 and 8, the emergent chondrocytes mature and elaborate a cartilaginous matrix. The proteoglycans synthesized by the newly emergent Day 3 to 4 chondrocytes differ from those synthesized by either the prechondrogenic mesenchyme cells or the mature Day 8 chondrocytes. Cultures were grown from initial plating (Day 0) or from Day 2 in the continuous presence of 1 mM 4-methyl umbelliferyl-beta-D-xyloside, which acts intracellularly as a competitive acceptor with the endogenous core protein of proteoglycans for chondroitin sulfate synthesis. The proteoglycans synthesized by Day 8 cultures which had been maintained on xyloside or to which xyloside was added only 1 h prior to labeling were essentially identical. They were able to form aggregates, and they contained the same number of keratan sulfate chains, but only about 40% as many chondroitin sulfate chains, as normal. Additionally, both the chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains were 25% shorter than in the normal proteoglycans. The proteoglycans synthesized by cells in a culture maintained on xyloside until Day 8, and then switched to medium with no xyloside 1 h prior to labeling, were characteristic of those synthesized by normal mature Day 8 chondrocytes. These data suggest that stage 23 to 24 mesenchyme cells undergo normal chondrogenic maturation in culture in the presence of xylosides even though (a) most of the polysaccharides are synthesized onto the exogenously supplied xyloside substrate and released into the medium, (b) the proteoglycans that are synthesized are greatly reduced in polysaccharide content, and (c) the extracellular matrix as a consequence is greatly depleted in chondroitin sulfate content and, therefore, is abnormal in general morphology.", "contents": "Effects of 4-methyl umbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside on chondrogenesis and proteoglycan synthesis in chick limb bud mesenchymal cell cultures. When chick limb bud mesenchyme cells from stage 23 to 24 embryos are plated at high density, they rapidly divide and a large proportion initiate chondrogenic expression during the first 2 to 3 days in culture. Between Days 4 and 8, the emergent chondrocytes mature and elaborate a cartilaginous matrix. The proteoglycans synthesized by the newly emergent Day 3 to 4 chondrocytes differ from those synthesized by either the prechondrogenic mesenchyme cells or the mature Day 8 chondrocytes. Cultures were grown from initial plating (Day 0) or from Day 2 in the continuous presence of 1 mM 4-methyl umbelliferyl-beta-D-xyloside, which acts intracellularly as a competitive acceptor with the endogenous core protein of proteoglycans for chondroitin sulfate synthesis. The proteoglycans synthesized by Day 8 cultures which had been maintained on xyloside or to which xyloside was added only 1 h prior to labeling were essentially identical. They were able to form aggregates, and they contained the same number of keratan sulfate chains, but only about 40% as many chondroitin sulfate chains, as normal. Additionally, both the chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains were 25% shorter than in the normal proteoglycans. The proteoglycans synthesized by cells in a culture maintained on xyloside until Day 8, and then switched to medium with no xyloside 1 h prior to labeling, were characteristic of those synthesized by normal mature Day 8 chondrocytes. These data suggest that stage 23 to 24 mesenchyme cells undergo normal chondrogenic maturation in culture in the presence of xylosides even though (a) most of the polysaccharides are synthesized onto the exogenously supplied xyloside substrate and released into the medium, (b) the proteoglycans that are synthesized are greatly reduced in polysaccharide content, and (c) the extracellular matrix as a consequence is greatly depleted in chondroitin sulfate content and, therefore, is abnormal in general morphology.", "PMID": 573760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10773", "title": "Direct hemagglutination technique for differentiating Bacteroides asaccharolyticus oral strains from nonoral strains.", "content": "A simple and economical method for differentiating Bacteroides asaccharolyticus of oral sources from nonoral sources is described. The present data indicate that oral strains of B. asaccharolyticus strongly agglutinate sheep erythrocytes, whereas isolates from various nonoral sites typically are devoid of hemagglutination activity. The direct hemagglutination test may aid in determining the source of B. asaccharolyticus present in an infection, and thus the procedure has potential value as a means of biotyping.", "contents": "Direct hemagglutination technique for differentiating Bacteroides asaccharolyticus oral strains from nonoral strains. A simple and economical method for differentiating Bacteroides asaccharolyticus of oral sources from nonoral sources is described. The present data indicate that oral strains of B. asaccharolyticus strongly agglutinate sheep erythrocytes, whereas isolates from various nonoral sites typically are devoid of hemagglutination activity. The direct hemagglutination test may aid in determining the source of B. asaccharolyticus present in an infection, and thus the procedure has potential value as a means of biotyping.", "PMID": 573762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10774", "title": "The effectiveness of time-limited psychotherapy in a university counseling center.", "content": "Investigated the effects of eight-session, time-limited therapy on clients' self-concepts. Fourty-two students who sought psychotherapy or personal counseling at the university counseling center were assigned randomly to either time-limited, time-unlimited, or control groups after screening with the MMPI to eliminate the most severely disturbed clients. The Bills Index of Adjustment and Values was administered pre- and post-therapy. Results of a two-way repeated measures analysis indicated significant improvement in both time-limited and unlimited groups, but not in the controls. The two treatment groups did not differ in improvement. A 2 1/2 year follow-up of 18 of the former clients suggested that treatment gains were maintained and were equivalent for those who received time-limited and open-ended therapy.", "contents": "The effectiveness of time-limited psychotherapy in a university counseling center. Investigated the effects of eight-session, time-limited therapy on clients' self-concepts. Fourty-two students who sought psychotherapy or personal counseling at the university counseling center were assigned randomly to either time-limited, time-unlimited, or control groups after screening with the MMPI to eliminate the most severely disturbed clients. The Bills Index of Adjustment and Values was administered pre- and post-therapy. Results of a two-way repeated measures analysis indicated significant improvement in both time-limited and unlimited groups, but not in the controls. The two treatment groups did not differ in improvement. A 2 1/2 year follow-up of 18 of the former clients suggested that treatment gains were maintained and were equivalent for those who received time-limited and open-ended therapy.", "PMID": 573763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10775", "title": "Synaptic contacts on glial cells in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica.", "content": "Two types of glial cells have been identified in the neuropil and in the subcapsular space of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. In the neuropil, a first type of glial cell has a light staining cytoplasm and gives rise to processes which may contain bundles of filaments, a flocculent material or bundles of microtubules and membranous sacs. Synaptic contacts have been seen very rarely on their somata and more frequently on their \"filamentous\" and \"flocculent\" processes. A second type of glial cell has a darkly staining cytoplasm and gives rise to dense processes. Synaptic contacts are frequently seen on these processes. In the subcapsular zone, there are also two types of glial cells, one with a clear and the other with a dense cytoplasm. The processes of the clear glial cells contain glycogen-like particles and sometimes bundles of filaments. These processes surround the bundles of neuronal profiles which form the perisomatic plexus. Such enveloping processes receive synaptic contacts from the neuronal profiles in the bundles. The dense glial cells of the subcapsular zone also receive synaptic contacts, but this is a rare occurrence.", "contents": "Synaptic contacts on glial cells in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. Two types of glial cells have been identified in the neuropil and in the subcapsular space of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. In the neuropil, a first type of glial cell has a light staining cytoplasm and gives rise to processes which may contain bundles of filaments, a flocculent material or bundles of microtubules and membranous sacs. Synaptic contacts have been seen very rarely on their somata and more frequently on their \"filamentous\" and \"flocculent\" processes. A second type of glial cell has a darkly staining cytoplasm and gives rise to dense processes. Synaptic contacts are frequently seen on these processes. In the subcapsular zone, there are also two types of glial cells, one with a clear and the other with a dense cytoplasm. The processes of the clear glial cells contain glycogen-like particles and sometimes bundles of filaments. These processes surround the bundles of neuronal profiles which form the perisomatic plexus. Such enveloping processes receive synaptic contacts from the neuronal profiles in the bundles. The dense glial cells of the subcapsular zone also receive synaptic contacts, but this is a rare occurrence.", "PMID": 573764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10776", "title": "[Juvenile hemorrhagic ocular choroidopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed in 13 young patients a serous or hemorrhagic paramacular detachment of one third to one half disc diameter size. In eight, we have seen also atrophic choroidal scars. In one patient the serous detachment occured at the site of a previously studied choroidal scar. Our cases resemble the presumed ocular histoplasmin choroiditis described in American literature. In our cases histoplasmosis can be excluded. Visual prognosis is dependent upon proximity of the choroidal lesion to the fovea. In most cases this prognosis is poor. The term juvenile hemorrhagic ocular choroidopathy is suggested for the disease.", "contents": "[Juvenile hemorrhagic ocular choroidopathy (author's transl)]. We observed in 13 young patients a serous or hemorrhagic paramacular detachment of one third to one half disc diameter size. In eight, we have seen also atrophic choroidal scars. In one patient the serous detachment occured at the site of a previously studied choroidal scar. Our cases resemble the presumed ocular histoplasmin choroiditis described in American literature. In our cases histoplasmosis can be excluded. Visual prognosis is dependent upon proximity of the choroidal lesion to the fovea. In most cases this prognosis is poor. The term juvenile hemorrhagic ocular choroidopathy is suggested for the disease.", "PMID": 573766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10777", "title": "Inhibition of thyrotropin and prolactin secretion by dopamine in man.", "content": "The effect of dopamine on thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) levels was studied in 5 normal subjects, 7 women with galactorrhea, 9 acromegalics and 4 patients with primary hypothyroidism. Dopamine infused at the rate of 280 micrograms/min produced significant decrease in plasma TSH and PRL levels in all four groups, though a lower fall in TSH was noted in acromegalics. A similar reduction in PRL was also noted after 28 micrograms/min dopamine. Phentolamine infusion (0.5 mg/min) had no effect on PRL response to dopamine. These results indicate that a dopaminergic stimulation led to an inhibition of TSH and PRL secretion. Since the high polarity of dopamine impedes its passage through the blood-brain barrier, its site of action should be outside this barrier, probably in the pituitary.", "contents": "Inhibition of thyrotropin and prolactin secretion by dopamine in man. The effect of dopamine on thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) levels was studied in 5 normal subjects, 7 women with galactorrhea, 9 acromegalics and 4 patients with primary hypothyroidism. Dopamine infused at the rate of 280 micrograms/min produced significant decrease in plasma TSH and PRL levels in all four groups, though a lower fall in TSH was noted in acromegalics. A similar reduction in PRL was also noted after 28 micrograms/min dopamine. Phentolamine infusion (0.5 mg/min) had no effect on PRL response to dopamine. These results indicate that a dopaminergic stimulation led to an inhibition of TSH and PRL secretion. Since the high polarity of dopamine impedes its passage through the blood-brain barrier, its site of action should be outside this barrier, probably in the pituitary.", "PMID": 573767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10778", "title": "Klinefelter's syndrome: a study of its hormonal plasma pattern.", "content": "Plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione (delta), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), 5-androstene-3 beta-17 beta-diol (A-diol) and cortisol (F) have been measured in a group of normal males and in a group of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) before and after hCG stimulation. Significantly lower baseline levels of T and DHT and significantly higher baseline levels of E2 were found in patients with KS. No significant differences were found between baseline levels of 17-OHP, delta, DHEA, DHEAS, A-diol, and F. After hCG stimulation between T, DHT, E2 and 17-OHP levels showed a significant increase in the two groups of subjects. The percentage variation of T and DHT, however, was much less important in Klinefeiter patients, while E2 and 17-OHP did not show a significantly different pattern from that of normal controls, hCG administration did not produce any significant variation of delta, DHEA, DHEAS, and F in the two groups of subjects, while A-diol levels increased significantly in normal subjects, but not in Klinefelter patients. Our data may be consistent with the hypothesis that testicular steroidogenesis in Klinefelter patients is impaired below the 21-C-steriod level not only at delta 4 but also at the delta 5 pathway.", "contents": "Klinefelter's syndrome: a study of its hormonal plasma pattern. Plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione (delta), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), 5-androstene-3 beta-17 beta-diol (A-diol) and cortisol (F) have been measured in a group of normal males and in a group of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) before and after hCG stimulation. Significantly lower baseline levels of T and DHT and significantly higher baseline levels of E2 were found in patients with KS. No significant differences were found between baseline levels of 17-OHP, delta, DHEA, DHEAS, A-diol, and F. After hCG stimulation between T, DHT, E2 and 17-OHP levels showed a significant increase in the two groups of subjects. The percentage variation of T and DHT, however, was much less important in Klinefeiter patients, while E2 and 17-OHP did not show a significantly different pattern from that of normal controls, hCG administration did not produce any significant variation of delta, DHEA, DHEAS, and F in the two groups of subjects, while A-diol levels increased significantly in normal subjects, but not in Klinefelter patients. Our data may be consistent with the hypothesis that testicular steroidogenesis in Klinefelter patients is impaired below the 21-C-steriod level not only at delta 4 but also at the delta 5 pathway.", "PMID": 573768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10779", "title": "Specific stimulation and suppression of a primary in vitro plaque-forming cell response by monovalent lipid haptens in fluid liposomal membranes.", "content": "Multilamellar, \"fluid\" liposomes containing an appropriate concentration of a synthetic dinitrophenylated lipid hapten behave as T-independent (TI), adherent cell-dependent antigens for primary, in vitro, stimulation of hapten-specific IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC). The appropriate concentration of hapten is approximately 1 mol% with respect to the other liposomal lipids, cholesterol, and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). At a higher hapten concentration, 4 mol%, liposomes will suppress the anti-dinitrophenyl PFC response to co-cultured immunogenic liposomes, but not the anti-sheep cell response to co-cultured sheep cells. This suppression is also TI. The ability of \"fluid,\" haptenated liposomes specifically to stimulate or to suppress the TI PFC response is determined by the ratio of hapten to other lipids in a manner that is independent of the total hapten concentration in culture.", "contents": "Specific stimulation and suppression of a primary in vitro plaque-forming cell response by monovalent lipid haptens in fluid liposomal membranes. Multilamellar, \"fluid\" liposomes containing an appropriate concentration of a synthetic dinitrophenylated lipid hapten behave as T-independent (TI), adherent cell-dependent antigens for primary, in vitro, stimulation of hapten-specific IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC). The appropriate concentration of hapten is approximately 1 mol% with respect to the other liposomal lipids, cholesterol, and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). At a higher hapten concentration, 4 mol%, liposomes will suppress the anti-dinitrophenyl PFC response to co-cultured immunogenic liposomes, but not the anti-sheep cell response to co-cultured sheep cells. This suppression is also TI. The ability of \"fluid,\" haptenated liposomes specifically to stimulate or to suppress the TI PFC response is determined by the ratio of hapten to other lipids in a manner that is independent of the total hapten concentration in culture.", "PMID": 573772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10780", "title": "Effects of ionization and counterion binding on the surface areas of phosphatidic acids in monolayers.", "content": "At 24-26 degrees C, force-area isotherms show that unionized dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid forms a solid-condensed film while unionized egg and dioleoyl phosphatidic acids form liquid-expanded films. Surface area is a characteristic feature of a specific phosphatidic acid and the purity of a phosphatidic acid preparation can be established by the surface area of the unionized phosphatidic acid (acid subphase) at 17 dynes/cm (castor oil piston). Ionized dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid desorbs from a monolayer at a measurable rate while ionized egg and dioleoyl phosphatidic acids desorb too slowly for rate studies. The apparent surface pK(2) for dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid, calculated from desorption rates, is 9.4. Surface areas of the phosphatidic acids expand with ionization. Solid dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid films expand only in the pK(2) region, showing one inflection point which indicates that the K(1)/K(2) ratio is less than 100 and that, as a consequence of this ratio, the apparent surface pK(1) is greater than 7.4. Liquid egg and dioleoyl phosphatidic acid films have two inflection points, expanding in both the pK(1) and pK(2) regions. The apparent surface pK(1) and pK(2) values, calculated from inflection points in surface area data, are 3.5 and 8.0, respectively. Film expansion with phosphatidate anions is less than anticipated, showing the presence of weak transient hydrogen bonds. Expanded phosphatidate anion films are condensed by alkaline earth cations. The Ca(2+) and Ba(2+) salts of completely ionized phosphatidic acids collapse from monolayers, showing that the phosphatidate anion may function as an ionophore for the transport of alkaline earth ions.-Patil, G. S., N. J. Dorman, and D. G. Cornwell. Effects of ionization and counterion binding on the surface areas of phosphatidic acids in monolayers.", "contents": "Effects of ionization and counterion binding on the surface areas of phosphatidic acids in monolayers. At 24-26 degrees C, force-area isotherms show that unionized dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid forms a solid-condensed film while unionized egg and dioleoyl phosphatidic acids form liquid-expanded films. Surface area is a characteristic feature of a specific phosphatidic acid and the purity of a phosphatidic acid preparation can be established by the surface area of the unionized phosphatidic acid (acid subphase) at 17 dynes/cm (castor oil piston). Ionized dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid desorbs from a monolayer at a measurable rate while ionized egg and dioleoyl phosphatidic acids desorb too slowly for rate studies. The apparent surface pK(2) for dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid, calculated from desorption rates, is 9.4. Surface areas of the phosphatidic acids expand with ionization. Solid dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid films expand only in the pK(2) region, showing one inflection point which indicates that the K(1)/K(2) ratio is less than 100 and that, as a consequence of this ratio, the apparent surface pK(1) is greater than 7.4. Liquid egg and dioleoyl phosphatidic acid films have two inflection points, expanding in both the pK(1) and pK(2) regions. The apparent surface pK(1) and pK(2) values, calculated from inflection points in surface area data, are 3.5 and 8.0, respectively. Film expansion with phosphatidate anions is less than anticipated, showing the presence of weak transient hydrogen bonds. Expanded phosphatidate anion films are condensed by alkaline earth cations. The Ca(2+) and Ba(2+) salts of completely ionized phosphatidic acids collapse from monolayers, showing that the phosphatidate anion may function as an ionophore for the transport of alkaline earth ions.-Patil, G. S., N. J. Dorman, and D. G. Cornwell. Effects of ionization and counterion binding on the surface areas of phosphatidic acids in monolayers.", "PMID": 573773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10781", "title": "Insulin insensitivity and altered glucose utilization in cultured rat adipose tissue.", "content": "Glucose utilization was studied in isolated fat cells prepared from rat adipose tissue which had been cultured for 18 hr in TC 199 medium. When 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was in the culture medium, basal rates of (14)CO(2) and [(14)C]triglyceride production from [1-(14)C]glucose were markedly depressed and there was no effect of insulin. With 4% BSA, basal (14)CO(2) production was the same as in cells prepared from fresh tissue and basal triglyceride production was greatly increased. Insulin effect on these cells was minimal. One-minute uptake of [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose was stimulated by 800-1000% in fresh cells and 300-500% in cells cultured with either 1% or 4% BSA. Oxidation of [U-(14)C]glucose showed a much smaller impairment in cultured cells than for [1-(14)C]glucose, suggesting that the pentose phosphate shunt was more severely impaired than glycolysis. Glyceride-glycerol production was increased in cultured cells relative to preculture (fresh) cells. There was no effect of insulin in the culture medium in any of these systems. Rates of free fatty acid and glycerol release were markedly increased in cultured cells, especially when insulin was present in the culture medium. The acute antilipolytic effect of insulin was retained, so that insulin in the test incubation decreased lipolysis by 40-80%. Nevertheless, cell-associated fatty acids were increased in cultured cells and FFA/albumin ratios in the medium often reached potentially toxic levels. The reduction in pentose phosphate shunt activity, lipogenesis, and insulin effect resembles other models of insulin insensitivity. The impaired metabolism is probably due to an intracellular defect. A possible toxic role of either intracellular or extracellular fatty acids cannot be excluded. This system should be a useful model in which to study the cellular mechanisms of insulin insensitivity in adipocytes.-Bernstein, R. S. Insulin insensitivity and altered glucose utilization in cultured rat adipose tissue.", "contents": "Insulin insensitivity and altered glucose utilization in cultured rat adipose tissue. Glucose utilization was studied in isolated fat cells prepared from rat adipose tissue which had been cultured for 18 hr in TC 199 medium. When 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was in the culture medium, basal rates of (14)CO(2) and [(14)C]triglyceride production from [1-(14)C]glucose were markedly depressed and there was no effect of insulin. With 4% BSA, basal (14)CO(2) production was the same as in cells prepared from fresh tissue and basal triglyceride production was greatly increased. Insulin effect on these cells was minimal. One-minute uptake of [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose was stimulated by 800-1000% in fresh cells and 300-500% in cells cultured with either 1% or 4% BSA. Oxidation of [U-(14)C]glucose showed a much smaller impairment in cultured cells than for [1-(14)C]glucose, suggesting that the pentose phosphate shunt was more severely impaired than glycolysis. Glyceride-glycerol production was increased in cultured cells relative to preculture (fresh) cells. There was no effect of insulin in the culture medium in any of these systems. Rates of free fatty acid and glycerol release were markedly increased in cultured cells, especially when insulin was present in the culture medium. The acute antilipolytic effect of insulin was retained, so that insulin in the test incubation decreased lipolysis by 40-80%. Nevertheless, cell-associated fatty acids were increased in cultured cells and FFA/albumin ratios in the medium often reached potentially toxic levels. The reduction in pentose phosphate shunt activity, lipogenesis, and insulin effect resembles other models of insulin insensitivity. The impaired metabolism is probably due to an intracellular defect. A possible toxic role of either intracellular or extracellular fatty acids cannot be excluded. This system should be a useful model in which to study the cellular mechanisms of insulin insensitivity in adipocytes.-Bernstein, R. S. Insulin insensitivity and altered glucose utilization in cultured rat adipose tissue.", "PMID": 573774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10782", "title": "Effects of salmon calcitonin on blood glucose and insulin levels under basal conditions and after intravenous glucose load.", "content": "A study of the effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT) infusion on blood sugar and serum insulin levels under basal conditions and after intravenous glucose load in normal subjects is reported. Under basal conditions, a 30 min infusion of sCT at approximately a rate of 1 U/min produced a highly significant increase in the blood sugar (p less than 0.01) and a highly significant decrease in the serum insulin levels (p less than 0.01). After intravenous glucose load, there was a decrease of the coefficient of glucose utilization and of the insulin response both of which were highly significant (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Effects of salmon calcitonin on blood glucose and insulin levels under basal conditions and after intravenous glucose load. A study of the effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT) infusion on blood sugar and serum insulin levels under basal conditions and after intravenous glucose load in normal subjects is reported. Under basal conditions, a 30 min infusion of sCT at approximately a rate of 1 U/min produced a highly significant increase in the blood sugar (p less than 0.01) and a highly significant decrease in the serum insulin levels (p less than 0.01). After intravenous glucose load, there was a decrease of the coefficient of glucose utilization and of the insulin response both of which were highly significant (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 573770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10783", "title": "Partial amino acid sequence of human plasma retinol-binding protein. Isolation and alignment of the five cyanogen bromide fragments and the amino acid sequences of four of the fragments.", "content": "Studies are reported on the primary structure of human retinol-binding protein (RBP), the specific plasma transport protein for vitamin A. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 186-187 amino acids. RBP was cleaved by cyanogen bromide into five fragments, CB-I (27 residues), CB-11 (25 residues), CB-III (20 residues), CB-IV (15 residues), and CB-V (99-100 residues). The cyanogen bromide fragments were isolated, their compositions were determined, and they were aligned after studies that included the tryptic digestion of maleylated, reduced, and carboxymethylated RBP and subsequent enzymatic digestion of some of the resulting tryptic peptides. The amino acid sequences of four of the five cyanogen bromide fragments were determined, and the sequence of almost two-thirds of the NH2-terminal portion of the RBP molecule was determined as: H2N-GLU-Arg-Asp-Cys-Arg-Val-Ser-ser-Phe-Arg-Val-Lys-Glu-Asn-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ala-Arg-Phe-Ser-Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr-Ala-Met-Ala-Lys-Lys-Asp-Pro-Glu-Gly-Leu-Phe-Leu-Gln-Asp-Asx-Ile-Val-Ala-Glu-Phe-Ser-Val-Asx-Glx-Gly-Thr-Met-Ser-Ala-Thr-Ala-Gly-Lys-Arg-Val-Arg-Leu-Leu-Asn-Asn-Trp-Asp-Val-Cys-Ala-Asp-Met-Val-Gly-thr-Phe-Thr-Asp-Thr-Glu-Asp-Pro-Ala-Lys-Phe-Lys-Met-Lys-Tyr-Trp-Gly-Val-Ala-Ser-Phe-Leu-Gln-Lys-Gyl-Asn-Asp-Asx-His-Trp-Ile-Val-Asp-Thr-Asx-Thr-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Val-Glu-Tyr-Cys-Ser-Arg---.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequence of human plasma retinol-binding protein. Isolation and alignment of the five cyanogen bromide fragments and the amino acid sequences of four of the fragments. Studies are reported on the primary structure of human retinol-binding protein (RBP), the specific plasma transport protein for vitamin A. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 186-187 amino acids. RBP was cleaved by cyanogen bromide into five fragments, CB-I (27 residues), CB-11 (25 residues), CB-III (20 residues), CB-IV (15 residues), and CB-V (99-100 residues). The cyanogen bromide fragments were isolated, their compositions were determined, and they were aligned after studies that included the tryptic digestion of maleylated, reduced, and carboxymethylated RBP and subsequent enzymatic digestion of some of the resulting tryptic peptides. The amino acid sequences of four of the five cyanogen bromide fragments were determined, and the sequence of almost two-thirds of the NH2-terminal portion of the RBP molecule was determined as: H2N-GLU-Arg-Asp-Cys-Arg-Val-Ser-ser-Phe-Arg-Val-Lys-Glu-Asn-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ala-Arg-Phe-Ser-Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr-Ala-Met-Ala-Lys-Lys-Asp-Pro-Glu-Gly-Leu-Phe-Leu-Gln-Asp-Asx-Ile-Val-Ala-Glu-Phe-Ser-Val-Asx-Glx-Gly-Thr-Met-Ser-Ala-Thr-Ala-Gly-Lys-Arg-Val-Arg-Leu-Leu-Asn-Asn-Trp-Asp-Val-Cys-Ala-Asp-Met-Val-Gly-thr-Phe-Thr-Asp-Thr-Glu-Asp-Pro-Ala-Lys-Phe-Lys-Met-Lys-Tyr-Trp-Gly-Val-Ala-Ser-Phe-Leu-Gln-Lys-Gyl-Asn-Asp-Asx-His-Trp-Ile-Val-Asp-Thr-Asx-Thr-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Val-Glu-Tyr-Cys-Ser-Arg---.", "PMID": 573775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10784", "title": "Dependence of spontaneous and angiotensin-induced drinking in the rat upon the oestrous cycle and ovarian hormones.", "content": "The influence of the oestrous cycle on spontaneous and dipsogen-induced drinking was studied in female rats. Spontaneous fluid intake was lowest on the day of oestrus. Drinking induced by subcutaneous isoprenaline, and by angiotensin II (injected into the preoptic area), also showed marked cyclical variation, being lower at pro-oestrus and oestrus than at other stages of the cycle. Drinking induced by subcutaneous hypertonic NaCl or by intracranial carbachol did not vary with the oestrous cycle. Cyclicity of spontaneous and of angiotensin-induced water intake was not apparent in rats before puberty or after ovariectomy. Ovariectomy reduced drinking in response to isoprenaline. Treatment with oestradiol benzoate (20 micrograms) caused a reduction in spontaneous water intake, but a marked increase in the drinking response to isoprenaline. Treatment with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone (2.5 mg) caused a larger decrease in spontaneous water intake and an insignificant increase in isoprenaline-induced drinking. Water intake induced by subcutaneous hypertonic saline was unaffected by gonadal steroids. The results provide further evidence for the view that the thirst of extracellular origin, in which the renin-angiotensin system is involved, is brought about by mechanisms different from those that respond to cellular dehydration. Only drinking caused by activation of extracellular mechanisms appeared to be sensitive to the ovarian cycle and to ovarian hormones.", "contents": "Dependence of spontaneous and angiotensin-induced drinking in the rat upon the oestrous cycle and ovarian hormones. The influence of the oestrous cycle on spontaneous and dipsogen-induced drinking was studied in female rats. Spontaneous fluid intake was lowest on the day of oestrus. Drinking induced by subcutaneous isoprenaline, and by angiotensin II (injected into the preoptic area), also showed marked cyclical variation, being lower at pro-oestrus and oestrus than at other stages of the cycle. Drinking induced by subcutaneous hypertonic NaCl or by intracranial carbachol did not vary with the oestrous cycle. Cyclicity of spontaneous and of angiotensin-induced water intake was not apparent in rats before puberty or after ovariectomy. Ovariectomy reduced drinking in response to isoprenaline. Treatment with oestradiol benzoate (20 micrograms) caused a reduction in spontaneous water intake, but a marked increase in the drinking response to isoprenaline. Treatment with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone (2.5 mg) caused a larger decrease in spontaneous water intake and an insignificant increase in isoprenaline-induced drinking. Water intake induced by subcutaneous hypertonic saline was unaffected by gonadal steroids. The results provide further evidence for the view that the thirst of extracellular origin, in which the renin-angiotensin system is involved, is brought about by mechanisms different from those that respond to cellular dehydration. Only drinking caused by activation of extracellular mechanisms appeared to be sensitive to the ovarian cycle and to ovarian hormones.", "PMID": 573776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10785", "title": "Single case study. Amoxapine, a new antidepressant, appears in human milk.", "content": "A young woman developed galactorrhea during treatment with a new dibenzoxazepine antidepressant, amoxapine. Both amoxapine and its active and major metabolite, 8-OH-amoxapine, appeared in breast milk. More recent literature suggests that probably all antidepressants can appear in human milk.", "contents": "Single case study. Amoxapine, a new antidepressant, appears in human milk. A young woman developed galactorrhea during treatment with a new dibenzoxazepine antidepressant, amoxapine. Both amoxapine and its active and major metabolite, 8-OH-amoxapine, appeared in breast milk. More recent literature suggests that probably all antidepressants can appear in human milk.", "PMID": 573779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10786", "title": "Circadian rhythms of plasma cortisol in migraine.", "content": "Diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol, of psychological state, and of pain was measured for two days in 25 migraine patients and eight control subjects. Fourteen of the migraine patients and none of the controls displayed either consistently high plasma cortisol or an occasional aberrant peak. Abnormal psychological findings, particularly depression, were found in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory only in migraine patients with abnormal plasma cortisol levels. Neither psychological abnormality nor pain seemed the single cause of elevation of plasma cortisol.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of plasma cortisol in migraine. Diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol, of psychological state, and of pain was measured for two days in 25 migraine patients and eight control subjects. Fourteen of the migraine patients and none of the controls displayed either consistently high plasma cortisol or an occasional aberrant peak. Abnormal psychological findings, particularly depression, were found in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory only in migraine patients with abnormal plasma cortisol levels. Neither psychological abnormality nor pain seemed the single cause of elevation of plasma cortisol.", "PMID": 573780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10787", "title": "Identical twins with papilloedema and cranial nerve palsies.", "content": "Central nervous system involvement has not been reported previously as a manifestation of sarcoidosis in monozygotic twins. Twin sisters developed multiple cranial nerve palsies and papilloedema within a two month period. Clinical features and the course of their diseases were remarkably similar.", "contents": "Identical twins with papilloedema and cranial nerve palsies. Central nervous system involvement has not been reported previously as a manifestation of sarcoidosis in monozygotic twins. Twin sisters developed multiple cranial nerve palsies and papilloedema within a two month period. Clinical features and the course of their diseases were remarkably similar.", "PMID": 573781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10788", "title": "Aplysia ink release: central locus for selective sensitivity to long-duration stimuli.", "content": "1. A behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of defensive ink release in Aplysia californica was performed to examine the response of this behavior and its underlying neural circuit to various-duration noxious stimuli. 2. Three separate behavioral protocols were employed using electrical shocks to the head as noxious stimuli to elicit ink release. Ink release was found to be selectively responsive to longer duration stimuli, and to increase in a steeply graded fashion as duration is increased. 3. Intracellular stimulation of ink motor neurons revealed that ink release is a linear function of motor neuron spike train duration, indicating that the selective sensitivity of the behavior to long-duration stimuli is not due to a nonlinearity in the glandular secretory process. 4. In contrast, electrophysiological examination of ink motor neuron activity in response to sustained head shock revealed an accelerating spike train. During the later part of the spike train, compound excitatory synaptic potentials show a positive shift in reversal potential. 5. Our results suggest a central locus for the mechanisms that determine sensitivity of inking behavior to stimulus duration. 6. In contrast to ink release, defensive gill withdrawal was found to be extremely sensitive to short-duration stimuli.", "contents": "Aplysia ink release: central locus for selective sensitivity to long-duration stimuli. 1. A behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of defensive ink release in Aplysia californica was performed to examine the response of this behavior and its underlying neural circuit to various-duration noxious stimuli. 2. Three separate behavioral protocols were employed using electrical shocks to the head as noxious stimuli to elicit ink release. Ink release was found to be selectively responsive to longer duration stimuli, and to increase in a steeply graded fashion as duration is increased. 3. Intracellular stimulation of ink motor neurons revealed that ink release is a linear function of motor neuron spike train duration, indicating that the selective sensitivity of the behavior to long-duration stimuli is not due to a nonlinearity in the glandular secretory process. 4. In contrast, electrophysiological examination of ink motor neuron activity in response to sustained head shock revealed an accelerating spike train. During the later part of the spike train, compound excitatory synaptic potentials show a positive shift in reversal potential. 5. Our results suggest a central locus for the mechanisms that determine sensitivity of inking behavior to stimulus duration. 6. In contrast to ink release, defensive gill withdrawal was found to be extremely sensitive to short-duration stimuli.", "PMID": 573782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10789", "title": "Biophysical mechanisms contributing to inking behavior in Aplysia.", "content": "1. The release of ink from the ink gland of Aplysia californica in response to noxious stimuli is mediated by three electrically coupled motor neurons, L14A, L14B, L14C, whose cell bodies are located in the abdominal ganglion. The initial synaptic input to the ink motor neurons is relatively ineffective in firing the cells. As a result, a pause of 1--3 s often occurs before the cells attain their maximum firing frequency and cause the release of ink. Using current and voltage-clamp techniques we have analyzed the mechanisms underlying the firing pattern of these cells. 2. The presence of a fast transient K+ current appears to play an important role in mediating the firing pattern of the ink motor neurons. Their high resting potential (-75 mV) ensures that the steady-state level of inactivation of the conductance channels for the fast K+ current will normally be low. Thus a train of EPSPs or a depolarizing current pulse can activate this current maximally, thereby reducing the initial effectiveness of the excitatory input. 3. In addition to the fast transient K+ current, four other currents were identified: 1) a fast transient tetrodotoxin-sensitive inward current, presumed to be carried by Na+; 2) a slower tetrodotoxin-insensitive inward current, presumed to be carried by Ca2+; 3) a slow transient outward tetraethylammonium- (TEA) sensitive current; and 4) a very slow TEA-insensitive outward current. 4. A decreased conductance EPSP, which turns on over a several-second period, contributes to a late acceleration of spike discharge in the L14 cells. 5. The results suggest that a unique combination of biophysical properties of the L14 cells and the features of the synaptic input cause them to act as a low-pass filter in the reflex pathway for inking. Their high resting potential, which ensures minimal inactivation of the fast transient K+ current channel, makes these cells preferentially responsive to strong and long-lasting stimuli. The delayed recruitment of a decreased conductance EPSP augments the tendency of the L14 cells to fire in an accelerating burst pattern.", "contents": "Biophysical mechanisms contributing to inking behavior in Aplysia. 1. The release of ink from the ink gland of Aplysia californica in response to noxious stimuli is mediated by three electrically coupled motor neurons, L14A, L14B, L14C, whose cell bodies are located in the abdominal ganglion. The initial synaptic input to the ink motor neurons is relatively ineffective in firing the cells. As a result, a pause of 1--3 s often occurs before the cells attain their maximum firing frequency and cause the release of ink. Using current and voltage-clamp techniques we have analyzed the mechanisms underlying the firing pattern of these cells. 2. The presence of a fast transient K+ current appears to play an important role in mediating the firing pattern of the ink motor neurons. Their high resting potential (-75 mV) ensures that the steady-state level of inactivation of the conductance channels for the fast K+ current will normally be low. Thus a train of EPSPs or a depolarizing current pulse can activate this current maximally, thereby reducing the initial effectiveness of the excitatory input. 3. In addition to the fast transient K+ current, four other currents were identified: 1) a fast transient tetrodotoxin-sensitive inward current, presumed to be carried by Na+; 2) a slower tetrodotoxin-insensitive inward current, presumed to be carried by Ca2+; 3) a slow transient outward tetraethylammonium- (TEA) sensitive current; and 4) a very slow TEA-insensitive outward current. 4. A decreased conductance EPSP, which turns on over a several-second period, contributes to a late acceleration of spike discharge in the L14 cells. 5. The results suggest that a unique combination of biophysical properties of the L14 cells and the features of the synaptic input cause them to act as a low-pass filter in the reflex pathway for inking. Their high resting potential, which ensures minimal inactivation of the fast transient K+ current channel, makes these cells preferentially responsive to strong and long-lasting stimuli. The delayed recruitment of a decreased conductance EPSP augments the tendency of the L14 cells to fire in an accelerating burst pattern.", "PMID": 573783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10790", "title": "Intensification of essential fatty acid deficiency in the rat by dietary trans fatty acids.", "content": "Two studies were conducted using male rats to assess the effect of trans fatty acids upon essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. In the first study 5% corn oil (CO), hydrogenated coconut oil (HCNO) or margarine stock (MS, partially hydrogenated soybean oil) were fed, and the levels of trans fatty acids in tissue lipids were measured. The trans fatty acids present in MS were found to intensify EFA deficiency and to be retained in tissue lipids to a high degree, especially in heart phospholipids (PL). In the second study, as the level of trans fatty acids increased in the diet, increasingly higher levels of trans fatty acids were deposited in the heart PL. As dietary trans acid increased, a decrease in total omega 6 fatty acids, and a decrease in the sum of 18:2 omega 6 + 20:4 omega 6 - 20:3 omega 9 fatty acids in heart PL occurred, both criteria indicating a shift toward an increasing EFA deficiency state. Studies of delta 5 desaturase activity of liver microsomes in selected groups showed an increase in the conversion of 20:3 omega 6 to 20:4 omega 6 as the trans fatty acid level in the diet increased.", "contents": "Intensification of essential fatty acid deficiency in the rat by dietary trans fatty acids. Two studies were conducted using male rats to assess the effect of trans fatty acids upon essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. In the first study 5% corn oil (CO), hydrogenated coconut oil (HCNO) or margarine stock (MS, partially hydrogenated soybean oil) were fed, and the levels of trans fatty acids in tissue lipids were measured. The trans fatty acids present in MS were found to intensify EFA deficiency and to be retained in tissue lipids to a high degree, especially in heart phospholipids (PL). In the second study, as the level of trans fatty acids increased in the diet, increasingly higher levels of trans fatty acids were deposited in the heart PL. As dietary trans acid increased, a decrease in total omega 6 fatty acids, and a decrease in the sum of 18:2 omega 6 + 20:4 omega 6 - 20:3 omega 9 fatty acids in heart PL occurred, both criteria indicating a shift toward an increasing EFA deficiency state. Studies of delta 5 desaturase activity of liver microsomes in selected groups showed an increase in the conversion of 20:3 omega 6 to 20:4 omega 6 as the trans fatty acid level in the diet increased.", "PMID": 573784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10791", "title": "Therapy of osteogenesis imperfecta with synthetic salmon calcitonin.", "content": "We evaluated the long-term use of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the management of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda and congenita. Forty-eight children, ranging in age from 6 months to 15 years, and two young adults, received synthetic salmon calcitonin 2 MRC units/kg three days a week and a daily oral calcium supplement of 230 to 345 mg. The annual fracture rate was decreased during calcitonin therapy as compared to the period preceding therapy. There was an increase in the ability of the patient to stand and move and in the subjective feeling of strength in the lower extremities during calcitonin therapy. There was also a significant improvement in radiographic bone density, as determined by the method of photodensitometry, in patients under 5 years of age. Long-term administration of synthetic salmon calcitonin may be beneficial to young children with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "contents": "Therapy of osteogenesis imperfecta with synthetic salmon calcitonin. We evaluated the long-term use of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the management of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda and congenita. Forty-eight children, ranging in age from 6 months to 15 years, and two young adults, received synthetic salmon calcitonin 2 MRC units/kg three days a week and a daily oral calcium supplement of 230 to 345 mg. The annual fracture rate was decreased during calcitonin therapy as compared to the period preceding therapy. There was an increase in the ability of the patient to stand and move and in the subjective feeling of strength in the lower extremities during calcitonin therapy. There was also a significant improvement in radiographic bone density, as determined by the method of photodensitometry, in patients under 5 years of age. Long-term administration of synthetic salmon calcitonin may be beneficial to young children with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "PMID": 573785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10792", "title": "New perspectives in fetal surgery: the chicken embryo.", "content": "After a short literature a review a comparison is made between the development of the human digestive tract during the second trimester of gestation and that of the chick embryo (Gallus domesticus) during the last week of incubation. The surgical procedure for chick embryosis is discussed in connection with the the study of the pathogenesis of small bowel atresia and meconium peritonitis. The results corroborate that the chick embryo is a valuable laboratory animal in experimental fetal surgery.", "contents": "New perspectives in fetal surgery: the chicken embryo. After a short literature a review a comparison is made between the development of the human digestive tract during the second trimester of gestation and that of the chick embryo (Gallus domesticus) during the last week of incubation. The surgical procedure for chick embryosis is discussed in connection with the the study of the pathogenesis of small bowel atresia and meconium peritonitis. The results corroborate that the chick embryo is a valuable laboratory animal in experimental fetal surgery.", "PMID": 573786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10793", "title": "Effects of internal potassium and sodium on the anomalous rectification of the starfish egg as examined by internal perfusion.", "content": "1. The effects of alterations of the intracellular ionic composition on the properties of anomalous (or inward) rectification of the egg membrane of the starfish, Mediaster aequalis, were studied by using an intracellular perfusion technique. The following results were obtained, analysing the membrane current with the voltage-clamp technique. 2. The inward rectification of the K conductance depends only on the membrane potential, V, when the K equilibrium potential, VK, is altered by changing the internal K+ concentration at a fixed external K+ concentration, while it depends on V-VK when VK is altered by changing the external K+ at a fixed internal K+ concentration. 3. From the above the conclusion is reached that the gating of the K channel of the inward rectification depends on V and external but not internal K+ concentration. 4. The conductance of the K channel at a given voltage is roughly proportional to the square root of [K+]i when the latter is altered at a fixed external K+ concentration. 5. Since the conductance is proportional to the square root of [K+]o when this is altered at a fixed internal K+ concentration, the final conclusion is that this conductance is proportional to the geometric mean of the external and internal K+ concentrations. 6. Intracellular Na+ ions are necessary for the activation of inward rectification; the K conductance increases sharply with internal Na+ concentration, reaching saturation at 200 mM. 7. A similar potentiating effect is found for Li+, although it is weaker. Rb+, Cs+ and organic cations such as arginine+ do not have this effect.", "contents": "Effects of internal potassium and sodium on the anomalous rectification of the starfish egg as examined by internal perfusion. 1. The effects of alterations of the intracellular ionic composition on the properties of anomalous (or inward) rectification of the egg membrane of the starfish, Mediaster aequalis, were studied by using an intracellular perfusion technique. The following results were obtained, analysing the membrane current with the voltage-clamp technique. 2. The inward rectification of the K conductance depends only on the membrane potential, V, when the K equilibrium potential, VK, is altered by changing the internal K+ concentration at a fixed external K+ concentration, while it depends on V-VK when VK is altered by changing the external K+ at a fixed internal K+ concentration. 3. From the above the conclusion is reached that the gating of the K channel of the inward rectification depends on V and external but not internal K+ concentration. 4. The conductance of the K channel at a given voltage is roughly proportional to the square root of [K+]i when the latter is altered at a fixed external K+ concentration. 5. Since the conductance is proportional to the square root of [K+]o when this is altered at a fixed internal K+ concentration, the final conclusion is that this conductance is proportional to the geometric mean of the external and internal K+ concentrations. 6. Intracellular Na+ ions are necessary for the activation of inward rectification; the K conductance increases sharply with internal Na+ concentration, reaching saturation at 200 mM. 7. A similar potentiating effect is found for Li+, although it is weaker. Rb+, Cs+ and organic cations such as arginine+ do not have this effect.", "PMID": 573790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10794", "title": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii.", "content": "Atypical eukaryotic RNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in nuclei of Crypthecodinium cohnii, a eukaryote devoid of histones. Nuclei were isolated from growing cultures of this dinoflagellate and assayed for endogenous RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) activity. There was a biphasic response to Mg2+ with optima at approximately 0.01 and 0.02 M MgCl2, but in contrast to other eukaryotic RNA polymerases, this enzyme activity was inhibited by low MnCl2 concentrations. In the presence of 0.01 M MgCL2 the optimum (NH4)2SO4 concentration was 0.025 M, a concentration at which the nuclei were lysed. Incorporation of [3H]UMP into RNA was inhibited by actinomycin D and dependent on the presence of undergraded DNA, and the reaction product was sensitive to ribonuclease and KOH digestion. Omission of one or more ribonucleoside triphosphates greatly reduced the incorporation. Only a slight enhancement of RNA polymerase activity resulted from the addition of various amounts of native and denatured calf thymus DNA. Spermine caused a marked inhibition while spermidine had little effect on RNA synthesis in the nuclei. Under the optimum conditions described in the present paper the nuclei incorporated approximately 3 pmoles of [3H]UMP/microgram DNA at 25 C for 15 min, and approximately 80% of this activity was inhibited by the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II inhibitor, alpha-amanitin (20 micrograms/ml). A unique situation therefore exists in C. cohnii nuclei, in which absence of histones (a prokaryotic trait) is combined with alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase activity (a eukaryotic trait).", "contents": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Atypical eukaryotic RNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in nuclei of Crypthecodinium cohnii, a eukaryote devoid of histones. Nuclei were isolated from growing cultures of this dinoflagellate and assayed for endogenous RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) activity. There was a biphasic response to Mg2+ with optima at approximately 0.01 and 0.02 M MgCl2, but in contrast to other eukaryotic RNA polymerases, this enzyme activity was inhibited by low MnCl2 concentrations. In the presence of 0.01 M MgCL2 the optimum (NH4)2SO4 concentration was 0.025 M, a concentration at which the nuclei were lysed. Incorporation of [3H]UMP into RNA was inhibited by actinomycin D and dependent on the presence of undergraded DNA, and the reaction product was sensitive to ribonuclease and KOH digestion. Omission of one or more ribonucleoside triphosphates greatly reduced the incorporation. Only a slight enhancement of RNA polymerase activity resulted from the addition of various amounts of native and denatured calf thymus DNA. Spermine caused a marked inhibition while spermidine had little effect on RNA synthesis in the nuclei. Under the optimum conditions described in the present paper the nuclei incorporated approximately 3 pmoles of [3H]UMP/microgram DNA at 25 C for 15 min, and approximately 80% of this activity was inhibited by the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II inhibitor, alpha-amanitin (20 micrograms/ml). A unique situation therefore exists in C. cohnii nuclei, in which absence of histones (a prokaryotic trait) is combined with alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase activity (a eukaryotic trait).", "PMID": 573793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10795", "title": "[Radiological examination of the thorax and abdomen in new-born babies with Rhesus incompatibility (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of radiological examination of the thorax and abdomen were studied in premature babies with Rhesus incompatibility. In the 53 cases where Rhesus incompatibility was the only abnormal finding, various measurements were made on the radiological images: cardiothoracic index, liver and spleen, distances between the digestive tract loops and the thoracic wall. The same measurements were made in two groups of premature babies, born at the same period of gestation, who acted as controls. The most frequently observed thoracic abnormality was interstitial edema with hypervascularization (50% of the moderate forms) which was present in 14 of the 18 severe cases. Total opacity of both lung fields was noted with the same frequency in the severe forms with anasarca as in the moderate forms without clinical edema. The cardiothoracic index was increased in 40% of the moderate cases and in all severe cases (normal values for premature babies of 30 to 36 weeks: 0.48 +/- 0.04). Pleural effusions were present in 20% of the moderate, and 6 out of 18 severe cases. Abdominal organ measurements in the two control groups were as follows: --premature babies (34 to 36 weeks): --liver: 47 mm +/- 5.3, --spleen: 11.5 mm +/- 2.1, --distance between loops and wall: 7.1 mm +/- 1.4. --premature babies (30 to 33 weeks): --liver: 41 mm +/- 4.7, --spleen: 10.4 mm +/- 3.4, --distance between loops and wall: 6.4 mm +/- 1.2. The babies with Rhesus incompatibility had hepatosplenomegaly which was constant in all severe cases but present in only 70% of moderate cases, an increased distance between the digestive loops and the thoracic wall in all severe forms, and in 15% of moderate forms without clinical ascites. Normal radiological images developed after about 5 days for thoracic signs, and between 7 and 10 days for abdominal signs. Complete recovery occurred in all cases, even severe, except one case, where Rhesus incompatibility was the only abnormality. In 22 cases, Rhesus incompatibility was associated with another disorder: in 12 cases a hyaline membrane was present which radically changed the prognosis (8 deaths secondary to this infection out of a total of 12 deaths). Apart from the study of the Rhesus abnormality, a systematic examination of the size of the liver and the spleen, and measurements of the distances between digestive tract loops and thoracic wall in the first thoraco-abdominal radiological image in a premature baby, can be of diagnostic value for intraperitoneal infections and eflusions of the new-born.", "contents": "[Radiological examination of the thorax and abdomen in new-born babies with Rhesus incompatibility (author's transl)]. The results of radiological examination of the thorax and abdomen were studied in premature babies with Rhesus incompatibility. In the 53 cases where Rhesus incompatibility was the only abnormal finding, various measurements were made on the radiological images: cardiothoracic index, liver and spleen, distances between the digestive tract loops and the thoracic wall. The same measurements were made in two groups of premature babies, born at the same period of gestation, who acted as controls. The most frequently observed thoracic abnormality was interstitial edema with hypervascularization (50% of the moderate forms) which was present in 14 of the 18 severe cases. Total opacity of both lung fields was noted with the same frequency in the severe forms with anasarca as in the moderate forms without clinical edema. The cardiothoracic index was increased in 40% of the moderate cases and in all severe cases (normal values for premature babies of 30 to 36 weeks: 0.48 +/- 0.04). Pleural effusions were present in 20% of the moderate, and 6 out of 18 severe cases. Abdominal organ measurements in the two control groups were as follows: --premature babies (34 to 36 weeks): --liver: 47 mm +/- 5.3, --spleen: 11.5 mm +/- 2.1, --distance between loops and wall: 7.1 mm +/- 1.4. --premature babies (30 to 33 weeks): --liver: 41 mm +/- 4.7, --spleen: 10.4 mm +/- 3.4, --distance between loops and wall: 6.4 mm +/- 1.2. The babies with Rhesus incompatibility had hepatosplenomegaly which was constant in all severe cases but present in only 70% of moderate cases, an increased distance between the digestive loops and the thoracic wall in all severe forms, and in 15% of moderate forms without clinical ascites. Normal radiological images developed after about 5 days for thoracic signs, and between 7 and 10 days for abdominal signs. Complete recovery occurred in all cases, even severe, except one case, where Rhesus incompatibility was the only abnormality. In 22 cases, Rhesus incompatibility was associated with another disorder: in 12 cases a hyaline membrane was present which radically changed the prognosis (8 deaths secondary to this infection out of a total of 12 deaths). Apart from the study of the Rhesus abnormality, a systematic examination of the size of the liver and the spleen, and measurements of the distances between digestive tract loops and thoracic wall in the first thoraco-abdominal radiological image in a premature baby, can be of diagnostic value for intraperitoneal infections and eflusions of the new-born.", "PMID": 573797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10796", "title": "N-Alkyl derivatives of (+/-)-alpha-methyldopamine.", "content": "A series of N-alkylated alpha-methyldopamine derivatives has been prepared for comparison of their biological effects with those of semirigid dopamine congeners derived from 2-aminotetralin systems. All of the alpha-methyldopamine derivatives were inert as dopaminergic agonists in a variety of animal assays, both centrally and peripherally, although certain compounds produced powerful and prolonged locomotor hyperactivity on intra-accumbens injection in mice, by indirect mechanism(s). A rationalization, based upon conformational analysis, is presented for the lack of direct dopaminergic agonist activity of alpha-methyldopamine derivatives.", "contents": "N-Alkyl derivatives of (+/-)-alpha-methyldopamine. A series of N-alkylated alpha-methyldopamine derivatives has been prepared for comparison of their biological effects with those of semirigid dopamine congeners derived from 2-aminotetralin systems. All of the alpha-methyldopamine derivatives were inert as dopaminergic agonists in a variety of animal assays, both centrally and peripherally, although certain compounds produced powerful and prolonged locomotor hyperactivity on intra-accumbens injection in mice, by indirect mechanism(s). A rationalization, based upon conformational analysis, is presented for the lack of direct dopaminergic agonist activity of alpha-methyldopamine derivatives.", "PMID": 573798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10797", "title": "A phenazine analogue of actinomycin D.", "content": "An analogue of actinomycin D (1), in which the phenoxazone chromophore has been replaced by a phenazine, has been synthesized and characterized. Although this compound (2) lacks the 2-amino group and does not possess the quinoid structure of 1, it does bind to DNA, but less tightly than either 1 or the 2-deamino derivative of 1. NMR and CD spectra indicate that the peptide conformations in 2 are approximately as in 1; there was no apparent asymmetry of the two peptide rings. Compound 2 inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in L1210 cell cultures more effectively than does 2-deaminoactinomycin D, but about one-tenth as well as does actinomycin D.", "contents": "A phenazine analogue of actinomycin D. An analogue of actinomycin D (1), in which the phenoxazone chromophore has been replaced by a phenazine, has been synthesized and characterized. Although this compound (2) lacks the 2-amino group and does not possess the quinoid structure of 1, it does bind to DNA, but less tightly than either 1 or the 2-deamino derivative of 1. NMR and CD spectra indicate that the peptide conformations in 2 are approximately as in 1; there was no apparent asymmetry of the two peptide rings. Compound 2 inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in L1210 cell cultures more effectively than does 2-deaminoactinomycin D, but about one-tenth as well as does actinomycin D.", "PMID": 573799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10798", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of potential antimetabolites of L-fucose.", "content": "6-Substituted 6-deoxy-L-galactose (L-fucose) derivatives were synthesized as potential antimetabolites of L-fucose. The cytotoxic effects of these compounds were evaluated on P388 leukemia cells in culture. The L-fucose analogues which showed the most potent growth inhibition were the sulfonyl ester, bromo, and iodo derivatives; since these compounds were all capable of alkylation, it is conceivable that their cytotoxic action is a consequence of this property. In agreement with this interpretation, none of the agents synthesized showed specific inhibition of the incorporation of L-[3H]fucose into glycoprotein.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of potential antimetabolites of L-fucose. 6-Substituted 6-deoxy-L-galactose (L-fucose) derivatives were synthesized as potential antimetabolites of L-fucose. The cytotoxic effects of these compounds were evaluated on P388 leukemia cells in culture. The L-fucose analogues which showed the most potent growth inhibition were the sulfonyl ester, bromo, and iodo derivatives; since these compounds were all capable of alkylation, it is conceivable that their cytotoxic action is a consequence of this property. In agreement with this interpretation, none of the agents synthesized showed specific inhibition of the incorporation of L-[3H]fucose into glycoprotein.", "PMID": 573800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10799", "title": "46,XY/45,X mosaicism in an amniotic fluid cell culture: suppression of abnormal cell line after subcultivation.", "content": "An abnormal cell population, 45,X, appeared in 3 of 4 cell lines established from an amniotic fluid specimen obtained from a normal mid-trimester pregnancy. Two of the cell lines were subjected to repeated chromosome analyses until VII passage. The abnormal cells were suppressed after repeated trypsinisations; simultaneously, fibroblast-like cells outgrew the cultures, which were previously predominated by epithelial-like cells. Polyploidy was found in 0 to 12% of the cells, the highest level existing in the early passages. The question of whether chromosomally abnormal cells present in primary cultures and the early subcultures reflect the karyotype of the fetus is discussed.", "contents": "46,XY/45,X mosaicism in an amniotic fluid cell culture: suppression of abnormal cell line after subcultivation. An abnormal cell population, 45,X, appeared in 3 of 4 cell lines established from an amniotic fluid specimen obtained from a normal mid-trimester pregnancy. Two of the cell lines were subjected to repeated chromosome analyses until VII passage. The abnormal cells were suppressed after repeated trypsinisations; simultaneously, fibroblast-like cells outgrew the cultures, which were previously predominated by epithelial-like cells. Polyploidy was found in 0 to 12% of the cells, the highest level existing in the early passages. The question of whether chromosomally abnormal cells present in primary cultures and the early subcultures reflect the karyotype of the fetus is discussed.", "PMID": 573801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10800", "title": "A study of dielectric membrane breakdown in the Fucus egg.", "content": "Unfertilized eggs and zygotes of the marine brown alga, Fucus serratus, have been subjected to single external electric field pulses of 1 to 1760 musec duration (tau p) and 50 to 400 V field strength (Upcm-1). During exposure, the difference in electric potential across the plasmalemma (Vm) was recorded intracellularly from single eggs, and the efflux of 86Rb+(K+) from the cytoplasm was measured on egg populations. A given single pulse instantaneously depolarizes the plasmalemma by a few (i.e., 6) millivolts and releases a certain fraction (i.e., 5%) of the cytoplasmic 86Rb+(K+). The dependence of these responses upon Up and tau p is fully consistent with the assumption that the membrane undergoes a localized reversible dielectric breakdown and reseals within less than 3 sec. The data are treated in terms of the electro-mechanical model for a compressible membrane by H.G.L. Coster and U. Zimmermann (1975, J. Membrane Biol. 22:73) and verify this model on a nonvacuolated plant cell. A threshold Vm for membrane breakdown (Vc) of 0.58 and 0.51 V is estimated for the turgorless unfertilized eggs and the turgescent (4.8 bar) zygotes, respectively. Using these values for Vc, and a reasonable value of the membrane's elastic modulus (i.e., Ym approximately 10(6) Nm-2), possible sites of membrane breakdown are discussed in terms of membrane thickness and relative permittivity.", "contents": "A study of dielectric membrane breakdown in the Fucus egg. Unfertilized eggs and zygotes of the marine brown alga, Fucus serratus, have been subjected to single external electric field pulses of 1 to 1760 musec duration (tau p) and 50 to 400 V field strength (Upcm-1). During exposure, the difference in electric potential across the plasmalemma (Vm) was recorded intracellularly from single eggs, and the efflux of 86Rb+(K+) from the cytoplasm was measured on egg populations. A given single pulse instantaneously depolarizes the plasmalemma by a few (i.e., 6) millivolts and releases a certain fraction (i.e., 5%) of the cytoplasmic 86Rb+(K+). The dependence of these responses upon Up and tau p is fully consistent with the assumption that the membrane undergoes a localized reversible dielectric breakdown and reseals within less than 3 sec. The data are treated in terms of the electro-mechanical model for a compressible membrane by H.G.L. Coster and U. Zimmermann (1975, J. Membrane Biol. 22:73) and verify this model on a nonvacuolated plant cell. A threshold Vm for membrane breakdown (Vc) of 0.58 and 0.51 V is estimated for the turgorless unfertilized eggs and the turgescent (4.8 bar) zygotes, respectively. Using these values for Vc, and a reasonable value of the membrane's elastic modulus (i.e., Ym approximately 10(6) Nm-2), possible sites of membrane breakdown are discussed in terms of membrane thickness and relative permittivity.", "PMID": 573802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10801", "title": "Recent advances of high voltage electron microscopy in biology.", "content": "Recent advances in the understanding of the structure of biological material made possible by the high voltage electron microscope are reviewed by briefly summarizing some of the more important results obtained in the past few years. The examination of thick sections of selectively stained specimens has continued to be the most widely used approach and has yielded information on the three-dimensional organization of a range of organelles, including the Golgi apparatus, neurofibrils and the transverse tubular system of striated muscle. The alternative method of studying intact cells prepared by critical-point drying is becoming increasingly popular, and has already made a significant contribution in demonstrating the microtrabecular systems within the cytoplasm of cultured cells.", "contents": "Recent advances of high voltage electron microscopy in biology. Recent advances in the understanding of the structure of biological material made possible by the high voltage electron microscope are reviewed by briefly summarizing some of the more important results obtained in the past few years. The examination of thick sections of selectively stained specimens has continued to be the most widely used approach and has yielded information on the three-dimensional organization of a range of organelles, including the Golgi apparatus, neurofibrils and the transverse tubular system of striated muscle. The alternative method of studying intact cells prepared by critical-point drying is becoming increasingly popular, and has already made a significant contribution in demonstrating the microtrabecular systems within the cytoplasm of cultured cells.", "PMID": 573803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10802", "title": "Tularemia pneumonia in Washington, DC. A report of three cases with possible common-source exposures.", "content": "In June 1978, three cases of tularemia pneumonia occurred in persons residing in the Washington, DC, area. The patients, all men, became ill three to four days after a brief session training their hunting dogs in an undeveloped wooded area adjacent to a housing complex. One of the dogs, which later died, had captured a wild rabbit during the training session. All three men had handled the rabbit while familiarizing their dogs with the rabbit's scent. The men had no other common exposure that was a likely source of infection.", "contents": "Tularemia pneumonia in Washington, DC. A report of three cases with possible common-source exposures. In June 1978, three cases of tularemia pneumonia occurred in persons residing in the Washington, DC, area. The patients, all men, became ill three to four days after a brief session training their hunting dogs in an undeveloped wooded area adjacent to a housing complex. One of the dogs, which later died, had captured a wild rabbit during the training session. All three men had handled the rabbit while familiarizing their dogs with the rabbit's scent. The men had no other common exposure that was a likely source of infection.", "PMID": 573806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10803", "title": "[Prevention of stress-induced and hypoxic heart lesions by means of an antioxidant ionol].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on male Wistar rats that activation of peroxidized oxidation of myocardial lipids and accumulation of hydroperoxides in the myocardium comprise the decisive link of the pathogenic chain of stress and hypoxic damages to the heart. Injection of a potent non-toxic antioxidant into the animals before exposure to the stress or hypoxia blocks the activation of peroxidized oxidation and prevents disorder of the contractile function and damage to the heart muscle appraised according to the elimination of enzymes from the myocardial cells.", "contents": "[Prevention of stress-induced and hypoxic heart lesions by means of an antioxidant ionol]. It was shown in experiments on male Wistar rats that activation of peroxidized oxidation of myocardial lipids and accumulation of hydroperoxides in the myocardium comprise the decisive link of the pathogenic chain of stress and hypoxic damages to the heart. Injection of a potent non-toxic antioxidant into the animals before exposure to the stress or hypoxia blocks the activation of peroxidized oxidation and prevents disorder of the contractile function and damage to the heart muscle appraised according to the elimination of enzymes from the myocardial cells.", "PMID": 573812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10804", "title": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the state of higher nervous activity in white rats].", "content": "The effect of a 22-day hypokinesia study on the labyrinthine behavior of white rats was investigated. The test animals showed certain behavioral changes which developed throughout 22 days. However, significant changes occurred only during the first 6--7 days. Later, the changes diminished but retained their trend. It is believed that the behavioral changes are mainly associated with inhibition of the nervous processes of higher cerebral compartments responsible for the higher nervous activity.", "contents": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the state of higher nervous activity in white rats]. The effect of a 22-day hypokinesia study on the labyrinthine behavior of white rats was investigated. The test animals showed certain behavioral changes which developed throughout 22 days. However, significant changes occurred only during the first 6--7 days. Later, the changes diminished but retained their trend. It is believed that the behavioral changes are mainly associated with inhibition of the nervous processes of higher cerebral compartments responsible for the higher nervous activity.", "PMID": 573815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10805", "title": "Ribosome crystallization in homogenates and cell extracts of chick embryos.", "content": "Ribosome microcrystals have been obtained for the first time in homogenates and extracts of chick embryos mainly in the form of P422 stacks that have average linear dimensions some 40% greater than those obtained in vivo.", "contents": "Ribosome crystallization in homogenates and cell extracts of chick embryos. Ribosome microcrystals have been obtained for the first time in homogenates and extracts of chick embryos mainly in the form of P422 stacks that have average linear dimensions some 40% greater than those obtained in vivo.", "PMID": 573827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10806", "title": "The role of temperature in the crystallization of ribosomes in chick embryos.", "content": "The relationship between ribosome crystallization and cell degeneration has been studied in chick embryos at various temperatures, and new methods of inducing ribosome microcrystals are described. A model is discussed that reinterprets the role of low temperatures in these phenomena and provides a unitary explanation of the various cases in which the occurrence of ribosome crystallization in chick embryos has been reported.", "contents": "The role of temperature in the crystallization of ribosomes in chick embryos. The relationship between ribosome crystallization and cell degeneration has been studied in chick embryos at various temperatures, and new methods of inducing ribosome microcrystals are described. A model is discussed that reinterprets the role of low temperatures in these phenomena and provides a unitary explanation of the various cases in which the occurrence of ribosome crystallization in chick embryos has been reported.", "PMID": 573828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10807", "title": "Ribosome crystallization in nuclei of chick embryos.", "content": "Ribosome crystallization within nuclei has been studied in chick embryos with procedures which increase its frequency by various orders of magnitude as compared to previous findings. The extrusion of ribosome microcrystals from nuclei is reported for the first time, and a model for the transfer of ribosomes from nucleus to cytoplasm is proposed.", "contents": "Ribosome crystallization in nuclei of chick embryos. Ribosome crystallization within nuclei has been studied in chick embryos with procedures which increase its frequency by various orders of magnitude as compared to previous findings. The extrusion of ribosome microcrystals from nuclei is reported for the first time, and a model for the transfer of ribosomes from nucleus to cytoplasm is proposed.", "PMID": 573829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10808", "title": "Cardiopathogenicity of soybean oil and tower rapeseed oil triglycerides when fed to male rats.", "content": "The triglycerides of soybean oil were purified by molecular distillation and those of Tower rapeseed oil by molecular distillation and adsorption chromatography. The original oils and the purified triglycerides were incorporated in semisynthetic diets at 20% by weight and fed for 16 weeks to weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats to compare the nutritional and pathological effects of the oils and their triglyceride fractions on rats. The study was carried out at two independent laboratories. No significant differences were observed between the results of the two establishments. The incidence of myocardial lesions was significantly higher in rats fed Tower rapeseed oil than in those fed soybean oil. Purification of the triglycerides by molecular distillation and adsorption chromatography appeared to have no major effect on the incidence of myocardial lesions. This supports our previous findings that the cardiopathogenicity appeared to have no major effect on the incidence of myocardial lesions. This supports our previous findings that the cardiopathogenicity of the test oils to rats resides in the triglycerides of these oils.", "contents": "Cardiopathogenicity of soybean oil and tower rapeseed oil triglycerides when fed to male rats. The triglycerides of soybean oil were purified by molecular distillation and those of Tower rapeseed oil by molecular distillation and adsorption chromatography. The original oils and the purified triglycerides were incorporated in semisynthetic diets at 20% by weight and fed for 16 weeks to weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats to compare the nutritional and pathological effects of the oils and their triglyceride fractions on rats. The study was carried out at two independent laboratories. No significant differences were observed between the results of the two establishments. The incidence of myocardial lesions was significantly higher in rats fed Tower rapeseed oil than in those fed soybean oil. Purification of the triglycerides by molecular distillation and adsorption chromatography appeared to have no major effect on the incidence of myocardial lesions. This supports our previous findings that the cardiopathogenicity appeared to have no major effect on the incidence of myocardial lesions. This supports our previous findings that the cardiopathogenicity of the test oils to rats resides in the triglycerides of these oils.", "PMID": 573839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10809", "title": "Psychopathology in epilepsy and learned helplessness.", "content": "It is proposed that epilepsy is a high psychological risk disorder because persons with epilepsy are vulnerable to the powerful behavioral ramifications of exposure to unpredictable, uncontrollable, aversive events. The most commonly reported psychopathologies in persons with epilepsy parallel those noted in humans and infrahuman organisms subjected to unpredictable/uncontrollable aversive events and it is suggested that Seligman's theory of learned helplessness provides a useful framework for interpreting and predicting psychologic dysfunctions in epilepsy.", "contents": "Psychopathology in epilepsy and learned helplessness. It is proposed that epilepsy is a high psychological risk disorder because persons with epilepsy are vulnerable to the powerful behavioral ramifications of exposure to unpredictable, uncontrollable, aversive events. The most commonly reported psychopathologies in persons with epilepsy parallel those noted in humans and infrahuman organisms subjected to unpredictable/uncontrollable aversive events and it is suggested that Seligman's theory of learned helplessness provides a useful framework for interpreting and predicting psychologic dysfunctions in epilepsy.", "PMID": 573843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10810", "title": "Male pseudohermaphrodite reared as a female.", "content": "A 31-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite has been brought up as a female. The parents had told their child not to discuss the problem of ambiguous genitalia with anyone. As a teenager masculinization had occurred. Chromosome analysis of both peripheral blood and gonadal tissue was 46XY. The internal gonads were testes surrounded by a rim of ovarian stroma. A rudimentary cervix opened into a small vagina, as did the urethra in a valve-like fashion. The phallus was amputated during surgical reconstruction of the external genitalia to create a phenotypic female and the vagina was enlarged. Oestrogen therapy resulted in breast development.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphrodite reared as a female. A 31-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite has been brought up as a female. The parents had told their child not to discuss the problem of ambiguous genitalia with anyone. As a teenager masculinization had occurred. Chromosome analysis of both peripheral blood and gonadal tissue was 46XY. The internal gonads were testes surrounded by a rim of ovarian stroma. A rudimentary cervix opened into a small vagina, as did the urethra in a valve-like fashion. The phallus was amputated during surgical reconstruction of the external genitalia to create a phenotypic female and the vagina was enlarged. Oestrogen therapy resulted in breast development.", "PMID": 573846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10811", "title": "[Urogenital tuberculosis in African (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of nine recent cases of urogenital tuberculosis in Africans with a review of literature. This possible but rare complication must be discovered, although it is a difficult process mainly in rural areas, since tuberculosis may bring about severe urogenital tract damage. Schistosomiasis and unspecific epidimymitis may hide it. Acido-alcoolo-resistant bacillus, detected in urin, must be cultivated on Loewenstein medium to remove contaminants and to confirm tuberculous pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Urogenital tuberculosis in African (author's transl)]. A report of nine recent cases of urogenital tuberculosis in Africans with a review of literature. This possible but rare complication must be discovered, although it is a difficult process mainly in rural areas, since tuberculosis may bring about severe urogenital tract damage. Schistosomiasis and unspecific epidimymitis may hide it. Acido-alcoolo-resistant bacillus, detected in urin, must be cultivated on Loewenstein medium to remove contaminants and to confirm tuberculous pathogenesis.", "PMID": 573841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10812", "title": "[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: non-invasive diagnosis by directional Doppler-ultrasound (author's transl)].", "content": "Directional Doppler-ultrasound has been found to be helpful in detecting disturbances of the left ventricular outflow tract, especially in aortic incompetence. Also in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy characteristic changes of flow in carotid artery have been demonstrated by directional Doppler-ultrasound, similar to those of the carotid pulse curve. These changes lead to diagnosis but usually do not allow an information about the hemodynamic status of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. However, characteristic changes of the flow curve in the subclavian artery -- which are described in this paper -- seem to appear only in severe cases, when an intraventricular gradient was measurable, either at rest or under provocation test. So a combination of two non-invasive methods, echocardiography and directional Doppler-ultrasound of the carotid and the subclavian artery enables us to diagnose hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and at the same time informs us about hemodynamic conditions.", "contents": "[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: non-invasive diagnosis by directional Doppler-ultrasound (author's transl)]. Directional Doppler-ultrasound has been found to be helpful in detecting disturbances of the left ventricular outflow tract, especially in aortic incompetence. Also in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy characteristic changes of flow in carotid artery have been demonstrated by directional Doppler-ultrasound, similar to those of the carotid pulse curve. These changes lead to diagnosis but usually do not allow an information about the hemodynamic status of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. However, characteristic changes of the flow curve in the subclavian artery -- which are described in this paper -- seem to appear only in severe cases, when an intraventricular gradient was measurable, either at rest or under provocation test. So a combination of two non-invasive methods, echocardiography and directional Doppler-ultrasound of the carotid and the subclavian artery enables us to diagnose hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and at the same time informs us about hemodynamic conditions.", "PMID": 573847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10813", "title": "[First alarm symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis in Upper-Volta [author's transl)].", "content": "In order to comply with the W.H.O. recommendations about detection of the sources of tuberculous infection the authors have studied the respective frequency of the main symptoms noticed by the suspects. The two more significant symptoms are: cough of long duration and lost of weight. They strongly indicate a control of spupum which proved to be in these conditions and in developping countries the more effective and less expensive way of detection.", "contents": "[First alarm symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis in Upper-Volta [author's transl)]. In order to comply with the W.H.O. recommendations about detection of the sources of tuberculous infection the authors have studied the respective frequency of the main symptoms noticed by the suspects. The two more significant symptoms are: cough of long duration and lost of weight. They strongly indicate a control of spupum which proved to be in these conditions and in developping countries the more effective and less expensive way of detection.", "PMID": 573840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10814", "title": "The synthesis and secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin by tissue slices from first trimester placentas.", "content": "Placental tissue slices from first trimester placentas synthesize and secrete proteins labeled by radioactive glucosamine are preferentially secreted as compared to proteins in general. One of the proteins synthesized and secreted is hCG. Processing and secretion of proteins, including hCG, by the tissue slices need a two-hour period. Both secretion and glycosylation of the protein can take place independently of protein synthesis. A method was developed for the specific determination of newly synthesized radioactive hCG in placental tissue.", "contents": "The synthesis and secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin by tissue slices from first trimester placentas. Placental tissue slices from first trimester placentas synthesize and secrete proteins labeled by radioactive glucosamine are preferentially secreted as compared to proteins in general. One of the proteins synthesized and secreted is hCG. Processing and secretion of proteins, including hCG, by the tissue slices need a two-hour period. Both secretion and glycosylation of the protein can take place independently of protein synthesis. A method was developed for the specific determination of newly synthesized radioactive hCG in placental tissue.", "PMID": 573852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10815", "title": "The relation between reaction kinetics and mutagenic action of mono-functional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic systems. II. Total and partial sex-chromosome loss in Drosophila.", "content": "In Drosophila the connection between primary alkylation pattern and genetic activity of 8 mono-functional alkylating agents (AA)--ENU, DEN, iPMS, MNU, DMN, EMS, MMS and DMS--was investigated in spermatozoa and spermatids of treated R 1 (2), y B/BS Y y+ males. The induction of ring-X loss, Y-chromosome loss, and Y-rearrangements served as parameters of their effectiveness to produce chromosomal aberrations. (1) The ability to cause chromosomal losses decreased in the sequence MMS = DMS greater than MNU = DMN greater than EMS greater than iPMS greater than ENU = DEN. This ranking is consistent with the sequence in effectiveness in producing translocations. (2) The low frequencies of Y-chromosome rearrangements made any meaningful comparison between the AA impossible. The diagnostic value of such tests is poor, because even at toxic concentrations large numbers of offspring must be scored to obtain statistically significant effects. (3) With MNU, DMN, EMS, MMS and DMS, a time-dependent increase in the frequencies of ring-X losses (\"storage effect\") was found. (4) A stage-by-stage comparison revealed a differential response of spermatozoa and spermatids to these AA. Mature spermatozoa tended to be more resistant to the induction of breaks by MNU, DMN, EMS and MMS. (5) A general observation with all the AA was a reduced rate in survival of X-bearing sperm after treatment with mutagen. There was, however, no apparent quantitative relationship between the shift in the sex ratios observed and the yield of chromosomal aberrations. It is concluded that differences between these AA in their selectivity to numerous nucleophiles of DNA, as expressed by their s values, account for most of the diversity in their genetic effectiveness. The significance for genetic activity of other parameters than the s value appeared from the lower activity of EMS relative to MNU, indicating that methylation was more effective than ethylation in breaking chromosomes.", "contents": "The relation between reaction kinetics and mutagenic action of mono-functional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic systems. II. Total and partial sex-chromosome loss in Drosophila. In Drosophila the connection between primary alkylation pattern and genetic activity of 8 mono-functional alkylating agents (AA)--ENU, DEN, iPMS, MNU, DMN, EMS, MMS and DMS--was investigated in spermatozoa and spermatids of treated R 1 (2), y B/BS Y y+ males. The induction of ring-X loss, Y-chromosome loss, and Y-rearrangements served as parameters of their effectiveness to produce chromosomal aberrations. (1) The ability to cause chromosomal losses decreased in the sequence MMS = DMS greater than MNU = DMN greater than EMS greater than iPMS greater than ENU = DEN. This ranking is consistent with the sequence in effectiveness in producing translocations. (2) The low frequencies of Y-chromosome rearrangements made any meaningful comparison between the AA impossible. The diagnostic value of such tests is poor, because even at toxic concentrations large numbers of offspring must be scored to obtain statistically significant effects. (3) With MNU, DMN, EMS, MMS and DMS, a time-dependent increase in the frequencies of ring-X losses (\"storage effect\") was found. (4) A stage-by-stage comparison revealed a differential response of spermatozoa and spermatids to these AA. Mature spermatozoa tended to be more resistant to the induction of breaks by MNU, DMN, EMS and MMS. (5) A general observation with all the AA was a reduced rate in survival of X-bearing sperm after treatment with mutagen. There was, however, no apparent quantitative relationship between the shift in the sex ratios observed and the yield of chromosomal aberrations. It is concluded that differences between these AA in their selectivity to numerous nucleophiles of DNA, as expressed by their s values, account for most of the diversity in their genetic effectiveness. The significance for genetic activity of other parameters than the s value appeared from the lower activity of EMS relative to MNU, indicating that methylation was more effective than ethylation in breaking chromosomes.", "PMID": 573854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10816", "title": "Occurrence of subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus in Brazil.", "content": "There were described the first three South American cases of subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by B. haptosporus. The patients were children from nearby towns lying just north of 13 degrees latitude S. The diagnosis was based on histopathological aspects plus cultural isolation of the fungus.", "contents": "Occurrence of subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus in Brazil. There were described the first three South American cases of subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by B. haptosporus. The patients were children from nearby towns lying just north of 13 degrees latitude S. The diagnosis was based on histopathological aspects plus cultural isolation of the fungus.", "PMID": 573856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10817", "title": "False morel mushroom Gyromitra esculenta toxin: N-methyl-N-formylhdrazine carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "N-Methyl-N-formylhydrazine was administered in drinking water as a 0.0039% solution to randomly bred Swiss albino mice for life starting from 6 weeks of age. The compound induced tumors of lungs, livers, blood vessels, gall bladder and bile ducts. The tumor incidences in these five tissues were 77, 46, 21, 10 and 7% while in the untreated controls they were 18, 1, 6, 0 and 0% respectively. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs, benign hepatomas and liver cell carcinomas, angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of gall bladder and cholangiomas. The macroscopic and light microscopic involvement of the tissues with the tumors are described and some of them are illustrated. N-Methyl-N-formylhydrazine is an ingredient of the edible mushroom, the false morel Gyromitra esculenta. The findings are discussed from the viewpoint of a potential human health hazard.", "contents": "False morel mushroom Gyromitra esculenta toxin: N-methyl-N-formylhdrazine carcinogenesis in mice. N-Methyl-N-formylhydrazine was administered in drinking water as a 0.0039% solution to randomly bred Swiss albino mice for life starting from 6 weeks of age. The compound induced tumors of lungs, livers, blood vessels, gall bladder and bile ducts. The tumor incidences in these five tissues were 77, 46, 21, 10 and 7% while in the untreated controls they were 18, 1, 6, 0 and 0% respectively. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs, benign hepatomas and liver cell carcinomas, angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of gall bladder and cholangiomas. The macroscopic and light microscopic involvement of the tissues with the tumors are described and some of them are illustrated. N-Methyl-N-formylhydrazine is an ingredient of the edible mushroom, the false morel Gyromitra esculenta. The findings are discussed from the viewpoint of a potential human health hazard.", "PMID": 573857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10818", "title": "A study on gelation of soy bean globulins solutions. Part I. Thermal denaturation conditions corresponding to the maximum shear modulus value of the gel.", "content": "The effect of heating temperature and duration (t = 80--120 degrees C and tau = 10--50 min) on gelation of the soy bean globulins solutions has been studied using the method of mathematical planning of experiment and taking the shear modulus (G) of the gel as an equivalent of the degree of conversion. The G(t, tau) depence has been found to have an only maximum at t = 88 +/- 2 degrees C and tau = 42 +/- 2 min, irrespective of gel concentration values C = 10--18.5 wt. %. Under these conditions, the concentration dependence of shear modulus is described by empirical relation G = alpha . C4.67. These results indicate that there exists a certain physical similarity of gelation mechanism at different values of C.", "contents": "A study on gelation of soy bean globulins solutions. Part I. Thermal denaturation conditions corresponding to the maximum shear modulus value of the gel. The effect of heating temperature and duration (t = 80--120 degrees C and tau = 10--50 min) on gelation of the soy bean globulins solutions has been studied using the method of mathematical planning of experiment and taking the shear modulus (G) of the gel as an equivalent of the degree of conversion. The G(t, tau) depence has been found to have an only maximum at t = 88 +/- 2 degrees C and tau = 42 +/- 2 min, irrespective of gel concentration values C = 10--18.5 wt. %. Under these conditions, the concentration dependence of shear modulus is described by empirical relation G = alpha . C4.67. These results indicate that there exists a certain physical similarity of gelation mechanism at different values of C.", "PMID": 573858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10819", "title": "Changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during preparation of pre-cooked dehdyrated minced meats.", "content": "Changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during preparation of pre-cooked dehydrated minced meats from goat and sheep are reported. Major changes took place during cooking stage only; the changes during dehydration were relatively minor. Addition of EDTA at 500 ppm level significantly reduced the rate of dephosphorylation during curing process. Concentration of free nucleotides and related compounds were very low in commercially prepared accelerated freeze dried meat chunks.", "contents": "Changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during preparation of pre-cooked dehdyrated minced meats. Changes in free nucleotides, nucleosides and bases during preparation of pre-cooked dehydrated minced meats from goat and sheep are reported. Major changes took place during cooking stage only; the changes during dehydration were relatively minor. Addition of EDTA at 500 ppm level significantly reduced the rate of dephosphorylation during curing process. Concentration of free nucleotides and related compounds were very low in commercially prepared accelerated freeze dried meat chunks.", "PMID": 573859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10820", "title": "[Square-wave polarographic determination of tin in products of the food processing industry].", "content": "A square-wave polarographic method suitable for measuring tin in canned products and raw materials for food industry was examined. After wet digestion of the sample tin was directly determined from the acidic stock solution gained. If 10 ml of the stock solution was equivalent to 1 g sample,--varying sensitivity of the instrument--tin could be determined in the range of 5 micrograms/g--400 micrograms/g with +/- 5% relative error. By increasing sensitivity of the instrument this range could be extended to as little as 0,5 micrograms tin/g sample. The optimal quantity of hydrochloric acid to be added to the sulphuric acid solution of the digested sample before the instrumental measurement was determined by means of model solutions. Examinations concerning interference of lead were also performed. It is established, that if the ratio of Sn/Pb is at least 4/1, lead does not interfere with the polarographic tin determination. If the ratio of Sn/Pb is 2/1 or 1/1 tin content can be calculated after measuring the height of the peak of lead in sulphuric acid electrolyte. The method was applied for several canned products and comparative tests were performed with the spectrophotometric method given in the Hungarian standard MSZ 3612/7-77.", "contents": "[Square-wave polarographic determination of tin in products of the food processing industry]. A square-wave polarographic method suitable for measuring tin in canned products and raw materials for food industry was examined. After wet digestion of the sample tin was directly determined from the acidic stock solution gained. If 10 ml of the stock solution was equivalent to 1 g sample,--varying sensitivity of the instrument--tin could be determined in the range of 5 micrograms/g--400 micrograms/g with +/- 5% relative error. By increasing sensitivity of the instrument this range could be extended to as little as 0,5 micrograms tin/g sample. The optimal quantity of hydrochloric acid to be added to the sulphuric acid solution of the digested sample before the instrumental measurement was determined by means of model solutions. Examinations concerning interference of lead were also performed. It is established, that if the ratio of Sn/Pb is at least 4/1, lead does not interfere with the polarographic tin determination. If the ratio of Sn/Pb is 2/1 or 1/1 tin content can be calculated after measuring the height of the peak of lead in sulphuric acid electrolyte. The method was applied for several canned products and comparative tests were performed with the spectrophotometric method given in the Hungarian standard MSZ 3612/7-77.", "PMID": 573860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10821", "title": "Perception of illusory movement.", "content": "Intensive studies of visual illusion have rarely shown examples of polymorphic responses. We show here that, using figures consisting of stripes shaded from dark to light, arranged in repeating sectors, an illusion of movement can be induced in about 75% of observers when viewed peripherally. The responses of the viewers fall into four categories. This polymorphic response suggests a genetic origin.", "contents": "Perception of illusory movement. Intensive studies of visual illusion have rarely shown examples of polymorphic responses. We show here that, using figures consisting of stripes shaded from dark to light, arranged in repeating sectors, an illusion of movement can be induced in about 75% of observers when viewed peripherally. The responses of the viewers fall into four categories. This polymorphic response suggests a genetic origin.", "PMID": 573864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10822", "title": "The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic sites on spontaneous motor behaviour, and amphetamine-induced stereotypy.", "content": "5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi, or substantia nigra, resulted in a twofold increase in spontaneous locomotor activity. Striatal 5HT depletion also raised basal activity levels, as well as increasing rearing behaviour in an open field. The sterotyped responses to all doses of amphetamine tested (2.5--10 mg/kg, i.p.) were enhanced by lesions of the nucleus accumbens or substantia nigra. Striatal lesions only affected the response to the lowest dose of amphetamine. Lesions of the tuberculum olfactorium were without effect on spontaneous or amphetamine induced responses. The results support the concept of a modulatory 5HT influence on nigro-striatal function, and suggest that 5HT in the nucleus accumbens has an antagonistic role with respect to dopamine function in this site.", "contents": "The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic sites on spontaneous motor behaviour, and amphetamine-induced stereotypy. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi, or substantia nigra, resulted in a twofold increase in spontaneous locomotor activity. Striatal 5HT depletion also raised basal activity levels, as well as increasing rearing behaviour in an open field. The sterotyped responses to all doses of amphetamine tested (2.5--10 mg/kg, i.p.) were enhanced by lesions of the nucleus accumbens or substantia nigra. Striatal lesions only affected the response to the lowest dose of amphetamine. Lesions of the tuberculum olfactorium were without effect on spontaneous or amphetamine induced responses. The results support the concept of a modulatory 5HT influence on nigro-striatal function, and suggest that 5HT in the nucleus accumbens has an antagonistic role with respect to dopamine function in this site.", "PMID": 573866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10823", "title": "Insulin withdrawal impairs sexual receptivity and retention of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors in diabetic rats.", "content": "Acute withdrawal of exogenous insulin significantly impairs estradiol and progesterone-induced sexual receptivity and retention of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors in ovariectomized (OVX), streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Insulin withdrawal for 18--24 h of a 24 h estradiol benzoate (EB)-conditioning period resulted in significant reductions in mean lordosis ratings. Omission of insulin for any 12 h period during EB conditioning was without effect on sexual receptivity. 24 h insulin deprivation resulted in a signficant reduction of cell nuclear estrogen receptor levels in hypothalamus-preoptic area of rats sacrificed 26 h after EB administration. Withdrawal of insulin during the middle 12 h of conditioning had no significant effect on the quantities of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that decreased cell nuclear binding of estradiol by neural target tissues may contribute to the reproductive dysfunctions of diabetics.", "contents": "Insulin withdrawal impairs sexual receptivity and retention of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors in diabetic rats. Acute withdrawal of exogenous insulin significantly impairs estradiol and progesterone-induced sexual receptivity and retention of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors in ovariectomized (OVX), streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Insulin withdrawal for 18--24 h of a 24 h estradiol benzoate (EB)-conditioning period resulted in significant reductions in mean lordosis ratings. Omission of insulin for any 12 h period during EB conditioning was without effect on sexual receptivity. 24 h insulin deprivation resulted in a signficant reduction of cell nuclear estrogen receptor levels in hypothalamus-preoptic area of rats sacrificed 26 h after EB administration. Withdrawal of insulin during the middle 12 h of conditioning had no significant effect on the quantities of brain cell nuclear estrogen receptors. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that decreased cell nuclear binding of estradiol by neural target tissues may contribute to the reproductive dysfunctions of diabetics.", "PMID": 573868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10824", "title": "[Characteristics of the uptake of precursors into the developing egg of Nereis virens Sars].", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-cytidine, 3H-adenine and 3H-glycine in the egg prior to insemination, as well as during the period from insemination up to 16 blastomeres, was investigated in a polychaete Nereis virens. The above compounds were shown to accumulate in the egg against the concentration gradient. Following the insemination the egg permeability falls sharply. This phenomenon coincides in time with the massive transport of substances from the egg resulting in the formation of gelatinous envelope. Within 2 hrs following the insemination, the egg permeability is restored up to the initial level. During the first four cleavage divisions, the activity of transport of the above substances suffers periodical changes, the maximum level of transport being timed to telo- and early interphase.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the uptake of precursors into the developing egg of Nereis virens Sars]. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-cytidine, 3H-adenine and 3H-glycine in the egg prior to insemination, as well as during the period from insemination up to 16 blastomeres, was investigated in a polychaete Nereis virens. The above compounds were shown to accumulate in the egg against the concentration gradient. Following the insemination the egg permeability falls sharply. This phenomenon coincides in time with the massive transport of substances from the egg resulting in the formation of gelatinous envelope. Within 2 hrs following the insemination, the egg permeability is restored up to the initial level. During the first four cleavage divisions, the activity of transport of the above substances suffers periodical changes, the maximum level of transport being timed to telo- and early interphase.", "PMID": 573877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10825", "title": "[Reactivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal complex of adult rats after the administration of hydrocortisone to their mothers during pregnancy].", "content": "The effect of single and repeated injection of hydrocortisone to rats during the last week of pregnancy on the reactivity of the hypothalamic-hypophysial-suprarenal complex of their adult descendants was studied. The reaction of hypophysial-suprarenal system of the adult rats to an amotional stressor and injection of norepinephrine in the brain lateral vesicle was shown to decrease. Under similar experimental conditions the reaction to ether and combined stressors, as well as to intraventricular injection of 5-HT or carbocholine resembled that in the control animals. It is suggested that hydrocortisone injected during the prenatal period exerts, to a certain extent, the selective influence on the central adrenergic mechanisms the changes in which may serve as one of the causes of decrease in emotional reactivity of adult animals.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal complex of adult rats after the administration of hydrocortisone to their mothers during pregnancy]. The effect of single and repeated injection of hydrocortisone to rats during the last week of pregnancy on the reactivity of the hypothalamic-hypophysial-suprarenal complex of their adult descendants was studied. The reaction of hypophysial-suprarenal system of the adult rats to an amotional stressor and injection of norepinephrine in the brain lateral vesicle was shown to decrease. Under similar experimental conditions the reaction to ether and combined stressors, as well as to intraventricular injection of 5-HT or carbocholine resembled that in the control animals. It is suggested that hydrocortisone injected during the prenatal period exerts, to a certain extent, the selective influence on the central adrenergic mechanisms the changes in which may serve as one of the causes of decrease in emotional reactivity of adult animals.", "PMID": 573878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10826", "title": "Elevated free testosterone in an obese, hirsute premenarchial girl: effects of norethynodrel and mestranol.", "content": "An 11-year-old premenarchial girl who demonstrated the clinical and biochemical abnormalities of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome is reported. Although the concentration of total circulating testosterone was within normal limits, levels of free testosterone and testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (12.9 to 22.7 pg/ml and 7.9 to 11 X 10(-9) moles/liter, respectively) were markedly different from those of prepubertal girls (1.1 +/- 0.9 pg/ml and 102 +/- 27 X 10%-9) moles/liter, mean +/- 1 SD) and normal women (4.3 +/- 1.2 pg/ml and 82 +/- 30 X 10(-9) moles/liter). Luteinizing hormone but not follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations were increased. In the absence of abnormal adrenal steroid excretion or response to dexamethasone suppression and with a clear biochemical response to oral contraceptives (decreased levels of luteinizing hormone and free testosterone and increased concentrations of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin), this patient closely resembles older individuals with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Therefore, the measurement of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin and free testosterone may be useful in the laboratory evaluation of any adolescent girl in whom no other cause for hirsutism can be identified.", "contents": "Elevated free testosterone in an obese, hirsute premenarchial girl: effects of norethynodrel and mestranol. An 11-year-old premenarchial girl who demonstrated the clinical and biochemical abnormalities of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome is reported. Although the concentration of total circulating testosterone was within normal limits, levels of free testosterone and testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (12.9 to 22.7 pg/ml and 7.9 to 11 X 10(-9) moles/liter, respectively) were markedly different from those of prepubertal girls (1.1 +/- 0.9 pg/ml and 102 +/- 27 X 10%-9) moles/liter, mean +/- 1 SD) and normal women (4.3 +/- 1.2 pg/ml and 82 +/- 30 X 10(-9) moles/liter). Luteinizing hormone but not follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations were increased. In the absence of abnormal adrenal steroid excretion or response to dexamethasone suppression and with a clear biochemical response to oral contraceptives (decreased levels of luteinizing hormone and free testosterone and increased concentrations of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin), this patient closely resembles older individuals with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Therefore, the measurement of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin and free testosterone may be useful in the laboratory evaluation of any adolescent girl in whom no other cause for hirsutism can be identified.", "PMID": 573879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10827", "title": "Factors affecting perceptual functioning and activity in albino rats.", "content": "The effects of crowding and estrus cycling upon visual observing behavior and general activity level in the albino rat were investigated. Experimental groups were composed of non-estrus or estrus females and were subjected to one of three different crowding conditions. Measures of the frequency and duration of observing of photographic slides were taken as well as a measure of general activity. Slides were composed of either geometric patterns or color photographs depicting rats in various social postures. Contrary to previous reports, observing measures did not vary with levels of crowding or stage of estrus. There were, however, differences among the various crowded conditions on a measure of general activity. Relatively short-term crowding was shown to affect estrus based cyclical variation in activity and observing.", "contents": "Factors affecting perceptual functioning and activity in albino rats. The effects of crowding and estrus cycling upon visual observing behavior and general activity level in the albino rat were investigated. Experimental groups were composed of non-estrus or estrus females and were subjected to one of three different crowding conditions. Measures of the frequency and duration of observing of photographic slides were taken as well as a measure of general activity. Slides were composed of either geometric patterns or color photographs depicting rats in various social postures. Contrary to previous reports, observing measures did not vary with levels of crowding or stage of estrus. There were, however, differences among the various crowded conditions on a measure of general activity. Relatively short-term crowding was shown to affect estrus based cyclical variation in activity and observing.", "PMID": 573880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10828", "title": "A syndrome with lack of udder developments in a high-yielding Jersey herd.", "content": "A syndrome with lack of udder development in a high-yielding jersey herd is described. The syndrome first appeared in the herd about 10 years ago. To try to elucidate this syndrome the endocrine pattern visualized by serum estrogen (Fig. 1) and progesterone (Fig. 2) levels was followed in 12 parturient cows. One case of typical lack of udder development appeared and was followed up by slaughter and pathological and histological examinations (Fig. 3 and 4). Pedigree investigations indicated that genetics could be involved in the syndrome. The endocrine pattern observed combined with the lack of udder development seems to indicate a complex disorder in the hormonal regulation which trigger the maternal preparation and initiation of parturition.", "contents": "A syndrome with lack of udder developments in a high-yielding Jersey herd. A syndrome with lack of udder development in a high-yielding jersey herd is described. The syndrome first appeared in the herd about 10 years ago. To try to elucidate this syndrome the endocrine pattern visualized by serum estrogen (Fig. 1) and progesterone (Fig. 2) levels was followed in 12 parturient cows. One case of typical lack of udder development appeared and was followed up by slaughter and pathological and histological examinations (Fig. 3 and 4). Pedigree investigations indicated that genetics could be involved in the syndrome. The endocrine pattern observed combined with the lack of udder development seems to indicate a complex disorder in the hormonal regulation which trigger the maternal preparation and initiation of parturition.", "PMID": 573882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10829", "title": "[Ankylosing spondylitis in monozygous twins. Study of HLA complex (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of HLA complex (HLA A, B, C, DRw, Bf, chiddo) in monozygous twins suffering from ankylosing spondylitis with different clinical courses. All the markers studied were identified. The results would tend to suggest that hereditary factors are not alone responsible in the course of ankylosing spondylitis. Furthermore, they are not the sole causative factor of the disease since the literature contains reports of discordant pairs of twins.", "contents": "[Ankylosing spondylitis in monozygous twins. Study of HLA complex (author's transl)]. A study of HLA complex (HLA A, B, C, DRw, Bf, chiddo) in monozygous twins suffering from ankylosing spondylitis with different clinical courses. All the markers studied were identified. The results would tend to suggest that hereditary factors are not alone responsible in the course of ankylosing spondylitis. Furthermore, they are not the sole causative factor of the disease since the literature contains reports of discordant pairs of twins.", "PMID": 573884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10830", "title": "[Detection of platelet antibodies in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "The amount of IgG present on the surface of platelets (platelet-bound IgG, or PBIgG) was measured using a quantitative antiglobulin consumption assay developed by Dixon et al. (1975). Normal platelets or platelets from patients with thrombocytopenia due to a decreased production had less than 10 X 10(-15) g of IgG/platelet. Studied were 364 blood samples drawn from 196 patients; 173 patients had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; 65 (93 %) of 70 in the acute phase of their disease had elevated PBIgG (values up to 100 times greater than the normal); 98 (76.5 %) of 128 blood samples from patients during a chronic phase had abnormally high PBIgG but the levels of IgG were generally lower than those observed in the acute phase; 75 (75 %) of 100 samples from patients in remission did not have pathologically increased PBIgG. Usually when the platelet count improved (after prednisone therapy or after splenectomy), PBIgG decreased. The PBIgG determination was not useful for predicting the response to prednisone therapy or the further evolution of the disease, except when PGIgG remained elevated after high-dose prednisone therapy; this generally implied a poor prognosis. PBIgG have also been found elevated in other diseases such as lupus erythematosus and in one case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This assay may be of a great clinical interest, especially for the diagnosis of ITP.", "contents": "[Detection of platelet antibodies in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)]. The amount of IgG present on the surface of platelets (platelet-bound IgG, or PBIgG) was measured using a quantitative antiglobulin consumption assay developed by Dixon et al. (1975). Normal platelets or platelets from patients with thrombocytopenia due to a decreased production had less than 10 X 10(-15) g of IgG/platelet. Studied were 364 blood samples drawn from 196 patients; 173 patients had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; 65 (93 %) of 70 in the acute phase of their disease had elevated PBIgG (values up to 100 times greater than the normal); 98 (76.5 %) of 128 blood samples from patients during a chronic phase had abnormally high PBIgG but the levels of IgG were generally lower than those observed in the acute phase; 75 (75 %) of 100 samples from patients in remission did not have pathologically increased PBIgG. Usually when the platelet count improved (after prednisone therapy or after splenectomy), PBIgG decreased. The PBIgG determination was not useful for predicting the response to prednisone therapy or the further evolution of the disease, except when PGIgG remained elevated after high-dose prednisone therapy; this generally implied a poor prognosis. PBIgG have also been found elevated in other diseases such as lupus erythematosus and in one case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This assay may be of a great clinical interest, especially for the diagnosis of ITP.", "PMID": 573887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10831", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of the messenger RNA for cell fibronectin.", "content": "Fibronectin mRNA has been partially purified by guanidine extraction, oligo-(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. We obtain a fraction which programs a wheat germ in vitro translation system to synthesize a polypeptide species which co-electrophoreses with fibronectin in SDS-polyacrylamide gels and which is immunoprecipitated with affinity purified fibronectin-specific IgG. Analysis of this RNA fraction by methyl mercury hydroxide-agarose gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of a band accounting for 30 percent to 50 percent of the ethidium bromide-staining material in the fraction. The RNA of this band has an estimated molecular weight of about 3 million daltons and is greatly reduced in the corresponding RNA fraction from RSV transformed CEF. This RNA has been tentatively identified as fibronectin mRNA.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of the messenger RNA for cell fibronectin. Fibronectin mRNA has been partially purified by guanidine extraction, oligo-(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. We obtain a fraction which programs a wheat germ in vitro translation system to synthesize a polypeptide species which co-electrophoreses with fibronectin in SDS-polyacrylamide gels and which is immunoprecipitated with affinity purified fibronectin-specific IgG. Analysis of this RNA fraction by methyl mercury hydroxide-agarose gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of a band accounting for 30 percent to 50 percent of the ethidium bromide-staining material in the fraction. The RNA of this band has an estimated molecular weight of about 3 million daltons and is greatly reduced in the corresponding RNA fraction from RSV transformed CEF. This RNA has been tentatively identified as fibronectin mRNA.", "PMID": 573888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10832", "title": "Identification of procollagen mRNAs transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper from formaldehyde agarose gels.", "content": "Poly A containing RNA isolated from embryonic chick calvaria was transferred from 6% formaldehyde 0.75% agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper and the paper then hybridized to either nick translated pro alpha 1 collagen cDNA clones, pCg1 or pCg54, or to the nick translated pro alpha 2 collagen cDNA clone, pCg45. From the mobilities of the bands hybridizing most strongly to each, pro alpha 2 collagen mRNA was shown to be slightly larger than pro alpha 1 mRNA; they are 5100 and 4900 nucleotides long respectively. pCg54 also hybridized weakly to two bands of lower mobility, corresponding to RNAs 6.4 and 5.6 kb long. Neither pCg54 nor pCg45 hybridized to type II procollagen mRNA in poly A containing RNA isolated from embryonic chick sterna.", "contents": "Identification of procollagen mRNAs transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper from formaldehyde agarose gels. Poly A containing RNA isolated from embryonic chick calvaria was transferred from 6% formaldehyde 0.75% agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper and the paper then hybridized to either nick translated pro alpha 1 collagen cDNA clones, pCg1 or pCg54, or to the nick translated pro alpha 2 collagen cDNA clone, pCg45. From the mobilities of the bands hybridizing most strongly to each, pro alpha 2 collagen mRNA was shown to be slightly larger than pro alpha 1 mRNA; they are 5100 and 4900 nucleotides long respectively. pCg54 also hybridized weakly to two bands of lower mobility, corresponding to RNAs 6.4 and 5.6 kb long. Neither pCg54 nor pCg45 hybridized to type II procollagen mRNA in poly A containing RNA isolated from embryonic chick sterna.", "PMID": 573889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10833", "title": "Cloning of soybean leghemoglobin structural gene sequences synthesized in vitro.", "content": "Double-stranded soybean leghemoglobin DNA was synthesized from leghemoglobin mRNA isolated from soybean nodules. The dsDNA was inserted into the Bam H1 site of plasmid pBR322 using the poly-dAT-joiner method. A cloned DNA fragment of one recombinant plasmid was isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion. The restriction cleavage map and the DNA sequence of a selected part of the inserted DNA are in complete accordance with the amino-acid sequence of soybean leghemoglobin.", "contents": "Cloning of soybean leghemoglobin structural gene sequences synthesized in vitro. Double-stranded soybean leghemoglobin DNA was synthesized from leghemoglobin mRNA isolated from soybean nodules. The dsDNA was inserted into the Bam H1 site of plasmid pBR322 using the poly-dAT-joiner method. A cloned DNA fragment of one recombinant plasmid was isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion. The restriction cleavage map and the DNA sequence of a selected part of the inserted DNA are in complete accordance with the amino-acid sequence of soybean leghemoglobin.", "PMID": 573890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10834", "title": "Interaction of DNA with a porphyrin ligand: evidence for intercalation.", "content": "The porphyrin photosensitizer, meso-Tetra (4-N-methylpyridyl) porphine tetraperchlorate binds to calf thymus DNA by intercalation and by external electrostatic association. This was concluded from the results of measruements involving Scatchard analysis, viscometry, thermal denaturation, and circular dichroism.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA with a porphyrin ligand: evidence for intercalation. The porphyrin photosensitizer, meso-Tetra (4-N-methylpyridyl) porphine tetraperchlorate binds to calf thymus DNA by intercalation and by external electrostatic association. This was concluded from the results of measruements involving Scatchard analysis, viscometry, thermal denaturation, and circular dichroism.", "PMID": 573891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10835", "title": "Intercalative binding to DNA of antitumour drugs derived from 3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic acid.", "content": "Two new antitumour drugs, imide derivatives of 3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic acid having different basic side chains linked to the imide nitrogen, have been shown to bind to double-helical DNA by intercalation. At ionic strength 0.01 mol/litre, pH 7, their intrinsic association constants are about 1.45 x 10(5) M-1 and each bound ligand molecule occludes about 3.4 nucleotides of the DNA lattice. They remove and reverse the supercoiling of closed circular duplex PM2 DNA with apparent unwinding angles of 11-12 degrees per bound drug molecule, referred to an assumed unwinding angle of 26 degrees for ethidium. They increase the viscosity of sonicated rod-like DNA fragments, each bound drug molecule producing a calculated increment in length of 2.2 - 2.5 A. No important differences between the DNA-binding characteristics of the two drugs were detected, though one appears marginally more active than the other in certain biological tests.", "contents": "Intercalative binding to DNA of antitumour drugs derived from 3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic acid. Two new antitumour drugs, imide derivatives of 3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic acid having different basic side chains linked to the imide nitrogen, have been shown to bind to double-helical DNA by intercalation. At ionic strength 0.01 mol/litre, pH 7, their intrinsic association constants are about 1.45 x 10(5) M-1 and each bound ligand molecule occludes about 3.4 nucleotides of the DNA lattice. They remove and reverse the supercoiling of closed circular duplex PM2 DNA with apparent unwinding angles of 11-12 degrees per bound drug molecule, referred to an assumed unwinding angle of 26 degrees for ethidium. They increase the viscosity of sonicated rod-like DNA fragments, each bound drug molecule producing a calculated increment in length of 2.2 - 2.5 A. No important differences between the DNA-binding characteristics of the two drugs were detected, though one appears marginally more active than the other in certain biological tests.", "PMID": 573892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10836", "title": "Retrograde amnesia in chicks and mice induced by 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline, a proline analog.", "content": "L-proline induces retroactive amnesia without causing brain seizures or isoelectric activity. 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline, a proline analog containing a double-bond in the 5-membered ring, has similar effects at a smaller dose. Three experiments describe the amnestic qualities of 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline in a chick memory paradigm, the retrograde quality of this amnesia, and its existence in a mammalian (mouse) preparation. Finally, EEG records show that chicks injected with amnestic doses of 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline do not exhibit seizure spiking or abnormal electrical activity.", "contents": "Retrograde amnesia in chicks and mice induced by 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline, a proline analog. L-proline induces retroactive amnesia without causing brain seizures or isoelectric activity. 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline, a proline analog containing a double-bond in the 5-membered ring, has similar effects at a smaller dose. Three experiments describe the amnestic qualities of 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline in a chick memory paradigm, the retrograde quality of this amnesia, and its existence in a mammalian (mouse) preparation. Finally, EEG records show that chicks injected with amnestic doses of 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline do not exhibit seizure spiking or abnormal electrical activity.", "PMID": 573897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10837", "title": "The effect of aspartic acid on the intensity of physical dependence in morphine dependent mice.", "content": "The mice (Balb/C strain) given 2% aspartic acid in 5% saccharose solution or only saccharose solution (p. os) starting 12 hr before the sc morphine pellet implantation until the removal of pellet were rendered physically morphine dependent. During the development of morphine dependence and after the removal of pellets (on 3-d day) spontaneous motor activity and analgesic threshold were measured as reliable abrupt withdrawal signs. Aspartic acid prevented to some extent the appearance of symptoms of physical morphine dependence.", "contents": "The effect of aspartic acid on the intensity of physical dependence in morphine dependent mice. The mice (Balb/C strain) given 2% aspartic acid in 5% saccharose solution or only saccharose solution (p. os) starting 12 hr before the sc morphine pellet implantation until the removal of pellet were rendered physically morphine dependent. During the development of morphine dependence and after the removal of pellets (on 3-d day) spontaneous motor activity and analgesic threshold were measured as reliable abrupt withdrawal signs. Aspartic acid prevented to some extent the appearance of symptoms of physical morphine dependence.", "PMID": 573893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10838", "title": "Effects of lithium chloride injections on rank-related fighting, maternal aggression and locust-killing responses in naive and experienced 'TO' strain mice.", "content": "Three experiments investigated lithium chloride's (LiCl) effects on three forms of aggression in male 'TO' strain mice. Models of aggression investigated, included attack by preisolated males on male conspecifics (rank-related or intermale fighting), attack by lactating females on male intruders (maternal aggression) and the locust-killing response (a form of predatory aggression?) In the first study, injections of naive male mice with 0.2 and 0.4 mEq of LiCl resulted in marked declines in rank-related fighting. The effects of this treatment on locust killing could not be assessed, as this activity was already at a low incidennce in controls. In a second experiment, LiCl injection had little influence on the locust-killing response in selected, experienced male killer mice. As in Experiment 1, rank-related fighting was suppressed by this treatment. The third experiment revealed that LiCl injections did not influence either maternal aggression or locust killing in naive females and predatory aggression in experienced-killer females. These results provide further support for the contention that these three behaviors have very different physiological bases. The data suggests that one should be cautious when extrapolating between different models of aggression even within the same species.", "contents": "Effects of lithium chloride injections on rank-related fighting, maternal aggression and locust-killing responses in naive and experienced 'TO' strain mice. Three experiments investigated lithium chloride's (LiCl) effects on three forms of aggression in male 'TO' strain mice. Models of aggression investigated, included attack by preisolated males on male conspecifics (rank-related or intermale fighting), attack by lactating females on male intruders (maternal aggression) and the locust-killing response (a form of predatory aggression?) In the first study, injections of naive male mice with 0.2 and 0.4 mEq of LiCl resulted in marked declines in rank-related fighting. The effects of this treatment on locust killing could not be assessed, as this activity was already at a low incidennce in controls. In a second experiment, LiCl injection had little influence on the locust-killing response in selected, experienced male killer mice. As in Experiment 1, rank-related fighting was suppressed by this treatment. The third experiment revealed that LiCl injections did not influence either maternal aggression or locust killing in naive females and predatory aggression in experienced-killer females. These results provide further support for the contention that these three behaviors have very different physiological bases. The data suggests that one should be cautious when extrapolating between different models of aggression even within the same species.", "PMID": 573898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10839", "title": "Determination of the role of serotonergic and cholinergic systems in apomorphine--induced aggressiveness in rats.", "content": "Aggressive behavior was produced in rats by administration of apomorphine (APO) 20 mg/kg ip. Serotonin (5-HT) agonists, L-tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan and a MAO inhibitor, pargyline, suppressed the APO-induced aggressiveness. However, cyproheptadine was the only one of four 5-HT antagonists used which potentiated the aggressive behavior. Cyproheptadine, metergoline and PCPA released aggressiveness in rats pretreated with a subthreshold dose of APO. Cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, oxytremorine and physostigmine) completely blocked APO induced aggressiveness while cholinolytics (atropine and scopolamine) partially suppressed the inhibiting effect of pilocarpine on aggressive behavior. The results obtained suggest the existence of an interaction between serotonergic, cholinergic systems and dopaminergic system in apomorphine-induced aggressiveness in rats.", "contents": "Determination of the role of serotonergic and cholinergic systems in apomorphine--induced aggressiveness in rats. Aggressive behavior was produced in rats by administration of apomorphine (APO) 20 mg/kg ip. Serotonin (5-HT) agonists, L-tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan and a MAO inhibitor, pargyline, suppressed the APO-induced aggressiveness. However, cyproheptadine was the only one of four 5-HT antagonists used which potentiated the aggressive behavior. Cyproheptadine, metergoline and PCPA released aggressiveness in rats pretreated with a subthreshold dose of APO. Cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, oxytremorine and physostigmine) completely blocked APO induced aggressiveness while cholinolytics (atropine and scopolamine) partially suppressed the inhibiting effect of pilocarpine on aggressive behavior. The results obtained suggest the existence of an interaction between serotonergic, cholinergic systems and dopaminergic system in apomorphine-induced aggressiveness in rats.", "PMID": 573894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10840", "title": "[Determination of the content of specific estrogen-binding protein in the rat liver cytosol].", "content": "A method of quantitative determination of the areas of binding of a peculiar estrogen-binding protein (PEBP) in the cytosol of the rat liver by means of ion-exchange sorption on DEAE-cellulose is suggested. For differential determination of the PEBP contribution to the total estradiol (E2) binding with cytosol proteins a unique capacity of PEBP to form complexes with 3H-E2, which were rapidly decomposed on addition of an excess of unlabeled E2, was used. Theoretical prerequisites and experimental substantiation of the suggested method of the PEBP testing are considered. The content of the binding PEBP areas in the cytosol of the liver of male rats, measured by the mentioned method, constituted (5.8 +/- 0.7).10(-12) mol per 1 mg of protein (M +/- m, according to the data of 18 determinations). No analogous areas of E2 binding were revealed in the cytosol of the liver in female rats. It was also demonstrated that the cytosol of the liver of male rats contained specific areas of testosterone (T) binding,  forming highly labile complexes with 3H-T, rapidly decomposing in the presence of an excess of T and E2.", "contents": "[Determination of the content of specific estrogen-binding protein in the rat liver cytosol]. A method of quantitative determination of the areas of binding of a peculiar estrogen-binding protein (PEBP) in the cytosol of the rat liver by means of ion-exchange sorption on DEAE-cellulose is suggested. For differential determination of the PEBP contribution to the total estradiol (E2) binding with cytosol proteins a unique capacity of PEBP to form complexes with 3H-E2, which were rapidly decomposed on addition of an excess of unlabeled E2, was used. Theoretical prerequisites and experimental substantiation of the suggested method of the PEBP testing are considered. The content of the binding PEBP areas in the cytosol of the liver of male rats, measured by the mentioned method, constituted (5.8 +/- 0.7).10(-12) mol per 1 mg of protein (M +/- m, according to the data of 18 determinations). No analogous areas of E2 binding were revealed in the cytosol of the liver in female rats. It was also demonstrated that the cytosol of the liver of male rats contained specific areas of testosterone (T) binding,  forming highly labile complexes with 3H-T, rapidly decomposing in the presence of an excess of T and E2.", "PMID": 573895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10841", "title": "Distribution, survival and biological effects in mice of a behaviorally active, enzymatically stable peptide: pharmacokinetics of cyclo(Leu-Gly) and puromycin-induced amnesia.", "content": "Cyclo(Leu-Gly), the enzymatically resistant diketopiperazine formally derived from the C-terminal dipeptide sequence of oxytocin, exhibits activity in several behavioral systems. The distribution of cyclo(Leu-14C(U)Gly) in brain, and the time course of the disappearance of this labeled peptide from brain and plasma after subcutaneous injection into mice have been studied. The intact peptide was distributed equally in the five cerebral areas studied, for up to 96 hours after injection. Two exponential components were determined for peptide disappearance rates in plasma and brain; peptide half-lives in plasma up to 10 hr and from 24--96 hr after injection were, respectively, 0.8 and 33 hr; in brain, 1.0 and 42 hr. The peptide was found to accumulate in brain intracellular space to some degree. The time course of distribution of labeled cyclo(Leu-Gly) in subcellular fractions of mouse brain was also examined, and the concentration of peptide in the synaptosomal fraction was significantly correlated with the degree of protection against puromycin-induced amnesia of a maze-learning test. The results obtained not only confirm that cyclo(Leu-Gly) penetrates brain tissue intact and remains intact after peripheral administration in order to exert its behavioral effects, but, moreover, suggest an intriguing dynamic relationship between peptide concentration in the synaptosomal fraction and behavioral activity.", "contents": "Distribution, survival and biological effects in mice of a behaviorally active, enzymatically stable peptide: pharmacokinetics of cyclo(Leu-Gly) and puromycin-induced amnesia. Cyclo(Leu-Gly), the enzymatically resistant diketopiperazine formally derived from the C-terminal dipeptide sequence of oxytocin, exhibits activity in several behavioral systems. The distribution of cyclo(Leu-14C(U)Gly) in brain, and the time course of the disappearance of this labeled peptide from brain and plasma after subcutaneous injection into mice have been studied. The intact peptide was distributed equally in the five cerebral areas studied, for up to 96 hours after injection. Two exponential components were determined for peptide disappearance rates in plasma and brain; peptide half-lives in plasma up to 10 hr and from 24--96 hr after injection were, respectively, 0.8 and 33 hr; in brain, 1.0 and 42 hr. The peptide was found to accumulate in brain intracellular space to some degree. The time course of distribution of labeled cyclo(Leu-Gly) in subcellular fractions of mouse brain was also examined, and the concentration of peptide in the synaptosomal fraction was significantly correlated with the degree of protection against puromycin-induced amnesia of a maze-learning test. The results obtained not only confirm that cyclo(Leu-Gly) penetrates brain tissue intact and remains intact after peripheral administration in order to exert its behavioral effects, but, moreover, suggest an intriguing dynamic relationship between peptide concentration in the synaptosomal fraction and behavioral activity.", "PMID": 573901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10842", "title": "Morphine withdrawal induced behavior in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "The effects of morphine withdrawal on a number of behaviors was assessed using a design varying sex, amount of morphine implanted, degree of dependence at the time of testing and amount of morphine antagonist injected. Increases in two types of agonistic behavior were seen and may be related to the aversive interoceptive stimuli associated with withdrawal. Furthermore, correlations for males were found between agonistic behavior and activity, wet shakes, digging and vocalization. Agonistic behavior was correlated only with activity in females.", "contents": "Morphine withdrawal induced behavior in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). The effects of morphine withdrawal on a number of behaviors was assessed using a design varying sex, amount of morphine implanted, degree of dependence at the time of testing and amount of morphine antagonist injected. Increases in two types of agonistic behavior were seen and may be related to the aversive interoceptive stimuli associated with withdrawal. Furthermore, correlations for males were found between agonistic behavior and activity, wet shakes, digging and vocalization. Agonistic behavior was correlated only with activity in females.", "PMID": 573903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10843", "title": "[Effect of androgens (testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha, 17-beta androstanediol and 3 beta, 17 beta androstenediol) on the nocturnal activity of N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase in the pineal body of castrated rats].", "content": "To prove the effect of sex steroid hormones on the specificity of the pineal organ metabolism the activity of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes--N-acetylserotonine transferase (AST) and hydroxyindol-O-methyltransferase (HIMT) in the circadian rhythm was studied in castrated animals and in those administered androgens (testosterone 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha, 17 beta-androstandiol). Male Wistar rats, aged 30 days, kept for 12 hours under light conditions and for 12 hours in darkness were used in these experiments. Androgens (50 micrograms) were injected to rats two days after castration and 1 to 6 hours before the animals were sacrificed (at 2 a.m.). Activity of the enzymes under study was maximal at night (between 2 and 3 a.m.). Castration of rats weakened the peaks of the AST and HIMT activities by 30 and 40%, respectively. A single androgen administration stimulated the nocturnal rise of both androgens activities in 2 to 4 hours. By physiological activity the androgens were distributed in the following way: 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha, 17 beta-androstandiol, testosterone. beta-Epimer of androstandiol produced no effect on AST and HIMT activities in the epiphyses of castrated rats. Experimental data demonstrate that epiphysis serves as the target organ for sex steroid hormones, and that androgens are capable of modulating the melatonin-synthesizing enzymes' activity.", "contents": "[Effect of androgens (testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha, 17-beta androstanediol and 3 beta, 17 beta androstenediol) on the nocturnal activity of N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase in the pineal body of castrated rats]. To prove the effect of sex steroid hormones on the specificity of the pineal organ metabolism the activity of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes--N-acetylserotonine transferase (AST) and hydroxyindol-O-methyltransferase (HIMT) in the circadian rhythm was studied in castrated animals and in those administered androgens (testosterone 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha, 17 beta-androstandiol). Male Wistar rats, aged 30 days, kept for 12 hours under light conditions and for 12 hours in darkness were used in these experiments. Androgens (50 micrograms) were injected to rats two days after castration and 1 to 6 hours before the animals were sacrificed (at 2 a.m.). Activity of the enzymes under study was maximal at night (between 2 and 3 a.m.). Castration of rats weakened the peaks of the AST and HIMT activities by 30 and 40%, respectively. A single androgen administration stimulated the nocturnal rise of both androgens activities in 2 to 4 hours. By physiological activity the androgens were distributed in the following way: 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha, 17 beta-androstandiol, testosterone. beta-Epimer of androstandiol produced no effect on AST and HIMT activities in the epiphyses of castrated rats. Experimental data demonstrate that epiphysis serves as the target organ for sex steroid hormones, and that androgens are capable of modulating the melatonin-synthesizing enzymes' activity.", "PMID": 573896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10844", "title": "Effects of morphine upon the pituitary-adrenal system and adrenal catecholamines: a comparative study in cats and rats.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute and chronic administration of morphine upon the pituitary-adrenal activity and adrenal catecholamines in rats and cats, two animal species with very different behavioural patterns of response to the opiate. Acute administration of the drug induced in both animal species an activation of the pituitary-adrenal system. Chronic administration of morphine to cats and rats induced a depression in the pituitary-adrenal function. No significant changes in the adrenal levels of catecholamines were observed in rats treated chronically with the drug. However, in the cat, the effects of morphine on adrenomedullary function seemed to depend on the stage of morphine treatment. The behavioural patterns of response in both animal species during chronic administration of the opiate, as well as the effects of induced withdrawal with nalorphine (an antagonist of morphine), indicated that dependence on morphine had developed, not only in the rats, but also in the cats. Acute morphine administration had a sedative effect, while in the cats the opiate produced a species-specific manic response characterized by hyperexcitement and aggressive behavior.", "contents": "Effects of morphine upon the pituitary-adrenal system and adrenal catecholamines: a comparative study in cats and rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute and chronic administration of morphine upon the pituitary-adrenal activity and adrenal catecholamines in rats and cats, two animal species with very different behavioural patterns of response to the opiate. Acute administration of the drug induced in both animal species an activation of the pituitary-adrenal system. Chronic administration of morphine to cats and rats induced a depression in the pituitary-adrenal function. No significant changes in the adrenal levels of catecholamines were observed in rats treated chronically with the drug. However, in the cat, the effects of morphine on adrenomedullary function seemed to depend on the stage of morphine treatment. The behavioural patterns of response in both animal species during chronic administration of the opiate, as well as the effects of induced withdrawal with nalorphine (an antagonist of morphine), indicated that dependence on morphine had developed, not only in the rats, but also in the cats. Acute morphine administration had a sedative effect, while in the cats the opiate produced a species-specific manic response characterized by hyperexcitement and aggressive behavior.", "PMID": 573904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10845", "title": "Prenatal and postnatal chronic lead intoxication and running wheel activity in the rat.", "content": "Prenatal and postnatal chronic lead intoxication was induced in Wistar rats with 0.1 mg/ml PbCl2 in the drinking water of pregnant and lactating females. Offspring were supplied lead water at weaning. Exposure totaled 14 months. Activity was measured in the Wahman LC-33 wheel. Running activity in experimental and control rats was maximized with a 23-hr light cycle followed by a 5-hr dark period in the wheels. There was no significant difference in body weight gains or lead intake (as measured by water consumption) between any sex-matched group. Lead was found to produce overall hypoactivity in both males and females. Under auditory stress the hypoactivity in the males was normalized by combination of a hypoactivity component in the controls and a progressive hyperactivity in the lead animals. This study clearly shows a sex-dependent hypoactivity effect of chronic lead intoxication and suggests its mechanism as an interaction between lead and environmental stress.", "contents": "Prenatal and postnatal chronic lead intoxication and running wheel activity in the rat. Prenatal and postnatal chronic lead intoxication was induced in Wistar rats with 0.1 mg/ml PbCl2 in the drinking water of pregnant and lactating females. Offspring were supplied lead water at weaning. Exposure totaled 14 months. Activity was measured in the Wahman LC-33 wheel. Running activity in experimental and control rats was maximized with a 23-hr light cycle followed by a 5-hr dark period in the wheels. There was no significant difference in body weight gains or lead intake (as measured by water consumption) between any sex-matched group. Lead was found to produce overall hypoactivity in both males and females. Under auditory stress the hypoactivity in the males was normalized by combination of a hypoactivity component in the controls and a progressive hyperactivity in the lead animals. This study clearly shows a sex-dependent hypoactivity effect of chronic lead intoxication and suggests its mechanism as an interaction between lead and environmental stress.", "PMID": 573905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10846", "title": "Effect of morphine on 'wet-dog' shakes caused by cerebroventricular injection of serotonin.", "content": "Intraventricular administration of serotonin to rats causes 'wet-dog' shakes, a sign of morphine withdrawal. The frequency of shakes is dose-dependent. Shaking is potentiated by pretreatment with an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase or with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, and is depressed by morphine or serotonin receptor blockers. Depression of serotonin-induced shaking by morphine is reversed rapidly by naloxone. However, naloxone did not reverse the inhibition of 'wet-dog' shakes caused by serotonin receptor blockers.", "contents": "Effect of morphine on 'wet-dog' shakes caused by cerebroventricular injection of serotonin. Intraventricular administration of serotonin to rats causes 'wet-dog' shakes, a sign of morphine withdrawal. The frequency of shakes is dose-dependent. Shaking is potentiated by pretreatment with an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase or with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, and is depressed by morphine or serotonin receptor blockers. Depression of serotonin-induced shaking by morphine is reversed rapidly by naloxone. However, naloxone did not reverse the inhibition of 'wet-dog' shakes caused by serotonin receptor blockers.", "PMID": 573908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10847", "title": "The radiographic manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease.", "content": "The radiographic findings and method of investigation are presented in the retrospective and prospective study of 221 descendents of an individual affected with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Among 42 affected individuals, most of the reported manifestations were found, such as cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, and renal cell carcinoma. A new manifestation, pancreatic carcinoma, was also seen. Although pheochromocytoma is common in some reported families, no cases were found in this group. An organized multidisciplinary approach is necessary to effectively identify and treat individuals affected with this disease.", "contents": "The radiographic manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease. The radiographic findings and method of investigation are presented in the retrospective and prospective study of 221 descendents of an individual affected with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Among 42 affected individuals, most of the reported manifestations were found, such as cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, and renal cell carcinoma. A new manifestation, pancreatic carcinoma, was also seen. Although pheochromocytoma is common in some reported families, no cases were found in this group. An organized multidisciplinary approach is necessary to effectively identify and treat individuals affected with this disease.", "PMID": 573913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10848", "title": "Is the spontaneous motility of isolated rat uterus controlled by prostaglandin E?", "content": "Variations in the spontaneous contractile activity during 6 hours following isolation of uterine horns from proestrus, metestrus and spayed rats, were explored. In estrus and metestrus preparations the contractions declined during 60 min and between 180--200 min a progressive spontaneous recovery (abolished by indomethacin) was observed up to 360 min. Uteri from proestrus and spayed animals exhibited a continuous depression without recovery during the whole experimental period. At 60 min, uterine horns from estrus animals (which showed a marked contractile decrement) released to the suspending medium significantly less prostaglandin E-like material than at 360 min, i.e. when contractions had almost completely recovered. No modification in the amount of prostaglandin F-like material was detected accompanying these spontaneous contractile variations. In the spayed group at 60 min of functioning (i.e. when the contractile impairment was significantly smaller than at a later time) the release of PGE was greater than at 360 min. These findings suggest a possible control of rat uterine contractions by PGE, rather than by PGF.", "contents": "Is the spontaneous motility of isolated rat uterus controlled by prostaglandin E? Variations in the spontaneous contractile activity during 6 hours following isolation of uterine horns from proestrus, metestrus and spayed rats, were explored. In estrus and metestrus preparations the contractions declined during 60 min and between 180--200 min a progressive spontaneous recovery (abolished by indomethacin) was observed up to 360 min. Uteri from proestrus and spayed animals exhibited a continuous depression without recovery during the whole experimental period. At 60 min, uterine horns from estrus animals (which showed a marked contractile decrement) released to the suspending medium significantly less prostaglandin E-like material than at 360 min, i.e. when contractions had almost completely recovered. No modification in the amount of prostaglandin F-like material was detected accompanying these spontaneous contractile variations. In the spayed group at 60 min of functioning (i.e. when the contractile impairment was significantly smaller than at a later time) the release of PGE was greater than at 360 min. These findings suggest a possible control of rat uterine contractions by PGE, rather than by PGF.", "PMID": 573914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10849", "title": "Abnormal characteristics of the blood from chick embryos maintained in \"shell-less\" culture.", "content": "Chick embryos were maintained in shell-less culture up to a total age of 15 days. The composition of their blood was analyzed together with the blood from coontrol embryos of comparable degree of differentiation. The blood from cultured embryos had lower hematocrit values; their serum contained a reduced concentration of proteins, phospholipids and total calcium and an increased concentration of inorganic phosphorus. In view of the reduced concentration of proteins and phospholipids, the concomitant hypocalcemia must represent, at least in part, a reduction in the binding capacity of the serum and not only a decrease in the ionic fraction of serum calcium.", "contents": "Abnormal characteristics of the blood from chick embryos maintained in \"shell-less\" culture. Chick embryos were maintained in shell-less culture up to a total age of 15 days. The composition of their blood was analyzed together with the blood from coontrol embryos of comparable degree of differentiation. The blood from cultured embryos had lower hematocrit values; their serum contained a reduced concentration of proteins, phospholipids and total calcium and an increased concentration of inorganic phosphorus. In view of the reduced concentration of proteins and phospholipids, the concomitant hypocalcemia must represent, at least in part, a reduction in the binding capacity of the serum and not only a decrease in the ionic fraction of serum calcium.", "PMID": 573916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10850", "title": "Hepatic glutathione levels in D-penicillamine-fed ethanol-dependent rats.", "content": "Ethanol oxidation is accomplished primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase. However, a microsomal system involving hydrogen peroxide formation operates at elevated ethanol concentrations. Removal of the resultant hydrogen peroxide may depend on the activity of glutathione peroxidase. In the study, we have examined the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on hepatic glutatione levels and found that ethanol exposure resulted in elevations of hepatic reduced and oxidized glutathione. The dietary inclusion of the sulfhydryl amino acid, D-penicillamine, increased hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) in both ethanol-dependent and control rats. However, D-penicillamine did not have a differential effect on hepatic GSH when comparing ethanol-dependent and control animals. Following two weeks exposure, the exclusion of ethanol and/or D-penicillamine from the diet for 24 hours resulted in a significant decrease in hepatic GSH.", "contents": "Hepatic glutathione levels in D-penicillamine-fed ethanol-dependent rats. Ethanol oxidation is accomplished primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase. However, a microsomal system involving hydrogen peroxide formation operates at elevated ethanol concentrations. Removal of the resultant hydrogen peroxide may depend on the activity of glutathione peroxidase. In the study, we have examined the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on hepatic glutatione levels and found that ethanol exposure resulted in elevations of hepatic reduced and oxidized glutathione. The dietary inclusion of the sulfhydryl amino acid, D-penicillamine, increased hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) in both ethanol-dependent and control rats. However, D-penicillamine did not have a differential effect on hepatic GSH when comparing ethanol-dependent and control animals. Following two weeks exposure, the exclusion of ethanol and/or D-penicillamine from the diet for 24 hours resulted in a significant decrease in hepatic GSH.", "PMID": 573918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10851", "title": "Particulate emboli retained by a screen and a depth transfusion filter. A SEM study.", "content": "Microembolization by platelet leukocyte aggregates is a threat to the pulmonary microvasculature when blood is transfused to patients. Those aggregates can be removed by filters (either depth filter or screen filter); their efficiency, as shown by SFP measurements is not questionable, however they are working in different ways as observed by SEM: mechanical retention and adsorption.", "contents": "Particulate emboli retained by a screen and a depth transfusion filter. A SEM study. Microembolization by platelet leukocyte aggregates is a threat to the pulmonary microvasculature when blood is transfused to patients. Those aggregates can be removed by filters (either depth filter or screen filter); their efficiency, as shown by SFP measurements is not questionable, however they are working in different ways as observed by SEM: mechanical retention and adsorption.", "PMID": 573919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10852", "title": "Development of factor VIII antibody in haemophilic monozygotic twins. European Study Group of Factor VIII Antibody.", "content": "The immunologic consequences of replacement therapy have been studied in 2 pairs of young haemophilic monozygotic twins. In both pairs one cotwin only developed a factor VIII specific antibody. This non-concordance illustrates the influence upon a specific immune response of non-genetic factors since the blood products, administered to each brother-pair, were not at all time identical nor were the regimens of transfusion therapy.", "contents": "Development of factor VIII antibody in haemophilic monozygotic twins. European Study Group of Factor VIII Antibody. The immunologic consequences of replacement therapy have been studied in 2 pairs of young haemophilic monozygotic twins. In both pairs one cotwin only developed a factor VIII specific antibody. This non-concordance illustrates the influence upon a specific immune response of non-genetic factors since the blood products, administered to each brother-pair, were not at all time identical nor were the regimens of transfusion therapy.", "PMID": 573920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10853", "title": "Strong electrical currents leave the primitive streak of chick embryos.", "content": "The electrical fields above chick embryos were explored with a vibrating probe. These fields indicate that steady currents with exit densities of the order of 100 microamperes per square centimeter leave the whole streak and return elsewhere through the epiblast. The epicenter of these strong exit currents lies near Hensen's node. They are probably pumped into the intraembryonic space by the epiblast and then leak out of the streak because it is a zone of junctional disruption.", "contents": "Strong electrical currents leave the primitive streak of chick embryos. The electrical fields above chick embryos were explored with a vibrating probe. These fields indicate that steady currents with exit densities of the order of 100 microamperes per square centimeter leave the whole streak and return elsewhere through the epiblast. The epicenter of these strong exit currents lies near Hensen's node. They are probably pumped into the intraembryonic space by the epiblast and then leak out of the streak because it is a zone of junctional disruption.", "PMID": 573921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10854", "title": "Ethanol embryotoxicity: direct effects on mammalian embryos in vitro.", "content": "Exposure to ethanol retards growth and differentiation in cultured rat embryos during organogenesis. The development of untreated embryos is indistinguishable from growth in utero. These data suggest that the hypoplastic features of children born to chronically alcoholic mothers are due, at least in part, to a direct action of ethanol, which causes reduced embryonic cellular proliferation early in gestation.", "contents": "Ethanol embryotoxicity: direct effects on mammalian embryos in vitro. Exposure to ethanol retards growth and differentiation in cultured rat embryos during organogenesis. The development of untreated embryos is indistinguishable from growth in utero. These data suggest that the hypoplastic features of children born to chronically alcoholic mothers are due, at least in part, to a direct action of ethanol, which causes reduced embryonic cellular proliferation early in gestation.", "PMID": 573922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10855", "title": "[Ultrastructural diagnostic problems of pleural tumors. A study of 125 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrastructural studies may improve the diagnosis of pleural tumors. A comparative study of 125 primary and secondary pleural cancers provided the major structural features needed for differential diagnosis. Two cell types were always present in malignant mesothelioma: differentiated mesothelial, and fibroblastoid cells. The former had some features of metastatic epitheliomas (microvilli, microfilaments, junctional complexes, basement membranes). The later were specific. They were sometimes isolated, had the general aspect of fibroblasts but possessed typical microvilli. It was difficult to assess the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma on isolated differentiated mesothelial cells in pleural fluids or biopsies. Cilia or secretory granules were found only in metastatic cells. The finding of fibroblastoid cells in a pleural tumor proves its mesothelial origin.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural diagnostic problems of pleural tumors. A study of 125 cases (author's transl)]. Ultrastructural studies may improve the diagnosis of pleural tumors. A comparative study of 125 primary and secondary pleural cancers provided the major structural features needed for differential diagnosis. Two cell types were always present in malignant mesothelioma: differentiated mesothelial, and fibroblastoid cells. The former had some features of metastatic epitheliomas (microvilli, microfilaments, junctional complexes, basement membranes). The later were specific. They were sometimes isolated, had the general aspect of fibroblasts but possessed typical microvilli. It was difficult to assess the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma on isolated differentiated mesothelial cells in pleural fluids or biopsies. Cilia or secretory granules were found only in metastatic cells. The finding of fibroblastoid cells in a pleural tumor proves its mesothelial origin.", "PMID": 573917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10856", "title": "Prenatal stress reduces fertility and fecundity in female offspring.", "content": "Female rats subjected to prenatal stress later experienced fewer conceptions, more spontaneous abortions and vaginal hemorrhaging, longer pregnancies, and fewer viable young than nonstressed rats. The offspring of the prenatally stressed rats were lighter in weight and less likely to survive the neonatal period. Prenatal stress may influence the balance of adrenal and gonadal hormones during a critical stage of fetal hypothalamic differentiation, thereby producing a variety of reproductive dysfunctions in adulthood.", "contents": "Prenatal stress reduces fertility and fecundity in female offspring. Female rats subjected to prenatal stress later experienced fewer conceptions, more spontaneous abortions and vaginal hemorrhaging, longer pregnancies, and fewer viable young than nonstressed rats. The offspring of the prenatally stressed rats were lighter in weight and less likely to survive the neonatal period. Prenatal stress may influence the balance of adrenal and gonadal hormones during a critical stage of fetal hypothalamic differentiation, thereby producing a variety of reproductive dysfunctions in adulthood.", "PMID": 573923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10857", "title": "Release of luteinizing hormone in male mice during exposure to females: habituation of the response.", "content": "Male mice release luteinizing hormone when exposed for a short time to a female. In this experiment, multiple blood samples were withdrawn by atrial cannulas from tethered males during either continuous or intermittent exposure to nonreceptive females. After an immediate, transient release of luteinizing hormone, continuous exposure to the same female was accompanied by only random, spontaneous elevations in plasma levels of this hormone. Successive presentations of the same female at 2-hour intervals elicited gradually diminishing luteinizing hormone responses. Exposing such unresponsive males to novel, diestrous females, however, dramatically stimulated their release of the hormone. These results demonstrate habituation of a socially induced, neuroendocrine response involving reproductive hormones.", "contents": "Release of luteinizing hormone in male mice during exposure to females: habituation of the response. Male mice release luteinizing hormone when exposed for a short time to a female. In this experiment, multiple blood samples were withdrawn by atrial cannulas from tethered males during either continuous or intermittent exposure to nonreceptive females. After an immediate, transient release of luteinizing hormone, continuous exposure to the same female was accompanied by only random, spontaneous elevations in plasma levels of this hormone. Successive presentations of the same female at 2-hour intervals elicited gradually diminishing luteinizing hormone responses. Exposing such unresponsive males to novel, diestrous females, however, dramatically stimulated their release of the hormone. These results demonstrate habituation of a socially induced, neuroendocrine response involving reproductive hormones.", "PMID": 573924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10858", "title": "Comparison of dairy cows with low or high rate of udder infection.", "content": "Within farms, animals with low and high rate of udder infection were selected from data of a mastitis-prevention field experiment during 3.5 years. Differences between the groups in udder conformation and milkability appeared to be small but were consistently to the disadvantage of the high infection rate group. In the course of a least three preceding lactations the percentage of quarters infected at any time was 53 per cent in the low and 91 per cent in the high infection rate group. The number of infections per quarter infected was 1.53 for the low infection rate group and 2.53 for the high infection rate group. As compared with infection-free quarters it was shown that the duration of infections with udder pathogens was significantly shortened if a quarter was already infected with secondary, i.e. less or non-pathogenic, bacteria. It was not possible to demonstrate differences in cell count or immunoglobulin levels in infection-free quarters between the low and high infection rate groups.", "contents": "Comparison of dairy cows with low or high rate of udder infection. Within farms, animals with low and high rate of udder infection were selected from data of a mastitis-prevention field experiment during 3.5 years. Differences between the groups in udder conformation and milkability appeared to be small but were consistently to the disadvantage of the high infection rate group. In the course of a least three preceding lactations the percentage of quarters infected at any time was 53 per cent in the low and 91 per cent in the high infection rate group. The number of infections per quarter infected was 1.53 for the low infection rate group and 2.53 for the high infection rate group. As compared with infection-free quarters it was shown that the duration of infections with udder pathogens was significantly shortened if a quarter was already infected with secondary, i.e. less or non-pathogenic, bacteria. It was not possible to demonstrate differences in cell count or immunoglobulin levels in infection-free quarters between the low and high infection rate groups.", "PMID": 573926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10859", "title": "The endocrine background of human renal cell carcinoma. III. Role of inhibitors of R 5020 binding in tumour cytosol.", "content": "Cytosol preparations obtained from 9 different human renal cell carcinomas were investigated for the eventual presence of progestin-binding inhibitors which might offer an explanation for the previous failure to demonstrate high receptor levels in the tumour tissue. The inhibitory potency of these preparations was estimated by measuring the decrease of R 5020 binding to uterine progestin receptors in the presence of tumour cytosol. Interestingly, cytosol from human renal cell carcinoma was found to contain progestin-binding inhibitors. The average inhibition of R-5020-receptor interaction amounted to 46%. In only 1 out of 9 cases, binding was completely suppressed. In order to circumvent the inhibitory reaction potentially occurring in cell-free systems, R-5020-binding studies additionally were performed in cell suspension. Out of 7 carcinomas studied using this assay system, 5 did not contain any specific progestin-binding entities. In 1 tumour, receptor-atypical non-saturable binding was observed. Only in isolated cells prepared from 1 other carcinoma, could slight indications for the presence of low concentrations of progestin receptors be detected.", "contents": "The endocrine background of human renal cell carcinoma. III. Role of inhibitors of R 5020 binding in tumour cytosol. Cytosol preparations obtained from 9 different human renal cell carcinomas were investigated for the eventual presence of progestin-binding inhibitors which might offer an explanation for the previous failure to demonstrate high receptor levels in the tumour tissue. The inhibitory potency of these preparations was estimated by measuring the decrease of R 5020 binding to uterine progestin receptors in the presence of tumour cytosol. Interestingly, cytosol from human renal cell carcinoma was found to contain progestin-binding inhibitors. The average inhibition of R-5020-receptor interaction amounted to 46%. In only 1 out of 9 cases, binding was completely suppressed. In order to circumvent the inhibitory reaction potentially occurring in cell-free systems, R-5020-binding studies additionally were performed in cell suspension. Out of 7 carcinomas studied using this assay system, 5 did not contain any specific progestin-binding entities. In 1 tumour, receptor-atypical non-saturable binding was observed. Only in isolated cells prepared from 1 other carcinoma, could slight indications for the presence of low concentrations of progestin receptors be detected.", "PMID": 573929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10860", "title": "A test for bladder neck competence: the fluid bridge test.", "content": "The momentary entry of urine into the proximal urethra during coughing can be demonstrated by a new test which can be conducted using apparatus now commonly available for urodynamic investigations. If the bladder neck opens, a fluid bridge is established between points of pressure measurement in the bladder and in the proximal urethra. Thus, the pressures at these two points momentarily become equal. The clinical value and relevance to physiology may not become clear for some time, but the relatively simple apparatus and procedure, and the ease with which the results can be translated into physical facts, provide important advantages over other dynamic tests of the urethra which are currently possible.", "contents": "A test for bladder neck competence: the fluid bridge test. The momentary entry of urine into the proximal urethra during coughing can be demonstrated by a new test which can be conducted using apparatus now commonly available for urodynamic investigations. If the bladder neck opens, a fluid bridge is established between points of pressure measurement in the bladder and in the proximal urethra. Thus, the pressures at these two points momentarily become equal. The clinical value and relevance to physiology may not become clear for some time, but the relatively simple apparatus and procedure, and the ease with which the results can be translated into physical facts, provide important advantages over other dynamic tests of the urethra which are currently possible.", "PMID": 573930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10861", "title": "[Two rare congenital malformations of the female urethra].", "content": "Two cases of incontinent females due to malformations of the dorsal wall of the urethra are presented and surgical corrections are discribed. The causal factors for the development of the malformations are explained by irregularities of the Wolffian ducts' regression during the transition period between in gonadal development between the 3rd and 5th week of gestation. The new medical technical term \"indifference-syndrome\" is proposed, to distuingish these malformations of the female urethra from true hypospadia.", "contents": "[Two rare congenital malformations of the female urethra]. Two cases of incontinent females due to malformations of the dorsal wall of the urethra are presented and surgical corrections are discribed. The causal factors for the development of the malformations are explained by irregularities of the Wolffian ducts' regression during the transition period between in gonadal development between the 3rd and 5th week of gestation. The new medical technical term \"indifference-syndrome\" is proposed, to distuingish these malformations of the female urethra from true hypospadia.", "PMID": 573931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10862", "title": "Patient costs for urodynamic testing.", "content": "Urodynamic investigations are not completely standardized. However, the number of exhibits of urodynamic equipment at urologic meetings by commercial firms suggests that these studies have considerable applicability and relevance to everyday practice. Investment by a urologist in equipment for urodynamic testing should be cautious in the light of the costs for these investigations reported from centers in Canada, the United States, and Western Europe. The figures suggest that sophisticated urodynamic testing is not a screening test -- it is too expensive, but large urodynamic laboratories appear to charge only for a portion of the actual cost of such testing. Since urodynamic testing is much more expensive than actual patient charges, it is probably not yet cost effective in its present state of development.", "contents": "Patient costs for urodynamic testing. Urodynamic investigations are not completely standardized. However, the number of exhibits of urodynamic equipment at urologic meetings by commercial firms suggests that these studies have considerable applicability and relevance to everyday practice. Investment by a urologist in equipment for urodynamic testing should be cautious in the light of the costs for these investigations reported from centers in Canada, the United States, and Western Europe. The figures suggest that sophisticated urodynamic testing is not a screening test -- it is too expensive, but large urodynamic laboratories appear to charge only for a portion of the actual cost of such testing. Since urodynamic testing is much more expensive than actual patient charges, it is probably not yet cost effective in its present state of development.", "PMID": 573932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10863", "title": "Effect of drugs on progesterone metabolism in the female rat.", "content": "Various drugs brought about a reduction of serum progesterone level irrespective of whether or not a potent inducer (phenobarbital, 4-methyl-coumarin) or a hepatotoxin (carbon tetrachloride, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, coumarin) has been administered. The decrease by hepatotoxins was highly significant during the estrus phase of the cycle. These treatments affected the hepatic level of progesterone and altered the uptake of [4-14C]progesterone in vivo. The serum level of progesterone was significantly decreased by phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride; however, the incorporation into the liver was enhanced by phenobarbital and reduced by carbon tetrachloride. This opposing hepatic action showed selectivity; phenobarbital increased the oxidative pathway of progesterone metabolism (formation of 6 beta-, 16 alpha-, 20 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone) but the reductive pathway remained unaltered (formation of pregnanediol, pregnanolone). Conversely, carbon tetrachloride diminished oxidation and raised reduction of progesterone. These results have been confirmed by measurements of progesterone metabolism in vitro using isolated microsomes. Phenobarbital brought about an induction of progesterone 16 alpha-, 6 beta- and 20 alpha-hydroxylase, did not affect progesterone delta 4-5 alpha-dehydrogenase, whereas carbon tetrachloride inhibited hydroxylase and raised dehydrogenase activities. The action of these test compounds on serum and liver levels of progesterone and on the variation of progesterone metabolism seemed to be related to changes manifest in the function of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. Similar changes might be associated with the development of mild hepatic lesions induced by various steroids.", "contents": "Effect of drugs on progesterone metabolism in the female rat. Various drugs brought about a reduction of serum progesterone level irrespective of whether or not a potent inducer (phenobarbital, 4-methyl-coumarin) or a hepatotoxin (carbon tetrachloride, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, coumarin) has been administered. The decrease by hepatotoxins was highly significant during the estrus phase of the cycle. These treatments affected the hepatic level of progesterone and altered the uptake of [4-14C]progesterone in vivo. The serum level of progesterone was significantly decreased by phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride; however, the incorporation into the liver was enhanced by phenobarbital and reduced by carbon tetrachloride. This opposing hepatic action showed selectivity; phenobarbital increased the oxidative pathway of progesterone metabolism (formation of 6 beta-, 16 alpha-, 20 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone) but the reductive pathway remained unaltered (formation of pregnanediol, pregnanolone). Conversely, carbon tetrachloride diminished oxidation and raised reduction of progesterone. These results have been confirmed by measurements of progesterone metabolism in vitro using isolated microsomes. Phenobarbital brought about an induction of progesterone 16 alpha-, 6 beta- and 20 alpha-hydroxylase, did not affect progesterone delta 4-5 alpha-dehydrogenase, whereas carbon tetrachloride inhibited hydroxylase and raised dehydrogenase activities. The action of these test compounds on serum and liver levels of progesterone and on the variation of progesterone metabolism seemed to be related to changes manifest in the function of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. Similar changes might be associated with the development of mild hepatic lesions induced by various steroids.", "PMID": 573927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10864", "title": "Clinical effect and metabolism of S-sulfonated immunoglobulin in 7 patients with congenital humoral immunodeficiency.", "content": "7 patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency were given an S-sulfonated IgG preparation, 100 mg/kg i.v. at intervals of 3--4 weeks, for treatment of, or prophylaxis  against, infection. The clinical effects and metabolism of S-sulfonated IgG were studied. No side reactions attributable to S-sulfonated IgG occurred in any of the patients. The S-sulfonated IgG was completely transformed into intact IgG within 24 h after administration, and had a mean half-life of 21 days, comparable to that of intact IgG. Complete restoration of IgG Fc fragment activity occurred within 24 h following injection, as assessed by reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Clinical effect and metabolism of S-sulfonated immunoglobulin in 7 patients with congenital humoral immunodeficiency. 7 patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency were given an S-sulfonated IgG preparation, 100 mg/kg i.v. at intervals of 3--4 weeks, for treatment of, or prophylaxis  against, infection. The clinical effects and metabolism of S-sulfonated IgG were studied. No side reactions attributable to S-sulfonated IgG occurred in any of the patients. The S-sulfonated IgG was completely transformed into intact IgG within 24 h after administration, and had a mean half-life of 21 days, comparable to that of intact IgG. Complete restoration of IgG Fc fragment activity occurred within 24 h following injection, as assessed by reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 573934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10865", "title": "Posttransfusional immunologic thrombocytopenia. A case report.", "content": "A case of posttransfusional immunologic thrombocytopenia is reported in a 75-year-od PlA1-negative woman. This was the second episode of postoperative and posttransfusion thrombocytopenia in the same patient who had had only one pregnancy. Both thrombocytopenic episodes were subclinical and discovered by systematical hematologic study. A potent anti-PlA1-antibody (titer 1/128) was demonstrated by the platelet-indirect radioactive Coombs test which appeared more sensitive than other platelet immunological assays used. The very long duration of the thrombocytopenia is discussed as well as the therapeutic possibilities in such cases.", "contents": "Posttransfusional immunologic thrombocytopenia. A case report. A case of posttransfusional immunologic thrombocytopenia is reported in a 75-year-od PlA1-negative woman. This was the second episode of postoperative and posttransfusion thrombocytopenia in the same patient who had had only one pregnancy. Both thrombocytopenic episodes were subclinical and discovered by systematical hematologic study. A potent anti-PlA1-antibody (titer 1/128) was demonstrated by the platelet-indirect radioactive Coombs test which appeared more sensitive than other platelet immunological assays used. The very long duration of the thrombocytopenia is discussed as well as the therapeutic possibilities in such cases.", "PMID": 573935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10866", "title": "Studies on the embryogenesis of the tapeworm Cittotaenia variabilis (Stiles, 1895) using transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The embryogenesis of the tapeworm Cittotaenia variabilis from the oocyte to the oncosphere is followed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with ethanol cryofracture. Transmission electron micrographs and histochemistry are used to corroborate the inferences drawn from the SEM studies. Evidence is given for oocyte granules, the uterine epithelium, and the outer envelope as sources of components for the outer capsule. The contributions and senescence of the inner envelope and its relationship to the embryophore are given.", "contents": "Studies on the embryogenesis of the tapeworm Cittotaenia variabilis (Stiles, 1895) using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The embryogenesis of the tapeworm Cittotaenia variabilis from the oocyte to the oncosphere is followed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with ethanol cryofracture. Transmission electron micrographs and histochemistry are used to corroborate the inferences drawn from the SEM studies. Evidence is given for oocyte granules, the uterine epithelium, and the outer envelope as sources of components for the outer capsule. The contributions and senescence of the inner envelope and its relationship to the embryophore are given.", "PMID": 573936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10867", "title": "The contents of water-insoluble dietary fibre in finnish berries and mushrooms. A preliminary study.", "content": "The contents of water-insoluble dietary fibre were estimated in Finnish berries and mushrooms. The contents in berries varied from 8.9 to 26.6% in dry matter and in mushrooms from 19.6 to 41.6 in dry matter.", "contents": "The contents of water-insoluble dietary fibre in finnish berries and mushrooms. A preliminary study. The contents of water-insoluble dietary fibre were estimated in Finnish berries and mushrooms. The contents in berries varied from 8.9 to 26.6% in dry matter and in mushrooms from 19.6 to 41.6 in dry matter.", "PMID": 573942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10868", "title": "Maternal behavior in the primiparous and multiparous golden hamster.", "content": "Changes in the normal behavior patterns seen during lactation in the female golden hamster have received relatively little attention in the past (Rowell 1961; Daly 1972). The purpose of this experiment was to characterize and compare maternal behavior in female hamsters during gestation and 24 days of lactation, with their first and second litters. Each was observed for 1/2 h daily, and her behavior recorded every 10 s. Maternal behavior decreased over time in the mothers during both first and second lactations, while \"non-maternal\" behavior increased. No differences were observed in these measures between the first and second lactation.", "contents": "Maternal behavior in the primiparous and multiparous golden hamster. Changes in the normal behavior patterns seen during lactation in the female golden hamster have received relatively little attention in the past (Rowell 1961; Daly 1972). The purpose of this experiment was to characterize and compare maternal behavior in female hamsters during gestation and 24 days of lactation, with their first and second litters. Each was observed for 1/2 h daily, and her behavior recorded every 10 s. Maternal behavior decreased over time in the mothers during both first and second lactations, while \"non-maternal\" behavior increased. No differences were observed in these measures between the first and second lactation.", "PMID": 573943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10869", "title": "[Stability of the cardiovascular functions of different genetic strains of rats subjected to emotional stress].", "content": "The level of catecholamines was measured in various brain parts in rats of August and Wistar lines, characterized by different stability of cardio-vascular functions in emotional stress. In norm, the August line has a higher content of dopamine (DA), in the mid-brain in particular; the Wistar line has a higher content of noradrenaline (NA) in the hypothalamus. In susceptible animals, which showed different cardio-vascular disorders during 30 hours of immobilization (48% of the Wistar line and 90% of the August), and in animals resistent against emotional stress, the changes in the initial level of catecholamines were observed, both common and specific for two lines. An assumption is made that the stability of cardio-vascular functions in the emotional stress is provided for by an intensive metabolism of the NA-synthesizing neurones in the brain isthmus, and by a moderate activity of the DA-synthesizing neurones of the mid-brain; the susceptibility to cardio-vascular disorders in the emotional stress is due to increase in the activity of the DA-synthesizing mid-brain neurones, the decrease in the activity of the DA-hydroxilase and the exhaustion of NA in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Stability of the cardiovascular functions of different genetic strains of rats subjected to emotional stress]. The level of catecholamines was measured in various brain parts in rats of August and Wistar lines, characterized by different stability of cardio-vascular functions in emotional stress. In norm, the August line has a higher content of dopamine (DA), in the mid-brain in particular; the Wistar line has a higher content of noradrenaline (NA) in the hypothalamus. In susceptible animals, which showed different cardio-vascular disorders during 30 hours of immobilization (48% of the Wistar line and 90% of the August), and in animals resistent against emotional stress, the changes in the initial level of catecholamines were observed, both common and specific for two lines. An assumption is made that the stability of cardio-vascular functions in the emotional stress is provided for by an intensive metabolism of the NA-synthesizing neurones in the brain isthmus, and by a moderate activity of the DA-synthesizing neurones of the mid-brain; the susceptibility to cardio-vascular disorders in the emotional stress is due to increase in the activity of the DA-synthesizing mid-brain neurones, the decrease in the activity of the DA-hydroxilase and the exhaustion of NA in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 573938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10870", "title": "Preparation and properties of pectic enzymes produced by Trichoderma lignorum.", "content": "Polygalacturonase and protein-methylesterase were isolated from shaken culture of Trichoderma lignorium. Isolation was carried out with various agents. Methanol was the most suitable precipitant for isolating polygalacturonase, yielding enzyme preparations 6.6 times more active than that of culture filtrate. Likewise, tannin afforded active fractions at pH 4 and 0.05% concentrations. Similarly, 50% ammonium sulphate saturation gave active fractions. The least polygalacturonase activity was obtained from ethanol. In any of the organic solvents used, highest enzymic activity was obtained when using only one volume. As regards pectin-methylesterase, no correlation existed between its activity and concentration of the precipitant used. A substrate concentration above 0.8% was a limiting factor for polygalacturonase activity, while optimum enzyme concentration was 40 microgram protein/ml at 40 degrees C and pH 4.45.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of pectic enzymes produced by Trichoderma lignorum. Polygalacturonase and protein-methylesterase were isolated from shaken culture of Trichoderma lignorium. Isolation was carried out with various agents. Methanol was the most suitable precipitant for isolating polygalacturonase, yielding enzyme preparations 6.6 times more active than that of culture filtrate. Likewise, tannin afforded active fractions at pH 4 and 0.05% concentrations. Similarly, 50% ammonium sulphate saturation gave active fractions. The least polygalacturonase activity was obtained from ethanol. In any of the organic solvents used, highest enzymic activity was obtained when using only one volume. As regards pectin-methylesterase, no correlation existed between its activity and concentration of the precipitant used. A substrate concentration above 0.8% was a limiting factor for polygalacturonase activity, while optimum enzyme concentration was 40 microgram protein/ml at 40 degrees C and pH 4.45.", "PMID": 573944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10871", "title": "[Increased tolerance of the dopamine- and serotoninergic systems during chronic administration of haloperidol and levomepromazine].", "content": "In experiments on male albino rats single administration of haloperidol produced catalepsy, increase in dopamine turnover, enhancement of main dopamine metabolite homovanilinic acid in the forebrain. After single administration of the levomepromazine the cataleptogenic effect was accompanied by an enhanced 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid level, and no influence on the dopamine metabolism was observed. During chronic administration of haloperidol and levomepromazine their ability to induce catalepsy and to increase homovanilinic acid or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration diminished. Thus, it appears that chronic administration of haloperidol reduces the sensitivity of dopamine receptors, and chronic administration of levomepromazine--reduces the sensitivity of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.", "contents": "[Increased tolerance of the dopamine- and serotoninergic systems during chronic administration of haloperidol and levomepromazine]. In experiments on male albino rats single administration of haloperidol produced catalepsy, increase in dopamine turnover, enhancement of main dopamine metabolite homovanilinic acid in the forebrain. After single administration of the levomepromazine the cataleptogenic effect was accompanied by an enhanced 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid level, and no influence on the dopamine metabolism was observed. During chronic administration of haloperidol and levomepromazine their ability to induce catalepsy and to increase homovanilinic acid or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration diminished. Thus, it appears that chronic administration of haloperidol reduces the sensitivity of dopamine receptors, and chronic administration of levomepromazine--reduces the sensitivity of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.", "PMID": 573939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10872", "title": "[Psychoneurologic status of preschool children who have sustained hyperbilirubinemia during the newborn period].", "content": "A study of the neurological and mental state (as well as of the functional state of some system) with the aid of EMG, REG and EEG in 110 children permitted the authors to conclude that the residual period of hyperbilirubinemia is characterized by a morphofunctional brain immaturity. Clinically it may be expressed in frequent vegetovascular disorders and different psychopathological syndromes, decreasing the adaptational possibilities of the functional systems and disturbing the social adjustment of children. The residual period of hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn is being considered as a period of a relatively favourable and unstable compensation. The authors recommend a certain system of organizational, pedagogical and medical measures ensuring mental and physical health of these children.", "contents": "[Psychoneurologic status of preschool children who have sustained hyperbilirubinemia during the newborn period]. A study of the neurological and mental state (as well as of the functional state of some system) with the aid of EMG, REG and EEG in 110 children permitted the authors to conclude that the residual period of hyperbilirubinemia is characterized by a morphofunctional brain immaturity. Clinically it may be expressed in frequent vegetovascular disorders and different psychopathological syndromes, decreasing the adaptational possibilities of the functional systems and disturbing the social adjustment of children. The residual period of hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn is being considered as a period of a relatively favourable and unstable compensation. The authors recommend a certain system of organizational, pedagogical and medical measures ensuring mental and physical health of these children.", "PMID": 573946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10873", "title": "[Pathogenesis of stereotyped behavior].", "content": "The paper concerns the syndrome of stereotyped behaviour in rats induced by disturbance of inhibition in both caudate nuclei under influence of tetanus toxin, penicillin, and pirotoxin injected in these nuclei. Stereotyped behaviour could be inhibited by administration of GABA into the same brain area, as well as by a systemic administration of haloperidol, diazepam, aminalon, and lithium chloride. The conclusion is made that the disturbance of GABA-egric control in the caudate nucleus is a significant pathogenetic condition of the hyperactive neostriar dofaminergic apparatus, appearing due to disinhibition. Both links compose the pathogenetic basis of the syndrome of stereotyped behaviour.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of stereotyped behavior]. The paper concerns the syndrome of stereotyped behaviour in rats induced by disturbance of inhibition in both caudate nuclei under influence of tetanus toxin, penicillin, and pirotoxin injected in these nuclei. Stereotyped behaviour could be inhibited by administration of GABA into the same brain area, as well as by a systemic administration of haloperidol, diazepam, aminalon, and lithium chloride. The conclusion is made that the disturbance of GABA-egric control in the caudate nucleus is a significant pathogenetic condition of the hyperactive neostriar dofaminergic apparatus, appearing due to disinhibition. Both links compose the pathogenetic basis of the syndrome of stereotyped behaviour.", "PMID": 573947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10874", "title": "[Changes in innate forms of motor behavior in rats during long-term hypokinesia].", "content": "The structure of motor behaviour in response to environmental tests--\"open field\" and \"with-a-partner\" situation (according to P. V. Simonov)--was studied in rats after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of hypokinesis, (to K. Hecht), as compared to the control. In control animals a relatively low level of orienting-investigation reactions and of grooming was observed as well as a low alimentary activity, which is considered as a manifestation of innate passive defensive reactions in the above situations. Disappearance of these reactions in the course of hypokinesia has two stages: predominant increase in orienting-investigating reactions (1-3 weeks); their subsequent decrease and an increase in the grooming (after 6 weeks). The relation between innate and conditioned behavioural changes is discussed as well as stability of alimentary behaviour in rats.", "contents": "[Changes in innate forms of motor behavior in rats during long-term hypokinesia]. The structure of motor behaviour in response to environmental tests--\"open field\" and \"with-a-partner\" situation (according to P. V. Simonov)--was studied in rats after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of hypokinesis, (to K. Hecht), as compared to the control. In control animals a relatively low level of orienting-investigation reactions and of grooming was observed as well as a low alimentary activity, which is considered as a manifestation of innate passive defensive reactions in the above situations. Disappearance of these reactions in the course of hypokinesia has two stages: predominant increase in orienting-investigating reactions (1-3 weeks); their subsequent decrease and an increase in the grooming (after 6 weeks). The relation between innate and conditioned behavioural changes is discussed as well as stability of alimentary behaviour in rats.", "PMID": 573941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10875", "title": "Purification of cobalt-activated acylase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "alpha-Hydroxyisocaproyltyrosine (HyIc-Tyr-OH), a potent competitive inhibitor of the cobalt-activated acylase form 2, was synthesized. Its derivative, alpha-aminopentyl-HyIc-Tyr-OEt was coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B and was used for about 100-fold purification of the acylase from human liver by affinity chromatography. The preparation obtained did not show aminoacylase, aspartyl acylase or alanylarylamidase activities. The same chromatographic method was also applied to isolate form 2 of the serum acylase from patients with viral hepatitis and guinea pig placenta.", "contents": "Purification of cobalt-activated acylase by affinity chromatography. alpha-Hydroxyisocaproyltyrosine (HyIc-Tyr-OH), a potent competitive inhibitor of the cobalt-activated acylase form 2, was synthesized. Its derivative, alpha-aminopentyl-HyIc-Tyr-OEt was coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B and was used for about 100-fold purification of the acylase from human liver by affinity chromatography. The preparation obtained did not show aminoacylase, aspartyl acylase or alanylarylamidase activities. The same chromatographic method was also applied to isolate form 2 of the serum acylase from patients with viral hepatitis and guinea pig placenta.", "PMID": 573948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10876", "title": "Prostaglandin-stimulated LH release in cyclic and ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The ability of prostaglandin (PG) E2 treatment to stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release was compared in cyclic (4-day) and ovariectomized rats. PGE2 (500 micrograms) was injected sc and plasma LH concentration was determined in serial jugular blood samples. Administration of PGE2 at 13.30 h on each day of the oestrous cycle resulted in a significantly greater increase in plasma LH levels at pro-oestrus and oestrus than at dioestrus 1 and 2. This differential response by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis during the oestrous cycle implicates regulatory activity by ovarian steroid feedback. In oestrogen-primed ovariectomized rats, PGE2 administration stimulated a significant increase in plasma LH, but similar treatment in non-primed castrates decreased plasma LH levels. This finding suggests a major role for oestrogen in regulating this response.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-stimulated LH release in cyclic and ovariectomized rats. The ability of prostaglandin (PG) E2 treatment to stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release was compared in cyclic (4-day) and ovariectomized rats. PGE2 (500 micrograms) was injected sc and plasma LH concentration was determined in serial jugular blood samples. Administration of PGE2 at 13.30 h on each day of the oestrous cycle resulted in a significantly greater increase in plasma LH levels at pro-oestrus and oestrus than at dioestrus 1 and 2. This differential response by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis during the oestrous cycle implicates regulatory activity by ovarian steroid feedback. In oestrogen-primed ovariectomized rats, PGE2 administration stimulated a significant increase in plasma LH, but similar treatment in non-primed castrates decreased plasma LH levels. This finding suggests a major role for oestrogen in regulating this response.", "PMID": 573949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10877", "title": "Twenty-four hour sleep-wake pattern of plasma LH in patients with anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The 24-h sleep-wake pattern of plasma LH was studied in 18 patients with severe weight loss. Sixteen patients had anorexia nervosa, one suffered from schizophrenia and one had a gastric ulcer. The age of the patients ranged from 13 to 31 years. Seventeen women and one boy participated in the study. Their weight ranged from 51 to 73% of the ideal body weight (IBW) at the first 24-h study which was at one week after admission to the hospital. Blood was taken through an indwelling venous catheter every 30 min. The patients' weight increased under behavioural therapy and they were re-studied when they had gained approximately 10% IBW and again prior to release from the psychiatric ward. The LH patterns were classified as infantile, pubertal or adult. All patients except for two had an infantile pattern at the first study. Except for the two patients who had no anorexia nervosa, all developed a pubertal and/or an adult pattern. All patients whose weight was below 69% IBW had an infantile LH pattern. All patients whose weight was below 69% IBW had an infantile LH pattern. Adult patterns were only seen when the body weight was greater than 80% IBW. The increase of the average 24-h LH values was slower the older the patients were and the longer they had been anorectic.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour sleep-wake pattern of plasma LH in patients with anorexia nervosa. The 24-h sleep-wake pattern of plasma LH was studied in 18 patients with severe weight loss. Sixteen patients had anorexia nervosa, one suffered from schizophrenia and one had a gastric ulcer. The age of the patients ranged from 13 to 31 years. Seventeen women and one boy participated in the study. Their weight ranged from 51 to 73% of the ideal body weight (IBW) at the first 24-h study which was at one week after admission to the hospital. Blood was taken through an indwelling venous catheter every 30 min. The patients' weight increased under behavioural therapy and they were re-studied when they had gained approximately 10% IBW and again prior to release from the psychiatric ward. The LH patterns were classified as infantile, pubertal or adult. All patients except for two had an infantile pattern at the first study. Except for the two patients who had no anorexia nervosa, all developed a pubertal and/or an adult pattern. All patients whose weight was below 69% IBW had an infantile LH pattern. All patients whose weight was below 69% IBW had an infantile LH pattern. Adult patterns were only seen when the body weight was greater than 80% IBW. The increase of the average 24-h LH values was slower the older the patients were and the longer they had been anorectic.", "PMID": 573950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10878", "title": "Immune thrombocytolytic purpura (ITP): a diagnostic and therapeutic survey of 86 cases with regard to the results of splenectomy and conservative therapy.", "content": "The therapeutic results in 86 cases of ITP seen over a period of 15 years are reported. Distribution of the haemorrhagic manifestations was in agreement with published data. On follow-up of the 40 splenectomized patients, the shortened platelet life-span, the reduced \"recovery\" as well as the increased rates of platelet turnover and platelet formation revealed a manifest tendency of normalization. One year after splenectomy the results were found \"good\" or \"moderate\" in 86%, more than two years after the intervention in 85%, of the cases. Retrospective analysis of the platelet-sequestration studies having shown \"good\" or satisfactory results in 93% of the splenic cases, this investigation is regarded as crucial to the indication of splenectomy. The absence of increased thrombocytopoiesis in approximately 15% of the cases is attributed to an antibody effect, reflected in a reduced polyploidy of the megakaryocytes. Normalization or increase in platelet count early after splenectomy is interpreted as a favourable prognostic sign. On the other hand, neither age of the patients nor the time of splenectomy was found to affect the success of the intervention. The results of corticosteroid treatment (Prednisolon 52%) lag far behind those of splenectomy. Ten patients were given combined immunosuppressive treatment.", "contents": "Immune thrombocytolytic purpura (ITP): a diagnostic and therapeutic survey of 86 cases with regard to the results of splenectomy and conservative therapy. The therapeutic results in 86 cases of ITP seen over a period of 15 years are reported. Distribution of the haemorrhagic manifestations was in agreement with published data. On follow-up of the 40 splenectomized patients, the shortened platelet life-span, the reduced \"recovery\" as well as the increased rates of platelet turnover and platelet formation revealed a manifest tendency of normalization. One year after splenectomy the results were found \"good\" or \"moderate\" in 86%, more than two years after the intervention in 85%, of the cases. Retrospective analysis of the platelet-sequestration studies having shown \"good\" or satisfactory results in 93% of the splenic cases, this investigation is regarded as crucial to the indication of splenectomy. The absence of increased thrombocytopoiesis in approximately 15% of the cases is attributed to an antibody effect, reflected in a reduced polyploidy of the megakaryocytes. Normalization or increase in platelet count early after splenectomy is interpreted as a favourable prognostic sign. On the other hand, neither age of the patients nor the time of splenectomy was found to affect the success of the intervention. The results of corticosteroid treatment (Prednisolon 52%) lag far behind those of splenectomy. Ten patients were given combined immunosuppressive treatment.", "PMID": 573954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10879", "title": "Changes in protein, RNA and DNA content in various rat organs after long-term intake of ethanol.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were given ethanol (approximately 25% of total caloric intake), while two different control groups were pair-fed isocaloric amounts of lipids or sucrose. After 7--10 weeks the following organs were studied: liver, cerebrum, heart, diaphragm, kidneys and testes. In fasted, ethanol treated rats there was a reduction in the hepatic concentration of RNA and the cerebral RNA/DNA ratio, when compared to both control groups, while no effects were found with respect to organ weight and amounts of protein, RNA or DNA in heart, diaphragm, kidneys and testes. When fed, ethanol treated animals were compared to both control groups, no effects on organ weight and composition were found in any tissue studied. Several significant differences were registered in the ethanol group as compared to one control group only, as well as between the two control groups. The consumption of ethanol (25% of total calories) thus caused only minor alterations in gross organ composition. These results also indicate the importance of interpreting with care any apparent effect of ethanol ingestion, unless at least two different control groups have been employed.", "contents": "Changes in protein, RNA and DNA content in various rat organs after long-term intake of ethanol. Male Wistar rats were given ethanol (approximately 25% of total caloric intake), while two different control groups were pair-fed isocaloric amounts of lipids or sucrose. After 7--10 weeks the following organs were studied: liver, cerebrum, heart, diaphragm, kidneys and testes. In fasted, ethanol treated rats there was a reduction in the hepatic concentration of RNA and the cerebral RNA/DNA ratio, when compared to both control groups, while no effects were found with respect to organ weight and amounts of protein, RNA or DNA in heart, diaphragm, kidneys and testes. When fed, ethanol treated animals were compared to both control groups, no effects on organ weight and composition were found in any tissue studied. Several significant differences were registered in the ethanol group as compared to one control group only, as well as between the two control groups. The consumption of ethanol (25% of total calories) thus caused only minor alterations in gross organ composition. These results also indicate the importance of interpreting with care any apparent effect of ethanol ingestion, unless at least two different control groups have been employed.", "PMID": 573956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10880", "title": "Studies on acute tolerance to ethanol in the abstinence period after long-term barbital treatment in the rat.", "content": "Male rats were treated with sodium barbital in the drinking water for 18 weeks. The average weekly dosage was around 215 mg/kg in groups 1, 3 and 5. Groups 2, 4 and 6 were controls. Every week in the abstinence period after the barbital treatment the sensitivity to hexobarbital was tested with a threshold method after three different pretreatments. These pretreatments consisted of saline (groups 1 and 2) and ethanol (2.0 g/kg intraperitoneally) given either 0.25 hr (groups 3 and 4) or 2.5--3 hrs (group 5 and 6) prior to the hexobarbital test. Tolerance seen as a difference in the sensitivity to hexobarbital between groups 1 and 2 (saline pretreatment) were found on day 1, 8, 22 and 36 in the abstinence period. In groups 3 and 4 (tested 0.25 hr after ethanol) a tolerance was found on day 1 and 15. In groups 5 and 6 (tested 2.5--3 hrs after ethanol) a tolerance was only found on day 1. An acute tolerance to ethanol in the controls (seen as a difference between groups 4 and 6) was always recorded. Since tolerance in group 1 was not always accompanied by a tolerance in group 3, an acute tolerance to ethanol is unlikely as an unitary explanation to the tolerance induced by the barbital treatment, which instead seem to be part of much more complex changes. The acute tolerance to ethanol was influenced by the weekly administrations of ethanol used in the tests of the controls (groups 4 and 6) which means that acute tolerance could be one participant in these more complex changes.", "contents": "Studies on acute tolerance to ethanol in the abstinence period after long-term barbital treatment in the rat. Male rats were treated with sodium barbital in the drinking water for 18 weeks. The average weekly dosage was around 215 mg/kg in groups 1, 3 and 5. Groups 2, 4 and 6 were controls. Every week in the abstinence period after the barbital treatment the sensitivity to hexobarbital was tested with a threshold method after three different pretreatments. These pretreatments consisted of saline (groups 1 and 2) and ethanol (2.0 g/kg intraperitoneally) given either 0.25 hr (groups 3 and 4) or 2.5--3 hrs (group 5 and 6) prior to the hexobarbital test. Tolerance seen as a difference in the sensitivity to hexobarbital between groups 1 and 2 (saline pretreatment) were found on day 1, 8, 22 and 36 in the abstinence period. In groups 3 and 4 (tested 0.25 hr after ethanol) a tolerance was found on day 1 and 15. In groups 5 and 6 (tested 2.5--3 hrs after ethanol) a tolerance was only found on day 1. An acute tolerance to ethanol in the controls (seen as a difference between groups 4 and 6) was always recorded. Since tolerance in group 1 was not always accompanied by a tolerance in group 3, an acute tolerance to ethanol is unlikely as an unitary explanation to the tolerance induced by the barbital treatment, which instead seem to be part of much more complex changes. The acute tolerance to ethanol was influenced by the weekly administrations of ethanol used in the tests of the controls (groups 4 and 6) which means that acute tolerance could be one participant in these more complex changes.", "PMID": 573957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10881", "title": "Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic-melancholic patients. A study of diurnal variations.", "content": "Behavioural measurements of time experience and phenomenological self-ratings of mood-variations (Beecher's Mood Scale) have been carried out at night and on the following morning in a group of lithium-treated patients, in a group of psychiatric patients not given lithium, and in an untreated group of healthy subjects. In all the groups investigated the internal \"clock\" was slower in the morning than in the night. The results indicated that the internal \"clock\" in lithium-treated patients was slower than in the two other groups, but only at night. Mood variations from night ot morning were observed in all three groups. The group of lithium-treated patients had fewer complaints as to self-report of mood-variations compared with the other groups.", "contents": "Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic-melancholic patients. A study of diurnal variations. Behavioural measurements of time experience and phenomenological self-ratings of mood-variations (Beecher's Mood Scale) have been carried out at night and on the following morning in a group of lithium-treated patients, in a group of psychiatric patients not given lithium, and in an untreated group of healthy subjects. In all the groups investigated the internal \"clock\" was slower in the morning than in the night. The results indicated that the internal \"clock\" in lithium-treated patients was slower than in the two other groups, but only at night. Mood variations from night ot morning were observed in all three groups. The group of lithium-treated patients had fewer complaints as to self-report of mood-variations compared with the other groups.", "PMID": 573958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10882", "title": "Specific isolation of biologically-active peptides by means of immobilized anhydrotrypsin and anhydrochymotrypsin.", "content": "Anhydrotrypsin, a derivative of bovine trypsin, immobilized on Sepharose tightly adsorbs various peptides containing L-arginine at the carboxyl termini, such as bradykinin and tuftsin. These peptides correspond to the specific products of the action of trypsin-like enzymes. Native trypsin immobilized on Sepharose does not show such strong affinity. Fragment 2, a peptide with 41 amino acid residues, which has been released together with bradykinin from bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen by the action of plasm kallikrein, is also adsorbed on the immobilized anhydrotrypsin. When only the carboxyl-terminal arginine is removed with carboxy-peptidase B, however, the peptide loses its adsorptive ability. Immobilized anhydrochymotrypsin, on the other hand, exerts specific affinity for the peptides which correspond to the products of chymotrypsin. These results suggest that the anhydro-derivatives of serine-proteseas in general may be of great use in the affinity chromatography of respective series of various naturally occurring peptides.", "contents": "Specific isolation of biologically-active peptides by means of immobilized anhydrotrypsin and anhydrochymotrypsin. Anhydrotrypsin, a derivative of bovine trypsin, immobilized on Sepharose tightly adsorbs various peptides containing L-arginine at the carboxyl termini, such as bradykinin and tuftsin. These peptides correspond to the specific products of the action of trypsin-like enzymes. Native trypsin immobilized on Sepharose does not show such strong affinity. Fragment 2, a peptide with 41 amino acid residues, which has been released together with bradykinin from bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen by the action of plasm kallikrein, is also adsorbed on the immobilized anhydrotrypsin. When only the carboxyl-terminal arginine is removed with carboxy-peptidase B, however, the peptide loses its adsorptive ability. Immobilized anhydrochymotrypsin, on the other hand, exerts specific affinity for the peptides which correspond to the products of chymotrypsin. These results suggest that the anhydro-derivatives of serine-proteseas in general may be of great use in the affinity chromatography of respective series of various naturally occurring peptides.", "PMID": 573960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10883", "title": "Determination of Hageman factor (HG, factor XII) and plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) by radioimmunoassays.", "content": "The titers of components of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system have been measured conventionally by their biological functions. The functional assays are, however, antagonized by the presence of inhibitors and/or the absence of potentiators in test samples. Immunologic assays obviate these difficulties. We have developed specific, sensitive and reproducible radioimmunoassays (RIA) for HF and prekallikrein, and have applied these assays to some clinical conditions. Normal pooled human plasma contained approximately 40 microgram of HF and 50 microgram of prekallikrein per ml. RIA were able to measure concentrations of HF and prekallikrein as low as 0.1% and 0.3% that of normal pooled plasma respectively. A good correlation existed between titers measured by clotting and radioimmunoassays among 40 normal subjects (correlation co-efficient = 0.82 for HF and 0.71 for prekallifrein). There was no significantly reduced in plasmas of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and in cord serums, but they were normal in plasmas obtained after strenuous physical exercise and in plasmas of patients under treatment with warfarin.", "contents": "Determination of Hageman factor (HG, factor XII) and plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) by radioimmunoassays. The titers of components of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system have been measured conventionally by their biological functions. The functional assays are, however, antagonized by the presence of inhibitors and/or the absence of potentiators in test samples. Immunologic assays obviate these difficulties. We have developed specific, sensitive and reproducible radioimmunoassays (RIA) for HF and prekallikrein, and have applied these assays to some clinical conditions. Normal pooled human plasma contained approximately 40 microgram of HF and 50 microgram of prekallikrein per ml. RIA were able to measure concentrations of HF and prekallikrein as low as 0.1% and 0.3% that of normal pooled plasma respectively. A good correlation existed between titers measured by clotting and radioimmunoassays among 40 normal subjects (correlation co-efficient = 0.82 for HF and 0.71 for prekallifrein). There was no significantly reduced in plasmas of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and in cord serums, but they were normal in plasmas obtained after strenuous physical exercise and in plasmas of patients under treatment with warfarin.", "PMID": 573961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10884", "title": "A direct radioimmunoassay for human urinary kallikrein.", "content": "A protein-binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for human urinary kallikrein (HUK). HUK was purified to apparent homogeneity and rabbit anti-human urinary kallikrein serum was prepared. Radio-iodination of HUK was performed in 20 microgram batches with 1 mCi of 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent in 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, pH 8.5, at 0 degree C. The 30 min reaction was terminated by adding 0.5 ml of 0.2 M glycine. Radiolabelled HUK was purified on a Sephacryl S-200 column (1x 50 cm) in 0.05 M Tris.HCl plus 0.2% gelatin, pH 7.4 (RIA buffer). 125I-HUK emerged as a single, uniform peak at Ve/Vo of 1.3. The RIA reaction mixture contained 15,000 cpm of 125I-HUK, 0.1 ml of diluted anti-kallikrein serum, 0.1 ml unlabelled kallikrein (1-100 ng) or the unknown sample and RIA buffer to a total of 0.5 ml. The reaction mixture was incubated at 22 degrees C for 18 hr, and 100 microliter to goat-anti-rabbit IgG serum was added to each tube. The tubes were incubated 18 hr at 4 degrees C, centrifuged 4,000 rpm for 30 min and, after decantation, the precipitate was counted for 125 I. The RIA reported here is sufficiently sensitive to detect 1 ng of kallikrein and should offer a useful technique to determine alterations of the kallikrein-kinin system in response to stimuli; both physiologic and pathologic.", "contents": "A direct radioimmunoassay for human urinary kallikrein. A protein-binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for human urinary kallikrein (HUK). HUK was purified to apparent homogeneity and rabbit anti-human urinary kallikrein serum was prepared. Radio-iodination of HUK was performed in 20 microgram batches with 1 mCi of 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent in 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, pH 8.5, at 0 degree C. The 30 min reaction was terminated by adding 0.5 ml of 0.2 M glycine. Radiolabelled HUK was purified on a Sephacryl S-200 column (1x 50 cm) in 0.05 M Tris.HCl plus 0.2% gelatin, pH 7.4 (RIA buffer). 125I-HUK emerged as a single, uniform peak at Ve/Vo of 1.3. The RIA reaction mixture contained 15,000 cpm of 125I-HUK, 0.1 ml of diluted anti-kallikrein serum, 0.1 ml unlabelled kallikrein (1-100 ng) or the unknown sample and RIA buffer to a total of 0.5 ml. The reaction mixture was incubated at 22 degrees C for 18 hr, and 100 microliter to goat-anti-rabbit IgG serum was added to each tube. The tubes were incubated 18 hr at 4 degrees C, centrifuged 4,000 rpm for 30 min and, after decantation, the precipitate was counted for 125 I. The RIA reported here is sufficiently sensitive to detect 1 ng of kallikrein and should offer a useful technique to determine alterations of the kallikrein-kinin system in response to stimuli; both physiologic and pathologic.", "PMID": 573962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10885", "title": "Influence of vegetable protein on gallstone formation in hamsters.", "content": "The lithogenic diet generally used for production of gallstones in hamsters contains 20% casein. In four separate experiments the 20% casein diet was compared with one containing 20% soy protein. All other components were kept constant. Two of the four experiments were of 45-day duration, one of 70 days and one of 100 days. When results of all four experiments were averaged, 57.5 +/- 3.6% of hamsters fed casein exhibited cholesterol gallstones whereas only 14.0 +/- 1.3% of soy protein-fed hamsters had gallstones. Thus, soy protein has a significant inhibitory effect on gallstone formation in hamsters. When soy protein was fed to hamsters with preestablished gallstones there was evidence of gallstone dissolution.", "contents": "Influence of vegetable protein on gallstone formation in hamsters. The lithogenic diet generally used for production of gallstones in hamsters contains 20% casein. In four separate experiments the 20% casein diet was compared with one containing 20% soy protein. All other components were kept constant. Two of the four experiments were of 45-day duration, one of 70 days and one of 100 days. When results of all four experiments were averaged, 57.5 +/- 3.6% of hamsters fed casein exhibited cholesterol gallstones whereas only 14.0 +/- 1.3% of soy protein-fed hamsters had gallstones. Thus, soy protein has a significant inhibitory effect on gallstone formation in hamsters. When soy protein was fed to hamsters with preestablished gallstones there was evidence of gallstone dissolution.", "PMID": 573964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10886", "title": "Ultrastructure of endometrial stromal foam cells.", "content": "An endometrium with cystic-glandular hyperplasia contained large foam cells in the stroma. The majority had ultrastructural characteristics of endometrial stromal cells, although a few were interpreted as macrophages. Endometrial stromal cells that appeared normal by light microscopy contained varying quantities of lipid on ultrastructural examination, and differed from the predominate type of foam cell only by having less cytoplasmic volume and maintaining an elongated shape. Cells intermediate in size and shape between normal stromal cells and foam cells further substantiated the origin of most of the foam cells from endometrial stroma.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of endometrial stromal foam cells. An endometrium with cystic-glandular hyperplasia contained large foam cells in the stroma. The majority had ultrastructural characteristics of endometrial stromal cells, although a few were interpreted as macrophages. Endometrial stromal cells that appeared normal by light microscopy contained varying quantities of lipid on ultrastructural examination, and differed from the predominate type of foam cell only by having less cytoplasmic volume and maintaining an elongated shape. Cells intermediate in size and shape between normal stromal cells and foam cells further substantiated the origin of most of the foam cells from endometrial stroma.", "PMID": 573966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10887", "title": "Estrogen receptor assay of mammary carcinomas. Effects of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) and serum estradiol-17 beta.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that the serum sex steroid-binding protein, TeBG, might contaminate mammary carcinoma cytosols sufficiently to interfere with assay for estrogen receptor (ER), studies of tritiated estradiol-17 beta (3H-E2) binding were done following saturation with steroid hormones or after heat treatment of cytosol. Cytosols with appreciable 3H-E2 binding consistently showed a high degree of saturability with nonradioactive E2 and diethylstilbestrol (DES), and much less saturability with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Furthermore, they manifested heat-lability of 3H-E2 binding. These characteristics indicated that little, if any, TeBG was being detected in most cytosols, and that the amounts of TeBG present were not sufficient to interfere with the ER assay. Study of the relationship between serum E2 concentration at time of removal of the carcinoma and results of ER assay confirmed the need to interpret negative ER assays obtained for premenopausal women cautiously when serum E2 levels exceed approximately 300 pg/ml.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor assay of mammary carcinomas. Effects of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) and serum estradiol-17 beta. To test the hypothesis that the serum sex steroid-binding protein, TeBG, might contaminate mammary carcinoma cytosols sufficiently to interfere with assay for estrogen receptor (ER), studies of tritiated estradiol-17 beta (3H-E2) binding were done following saturation with steroid hormones or after heat treatment of cytosol. Cytosols with appreciable 3H-E2 binding consistently showed a high degree of saturability with nonradioactive E2 and diethylstilbestrol (DES), and much less saturability with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Furthermore, they manifested heat-lability of 3H-E2 binding. These characteristics indicated that little, if any, TeBG was being detected in most cytosols, and that the amounts of TeBG present were not sufficient to interfere with the ER assay. Study of the relationship between serum E2 concentration at time of removal of the carcinoma and results of ER assay confirmed the need to interpret negative ER assays obtained for premenopausal women cautiously when serum E2 levels exceed approximately 300 pg/ml.", "PMID": 573965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10888", "title": "Birth weight and gestational age in children with cerebral palsy or seizure disorders.", "content": "Birth weight and gestational age of single-born children with cerebral palsy (CP) and those with seizure disorders were compared with norms for 40,000 single-born children in the same prospectively identified population. Low birth-weight and short gestation were important risk factors for CP, but these characteristics were uncommon, and the majority of children with CP were of normal birth weight and term gestational age. Preterm children with CP by age 7 years tended to have been even smaller at birth than was appropriate for their short gestions. Among term infants with later CP, the birth weights of the majority were appropriate for dates, but a subgroup were noticeably small for dates at term. Low birth weight, preterm birth, and smallness for dates at term were not significantly related to the risk of seizure disorders in children free of CP.", "contents": "Birth weight and gestational age in children with cerebral palsy or seizure disorders. Birth weight and gestational age of single-born children with cerebral palsy (CP) and those with seizure disorders were compared with norms for 40,000 single-born children in the same prospectively identified population. Low birth-weight and short gestation were important risk factors for CP, but these characteristics were uncommon, and the majority of children with CP were of normal birth weight and term gestational age. Preterm children with CP by age 7 years tended to have been even smaller at birth than was appropriate for their short gestions. Among term infants with later CP, the birth weights of the majority were appropriate for dates, but a subgroup were noticeably small for dates at term. Low birth weight, preterm birth, and smallness for dates at term were not significantly related to the risk of seizure disorders in children free of CP.", "PMID": 573967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10889", "title": "Bat-associated histoplasmosis in Maryland bridge workers.", "content": "An epidemic of acute prolonged febrile respiratory disease affecting nine of 19 workers on a Maryland State bridge maintenance crew was diagnosed as histoplasmosis by serologic testing in all and by isolation of the organism in one. In our investigation, it was revealed that work on a particular bridge was associated with disease. Culture of bat guano from the site two months later revealed H. capsulatum. Four previously uninfected epidemiologic investigators also became ill with histoplasmosis following collection of soil and bat guano. This outbreak reveals that bats and bat guano are a source of histoplasmosis, suggests that only brief exposure is necessary for acute infection and reemphasizes that histoplasmosis is not confined to the midwestern states.", "contents": "Bat-associated histoplasmosis in Maryland bridge workers. An epidemic of acute prolonged febrile respiratory disease affecting nine of 19 workers on a Maryland State bridge maintenance crew was diagnosed as histoplasmosis by serologic testing in all and by isolation of the organism in one. In our investigation, it was revealed that work on a particular bridge was associated with disease. Culture of bat guano from the site two months later revealed H. capsulatum. Four previously uninfected epidemiologic investigators also became ill with histoplasmosis following collection of soil and bat guano. This outbreak reveals that bats and bat guano are a source of histoplasmosis, suggests that only brief exposure is necessary for acute infection and reemphasizes that histoplasmosis is not confined to the midwestern states.", "PMID": 573968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10890", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis associated with unpasteurized milk.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni has recently been recognized as a human enteric pathogen. Laboratory isolation has been hindered by its fastidious nature. Methods for recovery of this organism from stool culture and a specific serologic test are described. An outbreak is reported in which three members of the same family became simultaneously ill with fever, severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea. C. fetus ss. jejuni was recovered from stool specimens from all three. A fourfold increase in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer to this organism was demonstrated in each patient. All three patients had been consuming unpasteurized milk from a cow whose feces were infected with C. fetus ss. jejuni.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis associated with unpasteurized milk. Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni has recently been recognized as a human enteric pathogen. Laboratory isolation has been hindered by its fastidious nature. Methods for recovery of this organism from stool culture and a specific serologic test are described. An outbreak is reported in which three members of the same family became simultaneously ill with fever, severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea. C. fetus ss. jejuni was recovered from stool specimens from all three. A fourfold increase in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer to this organism was demonstrated in each patient. All three patients had been consuming unpasteurized milk from a cow whose feces were infected with C. fetus ss. jejuni.", "PMID": 573969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10891", "title": "Rape: sexual disruption and recovery.", "content": "In a longitudinal study of 81 adult rape victims reinterviewed four to six years later, effects of the rape on subsequent sexual functioning are analyzed. Most victims who had been sexually active were found to experience changes in frequency of sexual activity and in sexual response. Interview responses of victims are reported, and suggestions are offered for the counseling of rape victims and their sexual partners.", "contents": "Rape: sexual disruption and recovery. In a longitudinal study of 81 adult rape victims reinterviewed four to six years later, effects of the rape on subsequent sexual functioning are analyzed. Most victims who had been sexually active were found to experience changes in frequency of sexual activity and in sexual response. Interview responses of victims are reported, and suggestions are offered for the counseling of rape victims and their sexual partners.", "PMID": 573970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10892", "title": "Plasma amino acid turnover rates and pools in rabbits: in vivo studies using stable isotopes.", "content": "Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry of plasma amino acids has been used to determine the 15N enrichments of plasma glycine and alanine in rabbits in different metabolic states. Isotope-enrichment time-decay curves of plasma amino acids were linear over the course of the measurements after intravenous administration of a single dose of 15N-amino acid. Glycine and alanine pools and turnover rate constants were estimated from decay data. The effects of diurnal variation and fasting on glycine and alanine pool sizes, turnover rates, and flux in rabbits were studied to provide information on the effect of metabolic stress on amino acid kinetics in the whole body. The observations suggests that the transport of systemic glycine or alanine into the hepatocyte is under the control of a regulatory mechanism that compensates for decrease in the extracellular levels of the amino acids by enhancing the activity of the transport system. The volumes of the glycine and alanine pools were found to correspond to the extracellular space of rabbits, and the glycine and alanine pools can be identified as extracellular. We conclude that the plasma glycine and alanine 15N isotope-enrichment time-decay curves over the 1st h after a single intravenous dose of the amino acid represent mainly the hepatic uptake of glycine and alanine from the extracellular pool.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid turnover rates and pools in rabbits: in vivo studies using stable isotopes. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry of plasma amino acids has been used to determine the 15N enrichments of plasma glycine and alanine in rabbits in different metabolic states. Isotope-enrichment time-decay curves of plasma amino acids were linear over the course of the measurements after intravenous administration of a single dose of 15N-amino acid. Glycine and alanine pools and turnover rate constants were estimated from decay data. The effects of diurnal variation and fasting on glycine and alanine pool sizes, turnover rates, and flux in rabbits were studied to provide information on the effect of metabolic stress on amino acid kinetics in the whole body. The observations suggests that the transport of systemic glycine or alanine into the hepatocyte is under the control of a regulatory mechanism that compensates for decrease in the extracellular levels of the amino acids by enhancing the activity of the transport system. The volumes of the glycine and alanine pools were found to correspond to the extracellular space of rabbits, and the glycine and alanine pools can be identified as extracellular. We conclude that the plasma glycine and alanine 15N isotope-enrichment time-decay curves over the 1st h after a single intravenous dose of the amino acid represent mainly the hepatic uptake of glycine and alanine from the extracellular pool.", "PMID": 573971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10893", "title": "Functional state of adrenergic innervation of the stomach in rats with different stability of cardiovascular functions in experimental stress.", "content": "Stress is induced in male Wistar and August rats by immobilising them for 30 hours. Nerve endings were studied using the method of fluorescent microscopy of Falck and Owman, modified by E. M. Krokhina. These studies showed that the dystrophic process related to stress acts on the activation system of the adrenergic innervation. This activation of transmitter synthesis in all the neurones is related to the large number of adrenergic transmitter substances found in the stomach wall. There are differences between animal species: August rats are more sensitive. This no doubt reflects a general instability in the vegetative functions of this species. The authors conclude that depending on the animal species there are factors in the stomach which may either afford resistance or predispose the organism to disorders of the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Functional state of adrenergic innervation of the stomach in rats with different stability of cardiovascular functions in experimental stress. Stress is induced in male Wistar and August rats by immobilising them for 30 hours. Nerve endings were studied using the method of fluorescent microscopy of Falck and Owman, modified by E. M. Krokhina. These studies showed that the dystrophic process related to stress acts on the activation system of the adrenergic innervation. This activation of transmitter synthesis in all the neurones is related to the large number of adrenergic transmitter substances found in the stomach wall. There are differences between animal species: August rats are more sensitive. This no doubt reflects a general instability in the vegetative functions of this species. The authors conclude that depending on the animal species there are factors in the stomach which may either afford resistance or predispose the organism to disorders of the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 573976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10894", "title": "Pyrazidol, a new drug with antidepressant properties.", "content": "During the search for new psychotropic drugs, a group of pyrazinoindole derivatives have been synthetized at the All Union Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute. Especially effective and having antidepressant activities is the hydrochloride of 1,10-trimethylene-8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino (1,2-a) indole, named pyrazidol. Pyrazidol differs from any already known antidepressant for its chemical structure, the general pattern of activity and its neurochemical mechanism of action. The drug combines an inhibiting action on the neuronal uptake of monoamines with a monoamineoxidase inhibiting activity. As MAO-inhibitor, pyrazidol mainly impairs serotonin deamination, and acts only slightly on tyramine deamination. Furthermore, the anti-MAO action of pyrazidol is of short duration. Then, pyrazidol constitutes a drug with a particular profile of therapeutic activity.", "contents": "Pyrazidol, a new drug with antidepressant properties. During the search for new psychotropic drugs, a group of pyrazinoindole derivatives have been synthetized at the All Union Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute. Especially effective and having antidepressant activities is the hydrochloride of 1,10-trimethylene-8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino (1,2-a) indole, named pyrazidol. Pyrazidol differs from any already known antidepressant for its chemical structure, the general pattern of activity and its neurochemical mechanism of action. The drug combines an inhibiting action on the neuronal uptake of monoamines with a monoamineoxidase inhibiting activity. As MAO-inhibitor, pyrazidol mainly impairs serotonin deamination, and acts only slightly on tyramine deamination. Furthermore, the anti-MAO action of pyrazidol is of short duration. Then, pyrazidol constitutes a drug with a particular profile of therapeutic activity.", "PMID": 573978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10895", "title": "Influence of social environment and of drugs on 3H-corticosterone uptake in various brain areas.", "content": "Through specific cytoplasmic-nuclear receptors, brain appears as a target tissue for corticosteroids in their affecting neuroendocrine and behavioural activities. 3H-corticosterone (3H-B) uptake in various brain areas of differentially reared mice was studied in order to ascertain possible differences which might be connected to the different patterns of behavioural, neurochemical and stress responses. In 4-day adrenalectomized mice 1-h 3H-B uptake was higher in grouped than in isolated ones. Prlonged social stress in the grouped mice before adrenalectomy remarkably reduced 3H-B uptake. In 4-hour adrenalectomized dominant males, 4-h 3H-B uptake was higher than in submissive ones. All drugs tested (chlorpromazine, fluanisone, morphine, methergoline, naloxone, propranolol) affected 3H-B uptake. Knowledge of the interactions between behavioural manipulations or drugs and brain corticosteroid-receptors can improve the approach to the regulatory mechanisms of the hypothalamo-hypophyso-adrenal axis also in relation with behavioural phenomena.", "contents": "Influence of social environment and of drugs on 3H-corticosterone uptake in various brain areas. Through specific cytoplasmic-nuclear receptors, brain appears as a target tissue for corticosteroids in their affecting neuroendocrine and behavioural activities. 3H-corticosterone (3H-B) uptake in various brain areas of differentially reared mice was studied in order to ascertain possible differences which might be connected to the different patterns of behavioural, neurochemical and stress responses. In 4-day adrenalectomized mice 1-h 3H-B uptake was higher in grouped than in isolated ones. Prlonged social stress in the grouped mice before adrenalectomy remarkably reduced 3H-B uptake. In 4-hour adrenalectomized dominant males, 4-h 3H-B uptake was higher than in submissive ones. All drugs tested (chlorpromazine, fluanisone, morphine, methergoline, naloxone, propranolol) affected 3H-B uptake. Knowledge of the interactions between behavioural manipulations or drugs and brain corticosteroid-receptors can improve the approach to the regulatory mechanisms of the hypothalamo-hypophyso-adrenal axis also in relation with behavioural phenomena.", "PMID": 573979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10896", "title": "Genetical studies of the palmar and sole patterns and some dermatoglyphic measurements in twins.", "content": "The within- and between-pair mean squares and means have been estimated for dermatoglyphic patterns on finger-tips, palms and soles and compared between samples of 110 MZ and 111 DZ twins of Polish origin. Dermatoglyphic patterns have been represented by topologically significant pattern elements (loops and triradii) on finger-tips, palms and soles, considered separately and in various combinations, ridge counts on finger-tips and on palms and several other palmar and sole measurements. Some genetic parameters such as: genetic variance (GCT) based on within and between mean squares of the two types of twins, the within-pair variance ratio and the covariance/variance ratio in MZ twins have also been obtained for all these traits and considered in relation to differences in respect of the total and between-pair variances and means for all specified characters. The highest values of genetic parameters have been obtained for pattern intensities and ridge counts on finger-tips, considered separately or combined, for the H hypothenar loop and the axial t triradii on palms, and for the majority of sole loops and triradii. The lowest values have been found for several palmar loops and measurements such as minutiae counts. These results are, in respect of some pattern elements, not in agreement with the estimated heritability based on correlations between other relatives. A comparison of genetic parameters for single loops or triradii and for their various combinations indicates that some pattern elements or their combinations may be each influenced by a specific genetic system which modifies their phenotypic expression. It is believed that the obtained results are, for some proportion of characters, clearly biased by inequality of the total variances in MZ and DZ twins.", "contents": "Genetical studies of the palmar and sole patterns and some dermatoglyphic measurements in twins. The within- and between-pair mean squares and means have been estimated for dermatoglyphic patterns on finger-tips, palms and soles and compared between samples of 110 MZ and 111 DZ twins of Polish origin. Dermatoglyphic patterns have been represented by topologically significant pattern elements (loops and triradii) on finger-tips, palms and soles, considered separately and in various combinations, ridge counts on finger-tips and on palms and several other palmar and sole measurements. Some genetic parameters such as: genetic variance (GCT) based on within and between mean squares of the two types of twins, the within-pair variance ratio and the covariance/variance ratio in MZ twins have also been obtained for all these traits and considered in relation to differences in respect of the total and between-pair variances and means for all specified characters. The highest values of genetic parameters have been obtained for pattern intensities and ridge counts on finger-tips, considered separately or combined, for the H hypothenar loop and the axial t triradii on palms, and for the majority of sole loops and triradii. The lowest values have been found for several palmar loops and measurements such as minutiae counts. These results are, in respect of some pattern elements, not in agreement with the estimated heritability based on correlations between other relatives. A comparison of genetic parameters for single loops or triradii and for their various combinations indicates that some pattern elements or their combinations may be each influenced by a specific genetic system which modifies their phenotypic expression. It is believed that the obtained results are, for some proportion of characters, clearly biased by inequality of the total variances in MZ and DZ twins.", "PMID": 573984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10897", "title": "Airflow through the eustachian tube.", "content": "In an attempt to distinguish normal from abnormal eustachian tube function, two groups of adults with nonintact tympanic membranes were tested. Six subjects had traumatic perforations of the tympanic membrane and a negative otologic histroy while five subjects had perforations as a sequela of otitis media. The subjects were tested with two methods: the middle ear inflation-deflation technique and a newly introduced forced-response technique. The comparison of the two groups revealed marked differences between normal subjects and patients with middle ear disease in active tubal dilation mechanisms and biomechanics of the eustachian tube. The forced-response test appeared to be a better method to determine the degree of actual tubal function.", "contents": "Airflow through the eustachian tube. In an attempt to distinguish normal from abnormal eustachian tube function, two groups of adults with nonintact tympanic membranes were tested. Six subjects had traumatic perforations of the tympanic membrane and a negative otologic histroy while five subjects had perforations as a sequela of otitis media. The subjects were tested with two methods: the middle ear inflation-deflation technique and a newly introduced forced-response technique. The comparison of the two groups revealed marked differences between normal subjects and patients with middle ear disease in active tubal dilation mechanisms and biomechanics of the eustachian tube. The forced-response test appeared to be a better method to determine the degree of actual tubal function.", "PMID": 573980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10898", "title": "A two-locus model for the inheritance of a familial disease.", "content": "A model for the inheritance of a disease involving genes at just two linked loci is presented and discussed. One of the two pairs of opposite double homozygotes is assumed to lead to the disease and death. The other genotypes are assumed to be less fit than the double heterozygote. The cause of this reduced fitness may or may not be due to the disease. Conditions for the existence of a stable equilibrium are presented. The model has a sound biological basis and could be used to explain a wide range of disease frequencies and patterns of inheritance. Mutation is not required to explain why the disease persists in the population. Recurrence risks for sibs and twin concordance rates are derived and the consequences of the relaxation of selection against those with the disease are predicted. The effects of a selection model of the kind described on the amount of linkage disequilibrium in the population and on the estimation of the frequency of recombination are discussed.", "contents": "A two-locus model for the inheritance of a familial disease. A model for the inheritance of a disease involving genes at just two linked loci is presented and discussed. One of the two pairs of opposite double homozygotes is assumed to lead to the disease and death. The other genotypes are assumed to be less fit than the double heterozygote. The cause of this reduced fitness may or may not be due to the disease. Conditions for the existence of a stable equilibrium are presented. The model has a sound biological basis and could be used to explain a wide range of disease frequencies and patterns of inheritance. Mutation is not required to explain why the disease persists in the population. Recurrence risks for sibs and twin concordance rates are derived and the consequences of the relaxation of selection against those with the disease are predicted. The effects of a selection model of the kind described on the amount of linkage disequilibrium in the population and on the estimation of the frequency of recombination are discussed.", "PMID": 573985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10899", "title": "Outbreak of botulism in Kenyan nomads.", "content": "During disease surveillance in Kenya, a series of deaths were investigated among a group of nomadic Gabra in Marsabit. The cause was identified as botulism (Clostridium botulinum Type A), contracted from sour milk prepared traditionally in a gourd. Reported outbreaks of botulism in Africa would appear to be extremely rare.", "contents": "Outbreak of botulism in Kenyan nomads. During disease surveillance in Kenya, a series of deaths were investigated among a group of nomadic Gabra in Marsabit. The cause was identified as botulism (Clostridium botulinum Type A), contracted from sour milk prepared traditionally in a gourd. Reported outbreaks of botulism in Africa would appear to be extremely rare.", "PMID": 573988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10900", "title": "The exsheathment of Brugia pahangi microfilariae under controlled conditions in vitro.", "content": "Two reproducible techniques for the exsheathment in vitro of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, and other sheathed microfilariae, are described. Microfilariae were isolated from infected cat blood by filtration and suspended in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution. The first technique involved the incubation of isolated microfilariae for one hour in 20 mM CaCl2 in a phosphate-free Balanced Salt Solution, during which time approximately 90% of the microfilariae lost their sheaths. The second method of exsheathing microfilariae of B. pahangi involved exposure of microfilariae to solutions of endopeptidase (5.8 units/ml) or papaya extract protease (3.0 units/ml) in Ca2+-free HBSS. Exsheathment rates of 95--100% occurred within 30 minutes in both enzyme solutions. Both the Ca2+ ion and the endopeptidase technique have proven equally effective in stimulating exsheathment of microfilariae of Brugia malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti and Litomosoides carinii. Such artificially exsheathed microfilariae are used for in vitro cultivation studies. The viability of Ca2+- and endopeptidase-exsheathed microfilariae of B. pahangi has been confirmed by inoculation of exsheathed larvae into susceptible female mosquitoes.", "contents": "The exsheathment of Brugia pahangi microfilariae under controlled conditions in vitro. Two reproducible techniques for the exsheathment in vitro of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, and other sheathed microfilariae, are described. Microfilariae were isolated from infected cat blood by filtration and suspended in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution. The first technique involved the incubation of isolated microfilariae for one hour in 20 mM CaCl2 in a phosphate-free Balanced Salt Solution, during which time approximately 90% of the microfilariae lost their sheaths. The second method of exsheathing microfilariae of B. pahangi involved exposure of microfilariae to solutions of endopeptidase (5.8 units/ml) or papaya extract protease (3.0 units/ml) in Ca2+-free HBSS. Exsheathment rates of 95--100% occurred within 30 minutes in both enzyme solutions. Both the Ca2+ ion and the endopeptidase technique have proven equally effective in stimulating exsheathment of microfilariae of Brugia malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti and Litomosoides carinii. Such artificially exsheathed microfilariae are used for in vitro cultivation studies. The viability of Ca2+- and endopeptidase-exsheathed microfilariae of B. pahangi has been confirmed by inoculation of exsheathed larvae into susceptible female mosquitoes.", "PMID": 573989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10901", "title": "Twin growth: initial deficit, recovery, and trends in concordance from birth to nine years.", "content": "Height and weight measurements for a large sample of twins from birth to nine years were used to construct growth curves for this period. Compared to singletons, twins were substantially smaller at birth, particularly for weight (30% deficit), but the latter showed a dramatic recovery in the first 3 months, then smaller increments until finally reaching the singleton norms at 8 years. Height, while less depressed at birth (17% deficit), was also slower to recover during the first year, then moved in comparable increments with weight until reaching parity with singletons. Prenatal influences on birth size were largely dissipated as each twin converged on his/her genetic growth curve. Monozygotic twins became progressively more concordant with age (R = 0.94 for height), while dizygotic twins became less concordant (R = 0.49). Ten monozygotic pairs with large birth-weight differences (greater than 750 g) were examined at 6 years; the smaller twin was still significantly lighter (P less than 0.01), marginally shorter (P less than 0.10), but not significantly lower in IQ. The results suggested a high degree of buffering for intelligence against the effects of nutritional deficit in the prenatal period. Some factors in addition to placental anastomosis are suggested as a possible basis for long-term size differences in monozygotic pairs.", "contents": "Twin growth: initial deficit, recovery, and trends in concordance from birth to nine years. Height and weight measurements for a large sample of twins from birth to nine years were used to construct growth curves for this period. Compared to singletons, twins were substantially smaller at birth, particularly for weight (30% deficit), but the latter showed a dramatic recovery in the first 3 months, then smaller increments until finally reaching the singleton norms at 8 years. Height, while less depressed at birth (17% deficit), was also slower to recover during the first year, then moved in comparable increments with weight until reaching parity with singletons. Prenatal influences on birth size were largely dissipated as each twin converged on his/her genetic growth curve. Monozygotic twins became progressively more concordant with age (R = 0.94 for height), while dizygotic twins became less concordant (R = 0.49). Ten monozygotic pairs with large birth-weight differences (greater than 750 g) were examined at 6 years; the smaller twin was still significantly lighter (P less than 0.01), marginally shorter (P less than 0.10), but not significantly lower in IQ. The results suggested a high degree of buffering for intelligence against the effects of nutritional deficit in the prenatal period. Some factors in addition to placental anastomosis are suggested as a possible basis for long-term size differences in monozygotic pairs.", "PMID": 573983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10902", "title": "Eye tracking and psychopathology. New procedures applied to a sample of normal monozygotic twins.", "content": "New methods for examining eye movements were developed and applied in a study of young, adult monozygotic twins. Subjects, tested twice, engaged in smooth pursuit tracking at different target frequencies, followed a stimulus requiring saccadic eye movements, performed a related psychomotor hand tracking task, and tracked a target while monitoring changes in the stimulus display. Analysis of test-retest reliability and twin concordance suggested that performance on these tasks characterized stable traits and were consistent with other reports implicating a genetic contribution to tracking ability. Special consideration was given to the probable role of attention in producing various types of tracking deficit. Estimates of the incidence of tracking dysfunction and correlations with psychometrically measured personality traits were examined.", "contents": "Eye tracking and psychopathology. New procedures applied to a sample of normal monozygotic twins. New methods for examining eye movements were developed and applied in a study of young, adult monozygotic twins. Subjects, tested twice, engaged in smooth pursuit tracking at different target frequencies, followed a stimulus requiring saccadic eye movements, performed a related psychomotor hand tracking task, and tracked a target while monitoring changes in the stimulus display. Analysis of test-retest reliability and twin concordance suggested that performance on these tasks characterized stable traits and were consistent with other reports implicating a genetic contribution to tracking ability. Special consideration was given to the probable role of attention in producing various types of tracking deficit. Estimates of the incidence of tracking dysfunction and correlations with psychometrically measured personality traits were examined.", "PMID": 573993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10903", "title": "[X-ray anatomic features of the skeletons of twin children].", "content": "The size of right and left middle phalanges in the II-V fingers and the III finger have been studied in 108 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins at 8--19 years of age and in 60 paris (pedagogical experiment) of separated twins (from the same pair), schoolchildren of the 2d--5th forms trained according different programs of physical culture. A great similarity of osteometric signs has been stated in monozygotic twins. As to local (intradigital) differences, a prevalence of the IIId finger should be mentioned. Maximum of genetic determination is evident for transversal growth--under high mechanical loadings on the bones, for longitudinal--under low mechanical loadings. The data of the pedagogical experiment demonstrate that increased mechanical loading on the hand bones activates osteogenesis. According to the majority of indices the main is the \"radial\" (II--III fingers) type.", "contents": "[X-ray anatomic features of the skeletons of twin children]. The size of right and left middle phalanges in the II-V fingers and the III finger have been studied in 108 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins at 8--19 years of age and in 60 paris (pedagogical experiment) of separated twins (from the same pair), schoolchildren of the 2d--5th forms trained according different programs of physical culture. A great similarity of osteometric signs has been stated in monozygotic twins. As to local (intradigital) differences, a prevalence of the IIId finger should be mentioned. Maximum of genetic determination is evident for transversal growth--under high mechanical loadings on the bones, for longitudinal--under low mechanical loadings. The data of the pedagogical experiment demonstrate that increased mechanical loading on the hand bones activates osteogenesis. According to the majority of indices the main is the \"radial\" (II--III fingers) type.", "PMID": 573994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10904", "title": "[New modification of the technic for preserving human brain preparations].", "content": "The modification suggested is a combination of two methods--one with formalin application, another--without formalin application. At first, 5% solution of formalin is injected into the brain arterial bed, then it is injected with an artificial neoprene resine--latex. The preparation is put into a preserving liquid containing no formalin (a mixture of glycerin--45%, acetous potassium--10%, water--45%) for 1.5--2 months.", "contents": "[New modification of the technic for preserving human brain preparations]. The modification suggested is a combination of two methods--one with formalin application, another--without formalin application. At first, 5% solution of formalin is injected into the brain arterial bed, then it is injected with an artificial neoprene resine--latex. The preparation is put into a preserving liquid containing no formalin (a mixture of glycerin--45%, acetous potassium--10%, water--45%) for 1.5--2 months.", "PMID": 573995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10905", "title": "[Morphology of the lymphoid system in the perinatal period under conditions of antigenic stimulation].", "content": "Lymphoid tissue of 29 fetuses and newborns (13 controls and 16 with infections) was studied. In premature babies the thymus responds to antigenic stimulation by accidental involution of the immature type. In addition to the latter, under conditions of the antigenic stimulation the thymus shows either premature maturation with mature reaction, or hypoplasia, or no response (inert thymus). In most cases the antigenic stimulation speeds up maturation of the peripheral lymphoid tissue as confirmed by morphometrical data. Depending on the antigen, however, hypoplasia of the thymus and of the peripheral lymphoid tissue may be observed. Localized infection develops with mature immune system, generalized in immature immune response.", "contents": "[Morphology of the lymphoid system in the perinatal period under conditions of antigenic stimulation]. Lymphoid tissue of 29 fetuses and newborns (13 controls and 16 with infections) was studied. In premature babies the thymus responds to antigenic stimulation by accidental involution of the immature type. In addition to the latter, under conditions of the antigenic stimulation the thymus shows either premature maturation with mature reaction, or hypoplasia, or no response (inert thymus). In most cases the antigenic stimulation speeds up maturation of the peripheral lymphoid tissue as confirmed by morphometrical data. Depending on the antigen, however, hypoplasia of the thymus and of the peripheral lymphoid tissue may be observed. Localized infection develops with mature immune system, generalized in immature immune response.", "PMID": 573996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10906", "title": "Plasma thyroid hormone and glucocorticosteroid concentrations in the male rat following prolonged exposure to stress.", "content": "Exposure of male CSF rats to a signalled unpredictable 60-day stress regimen induced a significant elevation in circulating triiodothyronine (T3) concentration above the control for the first 20 days of stress before the rate of secretion returned to normal. On the other hand, circulating thyroxine (T4) concentration fell significantly below the control value for the first 5 days of stress before the normal rate of secretion was reached in 10 days. A histological study of the thyroid gland revealed no change in activity among any of the control and stressed groups. At the same time this regimen also induced an initial extreme corticosterone elevation which was maintained for the first 5 days of stress and thereafter gradually fell to re-establish a new level by 40 days with no further change up to 60 days of stress. The possible physiological significance of the marked elevation in T3/T4 ratio as a result of stress is discussed, in particular with relation to higher glucocorticoid secretion.", "contents": "Plasma thyroid hormone and glucocorticosteroid concentrations in the male rat following prolonged exposure to stress. Exposure of male CSF rats to a signalled unpredictable 60-day stress regimen induced a significant elevation in circulating triiodothyronine (T3) concentration above the control for the first 20 days of stress before the rate of secretion returned to normal. On the other hand, circulating thyroxine (T4) concentration fell significantly below the control value for the first 5 days of stress before the normal rate of secretion was reached in 10 days. A histological study of the thyroid gland revealed no change in activity among any of the control and stressed groups. At the same time this regimen also induced an initial extreme corticosterone elevation which was maintained for the first 5 days of stress and thereafter gradually fell to re-establish a new level by 40 days with no further change up to 60 days of stress. The possible physiological significance of the marked elevation in T3/T4 ratio as a result of stress is discussed, in particular with relation to higher glucocorticoid secretion.", "PMID": 573997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10907", "title": "Interaction of Y-chromosomal and autosomal gene(s) in the development of intermale aggression in mice.", "content": "It has been suggested that the Y chromosome of DBA/1Bg mice makes an incremental contribution to their aggressive behavior and to that of the C57BL/10 female X DBA/1 male F1 hybrids. To test this hypothesis, a congenic stock of C57BL/10 with the DBA/1 Y chromosome was developed by the backcross system of breeding; the stock is designated C57BL/10-Y1. There were no significant differences in aggressive behavior between the congenic C57BL/10 and C57BL/10-Y1. However, the hybrid B10D1 F1 and D1B10-Y1 F1 had identical aggression scores, and both of these were more aggressive than the hybrid D1B10 F1. These findings support the hypothesis that there is an interaction between DBA/1 Y chromosomes and autosomes in the development of intermale aggression of these mice.", "contents": "Interaction of Y-chromosomal and autosomal gene(s) in the development of intermale aggression in mice. It has been suggested that the Y chromosome of DBA/1Bg mice makes an incremental contribution to their aggressive behavior and to that of the C57BL/10 female X DBA/1 male F1 hybrids. To test this hypothesis, a congenic stock of C57BL/10 with the DBA/1 Y chromosome was developed by the backcross system of breeding; the stock is designated C57BL/10-Y1. There were no significant differences in aggressive behavior between the congenic C57BL/10 and C57BL/10-Y1. However, the hybrid B10D1 F1 and D1B10-Y1 F1 had identical aggression scores, and both of these were more aggressive than the hybrid D1B10 F1. These findings support the hypothesis that there is an interaction between DBA/1 Y chromosomes and autosomes in the development of intermale aggression of these mice.", "PMID": 574005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10908", "title": "Medium-chain fatty acid synthesis in lactating-rabbit mammary gland. Intracellular concentration and specificity of medium-chain acyl thioester hydrolase.", "content": "The concentration of medium-chain acyl thioester hydrolase and of fatty acid synthetase was determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis in nine different particle-free supernatant fractions from lactating-rabbit mammary gland. The molar ratio of the hydrolase to fatty acid synthetase was 1.99 +/- 0.66 (mean +/- S.D.). A rate-limiting concentration of malonyl-CoA was required to ensure the predominant synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids when 2 mol of the hydrolase was added per mol of fatty acid synthetase. The interaction of the hydrolase with fatty acid synthetase was concentration-dependent, though an optimum concentration of hydrolase to synthetase could not be obtained. The lactating-rabbit mammary gland hydrolase altered the pattern of fatty acids synthesized by fatty acid synthetases prepared from cow, goat, sheep and rabbit lactating mammary glands, rabbit liver and cow adipose tissue.", "contents": "Medium-chain fatty acid synthesis in lactating-rabbit mammary gland. Intracellular concentration and specificity of medium-chain acyl thioester hydrolase. The concentration of medium-chain acyl thioester hydrolase and of fatty acid synthetase was determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis in nine different particle-free supernatant fractions from lactating-rabbit mammary gland. The molar ratio of the hydrolase to fatty acid synthetase was 1.99 +/- 0.66 (mean +/- S.D.). A rate-limiting concentration of malonyl-CoA was required to ensure the predominant synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids when 2 mol of the hydrolase was added per mol of fatty acid synthetase. The interaction of the hydrolase with fatty acid synthetase was concentration-dependent, though an optimum concentration of hydrolase to synthetase could not be obtained. The lactating-rabbit mammary gland hydrolase altered the pattern of fatty acids synthesized by fatty acid synthetases prepared from cow, goat, sheep and rabbit lactating mammary glands, rabbit liver and cow adipose tissue.", "PMID": 574008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10909", "title": "The polypeptides of isolated brain 10nm filaments and their association with polymerized tubulin.", "content": "Brain 10 nm filaments were isolated from bovine, rabbit and rat brains by a modification of an existing procedure. The overall polypeptide composition of these preparations was similar to that previously reported for brain neurofilaments. In addition to the major polypeptide component, which has mol. wt. approx. 50 000, three other polypeptides with chain mol. wts. approx. 210 000, 155 000 and 70 000, which correspond to peripheral-nerve neurofilament polypeptides, were consistently found to be present. The mol. wt.-50 000 species was found to be heterogeneous and may contain a component derived from the mol. wt. 70 000 polypeptide. The three higher-molecular-weight polypeptides did not appear to be obviously homologous or to be homologous with myosin or Myxicola neurofilament polypeptides. These same three higher-molecular-weight components were shown to be identical with the polypeptides probably responsible for the 10 nm filaments formed during the early cycles of the tubulin-purification protocol.", "contents": "The polypeptides of isolated brain 10nm filaments and their association with polymerized tubulin. Brain 10 nm filaments were isolated from bovine, rabbit and rat brains by a modification of an existing procedure. The overall polypeptide composition of these preparations was similar to that previously reported for brain neurofilaments. In addition to the major polypeptide component, which has mol. wt. approx. 50 000, three other polypeptides with chain mol. wts. approx. 210 000, 155 000 and 70 000, which correspond to peripheral-nerve neurofilament polypeptides, were consistently found to be present. The mol. wt.-50 000 species was found to be heterogeneous and may contain a component derived from the mol. wt. 70 000 polypeptide. The three higher-molecular-weight polypeptides did not appear to be obviously homologous or to be homologous with myosin or Myxicola neurofilament polypeptides. These same three higher-molecular-weight components were shown to be identical with the polypeptides probably responsible for the 10 nm filaments formed during the early cycles of the tubulin-purification protocol.", "PMID": 574009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10910", "title": "[Changes in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "In 24 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who were admitted within 48 hours after the onset, the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in peripheral venous plasma was analyzed applying the method described by Nagatsu and Udenfriend (Clin. Chem., 18: 980-983, 1972) with a minor modification. Plasma samples were serially collected every a few days for three days to four weeks after the onset. DBH activity in peripheral venous plasma increased markedly after the onset, reaching the highest level within 48 hours, and thereafter declined time-dependently for about two weeks. There was no significant difference in the plasma DBH activities on admission between patients with and without cerebrovascular spasm revealed by angiography. The decline of the activity was significantly remarkable in patients with spasm compared with those without spasm. The difference was most prominent around the 7th day after the onset when spasm was shown most frequently. Neurosurgery or administration of analgesics and/or sedatives had little effect on the changes in plasma DBH activity in acute SAH. The activity correlated with the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.587, P less than 0.05), when it was higher than the normal range. With these results we obtained following: 1) The activity of sympathetic nervous system increases following SAH for a week after the onset. 2) The activity declines more rapidly in patients with cerebrovascular spasm than those without spasm, when it was judged from the activity of plasma DBH activity.", "contents": "[Changes in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)]. In 24 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who were admitted within 48 hours after the onset, the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in peripheral venous plasma was analyzed applying the method described by Nagatsu and Udenfriend (Clin. Chem., 18: 980-983, 1972) with a minor modification. Plasma samples were serially collected every a few days for three days to four weeks after the onset. DBH activity in peripheral venous plasma increased markedly after the onset, reaching the highest level within 48 hours, and thereafter declined time-dependently for about two weeks. There was no significant difference in the plasma DBH activities on admission between patients with and without cerebrovascular spasm revealed by angiography. The decline of the activity was significantly remarkable in patients with spasm compared with those without spasm. The difference was most prominent around the 7th day after the onset when spasm was shown most frequently. Neurosurgery or administration of analgesics and/or sedatives had little effect on the changes in plasma DBH activity in acute SAH. The activity correlated with the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.587, P less than 0.05), when it was higher than the normal range. With these results we obtained following: 1) The activity of sympathetic nervous system increases following SAH for a week after the onset. 2) The activity declines more rapidly in patients with cerebrovascular spasm than those without spasm, when it was judged from the activity of plasma DBH activity.", "PMID": 574016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10911", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for cytosine arabinoside (AraC) has been developed using antiserum raised in a sheep to an AraC monophosphate-ovalbumin conjugate. The antibody shows only 0.008% cross-reactivity with uracil arabinoside (AraU) and low (0.023%) cross-reactivity with other commonly co-administered drugs such as cytotoxic and antibacterial agents, and also a number of naturally occurring nucleosides and nucleotides. It does however cross-react by 125% with AraC monophosphate and by 109% with AraC triphosphate. As little as 1 ng/ml of AraC can be detected in plasma, serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with no need for prior extraction. This RIA has been used to follow the disappearance of AraC from the plasma of patients receiving the drug.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for cytosine arabinoside. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for cytosine arabinoside (AraC) has been developed using antiserum raised in a sheep to an AraC monophosphate-ovalbumin conjugate. The antibody shows only 0.008% cross-reactivity with uracil arabinoside (AraU) and low (0.023%) cross-reactivity with other commonly co-administered drugs such as cytotoxic and antibacterial agents, and also a number of naturally occurring nucleosides and nucleotides. It does however cross-react by 125% with AraC monophosphate and by 109% with AraC triphosphate. As little as 1 ng/ml of AraC can be detected in plasma, serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with no need for prior extraction. This RIA has been used to follow the disappearance of AraC from the plasma of patients receiving the drug.", "PMID": 574019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10912", "title": "Characterization of the genome of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "DNA of Schizophyllum commune was isolated both from mycelial cells and from protoplasts. Nuclear DNA was isolated after solubilization of the mitochondria with the detergent Nonidet. The G + C content of the nuclear DNA was 57%, calculated from its buoyant density (1.7165 g/ml) and from the Tm (77.4 degrees C in 15 mM NaCl/1.5 mM trisodium citrate). The buoyant density of the ribosomal cistrons was 1.707 g/ml. DNA isolated from purified mitochondria had a very low G + C content: 22% (rho = 1.6845 g/ml, Tm = 61.8 degrees C in 15 mM NaCl/1.5 mM trisodium citrate). Analysis of CsCl profiles and melting patterns suggested that mitochondrial DNA contains interspersed (A + T)-rich sequences. From reassociation analysis of sheared nuclear DNA the genome size of S. commune was determined to be 22.8 . 10(9) daltons. A small amount of DNA (0.5 . 10(9) daltons) bound to hydroxyapatite at zero time Cot. 7% of the genome (1.6 . 10(9) daltons) represented repetitive DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of the genome of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. DNA of Schizophyllum commune was isolated both from mycelial cells and from protoplasts. Nuclear DNA was isolated after solubilization of the mitochondria with the detergent Nonidet. The G + C content of the nuclear DNA was 57%, calculated from its buoyant density (1.7165 g/ml) and from the Tm (77.4 degrees C in 15 mM NaCl/1.5 mM trisodium citrate). The buoyant density of the ribosomal cistrons was 1.707 g/ml. DNA isolated from purified mitochondria had a very low G + C content: 22% (rho = 1.6845 g/ml, Tm = 61.8 degrees C in 15 mM NaCl/1.5 mM trisodium citrate). Analysis of CsCl profiles and melting patterns suggested that mitochondrial DNA contains interspersed (A + T)-rich sequences. From reassociation analysis of sheared nuclear DNA the genome size of S. commune was determined to be 22.8 . 10(9) daltons. A small amount of DNA (0.5 . 10(9) daltons) bound to hydroxyapatite at zero time Cot. 7% of the genome (1.6 . 10(9) daltons) represented repetitive DNA.", "PMID": 574021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10913", "title": "Relative hydrophobicity of surfaces of erythrocytes from different species as measured by partition in aqueous two-polymer phase systems.", "content": "Erythrocytes from different species were subjected to partition in an aqueous, buffered Ficoll/Dextran two-phase system. The effects of different salt composition of the phase system on the distribution of erythrocytes was examined. Different ratios of sodium chloride to sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with the ionic strength varying from 0.176 to 0.288 M were used in the systems and similar relationship between the partition coefficients of the cells under study and the ionic strength were established. The relationships were treated according to a general equation previously established (Zaslavsky, B.Y., Miheeva, L.M., Metechkina, N.M., Pogorelov, V.M. and Rogozhin, S.V. (1978) FEBS Lett. 94, 77-80) and the results obtained were used to evaluate the relative hydrophobicity of the cells' surface.", "contents": "Relative hydrophobicity of surfaces of erythrocytes from different species as measured by partition in aqueous two-polymer phase systems. Erythrocytes from different species were subjected to partition in an aqueous, buffered Ficoll/Dextran two-phase system. The effects of different salt composition of the phase system on the distribution of erythrocytes was examined. Different ratios of sodium chloride to sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with the ionic strength varying from 0.176 to 0.288 M were used in the systems and similar relationship between the partition coefficients of the cells under study and the ionic strength were established. The relationships were treated according to a general equation previously established (Zaslavsky, B.Y., Miheeva, L.M., Metechkina, N.M., Pogorelov, V.M. and Rogozhin, S.V. (1978) FEBS Lett. 94, 77-80) and the results obtained were used to evaluate the relative hydrophobicity of the cells' surface.", "PMID": 574022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10914", "title": "[Isolation and properties of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from loach (Misgurnus fossilis) skeletal muscles and eggs].", "content": "The main lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) isozyme from loach (Misgurnus fossilis) skeletal muscles was purified to homogeneity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The main group of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes which predominate in their activity in the unfertilized eggs of this teleost species and are stable to AgNO3 inhibition were partially purified. The effects of various concentrations of pyruvate, oxalate and urea on the activities of these purified enzyme preparations and their pH optima were studied. The antiserum for the purified lactate dehydrogenase isozyme from loach skeletal muscle was obtained. The decrease of the activity of this isozyme and that of the investigated group of isozymes from the eggs in the presence of increasing concentrations of antiserum was estimated.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from loach (Misgurnus fossilis) skeletal muscles and eggs]. The main lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) isozyme from loach (Misgurnus fossilis) skeletal muscles was purified to homogeneity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The main group of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes which predominate in their activity in the unfertilized eggs of this teleost species and are stable to AgNO3 inhibition were partially purified. The effects of various concentrations of pyruvate, oxalate and urea on the activities of these purified enzyme preparations and their pH optima were studied. The antiserum for the purified lactate dehydrogenase isozyme from loach skeletal muscle was obtained. The decrease of the activity of this isozyme and that of the investigated group of isozymes from the eggs in the presence of increasing concentrations of antiserum was estimated.", "PMID": 574023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10915", "title": "Analysis of dichotomous response data from certain toxicological experiments.", "content": "In certain toxicological experiments with laboratory animals, littermate data are frequently encountered. It is generally recognized that one characteristic of this type of data is the \"litter effect\", i.e., the tendency for animals from the same litter to respond more alike than animals from different litters. In this paper attention is restricted to dichotomous response variables that frequently arise in toxicological studies, such as the occurrence of fetal death or a particular malformation. Various techniques for estimating the underlying probability of response are discussed. A number of generalized models that have recently been proposed to take the litter effect into account are breifly reviewed and compared to the simpler binomial and Poisson models. Various procedures for assessing the significance of treatment-control differences are presented and their relative merits discussed. Finally, future research needs in this area are outlined.", "contents": "Analysis of dichotomous response data from certain toxicological experiments. In certain toxicological experiments with laboratory animals, littermate data are frequently encountered. It is generally recognized that one characteristic of this type of data is the \"litter effect\", i.e., the tendency for animals from the same litter to respond more alike than animals from different litters. In this paper attention is restricted to dichotomous response variables that frequently arise in toxicological studies, such as the occurrence of fetal death or a particular malformation. Various techniques for estimating the underlying probability of response are discussed. A number of generalized models that have recently been proposed to take the litter effect into account are breifly reviewed and compared to the simpler binomial and Poisson models. Various procedures for assessing the significance of treatment-control differences are presented and their relative merits discussed. Finally, future research needs in this area are outlined.", "PMID": 574026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10916", "title": "[Activation of lipid peroxidation in emotional-pain stress].", "content": "Accumulation of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation (PLP) in different tissues of Wistar rats under emotional-pain stress (EPS) was studied using UV-spectrophotometry and fluorescense of Schiff bases. It was shown that under EPS the amount of PLP increased mostly in the heart and to a lesser degree in the skeletal muscle and brain. An increase in hydroperoxidases in all the organs studied was less than that in the PLP end-products, i. e. flourescent Schiff bases.", "contents": "[Activation of lipid peroxidation in emotional-pain stress]. Accumulation of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation (PLP) in different tissues of Wistar rats under emotional-pain stress (EPS) was studied using UV-spectrophotometry and fluorescense of Schiff bases. It was shown that under EPS the amount of PLP increased mostly in the heart and to a lesser degree in the skeletal muscle and brain. An increase in hydroperoxidases in all the organs studied was less than that in the PLP end-products, i. e. flourescent Schiff bases.", "PMID": 574027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10917", "title": "[Analysis of the effect of morphine on the reproductive capacity and immunological status of mice].", "content": "Embryogenesis process is disturbed under the action of prolonged morphine administration to CBA mice. Simultaneously a decrease in the level of antibody-synthesizing cells and a significant reduction in the cooperating interaction of T and B lymphocytes in response to the injection of sheep red blood cells are noted. At the same time stimulation of bone marrow cells and specific sensitization of MIF-inducers to the antigen from the brain of morphinized mice are revealed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the effect of morphine on the reproductive capacity and immunological status of mice]. Embryogenesis process is disturbed under the action of prolonged morphine administration to CBA mice. Simultaneously a decrease in the level of antibody-synthesizing cells and a significant reduction in the cooperating interaction of T and B lymphocytes in response to the injection of sheep red blood cells are noted. At the same time stimulation of bone marrow cells and specific sensitization of MIF-inducers to the antigen from the brain of morphinized mice are revealed.", "PMID": 574028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10918", "title": "[Sex ratio in hybrid mice CBA X C57BL].", "content": "Sex ratio and postimplantation mortality were studied in (CBAXC57BL)F1, CBA and C57BL mouse embryos. It has been shown that female fetuses are predominant in the progeny of hybrid mice. In CBA and C57BL mice the sex distribution was 1 : 1. The disorder in the balanced sex ratio in the progeny of hybrid mice confirms a conclusion on the effect of the mouse genetic features on the sex distribution in embryos. Equal sex ratio in CBA and C57BL mice indicates the absence of selective mortality in the embryos of either sex during embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Sex ratio in hybrid mice CBA X C57BL]. Sex ratio and postimplantation mortality were studied in (CBAXC57BL)F1, CBA and C57BL mouse embryos. It has been shown that female fetuses are predominant in the progeny of hybrid mice. In CBA and C57BL mice the sex distribution was 1 : 1. The disorder in the balanced sex ratio in the progeny of hybrid mice confirms a conclusion on the effect of the mouse genetic features on the sex distribution in embryos. Equal sex ratio in CBA and C57BL mice indicates the absence of selective mortality in the embryos of either sex during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 574029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10919", "title": "[Mitotic activity of the lymphocytes of the thymus cortex in hypokinesia during the period of readaptation].", "content": "The changes in the weight and mitotic index were studied in the cortex of the thymus of Wistar rats during 10-day hypokinesia and 10-day readaptation (restoration). 24 hours after immobilization of the animals the mitotic index was 2 times as lower. No complete readaptation was attained during 10-day hypokinesia. No readaptation was attained during 10-day hypokinesia. In readaptation the stage of secondary stress was found (the mitotic index was 3.5 times as reduced), the stage of genuine restoration being revealed after 10 days.", "contents": "[Mitotic activity of the lymphocytes of the thymus cortex in hypokinesia during the period of readaptation]. The changes in the weight and mitotic index were studied in the cortex of the thymus of Wistar rats during 10-day hypokinesia and 10-day readaptation (restoration). 24 hours after immobilization of the animals the mitotic index was 2 times as lower. No complete readaptation was attained during 10-day hypokinesia. No readaptation was attained during 10-day hypokinesia. In readaptation the stage of secondary stress was found (the mitotic index was 3.5 times as reduced), the stage of genuine restoration being revealed after 10 days.", "PMID": 574030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10920", "title": "[Active avoidance without discriminating control as a model for the study of protective effect of drugs in emotional stress].", "content": "The method of plotting of hystograms of distribution according to the frequency intervals between pressing the redal (the method of active avoidance with no discriminating control) permits one to estimate slight shifts in the character of operative activity of rats occurring under the effect of emotional stress. The design of the simple multichannel apparatus for developing and studying of habits of active avoidance in several animals is presented.", "contents": "[Active avoidance without discriminating control as a model for the study of protective effect of drugs in emotional stress]. The method of plotting of hystograms of distribution according to the frequency intervals between pressing the redal (the method of active avoidance with no discriminating control) permits one to estimate slight shifts in the character of operative activity of rats occurring under the effect of emotional stress. The design of the simple multichannel apparatus for developing and studying of habits of active avoidance in several animals is presented.", "PMID": 574031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10921", "title": "AET-treated platelets: their usefulness for platelet antibody detection and an examination of their altered sensitivity to immune lysis.", "content": "2-Aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) increases the sensitivity of blood cells to complement-mediated immune lysis. We compared the sensitivities of untreated or AET-treated platelets to immune lysis induced by different types of platelet antibody in the 51Cr platelet lysis test. AET platelets were 8-16 times more sensitive to autoantibody and alloantibody, but 8-16 times less sensitive to drug-dependent antibody. AET-platelets bound similar amounts of alloantibody but less drug-dependent antibody, and they lysed at higher complement dilutions than did untreated platelets. AET-platelets detected 10 of 25 autoantibodies, 9 of 9 alloantibodies, and 5 of 8 drug-dependent antibodies. Untreated platelets detected 1 of 25, 6 of 9, and 7 of 8 of these respective platelet antibodies. The use of AET-platelets in the 51Cr platelet lysis test increases its sensitivity for detecting non-drug-dependent platelet antibodies. AET-platelets resemble paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) platelets in their enhanced sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis. They differ from PNH platelets in their insensitivity to immune lysis induced by drug-dependent antibodies and, in this respect, are similar to Bernard-Soulier syndrome platelets.", "contents": "AET-treated platelets: their usefulness for platelet antibody detection and an examination of their altered sensitivity to immune lysis. 2-Aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) increases the sensitivity of blood cells to complement-mediated immune lysis. We compared the sensitivities of untreated or AET-treated platelets to immune lysis induced by different types of platelet antibody in the 51Cr platelet lysis test. AET platelets were 8-16 times more sensitive to autoantibody and alloantibody, but 8-16 times less sensitive to drug-dependent antibody. AET-platelets bound similar amounts of alloantibody but less drug-dependent antibody, and they lysed at higher complement dilutions than did untreated platelets. AET-platelets detected 10 of 25 autoantibodies, 9 of 9 alloantibodies, and 5 of 8 drug-dependent antibodies. Untreated platelets detected 1 of 25, 6 of 9, and 7 of 8 of these respective platelet antibodies. The use of AET-platelets in the 51Cr platelet lysis test increases its sensitivity for detecting non-drug-dependent platelet antibodies. AET-platelets resemble paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) platelets in their enhanced sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis. They differ from PNH platelets in their insensitivity to immune lysis induced by drug-dependent antibodies and, in this respect, are similar to Bernard-Soulier syndrome platelets.", "PMID": 574032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10922", "title": "Effects of the oestrous cycle and exogenous ovarian steroids on metabolism of beta-phenylethylamine in rat lung.", "content": "1 Metabolism of [14C]-beta-phenylethylamine (PEN), a substrate for monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), was measured in lung homogenates and in perfused lungs during the 4 day oestrous cycle of the rat. 2 Metabolism in vitro was high during met-oestrus and di-oestrus and low during pro-oestrus and oestrus; this variation in activity correlated with changes in Vmax of the enzyme without changes in Km. 3 PEN metabolism in lung homogenates was also altered by treatment of rats with 17 beta-oestradiol but not by progesterone treatment. 4 Metabolism of [14C]-PEN in perfused lungs was the same during either pro-oestrus or met-oestrus. Uptake of [14C]-PEN in perfused lung measured directly was also the same at these two stages. 5 These results demonstrate that in lungs MAO-B activity was affected by endogenous changes in steroid level but that such changes in enzymic activity were not reflected in the metabolic properties of whole lung.", "contents": "Effects of the oestrous cycle and exogenous ovarian steroids on metabolism of beta-phenylethylamine in rat lung. 1 Metabolism of [14C]-beta-phenylethylamine (PEN), a substrate for monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), was measured in lung homogenates and in perfused lungs during the 4 day oestrous cycle of the rat. 2 Metabolism in vitro was high during met-oestrus and di-oestrus and low during pro-oestrus and oestrus; this variation in activity correlated with changes in Vmax of the enzyme without changes in Km. 3 PEN metabolism in lung homogenates was also altered by treatment of rats with 17 beta-oestradiol but not by progesterone treatment. 4 Metabolism of [14C]-PEN in perfused lungs was the same during either pro-oestrus or met-oestrus. Uptake of [14C]-PEN in perfused lung measured directly was also the same at these two stages. 5 These results demonstrate that in lungs MAO-B activity was affected by endogenous changes in steroid level but that such changes in enzymic activity were not reflected in the metabolic properties of whole lung.", "PMID": 574038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10923", "title": "Production of catalepsy and depletion of brain monoamines by a butyrophenone derivative.", "content": "1 The cataleptic and monoamine-depleting effects of a butyrophenone derivative (4'-fluoro-4-[[4-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-yl]-amino]-butyrophenone hydrochloride, U-32, 802A) were studied in rats and mice and compared with those of tetrabenazine. 2 Catalepsy was evaluated by means of a modified grid test which allowed the repetition of the test in the same animal several times without affecting the results. Both drugs produced a dose-related cataleptic state of similar time course. 3 Like tetrabenazine, U-32, 802A induced a large reduction in the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and noradrenaline in different parts of the brain, with a concomitant elevation in the metabolites 5-hydroxyindol-3-yl acetic acid and homovanillic acid. The time courses of the catalepsy and the reduction in brain monoamines were very similar. 4 The activity of U-32, 802A suggested that the drug, although chemically a butyrophenone, might act primarily at the presynaptic organelle for storage of monoamines in a way similar to tetrabenazine.", "contents": "Production of catalepsy and depletion of brain monoamines by a butyrophenone derivative. 1 The cataleptic and monoamine-depleting effects of a butyrophenone derivative (4'-fluoro-4-[[4-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-yl]-amino]-butyrophenone hydrochloride, U-32, 802A) were studied in rats and mice and compared with those of tetrabenazine. 2 Catalepsy was evaluated by means of a modified grid test which allowed the repetition of the test in the same animal several times without affecting the results. Both drugs produced a dose-related cataleptic state of similar time course. 3 Like tetrabenazine, U-32, 802A induced a large reduction in the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and noradrenaline in different parts of the brain, with a concomitant elevation in the metabolites 5-hydroxyindol-3-yl acetic acid and homovanillic acid. The time courses of the catalepsy and the reduction in brain monoamines were very similar. 4 The activity of U-32, 802A suggested that the drug, although chemically a butyrophenone, might act primarily at the presynaptic organelle for storage of monoamines in a way similar to tetrabenazine.", "PMID": 574039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10924", "title": "The oral activity of delta'-tetrahydrocannabinol and its dependence on prostaglandin E2.", "content": "1 delta'-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is more active orally in mice than previously thought, as cataleptic responses occur at doses from 0.06 mg/kg upwards, with peak activity at 2 to 4 h after dosing. These doses and peaks correspond well with the effects in man. 2 Comparison with chlorpromazine in mice shows that chlorpromazine and THC are equipotent as cataleptics during the first 2 h after dosing; thereafter the THC activity increases to a peak when it is 5.67 times as active as chlorpromazine. 3 The cataleptic effect of THC is abolished by aspirin, indomethacine, diffunisal and phenylbutazone which inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and is restored by exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) but not PGE1 and PGF2 alpha. This suggests that the effect of THC depends upon the presence of PGE2. 4 In contrast, the cataleptic effect of chlorpromazine is not affected by pretreatment with aspirin. 5 THC is very much less active intraperitoneally than orally; our results suggest this is not due to poor absorption or extraction into fat depots. 6 Cannabidiol has no cataleptic effect.", "contents": "The oral activity of delta'-tetrahydrocannabinol and its dependence on prostaglandin E2. 1 delta'-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is more active orally in mice than previously thought, as cataleptic responses occur at doses from 0.06 mg/kg upwards, with peak activity at 2 to 4 h after dosing. These doses and peaks correspond well with the effects in man. 2 Comparison with chlorpromazine in mice shows that chlorpromazine and THC are equipotent as cataleptics during the first 2 h after dosing; thereafter the THC activity increases to a peak when it is 5.67 times as active as chlorpromazine. 3 The cataleptic effect of THC is abolished by aspirin, indomethacine, diffunisal and phenylbutazone which inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and is restored by exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) but not PGE1 and PGF2 alpha. This suggests that the effect of THC depends upon the presence of PGE2. 4 In contrast, the cataleptic effect of chlorpromazine is not affected by pretreatment with aspirin. 5 THC is very much less active intraperitoneally than orally; our results suggest this is not due to poor absorption or extraction into fat depots. 6 Cannabidiol has no cataleptic effect.", "PMID": 574040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10925", "title": "Duct ectasia in the male.", "content": "Three cases of inflammatory duct ectasia occurring in the male breast are described. The clinical presentation of the disease in the male closely resembles that in the female. Nipple retraction, nipple discharge, periareolar inflammation and bilateral involvement are all seen. Conservation measures produced unsatisfactory results similar to those in women. A similar operative approach to that used in women is advocated.", "contents": "Duct ectasia in the male. Three cases of inflammatory duct ectasia occurring in the male breast are described. The clinical presentation of the disease in the male closely resembles that in the female. Nipple retraction, nipple discharge, periareolar inflammation and bilateral involvement are all seen. Conservation measures produced unsatisfactory results similar to those in women. A similar operative approach to that used in women is advocated.", "PMID": 574046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10926", "title": "Morphine withdrawal syndrome: differential participation of structures located within the amygdaloid complex and striatum of the rat.", "content": "The participation of amygdaloid and striatal structures in the various signs of morphine withdrawal syndrome (MWS) has been investigated using two complementary approaches: intracerebral application of naloxone in various nuclei of dependent rats and effects of various lesions and transections on systemically induced MWS. In morphine dependent rats local application of naloxone (10 micrograms in 0.1 microliter solution) in the vicinity of either the central nucleus of the amygdala or the lateral anterior nucleus but not in adjacent amygdaloid or striatal nuclei elicited the jump sign. Diarrhea was more frequently elicited by application of naloxone in the striatum or centromedial amygdala than the basolateral parts of the complex. In contrast, there was no specific anatomical correlates to the remaining signs including wet shakes, paw tremor, teeth chattering and chewing. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the central amygdala or combined transection of the stria terminalis and so-called ventral amygdalofugal pathway eliminated the jump without affecting the remaining signs. In contrast a large bilateral destruction of the entire striatrum did not significantly affect the various signs. Bilateral transection of the stria terminalis reduced only the occurrence of the wet shakes. Also, a transection of the medial forebrain bundle considerably reduced the 3 main signs, i.e. jump, wet shakes and diarrhea. These results suggest that, in analogy to the acute actions of morphine, MWS should not be considered as a unitary phenomenon but as an ensemble of signs which probably reflect the intense activation induced by naloxone in a number of brain sites consequent to the abrupt interruption of opioid actions in a dependent animal. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to previous anatomical, biochemical and behavioural studies performed on the amygdala.", "contents": "Morphine withdrawal syndrome: differential participation of structures located within the amygdaloid complex and striatum of the rat. The participation of amygdaloid and striatal structures in the various signs of morphine withdrawal syndrome (MWS) has been investigated using two complementary approaches: intracerebral application of naloxone in various nuclei of dependent rats and effects of various lesions and transections on systemically induced MWS. In morphine dependent rats local application of naloxone (10 micrograms in 0.1 microliter solution) in the vicinity of either the central nucleus of the amygdala or the lateral anterior nucleus but not in adjacent amygdaloid or striatal nuclei elicited the jump sign. Diarrhea was more frequently elicited by application of naloxone in the striatum or centromedial amygdala than the basolateral parts of the complex. In contrast, there was no specific anatomical correlates to the remaining signs including wet shakes, paw tremor, teeth chattering and chewing. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the central amygdala or combined transection of the stria terminalis and so-called ventral amygdalofugal pathway eliminated the jump without affecting the remaining signs. In contrast a large bilateral destruction of the entire striatrum did not significantly affect the various signs. Bilateral transection of the stria terminalis reduced only the occurrence of the wet shakes. Also, a transection of the medial forebrain bundle considerably reduced the 3 main signs, i.e. jump, wet shakes and diarrhea. These results suggest that, in analogy to the acute actions of morphine, MWS should not be considered as a unitary phenomenon but as an ensemble of signs which probably reflect the intense activation induced by naloxone in a number of brain sites consequent to the abrupt interruption of opioid actions in a dependent animal. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to previous anatomical, biochemical and behavioural studies performed on the amygdala.", "PMID": 574050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10927", "title": "Filamentous contacts containing subjunctional dense lattice and tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cat lateral geniculate nuclei.", "content": "Ultrastructure of filamentous contacts was examined in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. This intercellular contact was classified into two types, asymmetrical and symmetrical, according to its fine structure. (1) The asymmetrical filamentous contact had a different fine structure on the cytoplasmic sides of its apposed membranes. This sort of contact occurred between the postsynaptic components of principal cells and the presynaptic terminals of either optic nerve or interneurons. The membrane on the presynaptic side showed a wavy outline. Plaques of cytoplasmic density were located on the crests of the wave. On the postsynaptic side cytoplasmic dense material formed a regularly arranged latticework on the membrane, 'subjunctional dense lattice'. The dense lattice was closely associated with underlying smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, so as to form a subjunctional complex consisting of these 3 organelles. Two filamentous structures, neurofilaments and microtubules, enter and leave this subjunctional complex. (2) The symmetrical filamentous contact occurred between two principal cell components. Nearly the same fine structural arrangement as that on the postsynaptic side of the asymmetrical contact was present in the cytoplasm on the both sides of this junction.", "contents": "Filamentous contacts containing subjunctional dense lattice and tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cat lateral geniculate nuclei. Ultrastructure of filamentous contacts was examined in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. This intercellular contact was classified into two types, asymmetrical and symmetrical, according to its fine structure. (1) The asymmetrical filamentous contact had a different fine structure on the cytoplasmic sides of its apposed membranes. This sort of contact occurred between the postsynaptic components of principal cells and the presynaptic terminals of either optic nerve or interneurons. The membrane on the presynaptic side showed a wavy outline. Plaques of cytoplasmic density were located on the crests of the wave. On the postsynaptic side cytoplasmic dense material formed a regularly arranged latticework on the membrane, 'subjunctional dense lattice'. The dense lattice was closely associated with underlying smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, so as to form a subjunctional complex consisting of these 3 organelles. Two filamentous structures, neurofilaments and microtubules, enter and leave this subjunctional complex. (2) The symmetrical filamentous contact occurred between two principal cell components. Nearly the same fine structural arrangement as that on the postsynaptic side of the asymmetrical contact was present in the cytoplasm on the both sides of this junction.", "PMID": 574051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10928", "title": "Somatosensory inattention after dopamine-depleting intracerebral 6-OHDA injections: spontaneous recovery and pharmacological control.", "content": "The unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the area ventralis tegmenti of rats pretreated with desmethylimipramine resulted in an inattention to somatosensory stimuli impinging on the contralateral body surface. Three separate groups of rats could be identified, that varied in their behavioral deficit: (1) 7 rats showed no recovery of orientation to touch during 4 months postoperatively; (2) 8 showed a marked loss of orientation followed by recovery that was nearly complete within one month; (3) 11 showed a minimal deficit in orientation. Those rats that did recover showed a characteristic pattern: orientation began first to touch of rostral body points (e.g. snout) and only later to touch of caudal body regions. The administration of low doses of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or spiroperidol to rats that had spontaneously recovered from their somatosensory loss reinstated their contralateral inattention while not affecting their orientation to ipsilateral touch. As these drugs took effect, orientation was affected first at the caudal body points and only later at more rostral regions. As the drug effects dissipated, orientation was restored rostrocaudally. High correlations were observed between neostriatal DA and the extent of somatosensory orientation observed immediately after surgery (r = +0.76) or during the entire postoperative month (r = +0.66). While the results point clearly to the role of neostriatal DA loss in the somatosensory inattention syndrome, a loss of the DA-containing terminals in olfactory tubercles and nucleus accumbens septi may contribute to this impairment.", "contents": "Somatosensory inattention after dopamine-depleting intracerebral 6-OHDA injections: spontaneous recovery and pharmacological control. The unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the area ventralis tegmenti of rats pretreated with desmethylimipramine resulted in an inattention to somatosensory stimuli impinging on the contralateral body surface. Three separate groups of rats could be identified, that varied in their behavioral deficit: (1) 7 rats showed no recovery of orientation to touch during 4 months postoperatively; (2) 8 showed a marked loss of orientation followed by recovery that was nearly complete within one month; (3) 11 showed a minimal deficit in orientation. Those rats that did recover showed a characteristic pattern: orientation began first to touch of rostral body points (e.g. snout) and only later to touch of caudal body regions. The administration of low doses of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or spiroperidol to rats that had spontaneously recovered from their somatosensory loss reinstated their contralateral inattention while not affecting their orientation to ipsilateral touch. As these drugs took effect, orientation was affected first at the caudal body points and only later at more rostral regions. As the drug effects dissipated, orientation was restored rostrocaudally. High correlations were observed between neostriatal DA and the extent of somatosensory orientation observed immediately after surgery (r = +0.76) or during the entire postoperative month (r = +0.66). While the results point clearly to the role of neostriatal DA loss in the somatosensory inattention syndrome, a loss of the DA-containing terminals in olfactory tubercles and nucleus accumbens septi may contribute to this impairment.", "PMID": 574052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10929", "title": "The sensitivity of some avian viruses to formaldehyde fumigation.", "content": "Various avian viruses (infectious bursal agent, reovirus, adenovirus, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, poxvirus, avian encephalomyelitis and infectious laryngotracheitis virus) as suspensions in buffer or in a litter slurry were exposed to aerosolized formalin in an attempt to determine the efficacy of this fumigation method for decontamination of laboratory isolation cubicles. Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was delivered by a commercial insecticide fogger at a flow rate of 40 ml per minute and a volume of 36 ml per cubic meter of space. Fumigated cubicles were left sealed for 18 hr (cycle 1) before viruses were sampled, or were then exposed to a second fumigation and left sealed for an additional six hour period (cycle 2) before viruses were titrated (commencing at a 1:10 dilution) for residual infectivity. Although the infectivity of all viruses was reduced by over 99% by one fumigation cycle, the second cycle was necessary for reduction of Newcastle disease and reoviruses to non-detectable (no infectivity demonstrated in a 1:10 dilution of fumigated virus) levels.", "contents": "The sensitivity of some avian viruses to formaldehyde fumigation. Various avian viruses (infectious bursal agent, reovirus, adenovirus, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, poxvirus, avian encephalomyelitis and infectious laryngotracheitis virus) as suspensions in buffer or in a litter slurry were exposed to aerosolized formalin in an attempt to determine the efficacy of this fumigation method for decontamination of laboratory isolation cubicles. Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was delivered by a commercial insecticide fogger at a flow rate of 40 ml per minute and a volume of 36 ml per cubic meter of space. Fumigated cubicles were left sealed for 18 hr (cycle 1) before viruses were sampled, or were then exposed to a second fumigation and left sealed for an additional six hour period (cycle 2) before viruses were titrated (commencing at a 1:10 dilution) for residual infectivity. Although the infectivity of all viruses was reduced by over 99% by one fumigation cycle, the second cycle was necessary for reduction of Newcastle disease and reoviruses to non-detectable (no infectivity demonstrated in a 1:10 dilution of fumigated virus) levels.", "PMID": 574054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10930", "title": "Management of disseminated testicular cancer.", "content": "Thirteen patients with disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumours of the testis were treated with a three-drug combination (vinblastine, bleomycin and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum). Of 12 patients with measurable disease, 8 had complete and 3 partial remission. One patient with a solitary metastasis failed to respond but is disease free following surgical excision. Toxicity was moderate but no drug-related deaths occurred and there were no apparent lasting side-effects. No patients with complete remission have relapsed. Ten of the 13 patients are without evidence of disease from 9 to 36 months after treatment, 6 of these for 2 years or more. One patient died after a partial remission of 16 months. One is undergoing further treatment for relapse with liver metastases and one remains in partial remission at 30 months. These results demonstrate the efficacy of this drug combination in testicular cancer.", "contents": "Management of disseminated testicular cancer. Thirteen patients with disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumours of the testis were treated with a three-drug combination (vinblastine, bleomycin and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum). Of 12 patients with measurable disease, 8 had complete and 3 partial remission. One patient with a solitary metastasis failed to respond but is disease free following surgical excision. Toxicity was moderate but no drug-related deaths occurred and there were no apparent lasting side-effects. No patients with complete remission have relapsed. Ten of the 13 patients are without evidence of disease from 9 to 36 months after treatment, 6 of these for 2 years or more. One patient died after a partial remission of 16 months. One is undergoing further treatment for relapse with liver metastases and one remains in partial remission at 30 months. These results demonstrate the efficacy of this drug combination in testicular cancer.", "PMID": 574055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10931", "title": "Early detection of micrometastases via flow microfluorimetry.", "content": "We show that by measuring the joint distribution of fluorescent and scattered light in a suspension of lung taken from the C57B1/6J mouse, we are able to discriminate in vivo between the lung metastases of the B16 melanoma and the normal lung tissue. We can in such a way detect metastatic cells in a very early stage of growth and also obtain growth curves for the metastatic population. We analyze the sensitivity of the method of detection and speculate how it might be used in aiding in human diagnosis.", "contents": "Early detection of micrometastases via flow microfluorimetry. We show that by measuring the joint distribution of fluorescent and scattered light in a suspension of lung taken from the C57B1/6J mouse, we are able to discriminate in vivo between the lung metastases of the B16 melanoma and the normal lung tissue. We can in such a way detect metastatic cells in a very early stage of growth and also obtain growth curves for the metastatic population. We analyze the sensitivity of the method of detection and speculate how it might be used in aiding in human diagnosis.", "PMID": 574056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10932", "title": "Tumor promoters induce changes in the chick embryo fibroblast cytoskeleton.", "content": "We have examined the effect of the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on the actin-containing elements of the cytoskeleton of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). TPA at concentrations as low as 7.3 times 10-10M indices a reversible change in the cytoskeleton as visualized by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-actin antibodies. Cells incubated with TPA lose the ordered actin-containing structures found in normal cells and resemble Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells in that the immunofluorescent actin pattern is diffuse. The TPA effects are both dose-and time-dependent. Analogs of TPA which are inactive as tumor promoters do not induce cytoskeletal changes at the concentrations tested, while a second tumor promoter, PDD, is also able to cause alterations in actin-containing structures. The action of TPA requires de novo synthesis of both RNA and protein. The direct cytoskeletal changes are neither plasmin-dependent nor subject to inhibition by incubating the cells with high levels of protease inhibitors during the exposure to TPA. However, plasminogen does increase the sensitivity of cells to TPA.", "contents": "Tumor promoters induce changes in the chick embryo fibroblast cytoskeleton. We have examined the effect of the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on the actin-containing elements of the cytoskeleton of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). TPA at concentrations as low as 7.3 times 10-10M indices a reversible change in the cytoskeleton as visualized by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-actin antibodies. Cells incubated with TPA lose the ordered actin-containing structures found in normal cells and resemble Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells in that the immunofluorescent actin pattern is diffuse. The TPA effects are both dose-and time-dependent. Analogs of TPA which are inactive as tumor promoters do not induce cytoskeletal changes at the concentrations tested, while a second tumor promoter, PDD, is also able to cause alterations in actin-containing structures. The action of TPA requires de novo synthesis of both RNA and protein. The direct cytoskeletal changes are neither plasmin-dependent nor subject to inhibition by incubating the cells with high levels of protease inhibitors during the exposure to TPA. However, plasminogen does increase the sensitivity of cells to TPA.", "PMID": 574062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10933", "title": "The concomitant effect of unsaturated fatty acid supplemented to medium on cellular growth and membrane fluidity of cultured cells.", "content": "The membrane fluidity of cultured Yoshida sarcoma cells was determined under the culture condition in which various amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were supplemented to a serum-free medium containing defatted bovine serum albumin. The greater amount of unsaturated fatty acids was supplemented to the medium, the more active membrane fluidity and cellular growth were enhanced, while the supplementation of a saturated fatty acid had no such effect.", "contents": "The concomitant effect of unsaturated fatty acid supplemented to medium on cellular growth and membrane fluidity of cultured cells. The membrane fluidity of cultured Yoshida sarcoma cells was determined under the culture condition in which various amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were supplemented to a serum-free medium containing defatted bovine serum albumin. The greater amount of unsaturated fatty acids was supplemented to the medium, the more active membrane fluidity and cellular growth were enhanced, while the supplementation of a saturated fatty acid had no such effect.", "PMID": 574063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10934", "title": "Verapamil therapy: a new approach to the pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I. Hemodynamic effects.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of intravenous verapamil administration were examined in 27 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Increasing doses of verapamil produced small increases in heart rate and cardiac output and a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, but had no significance effect on mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The highest dose of verapamil increased heart rate from 72 +/- 3 to 81 +/- 6 beats/min and reduced systolic blood pressure from 118 +/- 8 to 99 +/- 5 mm Hg (p less than 0.005). This dose decreased the basal left ventricular outflow tract gradient from 94 +/- 14 to 49 +/- 14 mm Hg and the average left ventricular outflow tract gradient during the Valsalva maneuver from 76 +/- 5 to 63 +/- 13 mm Hg, during amyl nitrite inhalation from 69 +/- 15 to 39 +/- 13 mm Hg, and during isoproterenol infusion from 108 +/- 29 to 70 +/- 21 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that verapamil can significantly decrease left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and thus may provide an important new therapeutic agent in the treatment of this disorder.", "contents": "Verapamil therapy: a new approach to the pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I. Hemodynamic effects. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous verapamil administration were examined in 27 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Increasing doses of verapamil produced small increases in heart rate and cardiac output and a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, but had no significance effect on mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The highest dose of verapamil increased heart rate from 72 +/- 3 to 81 +/- 6 beats/min and reduced systolic blood pressure from 118 +/- 8 to 99 +/- 5 mm Hg (p less than 0.005). This dose decreased the basal left ventricular outflow tract gradient from 94 +/- 14 to 49 +/- 14 mm Hg and the average left ventricular outflow tract gradient during the Valsalva maneuver from 76 +/- 5 to 63 +/- 13 mm Hg, during amyl nitrite inhalation from 69 +/- 15 to 39 +/- 13 mm Hg, and during isoproterenol infusion from 108 +/- 29 to 70 +/- 21 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that verapamil can significantly decrease left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and thus may provide an important new therapeutic agent in the treatment of this disorder.", "PMID": 574066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10935", "title": "Acute triclofos poisoning in a preterm infant.", "content": "A preterm infant with accidental triclofos sodium poisoning is described. He developed deep coma, severe hypothermia, mild by hypotension and lack of the primitive and deep tendon reflexes. During recovery, the primitive reflexes were the last to appear. The natural course of triclofos poisoning, and its influence on the immature central nervous system of the preterm infant are discussed.", "contents": "Acute triclofos poisoning in a preterm infant. A preterm infant with accidental triclofos sodium poisoning is described. He developed deep coma, severe hypothermia, mild by hypotension and lack of the primitive and deep tendon reflexes. During recovery, the primitive reflexes were the last to appear. The natural course of triclofos poisoning, and its influence on the immature central nervous system of the preterm infant are discussed.", "PMID": 574069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10936", "title": "Review: children and companion animals.", "content": "The literature concerning the relationship between the child and companion animal is reviewed including the possible use of companion animals as aids in the psychotherapy of children. The literature pertaining to cruelty to animals is also discussed. It is concluded that the evidence available is sufficient to justify further research into interactions between children and companion animals both in therapy and in the population generally, and some possible approaches are suggested.", "contents": "Review: children and companion animals. The literature concerning the relationship between the child and companion animal is reviewed including the possible use of companion animals as aids in the psychotherapy of children. The literature pertaining to cruelty to animals is also discussed. It is concluded that the evidence available is sufficient to justify further research into interactions between children and companion animals both in therapy and in the population generally, and some possible approaches are suggested.", "PMID": 574065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10937", "title": "[Morphological and ultrastructural changes in the liver of rats on a low-protein diet regimen and in alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "The present study aims to clarify some discussion problems on the role of protein deficit in the diet during alcohol action. They carried out studies on rats, part of which received alcohol with whole protein diet, but other part -- low protein diet. The results from the morphological examination showed that lack of proteins in food was of substantial significance and increased pathological changes in liver, due to alcohol effect.", "contents": "[Morphological and ultrastructural changes in the liver of rats on a low-protein diet regimen and in alcoholic intoxication]. The present study aims to clarify some discussion problems on the role of protein deficit in the diet during alcohol action. They carried out studies on rats, part of which received alcohol with whole protein diet, but other part -- low protein diet. The results from the morphological examination showed that lack of proteins in food was of substantial significance and increased pathological changes in liver, due to alcohol effect.", "PMID": 574075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10938", "title": "[Pure gonadal dysgenesis. Case report with unusual anatomical and endocrine findings].", "content": "The syndrome of pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) cannot always easily be distinguished from other disorders of gonadal development. Relations are evident with Turner's syndrome, females with hypoplastic ovaries, male pseudohermaphroditism, mixed gonadal dysgenesis and the vanishing testes syndrome. The case is reported of a 40 year old female with primary amenorrhea, alopecia, eunuchoid features, XY karyotype with normal breast development and sexual hair after estrogen therapy. On laparotomy streak ovaries were found at ovarian site. Pathohistological examination revealed on the left side wolffian duct remnants such as ductuli deferentes and epididymis besides sparse Leydig-(hilus-)cells and on the right side only a rudimentary fallopian tube with subendothelial accumulation of hyperplastic Leydig-(hilus-)cells. Serum-testosterone elevation above the normal female range (630 ng/dl) persisted following gonadectomy (151 ng/dl). Ectopic Leydig-(hilus-)cells were regarded responsible for the continuing testosterone production. The present case lies on borderline between PGD and mixed gonadal dysgenesis because remnants of wolffian duct derivatives suggest unilateral fetal testicular activity; classification as PGD however was justified in purely female body features and lacking evidence of testicular tissue.", "contents": "[Pure gonadal dysgenesis. Case report with unusual anatomical and endocrine findings]. The syndrome of pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) cannot always easily be distinguished from other disorders of gonadal development. Relations are evident with Turner's syndrome, females with hypoplastic ovaries, male pseudohermaphroditism, mixed gonadal dysgenesis and the vanishing testes syndrome. The case is reported of a 40 year old female with primary amenorrhea, alopecia, eunuchoid features, XY karyotype with normal breast development and sexual hair after estrogen therapy. On laparotomy streak ovaries were found at ovarian site. Pathohistological examination revealed on the left side wolffian duct remnants such as ductuli deferentes and epididymis besides sparse Leydig-(hilus-)cells and on the right side only a rudimentary fallopian tube with subendothelial accumulation of hyperplastic Leydig-(hilus-)cells. Serum-testosterone elevation above the normal female range (630 ng/dl) persisted following gonadectomy (151 ng/dl). Ectopic Leydig-(hilus-)cells were regarded responsible for the continuing testosterone production. The present case lies on borderline between PGD and mixed gonadal dysgenesis because remnants of wolffian duct derivatives suggest unilateral fetal testicular activity; classification as PGD however was justified in purely female body features and lacking evidence of testicular tissue.", "PMID": 574078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10939", "title": "Some aspects on the organization of microfilaments and microtubules in relation to nondisjunction.", "content": "One possible mechanism behind nondisjunction is a malfunctioning spindle. A defect or lack of spindle is a criterion for c-mitosis. In chemical mutagenesis research the c-mitotic effect is a well known cytological phenomemon, which can be induced by many different compounds. Pioneer work was performed during the 1940's by Ostergren and Levan, and their results and conclusions are briefly discussed. Since colchicine can induce c-mitosis and c-meiosis, by definition, and nondisjunction, a correlation between these phenomena is logical. The general importance of the spindle protein tubulin is considered and some new data from the cell biology literature on spindle formation and function as well as chromosome structure are briefly summarized. This knowledge can be used to correlate cytological and biochemical parameters among which c-mitosis and changes in sulfhydryl group metabolism after chemical treatment are the most obvious ones.", "contents": "Some aspects on the organization of microfilaments and microtubules in relation to nondisjunction. One possible mechanism behind nondisjunction is a malfunctioning spindle. A defect or lack of spindle is a criterion for c-mitosis. In chemical mutagenesis research the c-mitotic effect is a well known cytological phenomemon, which can be induced by many different compounds. Pioneer work was performed during the 1940's by Ostergren and Levan, and their results and conclusions are briefly discussed. Since colchicine can induce c-mitosis and c-meiosis, by definition, and nondisjunction, a correlation between these phenomena is logical. The general importance of the spindle protein tubulin is considered and some new data from the cell biology literature on spindle formation and function as well as chromosome structure are briefly summarized. This knowledge can be used to correlate cytological and biochemical parameters among which c-mitosis and changes in sulfhydryl group metabolism after chemical treatment are the most obvious ones.", "PMID": 574079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10940", "title": "Interaction between prealbumin and retinol-binding protein studied by affinity chromatography, gel filtration and two-phase partition.", "content": "The interaction between prealbumin and apo or holo retinol-binding proteins has been studied by affinity chromatography, gel filtration and two-phase partition. At physiological ionic strength apo and holo retinol-binding protein form 1:1 molar complexes with prealbumin. Mean dissociation constants for the prealbumin compex with apo retinol-binding protein and holo retinol-binding protein with all-trans retinol, retinoic acid, retinal and retinyl acetate were calculated from the partition data as 0.33 +/- 0.11 x 10(-6) M and 0.075 +/- 0.015 x 10(-6) M respectively (mean +/- S.E.M.). The difference was statistically significant. Quantitative data on the amount of retinol, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in plasma and urine were in good agreement with the ratio of the dissociation constants for the complexes of apo and holo retinol-binding proteins with prealbumin as determined in the partition experiment. The magnitude of the dissociation constants was compatible with previously published data on the turnover of retinol-binding protein.", "contents": "Interaction between prealbumin and retinol-binding protein studied by affinity chromatography, gel filtration and two-phase partition. The interaction between prealbumin and apo or holo retinol-binding proteins has been studied by affinity chromatography, gel filtration and two-phase partition. At physiological ionic strength apo and holo retinol-binding protein form 1:1 molar complexes with prealbumin. Mean dissociation constants for the prealbumin compex with apo retinol-binding protein and holo retinol-binding protein with all-trans retinol, retinoic acid, retinal and retinyl acetate were calculated from the partition data as 0.33 +/- 0.11 x 10(-6) M and 0.075 +/- 0.015 x 10(-6) M respectively (mean +/- S.E.M.). The difference was statistically significant. Quantitative data on the amount of retinol, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in plasma and urine were in good agreement with the ratio of the dissociation constants for the complexes of apo and holo retinol-binding proteins with prealbumin as determined in the partition experiment. The magnitude of the dissociation constants was compatible with previously published data on the turnover of retinol-binding protein.", "PMID": 574085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10941", "title": "Impaired gastric function in children with cow's milk intolerance.", "content": "Eight infants with cow's milk intolerance (CMI) were studied for basal and maximal gastric acid secretion and the fasting serum gastrin level. All these patients had clinical malabsorption. Jejunal biopsies revealed subtotal villous atrophy in six children and slight changes in the remaining two. The mean maximal acid secretion in the infants with CMI was significantly decreased being 85 +/- 78 mumol/h/kg (mean +/- SD), as compared with a control group of the same age with a corresponding value of 233 +/- 66 mumol/h/kg. The fasting serum gastrin level was elevated, being 104 +/- 116 pmol/l in the study group and 37 +/- 10 in the controls. Three infants with CMI underwent gastric biopsy. Marked changes with epithelial degeneration and prominent cellularity in the lamina propria were seen in two patients. The injury was most severe in the antrum of the stomach. When these patients with CMI were treated with human or soy milk, the maximal acid secretion returned normal in six months.", "contents": "Impaired gastric function in children with cow's milk intolerance. Eight infants with cow's milk intolerance (CMI) were studied for basal and maximal gastric acid secretion and the fasting serum gastrin level. All these patients had clinical malabsorption. Jejunal biopsies revealed subtotal villous atrophy in six children and slight changes in the remaining two. The mean maximal acid secretion in the infants with CMI was significantly decreased being 85 +/- 78 mumol/h/kg (mean +/- SD), as compared with a control group of the same age with a corresponding value of 233 +/- 66 mumol/h/kg. The fasting serum gastrin level was elevated, being 104 +/- 116 pmol/l in the study group and 37 +/- 10 in the controls. Three infants with CMI underwent gastric biopsy. Marked changes with epithelial degeneration and prominent cellularity in the lamina propria were seen in two patients. The injury was most severe in the antrum of the stomach. When these patients with CMI were treated with human or soy milk, the maximal acid secretion returned normal in six months.", "PMID": 574086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10942", "title": "Asplenia syndrome in one of mono-zygotic twins.", "content": "One of mono-zygotic twins who had the asplenia syndrome with severe cardiac malformations is described, the other twin being normal. This is the first documented case of situs ambiguus in mono-zygotic twins. The relationship of situs ambiguus to situs inversus, which has previously been described in a number of mono-zygotic twin pairs (some concordant and some discordant) is unclear.", "contents": "Asplenia syndrome in one of mono-zygotic twins. One of mono-zygotic twins who had the asplenia syndrome with severe cardiac malformations is described, the other twin being normal. This is the first documented case of situs ambiguus in mono-zygotic twins. The relationship of situs ambiguus to situs inversus, which has previously been described in a number of mono-zygotic twin pairs (some concordant and some discordant) is unclear.", "PMID": 574088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10943", "title": "High levels of transition metals in dinoflagellate chromosomes.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of fixed, sectioned chromosomes of the dinoflagellates Glenodinium foliaceum, Prorocentrum micans and Amphidinium carterae has revealed high levels of iron, nickel, copper and zinc. We report high levels of these transition metals in association with chromosomes in intact eukaryote cells.", "contents": "High levels of transition metals in dinoflagellate chromosomes. X-ray microanalysis of fixed, sectioned chromosomes of the dinoflagellates Glenodinium foliaceum, Prorocentrum micans and Amphidinium carterae has revealed high levels of iron, nickel, copper and zinc. We report high levels of these transition metals in association with chromosomes in intact eukaryote cells.", "PMID": 574092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10944", "title": "Genetic dissection of the Drosophila circadian system.", "content": "Genetic experiments involving selected strains as well as single gene mutations have provided information concerning the organization of the Drosophila circadian system. The phase of the emergence rhythm of D. pseudoobscura can be altered by genetic selection without significantly affecting the phase and period of the light-sensitive pacemaker. The period of the D. melanogaster pacemaker, over the range 19 hours to 29 hours, can be encoded in the DNA sequence of a single genetic locus. The short-period and long-period mutations do not eliminate the pacemaker's temperature compensation mechanism. The short-period mutation alters the resetting behavior of the pacemaker from weak (type 1) in wild-type to strong (type 0) in the mutant. Five aperiodic mutations isolated in D. pseudoobscura belong to two complementation groups. In complements bearing one mutation from each group, the periodicity of the pacemaker is wild-type, but the phase of the emergence rhythm is 5 hours later than wild-type. Thus mutations in particular genetic loci have dramatic effects on the basic properties of circadian pacemakers and rhythms.", "contents": "Genetic dissection of the Drosophila circadian system. Genetic experiments involving selected strains as well as single gene mutations have provided information concerning the organization of the Drosophila circadian system. The phase of the emergence rhythm of D. pseudoobscura can be altered by genetic selection without significantly affecting the phase and period of the light-sensitive pacemaker. The period of the D. melanogaster pacemaker, over the range 19 hours to 29 hours, can be encoded in the DNA sequence of a single genetic locus. The short-period and long-period mutations do not eliminate the pacemaker's temperature compensation mechanism. The short-period mutation alters the resetting behavior of the pacemaker from weak (type 1) in wild-type to strong (type 0) in the mutant. Five aperiodic mutations isolated in D. pseudoobscura belong to two complementation groups. In complements bearing one mutation from each group, the periodicity of the pacemaker is wild-type, but the phase of the emergence rhythm is 5 hours later than wild-type. Thus mutations in particular genetic loci have dramatic effects on the basic properties of circadian pacemakers and rhythms.", "PMID": 574095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10945", "title": "Metformin and clofibrate in maturity onset diabetes mellitus: advantages of combined treatment.", "content": "Blood glucose, lipoproteins, non-esterified fatty acids, fibrinogen and intermediary metabolites were measured in twenty-two diet failed maturity onset diabetics during a double blind crossover study of metformin (1.7 g/day) or clofibrate (2 g/day) therapy. Patients received combined therapy for a final two month period. Four patients had 12 hour metabolic profiles performed during each treatment period. A more significant improvement in fasting blood glucose and glycosuria occured with metformin and combined therapy. However, clofibrate and combined therapy significantly decreased total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride and fibrinogen. Metabolic profiles demonstrated significant elevations of blood lactate and alanine with metformin treatment but these parameters returned to normal with combined therapy. Non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol were significantly lower during combined therapy compared with metformin or clofibrate alone. Despite the recent adverse report on clofibrate, this study indicates that the addition of clofibrate to metformin therapy may have advantages in the management of maturity onset diabetics.", "contents": "Metformin and clofibrate in maturity onset diabetes mellitus: advantages of combined treatment. Blood glucose, lipoproteins, non-esterified fatty acids, fibrinogen and intermediary metabolites were measured in twenty-two diet failed maturity onset diabetics during a double blind crossover study of metformin (1.7 g/day) or clofibrate (2 g/day) therapy. Patients received combined therapy for a final two month period. Four patients had 12 hour metabolic profiles performed during each treatment period. A more significant improvement in fasting blood glucose and glycosuria occured with metformin and combined therapy. However, clofibrate and combined therapy significantly decreased total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride and fibrinogen. Metabolic profiles demonstrated significant elevations of blood lactate and alanine with metformin treatment but these parameters returned to normal with combined therapy. Non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol were significantly lower during combined therapy compared with metformin or clofibrate alone. Despite the recent adverse report on clofibrate, this study indicates that the addition of clofibrate to metformin therapy may have advantages in the management of maturity onset diabetics.", "PMID": 574098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10946", "title": "[Participation of cholinergic mechanisms in the regulation of immunological processes].", "content": "Chronic administration of cholinomimetic (arecolin, pilocarpin, nicotin) and cholinolytic (bezohexonium, pedifen) drugs produces changes of different directions in the number of rosette-forming cells in the spleen of CBA mice immunized with sheep red blood cells. The analysis performed does not allow the effect of the drugs on immunologic processes to be accounted for by an immediate action on lymphoid cells or by an action of the function of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "contents": "[Participation of cholinergic mechanisms in the regulation of immunological processes]. Chronic administration of cholinomimetic (arecolin, pilocarpin, nicotin) and cholinolytic (bezohexonium, pedifen) drugs produces changes of different directions in the number of rosette-forming cells in the spleen of CBA mice immunized with sheep red blood cells. The analysis performed does not allow the effect of the drugs on immunologic processes to be accounted for by an immediate action on lymphoid cells or by an action of the function of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "PMID": 574093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10947", "title": "[Effect of BCNU on the kinetics of the primary immune response in mice].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on mice administered the alkylating agent BCNU (1,3-bis/2-chlorethyl/-I-nitrosourea) at a dose of 20 mg/kg 48 or 72 hours following immunization wtih sheep red cells that kinetics of producing antibody-forming cells assumes a wave-like pattern with a sharp alternation of rises and falls in the number of antibody inducers. Analysis of the data obtained allowed a conclusion that BCNU does not affect the recruitment -- transformation of the precursor cells to antibody-forming cells.", "contents": "[Effect of BCNU on the kinetics of the primary immune response in mice]. It was shown in experiments on mice administered the alkylating agent BCNU (1,3-bis/2-chlorethyl/-I-nitrosourea) at a dose of 20 mg/kg 48 or 72 hours following immunization wtih sheep red cells that kinetics of producing antibody-forming cells assumes a wave-like pattern with a sharp alternation of rises and falls in the number of antibody inducers. Analysis of the data obtained allowed a conclusion that BCNU does not affect the recruitment -- transformation of the precursor cells to antibody-forming cells.", "PMID": 574094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10948", "title": "H-Y antigen in the teleost.", "content": "H-Y antigen, presumably the product of mammalian testis-determining genes, has been detected in three species of teleost fish, Xiphophorus maculatus. Haplochromis burtoni, and Oryzias latipes, and in hybrids of the genus Tilapia. In X. maculatus H-Y was most readily detected in YY males, suggesting that a genetic determinant of H-Y antigen expression may exist on the teleost Y-chromosome. Although H-Y was detected in males and not in feamles in each of the species that we studied, male heterogamety has not been firmly established for H. burtoni. Thus despite the extreme phlyogenetic conservation of H-Y genes and their association with the Y-chromosome, it remains open to question whether H-Y will always be found in the heterogametic sex, and whether serologically defined H-Y antigen plays any part in the differentiation of the teleost gonad.", "contents": "H-Y antigen in the teleost. H-Y antigen, presumably the product of mammalian testis-determining genes, has been detected in three species of teleost fish, Xiphophorus maculatus. Haplochromis burtoni, and Oryzias latipes, and in hybrids of the genus Tilapia. In X. maculatus H-Y was most readily detected in YY males, suggesting that a genetic determinant of H-Y antigen expression may exist on the teleost Y-chromosome. Although H-Y was detected in males and not in feamles in each of the species that we studied, male heterogamety has not been firmly established for H. burtoni. Thus despite the extreme phlyogenetic conservation of H-Y genes and their association with the Y-chromosome, it remains open to question whether H-Y will always be found in the heterogametic sex, and whether serologically defined H-Y antigen plays any part in the differentiation of the teleost gonad.", "PMID": 574100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10949", "title": "Shift from free \"small\" hepatitis B e antigen to IgG-bound \"large\" form in the circulation of human beings and a chimpanzee acutely infected with hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) occurs both free and in association with IgG in the circulation of individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). We determined free and IgG-bound HBeAg forms separately in the serum of humans and a chimpanzee acutely infected with HBV. In a patient with laboratory acquired HBV infection, the proportion of free HBeAg gradually decreased from 89% to 23%. A similar shift from free to IgG-bound form of HBeAg was invariably observed in 5 additional patients with acute Type B hepatitis. In a chimpanzee that had been experimentally inoculated with HBV, free HBeAg appeared first, then gradually and completely shifted to the IgG-bound form. Finally, IgG-bound HBeAg disappeared, and antibody to HBeAg was detectable in the serum. The determination of both free and IgG-bound forms of HBeAg may provide valuable information, because their ratio reflects the stage and prognosis of acute HBV infection.", "contents": "Shift from free \"small\" hepatitis B e antigen to IgG-bound \"large\" form in the circulation of human beings and a chimpanzee acutely infected with hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) occurs both free and in association with IgG in the circulation of individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). We determined free and IgG-bound HBeAg forms separately in the serum of humans and a chimpanzee acutely infected with HBV. In a patient with laboratory acquired HBV infection, the proportion of free HBeAg gradually decreased from 89% to 23%. A similar shift from free to IgG-bound form of HBeAg was invariably observed in 5 additional patients with acute Type B hepatitis. In a chimpanzee that had been experimentally inoculated with HBV, free HBeAg appeared first, then gradually and completely shifted to the IgG-bound form. Finally, IgG-bound HBeAg disappeared, and antibody to HBeAg was detectable in the serum. The determination of both free and IgG-bound forms of HBeAg may provide valuable information, because their ratio reflects the stage and prognosis of acute HBV infection.", "PMID": 574101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10950", "title": "Analysis of the albino-locus region of the mouse. III. Time of death of prenatal lethals.", "content": "The stage at which homozygotes die was determined for 28 mutations (general symbol c*) at the albino (c) locus, of which 26 had earlier been found to be probably prenatally lethal. Within each of the mutant stocks, the uterine contents of c*/c(ch) females, made pregnant either by c*/c(ch) males (\"Ex\" series) or by c(ch)/c(ch) males (\"Co\" series), were examined between 13 and 17 days postconception. Altogether, 743 females were dissected and 7197 corpora lutea (representing ovulations) counted. In selected stocks, an additional 40 and 13 females were dissected on days seven or nine, respectively.-In each of the 26 presumed prenatally lethal mutants, there was a deficiency of living fetuses in the Ex, as compared with the Co, group. Overall, this deficiency was 23.6% (expectation, 25% c*/c*). All meaningful excesses were in numbers either of moles (death shortly before, during, or just after implantation), or of early preimplantation losses. Homozygotes in none of the mutant stocks die between days nine and 19 postconception. Of 24 c-locus mutants known to be deficiencies since they lack the closely linked Mod-2, 13 clearly kill before implantation, ten around implantation, and one neonatally. The c and Mod-2 loci and the region between them are not needed for intrauterine survival.-There are indications that the distinction between early-preimplantation death and implantation death may, in a general way, be related to length of the deficiency.", "contents": "Analysis of the albino-locus region of the mouse. III. Time of death of prenatal lethals. The stage at which homozygotes die was determined for 28 mutations (general symbol c*) at the albino (c) locus, of which 26 had earlier been found to be probably prenatally lethal. Within each of the mutant stocks, the uterine contents of c*/c(ch) females, made pregnant either by c*/c(ch) males (\"Ex\" series) or by c(ch)/c(ch) males (\"Co\" series), were examined between 13 and 17 days postconception. Altogether, 743 females were dissected and 7197 corpora lutea (representing ovulations) counted. In selected stocks, an additional 40 and 13 females were dissected on days seven or nine, respectively.-In each of the 26 presumed prenatally lethal mutants, there was a deficiency of living fetuses in the Ex, as compared with the Co, group. Overall, this deficiency was 23.6% (expectation, 25% c*/c*). All meaningful excesses were in numbers either of moles (death shortly before, during, or just after implantation), or of early preimplantation losses. Homozygotes in none of the mutant stocks die between days nine and 19 postconception. Of 24 c-locus mutants known to be deficiencies since they lack the closely linked Mod-2, 13 clearly kill before implantation, ten around implantation, and one neonatally. The c and Mod-2 loci and the region between them are not needed for intrauterine survival.-There are indications that the distinction between early-preimplantation death and implantation death may, in a general way, be related to length of the deficiency.", "PMID": 574104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10951", "title": "Lethals, steriles and deficiencies in a region of the X chromosome of Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Twenty-one X-linked recessive lethal and sterile mutations balanced by an unlinked X-chromosome duplication have been identified following EMS treatment of the small nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The mutations have been assigned by complementation analysis to 14 genes, four of which have more than one mutant allele. Four mutants, all alleles, are temperature-sensitive embryonic lethals. Twelve mutants, in ten genes, are early larval lethals. Two mutants are late larval lethals, and the expression of one of these is influenced by the number of X chromosomes in the genotype. Two mutants are maternal-effect lethals; for both, oocytes made by mutant hermaphrodites are rescuable by wild-type sperm. One of the maternal-effect lethals and two larval lethals are allelic. One mutant makes defective sperm. The lethals and steriles have been mapped by recombination and by complementation testing against 19 deficiencies identified after X-ray treatment. The deficiencies divide the region, about 15% of the X-chromosome linkage map, into at least nine segments. The deficiencies have also been used to check the phenotypes of hemizygous lethal and sterile hermaphrodites.", "contents": "Lethals, steriles and deficiencies in a region of the X chromosome of Caenorhabditis elegans. Twenty-one X-linked recessive lethal and sterile mutations balanced by an unlinked X-chromosome duplication have been identified following EMS treatment of the small nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The mutations have been assigned by complementation analysis to 14 genes, four of which have more than one mutant allele. Four mutants, all alleles, are temperature-sensitive embryonic lethals. Twelve mutants, in ten genes, are early larval lethals. Two mutants are late larval lethals, and the expression of one of these is influenced by the number of X chromosomes in the genotype. Two mutants are maternal-effect lethals; for both, oocytes made by mutant hermaphrodites are rescuable by wild-type sperm. One of the maternal-effect lethals and two larval lethals are allelic. One mutant makes defective sperm. The lethals and steriles have been mapped by recombination and by complementation testing against 19 deficiencies identified after X-ray treatment. The deficiencies divide the region, about 15% of the X-chromosome linkage map, into at least nine segments. The deficiencies have also been used to check the phenotypes of hemizygous lethal and sterile hermaphrodites.", "PMID": 574105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10952", "title": "[Problems in the genetics of stress. IV. A genetic analysis of the level of autonomic reactivity in emotional stress in rats].", "content": "A genetic analysis of hypertensive reactions under condition of emotional stress in three inbred strains of rats (Wistar, Sprague-Dowly and August) and their F1 reciprocal hybrids is carried out. Highly significant genotypic differences in the arterial pressure level during emotional stress and no genetic diversity in the basal state were found. Application of our own methos to genetic analysis of incomplete diallelic tables for Griffing's experimental design 1 (model 1) showed an existence of significant additive component of genetic variance in autonomic reactivity under the stress. The role of the stress as a factor of differentiation of the genetic structure of population is discussed.", "contents": "[Problems in the genetics of stress. IV. A genetic analysis of the level of autonomic reactivity in emotional stress in rats]. A genetic analysis of hypertensive reactions under condition of emotional stress in three inbred strains of rats (Wistar, Sprague-Dowly and August) and their F1 reciprocal hybrids is carried out. Highly significant genotypic differences in the arterial pressure level during emotional stress and no genetic diversity in the basal state were found. Application of our own methos to genetic analysis of incomplete diallelic tables for Griffing's experimental design 1 (model 1) showed an existence of significant additive component of genetic variance in autonomic reactivity under the stress. The role of the stress as a factor of differentiation of the genetic structure of population is discussed.", "PMID": 574106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10953", "title": "[Early diagnosis of congenital and infantile strabismus].", "content": "Early detection of strabism by the pediatrician is essential for induction of an effective ophthalmologic therapy. Evaluation should not only be done in children with manifest strabism, but also in children prone to develop this disorder like premature-born infants, children with cerebral defects or even children from families with high incidence of strabism.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of congenital and infantile strabismus]. Early detection of strabism by the pediatrician is essential for induction of an effective ophthalmologic therapy. Evaluation should not only be done in children with manifest strabism, but also in children prone to develop this disorder like premature-born infants, children with cerebral defects or even children from families with high incidence of strabism.", "PMID": 574112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10954", "title": "Concentration of porcine proinsulin-like material in plasma of insulin-treated diabetics in relation to purity of insulin preparations.", "content": "Porcine proinsulin-like Material (P-PLM) was determined in plasma from 25 juvenile diabetics previously treated for more than six years with crystalline porcine insulin and again after 2--2 1/2 years subsequent treatment with highly purified porcine insulin. As P-PLM in insulin preparations was reduced from 7 mmol/mol insulin to 0.1 mmol/mol insulin, so plasma concentrations of P-PLM were reduced from mean 166 pmol/l (range 34--428) to mean 27 pmol/l (range 13--64) on the same insulin dose. During the same period, the insulin-binding capacity of plasma showed a decrease.", "contents": "Concentration of porcine proinsulin-like material in plasma of insulin-treated diabetics in relation to purity of insulin preparations. Porcine proinsulin-like Material (P-PLM) was determined in plasma from 25 juvenile diabetics previously treated for more than six years with crystalline porcine insulin and again after 2--2 1/2 years subsequent treatment with highly purified porcine insulin. As P-PLM in insulin preparations was reduced from 7 mmol/mol insulin to 0.1 mmol/mol insulin, so plasma concentrations of P-PLM were reduced from mean 166 pmol/l (range 34--428) to mean 27 pmol/l (range 13--64) on the same insulin dose. During the same period, the insulin-binding capacity of plasma showed a decrease.", "PMID": 574119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10955", "title": "Production of a specific antiserum by synthetic C-terminal fragment of glucagon.", "content": "Seven rabbits were immunized with a synthetic C-terminal glucagon fragment [15--29] conjugated with bovine serum albumin by means of glutaraldehyde. Antisera for glucagon were produced in all the animals after six injections of the conjugate. One of them revealed a higher titer antiserum (G42), which did not cross react with gut glucagon-like immunoreactive material, secretin, insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide or vasoactive intestinal peptide. From the results of inhibition of 125 I-glucagon in binding with the antiserum by various glucagon-related fragments the immunogenic determinant of the antiserum was proved to be in the C-terminal residue of the glucagon molecule, although peptide [17--29] or [21--29] reacted weakly with the antiserum. The plasma glucagon levels measured by antiserum G 42 during an arginine test in five normal subjects were superposed on those obtained by other antiserum (G21), specific for pancreatic glucagon. Furthermore, a comparable standard curve for glucagon was obtained using antiserum G42, when a labelled p-hydroxyphenylacetylated glucagon fragment [15--29] was employed as a tracer. The present study clearly demonstrated that the C-terminal glucagon fragment could yield a specific antiserum for pancreatic glucagon, supporting the proposal that the C-terminal fragment of glucagon is responsible for such specific antisera. Furthermore, it is concluded that immunoassay for glucagon could be performed using the labelled glucagon fragment as a tracer.", "contents": "Production of a specific antiserum by synthetic C-terminal fragment of glucagon. Seven rabbits were immunized with a synthetic C-terminal glucagon fragment [15--29] conjugated with bovine serum albumin by means of glutaraldehyde. Antisera for glucagon were produced in all the animals after six injections of the conjugate. One of them revealed a higher titer antiserum (G42), which did not cross react with gut glucagon-like immunoreactive material, secretin, insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide or vasoactive intestinal peptide. From the results of inhibition of 125 I-glucagon in binding with the antiserum by various glucagon-related fragments the immunogenic determinant of the antiserum was proved to be in the C-terminal residue of the glucagon molecule, although peptide [17--29] or [21--29] reacted weakly with the antiserum. The plasma glucagon levels measured by antiserum G 42 during an arginine test in five normal subjects were superposed on those obtained by other antiserum (G21), specific for pancreatic glucagon. Furthermore, a comparable standard curve for glucagon was obtained using antiserum G42, when a labelled p-hydroxyphenylacetylated glucagon fragment [15--29] was employed as a tracer. The present study clearly demonstrated that the C-terminal glucagon fragment could yield a specific antiserum for pancreatic glucagon, supporting the proposal that the C-terminal fragment of glucagon is responsible for such specific antisera. Furthermore, it is concluded that immunoassay for glucagon could be performed using the labelled glucagon fragment as a tracer.", "PMID": 574120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10956", "title": "Effect of chronic metoclopramide therapy on serum pituitary hormone concentrations.", "content": "The effect of chronic (3--9 months) therapy with metoclopramide on serum levels of pituitary and thyroid hormones was studied in 4 males and 1 female. The mean serum prolactin concentration during metoclopramide therapy was significantly higher than after discontinuation of metoclopramide. Serum prolactin concentrations increased acutely after each dose of metoclopramide. Serum prolactin concentrations increased acutely after each dose of metoclopramide, and gradually returned to normal by 6--12 h. There was no sifgnificant differences in the serum TSH, T3, T4, GH, and gonadotrophin levels during and after metoclopramide administration. In the male subjects the mean serum testosterone was normal, but significantly lower during metoclopramide therapy.", "contents": "Effect of chronic metoclopramide therapy on serum pituitary hormone concentrations. The effect of chronic (3--9 months) therapy with metoclopramide on serum levels of pituitary and thyroid hormones was studied in 4 males and 1 female. The mean serum prolactin concentration during metoclopramide therapy was significantly higher than after discontinuation of metoclopramide. Serum prolactin concentrations increased acutely after each dose of metoclopramide. Serum prolactin concentrations increased acutely after each dose of metoclopramide, and gradually returned to normal by 6--12 h. There was no sifgnificant differences in the serum TSH, T3, T4, GH, and gonadotrophin levels during and after metoclopramide administration. In the male subjects the mean serum testosterone was normal, but significantly lower during metoclopramide therapy.", "PMID": 574121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10957", "title": "[Vinblastine-loaded platelets and their effect in a case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "The successful treatment of a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) by vinblastine-loaded platelets (VMT) is described. Serum autoantibodies and platelet-bound IgG disappeared after treatment. We infer that this type of therapy does not oeprate on the level of platelet destroying cells but rather affects antibody producing cells. Since there was also a T-cell sensitization versus VMT we favour the hypothesis of a modified self alteration as the cause of the disease and its recovery of VMT.", "contents": "[Vinblastine-loaded platelets and their effect in a case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)]. The successful treatment of a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) by vinblastine-loaded platelets (VMT) is described. Serum autoantibodies and platelet-bound IgG disappeared after treatment. We infer that this type of therapy does not oeprate on the level of platelet destroying cells but rather affects antibody producing cells. Since there was also a T-cell sensitization versus VMT we favour the hypothesis of a modified self alteration as the cause of the disease and its recovery of VMT.", "PMID": 574122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10958", "title": "IgA-containing cells in the ruminant intestine following intraperitoneal and local immunization.", "content": "Experiments are described which demonstrate that a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant results in the appearance of IgA-specific antibody-containing cells (ACC) in the intestinal lamina propria of sheep and that these cells reach the intestine via the intestinal lymph and blood circulation. Following intraintestinal administration of antigen to sheep immunized i.p. 2 weeks previously, an enhanced ACC response occurs in the intestine but cannulation and drainage of the intestinal duct does not interfere with this enhancement. Evidence is presented which suggests that the enhanced ACC response may be accounted for by antigen-induced local proliferation of ACC in the lamina propria of the intestine.", "contents": "IgA-containing cells in the ruminant intestine following intraperitoneal and local immunization. Experiments are described which demonstrate that a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant results in the appearance of IgA-specific antibody-containing cells (ACC) in the intestinal lamina propria of sheep and that these cells reach the intestine via the intestinal lymph and blood circulation. Following intraintestinal administration of antigen to sheep immunized i.p. 2 weeks previously, an enhanced ACC response occurs in the intestine but cannulation and drainage of the intestinal duct does not interfere with this enhancement. Evidence is presented which suggests that the enhanced ACC response may be accounted for by antigen-induced local proliferation of ACC in the lamina propria of the intestine.", "PMID": 574123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10959", "title": "Replication of porcine parvovirus in peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, and peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), peripheral blood monocytes, and peritoneal macrophages were examined for their ability to support porcine parvovirus (PPV) replication. The cell cultures were infected with the NADL-2 strain of PPV at 0.1 multiplicity of infection. PBL cultures were stimulated with the following phytomitogens: phytohemagglutinin M, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Unstimulated PBL cultures infected with PPV and uninfected PBL stimulated with phytomitogens served as controls. All cultures were examined daily for PPV-specific immunofluorescence and hemagglutinin. PPV replicated in PBL cultures stimulated with all phytomitogens. Both viral hemagglutinin in culture fluids and nuclear immunofluorescence in cells were detected. In contrast, unstimulated PBL did not support viral replication; however, PPV antigen was detected in the cytoplasm. PPV persisted in unstimulated PBL for 21 days (duration of the experiment) without replication, but replicated each time with the addition of phytohemagglutinin M at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after infection. Uninfected PBL stimulated with phytomitogens lacked both viral hemagglutinin and immunofluorescence. Simultaneous detection of lymphocyte surface marker and viral antigens in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated PBL revealed that both T and non-T cells (B and null cells) are able to support PPV replication. Peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages phagocytized PPV but did not support virus replication.", "contents": "Replication of porcine parvovirus in peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, and peritoneal macrophages. Porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), peripheral blood monocytes, and peritoneal macrophages were examined for their ability to support porcine parvovirus (PPV) replication. The cell cultures were infected with the NADL-2 strain of PPV at 0.1 multiplicity of infection. PBL cultures were stimulated with the following phytomitogens: phytohemagglutinin M, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Unstimulated PBL cultures infected with PPV and uninfected PBL stimulated with phytomitogens served as controls. All cultures were examined daily for PPV-specific immunofluorescence and hemagglutinin. PPV replicated in PBL cultures stimulated with all phytomitogens. Both viral hemagglutinin in culture fluids and nuclear immunofluorescence in cells were detected. In contrast, unstimulated PBL did not support viral replication; however, PPV antigen was detected in the cytoplasm. PPV persisted in unstimulated PBL for 21 days (duration of the experiment) without replication, but replicated each time with the addition of phytohemagglutinin M at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after infection. Uninfected PBL stimulated with phytomitogens lacked both viral hemagglutinin and immunofluorescence. Simultaneous detection of lymphocyte surface marker and viral antigens in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated PBL revealed that both T and non-T cells (B and null cells) are able to support PPV replication. Peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages phagocytized PPV but did not support virus replication.", "PMID": 574124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10960", "title": "Influence of encapsulation on phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida by bovine neutrophils.", "content": "The effect of encapsulation on phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida by bovine neutrophils was examined by using two encapsulated strains, NA77 (capsular type A) and C42 (capsular type B), and comparing them with an unencapsulated counterpart strain, 1173. The uptake of [(3)H]thymidine-labeled bacteria by neutrophils was quantitatively measured after incubation of the bacteria in normal bovine serum, heat-inactivated serum, and hyperimmune sera (anti-NA77 and anti-C42). Results showed that all three strains of P. multocida were ineffectively opsonized by the heat-labile serum complement system. The unencapsulated strain was completely phagocytized in the presence of heat-stable opsonins found in normal serum. Although encapsulation of strain C42 was found to interfere with opsonization by normal serum, this strain was completely phagocytized when hyperimmune serum (anti-C42) was used as the opsonin source. These results suggest that specific anticapsular antibodies found in the hyperimmune serum readily opsonized the encapsulated strain C42 and enhanced phagocytosis. The presence of a thick capsule on strain NA77 interfered with phagocytosis in the presence of normal or hyperimmune serum (anti-NA77). This interference was due to the presence of hyaluronic acid which was a major component of the capsule. Treatment of this encapsulated strain with hyaluronidase decapsulated the bacteria. Bacteria treated in this way were almost completely phagocytized (90%) in the presence of heat-stable opsonins. The exact mechanism by which the capsule of P. multocida NA77 interfered with phagocytosis was not demonstrated; perhaps the slimy nature of the hyaluronic acid makes the phagocytic act difficult by changing the physiochemical surface properties, or it may prevent opsonization.", "contents": "Influence of encapsulation on phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida by bovine neutrophils. The effect of encapsulation on phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida by bovine neutrophils was examined by using two encapsulated strains, NA77 (capsular type A) and C42 (capsular type B), and comparing them with an unencapsulated counterpart strain, 1173. The uptake of [(3)H]thymidine-labeled bacteria by neutrophils was quantitatively measured after incubation of the bacteria in normal bovine serum, heat-inactivated serum, and hyperimmune sera (anti-NA77 and anti-C42). Results showed that all three strains of P. multocida were ineffectively opsonized by the heat-labile serum complement system. The unencapsulated strain was completely phagocytized in the presence of heat-stable opsonins found in normal serum. Although encapsulation of strain C42 was found to interfere with opsonization by normal serum, this strain was completely phagocytized when hyperimmune serum (anti-C42) was used as the opsonin source. These results suggest that specific anticapsular antibodies found in the hyperimmune serum readily opsonized the encapsulated strain C42 and enhanced phagocytosis. The presence of a thick capsule on strain NA77 interfered with phagocytosis in the presence of normal or hyperimmune serum (anti-NA77). This interference was due to the presence of hyaluronic acid which was a major component of the capsule. Treatment of this encapsulated strain with hyaluronidase decapsulated the bacteria. Bacteria treated in this way were almost completely phagocytized (90%) in the presence of heat-stable opsonins. The exact mechanism by which the capsule of P. multocida NA77 interfered with phagocytosis was not demonstrated; perhaps the slimy nature of the hyaluronic acid makes the phagocytic act difficult by changing the physiochemical surface properties, or it may prevent opsonization.", "PMID": 574125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10961", "title": "Interferon enhanced human natural killer and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity.", "content": "Preincubation of normal human lymphocytes with human interferon for 18-24 h at 37 degrees C resulted in an increase of the activity of both natural killer (NK) cells and antibody-mediated cytotoxic cells (ADCC). The human myeloid line, K-562, which is highly susceptible to NK cells, was employed. ADCC was assessed with antibody-coated chick erythrocytes as targets. NK cells and ADCC were detected in a 4-hour 51Cr release assay. The magnitude of the enhancement was proportionate to the amount of interferon used in preincubation of the effector cells. Preincubation of tumor-target cells with interferon does not increase their susceptibility or resistance to lysis. The major effect of interferon on the cellular metabolism of the tumor-target cell is inhibition of DNA synthesis, but no direct cytotoxic effect was detected. Our findings may be important in understanding the mode of action of interferon in increasing host resistance to a variety of pathogens and tumors. This may be accomplished by inhibiting the growth of the tumor while simultaneously enhancing the natural killing mechanism for immunosurveillance.", "contents": "Interferon enhanced human natural killer and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity. Preincubation of normal human lymphocytes with human interferon for 18-24 h at 37 degrees C resulted in an increase of the activity of both natural killer (NK) cells and antibody-mediated cytotoxic cells (ADCC). The human myeloid line, K-562, which is highly susceptible to NK cells, was employed. ADCC was assessed with antibody-coated chick erythrocytes as targets. NK cells and ADCC were detected in a 4-hour 51Cr release assay. The magnitude of the enhancement was proportionate to the amount of interferon used in preincubation of the effector cells. Preincubation of tumor-target cells with interferon does not increase their susceptibility or resistance to lysis. The major effect of interferon on the cellular metabolism of the tumor-target cell is inhibition of DNA synthesis, but no direct cytotoxic effect was detected. Our findings may be important in understanding the mode of action of interferon in increasing host resistance to a variety of pathogens and tumors. This may be accomplished by inhibiting the growth of the tumor while simultaneously enhancing the natural killing mechanism for immunosurveillance.", "PMID": 574126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10962", "title": "Time dependent changes in the pharmacokinetics of aspirin.", "content": "In an experiment carried out on six volunteers, measurement of total serum salicylate concentration was used to describe aspirin kinetics after a single 1500 mg oral dose. The availability of the drug was significantly better when it was administered at 6(00) than at 18(00) or 22(00). Also a significant time-dependence was found between the morning and evening values of both the serum half-life time of salicylate and kel. The possible relation between these results and the appearance of undesirable side effects in patients should be examined.", "contents": "Time dependent changes in the pharmacokinetics of aspirin. In an experiment carried out on six volunteers, measurement of total serum salicylate concentration was used to describe aspirin kinetics after a single 1500 mg oral dose. The availability of the drug was significantly better when it was administered at 6(00) than at 18(00) or 22(00). Also a significant time-dependence was found between the morning and evening values of both the serum half-life time of salicylate and kel. The possible relation between these results and the appearance of undesirable side effects in patients should be examined.", "PMID": 574128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10963", "title": "Incidence and complications of ureteral stump pathology.", "content": "The authors report on 58 patients with ureteral stump disease. Therapeutic errors, certain specific conditions, but also nephrectomies done for diseases other than pyelo-calyceal tumors and tuberculosis may increase the severity of ureteral stump pathology. The clinical symptoms are often vague, and are demonstrated too late. The incidence may be reduced and the outcome improved by removal of the ureter whenever favourable conditions for development exist, and by looking for them by efficient exploration and complete excision, if nephrectomy is followed by even less marked changes.", "contents": "Incidence and complications of ureteral stump pathology. The authors report on 58 patients with ureteral stump disease. Therapeutic errors, certain specific conditions, but also nephrectomies done for diseases other than pyelo-calyceal tumors and tuberculosis may increase the severity of ureteral stump pathology. The clinical symptoms are often vague, and are demonstrated too late. The incidence may be reduced and the outcome improved by removal of the ureter whenever favourable conditions for development exist, and by looking for them by efficient exploration and complete excision, if nephrectomy is followed by even less marked changes.", "PMID": 574129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10964", "title": "The effect of dantrium on the canine urethral pressure profile.", "content": "The effects of dantrolene sodium and tubocurarine on the urethral pressure profile were investigated in anesthetized dogs. A model of urethrovesical separation was used to prohibit transmission of pressure changes between the bladder and urethra. Intravesical pressure (representing smooth muscle activity) and arterial blood pressure (for cardiovascular effects) were recorded simultaneously. Tubocurarine and dantrolene sodium in pharmacologic doses had equally depressive effects on the urethral pressure profile at its distal three-fifths although a longer duration of action was observed with dantrolene. The depressive effect of dantrolene was dose-dependent. Although dantrolene sodium had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate, it did depress intravesical pressure at the 15 mg per kg of body weight dose. These findings would seem to suggest the use of dantrolene sodium in urodynamic experimental studies.", "contents": "The effect of dantrium on the canine urethral pressure profile. The effects of dantrolene sodium and tubocurarine on the urethral pressure profile were investigated in anesthetized dogs. A model of urethrovesical separation was used to prohibit transmission of pressure changes between the bladder and urethra. Intravesical pressure (representing smooth muscle activity) and arterial blood pressure (for cardiovascular effects) were recorded simultaneously. Tubocurarine and dantrolene sodium in pharmacologic doses had equally depressive effects on the urethral pressure profile at its distal three-fifths although a longer duration of action was observed with dantrolene. The depressive effect of dantrolene was dose-dependent. Although dantrolene sodium had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate, it did depress intravesical pressure at the 15 mg per kg of body weight dose. These findings would seem to suggest the use of dantrolene sodium in urodynamic experimental studies.", "PMID": 574131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10965", "title": "Differentiation of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescent products of noradrenaline and dopamine by microspectrofluorometry.", "content": "The influence of concentration of dopamine and noradrenaline on the spectral characteristics of their formaldehyde-induced fluorophore, together with the influence of duration of reaction with formaldehyde, has been investigated in a model system. No substantial differences between fluorescence spectra of the amine fluorophores were observed. Accordingly, the influence of hydrochloric acid and ammonia vapours on the fluorophores was investigated. A shift to shorter wavelengths in the excitation maximum of each fluorophore was observed after a brief exposure to hydrochloric acid vapour; more prolonged exposure resulted in a pronounced shift back to longer wavelengths in the case of noradrenaline but no substantial change was observed with dopamine. Brief exposure to hydrochloric acid vapour resulted in a substantial increase in the rate of fading of the noradrenaline fluorophore on exposure to exciting radiation. It is suggested that this offers a convenient way of differentiating the amines.", "contents": "Differentiation of the formaldehyde-induced fluorescent products of noradrenaline and dopamine by microspectrofluorometry. The influence of concentration of dopamine and noradrenaline on the spectral characteristics of their formaldehyde-induced fluorophore, together with the influence of duration of reaction with formaldehyde, has been investigated in a model system. No substantial differences between fluorescence spectra of the amine fluorophores were observed. Accordingly, the influence of hydrochloric acid and ammonia vapours on the fluorophores was investigated. A shift to shorter wavelengths in the excitation maximum of each fluorophore was observed after a brief exposure to hydrochloric acid vapour; more prolonged exposure resulted in a pronounced shift back to longer wavelengths in the case of noradrenaline but no substantial change was observed with dopamine. Brief exposure to hydrochloric acid vapour resulted in a substantial increase in the rate of fading of the noradrenaline fluorophore on exposure to exciting radiation. It is suggested that this offers a convenient way of differentiating the amines.", "PMID": 574133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10966", "title": "A quantitative cytochemical study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the membrana granulosa of the ovulable type of follicle of the rat.", "content": "During the last four days of follicular development prior to ovulation, the activities of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta OHD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) were quantified in cryostat sections of the rat ovary. The product of the enzyme reactions were measured using a scanning and integrating microdensitometer. The enzyme activity was measured in the peripheral region, the antral region and the cumulus of the membrana granulosa (MG) of these follicles on the morning of each of the four days of the estrous cycle. G-6-PD activity was measured in the presence and absence of an intermediate hydrogen acceptor, phenazine methosulphate, to provide a measure of the quantity of Type I and Type II Hydrogen (H) generated: Type I H is considered to be related to hydroxylating reactions such as those of steroids and Type II H to other general biosynthetic activities of cells. In all three regions of the MG of follicles of the ovulable type, 3 beta OHD activity was lowest in estrus and diestrus-1, increased on diestrus-2 and peaked in proestrus. In estrus and diestrus-1, the level of 3 beta OHD activity in the three regions was comparable. However, by diestrus-2, and even more conspicuously in proestrus, enzyme activity was significantly greater in the peripheral region than in the antral region or in the cumulus. During the same period, the level of enzyme activity remained comparable in the last two regions. Throughout the estrous cycle, both Type I and Type II H generation from G-6-PD was greatest in the peripheral region, less in the antral region and least in the cumulus. In the eripheral region, Type I H generation increased progressively after diestrus-1, to reach a maximum in prestrus. In the antral region, Type I H generation increased between diestrus-1 and diestrus-2 and then remained unchanged through proestrus. In the cumulus, Type I H generation remained at levels seen in estrus throughout the remainder of the cycle. Generation of Type II H, in the peripheral region was constant throughout the estrous cycle. In contrast, in the antral region and cumulus, Type II H generation was greater in diestrus-1 and diestrus-2 than on either proestrus or estrus.", "contents": "A quantitative cytochemical study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the membrana granulosa of the ovulable type of follicle of the rat. During the last four days of follicular development prior to ovulation, the activities of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta OHD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) were quantified in cryostat sections of the rat ovary. The product of the enzyme reactions were measured using a scanning and integrating microdensitometer. The enzyme activity was measured in the peripheral region, the antral region and the cumulus of the membrana granulosa (MG) of these follicles on the morning of each of the four days of the estrous cycle. G-6-PD activity was measured in the presence and absence of an intermediate hydrogen acceptor, phenazine methosulphate, to provide a measure of the quantity of Type I and Type II Hydrogen (H) generated: Type I H is considered to be related to hydroxylating reactions such as those of steroids and Type II H to other general biosynthetic activities of cells. In all three regions of the MG of follicles of the ovulable type, 3 beta OHD activity was lowest in estrus and diestrus-1, increased on diestrus-2 and peaked in proestrus. In estrus and diestrus-1, the level of 3 beta OHD activity in the three regions was comparable. However, by diestrus-2, and even more conspicuously in proestrus, enzyme activity was significantly greater in the peripheral region than in the antral region or in the cumulus. During the same period, the level of enzyme activity remained comparable in the last two regions. Throughout the estrous cycle, both Type I and Type II H generation from G-6-PD was greatest in the peripheral region, less in the antral region and least in the cumulus. In the eripheral region, Type I H generation increased progressively after diestrus-1, to reach a maximum in prestrus. In the antral region, Type I H generation increased between diestrus-1 and diestrus-2 and then remained unchanged through proestrus. In the cumulus, Type I H generation remained at levels seen in estrus throughout the remainder of the cycle. Generation of Type II H, in the peripheral region was constant throughout the estrous cycle. In contrast, in the antral region and cumulus, Type II H generation was greater in diestrus-1 and diestrus-2 than on either proestrus or estrus.", "PMID": 574134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10967", "title": "Fatal thrombocytopenic hemorrhagic diathesis associated with dapsone administration to a dog.", "content": "Dapsone was given for six days to a dog with chronic skin disease. The dog then became weak and anorectic, and it vomited and had purpura caused by severe thrombocytopenic hemorrhagic diathesis. Despite treatment, the dog died a week later. There were clinical and pathologic evidence that the dog's platelets and megakaryocytes had been destroyed during the first few days of dapsone therapy. It was concluded that the syndrome was dapsone-induced and that thrombocytopenia should be considered among the adverse reactions to dapsone in the dog.", "contents": "Fatal thrombocytopenic hemorrhagic diathesis associated with dapsone administration to a dog. Dapsone was given for six days to a dog with chronic skin disease. The dog then became weak and anorectic, and it vomited and had purpura caused by severe thrombocytopenic hemorrhagic diathesis. Despite treatment, the dog died a week later. There were clinical and pathologic evidence that the dog's platelets and megakaryocytes had been destroyed during the first few days of dapsone therapy. It was concluded that the syndrome was dapsone-induced and that thrombocytopenia should be considered among the adverse reactions to dapsone in the dog.", "PMID": 574135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10968", "title": "Atypical salmonellosis in horses: fever and depression without diarrhea.", "content": "Salmonellosis in horses may result in fever, anorexia, and depression without concurrent diarrhea or other obvious gastrointestinal abnormalities and should be considered in cases of fever of unknown origin. The syndrome also is characterized by neutropenia, usually with a left shift, and growth of small numbers of salmonella from feces cultured in selenite enrichment broth. Repeated culturing may be necessary to isolate the organism. All six affected horses of this report recovered in 3 to 7 days without specific therapy.", "contents": "Atypical salmonellosis in horses: fever and depression without diarrhea. Salmonellosis in horses may result in fever, anorexia, and depression without concurrent diarrhea or other obvious gastrointestinal abnormalities and should be considered in cases of fever of unknown origin. The syndrome also is characterized by neutropenia, usually with a left shift, and growth of small numbers of salmonella from feces cultured in selenite enrichment broth. Repeated culturing may be necessary to isolate the organism. All six affected horses of this report recovered in 3 to 7 days without specific therapy.", "PMID": 574136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10969", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of surface ultrastructure changes during meiosporangium maturation and meiospore liberation in the aquatic fungus Allomycpes arbuscula.", "content": "Alterations in wall ultrastructure accompanying resistant sporangium maturation and meiospore liberation in Allomyces arbuscula were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Three discrete wall layers were identified, each of which underwent marked changes during processes leading to zoospore release. The outermost wall layer, the hyphal sheath continuous with the hypha, was physically altered during the maturation process preparatory to induction and release of meiospores. The integrity of this wall layer was broken, and it was no longer closely juxtaposed to the heavy pitted wall layer that lay beneath it. A fibrillar matrix seemed to cement the two layers to one another before this desiccation. A single, raised, longitudinal dehiscence ridge on each meiosporangium appeared to be a structurally differentiated region of the pitted wall layer at which sporangium rupture occurred to permit emergence of the protoplast. By its thickness the pitted wall layer was likely to provide mechanical rigidity to the meiosporangium. Beneath the pitted wall layer, another thin, flexible wall layer surrounded the protoplast. From this structure, a single exit papilla was cleaved at the apical region to effect the release of meiospores from the protruding protoplast. Thus a sequence of structural changes in well-differentiated multiple wall layers is implicated in the sporulation process in this organism.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of surface ultrastructure changes during meiosporangium maturation and meiospore liberation in the aquatic fungus Allomycpes arbuscula. Alterations in wall ultrastructure accompanying resistant sporangium maturation and meiospore liberation in Allomyces arbuscula were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Three discrete wall layers were identified, each of which underwent marked changes during processes leading to zoospore release. The outermost wall layer, the hyphal sheath continuous with the hypha, was physically altered during the maturation process preparatory to induction and release of meiospores. The integrity of this wall layer was broken, and it was no longer closely juxtaposed to the heavy pitted wall layer that lay beneath it. A fibrillar matrix seemed to cement the two layers to one another before this desiccation. A single, raised, longitudinal dehiscence ridge on each meiosporangium appeared to be a structurally differentiated region of the pitted wall layer at which sporangium rupture occurred to permit emergence of the protoplast. By its thickness the pitted wall layer was likely to provide mechanical rigidity to the meiosporangium. Beneath the pitted wall layer, another thin, flexible wall layer surrounded the protoplast. From this structure, a single exit papilla was cleaved at the apical region to effect the release of meiospores from the protruding protoplast. Thus a sequence of structural changes in well-differentiated multiple wall layers is implicated in the sporulation process in this organism.", "PMID": 574138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10970", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: literature review and case report.", "content": "A rare case of angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus is reported. Review of the literature concerning angiosarcoma of the head and neck revealed 14 previously published cases involving the nose, nasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. Angiosarcoma of the skin and soft tissues of the head and neck differs in behavior from that affecting the nose, nasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. The case reported presents the protracted clinical course of this malignant tumor.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: literature review and case report. A rare case of angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus is reported. Review of the literature concerning angiosarcoma of the head and neck revealed 14 previously published cases involving the nose, nasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. Angiosarcoma of the skin and soft tissues of the head and neck differs in behavior from that affecting the nose, nasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. The case reported presents the protracted clinical course of this malignant tumor.", "PMID": 574132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10971", "title": "Creatine phosphate inhibition of heart lactate dehydrogenase and muscle pyruvate kinase is due to a contaminant.", "content": "Previously reported inhibitions of heart lactate dehydrogenase (Guppy, M., and Hochachka, P.W. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8465-8469) and muscle pyruvate kinase (Kemp, R.G. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3963-3967) by creatine phosphate are due to oxalate which is a contaminant found in some commercial preparations of creatine phosphate.", "contents": "Creatine phosphate inhibition of heart lactate dehydrogenase and muscle pyruvate kinase is due to a contaminant. Previously reported inhibitions of heart lactate dehydrogenase (Guppy, M., and Hochachka, P.W. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8465-8469) and muscle pyruvate kinase (Kemp, R.G. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3963-3967) by creatine phosphate are due to oxalate which is a contaminant found in some commercial preparations of creatine phosphate.", "PMID": 574139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10972", "title": "Binding of alkylisocyanides with soybean leghemoglobin. Comparisons with sperm whale myoglobin.", "content": "The binding of various linear and branched chain alkylisocyanides to soybean leghemoglobin has been studied with respect to association and dissociation kinetics and the results compared with those obtained in parallel on sperm whale and horse heart myoglobins; the linear ligands used (methyl to n-heptyl) cover a greater distribution of chain lengths than hitherto used. The association rate constants are much higher for leghemoglobin than for myoglobin, while the dissociation rates are slower. For a given protein, the dissociation rate constants are not much different when different isocyanides are used (except for methyl), whereas the association rates show complex behavior in relation with the alkyl chain length; singular differences are observed between leghemoglobin and sperm whale myoglobin in this regard. For myoglobin, the binding rate constants decrease from methyl to n-propyl, but remain approximately the same when the ligand carries a still longer alkyl chain. In contrast, for leghemoglobin, although the rate constants decrease from methyl to n-propyl, they show a progressive and important rise with longer alkyl substituents: n-butyl and n-pentyl.", "contents": "Binding of alkylisocyanides with soybean leghemoglobin. Comparisons with sperm whale myoglobin. The binding of various linear and branched chain alkylisocyanides to soybean leghemoglobin has been studied with respect to association and dissociation kinetics and the results compared with those obtained in parallel on sperm whale and horse heart myoglobins; the linear ligands used (methyl to n-heptyl) cover a greater distribution of chain lengths than hitherto used. The association rate constants are much higher for leghemoglobin than for myoglobin, while the dissociation rates are slower. For a given protein, the dissociation rate constants are not much different when different isocyanides are used (except for methyl), whereas the association rates show complex behavior in relation with the alkyl chain length; singular differences are observed between leghemoglobin and sperm whale myoglobin in this regard. For myoglobin, the binding rate constants decrease from methyl to n-propyl, but remain approximately the same when the ligand carries a still longer alkyl chain. In contrast, for leghemoglobin, although the rate constants decrease from methyl to n-propyl, they show a progressive and important rise with longer alkyl substituents: n-butyl and n-pentyl.", "PMID": 574140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10973", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of the multiple forms of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase in the fungus Podospora anserina.", "content": "Three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been isolated and partially purified from the mycelium of the fungus Podospora anserina. Separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, they have been designated RNA polymerases I, II, and III according to their order of elution. Their catalytic properties and alpha-amanitin sensitivity are in agreement with those of the homologous enzymes found in other eukaryotic organisms. The three enzymes exhibit rather sharp monophasic ammonium sulfate dependence with optima which are, respectively, 0.035 M, 0.050 M, and 0.075 M. Enzyme I has the largest Mn2+/Mg2+ activity ratio, shows a marked preference for native DNA, and is insensitive to alpha-amanitin. Enzyme III uses poly(dA-dT) in preference to native DNA as template and is only partially sensitive to alpha-amanitin. Enzyme II is sensitive to alpha-amanitin, but high concentrations of the toxin are required for inhibition compared to other eukaryotic class II enzymes. Three similar RNA polymerases with comparable levels of activity were found in the temperature-dependent VR strain when cellular incompatibility, leading to a rapid cessation of RNA synthesis, was induced.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of the multiple forms of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase in the fungus Podospora anserina. Three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been isolated and partially purified from the mycelium of the fungus Podospora anserina. Separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, they have been designated RNA polymerases I, II, and III according to their order of elution. Their catalytic properties and alpha-amanitin sensitivity are in agreement with those of the homologous enzymes found in other eukaryotic organisms. The three enzymes exhibit rather sharp monophasic ammonium sulfate dependence with optima which are, respectively, 0.035 M, 0.050 M, and 0.075 M. Enzyme I has the largest Mn2+/Mg2+ activity ratio, shows a marked preference for native DNA, and is insensitive to alpha-amanitin. Enzyme III uses poly(dA-dT) in preference to native DNA as template and is only partially sensitive to alpha-amanitin. Enzyme II is sensitive to alpha-amanitin, but high concentrations of the toxin are required for inhibition compared to other eukaryotic class II enzymes. Three similar RNA polymerases with comparable levels of activity were found in the temperature-dependent VR strain when cellular incompatibility, leading to a rapid cessation of RNA synthesis, was induced.", "PMID": 574141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10974", "title": "Exposure of platelet fibrinogen receptors by ADP and epinephrine.", "content": "The role of fibrinogen as a cofactor for platelet aggregation was examined by measuring the binding of 125I-labeled human fibrinogen to gel-filtered human platelets both before and after platelet stimulation by ADP and epinephrine. Platelet stimulation by ADP resulted in the rapid, reversible binding of fibrinogen to receptors on the platelet surface. Fibrinogen binding increased as the concentration of ADP was increased from 0.1 to 2 microM, reaching a plateau at higher ADP concentrations. Binding occurred only after platelet stimulation and in the presence of divalent cations. However, fibrinogen binding did not occur to ADP-stimulated platelets from three patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Analysis of fibrinogen binding as a function of increasing fibrinogen concentration demonstrated that maximal platelet stimulation exposed approximately or equal to 45,000 binding sites per platelet with a dissociation constant of 80--170 nM. These fibrinogen binding parameters were essentially the same whether ADP or epinephrine was the platelet-stimulating agent. Thus, these studies demonstrate that platelet stimulation by ADP and epinephrine exposes a limited number of fibrinogen receptors on the platelet surface. Furthermore, these data suggest that the fibrinogen molecules bound to the platelet as a consequence of platelet stimulation are directly involved in the platelet aggregation response.", "contents": "Exposure of platelet fibrinogen receptors by ADP and epinephrine. The role of fibrinogen as a cofactor for platelet aggregation was examined by measuring the binding of 125I-labeled human fibrinogen to gel-filtered human platelets both before and after platelet stimulation by ADP and epinephrine. Platelet stimulation by ADP resulted in the rapid, reversible binding of fibrinogen to receptors on the platelet surface. Fibrinogen binding increased as the concentration of ADP was increased from 0.1 to 2 microM, reaching a plateau at higher ADP concentrations. Binding occurred only after platelet stimulation and in the presence of divalent cations. However, fibrinogen binding did not occur to ADP-stimulated platelets from three patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Analysis of fibrinogen binding as a function of increasing fibrinogen concentration demonstrated that maximal platelet stimulation exposed approximately or equal to 45,000 binding sites per platelet with a dissociation constant of 80--170 nM. These fibrinogen binding parameters were essentially the same whether ADP or epinephrine was the platelet-stimulating agent. Thus, these studies demonstrate that platelet stimulation by ADP and epinephrine exposes a limited number of fibrinogen receptors on the platelet surface. Furthermore, these data suggest that the fibrinogen molecules bound to the platelet as a consequence of platelet stimulation are directly involved in the platelet aggregation response.", "PMID": 574143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10975", "title": "Effect of soy protein on intestinal absorptive ability of calves by the xylose absorption test.", "content": "Five calves per group were fed whole milk (control) or one of three milk replacers with one-thrid of the total protein provided by a soy product. Soy products were Promocaf (a commercial soy protein concentrate), an experimental soy flour. After a 24-h fast, calves were fed xylose solution. Urine was collected for 5 h. Jugular blood was sampled at 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, and 5 h after xylose administration. Xylose tests were weekly on each calf through 5 wk of age. Urinary xylose excretion, as a percentage of xylose fed, was higher in the control group during the last 4 wk than in groups fed milk replacers. Mean urinary xylose excretions during 5 wk from calves sampled 5 h after xylose administration were 12.4, 4.2, 4.2, and 4.3% of xylose administered for calves fed milk, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, and Promocaf, respectively. Mean increases in peak of xylose concentration in plasma were 55.7, 44.4, 42.8, and 45.3 mg/100 ml. Peak values for control calves were higher than those for calves fed soy products at wk 4 and 5. Times required to reach peak value did not differ significantly. Neither xylose concentration of plasma nor urinary xylose excretion differed among the groups fed soy products.", "contents": "Effect of soy protein on intestinal absorptive ability of calves by the xylose absorption test. Five calves per group were fed whole milk (control) or one of three milk replacers with one-thrid of the total protein provided by a soy product. Soy products were Promocaf (a commercial soy protein concentrate), an experimental soy flour. After a 24-h fast, calves were fed xylose solution. Urine was collected for 5 h. Jugular blood was sampled at 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, and 5 h after xylose administration. Xylose tests were weekly on each calf through 5 wk of age. Urinary xylose excretion, as a percentage of xylose fed, was higher in the control group during the last 4 wk than in groups fed milk replacers. Mean urinary xylose excretions during 5 wk from calves sampled 5 h after xylose administration were 12.4, 4.2, 4.2, and 4.3% of xylose administered for calves fed milk, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, and Promocaf, respectively. Mean increases in peak of xylose concentration in plasma were 55.7, 44.4, 42.8, and 45.3 mg/100 ml. Peak values for control calves were higher than those for calves fed soy products at wk 4 and 5. Times required to reach peak value did not differ significantly. Neither xylose concentration of plasma nor urinary xylose excretion differed among the groups fed soy products.", "PMID": 574144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10976", "title": "Influence of percent egg yolk during cooling and freezing on survival of bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "The influence of percent egg yolk during cooling from 37 to 5 C on ability of sperm to withstand subsequent freezing was studied with semen from each of eight bulls. Treatments were arranged factorially and included .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk, cooling times of .5, 1, 2, and 4 h, and freezing in ampules and straws. Percent egg yolk did not influence motility or percent intact acrosomes when semen was frozen in ampules. For sperm in straws, both post-thaw percentages of motile sperm and intact acrosomes were similar for sperm cooled with .5, 1, 2, 4, or 8% egg yolk and greater than with 16 or 32% egg yolk. Optimal egg yolk during cooling was not dependent upon rate of cooling, regardless of how semen was packaged for freezing. The influence of percent egg yolk during freezing was investigated in a second study. Treatments included eight bulls; 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk; freezing times from +5 to -130 C of 3.5, 20, and 40 min; and freezing in ampules or straws. Optimal egg yolk during freezing in either ampules or straws was independent of the rate of freezing. For sperm frozen in ampules, differences in motility or the percent intact acrosomes due to egg yolk were small. However, the use of only 1 or 2% egg yolk depressed motility whereas 16 or 32% egg yolk decreased the percentage of intact acrosomes. Thus, extremely high or low egg yolk should be avoided. For sperm in straws, survival was optimal when the extended semen contained 4 to 32% egg yolk during freezing.", "contents": "Influence of percent egg yolk during cooling and freezing on survival of bovine spermatozoa. The influence of percent egg yolk during cooling from 37 to 5 C on ability of sperm to withstand subsequent freezing was studied with semen from each of eight bulls. Treatments were arranged factorially and included .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk, cooling times of .5, 1, 2, and 4 h, and freezing in ampules and straws. Percent egg yolk did not influence motility or percent intact acrosomes when semen was frozen in ampules. For sperm in straws, both post-thaw percentages of motile sperm and intact acrosomes were similar for sperm cooled with .5, 1, 2, 4, or 8% egg yolk and greater than with 16 or 32% egg yolk. Optimal egg yolk during cooling was not dependent upon rate of cooling, regardless of how semen was packaged for freezing. The influence of percent egg yolk during freezing was investigated in a second study. Treatments included eight bulls; 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk; freezing times from +5 to -130 C of 3.5, 20, and 40 min; and freezing in ampules or straws. Optimal egg yolk during freezing in either ampules or straws was independent of the rate of freezing. For sperm frozen in ampules, differences in motility or the percent intact acrosomes due to egg yolk were small. However, the use of only 1 or 2% egg yolk depressed motility whereas 16 or 32% egg yolk decreased the percentage of intact acrosomes. Thus, extremely high or low egg yolk should be avoided. For sperm in straws, survival was optimal when the extended semen contained 4 to 32% egg yolk during freezing.", "PMID": 574145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10977", "title": "Flavor quality of antioxidant-treated, cooked, ground beef patties.", "content": "The antioxidant tertiary-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) reduced flavor deterioration and oxidative rancidity in cooked ground beef patties stored up to seven days at refrigerator (2.8 degrees C.) temperatures and up to twenty-one days at freezer (--20.5 degrees C.) temperatures. Freezer conditions maintained flavor quality more effectively than refrigerator temperatures in both TBHQ-treated and untreated samples.", "contents": "Flavor quality of antioxidant-treated, cooked, ground beef patties. The antioxidant tertiary-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) reduced flavor deterioration and oxidative rancidity in cooked ground beef patties stored up to seven days at refrigerator (2.8 degrees C.) temperatures and up to twenty-one days at freezer (--20.5 degrees C.) temperatures. Freezer conditions maintained flavor quality more effectively than refrigerator temperatures in both TBHQ-treated and untreated samples.", "PMID": 574146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10978", "title": "Induction of lysosomal enzyme secretion by alveolar macrophages in response to the purified complement fragments C5a and C5a des-arg.", "content": "Purified C5a and its \"inactive\" form, C5a des-arg, were shown to induce secretion of acid hydrolases from rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM) in a concentration-dependent manner. Secretion increased with time to 5 times above controls by 72 hr. Concentrations of these enzymes in the cell lysates did not decrease during the incubation, suggesting that synthesis of new enzyme was occurring. The lysosomal enzyme secretion was accompanied by increased pinocytosis and release of proteolytic enzymes from the macrophages. At no time was significant lactic dehydrogenase liberated, indicating that secretion was selective and not due to cell death. Data presented also suggest that C5a des-arg induced secretion from the macrophages of a chemotactic factor for neutrophils. It was concluded that C5a and C5a des-arg may play a role in lung injury by interactions with AM, inducing the secretion of acid hydrolases and proteolytic enzymes that can cause tissue damage, and by regulating the influx of other inflammatory cells into the interstitium and air spaces.", "contents": "Induction of lysosomal enzyme secretion by alveolar macrophages in response to the purified complement fragments C5a and C5a des-arg. Purified C5a and its \"inactive\" form, C5a des-arg, were shown to induce secretion of acid hydrolases from rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM) in a concentration-dependent manner. Secretion increased with time to 5 times above controls by 72 hr. Concentrations of these enzymes in the cell lysates did not decrease during the incubation, suggesting that synthesis of new enzyme was occurring. The lysosomal enzyme secretion was accompanied by increased pinocytosis and release of proteolytic enzymes from the macrophages. At no time was significant lactic dehydrogenase liberated, indicating that secretion was selective and not due to cell death. Data presented also suggest that C5a des-arg induced secretion from the macrophages of a chemotactic factor for neutrophils. It was concluded that C5a and C5a des-arg may play a role in lung injury by interactions with AM, inducing the secretion of acid hydrolases and proteolytic enzymes that can cause tissue damage, and by regulating the influx of other inflammatory cells into the interstitium and air spaces.", "PMID": 574148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10979", "title": "An improved method for the isolation from Naja naja venom of cobra factor (CoF) free of phospholipase A.", "content": "An improved method is reported for the isolation from cobra (Naja naja) venom of cobra factor (CoF), the anticomplementary protein which is derived from cobra C3. Sequential chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, Sephacryl-S200, and finally hydroxylapatite yielded 6.25 mg CoF per gram of crude venom. The purified CoF had 1 unit of functional anticomplementary activity per 1--2 micrograms of protein, and was homogeneous on gradient and non-reduced sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). In SDS-PAGE after reduction with mercaptoethanol there were two major bands (M.W. 75,000 and 51,000 daltons), three minor bands (M.W. 29--31,500 daltons) and two trace bands (36,500 and 41,500 daltons). By analogy with mammalian C3 it is suggested that the CoF consists of two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bridges, one of which undergoes cleavage of the peptide chain at several points either in vivo or in vitro.", "contents": "An improved method for the isolation from Naja naja venom of cobra factor (CoF) free of phospholipase A. An improved method is reported for the isolation from cobra (Naja naja) venom of cobra factor (CoF), the anticomplementary protein which is derived from cobra C3. Sequential chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, Sephacryl-S200, and finally hydroxylapatite yielded 6.25 mg CoF per gram of crude venom. The purified CoF had 1 unit of functional anticomplementary activity per 1--2 micrograms of protein, and was homogeneous on gradient and non-reduced sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). In SDS-PAGE after reduction with mercaptoethanol there were two major bands (M.W. 75,000 and 51,000 daltons), three minor bands (M.W. 29--31,500 daltons) and two trace bands (36,500 and 41,500 daltons). By analogy with mammalian C3 it is suggested that the CoF consists of two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bridges, one of which undergoes cleavage of the peptide chain at several points either in vivo or in vitro.", "PMID": 574149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10980", "title": "A new rapid rosette-forming cell micromethod for the detection of antibody-synthesizing hybridomas.", "content": "The method reported here describes a microrosetting assay which allows the early detection of antibody-synthesizing hybridomas. This method is specific, requires very few hybridoma cells and avoids artifacts resulting from the presence of antibodies secreted by spleen cells in the primary hybridoma cultures. It is easy to perform and allows the screening of more than one hundred independent clones within a few hours.", "contents": "A new rapid rosette-forming cell micromethod for the detection of antibody-synthesizing hybridomas. The method reported here describes a microrosetting assay which allows the early detection of antibody-synthesizing hybridomas. This method is specific, requires very few hybridoma cells and avoids artifacts resulting from the presence of antibodies secreted by spleen cells in the primary hybridoma cultures. It is easy to perform and allows the screening of more than one hundred independent clones within a few hours.", "PMID": 574150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10981", "title": "Endemic human plague in New Mexico: risk factors associated with infection.", "content": "A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors, other than contact with infected animal tissues, for infection caused by Yersinia pestis in non-Indian residents of areas with endemic sylvatic plague in New Mexico. The study group consisted of 16 persons who had bacteriologically confirmed cases of plague in the period 1975-1976 and 45 controls who were matched by age, sex, and location of residence. Participants were questioned about outdoor activities, environmental conditions in and around the home, procedures of pet care, exposure to animals and insects, and medical history. The availability of harborage and food sources for wild rodents as a result of human activity in the immediate home environment was associated with risk of infection. Failure to take steps to control fleas on dogs and cats also appeared to be a possible risk factor. No other significant differences were found between patients and controls. Plague in New Mexico appears to result primarily from entry of the reservoir host into the habitat of the human rather than from entry of the human into the sylvatic habitat of the reservoir host.", "contents": "Endemic human plague in New Mexico: risk factors associated with infection. A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors, other than contact with infected animal tissues, for infection caused by Yersinia pestis in non-Indian residents of areas with endemic sylvatic plague in New Mexico. The study group consisted of 16 persons who had bacteriologically confirmed cases of plague in the period 1975-1976 and 45 controls who were matched by age, sex, and location of residence. Participants were questioned about outdoor activities, environmental conditions in and around the home, procedures of pet care, exposure to animals and insects, and medical history. The availability of harborage and food sources for wild rodents as a result of human activity in the immediate home environment was associated with risk of infection. Failure to take steps to control fleas on dogs and cats also appeared to be a possible risk factor. No other significant differences were found between patients and controls. Plague in New Mexico appears to result primarily from entry of the reservoir host into the habitat of the human rather than from entry of the human into the sylvatic habitat of the reservoir host.", "PMID": 574152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10982", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of nortestosterone and related steroids.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay of nortestosterone and related steroids, including its principal metabolities, is described and evaluated. Antisera against nortestosterone-17 beta-hemisuccinate- and nortestosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin were raised in goats. By using a mixture of such antisera with different selectivity, the cross-reactions of several naturally occurring steroids can be reduced. The method can be applied for the detection of nortestosterone in both unprocessed or hydrolyzed urine extracts and also in plasma. It has been used as a screening test for anabolics in doping control.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of nortestosterone and related steroids. A radioimmunoassay of nortestosterone and related steroids, including its principal metabolities, is described and evaluated. Antisera against nortestosterone-17 beta-hemisuccinate- and nortestosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin were raised in goats. By using a mixture of such antisera with different selectivity, the cross-reactions of several naturally occurring steroids can be reduced. The method can be applied for the detection of nortestosterone in both unprocessed or hydrolyzed urine extracts and also in plasma. It has been used as a screening test for anabolics in doping control.", "PMID": 574154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10983", "title": "Replication of two influenza virus strains and a recombinant in HEF and LEP cells.", "content": "The replication of influenza viruses A/NWS-D, A/WS-MK and their r12 recombinant in human embryo fibroblast (HEF) and human diploid fibroblast (LEP) cell lines was studied. In HEF cells virus NWS-D and recombinant r12 induced synthesis of virus-specific macromolecules and produced infectious virions; virus WS-MK induced synthesis of virus complementary RNA (cRNA), virion RNA (vRNA), protein, RNP and non-infectious virions, but haemagglutinin cleavage was impaired and the virions formed contained uncleaved haemagglutinin. In LEP cells, infectious virions were formed only by virus NWS-D; viruses WS-MK and r12 induced synthesis of virus cRNA, vRNA, proteins and RNP; virus r12 had the haemagglutinin cleaved, whereas in virus WS-MK this process was impaired; neither virus WS-MK nor r12 was capable of forming virions. Analysis of the recombinant r12 genome showed that it had only inherited a single gene from NWS-D, the one coding for neuraminidase, having inherited all others (P1, P2, P3, HA, NP, M, NS) from WS-MK. The data obtained suggested that the inability of virus WS-MK to form infectious virions in HEF cells is due to the character of its neuraminidase, which is incapable of participating in haemagglutinin cleavage. The deficient reproduction of this virus in the other host-cell system (LEP) is apparently associated with some characteristics of another protein (other proteins) of this virus.", "contents": "Replication of two influenza virus strains and a recombinant in HEF and LEP cells. The replication of influenza viruses A/NWS-D, A/WS-MK and their r12 recombinant in human embryo fibroblast (HEF) and human diploid fibroblast (LEP) cell lines was studied. In HEF cells virus NWS-D and recombinant r12 induced synthesis of virus-specific macromolecules and produced infectious virions; virus WS-MK induced synthesis of virus complementary RNA (cRNA), virion RNA (vRNA), protein, RNP and non-infectious virions, but haemagglutinin cleavage was impaired and the virions formed contained uncleaved haemagglutinin. In LEP cells, infectious virions were formed only by virus NWS-D; viruses WS-MK and r12 induced synthesis of virus cRNA, vRNA, proteins and RNP; virus r12 had the haemagglutinin cleaved, whereas in virus WS-MK this process was impaired; neither virus WS-MK nor r12 was capable of forming virions. Analysis of the recombinant r12 genome showed that it had only inherited a single gene from NWS-D, the one coding for neuraminidase, having inherited all others (P1, P2, P3, HA, NP, M, NS) from WS-MK. The data obtained suggested that the inability of virus WS-MK to form infectious virions in HEF cells is due to the character of its neuraminidase, which is incapable of participating in haemagglutinin cleavage. The deficient reproduction of this virus in the other host-cell system (LEP) is apparently associated with some characteristics of another protein (other proteins) of this virus.", "PMID": 574155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10984", "title": "Amantadine antagonism of oxotremorine effects.", "content": "Administration of oxotremorine to mice produced centrally-mediated effects, such as catalepsy and tremor, and peripheral muscarinic actions, such as diarrhoea and lachrymation. Pretreatment with amantadine (25--200 mg/kg) prevented these oxotremorine-induced effects in mice. Catalepsy was most susceptible and tremor most resistant to the administration of amantadine. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed. Our results validate the use of the oxotremorine model in the search for novel antiparkinsonian drugs.", "contents": "Amantadine antagonism of oxotremorine effects. Administration of oxotremorine to mice produced centrally-mediated effects, such as catalepsy and tremor, and peripheral muscarinic actions, such as diarrhoea and lachrymation. Pretreatment with amantadine (25--200 mg/kg) prevented these oxotremorine-induced effects in mice. Catalepsy was most susceptible and tremor most resistant to the administration of amantadine. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed. Our results validate the use of the oxotremorine model in the search for novel antiparkinsonian drugs.", "PMID": 574156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10985", "title": "Oscillations in tissue uptake of 75Se-L-selenomethionine in rats and mice adapted to controlled feeding schedules.", "content": "The amino acid 75Se-L-selenomethionine was used to study variations in amino acid uptake by various tissues of rats and mice adapted to a schedule of controlled feeding and lighting conditions. Food only became available for an 8-hour period at the beginning of the 12-hour dark period of the 24-hour cycle. Systematic oscillations were observed in the uptake of selenomethionine by the liver, pancreas, blood, kidneys, skeletal muscle, bone and brain of both rats and mice but only very small changes were noted in the spleen, lung and heart. The level of the uptake into the liver and pancreas and possibly the kidney appear to be related to the dietary state of the animals.", "contents": "Oscillations in tissue uptake of 75Se-L-selenomethionine in rats and mice adapted to controlled feeding schedules. The amino acid 75Se-L-selenomethionine was used to study variations in amino acid uptake by various tissues of rats and mice adapted to a schedule of controlled feeding and lighting conditions. Food only became available for an 8-hour period at the beginning of the 12-hour dark period of the 24-hour cycle. Systematic oscillations were observed in the uptake of selenomethionine by the liver, pancreas, blood, kidneys, skeletal muscle, bone and brain of both rats and mice but only very small changes were noted in the spleen, lung and heart. The level of the uptake into the liver and pancreas and possibly the kidney appear to be related to the dietary state of the animals.", "PMID": 574157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10986", "title": "Relationships between plasma corticosteroids and benzodiazepines in stress.", "content": "Forcing a rat to swim in a situation from which there is no escape results in an increase in plasma corticosteroid level. This rise was selectively inhibited by benzodiazepines, phenobarbital and meprobamate but not by other psychotropic drugs like trycyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, neuroleptics and amphetamines. This effect of benzodiazepines is of central origin since diazepam did not block the rise in plasma corticosteroid level produced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Diazepam also had no effect on plasma corticosteroid levels in hypophysectomized rats or in rats treated with betamethasone. Brief stress did not alter binding of [3H]diazepam in vitro nor binding of [3H]flunitrazepam in vivo.", "contents": "Relationships between plasma corticosteroids and benzodiazepines in stress. Forcing a rat to swim in a situation from which there is no escape results in an increase in plasma corticosteroid level. This rise was selectively inhibited by benzodiazepines, phenobarbital and meprobamate but not by other psychotropic drugs like trycyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, neuroleptics and amphetamines. This effect of benzodiazepines is of central origin since diazepam did not block the rise in plasma corticosteroid level produced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Diazepam also had no effect on plasma corticosteroid levels in hypophysectomized rats or in rats treated with betamethasone. Brief stress did not alter binding of [3H]diazepam in vitro nor binding of [3H]flunitrazepam in vivo.", "PMID": 574158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10987", "title": "Influence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the chronotropic effects of glucagon and norepinephrine in fetal mouse hearts.", "content": "Fetal mouse hearts develop tachycardia in response both to norepinephrine and to glucagon, but although adenylate cyclase is stimulated and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) elevated by norepinephrine, no measurable changes are produced by glucagon. To test further the possible independence of glucagon chronotropy from the cyclic AMP system, the effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor were evaluated. The dose-response curve to norepinephrine was shifted to the left by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro7-2956), but the dose-response curve to glucagon was unaltered. Thus, 10(-6) M norepinephrine produced an increase of 40 +/- 5 beats/min in hearts pretreated with Ro7-2956, as compared to an increase of 22 +/- 3 in control hearts (P less than .01). In contrast, 10(-6) M glucagon produced a rate increase of 25 +/- 4 beats/min in treated hearts vs. 26 +/- 4 beats/min in controls. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP are involved in the chronotropic response of the fetal mouse heart to norepinephrine but not to glucagon.", "contents": "Influence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the chronotropic effects of glucagon and norepinephrine in fetal mouse hearts. Fetal mouse hearts develop tachycardia in response both to norepinephrine and to glucagon, but although adenylate cyclase is stimulated and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) elevated by norepinephrine, no measurable changes are produced by glucagon. To test further the possible independence of glucagon chronotropy from the cyclic AMP system, the effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor were evaluated. The dose-response curve to norepinephrine was shifted to the left by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro7-2956), but the dose-response curve to glucagon was unaltered. Thus, 10(-6) M norepinephrine produced an increase of 40 +/- 5 beats/min in hearts pretreated with Ro7-2956, as compared to an increase of 22 +/- 3 in control hearts (P less than .01). In contrast, 10(-6) M glucagon produced a rate increase of 25 +/- 4 beats/min in treated hearts vs. 26 +/- 4 beats/min in controls. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP are involved in the chronotropic response of the fetal mouse heart to norepinephrine but not to glucagon.", "PMID": 574159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10988", "title": "Changes in plasma corticosterone levels as a measure of acute dependence upon levorphanol in rats.", "content": "Changes in plasma corticosterone levels have been utilized as a sensitive and reliable indicator of opiate withdrawal. By using rats prepared with chronic indwelling i.v. catheters, drug injections and sequential blood sampling were accompanied in conscious undisturbed animals. Acute administration of levorphanol tartrate (LT) at 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg b.wt. caused an elevation in circulating corticosterone. With the lowest dose of LT, hormone levels returned to pretreatment values by 180 min. Naloxone hydrochloride (NX), 0.4 mg/kg, administered 3 hr after pretreatment with LT, 0.5 mg/kg, produced a significant elevation in plasma corticosterone. In contrast, animals pretreated with saline did not show the same increase in hormone levels after NX. NX, administered at several doses, along with LT, suppressed the plasma corticosterone increase which is normally observed when LT is given acutely. When NX is administered at sufficient dosage, along with LT pretreatment, the subsequent administration of the antagonist did not elicit the withdrawal response. These data indicate that a similar increase in plasma corticosterone, upon challenge with NX after a single dose of morphine, generalizes to other opiates. Blockade of the initial rise in plasma corticosterone and subsequent increase upon injection of the antagonist speak to the probability of the responses being related and opiate specific.", "contents": "Changes in plasma corticosterone levels as a measure of acute dependence upon levorphanol in rats. Changes in plasma corticosterone levels have been utilized as a sensitive and reliable indicator of opiate withdrawal. By using rats prepared with chronic indwelling i.v. catheters, drug injections and sequential blood sampling were accompanied in conscious undisturbed animals. Acute administration of levorphanol tartrate (LT) at 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg b.wt. caused an elevation in circulating corticosterone. With the lowest dose of LT, hormone levels returned to pretreatment values by 180 min. Naloxone hydrochloride (NX), 0.4 mg/kg, administered 3 hr after pretreatment with LT, 0.5 mg/kg, produced a significant elevation in plasma corticosterone. In contrast, animals pretreated with saline did not show the same increase in hormone levels after NX. NX, administered at several doses, along with LT, suppressed the plasma corticosterone increase which is normally observed when LT is given acutely. When NX is administered at sufficient dosage, along with LT pretreatment, the subsequent administration of the antagonist did not elicit the withdrawal response. These data indicate that a similar increase in plasma corticosterone, upon challenge with NX after a single dose of morphine, generalizes to other opiates. Blockade of the initial rise in plasma corticosterone and subsequent increase upon injection of the antagonist speak to the probability of the responses being related and opiate specific.", "PMID": 574160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10989", "title": "Location of CNS neurons mediating the blood pressure fall after shock-induced fighting in the rat.", "content": "Previous research has demonstrated a fall in systolic blood pressure in the rat measured 2--5 min following shock-induced fighting. This blood pressure fall appears to depend on intact CNS catecholamine neurons. The locus coeruleus is known to supply noradrenergic neuron terminals to much of the brain. In this study, we attempted to identify the location of the CNS catecholamine neurons mediating the blood pressure response to fighting by studying the blood pressure response to shock-induced fighting in locus coeruleus-lesioned and shamlesioned rats. The locus coeruleus-lesioned animals showed a blood pressure increase after fighting on the average across 2 days of testing, while sham-lesioned animals showed a blood pressure decrease after fighting. The difference between the blood pressure responses of the two groups was highly reliable. Since both histofluorescence and biochemical studies indicated that CNS norepinephrine levels were decreased in lesioned as compared to control animals, the findings are interpreted as showing that noradrenergic neurons originating in the locus coeruleus play an important role in mediating aspects of the relationship between fighting behavior and blood pressure response.", "contents": "Location of CNS neurons mediating the blood pressure fall after shock-induced fighting in the rat. Previous research has demonstrated a fall in systolic blood pressure in the rat measured 2--5 min following shock-induced fighting. This blood pressure fall appears to depend on intact CNS catecholamine neurons. The locus coeruleus is known to supply noradrenergic neuron terminals to much of the brain. In this study, we attempted to identify the location of the CNS catecholamine neurons mediating the blood pressure response to fighting by studying the blood pressure response to shock-induced fighting in locus coeruleus-lesioned and shamlesioned rats. The locus coeruleus-lesioned animals showed a blood pressure increase after fighting on the average across 2 days of testing, while sham-lesioned animals showed a blood pressure decrease after fighting. The difference between the blood pressure responses of the two groups was highly reliable. Since both histofluorescence and biochemical studies indicated that CNS norepinephrine levels were decreased in lesioned as compared to control animals, the findings are interpreted as showing that noradrenergic neurons originating in the locus coeruleus play an important role in mediating aspects of the relationship between fighting behavior and blood pressure response.", "PMID": 574164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10990", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XII. Viral regulatory proteins in transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls.", "content": "Using fluorophenylalanine (FPA) to interfere with functional viral protein synthesis, we have investigated the complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls that operate in cells infected with frog virus 3. Our previous data, obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral RNAs and proteins, showed that the addition of FPA at the beginning of infection completely prevented the synthesis of late viral RNAs and late viral proteins and blocked the normal progressive decline in the rates of synthesis of two quantitatively different classes (class I and class II) of early proteins. These results indicated that the initiation of late RNA and late protein syntheses, as well as the post-transcriptional regulation of early protein synthesis, was under the control of virus-specific proteins (D. B. Willis, R. Goorha, M. Miles, and A. Granoff, J. Virol. 24:326-342, 1977). In this communication, we show that the viral protein required to \"turn on\" the synthesis of late RNAs and late (class III) proteins was made within 1 to 1.5 h postinfection (p.i.); when we added FPA after this time, we observed the synthesis of all of the late macromolecules. The data also suggest that another viral protein, separate from the \"turn-on\" protein, controlled the abundance of late RNAs. In addition, at least two separate proteins were involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of two classes of early proteins. When FPA addition was delayed until 2 h p.i., the rate of synthesis of class I proteins (which normally peaked at 2 h p.i.) was reduced by 6 h p.i. just as in a normal infection, but the rate of synthesis of class II proteins (which normally reached a maximum at 4 h p.i. before declining) was reduced only when we waited until 3 or 4 h p.i. to add FPA. These experiments corroborate and extend previous evidence for the existence of numerous viral regulatory proteins in the control of frog virus 3 gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. XII. Viral regulatory proteins in transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls. Using fluorophenylalanine (FPA) to interfere with functional viral protein synthesis, we have investigated the complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls that operate in cells infected with frog virus 3. Our previous data, obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral RNAs and proteins, showed that the addition of FPA at the beginning of infection completely prevented the synthesis of late viral RNAs and late viral proteins and blocked the normal progressive decline in the rates of synthesis of two quantitatively different classes (class I and class II) of early proteins. These results indicated that the initiation of late RNA and late protein syntheses, as well as the post-transcriptional regulation of early protein synthesis, was under the control of virus-specific proteins (D. B. Willis, R. Goorha, M. Miles, and A. Granoff, J. Virol. 24:326-342, 1977). In this communication, we show that the viral protein required to \"turn on\" the synthesis of late RNAs and late (class III) proteins was made within 1 to 1.5 h postinfection (p.i.); when we added FPA after this time, we observed the synthesis of all of the late macromolecules. The data also suggest that another viral protein, separate from the \"turn-on\" protein, controlled the abundance of late RNAs. In addition, at least two separate proteins were involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of two classes of early proteins. When FPA addition was delayed until 2 h p.i., the rate of synthesis of class I proteins (which normally peaked at 2 h p.i.) was reduced by 6 h p.i. just as in a normal infection, but the rate of synthesis of class II proteins (which normally reached a maximum at 4 h p.i. before declining) was reduced only when we waited until 3 or 4 h p.i. to add FPA. These experiments corroborate and extend previous evidence for the existence of numerous viral regulatory proteins in the control of frog virus 3 gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.", "PMID": 574166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10991", "title": "Helminth parasites of fisher Martes pennanti (Erxleben) from Manitoba, Canada.", "content": "Seven species of helminths were recovered during a survey of 162 fisher (Martes pennanti) from four areas of Manitoba: Baylisascaris devosi in 52 fisher; Taenia sibirica in 25; Physaloptera sp. in nine; Alaria mustelae in two; Metorchis conjunctus in one; Trichinella spiralis in one of 81; Molineus sp. in one. B. devosi was the most prevalent parasite and differences in its geographical distribution were possibly related to population density of fisher. The prevalence of other parasites did not appear to be related to density of fisher.", "contents": "Helminth parasites of fisher Martes pennanti (Erxleben) from Manitoba, Canada. Seven species of helminths were recovered during a survey of 162 fisher (Martes pennanti) from four areas of Manitoba: Baylisascaris devosi in 52 fisher; Taenia sibirica in 25; Physaloptera sp. in nine; Alaria mustelae in two; Metorchis conjunctus in one; Trichinella spiralis in one of 81; Molineus sp. in one. B. devosi was the most prevalent parasite and differences in its geographical distribution were possibly related to population density of fisher. The prevalence of other parasites did not appear to be related to density of fisher.", "PMID": 574167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10992", "title": "Hodgkin disease in monozygotic twins: a case report.", "content": "Presented are the case histories of monozygotic male twins concordant for Hodgkin disease. This is believed to be the third such case report in the world literature. Its significance as it relates to the role of heredity in carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Hodgkin disease in monozygotic twins: a case report. Presented are the case histories of monozygotic male twins concordant for Hodgkin disease. This is believed to be the third such case report in the world literature. Its significance as it relates to the role of heredity in carcinogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 574177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10993", "title": "Adverse effects of lidocaine and methylparaben on tracheal ciliary activity.", "content": "The effect of standard concentrations of lidocaine HCl and methylparaben (preservative) on the ciliary activity of ferret tracheal rings in organ culture was assessed. Pure lidocaine concentrations as low as 0.5% caused complete ciliostasis which was reversible after removal of the drug. One percent and two percent effects were not completely reversible. Pure methylparaben concentrations as low as 0.06 mg/ml paralyzed cilia; and, at concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml or higher, adverse effects were not completely reversible. When lidocaine and methylparaben were combined at the same ratio used in commercial preparations, their ciliotoxic effects were additive. These data suggest that topical respiratory anesthesia may result in prolonged ciliary paralysis.", "contents": "Adverse effects of lidocaine and methylparaben on tracheal ciliary activity. The effect of standard concentrations of lidocaine HCl and methylparaben (preservative) on the ciliary activity of ferret tracheal rings in organ culture was assessed. Pure lidocaine concentrations as low as 0.5% caused complete ciliostasis which was reversible after removal of the drug. One percent and two percent effects were not completely reversible. Pure methylparaben concentrations as low as 0.06 mg/ml paralyzed cilia; and, at concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml or higher, adverse effects were not completely reversible. When lidocaine and methylparaben were combined at the same ratio used in commercial preparations, their ciliotoxic effects were additive. These data suggest that topical respiratory anesthesia may result in prolonged ciliary paralysis.", "PMID": 574178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10994", "title": "Middle ear ventilation in conjunction with adenotonsillectomy.", "content": "This report continues the evaluation of the use of a ventilation tube in the middle ear at the time of adenotonsillectomy. This series of 72 cases has been followed for 1 to 3 years. Each patient had bilaterally similar middle ear effusions. A myringotomy was performed in both ears. In one of the ears a ventilation tube was inserted, the other ear acting as a control. In 3 out of 4 of the patients in this study, adenotonsillectomy and evacuation of the middle ear fluid were sufficient to clear the middle ear indefinitely, and the use of the ventilation tube was redundant.", "contents": "Middle ear ventilation in conjunction with adenotonsillectomy. This report continues the evaluation of the use of a ventilation tube in the middle ear at the time of adenotonsillectomy. This series of 72 cases has been followed for 1 to 3 years. Each patient had bilaterally similar middle ear effusions. A myringotomy was performed in both ears. In one of the ears a ventilation tube was inserted, the other ear acting as a control. In 3 out of 4 of the patients in this study, adenotonsillectomy and evacuation of the middle ear fluid were sufficient to clear the middle ear indefinitely, and the use of the ventilation tube was redundant.", "PMID": 574179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10995", "title": "[Activity and substrate specificity of the alcohol dehydrogenases of n-alkane oxidizing yeasts].", "content": "The activity and substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) in the fractions of cytosol and membrane particles were compared in the yeasts Torulopsis candida, Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis grown in media with glucose and hexadecane. In all studied yeast cultures growing in the medium with hexadecane, NAD-dependent ADH specifically dehydrogenating only medium and higher alcohols are induced in the membrane structures of the cells. Soluble ADH are found in the cytosol of the cultures grown either on glucose or on hexadecane. These ADH oxidize all alcohols with the carbon chain length from C2 to C16. As was found by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, the number of ADH molecular forms in the cytosol fraction of the cultures depends on the carbon growth substrate being used and the peculiarities of yeast culture.", "contents": "[Activity and substrate specificity of the alcohol dehydrogenases of n-alkane oxidizing yeasts]. The activity and substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) in the fractions of cytosol and membrane particles were compared in the yeasts Torulopsis candida, Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis grown in media with glucose and hexadecane. In all studied yeast cultures growing in the medium with hexadecane, NAD-dependent ADH specifically dehydrogenating only medium and higher alcohols are induced in the membrane structures of the cells. Soluble ADH are found in the cytosol of the cultures grown either on glucose or on hexadecane. These ADH oxidize all alcohols with the carbon chain length from C2 to C16. As was found by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, the number of ADH molecular forms in the cytosol fraction of the cultures depends on the carbon growth substrate being used and the peculiarities of yeast culture.", "PMID": 574184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10996", "title": "Induction of vitellogenin and growth of implanted oocytes in male cockroaches.", "content": "Vitellogenins are yolk protein precursors that are synthesised in the liver of lower vertebrates in response to ovarian hormones, and in the fat body tissue of insects, under the influence, in most species, of juvenile hormone (JH) from the corpora allata (CA). Vitellogenins are normally restricted to females, although in male amphibians and roosters their synthesis can be induced artificially by the injection of oestrogens. Thus female specificity is maintained by hormonal differences between adult males and females. In insects, on the other hand, because the CA of adults of both sexes are active, it appeared that male fat body could not normally respond to JH by synthesising vitellogenin. However, precise JH synthetic rates of male CA are only known in Schistocerca gregaria and Diplopterapunctata, in which species they are low compared to the rates in the female glands. The absence of vitellogenin in adult males could thus be due to inadequate JH titres. We report here that synthesis of vitellogenin can indeed be induced in males of Diploptera by implantation of female CA or application of Diploptera by implantation of female CA or application of a JH analogue, ZR512 (Zoecon), and that implanted oocytes take up the vitellogenin.", "contents": "Induction of vitellogenin and growth of implanted oocytes in male cockroaches. Vitellogenins are yolk protein precursors that are synthesised in the liver of lower vertebrates in response to ovarian hormones, and in the fat body tissue of insects, under the influence, in most species, of juvenile hormone (JH) from the corpora allata (CA). Vitellogenins are normally restricted to females, although in male amphibians and roosters their synthesis can be induced artificially by the injection of oestrogens. Thus female specificity is maintained by hormonal differences between adult males and females. In insects, on the other hand, because the CA of adults of both sexes are active, it appeared that male fat body could not normally respond to JH by synthesising vitellogenin. However, precise JH synthetic rates of male CA are only known in Schistocerca gregaria and Diplopterapunctata, in which species they are low compared to the rates in the female glands. The absence of vitellogenin in adult males could thus be due to inadequate JH titres. We report here that synthesis of vitellogenin can indeed be induced in males of Diploptera by implantation of female CA or application of Diploptera by implantation of female CA or application of a JH analogue, ZR512 (Zoecon), and that implanted oocytes take up the vitellogenin.", "PMID": 574191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10997", "title": "Intranuclear injection of anti-actin antibodies into Xenopus oocytes blocks chromosome condensation.", "content": "The role of contractile proteins in the structural organisation of the interphase nucleus and of metaphase chromosomes is largely unknown. Actin has been found in interphase nuclei of different species, especially in association with condensed chromatin. In the germinal vesicle (nucleus) of Xenopus oocytes, actin has been localised in the nuclear gel supporting the chromosomes and the extrachromosomal nucleoli. It has been reported that the premeiotic lampbrush chromosomes in these germinal vesicles are positively stained for actin and tubulin by the immunoperoxidase technique. Moreover, the longitudinal contraction of these chromosomes is ATP dependent. Therefore it has been suggested that actin participates in the structural organisation of the highly specialised lampbrush chromosomes. However, actin is not a major component of the metaphase chromosome scaffold. The results reported here suggest that actin is involved in the condensation of Xenopus chromosomes.", "contents": "Intranuclear injection of anti-actin antibodies into Xenopus oocytes blocks chromosome condensation. The role of contractile proteins in the structural organisation of the interphase nucleus and of metaphase chromosomes is largely unknown. Actin has been found in interphase nuclei of different species, especially in association with condensed chromatin. In the germinal vesicle (nucleus) of Xenopus oocytes, actin has been localised in the nuclear gel supporting the chromosomes and the extrachromosomal nucleoli. It has been reported that the premeiotic lampbrush chromosomes in these germinal vesicles are positively stained for actin and tubulin by the immunoperoxidase technique. Moreover, the longitudinal contraction of these chromosomes is ATP dependent. Therefore it has been suggested that actin participates in the structural organisation of the highly specialised lampbrush chromosomes. However, actin is not a major component of the metaphase chromosome scaffold. The results reported here suggest that actin is involved in the condensation of Xenopus chromosomes.", "PMID": 574192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10998", "title": "Effect of haloperidol on reflex activation of rat alpha-motoneurones. A possible explanation for akinesia and catalepsy?", "content": "Effects of haloperidol on rat flexor and extensor alpha-motoneurones were studied in ventral roots of laminectomized rats under halothane anesthesia. The alpha-motoneurones were activated by tetanic stimulation of low-threshold afferents (group I and II), either of the ipsilateral peroneal nerve (\"flexor alpha-motoneurones\") or gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (\"extensor alpha-motoneurones\"). Haloperidol, given in the doses of 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg i.p. inhibited the reflex activation of flexor alpha-motoneurones; higher doses seemed to be more effective than lower ones. Apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.) partially antagonized the inhibitory action of haloperidol with some latency. Higher doses of haloperidol (0.15-0.60 mg/kg i.p.) also inhibited the reflex activation of extensor alpha-motoneurones; this inhibitory effect was, at least for a short time, antagonized by apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.). The threshold for reflex activation both of flexor and extensor alpha-motoneurones was raised by haloperidol and lowered by a subsequent administration of apomorphine. Our results suggest that akinesia and catalepsy, induced in rats by haloperidol might be, at least in part, due to a decrease in sensitivity of alpha-motoneurones to proprioceptive stimuli.", "contents": "Effect of haloperidol on reflex activation of rat alpha-motoneurones. A possible explanation for akinesia and catalepsy? Effects of haloperidol on rat flexor and extensor alpha-motoneurones were studied in ventral roots of laminectomized rats under halothane anesthesia. The alpha-motoneurones were activated by tetanic stimulation of low-threshold afferents (group I and II), either of the ipsilateral peroneal nerve (\"flexor alpha-motoneurones\") or gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (\"extensor alpha-motoneurones\"). Haloperidol, given in the doses of 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg i.p. inhibited the reflex activation of flexor alpha-motoneurones; higher doses seemed to be more effective than lower ones. Apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.) partially antagonized the inhibitory action of haloperidol with some latency. Higher doses of haloperidol (0.15-0.60 mg/kg i.p.) also inhibited the reflex activation of extensor alpha-motoneurones; this inhibitory effect was, at least for a short time, antagonized by apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.). The threshold for reflex activation both of flexor and extensor alpha-motoneurones was raised by haloperidol and lowered by a subsequent administration of apomorphine. Our results suggest that akinesia and catalepsy, induced in rats by haloperidol might be, at least in part, due to a decrease in sensitivity of alpha-motoneurones to proprioceptive stimuli.", "PMID": 574194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_10999", "title": "Alcohol intake, ethanol-induced narcosis and intoxication in rats following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine or 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment.", "content": "Newborn rats were treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT; 2 x 100 mg/kg s.c., 24 h interval) after pretreatment with desipramine (20 mg/kg s.c.) for depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 3 x 100 mg/kg s.c., 24 h interval) for selective reduction of brain noradrenaline (NA). The 5,7-HT treatment resulted in a 53% reduction in endogenous 5-HT in the cerebral cortex and a 60% increase in the pons-medulla when determined in adult rats. The 5-HT content in the midbrain was not affected. Endogenous NA in the 6-OHDA treated animals was selectively reduced by 100% in the cerebral cortex, 35% in the midbrain and increased by 117% in the pons-medulla. No difference was found between the voluntary ethanol selection of these groups and that of the controls when measured at the age of 3 months. In a tilting-plane test, ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) impaired the performance of the 6-OHDA treated rats significantly more than that of the controls. Moreover ethanol (4 g/kg e.p.) produced significantly longer narcosis in these rats. In contrast, the 5,7-HT treated rats were not affected significantly more than the controls in these tests. These results suggest that catecholamine neuronal systems interact with the expression of alcohol intoxication.", "contents": "Alcohol intake, ethanol-induced narcosis and intoxication in rats following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine or 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment. Newborn rats were treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT; 2 x 100 mg/kg s.c., 24 h interval) after pretreatment with desipramine (20 mg/kg s.c.) for depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 3 x 100 mg/kg s.c., 24 h interval) for selective reduction of brain noradrenaline (NA). The 5,7-HT treatment resulted in a 53% reduction in endogenous 5-HT in the cerebral cortex and a 60% increase in the pons-medulla when determined in adult rats. The 5-HT content in the midbrain was not affected. Endogenous NA in the 6-OHDA treated animals was selectively reduced by 100% in the cerebral cortex, 35% in the midbrain and increased by 117% in the pons-medulla. No difference was found between the voluntary ethanol selection of these groups and that of the controls when measured at the age of 3 months. In a tilting-plane test, ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) impaired the performance of the 6-OHDA treated rats significantly more than that of the controls. Moreover ethanol (4 g/kg e.p.) produced significantly longer narcosis in these rats. In contrast, the 5,7-HT treated rats were not affected significantly more than the controls in these tests. These results suggest that catecholamine neuronal systems interact with the expression of alcohol intoxication.", "PMID": 574195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11000", "title": "Neonatal ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Effects on the development of the pituitary-gonadal axis in the female rat.", "content": "Ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) at 2 days of age, prior to the formation of the retinohypothalamic projection, produces a permanent state of constant vaginal estrus in the postpubertal female rat. Although such lesions do not alter the onset of puberty in sighted rats, they do compensate for the delay in vaginal opening induced by neonatal binding. The ovaries of sighted and blinded SCN-lesion rats are small and polyfollicular and the pituitaries of blinded SCN-lesion rats are abnormally large. Sampling of plasma in the morning and afternoon for up to 12 consecutive days in sighted SCN-lesion rats reveals continuously low luteinizing hormone levels. This constellation of endocrine alterations does not correlate with damage to any structures outside the SCN. Since the organization of the rodent estrous cycle is circadian, these results emphasize further the importance of the SCN in circadian rhythm generation. The necessity of an intact SCN for the development of normal, cyclic reproductive function implies that sparing or recovery of function does not occur.", "contents": "Neonatal ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Effects on the development of the pituitary-gonadal axis in the female rat. Ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) at 2 days of age, prior to the formation of the retinohypothalamic projection, produces a permanent state of constant vaginal estrus in the postpubertal female rat. Although such lesions do not alter the onset of puberty in sighted rats, they do compensate for the delay in vaginal opening induced by neonatal binding. The ovaries of sighted and blinded SCN-lesion rats are small and polyfollicular and the pituitaries of blinded SCN-lesion rats are abnormally large. Sampling of plasma in the morning and afternoon for up to 12 consecutive days in sighted SCN-lesion rats reveals continuously low luteinizing hormone levels. This constellation of endocrine alterations does not correlate with damage to any structures outside the SCN. Since the organization of the rodent estrous cycle is circadian, these results emphasize further the importance of the SCN in circadian rhythm generation. The necessity of an intact SCN for the development of normal, cyclic reproductive function implies that sparing or recovery of function does not occur.", "PMID": 574196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11001", "title": "Phenobarbital dosage for control of neonatal seizures.", "content": "The relationship of the initial phenobarbital dose to weight, gestational age, blood level, and seizure control was studied in 39 neonates. The blood proportional to the dosage per kilogram, and was not related to weight or gestational age. Seizures remitted only at blood phenobarbital concentrations above 16.9 micrograms per milliliter. Therapeutic levels can be achieved by the intravenous or intramuscular administration of 16 to 23 mg per kilogram of phenobarbital.", "contents": "Phenobarbital dosage for control of neonatal seizures. The relationship of the initial phenobarbital dose to weight, gestational age, blood level, and seizure control was studied in 39 neonates. The blood proportional to the dosage per kilogram, and was not related to weight or gestational age. Seizures remitted only at blood phenobarbital concentrations above 16.9 micrograms per milliliter. Therapeutic levels can be achieved by the intravenous or intramuscular administration of 16 to 23 mg per kilogram of phenobarbital.", "PMID": 574197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11002", "title": "Experimental cerebral ischemia produces platelet aggregates.", "content": "Human studies indicate that transient platelet abnormalities accompany acute cerebral ischemia. Although these abnormalities may precipitate the ischemi process, ischemia could also alter platelet function. Platelets were therefore studied in gerbils subjected to 1 hour of unilateral carotid artery occlusion. Venous blood from five clinically affected gerbils contained more aggregated platelets (37.8% +/- 6.4) than did blood from eight unaffected animals (11.1% +/- 3.0; p less than 0.01). Platelets labeled with 3H-serotonin were increased in ischemic brain; the ratio of radioactivity in the ipsilateral versus contralateral hemisphere was greater in eight affected (1.09 +/- 0.03) than in 19 unaffected (1.00 +/- 0.01; p less than 0.02) animals. The radioactive serotonin was located predominantly within blood vessels. Cerebral ischemia thus stimulated the formation of platelet aggregates, a response which could contribute to the ischemic process.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral ischemia produces platelet aggregates. Human studies indicate that transient platelet abnormalities accompany acute cerebral ischemia. Although these abnormalities may precipitate the ischemi process, ischemia could also alter platelet function. Platelets were therefore studied in gerbils subjected to 1 hour of unilateral carotid artery occlusion. Venous blood from five clinically affected gerbils contained more aggregated platelets (37.8% +/- 6.4) than did blood from eight unaffected animals (11.1% +/- 3.0; p less than 0.01). Platelets labeled with 3H-serotonin were increased in ischemic brain; the ratio of radioactivity in the ipsilateral versus contralateral hemisphere was greater in eight affected (1.09 +/- 0.03) than in 19 unaffected (1.00 +/- 0.01; p less than 0.02) animals. The radioactive serotonin was located predominantly within blood vessels. Cerebral ischemia thus stimulated the formation of platelet aggregates, a response which could contribute to the ischemic process.", "PMID": 574198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11003", "title": "Seizure disorders and trace metals: manganese tissue levels in treated epileptics.", "content": "We determined the concentrations of manganese in whole blood and hair in 52 epileptics, 6 blood relatives, and 24 normal controls. Blood, and possibly hair manganese content, was significantly lower in treated epileptics than in controls (p less than 0.002). Although not all patients showed reduced tissue manganese levels, most of those with frequent seizures had manganese levels falling below the lowest control level, suggesting a relationship between manganese tissue levels and high seizure activity. These differences in manganese levels were not correlated with the type, dose, or plasma levels of anticonvulsant medication. Reduced manganese availability at the neuronal level, where Mn++ stabilizes membrane excitability, may affect epileptogenic lesions to increase the likelihood of seizure activity.", "contents": "Seizure disorders and trace metals: manganese tissue levels in treated epileptics. We determined the concentrations of manganese in whole blood and hair in 52 epileptics, 6 blood relatives, and 24 normal controls. Blood, and possibly hair manganese content, was significantly lower in treated epileptics than in controls (p less than 0.002). Although not all patients showed reduced tissue manganese levels, most of those with frequent seizures had manganese levels falling below the lowest control level, suggesting a relationship between manganese tissue levels and high seizure activity. These differences in manganese levels were not correlated with the type, dose, or plasma levels of anticonvulsant medication. Reduced manganese availability at the neuronal level, where Mn++ stabilizes membrane excitability, may affect epileptogenic lesions to increase the likelihood of seizure activity.", "PMID": 574199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11004", "title": "Intravenous phenytoin in acute treatment of seizures.", "content": "Large doses of phenytoin were administered on 159 occasions to 139 adult patients. Most patients had had more than three seizures or were in status epilepticus. Based on response to treatment, patients could be divided into two groups. Those with excellent response (recurrent seizures, 10%; mortality, 1%) included known epileptics with exacerbation of seizures (n = 75), atypical alcohol withdrawal (6), or miscellaneous conditions (17). Those with poor results (recurrent seizures, 57% mortality, 38%) included patients with anoxic or metabolic encephalopathy (14), stroke or other vascular disease (14), brain tumor (5), or trauma (5).", "contents": "Intravenous phenytoin in acute treatment of seizures. Large doses of phenytoin were administered on 159 occasions to 139 adult patients. Most patients had had more than three seizures or were in status epilepticus. Based on response to treatment, patients could be divided into two groups. Those with excellent response (recurrent seizures, 10%; mortality, 1%) included known epileptics with exacerbation of seizures (n = 75), atypical alcohol withdrawal (6), or miscellaneous conditions (17). Those with poor results (recurrent seizures, 57% mortality, 38%) included patients with anoxic or metabolic encephalopathy (14), stroke or other vascular disease (14), brain tumor (5), or trauma (5).", "PMID": 574200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11005", "title": "Phenytoin hypersensitivity: 38 cases.", "content": "To determine the frequency and severity of hypersensitivity reactions to phenytoin, we reviewed 38 cases of proven reactions. Patients were included only if no other drugs, including other anticonvulsants, were in use at the time of the reaction. Rashes were most frequent, followed by fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, abnormal liver function tests, blood dyscrasias, serum sickness, renal failure, and polymyositis. The pseudolymphoma syndrome, (fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy) occurred in nine patients. Thirty-five of the 38 reactions occurred within 2 months of the start of therapy. Phenytoin sensitivity accounted for 467 inpatient days during the 14 years of study. Early recognition of phenytoin reactions, prompt drug withdrawal, and appropriate therapeutic measures were necessary to prevent serious morbidity from phenytoin hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Phenytoin hypersensitivity: 38 cases. To determine the frequency and severity of hypersensitivity reactions to phenytoin, we reviewed 38 cases of proven reactions. Patients were included only if no other drugs, including other anticonvulsants, were in use at the time of the reaction. Rashes were most frequent, followed by fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, abnormal liver function tests, blood dyscrasias, serum sickness, renal failure, and polymyositis. The pseudolymphoma syndrome, (fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy) occurred in nine patients. Thirty-five of the 38 reactions occurred within 2 months of the start of therapy. Phenytoin sensitivity accounted for 467 inpatient days during the 14 years of study. Early recognition of phenytoin reactions, prompt drug withdrawal, and appropriate therapeutic measures were necessary to prevent serious morbidity from phenytoin hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 574201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11006", "title": "Muscular dystrophy in six young girls.", "content": "Clinical and genetic studies were made on progressive muscular dystrophy in six young girls. No chromosome abnormality was observed in these patients. The pedigree of one case implied a sex-linked recessive trait, and clinical features were identical with Duchenne dystrophy. The clinical manifestations of two sisters in another family were less severe than in their brother with Duchenne dystrophy. The clinical differences among these three cases are well explained by the Lyon hypothesis. Three other cases were compatible with childhood muscular dystrophy of autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Muscular dystrophy in six young girls. Clinical and genetic studies were made on progressive muscular dystrophy in six young girls. No chromosome abnormality was observed in these patients. The pedigree of one case implied a sex-linked recessive trait, and clinical features were identical with Duchenne dystrophy. The clinical manifestations of two sisters in another family were less severe than in their brother with Duchenne dystrophy. The clinical differences among these three cases are well explained by the Lyon hypothesis. Three other cases were compatible with childhood muscular dystrophy of autosomal recessive inheritance.", "PMID": 574202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11007", "title": "Pyruvate oxidation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.", "content": "Significant differences were found in pyruvate oxidation of disrupted skin fibroblasts from patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) or neuromuscular disease controls and normal controls, but there was a similar oxidative defect in both disease groups. \"Heritable heterogeneity in situ\" and additional enzyme faults may explain the normal activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in some explants, and the lack of correlation between enzyme activity and CMT symptoms. Since experimental, histochemical, and microscopic studies support the concept of localized hypoxia in perineural or neural cells in CMT, the peripheral location of the defect suggests an inherited susceptibility to environmental influences in these cells.", "contents": "Pyruvate oxidation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Significant differences were found in pyruvate oxidation of disrupted skin fibroblasts from patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) or neuromuscular disease controls and normal controls, but there was a similar oxidative defect in both disease groups. \"Heritable heterogeneity in situ\" and additional enzyme faults may explain the normal activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in some explants, and the lack of correlation between enzyme activity and CMT symptoms. Since experimental, histochemical, and microscopic studies support the concept of localized hypoxia in perineural or neural cells in CMT, the peripheral location of the defect suggests an inherited susceptibility to environmental influences in these cells.", "PMID": 574203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11008", "title": "EEG activation and mathematical calculation.", "content": "Activation of epileptic seizures of epileptiform EEG abnormalities by specific types of intellectual activity has been documented only rarely. Despite infrequent occurrence, these cases are of interest in the study of epileptic mechanisms and cerebral integrative systems. We describe a 67-year-old woman with long-standing seizures who consistently activated right frontal spike discharges in the EEG when she attempted to perform mental arithmetic. The activating effect was not precisely related to the difficulty of the mathematical problem, nor to alerting or concentrated attention. No EEG activation resulted from reading, writing, reciting, revisualizing, or recalling numbers or other symbols.", "contents": "EEG activation and mathematical calculation. Activation of epileptic seizures of epileptiform EEG abnormalities by specific types of intellectual activity has been documented only rarely. Despite infrequent occurrence, these cases are of interest in the study of epileptic mechanisms and cerebral integrative systems. We describe a 67-year-old woman with long-standing seizures who consistently activated right frontal spike discharges in the EEG when she attempted to perform mental arithmetic. The activating effect was not precisely related to the difficulty of the mathematical problem, nor to alerting or concentrated attention. No EEG activation resulted from reading, writing, reciting, revisualizing, or recalling numbers or other symbols.", "PMID": 574204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11009", "title": "Lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: correlation with CSF immunoglobulins and cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies.", "content": "Lymphocyte profiles were studied in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and normal controls. Apart from cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA), which were elevated in MS patients, there was no difference between MS patients and normal controls in terms of lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulins, or responses to mitogens. There was no correlation between LCA and any of the immunologic characteristics measured. However, there was a correlation between immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the peripheral blood of MS patients and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of immunoglobulin and CSF viral antibodies. These results suggest that cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies do not affect lymphocyte function in patients with MS, that antigens stimulating \"local\" central nervous system (CNS) antibody production may be located outside the CNS and that locally produced CNS antibody may be made by immunoglobulin-bearing cells that migrate to the CSF from the periphery after exposure to antigen.", "contents": "Lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: correlation with CSF immunoglobulins and cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Lymphocyte profiles were studied in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and normal controls. Apart from cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA), which were elevated in MS patients, there was no difference between MS patients and normal controls in terms of lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulins, or responses to mitogens. There was no correlation between LCA and any of the immunologic characteristics measured. However, there was a correlation between immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the peripheral blood of MS patients and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of immunoglobulin and CSF viral antibodies. These results suggest that cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies do not affect lymphocyte function in patients with MS, that antigens stimulating \"local\" central nervous system (CNS) antibody production may be located outside the CNS and that locally produced CNS antibody may be made by immunoglobulin-bearing cells that migrate to the CSF from the periphery after exposure to antigen.", "PMID": 574205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11010", "title": "Neurological education of nonneurologists.", "content": "In 1975, the Joint Commission of Neurology, created by the American Academy of Neurology and the American Neurological Association, published its report including recommendations on neurological education. Commission data indicated that although neurologists constitute less than 1% of all physicians, at least 5% of all ambulatory patients and 13% of all hospitalized patients had primary or secondary neurologic diagnoses, or both. Thus, the commission recommended a major effort in the education of general physicians in neurology. That advice is apparently being ignored. This situation poses a serious health care problem and urgent steps are indicated to reverse this trend.", "contents": "Neurological education of nonneurologists. In 1975, the Joint Commission of Neurology, created by the American Academy of Neurology and the American Neurological Association, published its report including recommendations on neurological education. Commission data indicated that although neurologists constitute less than 1% of all physicians, at least 5% of all ambulatory patients and 13% of all hospitalized patients had primary or secondary neurologic diagnoses, or both. Thus, the commission recommended a major effort in the education of general physicians in neurology. That advice is apparently being ignored. This situation poses a serious health care problem and urgent steps are indicated to reverse this trend.", "PMID": 574206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11011", "title": "The \"hypernormal\" CT scan in dementia: bilateral isodense subdural hematomas.", "content": "Enlarged ventricles and prominent sulci are common findings on computed tomography (CT) in elderly demented patients. Three such patients were found to have small, symmetric ventricles and minimal sulci on tomography; these CT scans were considered \"hypernormal\" for the patients' ages and clinical syndromes. Bilateral isodense subdural hematomas were subsequently diagnosed by isotope brain scans in two cases and by angiography in the third. A \"hypernormal\" CT scan in an elderly demented patient suggests the possibility of bilateral isodense subdural hematomas, and requires further evaluation with isotope brain scan and, if necessary, angiography.", "contents": "The \"hypernormal\" CT scan in dementia: bilateral isodense subdural hematomas. Enlarged ventricles and prominent sulci are common findings on computed tomography (CT) in elderly demented patients. Three such patients were found to have small, symmetric ventricles and minimal sulci on tomography; these CT scans were considered \"hypernormal\" for the patients' ages and clinical syndromes. Bilateral isodense subdural hematomas were subsequently diagnosed by isotope brain scans in two cases and by angiography in the third. A \"hypernormal\" CT scan in an elderly demented patient suggests the possibility of bilateral isodense subdural hematomas, and requires further evaluation with isotope brain scan and, if necessary, angiography.", "PMID": 574207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11012", "title": "Phosphenes induced by sound.", "content": "Three adults with acquired unilateral visual impairment noticed phosphenes when they heard noises. They witnessed them only when resting in a dark or dimly illuminated room. The hallucinations persisted for days in a postkeratoplasty patient, for weeks in a patient with optic neuritis, and for months in a patient with compression of the optic nerve. The sound-induced phosphenes in these cases seemed to be a pathologic variety of hypnagogic hallucination. We theorize that under conditions of altered excitability and visual deafferentation of the brain, cells capable of responding to both visual and auditory stimuli become hyperresponsive to sounds.", "contents": "Phosphenes induced by sound. Three adults with acquired unilateral visual impairment noticed phosphenes when they heard noises. They witnessed them only when resting in a dark or dimly illuminated room. The hallucinations persisted for days in a postkeratoplasty patient, for weeks in a patient with optic neuritis, and for months in a patient with compression of the optic nerve. The sound-induced phosphenes in these cases seemed to be a pathologic variety of hypnagogic hallucination. We theorize that under conditions of altered excitability and visual deafferentation of the brain, cells capable of responding to both visual and auditory stimuli become hyperresponsive to sounds.", "PMID": 574208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11013", "title": "Computerized tomography in central pontine myelinolysis.", "content": "We describe an autopsy-proven case of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) with premortem computerized tomographic (CT) visualization of the lesion on two scans, performed with an interval of 2 weeks. This case demonstrates the capability of CT to support the clinical diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis. Identification of the condition should facilitate prompt initiation of aggressive supportive care.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in central pontine myelinolysis. We describe an autopsy-proven case of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) with premortem computerized tomographic (CT) visualization of the lesion on two scans, performed with an interval of 2 weeks. This case demonstrates the capability of CT to support the clinical diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis. Identification of the condition should facilitate prompt initiation of aggressive supportive care.", "PMID": 574209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11014", "title": "Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis.", "content": "Intramedullary cysticercosis of the spinal cord is rare; there have been only 26 previous cases. We describe a patient with low back pain, paraparesis, lumbosacral sensory loss, and signs of meningeal irritation. The clinical diagnosis was spinal cord tumor, but at surgery there was a cysticercus cyst within the lumbosacral cord. Careful search did not reveal the parasite in any other part of the body. This is the first case of spinal cysticercosis reported in Japan.", "contents": "Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis. Intramedullary cysticercosis of the spinal cord is rare; there have been only 26 previous cases. We describe a patient with low back pain, paraparesis, lumbosacral sensory loss, and signs of meningeal irritation. The clinical diagnosis was spinal cord tumor, but at surgery there was a cysticercus cyst within the lumbosacral cord. Careful search did not reveal the parasite in any other part of the body. This is the first case of spinal cysticercosis reported in Japan.", "PMID": 574210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11015", "title": "Ulnar-to-median nerve anastomosis in the forearm: electromyographic studies.", "content": "A patient with muscle weakness was studied electromyographically. An ulnar-to-median-nerve communication in the forearm on one side was an incidental finding. The electrophysiologic features are described and contrasted to those seen in the common Martin-Gruber anastomosis.", "contents": "Ulnar-to-median nerve anastomosis in the forearm: electromyographic studies. A patient with muscle weakness was studied electromyographically. An ulnar-to-median-nerve communication in the forearm on one side was an incidental finding. The electrophysiologic features are described and contrasted to those seen in the common Martin-Gruber anastomosis.", "PMID": 574211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11016", "title": "Visual evoked potentials in infants with hydrocephalus.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials to flash stimuli were recorded in 15 infants with hydrocephalus. All demonstrated increased latencies for the prominent positive component (P2) of the response, compared to the mean value for age-matched controls. In nine infants studied prior to and 1 week after shunt procedure, the P2 latency decreased.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials in infants with hydrocephalus. Visual evoked potentials to flash stimuli were recorded in 15 infants with hydrocephalus. All demonstrated increased latencies for the prominent positive component (P2) of the response, compared to the mean value for age-matched controls. In nine infants studied prior to and 1 week after shunt procedure, the P2 latency decreased.", "PMID": 574212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11017", "title": "Progressive supranuclear palsy and normal-pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "In three patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria of progressive supranuclear palsy, radiologic investigations suggested normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Shunt procedures in all three resulted in temporary improvement of gait, mentation, and bladder control, but gaze paralysis and extrapyramidal findings did not change.", "contents": "Progressive supranuclear palsy and normal-pressure hydrocephalus. In three patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria of progressive supranuclear palsy, radiologic investigations suggested normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Shunt procedures in all three resulted in temporary improvement of gait, mentation, and bladder control, but gaze paralysis and extrapyramidal findings did not change.", "PMID": 574213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11018", "title": "Left-to-right transfer of language dominance: a case study.", "content": "Partial recovery from aphasia was documented in an individual rendered hemiplegic and globally aphasic by embolic infarction in the distribution of the left middle cerebral artery. Computed tomography showed total destruction of the classical left hemisphere language areas, indicating that the right hemisphere was responsible for the improved linguistic function. This observation is consistent with right hemisphere language capacity demonstrated after left hemispherectomy or commissurotomy. Right hemisphere language function may underlie much of the recovery from aphasia after injury of the left hemisphere.", "contents": "Left-to-right transfer of language dominance: a case study. Partial recovery from aphasia was documented in an individual rendered hemiplegic and globally aphasic by embolic infarction in the distribution of the left middle cerebral artery. Computed tomography showed total destruction of the classical left hemisphere language areas, indicating that the right hemisphere was responsible for the improved linguistic function. This observation is consistent with right hemisphere language capacity demonstrated after left hemispherectomy or commissurotomy. Right hemisphere language function may underlie much of the recovery from aphasia after injury of the left hemisphere.", "PMID": 574214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11019", "title": "Conversion of photosensitive to scotosensitive epilepsy: report of a case.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl had had two grand mal attacks induced by viewing television when she was aged 10 and 11 years, and again a year later. Clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings were typical of photosensitive television epilepsy. However, a further grand mal seizure when the patient was age 13 years occurred in darkness. Two additional EEG studies showed continuous paroxysmal activity during darkness. The epileptiform discharges were abolished by light and eye opening.", "contents": "Conversion of photosensitive to scotosensitive epilepsy: report of a case. A 13-year-old girl had had two grand mal attacks induced by viewing television when she was aged 10 and 11 years, and again a year later. Clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings were typical of photosensitive television epilepsy. However, a further grand mal seizure when the patient was age 13 years occurred in darkness. Two additional EEG studies showed continuous paroxysmal activity during darkness. The epileptiform discharges were abolished by light and eye opening.", "PMID": 574215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11020", "title": "HLA types and immunity in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "HLA types and levels of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to several antigens were studied in a large group of patients with multiple sclerosis, and in controls. Patients were more likely than controls to have the DRw2 antigen. They had higher mean antibody titers to measles but not to cytomegalovirus, herpes 1, or herpes 2, and had less competent cell-mediated responses. Antibody titers to measles were lower and cell-mediated immune responses were more effective in patients with the DRw2 antigen in patients than in patients without it. This apparent specificity for measles suggests that the etiology of multiple sclerosis is related to the immune response to measles or related viruses.", "contents": "HLA types and immunity in multiple sclerosis. HLA types and levels of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to several antigens were studied in a large group of patients with multiple sclerosis, and in controls. Patients were more likely than controls to have the DRw2 antigen. They had higher mean antibody titers to measles but not to cytomegalovirus, herpes 1, or herpes 2, and had less competent cell-mediated responses. Antibody titers to measles were lower and cell-mediated immune responses were more effective in patients with the DRw2 antigen in patients than in patients without it. This apparent specificity for measles suggests that the etiology of multiple sclerosis is related to the immune response to measles or related viruses.", "PMID": 574218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11021", "title": "Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic memingitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis.", "content": "Between 1959 and 1976, 34 patients were seen in Hawaii with eosinophilic meningitis. Angiostrongylus cantonensis was recovered from two of these patients. The remaining cases were presumed to be due to this parasite because of clinical and epidemiologic findings. The most likely source of infection for eight patients was ingesting raw terrestrial snails or slugs, and for six patients eating raw or poorly cooked crustaceans. Patients typically presented with severe headache; neck stiffness and fever were usually mild or absent. Paresthesias were noted by most adults. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count ranged from 150 to 1500 leukocytes per cubic millimeter, with a mean eosinophil percentage of 38. CSF IgE levels were not abnormal in four patients so studied. Although two deaths occurred, the illness was typically self-limited, resolving completely with no specific treatment.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic memingitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Between 1959 and 1976, 34 patients were seen in Hawaii with eosinophilic meningitis. Angiostrongylus cantonensis was recovered from two of these patients. The remaining cases were presumed to be due to this parasite because of clinical and epidemiologic findings. The most likely source of infection for eight patients was ingesting raw terrestrial snails or slugs, and for six patients eating raw or poorly cooked crustaceans. Patients typically presented with severe headache; neck stiffness and fever were usually mild or absent. Paresthesias were noted by most adults. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count ranged from 150 to 1500 leukocytes per cubic millimeter, with a mean eosinophil percentage of 38. CSF IgE levels were not abnormal in four patients so studied. Although two deaths occurred, the illness was typically self-limited, resolving completely with no specific treatment.", "PMID": 574219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11022", "title": "Fatal ataxic encephalopathy and carnitine acetyltransferase deficiency: a functional defect of pyruvate oxidation?", "content": "A 3-year 8-month-old girl died after 14 months of illness characterized by episodes of intermittent ataxia associated with oculomotor palsy, hypotonia, mental confusion, and disturbances of consciousness. In the last 4 months of life, there were signs of liver dysfunction. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities were normal in autopsy brain specimens and in cultured fibroblasts from the patient. Carnitine acetyltransferase was deficient in liver, brain, kidney, and cultured fibroblasts. Medium- and long-chain carnitine acyltransferase activities were normal. It is proposed that a functional defect of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) utilization in brain mitochondria accompanies the carnitine acetyltransferase deficiency.", "contents": "Fatal ataxic encephalopathy and carnitine acetyltransferase deficiency: a functional defect of pyruvate oxidation? A 3-year 8-month-old girl died after 14 months of illness characterized by episodes of intermittent ataxia associated with oculomotor palsy, hypotonia, mental confusion, and disturbances of consciousness. In the last 4 months of life, there were signs of liver dysfunction. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities were normal in autopsy brain specimens and in cultured fibroblasts from the patient. Carnitine acetyltransferase was deficient in liver, brain, kidney, and cultured fibroblasts. Medium- and long-chain carnitine acyltransferase activities were normal. It is proposed that a functional defect of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) utilization in brain mitochondria accompanies the carnitine acetyltransferase deficiency.", "PMID": 574220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11023", "title": "Levodopa with benserazide or carbidopa in Parkinson disease.", "content": "Plasma levodopa and therapeutic responses to treatment with levodopa in combination with benserazide or carbidopa were studied in 49 patients with Parkinson disease not previously treated with levodopa in a blind randomized crossover trial. The treatment periods were 12 weeks; similar dosage schedules were used, with doses that induced equal levels of plasma levodopa in both combinations. In pretrial studies of plasma levodopa responses, 200 mg of levodopa and 50 mg of benserazide was equal to 250 mg of levodopa combined with 25 mg of carbidopa. Equal plasma levodopa responses to both combinations were also found during the trial. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups in beneficial effects on parkinsonian disability and individual symptoms or in the frequency of involuntary movements. However, nausea and vomiting occurred significantly more often during treatment with levodopa and carbidopa than during treatment with levodopa and benserazide. This difference was probably due to inadequate inhibition of peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor by the 1:10 ratio of carbidopa to levodopa.", "contents": "Levodopa with benserazide or carbidopa in Parkinson disease. Plasma levodopa and therapeutic responses to treatment with levodopa in combination with benserazide or carbidopa were studied in 49 patients with Parkinson disease not previously treated with levodopa in a blind randomized crossover trial. The treatment periods were 12 weeks; similar dosage schedules were used, with doses that induced equal levels of plasma levodopa in both combinations. In pretrial studies of plasma levodopa responses, 200 mg of levodopa and 50 mg of benserazide was equal to 250 mg of levodopa combined with 25 mg of carbidopa. Equal plasma levodopa responses to both combinations were also found during the trial. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups in beneficial effects on parkinsonian disability and individual symptoms or in the frequency of involuntary movements. However, nausea and vomiting occurred significantly more often during treatment with levodopa and carbidopa than during treatment with levodopa and benserazide. This difference was probably due to inadequate inhibition of peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor by the 1:10 ratio of carbidopa to levodopa.", "PMID": 574221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11024", "title": "Sensory kindling: implications for development of sensory prostheses.", "content": "In designing sensory prosthetic implants that operate on the basis of direct electrical stimulation of the brain, the question of the plasticity of the tissue's response to the stimulation arises. Especially relevant is the kindling phenomenon, in which convulsions develop in response to repeated low-level electrical stimulation of the brain, including thalamic or neocortical primary sensory structures. Therefore, caution should be exercised in the development and application of prosthetic devices that directly activate brain tissue for long periods of time.", "contents": "Sensory kindling: implications for development of sensory prostheses. In designing sensory prosthetic implants that operate on the basis of direct electrical stimulation of the brain, the question of the plasticity of the tissue's response to the stimulation arises. Especially relevant is the kindling phenomenon, in which convulsions develop in response to repeated low-level electrical stimulation of the brain, including thalamic or neocortical primary sensory structures. Therefore, caution should be exercised in the development and application of prosthetic devices that directly activate brain tissue for long periods of time.", "PMID": 574222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11025", "title": "The importance of studying sural nerve conduction and late responses in the evaluation of alcoholic subjects.", "content": "Motor conduction velocities of median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves and sensory conduction velocities of median and ulnar nerves were studied in 30 alcoholic subjects and a similar group of control subjects. The results were compared to sural nerve conduction velocities and late response latencies (H reflex, F response). The latter two techniques improved the diagnostic yield by 20%: Whereas 73% of our patients showed an abnormality of conduction with conventional techniques, 93% had an abnormality of sural nerve conduction, late response latencies, or both. Abnormalities of motor and sensory conduction, which were more prominent in the lower limbs than the arms, could be documented in patients who did not have any clinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy. The electrophysiologic studies performed in the present study suggest that \"axonal degeneration\" is the underlying pathologic process in alcoholic peripheral nerve disease.", "contents": "The importance of studying sural nerve conduction and late responses in the evaluation of alcoholic subjects. Motor conduction velocities of median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves and sensory conduction velocities of median and ulnar nerves were studied in 30 alcoholic subjects and a similar group of control subjects. The results were compared to sural nerve conduction velocities and late response latencies (H reflex, F response). The latter two techniques improved the diagnostic yield by 20%: Whereas 73% of our patients showed an abnormality of conduction with conventional techniques, 93% had an abnormality of sural nerve conduction, late response latencies, or both. Abnormalities of motor and sensory conduction, which were more prominent in the lower limbs than the arms, could be documented in patients who did not have any clinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy. The electrophysiologic studies performed in the present study suggest that \"axonal degeneration\" is the underlying pathologic process in alcoholic peripheral nerve disease.", "PMID": 574223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11026", "title": "Chorea induced by oral contraceptives.", "content": "A rare complication of oral contraceptive therapy is the induction of chorea. We here describe five cases of chorea in patients receiving low- or high-dose estrogen-containing contraceptives. All patients were nulliparous, young (average age 19 years), and became symptomatic shortly (average of 5 weeks) after initiation of contraceptive therapy. Two patients previously suffered an episode of Syndenham chorea; one experienced chorea in the course of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura; and two had a history of congenital cyanotic heart disease without chorea. Dyskinesia resolved in all patients upon discontinuing the medication. Patients with preexisting striatal abnormalities appear more susceptible to oral contraceptive-induced chorea which is reversible on drug discontinuation. The mechanism of oral contraceptive-induced chorea is unknown, but clinical and experimental data suggest that it involves altered central dopaminergic activity.", "contents": "Chorea induced by oral contraceptives. A rare complication of oral contraceptive therapy is the induction of chorea. We here describe five cases of chorea in patients receiving low- or high-dose estrogen-containing contraceptives. All patients were nulliparous, young (average age 19 years), and became symptomatic shortly (average of 5 weeks) after initiation of contraceptive therapy. Two patients previously suffered an episode of Syndenham chorea; one experienced chorea in the course of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura; and two had a history of congenital cyanotic heart disease without chorea. Dyskinesia resolved in all patients upon discontinuing the medication. Patients with preexisting striatal abnormalities appear more susceptible to oral contraceptive-induced chorea which is reversible on drug discontinuation. The mechanism of oral contraceptive-induced chorea is unknown, but clinical and experimental data suggest that it involves altered central dopaminergic activity.", "PMID": 574224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11027", "title": "Isaacs syndrome with laryngeal involvement: an unusual presentation of myokymia.", "content": "A woman with widespread myokymia presented initially at age 19 with hoarseness and mild dyspnea on exertion. The diagnosis of Isaacs syndrome was suggested by the clinical findings of widespread continuous muscle activity and depressed tendon reflexes, although she lacked the usually prominent increased muscle tone. The diagnosis was confirmed by the electromyographic demonstration of continuous spontaneous muscle action potentials that were abolished by neuromuscular blockade but not by local nerve blockade. Pulmonary function tests were consistent with fixed extrathoracic obstruction. The vocal cords were closely approximated. Electromyographic studies of the laryngeal muscles under general anesthesia revealed continuous muscle activity, which accounted for the hoarseness and much of the exertional dyspnea. The patient responded well to treatment with phenytoin and carbamazepine. This unusual syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with respiratory complaints and muscle fasciculations, even though they have normal muscle tone.", "contents": "Isaacs syndrome with laryngeal involvement: an unusual presentation of myokymia. A woman with widespread myokymia presented initially at age 19 with hoarseness and mild dyspnea on exertion. The diagnosis of Isaacs syndrome was suggested by the clinical findings of widespread continuous muscle activity and depressed tendon reflexes, although she lacked the usually prominent increased muscle tone. The diagnosis was confirmed by the electromyographic demonstration of continuous spontaneous muscle action potentials that were abolished by neuromuscular blockade but not by local nerve blockade. Pulmonary function tests were consistent with fixed extrathoracic obstruction. The vocal cords were closely approximated. Electromyographic studies of the laryngeal muscles under general anesthesia revealed continuous muscle activity, which accounted for the hoarseness and much of the exertional dyspnea. The patient responded well to treatment with phenytoin and carbamazepine. This unusual syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with respiratory complaints and muscle fasciculations, even though they have normal muscle tone.", "PMID": 574225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11028", "title": "Poriomania.", "content": "Three patients with complex partial seizures experienced prolonged episodes of aimless wandering followed by retrograde amnesia for the experience, a phenomenon called poriomania. Our experience and the literature suggest that this behavior is a prolonged postictal automatism and is not psychogenic. Adjustments of anticonvulsant therapy eliminated this behavior in all three of our patients.", "contents": "Poriomania. Three patients with complex partial seizures experienced prolonged episodes of aimless wandering followed by retrograde amnesia for the experience, a phenomenon called poriomania. Our experience and the literature suggest that this behavior is a prolonged postictal automatism and is not psychogenic. Adjustments of anticonvulsant therapy eliminated this behavior in all three of our patients.", "PMID": 574226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11029", "title": "Acute multiple brachial neuropathy and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "Although acute brachial neuritis is a well-known syndrome, factors that contribute to its pathogenesis are not yet understood. Only once before has this syndrome been reported in connection with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. We describe here a 24-year-old man who suddenly developed acute multiple brachial neuritis of the right shoulder and on neurologic examination showed an associated finding of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The latter syndrome was also confirmed in other members of his family. This combination may have been overlooked previously. Mechanical and traumatic factors may play an important role in both pathogenesis and therapy.", "contents": "Acute multiple brachial neuropathy and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Although acute brachial neuritis is a well-known syndrome, factors that contribute to its pathogenesis are not yet understood. Only once before has this syndrome been reported in connection with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. We describe here a 24-year-old man who suddenly developed acute multiple brachial neuritis of the right shoulder and on neurologic examination showed an associated finding of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The latter syndrome was also confirmed in other members of his family. This combination may have been overlooked previously. Mechanical and traumatic factors may play an important role in both pathogenesis and therapy.", "PMID": 574227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11030", "title": "Brachial plexus neuropathy as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A patient presented with bilateral brachial plexus neuropathy which 2 weeks later evolved into a polyneuropathy involving all four extremities. On further investigation, the patient was found to have systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment with steroids was accompanied by complete resolution of the neurologic findings.", "contents": "Brachial plexus neuropathy as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. A patient presented with bilateral brachial plexus neuropathy which 2 weeks later evolved into a polyneuropathy involving all four extremities. On further investigation, the patient was found to have systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment with steroids was accompanied by complete resolution of the neurologic findings.", "PMID": 574230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11031", "title": "The dizzy, the giddy and the vertiginous.", "content": "For optimal examination of the giddy patient the case history is the best basis. The description of what the patient feels is not as important as has been stated rather often. The words dizzy, giddy and vertiginous from a patient do not really mean different things - they only mean: I feel unbalanced or disequilibrated. In the anamnesis it is much more important to find out firstly whether the disturbances are: (1) paroxysmal; (2) one acute attack; (3) chronic, (4) positional (positioning), and secondly whether the giddy feeling is accompanied by other disturbances (deafness, headache, pains, palsies, etc.). Some tables are presented that give a survey of the combination of some of these data and that facilitate the further examination towards the goal of the right diagnosis.", "contents": "The dizzy, the giddy and the vertiginous. For optimal examination of the giddy patient the case history is the best basis. The description of what the patient feels is not as important as has been stated rather often. The words dizzy, giddy and vertiginous from a patient do not really mean different things - they only mean: I feel unbalanced or disequilibrated. In the anamnesis it is much more important to find out firstly whether the disturbances are: (1) paroxysmal; (2) one acute attack; (3) chronic, (4) positional (positioning), and secondly whether the giddy feeling is accompanied by other disturbances (deafness, headache, pains, palsies, etc.). Some tables are presented that give a survey of the combination of some of these data and that facilitate the further examination towards the goal of the right diagnosis.", "PMID": 574235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11032", "title": "Antecedent factors and outcome in amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "content": "One hundred seventeen patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea or hyperprolactinemia were evaluated with regard to antecedent factors, results of investigations, and management. Full details of the outcome of prolonged follow-up were available for 104 patients. Patients who developed amenorrhea-galactorrhea after withdrawal of oral contraceptives or postpartum had a lower incidence of pituitary adenomas than did those who developed amenorrhea-galactorrhea spontaneously. Six of a total of 40 tumors were detected only during the follow-up period. This study suggests that patients with spontaneous amenorrhea-galactorrhea have a greater risk of developing a detectable pituitary adenoma than do those with postpill or postpartum symptoms. However, patients with a microadenoma are more likely to have had postpill onset of hyperprolactinemia. Plasma prolactin (PRL) in patients with postpill amenorrhea-galactorrhea increased in proportion to the duration of oral contraceptive use.", "contents": "Antecedent factors and outcome in amenorrhea-galactorrhea. One hundred seventeen patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea or hyperprolactinemia were evaluated with regard to antecedent factors, results of investigations, and management. Full details of the outcome of prolonged follow-up were available for 104 patients. Patients who developed amenorrhea-galactorrhea after withdrawal of oral contraceptives or postpartum had a lower incidence of pituitary adenomas than did those who developed amenorrhea-galactorrhea spontaneously. Six of a total of 40 tumors were detected only during the follow-up period. This study suggests that patients with spontaneous amenorrhea-galactorrhea have a greater risk of developing a detectable pituitary adenoma than do those with postpill or postpartum symptoms. However, patients with a microadenoma are more likely to have had postpill onset of hyperprolactinemia. Plasma prolactin (PRL) in patients with postpill amenorrhea-galactorrhea increased in proportion to the duration of oral contraceptive use.", "PMID": 574234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11033", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural changes in idiopathic facial palsy.", "content": "Light- and electron-microscopic findings in the facial nerve are reported in a patient who died 8 months after the onset of acute idiopathic facial palsy. There were signs of regeneration after axonal destruction, and inflammatory infiltrates confined to the intracanalicular part of the nerve were found. These findings suggest a viral or immunological etiology, which may become pathogenetic due to the length and narrowness of the Fallopian canal.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural changes in idiopathic facial palsy. Light- and electron-microscopic findings in the facial nerve are reported in a patient who died 8 months after the onset of acute idiopathic facial palsy. There were signs of regeneration after axonal destruction, and inflammatory infiltrates confined to the intracanalicular part of the nerve were found. These findings suggest a viral or immunological etiology, which may become pathogenetic due to the length and narrowness of the Fallopian canal.", "PMID": 574236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11034", "title": "Pressure-regulating mechanisms in the inner ear.", "content": "The perilymphatic pressure was studied in relation to pressure step variations in the external ear canal and in the middle ear. The transfer of pressure via the ossicular chain reached its limiting value at quite low pressures. When pressure steps were applied directly to the middle ear, there was almost a direct transfer of pressure for positive changes. Nonlinearities were shown between positive and negative pressure steps. The pressure-regulating ability of the inner ear was illustrated by means of calculating the time constants of the pressure transfer curves.", "contents": "Pressure-regulating mechanisms in the inner ear. The perilymphatic pressure was studied in relation to pressure step variations in the external ear canal and in the middle ear. The transfer of pressure via the ossicular chain reached its limiting value at quite low pressures. When pressure steps were applied directly to the middle ear, there was almost a direct transfer of pressure for positive changes. Nonlinearities were shown between positive and negative pressure steps. The pressure-regulating ability of the inner ear was illustrated by means of calculating the time constants of the pressure transfer curves.", "PMID": 574237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11035", "title": "Indirect measurement of laryngeal and tracheal resistance.", "content": "We used a body plethysmograph to determine airway resistances in 485 cases of laryngeal and tracheal stenoses. 143 cases who had resistances exceeding 60 mm H2O/l.a.sec underwent surgery. A vocal cord was laterally fixed in 49 patients suffering from bilateral recurrent paralysis. Optimal results were obtained at a postoperative resistance level of 30 mm H2O/l.a.sec (standard value: 14.77 +/- 6.53 - n - 387). The patients could carry out work of medium intensity and had a steady voice. We performed tracheal interventions in 94 cases of tracheal stenoses. A mean postoperative resistance of 29.9 mm HWO/l.a.sec, with a tracheal diameter of 7-8 mm was attained. In practice, only a few patients found the remaining obstruction a hindrance, during work of maximal intensity. No recurrences were observed after treatment. Airway resistance exceeding 150 mm H2O/l.a.sec were found in 13 new admissions and 73 times in those undergoing therapy. In these cases asphyxiation threatens. These patients must be tracheotomized or intubated immediatly.", "contents": "Indirect measurement of laryngeal and tracheal resistance. We used a body plethysmograph to determine airway resistances in 485 cases of laryngeal and tracheal stenoses. 143 cases who had resistances exceeding 60 mm H2O/l.a.sec underwent surgery. A vocal cord was laterally fixed in 49 patients suffering from bilateral recurrent paralysis. Optimal results were obtained at a postoperative resistance level of 30 mm H2O/l.a.sec (standard value: 14.77 +/- 6.53 - n - 387). The patients could carry out work of medium intensity and had a steady voice. We performed tracheal interventions in 94 cases of tracheal stenoses. A mean postoperative resistance of 29.9 mm HWO/l.a.sec, with a tracheal diameter of 7-8 mm was attained. In practice, only a few patients found the remaining obstruction a hindrance, during work of maximal intensity. No recurrences were observed after treatment. Airway resistance exceeding 150 mm H2O/l.a.sec were found in 13 new admissions and 73 times in those undergoing therapy. In these cases asphyxiation threatens. These patients must be tracheotomized or intubated immediatly.", "PMID": 574238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11036", "title": "Intrathoracic goitre with the superior vena cava syndrome, hoarseness and acute stridor.", "content": "A 69-year-old man presented with acute stridor and was found to have the superior vena cava syndrome and bilateral laryngeal paresis. A clinical diagnosis of malignancy was made, but before any definite investigations could be made an emergency operation had to be performed to relieve the trachea. On operation the patient was found to have a benign goitre. The literature on the subject is discussed. Since the great majority of cases with the superior vena cava syndrome is caused by malignant diseases, it has been suggested that in acute cases radiation therapy should be started without a microscopic diagnosis if necessary, but such a practice must be warned strongly against.", "contents": "Intrathoracic goitre with the superior vena cava syndrome, hoarseness and acute stridor. A 69-year-old man presented with acute stridor and was found to have the superior vena cava syndrome and bilateral laryngeal paresis. A clinical diagnosis of malignancy was made, but before any definite investigations could be made an emergency operation had to be performed to relieve the trachea. On operation the patient was found to have a benign goitre. The literature on the subject is discussed. Since the great majority of cases with the superior vena cava syndrome is caused by malignant diseases, it has been suggested that in acute cases radiation therapy should be started without a microscopic diagnosis if necessary, but such a practice must be warned strongly against.", "PMID": 574239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11037", "title": "Lymphocyte-macrophage activity in the endolymphatic sac. An ultrastructural study of the rugose endolymphatic sac in the guinea pig.", "content": "The irregular epithelial layer which delimits the intermediate part of the endolymphatic sac, and the surrounding perisaccular tissue, were examined morphologically in the guinea pig by transmission electron microscopy. Specialized areas of the epithelium which have previously been designated as \"non-vascularized epithelial processes\" (NVP) were constantly observed. These proliferative areas showed a close topographical relation to the free luminal cells and contained an abundance of lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes and macrophages were intimately associated with each other in a manner similar to that seen in these two types of cells in antigen-stimulated lymphoid tissues. There was a marked degeneration and phagocytosis of cells. The richly vascularized perisaccular tissue was rich in plasma cells, monocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes. The latter could be seen to migrate through the endothelial cells in the thin post-capillary venules into the sac tissue. The authors consider that the endolymphatic sac plays a role as an immunological defence organ for the internal ear. A hypothetical model concerning circulation and turnover of certain of the free intraluminal cells in presented.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-macrophage activity in the endolymphatic sac. An ultrastructural study of the rugose endolymphatic sac in the guinea pig. The irregular epithelial layer which delimits the intermediate part of the endolymphatic sac, and the surrounding perisaccular tissue, were examined morphologically in the guinea pig by transmission electron microscopy. Specialized areas of the epithelium which have previously been designated as \"non-vascularized epithelial processes\" (NVP) were constantly observed. These proliferative areas showed a close topographical relation to the free luminal cells and contained an abundance of lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes and macrophages were intimately associated with each other in a manner similar to that seen in these two types of cells in antigen-stimulated lymphoid tissues. There was a marked degeneration and phagocytosis of cells. The richly vascularized perisaccular tissue was rich in plasma cells, monocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes. The latter could be seen to migrate through the endothelial cells in the thin post-capillary venules into the sac tissue. The authors consider that the endolymphatic sac plays a role as an immunological defence organ for the internal ear. A hypothetical model concerning circulation and turnover of certain of the free intraluminal cells in presented.", "PMID": 574240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11038", "title": "Tympanometry in 3-year-old children. Type of care as an epidemiological factor in secretory otitis media and tubal dysfunction in unselected populations of 3-year-old children.", "content": "A total of 938 healthy 3-year-old children, divided into two unselected cohorts within the same geographic area, had tympanometric screening and re-screening. The results were assessed according to the parameters: season and the way the children were cared for. In all tests children in day-care centres had the highest prevalence of secretory otitis and tubal dysfunction due rather to an excess of long courses of illness than of an increased incidence. Regardless of the season, 8-13% of all children in day-care centres exhibited persistent secretory otitis through 6 months as compared with 2-4% of children not attending day-care centres. The lowest morbidity rate and the shortest course was found in children cared for at home whose tympanometric results were also to a marked extent independent of the season. Children in family day-care had results which in summer corresponded to those in children cared for at home and in winter approximately to those in the day-care centres. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Tympanometry in 3-year-old children. Type of care as an epidemiological factor in secretory otitis media and tubal dysfunction in unselected populations of 3-year-old children. A total of 938 healthy 3-year-old children, divided into two unselected cohorts within the same geographic area, had tympanometric screening and re-screening. The results were assessed according to the parameters: season and the way the children were cared for. In all tests children in day-care centres had the highest prevalence of secretory otitis and tubal dysfunction due rather to an excess of long courses of illness than of an increased incidence. Regardless of the season, 8-13% of all children in day-care centres exhibited persistent secretory otitis through 6 months as compared with 2-4% of children not attending day-care centres. The lowest morbidity rate and the shortest course was found in children cared for at home whose tympanometric results were also to a marked extent independent of the season. Children in family day-care had results which in summer corresponded to those in children cared for at home and in winter approximately to those in the day-care centres. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 574241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11039", "title": "Nystagmometry: the art of measuring nystagmus parameters by digital signal processing.", "content": "A method of nystagmus analysis has been developed for clinical and research purposes. Optimum flexibility of analysis is indicated to cope with the problematic signals frequently encountered in pathology. Different modes of analysis may be obtained, varying from fully automatic to step-by-step interactive analysis. Artifact detection and rejection is performed by means of regression analysis with some additional condition tests. The default conditions may be modified or inactivated. A variety of output and display facilities may be used, including permanent storage of adequately labelled retrievable nystagmus data.", "contents": "Nystagmometry: the art of measuring nystagmus parameters by digital signal processing. A method of nystagmus analysis has been developed for clinical and research purposes. Optimum flexibility of analysis is indicated to cope with the problematic signals frequently encountered in pathology. Different modes of analysis may be obtained, varying from fully automatic to step-by-step interactive analysis. Artifact detection and rejection is performed by means of regression analysis with some additional condition tests. The default conditions may be modified or inactivated. A variety of output and display facilities may be used, including permanent storage of adequately labelled retrievable nystagmus data.", "PMID": 574242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11040", "title": "Extracranial meningioma presenting as a nasal polyp.", "content": "The extracranial occurrence of meningiomas is summarized. A patient suffering from repeated episodes of epistaxis presented with a lobulated nasal polyp which was found to be a meningioma. At subsequent radical removal, the extracranial location in the nose, ethmoidal region and cribriform area was verified.", "contents": "Extracranial meningioma presenting as a nasal polyp. The extracranial occurrence of meningiomas is summarized. A patient suffering from repeated episodes of epistaxis presented with a lobulated nasal polyp which was found to be a meningioma. At subsequent radical removal, the extracranial location in the nose, ethmoidal region and cribriform area was verified.", "PMID": 574243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11041", "title": "Effect of dimetridazole on transmission of Histomonas meleagridis by Heterakis gallinarum.", "content": "The administration of an antihistomonal drug, dimetridazole, at a dose of 0.08% in feed, controlled experimental infections with Histomonas meleagridis in chickens. The treated birds developed no lesions and the duration of infection with H. meleagridis was reduced. This drug regimen, however, did not always prevent incorporation of H. meleagridis into eggs of Heterakis gallinarium; heterakid eggs pooled from medicated chickens in which H. meleagridis had never been detected transmitted the protozoan to 1 of 10 turkeys fed the eggs. Thus, therapeutic treatment of chickens with dimetridazole may reduce, but not eliminate, transmission of H. meleagridis by eggs of H. gallinarum from medicated birds.", "contents": "Effect of dimetridazole on transmission of Histomonas meleagridis by Heterakis gallinarum. The administration of an antihistomonal drug, dimetridazole, at a dose of 0.08% in feed, controlled experimental infections with Histomonas meleagridis in chickens. The treated birds developed no lesions and the duration of infection with H. meleagridis was reduced. This drug regimen, however, did not always prevent incorporation of H. meleagridis into eggs of Heterakis gallinarium; heterakid eggs pooled from medicated chickens in which H. meleagridis had never been detected transmitted the protozoan to 1 of 10 turkeys fed the eggs. Thus, therapeutic treatment of chickens with dimetridazole may reduce, but not eliminate, transmission of H. meleagridis by eggs of H. gallinarum from medicated birds.", "PMID": 574246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11042", "title": "Patterns of milk transmission of Strongyloides ratti.", "content": "Eight days after mother rats were injected with 4000 infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti at different stages of lactation the numbers of adult worms in their intestines were uniformly low (less than 3% of the dose) compared with unmated controls (mean = 25%). Those in their litters varied from 12% on day 5 to a maximum of 47% on day 17 post partum. These data, which do not correlate with lactational performance, imply that parasite movements in lactating rats are controlled by qualitative, not quantitative, consequences of humoral events. The numbers of worms in litters are concluded to be the result of the interaction of dynamic determinants of larval routes in the mother and changes in the suitability of the neonatal gut as an environment for worm development. The timing of events leading to milk-borne infection is defined. Injected larvae were closely synchronized in their movements, which were completed in 36 h. Larvae experimentally diverted into the mother's tissues during her first lactation were not available for the infection of a second litter.", "contents": "Patterns of milk transmission of Strongyloides ratti. Eight days after mother rats were injected with 4000 infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti at different stages of lactation the numbers of adult worms in their intestines were uniformly low (less than 3% of the dose) compared with unmated controls (mean = 25%). Those in their litters varied from 12% on day 5 to a maximum of 47% on day 17 post partum. These data, which do not correlate with lactational performance, imply that parasite movements in lactating rats are controlled by qualitative, not quantitative, consequences of humoral events. The numbers of worms in litters are concluded to be the result of the interaction of dynamic determinants of larval routes in the mother and changes in the suitability of the neonatal gut as an environment for worm development. The timing of events leading to milk-borne infection is defined. Injected larvae were closely synchronized in their movements, which were completed in 36 h. Larvae experimentally diverted into the mother's tissues during her first lactation were not available for the infection of a second litter.", "PMID": 574247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11043", "title": "Effect of cigarette smoke exposure on maturation of the antibody response in spleens of newborn mice.", "content": "Balb/c mice were exposed to smoke from Kentucky Reference IRI cigarettes within 24 hr after birth on a Prototype Mark II Walton Horizontal Smoke Exposure Machine for various periods of time up to 10 wk of age. There was no difference in the magnitude of the splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) response in smoke-exposed and untreated control animals immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on sequential days up to day 9 postpartum. However, beginning at day 10 and for each subsequent time period assayed thereafter, there was a statistically significant reduction in the number of splenic PFC observed in the smoke-exposed animals. On day 10, the PFC response of smoke-exposed mice was reduced by 33%, on day 14, there was a 60% reduction, whereas animals exposed to smoke from 4-10 wk showed a 90% reduction of the splenic PFC response.", "contents": "Effect of cigarette smoke exposure on maturation of the antibody response in spleens of newborn mice. Balb/c mice were exposed to smoke from Kentucky Reference IRI cigarettes within 24 hr after birth on a Prototype Mark II Walton Horizontal Smoke Exposure Machine for various periods of time up to 10 wk of age. There was no difference in the magnitude of the splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) response in smoke-exposed and untreated control animals immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on sequential days up to day 9 postpartum. However, beginning at day 10 and for each subsequent time period assayed thereafter, there was a statistically significant reduction in the number of splenic PFC observed in the smoke-exposed animals. On day 10, the PFC response of smoke-exposed mice was reduced by 33%, on day 14, there was a 60% reduction, whereas animals exposed to smoke from 4-10 wk showed a 90% reduction of the splenic PFC response.", "PMID": 574249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11044", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Angiosarcomas are uncommon tumors of the skin and soft tissues, but occur in endothelial cells of almost any internal organ. When they occur in the skin, the head and neck are the most common sites of origin. Nothing is pathognomonic about their clinical presentation, and the pathologic diagnosis can only be established by biopsy. The frequent multicentric nature of the tumor and propensity for extensive subcutaneous spread require wide treatment fields, whatever the modality of therapy, and account for the low survival reported. Four cases and their outcome are reported, with only one patient achieving an apparent cure following irradiation therapy. Based on experience and extensive review of the literature, a best therapeutic approach cannot be recommended. Since the outlook for cure is so unfavorable, there appears to be a need for cooperative studies using surgery, irradiation, and perhaps, chemotherapy.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the head and neck. Angiosarcomas are uncommon tumors of the skin and soft tissues, but occur in endothelial cells of almost any internal organ. When they occur in the skin, the head and neck are the most common sites of origin. Nothing is pathognomonic about their clinical presentation, and the pathologic diagnosis can only be established by biopsy. The frequent multicentric nature of the tumor and propensity for extensive subcutaneous spread require wide treatment fields, whatever the modality of therapy, and account for the low survival reported. Four cases and their outcome are reported, with only one patient achieving an apparent cure following irradiation therapy. Based on experience and extensive review of the literature, a best therapeutic approach cannot be recommended. Since the outlook for cure is so unfavorable, there appears to be a need for cooperative studies using surgery, irradiation, and perhaps, chemotherapy.", "PMID": 574245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11045", "title": "Calorigenic effects of noradrenaline and glucagon on white adipocytes in cold- and heat-acclimated rats.", "content": "Calorigenic actions of noradrenaline and glucagon on isolated epididymal fat cells from warm-acclimated controls, cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated rats were measured by the use of a twin-type conduction microcalorimeter. Both noradrenaline and glucagon stimulated heat production in isolated adipocytes maximally in doses of 1 microgram/ml and 10 microgram/ml, respectively. Maximal responsiveness of adipocytes per unit cell to noradrenaline was not influenced by cold acclimation, while it was reduced by heat and acclimation. Maximal response in total epididymal fat cells to noradrenaline was increased in cold acclimation and not changed in heat acclimation at increased numbers of adipocytes in both cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated animals. Maximal response per unit cell as well as per total epididymal fat cells to glucagon was increased in cold acclimation and reduced in heat acclimation. The present results indicate that the modified responses of target adipocytes to noradrenaline and glucagon are involved in the development of temperature acclimation.", "contents": "Calorigenic effects of noradrenaline and glucagon on white adipocytes in cold- and heat-acclimated rats. Calorigenic actions of noradrenaline and glucagon on isolated epididymal fat cells from warm-acclimated controls, cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated rats were measured by the use of a twin-type conduction microcalorimeter. Both noradrenaline and glucagon stimulated heat production in isolated adipocytes maximally in doses of 1 microgram/ml and 10 microgram/ml, respectively. Maximal responsiveness of adipocytes per unit cell to noradrenaline was not influenced by cold acclimation, while it was reduced by heat and acclimation. Maximal response in total epididymal fat cells to noradrenaline was increased in cold acclimation and not changed in heat acclimation at increased numbers of adipocytes in both cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated animals. Maximal response per unit cell as well as per total epididymal fat cells to glucagon was increased in cold acclimation and reduced in heat acclimation. The present results indicate that the modified responses of target adipocytes to noradrenaline and glucagon are involved in the development of temperature acclimation.", "PMID": 574251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11046", "title": "Influence of physical workload on freerunning circadian rhythms of man.", "content": "While living under constant conditions and complete isolation from environmental time cues for about 4 weeks, 9 male subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer seven times per 'day' during two weeks and refrained from physical activities during the other 2 weeks. The freerunning circadian rhythms of wakefulness and sleep and of rectal temperature showed, on the average, no difference between the two sections with regard to the autonomous period and the tendency towards internal desynchronization. Even in the one experiment in which the two rhythms became internally desynchronized, the periods of the rhythms remained unchanged during the time the subject worked on the bicycle. Only in one out of the nine subjects, the autonomous period was considerably longer under the influence of work than without it. The hypothesis is advanced that the period of an autonomous rhythm becomes normally independent of physical workload by way of a compensation mechanism.", "contents": "Influence of physical workload on freerunning circadian rhythms of man. While living under constant conditions and complete isolation from environmental time cues for about 4 weeks, 9 male subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer seven times per 'day' during two weeks and refrained from physical activities during the other 2 weeks. The freerunning circadian rhythms of wakefulness and sleep and of rectal temperature showed, on the average, no difference between the two sections with regard to the autonomous period and the tendency towards internal desynchronization. Even in the one experiment in which the two rhythms became internally desynchronized, the periods of the rhythms remained unchanged during the time the subject worked on the bicycle. Only in one out of the nine subjects, the autonomous period was considerably longer under the influence of work than without it. The hypothesis is advanced that the period of an autonomous rhythm becomes normally independent of physical workload by way of a compensation mechanism.", "PMID": 574252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11047", "title": "Renal blood flow after bilateral ureteral ligation in the rat.", "content": "Renal blood flow (RBF) in rat was measured by using a noncannulating electromagnetic flowmeter. In the sham control rats, anesthetized with Inactin, RBF averaged 7 ml/min/g KW when arterial blood pressure was above 110 mm Hg. Autoregulation of RBF was observed when the arterial blood pressure was in the range of 110-150 mm Hg. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measured by polyfructosan clearance, averaged 1.08 ml/min/g KW. In experimental rats with 24 h of bilateral ureteral ligation (BUL), RBF averaged 38% of control value. During 1/2-3 h following release of the left ureteral occlusion, RBF increased to 60% of control value. The autoregulatory ability of the damaged kidney was reduced during BUL and did not improve after releasing occlusion. During the post-obstructive period arterial blood pressure remained stable. Thus, a high total renal vascular resistance was responsible for the depressed RBF. GRF in these rats averaged only 9% of control value. The reduction in RBF alone does not explain the drastic reduction in GFR in this model of renal failure.", "contents": "Renal blood flow after bilateral ureteral ligation in the rat. Renal blood flow (RBF) in rat was measured by using a noncannulating electromagnetic flowmeter. In the sham control rats, anesthetized with Inactin, RBF averaged 7 ml/min/g KW when arterial blood pressure was above 110 mm Hg. Autoregulation of RBF was observed when the arterial blood pressure was in the range of 110-150 mm Hg. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measured by polyfructosan clearance, averaged 1.08 ml/min/g KW. In experimental rats with 24 h of bilateral ureteral ligation (BUL), RBF averaged 38% of control value. During 1/2-3 h following release of the left ureteral occlusion, RBF increased to 60% of control value. The autoregulatory ability of the damaged kidney was reduced during BUL and did not improve after releasing occlusion. During the post-obstructive period arterial blood pressure remained stable. Thus, a high total renal vascular resistance was responsible for the depressed RBF. GRF in these rats averaged only 9% of control value. The reduction in RBF alone does not explain the drastic reduction in GFR in this model of renal failure.", "PMID": 574257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11048", "title": "Effects of chloride on the electrical and mechanical properties of guinea pig ventricle.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chloride on the electrical and mechanical properties of the guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Bathing media were made chloride free by substituting the relatively impermeant anion gluconate, isethionate, or sulfate. Removal of chloride increased contractility and decreased the duration of the action potential. Additional experiments explored the influence of chloride free media on electrogenic calcium influx estimated from the magnitude of the action potential in cells partially depolarized by potassium (the slow response). In the absence of chloride, transient increases occurred in the magnitude of the slow response while the positive inotropic effect was maintained. These experiments suggest that the effects of chloride free media are mediated secondarily by an enhanced calcium influx.", "contents": "Effects of chloride on the electrical and mechanical properties of guinea pig ventricle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chloride on the electrical and mechanical properties of the guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Bathing media were made chloride free by substituting the relatively impermeant anion gluconate, isethionate, or sulfate. Removal of chloride increased contractility and decreased the duration of the action potential. Additional experiments explored the influence of chloride free media on electrogenic calcium influx estimated from the magnitude of the action potential in cells partially depolarized by potassium (the slow response). In the absence of chloride, transient increases occurred in the magnitude of the slow response while the positive inotropic effect was maintained. These experiments suggest that the effects of chloride free media are mediated secondarily by an enhanced calcium influx.", "PMID": 574258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11049", "title": "Maleic acid induced aminoaciduria, studied by free flow micropuncture and continuous microperfusion.", "content": "The injection of 200 mg/kg BW maleic acid was found to be a suitable dose for exploring the experimental Fanconi syndrome by micropuncture techniques in rats. In clearance experiments, the fractional excretion of glycine, L-alanine, L-aspartate and taurine was measured. After intraperitoneal administration of maleic acid the excretion of these amino acids was increased in the range between the 20-fold and the 230-fold. Free flow micropuncture experiments showed that the reabsorption of these amino acids is reduced drastically along the whole proximal tubule. Continuous microperfusion experiments lead to the result that, in maleic acid pretreated rats, the reabsorption of 14C-glycine from the proximal convolution was strongly inhibited. It was found, furthermore, that after blocking the saturable glycine transport by L-phenylalanine, the remaining reabsorption of glycine (corresponding to passive diffusion) was exactly the same with and without maleic acid. Microinfusion experiments with 8 mumol.1(-1) L-3H-alanine into the early distal tubule showed a fractional recovery of 103 +/- 4.2% (S.D.) in the control and of 101 +/- 6.5% in presence of maleic acid. It is concluded that maleic acid inhibits the saturable reabsorption mechanism of amino acids along the proximal tubule. Passive permeability of the tubular membrane does not seem to be altered by maleic acid.", "contents": "Maleic acid induced aminoaciduria, studied by free flow micropuncture and continuous microperfusion. The injection of 200 mg/kg BW maleic acid was found to be a suitable dose for exploring the experimental Fanconi syndrome by micropuncture techniques in rats. In clearance experiments, the fractional excretion of glycine, L-alanine, L-aspartate and taurine was measured. After intraperitoneal administration of maleic acid the excretion of these amino acids was increased in the range between the 20-fold and the 230-fold. Free flow micropuncture experiments showed that the reabsorption of these amino acids is reduced drastically along the whole proximal tubule. Continuous microperfusion experiments lead to the result that, in maleic acid pretreated rats, the reabsorption of 14C-glycine from the proximal convolution was strongly inhibited. It was found, furthermore, that after blocking the saturable glycine transport by L-phenylalanine, the remaining reabsorption of glycine (corresponding to passive diffusion) was exactly the same with and without maleic acid. Microinfusion experiments with 8 mumol.1(-1) L-3H-alanine into the early distal tubule showed a fractional recovery of 103 +/- 4.2% (S.D.) in the control and of 101 +/- 6.5% in presence of maleic acid. It is concluded that maleic acid inhibits the saturable reabsorption mechanism of amino acids along the proximal tubule. Passive permeability of the tubular membrane does not seem to be altered by maleic acid.", "PMID": 574260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11050", "title": "Kinetics of L-proline reabsorption in rat kidney studied by continuous microperfusion.", "content": "Renal tubular reabsorption of 3H and 14C labelled L-proline was measured in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal tubules of the rat. The reabsorption is shown to be saturable. Passive diffusion plays a relatively small role in the reabsorption. A maximum possible permeability coefficient of 25 micrometers 2.s-1 for proline was calculated. Two transport systems were found, one with a small affinity and a high capacity, the other with a very high affinity and a small capacity. The following values were estimated. Jmax 1 = 2.6 +/- 0.28 (SEM) nmol.m-1.S-1 Km1 = 11.8 +/- 1.7 (SEM) mmol.1-1 Jmax 2 = 9.6 +/- 1.92 (SEM) pmol.m-1.s-1 Km2 = 29.3 +/- 7.8 (SEM) mumol.1-1. Whereas the first system reabsorbs the bulk of the filtered load, the activity of the second system explains the extremely small amount of proline found in the final urine. Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate--a specific inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV--decreases the reabsorption of L-proline and L-alanine but has no influence on the reabsorption of the basic amino acid L-arginine and the acidic amino acid L-glutamic acid. This result correlates with a recent speculation that dipeptidyl peptidase IV is involved in proline and alanine reabosrption.", "contents": "Kinetics of L-proline reabsorption in rat kidney studied by continuous microperfusion. Renal tubular reabsorption of 3H and 14C labelled L-proline was measured in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal tubules of the rat. The reabsorption is shown to be saturable. Passive diffusion plays a relatively small role in the reabsorption. A maximum possible permeability coefficient of 25 micrometers 2.s-1 for proline was calculated. Two transport systems were found, one with a small affinity and a high capacity, the other with a very high affinity and a small capacity. The following values were estimated. Jmax 1 = 2.6 +/- 0.28 (SEM) nmol.m-1.S-1 Km1 = 11.8 +/- 1.7 (SEM) mmol.1-1 Jmax 2 = 9.6 +/- 1.92 (SEM) pmol.m-1.s-1 Km2 = 29.3 +/- 7.8 (SEM) mumol.1-1. Whereas the first system reabsorbs the bulk of the filtered load, the activity of the second system explains the extremely small amount of proline found in the final urine. Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate--a specific inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV--decreases the reabsorption of L-proline and L-alanine but has no influence on the reabsorption of the basic amino acid L-arginine and the acidic amino acid L-glutamic acid. This result correlates with a recent speculation that dipeptidyl peptidase IV is involved in proline and alanine reabosrption.", "PMID": 574261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11051", "title": "Acute effects of hydrocortisone on the reabsorption of inorganic phosphate in normal, adrenalectomized and parathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "Clearance studies have been performed in order to examine the acute effects of hydrocortisone on the reabsorption of inorganic phosphage (Pi) in normal, acutely adrenalectomized (Adr. X) and acutely parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats. Hydrocortisone increased the glomerular filtration rates in all groups, normalized the capacity to excrete water in the Adr. X animals, did not change consistently the fractional reabsorption of sodium in all series and diminished the fraction reabsorption of inorganic phosphate in Adr. X rats from 91.4 +/- 6.5 (mean +/- S.D.) to 78.2 +/- 8.5% (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the decrease of the fractional reabsorption of Pi in the Adr. X animals was rather the result of the increased filtered load than a direct effect of hydrocortisone on the Pi transport.", "contents": "Acute effects of hydrocortisone on the reabsorption of inorganic phosphate in normal, adrenalectomized and parathyroidectomized rats. Clearance studies have been performed in order to examine the acute effects of hydrocortisone on the reabsorption of inorganic phosphage (Pi) in normal, acutely adrenalectomized (Adr. X) and acutely parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats. Hydrocortisone increased the glomerular filtration rates in all groups, normalized the capacity to excrete water in the Adr. X animals, did not change consistently the fractional reabsorption of sodium in all series and diminished the fraction reabsorption of inorganic phosphate in Adr. X rats from 91.4 +/- 6.5 (mean +/- S.D.) to 78.2 +/- 8.5% (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the decrease of the fractional reabsorption of Pi in the Adr. X animals was rather the result of the increased filtered load than a direct effect of hydrocortisone on the Pi transport.", "PMID": 574262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11052", "title": "Magnesium dependent contraction of glycerinated smooth muscle.", "content": "The effect of Mg2+ on the contraction of glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscles was examined. In the absence of Ca2+, glycerinated smooth muscle contracted slowly when exposed to 5 mM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Mg2+. The magnitude of this contraction depended on the concentration of Mg2+ in a range of 1--20 mM. When 20 mM Mg2+ was used with ATP, glycerinated smooth muscle contracted almost maximally in a Ca2+ free environment, and it did not contract further on subsequent addition of 0.1 mM of free Ca2+ (EGTA-CaEGTA buffer). In contrast, in skeletal muscle a Ca2+ dependent contraction could always be elicited in the presence of 1--20 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM ATP. Tension development in smooth muscle induced by Mg2+ and ATP was not due to a contamination by Ca2+ or the removal of a Ca2+ sensitive protein. In the present experimental conditions, glycerinated smooth muscle developed a Mg2+-dependent contraction in a Ca2+ free medium, but glycerinated skeletal muscle did not.", "contents": "Magnesium dependent contraction of glycerinated smooth muscle. The effect of Mg2+ on the contraction of glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscles was examined. In the absence of Ca2+, glycerinated smooth muscle contracted slowly when exposed to 5 mM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Mg2+. The magnitude of this contraction depended on the concentration of Mg2+ in a range of 1--20 mM. When 20 mM Mg2+ was used with ATP, glycerinated smooth muscle contracted almost maximally in a Ca2+ free environment, and it did not contract further on subsequent addition of 0.1 mM of free Ca2+ (EGTA-CaEGTA buffer). In contrast, in skeletal muscle a Ca2+ dependent contraction could always be elicited in the presence of 1--20 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM ATP. Tension development in smooth muscle induced by Mg2+ and ATP was not due to a contamination by Ca2+ or the removal of a Ca2+ sensitive protein. In the present experimental conditions, glycerinated smooth muscle developed a Mg2+-dependent contraction in a Ca2+ free medium, but glycerinated skeletal muscle did not.", "PMID": 574263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11053", "title": "Diffusion, pericapillary distribution and clearance of Na-fluorescein in the human nailfold.", "content": "An intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy technique is described in an attempt to develop non-invasive methods for the study of transcapillary exchange in human physiology and clinical medicine. The apparatus used consists of a Ploemopak incident light fluorescence microscope and a low light level television camera with linear output. After intravenous bolus injection of Na-fluorescein in 12 healthy subjects the movement of the dye particles in the nailfold was observed and stored on video-tape. Immediately after arrival the dye leaks into a halo-like section and later into the more remote parts of the pericapillary space. By moving a densitometric window on an axis transversal to the capillary loop (single frames of the tape), characteristic patterns of fluorescent light intensity distribution were obtained at different time intervals. At the edge to the halo the high pericapillary light intensity decreases abruptly moving further away from the capillary (mean: 10.0 micron) for 20 min and more in each individual indicating the presence of a diffusion barrier at this location between halo and more remote areas. Clearance of the dye is much slower than transcapillary diffusion and lasts approximately 2 h.", "contents": "Diffusion, pericapillary distribution and clearance of Na-fluorescein in the human nailfold. An intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy technique is described in an attempt to develop non-invasive methods for the study of transcapillary exchange in human physiology and clinical medicine. The apparatus used consists of a Ploemopak incident light fluorescence microscope and a low light level television camera with linear output. After intravenous bolus injection of Na-fluorescein in 12 healthy subjects the movement of the dye particles in the nailfold was observed and stored on video-tape. Immediately after arrival the dye leaks into a halo-like section and later into the more remote parts of the pericapillary space. By moving a densitometric window on an axis transversal to the capillary loop (single frames of the tape), characteristic patterns of fluorescent light intensity distribution were obtained at different time intervals. At the edge to the halo the high pericapillary light intensity decreases abruptly moving further away from the capillary (mean: 10.0 micron) for 20 min and more in each individual indicating the presence of a diffusion barrier at this location between halo and more remote areas. Clearance of the dye is much slower than transcapillary diffusion and lasts approximately 2 h.", "PMID": 574264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11054", "title": "The electrical activity recorded from smooth muscle of the circular layer of the human stomach.", "content": "The membrane properties of circular muscles of 55 human stomachs were investigated by microelectrode and double sucrose gap methods. The membrane potential of the circular muscle of the corpus region was -57 mV and no regional difference was evident as compared with tissues from the antrum and cardia. The stomach muscle presented cable like properties, and the length constant measured in the corpus region was 1.34 mm. The circular muscle of all regions of the stomach exhibited slow waves. The amplitude and duration of slow waves varied markedly (the mean values were 18 mV and 6 s, respectively). The Q10 value for the slow wave was 2.4. The slow wave could be divided into two different components (first and second component) by application of electrical current or by using solutions with various ionic environments. Na ions had more effect on the spike component and Ca ions on the second component. The generation of the first component of the slow wave was blocked by either Na-free, K-free, Ca-free, or Cl-deficient solution but this component reappeared by application of outward current pulse, except in Cl-deficient solution. These results suggest that the generation of slow wave depends on more than one type of ion and that metabolic factors do indeed play a role. Membrane properties of the human stomach were compared with those of the guinea-pig stomach.", "contents": "The electrical activity recorded from smooth muscle of the circular layer of the human stomach. The membrane properties of circular muscles of 55 human stomachs were investigated by microelectrode and double sucrose gap methods. The membrane potential of the circular muscle of the corpus region was -57 mV and no regional difference was evident as compared with tissues from the antrum and cardia. The stomach muscle presented cable like properties, and the length constant measured in the corpus region was 1.34 mm. The circular muscle of all regions of the stomach exhibited slow waves. The amplitude and duration of slow waves varied markedly (the mean values were 18 mV and 6 s, respectively). The Q10 value for the slow wave was 2.4. The slow wave could be divided into two different components (first and second component) by application of electrical current or by using solutions with various ionic environments. Na ions had more effect on the spike component and Ca ions on the second component. The generation of the first component of the slow wave was blocked by either Na-free, K-free, Ca-free, or Cl-deficient solution but this component reappeared by application of outward current pulse, except in Cl-deficient solution. These results suggest that the generation of slow wave depends on more than one type of ion and that metabolic factors do indeed play a role. Membrane properties of the human stomach were compared with those of the guinea-pig stomach.", "PMID": 574265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11055", "title": "Regional blood volume changes of the lungs in response to the vegetative nerves stimulation.", "content": "Significant regional differences in the values of blood volume change response within one lobe of the lung upon the cervic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves electrical stimulation have been demonstrated through the use of regional lung electroplethysmography method under the conditions of a minimal surgical trauma in dogs, cats, and rabbits kept in a supine position. The vascular component of the reaction has been isolated. It consists in blood volume increase in the lungs during the vagus stimulation and blood volume decrease during the sympathetic nerves stimulation. This response is very well manifested in central portions of the lung lobes and decreases progressively in peripheral direction. Blood volume changes due to different body positions relative to the gravitation direction have been demonstrated. Mechanisms of regional differences in blood volume changes have been discussed. The gravitation factor has been suggested to be also responsible for the formation of the neurogenic vasomotoric reaction in lungs.", "contents": "Regional blood volume changes of the lungs in response to the vegetative nerves stimulation. Significant regional differences in the values of blood volume change response within one lobe of the lung upon the cervic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves electrical stimulation have been demonstrated through the use of regional lung electroplethysmography method under the conditions of a minimal surgical trauma in dogs, cats, and rabbits kept in a supine position. The vascular component of the reaction has been isolated. It consists in blood volume increase in the lungs during the vagus stimulation and blood volume decrease during the sympathetic nerves stimulation. This response is very well manifested in central portions of the lung lobes and decreases progressively in peripheral direction. Blood volume changes due to different body positions relative to the gravitation direction have been demonstrated. Mechanisms of regional differences in blood volume changes have been discussed. The gravitation factor has been suggested to be also responsible for the formation of the neurogenic vasomotoric reaction in lungs.", "PMID": 574267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11056", "title": "Influence of intratubular pressure on proximal tubular compliance and capillary diameter in the rat kidney.", "content": "Tubular compliance is the response of tubular diameter to changes in intratubular pressure [7]. Proximal tubular compliance was determined directly by measurements of tubular diameter and pressure and indirectly using a mathematical model of tubular fluid flow based on measurements of the hydraulic pressure gradients along the tubule under free flow conditions and during an induced pressure reduction at the end of the proximal tubule. The two independent methods yielded similar values for compliance. Proximal tubular compliance was found to depend upon the intratubular pressure: tubular compliance was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) when the intratubular pressure was reduced below normal (1.0 micron cm H2O-1) than when the pressure was increased above the control value (0.4 micron cm H2O-1). Almost identical compliance values were measured in sodium pentobarbital and inactin anaesthetized rats (P greater than 0.8). Intratubularpressure changes resulted in inverse changes in the diameters of the adjacent capillaries, suggesting that the peritubular capillaries are distensible structures.", "contents": "Influence of intratubular pressure on proximal tubular compliance and capillary diameter in the rat kidney. Tubular compliance is the response of tubular diameter to changes in intratubular pressure [7]. Proximal tubular compliance was determined directly by measurements of tubular diameter and pressure and indirectly using a mathematical model of tubular fluid flow based on measurements of the hydraulic pressure gradients along the tubule under free flow conditions and during an induced pressure reduction at the end of the proximal tubule. The two independent methods yielded similar values for compliance. Proximal tubular compliance was found to depend upon the intratubular pressure: tubular compliance was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) when the intratubular pressure was reduced below normal (1.0 micron cm H2O-1) than when the pressure was increased above the control value (0.4 micron cm H2O-1). Almost identical compliance values were measured in sodium pentobarbital and inactin anaesthetized rats (P greater than 0.8). Intratubularpressure changes resulted in inverse changes in the diameters of the adjacent capillaries, suggesting that the peritubular capillaries are distensible structures.", "PMID": 574268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11057", "title": "Low impedance coaxial K+ selective microelectrodes.", "content": "A procedure for preparing coaxial K+ selective microelectrodes with a low longitudinal resistance (Re) of the liquid ion exchanger selective barrel is described. The low resistance was attained by inserting another microelectrode filled with 0.5 mol . 1-1 KCl into the ion-exchanger column (Corning 477317). The lower longitudinal resistance decreases the noise level and consequently increases the resolving power five times. This modification makes it possible to measure small and rapid K+ concentration changes.", "contents": "Low impedance coaxial K+ selective microelectrodes. A procedure for preparing coaxial K+ selective microelectrodes with a low longitudinal resistance (Re) of the liquid ion exchanger selective barrel is described. The low resistance was attained by inserting another microelectrode filled with 0.5 mol . 1-1 KCl into the ion-exchanger column (Corning 477317). The lower longitudinal resistance decreases the noise level and consequently increases the resolving power five times. This modification makes it possible to measure small and rapid K+ concentration changes.", "PMID": 574269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11058", "title": "Dopaminergic pathways in the rat central nervous system and rotational behavior.", "content": "Unilateral lesion of substantia nigra or ventral tegmental area causes ipsilateral rotational behaviour after receptor stimulation by apomorphine, whereas contralateral rotations were observed after lesion of globus pallidus. The alterations in dopamine and noradrenaline content of relating structures were determined by radiometric microassay. There is no strong correlation between transmitter depletion and motoric asymmetry. The site and extent of lesion seems to be more determinative to motoric disturbances.", "contents": "Dopaminergic pathways in the rat central nervous system and rotational behavior. Unilateral lesion of substantia nigra or ventral tegmental area causes ipsilateral rotational behaviour after receptor stimulation by apomorphine, whereas contralateral rotations were observed after lesion of globus pallidus. The alterations in dopamine and noradrenaline content of relating structures were determined by radiometric microassay. There is no strong correlation between transmitter depletion and motoric asymmetry. The site and extent of lesion seems to be more determinative to motoric disturbances.", "PMID": 574281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11059", "title": "Physostigmine: effects on fear or defense responses in the rat.", "content": "Previous research had shown that the anticholinergic drug, scopolamine, decreased innate defensive responses of rats to a live cat or mechanical robot, and that the effects of scopolamine were attributable to actions of the drug on the central nervous system. In the present research, the anticholinesterase, physostigmine, which increases central cholinergic activity, caused an increase in the defense responses of male hooded rats. Physostigmine caused significantly more freezing and significantly more suppression of feeding and suppression of time near the aversive stimulus (ROBOT). Dose-response curves showed a positive, linear relationship between dose (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) of physostigmine and defense responses. The present results could not be attributed to general response suppression since the effects of physostigmine were situation-specific, i.e., the drug had no significant effect on behavior in the non-aversive or NO ROBOT condition. The present results were taken as further evidence of the involvement of cholinergic activity in the mediation of defense responses. The effects of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs on the observable defense response of freezing were thought to have important implications for the large literature relating these drugs and avoidance responding.", "contents": "Physostigmine: effects on fear or defense responses in the rat. Previous research had shown that the anticholinergic drug, scopolamine, decreased innate defensive responses of rats to a live cat or mechanical robot, and that the effects of scopolamine were attributable to actions of the drug on the central nervous system. In the present research, the anticholinesterase, physostigmine, which increases central cholinergic activity, caused an increase in the defense responses of male hooded rats. Physostigmine caused significantly more freezing and significantly more suppression of feeding and suppression of time near the aversive stimulus (ROBOT). Dose-response curves showed a positive, linear relationship between dose (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) of physostigmine and defense responses. The present results could not be attributed to general response suppression since the effects of physostigmine were situation-specific, i.e., the drug had no significant effect on behavior in the non-aversive or NO ROBOT condition. The present results were taken as further evidence of the involvement of cholinergic activity in the mediation of defense responses. The effects of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs on the observable defense response of freezing were thought to have important implications for the large literature relating these drugs and avoidance responding.", "PMID": 574282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11060", "title": "Increased weight gain as a morphine withdrawal response in rats.", "content": "Adult male Wistar rats injected daily with 20 or 200 mg/kg morphine-SO4 for 35 days suffered a dose-dependent weight loss over the first 3 days of morphine withdrawal. However, during the next 28 days they gained weight more rapidly than controls, the rates being related to the previous morphine dosage. These findings were replicated in Sprague-Dawley rats treated for 26 days with 60 mg/kg morphine. Food-restricted controls suffering weight losses equal to those of the morphine-treated or morphine-withdrawn groups did not subsequently gain weight as rapidly as the latter groups. Therefore the rapid post-withdrawal weight gain may be a true adaptive response to the weight suppressing effects of morphine. Also, comparisons of weight changes during treatment in the two experiments indicated possible strain differences for tolerance to morphine's direct weight-reducing effect.", "contents": "Increased weight gain as a morphine withdrawal response in rats. Adult male Wistar rats injected daily with 20 or 200 mg/kg morphine-SO4 for 35 days suffered a dose-dependent weight loss over the first 3 days of morphine withdrawal. However, during the next 28 days they gained weight more rapidly than controls, the rates being related to the previous morphine dosage. These findings were replicated in Sprague-Dawley rats treated for 26 days with 60 mg/kg morphine. Food-restricted controls suffering weight losses equal to those of the morphine-treated or morphine-withdrawn groups did not subsequently gain weight as rapidly as the latter groups. Therefore the rapid post-withdrawal weight gain may be a true adaptive response to the weight suppressing effects of morphine. Also, comparisons of weight changes during treatment in the two experiments indicated possible strain differences for tolerance to morphine's direct weight-reducing effect.", "PMID": 574283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11061", "title": "Time course of dopaminergic hypersensitivity following chronic narcotic treatment.", "content": "Guinea pigs were injected SC for 3 weeks with 3 different dosage schedules of morphine or methadone, or with saline. For 8 weeks thereafter they were challenged weekly with the dopamine agonist apomorphine. Hypersensitivity was manifested in more intense stereotypies, as compared to the saline group, by all morphine and methadone groups. Hypersensitivity persisted longer after the termination of methadone treatment (maximum of 8 weeks) than after morphine administration (maximum of 3 weeks). The degree of hypersensitivity, and its duration after treatment, was positively related to methadone dosage. In some groups a period of hyposensitivity was seen following hypersensitivity. These data are interpreted with reference to the hypothesized mechanism underlying the development of hypersensitivity, the different durations of action of morphine and methadone, and the retention of methadone in brain following treatment.", "contents": "Time course of dopaminergic hypersensitivity following chronic narcotic treatment. Guinea pigs were injected SC for 3 weeks with 3 different dosage schedules of morphine or methadone, or with saline. For 8 weeks thereafter they were challenged weekly with the dopamine agonist apomorphine. Hypersensitivity was manifested in more intense stereotypies, as compared to the saline group, by all morphine and methadone groups. Hypersensitivity persisted longer after the termination of methadone treatment (maximum of 8 weeks) than after morphine administration (maximum of 3 weeks). The degree of hypersensitivity, and its duration after treatment, was positively related to methadone dosage. In some groups a period of hyposensitivity was seen following hypersensitivity. These data are interpreted with reference to the hypothesized mechanism underlying the development of hypersensitivity, the different durations of action of morphine and methadone, and the retention of methadone in brain following treatment.", "PMID": 574284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11062", "title": "Amphetamine: effects on defensive flight or avoidance in the rat.", "content": "Treatment with a moderately high dose of amphetamine caused rats to retreat from a stimulus they would normally approach and explore (mechanical robot or live white rabbit). While saline-treated rats spent approximately equal amounts of time in the area of the apparatus near the stimulus, amphetamine-treated rats spent a high percentage of trial time in the area of the apparatus farthest from the stimulus. The drug effects were dose related (range: 1.75, 3.5 and 7.0 mg/kg) with higher avoidance time at higher doses, and significant linear trends accounting for much of the variance. The highest dose of amphetamine elicited response stereotypy. However, control conditions ruled out the possibility that the present results could be explained by competing motor responses of stereotypy or increased activity. Thus, apart from its actions on motor behavior, amphetamine treatment resulted in rats avoiding or retreating from an otherwise neutral stimulus.", "contents": "Amphetamine: effects on defensive flight or avoidance in the rat. Treatment with a moderately high dose of amphetamine caused rats to retreat from a stimulus they would normally approach and explore (mechanical robot or live white rabbit). While saline-treated rats spent approximately equal amounts of time in the area of the apparatus near the stimulus, amphetamine-treated rats spent a high percentage of trial time in the area of the apparatus farthest from the stimulus. The drug effects were dose related (range: 1.75, 3.5 and 7.0 mg/kg) with higher avoidance time at higher doses, and significant linear trends accounting for much of the variance. The highest dose of amphetamine elicited response stereotypy. However, control conditions ruled out the possibility that the present results could be explained by competing motor responses of stereotypy or increased activity. Thus, apart from its actions on motor behavior, amphetamine treatment resulted in rats avoiding or retreating from an otherwise neutral stimulus.", "PMID": 574285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11063", "title": "Diurnal profiles of serum insulin, C-peptide and blood intermediary metabolites in insulin treated diabetics, their relationship to the control of diabetes and the role of endogenous insulin secretion.", "content": "The 24-hour profiles of blood metabolites, serum free and total insulin, and C-peptide were measured in 16 insulin dependent diabetics, and then analysed in order to compare the effects of the presence or absence of residual endogenous insulin secretion and the presence of good or bad diabetic control as judged by the levels of blood glucose or total ketone bodies. Retention of endogenous insulin secretion, responsive to meals, and changes in the level of blood glucose and serum free insulin, were detected in nine patients, its presence having important effects in maintaining metabolic regulation closer towards normal. Despite the fact that apparently well controlled diabetics were selected for the study, the diurnal changes of the levels of blood metabolites, serum free and total insulin and their interrelationships were all grossly abnormal. The levels of both the blood total ketone bodies and the blood glucose were found to be a poor guide to the presence or absence of other metabolic abnormalities of diabetes. High levels of blood total ketone bodies appeared to have a protein sparing effect.", "contents": "Diurnal profiles of serum insulin, C-peptide and blood intermediary metabolites in insulin treated diabetics, their relationship to the control of diabetes and the role of endogenous insulin secretion. The 24-hour profiles of blood metabolites, serum free and total insulin, and C-peptide were measured in 16 insulin dependent diabetics, and then analysed in order to compare the effects of the presence or absence of residual endogenous insulin secretion and the presence of good or bad diabetic control as judged by the levels of blood glucose or total ketone bodies. Retention of endogenous insulin secretion, responsive to meals, and changes in the level of blood glucose and serum free insulin, were detected in nine patients, its presence having important effects in maintaining metabolic regulation closer towards normal. Despite the fact that apparently well controlled diabetics were selected for the study, the diurnal changes of the levels of blood metabolites, serum free and total insulin and their interrelationships were all grossly abnormal. The levels of both the blood total ketone bodies and the blood glucose were found to be a poor guide to the presence or absence of other metabolic abnormalities of diabetes. High levels of blood total ketone bodies appeared to have a protein sparing effect.", "PMID": 574299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11064", "title": "Effect of negative pions, relative to 140 kV -- 29 MeV photons and 20 MeV electrons, on proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.", "content": "The effect of negative pions (peak and plateau), photons (140 kV and 29 MeV), and 20 MeV electrons on the proliferative capacity of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was investigated. Proliferative survival curves plotted for the modalities employed are presented. Under the experimental conditions used, the peak pions were more effective than plateau pions by a factor of about 1.4. For 50% survival, 140 kV X-rays had the same effect as peak pions but the latter was more effective (factor 1.2) at 10% survival level. When 140 kV X-rays were taken as the standard, following are the RBE values calculated as 50% survival level: plateau pions --0.73; peak pions --about 1.0; 29 MeV photons --0.73 and 20 MeV electrons --0.6. The results obtained are compared with those reported on other tumor systems and biological test objects.", "contents": "Effect of negative pions, relative to 140 kV -- 29 MeV photons and 20 MeV electrons, on proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The effect of negative pions (peak and plateau), photons (140 kV and 29 MeV), and 20 MeV electrons on the proliferative capacity of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was investigated. Proliferative survival curves plotted for the modalities employed are presented. Under the experimental conditions used, the peak pions were more effective than plateau pions by a factor of about 1.4. For 50% survival, 140 kV X-rays had the same effect as peak pions but the latter was more effective (factor 1.2) at 10% survival level. When 140 kV X-rays were taken as the standard, following are the RBE values calculated as 50% survival level: plateau pions --0.73; peak pions --about 1.0; 29 MeV photons --0.73 and 20 MeV electrons --0.6. The results obtained are compared with those reported on other tumor systems and biological test objects.", "PMID": 574300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11065", "title": "[Angiomyolipoma, a precursor of hypernephroma? (author's transl)].", "content": "Presentation of an eleven year follow-up of a case of angioblastoma of the cerebellar hemisphere and multiple bilateral renal hamartomas in a female patients. Malignant degeneration of these hamartomas was detected early due to regular and careful follow-up examinations.", "contents": "[Angiomyolipoma, a precursor of hypernephroma? (author's transl)]. Presentation of an eleven year follow-up of a case of angioblastoma of the cerebellar hemisphere and multiple bilateral renal hamartomas in a female patients. Malignant degeneration of these hamartomas was detected early due to regular and careful follow-up examinations.", "PMID": 574302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11066", "title": "Effects of PGE1 or PGE2 on luteal function in pseudopregnant rats.", "content": "Effects of PGE1 or PGE2 on luteal function were studied in 163 pseudopregnant rats. PGE1 (10, 100, or 300 micrograms) given intrauterine every 6 hr did not shorten pseudopregnancy (P greater than 0.05), however, the same doses of PGE2 given intrauterine every 6 hr advanced luteolysis (P less than 0.05). PGE1 (100 or 300 micrograms) given every 4 hr intramuscular maintained levels of progesterone in peripheral blood above controls (P less than 0.05) while 100 or 300 micrograms of PGE2 hastened the decline in progesterone (P less than 0.05). The antiluteolytic effect of PGE1 was not via an inhibition of PGF secretion (P greater than 0.05) by the uterus or by induction of ovulation in treated animals. Moreover, PGE1 (100, 200, or 500 micrograms) given intramuscular every 4 hr from day 4 of pseudopregnancy until the next proestrus delayed luteal regression around 3 days (P less than 0.05). PGE2 at doses of 100, 200, or 500 micrograms every 4 hr given intramuscular consistently shortened pseudopregnancy (P less than 0.05). Lower doses were without effect (P greater than 0.05). Based on the above data it is concluded that PGE2 is consistently luteolytic whereas PGE1 is not luteolytic in pseudopregnant rats and that PGE1 may be an antiluteolysin.", "contents": "Effects of PGE1 or PGE2 on luteal function in pseudopregnant rats. Effects of PGE1 or PGE2 on luteal function were studied in 163 pseudopregnant rats. PGE1 (10, 100, or 300 micrograms) given intrauterine every 6 hr did not shorten pseudopregnancy (P greater than 0.05), however, the same doses of PGE2 given intrauterine every 6 hr advanced luteolysis (P less than 0.05). PGE1 (100 or 300 micrograms) given every 4 hr intramuscular maintained levels of progesterone in peripheral blood above controls (P less than 0.05) while 100 or 300 micrograms of PGE2 hastened the decline in progesterone (P less than 0.05). The antiluteolytic effect of PGE1 was not via an inhibition of PGF secretion (P greater than 0.05) by the uterus or by induction of ovulation in treated animals. Moreover, PGE1 (100, 200, or 500 micrograms) given intramuscular every 4 hr from day 4 of pseudopregnancy until the next proestrus delayed luteal regression around 3 days (P less than 0.05). PGE2 at doses of 100, 200, or 500 micrograms every 4 hr given intramuscular consistently shortened pseudopregnancy (P less than 0.05). Lower doses were without effect (P greater than 0.05). Based on the above data it is concluded that PGE2 is consistently luteolytic whereas PGE1 is not luteolytic in pseudopregnant rats and that PGE1 may be an antiluteolysin.", "PMID": 574304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11067", "title": "Effect of fasting on circulating glucose, ketone bodies and insulin levels in the suckling rat.", "content": "Suckling rats from 5 to 30 days of age were subjected to fasting in a 37 degrees C chamber to avoid possible metabolic effects from low environmental temperature. The percentage of body weight loss in 24 h fasting increased along with the age of the rats. Blood glucose levels were the same in 5, 10, 20 and 30 day old animals when fed, whereas fasting produced a fall in all the groups which was minimal in the 20 day old animals. Plasma insulin levels were rather low in 10-day-old fed animals; the maximal decrease in this parameter was reached by 5-day-old rats under fasting. Both beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels were higher in animals of 5 and 10 days of age than in those of 30 days, but fasting did not produce any changes in the former while those parameters augmented in the 20 and 30-day-old animals. The results are discussed in relation to the high fat content in the mother's milk, which affects the metabolic situation of the suckling rats when fed and their response to the fasting situation.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on circulating glucose, ketone bodies and insulin levels in the suckling rat. Suckling rats from 5 to 30 days of age were subjected to fasting in a 37 degrees C chamber to avoid possible metabolic effects from low environmental temperature. The percentage of body weight loss in 24 h fasting increased along with the age of the rats. Blood glucose levels were the same in 5, 10, 20 and 30 day old animals when fed, whereas fasting produced a fall in all the groups which was minimal in the 20 day old animals. Plasma insulin levels were rather low in 10-day-old fed animals; the maximal decrease in this parameter was reached by 5-day-old rats under fasting. Both beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels were higher in animals of 5 and 10 days of age than in those of 30 days, but fasting did not produce any changes in the former while those parameters augmented in the 20 and 30-day-old animals. The results are discussed in relation to the high fat content in the mother's milk, which affects the metabolic situation of the suckling rats when fed and their response to the fasting situation.", "PMID": 574306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11068", "title": "The actions of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents propranolol and metoprolol in the maximally exercised horse.", "content": "The effects of two beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) and metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) on some physiological and metabolic changes produced by maximal exercise in the horse were investigated. Both drugs reduced the elevation in heart rate seen immediately following exercise and reduced performance as was seen by the increased time taken to perform each gallop. The rise in plasma glucose, glycerol and lactate, and the fall in blood pH seen following exercise were attenuated by both drugs. However, a greater increase in plasma free fatty acids occurred. Exercise produced a nine- to 12-fold increase in plasma noradrenaline levels. Neither drug had any effect on resting levels of noradrenaline but after metoprolol the levels during exercise were increased.", "contents": "The actions of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents propranolol and metoprolol in the maximally exercised horse. The effects of two beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) and metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) on some physiological and metabolic changes produced by maximal exercise in the horse were investigated. Both drugs reduced the elevation in heart rate seen immediately following exercise and reduced performance as was seen by the increased time taken to perform each gallop. The rise in plasma glucose, glycerol and lactate, and the fall in blood pH seen following exercise were attenuated by both drugs. However, a greater increase in plasma free fatty acids occurred. Exercise produced a nine- to 12-fold increase in plasma noradrenaline levels. Neither drug had any effect on resting levels of noradrenaline but after metoprolol the levels during exercise were increased.", "PMID": 574307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11069", "title": "Genetic factors in canine narcolepsy.", "content": "The mating of narcopleptic Doberman pinschers yielded 30 puppies in five litters, all of which developed the disease between 1 and 4 months of age. Pedigrees of the Doberman probands are indicative of an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. An analysis of the pedigree of five affected Labrador retriever littermates suggests a similar mode of transmission. Crosses of affected dogs in two other breeds (miniature poodles and beagles) have resulted in all-unaffected F1 generations, thus allowing rejection of the simplest genetic hypothesis of a fully penetrant autosomal or sex-linked dominant or recessive gene.", "contents": "Genetic factors in canine narcolepsy. The mating of narcopleptic Doberman pinschers yielded 30 puppies in five litters, all of which developed the disease between 1 and 4 months of age. Pedigrees of the Doberman probands are indicative of an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. An analysis of the pedigree of five affected Labrador retriever littermates suggests a similar mode of transmission. Crosses of affected dogs in two other breeds (miniature poodles and beagles) have resulted in all-unaffected F1 generations, thus allowing rejection of the simplest genetic hypothesis of a fully penetrant autosomal or sex-linked dominant or recessive gene.", "PMID": 574310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11070", "title": "Experimental phenylketonuria: replacement of carboxyl terminal tyrosine by phenylalanine in infant rat brain tubulin.", "content": "In the brains of newborn rats, about half of the tubulin molecules are modified posttranslationally by the addition of an aromatic amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of the alpha chain. Of the added residues, 96 percent are tyrosine and 4 percent are phenylalanine. After induction of hyperphenylalaninemia, the proportion of tubulin molecules containing carboxyl terminal phenylalanine increases up to eightfold and the pool of tyrosine-containing molecules decreases by an equivalent amount.", "contents": "Experimental phenylketonuria: replacement of carboxyl terminal tyrosine by phenylalanine in infant rat brain tubulin. In the brains of newborn rats, about half of the tubulin molecules are modified posttranslationally by the addition of an aromatic amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of the alpha chain. Of the added residues, 96 percent are tyrosine and 4 percent are phenylalanine. After induction of hyperphenylalaninemia, the proportion of tubulin molecules containing carboxyl terminal phenylalanine increases up to eightfold and the pool of tyrosine-containing molecules decreases by an equivalent amount.", "PMID": 574315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11071", "title": "Chlorpromazine and its metabolites alter polymerization and gelation of actin.", "content": "Hepatic hydroxylated metabolites of chlorpromazine (10(-5)M to 10(-4)M), a frequently used phenothiazine tranquilizer, produce solid gel formation with filamentous actin, but the less toxic chlorpromazine sulfoxide metabolite does not. At higher concentrations (5 x 10(-4)M) chlorpromazine inhibits actin polymerization. These dose-response relationships parallel the drug's hepatic toxicity in vivo and suggest that interactions between chloropromazine or chlorpromazine metabolites and actin could be an underlying mechanism of cell injury.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine and its metabolites alter polymerization and gelation of actin. Hepatic hydroxylated metabolites of chlorpromazine (10(-5)M to 10(-4)M), a frequently used phenothiazine tranquilizer, produce solid gel formation with filamentous actin, but the less toxic chlorpromazine sulfoxide metabolite does not. At higher concentrations (5 x 10(-4)M) chlorpromazine inhibits actin polymerization. These dose-response relationships parallel the drug's hepatic toxicity in vivo and suggest that interactions between chloropromazine or chlorpromazine metabolites and actin could be an underlying mechanism of cell injury.", "PMID": 574316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11072", "title": "[Origin of invaginations and vacuoles in liposomes under the effect of endocytosis inducers including oxidants].", "content": "The action of various substances on the morphology of multilayer membranes made of lipids of egg yolk was studied. It has been shown that electroneutral and anionic compounds scaresly affected liposomes, whereas substances with pronounced basic properties, i.e. peroxidase, hemoglobin, cytochrome c, and RNAase, as well as lanthanium ions, induced the formation of invaginations, vesicles and aggregation of liposomes. Metals with variable valency: Cu2+, Cu4+, Ru6+, including lipid oxidants Fe3+ and UO+, produced similar morphological changes more intensely and moreover destroyed liposomal membranes. The activator of lipid peroxidation, namely ascorbic acid, intensified while antioxidizers such as alpha-tocopherylacetate and ionol removed the action of Fe3+ on liposomes. A protective effect was displayed by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and due to an increase in pH medium. Since many tested substances with the basic properties stimulate endocytosis of cells the processes of lipid peroxidation and electrostatic interactions are supposed to be part of endocytosis mechanism which does not involve the metabolic energy. It is also assumed that endocytosis may arise at the stage of protocells in terms of evolutions.", "contents": "[Origin of invaginations and vacuoles in liposomes under the effect of endocytosis inducers including oxidants]. The action of various substances on the morphology of multilayer membranes made of lipids of egg yolk was studied. It has been shown that electroneutral and anionic compounds scaresly affected liposomes, whereas substances with pronounced basic properties, i.e. peroxidase, hemoglobin, cytochrome c, and RNAase, as well as lanthanium ions, induced the formation of invaginations, vesicles and aggregation of liposomes. Metals with variable valency: Cu2+, Cu4+, Ru6+, including lipid oxidants Fe3+ and UO+, produced similar morphological changes more intensely and moreover destroyed liposomal membranes. The activator of lipid peroxidation, namely ascorbic acid, intensified while antioxidizers such as alpha-tocopherylacetate and ionol removed the action of Fe3+ on liposomes. A protective effect was displayed by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and due to an increase in pH medium. Since many tested substances with the basic properties stimulate endocytosis of cells the processes of lipid peroxidation and electrostatic interactions are supposed to be part of endocytosis mechanism which does not involve the metabolic energy. It is also assumed that endocytosis may arise at the stage of protocells in terms of evolutions.", "PMID": 574322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11073", "title": "[Enzymatic status of leukocytes in pyo-inflammatory diseases of the soft tissues and their changes caused by pyrimidine derivatives].", "content": "It has been established that data of cytochemical investigation of leukocytes can show the severity of the pathological process and contribute to prognosing further development of pyo-inflammatory disease. Pyrimidine derivatives have a pronounced normalizing effect on the enzyme activity of leukocytes.", "contents": "[Enzymatic status of leukocytes in pyo-inflammatory diseases of the soft tissues and their changes caused by pyrimidine derivatives]. It has been established that data of cytochemical investigation of leukocytes can show the severity of the pathological process and contribute to prognosing further development of pyo-inflammatory disease. Pyrimidine derivatives have a pronounced normalizing effect on the enzyme activity of leukocytes.", "PMID": 574325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11074", "title": "Impotence in the bull: (2) occlusion of the longitudinal canals of the corpus cavernosum penis.", "content": "Lack of penile erection was diagnosed in nine bulls (Poll Hereford three; Aberdeen Angus two; Friesian two; horned Hereford; Sussex). Five had previously served successfully but four had proved impotent when first put to use. In each bull, the dorsal longitudinal canal of the corpus cavernosum penis (ccp) was occluded by fibrous tissue and this was considered to be the immediate cause of impotence. The ventral canals were also occluded in four bulls. In every case, the lesions were so extensive that treatment would not have been likely to succeed. In two bulls the dorsal canal and the tunica albuginea were ruptured proximal to the sigmoid flexure. Radiography of the cavernous spaces and veins during life, and anatomical injections of post mortem specimens, showed that in four bulls the ccp was drained by the dorsal venous system at or distal to the sigmoid flexure. The aetiology and the diagnosis are discussed and the possible physiological implications of occlusions of the canals are considered in terms of the functional anatomy of the ccp.", "contents": "Impotence in the bull: (2) occlusion of the longitudinal canals of the corpus cavernosum penis. Lack of penile erection was diagnosed in nine bulls (Poll Hereford three; Aberdeen Angus two; Friesian two; horned Hereford; Sussex). Five had previously served successfully but four had proved impotent when first put to use. In each bull, the dorsal longitudinal canal of the corpus cavernosum penis (ccp) was occluded by fibrous tissue and this was considered to be the immediate cause of impotence. The ventral canals were also occluded in four bulls. In every case, the lesions were so extensive that treatment would not have been likely to succeed. In two bulls the dorsal canal and the tunica albuginea were ruptured proximal to the sigmoid flexure. Radiography of the cavernous spaces and veins during life, and anatomical injections of post mortem specimens, showed that in four bulls the ccp was drained by the dorsal venous system at or distal to the sigmoid flexure. The aetiology and the diagnosis are discussed and the possible physiological implications of occlusions of the canals are considered in terms of the functional anatomy of the ccp.", "PMID": 574328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11075", "title": "The effects of changes in the body-weight of cows on the composition of their milk.", "content": "Ninety-six cows (48 Ayrshires and 48 Friesians) were weighed at seven day intervals. Forty-six cows gained weight and showed significant average increases in milk yield and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentage and non-significant rises in protein percentage and freezing point. The fat percentage was significantly lowered. The other 50 cows lost weight and a significant drop in SNF percentage was recorded. The other parameters showed non-significant falls.", "contents": "The effects of changes in the body-weight of cows on the composition of their milk. Ninety-six cows (48 Ayrshires and 48 Friesians) were weighed at seven day intervals. Forty-six cows gained weight and showed significant average increases in milk yield and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentage and non-significant rises in protein percentage and freezing point. The fat percentage was significantly lowered. The other 50 cows lost weight and a significant drop in SNF percentage was recorded. The other parameters showed non-significant falls.", "PMID": 574332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11076", "title": "[Total lipids and cholesterol in the serum of clinically healthy and ketotic cows].", "content": "The total lipids and cholesterin were determined in the serum of 26 normal cows in an advanced lactvery. It was found that the rise of the total lipids in the diseased cows was negligible and was statistically significant only with regard to those that have recently calved, which showed the lowest values. No conceivable differences were established after recovery. The drop of the total cholesterin in the fresh and ketosis-affected animals was not accompanied by substantial changes in the coefficient of esterification; these variations disappeared with recovery. Anologous were the changes in the ester cholesterin the rise of which was visible after recovery although statistically insignificant. The changes observed were characteristic of the glucose deficiency present in ketosis-affected cows.", "contents": "[Total lipids and cholesterol in the serum of clinically healthy and ketotic cows]. The total lipids and cholesterin were determined in the serum of 26 normal cows in an advanced lactvery. It was found that the rise of the total lipids in the diseased cows was negligible and was statistically significant only with regard to those that have recently calved, which showed the lowest values. No conceivable differences were established after recovery. The drop of the total cholesterin in the fresh and ketosis-affected animals was not accompanied by substantial changes in the coefficient of esterification; these variations disappeared with recovery. Anologous were the changes in the ester cholesterin the rise of which was visible after recovery although statistically insignificant. The changes observed were characteristic of the glucose deficiency present in ketosis-affected cows.", "PMID": 574334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11077", "title": "[Subclinical mastitis in sheep milked mechanically].", "content": "Studied were the occurrence and the etiologic structure of subclinical mastitis of ewes with which mechanical milking was practiced. It was found that as many as 21,9 per cent of the animals responded positively after the Bernburg test. Eight per cent out of the 875 ewes studied were affected with subclinical mastitis. Etiologically, Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis were found to take part in the incidence of the disease. Predisposing factors contributing to the outbreak of this type of mastitis were the traumatic injuries of the udder due to the so-called blind milking and the individual deviations in the morphology of the mammary gland. Secretory troubles were found in 11.7 per cent of the sheep.", "contents": "[Subclinical mastitis in sheep milked mechanically]. Studied were the occurrence and the etiologic structure of subclinical mastitis of ewes with which mechanical milking was practiced. It was found that as many as 21,9 per cent of the animals responded positively after the Bernburg test. Eight per cent out of the 875 ewes studied were affected with subclinical mastitis. Etiologically, Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis were found to take part in the incidence of the disease. Predisposing factors contributing to the outbreak of this type of mastitis were the traumatic injuries of the udder due to the so-called blind milking and the individual deviations in the morphology of the mammary gland. Secretory troubles were found in 11.7 per cent of the sheep.", "PMID": 574335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11078", "title": "Decrease in cerebral protein synthesis on a low protein diet.", "content": "When rats are put on a diet that is low in protein or contains no protein, decrease in brain weight can be observed. Changes in adults are minimal. In the young there is a 10--30% decrease in cell number and protein content; the cell size (protein per cell) does not change significantly. The change is greater, the earlier the diet is started and the more severe the protein dificiency is. The longer the malnutrition period lasts, the smaller is the recovery to normal values on subsequent control diets. Amino acid incorporation in the brain decreased 10--30% under these experimental conditions; it seems the decrease was to a great extent in the more slowly metabolized protein pool. Changes in other organs were greater; for example, in liver the decrease was up to 75% under similar conditions. The changes in the brain were heterogeneous; there were regional differences, and not all proteins were affected to the same degree; choline acetyltransferase was not affected. Cellular amino acid transport as studied with incubated slices of brain was not altered under these conditions.", "contents": "Decrease in cerebral protein synthesis on a low protein diet. When rats are put on a diet that is low in protein or contains no protein, decrease in brain weight can be observed. Changes in adults are minimal. In the young there is a 10--30% decrease in cell number and protein content; the cell size (protein per cell) does not change significantly. The change is greater, the earlier the diet is started and the more severe the protein dificiency is. The longer the malnutrition period lasts, the smaller is the recovery to normal values on subsequent control diets. Amino acid incorporation in the brain decreased 10--30% under these experimental conditions; it seems the decrease was to a great extent in the more slowly metabolized protein pool. Changes in other organs were greater; for example, in liver the decrease was up to 75% under similar conditions. The changes in the brain were heterogeneous; there were regional differences, and not all proteins were affected to the same degree; choline acetyltransferase was not affected. Cellular amino acid transport as studied with incubated slices of brain was not altered under these conditions.", "PMID": 574336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11079", "title": "[Role of GABA and its derivatives in regulating cerebral circulation].", "content": "GABA, its derivative -- gamma-hydroxybuturic acid and metabolite --succinic acid have a pronounced dilatatory activity on cerebral circulation in various brain parts. GABA increases cerebral circulation by 25.3%, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid by 35.9% and sucinic acid by 20.4%. In ischaemia of the brain a relationship has been established between cerebral circulation, changes in the GABA system in brain and in the walls of cerebral arteries. The content of GABA increases following enhancement of GAD activity and inhibition of GABA-T. The increase of endogenous GABA level in brain during hypoxia of the brain brings to an improvement of blood circulation through increasing collateral vessels. Experiments with GABA-T inhibition by aminooxyacetic acid give direct evidence about the role of the GABA system in cerebral blood circulation. This mechanism is evaluated by us as an example of an autoregulatory system that is realized by a feed-back mechanism providing the adaptability and compensatory function of cerebral haemodynamics to changing conditions.", "contents": "[Role of GABA and its derivatives in regulating cerebral circulation]. GABA, its derivative -- gamma-hydroxybuturic acid and metabolite --succinic acid have a pronounced dilatatory activity on cerebral circulation in various brain parts. GABA increases cerebral circulation by 25.3%, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid by 35.9% and sucinic acid by 20.4%. In ischaemia of the brain a relationship has been established between cerebral circulation, changes in the GABA system in brain and in the walls of cerebral arteries. The content of GABA increases following enhancement of GAD activity and inhibition of GABA-T. The increase of endogenous GABA level in brain during hypoxia of the brain brings to an improvement of blood circulation through increasing collateral vessels. Experiments with GABA-T inhibition by aminooxyacetic acid give direct evidence about the role of the GABA system in cerebral blood circulation. This mechanism is evaluated by us as an example of an autoregulatory system that is realized by a feed-back mechanism providing the adaptability and compensatory function of cerebral haemodynamics to changing conditions.", "PMID": 574337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11080", "title": "[Adaptive changes in brain metabolism during chronic alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "Chronically alcoholized intoxication (1.5--2 months) induces adaptation of cerebral neurones to changing equilibrium states of biochemical processes by altering the activity of enzymes of GABA metabolism, reduction of alanine and aspartate transaminase activity and increase of LDH and succinate dehydrogenase activity. In the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres during alcohol abstinacy the activity of GABA-T, succinate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase was reduced while that of LDH and alanine transaminase was increased. The administration of fusarinic acid (100 mg/kg i. p.) to control animals induced a sharp increase of GAD activity in both structures of the brain. The stimulatory effects of fusarinic acid were not observed when it was administered to animals receiving alcohol chronically. Motor activity or rats was markedly reduced during chronical alcoholism and the first days of alcohol abstinacy (24--48 h), as well as following injection fusarinic acid and homopantothenic acid. The increase of locomotion and the vertical component of motor activity was observed only following one week or one month after alcohol abstinacy.", "contents": "[Adaptive changes in brain metabolism during chronic alcoholic intoxication]. Chronically alcoholized intoxication (1.5--2 months) induces adaptation of cerebral neurones to changing equilibrium states of biochemical processes by altering the activity of enzymes of GABA metabolism, reduction of alanine and aspartate transaminase activity and increase of LDH and succinate dehydrogenase activity. In the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres during alcohol abstinacy the activity of GABA-T, succinate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase was reduced while that of LDH and alanine transaminase was increased. The administration of fusarinic acid (100 mg/kg i. p.) to control animals induced a sharp increase of GAD activity in both structures of the brain. The stimulatory effects of fusarinic acid were not observed when it was administered to animals receiving alcohol chronically. Motor activity or rats was markedly reduced during chronical alcoholism and the first days of alcohol abstinacy (24--48 h), as well as following injection fusarinic acid and homopantothenic acid. The increase of locomotion and the vertical component of motor activity was observed only following one week or one month after alcohol abstinacy.", "PMID": 574338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11081", "title": "[Sarcoidosis of the nervous system. Clinical and neuropathological findings in three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of neurosarcoidosis are reported, which demonstrate almost the complete spectrum of known neurological symptoms in this disease. Furthermore, extensive neuropathological findings are reported in one case. It is emphasized that recognition of neurosarcoidosis presents almost insuperable difficulties in those cases in which sarcoidosis is not obvious in other organs.", "contents": "[Sarcoidosis of the nervous system. Clinical and neuropathological findings in three cases (author's transl)]. Three cases of neurosarcoidosis are reported, which demonstrate almost the complete spectrum of known neurological symptoms in this disease. Furthermore, extensive neuropathological findings are reported in one case. It is emphasized that recognition of neurosarcoidosis presents almost insuperable difficulties in those cases in which sarcoidosis is not obvious in other organs.", "PMID": 574339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11082", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura].", "content": "To the diagnostics of the idiopathic thrombopenia caused by autoantibodies belong: 1. the clinical findings such as type of haemorrhage and the controls of the capillary function. 2. the proof of antibodies, in which case positive findings are proving, but negative ones do not exclude the immune thrombopenia, 3. smear of the sternal marrow with judgment of the megakaryocytes and formation of thrombocytes, 4. isotopic control of the survival time of the thrombocytes, which is reserved to special insitutions. As therapy essentially three forms have developed: 1. Therapy with glucocorticoids, 2. Immunosuppressive drugs, 3. Splenectomy. In own observations of 48 patients the glucocorticoids bring an actual improvement only for 7 patients, the others fail in therapy or show only a partial remission. The least prospects are in the immunosuppressive drugs, being equal whether preceding or accompanying a glucocorticoid therapy was performed. Most successes (11 out of 16 patients) are to be stated in splenectomy. Following an after-control of all therapeutic methods together a successful therapy results only in one third, in the next two thirds the therapy either fails or at most evokes a partial remission.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. To the diagnostics of the idiopathic thrombopenia caused by autoantibodies belong: 1. the clinical findings such as type of haemorrhage and the controls of the capillary function. 2. the proof of antibodies, in which case positive findings are proving, but negative ones do not exclude the immune thrombopenia, 3. smear of the sternal marrow with judgment of the megakaryocytes and formation of thrombocytes, 4. isotopic control of the survival time of the thrombocytes, which is reserved to special insitutions. As therapy essentially three forms have developed: 1. Therapy with glucocorticoids, 2. Immunosuppressive drugs, 3. Splenectomy. In own observations of 48 patients the glucocorticoids bring an actual improvement only for 7 patients, the others fail in therapy or show only a partial remission. The least prospects are in the immunosuppressive drugs, being equal whether preceding or accompanying a glucocorticoid therapy was performed. Most successes (11 out of 16 patients) are to be stated in splenectomy. Following an after-control of all therapeutic methods together a successful therapy results only in one third, in the next two thirds the therapy either fails or at most evokes a partial remission.", "PMID": 574341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11083", "title": "[Changes in the phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages of white mice caused by alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "Observations made on white mice showed that doses of alcohol had a stimulating effect on the indices of macrophage acitivity (pagocytic number and phagocytic index), while longer administration of 40% ethyl alcohol solution (in doses of 0,1 ml for 21--30 days) suppressed the functional activity of macrophages. In vitro experiments in which macrophages were subjected to the action of ethyl alcohol showed that alcohol, depending on its concentration, had a direct effect on the cells of the microphage system.", "contents": "[Changes in the phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages of white mice caused by alcoholic intoxication]. Observations made on white mice showed that doses of alcohol had a stimulating effect on the indices of macrophage acitivity (pagocytic number and phagocytic index), while longer administration of 40% ethyl alcohol solution (in doses of 0,1 ml for 21--30 days) suppressed the functional activity of macrophages. In vitro experiments in which macrophages were subjected to the action of ethyl alcohol showed that alcohol, depending on its concentration, had a direct effect on the cells of the microphage system.", "PMID": 574347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11084", "title": "Muscle strength and muscle characteristics in monozygous and dizygous twins.", "content": "Muscle strength and electrical activity were investigated on 31 pairs of young male and female monozygous (MZ) and dizygous (DZ) twins. The measurements included leg forces, force-time, running velocity, muscular power, maximal integrated electromyographic activity (IEMG) and chronaximetry of the quadriceps muscle group. In each parameter the intrapair variance was computed and the differences were tested between the MZ and DZ twins. The variance ratio (MZ vs. DZ) was statistically significant only for muscular power confirming an earlier finding which has demonstrated a genetic component for the variable. In addition to the various performance variables several key enzymes involved in ATP turnover during muscle contraction and in glucose residue metabolism were analyzed from the muscle biopsy samples (m. vastus lateralis). A genetic component could not be observed in any of their activities or their relationships to performance variables.", "contents": "Muscle strength and muscle characteristics in monozygous and dizygous twins. Muscle strength and electrical activity were investigated on 31 pairs of young male and female monozygous (MZ) and dizygous (DZ) twins. The measurements included leg forces, force-time, running velocity, muscular power, maximal integrated electromyographic activity (IEMG) and chronaximetry of the quadriceps muscle group. In each parameter the intrapair variance was computed and the differences were tested between the MZ and DZ twins. The variance ratio (MZ vs. DZ) was statistically significant only for muscular power confirming an earlier finding which has demonstrated a genetic component for the variable. In addition to the various performance variables several key enzymes involved in ATP turnover during muscle contraction and in glucose residue metabolism were analyzed from the muscle biopsy samples (m. vastus lateralis). A genetic component could not be observed in any of their activities or their relationships to performance variables.", "PMID": 574351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11085", "title": "[Adaptive changes in the cardiac automatism of the sea otter Enhydra lutris].", "content": "Electrographic investigations in sea otters reveal acute decrease in the heart rate (to 1/2--1/8 of the normal rate) during diving. The longer the dive, the more intense the bradycardia. Each partial exhalation under water causes further decrease in the heart rate. The duration of cardiac cycles (R--R) increases mainly at the expense of the prolongation of diastole (T--P). Variations in the heart rate during submersion result from the increased vagal tone. Atropine injections abolish diving bradycardia. On surfacing, the animals exhibit a pronounced recovery tachycardia.", "contents": "[Adaptive changes in the cardiac automatism of the sea otter Enhydra lutris]. Electrographic investigations in sea otters reveal acute decrease in the heart rate (to 1/2--1/8 of the normal rate) during diving. The longer the dive, the more intense the bradycardia. Each partial exhalation under water causes further decrease in the heart rate. The duration of cardiac cycles (R--R) increases mainly at the expense of the prolongation of diastole (T--P). Variations in the heart rate during submersion result from the increased vagal tone. Atropine injections abolish diving bradycardia. On surfacing, the animals exhibit a pronounced recovery tachycardia.", "PMID": 574346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11086", "title": "Methionine fortification of a soy protein formula fed to infants.", "content": "Data from study of nine normal full-term infants fed a soy isolate-based formula unsupplemented with methionine were compared with similar data from study of 10 similar infants fed the same formula supplemented with L-methionine and with data from previous studies of larger groups of infants receiving various other feedings. Food intake, growth, and serum chemical values were studied from 8 through 111 days of age. In addition, nitrogen balance studies were carried out. Statistically significant differences were as follows: lesser weight gain per 100 kcal by infants fed the unsupplemented soy isolate-based formula than by infants fed milk-based or other soy isolate-based formulas; lesser serum concentrations of albumin at age 28 days by infants fed the unsupplemented soy isolate-based formula than by breast-fed infants; greater serum concentrations of urea nitrogen by infants receiving the unsupplemented soy isolate-based formula than by those receiving the same formula supplemented with L-methionine. A number of other differences was noted but were not statistically significant. The results suggest that normal infants fed a formula providing 2.25 /100 kcal of a soy protein isolate not fortified with methionine performed less well during the first 6 weeks of life than did breast-fed infants and infants fed milk-based formulas or other soy isolate-based formulas fortified with methionine. The limiting nutrient appears to have been methionine.", "contents": "Methionine fortification of a soy protein formula fed to infants. Data from study of nine normal full-term infants fed a soy isolate-based formula unsupplemented with methionine were compared with similar data from study of 10 similar infants fed the same formula supplemented with L-methionine and with data from previous studies of larger groups of infants receiving various other feedings. Food intake, growth, and serum chemical values were studied from 8 through 111 days of age. In addition, nitrogen balance studies were carried out. Statistically significant differences were as follows: lesser weight gain per 100 kcal by infants fed the unsupplemented soy isolate-based formula than by infants fed milk-based or other soy isolate-based formulas; lesser serum concentrations of albumin at age 28 days by infants fed the unsupplemented soy isolate-based formula than by breast-fed infants; greater serum concentrations of urea nitrogen by infants receiving the unsupplemented soy isolate-based formula than by those receiving the same formula supplemented with L-methionine. A number of other differences was noted but were not statistically significant. The results suggest that normal infants fed a formula providing 2.25 /100 kcal of a soy protein isolate not fortified with methionine performed less well during the first 6 weeks of life than did breast-fed infants and infants fed milk-based formulas or other soy isolate-based formulas fortified with methionine. The limiting nutrient appears to have been methionine.", "PMID": 574352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11087", "title": "Plants and hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action.", "content": "However great the success in the therapy of hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease has been gained today by recent efficient drugs, the definite healing of patients is not yet attained. The late discovery of reserpine, such an efficient drug of plant origin against hypertension, convinced so far reluctant scientists to consider the chemical compounds of the plant world. With respect to this traditional medical knowledge, it seems necessary to define more accurately the specificity of these healings-sometimes recommended unspecifically for a whole branch of medicine. This experimental verification should not use inconsiderately the present-day classification of diseases; there should be an awareness that conventional experimental methods in pharmacology are often unsuitable for revealing the real biological activity of one or another medicinal plant. The interest in the millennial empirical field of health care is acknowledged by the World Health Organization which promotes research and development of traditional medicine, along with investigations into its psychosocial and ethnographic aspects. These studies cover a number of plants growing in Bulgaria that have a healing effect in hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease according to the data of traditional medicine. Using screening methods, extracts and chemically pure substances were investigated; extraction was done with solvents such as water, ether, chloroform, dichloretan, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Most of the experiments were carried out on anesthetized cats, rabbits and dogs. The substances tested were applied mainly intravenously, and in some experiments orally. Chronic experiments were also carried out on wakeful dogs with induced hypertension, on animals fed on an atherogenic diet, and on animals with induced arrhythmia and coronary spasm. Data are presented of clinical examination of some plants or of active substances isolated from them. Major results of these studies are presented for the following plants: Garlic, Geranium; Hellebore; Mistletoe; Olive; Valerian; Hawthorn; Pseucedanum arenarium; Periwinkle; Fumitory. For another 50 plants growing in Bulgaria and in other countries the author presents his and other investigators' experimental and clinical data about hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action.", "contents": "Plants and hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action. However great the success in the therapy of hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease has been gained today by recent efficient drugs, the definite healing of patients is not yet attained. The late discovery of reserpine, such an efficient drug of plant origin against hypertension, convinced so far reluctant scientists to consider the chemical compounds of the plant world. With respect to this traditional medical knowledge, it seems necessary to define more accurately the specificity of these healings-sometimes recommended unspecifically for a whole branch of medicine. This experimental verification should not use inconsiderately the present-day classification of diseases; there should be an awareness that conventional experimental methods in pharmacology are often unsuitable for revealing the real biological activity of one or another medicinal plant. The interest in the millennial empirical field of health care is acknowledged by the World Health Organization which promotes research and development of traditional medicine, along with investigations into its psychosocial and ethnographic aspects. These studies cover a number of plants growing in Bulgaria that have a healing effect in hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease according to the data of traditional medicine. Using screening methods, extracts and chemically pure substances were investigated; extraction was done with solvents such as water, ether, chloroform, dichloretan, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Most of the experiments were carried out on anesthetized cats, rabbits and dogs. The substances tested were applied mainly intravenously, and in some experiments orally. Chronic experiments were also carried out on wakeful dogs with induced hypertension, on animals fed on an atherogenic diet, and on animals with induced arrhythmia and coronary spasm. Data are presented of clinical examination of some plants or of active substances isolated from them. Major results of these studies are presented for the following plants: Garlic, Geranium; Hellebore; Mistletoe; Olive; Valerian; Hawthorn; Pseucedanum arenarium; Periwinkle; Fumitory. For another 50 plants growing in Bulgaria and in other countries the author presents his and other investigators' experimental and clinical data about hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action.", "PMID": 574353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11088", "title": "The influence of electro-acupuncture on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. II. Elevation of immunoassayable beta-endorphin activity in the brain but not the blood.", "content": "The effect of electro-acupuncture in the treatment of naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal in mice was studied. Thirty minutes of acupuncture was enough to suppress withdrawal behaviors by more than 60%. Concomitant to the decrease of withdrawal behavior, there was a significant increase of brain beta-endorphin level in the acupunctured animals. Plasma beta-endorphin level of the treated and untreated group was not significantly different.", "contents": "The influence of electro-acupuncture on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. II. Elevation of immunoassayable beta-endorphin activity in the brain but not the blood. The effect of electro-acupuncture in the treatment of naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal in mice was studied. Thirty minutes of acupuncture was enough to suppress withdrawal behaviors by more than 60%. Concomitant to the decrease of withdrawal behavior, there was a significant increase of brain beta-endorphin level in the acupunctured animals. Plasma beta-endorphin level of the treated and untreated group was not significantly different.", "PMID": 574354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11089", "title": "Bovine plasma as a reference standard for the factor VIII assay.", "content": "Definition of one unit of factor VIII procoagulant activity may be imprecise, for a number of reasons. Levels in individual normal plasmas differ sufficiently that small pools do not have equivalent activities. Large pools cannot be prepared without loss of activity because of the lability of factor VIII. Human factor VIII may not be stable at --20 C. Lyophilized standards may vary in activity because of difficulties in dissolving the materials. The authors have prepared standards that are stable at --20 C for years using beef plasma diluted in outdated human blood bank plasma. The level of activity of this working standard is verified by repeated assays of lyophilized national standards and of small pools of normal donor plasma. The standard is equally applicable to one- or two-stage assays for factor VIII.", "contents": "Bovine plasma as a reference standard for the factor VIII assay. Definition of one unit of factor VIII procoagulant activity may be imprecise, for a number of reasons. Levels in individual normal plasmas differ sufficiently that small pools do not have equivalent activities. Large pools cannot be prepared without loss of activity because of the lability of factor VIII. Human factor VIII may not be stable at --20 C. Lyophilized standards may vary in activity because of difficulties in dissolving the materials. The authors have prepared standards that are stable at --20 C for years using beef plasma diluted in outdated human blood bank plasma. The level of activity of this working standard is verified by repeated assays of lyophilized national standards and of small pools of normal donor plasma. The standard is equally applicable to one- or two-stage assays for factor VIII.", "PMID": 574355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11090", "title": "Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children.", "content": "Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) characteristically follows a viral illness in preschool children. The exact role of viruses in the pathogenesis of this disorder remains uncertain, but the finding of markedly elevated levels of platelet-associated IgG serves to distinguish it from the chronic form of the disease and permits speculation on the mechanisms of platelet destruction. Although the spleen is important in both antibody production and platelet destruction, bone marrow synthesis of IgG has also been shown to be increased. The clinical course may be alarming, but mortality is low and prognosis excellent. Controversy has surrounded the role of steroids in the management of acute childhood ITP in retrospective studies. Controlled studies, however, indicate that thrombocytopenia is reversed sooner in treated patients. New assays for platelet-associated IgG offer new insights into this disorder and will allow delineation of acute and chronic disease at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) characteristically follows a viral illness in preschool children. The exact role of viruses in the pathogenesis of this disorder remains uncertain, but the finding of markedly elevated levels of platelet-associated IgG serves to distinguish it from the chronic form of the disease and permits speculation on the mechanisms of platelet destruction. Although the spleen is important in both antibody production and platelet destruction, bone marrow synthesis of IgG has also been shown to be increased. The clinical course may be alarming, but mortality is low and prognosis excellent. Controversy has surrounded the role of steroids in the management of acute childhood ITP in retrospective studies. Controlled studies, however, indicate that thrombocytopenia is reversed sooner in treated patients. New assays for platelet-associated IgG offer new insights into this disorder and will allow delineation of acute and chronic disease at the time of diagnosis.", "PMID": 574356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11091", "title": "Human male infertility, probably genetically determined, due to defective meiosis and spermatogenic arrest.", "content": "A family is reported in which infertility affected three men related through their mothers. The propositus, from testicular tissue was obtained, exhibited desynapsis, lack of chiasmata, and degeneration of spermatocytes during the first meiotic division. These observations lead us to postulate that a gene for meiotic disturbance, spermatogenic arrest, and azoospermia is segregating in this family; its mode of inheritance conforms to either an X-linked recessive or a sex-limited autosomal dominant transmission.", "contents": "Human male infertility, probably genetically determined, due to defective meiosis and spermatogenic arrest. A family is reported in which infertility affected three men related through their mothers. The propositus, from testicular tissue was obtained, exhibited desynapsis, lack of chiasmata, and degeneration of spermatocytes during the first meiotic division. These observations lead us to postulate that a gene for meiotic disturbance, spermatogenic arrest, and azoospermia is segregating in this family; its mode of inheritance conforms to either an X-linked recessive or a sex-limited autosomal dominant transmission.", "PMID": 574357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11092", "title": "Fascia lata urethrovesical suspension for recurrent stress urinary incontinence.", "content": "Although the physiologic mechanisms of normal micturition in the female subject are not fully understood, it is generally believed that urinary continence is maintained by a competent urethrovesical neck. Unfortunately, the patient who has had multiple operations for recurrent stress urinary incontinence often has a urethra that is shortened and fixed in scar tissue. In such patients, anterior colporrhaphy with operative release of the periurethral fibrosis and plication of the endopelvic fascia to create a functionally more normal urethrovesical junction will increase the chances for good results. A fascia lata support of the proximal 1 to 2 cm of the urethra ensures continued elevation of the urethra and with stress the sling provides a pulling-up effect. Fifty patients with a suburethral sling procedure are presented in detail. Forty-seven of these patients had a total of 121 prior operative procedures for stress urinary incontinence. Urologic studies are outlined. Forty-two patients (84%) were continent postoperatively, five were improved, and three had failures. Operative technique and complications are discussed.", "contents": "Fascia lata urethrovesical suspension for recurrent stress urinary incontinence. Although the physiologic mechanisms of normal micturition in the female subject are not fully understood, it is generally believed that urinary continence is maintained by a competent urethrovesical neck. Unfortunately, the patient who has had multiple operations for recurrent stress urinary incontinence often has a urethra that is shortened and fixed in scar tissue. In such patients, anterior colporrhaphy with operative release of the periurethral fibrosis and plication of the endopelvic fascia to create a functionally more normal urethrovesical junction will increase the chances for good results. A fascia lata support of the proximal 1 to 2 cm of the urethra ensures continued elevation of the urethra and with stress the sling provides a pulling-up effect. Fifty patients with a suburethral sling procedure are presented in detail. Forty-seven of these patients had a total of 121 prior operative procedures for stress urinary incontinence. Urologic studies are outlined. Forty-two patients (84%) were continent postoperatively, five were improved, and three had failures. Operative technique and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 574359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11093", "title": "A practical approach for the evaluation of women with abnormal polytomography or elevated prolactin levels.", "content": "Based upon the experience gained in the evaluation of 60 patients with abnormal polytomography and/or elevated prolactin levels, the following observations can be made: Patients with amenorrhea, amenorrhea and galactorrhea, galactorrhea alone, or anovulatory cycles and infertility may or may not have pituitary tumors. Clinical symptoms do not always correlate with the prolactin level, and patients with normal prolactins may have pituitary tumors. The incidence of empty sella is significant (15.8% in this series). Visual field examination is not a useful screening procedure, but evaluation of thyroid function is important to detect the occasional patient with hypothyroidism (3.5% in this series). The insulin tolerance test is not helpful in detecting the presence of pituitary tumors or in guiding management decisions, and the CT scan contributes little and should be omitted from the evaluation process. A straightforward, economical, and efficient approach to this clinical problem is presented.", "contents": "A practical approach for the evaluation of women with abnormal polytomography or elevated prolactin levels. Based upon the experience gained in the evaluation of 60 patients with abnormal polytomography and/or elevated prolactin levels, the following observations can be made: Patients with amenorrhea, amenorrhea and galactorrhea, galactorrhea alone, or anovulatory cycles and infertility may or may not have pituitary tumors. Clinical symptoms do not always correlate with the prolactin level, and patients with normal prolactins may have pituitary tumors. The incidence of empty sella is significant (15.8% in this series). Visual field examination is not a useful screening procedure, but evaluation of thyroid function is important to detect the occasional patient with hypothyroidism (3.5% in this series). The insulin tolerance test is not helpful in detecting the presence of pituitary tumors or in guiding management decisions, and the CT scan contributes little and should be omitted from the evaluation process. A straightforward, economical, and efficient approach to this clinical problem is presented.", "PMID": 574360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11094", "title": "Lepromatous iridocyclitis diagnosed by anterior chamber paracentesis.", "content": "A 34-year-old man with a three-month history of intraocular inflammation after ocular trauma with a fir branch, had an acute unilateral fulminant iridocyclitis. The iris had a thick, gray, cheesy membrane composed of nodular lepromata. The patient denied a history of Hansen's disease, despite the dermatologic and facial features that suggested the diagnosis. Anterior chamber paracentesis and scleral nodule biopsy demonstrated Mycobacterium lepra. The iridocyclitis resolved after treatment with dapsone, corticosteroids, and rifampin.", "contents": "Lepromatous iridocyclitis diagnosed by anterior chamber paracentesis. A 34-year-old man with a three-month history of intraocular inflammation after ocular trauma with a fir branch, had an acute unilateral fulminant iridocyclitis. The iris had a thick, gray, cheesy membrane composed of nodular lepromata. The patient denied a history of Hansen's disease, despite the dermatologic and facial features that suggested the diagnosis. Anterior chamber paracentesis and scleral nodule biopsy demonstrated Mycobacterium lepra. The iridocyclitis resolved after treatment with dapsone, corticosteroids, and rifampin.", "PMID": 574361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11095", "title": "Solitary choroidal hemangioma.", "content": "An unusual instance of a choroidal hemangioma occurred adjacent to a chorioretinal inflammatory scar in a 67-year-old white man. The hemangioma was treated with argon laser photocoagulation, which resulted in improved visual acuity and reattachment of the retina. We speculated on the potential role of the chorioretinal scar in altering local hemodynamics as an hypothesis for choroidal hemangioma development.", "contents": "Solitary choroidal hemangioma. An unusual instance of a choroidal hemangioma occurred adjacent to a chorioretinal inflammatory scar in a 67-year-old white man. The hemangioma was treated with argon laser photocoagulation, which resulted in improved visual acuity and reattachment of the retina. We speculated on the potential role of the chorioretinal scar in altering local hemodynamics as an hypothesis for choroidal hemangioma development.", "PMID": 574362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11096", "title": "Psychosocial concomitants of biological maturation in preadolescence.", "content": "The authors studied 8 sets of healthy twins, ranging in physical maturity from prepubertal to late pubertal, and their parents to assess psychological changes in early adolescence. Interview and questionnaire data suggested that self-doubt, avoidance of responsiblity, resentment of parents, and anxiety about social relationships peaked in early puberty; emotional upset peaked in early puberty to mid-puberty. The results support a hypothesis of phase-specific psychosocial regression correlated with the biological onset of puberty. Children in all pubertal stages were shifting their interests away from parents and toward peers.", "contents": "Psychosocial concomitants of biological maturation in preadolescence. The authors studied 8 sets of healthy twins, ranging in physical maturity from prepubertal to late pubertal, and their parents to assess psychological changes in early adolescence. Interview and questionnaire data suggested that self-doubt, avoidance of responsiblity, resentment of parents, and anxiety about social relationships peaked in early puberty; emotional upset peaked in early puberty to mid-puberty. The results support a hypothesis of phase-specific psychosocial regression correlated with the biological onset of puberty. Children in all pubertal stages were shifting their interests away from parents and toward peers.", "PMID": 574363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11097", "title": "Repeat abortions: blaming the victims.", "content": "A study of 1,505 women obtaining abortions in a freestanding abortion clinic in Western New York state revealed that women having repeat abortions were more likely to be using contraception at the time of conception than women having first abortions. However, nearly one-half the non-contracepting repeaters were not contracepting at the time of the repeat pregnancy. Repeaters who were not contracepting at the time of the repeat pregnancy listed medical contraindications or lack of supplies as the major reasons for not contracepting at the time of the present conception--indicating that they had tried one or more methods since their first abortion. Repeaters were sexually more active than first timers, thus increasing their statistical risk of unwanted pregnancy even as they contracepted more than first timers. The data indicate that both first timers and repeaters overwhelmingly reject the premise that abortion is a primary or even a back-up birth control method. The essential difficulty for repeaters appears to be that they are victims of technological, organizational, and logistical inadequacies as well as statistical probabilities rather than being motivationally deficient or indifferent to the dangers of unprotected sexual intercourse.", "contents": "Repeat abortions: blaming the victims. A study of 1,505 women obtaining abortions in a freestanding abortion clinic in Western New York state revealed that women having repeat abortions were more likely to be using contraception at the time of conception than women having first abortions. However, nearly one-half the non-contracepting repeaters were not contracepting at the time of the repeat pregnancy. Repeaters who were not contracepting at the time of the repeat pregnancy listed medical contraindications or lack of supplies as the major reasons for not contracepting at the time of the present conception--indicating that they had tried one or more methods since their first abortion. Repeaters were sexually more active than first timers, thus increasing their statistical risk of unwanted pregnancy even as they contracepted more than first timers. The data indicate that both first timers and repeaters overwhelmingly reject the premise that abortion is a primary or even a back-up birth control method. The essential difficulty for repeaters appears to be that they are victims of technological, organizational, and logistical inadequacies as well as statistical probabilities rather than being motivationally deficient or indifferent to the dangers of unprotected sexual intercourse.", "PMID": 574365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11098", "title": "Clinical observations on 3,009 cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in the South Pacific.", "content": "Clinical observations on ciguatera were collected between 1964 and 1977 on 3,009 patients from several South Pacific island groups. Patients generally presented with neurologic symptoms such as parasthesia, vertigo, and ataxia, in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Patients with this illness usually became symptomatic less than 24 hours after ingestion of the fish and most patients (76.8%) developed symptoms in less than 12 hours. Significant differences in certain symptoms were noted between Melanesian and Polynesian ethnic groups, suggesting a susceptibility difference, or a difference in the nature of the toxin found in different areas of the Pacific. Being poisoned multiple times appeared to result in a clinically more severe illness than disease observed in patients experiencing ciguatera for the first time.", "contents": "Clinical observations on 3,009 cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in the South Pacific. Clinical observations on ciguatera were collected between 1964 and 1977 on 3,009 patients from several South Pacific island groups. Patients generally presented with neurologic symptoms such as parasthesia, vertigo, and ataxia, in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Patients with this illness usually became symptomatic less than 24 hours after ingestion of the fish and most patients (76.8%) developed symptoms in less than 12 hours. Significant differences in certain symptoms were noted between Melanesian and Polynesian ethnic groups, suggesting a susceptibility difference, or a difference in the nature of the toxin found in different areas of the Pacific. Being poisoned multiple times appeared to result in a clinically more severe illness than disease observed in patients experiencing ciguatera for the first time.", "PMID": 574366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11099", "title": "Naegleria fowleri in chick embryos. Effects of embryo age and incubation temperature, and the infectivity of embryo-derived amebae for mice.", "content": "Chick embryos were infected with Naegleria fowleri which was initially isolated from an ultimately fatal human case. Following inoculation of equivalent numbers of amebae on the chorioallantoic membrane, younger embryos died earlier than older embryos infected at the same time. Incubation of infected embryos at 32 degrees C prolonged survival only slightly in comparison with those at 37 degrees C. N. fowleri maintained for more than 25 serial passages in chick embryos retained infectivity for mice and the ability to convert to the biflagellate form in vitro.", "contents": "Naegleria fowleri in chick embryos. Effects of embryo age and incubation temperature, and the infectivity of embryo-derived amebae for mice. Chick embryos were infected with Naegleria fowleri which was initially isolated from an ultimately fatal human case. Following inoculation of equivalent numbers of amebae on the chorioallantoic membrane, younger embryos died earlier than older embryos infected at the same time. Incubation of infected embryos at 32 degrees C prolonged survival only slightly in comparison with those at 37 degrees C. N. fowleri maintained for more than 25 serial passages in chick embryos retained infectivity for mice and the ability to convert to the biflagellate form in vitro.", "PMID": 574367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11100", "title": "An intracavitary fungus ball composed of syncephalastrum.", "content": "A case of a pulmonary intracavitary fungus ball composed of Syncephalastrum sp., a member of the class Zygomycetes not previously reported in association with human disease, is presented. The fungus was cultured preoperatively from bronchial secretions as well as from the fungal mass from the resected lung. This fungus appeared to behave in a saprophytic manner similar to that of the more common Aspergillus fungus ball.", "contents": "An intracavitary fungus ball composed of syncephalastrum. A case of a pulmonary intracavitary fungus ball composed of Syncephalastrum sp., a member of the class Zygomycetes not previously reported in association with human disease, is presented. The fungus was cultured preoperatively from bronchial secretions as well as from the fungal mass from the resected lung. This fungus appeared to behave in a saprophytic manner similar to that of the more common Aspergillus fungus ball.", "PMID": 574368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11101", "title": "Neonatal myasthenia gravis in the infant of a myasthenic mother in remission.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman was in spontaneous clinical remission from myasthenia gravis (MG) for six months, yet gave birth to a full-term infant with typical neonatal MG. It is believed that transplacental transfer of anti-acetylcholine (ACh) receptor antibodies is responsible for neonatal MG; therefore, neonatal MG represents an in vivo assay of the pathogenic potential of anti-ACh receptor antibodies in 2 human individuals. Anti-ACh receptor antibodies were present in both mother and infant (titers 12.3 X 10(-9) and 4.4 X 10(-9) moles per liter, respectively) at the time of birth, and both mother's and infant's sera accelerated the degradation of ACh receptors in myotube cultures. This case suggests that \"host factors\" unique to the individual appear to modify or even determine whether the presence of anti-ACh receptor antibodies will result in clinical myasthenia.", "contents": "Neonatal myasthenia gravis in the infant of a myasthenic mother in remission. A 26-year-old woman was in spontaneous clinical remission from myasthenia gravis (MG) for six months, yet gave birth to a full-term infant with typical neonatal MG. It is believed that transplacental transfer of anti-acetylcholine (ACh) receptor antibodies is responsible for neonatal MG; therefore, neonatal MG represents an in vivo assay of the pathogenic potential of anti-ACh receptor antibodies in 2 human individuals. Anti-ACh receptor antibodies were present in both mother and infant (titers 12.3 X 10(-9) and 4.4 X 10(-9) moles per liter, respectively) at the time of birth, and both mother's and infant's sera accelerated the degradation of ACh receptors in myotube cultures. This case suggests that \"host factors\" unique to the individual appear to modify or even determine whether the presence of anti-ACh receptor antibodies will result in clinical myasthenia.", "PMID": 574370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11102", "title": "Isolation and nature of intracellular alpha-aminoadipic acid-containing peptides from Paecilomyces persicinus P-10.", "content": "Small intracellular peptides containing alpha-aminoadipic acid, cysteine, and a valine moiety were obtained from mycelia of Paecilomyces persicinus P-10 by ethanol or trichloroacetic acid extraction. After performic acid oxidation and ion-exchange chromatography, analysis of the peptide fractions by two-dimensional thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography revealed the presence of three related peptides, as sulfonic acid derivatives, each containing alpha-aminoadipic acid. Each peptide was isolated in chromatographically pure form by semipreparative thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography. The purified peptides were subjected to differential hydrolysis, dansylation, and combined dansylation-phenylisothiocyanate sequence analysis. Based on these studies, the structures of the isolated peptides were determined to be (i) glycl-delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-cysteinyl-beta-hydroxyvaline, (ii) glycyl-delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-cysteinylvaline, and (iii) delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-cysteinylvaline. The peptides isolated from Paecilomyces are similar to the alpha-aminoadipic acid-cysteine-valine moiety complex peptides isolated from Cephalosporium.", "contents": "Isolation and nature of intracellular alpha-aminoadipic acid-containing peptides from Paecilomyces persicinus P-10. Small intracellular peptides containing alpha-aminoadipic acid, cysteine, and a valine moiety were obtained from mycelia of Paecilomyces persicinus P-10 by ethanol or trichloroacetic acid extraction. After performic acid oxidation and ion-exchange chromatography, analysis of the peptide fractions by two-dimensional thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography revealed the presence of three related peptides, as sulfonic acid derivatives, each containing alpha-aminoadipic acid. Each peptide was isolated in chromatographically pure form by semipreparative thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography. The purified peptides were subjected to differential hydrolysis, dansylation, and combined dansylation-phenylisothiocyanate sequence analysis. Based on these studies, the structures of the isolated peptides were determined to be (i) glycl-delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-cysteinyl-beta-hydroxyvaline, (ii) glycyl-delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-cysteinylvaline, and (iii) delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-cysteinylvaline. The peptides isolated from Paecilomyces are similar to the alpha-aminoadipic acid-cysteine-valine moiety complex peptides isolated from Cephalosporium.", "PMID": 574371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11103", "title": "Fever patterns. Their lack of clinical significance.", "content": "Fever patterns were studied prospectively in 200 consecutive patients referred for infectious disease consultation and retrospectively in 204 patients with selected infectious or noninfectious diseases. Most patients had remittent or intermittent fever, which, when due to infection, usually followed diurnal variation. Hectic fever occurred less commonly but was observed in patients with all categories of infectious or noninfectious diseases. Although hectic fevers were seen more frequently in patients who had documented bacteremia, there were many nonbacteremic subjects who had this pattern and others without this pattern who had bacteremia. Sustained fever nearly always occurred in patients with Gram-negative pneumonia or CNS damage, although some patients with these diseases had other patterns as well. Our data suggest that, with the possible exception of sustained fever in Gram-negative pneumonia or CNS damage, the fever pattern is not likely to be helpful diagnostically.", "contents": "Fever patterns. Their lack of clinical significance. Fever patterns were studied prospectively in 200 consecutive patients referred for infectious disease consultation and retrospectively in 204 patients with selected infectious or noninfectious diseases. Most patients had remittent or intermittent fever, which, when due to infection, usually followed diurnal variation. Hectic fever occurred less commonly but was observed in patients with all categories of infectious or noninfectious diseases. Although hectic fevers were seen more frequently in patients who had documented bacteremia, there were many nonbacteremic subjects who had this pattern and others without this pattern who had bacteremia. Sustained fever nearly always occurred in patients with Gram-negative pneumonia or CNS damage, although some patients with these diseases had other patterns as well. Our data suggest that, with the possible exception of sustained fever in Gram-negative pneumonia or CNS damage, the fever pattern is not likely to be helpful diagnostically.", "PMID": 574377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11104", "title": "[Consistometric study of meat and meat products. 6. Comparative determination of raw sausage consistency during curing].", "content": "Comparative consistometric tests, using two different measuring methods, were applied to raw sausages in a random sampling process over a somewhat extended period of time. A close relationship (r= -0.819) was found to exist between the data obtained from a modified H\u00f6ppler consistometer, on the one hand, and those measured by means of a penetrometer, on the other. The penetrometer proved to be suitable for measurement under practice conditions, while more specific strength parameters (S/2, tan alpha) were successfully measured by means of the modified H\u00e4ppler consistometer.", "contents": "[Consistometric study of meat and meat products. 6. Comparative determination of raw sausage consistency during curing]. Comparative consistometric tests, using two different measuring methods, were applied to raw sausages in a random sampling process over a somewhat extended period of time. A close relationship (r= -0.819) was found to exist between the data obtained from a modified H\u00f6ppler consistometer, on the one hand, and those measured by means of a penetrometer, on the other. The penetrometer proved to be suitable for measurement under practice conditions, while more specific strength parameters (S/2, tan alpha) were successfully measured by means of the modified H\u00e4ppler consistometer.", "PMID": 574379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11105", "title": "[Reducing the proportion of animal protein in feed for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. Supplementation of methionine and lysine].", "content": "Continuing previous investigations, two test feedstuffs whose fishmeal content had been reduced to 5% and which were supplemented with 4.5 g methionine and 5.0 g lysine per kg resp. 6 g methionine and 6 g lysine per kg were proofed in comparison with a fattening feed for trout as customary in trade and with a fish meal content of 35%. The content of animal protein in the control feed was at least 75% (crude protein content 41%), in test feed I at most 35% (crude protein content 35.4%), in test feed II at most 17% (crude protein content 33.9%). All feedstuffs had the same energy content. The tests were made with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of 80...100 g at the beginning and at water temperatures of 11...12 degrees C. They were conducted over a period of 112 days. After giving the same amount of feed, growth of and feed expenditure for the fish feed with the test feedstuffs were less suitable than of those fish which had received the control feed. Concerning the protein efficiency ratio, the productive protein value and the energetic expenditure too, the best results were achieved with the control feed.", "contents": "[Reducing the proportion of animal protein in feed for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. Supplementation of methionine and lysine]. Continuing previous investigations, two test feedstuffs whose fishmeal content had been reduced to 5% and which were supplemented with 4.5 g methionine and 5.0 g lysine per kg resp. 6 g methionine and 6 g lysine per kg were proofed in comparison with a fattening feed for trout as customary in trade and with a fish meal content of 35%. The content of animal protein in the control feed was at least 75% (crude protein content 41%), in test feed I at most 35% (crude protein content 35.4%), in test feed II at most 17% (crude protein content 33.9%). All feedstuffs had the same energy content. The tests were made with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of 80...100 g at the beginning and at water temperatures of 11...12 degrees C. They were conducted over a period of 112 days. After giving the same amount of feed, growth of and feed expenditure for the fish feed with the test feedstuffs were less suitable than of those fish which had received the control feed. Concerning the protein efficiency ratio, the productive protein value and the energetic expenditure too, the best results were achieved with the control feed.", "PMID": 574380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11106", "title": "Tumour incidence, growth, reproduction and longevity in female C3H mice fed polyunsaturated ruminant-derived foodstuffs.", "content": "Earlier studies with the random-bred Quackenbush mouse strain showed that human-type diets based on linoleic acid-enriched foodstuffs derived from ruminants fed protected polyunsaturated oils have no detrimental effects on growth, reproduction or longevity. Tumour incidence and time of onset of tumour development have now been studied in the inbred, tumour-prone mouse strain C3H, in addition to growth, reproduction and longevity. Mice were fed a polyunsaturated human diet, a conventional human diet, or mouse cubes. The results with C3H mice tended to confirm those with Quackenbush strain mice-growth rates and reproductive productivities were very similar in the two groups eating human diets. Mice on the conventional human diet tended to survive better to about 60 weeks of age than mice on the polyunsaturated diet or the cube diet, after which the mortality rates of the mice on the three diets were similar. The degree of unsaturation of the dietary fat had no significant effect on the incidence of tumours. The tumour incidence was about 40% which, taken in conjunction with the average age of onset (about 80 weeks), suggested that the NIV virus rather than the MMTV virus was responsible. It would appear that the high-fat human diets had no effect on the incidence of mammary tumours caused by this virus.", "contents": "Tumour incidence, growth, reproduction and longevity in female C3H mice fed polyunsaturated ruminant-derived foodstuffs. Earlier studies with the random-bred Quackenbush mouse strain showed that human-type diets based on linoleic acid-enriched foodstuffs derived from ruminants fed protected polyunsaturated oils have no detrimental effects on growth, reproduction or longevity. Tumour incidence and time of onset of tumour development have now been studied in the inbred, tumour-prone mouse strain C3H, in addition to growth, reproduction and longevity. Mice were fed a polyunsaturated human diet, a conventional human diet, or mouse cubes. The results with C3H mice tended to confirm those with Quackenbush strain mice-growth rates and reproductive productivities were very similar in the two groups eating human diets. Mice on the conventional human diet tended to survive better to about 60 weeks of age than mice on the polyunsaturated diet or the cube diet, after which the mortality rates of the mice on the three diets were similar. The degree of unsaturation of the dietary fat had no significant effect on the incidence of tumours. The tumour incidence was about 40% which, taken in conjunction with the average age of onset (about 80 weeks), suggested that the NIV virus rather than the MMTV virus was responsible. It would appear that the high-fat human diets had no effect on the incidence of mammary tumours caused by this virus.", "PMID": 574381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11107", "title": "Histological and histochemical modifications of the uterine and vaginal mucosa of the mouse during the oestrus cycle.", "content": "The Authors have studied by histological and histochemical methods the morphological modifications of the uterine and vaginal mucosa which take place during the oestrus cycle in the mouse. The data has underlined numerous previously undescribed differences in the behaviour of the uterine and vaginal mucosa. The keratinization of the uterine epithelium is noticeably delayed in comparison with that of the vagina. The latter is already completely cornified in late oestrus, while this occurs in the uterine mucosa only in full oestrus. In contrast, the exfoliation of the cornified layers takes place in the uterus before the vagina. Analogous differences are observed in two organs for mitotic behaviour: the vaginal mucosa shows a mitotic peak during late dioestrus, while in the uterus the peak occurs only during full oestrus.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical modifications of the uterine and vaginal mucosa of the mouse during the oestrus cycle. The Authors have studied by histological and histochemical methods the morphological modifications of the uterine and vaginal mucosa which take place during the oestrus cycle in the mouse. The data has underlined numerous previously undescribed differences in the behaviour of the uterine and vaginal mucosa. The keratinization of the uterine epithelium is noticeably delayed in comparison with that of the vagina. The latter is already completely cornified in late oestrus, while this occurs in the uterine mucosa only in full oestrus. In contrast, the exfoliation of the cornified layers takes place in the uterus before the vagina. Analogous differences are observed in two organs for mitotic behaviour: the vaginal mucosa shows a mitotic peak during late dioestrus, while in the uterus the peak occurs only during full oestrus.", "PMID": 574383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11108", "title": "Employment of bis-intercalating dyes for the \"in situ\" study of DNA composition.", "content": "Spectrofluorometric characteristics of DNA-RO4 complexes have been studied in order to evaluate the possibility of employment of RO4 (a bis-intercalating dye) for the determination of the DNA base composition. The results have shown the usefulness of this compound for DNA with AT percentage between 30% and 60%. RO4 has been also applied to the study of the chromosome banding mechanism.", "contents": "Employment of bis-intercalating dyes for the \"in situ\" study of DNA composition. Spectrofluorometric characteristics of DNA-RO4 complexes have been studied in order to evaluate the possibility of employment of RO4 (a bis-intercalating dye) for the determination of the DNA base composition. The results have shown the usefulness of this compound for DNA with AT percentage between 30% and 60%. RO4 has been also applied to the study of the chromosome banding mechanism.", "PMID": 574384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11109", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of hepatic pyruvate kinase and its correlation with enhanced hepatic lipogenesis in meal-trained rats.", "content": "Metabolic and enzymic changes were measured in meal-trained rats fed on high-carbohydrate diet. Rates of hepatic fatty acid synthesis are probably greater than rates of gluconeogenesis throughout the 24 h day provided that animals are fed. The daily enhancement of fatty acid synthesis on meal feeding coincided with the maximum activation of hepatic pyruvate kinase. Maximum activation of this enzyme was reflected in increased total catalytic activity (Vmax.), increased activity at 0.5 MM-phosphoenolpyruvate (V0.5), decreased Vmax./V0.5 ratio and a decrease in co-operativity of phosphoenolpyruvate binding as measured by the Hill coefficient (h). The latter changes are consistent with a decrease in enzyme phosphorylation during activation of the enzyme. To estimate changes in enzyme protein, quantitative enzyme precipitation with rabbit antisera was used. Giving a high-carbohydrate diet to meal-trained animals induced enzyme synthesis within a few hours. Adaptations in diet that enhanced fatty acid synthesis (chow to high carbohydrate; starved to high carbohydrate) led to an increased steady-state concentration of pyruvate kinase protein. An approximate estimate of the half-life of hepatic pyruvate kinase was 56 h. Whenever pyruvate kinase specific activity was measured in liver tissue extracts it was always considerably less (20--100 mumol/min per mg of protein, depending on dietary status) than the specific activity of pure pyruvate kinase (200 mumol/min per mg of protein). Antigenically active, catalytically inactive protein was removed during enzyme purification from cytosol at the stage of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation. The fraction precipitated by 30--45%-satd. (NH4)2SO4 was enzymically active, antigenically reacting protein was identified in the remaining (NH4)2SO4 fractions (0--30%- and 45--85%-satd.) and this contained no enzyme activity. These may correspond to inactive proteolytic fragments of pyruvate kinase. The rate-determining step in adjusting enzyme concentration seems to be proteolysis.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of hepatic pyruvate kinase and its correlation with enhanced hepatic lipogenesis in meal-trained rats. Metabolic and enzymic changes were measured in meal-trained rats fed on high-carbohydrate diet. Rates of hepatic fatty acid synthesis are probably greater than rates of gluconeogenesis throughout the 24 h day provided that animals are fed. The daily enhancement of fatty acid synthesis on meal feeding coincided with the maximum activation of hepatic pyruvate kinase. Maximum activation of this enzyme was reflected in increased total catalytic activity (Vmax.), increased activity at 0.5 MM-phosphoenolpyruvate (V0.5), decreased Vmax./V0.5 ratio and a decrease in co-operativity of phosphoenolpyruvate binding as measured by the Hill coefficient (h). The latter changes are consistent with a decrease in enzyme phosphorylation during activation of the enzyme. To estimate changes in enzyme protein, quantitative enzyme precipitation with rabbit antisera was used. Giving a high-carbohydrate diet to meal-trained animals induced enzyme synthesis within a few hours. Adaptations in diet that enhanced fatty acid synthesis (chow to high carbohydrate; starved to high carbohydrate) led to an increased steady-state concentration of pyruvate kinase protein. An approximate estimate of the half-life of hepatic pyruvate kinase was 56 h. Whenever pyruvate kinase specific activity was measured in liver tissue extracts it was always considerably less (20--100 mumol/min per mg of protein, depending on dietary status) than the specific activity of pure pyruvate kinase (200 mumol/min per mg of protein). Antigenically active, catalytically inactive protein was removed during enzyme purification from cytosol at the stage of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation. The fraction precipitated by 30--45%-satd. (NH4)2SO4 was enzymically active, antigenically reacting protein was identified in the remaining (NH4)2SO4 fractions (0--30%- and 45--85%-satd.) and this contained no enzyme activity. These may correspond to inactive proteolytic fragments of pyruvate kinase. The rate-determining step in adjusting enzyme concentration seems to be proteolysis.", "PMID": 574385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11110", "title": "Dietary fibre and regional large-bowel cancer mortality in Britain.", "content": "The relationship between food intake and cancer of the large bowel was assessed by calculating the average intakes of foods, nutrients and dietary fibre in the different regions of Great Britain and relating these to the regional pattern of death from colon and rectal cancers between 1969 and 1973. No significant associations were found with the consumption of fat, animal protein or beer, nor with current estimates of total dietary fibre intake. Average intakes of the pentose fraction of total dietary fibres, and of vegetables other than potatoes, were negatively correlated with the truncated age- and sex-standardized death rates from colon cancer (r = -0.960 and -0.940). Specific components of dietary fibre may therefore inhibit colon carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Dietary fibre and regional large-bowel cancer mortality in Britain. The relationship between food intake and cancer of the large bowel was assessed by calculating the average intakes of foods, nutrients and dietary fibre in the different regions of Great Britain and relating these to the regional pattern of death from colon and rectal cancers between 1969 and 1973. No significant associations were found with the consumption of fat, animal protein or beer, nor with current estimates of total dietary fibre intake. Average intakes of the pentose fraction of total dietary fibres, and of vegetables other than potatoes, were negatively correlated with the truncated age- and sex-standardized death rates from colon cancer (r = -0.960 and -0.940). Specific components of dietary fibre may therefore inhibit colon carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 574389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11111", "title": "Cycles of agglutination-disagglutination induced by ristocetin in thrombasthenic platelets.", "content": "An oscillatory pattern of platelet agglutination-disagglutination in response to Ristocetin (R) at narrow concentration ranges was observed in citrated platelet rich plasma (PRP) of 10 patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. The cyclic pattern decreased in intensity over time, was reproducible, and was not pH dependent. Formalin-fixed thrombasthenic platelets agglutinated with R but did not show a cyclic pattern. Incubation with 2.5 microM ADP inhibited R oscillation response, but small increases in R dose overcame this inhibition. The addition of ATP or creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase to thrombasthenic platelets inhibited by ADP restored the R oscillation response. In the platelets of a single patient, intracellular levels of ADP and ATP were shown to diminish during an oscillation response to R. There was an increase in AMP levels during the same period of time. The changes in these three intracellular nucleotides were gradual over time and did not vary with phases of the oscillation. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), at concentrations shown to block cyclooxygenase activity in control platelets, enabled thrombasthenic platelets to respond to R with full agglutination without oscillations. Lower concentrations of ASA in the PRP gave a return of the oscillation response. Our data suggest that the disagglutination phase of the R response of thrombasthenic platelets is not a function of the known glycoprotein membrane defect, but depends on materials originating in the platelet whose release is blocked by ASA.", "contents": "Cycles of agglutination-disagglutination induced by ristocetin in thrombasthenic platelets. An oscillatory pattern of platelet agglutination-disagglutination in response to Ristocetin (R) at narrow concentration ranges was observed in citrated platelet rich plasma (PRP) of 10 patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. The cyclic pattern decreased in intensity over time, was reproducible, and was not pH dependent. Formalin-fixed thrombasthenic platelets agglutinated with R but did not show a cyclic pattern. Incubation with 2.5 microM ADP inhibited R oscillation response, but small increases in R dose overcame this inhibition. The addition of ATP or creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase to thrombasthenic platelets inhibited by ADP restored the R oscillation response. In the platelets of a single patient, intracellular levels of ADP and ATP were shown to diminish during an oscillation response to R. There was an increase in AMP levels during the same period of time. The changes in these three intracellular nucleotides were gradual over time and did not vary with phases of the oscillation. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), at concentrations shown to block cyclooxygenase activity in control platelets, enabled thrombasthenic platelets to respond to R with full agglutination without oscillations. Lower concentrations of ASA in the PRP gave a return of the oscillation response. Our data suggest that the disagglutination phase of the R response of thrombasthenic platelets is not a function of the known glycoprotein membrane defect, but depends on materials originating in the platelet whose release is blocked by ASA.", "PMID": 574390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11112", "title": "Significance of the ultrasound location of placental site in early pregnancy.", "content": "The placenta was located by routine ultrasound scanning before 24 weeks gestation in 615 consecutive obstetric patients. A 'low lying' placenta was present in 175 (28 per cent) of the total group; the incidence decreasing from 32 per cent at 16 weeks gestation to 18 per cent at 24 weeks. Of 94 women with an initial 'low lying' placenta who were selected for rescanning, only five had a placenta praevia persisting beyond the 34th week. Patients with an early 'low lying' placenta had a significantly higher incidence of small-for-dates babies than those in whom the placenta remained clear of the internal cervical os on ultrasound scanning.", "contents": "Significance of the ultrasound location of placental site in early pregnancy. The placenta was located by routine ultrasound scanning before 24 weeks gestation in 615 consecutive obstetric patients. A 'low lying' placenta was present in 175 (28 per cent) of the total group; the incidence decreasing from 32 per cent at 16 weeks gestation to 18 per cent at 24 weeks. Of 94 women with an initial 'low lying' placenta who were selected for rescanning, only five had a placenta praevia persisting beyond the 34th week. Patients with an early 'low lying' placenta had a significantly higher incidence of small-for-dates babies than those in whom the placenta remained clear of the internal cervical os on ultrasound scanning.", "PMID": 574392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11113", "title": "A comparative histopathological study of argon and krypton laser irradiations of the human retina.", "content": "A series of comparative exposures to both argon and krypton lasers have been made at 3 locations in a human retina--the fovea, the macula, and intraretinal vessels. In the fovea argon irradiations resulted in damage to both the inner and outer retinal layers as a result of absorption within the pigment epithelium and the macular pigment, while krypton exposures damaged the outer retina and the choroid. In the macula both systems resulted in damage to the outer retina, and again sufficient krypton radiation passed into the choroid to induce blood vessel occlusion, haemorrhage, and oedema. When intraretinal vessels were irradiated, only with argon was sufficient energy absorbed within the vessels to damage them or their surroundings in the inner retina. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the therapeutic uses of lasers.", "contents": "A comparative histopathological study of argon and krypton laser irradiations of the human retina. A series of comparative exposures to both argon and krypton lasers have been made at 3 locations in a human retina--the fovea, the macula, and intraretinal vessels. In the fovea argon irradiations resulted in damage to both the inner and outer retinal layers as a result of absorption within the pigment epithelium and the macular pigment, while krypton exposures damaged the outer retina and the choroid. In the macula both systems resulted in damage to the outer retina, and again sufficient krypton radiation passed into the choroid to induce blood vessel occlusion, haemorrhage, and oedema. When intraretinal vessels were irradiated, only with argon was sufficient energy absorbed within the vessels to damage them or their surroundings in the inner retina. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the therapeutic uses of lasers.", "PMID": 574395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11114", "title": "Photocoagulation of disciform macular lesions with krypton laser.", "content": "Ten vascular disciform mucular lesions were treated by krypton laser photocoagulation. In 8 the lesion resolved after therapy, and in 7 the retina remained flat for 6 months. On those patients treated successfully 6 had a visual acuity of 6/12 or better. The morphology of the laser lesion differed from that of the argon lesion in that there is no evidence of thermal coagulation of the inner retina near the foveola.", "contents": "Photocoagulation of disciform macular lesions with krypton laser. Ten vascular disciform mucular lesions were treated by krypton laser photocoagulation. In 8 the lesion resolved after therapy, and in 7 the retina remained flat for 6 months. On those patients treated successfully 6 had a visual acuity of 6/12 or better. The morphology of the laser lesion differed from that of the argon lesion in that there is no evidence of thermal coagulation of the inner retina near the foveola.", "PMID": 574396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11115", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of central serous retinopathy.", "content": "In a prospective randomised trial of argon laser photocoagulation in the management of central serous retinopathy it was confirmed that this treatment hastens resolution of the serous detachment. No evidence was found to suggest that treatment influences the final visual outcome in eyes with initial visual acuity of 6/12 or better.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of central serous retinopathy. In a prospective randomised trial of argon laser photocoagulation in the management of central serous retinopathy it was confirmed that this treatment hastens resolution of the serous detachment. No evidence was found to suggest that treatment influences the final visual outcome in eyes with initial visual acuity of 6/12 or better.", "PMID": 574397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11116", "title": "Determination of protein and reactive lysine in leaf-protein concentrates by dye-binding.", "content": "1. Twenty leaf-protein concentrates (LPC), were produced from different crops and by different processes, the latter being designed to retain maximum nutritional value of the samples. 2. The establishment of conditions for the use of CI ACid Orange 12 in a commercial dye-buffer reagent for the determination of protein and reactive (available) lysine in LPC was investigated. 3. Values for protein by dye-binding correlated well with those for tungstic-acid-precipitated nitrogen (x6.25). 4. Some LPC samples showed a loss of reactive lysine, the greatest loss being associated with the most severe processing conditions. 5. For the LPC samples studied, dye-binding provided a convenient method for the concurrent determination of protein and reactive lysine.", "contents": "Determination of protein and reactive lysine in leaf-protein concentrates by dye-binding. 1. Twenty leaf-protein concentrates (LPC), were produced from different crops and by different processes, the latter being designed to retain maximum nutritional value of the samples. 2. The establishment of conditions for the use of CI ACid Orange 12 in a commercial dye-buffer reagent for the determination of protein and reactive (available) lysine in LPC was investigated. 3. Values for protein by dye-binding correlated well with those for tungstic-acid-precipitated nitrogen (x6.25). 4. Some LPC samples showed a loss of reactive lysine, the greatest loss being associated with the most severe processing conditions. 5. For the LPC samples studied, dye-binding provided a convenient method for the concurrent determination of protein and reactive lysine.", "PMID": 574398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11117", "title": "The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep.", "content": "1. Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25). The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum. 2. The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo. 3. There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate. However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) by the additive. It also reduced (P less than 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net grain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage. 4. Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P less than 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum. 5. The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets. However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage.", "contents": "The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep. 1. Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25). The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum. 2. The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo. 3. There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate. However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) by the additive. It also reduced (P less than 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net grain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage. 4. Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P less than 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum. 5. The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets. However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage.", "PMID": 574400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11118", "title": "Characterization of vitamin A transport system from goat plasma.", "content": "Retinol-binding protein and its complex with prealbumin were isolated from goat serum by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, gel filtration and immuno-affinity chromatography on antigoat-serum albumin-Sepharose 4B. The homogeneous prealbumin-retinol-binding protein complex had a molecular weight of 75 000. Both on electrophoresis and in the presence of 2 M urea, the complex dissociated into retinol-binding protein and prealbumin. The molecular weight, electrophoretic behaviour, ultraviolet and fluorescence spectra of goat retinol-binding protein were similar to those isolated from other sources. On sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis, goat prealbumin (molecular weight approximately 55 000) exhibited two bands corresponding to molecular weights 26 000 and 13 000. This suggests that either goat prealbumin consists of two non-identical sub-units or perhaps complete dissociation might not have occurred. Goat prealbumin was able to bind L-thyroxine and retinol-binding protein.", "contents": "Characterization of vitamin A transport system from goat plasma. Retinol-binding protein and its complex with prealbumin were isolated from goat serum by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, gel filtration and immuno-affinity chromatography on antigoat-serum albumin-Sepharose 4B. The homogeneous prealbumin-retinol-binding protein complex had a molecular weight of 75 000. Both on electrophoresis and in the presence of 2 M urea, the complex dissociated into retinol-binding protein and prealbumin. The molecular weight, electrophoretic behaviour, ultraviolet and fluorescence spectra of goat retinol-binding protein were similar to those isolated from other sources. On sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis, goat prealbumin (molecular weight approximately 55 000) exhibited two bands corresponding to molecular weights 26 000 and 13 000. This suggests that either goat prealbumin consists of two non-identical sub-units or perhaps complete dissociation might not have occurred. Goat prealbumin was able to bind L-thyroxine and retinol-binding protein.", "PMID": 574403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11119", "title": "Dynamic analysis of the structure and function of sarcomeres.", "content": "We attempted to analyze the relationships between the steric structure of the sarcomere and its physiological functions by the use of a sarcomere model of muscle contraction, which includes the geometric arrangement of the thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere, as well as of the cross-bridges and actin sites. Motions of both cross-bridges and myofilaments were considered in terms of our three-state model of the elementary cycle under constraints caused by the steric structure of the sarcomere proposed by Huxley and Brown. Each cross-bridge moves in a molecular potential of our three-state model under the influence of the sliding motions of myofilaments. The sarcomere model described well the tension-velocity relation and isotonic transient processes quantitatively and consistently. In addition, it allowed independence of the no-load shortening velocity upon the overlap of the thick and thin filaments, although the motions of cross-bridges were not independent. Effects of the helical periodicities of the thick and thin filaments and of the number of cross-bridges upon muscle contraction were studied, and the conditions for smooth and efficient contraction of muscle were obtained.", "contents": "Dynamic analysis of the structure and function of sarcomeres. We attempted to analyze the relationships between the steric structure of the sarcomere and its physiological functions by the use of a sarcomere model of muscle contraction, which includes the geometric arrangement of the thick and thin filaments of the sarcomere, as well as of the cross-bridges and actin sites. Motions of both cross-bridges and myofilaments were considered in terms of our three-state model of the elementary cycle under constraints caused by the steric structure of the sarcomere proposed by Huxley and Brown. Each cross-bridge moves in a molecular potential of our three-state model under the influence of the sliding motions of myofilaments. The sarcomere model described well the tension-velocity relation and isotonic transient processes quantitatively and consistently. In addition, it allowed independence of the no-load shortening velocity upon the overlap of the thick and thin filaments, although the motions of cross-bridges were not independent. Effects of the helical periodicities of the thick and thin filaments and of the number of cross-bridges upon muscle contraction were studied, and the conditions for smooth and efficient contraction of muscle were obtained.", "PMID": 574404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11120", "title": "[Fractionation of DNA containing single-stranded regions on a column with benzoylated DEAE-cellulose].", "content": "A possible use of a previously described method of fractionation of highly polymeric DNAs on a column with benzoylated DEAE-cellulose is discussed. The method can be used for separation of renaturated and hybrid DNA molecules as well as for detection of single-stranded structures within the DNA. Using the method in question it was shown that the DNA of hepatoma 27 contains about 6% of single-stranded DNA structures.", "contents": "[Fractionation of DNA containing single-stranded regions on a column with benzoylated DEAE-cellulose]. A possible use of a previously described method of fractionation of highly polymeric DNAs on a column with benzoylated DEAE-cellulose is discussed. The method can be used for separation of renaturated and hybrid DNA molecules as well as for detection of single-stranded structures within the DNA. Using the method in question it was shown that the DNA of hepatoma 27 contains about 6% of single-stranded DNA structures.", "PMID": 574406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11121", "title": "The influence of availability of free school milk on the height of children in England and Scotland.", "content": "The effect is investigated of availability of free school milk on height gain in one year of six- and seven-year-old primary schoolchildren in England and Scotland, using data collected annually from 1972 to 1976. The height gain of children for whom milk was available for the whole year of observation was compared with that of children who had no milk. Out of 16 sex-country-year-specific analyses for children from manual social classes only, 13 showed no significant evidence of greater height gain in children who had milk. Comparison of children from Social Classes IV and V (semi-skilled and unskilled) showed no greater increase in height for those who had milk, nor was there a difference in height gain between manual social class children according to the number of glasses of milk they drank a day at home or at school. We concluded that, given the standard of living at the time of the survey, the drinking of free school milk did not increase the growth rate of six- and seven-year-old children.", "contents": "The influence of availability of free school milk on the height of children in England and Scotland. The effect is investigated of availability of free school milk on height gain in one year of six- and seven-year-old primary schoolchildren in England and Scotland, using data collected annually from 1972 to 1976. The height gain of children for whom milk was available for the whole year of observation was compared with that of children who had no milk. Out of 16 sex-country-year-specific analyses for children from manual social classes only, 13 showed no significant evidence of greater height gain in children who had milk. Comparison of children from Social Classes IV and V (semi-skilled and unskilled) showed no greater increase in height for those who had milk, nor was there a difference in height gain between manual social class children according to the number of glasses of milk they drank a day at home or at school. We concluded that, given the standard of living at the time of the survey, the drinking of free school milk did not increase the growth rate of six- and seven-year-old children.", "PMID": 574407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11122", "title": "The CT scanner in posterior fossa tumours of childhood.", "content": "Eighty-five consecutive posterior fossa tumours occurring in children and detected by computed tomography (CT) were submitted to detailed analysis. There was only one false positive diagnosis, which would have been avoided with present knowledge, and no known false negative diagnoses during the same period. In most cases the histological type of the tumour could be reliably predicted. CT was less accurate for determining the anatomical extent of the lesions but tumours arising in the brainstem could always be distinguished from those predominantly affecting the fourth ventricle and cerebellum.", "contents": "The CT scanner in posterior fossa tumours of childhood. Eighty-five consecutive posterior fossa tumours occurring in children and detected by computed tomography (CT) were submitted to detailed analysis. There was only one false positive diagnosis, which would have been avoided with present knowledge, and no known false negative diagnoses during the same period. In most cases the histological type of the tumour could be reliably predicted. CT was less accurate for determining the anatomical extent of the lesions but tumours arising in the brainstem could always be distinguished from those predominantly affecting the fourth ventricle and cerebellum.", "PMID": 574408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11123", "title": "[Mechanical and chemical patterns in the completion of isolated cell division].", "content": "Bicellular complex of a divided oocyte of the mollusc Lymnea stagnalis is chosen as a \"testing machine\" for studying mechanical and biochemical properties of the membranes of interblastomere wall. The membrane material is described by a standard rheological body. Rheological and kinetic problems are considered. Their solution allows an experimental solution of elastic, viscose and relaxation constants and chemical-mechanical parameter of the balance of the membrane synthesis and its deformations. A relationship (of the logistic type) between the growth of the wall area and time is found.", "contents": "[Mechanical and chemical patterns in the completion of isolated cell division]. Bicellular complex of a divided oocyte of the mollusc Lymnea stagnalis is chosen as a \"testing machine\" for studying mechanical and biochemical properties of the membranes of interblastomere wall. The membrane material is described by a standard rheological body. Rheological and kinetic problems are considered. Their solution allows an experimental solution of elastic, viscose and relaxation constants and chemical-mechanical parameter of the balance of the membrane synthesis and its deformations. A relationship (of the logistic type) between the growth of the wall area and time is found.", "PMID": 574405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11124", "title": "Sensory neglect after lesions of substantia nigra or lateral hypothalamus: differential severity and recovery of function.", "content": "Sensory neglect was studied in cats after unilateral lesions of: lateral hypothalamus (LH); internal capsule (IC) adjacent to the LH; substantia nigra (SN) or the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Special behavioral tests were employed to yield quantifiable data and also to exclude any confounding due to simple movement deficits. Lesions of SN or IC produced severe and enduring contralateral visual and somesthetic deficits and a facilitation of ipsilateral visual responsiveness. In contrast, LH lesions sparing the adjacent IC produced only weak and transient deficits and VMH lesions had no effects on sensory function. This suggests that lesions of the SN or its forebrain connections are important for producing sensory neglect and that sensory deficits after LH lesions are due to infringement on fibers of passage to or from the SN. Lesions which produced neglect often suppressed the amplitude of flash evoked responses in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and visual and association cortex. However, these evoked potential effects were transient. There was no effect on the spontaneous EEG and this fails to support the hypothesis of a lack of hemispheric arousal in sensory neglect. The results are discussed in relation to nigrotectal projections and the process of attention. This lesion-behavior model is suggested for studies of recovery of function.", "contents": "Sensory neglect after lesions of substantia nigra or lateral hypothalamus: differential severity and recovery of function. Sensory neglect was studied in cats after unilateral lesions of: lateral hypothalamus (LH); internal capsule (IC) adjacent to the LH; substantia nigra (SN) or the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Special behavioral tests were employed to yield quantifiable data and also to exclude any confounding due to simple movement deficits. Lesions of SN or IC produced severe and enduring contralateral visual and somesthetic deficits and a facilitation of ipsilateral visual responsiveness. In contrast, LH lesions sparing the adjacent IC produced only weak and transient deficits and VMH lesions had no effects on sensory function. This suggests that lesions of the SN or its forebrain connections are important for producing sensory neglect and that sensory deficits after LH lesions are due to infringement on fibers of passage to or from the SN. Lesions which produced neglect often suppressed the amplitude of flash evoked responses in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and visual and association cortex. However, these evoked potential effects were transient. There was no effect on the spontaneous EEG and this fails to support the hypothesis of a lack of hemispheric arousal in sensory neglect. The results are discussed in relation to nigrotectal projections and the process of attention. This lesion-behavior model is suggested for studies of recovery of function.", "PMID": 574415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11125", "title": "Drug-induced stereotypes and asymmetric behaviour after substantia nigra pars posterior (SNPP) lesions in cats.", "content": "Apomorphine- (Apo) and amphetamine- (Amph) induced behavioural phenomena were studied in cats which received either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or electrothermic lesions of the posterior part of the substantia nigra (SNPP). In this species, as in rats, both drugs evoked sterotypies (sniffing and head nodding) and an enhancement of locomotor activity. However, distinct differences between the reactions of cats and rats to both drugs were found, the most evident effect being the lack of sterotyped gnawing and licking. By correlating the data on behaviour, the histological examination showing the size and location of the lesions, and the dopamine (DA) content of the corresponding caudate nuclei, it is concluded that the fewer DA-specific neurons lesioned in the SNPP, the more pronounced was the ipsilateral asymmetric behaviour. We suggest, therefore, that the ipsilateral asymmetric behaviour in cats following APO- and AMPH-treatment is due to the destruction of a non-catecholaminergic output.", "contents": "Drug-induced stereotypes and asymmetric behaviour after substantia nigra pars posterior (SNPP) lesions in cats. Apomorphine- (Apo) and amphetamine- (Amph) induced behavioural phenomena were studied in cats which received either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or electrothermic lesions of the posterior part of the substantia nigra (SNPP). In this species, as in rats, both drugs evoked sterotypies (sniffing and head nodding) and an enhancement of locomotor activity. However, distinct differences between the reactions of cats and rats to both drugs were found, the most evident effect being the lack of sterotyped gnawing and licking. By correlating the data on behaviour, the histological examination showing the size and location of the lesions, and the dopamine (DA) content of the corresponding caudate nuclei, it is concluded that the fewer DA-specific neurons lesioned in the SNPP, the more pronounced was the ipsilateral asymmetric behaviour. We suggest, therefore, that the ipsilateral asymmetric behaviour in cats following APO- and AMPH-treatment is due to the destruction of a non-catecholaminergic output.", "PMID": 574416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11126", "title": "The relationship between dendritic growth of cortical neurons and the ontogeny of conditioned and unconditioned reflex control.", "content": "Suppression of an infantile reflex (circling behavior) to electric shock in a straight-alley escape problem increased as a function of age and trials in male Swiss-Webster mice trained at 7, 9, or 11 days of age and retested 24 h later. Twenty-four hours retention of prior training, indicated by the superior performance of trained subjects relative to yoked-shock and age controls, was not evident until 9 days of age. Analyses of Golgi--Cox preparations of parieto-temporo-preoccipital cortices, taken immediately following testing, revealed that behavioral development was paralleled by age-related changes in apical, oblique, and basilar dendritic networks and number of apical dendritic spines of layer V pyramidal cells. Correlations between behavioral and histological measures, indicated no consistent association of retention capacity with any of the physiological measures. However, basilar dendritic growth was significantly correlated with unconditioned reflex control as well as initial learning ability.", "contents": "The relationship between dendritic growth of cortical neurons and the ontogeny of conditioned and unconditioned reflex control. Suppression of an infantile reflex (circling behavior) to electric shock in a straight-alley escape problem increased as a function of age and trials in male Swiss-Webster mice trained at 7, 9, or 11 days of age and retested 24 h later. Twenty-four hours retention of prior training, indicated by the superior performance of trained subjects relative to yoked-shock and age controls, was not evident until 9 days of age. Analyses of Golgi--Cox preparations of parieto-temporo-preoccipital cortices, taken immediately following testing, revealed that behavioral development was paralleled by age-related changes in apical, oblique, and basilar dendritic networks and number of apical dendritic spines of layer V pyramidal cells. Correlations between behavioral and histological measures, indicated no consistent association of retention capacity with any of the physiological measures. However, basilar dendritic growth was significantly correlated with unconditioned reflex control as well as initial learning ability.", "PMID": 574417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11127", "title": "Ontogeny of catecholamine turnover rates in limbic and hypothalamic structures in relation to serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations and turnover rates have been studied in the n. accumbens, medial preoptic area (MPO) and anterior and posterior parts of the mediobasal hypothalamus of developing rats. Turnover rates are determined by injection of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine 30 and 90 min prior to decapitation. NE concentrations and turnover in the n. accumbens were low in all age groups with slightly increased values between days 20 and 35 after birth whereas DA concentrations and turnover rates were low at day 15 and 20 and at high adult values by day 25 after birth. Medial preoptic and anterior mediobasal hypothalamic catecholamines exhibited a rather unique pattern. Concentrations and turnover rates were low in 15-day-old animals and increased between days 20 and 30 to very high values. Such high values were never observed in adult diestrous animals. The same pattern was also observed in the posterior mediobasal hypothalamus for NE concentrations and turnover rates whereas the respective values for DA showed relatively large fluctuations. On the basis of catecholamine measurements 30 and 90 min after blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase an attempt was also made to differentiate turnover rates of the functional and of the storage pool. Serum LH levels in the 15-day-old animals showed large fluctuations. FSH levels were high and prolactin levels were low. At the time of increased preoptic and hypothalamic NE and DA turnover rates, serum prolactin levels were also high whereas serum LH levels were lowest between days 20 and 30 and then slightly increased. Serum FSH levels were uniformly low. The possibility is discussed that high NE turnover may stimulate pituitary LH and prolactin release by hypothalamic mechanisms. Hihgh serum prolactin levels may stimulate DA turnover which is inhibitory to pituitary LH release, thus counteracting the stimulatory effect of NE on LH-RH release. The dopaminergic inhibition of LH may be relieved at the time of puberty partially because the DA receptors become desensitized to the action of DA.", "contents": "Ontogeny of catecholamine turnover rates in limbic and hypothalamic structures in relation to serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels. Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations and turnover rates have been studied in the n. accumbens, medial preoptic area (MPO) and anterior and posterior parts of the mediobasal hypothalamus of developing rats. Turnover rates are determined by injection of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine 30 and 90 min prior to decapitation. NE concentrations and turnover in the n. accumbens were low in all age groups with slightly increased values between days 20 and 35 after birth whereas DA concentrations and turnover rates were low at day 15 and 20 and at high adult values by day 25 after birth. Medial preoptic and anterior mediobasal hypothalamic catecholamines exhibited a rather unique pattern. Concentrations and turnover rates were low in 15-day-old animals and increased between days 20 and 30 to very high values. Such high values were never observed in adult diestrous animals. The same pattern was also observed in the posterior mediobasal hypothalamus for NE concentrations and turnover rates whereas the respective values for DA showed relatively large fluctuations. On the basis of catecholamine measurements 30 and 90 min after blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase an attempt was also made to differentiate turnover rates of the functional and of the storage pool. Serum LH levels in the 15-day-old animals showed large fluctuations. FSH levels were high and prolactin levels were low. At the time of increased preoptic and hypothalamic NE and DA turnover rates, serum prolactin levels were also high whereas serum LH levels were lowest between days 20 and 30 and then slightly increased. Serum FSH levels were uniformly low. The possibility is discussed that high NE turnover may stimulate pituitary LH and prolactin release by hypothalamic mechanisms. Hihgh serum prolactin levels may stimulate DA turnover which is inhibitory to pituitary LH release, thus counteracting the stimulatory effect of NE on LH-RH release. The dopaminergic inhibition of LH may be relieved at the time of puberty partially because the DA receptors become desensitized to the action of DA.", "PMID": 574418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11128", "title": "Influence of dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on the induction of urinary bladder cancer in rats.", "content": "N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was instilled by a urethral catheter into the urinary bladders of female Wistar rats in weekly doses of 0.5 mg for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. At 75 weeks after the initial dose of MNU, the incidences of bladder cancer were 0, 7, 50 and 64% for the total doses of MNU of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg, respectively. Control rats instilled with 0.9% NaCl only for 1--4 weeks did not develop bladder cancer by 75 weeks. Higher doses of MNU of 4.0 and 6.0 mg, given weekly in 0.5 mg amounts for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, induced a higher incidence (nearly 90%) of urinary bladder cancer in rats at 22--28 weeks. However, it was shown that control rats given 12 weekly installations of solvent only developed a significant number (33%) of bladder cancers by 22--28 weeks.", "contents": "Influence of dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on the induction of urinary bladder cancer in rats. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was instilled by a urethral catheter into the urinary bladders of female Wistar rats in weekly doses of 0.5 mg for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. At 75 weeks after the initial dose of MNU, the incidences of bladder cancer were 0, 7, 50 and 64% for the total doses of MNU of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg, respectively. Control rats instilled with 0.9% NaCl only for 1--4 weeks did not develop bladder cancer by 75 weeks. Higher doses of MNU of 4.0 and 6.0 mg, given weekly in 0.5 mg amounts for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, induced a higher incidence (nearly 90%) of urinary bladder cancer in rats at 22--28 weeks. However, it was shown that control rats given 12 weekly installations of solvent only developed a significant number (33%) of bladder cancers by 22--28 weeks.", "PMID": 574419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11129", "title": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. IV. Myofilaments, intermediate filaments and some mechanical properties.", "content": "The ultrastructure of filaments is studied in the hypertrophic musculature of the small intestine of the guinea pig oral to an experimental stenosis. No structural change is observed in the thin and the thick myofilaments. However, there is a remarkable and consistent increase in the number of intermediate (10 nm) filaments; they are the predominant type of filament in many hypertrophic muscle cells. Experiments, in which the force developed in vitro by strips of control and hypertrophic musculature upon stimulation with carbachol, indicate that the force per unit sectional area is slightly less in the hypertrophic muscle than in the control tissue.", "contents": "Hypertrophic smooth muscle. IV. Myofilaments, intermediate filaments and some mechanical properties. The ultrastructure of filaments is studied in the hypertrophic musculature of the small intestine of the guinea pig oral to an experimental stenosis. No structural change is observed in the thin and the thick myofilaments. However, there is a remarkable and consistent increase in the number of intermediate (10 nm) filaments; they are the predominant type of filament in many hypertrophic muscle cells. Experiments, in which the force developed in vitro by strips of control and hypertrophic musculature upon stimulation with carbachol, indicate that the force per unit sectional area is slightly less in the hypertrophic muscle than in the control tissue.", "PMID": 574421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11130", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the oogenesis of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea, Notostraca). II. Early developmental states of the oocyte.", "content": "The first stages of the oogenesis of Triops cancriformis have been studied. At the outset the oocyte is smaller than the nurse cells. Meiosis begins with typical synaptonemal complexes. The significance of these complexes and of some other peculiar structures of germ cells, i.e., pore complexes and annuli within the nucleus, and annulate lamellae within the cytoplasm are discussed. The morphofunctional uniformity of some cytoplasmic structures (annulate lamellae, concentrically arranged ER, and yolk globules) in the oocyte as well as its nurse cells is also discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the oogenesis of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea, Notostraca). II. Early developmental states of the oocyte. The first stages of the oogenesis of Triops cancriformis have been studied. At the outset the oocyte is smaller than the nurse cells. Meiosis begins with typical synaptonemal complexes. The significance of these complexes and of some other peculiar structures of germ cells, i.e., pore complexes and annuli within the nucleus, and annulate lamellae within the cytoplasm are discussed. The morphofunctional uniformity of some cytoplasmic structures (annulate lamellae, concentrically arranged ER, and yolk globules) in the oocyte as well as its nurse cells is also discussed.", "PMID": 574422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11131", "title": "A dense-cored filamentous body in Leydig cells of the golden hamster.", "content": "A unique cytoplasmic structure has been observed in Leydig cells of the golden hamster. It consists of a laminar core made up of electron dense material surrounded by a filamentous matrix of lower density, and is tentatively called a dense-cored filamentous body (DCFB). DCFBs vary in overall size and in configuration of the centrally disposed dense lamina. They are typically located in the vicinity of the centrosome and the Golgi complex. The body has no limiting membrane, and may be in contact with virtually every type of organelle. The DCFB is well developed in active Leydig cells, whereas it is small in the quiescent stage of the secretory cell. It is likely that the DCFB is a constant organelle in the hamster Leydig cell and may be involved in the physiological function of the Leydig cell, which remains to be specified.", "contents": "A dense-cored filamentous body in Leydig cells of the golden hamster. A unique cytoplasmic structure has been observed in Leydig cells of the golden hamster. It consists of a laminar core made up of electron dense material surrounded by a filamentous matrix of lower density, and is tentatively called a dense-cored filamentous body (DCFB). DCFBs vary in overall size and in configuration of the centrally disposed dense lamina. They are typically located in the vicinity of the centrosome and the Golgi complex. The body has no limiting membrane, and may be in contact with virtually every type of organelle. The DCFB is well developed in active Leydig cells, whereas it is small in the quiescent stage of the secretory cell. It is likely that the DCFB is a constant organelle in the hamster Leydig cell and may be involved in the physiological function of the Leydig cell, which remains to be specified.", "PMID": 574423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11132", "title": "Studies on fish scale formation and resorption. III. Fine structure and calcification of the fibrillary plates of the scales in Carassius auratus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae).", "content": "Electron microscopic investigation of scales of the goldfish Carassius auratus revealed that the lamellae of fibrillary plates contain sheet-like structures composed of vertically oriented collagen fibers embedded in an organic matrix. The fibers (TC fibers) are smaller in diameter (35-45 nm) than those of the lamellae and the matrix is stained intensely with lead citrate. The sheet-like structures as well as the lamellae are formed by fibroblasts located beneath the lamellae. The orientation of collagen fibers of the sheets and the lamellae seems to be controlled by the orientation of the ridges and invaginations of the surface of the fibroblasts. The fibrillary plate of C. auratus was found to be partially calcified. Calcification was initiated by the deposition of needle-like or flaky crystals of hydroxyapatite in the organic matrix of the sheet-like structure and proceeded into the TC fibers and the matric region of the lamellae. The potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide method showed a heavy concentration of calcium in the osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and in the matrix regions of the fibrillary plate. Calcium-containing precipitates were also present in the \"hole zone\" of the collagen fibers in the lamellae, but the significance of this location in calcification remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Studies on fish scale formation and resorption. III. Fine structure and calcification of the fibrillary plates of the scales in Carassius auratus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Electron microscopic investigation of scales of the goldfish Carassius auratus revealed that the lamellae of fibrillary plates contain sheet-like structures composed of vertically oriented collagen fibers embedded in an organic matrix. The fibers (TC fibers) are smaller in diameter (35-45 nm) than those of the lamellae and the matrix is stained intensely with lead citrate. The sheet-like structures as well as the lamellae are formed by fibroblasts located beneath the lamellae. The orientation of collagen fibers of the sheets and the lamellae seems to be controlled by the orientation of the ridges and invaginations of the surface of the fibroblasts. The fibrillary plate of C. auratus was found to be partially calcified. Calcification was initiated by the deposition of needle-like or flaky crystals of hydroxyapatite in the organic matrix of the sheet-like structure and proceeded into the TC fibers and the matric region of the lamellae. The potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide method showed a heavy concentration of calcium in the osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and in the matrix regions of the fibrillary plate. Calcium-containing precipitates were also present in the \"hole zone\" of the collagen fibers in the lamellae, but the significance of this location in calcification remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 574424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11133", "title": "The ultrastructure of the striated muscle of the tail of Cercaria chackai, nadakal et al., 1969.", "content": "The electron microscopic study of the tail of Cercaria chackai reveals that it contains four sets of striated muscle bundles located central to the nonstriated circular and longitudinal muscles. The striated muscle consists of longitudinally oriented lamellar myofibres. Each myofibre contains a single \"U\" shaped myofibril. The banding pattern is analogous to that of vertebrate striated muscle. The sarcolemma is a simple surface membrane. There are no transverse tubular extensions of sarcolemma. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is very well developed with cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. SR cisternae form dyadic couplings with the sarcolemma. There is a set of flattened tubules of SR origin traversing the myofibril exactly at the Z region. These tubules are unique to the striated muscle of the cercarian tail and may have functional significance. A diagrammatic reconstruction of the myofibre is presented.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the striated muscle of the tail of Cercaria chackai, nadakal et al., 1969. The electron microscopic study of the tail of Cercaria chackai reveals that it contains four sets of striated muscle bundles located central to the nonstriated circular and longitudinal muscles. The striated muscle consists of longitudinally oriented lamellar myofibres. Each myofibre contains a single \"U\" shaped myofibril. The banding pattern is analogous to that of vertebrate striated muscle. The sarcolemma is a simple surface membrane. There are no transverse tubular extensions of sarcolemma. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is very well developed with cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. SR cisternae form dyadic couplings with the sarcolemma. There is a set of flattened tubules of SR origin traversing the myofibril exactly at the Z region. These tubules are unique to the striated muscle of the cercarian tail and may have functional significance. A diagrammatic reconstruction of the myofibre is presented.", "PMID": 574425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11134", "title": "Distribution patterns of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of hypothalamic monoamines.", "content": "In a circumscribed area of the preoptic periventricular nucleus of a male rat, formaldehyde-induced monoamine fluorophores modified by treatment with HCl vapors were investigated microfluorometrically (measurement of excitation peak ratio 370 : 320 nm) in all fluorescent terminals and preterminals. Microfluorometric recordings of an individual fluorescent structure were performed without UV irradiation of neighboring fluorophores. Recorded data were sampled and corrected by a microcomputer (Wang PCS II). 19 neuronal processes (axons) contained noradrenaline fluorophores; 11 contained dopamine fluorophores; 6 exhibited uncharacteristic excitation peak ratios; and in 19 recordings technical problems did not allow identification of the fluorophore content.", "contents": "Distribution patterns of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of hypothalamic monoamines. In a circumscribed area of the preoptic periventricular nucleus of a male rat, formaldehyde-induced monoamine fluorophores modified by treatment with HCl vapors were investigated microfluorometrically (measurement of excitation peak ratio 370 : 320 nm) in all fluorescent terminals and preterminals. Microfluorometric recordings of an individual fluorescent structure were performed without UV irradiation of neighboring fluorophores. Recorded data were sampled and corrected by a microcomputer (Wang PCS II). 19 neuronal processes (axons) contained noradrenaline fluorophores; 11 contained dopamine fluorophores; 6 exhibited uncharacteristic excitation peak ratios; and in 19 recordings technical problems did not allow identification of the fluorophore content.", "PMID": 574426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11135", "title": "Junctional structures in the metamorphosing midgut of Aeshna cyanea (Insecta, Odonata).", "content": "The metamorphosing midgut of Aeshna cyanea is characterized by the successive development of two tissues: the reticulated tissue and the imaginal epithelium. These tissues supply information concerning contacts between cells diverging in their developmental pathways although arising from the same stem cell population. In addition to small desmosomes, which bind reticulated to imaginal cells, the reticulated cells form invaginations into the apex of imaginal epithelial cells. The projections of the reticulated cells have enlarged tips, and numerous microfilaments run longitudinally along the length of these processes. It is suggested that the anchoring projections of these cells delay the casting off of the reticulated tissue into the lumen, and thus allow the development of the imaginal microvilli. These project into the dilated intercellular space filled with a glycoprotein material that separates imaginal and reticulated cells (Andries, 1972).", "contents": "Junctional structures in the metamorphosing midgut of Aeshna cyanea (Insecta, Odonata). The metamorphosing midgut of Aeshna cyanea is characterized by the successive development of two tissues: the reticulated tissue and the imaginal epithelium. These tissues supply information concerning contacts between cells diverging in their developmental pathways although arising from the same stem cell population. In addition to small desmosomes, which bind reticulated to imaginal cells, the reticulated cells form invaginations into the apex of imaginal epithelial cells. The projections of the reticulated cells have enlarged tips, and numerous microfilaments run longitudinally along the length of these processes. It is suggested that the anchoring projections of these cells delay the casting off of the reticulated tissue into the lumen, and thus allow the development of the imaginal microvilli. These project into the dilated intercellular space filled with a glycoprotein material that separates imaginal and reticulated cells (Andries, 1972).", "PMID": 574427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11136", "title": "Neuraminidase activity in the mucolipidoses (types I, II and III) and the cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome.", "content": "Two neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) comonents, A and B, were distinguished in cultured skin fibroblasts on the basis of thermolability at 37 degrees C. The more labile component (A) t1/2 = 4.7--5.3 min at 37 degrees C, comprises 66--90% of total neuraminidase activity when determined using sodium (4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminate) (MU-alpha-N) as substrate. Activity was assayed at 0 degrees C for 18 h instead of 37 degrees C to fully determine both thermolabile and thermostable components. Diminished activity was noted in cultured fibroblasts from mucolipidoses I, II and III (MLI, MLII, MLIII) and the cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome (CRSM) patients when assayed at both 0 and 37 degrees C with either MU-alpha-N or each of a series alpha (2 leads to 3)- and alpha (2 leads to 6)-linked N-acetylneuraminyloligosaccharides. Increased sensitivity and rapidity of analyses were achieved using MJ-alpha-N as substrate in determining neuraminidase activity. Results from two obligate heterozygote MLI cell lines (14.5 and 8.0% of control activity) indicate that the MU-alpha-N substrate could be useful for heterozygote detection.", "contents": "Neuraminidase activity in the mucolipidoses (types I, II and III) and the cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome. Two neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) comonents, A and B, were distinguished in cultured skin fibroblasts on the basis of thermolability at 37 degrees C. The more labile component (A) t1/2 = 4.7--5.3 min at 37 degrees C, comprises 66--90% of total neuraminidase activity when determined using sodium (4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminate) (MU-alpha-N) as substrate. Activity was assayed at 0 degrees C for 18 h instead of 37 degrees C to fully determine both thermolabile and thermostable components. Diminished activity was noted in cultured fibroblasts from mucolipidoses I, II and III (MLI, MLII, MLIII) and the cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome (CRSM) patients when assayed at both 0 and 37 degrees C with either MU-alpha-N or each of a series alpha (2 leads to 3)- and alpha (2 leads to 6)-linked N-acetylneuraminyloligosaccharides. Increased sensitivity and rapidity of analyses were achieved using MJ-alpha-N as substrate in determining neuraminidase activity. Results from two obligate heterozygote MLI cell lines (14.5 and 8.0% of control activity) indicate that the MU-alpha-N substrate could be useful for heterozygote detection.", "PMID": 574433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11137", "title": "\"Cytogenetic\" studies of spermatids of mice carrying Cattanach's translocation by flow cytometry.", "content": "The DNA content of spermatids of mice carrying Cattanach's translocation has been measured with high precision by flow cytometry. The observation that the two peaks of DNA content in the haploid region of the DNA histograms represent X- and Y-bearing spermatids was tested and confirmed. Using flow cytometry, the difference in DNA content between the X and Y chromosomes in these mice was measured to be 5.2 +/- 0.1% of the total haploid genome as compared to 3.4 +/- 0.1% in normal mice. These results demonstrated the precision of flow cytometry for cytogenetic studies. Additional information on spermatogenesis in mice bearing Cattanach's translocation was obtained and showed a gradual loss of cells during spermatogenesis in those bearing the balanced form of the translocation.", "contents": "\"Cytogenetic\" studies of spermatids of mice carrying Cattanach's translocation by flow cytometry. The DNA content of spermatids of mice carrying Cattanach's translocation has been measured with high precision by flow cytometry. The observation that the two peaks of DNA content in the haploid region of the DNA histograms represent X- and Y-bearing spermatids was tested and confirmed. Using flow cytometry, the difference in DNA content between the X and Y chromosomes in these mice was measured to be 5.2 +/- 0.1% of the total haploid genome as compared to 3.4 +/- 0.1% in normal mice. These results demonstrated the precision of flow cytometry for cytogenetic studies. Additional information on spermatogenesis in mice bearing Cattanach's translocation was obtained and showed a gradual loss of cells during spermatogenesis in those bearing the balanced form of the translocation.", "PMID": 574437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11138", "title": "BrdU-dye characterization of late replication and meiotic recombination in Armenian hamster germ cells.", "content": "In vivo BrdU-dye methodology is used to reveal patterns of replication kinetics and meiotic recombination in male germ cells of the Armenian hamster. Analogue substitution over a fraction of the DNA synthesis period results in distinctive 33258 Hoechst fluorescence staining of late replicating chromatin, detectable at spermatogonial or spermatocyte I and II stages. Spermatogonial cells which are extensively substituted with BrdU over the penultimate synthesis period reveal sister chromatid differentiation in all chromosomes of primary or secondary spermatocytes. In chiasmatic regions, exchanges between unlike-stained non-sister chromatids are indicated by isolatelled segments, while those occurring between like-stained non-sister chromatids are not directly detected. In sex chromosomes from young animals, these alternative images occur in a ratio of 1:1, which supports the concept that homologue non-sister chromatid regions are randomly broken and re-united in the process of chiasma formation. Deviations from randomness appeared to occur in older animals. Sex bivalent chiasmata are either coincident with points of visible exchange, or they appear to have variable degrees of terminalization. Secondary spermatocytes display sharp chromatid contrast, and aid in mapping the positions and frequencies of homologue exchanges.", "contents": "BrdU-dye characterization of late replication and meiotic recombination in Armenian hamster germ cells. In vivo BrdU-dye methodology is used to reveal patterns of replication kinetics and meiotic recombination in male germ cells of the Armenian hamster. Analogue substitution over a fraction of the DNA synthesis period results in distinctive 33258 Hoechst fluorescence staining of late replicating chromatin, detectable at spermatogonial or spermatocyte I and II stages. Spermatogonial cells which are extensively substituted with BrdU over the penultimate synthesis period reveal sister chromatid differentiation in all chromosomes of primary or secondary spermatocytes. In chiasmatic regions, exchanges between unlike-stained non-sister chromatids are indicated by isolatelled segments, while those occurring between like-stained non-sister chromatids are not directly detected. In sex chromosomes from young animals, these alternative images occur in a ratio of 1:1, which supports the concept that homologue non-sister chromatid regions are randomly broken and re-united in the process of chiasma formation. Deviations from randomness appeared to occur in older animals. Sex bivalent chiasmata are either coincident with points of visible exchange, or they appear to have variable degrees of terminalization. Secondary spermatocytes display sharp chromatid contrast, and aid in mapping the positions and frequencies of homologue exchanges.", "PMID": 574438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11139", "title": "Development of cellular tolerance to lethality and analgesia concurrent with physical dependence following repeated oral administration of LAAM.", "content": "Following the repeated oral administration of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) employing a dose (28 mg/kg per day) shown to induce its own metabolism by three- to four-fold, mice exhibited a rapid development of cellular tolerance and physical dependence which correlated on a temporal basis with this self-induction of LAAM metabolism. Evidence of cellular tolerance included significant elevations in the LAAM oral LD50, LAAM ICV (intracerebroventricular) LD50, LAAM oral AD50 and the LAAM ICV AD50 following repeated administration of this narcotic. Since the ICV parameters and the morphine AD50 were elevated over water control values, cellular tolerance appeared to play an important role in explaining the elevations noted for the oral parameters because the former were not influenced by changes in the rate of LAAM metabolism. Moreover, SKF-525A, a microsomal enzyme inhibitor, had little effect on the LAAM oral LD50 and the LAAM oral AD50, further indicating a minor role for dispositional tolerance. It is concluded that the induction noted for repeated oral LAAM administration most likely is responsible for generating more potent metabolites which in turn act to produce the cellular tolerance and physical dependence in these mice through constant exposure of the CNS.", "contents": "Development of cellular tolerance to lethality and analgesia concurrent with physical dependence following repeated oral administration of LAAM. Following the repeated oral administration of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) employing a dose (28 mg/kg per day) shown to induce its own metabolism by three- to four-fold, mice exhibited a rapid development of cellular tolerance and physical dependence which correlated on a temporal basis with this self-induction of LAAM metabolism. Evidence of cellular tolerance included significant elevations in the LAAM oral LD50, LAAM ICV (intracerebroventricular) LD50, LAAM oral AD50 and the LAAM ICV AD50 following repeated administration of this narcotic. Since the ICV parameters and the morphine AD50 were elevated over water control values, cellular tolerance appeared to play an important role in explaining the elevations noted for the oral parameters because the former were not influenced by changes in the rate of LAAM metabolism. Moreover, SKF-525A, a microsomal enzyme inhibitor, had little effect on the LAAM oral LD50 and the LAAM oral AD50, further indicating a minor role for dispositional tolerance. It is concluded that the induction noted for repeated oral LAAM administration most likely is responsible for generating more potent metabolites which in turn act to produce the cellular tolerance and physical dependence in these mice through constant exposure of the CNS.", "PMID": 574449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11140", "title": "Suppression of oestrus-inducing pheromone production in the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga Gray, by treatment with an antiandrogen.", "content": "The effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on the production of the male-originating oestrus-inducing pheromone in the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga Gray was investigated. The anoestrus induced in regularly cycling females by unisexual grouping was reversed by exposure to intact males. The majority of male-exposed females returned to oestrus within seven days, with a peak on the fourth-day. By contrast, exposure to CA-treated males failed to induce oestrus in grouped females. Since CA is a potent antiandrogen, the inability of CA-treated males to induce oestrus in females is interpreted as due to the depression of the production of the androgen-dependent pheromone. The results provide evidence in favour of the concept that the oestrus-inducing pheromone in the Indian field mouse is associated with androgens either directly or indirectly through some androgen-dependent gland.", "contents": "Suppression of oestrus-inducing pheromone production in the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga Gray, by treatment with an antiandrogen. The effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on the production of the male-originating oestrus-inducing pheromone in the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga Gray was investigated. The anoestrus induced in regularly cycling females by unisexual grouping was reversed by exposure to intact males. The majority of male-exposed females returned to oestrus within seven days, with a peak on the fourth-day. By contrast, exposure to CA-treated males failed to induce oestrus in grouped females. Since CA is a potent antiandrogen, the inability of CA-treated males to induce oestrus in females is interpreted as due to the depression of the production of the androgen-dependent pheromone. The results provide evidence in favour of the concept that the oestrus-inducing pheromone in the Indian field mouse is associated with androgens either directly or indirectly through some androgen-dependent gland.", "PMID": 574450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11141", "title": "Investigation by 360-MHz 1H-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis of the single glycan chain of chicken ovotransferrin.", "content": "The primary structure of two glycopeptides obtained by pronase digestion of chicken ovotransferrin has been investigated by 360-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and methylation analysis. The two glycopeptides differ in amino acid composition but contain the same carbohydrate moiety, viz: (formula: see text). Using the NMR data of some reference compounds the chemical shifts of the anomeric protons and mannose H-2 protons could be predicted with an accuracy of 0.01 ppm.", "contents": "Investigation by 360-MHz 1H-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis of the single glycan chain of chicken ovotransferrin. The primary structure of two glycopeptides obtained by pronase digestion of chicken ovotransferrin has been investigated by 360-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and methylation analysis. The two glycopeptides differ in amino acid composition but contain the same carbohydrate moiety, viz: (formula: see text). Using the NMR data of some reference compounds the chemical shifts of the anomeric protons and mannose H-2 protons could be predicted with an accuracy of 0.01 ppm.", "PMID": 574451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11142", "title": "Comparison of poly(A)-containing RNAs in different cell types of the lower eukaryote Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing RNAs were isolated from morphologically different cells of the fungus Schizophyllum commune. Using mRNA markers the number-average length of poly(A)-containing RNA in total RNA and in purified poly(A)-containing RNA was estimated as 1100 nucleotides. Number-average length of poly(A)-tracts was 33 nucleotides. 2.5% of total RNA is poly(A)-containing RNA and probably up to 7.5% are non-polyadenylated polydisperse RNA sequences. Saturation hybridization of poly(A)-containing RNA to gap-translated [3H]DNA resulted in 16% of the reactive single-copy DNA to become S1 nuclease resistant. It was found that purified poly(A)-containing RNA represented the entire RNA complexity, i.e. 10 000 different RNA sequences in S. commune. RNA sequences isolated from morphologically different mycelia and from fruiting and non-fruiting mycelia were identical for at least 90%.", "contents": "Comparison of poly(A)-containing RNAs in different cell types of the lower eukaryote Schizophyllum commune. Poly(A)-containing RNAs were isolated from morphologically different cells of the fungus Schizophyllum commune. Using mRNA markers the number-average length of poly(A)-containing RNA in total RNA and in purified poly(A)-containing RNA was estimated as 1100 nucleotides. Number-average length of poly(A)-tracts was 33 nucleotides. 2.5% of total RNA is poly(A)-containing RNA and probably up to 7.5% are non-polyadenylated polydisperse RNA sequences. Saturation hybridization of poly(A)-containing RNA to gap-translated [3H]DNA resulted in 16% of the reactive single-copy DNA to become S1 nuclease resistant. It was found that purified poly(A)-containing RNA represented the entire RNA complexity, i.e. 10 000 different RNA sequences in S. commune. RNA sequences isolated from morphologically different mycelia and from fruiting and non-fruiting mycelia were identical for at least 90%.", "PMID": 574452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11143", "title": "Modulation of dopamine-mediated behavioural responses by antidepressants: effects of single and repeated treatment.", "content": "The study concerned the effects of maprotiline, imipramine, clomipramine and amitriptyline on the stereotyped and turning behaviour induced by apomorphine in rats. At either single or repeated doses of 25 mg/kg i.p. neither maprotiline nor imipramine changed the stereotyped responses induced by apomorphine. Clomipramine showed in contrast an inhibitory effect which increased after 7 daily injections of the drug. Moderate suppression of stereotypies was also observed after repeated administration of amitriptyline. In rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the s.nigra apomorphine-induced contralateral turning was markedly suppressed (70%) after a single 25 mg/kg i.p. injection of maprotiline. A tolerance to this effect developed after 7 daily injections of the drug. Clomipramine and amitriptyline caused an inhibition of turning which was markedly increased after repeated treatment. These results suggest that antidepressants do not uniformly affect the behavioural responses mediated by dopamine. Clomipramine and amitriptyline appear to possess dopamine receptor blocking properties which may become more pronounced after chronic treatment. In contrast, the dopamine receptor blockade by maprotiline diminished and disappeared under such conditions. Among the drugs investigated imipramine was the one which seemed to have the weakest influence on dopaminergic receptors.", "contents": "Modulation of dopamine-mediated behavioural responses by antidepressants: effects of single and repeated treatment. The study concerned the effects of maprotiline, imipramine, clomipramine and amitriptyline on the stereotyped and turning behaviour induced by apomorphine in rats. At either single or repeated doses of 25 mg/kg i.p. neither maprotiline nor imipramine changed the stereotyped responses induced by apomorphine. Clomipramine showed in contrast an inhibitory effect which increased after 7 daily injections of the drug. Moderate suppression of stereotypies was also observed after repeated administration of amitriptyline. In rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the s.nigra apomorphine-induced contralateral turning was markedly suppressed (70%) after a single 25 mg/kg i.p. injection of maprotiline. A tolerance to this effect developed after 7 daily injections of the drug. Clomipramine and amitriptyline caused an inhibition of turning which was markedly increased after repeated treatment. These results suggest that antidepressants do not uniformly affect the behavioural responses mediated by dopamine. Clomipramine and amitriptyline appear to possess dopamine receptor blocking properties which may become more pronounced after chronic treatment. In contrast, the dopamine receptor blockade by maprotiline diminished and disappeared under such conditions. Among the drugs investigated imipramine was the one which seemed to have the weakest influence on dopaminergic receptors.", "PMID": 574454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11144", "title": "Genetics and ethanol tolerance.", "content": "This paper reviews some of the research on genetic bases of individual differences in ethanol tolerance of mice conducted at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics and at its predecessor laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Tolerance is, of course, a complex concept. Theoretical distinctions are made between tachyphylaxis and more slowly acquired tolerance and between dispositional and tissue tolerance. Pragmatically, a variety of measures (such as locomotor activity, sleep time, hypothermia) can be used to define these processes, and the different indices may yield quite different results even when they presumably indicate the same process. It is clear that an understanding of genetic influence in \"ethanol tolerance\" will require wide sampling of this complex domain. The work described here represents only a beginning, but it may illustrate the general approaches that are available for addressing the issue.", "contents": "Genetics and ethanol tolerance. This paper reviews some of the research on genetic bases of individual differences in ethanol tolerance of mice conducted at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics and at its predecessor laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Tolerance is, of course, a complex concept. Theoretical distinctions are made between tachyphylaxis and more slowly acquired tolerance and between dispositional and tissue tolerance. Pragmatically, a variety of measures (such as locomotor activity, sleep time, hypothermia) can be used to define these processes, and the different indices may yield quite different results even when they presumably indicate the same process. It is clear that an understanding of genetic influence in \"ethanol tolerance\" will require wide sampling of this complex domain. The work described here represents only a beginning, but it may illustrate the general approaches that are available for addressing the issue.", "PMID": 574446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11145", "title": "In vivo opiate binding unchanged in tolerant/dependent mice.", "content": "The in vivo receptor binding was measured for an opiate agonist and antagonist in the brains of naive mice and of mice made tolerant to and dependent on opiates by morphine pretreatment. There was significant differences between the receptor binding of these substances in the naive and in the tolerant/dependent animals. However, these differences disappeared 8 h after interruption of the morphine supply, although tolerance showed no decline. Therefore, the differences in the binding were obviously not produced by changes in the opiate receptors related to tolerance. Rather, the differences were probably caused by morphine in the brain of the tolerant/dependent mice pretreated with morphine and disappeared because the concentration of the morphine in the brains of these animals dropped during abrupt withdrawal. The fact that tolerance persisted for hours beyond this time indicated that tolerance is a time-dependent phenomenon, not directly dependent on receptor occupation by an agonist.", "contents": "In vivo opiate binding unchanged in tolerant/dependent mice. The in vivo receptor binding was measured for an opiate agonist and antagonist in the brains of naive mice and of mice made tolerant to and dependent on opiates by morphine pretreatment. There was significant differences between the receptor binding of these substances in the naive and in the tolerant/dependent animals. However, these differences disappeared 8 h after interruption of the morphine supply, although tolerance showed no decline. Therefore, the differences in the binding were obviously not produced by changes in the opiate receptors related to tolerance. Rather, the differences were probably caused by morphine in the brain of the tolerant/dependent mice pretreated with morphine and disappeared because the concentration of the morphine in the brains of these animals dropped during abrupt withdrawal. The fact that tolerance persisted for hours beyond this time indicated that tolerance is a time-dependent phenomenon, not directly dependent on receptor occupation by an agonist.", "PMID": 574455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11146", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructure of the term amnion in pathological pregnancy.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the amniotic epithelium at term was examined in cases of intrauterine growth retardation of the fetus and compared with amnions obtained from women with a clinically unremarkable pregnancy. In uterine growth retardation the amniotic cells exhibit a general deficiency of a series of functionally significant cell organelles. The RER is insufficiently developed, there is a diminution of the normally numerous free ribosomes as well as of those cell organelles which are involved in secretory function. A further atypical finding is the common lack of intercellular canals playing an important role in the transamniotic exchange of material. Besides this, a very poor development or a complete disintegration of the microfilamentous cytoskelet is generally noticed. The present findings give once again evidence for a very close relation between the structural appearance of the intercellular diffusion canals and the microfilamentous system. The results presented are suggestive of an amnion which is in a state of reduced secretory activity, additionally, due to the common lack of intercellular canals an inhibition of the interepithelial passage between the maternal and amniotic compartment cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructure of the term amnion in pathological pregnancy. The ultrastructure of the amniotic epithelium at term was examined in cases of intrauterine growth retardation of the fetus and compared with amnions obtained from women with a clinically unremarkable pregnancy. In uterine growth retardation the amniotic cells exhibit a general deficiency of a series of functionally significant cell organelles. The RER is insufficiently developed, there is a diminution of the normally numerous free ribosomes as well as of those cell organelles which are involved in secretory function. A further atypical finding is the common lack of intercellular canals playing an important role in the transamniotic exchange of material. Besides this, a very poor development or a complete disintegration of the microfilamentous cytoskelet is generally noticed. The present findings give once again evidence for a very close relation between the structural appearance of the intercellular diffusion canals and the microfilamentous system. The results presented are suggestive of an amnion which is in a state of reduced secretory activity, additionally, due to the common lack of intercellular canals an inhibition of the interepithelial passage between the maternal and amniotic compartment cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 574460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11147", "title": "Influence of photoinduction on aminotransferase activity in biloxi soybean, Glycine max. L., Merr.", "content": "Increasing number of photoinductive cycles markedly influenced the activity of 5 different aminotransferase systems as compared to non-inductive cycles. The activity was related to the requirement of the corresponding aminoacid synthesised during the process of photoinduction in the leaves.", "contents": "Influence of photoinduction on aminotransferase activity in biloxi soybean, Glycine max. L., Merr. Increasing number of photoinductive cycles markedly influenced the activity of 5 different aminotransferase systems as compared to non-inductive cycles. The activity was related to the requirement of the corresponding aminoacid synthesised during the process of photoinduction in the leaves.", "PMID": 574461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11148", "title": "Analysis of human spermatozoal fertilizing ability using zona-free ova.", "content": "An in vitro fertilization assay employing zona-free hamster eggs was used to analyze human spermatozoal fertilizing ability. Human spermatozoa were preincubated for 18 to 20 hours in Biggers, Whitten, and Whittingham's medium (1971) at a concentration of 1 X 10(7) sperm/ml prior to the addition of zona-free superovulated hamster eggs. Eggs were examined microscopically 2 hours later for evidence of swelling or decondensing sperm heads in the cytoplasm. A total of 6266 eggs were examined in assays for both suspected fertile and infertile donors; 50 eggs/sample were examined. The percentage fertilization was found to range from 14% to 100% in the suspected fertile group with an average of 56.3%. The sperm concentration in this fertile group ranged from 22 to 303 million/ml with an average of 114. The suspected infertile samples yielded fertilization rates of 10% or less and an average count of 50.6 million/ml. These data suggest that human spermatozoa fuse with the vitelline membrane of zona-free hamster eggs and decondense with varying efficiencies. The percentage of fertilization in this cross-species system did not show a significant correlation with sperm concentration or motility. However, suspected infertile samples always yielded 10% or less fertilization in this assay. This method may have potential value as a diagnostic tool in evaluating human spermatozoal fertilizing capacity which avoids the ethical and logistcal problems associated with fertilization of human eggs in vitro.", "contents": "Analysis of human spermatozoal fertilizing ability using zona-free ova. An in vitro fertilization assay employing zona-free hamster eggs was used to analyze human spermatozoal fertilizing ability. Human spermatozoa were preincubated for 18 to 20 hours in Biggers, Whitten, and Whittingham's medium (1971) at a concentration of 1 X 10(7) sperm/ml prior to the addition of zona-free superovulated hamster eggs. Eggs were examined microscopically 2 hours later for evidence of swelling or decondensing sperm heads in the cytoplasm. A total of 6266 eggs were examined in assays for both suspected fertile and infertile donors; 50 eggs/sample were examined. The percentage fertilization was found to range from 14% to 100% in the suspected fertile group with an average of 56.3%. The sperm concentration in this fertile group ranged from 22 to 303 million/ml with an average of 114. The suspected infertile samples yielded fertilization rates of 10% or less and an average count of 50.6 million/ml. These data suggest that human spermatozoa fuse with the vitelline membrane of zona-free hamster eggs and decondense with varying efficiencies. The percentage of fertilization in this cross-species system did not show a significant correlation with sperm concentration or motility. However, suspected infertile samples always yielded 10% or less fertilization in this assay. This method may have potential value as a diagnostic tool in evaluating human spermatozoal fertilizing capacity which avoids the ethical and logistcal problems associated with fertilization of human eggs in vitro.", "PMID": 574462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11149", "title": "Sperm antibody activity in human fallopian tube fluid.", "content": "Fallopian tube fluid and sera from 33 fertile and 48 infertile patients were investigated for spermatozoal antibodies by gelatin agglutination, immobilization, and indirect immunofluorescence tests. Oviductal fluids were obtained as washings after tubal catheterization. The incidences of antisperm activity in oviductal washings ranged from 9% to 58.3% depending on the tests used. These incidences were higher in infertile patients. Only immunoglobulin (Ig) A antisperm antibody was significantly more common in infertile patients than in fertile patients (P less than 0.01). Gelatin agglutination and antisperm IgG activity in the oviductal washings could be correlated to that in the sera. No relationship was seen between antisperm activity in the oviductal washings and that in the sera for sperm immobilization antibodies and IgA antisperm antibodies.", "contents": "Sperm antibody activity in human fallopian tube fluid. Fallopian tube fluid and sera from 33 fertile and 48 infertile patients were investigated for spermatozoal antibodies by gelatin agglutination, immobilization, and indirect immunofluorescence tests. Oviductal fluids were obtained as washings after tubal catheterization. The incidences of antisperm activity in oviductal washings ranged from 9% to 58.3% depending on the tests used. These incidences were higher in infertile patients. Only immunoglobulin (Ig) A antisperm antibody was significantly more common in infertile patients than in fertile patients (P less than 0.01). Gelatin agglutination and antisperm IgG activity in the oviductal washings could be correlated to that in the sera. No relationship was seen between antisperm activity in the oviductal washings and that in the sera for sperm immobilization antibodies and IgA antisperm antibodies.", "PMID": 574463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11150", "title": "Determining the impact of sex preferences on fertility: a consideration of parity progression ratio, dominance, and stopping rule measures.", "content": "The two methods commonly used to assess the effect of sex preferences on fertility are inadequate to the task. Parity progression ratio analyses suffer from logical problems stemming from the heterogeneity of sex preferences and the riskiness of fertility decisions. While conjoint measurement-dominance procedures overcome these logical problems, they cannot yield quantitative estimates of the impact of sex preferences on fertility. A stopping rule measure which overcomes these limitations is proposed and described and its potential for determining the effect of sex predetermination methods on population is discussed.", "contents": "Determining the impact of sex preferences on fertility: a consideration of parity progression ratio, dominance, and stopping rule measures. The two methods commonly used to assess the effect of sex preferences on fertility are inadequate to the task. Parity progression ratio analyses suffer from logical problems stemming from the heterogeneity of sex preferences and the riskiness of fertility decisions. While conjoint measurement-dominance procedures overcome these logical problems, they cannot yield quantitative estimates of the impact of sex preferences on fertility. A stopping rule measure which overcomes these limitations is proposed and described and its potential for determining the effect of sex predetermination methods on population is discussed.", "PMID": 574464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11151", "title": "A note on the analysis of parity progression ratios.", "content": "Contingency table modeling procedures are proposed to examine the effects of independent variables on parity progression ratios. The methodology is outlined and an incremental-factorial linear model is developed.", "contents": "A note on the analysis of parity progression ratios. Contingency table modeling procedures are proposed to examine the effects of independent variables on parity progression ratios. The methodology is outlined and an incremental-factorial linear model is developed.", "PMID": 574465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11152", "title": "Aqueductal stenosis in X-linked hydrocephalus: a secondary phenomenon?", "content": "Two cases of x-linked hydrocephalus are reported. One underwent postmortem examination: serial sections of the brain stem failed to show stenosis of the aqueduct, the mean and minimal cross-sectional areas of which were normal. However, there were some morphological changes which were compatible with a mechanical compression of the brain stem. It is postulated that in the Bickers and Adams syndrome of x-linked hereditary hydrocephalus the primary defect is a communicating hydrocephalus leading usually, but not always, to aqueductal stenosis. The importance of electrophysiological investigations for the correct diagnosis of the characteristic clasped-thumb deformity is also indicated.", "contents": "Aqueductal stenosis in X-linked hydrocephalus: a secondary phenomenon? Two cases of x-linked hydrocephalus are reported. One underwent postmortem examination: serial sections of the brain stem failed to show stenosis of the aqueduct, the mean and minimal cross-sectional areas of which were normal. However, there were some morphological changes which were compatible with a mechanical compression of the brain stem. It is postulated that in the Bickers and Adams syndrome of x-linked hereditary hydrocephalus the primary defect is a communicating hydrocephalus leading usually, but not always, to aqueductal stenosis. The importance of electrophysiological investigations for the correct diagnosis of the characteristic clasped-thumb deformity is also indicated.", "PMID": 574474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11153", "title": "Mixed bacterial and fungal meningitis in a neonate.", "content": "Mixed infections of the central nervous system occurring in children without underlying neurological disease may be more frequent than previously suspected. In this case report, a neonate whose cerebrospinal fluid culture at 24 hours showed group B streptococcus only, was found on postmortem examination at six days of age to have disseminated candidiasis with cerebral abscesses. The degree of systemic involvement in this newborn suggested intra-uterine acquired candidiasis. Early diagnosis of polymicrobic infections is difficult, but this case suggests it should be considered in patients not responding to antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Mixed bacterial and fungal meningitis in a neonate. Mixed infections of the central nervous system occurring in children without underlying neurological disease may be more frequent than previously suspected. In this case report, a neonate whose cerebrospinal fluid culture at 24 hours showed group B streptococcus only, was found on postmortem examination at six days of age to have disseminated candidiasis with cerebral abscesses. The degree of systemic involvement in this newborn suggested intra-uterine acquired candidiasis. Early diagnosis of polymicrobic infections is difficult, but this case suggests it should be considered in patients not responding to antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 574475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11154", "title": "[Heterologous artificial insemination (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications for insemination, the selection of donor, consultation with the recipient parent and the technique will be described, based on our four-year experience. A description of the examination before the insemination and the results from a small collection of cases will be discussed.", "contents": "[Heterologous artificial insemination (author's transl)]. The indications for insemination, the selection of donor, consultation with the recipient parent and the technique will be described, based on our four-year experience. A description of the examination before the insemination and the results from a small collection of cases will be discussed.", "PMID": 574477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11155", "title": "[Sulfalene pharmacogenetics. I. The genetic determination of the pharmacokinetic indices].", "content": "Genetic determination of pharmacokinetics of sulfalen, a new antibacterial drug, has been studied in 28 twin pairs of Moscow Russian population. In order to determine the degree of heritability of such pharmacokinetic parameters of sulfalen as t 1/2 (half-life); Vd and delta (apparent and specific volumes of distribution) and Co (apparent initial concentration) Holtsinger H-statistics values have been calculated, which are 0.891, 0.866, 0.766 and 0.797 respectively. Possible causes of discrepancies between these values and the coefficients of genetic determination G, calculated by decomposition of general phenotypical dispercion of the parameters via the main equation of quantitative traits of genetics are given (0.913, 0.762, 0.828, 0.856 in that order). The data obtained make it possible to assume that genetic determination t 1/2 of sulfalen is carried out within the system of monogenous interaction (HD = 0.91, HA = 0), that of Vd and Co--within the system of additive-polygenous interaction, while linear and non-linear effects contribute to delta determination (HD = 0.232, HA = 0.596).", "contents": "[Sulfalene pharmacogenetics. I. The genetic determination of the pharmacokinetic indices]. Genetic determination of pharmacokinetics of sulfalen, a new antibacterial drug, has been studied in 28 twin pairs of Moscow Russian population. In order to determine the degree of heritability of such pharmacokinetic parameters of sulfalen as t 1/2 (half-life); Vd and delta (apparent and specific volumes of distribution) and Co (apparent initial concentration) Holtsinger H-statistics values have been calculated, which are 0.891, 0.866, 0.766 and 0.797 respectively. Possible causes of discrepancies between these values and the coefficients of genetic determination G, calculated by decomposition of general phenotypical dispercion of the parameters via the main equation of quantitative traits of genetics are given (0.913, 0.762, 0.828, 0.856 in that order). The data obtained make it possible to assume that genetic determination t 1/2 of sulfalen is carried out within the system of monogenous interaction (HD = 0.91, HA = 0), that of Vd and Co--within the system of additive-polygenous interaction, while linear and non-linear effects contribute to delta determination (HD = 0.232, HA = 0.596).", "PMID": 574478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11156", "title": "Degradation of organic nitrogenous wastes by a soil streptomycete.", "content": "A soil streptomycete degraded hair, silk, wool, feather and leather which were collected from solid wastes. The organism was identified taxonomically and designated Streptomyces sp. A956. It degraded leather to the maximum extent and solubilized 35.9% of the total nitrogen, 2.32 mg of glycine equivalent amino nitrogen could be obtained by degradation of 100 mg leather.", "contents": "Degradation of organic nitrogenous wastes by a soil streptomycete. A soil streptomycete degraded hair, silk, wool, feather and leather which were collected from solid wastes. The organism was identified taxonomically and designated Streptomyces sp. A956. It degraded leather to the maximum extent and solubilized 35.9% of the total nitrogen, 2.32 mg of glycine equivalent amino nitrogen could be obtained by degradation of 100 mg leather.", "PMID": 574480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11157", "title": "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and nodulation in soybean.", "content": "Dual infections of Glycine max with VA endophytes and Rhizobium, compared with Rhizobium alone, increased the number and weight of nodules significantly in natural field soil and obviated the need of phosphate application for successful nodulation.", "contents": "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and nodulation in soybean. Dual infections of Glycine max with VA endophytes and Rhizobium, compared with Rhizobium alone, increased the number and weight of nodules significantly in natural field soil and obviated the need of phosphate application for successful nodulation.", "PMID": 574481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11158", "title": "[Correlations between pre, peri, and postnatal risk factors and the psychomotor development during the 1st half year of life].", "content": "Data from 1288 illustrated questionnaires were analysed with regard to the correlation of pre-, peri- and postnatal complications and infant psychomotor development. The information on the infants' case history was obtained through the parents retrospectively. Data on psychomotor development were gained prospectively by means of continuous parental observation. Statistical evaluation showed that correlations among many risk factors in our sample and developmental items decrease already during the first six months of life. That is to say, depending on the length of time subsequent to their pre- and perinatal effects many obstetric complications lose their significance for a given state of psychomotor development as well as for prognosis. Furthermore, one should consider that even prediction through recent and current risk factors may often only be of short-term value.", "contents": "[Correlations between pre, peri, and postnatal risk factors and the psychomotor development during the 1st half year of life]. Data from 1288 illustrated questionnaires were analysed with regard to the correlation of pre-, peri- and postnatal complications and infant psychomotor development. The information on the infants' case history was obtained through the parents retrospectively. Data on psychomotor development were gained prospectively by means of continuous parental observation. Statistical evaluation showed that correlations among many risk factors in our sample and developmental items decrease already during the first six months of life. That is to say, depending on the length of time subsequent to their pre- and perinatal effects many obstetric complications lose their significance for a given state of psychomotor development as well as for prognosis. Furthermore, one should consider that even prediction through recent and current risk factors may often only be of short-term value.", "PMID": 574482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11159", "title": "[Efficacy and tolerance of Uroflux, a bladder and kidney tea, in the treatment of urinary tract infections, especially in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In an open study the use of Uroflux tea and sugar coated tablets individually and in combination with chemotherapeutic or antibiotic therapy in 52 patients is described. Urine analysis showed improvement rates of 92 and 93 per cent respectively. A blind trial was carried out separately in diabetic patients over a period of 14 days in order to evaluate the effects on daily blood sugar levels of Uroflux tea against a comparative product. It was clearly shown, that the patients on Uroflux tea showed no changes in daily blood sugar profiles. Contrary to this is was noteworthy that blood sugar concentrations in patients receiving the comparative product were elevated in the morning before breakfast as well as one hour after the midday meal. There were no side effects observed with any of the Uroflux dosage forms; even patients complaining of \"sensitive stomach\" reported excellent tolerance.", "contents": "[Efficacy and tolerance of Uroflux, a bladder and kidney tea, in the treatment of urinary tract infections, especially in diabetes mellitus]. In an open study the use of Uroflux tea and sugar coated tablets individually and in combination with chemotherapeutic or antibiotic therapy in 52 patients is described. Urine analysis showed improvement rates of 92 and 93 per cent respectively. A blind trial was carried out separately in diabetic patients over a period of 14 days in order to evaluate the effects on daily blood sugar levels of Uroflux tea against a comparative product. It was clearly shown, that the patients on Uroflux tea showed no changes in daily blood sugar profiles. Contrary to this is was noteworthy that blood sugar concentrations in patients receiving the comparative product were elevated in the morning before breakfast as well as one hour after the midday meal. There were no side effects observed with any of the Uroflux dosage forms; even patients complaining of \"sensitive stomach\" reported excellent tolerance.", "PMID": 574483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11160", "title": "[Synthesis of (LysA13)bovine insulin A chain fragments using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of the peptide derivatives A1-8 and [LysA13]A9-15 as well as A1-7 and [LysA13]A8-15, belonging to the [LysA13]-bovine insulin A chain is described. The S-tert-butylmercapto group was used for thiol protection.", "contents": "[Synthesis of (LysA13)bovine insulin A chain fragments using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection (author's transl)]. The synthesis of the peptide derivatives A1-8 and [LysA13]A9-15 as well as A1-7 and [LysA13]A8-15, belonging to the [LysA13]-bovine insulin A chain is described. The S-tert-butylmercapto group was used for thiol protection.", "PMID": 574492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11161", "title": "[Synthesis of (LysA13)bovine insulin A chain analogs as (Lys(Tfa)A13)A(SO3H)4 and Nalpha-A1-Msc-(LysA13)A(SO3H)4 derivatives using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection (author's transl)].", "content": "The following paper describes the synthesis of the [LysA13]bovine insulin A chain analog as [Lys(Tfa)A13]A(SO3H)4 and NalphaA1-Msc-[LysA13]A(SO3H)4 derivatives using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection. Although the intermediate S-tert-butylmercaptocysteinyl-peptide derivatives showed a good solubility in organic solvents the resulting fully protected A chain derivatives had a poor solubility in organic solvents and therefore were deblocked converted into the tetra(S-sulfonic acid) derivatives and purified via ionexchange chromatography.", "contents": "[Synthesis of (LysA13)bovine insulin A chain analogs as (Lys(Tfa)A13)A(SO3H)4 and Nalpha-A1-Msc-(LysA13)A(SO3H)4 derivatives using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection (author's transl)]. The following paper describes the synthesis of the [LysA13]bovine insulin A chain analog as [Lys(Tfa)A13]A(SO3H)4 and NalphaA1-Msc-[LysA13]A(SO3H)4 derivatives using the S-tert-butylmercapto residue for thiol protection. Although the intermediate S-tert-butylmercaptocysteinyl-peptide derivatives showed a good solubility in organic solvents the resulting fully protected A chain derivatives had a poor solubility in organic solvents and therefore were deblocked converted into the tetra(S-sulfonic acid) derivatives and purified via ionexchange chromatography.", "PMID": 574493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11162", "title": "A crystalline A14-(2-nitro-4-trimethylammoniophenyl) derivative of bovine insulin.", "content": "[O-(2-Nitro-4-trimethylammoniophenyl)-TyrA 14]insulin (bovine) is a product formed on reaction of bovine insulin with the hydrophilic reagent 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-trimethyl-ammoniobenzene iodide (TAN-F) in an aqueous buffer at pH 8.00. The derivative was isolated and its purity established by standard procedures. The identity of the derivative was determined by degrative studies with alpha-chymotrypsin. The addition of zinc to the above reaction decreases the yield of the title derivative, but increases the yield of the [N alpha-TAN-GlyA1] derivative. [N alpha-Boc-GlyA1]insulin was also reacted with the above mentioned reagent in an attempt to improve the yield of the A14-tyrosine derivative. The biological activity of this microcrystalline derivative was found to be 12.4 units/mg as measured by the mouse convulsion assay.", "contents": "A crystalline A14-(2-nitro-4-trimethylammoniophenyl) derivative of bovine insulin. [O-(2-Nitro-4-trimethylammoniophenyl)-TyrA 14]insulin (bovine) is a product formed on reaction of bovine insulin with the hydrophilic reagent 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-trimethyl-ammoniobenzene iodide (TAN-F) in an aqueous buffer at pH 8.00. The derivative was isolated and its purity established by standard procedures. The identity of the derivative was determined by degrative studies with alpha-chymotrypsin. The addition of zinc to the above reaction decreases the yield of the title derivative, but increases the yield of the [N alpha-TAN-GlyA1] derivative. [N alpha-Boc-GlyA1]insulin was also reacted with the above mentioned reagent in an attempt to improve the yield of the A14-tyrosine derivative. The biological activity of this microcrystalline derivative was found to be 12.4 units/mg as measured by the mouse convulsion assay.", "PMID": 574494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11163", "title": "Transplacental mutagenesis: the micronucleus test on fetal mouse blood.", "content": "The induction of cytogenetic damage (micronuclei) in mouse fetal blood was studied with four selected mutagens: cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, trenimon, and mitomycin-C. For comparison the standard micronucleus test on maternal bone marrow was also performed. In contrast to the results obtained from maternal bone marrow the changes in the cellular composition in fetal blood were only slight after treatment with mutagens. A significant and dose-dependent increase in the incidence of micronucleated fetal blood cells was found with all four mutagens. The inducibility of micronuclei by indirect mutagens was particularly interesting. The three mutagens other than mitomycin-C induced a higher frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in fetal blood cells than in maternal bone marrow. The results indicate that this modified micronucleus test is well suited and useful for mutagenicity screening of environmental chemicals and especially for assessment of risks to the fetus when pregnant females are exposed to environmental chemicals.", "contents": "Transplacental mutagenesis: the micronucleus test on fetal mouse blood. The induction of cytogenetic damage (micronuclei) in mouse fetal blood was studied with four selected mutagens: cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, trenimon, and mitomycin-C. For comparison the standard micronucleus test on maternal bone marrow was also performed. In contrast to the results obtained from maternal bone marrow the changes in the cellular composition in fetal blood were only slight after treatment with mutagens. A significant and dose-dependent increase in the incidence of micronucleated fetal blood cells was found with all four mutagens. The inducibility of micronuclei by indirect mutagens was particularly interesting. The three mutagens other than mitomycin-C induced a higher frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in fetal blood cells than in maternal bone marrow. The results indicate that this modified micronucleus test is well suited and useful for mutagenicity screening of environmental chemicals and especially for assessment of risks to the fetus when pregnant females are exposed to environmental chemicals.", "PMID": 574495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11164", "title": "A cytogenetic survey of an institution for the metnally retarded. III. Q-Band chromosome heteromorphisms.", "content": "Heteromorphisms of chromosomes 3, 4, 13-15, 21-22, and Y were studied in a population of 374 mentally retarded patients from diverse ethnic groups. A significant variation in the size of the Y chromosome was found among different racial groups, those of the Orientals and Filipinos being larger than those of the Caucasians or Polynesians. No other significant variation was found among the different racial groups, although suggestive differences were seen in bands 3 cen, 13p3, and 14p3. Band 13 cen/pl was significantly larger in the category of socio-familial retardation than in the other two categories. However, as the significance was at the 0.05% level and as this was the only heteromorphism whose distribution was different among the three categories of mental retardation, we assign little importance to this observation.", "contents": "A cytogenetic survey of an institution for the metnally retarded. III. Q-Band chromosome heteromorphisms. Heteromorphisms of chromosomes 3, 4, 13-15, 21-22, and Y were studied in a population of 374 mentally retarded patients from diverse ethnic groups. A significant variation in the size of the Y chromosome was found among different racial groups, those of the Orientals and Filipinos being larger than those of the Caucasians or Polynesians. No other significant variation was found among the different racial groups, although suggestive differences were seen in bands 3 cen, 13p3, and 14p3. Band 13 cen/pl was significantly larger in the category of socio-familial retardation than in the other two categories. However, as the significance was at the 0.05% level and as this was the only heteromorphism whose distribution was different among the three categories of mental retardation, we assign little importance to this observation.", "PMID": 574496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11165", "title": "Interaction of hyperoxia and blood flow during fatigue of canine skeletal muscle in situ.", "content": "Right and left gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle preparations in 20 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were used to investigate the effect of hyperoxia on tension maintenance. Muscles were stimulated via the sciatic nerve for 20 min at 60 200-ms tetanic contractions/min (10 impulses/contraction). Direct muscle stimulation after the experimental period resulted in no significant change in tension. In control experiments the tension developed by the right or left muscles over the 20 min was not different. The tension developed by muscles perfused with hyperoxic blood decreased 14% after 20 min, whereas tension in the normoxic muscles decreased 35%. Blood flow in the hyperoxic muscles was significantly higher at 20 min (P less than 0.05). Pump perfusion of one of a pair of normoxic muscles resulted in a tension decrease of 13% in the pump-perfused muscles, whereas tension in the control muscles decreased 34%. Tension maintenance was flow dependent. The effect of hyperoxia could be mediated through the involvement of oxygen in the long-term control of muscle blood flow.", "contents": "Interaction of hyperoxia and blood flow during fatigue of canine skeletal muscle in situ. Right and left gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle preparations in 20 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were used to investigate the effect of hyperoxia on tension maintenance. Muscles were stimulated via the sciatic nerve for 20 min at 60 200-ms tetanic contractions/min (10 impulses/contraction). Direct muscle stimulation after the experimental period resulted in no significant change in tension. In control experiments the tension developed by the right or left muscles over the 20 min was not different. The tension developed by muscles perfused with hyperoxic blood decreased 14% after 20 min, whereas tension in the normoxic muscles decreased 35%. Blood flow in the hyperoxic muscles was significantly higher at 20 min (P less than 0.05). Pump perfusion of one of a pair of normoxic muscles resulted in a tension decrease of 13% in the pump-perfused muscles, whereas tension in the control muscles decreased 34%. Tension maintenance was flow dependent. The effect of hyperoxia could be mediated through the involvement of oxygen in the long-term control of muscle blood flow.", "PMID": 574503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11166", "title": "Paraformaldehyde-induced fluorescence as a histochemical test for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the epididymis of the opossum.", "content": "Epididymides of four opossums were tested histochemically for the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In addition, testes and epididymides of two opossums were analysed biochemically for the same substance. Biochemical analysis revealed a high concentration of 5-HT in the epididymis, while the amount in the testis proved to be insignificant. Fluorescence microscopy gave positive results in the apical portion of the epithelium. There was also fluorescence in the connective tissue in general, in mast cells, and in a thick subepithelial band in particular. Following treatment with 2% sodium borohydride in 1,2-propanediol for 15 minutes, the fluorescence of mast cells was removed, while there was a slight reduction in epithelial fluorescence and that in the subepithelial band and other connective tissue. The subepithelial band stained metachromatically with azure B, and this staining characteristic was removed by treatment with RNAse. Feulgen reaction revealed elongate nuclei in the band. It would seem that the 5-HT is located in both the mast cells and the epithelium. It seemed to be also present in the subepithelial band, but because of strong autofluorescence it is difficult to demonstrate. At the present time the function of 5-HT in the opossum epididymis is unknown, and is under further investigation.", "contents": "Paraformaldehyde-induced fluorescence as a histochemical test for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the epididymis of the opossum. Epididymides of four opossums were tested histochemically for the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In addition, testes and epididymides of two opossums were analysed biochemically for the same substance. Biochemical analysis revealed a high concentration of 5-HT in the epididymis, while the amount in the testis proved to be insignificant. Fluorescence microscopy gave positive results in the apical portion of the epithelium. There was also fluorescence in the connective tissue in general, in mast cells, and in a thick subepithelial band in particular. Following treatment with 2% sodium borohydride in 1,2-propanediol for 15 minutes, the fluorescence of mast cells was removed, while there was a slight reduction in epithelial fluorescence and that in the subepithelial band and other connective tissue. The subepithelial band stained metachromatically with azure B, and this staining characteristic was removed by treatment with RNAse. Feulgen reaction revealed elongate nuclei in the band. It would seem that the 5-HT is located in both the mast cells and the epithelium. It seemed to be also present in the subepithelial band, but because of strong autofluorescence it is difficult to demonstrate. At the present time the function of 5-HT in the opossum epididymis is unknown, and is under further investigation.", "PMID": 574505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11167", "title": "A unifying concept of chorionic gonadotrophin production in malignancy.", "content": "Elevated blood levels of immunoreactive human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) have been reported in many patients with non-trophoblastic tumours, but also in various non-malignant conditions. Even normal tissues other than placenta have been shown to produce HCG, such as gonads, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pituitary. Since HCG is produced, albeit at a low level, by a variety of normal tissues, there is no need to invoke the gene derepression theory to account for 'ectopic' HCG production. However, tumours associated with excess of biologically active HCG as evidenced by endocrinological abnormalities, such as precocious puberty or gynaecomastia, are very rare. We have reviewed the world literature and found 44 such tumours in the lung, adrenal gland, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract (excluding the gonads). The analysis of their histological pattern shows that they typically contain syncytial giant cells or frankly choriocarcinomatous elements. In this respect they are like germ-cell tumours associated with excess HCG production. The precursor of the HCG-containing cells in 'somatic' tumours is unknown but their functional and morphological similarity to the trophoblast revives the old concept of pathophysiological correspondence between some malignant tumours and invasive trophoblast.", "contents": "A unifying concept of chorionic gonadotrophin production in malignancy. Elevated blood levels of immunoreactive human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) have been reported in many patients with non-trophoblastic tumours, but also in various non-malignant conditions. Even normal tissues other than placenta have been shown to produce HCG, such as gonads, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pituitary. Since HCG is produced, albeit at a low level, by a variety of normal tissues, there is no need to invoke the gene derepression theory to account for 'ectopic' HCG production. However, tumours associated with excess of biologically active HCG as evidenced by endocrinological abnormalities, such as precocious puberty or gynaecomastia, are very rare. We have reviewed the world literature and found 44 such tumours in the lung, adrenal gland, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract (excluding the gonads). The analysis of their histological pattern shows that they typically contain syncytial giant cells or frankly choriocarcinomatous elements. In this respect they are like germ-cell tumours associated with excess HCG production. The precursor of the HCG-containing cells in 'somatic' tumours is unknown but their functional and morphological similarity to the trophoblast revives the old concept of pathophysiological correspondence between some malignant tumours and invasive trophoblast.", "PMID": 574502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11168", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two forms of a cytoskeleton.", "content": "Isolated petaloid coelomocytes from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis transform to a filopodial morphology in hypotonic media. Electron micrographs of negatively stained Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons show that the petaloid form consists of a loose net of microfilaments while the filopodial form consists of paracrystalline bundles of microfilaments. Actin is the major protein of both forms of the cytoskeleton. Additional polypeptides have molecular weights of approximately 220,000, 64,000, 57,000, and 27,000 daltons. Relative to actin the filopodial cytoskeletons have an average of 2.5 times as much 57k polypeptide as the petaloid cytoskeletons. Treatment with 0.25 M NaCl dissociates the filament bundles into individual actin filaments free of the actin-associated polypeptides. Thus, one or more of these actin-associated polypeptides may be responsible for crosslinking the actin filaments into bundles and maintaining the three-dimensional nature of the cytoskeletons.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two forms of a cytoskeleton. Isolated petaloid coelomocytes from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis transform to a filopodial morphology in hypotonic media. Electron micrographs of negatively stained Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons show that the petaloid form consists of a loose net of microfilaments while the filopodial form consists of paracrystalline bundles of microfilaments. Actin is the major protein of both forms of the cytoskeleton. Additional polypeptides have molecular weights of approximately 220,000, 64,000, 57,000, and 27,000 daltons. Relative to actin the filopodial cytoskeletons have an average of 2.5 times as much 57k polypeptide as the petaloid cytoskeletons. Treatment with 0.25 M NaCl dissociates the filament bundles into individual actin filaments free of the actin-associated polypeptides. Thus, one or more of these actin-associated polypeptides may be responsible for crosslinking the actin filaments into bundles and maintaining the three-dimensional nature of the cytoskeletons.", "PMID": 574512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11169", "title": "The Z lattice in canine cardiac muscle.", "content": "Filtered images of mammalian cardiac Z bands were reconstructed from optical diffraction patterns from electron micrographs. Reconstructed images from longitudinal sections show connecting filaments at each 38-nm axial repeat in an array consistent with cross-sectional data. Some reconstructed images from cross sections indicate two distinctly different optical diffraction patterns, one for each of two lattice forms (basket weave and small square). Other images are more complex and exhibit composite diffraction patterns. Thus, the two lattice forms co-exist, interconvert, or represent two different aspects of the same details within the lattice. Two three-dimensional models of the Z lattice are presented. Both include the following features: a double array of axial filaments spaced at 24 nm, successive layers of tetragonally arrayed connecting filaments, projected fourfold symmetry in cross section, and layers of connecting filaments spaced at intervals of 38 nm along the myofibril axis. Projected views of the models are compared to electron micrographs and optically reconstructed images of the Z lattice in successively thicker cross sections. The entire Z band is rarely a uniform lattice regardless of plane of section or section thickness. Optical reconstructions strongly suggest two types of variation in the lattice substructure: (a) in the arrangement of connecting filaments, and (b) in the arrangement of units added side-to-side to make larger myofilament bundles and/or end-to-end to make wider Z bands. We conclude that the regular arrangement of axial and connecting filaments generates a dynamic Z lattice.", "contents": "The Z lattice in canine cardiac muscle. Filtered images of mammalian cardiac Z bands were reconstructed from optical diffraction patterns from electron micrographs. Reconstructed images from longitudinal sections show connecting filaments at each 38-nm axial repeat in an array consistent with cross-sectional data. Some reconstructed images from cross sections indicate two distinctly different optical diffraction patterns, one for each of two lattice forms (basket weave and small square). Other images are more complex and exhibit composite diffraction patterns. Thus, the two lattice forms co-exist, interconvert, or represent two different aspects of the same details within the lattice. Two three-dimensional models of the Z lattice are presented. Both include the following features: a double array of axial filaments spaced at 24 nm, successive layers of tetragonally arrayed connecting filaments, projected fourfold symmetry in cross section, and layers of connecting filaments spaced at intervals of 38 nm along the myofibril axis. Projected views of the models are compared to electron micrographs and optically reconstructed images of the Z lattice in successively thicker cross sections. The entire Z band is rarely a uniform lattice regardless of plane of section or section thickness. Optical reconstructions strongly suggest two types of variation in the lattice substructure: (a) in the arrangement of connecting filaments, and (b) in the arrangement of units added side-to-side to make larger myofilament bundles and/or end-to-end to make wider Z bands. We conclude that the regular arrangement of axial and connecting filaments generates a dynamic Z lattice.", "PMID": 574513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11170", "title": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy of isolated and in situ cytoskeletal elements.", "content": "Evidence is presented that cytoskeletal structures (actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) can be resolved by scanning electron microscopy after osmium impregnation of biological material, using thiocarbohydrazide as a ligand, followed by critical-point drying. These different classes of filaments or tubules can be identified both as purified protein polymers and as structured organelles within cryofractured or detergent-extracted cells.", "contents": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy of isolated and in situ cytoskeletal elements. Evidence is presented that cytoskeletal structures (actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) can be resolved by scanning electron microscopy after osmium impregnation of biological material, using thiocarbohydrazide as a ligand, followed by critical-point drying. These different classes of filaments or tubules can be identified both as purified protein polymers and as structured organelles within cryofractured or detergent-extracted cells.", "PMID": 574514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11171", "title": "Membrane fusion during secretion: cortical granule exocytosis in sex urchin eggs as studied by quick-freezing and freeze-fracture.", "content": "Exocytosis of cortical granules was observed in sea urchin eggs, either quick-frozen or chemically fixed after exposure to sperm. Fertilization produced a wave of exocytosis that began within 20 s and swept across the egg surface in the following 30 s. The front of this wave was marked by fusion of single granules at well-separated sites. Toward the rear of the wave, granule fusion became so abundant that the egg surface left with confluent patches of granule membrane. The resulting redundancy of the egg surface was accommodated by elaboration of characteristic branching microvilli, and by an intense burst of coated vesicle formation at approximately 2 min after insemination. Freeze-fracture replicas of eggs fixed with glutaraldehyde and soaked in glycerol before freezing displayed forms of granule membrane interaction with the plasma membrane which looked like what other investigators have considered to be intermediates in exocytosis. These were small disks of membrane contact or membrane fusion, which often occurred in multiple sites on one granule and also between adjacent granules. However, such membrane interactions were never found in eggs that were quick-frozen fixation, or in eggs fixed and frozen without exposure to glycerol. Glycerination of fixed material appeared to be the important variable; more concentrated glycerol produced a greater abundance of such \"intermediates.\" Thus, these structures may be artifacts produced by dehydrating chemically fixed membranes, and may not be directly relevant to the mechanism by which membranes naturally fuse.", "contents": "Membrane fusion during secretion: cortical granule exocytosis in sex urchin eggs as studied by quick-freezing and freeze-fracture. Exocytosis of cortical granules was observed in sea urchin eggs, either quick-frozen or chemically fixed after exposure to sperm. Fertilization produced a wave of exocytosis that began within 20 s and swept across the egg surface in the following 30 s. The front of this wave was marked by fusion of single granules at well-separated sites. Toward the rear of the wave, granule fusion became so abundant that the egg surface left with confluent patches of granule membrane. The resulting redundancy of the egg surface was accommodated by elaboration of characteristic branching microvilli, and by an intense burst of coated vesicle formation at approximately 2 min after insemination. Freeze-fracture replicas of eggs fixed with glutaraldehyde and soaked in glycerol before freezing displayed forms of granule membrane interaction with the plasma membrane which looked like what other investigators have considered to be intermediates in exocytosis. These were small disks of membrane contact or membrane fusion, which often occurred in multiple sites on one granule and also between adjacent granules. However, such membrane interactions were never found in eggs that were quick-frozen fixation, or in eggs fixed and frozen without exposure to glycerol. Glycerination of fixed material appeared to be the important variable; more concentrated glycerol produced a greater abundance of such \"intermediates.\" Thus, these structures may be artifacts produced by dehydrating chemically fixed membranes, and may not be directly relevant to the mechanism by which membranes naturally fuse.", "PMID": 574515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11172", "title": "Subaortic stenosis caused by an accessory tissue of the mitral valve.", "content": "A case of a three years old boy with subaortic stenosis caused by accessory tissue of the mitral valve is presented. We can find only four similar cases in the literature. In surgery of this anomaly, it is a peculiar problem that the most of stenotic tissues can not be identified through the aortotomy only. We opened the left atrium and pulled up the mitral valve with threads, so that we could distinguish the stenotic tissue from true mitral valve through the aortotomy.", "contents": "Subaortic stenosis caused by an accessory tissue of the mitral valve. A case of a three years old boy with subaortic stenosis caused by accessory tissue of the mitral valve is presented. We can find only four similar cases in the literature. In surgery of this anomaly, it is a peculiar problem that the most of stenotic tissues can not be identified through the aortotomy only. We opened the left atrium and pulled up the mitral valve with threads, so that we could distinguish the stenotic tissue from true mitral valve through the aortotomy.", "PMID": 574511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11173", "title": "Relative binding of testosterone and estradiol to testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin.", "content": "The binding of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) to testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) was studied in vivo at 37 C by three independent methods: equilibrium dialysis, steady state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and TeBG-ligand dissociation kinetics. Equilibrium dialysis was performed at 37 C with the dialysate containing human serum albumin in amounts equivalent to that of the plasma dialysand. Scatchard analysis indicated that under these conditions E2 does not measurably bind to TeBG, while T has a Kd of 3.7 X 10(-10) M. Similarly, Scatchard-type analysis of E2 binding to TeBG in steady state polyacryalmide gel electrophoresis at 37 C revealed no high affinity saturable binding, while dihydrotestosterone was bound with a Kd of 2.7 X 10(-10) M. Examination of the dissociation kinetics of T and E2 ffrom TeBG revealed that the mean (+/-SD) T1/2 of dissociation of T from plasma at 37 C (10.8 +/- 2.4 min) was significantly shortened to 3.5 +/- 0.4 min by saturation of plasma with dihydrotestosterone (P less than 0.01), whereas that of E2 (8.9 +/- 1.4 min) was not changed (9.6 +/- 3.0 min). These data suggest that TeBG is not an important binder of plasma E2 at physiological temperatures and explain the observation that in diseases characterized by high TeBG levels, such as hyperthyroidism and liver disease, the MCR and free E2 levels have generally been normal.", "contents": "Relative binding of testosterone and estradiol to testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin. The binding of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) to testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) was studied in vivo at 37 C by three independent methods: equilibrium dialysis, steady state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and TeBG-ligand dissociation kinetics. Equilibrium dialysis was performed at 37 C with the dialysate containing human serum albumin in amounts equivalent to that of the plasma dialysand. Scatchard analysis indicated that under these conditions E2 does not measurably bind to TeBG, while T has a Kd of 3.7 X 10(-10) M. Similarly, Scatchard-type analysis of E2 binding to TeBG in steady state polyacryalmide gel electrophoresis at 37 C revealed no high affinity saturable binding, while dihydrotestosterone was bound with a Kd of 2.7 X 10(-10) M. Examination of the dissociation kinetics of T and E2 ffrom TeBG revealed that the mean (+/-SD) T1/2 of dissociation of T from plasma at 37 C (10.8 +/- 2.4 min) was significantly shortened to 3.5 +/- 0.4 min by saturation of plasma with dihydrotestosterone (P less than 0.01), whereas that of E2 (8.9 +/- 1.4 min) was not changed (9.6 +/- 3.0 min). These data suggest that TeBG is not an important binder of plasma E2 at physiological temperatures and explain the observation that in diseases characterized by high TeBG levels, such as hyperthyroidism and liver disease, the MCR and free E2 levels have generally been normal.", "PMID": 574516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11174", "title": "Hormonal induction of lactation: estrogen and progesterone in milk.", "content": "Estrogen and progesterone in milk during the first 21 days of induced and postpartum lactation in Holstein cows and heifers were estimated by assay procedures. Lactation was induced with estradiol-17 beta and progesterone treatment for 7 days. Estrogen and progesterone in induced lactations differed from concentrations in postpartum lactations. In early lactation estrogen was higher in postpartum milk (521 +/- 103 pg/ml on day 1) than in induced milk (336 +/- 46 pg/ml on day 1), but after day 7 the reverse was true (192 +/- 33 pg/ml and 233 +/- 32 pg/ml on day 7). Progesterone remained higher in induced lactation through the first 21 days than in postpartum lactation with the exception of day 19. Progesterone in postpartum milk increased from 4 +/- 1 ng/ml on day 1 to 11 +/- 2 ng/ml on day 21. Progesterone in induced milk showed greater fluctuation (11 +/- 3 ng/ml on day 1 and 22 +/- 9 ng/ml on day 3) but gradually decreased to 12 +/- 2 ng/ml on day 21 (11 +/- 2 ng/ml on day 21 of postpartum lactation).", "contents": "Hormonal induction of lactation: estrogen and progesterone in milk. Estrogen and progesterone in milk during the first 21 days of induced and postpartum lactation in Holstein cows and heifers were estimated by assay procedures. Lactation was induced with estradiol-17 beta and progesterone treatment for 7 days. Estrogen and progesterone in induced lactations differed from concentrations in postpartum lactations. In early lactation estrogen was higher in postpartum milk (521 +/- 103 pg/ml on day 1) than in induced milk (336 +/- 46 pg/ml on day 1), but after day 7 the reverse was true (192 +/- 33 pg/ml and 233 +/- 32 pg/ml on day 7). Progesterone remained higher in induced lactation through the first 21 days than in postpartum lactation with the exception of day 19. Progesterone in postpartum milk increased from 4 +/- 1 ng/ml on day 1 to 11 +/- 2 ng/ml on day 21. Progesterone in induced milk showed greater fluctuation (11 +/- 3 ng/ml on day 1 and 22 +/- 9 ng/ml on day 3) but gradually decreased to 12 +/- 2 ng/ml on day 21 (11 +/- 2 ng/ml on day 21 of postpartum lactation).", "PMID": 574518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11175", "title": "Relationships between milk yield and fertility in dairy cattle.", "content": "In three studies of 51,618 Holstein, 6,630 Jersey, and 1,524 Guernsey records, correlation was .07 between 120-day milk yield and number of services required for probable conception, independent of days postpartum. The partial regression coefficient for Holsteins was .014 +/- .001 more services for each additional 100 kg of 120-day milk. For Jerseys and Guernseys, .028 +/- .008 more services were required for each additional 100 kg of 120-day milk.", "contents": "Relationships between milk yield and fertility in dairy cattle. In three studies of 51,618 Holstein, 6,630 Jersey, and 1,524 Guernsey records, correlation was .07 between 120-day milk yield and number of services required for probable conception, independent of days postpartum. The partial regression coefficient for Holsteins was .014 +/- .001 more services for each additional 100 kg of 120-day milk. For Jerseys and Guernseys, .028 +/- .008 more services were required for each additional 100 kg of 120-day milk.", "PMID": 574519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11176", "title": "Evaluation of Myrothecium verrucaria as a nutrient source for ruminants.", "content": "The soil saprophytic fungus Myrothecium verrucaria was cultivated from glucose, starch, or xylan as the carbon source, and the biomass was compared with three selected feedstuffs. Fungal biomass was analyzed for nitrogen, protein, lipid, water soluble fraction, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and residual ash, and the in vitro dry matter disappearance was determined. The chemical composition of M. verrucaria varied with substrate. In nitrogen content, the fungal biomass was more similar to alfalfa hay than to milo stalks or wheat straw. Content of water soluble fraction of fungal biomass was between those of alfalfa hay and milo stalks; content of hemicellulose was between those of milo stalks and wheat straw. The fungal fractions identified as cellulose and lignin varied widely with substrate. The fungal biomass was less digestible than alfalfa hay but more digestible than milo stalks or wheat straw. There may be potential uses of this organism in upgrading nutritive value of low-quality forages.", "contents": "Evaluation of Myrothecium verrucaria as a nutrient source for ruminants. The soil saprophytic fungus Myrothecium verrucaria was cultivated from glucose, starch, or xylan as the carbon source, and the biomass was compared with three selected feedstuffs. Fungal biomass was analyzed for nitrogen, protein, lipid, water soluble fraction, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and residual ash, and the in vitro dry matter disappearance was determined. The chemical composition of M. verrucaria varied with substrate. In nitrogen content, the fungal biomass was more similar to alfalfa hay than to milo stalks or wheat straw. Content of water soluble fraction of fungal biomass was between those of alfalfa hay and milo stalks; content of hemicellulose was between those of milo stalks and wheat straw. The fungal fractions identified as cellulose and lignin varied widely with substrate. The fungal biomass was less digestible than alfalfa hay but more digestible than milo stalks or wheat straw. There may be potential uses of this organism in upgrading nutritive value of low-quality forages.", "PMID": 574520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11177", "title": "Diurnal expiratory flow after inhalation of Freons and fenoterol in childhood asthma.", "content": "Eighteen children aged 8 to 14 years with bronchial asthma were studied with respect to the diurnal variation in pulmonary expiratory flow and the influence on it of inhalation of Freons and of a beta 2-receptor stimulator, fenoterol. A double-blind technique and randomized order of the different conditions were used. Dynamic spirometric tests were performed every hour from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. The low expiratory flow in the morning increased during the day and influenced the estimated duration of the beta 2-receptor stimulator. This must be taken into consideration when evaluating the long-term effect of bronchodilator drugs. The Freons acted as irritants and lowered the expiratory flow during the first 2 hr after inhalation. However, this impairment of lung function does not seem to be of any clinical importance when freons are used as propellants for potent beta 2-receptor stimulators such as fenoterol.", "contents": "Diurnal expiratory flow after inhalation of Freons and fenoterol in childhood asthma. Eighteen children aged 8 to 14 years with bronchial asthma were studied with respect to the diurnal variation in pulmonary expiratory flow and the influence on it of inhalation of Freons and of a beta 2-receptor stimulator, fenoterol. A double-blind technique and randomized order of the different conditions were used. Dynamic spirometric tests were performed every hour from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. The low expiratory flow in the morning increased during the day and influenced the estimated duration of the beta 2-receptor stimulator. This must be taken into consideration when evaluating the long-term effect of bronchodilator drugs. The Freons acted as irritants and lowered the expiratory flow during the first 2 hr after inhalation. However, this impairment of lung function does not seem to be of any clinical importance when freons are used as propellants for potent beta 2-receptor stimulators such as fenoterol.", "PMID": 574523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11178", "title": "Effect of melatonin on induction of ovulation in the light- induced constant estrous-anovulatory syndrome and possible role of the brain serotoninergic system.", "content": "Continuous light (CL) induces constant estrous anovulatory (CEA) syndrome and blockade of pineal gland activity. Chronic treatment with metatonin is able to overcome the anovulatory state in about 70% of CL-CEA rats, and the luteinizing effect of melatonin is significantly counteracted either by feeding the animals with a tryptophan-poor diet or by injecting methiothepin, a blocker of central serotoninergic receptors. It appears that melatonin elicits luteinization in CL-CEA rats through the brain serotoninergic system.", "contents": "Effect of melatonin on induction of ovulation in the light- induced constant estrous-anovulatory syndrome and possible role of the brain serotoninergic system. Continuous light (CL) induces constant estrous anovulatory (CEA) syndrome and blockade of pineal gland activity. Chronic treatment with metatonin is able to overcome the anovulatory state in about 70% of CL-CEA rats, and the luteinizing effect of melatonin is significantly counteracted either by feeding the animals with a tryptophan-poor diet or by injecting methiothepin, a blocker of central serotoninergic receptors. It appears that melatonin elicits luteinization in CL-CEA rats through the brain serotoninergic system.", "PMID": 574524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11179", "title": "[Clinical feature and calcitonin therapy on Paget's disease of bone (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-MDP was performed on 8 patients with Paget's disease of bone. The radionuclide uptake by all the involved lesions was markedly increased, even in subclinical lesions without pain. Bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-phosphorous compounds were thought to be the most simple and sensitive technique to define the precise extent of the lesions, and to detect asymptomatic occult cases with Paget's disease. Possible A-V shunt was estimated in 3 cases by measuring the radioactivity over the lungs after the injection of 99mTc-MAA through a catheter into an artery which supplied the lesion. A-V shunt was calculated as 14.5%, 10.0% and 12.0%, respectively. An uptake study of 99mTc-MDP was attempted to quantify the effect of calcitonin treatment using a gamma camera combined with a computer. An \"uptake ratio\" was obtained for each lesion by dividing the count rate over the bone lesion by that over the control bone. Three cases of Paget's disease were treated with synthetic eel calcitonin analogue ([Asu1,7] E-CT) in a dose of 40 MRC unit per day. The effectiveness of CT therapy was evaluated by the X-ray film, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity (S-Al-P), the serum phosphate level, the serum calcium level and the \"uptake ratio\". No remarkable changes were obtained on bone X-ray films at one year after the initiation of the CT treatment in all cases. The S-Al-P levels did not show significant difference in the 2 cases, in which the S-Al-P levels were within the normal range before the treatment. In all cases, however, the \"uptake ratio\" of the diseased bone fell remarkably within the first three months and the rate of the fall was parallel to the decrease in the bone pain. It was considered that the \"uptake ratio\" on bone scintigraphy offered the most sensitive and reliable information in evaluating the CT treatment for Paget's disease.", "contents": "[Clinical feature and calcitonin therapy on Paget's disease of bone (author's transl)]. Bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-MDP was performed on 8 patients with Paget's disease of bone. The radionuclide uptake by all the involved lesions was markedly increased, even in subclinical lesions without pain. Bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-phosphorous compounds were thought to be the most simple and sensitive technique to define the precise extent of the lesions, and to detect asymptomatic occult cases with Paget's disease. Possible A-V shunt was estimated in 3 cases by measuring the radioactivity over the lungs after the injection of 99mTc-MAA through a catheter into an artery which supplied the lesion. A-V shunt was calculated as 14.5%, 10.0% and 12.0%, respectively. An uptake study of 99mTc-MDP was attempted to quantify the effect of calcitonin treatment using a gamma camera combined with a computer. An \"uptake ratio\" was obtained for each lesion by dividing the count rate over the bone lesion by that over the control bone. Three cases of Paget's disease were treated with synthetic eel calcitonin analogue ([Asu1,7] E-CT) in a dose of 40 MRC unit per day. The effectiveness of CT therapy was evaluated by the X-ray film, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity (S-Al-P), the serum phosphate level, the serum calcium level and the \"uptake ratio\". No remarkable changes were obtained on bone X-ray films at one year after the initiation of the CT treatment in all cases. The S-Al-P levels did not show significant difference in the 2 cases, in which the S-Al-P levels were within the normal range before the treatment. In all cases, however, the \"uptake ratio\" of the diseased bone fell remarkably within the first three months and the rate of the fall was parallel to the decrease in the bone pain. It was considered that the \"uptake ratio\" on bone scintigraphy offered the most sensitive and reliable information in evaluating the CT treatment for Paget's disease.", "PMID": 574527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11180", "title": "Cyclical changes in concentrations of alpha-melanotrophin in the plasma of male and female rats.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay measurements of alpha-melanotrophin in plasma have identified a diurnal rhythm in male rats. Animals maintained on a 12 h light : 12 h darkness photoperiod had raised levels of plasma alpha-melanotrophin during the dark phase. Time-series analysis gave a fitted mean level of alpha-melanotrophin of 52.4 pmol/l, an amplitude of 12.1 pmol/l and peak levels 2.2 h before dawn. Measurements throughout the oestrous cycle in female rats showed that similar variations between the dark and light phases occurred on the 2 days of dioestrus. The raised levels during the dark period were, however, absent on the nights of pro-oestrus and oestrus. During this pro-oestrous/oestrous period, plasma alpha-melanotrophin levels were below average but higher than the normal minimum levels found during the light period.", "contents": "Cyclical changes in concentrations of alpha-melanotrophin in the plasma of male and female rats. Radioimmunoassay measurements of alpha-melanotrophin in plasma have identified a diurnal rhythm in male rats. Animals maintained on a 12 h light : 12 h darkness photoperiod had raised levels of plasma alpha-melanotrophin during the dark phase. Time-series analysis gave a fitted mean level of alpha-melanotrophin of 52.4 pmol/l, an amplitude of 12.1 pmol/l and peak levels 2.2 h before dawn. Measurements throughout the oestrous cycle in female rats showed that similar variations between the dark and light phases occurred on the 2 days of dioestrus. The raised levels during the dark period were, however, absent on the nights of pro-oestrus and oestrus. During this pro-oestrous/oestrous period, plasma alpha-melanotrophin levels were below average but higher than the normal minimum levels found during the light period.", "PMID": 574531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11181", "title": "Effects of intracranial implantation of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone on the sexual behaviour of the lizard Anolis carolinensis.", "content": "Intrahypothalamic implantation of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone rapidly restored sexual behaviour in castrated, sexually inactive Anolis carolinensis. Implants in areas other than the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area failed to elicit sexual behaviour. Male aggressive behaviour was unaffected by intracranial hormone implants. Histological examination of the renal sex segment, a secondary sex structure, gave no indication of leakage into the peripheral plasma. The effectiveness of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone in inducing male courtship behaviour when administered intracranially was compared with the relative ineffectiveness of systemic injections of these hormones.", "contents": "Effects of intracranial implantation of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone on the sexual behaviour of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Intrahypothalamic implantation of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone rapidly restored sexual behaviour in castrated, sexually inactive Anolis carolinensis. Implants in areas other than the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area failed to elicit sexual behaviour. Male aggressive behaviour was unaffected by intracranial hormone implants. Histological examination of the renal sex segment, a secondary sex structure, gave no indication of leakage into the peripheral plasma. The effectiveness of oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone in inducing male courtship behaviour when administered intracranially was compared with the relative ineffectiveness of systemic injections of these hormones.", "PMID": 574532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11182", "title": "Further studies on diurnal changes in small vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings in the mouse pineal and the effects of continuous light on the vesicles--quantitative electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Diurnal variations in the number of various types of small granulated and non-granulated vesicles as well as effects of continuous light on the vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings of the mouse pineal were investigated using quantitative electron microscopic techniques. Small granulated vesicles, 40 to 80 nm in diameter, were classified into two categories, type 1 or type 2, according to the size of the granule. Small non-granulated vesicles were also divided into two categories, i.e., spherical and elliptical. Non-granulated vesicles with the long diameter more than twice the shorter one (ranging from 50 to 90 nm in long diameter) were referred to as elliptical vesicles and the other (ranging from 40 to 80 nm in diameter) as spherical vesicles. The number of small vesicles, except for the non-granulated spherical vesicles, varied diurnally in relation to the daily photoperiod. The total vesicle density also exhibited diurnal changes. On the basis of these observations, possible relationships between small vesicles and noradrenaline or serotonin were discussed. Both the diurnal variation in small vesicles and that in the total vesicle density were completely abolished by continuous lighting. Continuous light exposure for various periods until 35 days provoked no apparent changes in small vesicles, except the type 2 granulated vesicles, which were increased in number in response to continuous lighting for about 1 to 3 days.", "contents": "Further studies on diurnal changes in small vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings in the mouse pineal and the effects of continuous light on the vesicles--quantitative electron microscopic observations. Diurnal variations in the number of various types of small granulated and non-granulated vesicles as well as effects of continuous light on the vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings of the mouse pineal were investigated using quantitative electron microscopic techniques. Small granulated vesicles, 40 to 80 nm in diameter, were classified into two categories, type 1 or type 2, according to the size of the granule. Small non-granulated vesicles were also divided into two categories, i.e., spherical and elliptical. Non-granulated vesicles with the long diameter more than twice the shorter one (ranging from 50 to 90 nm in long diameter) were referred to as elliptical vesicles and the other (ranging from 40 to 80 nm in diameter) as spherical vesicles. The number of small vesicles, except for the non-granulated spherical vesicles, varied diurnally in relation to the daily photoperiod. The total vesicle density also exhibited diurnal changes. On the basis of these observations, possible relationships between small vesicles and noradrenaline or serotonin were discussed. Both the diurnal variation in small vesicles and that in the total vesicle density were completely abolished by continuous lighting. Continuous light exposure for various periods until 35 days provoked no apparent changes in small vesicles, except the type 2 granulated vesicles, which were increased in number in response to continuous lighting for about 1 to 3 days.", "PMID": 574535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11183", "title": "Reevaluation of the indoleamine hypothesis of depression. Evidence for a reduction of functional activity of central 5-HT systems by antidepressant drugs.", "content": "The effects of antidepressant drugs on central 5-HT receptor activity were studied in rats and mice. Antidepressant drugs were evaluated for their ability to displace 3H-5-HT and 3H-d-LSD from membrane binding sites in the dorsal neocortex of rats in vitro and for their ability to block 5-HTP and d-LSD induced behavioral effects in mice. The degree of blockade of head-twitches in mice produced by the antidepressants was highly correlated with their affinity for 3H-d-LSD binding sites. A number of antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, mianserine, doxepine, nomifensine and dibenzepine appear to possess marked 5-HT receptor blocking activity at some type of 5-HT receptors in brain. New antidepressant drugs such as zimelidine, which specifically inhibit 5-HT reuptake and do not block 5-HT receptor sites, may after chronic treatment also reduce the functional activity of 5-HT systems by producing adaptive changes in postsynaptic 5-HT mechanisms. Thus, a new indoleamine hypothesis of depression is presented: the therapeutic action of antidepressant drugs may in part be due to a reduced functional acitivity of some central 5-HT systems.", "contents": "Reevaluation of the indoleamine hypothesis of depression. Evidence for a reduction of functional activity of central 5-HT systems by antidepressant drugs. The effects of antidepressant drugs on central 5-HT receptor activity were studied in rats and mice. Antidepressant drugs were evaluated for their ability to displace 3H-5-HT and 3H-d-LSD from membrane binding sites in the dorsal neocortex of rats in vitro and for their ability to block 5-HTP and d-LSD induced behavioral effects in mice. The degree of blockade of head-twitches in mice produced by the antidepressants was highly correlated with their affinity for 3H-d-LSD binding sites. A number of antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, mianserine, doxepine, nomifensine and dibenzepine appear to possess marked 5-HT receptor blocking activity at some type of 5-HT receptors in brain. New antidepressant drugs such as zimelidine, which specifically inhibit 5-HT reuptake and do not block 5-HT receptor sites, may after chronic treatment also reduce the functional activity of 5-HT systems by producing adaptive changes in postsynaptic 5-HT mechanisms. Thus, a new indoleamine hypothesis of depression is presented: the therapeutic action of antidepressant drugs may in part be due to a reduced functional acitivity of some central 5-HT systems.", "PMID": 574536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11184", "title": "A rat bioassay for measuring the comparative availability of carbohydrates and its application to legume foods, pure carbohydrates and polyols.", "content": "An assay was developed to evaluate the bioavailability of dietary carbohydrate by slope-ratio analysis of weight gain and plasma ketones of rats fed a carbohydrate-free diet supplemented with glucose as a standard and selected food items, pure carbohydrates and polyols. The diet was based on 35% food grade oleic acid, 12% casein protein supplemented with methionine (0.3%) and arginine (0.2%), 7.5% soybean oil, 37% cellulose, minerals and vitamins. Glucose, as the reference standard, or test materials were incorporated in the diet by replacing equi-energetic amounts of oleic acid and adjusting cellulose to equalize total weight. Optimal levels of protein (casein) and triglyceride (soybean oil) in the basal diet were defined as those levels above which additional protein or fat would serve only to provide endogenous glucose from their glucogenic amino acids and glycerol constituents. A standard dose-response curve was obtained by feeding diets containing 0%, 1% and 2% glucose. Similar dose response curves were obtained by feeding test materials. Under these experimental conditions, additional glucose or additional protein were growth stimulating and casein had approximately 50% of the value of an equal weight of glucose, which was consistent with its content of glucogenic amino acids. The specific carbohydrate value of a food was estimated in the assay by subtracting the calculated glucogenic value of its digestible protein from the total response. The apparent availability of the carbohydrates (i.e., nitrogen-free extract) in soybean meal, lima bean (Phaseolus lumatus), and chick pea (Cicer arietinum) were 35, 70, and 80%, respectively, as available as glucose. Galactose, a 1:1 mixture of galactose + glucose, fractose and starch were as available as glucose. Lactose, ribose, sorbitol, and xylitol were 50 to 65% as available as glucose while mannitol and inulin were not available to a significant extent. Possible metabolic bases for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "A rat bioassay for measuring the comparative availability of carbohydrates and its application to legume foods, pure carbohydrates and polyols. An assay was developed to evaluate the bioavailability of dietary carbohydrate by slope-ratio analysis of weight gain and plasma ketones of rats fed a carbohydrate-free diet supplemented with glucose as a standard and selected food items, pure carbohydrates and polyols. The diet was based on 35% food grade oleic acid, 12% casein protein supplemented with methionine (0.3%) and arginine (0.2%), 7.5% soybean oil, 37% cellulose, minerals and vitamins. Glucose, as the reference standard, or test materials were incorporated in the diet by replacing equi-energetic amounts of oleic acid and adjusting cellulose to equalize total weight. Optimal levels of protein (casein) and triglyceride (soybean oil) in the basal diet were defined as those levels above which additional protein or fat would serve only to provide endogenous glucose from their glucogenic amino acids and glycerol constituents. A standard dose-response curve was obtained by feeding diets containing 0%, 1% and 2% glucose. Similar dose response curves were obtained by feeding test materials. Under these experimental conditions, additional glucose or additional protein were growth stimulating and casein had approximately 50% of the value of an equal weight of glucose, which was consistent with its content of glucogenic amino acids. The specific carbohydrate value of a food was estimated in the assay by subtracting the calculated glucogenic value of its digestible protein from the total response. The apparent availability of the carbohydrates (i.e., nitrogen-free extract) in soybean meal, lima bean (Phaseolus lumatus), and chick pea (Cicer arietinum) were 35, 70, and 80%, respectively, as available as glucose. Galactose, a 1:1 mixture of galactose + glucose, fractose and starch were as available as glucose. Lactose, ribose, sorbitol, and xylitol were 50 to 65% as available as glucose while mannitol and inulin were not available to a significant extent. Possible metabolic bases for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 574537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11185", "title": "Further studies on the development of gamonts and oocysts of Eimeria magna in cultured cells.", "content": "Monolayer, cell-line cultures of embryonic bovine trachea, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), and monolayers (RK-1) or aggregates of primary rabbit kidney cells were inoculated with merozoites obtained from rabbits that had been inoculated 3 to 5 1/2 days earlier with Eimeria magna. Merozoites obtained from from rabbits 3 days entered cells and underwent only merogony, whereas 3 1/2-5 1/2-day-old merozoites formed gamonts as well as meronts. Merozoites arising from the first or second meront generation in culture formed another meront generation or gamonts. Third-generation merozoites formed only gamonts. Most merozoites remained within the parasitophorous vacuole of the original host cell and transformed into macro- or microgamonts or meronts. Some such macro- and microgamonts then fused with each other to form larger multinucleated bodies. Such microgamonts formed microgametes, but multinucleate macrogamonts did not form oocysts. Mature microgamonts were 34 microns in diameter, and contained several hundred biflagellate microgametes. Mature macrogamonts measured 29.1 x 21.5 microns, unsporulated oocysts were 31.2 x 22 microns, and sporulated oocysts were 32 x 23.1 microns. Oocysts obtained from cell cultures were sporulated and then inoculated by gavage into rabbits, which passed E. magna oocysts 6--10 days later. Sporozoites, obtained from oocysts produced in culture or from rabbits that had been inoculated with the vitro-produced oocysts, developed to first- and second-generation meronts in MDBK or RK-1 cultures.", "contents": "Further studies on the development of gamonts and oocysts of Eimeria magna in cultured cells. Monolayer, cell-line cultures of embryonic bovine trachea, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), and monolayers (RK-1) or aggregates of primary rabbit kidney cells were inoculated with merozoites obtained from rabbits that had been inoculated 3 to 5 1/2 days earlier with Eimeria magna. Merozoites obtained from from rabbits 3 days entered cells and underwent only merogony, whereas 3 1/2-5 1/2-day-old merozoites formed gamonts as well as meronts. Merozoites arising from the first or second meront generation in culture formed another meront generation or gamonts. Third-generation merozoites formed only gamonts. Most merozoites remained within the parasitophorous vacuole of the original host cell and transformed into macro- or microgamonts or meronts. Some such macro- and microgamonts then fused with each other to form larger multinucleated bodies. Such microgamonts formed microgametes, but multinucleate macrogamonts did not form oocysts. Mature microgamonts were 34 microns in diameter, and contained several hundred biflagellate microgametes. Mature macrogamonts measured 29.1 x 21.5 microns, unsporulated oocysts were 31.2 x 22 microns, and sporulated oocysts were 32 x 23.1 microns. Oocysts obtained from cell cultures were sporulated and then inoculated by gavage into rabbits, which passed E. magna oocysts 6--10 days later. Sporozoites, obtained from oocysts produced in culture or from rabbits that had been inoculated with the vitro-produced oocysts, developed to first- and second-generation meronts in MDBK or RK-1 cultures.", "PMID": 574539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11186", "title": "Components of aggression in chickens and conceptualizations of aggression in general.", "content": "A refined analysis of the peck order in chickens was offered as a test of the notion that for this species, different responses such as leaping and various types of pecking need not be interchangeable indexes of aggression. Indeed, tests showed that particular response types of the birds were differentially mediated by organismic or environmental factors. In large cages pecking at the body was most frequent by birds that had a home-cage advantage. Contrarily, rates of aggressive leaping were independent of this environmental influence, with males having an advantage over females. Males showed more head pecking than females, but the profile for this sex difference did not resemble the profile for leaping. Correlational analyses revealed that whereas head pecking between testmates was not matched in frequency, leaping was positively related. Finally, the behavior of birds tested in small cages differed from that of the large-cage subjects. Although there was more head pecking in the small cages, males did not have an edge, and leaping was infrequent. Such results indicate that these responses cannot be viewed as interchangeable indicators of aggression in fowl.", "contents": "Components of aggression in chickens and conceptualizations of aggression in general. A refined analysis of the peck order in chickens was offered as a test of the notion that for this species, different responses such as leaping and various types of pecking need not be interchangeable indexes of aggression. Indeed, tests showed that particular response types of the birds were differentially mediated by organismic or environmental factors. In large cages pecking at the body was most frequent by birds that had a home-cage advantage. Contrarily, rates of aggressive leaping were independent of this environmental influence, with males having an advantage over females. Males showed more head pecking than females, but the profile for this sex difference did not resemble the profile for leaping. Correlational analyses revealed that whereas head pecking between testmates was not matched in frequency, leaping was positively related. Finally, the behavior of birds tested in small cages differed from that of the large-cage subjects. Although there was more head pecking in the small cages, males did not have an edge, and leaping was infrequent. Such results indicate that these responses cannot be viewed as interchangeable indicators of aggression in fowl.", "PMID": 574542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11187", "title": "Development of radioimmunoassay for guanethidine.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed for measuring plasma concentrations of the antihypertensive agent guanethidine at the nanogram level. Guanethidine was conjugated covalently to human serum albumin by two procedures, and the degree of conjugation was determined using tracer amounts of 3H-guanethidine. Immunization of sheep ethidine, as determined in competitive binding studies using 3H-guanethidine and a dextran-coated charcoal technique for the separation of free and antibody-bound drug. The major human metabolities, an N -oxide and a ring-opened derivative, were not cross-reactive in antibody binding studies. Constituents of human plasma or serum do not appear to interfere with the assay. Preliminary results from immunoassay of plasma samples from patients receiving guanethidine indicate potential use for assessing dosage regimens and studying pharmacokinetics.", "contents": "Development of radioimmunoassay for guanethidine. A radioimmunoassay was developed for measuring plasma concentrations of the antihypertensive agent guanethidine at the nanogram level. Guanethidine was conjugated covalently to human serum albumin by two procedures, and the degree of conjugation was determined using tracer amounts of 3H-guanethidine. Immunization of sheep ethidine, as determined in competitive binding studies using 3H-guanethidine and a dextran-coated charcoal technique for the separation of free and antibody-bound drug. The major human metabolities, an N -oxide and a ring-opened derivative, were not cross-reactive in antibody binding studies. Constituents of human plasma or serum do not appear to interfere with the assay. Preliminary results from immunoassay of plasma samples from patients receiving guanethidine indicate potential use for assessing dosage regimens and studying pharmacokinetics.", "PMID": 574543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11188", "title": "Antibody specificity studies for reserpine, its metabolites, and synthetic reserpine congeners: radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Progress in the development of radioimmunoassay techniques for reserpine and related compounds is reported. A conjugate of reserpine with human serum albumin was prepared, involving linkage at the indole nitrogen atom of reserpine. Injection of the purified conjugate into sheep elicited antibodies of high titer, which bound reserpine selectively. Tritiated reserpine was employed in the procedure, and dextran-coated charcoal was utilized to separate free and bound forms of the drug. Antibodies exhibited a selectivity for reserpine and did not cross-react significantly with major human metabolites. Cross-reactivity of antibodies with other reserpine derivatives (i.e., syrosingopine, deserpidine, and rescinnamine) also was investigated. A stable tritiated or radioiodinated reserpine derivative of high specific activity is being sought to improve assay sensitivity for use in bioequivalence and bioavailability studies. In the absence of any extraction or concentration procedures, at least a 10-fold increase in immunoassay sensitivity would be required to follow reserpine levels in humans given normal doses of the drug. The methods show promise also for the assay of reserpine derivatives such as deserpidine, which exhibits cross-reactivity to reserpine antibodies.", "contents": "Antibody specificity studies for reserpine, its metabolites, and synthetic reserpine congeners: radioimmunoassay. Progress in the development of radioimmunoassay techniques for reserpine and related compounds is reported. A conjugate of reserpine with human serum albumin was prepared, involving linkage at the indole nitrogen atom of reserpine. Injection of the purified conjugate into sheep elicited antibodies of high titer, which bound reserpine selectively. Tritiated reserpine was employed in the procedure, and dextran-coated charcoal was utilized to separate free and bound forms of the drug. Antibodies exhibited a selectivity for reserpine and did not cross-react significantly with major human metabolites. Cross-reactivity of antibodies with other reserpine derivatives (i.e., syrosingopine, deserpidine, and rescinnamine) also was investigated. A stable tritiated or radioiodinated reserpine derivative of high specific activity is being sought to improve assay sensitivity for use in bioequivalence and bioavailability studies. In the absence of any extraction or concentration procedures, at least a 10-fold increase in immunoassay sensitivity would be required to follow reserpine levels in humans given normal doses of the drug. The methods show promise also for the assay of reserpine derivatives such as deserpidine, which exhibits cross-reactivity to reserpine antibodies.", "PMID": 574544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11189", "title": "Discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat.", "content": "Rats maintained physically dependent upon morphine by scheduled access to drinking water containing morphine  were trained to discriminate between s.c. injections of saline and 0.1 mg/kg of naltrexone in a discrete trial avoidance procedure in which a response on one of two choice levers would prevent or terminate the delivery of mild electric shocks to the floor of the test chember. Stimulus control of behavior by naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat (defined as the reliable completion of at least 18 trials of a 20-trial session on the appropriate choice lever) had many of the features previously described for the stimulus control of behavior by morphine in the nondependent rat: long-term stability and reproducibility, orderly dose- and time-effect relationships and pharmacologic specificity. Stimulus control by naltrexone was blocked in a dose-related manner by morphine, an effect completely surmounted by a 10-fold increase in the dose of naltrexone suggesting a competitive antagonism. The naltrexone-induced discriminative stimuli appeared to be related to precipitated morphine withdrawal phenomena: following the abrupt withdrawal of morphine the amount and time course of naltrexone-appropriate responding were directly related to the degree of physical dependence; loss of body weight, a reliable index of morphine withdrawal in the rat, paralleled changes in naltrexone-appropriate responding; the maximum level of naltrexone-appropriate responding produced by a total of eight narcotic antagonists with agonist activity of differing prominence was a function of the extent of separation of the agonist and antagonist components of action of the drugs. Control of behavior by stimuli associated with morphine withdrawal may afford a specific animal model for studying factors relevant to the perpetuation of chronic drug use by human addicts.", "contents": "Discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat. Rats maintained physically dependent upon morphine by scheduled access to drinking water containing morphine  were trained to discriminate between s.c. injections of saline and 0.1 mg/kg of naltrexone in a discrete trial avoidance procedure in which a response on one of two choice levers would prevent or terminate the delivery of mild electric shocks to the floor of the test chember. Stimulus control of behavior by naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat (defined as the reliable completion of at least 18 trials of a 20-trial session on the appropriate choice lever) had many of the features previously described for the stimulus control of behavior by morphine in the nondependent rat: long-term stability and reproducibility, orderly dose- and time-effect relationships and pharmacologic specificity. Stimulus control by naltrexone was blocked in a dose-related manner by morphine, an effect completely surmounted by a 10-fold increase in the dose of naltrexone suggesting a competitive antagonism. The naltrexone-induced discriminative stimuli appeared to be related to precipitated morphine withdrawal phenomena: following the abrupt withdrawal of morphine the amount and time course of naltrexone-appropriate responding were directly related to the degree of physical dependence; loss of body weight, a reliable index of morphine withdrawal in the rat, paralleled changes in naltrexone-appropriate responding; the maximum level of naltrexone-appropriate responding produced by a total of eight narcotic antagonists with agonist activity of differing prominence was a function of the extent of separation of the agonist and antagonist components of action of the drugs. Control of behavior by stimuli associated with morphine withdrawal may afford a specific animal model for studying factors relevant to the perpetuation of chronic drug use by human addicts.", "PMID": 574545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11190", "title": "Ovarian and luteal blood flow, and peripheral plasma progesterone levels, in cyclic guinea-pigs.", "content": "Ovarian and luteal blood flow rates were studied using radioactive microspheres in guinea-pigs between Day 6 of the oestrous cycle and Day 1 of the following cycle. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay on the same days of the oestrous cycle. Ovarian blood flow was greatest between Days 9 and 12 and had fallen by Day 16 both in absolute (ml . min-1) and relative (ml.min-1.g-1) terms. Luteal weight and blood flow were also greatest between Days 9 and 12 and had fallen sharply by Day 16. The highest mean (+/- s.d.) luteal flows measured were 0.10 +/- 0.04 ml.min-1 per corpus luteum, and 24.26 +/- 9.3 ml.min-1.g-1 luteal tissue on Day 10 of the cycle. Mean peripheral plasma progesterone levels reached a maximum of 3.66 +/- 1.1 ng/ml at Day 12 of the cycle and fell thereafter, reaching 0.74 +/- 0.5 ng/ml by Day 1 of the following cycle. Plasma progesterone levels declined significantly between Days 12 and 14 of the cycle, whereas no significant drop in luteal blood flow was demonstrable until after Day 14. These data do not support the idea that declining luteal blood flow is an initiating mechanism in luteal regression in the guinea-pig.", "contents": "Ovarian and luteal blood flow, and peripheral plasma progesterone levels, in cyclic guinea-pigs. Ovarian and luteal blood flow rates were studied using radioactive microspheres in guinea-pigs between Day 6 of the oestrous cycle and Day 1 of the following cycle. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay on the same days of the oestrous cycle. Ovarian blood flow was greatest between Days 9 and 12 and had fallen by Day 16 both in absolute (ml . min-1) and relative (ml.min-1.g-1) terms. Luteal weight and blood flow were also greatest between Days 9 and 12 and had fallen sharply by Day 16. The highest mean (+/- s.d.) luteal flows measured were 0.10 +/- 0.04 ml.min-1 per corpus luteum, and 24.26 +/- 9.3 ml.min-1.g-1 luteal tissue on Day 10 of the cycle. Mean peripheral plasma progesterone levels reached a maximum of 3.66 +/- 1.1 ng/ml at Day 12 of the cycle and fell thereafter, reaching 0.74 +/- 0.5 ng/ml by Day 1 of the following cycle. Plasma progesterone levels declined significantly between Days 12 and 14 of the cycle, whereas no significant drop in luteal blood flow was demonstrable until after Day 14. These data do not support the idea that declining luteal blood flow is an initiating mechanism in luteal regression in the guinea-pig.", "PMID": 574546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11191", "title": "The accessory olfactory system and its role in the pheromonally mediated suppression of oestrus in grouped mice.", "content": "Mice were grouped to induce suppression of oestrus and subjected to removal of the vomeronasal organs or treatment with CB 154 which lowers prolactin levels. Both treatments overcame the suppression of oestrus after 72 h. Oestrus suppression was induced in lesioned mice by haloperidol treatment which raises plasma prolactin, and oestrus returned some 72 h after withdrawal of haloperidol treatment.", "contents": "The accessory olfactory system and its role in the pheromonally mediated suppression of oestrus in grouped mice. Mice were grouped to induce suppression of oestrus and subjected to removal of the vomeronasal organs or treatment with CB 154 which lowers prolactin levels. Both treatments overcame the suppression of oestrus after 72 h. Oestrus suppression was induced in lesioned mice by haloperidol treatment which raises plasma prolactin, and oestrus returned some 72 h after withdrawal of haloperidol treatment.", "PMID": 574548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11192", "title": "Enzyme levels in testis and other tissues of genetically sex-reversed mice.", "content": "The specific activity of G6PD and PGK were measured in the testes, seminal vesicles, and livers of Sxr/+,XX mice, their Sxr/+,XY littermates and normal mice. While G6PD activity was high in the testes of young normal mice and declined as the testes matured, in the testes of Sxr/+,XX mice activity remained high, suggesting a failure of the Sertoli cells to mature normally. The activity of PGK was low in the testes of young normal mice, and increased as the testes matured. The testes of young Sxr/+,XX mice had high activity of this enzyme which remained high into adulthood. The high activity in young mice suggests an abnormality in the somatic cells. The seminal vesicle and liver measurements of G6PD and PGK confirmed that the Sxr/+,XX mice were phenotypically normal males except with respect to the testis. The developmental patterns of both enzymes in testes lacking germinal cells indicate that the maturation of the somatic cells of the normal testis is influenced by the presence of germinal cells.", "contents": "Enzyme levels in testis and other tissues of genetically sex-reversed mice. The specific activity of G6PD and PGK were measured in the testes, seminal vesicles, and livers of Sxr/+,XX mice, their Sxr/+,XY littermates and normal mice. While G6PD activity was high in the testes of young normal mice and declined as the testes matured, in the testes of Sxr/+,XX mice activity remained high, suggesting a failure of the Sertoli cells to mature normally. The activity of PGK was low in the testes of young normal mice, and increased as the testes matured. The testes of young Sxr/+,XX mice had high activity of this enzyme which remained high into adulthood. The high activity in young mice suggests an abnormality in the somatic cells. The seminal vesicle and liver measurements of G6PD and PGK confirmed that the Sxr/+,XX mice were phenotypically normal males except with respect to the testis. The developmental patterns of both enzymes in testes lacking germinal cells indicate that the maturation of the somatic cells of the normal testis is influenced by the presence of germinal cells.", "PMID": 574549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11193", "title": "Effect of age and parity on litter size in pigs.", "content": "Litter size increased (P less than 0.01) as the age of the dam at farrowing increased. However, previous reproductive experience (parity) had no direct effect on litter size of dams of the same age.", "contents": "Effect of age and parity on litter size in pigs. Litter size increased (P less than 0.01) as the age of the dam at farrowing increased. However, previous reproductive experience (parity) had no direct effect on litter size of dams of the same age.", "PMID": 574550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11194", "title": "Biochemical and physiological studies of androgen-binding protein in the reproductive tract of the ram.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility, effect of pronase, temperature stability, affinity constant and specificity of androgen-binding protein (ABP) were compared in rete testis fluid (RTF), cauda epididymal plasma (CEP) and seminal plasma (SP) of the ram in which the levels of ABP, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), total protein and the number of spermatozoa were also measured. The characteristics of the ABP appeared to be almost identical in all 3 fluids. ABP was highly concentrated in the cauda epididymidis although 50-75% of it was utilized or destroyed during transit through the epididymis. The levels of ABP were higher in the breeding season and positively correlated with DHT in RTF and SP. It is concluded that ABP might be responsible for the increase in DHT in the reproductive tract of the ram during the breeding season and that ABP in the SP might serve as a useful marker of Sertoli cell function in the ram.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiological studies of androgen-binding protein in the reproductive tract of the ram. The electrophoretic mobility, effect of pronase, temperature stability, affinity constant and specificity of androgen-binding protein (ABP) were compared in rete testis fluid (RTF), cauda epididymal plasma (CEP) and seminal plasma (SP) of the ram in which the levels of ABP, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), total protein and the number of spermatozoa were also measured. The characteristics of the ABP appeared to be almost identical in all 3 fluids. ABP was highly concentrated in the cauda epididymidis although 50-75% of it was utilized or destroyed during transit through the epididymis. The levels of ABP were higher in the breeding season and positively correlated with DHT in RTF and SP. It is concluded that ABP might be responsible for the increase in DHT in the reproductive tract of the ram during the breeding season and that ABP in the SP might serve as a useful marker of Sertoli cell function in the ram.", "PMID": 574551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11195", "title": "Regional blood flow measurements with 15 micron and 50 micron microspheres in pregnant guinea-pigs.", "content": "Two sizes of microsphere were used to determine regional blood flow in pregnant guinea-pigs. Tissue perfusion measured with 50 micron microspheres was significantly greater than that measured with 15 micron microspheres in the small intestine, uterus, vagina, and placenta. A significantly larger proportion of the smaller microspheres passed through the systemic vasculature and could be detected in the lungs.", "contents": "Regional blood flow measurements with 15 micron and 50 micron microspheres in pregnant guinea-pigs. Two sizes of microsphere were used to determine regional blood flow in pregnant guinea-pigs. Tissue perfusion measured with 50 micron microspheres was significantly greater than that measured with 15 micron microspheres in the small intestine, uterus, vagina, and placenta. A significantly larger proportion of the smaller microspheres passed through the systemic vasculature and could be detected in the lungs.", "PMID": 574552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11196", "title": "follicular fluid electrolytes and osmolality in cyclic pigs.", "content": "Sodium and osmolar concentrations of porcine folliclar fluid in the cyclic pig did not vary significantly during the oestrous cycle, and were similar to those in plasma. The K+ concentration was greater in small (Days 12-13) and medium-sized (Day 16) follicles than in plasma or large (Day 18-oestrus) follicles of cyclic sows. In contrast, follicular fluid obtained from slaughterhouse material had higher potassium and osmolality, and lower sodium values, which are assumed to be due to post-mortem changes.", "contents": "follicular fluid electrolytes and osmolality in cyclic pigs. Sodium and osmolar concentrations of porcine folliclar fluid in the cyclic pig did not vary significantly during the oestrous cycle, and were similar to those in plasma. The K+ concentration was greater in small (Days 12-13) and medium-sized (Day 16) follicles than in plasma or large (Day 18-oestrus) follicles of cyclic sows. In contrast, follicular fluid obtained from slaughterhouse material had higher potassium and osmolality, and lower sodium values, which are assumed to be due to post-mortem changes.", "PMID": 574553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11197", "title": "Plasma oestrogen, progesterone and other reproductive responses of gilts to photoperiods.", "content": "Yorkshire gilts in 18 cool-white fluorescent light with 6 h dark daily and those in 9.0-10.8 h natural light exhibited puberty earlier (165 and 175 days: P less than 0.05) and had more corpora lutea (13.5 and 12.6: P less than 0.05) than those reared in complete darkness (200 days and 11.3 respectively). Weekly samples of plasma showed significant fluctuations of progesterone which confirmed the different times of the first over oestrus (puberty). In all 3 groups total oestrogen concentrations showed a peak at about 135 days. The correlation between oestrogen and progesterone values changed from a positive to a negative value at about 135 days of age. It is suggested that the oestrogen peak marks a time of change in sensitivity of the reproductive system to hormonal feedback.", "contents": "Plasma oestrogen, progesterone and other reproductive responses of gilts to photoperiods. Yorkshire gilts in 18 cool-white fluorescent light with 6 h dark daily and those in 9.0-10.8 h natural light exhibited puberty earlier (165 and 175 days: P less than 0.05) and had more corpora lutea (13.5 and 12.6: P less than 0.05) than those reared in complete darkness (200 days and 11.3 respectively). Weekly samples of plasma showed significant fluctuations of progesterone which confirmed the different times of the first over oestrus (puberty). In all 3 groups total oestrogen concentrations showed a peak at about 135 days. The correlation between oestrogen and progesterone values changed from a positive to a negative value at about 135 days of age. It is suggested that the oestrogen peak marks a time of change in sensitivity of the reproductive system to hormonal feedback.", "PMID": 574554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11198", "title": "The oestrous cycle and basal body temperature in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus).", "content": "An oestrous cycle length of 33 days (N = 4, range 32-34) was obtained for the common womab from a number of parameters including vaginal smears, vaginal biopsies, changes in pouch morphology and behavioral observation. All but one of the successive periods of oestrus occurred during winter. Hourly measurements of body temperature by telemetry showed a rhythm typical of nocturnal species. Superimposed on this diurnal rhythm was another rhythm whoch could be correlated with the oestrous cycle.", "contents": "The oestrous cycle and basal body temperature in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). An oestrous cycle length of 33 days (N = 4, range 32-34) was obtained for the common womab from a number of parameters including vaginal smears, vaginal biopsies, changes in pouch morphology and behavioral observation. All but one of the successive periods of oestrus occurred during winter. Hourly measurements of body temperature by telemetry showed a rhythm typical of nocturnal species. Superimposed on this diurnal rhythm was another rhythm whoch could be correlated with the oestrous cycle.", "PMID": 574555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11199", "title": "Induction of oestrus and fertility in the anoestrous ewe with hormones and controlled lighting and temperature.", "content": "A programme consisting of 14 daily injections of progesterone (10 mg) followed by single injection of PMSG (500 i.u.) and oestradiol- 17 beta (30 micrograms), along with controlled temperature (18-20 degrees C) and lighting (10 h light/24 h), was applied to 60 anoestrous ewes between late May and early August to induce reproductive activity. Breeding started within 24 h of the oestradiol injection and 80.0% of the ewes conceived at the induced oestrus. Dorset ewes had higher conception (95.2 versus 71.8%) and prolificacy (1.74 versus 1.52 fetuses/ewe) rates than did crossbred Suffolk ewes. Plasma progesterone concentrations during progesterone administration were significantly higher than those found during anoestrus and were generally lower in ewes which did not conceive than in those which did. The plasma progesterone data indicated that ovulation had occurred in most of the ewes which were not pregnant at 90-100 days and that many may have been pregnant initially but then lost the conceptus.", "contents": "Induction of oestrus and fertility in the anoestrous ewe with hormones and controlled lighting and temperature. A programme consisting of 14 daily injections of progesterone (10 mg) followed by single injection of PMSG (500 i.u.) and oestradiol- 17 beta (30 micrograms), along with controlled temperature (18-20 degrees C) and lighting (10 h light/24 h), was applied to 60 anoestrous ewes between late May and early August to induce reproductive activity. Breeding started within 24 h of the oestradiol injection and 80.0% of the ewes conceived at the induced oestrus. Dorset ewes had higher conception (95.2 versus 71.8%) and prolificacy (1.74 versus 1.52 fetuses/ewe) rates than did crossbred Suffolk ewes. Plasma progesterone concentrations during progesterone administration were significantly higher than those found during anoestrus and were generally lower in ewes which did not conceive than in those which did. The plasma progesterone data indicated that ovulation had occurred in most of the ewes which were not pregnant at 90-100 days and that many may have been pregnant initially but then lost the conceptus.", "PMID": 574556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11200", "title": "Effects of age and parity on the breeding potential of mice with one or two ovaries.", "content": "Although removal of one ovary from young CBA/Ca mice and CFLP mice did not reduce the overall numbers of ova shed at ovulation, the total number of live offspring delivered during the lifespan was reduced to 65% and 50%, respectively, of control values. This reduction was due to fewer and smaller litters. The capacity of intact and unilaterally ovariectomized animals to support gestation of embryos transferred from young donors was tested to determine whether premature exhaustion of uterine function had occurred as a result of embryo overloading. An effect of breeding history on embryo survival to Day 19 of pregnancy was found after unilateral transfer, the least favourable sites for survival being the primigravid horns of ageing intact and unilaterally ovariectomized mice (0% and 1% survival, respectively, in CBA/Ca mice). The proportion of embryos surviving in multiparous horns of the one-ovary animals (24%) was greater than in horns of primigravidae and less than in horns of intact multigravidae of similar age and parity (48%). A larger proportion of ova survived in young uteri than in any of these aged horns. The results suggested that the normal decline with age in breeding potential is due to decreased uterine capacity and that the rate of loss is accelerated by both repeated embryo overloading and prolonged nulliparity, probably as a result of local factors. The decidual response was reduced in older animals, although there was no clear-cut variation with parity. Ageing uteri accumulated mass cells and macrophages, but the latter were abundant only in multiparous horns and were probably related to puerperal involutionary activities. There was no evidence that these changes in cell number or response were responsible for decreased gestational potential in ageing animals.", "contents": "Effects of age and parity on the breeding potential of mice with one or two ovaries. Although removal of one ovary from young CBA/Ca mice and CFLP mice did not reduce the overall numbers of ova shed at ovulation, the total number of live offspring delivered during the lifespan was reduced to 65% and 50%, respectively, of control values. This reduction was due to fewer and smaller litters. The capacity of intact and unilaterally ovariectomized animals to support gestation of embryos transferred from young donors was tested to determine whether premature exhaustion of uterine function had occurred as a result of embryo overloading. An effect of breeding history on embryo survival to Day 19 of pregnancy was found after unilateral transfer, the least favourable sites for survival being the primigravid horns of ageing intact and unilaterally ovariectomized mice (0% and 1% survival, respectively, in CBA/Ca mice). The proportion of embryos surviving in multiparous horns of the one-ovary animals (24%) was greater than in horns of primigravidae and less than in horns of intact multigravidae of similar age and parity (48%). A larger proportion of ova survived in young uteri than in any of these aged horns. The results suggested that the normal decline with age in breeding potential is due to decreased uterine capacity and that the rate of loss is accelerated by both repeated embryo overloading and prolonged nulliparity, probably as a result of local factors. The decidual response was reduced in older animals, although there was no clear-cut variation with parity. Ageing uteri accumulated mass cells and macrophages, but the latter were abundant only in multiparous horns and were probably related to puerperal involutionary activities. There was no evidence that these changes in cell number or response were responsible for decreased gestational potential in ageing animals.", "PMID": 574557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11201", "title": "Plasma prolactin concentrations during the oestrous cycle of sows.", "content": "Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 7 sows during the oestrous cycle after the 1st farrow. Blood samples were taken 4 times during the day (07:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 19:00 h). The prolactin concentration was determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay method. There was an increase in plasma prolactin at the second oestrus after weaning, with a peak of prolactin 4 days before oestrus, regardless of the length of the cycle.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin concentrations during the oestrous cycle of sows. Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 7 sows during the oestrous cycle after the 1st farrow. Blood samples were taken 4 times during the day (07:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 19:00 h). The prolactin concentration was determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay method. There was an increase in plasma prolactin at the second oestrus after weaning, with a peak of prolactin 4 days before oestrus, regardless of the length of the cycle.", "PMID": 574558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11202", "title": "Testis cancer: the pendulum swings. Experience in 430 patients.", "content": "A review of 430 patients with testis cancer followed for at least 3 years is presented. A protocol for actinomycin D therapy before and after node dissection had been instituted in 1966. In the 58 protocol cases studied there appeared to be an increase in the survival of patients with stage A disease and a significant increase in the survival of patients with stage B disease. There was an improvement in the survival of patients with stage C disease treated with actinomycin D alone. Since 1976 all patients with stages B and C disease have been treated with multiple drug regimens, showing dramatic results. The therapy of testis tumors is multimodal, using lymphadenectomy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but the pendulum has swung so that chemotherapy has assumed the vital role in management.", "contents": "Testis cancer: the pendulum swings. Experience in 430 patients. A review of 430 patients with testis cancer followed for at least 3 years is presented. A protocol for actinomycin D therapy before and after node dissection had been instituted in 1966. In the 58 protocol cases studied there appeared to be an increase in the survival of patients with stage A disease and a significant increase in the survival of patients with stage B disease. There was an improvement in the survival of patients with stage C disease treated with actinomycin D alone. Since 1976 all patients with stages B and C disease have been treated with multiple drug regimens, showing dramatic results. The therapy of testis tumors is multimodal, using lymphadenectomy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but the pendulum has swung so that chemotherapy has assumed the vital role in management.", "PMID": 574560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11203", "title": "Urodynamics in stress urinary incontinence.", "content": "Stress urinary incontinence was evaluated urodynamically in 86 women in private urologic practice. While 31 patients had failed prior surgical repairs and 58 patients (67.4 per cent) reported irritative symptoms of frequency, nocturia, urgency and urge incontinence unstable bladders were found in only 5 women (5.8 per cent) over-all, in 6.5 per cent of those patients failing a previous operation and in 8.6 per cent of those patients with irritative symptoms. Urethral pressure profiles were decreased mildly in patients with, compared to those without, stress urinary incontinence but considerable overlap existed and no improvement was seen in 20 patients cured with an operation. Excretory urography, post-voiding residual urine volumes and sphincter electromyography usually were normal. Women with stress urinary incontinence consistently showed poor transmission of cough to the urethra so that the intravesical pressure exceeded the intraurethral pressure.", "contents": "Urodynamics in stress urinary incontinence. Stress urinary incontinence was evaluated urodynamically in 86 women in private urologic practice. While 31 patients had failed prior surgical repairs and 58 patients (67.4 per cent) reported irritative symptoms of frequency, nocturia, urgency and urge incontinence unstable bladders were found in only 5 women (5.8 per cent) over-all, in 6.5 per cent of those patients failing a previous operation and in 8.6 per cent of those patients with irritative symptoms. Urethral pressure profiles were decreased mildly in patients with, compared to those without, stress urinary incontinence but considerable overlap existed and no improvement was seen in 20 patients cured with an operation. Excretory urography, post-voiding residual urine volumes and sphincter electromyography usually were normal. Women with stress urinary incontinence consistently showed poor transmission of cough to the urethra so that the intravesical pressure exceeded the intraurethral pressure.", "PMID": 574561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11204", "title": "Idiopathic female intersex with clitoromegaly and urethral duplication.", "content": "Idiopathic female intersex presents in the neonate with characteristic anomalies of the external genitalia, complete and separate phallic and vaginal urethras and vesical outlet obstruction. Management of this disorder should initially focus upon adequate urinary drainage and proper sex assignment in the neonate. Successful management and surgical reconstruction of the external genitalia should later result in normal female development.", "contents": "Idiopathic female intersex with clitoromegaly and urethral duplication. Idiopathic female intersex presents in the neonate with characteristic anomalies of the external genitalia, complete and separate phallic and vaginal urethras and vesical outlet obstruction. Management of this disorder should initially focus upon adequate urinary drainage and proper sex assignment in the neonate. Successful management and surgical reconstruction of the external genitalia should later result in normal female development.", "PMID": 574562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11205", "title": "Pseudomyotonia of the periurethral sphincter in women with urinary incontinence.", "content": "Needle electromyography demonstrated bizarre repetitive high frequency discharges of the periurethral muscles in 3 women with urinary incontinence. One patient recovered spontaneously and 2 had associated stress incontinence that was greatly accentuated. Surgical correction of the stress incontinence had been done in 1 woman before the sphincter neuropathy was recognized and she continued to experience severe incontinence unrelated to activity for 30 months while the neuropathy subsided and stabilized. The second patient with stress incontinence and sphincter pseudomyotonia was diagnosed preoperatively. The operation was delayed for a year until the peripheral neuropathy appeared to be stabilized. This case had a more predictable and satisfactory postoperative result. The experience with these patients suggests that other specific neurogenic disorders of the striated sphincters may cause significant urologic symptoms.", "contents": "Pseudomyotonia of the periurethral sphincter in women with urinary incontinence. Needle electromyography demonstrated bizarre repetitive high frequency discharges of the periurethral muscles in 3 women with urinary incontinence. One patient recovered spontaneously and 2 had associated stress incontinence that was greatly accentuated. Surgical correction of the stress incontinence had been done in 1 woman before the sphincter neuropathy was recognized and she continued to experience severe incontinence unrelated to activity for 30 months while the neuropathy subsided and stabilized. The second patient with stress incontinence and sphincter pseudomyotonia was diagnosed preoperatively. The operation was delayed for a year until the peripheral neuropathy appeared to be stabilized. This case had a more predictable and satisfactory postoperative result. The experience with these patients suggests that other specific neurogenic disorders of the striated sphincters may cause significant urologic symptoms.", "PMID": 574563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11206", "title": "Thoracotomy in re-staging germinal testis tumors.", "content": "In 3 patients undergoing therapy for germinal testis tumors (teratoma with choriocarcinoma, seminoma and teratocarcinoma) solitary pulmonary lesions developed consistent with metastatic tumor. After non-diagnostic medical pulmonary evaluation thoracotomy established benign lesions in each (sarcoidosis, Cryptococcus and postoperative inflammatory cyst). Surgical pathologic restaging to obviate the institution of unnecessary chemotherapy and/or radiation with its attended morbidity in such instances is stressed.", "contents": "Thoracotomy in re-staging germinal testis tumors. In 3 patients undergoing therapy for germinal testis tumors (teratoma with choriocarcinoma, seminoma and teratocarcinoma) solitary pulmonary lesions developed consistent with metastatic tumor. After non-diagnostic medical pulmonary evaluation thoracotomy established benign lesions in each (sarcoidosis, Cryptococcus and postoperative inflammatory cyst). Surgical pathologic restaging to obviate the institution of unnecessary chemotherapy and/or radiation with its attended morbidity in such instances is stressed.", "PMID": 574564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11207", "title": "Local effect of burn injury on glucose and amino acid metabolism by skeletal muscle.", "content": "Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that there is a difference in glucose metabolism by skeletal muscles from the burned versus unburned regions of the body. To further investigate the effect of proximity to the burn wound on muscle metabolism, in vitro glucose uptake as well as lactic and amino acid releases by soleus muscles, were studied 3 days following a 3-second scald burn on one hind limb of the rat. No differences in glucose uptake or lactic and amino acid releases were observed between soleus from the unburned limb of burned rats and that of controls. In comparison to these two groups, soleus from the burned limb took up 125% more glucose (p less than 0.001), and released 80% more lactic acid (p less than 0.01), 229% more alanine (p less than 0.001), 84% more glutamic acid (p less than 0.01), and over 36% more glutamine (p less than 0.05). The relatively enhanced release of lactic acid by soleus muscle from the burned limb was reduced but not eliminated by the omission of glucose from the medium. Simultaneously, the omission of glucose had no effect on the release of alanine, glutamic acid, and glutamine by the burned limb soleus. The data indicate that a mild thermal injury stimulates glucose utilization and enhances amino acid release by skeletal muscle from the burned region. Since such an effect is absent in muscle from the contralateral unburned region of the same animal, the changes are not likely to be mediated by systemic alterations in the metabolic and endocrine environment. The persistence of an enhanced amino acid release in the presence of varying glycolytic rates suggests that the burn-induced local alterations in amino acid metabolism by skeleton muscle are independent of coincident changes in glucose utilization.", "contents": "Local effect of burn injury on glucose and amino acid metabolism by skeletal muscle. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that there is a difference in glucose metabolism by skeletal muscles from the burned versus unburned regions of the body. To further investigate the effect of proximity to the burn wound on muscle metabolism, in vitro glucose uptake as well as lactic and amino acid releases by soleus muscles, were studied 3 days following a 3-second scald burn on one hind limb of the rat. No differences in glucose uptake or lactic and amino acid releases were observed between soleus from the unburned limb of burned rats and that of controls. In comparison to these two groups, soleus from the burned limb took up 125% more glucose (p less than 0.001), and released 80% more lactic acid (p less than 0.01), 229% more alanine (p less than 0.001), 84% more glutamic acid (p less than 0.01), and over 36% more glutamine (p less than 0.05). The relatively enhanced release of lactic acid by soleus muscle from the burned limb was reduced but not eliminated by the omission of glucose from the medium. Simultaneously, the omission of glucose had no effect on the release of alanine, glutamic acid, and glutamine by the burned limb soleus. The data indicate that a mild thermal injury stimulates glucose utilization and enhances amino acid release by skeletal muscle from the burned region. Since such an effect is absent in muscle from the contralateral unburned region of the same animal, the changes are not likely to be mediated by systemic alterations in the metabolic and endocrine environment. The persistence of an enhanced amino acid release in the presence of varying glycolytic rates suggests that the burn-induced local alterations in amino acid metabolism by skeleton muscle are independent of coincident changes in glucose utilization.", "PMID": 574565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11208", "title": "Amino acid levels in plasma and muscle of rats after intravenous administration of different amino acid infusions.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the participation of specific amino acids in the alterations of their levels in plasma and muscle of rats after short term intravenous infusion. Sufficient amounts of amino acids and glucose were used as a basal solution, and the levels in plasma and muscle were determined 30 min after the end of infusion. When an infusion solution devoid of one of the essential amino acids from the basal solution, -Leu, -Ile, -Lys or -Thr, was administered, the plasma and muscle levels of the deleted amino acids decreased in different degrees. With infusion of the deficient solutions except for the -Leu, no significant changes were observed in amino acids other than those deleted, although occasional changes were noted. On the other hand, the infusion of the -Leu resulted in significant increase of isoleucine and valine levels, and a moderate increase of many other amino acids both in plasma and in muscle. In contrast, when leucine was administered singly in an amount equivalent to that in the basal solution, isoleucine and valine decreased significantly. Most of the other amino acids also decreased markedly after the infusion of leucine alone. These results suggest that, in intravenous infusion, leucine plays a specific role on amino acid levels in plasma and muscle of rats.", "contents": "Amino acid levels in plasma and muscle of rats after intravenous administration of different amino acid infusions. Studies were conducted on the participation of specific amino acids in the alterations of their levels in plasma and muscle of rats after short term intravenous infusion. Sufficient amounts of amino acids and glucose were used as a basal solution, and the levels in plasma and muscle were determined 30 min after the end of infusion. When an infusion solution devoid of one of the essential amino acids from the basal solution, -Leu, -Ile, -Lys or -Thr, was administered, the plasma and muscle levels of the deleted amino acids decreased in different degrees. With infusion of the deficient solutions except for the -Leu, no significant changes were observed in amino acids other than those deleted, although occasional changes were noted. On the other hand, the infusion of the -Leu resulted in significant increase of isoleucine and valine levels, and a moderate increase of many other amino acids both in plasma and in muscle. In contrast, when leucine was administered singly in an amount equivalent to that in the basal solution, isoleucine and valine decreased significantly. Most of the other amino acids also decreased markedly after the infusion of leucine alone. These results suggest that, in intravenous infusion, leucine plays a specific role on amino acid levels in plasma and muscle of rats.", "PMID": 574566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11209", "title": "Ketosis and nitrogen excretion in undernourished surgical patients.", "content": "Hormonal and substrate profiles and urinary nitrogen and urea excretion were measured in 78 underweight patients admitted for surgical investigation, who were placed into either a normo- or a hyperketonemic group, depending upon their levels of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The two groups were otherwise similar in terms of weight loss, arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and serum protein levels. Before surgery only one-quarter of them were hyperketonemic displaying mean glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels characteristic of starvation-adaption, and excreted significantly less urinary nitrogen than in normoketonemic group. Those patients who underwent surgery tended to retain their presurgery hormonal and substrate profile. The normoketonemic group excreted significantly greater amounts of urinary nitrogen, depleted body protein to a greater extent as evidenced by larger changes in arm muscle circumference and serum protein levels, and mortality was greater. Interference with insulin-glucagon balance by sepsis and disease is suggested as a possible explanation for the failure of three-quarters of the patients to become starvation-adapted. The implications of this finding on the parenteral feeding of undernourished patients are discussed.", "contents": "Ketosis and nitrogen excretion in undernourished surgical patients. Hormonal and substrate profiles and urinary nitrogen and urea excretion were measured in 78 underweight patients admitted for surgical investigation, who were placed into either a normo- or a hyperketonemic group, depending upon their levels of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The two groups were otherwise similar in terms of weight loss, arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and serum protein levels. Before surgery only one-quarter of them were hyperketonemic displaying mean glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels characteristic of starvation-adaption, and excreted significantly less urinary nitrogen than in normoketonemic group. Those patients who underwent surgery tended to retain their presurgery hormonal and substrate profile. The normoketonemic group excreted significantly greater amounts of urinary nitrogen, depleted body protein to a greater extent as evidenced by larger changes in arm muscle circumference and serum protein levels, and mortality was greater. Interference with insulin-glucagon balance by sepsis and disease is suggested as a possible explanation for the failure of three-quarters of the patients to become starvation-adapted. The implications of this finding on the parenteral feeding of undernourished patients are discussed.", "PMID": 574567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11210", "title": "Validity of anthropometric norms used in the assessment of hospitalized patients.", "content": "To assess the validity of standards for weight, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and arm muscle circumference commonly used to assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients, these standards were applied to data for the normal U.S. population. Moderate depletion was defined as a value between 60 and 90 percent of the standard; severe depletion was defined as a value below 60 percent of the standard. The standards themselves were found to differ substantially from the population averages, and this method of classifying an individual does not take into account the fact that there is more variation in the population for some measures than for others. As a result, the proportion of individuals classified as depleted varied greatly between measures and also between sexes and ages. Over half of all young women would be classified as moderately depleted based on the arm muscle circumference. Over half of young men would be classified as depleted based on the tricep skinfold, and half of these would be classified as severely depleted. It is recommended that the use of these standards and this method of interpretation be abandoned and replaced by the use of tables of percentiles for the U.S. population.", "contents": "Validity of anthropometric norms used in the assessment of hospitalized patients. To assess the validity of standards for weight, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and arm muscle circumference commonly used to assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients, these standards were applied to data for the normal U.S. population. Moderate depletion was defined as a value between 60 and 90 percent of the standard; severe depletion was defined as a value below 60 percent of the standard. The standards themselves were found to differ substantially from the population averages, and this method of classifying an individual does not take into account the fact that there is more variation in the population for some measures than for others. As a result, the proportion of individuals classified as depleted varied greatly between measures and also between sexes and ages. Over half of all young women would be classified as moderately depleted based on the arm muscle circumference. Over half of young men would be classified as depleted based on the tricep skinfold, and half of these would be classified as severely depleted. It is recommended that the use of these standards and this method of interpretation be abandoned and replaced by the use of tables of percentiles for the U.S. population.", "PMID": 574568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11211", "title": "Anthropometric assessment of nutritional depletion after surgery injury.", "content": "Triceps skinfold (TS), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and body weight (BW) were studied prospectively in 20 adults, admitted to elective operations on the digestive tract, in order to evaluate these anthropometric parameters in planned surgical procedures performed in non-critically ill, non-stressed patients. Mean duration of the preoperative period was 19.2 days (range 1--38), and of the postoperative period, 14.1 days (range 6--31). Mean changes for BW were, respectively, -0.2% and -2.5%, AMC decreased -0.5% before operation and -3.4% afterwards, and TS was reduced to -1.9% in the preoperative phase, and to -8.4% postoperatively. These results are consistent with minimal anthropometric changes during the presurgical stay, with more striking decreases after operative injury. Postoperative findings were further examined in relationship to degree of surgical trauma and length of postoperative hospitalization. After the arbitrary selection of a 10% reduction as the limit for significant decrease in any of the analysed parameters, the percentage of impaired measurements was determined in the sub-groups of medium and large operations, two consecutive procedures, as well as postoperative stay of 6 to 14 days, 15 to 21 days, and over 3 wks. Decreased parameters comprised 6.0% (2/33) of the observations after moderate surgical manipulation, 27.7% (5/18) after serious trauma, and 66.6% (6/9) after two operations. Simarilarly they represented 2.7% (1/36) of the findings in patients discharged within 2 weeks, 33.3% (4/12) in those staying between 2--3 weeks, and 66.6% (8/12) in the cases remaining for longer periods. Despite the limited sensitivity of anthropometric parameters in the detection of acute moderate changes in body constitution, they were useful in separating the patients undergoing medium surgical injury from those subjected to more severe metabolic stress, when only changes greater than 10% of initial value were considered.", "contents": "Anthropometric assessment of nutritional depletion after surgery injury. Triceps skinfold (TS), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and body weight (BW) were studied prospectively in 20 adults, admitted to elective operations on the digestive tract, in order to evaluate these anthropometric parameters in planned surgical procedures performed in non-critically ill, non-stressed patients. Mean duration of the preoperative period was 19.2 days (range 1--38), and of the postoperative period, 14.1 days (range 6--31). Mean changes for BW were, respectively, -0.2% and -2.5%, AMC decreased -0.5% before operation and -3.4% afterwards, and TS was reduced to -1.9% in the preoperative phase, and to -8.4% postoperatively. These results are consistent with minimal anthropometric changes during the presurgical stay, with more striking decreases after operative injury. Postoperative findings were further examined in relationship to degree of surgical trauma and length of postoperative hospitalization. After the arbitrary selection of a 10% reduction as the limit for significant decrease in any of the analysed parameters, the percentage of impaired measurements was determined in the sub-groups of medium and large operations, two consecutive procedures, as well as postoperative stay of 6 to 14 days, 15 to 21 days, and over 3 wks. Decreased parameters comprised 6.0% (2/33) of the observations after moderate surgical manipulation, 27.7% (5/18) after serious trauma, and 66.6% (6/9) after two operations. Simarilarly they represented 2.7% (1/36) of the findings in patients discharged within 2 weeks, 33.3% (4/12) in those staying between 2--3 weeks, and 66.6% (8/12) in the cases remaining for longer periods. Despite the limited sensitivity of anthropometric parameters in the detection of acute moderate changes in body constitution, they were useful in separating the patients undergoing medium surgical injury from those subjected to more severe metabolic stress, when only changes greater than 10% of initial value were considered.", "PMID": 574569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11212", "title": "[Cardiomyopathy in juvenile diabetics? (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a cardiologic study conducted in 26 juvenile diabetics with insulin deficiency, in whom the disease had lasted for more than ten years. Electrocardiograms, vectorcardiograms and echocardiograms were recorded. The investigations did not indicate the presence of a subclinical cardiomyopathy as a sign of an early diabetic microangiopathy of the myocardium. Hence the findings by Riff and Riff (1974) as well as those by Sanderson et al (1978) have not been confirmed.", "contents": "[Cardiomyopathy in juvenile diabetics? (author's transl)]. Report on a cardiologic study conducted in 26 juvenile diabetics with insulin deficiency, in whom the disease had lasted for more than ten years. Electrocardiograms, vectorcardiograms and echocardiograms were recorded. The investigations did not indicate the presence of a subclinical cardiomyopathy as a sign of an early diabetic microangiopathy of the myocardium. Hence the findings by Riff and Riff (1974) as well as those by Sanderson et al (1978) have not been confirmed.", "PMID": 574576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11213", "title": "[The albumin-IgG ratio in the CSF in inflammatory diseases of the CNS (author's transl)].", "content": "Levels of albumin and IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid were determined in 69 children with infectious diseases of the central of the central nervous system in the years 1975 to 1978. The cerebrospinal fluid in 63 children without infectious diseases of the central nervous system, serving as a control, showed a close correlation between albumin and IgG levels. In the acute stages of serous and purulent meningitis (meningococci, streptococci, and hemophilus influenzae) however, IgG levels in the cerebrospinal fluid were overproportionately high. Very high yet correlating levels of IgG and albumin were found in purulent meningitis due to Escherichia coli. The determination of cerebrospinal fluid levels of albumin and IgG renders information about the function of the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as well as about any significant production of IgG at these sites. In case of repeated determinations information about the course of inflammation and the efficacy of antibiotic therapy can be obtained. This technique is simple and inexpensive. For one determination only 50 microliter of cerebrospinal fluid is required.", "contents": "[The albumin-IgG ratio in the CSF in inflammatory diseases of the CNS (author's transl)]. Levels of albumin and IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid were determined in 69 children with infectious diseases of the central of the central nervous system in the years 1975 to 1978. The cerebrospinal fluid in 63 children without infectious diseases of the central nervous system, serving as a control, showed a close correlation between albumin and IgG levels. In the acute stages of serous and purulent meningitis (meningococci, streptococci, and hemophilus influenzae) however, IgG levels in the cerebrospinal fluid were overproportionately high. Very high yet correlating levels of IgG and albumin were found in purulent meningitis due to Escherichia coli. The determination of cerebrospinal fluid levels of albumin and IgG renders information about the function of the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as well as about any significant production of IgG at these sites. In case of repeated determinations information about the course of inflammation and the efficacy of antibiotic therapy can be obtained. This technique is simple and inexpensive. For one determination only 50 microliter of cerebrospinal fluid is required.", "PMID": 574577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11214", "title": "[Indomethacin in IRDS with PDA phenomenon (author's transl)].", "content": "16 premature babies (all needing artificial ventilation, 15 suffering from idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and one from severe apneic spells) received a single or double dose of indomethacin once the symptoms of an open ductus arteriosus further complicated their disease. Within 24 hours four patients showed closure of their duct, three other patients a very distinct improvement of their hemodynamic situation. There was no change of the ductus dependent symptoms in 8 other babies. One baby presented with a marked a worsening of its clinical situation and finally required surgical closure of its duct. There is quite a discrepancy found in the results reported from different centers. Starting from our results possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "[Indomethacin in IRDS with PDA phenomenon (author's transl)]. 16 premature babies (all needing artificial ventilation, 15 suffering from idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and one from severe apneic spells) received a single or double dose of indomethacin once the symptoms of an open ductus arteriosus further complicated their disease. Within 24 hours four patients showed closure of their duct, three other patients a very distinct improvement of their hemodynamic situation. There was no change of the ductus dependent symptoms in 8 other babies. One baby presented with a marked a worsening of its clinical situation and finally required surgical closure of its duct. There is quite a discrepancy found in the results reported from different centers. Starting from our results possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 574578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11215", "title": "[Isovaleric acidemia combined with hypertrophic pylorstenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of isovaleric acidemia combined with hypertrophic pylorostenosis is described. The diagnostic procedure, the biochemical findings as well as the performed therapy are discussed. Additionally the patient was successfully operated upon a pyloromyotomy. Thus the patient suffered form two conditions which are always to be considered in terms of differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Isovaleric acidemia combined with hypertrophic pylorstenosis (author's transl)]. A case of isovaleric acidemia combined with hypertrophic pylorostenosis is described. The diagnostic procedure, the biochemical findings as well as the performed therapy are discussed. Additionally the patient was successfully operated upon a pyloromyotomy. Thus the patient suffered form two conditions which are always to be considered in terms of differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 574579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11216", "title": "[Psychosocial intellectual development of children with infantile cystinosis and cerebral atrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychosocial and intellectual development of 4 boys with nephropathic cystinosis and brain atrophy documented by cranial computerized tomography was investigated by use of biographical data and psychological tests (HAWIK, Deutscher Rechtschreibtest). Inspite of the brain atrophy the patients showed low-normal intellectual capacities and mainly average school performance. There were no psychosocial abnormalities correlated to the primary metabolic disease. However, renal dwarfism led to mascotism requiring psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Psychosocial intellectual development of children with infantile cystinosis and cerebral atrophy (author's transl)]. The psychosocial and intellectual development of 4 boys with nephropathic cystinosis and brain atrophy documented by cranial computerized tomography was investigated by use of biographical data and psychological tests (HAWIK, Deutscher Rechtschreibtest). Inspite of the brain atrophy the patients showed low-normal intellectual capacities and mainly average school performance. There were no psychosocial abnormalities correlated to the primary metabolic disease. However, renal dwarfism led to mascotism requiring psychotherapy.", "PMID": 574580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11217", "title": "[Vertical transmission of hepatitis B in infancy by asymptomatic HBs-antigen positive mothers].", "content": "Two cases of Hepatitis B in the infant period are presented. Both mothers were chronic asymptomatic HBsAntigen Carriers at the time of delivery. The high frequency of the HBs Antigen in pregnant women in a pilot-study in our area forces us to examinate the serum of each pregnant for HBs Antigen as a routine examination. Extended immunological diagnostics for the other hepatitis B antigens are recommended by each HBs-Antigen positive women. The prophylactic use of hyperimmunserum-globulin by such risk newborns is discussed.", "contents": "[Vertical transmission of hepatitis B in infancy by asymptomatic HBs-antigen positive mothers]. Two cases of Hepatitis B in the infant period are presented. Both mothers were chronic asymptomatic HBsAntigen Carriers at the time of delivery. The high frequency of the HBs Antigen in pregnant women in a pilot-study in our area forces us to examinate the serum of each pregnant for HBs Antigen as a routine examination. Extended immunological diagnostics for the other hepatitis B antigens are recommended by each HBs-Antigen positive women. The prophylactic use of hyperimmunserum-globulin by such risk newborns is discussed.", "PMID": 574581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11218", "title": "[Sudden death of children by hemorrhage from a cerebral angioma (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 65 necropsies of children aging between 10 days and 15 years three cases of spontaneous letal hemorrhage from a solitary vascular angioma in the brain were observed. In two cases a sudden death occured. The third child died unexpectedly after years of noncharacteristic clinical nervous symptoms. In all cases the diagnosis of connatal vascular malformation was established by necropsy.", "contents": "[Sudden death of children by hemorrhage from a cerebral angioma (author's transl)]. Among 65 necropsies of children aging between 10 days and 15 years three cases of spontaneous letal hemorrhage from a solitary vascular angioma in the brain were observed. In two cases a sudden death occured. The third child died unexpectedly after years of noncharacteristic clinical nervous symptoms. In all cases the diagnosis of connatal vascular malformation was established by necropsy.", "PMID": 574582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11219", "title": "[The caudal regression syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Caudal regression syndrome in a male newborn with total aplasia of the vertebral column below L I is reported. A family history of malformations of the vertebral column and diabetes as atiologic factors are discussed.", "contents": "[The caudal regression syndrome (author's transl)]. Caudal regression syndrome in a male newborn with total aplasia of the vertebral column below L I is reported. A family history of malformations of the vertebral column and diabetes as atiologic factors are discussed.", "PMID": 574583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11220", "title": "[Rare forms of chronic osteomyelitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "4 cases of chronic osteomyelitis in children and adolescents are described. The first one concerns a girl with severe plasmacellular osteomyelitis of the right upperarm. As the treatment with antibiotics failed a partial resection of the right humerus, followed by plastic covering of the resulting defect was successful. Two further cases of chronic metatarsal osteomyelitis of both feet could be classified as a kind of \"sclerosing osteomyelitis Garr\u00e9\", mostly corresponding to the clinical feature of the \"chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis\" (Bj\u00f6rkst\u00e9n et al., 1978). Furthermore, a case of chronic ostitis localized in the symphyseal area is described, the clinical symptoms of which were resembling to the cortical osteoid, a special kind of sclerosing osteomyelitis. It is suggested that these different forms of chronic osteomyelitis in children are caused by bacterial infections. Nevertheless, this hypothesis remains to be proved. The problems of the differential diagnosis are discussed. Generally, the only therapy with antibotics is not successful, whereas the combination of removing of the inflammatory process with plastic covering of the bone-defect usually results in recovery.", "contents": "[Rare forms of chronic osteomyelitis in children (author's transl)]. 4 cases of chronic osteomyelitis in children and adolescents are described. The first one concerns a girl with severe plasmacellular osteomyelitis of the right upperarm. As the treatment with antibiotics failed a partial resection of the right humerus, followed by plastic covering of the resulting defect was successful. Two further cases of chronic metatarsal osteomyelitis of both feet could be classified as a kind of \"sclerosing osteomyelitis Garr\u00e9\", mostly corresponding to the clinical feature of the \"chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis\" (Bj\u00f6rkst\u00e9n et al., 1978). Furthermore, a case of chronic ostitis localized in the symphyseal area is described, the clinical symptoms of which were resembling to the cortical osteoid, a special kind of sclerosing osteomyelitis. It is suggested that these different forms of chronic osteomyelitis in children are caused by bacterial infections. Nevertheless, this hypothesis remains to be proved. The problems of the differential diagnosis are discussed. Generally, the only therapy with antibotics is not successful, whereas the combination of removing of the inflammatory process with plastic covering of the bone-defect usually results in recovery.", "PMID": 574584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11221", "title": "[Traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Two children had extensive resection of the pancreas due to a posttraumatic pseudocyst. Function of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas was reinvestigated following surgery and found to be normal. Based upon these observations pathogenesis, clinical and therapeutical aspects of pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood are reviewed.", "contents": "[Traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood (author's transl)]. Two children had extensive resection of the pancreas due to a posttraumatic pseudocyst. Function of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas was reinvestigated following surgery and found to be normal. Based upon these observations pathogenesis, clinical and therapeutical aspects of pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood are reviewed.", "PMID": 574585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11222", "title": "[Identification of metastases in the infant skeleton--comparison of methods of roentgenology and scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Conventional x-ray examination and a whole body scintigram were performed within four weeks in 40 children with tumours. The findings obtained by both methods were subjected to a comparative analysis. Pathological findings were revealed in eleven children; in eight of these, the findings were partly confirmed as metastases. Of 39 metastases confirmed by x-ray film, 16 were found to be negative according to scintigraphy. On the other hand, 34 of a total of 60 scintigraphically pathological findings could not be confirmed by x-ray examination six months later. The falsely negative scintigraphic findings were mainly localised in the region of the ribs, the pelvis and the long bones near the epiphysis. Our own case material demonstrated these findings.", "contents": "[Identification of metastases in the infant skeleton--comparison of methods of roentgenology and scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Conventional x-ray examination and a whole body scintigram were performed within four weeks in 40 children with tumours. The findings obtained by both methods were subjected to a comparative analysis. Pathological findings were revealed in eleven children; in eight of these, the findings were partly confirmed as metastases. Of 39 metastases confirmed by x-ray film, 16 were found to be negative according to scintigraphy. On the other hand, 34 of a total of 60 scintigraphically pathological findings could not be confirmed by x-ray examination six months later. The falsely negative scintigraphic findings were mainly localised in the region of the ribs, the pelvis and the long bones near the epiphysis. Our own case material demonstrated these findings.", "PMID": 574586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11223", "title": "[Longitudinal growth data of development of weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest- and abdominal circumferences in healthy children (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1974--1977 anthropometric investigations were performed in 173 healthy infants during the first year of life. Weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences had been measured as parameters for growth. Birth weight increased ceased threefold on 12th month in males only. There is no difference in the increase of height in males and females. Width of skinfold thickness increases rapidly until month 5, except abdominal skinfold. A radual decrease follows thereafter. The difference in decreasing velocity of skinfold thickness indicates changes in distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue during infancy. Growth of head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences of males are similar to that of females.", "contents": "[Longitudinal growth data of development of weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest- and abdominal circumferences in healthy children (author's transl)]. From 1974--1977 anthropometric investigations were performed in 173 healthy infants during the first year of life. Weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences had been measured as parameters for growth. Birth weight increased ceased threefold on 12th month in males only. There is no difference in the increase of height in males and females. Width of skinfold thickness increases rapidly until month 5, except abdominal skinfold. A radual decrease follows thereafter. The difference in decreasing velocity of skinfold thickness indicates changes in distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue during infancy. Growth of head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences of males are similar to that of females.", "PMID": 574588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11224", "title": "[Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and labyrinthine deafness: the DIDMOAD-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The DIDMOAD syndrome is a combination of diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy and labyrinthine deafness. The inheritance is autosomalrecessive. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities are discussed on the basis of a further case of this pathogenetically not yet clarified disease pattern. Early detection of this syndrome in juvenile diabetics is important for long-term prognosis and genetic family advice.", "contents": "[Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and labyrinthine deafness: the DIDMOAD-syndrome (author's transl)]. The DIDMOAD syndrome is a combination of diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy and labyrinthine deafness. The inheritance is autosomalrecessive. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities are discussed on the basis of a further case of this pathogenetically not yet clarified disease pattern. Early detection of this syndrome in juvenile diabetics is important for long-term prognosis and genetic family advice.", "PMID": 574589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11225", "title": "[Treatment of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with zinc (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral administration of zinc sulfate did not improve the clinical conditions in two patients with Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrome type I. Zinc levels in serum and hair were normal before and during treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with zinc (author's transl)]. Oral administration of zinc sulfate did not improve the clinical conditions in two patients with Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrome type I. Zinc levels in serum and hair were normal before and during treatment.", "PMID": 574590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11226", "title": "[Viscerocutaneous Haemangiomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes a case of viscerous haemangiomatosis in a 3 1/4-year old girl. Unusually extensive changes in the skin and soft parts, progressing since birth, are shown. Radiological findings for localising visceral haemangiomas are underlined, especially in connection with frequent posthaemorrhagic anaemia as a result of intestinal involvement. Typical x-ray findings: Phleboliths and soft-part \"tumours\" in plain roentgenograpy (abdomen, soft parts of the skin, cranium); involvement of the walls and disturbances of motility through intestinal haemangiomas in oral and rectal examination with contrast medium; changes in osseous structures and internal organs caused by adjacent angiomatous space-occupying growths.", "contents": "[Viscerocutaneous Haemangiomatosis (author's transl)]. The article describes a case of viscerous haemangiomatosis in a 3 1/4-year old girl. Unusually extensive changes in the skin and soft parts, progressing since birth, are shown. Radiological findings for localising visceral haemangiomas are underlined, especially in connection with frequent posthaemorrhagic anaemia as a result of intestinal involvement. Typical x-ray findings: Phleboliths and soft-part \"tumours\" in plain roentgenograpy (abdomen, soft parts of the skin, cranium); involvement of the walls and disturbances of motility through intestinal haemangiomas in oral and rectal examination with contrast medium; changes in osseous structures and internal organs caused by adjacent angiomatous space-occupying growths.", "PMID": 574591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11227", "title": "[Formation of chondroid tissue in the left ventricle and bundle of His in complex congenital cardiac abnormality (author's transl)].", "content": "The formation of chondroid tissue in the heart ventricles and in the region of the ventriculoatrial transition is regarded as a rare lesion of the human heart. We present the observation of a not well-known disorder of cardiac development connected with a cartilagineous transformation of endo- and myocardial tissue. Chondroid change was found in the innermost parts of the left ventricle in a heart with severe hypoplasia of left parts and aortic atresia. Cartilage-like tissue reached to the region of the bundle of His and to supraanular parts of the interatrial septum. The possible genesis of this change, that may be of clinical relevance, is discussed with regard to normal endo- and myocardial development.", "contents": "[Formation of chondroid tissue in the left ventricle and bundle of His in complex congenital cardiac abnormality (author's transl)]. The formation of chondroid tissue in the heart ventricles and in the region of the ventriculoatrial transition is regarded as a rare lesion of the human heart. We present the observation of a not well-known disorder of cardiac development connected with a cartilagineous transformation of endo- and myocardial tissue. Chondroid change was found in the innermost parts of the left ventricle in a heart with severe hypoplasia of left parts and aortic atresia. Cartilage-like tissue reached to the region of the bundle of His and to supraanular parts of the interatrial septum. The possible genesis of this change, that may be of clinical relevance, is discussed with regard to normal endo- and myocardial development.", "PMID": 574592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11228", "title": "[Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage in infancy -- first symptom of a medulloblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The death of a 10 years old male patient was due to a clinically asymptomatic tumor in the posterior fossa with the initial symptom of a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Even if those cases are rare, symptom-free subtentoiral tumors have to be considered as possible etiological factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage unrelated to intracranial aneurysm or a-v malformation.", "contents": "[Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage in infancy -- first symptom of a medulloblastoma (author's transl)]. The death of a 10 years old male patient was due to a clinically asymptomatic tumor in the posterior fossa with the initial symptom of a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Even if those cases are rare, symptom-free subtentoiral tumors have to be considered as possible etiological factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage unrelated to intracranial aneurysm or a-v malformation.", "PMID": 574593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11229", "title": "[Intestinal obstruction following necrotizing enterocolitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase in survival from necrotizing enterocolitis results in an increased rate of late sequelae. We would like to take the opportunity to emphasize these new complications by a review of our patient material. 11 (23.9%) patients from a total number of 46 showed signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction at different points in the course of the disease. In two surviving patients out of this group of 11, a resection of postinflammatory gut stenosis had to be performed within the first year. In the 9 children who died, particular emphasis is being paid in the autopsy reports to obstructive lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Due to this rather frequent event (23.9%) of postinflammatory formation of strictures and stenoses in the recovery from NEC a functional radiographic study of the intestinal patency seems mandatory before discharge of any patient with NEC with operative or conservative treatment.", "contents": "[Intestinal obstruction following necrotizing enterocolitis (author's transl)]. The increase in survival from necrotizing enterocolitis results in an increased rate of late sequelae. We would like to take the opportunity to emphasize these new complications by a review of our patient material. 11 (23.9%) patients from a total number of 46 showed signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction at different points in the course of the disease. In two surviving patients out of this group of 11, a resection of postinflammatory gut stenosis had to be performed within the first year. In the 9 children who died, particular emphasis is being paid in the autopsy reports to obstructive lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Due to this rather frequent event (23.9%) of postinflammatory formation of strictures and stenoses in the recovery from NEC a functional radiographic study of the intestinal patency seems mandatory before discharge of any patient with NEC with operative or conservative treatment.", "PMID": 574594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11230", "title": "[Fanconi's anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A 6.6 years old girl is described who shows the typical symptom complex of Fanconi's anemia. Pathogenesis, clinical findings, cytogenetic results, therapy and prognosis of Fanconi's anemia are discussed.", "contents": "[Fanconi's anemia (author's transl)]. A 6.6 years old girl is described who shows the typical symptom complex of Fanconi's anemia. Pathogenesis, clinical findings, cytogenetic results, therapy and prognosis of Fanconi's anemia are discussed.", "PMID": 574595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11231", "title": "[Phenylalanine-fetopathia in twins of an undiagnosed phenylketonuric mother (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report of microcephalic twins born to a hithertoo undedected phenylketonuric mother is given. The female twin suffered from phenylketonuria, too. The clinical findings included microcephaly, growth retardation, retarded bone age and an unusual facies. The psychomotor development was retarded in both twins, but more so in the phenylketonuric twin despite appropriate low phenylalanine diet.", "contents": "[Phenylalanine-fetopathia in twins of an undiagnosed phenylketonuric mother (author's transl)]. A case report of microcephalic twins born to a hithertoo undedected phenylketonuric mother is given. The female twin suffered from phenylketonuria, too. The clinical findings included microcephaly, growth retardation, retarded bone age and an unusual facies. The psychomotor development was retarded in both twins, but more so in the phenylketonuric twin despite appropriate low phenylalanine diet.", "PMID": 574596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11232", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata fungemia--a clinical pathological study.", "content": "The clinical findings, pathologic features, and outcome were investigated in 46 patients in whom Torulopsis glabrata was isolated in 131 specimens of blood. Nineteen of the patients had only a single positive blood culture and no evidence of systemic yeast infection, while 27 patients had a clinically significant fungemia based upon the occurrence of 2 or more positive blood cultures, or the combination of a positive blood culture and isolation of the organism from a closed body cavity or demonstration of the yeast in tissue sections. The predisposing factors to the development of fungemia included the presence of intravenous lines, indwelling Foley catheters, antibiotics and surgery, especially when the gastrointestinal tract was involved. Only 22% of patients received either steroids or cytostatic agents. Possible portals of entry were suggested by the prior isolation of the organism from urine, sputum, wounds, and central venous catheter tips in most of the patients. Twelve of 27 patients with clinically significant fungemia were treated. The initial mode of therapy in nine patients was removal of intravenous lines because of the clinical suspicion of catheter related sepsis. Seven of the patients improved rapidly and one more after amphotericin B was subsequently administered. Amphotericin B was the initial therapy in three cases. One patient was cured while another died of an unrelated infection. Five patients were not treated although the isolation of T. glabrata had been reported; the fact that the presence of the organism was felt to be unimportant was considered to be a factor in the delay of treatment. In the remaining 10 patients the organism was isolated only after the patient had died. Division of the patients into four groups based upon whether the individuals survived, died of unrelated disease, died with potentially lethal infection, or died with T. glabrata infection significantly contributing to death, revealed a spectrum of disease, certain signs of which appeared to be of predictive value as prognostic indices of survival and severity of the infection. Seven patients with transient fungemia experienced an acute episode of high spiking fever (greater than 102.5 degrees F), rigors and/or hypotension, six of whom improved after the intravenous catheter was removed, suggesting a catheter-related sepsis. In contrast, persistent low grade fever (less than 102.5 degrees F) characterized eight of the nine patients in whom T. glabrata infection was considered either potentially lethal, or contributing significantly to death. A deteriorating clinical course with organ failure was also associated with this latter category of patients. Catheter-induced specticemia was considered in only two patients in this category. The autopsy and clinical findings in this investigation as well as reported experimental studies suggest that T. glabrata is an organism of low virulence. The patients' underlying disease (e.g., neoplasia) and coexisting bacterial infection are the most important factors responsible for death.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata fungemia--a clinical pathological study. The clinical findings, pathologic features, and outcome were investigated in 46 patients in whom Torulopsis glabrata was isolated in 131 specimens of blood. Nineteen of the patients had only a single positive blood culture and no evidence of systemic yeast infection, while 27 patients had a clinically significant fungemia based upon the occurrence of 2 or more positive blood cultures, or the combination of a positive blood culture and isolation of the organism from a closed body cavity or demonstration of the yeast in tissue sections. The predisposing factors to the development of fungemia included the presence of intravenous lines, indwelling Foley catheters, antibiotics and surgery, especially when the gastrointestinal tract was involved. Only 22% of patients received either steroids or cytostatic agents. Possible portals of entry were suggested by the prior isolation of the organism from urine, sputum, wounds, and central venous catheter tips in most of the patients. Twelve of 27 patients with clinically significant fungemia were treated. The initial mode of therapy in nine patients was removal of intravenous lines because of the clinical suspicion of catheter related sepsis. Seven of the patients improved rapidly and one more after amphotericin B was subsequently administered. Amphotericin B was the initial therapy in three cases. One patient was cured while another died of an unrelated infection. Five patients were not treated although the isolation of T. glabrata had been reported; the fact that the presence of the organism was felt to be unimportant was considered to be a factor in the delay of treatment. In the remaining 10 patients the organism was isolated only after the patient had died. Division of the patients into four groups based upon whether the individuals survived, died of unrelated disease, died with potentially lethal infection, or died with T. glabrata infection significantly contributing to death, revealed a spectrum of disease, certain signs of which appeared to be of predictive value as prognostic indices of survival and severity of the infection. Seven patients with transient fungemia experienced an acute episode of high spiking fever (greater than 102.5 degrees F), rigors and/or hypotension, six of whom improved after the intravenous catheter was removed, suggesting a catheter-related sepsis. In contrast, persistent low grade fever (less than 102.5 degrees F) characterized eight of the nine patients in whom T. glabrata infection was considered either potentially lethal, or contributing significantly to death. A deteriorating clinical course with organ failure was also associated with this latter category of patients. Catheter-induced specticemia was considered in only two patients in this category. The autopsy and clinical findings in this investigation as well as reported experimental studies suggest that T. glabrata is an organism of low virulence. The patients' underlying disease (e.g., neoplasia) and coexisting bacterial infection are the most important factors responsible for death.", "PMID": 574609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11233", "title": "Studies on the near-UV effect on carotenogenesis in Verticillium agaricinum.", "content": "Carotenoids identified in Verticillium agaricinum under near-UV were beta-, zeta-, and gamma-carotenes, neurosporene, torulene, neurosporaxanthin and one of its esters. Evidence supports the proposal that gamma-carotene, and not torulene, is the immediate precursor of neurosporaxanthin. It is also suggested that phytochrome may be involved in the high irradiance reactions (HIR) causing carotenoid synthesis in this fungus although there is no knowledge of how this is effected. Spores grown under near-UV conditions varied in size and shape from those grown in the dark. A new pigment (390, 420 nm) is also proposed as the photoreceptor for carotenogenesis in V. agaricinum.", "contents": "Studies on the near-UV effect on carotenogenesis in Verticillium agaricinum. Carotenoids identified in Verticillium agaricinum under near-UV were beta-, zeta-, and gamma-carotenes, neurosporene, torulene, neurosporaxanthin and one of its esters. Evidence supports the proposal that gamma-carotene, and not torulene, is the immediate precursor of neurosporaxanthin. It is also suggested that phytochrome may be involved in the high irradiance reactions (HIR) causing carotenoid synthesis in this fungus although there is no knowledge of how this is effected. Spores grown under near-UV conditions varied in size and shape from those grown in the dark. A new pigment (390, 420 nm) is also proposed as the photoreceptor for carotenogenesis in V. agaricinum.", "PMID": 574610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11234", "title": "[Analysis of serum immunoglobulins and complement factors in children with chronic ITP and after reversible postinfectious thrombocytopenia (author's transl)].", "content": "Levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M and complement factor C3 and C4 were determined by single radial immunodiffusion techniques in a group of 26 children with a history of postinfectious thrombocytopenic purpura and in another group of 6 children with chronic ITP. The statistical evaluation of the data of patients with chronic ITP did not show any significant deviation from normal. In patients with previously acute, reversible ITP, levels of IgG and IgM were elevated. Whether this elevation was significant or not depended upon the statistical analysis applied. C3 levels tended to be above the average normal mean, C4 levels, in contrast, to be below. The importance of increased IgG and IgM concentrations in patients with the history of postinfectious ITP is discussed. The raised IgG and IgM levels are interpreted as an expression of a certain type of hyperimmune state rather than as an impairment of immunoregulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "[Analysis of serum immunoglobulins and complement factors in children with chronic ITP and after reversible postinfectious thrombocytopenia (author's transl)]. Levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M and complement factor C3 and C4 were determined by single radial immunodiffusion techniques in a group of 26 children with a history of postinfectious thrombocytopenic purpura and in another group of 6 children with chronic ITP. The statistical evaluation of the data of patients with chronic ITP did not show any significant deviation from normal. In patients with previously acute, reversible ITP, levels of IgG and IgM were elevated. Whether this elevation was significant or not depended upon the statistical analysis applied. C3 levels tended to be above the average normal mean, C4 levels, in contrast, to be below. The importance of increased IgG and IgM concentrations in patients with the history of postinfectious ITP is discussed. The raised IgG and IgM levels are interpreted as an expression of a certain type of hyperimmune state rather than as an impairment of immunoregulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 574614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11235", "title": "Mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene by guinea-pig liver homogenates: essential involvement of cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidases.", "content": "2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF) was highly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, when activated by a liver post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction (S9 fraction) from guinea-pigs, in spite of the resistance of this species to AAF carcinogenesis and the low capacity of the liver of this species for N-hydroxylation of AAF. The mutagenicity was comparable to or higher than that resulting from activation by mouse- or rat-liver S9 fraction, and was not enchanced by treatment with cytochrome P-450 inducers, a combination of phenobarbital and 5,6-benzoflavone. In an attempt to understand this unexpected result we examined whether a cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase system participated in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea-pig liver, as it does in the case of mouse liver. The mutagenic activation was: (1) completely dependent on the addition of a co-factor, NADPH, to the mutation assay system, (2) completely suppressed by antiserum against NADPH--cytochrome c reductase, and (3) sensitive to a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, 7,8-benzoflavone. These results indicate that the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system is essentially involved even in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea-pig-liver S9 fraction. Based on both the present and other data, the mechanism of the mutagenic activation is discussed to explain the observed high mutagenic potential of AAF in the presence of guinea-pig-liver S9 fraction.", "contents": "Mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene by guinea-pig liver homogenates: essential involvement of cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidases. 2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF) was highly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, when activated by a liver post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction (S9 fraction) from guinea-pigs, in spite of the resistance of this species to AAF carcinogenesis and the low capacity of the liver of this species for N-hydroxylation of AAF. The mutagenicity was comparable to or higher than that resulting from activation by mouse- or rat-liver S9 fraction, and was not enchanced by treatment with cytochrome P-450 inducers, a combination of phenobarbital and 5,6-benzoflavone. In an attempt to understand this unexpected result we examined whether a cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase system participated in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea-pig liver, as it does in the case of mouse liver. The mutagenic activation was: (1) completely dependent on the addition of a co-factor, NADPH, to the mutation assay system, (2) completely suppressed by antiserum against NADPH--cytochrome c reductase, and (3) sensitive to a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, 7,8-benzoflavone. These results indicate that the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system is essentially involved even in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea-pig-liver S9 fraction. Based on both the present and other data, the mechanism of the mutagenic activation is discussed to explain the observed high mutagenic potential of AAF in the presence of guinea-pig-liver S9 fraction.", "PMID": 574615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11236", "title": "[Uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms].", "content": "It is reported of the uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) from lead, cadmium and mercury-containing substrates. Cd and Hg were observed to accumulate significantly via the mycelium, whereas Pb accumulated scarely, even if the Pb contents in the substrate were high. High lead concentrations in wild mushrooms, therefore, are likely to be mainly due to emissions; whereas, with Cd and Hg, uptake from the soil must also be considered.", "contents": "[Uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms]. It is reported of the uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) from lead, cadmium and mercury-containing substrates. Cd and Hg were observed to accumulate significantly via the mycelium, whereas Pb accumulated scarely, even if the Pb contents in the substrate were high. High lead concentrations in wild mushrooms, therefore, are likely to be mainly due to emissions; whereas, with Cd and Hg, uptake from the soil must also be considered.", "PMID": 574616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11237", "title": "A diurnal rhythm of immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in discrete regions of the rat brain.", "content": "A significant diurnal variation in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) concentrations was observed in discrete regions of the rat brain. During the 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle, alpha-MSH concentrations in each case were highest during the light period and lowest during the dark period. At 09.00 h, 3 h after lights were turned on, the peak alpha-MSH concentration occurred in the median eminence, the arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei and the periventricular thalamic nucleus. The paraventricular and anterior hypothalamic nuclei had highest alpha-MSH concentrations at 13.00 h. In the medial preoptic nucleus, the peak alpha-MSH concentrations appeared at 17.00 h. These changes in alpha-MSH content may reflect an alpha-MSH role in circadian variations in behavioral and neuroendocrine processes.", "contents": "A diurnal rhythm of immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in discrete regions of the rat brain. A significant diurnal variation in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) concentrations was observed in discrete regions of the rat brain. During the 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle, alpha-MSH concentrations in each case were highest during the light period and lowest during the dark period. At 09.00 h, 3 h after lights were turned on, the peak alpha-MSH concentration occurred in the median eminence, the arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei and the periventricular thalamic nucleus. The paraventricular and anterior hypothalamic nuclei had highest alpha-MSH concentrations at 13.00 h. In the medial preoptic nucleus, the peak alpha-MSH concentrations appeared at 17.00 h. These changes in alpha-MSH content may reflect an alpha-MSH role in circadian variations in behavioral and neuroendocrine processes.", "PMID": 574621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11238", "title": "Effect of spinal cord transection on the reproductive system in the female rat.", "content": "Cycling rats had their spinal cord transected (SCT) at the T5 vertebral level and/or were unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) at metestrus, and allowed to cycle either for one estrous cycle or for 19 days. Estrous cycle lengths were increased following SCT in all animals. After one cycle, SCT rats showed no effect on other reproductive parameters studies. In contrast, after 19 days decreases in body and ovarian weights, and number of follicles greater than 448 micrometers and ova shed per ovary were observed. When ULO was performed in conjunction with SCT, compensatory ovarian responses occurred. The data demonstrate that an intact adrenergic system is necessary for normal ovarian function in the intact rat but not necessary for compensatory ovarian responses to occur following ULO.", "contents": "Effect of spinal cord transection on the reproductive system in the female rat. Cycling rats had their spinal cord transected (SCT) at the T5 vertebral level and/or were unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) at metestrus, and allowed to cycle either for one estrous cycle or for 19 days. Estrous cycle lengths were increased following SCT in all animals. After one cycle, SCT rats showed no effect on other reproductive parameters studies. In contrast, after 19 days decreases in body and ovarian weights, and number of follicles greater than 448 micrometers and ova shed per ovary were observed. When ULO was performed in conjunction with SCT, compensatory ovarian responses occurred. The data demonstrate that an intact adrenergic system is necessary for normal ovarian function in the intact rat but not necessary for compensatory ovarian responses to occur following ULO.", "PMID": 574622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11239", "title": "[Obstructive cardiomyopathy with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the pediatric age].", "content": "The clinical and haemodynamic features of obstructive cardiomyopathy with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in a 12-yr-old boy are examined. A cardiac souffle had been present for 10 yr and precordial pain, cardiopalmus and effort dyspnoea for 5-6 yr. Familial association, ischaemic and pseudonecrotic ECG changes, and signs of left ventricle hypertrophy were noted. Left catheterisation and ventriculography showed obstructive hypertrophy of the muscle, two chambers with filling at 160/10 and ejection at 120/10, and slight regurgitation into the left trium. Treatment with 0.2-0.5 mg/kg/day propranolol.", "contents": "[Obstructive cardiomyopathy with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the pediatric age]. The clinical and haemodynamic features of obstructive cardiomyopathy with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in a 12-yr-old boy are examined. A cardiac souffle had been present for 10 yr and precordial pain, cardiopalmus and effort dyspnoea for 5-6 yr. Familial association, ischaemic and pseudonecrotic ECG changes, and signs of left ventricle hypertrophy were noted. Left catheterisation and ventriculography showed obstructive hypertrophy of the muscle, two chambers with filling at 160/10 and ejection at 120/10, and slight regurgitation into the left trium. Treatment with 0.2-0.5 mg/kg/day propranolol.", "PMID": 574624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11240", "title": "An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population.", "content": "Nutritional, racial, cultural, and environmental factors have combined to produce a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency rickets in urban Philadelphia. Between January 1974 and June 1978, 24 cases were diagnosed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Patients' ages ranged from 4 to 58 months. Presenting complaints included seizures, swollen wrists, pathologic fractures, and developmental regression. Sixteen patients were below the third percentile for length and weight. Laboratory results indicated vitamin D deficiency in nursing mothers as well as in infants. All infants had been breast-fed and all were black. Ingestion of vitamin D was limited by exclusion of meat and/or dairy products in 21, and no infants had consistently taken supplemental vitamins. Nineteen were members of Muslim or Seventh Day Adventist faiths. Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D was limited by dark skin, by dressing in long garments with hoods and veils, and by air pollution in a densely populated northern city. The return to a more \"natural\" diet, free of food additives, has been accompanied by the return of a classic disease of industrial society. Effective management required patience and respect for religious convictions. With treatment, there was correction of chemical and skeletal abnormalities, but few patients showed catch-up growth.", "contents": "An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population. Nutritional, racial, cultural, and environmental factors have combined to produce a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency rickets in urban Philadelphia. Between January 1974 and June 1978, 24 cases were diagnosed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Patients' ages ranged from 4 to 58 months. Presenting complaints included seizures, swollen wrists, pathologic fractures, and developmental regression. Sixteen patients were below the third percentile for length and weight. Laboratory results indicated vitamin D deficiency in nursing mothers as well as in infants. All infants had been breast-fed and all were black. Ingestion of vitamin D was limited by exclusion of meat and/or dairy products in 21, and no infants had consistently taken supplemental vitamins. Nineteen were members of Muslim or Seventh Day Adventist faiths. Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D was limited by dark skin, by dressing in long garments with hoods and veils, and by air pollution in a densely populated northern city. The return to a more \"natural\" diet, free of food additives, has been accompanied by the return of a classic disease of industrial society. Effective management required patience and respect for religious convictions. With treatment, there was correction of chemical and skeletal abnormalities, but few patients showed catch-up growth.", "PMID": 574626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11241", "title": "The action of physalaemin on electrolyte excretion by the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the rat.", "content": "The effect of physalaemin, an undecapeptide belonging to a family known collectively as the tachykinins, on water and electrolyte excretion of the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the rat has been investigated and compared to that of acetylcholine. Drugs were administered intravenously or by close-arterial infusion. Physalaemin is a powerful stimulant of fluid secretion by both glands although less potent than acetylcholine. The Na and K excretion patterns in physalaemin-evoked saliva resembled, but were by no means identical to those evoked by acetylcholine and other parasympathomimetic drugs: saliva evoked by physalaemin was considerably poorer in Na and K at all secretory rates. The HCO3 excretion curves, on the other hand, seemed to be identical to those evoked by parasympathomimetic drugs. From an analysis of the Na and K excretion patterns, it can be concluded, both for the mandibular and the sublingual glands, that physalaemin stimulated Na reabsorption and K secretion across the gland duct epitheluim, whereas acetylcholine has the opposite effect. These findings agree nicely with what has previously been demonstrated in vitro in the isolated perfused main excretory duct of the rat mandibular gland.", "contents": "The action of physalaemin on electrolyte excretion by the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the rat. The effect of physalaemin, an undecapeptide belonging to a family known collectively as the tachykinins, on water and electrolyte excretion of the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the rat has been investigated and compared to that of acetylcholine. Drugs were administered intravenously or by close-arterial infusion. Physalaemin is a powerful stimulant of fluid secretion by both glands although less potent than acetylcholine. The Na and K excretion patterns in physalaemin-evoked saliva resembled, but were by no means identical to those evoked by acetylcholine and other parasympathomimetic drugs: saliva evoked by physalaemin was considerably poorer in Na and K at all secretory rates. The HCO3 excretion curves, on the other hand, seemed to be identical to those evoked by parasympathomimetic drugs. From an analysis of the Na and K excretion patterns, it can be concluded, both for the mandibular and the sublingual glands, that physalaemin stimulated Na reabsorption and K secretion across the gland duct epitheluim, whereas acetylcholine has the opposite effect. These findings agree nicely with what has previously been demonstrated in vitro in the isolated perfused main excretory duct of the rat mandibular gland.", "PMID": 574632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11242", "title": "Thick slurry bevelling: a new technique for bevelling extremely fine microelectrodes and micropipettes.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive and rapid bevelling method is described. A settled slurry of 0.05 micrometer alumina powder in saline is used as the grinding surface. The bevelling process is continuous and reproducible over a wide range of electrode resistances.", "contents": "Thick slurry bevelling: a new technique for bevelling extremely fine microelectrodes and micropipettes. A simple, inexpensive and rapid bevelling method is described. A settled slurry of 0.05 micrometer alumina powder in saline is used as the grinding surface. The bevelling process is continuous and reproducible over a wide range of electrode resistances.", "PMID": 574638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11243", "title": "A PCO2 surface electrode working on the principle of electrical conductivity.", "content": "A PCO2 electrode working on the principle of electrical conductivity is described. The calibration curve can be linearized according to the formula G = Go + b square root PCO2. This linearity has been tested in the PCO2 range of 0.93-9.33 kPa (7--70 Torr). For the experiments electrodes are used which have conductivity values of about 50 nS and drifts of maximally 5%/h at a PCO2 of 5.33 kPa (40 Torr). The response time (T90) is about 20 s. The temperature sensitivity is 2.4 nS/1 K between 298 K-310 K. The standard error of the measurements is sigma = 0.33 nS. With these electrodes tissue PCO2 can be measured on the surface of various organs.", "contents": "A PCO2 surface electrode working on the principle of electrical conductivity. A PCO2 electrode working on the principle of electrical conductivity is described. The calibration curve can be linearized according to the formula G = Go + b square root PCO2. This linearity has been tested in the PCO2 range of 0.93-9.33 kPa (7--70 Torr). For the experiments electrodes are used which have conductivity values of about 50 nS and drifts of maximally 5%/h at a PCO2 of 5.33 kPa (40 Torr). The response time (T90) is about 20 s. The temperature sensitivity is 2.4 nS/1 K between 298 K-310 K. The standard error of the measurements is sigma = 0.33 nS. With these electrodes tissue PCO2 can be measured on the surface of various organs.", "PMID": 574639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11244", "title": "Spermine-DNA complexes build up metastable structures. Small-angle X-ray scattering and circular dichroism studies.", "content": "Spermine-DNA complexes have been examined by small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering as well as by circular dichroism studies. Condensed complexes are building up below a critical ionic strength. We have found that at one and the same ionic strength condensed complexes having two different supramolecular structures (Type I and Type II) can coexist. The structure of the condensates depends on the method of condensate formation. Phase transitions between these structures can be induced by thermal treatment. We conclude from these facts that with polyamine-DNA condensates metastable structures are of importance.", "contents": "Spermine-DNA complexes build up metastable structures. Small-angle X-ray scattering and circular dichroism studies. Spermine-DNA complexes have been examined by small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering as well as by circular dichroism studies. Condensed complexes are building up below a critical ionic strength. We have found that at one and the same ionic strength condensed complexes having two different supramolecular structures (Type I and Type II) can coexist. The structure of the condensates depends on the method of condensate formation. Phase transitions between these structures can be induced by thermal treatment. We conclude from these facts that with polyamine-DNA condensates metastable structures are of importance.", "PMID": 574640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11245", "title": "[Optimization of the medium for the yeast synthesis of biotin].", "content": "In order to increase the yield of biotin produced by the culture Sporobolomyces pararoseus, the medium containing sucrose, asparagine, MgSO4 (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, vitamin complex and trace elements was optimized. With the aid of a fractional factor experiment (2(5-1)) and a complete factor experiment (2(4)), the proportion of constituents was chosen in such a way as to double biotin yield, i.e. to increase it to 55.25 micrograms/l. An enrichment of the medium with yeast autolysate, casein hydrolysate and peptone in the presence of adenine increased biotin yield to 105.7 micrograms/l and cell productivity from 6.1 to 8.0 micrograms/l dry biomass.", "contents": "[Optimization of the medium for the yeast synthesis of biotin]. In order to increase the yield of biotin produced by the culture Sporobolomyces pararoseus, the medium containing sucrose, asparagine, MgSO4 (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, vitamin complex and trace elements was optimized. With the aid of a fractional factor experiment (2(5-1)) and a complete factor experiment (2(4)), the proportion of constituents was chosen in such a way as to double biotin yield, i.e. to increase it to 55.25 micrograms/l. An enrichment of the medium with yeast autolysate, casein hydrolysate and peptone in the presence of adenine increased biotin yield to 105.7 micrograms/l and cell productivity from 6.1 to 8.0 micrograms/l dry biomass.", "PMID": 574643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11246", "title": "Effects of rhythmic hyperstriatal stimulation on chicks' preferences for visual flicker.", "content": "Chicks' preferences for the frequency of a flashing light can be modified by electrically stimulating the medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale with trains of shocks at that frequency. Chicks stimulated with 1.5 pulse trains s-1 preferred a light flashing at 1.5 s-1 and chicks stimulated at 4.5 trains s-1 preferred a light flashing at 4.5 s-1. Three behavioural measures taken during the preference test, namely measures of movement, latency to approach and distress calls were not significantly influenced by the frequency of brain stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of rhythmic hyperstriatal stimulation on chicks' preferences for visual flicker. Chicks' preferences for the frequency of a flashing light can be modified by electrically stimulating the medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale with trains of shocks at that frequency. Chicks stimulated with 1.5 pulse trains s-1 preferred a light flashing at 1.5 s-1 and chicks stimulated at 4.5 trains s-1 preferred a light flashing at 4.5 s-1. Three behavioural measures taken during the preference test, namely measures of movement, latency to approach and distress calls were not significantly influenced by the frequency of brain stimulation.", "PMID": 574649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11247", "title": "Maintained aggressive behavior in gonadectomized male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens).", "content": "Adult male Betta splendens were gonadectomized and tested twice for aggressive behavior two weeks later. In a mutual viewing test environment, it was found that gonadectomized animals maintained their aggressive behavior on all six indices of aggression at a level equal to controls. Animals that showed some testis regeneration and sham operated fish were also equal to controls. The results are interpreted to mean that adult aggressive behavior in male B. splendens may not be under the control of gonadal hormones. Pituitary gonadotropins, interrenal gland, and critical period hypotheses are given as possible explanations of the maintained aggressiveness following castration.", "contents": "Maintained aggressive behavior in gonadectomized male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Adult male Betta splendens were gonadectomized and tested twice for aggressive behavior two weeks later. In a mutual viewing test environment, it was found that gonadectomized animals maintained their aggressive behavior on all six indices of aggression at a level equal to controls. Animals that showed some testis regeneration and sham operated fish were also equal to controls. The results are interpreted to mean that adult aggressive behavior in male B. splendens may not be under the control of gonadal hormones. Pituitary gonadotropins, interrenal gland, and critical period hypotheses are given as possible explanations of the maintained aggressiveness following castration.", "PMID": 574650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11248", "title": "Thiamin deficiency induced muricide behavior in rats.", "content": "An examination of the relationship between the degree of thiamin deficiency and the onset of deficiency induced muricide, revealed that this response appeared abruptly after 31 days of dietary treatment compared to pair-fed or ad lib fed controls. The response was not present after shorter periods of treatment (21 or 26 days). Moreover, once the response appeared at 31 days it was not increased significantly by additional thiamin depletion at 36 days (muricide rats of 48 and 61%, respectively). Pharmacologically induced thiamin deficiency using either pyrithiamin or oxythiamin also induced muricide (38% and 43%, respectively), albeit after a much shorter course of treatment. It appears that muricide induction is not related to thiamin deficiency induced encephalopathy and is probably a reflection of heightened irritability. Nevertheless, the induction of muricide was clearly not related to food deprivation and represents a useful pathognomonic sign that precedes the onset of neurological symptoms indicative of advanced thiamin deficiency.", "contents": "Thiamin deficiency induced muricide behavior in rats. An examination of the relationship between the degree of thiamin deficiency and the onset of deficiency induced muricide, revealed that this response appeared abruptly after 31 days of dietary treatment compared to pair-fed or ad lib fed controls. The response was not present after shorter periods of treatment (21 or 26 days). Moreover, once the response appeared at 31 days it was not increased significantly by additional thiamin depletion at 36 days (muricide rats of 48 and 61%, respectively). Pharmacologically induced thiamin deficiency using either pyrithiamin or oxythiamin also induced muricide (38% and 43%, respectively), albeit after a much shorter course of treatment. It appears that muricide induction is not related to thiamin deficiency induced encephalopathy and is probably a reflection of heightened irritability. Nevertheless, the induction of muricide was clearly not related to food deprivation and represents a useful pathognomonic sign that precedes the onset of neurological symptoms indicative of advanced thiamin deficiency.", "PMID": 574651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11249", "title": "Responses of spiny mouse weanlings to conspecific chemical cues.", "content": "Twenty-five-day-old A. cahirinus pups (weanlings) were tested for their responses to chemical cues produced by various classes of conspecific agemates. In Experiment 1, both male and female pups preferred bedding soiled by weanlings of either sex over clean bedding material. Subsequent experiments indicate that male but not female weanlings prefer chemical cues emanating from littermates over comparable stimuli from unfamiliar agemates. Also, chemicals produced by agemates maintained on the same diet as the animals were preferred by weanlings of either sex over cues from unfamiliar-diet weanlings. At weanlings, as for other periods of development, the individual's responsiveness to conspecific chemical cues is probably a function of age-specific environmental and social demands and the salience of various classes of conspecifics for ultimate reproductive success.", "contents": "Responses of spiny mouse weanlings to conspecific chemical cues. Twenty-five-day-old A. cahirinus pups (weanlings) were tested for their responses to chemical cues produced by various classes of conspecific agemates. In Experiment 1, both male and female pups preferred bedding soiled by weanlings of either sex over clean bedding material. Subsequent experiments indicate that male but not female weanlings prefer chemical cues emanating from littermates over comparable stimuli from unfamiliar agemates. Also, chemicals produced by agemates maintained on the same diet as the animals were preferred by weanlings of either sex over cues from unfamiliar-diet weanlings. At weanlings, as for other periods of development, the individual's responsiveness to conspecific chemical cues is probably a function of age-specific environmental and social demands and the salience of various classes of conspecifics for ultimate reproductive success.", "PMID": 574652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11250", "title": "[Human fetal growth in Costa Rica, 1970-1975].", "content": "Costa Rica has experienced a marked reduction in infant mortality--both in the neonatal and post-neonatal components--in the last decade. The decline could be related to improvements in the pattern of fetal growth. The present report analyses the birth weight of newborns from a random sample of all births in the Republic of Costa Rica during 1970 and 1975. While the average birth weight in that period was 3100 grams, the prevalence of low birth weight neonates decreased from 9 to 7 per cent in five years. The provinces of Limon and San Jose exhibited the highest frequency of low birth weight. Women 20 to 29 years old had babies with better or optimal body weight. Age, marital status and occupation of the mother appeared correlated with birth weight. A relationship between changes in fetal growth and changes in maternal, perinatal and neonatal mortality is apparent. The present situation of birth weight places Costa Rica among the countries in transition with a clearer perspective to attain an even higher infant survival in the near future. In this regard, several measures oriented toward prevention of low birth weight are recommended.", "contents": "[Human fetal growth in Costa Rica, 1970-1975]. Costa Rica has experienced a marked reduction in infant mortality--both in the neonatal and post-neonatal components--in the last decade. The decline could be related to improvements in the pattern of fetal growth. The present report analyses the birth weight of newborns from a random sample of all births in the Republic of Costa Rica during 1970 and 1975. While the average birth weight in that period was 3100 grams, the prevalence of low birth weight neonates decreased from 9 to 7 per cent in five years. The provinces of Limon and San Jose exhibited the highest frequency of low birth weight. Women 20 to 29 years old had babies with better or optimal body weight. Age, marital status and occupation of the mother appeared correlated with birth weight. A relationship between changes in fetal growth and changes in maternal, perinatal and neonatal mortality is apparent. The present situation of birth weight places Costa Rica among the countries in transition with a clearer perspective to attain an even higher infant survival in the near future. In this regard, several measures oriented toward prevention of low birth weight are recommended.", "PMID": 574658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11251", "title": "The development of immunity to Parascaris equorum infection in the foal.", "content": "Following infection with 8000 Parascaris equorum eggs in two- to four-week-old foals reared under worm-free conditions a high percentage of the infective dose completed its tissue migration and returned to the small intestine. Patent infections were establisehd between 81 and 104 days after infection and high faecal egg counts were recorded. A group of six- to 12-month-old foals, which had been either reared under worm-free conditions or exposed to natural ascarid and strongyle infections on pasture, received a similar infection of 8000 P equorum eggs. Compared with the younger foals there was a marked reduction in the number of larvae reaching the small intestine. Also, patent infections were established less frequently (50 per cent of cases) and, when present, the faecal egg counts remained low.", "contents": "The development of immunity to Parascaris equorum infection in the foal. Following infection with 8000 Parascaris equorum eggs in two- to four-week-old foals reared under worm-free conditions a high percentage of the infective dose completed its tissue migration and returned to the small intestine. Patent infections were establisehd between 81 and 104 days after infection and high faecal egg counts were recorded. A group of six- to 12-month-old foals, which had been either reared under worm-free conditions or exposed to natural ascarid and strongyle infections on pasture, received a similar infection of 8000 P equorum eggs. Compared with the younger foals there was a marked reduction in the number of larvae reaching the small intestine. Also, patent infections were established less frequently (50 per cent of cases) and, when present, the faecal egg counts remained low.", "PMID": 574660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11252", "title": "[Immunologic studies with fully synthetic human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A group of 12 diabetic patients with insulin allergy previously documented by positive skin tests have been investigated with insulin of bovine, porcine and human origin and with a synthetic human insulin (CGP 12 831). In 3 patients clearly positive skin tests were found even against CGP 12 831. In lymphocyte transformation tests performed in these 3 cases, an increase of 3H-thymidine uptake was found when Actrapid was added. No increase was observed when CGP 12 831 was added.", "contents": "[Immunologic studies with fully synthetic human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus]. A group of 12 diabetic patients with insulin allergy previously documented by positive skin tests have been investigated with insulin of bovine, porcine and human origin and with a synthetic human insulin (CGP 12 831). In 3 patients clearly positive skin tests were found even against CGP 12 831. In lymphocyte transformation tests performed in these 3 cases, an increase of 3H-thymidine uptake was found when Actrapid was added. No increase was observed when CGP 12 831 was added.", "PMID": 574664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11253", "title": "The effect of different doses of prednisolone in the treatment of childhood ITP.", "content": "The result of treatment of children with ITP, who received either 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg per day of prednisolone showed that 1 mg/kg per day gave the best response, the least failure rate and the duration of treatment was not different compared to 2 mg/kg per day. It was concluded that the proper dosage of the prednisolone given to these children should be 1 mg/kg per day. However the number of the patients in the study were rather small further clinical studies and treatment with 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg per day of prednisolone in childhood ITP are warranted.", "contents": "The effect of different doses of prednisolone in the treatment of childhood ITP. The result of treatment of children with ITP, who received either 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg per day of prednisolone showed that 1 mg/kg per day gave the best response, the least failure rate and the duration of treatment was not different compared to 2 mg/kg per day. It was concluded that the proper dosage of the prednisolone given to these children should be 1 mg/kg per day. However the number of the patients in the study were rather small further clinical studies and treatment with 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg per day of prednisolone in childhood ITP are warranted.", "PMID": 574666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11254", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation, classification, and treatment of men with sexual dysfunction.", "content": "During a two-year period, 165 men were evaluated for sexual dysfunction. Most evaluations were conducted on an outpatient basis and required two separate visits. Fifty-one per cent, 47 per cent, and 2 per cent of the patients were found to have functional disorders, organic disorders, and incomplete evaluations, respectively. Treatment recommendations were tailored to each patient using information gathered during the diagnostic evaluation.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation, classification, and treatment of men with sexual dysfunction. During a two-year period, 165 men were evaluated for sexual dysfunction. Most evaluations were conducted on an outpatient basis and required two separate visits. Fifty-one per cent, 47 per cent, and 2 per cent of the patients were found to have functional disorders, organic disorders, and incomplete evaluations, respectively. Treatment recommendations were tailored to each patient using information gathered during the diagnostic evaluation.", "PMID": 574673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11255", "title": "Unsatisfactory psychosocial results of vasectomy resulting in modification of preoperative counseling.", "content": "Psychosocial problems after vasectomy resulted in a change in preoperative counseling. Psychologic instability, marital problems, sexual difficulty, and anxiety because of religion became contraindications to vasectomy. Psychosocial problems after vasectomy were then reduced. Patient age under twenty years was also a contraindication. Five hundred sixty patients in the twenty to twenty-nine age group (31 per cent of the total 1,784 vasectomise performed) had vasectomies, with psychosocial problems in only 1 patient due to the young age. This was believed not to warrant a change in the age groups having vasectomy.", "contents": "Unsatisfactory psychosocial results of vasectomy resulting in modification of preoperative counseling. Psychosocial problems after vasectomy resulted in a change in preoperative counseling. Psychologic instability, marital problems, sexual difficulty, and anxiety because of religion became contraindications to vasectomy. Psychosocial problems after vasectomy were then reduced. Patient age under twenty years was also a contraindication. Five hundred sixty patients in the twenty to twenty-nine age group (31 per cent of the total 1,784 vasectomise performed) had vasectomies, with psychosocial problems in only 1 patient due to the young age. This was believed not to warrant a change in the age groups having vasectomy.", "PMID": 574674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11256", "title": "Progesterone receptor in the rat ovary: further characterization and localization in the granulosa cell.", "content": "We have recently described a progesterone receptor in the cytosol of ovaries of hypophysectomized, estrogen-primed, immature rats. This progesterone receptor was shown to be a thermolabile, saturable protein, which is specific for progestins (R5020 and progesterone), and elutes at the void volume of a Sephadex G-200 column. In the present study, we performed a more detailed analysis of the biochemical properties of this receptor and examined its cellular localization within the ovary. Treatment of the ovary cytosol with protamine sulfate and N-ethyl maleimide abolishes the specific binding of 3H-R5020, indicating that the receptor is an acidic protein containing cysteine residues necessary for binding. Gel exclusion chromatography shows the progesterone receptor to have a mean Stokes radius of 86 A and a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 daltons. Kinetic analysis indicates that the receptor--R5020 complex dissociates very rapidly, with a t1/2 of 10 minutes. The cytosol of isolated granulosa cells bind 3H-R5020 specifically, demonstrating that the ovarian progesterone receptor is present in the granulosa cell.", "contents": "Progesterone receptor in the rat ovary: further characterization and localization in the granulosa cell. We have recently described a progesterone receptor in the cytosol of ovaries of hypophysectomized, estrogen-primed, immature rats. This progesterone receptor was shown to be a thermolabile, saturable protein, which is specific for progestins (R5020 and progesterone), and elutes at the void volume of a Sephadex G-200 column. In the present study, we performed a more detailed analysis of the biochemical properties of this receptor and examined its cellular localization within the ovary. Treatment of the ovary cytosol with protamine sulfate and N-ethyl maleimide abolishes the specific binding of 3H-R5020, indicating that the receptor is an acidic protein containing cysteine residues necessary for binding. Gel exclusion chromatography shows the progesterone receptor to have a mean Stokes radius of 86 A and a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 daltons. Kinetic analysis indicates that the receptor--R5020 complex dissociates very rapidly, with a t1/2 of 10 minutes. The cytosol of isolated granulosa cells bind 3H-R5020 specifically, demonstrating that the ovarian progesterone receptor is present in the granulosa cell.", "PMID": 574672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11257", "title": "[A new acute-phase protein. II. Quantitative determination in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "An antigen (SF1 or TSGA) originally found in the inflammable synovial fluid of man, which comes from the cytoplasm of neutrophils, possesses the properties of an acute-phase-protein. The production of a specific antiserum against this antigen and the method of its quantitative determination by means of the Mancini-technique are described. In 89 sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis the antigen was determined. First results of this investigation which speak for a dependence of the antigen concentration in the serum on activity and progression of the disease are reported.", "contents": "[A new acute-phase protein. II. Quantitative determination in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. An antigen (SF1 or TSGA) originally found in the inflammable synovial fluid of man, which comes from the cytoplasm of neutrophils, possesses the properties of an acute-phase-protein. The production of a specific antiserum against this antigen and the method of its quantitative determination by means of the Mancini-technique are described. In 89 sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis the antigen was determined. First results of this investigation which speak for a dependence of the antigen concentration in the serum on activity and progression of the disease are reported.", "PMID": 574689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11258", "title": "[The meaning of the systolic progression of the mitral valve for the outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Studies by means of a valve model].", "content": "We constructed two valve models in order to investigate the cause of SAM of the mitral valve and the cause of the outflow tract obstruction in HOCM. With model 1 we were able to demonstrate that a subvalvular obstruction created a SAM of the mitral valve, there was also a pressure gradient distal to the obstruction, the valve itself did not create any obstruction. With model 2 we demonstrated that three causes were responsible for an outflow tract obstruction: 1. A narrow outflow tract even after removal of the mitral valve. 2. A position of the mitral valve close to a protruding septum and relatively short chordae tendineae. 3. A SAM of the mitral valve with apposition to the septum due to a Venturi effect. We were able to create a typical bisferiens poststenotic pressure curve in presence of a monophasic prestenotic curve. We conclude from our investigation that for the SAM of the mitral valve as well as for the outflow tract obstruction different anatomic structures may be responsible, which cause simular hemodynamic abnormalities. These abnormalities are most prominent in HOCM but not necessarily linked with this disease.", "contents": "[The meaning of the systolic progression of the mitral valve for the outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Studies by means of a valve model]. We constructed two valve models in order to investigate the cause of SAM of the mitral valve and the cause of the outflow tract obstruction in HOCM. With model 1 we were able to demonstrate that a subvalvular obstruction created a SAM of the mitral valve, there was also a pressure gradient distal to the obstruction, the valve itself did not create any obstruction. With model 2 we demonstrated that three causes were responsible for an outflow tract obstruction: 1. A narrow outflow tract even after removal of the mitral valve. 2. A position of the mitral valve close to a protruding septum and relatively short chordae tendineae. 3. A SAM of the mitral valve with apposition to the septum due to a Venturi effect. We were able to create a typical bisferiens poststenotic pressure curve in presence of a monophasic prestenotic curve. We conclude from our investigation that for the SAM of the mitral valve as well as for the outflow tract obstruction different anatomic structures may be responsible, which cause simular hemodynamic abnormalities. These abnormalities are most prominent in HOCM but not necessarily linked with this disease.", "PMID": 574690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11259", "title": "[Determination of N-nitrosamines in food products intended for long term storage].", "content": "The content of carcinogenous N-nitrosoamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine) was determined fluorimetrically (as NBD-amines) in preserved products, food concentrates, dried fruit and mushrooms. No N-nitrosoamines were found in the concentrates and dried products. The content of N-nitrosamines did not exceed 3 g/kg. In some samples its content reached 19 microgram/kg.", "contents": "[Determination of N-nitrosamines in food products intended for long term storage]. The content of carcinogenous N-nitrosoamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine) was determined fluorimetrically (as NBD-amines) in preserved products, food concentrates, dried fruit and mushrooms. No N-nitrosoamines were found in the concentrates and dried products. The content of N-nitrosamines did not exceed 3 g/kg. In some samples its content reached 19 microgram/kg.", "PMID": 574685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11260", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of the epidermal cells of a teleost with particular reference to intercellular junctions and permeability to tracer.", "content": "The plasmatic membranes, the intercellular junctions and the intercellular spaces of the epidermis of the fish Pimelodus maculatus were studied by freeze-fracture and by lanthanum methods. The observations has confirmed the presence of desmosomes. Gap junctions were not found and the tight junctions can be seen very rarely, arranged to form small discrete maculae. The finger-print pattern due to the microridges of the apical plasma membrane of the superficial cells was studied by direct replicas. The tracer penetrates all the intercellular epidermal spaces but failed to penetrate the dermis, suggesting the presence of a barrier at the dermo-epidermal level.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of the epidermal cells of a teleost with particular reference to intercellular junctions and permeability to tracer. The plasmatic membranes, the intercellular junctions and the intercellular spaces of the epidermis of the fish Pimelodus maculatus were studied by freeze-fracture and by lanthanum methods. The observations has confirmed the presence of desmosomes. Gap junctions were not found and the tight junctions can be seen very rarely, arranged to form small discrete maculae. The finger-print pattern due to the microridges of the apical plasma membrane of the superficial cells was studied by direct replicas. The tracer penetrates all the intercellular epidermal spaces but failed to penetrate the dermis, suggesting the presence of a barrier at the dermo-epidermal level.", "PMID": 574691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11261", "title": "[The value of the urethral pressure profile in urinary incontinence].", "content": "For the differentiation of the incontinence the tonometry of bladder and urethra has become indispensable in diagnostics. The author deals with the advantages of the possibility of a combined examination, the technical performance of the urethra-pressure profile and with the necessity of the same outer conditions. Taking into consideration the functional length of the urethra, the maximum pressure of the urethra as well as the difference between pressure of urinary bladder and urethra in rest and under conditions of stress the criteria for the degrees of incontinence are represented and discussed on the basis of own examinations. Not the position and the absolute length are responsible for the continence, but the relation between the attainable urethra-pressure in contrast to the appearing pressure of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "[The value of the urethral pressure profile in urinary incontinence]. For the differentiation of the incontinence the tonometry of bladder and urethra has become indispensable in diagnostics. The author deals with the advantages of the possibility of a combined examination, the technical performance of the urethra-pressure profile and with the necessity of the same outer conditions. Taking into consideration the functional length of the urethra, the maximum pressure of the urethra as well as the difference between pressure of urinary bladder and urethra in rest and under conditions of stress the criteria for the degrees of incontinence are represented and discussed on the basis of own examinations. Not the position and the absolute length are responsible for the continence, but the relation between the attainable urethra-pressure in contrast to the appearing pressure of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 574693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11262", "title": "[Our experiences with urethro-cystometry, especially the value of the urethral profile in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence].", "content": "With the help of the findings of simultaneous urethrocystometry in 34 women with continence the course of the urethra-pressure profile is established. Here it is referred to the value of this method in the preoperative differential diagnostics of incontinence of urine in women.", "contents": "[Our experiences with urethro-cystometry, especially the value of the urethral profile in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence]. With the help of the findings of simultaneous urethrocystometry in 34 women with continence the course of the urethra-pressure profile is established. Here it is referred to the value of this method in the preoperative differential diagnostics of incontinence of urine in women.", "PMID": 574694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11263", "title": "[Effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the primary and secondary immunologic response following immunization with sheep erythrocytes].", "content": "The effect of typhoid bacterial polysaccharide on the primary and secondary immune response to SRBS was studied. The polysaccharide was shown to have both stimulating and depressive effect on the population of antibody-producing cells. This effect depended on the time and the number of polysaccharide injections. Thus, a single polysaccharide injection made on the day preceding immunization resulted in the maximum stimulation in the system of IgM- and IgG-producing cells, while the maximum depression of these cells could  be observed after 2 polysaccharide injections: on the day preceding immunization and on the day of immunization. In the secondary immune response considerable stimulation of the populations of antibody-producing cells was observed after polysaccharide injections made on days 2 and 3 after reimmunization.", "contents": "[Effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the primary and secondary immunologic response following immunization with sheep erythrocytes]. The effect of typhoid bacterial polysaccharide on the primary and secondary immune response to SRBS was studied. The polysaccharide was shown to have both stimulating and depressive effect on the population of antibody-producing cells. This effect depended on the time and the number of polysaccharide injections. Thus, a single polysaccharide injection made on the day preceding immunization resulted in the maximum stimulation in the system of IgM- and IgG-producing cells, while the maximum depression of these cells could  be observed after 2 polysaccharide injections: on the day preceding immunization and on the day of immunization. In the secondary immune response considerable stimulation of the populations of antibody-producing cells was observed after polysaccharide injections made on days 2 and 3 after reimmunization.", "PMID": 574696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11264", "title": "[Effect of a typhoid lipopolysaccharide on the primary and secondary immunological response to ram erythrocytes].", "content": "The effect of typhoid bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the primary and secondary response to sheep red blood cells was studied. LPS, injected simultaneously with the antigen, stimulated the synthesis of IgM and IgG, as well as the production of rosette-forming cells. When injected on days 2 and 3 after the secondary immunization, LPS induced the maximum stimulation of IgM, IgG and rosette-forming cells, while the injection of LPS prior to immunization induced immunosuppression which particularly affected IgG and rosette-forming cells.", "contents": "[Effect of a typhoid lipopolysaccharide on the primary and secondary immunological response to ram erythrocytes]. The effect of typhoid bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the primary and secondary response to sheep red blood cells was studied. LPS, injected simultaneously with the antigen, stimulated the synthesis of IgM and IgG, as well as the production of rosette-forming cells. When injected on days 2 and 3 after the secondary immunization, LPS induced the maximum stimulation of IgM, IgG and rosette-forming cells, while the injection of LPS prior to immunization induced immunosuppression which particularly affected IgG and rosette-forming cells.", "PMID": 574698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11265", "title": "[Characteristics of the immunosuppressive activity of lymphoid organ cells in the process of sensitization with ram erythrocytes and exposure to antilymphocyte serum].", "content": "In the adoptive transfer of cells obtained from the thymus, lymph nodes and the spleen to intact syngeneic animals the suppression of immune response was induced by lymph node cells. If the donors were previously sensitized, the cells of the thymus and lymph nodes showed suppressive activity in the adoptive transfer test. A single injection of antilymphocytic serum to the donors of lymphoid cells, previously sensitized with sheep red blood cells, enhanced the immunosuppressing action of thymocytes and lymph node cells.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the immunosuppressive activity of lymphoid organ cells in the process of sensitization with ram erythrocytes and exposure to antilymphocyte serum]. In the adoptive transfer of cells obtained from the thymus, lymph nodes and the spleen to intact syngeneic animals the suppression of immune response was induced by lymph node cells. If the donors were previously sensitized, the cells of the thymus and lymph nodes showed suppressive activity in the adoptive transfer test. A single injection of antilymphocytic serum to the donors of lymphoid cells, previously sensitized with sheep red blood cells, enhanced the immunosuppressing action of thymocytes and lymph node cells.", "PMID": 574699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11266", "title": "Persisting suppression of prolactin secretion after long-term treatment with bromocriptine in patients with prolactinomas.", "content": "The effect of bromocriptine withdrawal after long-term treatment on prolactin levels has been investigated in thirty-seven patients with prolactinomas. In ten patients with macroprolactinomas and post-operatively excessively high prolactin levels persisting suppression of prolactin secretion after bromocriptine withdrawal has been observed. This effect was not observed in patients with microprolactinomas or macroprolactinomas with only moderately elevated prolactin levels. The degree of persisting suppression correlated to the height of prolactin levels before treatment and to the duration of bromocriptine therapy. No correlation was found between the rise of prolactin levels after bromocriptine withdrawal and withdrawal time. It is suggested that the persisting suppression of prolactin levels is a sequence of reduction in tumour size. This anti-proliferative action of bromocriptine seems to be specific for the prolactin secreting cells in macroprolactinomas with high proliferation rate and high prolactin turn-over. These findings offer new possibilities in the management of patients with macroprolactinomas.", "contents": "Persisting suppression of prolactin secretion after long-term treatment with bromocriptine in patients with prolactinomas. The effect of bromocriptine withdrawal after long-term treatment on prolactin levels has been investigated in thirty-seven patients with prolactinomas. In ten patients with macroprolactinomas and post-operatively excessively high prolactin levels persisting suppression of prolactin secretion after bromocriptine withdrawal has been observed. This effect was not observed in patients with microprolactinomas or macroprolactinomas with only moderately elevated prolactin levels. The degree of persisting suppression correlated to the height of prolactin levels before treatment and to the duration of bromocriptine therapy. No correlation was found between the rise of prolactin levels after bromocriptine withdrawal and withdrawal time. It is suggested that the persisting suppression of prolactin levels is a sequence of reduction in tumour size. This anti-proliferative action of bromocriptine seems to be specific for the prolactin secreting cells in macroprolactinomas with high proliferation rate and high prolactin turn-over. These findings offer new possibilities in the management of patients with macroprolactinomas.", "PMID": 574700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11267", "title": "Interaction of synthetic progestagens with renal mineralocorticoid receptors.", "content": "Progesterone increases urinary sodium excretion at least in part by competition for renal mineralocorticoid receptors. In contrast, synthetic progestagens do not increase sodium excretion or even cause a slight sodium retention. We therefore compared the ability of progesterone and 12 progesterone like compounds to displace [3H]aldosterone from binding at cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid receptors in rat kidney. All synthetic progesteronelike steroids were less active than progesterone in competing with [3H]aldosterone for the receptor binding: progesterone 100%, 11 beta-OH progesterone 50%, 17 alpha OH-progesterone 24% and 16 alpha-methyl-progesterone 3%. Derivates of 17 alpha OH-progesterone (medrogestone 5%, dydrogestone 4%, medroxy progesterone-acetate 2% and chlormadinone-acetate 0.5%) were more potent than 19-nor-testosterone derivates: ethisterone 1%, norethisterone less than 1%, norethindrone less than 1%, norethyl-nodrel less than 1%, and ethynodiol-diacetate less than 1%. The decreased affinity of synthetic progestins for mineralocorticoid receptors explains in part the lack of natriuretic activity of these compounds.", "contents": "Interaction of synthetic progestagens with renal mineralocorticoid receptors. Progesterone increases urinary sodium excretion at least in part by competition for renal mineralocorticoid receptors. In contrast, synthetic progestagens do not increase sodium excretion or even cause a slight sodium retention. We therefore compared the ability of progesterone and 12 progesterone like compounds to displace [3H]aldosterone from binding at cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid receptors in rat kidney. All synthetic progesteronelike steroids were less active than progesterone in competing with [3H]aldosterone for the receptor binding: progesterone 100%, 11 beta-OH progesterone 50%, 17 alpha OH-progesterone 24% and 16 alpha-methyl-progesterone 3%. Derivates of 17 alpha OH-progesterone (medrogestone 5%, dydrogestone 4%, medroxy progesterone-acetate 2% and chlormadinone-acetate 0.5%) were more potent than 19-nor-testosterone derivates: ethisterone 1%, norethisterone less than 1%, norethindrone less than 1%, norethyl-nodrel less than 1%, and ethynodiol-diacetate less than 1%. The decreased affinity of synthetic progestins for mineralocorticoid receptors explains in part the lack of natriuretic activity of these compounds.", "PMID": 574701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11268", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of echocardiography].", "content": "Echocardiography offers a noninvasive method ideal for the patient and the observer. The exact diagnosis can be established in most of cardiac diseases. We use the technique as a screening method to select patients for invasive procedures, it allows an accurate assignment and timing of catherization.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of echocardiography]. Echocardiography offers a noninvasive method ideal for the patient and the observer. The exact diagnosis can be established in most of cardiac diseases. We use the technique as a screening method to select patients for invasive procedures, it allows an accurate assignment and timing of catherization.", "PMID": 574702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11269", "title": "Immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of neuroectodermal and mesodermal intracranial tumours, especially those of the posterior fossa.", "content": "Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts of 200 intracranial tumours against rabbit anti-glioblastoma serum gave positive results (= precipitation) in all cases of tumours of neuroectodermal origin such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, neurinoma, and spongioblastoma. No immunoelectrophoretic precipitation was seen for any of the tumours of mesenchymal origin, for instance meningioma and metastases of cancer. On the basis of these findings, immunoelectrophoresis is considered to be a reliable method for differentiation between tumour tissue of neuroectodermal and non-neuroectodermal origin. Among the 41 posterior fossa tumours some unusual observations were made. Cerebellar angioblastoma (Lindau tumour) showed an atypically located precipitation line, which for the present is interpreted as an immunological reaction to vascular wall tissue. Furthermore, among the group of so-called medulloblastomas, two subgroups were distinguished on the basis of three parameters. The first of these subgroups comprises tumours whose immunoelectrophoretic pattern resembles that of gliomas, which are histologically characterized by neuroectodermal structures and which occur in younger children (5--10 years). The tumours of the second subgroup, which do not show this neuroectodermal immunoelectrophoretic pattern, have a sarcomatous character histologically, and occur in patients aged between 10 and 50 years. The view that medulloblastoma comprises a number of different types of tumour seems to be confirmed by this finding.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of neuroectodermal and mesodermal intracranial tumours, especially those of the posterior fossa. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts of 200 intracranial tumours against rabbit anti-glioblastoma serum gave positive results (= precipitation) in all cases of tumours of neuroectodermal origin such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, neurinoma, and spongioblastoma. No immunoelectrophoretic precipitation was seen for any of the tumours of mesenchymal origin, for instance meningioma and metastases of cancer. On the basis of these findings, immunoelectrophoresis is considered to be a reliable method for differentiation between tumour tissue of neuroectodermal and non-neuroectodermal origin. Among the 41 posterior fossa tumours some unusual observations were made. Cerebellar angioblastoma (Lindau tumour) showed an atypically located precipitation line, which for the present is interpreted as an immunological reaction to vascular wall tissue. Furthermore, among the group of so-called medulloblastomas, two subgroups were distinguished on the basis of three parameters. The first of these subgroups comprises tumours whose immunoelectrophoretic pattern resembles that of gliomas, which are histologically characterized by neuroectodermal structures and which occur in younger children (5--10 years). The tumours of the second subgroup, which do not show this neuroectodermal immunoelectrophoretic pattern, have a sarcomatous character histologically, and occur in patients aged between 10 and 50 years. The view that medulloblastoma comprises a number of different types of tumour seems to be confirmed by this finding.", "PMID": 574708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11270", "title": "Generation and characterization of condensation aerosols of vanadium pentoxide and pyrene.", "content": "Generation and characterization of submicron aerosols of V2O5 and pyrene, two materials with very different physicochemical properties, were studied. Vaporization-condensation methods were used to generate the aerosols. The effects of various experimental conditions on particle size and aerosol mass concentration were investigated. Also, chemical stability of the aerosols and the source materials with respect to temperature was determined. Experimental results show that there are significant differences in the nature of pyrene and V2O5 aerosols. These methods and experimental conditions can be easily adapted for generation of heterogeneous condensation aerosols of pyrene and V2O5.", "contents": "Generation and characterization of condensation aerosols of vanadium pentoxide and pyrene. Generation and characterization of submicron aerosols of V2O5 and pyrene, two materials with very different physicochemical properties, were studied. Vaporization-condensation methods were used to generate the aerosols. The effects of various experimental conditions on particle size and aerosol mass concentration were investigated. Also, chemical stability of the aerosols and the source materials with respect to temperature was determined. Experimental results show that there are significant differences in the nature of pyrene and V2O5 aerosols. These methods and experimental conditions can be easily adapted for generation of heterogeneous condensation aerosols of pyrene and V2O5.", "PMID": 574712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11271", "title": "Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. II. Motor oil.", "content": "This study examines the effect of sub-micrometer aerosols of motor oil on the irritant potency of sulfur dioxide. The increase in pulmonary flow resistance in guinea pigs was used as the bioassay of irritant response. When administered simultaneously, both unused and used motor oil protected against the irritant response to sulfur dioxide. This protective effect was lost when the oils had been previously reacted with sulfur dioxide. The additives used in the motor oil provided an equivalent protection when dissolved in a mineral oil which alone did not protect. Pre-exposure to motor oil did not provide protection. Sulfur dioxide and motor oil given together as a pre-exposure provided protection against further exposure to sulfur dioxide.", "contents": "Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. II. Motor oil. This study examines the effect of sub-micrometer aerosols of motor oil on the irritant potency of sulfur dioxide. The increase in pulmonary flow resistance in guinea pigs was used as the bioassay of irritant response. When administered simultaneously, both unused and used motor oil protected against the irritant response to sulfur dioxide. This protective effect was lost when the oils had been previously reacted with sulfur dioxide. The additives used in the motor oil provided an equivalent protection when dissolved in a mineral oil which alone did not protect. Pre-exposure to motor oil did not provide protection. Sulfur dioxide and motor oil given together as a pre-exposure provided protection against further exposure to sulfur dioxide.", "PMID": 574713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11272", "title": "Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome--a clinical and genetic analysis of a large Brazilian kindred: II. Affected males.", "content": "We describe 13 males with Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome from one family. History and examination were supplemented by three sweat tests and dermatolglyphic analysis. Some of the patients had two uncommon findings (onychodystrophy and excessive lacrimation), and five had an \"incomplete\" form of the syndrome. Four signs (distal phalanges of fingers and toes radially and tibially deviated, respectively; facial hypochromic spots; large occipitofrontal circumference) seem to be described for the first time. The segregation proportion in the sibships with at least an affected male was found to be normal (1:1) in 44 series of data (43 from the literature), where a high ascertainment bias was present (155 affected and 68 normal males).", "contents": "Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome--a clinical and genetic analysis of a large Brazilian kindred: II. Affected males. We describe 13 males with Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome from one family. History and examination were supplemented by three sweat tests and dermatolglyphic analysis. Some of the patients had two uncommon findings (onychodystrophy and excessive lacrimation), and five had an \"incomplete\" form of the syndrome. Four signs (distal phalanges of fingers and toes radially and tibially deviated, respectively; facial hypochromic spots; large occipitofrontal circumference) seem to be described for the first time. The segregation proportion in the sibships with at least an affected male was found to be normal (1:1) in 44 series of data (43 from the literature), where a high ascertainment bias was present (155 affected and 68 normal males).", "PMID": 574718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11273", "title": "Monosomy 21: a possible stepwise evolution of the karyotype.", "content": "We describe a female infant with manifestations of complete monosomy for chromosome 21 intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, craniofacial anomalies, arthrogryposis-like features, and psychomotor retardation. Chromosome analysis demonstrated mosaicism for three different cell lines in the various tissues examined; 45,XX,-21/46,XX,del(21)(q11)46,XX. The existence of these three lines suggests a possible explanation for the few cases of \"complete monosomy 21\" which have been reported.", "contents": "Monosomy 21: a possible stepwise evolution of the karyotype. We describe a female infant with manifestations of complete monosomy for chromosome 21 intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, craniofacial anomalies, arthrogryposis-like features, and psychomotor retardation. Chromosome analysis demonstrated mosaicism for three different cell lines in the various tissues examined; 45,XX,-21/46,XX,del(21)(q11)46,XX. The existence of these three lines suggests a possible explanation for the few cases of \"complete monosomy 21\" which have been reported.", "PMID": 574719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11274", "title": "Presence of a human chorionic gonadotropin--like substance in human sperm.", "content": "An hCG-like material has been extracted from human sperm. These experiments were designed to characterize this material. Sperms of 10 volunteers were separated from seminal fluid, washed in PBS three times, and resuspended in 0.5 ml of the same buffer. Samples were pooled; cells were disrupted by sonication and extracted in alkaline buffer by constant agitation at 4 degrees C. The extract was ultracentrifuged at 4 degrees C. Supernate was lyophilized and reconstituted in 2 cc of distilled water. This material presented a dose-response curve parallel to those of IS2-hCG and CR119 in beta hCG RIA. When chromatographed in a Sephadex G-150 column the extract eluted within the hCG range and immunoreacted in the specific beta hCG RIA. When absorbed onto a concanavalin A--Sepharose column, all recovered immunoreactive material eluted after exposure to alpha-D-methylglucoside, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. The extract stimulated progesterone and testosterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells and decapsulated rat testis, respectively, indicating its biologic potency.", "contents": "Presence of a human chorionic gonadotropin--like substance in human sperm. An hCG-like material has been extracted from human sperm. These experiments were designed to characterize this material. Sperms of 10 volunteers were separated from seminal fluid, washed in PBS three times, and resuspended in 0.5 ml of the same buffer. Samples were pooled; cells were disrupted by sonication and extracted in alkaline buffer by constant agitation at 4 degrees C. The extract was ultracentrifuged at 4 degrees C. Supernate was lyophilized and reconstituted in 2 cc of distilled water. This material presented a dose-response curve parallel to those of IS2-hCG and CR119 in beta hCG RIA. When chromatographed in a Sephadex G-150 column the extract eluted within the hCG range and immunoreacted in the specific beta hCG RIA. When absorbed onto a concanavalin A--Sepharose column, all recovered immunoreactive material eluted after exposure to alpha-D-methylglucoside, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. The extract stimulated progesterone and testosterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells and decapsulated rat testis, respectively, indicating its biologic potency.", "PMID": 574720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11275", "title": "The effect of prenatal factors on crown dimensions.", "content": "As shown in 870 white participants in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), maternal health status during pregnancy and birth size are systematically related to mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of I1, I2, dc, dm1, dm2 and M1. Maternal diabetes, maternal hypothyroidism and large size at birth are associated with larger maxillary and mandibular teeth in white children. Conversely, deciduous and permanent crown diameters are diminished in maternal hypertension, and in low birthweight and small birth-length conditions. These findings suggest that maternal and fetal (or gestational) determinants of both deciduous and permanent tooth crown dimensions may account for as much as half of crown-size variability with major implications to population comparisons and historical odontometric differences and trends.", "contents": "The effect of prenatal factors on crown dimensions. As shown in 870 white participants in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), maternal health status during pregnancy and birth size are systematically related to mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of I1, I2, dc, dm1, dm2 and M1. Maternal diabetes, maternal hypothyroidism and large size at birth are associated with larger maxillary and mandibular teeth in white children. Conversely, deciduous and permanent crown diameters are diminished in maternal hypertension, and in low birthweight and small birth-length conditions. These findings suggest that maternal and fetal (or gestational) determinants of both deciduous and permanent tooth crown dimensions may account for as much as half of crown-size variability with major implications to population comparisons and historical odontometric differences and trends.", "PMID": 574721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11276", "title": "Development of velvet coat (Ve/Ve), another early lethal mutation in the house mouse.", "content": "A new semidominant mutation in the house mouse, velvet coat (Ve), is described. Ve homozygotes, recognizable on day 5 of gestation by their deficiency of ectodermal cells, never produce mesoderm and are resorbed by days 9-10. Primary Ve action may occur during the formation of the blastocyst or during determination and differentiation of the inner cell mass, or both. Accordingly, Ve/Ve embryos may provide a useful model for investigating primary gene action during blastocyst formation and subsequent differentiation.", "contents": "Development of velvet coat (Ve/Ve), another early lethal mutation in the house mouse. A new semidominant mutation in the house mouse, velvet coat (Ve), is described. Ve homozygotes, recognizable on day 5 of gestation by their deficiency of ectodermal cells, never produce mesoderm and are resorbed by days 9-10. Primary Ve action may occur during the formation of the blastocyst or during determination and differentiation of the inner cell mass, or both. Accordingly, Ve/Ve embryos may provide a useful model for investigating primary gene action during blastocyst formation and subsequent differentiation.", "PMID": 574725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11277", "title": "Expertizing of posttraumatic sexual disturbances in males.", "content": "An analysis has been performed of 95 expertises in men, who asked for compensation of after-effects in injury in their sex life. The regions most frequently affected were sexual organs, the head, the pelvis and the lower spine. Roughly one half of the examinees reacted strongly to the injury and its consequences. The most frequently reported symptoms were erectivity disturbances. The greatest subgroup consisted of men who had a rational attitude to an objective organic finding (about 38%). The second place is occupied by men in whom it was not possible to prove any somatic changes, but whose psychic reaction to injury was distinct and pronounced (about 31%). Roughly two out of three men reported a deterioration of their working capacity after injury and/or a disturbance of their interpersonal relations. Only 5% of the examinees underwent an expert examination during the first year following the injury. It is stressed that administrative procedures for damages should be performed with maximum speed especially in cases where there were no objectively proved after-effects.", "contents": "Expertizing of posttraumatic sexual disturbances in males. An analysis has been performed of 95 expertises in men, who asked for compensation of after-effects in injury in their sex life. The regions most frequently affected were sexual organs, the head, the pelvis and the lower spine. Roughly one half of the examinees reacted strongly to the injury and its consequences. The most frequently reported symptoms were erectivity disturbances. The greatest subgroup consisted of men who had a rational attitude to an objective organic finding (about 38%). The second place is occupied by men in whom it was not possible to prove any somatic changes, but whose psychic reaction to injury was distinct and pronounced (about 31%). Roughly two out of three men reported a deterioration of their working capacity after injury and/or a disturbance of their interpersonal relations. Only 5% of the examinees underwent an expert examination during the first year following the injury. It is stressed that administrative procedures for damages should be performed with maximum speed especially in cases where there were no objectively proved after-effects.", "PMID": 574726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11278", "title": "Limitations of the cyanide electrode for use in plasma and whole blood.", "content": "Although the cyanide ion-specific electrode has been used for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids, its validity has not been documented under these conditions. Therefore, we analyzed 60 paired samples of blood and plasma in a blinded fashion and compared the cyanide ion concentrations obtained from the ion-specific electrode with those obtained from a standard chemical assay. There was poor correlation between results in plasma samples (r = .52, n = 26) and no correlation in whole blood (r = .02, n = 34). Until refinements of the electrode technique are made, this method cannot be recommended for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids.", "contents": "Limitations of the cyanide electrode for use in plasma and whole blood. Although the cyanide ion-specific electrode has been used for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids, its validity has not been documented under these conditions. Therefore, we analyzed 60 paired samples of blood and plasma in a blinded fashion and compared the cyanide ion concentrations obtained from the ion-specific electrode with those obtained from a standard chemical assay. There was poor correlation between results in plasma samples (r = .52, n = 26) and no correlation in whole blood (r = .02, n = 34). Until refinements of the electrode technique are made, this method cannot be recommended for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids.", "PMID": 574728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11279", "title": "Psychomotor performance following exposure to trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetics.", "content": "Using three psychomotor tasks administered three times each at 2-week intervals, we studied the performances of 18 control subjects and 18 subjects who were routinely and daily exposed to trace concentrations of anesthetic gases in the course of their clinical practice. No significant differences attributable to exposure to trace concentrations of anesthetics were detected. It is concluded that laboratory studies may overestimate the degree of alteration of psychomotor skills associated with exposure to trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetics.", "contents": "Psychomotor performance following exposure to trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetics. Using three psychomotor tasks administered three times each at 2-week intervals, we studied the performances of 18 control subjects and 18 subjects who were routinely and daily exposed to trace concentrations of anesthetic gases in the course of their clinical practice. No significant differences attributable to exposure to trace concentrations of anesthetics were detected. It is concluded that laboratory studies may overestimate the degree of alteration of psychomotor skills associated with exposure to trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetics.", "PMID": 574732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11280", "title": "Can the extent of halothane debromination be predicted preoperatively?", "content": "In an attempt to predict the extent of halothane debromination, antipyrine metabolic clearance rate was measured preoperatively in 22 surgical patients, then correlated with percent hours of subsequent halothane exposure and postoperative serum bromide levels. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.78, p less than 0.001) between peak bromide level and anesthetic exposure but no correlation between peak bromide levels and antipyrine metabolic clearance rate. Thus, antipyrine is of no value for predicting the extent of halothane debromination. Mean peak bromide level 0.97 +/- 0.09 mM occurred on day 3 after anesthesia. This value is well below the psychoactive range. The data, therefore, also suggest that there is not a causal relationship between halothane biotransformation and the clinical syndrome of bromism.", "contents": "Can the extent of halothane debromination be predicted preoperatively? In an attempt to predict the extent of halothane debromination, antipyrine metabolic clearance rate was measured preoperatively in 22 surgical patients, then correlated with percent hours of subsequent halothane exposure and postoperative serum bromide levels. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.78, p less than 0.001) between peak bromide level and anesthetic exposure but no correlation between peak bromide levels and antipyrine metabolic clearance rate. Thus, antipyrine is of no value for predicting the extent of halothane debromination. Mean peak bromide level 0.97 +/- 0.09 mM occurred on day 3 after anesthesia. This value is well below the psychoactive range. The data, therefore, also suggest that there is not a causal relationship between halothane biotransformation and the clinical syndrome of bromism.", "PMID": 574731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11281", "title": "Intravenous procaine as a supplement to general anesthesia for carbon dioxide laser resection for carbon dioxide laser resection of laryngeal papillomas in children.", "content": "Procaine suppresses the cough reflex, decreases laryngeal irritability, and has general anesthetic properties. For these reasons, 14 pediatric patients undergoing CO2 laser resection of laryngeal papillomas were studied in which an intravenous infusion of procaine (1 mg/kg/min) was added to N2O-O2 halothane/enflurane general anesthesia immediately following endotracheal intubation. These patients were compared to nine patients receiving the same anesthesia without procaine. The mean age of both groups was 11 years. There was no difference between the groups in duration of anesthesia or surgery. Emergence, however, averaged 15 minutes in study patients compared to 36 minutes in the control group (p less than 0.01). There was no difference in anesthetic concentrations required to maintain satisfactory operative conditions in the two groups. Muscle relaxants were required intraoperatively in seven control patients but in none of the study patients. The surgeon ranked the operative conditions excellent in all study patients but poor in seven of the nine control patients. Five of the latter required postoperative treatment of laryngeal complications, including reintubation in three. Only one of the study patients had postoperative stridor. No evidence of procaine toxicity was noted in the study patients with total doses ranging from 500--3600 mg. Intravenous procaine is useful in pediatric patients having endoscopic laryngeal operations.", "contents": "Intravenous procaine as a supplement to general anesthesia for carbon dioxide laser resection for carbon dioxide laser resection of laryngeal papillomas in children. Procaine suppresses the cough reflex, decreases laryngeal irritability, and has general anesthetic properties. For these reasons, 14 pediatric patients undergoing CO2 laser resection of laryngeal papillomas were studied in which an intravenous infusion of procaine (1 mg/kg/min) was added to N2O-O2 halothane/enflurane general anesthesia immediately following endotracheal intubation. These patients were compared to nine patients receiving the same anesthesia without procaine. The mean age of both groups was 11 years. There was no difference between the groups in duration of anesthesia or surgery. Emergence, however, averaged 15 minutes in study patients compared to 36 minutes in the control group (p less than 0.01). There was no difference in anesthetic concentrations required to maintain satisfactory operative conditions in the two groups. Muscle relaxants were required intraoperatively in seven control patients but in none of the study patients. The surgeon ranked the operative conditions excellent in all study patients but poor in seven of the nine control patients. Five of the latter required postoperative treatment of laryngeal complications, including reintubation in three. Only one of the study patients had postoperative stridor. No evidence of procaine toxicity was noted in the study patients with total doses ranging from 500--3600 mg. Intravenous procaine is useful in pediatric patients having endoscopic laryngeal operations.", "PMID": 574734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11282", "title": "Antagonism of pancuronium and its metabolites by neostigmine in cats.", "content": "Antagonism by neostigmine of neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium or its metabolites was studied in the cat anterior or tibialis muscle-peroneal nerve preparation using constant infusions of muscle relaxants. The ED50 of neostigmine (dose which caused a 50% antagonism) was 16, 11, 29, and 26 micrograms/kg for pancuronium, 3-hydroxypancuronium, 17-hydroxypancuronium, and 3, 17-hydroxypancuronium, respectively. Times of onset of neostigmine action were shorter when antagonizing 17-hydroxypancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Duration of neostigmine action when antagonizing 17- or 3, 17-hydroxypancuronium blockade was shorter than with pancuronium or 3-hydroxypancuronium. We conclude that more neostigmine is required to antagonize 17- or 3,17-hydroxypancuronium neuromuscular blockade than is required to antagonize pancuronium. Conversely, less neostigmine was required to antagonize 3-hydroxypancuronium blockade.", "contents": "Antagonism of pancuronium and its metabolites by neostigmine in cats. Antagonism by neostigmine of neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium or its metabolites was studied in the cat anterior or tibialis muscle-peroneal nerve preparation using constant infusions of muscle relaxants. The ED50 of neostigmine (dose which caused a 50% antagonism) was 16, 11, 29, and 26 micrograms/kg for pancuronium, 3-hydroxypancuronium, 17-hydroxypancuronium, and 3, 17-hydroxypancuronium, respectively. Times of onset of neostigmine action were shorter when antagonizing 17-hydroxypancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Duration of neostigmine action when antagonizing 17- or 3, 17-hydroxypancuronium blockade was shorter than with pancuronium or 3-hydroxypancuronium. We conclude that more neostigmine is required to antagonize 17- or 3,17-hydroxypancuronium neuromuscular blockade than is required to antagonize pancuronium. Conversely, less neostigmine was required to antagonize 3-hydroxypancuronium blockade.", "PMID": 574733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11283", "title": "Pulmonary antibacterial defense mechanisms are depressed by halothane.", "content": "Pulmonary antibacterial activity was determined by challenging halothane-exposed and control mice to radiolabeled (32P) Staphylococcus aureus produced by an aerosol generator and by determining the relative changes in viable bacterial and radioisotope counts in ground lung immediately after exposure and 4 hours later. Mice that were anesthetized for 4 hours with 1 or 2 MAC halothane and allowed to recover for 1 hour showed higher 4-hour bacterial counts when compared to controls, while radioisotope counts were the same in both groups. These data indicate that 1 and 2 MAC halothane anesthesia is associated with depressed lung bactericidal activity but that physical clearance mechanisms are not depressed.", "contents": "Pulmonary antibacterial defense mechanisms are depressed by halothane. Pulmonary antibacterial activity was determined by challenging halothane-exposed and control mice to radiolabeled (32P) Staphylococcus aureus produced by an aerosol generator and by determining the relative changes in viable bacterial and radioisotope counts in ground lung immediately after exposure and 4 hours later. Mice that were anesthetized for 4 hours with 1 or 2 MAC halothane and allowed to recover for 1 hour showed higher 4-hour bacterial counts when compared to controls, while radioisotope counts were the same in both groups. These data indicate that 1 and 2 MAC halothane anesthesia is associated with depressed lung bactericidal activity but that physical clearance mechanisms are not depressed.", "PMID": 574737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11284", "title": "Pancuronium reduces halothane requirement in man.", "content": "We studied the contribution of pancuronium to anesthetic requirement in man by comparing MAC for halothane alone in 18 patients, with that after intravenous administration of pancuronium, 0.1 mg/kg, in 17 patients. In each group, movement was observed in limbs isolated from the circulation by tourniquet. In patients receiving pancuronium, halothane MAC was 0.55%, whereas the control value was 0.73%. Thus pancuronium reduces halothane MAC by 25%.", "contents": "Pancuronium reduces halothane requirement in man. We studied the contribution of pancuronium to anesthetic requirement in man by comparing MAC for halothane alone in 18 patients, with that after intravenous administration of pancuronium, 0.1 mg/kg, in 17 patients. In each group, movement was observed in limbs isolated from the circulation by tourniquet. In patients receiving pancuronium, halothane MAC was 0.55%, whereas the control value was 0.73%. Thus pancuronium reduces halothane MAC by 25%.", "PMID": 574735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11285", "title": "Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. III. Associations with local crops.", "content": "A predominantly agricultural community in California was surveyed for prevalent fungal spores during a 12-month period. Alternaria, Macrosporium and Stemphylium were recovered during asparagus and strawberry harvesting times year-round. Fusarium and Botrytis were less frequently associated with the strawberry harvest and were recovered only during the first quarter of the year. Epicoccum was recovered in the north end of the Salinas valley in low numbers throughout the year and was strongly associated with the strawberry and artichoke harvest. Aureobasidium (Pullularia) recovery occurred in different locations according to season, correlating somewhat with the cabbage harvest as well as with the harvest of strawberries. Recovery of the pigmented yeats showed strong correlation with the local growing season for lettuce. Cladosporium was prevalent year-round but did not appear to be signficantly affected by changing argicultural conditions. These data have permitted the predictability of mold aeroallergens with medical applications.", "contents": "Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. III. Associations with local crops. A predominantly agricultural community in California was surveyed for prevalent fungal spores during a 12-month period. Alternaria, Macrosporium and Stemphylium were recovered during asparagus and strawberry harvesting times year-round. Fusarium and Botrytis were less frequently associated with the strawberry harvest and were recovered only during the first quarter of the year. Epicoccum was recovered in the north end of the Salinas valley in low numbers throughout the year and was strongly associated with the strawberry and artichoke harvest. Aureobasidium (Pullularia) recovery occurred in different locations according to season, correlating somewhat with the cabbage harvest as well as with the harvest of strawberries. Recovery of the pigmented yeats showed strong correlation with the local growing season for lettuce. Cladosporium was prevalent year-round but did not appear to be signficantly affected by changing argicultural conditions. These data have permitted the predictability of mold aeroallergens with medical applications.", "PMID": 574745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11286", "title": "Impairment of tracheal ring ciliary activity by halothane.", "content": "The effects of varying concentrations of halothane on tracheal ciliary activity were studied using a ferret tracheal organ culture technique. Using 1% and 2% halothane produced no impairment of ciliary activity, while 3% halothane caused some ciliostasis; 4% and 5% halothane produced rapid cessation of ciliary activity. Recovery was prompt and complete after exposure to 4% halothane for as long as 3 days, but after 4 days of exposure recovery was incomplete and after a week of exposure death of ciliary cells occurred.", "contents": "Impairment of tracheal ring ciliary activity by halothane. The effects of varying concentrations of halothane on tracheal ciliary activity were studied using a ferret tracheal organ culture technique. Using 1% and 2% halothane produced no impairment of ciliary activity, while 3% halothane caused some ciliostasis; 4% and 5% halothane produced rapid cessation of ciliary activity. Recovery was prompt and complete after exposure to 4% halothane for as long as 3 days, but after 4 days of exposure recovery was incomplete and after a week of exposure death of ciliary cells occurred.", "PMID": 574736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11287", "title": "Localisation of the NADPH delta 4-3-keto steroid-5 alpha-oxidoreductase in the rat ovary.", "content": "The 5 alpha-reductase activity was localised on the stromal comportment of the rat ovary. The 5 alpha-reductase activity in stromal tissue decreased from 27.3 +/- 2.9 ng/hr/mg protein in rats 20 days old, to 13.4 +/- 1.2 ng/hr/mg protein in rats 30 days old and to 7.1 +/- 1.0 ng/hr/mg protein in adult rats. During the oestrous cycle no significant variations in enzyme activity could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Localisation of the NADPH delta 4-3-keto steroid-5 alpha-oxidoreductase in the rat ovary. The 5 alpha-reductase activity was localised on the stromal comportment of the rat ovary. The 5 alpha-reductase activity in stromal tissue decreased from 27.3 +/- 2.9 ng/hr/mg protein in rats 20 days old, to 13.4 +/- 1.2 ng/hr/mg protein in rats 30 days old and to 7.1 +/- 1.0 ng/hr/mg protein in adult rats. During the oestrous cycle no significant variations in enzyme activity could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 574748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11288", "title": "[Rapid change in the dynamics of antibody-forming cells under the influence of a single injection of various anthracyclines].", "content": "The dynamics of the titers and number of the antibody forming cells was studied within 26 hours after a single injection of anthracycline to immunized animals at various phases of the immune response. The specificity of the \"rapid\" effect of anthracyclines suggests that the low differentiated precursors of the antibody forming cells are the main target for the rubomycin effect and the immune competent cells in the state of multiplication and differentiation under the effect of the antigen are the main target for the carminomycin effect. The study was performed with noninbred mice immunized with sheep red cells.", "contents": "[Rapid change in the dynamics of antibody-forming cells under the influence of a single injection of various anthracyclines]. The dynamics of the titers and number of the antibody forming cells was studied within 26 hours after a single injection of anthracycline to immunized animals at various phases of the immune response. The specificity of the \"rapid\" effect of anthracyclines suggests that the low differentiated precursors of the antibody forming cells are the main target for the rubomycin effect and the immune competent cells in the state of multiplication and differentiation under the effect of the antigen are the main target for the carminomycin effect. The study was performed with noninbred mice immunized with sheep red cells.", "PMID": 574749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11289", "title": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents: conversion of lapachol to dehydro-alpha-lapachone by Curvularia lunata.", "content": "Microbial transformation of lapachol, a naturally occurring naphthoquinone, was carried out by Curvularia lunata (NRRL 2178). The fungus brings about oxidative cyclization of the substrate to dehydro-alpha-lapachone, which was isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analyses; its structure was verified by chemical synthesis. The metabolite is a naturally occurring chromene possessing antibacterial and antitumor activities.", "contents": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents: conversion of lapachol to dehydro-alpha-lapachone by Curvularia lunata. Microbial transformation of lapachol, a naturally occurring naphthoquinone, was carried out by Curvularia lunata (NRRL 2178). The fungus brings about oxidative cyclization of the substrate to dehydro-alpha-lapachone, which was isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analyses; its structure was verified by chemical synthesis. The metabolite is a naturally occurring chromene possessing antibacterial and antitumor activities.", "PMID": 574750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11290", "title": "Nutritional status of light-for-date infants at birth and its influence on early postnatal growth.", "content": "The ponderal index (PI) (g/cm3 X 100) was used to define the state of nutrition at birth of 47 light-for-date (LFD) term infants and to determine how intrauterine undernutrition influences growth during the first 6 months of postnatal life, at four age intervals: birth--4, 5--8, 9--12, 13--26 weeks. With the exception of one baby, each PI was less than 50th centile on the Miller and Hassanein standards: in 24 (51%) babies the PI was less than 3rd centile. This suggests that, generally, LFD infants are underweight for length, and by inference, are likely to have experienced intrauterine undernutrition. In the first month the 24 'wasted' infants (PI less than 3rd centile) gained more rapidly in weight, and grew more quickly in head circumference and length than the 16 'nonwasted' infants (PI greater than 10th centile). Thereafter growth rates were similar. With the exception of weight in the 'nonwasted' infants during the first month, rates of growth (weight, length, and head circumference) in both groups of babies in each of the 3 months after birth were greater than in normal infants. The first 3 months after birth can therefore be defined as the period of 'catch-up' growth in LFD term infants.", "contents": "Nutritional status of light-for-date infants at birth and its influence on early postnatal growth. The ponderal index (PI) (g/cm3 X 100) was used to define the state of nutrition at birth of 47 light-for-date (LFD) term infants and to determine how intrauterine undernutrition influences growth during the first 6 months of postnatal life, at four age intervals: birth--4, 5--8, 9--12, 13--26 weeks. With the exception of one baby, each PI was less than 50th centile on the Miller and Hassanein standards: in 24 (51%) babies the PI was less than 3rd centile. This suggests that, generally, LFD infants are underweight for length, and by inference, are likely to have experienced intrauterine undernutrition. In the first month the 24 'wasted' infants (PI less than 3rd centile) gained more rapidly in weight, and grew more quickly in head circumference and length than the 16 'nonwasted' infants (PI greater than 10th centile). Thereafter growth rates were similar. With the exception of weight in the 'nonwasted' infants during the first month, rates of growth (weight, length, and head circumference) in both groups of babies in each of the 3 months after birth were greater than in normal infants. The first 3 months after birth can therefore be defined as the period of 'catch-up' growth in LFD term infants.", "PMID": 574754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11291", "title": "Unique amanitin resistance of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from Amanita species accumulating amanitins.", "content": "In order to understand the basis upon which amanitin-accumulating species of Amanita are able to develop in the presence of these specific inhibitors of RNA synthesis, the in vitro RNA synthesizing activities of nuclei isolated from amanitin-accumulating species. Amanita hygroscopica (culture, derived from amanitin-accumulating carpophore) and A. suballiacea (carpophore), and from the non-accumulating species A. solitaria (culture) and A. brunnescens (carpophore) were tested for their sensitivities to alpha-amanitin inhibition. The nuclear RNA synthesizing activities obtained from both carpophores and cultures of non-accumulating organisms displayed significant sensitivities to alpha-amanitin, whereas those obtained from accumulating organisms displayed remarkable resistance to alpha-amanitin. The observed relationship between levels of amanitins in carpophores and resistance of the RNA synthesizing activities to inhibition by alpha-amanitin supports the hypothesis that amanitins may function as regulators of mRNA transcription in Amanita species.", "contents": "Unique amanitin resistance of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from Amanita species accumulating amanitins. In order to understand the basis upon which amanitin-accumulating species of Amanita are able to develop in the presence of these specific inhibitors of RNA synthesis, the in vitro RNA synthesizing activities of nuclei isolated from amanitin-accumulating species. Amanita hygroscopica (culture, derived from amanitin-accumulating carpophore) and A. suballiacea (carpophore), and from the non-accumulating species A. solitaria (culture) and A. brunnescens (carpophore) were tested for their sensitivities to alpha-amanitin inhibition. The nuclear RNA synthesizing activities obtained from both carpophores and cultures of non-accumulating organisms displayed significant sensitivities to alpha-amanitin, whereas those obtained from accumulating organisms displayed remarkable resistance to alpha-amanitin. The observed relationship between levels of amanitins in carpophores and resistance of the RNA synthesizing activities to inhibition by alpha-amanitin supports the hypothesis that amanitins may function as regulators of mRNA transcription in Amanita species.", "PMID": 574756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11292", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the adrenaline-synthesizing neurons of group A1 in the rat brain normally and under emotional stress].", "content": "Ultrastructure of A1 group, participating in the central regulation of cardio-vascular functions was studied in normal conditions and at early stages of an emotional stress. Normal adrenalin-synthesizing neurons of A1 group are characterized by a high intensity of processes of synthesis taking place in them. Abundant terminals, mainly adrenergic ones, which form varied contacts with neurons of A1 group, make a peculair feature. The hematoencephalic barrier in the area of A1 group as a sharply specific organization: transport of substances is mediated not only by pinocytosis, but also through fenestrated formations and through interendothelial spaces. Capillaries of the area studied have a powerful innervation--terminals immediately adjoin the vascular wall, sometimes penetrate into the basal membrane. An immediate contact between neurons and capillaries is noted. In the vicinity of the contact, the laminar complex is usually situated having increased in size vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomas, mitochondria; lobes of the invaginated nucleus are also directed towards this place. At an early stage of the emotional stress, when the arterial pressure is kept at the level close to the normal, rather essential changes are noted in neuronal ultrastructure, with significant spatial rearrangements including. Quantitative alterations of organells and reorganization of the neuronal ultrastructural apparatus results in formation of certain new properties and contribute to transformation of the neural cells to a more effective functional level.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the adrenaline-synthesizing neurons of group A1 in the rat brain normally and under emotional stress]. Ultrastructure of A1 group, participating in the central regulation of cardio-vascular functions was studied in normal conditions and at early stages of an emotional stress. Normal adrenalin-synthesizing neurons of A1 group are characterized by a high intensity of processes of synthesis taking place in them. Abundant terminals, mainly adrenergic ones, which form varied contacts with neurons of A1 group, make a peculair feature. The hematoencephalic barrier in the area of A1 group as a sharply specific organization: transport of substances is mediated not only by pinocytosis, but also through fenestrated formations and through interendothelial spaces. Capillaries of the area studied have a powerful innervation--terminals immediately adjoin the vascular wall, sometimes penetrate into the basal membrane. An immediate contact between neurons and capillaries is noted. In the vicinity of the contact, the laminar complex is usually situated having increased in size vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomas, mitochondria; lobes of the invaginated nucleus are also directed towards this place. At an early stage of the emotional stress, when the arterial pressure is kept at the level close to the normal, rather essential changes are noted in neuronal ultrastructure, with significant spatial rearrangements including. Quantitative alterations of organells and reorganization of the neuronal ultrastructural apparatus results in formation of certain new properties and contribute to transformation of the neural cells to a more effective functional level.", "PMID": 574759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11293", "title": "Clinicopathologic correlation of xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation. Procedure in human diabetic eyes.", "content": "Xenon arc and argon laser lesions applied as scatter treatment to two diabetic patients were studied clinically and histopathologically. Seventy-one burns were grouped as very severe, severe, and moderately severe, according to pigmentation and diameter of the retinal scar. All lesions except half of the moderately severe ones showed full-thickness retinal involvement. In very severe xenon burns, whether xenon or argon, only proliferated retinal pigment epithelium provided a thin retinal scar, corresponding to an ophthalmoscopic appearance of \"bare sclera\". In the center of severe and moderately severe lesions, both glial cells and pigment epithelium bridged the retinal defect, forming a thick pigmented scar that contained pigment-laden macrophages. Rephotocoagulation over such thick scars may be less hazardous than is generally assumed. Nonvascular preretinal membranes were frequently present over very severe xenon lesions but rarely over very severe argon burns.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic correlation of xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation. Procedure in human diabetic eyes. Xenon arc and argon laser lesions applied as scatter treatment to two diabetic patients were studied clinically and histopathologically. Seventy-one burns were grouped as very severe, severe, and moderately severe, according to pigmentation and diameter of the retinal scar. All lesions except half of the moderately severe ones showed full-thickness retinal involvement. In very severe xenon burns, whether xenon or argon, only proliferated retinal pigment epithelium provided a thin retinal scar, corresponding to an ophthalmoscopic appearance of \"bare sclera\". In the center of severe and moderately severe lesions, both glial cells and pigment epithelium bridged the retinal defect, forming a thick pigmented scar that contained pigment-laden macrophages. Rephotocoagulation over such thick scars may be less hazardous than is generally assumed. Nonvascular preretinal membranes were frequently present over very severe xenon lesions but rarely over very severe argon burns.", "PMID": 574760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11294", "title": "Non-surgical sterilisation of rams using a sclerosing agent.", "content": "Injection of 0.25 ml of a solution of 3.6% formaldehyde in 90% ethanol direct into the caudae epididymides caused sterility in the rams treated. No live sperm were seen in ejaculates collected 35, 57, 91 and 196 days post-injection. The rams retained their libido and were mated to ewes between 2 and 3 months post-injection with no pregnancy ensuing. The technique offers a simple, safe, quick and effective method of sterilising rams. Attempts to produce sterilisation by injection of the sclerosing agent into the vas deferens were not successful.", "contents": "Non-surgical sterilisation of rams using a sclerosing agent. Injection of 0.25 ml of a solution of 3.6% formaldehyde in 90% ethanol direct into the caudae epididymides caused sterility in the rams treated. No live sperm were seen in ejaculates collected 35, 57, 91 and 196 days post-injection. The rams retained their libido and were mated to ewes between 2 and 3 months post-injection with no pregnancy ensuing. The technique offers a simple, safe, quick and effective method of sterilising rams. Attempts to produce sterilisation by injection of the sclerosing agent into the vas deferens were not successful.", "PMID": 574761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11295", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic importance of breast pain].", "content": "In matters of mammary pathology, the attention of students has always been attracted by the study of tumours, while the varied field of mastalgia has been somewhat neglected. A series is reported in which a subdivision is suggested, on the basis of what has been done by other workers, whereby the various mammary pain syndromes are grouped. This is extremely useful, particularly for therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic importance of breast pain]. In matters of mammary pathology, the attention of students has always been attracted by the study of tumours, while the varied field of mastalgia has been somewhat neglected. A series is reported in which a subdivision is suggested, on the basis of what has been done by other workers, whereby the various mammary pain syndromes are grouped. This is extremely useful, particularly for therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 574758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11296", "title": "Effects of soy protein and saponins on serum, tissue and feces steroids in rat.", "content": "Four groups of rats were fed, for 45 days, one of the following semipurified diets containing sucrose 55% (w/w) and (a) casein 25%, (b) casein 24%, saponins (from Saponaria officinalis) 1%, (c) isolated soy protein 25%, (d) soy protein 24%, saponins 1%. The soy protein diet, compared to the casein one, produced an increase in the fecal excretion of neutral sterols on the 29th and 42nd days, without any modification in the liver, aorta and serum cholesterol concentrations. The effect of soy protein cannot be attributed to its saponin content but other substances associated to soy protein may interfere. With the casein diet, added saponins increased the fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids and decreased liver and aorta cholesterol levels. Serum cholesterol was found unchanged. The effects of saponins were suppressed or greatly reduced with the soy protein diet. These results could be explained by binding of the sterols in insoluble forms.", "contents": "Effects of soy protein and saponins on serum, tissue and feces steroids in rat. Four groups of rats were fed, for 45 days, one of the following semipurified diets containing sucrose 55% (w/w) and (a) casein 25%, (b) casein 24%, saponins (from Saponaria officinalis) 1%, (c) isolated soy protein 25%, (d) soy protein 24%, saponins 1%. The soy protein diet, compared to the casein one, produced an increase in the fecal excretion of neutral sterols on the 29th and 42nd days, without any modification in the liver, aorta and serum cholesterol concentrations. The effect of soy protein cannot be attributed to its saponin content but other substances associated to soy protein may interfere. With the casein diet, added saponins increased the fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids and decreased liver and aorta cholesterol levels. Serum cholesterol was found unchanged. The effects of saponins were suppressed or greatly reduced with the soy protein diet. These results could be explained by binding of the sterols in insoluble forms.", "PMID": 574769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11297", "title": "The location of Staphylococcus aureus in experimental chronic mastitis in the mouse and the effect on the action of sodium cloxacillin.", "content": "Chronic staphylococcal mastitis was established in the mouse and electron miscroscopic examination of mammary tissue showed that the staphylococci were within epithelial cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Suspensions of cells containing staphylococci were prepared from chronically infected glands and incubated with sodium cloxacillin in vitro. This procedure resulted in a reduction in bacterial numbers, but a significantly greater reduction was obtained if the somatic cells were disrupted by sonication before the addition of cloxacillin. The results imply that the intracellular location of the staphylococci protects them against the action of the antibiotic.", "contents": "The location of Staphylococcus aureus in experimental chronic mastitis in the mouse and the effect on the action of sodium cloxacillin. Chronic staphylococcal mastitis was established in the mouse and electron miscroscopic examination of mammary tissue showed that the staphylococci were within epithelial cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Suspensions of cells containing staphylococci were prepared from chronically infected glands and incubated with sodium cloxacillin in vitro. This procedure resulted in a reduction in bacterial numbers, but a significantly greater reduction was obtained if the somatic cells were disrupted by sonication before the addition of cloxacillin. The results imply that the intracellular location of the staphylococci protects them against the action of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 574770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11298", "title": "In vivo effect of UV-B on lymphocyte function.", "content": "Whole-body exposure of normal subjects to erythemogenic doses of UV-B radiation results in a decrease in the proportion of circulating E-rosette-forming lymphocytes, an increase in the proportion of null cells and a decreased incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes following stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). These alterations are dose-dependent, appear soon after exposure, reach a maximum after 8-12 h, and are reversed by 48-72 h post exposure.", "contents": "In vivo effect of UV-B on lymphocyte function. Whole-body exposure of normal subjects to erythemogenic doses of UV-B radiation results in a decrease in the proportion of circulating E-rosette-forming lymphocytes, an increase in the proportion of null cells and a decreased incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes following stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). These alterations are dose-dependent, appear soon after exposure, reach a maximum after 8-12 h, and are reversed by 48-72 h post exposure.", "PMID": 574771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11299", "title": "Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide equilibria of horse myoglobin and (N-methylimidazole)protoheme. Evidence for steric interaction with the distal residues.", "content": "The Soret absorption maxima and extinction coefficients of the CO and NO complexes of horse myoglobin and (NMeIm)protoheme (NMeIm = 1-methylimidazole) have been determined. The partition coefficient N, equal to the ratio P1/2 (CO)/P1/2(NO), has been determined spectrophotometrically for horse myoglobin and (NMeIm)protoheme. P1/2-(NO) values calculated from the partition coefficients are 5.7 x 10(7) mmHg for (NMeIm)protheme and 1.1 x 10(6) mmHg for horse myoglobin. The ratio of P1/2(NO) values for protein and model is 1.9 which is similar to a value of 1.6 reported for the ratio of P1/2(O2) values. These values may be compared to a ratio of 15 for CO binding to protein and model complexes. This different ratio for CO provides further evidence for steric interaction of the bound CO with the protein based on a consideration of the preferred nonlinear geometry of Fe-NO and Fe-O2 and the linear geometry of Fe-CO.", "contents": "Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide equilibria of horse myoglobin and (N-methylimidazole)protoheme. Evidence for steric interaction with the distal residues. The Soret absorption maxima and extinction coefficients of the CO and NO complexes of horse myoglobin and (NMeIm)protoheme (NMeIm = 1-methylimidazole) have been determined. The partition coefficient N, equal to the ratio P1/2 (CO)/P1/2(NO), has been determined spectrophotometrically for horse myoglobin and (NMeIm)protoheme. P1/2-(NO) values calculated from the partition coefficients are 5.7 x 10(7) mmHg for (NMeIm)protheme and 1.1 x 10(6) mmHg for horse myoglobin. The ratio of P1/2(NO) values for protein and model is 1.9 which is similar to a value of 1.6 reported for the ratio of P1/2(O2) values. These values may be compared to a ratio of 15 for CO binding to protein and model complexes. This different ratio for CO provides further evidence for steric interaction of the bound CO with the protein based on a consideration of the preferred nonlinear geometry of Fe-NO and Fe-O2 and the linear geometry of Fe-CO.", "PMID": 574772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11300", "title": "Conformational analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance: insulin.", "content": "High-resolution 270-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the native two-zinc insulin hexamer at pH 9 have been obtained, and assignments of key resonances have been made. Spectra of zinc-free insulin titrated with Zn2+ are unchanged after the addition of 1 equiv of zinc per insulin hexamer, indicating that the conformation of the hexamer is fixed at this point and that the second zinc ion does not significantly change the conformation. Titration of the two-zinc insulin hexamer with anions high on the Hofmeister series such as SCN- causes marked changes in the NMR spectra which are interpreted as the result of major conformational changes to a new hexameric form of insulin having a twofold axis perpendicular to the threefold axis. Analysis of difference spectra indicates that this new hexamer (which should be capable of binding six zinc ions) binds 2 equiv of SCN- at two sites which are assumed to be identical and independent (K1 = 10(3), K2 = 2.5 X 10(2) M-1).", "contents": "Conformational analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance: insulin. High-resolution 270-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the native two-zinc insulin hexamer at pH 9 have been obtained, and assignments of key resonances have been made. Spectra of zinc-free insulin titrated with Zn2+ are unchanged after the addition of 1 equiv of zinc per insulin hexamer, indicating that the conformation of the hexamer is fixed at this point and that the second zinc ion does not significantly change the conformation. Titration of the two-zinc insulin hexamer with anions high on the Hofmeister series such as SCN- causes marked changes in the NMR spectra which are interpreted as the result of major conformational changes to a new hexameric form of insulin having a twofold axis perpendicular to the threefold axis. Analysis of difference spectra indicates that this new hexamer (which should be capable of binding six zinc ions) binds 2 equiv of SCN- at two sites which are assumed to be identical and independent (K1 = 10(3), K2 = 2.5 X 10(2) M-1).", "PMID": 574774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11301", "title": "Protein-detergent interactions studied by capillary isotachophoresis.", "content": "The interactions of sodium dodecyl sulphate with bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin have been studied by capillary isotachophoresis. This method makes it possible to determine very accurately the number of ligands bound to the high-affinity binding sites of the native protein. Bovine serum albumin was found to have seven high-affinity binding sites whereas ovalbumin in its native state was found to lack high-affinity binding sites for dodecyl sulphate.", "contents": "Protein-detergent interactions studied by capillary isotachophoresis. The interactions of sodium dodecyl sulphate with bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin have been studied by capillary isotachophoresis. This method makes it possible to determine very accurately the number of ligands bound to the high-affinity binding sites of the native protein. Bovine serum albumin was found to have seven high-affinity binding sites whereas ovalbumin in its native state was found to lack high-affinity binding sites for dodecyl sulphate.", "PMID": 574775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11302", "title": "Comparative studies of the action of long duration alcohol drinking on rat pancreatic exocrine cells.", "content": "The influence of a long term ingestion of ethanol on the rat exocrine pancreas has been studied by electron microscopy. The comparison of micrographs from alcoholic and non alcoholic pancreas allowed us to compare the different organelles of acinar pancreatic cells. These data have been submitted to factorial analysis of correspondences. The ultrastructural modifications revealed out by this analysis are in good agreement with the hypothesis of an adaptation of exocrine cells to a chronic hyperfunctional state.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the action of long duration alcohol drinking on rat pancreatic exocrine cells. The influence of a long term ingestion of ethanol on the rat exocrine pancreas has been studied by electron microscopy. The comparison of micrographs from alcoholic and non alcoholic pancreas allowed us to compare the different organelles of acinar pancreatic cells. These data have been submitted to factorial analysis of correspondences. The ultrastructural modifications revealed out by this analysis are in good agreement with the hypothesis of an adaptation of exocrine cells to a chronic hyperfunctional state.", "PMID": 574781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11303", "title": "[Decrease in the stress reaction and the ulcerative lesions of the stomach under the influence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid].", "content": "The effect of preliminary Na gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) injection on the activation of adrenergic and hypophyseal-adrenal systems during emotional-painful stress and ulcerous affection of the stomach after the stress cessation was studied in experiments on rats. It was established that the preliminary GHBA administration inhibits stimulation of stress causing systems and thereby prevents ulcerous affection of the stomach mucosa. It is suggested that the activation of GHBA-ergic inhibiting system, which accompanies the stress, is a natural mechanism of limitation of the stress reaction and prevention of the stress affections.", "contents": "[Decrease in the stress reaction and the ulcerative lesions of the stomach under the influence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]. The effect of preliminary Na gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) injection on the activation of adrenergic and hypophyseal-adrenal systems during emotional-painful stress and ulcerous affection of the stomach after the stress cessation was studied in experiments on rats. It was established that the preliminary GHBA administration inhibits stimulation of stress causing systems and thereby prevents ulcerous affection of the stomach mucosa. It is suggested that the activation of GHBA-ergic inhibiting system, which accompanies the stress, is a natural mechanism of limitation of the stress reaction and prevention of the stress affections.", "PMID": 574782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11304", "title": "[Effect of phenamine and caffeine on the behavioral changes occurring after the cessation of caudate nucleus electric stimulation in cats].", "content": "Low doses of amphetamine (0.1-0.5 mg/kg), not influencing the spontaneous behaviour of cats, prevent behavioral depression arising after repeated low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus. Activating phenomena, observed after cessation of the stimulation, are considerably intensified up to the stereotypy formation. Caffeine (10-80 mg/kg), when activating spontaneous behaviour in cats, does not exclude a possibility of caudate-induced depression.", "contents": "[Effect of phenamine and caffeine on the behavioral changes occurring after the cessation of caudate nucleus electric stimulation in cats]. Low doses of amphetamine (0.1-0.5 mg/kg), not influencing the spontaneous behaviour of cats, prevent behavioral depression arising after repeated low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus. Activating phenomena, observed after cessation of the stimulation, are considerably intensified up to the stereotypy formation. Caffeine (10-80 mg/kg), when activating spontaneous behaviour in cats, does not exclude a possibility of caudate-induced depression.", "PMID": 574783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11305", "title": "[Brain catecholamines at the early stage of emotional stress].", "content": "The blood pressure (BP) dynamics and catecholamine (CA) levels in the brain regions of August and Wistar rats were studied two hours after immobilization in order to elucidate the central neurochemical mechanisms leading to the destruction of BR self-regulation under emotional stress during the experiment. The BP level did not differ from the normal. The CA concentration in the hypothalamus, midbrain, isthmus rhombencephali and medulla oblongata underwent considerable changes. It is suggested that the mechanism of the CA changes in both strains of the rats exposed to stress is similar in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata while both strains of the rats studied showed specificity in the activity of NA-synthesizing neurons of the isthmus rhombencephali and DA-synthesizing neurons of the midbrain that might be a cause of different resistance of cardiovascular functions during the later stage of immobilization.", "contents": "[Brain catecholamines at the early stage of emotional stress]. The blood pressure (BP) dynamics and catecholamine (CA) levels in the brain regions of August and Wistar rats were studied two hours after immobilization in order to elucidate the central neurochemical mechanisms leading to the destruction of BR self-regulation under emotional stress during the experiment. The BP level did not differ from the normal. The CA concentration in the hypothalamus, midbrain, isthmus rhombencephali and medulla oblongata underwent considerable changes. It is suggested that the mechanism of the CA changes in both strains of the rats exposed to stress is similar in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata while both strains of the rats studied showed specificity in the activity of NA-synthesizing neurons of the isthmus rhombencephali and DA-synthesizing neurons of the midbrain that might be a cause of different resistance of cardiovascular functions during the later stage of immobilization.", "PMID": 574784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11306", "title": "Autonomic activity in subjects reporting changes in affect in the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The paper reports a failure to find differences in autonomic activity in different phases of the menstrual cycle in subjects studied despite their reports of changes in affect.", "contents": "Autonomic activity in subjects reporting changes in affect in the menstrual cycle. The paper reports a failure to find differences in autonomic activity in different phases of the menstrual cycle in subjects studied despite their reports of changes in affect.", "PMID": 574786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11307", "title": "Effect of intravesical formalin on the urothelium.", "content": "In an experimental study, the urinary bladder of the rabbit was subjected to 10% formaldehyde instillation for periods ranging from 15 to 90 min. Varying degrees of cystitis, ranging from focal superficial to transmural necrotising cystitis, epithelial sloughs and intra-epithelial calcification may be seen. The depth of reaction was related approximately to the duration of exposure. Saline irrigation after instillation, contact time of 10 min and 1% formaldehyde seemed to reduce complications.", "contents": "Effect of intravesical formalin on the urothelium. In an experimental study, the urinary bladder of the rabbit was subjected to 10% formaldehyde instillation for periods ranging from 15 to 90 min. Varying degrees of cystitis, ranging from focal superficial to transmural necrotising cystitis, epithelial sloughs and intra-epithelial calcification may be seen. The depth of reaction was related approximately to the duration of exposure. Saline irrigation after instillation, contact time of 10 min and 1% formaldehyde seemed to reduce complications.", "PMID": 574787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11308", "title": "Basal bodies in the odontoblasts of the limpet, Patella coerulea L. (Gastropoda).", "content": "The odontoblasts in the long radular gland of Patella coerulea L. are arranged in a terminal position; therefore newly formed teeth already have an upright position. The long and slender odontoblasts have only one to three lengthy and ramifying apical microvilli. Between these pinnate microvilli a fine filamentous material appears which probably corresponds to chitin microfibrils. Therefore, the pattern of chitin microfibrils seems to depend on the arrangement of odontoblasts' microvilli. For the first time, basal bodies were found in the apical part of odontoblasts which led to the assumption that the radular gland originally might have been a mucous gland, the secretion of which was transported by cilia.", "contents": "Basal bodies in the odontoblasts of the limpet, Patella coerulea L. (Gastropoda). The odontoblasts in the long radular gland of Patella coerulea L. are arranged in a terminal position; therefore newly formed teeth already have an upright position. The long and slender odontoblasts have only one to three lengthy and ramifying apical microvilli. Between these pinnate microvilli a fine filamentous material appears which probably corresponds to chitin microfibrils. Therefore, the pattern of chitin microfibrils seems to depend on the arrangement of odontoblasts' microvilli. For the first time, basal bodies were found in the apical part of odontoblasts which led to the assumption that the radular gland originally might have been a mucous gland, the secretion of which was transported by cilia.", "PMID": 574795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11309", "title": "Structural analysis of functionally different smooth muscles.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the longitudinal and circular muscle cells of the guinea pig stomach which show different contractile responses was compared. The extracellular space within the muscle bundles is about 12.1% in the longitudinal layer and about 4.4% in the circular layer. Nexuses were sonsistently found in the circular muscle layer but not in the longitudinal muscle layer. Numbers of both mitochondria and microtubules per unit area of smooth muscle cell are larger in the longitudinal than in the circular muscle. Cellular area occupied by sarcoplasmic reticulum is about 4.7% in the longitudinal muscle, 2.3% in the circular muscle. The numbers of caveolae are almost the same in both tissues. The most distinct difference between the two types of smooth muscle is the appearance of the thick filaments. The circular muscle cell contains approximately 50 thick filaments per 0.5 micron 2 of cytoplasmic area, while the longitudinal muscle cell only about 25 filaments which were usually much thinner than those of the circular muscle. These results indicate that the contractile apparatus itself is different in longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of the guinea pig stomach.", "contents": "Structural analysis of functionally different smooth muscles. The ultrastructure of the longitudinal and circular muscle cells of the guinea pig stomach which show different contractile responses was compared. The extracellular space within the muscle bundles is about 12.1% in the longitudinal layer and about 4.4% in the circular layer. Nexuses were sonsistently found in the circular muscle layer but not in the longitudinal muscle layer. Numbers of both mitochondria and microtubules per unit area of smooth muscle cell are larger in the longitudinal than in the circular muscle. Cellular area occupied by sarcoplasmic reticulum is about 4.7% in the longitudinal muscle, 2.3% in the circular muscle. The numbers of caveolae are almost the same in both tissues. The most distinct difference between the two types of smooth muscle is the appearance of the thick filaments. The circular muscle cell contains approximately 50 thick filaments per 0.5 micron 2 of cytoplasmic area, while the longitudinal muscle cell only about 25 filaments which were usually much thinner than those of the circular muscle. These results indicate that the contractile apparatus itself is different in longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of the guinea pig stomach.", "PMID": 574796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11310", "title": "The comparative ultrastructure of the egg membrane and associated pore structures in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus (Pallas), and pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum).", "content": "Eggs of the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to determine differences in egg membrane structure with reference to contrasting ecological conditions in which the eggs normally develop. The egg membrane of the starry flounder constitutes 0.22--0.50% of the egg's diameter. The zona radiata is composed of 6 continuous horizontal lamellae, covered by a thin triple layered border, and pierced by numerous regularly spaced pore canals. The micropyle canal measures 8 microns at the opening and tapers to 3.6 microns as it penetrates the membrane. In contrast, the thicker membrane of the pink salmon egg forms 0.80--1.0% of the egg's diameter, is composed of numerous short discontinuous lamellae which are pierced by pore canals, and is covered by a coating of irregular thickness. The 15--16 micron micropyle opening is surrounded by an area of protrusions, and the funnel-shaped canal tapers to 2 microns at its terminal aperture. Contrasting environmental conditions during embryogenesis of these two species may be reflected by the thin membrane and simple lamellar structure in the pelagic egg of the starry flounder, and the thick membrane and complex lamellar structure in the demersal egg of the pink salmon.", "contents": "The comparative ultrastructure of the egg membrane and associated pore structures in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus (Pallas), and pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Eggs of the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to determine differences in egg membrane structure with reference to contrasting ecological conditions in which the eggs normally develop. The egg membrane of the starry flounder constitutes 0.22--0.50% of the egg's diameter. The zona radiata is composed of 6 continuous horizontal lamellae, covered by a thin triple layered border, and pierced by numerous regularly spaced pore canals. The micropyle canal measures 8 microns at the opening and tapers to 3.6 microns as it penetrates the membrane. In contrast, the thicker membrane of the pink salmon egg forms 0.80--1.0% of the egg's diameter, is composed of numerous short discontinuous lamellae which are pierced by pore canals, and is covered by a coating of irregular thickness. The 15--16 micron micropyle opening is surrounded by an area of protrusions, and the funnel-shaped canal tapers to 2 microns at its terminal aperture. Contrasting environmental conditions during embryogenesis of these two species may be reflected by the thin membrane and simple lamellar structure in the pelagic egg of the starry flounder, and the thick membrane and complex lamellar structure in the demersal egg of the pink salmon.", "PMID": 574797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11311", "title": "The lamina propria of the bovine seminiferous tubule.", "content": "The boundary tissue of bovine testicular seminiferous tubules exhibits remarkable regional differences at the level of the seminiferous tubule proper, as compared with its terminal segment. The basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule proper is multilayered and possesses knob-like protrusions. At the level of the terminal segment the basal lamina is highly specialized; in the region of the terminal plug candelabrum-like projections of the tubular basal lamina invade the bases of the modified supporting cells up to a depth of 3.5 microns. The adjoining surface of these supporting cells is densely studded with hemidesmosomes. The elongated peritubular cells are arranged in 3--5 concentric layers around the tubulus seminiferus proper but form a loose association at the level of the terminal segment. Where the terminal segment joins the testicular straight tubule, peritubular cells may assemble to constitute a contractile spiral. Elastic tissue is situated mainly subjacent to the tubular basal lamina and to a lesser degree between the peritubular cell layers. A peritubular space lined by endothelium-like cells may surround the seminiferous tubule proper and also the transitional zone of the terminal segment.", "contents": "The lamina propria of the bovine seminiferous tubule. The boundary tissue of bovine testicular seminiferous tubules exhibits remarkable regional differences at the level of the seminiferous tubule proper, as compared with its terminal segment. The basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule proper is multilayered and possesses knob-like protrusions. At the level of the terminal segment the basal lamina is highly specialized; in the region of the terminal plug candelabrum-like projections of the tubular basal lamina invade the bases of the modified supporting cells up to a depth of 3.5 microns. The adjoining surface of these supporting cells is densely studded with hemidesmosomes. The elongated peritubular cells are arranged in 3--5 concentric layers around the tubulus seminiferus proper but form a loose association at the level of the terminal segment. Where the terminal segment joins the testicular straight tubule, peritubular cells may assemble to constitute a contractile spiral. Elastic tissue is situated mainly subjacent to the tubular basal lamina and to a lesser degree between the peritubular cell layers. A peritubular space lined by endothelium-like cells may surround the seminiferous tubule proper and also the transitional zone of the terminal segment.", "PMID": 574798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11312", "title": "Ultrastructure of the heart of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus (Chondrostei).", "content": "The ultrastructure of atrial and ventricular myocardial cells from Acipenser stellatus is described. The cells of the atrium are more loosely connected than those of the ventricle. Cell contact is by simple intercalated discs and by desmosomes. The cells are flattened, with peripheral myofibrils and a central region of mitochondria and the nucleus. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of subsarcolemmal tubules, that frequently extend towards the central mitochondria. Dyads are small and positioned at any sarcomeric level. No T-tubules are present. Specific granules are restricted to the atrial cell, and are sometimes present within the SR tubules.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the heart of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus (Chondrostei). The ultrastructure of atrial and ventricular myocardial cells from Acipenser stellatus is described. The cells of the atrium are more loosely connected than those of the ventricle. Cell contact is by simple intercalated discs and by desmosomes. The cells are flattened, with peripheral myofibrils and a central region of mitochondria and the nucleus. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of subsarcolemmal tubules, that frequently extend towards the central mitochondria. Dyads are small and positioned at any sarcomeric level. No T-tubules are present. Specific granules are restricted to the atrial cell, and are sometimes present within the SR tubules.", "PMID": 574799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11313", "title": "The fine structure of the cumulus oophorus during follicular development in sheep.", "content": "The cumulus and membrana granulosa of non-atretic ovarian follicles from primordial up to a stage shortly before ovulation were studied by electron microscopy. The follicular cells of primordial follicles were undifferentiated and rested on a thick basal lamina. In secondary follicles the endoplasmic reticulum had proliferated forming an anastomosing network. In early antral and antral follicles (0.5--2.0 mm dia.) the ER was composed of short cisternae, the mitochondria had elongated and gap junctions were first observed. In late antral follicles (3.0--5.9 mm dia.) gap junctions were frequent. In the cumulus the glycogen was associated with electron lucent areas whereas in the granulosa it was invariably associated with membranes. In large antral follicles large membrane bound bodies were present in the basal cells of the cumulus. At early oestrus a distinctive mitochondrial morphology was noted in the granulosa but not elsewhere in the follicles. At mid oestrus numerous annular nexuses were present in the granulosa but not in the cumulus. At late oestrus numerous lipid droplets were formed in both cumulus and granulosa, the boundary with theca interna became indistinct and the basal lamina became incomplete.", "contents": "The fine structure of the cumulus oophorus during follicular development in sheep. The cumulus and membrana granulosa of non-atretic ovarian follicles from primordial up to a stage shortly before ovulation were studied by electron microscopy. The follicular cells of primordial follicles were undifferentiated and rested on a thick basal lamina. In secondary follicles the endoplasmic reticulum had proliferated forming an anastomosing network. In early antral and antral follicles (0.5--2.0 mm dia.) the ER was composed of short cisternae, the mitochondria had elongated and gap junctions were first observed. In late antral follicles (3.0--5.9 mm dia.) gap junctions were frequent. In the cumulus the glycogen was associated with electron lucent areas whereas in the granulosa it was invariably associated with membranes. In large antral follicles large membrane bound bodies were present in the basal cells of the cumulus. At early oestrus a distinctive mitochondrial morphology was noted in the granulosa but not elsewhere in the follicles. At mid oestrus numerous annular nexuses were present in the granulosa but not in the cumulus. At late oestrus numerous lipid droplets were formed in both cumulus and granulosa, the boundary with theca interna became indistinct and the basal lamina became incomplete.", "PMID": 574800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11314", "title": "Nuclear inclusions in paraventricular nucleus neurons of the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, \"microfilamentous spindle-shaped\" and \"crystalloid\", present in paraventricular nucleus neurons of adult normal rats. These inclusions appear occasionally in some non-secretory neurons of the parvocellular system, but have never been seen in neurosecretory cells of the magnocellular system. The microfilamentous spindle-shaped inclusions show a close spatial relationship with the granulofibrillar body and interchromatin granules. The distribution and functional significance of such structures are discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.", "contents": "Nuclear inclusions in paraventricular nucleus neurons of the rat hypothalamus. This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, \"microfilamentous spindle-shaped\" and \"crystalloid\", present in paraventricular nucleus neurons of adult normal rats. These inclusions appear occasionally in some non-secretory neurons of the parvocellular system, but have never been seen in neurosecretory cells of the magnocellular system. The microfilamentous spindle-shaped inclusions show a close spatial relationship with the granulofibrillar body and interchromatin granules. The distribution and functional significance of such structures are discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.", "PMID": 574801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11315", "title": "Junctions between interstitial cells of the renal medulla: a freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Cell junctions between interstitial cells of the renal medulla were studied in freeze-fracture replicas of kidneys from rat, rabbit, hamster and the tree-shrew Tupaia belangeri. In all species studied a composite type of intercellular junction was found comprising elements of tight junctions and irregular gap junctions of highly variable size and shape. The number of these junctions increased towards the tip of the papilla. Our findings suggest that the composite junctions observed play a role in the maintainance of the ladder-like arrangement of the interstitial cells in the inner zone. The existence of irregular gap junctions raises the possibility that the functions of the interstitial cells are coordinated, especially during alterations of the functional state of the kidney.", "contents": "Junctions between interstitial cells of the renal medulla: a freeze-fracture study. Cell junctions between interstitial cells of the renal medulla were studied in freeze-fracture replicas of kidneys from rat, rabbit, hamster and the tree-shrew Tupaia belangeri. In all species studied a composite type of intercellular junction was found comprising elements of tight junctions and irregular gap junctions of highly variable size and shape. The number of these junctions increased towards the tip of the papilla. Our findings suggest that the composite junctions observed play a role in the maintainance of the ladder-like arrangement of the interstitial cells in the inner zone. The existence of irregular gap junctions raises the possibility that the functions of the interstitial cells are coordinated, especially during alterations of the functional state of the kidney.", "PMID": 574802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11316", "title": "An actin filament matrix in hand-isolated nuclei of X. laevis oocytes.", "content": "The nuclear gel of Xenopus oocytes contains a meshwork of randomly oriented microfilaments which have been identified as F-actin by decoration with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin subfragment-1 (S-1). Nuclear gel preparations treated with S-1 differ in several respects from control preparations incubated in either aqueous medium alone, or medium containing BSA. Actin filaments in control preparations appear less well preserved than those in S-1 treated preparations of the nuclear gel. The nucleoli of control preparations are extremely dense, while those of S-1 treated preparations have a more open, granular appearance. Large granular aggregates, which are a prominent feature of the controls, are seen much less frequently in S-1-treated preparations of the nuclear gel. These morphological differences appear to be correlated with the binding of protein to F-actin, since nuclear gel preparations incubated in tropomyosin, which also binds to actin filaments, appear similar to those treated with S-1. Approximately 63% of the total nuclear actin exists in a globular state, while 37% is filamentous.", "contents": "An actin filament matrix in hand-isolated nuclei of X. laevis oocytes. The nuclear gel of Xenopus oocytes contains a meshwork of randomly oriented microfilaments which have been identified as F-actin by decoration with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin subfragment-1 (S-1). Nuclear gel preparations treated with S-1 differ in several respects from control preparations incubated in either aqueous medium alone, or medium containing BSA. Actin filaments in control preparations appear less well preserved than those in S-1 treated preparations of the nuclear gel. The nucleoli of control preparations are extremely dense, while those of S-1 treated preparations have a more open, granular appearance. Large granular aggregates, which are a prominent feature of the controls, are seen much less frequently in S-1-treated preparations of the nuclear gel. These morphological differences appear to be correlated with the binding of protein to F-actin, since nuclear gel preparations incubated in tropomyosin, which also binds to actin filaments, appear similar to those treated with S-1. Approximately 63% of the total nuclear actin exists in a globular state, while 37% is filamentous.", "PMID": 574804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11317", "title": "Oocyte-follicle cell relationships in a starfish.", "content": "The follicle cells which surround the oocytes of starfish are known to both release the hormone 1-methyladenine and to respond to it by an active movement which forms a component of the spawning response to the hormone. In Patiria miniata these flagellated cells are located peripheral to the oocyte and have long cytoplasmic processes which penetrate the vitelline layer to the egg surface to form an adhering zonule-like junction. Within the follicle cell cytoplasm are located elongate filamentous bands which appear to represent a component of the contractile mechanism that mediates follicle cell response to 1-methyladenine. These bands do not resemble the filaments of vertebrate smooth muscle cells (quantity, distribution and size of filaments; lack of dense bodies in the filament mass), nor the contractile units of the superficial epithelium of lower vertebrate follicles.", "contents": "Oocyte-follicle cell relationships in a starfish. The follicle cells which surround the oocytes of starfish are known to both release the hormone 1-methyladenine and to respond to it by an active movement which forms a component of the spawning response to the hormone. In Patiria miniata these flagellated cells are located peripheral to the oocyte and have long cytoplasmic processes which penetrate the vitelline layer to the egg surface to form an adhering zonule-like junction. Within the follicle cell cytoplasm are located elongate filamentous bands which appear to represent a component of the contractile mechanism that mediates follicle cell response to 1-methyladenine. These bands do not resemble the filaments of vertebrate smooth muscle cells (quantity, distribution and size of filaments; lack of dense bodies in the filament mass), nor the contractile units of the superficial epithelium of lower vertebrate follicles.", "PMID": 574803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11318", "title": "Evidence for a DNA ligase change related to early cleavage in axolotl egg.", "content": "A definite change in the forms of DNA ligase appears when the axolotl egg enters cleavage. Sucrose gradient and phosphocellulose chromatography show that the a 6S form of DNA ligase exists before division, i.e. in unfertilised and fertilised egg, and a 8.2S form is present at the first division. N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity and heat stability are different for the two forms. The possible significance of this early change is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for a DNA ligase change related to early cleavage in axolotl egg. A definite change in the forms of DNA ligase appears when the axolotl egg enters cleavage. Sucrose gradient and phosphocellulose chromatography show that the a 6S form of DNA ligase exists before division, i.e. in unfertilised and fertilised egg, and a 8.2S form is present at the first division. N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity and heat stability are different for the two forms. The possible significance of this early change is discussed.", "PMID": 574805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11319", "title": "Idiopathic oedema: a study of the effects of bromocriptine.", "content": "We have studied the effect of bromocriptine in seven patients with idiopathic oedema. Two patients were unable to tolerate the drug; the remaining five were maintained on doses of between 5 and 7.5 mg a day. Symptomatic improvement was noted in two patients and in both of these and one other there was a significant improvement in mean diurnal weight gain. The fall in free water and sodium clearance on standing was reduced by bromocriptine, but there was no significant change in the excessive fall in plasma volume.", "contents": "Idiopathic oedema: a study of the effects of bromocriptine. We have studied the effect of bromocriptine in seven patients with idiopathic oedema. Two patients were unable to tolerate the drug; the remaining five were maintained on doses of between 5 and 7.5 mg a day. Symptomatic improvement was noted in two patients and in both of these and one other there was a significant improvement in mean diurnal weight gain. The fall in free water and sodium clearance on standing was reduced by bromocriptine, but there was no significant change in the excessive fall in plasma volume.", "PMID": 574809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11320", "title": "Heterozygote detection in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: limitation of hair follicle analysis.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was demonstrated in a case of favism. The X-linked enzyme defect was expressed in erythrocytes but not in hair root cells. Predictably, the mother shown to be a heterozygous carrier on the basis of intermediate erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity could not be identified as a carrier by means of hair root study. It seems to be necessary to test the hair roots of at least one enzyme-deficient member of the family to exclude false negative results, if hair root analysis is used for carrier detection. Because of the more or less clonal origin of hair roots, they remain a convenient biopsy material with which to study heterozygosity in X-linked inborn errors of metabolism.", "contents": "Heterozygote detection in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: limitation of hair follicle analysis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was demonstrated in a case of favism. The X-linked enzyme defect was expressed in erythrocytes but not in hair root cells. Predictably, the mother shown to be a heterozygous carrier on the basis of intermediate erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity could not be identified as a carrier by means of hair root study. It seems to be necessary to test the hair roots of at least one enzyme-deficient member of the family to exclude false negative results, if hair root analysis is used for carrier detection. Because of the more or less clonal origin of hair roots, they remain a convenient biopsy material with which to study heterozygosity in X-linked inborn errors of metabolism.", "PMID": 574811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11321", "title": "Diurnal variation in uterine estrogen receptors in immature female rats--inhibition by arginine vasotocin.", "content": "A diurnal variation in uterine estrogen receptors from immature female rats was observed with the peak occurring during the mid-light phase (noon) of the cycle. Although no dose response was noted, all concentrations of arginine vasotocin ranging from 5 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-9) significantly inhibited binding of 3H-estradiol to estrogen receptors in the cytosol fraction of uteri obtained from immature female rats either during the light or dark phase of the photoperiod.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in uterine estrogen receptors in immature female rats--inhibition by arginine vasotocin. A diurnal variation in uterine estrogen receptors from immature female rats was observed with the peak occurring during the mid-light phase (noon) of the cycle. Although no dose response was noted, all concentrations of arginine vasotocin ranging from 5 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-9) significantly inhibited binding of 3H-estradiol to estrogen receptors in the cytosol fraction of uteri obtained from immature female rats either during the light or dark phase of the photoperiod.", "PMID": 574816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11322", "title": "Conjugation of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger and rabbit antibodies using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-maleimide.", "content": "Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger was conjugated with rabbit immunoglobulin G or its monovalent fragments (Fab'). The enzyme was treated with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-maleimide to introduce maleimide groups, which were then allowed to react with thiol groups of reduced IgG or Fab'. More than 40% of immunoglobulin G, Fab' and enzyme used could be conjugated without self-coupling. The enzyme activity decreased about 26 and 15% upon conjugation with immunoglobulin G and Fab', respectively, and the ability of antibody to bind to antigen was well preserved in conjugates. Conjugate preparations purified by gel filtration contained little free form of immunoglobulin G, Fab' or enzyme. Both the cross-link and enzyme activity in Fab' conjugate were stable at pH 6-7 at 4 degrees C for at least 6 months.", "contents": "Conjugation of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger and rabbit antibodies using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-maleimide. Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger was conjugated with rabbit immunoglobulin G or its monovalent fragments (Fab'). The enzyme was treated with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-maleimide to introduce maleimide groups, which were then allowed to react with thiol groups of reduced IgG or Fab'. More than 40% of immunoglobulin G, Fab' and enzyme used could be conjugated without self-coupling. The enzyme activity decreased about 26 and 15% upon conjugation with immunoglobulin G and Fab', respectively, and the ability of antibody to bind to antigen was well preserved in conjugates. Conjugate preparations purified by gel filtration contained little free form of immunoglobulin G, Fab' or enzyme. Both the cross-link and enzyme activity in Fab' conjugate were stable at pH 6-7 at 4 degrees C for at least 6 months.", "PMID": 574817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11323", "title": "Conidiogenous loss of structuro-functional polarity in the hyphal tips of Sclerotinia fructigena.", "content": "Ultrastructural depolarization in the conidiogenously induced hyphal tips is initiated by Spitzenk\u00f6rper (apical body) disintegration, followed by spreading of wall-associated vesicles and migration of mitochondria and lipid granules into the exclusion zone of the vegetative apices.", "contents": "Conidiogenous loss of structuro-functional polarity in the hyphal tips of Sclerotinia fructigena. Ultrastructural depolarization in the conidiogenously induced hyphal tips is initiated by Spitzenk\u00f6rper (apical body) disintegration, followed by spreading of wall-associated vesicles and migration of mitochondria and lipid granules into the exclusion zone of the vegetative apices.", "PMID": 574818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11324", "title": "Dietary cyanide and tropical malnutrition diabetes.", "content": "Two categories of diabetes are recognized in the temperate zone--ketosis-prone diabetes requiring insulin and diabetes not requiring insulin. Another unique type of diabetes occurs in the tropics. It has two forms, both different from either form of temperate zone diabetes. Type J and pancreatic diabetes are both characterized by youth onset, antecedent malnutrition, substantial insulin requirement, and resistance to ketosis. In the tropical countries where they are found, both forms are associated with specific dietary practices, including a nutritionally marginal protein intake. The close association with low protein intake distinguishes this form of diabetes from that occurring in North America, Europe, and Oceania. The geographic distribution of malnutrition diabetes, in addition to being limited to the tropics, coincides regularly with the consumption of tapioca (cassava) or other foods that contain cyanide-yielding substances. Ingested cyanide is normally detoxified, principally, by conversion to thiocyanate. This detoxification requires sulfur, derived principally from amino acid sources. Studies in the rat indicate a remarkable ability to detoxify ingested cyanide, a reduction in urinary thiocyanate excretion when protein intake is lowered (especially during growth), production of marked hyperglycemia by either oral or parenteral cyanide, and the development of cyanosis and epidermal changes when there is prolonged exposure to cyanide. Both the association of malnutrition diabetes with food cyanogens and our laboratory observations support a role for cyanide in its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Dietary cyanide and tropical malnutrition diabetes. Two categories of diabetes are recognized in the temperate zone--ketosis-prone diabetes requiring insulin and diabetes not requiring insulin. Another unique type of diabetes occurs in the tropics. It has two forms, both different from either form of temperate zone diabetes. Type J and pancreatic diabetes are both characterized by youth onset, antecedent malnutrition, substantial insulin requirement, and resistance to ketosis. In the tropical countries where they are found, both forms are associated with specific dietary practices, including a nutritionally marginal protein intake. The close association with low protein intake distinguishes this form of diabetes from that occurring in North America, Europe, and Oceania. The geographic distribution of malnutrition diabetes, in addition to being limited to the tropics, coincides regularly with the consumption of tapioca (cassava) or other foods that contain cyanide-yielding substances. Ingested cyanide is normally detoxified, principally, by conversion to thiocyanate. This detoxification requires sulfur, derived principally from amino acid sources. Studies in the rat indicate a remarkable ability to detoxify ingested cyanide, a reduction in urinary thiocyanate excretion when protein intake is lowered (especially during growth), production of marked hyperglycemia by either oral or parenteral cyanide, and the development of cyanosis and epidermal changes when there is prolonged exposure to cyanide. Both the association of malnutrition diabetes with food cyanogens and our laboratory observations support a role for cyanide in its pathogenesis.", "PMID": 574813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11325", "title": "Fine structure of the mitotic cycle of unfertilized sea urchin eggs activated by ammoniacal sea water.", "content": "Unfertilized sea urchin eggs enter a mitotic chromosome cycle after treatment with sea water containing ammonia. Centrioles cannot be found but microtubules are formed in the later stages of the cycle. The microtubules are displayed in an astral arrangement centered on clusters of osmiophilic bodies. In early stages, distinct kinetochores on the condensed chromosomes show no attachments to microtubules. Later, a few microtubules may be attached to the kinetochores. The chromosomes and microtubules are contained in a \"clear zone\", a large compact accumulation of membranes which displaces yolk particles and mitochondria, but not ribosomes, from that region of the cell. No bipolar spindle is formed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the mitotic cycle of unfertilized sea urchin eggs activated by ammoniacal sea water. Unfertilized sea urchin eggs enter a mitotic chromosome cycle after treatment with sea water containing ammonia. Centrioles cannot be found but microtubules are formed in the later stages of the cycle. The microtubules are displayed in an astral arrangement centered on clusters of osmiophilic bodies. In early stages, distinct kinetochores on the condensed chromosomes show no attachments to microtubules. Later, a few microtubules may be attached to the kinetochores. The chromosomes and microtubules are contained in a \"clear zone\", a large compact accumulation of membranes which displaces yolk particles and mitochondria, but not ribosomes, from that region of the cell. No bipolar spindle is formed.", "PMID": 574819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11326", "title": "Filaments associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the streaming cytoplasm of Chara corallina.", "content": "Perfused Chara cells capable of resuming ATP-dependent cytoplasmic streaming in low free Ca++ solutions have been examined by electron microscopy for myosin-like filaments. Filaments 44 nm in diameter and up to 3 micron in length have been found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum that along with mitochondria, microbodies and dictyosomes from the endoplasm becomes immobilised around the sub-cortical actin bundles when ATP is depleted. Such endoplasmic filaments have not been detected in association with mitochondria or microbodies and they have not been found in the stationary cortex. These filaments are extracted from the perfused cell by ATP unless motility-inhibiting levels of cytochalasin B are present. The filaments are not detectable in cells inactivated in solutions containing high (10(-4) M) Ca++ concentrations even when the Ca++ level is subsequently lowered. Consistent with their being required for motility, cytoplasmic streaming cannot be effeiciently reactivated by ATP in such filament-depleted cells. The possibility is discussed that the filaments contain myosin and that the endoplasmic reticulum with which they are associated has a major role in generating and transmitting the motive force for streaming.", "contents": "Filaments associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the streaming cytoplasm of Chara corallina. Perfused Chara cells capable of resuming ATP-dependent cytoplasmic streaming in low free Ca++ solutions have been examined by electron microscopy for myosin-like filaments. Filaments 44 nm in diameter and up to 3 micron in length have been found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum that along with mitochondria, microbodies and dictyosomes from the endoplasm becomes immobilised around the sub-cortical actin bundles when ATP is depleted. Such endoplasmic filaments have not been detected in association with mitochondria or microbodies and they have not been found in the stationary cortex. These filaments are extracted from the perfused cell by ATP unless motility-inhibiting levels of cytochalasin B are present. The filaments are not detectable in cells inactivated in solutions containing high (10(-4) M) Ca++ concentrations even when the Ca++ level is subsequently lowered. Consistent with their being required for motility, cytoplasmic streaming cannot be effeiciently reactivated by ATP in such filament-depleted cells. The possibility is discussed that the filaments contain myosin and that the endoplasmic reticulum with which they are associated has a major role in generating and transmitting the motive force for streaming.", "PMID": 574820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11327", "title": "The effects of tannic acid on the in vivo preservation of microfilaments.", "content": "A population of single, actin-like microfilaments has been found specifically associated with the cortical microtubules or radish root hairs. Extensive filament bundles are not specifically associated with the tubules although close proximity is observed. A technique is described for obtaining a reliable quantitative estimate of the size of these microfilament populations. The addition of tannic acid to the fixative preserved more microtubule-associated microfilaments, without revealing any extra non-microtubule-associated filaments. Microfilaments preserved with tannic acid have diameters which increase in proportion to the concentration of tannic acid used.", "contents": "The effects of tannic acid on the in vivo preservation of microfilaments. A population of single, actin-like microfilaments has been found specifically associated with the cortical microtubules or radish root hairs. Extensive filament bundles are not specifically associated with the tubules although close proximity is observed. A technique is described for obtaining a reliable quantitative estimate of the size of these microfilament populations. The addition of tannic acid to the fixative preserved more microtubule-associated microfilaments, without revealing any extra non-microtubule-associated filaments. Microfilaments preserved with tannic acid have diameters which increase in proportion to the concentration of tannic acid used.", "PMID": 574821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11328", "title": "Long-term response to human growth hormone in 36 children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "The results of long term treatment with human growth hormone (Crescormon, 12.4 IU/m2/week) in 36 patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency are given. Birth trauma--in particular assisted breech delivery (30%)--is the major aetiological cause. Twelve patients had isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), 24 had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD) of which 19 were treated with additional thyroid hormones. The results were judged by the criteria of height velocity, total height gain and change of height prediction (TW2, age based). It is concluded that the growth hormone dose chosen in many cases is insufficient to maintain high growth rates after the first year of treatment, when \"catch-up\" no loner takes place. The tendency of patients supplemented with thyroid hormone to grow better--without additional bone-age advancement--calls for careful search for hypothyroidism and suggests the use of thyroxin in cases of doubt.", "contents": "Long-term response to human growth hormone in 36 children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. The results of long term treatment with human growth hormone (Crescormon, 12.4 IU/m2/week) in 36 patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency are given. Birth trauma--in particular assisted breech delivery (30%)--is the major aetiological cause. Twelve patients had isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), 24 had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD) of which 19 were treated with additional thyroid hormones. The results were judged by the criteria of height velocity, total height gain and change of height prediction (TW2, age based). It is concluded that the growth hormone dose chosen in many cases is insufficient to maintain high growth rates after the first year of treatment, when \"catch-up\" no loner takes place. The tendency of patients supplemented with thyroid hormone to grow better--without additional bone-age advancement--calls for careful search for hypothyroidism and suggests the use of thyroxin in cases of doubt.", "PMID": 574823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11329", "title": "Age differences and stress ulcer in the rat.", "content": "Rats 2-, 7- and 12-mo. old were exposed to supine body restraint plus cold (5 degrees C) for 3 hr. The mean cumulative length of lesions for the 2-, 7-, and 12 mo. old rats was 22.0, 43.0 and 16.0 mm. respectively. The same experimental design was used in a second study, but the pylorus was ligated prior to restraint. Total acid output/hr. was 134.6, 178.2, and 64.7 muEq/60 min. respectively for the three age groups. Older rats were not more susceptible to stress-ulcer and gastric acid was not significantly related to degree of ulceration.", "contents": "Age differences and stress ulcer in the rat. Rats 2-, 7- and 12-mo. old were exposed to supine body restraint plus cold (5 degrees C) for 3 hr. The mean cumulative length of lesions for the 2-, 7-, and 12 mo. old rats was 22.0, 43.0 and 16.0 mm. respectively. The same experimental design was used in a second study, but the pylorus was ligated prior to restraint. Total acid output/hr. was 134.6, 178.2, and 64.7 muEq/60 min. respectively for the three age groups. Older rats were not more susceptible to stress-ulcer and gastric acid was not significantly related to degree of ulceration.", "PMID": 574824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11330", "title": "Presence of spermatozoa in cervicovaginal smears from young and old women.", "content": "Routine cervicovaginal (PAP) smears from 1,239 women from ages 16 to 92 were examined retrospectively for spermatozoa. The prevalence of spermatozoa in cervicovaginal smears was found to be highest (25%) in the 20-24 year age group, and fell gradually to 20% in the 70-79 year age group. The oldest woman in the study to have spermatozoa in her smear was 76 years old. In order to evaluate persistence of spermatozoa in the lower genital tracts of women, 697 smears were prepared from women who had volunteered the time of last coitus, birth control methods, and douching practices. Spermatozoa could be found in smears taken up to 10 days after coitus, although their number decreased due to vaginal douching and birth control. These findings confirm that coital activity in aging women can persist into the eighth decade of some women's lives.", "contents": "Presence of spermatozoa in cervicovaginal smears from young and old women. Routine cervicovaginal (PAP) smears from 1,239 women from ages 16 to 92 were examined retrospectively for spermatozoa. The prevalence of spermatozoa in cervicovaginal smears was found to be highest (25%) in the 20-24 year age group, and fell gradually to 20% in the 70-79 year age group. The oldest woman in the study to have spermatozoa in her smear was 76 years old. In order to evaluate persistence of spermatozoa in the lower genital tracts of women, 697 smears were prepared from women who had volunteered the time of last coitus, birth control methods, and douching practices. Spermatozoa could be found in smears taken up to 10 days after coitus, although their number decreased due to vaginal douching and birth control. These findings confirm that coital activity in aging women can persist into the eighth decade of some women's lives.", "PMID": 574825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11331", "title": "Pattern of follicular growth and steroidogenesis in the ovary of aging cycling rats.", "content": "Prior to the cessation of reproductive cycles, older female rats exhibit irregular and prolonged cycles due to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. In order to evaluate the age-related changes in the ovary, the histology, and estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations within the ovaries of mature regular cycling (4--5 mo. old) and older irregular cycling (10--11 mo. old) rats were examined. At estrus, the number of non-atretic growing follicles (150--300u in diameter) was greater in the mature than in the older rats (18 +/- 1.5 vs 4.5 +/- 1.4). However, the number of preovulatory follicles on proestrus did not differ (6.0 +/- 1.2 vs 5.5 +/- 0.6). Estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations on proestrus in mature rats averaged 38.8 pg, 56.1 pg, and 1.0 ng/ml of ovary, respectively. In the older proestrous rat, only estradiol was altered, increasing to 124.3 pg/mg. In addition, many of the preovulatory follicles within the aged ovary were larger (greater than 600u in diameter) than those within the mature ovary. On the day of estrus virtually all preovulatory follicles ovulated in the mature rat, whereas large follicles, less than or equal to 600u in diameter, remained in the older ovary. In addition, estradiol levels remained elevated and ovarian cysts were observed in the aged ovary. Thus, in the older irregular cycling rat, 1) pre-ovulatory follicles develop, but many do not ovulate; 2) these non-ovulatory follicles form ovarian cysts which remain within the ovary. The number of cysts may increase with age until a polycystic ovary develops and the rat enters a constant estrous state.", "contents": "Pattern of follicular growth and steroidogenesis in the ovary of aging cycling rats. Prior to the cessation of reproductive cycles, older female rats exhibit irregular and prolonged cycles due to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. In order to evaluate the age-related changes in the ovary, the histology, and estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations within the ovaries of mature regular cycling (4--5 mo. old) and older irregular cycling (10--11 mo. old) rats were examined. At estrus, the number of non-atretic growing follicles (150--300u in diameter) was greater in the mature than in the older rats (18 +/- 1.5 vs 4.5 +/- 1.4). However, the number of preovulatory follicles on proestrus did not differ (6.0 +/- 1.2 vs 5.5 +/- 0.6). Estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations on proestrus in mature rats averaged 38.8 pg, 56.1 pg, and 1.0 ng/ml of ovary, respectively. In the older proestrous rat, only estradiol was altered, increasing to 124.3 pg/mg. In addition, many of the preovulatory follicles within the aged ovary were larger (greater than 600u in diameter) than those within the mature ovary. On the day of estrus virtually all preovulatory follicles ovulated in the mature rat, whereas large follicles, less than or equal to 600u in diameter, remained in the older ovary. In addition, estradiol levels remained elevated and ovarian cysts were observed in the aged ovary. Thus, in the older irregular cycling rat, 1) pre-ovulatory follicles develop, but many do not ovulate; 2) these non-ovulatory follicles form ovarian cysts which remain within the ovary. The number of cysts may increase with age until a polycystic ovary develops and the rat enters a constant estrous state.", "PMID": 574826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11332", "title": "Ontogeny of behavioral development, arousal and stereotypes in two strains of mice.", "content": "A number of reflexes and amphetamine-induced locomotor and stereotyped behavior were assesses in 8, 16, 32, 90 and 360 day old C57BL/6J and SEC/1ReJ inbred mice. The data indicate that C57 mice are more precocious for a number of neuronal and behavioral mechanisms while SEC mice are less mature at birth. In addition, there are appreciable fluctuations of these behavioral patterns throughout life. A rise in arousal levels was evident in both strains between 8 and 16 days and between 32 and 90 days of age. Three-hundred-sixty days old mice presented a general decrease in the levels of arousal. These findings are discussed in terms of neuronal and behavioral plasticity and in relation to the ontogeny of the different catecholaminergic systems which modulate excitory and inhibitory different behavioral patterns at different ages.", "contents": "Ontogeny of behavioral development, arousal and stereotypes in two strains of mice. A number of reflexes and amphetamine-induced locomotor and stereotyped behavior were assesses in 8, 16, 32, 90 and 360 day old C57BL/6J and SEC/1ReJ inbred mice. The data indicate that C57 mice are more precocious for a number of neuronal and behavioral mechanisms while SEC mice are less mature at birth. In addition, there are appreciable fluctuations of these behavioral patterns throughout life. A rise in arousal levels was evident in both strains between 8 and 16 days and between 32 and 90 days of age. Three-hundred-sixty days old mice presented a general decrease in the levels of arousal. These findings are discussed in terms of neuronal and behavioral plasticity and in relation to the ontogeny of the different catecholaminergic systems which modulate excitory and inhibitory different behavioral patterns at different ages.", "PMID": 574827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11333", "title": "A prodrug of ADTN: selectivity of dopaminergic action and brain levels of ADTN.", "content": "The effects of administration of the prodrug dibenzoyl ADTN (DBADTN) on ADTN concentrations in rat brain and on behaviour in rats having a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in the corpus striatum have been studied. Using a combination of HPLC and electrochemical detection as assay method it was found that there was a more selective accumulation of ADTN in the corpus striatum than in the cerebellum. In addition the accumulation of ADTN in the corpus striatum was slow in onset yet long in duration. The peak concentration of ADTN was relatively low and although it was sufficient to cause a strong stimulation of presynaptic DA receptors it did not cause significant rotation in the unilaterally lesioned rat. Prodrug methodology may thus prove useful in designing new selectively acting DA agonists.", "contents": "A prodrug of ADTN: selectivity of dopaminergic action and brain levels of ADTN. The effects of administration of the prodrug dibenzoyl ADTN (DBADTN) on ADTN concentrations in rat brain and on behaviour in rats having a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in the corpus striatum have been studied. Using a combination of HPLC and electrochemical detection as assay method it was found that there was a more selective accumulation of ADTN in the corpus striatum than in the cerebellum. In addition the accumulation of ADTN in the corpus striatum was slow in onset yet long in duration. The peak concentration of ADTN was relatively low and although it was sufficient to cause a strong stimulation of presynaptic DA receptors it did not cause significant rotation in the unilaterally lesioned rat. Prodrug methodology may thus prove useful in designing new selectively acting DA agonists.", "PMID": 574829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11334", "title": "Effect of bromocriptine on gonadal ornithine decarboxylase in vitro.", "content": "The alterations in ornithine decarboxylase activity in response to in vitro treatment with bromocriptine suggest the possible direct action of the drug on gonads.", "contents": "Effect of bromocriptine on gonadal ornithine decarboxylase in vitro. The alterations in ornithine decarboxylase activity in response to in vitro treatment with bromocriptine suggest the possible direct action of the drug on gonads.", "PMID": 574831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11335", "title": "Diurnal rhythm of active calcium transport in rat intestine.", "content": "The active calcium transport along the small intestine of adult rat was shown to exhibit daily rhythmic variations of considerable amplitude. Both the light-dark cycle and the time of food presentation acted as synchronizers of the rhythm observed.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm of active calcium transport in rat intestine. The active calcium transport along the small intestine of adult rat was shown to exhibit daily rhythmic variations of considerable amplitude. Both the light-dark cycle and the time of food presentation acted as synchronizers of the rhythm observed.", "PMID": 574832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11336", "title": "[Diurnal variations evidence of glomerular filtration in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Parallel variations in plasma and urine variations of endogenous urea and creatinine level in the rat during 4 consecutive 6-h-long periods permit to evidence urea and creatinine clearance diurnal variations with very significant increase in the 2 nightly periods. The signification of this very large nightly glomerular filtration increase is discussed.", "contents": "[Diurnal variations evidence of glomerular filtration in the rat (author's transl)]. Parallel variations in plasma and urine variations of endogenous urea and creatinine level in the rat during 4 consecutive 6-h-long periods permit to evidence urea and creatinine clearance diurnal variations with very significant increase in the 2 nightly periods. The signification of this very large nightly glomerular filtration increase is discussed.", "PMID": 574833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11337", "title": "[A radioimmunoassay for plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) using N-terminal PTH antiserum (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate plasma bioactive PTH, we tried to assay the N-terminal portion of PTH by RIA. The antiserum to PTH was prepared by immunizing rabbits with a bovine 1-34 PTH conjugate BSA. A preparation of labeled PTH was radioiodinated by the chloramine-T or lactoperoxidase method. Labeled PTH was purified by means of adsorption by Quso G-32 powder or a sephadex G-50. The separation of the free and bound labeled hormone was performed by the dextran-coated charcoal method. The assay was carried out as follows: 0.2 ml diluted buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.6, veronal buffer), 0.1 ml standard PTH or sample to be tested, and 0.1 ml anti-PTH serum were mixed. After the first incubation at 4 degrees C for 4 days, 0.1 ml labeled PTH were added. After a second incubation at 4 degrees C for 12 hours, the assay tubes were centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 30 min and the precipitates were counted. Various hypothalamic, pituitary and thyroid hormones did not interfere with the RIA for PTH. A dose response curve was obtained in a range from 100 pg to 5,000 pg per ml of standard PTH in this assay system. The serum immunoreactive PTH in healthy subjects values less than 290 pg per ml.", "contents": "[A radioimmunoassay for plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) using N-terminal PTH antiserum (author's transl)]. In order to investigate plasma bioactive PTH, we tried to assay the N-terminal portion of PTH by RIA. The antiserum to PTH was prepared by immunizing rabbits with a bovine 1-34 PTH conjugate BSA. A preparation of labeled PTH was radioiodinated by the chloramine-T or lactoperoxidase method. Labeled PTH was purified by means of adsorption by Quso G-32 powder or a sephadex G-50. The separation of the free and bound labeled hormone was performed by the dextran-coated charcoal method. The assay was carried out as follows: 0.2 ml diluted buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.6, veronal buffer), 0.1 ml standard PTH or sample to be tested, and 0.1 ml anti-PTH serum were mixed. After the first incubation at 4 degrees C for 4 days, 0.1 ml labeled PTH were added. After a second incubation at 4 degrees C for 12 hours, the assay tubes were centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 30 min and the precipitates were counted. Various hypothalamic, pituitary and thyroid hormones did not interfere with the RIA for PTH. A dose response curve was obtained in a range from 100 pg to 5,000 pg per ml of standard PTH in this assay system. The serum immunoreactive PTH in healthy subjects values less than 290 pg per ml.", "PMID": 574838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11338", "title": "Maternal-channelled infant feeding.", "content": "Proper feeding of the mother during pregnancy and lactation -- preferably with locally available foods -- will optimize the volume and composition of breast milk (both as the sole food for the young baby and as a supplement for the transitional). This approach will avoid the economic, infective and distributive complexities of introducing cow's milk and bottle feeding unnecessarily, and will also help to retard the decline in breast feeding on a community basis.", "contents": "Maternal-channelled infant feeding. Proper feeding of the mother during pregnancy and lactation -- preferably with locally available foods -- will optimize the volume and composition of breast milk (both as the sole food for the young baby and as a supplement for the transitional). This approach will avoid the economic, infective and distributive complexities of introducing cow's milk and bottle feeding unnecessarily, and will also help to retard the decline in breast feeding on a community basis.", "PMID": 574839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11339", "title": "Neonatal behavior of infants of adolescent mothers.", "content": "The Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale was administered to 30 infants of adolescent mothers (under 18 years of age at delivery) and 30 infants of older mothers, at between two and five days of age. The infants of the adolescent mothers were found to be significantly less capable of responding to social stimuli, less alert, and less able to control motor behavior and to perform integrated motor activities. The results are further discussed in terms of the 'stimulus value' of the infant and areas of focus for efforts at early intervention.", "contents": "Neonatal behavior of infants of adolescent mothers. The Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale was administered to 30 infants of adolescent mothers (under 18 years of age at delivery) and 30 infants of older mothers, at between two and five days of age. The infants of the adolescent mothers were found to be significantly less capable of responding to social stimuli, less alert, and less able to control motor behavior and to perform integrated motor activities. The results are further discussed in terms of the 'stimulus value' of the infant and areas of focus for efforts at early intervention.", "PMID": 574842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11340", "title": "Epidemiology of myelomeningocele in Utah.", "content": "This study suggests that in the Intermountain area of the United States (Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and Montana) there is an effect of social class on the incidence of myelomeningocele: the higher the social class the less the incidence. This survey also suggests that there is an influence from the social class in which the mother was raised, as well as that into which she marries. Birth order and maternal age were found to have no influence on the incidence of myelomeningocele in this study.", "contents": "Epidemiology of myelomeningocele in Utah. This study suggests that in the Intermountain area of the United States (Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and Montana) there is an effect of social class on the incidence of myelomeningocele: the higher the social class the less the incidence. This survey also suggests that there is an influence from the social class in which the mother was raised, as well as that into which she marries. Birth order and maternal age were found to have no influence on the incidence of myelomeningocele in this study.", "PMID": 574843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11341", "title": "[Formation of structural chromosome mutations in metaphase of mitosis].", "content": "The rate of structural chromosome mutations at metaphase of the first mitosis was determined in culture of embrionic mouse fibroblasts after UV-irradiation during the S-period (lambda = 265 nm at an incident dose of 40 erg/mm2). It is established that the mutation rate is higher at late metaphase than at early metaphase. After the cell treatment with intercalating compounds (actinomycin D, acridine orange or ethidium bromide) at metaphase, the rate of UV-induced chromosome aberrations was decreased (about 2-fold). It is concluded from the results obtained that the majority of aberrations arise during metaphase after UV-irradiation in the process of DNA synthesis. After the cell treatment with o-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) during the S-period the rate of structural mutations was the same at late and early metaphases. This rate was not affected by the caffeine treatment at metaphase; during this stage the acentric chromosome fragments lie outside the equatorial plate, which is an indication that the OMHA-induced aberrations, in contrast to the UV-induced aberrations, are formed before the beginning of metaphase, possibly during the interphase. It is suggested that the chromosome condensation during metaphase is of importance in the formation of structural mutations.", "contents": "[Formation of structural chromosome mutations in metaphase of mitosis]. The rate of structural chromosome mutations at metaphase of the first mitosis was determined in culture of embrionic mouse fibroblasts after UV-irradiation during the S-period (lambda = 265 nm at an incident dose of 40 erg/mm2). It is established that the mutation rate is higher at late metaphase than at early metaphase. After the cell treatment with intercalating compounds (actinomycin D, acridine orange or ethidium bromide) at metaphase, the rate of UV-induced chromosome aberrations was decreased (about 2-fold). It is concluded from the results obtained that the majority of aberrations arise during metaphase after UV-irradiation in the process of DNA synthesis. After the cell treatment with o-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) during the S-period the rate of structural mutations was the same at late and early metaphases. This rate was not affected by the caffeine treatment at metaphase; during this stage the acentric chromosome fragments lie outside the equatorial plate, which is an indication that the OMHA-induced aberrations, in contrast to the UV-induced aberrations, are formed before the beginning of metaphase, possibly during the interphase. It is suggested that the chromosome condensation during metaphase is of importance in the formation of structural mutations.", "PMID": 574844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11342", "title": "Night-day variations of renin-activity in primary aldosteronism.", "content": "To detect changes in previously unmeasurable low renin activity plasma specimens of 20 patients with primary aldosteronism (12 with an unilateral adenoma and 8 with idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia), obtained at short term intervals between 20.00 and 8.00, were incubated over a prolonged period of 18 hours. 6 of 12 patients with an aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) and 3 of 8 patients with idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (IAH) showed typical night-day variations of PRA with lower values before and higher values after midnight. 7 of these 9 patients with night-day rhythmicity of PRA simultaneously showed secretory episodes. In 2 patients (1 with APA, 1 with IAH) PRA was constantly undetectable (less than 0.2 ng/ml . 18 h) and in 2 patients with APA a fixed secretion of renin was observed. We failed to demonstrate typical night-day variations of PRA in 3 patients with APA and in 4 with IAH, although in 5 of these 7 patients secretory episodes of PRA were found. Our results show that different patterns of PRA curves may be observed both in patients with APA and IAH. Thus, analysis of PRA curves is of no value to differentiate patients with APA from those with IAH.", "contents": "Night-day variations of renin-activity in primary aldosteronism. To detect changes in previously unmeasurable low renin activity plasma specimens of 20 patients with primary aldosteronism (12 with an unilateral adenoma and 8 with idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia), obtained at short term intervals between 20.00 and 8.00, were incubated over a prolonged period of 18 hours. 6 of 12 patients with an aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) and 3 of 8 patients with idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (IAH) showed typical night-day variations of PRA with lower values before and higher values after midnight. 7 of these 9 patients with night-day rhythmicity of PRA simultaneously showed secretory episodes. In 2 patients (1 with APA, 1 with IAH) PRA was constantly undetectable (less than 0.2 ng/ml . 18 h) and in 2 patients with APA a fixed secretion of renin was observed. We failed to demonstrate typical night-day variations of PRA in 3 patients with APA and in 4 with IAH, although in 5 of these 7 patients secretory episodes of PRA were found. Our results show that different patterns of PRA curves may be observed both in patients with APA and IAH. Thus, analysis of PRA curves is of no value to differentiate patients with APA from those with IAH.", "PMID": 574849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11343", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of unconjugated and total serum estetrol using a 125I-iodinated tracer.", "content": "A radioimmunossay (RIA) for the measurement of both unconjugated and total serum estetrol has been developed, using an antiserum to an E4-3-conjugate and a 125I-radioiodinated E4 tracer. Assay of dried ethyl ether extracts was used for the determination of unconjugated E4, while a direct measurement of unextracted hydrolyzed serum in the presence of 0.3%  8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) proved adequate for total E4. Assay reliability was evaluated and the procedure standardized through a series of tests aimed at assessing accuracy, sensitivity and precision. No steroidal interference was found to practically affect the assay (0.3% estriol cross-reactivity), nor were solvent and sample blanks observed in the case of unconjugated E4. For total E4 assay, the sample blank effects were acceptably overcome by using hydrolyzed male serum and 0.3% ANS, as a standard diluent. An interassay variability amounting to approximately 10 and 6% resulted for unconjugated E4 and total E4 RIA, respectively. A number of serum samples (285 for unconjugated E4, 147 for total E4) randomly collected throughout normal pregnancy were assayed. The unconjugated E4 levels at 15th week and at term were 62.7 +/- 22.6 and 766.5 +/- 208.2 (SD) pg/ml, respectively. Total E4 was about 6--7 times higher than the levels of free E4 and increased 7 times from the 15th week to term.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of unconjugated and total serum estetrol using a 125I-iodinated tracer. A radioimmunossay (RIA) for the measurement of both unconjugated and total serum estetrol has been developed, using an antiserum to an E4-3-conjugate and a 125I-radioiodinated E4 tracer. Assay of dried ethyl ether extracts was used for the determination of unconjugated E4, while a direct measurement of unextracted hydrolyzed serum in the presence of 0.3%  8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) proved adequate for total E4. Assay reliability was evaluated and the procedure standardized through a series of tests aimed at assessing accuracy, sensitivity and precision. No steroidal interference was found to practically affect the assay (0.3% estriol cross-reactivity), nor were solvent and sample blanks observed in the case of unconjugated E4. For total E4 assay, the sample blank effects were acceptably overcome by using hydrolyzed male serum and 0.3% ANS, as a standard diluent. An interassay variability amounting to approximately 10 and 6% resulted for unconjugated E4 and total E4 RIA, respectively. A number of serum samples (285 for unconjugated E4, 147 for total E4) randomly collected throughout normal pregnancy were assayed. The unconjugated E4 levels at 15th week and at term were 62.7 +/- 22.6 and 766.5 +/- 208.2 (SD) pg/ml, respectively. Total E4 was about 6--7 times higher than the levels of free E4 and increased 7 times from the 15th week to term.", "PMID": 574850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11344", "title": "Interaction of steroid-binding serum proteins with concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B.", "content": "The interaction between steroid-finding serum proteins and concanavalin A was studied using affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. The sex hormone-binding globulins of man and rabbit together with the corticosteroid-binding globulins of man, rabbit and guinea pig were all bound quantitatively by the affinity medium. Only two thirds of rat corticosteriod-binding globulin showed an affinity for concanavalin A indicating this protein to be heterogeneous with respect to terminal mannose or glucose residues. The progesterone-binding globulin in pregnant guinea pig serum, possessing the highest carbohydrate content of the proteins investigated, did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B is documented to be a valuable supplement to existing methods for analysing steroid-protein interactions.", "contents": "Interaction of steroid-binding serum proteins with concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. The interaction between steroid-finding serum proteins and concanavalin A was studied using affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. The sex hormone-binding globulins of man and rabbit together with the corticosteroid-binding globulins of man, rabbit and guinea pig were all bound quantitatively by the affinity medium. Only two thirds of rat corticosteriod-binding globulin showed an affinity for concanavalin A indicating this protein to be heterogeneous with respect to terminal mannose or glucose residues. The progesterone-binding globulin in pregnant guinea pig serum, possessing the highest carbohydrate content of the proteins investigated, did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B is documented to be a valuable supplement to existing methods for analysing steroid-protein interactions.", "PMID": 574851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11345", "title": "The immune response of pigs to infection with the stomach worm Hyostrongylus rubidus (Hassall and Stiles, 1892). III. Effect of a primary infection on immunoglobulin-positive cell numbers.", "content": "An immunofluorescent study has been made of IgG, IgM and IgA in the stomach of uninfected minimal disease pigs and pigs infected with a single dose of 100,000 third stage infective Hyostrongylus rubidus larvae. Immunoglobulin-positive cells were present in both uninfected and infected animals. In infected animals both IgM and IgA immunocytes increased in numbers following infection and the numbers remained raised during the histotropic phase of worm development. No increase in IgG immunocyte numbers was noticed throughout the course of infection (100 days).", "contents": "The immune response of pigs to infection with the stomach worm Hyostrongylus rubidus (Hassall and Stiles, 1892). III. Effect of a primary infection on immunoglobulin-positive cell numbers. An immunofluorescent study has been made of IgG, IgM and IgA in the stomach of uninfected minimal disease pigs and pigs infected with a single dose of 100,000 third stage infective Hyostrongylus rubidus larvae. Immunoglobulin-positive cells were present in both uninfected and infected animals. In infected animals both IgM and IgA immunocytes increased in numbers following infection and the numbers remained raised during the histotropic phase of worm development. No increase in IgG immunocyte numbers was noticed throughout the course of infection (100 days).", "PMID": 574855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11346", "title": "[Postoperative serum immunoglobulin G, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein and transferrin picture].", "content": "In 24 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy or abdominal hysterectomy the serum levels of prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein and immunoglobulin G were determined up to the 5th day after operation. Intra- and immediately postoperatively the patients received only isotonic infusion, beginning on the 3rd day after operation, they were fed increasingly orally. The observed serum levels decreased postoperatively.", "contents": "[Postoperative serum immunoglobulin G, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein and transferrin picture]. In 24 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy or abdominal hysterectomy the serum levels of prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein and immunoglobulin G were determined up to the 5th day after operation. Intra- and immediately postoperatively the patients received only isotonic infusion, beginning on the 3rd day after operation, they were fed increasingly orally. The observed serum levels decreased postoperatively.", "PMID": 574859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11347", "title": "[Possibilities of calculating the fat-free body mass and its reaction to a carbohydrate-poor, fat-rich diet].", "content": "9 healthy medical students got an isocaloric fat-rich carbohydrate-reduced diet during 14 days. Body-weight and lean body mass were registrated. We calculated lean body mass from measurement of skinfold thickness, total body potassium and total body water. Body-weight was reduced highly significantly by 3.4 kg on an average. Body potassium and body water remained unchanged. It can be concluded from these results that weight loss was caused by an exclusive reduction of the fat mass.", "contents": "[Possibilities of calculating the fat-free body mass and its reaction to a carbohydrate-poor, fat-rich diet]. 9 healthy medical students got an isocaloric fat-rich carbohydrate-reduced diet during 14 days. Body-weight and lean body mass were registrated. We calculated lean body mass from measurement of skinfold thickness, total body potassium and total body water. Body-weight was reduced highly significantly by 3.4 kg on an average. Body potassium and body water remained unchanged. It can be concluded from these results that weight loss was caused by an exclusive reduction of the fat mass.", "PMID": 574860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11348", "title": "[Tolerance studies of an intravenous fat emulsion (FE-S15) with beagle dogs].", "content": "The potential toxicity of FE-S15, a soybean oil fat emulsion used in parenteral nutrition, was studied in dogs. Forty pure bred beagles, divided into two experimental groups (FE-S15 at 9 and 4 gm/kg BW/day) and two corresponding control groups (receiving Dextrose Ringer's Solution) were given daily infusions for 28 days via a central venous catheter. When compared with control groups no significant weight loss was observed in either experimental group; the food intake decreased only in animals receiving fat in high doses. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in all groups, the greatest fall observed in the group receiving high dose fat infusion was the hematocrit decline from 43.9% to 31%. This decrease was significantly different from the control only during one observation period. The total serum lipids, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations of the animals receiving fat in high doses increased 3-4 times in comparison to that of the control group; cholesterol increased 5 times. The serum protein level fell from 6.5 to 5.1 gm/dl in animals receiving 9 gm/kg BW/day while animals receiving 4 gm/kg BW/day had a significant increase to 8.4 gm/dl. Except for an overall decreased activity clinical sign such as lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea were infrequent and equally observed in experimental and control animals. The post mortem examination did not reveal changes that must be attributed to the administered fat. It is concluded that the fat emulsion FE-S15 is fairly well tolerated in dogs at a potentially toxic level.", "contents": "[Tolerance studies of an intravenous fat emulsion (FE-S15) with beagle dogs]. The potential toxicity of FE-S15, a soybean oil fat emulsion used in parenteral nutrition, was studied in dogs. Forty pure bred beagles, divided into two experimental groups (FE-S15 at 9 and 4 gm/kg BW/day) and two corresponding control groups (receiving Dextrose Ringer's Solution) were given daily infusions for 28 days via a central venous catheter. When compared with control groups no significant weight loss was observed in either experimental group; the food intake decreased only in animals receiving fat in high doses. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in all groups, the greatest fall observed in the group receiving high dose fat infusion was the hematocrit decline from 43.9% to 31%. This decrease was significantly different from the control only during one observation period. The total serum lipids, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations of the animals receiving fat in high doses increased 3-4 times in comparison to that of the control group; cholesterol increased 5 times. The serum protein level fell from 6.5 to 5.1 gm/dl in animals receiving 9 gm/kg BW/day while animals receiving 4 gm/kg BW/day had a significant increase to 8.4 gm/dl. Except for an overall decreased activity clinical sign such as lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea were infrequent and equally observed in experimental and control animals. The post mortem examination did not reveal changes that must be attributed to the administered fat. It is concluded that the fat emulsion FE-S15 is fairly well tolerated in dogs at a potentially toxic level.", "PMID": 574861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11349", "title": "Effect of succinylation on the oligomeric structure of glycinin.", "content": "By varying the ratio of succinic anhydride to the protein, glycinin, one of the major fractions of soybean proteins, is succinylated to various levels. Sedimentation velocity experiments indicate the dissociation of the protein due to succinylation. Viscosity increases and a blue shift occurs in the absorption spectrum. The rate of proteolysis increases. Both dissociation and denaturation of the protein appear to occur. The effect of syccinylation on glycinin and arachin, the major protein of groundnuts, appears to be different.", "contents": "Effect of succinylation on the oligomeric structure of glycinin. By varying the ratio of succinic anhydride to the protein, glycinin, one of the major fractions of soybean proteins, is succinylated to various levels. Sedimentation velocity experiments indicate the dissociation of the protein due to succinylation. Viscosity increases and a blue shift occurs in the absorption spectrum. The rate of proteolysis increases. Both dissociation and denaturation of the protein appear to occur. The effect of syccinylation on glycinin and arachin, the major protein of groundnuts, appears to be different.", "PMID": 574862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11350", "title": "Application of the aluminum-formaldehyde (ALFA) histofluorescence method for demonstration of peripheral stores of catecholamines and indolamines in freeze-dried paraffin-embedded tissue, cryostat sections and whole-mounts.", "content": "This paper describes new procedures for highly sensitive visualization of monoamine stores in peripheral tissues, taking advantage of the recently introduced aluminum-catalysed formaldehyde (ALFA) reaction. The tissues are exposed to an aluminum sulphate solution (with or without formaldehyde fixation) in a perfusion and/or immersion step, followed by formaldehyde vapour treatment. Procedures are described for freeze-dried, paraffin embedded tissue, cryostat sections and whole mount preparations. For all these tissue preparations the ALFA method gives a highly sensitive and precise demonstration of catecholamine-containing neurons and 5-HT-containing cells in a variety of peripheral tissues. For freeze-dried tissue and cryostat sections the ALFA method represents an improvement in comparison with other available methods. This is particularly noticeable for the very delicate adrenergic nerves in such organs as the thyroid, ovary, pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Application of the aluminum-formaldehyde (ALFA) histofluorescence method for demonstration of peripheral stores of catecholamines and indolamines in freeze-dried paraffin-embedded tissue, cryostat sections and whole-mounts. This paper describes new procedures for highly sensitive visualization of monoamine stores in peripheral tissues, taking advantage of the recently introduced aluminum-catalysed formaldehyde (ALFA) reaction. The tissues are exposed to an aluminum sulphate solution (with or without formaldehyde fixation) in a perfusion and/or immersion step, followed by formaldehyde vapour treatment. Procedures are described for freeze-dried, paraffin embedded tissue, cryostat sections and whole mount preparations. For all these tissue preparations the ALFA method gives a highly sensitive and precise demonstration of catecholamine-containing neurons and 5-HT-containing cells in a variety of peripheral tissues. For freeze-dried tissue and cryostat sections the ALFA method represents an improvement in comparison with other available methods. This is particularly noticeable for the very delicate adrenergic nerves in such organs as the thyroid, ovary, pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 574863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11351", "title": "Cobalamins and cobalamin-dependent enzymes in Candida utilis.", "content": "Candida utilis has been shown to contain 4.7 pmol of cobalamin per g of wet cell paste. Purification of the cobalamin showed it to be a mixture of methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. Two cobalamin-dependent enzyme systems have been found in the yeast: methylcobalamin-dependent methionine biosynthesis and leucine 2,3-aminomutase. The cobalamin extracted from the yeast is as effective as authentic adenosylcobalamin in stimulating leucine 2,3-aminomutase.", "contents": "Cobalamins and cobalamin-dependent enzymes in Candida utilis. Candida utilis has been shown to contain 4.7 pmol of cobalamin per g of wet cell paste. Purification of the cobalamin showed it to be a mixture of methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. Two cobalamin-dependent enzyme systems have been found in the yeast: methylcobalamin-dependent methionine biosynthesis and leucine 2,3-aminomutase. The cobalamin extracted from the yeast is as effective as authentic adenosylcobalamin in stimulating leucine 2,3-aminomutase.", "PMID": 574865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11352", "title": "The effect of side chain structure of ester substrates in determining the rate-controlling step in alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis.", "content": "Presteady state and steady state analyses of the alpha-chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1]-catalyzed hydrolysis of three specific ester substrates and three ring-substituted derivatives were carried out to elucidate the effect of hydrophobic interactions due to the different side chains of the substrates on the individual steps of the reaction. Hydrolysis of all the substrates except for N alpha-acetyl-Nin-formyltryptophan methyl ester (Ac-Trp(CHO)-OMe) was controlled by the deacylation rate. In spite of their comparable Ks values, the substrates with small kcat, such as N alpha-acetyltryptophan methyl ester and N alpha-acetyl-2-(2-nitro-4-carboxyphenylsufenyl)-tryptophan methyl ester, characteristically gave Km values one order of magnitude smaller than the others. For the reaction of Ac-Trp(CHO)-OMe, it was ascertained that the deacylation step was not rate-controlling. It is suggested that the acylation step controls the rate in this case.", "contents": "The effect of side chain structure of ester substrates in determining the rate-controlling step in alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis. Presteady state and steady state analyses of the alpha-chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1]-catalyzed hydrolysis of three specific ester substrates and three ring-substituted derivatives were carried out to elucidate the effect of hydrophobic interactions due to the different side chains of the substrates on the individual steps of the reaction. Hydrolysis of all the substrates except for N alpha-acetyl-Nin-formyltryptophan methyl ester (Ac-Trp(CHO)-OMe) was controlled by the deacylation rate. In spite of their comparable Ks values, the substrates with small kcat, such as N alpha-acetyltryptophan methyl ester and N alpha-acetyl-2-(2-nitro-4-carboxyphenylsufenyl)-tryptophan methyl ester, characteristically gave Km values one order of magnitude smaller than the others. For the reaction of Ac-Trp(CHO)-OMe, it was ascertained that the deacylation step was not rate-controlling. It is suggested that the acylation step controls the rate in this case.", "PMID": 574866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11353", "title": "Mechanism of association of a specific aldehyde inhibitor, leupeptin, with bovine trypsin.", "content": "Leupeptin (acyl peptidyl-L-argininal) is a potent inhibitor of trypsin and related proteases. We analyzed the association of leupeptim with bovine trypsin kinetically, assuming that it proceeds by a pathway which involves two steps: E + I in equilibrium K1 Complex I k-2 in equilibrium k+2 Complex II. The observed dissociation constant (K1) for the first step was 1.24 X 10(-3) M (at pH 8.2 15 degrees C) and the two first-order rate constants (k+2 and k-2) were 166 s-1 and 1.75 X 10(-3.s-1, respectively (at pH 8.2, 15 degrees C). The dissociation constant (Kd) for the whole process was calculated from these parameters to be 1.34 X 10(-8) M. This value is compatible with that determined directly by an independent static method (2.36 X 10(-8) M). We also measured Kd for the leupeptine complex of anhydrotrypsin, a trypsin derivative in which the active-site hydroxyl group is missing. The observed value was about 5 orders of magnitude larger than Kd and was rather similar to K1 in native trypsin. A elupeptin isomer which contains a D-argininal residue did not show strong affinity towards trypsin. These findings suggest that complex II consists of a covalent hemiacetal adduct formed between the serine hydroxyl group in the enzyme active site and the aldehyde group in the inhibitor. The pH dependencies of the dissociation constant and other parameters show that deprotonation of the charge-relay sustem in the active site is important for the formation and stabilization of complex II.", "contents": "Mechanism of association of a specific aldehyde inhibitor, leupeptin, with bovine trypsin. Leupeptin (acyl peptidyl-L-argininal) is a potent inhibitor of trypsin and related proteases. We analyzed the association of leupeptim with bovine trypsin kinetically, assuming that it proceeds by a pathway which involves two steps: E + I in equilibrium K1 Complex I k-2 in equilibrium k+2 Complex II. The observed dissociation constant (K1) for the first step was 1.24 X 10(-3) M (at pH 8.2 15 degrees C) and the two first-order rate constants (k+2 and k-2) were 166 s-1 and 1.75 X 10(-3.s-1, respectively (at pH 8.2, 15 degrees C). The dissociation constant (Kd) for the whole process was calculated from these parameters to be 1.34 X 10(-8) M. This value is compatible with that determined directly by an independent static method (2.36 X 10(-8) M). We also measured Kd for the leupeptine complex of anhydrotrypsin, a trypsin derivative in which the active-site hydroxyl group is missing. The observed value was about 5 orders of magnitude larger than Kd and was rather similar to K1 in native trypsin. A elupeptin isomer which contains a D-argininal residue did not show strong affinity towards trypsin. These findings suggest that complex II consists of a covalent hemiacetal adduct formed between the serine hydroxyl group in the enzyme active site and the aldehyde group in the inhibitor. The pH dependencies of the dissociation constant and other parameters show that deprotonation of the charge-relay sustem in the active site is important for the formation and stabilization of complex II.", "PMID": 574867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11354", "title": "Purification and characterization of a lectin from the mushroom, Flammulina veltipes.", "content": "A lectin was purified to homogeneity from the mushroom, Flammulina veltipes, by zinc acetate treatment and CM-cellulose column chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 20,000 by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The lectin does not contain carbohydrate, half-cystine, methionine, or histidine. On gel filtration sith Sepharose 6B in the presence of 6M guanidine-HCl, the purified lectin dissociated into two nonidentical subunits, FVA-L (molecular weight, 12,000) and FVA-S (8,000). The hemagglutinating activity was retained only in the FVA-L subunit. The lectin is mitogenic with respect to mouse spleen lymphocytes.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a lectin from the mushroom, Flammulina veltipes. A lectin was purified to homogeneity from the mushroom, Flammulina veltipes, by zinc acetate treatment and CM-cellulose column chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 20,000 by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The lectin does not contain carbohydrate, half-cystine, methionine, or histidine. On gel filtration sith Sepharose 6B in the presence of 6M guanidine-HCl, the purified lectin dissociated into two nonidentical subunits, FVA-L (molecular weight, 12,000) and FVA-S (8,000). The hemagglutinating activity was retained only in the FVA-L subunit. The lectin is mitogenic with respect to mouse spleen lymphocytes.", "PMID": 574868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11355", "title": "Mouse gamete interactions during fertilization in vitro. Chlortetracycline as a fluorescent probe for the mouse sperm acrosome reaction.", "content": "We have developed an assay for detecting the acrosome reaction in mouse sperm using chlortetracycline (CTC) as a fluorescent probe. Sperm known to be intact with nonreacted acrosomes show CTC fluorescence in the presence of Ca2+ over the anterior portion of the sperm head on the plasma membrane covering the acrosome. Sperm which have undergone the acrosome reaction do not show fluorescence on the sperm head. Mouse sperm bind to zonae pellucidae of cumulus-free eggs in vitro in a Ca2+-dependent reaction; these sperm are intact by the CTC assay. Intact sperm bind to mechanically isolated zonae under the same conditions: the egg is apparently unnecessary for this inital reaction. Sperm suspensions, in which greater than 50% of the motile population had completed the acrosome reaction, were prepared by incubation in hyperosmolal medium followed by treatment with the divalent cation ionophore, A23187. Cumulus-free eggs challenged with such sperm suspensions preferentially bind intact sperm; acrosome-reacted sperm do not bind. We conclude that the plasma membrane of the mouse sperm is responsible for recognition of the egg's zona pellucida and that the obligatory sequence of reactions leading to fusion of mouse gametes is binding of the intact sperm to the zona pellucida, followed by the acrosome reaction at the zona surface, followed in turn by sperm penetration of the zona.", "contents": "Mouse gamete interactions during fertilization in vitro. Chlortetracycline as a fluorescent probe for the mouse sperm acrosome reaction. We have developed an assay for detecting the acrosome reaction in mouse sperm using chlortetracycline (CTC) as a fluorescent probe. Sperm known to be intact with nonreacted acrosomes show CTC fluorescence in the presence of Ca2+ over the anterior portion of the sperm head on the plasma membrane covering the acrosome. Sperm which have undergone the acrosome reaction do not show fluorescence on the sperm head. Mouse sperm bind to zonae pellucidae of cumulus-free eggs in vitro in a Ca2+-dependent reaction; these sperm are intact by the CTC assay. Intact sperm bind to mechanically isolated zonae under the same conditions: the egg is apparently unnecessary for this inital reaction. Sperm suspensions, in which greater than 50% of the motile population had completed the acrosome reaction, were prepared by incubation in hyperosmolal medium followed by treatment with the divalent cation ionophore, A23187. Cumulus-free eggs challenged with such sperm suspensions preferentially bind intact sperm; acrosome-reacted sperm do not bind. We conclude that the plasma membrane of the mouse sperm is responsible for recognition of the egg's zona pellucida and that the obligatory sequence of reactions leading to fusion of mouse gametes is binding of the intact sperm to the zona pellucida, followed by the acrosome reaction at the zona surface, followed in turn by sperm penetration of the zona.", "PMID": 574869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11356", "title": "Evidence for the participation of actin microfilaments and bristle coats in the internalization of gap junction membrane.", "content": "Thin sections of rabbit granulosa, human SW-13 adrenal cortical adenocarcinoma, and mouse B-16 melanoma cells revealed an apparent single-layered basket of 4- to 7-nm filaments surrounding cytoplasmic gap junction vesicles. This interpretation was based upon apparent longitudinal, cross, and en face sections of structures surrounding the vesicle profiles in tissue treated with tannic acid-glutaraldehyde. In granulosa cells incubated with the S-1 fragment of heavy meromyosin, arrowhead-decorated filaments were observed at the periphery of the gap junction vesicles, suggesting that these filaments contained actin. In addition, we found that small gap junctional blebs and vesicles at the cell surface were coated with short electron-dense bristles similar in appearance to the cloathrin-containing coat of coated vesicles of nonjunctional membrane. The role of these and other cytoskeletal elements in the possible endocytosis of gap junction membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for the participation of actin microfilaments and bristle coats in the internalization of gap junction membrane. Thin sections of rabbit granulosa, human SW-13 adrenal cortical adenocarcinoma, and mouse B-16 melanoma cells revealed an apparent single-layered basket of 4- to 7-nm filaments surrounding cytoplasmic gap junction vesicles. This interpretation was based upon apparent longitudinal, cross, and en face sections of structures surrounding the vesicle profiles in tissue treated with tannic acid-glutaraldehyde. In granulosa cells incubated with the S-1 fragment of heavy meromyosin, arrowhead-decorated filaments were observed at the periphery of the gap junction vesicles, suggesting that these filaments contained actin. In addition, we found that small gap junctional blebs and vesicles at the cell surface were coated with short electron-dense bristles similar in appearance to the cloathrin-containing coat of coated vesicles of nonjunctional membrane. The role of these and other cytoskeletal elements in the possible endocytosis of gap junction membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 574870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11357", "title": "Species-specific sperm adhesion in sea urchins. A quantitative investigation of bindin-mediated egg agglutination.", "content": "Bindin, a protein component of the acrosomal vesicle of sea urchin sperm, has been isolated from Arbacia punctulata and strongylocentrous purpuratus. Using this isolated bindin, we have devised a quantitative assay for bindin-mediated egg agglutination and compared the agglutination of bindin eggs from A. puntulata and S. purpuratus. Bindin- mediated agglutination is species -specific in both species, although a measurable degree of heterotypic interaction is observed. Homotypic bindin-egg interactions differ significantly from heterotypic interactions both in the extent of agglutination and the size of the resulting aggregates. We also provide direct evidence that bindin particles agglutinate eggs by adhering to the surfaces of adjacent eggs. Although the A. punctulata bindin preparation displays the same functional properties and consists of one major polypeptide of the same apparent molecular weight as S. purpuratus bindin, its morphology is very different. Unlike the spherical aggregates observed with S. purpuratus bindin, A punctulata bindin exists as lamellar vesicles and binds significant amounts of phospholipids and Triton X-100, suggesting that it may be tightly associated with the acrosomal membrane. Having defined a number of the basic parameters of bindin-mediated agglutination, we examined the effect of a number of saccharides and glycopeptides on bindin-mediated egg agglutination. Carbohydrate-containing components derived from the egg cell surface by proteolysis were found to inhibit bindin-mediated egg agglutination at low concentrations, but this inhibition is not species specific.", "contents": "Species-specific sperm adhesion in sea urchins. A quantitative investigation of bindin-mediated egg agglutination. Bindin, a protein component of the acrosomal vesicle of sea urchin sperm, has been isolated from Arbacia punctulata and strongylocentrous purpuratus. Using this isolated bindin, we have devised a quantitative assay for bindin-mediated egg agglutination and compared the agglutination of bindin eggs from A. puntulata and S. purpuratus. Bindin- mediated agglutination is species -specific in both species, although a measurable degree of heterotypic interaction is observed. Homotypic bindin-egg interactions differ significantly from heterotypic interactions both in the extent of agglutination and the size of the resulting aggregates. We also provide direct evidence that bindin particles agglutinate eggs by adhering to the surfaces of adjacent eggs. Although the A. punctulata bindin preparation displays the same functional properties and consists of one major polypeptide of the same apparent molecular weight as S. purpuratus bindin, its morphology is very different. Unlike the spherical aggregates observed with S. purpuratus bindin, A punctulata bindin exists as lamellar vesicles and binds significant amounts of phospholipids and Triton X-100, suggesting that it may be tightly associated with the acrosomal membrane. Having defined a number of the basic parameters of bindin-mediated agglutination, we examined the effect of a number of saccharides and glycopeptides on bindin-mediated egg agglutination. Carbohydrate-containing components derived from the egg cell surface by proteolysis were found to inhibit bindin-mediated egg agglutination at low concentrations, but this inhibition is not species specific.", "PMID": 574871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11358", "title": "The growth and differentiation of transitional epithelium in vitro.", "content": "The development of rat transitional epithelial cells grown on conventional non-permeable surfaces was compared with development on permeable collagen supports. On glass or plastic surfaces, cells grew as expanding nomolayer sheets. Once confluent, growth continued with a bilayer being formed in most areas and apical cells being continuously sloughed off. Although most cells were interconnected by desmosomes, and junctional complexes were formed, no other indications of differentiation were observed. After 2-3 wk of growth, division stopped and cel death ensued. In contrast, single-cell suspensions plated on collagen-coated nylon disks reassociated into multicellular islands and commenced growth. Mitoses were confined to the basal cells in contact with the permeable substrate. The islands developed into epithelial trilayers, tapering to monolayers along spreading edges. Once the islands were confluent, stratification was completed and appeared similar to that observed in vivo. Germinal cells formed a basal lamina, and the upper layer was composed of large, flattened cells with an unusually thick asymmetrical plasma membrane on the apical surface. Electron microscopic and radioactive tracers demonstrated \"leaky\" zonulae occludentes with a restricted permeability to small molecules. The movement of urea was retarded in comparison to water. Unlike the slow turnover of adult epithelium in vivo, maturation and sloughing of apical cells were measurable. Transfer of cells could be effected and growth maintained for up to 4 mo. These results may indicate the necessity of a nutrient-permeable growth surface for the polarized differentiation of adult transitional epithelium.", "contents": "The growth and differentiation of transitional epithelium in vitro. The development of rat transitional epithelial cells grown on conventional non-permeable surfaces was compared with development on permeable collagen supports. On glass or plastic surfaces, cells grew as expanding nomolayer sheets. Once confluent, growth continued with a bilayer being formed in most areas and apical cells being continuously sloughed off. Although most cells were interconnected by desmosomes, and junctional complexes were formed, no other indications of differentiation were observed. After 2-3 wk of growth, division stopped and cel death ensued. In contrast, single-cell suspensions plated on collagen-coated nylon disks reassociated into multicellular islands and commenced growth. Mitoses were confined to the basal cells in contact with the permeable substrate. The islands developed into epithelial trilayers, tapering to monolayers along spreading edges. Once the islands were confluent, stratification was completed and appeared similar to that observed in vivo. Germinal cells formed a basal lamina, and the upper layer was composed of large, flattened cells with an unusually thick asymmetrical plasma membrane on the apical surface. Electron microscopic and radioactive tracers demonstrated \"leaky\" zonulae occludentes with a restricted permeability to small molecules. The movement of urea was retarded in comparison to water. Unlike the slow turnover of adult epithelium in vivo, maturation and sloughing of apical cells were measurable. Transfer of cells could be effected and growth maintained for up to 4 mo. These results may indicate the necessity of a nutrient-permeable growth surface for the polarized differentiation of adult transitional epithelium.", "PMID": 574872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11359", "title": "Cytochalasin inhibits the rate of elongation of actin filament fragments.", "content": "Submicromolar concentrations of cytochalasin inhibit the rate of assembly of highly purified dictyostelium discoideum actin, using a cytochalasin concentration range in which the final extent of assembly is minimally affected. Cytochalasin D is a more effective inhibitor than cytochalasin B, which is in keeping with the effects that have been reported on cell motility and with binding to a class of high-affinity binding sites from human erythrocyte membranes (Lin and Lin. 1978. J. Biol. CHem. 253:1415; Lin and Lin. 1979. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:2345); 5x10(-7) M cytochalasin B lowers it to 70 percent of the control value, whereas 10(-7) M cytochalasin B lowers the rate to 25 percent. Fragments of F-actin were used to increase the rate of assembly fivefold by providing more filament ends on to which monomers could add. Under these conditions, cytochalasin has an even more dramatic effect on the assembly rate; the concentrations of cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D required for half-maximal inhibition are 2x10(-7) M and 10(-8) M, respectively. The assembly rate is most sensitive to cytochalasin when actin assembly is carried out in the absence of ATP (with 3 mM ADP present to stabilize the actin). In this case, the concentrations of cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D required for half-maximal inhibition are 4x10(-8) M and 1x10(-9) M, respectively. A scatchard plot has been obtained using [(3)H]cytochalasin B binding to F-actin in the absence of ATP. The K(d) from this plot (approximately 4x10(-8) M) agrees well with the concentration of cytochalasin B required for half-maximal inhibition of the rate of assembly under these conditions. The number of cytochalasin binding sites is roughly one per F-actin filament, suggesting that cytochalasin has a specific action on actin filament ends.", "contents": "Cytochalasin inhibits the rate of elongation of actin filament fragments. Submicromolar concentrations of cytochalasin inhibit the rate of assembly of highly purified dictyostelium discoideum actin, using a cytochalasin concentration range in which the final extent of assembly is minimally affected. Cytochalasin D is a more effective inhibitor than cytochalasin B, which is in keeping with the effects that have been reported on cell motility and with binding to a class of high-affinity binding sites from human erythrocyte membranes (Lin and Lin. 1978. J. Biol. CHem. 253:1415; Lin and Lin. 1979. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:2345); 5x10(-7) M cytochalasin B lowers it to 70 percent of the control value, whereas 10(-7) M cytochalasin B lowers the rate to 25 percent. Fragments of F-actin were used to increase the rate of assembly fivefold by providing more filament ends on to which monomers could add. Under these conditions, cytochalasin has an even more dramatic effect on the assembly rate; the concentrations of cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D required for half-maximal inhibition are 2x10(-7) M and 10(-8) M, respectively. The assembly rate is most sensitive to cytochalasin when actin assembly is carried out in the absence of ATP (with 3 mM ADP present to stabilize the actin). In this case, the concentrations of cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D required for half-maximal inhibition are 4x10(-8) M and 1x10(-9) M, respectively. A scatchard plot has been obtained using [(3)H]cytochalasin B binding to F-actin in the absence of ATP. The K(d) from this plot (approximately 4x10(-8) M) agrees well with the concentration of cytochalasin B required for half-maximal inhibition of the rate of assembly under these conditions. The number of cytochalasin binding sites is roughly one per F-actin filament, suggesting that cytochalasin has a specific action on actin filament ends.", "PMID": 574873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11360", "title": "Identification and organization of the components in the isolated microvillus cytoskeleton.", "content": "We have examined the effects of ATP and deoxycholate (DOC) on the cytoskeletal organization of Triton-demembranated microvilli (MV) isolated from chicken intestine brush borders. Isolated MV are composed of a core of tightly bundled microfilaments from which arms project laterally to the plasma membrane with a 33-nm periodicity. These lateral arms spiral around the core microfilaments as a helix with a 25 degrees pitch. Demembranated MV consist of four polypeptides with mol wt of 110,000, 95,000, 68,000, and 42,000, present in molar ratios of 1.1:1.6:1.3:10.0. After addition of 50 microM ATP and 0.1 mM Mg++, the cytoskeletons are organized as a tight bundle of microfilaments from which lateral arms are missing. In these ATP-treated cytoskeletons, the 110-kdalton polypeptide is reduced in amount and the 95,000, 68,000, and 42,000 polypeptides are present in a 1.3:1.2:10.0 ratio. In contrast, after incubation with 0.5% DOC, the core microfilaments are no longer tightly bundled yet the lateral arms remain attached with a distinct 33-nm periodicity. These DOC-treated cytoskeletons are depleted of the 95,000 and 68,000 polypeptides and are composed of the 110,000 and 42,000 polypeptides in a 2:10 molar ratio. These results suggest that the microfilaments are associated into a core bundle by the 95- and 68-kdalton polypeptides and from this core bundle project the lateral arms composed of the 110-kdalton polypeptide.", "contents": "Identification and organization of the components in the isolated microvillus cytoskeleton. We have examined the effects of ATP and deoxycholate (DOC) on the cytoskeletal organization of Triton-demembranated microvilli (MV) isolated from chicken intestine brush borders. Isolated MV are composed of a core of tightly bundled microfilaments from which arms project laterally to the plasma membrane with a 33-nm periodicity. These lateral arms spiral around the core microfilaments as a helix with a 25 degrees pitch. Demembranated MV consist of four polypeptides with mol wt of 110,000, 95,000, 68,000, and 42,000, present in molar ratios of 1.1:1.6:1.3:10.0. After addition of 50 microM ATP and 0.1 mM Mg++, the cytoskeletons are organized as a tight bundle of microfilaments from which lateral arms are missing. In these ATP-treated cytoskeletons, the 110-kdalton polypeptide is reduced in amount and the 95,000, 68,000, and 42,000 polypeptides are present in a 1.3:1.2:10.0 ratio. In contrast, after incubation with 0.5% DOC, the core microfilaments are no longer tightly bundled yet the lateral arms remain attached with a distinct 33-nm periodicity. These DOC-treated cytoskeletons are depleted of the 95,000 and 68,000 polypeptides and are composed of the 110,000 and 42,000 polypeptides in a 2:10 molar ratio. These results suggest that the microfilaments are associated into a core bundle by the 95- and 68-kdalton polypeptides and from this core bundle project the lateral arms composed of the 110-kdalton polypeptide.", "PMID": 574874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11361", "title": "Mitochondria and mitochondria-tonofilament-desmosomal associations in the mammary gland secretory epithelium of lactating cows.", "content": "The lactating cow mammary secretory epithelial cell is very active synthetically and contains numerous very pleomorphic mitochondria. Cup- and ring-shaped mitochondria are frequent and many are extremely elongated. Preferential localization of mitochondria in the basal region, or at the lateral margins of the secretory cell adjacent to intraepithelial monocytes have been observed. Occasional mitochondria show one or several very densely staining cristae with a lattice pattern. Mitochondria are frequently seen closely associated with the tonofilament-desmosomal complex. These structures and associations are present after immersion or perfusion fixation of mammary gland from several breeds of cow; their possible significance is discussed.", "contents": "Mitochondria and mitochondria-tonofilament-desmosomal associations in the mammary gland secretory epithelium of lactating cows. The lactating cow mammary secretory epithelial cell is very active synthetically and contains numerous very pleomorphic mitochondria. Cup- and ring-shaped mitochondria are frequent and many are extremely elongated. Preferential localization of mitochondria in the basal region, or at the lateral margins of the secretory cell adjacent to intraepithelial monocytes have been observed. Occasional mitochondria show one or several very densely staining cristae with a lattice pattern. Mitochondria are frequently seen closely associated with the tonofilament-desmosomal complex. These structures and associations are present after immersion or perfusion fixation of mammary gland from several breeds of cow; their possible significance is discussed.", "PMID": 574875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11362", "title": "The effect of colchicine on fibrillar material in wheat meiocytes.", "content": "Wheat meiocytes contain intranuclear bundles of microfibres at stages from pre-meiotic mitosis until zygotene. This includes early pre-meiotic interphase, the stage when colchicine induces univalents at subsequent metaphase I. This paper reports the effect of colchicine on the structure and distribution of such fibrillar material. Many normal-looking bundles of intranuclear fibrillar material formed after prolonged colchicine treatment (up to 5 days) which totally suppressed microtubule assembly in meiocytes. Thus, fibrillar material is unlikely to comprise tubulin. However, the formation of intranuclear fibrillar material was retarded in colchicine-treated meiocytes, and fibrillar material was absent during the colchicine-sensitive stage for univalency. The occurrence of cytoplasmic fibrillar material was delayed and greatly increased in colchicine-treated meiocytes compared with controls. A novel curved form of fibrillar material was seen in colchicine-treated meiocytes. It is concluded that colchicine had significant effects on the assembly and distribution of fibrillar material. These results are, therefore, compatible with the possibility that colchicine causes univalency in wheat via its effects on fibrillar material.", "contents": "The effect of colchicine on fibrillar material in wheat meiocytes. Wheat meiocytes contain intranuclear bundles of microfibres at stages from pre-meiotic mitosis until zygotene. This includes early pre-meiotic interphase, the stage when colchicine induces univalents at subsequent metaphase I. This paper reports the effect of colchicine on the structure and distribution of such fibrillar material. Many normal-looking bundles of intranuclear fibrillar material formed after prolonged colchicine treatment (up to 5 days) which totally suppressed microtubule assembly in meiocytes. Thus, fibrillar material is unlikely to comprise tubulin. However, the formation of intranuclear fibrillar material was retarded in colchicine-treated meiocytes, and fibrillar material was absent during the colchicine-sensitive stage for univalency. The occurrence of cytoplasmic fibrillar material was delayed and greatly increased in colchicine-treated meiocytes compared with controls. A novel curved form of fibrillar material was seen in colchicine-treated meiocytes. It is concluded that colchicine had significant effects on the assembly and distribution of fibrillar material. These results are, therefore, compatible with the possibility that colchicine causes univalency in wheat via its effects on fibrillar material.", "PMID": 574876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11363", "title": "Ethyl acetate as a substitute for diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique.", "content": "Ethyl acetate appears to be a satisfactory subsitute solvent for diethyl ether in the Formalin-ether sedimentation technique. In comparative studies, concentration of organisms with ethyl acetate was equal to or greater than that with diethyl ether. No distortion or alteration of morphology was observed with eigher solvent, and preparations were comparable in appearance and ease of examination. In addition, ethyl acetate is less flammable and less hazardous to use than diethyl ether.", "contents": "Ethyl acetate as a substitute for diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Ethyl acetate appears to be a satisfactory subsitute solvent for diethyl ether in the Formalin-ether sedimentation technique. In comparative studies, concentration of organisms with ethyl acetate was equal to or greater than that with diethyl ether. No distortion or alteration of morphology was observed with eigher solvent, and preparations were comparable in appearance and ease of examination. In addition, ethyl acetate is less flammable and less hazardous to use than diethyl ether.", "PMID": 574877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11364", "title": "The role of hyperdipsia in aggression following septal lesions in rats.", "content": "Lesions of the septum in animal subjects are known to produce an increase in aggressiveness and an increase in water intake. A series of experiments was carried out to examine the possibility that aggression was secondary to hyperdipsia. When rats with septal lesions were restricted to preoperative levels of water intake, aggression scores declined significantly. When animals without lesions were preloaded, with either water or saline, aggression increased. Neither decreased shock threshold nor increased cell hydration provided a full explanation for the results. It is suggested that the aversive nature of the stomach turgescence caused by increased water intake may be an additional mediating factor in septal aggression.", "contents": "The role of hyperdipsia in aggression following septal lesions in rats. Lesions of the septum in animal subjects are known to produce an increase in aggressiveness and an increase in water intake. A series of experiments was carried out to examine the possibility that aggression was secondary to hyperdipsia. When rats with septal lesions were restricted to preoperative levels of water intake, aggression scores declined significantly. When animals without lesions were preloaded, with either water or saline, aggression increased. Neither decreased shock threshold nor increased cell hydration provided a full explanation for the results. It is suggested that the aversive nature of the stomach turgescence caused by increased water intake may be an additional mediating factor in septal aggression.", "PMID": 574878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11365", "title": "Help-agents' views about clinical interactions with acting-out children.", "content": "A scale to measure nonprofessional child-aides' views about, and practices in, working primarily with acting-out children is described. The scale was used as part of an overall evaluation of a program to teach the aides Ginottian limit-setting approaches for work with such children. A prior study had shown that the training was followed by significantly more favorable treatment outcomes. Compared to 44 nontrained child-aides, the 19 trained aides had significantly higher postprogram scale scores on opinions and beliefs about acting-out children, changes in feeling about working with them, and actual observed changes in their playroom behaviors. Item analysis indicated that, following training, aides felt more comfortable with and had a richer repertoire of techniques for dealing with acting-out children. Specifically, they found it easier to set limits and to deal with overtly aggressive behaviors. Those changes may be key factors in explaining the significantly greater effectiveness of the trained aides working with acting-out children.", "contents": "Help-agents' views about clinical interactions with acting-out children. A scale to measure nonprofessional child-aides' views about, and practices in, working primarily with acting-out children is described. The scale was used as part of an overall evaluation of a program to teach the aides Ginottian limit-setting approaches for work with such children. A prior study had shown that the training was followed by significantly more favorable treatment outcomes. Compared to 44 nontrained child-aides, the 19 trained aides had significantly higher postprogram scale scores on opinions and beliefs about acting-out children, changes in feeling about working with them, and actual observed changes in their playroom behaviors. Item analysis indicated that, following training, aides felt more comfortable with and had a richer repertoire of techniques for dealing with acting-out children. Specifically, they found it easier to set limits and to deal with overtly aggressive behaviors. Those changes may be key factors in explaining the significantly greater effectiveness of the trained aides working with acting-out children.", "PMID": 574879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11366", "title": "[Treatment of the epithelial cysts of the iris by Argon laser photocoagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "In this work seven cases with epithelial cyst of the iris resulting from trauma or cataract surgery were studied and treated by Argon laser photocoagulation. The authors analyse theirs results stressing the fact that no alteration of the lens or the cornea has been provoked after a follow-up of three years.", "contents": "[Treatment of the epithelial cysts of the iris by Argon laser photocoagulation (author's transl)]. In this work seven cases with epithelial cyst of the iris resulting from trauma or cataract surgery were studied and treated by Argon laser photocoagulation. The authors analyse theirs results stressing the fact that no alteration of the lens or the cornea has been provoked after a follow-up of three years.", "PMID": 574881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11367", "title": "Freeze substituted tissue in 5'-nucleotidase histochemistry. Comparative histochemical and biochemical investigations.", "content": "The suitability of freeze-substitution in n-butanol and paraffin embedding of tissues for the histochemical demonstration of 5'-nucleotidase was investigated and compared with commonly used preparation techniques, such as fresh frozen sections and cryostate sections of cold formalin and glutaraldehyde-fixed rat liver. The influences of each step of the preparation techniques on the enzyme activity were controlled by a quantitative radiochemical assay. Freeze substitution was revealed to be superior to the commonly used preparation techniques with respect to: 1) high sensitivity and specificity of the histochemical 5'-nucleotidase reaction (this is based on the fact that incubation media with very low lead concentrations (0,6 mM/1) can be used); 2) excellent morphological appearance of the tissues showing cytological details of enzyme localization; 3) unlimited storage of the tissue materials and ease of sectioning.", "contents": "Freeze substituted tissue in 5'-nucleotidase histochemistry. Comparative histochemical and biochemical investigations. The suitability of freeze-substitution in n-butanol and paraffin embedding of tissues for the histochemical demonstration of 5'-nucleotidase was investigated and compared with commonly used preparation techniques, such as fresh frozen sections and cryostate sections of cold formalin and glutaraldehyde-fixed rat liver. The influences of each step of the preparation techniques on the enzyme activity were controlled by a quantitative radiochemical assay. Freeze substitution was revealed to be superior to the commonly used preparation techniques with respect to: 1) high sensitivity and specificity of the histochemical 5'-nucleotidase reaction (this is based on the fact that incubation media with very low lead concentrations (0,6 mM/1) can be used); 2) excellent morphological appearance of the tissues showing cytological details of enzyme localization; 3) unlimited storage of the tissue materials and ease of sectioning.", "PMID": 574882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11368", "title": "Attempt to isolate antierythrocyte antibodies by the method of affinity chromatography. II. IgG - incomplete antibodies.", "content": "It ensues from the results of the present work that erythrocyte stromata can serve as a suitable insoluble immunosorbent of both complete and incomplete antibodies. When applying optimum conditions, such as laboratory incubation temperature and suitable buffers, it is possible, by means of a chromatographic column with 0.5 ml erythrocyte stromata suspended in 40 g of glass beads (ballotini), to obtain fractions devoid of incomplete antibodies. Incomplete antibodies could be absorbed completely, either directly by a 24-hour incubation of the respective serum on the column or by passaging the serum through the column. In the presence of 0.2 M NaCl, absorption of incomplete antibodies was prevented; only complete antibodies were demonstrated in the fractions of the eluates. The elution yield in incomplete antibodies was low; in some cases, it could not be demonstrated at all. It can be explained partly by non-specific absorption, partly by the low initial antibody titre. It is therefore rather difficult to separate the individual incomplete antibodies from each other in this method. The column with incorporated erythrocyte stromata can be recommended for incomplete antibodies only because of its absorption capacity (to remove incomplete antibodies), but not for obtained elution yield.", "contents": "Attempt to isolate antierythrocyte antibodies by the method of affinity chromatography. II. IgG - incomplete antibodies. It ensues from the results of the present work that erythrocyte stromata can serve as a suitable insoluble immunosorbent of both complete and incomplete antibodies. When applying optimum conditions, such as laboratory incubation temperature and suitable buffers, it is possible, by means of a chromatographic column with 0.5 ml erythrocyte stromata suspended in 40 g of glass beads (ballotini), to obtain fractions devoid of incomplete antibodies. Incomplete antibodies could be absorbed completely, either directly by a 24-hour incubation of the respective serum on the column or by passaging the serum through the column. In the presence of 0.2 M NaCl, absorption of incomplete antibodies was prevented; only complete antibodies were demonstrated in the fractions of the eluates. The elution yield in incomplete antibodies was low; in some cases, it could not be demonstrated at all. It can be explained partly by non-specific absorption, partly by the low initial antibody titre. It is therefore rather difficult to separate the individual incomplete antibodies from each other in this method. The column with incorporated erythrocyte stromata can be recommended for incomplete antibodies only because of its absorption capacity (to remove incomplete antibodies), but not for obtained elution yield.", "PMID": 574883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11369", "title": "Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection among humans and domestic animals of Rajasthan State, India.", "content": "A total number of 1806 sera comprising 1049 humans and 757 animals from four ecologically different areas of Rajasthan State were tested to determine the prevalence of complement-fixing (CF) antibodies to Coxiella burnetii (C burnett). Of the 1049 human and 757 animal sera tested, antibodies to C. burnetii were detected in 195 sera (18.6 per cent) and 187 sera (24.7 per cent), respectively. Among humans, the prevalence of infection with C. burnetii was highest in the desert area of Barmer district and the hilly area of Bundi district, viz 64.5 per cent and 28.2 per cent, respectively. It was slightly lower in the semi-arid and the arid zones of the State, viz Sirohi (20 per cent) and Jalore (13.7 per cent), whereas the irrigated areas of Kota and Jaipur had the lowest prevalence, 9.9 and 8.4 per cent, respectively. Among animals, the highest prevalence was detected in sheep (39.6 per cent), followed by cattle (29.9 per cent) and goats (18.6 per cent).", "contents": "Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection among humans and domestic animals of Rajasthan State, India. A total number of 1806 sera comprising 1049 humans and 757 animals from four ecologically different areas of Rajasthan State were tested to determine the prevalence of complement-fixing (CF) antibodies to Coxiella burnetii (C burnett). Of the 1049 human and 757 animal sera tested, antibodies to C. burnetii were detected in 195 sera (18.6 per cent) and 187 sera (24.7 per cent), respectively. Among humans, the prevalence of infection with C. burnetii was highest in the desert area of Barmer district and the hilly area of Bundi district, viz 64.5 per cent and 28.2 per cent, respectively. It was slightly lower in the semi-arid and the arid zones of the State, viz Sirohi (20 per cent) and Jalore (13.7 per cent), whereas the irrigated areas of Kota and Jaipur had the lowest prevalence, 9.9 and 8.4 per cent, respectively. Among animals, the highest prevalence was detected in sheep (39.6 per cent), followed by cattle (29.9 per cent) and goats (18.6 per cent).", "PMID": 574885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11370", "title": "Basic criteria and classification scheme for bacteriophages acting against cholera vibrios of the classical and El Tor biotypes.", "content": "In accordance with the principles, nomenclature and taxonomic tests recommended by the TCNV for the systematization of viruses, cholera and El Tor phages were classified in all categories of the taxonomic hierarchy. On the basis of this classification, all known cholera bacteriophages could be affiliated to the biological type Vira, sub-type Deoxyvira, class 2/D B -- Deoxybinala, family Phagoviridae, genus Phagovirus vibrio and species Phagovirus cholerae. Phagovirus cholerae includes homologous series III-D, IV-D and V-D with 10 serologic types representing the smallest taxonomic units. At same time, phages of the remaining families with a single-strainded structure of DNA and RNA have so far not been detected for cholera vibrios.", "contents": "Basic criteria and classification scheme for bacteriophages acting against cholera vibrios of the classical and El Tor biotypes. In accordance with the principles, nomenclature and taxonomic tests recommended by the TCNV for the systematization of viruses, cholera and El Tor phages were classified in all categories of the taxonomic hierarchy. On the basis of this classification, all known cholera bacteriophages could be affiliated to the biological type Vira, sub-type Deoxyvira, class 2/D B -- Deoxybinala, family Phagoviridae, genus Phagovirus vibrio and species Phagovirus cholerae. Phagovirus cholerae includes homologous series III-D, IV-D and V-D with 10 serologic types representing the smallest taxonomic units. At same time, phages of the remaining families with a single-strainded structure of DNA and RNA have so far not been detected for cholera vibrios.", "PMID": 574886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11371", "title": "Litter sizes in inbred strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "The average litter sizes and reproductive performance of twenty-five inbred strains of rats, maintained in a conventional colony in Pittsburgh, and twenty-six inbred strains, maintained in a barrier facility at the National Institutes of Health, were calculated from data collected for periods of 3 and 10 years, respectively. There were considerable variations in both parameters in each of the two colonies studied. In addition, there were quite wide variations in male to female ratios among inbred strains (0.80 to 1.42).", "contents": "Litter sizes in inbred strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus). The average litter sizes and reproductive performance of twenty-five inbred strains of rats, maintained in a conventional colony in Pittsburgh, and twenty-six inbred strains, maintained in a barrier facility at the National Institutes of Health, were calculated from data collected for periods of 3 and 10 years, respectively. There were considerable variations in both parameters in each of the two colonies studied. In addition, there were quite wide variations in male to female ratios among inbred strains (0.80 to 1.42).", "PMID": 574888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11372", "title": "Serum levels of gonadotrophins in hamsters exposed to short photoperiods: effects of adrenalectomy and ovariectomy.", "content": "Female hamsters rendered acyclic by exposure to short photoperiods (10 h light: 14 h darkness) showed diurnal surges of both LH and FSH which persisted after removal of the ovaries and adrenal glands. The reduced increase in gonadotrophin secretion after ovariectomy, typical of hamsters exposed to short days, was also not contingent upon the presence of the adrenal glands. The results demonstrate that 'supersensitivity' of the neuroendocrine axis to feedback of ovarian or adrenal steroids cannot fully account for either the daily surges of gonadotrophins or the diminished response of LH and FSH to ovariectomy in hamsters maintained on short days. It is suggested that these changes result instead from other pineal-mediated actions of short photoperiods upon the brain.", "contents": "Serum levels of gonadotrophins in hamsters exposed to short photoperiods: effects of adrenalectomy and ovariectomy. Female hamsters rendered acyclic by exposure to short photoperiods (10 h light: 14 h darkness) showed diurnal surges of both LH and FSH which persisted after removal of the ovaries and adrenal glands. The reduced increase in gonadotrophin secretion after ovariectomy, typical of hamsters exposed to short days, was also not contingent upon the presence of the adrenal glands. The results demonstrate that 'supersensitivity' of the neuroendocrine axis to feedback of ovarian or adrenal steroids cannot fully account for either the daily surges of gonadotrophins or the diminished response of LH and FSH to ovariectomy in hamsters maintained on short days. It is suggested that these changes result instead from other pineal-mediated actions of short photoperiods upon the brain.", "PMID": 574889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11373", "title": "Effects of aromatizable androgens on aggressive behaviour among rats (rattus norvegicus).", "content": "Three experiments were used to tests the applicability of the aromatization hypothesis of androgen action to aggressive behaviour among Norway rats. In Expt 1, administration of testosterone propionate was highly effective in restoring aggressive behaviour to castrated rats while 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was of intermediate effectiveness. Of the steriods tested in Expt 2, androstenedione and testosterone were highly effective, 17 beta, 19-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one was of intermediate effectiveness and cholesterol was ineffective. The results of Expt 3 indicated that treatment with testosterone or oestradiol both resulted in increased aggression while treatment with (5 alpha,17 beta)-17,19-bis(acetyloxy)-andostan-3-one diacetate (5 alpha-19-hydroxytestosterone) was without effect. Androgens which were aromatizable and could be 5 alpha reduced, i.e. testosterone, testosterone propionate and androstenedione, were highly effective in restoring aggressive behaviour; however, two other steroids, 5 alpha,19-hydroxytestosterone which is 5 alpha reduced, and 19-hydroxytestosterone, which can be aromatized, were respectively of low or medium effectiveness on behaviour. However, oestradiol, which did not maintain sexual development of accessory glands, was highly effective in the restoration of aggressive behaviour. Since the behaviourally active steroids in the present experiments were not only those predicted by the aromatization hypothesis, it is proposed that several steroids are capable of activating aggressive behaviour and that the aromatization hypothesis does not adequately explain the hormonal basis of aggressive behaviour among Norway rats.", "contents": "Effects of aromatizable androgens on aggressive behaviour among rats (rattus norvegicus). Three experiments were used to tests the applicability of the aromatization hypothesis of androgen action to aggressive behaviour among Norway rats. In Expt 1, administration of testosterone propionate was highly effective in restoring aggressive behaviour to castrated rats while 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was of intermediate effectiveness. Of the steriods tested in Expt 2, androstenedione and testosterone were highly effective, 17 beta, 19-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one was of intermediate effectiveness and cholesterol was ineffective. The results of Expt 3 indicated that treatment with testosterone or oestradiol both resulted in increased aggression while treatment with (5 alpha,17 beta)-17,19-bis(acetyloxy)-andostan-3-one diacetate (5 alpha-19-hydroxytestosterone) was without effect. Androgens which were aromatizable and could be 5 alpha reduced, i.e. testosterone, testosterone propionate and androstenedione, were highly effective in restoring aggressive behaviour; however, two other steroids, 5 alpha,19-hydroxytestosterone which is 5 alpha reduced, and 19-hydroxytestosterone, which can be aromatized, were respectively of low or medium effectiveness on behaviour. However, oestradiol, which did not maintain sexual development of accessory glands, was highly effective in the restoration of aggressive behaviour. Since the behaviourally active steroids in the present experiments were not only those predicted by the aromatization hypothesis, it is proposed that several steroids are capable of activating aggressive behaviour and that the aromatization hypothesis does not adequately explain the hormonal basis of aggressive behaviour among Norway rats.", "PMID": 574890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11374", "title": "Progesterone receptors and RNA polymerase activity in the rat uterus during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "The concentrations of progesterone receptors in uterine cytoplasm and nuclei were measured during the oestrous cycle of the rat. The concentration of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors was highest at pro-oestrus and declined at oestrus to reach lowest levels at metoestrus before rising at dioestrus. Similar changes were observed in the concentration of nuclear progesterone receptors, the highest levels being present at pro-oestrus and dioestrus. In addition, both activities A and B of RNA polymerase mirrored these alterations in nuclear receptor levels.", "contents": "Progesterone receptors and RNA polymerase activity in the rat uterus during the oestrous cycle. The concentrations of progesterone receptors in uterine cytoplasm and nuclei were measured during the oestrous cycle of the rat. The concentration of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors was highest at pro-oestrus and declined at oestrus to reach lowest levels at metoestrus before rising at dioestrus. Similar changes were observed in the concentration of nuclear progesterone receptors, the highest levels being present at pro-oestrus and dioestrus. In addition, both activities A and B of RNA polymerase mirrored these alterations in nuclear receptor levels.", "PMID": 574892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11375", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for neurotensin in human plasma.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for neurotensin in human plasma has been developed capable of detecting changes of 5 pmol/l with 95% confidence. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity has been detected in human plasma in two molecular forms and rises by 27 +/- 8 (S.E.M.) pmol/l (n = 9) after ingestion of food.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for neurotensin in human plasma. A specific radioimmunoassay for neurotensin in human plasma has been developed capable of detecting changes of 5 pmol/l with 95% confidence. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity has been detected in human plasma in two molecular forms and rises by 27 +/- 8 (S.E.M.) pmol/l (n = 9) after ingestion of food.", "PMID": 574894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11376", "title": "Effects of the method of exsanguination on measurements of developmental changes in serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in prepubertal and adult male house mice.", "content": "The relationship between the method of exsanguination and the serum concentration of gonadotrophins was investigated in male house mice. Mice were killed 21-99 days post partum by ether anaesthesia and cardiac puncture, or by decapitation. Results of gonadotrophin radioimmunoassays indicated that titres of serum FSH were not affected by the method of exsanguination, while concentrations of serum LH were significantly raised when blood was collected by ether anaesthesia and cardiac puncture. Serum FSH in an inbred strain of mice peaked at 21 days post partum and declined steadily to a relatively constant pubertal and postpubertal level. Concentrations of serum LH were variable during the prepubertal period with a peak occurring 31--35 days post partum. Extremely high titres of FSH on days 21-35 post partum indicated that mice in this study might be relatively insensitive to FSH in the prepubertal period.", "contents": "Effects of the method of exsanguination on measurements of developmental changes in serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in prepubertal and adult male house mice. The relationship between the method of exsanguination and the serum concentration of gonadotrophins was investigated in male house mice. Mice were killed 21-99 days post partum by ether anaesthesia and cardiac puncture, or by decapitation. Results of gonadotrophin radioimmunoassays indicated that titres of serum FSH were not affected by the method of exsanguination, while concentrations of serum LH were significantly raised when blood was collected by ether anaesthesia and cardiac puncture. Serum FSH in an inbred strain of mice peaked at 21 days post partum and declined steadily to a relatively constant pubertal and postpubertal level. Concentrations of serum LH were variable during the prepubertal period with a peak occurring 31--35 days post partum. Extremely high titres of FSH on days 21-35 post partum indicated that mice in this study might be relatively insensitive to FSH in the prepubertal period.", "PMID": 574893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11377", "title": "Examination of the role of 'non-functional' corpora lutea in the female rat.", "content": "In rats with 5 day reproductive cycles, 'anovulatory' cycles were induced by blockade of ovulation with sodium pentobarbitone injected at pro-oestrus. Such anovulatory cycles were characterized in the ovaries by gradual atresia of the large follicles present at the time of the injection and the growth of a new cohort destined for the next ovulation. In the vaginal smears, anovulatory cycles were indistinguishable from normal ovulatory cycles. The serum concentrations of progesterone remained at baseline levels during dioestrus of anovulatory cycles whereas increased concentrations of progesterone were observed during dioestrus of ovulatory cycles. It is concluded that the 'non-functional' corpora lutea of the cycle are the source of dioestrous progesterone. The length of anovulatory cycles after a single injection of pentobarbitone was 5 days despite the absence of any increase in progesterone concentrations during dioestrus. It is concluded that progesterone production during dioestrus plays no major role in the control of the duration of 5 day reproductive cycles.", "contents": "Examination of the role of 'non-functional' corpora lutea in the female rat. In rats with 5 day reproductive cycles, 'anovulatory' cycles were induced by blockade of ovulation with sodium pentobarbitone injected at pro-oestrus. Such anovulatory cycles were characterized in the ovaries by gradual atresia of the large follicles present at the time of the injection and the growth of a new cohort destined for the next ovulation. In the vaginal smears, anovulatory cycles were indistinguishable from normal ovulatory cycles. The serum concentrations of progesterone remained at baseline levels during dioestrus of anovulatory cycles whereas increased concentrations of progesterone were observed during dioestrus of ovulatory cycles. It is concluded that the 'non-functional' corpora lutea of the cycle are the source of dioestrous progesterone. The length of anovulatory cycles after a single injection of pentobarbitone was 5 days despite the absence of any increase in progesterone concentrations during dioestrus. It is concluded that progesterone production during dioestrus plays no major role in the control of the duration of 5 day reproductive cycles.", "PMID": 574895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11378", "title": "DNA synthesis after polyspermic fertilization in the axolotl.", "content": "Cytological and autoradiographic studies were done to investigate the cytoplasmic control of DNA synthesis under conditions of physiological polyspermy. The DNA synthetic phases of the egg, principal sperm and accessory sperm nucleic were determined and correlated with nuclear morphology and develpmental fate. Results show that accessory sperm nuclei undergo morphological transition to pronuclei. Their DNA synthetic phase is the same as that of the principal sperm nucleus. Hence accessory sperm nuclei are capable of initiating and completing DNA replication before any cytological evidence of their degeneration is observed.", "contents": "DNA synthesis after polyspermic fertilization in the axolotl. Cytological and autoradiographic studies were done to investigate the cytoplasmic control of DNA synthesis under conditions of physiological polyspermy. The DNA synthetic phases of the egg, principal sperm and accessory sperm nucleic were determined and correlated with nuclear morphology and develpmental fate. Results show that accessory sperm nuclei undergo morphological transition to pronuclei. Their DNA synthetic phase is the same as that of the principal sperm nucleus. Hence accessory sperm nuclei are capable of initiating and completing DNA replication before any cytological evidence of their degeneration is observed.", "PMID": 574896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11379", "title": "Naloxone blockade of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior: interaction of endogenous opiates with dopamine.", "content": "The specific opiate antagonist, naloxone, inhibits the in vivo and in vitro activity of the endogenous opiate compounds which have heretofore been identified. In this study systemic naloxone administration successfully blocked the production of stereotyped behavior induced by the direct dopamine agonist apomorphine. This implies that the endogenous opiates contribute to the production of stereotyped behavior initiated by dopaminergic stimulation and that endogenous opiates may function as central neurotransmitters with dopaminergic activity.", "contents": "Naloxone blockade of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior: interaction of endogenous opiates with dopamine. The specific opiate antagonist, naloxone, inhibits the in vivo and in vitro activity of the endogenous opiate compounds which have heretofore been identified. In this study systemic naloxone administration successfully blocked the production of stereotyped behavior induced by the direct dopamine agonist apomorphine. This implies that the endogenous opiates contribute to the production of stereotyped behavior initiated by dopaminergic stimulation and that endogenous opiates may function as central neurotransmitters with dopaminergic activity.", "PMID": 574897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11380", "title": "Studies on soybean factors which produced goiter in rats.", "content": "The goitrogenicities of various preparations obtained from soybean were studied using rats. Thyroid weight, 131I uptake and the ratio of 131I-monoiodotyrosine to 131I-diiodotyrosine of the gland in rats fed the preparation was measured to determine the activity of these preparations. It was resulted that the group of rats receiving the curd had the most hypertrophied thyroid, the enlargement being equal to that in the group of these receiving soybean in the 8 weeks' feeding experiment. No difference on the content of iodine were found with the various diet preparations. The proteolytic digestion of soybean curd did not eliminate the goitrogenic property, thus, the goitrogen seems not to be a protein or peptide-like substance.", "contents": "Studies on soybean factors which produced goiter in rats. The goitrogenicities of various preparations obtained from soybean were studied using rats. Thyroid weight, 131I uptake and the ratio of 131I-monoiodotyrosine to 131I-diiodotyrosine of the gland in rats fed the preparation was measured to determine the activity of these preparations. It was resulted that the group of rats receiving the curd had the most hypertrophied thyroid, the enlargement being equal to that in the group of these receiving soybean in the 8 weeks' feeding experiment. No difference on the content of iodine were found with the various diet preparations. The proteolytic digestion of soybean curd did not eliminate the goitrogenic property, thus, the goitrogen seems not to be a protein or peptide-like substance.", "PMID": 574898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11381", "title": "Structure--activity relationships of n-substituted dopamine and 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene analogues: behavioral effects in lesioned and reserpinized mice.", "content": "N,N-Disubstituted dopamine and 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (6,7-ADTN) analogues were synthesized and tested intraperitoneally in mice for dopamine agonism. Compounds inducing asymmetric postures in unilaterally caudectomized mice were further tested in mice treated with reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester. ED50 values determined for reversal of reserpine-induced catalepsy were used to rank drug potency and correlated with molecular structure. N-n-Propyl N-substituted compounds were more effective than other N,N-dialkyl homologues. Of these, analogues with one alkyl group larger than propyl became inactive or their dopaminomimetic effect was reduced when the propyl was replaced with a larger group. N-Monosubstituted analogues were inactive as dopamine agonists. N-n-P-r-N-n-Bu-6,7-ADTN was six times more potent than N-n-propyl-N-n-pentyl- and N-n-propyl-N-phenethyldopamine but ten times less potent than apomorphine. The availability of an array of structurally related dopamine analogues with dopaminomimetic properties may make it possible to test the hypothesis that there are more than one type of dopamine receptor and that stereotypy and locomotor activity may have different central nervous system loci. Moreover, they may be of potential use in the treatment of parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal disorders.", "contents": "Structure--activity relationships of n-substituted dopamine and 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene analogues: behavioral effects in lesioned and reserpinized mice. N,N-Disubstituted dopamine and 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (6,7-ADTN) analogues were synthesized and tested intraperitoneally in mice for dopamine agonism. Compounds inducing asymmetric postures in unilaterally caudectomized mice were further tested in mice treated with reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester. ED50 values determined for reversal of reserpine-induced catalepsy were used to rank drug potency and correlated with molecular structure. N-n-Propyl N-substituted compounds were more effective than other N,N-dialkyl homologues. Of these, analogues with one alkyl group larger than propyl became inactive or their dopaminomimetic effect was reduced when the propyl was replaced with a larger group. N-Monosubstituted analogues were inactive as dopamine agonists. N-n-P-r-N-n-Bu-6,7-ADTN was six times more potent than N-n-propyl-N-n-pentyl- and N-n-propyl-N-phenethyldopamine but ten times less potent than apomorphine. The availability of an array of structurally related dopamine analogues with dopaminomimetic properties may make it possible to test the hypothesis that there are more than one type of dopamine receptor and that stereotypy and locomotor activity may have different central nervous system loci. Moreover, they may be of potential use in the treatment of parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal disorders.", "PMID": 574901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11382", "title": "An objective method for measuring fluorescence of individual sperm cells labelled with 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS) by means of photomicrography and densitometry.", "content": "A method is presented for measuring the degree of fluorescence of sperm cells labelled with 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS). Labelled spermatozoa were subjected to incident-light u.v. illumination and the fluorescent image was photographed. Densitometry of the photographic film yielded values for individual sperm heads, and the mean value for ten cells formed the unit of data for parametric statistical analysis. The method is both objective and precise, and was used to distinguish between treatments applied to the spermatozoa. It is believed that the method has a wide application as an inexpensive means of fluorimetry.", "contents": "An objective method for measuring fluorescence of individual sperm cells labelled with 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS) by means of photomicrography and densitometry. A method is presented for measuring the degree of fluorescence of sperm cells labelled with 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS). Labelled spermatozoa were subjected to incident-light u.v. illumination and the fluorescent image was photographed. Densitometry of the photographic film yielded values for individual sperm heads, and the mean value for ten cells formed the unit of data for parametric statistical analysis. The method is both objective and precise, and was used to distinguish between treatments applied to the spermatozoa. It is believed that the method has a wide application as an inexpensive means of fluorimetry.", "PMID": 574902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11383", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in nursing mink affected with aleutian disease.", "content": "An outbreak of staphylococcal mastitis in nursing female ranch mink (Mustela vison) is described. Lesions were acute necrotizing mastitis, fatty infiltration of the liver and renal tubules, and adrenal cortical hyperplasia. The presence of Aleutian disease in the herd suggests a role of immunosuppression in the outbreak.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in nursing mink affected with aleutian disease. An outbreak of staphylococcal mastitis in nursing female ranch mink (Mustela vison) is described. Lesions were acute necrotizing mastitis, fatty infiltration of the liver and renal tubules, and adrenal cortical hyperplasia. The presence of Aleutian disease in the herd suggests a role of immunosuppression in the outbreak.", "PMID": 574903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11384", "title": "Epidemiologic aspects of american Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "In our series of 37 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, a larger than expected incidence of Americans of Italian and Jewish lineage was found, with 51% of Italian and 38% of Jewish background. Although a predominance of these two groups has been clearly shown previously, this may be the highest percentage of any series. In addition, 12, or 32%, of the patients were found to have concurrent diabetes mellitus. This association has been observed previously, but is not generally appreciated.", "contents": "Epidemiologic aspects of american Kaposi's sarcoma. In our series of 37 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, a larger than expected incidence of Americans of Italian and Jewish lineage was found, with 51% of Italian and 38% of Jewish background. Although a predominance of these two groups has been clearly shown previously, this may be the highest percentage of any series. In addition, 12, or 32%, of the patients were found to have concurrent diabetes mellitus. This association has been observed previously, but is not generally appreciated.", "PMID": 574912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11385", "title": "Effect of acute and chronic ethanol intake on metastasis formation in rat liver.", "content": "The effect of acute ethanol intoxication and prolonged intake of ethanol on metastasis formation in the liver was studied in the rat. The tumour cells used were derived from a pharmacologically induced colon carcinoma (NGW 1) and were injected intraportally. Acute ethanol intoxication at the time of injection was associated with a liver weight of 13.29 +/- 0.89 gm two weeks later, compared to 8.43 +/- 0.51 gm in controls. Daily intake of ethanol for eight weeks resulted in a mild reduction of platelets. The liver weight in two groups was 7.31 +/- 0.50 gm and 12.19 +/- 1.40 gm three weeks after intraportal injection of cancer cells as compared to 9.53 +/- 1.11 gm and 19.63 +/- 1.67 gm in controls. The results indirectly supported the hypothesis that acute ethanol intoxication causes increased platelet activity and confirmed earlier results showing the importance of platelets for metastasis formation.", "contents": "Effect of acute and chronic ethanol intake on metastasis formation in rat liver. The effect of acute ethanol intoxication and prolonged intake of ethanol on metastasis formation in the liver was studied in the rat. The tumour cells used were derived from a pharmacologically induced colon carcinoma (NGW 1) and were injected intraportally. Acute ethanol intoxication at the time of injection was associated with a liver weight of 13.29 +/- 0.89 gm two weeks later, compared to 8.43 +/- 0.51 gm in controls. Daily intake of ethanol for eight weeks resulted in a mild reduction of platelets. The liver weight in two groups was 7.31 +/- 0.50 gm and 12.19 +/- 1.40 gm three weeks after intraportal injection of cancer cells as compared to 9.53 +/- 1.11 gm and 19.63 +/- 1.67 gm in controls. The results indirectly supported the hypothesis that acute ethanol intoxication causes increased platelet activity and confirmed earlier results showing the importance of platelets for metastasis formation.", "PMID": 574913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11386", "title": "Prolactin: its role in the development of mammary tumours.", "content": "Experimentally, it has been found that the rate of DNA synthesis of normal mammary glands which is a limiting factor for mammary tumourigenesis is largely dependent upon the circulating level of prolactin. Based on these results, one of the roles of prolactin in the development of mammary tumours is hypothesized to create mammary gland conditions favourable for the action of carcinogens through its stimulation of the rate of mammary gland DNA synthesis, a measure of the frequency of mammary gland cell division.", "contents": "Prolactin: its role in the development of mammary tumours. Experimentally, it has been found that the rate of DNA synthesis of normal mammary glands which is a limiting factor for mammary tumourigenesis is largely dependent upon the circulating level of prolactin. Based on these results, one of the roles of prolactin in the development of mammary tumours is hypothesized to create mammary gland conditions favourable for the action of carcinogens through its stimulation of the rate of mammary gland DNA synthesis, a measure of the frequency of mammary gland cell division.", "PMID": 574916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11387", "title": "[Pathogenesis of urinary stress incontinence and principles of its surgical treatment].", "content": "As in different types of stress incontinence the mechanism of the destroyed urethral support is not the same, the principles of their surgical treatment are bound to differ. Generally speaking, the surgical intervention in stress incontinence aims at securing adequate mobility of the lower urinary organs, forming an effective suburethral support, and correcting the elements of the prolapse. Applying these principles in 508 women with stress incontinence having been surgically treated at the University Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Skopje from 1968 to 1976 and followed up at least two years afterwards, the global rate of relapses was 6.1%, by which the best results were obtained by Burch's modified method (2.1%), while after operations after Bonney or Barnett the frequency of relapses was relatively higher (7.1%). Analysing technical details in the carrying out of the above mentioned procedures, the authors plead for a most adequate preoperative preparation of patients, so as to determine and categorize the type of stress incontinence in question and allow the choice of the most appropriate surgical intervention in any given case.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of urinary stress incontinence and principles of its surgical treatment]. As in different types of stress incontinence the mechanism of the destroyed urethral support is not the same, the principles of their surgical treatment are bound to differ. Generally speaking, the surgical intervention in stress incontinence aims at securing adequate mobility of the lower urinary organs, forming an effective suburethral support, and correcting the elements of the prolapse. Applying these principles in 508 women with stress incontinence having been surgically treated at the University Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Skopje from 1968 to 1976 and followed up at least two years afterwards, the global rate of relapses was 6.1%, by which the best results were obtained by Burch's modified method (2.1%), while after operations after Bonney or Barnett the frequency of relapses was relatively higher (7.1%). Analysing technical details in the carrying out of the above mentioned procedures, the authors plead for a most adequate preoperative preparation of patients, so as to determine and categorize the type of stress incontinence in question and allow the choice of the most appropriate surgical intervention in any given case.", "PMID": 574914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11388", "title": "The effect of exposure fractionation on the yield of nondisjunctional segregation involving compound X and free 4-chromosomes in Drosophila.", "content": "This paper describes the effect of fractionation of an exposure of 2000-R X-rays into two 1000-R exposures separated by a 3-h interval on the frequency of various segregation products following chromatoid interchange between a compound X and the 4th chromosome. It was observed that fractionation leads to a decrease of all exceptional progeny, the result being significant at the 0.05-probability level for both classes of detachments; i.e., with or without a 4th chromosome. The finding that the same effect of fractionation was observed for numerical aberration (non-disjunction) and detachment supports the idea that these reflect different consequences of the same primary effect, radiation-induced rearrangement. Furthermore, alternative recoveries were observed to occur at equal frequencies. Following C(1)-4 interchange, the univalent 4 does not segregate at random, but assorts apart from its homologue 1.5 as frequently as it moves to the same pole.", "contents": "The effect of exposure fractionation on the yield of nondisjunctional segregation involving compound X and free 4-chromosomes in Drosophila. This paper describes the effect of fractionation of an exposure of 2000-R X-rays into two 1000-R exposures separated by a 3-h interval on the frequency of various segregation products following chromatoid interchange between a compound X and the 4th chromosome. It was observed that fractionation leads to a decrease of all exceptional progeny, the result being significant at the 0.05-probability level for both classes of detachments; i.e., with or without a 4th chromosome. The finding that the same effect of fractionation was observed for numerical aberration (non-disjunction) and detachment supports the idea that these reflect different consequences of the same primary effect, radiation-induced rearrangement. Furthermore, alternative recoveries were observed to occur at equal frequencies. Following C(1)-4 interchange, the univalent 4 does not segregate at random, but assorts apart from its homologue 1.5 as frequently as it moves to the same pole.", "PMID": 574924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11389", "title": "Effect of nitrites and nitrates on irrigation and secretion of gastric mucosa in rat.", "content": "An aspect of the vasomotor effect of nitrites and nitrates was studied by investigating the influence of these substances on the mucosal blood flow and hence on gastric secretion in the rat. Firstly, point measurements were obtained using an aminopyrine clearance technique after intravenous nitrite and nitrate treatment. Then with an appreciably different technique (14C-aniline clearance on perfused stomach) the kinetics of the phenomenon were followed after, firstly, intravenous administration of the two agents and secondly their intragastric administration. It is interesting to note that nitrites and nitrates are active to differing degrees and present opposing effects: nitrites decrease whereas nitrates globally enhance the factors under consideration (gastric mucosal blood flow, gastric juice volume, acory effect and cuase no modification on intragastric administration. The flow rate-gastric parameter correlations are significant in all cases and show modifications of the aqueous compartments of the body.", "contents": "Effect of nitrites and nitrates on irrigation and secretion of gastric mucosa in rat. An aspect of the vasomotor effect of nitrites and nitrates was studied by investigating the influence of these substances on the mucosal blood flow and hence on gastric secretion in the rat. Firstly, point measurements were obtained using an aminopyrine clearance technique after intravenous nitrite and nitrate treatment. Then with an appreciably different technique (14C-aniline clearance on perfused stomach) the kinetics of the phenomenon were followed after, firstly, intravenous administration of the two agents and secondly their intragastric administration. It is interesting to note that nitrites and nitrates are active to differing degrees and present opposing effects: nitrites decrease whereas nitrates globally enhance the factors under consideration (gastric mucosal blood flow, gastric juice volume, acory effect and cuase no modification on intragastric administration. The flow rate-gastric parameter correlations are significant in all cases and show modifications of the aqueous compartments of the body.", "PMID": 574925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11390", "title": "Natural changes in the cell division rate in normal tissues and the possible role of adrenalin concentration.", "content": "Mitotic incidence (MI) and DNA labeling index (LI) were measured in the liver, lung and kidney of rats at different times throughout the day. There were significant variations in MI and LI in all organs and there were also significant differences between organs in respect of the pattern of variation. It was found that adrenalin had no consistent inhibitory action on the MI and LI of these tissues maintained in organ culture. These results are not consistent with the view that diurnal (or circadian) rhythms in mitotic activity are directly mediated by changes in adrenalin secretion. In organ culture the rate of entry into DNA synthesis was higher than the rate of mitosis, leading to significant increases in the proportions of cells with reduplicated DNA content.", "contents": "Natural changes in the cell division rate in normal tissues and the possible role of adrenalin concentration. Mitotic incidence (MI) and DNA labeling index (LI) were measured in the liver, lung and kidney of rats at different times throughout the day. There were significant variations in MI and LI in all organs and there were also significant differences between organs in respect of the pattern of variation. It was found that adrenalin had no consistent inhibitory action on the MI and LI of these tissues maintained in organ culture. These results are not consistent with the view that diurnal (or circadian) rhythms in mitotic activity are directly mediated by changes in adrenalin secretion. In organ culture the rate of entry into DNA synthesis was higher than the rate of mitosis, leading to significant increases in the proportions of cells with reduplicated DNA content.", "PMID": 574926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11391", "title": "Evidence that chronic apomorphine treatment enhances 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in brains of normal and neonatally hyperthyroid rats.", "content": "Daily injection of L-triiodothyronine (10 microgram/100 g, s.c.) for 30 days to neonatal rats significantly enhanced the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine as reflected by increased tryptophan hydroxylase activity and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels of certain discrete brain regions. However, neonatal L-triiodothyronine treatment produced no change in 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by crude synaptosomes. Chronic treatment with apomorphine (1 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 15 days, beginning from 15 days of age, increased tryptophan hydroxylase activity as well as 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels and blocked the uptake of 3H-labelled serotonin in crude synaptosomes of normal and L-triiodothyronine-treated animals. Furthermore, apomorphine (which is known to indirectly stimulate 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons) produced a greater increase in tryptophan hydroxylase and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the mid-brain region of neonatally hyperthyroid animals as compared to normal rats. These data indicate that excess thyroid hormone in early life not only increases the turnover of brain 5-hydroxytruptamine, but also enhances the sensitivity of dopamine receptor sites. thus amplifying the stimulating action of apomorphine. Our findings also suggest that thyroid hormone in early life advances the overall development of monoaminergic systems in the brain.", "contents": "Evidence that chronic apomorphine treatment enhances 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in brains of normal and neonatally hyperthyroid rats. Daily injection of L-triiodothyronine (10 microgram/100 g, s.c.) for 30 days to neonatal rats significantly enhanced the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine as reflected by increased tryptophan hydroxylase activity and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels of certain discrete brain regions. However, neonatal L-triiodothyronine treatment produced no change in 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by crude synaptosomes. Chronic treatment with apomorphine (1 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 15 days, beginning from 15 days of age, increased tryptophan hydroxylase activity as well as 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels and blocked the uptake of 3H-labelled serotonin in crude synaptosomes of normal and L-triiodothyronine-treated animals. Furthermore, apomorphine (which is known to indirectly stimulate 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons) produced a greater increase in tryptophan hydroxylase and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the mid-brain region of neonatally hyperthyroid animals as compared to normal rats. These data indicate that excess thyroid hormone in early life not only increases the turnover of brain 5-hydroxytruptamine, but also enhances the sensitivity of dopamine receptor sites. thus amplifying the stimulating action of apomorphine. Our findings also suggest that thyroid hormone in early life advances the overall development of monoaminergic systems in the brain.", "PMID": 574927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11392", "title": "[The epicutaneous DNCB test and CEA determination in neoplasms of the breast, digestive tract, lung and urogenital system].", "content": "110 patients observed over a three-year period suffering from cancer of the breast, digestive apparatus, lung and urogenital apparatus, and submitted simultaneouly to the DNCB skin test and to radioimmunological measurement of CEA have been studied. Confirming what has already been reported, the epicutaneous findings and laboratory results show there is an almost constant correlation between marked reactivity to DNCB and normal CEA titre and that, on the contrary, ml response to immune stimulation is often matched by a pathological CEA value. It is maintained that this type of cross investigation may be important for prognosis as the basis for initial assessment of the probable clinical course of the disease and the response of the patient to immunochemotherapeutic treatment.", "contents": "[The epicutaneous DNCB test and CEA determination in neoplasms of the breast, digestive tract, lung and urogenital system]. 110 patients observed over a three-year period suffering from cancer of the breast, digestive apparatus, lung and urogenital apparatus, and submitted simultaneouly to the DNCB skin test and to radioimmunological measurement of CEA have been studied. Confirming what has already been reported, the epicutaneous findings and laboratory results show there is an almost constant correlation between marked reactivity to DNCB and normal CEA titre and that, on the contrary, ml response to immune stimulation is often matched by a pathological CEA value. It is maintained that this type of cross investigation may be important for prognosis as the basis for initial assessment of the probable clinical course of the disease and the response of the patient to immunochemotherapeutic treatment.", "PMID": 574929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11393", "title": "Evaluation of indications for cataract surgery.", "content": "The large number of cataract operations performed in the United States annually has raised questions as to the indications and methods of documentation. The criteria designed for the Physicians and Surgeons Review Organization (PSRO), the thrust of second opinions, and an evaluation of the types of cataracts producing visual impairment are discussed. The contralight test of Junker is demonstrated as a means of determining the effect of cataracts on visual acuity and could be used as an indicator of the need for surgery.", "contents": "Evaluation of indications for cataract surgery. The large number of cataract operations performed in the United States annually has raised questions as to the indications and methods of documentation. The criteria designed for the Physicians and Surgeons Review Organization (PSRO), the thrust of second opinions, and an evaluation of the types of cataracts producing visual impairment are discussed. The contralight test of Junker is demonstrated as a means of determining the effect of cataracts on visual acuity and could be used as an indicator of the need for surgery.", "PMID": 574930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11394", "title": "Autotomy following peripheral nerve lesions: experimental anaesthesia dolorosa.", "content": "(1) When hindlimb peripheral nerves are cut across in rats and mice, there is a tendency for the animal to attack the anaesthetic limb. We have called this attack \"autotomy\". In this paper we describe the time course and degree of autotomy following various types of nerve injury. (2) Four different types of lesion were applied to the sciatic nerve of rats. The most serious autotomy was produced by section of the nerve and encapsulation of its cut end in a polythene tube. Section followed by immediate resuturing also produced serious autotomy. Simple ligation of the nerve end was followed by less autotomy than encapsulation or cut and resuture. A crush lesion caused only minimal attack. (3) Section of the saphenous branch of the femoral nerve produced no autotomy. However, if the saphenous and sciatic nerves were ligated at the same time so that the entire foot became anaesthetic there was a great increase of autotomy over that seen when the sciatic nerve alone was ligated. This increase with the double lesion occurred even if the saphenous nerve was ligated more than 100 days after the sciatic nerve had been cut. (4) Mice showed autotomy very similar to that seen in rats but the onset was somewhat faster. (5) Reasons are given to propose that autotomy is triggered by an abnormal afferent barrage generated in the cut end of the nerve. Autotomy from peripheral nerve lesions is a different phenomenon from that seen after dorsal root section. Autotomy occurs under conditions which produce anaesthesia dolorosa in man. This simple model may be suitable for studies of the prevention of irritations originating from chronic lesions of peripheral nerves.", "contents": "Autotomy following peripheral nerve lesions: experimental anaesthesia dolorosa. (1) When hindlimb peripheral nerves are cut across in rats and mice, there is a tendency for the animal to attack the anaesthetic limb. We have called this attack \"autotomy\". In this paper we describe the time course and degree of autotomy following various types of nerve injury. (2) Four different types of lesion were applied to the sciatic nerve of rats. The most serious autotomy was produced by section of the nerve and encapsulation of its cut end in a polythene tube. Section followed by immediate resuturing also produced serious autotomy. Simple ligation of the nerve end was followed by less autotomy than encapsulation or cut and resuture. A crush lesion caused only minimal attack. (3) Section of the saphenous branch of the femoral nerve produced no autotomy. However, if the saphenous and sciatic nerves were ligated at the same time so that the entire foot became anaesthetic there was a great increase of autotomy over that seen when the sciatic nerve alone was ligated. This increase with the double lesion occurred even if the saphenous nerve was ligated more than 100 days after the sciatic nerve had been cut. (4) Mice showed autotomy very similar to that seen in rats but the onset was somewhat faster. (5) Reasons are given to propose that autotomy is triggered by an abnormal afferent barrage generated in the cut end of the nerve. Autotomy from peripheral nerve lesions is a different phenomenon from that seen after dorsal root section. Autotomy occurs under conditions which produce anaesthesia dolorosa in man. This simple model may be suitable for studies of the prevention of irritations originating from chronic lesions of peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 574931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11395", "title": "Recent advances in the treatment of pressure sores.", "content": "The problem of decubitus ulceration is a common one in para- and tetraplegic patients. It is a problem which involves these patients spending long periods in hospital. In 1977 almost 50 per cent of the patients re-admitted to our Unit had skin problems. During 1977 the average time spent in our Unit with skin problems of all degrees, was almost 3 months. Over the past few years several new products have become available for cleansing and healing these sores which, it seems, may reduce the time required in preparation for surgery or in achieving healing. We discussed the application of these products and the results of their use in our hands.", "contents": "Recent advances in the treatment of pressure sores. The problem of decubitus ulceration is a common one in para- and tetraplegic patients. It is a problem which involves these patients spending long periods in hospital. In 1977 almost 50 per cent of the patients re-admitted to our Unit had skin problems. During 1977 the average time spent in our Unit with skin problems of all degrees, was almost 3 months. Over the past few years several new products have become available for cleansing and healing these sores which, it seems, may reduce the time required in preparation for surgery or in achieving healing. We discussed the application of these products and the results of their use in our hands.", "PMID": 574932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11396", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase activity in the skeletal muscle during physical exercise in dogs.", "content": "Changes in lipoprotein lipase activity /LPLA/ in the quadriceps femoris muscle were followed in ten dogs during 3-hour treadmill exercise and 2-hour post-exercise recovery period. During the first hour of exercise muscle LPLA steeply increased. Subsequently the enzyme activity tended to plateau. After exercise LPLA decreased to the pre-exercise value within 1 hour. It is concluded that exercise increases the ability of skeletal muscles to remove triglycerides from the circulation.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase activity in the skeletal muscle during physical exercise in dogs. Changes in lipoprotein lipase activity /LPLA/ in the quadriceps femoris muscle were followed in ten dogs during 3-hour treadmill exercise and 2-hour post-exercise recovery period. During the first hour of exercise muscle LPLA steeply increased. Subsequently the enzyme activity tended to plateau. After exercise LPLA decreased to the pre-exercise value within 1 hour. It is concluded that exercise increases the ability of skeletal muscles to remove triglycerides from the circulation.", "PMID": 574936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11397", "title": "Epinephrine and the pacemaking mechanism at plateau potentials in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "1. In 1.35 mM [K+]0, sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers depolarized to about -40 mV. Whereas some fibers oscillated spontaneously at plateau potentials, others could be made to oscillate when polarized by intracellular currents. Pacemaker activity at plateau potentials (-50 to 0 mV) was distinct from that caused by the iK2 pacemaker at more negative potentials (-60 to -100 mV). 2. Epinephrine induced spontaneously occurring action potentials and increased pacemaker activity in depolarized Purkinje fibers. The ED50 for the positive chronotropic effect of epinephrine was about 5 x 10(-7) M. This concentration is similar to that reported for the effect of epinephrine on plateau amplitude (Carmeliet and Vereecke, 1969) and the slow inward current (isi, Reuter, 1974). 3. In voltage clamp experiments, epinephrine, increased the magnitude of isi and of an outward plateau current, ixi. It is concluded that epinephrine effects pacemaking at plateau potentials by increasing isi and without shifting the voltage dependence of these currents. The onset of pacemaker activity by epinephrine was preceded by membrane depolarization that results from an inward shift of the steady-state current-voltage relation. This current may flow through isi channels that are activated but not completely inactivated.", "contents": "Epinephrine and the pacemaking mechanism at plateau potentials in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. 1. In 1.35 mM [K+]0, sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers depolarized to about -40 mV. Whereas some fibers oscillated spontaneously at plateau potentials, others could be made to oscillate when polarized by intracellular currents. Pacemaker activity at plateau potentials (-50 to 0 mV) was distinct from that caused by the iK2 pacemaker at more negative potentials (-60 to -100 mV). 2. Epinephrine induced spontaneously occurring action potentials and increased pacemaker activity in depolarized Purkinje fibers. The ED50 for the positive chronotropic effect of epinephrine was about 5 x 10(-7) M. This concentration is similar to that reported for the effect of epinephrine on plateau amplitude (Carmeliet and Vereecke, 1969) and the slow inward current (isi, Reuter, 1974). 3. In voltage clamp experiments, epinephrine, increased the magnitude of isi and of an outward plateau current, ixi. It is concluded that epinephrine effects pacemaking at plateau potentials by increasing isi and without shifting the voltage dependence of these currents. The onset of pacemaker activity by epinephrine was preceded by membrane depolarization that results from an inward shift of the steady-state current-voltage relation. This current may flow through isi channels that are activated but not completely inactivated.", "PMID": 574937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11398", "title": "The effect of harmaline on intestinal sodium transport and on sodium-dependent D-glucose transport in brush-border membrane vesicles from rabbit jejunum.", "content": "Harmaline inhibition of sodium uptake and of sodium-dependent D-glucose transport was investigated using brush-border membrane vesicles from frozen rabbit jejunum. Under sodium-gradient conditions, \"initial\" D-glucose uptake (20 s) was inhibited by harmaline at concentrations above 0.5 mM, but at lower harmaline concentrations D-glucose uptake was stimulated by 10--15%. When a similar potassium gradient was used, harmaline had no effect. At concentrations up to 2 mM, harmaline did not alter the equilibrium uptake of D-glucose or D-mannitol. After pre-equilibration with sodium (25 mM), G-glucose uptake was inhibited at harmaline concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 mM. Sodium (10 mM) uptake was also inhibited by harmaline. Increasing the sodium concentration reduced the inhibitory effect of harmaline on tracer sodium uptake as well as on sodium-dependent D-glucose uptake. Similar to phlorizin, harmaline (1 mM) was able to prevent glucose-induced sodium influx across the brush-border membrane. Sodium uptake into brush-border membrane vesicles seems to be inhibited at lower harmaline concentrations than sodium-dependent D-glucose uptake. At high (2 mM) inhibitor concentrations, however, sodium-dependent glucose uptake is more strongly inhibited than sodium uptake. These results suggest that harmaline inhibits both sodium and sodium-dependent transport across intestinal brush-border membranes by interacting with specific sodium-binding sites.", "contents": "The effect of harmaline on intestinal sodium transport and on sodium-dependent D-glucose transport in brush-border membrane vesicles from rabbit jejunum. Harmaline inhibition of sodium uptake and of sodium-dependent D-glucose transport was investigated using brush-border membrane vesicles from frozen rabbit jejunum. Under sodium-gradient conditions, \"initial\" D-glucose uptake (20 s) was inhibited by harmaline at concentrations above 0.5 mM, but at lower harmaline concentrations D-glucose uptake was stimulated by 10--15%. When a similar potassium gradient was used, harmaline had no effect. At concentrations up to 2 mM, harmaline did not alter the equilibrium uptake of D-glucose or D-mannitol. After pre-equilibration with sodium (25 mM), G-glucose uptake was inhibited at harmaline concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 mM. Sodium (10 mM) uptake was also inhibited by harmaline. Increasing the sodium concentration reduced the inhibitory effect of harmaline on tracer sodium uptake as well as on sodium-dependent D-glucose uptake. Similar to phlorizin, harmaline (1 mM) was able to prevent glucose-induced sodium influx across the brush-border membrane. Sodium uptake into brush-border membrane vesicles seems to be inhibited at lower harmaline concentrations than sodium-dependent D-glucose uptake. At high (2 mM) inhibitor concentrations, however, sodium-dependent glucose uptake is more strongly inhibited than sodium uptake. These results suggest that harmaline inhibits both sodium and sodium-dependent transport across intestinal brush-border membranes by interacting with specific sodium-binding sites.", "PMID": 574938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11399", "title": "Periodic changes in blood flow in the in vivo rat kidney.", "content": "The frequency response of the blood flow through the rat kidney in vivo has been studied. A piston controlled by a random-signal generator compressed the abdominal aorta proximal to the renal artery eliciting stochastical arterial pressure changes of an amplitude of less than or equal to 5 mm Hg. This small amplitude allowed to study the system under physiological conditions. In accord with earlier results from isolated kidneys pressure induced maxima of flow resistance were found at 0.005 Hz and at 0.1 Hz, thus demonstrating that in vivo humoral and/or nervous factors do not significantly alter the renal vascular response to changes of arterial pressure.", "contents": "Periodic changes in blood flow in the in vivo rat kidney. The frequency response of the blood flow through the rat kidney in vivo has been studied. A piston controlled by a random-signal generator compressed the abdominal aorta proximal to the renal artery eliciting stochastical arterial pressure changes of an amplitude of less than or equal to 5 mm Hg. This small amplitude allowed to study the system under physiological conditions. In accord with earlier results from isolated kidneys pressure induced maxima of flow resistance were found at 0.005 Hz and at 0.1 Hz, thus demonstrating that in vivo humoral and/or nervous factors do not significantly alter the renal vascular response to changes of arterial pressure.", "PMID": 574939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11400", "title": "Extracellular space determination in rat small intestine by using markers of different molecular weights.", "content": "The apparent extracellular space (ECS) of rat jejunum, everted and cannulated \"in vitro\", has been measured by using extracellular markers of different molecular weights. The markers used were two polyethyleneglycols, 14C and 3H labelled (14C-PEG MW 4000 and 3H-PEG MW 900) and 3H-sucrose. The ECSs for the mucosal and serosal sides have been separately determined throughout the time course, and it has been found that the two spaces are identical when PEG 4000 was used but the serosal ECS is almost the double when using PEG 900. The serosal ECS determined with sucrose is four times as big as the mucosal ECS. It seems reasonable to conclude that the best marker for the measure of total apparent ECS is sucrose, placed in the serosal compartment, taking into account that the mucosal ECS is four times smaller than the serosal one. All the markers used reach equilibrium with ECS, more rapidly in the mucosal than in the serosal ECS. Finally, by comparing cell water and cell Na concentrations, one observes that there is a statistical difference between the results obtained by using PEG 4000 as an extracellular marker and those obtained with sucrose.", "contents": "Extracellular space determination in rat small intestine by using markers of different molecular weights. The apparent extracellular space (ECS) of rat jejunum, everted and cannulated \"in vitro\", has been measured by using extracellular markers of different molecular weights. The markers used were two polyethyleneglycols, 14C and 3H labelled (14C-PEG MW 4000 and 3H-PEG MW 900) and 3H-sucrose. The ECSs for the mucosal and serosal sides have been separately determined throughout the time course, and it has been found that the two spaces are identical when PEG 4000 was used but the serosal ECS is almost the double when using PEG 900. The serosal ECS determined with sucrose is four times as big as the mucosal ECS. It seems reasonable to conclude that the best marker for the measure of total apparent ECS is sucrose, placed in the serosal compartment, taking into account that the mucosal ECS is four times smaller than the serosal one. All the markers used reach equilibrium with ECS, more rapidly in the mucosal than in the serosal ECS. Finally, by comparing cell water and cell Na concentrations, one observes that there is a statistical difference between the results obtained by using PEG 4000 as an extracellular marker and those obtained with sucrose.", "PMID": 574940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11401", "title": "The effects of pressure on the water permeability of the descending limb of Henle's loops of rabbits.", "content": "Descending limbs of Henle's loops from rabbits were perfused in vitro. Using techniques where the collecting pipets permitted cannulation of the tubule, we were able to maintain reasonable flow rates at lower perfusion reservoir heights than are required with a conventional \"Sylgard seal\" pipet. The bath was either isosmotic to the perfusate, or was made 300 mOsm hyperosmotic using urea. Net water reabsorption did not occur in tubules perfused at low pressure (average reservoir height = 26 cm H2O) even when the bath was hyperosmotic: delta Jv = -0.06 +/- 0.18 nl/min (n = 7). Observed increases in sodium concentration and osmolality of collected fluid, when the bath was made hyperosmotic, were 16 +/- 8 mM (n - 7) and 254 +/- 38 mOsm (n = 7), respectively. Presumably the large increase in osmolality of the collected fluid was due to entrance of urea. When the \"Sylgard seal\" collecting end was utilized higher perfusion reservoir heights had to be used to maintain flow (mean height 66 cm H2O). These tubules were highly permeable to water as reported by others for this tubule segment. In the presence of a hyperosmotic bath water extrusion resulted in a dramatic increase in the osmolality of the collected fluid (312 +/- 5 mOsm; 7 tubules) which was almost completely accounted for by an increase in sodium concentration (153 +/- 8 mmole/l; 6 tubules). The 14C urea permeability (measured lumen to bath) of descending limbs in a 300 mOsm bath was 0.64 x 10(-7) cm2 . s-1 +/- 0.23 x 10(-7) (11 tubules). When the bath was made hyperosmotic using urea or raffinose the 14C urea permeability increased significantly.", "contents": "The effects of pressure on the water permeability of the descending limb of Henle's loops of rabbits. Descending limbs of Henle's loops from rabbits were perfused in vitro. Using techniques where the collecting pipets permitted cannulation of the tubule, we were able to maintain reasonable flow rates at lower perfusion reservoir heights than are required with a conventional \"Sylgard seal\" pipet. The bath was either isosmotic to the perfusate, or was made 300 mOsm hyperosmotic using urea. Net water reabsorption did not occur in tubules perfused at low pressure (average reservoir height = 26 cm H2O) even when the bath was hyperosmotic: delta Jv = -0.06 +/- 0.18 nl/min (n = 7). Observed increases in sodium concentration and osmolality of collected fluid, when the bath was made hyperosmotic, were 16 +/- 8 mM (n - 7) and 254 +/- 38 mOsm (n = 7), respectively. Presumably the large increase in osmolality of the collected fluid was due to entrance of urea. When the \"Sylgard seal\" collecting end was utilized higher perfusion reservoir heights had to be used to maintain flow (mean height 66 cm H2O). These tubules were highly permeable to water as reported by others for this tubule segment. In the presence of a hyperosmotic bath water extrusion resulted in a dramatic increase in the osmolality of the collected fluid (312 +/- 5 mOsm; 7 tubules) which was almost completely accounted for by an increase in sodium concentration (153 +/- 8 mmole/l; 6 tubules). The 14C urea permeability (measured lumen to bath) of descending limbs in a 300 mOsm bath was 0.64 x 10(-7) cm2 . s-1 +/- 0.23 x 10(-7) (11 tubules). When the bath was made hyperosmotic using urea or raffinose the 14C urea permeability increased significantly.", "PMID": 574941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11402", "title": "Renal blood flow distribution at varying perfusion pressure in the alloperfused dog kidney.", "content": "Tissue blood flow (TBF), its percent distribution and glomerular blood flow (GBF) were measured using labelled microspheres 15 micrometer in diameter (M) and chicken red blood cells (CRBC) at perfusion pressures (PP) of 17.3, 12.8 and 8.0 kPa (130, 95 and 60 mm Hg) in isolated alloperfused dog kidneys. Renal blood flow (RBF) was never interrupted during the isolation. Experiments with M showed a marked inequality of the tissue blood flow in different parts of the renal cortex at a constant PP of 17.3 kPa. TBF was highest in the outermost quarter and lowest in the juxtamedullary one. Using CRBC, a homogeneous TBF was observed in the outer 3/4 of the renal cortex with a lower flow in the innermost quarter. With M, a typical percent \"redistribution\" of TBF and GBF into the inner cortical regions was indicated during PP reduction. With CRBC, this phenomenon was observed only at PP below the range of RBF autoregulation (8.0 kPa) and was much less conspicuous than with M. The smaller size and higher elasticity of CRBC as compared with M, may result in a more realistic reflection of cortical blood flow distribution. The GBF of outermost superficial glomeruli decreases, even with CRBC, with each PP reduction, the difference exhibiting only a 5% significance level. The lower limit of BF autoregulation in these glomeruli seems to be somewhat higher than that of total RBF autoregulation.", "contents": "Renal blood flow distribution at varying perfusion pressure in the alloperfused dog kidney. Tissue blood flow (TBF), its percent distribution and glomerular blood flow (GBF) were measured using labelled microspheres 15 micrometer in diameter (M) and chicken red blood cells (CRBC) at perfusion pressures (PP) of 17.3, 12.8 and 8.0 kPa (130, 95 and 60 mm Hg) in isolated alloperfused dog kidneys. Renal blood flow (RBF) was never interrupted during the isolation. Experiments with M showed a marked inequality of the tissue blood flow in different parts of the renal cortex at a constant PP of 17.3 kPa. TBF was highest in the outermost quarter and lowest in the juxtamedullary one. Using CRBC, a homogeneous TBF was observed in the outer 3/4 of the renal cortex with a lower flow in the innermost quarter. With M, a typical percent \"redistribution\" of TBF and GBF into the inner cortical regions was indicated during PP reduction. With CRBC, this phenomenon was observed only at PP below the range of RBF autoregulation (8.0 kPa) and was much less conspicuous than with M. The smaller size and higher elasticity of CRBC as compared with M, may result in a more realistic reflection of cortical blood flow distribution. The GBF of outermost superficial glomeruli decreases, even with CRBC, with each PP reduction, the difference exhibiting only a 5% significance level. The lower limit of BF autoregulation in these glomeruli seems to be somewhat higher than that of total RBF autoregulation.", "PMID": 574942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11403", "title": "Autoregulation of superficial nephron function in the alloperfused dog kidney.", "content": "Isolated dog kidneys were each pump-perfused by another dog during 4 experimental periods at perfusion pressures (PP) of 21, 17, 13, and 8 kPa, resp. (i.e. 160, 130, 94, and 60 mm Hg). At the 3 highest PP values, the total kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were perfectly autoregulated while at the lowest value both values were significantly lowered. No significant difference was observed between the single nephron GFR (SNGFR) of periods 1 and 2; in period 3 (PP = 13 kPa) a lower value was observed (P less than 0.05). Free flow pressure in proximal convolution (FFP), stop-flow pressure (SFP), and peritubular capillary pressure (PCP) were not different in period 2 than in period 1, but were significantly lower in period 3 (P = 0.02--0.05). Effective filtration pressure (EFP) was the highest in period 1, decreasing significantly with decreasing PP. Filtration pressure equilibrium was observed in period 4 at PP 8 kPa. Total blood flow resistance (RT) fell with decreasing PP, the drop being due to a steep decline in afferent resistance (RA). Efferent resistance (RE) increased as PP decreased. Ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) rose with declining PP both within and outside the autoregulatory range. The results indicate that the lower limit of autoregulation is higher in superficial nephrons than in the whole kidney.", "contents": "Autoregulation of superficial nephron function in the alloperfused dog kidney. Isolated dog kidneys were each pump-perfused by another dog during 4 experimental periods at perfusion pressures (PP) of 21, 17, 13, and 8 kPa, resp. (i.e. 160, 130, 94, and 60 mm Hg). At the 3 highest PP values, the total kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were perfectly autoregulated while at the lowest value both values were significantly lowered. No significant difference was observed between the single nephron GFR (SNGFR) of periods 1 and 2; in period 3 (PP = 13 kPa) a lower value was observed (P less than 0.05). Free flow pressure in proximal convolution (FFP), stop-flow pressure (SFP), and peritubular capillary pressure (PCP) were not different in period 2 than in period 1, but were significantly lower in period 3 (P = 0.02--0.05). Effective filtration pressure (EFP) was the highest in period 1, decreasing significantly with decreasing PP. Filtration pressure equilibrium was observed in period 4 at PP 8 kPa. Total blood flow resistance (RT) fell with decreasing PP, the drop being due to a steep decline in afferent resistance (RA). Efferent resistance (RE) increased as PP decreased. Ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) rose with declining PP both within and outside the autoregulatory range. The results indicate that the lower limit of autoregulation is higher in superficial nephrons than in the whole kidney.", "PMID": 574943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11404", "title": "Exogenous and endogenous stimulations during different phases of pancreatic secretion in conscious rats.", "content": "The effects of stepwise increasing doses of intravenous caerulein, secretin, urecholine and intraduodenal oleic acid were investigated in conscious rats. a) Basal water, bicarbonate, and protein secretion significantly augmented after diversion of pancreatic juice. On the basis of protein secretory pattern of basal secretion 3 stable stages have been recognised: 1. The most physiological basal stage during return of pancreatic juice. 2. The first, highly elevated plateau from the 4th to 7th 30-min period after diversion of pancreatic juice. 3. The second, delayed and less elevated plateau after 270 min. b) The following patterns of stimulated secretion were observed: 1. Caerulein stimulated protein and bicarbonate secretion during return of juice and the first plateau but it failed to elicit a significant response during the second, delayed plateau. 2. Secretin and urecholine showed similar protein responses during return of pancreatic juice but after diversion, they stimulated water and bicarbonate secretion only. 3. During the second plateau oleic acid stimulation resulted in a significant increase in water and bicarbonate secretion but no significant increase occured in protein output. The delayed inhibition of protein secretion, previously described in our laboratory, was unchanged. 4. Supramaximal doses of exogenous stimuli caused an inhibition in pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "Exogenous and endogenous stimulations during different phases of pancreatic secretion in conscious rats. The effects of stepwise increasing doses of intravenous caerulein, secretin, urecholine and intraduodenal oleic acid were investigated in conscious rats. a) Basal water, bicarbonate, and protein secretion significantly augmented after diversion of pancreatic juice. On the basis of protein secretory pattern of basal secretion 3 stable stages have been recognised: 1. The most physiological basal stage during return of pancreatic juice. 2. The first, highly elevated plateau from the 4th to 7th 30-min period after diversion of pancreatic juice. 3. The second, delayed and less elevated plateau after 270 min. b) The following patterns of stimulated secretion were observed: 1. Caerulein stimulated protein and bicarbonate secretion during return of juice and the first plateau but it failed to elicit a significant response during the second, delayed plateau. 2. Secretin and urecholine showed similar protein responses during return of pancreatic juice but after diversion, they stimulated water and bicarbonate secretion only. 3. During the second plateau oleic acid stimulation resulted in a significant increase in water and bicarbonate secretion but no significant increase occured in protein output. The delayed inhibition of protein secretion, previously described in our laboratory, was unchanged. 4. Supramaximal doses of exogenous stimuli caused an inhibition in pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 574944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11405", "title": "Measurements of the perivascular PO2 in the vicinity of the pial vessels of the cat.", "content": "PO2's in the environment of the pial micro-vessels of the cat were measured using recessed tip oxygen microelectrodes. Measurements were made on the surface of vessels with internal diameters ranging from 200 micrometers to 22 micrometers. Blood oxygen partial pressures were also measured inside these vessels by penetrating the vessels with sharpened electrodes. Both intravascular and extravascular PO2 values decreased progressively from the large arterial vessels down to the small arterioles. The observed values of intravascular PO2 showed a systematic longitudinal decrease from 98.5 +/- 10.7 (SEM) mm Hg in the largest vessels down to 72.6 +/- 3.6 mm Hg in the smallest vessels. In addition to the longitudinal gradient, a transmural gradient was observed across the walls of the microvessels. The difference between blood PO2 and vessel surface PO2 was 27.0 +/- 2.5 mm Hg in the largest vessels and 6.0 +/- 2.2 in the smallest. The mean wall thickness in these groups of vessels were 27.0 +/- 1.5 and 7.5 +/- 0.8 micrometers respectively. Measurements of the minimum tissue PO2 on the exposed surface of the cortex yielded a value of 25.4 +/- 6.6 mm Hg. Systemic arterial partial pressure of oxygen averaged 94.7 +/- 4.7 mm Hg. The data indicate that significant gradients for oxygen exist both longitudinally and radially in association with the pial vessels. The longitudinal gradients represent losses of oxygen from the precapillary vessels. The transmural gradients are apparently the result of both consumption by the microvessel wall and diffusional gradients due to oxygen flux into the extravascular space.", "contents": "Measurements of the perivascular PO2 in the vicinity of the pial vessels of the cat. PO2's in the environment of the pial micro-vessels of the cat were measured using recessed tip oxygen microelectrodes. Measurements were made on the surface of vessels with internal diameters ranging from 200 micrometers to 22 micrometers. Blood oxygen partial pressures were also measured inside these vessels by penetrating the vessels with sharpened electrodes. Both intravascular and extravascular PO2 values decreased progressively from the large arterial vessels down to the small arterioles. The observed values of intravascular PO2 showed a systematic longitudinal decrease from 98.5 +/- 10.7 (SEM) mm Hg in the largest vessels down to 72.6 +/- 3.6 mm Hg in the smallest vessels. In addition to the longitudinal gradient, a transmural gradient was observed across the walls of the microvessels. The difference between blood PO2 and vessel surface PO2 was 27.0 +/- 2.5 mm Hg in the largest vessels and 6.0 +/- 2.2 in the smallest. The mean wall thickness in these groups of vessels were 27.0 +/- 1.5 and 7.5 +/- 0.8 micrometers respectively. Measurements of the minimum tissue PO2 on the exposed surface of the cortex yielded a value of 25.4 +/- 6.6 mm Hg. Systemic arterial partial pressure of oxygen averaged 94.7 +/- 4.7 mm Hg. The data indicate that significant gradients for oxygen exist both longitudinally and radially in association with the pial vessels. The longitudinal gradients represent losses of oxygen from the precapillary vessels. The transmural gradients are apparently the result of both consumption by the microvessel wall and diffusional gradients due to oxygen flux into the extravascular space.", "PMID": 574945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11406", "title": "Interaction of adenosine and its phosphorylated derivatives with putative purinergic receptors in the gill vascular bed of rainbow trout.", "content": "1. The haemodynamic responses of trout gill to pulses of adenosine and related nucleotides were recorded in isolated trout head preparations. 2. Pulses of adenosine and related nucleotides induced a vasoconstriction of arterial gill vessels. Theophylline antagonized the resonse to adenosine but had not influence on its metabolism. 3. Dipyridamole and two adenosine deaminase inhibitors [deoxycoformycin and erythro-9(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine] had no effect on either the haemodynamic response of adenosine or its deamination and its uptake by gill tissues. 4. The adenosine response was neither mediated by cholinergic nor adrenergic receptors. 5. These results suggest the existence of extracellular \"purinergic receptors\" in the gills of trout.", "contents": "Interaction of adenosine and its phosphorylated derivatives with putative purinergic receptors in the gill vascular bed of rainbow trout. 1. The haemodynamic responses of trout gill to pulses of adenosine and related nucleotides were recorded in isolated trout head preparations. 2. Pulses of adenosine and related nucleotides induced a vasoconstriction of arterial gill vessels. Theophylline antagonized the resonse to adenosine but had not influence on its metabolism. 3. Dipyridamole and two adenosine deaminase inhibitors [deoxycoformycin and erythro-9(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine] had no effect on either the haemodynamic response of adenosine or its deamination and its uptake by gill tissues. 4. The adenosine response was neither mediated by cholinergic nor adrenergic receptors. 5. These results suggest the existence of extracellular \"purinergic receptors\" in the gills of trout.", "PMID": 574946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11407", "title": "A comparison of the stimulus-response curves of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors in decerebrated cats.", "content": "Recordings of total nerve activity suggested differences in the sensitivities and working ranges between aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors. This result however, conflicts with single fibre studies from isolated receptor zones. Thus it appeared of some interest to compare the function curves of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors in the intact animal. This was achieved by comparing the response characteristics of two groups of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors in decerebrated cats. One smaller group consisted of 11 receptor pairs, each member of the pair being studied simultaneneously in the same cat, and a larger group consisting of 98 aortic and 49 carotid sinus baroreceptors studied independently of each other. The response of each receptor to wide pressure variations was recorded by inflating and deflating an intraaortic catheter tip balloon. Function curves were derived by plotting receptor discharge in terms of spikes per second against mean aortic pressure. No significant differences were found either in the slope of the function curves or their mean pressures at minimum activity, the latter appearing to be set by the working blood pressure level. Thus it was concluded that aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors differ neither in their sensitivities nor in their working ranges when in their physiological environment.", "contents": "A comparison of the stimulus-response curves of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors in decerebrated cats. Recordings of total nerve activity suggested differences in the sensitivities and working ranges between aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors. This result however, conflicts with single fibre studies from isolated receptor zones. Thus it appeared of some interest to compare the function curves of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors in the intact animal. This was achieved by comparing the response characteristics of two groups of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors in decerebrated cats. One smaller group consisted of 11 receptor pairs, each member of the pair being studied simultaneneously in the same cat, and a larger group consisting of 98 aortic and 49 carotid sinus baroreceptors studied independently of each other. The response of each receptor to wide pressure variations was recorded by inflating and deflating an intraaortic catheter tip balloon. Function curves were derived by plotting receptor discharge in terms of spikes per second against mean aortic pressure. No significant differences were found either in the slope of the function curves or their mean pressures at minimum activity, the latter appearing to be set by the working blood pressure level. Thus it was concluded that aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors differ neither in their sensitivities nor in their working ranges when in their physiological environment.", "PMID": 574947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11408", "title": "Effects of glucose and ouabain on transepithelial electrical resistance and cell volume in stripped and unstripped goldfish intestine.", "content": "1. In goldfish intestine (perfused unstripped segments and mucosal strips) the serosal addition of ouabain (10(-4) M) resulted in a vanishment of the transepithelial potential difference and in a continuous increase in transepithelial resistance. 2. Incubation of mucosal strips with ouabain resulted in an increase in sodium content which was greater than the decrease in potassium content. The resulting increase in cation content was accompanied by an increase in chloride content and an increase in water content. 3. Histological examination showed that exposure to ouabain resulted in a swelling of the epithelial layer as compared to the control situation. 4. The ouabain induced resistance increase is greater in the presence of glucose, 3-OMG or fructose than in the presence of mannitol. Phlorizin (10(-4) M) inhibits the extra resistance increase induced by mucosal glucose but is without effect on the fructose induced extra resistance increase. The initial velocity and the magnitude of the glucose induced extra resistance increase depends on the glucose concentration. 5. The results suggest that in goldfish intestine ouabain induces cellular swelling with a concomitant collapse of the lateral intercellular spaces, which is the cause of the increased transepithelial resistance. The additional changes in resistance induced by sugars suggest that the cell membrane is more permeable to glucose, 3-OMG and fructose than to mannitol. The resulting changes in osmotically active material within the epithelial cell influence the cross-sectional area and consequently the conductivity of the paracellular shunt pathway. The hypothesis that these sugars do not induce a resistance change in the absence of ouabain is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of glucose and ouabain on transepithelial electrical resistance and cell volume in stripped and unstripped goldfish intestine. 1. In goldfish intestine (perfused unstripped segments and mucosal strips) the serosal addition of ouabain (10(-4) M) resulted in a vanishment of the transepithelial potential difference and in a continuous increase in transepithelial resistance. 2. Incubation of mucosal strips with ouabain resulted in an increase in sodium content which was greater than the decrease in potassium content. The resulting increase in cation content was accompanied by an increase in chloride content and an increase in water content. 3. Histological examination showed that exposure to ouabain resulted in a swelling of the epithelial layer as compared to the control situation. 4. The ouabain induced resistance increase is greater in the presence of glucose, 3-OMG or fructose than in the presence of mannitol. Phlorizin (10(-4) M) inhibits the extra resistance increase induced by mucosal glucose but is without effect on the fructose induced extra resistance increase. The initial velocity and the magnitude of the glucose induced extra resistance increase depends on the glucose concentration. 5. The results suggest that in goldfish intestine ouabain induces cellular swelling with a concomitant collapse of the lateral intercellular spaces, which is the cause of the increased transepithelial resistance. The additional changes in resistance induced by sugars suggest that the cell membrane is more permeable to glucose, 3-OMG and fructose than to mannitol. The resulting changes in osmotically active material within the epithelial cell influence the cross-sectional area and consequently the conductivity of the paracellular shunt pathway. The hypothesis that these sugars do not induce a resistance change in the absence of ouabain is discussed.", "PMID": 574948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11409", "title": "A slow-release technique for inducing prolonged paralysis by tetrodotoxin.", "content": "A technique is described for the slow-release of tetrodotoxin in peripheral nerves using a constriction capillary. The capillary, which was implanted under the epineurium of the sciatic nerve, released tetrodotoxin from a 25 micrometer pore. Nerve block was complete after approximately 20 min and lasted 6--9 days. Replacement of the capillary enabled paralysis of the rat hindlimb to be maintained for periods of 21 days and longer. Studies with radioactively labelled compounds demonstrated that the efflux rate from the capillary was dependent on the size of the pore and the relative molecular mass of the compound.", "contents": "A slow-release technique for inducing prolonged paralysis by tetrodotoxin. A technique is described for the slow-release of tetrodotoxin in peripheral nerves using a constriction capillary. The capillary, which was implanted under the epineurium of the sciatic nerve, released tetrodotoxin from a 25 micrometer pore. Nerve block was complete after approximately 20 min and lasted 6--9 days. Replacement of the capillary enabled paralysis of the rat hindlimb to be maintained for periods of 21 days and longer. Studies with radioactively labelled compounds demonstrated that the efflux rate from the capillary was dependent on the size of the pore and the relative molecular mass of the compound.", "PMID": 574949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11410", "title": "A kinetic model for the muscarinic action of acetylcholine.", "content": "The timecourse of the membrane hyperpolarization evoked by stimulation of postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings in isolated atria from the guinea-pig heart is mainly governed by two exponentials, one describing most of the rising phase (rate constant k alpha = 2.88+/-1.135 s-1) and one which completely describes the decline of the response (k beta = 0.58+/-0.31 s-1). An exact description of the muscarinic receptor mediated potential change, which also allows for its apparent latency and its s-shaped beginning, is found if two additional faster exponentials are introduced. In agreement with earlier results a model of four consecutive reactions is presented. It is concluded that during muscarinic cholinergic transmission reactions subsequent to binding of the ACh-molecules to the receptor are rate-limiting.", "contents": "A kinetic model for the muscarinic action of acetylcholine. The timecourse of the membrane hyperpolarization evoked by stimulation of postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings in isolated atria from the guinea-pig heart is mainly governed by two exponentials, one describing most of the rising phase (rate constant k alpha = 2.88+/-1.135 s-1) and one which completely describes the decline of the response (k beta = 0.58+/-0.31 s-1). An exact description of the muscarinic receptor mediated potential change, which also allows for its apparent latency and its s-shaped beginning, is found if two additional faster exponentials are introduced. In agreement with earlier results a model of four consecutive reactions is presented. It is concluded that during muscarinic cholinergic transmission reactions subsequent to binding of the ACh-molecules to the receptor are rate-limiting.", "PMID": 574950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11411", "title": "[Female hyperprolactinaemia. 19 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors were able to confirm the ineffectiveness of vitamin B6. The correction of hyperprolactinaemia by bromocriptine restored ovarian function immediately, or after the failure of surgical treatment. It would still be premature to determine the exact place of surgery in this type of pathology.", "contents": "[Female hyperprolactinaemia. 19 cases (author's transl)]. The authors were able to confirm the ineffectiveness of vitamin B6. The correction of hyperprolactinaemia by bromocriptine restored ovarian function immediately, or after the failure of surgical treatment. It would still be premature to determine the exact place of surgery in this type of pathology.", "PMID": 574954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11412", "title": "Atropine stereotypy and its inhibition by intracaudate triperidol in the rat.", "content": "One component (rearing) of the stereotyped behavior of the rat was quantitated using erigometer, a new device developed in this laboratory. Intraperitoneal injection of atropine, but not methylatropine, caused dose-related stereotyped behavior in the rat and this effect was antagonized by intracaudate injection of triperidol in a dose-related manner. It is concluded that stereotypy can be evoked also in the case when the striatal dopaminergic tone is normal or even below normal: it is the equilibrium of the striatal cholinergic-dopaminergic systems which must be shifted towards dopamine, which is necessary for the development of this behavioral manifestation.", "contents": "Atropine stereotypy and its inhibition by intracaudate triperidol in the rat. One component (rearing) of the stereotyped behavior of the rat was quantitated using erigometer, a new device developed in this laboratory. Intraperitoneal injection of atropine, but not methylatropine, caused dose-related stereotyped behavior in the rat and this effect was antagonized by intracaudate injection of triperidol in a dose-related manner. It is concluded that stereotypy can be evoked also in the case when the striatal dopaminergic tone is normal or even below normal: it is the equilibrium of the striatal cholinergic-dopaminergic systems which must be shifted towards dopamine, which is necessary for the development of this behavioral manifestation.", "PMID": 574956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11413", "title": "Behavioral effects and cerebral pharmacokinetics of apomorphine in the rat: dependence upon the route of administration.", "content": "Effect of the route of administration and satiation on behavioral effects of apomorphine and its pharmacokinetics in the brain was studied in the rat. The highest brain concentration and the strongest behavioral response (gnawing) were observed after a subcutaneous injection of the drug to fasted rats. Intraperitoneal injections produced a more rapid onset of apomorphine action, but lower cerebral concentration of the drug. Intracerebroventricular injections produced a weak effect. Apomorphine administered systemically was eliminated from the brain according to equations for a two-compartment model; the possibility that the long half-time compartment represents the receptor bound apomorphine is discussed. After intracerebroventricular injections apomorphine was eliminated according to equations for the one-compartment open model: the elimination of the drug from the cerebrospinal fluid to circulation was rapid (half-time approx. 9 min).", "contents": "Behavioral effects and cerebral pharmacokinetics of apomorphine in the rat: dependence upon the route of administration. Effect of the route of administration and satiation on behavioral effects of apomorphine and its pharmacokinetics in the brain was studied in the rat. The highest brain concentration and the strongest behavioral response (gnawing) were observed after a subcutaneous injection of the drug to fasted rats. Intraperitoneal injections produced a more rapid onset of apomorphine action, but lower cerebral concentration of the drug. Intracerebroventricular injections produced a weak effect. Apomorphine administered systemically was eliminated from the brain according to equations for a two-compartment model; the possibility that the long half-time compartment represents the receptor bound apomorphine is discussed. After intracerebroventricular injections apomorphine was eliminated according to equations for the one-compartment open model: the elimination of the drug from the cerebrospinal fluid to circulation was rapid (half-time approx. 9 min).", "PMID": 574957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11414", "title": "Influence of lesion of the median raphe nucleus on motility and dopamine turnover.", "content": "Both the spontaneous locomotor activity and the locomotor activity stimulated by apomorphine are enhanced in raphe lesioned animals. The exploratory activity does not show clearcut differences. After unilateral microinjection of dopamine into dopaminergic areas intensity of rotation and dominance of direction are amplified in lesioned animals. Other regions fail to evoke asymmetric or enhanced motoric reactions. The sensitivity of the dopaminergic system of raphe lesioned animals is increased too against unspecific stimulation, but with less strong dominance of direction. The general enhancement of motor activity reflects the inhibitory influence of the serotonergic system. In parallel to the change of behavior we observed a moderate increase of dopamine content connected with an accelerated turnover in lesioned animals.", "contents": "Influence of lesion of the median raphe nucleus on motility and dopamine turnover. Both the spontaneous locomotor activity and the locomotor activity stimulated by apomorphine are enhanced in raphe lesioned animals. The exploratory activity does not show clearcut differences. After unilateral microinjection of dopamine into dopaminergic areas intensity of rotation and dominance of direction are amplified in lesioned animals. Other regions fail to evoke asymmetric or enhanced motoric reactions. The sensitivity of the dopaminergic system of raphe lesioned animals is increased too against unspecific stimulation, but with less strong dominance of direction. The general enhancement of motor activity reflects the inhibitory influence of the serotonergic system. In parallel to the change of behavior we observed a moderate increase of dopamine content connected with an accelerated turnover in lesioned animals.", "PMID": 574958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11415", "title": "Interaction of fibrinopeptides A and B with dopaminergic receptors in central nervous system.", "content": "The effect of fibrinopeptides A and B (FAB) on the action of compounds affecting the dopaminergic receptors in central nervous system (CNS) of rats was investigated. These peptides given intraperitoneally (ip) or intraventricularly (ivc) exerted dose-dependent stimulatory effects on the CNS: Enhanced the apomorphine and amphetamine-induced stereotypies and reduced the catalepsy induced by haloperidol. FAB depressed the dopamine level, especially when given together with alpha-MT, and elevated the level of homovanillic acid in the striatum. The results suggest that the stimulatory effects of FAB depend on their interaction with dopaminergic receptors in the CNS.", "contents": "Interaction of fibrinopeptides A and B with dopaminergic receptors in central nervous system. The effect of fibrinopeptides A and B (FAB) on the action of compounds affecting the dopaminergic receptors in central nervous system (CNS) of rats was investigated. These peptides given intraperitoneally (ip) or intraventricularly (ivc) exerted dose-dependent stimulatory effects on the CNS: Enhanced the apomorphine and amphetamine-induced stereotypies and reduced the catalepsy induced by haloperidol. FAB depressed the dopamine level, especially when given together with alpha-MT, and elevated the level of homovanillic acid in the striatum. The results suggest that the stimulatory effects of FAB depend on their interaction with dopaminergic receptors in the CNS.", "PMID": 574959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11416", "title": "[Andrological characteristics in males with X-chromosomal pathology].", "content": "The authors examined 32 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome: 21 with chromatine-positive (the 1st group), 11 with chromatine-negative (the 2nd group). In contrast to the patients of the 2nd group an altered karyotype was revealed in patients of the 1st group (47/XXY, 46XY/47XXY, 48XXXY/49XXXXY). Hormonal examination revelaed hypoandrogenia with a relative hyperestrogenuria in the majority of the patients of the 1st and 2nd groups. However, patients of the 2nd group displayed a greater preservation of the reserve testicular function. Further clinical, endocrinological and cytogenetic studies of the Klinefelter's syndrome is necessary for its differential diagnosis and correction.", "contents": "[Andrological characteristics in males with X-chromosomal pathology]. The authors examined 32 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome: 21 with chromatine-positive (the 1st group), 11 with chromatine-negative (the 2nd group). In contrast to the patients of the 2nd group an altered karyotype was revealed in patients of the 1st group (47/XXY, 46XY/47XXY, 48XXXY/49XXXXY). Hormonal examination revelaed hypoandrogenia with a relative hyperestrogenuria in the majority of the patients of the 1st and 2nd groups. However, patients of the 2nd group displayed a greater preservation of the reserve testicular function. Further clinical, endocrinological and cytogenetic studies of the Klinefelter's syndrome is necessary for its differential diagnosis and correction.", "PMID": 574960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11417", "title": "[Aldosterone and progesterone content and blood renin activity in women with idiopathic edema syndrome in various phases of menstrual cycle].", "content": "Aldosterone and progesterone content and renin activity were studied by the radioimmunological method in women with the idiopathic edema syndrome and in healthy women in various phases of the menstrual cycle. The most significant differences were revealed in the luteinic phase of the cycle. A parallel elevation of the renin activity and of the aldosterone level against the background of a high progesterone level occurred in healthy women at this phase. Patients showed greater increase in the aldosterone level with the reduction of renin activity and a low progesteron level. Hyperaldosteronism was observed in patients with the idiopathic edema syndrome in all the phases of the cycle. It is suggested that an excessive elevation of the aldosterone level and a decrease in the progesterone level in the luteinic phase of the cycle could served as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the edema syndrome formation.", "contents": "[Aldosterone and progesterone content and blood renin activity in women with idiopathic edema syndrome in various phases of menstrual cycle]. Aldosterone and progesterone content and renin activity were studied by the radioimmunological method in women with the idiopathic edema syndrome and in healthy women in various phases of the menstrual cycle. The most significant differences were revealed in the luteinic phase of the cycle. A parallel elevation of the renin activity and of the aldosterone level against the background of a high progesterone level occurred in healthy women at this phase. Patients showed greater increase in the aldosterone level with the reduction of renin activity and a low progesteron level. Hyperaldosteronism was observed in patients with the idiopathic edema syndrome in all the phases of the cycle. It is suggested that an excessive elevation of the aldosterone level and a decrease in the progesterone level in the luteinic phase of the cycle could served as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the edema syndrome formation.", "PMID": 574961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11418", "title": "[Effect of glucocorticoids on the level of transcortin-like cytoplasmic receptors].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on intact, adrenalectomized and stress-subjected male Wistar rats; the level of transcortin-like cytosol receptors of the lungs heart, kidneys, and the liver was studied by means of 3H-corticosterone and solid-phase sorption. The level of transcortin-like receptors in the cytosol of various tissues in intact rats had the following declining sequence; the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver. In stress the level of transcortin-like receptors in the tissue cytosol displayed a sharp reducion, although the sequence characteristic of intact animals persisted. In adrenalectomized rats stress induced no significant fall in the content of transcortin-like receptors in the tissue cytosol, whereas intraperitoneal administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized rats decreased the level of these receptors. A hypothesis was put forward on the antistress action of transcortin-like cytoplasm receptors.", "contents": "[Effect of glucocorticoids on the level of transcortin-like cytoplasmic receptors]. Experiments were conducted on intact, adrenalectomized and stress-subjected male Wistar rats; the level of transcortin-like cytosol receptors of the lungs heart, kidneys, and the liver was studied by means of 3H-corticosterone and solid-phase sorption. The level of transcortin-like receptors in the cytosol of various tissues in intact rats had the following declining sequence; the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver. In stress the level of transcortin-like receptors in the tissue cytosol displayed a sharp reducion, although the sequence characteristic of intact animals persisted. In adrenalectomized rats stress induced no significant fall in the content of transcortin-like receptors in the tissue cytosol, whereas intraperitoneal administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized rats decreased the level of these receptors. A hypothesis was put forward on the antistress action of transcortin-like cytoplasm receptors.", "PMID": 574962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11419", "title": "The effect of external stimulus change on ethanol-produced dissociation.", "content": "Rats which were subjected to aversive Pavlovian conditioning while in a state of ethanol-produced intoxication showed significantly less conditioned suppression of water drinking in the non-drugged state only if the external stimulus situation was also changed between conditioning and testing. This interaction between internal and external stimulus change supports a generalization-decrement explanation of drug-produced dissociation of memory. The number of conditioning trials was also manipulated, but this variable had no significant effect on the conditioned responses. In a second experiment, ethanol injections were given again shortly before testing. This treatment caused a normal degree of conditioned drinking suppression in rats conditioned in the ethanol state, indicating that state-dependent learning was responsible for the conditioned response deficit seen in the first experiment. The dissociation was asymmetrical since rats injected with ethanol before testing only showed a high degree of conditioned suppression.", "contents": "The effect of external stimulus change on ethanol-produced dissociation. Rats which were subjected to aversive Pavlovian conditioning while in a state of ethanol-produced intoxication showed significantly less conditioned suppression of water drinking in the non-drugged state only if the external stimulus situation was also changed between conditioning and testing. This interaction between internal and external stimulus change supports a generalization-decrement explanation of drug-produced dissociation of memory. The number of conditioning trials was also manipulated, but this variable had no significant effect on the conditioned responses. In a second experiment, ethanol injections were given again shortly before testing. This treatment caused a normal degree of conditioned drinking suppression in rats conditioned in the ethanol state, indicating that state-dependent learning was responsible for the conditioned response deficit seen in the first experiment. The dissociation was asymmetrical since rats injected with ethanol before testing only showed a high degree of conditioned suppression.", "PMID": 574969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11420", "title": "[Endocrine function of the ovaries of blue foxes (Alopex ladopus) during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "Progesterone, androgen and estradiol levels in the blood plasma were radioimmunologically studied in female Alopex lagopus aged 2 to 9 months with different weight at birth. The blood sex steroid level showed a sharp elevation at the age of 4 months. The weight gain stops by this time. Thus, by the age of 4 months in females the sexual system becomes mature. From the age of 5 to 8 months there is a fall of the blood sex hormones, corresponding to anestrus, and by the age of 9 months there is a significant rise in the level of sex hormones pointing to activation of the ovarian function by the reproductive season. Large females had a tendency to earlier sexual maturation in comparison with the small ones. Since in the female animals of the species under study two peaks of sexual hormone concentration were revealed in the course of a year it is suggested that at the preceding evolutional stages representatives of the family were capable of reproducing twice a year.", "contents": "[Endocrine function of the ovaries of blue foxes (Alopex ladopus) during postnatal ontogenesis]. Progesterone, androgen and estradiol levels in the blood plasma were radioimmunologically studied in female Alopex lagopus aged 2 to 9 months with different weight at birth. The blood sex steroid level showed a sharp elevation at the age of 4 months. The weight gain stops by this time. Thus, by the age of 4 months in females the sexual system becomes mature. From the age of 5 to 8 months there is a fall of the blood sex hormones, corresponding to anestrus, and by the age of 9 months there is a significant rise in the level of sex hormones pointing to activation of the ovarian function by the reproductive season. Large females had a tendency to earlier sexual maturation in comparison with the small ones. Since in the female animals of the species under study two peaks of sexual hormone concentration were revealed in the course of a year it is suggested that at the preceding evolutional stages representatives of the family were capable of reproducing twice a year.", "PMID": 574963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11421", "title": "A comparison of the effects of acute and subacute administration of beta-phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine on mouse killing behavior of rats.", "content": "beta-Phenylethylamine (PEA) is an endogenous amine that in some instances acts biochemically and behaviorally like amphetamine. In the present experiments, the effects of PEA on mouse killing by rats were compared and constrasted with the effects of d-amphetamine on this behavior. When given acutely to experienced mouse killing rats, PEA (16 and 32 mg/kg) inhibited killing in a direct dose dependent manner. This is similar to the dose dependent inhibition of killing by amphetamine reported previously. However, d-amphetamine but not PEA showed physiologic tolerance following 8 days of twice daily administration. Cross tolerance between the two drugs only occurred when d-amphetamine was administered subacutely. It was concluded that PEA and d-amphetamine have sililar acute effects but differed when given subacutely since PEA did not show tolerance and there was not bidirectional cross-tolerance. These data suggest that these drugs have different pharmacologic actions when given repeatedly. One possible difference may be the duration of action.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of acute and subacute administration of beta-phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine on mouse killing behavior of rats. beta-Phenylethylamine (PEA) is an endogenous amine that in some instances acts biochemically and behaviorally like amphetamine. In the present experiments, the effects of PEA on mouse killing by rats were compared and constrasted with the effects of d-amphetamine on this behavior. When given acutely to experienced mouse killing rats, PEA (16 and 32 mg/kg) inhibited killing in a direct dose dependent manner. This is similar to the dose dependent inhibition of killing by amphetamine reported previously. However, d-amphetamine but not PEA showed physiologic tolerance following 8 days of twice daily administration. Cross tolerance between the two drugs only occurred when d-amphetamine was administered subacutely. It was concluded that PEA and d-amphetamine have sililar acute effects but differed when given subacutely since PEA did not show tolerance and there was not bidirectional cross-tolerance. These data suggest that these drugs have different pharmacologic actions when given repeatedly. One possible difference may be the duration of action.", "PMID": 574970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11422", "title": "The involvement of interoceptive factors in the maintenance of heroin-seeking behavior.", "content": "The role of interoceptive stimuli in conditioned heroin-seeking behavior was investigated using forty-two naive male Wistar rats. A 21-day Phase I period in which 28 animals self-injected heroin in saline solution was followed by a 5-day Phase II period in which 7 animals were allowed access to the original solution; 7 animals were allowed access to saline only; 7 animals were allowed access to distilled water; and 7 animals were allowed no access to any solution. Results showed that only the heroin and (heroin-associated) saline groups shows a significant difference in operant rate compared to animals that had been continually exposed to saline only. It was concluded that heroin-seeking behavior was maintained in the (heroin-associated) saline group as a result of physiological conditioning following repeated association of saline with heroin.", "contents": "The involvement of interoceptive factors in the maintenance of heroin-seeking behavior. The role of interoceptive stimuli in conditioned heroin-seeking behavior was investigated using forty-two naive male Wistar rats. A 21-day Phase I period in which 28 animals self-injected heroin in saline solution was followed by a 5-day Phase II period in which 7 animals were allowed access to the original solution; 7 animals were allowed access to saline only; 7 animals were allowed access to distilled water; and 7 animals were allowed no access to any solution. Results showed that only the heroin and (heroin-associated) saline groups shows a significant difference in operant rate compared to animals that had been continually exposed to saline only. It was concluded that heroin-seeking behavior was maintained in the (heroin-associated) saline group as a result of physiological conditioning following repeated association of saline with heroin.", "PMID": 574971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11423", "title": "Memory storage impairment or retrieval failure: pharmacologically distinguishable processes.", "content": "The effects of reserpine and syrosingopine on retention of a passive avoidance task in mice were investigated. Following repeated exposure to the training apparatus, the amnesia induced with syrosingopine could be reversed, the amnesia induced with reserpine could not. The amnesia produced by these agents was still evident 35 days following training. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of these drugs on memory consolidation and/or retrieval.", "contents": "Memory storage impairment or retrieval failure: pharmacologically distinguishable processes. The effects of reserpine and syrosingopine on retention of a passive avoidance task in mice were investigated. Following repeated exposure to the training apparatus, the amnesia induced with syrosingopine could be reversed, the amnesia induced with reserpine could not. The amnesia produced by these agents was still evident 35 days following training. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of these drugs on memory consolidation and/or retrieval.", "PMID": 574972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11424", "title": "Annual differences in daily variations in hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity and plasma hormone levels in the rat.", "content": "Daily variations in hepatic drug metabolism and in plasma corticosterone and insulin levels were examined at monthly intervals over the duration of 1 year. Annual differences were observed in the basal levels of all parameters. Consistent daily variations were observed only in plasma corticosterone levels, whereas daily variations in each of the other parameters occurred inconsistently over the year with significant variations being found in ethylmorphine metabolism and insulin levels only five times, and in aniline metabolism, six times. These data show that daily variations in the parameters examined do not occur in a regular manner.", "contents": "Annual differences in daily variations in hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity and plasma hormone levels in the rat. Daily variations in hepatic drug metabolism and in plasma corticosterone and insulin levels were examined at monthly intervals over the duration of 1 year. Annual differences were observed in the basal levels of all parameters. Consistent daily variations were observed only in plasma corticosterone levels, whereas daily variations in each of the other parameters occurred inconsistently over the year with significant variations being found in ethylmorphine metabolism and insulin levels only five times, and in aniline metabolism, six times. These data show that daily variations in the parameters examined do not occur in a regular manner.", "PMID": 574973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11425", "title": "Corpus luteum susceptibility to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) luteolysis in hysterectomized prepuberal and mature gilts.", "content": "The susceptibility of induced corpora lutea (CL) of prepuberal gilts and spontaneously formed CL of mature gilts to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) luteolysis was studied. Prepuberal gilts (120 to 130 days of age) were induced to ovulate with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). The day following HCG was designated as Day 0. Mature gilts which had displayed two or more estrous cycles of 18 to 22 days were used (onset of estrus = Day 0). Gilts were laparotomized on Day 6 to 9, their CL marked with sterile charcoal and totally hysterectomized. On Day 20, gilts were injected IM with either distilled water (DW), 2.5 mg PGF2 alpha or 5.0 mg PGF2 alpha. An additional group of prepuberal gilts was injected with 1.25 mg PGF2 alpha, a dose of PGF2 alpha equivalent, on a per kilogram body weight basis, to the 2.5 mg PGF2 alpha dose given to the mature gilts. The percentages of luteal regression on Day 27 to 30 for mature and prepuberal gilts given DW, 2.5 mg PGF2 alpha and 5.0 mg PGF2 alpha were 0.0 vs 4.4, 43.5 vs 96.8 and 47.7 vs 91.6, respectively; the percentage of luteal regression for the prepuberal gilts given 1.25 mg PGF2 alpha was 75.1. These results indicate that induced CL of the prepuberal gilt were more susceptible to PGF2 alpha luteolysis than spontaneously formed CL of the mature gilt and that pregnancy failure in the prepuberal gilt could be due to increased susceptibility of induced CL to the natural luteolysin.", "contents": "Corpus luteum susceptibility to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) luteolysis in hysterectomized prepuberal and mature gilts. The susceptibility of induced corpora lutea (CL) of prepuberal gilts and spontaneously formed CL of mature gilts to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) luteolysis was studied. Prepuberal gilts (120 to 130 days of age) were induced to ovulate with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). The day following HCG was designated as Day 0. Mature gilts which had displayed two or more estrous cycles of 18 to 22 days were used (onset of estrus = Day 0). Gilts were laparotomized on Day 6 to 9, their CL marked with sterile charcoal and totally hysterectomized. On Day 20, gilts were injected IM with either distilled water (DW), 2.5 mg PGF2 alpha or 5.0 mg PGF2 alpha. An additional group of prepuberal gilts was injected with 1.25 mg PGF2 alpha, a dose of PGF2 alpha equivalent, on a per kilogram body weight basis, to the 2.5 mg PGF2 alpha dose given to the mature gilts. The percentages of luteal regression on Day 27 to 30 for mature and prepuberal gilts given DW, 2.5 mg PGF2 alpha and 5.0 mg PGF2 alpha were 0.0 vs 4.4, 43.5 vs 96.8 and 47.7 vs 91.6, respectively; the percentage of luteal regression for the prepuberal gilts given 1.25 mg PGF2 alpha was 75.1. These results indicate that induced CL of the prepuberal gilt were more susceptible to PGF2 alpha luteolysis than spontaneously formed CL of the mature gilt and that pregnancy failure in the prepuberal gilt could be due to increased susceptibility of induced CL to the natural luteolysin.", "PMID": 574977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11426", "title": "The effect of doxorubicin on hepatic and cardiac glutathione.", "content": "The effect of the antitumor antibiotic doxorubicin on glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels in mouse heart and liver has been evaluated. The glutathione content of hepatic and cardiac tissue from saline-treated controls exhibited a statistically significant diurnal variation. Doxorubicin administration produced a dose-related decrease in hepatic glutathione which was not blocked by pretreatment with the free radical scavenger alpha-tocopherol; a lesser drop in cardiac glutathione was also documented. These changes may play an important role in the metabolism and toxicity of doxorubicin.", "contents": "The effect of doxorubicin on hepatic and cardiac glutathione. The effect of the antitumor antibiotic doxorubicin on glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels in mouse heart and liver has been evaluated. The glutathione content of hepatic and cardiac tissue from saline-treated controls exhibited a statistically significant diurnal variation. Doxorubicin administration produced a dose-related decrease in hepatic glutathione which was not blocked by pretreatment with the free radical scavenger alpha-tocopherol; a lesser drop in cardiac glutathione was also documented. These changes may play an important role in the metabolism and toxicity of doxorubicin.", "PMID": 574979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11427", "title": "A simple ballistocardiographic measure (IJ/HI amplitude ratio) in relation to electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "A series of eighteen monozygotic and thirteen dizygotic twin pairs originally selected in 19=7--1968 because of the presence of symptoms of ischemic heart disease in at least one of the pair members was subjected to after examination including ultra-low frequency ballistocardiography. The ratio between IJ and HI amplitudes in the ballistocardiogram was used as an index of myocardial mechanical function. The IJ/HI ratio had a repeatability coefficient of 0.82 before and/or after psychiatric interview. The mean ratio did not change significantly after psychiatric interview. The measure was demonstrated to be independent of height, weight, age, heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and negatively correlated with a measure of somatic anxiety. The ratio was highly significantly correlated with electrocardiographic evidence of ischemic heart disease. The IJ/HI ratio showed a better discrimination than qualitative readings according to Starr and furthermore has the advantage of providing a continuous measure. The ratio seemed to be more influenced by the functional state of the myocardium than by genetic factors.", "contents": "A simple ballistocardiographic measure (IJ/HI amplitude ratio) in relation to electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease. A series of eighteen monozygotic and thirteen dizygotic twin pairs originally selected in 19=7--1968 because of the presence of symptoms of ischemic heart disease in at least one of the pair members was subjected to after examination including ultra-low frequency ballistocardiography. The ratio between IJ and HI amplitudes in the ballistocardiogram was used as an index of myocardial mechanical function. The IJ/HI ratio had a repeatability coefficient of 0.82 before and/or after psychiatric interview. The mean ratio did not change significantly after psychiatric interview. The measure was demonstrated to be independent of height, weight, age, heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and negatively correlated with a measure of somatic anxiety. The ratio was highly significantly correlated with electrocardiographic evidence of ischemic heart disease. The IJ/HI ratio showed a better discrimination than qualitative readings according to Starr and furthermore has the advantage of providing a continuous measure. The ratio seemed to be more influenced by the functional state of the myocardium than by genetic factors.", "PMID": 574981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11428", "title": "Development of sequence specific radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone and its use in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Two antisera which were raised against bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH), and which cross-reacted with the human hormone, have been characterized. The antisera which originated from rooster and guinea-pig, were found to contain several populations of antibodies directed against both N-terminal and C-terminal sequences of the hormone. However, at proper dilutions the rooster antiserum did not bind the N-terminal fragment nor could this fragment displace the [125I] bPTH (1--84 amino acid residue) from binding to the antiserum. Furthermore, preincubation experiments with excess N-terminal fragment showed only a negligible reduction in maximal binding of the iodinated intact hormone using the rooster antiserum. In contrast, the guinea-pig antiserum reacted equally well with the N-terminal fragment and the intact hormone, and preincubation with this fragment reduced the binding of the [125I]bPTH (1--84 amino acid residues) by 75%. Gel filtration of hyperparathyroid serum on Bio-Gel P-60 showed immunoreactive material which was measured with both antisera, eluting at a position similar to the intact hormone. However, in the C-terminal specific, but not in the N-terminal specific radioimmunoassay the major component eluted together with or somewhat earlier than the N-terminal bPTH fragment (1--34 amino acid residue), and this peak represented more than 90% of total immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) in serum. This major iPTH component must therefore represent fragment(s) with intact carboxy-terminal sequences. The N-terminal specific radioimmunoassay was unable to measure iPTH in about 80--90% of healthy individuals while the C-terminal specific assay detected iPTH in about 88% of these sera (equal to or above 0.1 micrograms/l). Similarly, the N-terminal specific antiserum measured consistently lower serum iPTH concentrations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In thirty-four out of forty-one patients with surgically verified primary hyperparathyroidism, serum iPTH concentrations equal to or above 0.60 micrograms/l were demonstrated using the C-terminal, specific radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Development of sequence specific radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone and its use in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Two antisera which were raised against bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH), and which cross-reacted with the human hormone, have been characterized. The antisera which originated from rooster and guinea-pig, were found to contain several populations of antibodies directed against both N-terminal and C-terminal sequences of the hormone. However, at proper dilutions the rooster antiserum did not bind the N-terminal fragment nor could this fragment displace the [125I] bPTH (1--84 amino acid residue) from binding to the antiserum. Furthermore, preincubation experiments with excess N-terminal fragment showed only a negligible reduction in maximal binding of the iodinated intact hormone using the rooster antiserum. In contrast, the guinea-pig antiserum reacted equally well with the N-terminal fragment and the intact hormone, and preincubation with this fragment reduced the binding of the [125I]bPTH (1--84 amino acid residues) by 75%. Gel filtration of hyperparathyroid serum on Bio-Gel P-60 showed immunoreactive material which was measured with both antisera, eluting at a position similar to the intact hormone. However, in the C-terminal specific, but not in the N-terminal specific radioimmunoassay the major component eluted together with or somewhat earlier than the N-terminal bPTH fragment (1--34 amino acid residue), and this peak represented more than 90% of total immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) in serum. This major iPTH component must therefore represent fragment(s) with intact carboxy-terminal sequences. The N-terminal specific radioimmunoassay was unable to measure iPTH in about 80--90% of healthy individuals while the C-terminal specific assay detected iPTH in about 88% of these sera (equal to or above 0.1 micrograms/l). Similarly, the N-terminal specific antiserum measured consistently lower serum iPTH concentrations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In thirty-four out of forty-one patients with surgically verified primary hyperparathyroidism, serum iPTH concentrations equal to or above 0.60 micrograms/l were demonstrated using the C-terminal, specific radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 574982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11429", "title": "The human body louse egg--correlative study of anatomy by SEM and light microscopy.", "content": "SEM and correlative light microscopy of the developing egg of the human body louse reveals a complicated aeropyle system within the operculum important for gaseous exchange. With SEM the opened nit shows three new structures: one, latch-like; a second, ellipsoid with spikes; and a third, pad-like with two parallel rows of pores. They are part of the surface membranes covering the developing embryo. The relationship of the pad-like structure to the ellipsoid structure with spikes is seen by tilting the specimen. The light microscopy findings help to understand the relationship of these structures, which to separate at the time of hatching. A theoretical model is proposed for the hatching mechanism. The latch consists of a clasp on a stalk which may act as a hinged lock when the operculum opens outward. The ellipsoid with spikes and pad appears to separate when the vitelline membrane is ruptured at the time of hatching.", "contents": "The human body louse egg--correlative study of anatomy by SEM and light microscopy. SEM and correlative light microscopy of the developing egg of the human body louse reveals a complicated aeropyle system within the operculum important for gaseous exchange. With SEM the opened nit shows three new structures: one, latch-like; a second, ellipsoid with spikes; and a third, pad-like with two parallel rows of pores. They are part of the surface membranes covering the developing embryo. The relationship of the pad-like structure to the ellipsoid structure with spikes is seen by tilting the specimen. The light microscopy findings help to understand the relationship of these structures, which to separate at the time of hatching. A theoretical model is proposed for the hatching mechanism. The latch consists of a clasp on a stalk which may act as a hinged lock when the operculum opens outward. The ellipsoid with spikes and pad appears to separate when the vitelline membrane is ruptured at the time of hatching.", "PMID": 574984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11430", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris infection in mice.", "content": "An epizootic disease characterized by failure to gain weight, lethargy, enteropathy, and death developed in weanlings from a production colony of NIH/Nmri CV mice. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examination of the intestine revealed large numbers of protozoan parasites identified as Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris. The extensive, entangled mass of organisms in the intestinal lumen enveloped the villi and continued deep within the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn. Inflammation and significant intestinal lesions were not observed. The scanning electron microscopic appearance of the small intestine in spironucleosis gives credence to a pathogenesis of malabsorption with subsequent, severe malnutrition and death in weanling mice.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris infection in mice. An epizootic disease characterized by failure to gain weight, lethargy, enteropathy, and death developed in weanlings from a production colony of NIH/Nmri CV mice. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examination of the intestine revealed large numbers of protozoan parasites identified as Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris. The extensive, entangled mass of organisms in the intestinal lumen enveloped the villi and continued deep within the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn. Inflammation and significant intestinal lesions were not observed. The scanning electron microscopic appearance of the small intestine in spironucleosis gives credence to a pathogenesis of malabsorption with subsequent, severe malnutrition and death in weanling mice.", "PMID": 574985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11431", "title": "Membrane events of fertilization in the sea urchin.", "content": "Four important events of fertilization in the sea urchin are: 1) the acrosome reaction of the sperm, 2) sperm-egg fusion, 3) the cortical reaction of the egg, and 4) the formation of the fertilization coat. The acrosome reaction is triggered by contact of the sperm with the jelly coat, a complex extracellular matrix surrounding the egg. This causes rapid fluxes of ions, fusion of the acrosome membrane with the plasma membrane, and extension of the acrosomal filament. The acrosome membrane inserted into thesperm plasma membrane covers the acrosomal filament and contacts the plasma membrane of the egg to initiate sperm-egg fusion. One consequence of sperm-egg fusion is insertion of the sperm plasma membrane into the egg plasma membrane, producing a mosaic patch. The sperm components inserted persist in development and can be identified by quantitative methods after gastrulation. Another consequence of sperm-egg fusion is the cortical reaction in which thousands of vesicles fuse with the egg surface, thereby adding their membranes to the egg plasma membrane and releasing their contents upon the egg surface. This results in an approximate doubling of the amount of membrane on the egg surface in a few seconds and produces a mosaic topography. The excess surface membrane is accommodated by elongation of egg microvilli. The cortical reaction causes a detachment of the egg glycocalyx or vitelline membrane, and this layer is elevated from the egg surface. Contents of the cortical granules combine with and alter the vitelline membrane by a hardening reaction to produce the fertilization coat. Hardening involves a peroxidase-mediated tyrosine crosslinking, requiring a burst of oxygen consumption by the egg to generate hydrogen peroxide and resulting in chemiluminescence. These events are followed by activation of metabolic processes in the egg and changes which protect the egg against polyspermy.", "contents": "Membrane events of fertilization in the sea urchin. Four important events of fertilization in the sea urchin are: 1) the acrosome reaction of the sperm, 2) sperm-egg fusion, 3) the cortical reaction of the egg, and 4) the formation of the fertilization coat. The acrosome reaction is triggered by contact of the sperm with the jelly coat, a complex extracellular matrix surrounding the egg. This causes rapid fluxes of ions, fusion of the acrosome membrane with the plasma membrane, and extension of the acrosomal filament. The acrosome membrane inserted into thesperm plasma membrane covers the acrosomal filament and contacts the plasma membrane of the egg to initiate sperm-egg fusion. One consequence of sperm-egg fusion is insertion of the sperm plasma membrane into the egg plasma membrane, producing a mosaic patch. The sperm components inserted persist in development and can be identified by quantitative methods after gastrulation. Another consequence of sperm-egg fusion is the cortical reaction in which thousands of vesicles fuse with the egg surface, thereby adding their membranes to the egg plasma membrane and releasing their contents upon the egg surface. This results in an approximate doubling of the amount of membrane on the egg surface in a few seconds and produces a mosaic topography. The excess surface membrane is accommodated by elongation of egg microvilli. The cortical reaction causes a detachment of the egg glycocalyx or vitelline membrane, and this layer is elevated from the egg surface. Contents of the cortical granules combine with and alter the vitelline membrane by a hardening reaction to produce the fertilization coat. Hardening involves a peroxidase-mediated tyrosine crosslinking, requiring a burst of oxygen consumption by the egg to generate hydrogen peroxide and resulting in chemiluminescence. These events are followed by activation of metabolic processes in the egg and changes which protect the egg against polyspermy.", "PMID": 574986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11432", "title": "Complement consumption in the diagnosis of pigeon breeders' disease.", "content": "Two laboratory techniques have been applied for the diagnosis and follow-up of pigeon breeders' disease, viz. detection of precipitins against specific antigens from pigeon droppings and assays of human haemolytic complement (huC) consumption by pigeon dropping antigens. A simple laboratory test of huC consumption by pigeon antigens is described, revealing high huC sensitivity in almost all sera of pigeon breeders with manifest or former disease. False-positive results were seldom observed. Discontinuation of antigen exposure and/or corticosteroid therapy had no effect on the huC consumption level in the test system, despite precipitin titres falling below the level of detection. Titration studies revealed an initial decrease of the huC-consuming serum factors, but titres settled at a definite constant level, even after antigen avoidance for many years. Combined application of both the precipitin test and the huC consumption test appears to be a good procedure for the laboratory diagnosis of pigeon breeders' disease.", "contents": "Complement consumption in the diagnosis of pigeon breeders' disease. Two laboratory techniques have been applied for the diagnosis and follow-up of pigeon breeders' disease, viz. detection of precipitins against specific antigens from pigeon droppings and assays of human haemolytic complement (huC) consumption by pigeon dropping antigens. A simple laboratory test of huC consumption by pigeon antigens is described, revealing high huC sensitivity in almost all sera of pigeon breeders with manifest or former disease. False-positive results were seldom observed. Discontinuation of antigen exposure and/or corticosteroid therapy had no effect on the huC consumption level in the test system, despite precipitin titres falling below the level of detection. Titration studies revealed an initial decrease of the huC-consuming serum factors, but titres settled at a definite constant level, even after antigen avoidance for many years. Combined application of both the precipitin test and the huC consumption test appears to be a good procedure for the laboratory diagnosis of pigeon breeders' disease.", "PMID": 574988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11433", "title": "[Development of narcotics consumption in adolescents 19 and 20 years old. A comparison in the canton of Zurich 1971, 1974 and 1978].", "content": "In 1971, 1974 and 1978 representative samples of 19/20-year-old males and females in the Canton of Zurich (Switzerland) answered identical questionnaires on consumption of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. It was thus possible to analyze changes in consumption habits for alcohol, tobacco and drugs by young adults. Consumption patterns changed differently for males and females, with a tendency for females to approach the same levels as males. The number of persons who had been drunk at least once nearly doubled; among men to 68% (as compared to 41% in 1971) and among females to 44% (21%). However, the number of heavy alcohol consumers did not change greatly. The number of cigarette smoking males decreased markedly to 42% (compared to 55%) and is now similar to that of females (43%/41%). The consumption of drugs did not change strikingly. The number of females consuming marijuana increased slightly from 13% to 17%, whereas that of males decreased slightly to 20% (23%). This can be explained by the lower proportion of males with only 1--10 marijuana experiences. The social context of drug consumption shows greater changes than the mere number of consumers: the age of the first drug experience is now considerably lower while differences in drug contact by region or by social strata show a tendency to disappear, with the sole exception of persons without occupational training who now show extremely high drug experiences. It is therefore assumed that drug consumption is no longer a means of self-experience but rather a form of evasive behavior.", "contents": "[Development of narcotics consumption in adolescents 19 and 20 years old. A comparison in the canton of Zurich 1971, 1974 and 1978]. In 1971, 1974 and 1978 representative samples of 19/20-year-old males and females in the Canton of Zurich (Switzerland) answered identical questionnaires on consumption of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. It was thus possible to analyze changes in consumption habits for alcohol, tobacco and drugs by young adults. Consumption patterns changed differently for males and females, with a tendency for females to approach the same levels as males. The number of persons who had been drunk at least once nearly doubled; among men to 68% (as compared to 41% in 1971) and among females to 44% (21%). However, the number of heavy alcohol consumers did not change greatly. The number of cigarette smoking males decreased markedly to 42% (compared to 55%) and is now similar to that of females (43%/41%). The consumption of drugs did not change strikingly. The number of females consuming marijuana increased slightly from 13% to 17%, whereas that of males decreased slightly to 20% (23%). This can be explained by the lower proportion of males with only 1--10 marijuana experiences. The social context of drug consumption shows greater changes than the mere number of consumers: the age of the first drug experience is now considerably lower while differences in drug contact by region or by social strata show a tendency to disappear, with the sole exception of persons without occupational training who now show extremely high drug experiences. It is therefore assumed that drug consumption is no longer a means of self-experience but rather a form of evasive behavior.", "PMID": 574989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11434", "title": "Structure and regeneration of the planarian basal lamina: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The structure and regeneration of the planarian subepidermal basement membrane or basal lamina have been electron microscopically examined, particularly in relation to the changes of extracellular products at the wounded area. The intact basal lamina consists of three structural elements; namely, an electron-lucent zone, a limiting layer and a microfibrillar layer. Ultrastructural changes during wound healing have suggested that the amorphous material secreted in the interspace between the epidermal cells and blastema contains precursors of the basal lamina. Within the amorphous zone two distinct phases of the basal lamina regeneration are observed: one is a reconstitution of the limiting layer and the other is a polymerization of the microfibrils. The limiting layer arises from areas subjacent to newly developed hemidesmosomes of epidermal cells. The unit microfibrils are formed from an accumulation of the precursors through transitional smaller microfibrils. At the late stage, individual mature microfibrils are regularly lined with the limiting layer and cell membranes of the newly differentiated muscle fibres. On the basis of these observations we suggest that the planarian basal lamina is regenerated by the interaction between epidermal cells and myoblasts.", "contents": "Structure and regeneration of the planarian basal lamina: an ultrastructural study. The structure and regeneration of the planarian subepidermal basement membrane or basal lamina have been electron microscopically examined, particularly in relation to the changes of extracellular products at the wounded area. The intact basal lamina consists of three structural elements; namely, an electron-lucent zone, a limiting layer and a microfibrillar layer. Ultrastructural changes during wound healing have suggested that the amorphous material secreted in the interspace between the epidermal cells and blastema contains precursors of the basal lamina. Within the amorphous zone two distinct phases of the basal lamina regeneration are observed: one is a reconstitution of the limiting layer and the other is a polymerization of the microfibrils. The limiting layer arises from areas subjacent to newly developed hemidesmosomes of epidermal cells. The unit microfibrils are formed from an accumulation of the precursors through transitional smaller microfibrils. At the late stage, individual mature microfibrils are regularly lined with the limiting layer and cell membranes of the newly differentiated muscle fibres. On the basis of these observations we suggest that the planarian basal lamina is regenerated by the interaction between epidermal cells and myoblasts.", "PMID": 574992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11435", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the granular leucocytes of the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus (Gray).", "content": "The granular leucocytes of an active, mature female tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Gray) were examined in the electron microscope. Eosinophils contained a lobulated nucleus, homogeneous, dense, irregularly shaped granules, assorted smaller granular inclusions, mitochondria and beta-glycogen. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and ribosomes were scanty. Immature neutrophils (myelocytes) were regular in outline and contained a compact nucleus. In the adjacent centrosomal region were paired centrioles with connected microtubules, and Golgi complexes. Ovoid electron-dense granules, mitochondria, lipid droplets and numerous microfilaments arranged randomly or in bundles, lay in the cytoplasm. Mature neutrophils were often highly irregular in outline, had a segmented nucleus and contained possibly a second type of granular inclusion. The basophils were regular in outline with a compact nucleus. Numerous ovoid homogeneous, electron-dense granules, mitochondria, beta-glycogen particles and some microfilaments were seen in the cytoplasm. The granules in many basophils appeared 'altered' or degenerate and most of these contained microtubules. The cytology of the granulocytes of the tuatara is compared with that in other vertebrates.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the granular leucocytes of the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus (Gray). The granular leucocytes of an active, mature female tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Gray) were examined in the electron microscope. Eosinophils contained a lobulated nucleus, homogeneous, dense, irregularly shaped granules, assorted smaller granular inclusions, mitochondria and beta-glycogen. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and ribosomes were scanty. Immature neutrophils (myelocytes) were regular in outline and contained a compact nucleus. In the adjacent centrosomal region were paired centrioles with connected microtubules, and Golgi complexes. Ovoid electron-dense granules, mitochondria, lipid droplets and numerous microfilaments arranged randomly or in bundles, lay in the cytoplasm. Mature neutrophils were often highly irregular in outline, had a segmented nucleus and contained possibly a second type of granular inclusion. The basophils were regular in outline with a compact nucleus. Numerous ovoid homogeneous, electron-dense granules, mitochondria, beta-glycogen particles and some microfilaments were seen in the cytoplasm. The granules in many basophils appeared 'altered' or degenerate and most of these contained microtubules. The cytology of the granulocytes of the tuatara is compared with that in other vertebrates.", "PMID": 574993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11436", "title": "Follicle formation in the embryonic chick thyroid. III. Initiation of follicle formation.", "content": "It has been proposed that the follicular spaces in the thyroid form by either the coalescence of intracellular droplets or by separation of cell apices by secretion into the extracellular space. On the basis of examination of thyroid primordia in early chick embryos this study provides evidence that in the chick, at least, follicle formation conforms to the second model. The first indications of change in the chick thyroid is the appearance of interdigitations of the cell apices. These interdigitations form microvilli as the two surfaces become separated and the follicular space is established. Vesicles with two types of contents can be identified in proximity with the cell surface during follicle formation, but it is not clear if either the dense particulate or the more electron-lucid materials that they contain actually enter the follicular space. Neither removal of the pituitary gland by decapitation nor inhibition of collagen synthesis and a concomitant failure of the invasion of capsular mesenchyme prevents the initiation of normal follicle formation.", "contents": "Follicle formation in the embryonic chick thyroid. III. Initiation of follicle formation. It has been proposed that the follicular spaces in the thyroid form by either the coalescence of intracellular droplets or by separation of cell apices by secretion into the extracellular space. On the basis of examination of thyroid primordia in early chick embryos this study provides evidence that in the chick, at least, follicle formation conforms to the second model. The first indications of change in the chick thyroid is the appearance of interdigitations of the cell apices. These interdigitations form microvilli as the two surfaces become separated and the follicular space is established. Vesicles with two types of contents can be identified in proximity with the cell surface during follicle formation, but it is not clear if either the dense particulate or the more electron-lucid materials that they contain actually enter the follicular space. Neither removal of the pituitary gland by decapitation nor inhibition of collagen synthesis and a concomitant failure of the invasion of capsular mesenchyme prevents the initiation of normal follicle formation.", "PMID": 574994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11437", "title": "[Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis of the breast].", "content": "An analysis of the own material and of literature data permits to note alterations in the clinical course of mammary gland tuberculosis, which is the manifestation of tuberculosis pathomorphism under modern conditions. The lesion of the mammary gland is most commonly an isolated disease. This interferes with the differential diagnosis between tuberculous mastitis and tumors of the mammary gland and supports the opinion that the spreading of infection from other old tuberculous foci via hematogenic path plays the main part in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis of the mammary gland.", "contents": "[Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis of the breast]. An analysis of the own material and of literature data permits to note alterations in the clinical course of mammary gland tuberculosis, which is the manifestation of tuberculosis pathomorphism under modern conditions. The lesion of the mammary gland is most commonly an isolated disease. This interferes with the differential diagnosis between tuberculous mastitis and tumors of the mammary gland and supports the opinion that the spreading of infection from other old tuberculous foci via hematogenic path plays the main part in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis of the mammary gland.", "PMID": 575000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11438", "title": "[Estrus induction in sheep injected with colostrum at different phases of the sexual cycle].", "content": "Investigations on the mechanism of colostrum effect in sheep sex apparatus stimulation were carried out. The experiments included 57 sheep, 10 of them used as a check and the remaining 47 distributed in four treatment groups and injected with colostrum at various phases of the sex cycle. It was established that the effectiveness of injecting cow colostrum on sheep with the aim of inducing synchronous oestrus during the regular reproduction season depends on the sex cycle phase at which the injection takes place. The effectiveness is higher in case injection is performed during the second half of dioestrum. The induced synchronous oestrus of sheep following colostrum injection is equivalent to the normal.", "contents": "[Estrus induction in sheep injected with colostrum at different phases of the sexual cycle]. Investigations on the mechanism of colostrum effect in sheep sex apparatus stimulation were carried out. The experiments included 57 sheep, 10 of them used as a check and the remaining 47 distributed in four treatment groups and injected with colostrum at various phases of the sex cycle. It was established that the effectiveness of injecting cow colostrum on sheep with the aim of inducing synchronous oestrus during the regular reproduction season depends on the sex cycle phase at which the injection takes place. The effectiveness is higher in case injection is performed during the second half of dioestrum. The induced synchronous oestrus of sheep following colostrum injection is equivalent to the normal.", "PMID": 575001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11439", "title": "Distribution of four IgG Gm antigens in different experimental IgG samples.", "content": "The distribution of four Gm antigens was determined in rivanol-soluble as well as in chromatographically obtained human IgG preparations. In rivanol-soluble IgG, enrichment in IgG3 carrying Gm5 antigen was demonstrated and, in a preparation fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, molecules with a predominantly Gml-expressed antigen were shown to be present.", "contents": "Distribution of four IgG Gm antigens in different experimental IgG samples. The distribution of four Gm antigens was determined in rivanol-soluble as well as in chromatographically obtained human IgG preparations. In rivanol-soluble IgG, enrichment in IgG3 carrying Gm5 antigen was demonstrated and, in a preparation fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, molecules with a predominantly Gml-expressed antigen were shown to be present.", "PMID": 575002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11440", "title": "Formaldehyde-related antibodies in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "In a study of anti-N-like antibodies, we tested sera from 93 hemodialysis patients for hemagglutination reactions with untreated and formaldehyde-treated reagent red blood cells. Six of 22 sera from patients who had been dialyzed with formaldehyde-sterilized membranes had anti-N-like activity and 20 (91%) specifically agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. Sera from 71 patients dialyzed with disposable membranes neither had anti-N-like activity nor agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. The agglutination of formaldehyde-treated red blood cells by sera from hemodialysis patients was unrelated to MNU phenotypes and, therefore, identified a second serologic specificity, provisionally termed \"anti-formaldehyde.\" \"Anti-formaldehyde\" was absorbed by and eluted from NN red blood cells as well as from formaldehyde-treated red blood cells regardless of MNU phenotype. All eluates and sera containing anti-N-like activity also agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells, typically after the addition of anti-human serum. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that anti-N-like reactions of hemodialysis patients' sera represent cross reactions of formaldehyde related antibodies with N antigens of normal red blood cells.", "contents": "Formaldehyde-related antibodies in hemodialysis patients. In a study of anti-N-like antibodies, we tested sera from 93 hemodialysis patients for hemagglutination reactions with untreated and formaldehyde-treated reagent red blood cells. Six of 22 sera from patients who had been dialyzed with formaldehyde-sterilized membranes had anti-N-like activity and 20 (91%) specifically agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. Sera from 71 patients dialyzed with disposable membranes neither had anti-N-like activity nor agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. The agglutination of formaldehyde-treated red blood cells by sera from hemodialysis patients was unrelated to MNU phenotypes and, therefore, identified a second serologic specificity, provisionally termed \"anti-formaldehyde.\" \"Anti-formaldehyde\" was absorbed by and eluted from NN red blood cells as well as from formaldehyde-treated red blood cells regardless of MNU phenotype. All eluates and sera containing anti-N-like activity also agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells, typically after the addition of anti-human serum. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that anti-N-like reactions of hemodialysis patients' sera represent cross reactions of formaldehyde related antibodies with N antigens of normal red blood cells.", "PMID": 574996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11441", "title": "Reduced antibody response in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis with formaldehyde sterilized units.", "content": "In an attempt to explain the relatively low incidence of antibody production seen in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis, sera from 200 patients were exposed to formaldehyde under conditions similar to those during dialysis. It was found that this procedure substantially reduced antibody titers, except when the initial titer was very high. The danger of missing low antibody titers after dialysis is pointed out.", "contents": "Reduced antibody response in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis with formaldehyde sterilized units. In an attempt to explain the relatively low incidence of antibody production seen in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis, sera from 200 patients were exposed to formaldehyde under conditions similar to those during dialysis. It was found that this procedure substantially reduced antibody titers, except when the initial titer was very high. The danger of missing low antibody titers after dialysis is pointed out.", "PMID": 574997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11442", "title": "[Keeping quality of hard boiled eggs].", "content": "Only a few and contradictory results are available on the storage stability of hard boiled eggs which are of considerable importance for institutional feeding. Therefore four storage experiments on about 500 hard boiled eggs each were carried out and chemical and sensorial changes occurring during storage investigated. The one-day-old eggs of the same origin were boiled for 17 minutes under standard conditions and subsequently stored in air at a relative humidity between 73 and 85% at 4 degrees C (experiment No. 1), at 20 degrees C (experiments No. 2 and 3) and in pure carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C (experiment No. 4). Immediately after boiling, the eggs used for experiments No. 3 were dipped into coloured resin for egg shells (natural Manila-Kopa; dissolved in ethanol and stained with \"Acillantechtgr\u00fcn). Losses in weight during storages were distincly lower in the lacquered eggs than in the non-lacquered samples otherwise treated in the same manner. The weight decrease caused by the loss of water was extraordinarily high in pure CO2 and is due mainly the the decrease of the pH in the egg whites caused by the uptake of CO2. A few days after boiling the concentration of the free amino acids reached approximately the same level in albumen and yolk and remained practically constant over the following 3 weeks. For the breakdown of lecithine in yolk determined according to Grossfeld and Peter, a \"deterioration quotient\" of 6, like in unboiled eggs, was fixed as the limit value for unspoiled condition. Accordingly a possible storage time of 3 to 4 weeks resulted for the eggs stored at 4 degrees C and for the eggs treated with stained resin. The non-lacquered eggs stored in air or in CO2 at 20 degrees C reached the critical value in about 10 days. From the vitamins A, B1 and B2 only vitamin A showed considerable losses during storage. On the basis of the microbiological (3) and chemical findings and of the sensorial evaluation of colour, consistency, odour and taste of egg whites and yolks, the following storage times were determined for eggs in the quality class \"saleable\" requiring an overall rating not lower than 6 (satisfactory): 14 to 16 days, for non-lacquered eggs stored at 4 degrees C and for lacquered eggs at 20 degrees C whereas 5 days were found to be the maximum storage time for untreated eggs stored at 20 degrees C. If boiled eggs are stored in pure carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C, a distinct quality loss is observed already after a few days.", "contents": "[Keeping quality of hard boiled eggs]. Only a few and contradictory results are available on the storage stability of hard boiled eggs which are of considerable importance for institutional feeding. Therefore four storage experiments on about 500 hard boiled eggs each were carried out and chemical and sensorial changes occurring during storage investigated. The one-day-old eggs of the same origin were boiled for 17 minutes under standard conditions and subsequently stored in air at a relative humidity between 73 and 85% at 4 degrees C (experiment No. 1), at 20 degrees C (experiments No. 2 and 3) and in pure carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C (experiment No. 4). Immediately after boiling, the eggs used for experiments No. 3 were dipped into coloured resin for egg shells (natural Manila-Kopa; dissolved in ethanol and stained with \"Acillantechtgr\u00fcn). Losses in weight during storages were distincly lower in the lacquered eggs than in the non-lacquered samples otherwise treated in the same manner. The weight decrease caused by the loss of water was extraordinarily high in pure CO2 and is due mainly the the decrease of the pH in the egg whites caused by the uptake of CO2. A few days after boiling the concentration of the free amino acids reached approximately the same level in albumen and yolk and remained practically constant over the following 3 weeks. For the breakdown of lecithine in yolk determined according to Grossfeld and Peter, a \"deterioration quotient\" of 6, like in unboiled eggs, was fixed as the limit value for unspoiled condition. Accordingly a possible storage time of 3 to 4 weeks resulted for the eggs stored at 4 degrees C and for the eggs treated with stained resin. The non-lacquered eggs stored in air or in CO2 at 20 degrees C reached the critical value in about 10 days. From the vitamins A, B1 and B2 only vitamin A showed considerable losses during storage. On the basis of the microbiological (3) and chemical findings and of the sensorial evaluation of colour, consistency, odour and taste of egg whites and yolks, the following storage times were determined for eggs in the quality class \"saleable\" requiring an overall rating not lower than 6 (satisfactory): 14 to 16 days, for non-lacquered eggs stored at 4 degrees C and for lacquered eggs at 20 degrees C whereas 5 days were found to be the maximum storage time for untreated eggs stored at 20 degrees C. If boiled eggs are stored in pure carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C, a distinct quality loss is observed already after a few days.", "PMID": 575006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11443", "title": "Is the aeration of the lungs a reliable sign of live birth?", "content": "One of the most important medico-legal questions is whether an infant was born alive or not. The aerated lungs do not mean in every case that the newborn had taken a breath. Under various conditions the aerated lungs may turn into unaerated ones and, on the other hand, a stillborn's lungs may seem aerated. The critical evaluation of the histological and macroscopical examinations may aid in solving the question.", "contents": "Is the aeration of the lungs a reliable sign of live birth? One of the most important medico-legal questions is whether an infant was born alive or not. The aerated lungs do not mean in every case that the newborn had taken a breath. Under various conditions the aerated lungs may turn into unaerated ones and, on the other hand, a stillborn's lungs may seem aerated. The critical evaluation of the histological and macroscopical examinations may aid in solving the question.", "PMID": 575008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11444", "title": "[Effect of alcohol on cerebral cortex neurons].", "content": "Prevalent in the early period (10th--20th days) of experimental alcoholic intoxication were functional changes of the neurons and the dendrites with elements of compensatory character. With the progress of the pathological process (in 2,4,8,12, and 15 months) these functional changes gave more and more place to dystrophic and destructive ones. The following sequence of the dendrite structural changes was observed: a diminution of the number of impregnated spines, the loss of the spines, a convoluted pattern of the dendrites, a thinning of the dendrite branches with non-uniformity of their impregnation, appearance of \"light fenestrae\" along the dendrites. The damage of the dendrite structure plays an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic affections of the brain.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol on cerebral cortex neurons]. Prevalent in the early period (10th--20th days) of experimental alcoholic intoxication were functional changes of the neurons and the dendrites with elements of compensatory character. With the progress of the pathological process (in 2,4,8,12, and 15 months) these functional changes gave more and more place to dystrophic and destructive ones. The following sequence of the dendrite structural changes was observed: a diminution of the number of impregnated spines, the loss of the spines, a convoluted pattern of the dendrites, a thinning of the dendrite branches with non-uniformity of their impregnation, appearance of \"light fenestrae\" along the dendrites. The damage of the dendrite structure plays an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic affections of the brain.", "PMID": 575009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11445", "title": "The influence of postnatal nutrition on lipoprotein lipase activity and hormone sensitive lipolysis in vitro of rat adipose tissue.", "content": "In rats grown up in small and large nests the lipolytic activity of adipose tissue was studied in vitro in dependence on age. Independent of age and sex a significantly higher lipoprotein lipase activity as well as a lower basal or norepinephrine stimulated lipolysis and reesterification (absolute) occurred in rats from small nests compared with rats from large nests. The calculated degree of reesterification was independent of the nest size, but decreased from 80% to 30% from one month to one year of age. The marked differences in the lipolytic activities of adipose tissue emphasize the distinct influence of the post-natal nutrition on metabolic functions in the later life and lead to the conclusion that the metabolism of adipose tissue of animals from small nests is directed towards a long-term increased storage of lipids.", "contents": "The influence of postnatal nutrition on lipoprotein lipase activity and hormone sensitive lipolysis in vitro of rat adipose tissue. In rats grown up in small and large nests the lipolytic activity of adipose tissue was studied in vitro in dependence on age. Independent of age and sex a significantly higher lipoprotein lipase activity as well as a lower basal or norepinephrine stimulated lipolysis and reesterification (absolute) occurred in rats from small nests compared with rats from large nests. The calculated degree of reesterification was independent of the nest size, but decreased from 80% to 30% from one month to one year of age. The marked differences in the lipolytic activities of adipose tissue emphasize the distinct influence of the post-natal nutrition on metabolic functions in the later life and lead to the conclusion that the metabolism of adipose tissue of animals from small nests is directed towards a long-term increased storage of lipids.", "PMID": 575010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11446", "title": "Platelet turnover and megakaryocytopoiesis in ITP.", "content": "Among patients with ITP, a group of 9 subjects displayed a reduced platelet turnover. In their bone marrow the megakaryocyte mass was measured by 59Fe, and the results were referred to those of 6 patients with a moderately increased and of 6 with a considerably increased platelet turnover. In the low-turnover group the megakaryocyte nuclear lobe number was subnormal cells with basophil cytoplasm were in the majority and the number of megakaryocytes was increased, whereas in the other two groups of megakaryocite population showed a shift to the right, and increased nuclear lobe number, and the number of megakaryocytes, related to the erythroid cells, was increased. It is therefore assumed that in the case of a reduced platelet turnover, the megakaryocytes are damaged, primarily their maturation in the bone marrow. The three groups showed, however, no clinical differences.", "contents": "Platelet turnover and megakaryocytopoiesis in ITP. Among patients with ITP, a group of 9 subjects displayed a reduced platelet turnover. In their bone marrow the megakaryocyte mass was measured by 59Fe, and the results were referred to those of 6 patients with a moderately increased and of 6 with a considerably increased platelet turnover. In the low-turnover group the megakaryocyte nuclear lobe number was subnormal cells with basophil cytoplasm were in the majority and the number of megakaryocytes was increased, whereas in the other two groups of megakaryocite population showed a shift to the right, and increased nuclear lobe number, and the number of megakaryocytes, related to the erythroid cells, was increased. It is therefore assumed that in the case of a reduced platelet turnover, the megakaryocytes are damaged, primarily their maturation in the bone marrow. The three groups showed, however, no clinical differences.", "PMID": 575013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11447", "title": "Cardiac microstructure in female and male offspring of exercised rat mothers.", "content": "The microstructure of the cardiac muscle in eight subgroups of female and male rats was investigated: exercised (EE) and control (EC) offspring of exercised mothers, and exercised (CE) and control (CC) offspring of control, inactive mothers. The differences between subgroups were subjected to variance analysis and multiple-range tests according to Duncan. There were no marked differences in total body weight and weight of the heart related to total body weight. A significant difference (highest values) was shown in the density of muscle fibers and capillaries in the offspring of exercised mothers, which was further potentiated by the additional exercise during postnatal life. Diffusion distance was significantly longer in CC animals; the other subgroups did not differ significantly. There were no significant differences in the reaction of female and male offspring both due to prenatal and postnatal exercise.", "contents": "Cardiac microstructure in female and male offspring of exercised rat mothers. The microstructure of the cardiac muscle in eight subgroups of female and male rats was investigated: exercised (EE) and control (EC) offspring of exercised mothers, and exercised (CE) and control (CC) offspring of control, inactive mothers. The differences between subgroups were subjected to variance analysis and multiple-range tests according to Duncan. There were no marked differences in total body weight and weight of the heart related to total body weight. A significant difference (highest values) was shown in the density of muscle fibers and capillaries in the offspring of exercised mothers, which was further potentiated by the additional exercise during postnatal life. Diffusion distance was significantly longer in CC animals; the other subgroups did not differ significantly. There were no significant differences in the reaction of female and male offspring both due to prenatal and postnatal exercise.", "PMID": 575014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11448", "title": "Characteristics of optic disc in healthy school children.", "content": "The ophthalmoscopic features of the optic discs were studied in a series of 411 non-selected school children representing four age groups from 7 to 15 years. The distribution of the cup disc diameter ratios (C/D) showed that in the majority of the eyes (58.8%) the ratio was 0.2--0.3, independently of the age group. The highest ratio recorded, 0.7, was found in two eyes of the series. An asymmetry of 0.2 or more in the C/D ratios of the eyes was found in 5.2% of the children studied. The correlation between C/D ratio and the age or refraction was not statistically significant although C/D ratio of 0.4 or more was significantly commoner in myopia of -2.0 D. or more than in the other eyes. A preponderance of large C/D ratio was also found in children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less but the difference from the distribution in the total series was not significant. Cilioretinal arteries were detected in 17.7% of the eyes and in 27.3% of the subjects studied. In 8.1% of the children the condition was bilateral. In children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less cilioretinal arteries were found in more than half of the cases.", "contents": "Characteristics of optic disc in healthy school children. The ophthalmoscopic features of the optic discs were studied in a series of 411 non-selected school children representing four age groups from 7 to 15 years. The distribution of the cup disc diameter ratios (C/D) showed that in the majority of the eyes (58.8%) the ratio was 0.2--0.3, independently of the age group. The highest ratio recorded, 0.7, was found in two eyes of the series. An asymmetry of 0.2 or more in the C/D ratios of the eyes was found in 5.2% of the children studied. The correlation between C/D ratio and the age or refraction was not statistically significant although C/D ratio of 0.4 or more was significantly commoner in myopia of -2.0 D. or more than in the other eyes. A preponderance of large C/D ratio was also found in children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less but the difference from the distribution in the total series was not significant. Cilioretinal arteries were detected in 17.7% of the eyes and in 27.3% of the subjects studied. In 8.1% of the children the condition was bilateral. In children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less cilioretinal arteries were found in more than half of the cases.", "PMID": 575015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11449", "title": "Do pre- and postchallenge small intestinal biopsies help to diagnose cow's milk protein intolerance?", "content": "Twelve infants suspected of cow's milk protein intolerance were challenged with cow's milk after at least one month of cow's milk-free diet. The challenge was clinically positive in seven. Small intestinal biopsies were taken with a multipurpose capsule both pre- and postchallenge (at 24 h) in eight, prechallenge in three, and postchallenge in one. Two or three biopsy specimens were taken at the same time in 15 of the 20 biopsy occasions. The morphology of the mucosa could vary from normal to slight damage at the same biopsy occasion. No difference was found in morphology judged by light microscopy between pre- and postchallenged biopsies. Light microscopy of small intestinal biopsies taken before and at 24 h after milk challenge seems of doubtful value as a routine diagnostic means in cow's milk protein intolerance.", "contents": "Do pre- and postchallenge small intestinal biopsies help to diagnose cow's milk protein intolerance? Twelve infants suspected of cow's milk protein intolerance were challenged with cow's milk after at least one month of cow's milk-free diet. The challenge was clinically positive in seven. Small intestinal biopsies were taken with a multipurpose capsule both pre- and postchallenge (at 24 h) in eight, prechallenge in three, and postchallenge in one. Two or three biopsy specimens were taken at the same time in 15 of the 20 biopsy occasions. The morphology of the mucosa could vary from normal to slight damage at the same biopsy occasion. No difference was found in morphology judged by light microscopy between pre- and postchallenged biopsies. Light microscopy of small intestinal biopsies taken before and at 24 h after milk challenge seems of doubtful value as a routine diagnostic means in cow's milk protein intolerance.", "PMID": 575016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11450", "title": "Smoking during pregnancy--hematological observations in the newborn.", "content": "Hematological values were measured in 28 newborn infants of mothers smoking 10-20 cigarettes daily during pregnancy, and in 25 infants of non-smokers. Higher hematocrit levels were found on the 1st day of life in infants of smoking mothers (60.8 +/- 5.0%, mean +/- S.D.) compared to controls (57.5 +/- 4.8%) (p less than 0.05). The hematocrit levels correlated positively with the maternal smoking level (r = 0.318, p less than 0.05) and the maternal serum thiocyanate concentrations at delivery (r = 0.389, p less than 0.01). Cord serum values for erythropoietin, serum-iron, transferrin and ferritin showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A significant inverse correlation was found between the hematocrit value on the 1st day of life and the cord serum ferritin concentration (r = -0.495, p less than 0.005). The present results suggest that maternal smoking stimulates fetal erythropoiesis, probably through a hypoxic effect on the fetus, dose related to the maternal smoking level. Increased erythropoiesis may cause increased iron incorporation into erythrocytes at expense of iron storage in the bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Smoking during pregnancy--hematological observations in the newborn. Hematological values were measured in 28 newborn infants of mothers smoking 10-20 cigarettes daily during pregnancy, and in 25 infants of non-smokers. Higher hematocrit levels were found on the 1st day of life in infants of smoking mothers (60.8 +/- 5.0%, mean +/- S.D.) compared to controls (57.5 +/- 4.8%) (p less than 0.05). The hematocrit levels correlated positively with the maternal smoking level (r = 0.318, p less than 0.05) and the maternal serum thiocyanate concentrations at delivery (r = 0.389, p less than 0.01). Cord serum values for erythropoietin, serum-iron, transferrin and ferritin showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A significant inverse correlation was found between the hematocrit value on the 1st day of life and the cord serum ferritin concentration (r = -0.495, p less than 0.005). The present results suggest that maternal smoking stimulates fetal erythropoiesis, probably through a hypoxic effect on the fetus, dose related to the maternal smoking level. Increased erythropoiesis may cause increased iron incorporation into erythrocytes at expense of iron storage in the bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 575017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11451", "title": "A comparison of twins for degree of closeness and field dependency.", "content": "An examination of Witkin's construct of field dependency was undertaken with a sample of adolescent twin pairs to determine if the degree of closeness in twin relationships would be reflected in the twins' degree of field dependency. Sixteen pairs of monozygotic (MZ) adolescent male twins and the same number of dizygotic (DZ) same-sexed male twins were administered three measures: Nichols and Bilbro's (1966) zygosity questionnaire, Paluszny and Beit Hallahmi's (1974) semantic differential measure of closeness, and Jackson's (1956) short form of the Embedded Figures Test. No significant differences were found between the MZ and DZ twin groups with regard to their expressed closeness to one another, as measured with Paluszny and Beit-Hallahmi's index of closeness; in addition, there were no significant differences between the two twin groups on the measure of field dependency. However, significant relationships of these two variables with intelligence were found and possible reasons for such an occurrence were offered.", "contents": "A comparison of twins for degree of closeness and field dependency. An examination of Witkin's construct of field dependency was undertaken with a sample of adolescent twin pairs to determine if the degree of closeness in twin relationships would be reflected in the twins' degree of field dependency. Sixteen pairs of monozygotic (MZ) adolescent male twins and the same number of dizygotic (DZ) same-sexed male twins were administered three measures: Nichols and Bilbro's (1966) zygosity questionnaire, Paluszny and Beit Hallahmi's (1974) semantic differential measure of closeness, and Jackson's (1956) short form of the Embedded Figures Test. No significant differences were found between the MZ and DZ twin groups with regard to their expressed closeness to one another, as measured with Paluszny and Beit-Hallahmi's index of closeness; in addition, there were no significant differences between the two twin groups on the measure of field dependency. However, significant relationships of these two variables with intelligence were found and possible reasons for such an occurrence were offered.", "PMID": 575019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11452", "title": "The effect of cytochalasin B on chick mesoderm cells as studied by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The effects of cytochalasin B (CCB) on chick mesoderm cells in vivo was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The embryos were mounted for New Culture and the mesoderm exposed by dissecting off the endoderm. Cytochalasin B was suspended in saline and the embryos flooded with the suspension. Control embryos were treated with saline alone. The embryos were reincubated for varying times at 37 degrees C. In the treated embryos the mesoderm cells were rounded and separated from each other. Many had long branched processes and rough surfaces. These changes became more pronounced as treatment time was increased. They were also reversible on reincubating treated embryos in the absence of cytochalasin B. The morphological changes produced by CCB are thought to be due to an effect on the cytoskeleton, either a direct disruptive effect or detachment of skeletal microfilaments from the cell membrane. There may also be a direct removal of cell surface materials leading to the observed surface roughening of treated cells.", "contents": "The effect of cytochalasin B on chick mesoderm cells as studied by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of cytochalasin B (CCB) on chick mesoderm cells in vivo was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The embryos were mounted for New Culture and the mesoderm exposed by dissecting off the endoderm. Cytochalasin B was suspended in saline and the embryos flooded with the suspension. Control embryos were treated with saline alone. The embryos were reincubated for varying times at 37 degrees C. In the treated embryos the mesoderm cells were rounded and separated from each other. Many had long branched processes and rough surfaces. These changes became more pronounced as treatment time was increased. They were also reversible on reincubating treated embryos in the absence of cytochalasin B. The morphological changes produced by CCB are thought to be due to an effect on the cytoskeleton, either a direct disruptive effect or detachment of skeletal microfilaments from the cell membrane. There may also be a direct removal of cell surface materials leading to the observed surface roughening of treated cells.", "PMID": 575022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11453", "title": "Mastitis-metritis-agalactia complex in sows: effect of the dosage of oxytocin on intramammary pressure in lactating healthy sows.", "content": "The dose-response and time-response relationships between injected oxytocin and intramammary pressure were investigated in normal lactating sows. In less than 39 s after 20, 40, or 80 U of oxytocin was given (IM injection), there was a rapid initial increase in intramammary pressure (15 to 27 mm of Hg) which lasted 22 to 32 s. After this initial response, there were secondary oscillations in pressure which lasted approximately 40 minutes (20 U) and up to 60 minutes (40 or 80 U). Changes in intramammary pressure during each oscillation varied between 1 and 5 mm of Hg. Mean values for frequency and amplitude of oscillations and total work (area under the trace) were measured. Compared with response obtained after 20 U of oxytocin was given, responses obtained at the 40-U or 80-U dose level had an increased frequency (150.0% and 249.0%, respectively) and total work (36.6% and 104.4%, respectively), but not amplitude. Thus, there may be some clinical advantage in milk let-down effect when sows are given the larger doses of oxytocin (40 or 80 U). These results indicate that newborn pigs should be allowed to nurse at the same time in which oxytocin is injected.", "contents": "Mastitis-metritis-agalactia complex in sows: effect of the dosage of oxytocin on intramammary pressure in lactating healthy sows. The dose-response and time-response relationships between injected oxytocin and intramammary pressure were investigated in normal lactating sows. In less than 39 s after 20, 40, or 80 U of oxytocin was given (IM injection), there was a rapid initial increase in intramammary pressure (15 to 27 mm of Hg) which lasted 22 to 32 s. After this initial response, there were secondary oscillations in pressure which lasted approximately 40 minutes (20 U) and up to 60 minutes (40 or 80 U). Changes in intramammary pressure during each oscillation varied between 1 and 5 mm of Hg. Mean values for frequency and amplitude of oscillations and total work (area under the trace) were measured. Compared with response obtained after 20 U of oxytocin was given, responses obtained at the 40-U or 80-U dose level had an increased frequency (150.0% and 249.0%, respectively) and total work (36.6% and 104.4%, respectively), but not amplitude. Thus, there may be some clinical advantage in milk let-down effect when sows are given the larger doses of oxytocin (40 or 80 U). These results indicate that newborn pigs should be allowed to nurse at the same time in which oxytocin is injected.", "PMID": 575025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11454", "title": "Porcine mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) syndrome: mammary gland responsiveness to oxytocin given to healthy sows during lactation.", "content": "Mammary gland responsiveness to exogenous oxytocin during lactation was assessed by measuring changes in intramammary pressure of healthy sows given (IM injection) synthetic oxytocin (40 U). Response to oxytocin was measured once a week for the first 8 weeks of lactation. Recordings of pressure changes were expressed as mean area (cm2) under the trace at each 10-minute interval over 30 minutes after oxytocin had been given. During the 2nd week of lactation, there was a 55.3% increase (P less than 0.05) in responsiveness to oxytocin (25.1 +/- 4.2 cm2/10 minutes) as compared with the 1st week (13.9 +/- 2.2 cm2/10 minutes). Responsiveness decreased, however, from the 2nd to the 8th week. Since the incidence of mastitis-metritis-agalactia in sows is particularly high during the 1st week of lactation, low responsiveness of the mammary gland to oxytocin may be a contributing factor.", "contents": "Porcine mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) syndrome: mammary gland responsiveness to oxytocin given to healthy sows during lactation. Mammary gland responsiveness to exogenous oxytocin during lactation was assessed by measuring changes in intramammary pressure of healthy sows given (IM injection) synthetic oxytocin (40 U). Response to oxytocin was measured once a week for the first 8 weeks of lactation. Recordings of pressure changes were expressed as mean area (cm2) under the trace at each 10-minute interval over 30 minutes after oxytocin had been given. During the 2nd week of lactation, there was a 55.3% increase (P less than 0.05) in responsiveness to oxytocin (25.1 +/- 4.2 cm2/10 minutes) as compared with the 1st week (13.9 +/- 2.2 cm2/10 minutes). Responsiveness decreased, however, from the 2nd to the 8th week. Since the incidence of mastitis-metritis-agalactia in sows is particularly high during the 1st week of lactation, low responsiveness of the mammary gland to oxytocin may be a contributing factor.", "PMID": 575026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11455", "title": "Transplacental transmission and neonatal infection with swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) in swine.", "content": "To study the question of chronicity or latency of swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) infections in swine, newborn pigs were exposed to the virus in two experiments, and pregnant gilts were exposed in another experiment. Of five pigs exposed at 5 days of age, virus was isolated from throat swab samples of all (up to 10 postexposure days (PED) in one pig) and from a blood sample from one pig on PED 1 and 3. Virus was not isolated from urine, tissues, or explants of organs from pigs euthanatized PED 20 to 67, and disease was not evident. Of 11 pigs exposed within 2 hours of birth (before consuming colostrum), virus was shed for longer periods (for 10 and 11 days in four pigs) and severe respiratory tract pathologic changes developed. However, there was no evidence of chronic or latent infections. There was evidence of transplacental transmission of virus in one of ten pigs born to pregnant gilts that were exposed 10, 24, and 39 days before parturition, respectively.", "contents": "Transplacental transmission and neonatal infection with swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) in swine. To study the question of chronicity or latency of swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) infections in swine, newborn pigs were exposed to the virus in two experiments, and pregnant gilts were exposed in another experiment. Of five pigs exposed at 5 days of age, virus was isolated from throat swab samples of all (up to 10 postexposure days (PED) in one pig) and from a blood sample from one pig on PED 1 and 3. Virus was not isolated from urine, tissues, or explants of organs from pigs euthanatized PED 20 to 67, and disease was not evident. Of 11 pigs exposed within 2 hours of birth (before consuming colostrum), virus was shed for longer periods (for 10 and 11 days in four pigs) and severe respiratory tract pathologic changes developed. However, there was no evidence of chronic or latent infections. There was evidence of transplacental transmission of virus in one of ten pigs born to pregnant gilts that were exposed 10, 24, and 39 days before parturition, respectively.", "PMID": 575027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11456", "title": "Pharmacokinetic evaluation and mammary excretion of tamethicillin in the healthy goat.", "content": "We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and the mammary excretion of a new beta-lactam antibiotic derivative, the diethylaminoethyl ester of methicillin, commonly known as tamethicillin. Tamethicillin is a hydrolyzable weak basic ester (pro-drug) that is converted to methicillin in the body. Its pharmacokinetic profile compares favorably with that of methicillin. In this sense, tamethicillin had five times greater distribution volume than methicillin, and both its slow phase half-time (t 1/2) and elimination half-time (t 1/2 Kel) were clearly greater. In addition, our experimental studies on mammary excretion in the goat have demonstrated a better selectivity for the udder of tamethicillin as compared with methicillin. Results of 2 years of field experience show that tamethicillin can be considered a useful alternative for the treatment of mastitis in livestock, especially in mastitis due to beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic evaluation and mammary excretion of tamethicillin in the healthy goat. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and the mammary excretion of a new beta-lactam antibiotic derivative, the diethylaminoethyl ester of methicillin, commonly known as tamethicillin. Tamethicillin is a hydrolyzable weak basic ester (pro-drug) that is converted to methicillin in the body. Its pharmacokinetic profile compares favorably with that of methicillin. In this sense, tamethicillin had five times greater distribution volume than methicillin, and both its slow phase half-time (t 1/2) and elimination half-time (t 1/2 Kel) were clearly greater. In addition, our experimental studies on mammary excretion in the goat have demonstrated a better selectivity for the udder of tamethicillin as compared with methicillin. Results of 2 years of field experience show that tamethicillin can be considered a useful alternative for the treatment of mastitis in livestock, especially in mastitis due to beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus.", "PMID": 575028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11457", "title": "Unusual XX/XY chimerism.", "content": "Apparently identical twin boys are both XX/XY and have two populations, A1 and B, of cells in their peripheral blood. Chimerism in somatic tissue outside the blood cells can be demonstrated in only one of the twins. From analysis of chromosomes and many gene markers the mechanism of origin of the unusual twins remains unclear.", "contents": "Unusual XX/XY chimerism. Apparently identical twin boys are both XX/XY and have two populations, A1 and B, of cells in their peripheral blood. Chimerism in somatic tissue outside the blood cells can be demonstrated in only one of the twins. From analysis of chromosomes and many gene markers the mechanism of origin of the unusual twins remains unclear.", "PMID": 575030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11458", "title": "Permanent tooth sizes in 46,XX-males.", "content": "Measurements of permanent tooth sizes in four XX-males showed their teeth to be smaller than those of male controls and similar in size to those of female controls. The teeth of the XX-males were smaller than those of their first-degree male relatives and of the same size as those of three of their mothers. The teeth of three fathers of XX-males were similar in size to control males and the teeth of three mothers of XX-males were similar in size to control females. The detailed knowledge that exists regarding the sequence and timing of tooth crown development allows the following implications to be made from our results. Growth retardation in XX-males is of primary genetic origin and is due to the absence of the gene(s) normally located on the Y-chromosome. Growth retardation, compared to normal males, is apparent and final three years after birth, conceivably begins after 2--3 months of foetal life and persists during childhood. It is unlikely that XX-males have had a Y-chromosome at any stage. If maleness is caused by a recessively inherited translocation or a mutational acquisition of the testis-determining gene(s), the genes influencing growth are not involved in either mechanism.", "contents": "Permanent tooth sizes in 46,XX-males. Measurements of permanent tooth sizes in four XX-males showed their teeth to be smaller than those of male controls and similar in size to those of female controls. The teeth of the XX-males were smaller than those of their first-degree male relatives and of the same size as those of three of their mothers. The teeth of three fathers of XX-males were similar in size to control males and the teeth of three mothers of XX-males were similar in size to control females. The detailed knowledge that exists regarding the sequence and timing of tooth crown development allows the following implications to be made from our results. Growth retardation in XX-males is of primary genetic origin and is due to the absence of the gene(s) normally located on the Y-chromosome. Growth retardation, compared to normal males, is apparent and final three years after birth, conceivably begins after 2--3 months of foetal life and persists during childhood. It is unlikely that XX-males have had a Y-chromosome at any stage. If maleness is caused by a recessively inherited translocation or a mutational acquisition of the testis-determining gene(s), the genes influencing growth are not involved in either mechanism.", "PMID": 575031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11459", "title": "Alexia, without agraphia, due to brain tumor: a reversible syndrome.", "content": "Alexia without agraphia occurred in a 41-year-old man suffering from a left occipital brain tumor. The syndrome disappeared following excision of the neoplasm.", "contents": "Alexia, without agraphia, due to brain tumor: a reversible syndrome. Alexia without agraphia occurred in a 41-year-old man suffering from a left occipital brain tumor. The syndrome disappeared following excision of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 575032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11460", "title": "Is it necessary to warm infants' feeds?", "content": "The effect of temperature on gastric emptying after milk feeds was studied in 31 newborn infants. Test meals were a commercially prepared modified cows' milk (a) at body temperature and (b) at room temperature. Our results suggest that temperature has no effect on gastric emptying.", "contents": "Is it necessary to warm infants' feeds? The effect of temperature on gastric emptying after milk feeds was studied in 31 newborn infants. Test meals were a commercially prepared modified cows' milk (a) at body temperature and (b) at room temperature. Our results suggest that temperature has no effect on gastric emptying.", "PMID": 575033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11461", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes induced by a brief period of anoxia in cerebral cortex tissue culture].", "content": "Explants of long-term cultures of nervous tissue of the rat cerebral cortex were placed for 30 min in a pure nitrogen atmosphere and then for 3--5 days transferred to the conventional cultivation co conditions. Electron microscope examinations showed that most severe changes occurred in the elements of oligodendroglia in the cytoplasm of which numerous lysosomes, large vacuoles, deposits of glycogen accumulated and myelin figures were formed. The damage of these cells appears to result in the degeneration of myelin sheaths. Edematous changes and glycogen accumulation were prevalent in astrocytes. Alongside with this, neurons had no such severe changes under these treatments. Its is emphasized that the intensity of reproducible oxygen deficiency must be taken into consideration in the evaluation of the sensitivity to anoxia of various nervous tissue elements.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes induced by a brief period of anoxia in cerebral cortex tissue culture]. Explants of long-term cultures of nervous tissue of the rat cerebral cortex were placed for 30 min in a pure nitrogen atmosphere and then for 3--5 days transferred to the conventional cultivation co conditions. Electron microscope examinations showed that most severe changes occurred in the elements of oligodendroglia in the cytoplasm of which numerous lysosomes, large vacuoles, deposits of glycogen accumulated and myelin figures were formed. The damage of these cells appears to result in the degeneration of myelin sheaths. Edematous changes and glycogen accumulation were prevalent in astrocytes. Alongside with this, neurons had no such severe changes under these treatments. Its is emphasized that the intensity of reproducible oxygen deficiency must be taken into consideration in the evaluation of the sensitivity to anoxia of various nervous tissue elements.", "PMID": 575035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11462", "title": "Further study on the effect of norethisterone enanthate, an injectable contraceptive on body functions.", "content": "One hundred and fortythree healthy Bengali women have received norethisterone enanthate, as injectable contraceptive in doses of 200 mg. intramuscularly at intervals of 10 to 12 weeks. The drug have been found to be almost 100 percent effective in the control of fertility. Menstrual disturbance, e.g. amenorrhoea, irregular bleeding and spotting, appeared to be the main complaints of the clients during the initial period of the therapy; but these did not persist long. There was no ill effect of the drug on lactation. No significant change in body weight, blood pressure, platelet count, fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol and total plasma protein level was observed following administration of norethisterone enanthate over one year.", "contents": "Further study on the effect of norethisterone enanthate, an injectable contraceptive on body functions. One hundred and fortythree healthy Bengali women have received norethisterone enanthate, as injectable contraceptive in doses of 200 mg. intramuscularly at intervals of 10 to 12 weeks. The drug have been found to be almost 100 percent effective in the control of fertility. Menstrual disturbance, e.g. amenorrhoea, irregular bleeding and spotting, appeared to be the main complaints of the clients during the initial period of the therapy; but these did not persist long. There was no ill effect of the drug on lactation. No significant change in body weight, blood pressure, platelet count, fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol and total plasma protein level was observed following administration of norethisterone enanthate over one year.", "PMID": 575036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11463", "title": "Incorporation of 3H from delta-(L-alpha-amino (4,5-3H)adipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-(4,4-3H)valine into isopenicillin N.", "content": "1. delta-(L-alpha-Amino[4,5-3H]adipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-[4,4-3H]valine has been synthesized from its constituent amino acids, the L-alpha-amino[4,5-3H]adipic acid being obtained by reduction with 3H2 of methyl 5-acetamido-5,5-diethoxycarbonylpent-2-enoate and subsequent decarboxylation and hydrolysis. 2. In a cell-free system prepared by lysis of protoplasts of Cephalosporium acremonium 3H was incorporated from the doubly labelled tripeptide into a compound that behaved like penicillin N or isopenicillin N. The relative specific radioactivities of the alpha-aminoadipyl and penicillamine moieties of the penicillin were the same (within experimental error) as those of the alpha-aminoadipic acid and valine residues respectively of the tripeptide. 3. The behaviour of the labelled alpha-aminoadipic acid from the penicillin to the L-amino acid oxidase of Crotalus adamanteus venom showed that it was mainly L-alpha-aminoadipic acid. 4. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the carbon skeleton of the LLD-tripeptide is incorporated intact into the penicillin molecule and that the first product is isopenicillin N.", "contents": "Incorporation of 3H from delta-(L-alpha-amino (4,5-3H)adipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-(4,4-3H)valine into isopenicillin N. 1. delta-(L-alpha-Amino[4,5-3H]adipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-[4,4-3H]valine has been synthesized from its constituent amino acids, the L-alpha-amino[4,5-3H]adipic acid being obtained by reduction with 3H2 of methyl 5-acetamido-5,5-diethoxycarbonylpent-2-enoate and subsequent decarboxylation and hydrolysis. 2. In a cell-free system prepared by lysis of protoplasts of Cephalosporium acremonium 3H was incorporated from the doubly labelled tripeptide into a compound that behaved like penicillin N or isopenicillin N. The relative specific radioactivities of the alpha-aminoadipyl and penicillamine moieties of the penicillin were the same (within experimental error) as those of the alpha-aminoadipic acid and valine residues respectively of the tripeptide. 3. The behaviour of the labelled alpha-aminoadipic acid from the penicillin to the L-amino acid oxidase of Crotalus adamanteus venom showed that it was mainly L-alpha-aminoadipic acid. 4. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the carbon skeleton of the LLD-tripeptide is incorporated intact into the penicillin molecule and that the first product is isopenicillin N.", "PMID": 575040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11464", "title": "Characterization of subcellular components in synchronized hepatoma cells as a function of the cell cycle.", "content": "The specific activity and subcellular distribution of marker enzymes for the main subcellular components were analysed in homogenates of synchronized hepatoma cells (Morris 7288c), obtained by selective detachment at mitosis combined with a metaphase block with Colcemid. Markers for lysosomes, mitochondrial outer membrane, plasma membrane and cytosol are synthesized throughout the cycle at the same rate as the bulk of cellular protein. Larger variations are observed for a Golgi marker; after a decrease around mitosis, the specific activity of galactosyltransferase increases steadily from middle G(1)-phase on, and at the end of G(2)-phase it is nearly twice that observed at the beginning of G(1)-phase. Our results show that synthesis of cytochrome oxidase may occur preferentially in G(2)-phase. Large modifications of the density distribution of lysosomes are observed during the cell cycle; the median equilibrium density of lysosomal markers decreases in G(1)-phase, and some increase in soluble activity occurs at the same time. Reverse changes occur progressively during S- and G(2)-phases. At mitosis, Golgi galactosyltransferase shows a more dispersed distribution, and modifications in the density distribution of endoplasmic-reticulum NADPH-cytochrome c reductase are observed. The latter can be most easily explained by a detachment of ribosomes from endoplasmic-reticulum membranes. No significant modifications occur in mitochondrial and plasma-membrane markers.", "contents": "Characterization of subcellular components in synchronized hepatoma cells as a function of the cell cycle. The specific activity and subcellular distribution of marker enzymes for the main subcellular components were analysed in homogenates of synchronized hepatoma cells (Morris 7288c), obtained by selective detachment at mitosis combined with a metaphase block with Colcemid. Markers for lysosomes, mitochondrial outer membrane, plasma membrane and cytosol are synthesized throughout the cycle at the same rate as the bulk of cellular protein. Larger variations are observed for a Golgi marker; after a decrease around mitosis, the specific activity of galactosyltransferase increases steadily from middle G(1)-phase on, and at the end of G(2)-phase it is nearly twice that observed at the beginning of G(1)-phase. Our results show that synthesis of cytochrome oxidase may occur preferentially in G(2)-phase. Large modifications of the density distribution of lysosomes are observed during the cell cycle; the median equilibrium density of lysosomal markers decreases in G(1)-phase, and some increase in soluble activity occurs at the same time. Reverse changes occur progressively during S- and G(2)-phases. At mitosis, Golgi galactosyltransferase shows a more dispersed distribution, and modifications in the density distribution of endoplasmic-reticulum NADPH-cytochrome c reductase are observed. The latter can be most easily explained by a detachment of ribosomes from endoplasmic-reticulum membranes. No significant modifications occur in mitochondrial and plasma-membrane markers.", "PMID": 575039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11465", "title": "Cell-free conversion of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine into an antibiotic with the properties of isopenicillin N in Cephalosporium acremonium.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of antibiotic-negative mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium converted delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (LLD-tripeptide) into an antibiotic that was destroyed by penicillinase. The enzymic activity of the extracts was destroyed by boiling, but was not inhibited by cycloheximide. LLL-Tripeptide was totally inactive as substrate. The product resembled isopenicillin N, but not penicillin N, in its antibacterial spectrum. We propose that isopenicillin N is the first product of cyclization of LLD-tripeptide.", "contents": "Cell-free conversion of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine into an antibiotic with the properties of isopenicillin N in Cephalosporium acremonium. Cell-free extracts of antibiotic-negative mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium converted delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (LLD-tripeptide) into an antibiotic that was destroyed by penicillinase. The enzymic activity of the extracts was destroyed by boiling, but was not inhibited by cycloheximide. LLL-Tripeptide was totally inactive as substrate. The product resembled isopenicillin N, but not penicillin N, in its antibacterial spectrum. We propose that isopenicillin N is the first product of cyclization of LLD-tripeptide.", "PMID": 575041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11466", "title": "Effect of human, bovine and ovine prolactin on DNA synthesis by organ cultures of benign human breast tumours.", "content": "Ten benign breast tumours from 9 female patients (8 with fibrocystic disease and 1 with fibroadenoma) and 1 male patient (with gynaecomastia) were processed into slices and individually cultured for 2 days in serum-free Medium 199. [3H]-TdR was added to the culture medium to assess DNA synthesis. The addition of human prolactin to the culture medium (500 ng/ml) significantly (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.01) increased DNA synthesis; all 9 biopsy specimens from the 9 female patients responded positively to this hormone. Ovine prolactin (500 ng/ml) and bovine prolactin (500 ng/ml) increased the mean incorporation of [3H]-TdR into extracted DNA and increased the mean number of [3H]-TdR-labelled cells, but this increase did not reach the 5% level of probability. The sole case of male breast dysplasia analysed in this study did not respond to either human, ovine or bovine prolactin. These results provide evidence that human prolactin and, to a lesser degree, ovine and bovine prolactin are direct mitogenic stimulants to the epithelium in human (female) benign breast tumours.", "contents": "Effect of human, bovine and ovine prolactin on DNA synthesis by organ cultures of benign human breast tumours. Ten benign breast tumours from 9 female patients (8 with fibrocystic disease and 1 with fibroadenoma) and 1 male patient (with gynaecomastia) were processed into slices and individually cultured for 2 days in serum-free Medium 199. [3H]-TdR was added to the culture medium to assess DNA synthesis. The addition of human prolactin to the culture medium (500 ng/ml) significantly (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.01) increased DNA synthesis; all 9 biopsy specimens from the 9 female patients responded positively to this hormone. Ovine prolactin (500 ng/ml) and bovine prolactin (500 ng/ml) increased the mean incorporation of [3H]-TdR into extracted DNA and increased the mean number of [3H]-TdR-labelled cells, but this increase did not reach the 5% level of probability. The sole case of male breast dysplasia analysed in this study did not respond to either human, ovine or bovine prolactin. These results provide evidence that human prolactin and, to a lesser degree, ovine and bovine prolactin are direct mitogenic stimulants to the epithelium in human (female) benign breast tumours.", "PMID": 575047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11467", "title": "Vitamin A, zinc and lung cancer.", "content": "Serum vitamin A concentration were measured in 26 newly diagnosed lung-cancer patients and found to be significantly lower than those of patients of similar age with either non-malignant lung or non-lung diseases. The levels of vitamin A in the lung-cancer patients, but not in the controls, were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein (RBP) and zinc. It is suggested that low levels of zinc might reduce the synthesis of RBP and thus reduce the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver.", "contents": "Vitamin A, zinc and lung cancer. Serum vitamin A concentration were measured in 26 newly diagnosed lung-cancer patients and found to be significantly lower than those of patients of similar age with either non-malignant lung or non-lung diseases. The levels of vitamin A in the lung-cancer patients, but not in the controls, were significantly correlated with serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein (RBP) and zinc. It is suggested that low levels of zinc might reduce the synthesis of RBP and thus reduce the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver.", "PMID": 575048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11468", "title": "The outcome of pregnancy after cone biopsy of the cervix: a case-control study.", "content": "We investigated the outcome of pregnancy after cone biopsy of the cervix. We found that preterm delivery and low birth weight were commoner and the mean duration of labour longer in women who had a cone biopsy than amongst matched controls. Rapid labour (under two hours) was not significantly more common after cone biopsy.", "contents": "The outcome of pregnancy after cone biopsy of the cervix: a case-control study. We investigated the outcome of pregnancy after cone biopsy of the cervix. We found that preterm delivery and low birth weight were commoner and the mean duration of labour longer in women who had a cone biopsy than amongst matched controls. Rapid labour (under two hours) was not significantly more common after cone biopsy.", "PMID": 575050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11469", "title": "Diurnal variations of zinc, copper and magnesium in the serum of normal fasting adults.", "content": "Serum levels of copper, magnesium and zinc exhibit circadian rhythms in physiologically normal subjects eating normally. The same study was repeated with fasting subjects in order to determine the effect of daily food intake on these fluctuations. Blood samples were taken at 3 hour intervals, from 6 h to 18 h. Copper and magnesium no longer exhibit circadian rhythms in fasting subjects. In the case of zinc, however, a particularly interesting rhythm is observed, with a drop at 9 h and 15 h and an abrupt increase at 18 h.", "contents": "Diurnal variations of zinc, copper and magnesium in the serum of normal fasting adults. Serum levels of copper, magnesium and zinc exhibit circadian rhythms in physiologically normal subjects eating normally. The same study was repeated with fasting subjects in order to determine the effect of daily food intake on these fluctuations. Blood samples were taken at 3 hour intervals, from 6 h to 18 h. Copper and magnesium no longer exhibit circadian rhythms in fasting subjects. In the case of zinc, however, a particularly interesting rhythm is observed, with a drop at 9 h and 15 h and an abrupt increase at 18 h.", "PMID": 575057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11470", "title": "Identification of 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid in the urine of twin siblings with a Reye's-like syndrome associated with dicarboxylic aciduria and hypoglycaemia and with similarities to Jamaican vomiting sickness.", "content": "Twin male infant siblings who presented in Harrow, UK, with a Reye's-like syndrome associated with profound hypoglycaemia, vomiting, diarrhoea, coma and death in one child, with dicarboxylic aciduria, and similarities to Jamacian vomiting sickness (hypoglycin toxicity) have been shown to excrete large amounts of a previously unrecorded urinary organic acid. This has been identified as 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a synthesized standard. Concentrations observed were 340 and 330 mg g-1 creatinine in the two patients. The metabolic precursor of the urinary acid is suggested to be hex-4-enoic acid, a probable chemical toxin closely related to the active organic acid metabolite of hypoglycin. The possibility of omega - 1 oxidation of hexanoic acid to 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid in these and other patients with dicarbocylic aciduris is also discussed.", "contents": "Identification of 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid in the urine of twin siblings with a Reye's-like syndrome associated with dicarboxylic aciduria and hypoglycaemia and with similarities to Jamaican vomiting sickness. Twin male infant siblings who presented in Harrow, UK, with a Reye's-like syndrome associated with profound hypoglycaemia, vomiting, diarrhoea, coma and death in one child, with dicarboxylic aciduria, and similarities to Jamacian vomiting sickness (hypoglycin toxicity) have been shown to excrete large amounts of a previously unrecorded urinary organic acid. This has been identified as 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a synthesized standard. Concentrations observed were 340 and 330 mg g-1 creatinine in the two patients. The metabolic precursor of the urinary acid is suggested to be hex-4-enoic acid, a probable chemical toxin closely related to the active organic acid metabolite of hypoglycin. The possibility of omega - 1 oxidation of hexanoic acid to 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid in these and other patients with dicarbocylic aciduris is also discussed.", "PMID": 575058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11471", "title": "[Carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Persisting dysplasias are nothing but carcinomas in situ with special differentiation. As such they become directly invasive and are differently located as classical carcinomas in situ. Intraepithelial lesions arise in clearly defined fields and do not spread into neighbouring epithelia. Most lesions are located within the cervical mucosa and less frequent in the region of original squamous epithelium. Treatment must be based on the knowledge of changes being truly intraepithelial and upon their extent. When primarily extirpating the uterus such knowledge is not available. Of 160 cases of primary hysterectomy two patients died of cancer. Vaginal hysterectomy produced better results than the abdominal. Electrocoagulation, cryosurgery and laser treatment destroy lesions without exact knowledge of their extent. Conisation combined with careful sectioning of specimen gives the best survey of the lesions. Of 1 219 conisation cases conisation was the only therapy in 918 patients. None of these died of cancer.", "contents": "[Carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: treatment (author's transl)]. Persisting dysplasias are nothing but carcinomas in situ with special differentiation. As such they become directly invasive and are differently located as classical carcinomas in situ. Intraepithelial lesions arise in clearly defined fields and do not spread into neighbouring epithelia. Most lesions are located within the cervical mucosa and less frequent in the region of original squamous epithelium. Treatment must be based on the knowledge of changes being truly intraepithelial and upon their extent. When primarily extirpating the uterus such knowledge is not available. Of 160 cases of primary hysterectomy two patients died of cancer. Vaginal hysterectomy produced better results than the abdominal. Electrocoagulation, cryosurgery and laser treatment destroy lesions without exact knowledge of their extent. Conisation combined with careful sectioning of specimen gives the best survey of the lesions. Of 1 219 conisation cases conisation was the only therapy in 918 patients. None of these died of cancer.", "PMID": 575059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11472", "title": "The cerebral malformation of the amnionic band syndrome.", "content": "The Amnionic Band Syndrome is a not uncommon disorder of the fetus which may result in cerebral malformations that mimic anencephaly. It is important to distinguish these two entities because of differences in pathogenesis and risk of recurrence. A preliminary stillborn female of 29 weeks gestation with multiple anomalies, including cerebral-placental fusion, cranial agenesis, cleft lip, syndactyly and ectopic liver is presented. These malformations are typical of the Amnionic Band Syndrome, an entity which has not been described in the neurologic literature.", "contents": "The cerebral malformation of the amnionic band syndrome. The Amnionic Band Syndrome is a not uncommon disorder of the fetus which may result in cerebral malformations that mimic anencephaly. It is important to distinguish these two entities because of differences in pathogenesis and risk of recurrence. A preliminary stillborn female of 29 weeks gestation with multiple anomalies, including cerebral-placental fusion, cranial agenesis, cleft lip, syndactyly and ectopic liver is presented. These malformations are typical of the Amnionic Band Syndrome, an entity which has not been described in the neurologic literature.", "PMID": 575060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11473", "title": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in advanced soft tissue and bony sarcomas: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP), at a dose of 15 mg/m2/day x 5 consecutive days, was administered to 68 evaluable patients with metastatic soft tissue and bony sarcomas. All patients, except one, had received extensive prior chemotherapy and had had progressive disease at the start of the study. Responses observed included one complete response in a patient with mesothelioma and three partial responses in patients with soft tissue sarcomas (7%). No responses were seen in 18 patients with bony sarcomas. Significant leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in less than 20% of evaluable courses, although two patients manifested life-threatening leukopenia (less than 1000 cells/microliter) and three had life-threatening thrombocytopenia (less than 24,000 cells/microliter). Nephrotoxicity was noted in less than 25% of evaluable courses. Nausea and/or vomiting was recorded in 55% of evaluable courses. DDP is considered to be marginally active in the secondary treatment of metastatic sarcomas at this dose and schedule. Further studies of DDP in mesothelioma are indicated.", "contents": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in advanced soft tissue and bony sarcomas: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP), at a dose of 15 mg/m2/day x 5 consecutive days, was administered to 68 evaluable patients with metastatic soft tissue and bony sarcomas. All patients, except one, had received extensive prior chemotherapy and had had progressive disease at the start of the study. Responses observed included one complete response in a patient with mesothelioma and three partial responses in patients with soft tissue sarcomas (7%). No responses were seen in 18 patients with bony sarcomas. Significant leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in less than 20% of evaluable courses, although two patients manifested life-threatening leukopenia (less than 1000 cells/microliter) and three had life-threatening thrombocytopenia (less than 24,000 cells/microliter). Nephrotoxicity was noted in less than 25% of evaluable courses. Nausea and/or vomiting was recorded in 55% of evaluable courses. DDP is considered to be marginally active in the secondary treatment of metastatic sarcomas at this dose and schedule. Further studies of DDP in mesothelioma are indicated.", "PMID": 575067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11474", "title": "Serum IgE levels in rats infected with Dipetalonema viteae L3 larvae.", "content": "Serum IgE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in rats infected with various doses of L3 infective stage larvae of Dipetalonema viteae. A high stimulation in total serum IgE levels was found with minute doses as well as with large doses of parasite, and IgE levels remained elevated for several months. No further increase in IgE levels was induced by a secondary infection.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels in rats infected with Dipetalonema viteae L3 larvae. Serum IgE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in rats infected with various doses of L3 infective stage larvae of Dipetalonema viteae. A high stimulation in total serum IgE levels was found with minute doses as well as with large doses of parasite, and IgE levels remained elevated for several months. No further increase in IgE levels was induced by a secondary infection.", "PMID": 575082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11475", "title": "Electron microscope study of 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid, an exfoliative antispermatogenic agent, in the rat testis.", "content": "We were interested in discovering whether the antifertility agent, DICA [1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1-H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid] induced Sertoli cell tight junction damage. Testis were fixed in 1% lanthanum nitrite cacodylate-buffered 2% gluteraldehyde at various times following a single oral 100 mg/kg dose of DICA. In control animals adluminal lanthanum was never seen. At one and ten days following DICA treatment adluminal lanthanum was seen. This suggests that the Sertoli cell tight junctions are more permeable to lanthanum following DICA treatment.", "contents": "Electron microscope study of 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid, an exfoliative antispermatogenic agent, in the rat testis. We were interested in discovering whether the antifertility agent, DICA [1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1-H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid] induced Sertoli cell tight junction damage. Testis were fixed in 1% lanthanum nitrite cacodylate-buffered 2% gluteraldehyde at various times following a single oral 100 mg/kg dose of DICA. In control animals adluminal lanthanum was never seen. At one and ten days following DICA treatment adluminal lanthanum was seen. This suggests that the Sertoli cell tight junctions are more permeable to lanthanum following DICA treatment.", "PMID": 575085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11476", "title": "Some aspects of the changes induced by chronic barbital treatments in the male rat.", "content": "Oral barbital treatments consisting of average daily doses of 200 mg/kg with durations of 15-50 weeks have been used to induce functional tolerance and physical dependence. Tolerance is usually studied with a hexobarbital threshold while increased excitation has been studied by various means, such as induction of convulsions with pilocarpine or choline. After barbital treatments for 30 weeks brain weights are reduced by approximately 10 per cent. This reduction is not due to changes in body weight or water content of the brain. The decrease is still found 30 days after the end of the barbital treatment. Supersensitivity to pilocarpine and reduced acetylcholine content in the brain are some earlier published indications that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in abstinence. Further studies have shown that atropine (8 mg/kg given intraperitoneally on the third day of abstinence) can reduce the tolerance to hexobarbital. An atropine treatment (4 mg/kg per day for 2 weeks) given late in the period of abstinence following a barbital treatment can induce a tolerance to hexobarbital. A prerequisite for this tolerance is the earlier barbital treatment. A steric selectivity in the action of hexobarbital is indicated by the interaction between atropine (8 mg/kg) and the isomers of hexobarbital. In normal rats only the potent isomer of hexobarbital is influenced by atropine. If the convulsive effect of choline is utilized in a threshold test, an increased sensitivity indicating increased excitation is found on day 10-11 of the period of abstinence when other signs of excitation are returning to normal. When these signs are maximal, on day 3, no increased sensitivity to choline is found. Choline seems to act on a selective mechanism which is revealed only late in the abstinence period. Hexobarbital thresholds performed on two phases of the blood ethanol concentration curve were used to study the interaction between ethanol and hexobarbital during abstinence following a barbital treatment. Immediately after the end of the barbital treatment, a general tolerance was present. A week later, ethanol eliminated the tolerance to hexobarbital. On day 15 of abstinence, no tolerance to hexobarbital was found, but there was a tolerance to ethanol on the increasing portion of the blood ethanol concentration curve. Thus, it is unlikely that physical dependence and functional tolerance constitute a single phenomenon in abstinence after barbital treatments. Cholinergic mechanisms seem to be involved in the presumably adaptive changes that can be recorded.", "contents": "Some aspects of the changes induced by chronic barbital treatments in the male rat. Oral barbital treatments consisting of average daily doses of 200 mg/kg with durations of 15-50 weeks have been used to induce functional tolerance and physical dependence. Tolerance is usually studied with a hexobarbital threshold while increased excitation has been studied by various means, such as induction of convulsions with pilocarpine or choline. After barbital treatments for 30 weeks brain weights are reduced by approximately 10 per cent. This reduction is not due to changes in body weight or water content of the brain. The decrease is still found 30 days after the end of the barbital treatment. Supersensitivity to pilocarpine and reduced acetylcholine content in the brain are some earlier published indications that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in abstinence. Further studies have shown that atropine (8 mg/kg given intraperitoneally on the third day of abstinence) can reduce the tolerance to hexobarbital. An atropine treatment (4 mg/kg per day for 2 weeks) given late in the period of abstinence following a barbital treatment can induce a tolerance to hexobarbital. A prerequisite for this tolerance is the earlier barbital treatment. A steric selectivity in the action of hexobarbital is indicated by the interaction between atropine (8 mg/kg) and the isomers of hexobarbital. In normal rats only the potent isomer of hexobarbital is influenced by atropine. If the convulsive effect of choline is utilized in a threshold test, an increased sensitivity indicating increased excitation is found on day 10-11 of the period of abstinence when other signs of excitation are returning to normal. When these signs are maximal, on day 3, no increased sensitivity to choline is found. Choline seems to act on a selective mechanism which is revealed only late in the abstinence period. Hexobarbital thresholds performed on two phases of the blood ethanol concentration curve were used to study the interaction between ethanol and hexobarbital during abstinence following a barbital treatment. Immediately after the end of the barbital treatment, a general tolerance was present. A week later, ethanol eliminated the tolerance to hexobarbital. On day 15 of abstinence, no tolerance to hexobarbital was found, but there was a tolerance to ethanol on the increasing portion of the blood ethanol concentration curve. Thus, it is unlikely that physical dependence and functional tolerance constitute a single phenomenon in abstinence after barbital treatments. Cholinergic mechanisms seem to be involved in the presumably adaptive changes that can be recorded.", "PMID": 575087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11477", "title": "Behavioral rating scales for assessing phencyclidine-induced locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior and ataxia in rats.", "content": "Behavioral rating scales were developed for quantification of phencyclidine (PCP)-induced locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior and ataxia in rats. The dose-response relationship for PCP-induced locomotor activity was found to be an inverted U-shaped function over the first 25 min after injection while over the last 30 min of the experiment the function was highly linear. A linear dose-response relationship was found for ratings of stereotyped behavior and ataxia throughout the 90 min period of observation. The ratings of these two behaviors were found to be closely parallel. The effects of PCP on locomotor activity were found to be greatest during those intervals when stereotyped behavior and ataxia were at moderate levels. Ratings of locomotor activity may be confounded by ataxia when PCP is administered alone or in combination with other drugs.", "contents": "Behavioral rating scales for assessing phencyclidine-induced locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior and ataxia in rats. Behavioral rating scales were developed for quantification of phencyclidine (PCP)-induced locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior and ataxia in rats. The dose-response relationship for PCP-induced locomotor activity was found to be an inverted U-shaped function over the first 25 min after injection while over the last 30 min of the experiment the function was highly linear. A linear dose-response relationship was found for ratings of stereotyped behavior and ataxia throughout the 90 min period of observation. The ratings of these two behaviors were found to be closely parallel. The effects of PCP on locomotor activity were found to be greatest during those intervals when stereotyped behavior and ataxia were at moderate levels. Ratings of locomotor activity may be confounded by ataxia when PCP is administered alone or in combination with other drugs.", "PMID": 575093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11478", "title": "Neurochemical aspects in pathogenesis of alcohol and drug dependence.", "content": "At present, catecholamines are considered to play a significant role in the regulation of psychic function and emotional states. Our investigations have revealed significant changes in peripheral catecholamine metabolism in alcoholic patients. Catecholamine metabolism in the brain and in the periphery are rather autonomous, and thus in our studies we compared the effects of alcohol on dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in different brain regions as well as in the periphery. We found a significant decrease in noradrenaline levels in different regions of the CNS, particularly midbrain, hypothalamus and hippocampus. In chronic studies with rats, catecholamine metabolism was studied in animals chronically treated with alcohol, those treated with a single dose after chronic treatment, and those animals undergoing withdrawal from alcohol. Neuropharmacological and neurochemical studies were accompanied by electrophysiological monitoring of the effects of alcohol.", "contents": "Neurochemical aspects in pathogenesis of alcohol and drug dependence. At present, catecholamines are considered to play a significant role in the regulation of psychic function and emotional states. Our investigations have revealed significant changes in peripheral catecholamine metabolism in alcoholic patients. Catecholamine metabolism in the brain and in the periphery are rather autonomous, and thus in our studies we compared the effects of alcohol on dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in different brain regions as well as in the periphery. We found a significant decrease in noradrenaline levels in different regions of the CNS, particularly midbrain, hypothalamus and hippocampus. In chronic studies with rats, catecholamine metabolism was studied in animals chronically treated with alcohol, those treated with a single dose after chronic treatment, and those animals undergoing withdrawal from alcohol. Neuropharmacological and neurochemical studies were accompanied by electrophysiological monitoring of the effects of alcohol.", "PMID": 575088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11479", "title": "Non-specificity of \"behavioral despair\" as an animal model of depression.", "content": "When mice are forced to swim in a restricted space, they will cease attempts to escape and adopt a characteristic immobile posture which can be readily identified and timed. Imipramine decreased the duration of immobility in a 4 min swimming test in a dose-related manner. Likewise, caffeine, triiodothyronine and pentobarbital reduced immobility. These latter findings shed doubt upon the specificity of the behavioral despair swimming test to identify substances with antidepressant activity.", "contents": "Non-specificity of \"behavioral despair\" as an animal model of depression. When mice are forced to swim in a restricted space, they will cease attempts to escape and adopt a characteristic immobile posture which can be readily identified and timed. Imipramine decreased the duration of immobility in a 4 min swimming test in a dose-related manner. Likewise, caffeine, triiodothyronine and pentobarbital reduced immobility. These latter findings shed doubt upon the specificity of the behavioral despair swimming test to identify substances with antidepressant activity.", "PMID": 575094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11480", "title": "Enkephalin levels decrease in rat striatum during morphine abstinence.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with morphine for 11 days. Saline-injected animals served as controls. The striatal enkephalin levels were measured with a radioimmunoassay 2, 24 and 48 h after withdrawal. There was no change 2 h after the last morphine injection, but a marked reduction after 24 h and a slight decrease after 48 h. No decrease in enkephalin levels was found 12 and 24 h after a single dose of 20 mg/kg morphine.", "contents": "Enkephalin levels decrease in rat striatum during morphine abstinence. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with morphine for 11 days. Saline-injected animals served as controls. The striatal enkephalin levels were measured with a radioimmunoassay 2, 24 and 48 h after withdrawal. There was no change 2 h after the last morphine injection, but a marked reduction after 24 h and a slight decrease after 48 h. No decrease in enkephalin levels was found 12 and 24 h after a single dose of 20 mg/kg morphine.", "PMID": 575096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11481", "title": "Selection criteria for family therapy.", "content": "The patient selection criteria for most modalities of psychotherapy have not yet been clearly articulated. This paper presents a decision-tree model outlining the factors that incline a clinician to perform a family evaluation, then to decide upon family treatment instead of another form of therapy, and finally to settle upon the particular duration and intensity of family treatment. We have compiled screening criteria, based on research and clinical opinion, to be applied in the utilization review of the decisions made at each of these steps. This method can be used to evaluate the appropriateness of care and render decision-making explicit and accountable; it may also have considerable value in training and research.", "contents": "Selection criteria for family therapy. The patient selection criteria for most modalities of psychotherapy have not yet been clearly articulated. This paper presents a decision-tree model outlining the factors that incline a clinician to perform a family evaluation, then to decide upon family treatment instead of another form of therapy, and finally to settle upon the particular duration and intensity of family treatment. We have compiled screening criteria, based on research and clinical opinion, to be applied in the utilization review of the decisions made at each of these steps. This method can be used to evaluate the appropriateness of care and render decision-making explicit and accountable; it may also have considerable value in training and research.", "PMID": 575099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11482", "title": "Effect of coprophagy on bile acid metabolism in the rabbit.", "content": "The effect of coprophagy on the 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of biliary bile acids was studied in the rabbit. Bile acid composition of bile and intestinal contents was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Biliary bile acid composition of normal rabbits (n = 5) was: deoxycholic acid, 95.3 +/- 1.0SE % and cholic acid, 2.3 +/- 1.1SE %. When coprophagy was prevented, significant alterations were observed in biliary bile acid composition, including a considerable decrease in deoxycholic acid (82.5 +/- 2.8SE %, p less than 0.01) and a marked increase in cholic acid (15.2 +/- 3.0SE %, p less than 0.002). These results indicate that coprophagy is a factor causing an increase of the 7 alpha-dehydroxylated bile acid, deoxycholic acid (and lithocholic acid when the animals were fed chenodeoxycholic acid) in rabbit bile.", "contents": "Effect of coprophagy on bile acid metabolism in the rabbit. The effect of coprophagy on the 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of biliary bile acids was studied in the rabbit. Bile acid composition of bile and intestinal contents was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Biliary bile acid composition of normal rabbits (n = 5) was: deoxycholic acid, 95.3 +/- 1.0SE % and cholic acid, 2.3 +/- 1.1SE %. When coprophagy was prevented, significant alterations were observed in biliary bile acid composition, including a considerable decrease in deoxycholic acid (82.5 +/- 2.8SE %, p less than 0.01) and a marked increase in cholic acid (15.2 +/- 3.0SE %, p less than 0.002). These results indicate that coprophagy is a factor causing an increase of the 7 alpha-dehydroxylated bile acid, deoxycholic acid (and lithocholic acid when the animals were fed chenodeoxycholic acid) in rabbit bile.", "PMID": 575102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11483", "title": "Penetration of ovicidal fungi into altered eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides.", "content": "Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides exposed to temperatures of 40--60 degrees C for 1 hour or irradiated by high doses of UV light are more massively attacked by ovicidal fungi than the intact eggs. The authors assume that the more rapid and increased effect of ovicidal fungi in the soils of the tropics and subtropics is due to greater insolation of the surface layers and their higher temperature.", "contents": "Penetration of ovicidal fungi into altered eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides exposed to temperatures of 40--60 degrees C for 1 hour or irradiated by high doses of UV light are more massively attacked by ovicidal fungi than the intact eggs. The authors assume that the more rapid and increased effect of ovicidal fungi in the soils of the tropics and subtropics is due to greater insolation of the surface layers and their higher temperature.", "PMID": 575103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11484", "title": "Dicentric Y-chromosome mosaicism in a girl with clitoral hypertrophy.", "content": "A 12-year-old girl with small stature and a hypertrophic clitoris was found to be mosaic for 45,X/46,X.dic(Y)(qtertop11:p11toqter)/46,XX/47,XX,dic(Y)(qtertop11:p11toqter). The dicentric chromosome was identified using Q-banding. These findings indicate mitotic instability of the dicentric Y, as well as the presence of an X chromosome in this patient.", "contents": "Dicentric Y-chromosome mosaicism in a girl with clitoral hypertrophy. A 12-year-old girl with small stature and a hypertrophic clitoris was found to be mosaic for 45,X/46,X.dic(Y)(qtertop11:p11toqter)/46,XX/47,XX,dic(Y)(qtertop11:p11toqter). The dicentric chromosome was identified using Q-banding. These findings indicate mitotic instability of the dicentric Y, as well as the presence of an X chromosome in this patient.", "PMID": 575104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11485", "title": "Experimental infection of rabbit ligated ileal loops with Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "An in vivo animal model was used to assess the enteropathogenicity of the etiological agent (Treponema hyodysenteriae) of swine dysentery. Multiple ligated ileal loops, prepared in New Zealand white rabbits, were challenged with either pathogenic (B78 and B204) or nonpathogenic (Pu) isolates of the organism. The pathogenic isolates induced the onset of intestinal fluid accumulation as early as 4 h, with maximal fluid induction at 18 h postchallenge. Gross lesions of the intestinal mucosa, observed in ileal loops of rabbits sacrificed 24 h postchallenge, were characteristic of swine dysentery. Both pathogenic isolates colonized the epithelial surface and eroded the mucosal barrier, as determined by histological and scanning electron microscopic observations. Intestinal fluid accumulation and erosion of the mucosal barrier were not observed in ileal loops exposed to the nonpathogenic isolate (Pu) or to either of the nonviable pathogenic (B78 and B204) isolates. The ability of pathogenic isolates to initiate and produce infection in rabbit ligated ileal loops, which closely resembles the disease in swine, provides a system with which to study experimental swine dysentery.", "contents": "Experimental infection of rabbit ligated ileal loops with Treponema hyodysenteriae. An in vivo animal model was used to assess the enteropathogenicity of the etiological agent (Treponema hyodysenteriae) of swine dysentery. Multiple ligated ileal loops, prepared in New Zealand white rabbits, were challenged with either pathogenic (B78 and B204) or nonpathogenic (Pu) isolates of the organism. The pathogenic isolates induced the onset of intestinal fluid accumulation as early as 4 h, with maximal fluid induction at 18 h postchallenge. Gross lesions of the intestinal mucosa, observed in ileal loops of rabbits sacrificed 24 h postchallenge, were characteristic of swine dysentery. Both pathogenic isolates colonized the epithelial surface and eroded the mucosal barrier, as determined by histological and scanning electron microscopic observations. Intestinal fluid accumulation and erosion of the mucosal barrier were not observed in ileal loops exposed to the nonpathogenic isolate (Pu) or to either of the nonviable pathogenic (B78 and B204) isolates. The ability of pathogenic isolates to initiate and produce infection in rabbit ligated ileal loops, which closely resembles the disease in swine, provides a system with which to study experimental swine dysentery.", "PMID": 575109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11486", "title": "Breast cancer in black American women.", "content": "A case-control study of breast cancer among Black American women was conducted in seven hospitals in New York City from 1969 to 1975. Results are reported for 127 cases and 317 controls. Compared to women with a first birth before age 19, those with a first birth after 25 had a relative incidence rate for breast cancer of 3.8 and 2.2 for the pre- and postmenopausal age-groups, respectively. Compared to nulliparous women, parous women had a relative incidence rate of 0.6 for premenopausal and 0.7 for postmenopausal women. The incidence rate of breast cancer for women with a menopause after age 49 was estimated to be 3.1 times that of women with a menopause before age 45. Thus, the known risk factors for breast cancer among Whites are also related to the etiology of the disease among Blacks. The incidence rate of breast cancer has increased among younger Blacks since 1947 and is now similar to that among younger Whites. However, among older women, the incidence rate is still appreciably higher for Whites. The most likely explanation of this pattern is that Black women born since about 1925 are being exposed at the same frequency as White women to the causes of breast cancer.", "contents": "Breast cancer in black American women. A case-control study of breast cancer among Black American women was conducted in seven hospitals in New York City from 1969 to 1975. Results are reported for 127 cases and 317 controls. Compared to women with a first birth before age 19, those with a first birth after 25 had a relative incidence rate for breast cancer of 3.8 and 2.2 for the pre- and postmenopausal age-groups, respectively. Compared to nulliparous women, parous women had a relative incidence rate of 0.6 for premenopausal and 0.7 for postmenopausal women. The incidence rate of breast cancer for women with a menopause after age 49 was estimated to be 3.1 times that of women with a menopause before age 45. Thus, the known risk factors for breast cancer among Whites are also related to the etiology of the disease among Blacks. The incidence rate of breast cancer has increased among younger Blacks since 1947 and is now similar to that among younger Whites. However, among older women, the incidence rate is still appreciably higher for Whites. The most likely explanation of this pattern is that Black women born since about 1925 are being exposed at the same frequency as White women to the causes of breast cancer.", "PMID": 575111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11487", "title": "The L1210 assay for immune complexes: application in cancer patients and correlation with disease progress.", "content": "Immune complexes (ICs) were determined by the non-complement-dependent L1210 radioimmune assay on 132 serum samples collected from 53 patients with a variety of cancers. Both the mean IC levels and frequency of positive tests were significantly greater in cancer patients (mean = 96 +/- 100 microgram/ml, 46% positive) than in a control group of 67 normal healthy blood donors (mean = 39 +/- 15, 3% positive). When cancer patients were assorted into groups by disease progress, those with large or progressing tumors had significantly higher mean values (136 +/- 129) and frequency of positives (75%) than those with small or regressing tumors (58 +/- 18, 22% positive). In lung cancer patients, IC levels showed a strong inverse correlation (rs = -0.903) with survival time in patients who died, and appeared to be a better prognostic indicator than performance status (Karnofsky scale) at time of diagnosis. Serial IC measurements taken on several patients showed a decrease in levels concomitant with a favorable response to cytoreductive therapy, sustained normal levels during periods of prolonged remission, and a rise to elevated levels with (and sometimes preceding) documentation of new metastases.", "contents": "The L1210 assay for immune complexes: application in cancer patients and correlation with disease progress. Immune complexes (ICs) were determined by the non-complement-dependent L1210 radioimmune assay on 132 serum samples collected from 53 patients with a variety of cancers. Both the mean IC levels and frequency of positive tests were significantly greater in cancer patients (mean = 96 +/- 100 microgram/ml, 46% positive) than in a control group of 67 normal healthy blood donors (mean = 39 +/- 15, 3% positive). When cancer patients were assorted into groups by disease progress, those with large or progressing tumors had significantly higher mean values (136 +/- 129) and frequency of positives (75%) than those with small or regressing tumors (58 +/- 18, 22% positive). In lung cancer patients, IC levels showed a strong inverse correlation (rs = -0.903) with survival time in patients who died, and appeared to be a better prognostic indicator than performance status (Karnofsky scale) at time of diagnosis. Serial IC measurements taken on several patients showed a decrease in levels concomitant with a favorable response to cytoreductive therapy, sustained normal levels during periods of prolonged remission, and a rise to elevated levels with (and sometimes preceding) documentation of new metastases.", "PMID": 575112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11488", "title": "Gustatory preferences during estrus cycle in rats.", "content": "Estrus cycle has been used as a base to study gustatory responses in rats under conditions of two-bottle choice test given for one hour daily, and the data pooled respectively for diestrus/metestrus (D/M) and proestrus/estrus (P/E). Glucose (13.5%), sodium saccharin (0.2%), sodium chloride (0.9%), citric acid (0.004%) and quinine sulphate (0.002%) was each paired with water and a particular solution was presented daily for one week. Two days gap was given between two different solutions when only water was made available in both the bottles. An increased preference for glucose and saccharin, decrease to sodium chloride and no change in citric acid and quinine sulphate was observed at P/E. The differential gustatory response is perhaps linked to the levels of ovarian and hypophyseal hormones at the time of ovulation.", "contents": "Gustatory preferences during estrus cycle in rats. Estrus cycle has been used as a base to study gustatory responses in rats under conditions of two-bottle choice test given for one hour daily, and the data pooled respectively for diestrus/metestrus (D/M) and proestrus/estrus (P/E). Glucose (13.5%), sodium saccharin (0.2%), sodium chloride (0.9%), citric acid (0.004%) and quinine sulphate (0.002%) was each paired with water and a particular solution was presented daily for one week. Two days gap was given between two different solutions when only water was made available in both the bottles. An increased preference for glucose and saccharin, decrease to sodium chloride and no change in citric acid and quinine sulphate was observed at P/E. The differential gustatory response is perhaps linked to the levels of ovarian and hypophyseal hormones at the time of ovulation.", "PMID": 575107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11489", "title": "Lipid pattern in female reproductive tissues during different phases of estrous cycle.", "content": "The normal pattern of lipids during various phases of estrous cycle in different reproductive tissues of female rats was analysed. The various lipid calsses undergo striking cyclical changes in harmony with the rhythm of endogenous gonadal and gonadotrophic hormones. A comparison of lipid pattern was made between various phases of estrous cycle. Ovary exhibited marked alterations in the distribution of lipids in different phases of the cycle compared to other tissues. Total lipids were maximum in diestrus phospholipids in estrus with a concomittant fall in triglycerides in all the tissues. The fluctuation in oviductal and vaginal lipids was much less compared to other tissues. Hormone-lipid interrelationship and tissue specificity may be attributed to these changes.", "contents": "Lipid pattern in female reproductive tissues during different phases of estrous cycle. The normal pattern of lipids during various phases of estrous cycle in different reproductive tissues of female rats was analysed. The various lipid calsses undergo striking cyclical changes in harmony with the rhythm of endogenous gonadal and gonadotrophic hormones. A comparison of lipid pattern was made between various phases of estrous cycle. Ovary exhibited marked alterations in the distribution of lipids in different phases of the cycle compared to other tissues. Total lipids were maximum in diestrus phospholipids in estrus with a concomittant fall in triglycerides in all the tissues. The fluctuation in oviductal and vaginal lipids was much less compared to other tissues. Hormone-lipid interrelationship and tissue specificity may be attributed to these changes.", "PMID": 575108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11490", "title": "Effect of B-15,000 (Iopamidol), a new nonionic contrast agent, on cardiac function of the isolated rat heart.", "content": "The isolated rat heart model was used to examine the effect of a new nonionic contrast agent, B-15,000 (Iopamidol), on cardiac function. Comparative studies were performed with Amipaque, Renografin 60, Renografin 76, and Vascoray. The three ionic contrast agents had significantly greater detrimental effects on cardiac function than either nonionic agent. The results support the continued evaluation of the nonionic agents for use in coronary angiography.", "contents": "Effect of B-15,000 (Iopamidol), a new nonionic contrast agent, on cardiac function of the isolated rat heart. The isolated rat heart model was used to examine the effect of a new nonionic contrast agent, B-15,000 (Iopamidol), on cardiac function. Comparative studies were performed with Amipaque, Renografin 60, Renografin 76, and Vascoray. The three ionic contrast agents had significantly greater detrimental effects on cardiac function than either nonionic agent. The results support the continued evaluation of the nonionic agents for use in coronary angiography.", "PMID": 575115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11491", "title": "Within- and between-litter variation of proximate composition in newborn and 10-day-old landrace swine.", "content": "Proximate composition of individuals from four litters of newborn and six whole litters of 10-day-old purebred Landrace piglets from primiparous and multiparous dams was determined. A dramatic increase in ether extract percentage occurred during the first 10 postpartum days as moisture and ash percentages decreased and protein increased. Average values for newborn and 10-day-old piglets, respectively were: weight 1.39 +/- .26 and 3.07 +/- .57 kg, moisture 79.17 +/- .96 and 70.51 +/- 1.36%; ether extract, .55 +/- .17 and 9.92 +/- 1.46%; protein 12.07 +/- .73 and 14.90 +/- .38% and ash, 4.63 +/- .40 and 3.44 +/- .31%. Although variation in proximate composition was small at birth, within as well as between-litter differences were observed. Carcasses of the heavier newborn piglets had lower moisture and higher protein percentages. Variation in the proximate composition of 10-day-old piglets was greater and accounted for, in part, by within and between-litter differences, plus in the case of moisture and ether extract percentages, differences in 10-day gain. Average values for three 10-day-old, slow-growing piglets were birth weight, 1.39 kg; 10-day weight, 2.13 kg; 10-day gain, .74 kg; moisture 75.49%; ether extract, 3.43%; protein, 15.34%; and ash, 4.37%. Although these piglets had a slow growth rate, their ether extract percentages increased by sixfold over the average value found for newborn piglets.", "contents": "Within- and between-litter variation of proximate composition in newborn and 10-day-old landrace swine. Proximate composition of individuals from four litters of newborn and six whole litters of 10-day-old purebred Landrace piglets from primiparous and multiparous dams was determined. A dramatic increase in ether extract percentage occurred during the first 10 postpartum days as moisture and ash percentages decreased and protein increased. Average values for newborn and 10-day-old piglets, respectively were: weight 1.39 +/- .26 and 3.07 +/- .57 kg, moisture 79.17 +/- .96 and 70.51 +/- 1.36%; ether extract, .55 +/- .17 and 9.92 +/- 1.46%; protein 12.07 +/- .73 and 14.90 +/- .38% and ash, 4.63 +/- .40 and 3.44 +/- .31%. Although variation in proximate composition was small at birth, within as well as between-litter differences were observed. Carcasses of the heavier newborn piglets had lower moisture and higher protein percentages. Variation in the proximate composition of 10-day-old piglets was greater and accounted for, in part, by within and between-litter differences, plus in the case of moisture and ether extract percentages, differences in 10-day gain. Average values for three 10-day-old, slow-growing piglets were birth weight, 1.39 kg; 10-day weight, 2.13 kg; 10-day gain, .74 kg; moisture 75.49%; ether extract, 3.43%; protein, 15.34%; and ash, 4.37%. Although these piglets had a slow growth rate, their ether extract percentages increased by sixfold over the average value found for newborn piglets.", "PMID": 575132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11492", "title": "Control of estrus in gilts with a progestogen.", "content": "Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a synthetic progestogen, allyl trenbolone, for control of estrus and ovulation in gilts. Estrus was effectively synchronized with 33 of 38 gilts exhibiting estrus 2 to 7 days after last progestogen feeding. There was no effect on fertilization rate in gilts free of ovarian abnormalities. Ovulation rate was higher in gilts fed the progestogen in both Trial 1 (P less than .01) and Trial 2 (P less than .10). Progestogen treatment caused an increase (P less than .01) in the incidence of cystic follicles which resulted in a decrease (P less than .01) in conception rate in Trial 1.", "contents": "Control of estrus in gilts with a progestogen. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a synthetic progestogen, allyl trenbolone, for control of estrus and ovulation in gilts. Estrus was effectively synchronized with 33 of 38 gilts exhibiting estrus 2 to 7 days after last progestogen feeding. There was no effect on fertilization rate in gilts free of ovarian abnormalities. Ovulation rate was higher in gilts fed the progestogen in both Trial 1 (P less than .01) and Trial 2 (P less than .10). Progestogen treatment caused an increase (P less than .01) in the incidence of cystic follicles which resulted in a decrease (P less than .01) in conception rate in Trial 1.", "PMID": 575133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11493", "title": "Low resolution crystal structure of lipase from Geotrichum candidum (ATCC34614).", "content": "Lipase from Geotrichum candidum (ATCC34614) is a glycerol ester hydrolase which has a molecular weight of 55,000 with about 7% carbohydrate, displaying a high affinity for triolein. The enzyme was crystallized from more than 2% protein solution without using any salt or organic solvent. The crystals were cross-linked by soaking in 0.37% glutaraldehyde solution (0.1 M acetate buffer solution, pH 5.6). The structure was determined by X-ray diffraction using the isomorphous replacement technique. Two heavy-atom derivatives [K2PtCl4 and UO2(CH3COO)2] were obtained by the soaking method. The electron density map calculated at 5 A resolution clearly showed the molecular boundary. A balsa wood model was made on the basis of the 6 A electron density map. The molecular has an ellipsoidal shape with dimensions of 70 A X 50 A X 50 A. Several columns of density corresponding to alpha-helix and a few clefts were found in the molecule. The active site is presumably located in the vicinity of one of the Pt sites in the Pt-derivative crystal, judging from the inactivation of the enzyme by K2PtCl4.", "contents": "Low resolution crystal structure of lipase from Geotrichum candidum (ATCC34614). Lipase from Geotrichum candidum (ATCC34614) is a glycerol ester hydrolase which has a molecular weight of 55,000 with about 7% carbohydrate, displaying a high affinity for triolein. The enzyme was crystallized from more than 2% protein solution without using any salt or organic solvent. The crystals were cross-linked by soaking in 0.37% glutaraldehyde solution (0.1 M acetate buffer solution, pH 5.6). The structure was determined by X-ray diffraction using the isomorphous replacement technique. Two heavy-atom derivatives [K2PtCl4 and UO2(CH3COO)2] were obtained by the soaking method. The electron density map calculated at 5 A resolution clearly showed the molecular boundary. A balsa wood model was made on the basis of the 6 A electron density map. The molecular has an ellipsoidal shape with dimensions of 70 A X 50 A X 50 A. Several columns of density corresponding to alpha-helix and a few clefts were found in the molecule. The active site is presumably located in the vicinity of one of the Pt sites in the Pt-derivative crystal, judging from the inactivation of the enzyme by K2PtCl4.", "PMID": 575138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11494", "title": "The behaviour of fibroblasts migrating from chick heart explants: changes in adhesion, locomotion and growth, and in the distribution of actomyosin and fibronectin.", "content": "Fibroblasts migrating from heart explants of chick embryos at first have a high rate of locomotion but lack focal contacts or adhesions and also lack substantial actin-containing bundles. A meshwork of 7-nm filaments is present particularly in submembranous regions and is proposed to be directed towards efficient locomotion whilst maintaining a high degree of spreading. Also during the first 48 h there is little production of extracellular fibronectin and the growth rate is low. Later, these fibroblasts develop focal contacts and focal adhesions together with actomyosin bundles, with a parallel increase in fibronectin expression. We propose that progressive immobilization by the development of focal adhesions and actomyosin structures occurs to set these cells up for growth.", "contents": "The behaviour of fibroblasts migrating from chick heart explants: changes in adhesion, locomotion and growth, and in the distribution of actomyosin and fibronectin. Fibroblasts migrating from heart explants of chick embryos at first have a high rate of locomotion but lack focal contacts or adhesions and also lack substantial actin-containing bundles. A meshwork of 7-nm filaments is present particularly in submembranous regions and is proposed to be directed towards efficient locomotion whilst maintaining a high degree of spreading. Also during the first 48 h there is little production of extracellular fibronectin and the growth rate is low. Later, these fibroblasts develop focal contacts and focal adhesions together with actomyosin bundles, with a parallel increase in fibronectin expression. We propose that progressive immobilization by the development of focal adhesions and actomyosin structures occurs to set these cells up for growth.", "PMID": 575139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11495", "title": "Expression of the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "We have previously shown by examining the anchorage dependence, density-dependent inhibition of growth, LETS protein and microfilament bundles that the transformed phenotype of the parental tumours are suppressed in hybrids between rat embryo fibroblast (REF) and mouse tumour cells (TA3B). Hybrids between TA3B and Syrian hamster sarcoma cells (BHK-B1) also show suppression. We now demonstrate that tumorigenicity in nude mice is also suppressed in TA3B X REF and B1 X TA3B hybrids. Tumours arise from the suppressed hybrids by the selective outgrowth of variants with properties different from the majority of cells inoculated. These tumour variants always had an altered cytoskeletin but 1 out of 14 cases retained anchorage-dependent growth. Selection in culture for anchorage-independent growth selected for tumorigenicity. The coordinate suppression of the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity could be explained by postulating a pleiotropic control mechanism affecting both. However, the occasional dissociation of tumorigenicity from anchorage dependence in the variants suggests that the targets for the control mechanism must be different.", "contents": "Expression of the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity in somatic cell hybrids. We have previously shown by examining the anchorage dependence, density-dependent inhibition of growth, LETS protein and microfilament bundles that the transformed phenotype of the parental tumours are suppressed in hybrids between rat embryo fibroblast (REF) and mouse tumour cells (TA3B). Hybrids between TA3B and Syrian hamster sarcoma cells (BHK-B1) also show suppression. We now demonstrate that tumorigenicity in nude mice is also suppressed in TA3B X REF and B1 X TA3B hybrids. Tumours arise from the suppressed hybrids by the selective outgrowth of variants with properties different from the majority of cells inoculated. These tumour variants always had an altered cytoskeletin but 1 out of 14 cases retained anchorage-dependent growth. Selection in culture for anchorage-independent growth selected for tumorigenicity. The coordinate suppression of the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity could be explained by postulating a pleiotropic control mechanism affecting both. However, the occasional dissociation of tumorigenicity from anchorage dependence in the variants suggests that the targets for the control mechanism must be different.", "PMID": 575140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11496", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of prostaglandin F2 alpha in human and rabbit urine.", "content": "Analysis of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in urine is a useful indicator of renal prostaglandin synthesis. A mass fragmentographic method for PGF2 alpha analysis in human urine was developed using [3,3,4,4-2H4]PGF2 alpha as an internal standard and carrier. PGF2 alpha was extracted from urine (20 ml) with chloroform, purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography and converted to the methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether before analysis by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. The specificity of the urine analysis was demonstrated by retention time and the use of two pairs of fragments m/e 494/498 and 513/517 with the same results. The coefficient of variation for duplicate analysis averaged 12.6%, n = 17. Urine from recumbent women contained 4.9 +/- 2.6 (S.D.) ng/ml or 4.1 +/- 1.0 ng PGF2 alpha per mg creatinine (n = 10) with little diurnal variation. Male urine contained 5.0 +/- 2.7 (S.D.) ng/ml or 3.7 +/- 2.1 ng/mg creatinine (n = 10). Similar concentrations were found in boys and in girls. These observations indicate that urinary PGF2 alpha originates from the kidneys with little contribution from the male accessory sexual glands. This method can also be applied to analysis of PGF2 alpha in rabbit urine.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of prostaglandin F2 alpha in human and rabbit urine. Analysis of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in urine is a useful indicator of renal prostaglandin synthesis. A mass fragmentographic method for PGF2 alpha analysis in human urine was developed using [3,3,4,4-2H4]PGF2 alpha as an internal standard and carrier. PGF2 alpha was extracted from urine (20 ml) with chloroform, purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography and converted to the methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether before analysis by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. The specificity of the urine analysis was demonstrated by retention time and the use of two pairs of fragments m/e 494/498 and 513/517 with the same results. The coefficient of variation for duplicate analysis averaged 12.6%, n = 17. Urine from recumbent women contained 4.9 +/- 2.6 (S.D.) ng/ml or 4.1 +/- 1.0 ng PGF2 alpha per mg creatinine (n = 10) with little diurnal variation. Male urine contained 5.0 +/- 2.7 (S.D.) ng/ml or 3.7 +/- 2.1 ng/mg creatinine (n = 10). Similar concentrations were found in boys and in girls. These observations indicate that urinary PGF2 alpha originates from the kidneys with little contribution from the male accessory sexual glands. This method can also be applied to analysis of PGF2 alpha in rabbit urine.", "PMID": 575141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11497", "title": "Analysis of cellulase proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A new procedure using high-performance liquid chromatography for the rapid separation of cellulase proteins is described. The cellulase components of Trichoderma reesei are fractionated on a DEAE anion-exchange column using a phosphate buffer at pH 6.2. Activities of the individual components obtained from T. reesei QM6a, a wild strain, and several mutant strains have been determined. Each system examined contained beta-glucosidase, at least two exo-beta-1,4 glucanases and five endo-beta-1,4 glucanases with the endo-beta-1,4 glucanases accounting for 20--36% and the exo-beta-1,4 glucanases for 64--80% of the soluble protein.", "contents": "Analysis of cellulase proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography. A new procedure using high-performance liquid chromatography for the rapid separation of cellulase proteins is described. The cellulase components of Trichoderma reesei are fractionated on a DEAE anion-exchange column using a phosphate buffer at pH 6.2. Activities of the individual components obtained from T. reesei QM6a, a wild strain, and several mutant strains have been determined. Each system examined contained beta-glucosidase, at least two exo-beta-1,4 glucanases and five endo-beta-1,4 glucanases with the endo-beta-1,4 glucanases accounting for 20--36% and the exo-beta-1,4 glucanases for 64--80% of the soluble protein.", "PMID": 575142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11498", "title": "Periurethral anaerobic microflora of healthy girls.", "content": "The periurethral anaerobic and aerobic microfloras were investigated in 18 healthy premenarcheal girls, 5 to 14 years of age, by using a quantitative sampling method. Colonization of the female periurethral area with enterobacteria seems to be an important step in the development of urinary tract infections, and the present study was undertaken as a stage in elucidating factors that might control the establishment of urinary tract pathogens periurethrally. The study showed that obligate anaerobic bacteria constituted 95.0% (standard error, +/- 5.8%) of the total colony-forming units per square centimeter of periurethral area. An average of 7.0 different anaerobic and 2.7 different aerobic strains per specimen was obtained. The flora was dominated by anaerobic gram-positive cocci and gram-positive rods, whereas anaerobic gram-negative rods comprised a minor part. The most commonly encountered anaerobic isolates were peptococci and peptostreptococci, propionibacteria, bifidobacteria, eubacteria, and bacteroides in decreasing order of frequency. The aerobic flora consisted most commonly of nonhemolytic streptococci and diphtheroids. The findings suggest that the periurethral microenvironment is a distinctive ecological niche, separate from the fecal and skin biotas, although it has some characteristics in common with the vaginal flora.", "contents": "Periurethral anaerobic microflora of healthy girls. The periurethral anaerobic and aerobic microfloras were investigated in 18 healthy premenarcheal girls, 5 to 14 years of age, by using a quantitative sampling method. Colonization of the female periurethral area with enterobacteria seems to be an important step in the development of urinary tract infections, and the present study was undertaken as a stage in elucidating factors that might control the establishment of urinary tract pathogens periurethrally. The study showed that obligate anaerobic bacteria constituted 95.0% (standard error, +/- 5.8%) of the total colony-forming units per square centimeter of periurethral area. An average of 7.0 different anaerobic and 2.7 different aerobic strains per specimen was obtained. The flora was dominated by anaerobic gram-positive cocci and gram-positive rods, whereas anaerobic gram-negative rods comprised a minor part. The most commonly encountered anaerobic isolates were peptococci and peptostreptococci, propionibacteria, bifidobacteria, eubacteria, and bacteroides in decreasing order of frequency. The aerobic flora consisted most commonly of nonhemolytic streptococci and diphtheroids. The findings suggest that the periurethral microenvironment is a distinctive ecological niche, separate from the fecal and skin biotas, although it has some characteristics in common with the vaginal flora.", "PMID": 575143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11499", "title": "Biliary excretion and distribution of 51Cr(III) and 51Cr(VI) in rats.", "content": "The biliary excretion and distribution of 51Cr after intravenous administration of 51Cr(III) (61CrCl5) or 51Cr(VI) (Na252CrO4 . 4 H2O) was studied in rats. The cumulative biliary excretion of 51Cr reached 24 hrs after the injection was significantly higher after administration of 51Cr(VI) than after 51Cr(III) 3.51+/-0.7% and 0.51+/-0.05% of administered dose, respectively). This difference was especially due to a higher rate of biliary excretion of 51Cr in the first hours after 51Cr(VI) administration. The excretion of 51Cr via faeces was also higher after administration of 51Cr(VI) (7.35+/-0.45%) OF ADMINISTERED DOSE, AS AGAINST 4.23+/-0.23% after 51Cr(III). On the other hand, no significant difference in urinary excretion of 51Cr was found. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the distribution of 51Cr in the organism after administration of both valence states of the metal.", "contents": "Biliary excretion and distribution of 51Cr(III) and 51Cr(VI) in rats. The biliary excretion and distribution of 51Cr after intravenous administration of 51Cr(III) (61CrCl5) or 51Cr(VI) (Na252CrO4 . 4 H2O) was studied in rats. The cumulative biliary excretion of 51Cr reached 24 hrs after the injection was significantly higher after administration of 51Cr(VI) than after 51Cr(III) 3.51+/-0.7% and 0.51+/-0.05% of administered dose, respectively). This difference was especially due to a higher rate of biliary excretion of 51Cr in the first hours after 51Cr(VI) administration. The excretion of 51Cr via faeces was also higher after administration of 51Cr(VI) (7.35+/-0.45%) OF ADMINISTERED DOSE, AS AGAINST 4.23+/-0.23% after 51Cr(III). On the other hand, no significant difference in urinary excretion of 51Cr was found. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the distribution of 51Cr in the organism after administration of both valence states of the metal.", "PMID": 575148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11500", "title": "Evaluation of the eight-year period of compulsory measles vaccination in the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR).", "content": "The object of the study is the evaluation of a more than 8-year period of compulsory vaccination against measles in the CSR. So far, a total of 1,850,000 children have been vaccinated. A pronounced decrease has been achieved in morbidity while mortality and lethality reached zero values as early as in 1973. Changes occur in the epidemiological characteristic of measles manifested primarily by the shift of the age distribution of notified cases into older age groups, by continuous prolongation of interepidemic intervals and by gradual disappearances of typical seasonal incidence. Regular immunological surveys have become the most efficient tools in epidemiological surveillance of this infection and in monitoring the vaccination programme. The results of immunological surveys indeed led to the introduction in 1975 of so-called second vaccination compulsory for children starting the first year of school attendance. Up to the present, a total of 24,000 cases of measles have been recorded in children vaccinated earlier, i.e., 1.5% of the total of vaccinated children. It can be expected that measles as a mass disease will be eliminated from the territory of the CSR in the next few years.", "contents": "Evaluation of the eight-year period of compulsory measles vaccination in the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR). The object of the study is the evaluation of a more than 8-year period of compulsory vaccination against measles in the CSR. So far, a total of 1,850,000 children have been vaccinated. A pronounced decrease has been achieved in morbidity while mortality and lethality reached zero values as early as in 1973. Changes occur in the epidemiological characteristic of measles manifested primarily by the shift of the age distribution of notified cases into older age groups, by continuous prolongation of interepidemic intervals and by gradual disappearances of typical seasonal incidence. Regular immunological surveys have become the most efficient tools in epidemiological surveillance of this infection and in monitoring the vaccination programme. The results of immunological surveys indeed led to the introduction in 1975 of so-called second vaccination compulsory for children starting the first year of school attendance. Up to the present, a total of 24,000 cases of measles have been recorded in children vaccinated earlier, i.e., 1.5% of the total of vaccinated children. It can be expected that measles as a mass disease will be eliminated from the territory of the CSR in the next few years.", "PMID": 575149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11501", "title": "Loss of virulence of revertants from Staphylococcus aureus L-phase variants in comparison with the parent strain.", "content": "The L-forms of the Klecha 155 strain were induced in vitro by methicillin. After reversion, the strains were tested for 19 biochemical features and for susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin and methicillin. Two reverted strains were less virulent for mice than the parent strain. It is concluded that the decrease in virulence of reverted Staph. aureus strains is correlated with changes in the chemical structure and composition of the cell wall after reversion from the L-phase variants.", "contents": "Loss of virulence of revertants from Staphylococcus aureus L-phase variants in comparison with the parent strain. The L-forms of the Klecha 155 strain were induced in vitro by methicillin. After reversion, the strains were tested for 19 biochemical features and for susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin and methicillin. Two reverted strains were less virulent for mice than the parent strain. It is concluded that the decrease in virulence of reverted Staph. aureus strains is correlated with changes in the chemical structure and composition of the cell wall after reversion from the L-phase variants.", "PMID": 575150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11502", "title": "Phage typing of Vibrio cholerae using a new collection of phages.", "content": "The authors formed a collection of typing phages in order to differentiate cholera vibrios of both biotypes. The collection consists of 7 phages proposed by Mukerjee for typing vibrios of the classical biotype and 3 El Tor phages isolated at the period of the 7th pandemy of cholera. In forming the typing collection the authors observed the following principles: 1) to crate a single set of typing phages and a single scheme of phage type differentiation of classical cholera and El Tor vibrios; 2) to use virulent phages; 3) to form a collection of serologically different phage types. The proposed collection allows to reveal a larger number of phage types as compared with phages proposed by Mukerjee phage typing a larger number of strains enhancing thus the epidemiological significance of the method of phage typing cholera vibrios.", "contents": "Phage typing of Vibrio cholerae using a new collection of phages. The authors formed a collection of typing phages in order to differentiate cholera vibrios of both biotypes. The collection consists of 7 phages proposed by Mukerjee for typing vibrios of the classical biotype and 3 El Tor phages isolated at the period of the 7th pandemy of cholera. In forming the typing collection the authors observed the following principles: 1) to crate a single set of typing phages and a single scheme of phage type differentiation of classical cholera and El Tor vibrios; 2) to use virulent phages; 3) to form a collection of serologically different phage types. The proposed collection allows to reveal a larger number of phage types as compared with phages proposed by Mukerjee phage typing a larger number of strains enhancing thus the epidemiological significance of the method of phage typing cholera vibrios.", "PMID": 575151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11503", "title": "Verification of tween-ether antigen for complement fixation test in the diagnostics of toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Tween-ether toxoplasma antigen for the complement fixation test was verified on a more extensive clinical material. From a series of 949 patient's sera, positive reaction was obtained in 44% of samples with the tween-ether antigen and in only 33.5% of samples with the FT antigen. All sera, giving positive results only with the tween-ether antigen, were also positive in the Sabin-Feldman test. The authors believe that by using this type of more sensitive antigen, containing also the cell-wall components of Toxoplasma gondii, it would be possible to standardize serological examination by the complement fixation test on the basis of an international standard serum.", "contents": "Verification of tween-ether antigen for complement fixation test in the diagnostics of toxoplasmosis. Tween-ether toxoplasma antigen for the complement fixation test was verified on a more extensive clinical material. From a series of 949 patient's sera, positive reaction was obtained in 44% of samples with the tween-ether antigen and in only 33.5% of samples with the FT antigen. All sera, giving positive results only with the tween-ether antigen, were also positive in the Sabin-Feldman test. The authors believe that by using this type of more sensitive antigen, containing also the cell-wall components of Toxoplasma gondii, it would be possible to standardize serological examination by the complement fixation test on the basis of an international standard serum.", "PMID": 575152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11504", "title": "Salmonella presov 6,8: b: enz15: a new serotype isolated in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "A new Salmonella type, S. presov, isolated for the first time in Czechoslovakia from the stool of a woman with diarrhoea, is described. The antigenic formula is 6,8:enz15.", "contents": "Salmonella presov 6,8: b: enz15: a new serotype isolated in Czechoslovakia. A new Salmonella type, S. presov, isolated for the first time in Czechoslovakia from the stool of a woman with diarrhoea, is described. The antigenic formula is 6,8:enz15.", "PMID": 575153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11505", "title": "Impact of income maintenance on low birth weight: evidence from the Gary Experiment.", "content": "Birth weight is a useful index of infant health. Low birth weight (5.5 pounds or less) is associated with high rates of infant mortality and morbidity. Low birth weight is also associated with low socioeconomic status. The question arises, therefore, whether income transfers can affect the incidence of low birth weight among the poor. The impact of an expanded income support plan on low birth weight was analyzed using data on 404 infants born to participants in the Gary Income Maintenance Experiment. A significant health response was observed for children of women who face high-risk pregnancies.", "contents": "Impact of income maintenance on low birth weight: evidence from the Gary Experiment. Birth weight is a useful index of infant health. Low birth weight (5.5 pounds or less) is associated with high rates of infant mortality and morbidity. Low birth weight is also associated with low socioeconomic status. The question arises, therefore, whether income transfers can affect the incidence of low birth weight among the poor. The impact of an expanded income support plan on low birth weight was analyzed using data on 404 infants born to participants in the Gary Income Maintenance Experiment. A significant health response was observed for children of women who face high-risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 575154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11506", "title": "Functional relationships between genotypes and environments in behavior. Effects of different kinds of early social experience on interstrain fighting in male mice.", "content": "Comparisons are made of the interstrain fighting behavior of adult male mice from two inbred strains (ST-albino; CBA-black-agouti), raised in one of three postweaning social situations: 1) isolated from other males, 2) reared with males of the same strains, or 3) reared with males of the opposite strain. Using the fighting behavior of isolated males as a baseline, it is found that each type of early social experience affects the fighting behavior of the males from each of the two inbred strains differently, indicating that the functional relationships between genotype and environment studied in these experiments are nonadditive. The importance of these results in describing the norm of reaction of a behavioral phenotype and in extrapolating data from one experiment to another is discussed.", "contents": "Functional relationships between genotypes and environments in behavior. Effects of different kinds of early social experience on interstrain fighting in male mice. Comparisons are made of the interstrain fighting behavior of adult male mice from two inbred strains (ST-albino; CBA-black-agouti), raised in one of three postweaning social situations: 1) isolated from other males, 2) reared with males of the same strains, or 3) reared with males of the opposite strain. Using the fighting behavior of isolated males as a baseline, it is found that each type of early social experience affects the fighting behavior of the males from each of the two inbred strains differently, indicating that the functional relationships between genotype and environment studied in these experiments are nonadditive. The importance of these results in describing the norm of reaction of a behavioral phenotype and in extrapolating data from one experiment to another is discussed.", "PMID": 575147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11507", "title": "Quantitative staging of embryonic development of the grasshopper, Schistocerca nitens.", "content": "During development of the grasshopper embryo, it is feasible to examine the structure, pharmacology, and physiology of uniquely identified cells. These experiments require a fast, accurate staging system suitable for live embryos. We present a system comprising (1) subdivision of embryogenesis into equal periods, (2) expression of stage in percent of complete embryogenesis time, (3) characterization of stages by light micrographs (and descriptive test), and (4) illustration of stages at the egg, embryo, and limb levels of resolution. Advantages of a percent-system include communicability, flexibility in temporal resolution, accurate assignment of elapsed time in developmental processes, and uniform coverage of the period of embryogenesis. The stages described are at 5% intervals with an estimated error of +/- 1%.", "contents": "Quantitative staging of embryonic development of the grasshopper, Schistocerca nitens. During development of the grasshopper embryo, it is feasible to examine the structure, pharmacology, and physiology of uniquely identified cells. These experiments require a fast, accurate staging system suitable for live embryos. We present a system comprising (1) subdivision of embryogenesis into equal periods, (2) expression of stage in percent of complete embryogenesis time, (3) characterization of stages by light micrographs (and descriptive test), and (4) illustration of stages at the egg, embryo, and limb levels of resolution. Advantages of a percent-system include communicability, flexibility in temporal resolution, accurate assignment of elapsed time in developmental processes, and uniform coverage of the period of embryogenesis. The stages described are at 5% intervals with an estimated error of +/- 1%.", "PMID": 575157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11508", "title": "Why is telling right from left more difficult than telling above from below?", "content": "Adults take longer to judge the locations of horizontal stimuli than to judge the locations of vertical stimuli. In order to determine the source of this difficulty with the horizontal dimension, the congruity between the locations of stimuli and verbal descriptions was judged in a reaction time (RT) task. Because bilateral symmetry of the nervous system may be related to the difficulty with horizontal stimuli, this was varied by using right-handed, left-handed, and ambidextrous subjects. However, this variable produced no significant effects in the RT task. Horizontal stimuli took longer than vertical stimuli whether the verbal description was encoded before or during the RT periods, suggesting that label encoding is not the entire source of the effect. However, when the verbal labels were eliminated entirely by having subjects learn and use stimulus-letter pairs, horizontal stimuli did not take longer than vertical stimuli. This suggests that perception of the stimulus is not the cause of the difficulty. Together, the experiments indicated that comparing horizontal labels to stimuli is the largest source of the difficulty in telling right from left. Reasons why adults have such a problem were discussed.", "contents": "Why is telling right from left more difficult than telling above from below? Adults take longer to judge the locations of horizontal stimuli than to judge the locations of vertical stimuli. In order to determine the source of this difficulty with the horizontal dimension, the congruity between the locations of stimuli and verbal descriptions was judged in a reaction time (RT) task. Because bilateral symmetry of the nervous system may be related to the difficulty with horizontal stimuli, this was varied by using right-handed, left-handed, and ambidextrous subjects. However, this variable produced no significant effects in the RT task. Horizontal stimuli took longer than vertical stimuli whether the verbal description was encoded before or during the RT periods, suggesting that label encoding is not the entire source of the effect. However, when the verbal labels were eliminated entirely by having subjects learn and use stimulus-letter pairs, horizontal stimuli did not take longer than vertical stimuli. This suggests that perception of the stimulus is not the cause of the difficulty. Together, the experiments indicated that comparing horizontal labels to stimuli is the largest source of the difficulty in telling right from left. Reasons why adults have such a problem were discussed.", "PMID": 575158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11509", "title": "Effect of morphine on dopaminergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain and striatum.", "content": "Administration of morphine (20 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in an increase in the rate of dopamine (DA) loss by ca. 40% in the forebrain cortex of rats, when the drug was administered 30 min after treatment with the synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine methylester (alpha-MpT). This effect was specific as it was antagonized by naloxone. In the same rats the rate of DA loss in the striatum was unaltered. It was shown that this differential effect was not due to a delayed inhibition of DA synthesis in the forebrain cortex when compared with the striatum. When morphine, on the other hand, was administered before inhibition of DA biosynthesis (30 min before alpha-MpT) an increase in the rate of DA loss was also observed in the striatum and a more marked increase was seen in the forebrain cortex. Sub-dissection of the forebrain cortex showed that most of the DA (80%) was present in basal parts of the forebrain and not in the frontal or cingulate cortex. The results suggest, therefore, that morphine administration results in DA release in basal parts of the forebrain, but not in the striatum.", "contents": "Effect of morphine on dopaminergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain and striatum. Administration of morphine (20 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in an increase in the rate of dopamine (DA) loss by ca. 40% in the forebrain cortex of rats, when the drug was administered 30 min after treatment with the synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine methylester (alpha-MpT). This effect was specific as it was antagonized by naloxone. In the same rats the rate of DA loss in the striatum was unaltered. It was shown that this differential effect was not due to a delayed inhibition of DA synthesis in the forebrain cortex when compared with the striatum. When morphine, on the other hand, was administered before inhibition of DA biosynthesis (30 min before alpha-MpT) an increase in the rate of DA loss was also observed in the striatum and a more marked increase was seen in the forebrain cortex. Sub-dissection of the forebrain cortex showed that most of the DA (80%) was present in basal parts of the forebrain and not in the frontal or cingulate cortex. The results suggest, therefore, that morphine administration results in DA release in basal parts of the forebrain, but not in the striatum.", "PMID": 575159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11510", "title": "Stress induced by light weight back button used to prepare the rat for continuous intravenous infusion.", "content": "A light weight plastic back button used to secure a metal catheter protector to the rat's back was tested as a stressful force on the rat. The results demonstrate that the button does indeed produce a stress that is apparent from abnormal weight gain. In young rats, 150 to 180 g. the stress was alleviated by overnight fasting prior to placement of the button; older animals, 350 g. displayed an exaggerated response to its placement. While the younger rats gained weight more slowly than controls, the older animals lost weight daily for 5 days. It is our conclusion that, while the back button has many advantages over the more popular harness, the button also induces stress. Consequently, control animals should wear a button even if they are not infused.", "contents": "Stress induced by light weight back button used to prepare the rat for continuous intravenous infusion. A light weight plastic back button used to secure a metal catheter protector to the rat's back was tested as a stressful force on the rat. The results demonstrate that the button does indeed produce a stress that is apparent from abnormal weight gain. In young rats, 150 to 180 g. the stress was alleviated by overnight fasting prior to placement of the button; older animals, 350 g. displayed an exaggerated response to its placement. While the younger rats gained weight more slowly than controls, the older animals lost weight daily for 5 days. It is our conclusion that, while the back button has many advantages over the more popular harness, the button also induces stress. Consequently, control animals should wear a button even if they are not infused.", "PMID": 575166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11511", "title": "Metabolic response to injury and illness: estimation of energy and protein needs from indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance.", "content": "The metabolic response to injury and illness as manifested by increases in energy expenditure and nitrogen losses makes it difficult for the clinician to evaluate calorie and protein needs. A method for determining daily calorie needs in hospitalized patients is presented. Average increases in resting metabolic expenditure for a group of patients following elective operation, skeletal trauma, skeletal trauma with head injury, blunt trauma, sepsis and burns were determined by indirect calorimetry and protein need by urinary nitrogen losses over extended time periods. Total daily calorie needs were then calculated, using the Harris-Benedict equation and adjusting this value upward using a previously measured activity and injury factor to arrive at the daily needs. Protein requirements may be determined on periodic 24 hour urine samples analyzed for the urinary urea nitrogen and adjusting this to a total nitrogen or protein equivalent. This approach to estimating the calorie nitrogen needs of the hospitalized patient under various degrees of stress more closely approximates the patient's variable needs at the height of the catabolic response and during convalescence.", "contents": "Metabolic response to injury and illness: estimation of energy and protein needs from indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance. The metabolic response to injury and illness as manifested by increases in energy expenditure and nitrogen losses makes it difficult for the clinician to evaluate calorie and protein needs. A method for determining daily calorie needs in hospitalized patients is presented. Average increases in resting metabolic expenditure for a group of patients following elective operation, skeletal trauma, skeletal trauma with head injury, blunt trauma, sepsis and burns were determined by indirect calorimetry and protein need by urinary nitrogen losses over extended time periods. Total daily calorie needs were then calculated, using the Harris-Benedict equation and adjusting this value upward using a previously measured activity and injury factor to arrive at the daily needs. Protein requirements may be determined on periodic 24 hour urine samples analyzed for the urinary urea nitrogen and adjusting this to a total nitrogen or protein equivalent. This approach to estimating the calorie nitrogen needs of the hospitalized patient under various degrees of stress more closely approximates the patient's variable needs at the height of the catabolic response and during convalescence.", "PMID": 575168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11512", "title": "Response of plasma amino acids to elective surgical trauma.", "content": "Venous plasma amino acids have been measured before, during, and after surgical operation in 17 patients. There were no statistically significant changes in plasma amino acid levels during the operation itself, but in the 3 days following operation the concentration of many of the amino acids were altered compared with the preoperative levels. Because some of the changes resemble those seen in early starvation, further studies are necessary to determine whether trauma or starvation is the prime stimulus to the changes observed.", "contents": "Response of plasma amino acids to elective surgical trauma. Venous plasma amino acids have been measured before, during, and after surgical operation in 17 patients. There were no statistically significant changes in plasma amino acid levels during the operation itself, but in the 3 days following operation the concentration of many of the amino acids were altered compared with the preoperative levels. Because some of the changes resemble those seen in early starvation, further studies are necessary to determine whether trauma or starvation is the prime stimulus to the changes observed.", "PMID": 575167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11513", "title": "Circulating immune complexes and C3d in human parasitosis.", "content": "Using the Raji cell radioimmune assay, we found low levels of circulating immune complexes (IC) in a small percentage of patients with schistosomiasis and filariasis. C3d levels, measured by immunoprecipitation, were elevated in a large number of these patients, whereas complement levels were within normal limits. Proteinuria was not found in any of the 55 patients studied. Circulating IC or elevated C3d levels were not found in any of the 19 patients with hydatidosis. The increased C3d levels, apparently not related to circulating IC, may be due to direct complement activation by parasite antigens or to sequestered IC. The latter hypothesis appears more attractive because the highest levels of C3d were found in schistosomiasis whereas schistosome antigens were unable to activate complement in vitro.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes and C3d in human parasitosis. Using the Raji cell radioimmune assay, we found low levels of circulating immune complexes (IC) in a small percentage of patients with schistosomiasis and filariasis. C3d levels, measured by immunoprecipitation, were elevated in a large number of these patients, whereas complement levels were within normal limits. Proteinuria was not found in any of the 55 patients studied. Circulating IC or elevated C3d levels were not found in any of the 19 patients with hydatidosis. The increased C3d levels, apparently not related to circulating IC, may be due to direct complement activation by parasite antigens or to sequestered IC. The latter hypothesis appears more attractive because the highest levels of C3d were found in schistosomiasis whereas schistosome antigens were unable to activate complement in vitro.", "PMID": 575177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11514", "title": "[Treatment of cystoid macular oedema according to Bangerter (author's transl)].", "content": "The biomicroscopic image of cystoid macular oedema was fully described by A. Bangerter in 1945. By means of fluorescein angiography additional cases may be revealed, but such cases are transitory and asymptomatic. Cystoid macular oedema seems to be caused by vascular disorders of inflammatory-toxic aetiology, the vitreous body being involved as a carrier of toxins. For treatment of cystoid macular oedema retrobulbar injections of vasodilators have been recommended by Bangerter. This therapy is definitely effective in cases of Irvine-syndrome, and in cases of cystoid macular oedema due to chronic iridocylitis, provided that application is starded early enough. Bangerter's treatment fails in other types of cystoid macular oedema. Corticosteroids are useful adjuvants, but they don't fully substitute Bangerter's treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of cystoid macular oedema according to Bangerter (author's transl)]. The biomicroscopic image of cystoid macular oedema was fully described by A. Bangerter in 1945. By means of fluorescein angiography additional cases may be revealed, but such cases are transitory and asymptomatic. Cystoid macular oedema seems to be caused by vascular disorders of inflammatory-toxic aetiology, the vitreous body being involved as a carrier of toxins. For treatment of cystoid macular oedema retrobulbar injections of vasodilators have been recommended by Bangerter. This therapy is definitely effective in cases of Irvine-syndrome, and in cases of cystoid macular oedema due to chronic iridocylitis, provided that application is starded early enough. Bangerter's treatment fails in other types of cystoid macular oedema. Corticosteroids are useful adjuvants, but they don't fully substitute Bangerter's treatment.", "PMID": 575178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11515", "title": "Conspicuous sex difference in zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex of Syrian Hamsters.", "content": "The adrenal weight of adult male hamsters was significantly heavier (p = less than 0.001) than those of age-matched females. The increased weight was due to an increased thickness of the adrenal cortex, especially of the zona reticularis. The width of the zona reticularis was approximately three times greater in males than females.", "contents": "Conspicuous sex difference in zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex of Syrian Hamsters. The adrenal weight of adult male hamsters was significantly heavier (p = less than 0.001) than those of age-matched females. The increased weight was due to an increased thickness of the adrenal cortex, especially of the zona reticularis. The width of the zona reticularis was approximately three times greater in males than females.", "PMID": 575179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11516", "title": "Stereospecific analysis of glycerolipids of egg yolk of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol were isolated from egg yolk of the Japanese quail. Fatty acid compositions at the two and three positions of glycerol in the glycerolipids were determined by stereospecific analysis employing phospholipase A2. The distribution of the total number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid moieties of triacylglycerol was also quantitated by high temperature gas liquid chromatography. The distribution of acyl groups in each of the positions of the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol was not random, and each position has a characteristic composition. The phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine had distinctive fatty acid distributions for position sn-2 of the triacylglycerol had a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids of which 18:1 (69.9%) was the major component. Position sn-3 contained 49.3% saturated fatty acids and was more saturated than position sn-1 by 8.1%. The experimentally determined distribution of the carbon numbers in triacyl glycerol deviated significantly from the distribution predicted by 1-random-2-random-3-random association of the fatty acids. The data suggest that in Japanese quail there is marked preferencial synthesis of some triacylglycerols.", "contents": "Stereospecific analysis of glycerolipids of egg yolk of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol were isolated from egg yolk of the Japanese quail. Fatty acid compositions at the two and three positions of glycerol in the glycerolipids were determined by stereospecific analysis employing phospholipase A2. The distribution of the total number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid moieties of triacylglycerol was also quantitated by high temperature gas liquid chromatography. The distribution of acyl groups in each of the positions of the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol was not random, and each position has a characteristic composition. The phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine had distinctive fatty acid distributions for position sn-2 of the triacylglycerol had a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids of which 18:1 (69.9%) was the major component. Position sn-3 contained 49.3% saturated fatty acids and was more saturated than position sn-1 by 8.1%. The experimentally determined distribution of the carbon numbers in triacyl glycerol deviated significantly from the distribution predicted by 1-random-2-random-3-random association of the fatty acids. The data suggest that in Japanese quail there is marked preferencial synthesis of some triacylglycerols.", "PMID": 575185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11517", "title": "Cytospectrophotometric evaluation of Amido Black staining of proteins in nervous tissue cells.", "content": "Cytospectrophotometry of agar films soaked with serum albumin and of nervous tissue cells has shown that the histochemical colour reaction of proteins with Amido Black 10 B obeys Beer's law and that the spectral characteristics of this reaction are not significantly changed after fixation and histological procedure of nervous tissue. In cats, after in situ electrostimulation, and in rats, after anticipation stress, quantitative changes in the total protein content per cell were revealed in nerve and glial cells of cat sympathetic ganglion and rat spinal cord with the aid of cytospectrophotometry of Amido Black-stained sections. Staining with Amido Black 10B is recommended for cytospectrophotometric determinations of total protein and of separate protein fractions in nervous system cells.", "contents": "Cytospectrophotometric evaluation of Amido Black staining of proteins in nervous tissue cells. Cytospectrophotometry of agar films soaked with serum albumin and of nervous tissue cells has shown that the histochemical colour reaction of proteins with Amido Black 10 B obeys Beer's law and that the spectral characteristics of this reaction are not significantly changed after fixation and histological procedure of nervous tissue. In cats, after in situ electrostimulation, and in rats, after anticipation stress, quantitative changes in the total protein content per cell were revealed in nerve and glial cells of cat sympathetic ganglion and rat spinal cord with the aid of cytospectrophotometry of Amido Black-stained sections. Staining with Amido Black 10B is recommended for cytospectrophotometric determinations of total protein and of separate protein fractions in nervous system cells.", "PMID": 575186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11518", "title": "Air-borne fungi in the air of Barcelona (Spain). II. The genus alternaria.", "content": "The genus Alternaria Nees formed one of the more important components of the fungus population of the air at Barcelone (Spain), during a two-year study, from February 1976 through January 1978. Results were based only on studied of colonies obtained by gravity-exposed plates. The occurrence of this genus was greatly affected by climatic conditions. In general. however, Alternaria appeared to prefer warmer weather. A total of six species of Alternaria was identified, of which, Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler was by far the commonest, representing 71.3% of all colonies.", "contents": "Air-borne fungi in the air of Barcelona (Spain). II. The genus alternaria. The genus Alternaria Nees formed one of the more important components of the fungus population of the air at Barcelone (Spain), during a two-year study, from February 1976 through January 1978. Results were based only on studied of colonies obtained by gravity-exposed plates. The occurrence of this genus was greatly affected by climatic conditions. In general. however, Alternaria appeared to prefer warmer weather. A total of six species of Alternaria was identified, of which, Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler was by far the commonest, representing 71.3% of all colonies.", "PMID": 575195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11519", "title": "Na-dependent Li-transport in primary nerve cell cultures.", "content": "Primary cultures from chick embryonic brain were used to study the steady state distribution of lithium. The intra/extracellular Li+ ratio decreased by enhancing the external Na+ concentration. Ouabain did not influence this unequality. A phloretin-sensitive component was revealed in the Li uptake at low Na+ concentration. The findings might suggest the existence of a Na+-dependent Li+ countertransport system in these brain cell cultures.", "contents": "Na-dependent Li-transport in primary nerve cell cultures. Primary cultures from chick embryonic brain were used to study the steady state distribution of lithium. The intra/extracellular Li+ ratio decreased by enhancing the external Na+ concentration. Ouabain did not influence this unequality. A phloretin-sensitive component was revealed in the Li uptake at low Na+ concentration. The findings might suggest the existence of a Na+-dependent Li+ countertransport system in these brain cell cultures.", "PMID": 575197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11520", "title": "Accumulation of apomorphine in caudate nucleus and hippocampus of the rabbit.", "content": "Apomorphine concentration was assayed in the caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum of rabbits injected with various doses of the drug 30 min earlier. Apomorphine accumulation was dose-dependent but uneven in the structures tested: the accumulation in the caudate nucleus being approx. 5 times higher than in cerebellum. Pretreatment with haloperidol significantly depressed the accumulation of apomorphine in the caudate nucleus and hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum. The amount of apomorphine displaceable by haloperidol was approx. 10 times higher in the caudate nucleus than in the hippocampus. The results suggest the existence of small number of apomorphine binding sites in the hippocampus.", "contents": "Accumulation of apomorphine in caudate nucleus and hippocampus of the rabbit. Apomorphine concentration was assayed in the caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum of rabbits injected with various doses of the drug 30 min earlier. Apomorphine accumulation was dose-dependent but uneven in the structures tested: the accumulation in the caudate nucleus being approx. 5 times higher than in cerebellum. Pretreatment with haloperidol significantly depressed the accumulation of apomorphine in the caudate nucleus and hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum. The amount of apomorphine displaceable by haloperidol was approx. 10 times higher in the caudate nucleus than in the hippocampus. The results suggest the existence of small number of apomorphine binding sites in the hippocampus.", "PMID": 575198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11521", "title": "Chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs: potentiation of apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in rats.", "content": "Chronic (14 days) but not acute treatment with antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, mianserin, danitracen, iprindole) potentiated the aggressive behaviour induced by apomorphine (APO) in rats. The APO stereotypy was not changed. A similar potentiation was caused by chronic treatment with phentolamine or thioridazine but not with spiperone or deazepam. In rats treated chronically with amitriptyline the APO-induced fighting was antagonized by phenoxybenzamine or spiperone, and not by metergoline. The results allows us to postulate that the chronic treatment with antidepressants potentiates the APO-induced aggressiveness via the noradrenergic mechanism, i.e., through an enhanced response to the endogenous NA.", "contents": "Chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs: potentiation of apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in rats. Chronic (14 days) but not acute treatment with antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, mianserin, danitracen, iprindole) potentiated the aggressive behaviour induced by apomorphine (APO) in rats. The APO stereotypy was not changed. A similar potentiation was caused by chronic treatment with phentolamine or thioridazine but not with spiperone or deazepam. In rats treated chronically with amitriptyline the APO-induced fighting was antagonized by phenoxybenzamine or spiperone, and not by metergoline. The results allows us to postulate that the chronic treatment with antidepressants potentiates the APO-induced aggressiveness via the noradrenergic mechanism, i.e., through an enhanced response to the endogenous NA.", "PMID": 575199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11522", "title": "[Short-term changes in the biomass of fungi and bacteria in soddy-podzolic soil].", "content": "Short-term (diurnal or daily) changes in fungal and bacterial biomass were studied using direct count. Diurnal changes in microbial biomass were found to be unreliable. Daily observations have shown that the length of fungal mycelium can change 3--4-fold within 10--30 days, and the number of bacteria, 2--3-fold, the frequency and amplitude of changes depending on the season. Fungal biomass was found to be greater than bacterial biomass by a factor of dozens; that is why, while estimating the biomass of soil fungi, other indices of the biological activity of soil (DNA content, enzymic activity, respiration, etc.) must be taken into account.", "contents": "[Short-term changes in the biomass of fungi and bacteria in soddy-podzolic soil]. Short-term (diurnal or daily) changes in fungal and bacterial biomass were studied using direct count. Diurnal changes in microbial biomass were found to be unreliable. Daily observations have shown that the length of fungal mycelium can change 3--4-fold within 10--30 days, and the number of bacteria, 2--3-fold, the frequency and amplitude of changes depending on the season. Fungal biomass was found to be greater than bacterial biomass by a factor of dozens; that is why, while estimating the biomass of soil fungi, other indices of the biological activity of soil (DNA content, enzymic activity, respiration, etc.) must be taken into account.", "PMID": 575189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11523", "title": "Striatal cholinergic activity during morphine-induced catalepsy in the rat: development of tolerance.", "content": "Morphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg,i.p.) induced marked catalepsy in rats, which was associated with significantly enhanced striatal acetylcholine levels and reduced cholinesterase activity. Rapid tolerance to morphine-induced catalepsy was noted after twice daily administrations, the tolerance being discernible after the third injection and was complete after the eleventh injection. With the development of tolerance, morphine-induced effects on striatal acetylcholine and cholinesterase were progressively reversed, confirming striatal cholinergic involvement in morphine-induced catalepsy in the rat.", "contents": "Striatal cholinergic activity during morphine-induced catalepsy in the rat: development of tolerance. Morphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg,i.p.) induced marked catalepsy in rats, which was associated with significantly enhanced striatal acetylcholine levels and reduced cholinesterase activity. Rapid tolerance to morphine-induced catalepsy was noted after twice daily administrations, the tolerance being discernible after the third injection and was complete after the eleventh injection. With the development of tolerance, morphine-induced effects on striatal acetylcholine and cholinesterase were progressively reversed, confirming striatal cholinergic involvement in morphine-induced catalepsy in the rat.", "PMID": 575200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11524", "title": "[Inhibition of the growth of Candida utilis by certain heavy metals].", "content": "The effect of Zn2+, Mn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions on the kinetics of growth was studied with Candida utilis. The inhibition of Candida utilis growth by Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions is described by the equation for noncompetitive inhibition of enzymatic reactions which is not the case with Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions. The inhibition constants (Ki) for these metals have been determined.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the growth of Candida utilis by certain heavy metals]. The effect of Zn2+, Mn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions on the kinetics of growth was studied with Candida utilis. The inhibition of Candida utilis growth by Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions is described by the equation for noncompetitive inhibition of enzymatic reactions which is not the case with Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions. The inhibition constants (Ki) for these metals have been determined.", "PMID": 575191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11525", "title": "Water soluble benzodiazepines with agonistic and antagonistic actions on GABA-induced inhibition in cultured hypothalamus.", "content": "The interaction of two benzodiazepine compounds, flurazepam (a sedative and RO 5-3663 (a convulsant), with amino acid depressions of spontaneous neuronal activity in hypothalamic tissue cultures has been examined. Flurazepam selectively potentiated, GABA-induced inhibition, while RO 5-3663 selectively reduced GABA-induced inhibtion. These results are interpreted as supporting the presence of two types of benzodiazepine binding sites in the brain which would modulate endogenous GABA-mediated inhibition and behavior.", "contents": "Water soluble benzodiazepines with agonistic and antagonistic actions on GABA-induced inhibition in cultured hypothalamus. The interaction of two benzodiazepine compounds, flurazepam (a sedative and RO 5-3663 (a convulsant), with amino acid depressions of spontaneous neuronal activity in hypothalamic tissue cultures has been examined. Flurazepam selectively potentiated, GABA-induced inhibition, while RO 5-3663 selectively reduced GABA-induced inhibtion. These results are interpreted as supporting the presence of two types of benzodiazepine binding sites in the brain which would modulate endogenous GABA-mediated inhibition and behavior.", "PMID": 575201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11526", "title": "Intrinsic weakness of the TNM system for classification of laryngeal cancer.", "content": "All tumor classifications are compromises based upon clinical or radiological evaluation with little concern for histology and intrinsic errors in application. Laryngeal cancer is no exception, and the present UICC system is critically examined with the intention of highlighting such deficiencies and relating them where possible to prognosis. Possible lymph node and systemic metastases are also considered in the light of personal experience and any intrinsic weaknesses evaluated in relation to variations in published cure rates. No better system is proposed, for at least this system encourages more accurate recording of clinical assessment.", "contents": "Intrinsic weakness of the TNM system for classification of laryngeal cancer. All tumor classifications are compromises based upon clinical or radiological evaluation with little concern for histology and intrinsic errors in application. Laryngeal cancer is no exception, and the present UICC system is critically examined with the intention of highlighting such deficiencies and relating them where possible to prognosis. Possible lymph node and systemic metastases are also considered in the light of personal experience and any intrinsic weaknesses evaluated in relation to variations in published cure rates. No better system is proposed, for at least this system encourages more accurate recording of clinical assessment.", "PMID": 575203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11527", "title": "[Sterol formation by Canida boidinii].", "content": "The content of sterols in the yeast Candida boidinii is low: 0.35--0.40% in a mineral medium with methanol as a sole carbon source; 0.55--0.60% in a medium with ethanol; 0.50--0.60% in a medium with glucose; 0.50--0.55% on wort--agar. Ergosterol is the main sterol in all of the cases. sterols are found mainly in the bound state as esters, and constitute about 90% of the total sterol content. Free sterols constitute only 10%. The level of sterols in this culture is rather constant and hardly changes within the first days of cultivation. The content of sterols increases only slightly (by 30--40%) when the culture ages.", "contents": "[Sterol formation by Canida boidinii]. The content of sterols in the yeast Candida boidinii is low: 0.35--0.40% in a mineral medium with methanol as a sole carbon source; 0.55--0.60% in a medium with ethanol; 0.50--0.60% in a medium with glucose; 0.50--0.55% on wort--agar. Ergosterol is the main sterol in all of the cases. sterols are found mainly in the bound state as esters, and constitute about 90% of the total sterol content. Free sterols constitute only 10%. The level of sterols in this culture is rather constant and hardly changes within the first days of cultivation. The content of sterols increases only slightly (by 30--40%) when the culture ages.", "PMID": 575192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11528", "title": "Difficult indications for partial laryngectomy.", "content": "Difficult indications for certain partial laryngectomies are presented. Anatomically, the difficulties stem from the thyroid cartilage and from the paraglottic space in which invasion (difficult to determine) is contradictory for partial surgery. The principal objective is the cure of the laryngeal cancer all in maintaining laryngeal function. The surgeon must conserve a 'minimal' arytenoid unit' (the whole formed by the pharyngoepiglottic fold, the aryepiglottic fold, the arytenoid and the corresponding cord). Other difficulties not carcinogenic are found: physical conditions, social and professional situation, and preexisting local problems (associated laryngocel or previous vocal palsy). Finally, carcinogenic difficulties can be seen: the situation of the tumor, the rapidity of its evolution, anatomopathologic type, presence of nodes and metastases and previous physiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Difficult indications for partial laryngectomy. Difficult indications for certain partial laryngectomies are presented. Anatomically, the difficulties stem from the thyroid cartilage and from the paraglottic space in which invasion (difficult to determine) is contradictory for partial surgery. The principal objective is the cure of the laryngeal cancer all in maintaining laryngeal function. The surgeon must conserve a 'minimal' arytenoid unit' (the whole formed by the pharyngoepiglottic fold, the aryepiglottic fold, the arytenoid and the corresponding cord). Other difficulties not carcinogenic are found: physical conditions, social and professional situation, and preexisting local problems (associated laryngocel or previous vocal palsy). Finally, carcinogenic difficulties can be seen: the situation of the tumor, the rapidity of its evolution, anatomopathologic type, presence of nodes and metastases and previous physiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 575204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11529", "title": "Cryosurgery and laser surgery in the treatment of malignant and benign laryngeal processes.", "content": "Cryosurgery of the larynx is still in the stage of development. In the treatment of laryngeal papillomas cryosurgery has been quite successful. The use of cryosurgery in laryngo-hypopharyngeal carcinoma and in laryngeal stenosis is still restricted to special indications (old age, risk patients). A combination of cryosurgery and telecobalt irradiation has proven valuable in the management of tumors. After the basic physics of laser radiation are explained, the principle mechanisms of interaction between the CO2 laser on human tissue are mentioned. This is followed by the description of the different indications for laser surgery in the larynx. A chordectomy and the opening of a subglottic stenosis with the laser beam are described and documented with photographs. Finally, there is an outlook to an eventually broader spectrum of indications for laser surgery in the field of ent.", "contents": "Cryosurgery and laser surgery in the treatment of malignant and benign laryngeal processes. Cryosurgery of the larynx is still in the stage of development. In the treatment of laryngeal papillomas cryosurgery has been quite successful. The use of cryosurgery in laryngo-hypopharyngeal carcinoma and in laryngeal stenosis is still restricted to special indications (old age, risk patients). A combination of cryosurgery and telecobalt irradiation has proven valuable in the management of tumors. After the basic physics of laser radiation are explained, the principle mechanisms of interaction between the CO2 laser on human tissue are mentioned. This is followed by the description of the different indications for laser surgery in the larynx. A chordectomy and the opening of a subglottic stenosis with the laser beam are described and documented with photographs. Finally, there is an outlook to an eventually broader spectrum of indications for laser surgery in the field of ent.", "PMID": 575205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11530", "title": "Spread and mode of metastases of supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma.", "content": "A report is given of the follow-up and behavior of 149 supraglottic squamous carcinomas treated by combined radiosurgical therapy. In 27 cases supraglottic laryngectomy and in 4 cases epiglottectomy was performed. The other cases underwent laryngectomy. The 3-year survival rate was 60% and the 5-year survival rate 51.2%. 64% of the patients without nodular metastases and 45% of the patients with histologically ascertained nodular metastases and 45% of the patients with histologically ascertained nodular metastases survived the 3-year interval. The main localizations of the supraglottic tumors are compared with the tendency to spread into unilateral, homolateral, contralateral or bilateral sites, respectively. A comparative study by serial sectioning of 51 supraglottic squamous carcinomas shows that the tendency to nodular metastases increases with decreasing differentiation of the tumor.", "contents": "Spread and mode of metastases of supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. A report is given of the follow-up and behavior of 149 supraglottic squamous carcinomas treated by combined radiosurgical therapy. In 27 cases supraglottic laryngectomy and in 4 cases epiglottectomy was performed. The other cases underwent laryngectomy. The 3-year survival rate was 60% and the 5-year survival rate 51.2%. 64% of the patients without nodular metastases and 45% of the patients with histologically ascertained nodular metastases and 45% of the patients with histologically ascertained nodular metastases survived the 3-year interval. The main localizations of the supraglottic tumors are compared with the tendency to spread into unilateral, homolateral, contralateral or bilateral sites, respectively. A comparative study by serial sectioning of 51 supraglottic squamous carcinomas shows that the tendency to nodular metastases increases with decreasing differentiation of the tumor.", "PMID": 575206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11531", "title": "Suspicion of persistent or recurrent carcinoma of the larynx after radiation therapy.", "content": "At most interdisciplinary tumour centres, radiotherapy is of prime importance in the concept of therapy for the majority of the cases of laryngeal carcinoma treated, or it is even employed--exploratively and with curative intent--as the sole therapy at first. At all events initial radiotherapy occupies a dominant position today. Against this background the question is often discussed whether, after a 'low dose' has been attained (particularly in the case of a supraglottic tumour), a partial or total laryngectomy should be performed or the radiation dose substantially increased with the aim of obtaining a cure. However, the difficulties involved immediately after irradiation or later in recognizing a persistent or recurrent carcinoma and readily identifying it histologically may be very great. Various aspects of such situations--both diagnostic and therapeutic--are discussed in general and with reference to case histories.", "contents": "Suspicion of persistent or recurrent carcinoma of the larynx after radiation therapy. At most interdisciplinary tumour centres, radiotherapy is of prime importance in the concept of therapy for the majority of the cases of laryngeal carcinoma treated, or it is even employed--exploratively and with curative intent--as the sole therapy at first. At all events initial radiotherapy occupies a dominant position today. Against this background the question is often discussed whether, after a 'low dose' has been attained (particularly in the case of a supraglottic tumour), a partial or total laryngectomy should be performed or the radiation dose substantially increased with the aim of obtaining a cure. However, the difficulties involved immediately after irradiation or later in recognizing a persistent or recurrent carcinoma and readily identifying it histologically may be very great. Various aspects of such situations--both diagnostic and therapeutic--are discussed in general and with reference to case histories.", "PMID": 575207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11532", "title": "Hereditary determinants of manual torque.", "content": "Data from a longitudinal study of twin children and siblings, 155 girls and 134 boys (aged 4 to 9 yr.), on a torque test confirmed that during this age period manually produced circling patterns change from clockwise to counterclockwise orientation. A genetic influence is suggested.", "contents": "Hereditary determinants of manual torque. Data from a longitudinal study of twin children and siblings, 155 girls and 134 boys (aged 4 to 9 yr.), on a torque test confirmed that during this age period manually produced circling patterns change from clockwise to counterclockwise orientation. A genetic influence is suggested.", "PMID": 575210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11533", "title": "Bilateral writing ability, cerebral organization, and hand posture.", "content": "Among a group of 12 persons selected for the ability to write with ease with either hand, none were found to write using a hooked hand posture with either the right or left hand. Tests of verbal and manipulospatial ability indicated a normal balance of these two types of abilities, usually associated with the left and right hemispheres. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for cerebral organization and hand position in writing.", "contents": "Bilateral writing ability, cerebral organization, and hand posture. Among a group of 12 persons selected for the ability to write with ease with either hand, none were found to write using a hooked hand posture with either the right or left hand. Tests of verbal and manipulospatial ability indicated a normal balance of these two types of abilities, usually associated with the left and right hemispheres. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for cerebral organization and hand position in writing.", "PMID": 575211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11534", "title": "[Quantification of platelet associated IgG in thrombocytopenic purpura (authors transl)].", "content": "One hundred and twenty four tests of quantification of platelet associated IgG were done in patients with thrombocytopenia. The level was increased in 80% of the patients with ITP. The platelet associated IgG level does not seem a prognosis tool but is useful to follow the evolution. Platelet associated IgG levels higher than 600 x 10(-16) g/platelet were only observed in ITP (control less than 54 x 10(-16) g/platelet). Level lower than 600 x 10(-16) g/platelet were observed in systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic lymphocytic leukemia or chronic hepatitis. In defective thrombopo\u00efesis, the levels were always normal.", "contents": "[Quantification of platelet associated IgG in thrombocytopenic purpura (authors transl)]. One hundred and twenty four tests of quantification of platelet associated IgG were done in patients with thrombocytopenia. The level was increased in 80% of the patients with ITP. The platelet associated IgG level does not seem a prognosis tool but is useful to follow the evolution. Platelet associated IgG levels higher than 600 x 10(-16) g/platelet were only observed in ITP (control less than 54 x 10(-16) g/platelet). Level lower than 600 x 10(-16) g/platelet were observed in systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic lymphocytic leukemia or chronic hepatitis. In defective thrombopo\u00efesis, the levels were always normal.", "PMID": 575215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11535", "title": "Ketamine-induced rotation: interaction with GABA-transaminase inhibitors and picrotoxin.", "content": "Ketamine in a dose of 100 mg/kg (IP) produced stereotypic behavior and vigorous rotation in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The first rotation phase, accompanied by head swinging, was short and terminated by the anesthetic phase which lasted 20-30 min. The second rotation phase began 1-3 min after the end of the anesthetic phase. A single dose of GABA-T inhibitors, gamma-vinyl GABA (1200 mg/kg, IP) or gamma-acetylenic GABA (100 mg/kg, IP) administered 4 hours prior to ketamine, shortened the first rotation phase, increased the anesthetic phase, changed the pattern of postanesthetic rotation and reduced total and net rotation scores. Picrotoxin (3 mg/kg) given 10 min prior to ketamine tended to act in the opposite direction although none of its effects reached statistical significance.", "contents": "Ketamine-induced rotation: interaction with GABA-transaminase inhibitors and picrotoxin. Ketamine in a dose of 100 mg/kg (IP) produced stereotypic behavior and vigorous rotation in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The first rotation phase, accompanied by head swinging, was short and terminated by the anesthetic phase which lasted 20-30 min. The second rotation phase began 1-3 min after the end of the anesthetic phase. A single dose of GABA-T inhibitors, gamma-vinyl GABA (1200 mg/kg, IP) or gamma-acetylenic GABA (100 mg/kg, IP) administered 4 hours prior to ketamine, shortened the first rotation phase, increased the anesthetic phase, changed the pattern of postanesthetic rotation and reduced total and net rotation scores. Picrotoxin (3 mg/kg) given 10 min prior to ketamine tended to act in the opposite direction although none of its effects reached statistical significance.", "PMID": 575219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11536", "title": "Ethanol withdrawal and discriminative motor control: effect of chronic intake level.", "content": "Rats drinking a low concentration (2.5%) of ethanol in a chronic, schedule-induced polydipsia situation failed to show withdrawal signs as measured by a discriminative motor control task. When the concentration was raised to 5% ethanol, withdrawal signs were evident, confirming a previous study.", "contents": "Ethanol withdrawal and discriminative motor control: effect of chronic intake level. Rats drinking a low concentration (2.5%) of ethanol in a chronic, schedule-induced polydipsia situation failed to show withdrawal signs as measured by a discriminative motor control task. When the concentration was raised to 5% ethanol, withdrawal signs were evident, confirming a previous study.", "PMID": 575220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11537", "title": "Impairment of shuttlebox avoidance learning following repeated alcohol withdrawal episodes in rats.", "content": "Rats were reduced to 70% of their free-feeding body-weights and then randomly assigned to one of three groups. An Alcohol Withdrawal group was placed on a liquid diet consisting of alcohol plus Austagen for four 5-day periods interspersed with three 2-day periods of a liquid diet containing sucrose plus Sustagen. A Continuous Alcohol group received the alcohol diet for 20 days, followed by six days on the sucrose diet. A Sucrose Control group received diet only and was pair-fed the amounts consumed by the Alcohol Withdrawal group. Thirty days after the diets were discontinued the rats were given 60 trials on a shuttlebox avoidance task. The results showed that the Alcohol Withdrawal group was impaired in shuttlebox avoidance when compared to the Continuous Alcohol group and Sucrose Control group.", "contents": "Impairment of shuttlebox avoidance learning following repeated alcohol withdrawal episodes in rats. Rats were reduced to 70% of their free-feeding body-weights and then randomly assigned to one of three groups. An Alcohol Withdrawal group was placed on a liquid diet consisting of alcohol plus Austagen for four 5-day periods interspersed with three 2-day periods of a liquid diet containing sucrose plus Sustagen. A Continuous Alcohol group received the alcohol diet for 20 days, followed by six days on the sucrose diet. A Sucrose Control group received diet only and was pair-fed the amounts consumed by the Alcohol Withdrawal group. Thirty days after the diets were discontinued the rats were given 60 trials on a shuttlebox avoidance task. The results showed that the Alcohol Withdrawal group was impaired in shuttlebox avoidance when compared to the Continuous Alcohol group and Sucrose Control group.", "PMID": 575221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11538", "title": "Reduction by human chorionic gonadotropin of the luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha in ewes.", "content": "The ability of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to reduce the luteolytic effect of prostaglandin (PGF2 alpha) was demonstrated in cycling ewes. As expected, treatment with 10 mg of PGF2 alpha alone on Day 10 of the estrous cycle exerted a potent negative effect on the function and structure of corpus luteum (CL) as indicated by reduced plasma progesterone, CL progesterone, and CL weight. However, the identical PGF2 alpha treatment failed to significantly reduce either luteal function or luteal weight when administered to ewes that were also treated with HCG on Days 9 and 10 of the estrous cycle. Treatment with HCG alone had a positive effect on CL as indicated by increased plasma progesterone, CL progesterone, and CL weight. Treatment with HCG did not render the CL totally insensitive to the negative effects of PGF2 alpha because plasma progesterone was reduced when the dose of PGF2 alpha was doubled. Whether CL regressed or continued to function after treatment with both HCG and PGF2 alpha appeared to depend upon a balance between the positive and negative effects of the two hormones.", "contents": "Reduction by human chorionic gonadotropin of the luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha in ewes. The ability of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to reduce the luteolytic effect of prostaglandin (PGF2 alpha) was demonstrated in cycling ewes. As expected, treatment with 10 mg of PGF2 alpha alone on Day 10 of the estrous cycle exerted a potent negative effect on the function and structure of corpus luteum (CL) as indicated by reduced plasma progesterone, CL progesterone, and CL weight. However, the identical PGF2 alpha treatment failed to significantly reduce either luteal function or luteal weight when administered to ewes that were also treated with HCG on Days 9 and 10 of the estrous cycle. Treatment with HCG alone had a positive effect on CL as indicated by increased plasma progesterone, CL progesterone, and CL weight. Treatment with HCG did not render the CL totally insensitive to the negative effects of PGF2 alpha because plasma progesterone was reduced when the dose of PGF2 alpha was doubled. Whether CL regressed or continued to function after treatment with both HCG and PGF2 alpha appeared to depend upon a balance between the positive and negative effects of the two hormones.", "PMID": 575226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11539", "title": "The effects of indomethacin on plasma LH levels in female and male deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus).", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine (1) the approximate time of the preovulatory LH rise in cyclic deermice, (2) the effect of indomethacin administration on plasma LH levels during the expected preovulatory LH rise, and (3) the effect of indomethacin administration on plasma LH levels in castrated male deermice. The data indicate that the preovulatory LH rise occurred at about 2200 h on proestrus and that indomethacin pretreatment significantly reduced plasma LH levels during that time. In addition, indomethacin significantly reduced plasma LH levels in castrated male deermice. We conclude that plasma LH levels remain low throughout the estrous cycle with the exception of the preovulatory \"surge\", that plasma LH levels in deermice are comparable to those reported for the rat, and that indomethacin pretreatment reduced plasma LH levels during periods when they were expected to be elevated (in castrated males and during the expected preovulatory LH rise in female deermice). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effect of indomethacin on plasma LH levels is due to an inhibitory effect on hypothalamic PG biosynthesis.", "contents": "The effects of indomethacin on plasma LH levels in female and male deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The purpose of this investigation was to determine (1) the approximate time of the preovulatory LH rise in cyclic deermice, (2) the effect of indomethacin administration on plasma LH levels during the expected preovulatory LH rise, and (3) the effect of indomethacin administration on plasma LH levels in castrated male deermice. The data indicate that the preovulatory LH rise occurred at about 2200 h on proestrus and that indomethacin pretreatment significantly reduced plasma LH levels during that time. In addition, indomethacin significantly reduced plasma LH levels in castrated male deermice. We conclude that plasma LH levels remain low throughout the estrous cycle with the exception of the preovulatory \"surge\", that plasma LH levels in deermice are comparable to those reported for the rat, and that indomethacin pretreatment reduced plasma LH levels during periods when they were expected to be elevated (in castrated males and during the expected preovulatory LH rise in female deermice). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effect of indomethacin on plasma LH levels is due to an inhibitory effect on hypothalamic PG biosynthesis.", "PMID": 575227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11540", "title": "Effect of long-term physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione, luteinizing hormone and sex-hormone-binding globulin capacity.", "content": "The effect of 6-months' physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione and luteinizing hormone levels and the binding capacity of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG capacity) were studied in thirty-nine army recruits. Highly significant increases in mean plasma testosterone (21%), androstenedione (25%) and LH (25%) were observed during the training period and were associated with a mean 16% increase in the estimated maximal oxygen uptake. The mean increases in hormone levels tended to be greater in the well conditioned group than in the poorly conditioned group. The mean ratio of testosterone to SHBG capacity increased by 32% (P less than 0.05), which may be in relationship with the various training-induced effects.", "contents": "Effect of long-term physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione, luteinizing hormone and sex-hormone-binding globulin capacity. The effect of 6-months' physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione and luteinizing hormone levels and the binding capacity of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG capacity) were studied in thirty-nine army recruits. Highly significant increases in mean plasma testosterone (21%), androstenedione (25%) and LH (25%) were observed during the training period and were associated with a mean 16% increase in the estimated maximal oxygen uptake. The mean increases in hormone levels tended to be greater in the well conditioned group than in the poorly conditioned group. The mean ratio of testosterone to SHBG capacity increased by 32% (P less than 0.05), which may be in relationship with the various training-induced effects.", "PMID": 575229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11541", "title": "Antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus in Swedish U.N. soldiers in Egypt and the Sinai.", "content": "Swedish United Nations Emergency Forces soldiers serving in Egypt and the Sinai peninsula were serologically tested for hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. Eight of 170 were positive. RVF has not been reported outside Africa, and a survey of 500 Swedish soldiers who had not served in the Middle East or Africa revealed no RVF virus antibodies. There were extensive RVF epidemics in Egypt in 1977 and 1978, and it is considered that these serologically positive soldiers contracted RVF disease while on duty in the Middle East.", "contents": "Antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus in Swedish U.N. soldiers in Egypt and the Sinai. Swedish United Nations Emergency Forces soldiers serving in Egypt and the Sinai peninsula were serologically tested for hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. Eight of 170 were positive. RVF has not been reported outside Africa, and a survey of 500 Swedish soldiers who had not served in the Middle East or Africa revealed no RVF virus antibodies. There were extensive RVF epidemics in Egypt in 1977 and 1978, and it is considered that these serologically positive soldiers contracted RVF disease while on duty in the Middle East.", "PMID": 575230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11542", "title": "Bladder function in urologically normal middle aged females. A urodynamic and radiological investigation.", "content": "The bladder function was studied in 15 urologically normal females over 40 years of age. They volunteered for this study which consisted of urodynamic studies and lateral micturition cystourethrography. The data are presented in tables. There are only small differences in the urodynamic parameters between this material and a material of women under 40 years of age. It is clearly demonstrated that a gynaecological cystocele tells little or nothing about the bladder function or bladder support. None of the cystometrograms showed uninhibited detrusor contractions. It is underlined to repeat the micturition studies several times in order to obtain a voiding event which the subject recognizes as normal.", "contents": "Bladder function in urologically normal middle aged females. A urodynamic and radiological investigation. The bladder function was studied in 15 urologically normal females over 40 years of age. They volunteered for this study which consisted of urodynamic studies and lateral micturition cystourethrography. The data are presented in tables. There are only small differences in the urodynamic parameters between this material and a material of women under 40 years of age. It is clearly demonstrated that a gynaecological cystocele tells little or nothing about the bladder function or bladder support. None of the cystometrograms showed uninhibited detrusor contractions. It is underlined to repeat the micturition studies several times in order to obtain a voiding event which the subject recognizes as normal.", "PMID": 575231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11543", "title": "Initiation of micturition: a study of combined urethrocystometry and urethrocystography in healthy and stress incontinent females.", "content": "Six continent and 4 incontinent females were examined by a combined technique of simultaneous urethrocystometry and rapid X-ray-film exposures. The study confirmed that pressure changes occurring in the urethra and bladder at initiation of voiding were not caused by artefacts of the measuring technique. It was found that the continent females initiated micturition mainly by a rapid decrease in urethral pressure followed by an increase in the bladder pressure. The stress incontinent females strained out the urine without initial urethral relaxation. Since the X-ray-technique did not add any new clinical information about micturition in females the pressure recording technique is recommended for routine investigation of micturition in females.", "contents": "Initiation of micturition: a study of combined urethrocystometry and urethrocystography in healthy and stress incontinent females. Six continent and 4 incontinent females were examined by a combined technique of simultaneous urethrocystometry and rapid X-ray-film exposures. The study confirmed that pressure changes occurring in the urethra and bladder at initiation of voiding were not caused by artefacts of the measuring technique. It was found that the continent females initiated micturition mainly by a rapid decrease in urethral pressure followed by an increase in the bladder pressure. The stress incontinent females strained out the urine without initial urethral relaxation. Since the X-ray-technique did not add any new clinical information about micturition in females the pressure recording technique is recommended for routine investigation of micturition in females.", "PMID": 575232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11544", "title": "The renal pelvis and ureteral peristalsis. I. Pelveometry.", "content": "The renal pelvis is a visco-elastic organ and serves the double purpose of acting as a pump function and a reservoir. With a \"pig-tail\" catheter (\"William Cook Europe\" aps, S\u00f8borg, Denmark), placed transrenally in the canine pelvis and external blocking of the pelveoureteral junction, it is possible to change the volume of the canine renal pelvis and register the resulting pelvic pressure. This examination is called pelveometry. In 24 adult, female dogs pelveometry showed a linear relation within the range of 0-5.5 ml and 1-30 mmHg, respectively. The correlations between the measurements and the estimated lines were about or more than 90%. The registrations during increasing and the following decreasing volume change showed different values and another linearity of 50% of the assays. This observation demonstrated the occurrence of hysteresis (c: a viscoelastic reaction of the smooth muscle tissue) and is in accordance with findings in previous investigations of other smooth muscle organs. The linearity within physiological ranges of the two pelvic parameters indicates that the pelvic pressure and the frequency of ureteral peristalsis will be sufficient to describe the urodynamic patterns of the canine upper urinary tract.", "contents": "The renal pelvis and ureteral peristalsis. I. Pelveometry. The renal pelvis is a visco-elastic organ and serves the double purpose of acting as a pump function and a reservoir. With a \"pig-tail\" catheter (\"William Cook Europe\" aps, S\u00f8borg, Denmark), placed transrenally in the canine pelvis and external blocking of the pelveoureteral junction, it is possible to change the volume of the canine renal pelvis and register the resulting pelvic pressure. This examination is called pelveometry. In 24 adult, female dogs pelveometry showed a linear relation within the range of 0-5.5 ml and 1-30 mmHg, respectively. The correlations between the measurements and the estimated lines were about or more than 90%. The registrations during increasing and the following decreasing volume change showed different values and another linearity of 50% of the assays. This observation demonstrated the occurrence of hysteresis (c: a viscoelastic reaction of the smooth muscle tissue) and is in accordance with findings in previous investigations of other smooth muscle organs. The linearity within physiological ranges of the two pelvic parameters indicates that the pelvic pressure and the frequency of ureteral peristalsis will be sufficient to describe the urodynamic patterns of the canine upper urinary tract.", "PMID": 575233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11545", "title": "[Animal protection and animal experiment from the viewpoint of biomedical research].", "content": "Animal protection societies have recently launched strong attacks on the nature and extent of animal experiments in medical research and proposed measures in national parliaments to prohibit all experiments with animals. Scientists engaged in research with animals should examine their own research in the light of these criticisms, and give detailed reasons for the necessity of their investigations. In addition, they should be more concerned with the rectification of false conceptions and statements about the execution and objectives of animal experimentation. This involves explaining the nature and limits of the so-called alternative methods which are requested by animal protectionists as substitutes for experiments with live animals. Improvements in the conditions for research and the upkeep of laboratory animals at the universities during this decade have reached a high level. With the introduction of animal protection laws, uniform regulations have already been achieved in various countries and such regulations will soon be operative in Switzerland. Nevertheless, an open and objective dialogue between animal protectionists and scientists is desirable at this stage of the confrontation, with a view to clarifying their different viewpoints and objectives and searching for solutions.", "contents": "[Animal protection and animal experiment from the viewpoint of biomedical research]. Animal protection societies have recently launched strong attacks on the nature and extent of animal experiments in medical research and proposed measures in national parliaments to prohibit all experiments with animals. Scientists engaged in research with animals should examine their own research in the light of these criticisms, and give detailed reasons for the necessity of their investigations. In addition, they should be more concerned with the rectification of false conceptions and statements about the execution and objectives of animal experimentation. This involves explaining the nature and limits of the so-called alternative methods which are requested by animal protectionists as substitutes for experiments with live animals. Improvements in the conditions for research and the upkeep of laboratory animals at the universities during this decade have reached a high level. With the introduction of animal protection laws, uniform regulations have already been achieved in various countries and such regulations will soon be operative in Switzerland. Nevertheless, an open and objective dialogue between animal protectionists and scientists is desirable at this stage of the confrontation, with a view to clarifying their different viewpoints and objectives and searching for solutions.", "PMID": 575234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11546", "title": "Mycetomas in North India.", "content": "Of 60 clinically suspected cases of mycetoma, 20 were confirmed by cultural and histopathological methods. The feet were found to be affected in 70% of the cases. The age group most affected by the disease was 20-40 years. Men were involved in 18 while females were affected in 2 cases only. Actinomycetomas (70%) were found more often than eumycetomas (30%). Nocardia species were identified in 35% of cases and Madurella mycetomi in 25%. There were four cases (20%) where the etiological agents could not be identified; these were suspected to be due to Actinomadura madurae. A. pelletieri, A. madurae, an unidentified anaerobic actinomyces, and Phialophora jeanselmei, were identified in one case each.", "contents": "Mycetomas in North India. Of 60 clinically suspected cases of mycetoma, 20 were confirmed by cultural and histopathological methods. The feet were found to be affected in 70% of the cases. The age group most affected by the disease was 20-40 years. Men were involved in 18 while females were affected in 2 cases only. Actinomycetomas (70%) were found more often than eumycetomas (30%). Nocardia species were identified in 35% of cases and Madurella mycetomi in 25%. There were four cases (20%) where the etiological agents could not be identified; these were suspected to be due to Actinomadura madurae. A. pelletieri, A. madurae, an unidentified anaerobic actinomyces, and Phialophora jeanselmei, were identified in one case each.", "PMID": 575236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11547", "title": "Evaluation of uterine tube function in pony mares.", "content": "Two experimental procedures were investigated in order to assess their usefulness in diagnosing occlusion of the equine uterine tube. The starch grain test, which involves the injection of a starch suspension onto the ovary and the subsequent recovery of starch from the cervix, proved to be safe and reliable. Each tube could be investigated separately. It was found that when starch was injected onto the ovulating ovary on the day of ovulation, there was a delay of four to seven days before starch was recovered from the cervix. The phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) test, which involves the deposition of dye solution into the uterus and its subsequent identification in urine after peritoneal absorption, was not reliable. Contamination of the urine occurred per vaginum, and the test was not unilaterally specific.", "contents": "Evaluation of uterine tube function in pony mares. Two experimental procedures were investigated in order to assess their usefulness in diagnosing occlusion of the equine uterine tube. The starch grain test, which involves the injection of a starch suspension onto the ovary and the subsequent recovery of starch from the cervix, proved to be safe and reliable. Each tube could be investigated separately. It was found that when starch was injected onto the ovulating ovary on the day of ovulation, there was a delay of four to seven days before starch was recovered from the cervix. The phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) test, which involves the deposition of dye solution into the uterus and its subsequent identification in urine after peritoneal absorption, was not reliable. Contamination of the urine occurred per vaginum, and the test was not unilaterally specific.", "PMID": 575241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11548", "title": "Plasma progesterone and luteinising hormone levels in cattle after synchronisation of oestrus with dinoprost.", "content": "The plasma levels of progesterone and luteinising hormone (LH) were monitored in a group of cattle after pretreatment with two injections of 25 mg dinoprost. Close groupings of preovulatory LH peaks were observed and the possible significance of this is discussed. Based on the findings of this study, supporting evidence is provided for the timing of insemination after injection of cattle which have been synchronised for oestrus with dinoprost.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone and luteinising hormone levels in cattle after synchronisation of oestrus with dinoprost. The plasma levels of progesterone and luteinising hormone (LH) were monitored in a group of cattle after pretreatment with two injections of 25 mg dinoprost. Close groupings of preovulatory LH peaks were observed and the possible significance of this is discussed. Based on the findings of this study, supporting evidence is provided for the timing of insemination after injection of cattle which have been synchronised for oestrus with dinoprost.", "PMID": 575242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11549", "title": "[Estrus synchronization in sheep with ICI 80 996].", "content": "An experiment was carried out including 96 experimental and 126 control sheep of a herd with the aim to study the synchronizing effect of ICI 80.996 in respect to their sex cycle and to the changes occuring in 17 beta-estradiol and progesteron content and dynamics in the blood plasma at the time of induced oestrus. In the course of three days following the application of the preparation synchronous oestrus was induced in 80.2% of the sheep. The percentage of fertilization of the first and second insemination was 44.8 in the experimental group of sheep and 43.2 in the control group, while the percentage of fertility was 101.0 and 73.6, respectively. The rate of the changes occuring in 17 beta-estradiol and progesteron concentration in peripheral blood during the period of ICI 80.996 induced oestrus reveals no deviations from the normal physiological values, typical of that period.", "contents": "[Estrus synchronization in sheep with ICI 80 996]. An experiment was carried out including 96 experimental and 126 control sheep of a herd with the aim to study the synchronizing effect of ICI 80.996 in respect to their sex cycle and to the changes occuring in 17 beta-estradiol and progesteron content and dynamics in the blood plasma at the time of induced oestrus. In the course of three days following the application of the preparation synchronous oestrus was induced in 80.2% of the sheep. The percentage of fertilization of the first and second insemination was 44.8 in the experimental group of sheep and 43.2 in the control group, while the percentage of fertility was 101.0 and 73.6, respectively. The rate of the changes occuring in 17 beta-estradiol and progesteron concentration in peripheral blood during the period of ICI 80.996 induced oestrus reveals no deviations from the normal physiological values, typical of that period.", "PMID": 575243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11550", "title": "[Effect of mammary gland diseases, the act of sucking and machine milking on utering motility in cows during the early puerperal period. I].", "content": "The effect of some mammary gland diseases, of the act of sucking and of machine milking on spontaneous uterine activity was studied in cows during their early puerperal period by use of the radiotelemetric method. It was established that clinical catarrhal and suppurating mastitis block spontaneous uterine activity. However, the uterus preserves its reactivity to oxytocin which is confirmed by injection of the hormone. The act of sucking and machine milking have a positive effect on spontaneous uterine activity up to the 5--7 days following calving. Uterine contractions are registered after reflectory influences too. The number and amplitude of uterine contractions 48 h after calving are closely correlated with the predisposition of uterine musculature to post calving complications.", "contents": "[Effect of mammary gland diseases, the act of sucking and machine milking on utering motility in cows during the early puerperal period. I]. The effect of some mammary gland diseases, of the act of sucking and of machine milking on spontaneous uterine activity was studied in cows during their early puerperal period by use of the radiotelemetric method. It was established that clinical catarrhal and suppurating mastitis block spontaneous uterine activity. However, the uterus preserves its reactivity to oxytocin which is confirmed by injection of the hormone. The act of sucking and machine milking have a positive effect on spontaneous uterine activity up to the 5--7 days following calving. Uterine contractions are registered after reflectory influences too. The number and amplitude of uterine contractions 48 h after calving are closely correlated with the predisposition of uterine musculature to post calving complications.", "PMID": 575244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11551", "title": "The detoxication of aflatoxin B1 with glutathione in the rat.", "content": "1. The deactivation of aflatoxin B1 by glutathione (GSH) has been investigated in rat. Binding of metabolites of aflatoxin B1 to [3H]glutathione in vitro with rat liver microsomes is insignificant. Incubation with rat liver 10 000 g supernatant results in increased binding. Under identical conditions, benzo(a)pyrene metabolites are bound to [3H]glutathione much more than is aflatoxin B1. 2. Pre-treatment of rats with aflatoxin 1 (2 mg/kg) caused depletion in GSH of rat liver with a minimum at 6 h but returning to above normal at 24 h. GSH S-transferase activity was marginally increased at 6 h also and returned to normal at 24 h. 3. Kidney GSH was not significantly decreased, but kidney GSH S-transferase activity showed a sudden increase in 6 h, returning to almost normal at 24 h. 4. Pre-treatment with benzo(a)pyrene (2 mg/kg) caused greater depletion of hepatic GSH than occurred with aflatoxin B1 but did not show any effect on kidney GSH. 5. Hepatic and kidney GSH S-transferase in benzo(a)pyrene-treated rats showed greatest activity at 2 h followed by a gradual fall through 24 h. 6. GSH was therefore a less efficient nucleophile for aflatoxin B1 metabolites than for benzo(a)pyrene metabolites.", "contents": "The detoxication of aflatoxin B1 with glutathione in the rat. 1. The deactivation of aflatoxin B1 by glutathione (GSH) has been investigated in rat. Binding of metabolites of aflatoxin B1 to [3H]glutathione in vitro with rat liver microsomes is insignificant. Incubation with rat liver 10 000 g supernatant results in increased binding. Under identical conditions, benzo(a)pyrene metabolites are bound to [3H]glutathione much more than is aflatoxin B1. 2. Pre-treatment of rats with aflatoxin 1 (2 mg/kg) caused depletion in GSH of rat liver with a minimum at 6 h but returning to above normal at 24 h. GSH S-transferase activity was marginally increased at 6 h also and returned to normal at 24 h. 3. Kidney GSH was not significantly decreased, but kidney GSH S-transferase activity showed a sudden increase in 6 h, returning to almost normal at 24 h. 4. Pre-treatment with benzo(a)pyrene (2 mg/kg) caused greater depletion of hepatic GSH than occurred with aflatoxin B1 but did not show any effect on kidney GSH. 5. Hepatic and kidney GSH S-transferase in benzo(a)pyrene-treated rats showed greatest activity at 2 h followed by a gradual fall through 24 h. 6. GSH was therefore a less efficient nucleophile for aflatoxin B1 metabolites than for benzo(a)pyrene metabolites.", "PMID": 575250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11552", "title": "[The ultrastructure of the endings of nerve fibers of ordinary hairs of mammals under normal conditions and during degeneration and regeneration].", "content": "At ultrastructural level, three zones are distinguished of the palisade endings of nerve fibers, most of them in contact with the basement membrane of the outer epithelial sheath of the radix pili on rat muzzle. After division of the supplying nerve (n. infraorbitalis) in test animals of the same species, its nerve fibers and palisade endings undergo degeneration, followed by regeneration within 4-5 months. Changes in the ultrastructure of the mentioned nerve elements are thoroughly studied and demonstrated in the course of the two processes. While within 6...12 days of the operation, the palisade endings degenerate, 130 days after the intervention most of them are restored and exhibit an appreciable difference relative to their typical ultrastructure in normal state. The Schwann's cells processes, enveloping degenerated and regenerated palisade endings, similarly display marked fine-structure alterations.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of the endings of nerve fibers of ordinary hairs of mammals under normal conditions and during degeneration and regeneration]. At ultrastructural level, three zones are distinguished of the palisade endings of nerve fibers, most of them in contact with the basement membrane of the outer epithelial sheath of the radix pili on rat muzzle. After division of the supplying nerve (n. infraorbitalis) in test animals of the same species, its nerve fibers and palisade endings undergo degeneration, followed by regeneration within 4-5 months. Changes in the ultrastructure of the mentioned nerve elements are thoroughly studied and demonstrated in the course of the two processes. While within 6...12 days of the operation, the palisade endings degenerate, 130 days after the intervention most of them are restored and exhibit an appreciable difference relative to their typical ultrastructure in normal state. The Schwann's cells processes, enveloping degenerated and regenerated palisade endings, similarly display marked fine-structure alterations.", "PMID": 575252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11553", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the corpora lutea in LH-treated cyclic female rats.", "content": "As LH is capable of stimulating ovarian progesterone secretion at the beginning of 4-day cycles, it was the aim of this work to determine whether corpora lutea formed at the end of a preceding cycle are responsible for the increase in ovarian progesterone secretion. 4-day cyclic female rats were injected with LH on dioestrus I at 8...9 a.m. (64 microgram/100 g/b.w. expressed in terms of NIH-LH-S3). An increase in the peripheral blood progesterone concentration was shown to occur on the morning of dioestrus II in LH-treated females when compared to control females. Concomitantly enlarged mitochondria, numerous membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in the number of lipid droplets were observed in LH-treated females. Inversely signs of involution of the corpora lutea were noted from the morning of dioestrus I to that of dioestrus II in noninjected females. It is concluded that LH-induced progesterone increase at dioestrus II results from the activation of the corpora lutea formed at the end of the preceding cycle.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the corpora lutea in LH-treated cyclic female rats. As LH is capable of stimulating ovarian progesterone secretion at the beginning of 4-day cycles, it was the aim of this work to determine whether corpora lutea formed at the end of a preceding cycle are responsible for the increase in ovarian progesterone secretion. 4-day cyclic female rats were injected with LH on dioestrus I at 8...9 a.m. (64 microgram/100 g/b.w. expressed in terms of NIH-LH-S3). An increase in the peripheral blood progesterone concentration was shown to occur on the morning of dioestrus II in LH-treated females when compared to control females. Concomitantly enlarged mitochondria, numerous membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in the number of lipid droplets were observed in LH-treated females. Inversely signs of involution of the corpora lutea were noted from the morning of dioestrus I to that of dioestrus II in noninjected females. It is concluded that LH-induced progesterone increase at dioestrus II results from the activation of the corpora lutea formed at the end of the preceding cycle.", "PMID": 575253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11554", "title": "[Urodynamics of normal and disordered miction].", "content": "The lower urinary tract undergoes a threefold nervous regulation. The normal miction is characterized by the fact that in the contraction of the detrusor an active reflected relaxation of the urethral occlusive mechanism develops. This could be proved experimentally at an animal model. On principle the miction could be disturbed on four ways: Incontinence, obstruction, neurogenic bladder, instability of the bladder. The most important differential diagnosis in the incontenencies is the differentiation between stress incontinence and urge incontinence, this differentiation is urodynamically significantly possible. In an obstructive disturbance of the miction one differs the mechanically fixed obstructions from the functional disturbances. For the two possibilities clinical instances are cited: Urethral valve--spastic neck of the bladder--detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergy. Neurogenic disturbances of micturition may be diagnosed only to the extent that their effect is objectiviable at the aim organ (urinary bladder and urethra). Non-neurogenic disturbances, however, show identical pictures, so that one may speak of a disturbance of micturition which corresponds to a certain type of neurogenic lesion. Every kind of disturbance of micturition needs an exact diagnostics. Urodynamic examinations are in every case necessary for the differential diagnosis of the individual disturbance.", "contents": "[Urodynamics of normal and disordered miction]. The lower urinary tract undergoes a threefold nervous regulation. The normal miction is characterized by the fact that in the contraction of the detrusor an active reflected relaxation of the urethral occlusive mechanism develops. This could be proved experimentally at an animal model. On principle the miction could be disturbed on four ways: Incontinence, obstruction, neurogenic bladder, instability of the bladder. The most important differential diagnosis in the incontenencies is the differentiation between stress incontinence and urge incontinence, this differentiation is urodynamically significantly possible. In an obstructive disturbance of the miction one differs the mechanically fixed obstructions from the functional disturbances. For the two possibilities clinical instances are cited: Urethral valve--spastic neck of the bladder--detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergy. Neurogenic disturbances of micturition may be diagnosed only to the extent that their effect is objectiviable at the aim organ (urinary bladder and urethra). Non-neurogenic disturbances, however, show identical pictures, so that one may speak of a disturbance of micturition which corresponds to a certain type of neurogenic lesion. Every kind of disturbance of micturition needs an exact diagnostics. Urodynamic examinations are in every case necessary for the differential diagnosis of the individual disturbance.", "PMID": 575259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11555", "title": "[New model for studying group learning in mice (synthesis of conditioned reflex and ethologic approaches].", "content": "In experiments on mice it has been shown that synthesis of conditioned reflex and behavioural approaches is advantageous for the more complete qualitative and quantitative characteristic of group learning and performance of conditioned avoidance reaction in rodents. The efficiency of group learning and performance of this reaction depend not only on the individual characteristics of animals (ability or inability to learning) but also on the type of hierarchic relationships in the group. The possibility is suggested to use this model for investigating the modulating effect of psychotropic agents on group learning and performance of avoidance reaction.", "contents": "[New model for studying group learning in mice (synthesis of conditioned reflex and ethologic approaches]. In experiments on mice it has been shown that synthesis of conditioned reflex and behavioural approaches is advantageous for the more complete qualitative and quantitative characteristic of group learning and performance of conditioned avoidance reaction in rodents. The efficiency of group learning and performance of this reaction depend not only on the individual characteristics of animals (ability or inability to learning) but also on the type of hierarchic relationships in the group. The possibility is suggested to use this model for investigating the modulating effect of psychotropic agents on group learning and performance of avoidance reaction.", "PMID": 575257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11556", "title": "[Effect of etimizol on behavioral responses, brain serotonin concentration and plasma corticosteroid levels].", "content": "The influence of ethymisol on behavioural reactions was studied on 100 albino rats in the \"open field\" and \"passive avoidance\" tests. It was shown that a 5 mg/kg dose of this neurotropic drug with synaptic effect, changes behavioural reactions, lowers the general emotional stress and emotional memory of the electro-cutaneous stimulation. Simultaneously the level of corticosteroids in the blood plasma significantly rises, while the serotonin content in the hypothalamus decreases. A direct correlation between the changes in the emotional stress and the content of corticosteroids in blood plasma is noted. The effects of ethymisol partially persists after adrenalectomy. Ethymisol in optimal doses may be used for regulation and lowering of emotional stress.", "contents": "[Effect of etimizol on behavioral responses, brain serotonin concentration and plasma corticosteroid levels]. The influence of ethymisol on behavioural reactions was studied on 100 albino rats in the \"open field\" and \"passive avoidance\" tests. It was shown that a 5 mg/kg dose of this neurotropic drug with synaptic effect, changes behavioural reactions, lowers the general emotional stress and emotional memory of the electro-cutaneous stimulation. Simultaneously the level of corticosteroids in the blood plasma significantly rises, while the serotonin content in the hypothalamus decreases. A direct correlation between the changes in the emotional stress and the content of corticosteroids in blood plasma is noted. The effects of ethymisol partially persists after adrenalectomy. Ethymisol in optimal doses may be used for regulation and lowering of emotional stress.", "PMID": 575256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11557", "title": "Biologically active luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma. V. A re-analysis of the differences in the ratio of biological to immunological LH activities during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The relationship between the biological and immunological activities of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) in plasma collected from female subjects was examined. The biological activity was measured by an in vitro bioassay and the immunological activity by an hLH radioimmunoassay (RIA), using improved reagents, such as the 1st IRP for human pituitary LH for immunoassay (code No. 68/40) as standard, a subunit-free biologically active iodinated hLH preparation as tracer and an anti-hLH serum of relatively high specificity. Similar profiles of biological (B) and immunological (I) activity were obtained in the plasma samples collected daily throughout 40 menstrual cycles (5 cycles from each of 8 subjects). However, the B/I ratios were significantly lower during the period of LH surge (P less than 0.001) than throughout the remainder of the cycle. The within- and between-assay variation in B/I ratios was investigated by the simultaneous assay of biological and immunological activities in plasma pools obtained by combining equal aliquots of plasma from each daily sample of the menstrual cycle from each of 5 cycles of each of 4 subjects. The analysis of these 20 pools revealed highly significant individual differences in B/I ratios, ranging from 0.81 to 1.33. The coefficient of variation was 20% between-subjects and 5% within-subjects. There was no seasonal variation in B/I ratios. That the individual differences in plasma B/I ratios were not attributable to the procedure of pooling was ascertained by the simultaneous assay of both activities in parellel in daily plasma samples and in the pools formed from these samples from three complete cycles. Thus the analysis of the differences in B/I ratios obtained throughout the menstrua- cycle revealed three major sources of variation. The first occurs in the form of generally elevated (higher than unity) B/I ratios, the second consists of a significant drop in B/I ratios during the midcycle LH surge, and the third source is represented by the significant between-subject differences. It is concluded that the first source is attributable to the relatively higher levels of \"impurity\" (i.e. biologically inactive, immunologically active material) in the standard preparation compared to those present in plasma of biologically inactive, immunologically active material of unknown composition and origin. If so, the latter source limits the quantitative significance of the RIA procedures employed. It is suggested that these three sources of variation account for most of the differences in B/I ratios for plasma lLH reported in the literature.", "contents": "Biologically active luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma. V. A re-analysis of the differences in the ratio of biological to immunological LH activities during the menstrual cycle. The relationship between the biological and immunological activities of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) in plasma collected from female subjects was examined. The biological activity was measured by an in vitro bioassay and the immunological activity by an hLH radioimmunoassay (RIA), using improved reagents, such as the 1st IRP for human pituitary LH for immunoassay (code No. 68/40) as standard, a subunit-free biologically active iodinated hLH preparation as tracer and an anti-hLH serum of relatively high specificity. Similar profiles of biological (B) and immunological (I) activity were obtained in the plasma samples collected daily throughout 40 menstrual cycles (5 cycles from each of 8 subjects). However, the B/I ratios were significantly lower during the period of LH surge (P less than 0.001) than throughout the remainder of the cycle. The within- and between-assay variation in B/I ratios was investigated by the simultaneous assay of biological and immunological activities in plasma pools obtained by combining equal aliquots of plasma from each daily sample of the menstrual cycle from each of 5 cycles of each of 4 subjects. The analysis of these 20 pools revealed highly significant individual differences in B/I ratios, ranging from 0.81 to 1.33. The coefficient of variation was 20% between-subjects and 5% within-subjects. There was no seasonal variation in B/I ratios. That the individual differences in plasma B/I ratios were not attributable to the procedure of pooling was ascertained by the simultaneous assay of both activities in parellel in daily plasma samples and in the pools formed from these samples from three complete cycles. Thus the analysis of the differences in B/I ratios obtained throughout the menstrua- cycle revealed three major sources of variation. The first occurs in the form of generally elevated (higher than unity) B/I ratios, the second consists of a significant drop in B/I ratios during the midcycle LH surge, and the third source is represented by the significant between-subject differences. It is concluded that the first source is attributable to the relatively higher levels of \"impurity\" (i.e. biologically inactive, immunologically active material) in the standard preparation compared to those present in plasma of biologically inactive, immunologically active material of unknown composition and origin. If so, the latter source limits the quantitative significance of the RIA procedures employed. It is suggested that these three sources of variation account for most of the differences in B/I ratios for plasma lLH reported in the literature.", "PMID": 575264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11558", "title": "Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinaemia in twins.", "content": "Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinaemia in 21 pairs of twins was compared and studied during the first postnatal week. Peak bilirubin concentration and the persistence of icterus was similar in the two sets of twins, but considerable individual inter-twin differences could be obeserved. Various postnatal parameters and inter-twin differences in these parameters were correlated with differences in hyperbilirubinaemia. It has been concluded that physiologic or idiopathic hyperbilirubinaeamia is closely similar in twins, probably due to the similar functional maturity of bilirubin clearance mechanisms. Individual variations were related to differences in caloric intake: the higher the caloric supply the lower was the maximum bilirubin concentration.", "contents": "Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinaemia in twins. Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinaemia in 21 pairs of twins was compared and studied during the first postnatal week. Peak bilirubin concentration and the persistence of icterus was similar in the two sets of twins, but considerable individual inter-twin differences could be obeserved. Various postnatal parameters and inter-twin differences in these parameters were correlated with differences in hyperbilirubinaemia. It has been concluded that physiologic or idiopathic hyperbilirubinaeamia is closely similar in twins, probably due to the similar functional maturity of bilirubin clearance mechanisms. Individual variations were related to differences in caloric intake: the higher the caloric supply the lower was the maximum bilirubin concentration.", "PMID": 575266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11559", "title": "Electron microscopic visualization of the filamentous reticulum in whole cultured presumptive chick myoblasts.", "content": "This present study describes an experimental approach whereby subcellular 3-dimensional filamentous structures present within whole cells can be examined, using a conventional transmission electron microscope. This procedure uses cells which have been cultured on carbon-coated titanium grids, and treated with Triton X-100 to extract the soluble cytoplasm. Subsequent fixation and critical-point drying allows filamentous proteins to be easily visualized, due to the increase in contrast produced by removal of the ground cytoplasm. The high resolution obtainable in these preparations permitted an initial classification and description of the filamentous reticulum within cultured presumptive myoblasts. This reticulum is a continuum of filaments and cables, all elements of which appear to be interconnected. These morphological findings were then correlated with the biochemical identification of detergent-insoluble proteins, of which only actin, myosin, and, perhaps, intermediate filament and LETS protein are the major elements.", "contents": "Electron microscopic visualization of the filamentous reticulum in whole cultured presumptive chick myoblasts. This present study describes an experimental approach whereby subcellular 3-dimensional filamentous structures present within whole cells can be examined, using a conventional transmission electron microscope. This procedure uses cells which have been cultured on carbon-coated titanium grids, and treated with Triton X-100 to extract the soluble cytoplasm. Subsequent fixation and critical-point drying allows filamentous proteins to be easily visualized, due to the increase in contrast produced by removal of the ground cytoplasm. The high resolution obtainable in these preparations permitted an initial classification and description of the filamentous reticulum within cultured presumptive myoblasts. This reticulum is a continuum of filaments and cables, all elements of which appear to be interconnected. These morphological findings were then correlated with the biochemical identification of detergent-insoluble proteins, of which only actin, myosin, and, perhaps, intermediate filament and LETS protein are the major elements.", "PMID": 575268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11560", "title": "Intravenous pyogenic granuloma. A study of 18 cases.", "content": "A series of 18 intravenous pyogenic granulomas (IVPG) was studied. The lesions were limited to the neck and upper extremity and appeared as nonspecific tumors. Most had a clinical duration of 2 months or less. Treatment was by excision and there were no recurrences. IVPG consists of an intraluminal polyp attached to the wall of the vein by a fibrovascular stalk. The characteristic appearance is of lobules of capillaries separated by a fibromyxoid stroma. The organization and histologic detail are similar to those of pyogenic granulomas that are uncomplicated by the changes of inflammation. Our observations suggest that IVPG develops in or adjacent to the wall of the involved vein. It probably receives its blood supply from a small artery that enters the lesion in the region of the stalk.", "contents": "Intravenous pyogenic granuloma. A study of 18 cases. A series of 18 intravenous pyogenic granulomas (IVPG) was studied. The lesions were limited to the neck and upper extremity and appeared as nonspecific tumors. Most had a clinical duration of 2 months or less. Treatment was by excision and there were no recurrences. IVPG consists of an intraluminal polyp attached to the wall of the vein by a fibrovascular stalk. The characteristic appearance is of lobules of capillaries separated by a fibromyxoid stroma. The organization and histologic detail are similar to those of pyogenic granulomas that are uncomplicated by the changes of inflammation. Our observations suggest that IVPG develops in or adjacent to the wall of the involved vein. It probably receives its blood supply from a small artery that enters the lesion in the region of the stalk.", "PMID": 575269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11561", "title": "Intracardiac sound as a diagnostic adjunct in subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate the potential diagnostic value of intracardiac sound recordings in patients with subaortic stenosis. Intracardiac pressure and sound were measured in 10 patients with various types of subaortic obstructions using a catheter-tip micromanometer. Seven patients had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), 2 had a subvalvular membrane, and 1 had a subvalvular tunnel. Within the left ventricular cavity, at the site of maximal systolic left ventricular pressure, either there was no systolic murmur, or the murmur was of low intensity. However, within the outflow tract of the left ventricle, distal to the site of intraventricular obstruction, a prominent systolic murmur  was detected in all patients. This murmur was of higher intensity than the one measured distal to the aortic valve. In one patient, in whom no subvalvular obstruction was present, but in whom entrapment of the tip of the catheter occurred, no murmur was detected in the left ventricle even though a subvalvular pressure gradient was observed. Therefore it appears that a systolic murmur recorded with maximal intensity in the outflow tract of the left ventricle may be of substantial help in distinguishing between an artifactual intraventricular pressure gradient, and one that results from intraventricular obstruction.", "contents": "Intracardiac sound as a diagnostic adjunct in subaortic stenosis. The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate the potential diagnostic value of intracardiac sound recordings in patients with subaortic stenosis. Intracardiac pressure and sound were measured in 10 patients with various types of subaortic obstructions using a catheter-tip micromanometer. Seven patients had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), 2 had a subvalvular membrane, and 1 had a subvalvular tunnel. Within the left ventricular cavity, at the site of maximal systolic left ventricular pressure, either there was no systolic murmur, or the murmur was of low intensity. However, within the outflow tract of the left ventricle, distal to the site of intraventricular obstruction, a prominent systolic murmur  was detected in all patients. This murmur was of higher intensity than the one measured distal to the aortic valve. In one patient, in whom no subvalvular obstruction was present, but in whom entrapment of the tip of the catheter occurred, no murmur was detected in the left ventricle even though a subvalvular pressure gradient was observed. Therefore it appears that a systolic murmur recorded with maximal intensity in the outflow tract of the left ventricle may be of substantial help in distinguishing between an artifactual intraventricular pressure gradient, and one that results from intraventricular obstruction.", "PMID": 575271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11562", "title": "[Hypertrophic gastritis in an infant with eczema and intolerance to cow's milk proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "A 5-month-old infant presented with vomiting and severe hypoproteinemia from exsudation of proteins into the digestive tract, confirmed by isotopic tests. The association of hypertrophic edematous gastritis, interstitial jejunitis, and severe blood eosinophilia suggested the diagnosis of an exsudative eosinophil-type gastro-enteropathy. An allergy to cow's milk proteins was suspected because of the onset of the disorders at the time of weaning and the appearance of the eczema during the same period. Clinical, biological, and radiological recovery occurred after an exclusion diet and corticotherapy, and this persisted for 8 months, but the eczema remained. The authors describe a similar case (12) in an infant of 21 months with vomiting edema, and hypoproteinemia due to exsudation of proteins into the digestive tract. Radiological examination revealed the presence of hypertrophic gastritis. A relationship with Mentrier's disease had been suggested but not confirmed because of the rapid favourable outcome after a simple low protein diet.", "contents": "[Hypertrophic gastritis in an infant with eczema and intolerance to cow's milk proteins (author's transl)]. A 5-month-old infant presented with vomiting and severe hypoproteinemia from exsudation of proteins into the digestive tract, confirmed by isotopic tests. The association of hypertrophic edematous gastritis, interstitial jejunitis, and severe blood eosinophilia suggested the diagnosis of an exsudative eosinophil-type gastro-enteropathy. An allergy to cow's milk proteins was suspected because of the onset of the disorders at the time of weaning and the appearance of the eczema during the same period. Clinical, biological, and radiological recovery occurred after an exclusion diet and corticotherapy, and this persisted for 8 months, but the eczema remained. The authors describe a similar case (12) in an infant of 21 months with vomiting edema, and hypoproteinemia due to exsudation of proteins into the digestive tract. Radiological examination revealed the presence of hypertrophic gastritis. A relationship with Mentrier's disease had been suggested but not confirmed because of the rapid favourable outcome after a simple low protein diet.", "PMID": 575273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11563", "title": "[Variations of various plasma (albumin, prealbumin, retinol binding protein), and urinary parameters during measles in Senegalese children].", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect of measles on proteins carrying vitamin A, we have examined 58 children with measles (24 have been seen again 2 weeks later) and 52 healthy controls of similar age and nutritional status. During the course of fever we have observed a high urinary excretion of urea and creatinine with proteinuria while the hydroxyproline index is significantly lower than in the controls. Irrespective of the nutritional status the plasma levels of albumin, prealbumin and R.B.P. are consistantly low. Two weeks later, while the albumin level has decreased, the other parameters are aiming towards normal values. The higher levels of prealbumin and R.B.P. suggest a reactivation of the hepatic protein synthesis. The urinary excretion of R.B.P. has not changed significantly during measles. We have observed rather high urinary losses of R.B.P. in the controls. The low levels of plasma prealbumin possibly do not allow the complete binding of the R.B.P.", "contents": "[Variations of various plasma (albumin, prealbumin, retinol binding protein), and urinary parameters during measles in Senegalese children]. In order to evaluate the effect of measles on proteins carrying vitamin A, we have examined 58 children with measles (24 have been seen again 2 weeks later) and 52 healthy controls of similar age and nutritional status. During the course of fever we have observed a high urinary excretion of urea and creatinine with proteinuria while the hydroxyproline index is significantly lower than in the controls. Irrespective of the nutritional status the plasma levels of albumin, prealbumin and R.B.P. are consistantly low. Two weeks later, while the albumin level has decreased, the other parameters are aiming towards normal values. The higher levels of prealbumin and R.B.P. suggest a reactivation of the hepatic protein synthesis. The urinary excretion of R.B.P. has not changed significantly during measles. We have observed rather high urinary losses of R.B.P. in the controls. The low levels of plasma prealbumin possibly do not allow the complete binding of the R.B.P.", "PMID": 575274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11564", "title": "Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and giant axonal neuropathy: are they related?", "content": "Light and electron microscopic findings from two sural nerve biopsies obtained at a one-year interval from a patient with the clinical features of Seitelberger's disease are described. Ballooned axons with accumulations of membranous profiles, vesicles, mitochondria, and a homogeneous center were present, and there were masses of 90 A filaments in endothelial, endoneurial, perineurial, and Schwann cells. These pathological alterations were less prominent in the second nerve biopsy, which showed a more pronounced decrease in myelinated fibers. The case shows that a generalized increase of 90 A filaments in structures of the peripheral nervous system is not a phenomenon exclusively occurring in patients with giant axonal neuropathy and, furthermore, that it may be a transitory feature.", "contents": "Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and giant axonal neuropathy: are they related? Light and electron microscopic findings from two sural nerve biopsies obtained at a one-year interval from a patient with the clinical features of Seitelberger's disease are described. Ballooned axons with accumulations of membranous profiles, vesicles, mitochondria, and a homogeneous center were present, and there were masses of 90 A filaments in endothelial, endoneurial, perineurial, and Schwann cells. These pathological alterations were less prominent in the second nerve biopsy, which showed a more pronounced decrease in myelinated fibers. The case shows that a generalized increase of 90 A filaments in structures of the peripheral nervous system is not a phenomenon exclusively occurring in patients with giant axonal neuropathy and, furthermore, that it may be a transitory feature.", "PMID": 575280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11565", "title": "[Influence of the sex of the final host on experimental Dipetalonema vitae filariosis in golden hamsters Cricetus auratus (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the influence of the sex of the host on experimental Dipetalonema viteae parasitosis in golden hamsters Cricetus auratus. The parasited hamsters are sacrificed fifteen days after testing for microfilarial count, and then the extent of the infestation is measured by counting the number of male worms and female worms. The average level of microfilarial count is significantly higher in male hamsters than in female hamsters. The same applies to the extent of parasitism: the average number of adult worms is higher when parasitosis occurs in males. However, the sex of the hamster has no influence on the proportion of male and female worms present and the degree of microfilarial count, observed in male hamsters seems to result only from the presence in the same of a greater number of worms.", "contents": "[Influence of the sex of the final host on experimental Dipetalonema vitae filariosis in golden hamsters Cricetus auratus (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the influence of the sex of the host on experimental Dipetalonema viteae parasitosis in golden hamsters Cricetus auratus. The parasited hamsters are sacrificed fifteen days after testing for microfilarial count, and then the extent of the infestation is measured by counting the number of male worms and female worms. The average level of microfilarial count is significantly higher in male hamsters than in female hamsters. The same applies to the extent of parasitism: the average number of adult worms is higher when parasitosis occurs in males. However, the sex of the hamster has no influence on the proportion of male and female worms present and the degree of microfilarial count, observed in male hamsters seems to result only from the presence in the same of a greater number of worms.", "PMID": 575275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11566", "title": "Miconazole therapy for treatment of fungal infections in cancer patients.", "content": "The effectiveness of miconazole was evaluated in 37 documented fungal infections, 32 of which were major infections. All patients were receiving therapy for advanced malignancy, with 28 patients having acute leukemia. The overall cure rate was 41% and it was also 41% for major fungal infections. Nine of 22 patients with Candida albicans infections were cured, and 3 of 11 patients with Candida tropicalis infections were cured. A total of 183 patients who received miconazole for presumed or documented fungal infection were evaluated for toxicity. Nausea and vomiting and central nervous system toxicity were the most common side effects, occurring in 25 and 16% of the patients, respectively. Overall, the drug was tolerated well, with only four patients requiring the drug to be permanently discontinued because of toxicity.", "contents": "Miconazole therapy for treatment of fungal infections in cancer patients. The effectiveness of miconazole was evaluated in 37 documented fungal infections, 32 of which were major infections. All patients were receiving therapy for advanced malignancy, with 28 patients having acute leukemia. The overall cure rate was 41% and it was also 41% for major fungal infections. Nine of 22 patients with Candida albicans infections were cured, and 3 of 11 patients with Candida tropicalis infections were cured. A total of 183 patients who received miconazole for presumed or documented fungal infection were evaluated for toxicity. Nausea and vomiting and central nervous system toxicity were the most common side effects, occurring in 25 and 16% of the patients, respectively. Overall, the drug was tolerated well, with only four patients requiring the drug to be permanently discontinued because of toxicity.", "PMID": 575281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11567", "title": "Cystic chromomycosis due to Wangiella dermatitidis.", "content": "Chromomycosis is a chronic, slowly progressive disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue produced by several species of dematiaceous or pigmented fungi, especially Phialophora gougeroti. Verrucous nodules and flattened annular plaques are the most frequently reported skin lesions in chromomycosis, but deep abscesses and cystic lesions have also been reported. We describe herein a case of cystic chromomycosis due to Wangiella dermatitidis that developed following a nonprenetrating injury to the thumb.", "contents": "Cystic chromomycosis due to Wangiella dermatitidis. Chromomycosis is a chronic, slowly progressive disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue produced by several species of dematiaceous or pigmented fungi, especially Phialophora gougeroti. Verrucous nodules and flattened annular plaques are the most frequently reported skin lesions in chromomycosis, but deep abscesses and cystic lesions have also been reported. We describe herein a case of cystic chromomycosis due to Wangiella dermatitidis that developed following a nonprenetrating injury to the thumb.", "PMID": 575282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11568", "title": "Sitting height, fat-free mass and body fat as reference variables for lung function in healthy British children: comparison with stature.", "content": "The ventilatory capacity, total lung capacity and transfer factor with their respective subdivisions have been measured on 254 healthy British boy and girl twins aged 8-16 yrs. The logarithmic regression relationships of lung function on stature have been compared with those on sitting height and on stature plus indices of body muscle and fat. The regressions on stature and on sitting height describe the results with similar precision, but stature is marginally better; either index may be used as the reference variable. For the description of inspiratory capacity and of all indices which include this volume (e.g. vital capacity, total lung capacity and transfer factor), additional precision is secured by adding to the regression equation on stature a term for fat-free mass or body mass divided by the square of the stature; for the description of functional residual capacity, the inclusion of a term for % body fat similarly reduces the variance about the regression equation. The difference in lung function between boys and girls is smaller when the function is related to stature than to sitting height. It is further reduced when fat-free mass/sature and % body fat are also included in the prediction equations. The equations may be used to obtain reference values for indices of lung function in similar subjects.", "contents": "Sitting height, fat-free mass and body fat as reference variables for lung function in healthy British children: comparison with stature. The ventilatory capacity, total lung capacity and transfer factor with their respective subdivisions have been measured on 254 healthy British boy and girl twins aged 8-16 yrs. The logarithmic regression relationships of lung function on stature have been compared with those on sitting height and on stature plus indices of body muscle and fat. The regressions on stature and on sitting height describe the results with similar precision, but stature is marginally better; either index may be used as the reference variable. For the description of inspiratory capacity and of all indices which include this volume (e.g. vital capacity, total lung capacity and transfer factor), additional precision is secured by adding to the regression equation on stature a term for fat-free mass or body mass divided by the square of the stature; for the description of functional residual capacity, the inclusion of a term for % body fat similarly reduces the variance about the regression equation. The difference in lung function between boys and girls is smaller when the function is related to stature than to sitting height. It is further reduced when fat-free mass/sature and % body fat are also included in the prediction equations. The equations may be used to obtain reference values for indices of lung function in similar subjects.", "PMID": 575278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11569", "title": "Coronary arterial lesions and myocardial necrosis in stillbirths and infants.", "content": "In a detailed study of the coronary arterial tree and myocardium in 256 stillbirths and infants, abnormalities of the coronary arterial tree were noticed in 79 infants, and necrotic lesions of the myocardium in 111 infants. Of the 79 infants with arterial lesions, 70 had associated myocardial necrosis or scarring, or both; the group with coronary arterial lesions, therefore, accounted for the majority of cases with myocardial damage. The myocardial lesions varied from small zones of subendocardial damage, to larger 'geographical' zones of necrosis scattered haphazardly through the myocardium, and a small group where massive necrotic lesions of the papillary muscles were present. While the coronary arterial lesions were associated with all three patterns, they were particularly found in association with the 'geographical' and papillary muscle changes. The coronary arterial lesions varied from zones of acute focal, medial necrosis to severe proliferative intimal lesions and medial defects, with a distinct progression of changes from the acute to the more established lesions. The coronary arterial lesions were seen most commonly in association with conditions that could produce severe hypoxia, and it is argued that they result from hypoxia. It is suggested further that the myocardial damage, so commonly associated with the coronary arterial lesions, could compromise the ability of the hypoxic infant to respond to such an insult. The coronary arterial lesions seen in this group of young infants could offer one explanation for the later development of a variety of other pathological conditions seen in adolescents and young adults.", "contents": "Coronary arterial lesions and myocardial necrosis in stillbirths and infants. In a detailed study of the coronary arterial tree and myocardium in 256 stillbirths and infants, abnormalities of the coronary arterial tree were noticed in 79 infants, and necrotic lesions of the myocardium in 111 infants. Of the 79 infants with arterial lesions, 70 had associated myocardial necrosis or scarring, or both; the group with coronary arterial lesions, therefore, accounted for the majority of cases with myocardial damage. The myocardial lesions varied from small zones of subendocardial damage, to larger 'geographical' zones of necrosis scattered haphazardly through the myocardium, and a small group where massive necrotic lesions of the papillary muscles were present. While the coronary arterial lesions were associated with all three patterns, they were particularly found in association with the 'geographical' and papillary muscle changes. The coronary arterial lesions varied from zones of acute focal, medial necrosis to severe proliferative intimal lesions and medial defects, with a distinct progression of changes from the acute to the more established lesions. The coronary arterial lesions were seen most commonly in association with conditions that could produce severe hypoxia, and it is argued that they result from hypoxia. It is suggested further that the myocardial damage, so commonly associated with the coronary arterial lesions, could compromise the ability of the hypoxic infant to respond to such an insult. The coronary arterial lesions seen in this group of young infants could offer one explanation for the later development of a variety of other pathological conditions seen in adolescents and young adults.", "PMID": 575283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11570", "title": "[Decrease in serum levels of retinol and its binding protein (RBP) in infection].", "content": "The main purpose of the present study was to determine the qualitative and quantiative effect of various infectious epsiodes on the blood serum levels of retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Twenty-four children and 30 adult subjects were studied. The infections studied included chickenpox (n = 7); bronchitis (n = 9) upper respiratory infection (n = 30); tonsillitis (n = 2); diarrhea (n = 2) and one case each of: febrile stomatitis, nonspecific gastrointestinal alteration, urinary infection and shigellosis. In addition to retinol and RBP, the study determined changes in serum carotene, proteins, albumin and globulins. The results clearly demonstrate the marked depressing effect of infections on serum retinol, with a magnitude which in many cases reached more than 20 micrograms/dl, and in others more than 30 micrograms/dl. The RBP levels were significantly correlated with retinol, decreasing proportionally with infection. Serum albumin also decreased in most instances; and the globulin levels of the children, but not of the adults, were significantly higher during the infections. Carotene did not show important variations. The effects were more intense when fever accompanied the infectious episodes. These results are considered of great public health significance, in view of the large majorities, mainly children, who ordinarily subsist with very low serum retinol levels in the underdeveloped regions of the world. As infections attack these underpriviledged children, their serum retinol and RBP levels will likely drop a magnitude similar to that observed in the subjects of this study. They may then reach even more critically deficient retinol levels and be in serious danger of developing a severe acute state of clinical vitamin A deficiency.", "contents": "[Decrease in serum levels of retinol and its binding protein (RBP) in infection]. The main purpose of the present study was to determine the qualitative and quantiative effect of various infectious epsiodes on the blood serum levels of retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Twenty-four children and 30 adult subjects were studied. The infections studied included chickenpox (n = 7); bronchitis (n = 9) upper respiratory infection (n = 30); tonsillitis (n = 2); diarrhea (n = 2) and one case each of: febrile stomatitis, nonspecific gastrointestinal alteration, urinary infection and shigellosis. In addition to retinol and RBP, the study determined changes in serum carotene, proteins, albumin and globulins. The results clearly demonstrate the marked depressing effect of infections on serum retinol, with a magnitude which in many cases reached more than 20 micrograms/dl, and in others more than 30 micrograms/dl. The RBP levels were significantly correlated with retinol, decreasing proportionally with infection. Serum albumin also decreased in most instances; and the globulin levels of the children, but not of the adults, were significantly higher during the infections. Carotene did not show important variations. The effects were more intense when fever accompanied the infectious episodes. These results are considered of great public health significance, in view of the large majorities, mainly children, who ordinarily subsist with very low serum retinol levels in the underdeveloped regions of the world. As infections attack these underpriviledged children, their serum retinol and RBP levels will likely drop a magnitude similar to that observed in the subjects of this study. They may then reach even more critically deficient retinol levels and be in serious danger of developing a severe acute state of clinical vitamin A deficiency.", "PMID": 575285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11571", "title": "Prognostic evaluation of secretory otitis media as a function of mastoidal pneumatisation.", "content": "Fifty-two secretory otitis media (S.O.M.) ears with protracted course were compared roentgenologically (Schuller projection) with 52 S.O.M. ears which recovered after insertion of a single ventilating tube. Measurements were done first by comparing the pneumatised area millimetrically and later semiquantitatively according to the size of the mastoid cells--grading the mastoid cells from 1 (eburnize) to 10 (very big mastoid cells). S.O.M. ears with protracted chronic course showed an average mastoid area of 312 mm2, their cell size showing on the average a diploic or small-diploic cells--corresponding to grade 3.5. On the other hand, S.O.M. ears which recovered promptly had an average mastoid area of 440 mm2, and their mastoid cells began to show as actual cells (small up to medium cells), corresponding to grade 5.7. The difference, both millimetrically and grade-wise, between the two groups was found to be very significant (P greater than or equal to 0.01). We may conclude that the prognosis of S.O.M. is related to the size of their mastoid cells or alternatively to the amount of air in the middle ear cleft as a whole.", "contents": "Prognostic evaluation of secretory otitis media as a function of mastoidal pneumatisation. Fifty-two secretory otitis media (S.O.M.) ears with protracted course were compared roentgenologically (Schuller projection) with 52 S.O.M. ears which recovered after insertion of a single ventilating tube. Measurements were done first by comparing the pneumatised area millimetrically and later semiquantitatively according to the size of the mastoid cells--grading the mastoid cells from 1 (eburnize) to 10 (very big mastoid cells). S.O.M. ears with protracted chronic course showed an average mastoid area of 312 mm2, their cell size showing on the average a diploic or small-diploic cells--corresponding to grade 3.5. On the other hand, S.O.M. ears which recovered promptly had an average mastoid area of 440 mm2, and their mastoid cells began to show as actual cells (small up to medium cells), corresponding to grade 5.7. The difference, both millimetrically and grade-wise, between the two groups was found to be very significant (P greater than or equal to 0.01). We may conclude that the prognosis of S.O.M. is related to the size of their mastoid cells or alternatively to the amount of air in the middle ear cleft as a whole.", "PMID": 575287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11572", "title": "Symptoms and feeding patterns in the first year of life.", "content": "With the help of family doctors, mothers and infant welfare sisters, we report an analysis of symptom and food diaries maintained throughout the first twelve months of life on 482 infants. This reveals the existence of extensive symptomatology in the first year of life--most of which was clearly unrelated to ingestion of foods or cow's milk. Our efforts to define the true incidence of cow's milk allergy have been unsuccessful. Altogether, 77 of the 482 diaries have revealed symptomatology at some time in the year which could conceivably have been associated with cow's milk ingestion. But, in only one of these 77 children were withdrawal and challenge tests carried out to determine whether the symptomatology disappeared on withdrawal of cow's milk and reappeared on its reintroduction into the diet. Most of the remaining 76 children had long periods of complete freedom from symptoms whilst taking cow's milk, and the evidence of any association with cow's milk was generally very tenuous. Soya substitutes were introduced in 13 cases, and cow's milk was temporarily discontinued in another 11 cases. Only 16 of these 77 children continued to experience chronic symptoms during the last two weeks of their first year.", "contents": "Symptoms and feeding patterns in the first year of life. With the help of family doctors, mothers and infant welfare sisters, we report an analysis of symptom and food diaries maintained throughout the first twelve months of life on 482 infants. This reveals the existence of extensive symptomatology in the first year of life--most of which was clearly unrelated to ingestion of foods or cow's milk. Our efforts to define the true incidence of cow's milk allergy have been unsuccessful. Altogether, 77 of the 482 diaries have revealed symptomatology at some time in the year which could conceivably have been associated with cow's milk ingestion. But, in only one of these 77 children were withdrawal and challenge tests carried out to determine whether the symptomatology disappeared on withdrawal of cow's milk and reappeared on its reintroduction into the diet. Most of the remaining 76 children had long periods of complete freedom from symptoms whilst taking cow's milk, and the evidence of any association with cow's milk was generally very tenuous. Soya substitutes were introduced in 13 cases, and cow's milk was temporarily discontinued in another 11 cases. Only 16 of these 77 children continued to experience chronic symptoms during the last two weeks of their first year.", "PMID": 575288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11573", "title": "Reproductive performance of Iraqi buffaloes. I. Pattern of female reproduction.", "content": "In a buffalo herd at Amara Buffalo Breeding Station between October 1975 and October 1976 various features were investigated of the reproductive performance of heifers. The average age of the heifers was 22.01 at first estrus, 22.50 at ovulation, 26.05 at conception, and 38.8 months at calving. Estrus occurred at an average interval of 72.7 days after calving. Extended post-partum anestrus for more than 90 days was observed in 26.8% of the animals studied. The average length of the calving interval was calculated as 408 days. 67.3% of the calvings took palce between June and October.", "contents": "Reproductive performance of Iraqi buffaloes. I. Pattern of female reproduction. In a buffalo herd at Amara Buffalo Breeding Station between October 1975 and October 1976 various features were investigated of the reproductive performance of heifers. The average age of the heifers was 22.01 at first estrus, 22.50 at ovulation, 26.05 at conception, and 38.8 months at calving. Estrus occurred at an average interval of 72.7 days after calving. Extended post-partum anestrus for more than 90 days was observed in 26.8% of the animals studied. The average length of the calving interval was calculated as 408 days. 67.3% of the calvings took palce between June and October.", "PMID": 575290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11574", "title": "Variations in the total sterols, free sterols and sterol esters concentration during embryogenesis in Dysdercus similis (Freeman).", "content": "In the present study fluctuations in the total sterols, free sterols and sterols esters concentration has been recorded day to day during embryogenesis. Oscillations in the total sterol correlated with the biosynthesis and/or utilization of cholesterol occur in the eggs while free sterols are used in the maintenance of cell membranes. The role of sterol ester is not known but their increase may be correlated with the accretion of oleic and linoleic fatty acids.", "contents": "Variations in the total sterols, free sterols and sterol esters concentration during embryogenesis in Dysdercus similis (Freeman). In the present study fluctuations in the total sterols, free sterols and sterols esters concentration has been recorded day to day during embryogenesis. Oscillations in the total sterol correlated with the biosynthesis and/or utilization of cholesterol occur in the eggs while free sterols are used in the maintenance of cell membranes. The role of sterol ester is not known but their increase may be correlated with the accretion of oleic and linoleic fatty acids.", "PMID": 575293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11575", "title": "Haemangioendotheliosarcoma of the heart. Diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "A case of haemangioendotheliosarcoma of the right atrium in a 28-year-old man is reported. The presence of a continuous murmur to the right of the sternum as a clue to the diagnosis is pointed out, and the usefulness of cardiac catheterisation and angiography in making diagnosis emphasised. Irradiation therapy with cobalt-60 had a palliative effect upon this malignant tumour.", "contents": "Haemangioendotheliosarcoma of the heart. Diagnosis and treatment. A case of haemangioendotheliosarcoma of the right atrium in a 28-year-old man is reported. The presence of a continuous murmur to the right of the sternum as a clue to the diagnosis is pointed out, and the usefulness of cardiac catheterisation and angiography in making diagnosis emphasised. Irradiation therapy with cobalt-60 had a palliative effect upon this malignant tumour.", "PMID": 575294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11576", "title": "Congenital cardiac abnormalities in monozygotic twins. Report and review of the literature.", "content": "A pair of monozygotic twin girls is reported with concordance for 3 congenital cardiac abnormalities: (1) secundum atrial septal defect, (2) aneurysm of the membraneous ventricular septum, and (3) electrocardiographic frontal plane left axis deviation. A review of the published materials shows a 9.5 per cent incidence of concordance for congenital heart disease among monozygotic twins. In those in whom a precise cardiological diagnosis was made, 15/16 pairs (95%) were concordant for a specific defect, 2 had an additional defect, and only 1 pair had completely dissimilar defects. Concordance for congenital heart disease in monozygotic twins is uncommon, but when it occurs the defects will most often be identical.", "contents": "Congenital cardiac abnormalities in monozygotic twins. Report and review of the literature. A pair of monozygotic twin girls is reported with concordance for 3 congenital cardiac abnormalities: (1) secundum atrial septal defect, (2) aneurysm of the membraneous ventricular septum, and (3) electrocardiographic frontal plane left axis deviation. A review of the published materials shows a 9.5 per cent incidence of concordance for congenital heart disease among monozygotic twins. In those in whom a precise cardiological diagnosis was made, 15/16 pairs (95%) were concordant for a specific defect, 2 had an additional defect, and only 1 pair had completely dissimilar defects. Concordance for congenital heart disease in monozygotic twins is uncommon, but when it occurs the defects will most often be identical.", "PMID": 575295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11577", "title": "Separation and determination of the relative concentrations of the homogeneous components of soybean leghemoglobin by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The multiple components of soybean ferric leghemoglobin are readily separated by analytical and preparative flat bed isoelectric focusing in both the presence and also the absence of the ligand nicotinate. In the presence of nicotinate the separation by isoelectric focusing is more rapid and results in sharper bands of the very stable ferric leghemoglobin nicotinate complexes. The separation is sensitive enough to permit analytical experiments on leghemoglobin from single nodules. Leghemoglobins a and c1 prepared by ion exchange chromatography are homogeneous by isoelectric focusing criteria. Leghemoglobin c2 prepared by ion exchange chromatography is an approximately 1:2 mixture of leghemoglobins c2 and c3. Leghemoglobin d consists of three components. The ratio of leghemoglobin a to leghemoglobin c3 content increases dramatically as very young nodules mature. The increase in relative leghemoglobin a content suggests that leghemoglobin a might be required for regulation of nodule O2 concentration only when the nodule structure is complex. The ratio of leghemoglobin c1 content to leghemoglobin c3 content increases somewhat during the early period of nodule development, while the ratio of leghemoglobin c2 content to leghemoglobin c3 content increases slowly throughout nodule development. Ratios of leghemoglobin b content to leghemoglobin a content and of total leghemoglobin d content to total leghemoglobin c content were almost independent of nodule age. Leghemoglobins a and b might be related biosynthetically, as might leghemoglobins c and d.", "contents": "Separation and determination of the relative concentrations of the homogeneous components of soybean leghemoglobin by isoelectric focusing. The multiple components of soybean ferric leghemoglobin are readily separated by analytical and preparative flat bed isoelectric focusing in both the presence and also the absence of the ligand nicotinate. In the presence of nicotinate the separation by isoelectric focusing is more rapid and results in sharper bands of the very stable ferric leghemoglobin nicotinate complexes. The separation is sensitive enough to permit analytical experiments on leghemoglobin from single nodules. Leghemoglobins a and c1 prepared by ion exchange chromatography are homogeneous by isoelectric focusing criteria. Leghemoglobin c2 prepared by ion exchange chromatography is an approximately 1:2 mixture of leghemoglobins c2 and c3. Leghemoglobin d consists of three components. The ratio of leghemoglobin a to leghemoglobin c3 content increases dramatically as very young nodules mature. The increase in relative leghemoglobin a content suggests that leghemoglobin a might be required for regulation of nodule O2 concentration only when the nodule structure is complex. The ratio of leghemoglobin c1 content to leghemoglobin c3 content increases somewhat during the early period of nodule development, while the ratio of leghemoglobin c2 content to leghemoglobin c3 content increases slowly throughout nodule development. Ratios of leghemoglobin b content to leghemoglobin a content and of total leghemoglobin d content to total leghemoglobin c content were almost independent of nodule age. Leghemoglobins a and b might be related biosynthetically, as might leghemoglobins c and d.", "PMID": 575296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11578", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism for the conformational transition in p-guanidinobenzoate bovine trypsinogen induced by the isoleucine-valine dipeptide.", "content": "The interaction between p-guanidinobenzoate-trypsinogen and the isoleucine-valine dipeptide has been investigated by temperature-jump relaxation spectrometry. Using the absorbance at 281 nm the concentration dependence of the relaxation parameters is consistent with the conventional induced-fit model: rapid ligand binding coupled to a slower intramolecular change; some alternative mechanisms can be excluded. At 296 K, 0.1 M Tris HCl, pH = 7.4, the dissociation equilibrium constant for the overall process is K = 5.1(+/- 0.2) X 10(-5) M; for the binding step K1 = 2.3(+/- 0.3) X 10(-3) M and the rate constants for the structural change are k2 = 26(+/-6)s-1 and k-2 = 0.61(+/- 0.04)s-1; the overall dissociation reaction enthalpy is delta H0 = 26(+/-6)KJmol-1 and the reactiom entropy is delta S0 = 4(+/- 20) kJ-1 mol-1. In combination with CD and X-ray crystallographic data, the results of this study suggest that the binding of the dipeptide to a trypsinogen-like, partially disordered conformation induces a transition to a trypsin-like highly ordered structure.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism for the conformational transition in p-guanidinobenzoate bovine trypsinogen induced by the isoleucine-valine dipeptide. The interaction between p-guanidinobenzoate-trypsinogen and the isoleucine-valine dipeptide has been investigated by temperature-jump relaxation spectrometry. Using the absorbance at 281 nm the concentration dependence of the relaxation parameters is consistent with the conventional induced-fit model: rapid ligand binding coupled to a slower intramolecular change; some alternative mechanisms can be excluded. At 296 K, 0.1 M Tris HCl, pH = 7.4, the dissociation equilibrium constant for the overall process is K = 5.1(+/- 0.2) X 10(-5) M; for the binding step K1 = 2.3(+/- 0.3) X 10(-3) M and the rate constants for the structural change are k2 = 26(+/-6)s-1 and k-2 = 0.61(+/- 0.04)s-1; the overall dissociation reaction enthalpy is delta H0 = 26(+/-6)KJmol-1 and the reactiom entropy is delta S0 = 4(+/- 20) kJ-1 mol-1. In combination with CD and X-ray crystallographic data, the results of this study suggest that the binding of the dipeptide to a trypsinogen-like, partially disordered conformation induces a transition to a trypsin-like highly ordered structure.", "PMID": 575297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11579", "title": "The interaction of serum albumins with various drugs in aqueous solution. Gel permeation, calorimetric, and fluorescence data.", "content": "Thermodynamic data relative to the reversible interaction between human or bovine serum albumin and some organic ligands (S- and R-warfarin, d- and l-oxazepam hemisuccinate, phenyl-butazone, fluorescein) in dilute aqueous solution were determined by means of gel permeation chromatography and microcalorimetric measurements. From an analysis of these data and on the basis of fluorescence titrations the identity of the \"primary\" binding site on the proteins for some ligands was evidenced, while in other cases a cooperative binding of two different ligands to different binding sites could be discerned.", "contents": "The interaction of serum albumins with various drugs in aqueous solution. Gel permeation, calorimetric, and fluorescence data. Thermodynamic data relative to the reversible interaction between human or bovine serum albumin and some organic ligands (S- and R-warfarin, d- and l-oxazepam hemisuccinate, phenyl-butazone, fluorescein) in dilute aqueous solution were determined by means of gel permeation chromatography and microcalorimetric measurements. From an analysis of these data and on the basis of fluorescence titrations the identity of the \"primary\" binding site on the proteins for some ligands was evidenced, while in other cases a cooperative binding of two different ligands to different binding sites could be discerned.", "PMID": 575298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11580", "title": "On the contemporaneous, reversible interaction of different ligands with serum albumins in dilute aqueous solutions. Fluorescein and phenylbutazone.", "content": "The binding affinity of fluorescein and of phenylbutazone to human serum albumin (HSA) and to bovine serum albumin (BSA), respectively, as well as of the two drugs together to each protein in dilute aqueous solution has been studied by means of gel permeation chromatography, circular dichroism, U.V. absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Identity of and/or interdependence between primary binding sites for the two ligands considered on HSA and BSA are evidenced and correlated with a simple theoretical approach to mixed drugs binding.", "contents": "On the contemporaneous, reversible interaction of different ligands with serum albumins in dilute aqueous solutions. Fluorescein and phenylbutazone. The binding affinity of fluorescein and of phenylbutazone to human serum albumin (HSA) and to bovine serum albumin (BSA), respectively, as well as of the two drugs together to each protein in dilute aqueous solution has been studied by means of gel permeation chromatography, circular dichroism, U.V. absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Identity of and/or interdependence between primary binding sites for the two ligands considered on HSA and BSA are evidenced and correlated with a simple theoretical approach to mixed drugs binding.", "PMID": 575299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11581", "title": "Evaluation of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate and respiration in neonates with episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea.", "content": "Episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea were studied in 26 newborns and prematures by continuous recording of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate, and impedance pneumography. Hypoxemia related to therapeutic, diagnostic, or care procedures is very common and often is not accompanied by bradycardia or apnea. Idiopathic bradycardia lasting less than 30 seconds will not lead to hypoxemia. However, idiopathic bradycardia of more than 30 seconds' duration can lead to hypoxemia. Beat-to-beat cardiograms and transcutaneous oxygen measurement appear to be the most reliable methods for routine monitoring of these patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate and respiration in neonates with episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea. Episodes of cyanosis, bradycardia, or apnea were studied in 26 newborns and prematures by continuous recording of tcPO2, beat-to-beat heart rate, and impedance pneumography. Hypoxemia related to therapeutic, diagnostic, or care procedures is very common and often is not accompanied by bradycardia or apnea. Idiopathic bradycardia lasting less than 30 seconds will not lead to hypoxemia. However, idiopathic bradycardia of more than 30 seconds' duration can lead to hypoxemia. Beat-to-beat cardiograms and transcutaneous oxygen measurement appear to be the most reliable methods for routine monitoring of these patients.", "PMID": 575302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11582", "title": "The role of selective internal urethrotomy in the management of urethral stricture: a multi-centre evaluation.", "content": "The advent of selective internal urethrotomy under direct vision has enabled precision endoscopic surgery to be undertaken on a wide range of urethral strictures. A multi-centre survey of 197 cases involving 322 urethrotomy procedures from 5 urological departments in England is reported. The overall results after a follow-up of up to 4 years suggest that there is no indication for further procedures currently existing in 160 (81%) of those cases subjected to selective internal urethrotomy. The additional injection of triamcinalone acetate into the strictured area prior to urethrotomy is recommended in resistant cases. The procedure of selective internal urethrotomy is, in our opinion; the best primary method for the treatment of urethral stricture, and it is hoped this will reduce the indications for anastomotic or substitution urethroplasty.", "contents": "The role of selective internal urethrotomy in the management of urethral stricture: a multi-centre evaluation. The advent of selective internal urethrotomy under direct vision has enabled precision endoscopic surgery to be undertaken on a wide range of urethral strictures. A multi-centre survey of 197 cases involving 322 urethrotomy procedures from 5 urological departments in England is reported. The overall results after a follow-up of up to 4 years suggest that there is no indication for further procedures currently existing in 160 (81%) of those cases subjected to selective internal urethrotomy. The additional injection of triamcinalone acetate into the strictured area prior to urethrotomy is recommended in resistant cases. The procedure of selective internal urethrotomy is, in our opinion; the best primary method for the treatment of urethral stricture, and it is hoped this will reduce the indications for anastomotic or substitution urethroplasty.", "PMID": 575304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11583", "title": "Amino acid uptake systems in Bacteroides ruminicola.", "content": "Uptake of amino acids by Bacteroides ruminicola was observed in cells grown in a complete defined medium, containing ammonia as the nitrogen source. A high rate of uptake occurred only in fresh medium, as an inhibitory substance, possibly acetate, apparently accumulated during growth. All amino acids except proline were taken up and incorporated into cold trichloroacetic acid precipitable material. Different patterns of incorporation and different responses to 2,4-dinitrophenol and potassium ferricyanide indicated multiple uptake systems were involved. Kinetic inhibition patterns suggested six distinct systems were present for amino acid uptake, with specificities related to the chemical structures of the amino acids. Thus, the failure of free amino acids to act as sole nitrogen sources for growth of B. ruminicola is not due to the absence of transport systems for these compounds.", "contents": "Amino acid uptake systems in Bacteroides ruminicola. Uptake of amino acids by Bacteroides ruminicola was observed in cells grown in a complete defined medium, containing ammonia as the nitrogen source. A high rate of uptake occurred only in fresh medium, as an inhibitory substance, possibly acetate, apparently accumulated during growth. All amino acids except proline were taken up and incorporated into cold trichloroacetic acid precipitable material. Different patterns of incorporation and different responses to 2,4-dinitrophenol and potassium ferricyanide indicated multiple uptake systems were involved. Kinetic inhibition patterns suggested six distinct systems were present for amino acid uptake, with specificities related to the chemical structures of the amino acids. Thus, the failure of free amino acids to act as sole nitrogen sources for growth of B. ruminicola is not due to the absence of transport systems for these compounds.", "PMID": 575310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11584", "title": "The effect of L-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid on growth and production of extracellular isoleucine and valine by Eubacterium ruminantium and a related rumen isolate.", "content": "Two anaerobic rumen bacteria, Eubacterium ruminantium and a closely related isolate, were studied to determine the effect of the valine antimetabolite alpha-aminobutyric acid on growth and production of extracellular isoleucine and valine in an amino acid free medium. In the absence of alpha-aminobutyrate, these organisms actively excreted valine during growth (90-195 microgram/mL) but only accumulated limited concentrations of isoleucine (3-7 microgram/mL) in the culture broth. Growth of both organisms was reduced in the presence of 0.5-1.5% alpha-aminobutyrate but this inhibition was largely overcome by the use of preadapted inoculum. Metabolism of alpha-aminobutyrate was also increased using preadapted inoculum. During growth in the presence of 0.5-1.5% alpha-aminobutyrate, both organisms accumulated high concentrations of isoleucine (100-225 microgram/mL) while the normal accumulation of valine was unaffected. alpha-Ketobutyrate, a product of alpha-aminobutyrate metabolism, also stimulated isoleucine excretion by these organisms. The results are discussed in relation to the regulation of the biosynthetic pathways of isoleucine and valine in these rumen anaerobes and the potential significance of this amino acid excretion in ruminant nutrition.", "contents": "The effect of L-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid on growth and production of extracellular isoleucine and valine by Eubacterium ruminantium and a related rumen isolate. Two anaerobic rumen bacteria, Eubacterium ruminantium and a closely related isolate, were studied to determine the effect of the valine antimetabolite alpha-aminobutyric acid on growth and production of extracellular isoleucine and valine in an amino acid free medium. In the absence of alpha-aminobutyrate, these organisms actively excreted valine during growth (90-195 microgram/mL) but only accumulated limited concentrations of isoleucine (3-7 microgram/mL) in the culture broth. Growth of both organisms was reduced in the presence of 0.5-1.5% alpha-aminobutyrate but this inhibition was largely overcome by the use of preadapted inoculum. Metabolism of alpha-aminobutyrate was also increased using preadapted inoculum. During growth in the presence of 0.5-1.5% alpha-aminobutyrate, both organisms accumulated high concentrations of isoleucine (100-225 microgram/mL) while the normal accumulation of valine was unaffected. alpha-Ketobutyrate, a product of alpha-aminobutyrate metabolism, also stimulated isoleucine excretion by these organisms. The results are discussed in relation to the regulation of the biosynthetic pathways of isoleucine and valine in these rumen anaerobes and the potential significance of this amino acid excretion in ruminant nutrition.", "PMID": 575311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11585", "title": "Hormone profile in premenstrual tension: effects of bromocriptine and diuretics.", "content": "Plasma levels of prolactin, FSH, LH, progesterone and 17-beta-oestradiol in twenty women with premenstrual tension were compared with those in twenty controls. The former group was studied also during treatment with bromocriptine. The mean prolactin level in the PMT group was lower in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase (P less than 0.01), but there was no difference between the PMT and control group in the luteal phase. No differences were found between the controls and the PMT group in FSH,LH, 17-beta-oestradiol and progesterone levels in the luteal phase. Bromocriptine suppressed prolactin concentrations (P less than 0.01), but had no effect on the FSH, LH, 17-B-oestradiol or progesterone levels.", "contents": "Hormone profile in premenstrual tension: effects of bromocriptine and diuretics. Plasma levels of prolactin, FSH, LH, progesterone and 17-beta-oestradiol in twenty women with premenstrual tension were compared with those in twenty controls. The former group was studied also during treatment with bromocriptine. The mean prolactin level in the PMT group was lower in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase (P less than 0.01), but there was no difference between the PMT and control group in the luteal phase. No differences were found between the controls and the PMT group in FSH,LH, 17-beta-oestradiol and progesterone levels in the luteal phase. Bromocriptine suppressed prolactin concentrations (P less than 0.01), but had no effect on the FSH, LH, 17-B-oestradiol or progesterone levels.", "PMID": 575318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11586", "title": "Variability of serum ferritin concentration in normal subjects.", "content": "Serum ferritin concentrations were measured in normal subjects over periods of 1 day, 1 week and 7 weeks. The variation of the results was compared with variation of control of control sera. In most of the subjects the variation in the results could be attributed to the variation in the method of measurement. No diurnal variation in serum ferritin concentration was observed.", "contents": "Variability of serum ferritin concentration in normal subjects. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured in normal subjects over periods of 1 day, 1 week and 7 weeks. The variation of the results was compared with variation of control of control sera. In most of the subjects the variation in the results could be attributed to the variation in the method of measurement. No diurnal variation in serum ferritin concentration was observed.", "PMID": 575319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11587", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica in Oneida County, New York.", "content": "In a 7-month study during and after an outbreak of Yersiniosis in Oneida, N.Y., a total of 963 specimens were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica. Of the 103 Y. enterocolitica isolates recovered, 91 were from Oneida County. Sixty-two (60.2%) were from humans including 52 from Oneida County. The isolates from the outbreak were mainly serotype 0:8, which on biotypnig proved to be Nil\u00e9hn type 2, Wauters type 1, Knapp and Thal type 2. The rest of the isolates were distributed among various biotypes and included organisms which belonged to eight different serotypes. The results suggest that Y. enterocolitica may be ubiquitous in New York State, as it was isolated from 10 to 25% of 275 water, milk, and animal specimens examined and from about 2.3% of 300 sequential stool specimens submitted for Salmonella and Shigella screening.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica in Oneida County, New York. In a 7-month study during and after an outbreak of Yersiniosis in Oneida, N.Y., a total of 963 specimens were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica. Of the 103 Y. enterocolitica isolates recovered, 91 were from Oneida County. Sixty-two (60.2%) were from humans including 52 from Oneida County. The isolates from the outbreak were mainly serotype 0:8, which on biotypnig proved to be Nil\u00e9hn type 2, Wauters type 1, Knapp and Thal type 2. The rest of the isolates were distributed among various biotypes and included organisms which belonged to eight different serotypes. The results suggest that Y. enterocolitica may be ubiquitous in New York State, as it was isolated from 10 to 25% of 275 water, milk, and animal specimens examined and from about 2.3% of 300 sequential stool specimens submitted for Salmonella and Shigella screening.", "PMID": 575321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11588", "title": "Isolation and characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica-like bacteria from meats.", "content": "Seventeen Yersinia enterocolitica-like isolates from vacuum-packaged beef and lamb are described. A majority of the isolates were motile at 25 degrees C but not at 36 degrees C, utilized citrate at 25 degrees C (delayed or negative at 36 degrees C) and produced acid from rhamnose, raffinose and melibiose. Increases in count of Y. enterocolitica occurred on raw beef stored at 0--1 degrees C over a 10-day period. No viable Y. enterocolitica were detected in beef roasts which were inoculated with about 3 x 10(6) cells/g and subsequently heated to a final internal temperature of 60--62 degrees C. Y. enterocolitica counts of inoculated beef steaks stored at 1--5 degrees C for 21--35 days were consistently higher in the more oxygen-permeable films than in vacuum packages. Colonies of Y. enterocolitica and related bacteria from meats produced shiny, enamel-black colonies on bismuth sulfite agar with plate incubation at 25 degrees C for 3--5 days.", "contents": "Isolation and characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica-like bacteria from meats. Seventeen Yersinia enterocolitica-like isolates from vacuum-packaged beef and lamb are described. A majority of the isolates were motile at 25 degrees C but not at 36 degrees C, utilized citrate at 25 degrees C (delayed or negative at 36 degrees C) and produced acid from rhamnose, raffinose and melibiose. Increases in count of Y. enterocolitica occurred on raw beef stored at 0--1 degrees C over a 10-day period. No viable Y. enterocolitica were detected in beef roasts which were inoculated with about 3 x 10(6) cells/g and subsequently heated to a final internal temperature of 60--62 degrees C. Y. enterocolitica counts of inoculated beef steaks stored at 1--5 degrees C for 21--35 days were consistently higher in the more oxygen-permeable films than in vacuum packages. Colonies of Y. enterocolitica and related bacteria from meats produced shiny, enamel-black colonies on bismuth sulfite agar with plate incubation at 25 degrees C for 3--5 days.", "PMID": 575322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11589", "title": "[Dipetalonema viteae larva studied by scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "If the description in the literature is based on a study with the light microscope, in this work, with electron microscope scanning, the integumental surface on the larva of Dipetalonema viteae is studied at 1,500 to 50,000 magnifications.", "contents": "[Dipetalonema viteae larva studied by scanning electron microscopy]. If the description in the literature is based on a study with the light microscope, in this work, with electron microscope scanning, the integumental surface on the larva of Dipetalonema viteae is studied at 1,500 to 50,000 magnifications.", "PMID": 575317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11590", "title": "Radiological procedures in portal hypertension.", "content": "Radiological diagnosis in portal hypertension is of paramount importance for proper treatment. The site of portal obstruction is determined preoperatively by either direct (splenoportography, transumbilical portography, epiploography, selective percutaneous transhepatic catheterization) or direct (catheterization of the celiac truncus and/or the superior mesenteric artery) methods. After a shunt procedure the examination can best be done with a balloon catheter, by direct catheterization of a shunt or by indirect splenoportography. Recently, the radiologist has started to do the treatment by percutaneous transhepatic injection of a sclerosing agent into the gastric coronary vein. For each different method the advantages and disadvantages, the indications and technical procedure are described and discussed.", "contents": "Radiological procedures in portal hypertension. Radiological diagnosis in portal hypertension is of paramount importance for proper treatment. The site of portal obstruction is determined preoperatively by either direct (splenoportography, transumbilical portography, epiploography, selective percutaneous transhepatic catheterization) or direct (catheterization of the celiac truncus and/or the superior mesenteric artery) methods. After a shunt procedure the examination can best be done with a balloon catheter, by direct catheterization of a shunt or by indirect splenoportography. Recently, the radiologist has started to do the treatment by percutaneous transhepatic injection of a sclerosing agent into the gastric coronary vein. For each different method the advantages and disadvantages, the indications and technical procedure are described and discussed.", "PMID": 575323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11591", "title": "Carboxymethyl cellulose stimulation of neurite outgrowth of neuroblastoma cells in culture.", "content": "The addition of 1% (w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose to the culture medium induces the formation of neurites of clone N18 neuroblastoma cells even in the presence of normal (5-10%) serum supplement concentrations, which rivals that previously observed by growth in low 0.1% serum. Heavy metal ions associated with the carboxymethyl cellulose were responsible for small increases in the sizes of cell bodies during treatment. Pretreatment of the PC12 pheochromocytoma line of neuroblasts with carboxymethyl cellulose for 1 day prior to their stimulation with nerve growth factor resulted in an acceleration in the rate, but not extent, of neurite outgrowth.", "contents": "Carboxymethyl cellulose stimulation of neurite outgrowth of neuroblastoma cells in culture. The addition of 1% (w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose to the culture medium induces the formation of neurites of clone N18 neuroblastoma cells even in the presence of normal (5-10%) serum supplement concentrations, which rivals that previously observed by growth in low 0.1% serum. Heavy metal ions associated with the carboxymethyl cellulose were responsible for small increases in the sizes of cell bodies during treatment. Pretreatment of the PC12 pheochromocytoma line of neuroblasts with carboxymethyl cellulose for 1 day prior to their stimulation with nerve growth factor resulted in an acceleration in the rate, but not extent, of neurite outgrowth.", "PMID": 575324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11592", "title": "Effects of morphine on spontaneous activity of 18-day rat fetus.", "content": "The effects of morphine on spontaneous activity of 18-day fetal rats have been observed in utero. Morphine injected subcutaneously in the dam caused a decrease in fetal spontaneous activity which was dose-dependent. The maximum depression of activity occurred after 20 mg/kg was administered to the dam. Activity returned to control levels following naloxone administration to the dam. Fetuses which had been chronically exposed to morphine from days 7 through 17 and observed on day 18 of gestation became hyperactive following administration of naloxone to the dam. This is thought to represent fetal withdrawal.", "contents": "Effects of morphine on spontaneous activity of 18-day rat fetus. The effects of morphine on spontaneous activity of 18-day fetal rats have been observed in utero. Morphine injected subcutaneously in the dam caused a decrease in fetal spontaneous activity which was dose-dependent. The maximum depression of activity occurred after 20 mg/kg was administered to the dam. Activity returned to control levels following naloxone administration to the dam. Fetuses which had been chronically exposed to morphine from days 7 through 17 and observed on day 18 of gestation became hyperactive following administration of naloxone to the dam. This is thought to represent fetal withdrawal.", "PMID": 575325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11593", "title": "Intracranial haemorrhage in the preterm sheep fetus.", "content": "The germinal layer in the brain of the sheep fetus at 58--85 days of gestation was found to resemble that of the human infant at 28--30 wk of gestation. Experiments were done on 65 exteriorized fetuses to explore the effect of various combinations of asphyxia and raised intravascular pressures in causing bleeding into the germinal layer, ventricles and other parts of the brain. Asphyxia by itself did not produce an increase in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhages when compared with control fetuses. The combination of asphyxia with intermittent increases in arterial or venous pressure, or both, did cause haemorrhages. Large increases in arterial pressure without asphyxia also caused intracranial haemorrhages, whereas increases in venous pressure without asphyxia did not. The types of haemorrhage observed closely resembled those seen in the preterm human infant, although massive intraventricular haemorrhages (IVHs) were rare. We conclude that: (1) the sheep fetus can be used for investigating factors associated with intracranial haemorrhage in the preterm brain; (2) the most effective method of producing haemorrhages into the germinal layer was by a combination of asphyxia with intermittent increases in cerebral intravascular pressure. Similar mechanisms may be at work in the newborn human infant, and could lead to IVH.", "contents": "Intracranial haemorrhage in the preterm sheep fetus. The germinal layer in the brain of the sheep fetus at 58--85 days of gestation was found to resemble that of the human infant at 28--30 wk of gestation. Experiments were done on 65 exteriorized fetuses to explore the effect of various combinations of asphyxia and raised intravascular pressures in causing bleeding into the germinal layer, ventricles and other parts of the brain. Asphyxia by itself did not produce an increase in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhages when compared with control fetuses. The combination of asphyxia with intermittent increases in arterial or venous pressure, or both, did cause haemorrhages. Large increases in arterial pressure without asphyxia also caused intracranial haemorrhages, whereas increases in venous pressure without asphyxia did not. The types of haemorrhage observed closely resembled those seen in the preterm human infant, although massive intraventricular haemorrhages (IVHs) were rare. We conclude that: (1) the sheep fetus can be used for investigating factors associated with intracranial haemorrhage in the preterm brain; (2) the most effective method of producing haemorrhages into the germinal layer was by a combination of asphyxia with intermittent increases in cerebral intravascular pressure. Similar mechanisms may be at work in the newborn human infant, and could lead to IVH.", "PMID": 575326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11594", "title": "Quantitative studies on the occurrence of praziquantel in milk and plasma of lactating women.", "content": "10 healthy lactating women were treated orally with the anthelmintic praziquantel (Biltricide), and the resulting timedependent concentrations of the unchanged substance in plasma and milk were determined simultaneously. 5 of the women (\"1st trial\") received the single dose of 50 mg/kg; the other 5 women (\"2nd trial\") were treated three times at 4 hour intervals with 20 mg/kg. During the 1st trial a maximal plasma-concentration of 1.30 mg/l (arithmetic mean) was found. Subsequently the mean plasma-concentration decreased continuously and after 24 h it was only 0.4% of the maximum. During the 2nd trial the highest mean value (1.92 mg/l) was found 10 h after the first administration; after 32 h (24 h after the last administration) the mean value was 0.6% of the maximum mean value. The mean areas under the concentration/time-curves were 5.25 h. mg/l and 13.8 h . mg/l, respectively. The plasma half-life was estimated to be 3 hours. In both trials the concentration/time-curves of the milk corresponded qualitatively to those of the plasma. However, in each person and at each time, the concentration in the milk were essentially lower than those in the plasma. On the average, the plasma-concentrations were four times higher than the milk-concentrations. The mean values of the milk-concentrations increased and decreased correspondingly with those of the plasma-concentrations. At the end of the investigation (24 and 32 h, respectively, from the beginning) they were lower than the limit of determination (4 microgram/l). The mean excretion with the milk of the 10 women was 0.0008% of the given dose. From the comparative concentration/time-course, it could be demonstrated that the milk does not represent a deep department but readily equilibrates with the plasma. Equilibration obviously takes place by passive diffusion and not by active secretion.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the occurrence of praziquantel in milk and plasma of lactating women. 10 healthy lactating women were treated orally with the anthelmintic praziquantel (Biltricide), and the resulting timedependent concentrations of the unchanged substance in plasma and milk were determined simultaneously. 5 of the women (\"1st trial\") received the single dose of 50 mg/kg; the other 5 women (\"2nd trial\") were treated three times at 4 hour intervals with 20 mg/kg. During the 1st trial a maximal plasma-concentration of 1.30 mg/l (arithmetic mean) was found. Subsequently the mean plasma-concentration decreased continuously and after 24 h it was only 0.4% of the maximum. During the 2nd trial the highest mean value (1.92 mg/l) was found 10 h after the first administration; after 32 h (24 h after the last administration) the mean value was 0.6% of the maximum mean value. The mean areas under the concentration/time-curves were 5.25 h. mg/l and 13.8 h . mg/l, respectively. The plasma half-life was estimated to be 3 hours. In both trials the concentration/time-curves of the milk corresponded qualitatively to those of the plasma. However, in each person and at each time, the concentration in the milk were essentially lower than those in the plasma. On the average, the plasma-concentrations were four times higher than the milk-concentrations. The mean values of the milk-concentrations increased and decreased correspondingly with those of the plasma-concentrations. At the end of the investigation (24 and 32 h, respectively, from the beginning) they were lower than the limit of determination (4 microgram/l). The mean excretion with the milk of the 10 women was 0.0008% of the given dose. From the comparative concentration/time-course, it could be demonstrated that the milk does not represent a deep department but readily equilibrates with the plasma. Equilibration obviously takes place by passive diffusion and not by active secretion.", "PMID": 575330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11595", "title": "Increase in lifespan of rats following polypeptide pineal extract treatment.", "content": "The 20 month-long treatment of female rats with daily doses of 0.1 or 0.5 mg of polypeptide pineal extract (PPE) per animal increased their lifespan by 10 and 25%, respectively, as compared with controls. At the age of 16--18 months, 38% of control rats exhibited persistent disturbances in estral function (constant estrus or repeated pseudogestations), whereas these disorders were observed in 7% of experimental animals only. After administration of PPE to 16--18 month-old female rats checked for sterility by a two-week mating, a second mating period resulted in gestation development in four out of 16 animals and deliveries, accordingly. While chronic treatment with PPE did not affect the rate of neoplasm incidence, the mean age of tumour detection in the control group was 697 days and in experimental groups it was 811 and 868 days, respectively. Certain aspects of the interrelationship of rate of ageing, lifespan and specific age pathology are discussed.", "contents": "Increase in lifespan of rats following polypeptide pineal extract treatment. The 20 month-long treatment of female rats with daily doses of 0.1 or 0.5 mg of polypeptide pineal extract (PPE) per animal increased their lifespan by 10 and 25%, respectively, as compared with controls. At the age of 16--18 months, 38% of control rats exhibited persistent disturbances in estral function (constant estrus or repeated pseudogestations), whereas these disorders were observed in 7% of experimental animals only. After administration of PPE to 16--18 month-old female rats checked for sterility by a two-week mating, a second mating period resulted in gestation development in four out of 16 animals and deliveries, accordingly. While chronic treatment with PPE did not affect the rate of neoplasm incidence, the mean age of tumour detection in the control group was 697 days and in experimental groups it was 811 and 868 days, respectively. Certain aspects of the interrelationship of rate of ageing, lifespan and specific age pathology are discussed.", "PMID": 575333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11596", "title": "[Iodine concentration in the blood and urine in children depending on the goiter size].", "content": "Epidemiological investigations have shown that at the Bia\u0142ystok Province about 30% of children and youth is afflicted with goitre. In this area drinking water is poor in iodine and iodine supply with food is quite unsatisfactory. The purpose of the present work has been to check the behaviour of the serum and urine iodine in children with thyroid goitre. The estimations of I in blood serum were made in 126 children with goitre (I, II, and III, according to the WHO classification) and in 100 healthy children. The method used included buthanol extraction according to Fisher and Morris. The concentration of iodine and its excretion rate in urine were assessed in 119 children with goitre of various advancement, an; in 170 children not affected with goitre, using the method of Fisher and Morris adopted to urine analysis. The authors found the following values for serum protein bound iodine: control group 4.9 microgram/100 ml, at average; 4.3 microgram/100 ml, 3.0 microgram/100 ml, and 2.6 microgram/100 ml in those affected with I, II, and III of the goitre, respectively. The 24 hr urine excretion rate of iodine in healthy children amounted to 66.4 microgram, and 64.2 microgram, 53.6 microgram, and 4o.2 microgram in those with I, II, and III goitre, respectively. The above results indicate a significant decrease of iodine concentration in blood serum and in urine in children with goitre; this decrease has been found to be dependent on the degree of the thyroid gland enlargement. The differences were statistically significant.", "contents": "[Iodine concentration in the blood and urine in children depending on the goiter size]. Epidemiological investigations have shown that at the Bia\u0142ystok Province about 30% of children and youth is afflicted with goitre. In this area drinking water is poor in iodine and iodine supply with food is quite unsatisfactory. The purpose of the present work has been to check the behaviour of the serum and urine iodine in children with thyroid goitre. The estimations of I in blood serum were made in 126 children with goitre (I, II, and III, according to the WHO classification) and in 100 healthy children. The method used included buthanol extraction according to Fisher and Morris. The concentration of iodine and its excretion rate in urine were assessed in 119 children with goitre of various advancement, an; in 170 children not affected with goitre, using the method of Fisher and Morris adopted to urine analysis. The authors found the following values for serum protein bound iodine: control group 4.9 microgram/100 ml, at average; 4.3 microgram/100 ml, 3.0 microgram/100 ml, and 2.6 microgram/100 ml in those affected with I, II, and III of the goitre, respectively. The 24 hr urine excretion rate of iodine in healthy children amounted to 66.4 microgram, and 64.2 microgram, 53.6 microgram, and 4o.2 microgram in those with I, II, and III goitre, respectively. The above results indicate a significant decrease of iodine concentration in blood serum and in urine in children with goitre; this decrease has been found to be dependent on the degree of the thyroid gland enlargement. The differences were statistically significant.", "PMID": 575329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11597", "title": "Clinical, hormonal and semiological data in adult men operated in childhood for hypospadias.", "content": "Examination of 16 adult men operated in childhood for hypospadias revealed signs of moderate injury of the male genital system. It appears that accessory sexual glands were mainly responsible for the observed abnormalities. Since testicular position and size, serum testosterone and FSH levels were normal it seems that hypospadias and the accompanied disturbances are connected with reduction of responsiveness of target tissues to androgen stimuli rather, than with lesion of the testicle. The coexistence of normal serum testosterone and elevation of serum LH suggests the decrease of sensitivity of hypothalamic or pituitary receptors to negative feedback influence of androgens. The consciousness of sexual inadequacy noted in some cases was mainly of emotional character.", "contents": "Clinical, hormonal and semiological data in adult men operated in childhood for hypospadias. Examination of 16 adult men operated in childhood for hypospadias revealed signs of moderate injury of the male genital system. It appears that accessory sexual glands were mainly responsible for the observed abnormalities. Since testicular position and size, serum testosterone and FSH levels were normal it seems that hypospadias and the accompanied disturbances are connected with reduction of responsiveness of target tissues to androgen stimuli rather, than with lesion of the testicle. The coexistence of normal serum testosterone and elevation of serum LH suggests the decrease of sensitivity of hypothalamic or pituitary receptors to negative feedback influence of androgens. The consciousness of sexual inadequacy noted in some cases was mainly of emotional character.", "PMID": 575328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11598", "title": "Mutational analysis of natural alleles in and affecting the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum.", "content": "Primary mutations in the alleles of alpha 1 and beta 7 of the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum were induced with X rays. An additional mutation unlinked to the B factor and affecting its regulatory function was detected. This mutation is effective in monokaryons with most B-factor specificities. The spectra of induced mutations in different alleles is discussed in reference to a polarity in the expression of the recognition function and the regulatory function by each locus of the B incompatibility factor.", "contents": "Mutational analysis of natural alleles in and affecting the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum. Primary mutations in the alleles of alpha 1 and beta 7 of the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum were induced with X rays. An additional mutation unlinked to the B factor and affecting its regulatory function was detected. This mutation is effective in monokaryons with most B-factor specificities. The spectra of induced mutations in different alleles is discussed in reference to a polarity in the expression of the recognition function and the regulatory function by each locus of the B incompatibility factor.", "PMID": 575338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11599", "title": "The ultrastructural morphology of leukemia L 1210 ascites tumor cells transplanted with different frequency.", "content": "The mouse lymphatic leukemia L 1210 ascites tumor cells were transplanted every 3rd (L1210/3) or 6th day (L 1210/6) and then examined by an electron microscope. In cytoplasm of L 1210 cells thick bundles of 8 nm filaments were observed. Lysosomes were more numerous in L 1210/6 cells. Results obtained from morphometric datas shown that the relative cell volume of L 1210/6 population was 1.59 time larger as compared with L 1210/3. The index of nuclear volume to cell volume was very similar in both populations. The relative volume of endoplasmic reticulum was more than twice larger in the L 1210/3 population. The cell surface area was larger in the L 1210/6 cells as compared with this in L 1210/3 cells, but the increase in the surface was not proportional to the increase of the cell volume. The relative surface area of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae was smaller in L 1210/6 cells than in L 1210/3 population.", "contents": "The ultrastructural morphology of leukemia L 1210 ascites tumor cells transplanted with different frequency. The mouse lymphatic leukemia L 1210 ascites tumor cells were transplanted every 3rd (L1210/3) or 6th day (L 1210/6) and then examined by an electron microscope. In cytoplasm of L 1210 cells thick bundles of 8 nm filaments were observed. Lysosomes were more numerous in L 1210/6 cells. Results obtained from morphometric datas shown that the relative cell volume of L 1210/6 population was 1.59 time larger as compared with L 1210/3. The index of nuclear volume to cell volume was very similar in both populations. The relative volume of endoplasmic reticulum was more than twice larger in the L 1210/3 population. The cell surface area was larger in the L 1210/6 cells as compared with this in L 1210/3 cells, but the increase in the surface was not proportional to the increase of the cell volume. The relative surface area of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae was smaller in L 1210/6 cells than in L 1210/3 population.", "PMID": 575342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11600", "title": "The effect of hyperthyroidism induced by thyroideum siccatum on the central nervous system: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Ten adult male rats were administered orally with thyroideum siccatum every day to produce a hyperfunctional state of thyroid hormone. They were examined electron microscopically for the fine structure of the brain. Clinically, experimental rats lost in weight, manifested a hyperactive, irritative attitude, and were in an aggressive state. Electron microscopically, the nerve cells showed a slight increase in the number of mitochondria in the frontal cortex, spiral and petaloid variation of ER in the thalamus. The specific findings in the experimental rats were variations of synapse observed in the frontal and temporal cortex, gyrus hippocampi, and thalamus, centering around the hypothalamus. They included meandering of the presynaptic membrane, formation of vacuoles by the presynaptic membrane, saccate projection of this membrane to the postsynapse, and changes in vacuoles which were torn off and fell into the dendrite. These variations occurred in the synaptic membrane and ER, probably because synthesis of the membrane had been accelerated remarkably by the action of thyroid hormones. They were considered to have brought about abnormalities to the conductive and transmission system. They seemed to be closely related with emotional disturbances and psychic symptoms, since such variations were particularly apparent in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "The effect of hyperthyroidism induced by thyroideum siccatum on the central nervous system: an electron microscopic study. Ten adult male rats were administered orally with thyroideum siccatum every day to produce a hyperfunctional state of thyroid hormone. They were examined electron microscopically for the fine structure of the brain. Clinically, experimental rats lost in weight, manifested a hyperactive, irritative attitude, and were in an aggressive state. Electron microscopically, the nerve cells showed a slight increase in the number of mitochondria in the frontal cortex, spiral and petaloid variation of ER in the thalamus. The specific findings in the experimental rats were variations of synapse observed in the frontal and temporal cortex, gyrus hippocampi, and thalamus, centering around the hypothalamus. They included meandering of the presynaptic membrane, formation of vacuoles by the presynaptic membrane, saccate projection of this membrane to the postsynapse, and changes in vacuoles which were torn off and fell into the dendrite. These variations occurred in the synaptic membrane and ER, probably because synthesis of the membrane had been accelerated remarkably by the action of thyroid hormones. They were considered to have brought about abnormalities to the conductive and transmission system. They seemed to be closely related with emotional disturbances and psychic symptoms, since such variations were particularly apparent in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 575343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11601", "title": "[Transperitoneal fine needle biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in cancer diagnosis].", "content": "Preoperative lymphography was performed in 97 patients with urological malignoma. Fine needle punctions were performed of 458 suspicious as well as non-suspecious lymph nodes. In 22 cases lymphographic and cytological findings were compared with histological results after lymphadenectomy. It could be shown that of 15 cases with lymph node metastases lymphographic and cytologic findings were corresponding in 6 cases. In 9 cases tumor cells were found in lymph nodes even though the lymphogram was rated non-suspicious. It is concluded that fine needle biopsy of lymph nodes after lymphography is an important improvement in preoperative diagnosis of malignoma.", "contents": "[Transperitoneal fine needle biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in cancer diagnosis]. Preoperative lymphography was performed in 97 patients with urological malignoma. Fine needle punctions were performed of 458 suspicious as well as non-suspecious lymph nodes. In 22 cases lymphographic and cytological findings were compared with histological results after lymphadenectomy. It could be shown that of 15 cases with lymph node metastases lymphographic and cytologic findings were corresponding in 6 cases. In 9 cases tumor cells were found in lymph nodes even though the lymphogram was rated non-suspicious. It is concluded that fine needle biopsy of lymph nodes after lymphography is an important improvement in preoperative diagnosis of malignoma.", "PMID": 575345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11602", "title": "The effect of basic proteins on the haemostatic system of the dog.", "content": "Intravenous administration of histones or protamine to dogs resulted in a fall of the number of blood platelets, a lowered prothrombin consumption, a fall in the fibrinogen level, activation of the fibrinolytic system and deterioration of blood clot retraction.", "contents": "The effect of basic proteins on the haemostatic system of the dog. Intravenous administration of histones or protamine to dogs resulted in a fall of the number of blood platelets, a lowered prothrombin consumption, a fall in the fibrinogen level, activation of the fibrinolytic system and deterioration of blood clot retraction.", "PMID": 575340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11603", "title": "The suckling-induced rise of plasma prolactin in lactating rats: its dependence on stage of lactation and litter size.", "content": "The response of plasma prolactin in vigorous suckling was measured in lactating rats which had been isolated for 10-12 h from their offspring. Plasma prolactin was investigated during suckling at various stages of lactation. The results demonstrate that prolactin responds maximally to suckling already in the first days of lactation. In the second half of the lactation period, the prolactin rise in the plasma induced by suckling decreases gradually; this is not due to a reduced suck-intensity of older pups. A relationship is found between the height of the suckling-induced prolactin rise and litter size. The data suggest that during suckling in the first weeks of lactation the pituitary secretes large amounts of prolactin at a constant rate. It is speculated that in the first minutes of suckling, receptors may clear considerable amounts of released prolactin from the circulation.", "contents": "The suckling-induced rise of plasma prolactin in lactating rats: its dependence on stage of lactation and litter size. The response of plasma prolactin in vigorous suckling was measured in lactating rats which had been isolated for 10-12 h from their offspring. Plasma prolactin was investigated during suckling at various stages of lactation. The results demonstrate that prolactin responds maximally to suckling already in the first days of lactation. In the second half of the lactation period, the prolactin rise in the plasma induced by suckling decreases gradually; this is not due to a reduced suck-intensity of older pups. A relationship is found between the height of the suckling-induced prolactin rise and litter size. The data suggest that during suckling in the first weeks of lactation the pituitary secretes large amounts of prolactin at a constant rate. It is speculated that in the first minutes of suckling, receptors may clear considerable amounts of released prolactin from the circulation.", "PMID": 575346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11604", "title": "Serum thrombocytopoietic activity in thrombocytopenias.", "content": "By means of a bioassay performed in rats utilizing 75Se-selenomethionine as a platelet marker in vivo, serum thrombocytopoietic activity (STA) was determined in 9 healthy volunteers and in 82 patients with thrombocytopenia, viz. 27 cases of ITP (9 acute and 18 chronic), 19 of aplastic anaemia, 19 of acute leukaemia and 17 of chronic proliferative disorders. STA was the highest in the ITP group (p less than 0.01), particularly in the cases of short duration (p less than 0.001). In acute leukaemia, the STA was remarkably elevated (p less than 0.02) and a negative correlation between STA and blood platelet count could be demonstrated. A negative correlation between STA and the duration of thrombocytopenia was also found in the patients with ITP. No significant increase of STA was observed in patients with ITP after corticosteroid administration. In 5 out of 7 cases who responded satisfactorily to splenectomy a significant fall of STA was demonstrated after surgery. A slight, but statistically significant, rise of the STA value was found in patients with aplastic anaemia (p less than 0.05). No STA elevation was observed in the cases of chronic proliferative disorders with thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Serum thrombocytopoietic activity in thrombocytopenias. By means of a bioassay performed in rats utilizing 75Se-selenomethionine as a platelet marker in vivo, serum thrombocytopoietic activity (STA) was determined in 9 healthy volunteers and in 82 patients with thrombocytopenia, viz. 27 cases of ITP (9 acute and 18 chronic), 19 of aplastic anaemia, 19 of acute leukaemia and 17 of chronic proliferative disorders. STA was the highest in the ITP group (p less than 0.01), particularly in the cases of short duration (p less than 0.001). In acute leukaemia, the STA was remarkably elevated (p less than 0.02) and a negative correlation between STA and blood platelet count could be demonstrated. A negative correlation between STA and the duration of thrombocytopenia was also found in the patients with ITP. No significant increase of STA was observed in patients with ITP after corticosteroid administration. In 5 out of 7 cases who responded satisfactorily to splenectomy a significant fall of STA was demonstrated after surgery. A slight, but statistically significant, rise of the STA value was found in patients with aplastic anaemia (p less than 0.05). No STA elevation was observed in the cases of chronic proliferative disorders with thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 575341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11605", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in cultured peripheral lymphocytes from twins.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange points (SCE points) on individual chromosomes were studied in cultured lymphocytes from 11 monozygotic (MZ) and nine dizygotic (DZ) same-sexed pairs by means of sequential Q-banding and BUdR-Giemsa techniques. No statistically significant variation between unrelated individuals with respect to SCE points on specific chromosomes was found. Intrapair differences in the number of SCE points on specific chromosomes were not significantly smaller between MZ twin partners as compared with DZ partners. The results suggest that genetic factors do not play any major role in the frequency and distribution of SCE in normal subjects.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in cultured peripheral lymphocytes from twins. Sister chromatid exchange points (SCE points) on individual chromosomes were studied in cultured lymphocytes from 11 monozygotic (MZ) and nine dizygotic (DZ) same-sexed pairs by means of sequential Q-banding and BUdR-Giemsa techniques. No statistically significant variation between unrelated individuals with respect to SCE points on specific chromosomes was found. Intrapair differences in the number of SCE points on specific chromosomes were not significantly smaller between MZ twin partners as compared with DZ partners. The results suggest that genetic factors do not play any major role in the frequency and distribution of SCE in normal subjects.", "PMID": 575347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11606", "title": "Familial transmission of a translocation Y/14.", "content": "A translocation of heterochromatic material, brightly fluorescent after actinomycin D-DAPI staining, to the short arm of chromosome 14 was prenatally detected during cytogenetic examination of cells obtained by amniocentesis on the indication of advanced maternal age. Besides this abnormal chromosome, 43 autosomes and two X chromosomes were present. Silver staining made clear that an active nucleolus-organizing region was included in the translocation product. Both the intense fluorescence and the size of the translocated extra heterochromatic block were indicative of a Yq origin. Upon cytogenetic investigation of the parents, the mother appeared to carry the same t(Y;14) chromosome. Therefore, we expected a normal girl to be born. This was confirmed after birth.", "contents": "Familial transmission of a translocation Y/14. A translocation of heterochromatic material, brightly fluorescent after actinomycin D-DAPI staining, to the short arm of chromosome 14 was prenatally detected during cytogenetic examination of cells obtained by amniocentesis on the indication of advanced maternal age. Besides this abnormal chromosome, 43 autosomes and two X chromosomes were present. Silver staining made clear that an active nucleolus-organizing region was included in the translocation product. Both the intense fluorescence and the size of the translocated extra heterochromatic block were indicative of a Yq origin. Upon cytogenetic investigation of the parents, the mother appeared to carry the same t(Y;14) chromosome. Therefore, we expected a normal girl to be born. This was confirmed after birth.", "PMID": 575349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11607", "title": "Comparison of the intracellular lipids of cultured vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts.", "content": "The lipids of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, calf aortic endothelial cells and foreskin fibroblasts have been compared. Cell cultures were established, and, upon confluency, the lipids were extracted and analyzed with respect to total lipid content, classes of lipids and total lipid fatty acid composition. The total quantity of lipid per milligram protein found in both human umbilical vein endothelium and calf aorta endothelium was similar to that found in fibroblasts grown in similar medium. Both types of endothelium contained the same major neutral lipid classes as fibroblasts, although they contained more phospholipid than did fibroblasts. The fatty acid composition of the three cells examined was influenced by cell type as well as the type of serum in the culture medium.", "contents": "Comparison of the intracellular lipids of cultured vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The lipids of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, calf aortic endothelial cells and foreskin fibroblasts have been compared. Cell cultures were established, and, upon confluency, the lipids were extracted and analyzed with respect to total lipid content, classes of lipids and total lipid fatty acid composition. The total quantity of lipid per milligram protein found in both human umbilical vein endothelium and calf aorta endothelium was similar to that found in fibroblasts grown in similar medium. Both types of endothelium contained the same major neutral lipid classes as fibroblasts, although they contained more phospholipid than did fibroblasts. The fatty acid composition of the three cells examined was influenced by cell type as well as the type of serum in the culture medium.", "PMID": 575351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11608", "title": "Canine rabies seasonality.", "content": "Data on births and oestrus cycles of 531 randomly sampled female dogs in Lima, Peru, were collected during 1974. Changes in the proportions of puppies in the canine population throughout the year were similar to the seasonal distribution of canine rabies. This finding has implication for the funding and thrust of any control programme.", "contents": "Canine rabies seasonality. Data on births and oestrus cycles of 531 randomly sampled female dogs in Lima, Peru, were collected during 1974. Changes in the proportions of puppies in the canine population throughout the year were similar to the seasonal distribution of canine rabies. This finding has implication for the funding and thrust of any control programme.", "PMID": 575355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11609", "title": "Reimplantation of completely amputated rat limb.", "content": "A technique for the amputation and immediate reimplantation of rats legs was studied using a microsurgical technique. Complete survival of the reimplanted leg was achieved by basing the blood supply on anastomoses of arteries about 0.4 mm in external diameter. Anastomoses of vessels in that range by interrupted sutures of 10/0 and 11/0 black monofilament nylon proved to be compatible with leg survival. The ultimate survival of the reimplanted limbs depended upon microsurgical technique, preoperative and operative heparinization and external protection during the recovery phase. Animals are alive and using the replanted limb, several months postoperatively.", "contents": "Reimplantation of completely amputated rat limb. A technique for the amputation and immediate reimplantation of rats legs was studied using a microsurgical technique. Complete survival of the reimplanted leg was achieved by basing the blood supply on anastomoses of arteries about 0.4 mm in external diameter. Anastomoses of vessels in that range by interrupted sutures of 10/0 and 11/0 black monofilament nylon proved to be compatible with leg survival. The ultimate survival of the reimplanted limbs depended upon microsurgical technique, preoperative and operative heparinization and external protection during the recovery phase. Animals are alive and using the replanted limb, several months postoperatively.", "PMID": 575356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11610", "title": "A comparative study of electrosurgical vs. cold urethrotomy in the treatment of urethral strictures.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with urethral stricture were subjected to internal urethrotomy under visual control. The patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical procedure: electrosurgical or cold resection. A modification of the Sachse knife was introduced in order to permit its use with the American Cystoscope Makers Inc. instruments. The success rate with cold resection was 81.81% and with the electrosurgical procedure 40%. Internal urethrotomy with cold resection is a simple and harmless operation, being a first choice in the treatment of urethral stricture.", "contents": "A comparative study of electrosurgical vs. cold urethrotomy in the treatment of urethral strictures. Thirty-one patients with urethral stricture were subjected to internal urethrotomy under visual control. The patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical procedure: electrosurgical or cold resection. A modification of the Sachse knife was introduced in order to permit its use with the American Cystoscope Makers Inc. instruments. The success rate with cold resection was 81.81% and with the electrosurgical procedure 40%. Internal urethrotomy with cold resection is a simple and harmless operation, being a first choice in the treatment of urethral stricture.", "PMID": 575357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11611", "title": "[Experiences with CO2-laser-surgery in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with 70 CO2-laser procedures are reported. 39 operations were performed in the larynx, 7 in the pharynx, 4 in the oral cavity; 19 were tonsillectomies and 1 the excision of an exophytic skin tumor. The advantages of the CO2-laser-surgery are: minimal hemorrhage during surgery, excellent visibility in the operative field, slight postoperative edema and reduced postoperative pain. Surgery with the CO-2-laser beam is best performed for the following indications: endolaryngeal microsurgery, procedures in highly vascularized organs (tongue) or on well vascularized tumors (hemangioma), operations in hemophiliacs.", "contents": "[Experiences with CO2-laser-surgery in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. Experiences with 70 CO2-laser procedures are reported. 39 operations were performed in the larynx, 7 in the pharynx, 4 in the oral cavity; 19 were tonsillectomies and 1 the excision of an exophytic skin tumor. The advantages of the CO2-laser-surgery are: minimal hemorrhage during surgery, excellent visibility in the operative field, slight postoperative edema and reduced postoperative pain. Surgery with the CO-2-laser beam is best performed for the following indications: endolaryngeal microsurgery, procedures in highly vascularized organs (tongue) or on well vascularized tumors (hemangioma), operations in hemophiliacs.", "PMID": 575358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11612", "title": "Mitotic rate of thyroid follicular cells in untreated and goitrogen-treated rats: variation with time of day.", "content": "The paper presents the results of investigations into the mitotic rates of thyroid follicular cells of adult male rats maintained under controlled conditions of temperature, photoperiod and handling. The mitotic rate in eight successive 3 hour periods of the day showed a clear mitotic rhythm, with a maximum at 12.00--15.00 hours in untreated rats. The mitotic rate over the 24 hour period was 7.6+/-0.83(S.E.)metaphases/10000 cells/hour. Rats treated with the antithyroid drug, carbimazole, for three weeks were manifestly hypothyroid, as shown by decreases in oxygen consumption and rate of growth. With carbimazole the mitotic rate of the thyroid follicular cells was increased three-fold, and the mitotic rhythm was no longer detectable. In an experiment to test the efficiency of vincristine sulphate, the accumulation of metaphases after 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg vincristine was linear for 0.5--8 hours, although, at the higher dose, the number of metaphases was reduced after 8 hours. The mean daily mitotic rate in untreated rats was approximately commensurate with the rate of increase of body weight, which supports the classification of follicular cells as an 'expanding cell population'.", "contents": "Mitotic rate of thyroid follicular cells in untreated and goitrogen-treated rats: variation with time of day. The paper presents the results of investigations into the mitotic rates of thyroid follicular cells of adult male rats maintained under controlled conditions of temperature, photoperiod and handling. The mitotic rate in eight successive 3 hour periods of the day showed a clear mitotic rhythm, with a maximum at 12.00--15.00 hours in untreated rats. The mitotic rate over the 24 hour period was 7.6+/-0.83(S.E.)metaphases/10000 cells/hour. Rats treated with the antithyroid drug, carbimazole, for three weeks were manifestly hypothyroid, as shown by decreases in oxygen consumption and rate of growth. With carbimazole the mitotic rate of the thyroid follicular cells was increased three-fold, and the mitotic rhythm was no longer detectable. In an experiment to test the efficiency of vincristine sulphate, the accumulation of metaphases after 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg vincristine was linear for 0.5--8 hours, although, at the higher dose, the number of metaphases was reduced after 8 hours. The mean daily mitotic rate in untreated rats was approximately commensurate with the rate of increase of body weight, which supports the classification of follicular cells as an 'expanding cell population'.", "PMID": 575359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11613", "title": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy of elastic cartilage.", "content": "The elastic cartilage of the rat epiglottis was studied with a high-resolution SEM technique. The chondrocytes were found to be anchored in their lacunae by fibrils running in from the territorial matrix. This matrix exhibited a dense network of fibrils arranged tangentially around the lacunar cavity. The fibrils of the inter-territorial matrix however, formed a three dimensional network of sheets with interconnecting fibrils. The SEM has shown up for the first time a substructure in the fibrils in the form of circular protuberances arranged circumferentially around the fibrils and forming ridges 12--19 nm apart. We suggest that the fibrils are collagen, and the protuberances are the proteoglycans attached to the collagen fibrils. Globules seen attached to the fibrils are most probably 'matrix granules' as observed in other kinds of cartilage. The total inability to visualize elastin with the high resolution SEM is puzzling.", "contents": "High resolution scanning electron microscopy of elastic cartilage. The elastic cartilage of the rat epiglottis was studied with a high-resolution SEM technique. The chondrocytes were found to be anchored in their lacunae by fibrils running in from the territorial matrix. This matrix exhibited a dense network of fibrils arranged tangentially around the lacunar cavity. The fibrils of the inter-territorial matrix however, formed a three dimensional network of sheets with interconnecting fibrils. The SEM has shown up for the first time a substructure in the fibrils in the form of circular protuberances arranged circumferentially around the fibrils and forming ridges 12--19 nm apart. We suggest that the fibrils are collagen, and the protuberances are the proteoglycans attached to the collagen fibrils. Globules seen attached to the fibrils are most probably 'matrix granules' as observed in other kinds of cartilage. The total inability to visualize elastin with the high resolution SEM is puzzling.", "PMID": 575360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11614", "title": "Mechanisms of smooth muscle antibody production: a clinical study in children with infections, haemolytic syndromes, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Sera from 530 children suffering from various diseases and from 64 controls were tested for smooth muscle autoantibodies (SMA) by indirect immunofluorescence. A high incidence of SMA (51-86%) was found in patients with viral and bacterial infections (viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, measles, mumps, chickenpox, typhoid fever, and brucellosis), independently of liver invovlvement, and in patients with acute haemolytic anaemia due to G-6-PD deficiency (48%). By contrast, the incidence of SMA from patients with beta-thalassaemia major and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was no higher than in the controls. The discrepancy in incidence in haemolytic anaemias due to different causes may reflect the effect of endogenous and extrinsic agents. In the viral infections, SMA were mainly of the IgM class and gave an 'SMA-V' staining pattern. In bacterial infections (typhoid fever and brucellosis), SMA were either IgG only or IgM and IgG, and the staining pattern was also mainly 'SMA-V'. In infections which affect or may affect the liver (viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, typhoid fever, and brucellosis), SMA was present at high titres (1:80-1:320), whereas in infections not affecting the liver (measles, mumps, and chickenpox) the titres were lower (less than or equal to 1:80). In most patients SMA occurred transiently and without apparent pathogenetic significance. The antigen against which infection-induced SMA is directed is not actin; its nature has yet to be identified.", "contents": "Mechanisms of smooth muscle antibody production: a clinical study in children with infections, haemolytic syndromes, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Sera from 530 children suffering from various diseases and from 64 controls were tested for smooth muscle autoantibodies (SMA) by indirect immunofluorescence. A high incidence of SMA (51-86%) was found in patients with viral and bacterial infections (viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, measles, mumps, chickenpox, typhoid fever, and brucellosis), independently of liver invovlvement, and in patients with acute haemolytic anaemia due to G-6-PD deficiency (48%). By contrast, the incidence of SMA from patients with beta-thalassaemia major and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was no higher than in the controls. The discrepancy in incidence in haemolytic anaemias due to different causes may reflect the effect of endogenous and extrinsic agents. In the viral infections, SMA were mainly of the IgM class and gave an 'SMA-V' staining pattern. In bacterial infections (typhoid fever and brucellosis), SMA were either IgG only or IgM and IgG, and the staining pattern was also mainly 'SMA-V'. In infections which affect or may affect the liver (viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, typhoid fever, and brucellosis), SMA was present at high titres (1:80-1:320), whereas in infections not affecting the liver (measles, mumps, and chickenpox) the titres were lower (less than or equal to 1:80). In most patients SMA occurred transiently and without apparent pathogenetic significance. The antigen against which infection-induced SMA is directed is not actin; its nature has yet to be identified.", "PMID": 575362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11615", "title": "How concentrate feeding affects glucoregulatory hormones in ruminants: implications in bovine ketosis.", "content": "Twenty-four feedlot steers and four sheep were fed roughage or grain rations while three other sheep received intraduodenal infusions of amino acids, glucose, volatile fatty acids, and proteins to determine whether the release of plasma glucagon-like immunoreactivity is influenced by dietary factors and the composition of duodenal chyme. Plasma glucagon-like immunoreactivity rose in both cattle and sheep as the proportion of grain in their rations was increased. In response to intraduodenal infusions, only glucose stimulated glucagon-like immunoreactivity release. These experiments demonstrate that plasma glucagon-like immunoreactivity concentrations change in cattle and sheep in response to the amount of grain consumed and that glucagon-like immunoreactivity release is triggered by glucose in intestinal chyme.", "contents": "How concentrate feeding affects glucoregulatory hormones in ruminants: implications in bovine ketosis. Twenty-four feedlot steers and four sheep were fed roughage or grain rations while three other sheep received intraduodenal infusions of amino acids, glucose, volatile fatty acids, and proteins to determine whether the release of plasma glucagon-like immunoreactivity is influenced by dietary factors and the composition of duodenal chyme. Plasma glucagon-like immunoreactivity rose in both cattle and sheep as the proportion of grain in their rations was increased. In response to intraduodenal infusions, only glucose stimulated glucagon-like immunoreactivity release. These experiments demonstrate that plasma glucagon-like immunoreactivity concentrations change in cattle and sheep in response to the amount of grain consumed and that glucagon-like immunoreactivity release is triggered by glucose in intestinal chyme.", "PMID": 575363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11616", "title": "Oral nicotinic acid as a treatment for ketosis.", "content": "Changes in blood metabolites and milk production were measured in eight cows with subclinical or clinical ketosis following treatment with daily doses of 12 g nicotinic acid fed with the concentrate mixture. Ketotic cows displayed a positive milk ketone test, reduced milk production and feed intake, hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, and elevated free fatty acids in plasma. The milk ketone test was negative in all cows 5 to 9 days following initiation of treatment. After 7 days of treatment, milk production and glucose in plasma were increased while there were decreases in plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids. No relapses occurred.", "contents": "Oral nicotinic acid as a treatment for ketosis. Changes in blood metabolites and milk production were measured in eight cows with subclinical or clinical ketosis following treatment with daily doses of 12 g nicotinic acid fed with the concentrate mixture. Ketotic cows displayed a positive milk ketone test, reduced milk production and feed intake, hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, and elevated free fatty acids in plasma. The milk ketone test was negative in all cows 5 to 9 days following initiation of treatment. After 7 days of treatment, milk production and glucose in plasma were increased while there were decreases in plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids. No relapses occurred.", "PMID": 575364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11617", "title": "Quantitative regularities of development of endogenous infection in irradiated organism (survey of literature).", "content": "Statistical analysis of data from the literature and the author's own experimental results was carried out in order to reveal functional dependence between the dose of irradiation and the development of endogenous infection in an irradiated organism. Direct linear dependence was established between the dose of irradiation and the severity of endogenous infection at doses causing death from the \"bone-marrow\" syndrome in acute radiation sickness. In the case of death from the \"intestinal\" syndrome, inverse linear dependence can be observed between the dose of irradiation and the culture yield of microbes from internal organs. In this case, the pathological effect on the organism is due to bacterial endotoxins formed during disintegration of microbial cells in the organism. Endogenous infection and endotoxinaemia essentially aggravate the course of acute radiation disease. The importance of endogenous infection in death of the organism is neutralized after irradiation in doses causing death \"under the ray\".", "contents": "Quantitative regularities of development of endogenous infection in irradiated organism (survey of literature). Statistical analysis of data from the literature and the author's own experimental results was carried out in order to reveal functional dependence between the dose of irradiation and the development of endogenous infection in an irradiated organism. Direct linear dependence was established between the dose of irradiation and the severity of endogenous infection at doses causing death from the \"bone-marrow\" syndrome in acute radiation sickness. In the case of death from the \"intestinal\" syndrome, inverse linear dependence can be observed between the dose of irradiation and the culture yield of microbes from internal organs. In this case, the pathological effect on the organism is due to bacterial endotoxins formed during disintegration of microbial cells in the organism. Endogenous infection and endotoxinaemia essentially aggravate the course of acute radiation disease. The importance of endogenous infection in death of the organism is neutralized after irradiation in doses causing death \"under the ray\".", "PMID": 575379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11618", "title": "Epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in 1970.", "content": "Epidemiological features of the epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in 1970, are described. On the basis of hospital figures and a House-to -House survey of 0.9% of the population it is estimated that 50-53% of Freetown's population suffered from the conjunctivitis in 20 weeks. Though no causative agent was isolated, it is supposed, on the basis of the striking similarity with other outbreaks, that the epidemic was caused by enterovirus type 70. Hospital figures, a house-to-house survey and a survey in a closed community provided evidence that man-to-man contact was the principal mode of spread.", "contents": "Epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in 1970. Epidemiological features of the epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in 1970, are described. On the basis of hospital figures and a House-to -House survey of 0.9% of the population it is estimated that 50-53% of Freetown's population suffered from the conjunctivitis in 20 weeks. Though no causative agent was isolated, it is supposed, on the basis of the striking similarity with other outbreaks, that the epidemic was caused by enterovirus type 70. Hospital figures, a house-to-house survey and a survey in a closed community provided evidence that man-to-man contact was the principal mode of spread.", "PMID": 575380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11619", "title": "Prospective study on streptococcal pharyngitis among a town population.", "content": "A one-year-round study on pharyngitis incidence among the general population of a town (24,300 inhabitants) was carried out. All patients, with pharyngitis who visited health centres were examined clinically and mcirobiologically. The overall pharyngitis incidence rate and the streptococcal pharyngitis incidence rate were, respectively, 8.3 and 3.9 cases per 100 population. Age-related incidence was highest in the group of 5-10 years, seasonal incidence was highest in autumn. Clinical diagnoses made preliminary to bacteriological examination were correct in only a half of the streptococcal pharyngitis cases. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis could, at best, be raised to 80% if fever of less than or equal to 38.0 degrees C and presence of exudate on tonsils should be considered significant criteria. A great majority of the streptococcal pharyngitis cases were caused by group A streptococci; the prevailing  M types were 12, 1 and 3. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of performing microbiological examination of all pharyngitis cases in order to ensure etiological diagnosis and causal therapy. 15)", "contents": "Prospective study on streptococcal pharyngitis among a town population. A one-year-round study on pharyngitis incidence among the general population of a town (24,300 inhabitants) was carried out. All patients, with pharyngitis who visited health centres were examined clinically and mcirobiologically. The overall pharyngitis incidence rate and the streptococcal pharyngitis incidence rate were, respectively, 8.3 and 3.9 cases per 100 population. Age-related incidence was highest in the group of 5-10 years, seasonal incidence was highest in autumn. Clinical diagnoses made preliminary to bacteriological examination were correct in only a half of the streptococcal pharyngitis cases. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis could, at best, be raised to 80% if fever of less than or equal to 38.0 degrees C and presence of exudate on tonsils should be considered significant criteria. A great majority of the streptococcal pharyngitis cases were caused by group A streptococci; the prevailing  M types were 12, 1 and 3. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of performing microbiological examination of all pharyngitis cases in order to ensure etiological diagnosis and causal therapy. 15)", "PMID": 575381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11620", "title": "Prevalence of ornithosis and other Chlamydia-like infections in the Ukrainian SSR.", "content": "The prevalence of ornithosis and other Chlamydia infections among various groups of the population, some species of birds and mammals was studied in several regions of the Ukrainian SSR. Among the town population having no occupational contact with domestic fowl and farm animals, complement-fixing antibodies to group ornithosis antigen were found in 6.5% of the examined, among the inhabitants of rural localities in 8.4% and among the workers of poultry farms in 19.9%. During the examination of the immunological state of the workers of cattle-breeding farms, antibodies were detected in 15.1%. Pigeons, hens and ducks were investigated as probable sources of infection. The number of positively reacting individuals was 53.7, 13,7 and 24.9%, respectively. This indicates that they play a role in the spread of infection. The obtained data point out a considerable spread of Chlamydia infections among farm animals. Positive results of serological examination were recorded in pigs in 25.7%, in calves in 15.1% and in 8.6% of cases examined.", "contents": "Prevalence of ornithosis and other Chlamydia-like infections in the Ukrainian SSR. The prevalence of ornithosis and other Chlamydia infections among various groups of the population, some species of birds and mammals was studied in several regions of the Ukrainian SSR. Among the town population having no occupational contact with domestic fowl and farm animals, complement-fixing antibodies to group ornithosis antigen were found in 6.5% of the examined, among the inhabitants of rural localities in 8.4% and among the workers of poultry farms in 19.9%. During the examination of the immunological state of the workers of cattle-breeding farms, antibodies were detected in 15.1%. Pigeons, hens and ducks were investigated as probable sources of infection. The number of positively reacting individuals was 53.7, 13,7 and 24.9%, respectively. This indicates that they play a role in the spread of infection. The obtained data point out a considerable spread of Chlamydia infections among farm animals. Positive results of serological examination were recorded in pigs in 25.7%, in calves in 15.1% and in 8.6% of cases examined.", "PMID": 575382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11621", "title": "Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin, unbound and total estradiol and testosterone, and total progesterone during the menstrual cycle in women with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "Total plasma estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and the binding capacity of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) were measured and plasma unbound estradiol and testosterone calculated, every second day during nine cycles in six patients with epilepsy. They all received phenytoin as one medication. Some had additionally, phenobarbital or ethosuximide. Plasma concentrations were compared with those of a group of healthy women without medication. Total plasma testosterone and TeBG binding capacity were significantly increased in the treated group, as compared to the control group. However, the unbound testosterone concentration was within the range of the controls. The percentage unbound testosterone of total plasma concentration was clearly below that of the control group. This indicates that there was a primarily increased TeBG binding capacity in patients taking antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin, unbound and total estradiol and testosterone, and total progesterone during the menstrual cycle in women with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs. Total plasma estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and the binding capacity of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) were measured and plasma unbound estradiol and testosterone calculated, every second day during nine cycles in six patients with epilepsy. They all received phenytoin as one medication. Some had additionally, phenobarbital or ethosuximide. Plasma concentrations were compared with those of a group of healthy women without medication. Total plasma testosterone and TeBG binding capacity were significantly increased in the treated group, as compared to the control group. However, the unbound testosterone concentration was within the range of the controls. The percentage unbound testosterone of total plasma concentration was clearly below that of the control group. This indicates that there was a primarily increased TeBG binding capacity in patients taking antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 575378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11622", "title": "Circannual changes in plasma concentrations of immunoreactive retinol-binding protein and luteinizing hormone in male and female Japanese quail.", "content": "In a single experiment, lasting for 18 months, male and female quail were exposed to an annual cycle of artificial photoperiod synchronized with sunrise and sunset, and their plasma levels of immunoreactive retinol-binding protein (IRBP) and LH were monitored at frequent intervals. Plasma levels of both IRBP and LH showed a repeating annual cycle with maximal levels during the spring/summer, the period of reproductive activity and highest rate of egg-laying, and minimal levels during the autumn/winter. Plasma levels of IRBP and LH were significantly, but only weakly, correlated with each other. The possible role of LH in the regulation of plasma IRBP during reproduction is discussed. Evidence is presented that the proportion of IRBP which does not carry retinol (retinol-binding apoprotein; apoRBP) varies throughout the female breeding cycle and that the high apoRBP concentration noted in the spring/summer period may be related to the deposition of retinol in the egg.", "contents": "Circannual changes in plasma concentrations of immunoreactive retinol-binding protein and luteinizing hormone in male and female Japanese quail. In a single experiment, lasting for 18 months, male and female quail were exposed to an annual cycle of artificial photoperiod synchronized with sunrise and sunset, and their plasma levels of immunoreactive retinol-binding protein (IRBP) and LH were monitored at frequent intervals. Plasma levels of both IRBP and LH showed a repeating annual cycle with maximal levels during the spring/summer, the period of reproductive activity and highest rate of egg-laying, and minimal levels during the autumn/winter. Plasma levels of IRBP and LH were significantly, but only weakly, correlated with each other. The possible role of LH in the regulation of plasma IRBP during reproduction is discussed. Evidence is presented that the proportion of IRBP which does not carry retinol (retinol-binding apoprotein; apoRBP) varies throughout the female breeding cycle and that the high apoRBP concentration noted in the spring/summer period may be related to the deposition of retinol in the egg.", "PMID": 575385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11623", "title": "Suppression of pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by porcine follicular fluid during pro-oestrus and oestrus in the rat: effects on gonadotrophin and steroid secretion, follicular development and ovulation during the following cycle.", "content": "In this study, we have examined whether the suppression of raised plasma FSH concentrations at pro-oestrus and/or oestrus by porcine follicular fluid (PFF) affected the development of follicles for ovulation in the next cycle. Adult, 4-day-cyclic rats were injected with PFF or pig serum at various hours of pro-oestrus and oestrus. Plasma FSH levels were suppressed following PFF treatment at any time of pro-oestrus and oestrus. Furthermore, this suppression was always followed by a 'rebound' increase in plasma FSH. In contrast, plasma LH concentrations were unaffected by PFF treatment and neither gonadotrophin was altered by treatment with pig serum. When rats treated with PFF or pig serum were allowed to complete one additional cycle, plasma LH and FSH concentrations at the pro-oestrus and oestrus after treatment were not significantly different among groups regardless of treatment or time of treatment. All ovaries of rats treated with PFF or pig serum on the next pro-oestrus morning before ovulation were histologically similar. Furthermore, all animals ovulated a normal complement of ova at the next oestrus regardless of whether preovulatory, secondary or both increases of plasma FSH had been blocked by PFF treatment during the previous cycle. However, animals given PFF during the preceding cycle, plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were significantly altered on the morning and afternoon of pro-oestrus respectively. These results suggest that increased plasma FSH concentrations at pro-oestrus and oestrus may not be essential for folliculogenesis and ovulation in the subsequent cycle. Alternatively, the 'rebound' of FSH on day 1 of dioestrus after the suppression of both phases of FSH secretion at pro-oestrus and oestrus may be sufficient to provide ovulatory follicles for the next pro-oestrous day.", "contents": "Suppression of pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by porcine follicular fluid during pro-oestrus and oestrus in the rat: effects on gonadotrophin and steroid secretion, follicular development and ovulation during the following cycle. In this study, we have examined whether the suppression of raised plasma FSH concentrations at pro-oestrus and/or oestrus by porcine follicular fluid (PFF) affected the development of follicles for ovulation in the next cycle. Adult, 4-day-cyclic rats were injected with PFF or pig serum at various hours of pro-oestrus and oestrus. Plasma FSH levels were suppressed following PFF treatment at any time of pro-oestrus and oestrus. Furthermore, this suppression was always followed by a 'rebound' increase in plasma FSH. In contrast, plasma LH concentrations were unaffected by PFF treatment and neither gonadotrophin was altered by treatment with pig serum. When rats treated with PFF or pig serum were allowed to complete one additional cycle, plasma LH and FSH concentrations at the pro-oestrus and oestrus after treatment were not significantly different among groups regardless of treatment or time of treatment. All ovaries of rats treated with PFF or pig serum on the next pro-oestrus morning before ovulation were histologically similar. Furthermore, all animals ovulated a normal complement of ova at the next oestrus regardless of whether preovulatory, secondary or both increases of plasma FSH had been blocked by PFF treatment during the previous cycle. However, animals given PFF during the preceding cycle, plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were significantly altered on the morning and afternoon of pro-oestrus respectively. These results suggest that increased plasma FSH concentrations at pro-oestrus and oestrus may not be essential for folliculogenesis and ovulation in the subsequent cycle. Alternatively, the 'rebound' of FSH on day 1 of dioestrus after the suppression of both phases of FSH secretion at pro-oestrus and oestrus may be sufficient to provide ovulatory follicles for the next pro-oestrous day.", "PMID": 575386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11624", "title": "A cellular mechanism for the palatal shelf reorientation from a vertical to a horizontal plane in hamster: light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Cellular and subcellular events during reorientation of the palatal shelf in hamster fetuses are described. An alteration in the morphology of the epithelial and the mesenchymal cells is observed during shelf realignment from a vertical to a horizontal plane. The mesenchymal cells elongate and subsequently appear to protrude in the medially bulging palatal shelf. Microtubules, microfilaments and close contacts are associated with elongation of the mesenchymal cells. The cells of the thickened epithelium may play a mechanical role in providing direction to the mesenchymal cells during palatal shelf reorientation. The altered morphology of the mesenchymal cells may be associated with the intrinsic shelf force implicit in Walker and Fraser's theory of palatal shelf reorientation.", "contents": "A cellular mechanism for the palatal shelf reorientation from a vertical to a horizontal plane in hamster: light and electron microscopic study. Cellular and subcellular events during reorientation of the palatal shelf in hamster fetuses are described. An alteration in the morphology of the epithelial and the mesenchymal cells is observed during shelf realignment from a vertical to a horizontal plane. The mesenchymal cells elongate and subsequently appear to protrude in the medially bulging palatal shelf. Microtubules, microfilaments and close contacts are associated with elongation of the mesenchymal cells. The cells of the thickened epithelium may play a mechanical role in providing direction to the mesenchymal cells during palatal shelf reorientation. The altered morphology of the mesenchymal cells may be associated with the intrinsic shelf force implicit in Walker and Fraser's theory of palatal shelf reorientation.", "PMID": 575387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11625", "title": "[Recessive microencephaly linked to the X chromosome].", "content": "A family with X-linked recessive microcephaly is reported. As patients there were found 8 men or boys respectively out of 3 generations, all of them being related by their mentally healthy mothers. Besides microcephaly the patients showed growth retardation and obesity. Some of them, in addition, had various anomalies as inguinal or umbilical hernias, cryptorchism, tapering fingers, contractures, deeply rooted thumbs and club-feet. There were no hints for a metabolic defect or a chromosomal aberration. The dermatoglyphics could be investigated in 5 patients and showed in all of them a shifting of the axial triradius into the distal position t'. Comparing the own findings with case reports on X-linked microcephalies, the above mentioned family was found not to correspond to any of these observations. It is assumed that in this family, a new disease has occurred which until now has not yet been described, so that the X-linked microcephalies seem to be a heterogenous group of disease from the genetic point of view.", "contents": "[Recessive microencephaly linked to the X chromosome]. A family with X-linked recessive microcephaly is reported. As patients there were found 8 men or boys respectively out of 3 generations, all of them being related by their mentally healthy mothers. Besides microcephaly the patients showed growth retardation and obesity. Some of them, in addition, had various anomalies as inguinal or umbilical hernias, cryptorchism, tapering fingers, contractures, deeply rooted thumbs and club-feet. There were no hints for a metabolic defect or a chromosomal aberration. The dermatoglyphics could be investigated in 5 patients and showed in all of them a shifting of the axial triradius into the distal position t'. Comparing the own findings with case reports on X-linked microcephalies, the above mentioned family was found not to correspond to any of these observations. It is assumed that in this family, a new disease has occurred which until now has not yet been described, so that the X-linked microcephalies seem to be a heterogenous group of disease from the genetic point of view.", "PMID": 575388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11626", "title": "A case of complete testicular feminisation and 47,XXY karyotype.", "content": "A very rare case of complete testicular feminisation with a 47,XXY sex chromosome complement is described. The X-chromatin is positive. The subject studied, who belongs to a family in which four other members have Morris's syndrome and have a 46,XY karyotype, is a perfect phenotypic female. The endocrine situation is unique and resembles, in part, that of subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome.", "contents": "A case of complete testicular feminisation and 47,XXY karyotype. A very rare case of complete testicular feminisation with a 47,XXY sex chromosome complement is described. The X-chromatin is positive. The subject studied, who belongs to a family in which four other members have Morris's syndrome and have a 46,XY karyotype, is a perfect phenotypic female. The endocrine situation is unique and resembles, in part, that of subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome.", "PMID": 575389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11627", "title": "Antagonism by naloxone of tolerance and dependence in mice given a single dose of morphine.", "content": "The effect of naloxone given at various times after morphine administration on the development of tolerance to and dependence on a single dose of morphine was studied. Naloxone antagonized the analgesic effect of morphine and the development of tolerance to and dependence on morphine, dose dependently. The time course of the development of tolerance to a single dose of morphine almost paralleled that of dependence on morphine but the time course of the disappearance of tolerance did not coincide with that of dependence. When start of the duration of action of morphine was blocked by naloxone for various time intervals, the degree of tolerance to and dependence on morphine was antagonized, time dependently. When the end of the duration of action of morphine was antagonized by naloxone for various time intervals, tolerance and dependence which developed up to that time was completely antagonized by naloxone.", "contents": "Antagonism by naloxone of tolerance and dependence in mice given a single dose of morphine. The effect of naloxone given at various times after morphine administration on the development of tolerance to and dependence on a single dose of morphine was studied. Naloxone antagonized the analgesic effect of morphine and the development of tolerance to and dependence on morphine, dose dependently. The time course of the development of tolerance to a single dose of morphine almost paralleled that of dependence on morphine but the time course of the disappearance of tolerance did not coincide with that of dependence. When start of the duration of action of morphine was blocked by naloxone for various time intervals, the degree of tolerance to and dependence on morphine was antagonized, time dependently. When the end of the duration of action of morphine was antagonized by naloxone for various time intervals, tolerance and dependence which developed up to that time was completely antagonized by naloxone.", "PMID": 575393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11628", "title": "Mode of antagonistic action of levallorphan in morphine-dependent rats and assessment of physical dependence liability.", "content": "The antagonistic mode of levallorphan in rats dependent on morphine or codeine was studied from the viewpoints of the doses of morphine and the lengths of administration and also from the standpoint of timing of the challenge. In morphine-dependent rats on morphine-admixed food (60--100 mg/kg/day) for 1, 3 and 6 weeks, the rate of maximum weight loss on application of levallorphan (2 mg/kg, s.c.) did not correlate with the length of morphine treatment. The rate of weight loss on single application of levallorphan 0, 6, 12 or 24 hours after withdrawal or morphine was lower with the passage of time after the withdrawal. Rats which were given levallorphan 3 times in succession, i.e., at 0, 5 and 10 hours after morphine withdrawal showed such a pattern of weight loss that the first application of levallorphan resulted in 7% loss, while with the second and third applications there was little weight loss. Despite the continued withdrawal, the animals began to gain body weight as early as 14 hour, and body weight was totally recovered before the withdrawal in 24 hour. In conclusion, it is advisable to challenge with levallorphan at 0 hour of withdrawal to obtain qualitative and reproducible results. In addition, the application of levallorphan to morphine-dependent rats at adequate intervals provides for the early recovery of abstinence signs.", "contents": "Mode of antagonistic action of levallorphan in morphine-dependent rats and assessment of physical dependence liability. The antagonistic mode of levallorphan in rats dependent on morphine or codeine was studied from the viewpoints of the doses of morphine and the lengths of administration and also from the standpoint of timing of the challenge. In morphine-dependent rats on morphine-admixed food (60--100 mg/kg/day) for 1, 3 and 6 weeks, the rate of maximum weight loss on application of levallorphan (2 mg/kg, s.c.) did not correlate with the length of morphine treatment. The rate of weight loss on single application of levallorphan 0, 6, 12 or 24 hours after withdrawal or morphine was lower with the passage of time after the withdrawal. Rats which were given levallorphan 3 times in succession, i.e., at 0, 5 and 10 hours after morphine withdrawal showed such a pattern of weight loss that the first application of levallorphan resulted in 7% loss, while with the second and third applications there was little weight loss. Despite the continued withdrawal, the animals began to gain body weight as early as 14 hour, and body weight was totally recovered before the withdrawal in 24 hour. In conclusion, it is advisable to challenge with levallorphan at 0 hour of withdrawal to obtain qualitative and reproducible results. In addition, the application of levallorphan to morphine-dependent rats at adequate intervals provides for the early recovery of abstinence signs.", "PMID": 575396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11629", "title": "[Schaemic necrosis of urethra after repeat surgical attempt at the correction of stress incontinence. Vesicocervicoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "This patient had been operated upon 3 times unsuccessfully for stress incontinence (buttressing of the bladder neck by the vaginal route, the first time); almost entire urethra has been lost. Neourethra reconstructed from bladder neck muscle and sling procedure. Total continenece preserved. 35 years follow-up.", "contents": "[Schaemic necrosis of urethra after repeat surgical attempt at the correction of stress incontinence. Vesicocervicoplasty (author's transl)]. This patient had been operated upon 3 times unsuccessfully for stress incontinence (buttressing of the bladder neck by the vaginal route, the first time); almost entire urethra has been lost. Neourethra reconstructed from bladder neck muscle and sling procedure. Total continenece preserved. 35 years follow-up.", "PMID": 575392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11630", "title": "Eating pattern of morphine dependent rats.", "content": "To analyze the drug ingestion patterns of rats in the course of dependence development while on the drug-admixed food (DAF) method, an automatic food intake measuring apparatus was developed. Rats were put on morphine-admixed food, and the food ingestion patterns were recorded with the apparatus in the course of dependence development, during drug withdrawal and at the time of challenge with levallorphan. The naive rats ate the regular diet intermittently at night, and the eating time of morphine-treated rats was longer than that of naive rats. The treated rats also exhibited a frequent eating behavior after 4--5 days on the morphine treatment. During morphine withdrawal, the animal gradually ate the regular diet at about 1-hour intervals, even after evolvement of abstinence signs. When the morphine-dependent rats were given levallorphan, they neither ate nor approached to the food for the first 2--3 hours, but after this time, showed abrupt increases in these activities. Thus, the drug intake pattern of rats in the course of morphine dependence development suggests a correlation between the stage of development of physical dependence and the stage when the animals frequently eat the drug-admixed food.", "contents": "Eating pattern of morphine dependent rats. To analyze the drug ingestion patterns of rats in the course of dependence development while on the drug-admixed food (DAF) method, an automatic food intake measuring apparatus was developed. Rats were put on morphine-admixed food, and the food ingestion patterns were recorded with the apparatus in the course of dependence development, during drug withdrawal and at the time of challenge with levallorphan. The naive rats ate the regular diet intermittently at night, and the eating time of morphine-treated rats was longer than that of naive rats. The treated rats also exhibited a frequent eating behavior after 4--5 days on the morphine treatment. During morphine withdrawal, the animal gradually ate the regular diet at about 1-hour intervals, even after evolvement of abstinence signs. When the morphine-dependent rats were given levallorphan, they neither ate nor approached to the food for the first 2--3 hours, but after this time, showed abrupt increases in these activities. Thus, the drug intake pattern of rats in the course of morphine dependence development suggests a correlation between the stage of development of physical dependence and the stage when the animals frequently eat the drug-admixed food.", "PMID": 575397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11631", "title": "[Pyosalpinx].", "content": "A hundred-and-fourteen women with pyosalpinx, treated in the Varazdin hospital, are presented. The youngest patient was 16 and the oldest 63 years old. According to case history, 28 women denied having been pregnant. Eighty-one women (71%) were treated only with puncture and instillation and 33 (29%) surgically. Among the latter, 12 were surgically treated for peritonitis or under the picture of appendicitis at the Surgical Department. Surgical interventions ranged from unilateral adnexectomy to bilateral adnexectomy with hysterectomy, depending on age, the extent of the process, and other findings (myoma, carcinoma, etc.).", "contents": "[Pyosalpinx]. A hundred-and-fourteen women with pyosalpinx, treated in the Varazdin hospital, are presented. The youngest patient was 16 and the oldest 63 years old. According to case history, 28 women denied having been pregnant. Eighty-one women (71%) were treated only with puncture and instillation and 33 (29%) surgically. Among the latter, 12 were surgically treated for peritonitis or under the picture of appendicitis at the Surgical Department. Surgical interventions ranged from unilateral adnexectomy to bilateral adnexectomy with hysterectomy, depending on age, the extent of the process, and other findings (myoma, carcinoma, etc.).", "PMID": 575399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11632", "title": "[Intrauterine growth retardation of newborns with congenital anomalies].", "content": "The authors examined 11,799 newborns whose intrauterine life lasted from 28 to 42 weeks. In the group of dysmature infants (443) malformations were present in 11% and in the group of prematures (841) in 4.3%. Malformations were divided according to localization. The most significant difference was observed in the occurrence of malformations of the extremities (dysmature infants 27.17% and prematures 15.79%). It is concluded that malformations appear to be considerably more frequent in dismature infants than in prematures and that by their presence they affect the child's intrauterine growth.", "contents": "[Intrauterine growth retardation of newborns with congenital anomalies]. The authors examined 11,799 newborns whose intrauterine life lasted from 28 to 42 weeks. In the group of dysmature infants (443) malformations were present in 11% and in the group of prematures (841) in 4.3%. Malformations were divided according to localization. The most significant difference was observed in the occurrence of malformations of the extremities (dysmature infants 27.17% and prematures 15.79%). It is concluded that malformations appear to be considerably more frequent in dismature infants than in prematures and that by their presence they affect the child's intrauterine growth.", "PMID": 575400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11633", "title": "The local immune response in the mammary gland of the sow following infusion of a protein antigen.", "content": "A study was made of the local immune response in the udder of the sow following infusion of a soluble antigen. Four mammary glands of each of four pregnant sows were infused with ferritin prepartum. Samples of blood, colostrum, and milk were collected during the following lactation; animals were slaughtered and mammary tissue removed for immunohistology. Blood, colostrum, milk, and mammary tissues were similarly collected from nonimmunized (control) sows. Colostral and milk whey from immunized sows contained higher levels of immunoglobulins than whey from control sows. There was an increase in numbers of IgA-containing plasma cells and total lymphoid cells in mammary tissue of immunized sows compared with controls. The results suggested that the local immune response was at least as great in non-infused glands as infused glands of immunized sows.", "contents": "The local immune response in the mammary gland of the sow following infusion of a protein antigen. A study was made of the local immune response in the udder of the sow following infusion of a soluble antigen. Four mammary glands of each of four pregnant sows were infused with ferritin prepartum. Samples of blood, colostrum, and milk were collected during the following lactation; animals were slaughtered and mammary tissue removed for immunohistology. Blood, colostrum, milk, and mammary tissues were similarly collected from nonimmunized (control) sows. Colostral and milk whey from immunized sows contained higher levels of immunoglobulins than whey from control sows. There was an increase in numbers of IgA-containing plasma cells and total lymphoid cells in mammary tissue of immunized sows compared with controls. The results suggested that the local immune response was at least as great in non-infused glands as infused glands of immunized sows.", "PMID": 575402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11634", "title": "Multiple sclerosis : is it transplacentally induced?", "content": "The aetiology of multiple sclerosis MS is not known. Most research workers believe a viral aetiology. An alternate theory - namely transplacental induction of MS is outlined. Correlative evidence is drawn from epidemiological studies, models of transplacentally induced conditions, metabolic disturbances in utero that can affect myelin development or result in offspring with defective immunological competence and surveillance. The relationship between B group vitamin deficiencies and mineral deficiencies and MS is considered. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of MS in view of this theory is outlined.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis : is it transplacentally induced? The aetiology of multiple sclerosis MS is not known. Most research workers believe a viral aetiology. An alternate theory - namely transplacental induction of MS is outlined. Correlative evidence is drawn from epidemiological studies, models of transplacentally induced conditions, metabolic disturbances in utero that can affect myelin development or result in offspring with defective immunological competence and surveillance. The relationship between B group vitamin deficiencies and mineral deficiencies and MS is considered. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of MS in view of this theory is outlined.", "PMID": 575403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11635", "title": "Pig Bel.", "content": "Pig Bel is a form of acute, segmental, necrotizing enteritis presenting as a common and life-threatening disease among the people (particularly the children) of the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. It relates to the consumption of pig meat and is thought to be caused by Clostridium welchii type C (an organism not usually present in the human intestine), the organism being transmitted to man by means of contaminated pig meat. Pig Bel resembles the diseases called \"Darmbrand\" which occurred in Northern Germany in the years that immediately followed World War II. Darmbrand was associated with a Clostridium welchii infection, possibly precipitated by malnutrition. It disappeared within a few years of its recognition. Conditions that closely resemble the clinical and pathological features of Pig Bel have been reported from Uganda and Thailand. In these countries, only a few cases have been encountered and they have not been associated with the eating of pig meat or with a clostridial infection.", "contents": "Pig Bel. Pig Bel is a form of acute, segmental, necrotizing enteritis presenting as a common and life-threatening disease among the people (particularly the children) of the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. It relates to the consumption of pig meat and is thought to be caused by Clostridium welchii type C (an organism not usually present in the human intestine), the organism being transmitted to man by means of contaminated pig meat. Pig Bel resembles the diseases called \"Darmbrand\" which occurred in Northern Germany in the years that immediately followed World War II. Darmbrand was associated with a Clostridium welchii infection, possibly precipitated by malnutrition. It disappeared within a few years of its recognition. Conditions that closely resemble the clinical and pathological features of Pig Bel have been reported from Uganda and Thailand. In these countries, only a few cases have been encountered and they have not been associated with the eating of pig meat or with a clostridial infection.", "PMID": 575409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11636", "title": "Primary culture of mammalian nephron epithelia: requirements for cell outgrowth and proliferation from defined explanted nephron segments.", "content": "Nephron segments were dissected from fetal or from early postnatal rabbit kidneys (n = 86) and explanted individually into primary tissue culture. Outgrowth of epithelioid cells and proliferation in monolayers from the collecting tubule and the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop occurred regularly if a special substratum and matrix were used. Media were either supplemented with non-proteins (defined media) or with embryo extract and fetal sera (undefined media). Outgrowth and monolayer spreading were recorded by Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy. Monolayer cells resemble those seen with the same recording technique during tubule in vitro perfusion. Undefined media were essential for growth of convoluted tubule segments from embryonic Nephron Anlagen and outgrowth of cells from proximal straight tubules, in contrast to the distal nephron segments. The specific functional and morphological properties of cells derived from primary culture of nephron segments are under study.", "contents": "Primary culture of mammalian nephron epithelia: requirements for cell outgrowth and proliferation from defined explanted nephron segments. Nephron segments were dissected from fetal or from early postnatal rabbit kidneys (n = 86) and explanted individually into primary tissue culture. Outgrowth of epithelioid cells and proliferation in monolayers from the collecting tubule and the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop occurred regularly if a special substratum and matrix were used. Media were either supplemented with non-proteins (defined media) or with embryo extract and fetal sera (undefined media). Outgrowth and monolayer spreading were recorded by Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy. Monolayer cells resemble those seen with the same recording technique during tubule in vitro perfusion. Undefined media were essential for growth of convoluted tubule segments from embryonic Nephron Anlagen and outgrowth of cells from proximal straight tubules, in contrast to the distal nephron segments. The specific functional and morphological properties of cells derived from primary culture of nephron segments are under study.", "PMID": 575410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11637", "title": "[Angiosarcoma of the breast. Apropos of a case].", "content": "A case of angiosarcoma of the breast is described. This is an unusual, malignant, vascular tumour observed in young, fertile women. Its aetiopathogenesis, histological picture and pathological anatomy are described, and reference is made to the deceptively benign nature it often displays initially, its diagnosis, and its clinical picture. Emphasis is also placed on the limited possibilities of treatment, and its dependence on the earliest possible diagnosis for a certain degree of validity.", "contents": "[Angiosarcoma of the breast. Apropos of a case]. A case of angiosarcoma of the breast is described. This is an unusual, malignant, vascular tumour observed in young, fertile women. Its aetiopathogenesis, histological picture and pathological anatomy are described, and reference is made to the deceptively benign nature it often displays initially, its diagnosis, and its clinical picture. Emphasis is also placed on the limited possibilities of treatment, and its dependence on the earliest possible diagnosis for a certain degree of validity.", "PMID": 575406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11638", "title": "Influence of replacement of chloride by sulphate upon urine excretion and glomerular filtration rate in blood perfused isolated dog kidneys.", "content": "Tubular reabsorption was inhibited in isolated dog kidneys by the progressive substitution of plasma chloride by sulphate. In the absence of antidiuretic hormone activity, urine output remained unchanged owing to an equivalent decrease in glomerular filtration rate. This equilibrium was demonstrated under conditions of \"saline natriuresis\" and was not disturbed by furosemide. Although the impairment of glomerular filtration rate was accompanied by a decrease of total renal blood flow, the equilibrium was not disrupted by angiotensin antagonism. Sodium excretion was enhanced by low plasma chloride concentrations in the absence, but not in the presence of furosemide. The results are not compatible with a specific role of osmolality, sodium or chloride concentrations in the tubular fluid in the adjustment of glomerular filtration. Simultaneous changes in blood flow and tubular flow resistances might explain the results. It is suggested that, in contrast to the mechanism of tubulo-glomerular feedback found in individual nephrons of hydropenic animals, this intrarenal mechanism might serve to protect the organism against sodium loss under conditions of high intake.", "contents": "Influence of replacement of chloride by sulphate upon urine excretion and glomerular filtration rate in blood perfused isolated dog kidneys. Tubular reabsorption was inhibited in isolated dog kidneys by the progressive substitution of plasma chloride by sulphate. In the absence of antidiuretic hormone activity, urine output remained unchanged owing to an equivalent decrease in glomerular filtration rate. This equilibrium was demonstrated under conditions of \"saline natriuresis\" and was not disturbed by furosemide. Although the impairment of glomerular filtration rate was accompanied by a decrease of total renal blood flow, the equilibrium was not disrupted by angiotensin antagonism. Sodium excretion was enhanced by low plasma chloride concentrations in the absence, but not in the presence of furosemide. The results are not compatible with a specific role of osmolality, sodium or chloride concentrations in the tubular fluid in the adjustment of glomerular filtration. Simultaneous changes in blood flow and tubular flow resistances might explain the results. It is suggested that, in contrast to the mechanism of tubulo-glomerular feedback found in individual nephrons of hydropenic animals, this intrarenal mechanism might serve to protect the organism against sodium loss under conditions of high intake.", "PMID": 575411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11639", "title": "Parallel between antianxiety and cardiovascular effects of chlordiazepoxide in genetically nervous dogs.", "content": "There is evidence that cardiac arrhythmias are partially of CNS origin, and that certain drugs affect arrhythmia, both positively and negatively, through CNS action. We hypothesized and confirmed that chlordiazepoxide diminished the well-established incidence of arrhythmias (A-V blocks and nodal escapes) in five nervous pointer dogs. It is known that this drug normalizes behavior and aids in the bar-pressing performance of nervous dogs. Nervous dogs tend to have low heart rates (HRs) while normals have higher HRs. Chlordiazepoxide increased HRs in our five nervous dogs, and we postulated that HR increase would be less or none in normals. This was confirmed in a later study of five normals. A further study of eight normal dogs and eight nervous dogs essentially reproduced these findings, suggesting the possibility that the slow heart rates and the behavioral abnormality have a common basis, expected to be some CNS biochemical lesion.", "contents": "Parallel between antianxiety and cardiovascular effects of chlordiazepoxide in genetically nervous dogs. There is evidence that cardiac arrhythmias are partially of CNS origin, and that certain drugs affect arrhythmia, both positively and negatively, through CNS action. We hypothesized and confirmed that chlordiazepoxide diminished the well-established incidence of arrhythmias (A-V blocks and nodal escapes) in five nervous pointer dogs. It is known that this drug normalizes behavior and aids in the bar-pressing performance of nervous dogs. Nervous dogs tend to have low heart rates (HRs) while normals have higher HRs. Chlordiazepoxide increased HRs in our five nervous dogs, and we postulated that HR increase would be less or none in normals. This was confirmed in a later study of five normals. A further study of eight normal dogs and eight nervous dogs essentially reproduced these findings, suggesting the possibility that the slow heart rates and the behavioral abnormality have a common basis, expected to be some CNS biochemical lesion.", "PMID": 575407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11640", "title": "Thermogenesis and thermolysis during sleeping and waking in the rat.", "content": "Thermogenesis (VO2), sensible heat loss and subcutaneous back temperature were recorded simultaneously during sleeping and waking in both intact and depilated rats at Ra ranging from 21--28 degrees C. VO2 increased during wakefulness (W), decreased and plateaued during slow wave sleep (SWS) and then decreased 10% with each paradoxical sleep (PS) phase. Sensible heat loss, which represented about 90% of the heat production, increased and plateaued during SWS, decreased in W and generally rose abruptly (+40%) during PS. After removal of the fur the mean levels of VO2 and sensible heat loss were increased by 20--50% and returned to normal values within two weeks, although their variations related to stages of sleep were unchanged. These results concerning thermogenesis and thermolysis are in agreement with the variations of body temperature (brain excluded) during sleeping and waking.", "contents": "Thermogenesis and thermolysis during sleeping and waking in the rat. Thermogenesis (VO2), sensible heat loss and subcutaneous back temperature were recorded simultaneously during sleeping and waking in both intact and depilated rats at Ra ranging from 21--28 degrees C. VO2 increased during wakefulness (W), decreased and plateaued during slow wave sleep (SWS) and then decreased 10% with each paradoxical sleep (PS) phase. Sensible heat loss, which represented about 90% of the heat production, increased and plateaued during SWS, decreased in W and generally rose abruptly (+40%) during PS. After removal of the fur the mean levels of VO2 and sensible heat loss were increased by 20--50% and returned to normal values within two weeks, although their variations related to stages of sleep were unchanged. These results concerning thermogenesis and thermolysis are in agreement with the variations of body temperature (brain excluded) during sleeping and waking.", "PMID": 575412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11641", "title": "Microsphere size and determination of intrarenal blood flow distribution in the rat.", "content": "The influence of microsphere size upon the estimation of cardiac output (CO), renal blood flow (RBF) and its cortical distribution (ICBFD) was evaluated by simultaneous injection of 8.5 +/- 0.8 micrometer (SD) and 12.7 +/- 1.7 micrometer (SD) spheres in control conditions and after hemorrhagic hypotension (HH rats). The values of CO and RBF were unaffected whilst the ratio of flow to outer and inner halves of cortex (OCF/ICF) was 32% higher with 12.7 micrometer than with 8.5 micrometer spheres in both groups. Microscopic analysis of cleared kidneys slices confirmed that large spheres were more concentrated in outermost and less concentrated in innermost glomeruli than small spheres. In addition, the ratio of sphere number per outermost to that per innermost glomerulus (fs/fjm), and approximation of glomerular blood flow distribution was 1.74 and 1.76 with large spheres and 0.98 and 1.06 with small spheres in control and HH rats respectively. It is concluded that the artifact due to sphere size was not minimized in low flow conditions (HH rats) and that 8.5 micrometer spheres may be a more realistic marker of glomerular blood flow distribution in the rat than 12.7 micrometer spheres.", "contents": "Microsphere size and determination of intrarenal blood flow distribution in the rat. The influence of microsphere size upon the estimation of cardiac output (CO), renal blood flow (RBF) and its cortical distribution (ICBFD) was evaluated by simultaneous injection of 8.5 +/- 0.8 micrometer (SD) and 12.7 +/- 1.7 micrometer (SD) spheres in control conditions and after hemorrhagic hypotension (HH rats). The values of CO and RBF were unaffected whilst the ratio of flow to outer and inner halves of cortex (OCF/ICF) was 32% higher with 12.7 micrometer than with 8.5 micrometer spheres in both groups. Microscopic analysis of cleared kidneys slices confirmed that large spheres were more concentrated in outermost and less concentrated in innermost glomeruli than small spheres. In addition, the ratio of sphere number per outermost to that per innermost glomerulus (fs/fjm), and approximation of glomerular blood flow distribution was 1.74 and 1.76 with large spheres and 0.98 and 1.06 with small spheres in control and HH rats respectively. It is concluded that the artifact due to sphere size was not minimized in low flow conditions (HH rats) and that 8.5 micrometer spheres may be a more realistic marker of glomerular blood flow distribution in the rat than 12.7 micrometer spheres.", "PMID": 575413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11642", "title": "A continuous wave Doppler velocimeter for monitoring blood flow in the popliteal artery, compared with venous occlusion plethysmography of the calf.", "content": "A transcutaneous Doppler velocimeter has been used for monitoring changes in blood flow in the popliteal artery during and after exercise of the calf muscles on a calf-ergometer. The instrument and the positioning of the probe are described. The validity of the Doppler measurements has been assessed by comparing results after exercise and after 5 min arterial occlusion with venous occlusion plethysmography. For 10 healthy volunteers calibration lines were found which are curved. This can be ascribed partly to alinearity of the Doppler instrument and partly to changes of the diameter of the popliteal artery. Displacement of the probe with respect to the artery, which influences the measured velocity signal, can be detected and to a certain extent corrected by taking into account the intensity of the Doppler signal. The largest deviation of a data point from the corresponding calibration line varies for the ten subjects between 90 and 170 Hz in the high flow range (mean Doppler frequency around 1000 Hz) and between 20 and 60 Hz in the low flow range (mean Doppler frequency below 200 Hz).", "contents": "A continuous wave Doppler velocimeter for monitoring blood flow in the popliteal artery, compared with venous occlusion plethysmography of the calf. A transcutaneous Doppler velocimeter has been used for monitoring changes in blood flow in the popliteal artery during and after exercise of the calf muscles on a calf-ergometer. The instrument and the positioning of the probe are described. The validity of the Doppler measurements has been assessed by comparing results after exercise and after 5 min arterial occlusion with venous occlusion plethysmography. For 10 healthy volunteers calibration lines were found which are curved. This can be ascribed partly to alinearity of the Doppler instrument and partly to changes of the diameter of the popliteal artery. Displacement of the probe with respect to the artery, which influences the measured velocity signal, can be detected and to a certain extent corrected by taking into account the intensity of the Doppler signal. The largest deviation of a data point from the corresponding calibration line varies for the ten subjects between 90 and 170 Hz in the high flow range (mean Doppler frequency around 1000 Hz) and between 20 and 60 Hz in the low flow range (mean Doppler frequency below 200 Hz).", "PMID": 575414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11643", "title": "Salivary cooling, escape reaction and heat pain in capsaicin-desensitized rats.", "content": "Salivary thermolytic mechanisms (weight of salivary glands, effect of desalivation on water intake and body temperature, grooming activity) as well as escape behaviour and reaction to heat pain were studied in capsaicin-desensitized and control rats exposed to various warm ambient temperatures. Body temperature of the desensitized rats increased more than the controls' at all the ambient temperatures studied (32, 34 and 36 degrees C); however, significant differences in the mechanism of salivary cooling were obtained only at 34 and 36 degrees C. Central impairment of saliva spreading in desensitized rats seems evident. Complete surgical desalivation did not increase hyperthermia of control and desensitized animals in warm environments. Therefore other mechanisms, primarily vasodilatatory, must also be involved in the rat's thermolytic normal response. Although desensitized rats did not show a tendency to escape from the warm environment their response to heat pain was normal. In conclusion, it is suggested that heat perception in desensitized animals is impaired; however, the existence of some capsaicin-insensitive thermolytic mechanisms (prone extension of the body) cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Salivary cooling, escape reaction and heat pain in capsaicin-desensitized rats. Salivary thermolytic mechanisms (weight of salivary glands, effect of desalivation on water intake and body temperature, grooming activity) as well as escape behaviour and reaction to heat pain were studied in capsaicin-desensitized and control rats exposed to various warm ambient temperatures. Body temperature of the desensitized rats increased more than the controls' at all the ambient temperatures studied (32, 34 and 36 degrees C); however, significant differences in the mechanism of salivary cooling were obtained only at 34 and 36 degrees C. Central impairment of saliva spreading in desensitized rats seems evident. Complete surgical desalivation did not increase hyperthermia of control and desensitized animals in warm environments. Therefore other mechanisms, primarily vasodilatatory, must also be involved in the rat's thermolytic normal response. Although desensitized rats did not show a tendency to escape from the warm environment their response to heat pain was normal. In conclusion, it is suggested that heat perception in desensitized animals is impaired; however, the existence of some capsaicin-insensitive thermolytic mechanisms (prone extension of the body) cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 575415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11644", "title": "Blockade of pressor responses to angiotensins I and II and noradrenaline using phentolamine, propranolol and hexamethonium in conscious rabbits.", "content": "Angiotensin I is known to have direct agonist activity at some target tissues, independent of its conversion to angiotensin II. Aspects of its possible direct role as a pressor agent were investigated in conscious rabbits. Phentolamine (3 mg/kg i.v.), a dose which did not affect baseline blood pressure, reduced the pressor response to angiotensin II by 17% (P less than 0.05) but did not alter the sensitivity to angiotensin I. Noradrenaline activity was reduced by 56%. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.), a dose which did not affect baseline blood pressure but which substantially reduced the depressor response to isoprenaline, had no effect on the pressor activity of either angiotensin I or II. Noradrenaline potency was reduced by 32%. Hexamethonium (20 mg/kg i.v.), caused a potentiation of the response to angiotensin I and II and noradrenaline. This was probably a non-specific action associated with the decrease in baseline blood pressure. No differential effect of ganglion blockade on the two angiotensins was noted. The dissociation of the effects of phentolamine on angiotensins I and II provides further evidence that pressor actions of these two compounds act through partially different mechanisms.", "contents": "Blockade of pressor responses to angiotensins I and II and noradrenaline using phentolamine, propranolol and hexamethonium in conscious rabbits. Angiotensin I is known to have direct agonist activity at some target tissues, independent of its conversion to angiotensin II. Aspects of its possible direct role as a pressor agent were investigated in conscious rabbits. Phentolamine (3 mg/kg i.v.), a dose which did not affect baseline blood pressure, reduced the pressor response to angiotensin II by 17% (P less than 0.05) but did not alter the sensitivity to angiotensin I. Noradrenaline activity was reduced by 56%. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.), a dose which did not affect baseline blood pressure but which substantially reduced the depressor response to isoprenaline, had no effect on the pressor activity of either angiotensin I or II. Noradrenaline potency was reduced by 32%. Hexamethonium (20 mg/kg i.v.), caused a potentiation of the response to angiotensin I and II and noradrenaline. This was probably a non-specific action associated with the decrease in baseline blood pressure. No differential effect of ganglion blockade on the two angiotensins was noted. The dissociation of the effects of phentolamine on angiotensins I and II provides further evidence that pressor actions of these two compounds act through partially different mechanisms.", "PMID": 575417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11645", "title": "A new and simple technique for the generation of visual evoked potentials in freely moving animals.", "content": "A new and simple technique for the generation of visual evoked brain-potentials (VEP) by the aid of a light-emitting diode (LED) is presented. The method allows the generation of VEPs in freely moving animals under constant stimulation conditions and prevents moreover any acoustic disturbances.", "contents": "A new and simple technique for the generation of visual evoked potentials in freely moving animals. A new and simple technique for the generation of visual evoked brain-potentials (VEP) by the aid of a light-emitting diode (LED) is presented. The method allows the generation of VEPs in freely moving animals under constant stimulation conditions and prevents moreover any acoustic disturbances.", "PMID": 575418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11646", "title": "Changes in liquid-junction potential following chloride replacement in cat papillary muscle.", "content": "The transient depolarizations in cat papillary muscle produced by chloride substitution with low mobility anions are largely due to changes in liquid-junction potential at the tissue level.", "contents": "Changes in liquid-junction potential following chloride replacement in cat papillary muscle. The transient depolarizations in cat papillary muscle produced by chloride substitution with low mobility anions are largely due to changes in liquid-junction potential at the tissue level.", "PMID": 575419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11647", "title": "Sulfur amino acid and methyl donor status of corn-soy diets fed to starting broiler chicks and turkey poults.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing corn-soy-bean meal-white grease diets with sulfur amino acids and methyl group donors for starting broiler-strain chicks. The diets (23% protein and 3200 kcal ME/kg) were fed to quadruplicate lots of chicks in battery brooders. The diets were calculated to contain .37% methionine, .37% cystine, and 1499 mg/kg choline. Chemical and microbiological assays yielded values of .32% and .42% for methionine and cystine content respectively. Results of 5 chick experiments showed that supplementing this diet with .23% DL-methionine significantly (P less than .05) improved 3 week-gain (375 vs. 415 g) and feed/gain (1.54 vs. 1.47) over that obtained with the basal diet. When L-cystine and 2(CaSO4).H2O failed to give a significant (P greater than .05) response, compounds capable of donating methyl groups were fed. Significant (P less than .05) responses in gain (404 and 420) and feed/gain (1.48 and 1.51) over the basal were obtained with choline and betaine. These responses were not significantly (P greater than .05) different from that obtained with methionine. Serine and sodium formate failed to give consistent responses. Using a poult diet of 28% protein and 2800 kcal ME/kg, a significant (P less than .05) response to DL-methionine was again observed, with intermediate responses to betaine, choline, and serine. It is concluded that (within the limits of the experimental model) corn-soy type diets contain an adequate amount of total sulfur amino acid for chicks, but not poults, when sufficient choline or betaine are provided.", "contents": "Sulfur amino acid and methyl donor status of corn-soy diets fed to starting broiler chicks and turkey poults. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing corn-soy-bean meal-white grease diets with sulfur amino acids and methyl group donors for starting broiler-strain chicks. The diets (23% protein and 3200 kcal ME/kg) were fed to quadruplicate lots of chicks in battery brooders. The diets were calculated to contain .37% methionine, .37% cystine, and 1499 mg/kg choline. Chemical and microbiological assays yielded values of .32% and .42% for methionine and cystine content respectively. Results of 5 chick experiments showed that supplementing this diet with .23% DL-methionine significantly (P less than .05) improved 3 week-gain (375 vs. 415 g) and feed/gain (1.54 vs. 1.47) over that obtained with the basal diet. When L-cystine and 2(CaSO4).H2O failed to give a significant (P greater than .05) response, compounds capable of donating methyl groups were fed. Significant (P less than .05) responses in gain (404 and 420) and feed/gain (1.48 and 1.51) over the basal were obtained with choline and betaine. These responses were not significantly (P greater than .05) different from that obtained with methionine. Serine and sodium formate failed to give consistent responses. Using a poult diet of 28% protein and 2800 kcal ME/kg, a significant (P less than .05) response to DL-methionine was again observed, with intermediate responses to betaine, choline, and serine. It is concluded that (within the limits of the experimental model) corn-soy type diets contain an adequate amount of total sulfur amino acid for chicks, but not poults, when sufficient choline or betaine are provided.", "PMID": 575423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11648", "title": "Effect of cued and uncued inescapable shock on voluntary alcohol consumption in rats.", "content": "Rats were given cued and uncued inescapable shock; their voluntary alcohol intake was compared to a group given a yoked cue but no shock. Results suggested that, unlike uncued inescapable shock, cued inescapable shock caused an increase in voluntary alcohol intake, although the increase was insufficient to produce overt inebriation. It was suggested that the increase which occurred was due to a combination of adjunctive drinking and a gustatory and olfactory discrimination breakdown, both occurring in direct response to shock.", "contents": "Effect of cued and uncued inescapable shock on voluntary alcohol consumption in rats. Rats were given cued and uncued inescapable shock; their voluntary alcohol intake was compared to a group given a yoked cue but no shock. Results suggested that, unlike uncued inescapable shock, cued inescapable shock caused an increase in voluntary alcohol intake, although the increase was insufficient to produce overt inebriation. It was suggested that the increase which occurred was due to a combination of adjunctive drinking and a gustatory and olfactory discrimination breakdown, both occurring in direct response to shock.", "PMID": 575424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11649", "title": "A frequency analysis of behavior components of the serotonin syndrome produced by p-chloroamphetamine.", "content": "A time-sampling frequency analysis was made of criterion behaviors following injection of 2.5--10 mg/kg dosages of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Stereotypic behaviors (forepaw treading, circling, head weaving and inching) increased with increasing dosages and normal behaviors (grooming, rearing, and instances of inactivity) decreased. Composite scores of stereotypic behavior were a positive, linear function of PCA dosage. Composite scores of normal behavior showed near maximal inhibition at 5 mg/kg. Splayed hindlimbs is a reliable and sensitive indicator of PCA action, but vocalization, tremors, diarrhea and autonomic signs are not. Preinjection of PCA strongly attenuated the PCA-induec syndrome, as expected, since the preinjection should deplete brain serotonin and reduce the amount released by the second PCA injection.", "contents": "A frequency analysis of behavior components of the serotonin syndrome produced by p-chloroamphetamine. A time-sampling frequency analysis was made of criterion behaviors following injection of 2.5--10 mg/kg dosages of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Stereotypic behaviors (forepaw treading, circling, head weaving and inching) increased with increasing dosages and normal behaviors (grooming, rearing, and instances of inactivity) decreased. Composite scores of stereotypic behavior were a positive, linear function of PCA dosage. Composite scores of normal behavior showed near maximal inhibition at 5 mg/kg. Splayed hindlimbs is a reliable and sensitive indicator of PCA action, but vocalization, tremors, diarrhea and autonomic signs are not. Preinjection of PCA strongly attenuated the PCA-induec syndrome, as expected, since the preinjection should deplete brain serotonin and reduce the amount released by the second PCA injection.", "PMID": 575425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11650", "title": "Morphine and naloxone's effects on sexual behavior of the female golden hamster.", "content": "The effects of morphine and naloxone were observed after administration to female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Large doses of morphine, 80 mg/kg, consistently produced sedation and behavioral depression of responses to nociceptive stimuli. Smaller doses of morphine (e.g., 10 mg/kg), that produced few other behavioral changes, suppressed a measure of female sexual responding. The suppressive effects on sexual behavior were reversed by 4 mg/kg of naloxone. Morphine administered intracerebroventricularly had little effect on sexual responding, even at doses which produced other side effects. Doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg of naloxone in opioid-naive subjects did not reliably alter sexual responding up to 2 hr after administration. These observations lead to the suggestion that morphine produces effects which are incompatible with full sexual functioning in female hamsters.", "contents": "Morphine and naloxone's effects on sexual behavior of the female golden hamster. The effects of morphine and naloxone were observed after administration to female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Large doses of morphine, 80 mg/kg, consistently produced sedation and behavioral depression of responses to nociceptive stimuli. Smaller doses of morphine (e.g., 10 mg/kg), that produced few other behavioral changes, suppressed a measure of female sexual responding. The suppressive effects on sexual behavior were reversed by 4 mg/kg of naloxone. Morphine administered intracerebroventricularly had little effect on sexual responding, even at doses which produced other side effects. Doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg of naloxone in opioid-naive subjects did not reliably alter sexual responding up to 2 hr after administration. These observations lead to the suggestion that morphine produces effects which are incompatible with full sexual functioning in female hamsters.", "PMID": 575426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11651", "title": "Behavioral antecedents of cocaine-induced stereotypy.", "content": "The effect of cocaine on discriminative behavior was determined in a study in which the subjects' ongoing behavior at the time of drug administration was manipulated. Cats were trained in a discrimination task where bar-pressing when a tone was present (S+) resulted in milk reinforcement. When the tone was absent (S-) milk was not delivered. The duration of these periods varied randomly during 30-min sessions and responses during S- delayed the next trial. Once a high level of discrimination was achieved, drug testing was begun. Ongoing behavior was manipulated by scheduling either a 5-min S+ or S- period immediately after cocaine injection (1 mg/kg). When S+ followed cocaine, stereotyped bar-pressing developed with markedly increased responding during the remainder of the session. In contrast, when S- followed cocaine, suppression of bar-pressing developed. The effect could be reversed in most subjects when stimulus conditions were later reversed. A similar experiment using rats yielded similar results. These results indicate that ongoing behavior and stimulus conditions are critically important in determining the behavioral effects of cocaine.", "contents": "Behavioral antecedents of cocaine-induced stereotypy. The effect of cocaine on discriminative behavior was determined in a study in which the subjects' ongoing behavior at the time of drug administration was manipulated. Cats were trained in a discrimination task where bar-pressing when a tone was present (S+) resulted in milk reinforcement. When the tone was absent (S-) milk was not delivered. The duration of these periods varied randomly during 30-min sessions and responses during S- delayed the next trial. Once a high level of discrimination was achieved, drug testing was begun. Ongoing behavior was manipulated by scheduling either a 5-min S+ or S- period immediately after cocaine injection (1 mg/kg). When S+ followed cocaine, stereotyped bar-pressing developed with markedly increased responding during the remainder of the session. In contrast, when S- followed cocaine, suppression of bar-pressing developed. The effect could be reversed in most subjects when stimulus conditions were later reversed. A similar experiment using rats yielded similar results. These results indicate that ongoing behavior and stimulus conditions are critically important in determining the behavioral effects of cocaine.", "PMID": 575427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11652", "title": "HLA antigens in immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).", "content": "79 patients with definite ITP were investigated for HLA-A, -B, -C antigens. There was an increased frequencey of HLA-B5 in the entire groups (27.8% vs. 16.5% in controls and for HLA-B12 in male patients. However, after correction for the number of antigens tested, the difference of antigen frequencies became insignificant.", "contents": "HLA antigens in immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). 79 patients with definite ITP were investigated for HLA-A, -B, -C antigens. There was an increased frequencey of HLA-B5 in the entire groups (27.8% vs. 16.5% in controls and for HLA-B12 in male patients. However, after correction for the number of antigens tested, the difference of antigen frequencies became insignificant.", "PMID": 575432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11653", "title": "Zinc status in normal Thai infants and children.", "content": "Serum zinc levels in Thai infants and children from newborn to 14 years were studied. Data showed that serum zinc levels of infants were significantly lower than that of children (P less than 0.0005) although serum zinc levels in infants were low. They appeared to have normal growth and development. Beyond one year of age serum zinc levels increased with increasing age and there was no reduction in serum zinc level in pubertal subjects. Serum retinol binding protein was also studied. It was found to be low at birth and started to increased in the age of 1--5 months, the relationship between serum zinc and serum RBP was not apparent either in the younger age groups or in adult population.", "contents": "Zinc status in normal Thai infants and children. Serum zinc levels in Thai infants and children from newborn to 14 years were studied. Data showed that serum zinc levels of infants were significantly lower than that of children (P less than 0.0005) although serum zinc levels in infants were low. They appeared to have normal growth and development. Beyond one year of age serum zinc levels increased with increasing age and there was no reduction in serum zinc level in pubertal subjects. Serum retinol binding protein was also studied. It was found to be low at birth and started to increased in the age of 1--5 months, the relationship between serum zinc and serum RBP was not apparent either in the younger age groups or in adult population.", "PMID": 575435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11654", "title": "A survey on intestinal parasitic infections in Laotian refugees at Ubon Province, Northeastern Thailand, with special reference to schistosomiasis.", "content": "454 stool specimens were collected from the Laotian refugees residing in the refugee camp, Ubon Province, from August 8 to 11, 1978, and were examined by formalin ether sedimentation technique. One of them (0.22%) was infected with Schistosoma mekongi. Since there are freshwater hydrobiid snails, Lithoglyphopsis aperta, the intermediate host of S. mekongi in that area, it is probable that the disease may become established in Northeastern Thailand in the future, which will eventually lead to health and economic problems in Thailand.", "contents": "A survey on intestinal parasitic infections in Laotian refugees at Ubon Province, Northeastern Thailand, with special reference to schistosomiasis. 454 stool specimens were collected from the Laotian refugees residing in the refugee camp, Ubon Province, from August 8 to 11, 1978, and were examined by formalin ether sedimentation technique. One of them (0.22%) was infected with Schistosoma mekongi. Since there are freshwater hydrobiid snails, Lithoglyphopsis aperta, the intermediate host of S. mekongi in that area, it is probable that the disease may become established in Northeastern Thailand in the future, which will eventually lead to health and economic problems in Thailand.", "PMID": 575436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11655", "title": "In vitro inhibition of rat uterine contractility induced by 5 alpha and 5 beta progestins.", "content": "Ten natural progestins were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro motility of rat's uterus. Progestins with their ring A reduced in the 5 beta position were significantly more potent than delta 4-3 keto and 5 alpha reduced progestins. These last progestins were ineffective to inhibit uterine motility excepting 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one which was slightly less effective than progesterone. The potency of the progestins to inhibit uterine motility was related to their capacity to induce membrane stabilization. The data indicates that 5 beta, but not 5 alpha reduction of progesterone, may be important for regulating myometrial activity.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of rat uterine contractility induced by 5 alpha and 5 beta progestins. Ten natural progestins were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro motility of rat's uterus. Progestins with their ring A reduced in the 5 beta position were significantly more potent than delta 4-3 keto and 5 alpha reduced progestins. These last progestins were ineffective to inhibit uterine motility excepting 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one which was slightly less effective than progesterone. The potency of the progestins to inhibit uterine motility was related to their capacity to induce membrane stabilization. The data indicates that 5 beta, but not 5 alpha reduction of progesterone, may be important for regulating myometrial activity.", "PMID": 575442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11656", "title": "Measurement of the testosterone binding parameters for both testosterone-estradiol binding globulin and albumin in individual serum samples.", "content": "This report describes a solid phase method for the characterization of testosterone binding to both albumin and testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG). TeBG is adsorbed from serum samples onto a solid phase matrix of concanavalin A covalently linked to 4B Sepharose. The binding of testosterone is then examined both in the presence and absence of the endogenous serum albumin. Analysis of the resulting Scatchard plots permits determination of the TeBG binding capacity, TeBG association constant and a parameter of albumin binding equivalent to the product of its affinity and capacity for binding testosterone. Results showed that the TeBG capacity was lower in men than in women (18.4 +/- 5.8 vs. 33.1 +/- 19.2 nM, p less than 0.01). The association constant was greater in men (1.59 +/- 0.35 vs. 1.19 +/- 0.32 x 10(9)M-1, 10(9)M-1, p less than 0.01). There was no difference in the albumin binding parameter (43.8 +/- 18.3 vs. 46.6 +/- 15.5, NS). These parameters can then be used to calculate the distribution of the circulating testosterone into albumin bound, TeBG bound and unbound fractions.", "contents": "Measurement of the testosterone binding parameters for both testosterone-estradiol binding globulin and albumin in individual serum samples. This report describes a solid phase method for the characterization of testosterone binding to both albumin and testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG). TeBG is adsorbed from serum samples onto a solid phase matrix of concanavalin A covalently linked to 4B Sepharose. The binding of testosterone is then examined both in the presence and absence of the endogenous serum albumin. Analysis of the resulting Scatchard plots permits determination of the TeBG binding capacity, TeBG association constant and a parameter of albumin binding equivalent to the product of its affinity and capacity for binding testosterone. Results showed that the TeBG capacity was lower in men than in women (18.4 +/- 5.8 vs. 33.1 +/- 19.2 nM, p less than 0.01). The association constant was greater in men (1.59 +/- 0.35 vs. 1.19 +/- 0.32 x 10(9)M-1, 10(9)M-1, p less than 0.01). There was no difference in the albumin binding parameter (43.8 +/- 18.3 vs. 46.6 +/- 15.5, NS). These parameters can then be used to calculate the distribution of the circulating testosterone into albumin bound, TeBG bound and unbound fractions.", "PMID": 575443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11657", "title": "[Daily and seasonal changes in the oviposition activities of Culex pipiens pipiens L. (author's transl)].", "content": "The oviposition activity of C. p. pipiens during summer and autumn has been investigated at two breeding sites in West and North Germany. The egg rafts were collected and counted daily or hourly. Soon after its begin oviposition reached a high peak and then decreased sharply and faded out towards sunrise. There was an obvious correlation between the hourly maximum number of egg rafts deposited and nightfall. The peak of oviposition regularly followed the sunset with one hour delay. It shifted with the changing daylight period according to the season and geographic latitude. The decrease and ending of the oviposition in September is considered not to be related to the decreasing temperatures, but to be due to the disappearance of the gonoactive summer generation and the predominance of the diapausing females of the over-wintering population.", "contents": "[Daily and seasonal changes in the oviposition activities of Culex pipiens pipiens L. (author's transl)]. The oviposition activity of C. p. pipiens during summer and autumn has been investigated at two breeding sites in West and North Germany. The egg rafts were collected and counted daily or hourly. Soon after its begin oviposition reached a high peak and then decreased sharply and faded out towards sunrise. There was an obvious correlation between the hourly maximum number of egg rafts deposited and nightfall. The peak of oviposition regularly followed the sunset with one hour delay. It shifted with the changing daylight period according to the season and geographic latitude. The decrease and ending of the oviposition in September is considered not to be related to the decreasing temperatures, but to be due to the disappearance of the gonoactive summer generation and the predominance of the diapausing females of the over-wintering population.", "PMID": 575447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11658", "title": "[The epidemiological significance of neo-natal parasitism with microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus (author's transl)].", "content": "Between April 1977 and June 1978, 214 babies born of 210 mothers infected with Onchocerciasis, were examined at the maternity of Po Hospital (Upper Volta). In four of them (1.9%) dermal microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were found during the first week after birth. In two other cases microfilariae were seen in the tissue of the umbilical cord. All specimens from placentas and amniotic fluid gave negative results. The infected babies were reexamined monthly monthly from 2 to 18 months, depending on the cases. One child remained positive until the 6th month follow-up. The base-line examination of 5.757 children less than 2 years old from different villages in the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin Area showed that 1% of children less than one year old and 2% of children of 12 to 23 months old were carriers of dermal microfilariae. These results indicate that in meso- or hyperendemic areas children less than one year old and carriers of microfilariae of Onchocerca volbulus may have been infected in utero. The existence of such cases, in an area of vector control, does not prove a residual vector borne transmission.", "contents": "[The epidemiological significance of neo-natal parasitism with microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus (author's transl)]. Between April 1977 and June 1978, 214 babies born of 210 mothers infected with Onchocerciasis, were examined at the maternity of Po Hospital (Upper Volta). In four of them (1.9%) dermal microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were found during the first week after birth. In two other cases microfilariae were seen in the tissue of the umbilical cord. All specimens from placentas and amniotic fluid gave negative results. The infected babies were reexamined monthly monthly from 2 to 18 months, depending on the cases. One child remained positive until the 6th month follow-up. The base-line examination of 5.757 children less than 2 years old from different villages in the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin Area showed that 1% of children less than one year old and 2% of children of 12 to 23 months old were carriers of dermal microfilariae. These results indicate that in meso- or hyperendemic areas children less than one year old and carriers of microfilariae of Onchocerca volbulus may have been infected in utero. The existence of such cases, in an area of vector control, does not prove a residual vector borne transmission.", "PMID": 575449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11659", "title": "Women, doctors, and family health care: some lessons from rural Java.", "content": "The following article describes traditional health care systems of rural Indonesian women. It distinguishes the central from the peripheral aspects of systems that women have developed to meet their own needs and contrasts them with modern health care systems. It suggests what can be done to keep the valuable features of each approach.", "contents": "Women, doctors, and family health care: some lessons from rural Java. The following article describes traditional health care systems of rural Indonesian women. It distinguishes the central from the peripheral aspects of systems that women have developed to meet their own needs and contrasts them with modern health care systems. It suggests what can be done to keep the valuable features of each approach.", "PMID": 575444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11660", "title": "[Aspects of the development of ocular onchocerciasis in West-Africa after three years of simulium control (authors transl)].", "content": "In four rural West-African communities with different degrees of ocular affection the development of ocular onchocerciasis has been evaluated after three years of vector control. In the area of a successful disruption of the transmission the population with a slight degree of ocular onchocerciasis before control operations started, did not show an aggravation of the lesions. In those groups severely affected at the beginning of vector control the lesions showed no progression in the majority of the cases. The diminuition of the ocular parasite load, resulting from the reduced transmission, appears to be an important factor in the change of the incidence of blindness and severe ocular lesions attributable to onchocerciasis. Contrary to this the aggravation of ocular lesions was found to be more severe in a community situated in the area reinvaded by the vector than in those that did not experience a reinvasion of the fly.", "contents": "[Aspects of the development of ocular onchocerciasis in West-Africa after three years of simulium control (authors transl)]. In four rural West-African communities with different degrees of ocular affection the development of ocular onchocerciasis has been evaluated after three years of vector control. In the area of a successful disruption of the transmission the population with a slight degree of ocular onchocerciasis before control operations started, did not show an aggravation of the lesions. In those groups severely affected at the beginning of vector control the lesions showed no progression in the majority of the cases. The diminuition of the ocular parasite load, resulting from the reduced transmission, appears to be an important factor in the change of the incidence of blindness and severe ocular lesions attributable to onchocerciasis. Contrary to this the aggravation of ocular lesions was found to be more severe in a community situated in the area reinvaded by the vector than in those that did not experience a reinvasion of the fly.", "PMID": 575450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11661", "title": "The laboratory maintenance and rearing of Simulium damnosum complex species as a research tool for the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Vola River Basin.", "content": "The laboratory maintenance and rearing of Stimulium damnosum complex species and the cytotaxonomic determination of reared larvae, has been useful to OCP in the following fields of investigation: 1. Species identification of reinvading females. 2. Distribution of biting populations of S. damnosum complex species. 3. Identification of eggs and small larvae found within the OCP area. 4. Host preferences of species within the complex. 5. Vector potential of S. damnosum complex species for Onchocerca volvulus and O. ochengi. 6. Provision of identified material for morphological investigation. The technique of indirect adult identification using reared larvae, may eventually by largely superseded by progress in morphological taxonomy.", "contents": "The laboratory maintenance and rearing of Simulium damnosum complex species as a research tool for the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Vola River Basin. The laboratory maintenance and rearing of Stimulium damnosum complex species and the cytotaxonomic determination of reared larvae, has been useful to OCP in the following fields of investigation: 1. Species identification of reinvading females. 2. Distribution of biting populations of S. damnosum complex species. 3. Identification of eggs and small larvae found within the OCP area. 4. Host preferences of species within the complex. 5. Vector potential of S. damnosum complex species for Onchocerca volvulus and O. ochengi. 6. Provision of identified material for morphological investigation. The technique of indirect adult identification using reared larvae, may eventually by largely superseded by progress in morphological taxonomy.", "PMID": 575451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11662", "title": "The use of the starch grain and phenolsulphonphthalein tests to investigate infertile cows.", "content": "The starch grain and phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) tests were used to investigate the patency of the fallopian tubes in five \"repeat breeder\" cows. Evidence of tubal lesions was determined in three cows on rectal palpation. Using the starch grain test, bilateral occlusion was determined in three animals, left sided occlusion was determined in one and right sided occlusion in another. Using the PSP test there was evidence of bilateral occlusion in two of the four coes which were tested. In four cows the genital organs were examined visually and by palpation at laparotomy and in two cows tubal occlusion was confirmed when they were flushed with saline, and patency restored. In one animal both ovaries were almost completely encapsulated, while in the fourth adhesions involving the fimbriae occluded the ostia. There were broken down and this cow was the only one which subsequently conceived.", "contents": "The use of the starch grain and phenolsulphonphthalein tests to investigate infertile cows. The starch grain and phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) tests were used to investigate the patency of the fallopian tubes in five \"repeat breeder\" cows. Evidence of tubal lesions was determined in three cows on rectal palpation. Using the starch grain test, bilateral occlusion was determined in three animals, left sided occlusion was determined in one and right sided occlusion in another. Using the PSP test there was evidence of bilateral occlusion in two of the four coes which were tested. In four cows the genital organs were examined visually and by palpation at laparotomy and in two cows tubal occlusion was confirmed when they were flushed with saline, and patency restored. In one animal both ovaries were almost completely encapsulated, while in the fourth adhesions involving the fimbriae occluded the ostia. There were broken down and this cow was the only one which subsequently conceived.", "PMID": 575452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11663", "title": "The California Child Health and Development Studies: twenty years of research.", "content": "The Child Health and Development Studies are prospective longitudinal studies of pregnancy and delivery, and of health and development of the children from birth until adolescence. The studies are conducted on members of a prepaid medical insurance plan, and reside in the Oakland area of California, USA. The infants were born in one hospital, between 1659 and 1967. A variety of biomedical studies have been published; these have been summarized in separate sections representing the major research projects. Currently, an adolescent study is in progress in which the older children of the study cohort participate.", "contents": "The California Child Health and Development Studies: twenty years of research. The Child Health and Development Studies are prospective longitudinal studies of pregnancy and delivery, and of health and development of the children from birth until adolescence. The studies are conducted on members of a prepaid medical insurance plan, and reside in the Oakland area of California, USA. The infants were born in one hospital, between 1659 and 1967. A variety of biomedical studies have been published; these have been summarized in separate sections representing the major research projects. Currently, an adolescent study is in progress in which the older children of the study cohort participate.", "PMID": 575457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11664", "title": "[Lymphatic vessels in the uterus of aging nulliparous and multiparous mice].", "content": "The morphological changes in the uterine lymphatics in aging nulliparous and multiparous mice, as shown by the application of dyestuffs (patient blue violet and Japan ink) are described, and their appearance corresponds to that described in earlier papiers by Fabian (1976, 1977, 1978). It is apparent on the basis of these findings that with the cessation of the sexual cycle, the previous regularly repeated morphological changes in the mouses uterus move into another stage, and associated with this the lymphatics inevitably take part in the aging process. According to Lindner (1975) this is essentially a dynamic process, rather than one which is purely passive, dengerative or involutional.", "contents": "[Lymphatic vessels in the uterus of aging nulliparous and multiparous mice]. The morphological changes in the uterine lymphatics in aging nulliparous and multiparous mice, as shown by the application of dyestuffs (patient blue violet and Japan ink) are described, and their appearance corresponds to that described in earlier papiers by Fabian (1976, 1977, 1978). It is apparent on the basis of these findings that with the cessation of the sexual cycle, the previous regularly repeated morphological changes in the mouses uterus move into another stage, and associated with this the lymphatics inevitably take part in the aging process. According to Lindner (1975) this is essentially a dynamic process, rather than one which is purely passive, dengerative or involutional.", "PMID": 575458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11665", "title": "Persistent measles virus infection in a calf kidney cell line. Note III. Cellular alterations in the selected chronically infected K-2 cell line.", "content": "Marked morphological, growth and chromosome alterations pointing to in vitro cellular transformation were made evident in a selected calf kidney cell line (K-2) chronically infected with measles virus. The transformed cell line released infectant virus and had no oncogenic potential for the hamster.", "contents": "Persistent measles virus infection in a calf kidney cell line. Note III. Cellular alterations in the selected chronically infected K-2 cell line. Marked morphological, growth and chromosome alterations pointing to in vitro cellular transformation were made evident in a selected calf kidney cell line (K-2) chronically infected with measles virus. The transformed cell line released infectant virus and had no oncogenic potential for the hamster.", "PMID": 575453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11666", "title": "Benzo(a)pyrene contents of meat products.", "content": "The Benzo(a)pyrene contents of 386 smoked and 18 grilled meat products were determined by application of capillary gas-chromatography-mass fragmentography using inner standards. 82 per cent of 183 black smoked hams contained appreciably more than the legal maximum amount of 1 ppb. The quantities of BaP increased very much with increase of soot accumulation on the surface. Only 15 per cent of 95 hams and only 9 per cent of 87 sausages smoked by normal methods had excessive BaP content. The amounts in excess of 1 ppb were much lower in these hams. Bratwurst grilled by use of pine-cones, spruce-cones and hard wood contained on average 28 ppb BaP. The BaP amounts of Bratwurst grilled over charcoal were without exception lower than 1 ppb.", "contents": "Benzo(a)pyrene contents of meat products. The Benzo(a)pyrene contents of 386 smoked and 18 grilled meat products were determined by application of capillary gas-chromatography-mass fragmentography using inner standards. 82 per cent of 183 black smoked hams contained appreciably more than the legal maximum amount of 1 ppb. The quantities of BaP increased very much with increase of soot accumulation on the surface. Only 15 per cent of 95 hams and only 9 per cent of 87 sausages smoked by normal methods had excessive BaP content. The amounts in excess of 1 ppb were much lower in these hams. Bratwurst grilled by use of pine-cones, spruce-cones and hard wood contained on average 28 ppb BaP. The BaP amounts of Bratwurst grilled over charcoal were without exception lower than 1 ppb.", "PMID": 575459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11667", "title": "[Are television cameramen and sound operators overstressed?].", "content": "Sickness absences occurred between 1975 and 1977 among 29 cameramen and sound operators of the Swiss Television Corporation (in French language) in charge of outside reports have been compared with both those of a control group working in TV studio and with those of the staff of the Federal Administration. No significant difference was found between these three groups as regards absences for illnesses and injuries lasting one to three days and for injuries lasting more than three days. On the other hand, illnesses of more than three days were significantly more frequent among the cameramen and sound operators. This was mainly due to a very high rate of psychosomatic diseases and nervous breakdown. This difference has been attributed rather to professional fag than to attraction to these professions of more vulnerable people.", "contents": "[Are television cameramen and sound operators overstressed?]. Sickness absences occurred between 1975 and 1977 among 29 cameramen and sound operators of the Swiss Television Corporation (in French language) in charge of outside reports have been compared with both those of a control group working in TV studio and with those of the staff of the Federal Administration. No significant difference was found between these three groups as regards absences for illnesses and injuries lasting one to three days and for injuries lasting more than three days. On the other hand, illnesses of more than three days were significantly more frequent among the cameramen and sound operators. This was mainly due to a very high rate of psychosomatic diseases and nervous breakdown. This difference has been attributed rather to professional fag than to attraction to these professions of more vulnerable people.", "PMID": 575460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11668", "title": "[Hemolytic crisis in nocturnal paroxysmal hemoglobinuria after ingestion of acetic acid].", "content": "In a female patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria a dramatic haemolytic crisis developed after ingestion of acetic acid. The pathogenesis of the disease, therapeutic possibilities and possible mechanism of haemolysis are discussed.", "contents": "[Hemolytic crisis in nocturnal paroxysmal hemoglobinuria after ingestion of acetic acid]. In a female patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria a dramatic haemolytic crisis developed after ingestion of acetic acid. The pathogenesis of the disease, therapeutic possibilities and possible mechanism of haemolysis are discussed.", "PMID": 575461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11669", "title": "Position of ultimobranchial body cysts in the human fetal thyroid gland.", "content": "In a series of 21 human fetal thyroid glands examined histologically in serial sections, seven ultimobranchial body cysts were found. The position of these cysts correlated well with the distribution of calcitonin-containing cells found by previous investigators in the adult thyroid gland. Ultimobranchial body cysts found external to the thyroid lobes may offer a developmental explanation for the paucity of calcitonin found in some adult thyroid glands. The close developmental relationship between the parathyroid gland and the ultimobranchial body could explain the presence of calcitonin found in these glands in some adults.", "contents": "Position of ultimobranchial body cysts in the human fetal thyroid gland. In a series of 21 human fetal thyroid glands examined histologically in serial sections, seven ultimobranchial body cysts were found. The position of these cysts correlated well with the distribution of calcitonin-containing cells found by previous investigators in the adult thyroid gland. Ultimobranchial body cysts found external to the thyroid lobes may offer a developmental explanation for the paucity of calcitonin found in some adult thyroid glands. The close developmental relationship between the parathyroid gland and the ultimobranchial body could explain the presence of calcitonin found in these glands in some adults.", "PMID": 575462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11670", "title": "Inhibition of intestinal smooth muscle contraction by surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts.", "content": "The effects of surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts (C10--C20) on the contractile activity of isolated rat jejunum and on the gastrointestinal motility in anaesthetized rats were studied. The surfactants caused a dose-dependent depression of spontaneous contractions and of acetyl-beta-methylcholine and BaCl2 induced contractions of isolated rat jejunum. The depressant activity of the surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts on smooth muscle contraction increased with an increase in the length of the alkyl chain to maximum activity at C16. It is suggested that the depressant activity of the surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts on smooth muscle contraction is due to a non-specific interaction of the surfactants with the cellmembrane of the muscle cells. No effect on gastric and intestinal motility in vivo was observed following intragastric or intraintestinal administrations of surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts. This lack of effect upon intraintestinal or intragastric administration probably depends on an inability of the surfactants to reach the site of action when administered from the mucosal side.", "contents": "Inhibition of intestinal smooth muscle contraction by surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts. The effects of surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts (C10--C20) on the contractile activity of isolated rat jejunum and on the gastrointestinal motility in anaesthetized rats were studied. The surfactants caused a dose-dependent depression of spontaneous contractions and of acetyl-beta-methylcholine and BaCl2 induced contractions of isolated rat jejunum. The depressant activity of the surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts on smooth muscle contraction increased with an increase in the length of the alkyl chain to maximum activity at C16. It is suggested that the depressant activity of the surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts on smooth muscle contraction is due to a non-specific interaction of the surfactants with the cellmembrane of the muscle cells. No effect on gastric and intestinal motility in vivo was observed following intragastric or intraintestinal administrations of surface-active alkyltrimethylammonium salts. This lack of effect upon intraintestinal or intragastric administration probably depends on an inability of the surfactants to reach the site of action when administered from the mucosal side.", "PMID": 575464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11671", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow and visual attention in the awake isolated cerebrium of the pretrigeminal cat.", "content": "The effect of visual stimulation on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in five cats with brainstem transection at the pretrigeminal level. The CBF was measured in the occipital and frontal cortex by external monitoring of the clearance of 133Xe. As a visual stimulus, a feather duster moving for 2 min in front of the cat\u0092s eyes was used. This stimulus evoked an increase of CBF. In the occipital cortex the CBF increase was greater and comparable to that evoked by elevation of the arterial pCO2. Both in the occipital and frontal cortex the CBF response was positively correlated with the intensity of the ocular-following reflex and the cortical EEG arousal. It is concluded that the CBF increase was correlated with the degree of attention paid by the cat to the visual stimulus.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow and visual attention in the awake isolated cerebrium of the pretrigeminal cat. The effect of visual stimulation on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in five cats with brainstem transection at the pretrigeminal level. The CBF was measured in the occipital and frontal cortex by external monitoring of the clearance of 133Xe. As a visual stimulus, a feather duster moving for 2 min in front of the cat\u0092s eyes was used. This stimulus evoked an increase of CBF. In the occipital cortex the CBF increase was greater and comparable to that evoked by elevation of the arterial pCO2. Both in the occipital and frontal cortex the CBF response was positively correlated with the intensity of the ocular-following reflex and the cortical EEG arousal. It is concluded that the CBF increase was correlated with the degree of attention paid by the cat to the visual stimulus.", "PMID": 575466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11672", "title": "Brief clinical report: the Dubowitz syndrome in a teenager.", "content": "The Dubowitz syndrome has been recognized during the past few years as a new, distinct intrauterine growth-retardation syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance. One new patient is presented, a 10 1/2-year-old slightly mentally retarded girl.", "contents": "Brief clinical report: the Dubowitz syndrome in a teenager. The Dubowitz syndrome has been recognized during the past few years as a new, distinct intrauterine growth-retardation syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance. One new patient is presented, a 10 1/2-year-old slightly mentally retarded girl.", "PMID": 575467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11673", "title": "Complete androgen insensitivity with a normal amount of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-binding activity in labium majus skin fibroblasts.", "content": "We have studied labium majus skin fibroblast strains from six unrelated, previously unreported, patients with complete androgen insensitivity (CAI). Four have markedly reduced specific 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-binding (DHT-binding) activity (receptor-negative). The other two (receptor-positive) have normal activities in whole-cell homogenates, the 100,000g supernatant of cell sonicates prepared in 0.4 MKCl, purified whole nuclei, and the nuclear fraction that resists extraction with 0.4 MKCl. In one of the two, the DHT-binding macromolecules in the cytosol and 0.4 M KCl-extractable nuclear fraction have normal molecular sieving profiles and binding activities. One of the receptor-positive patients has maternally related affected relatives in three successive genetations. Appreciable unexplained interexperimental variation of the DHT-binding activities in genital skin fibroblast strains demands that multiple assays be performed on a strain before its receptor status is classified quantitatively. In our experience to date with genital skin fibroblasts, four of 13 propositi with CAI have been receptor-positive.", "contents": "Complete androgen insensitivity with a normal amount of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-binding activity in labium majus skin fibroblasts. We have studied labium majus skin fibroblast strains from six unrelated, previously unreported, patients with complete androgen insensitivity (CAI). Four have markedly reduced specific 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-binding (DHT-binding) activity (receptor-negative). The other two (receptor-positive) have normal activities in whole-cell homogenates, the 100,000g supernatant of cell sonicates prepared in 0.4 MKCl, purified whole nuclei, and the nuclear fraction that resists extraction with 0.4 MKCl. In one of the two, the DHT-binding macromolecules in the cytosol and 0.4 M KCl-extractable nuclear fraction have normal molecular sieving profiles and binding activities. One of the receptor-positive patients has maternally related affected relatives in three successive genetations. Appreciable unexplained interexperimental variation of the DHT-binding activities in genital skin fibroblast strains demands that multiple assays be performed on a strain before its receptor status is classified quantitatively. In our experience to date with genital skin fibroblasts, four of 13 propositi with CAI have been receptor-positive.", "PMID": 575468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11674", "title": "[Contribution to the definition of reference values in the hare: hematology -- blood biochemistry (author's transl)].", "content": "The following hematological and biochemical reference values were determined in 150 hares: hematocrit, blood count and leucocytic formula, Na, K, Cl, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, bilirubin, triglycerides, proteins and fractions, PAL, PAC, TGO, TGP, amylase, GGT, LDH. Once the effects of sex and age have been established, the references defined here will be used as a base for interpreting disturbances linked either to pathology or nutrition.", "contents": "[Contribution to the definition of reference values in the hare: hematology -- blood biochemistry (author's transl)]. The following hematological and biochemical reference values were determined in 150 hares: hematocrit, blood count and leucocytic formula, Na, K, Cl, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, bilirubin, triglycerides, proteins and fractions, PAL, PAC, TGO, TGP, amylase, GGT, LDH. Once the effects of sex and age have been established, the references defined here will be used as a base for interpreting disturbances linked either to pathology or nutrition.", "PMID": 575473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11675", "title": "[Binding capacity of testosterone estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in normal children and in children with endocrine pathology].", "content": "The binding capacity of plasma TeBG was measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In normal prepubertal children the values are identical in the two sexes boys (6.23 +/- 1.72 microgram/dl); girls (6.21 +/- 1.93 microgram/dl). In boys puberty induces an immediate and highly significant (p less than 0.001) drop in TeBG (1.79 +/- 0.75 microgram/dl) while it remains unchanged in girls (5.34 +/- 0.92 microgram/dl). In newborn males there is a physiological rise in plasma testosterone in the first months of life with a parallel rise in TeBG. In boys with precocious puberty the drop in TeBG is delayed in comparison to the rise in plasma testosterone. The pubertal drop of TeBG is delayed and incomplete in boys with male pseudohermaphroditism. The data indicates that the measurement of TeBG binding capacity can be used as an indirect method to evaluate the peripheral effect of testosterone. The lack of effect of HCG on TeBG means that this test is of no value as a functional assessment of prepubertal subjects.", "contents": "[Binding capacity of testosterone estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in normal children and in children with endocrine pathology]. The binding capacity of plasma TeBG was measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In normal prepubertal children the values are identical in the two sexes boys (6.23 +/- 1.72 microgram/dl); girls (6.21 +/- 1.93 microgram/dl). In boys puberty induces an immediate and highly significant (p less than 0.001) drop in TeBG (1.79 +/- 0.75 microgram/dl) while it remains unchanged in girls (5.34 +/- 0.92 microgram/dl). In newborn males there is a physiological rise in plasma testosterone in the first months of life with a parallel rise in TeBG. In boys with precocious puberty the drop in TeBG is delayed in comparison to the rise in plasma testosterone. The pubertal drop of TeBG is delayed and incomplete in boys with male pseudohermaphroditism. The data indicates that the measurement of TeBG binding capacity can be used as an indirect method to evaluate the peripheral effect of testosterone. The lack of effect of HCG on TeBG means that this test is of no value as a functional assessment of prepubertal subjects.", "PMID": 575475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11676", "title": "Effect of human plasma apolipoproteins on the activity of purified lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "An active preparation of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) was isolated from human plasma by density ultracentrifugation, high-density lipoprotein affinity chromatography, DEAE-Sepharose and hydroxylapatite chromatography. This enzyme preparation gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 8 M urea and on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Upon analytical isoelectric focusing the enzyme separated into at least five isoforms with isoelectric points ranging from 5.1 to 5.5. The enzyme with an apparent molecular weight of 66,000 +/- 2,000 was characterized by a high content of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and glycine and contained approximately 31 moles of glucosamine/10(3) moles of protein and no galactosamine. The purified enzyme, stored at 20-40 microgram/ml at 4 degrees C, had a half-life of 26 +/- 4 days. The effect of purified human plasma apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, C-I, C-II, C-III and D on the activity of purified LCAT was studied, using egg-yolk lecithin (40 microM): cholesterol (10 microM) vesicles prepared in 1.25% ethanol in the absence or presence of 0.5% albumin. Addition of albumin to the incubation mixture nearly doubled the esterification rate of LCAT with A-I as activator (n=4), whereas it inhibited esterification by approximately 35% (n=3) if C-I was the activator. Maximum activation by C-I yielded only 13 +/- 6% (vesicles with albumin) or 42 +/- 5% (vesicles without albumin) of the LCAT activity obtained with A-I. Each of the apoproteins A-II, C-II, C-III and D inhibited the LCAT reaction in the presence of A-I or C-I at concentrations needed for maximal activation. Contrary to previous work, apolipoprotein D does not appear to be an activator of LCAT. LCAT activity is significantly affected by albumin and the apolipoproteins A-II, C-II, C-III, and D.", "contents": "Effect of human plasma apolipoproteins on the activity of purified lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. An active preparation of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) was isolated from human plasma by density ultracentrifugation, high-density lipoprotein affinity chromatography, DEAE-Sepharose and hydroxylapatite chromatography. This enzyme preparation gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 8 M urea and on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Upon analytical isoelectric focusing the enzyme separated into at least five isoforms with isoelectric points ranging from 5.1 to 5.5. The enzyme with an apparent molecular weight of 66,000 +/- 2,000 was characterized by a high content of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and glycine and contained approximately 31 moles of glucosamine/10(3) moles of protein and no galactosamine. The purified enzyme, stored at 20-40 microgram/ml at 4 degrees C, had a half-life of 26 +/- 4 days. The effect of purified human plasma apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, C-I, C-II, C-III and D on the activity of purified LCAT was studied, using egg-yolk lecithin (40 microM): cholesterol (10 microM) vesicles prepared in 1.25% ethanol in the absence or presence of 0.5% albumin. Addition of albumin to the incubation mixture nearly doubled the esterification rate of LCAT with A-I as activator (n=4), whereas it inhibited esterification by approximately 35% (n=3) if C-I was the activator. Maximum activation by C-I yielded only 13 +/- 6% (vesicles with albumin) or 42 +/- 5% (vesicles without albumin) of the LCAT activity obtained with A-I. Each of the apoproteins A-II, C-II, C-III and D inhibited the LCAT reaction in the presence of A-I or C-I at concentrations needed for maximal activation. Contrary to previous work, apolipoprotein D does not appear to be an activator of LCAT. LCAT activity is significantly affected by albumin and the apolipoproteins A-II, C-II, C-III, and D.", "PMID": 575476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11677", "title": "[Freshwater snails and vectors of schistosomiasis mansoni in Martinique (French West Indies)].", "content": "An inventory of the freshwater Molluscs in Martinique was worked out during 1972 to 1978. Each of the 19 species is shown with its main characteristics. The distribution of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biompharia straminea was studied. The epidemiological importance of these two snails is discussed.", "contents": "[Freshwater snails and vectors of schistosomiasis mansoni in Martinique (French West Indies)]. An inventory of the freshwater Molluscs in Martinique was worked out during 1972 to 1978. Each of the 19 species is shown with its main characteristics. The distribution of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biompharia straminea was studied. The epidemiological importance of these two snails is discussed.", "PMID": 575471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11678", "title": "Measurement of endothelial fibrinolytic activity in aorta and vena cava in rabbits: a fibrin-agar plate method.", "content": "The fibrin-agar plate method was used to estimate fibrinolytic activity from the luminal surfaces of aorta and vena cava with or without denudation of endothelium in rabbits. Diffuse endothelial denudation was accomplished by air-dry injury to the luminal surfaces for 24 hours prior to sacrifice. The segments individually obtained from the aorta and vena cava were immediately turned inside out in a cylindrical fashion and soaked in a vial containing plasminogen-rich solution. The vials were kept in a refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 4 hours. Five microliter of the solution was dropped on a fibrin-agar plate containing 0.08% fibrinogen (plasminogen free) and 1.4% agar in 0.01 M phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.4. A thrombin solution was then added to the plates, which were incubated for 18 hours at 37 degrees C in a moist chamber. The fibrinolytically digested areas revealed no comparative difference in fibrinolytic activity between the aorta and the vena cava either in the experimental or control group. However, a plasminogen activator was detected on the luminal surfaces of both the aorta and the vena cava with endothelial denudation as well as in normal controls. These results suggest that luminal fibrinolytic activity may be located not only in endothelial cells but possibly in other sources as well. Further examination of the interaction between the tissue activator and the inhibitor and determination of their localization are needed. Thrombogenesis may be an important factor in atherogenesis; in certain circumstances, detachment of the endothelial cells exposes underlying collagen fibrils and subsequently initiates the aggregation of platelets and cellular proliferation in the intima. There are, however, many unresolved questions concerning the precise mechanisms of development, resolution and organization of thrombi.", "contents": "Measurement of endothelial fibrinolytic activity in aorta and vena cava in rabbits: a fibrin-agar plate method. The fibrin-agar plate method was used to estimate fibrinolytic activity from the luminal surfaces of aorta and vena cava with or without denudation of endothelium in rabbits. Diffuse endothelial denudation was accomplished by air-dry injury to the luminal surfaces for 24 hours prior to sacrifice. The segments individually obtained from the aorta and vena cava were immediately turned inside out in a cylindrical fashion and soaked in a vial containing plasminogen-rich solution. The vials were kept in a refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 4 hours. Five microliter of the solution was dropped on a fibrin-agar plate containing 0.08% fibrinogen (plasminogen free) and 1.4% agar in 0.01 M phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.4. A thrombin solution was then added to the plates, which were incubated for 18 hours at 37 degrees C in a moist chamber. The fibrinolytically digested areas revealed no comparative difference in fibrinolytic activity between the aorta and the vena cava either in the experimental or control group. However, a plasminogen activator was detected on the luminal surfaces of both the aorta and the vena cava with endothelial denudation as well as in normal controls. These results suggest that luminal fibrinolytic activity may be located not only in endothelial cells but possibly in other sources as well. Further examination of the interaction between the tissue activator and the inhibitor and determination of their localization are needed. Thrombogenesis may be an important factor in atherogenesis; in certain circumstances, detachment of the endothelial cells exposes underlying collagen fibrils and subsequently initiates the aggregation of platelets and cellular proliferation in the intima. There are, however, many unresolved questions concerning the precise mechanisms of development, resolution and organization of thrombi.", "PMID": 575477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11679", "title": "[Specialization of the ovocytic endoplasmic reticulum near the contact of the hind gut in Trichinella spiralis (author's transl)].", "content": "In Trichinella spiralis, the bigger ovocytes show contacts with the cuticula of the hind gut. Near these contacts, the ovocytic endoplasmic reticulum is hypertrophied. This device is described with details and compared to that one of the stichocytes; its possible role is discussed.", "contents": "[Specialization of the ovocytic endoplasmic reticulum near the contact of the hind gut in Trichinella spiralis (author's transl)]. In Trichinella spiralis, the bigger ovocytes show contacts with the cuticula of the hind gut. Near these contacts, the ovocytic endoplasmic reticulum is hypertrophied. This device is described with details and compared to that one of the stichocytes; its possible role is discussed.", "PMID": 575472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11680", "title": "Depressed incidence of oestrus in ewes with clover disease at the beginning of the breeding season.", "content": "The incidence of oestrus was depressed in ewes with permanent clover infertility running on non-oestrogenic pasture, particularly in the first part of the breeding season. The depression was due to the failure of some ewes to display oestrus, and to a more erratic pattern of oestrous activity in the other ewes. The incidence of oestrus was restored to normal by treatment with progesterone. In contrast, the incidence of oestrus was reduced in affected ewes grazing in oestrogenic pasture.", "contents": "Depressed incidence of oestrus in ewes with clover disease at the beginning of the breeding season. The incidence of oestrus was depressed in ewes with permanent clover infertility running on non-oestrogenic pasture, particularly in the first part of the breeding season. The depression was due to the failure of some ewes to display oestrus, and to a more erratic pattern of oestrous activity in the other ewes. The incidence of oestrus was restored to normal by treatment with progesterone. In contrast, the incidence of oestrus was reduced in affected ewes grazing in oestrogenic pasture.", "PMID": 575478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11681", "title": "Isolation and characterization of binding proteins for retinol from the cytosol, nucleosol and chromatin of the oviduct magnum of laying hens.", "content": "Protein fractions that bind retinol were isolated from the cytosol, nucleosol and chromatin of the oviduct magnum of laying hens. The proteins isolated from the three sources showed similar elution profiles on chromatography through Sephadex G-75 and G-50 columns, and comparable mobility during electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. Their molecular weights were calculated to be around 14500. When oviducts from vitamin A-depleted and vitamin A-repleted immature chicks given oestrogen injections for 6 consecutive days were incubated with [3H]retinyl acetate, uptake of the radioactivity in the nuclei of the vitamin A-depleted tissue was severalfold higher than that in the nuclei from the vitamin A-repleted tissue.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of binding proteins for retinol from the cytosol, nucleosol and chromatin of the oviduct magnum of laying hens. Protein fractions that bind retinol were isolated from the cytosol, nucleosol and chromatin of the oviduct magnum of laying hens. The proteins isolated from the three sources showed similar elution profiles on chromatography through Sephadex G-75 and G-50 columns, and comparable mobility during electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. Their molecular weights were calculated to be around 14500. When oviducts from vitamin A-depleted and vitamin A-repleted immature chicks given oestrogen injections for 6 consecutive days were incubated with [3H]retinyl acetate, uptake of the radioactivity in the nuclei of the vitamin A-depleted tissue was severalfold higher than that in the nuclei from the vitamin A-repleted tissue.", "PMID": 575485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11682", "title": "A study of the copper-binding proteins in liver and kidney tissue of neonatal normal and mottled mutant mice.", "content": "The Cu2+-binding proteins from liver and kidney tissue of 7--8-day-old brindled (Mobr) mice and their normal littermates were compared. (1) Separation over Bio-Gel P-10 showed that the differences in the Cu2+ content of mutant tissues were largely associated with a low-molecular-weight protein fraction (mol.wt. 14 500). (2) Further purification of this low-molecular-weight fraction by anion-exchange chromatography revealed four subfractions. The Cu2+ content of each subfraction reflected the Cu2+ status of the tissue of origin; the Cu2+ contents of the mutant kidney subfractions were elevated and those of the mutant liver were depressed compared with normal. In contrast, the protein contents of the subfractions were less variable and did not reflect the differing Cu2+ contents. (3) Amino acid analysis of the four subfractions from CuCl2-treated mutant and normal animals revealed clos similarities. The proteins showed high glycine, glutamic acid, serine, alanine and lysine contents and a rather variable cysteine content. Differences were apparent in the normal liver subfractions, which showed a higher cysteine content and lower glutamic acid content than did either the mutant liver or normal and mutant kidney subfractions. These observations, together with the recorded presence of aromatic amino acids, indicated that these proteins are not thioneins.", "contents": "A study of the copper-binding proteins in liver and kidney tissue of neonatal normal and mottled mutant mice. The Cu2+-binding proteins from liver and kidney tissue of 7--8-day-old brindled (Mobr) mice and their normal littermates were compared. (1) Separation over Bio-Gel P-10 showed that the differences in the Cu2+ content of mutant tissues were largely associated with a low-molecular-weight protein fraction (mol.wt. 14 500). (2) Further purification of this low-molecular-weight fraction by anion-exchange chromatography revealed four subfractions. The Cu2+ content of each subfraction reflected the Cu2+ status of the tissue of origin; the Cu2+ contents of the mutant kidney subfractions were elevated and those of the mutant liver were depressed compared with normal. In contrast, the protein contents of the subfractions were less variable and did not reflect the differing Cu2+ contents. (3) Amino acid analysis of the four subfractions from CuCl2-treated mutant and normal animals revealed clos similarities. The proteins showed high glycine, glutamic acid, serine, alanine and lysine contents and a rather variable cysteine content. Differences were apparent in the normal liver subfractions, which showed a higher cysteine content and lower glutamic acid content than did either the mutant liver or normal and mutant kidney subfractions. These observations, together with the recorded presence of aromatic amino acids, indicated that these proteins are not thioneins.", "PMID": 575486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11683", "title": "Effects of manganese ions and magnesium ions on the activity of soya-bean ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.", "content": "The Michaelis constants of soya-bean ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase for CO2 in the carboxylation reaction and for O2 in the oxygenation reaction depend on the nature of the bivalent cation present. In the presence of Mg2+ the Km for bicarbonate is 2.48 mM, and the Km for O2 is 37% (gas-phase concentration). With Mn2+ the values decrease to 0.85 mM and 1.7% respectively. For the carboxylation reaction Vmax. was 1.7 mumol/min per mg of protein with Mg2+ but only 0.29 mumol/min per mg of protein with Mn2+. For the oxygenation reaction, Vmax. values were 0.61 and 0.29 mumol/min per mg of protein respectively with Mg2+ and Mn2+.", "contents": "Effects of manganese ions and magnesium ions on the activity of soya-bean ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The Michaelis constants of soya-bean ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase for CO2 in the carboxylation reaction and for O2 in the oxygenation reaction depend on the nature of the bivalent cation present. In the presence of Mg2+ the Km for bicarbonate is 2.48 mM, and the Km for O2 is 37% (gas-phase concentration). With Mn2+ the values decrease to 0.85 mM and 1.7% respectively. For the carboxylation reaction Vmax. was 1.7 mumol/min per mg of protein with Mg2+ but only 0.29 mumol/min per mg of protein with Mn2+. For the oxygenation reaction, Vmax. values were 0.61 and 0.29 mumol/min per mg of protein respectively with Mg2+ and Mn2+.", "PMID": 575487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11684", "title": "Synthesis and chemical properties of N- and O-phosphorylated derivatives of creatinol.", "content": "N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate) was synthesized from creatinol by phosphorylation with partially hydrolyzed phosphoryl chloride or by dehydration of its phosphate salt. Creatinol N-phosphate was obtained by addition of N-methylamino ethanol to bis-p-nitrobenzylphosphocyanamide, followed by hydrogenolysis. The chemical properties of both compounds were investigated; creatinol N-phosphate was rearranged to creatinol O-phosphate by heating.", "contents": "Synthesis and chemical properties of N- and O-phosphorylated derivatives of creatinol. N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate) was synthesized from creatinol by phosphorylation with partially hydrolyzed phosphoryl chloride or by dehydration of its phosphate salt. Creatinol N-phosphate was obtained by addition of N-methylamino ethanol to bis-p-nitrobenzylphosphocyanamide, followed by hydrogenolysis. The chemical properties of both compounds were investigated; creatinol N-phosphate was rearranged to creatinol O-phosphate by heating.", "PMID": 575489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11685", "title": "Acute clinical tolerance of creatinol O-phosphate.", "content": "Acute clinical tolerance to N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) was investigated in volunteer human subjects without heart or renal disease and without other serious illness. COP was administered i.v. at three different dosages, 1020 mg (group A), 2040 mg (group B) and 3060 mg (group C), in comparison with a placebo (group D). Arterial pressure, heart rate, ECG pattern and a complete blood analysis showed no change at any COP dosage, with the exception of blood phosphate, which increased in groups B and C. Cumulative urinary excretion of phosphate and creatinine and diuresis increased, whereas other urine parameters did not change. The phosphate and creatinine increases derived from the COP molecule and the increase in diuresis from a simple osmotic process required to dilute the phosphate in the tubular fluid. All these alterations were statistically significant and dose-related with COP and had been expected. COP proved to be a very well tolerated drug without any evident side effect.", "contents": "Acute clinical tolerance of creatinol O-phosphate. Acute clinical tolerance to N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) was investigated in volunteer human subjects without heart or renal disease and without other serious illness. COP was administered i.v. at three different dosages, 1020 mg (group A), 2040 mg (group B) and 3060 mg (group C), in comparison with a placebo (group D). Arterial pressure, heart rate, ECG pattern and a complete blood analysis showed no change at any COP dosage, with the exception of blood phosphate, which increased in groups B and C. Cumulative urinary excretion of phosphate and creatinine and diuresis increased, whereas other urine parameters did not change. The phosphate and creatinine increases derived from the COP molecule and the increase in diuresis from a simple osmotic process required to dilute the phosphate in the tubular fluid. All these alterations were statistically significant and dose-related with COP and had been expected. COP proved to be a very well tolerated drug without any evident side effect.", "PMID": 575490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11686", "title": "An analysis of the reduction by creatinol O-phosphate of the myocardial lesions evoked by isoprenaline in the rat.", "content": "The distribution and the size of lesions evoked in rat heart by the injection of isoprenaline 30 mg/kg have been estimated in rat pretreated or not by various dosages of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate). It has been observed that the number of lesions was inequally distributed in the various parts of the heart. Creatinol O-phosphate pretreatment reduced both the number and the size of the reactive areas. The reduction of the number of foci was dose-dependent. The action of the lowest creatinol O-phosphate doses was increased by a pretreatment during 4 days instead of the 4 h pretreatment initially used. The size of the reactive area was also reduced but in a manner indicating an action of large creatinol O-phosphate dosages on the microcirculation. It is concluded that, due to its protective action against cardionecrosis, creatinol O-phosphate has great potential value in patients with myocardial infarction in whom the extent of the infarct size may be limited by an action on the jeopardized area.", "contents": "An analysis of the reduction by creatinol O-phosphate of the myocardial lesions evoked by isoprenaline in the rat. The distribution and the size of lesions evoked in rat heart by the injection of isoprenaline 30 mg/kg have been estimated in rat pretreated or not by various dosages of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate). It has been observed that the number of lesions was inequally distributed in the various parts of the heart. Creatinol O-phosphate pretreatment reduced both the number and the size of the reactive areas. The reduction of the number of foci was dose-dependent. The action of the lowest creatinol O-phosphate doses was increased by a pretreatment during 4 days instead of the 4 h pretreatment initially used. The size of the reactive area was also reduced but in a manner indicating an action of large creatinol O-phosphate dosages on the microcirculation. It is concluded that, due to its protective action against cardionecrosis, creatinol O-phosphate has great potential value in patients with myocardial infarction in whom the extent of the infarct size may be limited by an action on the jeopardized area.", "PMID": 575492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11687", "title": "The action of creatinol 0-phosphate on the inotropic effect of isoprenaline in isolated rat atria and in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "The action of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate) was studied on the contractility of the heart, in vitro on isolated rat atria and in vivo in anesthetized dogs. Creatinol O-phosphate was without action on the contractility of isolated rat atria stimulated by isoprenaline 10(-8) mol/l which produced the maximum inotropic effect. Creatinol O-phosphate increased the contractility evoked by isoprenaline 10(-5) mol/l and impaired the development of the negative inotropic effect evoked by prolonged treatment with this large dose. In dogs, creatinol O-phosphate pretreatment increased the positive inotropic effect of large but not low isoprenaline dosages. It is concluded that creatinol O-phosphate increased the contractile efficiency of the heart submitted to the action of an excess of catecholamines.", "contents": "The action of creatinol 0-phosphate on the inotropic effect of isoprenaline in isolated rat atria and in anesthetized dogs. The action of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate) was studied on the contractility of the heart, in vitro on isolated rat atria and in vivo in anesthetized dogs. Creatinol O-phosphate was without action on the contractility of isolated rat atria stimulated by isoprenaline 10(-8) mol/l which produced the maximum inotropic effect. Creatinol O-phosphate increased the contractility evoked by isoprenaline 10(-5) mol/l and impaired the development of the negative inotropic effect evoked by prolonged treatment with this large dose. In dogs, creatinol O-phosphate pretreatment increased the positive inotropic effect of large but not low isoprenaline dosages. It is concluded that creatinol O-phosphate increased the contractile efficiency of the heart submitted to the action of an excess of catecholamines.", "PMID": 575493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11688", "title": "Ionic changes evoked by isoprenaline in rat hearts in vivo and in vitro and their reduction by creatinol O-phosphate.", "content": "The action of large doses of catecholamines on the Ca and Mg content of rat heart has been examined both in vivo and in vitro. It was observed that the ionic changes evoked in vitro by isoprenaline 10(-5) mol/l were similar to those evoked in vivo by isoprenaline 30 mg/kg and that both were reduced by N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxy-ethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate) in a dose-dependent manner. ED50 was equal to 3 x 10(-7) mol/l. These results indicate that the cardionecrotic action evoked in vivo by isoprenaline and its reduction by creatinol O-phosphate may be attributed to a direct action on the myocardial cell.", "contents": "Ionic changes evoked by isoprenaline in rat hearts in vivo and in vitro and their reduction by creatinol O-phosphate. The action of large doses of catecholamines on the Ca and Mg content of rat heart has been examined both in vivo and in vitro. It was observed that the ionic changes evoked in vitro by isoprenaline 10(-5) mol/l were similar to those evoked in vivo by isoprenaline 30 mg/kg and that both were reduced by N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxy-ethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate) in a dose-dependent manner. ED50 was equal to 3 x 10(-7) mol/l. These results indicate that the cardionecrotic action evoked in vivo by isoprenaline and its reduction by creatinol O-phosphate may be attributed to a direct action on the myocardial cell.", "PMID": 575494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11689", "title": "Protective action of creatinol O-phosphate against serum CPK activity enhanced by isoprenaline in the rat.", "content": "Isoprenaline (ISP) in the rat (500 mg/kg s.c.) was shown to be able to enhance the creatin phosphokinase activity (CPK) in serum from 135 U/l in the control animals to about 600 U/l in 5 h, i.e. at the peak. When the rats were pretreated with N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP), the CPK enhancement was reduced to an extent related to the doses of COP (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg i.p.). COP protection was about 16% with the lower dose but increased to 50% with the highest dose according to linear regression (COP doses versus CPK levels, p less than 0.01). The protective action against serum CPK enhancement evoked by ISP is common to other classes of drugs, such as beta-blocking agents, calcium antagonists and corticosteroids. In the case of COP and calcium antagonists a common mechanism, which has the effect or reducing myocardial calcium overload due to ISP, may be assumed on the basis of other previous investigations on the ion balance across the heart cell membrane and on the uptake and subcellular distribution of COP in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "contents": "Protective action of creatinol O-phosphate against serum CPK activity enhanced by isoprenaline in the rat. Isoprenaline (ISP) in the rat (500 mg/kg s.c.) was shown to be able to enhance the creatin phosphokinase activity (CPK) in serum from 135 U/l in the control animals to about 600 U/l in 5 h, i.e. at the peak. When the rats were pretreated with N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP), the CPK enhancement was reduced to an extent related to the doses of COP (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg i.p.). COP protection was about 16% with the lower dose but increased to 50% with the highest dose according to linear regression (COP doses versus CPK levels, p less than 0.01). The protective action against serum CPK enhancement evoked by ISP is common to other classes of drugs, such as beta-blocking agents, calcium antagonists and corticosteroids. In the case of COP and calcium antagonists a common mechanism, which has the effect or reducing myocardial calcium overload due to ISP, may be assumed on the basis of other previous investigations on the ion balance across the heart cell membrane and on the uptake and subcellular distribution of COP in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "PMID": 575495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11690", "title": "Protective effect of creatinol O-phosphate (COP) on ventricular fibrillation and death induced by intravenous CaCl2 in mice.", "content": "The activity of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) on the acute toxicity of CaCl2 in mice was studied. The results obtained in the present investigation show that COP administered i.v. is able to antagonize, in a dose-dependent way, the lethal ventricular fibrillation provoked by CaCl2 in unanesthetized mice. Prenalamine and cinnarizine, two calcium antagonistic compounds, proved to be active in a way qualitatively similar to COP.", "contents": "Protective effect of creatinol O-phosphate (COP) on ventricular fibrillation and death induced by intravenous CaCl2 in mice. The activity of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) on the acute toxicity of CaCl2 in mice was studied. The results obtained in the present investigation show that COP administered i.v. is able to antagonize, in a dose-dependent way, the lethal ventricular fibrillation provoked by CaCl2 in unanesthetized mice. Prenalamine and cinnarizine, two calcium antagonistic compounds, proved to be active in a way qualitatively similar to COP.", "PMID": 575496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11691", "title": "Protective effect of creatinol O-phosphate (COP) on some experimental arrhythmias in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The activity of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) on two in vitro and in vivo experimental arrhythmias was investigated. The substance proved to be active in delaying the onset time of aconitine induced arrhythmias in guinea-pig atria. COP showed also a definite antagonizing activity against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation in mice.", "contents": "Protective effect of creatinol O-phosphate (COP) on some experimental arrhythmias in vitro and in vivo. The activity of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) on two in vitro and in vivo experimental arrhythmias was investigated. The substance proved to be active in delaying the onset time of aconitine induced arrhythmias in guinea-pig atria. COP showed also a definite antagonizing activity against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation in mice.", "PMID": 575497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11692", "title": "Effects of creatinol O-phosphate on serum enzymes in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Two groups of 23 patients, each with acute myocardial infarction, were treated. The first group (control) received glucose-insuline-K+ (GIK) over a 3-day period, and the second GIK and N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) (3.06 g i.v./24 h), again for a 3-day period. The six enzymes investigated, i. e. GOT, GPT, LDH, HBDH, CK and MBCK, all decreased between 33 and 49% in the COP group as compared with the control group, reaching a degree of statistical significance of less than 0.01. The decrease in these enzymes was attributed to the protective action of COP on the cell membrane permeability, in agreement with a series of previous papers.", "contents": "Effects of creatinol O-phosphate on serum enzymes in acute myocardial infarction. Two groups of 23 patients, each with acute myocardial infarction, were treated. The first group (control) received glucose-insuline-K+ (GIK) over a 3-day period, and the second GIK and N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) (3.06 g i.v./24 h), again for a 3-day period. The six enzymes investigated, i. e. GOT, GPT, LDH, HBDH, CK and MBCK, all decreased between 33 and 49% in the COP group as compared with the control group, reaching a degree of statistical significance of less than 0.01. The decrease in these enzymes was attributed to the protective action of COP on the cell membrane permeability, in agreement with a series of previous papers.", "PMID": 575498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11693", "title": "Preliminary report on electrophysiological effectiveness of creatinol O-phosphate (COP) in human subjects.", "content": "N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP), in previous pharmacological and clinical research showed useful effects on both normal and ischemic heart. These effects can be reconduced to a protective action of COP on cell membrane. In this investigation the possible electrophysiological effects of COP were ascertained in 6 patients, some of whom were free of excitation-conduction disturbances, while others were suffering from sinusal automaticity of A-V conduction alterations. When the nodal A-V conduction was slowed by iatrogenic or functional factors, COP as well as atropine improved it. Thus both COP and atropine act in the non-organic component of the conduction disturbances. The organic component was not affected by both the drugs. The effect of atropine was more evident than that of COP. All the electrophysiological parameters were not affected by COP. This fact allows COP to be administered with absolute safety even in the presence of alterations in the formation and conduction of the stimuli.", "contents": "Preliminary report on electrophysiological effectiveness of creatinol O-phosphate (COP) in human subjects. N-Methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP), in previous pharmacological and clinical research showed useful effects on both normal and ischemic heart. These effects can be reconduced to a protective action of COP on cell membrane. In this investigation the possible electrophysiological effects of COP were ascertained in 6 patients, some of whom were free of excitation-conduction disturbances, while others were suffering from sinusal automaticity of A-V conduction alterations. When the nodal A-V conduction was slowed by iatrogenic or functional factors, COP as well as atropine improved it. Thus both COP and atropine act in the non-organic component of the conduction disturbances. The organic component was not affected by both the drugs. The effect of atropine was more evident than that of COP. All the electrophysiological parameters were not affected by COP. This fact allows COP to be administered with absolute safety even in the presence of alterations in the formation and conduction of the stimuli.", "PMID": 575499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11694", "title": "[Effect of emotional-pain stress on the contractile function and sensitivity to noradrenaline of cardiac muscle].", "content": "The effect of variations in the Ca concentration in the perfusate on the function of isolated hearts of control rats and of those who sustained the emotional-pain stress (EPS) was studied. It was found that the EPS sharply increased the cardiac response in the animals to shifts in the Ca concentration. A rise in the main parameters of the cardiac contractile function in response to an increased Ca concentration was more pronounced in rats after the EPS than in the controls. The sensitivity to noradrenaline decreased 2-fold as compared to the control animals. It is suggested that the growth of the relationship between the cardiac function and the Ca concentration in the animals after the EPS is caused by the damaged membranous mechanisms of Ca transport in the myocardial cells.", "contents": "[Effect of emotional-pain stress on the contractile function and sensitivity to noradrenaline of cardiac muscle]. The effect of variations in the Ca concentration in the perfusate on the function of isolated hearts of control rats and of those who sustained the emotional-pain stress (EPS) was studied. It was found that the EPS sharply increased the cardiac response in the animals to shifts in the Ca concentration. A rise in the main parameters of the cardiac contractile function in response to an increased Ca concentration was more pronounced in rats after the EPS than in the controls. The sensitivity to noradrenaline decreased 2-fold as compared to the control animals. It is suggested that the growth of the relationship between the cardiac function and the Ca concentration in the animals after the EPS is caused by the damaged membranous mechanisms of Ca transport in the myocardial cells.", "PMID": 575500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11695", "title": "Purification of a basic somatomedin, from human plasma Cohn fraction IV-1, with physicochemical and radioimmunoassay similarity to somatomedin-C and insulin-like growth factor.", "content": "A basic somatomedin (SM) was purified from human plasma Cohn fraction IV-1 using an initial acid--ethanol--acetone extraction procedure followed by alternating molecular size or charge protein separation techniques. The final recovery of SM bioactivity was approximately 2% of that present in the starting Cohn fraction. The purified SM has an approximate molecular weight of 7500, pI 8.6, 4000 SM bioactivity units per milligram (as measured by a hypophysectomized rat bioassay) and a parallel approximately equipotent radioimmunoassay dose--response curve to SM-C and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I). Sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this purified SM revealed a single protein band. The preliminary determination of the amino acid sequence of the N terminus suggested that this SM preparation was over 75% pure and the first five N-terminal amino acids were identical with those of IGF-I.", "contents": "Purification of a basic somatomedin, from human plasma Cohn fraction IV-1, with physicochemical and radioimmunoassay similarity to somatomedin-C and insulin-like growth factor. A basic somatomedin (SM) was purified from human plasma Cohn fraction IV-1 using an initial acid--ethanol--acetone extraction procedure followed by alternating molecular size or charge protein separation techniques. The final recovery of SM bioactivity was approximately 2% of that present in the starting Cohn fraction. The purified SM has an approximate molecular weight of 7500, pI 8.6, 4000 SM bioactivity units per milligram (as measured by a hypophysectomized rat bioassay) and a parallel approximately equipotent radioimmunoassay dose--response curve to SM-C and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I). Sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this purified SM revealed a single protein band. The preliminary determination of the amino acid sequence of the N terminus suggested that this SM preparation was over 75% pure and the first five N-terminal amino acids were identical with those of IGF-I.", "PMID": 575503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11696", "title": "A modified pork plasma agar for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods.", "content": "The coagulase reaction of Staphylococcus aureus on the PPSA (pork plasma for S. aureus) agar of Devoyod et al. was found to be fibrinogen-deficient. By including bovine fibrinogen (BFG) in the medium, the fibrin halos around S. aureus colonies became more distinct, preparations of pork plasma previously unacceptable for inclusion in the original PPSA agar were performing well, and the amount of pork plasma required in PPSA agar could be reduced by nearly 90%. In the modified medium, designated PPF (pork plasma fibrinogen) agar, the agar base (Baird-Parker agar without egg yolk) was unchanged. After surface plating, the base was covered with 8 mL of a modified overpour agar: 2.5% pork plasma, 0.38% BFG, and 0.0015% soy trypsin inhibitor in 0.7% Bacto agar. Most S. aureus strains could be enumerated after 24 h of incubation at 35 degrees C; the others required 44 h. Without soy trypsin inhibitor, a number of strains showed considerable fibrinolysis between 24 and 44 h of growth; this activity was neutralized by the inhibitor. The S. aureus counts of 27 food samples on PPF agar were essentially the same as the confirmed S. aureus counts obtained by the Baird-Parker method.", "contents": "A modified pork plasma agar for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods. The coagulase reaction of Staphylococcus aureus on the PPSA (pork plasma for S. aureus) agar of Devoyod et al. was found to be fibrinogen-deficient. By including bovine fibrinogen (BFG) in the medium, the fibrin halos around S. aureus colonies became more distinct, preparations of pork plasma previously unacceptable for inclusion in the original PPSA agar were performing well, and the amount of pork plasma required in PPSA agar could be reduced by nearly 90%. In the modified medium, designated PPF (pork plasma fibrinogen) agar, the agar base (Baird-Parker agar without egg yolk) was unchanged. After surface plating, the base was covered with 8 mL of a modified overpour agar: 2.5% pork plasma, 0.38% BFG, and 0.0015% soy trypsin inhibitor in 0.7% Bacto agar. Most S. aureus strains could be enumerated after 24 h of incubation at 35 degrees C; the others required 44 h. Without soy trypsin inhibitor, a number of strains showed considerable fibrinolysis between 24 and 44 h of growth; this activity was neutralized by the inhibitor. The S. aureus counts of 27 food samples on PPF agar were essentially the same as the confirmed S. aureus counts obtained by the Baird-Parker method.", "PMID": 575504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11697", "title": "Effect of a single dose of glucocorticoid on the diurnal variations of TSH, thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine and cortisol in normal men.", "content": "Plasma thyrotropin (TSH) and cortisol concentrations were suppressed immediately after an intravenous bolus dose of 8 mg betamethasone in 6 male subjects. The circadian variations of these hormones disappeared for 40 hr (TSH) and 44 hr (cortisol). Plasma thyroxine (T4), 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) levels did not show diurnal variations before betamethasone administration. Plasma T3 levels decreased to 66% of the basal levels 20 hr after batamethasone administration, whereas plasma reverse T3 levels increased to 163% of the basal levels at 24 hr. These changes were reversed by 3 to 5 days after betamethasone. The earlier recovery of the diurnal rhythm of TSH than that of cortisol suggests that the TSH rhythm is not under the direct control of circulating cortisol.", "contents": "Effect of a single dose of glucocorticoid on the diurnal variations of TSH, thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine and cortisol in normal men. Plasma thyrotropin (TSH) and cortisol concentrations were suppressed immediately after an intravenous bolus dose of 8 mg betamethasone in 6 male subjects. The circadian variations of these hormones disappeared for 40 hr (TSH) and 44 hr (cortisol). Plasma thyroxine (T4), 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) levels did not show diurnal variations before betamethasone administration. Plasma T3 levels decreased to 66% of the basal levels 20 hr after batamethasone administration, whereas plasma reverse T3 levels increased to 163% of the basal levels at 24 hr. These changes were reversed by 3 to 5 days after betamethasone. The earlier recovery of the diurnal rhythm of TSH than that of cortisol suggests that the TSH rhythm is not under the direct control of circulating cortisol.", "PMID": 575506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11698", "title": "[A bloodless evaluation of the gradient of valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. Correlations with the hemodynamic picture. (author's transl)].", "content": "53 patients affected by congenital valvular or discrete aortic stenosis have been evaluated in order to compare the observed gradient with the one expected according to multifactorial analysis based on electrocardiographic and auscultatory data deviced by Ellison et al. There Authors employed this formula for the evaluation of the valvular form only. In our experience all cases of valvular stenosis showing an estimated gradient less than or equal to 40 mmHg were found to have a gradient less than or equal to 40 mmHg at the catheterization. This statement is true in the discrete form as well, only if the estimated gradient was less than or equal to 30 mmHg. The regression curve between the two gradients shows a r = 0.718 (p less than 0.01); an even better correlation was found in the valvular forms (r = 0.816; p less than 0.01). These results are very useful since they allow to restrict indication to catheterization only to the cases in which the obstruction is estimated to necessitate a surgical intervention.", "contents": "[A bloodless evaluation of the gradient of valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. Correlations with the hemodynamic picture. (author's transl)]. 53 patients affected by congenital valvular or discrete aortic stenosis have been evaluated in order to compare the observed gradient with the one expected according to multifactorial analysis based on electrocardiographic and auscultatory data deviced by Ellison et al. There Authors employed this formula for the evaluation of the valvular form only. In our experience all cases of valvular stenosis showing an estimated gradient less than or equal to 40 mmHg were found to have a gradient less than or equal to 40 mmHg at the catheterization. This statement is true in the discrete form as well, only if the estimated gradient was less than or equal to 30 mmHg. The regression curve between the two gradients shows a r = 0.718 (p less than 0.01); an even better correlation was found in the valvular forms (r = 0.816; p less than 0.01). These results are very useful since they allow to restrict indication to catheterization only to the cases in which the obstruction is estimated to necessitate a surgical intervention.", "PMID": 575508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11699", "title": "Biochemistry of intestinal development.", "content": "In biochemical terms, the rat small intestine is relatively immature at birth and for the first two postnatal weeks. Then during the third week a dramatic array of enzymic changes begins, and by the end of the fourth week the intestine has the digestive and absorptive properties of the adult. Selective examples of these changes are discussed with emphasis on their implications for toxicological studies. The review also includes a detailed consideration of the roles of the dietary change of weaning and of glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones in the regulation of intestinal development.", "contents": "Biochemistry of intestinal development. In biochemical terms, the rat small intestine is relatively immature at birth and for the first two postnatal weeks. Then during the third week a dramatic array of enzymic changes begins, and by the end of the fourth week the intestine has the digestive and absorptive properties of the adult. Selective examples of these changes are discussed with emphasis on their implications for toxicological studies. The review also includes a detailed consideration of the roles of the dietary change of weaning and of glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones in the regulation of intestinal development.", "PMID": 575507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11700", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (5) Action of M73101 on the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "M73101 decreased spontaneous locomotor activity in both mice and rats and prolonged sleeping time induced by hexobarbital in mice. There was no evidence of cataleptogenic action, anti-tremorine action and antagonistic effect on reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. M73101 did not inhibit convulsions induced by maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol but slightly inhibited the convulsion induced by strychnine in mice. Moreover, M73101 depressed only the monosynaptic action potential in intact and spinal cats, indicating that this compound exerts an inhibitory action on spinal function. On the EEG of rabbits, M73101 produced an arousal pattern in the spontaneous EEG and inhibited the recruiting response, but had no marked influence on the EEG arousal response, augmenting response and hippocampal afterdischarge. The arousal pattern in the spontaneous EEG induced by M73101 and the inhibitory action of this compound on the recruiting response were absent in the cerveau isol\u00e9 preparation of the rabbit, indicating that M73101 may stimulate the brainstem reticular formation and that the inhibition of recruiting response may be related to the stimulatory effect. These properties of M73101 on the central nervous system are similar to those seen with aminopyrine though the potency was weaker. M73101 like aminopyrine showed no marked activity on the motor function.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (5) Action of M73101 on the central nervous system (author's transl)]. M73101 decreased spontaneous locomotor activity in both mice and rats and prolonged sleeping time induced by hexobarbital in mice. There was no evidence of cataleptogenic action, anti-tremorine action and antagonistic effect on reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. M73101 did not inhibit convulsions induced by maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol but slightly inhibited the convulsion induced by strychnine in mice. Moreover, M73101 depressed only the monosynaptic action potential in intact and spinal cats, indicating that this compound exerts an inhibitory action on spinal function. On the EEG of rabbits, M73101 produced an arousal pattern in the spontaneous EEG and inhibited the recruiting response, but had no marked influence on the EEG arousal response, augmenting response and hippocampal afterdischarge. The arousal pattern in the spontaneous EEG induced by M73101 and the inhibitory action of this compound on the recruiting response were absent in the cerveau isol\u00e9 preparation of the rabbit, indicating that M73101 may stimulate the brainstem reticular formation and that the inhibition of recruiting response may be related to the stimulatory effect. These properties of M73101 on the central nervous system are similar to those seen with aminopyrine though the potency was weaker. M73101 like aminopyrine showed no marked activity on the motor function.", "PMID": 575516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11701", "title": "Cellular and humoral adjuvant activity of mistletoe extract.", "content": "The adjuvanticity of the mistletoe preparation Iscador was investigated. The cellular response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was augmented after intracutaneous immunization with antigen and different doses of Iscador. Iscador did not change the cellular response to 2 x 10(7) intraperitoneally administered SRBC. The IgM plaque forming cell response was accelerated and followed by an augmentation of the IgG and IgA plaque forming cell response. Evidence is presented that the immunogenic and inflammatory capacities of Iscador contribute to its adjuvant activity. Both micro-organisms and soluble, filter-adherent constituents in Iscador possess adjuvant activity. The relation between the immunostimulating properties of Iscador and its anti-tumour activity is discussed.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral adjuvant activity of mistletoe extract. The adjuvanticity of the mistletoe preparation Iscador was investigated. The cellular response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was augmented after intracutaneous immunization with antigen and different doses of Iscador. Iscador did not change the cellular response to 2 x 10(7) intraperitoneally administered SRBC. The IgM plaque forming cell response was accelerated and followed by an augmentation of the IgG and IgA plaque forming cell response. Evidence is presented that the immunogenic and inflammatory capacities of Iscador contribute to its adjuvant activity. Both micro-organisms and soluble, filter-adherent constituents in Iscador possess adjuvant activity. The relation between the immunostimulating properties of Iscador and its anti-tumour activity is discussed.", "PMID": 575523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11702", "title": "Can schizophrenic be prevented? Empirical results obtained by the examination of schizophrenic twins and schizophrenic children.", "content": "Concrete findings indicate the possibility of preventing schizophrenia, but it cannot be too strongly emphasized that the findings only relate to certain forms of theillness. Schizophrenias running an insidiously progressive course could very seldom be obsserved in monozygotic twins. So these pairs provide evidence that forms with this course can be prevented. It is to be supposed that the close communication usually found in identical twins, prevents withdrawal from environment and in consequence prevents schizophrenia. This assumption seems to be confirmed by our observation in insidiously progressive childhood schizophrenias which accumulate in only children and sometimes break out already in early childhood while the infants, staying in a hospital or a home, are suffering lack of communication. So it seems possible to prevent these forms of schizophrenia when we succeed in providing a close contact of the child and the adolescent with an intimate friend who directs his thinking outwards and protects him from withdrawal. But, unfortunately, in cases with phasic course the provoking factors correlate with the factors preventing the insidiously progressive forms. However, in detail, not quite the same factors prevent the one forms as precipitate the others, so that we can avoid doing harm simultaneously when we succeed in doing good. Besides, we must take account of the fact that some schizophrenias running a remitting course, especially periodic catatonia, are of hereditary origin and cannot be prevent psychosocially.", "contents": "Can schizophrenic be prevented? Empirical results obtained by the examination of schizophrenic twins and schizophrenic children. Concrete findings indicate the possibility of preventing schizophrenia, but it cannot be too strongly emphasized that the findings only relate to certain forms of theillness. Schizophrenias running an insidiously progressive course could very seldom be obsserved in monozygotic twins. So these pairs provide evidence that forms with this course can be prevented. It is to be supposed that the close communication usually found in identical twins, prevents withdrawal from environment and in consequence prevents schizophrenia. This assumption seems to be confirmed by our observation in insidiously progressive childhood schizophrenias which accumulate in only children and sometimes break out already in early childhood while the infants, staying in a hospital or a home, are suffering lack of communication. So it seems possible to prevent these forms of schizophrenia when we succeed in providing a close contact of the child and the adolescent with an intimate friend who directs his thinking outwards and protects him from withdrawal. But, unfortunately, in cases with phasic course the provoking factors correlate with the factors preventing the insidiously progressive forms. However, in detail, not quite the same factors prevent the one forms as precipitate the others, so that we can avoid doing harm simultaneously when we succeed in doing good. Besides, we must take account of the fact that some schizophrenias running a remitting course, especially periodic catatonia, are of hereditary origin and cannot be prevent psychosocially.", "PMID": 575529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11703", "title": "Cleft palate development in hamster embryos following triamcinolone treatment.", "content": "Development of the palate was studied in normal and triamcionolone-treated hamster fetuses. The results demonstrated that normal palatogenesis was completed between days 12 and 13 of gestation. Following triamcinolone treatment the reorientation of the palatal shelves was delayed before there was any general retardation of fetal growth (as indicated by crown-rump length and body weight). Since triamcinolone affected palatogenesis at an earlier stage than hydrocortisone, the view that the former is a more potent teratogen was supported. Chronological age, fetal weight and crown-rump length were reliable predictors of normal palatogenesis in the hamster, whereas the numerical morphological rating systems were not. Neither measures of general fetal growth, nor numerical rating, were useful in predicting the stages of experimentally induced cleft palate, since triamcinolone appears to be site-specific, and the drug does not produce a general retardation of embryonic development.", "contents": "Cleft palate development in hamster embryos following triamcinolone treatment. Development of the palate was studied in normal and triamcionolone-treated hamster fetuses. The results demonstrated that normal palatogenesis was completed between days 12 and 13 of gestation. Following triamcinolone treatment the reorientation of the palatal shelves was delayed before there was any general retardation of fetal growth (as indicated by crown-rump length and body weight). Since triamcinolone affected palatogenesis at an earlier stage than hydrocortisone, the view that the former is a more potent teratogen was supported. Chronological age, fetal weight and crown-rump length were reliable predictors of normal palatogenesis in the hamster, whereas the numerical morphological rating systems were not. Neither measures of general fetal growth, nor numerical rating, were useful in predicting the stages of experimentally induced cleft palate, since triamcinolone appears to be site-specific, and the drug does not produce a general retardation of embryonic development.", "PMID": 575531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11704", "title": "Variability in 24-hour urine sodium excretion in children.", "content": "How many 24-hour urine sodium measurements are adequate for characterizing a child's salt intake? Can overnight urine specimens accurately replace 24-hour collections for salt assessment? A sample of 73 6th-8th grade children was taken from two parochial schools in Chicago to investigate systematically these questions. Seven consecutive 24-hour-urine specimens were collected from each child. The estimated ratio of intra- to inter-individual variances was 1.94 for 24-hour-urine sodium. Based on this value, eight 24-hour specimens are necessary to limit to 10% the diminution of the estimated correlation coefficient between 24-hour-urine sodium and blood pressure. Six measurements are required to reduce to 0.01 the probability of misclassifying a child in tertile 1 versus tertile 3. The overnight specimens show a moderate consistency with the 24-hour collections in detecting children with high or low salt intake. For example 92% and 85% of children in the fifth quintile and the third tertile respectively of the true mean overnight sodium have their true mean 24-hour Na in the upper half of the distribution. These results suggest that in a large scale epidemiologic study, overnight specimens may be reasonable alternatives when 24-hour-urine sodium is practically very difficult to collect.", "contents": "Variability in 24-hour urine sodium excretion in children. How many 24-hour urine sodium measurements are adequate for characterizing a child's salt intake? Can overnight urine specimens accurately replace 24-hour collections for salt assessment? A sample of 73 6th-8th grade children was taken from two parochial schools in Chicago to investigate systematically these questions. Seven consecutive 24-hour-urine specimens were collected from each child. The estimated ratio of intra- to inter-individual variances was 1.94 for 24-hour-urine sodium. Based on this value, eight 24-hour specimens are necessary to limit to 10% the diminution of the estimated correlation coefficient between 24-hour-urine sodium and blood pressure. Six measurements are required to reduce to 0.01 the probability of misclassifying a child in tertile 1 versus tertile 3. The overnight specimens show a moderate consistency with the 24-hour collections in detecting children with high or low salt intake. For example 92% and 85% of children in the fifth quintile and the third tertile respectively of the true mean overnight sodium have their true mean 24-hour Na in the upper half of the distribution. These results suggest that in a large scale epidemiologic study, overnight specimens may be reasonable alternatives when 24-hour-urine sodium is practically very difficult to collect.", "PMID": 575526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11705", "title": "Antiviral and interferon-inducing activities of a new peptidomannan, KS-2, extracted from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes.", "content": "Oral (PO) administration of KS-2 to adult DDI mice resulted in a peak serum interferon (IF) titer of 800 units (U)/ml 20 hours after administration with detectable levels persisting until 30 hours. After intraperitoneal (IP) injection, a peak serum IF titer of 1,600 U/ml was detected and it followed the same time course as that of oral administration. The IF induced by KS-2 shared certain physico-chemical properties with the standard preparation of immune IF and was not neutralized by an antiserum against type I IF. In mice infected intranasally (IN) with influenza A2 (H2N2) virus, KS-2 was found to possess significant protective activities. Efficacy of the agent was evidenced by an increase in survivor number, a prolongation of mean survival time, an inhibition of the development of lung consolidation induced by the viral infection and a decrease in virus titer in lung tissues. Both PO and IP administrations of KS-2 protected mice against infection and significant antiviral activities were achieved not only by prophylactic but also chemotherapeutic administration. The protective activities of KS-2 against influenza virus infection in mice are discussed in view of the immunopotentiation of the host animals.", "contents": "Antiviral and interferon-inducing activities of a new peptidomannan, KS-2, extracted from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes. Oral (PO) administration of KS-2 to adult DDI mice resulted in a peak serum interferon (IF) titer of 800 units (U)/ml 20 hours after administration with detectable levels persisting until 30 hours. After intraperitoneal (IP) injection, a peak serum IF titer of 1,600 U/ml was detected and it followed the same time course as that of oral administration. The IF induced by KS-2 shared certain physico-chemical properties with the standard preparation of immune IF and was not neutralized by an antiserum against type I IF. In mice infected intranasally (IN) with influenza A2 (H2N2) virus, KS-2 was found to possess significant protective activities. Efficacy of the agent was evidenced by an increase in survivor number, a prolongation of mean survival time, an inhibition of the development of lung consolidation induced by the viral infection and a decrease in virus titer in lung tissues. Both PO and IP administrations of KS-2 protected mice against infection and significant antiviral activities were achieved not only by prophylactic but also chemotherapeutic administration. The protective activities of KS-2 against influenza virus infection in mice are discussed in view of the immunopotentiation of the host animals.", "PMID": 575532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11706", "title": "Oxocarboxylic acids, pyridine nucleotide-linked oxidoreductases and serum factors in regulation of cell proliferation.", "content": "When serum is made rate-limiting for clonal multiplication of human diploid fibroblasts, the presence of a 2-oxocarboxylic acid in the medium becomes essential. The requirement is independent of the 20 amino acids and glucose. Glyoxylic, pyruvic, 2-oxoglutaric, and oxalacetic acids are most effective. The types of 2-oxocarboxylic acids that support multiplication are oxidized substrates for several, pyridine nucleotide-linked intracellular oxidoreductases. The requirement is not satisfied by carboxylic acids, oxidized substrates for oxidoreductases that are not lniked to pyridine nucleotides, or by nonspecific electron acceptors. The quantitative requirement for 2-oxocarboxylic acids in cell multiplication is markedly affected by the concentration of serum proteins in the medium. Therefore, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism may be related to the mechanism by which serum growth factors regulate cell multiplication.", "contents": "Oxocarboxylic acids, pyridine nucleotide-linked oxidoreductases and serum factors in regulation of cell proliferation. When serum is made rate-limiting for clonal multiplication of human diploid fibroblasts, the presence of a 2-oxocarboxylic acid in the medium becomes essential. The requirement is independent of the 20 amino acids and glucose. Glyoxylic, pyruvic, 2-oxoglutaric, and oxalacetic acids are most effective. The types of 2-oxocarboxylic acids that support multiplication are oxidized substrates for several, pyridine nucleotide-linked intracellular oxidoreductases. The requirement is not satisfied by carboxylic acids, oxidized substrates for oxidoreductases that are not lniked to pyridine nucleotides, or by nonspecific electron acceptors. The quantitative requirement for 2-oxocarboxylic acids in cell multiplication is markedly affected by the concentration of serum proteins in the medium. Therefore, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism may be related to the mechanism by which serum growth factors regulate cell multiplication.", "PMID": 575536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11707", "title": "[Splenoportography: still important technic. New prospects (author's transl)].", "content": "Splenoportography still plays today an important role among angiographic examinations used in the study of portal hypertension. The authors arrived at these conclusions after studying the results obtained in more than 500 examinations carried out. In the text, they give a few details of the technic used to improve the photographic result and to reduce the risk of the examination.", "contents": "[Splenoportography: still important technic. New prospects (author's transl)]. Splenoportography still plays today an important role among angiographic examinations used in the study of portal hypertension. The authors arrived at these conclusions after studying the results obtained in more than 500 examinations carried out. In the text, they give a few details of the technic used to improve the photographic result and to reduce the risk of the examination.", "PMID": 575537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11708", "title": "Evaluation of high protein oat forage for dairy cattle.", "content": "Spear, a high protein oat variety, was evaluated during 2 consecutive yr for yields of forage dry matter and for feeding value as a silage to heifers, steers, and lactating cows. In yr 1 and 2, Spear yielded 7% and 13% less forage dry matter per hectare than Burnett, a comparative oat variety. Crude protein contents in silages were similar for varieties both years. In yr 1, Holstein heifers fed high protein and medium protein oat silages gained the same amount of weight but less weight than heifers fed alfalfa-brome hay. In a total collection digestion trial with six lactating cows, digestibilities of Spear were less than Burnett oat silage or alfalfa-brome hay. In yr 2, Spear and Burnett silages were fed ad libitum without a concentrate mixture to seven Holstein heifers each. Average daily gains were higher with Spear than Burnett. Apparent digestibilities as determined with steers tended to be less for Spear than Burnett. Dry matter intakes, milk yield, and composition were similar in a switchback lactation trial with ten cows fed spear or Burnett in oat silage supplemented with a concentrate at 1 kg per 3 kg milk produced.", "contents": "Evaluation of high protein oat forage for dairy cattle. Spear, a high protein oat variety, was evaluated during 2 consecutive yr for yields of forage dry matter and for feeding value as a silage to heifers, steers, and lactating cows. In yr 1 and 2, Spear yielded 7% and 13% less forage dry matter per hectare than Burnett, a comparative oat variety. Crude protein contents in silages were similar for varieties both years. In yr 1, Holstein heifers fed high protein and medium protein oat silages gained the same amount of weight but less weight than heifers fed alfalfa-brome hay. In a total collection digestion trial with six lactating cows, digestibilities of Spear were less than Burnett oat silage or alfalfa-brome hay. In yr 2, Spear and Burnett silages were fed ad libitum without a concentrate mixture to seven Holstein heifers each. Average daily gains were higher with Spear than Burnett. Apparent digestibilities as determined with steers tended to be less for Spear than Burnett. Dry matter intakes, milk yield, and composition were similar in a switchback lactation trial with ten cows fed spear or Burnett in oat silage supplemented with a concentrate at 1 kg per 3 kg milk produced.", "PMID": 575540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11709", "title": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves. IV. Effect of suckling.", "content": "The greater absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in neonate calves suckling their dams over bottle-feeding pooled colostrum was studied to determine if age (hours postpartum) at initial feeding, amount of colostrum ingested, or mothering effect of being with the dam were responsible. Rate of absorption and maximum absorption were superior in calves that suckled, regardless of age or amount of colostrum ingested. Though the mothering effect is questionable, there is evidence that something labile is being transferred to the calf in the fresh colostrum, acting as a messenger to stimulate rapid absorptive activity in the intestinal epithelium.", "contents": "Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves. IV. Effect of suckling. The greater absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in neonate calves suckling their dams over bottle-feeding pooled colostrum was studied to determine if age (hours postpartum) at initial feeding, amount of colostrum ingested, or mothering effect of being with the dam were responsible. Rate of absorption and maximum absorption were superior in calves that suckled, regardless of age or amount of colostrum ingested. Though the mothering effect is questionable, there is evidence that something labile is being transferred to the calf in the fresh colostrum, acting as a messenger to stimulate rapid absorptive activity in the intestinal epithelium.", "PMID": 575541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11710", "title": "Hypodontus macropi M\u00f6nnig, 1929, a hookworm-like parasite of macropodid marsupials.", "content": "Hypodontus macropi M\u00f6nnig, 1929, is redescribed and its taxonomic affinities discussed. H. macropi is recorded for the first time from Wallabia bicolor, Macropus robustus, M. fuliginosus, M. dorsalis, M. agilis and Thylogale billardierii. The method of attachment of the parasite and gross and histopathological changes associated with it are described. Free living larval stages are described. Experimental infestations were attempted but were not successful. Hypodontus thetidis Johnston and Mawson, 1939, is made a synonym of H. macropi.", "contents": "Hypodontus macropi M\u00f6nnig, 1929, a hookworm-like parasite of macropodid marsupials. Hypodontus macropi M\u00f6nnig, 1929, is redescribed and its taxonomic affinities discussed. H. macropi is recorded for the first time from Wallabia bicolor, Macropus robustus, M. fuliginosus, M. dorsalis, M. agilis and Thylogale billardierii. The method of attachment of the parasite and gross and histopathological changes associated with it are described. Free living larval stages are described. Experimental infestations were attempted but were not successful. Hypodontus thetidis Johnston and Mawson, 1939, is made a synonym of H. macropi.", "PMID": 575542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11711", "title": "Respiratory oscillations and heat evolution in synchronous cultures of Candida utilis.", "content": "Synchronous cultures of the budding yeast Candida utilis prepared by continuous-flow size selection showed respiratory oscillations when the energy source was either glucose, acetate or glycerol. The period of the oscillations was about one-third of the cell cycle time (i.e. about 0.5 h). No fluctuations in heat evolution could be detected. In organisms growing with acetate or glycerol, the effects of cyanide, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (maximum inhibition of respiration at respiratory maxima, maximum uncoupling of energy conservation at respiratory minima) suggest that the control mechanism responsible for the oscillations is mitochondrial respiratory control in vivo. The effects of cyanide and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide on the respiration of cultures growing synchronously with glucose were different from those for cultures growing with the non-fermentable substrates; this suggests that the mitochondrial respiratory system interacts with the early reactions of glucose utilization.", "contents": "Respiratory oscillations and heat evolution in synchronous cultures of Candida utilis. Synchronous cultures of the budding yeast Candida utilis prepared by continuous-flow size selection showed respiratory oscillations when the energy source was either glucose, acetate or glycerol. The period of the oscillations was about one-third of the cell cycle time (i.e. about 0.5 h). No fluctuations in heat evolution could be detected. In organisms growing with acetate or glycerol, the effects of cyanide, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (maximum inhibition of respiration at respiratory maxima, maximum uncoupling of energy conservation at respiratory minima) suggest that the control mechanism responsible for the oscillations is mitochondrial respiratory control in vivo. The effects of cyanide and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide on the respiration of cultures growing synchronously with glucose were different from those for cultures growing with the non-fermentable substrates; this suggests that the mitochondrial respiratory system interacts with the early reactions of glucose utilization.", "PMID": 575545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11712", "title": "Perturbation of respiration in Candida utilis: induction of metabolic oscillations.", "content": "The effects of potentially perturbating influences on the respiration of glucose-grown Candida utilis were studied using an open oxygen electrode system. Periods of anaerobiosis as short as 2 min produced an oscillation in respiration after the air supply was restored. Longer exposure to anoxia was followed by an overshoot in dissolved oxygen after switching back to a gas phase of air. Centrifugation, cold shock or nutrient starvation caused less disturbance to respiration rates than did anaerobiosis. The high frequency oscillations (period about 5 min) resulting from anaerobic-aerobic transitions are contrasted with the slow cell cycle-dependent oscillations previously observed in synchronous cultures.", "contents": "Perturbation of respiration in Candida utilis: induction of metabolic oscillations. The effects of potentially perturbating influences on the respiration of glucose-grown Candida utilis were studied using an open oxygen electrode system. Periods of anaerobiosis as short as 2 min produced an oscillation in respiration after the air supply was restored. Longer exposure to anoxia was followed by an overshoot in dissolved oxygen after switching back to a gas phase of air. Centrifugation, cold shock or nutrient starvation caused less disturbance to respiration rates than did anaerobiosis. The high frequency oscillations (period about 5 min) resulting from anaerobic-aerobic transitions are contrasted with the slow cell cycle-dependent oscillations previously observed in synchronous cultures.", "PMID": 575546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11713", "title": "Assemblies of particles in the cell membranes of developing, mature and reactive astrocytes.", "content": "Orthogonal arrays of small intramembranous particles characterize freeze-fractured astrocytic plasma membranes. The normal variation of assemblies in plasma membranes of subpial astrocytic processes in mature and developing rats was established and compared with assemblies in plasma membranes of reactive astrocytes. In mature rats, subpial astrocytic processes had the greatest number of assemblies. As the parenchyma was approached, this number decreased in each successive layer of astrocytic processes. The advent of assemblies within the plasma membrane is a new criterion of astrocytic differentiation. The foot processes of subpial astrocytes in foetal rats began to acquire assemblies between day 19 and 20 and continued to mature postnatally by a constant addition and rearrangement of assemblies. In contrast to the paucity of assemblies in deeper laminae of the normal brain, reactive astrocytes comprising the lower lamellae in glial scars had an increased number of assemblies while the most striking feature of the superficial, astrocytic processes within the scar was a rearrangement of assemblies. Although the function of these intramembranous particles in still unknown, it appears from our measurements that they are localized primarily in the outermost astrocytic foot process and to a progressively lesser degree in the underlying astrocytic lamellae.", "contents": "Assemblies of particles in the cell membranes of developing, mature and reactive astrocytes. Orthogonal arrays of small intramembranous particles characterize freeze-fractured astrocytic plasma membranes. The normal variation of assemblies in plasma membranes of subpial astrocytic processes in mature and developing rats was established and compared with assemblies in plasma membranes of reactive astrocytes. In mature rats, subpial astrocytic processes had the greatest number of assemblies. As the parenchyma was approached, this number decreased in each successive layer of astrocytic processes. The advent of assemblies within the plasma membrane is a new criterion of astrocytic differentiation. The foot processes of subpial astrocytes in foetal rats began to acquire assemblies between day 19 and 20 and continued to mature postnatally by a constant addition and rearrangement of assemblies. In contrast to the paucity of assemblies in deeper laminae of the normal brain, reactive astrocytes comprising the lower lamellae in glial scars had an increased number of assemblies while the most striking feature of the superficial, astrocytic processes within the scar was a rearrangement of assemblies. Although the function of these intramembranous particles in still unknown, it appears from our measurements that they are localized primarily in the outermost astrocytic foot process and to a progressively lesser degree in the underlying astrocytic lamellae.", "PMID": 575548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11714", "title": "Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on fecundity and perivitelline fluid composition in Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "Egg production in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, infected with Schistosoma mansoni declined on day 23 postinfection, and was significantly lower than uninfected control snails by day 28 and thereafter. Protein and galactogen content of eggs produced by infected snails did not change during the period of reduced fecundity. This suggests that decreased hemolymph nutrient levels (rather than depleted albumen gland reserves) are responsible for inhibition of snail egg production. Growth rates of infected and uninfected snails were indistinguishable from days 14 through 35 postinfection. The hatching success of eggs produced by infected snails decreased slightly beginning at day 21 postinfection.", "contents": "Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on fecundity and perivitelline fluid composition in Biomphalaria glabrata. Egg production in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, infected with Schistosoma mansoni declined on day 23 postinfection, and was significantly lower than uninfected control snails by day 28 and thereafter. Protein and galactogen content of eggs produced by infected snails did not change during the period of reduced fecundity. This suggests that decreased hemolymph nutrient levels (rather than depleted albumen gland reserves) are responsible for inhibition of snail egg production. Growth rates of infected and uninfected snails were indistinguishable from days 14 through 35 postinfection. The hatching success of eggs produced by infected snails decreased slightly beginning at day 21 postinfection.", "PMID": 575549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11715", "title": "Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) didelphis sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from opossums, with a redescription of D. (A.) pricei (Vaz and Pereira 1934).", "content": "Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) didelphis sp. n. recovered from the subcutaneous and periesophageal connective tissues of Didelphis virginiana from several localities in the United States and of D. marsupialis from Colombia is described. Dipetalonema didelphis sp. n. resembles D reconditum and D. mansonbahri in size, in lacking a two-segmented buccal capsule, and in the female having a long, digitiform tail. Dipetalonema reconditum, however, has a much longer glandular esophagus and D. mansonbahri has a rounded cephalic extremity delimited by a necklike region. The male of D. didelphis sp. n. differs from both in the structural details of the spicules and in having a higher spicular ratio. The microfilaria is much shorter than that of either D. reconditum or D. mansonbahri. Dipetalonema (A.) pricei adults are redescribed from the paratype specimens, and the microfilaria is also described. Dipetalonema pricei most closely resembles D. dracunculoides in size and in the presence of a well-developed, two-segmented buccal capsule, but the latter species has a much longer glandular esophagus. These two species also differ in the appearance of the spicules.", "contents": "Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) didelphis sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from opossums, with a redescription of D. (A.) pricei (Vaz and Pereira 1934). Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) didelphis sp. n. recovered from the subcutaneous and periesophageal connective tissues of Didelphis virginiana from several localities in the United States and of D. marsupialis from Colombia is described. Dipetalonema didelphis sp. n. resembles D reconditum and D. mansonbahri in size, in lacking a two-segmented buccal capsule, and in the female having a long, digitiform tail. Dipetalonema reconditum, however, has a much longer glandular esophagus and D. mansonbahri has a rounded cephalic extremity delimited by a necklike region. The male of D. didelphis sp. n. differs from both in the structural details of the spicules and in having a higher spicular ratio. The microfilaria is much shorter than that of either D. reconditum or D. mansonbahri. Dipetalonema (A.) pricei adults are redescribed from the paratype specimens, and the microfilaria is also described. Dipetalonema pricei most closely resembles D. dracunculoides in size and in the presence of a well-developed, two-segmented buccal capsule, but the latter species has a much longer glandular esophagus. These two species also differ in the appearance of the spicules.", "PMID": 575550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11716", "title": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. 9. O-Demethylation of 9-methoxyellipticine.", "content": "Microbial transformation studies were conducted with 9-methoxyellipticine (1). Several microorganisms including Botrytis allii (NRRL 2502), Cunninghamella echinulata (NRRL 1386), C. echinulata (NRRL 3655), and Penicillium Brevicompactum (ATCC 10418) achieved O-demethylation of (1) in good yield. P. brevicompactum was used to prepare 9-hydroxyellipticine (4) from 1 for isolation and complete identification. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to verify the identity of the major metabolite (4) in other cultures.", "contents": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. 9. O-Demethylation of 9-methoxyellipticine. Microbial transformation studies were conducted with 9-methoxyellipticine (1). Several microorganisms including Botrytis allii (NRRL 2502), Cunninghamella echinulata (NRRL 1386), C. echinulata (NRRL 3655), and Penicillium Brevicompactum (ATCC 10418) achieved O-demethylation of (1) in good yield. P. brevicompactum was used to prepare 9-hydroxyellipticine (4) from 1 for isolation and complete identification. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to verify the identity of the major metabolite (4) in other cultures.", "PMID": 575547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11717", "title": "[Lasermicrosurgery of benign lesions of the vocal cord and functional results (author's transl)].", "content": "There exist two different lasers for the endolaryngeal microsurgery: Carbon-dioxid-Laser (lambda = 10,6 micrometer) and Neodymium: YAG-Laser (lambda = 1,06 micrometer). We have performed with the Nd: YAG-Laser mediLas experimental studies with animals as well as clinical investigations. Now we do endolaryngeal lasermicrosurgery in selected cases as a method of treatment. The surgical method is reported. Our number of cases as well as the follow-up-study allow us to give a first statement upon the functional results obtained by lasermicrosurgery of benign vocal-cord-lesions.", "contents": "[Lasermicrosurgery of benign lesions of the vocal cord and functional results (author's transl)]. There exist two different lasers for the endolaryngeal microsurgery: Carbon-dioxid-Laser (lambda = 10,6 micrometer) and Neodymium: YAG-Laser (lambda = 1,06 micrometer). We have performed with the Nd: YAG-Laser mediLas experimental studies with animals as well as clinical investigations. Now we do endolaryngeal lasermicrosurgery in selected cases as a method of treatment. The surgical method is reported. Our number of cases as well as the follow-up-study allow us to give a first statement upon the functional results obtained by lasermicrosurgery of benign vocal-cord-lesions.", "PMID": 575557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11718", "title": "Production of plasminogen activator and inhibition of embryonic cell aggregation by cultured human normal and neoplastic cells.", "content": "The plasminogen activator (PA) production and the capacity to inhibit embryonic neural retina (NR) cell aggregation by human normal and neoplastic cell lines have been studied. The PA production was detected by both iodinated fibrin and casein lysis assays, and by changes in cell morphology at the presence of activated PA, using dog serum. Since the casein lysis assay and morphological changes proved to be less sensitive than 125I-fibrin lysis assay, a good correlation between these three assays could be observed provided that PA production measured by fibrinolysis exceeded 10--20%. The neoplastic cell lines exhibited the PA production to quite a large extent. The highest fibrinolytic activity (78%) was found in the case of bladder carcinoma cells T24, while the B-5GT cells from giant cell tumor of bone failed to produce any detectable amount of the PA. The cells from synovial sarcoma and both glioma lines exhibited fibrinolytic activity of about 10% and four sarcoma cell lines over the range 20--50%. Out of 13 normal cell lines tested, 7 were negative or exhibited very low fibrinolysis not exceeding 3% of total radioactivity. Four cell lines derived from kidneys, lungs, intestines, and from mixed embryonic tissues showed a marked fibrinolytic activity of about 10--37%, a slightly elevated fibrinolysis being found in embryonic lung cells LEP and cells from fetal skin tissue only at the presence of dog serum. The fibrinolysis detected in the neoplastic cloned cell populations showed considerable differences in the PA production between individual cell clones isolated from the same parental cell line. Unlike the normal fibroblastic cells B-41FB derived from bone, all neoplastic cell lines tested possess the capability to inhibit embryonic NR cell aggregation significantly. The results suggest the effect not to be dependent upon the PA production.", "contents": "Production of plasminogen activator and inhibition of embryonic cell aggregation by cultured human normal and neoplastic cells. The plasminogen activator (PA) production and the capacity to inhibit embryonic neural retina (NR) cell aggregation by human normal and neoplastic cell lines have been studied. The PA production was detected by both iodinated fibrin and casein lysis assays, and by changes in cell morphology at the presence of activated PA, using dog serum. Since the casein lysis assay and morphological changes proved to be less sensitive than 125I-fibrin lysis assay, a good correlation between these three assays could be observed provided that PA production measured by fibrinolysis exceeded 10--20%. The neoplastic cell lines exhibited the PA production to quite a large extent. The highest fibrinolytic activity (78%) was found in the case of bladder carcinoma cells T24, while the B-5GT cells from giant cell tumor of bone failed to produce any detectable amount of the PA. The cells from synovial sarcoma and both glioma lines exhibited fibrinolytic activity of about 10% and four sarcoma cell lines over the range 20--50%. Out of 13 normal cell lines tested, 7 were negative or exhibited very low fibrinolysis not exceeding 3% of total radioactivity. Four cell lines derived from kidneys, lungs, intestines, and from mixed embryonic tissues showed a marked fibrinolytic activity of about 10--37%, a slightly elevated fibrinolysis being found in embryonic lung cells LEP and cells from fetal skin tissue only at the presence of dog serum. The fibrinolysis detected in the neoplastic cloned cell populations showed considerable differences in the PA production between individual cell clones isolated from the same parental cell line. Unlike the normal fibroblastic cells B-41FB derived from bone, all neoplastic cell lines tested possess the capability to inhibit embryonic NR cell aggregation significantly. The results suggest the effect not to be dependent upon the PA production.", "PMID": 575560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11719", "title": "The structure and formation of the egg-shell of Syphacia obvelata Rudolphi (Nematoda: Oxyurida).", "content": "The egg of Syphacia obvelata is a flattened elipsoid. The egg-shell consists of 5 layers: external uterine layer, internal uterine layer, vitelline layer, chitinous layer and lipid layer. An operculum is present at one pole of the egg. The opercular groove consists of a break in the uterine layers and the modification of the chitinous layer by the deposition of lipoprotein material. On the curved side of the egg the uterine layers are modified to form alternate ridges and depressions. Discrete spaces are present in the internal uterine layer between the ridges. These are open to the exterior via pores in the external uterine layer. The structure of the uterine layers is quite different on the flattened side of the egg. The morphology of the reproductive system and the formation of the egg-shell is described. It is suggested that the complex structure of the uterine layers of oxyurids forms by a self-assembly process.", "contents": "The structure and formation of the egg-shell of Syphacia obvelata Rudolphi (Nematoda: Oxyurida). The egg of Syphacia obvelata is a flattened elipsoid. The egg-shell consists of 5 layers: external uterine layer, internal uterine layer, vitelline layer, chitinous layer and lipid layer. An operculum is present at one pole of the egg. The opercular groove consists of a break in the uterine layers and the modification of the chitinous layer by the deposition of lipoprotein material. On the curved side of the egg the uterine layers are modified to form alternate ridges and depressions. Discrete spaces are present in the internal uterine layer between the ridges. These are open to the exterior via pores in the external uterine layer. The structure of the uterine layers is quite different on the flattened side of the egg. The morphology of the reproductive system and the formation of the egg-shell is described. It is suggested that the complex structure of the uterine layers of oxyurids forms by a self-assembly process.", "PMID": 575561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11720", "title": "Brugia malayi microfilaraemia in mice: a model for the study of the host response to microfilariae.", "content": "Microfilariae of Brugia malayi were obtained from the peritoneal cavities of infected gerbils and were then injected intravenously into mice. A sub-periodic, nocturnal microfilaraemia was produced. The level of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected, with approximately 1-3% of microfilariae being found in the peripheral circulation. The duration of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected; it subsided by 30 days after injection of 104 microfilariae but was still present at a low level 120 days after injection of 2 x 105 microfilariae. A transient splenomegaly developed after injection of microfilariae. Histopathological examination revealed large numbers of microfilariae free in the lumens of pulmonary small blood vessels and without any accompanying inflammatory reaction. Lesser numbers of microfilariae were seen in the cardiac blood and hepatic and renal blood vessels for the first few days after injection. There was cellular proliferation in the splenic white pulp and vascular congestion of the red pulp. Microfilariae labelled with 51Cr were injected intravenously; 57% of radioactivity was found in the lungs, 8.5% in the liver and 2.9% in the spleen. Mice developed immediate hypersensitivity reactions to B. malayi antigen by 4 weeks after injection, but Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were not seen at any time. when mice which had been injected 5 months previously were challenged with a 2nd injection of microfilariae, there was an accelerated clearance of parasites over 2 weeks and a marked peripheral blood eosinophilia developed. In contrast with natural infections, in which the continuous production of microfilariae complicates assessment, this model provides a system in which factors controlling the circulation of microfilariae in the bloodstream can be studied independently.", "contents": "Brugia malayi microfilaraemia in mice: a model for the study of the host response to microfilariae. Microfilariae of Brugia malayi were obtained from the peritoneal cavities of infected gerbils and were then injected intravenously into mice. A sub-periodic, nocturnal microfilaraemia was produced. The level of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected, with approximately 1-3% of microfilariae being found in the peripheral circulation. The duration of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected; it subsided by 30 days after injection of 104 microfilariae but was still present at a low level 120 days after injection of 2 x 105 microfilariae. A transient splenomegaly developed after injection of microfilariae. Histopathological examination revealed large numbers of microfilariae free in the lumens of pulmonary small blood vessels and without any accompanying inflammatory reaction. Lesser numbers of microfilariae were seen in the cardiac blood and hepatic and renal blood vessels for the first few days after injection. There was cellular proliferation in the splenic white pulp and vascular congestion of the red pulp. Microfilariae labelled with 51Cr were injected intravenously; 57% of radioactivity was found in the lungs, 8.5% in the liver and 2.9% in the spleen. Mice developed immediate hypersensitivity reactions to B. malayi antigen by 4 weeks after injection, but Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were not seen at any time. when mice which had been injected 5 months previously were challenged with a 2nd injection of microfilariae, there was an accelerated clearance of parasites over 2 weeks and a marked peripheral blood eosinophilia developed. In contrast with natural infections, in which the continuous production of microfilariae complicates assessment, this model provides a system in which factors controlling the circulation of microfilariae in the bloodstream can be studied independently.", "PMID": 575562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11721", "title": "On the control of prostaglandin release during the bovine estrous cycle. Effects of progesterone implants.", "content": "Progesterone implants were inserted subcutaneously on day 12 of the estrous cycle in three heifers. The implants were known to release an amount of progesterone sufficient to maintain the peripheral blood plasma at a level of about 1 ng/lm. All three heifers showed luteolysis in a similar way with peaks of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha of normal magnitude and duration. Concomitantly, progesterone levels declined, but due to the presence of the implants, progesterone was maintained at a level of about 1 ng/ml. The release of prostaglandins, however, continued throughout the experimental period and did not cease until the implants were removed.", "contents": "On the control of prostaglandin release during the bovine estrous cycle. Effects of progesterone implants. Progesterone implants were inserted subcutaneously on day 12 of the estrous cycle in three heifers. The implants were known to release an amount of progesterone sufficient to maintain the peripheral blood plasma at a level of about 1 ng/lm. All three heifers showed luteolysis in a similar way with peaks of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha of normal magnitude and duration. Concomitantly, progesterone levels declined, but due to the presence of the implants, progesterone was maintained at a level of about 1 ng/ml. The release of prostaglandins, however, continued throughout the experimental period and did not cease until the implants were removed.", "PMID": 575567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11722", "title": "Gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean protein in preruminant calves. Antibody production and digestive disturbances in calves fed heated soyabean flour.", "content": "Preruminant calves were fed heated soyabean flour as a constituent of a milk based diet. Within two weeks IgG and IgE antibodies specific for soyabean proteins appeared in their serum. To measure the rate of flow of digesta through the small intestine, other calves were cannulated in the abomasum and distal ileum. They were given single experimental feeds containing heated soyabean flour as the sole source of protein. The production of similar antibodies in these animals coincided with an increase in the rate of flow of digesta produced from an experimental feed. These results suggest the development of a gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean proteins.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean protein in preruminant calves. Antibody production and digestive disturbances in calves fed heated soyabean flour. Preruminant calves were fed heated soyabean flour as a constituent of a milk based diet. Within two weeks IgG and IgE antibodies specific for soyabean proteins appeared in their serum. To measure the rate of flow of digesta through the small intestine, other calves were cannulated in the abomasum and distal ileum. They were given single experimental feeds containing heated soyabean flour as the sole source of protein. The production of similar antibodies in these animals coincided with an increase in the rate of flow of digesta produced from an experimental feed. These results suggest the development of a gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean proteins.", "PMID": 575570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11723", "title": "Gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean protein in preruminant calves. Allergenic constituents of soyabean products.", "content": "Preruminant calves fed heated soyabean flour produced high titres of serum antibodies with specificity mainly for soyabean glycinin and beta-conglycinin. Various soyabean products that had been processed by different methods were analysed by immunological techniques to determine their content of glycinin and beta-conglycinin in soluble and undenatured form. The presence of such proteins in soyabean flour fed to preruminant calves was associated with the development of digestive disturbances and the production of serum antibodies. It is suggested that the suitability of soyabean products for calf nutrition could be assessed by simple immunological methods to detect these constituents.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean protein in preruminant calves. Allergenic constituents of soyabean products. Preruminant calves fed heated soyabean flour produced high titres of serum antibodies with specificity mainly for soyabean glycinin and beta-conglycinin. Various soyabean products that had been processed by different methods were analysed by immunological techniques to determine their content of glycinin and beta-conglycinin in soluble and undenatured form. The presence of such proteins in soyabean flour fed to preruminant calves was associated with the development of digestive disturbances and the production of serum antibodies. It is suggested that the suitability of soyabean products for calf nutrition could be assessed by simple immunological methods to detect these constituents.", "PMID": 575571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11724", "title": "Lumbar sympathectomy in obliterative arteriosclerosis. Should it still be performed?", "content": "During the years 1967-1976, bilateral lumbar sympathectomy was performed in 241 patients with arteriosclerotic occlusions. A questionnaire was completed by 137 patients. Of the total, 68% seem to have improved in some way postoperatively. The material was analyzed with regard to age, sex, diabetes and regarding the effects on pregangrene, established gangrene, amputation, claudication and skin temperature. The operative mortality was 2.1% and postoperative complications were few. Bilateral operation in one stage does not give a higher postoperative mortality than unilateral procedures. Postoperative side-effects, such as neuritic pains, sexual and urological dysfunctions, are considered. Bilateral lumbar sympathectomy still seems to be an alternative procedure, which may be offered some patients with marginal peripheral circulation, when reconstructive arterial surgery is not feasible.", "contents": "Lumbar sympathectomy in obliterative arteriosclerosis. Should it still be performed? During the years 1967-1976, bilateral lumbar sympathectomy was performed in 241 patients with arteriosclerotic occlusions. A questionnaire was completed by 137 patients. Of the total, 68% seem to have improved in some way postoperatively. The material was analyzed with regard to age, sex, diabetes and regarding the effects on pregangrene, established gangrene, amputation, claudication and skin temperature. The operative mortality was 2.1% and postoperative complications were few. Bilateral operation in one stage does not give a higher postoperative mortality than unilateral procedures. Postoperative side-effects, such as neuritic pains, sexual and urological dysfunctions, are considered. Bilateral lumbar sympathectomy still seems to be an alternative procedure, which may be offered some patients with marginal peripheral circulation, when reconstructive arterial surgery is not feasible.", "PMID": 575577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11725", "title": "Effect of bilirubin on the fungicidal capacity of human neutrophils.", "content": "The effect of unconjugated bilirubin on the fungicidal capacity of human neutrophils was examined. Per cent Torulopsis glabrata killed in the presence of 1 x 10(-5) and 5 x 10(-5) M bilirubin was 72.7 +/- 2.5 and 40.9 +/- 7.2 respectively, compared to 81.4 +/- 4.1 in control (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001), respectively). This effect was not due to a concomitant inhibition of phagocytosis. The results suggest that jaundiced neonates may be more susceptible to fungal infections.", "contents": "Effect of bilirubin on the fungicidal capacity of human neutrophils. The effect of unconjugated bilirubin on the fungicidal capacity of human neutrophils was examined. Per cent Torulopsis glabrata killed in the presence of 1 x 10(-5) and 5 x 10(-5) M bilirubin was 72.7 +/- 2.5 and 40.9 +/- 7.2 respectively, compared to 81.4 +/- 4.1 in control (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001), respectively). This effect was not due to a concomitant inhibition of phagocytosis. The results suggest that jaundiced neonates may be more susceptible to fungal infections.", "PMID": 575578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11726", "title": "Taxonomy of Exophiala werneckii and its relationship to Microsporum mansonii.", "content": "Study of the neotype culture of Exophiala werneckii (Cladosporium werneckii), as well as additional isolates, has shown that the yeast-like and hyphal conidiogenous cells are annellides. E. werneckii cannot be accommodated in Cladosporium, a genus characterized by catenulate holoblastic coanidia. E. werneckii and the dematiaceous hyphomycete that Castellani misidentified as Microsporum mansonii (Cladosporium mansonii) are two entirely different fungi. M. mansonii is considered to be a synonym of the Malassezia furfur since both names were used to describe in tissue the etiologic agent of pityriasis versicolor.", "contents": "Taxonomy of Exophiala werneckii and its relationship to Microsporum mansonii. Study of the neotype culture of Exophiala werneckii (Cladosporium werneckii), as well as additional isolates, has shown that the yeast-like and hyphal conidiogenous cells are annellides. E. werneckii cannot be accommodated in Cladosporium, a genus characterized by catenulate holoblastic coanidia. E. werneckii and the dematiaceous hyphomycete that Castellani misidentified as Microsporum mansonii (Cladosporium mansonii) are two entirely different fungi. M. mansonii is considered to be a synonym of the Malassezia furfur since both names were used to describe in tissue the etiologic agent of pityriasis versicolor.", "PMID": 575579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11727", "title": "[The efficacy of pleuromutilins on Aegyptianella pullorum infections in chickens (author's transl)].", "content": "Pleuromutilins have an aegyptianellicidal efficacy. A significant chemotherapeutic influence on the course of the infection in chickens could only be achieved after repeated oral and intramuscular applications of at least 150 mg and 75 mg/kg body weight respectively. However, even at these concentrations the infections were not cleared.", "contents": "[The efficacy of pleuromutilins on Aegyptianella pullorum infections in chickens (author's transl)]. Pleuromutilins have an aegyptianellicidal efficacy. A significant chemotherapeutic influence on the course of the infection in chickens could only be achieved after repeated oral and intramuscular applications of at least 150 mg and 75 mg/kg body weight respectively. However, even at these concentrations the infections were not cleared.", "PMID": 575580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11728", "title": "Studies on the reinvasion of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin by Simulium damnosum s.I. with emphasis on the south-western areas.", "content": "The aerial larvicidng operation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme of the World Health Organization which began in February 1975 resulted in a sharp reduction in Simulium damnosum numbers. However, at the onset of the rainy season the fly population increased in certain areas. Detailed surveys both on the ground and by helicopter did not reveal any significant failures of treatments that could account for the fly densities observed, and it was concluded that the flies must originate from sources outside the controlled zone. This reinvasion proved to be an annual occurrence which has been studied in detail between 1975 and 1978 in the south-western parts of the control zone. The methods used included full day catches by vector collectors carried out every day throughout the season, cytotaxonomic determination of larvae, detailed morphological examination of reared and biting adults and treatment of suspected source rivers with insecticide. The results indicate that the invasion takes place in a SW-NE direction across country for distances of 300 km or more along the track of the monsoon winds. It involves mainly the savanna cytospecies S. damnosum s. str. and S. sirbanum. The invading populations are composed of older parous flies, many of which carry infective 3rd stage larvae indistinguishable from those of Onchocerca volvulus. These females tend to bite close to the rivers and do not disperse as far as normal populations with a higher proportion of younger flies.", "contents": "Studies on the reinvasion of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin by Simulium damnosum s.I. with emphasis on the south-western areas. The aerial larvicidng operation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme of the World Health Organization which began in February 1975 resulted in a sharp reduction in Simulium damnosum numbers. However, at the onset of the rainy season the fly population increased in certain areas. Detailed surveys both on the ground and by helicopter did not reveal any significant failures of treatments that could account for the fly densities observed, and it was concluded that the flies must originate from sources outside the controlled zone. This reinvasion proved to be an annual occurrence which has been studied in detail between 1975 and 1978 in the south-western parts of the control zone. The methods used included full day catches by vector collectors carried out every day throughout the season, cytotaxonomic determination of larvae, detailed morphological examination of reared and biting adults and treatment of suspected source rivers with insecticide. The results indicate that the invasion takes place in a SW-NE direction across country for distances of 300 km or more along the track of the monsoon winds. It involves mainly the savanna cytospecies S. damnosum s. str. and S. sirbanum. The invading populations are composed of older parous flies, many of which carry infective 3rd stage larvae indistinguishable from those of Onchocerca volvulus. These females tend to bite close to the rivers and do not disperse as far as normal populations with a higher proportion of younger flies.", "PMID": 575581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11729", "title": "[Simultaneous infection of Mastomys natalensis with Dipetalonema witei and Litomosoides carinii (author's transl)].", "content": "Mastomys natalensis that has been described by L\u00e4mmler et al. (1968) as suitable host for Litomosoides carinii can also serve as final host for Dipetalonema witei. At the end of the prepatency period the microfilaraemia increased as rapidly in Mastomys as in the original final host Meriones persicus. Maximal microfilaraemia was observed earlier in Mastomys (120 days p.inf.) than in Meriones (250 days p.inf.). Accordingly microfilariae counts decreased more rapidly in Mastomys. The maximal counts found in Mastomys was 78000 microfilariae/ml blood, which is 3.2 times less than in M. persicus. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that a simultaneous experimental infection of Mastomys with D. witei and L. carinii in possible. The course of microfilaraemia and the number of macrofilariae were comparable in mono- and simultaneous infections for both species of filariae. The macrofilariae of D. witei began to die earlier than those of L. carinii both in mono- and in simultaneous infections. The percentage of dead macrofilariae was 3.8% 110 days p.inf., and 13.1% 130 days p.inf. respectively. Therefore, chemotherapeutic experiments should be terminated and evaluated about 110 days p.inf.", "contents": "[Simultaneous infection of Mastomys natalensis with Dipetalonema witei and Litomosoides carinii (author's transl)]. Mastomys natalensis that has been described by L\u00e4mmler et al. (1968) as suitable host for Litomosoides carinii can also serve as final host for Dipetalonema witei. At the end of the prepatency period the microfilaraemia increased as rapidly in Mastomys as in the original final host Meriones persicus. Maximal microfilaraemia was observed earlier in Mastomys (120 days p.inf.) than in Meriones (250 days p.inf.). Accordingly microfilariae counts decreased more rapidly in Mastomys. The maximal counts found in Mastomys was 78000 microfilariae/ml blood, which is 3.2 times less than in M. persicus. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that a simultaneous experimental infection of Mastomys with D. witei and L. carinii in possible. The course of microfilaraemia and the number of macrofilariae were comparable in mono- and simultaneous infections for both species of filariae. The macrofilariae of D. witei began to die earlier than those of L. carinii both in mono- and in simultaneous infections. The percentage of dead macrofilariae was 3.8% 110 days p.inf., and 13.1% 130 days p.inf. respectively. Therefore, chemotherapeutic experiments should be terminated and evaluated about 110 days p.inf.", "PMID": 575582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11730", "title": "Studies on Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea). 4. Passive transfer of immunity to circulating microfilariae by spleen cells.", "content": "Passive transfer experiments provided clear evidence for a role of spleen cells in the immunity of hamsters against Dipetalonema viteae microfilariae. 106 or more spleen cells from postpatent (amicrofilaraemic) hamsters suppressed incipient microfilaraemia in syngeneic recipients when transferred at either week 2 or week 6 of a primary infection. Spleen cells from microfilaraemic donors (week 15-16 post infection) were also capable of transferring immunity against microfilariae. The spleen cell transfer never affected the survival of adult worms. After transfer of spleen cells from either patent or postpatent hamsters, antibodies to the cuticle of microfilariae could be found in the sera of recipients as early as week 8 of a primary infection.", "contents": "Studies on Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea). 4. Passive transfer of immunity to circulating microfilariae by spleen cells. Passive transfer experiments provided clear evidence for a role of spleen cells in the immunity of hamsters against Dipetalonema viteae microfilariae. 106 or more spleen cells from postpatent (amicrofilaraemic) hamsters suppressed incipient microfilaraemia in syngeneic recipients when transferred at either week 2 or week 6 of a primary infection. Spleen cells from microfilaraemic donors (week 15-16 post infection) were also capable of transferring immunity against microfilariae. The spleen cell transfer never affected the survival of adult worms. After transfer of spleen cells from either patent or postpatent hamsters, antibodies to the cuticle of microfilariae could be found in the sera of recipients as early as week 8 of a primary infection.", "PMID": 575583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11731", "title": "Serum concentrations of estrone, androstenedione, testosterone and sex-hormone-binding globulin in postmenopausal women with breast cancer and in age-matched controls.", "content": "The concentrations of estrone (E1), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T) and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the serum were determined in 122 postmenopausal women, unselected with respect to age and stage of disease and with a newly diagnosed breast cancer. The results were compared with those in 122 age-matched women without breast cancer, selected from the population register. The patients were found to have a significantly higher mean level than the controls of E1 (132 and 108 pmol/l), A (2.5 and 1.6 nmol/l) and T (1.54 and 1.38 nmol/l) and a lower level of SHBG (40.2 and 47.3 nmol/l) in the serum. A multiple regression analysis revealed in the control group that the serum level of E1 was significantly correlated to A (r = 0.48, p less than 0.001) and T (r = 0.45, p less than 0.001). In the patient group E1 was only slightly correlated to T (r = 0.25, p less than 0.01) and not to A (r = 0.10, p greater than 0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between SHBG and weight in both groups. Otherwise no significant correlations were found between any of the hormone levels and age, stage of disease of weight. It was concluded that an increased availability of A and T, leading to an increased androgenic stimulation--and therefore decreased SHBG--and an increased E1 level, is the most reasonable explanation for the findings. The lack of correlation between E1 and A in the patient group is however difficult to explain and the results do not seem to fit into a definite hypothesis.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of estrone, androstenedione, testosterone and sex-hormone-binding globulin in postmenopausal women with breast cancer and in age-matched controls. The concentrations of estrone (E1), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T) and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the serum were determined in 122 postmenopausal women, unselected with respect to age and stage of disease and with a newly diagnosed breast cancer. The results were compared with those in 122 age-matched women without breast cancer, selected from the population register. The patients were found to have a significantly higher mean level than the controls of E1 (132 and 108 pmol/l), A (2.5 and 1.6 nmol/l) and T (1.54 and 1.38 nmol/l) and a lower level of SHBG (40.2 and 47.3 nmol/l) in the serum. A multiple regression analysis revealed in the control group that the serum level of E1 was significantly correlated to A (r = 0.48, p less than 0.001) and T (r = 0.45, p less than 0.001). In the patient group E1 was only slightly correlated to T (r = 0.25, p less than 0.01) and not to A (r = 0.10, p greater than 0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between SHBG and weight in both groups. Otherwise no significant correlations were found between any of the hormone levels and age, stage of disease of weight. It was concluded that an increased availability of A and T, leading to an increased androgenic stimulation--and therefore decreased SHBG--and an increased E1 level, is the most reasonable explanation for the findings. The lack of correlation between E1 and A in the patient group is however difficult to explain and the results do not seem to fit into a definite hypothesis.", "PMID": 575585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11732", "title": "A possible influence of the bull on the incidence of embryonic mortality in cattle.", "content": "Milk progesterone profiles were used to study the high incidence of embryonic mortality between 30 to 80 days after insemination in 91 cows in a single herd. The progesterone levels dropped to basal values at 46.7 +/- 1.37 days after service in 22 per cent of apparently pregnant cows. Embryo loss occurred significantly more frequently following services by one bull (Z). The mortality rates were 14/32 (44 per cent) in cows conceiving to Z compared with 8/73 (11 per cent) in cows conceiving to other bulls. There was no significant effect of the age of the cow or yield on the incidence of embryonic mortality.", "contents": "A possible influence of the bull on the incidence of embryonic mortality in cattle. Milk progesterone profiles were used to study the high incidence of embryonic mortality between 30 to 80 days after insemination in 91 cows in a single herd. The progesterone levels dropped to basal values at 46.7 +/- 1.37 days after service in 22 per cent of apparently pregnant cows. Embryo loss occurred significantly more frequently following services by one bull (Z). The mortality rates were 14/32 (44 per cent) in cows conceiving to Z compared with 8/73 (11 per cent) in cows conceiving to other bulls. There was no significant effect of the age of the cow or yield on the incidence of embryonic mortality.", "PMID": 575589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11733", "title": "Development of Dipetalonema viteae third-stage larvae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in micropore chambers implanted into jirds, hamsters, normal and immunized mice.", "content": "Development of third-stage larvae of Dipetalonema viteae within subcutaneously implanted micropore chambers proceeded in all hosts tested up to the fourth-stage larvae and occasionally to adolescent worms. In the jird the timing of development was comparable to a natural infection. Although the mouse is an insusceptible host, larval development could take place, but was very slow. Two intraperitoneal inoculations of living third-stage larvae into mice induced the production of antibodies against the larval cuticle and against common antigens. In such immune mice the development of third- and fourth-stage larvae within micropore chambers was significantly inhibited, larval mortality was increased, and the larval motility was impaired.", "contents": "Development of Dipetalonema viteae third-stage larvae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in micropore chambers implanted into jirds, hamsters, normal and immunized mice. Development of third-stage larvae of Dipetalonema viteae within subcutaneously implanted micropore chambers proceeded in all hosts tested up to the fourth-stage larvae and occasionally to adolescent worms. In the jird the timing of development was comparable to a natural infection. Although the mouse is an insusceptible host, larval development could take place, but was very slow. Two intraperitoneal inoculations of living third-stage larvae into mice induced the production of antibodies against the larval cuticle and against common antigens. In such immune mice the development of third- and fourth-stage larvae within micropore chambers was significantly inhibited, larval mortality was increased, and the larval motility was impaired.", "PMID": 575592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11734", "title": "Effects of hunger on aggression, approach, and avoidance by juncos (Junco hyemalis).", "content": "The aggressive tendencies of male dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis did not differ significantly following deprivation from food for 20 and 60 min. Tendencies to approach opponents at food, in contrast, increased with longer deprivation. Acute hunger and aggression are thus not competing behavioral systems. Nor do differences in rates of approach by subordinates affect aggressive tendencies of dominant birds.", "contents": "Effects of hunger on aggression, approach, and avoidance by juncos (Junco hyemalis). The aggressive tendencies of male dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis did not differ significantly following deprivation from food for 20 and 60 min. Tendencies to approach opponents at food, in contrast, increased with longer deprivation. Acute hunger and aggression are thus not competing behavioral systems. Nor do differences in rates of approach by subordinates affect aggressive tendencies of dominant birds.", "PMID": 575595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11735", "title": "[Arranged marriages of underage girls and the resulting psychic consequences].", "content": "This study is based on 20 cases of disturbed female clients whose marriages were arranged at an under age ranging from 9-13 years. When the men have paid the dowry and fulfilled the marriage customs they are entitled to have sexual intercourse with their wives. Some have this sexual intercourse before or shortly after menstruation and some even have seen their husbands only once or twice before their hands are given in marriage. This early sexual experience, mostly against the will of the underage girls, can precipitate positive or negative reactions. In the positive reaction cases an imprinting fixation on the man takes place. Should the man die or reject the young woman, a disorientation takes place resulting mostly in an inability to have sexual relationship with another man. Should the reaction be negative the woman will do all she can to prevent sexual relationship with the husband through all sorts of symptoms like frequent pregnancies, crawling sensation, secret love affairs with remorse of concience, internal heat, constant head-ache etc. 2 cases are selected from the 20 cases as illustration.", "contents": "[Arranged marriages of underage girls and the resulting psychic consequences]. This study is based on 20 cases of disturbed female clients whose marriages were arranged at an under age ranging from 9-13 years. When the men have paid the dowry and fulfilled the marriage customs they are entitled to have sexual intercourse with their wives. Some have this sexual intercourse before or shortly after menstruation and some even have seen their husbands only once or twice before their hands are given in marriage. This early sexual experience, mostly against the will of the underage girls, can precipitate positive or negative reactions. In the positive reaction cases an imprinting fixation on the man takes place. Should the man die or reject the young woman, a disorientation takes place resulting mostly in an inability to have sexual relationship with another man. Should the reaction be negative the woman will do all she can to prevent sexual relationship with the husband through all sorts of symptoms like frequent pregnancies, crawling sensation, secret love affairs with remorse of concience, internal heat, constant head-ache etc. 2 cases are selected from the 20 cases as illustration.", "PMID": 575594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11736", "title": "Role of the fly in the transport of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from flies collected from a piggery and a kitchen of farm and from ham hung in a piggery. The cultures were identified as Y. enterocolitica biovar 4 and serovar 3 by biochemical and serological characteristics. From these results it is suggested that flies may play an important role in food contamination by Y. enterocolitica. In this study, the probable donors of Y. enterocolitica to the flies were swine.", "contents": "Role of the fly in the transport of Yersinia enterocolitica. Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from flies collected from a piggery and a kitchen of farm and from ham hung in a piggery. The cultures were identified as Y. enterocolitica biovar 4 and serovar 3 by biochemical and serological characteristics. From these results it is suggested that flies may play an important role in food contamination by Y. enterocolitica. In this study, the probable donors of Y. enterocolitica to the flies were swine.", "PMID": 575609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11737", "title": "Heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex organisms in meat products.", "content": "Wieners and sausages were prepared which contained the most heat-tolerant representative of the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex we were able to obtain. They also were prepared with infected tissues obtained from tuberculous swine. Processing conditions were as varied as possible. Neither incorporation of sodium nitrite in the emulsion nor presence of smoke during processing altered the heat susceptibility of the organisms. Substantial killing of the organisms occurred as wieners reached the upper processing temperatures, but hot oil or radiant heating of the \"precooked\" sausages allowed very short times within the killing range; hence, higher peak internal temperatures were necessary. The lethalities for these organisms of reaching and maintaining various processing temperatures are given.", "contents": "Heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex organisms in meat products. Wieners and sausages were prepared which contained the most heat-tolerant representative of the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex we were able to obtain. They also were prepared with infected tissues obtained from tuberculous swine. Processing conditions were as varied as possible. Neither incorporation of sodium nitrite in the emulsion nor presence of smoke during processing altered the heat susceptibility of the organisms. Substantial killing of the organisms occurred as wieners reached the upper processing temperatures, but hot oil or radiant heating of the \"precooked\" sausages allowed very short times within the killing range; hence, higher peak internal temperatures were necessary. The lethalities for these organisms of reaching and maintaining various processing temperatures are given.", "PMID": 575610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11738", "title": "Inhibition of behavioral effects of cocaine by actinomycin D in rats.", "content": "Interactions of actinomycin D (AD, 25 micrograms--50 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally, i.p., or 1 microgram intracerebroventricularly, i.c.v.) with repeated cocaine administration (15 mg/kg i.p. twice daily at 8-hr intervals) were investigated on the spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST) in rats. Following repeated injections of cocaine in combination with saline (i.p. or i.c.v.), both SMA and ST were gradually increased to their peaks on day 9, then decreased up to the day 19 and thereafter maintained at higher than normal levels. Given along with cocaine or saline, AD (i.p. or i.c.v.) caused gradual and significant decreases of SMA and ST. On stopping AD (i.p. on day 5 and i.c.v. on day 9) injection, both SMA and ST increased again. After stopping its i.c.v. injection both behaviors were increased to their peaks on day 10, then gradually decreased to and maintained at slightly higher than normal levels on day 18 onwards. The possible mechanisms of actions of AD as an inhibitor of cocaine-induced behavioral effects have been discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of behavioral effects of cocaine by actinomycin D in rats. Interactions of actinomycin D (AD, 25 micrograms--50 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally, i.p., or 1 microgram intracerebroventricularly, i.c.v.) with repeated cocaine administration (15 mg/kg i.p. twice daily at 8-hr intervals) were investigated on the spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST) in rats. Following repeated injections of cocaine in combination with saline (i.p. or i.c.v.), both SMA and ST were gradually increased to their peaks on day 9, then decreased up to the day 19 and thereafter maintained at higher than normal levels. Given along with cocaine or saline, AD (i.p. or i.c.v.) caused gradual and significant decreases of SMA and ST. On stopping AD (i.p. on day 5 and i.c.v. on day 9) injection, both SMA and ST increased again. After stopping its i.c.v. injection both behaviors were increased to their peaks on day 10, then gradually decreased to and maintained at slightly higher than normal levels on day 18 onwards. The possible mechanisms of actions of AD as an inhibitor of cocaine-induced behavioral effects have been discussed.", "PMID": 575613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11739", "title": "The evaluation of the protein quality of soybean products by short-term bioassays in adult human subjects.", "content": "The protein quality of soybean products was determined by a short nitrogen balance index (NBI) assay with 15 adult males. In the first study, a textured vegetable protein (TVP) was tested alone and in a 50:50 mixture with ground beef. Protein was fed at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg body weight/day with a constant energy intake. The protein quality (NBI) was then calculated by regression analysis of nitrogen absorbed to nitrogen retained. The NBI of beef (0.91) and of the mixture (0.87) were similar; however, the protein quality of TVP fed alone (0.77) was significantly lower. In the second study, carried out at an intake level of 0.6 g protein/kg/day, supplementation of the TVP with 0.5% DL-methionine improved nitrogen retention, but the values obtained did not reach statistical significance. Meat alone, or the 50:50 mixture fed at an equivalent protein intake, gave similar nitrogen retention values, both of which differed significantly from those obtained when TVP was fed alone. The addition of wheat gluten, used as a source of methionine, to the TVP: meat mixture, produced nitrogen retention values below those obtained with the 50:50 beef:TVP blend. Ten men participated in another trial, this time to determine the protein quality of a soybean protein isolate, which gave an NBI value of 0.91, indicating the high quality of the protein tested. Comparison of the protein quality values obtained by the short-term NBI assay revealed these were essentially the same as those reported by other workers using the conventional long-term approach.", "contents": "The evaluation of the protein quality of soybean products by short-term bioassays in adult human subjects. The protein quality of soybean products was determined by a short nitrogen balance index (NBI) assay with 15 adult males. In the first study, a textured vegetable protein (TVP) was tested alone and in a 50:50 mixture with ground beef. Protein was fed at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg body weight/day with a constant energy intake. The protein quality (NBI) was then calculated by regression analysis of nitrogen absorbed to nitrogen retained. The NBI of beef (0.91) and of the mixture (0.87) were similar; however, the protein quality of TVP fed alone (0.77) was significantly lower. In the second study, carried out at an intake level of 0.6 g protein/kg/day, supplementation of the TVP with 0.5% DL-methionine improved nitrogen retention, but the values obtained did not reach statistical significance. Meat alone, or the 50:50 mixture fed at an equivalent protein intake, gave similar nitrogen retention values, both of which differed significantly from those obtained when TVP was fed alone. The addition of wheat gluten, used as a source of methionine, to the TVP: meat mixture, produced nitrogen retention values below those obtained with the 50:50 beef:TVP blend. Ten men participated in another trial, this time to determine the protein quality of a soybean protein isolate, which gave an NBI value of 0.91, indicating the high quality of the protein tested. Comparison of the protein quality values obtained by the short-term NBI assay revealed these were essentially the same as those reported by other workers using the conventional long-term approach.", "PMID": 575616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11740", "title": "Biological characterization of a mesothelioma line in the nude mice. II. Some characteristics of cells cultivated in vitro prior to and after transplantation in nude mice.", "content": "Ascitic tumor cells from a female patient with a peritoneal carcinomatosis have been cultivated in vitro. The 25th in vitro passage of these cells were characterized by gowth curves. DNA-distribution patterns, chromosome patterns and drug sensitivity. Cells of the 25th in vitro passage were i.p. transplanted in nude mice. The 14th and 18th passage of ascitic cells and the 3rd passage of the solid tumor material grown in nude mice were compared with cells of the 25th in vitro passage. Changes in DNA-distribution patterns, chromosome patterns and drug sensitivity were observed: The G1/0-peak of the ascitic tumor cells (AP 14, AP 18) revealed a shift to the left. This is in coincidence with the chromosome number reduction found. Differences in sensitivity to Methotrexate and 5-Fluorouracil after transplantation in nude mice were observed. The possible reasons of instability of these biological properties are discussed.", "contents": "Biological characterization of a mesothelioma line in the nude mice. II. Some characteristics of cells cultivated in vitro prior to and after transplantation in nude mice. Ascitic tumor cells from a female patient with a peritoneal carcinomatosis have been cultivated in vitro. The 25th in vitro passage of these cells were characterized by gowth curves. DNA-distribution patterns, chromosome patterns and drug sensitivity. Cells of the 25th in vitro passage were i.p. transplanted in nude mice. The 14th and 18th passage of ascitic cells and the 3rd passage of the solid tumor material grown in nude mice were compared with cells of the 25th in vitro passage. Changes in DNA-distribution patterns, chromosome patterns and drug sensitivity were observed: The G1/0-peak of the ascitic tumor cells (AP 14, AP 18) revealed a shift to the left. This is in coincidence with the chromosome number reduction found. Differences in sensitivity to Methotrexate and 5-Fluorouracil after transplantation in nude mice were observed. The possible reasons of instability of these biological properties are discussed.", "PMID": 575617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11741", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on developing parotid gland of the rat at early postnatal periods.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of the exocrine and myoepithelial cells of the parotid gland of the rat between days 2 and 40 of the postpartum was undertaken. Besides confirming morphological data of the literature on the evolution of the acinar cells, the following observations are reported. 1. At early postnatal development in some acini \"mucous-like\" cells containing secretory granules with light and dense parts may be observed. Cells with these types of granules were not found after day 20. 2. Morphological differentiation and maturation of the myoepithelial cells were followed. A parallelism was observed between the maturation of these myoepithelial cells and of the acinar cells. Myofilaments first appear around the nucleus at day 5 and between days 20 and 30 a considerable amount of these filaments is found in the already typical myoepithelial cells. 3. Active morphogenesis seems to be occurring in all cellular compartments namely at very early postnatal periods, e.g., between days 2 to 15. 4. The distribution and amount of thin and intermediate sized microfilaments in cells of these compartments varied visibly by various orders of magnitude.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on developing parotid gland of the rat at early postnatal periods. An electron microscopic study of the exocrine and myoepithelial cells of the parotid gland of the rat between days 2 and 40 of the postpartum was undertaken. Besides confirming morphological data of the literature on the evolution of the acinar cells, the following observations are reported. 1. At early postnatal development in some acini \"mucous-like\" cells containing secretory granules with light and dense parts may be observed. Cells with these types of granules were not found after day 20. 2. Morphological differentiation and maturation of the myoepithelial cells were followed. A parallelism was observed between the maturation of these myoepithelial cells and of the acinar cells. Myofilaments first appear around the nucleus at day 5 and between days 20 and 30 a considerable amount of these filaments is found in the already typical myoepithelial cells. 3. Active morphogenesis seems to be occurring in all cellular compartments namely at very early postnatal periods, e.g., between days 2 to 15. 4. The distribution and amount of thin and intermediate sized microfilaments in cells of these compartments varied visibly by various orders of magnitude.", "PMID": 575618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11742", "title": "Formation and release of secretory granules during mitosis in the anterior pituitary gland.", "content": "Electron microscopic images indicating exocytosis of secretory granules were obtained in rat prolactin cells undergoing mitosis at the estrus in the female reproductive cycle. Immature secretory granules looking like small cored vesicles were found among chromosomes and microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Golgi apparatus was fragmented and its small elements mostly consisting of vesicles were seen at the peripheral region of the cell. Rough endoplastic reticulum was mostly vesiculated, but lamellar stacks were still recognized at the cell periphery. It is evident that fully differentiated cells of the anterior pituitary glands are capable of continuing the activity of secretion, i.e., formation and release of secretory granules during mitosis.", "contents": "Formation and release of secretory granules during mitosis in the anterior pituitary gland. Electron microscopic images indicating exocytosis of secretory granules were obtained in rat prolactin cells undergoing mitosis at the estrus in the female reproductive cycle. Immature secretory granules looking like small cored vesicles were found among chromosomes and microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Golgi apparatus was fragmented and its small elements mostly consisting of vesicles were seen at the peripheral region of the cell. Rough endoplastic reticulum was mostly vesiculated, but lamellar stacks were still recognized at the cell periphery. It is evident that fully differentiated cells of the anterior pituitary glands are capable of continuing the activity of secretion, i.e., formation and release of secretory granules during mitosis.", "PMID": 575619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11743", "title": "The fine structure of psychrophilic and mesophilic Rhodotorula rubra.", "content": "Transmission electron microscopy of thin sections of two mesophilic and a psychrophilic Rhodotorula rubra revealed structures normally associated with yeast. The capsule of all three strains was thicker in the cells grown in glucose than those grown in glucose-free media. The cell wall of all three strains showed more lamellae in the cells grown in a medium containing glycerol. Budding was of the Rhodoturula type. Endoplasmic reticula running parallel to the nucleus were commonly observed in the psychrophiles but not in the mesophiles. In the psychrophile, in association with the plasmalemma, lomasomes and plasmalemmasomes were observed. Giant mitochondria were commonly seen in the cells grown in a fermentable carbohydrate-free medium. Vacuoles were mostly empty.", "contents": "The fine structure of psychrophilic and mesophilic Rhodotorula rubra. Transmission electron microscopy of thin sections of two mesophilic and a psychrophilic Rhodotorula rubra revealed structures normally associated with yeast. The capsule of all three strains was thicker in the cells grown in glucose than those grown in glucose-free media. The cell wall of all three strains showed more lamellae in the cells grown in a medium containing glycerol. Budding was of the Rhodoturula type. Endoplasmic reticula running parallel to the nucleus were commonly observed in the psychrophiles but not in the mesophiles. In the psychrophile, in association with the plasmalemma, lomasomes and plasmalemmasomes were observed. Giant mitochondria were commonly seen in the cells grown in a fermentable carbohydrate-free medium. Vacuoles were mostly empty.", "PMID": 575628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11744", "title": "Localization of inhibitory mechanisms to aggressiveness in the medial hypothalamus.", "content": "Release of aggressive reactions was studied by placing a small lesion on the medial hypothalamus in the rat with previous massive destruction on the contralateral side of the hypothalamus. A set of tests for reactivity to provocations was applied to rats before the operation, after the unilateral lesion, and once more after the bilateral lesions. Bilateral lesions were accomplished in 53 rats. None of them increased food intake even though the ventromedial region was involved in many cases. Only 7 developed signs of aggressiveness. The unique histological feature of the animals showing aggressiveness was that the lesions were confined to the posterior hypothalamus usually sparing the ventromedial nucleus and were close to the base. It was suggested that the lesions might have interrupted the fibers projecting to the midbrain mechanisms for control of emotional reactivity.", "contents": "Localization of inhibitory mechanisms to aggressiveness in the medial hypothalamus. Release of aggressive reactions was studied by placing a small lesion on the medial hypothalamus in the rat with previous massive destruction on the contralateral side of the hypothalamus. A set of tests for reactivity to provocations was applied to rats before the operation, after the unilateral lesion, and once more after the bilateral lesions. Bilateral lesions were accomplished in 53 rats. None of them increased food intake even though the ventromedial region was involved in many cases. Only 7 developed signs of aggressiveness. The unique histological feature of the animals showing aggressiveness was that the lesions were confined to the posterior hypothalamus usually sparing the ventromedial nucleus and were close to the base. It was suggested that the lesions might have interrupted the fibers projecting to the midbrain mechanisms for control of emotional reactivity.", "PMID": 575630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11745", "title": "Potency testing of pertussis immunoglobulins, relationship between neutralisation test and agglutination test.", "content": "Neutralisation tests were done with pertussis immunoglobulins and immunosera in which mice were immunised by intraperitoneal injection and challenged 4 hours later by intracerebral injection. The results of the neutralisation tests were compared with those of the agglutination tests done with the same preparations. For 2 pertussis immunoglobulins a correlation was found between the results of both tests, but generally no correlation exists between the agglutinating activity and the protective value of the preparations. There is a more than 100-fold difference in their relationship. Therefore a neutralisation test should be used for potency testing of pertussis immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Potency testing of pertussis immunoglobulins, relationship between neutralisation test and agglutination test. Neutralisation tests were done with pertussis immunoglobulins and immunosera in which mice were immunised by intraperitoneal injection and challenged 4 hours later by intracerebral injection. The results of the neutralisation tests were compared with those of the agglutination tests done with the same preparations. For 2 pertussis immunoglobulins a correlation was found between the results of both tests, but generally no correlation exists between the agglutinating activity and the protective value of the preparations. There is a more than 100-fold difference in their relationship. Therefore a neutralisation test should be used for potency testing of pertussis immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 575633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11746", "title": "The genetic and cytogenetic localization of the three structural genes coding for the major protein of drosophila larval serum.", "content": "The alpha, beta and gamma polypeptides that make up Drosophila Larval Serum Protein-1 seem to be coded for by genes that have evolved by duplication of a common ancestral gene. We have found variants of all three polypeptides, and these are variants of the coding sequences. The alpha-chain variant mapped to 39.5 on the X chromosome and to the polytene interval 11A7-11B9. The beta-chain variant mapped to 1.9 on chromosome 2L and to 21D2-22A1. The gamma-chain variant was mapped as 0.13 map units from the tip of chromosome 3L or to --1.41 with respect to ru, which has been defined as 0.0, and to 61A1-61A6.", "contents": "The genetic and cytogenetic localization of the three structural genes coding for the major protein of drosophila larval serum. The alpha, beta and gamma polypeptides that make up Drosophila Larval Serum Protein-1 seem to be coded for by genes that have evolved by duplication of a common ancestral gene. We have found variants of all three polypeptides, and these are variants of the coding sequences. The alpha-chain variant mapped to 39.5 on the X chromosome and to the polytene interval 11A7-11B9. The beta-chain variant mapped to 1.9 on chromosome 2L and to 21D2-22A1. The gamma-chain variant was mapped as 0.13 map units from the tip of chromosome 3L or to --1.41 with respect to ru, which has been defined as 0.0, and to 61A1-61A6.", "PMID": 575634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11747", "title": "[Neuropharmacological studies on drug dependence (I). Effects due to the difference in strain, sex and drug administration time on physical dependence development and characteristics of withdrawal signs in CNS-affecting drug dependent rats (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied the influence of differences in strain, sex and drug administration time on physical dependence of morphine and phenobarbital in rats and also whether or not pole climbing avoidance is useful as an indicator of physical dependence. We then compared the behavioral characteristics seen with morphine-dependence with those of other CNS-affecting drugs. Withdrawal signs involving weight loss in morphine and phenobarbital groups were different in JCL-Wistar, SLC-Wistar, JCL-Sprague Dawley and HOS-Donryu strain rats. Withdrawal signs in males were generally more marked than in females. Withdrawal signs due to the difference of drug administration time were different with the sex and/or kinds of drugs. After administration of morphine-type and barbiturate-type drugs, withdrawal signs of sedation and weight loss, also excitability together with weight loss appeared 24 and 40 hours later, respectively. These signs were generally greatly increased by antagonist-induced withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal of methamphetamine and cocaine caused no withdrawal signs. Rectal temperature was unchanged on abrupt withdrawal in the case of each drug, though temperatures did decrease with morphine-type drugs, and increased with phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide groups, on antagonist-induced withdrawal. Inhibition of the avoidance was mild with the abrupt withdrawal of morphine, codeine, phenobarbital chlordiazepoxide and cocaine, but was marked on antagonist-induced withdrawal of morphine and codeine.", "contents": "[Neuropharmacological studies on drug dependence (I). Effects due to the difference in strain, sex and drug administration time on physical dependence development and characteristics of withdrawal signs in CNS-affecting drug dependent rats (author's transl)]. We studied the influence of differences in strain, sex and drug administration time on physical dependence of morphine and phenobarbital in rats and also whether or not pole climbing avoidance is useful as an indicator of physical dependence. We then compared the behavioral characteristics seen with morphine-dependence with those of other CNS-affecting drugs. Withdrawal signs involving weight loss in morphine and phenobarbital groups were different in JCL-Wistar, SLC-Wistar, JCL-Sprague Dawley and HOS-Donryu strain rats. Withdrawal signs in males were generally more marked than in females. Withdrawal signs due to the difference of drug administration time were different with the sex and/or kinds of drugs. After administration of morphine-type and barbiturate-type drugs, withdrawal signs of sedation and weight loss, also excitability together with weight loss appeared 24 and 40 hours later, respectively. These signs were generally greatly increased by antagonist-induced withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal of methamphetamine and cocaine caused no withdrawal signs. Rectal temperature was unchanged on abrupt withdrawal in the case of each drug, though temperatures did decrease with morphine-type drugs, and increased with phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide groups, on antagonist-induced withdrawal. Inhibition of the avoidance was mild with the abrupt withdrawal of morphine, codeine, phenobarbital chlordiazepoxide and cocaine, but was marked on antagonist-induced withdrawal of morphine and codeine.", "PMID": 575638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11748", "title": "[Functional tests for true urinary incontinence in women (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary incontinence is looked at from a functional point of view. It occurs when there is lack of equilibrium between the resistance of the sphincters and the expulsive force of the bladder. The classical features given in the history and in a clinical examination can only suggest an incomplete evaluation of the problem and this is sometimes wrong in respect to the dynamic control of micturition. The traps are briefly reviewed. Functional tests allow objective analysis of the behaviour of the bladder and its sphincters. They are the subject of this study (combined radio-urodynamic tests).", "contents": "[Functional tests for true urinary incontinence in women (author's transl)]. Urinary incontinence is looked at from a functional point of view. It occurs when there is lack of equilibrium between the resistance of the sphincters and the expulsive force of the bladder. The classical features given in the history and in a clinical examination can only suggest an incomplete evaluation of the problem and this is sometimes wrong in respect to the dynamic control of micturition. The traps are briefly reviewed. Functional tests allow objective analysis of the behaviour of the bladder and its sphincters. They are the subject of this study (combined radio-urodynamic tests).", "PMID": 575653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11749", "title": "Threshold effects on the lectin-mediated aggregation of synthetic glycolipid-containing liposomes.", "content": "Cholesterol analogs containing sugar residues linked by spacer groups to the cholesterol O can be incorporated into egg yolk lecithin small unilamellar liposomes. The synthetic glycolipid analogs distribute evenly on both sides of the bilayer. These liposomes are aggregated by the appropriate lectin. For example, when the sugar residue is a beta-galactoside the liposomes are aggregated by ricin and when it is an alpha-mannoside they are aggregated by Con A. The lectin-mediated aggregation of these liposomes is reversed by the addition of the appropriate sugar. The rates but not the extents of aggregation of these liposomes are highly sensitive to the amount of glycolipid incorporated. Below approximately 5% glycolipid incorporation the rate of the lectin-mediated aggregation of these liposomes is exceedingly slow, whereas above this level rapid aggregation proceeds. At all concentrations studied the synthetic glycolipids are incorporated in a unimodal fashion so that the observed threshold effects cannot be based on possible differences in the manner in which the glycolipids are incorporated at different concentrations. This conclusion is based on 1) studies with galactose oxidase that show that the percentage of galactose oxidation in a liposome prepared from a galactosyl-containing glycolipid is independent of glycolipid concentration, and 2) studies on the aggregation of liposomes containing mixed glycolipids in which the glycolipids are shown to behave independently. The importance of a critical density of membrane-bound receptors in order for aggregation to occur is discussed.", "contents": "Threshold effects on the lectin-mediated aggregation of synthetic glycolipid-containing liposomes. Cholesterol analogs containing sugar residues linked by spacer groups to the cholesterol O can be incorporated into egg yolk lecithin small unilamellar liposomes. The synthetic glycolipid analogs distribute evenly on both sides of the bilayer. These liposomes are aggregated by the appropriate lectin. For example, when the sugar residue is a beta-galactoside the liposomes are aggregated by ricin and when it is an alpha-mannoside they are aggregated by Con A. The lectin-mediated aggregation of these liposomes is reversed by the addition of the appropriate sugar. The rates but not the extents of aggregation of these liposomes are highly sensitive to the amount of glycolipid incorporated. Below approximately 5% glycolipid incorporation the rate of the lectin-mediated aggregation of these liposomes is exceedingly slow, whereas above this level rapid aggregation proceeds. At all concentrations studied the synthetic glycolipids are incorporated in a unimodal fashion so that the observed threshold effects cannot be based on possible differences in the manner in which the glycolipids are incorporated at different concentrations. This conclusion is based on 1) studies with galactose oxidase that show that the percentage of galactose oxidation in a liposome prepared from a galactosyl-containing glycolipid is independent of glycolipid concentration, and 2) studies on the aggregation of liposomes containing mixed glycolipids in which the glycolipids are shown to behave independently. The importance of a critical density of membrane-bound receptors in order for aggregation to occur is discussed.", "PMID": 575662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11750", "title": "[Inborn or acquired? The assertions and methods of twin research in psychiatry].", "content": "Is Insanity inborn or acquired?--This question has become more actual in the last years as a consequence of progresses of psychotherapeutic and genetic research and the movement of antipsychiatry. This paper tries to clarify the dignity of the study of twins as contribution to an answer to this question. Some genetic terms are explicated as genotype, phenotype, monofactoriel and multifactoriel genetic transmission with sill. The significance of twin studies, of its contribution to the calculation of heritability and detection of environmental factors, and methodical problems as determination of zygosity and concordance, sampling method and correction of age are critically discussed.", "contents": "[Inborn or acquired? The assertions and methods of twin research in psychiatry]. Is Insanity inborn or acquired?--This question has become more actual in the last years as a consequence of progresses of psychotherapeutic and genetic research and the movement of antipsychiatry. This paper tries to clarify the dignity of the study of twins as contribution to an answer to this question. Some genetic terms are explicated as genotype, phenotype, monofactoriel and multifactoriel genetic transmission with sill. The significance of twin studies, of its contribution to the calculation of heritability and detection of environmental factors, and methodical problems as determination of zygosity and concordance, sampling method and correction of age are critically discussed.", "PMID": 575676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11751", "title": "Bovine mycotic abortion caused by Acremonium kiliense Grutz.", "content": "Acremonium kiliense was cultured from the placenta and abomasal contents of an aborted bovine foetus; attempts to isolate viruses and bacteria were unsuccessful although the serum of the dam contained antibodies to Leptospira pomona. The fungus was nonpathogenic for mice but was able to survive in murine tissues for at least 13 weeks. The possibility of this case being a foetal infection as a result of insemination with contaminated semen is discussed.", "contents": "Bovine mycotic abortion caused by Acremonium kiliense Grutz. Acremonium kiliense was cultured from the placenta and abomasal contents of an aborted bovine foetus; attempts to isolate viruses and bacteria were unsuccessful although the serum of the dam contained antibodies to Leptospira pomona. The fungus was nonpathogenic for mice but was able to survive in murine tissues for at least 13 weeks. The possibility of this case being a foetal infection as a result of insemination with contaminated semen is discussed.", "PMID": 575677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11752", "title": "Orbital paecilomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson.", "content": "The first case of orbital paecilomycosis is described. Fungal hyphae were found in a KOH preparation of the granulomatous tissue, removed from the orbit, and also in histological sections. Culture of the tissue was positive for fungus which was resistant to cycloheximide (0.5 g/l). It was identified as Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson (IMI 213487) and shown to be pathogenic for the rabbit cornea.", "contents": "Orbital paecilomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. The first case of orbital paecilomycosis is described. Fungal hyphae were found in a KOH preparation of the granulomatous tissue, removed from the orbit, and also in histological sections. Culture of the tissue was positive for fungus which was resistant to cycloheximide (0.5 g/l). It was identified as Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson (IMI 213487) and shown to be pathogenic for the rabbit cornea.", "PMID": 575678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11753", "title": "Adiaspiromycosis of human skin caused by Emmonsia crescens.", "content": "Two cases of cutaneous adiaspiromycosis by Emmonsia crescens are reported. This is the first human skin infection by this species and is the first report of its kind in man from India. In the first patient, the agent was demonstrated in KOH mounts, histology and culture from irregular, pigmented skin plaques on the right gluteal area. The lesion also contained calcium. In the second patient the fungus was demonstrated histologically in a knee lesion. The agent had elicited a histiocytic and giant cell reaction in the dermis in both cases. The first patient suffered from anaemia and epilepsy and the second suffered from nephropathy with chyluria. The skin lesions were surgically excised with skin grafting in the first patient.", "contents": "Adiaspiromycosis of human skin caused by Emmonsia crescens. Two cases of cutaneous adiaspiromycosis by Emmonsia crescens are reported. This is the first human skin infection by this species and is the first report of its kind in man from India. In the first patient, the agent was demonstrated in KOH mounts, histology and culture from irregular, pigmented skin plaques on the right gluteal area. The lesion also contained calcium. In the second patient the fungus was demonstrated histologically in a knee lesion. The agent had elicited a histiocytic and giant cell reaction in the dermis in both cases. The first patient suffered from anaemia and epilepsy and the second suffered from nephropathy with chyluria. The skin lesions were surgically excised with skin grafting in the first patient.", "PMID": 575679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11754", "title": "Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium bantianum in Kerala (India).", "content": "A case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium bantianum is reported from India for the first time. It is also the first known case of infection involving the foot caused by this fungus. The cultural characteristics and animal pathogenicity of the isolate are described.", "contents": "Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium bantianum in Kerala (India). A case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium bantianum is reported from India for the first time. It is also the first known case of infection involving the foot caused by this fungus. The cultural characteristics and animal pathogenicity of the isolate are described.", "PMID": 575680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11755", "title": "Treatment of vesicoureteral reflux: point system based on 20 years of experience.", "content": "During the last 20 years 500 girls with recurrent urinary tract infection and documented reflux were seen in private practice. All patients received medical treatment for 3 to 48 months (an average of 15 months) after which the 250 who were not cured underwent a corrective operation. The primary reason for an antireflux operation is to protect the kidney from the damaging effect of a combination of high pressure and infection. Thus, the criteria for operation included persistent infection, renal changes typical of previous pyelonephritis, major reflux and abdominal or flank pain. The surgical cure rate after careful long-term followup approaches 98%. The medical cure rate at the end of 2 years reached 88%. This experience has enabled the establishment of a rigorous point system, providing common denominators regarding indications for operation. It emphasizes the desirability of attempting a medical cure for at least 1 year after urethral dilatation, except when major orifice defects and major reflux exist. This system should help to increase communication and coordination of efforts among the pediatrician, radiologist and urologist.", "contents": "Treatment of vesicoureteral reflux: point system based on 20 years of experience. During the last 20 years 500 girls with recurrent urinary tract infection and documented reflux were seen in private practice. All patients received medical treatment for 3 to 48 months (an average of 15 months) after which the 250 who were not cured underwent a corrective operation. The primary reason for an antireflux operation is to protect the kidney from the damaging effect of a combination of high pressure and infection. Thus, the criteria for operation included persistent infection, renal changes typical of previous pyelonephritis, major reflux and abdominal or flank pain. The surgical cure rate after careful long-term followup approaches 98%. The medical cure rate at the end of 2 years reached 88%. This experience has enabled the establishment of a rigorous point system, providing common denominators regarding indications for operation. It emphasizes the desirability of attempting a medical cure for at least 1 year after urethral dilatation, except when major orifice defects and major reflux exist. This system should help to increase communication and coordination of efforts among the pediatrician, radiologist and urologist.", "PMID": 575683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11756", "title": "Psoriasis and intraocular inflammation.", "content": "Presented in this series were seven men and three women. Ages when seen, ranged from 32 to 68 years (average 54). Psoriasis had begun in childhood in the women and in the late 20's and 30's in the men. Arthritis (ankylosing spondylitis) was present in only one. Their ocular inflammations began from ages 26 to 62 (average 41). The onset of the inflammation was acute iritis in four and in indolent iridocylcitis in six. All but one were bilateral and chronic. The vitreous had heavy debris in nine of the ten patients. The retina was normal in only three. Boggy congestion was present in two with cystoid edema. Patches of edema. fluorescein leaking, depigmentation of both maculae, pars plana exudate, and retinal vessel obliteration to grey-white, shaggy cords was present in at least one of the remaining five patients. Systemic corticosteroid therapy has been used in eight of the ten patients described in this report. Doses no higher than 30 mg of prednisone per day were used to initiate reversal of the inflammatory response. In case 10, knowledge of the sensitivity of the process to steroids led to the successful rapid reversal of a recalcitrant iritis with only 20 mg of prednisone as a first dose and 20 mg per day for less than three weeks. Maintenance corticosteroid therapy ranged from 40 mg of prednisone every other day in case 9, prednisone 12.5 mg one day and 5 mg the next in case 8, to 8 mg of Aristocort or methylprednisolone acetate (M-edrol) daily in cases 1 and 2. In summary, these patients are older, have an indolent onset bilateral uveitis with dense vitreous debris, retinal abnormalites, and are extremely sensitive to systemic corticosteroids. Many of these patients had undergone the series of clinical evaluations known as a \"uveitis survey.\" Many different systemic abnormalities were found and merited treatment which rarely made a difference in their ocular disease, though two improved after infected teeth were treated. Assuming that these ocular diseases were related to psoriasis, one can then challenge the value of anything found by a \"uveitis survey.\" The author uses information gained from such studies to insure that the patient is in the best possible heatlh and then makes clinical correlations such as presented in this paper. The rarity of this combination of ocular inflammations in patients with psoriasis makes it risky to propose that this is a significant association. Arguments that this is a disease entity began with the clinical similarities: older age, indolent onset, vitreous and retinal involvement, and the extreme sensitivity to systemic corticosteroids. None of these patients had psoriatic arthritis and only one had ankylosing spondylitis. The best explanation for the fact that this disorder has not been emphasized in the past would be an attitude of ophthalmologists and physicians that the eye and skin disease were coincident.", "contents": "Psoriasis and intraocular inflammation. Presented in this series were seven men and three women. Ages when seen, ranged from 32 to 68 years (average 54). Psoriasis had begun in childhood in the women and in the late 20's and 30's in the men. Arthritis (ankylosing spondylitis) was present in only one. Their ocular inflammations began from ages 26 to 62 (average 41). The onset of the inflammation was acute iritis in four and in indolent iridocylcitis in six. All but one were bilateral and chronic. The vitreous had heavy debris in nine of the ten patients. The retina was normal in only three. Boggy congestion was present in two with cystoid edema. Patches of edema. fluorescein leaking, depigmentation of both maculae, pars plana exudate, and retinal vessel obliteration to grey-white, shaggy cords was present in at least one of the remaining five patients. Systemic corticosteroid therapy has been used in eight of the ten patients described in this report. Doses no higher than 30 mg of prednisone per day were used to initiate reversal of the inflammatory response. In case 10, knowledge of the sensitivity of the process to steroids led to the successful rapid reversal of a recalcitrant iritis with only 20 mg of prednisone as a first dose and 20 mg per day for less than three weeks. Maintenance corticosteroid therapy ranged from 40 mg of prednisone every other day in case 9, prednisone 12.5 mg one day and 5 mg the next in case 8, to 8 mg of Aristocort or methylprednisolone acetate (M-edrol) daily in cases 1 and 2. In summary, these patients are older, have an indolent onset bilateral uveitis with dense vitreous debris, retinal abnormalites, and are extremely sensitive to systemic corticosteroids. Many of these patients had undergone the series of clinical evaluations known as a \"uveitis survey.\" Many different systemic abnormalities were found and merited treatment which rarely made a difference in their ocular disease, though two improved after infected teeth were treated. Assuming that these ocular diseases were related to psoriasis, one can then challenge the value of anything found by a \"uveitis survey.\" The author uses information gained from such studies to insure that the patient is in the best possible heatlh and then makes clinical correlations such as presented in this paper. The rarity of this combination of ocular inflammations in patients with psoriasis makes it risky to propose that this is a significant association. Arguments that this is a disease entity began with the clinical similarities: older age, indolent onset, vitreous and retinal involvement, and the extreme sensitivity to systemic corticosteroids. None of these patients had psoriatic arthritis and only one had ankylosing spondylitis. The best explanation for the fact that this disorder has not been emphasized in the past would be an attitude of ophthalmologists and physicians that the eye and skin disease were coincident.", "PMID": 575684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11757", "title": "[Comparative testing of methods for determining arsenic in food products].", "content": "Two methods for arsenic determination on food products were tested, namely: with silver diethylthiourea and after molybdenum blue as presented in AOAC--1975. Better repeatability of results was observed when the method with silver diethylthiourea was used (94--96%). It is recommended that this method be included in BSS. In order to improve the repeatability of results in case the molybdenum blue method is used it is recommended that the contruction of the standard curve follows the entire analytical course post mineralization.", "contents": "[Comparative testing of methods for determining arsenic in food products]. Two methods for arsenic determination on food products were tested, namely: with silver diethylthiourea and after molybdenum blue as presented in AOAC--1975. Better repeatability of results was observed when the method with silver diethylthiourea was used (94--96%). It is recommended that this method be included in BSS. In order to improve the repeatability of results in case the molybdenum blue method is used it is recommended that the contruction of the standard curve follows the entire analytical course post mineralization.", "PMID": 575685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11758", "title": "Seasonal variations in the cyanophils of the pituitary gland in correlation with reproductive cycle of Channa striatus (Bloch).", "content": "Seasonal changes in the cyanophils of the proximal pars distalis of the pituitary gland of C. striatus are conspicuous, and they closely follow the reproductive cycle. There is a poor concentration of their glycoproteinaceous contents during the resting phase and higher concentration during the maturation phase. The cyanophils also undergo a process of hypertrophy, granulation, followed by degranulation and vacuolisation during the spawning phase. They almost empty their contents during the post-spawning period.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the cyanophils of the pituitary gland in correlation with reproductive cycle of Channa striatus (Bloch). Seasonal changes in the cyanophils of the proximal pars distalis of the pituitary gland of C. striatus are conspicuous, and they closely follow the reproductive cycle. There is a poor concentration of their glycoproteinaceous contents during the resting phase and higher concentration during the maturation phase. The cyanophils also undergo a process of hypertrophy, granulation, followed by degranulation and vacuolisation during the spawning phase. They almost empty their contents during the post-spawning period.", "PMID": 575688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11759", "title": "Morphology and histochemistry of ovarian changes in the field rat, Millardia meltada.", "content": "A study has been made of the morphological and histochemical changes of the ovary of the field rat, Millardia meltada during its oestrous cycle and pregnancy. The follicular growth and atresia, ovulation and formation of corpora lutea occur throughout the year except severe winter months (December and January). Fluctuations in the follicular development occur on different days of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. The granulosa cells show a progressive increase in their size in successive stages of follicle growth. The granulosae of normal follicles show some sparsely scattered lipid bodies which consist of phospholipids. Theca interna cells during follicular growth develop diffuse lipoproteins and lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol and/or its esters. The luteal cells of corpora lutea are formed by the granulosa cells as the theca interna cells degenerate and disappear. The fibroblast-like cells of thecal origin, alongwith the blood vessels, invade the luteal cell mass. The luteal cells during metoestrus, dioestrus and first half of pregnancy show abundant diffuse lipoproteins and a few lipid droplets composed mainly of phospholipids and some triglycerides, which are indicative of active steroidogenesis. The details of degenerative histological and histochemical alterations of corpora lutea during oestrous cycle and pregnancy are also described and discussed. Morphological and histochemical changes of follicular atresia are described. The granulosa cells of atretic follicle degenerate and disappear leaving behind theca interna cells which form patches of interstitial gland cells during the reproductive activity of the present rat. Interstitial gland cells show diffusely distributed sudanophilic lipoproteins and lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides, cholesterol and/or its esters and some phospholipids, which are indicative of steroidogenesis. The functional significance of histological and histochemical changes, which occur in various components of the ovary during oestrous cycle and pregnancy, has been discussed.", "contents": "Morphology and histochemistry of ovarian changes in the field rat, Millardia meltada. A study has been made of the morphological and histochemical changes of the ovary of the field rat, Millardia meltada during its oestrous cycle and pregnancy. The follicular growth and atresia, ovulation and formation of corpora lutea occur throughout the year except severe winter months (December and January). Fluctuations in the follicular development occur on different days of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. The granulosa cells show a progressive increase in their size in successive stages of follicle growth. The granulosae of normal follicles show some sparsely scattered lipid bodies which consist of phospholipids. Theca interna cells during follicular growth develop diffuse lipoproteins and lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol and/or its esters. The luteal cells of corpora lutea are formed by the granulosa cells as the theca interna cells degenerate and disappear. The fibroblast-like cells of thecal origin, alongwith the blood vessels, invade the luteal cell mass. The luteal cells during metoestrus, dioestrus and first half of pregnancy show abundant diffuse lipoproteins and a few lipid droplets composed mainly of phospholipids and some triglycerides, which are indicative of active steroidogenesis. The details of degenerative histological and histochemical alterations of corpora lutea during oestrous cycle and pregnancy are also described and discussed. Morphological and histochemical changes of follicular atresia are described. The granulosa cells of atretic follicle degenerate and disappear leaving behind theca interna cells which form patches of interstitial gland cells during the reproductive activity of the present rat. Interstitial gland cells show diffusely distributed sudanophilic lipoproteins and lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides, cholesterol and/or its esters and some phospholipids, which are indicative of steroidogenesis. The functional significance of histological and histochemical changes, which occur in various components of the ovary during oestrous cycle and pregnancy, has been discussed.", "PMID": 575689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11760", "title": "Twin azygotic test for the study of hereditary qualitative traits in twin populations.", "content": "Following previous formulations of a model of qualitative analysis of twin population data independent of zygosity, a new Bayesian approach has been developed. The present model can be applied to any qualitative genetic trait in twin population data, provided no specific source of variation be introduced by the twin condition, and allows not only estimation of the frequencies of mono- and dizygosity as well as the gene frequencies, but also verification of the trait's mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Twin azygotic test for the study of hereditary qualitative traits in twin populations. Following previous formulations of a model of qualitative analysis of twin population data independent of zygosity, a new Bayesian approach has been developed. The present model can be applied to any qualitative genetic trait in twin population data, provided no specific source of variation be introduced by the twin condition, and allows not only estimation of the frequencies of mono- and dizygosity as well as the gene frequencies, but also verification of the trait's mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 575691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11761", "title": "The problem of determining twin zygosity for epidemiological studies.", "content": "The use of epidemiological studies of twins as a means of determining the existence of genetic factors in various conditions is well known. To be of value, the zygosity of the twin pairs must be identified with as great a degree of confidence as possible. A method of determining twin zygosity, using concordance in general likeness, hair colour, hair type, eye colour, ear form, tongue roll and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity, was developed for use in a survey of 244 pairs of like-sexed twins aged 5 to 15 years. The results obtained and the problems raised when applying this method are discussed. The method was sinple to apply to a large group of twin pairs, and monozygotic pairs were identified with a degree of confidence greater than 95%.", "contents": "The problem of determining twin zygosity for epidemiological studies. The use of epidemiological studies of twins as a means of determining the existence of genetic factors in various conditions is well known. To be of value, the zygosity of the twin pairs must be identified with as great a degree of confidence as possible. A method of determining twin zygosity, using concordance in general likeness, hair colour, hair type, eye colour, ear form, tongue roll and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity, was developed for use in a survey of 244 pairs of like-sexed twins aged 5 to 15 years. The results obtained and the problems raised when applying this method are discussed. The method was sinple to apply to a large group of twin pairs, and monozygotic pairs were identified with a degree of confidence greater than 95%.", "PMID": 575692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11762", "title": "Twin concordance. A more general model.", "content": "Estimation of the twin concordance rate for a disease often requires two stages. First, the disease is ascertained in a population or in a population sample, and such twins as are found with the disease become probands. Second, twin pairs with only one proband are further investigated and additional concordant pairs are thus discovered. A mathematical model is presented that allows for continuous variation in completeness of ascertainment in both stages, for correlation within pairs in the primary ascertainment process, and for correlation within pairs in occurrence of the disease. The concordance rate can be estimated by the proband method if secondary ascertainment is complete; other measures of concordance are accurate only if primary ascertainment is complete. A parameter analogous to the concordance rate but related to correlation in primary ascertainment can be estimated from the same data.", "contents": "Twin concordance. A more general model. Estimation of the twin concordance rate for a disease often requires two stages. First, the disease is ascertained in a population or in a population sample, and such twins as are found with the disease become probands. Second, twin pairs with only one proband are further investigated and additional concordant pairs are thus discovered. A mathematical model is presented that allows for continuous variation in completeness of ascertainment in both stages, for correlation within pairs in the primary ascertainment process, and for correlation within pairs in occurrence of the disease. The concordance rate can be estimated by the proband method if secondary ascertainment is complete; other measures of concordance are accurate only if primary ascertainment is complete. A parameter analogous to the concordance rate but related to correlation in primary ascertainment can be estimated from the same data.", "PMID": 575693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11763", "title": "The acardiac anomaly new case reports and current status.", "content": "Two cases of holoacardius are presented. Both had a normal 46,XX female karyotype, identical to that of their respective cotwin. Data are presented supporting the concept that the placental vascular anastomoses are the primary agents in the formation of an acardiac. Cytogenetics, epidemiology and other theories of pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "The acardiac anomaly new case reports and current status. Two cases of holoacardius are presented. Both had a normal 46,XX female karyotype, identical to that of their respective cotwin. Data are presented supporting the concept that the placental vascular anastomoses are the primary agents in the formation of an acardiac. Cytogenetics, epidemiology and other theories of pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 575694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11764", "title": "Variability of plantar zygodactylous triradii in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.", "content": "Using a special method, the dermatoglyphics of the plantar interdigital areas of 86 monozygotic and 76 dizygotic Polish twin pairs were obtained. The frequencies of different types of zygodactylous triradii were estimated using a recently published new scheme of classification. The second, third, and fourth interdigital areas were grouped together. The findings indicate a high heritability which suggest that zygodactylous triradii might be used as a valuable genetic marker.", "contents": "Variability of plantar zygodactylous triradii in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Using a special method, the dermatoglyphics of the plantar interdigital areas of 86 monozygotic and 76 dizygotic Polish twin pairs were obtained. The frequencies of different types of zygodactylous triradii were estimated using a recently published new scheme of classification. The second, third, and fourth interdigital areas were grouped together. The findings indicate a high heritability which suggest that zygodactylous triradii might be used as a valuable genetic marker.", "PMID": 575695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11765", "title": "Association of handedness and birth order in monozygotic twins.", "content": "In a random sample of 104 pairs of middle-class Caucasian, handedness-discordant twins six years of age or older, a significant relationship has been found between birth order and handedness in monozygotic twins, there being an excess of left-handed among first-born twins (P less than 0.01). No such relation has been found in dizygotic twins.", "contents": "Association of handedness and birth order in monozygotic twins. In a random sample of 104 pairs of middle-class Caucasian, handedness-discordant twins six years of age or older, a significant relationship has been found between birth order and handedness in monozygotic twins, there being an excess of left-handed among first-born twins (P less than 0.01). No such relation has been found in dizygotic twins.", "PMID": 575696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11766", "title": "Effect of chronic exposure to alcohol on the circulation of rats of different ages.", "content": "Two groups each of young and old animals were fed nutritonally adequate liquid diet. One group of each served for control, while in the other one 36% of the total caloric intake was supplied by ethanol in place of part of the fat and carbohydrate. The young animals became rapidly adapted to the alcohol containing diet, while the aged animals refused to eat it even at the expense of transient hunger and thirst. Alcohol treatment resulted in body weight loss and the appearance of slight ST segment abnormalities in the ECG. Histological study of the myocardium revealed no pathological finding. Alcohol reduced the blood pressure, TPR, gut and skin fractions of the cardiac output, myocardial nutritive blood flow, and vascular resistance of the carcass in both groups, whereas it increased the relative weight of the heart. There was a greater decrease of blood pressure and a greater increase in the relative weight of the heart in the old than in young alcohol treated animals. Chronic exposure to alcohol results in a redistribution of circulation which is detrimental to cardiac function. This alcohol induced redistribution affects the cardiovascular system of old animals more severely.", "contents": "Effect of chronic exposure to alcohol on the circulation of rats of different ages. Two groups each of young and old animals were fed nutritonally adequate liquid diet. One group of each served for control, while in the other one 36% of the total caloric intake was supplied by ethanol in place of part of the fat and carbohydrate. The young animals became rapidly adapted to the alcohol containing diet, while the aged animals refused to eat it even at the expense of transient hunger and thirst. Alcohol treatment resulted in body weight loss and the appearance of slight ST segment abnormalities in the ECG. Histological study of the myocardium revealed no pathological finding. Alcohol reduced the blood pressure, TPR, gut and skin fractions of the cardiac output, myocardial nutritive blood flow, and vascular resistance of the carcass in both groups, whereas it increased the relative weight of the heart. There was a greater decrease of blood pressure and a greater increase in the relative weight of the heart in the old than in young alcohol treated animals. Chronic exposure to alcohol results in a redistribution of circulation which is detrimental to cardiac function. This alcohol induced redistribution affects the cardiovascular system of old animals more severely.", "PMID": 575697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11767", "title": "Purine metabolism in cultured coronary endothelial cells.", "content": "Endothelial cells from coronary vessels of guinea pig hearts were isolated, cultivated and morphologically characterized. --Cells from confluent cultures contained adenine nucleotides and their dephosphorylated degradatives in exceptionally high amounts. --Adenine nucleotide levels were only slightly influenced by the growth state of the cultures and remained stable during incubation for three days in purine-free medium. In contrast, brief incubation of endothelial cells under anoxic conditions resulted in a substantial breakdown of adenine nucleotides associated with an enhanced formation and release of adenosine. --Measurements of specific activities of enzymes involved in adenine nucleotide synthesis and degradation lend additional support to the view that a very active adenine nucleotide metabolism is a typical feature of cultured coronary endothelial cells.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in cultured coronary endothelial cells. Endothelial cells from coronary vessels of guinea pig hearts were isolated, cultivated and morphologically characterized. --Cells from confluent cultures contained adenine nucleotides and their dephosphorylated degradatives in exceptionally high amounts. --Adenine nucleotide levels were only slightly influenced by the growth state of the cultures and remained stable during incubation for three days in purine-free medium. In contrast, brief incubation of endothelial cells under anoxic conditions resulted in a substantial breakdown of adenine nucleotides associated with an enhanced formation and release of adenosine. --Measurements of specific activities of enzymes involved in adenine nucleotide synthesis and degradation lend additional support to the view that a very active adenine nucleotide metabolism is a typical feature of cultured coronary endothelial cells.", "PMID": 575703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11768", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura occurring in Hodgkin disease after splenectomy: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The occurrence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in Hodgkin disease is uncommon. Even more unusual is the development of ITP in Hodgkin disease following splenectomy. This report describes two patients with Hodgkin disease who developed severe ITP with negative platelet antibody studies very soon after splenectomy (20 days in one and three months in the other). A review of the literature of 21 other patients with well-documented ITP and Hodgkin disease indicated that ITP occurring in Hodgkin disease may be more severe and refractory to therapy than ITP unassociated with Hodgkin. Nodular sclerosis or mixed cellularity histologic types of Hodgkin disease were present in all but one of the patients with ITP and Hodgkin disease, and males constituted 65% of cases. There appeared to be no correlation between the onset of ITP and activity of Hodgkin disease. Of five splenectomized patients with Hodgkin disease who developed ITP and were treated with immunosuppressive drugs for thrombocytopenia, three had an excellent response and two had a good response, suggesting that the combination of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs may be indicated at the outset in patients with Hodgkin disease who develop ITP following splenectomy.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura occurring in Hodgkin disease after splenectomy: report of two cases and review of the literature. The occurrence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in Hodgkin disease is uncommon. Even more unusual is the development of ITP in Hodgkin disease following splenectomy. This report describes two patients with Hodgkin disease who developed severe ITP with negative platelet antibody studies very soon after splenectomy (20 days in one and three months in the other). A review of the literature of 21 other patients with well-documented ITP and Hodgkin disease indicated that ITP occurring in Hodgkin disease may be more severe and refractory to therapy than ITP unassociated with Hodgkin. Nodular sclerosis or mixed cellularity histologic types of Hodgkin disease were present in all but one of the patients with ITP and Hodgkin disease, and males constituted 65% of cases. There appeared to be no correlation between the onset of ITP and activity of Hodgkin disease. Of five splenectomized patients with Hodgkin disease who developed ITP and were treated with immunosuppressive drugs for thrombocytopenia, three had an excellent response and two had a good response, suggesting that the combination of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs may be indicated at the outset in patients with Hodgkin disease who develop ITP following splenectomy.", "PMID": 575704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11769", "title": "The role of the spleen in \"autoimmune\" blood disorders.", "content": "Several immune-mediated blood disorders in both children and adults have findings compatible with an autoimmune etiology, although the autoantigen in most instances is not clearly established. In the present report, we review briefly the clinical features of immune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and immune neutropenia in children and discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms based on present experimental and clinical observations. The role of the spleen in the pathophysiology of these disorders is emphasized.", "contents": "The role of the spleen in \"autoimmune\" blood disorders. Several immune-mediated blood disorders in both children and adults have findings compatible with an autoimmune etiology, although the autoantigen in most instances is not clearly established. In the present report, we review briefly the clinical features of immune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and immune neutropenia in children and discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms based on present experimental and clinical observations. The role of the spleen in the pathophysiology of these disorders is emphasized.", "PMID": 575705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11770", "title": "Pregnancy outcome after previous induced abortion.", "content": "The outcome of pregnancy was studied in 325 patients with an induced abortion in their previous pregnancy, together with 721 control patients. The patients were matched for age, parity and social class. Smoking and unplanned pregnancies were found to be more comon among abortion patients than among the control patients. As regards pregnancy complications, bleeding during pregnancy and placental retention were found to be significantly more common in the index group. No statistical differences were noticed in gestation length, birthweight, rate of spontaneous abortion and perinatal mortality in the pregnancy following induced abortion as compared with control patients.", "contents": "Pregnancy outcome after previous induced abortion. The outcome of pregnancy was studied in 325 patients with an induced abortion in their previous pregnancy, together with 721 control patients. The patients were matched for age, parity and social class. Smoking and unplanned pregnancies were found to be more comon among abortion patients than among the control patients. As regards pregnancy complications, bleeding during pregnancy and placental retention were found to be significantly more common in the index group. No statistical differences were noticed in gestation length, birthweight, rate of spontaneous abortion and perinatal mortality in the pregnancy following induced abortion as compared with control patients.", "PMID": 575708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11771", "title": "[Cellobiose as a regulator of endoglucanase activity of cellulase complexes. Mechanism of the regulation].", "content": "Cellobiose may exert different effects on the activities of various endoglucanases. The endoglucanases of T. reesei and Rapidase are noticeably suppressed by cellobiose at concentrations above 3 mM. On the other hand, a low molecular weight endoglucanase from T. koningii is activated by cellobiose, whereas high molecular weight endoglucanases from the same source are inhibited by cellobiose. A detailed kinetic analysis of the effects showed that the low molecular weight endoglucanase is activated by a transglycosylation mechanism, in which cellobiose acts as an additional nucleophile. At saturating concentrations of cellobiose (Ks = 15 mM) the enzyme activity is increased 6-fold. Such a specific mechanism of activation manifests itself in an acceleration of random cleavage of CM-cellulose by the low molecular weight endoglucanase, which can be recorded by a viscosimetric technique. However, its action does not accelerate the production of soluble reducing sugars.", "contents": "[Cellobiose as a regulator of endoglucanase activity of cellulase complexes. Mechanism of the regulation]. Cellobiose may exert different effects on the activities of various endoglucanases. The endoglucanases of T. reesei and Rapidase are noticeably suppressed by cellobiose at concentrations above 3 mM. On the other hand, a low molecular weight endoglucanase from T. koningii is activated by cellobiose, whereas high molecular weight endoglucanases from the same source are inhibited by cellobiose. A detailed kinetic analysis of the effects showed that the low molecular weight endoglucanase is activated by a transglycosylation mechanism, in which cellobiose acts as an additional nucleophile. At saturating concentrations of cellobiose (Ks = 15 mM) the enzyme activity is increased 6-fold. Such a specific mechanism of activation manifests itself in an acceleration of random cleavage of CM-cellulose by the low molecular weight endoglucanase, which can be recorded by a viscosimetric technique. However, its action does not accelerate the production of soluble reducing sugars.", "PMID": 575710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11772", "title": "The use of twins in the analysis of assortative mating.", "content": "The simulations illustrated show that a plausible model for mate selection can generate data on the similarity of twins and their spouses which are remarkably consistent with a transitive model for the effects of mate selection. This is, biological considerations impose constraints upon the relative values of correlations which are not foreseen, for example, by the some advocates of conventional path models although they might be predicted by common sense. In particular, the correlation between the spouses of twins is expected to be non-zero under a model of phenotypic assortment and turns out to be approximately equal to the product of the twin correlation and the square of the marital correlation. The relative magnitudes of the correlations derived from an empirical study of such relationships should enable models of phenotypic assortment to be tested more rigorously. Including both identical and non-identical twins in the sample studied should permit the inherited and cultural components of the mating system to be identified with more conviction. In the event of one sex playing a more significant role in mate selection for particular traits, such studies should reveal diagnostic patterns of familial correlations as long as male and female twins and their spouses are analysed separately. If the analysis is restricted to phenotypic correlations of the parents, the qualitative findings do not appear to be greatly affected by selection due to assortative mating although a reduction in variance is to be expected if a large proportion of individuals is unable to mate. In such cases twins will also be significantly concordant for mating. The consequences of such varied regimes of assortation for the population structure and the relationship between traits in subsequent generations remain the object of future inquiry.", "contents": "The use of twins in the analysis of assortative mating. The simulations illustrated show that a plausible model for mate selection can generate data on the similarity of twins and their spouses which are remarkably consistent with a transitive model for the effects of mate selection. This is, biological considerations impose constraints upon the relative values of correlations which are not foreseen, for example, by the some advocates of conventional path models although they might be predicted by common sense. In particular, the correlation between the spouses of twins is expected to be non-zero under a model of phenotypic assortment and turns out to be approximately equal to the product of the twin correlation and the square of the marital correlation. The relative magnitudes of the correlations derived from an empirical study of such relationships should enable models of phenotypic assortment to be tested more rigorously. Including both identical and non-identical twins in the sample studied should permit the inherited and cultural components of the mating system to be identified with more conviction. In the event of one sex playing a more significant role in mate selection for particular traits, such studies should reveal diagnostic patterns of familial correlations as long as male and female twins and their spouses are analysed separately. If the analysis is restricted to phenotypic correlations of the parents, the qualitative findings do not appear to be greatly affected by selection due to assortative mating although a reduction in variance is to be expected if a large proportion of individuals is unable to mate. In such cases twins will also be significantly concordant for mating. The consequences of such varied regimes of assortation for the population structure and the relationship between traits in subsequent generations remain the object of future inquiry.", "PMID": 575719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11773", "title": "Neuroendocrine organs of the lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. III. Metamorphic changes in the retocerebral endocrine organs.", "content": "The retrocerebral endocrine organs, the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata were studied in different developmental stages of the lemon-butterfly. The organs were found to undergo several changes in respect of their position, size, structure and the number of nerves associated with them.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine organs of the lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. III. Metamorphic changes in the retocerebral endocrine organs. The retrocerebral endocrine organs, the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata were studied in different developmental stages of the lemon-butterfly. The organs were found to undergo several changes in respect of their position, size, structure and the number of nerves associated with them.", "PMID": 575722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11774", "title": "A morphologic classification of proliferative and neoplastic hepatic lesions in mice.", "content": "A morphologic classification of neoplastic, proliferative and related hepatic lesions in the mouse is presented. The classification includes lesions of the hepatocyte, biliary system, sinusoidal lining cells, hematopoietic cells and metastatic neoplasms.", "contents": "A morphologic classification of proliferative and neoplastic hepatic lesions in mice. A morphologic classification of neoplastic, proliferative and related hepatic lesions in the mouse is presented. The classification includes lesions of the hepatocyte, biliary system, sinusoidal lining cells, hematopoietic cells and metastatic neoplasms.", "PMID": 575723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11775", "title": "[Heredity of microstrabismus and predisposition to wide-angle strabismus (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects of the genetic etiology of strabismus are discussed. As our research on a 19-member family including discordant monozygotic twins demonstrates, an inherited sensoric defect does not necessarily lead to wide-angle strabismus. Inherited factors probably always combine with secondary factors to produce wide-angle stabismus.", "contents": "[Heredity of microstrabismus and predisposition to wide-angle strabismus (author's transl)]. Some aspects of the genetic etiology of strabismus are discussed. As our research on a 19-member family including discordant monozygotic twins demonstrates, an inherited sensoric defect does not necessarily lead to wide-angle strabismus. Inherited factors probably always combine with secondary factors to produce wide-angle stabismus.", "PMID": 575726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11776", "title": "Zinc status and serum levels of retinol-binding protein, tocopherol and lower density lipoproteins in male and female rats fed on semi-purified diets containing rapeseed protein or casein.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of various levels of dietary zinc supplementation on the zinc status, growth and contents of retinol-binding protein (RBP), tocopherol and lower density lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL) in serum of rats fed on diets containing rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) or casein as the sole source of protein. In male rats fed on RPC diet at a 10% protein 5% fat level, a highly significant correlation was found between dietary zinc content and the total tibia zinc content (r = 0.946) in the dietary zinc range of 35-137 microgram/mg. In contrast, the casein rats attained almost maximal bone zinc contents even at the lower level of dietary zinc. No correlation was found between zinc status and the protein efficiency ratio obtained for the rapeseed protein. In female rats fed on a zinc-supplemented RPC diet at a 20% protein and 10% fat level, the serum levels of tocopherol and VLDL + LDL were reduced in comparison to the levels observed in female rats fed on a corresponding casein diet. No diet-related changes in serum levels of RBP were found. However, male rats showed significantly higher RBP values than the female rats.", "contents": "Zinc status and serum levels of retinol-binding protein, tocopherol and lower density lipoproteins in male and female rats fed on semi-purified diets containing rapeseed protein or casein. Experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of various levels of dietary zinc supplementation on the zinc status, growth and contents of retinol-binding protein (RBP), tocopherol and lower density lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL) in serum of rats fed on diets containing rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) or casein as the sole source of protein. In male rats fed on RPC diet at a 10% protein 5% fat level, a highly significant correlation was found between dietary zinc content and the total tibia zinc content (r = 0.946) in the dietary zinc range of 35-137 microgram/mg. In contrast, the casein rats attained almost maximal bone zinc contents even at the lower level of dietary zinc. No correlation was found between zinc status and the protein efficiency ratio obtained for the rapeseed protein. In female rats fed on a zinc-supplemented RPC diet at a 20% protein and 10% fat level, the serum levels of tocopherol and VLDL + LDL were reduced in comparison to the levels observed in female rats fed on a corresponding casein diet. No diet-related changes in serum levels of RBP were found. However, male rats showed significantly higher RBP values than the female rats.", "PMID": 575730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11777", "title": "[Recurrent iritis caused by persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous body with pseudophakia lipomatosa].", "content": "In a 27-year-old patient a microphthalmic eye with congenital cataract was enucleated because of persistent recurrent iridocyclitis with a secondary glaucoma. Histopathological examination has shown a lens shrunken up to the capsule and a retrolental typical fatty tissue (pseudophakia lipomatosa). Secondary angle closure glaucoma and chronic uveitis seem to be due to an untreated hypermature cataract. These findings and the clinical course are suggesting that the opaque lens and the persistent hyperplastic vitreous body should have been operated in order to avoid complications.", "contents": "[Recurrent iritis caused by persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous body with pseudophakia lipomatosa]. In a 27-year-old patient a microphthalmic eye with congenital cataract was enucleated because of persistent recurrent iridocyclitis with a secondary glaucoma. Histopathological examination has shown a lens shrunken up to the capsule and a retrolental typical fatty tissue (pseudophakia lipomatosa). Secondary angle closure glaucoma and chronic uveitis seem to be due to an untreated hypermature cataract. These findings and the clinical course are suggesting that the opaque lens and the persistent hyperplastic vitreous body should have been operated in order to avoid complications.", "PMID": 575731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11778", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on endocrine-ovarian function in the domestic cat.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on endocrine and ovarian function during the early luteal phase of the domestic cat was investigated. Queens were induced to ovulate and then injected subcutaneously with 0.5-5.0 mg PGF2 alpha/kg body weight. The greatest dose was found to approach toxicity. Concentrations of progesterone were similar in cats following treatment with PGF2 alpha compared to values of controls. Development and regression of corpora lutea as determined by serial laparoscopy were similar in all groups. These data indicate that PGF2 alpha at the tested dosages, given during the early luteal phase is not luteolytic in this species and suggest that these regimens would be ineffective for the premature termination of pseudopregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on endocrine-ovarian function in the domestic cat. The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on endocrine and ovarian function during the early luteal phase of the domestic cat was investigated. Queens were induced to ovulate and then injected subcutaneously with 0.5-5.0 mg PGF2 alpha/kg body weight. The greatest dose was found to approach toxicity. Concentrations of progesterone were similar in cats following treatment with PGF2 alpha compared to values of controls. Development and regression of corpora lutea as determined by serial laparoscopy were similar in all groups. These data indicate that PGF2 alpha at the tested dosages, given during the early luteal phase is not luteolytic in this species and suggest that these regimens would be ineffective for the premature termination of pseudopregnancy.", "PMID": 575733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11779", "title": "Diurnal rhythm in the plasma level of total and free tryptophan and cortisol in rabbits. Effect of haloperidol and chlorpromazine.", "content": "Plasma tryptophan level varied diurnally with highest concentrations at 12 noon (P less than 0.001); at that time free tryptophan level was lowest. The mean 8 h and 16 h cortisol levels were 70% higher compared to levels obtained at 24 h. Chronic administration of haloperidol and chlorpromazine led to significant increase in the plasma tryptophan (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.1, respectively) compared to saline-treated rabbits. This change was associated with corresponding constant or reduced free tryptophan levels, and a diminution in plasma cortisol level (10 microgram/l) compared with controls (34 microgram/l). The results suggest that tryptophan in plasma is poorly transported in the brains of rabbits treated with chlorpromazine, and that treatment with haloperidol or chlorpromazine may lead to a reduced tryptophan flux into the kynurenine pathway.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm in the plasma level of total and free tryptophan and cortisol in rabbits. Effect of haloperidol and chlorpromazine. Plasma tryptophan level varied diurnally with highest concentrations at 12 noon (P less than 0.001); at that time free tryptophan level was lowest. The mean 8 h and 16 h cortisol levels were 70% higher compared to levels obtained at 24 h. Chronic administration of haloperidol and chlorpromazine led to significant increase in the plasma tryptophan (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.1, respectively) compared to saline-treated rabbits. This change was associated with corresponding constant or reduced free tryptophan levels, and a diminution in plasma cortisol level (10 microgram/l) compared with controls (34 microgram/l). The results suggest that tryptophan in plasma is poorly transported in the brains of rabbits treated with chlorpromazine, and that treatment with haloperidol or chlorpromazine may lead to a reduced tryptophan flux into the kynurenine pathway.", "PMID": 575734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11780", "title": "[Residue analysis of methiocarb, repellent for the Quelea, in crops var. sorghum sp. (author's transl)].", "content": "The methiocarb (4-methylthio 3,5-dimethylphenyl N-methylcarbamate) has repellent properties towards against Quelea, a small bird deteriorating crops in Africa. The residue analysis of the carbamate compound and of its possible metabolites on treated Sorghum sp. was completed by TLC after chloroformic quantitative extraction. The isolation of metabolites by two dimensional thin layer chromatography demonstrates the presence of methiocarb sulfone. The quantitative survey of residues was achieved by the treatment of the methiocarb by hydrolyzed derivatives by dansylchloride, a very fluorescent component. The fluorescent densitometry of dansylated by methylamine allows a total measurement of the residues at a level of less than 10 ng. This investigation reveals the disappearance curve of methiocarb in our samples in process of time and to define the half-live and, therefore, the intervals of treatment. Taking into account the RI 50 index, our results provide encouraging support for the utilization of methiocarb in the eradication of the harmful Quelea.", "contents": "[Residue analysis of methiocarb, repellent for the Quelea, in crops var. sorghum sp. (author's transl)]. The methiocarb (4-methylthio 3,5-dimethylphenyl N-methylcarbamate) has repellent properties towards against Quelea, a small bird deteriorating crops in Africa. The residue analysis of the carbamate compound and of its possible metabolites on treated Sorghum sp. was completed by TLC after chloroformic quantitative extraction. The isolation of metabolites by two dimensional thin layer chromatography demonstrates the presence of methiocarb sulfone. The quantitative survey of residues was achieved by the treatment of the methiocarb by hydrolyzed derivatives by dansylchloride, a very fluorescent component. The fluorescent densitometry of dansylated by methylamine allows a total measurement of the residues at a level of less than 10 ng. This investigation reveals the disappearance curve of methiocarb in our samples in process of time and to define the half-live and, therefore, the intervals of treatment. Taking into account the RI 50 index, our results provide encouraging support for the utilization of methiocarb in the eradication of the harmful Quelea.", "PMID": 575736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11781", "title": "An electron microscope study of myofibril formation in embryonic rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Trunk and limb muscles from fetal and newborn rabbits were investigated by means of light and electron microscopes. At 14 days gestation, the presumptive myoblasts migrate away from the myotome to form the anlage of the muscle of the trunk and limb. Among the population of undifferentiated cells, the myoblasts were recognized due to the presence of actin and myosin filaments. The aggregates of thin and thick filaments appear at the periphery of the cells. There is a great variety of filament assembly. The presence of Z band material appears to be essential for sarcomere formation. At 14 days of gestation the myotubes are more numerous in the limb than in the trunk. The presence of unmaturated fibrils with absence of the M line in the sarcomeres was observed. By day 18 of gestation the myotubes are wider and aggregate to form small bundles. The myofibrils were more numerous and the vesicles of the SR precursor, partly incrustated with ribosomes were dispersed among them. At day 22 of gestation the myotubes are thicker because of the myofibrils which are far more numberous. The sarcomeres were more fully developed, with the M line present. At day 28 of gestation and 3 days after delivery the already developed myofibers were present with a well organized SR system and fully developed sarcomeres.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of myofibril formation in embryonic rabbit skeletal muscle. Trunk and limb muscles from fetal and newborn rabbits were investigated by means of light and electron microscopes. At 14 days gestation, the presumptive myoblasts migrate away from the myotome to form the anlage of the muscle of the trunk and limb. Among the population of undifferentiated cells, the myoblasts were recognized due to the presence of actin and myosin filaments. The aggregates of thin and thick filaments appear at the periphery of the cells. There is a great variety of filament assembly. The presence of Z band material appears to be essential for sarcomere formation. At 14 days of gestation the myotubes are more numerous in the limb than in the trunk. The presence of unmaturated fibrils with absence of the M line in the sarcomeres was observed. By day 18 of gestation the myotubes are wider and aggregate to form small bundles. The myofibrils were more numerous and the vesicles of the SR precursor, partly incrustated with ribosomes were dispersed among them. At day 22 of gestation the myotubes are thicker because of the myofibrils which are far more numberous. The sarcomeres were more fully developed, with the M line present. At day 28 of gestation and 3 days after delivery the already developed myofibers were present with a well organized SR system and fully developed sarcomeres.", "PMID": 575737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11782", "title": "Motivational variables and the sensitization and habituation of aggression in the convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum).", "content": "Four experiments using territorial Convict Cichlids investigated motivational factors involved in the incremental and decremental processes associated with aggression resulting from exposure to conspecifics intruded into the territory. The first three experiments varied some single aspect of the experimental situation (temperature, distance from the nest or size of the intruder). The fourth experiment combined those factors which resulted in faster habituation (small intruder, far from the nest, in cool water) and compared the response to factors which resulted in slower habituation or an increase in response rate (large intruder, close to the nest in warm water). While a combination of higher intensity stimuli did result in slower habituation than the combination of lower intensity stimuli, response rate was not a simple algebraic summation of the factors. Results are discussed in relation to multi-factor theory of habituation and the nature of \"drive\".", "contents": "Motivational variables and the sensitization and habituation of aggression in the convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). Four experiments using territorial Convict Cichlids investigated motivational factors involved in the incremental and decremental processes associated with aggression resulting from exposure to conspecifics intruded into the territory. The first three experiments varied some single aspect of the experimental situation (temperature, distance from the nest or size of the intruder). The fourth experiment combined those factors which resulted in faster habituation (small intruder, far from the nest, in cool water) and compared the response to factors which resulted in slower habituation or an increase in response rate (large intruder, close to the nest in warm water). While a combination of higher intensity stimuli did result in slower habituation than the combination of lower intensity stimuli, response rate was not a simple algebraic summation of the factors. Results are discussed in relation to multi-factor theory of habituation and the nature of \"drive\".", "PMID": 575738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11783", "title": "Urodynamic studies of women with prolapse and stress incontinence before and after surgical repair.", "content": "Twenty-one women, 11 suffering from both prolapse and stress incontinence and 10 with prolapse only were investigated before and at different intervals after surgical repair of the disorders. The investigations comprised a gynaecological examination, urine culture, observation of residual urine and simultaneous urethro-cystometry including measurement of the urethral pressure profile.--The prolapse patients were operated upon by conventional Manchester technique. The patients suffering from both prolapse and stress incontinence were operated with a combined vaginal-abdominal repair using Lyodura slings.--It was found that the pre-operative urethral pressure at rest was lower in the inconinent-prolapse patients compared with that in patients suffering from prolapse only. After surgery the urethral pressure at rest was significantly decreased in the incontinent-prolapse patients whereas it did not change in patients operated because of prolaspe only.--Prior to the operation, all incontinent-prolapse women had a negative urethral closure pressure at stress. After surgery the closure pressure became positive in all patients and none complained about urinary incontinence. In all patients suffering from prolapse only the urethral closure pressure was positive at stress before as well as after surgery. The functional and the absolute urethral lengths increased in both categories of patients after the operation.", "contents": "Urodynamic studies of women with prolapse and stress incontinence before and after surgical repair. Twenty-one women, 11 suffering from both prolapse and stress incontinence and 10 with prolapse only were investigated before and at different intervals after surgical repair of the disorders. The investigations comprised a gynaecological examination, urine culture, observation of residual urine and simultaneous urethro-cystometry including measurement of the urethral pressure profile.--The prolapse patients were operated upon by conventional Manchester technique. The patients suffering from both prolapse and stress incontinence were operated with a combined vaginal-abdominal repair using Lyodura slings.--It was found that the pre-operative urethral pressure at rest was lower in the inconinent-prolapse patients compared with that in patients suffering from prolapse only. After surgery the urethral pressure at rest was significantly decreased in the incontinent-prolapse patients whereas it did not change in patients operated because of prolaspe only.--Prior to the operation, all incontinent-prolapse women had a negative urethral closure pressure at stress. After surgery the closure pressure became positive in all patients and none complained about urinary incontinence. In all patients suffering from prolapse only the urethral closure pressure was positive at stress before as well as after surgery. The functional and the absolute urethral lengths increased in both categories of patients after the operation.", "PMID": 575739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11784", "title": "[Urethral pressure measurement prior to and following suspension surgery, using lyophilised duraband to eliminate stress incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "Tonometrically relevant parameters prior to and following suspension surgery, using lyophilised Duraband in combination with anterior colporrhaphy and colpoperineoplasty, are compared for 30 patients. The conclusion is drawn that suspension surgery should always be undertaken in conjunction with colpoperineoplasty, if optimum postsurgical results are to be achieved.", "contents": "[Urethral pressure measurement prior to and following suspension surgery, using lyophilised duraband to eliminate stress incontinence (author's transl)]. Tonometrically relevant parameters prior to and following suspension surgery, using lyophilised Duraband in combination with anterior colporrhaphy and colpoperineoplasty, are compared for 30 patients. The conclusion is drawn that suspension surgery should always be undertaken in conjunction with colpoperineoplasty, if optimum postsurgical results are to be achieved.", "PMID": 575740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11785", "title": "The role of some prostaglandins in the interaction of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) with central dopamine receptors of rats.", "content": "Indomethacin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) augmented amphetamine and apomorphine-induced stereotypies. In contrast, PGE1 and PGE2 decreased the stereotypies in rats, while PGF2 alpha enhanced amphetamine-induced stereotypy. Indomethacin given in combination with the peptides did not change their effect, whereas prostaglandins diminished the stimulatory effect of FDP on the amphetamine or apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Indomethacin and studied prostaglandins did not influence inhibitory action of FDP on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. It is concluded that prostaglandins do not play any essential role in the interaction of FDP with dopaminergic system in the CNS.", "contents": "The role of some prostaglandins in the interaction of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) with central dopamine receptors of rats. Indomethacin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) augmented amphetamine and apomorphine-induced stereotypies. In contrast, PGE1 and PGE2 decreased the stereotypies in rats, while PGF2 alpha enhanced amphetamine-induced stereotypy. Indomethacin given in combination with the peptides did not change their effect, whereas prostaglandins diminished the stimulatory effect of FDP on the amphetamine or apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Indomethacin and studied prostaglandins did not influence inhibitory action of FDP on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. It is concluded that prostaglandins do not play any essential role in the interaction of FDP with dopaminergic system in the CNS.", "PMID": 575732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11786", "title": "[Action of some drugs on pressure profile of female urethra (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of certain drugs upon the urethra of clinically intact women was studied by measurement of the urethral profile. beta-adrenoreceptor stimulating and blocking agents, such as fenoterol, propanolol, as well as cholinergics, including carbachol and pyridostigmine, failed to exercise any effect on the urethral pressure profile. On the other hand, anticholinergics, such as atropine and N-butylscopolammonium-bromide, diazepam, and chlorpromazine, produced significant decrease in both maximum urethral pressure and maximum urethral closure pressure. N-butylscopolammonium-bromide and chlorpromazine also shortened the functional length of urethra. Drop of all parameters relating to the urethral pressure profile was observed to take place in response to application of succinylcholine. Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, then was administered and caused further reduction of those parameters. The pressure values were elevated by ketamine. The above findings are discussed and compared to present concepts published in literature on medicamentous control of urethral function.", "contents": "[Action of some drugs on pressure profile of female urethra (author's transl)]. The action of certain drugs upon the urethra of clinically intact women was studied by measurement of the urethral profile. beta-adrenoreceptor stimulating and blocking agents, such as fenoterol, propanolol, as well as cholinergics, including carbachol and pyridostigmine, failed to exercise any effect on the urethral pressure profile. On the other hand, anticholinergics, such as atropine and N-butylscopolammonium-bromide, diazepam, and chlorpromazine, produced significant decrease in both maximum urethral pressure and maximum urethral closure pressure. N-butylscopolammonium-bromide and chlorpromazine also shortened the functional length of urethra. Drop of all parameters relating to the urethral pressure profile was observed to take place in response to application of succinylcholine. Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, then was administered and caused further reduction of those parameters. The pressure values were elevated by ketamine. The above findings are discussed and compared to present concepts published in literature on medicamentous control of urethral function.", "PMID": 575741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11787", "title": "[Use of \"Konokonlit B\", butyl-cyano-acrylate tissue adhesive, for caesarean section (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Kanokonlit B\", a butylic cyano-acrylate tissue adhesive, was applied to 60 patients with caesarean section to stabilise uterus sutures. Severe postsurgical infection did not occur in any of the cases. Evidence thus was produced to the high quality of the tissue adhesive, its tensile strength and its antibacterial properties to resist aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Direct histotoxicity was negligible. The adhesive is recommended by the authors for wider use in obstetrical and gynaecological practice.", "contents": "[Use of \"Konokonlit B\", butyl-cyano-acrylate tissue adhesive, for caesarean section (author's transl)]. \"Kanokonlit B\", a butylic cyano-acrylate tissue adhesive, was applied to 60 patients with caesarean section to stabilise uterus sutures. Severe postsurgical infection did not occur in any of the cases. Evidence thus was produced to the high quality of the tissue adhesive, its tensile strength and its antibacterial properties to resist aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Direct histotoxicity was negligible. The adhesive is recommended by the authors for wider use in obstetrical and gynaecological practice.", "PMID": 575742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11788", "title": "Analysis of multiple birth rates in Japan. 1. Secular trend, maternal age effect, and geographical variation in twinning rates.", "content": "Mean twin, triplet, and quadruplet birth rates in Japan from 1951 to 1968 were 6.41, 0.056, and 0.00094 per 1,000, respectively. In 1974 the corresponding figures were 5.83, 0.059, and 0.00329. No quintuplets were born in the former period, but a set was born in the latter year, the rate being 0.47 per million. From 1955 to 1966 the MZ twinning rate increased slightly, but decreased thereafter. This increase was limited to live-born MZ twins, particularly in the higher maternal age groups. The DZ twinning rate declined in the entire period, particularly in higher maternal age groups. This decline appeared to be essentially limited to fetal deaths. Among live births the MZ twinning rate underwent a nearly linear increase with maternal age, whereas the DZ twinning rate attained a mode in the maternal age group 35--39 years. The MZ and the DZ twinning rates among fetal deaths by maternal age had unimodal distributions with modes in maternal age groups 25--29 and 30--34 years, respectively. As to the DZ twinning rate, a geographical cline was noted, with a high rate in the northeast of Japan; the rate was positively correlated with latitude, which also positively correlated with the presence of multiple births among relatives. A negative but nonsignificant correlation was seen between the DZ twinning rate and the proportion of mothers treated with ovulation-inducing hormone. The proportion was higher in mothers of unlike-sexed twins than in those of like-sexed twins and in mothers of triplets than in those of twins. An association between DZ twinning rate and age-specific fertility per married woman is suggested to exist among higher maternal age groups in the northeast part of Japan in earlier years.", "contents": "Analysis of multiple birth rates in Japan. 1. Secular trend, maternal age effect, and geographical variation in twinning rates. Mean twin, triplet, and quadruplet birth rates in Japan from 1951 to 1968 were 6.41, 0.056, and 0.00094 per 1,000, respectively. In 1974 the corresponding figures were 5.83, 0.059, and 0.00329. No quintuplets were born in the former period, but a set was born in the latter year, the rate being 0.47 per million. From 1955 to 1966 the MZ twinning rate increased slightly, but decreased thereafter. This increase was limited to live-born MZ twins, particularly in the higher maternal age groups. The DZ twinning rate declined in the entire period, particularly in higher maternal age groups. This decline appeared to be essentially limited to fetal deaths. Among live births the MZ twinning rate underwent a nearly linear increase with maternal age, whereas the DZ twinning rate attained a mode in the maternal age group 35--39 years. The MZ and the DZ twinning rates among fetal deaths by maternal age had unimodal distributions with modes in maternal age groups 25--29 and 30--34 years, respectively. As to the DZ twinning rate, a geographical cline was noted, with a high rate in the northeast of Japan; the rate was positively correlated with latitude, which also positively correlated with the presence of multiple births among relatives. A negative but nonsignificant correlation was seen between the DZ twinning rate and the proportion of mothers treated with ovulation-inducing hormone. The proportion was higher in mothers of unlike-sexed twins than in those of like-sexed twins and in mothers of triplets than in those of twins. An association between DZ twinning rate and age-specific fertility per married woman is suggested to exist among higher maternal age groups in the northeast part of Japan in earlier years.", "PMID": 575745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11789", "title": "Dependency of concordance probability on gene frequencies in genetic systems for the diagnosis of twin zygosity. A graphical presentation enabling the rapid, optimal choice of genetic system.", "content": "The dependency of probabilities of phenotypic concordance of gene frequencies in three-allele genetic systems is presented. A graphical display enables the rapid comparison of the relative effectiveness of different systems, taking into account dominance relationships within each genetic system. Four or more allele systems can also be approximated, while two-allele systems are considered to be special cases of three-allele ones.", "contents": "Dependency of concordance probability on gene frequencies in genetic systems for the diagnosis of twin zygosity. A graphical presentation enabling the rapid, optimal choice of genetic system. The dependency of probabilities of phenotypic concordance of gene frequencies in three-allele genetic systems is presented. A graphical display enables the rapid comparison of the relative effectiveness of different systems, taking into account dominance relationships within each genetic system. Four or more allele systems can also be approximated, while two-allele systems are considered to be special cases of three-allele ones.", "PMID": 575746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11790", "title": "Glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte handling in response to sodium loading and depletion. A twin study.", "content": "Possible genetic influences on glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte excretion were investigated in 55 (37 monozygotic, 18 dizygotic) young adult white twin pairs. Subjects were studied during a five-day hospitalization involving sodium loading and sodium depletion. No evidence of genetic variability was found in the control levels of serum or urine sodium and potassium. Following a saline infusion it was possible to detect genetic influence in electrolyte handling. Creatinine clearance, used as a measure of glomerular filtration rate, did not appear to be genetically mediated. The results indicate that genetic factors are important in sodium handling in normal individuals and that this is independent of glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte handling in response to sodium loading and depletion. A twin study. Possible genetic influences on glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte excretion were investigated in 55 (37 monozygotic, 18 dizygotic) young adult white twin pairs. Subjects were studied during a five-day hospitalization involving sodium loading and sodium depletion. No evidence of genetic variability was found in the control levels of serum or urine sodium and potassium. Following a saline infusion it was possible to detect genetic influence in electrolyte handling. Creatinine clearance, used as a measure of glomerular filtration rate, did not appear to be genetically mediated. The results indicate that genetic factors are important in sodium handling in normal individuals and that this is independent of glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 575747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11791", "title": "Appraisal of parental bias in twin studies. Ascribed zygosity and IQ differences in twins.", "content": "A criticism of twin studies has been that the difference between the behavioral similarities of identical and fraternal twins is largely created by parental influences based on their perception of the twins' zygosity. This issue is examined for differences in the IQ scores found within pairs classified by parents and bloodtyping. The systematic differences in IQ scores could be attributed to zygosity classified by bloodtyping rather than by parental belief. The available evidence indicates that the twin method is still appropriate for human behavior genetics.", "contents": "Appraisal of parental bias in twin studies. Ascribed zygosity and IQ differences in twins. A criticism of twin studies has been that the difference between the behavioral similarities of identical and fraternal twins is largely created by parental influences based on their perception of the twins' zygosity. This issue is examined for differences in the IQ scores found within pairs classified by parents and bloodtyping. The systematic differences in IQ scores could be attributed to zygosity classified by bloodtyping rather than by parental belief. The available evidence indicates that the twin method is still appropriate for human behavior genetics.", "PMID": 575748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11792", "title": "Holzinger's Hc revised.", "content": "The formula H'C = 1 - CDZ/CMZ is suggested as a better summary of twin concordance data than the familiar Holzinger concordance formula, HC = (CMZ - CDZ)/(1 - CDZ). The new formula better estimates degree of genetic determination, G, as calculated from a threshold model, but never exceeds unity, as G sometimes does. For high concordance rates, if CMZ + CDZ greater than 1, HC may be more useful than either G or H'C.", "contents": "Holzinger's Hc revised. The formula H'C = 1 - CDZ/CMZ is suggested as a better summary of twin concordance data than the familiar Holzinger concordance formula, HC = (CMZ - CDZ)/(1 - CDZ). The new formula better estimates degree of genetic determination, G, as calculated from a threshold model, but never exceeds unity, as G sometimes does. For high concordance rates, if CMZ + CDZ greater than 1, HC may be more useful than either G or H'C.", "PMID": 575749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11793", "title": "Quantitative twin analysis of radial and ulnar ridge counts and ridge count diversity.", "content": "Analysis of variance was performed on the radial and ulnar finger ridge counts and ridge count diversity index in 360 twin sets from which estimates of genetic variance were obtained. Findings for radial and ulnar counts paralleled those previously obtained for finger pattern type and ridge count (larger of radial and ulnar count). In contrast, ridge count diversity showed no indication of unequal total variances, as previously found for the total ridge count. One must be cautious not to exclude genetic influences on traits, such as the thumb variables in this study, where there are unequal total variances between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and the more conservative estimate of genetic variance is not significant.", "contents": "Quantitative twin analysis of radial and ulnar ridge counts and ridge count diversity. Analysis of variance was performed on the radial and ulnar finger ridge counts and ridge count diversity index in 360 twin sets from which estimates of genetic variance were obtained. Findings for radial and ulnar counts paralleled those previously obtained for finger pattern type and ridge count (larger of radial and ulnar count). In contrast, ridge count diversity showed no indication of unequal total variances, as previously found for the total ridge count. One must be cautious not to exclude genetic influences on traits, such as the thumb variables in this study, where there are unequal total variances between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and the more conservative estimate of genetic variance is not significant.", "PMID": 575750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11794", "title": "Analysis of longitudinal twin data. Basic model and applications to physical growth measures.", "content": "A formal model is presented for the analysis of longitudinal twin data, based on the underlying analysis-of-variance model for repeated measures. The model is developed in terms of the expected values for the variance components representing twin concordance, and the derivation is provided for computing within-pair (intraclass) correlations, and for estimating the percent of variance explained by each component. The procedures are illustrated with physical growth data extending from birth to six years, and concordance estimates are obtained for average size and for the pattern of spurts and lags in growth. A test of significance is also described for comparing monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. The procedures are particularly useful for assessing chronogenetic influences on development, especially whether the episodes of acceleration and lag occur in parallel for genetically matched twins. The model may be employed with psychological data also.", "contents": "Analysis of longitudinal twin data. Basic model and applications to physical growth measures. A formal model is presented for the analysis of longitudinal twin data, based on the underlying analysis-of-variance model for repeated measures. The model is developed in terms of the expected values for the variance components representing twin concordance, and the derivation is provided for computing within-pair (intraclass) correlations, and for estimating the percent of variance explained by each component. The procedures are illustrated with physical growth data extending from birth to six years, and concordance estimates are obtained for average size and for the pattern of spurts and lags in growth. A test of significance is also described for comparing monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. The procedures are particularly useful for assessing chronogenetic influences on development, especially whether the episodes of acceleration and lag occur in parallel for genetically matched twins. The model may be employed with psychological data also.", "PMID": 575751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11795", "title": "The two prolongations of spinal ganglia neuroblasts: an ultrastructural study during chick embryo development.", "content": "Peripheral and central prolongations of chick embryo spinal ganglia neuroblasts were studied and compared at an ultrastructural level during development. Important differences in the terminal tracts of the prolongations and their endings were demonstrated. The possibility of environmental influences being responsible for structural differences in the two prolongations is suggested. It was not possible, at any stage of development, to demonstrate significant polarization of any cytoplasmatic structure in the emerging cones.", "contents": "The two prolongations of spinal ganglia neuroblasts: an ultrastructural study during chick embryo development. Peripheral and central prolongations of chick embryo spinal ganglia neuroblasts were studied and compared at an ultrastructural level during development. Important differences in the terminal tracts of the prolongations and their endings were demonstrated. The possibility of environmental influences being responsible for structural differences in the two prolongations is suggested. It was not possible, at any stage of development, to demonstrate significant polarization of any cytoplasmatic structure in the emerging cones.", "PMID": 575756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11796", "title": "[Histomorphological changes in the uterus of gilts during the first 3 sexual cycles].", "content": "Histomorphological and histometric studies were conducted into the uteri of 79 gilts during their first three oestric cycles. Strong uterus growth was observed during puberty. Thicknesses of the endometrium and myometrium, height of the glandular epithelium, and the relative glandular area were significantly larger than the comparable parameters of prepuberal gilts. Another significant thickness growth was recordable from the endometrium and myometrium in the course of the first three sexual cycles. Epithelial heights, number of glandular sections in one visual field, and relative glandular area remained nearly constant between the first and third cycles, except for certain cyclic alterations. During one cycle, significant variation was recorded from the height of superficial epithelium (maximum: metoestrus), the percentual amount of glands in the total area (maximum: metoestrus to dioestrus I), and the number of glandular sections in one visual field (maximum: dioestrus I). The first sexual cycles, hence, are characterised by continued uterus growth and more stabilisation of uterus function. Gilts, therefore, should not be used for breeding until the second oestrus has taken place.", "contents": "[Histomorphological changes in the uterus of gilts during the first 3 sexual cycles]. Histomorphological and histometric studies were conducted into the uteri of 79 gilts during their first three oestric cycles. Strong uterus growth was observed during puberty. Thicknesses of the endometrium and myometrium, height of the glandular epithelium, and the relative glandular area were significantly larger than the comparable parameters of prepuberal gilts. Another significant thickness growth was recordable from the endometrium and myometrium in the course of the first three sexual cycles. Epithelial heights, number of glandular sections in one visual field, and relative glandular area remained nearly constant between the first and third cycles, except for certain cyclic alterations. During one cycle, significant variation was recorded from the height of superficial epithelium (maximum: metoestrus), the percentual amount of glands in the total area (maximum: metoestrus to dioestrus I), and the number of glandular sections in one visual field (maximum: dioestrus I). The first sexual cycles, hence, are characterised by continued uterus growth and more stabilisation of uterus function. Gilts, therefore, should not be used for breeding until the second oestrus has taken place.", "PMID": 575757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11797", "title": "[The galactophoritis--a cytological symptom of mastopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In cytological examinations of 7,739 women with nipple discharge 90 cases of galactophoritis were found. Additional diagnostic methods, especially galactography in 24 patients could classify the galactophoritis as a symptom of mastopathy. Cytophotometrical and bacteriological examinations of the galactophoritical discharge supported this. Based on enlarged galactographical-histological comparative investigations milk duct cysts and dilatations in the galactograms were shown to be typical roentgenmorphological signs of mastopathy. It was therefore possible to classify the cytological picture of the galactophoritis.", "contents": "[The galactophoritis--a cytological symptom of mastopathy (author's transl)]. In cytological examinations of 7,739 women with nipple discharge 90 cases of galactophoritis were found. Additional diagnostic methods, especially galactography in 24 patients could classify the galactophoritis as a symptom of mastopathy. Cytophotometrical and bacteriological examinations of the galactophoritical discharge supported this. Based on enlarged galactographical-histological comparative investigations milk duct cysts and dilatations in the galactograms were shown to be typical roentgenmorphological signs of mastopathy. It was therefore possible to classify the cytological picture of the galactophoritis.", "PMID": 575758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11798", "title": "[Vegetative functions and motor activity in endogenous depression. Longitudinal study on salivary secretion, temperature, and motor activity in a patient with 48-hour cycles (author's transl)].", "content": "Vegetative functions were studied in a 66-year-old-male patient with 48-h unipolar cycles of depression. Salivary secretion, body temperature, and motor activity were measured at 3-h-intervals during the day and once at night. The mood state was assessed by two self-rating scales. There was a regular alternation between 'good' and 'bad' days. Salivary secretion was higher on good days, especially in the morning (P less than 0.002, 10:00). The shape of the 24-h-prolife was different on good and bad days, with a maximum at 10:00 on good at 16:00 on bad days. The mimimum in the night was the same on both good and bad days. Body temperature was increased, as compared with normal subjects (mean 37.2 degrees C) and the diurnal variation was slight. On good days, body temperature during the day was about 0.1 degree C higher than on bad days. Motor activity (arm and leg), registrated by means of the 'activity watch', was higher (during the day) on good days. The present data give some hints for a central dyregulation of vegetative functions in endogenous depression.", "contents": "[Vegetative functions and motor activity in endogenous depression. Longitudinal study on salivary secretion, temperature, and motor activity in a patient with 48-hour cycles (author's transl)]. Vegetative functions were studied in a 66-year-old-male patient with 48-h unipolar cycles of depression. Salivary secretion, body temperature, and motor activity were measured at 3-h-intervals during the day and once at night. The mood state was assessed by two self-rating scales. There was a regular alternation between 'good' and 'bad' days. Salivary secretion was higher on good days, especially in the morning (P less than 0.002, 10:00). The shape of the 24-h-prolife was different on good and bad days, with a maximum at 10:00 on good at 16:00 on bad days. The mimimum in the night was the same on both good and bad days. Body temperature was increased, as compared with normal subjects (mean 37.2 degrees C) and the diurnal variation was slight. On good days, body temperature during the day was about 0.1 degree C higher than on bad days. Motor activity (arm and leg), registrated by means of the 'activity watch', was higher (during the day) on good days. The present data give some hints for a central dyregulation of vegetative functions in endogenous depression.", "PMID": 575759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11799", "title": "[Investigations of anemia of male rearing calves. 1. Reference conditions and anemia frequency].", "content": "In a longitudinal investigation (3 points of time n = 214, 206 resp. 202) the hemoglobin quota (Hb), the hematocrit (Hct) resp. the average corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were analysed at male calves receiving semi-liquid feed in the transitional period from pre-ruminal to ruminal digestion (56d). Breed, live weight development, consumption of milk, concentrated feed resp. dried forage, diseases of the calves as well as the father and the milk yield resp. the lactation age of the mother were registered as reference conditions. The percentage of calves with an Hb less than 10.5 g/dl was at the three points of time 50.00%, 86.41% resp. 41.58%, of calves with an Hct less than 33,5% it was 43.46%, 66.02% resp. 31.68% and of calves with an MCHC less than 30.5 g Hg/dl erythrocytes 51.87%, 76,21 resp. 47,03%. 21.50%, 33.50% resp. 4.46% of all test animals even had an Hb of less than 8.5 g/dl.", "contents": "[Investigations of anemia of male rearing calves. 1. Reference conditions and anemia frequency]. In a longitudinal investigation (3 points of time n = 214, 206 resp. 202) the hemoglobin quota (Hb), the hematocrit (Hct) resp. the average corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were analysed at male calves receiving semi-liquid feed in the transitional period from pre-ruminal to ruminal digestion (56d). Breed, live weight development, consumption of milk, concentrated feed resp. dried forage, diseases of the calves as well as the father and the milk yield resp. the lactation age of the mother were registered as reference conditions. The percentage of calves with an Hb less than 10.5 g/dl was at the three points of time 50.00%, 86.41% resp. 41.58%, of calves with an Hct less than 33,5% it was 43.46%, 66.02% resp. 31.68% and of calves with an MCHC less than 30.5 g Hg/dl erythrocytes 51.87%, 76,21 resp. 47,03%. 21.50%, 33.50% resp. 4.46% of all test animals even had an Hb of less than 8.5 g/dl.", "PMID": 575760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11800", "title": "Intra-pair similarity in IQ of monozygotic and dizygotic male twins at 12 and 18 years of age.", "content": "Verbal and inductive test results have been collected for a group of male twins in grade 5 at 12 years of age and at enrollment to military service at 18 years of age. MZ twin pairs tend to get progressively more concordant for both verbal and inductive ability from age 12 to 18. DZ twins, on the other hand, get progressively more concordant for inductive ability, while they tend to get less concordant for verbal ability. The results are interpreted with reference to a model taking heredity-environment interaction into account. The discordant trend found when comparing intra-pair similarity in verbal ability for MZ and DZ twins thus seems to indicate the presence of interactional and correlational effects. For inductive ability, however, the difference between within-pair correlations for MZ and DZ twins tends to be of the same magnitude at both 12 and 18 years of age. Probably this type of test is less differentially influenced by the environments being sampled, at least under present circumstances, when children are not specifically trained to solve the kind of items included in the inductive test. Regression effects for the two tests and possible explanations to the increase from age 12 to 18 in both MZ and DZ within-pair similarity for inductive test scores are discussed.", "contents": "Intra-pair similarity in IQ of monozygotic and dizygotic male twins at 12 and 18 years of age. Verbal and inductive test results have been collected for a group of male twins in grade 5 at 12 years of age and at enrollment to military service at 18 years of age. MZ twin pairs tend to get progressively more concordant for both verbal and inductive ability from age 12 to 18. DZ twins, on the other hand, get progressively more concordant for inductive ability, while they tend to get less concordant for verbal ability. The results are interpreted with reference to a model taking heredity-environment interaction into account. The discordant trend found when comparing intra-pair similarity in verbal ability for MZ and DZ twins thus seems to indicate the presence of interactional and correlational effects. For inductive ability, however, the difference between within-pair correlations for MZ and DZ twins tends to be of the same magnitude at both 12 and 18 years of age. Probably this type of test is less differentially influenced by the environments being sampled, at least under present circumstances, when children are not specifically trained to solve the kind of items included in the inductive test. Regression effects for the two tests and possible explanations to the increase from age 12 to 18 in both MZ and DZ within-pair similarity for inductive test scores are discussed.", "PMID": 575755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11801", "title": "Effect of endogenous ubiquinone on the reduction and oxidation of short exogenous ubiquinone homologs in beef heart mitochondria.", "content": "The enzymic activities NADH-ubiquinone reductase, succinate-ubiquinone reductase and ubiquinol oxidase were evaluated in beef heart mitochondria in presence of short ubiquinone homologs. Preliminar data obtained indicate that short chain homologs, less lipophilic than natural ubiquinone do not reach the reoxidation site in absence of endogenous ubiquinone.", "contents": "Effect of endogenous ubiquinone on the reduction and oxidation of short exogenous ubiquinone homologs in beef heart mitochondria. The enzymic activities NADH-ubiquinone reductase, succinate-ubiquinone reductase and ubiquinol oxidase were evaluated in beef heart mitochondria in presence of short ubiquinone homologs. Preliminar data obtained indicate that short chain homologs, less lipophilic than natural ubiquinone do not reach the reoxidation site in absence of endogenous ubiquinone.", "PMID": 575763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11802", "title": "Cytogenetic characterization of Chinese hamster-sheep somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "The methods used to characterize cytogenetically Chinese hamster x sheep somatic cell hybrids have been reported. G and C banding patterns on hybrid metaphases allowed the discrimination between hamster and sheep chromosomes, and in addition to establish the unidirectional loss of sheep chromosomes in hybrid cells.", "contents": "Cytogenetic characterization of Chinese hamster-sheep somatic cell hybrids. The methods used to characterize cytogenetically Chinese hamster x sheep somatic cell hybrids have been reported. G and C banding patterns on hybrid metaphases allowed the discrimination between hamster and sheep chromosomes, and in addition to establish the unidirectional loss of sheep chromosomes in hybrid cells.", "PMID": 575764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11803", "title": "[Interaction of 3-[3H]-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide with submitochondrial particles of beef heart. I. Inhibition of the respiratory activity].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of 3-3H-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide (3H-NQNO) on the respiration induced by NADH or by succinate was studied in submitochondrial particles from beef heart. Polarographic experiments showed that oxygen uptake by submitochondrial particles was inhibited by 3H-NQNO. Similar results were obtained with the unlabelled compound NQNO. The inhibitory activity of 3H-NQNO on the respiration was 2 or 3 times better than that of the heptyl derivatives (HQNO) and additive with that shown by antimycin.", "contents": "[Interaction of 3-[3H]-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide with submitochondrial particles of beef heart. I. Inhibition of the respiratory activity]. The inhibitory effect of 3-3H-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide (3H-NQNO) on the respiration induced by NADH or by succinate was studied in submitochondrial particles from beef heart. Polarographic experiments showed that oxygen uptake by submitochondrial particles was inhibited by 3H-NQNO. Similar results were obtained with the unlabelled compound NQNO. The inhibitory activity of 3H-NQNO on the respiration was 2 or 3 times better than that of the heptyl derivatives (HQNO) and additive with that shown by antimycin.", "PMID": 575765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11804", "title": "[Interaction of 3-[3H]-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide with submitochondrial particles of beef heart. II. Determination of the binding sites].", "content": "The binding of 3H-NQNO in submitochondrial particles was determined by measuring the radioactivity in the supernatants as well as in the sediments after centrifugation of particles suspensions containing different amounts of 3H-NQNO. From the binding data Scatchard plots were constructed showing a large amount of aspecific binding depending on the particles preparation and concentration. In the presence of saturating concentrations of either antimycin or unlabelled NQNO (2-n-Nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinolinee-N-oxide) that remove or prevent the specific binding of 3H-NQNO, it is possible to evaluate the aspecific component of 3H-NQNO binding and to subtracte it from the experimental binding data by graphyc correction according to (3). The straight line from the corrected points gives the specific binding parameters: number of specific binding sites: about 0,5 moles 3H-NQNO/ moles cytochrome b and KD= 50 nM.", "contents": "[Interaction of 3-[3H]-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide with submitochondrial particles of beef heart. II. Determination of the binding sites]. The binding of 3H-NQNO in submitochondrial particles was determined by measuring the radioactivity in the supernatants as well as in the sediments after centrifugation of particles suspensions containing different amounts of 3H-NQNO. From the binding data Scatchard plots were constructed showing a large amount of aspecific binding depending on the particles preparation and concentration. In the presence of saturating concentrations of either antimycin or unlabelled NQNO (2-n-Nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinolinee-N-oxide) that remove or prevent the specific binding of 3H-NQNO, it is possible to evaluate the aspecific component of 3H-NQNO binding and to subtracte it from the experimental binding data by graphyc correction according to (3). The straight line from the corrected points gives the specific binding parameters: number of specific binding sites: about 0,5 moles 3H-NQNO/ moles cytochrome b and KD= 50 nM.", "PMID": 575766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11805", "title": "[Interaction of 3-(3H)-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide with submitochondrial particles of beef heart. III. Correlation between the binding of 3H-NQNO and inhibition of the respiratory activity].", "content": "The present work is an extension of our precedent papers (1-3). In the present report the relationship was studied between the inhibition by 3H-NQNO, 3-3H-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide, of the respiratory activity induced in submitochondrial particles from beef heart by NADH and the binding of 3H-NQNO to the specific binding site. The experiments showed that the concentrations of inhibition sites and of specific binding sites are identical. Titrating the inhibition of NADH-oxidase activity with increasing amounts of 3H-NQNO a close connection was observed between the decrease of the respiratory activity and the increase of the specific binding of 3H-NQNO. When nearly full inhibition (85%) was reached, also the specific binding was saturated. We may conclude that 3H-NQNO behaves like an ideally simple inhibitor: the inhibition of electron transfer by 3H-NQNO is linear with the saturation of the specific binding site.", "contents": "[Interaction of 3-(3H)-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide with submitochondrial particles of beef heart. III. Correlation between the binding of 3H-NQNO and inhibition of the respiratory activity]. The present work is an extension of our precedent papers (1-3). In the present report the relationship was studied between the inhibition by 3H-NQNO, 3-3H-2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide, of the respiratory activity induced in submitochondrial particles from beef heart by NADH and the binding of 3H-NQNO to the specific binding site. The experiments showed that the concentrations of inhibition sites and of specific binding sites are identical. Titrating the inhibition of NADH-oxidase activity with increasing amounts of 3H-NQNO a close connection was observed between the decrease of the respiratory activity and the increase of the specific binding of 3H-NQNO. When nearly full inhibition (85%) was reached, also the specific binding was saturated. We may conclude that 3H-NQNO behaves like an ideally simple inhibitor: the inhibition of electron transfer by 3H-NQNO is linear with the saturation of the specific binding site.", "PMID": 575767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11806", "title": "[Adrenal cortex production of aldosterone \"in vitro\" caused by angiotensin II: effects of indomethacin].", "content": "Angiotensin II increases aldosterone production of isolated and superfused bovine adrenal glands. Indomethacin shows a bi-phasic effect on the production of the above-mentioned hormone, inhibitory at low doses (0,2 microgram/ml), stimulatory at high doses (5.0 microgram/ml). Preincubation with this drug impedes the increase of aldosterone production induced by angiotensin II. It is likely that the steroidogenetic effect of angiotnesin II is carried out through the PGs.", "contents": "[Adrenal cortex production of aldosterone \"in vitro\" caused by angiotensin II: effects of indomethacin]. Angiotensin II increases aldosterone production of isolated and superfused bovine adrenal glands. Indomethacin shows a bi-phasic effect on the production of the above-mentioned hormone, inhibitory at low doses (0,2 microgram/ml), stimulatory at high doses (5.0 microgram/ml). Preincubation with this drug impedes the increase of aldosterone production induced by angiotensin II. It is likely that the steroidogenetic effect of angiotnesin II is carried out through the PGs.", "PMID": 575768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11807", "title": "Psychophysiologic circadian rhythmometry on manic-depressive twins.", "content": "Rhythmometry on emotionally disturbed identical twins is applied for study of possible emotional chronopathology. Several circadian rhythmic variables are apparently 24-h synchronized in both twins, during a study span associated with mania in one twin and apparently 'normal' behavior in the other. While the data span of 3 weeks does not allow validation of any desynchronization with a period quite near to 24 h in the case of a manic girl, it does not rule out the possibility of uncoupling of an adrenal cortical cycle, gauged by the circadian rhythm in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion. The question whether circadian or other dyschronism was present, and, if so, represented a trivial corollary or, perhaps, a determinant of emotional pathology, remains unanswered. The methodology here illustrated and added tests of differences in rhythm characteristics are likely to provide answers to such questions when they are combined with therapeutic manipulations and the search for possible chronobiotic drugs.", "contents": "Psychophysiologic circadian rhythmometry on manic-depressive twins. Rhythmometry on emotionally disturbed identical twins is applied for study of possible emotional chronopathology. Several circadian rhythmic variables are apparently 24-h synchronized in both twins, during a study span associated with mania in one twin and apparently 'normal' behavior in the other. While the data span of 3 weeks does not allow validation of any desynchronization with a period quite near to 24 h in the case of a manic girl, it does not rule out the possibility of uncoupling of an adrenal cortical cycle, gauged by the circadian rhythm in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion. The question whether circadian or other dyschronism was present, and, if so, represented a trivial corollary or, perhaps, a determinant of emotional pathology, remains unanswered. The methodology here illustrated and added tests of differences in rhythm characteristics are likely to provide answers to such questions when they are combined with therapeutic manipulations and the search for possible chronobiotic drugs.", "PMID": 575773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11808", "title": "Glomerular filtration during furosemide diuresis in the dog.", "content": "Simultaneous clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs to determine the effect of furosemide (F; 5 mg/kg) on some of the determinants of GFR during replacement of urine losses. Glomerular capillary pressure (PG) was estimated from stop flow pressure (SFP) plus systemic colloid osmotic pressure (pi alpha). Because renal vasodilation during F administration occurs more often when blood pressure is elevated, two groups of dogs were studied. At endogenous renal perfusion pressure (RPP) of 130 mm Hg, one group responded to F with a 28% increase in renal blood flow (RBF). PG rose (a rise of 18 mm Hg) in proportion to the rise in proximal tubule pressure (PT) (a rise of 20 mm Hg). Thus, the difference in pressures (PG - PT) was unchanged, as was GFR. The second group had RPP lowered by renal artery constriction to a point near the lower limit of autoregulation (104 mm Hg). These dogs responded to F with no increase in RBF; PG was lower and remained constant during F, PT, however, increased (a rise of 10 mm Hg). The difference in pressures (delta P) decreased by 30%, and GFR decreased by 40%. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) also decreased, and estimated Kf, the ultrafiltration coefficient, actually rose slightly. The major reason for the fall in GFR and SNGFR was due to a decrease in delta P rather than a decrease in Kf. The decrease in delta P can be attributed to failure of the renal vasculature to dilate because PG and RBF remained constant. It is likely that these events will be observed less often at hypertensive BP than at normal BP where renal vascular resistence is already close to a minimum value.", "contents": "Glomerular filtration during furosemide diuresis in the dog. Simultaneous clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs to determine the effect of furosemide (F; 5 mg/kg) on some of the determinants of GFR during replacement of urine losses. Glomerular capillary pressure (PG) was estimated from stop flow pressure (SFP) plus systemic colloid osmotic pressure (pi alpha). Because renal vasodilation during F administration occurs more often when blood pressure is elevated, two groups of dogs were studied. At endogenous renal perfusion pressure (RPP) of 130 mm Hg, one group responded to F with a 28% increase in renal blood flow (RBF). PG rose (a rise of 18 mm Hg) in proportion to the rise in proximal tubule pressure (PT) (a rise of 20 mm Hg). Thus, the difference in pressures (PG - PT) was unchanged, as was GFR. The second group had RPP lowered by renal artery constriction to a point near the lower limit of autoregulation (104 mm Hg). These dogs responded to F with no increase in RBF; PG was lower and remained constant during F, PT, however, increased (a rise of 10 mm Hg). The difference in pressures (delta P) decreased by 30%, and GFR decreased by 40%. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) also decreased, and estimated Kf, the ultrafiltration coefficient, actually rose slightly. The major reason for the fall in GFR and SNGFR was due to a decrease in delta P rather than a decrease in Kf. The decrease in delta P can be attributed to failure of the renal vasculature to dilate because PG and RBF remained constant. It is likely that these events will be observed less often at hypertensive BP than at normal BP where renal vascular resistence is already close to a minimum value.", "PMID": 575783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11809", "title": "[Referral-diagnosis \"Morbus Beh\u00e7et\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 42 year old patient from the Mediterranean area suffering from recurrent iridocyclitis for 2 years, accompanied by aphthous changes of the buccal mucosa and genitalia. Behcet's disease was suspected, and the patient was treated for ten days with i.v.-infusions of 200 mg Endoxan and 50 mg Prednisolon. After appearance of a leutic maculo-papulous rash systemic application of Penicillin lead to a quick cessation of the cutaneous efflorescences as well as of the uveitis. This case shows that luetic etiology of ocular inflammations is by no means beyond actuality.", "contents": "[Referral-diagnosis \"Morbus Beh\u00e7et\" (author's transl)]. Report on a 42 year old patient from the Mediterranean area suffering from recurrent iridocyclitis for 2 years, accompanied by aphthous changes of the buccal mucosa and genitalia. Behcet's disease was suspected, and the patient was treated for ten days with i.v.-infusions of 200 mg Endoxan and 50 mg Prednisolon. After appearance of a leutic maculo-papulous rash systemic application of Penicillin lead to a quick cessation of the cutaneous efflorescences as well as of the uveitis. This case shows that luetic etiology of ocular inflammations is by no means beyond actuality.", "PMID": 575784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11810", "title": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in normal and transformed cells.", "content": "We have developed procedures for sensitive measurement of specific radioactivities of pyrimidine nucleosides excreted from cells in culture. The changes in the observed values reflect dilution of the added isotope through de novo biosynthesis of nonradioactive pyrimidine nucleosides or by shifting and equilibration of other nucleotide pools into the free uridine pool. It is thus possible to monitor uridine biosynthesis occurring in intact cells without destroying or disrupting the cell population. On comparing a series of normal and and transformed lines, we have observed several growth-dependent patterns of change in specific activity and levels of uridine excretion and the temporal appearance of these changes. Hamster embryo fibroblasts slows pyrimidine biosynthesis at mid-growth while the hamster cell line V79 continues to dilute the pyrimidine pool at about 7% of the rate observed during exponential growth at confluence. Both cells exhibit Urd excretion beginning at one-half maximal growth. Passageable normal rat liver cells (IARC-20) also show a cessation of pyrimidine biosynthesis with a prior increase in uridine excretion. Two chemically transformed lines IARC-28 and IARC-19 derived from IARC-20 show different patterns. IARC-19 begins uridine excretion in early log growth and the specific activity continues to decrease at about 2% of the rate observed during exponential growth at confluence. The IARC-28 cells also begin excretion in early log growth but pyrimidine biosynthesis stops at about midlog. This method may prove to be an additional aid in recognizing and differentiating transformed cells in culture that do not exhibit the transformed phenotype.", "contents": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in normal and transformed cells. We have developed procedures for sensitive measurement of specific radioactivities of pyrimidine nucleosides excreted from cells in culture. The changes in the observed values reflect dilution of the added isotope through de novo biosynthesis of nonradioactive pyrimidine nucleosides or by shifting and equilibration of other nucleotide pools into the free uridine pool. It is thus possible to monitor uridine biosynthesis occurring in intact cells without destroying or disrupting the cell population. On comparing a series of normal and and transformed lines, we have observed several growth-dependent patterns of change in specific activity and levels of uridine excretion and the temporal appearance of these changes. Hamster embryo fibroblasts slows pyrimidine biosynthesis at mid-growth while the hamster cell line V79 continues to dilute the pyrimidine pool at about 7% of the rate observed during exponential growth at confluence. Both cells exhibit Urd excretion beginning at one-half maximal growth. Passageable normal rat liver cells (IARC-20) also show a cessation of pyrimidine biosynthesis with a prior increase in uridine excretion. Two chemically transformed lines IARC-28 and IARC-19 derived from IARC-20 show different patterns. IARC-19 begins uridine excretion in early log growth and the specific activity continues to decrease at about 2% of the rate observed during exponential growth at confluence. The IARC-28 cells also begin excretion in early log growth but pyrimidine biosynthesis stops at about midlog. This method may prove to be an additional aid in recognizing and differentiating transformed cells in culture that do not exhibit the transformed phenotype.", "PMID": 575785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11811", "title": "Human fibrosarcoma cells produce fibronectin-releasing peptides.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay, specific for human fibronectin, was used to measure the ability of certain biologically active polypeptides to release fibronectin from cultured human lung fibroblasts into their culture media. Concentrated, serum-free supernatant from a human fibrosarcoma cell line was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of acetic acid. Various polypeptides with molecular weights between 46,000 and 6,000 were tested for their ability to release fibronectin from cells. The column fraction, containing polypeptides with an apparent molecular weight of 10,000, exhibited the ability to rapidly release fibronectin from target cells. The activity could be inhibited by phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride. Several other hormonal factors, tested in parallel with the column fractions, failed to show this effect. The 10,000 dalton molecular weight polypeptides may represent a family of cellular gene products responsible for maintenance of low levels of surface associated fibronectin in fibrosarcoma cells and thus be related to their infiltrating properties by preventing the formation of the extracellular matrix.", "contents": "Human fibrosarcoma cells produce fibronectin-releasing peptides. A sensitive radioimmunoassay, specific for human fibronectin, was used to measure the ability of certain biologically active polypeptides to release fibronectin from cultured human lung fibroblasts into their culture media. Concentrated, serum-free supernatant from a human fibrosarcoma cell line was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of acetic acid. Various polypeptides with molecular weights between 46,000 and 6,000 were tested for their ability to release fibronectin from cells. The column fraction, containing polypeptides with an apparent molecular weight of 10,000, exhibited the ability to rapidly release fibronectin from target cells. The activity could be inhibited by phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride. Several other hormonal factors, tested in parallel with the column fractions, failed to show this effect. The 10,000 dalton molecular weight polypeptides may represent a family of cellular gene products responsible for maintenance of low levels of surface associated fibronectin in fibrosarcoma cells and thus be related to their infiltrating properties by preventing the formation of the extracellular matrix.", "PMID": 575786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11812", "title": "Prophylactic photocoagulation of the fellow eye in exudative senile maculopathy. A preliminary report.", "content": "Information on the fate of the fellow eye in patients who have suffered loss of central vision in the first eye due to exudative senile maculopathy suggests that there is a high incidence of later loss of vision in the second eye due to the same disease process. It has been speculated that prophylactic photocoagulation of the macula in the fellow eye might have a protective effect. This is a preliminary report of a series of patients in which argon laser photocoagulation of the second eye has been performed.", "contents": "Prophylactic photocoagulation of the fellow eye in exudative senile maculopathy. A preliminary report. Information on the fate of the fellow eye in patients who have suffered loss of central vision in the first eye due to exudative senile maculopathy suggests that there is a high incidence of later loss of vision in the second eye due to the same disease process. It has been speculated that prophylactic photocoagulation of the macula in the fellow eye might have a protective effect. This is a preliminary report of a series of patients in which argon laser photocoagulation of the second eye has been performed.", "PMID": 575789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11813", "title": "[Treatment of complications of venous retinal thromboses with argon laser].", "content": "The results of argon laser photocoagulation performed on 20 eyes with ischemic or edematous central retinal vein occlusion were analyzed. In patients with ischemic occlusion, neovascularization improved after treatment but they derived no benefit as far as visual acuity is concerned. In the group with enematous occlusion, visual acuity and macular edema improved after treatment. However, 6 of 8 patients of this group had prior urokinase treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of complications of venous retinal thromboses with argon laser]. The results of argon laser photocoagulation performed on 20 eyes with ischemic or edematous central retinal vein occlusion were analyzed. In patients with ischemic occlusion, neovascularization improved after treatment but they derived no benefit as far as visual acuity is concerned. In the group with enematous occlusion, visual acuity and macular edema improved after treatment. However, 6 of 8 patients of this group had prior urokinase treatment.", "PMID": 575793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11814", "title": "Patterns of recovery of airflow obstruction in severe acute asthma.", "content": "The speed and patterns of recovery of airflow obstruction were analysed in 209 patients receiving a standard therapeutic regime for severe acute asthma. Initial rates of recovery were rapid. Three-quarters of the patients had achieved 50% of their total improvement in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) within 24 hr. The time taken to reach eventual maximum PEFR was very much longer, 50% of the patients taking one week or more. Diurnal variation of moderate or severe degree was seen in 78% of patients. Length of history of asthma, time of deterioration and other measures of the severity of attack on admission did not differ in faster and slower responders. The rise of PEFR within 4 hr of starting treatment was highly significantly correlated with a higher PEFR at 24 hr and a shorter time to full recovery. Although the mean arterial PCO2 was higher (P less than 0.01) in the slower responding group and they were slightly older (P less than 0.05) and had lower mean FEV1 (P less than 0.02) and FVC (P less than 0.05) these differences were less helpful in predicting which patients responded fastest.", "contents": "Patterns of recovery of airflow obstruction in severe acute asthma. The speed and patterns of recovery of airflow obstruction were analysed in 209 patients receiving a standard therapeutic regime for severe acute asthma. Initial rates of recovery were rapid. Three-quarters of the patients had achieved 50% of their total improvement in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) within 24 hr. The time taken to reach eventual maximum PEFR was very much longer, 50% of the patients taking one week or more. Diurnal variation of moderate or severe degree was seen in 78% of patients. Length of history of asthma, time of deterioration and other measures of the severity of attack on admission did not differ in faster and slower responders. The rise of PEFR within 4 hr of starting treatment was highly significantly correlated with a higher PEFR at 24 hr and a shorter time to full recovery. Although the mean arterial PCO2 was higher (P less than 0.01) in the slower responding group and they were slightly older (P less than 0.05) and had lower mean FEV1 (P less than 0.02) and FVC (P less than 0.05) these differences were less helpful in predicting which patients responded fastest.", "PMID": 575797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11815", "title": "[Use of a laser beam (YAG) with a flexible fiber for endoscopic treatment of some broncho-tracheal lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "For several years we employed an endoscope permitting electro-coagulation in the treatment of some broncho-tracheal lesions and were able to observe the limits and accidents involved in this method. When compared with clinical results (work of Freche in ORL, laser CO2) and after experimental research, the use of a flexible laser beam (YAG) seems to bring about a noteworthy increase in therapeutic possibilities. This flexible fiber beam could easily be used by some medico-surgical teams who already possess appropriate of easily adaptable endoscopic equipment. Clinical studies are in progress.", "contents": "[Use of a laser beam (YAG) with a flexible fiber for endoscopic treatment of some broncho-tracheal lesions (author's transl)]. For several years we employed an endoscope permitting electro-coagulation in the treatment of some broncho-tracheal lesions and were able to observe the limits and accidents involved in this method. When compared with clinical results (work of Freche in ORL, laser CO2) and after experimental research, the use of a flexible laser beam (YAG) seems to bring about a noteworthy increase in therapeutic possibilities. This flexible fiber beam could easily be used by some medico-surgical teams who already possess appropriate of easily adaptable endoscopic equipment. Clinical studies are in progress.", "PMID": 575806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11816", "title": "Studies on nodulation of soyabeans in Egypt. II. Effect of seed-diffusates on Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "The growth inhibition zones of R. japonicum (E 45) by either surface-sterilized seeds or autoclaved seeds (as well as dicotyledones, cotyledone, or seed coat) of Harosoy soyabean cultivar indicate the presence of antibacterial substances. Several physical and chemical seed treatments were done in a trial to eliminate or decrease the observed inhibitive effects of the seed-diffusates in order to obtain successful nodulation. The antibacterial substances are thermostable (121 degrees C), water-soluble or partially insoluble, exist in the whole seed and could be inactivated by certain chemical seed treatments as well as by germination for 12 hrs. or more before inoculation.", "contents": "Studies on nodulation of soyabeans in Egypt. II. Effect of seed-diffusates on Rhizobium japonicum. The growth inhibition zones of R. japonicum (E 45) by either surface-sterilized seeds or autoclaved seeds (as well as dicotyledones, cotyledone, or seed coat) of Harosoy soyabean cultivar indicate the presence of antibacterial substances. Several physical and chemical seed treatments were done in a trial to eliminate or decrease the observed inhibitive effects of the seed-diffusates in order to obtain successful nodulation. The antibacterial substances are thermostable (121 degrees C), water-soluble or partially insoluble, exist in the whole seed and could be inactivated by certain chemical seed treatments as well as by germination for 12 hrs. or more before inoculation.", "PMID": 575837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11817", "title": "Abrogation of type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats by psychological stress.", "content": "This study shows that psychological stress, produced either by exposure to a predator or by movement and handling, can profoundly suppress the clinical and histologic manifestations of collagen-induced arthritis. In addition, stress can dissociate the development of humoral and cellular sensitivity to collagen from the occurrence of arthritis. Thus stress modalities provide a means of acquiring additional insights into the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Such studies may lead to a further understanding of the relationship between emotional states and the functioning of the immunologic system. This study further illustrates the need to identify and control for the effects of stress in animal studies of immunopathology. Finally, the therapeutic implications of this study for autoimmune diseases would appear self-evident (Fig. 7).", "contents": "Abrogation of type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats by psychological stress. This study shows that psychological stress, produced either by exposure to a predator or by movement and handling, can profoundly suppress the clinical and histologic manifestations of collagen-induced arthritis. In addition, stress can dissociate the development of humoral and cellular sensitivity to collagen from the occurrence of arthritis. Thus stress modalities provide a means of acquiring additional insights into the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Such studies may lead to a further understanding of the relationship between emotional states and the functioning of the immunologic system. This study further illustrates the need to identify and control for the effects of stress in animal studies of immunopathology. Finally, the therapeutic implications of this study for autoimmune diseases would appear self-evident (Fig. 7).", "PMID": 575836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11818", "title": "The genetical relationship of impulsiveness and sensation seeking to Eysenck's personality dimensions.", "content": "The genetical analysis of covariance structures is used to explore the genetical and environmental intercorrelations of impulsiveness and sensation seeking factors and their conformity to Eysenck's principal personality dimensions. The independent dimensions of psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, and lie scale are not found to give a very satisfactory account of the genetical factor structure. In particular, it is clear that impulsiveness and sensation seeking are not simple reflections of extraversion.", "contents": "The genetical relationship of impulsiveness and sensation seeking to Eysenck's personality dimensions. The genetical analysis of covariance structures is used to explore the genetical and environmental intercorrelations of impulsiveness and sensation seeking factors and their conformity to Eysenck's principal personality dimensions. The independent dimensions of psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, and lie scale are not found to give a very satisfactory account of the genetical factor structure. In particular, it is clear that impulsiveness and sensation seeking are not simple reflections of extraversion.", "PMID": 575838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11819", "title": "Association of twin zygosity with the mean and variance of tooth size.", "content": "To search for an association of twin zygosity with tooth size, 56 dental variables measured from 65 pairs of twins (43 MZ, 22 DZ) were studied. Results of the t' test for equality of the means showed no association of zygosity with any of the variables in males or in females. Results of the F' test for homogeneity of total variances between zygosities showed evidence for unequal total variances in 15 variables in males and 13 in females. Sex influence was further noted on the association of zygosity with the variance of tooth size. Where total variances were unequal, genetic variance estimates differed when only the within-pair mean squares were used and when combined estimates designed to be unbiased by differences in environmental variances were used.", "contents": "Association of twin zygosity with the mean and variance of tooth size. To search for an association of twin zygosity with tooth size, 56 dental variables measured from 65 pairs of twins (43 MZ, 22 DZ) were studied. Results of the t' test for equality of the means showed no association of zygosity with any of the variables in males or in females. Results of the F' test for homogeneity of total variances between zygosities showed evidence for unequal total variances in 15 variables in males and 13 in females. Sex influence was further noted on the association of zygosity with the variance of tooth size. Where total variances were unequal, genetic variance estimates differed when only the within-pair mean squares were used and when combined estimates designed to be unbiased by differences in environmental variances were used.", "PMID": 575839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11820", "title": "Sleep and dream characteristics in twins.", "content": "A study of sleep and dream characteristics has been carried out by questionnaire on a sample of 77 MZ and 76 DZ same-sex twin pairs of two age groups, 6-8 and 16-18 years. Genetic effects could not be detected in the younger age group and appeared to be rather limited in the older one, possibly as a result of the limited variability of the considered variables and of the levelling influence of the common environment.", "contents": "Sleep and dream characteristics in twins. A study of sleep and dream characteristics has been carried out by questionnaire on a sample of 77 MZ and 76 DZ same-sex twin pairs of two age groups, 6-8 and 16-18 years. Genetic effects could not be detected in the younger age group and appeared to be rather limited in the older one, possibly as a result of the limited variability of the considered variables and of the levelling influence of the common environment.", "PMID": 575840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11821", "title": "The effect of oestrogen on selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of ewes.", "content": "Two separate experiments were conducted to examine the effects of exogenous oestrogen on selectivetransfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of ewes. In one experiment, non-pregnant ewes were induced to lactate artificially by first developing mammary glands with injections of progesterone plus low doses of oestrogen then triggering milk secretion with either glucocorticoid or high doses of oestrogen. In the other experiment, lactating ewes were injected with oestrogen each day for 6 days. The results of the experiments suggest that oestrogen affects selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of the ewes. Moreover, the results show that, in the absence of high levels of oestrogen in blood, the magnitude of the selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion is related inversely to the synthetic activity of the glandular epithelium.", "contents": "The effect of oestrogen on selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of ewes. Two separate experiments were conducted to examine the effects of exogenous oestrogen on selectivetransfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of ewes. In one experiment, non-pregnant ewes were induced to lactate artificially by first developing mammary glands with injections of progesterone plus low doses of oestrogen then triggering milk secretion with either glucocorticoid or high doses of oestrogen. In the other experiment, lactating ewes were injected with oestrogen each day for 6 days. The results of the experiments suggest that oestrogen affects selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of the ewes. Moreover, the results show that, in the absence of high levels of oestrogen in blood, the magnitude of the selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion is related inversely to the synthetic activity of the glandular epithelium.", "PMID": 575841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11822", "title": "A role of ubiquinone in energy conservation in mitochondria.", "content": "Short chain ubiquinones (Q-3) uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in rat heart mitochondria, as shown by polarimetric experiments, and abolish P:O ratios in succinate driven oxidative phosphorylaton. The uncoupling is reversed by long chain ubiquinones (Q-7). Furthermore, short chain ubiquinones abolish oligomycin sensitivity of ATPase; the inhibition is restored by Q-7. The extraction of endogenous ubiquinone from mitochondria reversibly lowers oligomycin sensitivity of ATPase.", "contents": "A role of ubiquinone in energy conservation in mitochondria. Short chain ubiquinones (Q-3) uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in rat heart mitochondria, as shown by polarimetric experiments, and abolish P:O ratios in succinate driven oxidative phosphorylaton. The uncoupling is reversed by long chain ubiquinones (Q-7). Furthermore, short chain ubiquinones abolish oligomycin sensitivity of ATPase; the inhibition is restored by Q-7. The extraction of endogenous ubiquinone from mitochondria reversibly lowers oligomycin sensitivity of ATPase.", "PMID": 575843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11823", "title": "Selective protein transport: characterization and solubilization of the phosvitin receptor from chicken oocytes.", "content": "Phosvitin (PV), a subunit of a female-specific protein, vitellogenin, binds to oocyte membranes with a KD of 10(-6) M. Binding reaches equilibrium within 30 min after incubation at 25 degrees C. Bound 125I-PV dissociates from the membrane with a t1/2 of 13 h when incubated in buffer. However, when 125I-PV-labeled membranes are incubated in buffer containing 10(-5) M unlabeled PV, 50% of the initially bound 125I-PV dissociates from the membrane within 10 min. These results support the conclusion that PV binds to a membrane-associated receptor. Solubilization studies show that Triton X-100 solubilizes up to 45% of the total membrane-bound 125I-PV. Gel-exclusion chromatography of the solubilized material yields a 500,000 dalton 125 I-PV-containing complex separated from free 125I-PV. The 500,000 dalton complex completely dissociates to yield free 125I-PV when incubated with excess unlabeled PV. However, when incubated with 1) no addition, 2) IgG, or 3) serum albumin, the extent of dissociation is significantly reduced and is consistent with that which would be predicted on the basis of the observed dissociation rate in the absence of unlabeled PV. These results suggest that bound 125I-PV can only be displaced by unlabeled PV. These results also indicate that the 500,000 dalton species is a solubilized PV-receptor complex and that it is possible to solubilize the PV-receptor in an active form.", "contents": "Selective protein transport: characterization and solubilization of the phosvitin receptor from chicken oocytes. Phosvitin (PV), a subunit of a female-specific protein, vitellogenin, binds to oocyte membranes with a KD of 10(-6) M. Binding reaches equilibrium within 30 min after incubation at 25 degrees C. Bound 125I-PV dissociates from the membrane with a t1/2 of 13 h when incubated in buffer. However, when 125I-PV-labeled membranes are incubated in buffer containing 10(-5) M unlabeled PV, 50% of the initially bound 125I-PV dissociates from the membrane within 10 min. These results support the conclusion that PV binds to a membrane-associated receptor. Solubilization studies show that Triton X-100 solubilizes up to 45% of the total membrane-bound 125I-PV. Gel-exclusion chromatography of the solubilized material yields a 500,000 dalton 125 I-PV-containing complex separated from free 125I-PV. The 500,000 dalton complex completely dissociates to yield free 125I-PV when incubated with excess unlabeled PV. However, when incubated with 1) no addition, 2) IgG, or 3) serum albumin, the extent of dissociation is significantly reduced and is consistent with that which would be predicted on the basis of the observed dissociation rate in the absence of unlabeled PV. These results suggest that bound 125I-PV can only be displaced by unlabeled PV. These results also indicate that the 500,000 dalton species is a solubilized PV-receptor complex and that it is possible to solubilize the PV-receptor in an active form.", "PMID": 575855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11824", "title": "[Primary ovarian choriocarcinoma].", "content": "This rare tumour was evidenced in a 14-year-old girl. She died two and a half months following the operation, with the symptoms of respiratory insufficiency. The Metotrexate therapy did not produce the disappearance of the chorionic gonadotropin in the urine.", "contents": "[Primary ovarian choriocarcinoma]. This rare tumour was evidenced in a 14-year-old girl. She died two and a half months following the operation, with the symptoms of respiratory insufficiency. The Metotrexate therapy did not produce the disappearance of the chorionic gonadotropin in the urine.", "PMID": 575856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11825", "title": "The effect of ethanol on thromboxane synthesis by blood platelets.", "content": "The synthesis of thromboxane A2 (measured as TXB2) by blood platelets in the presence of ethanol and in platelets from animals dosed chronically with ethanol has been examined. Neither acute nor chronic exposure of guinea pig platelets to ethanol altered thromboxane synthesis. Measurement of total products indicated that neither fatty acid cyclooxygenase nor platelet lipoxygenase was influenced by blood ethanol levels generally associated with intoxication. In human platelets, very high levels of ethanol inhibited thromboxane synthesis in a dose related manner. These results are contrary to reports that high doses of ethanol stimulate arachidonate cyclooxygenation.", "contents": "The effect of ethanol on thromboxane synthesis by blood platelets. The synthesis of thromboxane A2 (measured as TXB2) by blood platelets in the presence of ethanol and in platelets from animals dosed chronically with ethanol has been examined. Neither acute nor chronic exposure of guinea pig platelets to ethanol altered thromboxane synthesis. Measurement of total products indicated that neither fatty acid cyclooxygenase nor platelet lipoxygenase was influenced by blood ethanol levels generally associated with intoxication. In human platelets, very high levels of ethanol inhibited thromboxane synthesis in a dose related manner. These results are contrary to reports that high doses of ethanol stimulate arachidonate cyclooxygenation.", "PMID": 575859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11826", "title": "Immunoassay of indomethacin: the use of [125I] protein A to detect specific serologic binding.", "content": "The sera of rabbits that were injected with indomethacin covalently linked to human albumin bound increasing amounts of [14C] indomethacin during the course of immunization. The serum-binding components chromatographed with the gamma-globulin fraction and were precipitated with goat-anti-rabbit-gamma-globulin. When measured by radioimmunoassay with [14C] indomethacin under optimal conditions, 34 ng (95 pmoles) of unlabeled indomethacin inhibited [14C] indomethacin binding 50%. The antibodies reacted most effectively with indomethacin and the desmethylated analogue, 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, but not 2-methyl-5-methoxy-indole-3-acetic acid. An immunoassay based on the use of [125I] Protein A as tracer for IgG antibody was developed for quantitative determination of indomethacin at the picogram level. Indomethacin, immobilized by covalent linkaae to a solid support, bound the rabbit anti-indomethacin. Protein A, labeled with [125I], measured the levels of the bound IgG antibody. Fluid phase indomethacin competed with solid-phase indomethacin for the anti-indomethacin, which resulted in decreased anti-indomethacin and consequently decreased [125I] Protein A on the immobilized indomethacin-anti-indomethacin complex. The serologic specificity with the immobilized ligand immunoassay was the same as that found with the [14C] indomethacin radioimmunoassay, but the sensitivity for detection of indomethacin was increased over 300-fold.", "contents": "Immunoassay of indomethacin: the use of [125I] protein A to detect specific serologic binding. The sera of rabbits that were injected with indomethacin covalently linked to human albumin bound increasing amounts of [14C] indomethacin during the course of immunization. The serum-binding components chromatographed with the gamma-globulin fraction and were precipitated with goat-anti-rabbit-gamma-globulin. When measured by radioimmunoassay with [14C] indomethacin under optimal conditions, 34 ng (95 pmoles) of unlabeled indomethacin inhibited [14C] indomethacin binding 50%. The antibodies reacted most effectively with indomethacin and the desmethylated analogue, 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, but not 2-methyl-5-methoxy-indole-3-acetic acid. An immunoassay based on the use of [125I] Protein A as tracer for IgG antibody was developed for quantitative determination of indomethacin at the picogram level. Indomethacin, immobilized by covalent linkaae to a solid support, bound the rabbit anti-indomethacin. Protein A, labeled with [125I], measured the levels of the bound IgG antibody. Fluid phase indomethacin competed with solid-phase indomethacin for the anti-indomethacin, which resulted in decreased anti-indomethacin and consequently decreased [125I] Protein A on the immobilized indomethacin-anti-indomethacin complex. The serologic specificity with the immobilized ligand immunoassay was the same as that found with the [14C] indomethacin radioimmunoassay, but the sensitivity for detection of indomethacin was increased over 300-fold.", "PMID": 575860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11827", "title": "Detection of thromboxane B2 in peripheral blood of patients with Prinzmetal's angina.", "content": "The plasma levels of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 6 consecutive patients with Prinzmetal's angina and in 9 healthy volunteers. In the normal group TxB2 was not detectable (= 0.5 pmoles/ml), while in patients with variant angina TxB2 was consistently detected (1.5-140 pmole/ml).", "contents": "Detection of thromboxane B2 in peripheral blood of patients with Prinzmetal's angina. The plasma levels of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 6 consecutive patients with Prinzmetal's angina and in 9 healthy volunteers. In the normal group TxB2 was not detectable (= 0.5 pmoles/ml), while in patients with variant angina TxB2 was consistently detected (1.5-140 pmole/ml).", "PMID": 575861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11828", "title": "Protective action of 6-keto-prostaglandin E1 in traumatic shock.", "content": "Since prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is known to have a beneficial effect in hemorrhagic shock, a biologically active derivative of PGE1, 6-keto-PGE1, was examined for its effect on traumatic shock in rats. In sham-operated rats, infusion of 6-keto-PGE1, at a rate of 250 ng/kg/min intravenously decreased arterial blood pressure by 23 mm Hg at 5 hr. In rats subjected to Noble-Collip drum trauma, infusion of 6-keto-PGE1, starting 15 min after the trauma, significantly improved the survival time from 1.0 +/- 0.1 to 2.6 +/- 0.3 hr compared to rats given only the vehicle (i.e., Tris buffer). The improved survival was accompanied by a diminished plasma accumulation of the cardiotoxic peptide, myocardial depressant factor (MDF), and the lysosomal protease cathepsin D. 6-keto-PGE1 also exerted a direct lysosomal stabilizing effect in isolated cat liver lysosomes, as well as reducing cardiac afterload in rats. It is concluded that 6-keto-PGE1 protects in traumatic shock by hemodynamic as well as cytoprotective actions.", "contents": "Protective action of 6-keto-prostaglandin E1 in traumatic shock. Since prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is known to have a beneficial effect in hemorrhagic shock, a biologically active derivative of PGE1, 6-keto-PGE1, was examined for its effect on traumatic shock in rats. In sham-operated rats, infusion of 6-keto-PGE1, at a rate of 250 ng/kg/min intravenously decreased arterial blood pressure by 23 mm Hg at 5 hr. In rats subjected to Noble-Collip drum trauma, infusion of 6-keto-PGE1, starting 15 min after the trauma, significantly improved the survival time from 1.0 +/- 0.1 to 2.6 +/- 0.3 hr compared to rats given only the vehicle (i.e., Tris buffer). The improved survival was accompanied by a diminished plasma accumulation of the cardiotoxic peptide, myocardial depressant factor (MDF), and the lysosomal protease cathepsin D. 6-keto-PGE1 also exerted a direct lysosomal stabilizing effect in isolated cat liver lysosomes, as well as reducing cardiac afterload in rats. It is concluded that 6-keto-PGE1 protects in traumatic shock by hemodynamic as well as cytoprotective actions.", "PMID": 575862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11829", "title": "Pharmacokinetic interaction of psychotropic drugs. I. Divergent effect of mianserin on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amphetamine.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of amphetamine and stereotypy caused by this drug was studied after premedication with two doses of mianserin (2 and 10 mg/kg). High doses of mianserin depressed the amphetamine level in blood and cerebral tissue and increased the stereotypy. The results suggest that the potentiation of the action of amphetamine by mianserin is mainly due to pharmacodynamic synergism and depends on the blockade of central serotonergic receptors by mianserin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic interaction of psychotropic drugs. I. Divergent effect of mianserin on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amphetamine. Pharmacokinetics of amphetamine and stereotypy caused by this drug was studied after premedication with two doses of mianserin (2 and 10 mg/kg). High doses of mianserin depressed the amphetamine level in blood and cerebral tissue and increased the stereotypy. The results suggest that the potentiation of the action of amphetamine by mianserin is mainly due to pharmacodynamic synergism and depends on the blockade of central serotonergic receptors by mianserin.", "PMID": 575858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11830", "title": "Trends in perinatal mortality in Cape Town, 1967--1977.", "content": "Perinatal deaths and perinatal mortality rates in Cape Town for the period 1967--1977 have been analysed, and large differences were found between the various ethnic groups. In non-Whites stillbirths accounted for more than two-thirds of perinatal deaths in 1977, and in at least 75% of these fetal death preceded labour. Perinatal mortality rates must be considered together with the number of perinatal deaths if the true magnitude of the problem with regard to the various obstetric complications and procedures is to be appreciated. The main perinatal problems as they affect the infant were (i) during pregnancy--antepartum haemorrhage (especially abruptio placentae), intra-uterine growth retardaton, multiple pregnancy, proteinuric hypertension and unbooked status; (ii) during labour and delivery--preterm labour, stillbirths (especially before labour) and vaginal breech delivery; (iii) in the early neonatnal period--immaturity and respiratory distress and neonatal infection.", "contents": "Trends in perinatal mortality in Cape Town, 1967--1977. Perinatal deaths and perinatal mortality rates in Cape Town for the period 1967--1977 have been analysed, and large differences were found between the various ethnic groups. In non-Whites stillbirths accounted for more than two-thirds of perinatal deaths in 1977, and in at least 75% of these fetal death preceded labour. Perinatal mortality rates must be considered together with the number of perinatal deaths if the true magnitude of the problem with regard to the various obstetric complications and procedures is to be appreciated. The main perinatal problems as they affect the infant were (i) during pregnancy--antepartum haemorrhage (especially abruptio placentae), intra-uterine growth retardaton, multiple pregnancy, proteinuric hypertension and unbooked status; (ii) during labour and delivery--preterm labour, stillbirths (especially before labour) and vaginal breech delivery; (iii) in the early neonatnal period--immaturity and respiratory distress and neonatal infection.", "PMID": 575866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11831", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A case investigated with 111In-oxine-labelled platelets.", "content": "A 34-year old woman presented with the clinical and laboratory features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Studies with isologous platelets labelled with 111In-oxine revealed a short half-life of circulating platelets (18,5 hours) and destruction of the transfused platelets in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. There was no scientigraphic evidence of deposition of labelled platelets in the vasculature. The patient was treated with daily fresh frozen plasma transfusions, but no improvement in platelet count or serum urea level was noted. Although there was no clinical evidence of a bleeding tendency at the time, the patient had a fatal cerebrovascular haemorrhage. The findings in this case suggest that an immune type destruction of platelets may occur in TTP.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A case investigated with 111In-oxine-labelled platelets. A 34-year old woman presented with the clinical and laboratory features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Studies with isologous platelets labelled with 111In-oxine revealed a short half-life of circulating platelets (18,5 hours) and destruction of the transfused platelets in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. There was no scientigraphic evidence of deposition of labelled platelets in the vasculature. The patient was treated with daily fresh frozen plasma transfusions, but no improvement in platelet count or serum urea level was noted. Although there was no clinical evidence of a bleeding tendency at the time, the patient had a fatal cerebrovascular haemorrhage. The findings in this case suggest that an immune type destruction of platelets may occur in TTP.", "PMID": 575867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11832", "title": "Thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. A case report.", "content": "A case of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy is reported. An interesting facet of the treatment was the suppression of spontaneous labour while platelet concentrate was being prepared. This case clearly demonstrated that the maternal antibody titre in no way reflects the fetal status. The choice of delivery can therefor not be based upon scientific data. The possible use of the uranyl-labelled antibody method of determining antiplatelet antibodies may in future help to determine the best method of delivering these babies. A review of the literature clearly indicates that while maternal mortality has decreased, fetal loss in this condition is still significant, and that a multicentre study is needed to examine the best approach to this problem.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. A case report. A case of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy is reported. An interesting facet of the treatment was the suppression of spontaneous labour while platelet concentrate was being prepared. This case clearly demonstrated that the maternal antibody titre in no way reflects the fetal status. The choice of delivery can therefor not be based upon scientific data. The possible use of the uranyl-labelled antibody method of determining antiplatelet antibodies may in future help to determine the best method of delivering these babies. A review of the literature clearly indicates that while maternal mortality has decreased, fetal loss in this condition is still significant, and that a multicentre study is needed to examine the best approach to this problem.", "PMID": 575868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11833", "title": "[Experiences with the CO2 laser in surgery of the nervous system].", "content": "The results obtained in animal experiments in which the effect of the CO/-Laser on the nervous system was studied, have encouraged the author to use this new device in the surgery of the brain, spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. Histological examinations have shown that the cuts of the brain tissue produced by the laser are cleaner and less destructive than those produced by the spatula and the diathermy knife. On thje other hand, the electrosurgical knife seems to produce a better coagulation. Clinically, the CO2-Laser has proved its value in 240 operations. Owing to the possibility of an exact dosing and the resulting small penetration depth, it is possible to use the laser not only in spinal cord surgery but also in regions of the brain stem that have been inaccessible until now. The combined use with the operating microscope is an additional advantage. Of special interest, too, are interventions in epilepsy, tumours of the spinal cord, comissurotomy and in amputation neuromas. Vaporisation of the tumour cavities for preventing or delaying glioblastoma relapses has shown no significant effect until now.", "contents": "[Experiences with the CO2 laser in surgery of the nervous system]. The results obtained in animal experiments in which the effect of the CO/-Laser on the nervous system was studied, have encouraged the author to use this new device in the surgery of the brain, spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. Histological examinations have shown that the cuts of the brain tissue produced by the laser are cleaner and less destructive than those produced by the spatula and the diathermy knife. On thje other hand, the electrosurgical knife seems to produce a better coagulation. Clinically, the CO2-Laser has proved its value in 240 operations. Owing to the possibility of an exact dosing and the resulting small penetration depth, it is possible to use the laser not only in spinal cord surgery but also in regions of the brain stem that have been inaccessible until now. The combined use with the operating microscope is an additional advantage. Of special interest, too, are interventions in epilepsy, tumours of the spinal cord, comissurotomy and in amputation neuromas. Vaporisation of the tumour cavities for preventing or delaying glioblastoma relapses has shown no significant effect until now.", "PMID": 575870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11834", "title": "Long spacing collagen in dermal disorders.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of biopsy material from the vulva of six patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and two patients with condyloma latum, and from the skin of the back and shoulder of one patient with scleromyxoedema and the forearm of one patient with macular amyloidosis revealed the presence of long spacing collagen (LSC) of one patient with macular amyloidosis revealed the presence of long spacing collagen (LSC) intermingled with an increased amount of ground substance and extracellular microfibrils. The presence of LSC in condyloma latum is believed not to have been reported previously. The LSC displayed an axial periodicity varying from 1000 to 2000 A. Our studies support the contention that the appearance of LSC is not specific of any disorder, and the formation of LSC is associated with the presence of increased amounts of glycosaminoglycan-rich ground substance and the abundance of microfilaments in the extracellular space.", "contents": "Long spacing collagen in dermal disorders. Electron microscopic studies of biopsy material from the vulva of six patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and two patients with condyloma latum, and from the skin of the back and shoulder of one patient with scleromyxoedema and the forearm of one patient with macular amyloidosis revealed the presence of long spacing collagen (LSC) of one patient with macular amyloidosis revealed the presence of long spacing collagen (LSC) intermingled with an increased amount of ground substance and extracellular microfibrils. The presence of LSC in condyloma latum is believed not to have been reported previously. The LSC displayed an axial periodicity varying from 1000 to 2000 A. Our studies support the contention that the appearance of LSC is not specific of any disorder, and the formation of LSC is associated with the presence of increased amounts of glycosaminoglycan-rich ground substance and the abundance of microfilaments in the extracellular space.", "PMID": 575873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11835", "title": "Effect of long-term alcohol intake on the innervation of the rat myocardium.", "content": "The myocardium of rats kept on DeCarli and Lieber's liquid diet containing alcohol to 36% of the total calories for 8 weeks were examined with Falck-Hillarp's method for the histologic demonstration of catecholamines. Relative fluorescence intensity of the myocardial cells and nerves was measured with the Zeiss-Fluoval microphotometer. Under the effect of alcohol, density of the noradrenergic innervation (number of visualized nerve fibres) decreases and fluorescence of myocardial cells is intensified. The increased fluorescence of myocardial cells can be eliminated with reserpine. It is assumed that chronic alcohol intake induces continuous catecholamine release from monoaminergic nerve fibres of the heart.", "contents": "Effect of long-term alcohol intake on the innervation of the rat myocardium. The myocardium of rats kept on DeCarli and Lieber's liquid diet containing alcohol to 36% of the total calories for 8 weeks were examined with Falck-Hillarp's method for the histologic demonstration of catecholamines. Relative fluorescence intensity of the myocardial cells and nerves was measured with the Zeiss-Fluoval microphotometer. Under the effect of alcohol, density of the noradrenergic innervation (number of visualized nerve fibres) decreases and fluorescence of myocardial cells is intensified. The increased fluorescence of myocardial cells can be eliminated with reserpine. It is assumed that chronic alcohol intake induces continuous catecholamine release from monoaminergic nerve fibres of the heart.", "PMID": 575874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11836", "title": "[The Filaria Breinlia booliati in the Adedes togoi adipose tissue; comparison with the couple Dipetalonema dessetae-A. aegypti (author's transl)].", "content": "In the couple Filaria-vector Breinlia (Breinlia) booliati-Aedes (Finlaya) togoi, the changs observed in the parasited adipose tissue display large similarities with those recently observed in Dipetalonemia (Molinema) dessetae-Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti: same syncitium organisation of parasited adipocytes, and local stimulation of protein synthesis. However, there is an essential difference between the two coules studied: the parasited adipous syncitium is not any more induced by a blood uptake in booliati-togoi, whereas this parasited tissue reacts like unparasited adipocytes in dessetae-aegypti. Analysis of crossed couples (booliati-aegypti and dessetae-togoi) demonstrates that these physiological properties are not linked to the vecotr but to the Filaria itself.", "contents": "[The Filaria Breinlia booliati in the Adedes togoi adipose tissue; comparison with the couple Dipetalonema dessetae-A. aegypti (author's transl)]. In the couple Filaria-vector Breinlia (Breinlia) booliati-Aedes (Finlaya) togoi, the changs observed in the parasited adipose tissue display large similarities with those recently observed in Dipetalonemia (Molinema) dessetae-Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti: same syncitium organisation of parasited adipocytes, and local stimulation of protein synthesis. However, there is an essential difference between the two coules studied: the parasited adipous syncitium is not any more induced by a blood uptake in booliati-togoi, whereas this parasited tissue reacts like unparasited adipocytes in dessetae-aegypti. Analysis of crossed couples (booliati-aegypti and dessetae-togoi) demonstrates that these physiological properties are not linked to the vecotr but to the Filaria itself.", "PMID": 575875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11837", "title": "[In-vitro evaluation of morphine dependence. II. Response of the fat \"fundus\" to 5-HT].", "content": "The kinetic of serotoninergic receptor systems was studied in an in vitro model for opiate tolerance and dependence. The fundus strip of rats chronically treated with morphine and sacrificed at different time intervals and in different conditions (with and without abstinence signs) was used. The differences between the response to the 5-HT in a situation of abstinence as compared to the same preparation in a situation of non-abstinence (in vitro model for dependence) are not statistically significant. The variations in the response as related to duration of treatment in vivo of the various groups of animals, cannot be significantly correlated to morphine-induced tolerance.", "contents": "[In-vitro evaluation of morphine dependence. II. Response of the fat \"fundus\" to 5-HT]. The kinetic of serotoninergic receptor systems was studied in an in vitro model for opiate tolerance and dependence. The fundus strip of rats chronically treated with morphine and sacrificed at different time intervals and in different conditions (with and without abstinence signs) was used. The differences between the response to the 5-HT in a situation of abstinence as compared to the same preparation in a situation of non-abstinence (in vitro model for dependence) are not statistically significant. The variations in the response as related to duration of treatment in vivo of the various groups of animals, cannot be significantly correlated to morphine-induced tolerance.", "PMID": 575888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11838", "title": "[In-vitro evaluation of morphine dependence. III. Response of the rat ileum to ACh].", "content": "The kinetic of cholinergic receptor systems was studied in an in vitro model for opiate tolerance and dependence. The isolated ileum of rate chronically treated with morphine and sacrificed at different time intervals and in different conditions (with and without abstinence signs) was used. In evaluating the response of this preparation to doses of ACh ranging from 5.5 x 10(-10) to 5.5 x 10(-7), no statistically significant response was found to the cholinergic receptor system in conditions of abstinence and non-abstinence in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, statistically significant differences are related to duration of treatment in vivo. The pattern for these responses is similar to the one observed in the fundus (Note I) and it can be considered as an expression of morphine-induced tolerance.", "contents": "[In-vitro evaluation of morphine dependence. III. Response of the rat ileum to ACh]. The kinetic of cholinergic receptor systems was studied in an in vitro model for opiate tolerance and dependence. The isolated ileum of rate chronically treated with morphine and sacrificed at different time intervals and in different conditions (with and without abstinence signs) was used. In evaluating the response of this preparation to doses of ACh ranging from 5.5 x 10(-10) to 5.5 x 10(-7), no statistically significant response was found to the cholinergic receptor system in conditions of abstinence and non-abstinence in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, statistically significant differences are related to duration of treatment in vivo. The pattern for these responses is similar to the one observed in the fundus (Note I) and it can be considered as an expression of morphine-induced tolerance.", "PMID": 575889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11839", "title": "Adrenoleucodystrophy: a study of four patients.", "content": "4 unrelated boys suffering from adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD) are reported. All presented with a cerebral degenerative disorder manifested by behaviour change, dementia, progressive visual loss and spasticity. 1 child showed an excess of skin pigmenation but no other clinical features of adrenal insufficiency were present. An ACTH stimulation test indicated adrenal insufficiency in 1 patient. In the 3 patients with a normal response to ACTH stimulation, 2 had elevated resting plasma ACTH levels, and the other showed typical inclusins in the cells of the adrenal cortex when examined by electron microscopy. Nuclear brain scans were abnormal in all 4 patients. 3 patients had a CAT scan and in all a diffuse decrease in density was shown throughout the cenebral white matter. 2 patients had a zone of contrast enhancement adjacent to the low density areas. In boys under the age of 10 years ALD is the commonest cerebral degenerative disease after subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "contents": "Adrenoleucodystrophy: a study of four patients. 4 unrelated boys suffering from adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD) are reported. All presented with a cerebral degenerative disorder manifested by behaviour change, dementia, progressive visual loss and spasticity. 1 child showed an excess of skin pigmenation but no other clinical features of adrenal insufficiency were present. An ACTH stimulation test indicated adrenal insufficiency in 1 patient. In the 3 patients with a normal response to ACTH stimulation, 2 had elevated resting plasma ACTH levels, and the other showed typical inclusins in the cells of the adrenal cortex when examined by electron microscopy. Nuclear brain scans were abnormal in all 4 patients. 3 patients had a CAT scan and in all a diffuse decrease in density was shown throughout the cenebral white matter. 2 patients had a zone of contrast enhancement adjacent to the low density areas. In boys under the age of 10 years ALD is the commonest cerebral degenerative disease after subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "PMID": 575890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11840", "title": "[Quantitative mathematical evaluation of growth studies from the viewpoint of exogenously or genetically influenced variability].", "content": "Firstly, the ideas are sketched which serve as the basis for the phenomenologic-mathematical kind of modeling of the body length growth process of man. For proving the biological relevance of the spurts analyzed by numerical procedures one has to consider the social and the biological circumstances in which the growth process takes place. An analysis of longitudinal data series of the body length of (monozygotic) twins will give further hints to the possible meaning of the growth spurts by way of separation of exogenous and of genetic determined endogenous agents on the growth process. The data available for our examinations cover the time interval of the praepubertal and the postpuberal development as well as the time interval in which the puberal growth spurt takes place. The way to proceed in evaluation these time series will be presented.", "contents": "[Quantitative mathematical evaluation of growth studies from the viewpoint of exogenously or genetically influenced variability]. Firstly, the ideas are sketched which serve as the basis for the phenomenologic-mathematical kind of modeling of the body length growth process of man. For proving the biological relevance of the spurts analyzed by numerical procedures one has to consider the social and the biological circumstances in which the growth process takes place. An analysis of longitudinal data series of the body length of (monozygotic) twins will give further hints to the possible meaning of the growth spurts by way of separation of exogenous and of genetic determined endogenous agents on the growth process. The data available for our examinations cover the time interval of the praepubertal and the postpuberal development as well as the time interval in which the puberal growth spurt takes place. The way to proceed in evaluation these time series will be presented.", "PMID": 575891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11841", "title": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte transformation as an in vitro parallel line bioassay for anti-human lymphocyte globulin.", "content": "Horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin (HALG) is now widely clinically, but the variable immunosuppressive potency of different preparations of HALG has necessitated development of an accurate, reproducible in vitro assay of HALG potency. Currently available tests have several disadvantages, as well as showing little correlation with in vivo activity of the preparations tested. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into lymphocytes, stimulated with mitogen (PHA) or antigen (PPD) and the inhibition of this process by HALG is described. ID50S and potency ratios have been determined for four HALG preparations. The ID50S obtained with these preparations were reproducible and the potency ratios obtained using 3 + 3 parallel line bioassay were similarly reproducible, a change in rank order being observed only once in ten assays. These in vitro results correlate with in vivo skin graft data. It is suggested that this technique could be used for evaluation of HALG preparations on peripheral blood from potential recipients.", "contents": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte transformation as an in vitro parallel line bioassay for anti-human lymphocyte globulin. Horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin (HALG) is now widely clinically, but the variable immunosuppressive potency of different preparations of HALG has necessitated development of an accurate, reproducible in vitro assay of HALG potency. Currently available tests have several disadvantages, as well as showing little correlation with in vivo activity of the preparations tested. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into lymphocytes, stimulated with mitogen (PHA) or antigen (PPD) and the inhibition of this process by HALG is described. ID50S and potency ratios have been determined for four HALG preparations. The ID50S obtained with these preparations were reproducible and the potency ratios obtained using 3 + 3 parallel line bioassay were similarly reproducible, a change in rank order being observed only once in ten assays. These in vitro results correlate with in vivo skin graft data. It is suggested that this technique could be used for evaluation of HALG preparations on peripheral blood from potential recipients.", "PMID": 575893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11842", "title": "Penetration of beryllium through the placenta and its distribution in the mouse.", "content": "Penetration of beryllium through the placenta and its distribution in the organs after intravenous administration of BeCl2 in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg was studied in a series of experiments on ICR SPF mice. To trace the fate of beryllium, an isotope in the form of 7BeCl2 in an amount of 111kBq per animal was used. This dose was administered to a group of females before fertilization, on the 7th and 14th day of pregnancy, and to control animals. The animals were killed on the 18th to 19th day of pregnancy and the content of beryllium in the foetuses and its distribution in the organs of the mothers were determined by measuring activity. It has been found that beryllium penetrates through the placenta with difficulty, however, part of the dose administered circulated in the blood long enough for Be to penetrate the foetuses. Of interest is the finding that beryllium in the dose administered influenced the number of foetuses of the exposed females. This finding deserves detailed evaluation in the test of dominant lethal mutations.", "contents": "Penetration of beryllium through the placenta and its distribution in the mouse. Penetration of beryllium through the placenta and its distribution in the organs after intravenous administration of BeCl2 in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg was studied in a series of experiments on ICR SPF mice. To trace the fate of beryllium, an isotope in the form of 7BeCl2 in an amount of 111kBq per animal was used. This dose was administered to a group of females before fertilization, on the 7th and 14th day of pregnancy, and to control animals. The animals were killed on the 18th to 19th day of pregnancy and the content of beryllium in the foetuses and its distribution in the organs of the mothers were determined by measuring activity. It has been found that beryllium penetrates through the placenta with difficulty, however, part of the dose administered circulated in the blood long enough for Be to penetrate the foetuses. Of interest is the finding that beryllium in the dose administered influenced the number of foetuses of the exposed females. This finding deserves detailed evaluation in the test of dominant lethal mutations.", "PMID": 575894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11843", "title": "Comparative biochemical and morphological investigation of the liver of experimental animals in the process of hepatotropic effect of atmospheric pollution (on the model of carbon tetrachloride).", "content": "The authors effected a comparative examination of morphologic and biochemical investigation of structural and enzymic reactions of the rat liver during different periods of permanent inhalation influence of carbon tetrachloride. Three stages of morphologico-biochemical parllels in the development of hepatotropic effect characterized by certain regularities in the enzymic desorganization of lysosyme, mitochondrias and cytasol by derangement of the exchange of biopolymers containing carbohydrate (of glycoproteids, glycosaminoglycans) and DNK-synthetizing function in liver in comparison with control animals were revealed. Mechanisms of the hepatotropic effect and hygienic importance of structural function changes of hepatocytes due to action of factors polluting the atmosphere are appreciated.", "contents": "Comparative biochemical and morphological investigation of the liver of experimental animals in the process of hepatotropic effect of atmospheric pollution (on the model of carbon tetrachloride). The authors effected a comparative examination of morphologic and biochemical investigation of structural and enzymic reactions of the rat liver during different periods of permanent inhalation influence of carbon tetrachloride. Three stages of morphologico-biochemical parllels in the development of hepatotropic effect characterized by certain regularities in the enzymic desorganization of lysosyme, mitochondrias and cytasol by derangement of the exchange of biopolymers containing carbohydrate (of glycoproteids, glycosaminoglycans) and DNK-synthetizing function in liver in comparison with control animals were revealed. Mechanisms of the hepatotropic effect and hygienic importance of structural function changes of hepatocytes due to action of factors polluting the atmosphere are appreciated.", "PMID": 575895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11844", "title": "Incidence of RS virus infections in premature children's ward.", "content": "In the course of two years (1974-76) four outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in the premature children's ward of a Prague hospital were studied virologically and clinically. RS virus (RSV) was found to be the aetiological agent. The highest isolation rate of RSV was achieved when using two heteroploid cell lines (L-132 and HEp-2 cells) simultaneously. Of the 30 children examined, 60% showed a severe course of disease (pneumonia and/or bronchiolitis) while in 40% of the children the disease had the form of rhinitis with striking abundance of whitish foamy secretions. In one of the outbreaks under study, two nurses with mild afebrile pharyngitis were detected as the source of RSV infection.", "contents": "Incidence of RS virus infections in premature children's ward. In the course of two years (1974-76) four outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in the premature children's ward of a Prague hospital were studied virologically and clinically. RS virus (RSV) was found to be the aetiological agent. The highest isolation rate of RSV was achieved when using two heteroploid cell lines (L-132 and HEp-2 cells) simultaneously. Of the 30 children examined, 60% showed a severe course of disease (pneumonia and/or bronchiolitis) while in 40% of the children the disease had the form of rhinitis with striking abundance of whitish foamy secretions. In one of the outbreaks under study, two nurses with mild afebrile pharyngitis were detected as the source of RSV infection.", "PMID": 575897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11845", "title": "Immunobiological characteristic of antigens from the parasitic phase of Coccidiodes immitis.", "content": "The possibility of obtaining serologically active antigens from tissue spherules extracted from the lungs of albino mice infected with C. immitis has been demonstrated. Unlike the method of obtaining spherules in vitro, the accumulation of sufficient quantities of tissue spherules does not involve special difficulties. To obtain more pure and specific antigens from crude tissue spherules material, chromatographic separation on a column with Sephadex G-100 is recommended. Antigens obtained from the spherules in vivo have been found to be more specific and active in serological and allergic reactions in comparison with the corresponding antigens from the mycelial form or from spherules in vitro and can be used in the diagnosis of coccidioidosis as well as in the study of the mechanism of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Immunobiological characteristic of antigens from the parasitic phase of Coccidiodes immitis. The possibility of obtaining serologically active antigens from tissue spherules extracted from the lungs of albino mice infected with C. immitis has been demonstrated. Unlike the method of obtaining spherules in vitro, the accumulation of sufficient quantities of tissue spherules does not involve special difficulties. To obtain more pure and specific antigens from crude tissue spherules material, chromatographic separation on a column with Sephadex G-100 is recommended. Antigens obtained from the spherules in vivo have been found to be more specific and active in serological and allergic reactions in comparison with the corresponding antigens from the mycelial form or from spherules in vitro and can be used in the diagnosis of coccidioidosis as well as in the study of the mechanism of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 575899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11846", "title": "Epidemiological investigations of chikungunya epidemic at Barsi, Maharashtra state, India.", "content": "During the summer of 1973, an epidemic of Chikungunya broke out in Barsi, Sholapur district. Epidemiological investigations carried out during the decline phase revealed that all age groups and both sexes were involved with varying morbidity. The absence of previous immunity was demonstrated by a very high morbidity of 37.53 per cent for the whole town. The clinical picture encountered during the epidemic was quite characteristic of chikungunya. Besides gingivitis and epistaxis there were no frank haemorrhagic episodes. Reports about the presence of demonstrable rash varied. Except for one possible case, there was no mortality as a result of the epidemic. Results of the search for the index case are also described.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigations of chikungunya epidemic at Barsi, Maharashtra state, India. During the summer of 1973, an epidemic of Chikungunya broke out in Barsi, Sholapur district. Epidemiological investigations carried out during the decline phase revealed that all age groups and both sexes were involved with varying morbidity. The absence of previous immunity was demonstrated by a very high morbidity of 37.53 per cent for the whole town. The clinical picture encountered during the epidemic was quite characteristic of chikungunya. Besides gingivitis and epistaxis there were no frank haemorrhagic episodes. Reports about the presence of demonstrable rash varied. Except for one possible case, there was no mortality as a result of the epidemic. Results of the search for the index case are also described.", "PMID": 575900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11847", "title": "Pharmacological estimation of histamine in the intestine of mice experimentally infected with single doses of Ancylostoma caninum larvae.", "content": "Histamine content of the intestine of young female Swiss albino mice experimentally infected per os with low (500) and high (2000) doses of Ancylostoma caninum larvae was studied. The histamine level increased in both the experimental groups reaching peak values on the 16th day post infection in animals inoculated with a dose of 500 larvae and on the 30th day post infection in animals inoculated with 2000 larvae; the histamine content was 2.5 times higher in the former and 4 times higher in the latter than that in the uninfected controls.", "contents": "Pharmacological estimation of histamine in the intestine of mice experimentally infected with single doses of Ancylostoma caninum larvae. Histamine content of the intestine of young female Swiss albino mice experimentally infected per os with low (500) and high (2000) doses of Ancylostoma caninum larvae was studied. The histamine level increased in both the experimental groups reaching peak values on the 16th day post infection in animals inoculated with a dose of 500 larvae and on the 30th day post infection in animals inoculated with 2000 larvae; the histamine content was 2.5 times higher in the former and 4 times higher in the latter than that in the uninfected controls.", "PMID": 575901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11848", "title": "A study on the role of birds in the spread of infections.", "content": "During three expeditions undertaken in March 1977 to June 1978, 797 cloacal swabs were collected from birds of 54 species. Seven salmonella strains of six serotype were isolated from Larus ridibundus (five strains), Corvus frugilegus and Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (one each). Four strains of influenza A (HAV2 NA4V) virus were isolated from Larus ridibundus. For the first time in Czechoslovakia, two strains of Yucaipa paramyxovirus were isolated, both of them from Troglodytes troglodytes. These results are the first contribution to a study on the role of birds as hosts and vectors of different bacterial and viral agents.", "contents": "A study on the role of birds in the spread of infections. During three expeditions undertaken in March 1977 to June 1978, 797 cloacal swabs were collected from birds of 54 species. Seven salmonella strains of six serotype were isolated from Larus ridibundus (five strains), Corvus frugilegus and Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (one each). Four strains of influenza A (HAV2 NA4V) virus were isolated from Larus ridibundus. For the first time in Czechoslovakia, two strains of Yucaipa paramyxovirus were isolated, both of them from Troglodytes troglodytes. These results are the first contribution to a study on the role of birds as hosts and vectors of different bacterial and viral agents.", "PMID": 575902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11849", "title": "[Antibiotic activity of Decamycin on 11 genera of pathogenous microorganisms isolated from Veitnamese patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The author studied inhibitory effects of Decamycin on 545 strains of pathogenous microorganisms. At the same time he compared the activity of Decamycin and that of classical antibiotics applied during treatment.", "contents": "[Antibiotic activity of Decamycin on 11 genera of pathogenous microorganisms isolated from Veitnamese patients (author's transl)]. The author studied inhibitory effects of Decamycin on 545 strains of pathogenous microorganisms. At the same time he compared the activity of Decamycin and that of classical antibiotics applied during treatment.", "PMID": 575903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11850", "title": "The identification and clinical implications of human breast milk mitogen.", "content": "There are constituents of human breast milk that make it superior to cow's milk for the nutrition, health and development of human infants. We have discovered a new activity in breast milk. We have found in human breast milk a nitrogen that stimulates DNA synthesis and induces division in cells grown in culture. This mitogenic activity is concentration dependent, and also depends on time since lactation. No similar mitogenic activity is found in commercially available formulas or cows milk 1 wk after birthing. The human milk mitogen might be involved in the growth and development of cells in the neonate. It may be important in preventing necrotizing entercolitis and peptic ulceration of the newborn. It might also be used in the treatment of infants following massive small bowel resection.", "contents": "The identification and clinical implications of human breast milk mitogen. There are constituents of human breast milk that make it superior to cow's milk for the nutrition, health and development of human infants. We have discovered a new activity in breast milk. We have found in human breast milk a nitrogen that stimulates DNA synthesis and induces division in cells grown in culture. This mitogenic activity is concentration dependent, and also depends on time since lactation. No similar mitogenic activity is found in commercially available formulas or cows milk 1 wk after birthing. The human milk mitogen might be involved in the growth and development of cells in the neonate. It may be important in preventing necrotizing entercolitis and peptic ulceration of the newborn. It might also be used in the treatment of infants following massive small bowel resection.", "PMID": 575904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11851", "title": "Plasma progesterone levels in progesterone treated cows.", "content": "A technique for the radioimmunoassay of progesterone in plasma is described. In one trial the oestrous cycles of four cycling cows and in another trial of one non-cycling cow and two cycling heifers were synchronized by the administration of progesterone. Each female received either 50 mg or 0,1 mg/kg of progesterone intramuscularly on alternate days in two courses of four and six injections respectively. Blood samples of the animals were collected either daily or two-daily before, over the entire period of treatment and for eight days after the last progesterone injection. The results of the progesterone assays are represented graphically for each individual cow or heifer. The plasma progesterone levels during treatment were maintained reasonably well at levels corresponding to those normally encountered during the lluteal phase of the cycle. The progesterone levels, however, did not drop as rapidly as desired after the last injection but might have been influenced by a residual corpus luteum from a previous ovulation.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone levels in progesterone treated cows. A technique for the radioimmunoassay of progesterone in plasma is described. In one trial the oestrous cycles of four cycling cows and in another trial of one non-cycling cow and two cycling heifers were synchronized by the administration of progesterone. Each female received either 50 mg or 0,1 mg/kg of progesterone intramuscularly on alternate days in two courses of four and six injections respectively. Blood samples of the animals were collected either daily or two-daily before, over the entire period of treatment and for eight days after the last progesterone injection. The results of the progesterone assays are represented graphically for each individual cow or heifer. The plasma progesterone levels during treatment were maintained reasonably well at levels corresponding to those normally encountered during the lluteal phase of the cycle. The progesterone levels, however, did not drop as rapidly as desired after the last injection but might have been influenced by a residual corpus luteum from a previous ovulation.", "PMID": 575905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11852", "title": "A field outbreak of suspected stachybotryotoxicosis in sheep.", "content": "An outbreak of mortality in a flock of mutton merino sheep in which 109 out of 568 sheep died in the south-western Cape Province, is described. It was characterized by haemorrhagic septicaemia, anaemia, leucocytopaenia and haemorrhagic tendencies. Mortalities followed unseasonal and heavy summer rain, extended over a period of 6 months and were associated with the uninterrupted consumption of sheep cubes processed on the farm severly fungus-infested wheat, barley and rye straw for a period of at least one month. The main clinical signs occurred in two phases: an elevated body temperature, listlessness, epistaxis and intermittent haemorrhagic diarrhoea during the first phase of the outbreak, and a progressively worsening anaemia, leucocytopaenia and less severe haemorrhagic tendencies and a terminally elevated body temperature during the second phase. The predominant autopsy findings were purpuric haemorrhage on serosal and mucosal surfaces and in most of the organs, enterorrhagia and severe pulmonary congestion and oedema during the first stage; anaemia was the predominant sign during the second stage - widespread haemorrhage still occurred but was less extensive. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from most of the animals autopsied during the first stage. Histologically the most salient features were atrophy and necrosis of the lymphoid tissue, aplastic anaemia and a markedly impaired inflammatory response. Extensive post-natal lamb mortalities, probably due to an Escherichia coli infection precipitated by the toxicosis, occurred during the outbreak. Toxigenic strains of Stachybotrys chartarum were isolated from the wheat and barley straw. Diethyl ether extracts of the wheat straw, sheep cubes and S. chartarum culture material elicited positive skin tests in rats following intradermal injection and the presence of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes in these extracts were confirmed by thin layer chromatography. In feeding trials sheep cubes and wheat straw caused the death of 4/4 one-day-old Pekin ducklings and weanling Wistar rats in six and nine days, respectively. This is the first description of an outbreak of disease in sheep associated with the ingestion of S. chartarum-infested food components in the Republic of South Africa.", "contents": "A field outbreak of suspected stachybotryotoxicosis in sheep. An outbreak of mortality in a flock of mutton merino sheep in which 109 out of 568 sheep died in the south-western Cape Province, is described. It was characterized by haemorrhagic septicaemia, anaemia, leucocytopaenia and haemorrhagic tendencies. Mortalities followed unseasonal and heavy summer rain, extended over a period of 6 months and were associated with the uninterrupted consumption of sheep cubes processed on the farm severly fungus-infested wheat, barley and rye straw for a period of at least one month. The main clinical signs occurred in two phases: an elevated body temperature, listlessness, epistaxis and intermittent haemorrhagic diarrhoea during the first phase of the outbreak, and a progressively worsening anaemia, leucocytopaenia and less severe haemorrhagic tendencies and a terminally elevated body temperature during the second phase. The predominant autopsy findings were purpuric haemorrhage on serosal and mucosal surfaces and in most of the organs, enterorrhagia and severe pulmonary congestion and oedema during the first stage; anaemia was the predominant sign during the second stage - widespread haemorrhage still occurred but was less extensive. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from most of the animals autopsied during the first stage. Histologically the most salient features were atrophy and necrosis of the lymphoid tissue, aplastic anaemia and a markedly impaired inflammatory response. Extensive post-natal lamb mortalities, probably due to an Escherichia coli infection precipitated by the toxicosis, occurred during the outbreak. Toxigenic strains of Stachybotrys chartarum were isolated from the wheat and barley straw. Diethyl ether extracts of the wheat straw, sheep cubes and S. chartarum culture material elicited positive skin tests in rats following intradermal injection and the presence of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes in these extracts were confirmed by thin layer chromatography. In feeding trials sheep cubes and wheat straw caused the death of 4/4 one-day-old Pekin ducklings and weanling Wistar rats in six and nine days, respectively. This is the first description of an outbreak of disease in sheep associated with the ingestion of S. chartarum-infested food components in the Republic of South Africa.", "PMID": 575906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11853", "title": "Do colours affect 'normal' behaviour of laboratory and farm animals? Instantaneous change of behaviour by presentation of red in the Peach-F.", "content": "In spite of genetic and environmental standardisation in farm and laboratory animal science, a considerable amount of variation in the results of comparable experiments remains. This presumably depends upon the individual variability within a species, and upon differences of various species in their specific demands to the environment in captivity. Due to a discovery in the Southwest-African lovebird species Agapornis roseicollis, used as a conventional laboratory animal in bioacoustic research, the phenomenon of instantaneous fear expressed in a number of different displays in connection with the presence or presentation of red objects is described and compared to earlier observations of instantaneous phobias, aggressions, and preferences towards colours, in other bird species. Consequently it is suggested that investigation of the chromatophobe and chromatophile behaviour of typical laboratory and farm animals be undertaken to ensure the adequate design of lodging and experimental environments.", "contents": "Do colours affect 'normal' behaviour of laboratory and farm animals? Instantaneous change of behaviour by presentation of red in the Peach-F. In spite of genetic and environmental standardisation in farm and laboratory animal science, a considerable amount of variation in the results of comparable experiments remains. This presumably depends upon the individual variability within a species, and upon differences of various species in their specific demands to the environment in captivity. Due to a discovery in the Southwest-African lovebird species Agapornis roseicollis, used as a conventional laboratory animal in bioacoustic research, the phenomenon of instantaneous fear expressed in a number of different displays in connection with the presence or presentation of red objects is described and compared to earlier observations of instantaneous phobias, aggressions, and preferences towards colours, in other bird species. Consequently it is suggested that investigation of the chromatophobe and chromatophile behaviour of typical laboratory and farm animals be undertaken to ensure the adequate design of lodging and experimental environments.", "PMID": 575907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11854", "title": "The effects of a 10% soybean oil emulsion on lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Free essential fatty acids (EFA) are reported to suppress cell-mediated immunity. Because Intralipid contains a high concentration of esterified EFA, the effects of this emulsion on in vitro lymphocyte transformation were studied. Intralipid concentrations of 11.5, 115, and 230 mg% in lymphocyte cultures increased phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation by an average of 8.2% (not significant [NS]), 18.1% (p < 0.01), and 11.8% (NS), respectively. These same concentrations also increased Varidase stimulation in lymphocyte cultures by an average of 11.3 (p < 0.02), 18.9 (p < 0.02), and 4.4% (NS), respectively. Control wells did not demonstrate allergic reactions to Intralipid. These data demonstrate that Intralipid can significantly increase the mitogenic response of human thymic lymphocytes and the antigenic response of human lymphocytes, in vitro.", "contents": "The effects of a 10% soybean oil emulsion on lymphocyte transformation. Free essential fatty acids (EFA) are reported to suppress cell-mediated immunity. Because Intralipid contains a high concentration of esterified EFA, the effects of this emulsion on in vitro lymphocyte transformation were studied. Intralipid concentrations of 11.5, 115, and 230 mg% in lymphocyte cultures increased phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation by an average of 8.2% (not significant [NS]), 18.1% (p < 0.01), and 11.8% (NS), respectively. These same concentrations also increased Varidase stimulation in lymphocyte cultures by an average of 11.3 (p < 0.02), 18.9 (p < 0.02), and 4.4% (NS), respectively. Control wells did not demonstrate allergic reactions to Intralipid. These data demonstrate that Intralipid can significantly increase the mitogenic response of human thymic lymphocytes and the antigenic response of human lymphocytes, in vitro.", "PMID": 575908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11855", "title": "White cell involvement in the inflammatory, wound healing, and immune actions of vitamin A.", "content": "Stress or injury-induced phenomena, such as impaired wound healing and immune depression, may be related to impaired function of certain leukocyte populations. Since vitamin A prevents some aspects of stress, we studied its effect on various white cell populations in normal and injured rats. Supplemental vitamin A (150,000 IU/kg chow) to normal rats resulted in marked increases in thymic weight and lymphocytes without any effct on adrenal weight. The basal chow contains 13,700 IU vitamin A per kg. In rats subjected to moderately severe injury (dorsal wounding or unilateral femoral fracture), supplemental vitamin A greatly diminished the thymic involution observed in chow-fed controls and delayed or minimized the accompanying adrenal hypertrophy. In uninjured rats, supplemental vitamin A induced in three to four days a temporary circulatory leukocytosis characterized by lymhocytosis, monocytosis, and a relative neutropenia. These changes in the blood picture persisted one day after femoral fracture. On the second and third day postfracture the lymphocyte and neutrophil values returned to normal while the monocytosis persisted. Polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted next to the fracture site demonstrated that supplemental vitamin A consistently increased the number of white blood cells migrating into the wound area and showed significantly larger numbers of monocytes/macrophages. These data suggest that vitamin A influences the numbers and nature of white cells involved in immune, inflammatory, and wound healing processes. In addition to the known antiglucocorticoid activity of vitamin A, these effects may represent a direct beneficial action of dietary vitamin A supplements for stressed and injured animals.", "contents": "White cell involvement in the inflammatory, wound healing, and immune actions of vitamin A. Stress or injury-induced phenomena, such as impaired wound healing and immune depression, may be related to impaired function of certain leukocyte populations. Since vitamin A prevents some aspects of stress, we studied its effect on various white cell populations in normal and injured rats. Supplemental vitamin A (150,000 IU/kg chow) to normal rats resulted in marked increases in thymic weight and lymphocytes without any effct on adrenal weight. The basal chow contains 13,700 IU vitamin A per kg. In rats subjected to moderately severe injury (dorsal wounding or unilateral femoral fracture), supplemental vitamin A greatly diminished the thymic involution observed in chow-fed controls and delayed or minimized the accompanying adrenal hypertrophy. In uninjured rats, supplemental vitamin A induced in three to four days a temporary circulatory leukocytosis characterized by lymhocytosis, monocytosis, and a relative neutropenia. These changes in the blood picture persisted one day after femoral fracture. On the second and third day postfracture the lymphocyte and neutrophil values returned to normal while the monocytosis persisted. Polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted next to the fracture site demonstrated that supplemental vitamin A consistently increased the number of white blood cells migrating into the wound area and showed significantly larger numbers of monocytes/macrophages. These data suggest that vitamin A influences the numbers and nature of white cells involved in immune, inflammatory, and wound healing processes. In addition to the known antiglucocorticoid activity of vitamin A, these effects may represent a direct beneficial action of dietary vitamin A supplements for stressed and injured animals.", "PMID": 575909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11856", "title": "The continuity of thick filaments between sarcomeres in honey bee flight muscle.", "content": "One of the most frequently discussed problems of insect flight muscle morphology is the structure of the thick filaments, especially at the Z line. Many attempts have been to solve these problems but no unequivocal answers have been given so far. It is well known that physiological specialisation is accompanied by certain anatomical features in the myofibrillar level; the myofibrils have very short I bands in the resting state and the muscle acts under nearly isometric conditions. In this paper, a fresh approach is used to demonstrate the fine structure at the Z line in honey bee flight muscle.", "contents": "The continuity of thick filaments between sarcomeres in honey bee flight muscle. One of the most frequently discussed problems of insect flight muscle morphology is the structure of the thick filaments, especially at the Z line. Many attempts have been to solve these problems but no unequivocal answers have been given so far. It is well known that physiological specialisation is accompanied by certain anatomical features in the myofibrillar level; the myofibrils have very short I bands in the resting state and the muscle acts under nearly isometric conditions. In this paper, a fresh approach is used to demonstrate the fine structure at the Z line in honey bee flight muscle.", "PMID": 575916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11857", "title": "Cataractogenesis: developmental inputs and constraints.", "content": "The developmental period during which the lens is susceptible to one or another cataractogenic influence, the types of cataracts that result, and the spatial and temporal patterns in which these cataracts become manifest are better understood in the context of the orderly sequence of steps by which the vertebrate lens develops. Thus, events attending lens induction, formation of the lens vesicle, deposition of the lens capsule, maturation of lens fibers, elaboration of lens sutures, and developmental changes in the relationship of the lens to the optic cup have implications for cataractogenesis. We have also seen that events in juxtalenticular tissues (eg, the zonule, the temporary hyaloid-lenticular vascular, the neural retina) can contribute to the development of lenticular opacities. Hereditary cataracts, as well as congenital cataracts produced in response to untoward environmental input, can be properly understood only within a dynamic developmental context.", "contents": "Cataractogenesis: developmental inputs and constraints. The developmental period during which the lens is susceptible to one or another cataractogenic influence, the types of cataracts that result, and the spatial and temporal patterns in which these cataracts become manifest are better understood in the context of the orderly sequence of steps by which the vertebrate lens develops. Thus, events attending lens induction, formation of the lens vesicle, deposition of the lens capsule, maturation of lens fibers, elaboration of lens sutures, and developmental changes in the relationship of the lens to the optic cup have implications for cataractogenesis. We have also seen that events in juxtalenticular tissues (eg, the zonule, the temporary hyaloid-lenticular vascular, the neural retina) can contribute to the development of lenticular opacities. Hereditary cataracts, as well as congenital cataracts produced in response to untoward environmental input, can be properly understood only within a dynamic developmental context.", "PMID": 575919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11858", "title": "Gastro-intestinal helminths of domestic dogs in the Republic of South Africa.", "content": "Of the gastro-intestinal helminths found in 1 063 dogs from different parts of the country, Dipylidium caninum, the most prevalent cestode, occurred in 19,7% of the animals. Echinococcus granulosus was present in 10 dogs, 8 of which were from urban areas, and Taenia hydatigena in 69 dogs. Taemia multiceps was recovered from dogs only in the Cape Province and the Orange Free State. Toxocara canis was present in 81 of the necropsies carried out on 253 dogs from the Pretoria municipal area, while Ancylostoma spp. were present in 175 dogs. In the Pretoria area Ancylostoma caninum (11,9%) was more prevalent than Ancylostoma braziliense (6,2%).", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal helminths of domestic dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Of the gastro-intestinal helminths found in 1 063 dogs from different parts of the country, Dipylidium caninum, the most prevalent cestode, occurred in 19,7% of the animals. Echinococcus granulosus was present in 10 dogs, 8 of which were from urban areas, and Taenia hydatigena in 69 dogs. Taemia multiceps was recovered from dogs only in the Cape Province and the Orange Free State. Toxocara canis was present in 81 of the necropsies carried out on 253 dogs from the Pretoria municipal area, while Ancylostoma spp. were present in 175 dogs. In the Pretoria area Ancylostoma caninum (11,9%) was more prevalent than Ancylostoma braziliense (6,2%).", "PMID": 575920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11859", "title": "Some effects of temperature on the adults, eggs and pupae of Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae).", "content": "Adults could only live and reproduce to their full capacity at temperatures between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C. At 15 degrees C the females laid no eggs, the adult life span was relatively short and the reproductive capacity of females kept at 35 degrees C was low. The thermal histories of the flies had no apparent effect on their later reactions to temperature in any of the parameters tested. The viability rates of S. calcitrans eggs exposed to temperatures between 10 degrees C and 40 degrees C exceeded 84%, but 45 degrees C was lethal. The optimum temperatures for incubation of the eggs was 30 degrees C. Pupae of S. calcitrans seemed to tolerate temperatures between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, but their mortalities increased markedly outside this temperature range. Tests showed that pupal mortalities increased linearly with increasing periods of exposure to a temperature of 15 degrees C.", "contents": "Some effects of temperature on the adults, eggs and pupae of Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae). Adults could only live and reproduce to their full capacity at temperatures between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C. At 15 degrees C the females laid no eggs, the adult life span was relatively short and the reproductive capacity of females kept at 35 degrees C was low. The thermal histories of the flies had no apparent effect on their later reactions to temperature in any of the parameters tested. The viability rates of S. calcitrans eggs exposed to temperatures between 10 degrees C and 40 degrees C exceeded 84%, but 45 degrees C was lethal. The optimum temperatures for incubation of the eggs was 30 degrees C. Pupae of S. calcitrans seemed to tolerate temperatures between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, but their mortalities increased markedly outside this temperature range. Tests showed that pupal mortalities increased linearly with increasing periods of exposure to a temperature of 15 degrees C.", "PMID": 575921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11860", "title": "Exchange transfusion and serum vitamin E (tocopherol) concentration in the newborn.", "content": "17 babies suffering from haemolytic disease or \"hyperbilirubinaemia of prematurity\" underwent exchange transfusion in the first 4 days of life. In 14 babies, including all those who had abnormally low pre-exchange serum vitamin E levels (<0.5 mg/100 ml), the vitamin E concentration rose as a result of exchange transfusion. In 3 babies the serum vitamin E concentration fell as result of exchange transfusion, but in no case was the post-exchange level below 0.5 mg/100 ml. The normal range of plasma vitamin E in stored ACD blood was 0.44--1.24 mg/100 ml. It was concluded that although vitamin E deficiency might be a factor in the aetiology of the anaemia of prematurity, prior subjection to exchange transfusion is unlikely to make a significant contribution to the vitamin E deficiency.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion and serum vitamin E (tocopherol) concentration in the newborn. 17 babies suffering from haemolytic disease or \"hyperbilirubinaemia of prematurity\" underwent exchange transfusion in the first 4 days of life. In 14 babies, including all those who had abnormally low pre-exchange serum vitamin E levels (<0.5 mg/100 ml), the vitamin E concentration rose as a result of exchange transfusion. In 3 babies the serum vitamin E concentration fell as result of exchange transfusion, but in no case was the post-exchange level below 0.5 mg/100 ml. The normal range of plasma vitamin E in stored ACD blood was 0.44--1.24 mg/100 ml. It was concluded that although vitamin E deficiency might be a factor in the aetiology of the anaemia of prematurity, prior subjection to exchange transfusion is unlikely to make a significant contribution to the vitamin E deficiency.", "PMID": 575929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11861", "title": "Body size and neonatal hypoglycemia in intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "The relationship between blood glucose and body physique of 233 (42 hypo-and 191 normologycemic) intrauterine growth-retarded neonates was analyzed using different body measurements and indices of body proportions. Classification by combination of weight and length deficit for fetal age revealed that the disproportionately retarded infants (deficit in weight for age > 30%; deficit in length for age less than equal to 15%) were particularly prone to hypoglycemia. The lowest incidence of hypoglycemia was observed in the group with severe proportionate retardation (weight deficit for age > 30%; length deficit for age > 15%). Among the indices of body proportions ponderal index (W/L3), and percentage deviation from the expected weight for length turned out to be a sensitive predictor of the risk of hypoglycemia. The majority of hypoglycemia neonates were underweight for length and a considerable number of normoglycemic infants were overweight for length. These findings point to the significance of soft tissue wasting rather than low birth weight for gestational age itself, in the development and diagnosis of neonatal hypoglycemia. The significance of anthropometry in the classification of different types of intrauterine growth impairment, as well as in predicting specific hazards after birth is discussed.", "contents": "Body size and neonatal hypoglycemia in intrauterine growth retardation. The relationship between blood glucose and body physique of 233 (42 hypo-and 191 normologycemic) intrauterine growth-retarded neonates was analyzed using different body measurements and indices of body proportions. Classification by combination of weight and length deficit for fetal age revealed that the disproportionately retarded infants (deficit in weight for age > 30%; deficit in length for age less than equal to 15%) were particularly prone to hypoglycemia. The lowest incidence of hypoglycemia was observed in the group with severe proportionate retardation (weight deficit for age > 30%; length deficit for age > 15%). Among the indices of body proportions ponderal index (W/L3), and percentage deviation from the expected weight for length turned out to be a sensitive predictor of the risk of hypoglycemia. The majority of hypoglycemia neonates were underweight for length and a considerable number of normoglycemic infants were overweight for length. These findings point to the significance of soft tissue wasting rather than low birth weight for gestational age itself, in the development and diagnosis of neonatal hypoglycemia. The significance of anthropometry in the classification of different types of intrauterine growth impairment, as well as in predicting specific hazards after birth is discussed.", "PMID": 575930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11862", "title": "Iron gain in low-birthweight infants: role of milk feeding.", "content": "The availability of iron is critical in low-birthweight infants. We followed a group of small preterm infants without iron supplementation who were either exclusively breast-fed or weaned early to industrial infant milk formula or home-prepared cow's milk formula. The gain of iron was compared within the milk groups on the basis of hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations at the ages of 3 and 4 mth when only trace amounts of solid foods had been given. Contrary to the reports on term infants we found unsupplemented proprietary infant milk formula and breast milk similar as a source of iron. It is possible that there is no major inhibition of iron absorption from any milk during the time of simultaneously occurring accelerated erythropoiesis and exhaustion of iron stores in preterm infants. The apparent inferiority of cow's milk could be due to increased intestinal loss of blood.", "contents": "Iron gain in low-birthweight infants: role of milk feeding. The availability of iron is critical in low-birthweight infants. We followed a group of small preterm infants without iron supplementation who were either exclusively breast-fed or weaned early to industrial infant milk formula or home-prepared cow's milk formula. The gain of iron was compared within the milk groups on the basis of hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations at the ages of 3 and 4 mth when only trace amounts of solid foods had been given. Contrary to the reports on term infants we found unsupplemented proprietary infant milk formula and breast milk similar as a source of iron. It is possible that there is no major inhibition of iron absorption from any milk during the time of simultaneously occurring accelerated erythropoiesis and exhaustion of iron stores in preterm infants. The apparent inferiority of cow's milk could be due to increased intestinal loss of blood.", "PMID": 575931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11863", "title": "Uterine prostaglandin F2 alpha & E2 production and content during the second half of the oestrous cycle of the sheep - possible local control of the uterus by the ovary.", "content": "The amount of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the endometrial tissue of sheep and the ability of this tissue to synthesize these prostaglandins have been monitored daily during the latter part of 12 oestrous cycles in seven ewes. Plasma concentrations of PGF2 alpha and progesterne were measured simultaneously during ten of these cycles. No difference could be found between the content of or the synthesizing ability for PGF2 alpha or PGE2 of caruncular and non-caruncular endometrial tissue, although the myometrium contained and produced significantly less PGF2 alpha than either of these tissues. There was no relationship between PGF2 alpha content, secretion and synthesizing ability of endometrial tissue although changes in the uterine content of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were directly related. Changes in the ability of the uterine endometrium to synthesize PGF2 alpha varied with the presence or absence of the neighbouring ovary. When the adjacent ovary was present there was a statistically significant increase in the ability of the endometrium to synthesize PGF2 alpha 3 and 2 days before the onset of oestrus. In the absence of the ovary this increase did not occur. The data suggests that the ovary has a local controlling influence over the ability of the endometrium to synthesize PGF2 alpha.", "contents": "Uterine prostaglandin F2 alpha & E2 production and content during the second half of the oestrous cycle of the sheep - possible local control of the uterus by the ovary. The amount of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the endometrial tissue of sheep and the ability of this tissue to synthesize these prostaglandins have been monitored daily during the latter part of 12 oestrous cycles in seven ewes. Plasma concentrations of PGF2 alpha and progesterne were measured simultaneously during ten of these cycles. No difference could be found between the content of or the synthesizing ability for PGF2 alpha or PGE2 of caruncular and non-caruncular endometrial tissue, although the myometrium contained and produced significantly less PGF2 alpha than either of these tissues. There was no relationship between PGF2 alpha content, secretion and synthesizing ability of endometrial tissue although changes in the uterine content of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were directly related. Changes in the ability of the uterine endometrium to synthesize PGF2 alpha varied with the presence or absence of the neighbouring ovary. When the adjacent ovary was present there was a statistically significant increase in the ability of the endometrium to synthesize PGF2 alpha 3 and 2 days before the onset of oestrus. In the absence of the ovary this increase did not occur. The data suggests that the ovary has a local controlling influence over the ability of the endometrium to synthesize PGF2 alpha.", "PMID": 575935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11864", "title": "[Arginine aspartate effects on rabbit acute and chronic alcoholization (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral arginine aspartate treatment effects (acute administration: 1 g 30 minutes after load, chronic administration: 0.33 g a day during 9 months) are researched on rabbit acute alcoholizing load (1 ml alcohol 40 degrees/100 g) and alcohol chronic intoxication (0,5 ml alcohol 40 degrees/100 g a day during 9 months). 1) Arginine aspartate acute administration decreases 6 h alcoholemic rates, when compared to normals T + t receiving an equal nutritional placebo at 30 minutes (p < 0.01), without 1 h peak modification, and increases ethyloxydation coefficient (p < 0,01). Aspartate, arginine or pyruvate isolated administration at 30 minutes, increases ethyloxydation coefficient in following order: arginine (no significant difference with T + t), pyruvate + arginine and pyruvate (limit p 0,10 or p < 0,05), aspartate (p < 0,05). It is maximum with arginine aspartate (p < 0.01). 2) Arginine aspartate chronic administration partially reduces hyperalcoholemy (p < 0,01) and hypertriglyceridemy (p < 0.10), strongly increased in non treated alcoholized (p < 0.01). Transaminases rates, which remained about normal in non treated alcoholized, decrease under same time alcoholized (p < 0,10) and 0 values (p < 0.05). Hepatic histology shows, after 9 months, in alcoholized group, inflammatory oedema with some cellular damage, without steatosis. Arginine aspartate seems to provoke some hepatic protection with cellular regeneration.", "contents": "[Arginine aspartate effects on rabbit acute and chronic alcoholization (author's transl)]. Oral arginine aspartate treatment effects (acute administration: 1 g 30 minutes after load, chronic administration: 0.33 g a day during 9 months) are researched on rabbit acute alcoholizing load (1 ml alcohol 40 degrees/100 g) and alcohol chronic intoxication (0,5 ml alcohol 40 degrees/100 g a day during 9 months). 1) Arginine aspartate acute administration decreases 6 h alcoholemic rates, when compared to normals T + t receiving an equal nutritional placebo at 30 minutes (p < 0.01), without 1 h peak modification, and increases ethyloxydation coefficient (p < 0,01). Aspartate, arginine or pyruvate isolated administration at 30 minutes, increases ethyloxydation coefficient in following order: arginine (no significant difference with T + t), pyruvate + arginine and pyruvate (limit p 0,10 or p < 0,05), aspartate (p < 0,05). It is maximum with arginine aspartate (p < 0.01). 2) Arginine aspartate chronic administration partially reduces hyperalcoholemy (p < 0,01) and hypertriglyceridemy (p < 0.10), strongly increased in non treated alcoholized (p < 0.01). Transaminases rates, which remained about normal in non treated alcoholized, decrease under same time alcoholized (p < 0,10) and 0 values (p < 0.05). Hepatic histology shows, after 9 months, in alcoholized group, inflammatory oedema with some cellular damage, without steatosis. Arginine aspartate seems to provoke some hepatic protection with cellular regeneration.", "PMID": 575937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11865", "title": "[Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the male rat by introduction of soya oil supplemented or not with sardine oil in the diet].", "content": "Substituting soya oil for lard considerably reduced hypercholesterolemia in the male rat with induced hypercholesterolemia due to a dietary overlead of cholesterol and sodium deoxycholate. The decrement was more marked when a mixture of 80 p. 100 soya oil + 20 p. 100 sardine oil replaced the lard. This improvement of the hypocholesterolemic effect by adding sardine oil to soya oil was due to the long-chain fatty acids (mainly C20:5 and/or C22:5 n-3 in the fish oil).", "contents": "[Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the male rat by introduction of soya oil supplemented or not with sardine oil in the diet]. Substituting soya oil for lard considerably reduced hypercholesterolemia in the male rat with induced hypercholesterolemia due to a dietary overlead of cholesterol and sodium deoxycholate. The decrement was more marked when a mixture of 80 p. 100 soya oil + 20 p. 100 sardine oil replaced the lard. This improvement of the hypocholesterolemic effect by adding sardine oil to soya oil was due to the long-chain fatty acids (mainly C20:5 and/or C22:5 n-3 in the fish oil).", "PMID": 575939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11866", "title": "The local immunological defence system of the human endometrium.", "content": "The distribution of immunoglobulins and secretory component (SC) in the human endometrium has been studied by an immunoperoxidase technique. SC is present in a proportion of the epithelial cells and the amount of this substance is increased during the secretory phase of the cycle. A variety of immunoglobulins are present, in low concentrations, in the stromal interstitium during the secretory phase of the cycle and these are thought to diffuse passively from the plasma as a non-specific accompaniment of stomal oedema. Only IgA is found in the epithelial cells and this appears solely in those cells containing SC. No immunoglobuln-containing lymphoid cells are present in the endometrium. It is suggested that the endometrium lacks a true local secretory immune system but is able, because of its content of SC, to compensate for this by extracting polymeric IgA from the plasma. This system presumably helps to protect the endometrium against infection but the biological significance of its apparent control by progesterone is uncertain.", "contents": "The local immunological defence system of the human endometrium. The distribution of immunoglobulins and secretory component (SC) in the human endometrium has been studied by an immunoperoxidase technique. SC is present in a proportion of the epithelial cells and the amount of this substance is increased during the secretory phase of the cycle. A variety of immunoglobulins are present, in low concentrations, in the stromal interstitium during the secretory phase of the cycle and these are thought to diffuse passively from the plasma as a non-specific accompaniment of stomal oedema. Only IgA is found in the epithelial cells and this appears solely in those cells containing SC. No immunoglobuln-containing lymphoid cells are present in the endometrium. It is suggested that the endometrium lacks a true local secretory immune system but is able, because of its content of SC, to compensate for this by extracting polymeric IgA from the plasma. This system presumably helps to protect the endometrium against infection but the biological significance of its apparent control by progesterone is uncertain.", "PMID": 575932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11867", "title": "Cyclical changes in the carbohydrate composition of dog endometrium.", "content": "In the first part of prooestrus glucuronic acid could not be detected, but small amounts of glucose, fructose, inositol and sorbitol were found. When progesterone was formed a small amount of glucuronic acid could be observed and sorbitol had disappeared. During the first weeks of metoestrus the amounts of fructose and glucose increased gradually, but those of glucuronic acid remained low. When more progesterone and pregnanedione were found in the endometrium the amounts of glucuronic acid began to increase and the highest values were reached in anoestrus. During the last days of anoestrus a sudden change in the carbohydrate composition of the endometrium occurred: glucuronic acid and fructose could no longer be detected, the amounts of glucose and inositol decreased and sorbitol was found. These findings show that next to the cyclical ovarian events, there is a cyclical change in te carbohydrate composition of dog endometrium.", "contents": "Cyclical changes in the carbohydrate composition of dog endometrium. In the first part of prooestrus glucuronic acid could not be detected, but small amounts of glucose, fructose, inositol and sorbitol were found. When progesterone was formed a small amount of glucuronic acid could be observed and sorbitol had disappeared. During the first weeks of metoestrus the amounts of fructose and glucose increased gradually, but those of glucuronic acid remained low. When more progesterone and pregnanedione were found in the endometrium the amounts of glucuronic acid began to increase and the highest values were reached in anoestrus. During the last days of anoestrus a sudden change in the carbohydrate composition of the endometrium occurred: glucuronic acid and fructose could no longer be detected, the amounts of glucose and inositol decreased and sorbitol was found. These findings show that next to the cyclical ovarian events, there is a cyclical change in te carbohydrate composition of dog endometrium.", "PMID": 575945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11868", "title": "Abnormal structures in the flagellar apparatus of the spermatozoa of two ferns.", "content": "The flagellar structure of spermatozoa is generally of the 9 + 2 pattern. However, in various animal species abnormalities have been found which some authors have recently suggested as being of value in systematics. Little information has, as yet, been published in this field on plants. In studying spermatogenesis, we found some abnormalities in connection with central and peripheral tubules. These abnormal structures were uncommon and affected only a few of the numerous flagella borne by a single spermatozoid. Such abnormalities do not seem to affect radically the motility of the spermatozoa, but they may have lost part of their fertilizing ability.", "contents": "Abnormal structures in the flagellar apparatus of the spermatozoa of two ferns. The flagellar structure of spermatozoa is generally of the 9 + 2 pattern. However, in various animal species abnormalities have been found which some authors have recently suggested as being of value in systematics. Little information has, as yet, been published in this field on plants. In studying spermatogenesis, we found some abnormalities in connection with central and peripheral tubules. These abnormal structures were uncommon and affected only a few of the numerous flagella borne by a single spermatozoid. Such abnormalities do not seem to affect radically the motility of the spermatozoa, but they may have lost part of their fertilizing ability.", "PMID": 575946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11869", "title": "Chromosomal structure in Indian populations of Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant.", "content": "Mitotic chromosomes in different Indian geographic populations of D. immigrans were examined by modern air-dried technique. A map of salivary gland chromosomes has been constructed. Several identifiable natural landmarks in each arm of the chromosomes were recognised. Analysis of several different geographic populations has revealed one common inversion in II L. In addition, on deletion has also been detected in the X-chromosomes which is reported for the first time in this species.", "contents": "Chromosomal structure in Indian populations of Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant. Mitotic chromosomes in different Indian geographic populations of D. immigrans were examined by modern air-dried technique. A map of salivary gland chromosomes has been constructed. Several identifiable natural landmarks in each arm of the chromosomes were recognised. Analysis of several different geographic populations has revealed one common inversion in II L. In addition, on deletion has also been detected in the X-chromosomes which is reported for the first time in this species.", "PMID": 575947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11870", "title": "Morphologic comparison of piglets from first and second litters in chronic ethanol-consuming Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine.", "content": "Piglets (L-1) from 13 litters farrowed by 1-year-old, first litter alcohol-consuming dams were evaluated for altered morphology, A second group of piglets (L-2) farrowed by 6 second litter alcohol-consuming dams also was evaluated. Mean litter size and birth weight for L-1 piglets were 4.85 and 602 +/- 152 g; mean litter size and birth weight for L-2 piglets were 2.00 and 478 +/- 168 g. Fetal mortality rates for L-1 and L-2 piglets were 15 and 25%, respectively. Anomaly rates observed in fetal deaths were 11 and 100% for L-1 and L-2 piglets, respectively. L-1 anomalies were macrocephaly, microphthalmia, necrosis of bowel, nonexternalization of penile tissue, unascended kidney and unilateral renal hypodevelopment. L-2 anomalies were anencephaly, microcephaly, nonfusion of cranial sutures, macrocephaly, microphthalmia, nonfusion of mandibles, cleft palate, imperforate cloaca, sydactyly and polydactyly.", "contents": "Morphologic comparison of piglets from first and second litters in chronic ethanol-consuming Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine. Piglets (L-1) from 13 litters farrowed by 1-year-old, first litter alcohol-consuming dams were evaluated for altered morphology, A second group of piglets (L-2) farrowed by 6 second litter alcohol-consuming dams also was evaluated. Mean litter size and birth weight for L-1 piglets were 4.85 and 602 +/- 152 g; mean litter size and birth weight for L-2 piglets were 2.00 and 478 +/- 168 g. Fetal mortality rates for L-1 and L-2 piglets were 15 and 25%, respectively. Anomaly rates observed in fetal deaths were 11 and 100% for L-1 and L-2 piglets, respectively. L-1 anomalies were macrocephaly, microphthalmia, necrosis of bowel, nonexternalization of penile tissue, unascended kidney and unilateral renal hypodevelopment. L-2 anomalies were anencephaly, microcephaly, nonfusion of cranial sutures, macrocephaly, microphthalmia, nonfusion of mandibles, cleft palate, imperforate cloaca, sydactyly and polydactyly.", "PMID": 575948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11871", "title": "The effect of chronic ethanol administration on myelin lipids.", "content": "Myelin was isolated from the brain stem region of rats which were administered chronically with ethanol either through intragastric tubing (8gm/kg) for 3 weeks or by giving a 15% ethanol ad lib as drink for 1 year. The protein, phospholipid and cholesterol content and the acyl group composition of major phosphoglycerides of myelin were examined. Based on the protein content, there was less myelin isolated from the chronic alcoholic brain samples as compared to controls. Intrinsic changes in membrane components were observed. The phospholipid to protein ratio of myelin was approximately 20% lower in the group subjected chronically to ethanol by drink and 10% lower in the group given ethanol through intubation technique. The cholesterol to protein ratio was also lower in the group given ethanol as drink but the intubated group was not different from controls. Changes in phosphoglyceride acyl group composition were also observed. In general, there was an increase in the proportions of 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 and a decrease in 20:1, 20:4 and 22:6. The acyl group changes reflected an increase in cellular phospholipase A2 or a decrease in chain desaturation and elongation activity due to chronic ethanol administration. These changes are also reflective of degenerative changes possibly associated with demyelination.", "contents": "The effect of chronic ethanol administration on myelin lipids. Myelin was isolated from the brain stem region of rats which were administered chronically with ethanol either through intragastric tubing (8gm/kg) for 3 weeks or by giving a 15% ethanol ad lib as drink for 1 year. The protein, phospholipid and cholesterol content and the acyl group composition of major phosphoglycerides of myelin were examined. Based on the protein content, there was less myelin isolated from the chronic alcoholic brain samples as compared to controls. Intrinsic changes in membrane components were observed. The phospholipid to protein ratio of myelin was approximately 20% lower in the group subjected chronically to ethanol by drink and 10% lower in the group given ethanol through intubation technique. The cholesterol to protein ratio was also lower in the group given ethanol as drink but the intubated group was not different from controls. Changes in phosphoglyceride acyl group composition were also observed. In general, there was an increase in the proportions of 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 and a decrease in 20:1, 20:4 and 22:6. The acyl group changes reflected an increase in cellular phospholipase A2 or a decrease in chain desaturation and elongation activity due to chronic ethanol administration. These changes are also reflective of degenerative changes possibly associated with demyelination.", "PMID": 575949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11872", "title": "Frequency of secretory otitis and histology of the normal middle ear mucosa.", "content": "Repetitive tympanometric screenings of healthy 1-year-old and 2-year-old children showed that 36% of all healthy children had a type B tympanogram, indicating middle ear effusion or secretory otitis, at least once during the first 2 years of life. Another 29% of children had a middle ear pressure of -200 to -350 mm H2O. It was rendered probable that at least 75% of all healthy children have secretory otitis in the course of the first 8 years of life. This high frequency of secretory otitis is correlated to the histology of the normal middle ear mucosa. The many conflicting opinions that prevail in the literature concerning the compostion of the normal middle ear mucosa, especially concerning the demonstration of mucous glands, probably arise from the fact that the middle ear mucosa of most healthy adults has been exposed to metaplastic changes in childhood but has normalized except for minor sequelae. These are often misinterpreted as constituting components of the normal mucosa.", "contents": "Frequency of secretory otitis and histology of the normal middle ear mucosa. Repetitive tympanometric screenings of healthy 1-year-old and 2-year-old children showed that 36% of all healthy children had a type B tympanogram, indicating middle ear effusion or secretory otitis, at least once during the first 2 years of life. Another 29% of children had a middle ear pressure of -200 to -350 mm H2O. It was rendered probable that at least 75% of all healthy children have secretory otitis in the course of the first 8 years of life. This high frequency of secretory otitis is correlated to the histology of the normal middle ear mucosa. The many conflicting opinions that prevail in the literature concerning the compostion of the normal middle ear mucosa, especially concerning the demonstration of mucous glands, probably arise from the fact that the middle ear mucosa of most healthy adults has been exposed to metaplastic changes in childhood but has normalized except for minor sequelae. These are often misinterpreted as constituting components of the normal mucosa.", "PMID": 575954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11873", "title": "Gel filtration of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "The abilities of Sepharose 2B (Pharmacia), Controlled Pore Glass (Electro-Nucleonics) and Bio-Gel A150m (Bio-Rad) to purify small unilamellar vesicles prepared by sonication and the ethanol-injection methods were compared. The Bio-Gel causes complete aggregation of the sonicated vesicles and partial aggregation of the ethanol-injection vesicles. Both Sepharose and Controlled Pore Glass are acceptable for purifying vesicles from multilamellar liposomes; however, neither will separate the vesicles from sonication by-products which might be formed.", "contents": "Gel filtration of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The abilities of Sepharose 2B (Pharmacia), Controlled Pore Glass (Electro-Nucleonics) and Bio-Gel A150m (Bio-Rad) to purify small unilamellar vesicles prepared by sonication and the ethanol-injection methods were compared. The Bio-Gel causes complete aggregation of the sonicated vesicles and partial aggregation of the ethanol-injection vesicles. Both Sepharose and Controlled Pore Glass are acceptable for purifying vesicles from multilamellar liposomes; however, neither will separate the vesicles from sonication by-products which might be formed.", "PMID": 575955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11874", "title": "Structure of the backbone in myosin filaments of muscle.", "content": "New X-ray data suggest how myosin rods, themselves alpha-helical coiled coils, form the thick filament backbone of crustacean muscles by additional supercoiling. Natural transformations of this structure may describe the myosin backbone in many other animals also.", "contents": "Structure of the backbone in myosin filaments of muscle. New X-ray data suggest how myosin rods, themselves alpha-helical coiled coils, form the thick filament backbone of crustacean muscles by additional supercoiling. Natural transformations of this structure may describe the myosin backbone in many other animals also.", "PMID": 575958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11875", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow, diaschisis, and steal after stroke.", "content": "Regional CBF was measured by 133Xe inhalation in unilateral cerebral infarction, carotid TIAs, and normal volunteers. Regional CBF values were bilaterally and symmetrically reduced in patients measured within 3 weeks after stroke. Later, rCBF values returned toward normal in the contralateral hemisphere of patients with infarction and in both hemispheres with carotid TIAs. In cases with carotid occlusive disease, flow reduction was seen in the contralateral posterior cerebral artery distribution, with hyperemia in ipsilateral occipital lobe caused by interhemispheric steal. Brainstem-cerebellar flow values were increased following acute cerebral infarction if patients were alert but reduced if consciousness was impaired.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow, diaschisis, and steal after stroke. Regional CBF was measured by 133Xe inhalation in unilateral cerebral infarction, carotid TIAs, and normal volunteers. Regional CBF values were bilaterally and symmetrically reduced in patients measured within 3 weeks after stroke. Later, rCBF values returned toward normal in the contralateral hemisphere of patients with infarction and in both hemispheres with carotid TIAs. In cases with carotid occlusive disease, flow reduction was seen in the contralateral posterior cerebral artery distribution, with hyperemia in ipsilateral occipital lobe caused by interhemispheric steal. Brainstem-cerebellar flow values were increased following acute cerebral infarction if patients were alert but reduced if consciousness was impaired.", "PMID": 575960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11876", "title": "Long-term effects of heparin on veins grafted into the common carotid arteries of rats--a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Jump grafts made from veins with diameters of about 1 mm have very poor patency rates. Dissection and anastomosis damage the endothelia of the arteries and veins and expose collagen in the subendothelial layers of these vessels. Within 1 hr of the introduction of blood flow through the grafts, deposits of fibrin and platelets led to blockage of the grafts. In 9 rats, heparin was given intravenously about 0.5 hr before completion of the grafting procedure; heparin was also used to wash out the veins for grafting. In 11 rats, heparin was used only to wash out the veins for grafting. At periods 1-11 weeks later, the grafts were reexamined. All were patent except 1 from the first group, examined at 7 weeks, and 1 from the second group, examined at 10 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy showed that complete healing of the venous endothelium took several weeks. Heparin was equally effective in keeping the grafts patent when given intravenously and used locally or when only used locally. This study indicates, therefore, that long-term patency in small diameter vein grafts can be achieved merely by washing out the veins for grafting with a solution of heparin.", "contents": "Long-term effects of heparin on veins grafted into the common carotid arteries of rats--a scanning electron microscopic study. Jump grafts made from veins with diameters of about 1 mm have very poor patency rates. Dissection and anastomosis damage the endothelia of the arteries and veins and expose collagen in the subendothelial layers of these vessels. Within 1 hr of the introduction of blood flow through the grafts, deposits of fibrin and platelets led to blockage of the grafts. In 9 rats, heparin was given intravenously about 0.5 hr before completion of the grafting procedure; heparin was also used to wash out the veins for grafting. In 11 rats, heparin was used only to wash out the veins for grafting. At periods 1-11 weeks later, the grafts were reexamined. All were patent except 1 from the first group, examined at 7 weeks, and 1 from the second group, examined at 10 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy showed that complete healing of the venous endothelium took several weeks. Heparin was equally effective in keeping the grafts patent when given intravenously and used locally or when only used locally. This study indicates, therefore, that long-term patency in small diameter vein grafts can be achieved merely by washing out the veins for grafting with a solution of heparin.", "PMID": 575961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11877", "title": "Posture after spinal injury to command axons for leg flexion.", "content": "The postural adjustments were studied in 3 unoperated dogs and 2 dogs with transection of the right lateral column of the spinal cord at T-9 for (1) quiet stance and (2) during right hindlimb (RH) flexion for an auditory command signal. The displacements of the center of gravity were measured with 4 force plates on which the dogs stood. For both groups of dogs, the center of gravity was concentrated in a small area (2 cm on a side). During hindlimb flexion, the unoperated dogs either slowly flexed the RH limb, shifting the center of gravity to the left, or forcefully extended the RH limb first to shift the weight across the RF-LH limb couple. The operated dogs failed to flex the RH limb but shifted the center of gravity to the left and slowly adducted the limb until it slid from the force plate. It was concluded that the lesion of the lateral column did not affect the postural adjustment.", "contents": "Posture after spinal injury to command axons for leg flexion. The postural adjustments were studied in 3 unoperated dogs and 2 dogs with transection of the right lateral column of the spinal cord at T-9 for (1) quiet stance and (2) during right hindlimb (RH) flexion for an auditory command signal. The displacements of the center of gravity were measured with 4 force plates on which the dogs stood. For both groups of dogs, the center of gravity was concentrated in a small area (2 cm on a side). During hindlimb flexion, the unoperated dogs either slowly flexed the RH limb, shifting the center of gravity to the left, or forcefully extended the RH limb first to shift the weight across the RF-LH limb couple. The operated dogs failed to flex the RH limb but shifted the center of gravity to the left and slowly adducted the limb until it slid from the force plate. It was concluded that the lesion of the lateral column did not affect the postural adjustment.", "PMID": 575962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11878", "title": "The influence of stroke on visual illusion magnitude.", "content": "In an attempt to resolve contradictory reports about the effect of right-versus left-hemisphere damage on perception of the Mueller-Lyer illusion, the present study examined judgments of stroke patients using this and several other visual illusions. The results provide some indication of abnormal perception of the Mueller-Lyer by patients with left-hemisphere damage. But the overall magnitude of illusion was normal in both groups of patients. It is possible that stroke damage did not affect the brain areas that are responsible for \"gestalt\" synthesis. However other recent studies using the Mueller-Lyer suggest that actual or incipient eye movements play an important role in the perception of this illusion, and under some conditions of testing, it is the activity of the left hemisphere that determines illusion magnitude.", "contents": "The influence of stroke on visual illusion magnitude. In an attempt to resolve contradictory reports about the effect of right-versus left-hemisphere damage on perception of the Mueller-Lyer illusion, the present study examined judgments of stroke patients using this and several other visual illusions. The results provide some indication of abnormal perception of the Mueller-Lyer by patients with left-hemisphere damage. But the overall magnitude of illusion was normal in both groups of patients. It is possible that stroke damage did not affect the brain areas that are responsible for \"gestalt\" synthesis. However other recent studies using the Mueller-Lyer suggest that actual or incipient eye movements play an important role in the perception of this illusion, and under some conditions of testing, it is the activity of the left hemisphere that determines illusion magnitude.", "PMID": 575963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11879", "title": "Intracellular calcium deposition in brain following electrical stimulation.", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the cat cerebral cortex have been evaluated by light and electron microscopy following a wide variety of stimulation parameters (QD/ph of 10 - 300 muC/cm2/ph). Platinum or rhodium disc electrode arrays were bilaterally implanted subdurally on the parietal cortex and subjected to 36-hour stimulations (9 hrs./day for 4 days). Prominent among the degenerative changes shown by electron microscopy were dense crystalline inclusions that were identified as calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA) crystals by electron diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The appearance of intracellular calcification generally paralleled the onset of other degenerative changes in stimulated tissue, including gliosis, mitochondrial swelling, lipid inclusions, degenerating cells, neuronal loss, and phagocytic activity. A preferential deposition of calcium was noted in mitochondria of several cell types and in postsynaptic dendrites. The mechanism of the apparently electroresponsive calcium deposition is obscure; however, a plausible explanation is that increased cyclic AMP levels, known to occur with electrical stimulation of nervous tissue, result in enhanced calcium plasmalemmal permeability.", "contents": "Intracellular calcium deposition in brain following electrical stimulation. The effects of electrical stimulation of the cat cerebral cortex have been evaluated by light and electron microscopy following a wide variety of stimulation parameters (QD/ph of 10 - 300 muC/cm2/ph). Platinum or rhodium disc electrode arrays were bilaterally implanted subdurally on the parietal cortex and subjected to 36-hour stimulations (9 hrs./day for 4 days). Prominent among the degenerative changes shown by electron microscopy were dense crystalline inclusions that were identified as calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA) crystals by electron diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The appearance of intracellular calcification generally paralleled the onset of other degenerative changes in stimulated tissue, including gliosis, mitochondrial swelling, lipid inclusions, degenerating cells, neuronal loss, and phagocytic activity. A preferential deposition of calcium was noted in mitochondria of several cell types and in postsynaptic dendrites. The mechanism of the apparently electroresponsive calcium deposition is obscure; however, a plausible explanation is that increased cyclic AMP levels, known to occur with electrical stimulation of nervous tissue, result in enhanced calcium plasmalemmal permeability.", "PMID": 575964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11880", "title": "The neurons containing dense core vesicles in the mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: distribution and influence of ovarian activity.", "content": "The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) was electron microscopically studied in diestrous (D) and estrous (E) mice, and mice ovariectomized (OX) 3 weeks before. In the middle region of the ARC (mARC), the number of dense core vesicles (DCVs) appearing in a section of each neuronal perikaryon was examined, and the location of the neurons containing DCVs was mapped. About 10% of the neurons in the mARC contained many (5 or more) DVCs in the perikarya in a section. These neurons mainly localized in the ventromedial portion of the mARC, which shows that the cytoarchitecture of the mouse ARC is heterogeneous. The localization and the frequency of these neurons were not influenced by the variance of ovarian activity. A DCV was composed of an electron-dense core and a membrane halo, and was likely to be formed in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The size of DCVs was estimated at 100 nm as the median diameter and was stable independent of the ovarian activity. However, the formation of DCVs was likely influenced by the ovarian activity, because DCVs in D mice were more intimately associated with the Golgi apparatus than in E or OX mice. In the neuronal perikarya of the ventromedial portion of the mARC, Nissl bodies developed in OX mice and nucleolus-like bodies developed in E mice. These results suggest that the neurons of the ventromedial portion of the mARC change their function according to the variance of ovarian activity and, therefore, are involved in the estrogen feedback mechanism.", "contents": "The neurons containing dense core vesicles in the mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: distribution and influence of ovarian activity. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) was electron microscopically studied in diestrous (D) and estrous (E) mice, and mice ovariectomized (OX) 3 weeks before. In the middle region of the ARC (mARC), the number of dense core vesicles (DCVs) appearing in a section of each neuronal perikaryon was examined, and the location of the neurons containing DCVs was mapped. About 10% of the neurons in the mARC contained many (5 or more) DVCs in the perikarya in a section. These neurons mainly localized in the ventromedial portion of the mARC, which shows that the cytoarchitecture of the mouse ARC is heterogeneous. The localization and the frequency of these neurons were not influenced by the variance of ovarian activity. A DCV was composed of an electron-dense core and a membrane halo, and was likely to be formed in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The size of DCVs was estimated at 100 nm as the median diameter and was stable independent of the ovarian activity. However, the formation of DCVs was likely influenced by the ovarian activity, because DCVs in D mice were more intimately associated with the Golgi apparatus than in E or OX mice. In the neuronal perikarya of the ventromedial portion of the mARC, Nissl bodies developed in OX mice and nucleolus-like bodies developed in E mice. These results suggest that the neurons of the ventromedial portion of the mARC change their function according to the variance of ovarian activity and, therefore, are involved in the estrogen feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 575970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11881", "title": "Carbohydrate composition and taxonomy of Geotrichum, Trichosporon and allied genera.", "content": "The yeast-like genera Geotrichum and Trichosporon are heterogeneous and are related with anamorphs of both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi. A rearrangement can be obtained using carbohydrate composition of intact cells, studied with the aid of gas-liquid chromatography. The genus Geotrichum is restricted to ascomycetous species with a dominance of galactomannans, whereas Trichosporon is reserved for basidiomycete-like, xylose-containing species. Consequently, some new combinations are introduced in both genera. Representatives of related genera are included for comparison: e.g. Dipodascus, Hyphophichia, Cryptococcus and Filobasidium.", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition and taxonomy of Geotrichum, Trichosporon and allied genera. The yeast-like genera Geotrichum and Trichosporon are heterogeneous and are related with anamorphs of both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi. A rearrangement can be obtained using carbohydrate composition of intact cells, studied with the aid of gas-liquid chromatography. The genus Geotrichum is restricted to ascomycetous species with a dominance of galactomannans, whereas Trichosporon is reserved for basidiomycete-like, xylose-containing species. Consequently, some new combinations are introduced in both genera. Representatives of related genera are included for comparison: e.g. Dipodascus, Hyphophichia, Cryptococcus and Filobasidium.", "PMID": 575971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11882", "title": "The nuclei of the giant traps of a mutant of Monacrosporium bembicodes (Drechsler) Subram (Dactylella brochopaga Drechsler).", "content": "A mutant strain, MG-20, of the predacious hyphomycete Monacrosporium bembicodes(Drechsler) Subram (Dactylella brochopaga Drechsler) develops giant ring traps, as well as normal ones when supplied with prey. Both types are functional. Giant traps contain more nuclei per cell than normal ones, and as they age, all their nuclei break into fragments which persist in the cell. These findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The nuclei of the giant traps of a mutant of Monacrosporium bembicodes (Drechsler) Subram (Dactylella brochopaga Drechsler). A mutant strain, MG-20, of the predacious hyphomycete Monacrosporium bembicodes(Drechsler) Subram (Dactylella brochopaga Drechsler) develops giant ring traps, as well as normal ones when supplied with prey. Both types are functional. Giant traps contain more nuclei per cell than normal ones, and as they age, all their nuclei break into fragments which persist in the cell. These findings are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 575972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11883", "title": "Effects of temperature and fungicides on Chrysosporium pannorum (Link) Hughes.", "content": "C. pannorum was isolated in low frequencies and only in the colder months from untreated soil and leaves and from those treated with Captan, Dicloran and Thiram. The fungus was isolated throughout the year as the major species from Verdasan-treated substrates and it occurred with increased frequencies immediately after application of the fungicide. The abundance of C. pannorum on Verdasan-treated substrates was attributed to the ability of the fungus to utilise the fungicide rather than to the absence of faster growing competitor species. C. pannorum was shown to be a slow growing and moderately cellulolytic fungus with maximum rates of growth, germination and cellulose clearing at between 15 degrees and 20 degrees C. Increasing concentrations of the fungicides retarded or prevented growth and activity of the fungus. C. pannorum could grow, germinate and clear cellulose in higher concentrations of Verdasan than could other species studied. C. pannorum was more tolerant of HgCl2 than of Verdasan. The fungus could detoxify up to 3 micrograms/ml active ingredient of Verdasan (= 120 micrograms/ml of the formulated fungicide) in liquid culture.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and fungicides on Chrysosporium pannorum (Link) Hughes. C. pannorum was isolated in low frequencies and only in the colder months from untreated soil and leaves and from those treated with Captan, Dicloran and Thiram. The fungus was isolated throughout the year as the major species from Verdasan-treated substrates and it occurred with increased frequencies immediately after application of the fungicide. The abundance of C. pannorum on Verdasan-treated substrates was attributed to the ability of the fungus to utilise the fungicide rather than to the absence of faster growing competitor species. C. pannorum was shown to be a slow growing and moderately cellulolytic fungus with maximum rates of growth, germination and cellulose clearing at between 15 degrees and 20 degrees C. Increasing concentrations of the fungicides retarded or prevented growth and activity of the fungus. C. pannorum could grow, germinate and clear cellulose in higher concentrations of Verdasan than could other species studied. C. pannorum was more tolerant of HgCl2 than of Verdasan. The fungus could detoxify up to 3 micrograms/ml active ingredient of Verdasan (= 120 micrograms/ml of the formulated fungicide) in liquid culture.", "PMID": 575973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11884", "title": "Conidiation and carbohydrate composition in some Candida and Torulopsis species.", "content": "The genus Candida Berkhout (including Torulopsis auct.) is restricted to the anamorphs of Sacchromycetales (asci-forming yeasts Species with heterobasidiomycetous relationships are either transferred to Apiotrichum when the cells are at least partly formed sympodially and when the hydrolyzates of intact cells contain xylose, or to Rhodotorula when the cells are formed basipetally (enteroblastic, phialidic) and the cells do not contain xylose.", "contents": "Conidiation and carbohydrate composition in some Candida and Torulopsis species. The genus Candida Berkhout (including Torulopsis auct.) is restricted to the anamorphs of Sacchromycetales (asci-forming yeasts Species with heterobasidiomycetous relationships are either transferred to Apiotrichum when the cells are at least partly formed sympodially and when the hydrolyzates of intact cells contain xylose, or to Rhodotorula when the cells are formed basipetally (enteroblastic, phialidic) and the cells do not contain xylose.", "PMID": 575974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11885", "title": "[Use of Blasto-Kit for cytogenetic analysis].", "content": "We have considered the possibility of using commercial Blasto-Kit, with AB pool, for chromosome analysis. Comparative researches have been made between Blasto-Kit-AB and Blasto-Kit in which AB serum was replaced by FCS. Using 0.1 ml of whole blood lymphocyte response to PHA after incorporation of thymidine H3 and the mitotic rate obtained have been evaluated. The Blasto-Kit-AB gives better results if compared with Blasto-Kit-FCS either in lymphocyte response to PHA or in chromosome analysis.", "contents": "[Use of Blasto-Kit for cytogenetic analysis]. We have considered the possibility of using commercial Blasto-Kit, with AB pool, for chromosome analysis. Comparative researches have been made between Blasto-Kit-AB and Blasto-Kit in which AB serum was replaced by FCS. Using 0.1 ml of whole blood lymphocyte response to PHA after incorporation of thymidine H3 and the mitotic rate obtained have been evaluated. The Blasto-Kit-AB gives better results if compared with Blasto-Kit-FCS either in lymphocyte response to PHA or in chromosome analysis.", "PMID": 575975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11886", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in vitro. IV. Response of human colon carcinoma cells to combinations using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.", "content": "Combination effects of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (DDP) paired with 12 other antineoplastic agents were investigated on a human carcinoembryonic antigen producing colon carcinoma cell line in vitro. DDP was effective in increasing the killing efficiency of many different drugs. Supraadditive effects were noted with hydroxyurea, bleomycin, cis-acid, BCNU, adriamycin and mitomycin C, and a marked synergistic effect was noted with ara-C. DDP displayed simple additive effects wit 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Ftorafur and methotrexate, and subadditive effects in simultaneous combination with vincristine. In view of its powerful cytotoxic effects on this particular cell line and of the supraadditive effects of its combinations with nitrosoureas and mitomycin C, DDP appears as a potentially useful antineoplastic agent for combination therapeutic regimens for human colon carcinoma.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in vitro. IV. Response of human colon carcinoma cells to combinations using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Combination effects of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (DDP) paired with 12 other antineoplastic agents were investigated on a human carcinoembryonic antigen producing colon carcinoma cell line in vitro. DDP was effective in increasing the killing efficiency of many different drugs. Supraadditive effects were noted with hydroxyurea, bleomycin, cis-acid, BCNU, adriamycin and mitomycin C, and a marked synergistic effect was noted with ara-C. DDP displayed simple additive effects wit 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Ftorafur and methotrexate, and subadditive effects in simultaneous combination with vincristine. In view of its powerful cytotoxic effects on this particular cell line and of the supraadditive effects of its combinations with nitrosoureas and mitomycin C, DDP appears as a potentially useful antineoplastic agent for combination therapeutic regimens for human colon carcinoma.", "PMID": 575983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11887", "title": "The technique and indications for photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. I. Principles of photocoagulation.", "content": "The beneficial effect of photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy is now established (2-6, 10). Whereas the capability of providing photocoagulation is widespread, the indications and actual techniques are poorly defined. In this paper, we propose to discuss the principles of photocoagulation. In a following paper the detailed techniques required for the treatment of individual lesions and of different types of retinopathy will be discussed.", "contents": "The technique and indications for photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. I. Principles of photocoagulation. The beneficial effect of photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy is now established (2-6, 10). Whereas the capability of providing photocoagulation is widespread, the indications and actual techniques are poorly defined. In this paper, we propose to discuss the principles of photocoagulation. In a following paper the detailed techniques required for the treatment of individual lesions and of different types of retinopathy will be discussed.", "PMID": 575990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11888", "title": "Morphological studies about the efficiency of laser beams upon the structures of the angle of the anterior chamber. Facts and concepts related to the treatment of the chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "Working at a power density above optical breakdown threshold, irradiation effects upon the angle of the anterior chamber of the Macaca speciosa monkey by a Nd glass Q-switched laser, have been analysed with scanning electron microscopy. Two different damage effects can be identified: openings of Schlemm's canal and the creation of a cyclodialysis, that is opening the uveoscleral outflow routes; the latter may be a more effective one than the former. Also a third mechanism, namely a structural alteration of the trabecular meshwork, at the molecular level by laser action, has been inferred. The physical effects leading to optically induced mechanical damage are discussed. Applicability of such effects upon the morphological findings described here, is limited and to a greater part speculative. A better definition of the physical parameters, required for optimal therapeutical damage effects in the treatment of the wide angle glaucoma may be obtained by trial and error methods, which are guided by the results of electron microscopical analyses of samples obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments.", "contents": "Morphological studies about the efficiency of laser beams upon the structures of the angle of the anterior chamber. Facts and concepts related to the treatment of the chronic simple glaucoma. Working at a power density above optical breakdown threshold, irradiation effects upon the angle of the anterior chamber of the Macaca speciosa monkey by a Nd glass Q-switched laser, have been analysed with scanning electron microscopy. Two different damage effects can be identified: openings of Schlemm's canal and the creation of a cyclodialysis, that is opening the uveoscleral outflow routes; the latter may be a more effective one than the former. Also a third mechanism, namely a structural alteration of the trabecular meshwork, at the molecular level by laser action, has been inferred. The physical effects leading to optically induced mechanical damage are discussed. Applicability of such effects upon the morphological findings described here, is limited and to a greater part speculative. A better definition of the physical parameters, required for optimal therapeutical damage effects in the treatment of the wide angle glaucoma may be obtained by trial and error methods, which are guided by the results of electron microscopical analyses of samples obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments.", "PMID": 575991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11889", "title": "Acquired macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries.", "content": "Acquired macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries are rather frequent. Four new cases are reported. Aetiology, clinical features, fluorescein angiographic aspects, complications, prognosis, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment by photocoagulation are discussed.", "contents": "Acquired macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries. Acquired macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries are rather frequent. Four new cases are reported. Aetiology, clinical features, fluorescein angiographic aspects, complications, prognosis, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment by photocoagulation are discussed.", "PMID": 575992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11890", "title": "Minimal spot size on the retina formed by the optical system of the eye.", "content": "A knowledge of the quality of the ocular optical system is of primary importance in light- and laser-photocoagulation of the fundus. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the minimal spot size of a Helium-Neon laser focused on the retina of rabbits: freshly enucleated eyes were carefully mounted in a specially designed eye holder. A small hole was then trepanized through the sclera and neural retina in the macular region. A minimal spot was produced on the retina and the spot size was measured by scanning the intensity distribution of an enlarged image. It was shown that a diffraction limited spot size can be obtained under certain circumstances. The light scattering out of the focus, however, is about fify percent.", "contents": "Minimal spot size on the retina formed by the optical system of the eye. A knowledge of the quality of the ocular optical system is of primary importance in light- and laser-photocoagulation of the fundus. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the minimal spot size of a Helium-Neon laser focused on the retina of rabbits: freshly enucleated eyes were carefully mounted in a specially designed eye holder. A small hole was then trepanized through the sclera and neural retina in the macular region. A minimal spot was produced on the retina and the spot size was measured by scanning the intensity distribution of an enlarged image. It was shown that a diffraction limited spot size can be obtained under certain circumstances. The light scattering out of the focus, however, is about fify percent.", "PMID": 575993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11891", "title": "Bulbospinal projections to the intermediolateral cell column: a neuroanatomical study.", "content": "The location of those neurones in the brain stem that project to the intermediolateral column (ILC) from which preganglionic sympathetic neurones have their origin was studied by the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In cats 30--50 nl of a 30% HRP solution was injected into the region of the ILC at T3 or L1 on one side. After a survival period of 72 h the lower brain stem from C1 to the inferior colliculi was sectioned and prepared for histological study under brightfield illumination. Neurones stained with exogenous HRP were found in three regions: (a) in the ipsilateral, dorsomedial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) (43% of all labeled neurones), in the cranial part of the NTS, and also on the contralateral side (7%); (b) in the ventrolateral reticular formation beginning at the level of the obex up to 8 mm cranial to the obex (25% ipsilateral, 3% contralateral); and (c) in the ventral part of the raphe nuclei (postpyramidal and inferior central nucleus) from 2 to 9 mm cranial to the obex (22%).", "contents": "Bulbospinal projections to the intermediolateral cell column: a neuroanatomical study. The location of those neurones in the brain stem that project to the intermediolateral column (ILC) from which preganglionic sympathetic neurones have their origin was studied by the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In cats 30--50 nl of a 30% HRP solution was injected into the region of the ILC at T3 or L1 on one side. After a survival period of 72 h the lower brain stem from C1 to the inferior colliculi was sectioned and prepared for histological study under brightfield illumination. Neurones stained with exogenous HRP were found in three regions: (a) in the ipsilateral, dorsomedial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) (43% of all labeled neurones), in the cranial part of the NTS, and also on the contralateral side (7%); (b) in the ventrolateral reticular formation beginning at the level of the obex up to 8 mm cranial to the obex (25% ipsilateral, 3% contralateral); and (c) in the ventral part of the raphe nuclei (postpyramidal and inferior central nucleus) from 2 to 9 mm cranial to the obex (22%).", "PMID": 575994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11892", "title": "Monosodium glutamate-induced changes of aggression and open-field activity in rats.", "content": "Twenty Sprague-Dawley rat pups received injections of 2 mg/g, 4 mg/g monosodium glutamate (MSG) or physiological saline (mean volume) subcutaneous daily for the first 10 days of life. At 70 and 90 days, rats were tested for open-field and aggressive responding, respectively. Body weights were recorded throughout development. When compared to the control group, results indicated: (1) significantly lowered body weights for both MSG-injected groups with the 4 mg/g group showing the greatest weight suppression, (2) a significant decrease in open-field activity for the 2 mg/g MSG group, with the 4 mg/g MSG group not quite reaching a statistically significant decreases, (3) significant decreases in aggressive responding of both MSG groups. The decrease in open-field activity supports the type of MSG-induced behavioral suppression previously reported for rodents, while an MSG-induced decrease in aggression has not been previously documented.", "contents": "Monosodium glutamate-induced changes of aggression and open-field activity in rats. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rat pups received injections of 2 mg/g, 4 mg/g monosodium glutamate (MSG) or physiological saline (mean volume) subcutaneous daily for the first 10 days of life. At 70 and 90 days, rats were tested for open-field and aggressive responding, respectively. Body weights were recorded throughout development. When compared to the control group, results indicated: (1) significantly lowered body weights for both MSG-injected groups with the 4 mg/g group showing the greatest weight suppression, (2) a significant decrease in open-field activity for the 2 mg/g MSG group, with the 4 mg/g MSG group not quite reaching a statistically significant decreases, (3) significant decreases in aggressive responding of both MSG groups. The decrease in open-field activity supports the type of MSG-induced behavioral suppression previously reported for rodents, while an MSG-induced decrease in aggression has not been previously documented.", "PMID": 575996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11893", "title": "[A case of relapsing cutaneous larva migrans transmitted by a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)].", "content": "A case of relapsing \"creeping eruption\" connected with parasites of the cheetah is reported in the man. The parasitological examination, carried out in two cheetahs liable of this syndrome, has shown two different helmintic species: Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma tubaeforme.", "contents": "[A case of relapsing cutaneous larva migrans transmitted by a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)]. A case of relapsing \"creeping eruption\" connected with parasites of the cheetah is reported in the man. The parasitological examination, carried out in two cheetahs liable of this syndrome, has shown two different helmintic species: Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma tubaeforme.", "PMID": 575999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11894", "title": "Hormonal influences on the secretion of the thymus.", "content": "The bibliography concerning the interaction of the thymus with other endocrines is summarized. The thymus, the lymph nodes and the spleen of Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted with the method of Bezssonoff and Comsa and the extracts fractionated with the method of Bernardi and Comsa. The animals were (1) normal, (2) adrenalectomized, (3) adrenalectomized and substituted with one or several corticosteroids, (4) adrenalectomized and thymectomized, (5) thyroidectomized, (6) thyroidectomized and substituted with thyroxine, (7 and 8) castrated (males or females), (9 and 10) castrates substituted with sexual hormones, (11) castrated and adrenalectomized, (12) castrated and thyroidectomized, (13) castrated, adrenalectomized and thyroidectomized, (14) hypophysectomized, and (15) hypophysectomized and substituted with one hypophyseal hormone. In the Bernardi-Comsa preparations hormone was determined by UV-spectrophotometry. Adrenalectomy resulted in a significant decrease of the hormone content of the thymus (which was still more attenuated by cortisol) and its increase in the lymph nodes and the spleen. Corticosterone and desoxycorticosterone increased the hormone content in all three tissues, whilst aldosterone increased it in the thymus and decreased it in the lymph nodes and the spleen. Thyroidectomy resulted in a significant decrease of the hormone in the thymus and its quasi-disappearance from the lymph nodes and the spleen. This was prevented by thyroxine therapy. Castration resulted in an increase of the hormone content in all three tissues. This was prevented by sexual hormone therapy. Hypophysectomy resulted in decrease of the hormone content in all three tissues. This was prevented by injections with growth hormone, corticotropin and thyrotrophin. These results were compared with those of histological examinations of thymus, lymph nodes and spleen in the corresponding experimental groups. The consistency was found satisfactory.", "contents": "Hormonal influences on the secretion of the thymus. The bibliography concerning the interaction of the thymus with other endocrines is summarized. The thymus, the lymph nodes and the spleen of Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted with the method of Bezssonoff and Comsa and the extracts fractionated with the method of Bernardi and Comsa. The animals were (1) normal, (2) adrenalectomized, (3) adrenalectomized and substituted with one or several corticosteroids, (4) adrenalectomized and thymectomized, (5) thyroidectomized, (6) thyroidectomized and substituted with thyroxine, (7 and 8) castrated (males or females), (9 and 10) castrates substituted with sexual hormones, (11) castrated and adrenalectomized, (12) castrated and thyroidectomized, (13) castrated, adrenalectomized and thyroidectomized, (14) hypophysectomized, and (15) hypophysectomized and substituted with one hypophyseal hormone. In the Bernardi-Comsa preparations hormone was determined by UV-spectrophotometry. Adrenalectomy resulted in a significant decrease of the hormone content of the thymus (which was still more attenuated by cortisol) and its increase in the lymph nodes and the spleen. Corticosterone and desoxycorticosterone increased the hormone content in all three tissues, whilst aldosterone increased it in the thymus and decreased it in the lymph nodes and the spleen. Thyroidectomy resulted in a significant decrease of the hormone in the thymus and its quasi-disappearance from the lymph nodes and the spleen. This was prevented by thyroxine therapy. Castration resulted in an increase of the hormone content in all three tissues. This was prevented by sexual hormone therapy. Hypophysectomy resulted in decrease of the hormone content in all three tissues. This was prevented by injections with growth hormone, corticotropin and thyrotrophin. These results were compared with those of histological examinations of thymus, lymph nodes and spleen in the corresponding experimental groups. The consistency was found satisfactory.", "PMID": 576003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11895", "title": "Levamisole in cancer treatment: modifications in time of cellular immunity. (Preliminary report).", "content": "Some preliminary observations are reported on a restricted case-list of patients with neoplastic disease in remission, after suitable treatment (surgical and/or radiant and/or antiblastic), treated with levamisole. The results obtained, even if preliminary, stress the close relationship between the immunorestorative effect and the length of the administration. Besides, the restoration of the secondary delayed immunity turned out promptly, in comparison with the primary delayed immunity. Very scanty the side effects observed.", "contents": "Levamisole in cancer treatment: modifications in time of cellular immunity. (Preliminary report). Some preliminary observations are reported on a restricted case-list of patients with neoplastic disease in remission, after suitable treatment (surgical and/or radiant and/or antiblastic), treated with levamisole. The results obtained, even if preliminary, stress the close relationship between the immunorestorative effect and the length of the administration. Besides, the restoration of the secondary delayed immunity turned out promptly, in comparison with the primary delayed immunity. Very scanty the side effects observed.", "PMID": 576007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11896", "title": "[Development and differentiation of the rat epididymis. I: ultrastructural aspects of the peritubular zone].", "content": "We investigated the ultrastructural aspects of the peritubular cells of epididymis and their development from birth to adult age. At birth the peritubular zone consisted of polygonal cells which did not differ from other interstitial cells. Cytoplasmic filaments were visible in the cells of the inner layer at day 6. From day 22 the peritubular cells reached the adult aspect. The peritubular cells in the rat epididymis had aspects similar to those of peritubular smooth muscle cells of rat testis, with a more precocious appearance of cytoplasmic filaments. This finding concurs with the observed precocious contractility of epididymis.", "contents": "[Development and differentiation of the rat epididymis. I: ultrastructural aspects of the peritubular zone]. We investigated the ultrastructural aspects of the peritubular cells of epididymis and their development from birth to adult age. At birth the peritubular zone consisted of polygonal cells which did not differ from other interstitial cells. Cytoplasmic filaments were visible in the cells of the inner layer at day 6. From day 22 the peritubular cells reached the adult aspect. The peritubular cells in the rat epididymis had aspects similar to those of peritubular smooth muscle cells of rat testis, with a more precocious appearance of cytoplasmic filaments. This finding concurs with the observed precocious contractility of epididymis.", "PMID": 576008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11897", "title": "[Development and differentiation of the rat epididymis. II: histochemical aspects of the peritubular zone].", "content": "Development of the contractile peritubular structures of rat testis, from birth to full maturation, was investigated by histochemical evaluation of alkaline phosphatase activity (A.P.A.) at 0, 16, 22 e 35 days of age. A.P.A. appeared at 6 days, age of appearance also of the cytoplasmic microfilaments of peritubular cells. The correlation between cytoplasmic microfilaments and A.P.A. was confirmed by the pattern of A.P.A. positivity at 6 degree day, when the inner peritubular cells layer, in which the microfilaments are present, are more positive than the outer layer in which the microfilaments are not yet present. These findings give further support to the belief that the cytoplasmic microfilaments of peritubular cells are contractile structures.", "contents": "[Development and differentiation of the rat epididymis. II: histochemical aspects of the peritubular zone]. Development of the contractile peritubular structures of rat testis, from birth to full maturation, was investigated by histochemical evaluation of alkaline phosphatase activity (A.P.A.) at 0, 16, 22 e 35 days of age. A.P.A. appeared at 6 days, age of appearance also of the cytoplasmic microfilaments of peritubular cells. The correlation between cytoplasmic microfilaments and A.P.A. was confirmed by the pattern of A.P.A. positivity at 6 degree day, when the inner peritubular cells layer, in which the microfilaments are present, are more positive than the outer layer in which the microfilaments are not yet present. These findings give further support to the belief that the cytoplasmic microfilaments of peritubular cells are contractile structures.", "PMID": 576009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11898", "title": "[Average normal temperature of the chicken in the morning and after 1-2 days of fasting].", "content": "On the morning the average temperature of the growing chicken. It is found at 41.8 degrees C +/- 0.18 degrees. After one day without having eaten, the bodily temperature diminishes to 40.41 degrees +/- 0.97 degrees (-1.39 degrees). After two days without having eaten the temperature diminishes to 39.68 degrees C +/- 0.89 degrees (-2.12 degrees). After the first day of re-feeding the average temperature is 41.28 degrees C +/- 0.52 degrees C. During the period of no feeding the reduction in bodily temperature depends on the metabolic material availability. We can assume that the thermoregulator mechanisms are not modified by non-feeding and that the reduction in temperature is caused by the non efficiency of their normal efferents.", "contents": "[Average normal temperature of the chicken in the morning and after 1-2 days of fasting]. On the morning the average temperature of the growing chicken. It is found at 41.8 degrees C +/- 0.18 degrees. After one day without having eaten, the bodily temperature diminishes to 40.41 degrees +/- 0.97 degrees (-1.39 degrees). After two days without having eaten the temperature diminishes to 39.68 degrees C +/- 0.89 degrees (-2.12 degrees). After the first day of re-feeding the average temperature is 41.28 degrees C +/- 0.52 degrees C. During the period of no feeding the reduction in bodily temperature depends on the metabolic material availability. We can assume that the thermoregulator mechanisms are not modified by non-feeding and that the reduction in temperature is caused by the non efficiency of their normal efferents.", "PMID": 576010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11899", "title": "Fine structure of post-mortal tissues transformations. Preliminary observations.", "content": "The Authors have studied the ultrastructure of human skin in a particular anomalous form of post-mortal transformation: the so called corification. Some structures (cell membranes, desmosomes, mitochondria, nuclear envelopes) are well preserved, while other structures (such as endoplasmic reticulum) are upset. These observations suggested that in the corification endogenous and exogenous enzymatic actions are extremely inhibited.", "contents": "Fine structure of post-mortal tissues transformations. Preliminary observations. The Authors have studied the ultrastructure of human skin in a particular anomalous form of post-mortal transformation: the so called corification. Some structures (cell membranes, desmosomes, mitochondria, nuclear envelopes) are well preserved, while other structures (such as endoplasmic reticulum) are upset. These observations suggested that in the corification endogenous and exogenous enzymatic actions are extremely inhibited.", "PMID": 576011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11900", "title": "[Further observations by electron microscope of striated muscle in progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy].", "content": "Gastrocnemius muscle fragments of children affected by clinically diagnosed progressive muscular dystrophy of Duchenne have been studied. At the light microscope, in the semi-thin sections, the more evident changes are represented by a wide diameter range of the fibers and fatty infiltration. Some fibers show numerous nuclei in their central part, a sarcoplasmic degeneration of vacuolar type and an irregular and tortuous course of the myofibrils. Moreover, the ultrastructural findings have shown characteristic changes in myofilaments and Z bands represented by: streaming of the Z bands, collection of the triads and concentric laminated bodies. These observations have pointed out a certain gradualness of the alterations, starting from focal changes of Z band to the complete disarrangement of myofilaments.", "contents": "[Further observations by electron microscope of striated muscle in progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. Gastrocnemius muscle fragments of children affected by clinically diagnosed progressive muscular dystrophy of Duchenne have been studied. At the light microscope, in the semi-thin sections, the more evident changes are represented by a wide diameter range of the fibers and fatty infiltration. Some fibers show numerous nuclei in their central part, a sarcoplasmic degeneration of vacuolar type and an irregular and tortuous course of the myofibrils. Moreover, the ultrastructural findings have shown characteristic changes in myofilaments and Z bands represented by: streaming of the Z bands, collection of the triads and concentric laminated bodies. These observations have pointed out a certain gradualness of the alterations, starting from focal changes of Z band to the complete disarrangement of myofilaments.", "PMID": 576012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11901", "title": "The long-term results of the treatment with transtympanic ventilation tubes in children with chronic secretory otitis media.", "content": "In the present report we discuss the short-term and long-term results of treatment with transtympanic ventilation tubes in 140 children with chronic secretory otitis media. Important findings are: after 6 months only 40% and after 12 months only 5% of the inserted grommets are still draining. A good clinical result is obtained in 72% after 6 months, and in 52% after 12 months. With a long follow-up, up to 10 years, 71% of the children suffering from chronic secretory otitis media and treated with grommets, can be considered as cured, with or without a small complication. The poorest results are obtained after a follow-up of 2-3 years. Children under 7 years have a better prognosis than older children. There is also a better prognosis in children with serous effusions than in those with a glue ear. We noticed very few complications in our treatment with grommets: no sensorineural hearing loss and a persisting perforation in 2% of the treated ears.", "contents": "The long-term results of the treatment with transtympanic ventilation tubes in children with chronic secretory otitis media. In the present report we discuss the short-term and long-term results of treatment with transtympanic ventilation tubes in 140 children with chronic secretory otitis media. Important findings are: after 6 months only 40% and after 12 months only 5% of the inserted grommets are still draining. A good clinical result is obtained in 72% after 6 months, and in 52% after 12 months. With a long follow-up, up to 10 years, 71% of the children suffering from chronic secretory otitis media and treated with grommets, can be considered as cured, with or without a small complication. The poorest results are obtained after a follow-up of 2-3 years. Children under 7 years have a better prognosis than older children. There is also a better prognosis in children with serous effusions than in those with a glue ear. We noticed very few complications in our treatment with grommets: no sensorineural hearing loss and a persisting perforation in 2% of the treated ears.", "PMID": 576016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11902", "title": "Epidemiology and control of bovine babesiosis in South Africa.", "content": "Babesiosis is the cause of serious economic losses in South Africa and involves most areas with an annual rainfall of more than 400 mm. Both Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis are present and both are considered to be important. The vectors, distribution and factors influencing enzootic stability of both species are discussed. Except in some areas only marginally suitable for ticks, and where tick control alone may be adequate, control by immunisation is recommended. Short term prevention can be achieved by chemoprophylaxis.", "contents": "Epidemiology and control of bovine babesiosis in South Africa. Babesiosis is the cause of serious economic losses in South Africa and involves most areas with an annual rainfall of more than 400 mm. Both Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis are present and both are considered to be important. The vectors, distribution and factors influencing enzootic stability of both species are discussed. Except in some areas only marginally suitable for ticks, and where tick control alone may be adequate, control by immunisation is recommended. Short term prevention can be achieved by chemoprophylaxis.", "PMID": 576018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11903", "title": "[Transfusion of platelets loaded with periwinkle alkaloids as a treatment for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 70 year-old woman with a chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura refractory to all the therapeutic used, the absence of antiplatelet antibodies and the action of patient mononuclear cells on normal platelet 14C serotonin release was observed. The injection of vincristine loaded platelets was followed by a remission and a normalisation of the cellular immunological tests.", "contents": "[Transfusion of platelets loaded with periwinkle alkaloids as a treatment for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)]. In a 70 year-old woman with a chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura refractory to all the therapeutic used, the absence of antiplatelet antibodies and the action of patient mononuclear cells on normal platelet 14C serotonin release was observed. The injection of vincristine loaded platelets was followed by a remission and a normalisation of the cellular immunological tests.", "PMID": 576021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11904", "title": "[Local weather-condition and behaviour of anthropogenous aerosols : two examples (author's transl)].", "content": "It is today accepted that the developing and propagating of epidemic diseases of the airways are sometimes related to some weather conditions and that, in this context, the complex aerosols such as fogs and smogs can play an important part in carrying viruses and bacteria. This communication intends to demonstrate two examples of how weather conditions can and must help to interprete the observations and measurements done on particles of atmospheric aerosols which are more or less derived from human activity. One of the examples is related to the study of variations of numerical concentrations of particles in an atmosphere under-saturated with respect to water. The other example is related to the development and extension of a phenomenon favouring the fog formation from a localized industrial source.", "contents": "[Local weather-condition and behaviour of anthropogenous aerosols : two examples (author's transl)]. It is today accepted that the developing and propagating of epidemic diseases of the airways are sometimes related to some weather conditions and that, in this context, the complex aerosols such as fogs and smogs can play an important part in carrying viruses and bacteria. This communication intends to demonstrate two examples of how weather conditions can and must help to interprete the observations and measurements done on particles of atmospheric aerosols which are more or less derived from human activity. One of the examples is related to the study of variations of numerical concentrations of particles in an atmosphere under-saturated with respect to water. The other example is related to the development and extension of a phenomenon favouring the fog formation from a localized industrial source.", "PMID": 576023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11905", "title": "[About the frequency and variety of yeasts found in pathologic materials (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. propose a comprehensive view of the yeasts found out in pathologic materials in the Institute of Microbiology of the Udine General Hospital during the first six mounts of the year 1978. They compare their achieved results with the data collected in other italian and foreign areas by other students, pointing out the prevalence of Candida albicans over other species of yeasts, in the people gravitating on the Hospital of Udine. They formulate at least the hypothesis that some species of yeasts able to live in human organism are not evenly distributed in every country and that such an irregular distribution mai explain and justify that percentage of not better identifiable yeast-like fungi that every A. must include in his statistics.", "contents": "[About the frequency and variety of yeasts found in pathologic materials (author's transl)]. The AA. propose a comprehensive view of the yeasts found out in pathologic materials in the Institute of Microbiology of the Udine General Hospital during the first six mounts of the year 1978. They compare their achieved results with the data collected in other italian and foreign areas by other students, pointing out the prevalence of Candida albicans over other species of yeasts, in the people gravitating on the Hospital of Udine. They formulate at least the hypothesis that some species of yeasts able to live in human organism are not evenly distributed in every country and that such an irregular distribution mai explain and justify that percentage of not better identifiable yeast-like fungi that every A. must include in his statistics.", "PMID": 576024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11906", "title": "[Screening with latex IgM reagent on umbilical cord blood for demonstration of intrauterine infections].", "content": "The AA. have found IgM in cord sera of 903 newborns. In 13 (1.44%) there was an increase of IgM and the control made on neonatal serum within the first 5 days from birth has shown a positive result only in 1 case (7.69% of positives). The AA. present, in the conclusions, some considerations that justify the results of their work.", "contents": "[Screening with latex IgM reagent on umbilical cord blood for demonstration of intrauterine infections]. The AA. have found IgM in cord sera of 903 newborns. In 13 (1.44%) there was an increase of IgM and the control made on neonatal serum within the first 5 days from birth has shown a positive result only in 1 case (7.69% of positives). The AA. present, in the conclusions, some considerations that justify the results of their work.", "PMID": 576025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11907", "title": "DNA sequence similarity, cell wall mannans and physiological characteristics in some strains of Candida utilis, Hansenula jadinii and Hansenula petersonii.", "content": "The physiological characteristics, proton magnetic resonance spectra of cell wall mannans, DNA base composition and DNA sequence similarity of some strains of Candida utilis, Hansenula jadinii and Hansenula petersonii were examined. It was found that C. utilis was not distinguishable from H. jadinii by any of these criteria. These findings show the close genetic relationship between C. utilis and its perfect form H. jadinii. In contrast, H. petersonii was found to differ from C. utilis and H. jadinii on account of insignificant DNA reassociation as well as a number of other properties.", "contents": "DNA sequence similarity, cell wall mannans and physiological characteristics in some strains of Candida utilis, Hansenula jadinii and Hansenula petersonii. The physiological characteristics, proton magnetic resonance spectra of cell wall mannans, DNA base composition and DNA sequence similarity of some strains of Candida utilis, Hansenula jadinii and Hansenula petersonii were examined. It was found that C. utilis was not distinguishable from H. jadinii by any of these criteria. These findings show the close genetic relationship between C. utilis and its perfect form H. jadinii. In contrast, H. petersonii was found to differ from C. utilis and H. jadinii on account of insignificant DNA reassociation as well as a number of other properties.", "PMID": 576029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11908", "title": "[Eaux-aux-jambes in Equidae. Apropos of the 1st Tunisian cases].", "content": "The authors describe the first Tunisian cases of hyperplasic Dermatosis of horses' limbs. They present both clinical and histopathologic aspects of this disease and try, consider etiopathogenic hypothesis.", "contents": "[Eaux-aux-jambes in Equidae. Apropos of the 1st Tunisian cases]. The authors describe the first Tunisian cases of hyperplasic Dermatosis of horses' limbs. They present both clinical and histopathologic aspects of this disease and try, consider etiopathogenic hypothesis.", "PMID": 576031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11909", "title": "Diurnal rhythms in airway obstruction.", "content": "Diurnal patterns of variation in peak expiratory flow rate were studied in patients with all types of airway obstruction. Most regular patterns fall into one of two types: morning dip (M) with the lowest reading in the morning and (P) or double dip with the lowest readings morning and evening. Regular patterns were most frequently seen in asthmatics, but occurred also in bronchitis, particularly those with a history of wheeze. Treatment with bronchodilators reduces the prevalence of all regular patterns but does not abolish them. M pattern is characteristic of asthma but P pattern is the most frequent regular pattern seen in bronchitis. Amplitude of variation is greater in asthmatics than in simple bronchitis. It is reduced by about 20% with bronchodilators. Random observation of magnitude of response of peak flow rate to a bronchodilators is not a good indicator of amplitude of variation over the day. Because of the occurrence of a peak pattern in many patients the magnitude of diurnal variation may be underestimated by twice-daily peak flow rate readings. Treatment with corticosteroids does not appear strongly to influence either characteristic patterns or amplitude of variation.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythms in airway obstruction. Diurnal patterns of variation in peak expiratory flow rate were studied in patients with all types of airway obstruction. Most regular patterns fall into one of two types: morning dip (M) with the lowest reading in the morning and (P) or double dip with the lowest readings morning and evening. Regular patterns were most frequently seen in asthmatics, but occurred also in bronchitis, particularly those with a history of wheeze. Treatment with bronchodilators reduces the prevalence of all regular patterns but does not abolish them. M pattern is characteristic of asthma but P pattern is the most frequent regular pattern seen in bronchitis. Amplitude of variation is greater in asthmatics than in simple bronchitis. It is reduced by about 20% with bronchodilators. Random observation of magnitude of response of peak flow rate to a bronchodilators is not a good indicator of amplitude of variation over the day. Because of the occurrence of a peak pattern in many patients the magnitude of diurnal variation may be underestimated by twice-daily peak flow rate readings. Treatment with corticosteroids does not appear strongly to influence either characteristic patterns or amplitude of variation.", "PMID": 576035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11910", "title": "Researches on the development of Xenopus laevis larvae fed on Tubifex tubifex. I. Presence of liposoluble vitamins in the lipid extract from Tubifex worms.", "content": "Vitamin E acetate (alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and related tocopherols, vitamin A acetate (dehydroretinyl acetate), vitamin A alcohol (retinol), and cholesterol were identified by thin-layer chromatography in the lipid extract from Tubifex tubifex worms. Compounds (perhaps vitamin D precursors, or seroidal substances) absorbing short wave UV light and/or reacting with antimony trichloride were also present but not identified. The results are discussed in relation to the growth, metamorphosis and possible appearance of malformations in Xenopus laevis specimens reared on Tubifex alone or on diets integrated with Tubifex. The hypothesis of the presence of tossic substances in Tubifex as a cause of malformations in Xenopus is also discussed.", "contents": "Researches on the development of Xenopus laevis larvae fed on Tubifex tubifex. I. Presence of liposoluble vitamins in the lipid extract from Tubifex worms. Vitamin E acetate (alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and related tocopherols, vitamin A acetate (dehydroretinyl acetate), vitamin A alcohol (retinol), and cholesterol were identified by thin-layer chromatography in the lipid extract from Tubifex tubifex worms. Compounds (perhaps vitamin D precursors, or seroidal substances) absorbing short wave UV light and/or reacting with antimony trichloride were also present but not identified. The results are discussed in relation to the growth, metamorphosis and possible appearance of malformations in Xenopus laevis specimens reared on Tubifex alone or on diets integrated with Tubifex. The hypothesis of the presence of tossic substances in Tubifex as a cause of malformations in Xenopus is also discussed.", "PMID": 576033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11911", "title": "[Critical test of the activity of tetramisole phosphate on gastrointestinal helminths of sheep].", "content": "The phosphate sale of tetramizol assayed in naturally infested sheep by subcutaneous infection at the dosis of 8,66 mg/kg revealed very high efficiency against strongylid gastro-intestinal nematodes; its efficiency was comparable that found by several authors for the hydrochloride and cyclamate salts of the same drug, also by subcutaneious injection, at the dosis of 10 mg/kg. In what concerns helminths belonging to the genera Strongyloides and Capillaria our results were not conclusive enough.", "contents": "[Critical test of the activity of tetramisole phosphate on gastrointestinal helminths of sheep]. The phosphate sale of tetramizol assayed in naturally infested sheep by subcutaneous infection at the dosis of 8,66 mg/kg revealed very high efficiency against strongylid gastro-intestinal nematodes; its efficiency was comparable that found by several authors for the hydrochloride and cyclamate salts of the same drug, also by subcutaneious injection, at the dosis of 10 mg/kg. In what concerns helminths belonging to the genera Strongyloides and Capillaria our results were not conclusive enough.", "PMID": 576034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11912", "title": "[Initial observations in Upper-Volta on 41 serotypes of Salmonella isolated at Muraz Center].", "content": "Among 186 Salmonella strains isolated at the Muraz Center from 1966 to 1976, representing 45 serotypes, the authors describe 41 serotypes identified for the first time in Upper-Volta, 3 of which constituting new serotypes: S. bobo, S. kua, S. farakan. A few remarks show the significance of Salmonella circulation in a west-africa area where the incidence of bacterial enteric diseases is a constant problem of public health.", "contents": "[Initial observations in Upper-Volta on 41 serotypes of Salmonella isolated at Muraz Center]. Among 186 Salmonella strains isolated at the Muraz Center from 1966 to 1976, representing 45 serotypes, the authors describe 41 serotypes identified for the first time in Upper-Volta, 3 of which constituting new serotypes: S. bobo, S. kua, S. farakan. A few remarks show the significance of Salmonella circulation in a west-africa area where the incidence of bacterial enteric diseases is a constant problem of public health.", "PMID": 576039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11913", "title": "Clustering of twin births in space and time.", "content": "Out of a total of 1025 twin births occurring in 11 South Moravian districts from 1972 to 1976, 638 occurred in the same time and space interval (P = 0.00037). The observed clustering suggests the existence of environmental factors influencing twinning rates.", "contents": "Clustering of twin births in space and time. Out of a total of 1025 twin births occurring in 11 South Moravian districts from 1972 to 1976, 638 occurred in the same time and space interval (P = 0.00037). The observed clustering suggests the existence of environmental factors influencing twinning rates.", "PMID": 576047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11914", "title": "Clinical management of twin pregnancies.", "content": "Early diagnosis and subsequent management of twin pregnancy resulted in a considerable reduction of preterm deliveries (26% vs 61% for late diagnoses).", "contents": "Clinical management of twin pregnancies. Early diagnosis and subsequent management of twin pregnancy resulted in a considerable reduction of preterm deliveries (26% vs 61% for late diagnoses).", "PMID": 576048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11915", "title": "[Effect of cytochalasin B on the segmentation divisions of Artemia salina ova].", "content": "In the cleaving egg of Artemia salina, cytochalasin B not only inhibits cytodieresis, but interferes also with karyokinesis, while the division of the cell centres seems to progress normally.", "contents": "[Effect of cytochalasin B on the segmentation divisions of Artemia salina ova]. In the cleaving egg of Artemia salina, cytochalasin B not only inhibits cytodieresis, but interferes also with karyokinesis, while the division of the cell centres seems to progress normally.", "PMID": 576050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11916", "title": "The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire and spasmodic/congestive dysmenorrhea: measurement of an invalid construct.", "content": "Chesney and Tasto's (1975a) Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) was developed on the basis of Dalton's theory of spasmodic and congestive dysmenorrhea, which states that the two types are caused by opposite hormonal imbalances and therefore should not be found in the same woman. Evidence is offered which suggests that the theory is incorrect. A multiple-group factor analysis failed to adequately support the two-component model. Subsequently, a factor analysis of 275 MSQs revealed seven factors rather than the two predicted by the theory. In addition, the incidence of both high premenstrual and menstrual symptoms in the same women was demonstrated. Finally, symptoms reported by women using oral contraceptives differed little from those reported by women not using oral contraceptives. It is concluded that scoring for the MSQ should be modified to include two subscales for premenstrual and menstrual symptoms, and that the labels \"spasmodic\" and \"congestive\" be discontinued until some evidence is found for their support.", "contents": "The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire and spasmodic/congestive dysmenorrhea: measurement of an invalid construct. Chesney and Tasto's (1975a) Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) was developed on the basis of Dalton's theory of spasmodic and congestive dysmenorrhea, which states that the two types are caused by opposite hormonal imbalances and therefore should not be found in the same woman. Evidence is offered which suggests that the theory is incorrect. A multiple-group factor analysis failed to adequately support the two-component model. Subsequently, a factor analysis of 275 MSQs revealed seven factors rather than the two predicted by the theory. In addition, the incidence of both high premenstrual and menstrual symptoms in the same women was demonstrated. Finally, symptoms reported by women using oral contraceptives differed little from those reported by women not using oral contraceptives. It is concluded that scoring for the MSQ should be modified to include two subscales for premenstrual and menstrual symptoms, and that the labels \"spasmodic\" and \"congestive\" be discontinued until some evidence is found for their support.", "PMID": 576051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11917", "title": "Menstrual symptoms: a social cognition analysis.", "content": "Research on menstrual-related cyclicity often reflects assumptions concerning the generality, severity, and physiological basis of symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. According to arguments presented in recent articles, these assumptions are not fully justified by the empirical data. In addition, there is evidence that symptom associations may be viewed a reflecting, in part, a set of beliefs. In the present article evidence is reviewed which suggests that symptom associations may originate and be maintained by means of biases in the processing of information about cyclicity. Specifically, the origins of biased beliefs may arise from the connotative meaning of, the salience of, and selectivity in processing the information forming the association. In addition, mechanisms which have been tribute to the maintenance of biased perceptions, once associations have been formed, include distortion, autonomy, and category accessibility of the evidence.", "contents": "Menstrual symptoms: a social cognition analysis. Research on menstrual-related cyclicity often reflects assumptions concerning the generality, severity, and physiological basis of symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. According to arguments presented in recent articles, these assumptions are not fully justified by the empirical data. In addition, there is evidence that symptom associations may be viewed a reflecting, in part, a set of beliefs. In the present article evidence is reviewed which suggests that symptom associations may originate and be maintained by means of biases in the processing of information about cyclicity. Specifically, the origins of biased beliefs may arise from the connotative meaning of, the salience of, and selectivity in processing the information forming the association. In addition, mechanisms which have been tribute to the maintenance of biased perceptions, once associations have been formed, include distortion, autonomy, and category accessibility of the evidence.", "PMID": 576052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11918", "title": "Anxiety and menstrual bleeding in Nigerian females.", "content": "This paper reports on a study which examined the relationship between menstrual bleeding and anxiety as a multidimensional concept. Anxiety was measured using a standardized psychological instrument, the STAI. It was hypothesized that (1) state anxiety was raised during menstruation and (2) the amount of increase in state anxiety during menstruation depended on the level of trait anxiety in a given female. These hypotheses were confirmed. It was also found that the experimental group scored higher than the control group on both positive and negative items, which may be an indication that the former exaggerated their symptoms.", "contents": "Anxiety and menstrual bleeding in Nigerian females. This paper reports on a study which examined the relationship between menstrual bleeding and anxiety as a multidimensional concept. Anxiety was measured using a standardized psychological instrument, the STAI. It was hypothesized that (1) state anxiety was raised during menstruation and (2) the amount of increase in state anxiety during menstruation depended on the level of trait anxiety in a given female. These hypotheses were confirmed. It was also found that the experimental group scored higher than the control group on both positive and negative items, which may be an indication that the former exaggerated their symptoms.", "PMID": 576053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11919", "title": "Olfactory testing: rules for odor identification.", "content": "Neurology manuals generally recommend odor identification for simple assessment of olfaction. Nevertheless, even patients with normal olfaction (normosmics) often perform only poorly. Three experiments demonstrate that such an ambiguous outcome will disappear if the test incorporates highly familiar substances and, more important, a procedure to circumvent the olfactory-verbal gap that frequently separates an odor from its name. One multiple-choice procedure, for instance, led to 100% accuracy among normosmics. Another led to 99% accuracy among normosmics and 0% accuracy among anosmics. The investigation also reveals that scratch-and-sniff labels could possibly replace customary odorants in the clinical test.", "contents": "Olfactory testing: rules for odor identification. Neurology manuals generally recommend odor identification for simple assessment of olfaction. Nevertheless, even patients with normal olfaction (normosmics) often perform only poorly. Three experiments demonstrate that such an ambiguous outcome will disappear if the test incorporates highly familiar substances and, more important, a procedure to circumvent the olfactory-verbal gap that frequently separates an odor from its name. One multiple-choice procedure, for instance, led to 100% accuracy among normosmics. Another led to 99% accuracy among normosmics and 0% accuracy among anosmics. The investigation also reveals that scratch-and-sniff labels could possibly replace customary odorants in the clinical test.", "PMID": 576054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11920", "title": "Measurement of the hydrostatic pressures of the cochlear compartments.", "content": "A micropressure transducer (sensitive 0.1 cm H2O) utilizing a manual servo nulling system and a micropipette (tip diameter 12-20 micron) was designed in order to measure endolymphatic and perilymphatic hydrostatic pressures in the inner ear of the guinea pig. Perilymphatic pressures were measured through the round window membrane in animals in which the ossicular structures had been removed and in those in which the middle ear structures were intact. Endolymphatic pressures were measured after removal of the middle ear structures. There was a significant (p less than 0.001) difference between perilymphatic pressures in the presence (4.7 +/- 0.36 cm H2O) and absence (2.43 +/- 0.22 cm H2O) of the middle ear structures. The endolymphatic pressure was 0.00 cm H2O when measured through the basilar membrane after disruption of the scala tympani, and was 3.34 +/- 0.57 when monitored through the spiral ligament and stria vascularis. In order to verify the accuracy of these measurements, we monitored pressures in animals whose perilymphatic pressures were artificially maintained by an external source. Recoveries were always 95-100% of the artificially applied pressure. The injection of purified cholera toxin into the scala media through the basilar membrane resulted in a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in endolymphatic pressure.", "contents": "Measurement of the hydrostatic pressures of the cochlear compartments. A micropressure transducer (sensitive 0.1 cm H2O) utilizing a manual servo nulling system and a micropipette (tip diameter 12-20 micron) was designed in order to measure endolymphatic and perilymphatic hydrostatic pressures in the inner ear of the guinea pig. Perilymphatic pressures were measured through the round window membrane in animals in which the ossicular structures had been removed and in those in which the middle ear structures were intact. Endolymphatic pressures were measured after removal of the middle ear structures. There was a significant (p less than 0.001) difference between perilymphatic pressures in the presence (4.7 +/- 0.36 cm H2O) and absence (2.43 +/- 0.22 cm H2O) of the middle ear structures. The endolymphatic pressure was 0.00 cm H2O when measured through the basilar membrane after disruption of the scala tympani, and was 3.34 +/- 0.57 when monitored through the spiral ligament and stria vascularis. In order to verify the accuracy of these measurements, we monitored pressures in animals whose perilymphatic pressures were artificially maintained by an external source. Recoveries were always 95-100% of the artificially applied pressure. The injection of purified cholera toxin into the scala media through the basilar membrane resulted in a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in endolymphatic pressure.", "PMID": 576055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11921", "title": "Cobalt-induced epilepsy: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Metallic cobalt and aluminum rods were implanted into the cerebral cortices of rats. Almost all the animals with cobalt implantation were found to be epileptic 30 days after the operation. Tissue samples from the cerebral cortices were sampled for electron microscopy. The most significant changes in the cobalt-implanted animals were the disintegration of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in many cortical neurons and the accumulation of neurofilaments within the perikaryon. Such filamentous accumulation was usually found near the perinuclear position, at the periphery of the neurons, and in areas where there was a paucity of regular rough endoplasmic reticulum. Large aggregates of SER-like tubulovesicular structures were also found within many neuronal processes. Some of these neuronal processes could be identified to be postsynaptic dendritic terminals. Large nuclear pseudo-inclusions consisting of cytoplasmic materials were also found in some cortical neurons. These ultrastructural changes could also be occasionally observed in the opposite (cobalt-free) hemisphere of the brain (mirror image) in the cobalt-implanted animals. However, the brains of the aluminum-implanted or blank-control animals were free from any of these changes.", "contents": "Cobalt-induced epilepsy: an ultrastructural study. Metallic cobalt and aluminum rods were implanted into the cerebral cortices of rats. Almost all the animals with cobalt implantation were found to be epileptic 30 days after the operation. Tissue samples from the cerebral cortices were sampled for electron microscopy. The most significant changes in the cobalt-implanted animals were the disintegration of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in many cortical neurons and the accumulation of neurofilaments within the perikaryon. Such filamentous accumulation was usually found near the perinuclear position, at the periphery of the neurons, and in areas where there was a paucity of regular rough endoplasmic reticulum. Large aggregates of SER-like tubulovesicular structures were also found within many neuronal processes. Some of these neuronal processes could be identified to be postsynaptic dendritic terminals. Large nuclear pseudo-inclusions consisting of cytoplasmic materials were also found in some cortical neurons. These ultrastructural changes could also be occasionally observed in the opposite (cobalt-free) hemisphere of the brain (mirror image) in the cobalt-implanted animals. However, the brains of the aluminum-implanted or blank-control animals were free from any of these changes.", "PMID": 576056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11922", "title": "Monitoring cerebral blood flow during intracranial operations: an intravenous injection method.", "content": "A method of measuring cerebral blood flow during neurosurgery is described. It is an adaptation of the standard 133Xe intravenous injection method, with computation restricted to data collected over the first 3 min. In addition to a theoretical presentation of the method and an analysis of the effect of residual 133Xe activity when sequential runs are performed in close approximation, the technique is validated experimentally by comparison with intracarotid 133Xe injection in baboons.", "contents": "Monitoring cerebral blood flow during intracranial operations: an intravenous injection method. A method of measuring cerebral blood flow during neurosurgery is described. It is an adaptation of the standard 133Xe intravenous injection method, with computation restricted to data collected over the first 3 min. In addition to a theoretical presentation of the method and an analysis of the effect of residual 133Xe activity when sequential runs are performed in close approximation, the technique is validated experimentally by comparison with intracarotid 133Xe injection in baboons.", "PMID": 576057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11923", "title": "Intraluminal diameters of middle cerebral branches for microanastomoses.", "content": "Intraluminal diameter measurements of the branches of the middle cerebral artery were taken from 50 adult human cerebral hemispheres of a routine autopsy service. The measurements were confined to the cortical branches found on the surface of the brain located over the lateral hemisphere, with the center at the transverse gyrus of Heschl and extending over the circular portion of the brain, with a diameter of approximation 6 cm. It was hoped that these measurements would assist in the appropriate choice of artery for microanastomosis in the superficial temporal artery bypass procedure, now being done for enhancement of cortical perfusion.", "contents": "Intraluminal diameters of middle cerebral branches for microanastomoses. Intraluminal diameter measurements of the branches of the middle cerebral artery were taken from 50 adult human cerebral hemispheres of a routine autopsy service. The measurements were confined to the cortical branches found on the surface of the brain located over the lateral hemisphere, with the center at the transverse gyrus of Heschl and extending over the circular portion of the brain, with a diameter of approximation 6 cm. It was hoped that these measurements would assist in the appropriate choice of artery for microanastomosis in the superficial temporal artery bypass procedure, now being done for enhancement of cortical perfusion.", "PMID": 576058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11924", "title": "Morphine acute effects on spontaneous multiunit activity recorded simultaneously from medial thalamus and caudate nucleus in freely behaving rats.", "content": "Treatment with varying doses of morphine and its antagonist naloxone produced different response patterns in \"spontaneous\" multiunit discharges recorded from the medial thalamus and caudate nucleus of freely behaving rats previously implanted, stereotaxically, with permanent semimicro-electrodes. The changes in electrical discharges induced by incremental doses of morphine exhibited dose-related patterns, and could be reversed by naloxone. This procedure, testing several incremental doses of a drug, provides a tool with which to identify and classify the specific response patterns induced by morphine. The two structures examined in the present study exhibited four response patterns to the treatments but only one pattern of response was similar in the two nuclei. The medial thalamic units are more sensitive to morphine than those recorded from the caudate nucleus. The present finding, i.e., acute effects of morphine, provides basic information with which to examine the physiological properties underlying the chronic effects of morphine.", "contents": "Morphine acute effects on spontaneous multiunit activity recorded simultaneously from medial thalamus and caudate nucleus in freely behaving rats. Treatment with varying doses of morphine and its antagonist naloxone produced different response patterns in \"spontaneous\" multiunit discharges recorded from the medial thalamus and caudate nucleus of freely behaving rats previously implanted, stereotaxically, with permanent semimicro-electrodes. The changes in electrical discharges induced by incremental doses of morphine exhibited dose-related patterns, and could be reversed by naloxone. This procedure, testing several incremental doses of a drug, provides a tool with which to identify and classify the specific response patterns induced by morphine. The two structures examined in the present study exhibited four response patterns to the treatments but only one pattern of response was similar in the two nuclei. The medial thalamic units are more sensitive to morphine than those recorded from the caudate nucleus. The present finding, i.e., acute effects of morphine, provides basic information with which to examine the physiological properties underlying the chronic effects of morphine.", "PMID": 576059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11925", "title": "Biomathematical models of schizophrenia.", "content": "This paper summarizes the work of developing and analyzing a mathematical model of schizophrenia. First the psychological and physiological studies of patients with periodic catatonia made by R. R. Gjessing are briefly described. Then a mathematical model, which is based on Gjessing's work and consists of a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, is derived. Gjessing showed that there was a periodic change in the basal metabolic rate associated with a periodic change in the symptoms of catatonia. This suggests a study of the thyroid control system, and since the thyroid control system is a negative feedback system, previous engineering studies are followed and a system of ordinary differential equations is used as a model. The first such model was due to Danziger and Elmergreen, and their model and improvements of their model are described. Then the models are analyzed qualitatively and the mathematical results are interpreted medically. Solutions of the system of differential equations corresponding to a stable set of symptoms in the schizophrenic patients, solutions corresponding to periodic patterns of symptoms (periodic catatonia), and solutions corresponding to random or unpredictable patterns of symptoms are obtained. The model suggests that since certain parameters are varied, various types of solutions and hence various patterns of symptoms are obtained. There are a number of unresolved questions in this study, and these problems are discussed in detail as they arise.", "contents": "Biomathematical models of schizophrenia. This paper summarizes the work of developing and analyzing a mathematical model of schizophrenia. First the psychological and physiological studies of patients with periodic catatonia made by R. R. Gjessing are briefly described. Then a mathematical model, which is based on Gjessing's work and consists of a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, is derived. Gjessing showed that there was a periodic change in the basal metabolic rate associated with a periodic change in the symptoms of catatonia. This suggests a study of the thyroid control system, and since the thyroid control system is a negative feedback system, previous engineering studies are followed and a system of ordinary differential equations is used as a model. The first such model was due to Danziger and Elmergreen, and their model and improvements of their model are described. Then the models are analyzed qualitatively and the mathematical results are interpreted medically. Solutions of the system of differential equations corresponding to a stable set of symptoms in the schizophrenic patients, solutions corresponding to periodic patterns of symptoms (periodic catatonia), and solutions corresponding to random or unpredictable patterns of symptoms are obtained. The model suggests that since certain parameters are varied, various types of solutions and hence various patterns of symptoms are obtained. There are a number of unresolved questions in this study, and these problems are discussed in detail as they arise.", "PMID": 576060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11926", "title": "[Experimental induced vasculopathy and treated with 3GS. Hematochemical and ultrastructural aspects].", "content": "The Authors have studied the pharmacologic effect of glucuronil-glucose-amino-glycan sulphate on experimental vasculopathy induced by etherologue serum and by dislipidemic diet. After discussion of data they conclude the 3GS is of any helpful in third phase of the process in etherologue serum induced vasculopathy. In the case of diet induced vasculopathy is clearly demonstrated the protective effect of this drug upon the endothelial structure.", "contents": "[Experimental induced vasculopathy and treated with 3GS. Hematochemical and ultrastructural aspects]. The Authors have studied the pharmacologic effect of glucuronil-glucose-amino-glycan sulphate on experimental vasculopathy induced by etherologue serum and by dislipidemic diet. After discussion of data they conclude the 3GS is of any helpful in third phase of the process in etherologue serum induced vasculopathy. In the case of diet induced vasculopathy is clearly demonstrated the protective effect of this drug upon the endothelial structure.", "PMID": 576063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11927", "title": "Diurnal circadian rhythms of renal function and electrolyte excretion in heart failure.", "content": "Diurnal cycles of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and of excretion rates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and phosphate were measured in a 22 year old man with moderately severe heart failure under standardized conditions. Cycles of GFR, ERPF and excretion of potassium, chloride, and phosphate were indistinguishable from those of normals. The phases of the sodium and probably the magnesium excretory cycles were reversed from normal. The significance of some of the observations is discussed.", "contents": "Diurnal circadian rhythms of renal function and electrolyte excretion in heart failure. Diurnal cycles of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and of excretion rates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and phosphate were measured in a 22 year old man with moderately severe heart failure under standardized conditions. Cycles of GFR, ERPF and excretion of potassium, chloride, and phosphate were indistinguishable from those of normals. The phases of the sodium and probably the magnesium excretory cycles were reversed from normal. The significance of some of the observations is discussed.", "PMID": 576067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11928", "title": "Object Investigation by the oestrous rat and guinea-pig: the oestrous cycle and the effects of oestrogen and progesterone.", "content": "The time spent investigation small objects in an arena was found to vary systematically with the oestrous cycle of rats and guinea-pigs. Both the total time spent and the mean time per object were greater for oestrous animals, which show more long bouts of investigation per test than do dioestrous animals. The changes in investigation time were replicated by administering oestradiol benzoate followed after 40 h by progesterone, to ovariectomized rats, suggesting an endocrine basis. Most bouts of investigation were terminated by a move straight to another object, suggesting that it had been chosen before the move was made.", "contents": "Object Investigation by the oestrous rat and guinea-pig: the oestrous cycle and the effects of oestrogen and progesterone. The time spent investigation small objects in an arena was found to vary systematically with the oestrous cycle of rats and guinea-pigs. Both the total time spent and the mean time per object were greater for oestrous animals, which show more long bouts of investigation per test than do dioestrous animals. The changes in investigation time were replicated by administering oestradiol benzoate followed after 40 h by progesterone, to ovariectomized rats, suggesting an endocrine basis. Most bouts of investigation were terminated by a move straight to another object, suggesting that it had been chosen before the move was made.", "PMID": 576070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11929", "title": "Distractibility changes during the oestrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "Experiments described which were designed to test the hypothesis that the ease with which rats will shift attention between stimuli varies with the oestrous cycle. It was predicted from the results of earlier work that at oestrus, animals will shift attention less readily than at dioestrus, provided that attention is already focussed on a specific stimulus. Data from two-stimulus tests, and runway tests confirmed this prediction. It is suggested that the nature of the underlying changes may be similar to those induced in young chicks by exogenous testosterone, and may involve changes in hippocampal function.", "contents": "Distractibility changes during the oestrous cycle of the rat. Experiments described which were designed to test the hypothesis that the ease with which rats will shift attention between stimuli varies with the oestrous cycle. It was predicted from the results of earlier work that at oestrus, animals will shift attention less readily than at dioestrus, provided that attention is already focussed on a specific stimulus. Data from two-stimulus tests, and runway tests confirmed this prediction. It is suggested that the nature of the underlying changes may be similar to those induced in young chicks by exogenous testosterone, and may involve changes in hippocampal function.", "PMID": 576071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11930", "title": "The attractiveness of Harderian gland smears to sexually naive and experienced male golden hamsters.", "content": "The Harderian gland of the golden hamster shows pronounced sexual dimorphism in histology and products. Sexually experienced or inexperienced males were attracted to fresh smears of female and male Harderian gland as opposed to a control. Female smears were investigated significantly more than male smears. Control smears of quadriceps muscle proved unattractive. Neither category of male preferred oestrus to mid-cycle Harderian smears, and attractiveness did not correlate with protoporphyrin content. Males were unattracted to protoporphyrin solution. Cephalic olfactory cues, such as Harderian secretions, may be of importance in tunnel-dwelling rodents.", "contents": "The attractiveness of Harderian gland smears to sexually naive and experienced male golden hamsters. The Harderian gland of the golden hamster shows pronounced sexual dimorphism in histology and products. Sexually experienced or inexperienced males were attracted to fresh smears of female and male Harderian gland as opposed to a control. Female smears were investigated significantly more than male smears. Control smears of quadriceps muscle proved unattractive. Neither category of male preferred oestrus to mid-cycle Harderian smears, and attractiveness did not correlate with protoporphyrin content. Males were unattracted to protoporphyrin solution. Cephalic olfactory cues, such as Harderian secretions, may be of importance in tunnel-dwelling rodents.", "PMID": 576072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11931", "title": "Male-female interaction throughout the oestrous cycle of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "Interactions between male and female hamsters over the oestrous cycle were measured in terms of proximity. Independent variations in approaching and leaving by the female were found over the four-day period. Changes in female behaviour, which could be related to known changes in her hormonal state, resulted in changes in the male-female interaction not only at oestrous but also within the three dioestrous days of the cycle. These changes were in the amount of time the animals spent together or apart; this in turn was affected by which sex initiated the approaches and leaves. During oestrus proximity measures correlated well with latency to first lordosis which is a sensitive measure of degree of receptivity. Proximity measures provide a detailed description of the male-female interaction and should prove useful in studying the effects of experimental alteration of previous experience and hormonal state.", "contents": "Male-female interaction throughout the oestrous cycle of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Interactions between male and female hamsters over the oestrous cycle were measured in terms of proximity. Independent variations in approaching and leaving by the female were found over the four-day period. Changes in female behaviour, which could be related to known changes in her hormonal state, resulted in changes in the male-female interaction not only at oestrous but also within the three dioestrous days of the cycle. These changes were in the amount of time the animals spent together or apart; this in turn was affected by which sex initiated the approaches and leaves. During oestrus proximity measures correlated well with latency to first lordosis which is a sensitive measure of degree of receptivity. Proximity measures provide a detailed description of the male-female interaction and should prove useful in studying the effects of experimental alteration of previous experience and hormonal state.", "PMID": 576073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11932", "title": "Uveal effusion following pan-retinal photocoagulation.", "content": "Uveal effusion combined with nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment is presented as a complication of pan-retinal photocoagulation in diabetic patients. This complication is believed to be a direct effect of photocoagulation on the choroidal vasculature. The mechanism is postulated to be secondary to photocoagulation-induced choroiditis, choroidal vascular occlusion, or a combination of the two. Corticosteroid therapy is recommended as being effective in resolving the choroidal effusion.", "contents": "Uveal effusion following pan-retinal photocoagulation. Uveal effusion combined with nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment is presented as a complication of pan-retinal photocoagulation in diabetic patients. This complication is believed to be a direct effect of photocoagulation on the choroidal vasculature. The mechanism is postulated to be secondary to photocoagulation-induced choroiditis, choroidal vascular occlusion, or a combination of the two. Corticosteroid therapy is recommended as being effective in resolving the choroidal effusion.", "PMID": 576074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11933", "title": "Central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with familial antithrombin III deficiency: case report.", "content": "A 60-year old man with familial antithrombin III deficiency, a primary cause of hypercoagulation, developed central retinal vein occlusion. Familial antithrombin III deficiency is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of thromboembolism. The occurrence of central retinal vein occlusion in a person with familial deficiency of antithrombin III suggests the possibility of a casual relationship.", "contents": "Central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with familial antithrombin III deficiency: case report. A 60-year old man with familial antithrombin III deficiency, a primary cause of hypercoagulation, developed central retinal vein occlusion. Familial antithrombin III deficiency is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of thromboembolism. The occurrence of central retinal vein occlusion in a person with familial deficiency of antithrombin III suggests the possibility of a casual relationship.", "PMID": 576075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11934", "title": "The haematology of experimentally-induced B divergens and E phagocytophila infections in splenectomised calves.", "content": "An examination was made of the haematology of spenectomised calves experimentally infected with Babesia divergens and Ehrlichia phagocytophila, inoculated separately or simultaneously. Animals infected with both pathogens had less marked changes in their haematology than those inoculated with either pathogen separately. This appeared to result from the early elimination of the more pathogenic Babesia as Ehrlichia spread through the granulocytes. The apparent suppression of Babesia by Ehrlichia would appear to merit further investigation.", "contents": "The haematology of experimentally-induced B divergens and E phagocytophila infections in splenectomised calves. An examination was made of the haematology of spenectomised calves experimentally infected with Babesia divergens and Ehrlichia phagocytophila, inoculated separately or simultaneously. Animals infected with both pathogens had less marked changes in their haematology than those inoculated with either pathogen separately. This appeared to result from the early elimination of the more pathogenic Babesia as Ehrlichia spread through the granulocytes. The apparent suppression of Babesia by Ehrlichia would appear to merit further investigation.", "PMID": 576085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11935", "title": "Electroretinography and diagnosis of the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome in childhood.", "content": "The cases of two children affected from LMBB syndrome are reported. The first child was six years old, suffering from obesity and mild mental retardation; the other was two years old, suffering from hexadactyly and obesity. In both children the suspected diagnosis of LMBB syndrome was verified by the electroetinographic evidence of a tapetoretinal degeneration although the fundi were atypical. A third child, the younger brother of the second case, presented an atypical pigmentation of the retina and the electroretinographic changes of a tapeto-retinal degeneration. Since tapeto-retinal degeneration, which is the most common of the main signs of the syndrome, is not always recognized by ophthalmoscopy in early childhood, the clinical value of electroretinography in making an early diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Electroretinography and diagnosis of the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome in childhood. The cases of two children affected from LMBB syndrome are reported. The first child was six years old, suffering from obesity and mild mental retardation; the other was two years old, suffering from hexadactyly and obesity. In both children the suspected diagnosis of LMBB syndrome was verified by the electroetinographic evidence of a tapetoretinal degeneration although the fundi were atypical. A third child, the younger brother of the second case, presented an atypical pigmentation of the retina and the electroretinographic changes of a tapeto-retinal degeneration. Since tapeto-retinal degeneration, which is the most common of the main signs of the syndrome, is not always recognized by ophthalmoscopy in early childhood, the clinical value of electroretinography in making an early diagnosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 576082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11936", "title": "Certain environmental factors affecting rhizobia and symbiotic systems.", "content": "The interrelation between rhizobia and certain fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, nematodes, and seed-coat diffusates of Phaseolus vulgaris were investigated. The effect of pesticides, i.e. fungicides, herbicides, and nematocides on growth of rhizobia, and the symbiotic systems between rhizobia and their respective host is reported. Degradation of certain herbicides and insecticides is shown. The movement of rhizobia in soil as affected by water tension, tolerance of salts, and soil temperatures are discussed. Environmental factors may affect the successful establishment of an effective symbiosis between rhizobia and their hosts at any or all the three stages. They may 1) affect occurrence, growth, and survival of root nodule bacteria, 2) modify nodule formation, or 3) affect the function of the formed nodules (VINCENT 1962). The environmental aspect considered here include the antagonistic factors against rhizobia, the pesticides, and some ecological aspects of rhizobia in soil, e.g., the movement and salts and heat tolerance. These aspects were investigated by Egyptian workers over the period 1948-1972. Comprehensive reviews on the effect of environmental factors on rhizobia were reported by VINCENT (1962) and NUTMAN (1972).", "contents": "Certain environmental factors affecting rhizobia and symbiotic systems. The interrelation between rhizobia and certain fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, nematodes, and seed-coat diffusates of Phaseolus vulgaris were investigated. The effect of pesticides, i.e. fungicides, herbicides, and nematocides on growth of rhizobia, and the symbiotic systems between rhizobia and their respective host is reported. Degradation of certain herbicides and insecticides is shown. The movement of rhizobia in soil as affected by water tension, tolerance of salts, and soil temperatures are discussed. Environmental factors may affect the successful establishment of an effective symbiosis between rhizobia and their hosts at any or all the three stages. They may 1) affect occurrence, growth, and survival of root nodule bacteria, 2) modify nodule formation, or 3) affect the function of the formed nodules (VINCENT 1962). The environmental aspect considered here include the antagonistic factors against rhizobia, the pesticides, and some ecological aspects of rhizobia in soil, e.g., the movement and salts and heat tolerance. These aspects were investigated by Egyptian workers over the period 1948-1972. Comprehensive reviews on the effect of environmental factors on rhizobia were reported by VINCENT (1962) and NUTMAN (1972).", "PMID": 576107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11937", "title": "Effect of dusts emitted by copper smelters on Erwinia carotovara.", "content": "The effect of the dust emitted by copper smelters on Erwinia carotovora was examined. The dust contains considerable amounts of heavy metals which inhibited the growth and enzymatic activity of the bacterial cultures. The inhibition of dehydrogenase and protease activity was greater than that of the growth rate. The phenolase production and virulence of strain was also inhibited, depending on the doses of dust. Calcium carbonate counteracted the toxic effect of dust, restoring enzymatic activity and virulence of bacteria.", "contents": "Effect of dusts emitted by copper smelters on Erwinia carotovara. The effect of the dust emitted by copper smelters on Erwinia carotovora was examined. The dust contains considerable amounts of heavy metals which inhibited the growth and enzymatic activity of the bacterial cultures. The inhibition of dehydrogenase and protease activity was greater than that of the growth rate. The phenolase production and virulence of strain was also inhibited, depending on the doses of dust. Calcium carbonate counteracted the toxic effect of dust, restoring enzymatic activity and virulence of bacteria.", "PMID": 576108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11938", "title": "Studies of the mycoparasitism in rhizosphere of emerging sugar-beet.", "content": "Pythium oligandrum Drechsler was found as a very weak pathogen of emerging sugar-beet by means of the inoculation of the sterilized soil. The hyperparasitic ability of Pythium oligandrum Drechsler to relative species, viz. Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium debaryanum (Hesse) were proved in rhizosphere of emerging sugar-beet. The rhizosphere soil inoculation by P. ultimum resulted in the sugar-beet emergence about 3% while the sugar-beet emergence achieved 110% if P. ultimum and P. oligandrum were inoculated simultaneously. The sugar-beet emergence due to the dual inoculation of rhizosphere soil by P. ultimum and P. debaryanum was about 3%, whereas due to P. ultimum, P. debaryanum, and P. oligandrum 77%.", "contents": "Studies of the mycoparasitism in rhizosphere of emerging sugar-beet. Pythium oligandrum Drechsler was found as a very weak pathogen of emerging sugar-beet by means of the inoculation of the sterilized soil. The hyperparasitic ability of Pythium oligandrum Drechsler to relative species, viz. Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium debaryanum (Hesse) were proved in rhizosphere of emerging sugar-beet. The rhizosphere soil inoculation by P. ultimum resulted in the sugar-beet emergence about 3% while the sugar-beet emergence achieved 110% if P. ultimum and P. oligandrum were inoculated simultaneously. The sugar-beet emergence due to the dual inoculation of rhizosphere soil by P. ultimum and P. debaryanum was about 3%, whereas due to P. ultimum, P. debaryanum, and P. oligandrum 77%.", "PMID": 576111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11939", "title": "Bile acids. LIX. Purification of 5 alpha-anhydrocyprinol by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "26,27-Oxido-5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol can be obtained in a homogeneous state in gram quantities by passing it through one PrepPak-500/Silica cartridge mounted in a Waters Assoc. preparative liquid chromatograph. The elution solvent was methanol-chloroform (1:14). The isolated material was analyzed for purity by several chromatographic means and by elemental analysis, and was finally characterized by the usual spectroscopic means. Gas-liquid chromatography of its trimethylsilyl ether indicated the formation of a tetrakis-trimethylsilyl-26-chloro derivative, in addition to the expected tris-trimethylsilylated substance. The structure of the former compound is deduced from the fragmentation and isotope abundance in its mass spectrum and from chemical principles.", "contents": "Bile acids. LIX. Purification of 5 alpha-anhydrocyprinol by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. 26,27-Oxido-5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triol can be obtained in a homogeneous state in gram quantities by passing it through one PrepPak-500/Silica cartridge mounted in a Waters Assoc. preparative liquid chromatograph. The elution solvent was methanol-chloroform (1:14). The isolated material was analyzed for purity by several chromatographic means and by elemental analysis, and was finally characterized by the usual spectroscopic means. Gas-liquid chromatography of its trimethylsilyl ether indicated the formation of a tetrakis-trimethylsilyl-26-chloro derivative, in addition to the expected tris-trimethylsilylated substance. The structure of the former compound is deduced from the fragmentation and isotope abundance in its mass spectrum and from chemical principles.", "PMID": 576115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11940", "title": "Syntheses of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-hydroxymethyl-N4-alkylcytosine.", "content": "Starting from uridine, 1-beta-D-arabinofluranosyl-5-hydroxymethyl-N4-alkylcytosines were prepared via 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil. During the course of this synthetic work, an interesting observation has been made that 5-acetoxy group of 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-acetoxymethyluracil and its derivatives was easily displaced at room temperature with alkylamine in methanol, but not in chloroform, to give the corresponding 5-alkylaminomethyl derivatives.", "contents": "Syntheses of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-hydroxymethyl-N4-alkylcytosine. Starting from uridine, 1-beta-D-arabinofluranosyl-5-hydroxymethyl-N4-alkylcytosines were prepared via 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil. During the course of this synthetic work, an interesting observation has been made that 5-acetoxy group of 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-acetoxymethyluracil and its derivatives was easily displaced at room temperature with alkylamine in methanol, but not in chloroform, to give the corresponding 5-alkylaminomethyl derivatives.", "PMID": 576118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11941", "title": "Proton transfer kinetics in the lowest excited state of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine as revealed by fluorescence lifetime measurements.", "content": "Fluorescence lifetimes have been examined of 1, N6-ethenoadenosine (epsilon Ado), 1-methyl-ethenoadenosine (m1 epsilon Ado+), 9-methyl-ethenoadenosine (m9 epsilon Ado+), N1-deazaethenoadenosine (N1-deaza-epsilon Ado, and 9-methyl-N1-deazaethenoadenosine (m9N1-deaza epsilon Ado) at various pH's in the 7.5 approximately 1.5 region and at 20 degrees C. From an analysis we have reached the following conclusions. (1) The observed fluorescence of epsilon Ado is caused by the unprotonated, neutral, excited species epsilon Ado not not only at pH 7 but also at pH 2. (2) pKa of the excited epsilon Ado is lower than that of the ground state epsilon Ado. (3) The rate constant of protonation in the excited state is about 10(10) sec-1 M-1.", "contents": "Proton transfer kinetics in the lowest excited state of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine as revealed by fluorescence lifetime measurements. Fluorescence lifetimes have been examined of 1, N6-ethenoadenosine (epsilon Ado), 1-methyl-ethenoadenosine (m1 epsilon Ado+), 9-methyl-ethenoadenosine (m9 epsilon Ado+), N1-deazaethenoadenosine (N1-deaza-epsilon Ado, and 9-methyl-N1-deazaethenoadenosine (m9N1-deaza epsilon Ado) at various pH's in the 7.5 approximately 1.5 region and at 20 degrees C. From an analysis we have reached the following conclusions. (1) The observed fluorescence of epsilon Ado is caused by the unprotonated, neutral, excited species epsilon Ado not not only at pH 7 but also at pH 2. (2) pKa of the excited epsilon Ado is lower than that of the ground state epsilon Ado. (3) The rate constant of protonation in the excited state is about 10(10) sec-1 M-1.", "PMID": 576119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11942", "title": "Effects of operation on left atrial size and the occurence of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The relation between left atrial size and atrial fibrillation was examined in 37 patients who had left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy at the National Heart and Lung Institute. Atrial fibrillation was present in 11 of 27 (41%) patients with an echocardiographically measured left atrial dimension greater than 45 mm. No patient with a left atrial dimension less than 45 mm had atrial fibrillation pre or postoperatively. Eleven of 13 patients less than 40 years of age with an abnormal preoperative left atrial dimension had a 10% or greater reduction in left atrial dimension postoperatively. A group of 21 patients 40 years of age or older had an abnormal left atrial dimension preoperatively, and no significant change postoperatively. These results indicate that left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy can produce a significant decrease in left atrial size in younger patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. It is hoped that the decrease in atrial size may reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation in these patients.", "contents": "Effects of operation on left atrial size and the occurence of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The relation between left atrial size and atrial fibrillation was examined in 37 patients who had left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy at the National Heart and Lung Institute. Atrial fibrillation was present in 11 of 27 (41%) patients with an echocardiographically measured left atrial dimension greater than 45 mm. No patient with a left atrial dimension less than 45 mm had atrial fibrillation pre or postoperatively. Eleven of 13 patients less than 40 years of age with an abnormal preoperative left atrial dimension had a 10% or greater reduction in left atrial dimension postoperatively. A group of 21 patients 40 years of age or older had an abnormal left atrial dimension preoperatively, and no significant change postoperatively. These results indicate that left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy can produce a significant decrease in left atrial size in younger patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. It is hoped that the decrease in atrial size may reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation in these patients.", "PMID": 576120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11943", "title": "Anterior sacral meningocele. A presentation of three cases.", "content": "Anterior sacral meningoceles are congenital lesions that consist of a spinal fluid-filled sac in the pelvis communicating by a small neck with the spinal subarachnoid space through a defect in the sacrum. The three patients with this disorder presented here had characteristic symptoms snd physical findings: chronic constipation, a pelvic mass, and almost unmistakable roentgenographic  changes, but diagnosis was delayed from 11 months to 21 years in all three. After prolonged and complicated treatment, the primary lesions have been surgically eradicated and function is generally satisfactory.", "contents": "Anterior sacral meningocele. A presentation of three cases. Anterior sacral meningoceles are congenital lesions that consist of a spinal fluid-filled sac in the pelvis communicating by a small neck with the spinal subarachnoid space through a defect in the sacrum. The three patients with this disorder presented here had characteristic symptoms snd physical findings: chronic constipation, a pelvic mass, and almost unmistakable roentgenographic  changes, but diagnosis was delayed from 11 months to 21 years in all three. After prolonged and complicated treatment, the primary lesions have been surgically eradicated and function is generally satisfactory.", "PMID": 576128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11944", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. The need for liver biopsy.", "content": "Four cases of chronic active hepatitis were found in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive blood donors. Despite minimal symptoms, the full histologic spectrum of chronic hepatitis was seen. Because clinically occult liver disease can be histologically severe, liver biopsy is indicated when liver enzyme levels are persistently abnormal in long-term HBsAg carriers.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. The need for liver biopsy. Four cases of chronic active hepatitis were found in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive blood donors. Despite minimal symptoms, the full histologic spectrum of chronic hepatitis was seen. Because clinically occult liver disease can be histologically severe, liver biopsy is indicated when liver enzyme levels are persistently abnormal in long-term HBsAg carriers.", "PMID": 576131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11945", "title": "Lactase deficiency: a common genetic trait of the American Indian.", "content": "Intestinal lactase activity was assessed indirectly in 156 American Indians by measuring breath hydrogen after an oral lactose load. Lactase deficiency was present in 66% of subjects and correlated highly with the percentage of Indian blood. Lactase deficiency was present by the age of 5 years and was unrelated to sex. Most lactase-deficient subjects (81%), but only a minority (23%) of lactase-sufficient subjects, developed symptoms after the oral lactose load, and among lactase-deficient subjects, symptoms occurred more frequently in adults than in children (P = 0.05). Indeed, by history, 53% of lactase-deficient adults, but only 10% of lactase-deficient children under 18 years of age, were aware of milk intolerance. Despite these differences, milk consumption was only slightly less (19 g) in the lactase-deficient subjects than in those with normal lactase activity (25 g) (P less than 0.05). The results indicate that lactase deficiency is a common autosomal genetic trait in the American Indian that becomes manifest in early childhood. Tolerance to dietary lactose appears to decline in the American Indian as he reaches adulthood, but in this population the decline in tolerance had only minor influence on lactose intake.", "contents": "Lactase deficiency: a common genetic trait of the American Indian. Intestinal lactase activity was assessed indirectly in 156 American Indians by measuring breath hydrogen after an oral lactose load. Lactase deficiency was present in 66% of subjects and correlated highly with the percentage of Indian blood. Lactase deficiency was present by the age of 5 years and was unrelated to sex. Most lactase-deficient subjects (81%), but only a minority (23%) of lactase-sufficient subjects, developed symptoms after the oral lactose load, and among lactase-deficient subjects, symptoms occurred more frequently in adults than in children (P = 0.05). Indeed, by history, 53% of lactase-deficient adults, but only 10% of lactase-deficient children under 18 years of age, were aware of milk intolerance. Despite these differences, milk consumption was only slightly less (19 g) in the lactase-deficient subjects than in those with normal lactase activity (25 g) (P less than 0.05). The results indicate that lactase deficiency is a common autosomal genetic trait in the American Indian that becomes manifest in early childhood. Tolerance to dietary lactose appears to decline in the American Indian as he reaches adulthood, but in this population the decline in tolerance had only minor influence on lactose intake.", "PMID": 576136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11946", "title": "Evaluation of sodium L-thyroxine (T4) requirement in replacement therapy of hypothyroidism.", "content": "Sodium-L-thyroxine (T4) was utilized in the treatment of 15 pediatric patients with hypothyroidism. Adequacy of replacement therapy was confirmed by clinical evaluation in conjunction with determination of serum thyroxine, tri-odothyronine, and thyrotropin concentrations. Daily dose of thyroxine capable of including clinical and biochemical euthyroidism ranged from 2.5 to 5 mug/kg of body weight with a mean of 3.5 +/- 0.3 mug in the 4- to 17-year-old age group. Two infants with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosese observations imply that physiologic requirements of thyroxine are distinctly lower than previously recommended dosages. Further studies to establish more precise therapeutic guidelines are needed.", "contents": "Evaluation of sodium L-thyroxine (T4) requirement in replacement therapy of hypothyroidism. Sodium-L-thyroxine (T4) was utilized in the treatment of 15 pediatric patients with hypothyroidism. Adequacy of replacement therapy was confirmed by clinical evaluation in conjunction with determination of serum thyroxine, tri-odothyronine, and thyrotropin concentrations. Daily dose of thyroxine capable of including clinical and biochemical euthyroidism ranged from 2.5 to 5 mug/kg of body weight with a mean of 3.5 +/- 0.3 mug in the 4- to 17-year-old age group. Two infants with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosese observations imply that physiologic requirements of thyroxine are distinctly lower than previously recommended dosages. Further studies to establish more precise therapeutic guidelines are needed.", "PMID": 576137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11947", "title": "LaVeen continuous peritoneal-jugular shunt. Improvement of renal function in ascitic patients.", "content": "30 consecutive patients with cirrhosis of the liver complicated by refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome, or both, received a LeVeen peritoneal-venous shunt. After surgery, these patients demonstrated a decreased abdominal girth (108 vs 93 cm, P less than .001), decreased body weight (80 vs 70 kg, P less than .001), and increased urinary flow (607 vs 4,254 ml, P less than .001). All patients had previously failed to show substantial benefit with 7 to 124 days of medical care. The mean BUN value was significantly decreased, from 39 to 23 mg/100 ml (P less than .005). Adosterone retention was reduced from a mean value of 32 to 12.8 ng/100 ml. The LeVeen continuous peritoneal-venous shunt is an important innovation that completely relieves refractory ascites in cirrhotic patients and reverses the pathophysiology of the hepatorenal syndrome.", "contents": "LaVeen continuous peritoneal-jugular shunt. Improvement of renal function in ascitic patients. 30 consecutive patients with cirrhosis of the liver complicated by refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome, or both, received a LeVeen peritoneal-venous shunt. After surgery, these patients demonstrated a decreased abdominal girth (108 vs 93 cm, P less than .001), decreased body weight (80 vs 70 kg, P less than .001), and increased urinary flow (607 vs 4,254 ml, P less than .001). All patients had previously failed to show substantial benefit with 7 to 124 days of medical care. The mean BUN value was significantly decreased, from 39 to 23 mg/100 ml (P less than .005). Adosterone retention was reduced from a mean value of 32 to 12.8 ng/100 ml. The LeVeen continuous peritoneal-venous shunt is an important innovation that completely relieves refractory ascites in cirrhotic patients and reverses the pathophysiology of the hepatorenal syndrome.", "PMID": 576150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11948", "title": "Prehospital coronary care. Proposal for a uniform reporting system.", "content": "Prehospital coronary care is becoming a common feature of community emergency medical systems. To date, results have been reported in a variety of formats, making meaningful comparison and aggregate analysis impossible. A flexible patient encounter form and data analysis scheme are proposed for universal adoption in future published accounts.", "contents": "Prehospital coronary care. Proposal for a uniform reporting system. Prehospital coronary care is becoming a common feature of community emergency medical systems. To date, results have been reported in a variety of formats, making meaningful comparison and aggregate analysis impossible. A flexible patient encounter form and data analysis scheme are proposed for universal adoption in future published accounts.", "PMID": 576151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11949", "title": "Preventing physician suicide. The role of family, colleagues, and organized medicine.", "content": "Psychological barriers in the minds of the failing physician, his family, and colleagues may thwart prevention of physician-suicide. The failing physician may be shunned by colleagues for his disturbed behavior. He denies illness, resorts to self-medication, and avoids treatment. Recognition and rational handling of this presuicidal state may be hindered by the need of the doctor, family, and colleagues to preserve a fantasy of the doctor's omnipotence. Treatment also may be impeded by the failing physician's reluctance to form a therapeutic relationship with the treating psychiatrist. The psychiatrist must help his doctor-patient to determine if he should continue practicing. The key to successful intervention may depend solely on our awareness and handling of these problems.", "contents": "Preventing physician suicide. The role of family, colleagues, and organized medicine. Psychological barriers in the minds of the failing physician, his family, and colleagues may thwart prevention of physician-suicide. The failing physician may be shunned by colleagues for his disturbed behavior. He denies illness, resorts to self-medication, and avoids treatment. Recognition and rational handling of this presuicidal state may be hindered by the need of the doctor, family, and colleagues to preserve a fantasy of the doctor's omnipotence. Treatment also may be impeded by the failing physician's reluctance to form a therapeutic relationship with the treating psychiatrist. The psychiatrist must help his doctor-patient to determine if he should continue practicing. The key to successful intervention may depend solely on our awareness and handling of these problems.", "PMID": 576152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11950", "title": "Unusual infections caused by Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Three cases of infection with Pasteurella multocida included acute epiglottitis, septic arthritis, and pleuropulmonary infection. Human infections with this microorganism are commonly related either to animal contact (eg, wound infections) or to the presence of underlying chronic respiratory tract disease. Although septic arthritis and pleuropulmonary infections have previously been attributed to this pathogen, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute epiglottitis caused by P. multocida.", "contents": "Unusual infections caused by Pasteurella multocida. Three cases of infection with Pasteurella multocida included acute epiglottitis, septic arthritis, and pleuropulmonary infection. Human infections with this microorganism are commonly related either to animal contact (eg, wound infections) or to the presence of underlying chronic respiratory tract disease. Although septic arthritis and pleuropulmonary infections have previously been attributed to this pathogen, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute epiglottitis caused by P. multocida.", "PMID": 576153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11951", "title": "Iatrogenic intraspinal epidermoid tumors.", "content": "Intraspinal epidermoid tumors may be congenital or acquired in origin. Lumbar punctures performed with needles without stylets or with ill-fitting stylets are responsible for the implantation of epidermal fragments into the spinal canal and the resultant iatrogenic intraspinal epidermoid tumors. Pain in the back or lower extremities is a striking clinical feature in these cases. Myelography should be considered for every patient who has pain in the lower extremities or back and who has had previous lumbar punctures.", "contents": "Iatrogenic intraspinal epidermoid tumors. Intraspinal epidermoid tumors may be congenital or acquired in origin. Lumbar punctures performed with needles without stylets or with ill-fitting stylets are responsible for the implantation of epidermal fragments into the spinal canal and the resultant iatrogenic intraspinal epidermoid tumors. Pain in the back or lower extremities is a striking clinical feature in these cases. Myelography should be considered for every patient who has pain in the lower extremities or back and who has had previous lumbar punctures.", "PMID": 576154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11952", "title": "Monitoring resuscitation of the injured patient.", "content": "Physicians are being called on with increasing frequency to initiate resuscitation of the severely injured patient. The medical literature is confusing regarding the best way that this can be done. A study was undertaken to evaluate simultaneously four common, easily measured indexes--blood pressure, pulse rate, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. A shock-trauma model employing laboratory-bred beagle dogs was developed. Results indicate that the best single index is pulmonary artery pressure. Certain physiologic principles make central venous pressure an unreliable index.", "contents": "Monitoring resuscitation of the injured patient. Physicians are being called on with increasing frequency to initiate resuscitation of the severely injured patient. The medical literature is confusing regarding the best way that this can be done. A study was undertaken to evaluate simultaneously four common, easily measured indexes--blood pressure, pulse rate, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. A shock-trauma model employing laboratory-bred beagle dogs was developed. Results indicate that the best single index is pulmonary artery pressure. Certain physiologic principles make central venous pressure an unreliable index.", "PMID": 576156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11953", "title": "Radionuclide imaging. Use in diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children.", "content": "Forty-four children were studied for the presence of osteomyelitis by scintigraphy using Tc 99m etidronate tin complex. Evidence of osteomyelitis on radionuclide images was found in 16 of 19 patients considered to have osteomyelitis by their attending physicians. Bone scintigraphic changes were noted prior to or in the absence of roentgenographic abnormalities in 10 of 19 patients. Cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, and osteomyelitis caused by penetrating trauma and contiguous infection were identified. Three bone infarctions were correctly diagnosed.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging. Use in diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children. Forty-four children were studied for the presence of osteomyelitis by scintigraphy using Tc 99m etidronate tin complex. Evidence of osteomyelitis on radionuclide images was found in 16 of 19 patients considered to have osteomyelitis by their attending physicians. Bone scintigraphic changes were noted prior to or in the absence of roentgenographic abnormalities in 10 of 19 patients. Cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, and osteomyelitis caused by penetrating trauma and contiguous infection were identified. Three bone infarctions were correctly diagnosed.", "PMID": 576157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11954", "title": "Psychological effects of diethylstilbestrol exposure.", "content": "The psychological response of daughters and their mothers to discovery of in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure was studied. At the DES Colposcopy Clinic, 41 daughters and 20 mothers were extensively interviewed. Twelve patients with abnormal cytology tests were controls. Initial anxiety was usually followed by acceptance of the condition after examination and counseling. Patients responded best when informed of their problem by their mothers and when the relationship between mother and daughter was good. The majority of patients found colposcopy to be unpleasant; they tended to be disturbed in proportion to the degree of being upset about DES exposure. The most common problem among mothers was guilt. A questionnaire survey of physicians showed that they had less concern for psychological problems than patients or mothers did. Sensitivity and good communication on the part of medical personnel are recommended.", "contents": "Psychological effects of diethylstilbestrol exposure. The psychological response of daughters and their mothers to discovery of in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure was studied. At the DES Colposcopy Clinic, 41 daughters and 20 mothers were extensively interviewed. Twelve patients with abnormal cytology tests were controls. Initial anxiety was usually followed by acceptance of the condition after examination and counseling. Patients responded best when informed of their problem by their mothers and when the relationship between mother and daughter was good. The majority of patients found colposcopy to be unpleasant; they tended to be disturbed in proportion to the degree of being upset about DES exposure. The most common problem among mothers was guilt. A questionnaire survey of physicians showed that they had less concern for psychological problems than patients or mothers did. Sensitivity and good communication on the part of medical personnel are recommended.", "PMID": 576158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11955", "title": "Reversible hypertension. Caused by the hypercalcemia of hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and calcium infusion.", "content": "Reversible hypertension occurred in a patient during episodes of hypercalcemia caused by hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and an infusion of calcium during an 11-year period of observation. It is suggested that normal renal function may be required for the hypertension of hyperparathyroidism to be reversible and that the hypertension may be directly related to the hypercalcemia in some patients. Early surgery is suggested for otherwise asymptomatic, mildly hypercalcemia hyperparathyroidism that is accompanied by hypertension.", "contents": "Reversible hypertension. Caused by the hypercalcemia of hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and calcium infusion. Reversible hypertension occurred in a patient during episodes of hypercalcemia caused by hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and an infusion of calcium during an 11-year period of observation. It is suggested that normal renal function may be required for the hypertension of hyperparathyroidism to be reversible and that the hypertension may be directly related to the hypercalcemia in some patients. Early surgery is suggested for otherwise asymptomatic, mildly hypercalcemia hyperparathyroidism that is accompanied by hypertension.", "PMID": 576160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11956", "title": "Measles immunization. Successes and failures.", "content": "As a result of a large outbreak of measles, measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers were measured in 465 immunized children. Titers of less than 1:4 were found in 14.6% of children immunized at 12 months of age as compared to 5.2% of those immunized at 13 months of age or later. Measles antibody titers were higher in the mothers of seronegative children who had been immunized at 11 or 12 months of age than in the mothers of seroposotive children. Measles HI titers of 1:4 or more were present in 94% of children immunized at 13 months of age or later between 1962 and 1964. The findings suggest that vaccine failure and not waning antibody accounts for the majority of titers of less than 1:4 in immunized children. Reimmunization programs should be considered for those who were immunized before 13 months of age.", "contents": "Measles immunization. Successes and failures. As a result of a large outbreak of measles, measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers were measured in 465 immunized children. Titers of less than 1:4 were found in 14.6% of children immunized at 12 months of age as compared to 5.2% of those immunized at 13 months of age or later. Measles antibody titers were higher in the mothers of seronegative children who had been immunized at 11 or 12 months of age than in the mothers of seroposotive children. Measles HI titers of 1:4 or more were present in 94% of children immunized at 13 months of age or later between 1962 and 1964. The findings suggest that vaccine failure and not waning antibody accounts for the majority of titers of less than 1:4 in immunized children. Reimmunization programs should be considered for those who were immunized before 13 months of age.", "PMID": 576165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11957", "title": "Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for infections in cancer patients.", "content": "A combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim) was given orally to 35 cancer pattients with infections. Thirty-two patients did not respond to an initial antibiotic regimen that consisted primarily of carbenicillin disodium and an aminoglycoside. There were 18 single-organism, Gram-negative infections. The overall cure rate was 54%. The most common infection was pneumonia (47% responded to treatment). Eighty precent of the cases of septicemia were cured. The most common infecting organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (45% with this infection responded). Eight cases of infection of unknown origin occurred (63% responded to treatment). Overall, 47% of the patients whose neutrophil count remained unchanged or decreased responded, while 61% of those whose neutrophil count remained unchanged or increased responded. There was no close correlation between the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the clinical responses. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim orally is a well tolerated and effective form of antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for infections in cancer patients. A combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim) was given orally to 35 cancer pattients with infections. Thirty-two patients did not respond to an initial antibiotic regimen that consisted primarily of carbenicillin disodium and an aminoglycoside. There were 18 single-organism, Gram-negative infections. The overall cure rate was 54%. The most common infection was pneumonia (47% responded to treatment). Eighty precent of the cases of septicemia were cured. The most common infecting organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (45% with this infection responded). Eight cases of infection of unknown origin occurred (63% responded to treatment). Overall, 47% of the patients whose neutrophil count remained unchanged or decreased responded, while 61% of those whose neutrophil count remained unchanged or increased responded. There was no close correlation between the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the clinical responses. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim orally is a well tolerated and effective form of antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 576166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11958", "title": "Thrombocytopenic purpura following iopanoic acid ingestion.", "content": "A 48-year-old woman had severe symptomatic thrombocytopenia three times in 13 months. Each episode followed ingestion of iopanoic acid. The interval between drug ingestion and onset of symptoms was 40, 12, and 8 hours. Resolution to normal platelet counts occurred in 6, 5, and 8 days. The third thrombocytopenic crisis occurred while the patient was receiving maintenance steroid therapy, given because the initial diagnosis was idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Incubation of platelet-rich plasma with the patient's serum caused platelet lysis if either the patient or the donor serum obtained after ingestion of iopanoic acid was present in the mixture.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenic purpura following iopanoic acid ingestion. A 48-year-old woman had severe symptomatic thrombocytopenia three times in 13 months. Each episode followed ingestion of iopanoic acid. The interval between drug ingestion and onset of symptoms was 40, 12, and 8 hours. Resolution to normal platelet counts occurred in 6, 5, and 8 days. The third thrombocytopenic crisis occurred while the patient was receiving maintenance steroid therapy, given because the initial diagnosis was idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Incubation of platelet-rich plasma with the patient's serum caused platelet lysis if either the patient or the donor serum obtained after ingestion of iopanoic acid was present in the mixture.", "PMID": 576168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11959", "title": "Identification of subgroups of euthyroid graves's ophthalmopathy.", "content": "We attempted to determine if euthyroid Graves's ophthalmopathy is a single entity or a heterogeneous group of disorders. Activity of long acting thyroid stimulator protector occurred in 31 of 33 patients with Graves's hyperthyroidism but in only nine of 17 with euthyroid Graves's ophthalmopathy. Of the euthyroid patients, six had protector activity and thyroid non-suppressibility; firm goiters and high titers of thyroid antibodies were the rule in this group. We believe that these patients have three autoimmune diseases: Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves's thyroid disease and Graves's ophthalmopathy. Five euthyroid patients had no detectable protector activity or thyroid antibodies and had normal thyroid suppressibility; the thyroid was generally normal in size and consistence. These patients are interpreted as having \"isolated\" Graves's ophthalmopathy without any autoimmune thyroid disease. The remaining six patients showed dissociation between protector activity and thyroid non-suppressibility and cannot be classified as yet. Euthyroidism in Graves's ophthalmopathy may have more than one cause.", "contents": "Identification of subgroups of euthyroid graves's ophthalmopathy. We attempted to determine if euthyroid Graves's ophthalmopathy is a single entity or a heterogeneous group of disorders. Activity of long acting thyroid stimulator protector occurred in 31 of 33 patients with Graves's hyperthyroidism but in only nine of 17 with euthyroid Graves's ophthalmopathy. Of the euthyroid patients, six had protector activity and thyroid non-suppressibility; firm goiters and high titers of thyroid antibodies were the rule in this group. We believe that these patients have three autoimmune diseases: Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves's thyroid disease and Graves's ophthalmopathy. Five euthyroid patients had no detectable protector activity or thyroid antibodies and had normal thyroid suppressibility; the thyroid was generally normal in size and consistence. These patients are interpreted as having \"isolated\" Graves's ophthalmopathy without any autoimmune thyroid disease. The remaining six patients showed dissociation between protector activity and thyroid non-suppressibility and cannot be classified as yet. Euthyroidism in Graves's ophthalmopathy may have more than one cause.", "PMID": 576175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11960", "title": "Intravenous and intrathecal miconazole therapy for systemic mycoses.", "content": "Ten patients with systemic mycoses, including five with fungal meningitis, were treated with intravenously or intrathecally administered miconazole, or both. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of miconazole for clinical isolates of Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans were less than 0.6 microg per ml. Except for pruritus of variable degrees, the drug was well tolerated both intravenously and intrathecally by all patients. No measurable impairment of renal, hepatic or bone marrow function was observed in patients after 4(1/2) months of intravenous therapy. No hematological or biochemical abnormalities and no evidence of recurrent coccidioidal osteomyelitis were observed in 16 months of follow-up in our first patient treated with this drug. Miconazole is apparently an effective antifungal drug of low toxicity and is a potentially useful agent for treatment of human systemic mycoses.", "contents": "Intravenous and intrathecal miconazole therapy for systemic mycoses. Ten patients with systemic mycoses, including five with fungal meningitis, were treated with intravenously or intrathecally administered miconazole, or both. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of miconazole for clinical isolates of Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans were less than 0.6 microg per ml. Except for pruritus of variable degrees, the drug was well tolerated both intravenously and intrathecally by all patients. No measurable impairment of renal, hepatic or bone marrow function was observed in patients after 4(1/2) months of intravenous therapy. No hematological or biochemical abnormalities and no evidence of recurrent coccidioidal osteomyelitis were observed in 16 months of follow-up in our first patient treated with this drug. Miconazole is apparently an effective antifungal drug of low toxicity and is a potentially useful agent for treatment of human systemic mycoses.", "PMID": 576177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11961", "title": "Transitory growth hormone deficiency successfully treated with human growth hormone.", "content": "This study was carried out in order to determine whether children with a transitory type of growth hormone deficiency showed an accelerated growth in height velocity on treatment with human growth hormone (HGH). Following careful diagnostic routine procedures 13 extremely short children were diagnosed as having isolated growth hormone deficiency, and were successfully treated with HGH. A true isolated growth hormone deficiency was present in 5 of the children, whereas 8 showed a normal increase in serum growth hormone on repeated growth hormone stimulation tests after their development of puberty and termination of HGH treatment. Three boys with bone ages of 5.5, 8.0 and 9.5 years showed an undisputable effect following HGH administration. They showed an initial growth at the start of treatment, and a second growth spurt during development of puberty. Two of the boys reached final statures of 14 cm taller than the predicted heights. The other patients, including the children with true isolated growth hormone deficiency showed an initial spurt of growth at the start of the HGH treatment immediately followed by a pubertal growth spurt. The mean accleration of height velocity for the children with true isolated growth hormone deficiency was from 3.4 cm during the year before treatment to 7.0 cm during the first year on treatment, as compared to 2.8 and 7.4 cm, respectively, for the children with transitory growth hormone deficiency. A girl with severe anorexia nervosa who had a transitory growth hormone deficiency, showed an accelerated high velocity from 1.1 cm to 7.6 cm during the first year following treatment with HGH.", "contents": "Transitory growth hormone deficiency successfully treated with human growth hormone. This study was carried out in order to determine whether children with a transitory type of growth hormone deficiency showed an accelerated growth in height velocity on treatment with human growth hormone (HGH). Following careful diagnostic routine procedures 13 extremely short children were diagnosed as having isolated growth hormone deficiency, and were successfully treated with HGH. A true isolated growth hormone deficiency was present in 5 of the children, whereas 8 showed a normal increase in serum growth hormone on repeated growth hormone stimulation tests after their development of puberty and termination of HGH treatment. Three boys with bone ages of 5.5, 8.0 and 9.5 years showed an undisputable effect following HGH administration. They showed an initial growth at the start of treatment, and a second growth spurt during development of puberty. Two of the boys reached final statures of 14 cm taller than the predicted heights. The other patients, including the children with true isolated growth hormone deficiency showed an initial spurt of growth at the start of the HGH treatment immediately followed by a pubertal growth spurt. The mean accleration of height velocity for the children with true isolated growth hormone deficiency was from 3.4 cm during the year before treatment to 7.0 cm during the first year on treatment, as compared to 2.8 and 7.4 cm, respectively, for the children with transitory growth hormone deficiency. A girl with severe anorexia nervosa who had a transitory growth hormone deficiency, showed an accelerated high velocity from 1.1 cm to 7.6 cm during the first year following treatment with HGH.", "PMID": 576178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11962", "title": "Changes in the concentrations of aldosterone in the plasma and adrenal glands of the foetus, the newborn and the pregnant guinea-pig during the perinatal period.", "content": "Plasma and adrenal aldosterone concentrations have been estimated by radioimmunoassay and by gas phase chromatography in the foetus, the newborn and the mother between day 62 of pregnancy and day 8 of post-natal life. The pre-natal period is characterized by a gradual increase in plasma and adrenal aldosterone levels from day 62 up to 67. Birth greatly stimulates the synthesis and the release of aldosterone. In the neonatal period there are two peaks of maximum intensity in the plasma aldosterone concentration, one at 12 h together with a high adrenal aldosterone level, the other on day 5. In the mother the plasma aldosterone concentration is always higher than that of the foetus during the pre-natal period and increases from day 64 of gestation until parturition and remains high during the first 24 h after parturition.", "contents": "Changes in the concentrations of aldosterone in the plasma and adrenal glands of the foetus, the newborn and the pregnant guinea-pig during the perinatal period. Plasma and adrenal aldosterone concentrations have been estimated by radioimmunoassay and by gas phase chromatography in the foetus, the newborn and the mother between day 62 of pregnancy and day 8 of post-natal life. The pre-natal period is characterized by a gradual increase in plasma and adrenal aldosterone levels from day 62 up to 67. Birth greatly stimulates the synthesis and the release of aldosterone. In the neonatal period there are two peaks of maximum intensity in the plasma aldosterone concentration, one at 12 h together with a high adrenal aldosterone level, the other on day 5. In the mother the plasma aldosterone concentration is always higher than that of the foetus during the pre-natal period and increases from day 64 of gestation until parturition and remains high during the first 24 h after parturition.", "PMID": 576180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11963", "title": "Diurnal rhythm of 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and testosterone in peripheral plasma of boars.", "content": "Testosterone and the boar taint steroid 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one were determined radioimmunologically in peripheral plasma of 3 boars. A modified extraction procedure for the latter compound was established and its reliability confirmed. Samples of plasma were taken every 30 min during three 48 h periods.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm of 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one and testosterone in peripheral plasma of boars. Testosterone and the boar taint steroid 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one were determined radioimmunologically in peripheral plasma of 3 boars. A modified extraction procedure for the latter compound was established and its reliability confirmed. Samples of plasma were taken every 30 min during three 48 h periods.", "PMID": 576185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11964", "title": "Isolated thyrotrophin deficiency in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Hypothyroidism in patients with diabetes mellitus is usually primary though rarely secondary hypothyroidism has occurred. An 11 6/12 year old white female developed diabetes mellitus at 8 6/12 years of age. She received treatment up to 40 units NPH daily with adequate control and normal growth. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed after a 3 month history of lethargy, constipation, dryness of skin and decreasing insulin requirement to 10 units NPH per day. Physical examination was entirely normal, except for dry skin. Serum levels of free thyroxine, thyroxine, T3 resin uptake, were low as was 131I uptake. Primary hypothyroidism was ruled out by the absence of goitre, absent antithyroid antibodies, low basal TSH levels and increased 131I uptake after TSH administration. Serum TSH levels rose 4-fold in respone to intravenous TRH administration. The patient was treated with 0.15 mg daily of L-thyroxine with very good response. This report describes a patient with juvenile diabetes mellitus and isolated TSH deficiency with hypothyroidism of probably hypothalamic origin, an association not previously described in children.", "contents": "Isolated thyrotrophin deficiency in diabetes mellitus. Hypothyroidism in patients with diabetes mellitus is usually primary though rarely secondary hypothyroidism has occurred. An 11 6/12 year old white female developed diabetes mellitus at 8 6/12 years of age. She received treatment up to 40 units NPH daily with adequate control and normal growth. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed after a 3 month history of lethargy, constipation, dryness of skin and decreasing insulin requirement to 10 units NPH per day. Physical examination was entirely normal, except for dry skin. Serum levels of free thyroxine, thyroxine, T3 resin uptake, were low as was 131I uptake. Primary hypothyroidism was ruled out by the absence of goitre, absent antithyroid antibodies, low basal TSH levels and increased 131I uptake after TSH administration. Serum TSH levels rose 4-fold in respone to intravenous TRH administration. The patient was treated with 0.15 mg daily of L-thyroxine with very good response. This report describes a patient with juvenile diabetes mellitus and isolated TSH deficiency with hypothyroidism of probably hypothalamic origin, an association not previously described in children.", "PMID": 576189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11965", "title": "Skim milk in infant feeding.", "content": "Skim milk in infant feeding. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:17, 1977. --Ninety-four infants were enrolled at 112 days of age in a study of food intake and growth and 88 were considered to have completed satisfactorily the planned 56 days of observation. The infants lived at home. Feedings consisted of a commercially available formula (Similac, 67 kcl/100 ml) or a slightly modified skim milk (Formula 305, 36 kcal/100 ml) and commercially prepared strained foods. Energy intake and gain in weight were significantly greater by infants fed Similac than by those fed Formula 305. Gain in length was nearly identical in the two feeding groups. During the 56 days of observation, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses changed little in infants fed Similac but decreased approximately 25% in infants fed Formula 305. It is suggested that body fat stores of infants fed Formula 305 were mobilized to permit growth of fat-free tissue.", "contents": "Skim milk in infant feeding. Skim milk in infant feeding. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:17, 1977. --Ninety-four infants were enrolled at 112 days of age in a study of food intake and growth and 88 were considered to have completed satisfactorily the planned 56 days of observation. The infants lived at home. Feedings consisted of a commercially available formula (Similac, 67 kcl/100 ml) or a slightly modified skim milk (Formula 305, 36 kcal/100 ml) and commercially prepared strained foods. Energy intake and gain in weight were significantly greater by infants fed Similac than by those fed Formula 305. Gain in length was nearly identical in the two feeding groups. During the 56 days of observation, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses changed little in infants fed Similac but decreased approximately 25% in infants fed Formula 305. It is suggested that body fat stores of infants fed Formula 305 were mobilized to permit growth of fat-free tissue.", "PMID": 576190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11966", "title": "Clinical and immunological aspects of food allergy in childhood. I. Estimation of IgG, IgA and IgE antibodies to food antigens in children with food allergy and atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Sixtynine children with case histories of food intolerance and 30 food tolerant children with atopic dermatitis have been investigated regarding serum IgE levels and IgE-, IgG, and IgA-antibodies to some common foods. Children with food intolerance had significantly higher IgE levels and to a larger extent specific IgE antibodies to the tested allergens. IgE antibodies to cow's milk were found in 71% of the children with histories of cow's milk allergy but occurred also in similar titers in 27% of milk tolerant children with other food allergies. IgE antibodies to egg-white occurred in 88% of egg allergies, but low and moderate titers were also found in 17% of children without food intolerance. However, all children with high titers had symptoms of egg allergy. IgE antibodies to the fish allergen were only found in fish allergic children while IgE antibodies to the fish allergen were only found in fish allergic children while IgE antibodies to soy-bean and green peas were found less consistently. The level of serum IgA antibodies to milk was similar in both groups. The IgG antibody titers to all tested food antigens seemed to parallel the IgE antibody titer to the same food. It was not possible to correlate the IgG antibody titers to symptoms.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological aspects of food allergy in childhood. I. Estimation of IgG, IgA and IgE antibodies to food antigens in children with food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Sixtynine children with case histories of food intolerance and 30 food tolerant children with atopic dermatitis have been investigated regarding serum IgE levels and IgE-, IgG, and IgA-antibodies to some common foods. Children with food intolerance had significantly higher IgE levels and to a larger extent specific IgE antibodies to the tested allergens. IgE antibodies to cow's milk were found in 71% of the children with histories of cow's milk allergy but occurred also in similar titers in 27% of milk tolerant children with other food allergies. IgE antibodies to egg-white occurred in 88% of egg allergies, but low and moderate titers were also found in 17% of children without food intolerance. However, all children with high titers had symptoms of egg allergy. IgE antibodies to the fish allergen were only found in fish allergic children while IgE antibodies to the fish allergen were only found in fish allergic children while IgE antibodies to soy-bean and green peas were found less consistently. The level of serum IgA antibodies to milk was similar in both groups. The IgG antibody titers to all tested food antigens seemed to parallel the IgE antibody titer to the same food. It was not possible to correlate the IgG antibody titers to symptoms.", "PMID": 576191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11967", "title": "Rape: an organized approach to evaluation and treatment.", "content": "Rape is a rapidly spreading form of violence. The physician must examine and treat the victim and establish an adequate record for legal purposes. Treatment of the victim includes follow-up for late-emerging ego disruption and is greatly aided by employing the assistance of organized agencies such as a hospital-based Social Service or a Rape Crisis Center. It is also important that the victim receive adequate protection against venereal disease and pregnancy.", "contents": "Rape: an organized approach to evaluation and treatment. Rape is a rapidly spreading form of violence. The physician must examine and treat the victim and establish an adequate record for legal purposes. Treatment of the victim includes follow-up for late-emerging ego disruption and is greatly aided by employing the assistance of organized agencies such as a hospital-based Social Service or a Rape Crisis Center. It is also important that the victim receive adequate protection against venereal disease and pregnancy.", "PMID": 576192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11968", "title": "The relationship between accelerated pulmonary maturity and accelerated neurological maturity in certain chronically stressed pregnancies.", "content": "Two studies were done. In the first, 51 infants from high-risk pregnancies were evaluated for accelerated clinical neurological maturation. Eight infants had accelerated neurological maturation 3 or more weeks in excess of gestational age. In the second study, a sample of 25 infants with documented acceleration of pulmonary surfactant (lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio greater than or equal to 2 at gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks) all infants showed accelerated neurological maturation (range 3 to 8 weeks) with the conditions studied associated with accelerated pulmonary maturation (for instance, retroplacental bleeding, prolonged rupture of membranes, placental infarction, severe toxemia, hypertensive disease, circumvallation, and amnionitis). Chronic retroplacental bleeding was associated with the most dramatic pulmonary and neurological accelerations.", "contents": "The relationship between accelerated pulmonary maturity and accelerated neurological maturity in certain chronically stressed pregnancies. Two studies were done. In the first, 51 infants from high-risk pregnancies were evaluated for accelerated clinical neurological maturation. Eight infants had accelerated neurological maturation 3 or more weeks in excess of gestational age. In the second study, a sample of 25 infants with documented acceleration of pulmonary surfactant (lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio greater than or equal to 2 at gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks) all infants showed accelerated neurological maturation (range 3 to 8 weeks) with the conditions studied associated with accelerated pulmonary maturation (for instance, retroplacental bleeding, prolonged rupture of membranes, placental infarction, severe toxemia, hypertensive disease, circumvallation, and amnionitis). Chronic retroplacental bleeding was associated with the most dramatic pulmonary and neurological accelerations.", "PMID": 576193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11969", "title": "Value of biopsy in diagnosis of primary lymphosarcoma of marrow.", "content": "We report the clinical, hematologic, and survival characteristics of 12 patients with lymphosarcoma primarily involving the marrow but without substantial nodal disease. The importance of the biopsy in establishing this diagnosis is stressed, since in 7 of the 12 cases the diagnosis would not have been made had only a marrow aspiration been performed.", "contents": "Value of biopsy in diagnosis of primary lymphosarcoma of marrow. We report the clinical, hematologic, and survival characteristics of 12 patients with lymphosarcoma primarily involving the marrow but without substantial nodal disease. The importance of the biopsy in establishing this diagnosis is stressed, since in 7 of the 12 cases the diagnosis would not have been made had only a marrow aspiration been performed.", "PMID": 576194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11970", "title": "Intrauterine diethylstilbestrol exposure and its consequences: pathologic characteristics of vaginal adenosis, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and related lesions.", "content": "In 1971, the development of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in young females was first linked to a history of intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). This communication reviews data on cases accessioned in the Registry of Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Genital Tract in Young Females, findings in exposed female and male subjects without cancer, and discusses current concepts of the pathogenesis of the DES-related anomalies of the lower genital tract.", "contents": "Intrauterine diethylstilbestrol exposure and its consequences: pathologic characteristics of vaginal adenosis, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and related lesions. In 1971, the development of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in young females was first linked to a history of intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). This communication reviews data on cases accessioned in the Registry of Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Genital Tract in Young Females, findings in exposed female and male subjects without cancer, and discusses current concepts of the pathogenesis of the DES-related anomalies of the lower genital tract.", "PMID": 576195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11971", "title": "Pituitary adenoma calcification.", "content": "Calcifications have been found in 9 of 137 different pituitary adenomas (6.6%) that have been examined with skull roentgenograms, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. Electron microscopy was most efficient because seven cases showed positive findings. Skull x-ray films showed calcification in four and light microscopy in only two cases. Six adenomas showed signs of increased prolactin production (either by direct determination or presence of galactorrhea). Two pateitns with calcifications on skull x-ray films and negative microscopic examinations did not show signs of any hormone secretion. The ultrastructural examination showed that the process of calcification started in single necrotic cells undergoing fibrillary transformation. No large areas of necrosis were present as seen in other forms of dystrophic calcification. The deposits consisted of dense accumulation of radially oriented hydroxyapatite crystals. The observations suggest that local factors and the type of hormone secreted may play an important role in the calcification pattern of pituitary adenomas.", "contents": "Pituitary adenoma calcification. Calcifications have been found in 9 of 137 different pituitary adenomas (6.6%) that have been examined with skull roentgenograms, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. Electron microscopy was most efficient because seven cases showed positive findings. Skull x-ray films showed calcification in four and light microscopy in only two cases. Six adenomas showed signs of increased prolactin production (either by direct determination or presence of galactorrhea). Two pateitns with calcifications on skull x-ray films and negative microscopic examinations did not show signs of any hormone secretion. The ultrastructural examination showed that the process of calcification started in single necrotic cells undergoing fibrillary transformation. No large areas of necrosis were present as seen in other forms of dystrophic calcification. The deposits consisted of dense accumulation of radially oriented hydroxyapatite crystals. The observations suggest that local factors and the type of hormone secreted may play an important role in the calcification pattern of pituitary adenomas.", "PMID": 576196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11972", "title": "Functioning lipoadenoma of the parathyroid gland.", "content": "Lipoadenoma is a rare tumor of the parathyroid gland composed of adult adipose tissue and irregular trabeculae of parathyroid cells. This variant of adenoma is poorly documented. Similar lesions that have been either functional or apparently nonfunctional have been reported as adenoma with unusual stromal development and as parathyroid hamartoma, respectively. In this report, the second case of a functional lipoadenoma of the parathyroid gland is described.", "contents": "Functioning lipoadenoma of the parathyroid gland. Lipoadenoma is a rare tumor of the parathyroid gland composed of adult adipose tissue and irregular trabeculae of parathyroid cells. This variant of adenoma is poorly documented. Similar lesions that have been either functional or apparently nonfunctional have been reported as adenoma with unusual stromal development and as parathyroid hamartoma, respectively. In this report, the second case of a functional lipoadenoma of the parathyroid gland is described.", "PMID": 576197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11973", "title": "Morphologic changes in the thyroid following low-dose childhood radiation.", "content": "Surgically resected thyroid specimens were obtained from 18 patients who had received low-dose head and neck radiation during infancy or early childhood. Twelve of the eighteen patients had thyroid carcinoma, with six having lymph node metastasis. In eight the malignancy was not found in the nodule that prompted the surgery but was discovered only after thorough examination of the entire specimen. Our patients showed a number of other histologic changes, not previously emphasized in the literature. They uniformly had marked multinodularity, extensive interstitial fibrosis, and in some cases lymphocytic thyroiditis.", "contents": "Morphologic changes in the thyroid following low-dose childhood radiation. Surgically resected thyroid specimens were obtained from 18 patients who had received low-dose head and neck radiation during infancy or early childhood. Twelve of the eighteen patients had thyroid carcinoma, with six having lymph node metastasis. In eight the malignancy was not found in the nodule that prompted the surgery but was discovered only after thorough examination of the entire specimen. Our patients showed a number of other histologic changes, not previously emphasized in the literature. They uniformly had marked multinodularity, extensive interstitial fibrosis, and in some cases lymphocytic thyroiditis.", "PMID": 576198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11974", "title": "Evolution of lesions in intestinal ischemia.", "content": "Intestinal ischemia was produced in dogs by ligation and division of a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplied a selected segment of bowel. The bowel lesions included patchy mucosal necrosis, ulceration, and stenosis. The development of these changes was studied, and it appeared that ulceration was accompanied by severe submucosal inflammation in uniform appearance. Healing was accomplished by regeneration of mucosa and widespread submucosal fibrosis. Villi developed in the regenerated mucosa about 30 days after the onset of ischemia. Focal disruption of muscularis mucosa and loss of ganglion cells were common, although muscularis propria remained largely intact.", "contents": "Evolution of lesions in intestinal ischemia. Intestinal ischemia was produced in dogs by ligation and division of a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplied a selected segment of bowel. The bowel lesions included patchy mucosal necrosis, ulceration, and stenosis. The development of these changes was studied, and it appeared that ulceration was accompanied by severe submucosal inflammation in uniform appearance. Healing was accomplished by regeneration of mucosa and widespread submucosal fibrosis. Villi developed in the regenerated mucosa about 30 days after the onset of ischemia. Focal disruption of muscularis mucosa and loss of ganglion cells were common, although muscularis propria remained largely intact.", "PMID": 576199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11975", "title": "Aspirin-induced glandular dysplasia of the stomach: histologic and histochemical studies in rats.", "content": "Stomachs of 22 rats treated with aspirin for six months were examined histologically at times ranging from 6 to 18 months after completion of treatment. Healed chronic gastric ulcers were found in 20 rats. Glandular dysplasia was present at the sites of healed ulcers in 12 rats, the glands extending into the submucosa, muscularis propria, and even subserosal fat. The apparent lack of progression with time and the absence of metastases suggest that the changes are not neoplastic but are a consequence of repeated injury and regeneration, with entrapment of glands below the level of the muscularis mucosae. The lesions in the aspirin-treated animals closely resemble those of gastritis cystica polyposa and colitis cystica profunda in the human subject.", "contents": "Aspirin-induced glandular dysplasia of the stomach: histologic and histochemical studies in rats. Stomachs of 22 rats treated with aspirin for six months were examined histologically at times ranging from 6 to 18 months after completion of treatment. Healed chronic gastric ulcers were found in 20 rats. Glandular dysplasia was present at the sites of healed ulcers in 12 rats, the glands extending into the submucosa, muscularis propria, and even subserosal fat. The apparent lack of progression with time and the absence of metastases suggest that the changes are not neoplastic but are a consequence of repeated injury and regeneration, with entrapment of glands below the level of the muscularis mucosae. The lesions in the aspirin-treated animals closely resemble those of gastritis cystica polyposa and colitis cystica profunda in the human subject.", "PMID": 576200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11976", "title": "Histologic and ultrastructural features of primary and secondary endocardial fibroelastosis.", "content": "The average size of elastic fibers in thickened left ventricular endocardium was much larger in four patients with congenital endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) than in six patients with acquired EFE (secondary to ischemic heart disease in two patients, to prosthetic cardiac valves in three, and to irradiation of the chest in one). Both components of normal elastic tissue (central, amorphous cores, and peripheral microfibrils) were present in endocardial elastic fibers of each patient. Ultrastructural identification of elastic fibers was greatly facilitated by staining with silver tetraphenylporphin sulfonate.", "contents": "Histologic and ultrastructural features of primary and secondary endocardial fibroelastosis. The average size of elastic fibers in thickened left ventricular endocardium was much larger in four patients with congenital endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) than in six patients with acquired EFE (secondary to ischemic heart disease in two patients, to prosthetic cardiac valves in three, and to irradiation of the chest in one). Both components of normal elastic tissue (central, amorphous cores, and peripheral microfibrils) were present in endocardial elastic fibers of each patient. Ultrastructural identification of elastic fibers was greatly facilitated by staining with silver tetraphenylporphin sulfonate.", "PMID": 576201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11977", "title": "Fatal meningococcal septicemia.", "content": "The morphologic and clinical findings in seven fatal cases of meningococcal septicemia are described and interpreted in light of recent experimental and clinical studies. We include evidence that suggests the disease has two distinct pathogenetic mechanisms. First, a shock-like terminal phase is associated with the development of widespread pulmonary microvascular thrombosis. These thrombi, composed largely of platelets and leukocytes, produce severe cor pulmonale that cannot be prevented with heparin sodium treatment. Meningococcal endotoxin also produces disseminated intravascular coagulation, which includes the rapid consumption of fibrinogen and the formation of fibrin thrombi in adrenal and renal glomerular capillaries, causing hemorrhagic infarction of the adrenal glands and renal cortical necrosis. This secondary phase of the disease can be modified with heparin therapy, but its control does not improve survival because the parenchymal lesions produced are not immediately life threatening.", "contents": "Fatal meningococcal septicemia. The morphologic and clinical findings in seven fatal cases of meningococcal septicemia are described and interpreted in light of recent experimental and clinical studies. We include evidence that suggests the disease has two distinct pathogenetic mechanisms. First, a shock-like terminal phase is associated with the development of widespread pulmonary microvascular thrombosis. These thrombi, composed largely of platelets and leukocytes, produce severe cor pulmonale that cannot be prevented with heparin sodium treatment. Meningococcal endotoxin also produces disseminated intravascular coagulation, which includes the rapid consumption of fibrinogen and the formation of fibrin thrombi in adrenal and renal glomerular capillaries, causing hemorrhagic infarction of the adrenal glands and renal cortical necrosis. This secondary phase of the disease can be modified with heparin therapy, but its control does not improve survival because the parenchymal lesions produced are not immediately life threatening.", "PMID": 576204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11978", "title": "In vivo study of platelet kinetics by 75Se-methionine in different haematological disorders.", "content": "Labeling of platelets in vivo by 75Se-methionine was performed in premalignant and malignant haematological disorders for evaluation of the kinetics of platelet maturation. The \"normal\" platelet maturation time (time between the injection of the isotope and maximum radioactivity of separated blood platelets) in eight non-haematological patients showing normal platelet counts was 9.1 days. A shortening of platelet maturation time of 5-7 days was observed in three of four cases with panmyelopathy (high bone marrow cellularity), in three of four cases with malignant lymphatic disorders (multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphosarcoma), and in two of four cases with myeloproliferative syndromes. No correlation to the peripheral platelet counts was observed. For explanation of the premature platelet release from the bone marrow a disturbance of the megakaryocyte maturation is suggested.", "contents": "In vivo study of platelet kinetics by 75Se-methionine in different haematological disorders. Labeling of platelets in vivo by 75Se-methionine was performed in premalignant and malignant haematological disorders for evaluation of the kinetics of platelet maturation. The \"normal\" platelet maturation time (time between the injection of the isotope and maximum radioactivity of separated blood platelets) in eight non-haematological patients showing normal platelet counts was 9.1 days. A shortening of platelet maturation time of 5-7 days was observed in three of four cases with panmyelopathy (high bone marrow cellularity), in three of four cases with malignant lymphatic disorders (multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphosarcoma), and in two of four cases with myeloproliferative syndromes. No correlation to the peripheral platelet counts was observed. For explanation of the premature platelet release from the bone marrow a disturbance of the megakaryocyte maturation is suggested.", "PMID": 576207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11979", "title": "The MERMLS leadership institute for hospital librarians: a new concept in extension service.", "content": "This paper describes a pilot Leadership Institute conducted by the Mid-Eastern Regional Medical Library Service (MERMLS) and a consultant group from Temple University. The purpose of the institute was to instill some basic group leadership techniques in a selected group of geographically dispersed hospital librarians. The institute was conducted in two sessions totalling three days, with two months separating the two sessions. Extensive evaluations by participants at the end of both sessions resulted in general endorsement that the institute's objectives had been attained and that more institutes of this type should be provided.", "contents": "The MERMLS leadership institute for hospital librarians: a new concept in extension service. This paper describes a pilot Leadership Institute conducted by the Mid-Eastern Regional Medical Library Service (MERMLS) and a consultant group from Temple University. The purpose of the institute was to instill some basic group leadership techniques in a selected group of geographically dispersed hospital librarians. The institute was conducted in two sessions totalling three days, with two months separating the two sessions. Extensive evaluations by participants at the end of both sessions resulted in general endorsement that the institute's objectives had been attained and that more institutes of this type should be provided.", "PMID": 576208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11980", "title": "Metabolic acidosis and infant feeding.", "content": "Most cows' milk based formulae for infant feeding present a greater acid load to the infant than breast milk. To determine the effect of this difference the acid base state of 180 healthy term infants was measured on the sixth day of life and related to the type of feed. Those infants fed on cows' milk formula (SMA) had a mean pH of 7-34 +/- 0-05 and a base deficit of 8-8 +/- 3-1, while those fed on breast milk had a mean pH of 7-38 +/- 0-05 and a base deficit of 5-6 +/- 3-1. The difference between the two groups of infants was significant for both these measurements. Metabolic acidosis was defined as a base deficit greater than 10 mmol/l. Seventy-four per cent of the 34 infants who were acidotic at six days were bottle-fed. There was a significant correlation between the pH of the feed and the degree of acidosis in the infant as measured by the base deficit. The findings suggest that when breast milk is not available a pH-adjusted milk formula would be desirable for preventing and treating neonatal metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "Metabolic acidosis and infant feeding. Most cows' milk based formulae for infant feeding present a greater acid load to the infant than breast milk. To determine the effect of this difference the acid base state of 180 healthy term infants was measured on the sixth day of life and related to the type of feed. Those infants fed on cows' milk formula (SMA) had a mean pH of 7-34 +/- 0-05 and a base deficit of 8-8 +/- 3-1, while those fed on breast milk had a mean pH of 7-38 +/- 0-05 and a base deficit of 5-6 +/- 3-1. The difference between the two groups of infants was significant for both these measurements. Metabolic acidosis was defined as a base deficit greater than 10 mmol/l. Seventy-four per cent of the 34 infants who were acidotic at six days were bottle-fed. There was a significant correlation between the pH of the feed and the degree of acidosis in the infant as measured by the base deficit. The findings suggest that when breast milk is not available a pH-adjusted milk formula would be desirable for preventing and treating neonatal metabolic acidosis.", "PMID": 576209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11981", "title": "Influenza in children and young adults with cancer: 20 cases.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical features of laboratory-confirmed influenza in 20 children and young adults with cancer who were receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Viruses isolated from pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cultures were identified as the A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain or one of its variants, either A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73, or A/Victoria/3/75. Although the signs and symptoms of influenza in our patients were not unusual, the clinical course lasted twice as long as in the general population. Complications developed in only 3 patients and were related to secondary bacterial infections rather than influenza. An important sequelae of influenza was the interruption of cancer therapy in 16 patients for periods of 4 days to 3 1/2 weeks. The severity of influenza did not appear related to type or activity of malignancy or to duration or specific form of cancer therapy. Guidelines for the prevention and management of influenza in children with cancer are recommended.", "contents": "Influenza in children and young adults with cancer: 20 cases. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical features of laboratory-confirmed influenza in 20 children and young adults with cancer who were receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Viruses isolated from pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cultures were identified as the A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain or one of its variants, either A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73, or A/Victoria/3/75. Although the signs and symptoms of influenza in our patients were not unusual, the clinical course lasted twice as long as in the general population. Complications developed in only 3 patients and were related to secondary bacterial infections rather than influenza. An important sequelae of influenza was the interruption of cancer therapy in 16 patients for periods of 4 days to 3 1/2 weeks. The severity of influenza did not appear related to type or activity of malignancy or to duration or specific form of cancer therapy. Guidelines for the prevention and management of influenza in children with cancer are recommended.", "PMID": 576210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11982", "title": "Relation of gonadotropin secretion by pituitary grafts to spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "In hypophysectomized male rats, 2 anterior pituitary (AP) grafts placed underneath the kidney capsule partially prevented atrophy of the testes and ventral prostate during a 17 day post-implantation period. Spermatogenesis was partially maintained as revealed by histological examination of the testes. The AP grafts released small amounts of LH and FSH and substantial amounts of prolactin as determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum LH and FSH were undetectable in the hypophysectomized rats with no AP grafts. Inhibition of prolactin release by daily injections of ergocornine methanesulfonate (ERG) did not significantly alter serum levels of FSH and LH, spermatogenesis or testes and ventral prostate weights, indicating that circulating levels of prolactin were not responsible for the partial maintenance of spermatogenesis and prostate weight in these rats. Daily injections of ovine prolactin also had no effect on spermatogenesis or prolactin also had no effect on spermatogenesis or prostate weight in the hypophysectomized rats, and there was no change in the histological appearance of the testes and prostate. These observations indicate that secretion of gonadotropins and not prolactin by AP grafts accounts for the partial maintenance of spermatogenesis and prostate weight in hypophysectomized, AP-grafted male rats during the experimental period studied.", "contents": "Relation of gonadotropin secretion by pituitary grafts to spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats. In hypophysectomized male rats, 2 anterior pituitary (AP) grafts placed underneath the kidney capsule partially prevented atrophy of the testes and ventral prostate during a 17 day post-implantation period. Spermatogenesis was partially maintained as revealed by histological examination of the testes. The AP grafts released small amounts of LH and FSH and substantial amounts of prolactin as determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum LH and FSH were undetectable in the hypophysectomized rats with no AP grafts. Inhibition of prolactin release by daily injections of ergocornine methanesulfonate (ERG) did not significantly alter serum levels of FSH and LH, spermatogenesis or testes and ventral prostate weights, indicating that circulating levels of prolactin were not responsible for the partial maintenance of spermatogenesis and prostate weight in these rats. Daily injections of ovine prolactin also had no effect on spermatogenesis or prolactin also had no effect on spermatogenesis or prostate weight in the hypophysectomized rats, and there was no change in the histological appearance of the testes and prostate. These observations indicate that secretion of gonadotropins and not prolactin by AP grafts accounts for the partial maintenance of spermatogenesis and prostate weight in hypophysectomized, AP-grafted male rats during the experimental period studied.", "PMID": 576213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11983", "title": "A glass wool column procedure for removing extraneous material from the human ejaculate.", "content": "A glass column has been devised which removes the majority of debris and agglutinated and dead spermatozoa from, as well as reduces the total viscosity of, the semen sample. It is a simple procedure to perform and may have potential clinical significance.", "contents": "A glass wool column procedure for removing extraneous material from the human ejaculate. A glass column has been devised which removes the majority of debris and agglutinated and dead spermatozoa from, as well as reduces the total viscosity of, the semen sample. It is a simple procedure to perform and may have potential clinical significance.", "PMID": 576215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11984", "title": "[The determination of surface tension in amniotic fluid as a simple method for the diagnosis of fetal lung maturity (author's transl)].", "content": "For the past several years it is possible to determine the maturity of the fetal lung from the amniotic fluid. Towards the end of the pregnancy the content of surface active substances for instance Lecithine, increases in the amniotic fluid. It is therefore possible to determine the maturity of the fetal lung directly by measurements of the surface tension in the amniotic fluid. In 265 patients from 17 to 42 weeks gestation a total of 340 determinations of the surface tension in the amniotic fluid were carried out. A simple commercial interfacial tensiometer was used. The clinical value of the measurements was determined by the occurrance of a respiratory distress syndrome which was objectively evaluated by the so called Hobel Score. The determination of the surface tension for the amniotic fluid is valuable as a screening test prior to the determination of the relatively expensive L/S ration. The test was compared with the Clements Test which is also a screening procedure.", "contents": "[The determination of surface tension in amniotic fluid as a simple method for the diagnosis of fetal lung maturity (author's transl)]. For the past several years it is possible to determine the maturity of the fetal lung from the amniotic fluid. Towards the end of the pregnancy the content of surface active substances for instance Lecithine, increases in the amniotic fluid. It is therefore possible to determine the maturity of the fetal lung directly by measurements of the surface tension in the amniotic fluid. In 265 patients from 17 to 42 weeks gestation a total of 340 determinations of the surface tension in the amniotic fluid were carried out. A simple commercial interfacial tensiometer was used. The clinical value of the measurements was determined by the occurrance of a respiratory distress syndrome which was objectively evaluated by the so called Hobel Score. The determination of the surface tension for the amniotic fluid is valuable as a screening test prior to the determination of the relatively expensive L/S ration. The test was compared with the Clements Test which is also a screening procedure.", "PMID": 576216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11985", "title": "Neoplasms of Equidae.", "content": "In a retrospective study of neoplasms in Equidae pre;ented to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, from Jan 1, 1970, to Dec 31, 1974, data were compiled on numbers and anatomic sites of neoplasms as  well as on age, sex, and breed of subjects from which the neoplasms were taken. During this 5-year period, 21 neoplasms were diagnosed from 687 equine necropsies (3.1%) and 215 from 635 biopsies (33.9%), totaling 236 neoplasms from 1,322 cases (17.9%). The most common neoplasms were sarcoids (43.6%) and squamous cell carcinomas (24.6%). Papillomas (5.5%), nerve sheath tumors (4.2%), melanomas (3.8%), lipomas (3.0%), granulosa cell tumors (2.5%), fibromas (2.1%), cholesteatomas (1.3%), and lymphosarcomas (1.3%) were less common.", "contents": "Neoplasms of Equidae. In a retrospective study of neoplasms in Equidae pre;ented to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, from Jan 1, 1970, to Dec 31, 1974, data were compiled on numbers and anatomic sites of neoplasms as  well as on age, sex, and breed of subjects from which the neoplasms were taken. During this 5-year period, 21 neoplasms were diagnosed from 687 equine necropsies (3.1%) and 215 from 635 biopsies (33.9%), totaling 236 neoplasms from 1,322 cases (17.9%). The most common neoplasms were sarcoids (43.6%) and squamous cell carcinomas (24.6%). Papillomas (5.5%), nerve sheath tumors (4.2%), melanomas (3.8%), lipomas (3.0%), granulosa cell tumors (2.5%), fibromas (2.1%), cholesteatomas (1.3%), and lymphosarcomas (1.3%) were less common.", "PMID": 576219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11986", "title": "Pleuritis and pleural effusion in the horse: a study of 37 cases.", "content": "Pleural effusion in 37 horses, including 15 acutely affected and 22 chronically affected, was found to be due to a variety of causes, including lymphocarcoma, pulmonary granulomas, coccidioidomycosis, equine infectious anemia, pulmonary abscesses, chronic pneumonia, and primary septic pleural effusion. Age, breed, or sex predilection was not found. Horses with chronic disease had weight loss, increased respiratory rate, dull respiratory sounds in the ventral portion of the thorax, and varying degrees of anorexia. Many horses were anemic. Those acutely affected had respiratory distress or signs of colic and many were anorectic. Most horses with acute primary disease had small volumes of pleural fluid. Culture and cytologic examination of pleural fluid and tracheal washings revealed the causative organism in some instances, but in a number of \"primary\" cases there were negative results on bacterial culture. The latter cases must be differentiated from other causes of chronic weight loss in the horse.", "contents": "Pleuritis and pleural effusion in the horse: a study of 37 cases. Pleural effusion in 37 horses, including 15 acutely affected and 22 chronically affected, was found to be due to a variety of causes, including lymphocarcoma, pulmonary granulomas, coccidioidomycosis, equine infectious anemia, pulmonary abscesses, chronic pneumonia, and primary septic pleural effusion. Age, breed, or sex predilection was not found. Horses with chronic disease had weight loss, increased respiratory rate, dull respiratory sounds in the ventral portion of the thorax, and varying degrees of anorexia. Many horses were anemic. Those acutely affected had respiratory distress or signs of colic and many were anorectic. Most horses with acute primary disease had small volumes of pleural fluid. Culture and cytologic examination of pleural fluid and tracheal washings revealed the causative organism in some instances, but in a number of \"primary\" cases there were negative results on bacterial culture. The latter cases must be differentiated from other causes of chronic weight loss in the horse.", "PMID": 576221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11987", "title": "Temperature-programmable furnace for ashing of foods in trace metal analysis.", "content": "The use of programmable furnace in preparing samples for determining cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry or atomic absorption spectrophotometry is convenient and time-saving. Recovery data for these 4 metals in various foods (tuna, sardines, and milk) were 93-96% for 0.01-1 ppm cadmium, 96-114% for 0.05-5 ppm lead, 100-108% for 2-10 ppm copper, and 97% for 10 ppm zinc.", "contents": "Temperature-programmable furnace for ashing of foods in trace metal analysis. The use of programmable furnace in preparing samples for determining cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry or atomic absorption spectrophotometry is convenient and time-saving. Recovery data for these 4 metals in various foods (tuna, sardines, and milk) were 93-96% for 0.01-1 ppm cadmium, 96-114% for 0.05-5 ppm lead, 100-108% for 2-10 ppm copper, and 97% for 10 ppm zinc.", "PMID": 576224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11988", "title": "Field desorption mass spectrometry of mycotoxins and mycotoxin mixtures, and its application as a screening technique for foodstuffs.", "content": "The field desorption mass spectra of a variety of mycotoxins have been studied. These include the 4 aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, rubratoxin B, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone, as well as mixtures of these mycotoxins. The spectra of all of the mycotoxins exhibited molecular ions [M]+. Under the conditions employed, only rubratoxin B exhibited major fragmentation. The field desorption technique has been applied to the analysis of both spiked and naturally contaminated extracts of foodstuffs. The potential of the method as an analytical screening technique for the presence of mycotoxins has been evaluated.", "contents": "Field desorption mass spectrometry of mycotoxins and mycotoxin mixtures, and its application as a screening technique for foodstuffs. The field desorption mass spectra of a variety of mycotoxins have been studied. These include the 4 aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, rubratoxin B, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone, as well as mixtures of these mycotoxins. The spectra of all of the mycotoxins exhibited molecular ions [M]+. Under the conditions employed, only rubratoxin B exhibited major fragmentation. The field desorption technique has been applied to the analysis of both spiked and naturally contaminated extracts of foodstuffs. The potential of the method as an analytical screening technique for the presence of mycotoxins has been evaluated.", "PMID": 576225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11989", "title": "Transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism after delivery in Graves' disease.", "content": "Four patients with Graves' disease whose hyperthyroidism was in remission following antithyroid therapy were studied without any treatment during and after pregnancy. In the 8-9th month of pregnancy, they were in a euthyroid state with serum levels of thyroxine (T4) of 18.9, 11.9, 11.2 and 14.5 mug/100 ml, triiodothyronine (T3) of 273, 190, 162 and 244 ng/100 ml and T3 resin sponge uptake (RT3U) of 22, 14, 19 and 16% respectively (normal pregnant range: T4, 7.0-15.0, T3 140-250, RT3U 15-25). At 1-3 months after delivery, hyperthyroidism recurred, as manifested by T4 levels of 17.2, 14.5, 16.7 and 21.7 mug/100 ml, T3 levels of 320, 225, 390 and 464 ng/100 ml and RT3U levels of 34, 34, 43, and 41% respectively (normal non-pregnant range: T4 5.0-12.0, T3 90-190, RT3U 24-37). The recurrence of hyperthyroidism was also demonstrated by serial measurements of serum free T4 and free T3. The thyroid function of all four patients returned spontaneously to the normal range at 4-6 months after delivery. One patient developed hypothyroidism for a short period before regaining the euthyroid state. The titers of serum anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies and levels of serum immunoglobulins decreased during pregnancy and increased transitorily at the time of hyperthyroidism after delivery. Similarly, increases in the levels of thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid antibodies and immunoglobulins were observed transitorily following spontaneous abortion after 4 months' pregnancy in one case. We suggest that the transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease may be induced by immunological changes after delivery.", "contents": "Transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism after delivery in Graves' disease. Four patients with Graves' disease whose hyperthyroidism was in remission following antithyroid therapy were studied without any treatment during and after pregnancy. In the 8-9th month of pregnancy, they were in a euthyroid state with serum levels of thyroxine (T4) of 18.9, 11.9, 11.2 and 14.5 mug/100 ml, triiodothyronine (T3) of 273, 190, 162 and 244 ng/100 ml and T3 resin sponge uptake (RT3U) of 22, 14, 19 and 16% respectively (normal pregnant range: T4, 7.0-15.0, T3 140-250, RT3U 15-25). At 1-3 months after delivery, hyperthyroidism recurred, as manifested by T4 levels of 17.2, 14.5, 16.7 and 21.7 mug/100 ml, T3 levels of 320, 225, 390 and 464 ng/100 ml and RT3U levels of 34, 34, 43, and 41% respectively (normal non-pregnant range: T4 5.0-12.0, T3 90-190, RT3U 24-37). The recurrence of hyperthyroidism was also demonstrated by serial measurements of serum free T4 and free T3. The thyroid function of all four patients returned spontaneously to the normal range at 4-6 months after delivery. One patient developed hypothyroidism for a short period before regaining the euthyroid state. The titers of serum anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies and levels of serum immunoglobulins decreased during pregnancy and increased transitorily at the time of hyperthyroidism after delivery. Similarly, increases in the levels of thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid antibodies and immunoglobulins were observed transitorily following spontaneous abortion after 4 months' pregnancy in one case. We suggest that the transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease may be induced by immunological changes after delivery.", "PMID": 576228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11990", "title": "Transient bitemporal hemianopsia during pregnancy after treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with bromocriptine.", "content": "A patient is described with a galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome and an enlargement of the sella turcica. Pregnancy occurred after induction of ovulation with bromocriptine (and 2.5 years after pituitary irradiation). Periodic assessment of the visual fields showed an increase in size of the blind spots after 10 weeks and a moderate bitemporal hemianopsia after 22 weeks, which improved spontaneously after 30 weeks of pregnancy. One month after delivery the visual field of the left eye was almost normalized, while that of the right eye showed a definite improvement. Prior radiotherapy need not prevent visual complications from enlargement of pituitary adenomas during pregnancy.", "contents": "Transient bitemporal hemianopsia during pregnancy after treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with bromocriptine. A patient is described with a galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome and an enlargement of the sella turcica. Pregnancy occurred after induction of ovulation with bromocriptine (and 2.5 years after pituitary irradiation). Periodic assessment of the visual fields showed an increase in size of the blind spots after 10 weeks and a moderate bitemporal hemianopsia after 22 weeks, which improved spontaneously after 30 weeks of pregnancy. One month after delivery the visual field of the left eye was almost normalized, while that of the right eye showed a definite improvement. Prior radiotherapy need not prevent visual complications from enlargement of pituitary adenomas during pregnancy.", "PMID": 576229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11991", "title": "Radiometric measurement of thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex in human serum.", "content": "A radiometric two-site assay for soluble thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex (TgA) applicable to human serum has been developed. Rabbit anti-(human)IgG globulin and anti-(human)thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) were purified by affinity chromatography. When these antibodies were labeled with 125I, 45% and 62% could be bound to their corresponding antigens, IgG globulin and thyroglobulin, respectively. TgA was prepared by dissolving the immune precipitate (formed with human thyroglobulin [Tg] and human anti-Tg) in excess Tg and chromatographing the mixture on Sepharose 4B. On immunoelectrophoresis TgA migrated between IgG and Tg and formed precipitin lines against anti-IgG and anti-Tg. Serum unknowns were chromatographed on Sepharose 4B to separate TgA from free IgG; the heavy TgA eluated in the first fraction. Standard TgA or prepared unknown was first incubated in plastic cups precoated with anti-IgG. After washing cups (free Tg was removed at this step), bound TgA was identified by binding to cups of added 125I-anti-Tg, the bound radioactivity being directly proportional to the amount of TgA present. Minimal detectable TgA was 0.4 ng/cup corresponding to a serum concentration of 16 ng/ml. The response curves of serial dilutions of serum eluate paralleled the standard curve. Coefficients of within assay variation ranged from 3.7 to 4.9%; coefficients for between assay variation ranged from 20 to 28%. Preliminary data indicated that TgA was not detected in the sera of 10 normal subjects, but was detectable in 7 of 29 subjects (24%) with Graves' disease. The clinical significance of serum TgA levels remains to be determined by more extensive testing. The results indicate that a soluble immune complex, TgA, can be detected in serum with a high degree of sensitivity and reliability.", "contents": "Radiometric measurement of thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex in human serum. A radiometric two-site assay for soluble thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex (TgA) applicable to human serum has been developed. Rabbit anti-(human)IgG globulin and anti-(human)thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) were purified by affinity chromatography. When these antibodies were labeled with 125I, 45% and 62% could be bound to their corresponding antigens, IgG globulin and thyroglobulin, respectively. TgA was prepared by dissolving the immune precipitate (formed with human thyroglobulin [Tg] and human anti-Tg) in excess Tg and chromatographing the mixture on Sepharose 4B. On immunoelectrophoresis TgA migrated between IgG and Tg and formed precipitin lines against anti-IgG and anti-Tg. Serum unknowns were chromatographed on Sepharose 4B to separate TgA from free IgG; the heavy TgA eluated in the first fraction. Standard TgA or prepared unknown was first incubated in plastic cups precoated with anti-IgG. After washing cups (free Tg was removed at this step), bound TgA was identified by binding to cups of added 125I-anti-Tg, the bound radioactivity being directly proportional to the amount of TgA present. Minimal detectable TgA was 0.4 ng/cup corresponding to a serum concentration of 16 ng/ml. The response curves of serial dilutions of serum eluate paralleled the standard curve. Coefficients of within assay variation ranged from 3.7 to 4.9%; coefficients for between assay variation ranged from 20 to 28%. Preliminary data indicated that TgA was not detected in the sera of 10 normal subjects, but was detectable in 7 of 29 subjects (24%) with Graves' disease. The clinical significance of serum TgA levels remains to be determined by more extensive testing. The results indicate that a soluble immune complex, TgA, can be detected in serum with a high degree of sensitivity and reliability.", "PMID": 576231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11992", "title": "Sleep-related growth hormone release following 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine treatment in acromegalic patients.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were measured over 24 h in seven acromegalic patients before and during treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB-154). Before treatment basal plasma GH levels were consistently elevated but no significant change was observed between the mean plasma GH levels during sleep and during waking in five of the seven patients examined. The daily administration of CB-154 (5 to 10 mg, orally) for 14 days resulted in a significant fall in the 24 h mean plasma GH levels in six of the seven patients. In all of the six patients who responded to CB-154 treatment, the mean plasma GH concentrations during sleep were significantly greater than during waking. Daytime sleep was associated with a significant rise in plasma GH in both of the two patients examined. It is concluded that CB-154 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in plasma GH levels with sleep-related increase in some acromegalics although the mechanism responsible for this sleep-related GH rise remains to be further investigated.", "contents": "Sleep-related growth hormone release following 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine treatment in acromegalic patients. Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were measured over 24 h in seven acromegalic patients before and during treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB-154). Before treatment basal plasma GH levels were consistently elevated but no significant change was observed between the mean plasma GH levels during sleep and during waking in five of the seven patients examined. The daily administration of CB-154 (5 to 10 mg, orally) for 14 days resulted in a significant fall in the 24 h mean plasma GH levels in six of the seven patients. In all of the six patients who responded to CB-154 treatment, the mean plasma GH concentrations during sleep were significantly greater than during waking. Daytime sleep was associated with a significant rise in plasma GH in both of the two patients examined. It is concluded that CB-154 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in plasma GH levels with sleep-related increase in some acromegalics although the mechanism responsible for this sleep-related GH rise remains to be further investigated.", "PMID": 576232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11993", "title": "Controlled overpressure cisternography to localize cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is often intermittent, thus complicating the cisternographic localization of the leakage. In four patients studied, this difficulty was overcome by lumbar infusion of artificial CSF to which a bolus of radionuclide was added. The tracer was moved in bulk to the basal cisterns, and the rise in CSF pressure elicited a profuse rhinorrhea. Sequential imaging was started during the infusion, and prompt identification of the site of leakage was easily obtained. Special precautions must be followed when this technique of overpressure is used.", "contents": "Controlled overpressure cisternography to localize cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is often intermittent, thus complicating the cisternographic localization of the leakage. In four patients studied, this difficulty was overcome by lumbar infusion of artificial CSF to which a bolus of radionuclide was added. The tracer was moved in bulk to the basal cisterns, and the rise in CSF pressure elicited a profuse rhinorrhea. Sequential imaging was started during the infusion, and prompt identification of the site of leakage was easily obtained. Special precautions must be followed when this technique of overpressure is used.", "PMID": 576236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11994", "title": "Analysis of homatropine methylbromide dosage forms.", "content": "A stability-indicating method of analysis of homatropine methylbromide in pharmaceutical formulations was developed. This method is based on the formation of a picric acid-quaternary ammonium complex, which is adsorbed on acid-washed diatomaceous earth in alkaline media followed by on-column chloroform extraction. The picrate complex is measured spectrophotometrically at 365 nm. The method was selective for homatropine methylbromide in that there was no interference from its major hydrolytic decomposition products, tropinium methylbromide and mandelic acid.", "contents": "Analysis of homatropine methylbromide dosage forms. A stability-indicating method of analysis of homatropine methylbromide in pharmaceutical formulations was developed. This method is based on the formation of a picric acid-quaternary ammonium complex, which is adsorbed on acid-washed diatomaceous earth in alkaline media followed by on-column chloroform extraction. The picrate complex is measured spectrophotometrically at 365 nm. The method was selective for homatropine methylbromide in that there was no interference from its major hydrolytic decomposition products, tropinium methylbromide and mandelic acid.", "PMID": 576237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11995", "title": "Invasion of lymphosarcoma cells into the perfused mouse liver.", "content": "Liver of (C57BL X DBA)F1 mice were perfused in situ with a synthetic hemoglobin-free medium, to which murine lymphosarcoma cells were added. All cells were arrested. They were only found in the sinusoids, predominantly in periportal areas. Many lymphosarcoma cells penetrated the walls of the sinusoids with protrusions that extended into and through the endothelial cells. The protrusions often also invaded hepatocytes, and some cells migrated out of the sinusoids. The percentage of the cells that penetrated endothelium was constant and reproducible (68 +/- 4%) in experiments lasting longer than 90 minutes, but the percentage of these cells that also invaded hepatocytes varied greatly. Parellel experiments in vivo yielded similar results, except that the number of cells that invaded hepatocytes was generally much lower. The advantages of the perfused liver as a model for experimental study of the invasion mechanism were evaluated.", "contents": "Invasion of lymphosarcoma cells into the perfused mouse liver. Liver of (C57BL X DBA)F1 mice were perfused in situ with a synthetic hemoglobin-free medium, to which murine lymphosarcoma cells were added. All cells were arrested. They were only found in the sinusoids, predominantly in periportal areas. Many lymphosarcoma cells penetrated the walls of the sinusoids with protrusions that extended into and through the endothelial cells. The protrusions often also invaded hepatocytes, and some cells migrated out of the sinusoids. The percentage of the cells that penetrated endothelium was constant and reproducible (68 +/- 4%) in experiments lasting longer than 90 minutes, but the percentage of these cells that also invaded hepatocytes varied greatly. Parellel experiments in vivo yielded similar results, except that the number of cells that invaded hepatocytes was generally much lower. The advantages of the perfused liver as a model for experimental study of the invasion mechanism were evaluated.", "PMID": 576239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11996", "title": "Detection of breast cancer in young women.", "content": "The method of discovery of breast tumors in young women was determined for 106 patients less than 45 years of age treated for breast cancer from 1967 through 1975. The patients detected 84% of the tumors themselves. Physical examinations by physicians detected 14% of the tumors. Two percent were noted on mammography in the absence of clinical findings. Fifty-two patients had roentgenographic examination of their breasts prior to biopsy. Sixty-three percent of these examinations failed to demonstrate the cancer. The report of a normal roentgonogram contributed to a decision to defer surgical treatment in 15 instances. These 15 patients had more advanced tumors at operation.", "contents": "Detection of breast cancer in young women. The method of discovery of breast tumors in young women was determined for 106 patients less than 45 years of age treated for breast cancer from 1967 through 1975. The patients detected 84% of the tumors themselves. Physical examinations by physicians detected 14% of the tumors. Two percent were noted on mammography in the absence of clinical findings. Fifty-two patients had roentgenographic examination of their breasts prior to biopsy. Sixty-three percent of these examinations failed to demonstrate the cancer. The report of a normal roentgonogram contributed to a decision to defer surgical treatment in 15 instances. These 15 patients had more advanced tumors at operation.", "PMID": 576250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11997", "title": "The breast cancer controversy. A natural experiment.", "content": "The number and types of breast lesions treated surgically at the Flower and Fifth Avenue Hospitals during the period from November 1974 through February 1976, increased sharply in monthly incidence as compared with the period from January 1973 through October 1974. This increase was attributable to public awareness of breast cancer because of the publicity given to its occurrence in the wives of the President and Vice-President. However, the consequent increase in mammography and breast surgery was not accompanied by any improvement in the stage characteristics of the breast cancers treated. The proportion of prognostically unfavorable stage II cases with involvement of four or more axillary nodes was undiminished, while the proportion of stage 0 and stage I cases was not increased among breast cancers diagnosed since Nov 1, 1974.", "contents": "The breast cancer controversy. A natural experiment. The number and types of breast lesions treated surgically at the Flower and Fifth Avenue Hospitals during the period from November 1974 through February 1976, increased sharply in monthly incidence as compared with the period from January 1973 through October 1974. This increase was attributable to public awareness of breast cancer because of the publicity given to its occurrence in the wives of the President and Vice-President. However, the consequent increase in mammography and breast surgery was not accompanied by any improvement in the stage characteristics of the breast cancers treated. The proportion of prognostically unfavorable stage II cases with involvement of four or more axillary nodes was undiminished, while the proportion of stage 0 and stage I cases was not increased among breast cancers diagnosed since Nov 1, 1974.", "PMID": 576251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11998", "title": "An appraisal of the criteria of cerebral death. A summary statement. A collaborative study.", "content": "Based on the findings in a collaborative study of 503 comatose and apneic patients, the establishment of cerebral death requires (1) that all appropriate examinations and therapeutic procedures have been performed, (2) that cerebral unresponsivity, apnea, dilated pupils, absent cephalic reflexes, and electrocerebral silence be present for 30 minutes at least six hours after the ictus, and (3) that if one of these standards is met imprecisely or cannot be tested, a confirmatory test be made to demonstrate the absence of cerebral blood flow. This would allow the diagnosis of a dead brain to be made in patients with small amounts of sedative drugs in the blood, In patients undergoing therapeutic procedures that make examination of one or more of the cranial nerves impossible, and in patients otherwise meeting the criteria whose pupils are small.", "contents": "An appraisal of the criteria of cerebral death. A summary statement. A collaborative study. Based on the findings in a collaborative study of 503 comatose and apneic patients, the establishment of cerebral death requires (1) that all appropriate examinations and therapeutic procedures have been performed, (2) that cerebral unresponsivity, apnea, dilated pupils, absent cephalic reflexes, and electrocerebral silence be present for 30 minutes at least six hours after the ictus, and (3) that if one of these standards is met imprecisely or cannot be tested, a confirmatory test be made to demonstrate the absence of cerebral blood flow. This would allow the diagnosis of a dead brain to be made in patients with small amounts of sedative drugs in the blood, In patients undergoing therapeutic procedures that make examination of one or more of the cranial nerves impossible, and in patients otherwise meeting the criteria whose pupils are small.", "PMID": 576252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_11999", "title": "Decline in duodenal ulcer surgery.", "content": "The number of perforated duodenal ulcers at five Seattle-area hospitals and all duodenal ulcer operations performed at three Seattle-area hospitals were studied. In the past ten years, a decline of 35% in both perforated duodenal ulcers and all duodenal ulcer surgery indicates a similar decline in the overall incidence of duodenal ulcer. These data are supported by articles in the literature, which report a declining incidence of duodenal ulcer beginning around 1955 and continuing for 20 years. This decline challenges the idea that duodenal ulcer results chiefly from the stresses of urbanization.", "contents": "Decline in duodenal ulcer surgery. The number of perforated duodenal ulcers at five Seattle-area hospitals and all duodenal ulcer operations performed at three Seattle-area hospitals were studied. In the past ten years, a decline of 35% in both perforated duodenal ulcers and all duodenal ulcer surgery indicates a similar decline in the overall incidence of duodenal ulcer. These data are supported by articles in the literature, which report a declining incidence of duodenal ulcer beginning around 1955 and continuing for 20 years. This decline challenges the idea that duodenal ulcer results chiefly from the stresses of urbanization.", "PMID": 576253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12000", "title": "Prednisone-responsive congenital erythroid hypoplasia.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman had congenital hypoplastic anemia (Blackfan-Diamond syndrome). Anemia was discovered at the age of 12 months and persisted thereafter. The patient had associated congenital abnormalities of urethral stricture, hypoplastic thumb, and absent radial pulse. Her erythroid hypoplasia responded favorably to treatment with prednisone.", "contents": "Prednisone-responsive congenital erythroid hypoplasia. A 24-year-old woman had congenital hypoplastic anemia (Blackfan-Diamond syndrome). Anemia was discovered at the age of 12 months and persisted thereafter. The patient had associated congenital abnormalities of urethral stricture, hypoplastic thumb, and absent radial pulse. Her erythroid hypoplasia responded favorably to treatment with prednisone.", "PMID": 576254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12001", "title": "Legal abortion mortality in the United States. Epidemiologic surveillance, 1972-1974.", "content": "As determined by the Center for Disease Control's epidemiologic surveillance of abortion mortality, the death-to-case rate for legal abortion in the United States for the three years 1972 to 1974 was 3.9/100,000 procedures. This mortality compares favorably with that from other commonly performed surgical procedures. Women who were older, were of nonwhite races, had the procedure in their state of residence, were at later gestational age, and who underwent intrauterine instillation or major abdominal surgery had the highest mortality. Duration of pregnancy proved to be the most important determinant of risk. Compared to mortality from pregnancy and childbirth, legal abortion in the first trimester was almost nine times safer.", "contents": "Legal abortion mortality in the United States. Epidemiologic surveillance, 1972-1974. As determined by the Center for Disease Control's epidemiologic surveillance of abortion mortality, the death-to-case rate for legal abortion in the United States for the three years 1972 to 1974 was 3.9/100,000 procedures. This mortality compares favorably with that from other commonly performed surgical procedures. Women who were older, were of nonwhite races, had the procedure in their state of residence, were at later gestational age, and who underwent intrauterine instillation or major abdominal surgery had the highest mortality. Duration of pregnancy proved to be the most important determinant of risk. Compared to mortality from pregnancy and childbirth, legal abortion in the first trimester was almost nine times safer.", "PMID": 576267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12002", "title": "Type B botulism outbreak caused by a commercial food product. West Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1973.", "content": "In the week of May 7, 1973, seven persons contracted botulism after eating together. The most common symptoms were vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, dysphagia, and dysphonia. All were treated with trivalent botulinal antitoxin, and none died. Serum specimens obtained from all seven patients were negative for botulinal toxin, but stool specimens from three patients were positive for type B toxin. Electromyographic studies performed on five patients documented the neurophysiologic abnormalities of botulism. Commercially canned peppers in oil were implicated epidemiologically, and type B toxin was identified in leftover peppers. The processor voluntarily recalled the pepper product, and no further cases were reported.", "contents": "Type B botulism outbreak caused by a commercial food product. West Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1973. In the week of May 7, 1973, seven persons contracted botulism after eating together. The most common symptoms were vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, dysphagia, and dysphonia. All were treated with trivalent botulinal antitoxin, and none died. Serum specimens obtained from all seven patients were negative for botulinal toxin, but stool specimens from three patients were positive for type B toxin. Electromyographic studies performed on five patients documented the neurophysiologic abnormalities of botulism. Commercially canned peppers in oil were implicated epidemiologically, and type B toxin was identified in leftover peppers. The processor voluntarily recalled the pepper product, and no further cases were reported.", "PMID": 576268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12003", "title": "Volvulus of the spleen.", "content": "Volvulus of the spleen in absence of malarious splenomegaly is rare. Most reported instances occur in young and middle-aged women and are related to a congenital abnormality of the mesogastrium, pregnancy, and multiparity. In this reported case of splenic volvulus in a young, multiparous woman, posterior mesogastrium malformation was the cause. Certain preoperative findings could suggest this infrequent diagnosis in future cases.", "contents": "Volvulus of the spleen. Volvulus of the spleen in absence of malarious splenomegaly is rare. Most reported instances occur in young and middle-aged women and are related to a congenital abnormality of the mesogastrium, pregnancy, and multiparity. In this reported case of splenic volvulus in a young, multiparous woman, posterior mesogastrium malformation was the cause. Certain preoperative findings could suggest this infrequent diagnosis in future cases.", "PMID": 576270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12004", "title": "Patient survival and instrument performance with permanent cardiac pacing.", "content": "Among 313 patients who received cardiac pacemakers between 1961 and 1973, there was a 65% survival rate after five years, a progressive decrease in premature pulse generator failures, and a low, stable incidence of electrode malfunction. Decreased survival among more recently paced patients was attributed to an evolution of the selection for pacing that favored older patients with associated diseases. Death due to unexpected pacing failure was extremely rare. Premature pulse generator failures decreased from 0.8 per 100 pacing months among early units to 0.06 per 100 months among units implanted during 1971 to 1973, when a prophylactic replacement policy was in effect. Electrode revisions were required at a frequency of 0.5 to 0.8 per 100 months in both epicardial and endocardial systems. Electrode failures may limit the predictive value of surveillance systems, since these rely on a change of pacing frequency or pulse width to indicate battery depletion.", "contents": "Patient survival and instrument performance with permanent cardiac pacing. Among 313 patients who received cardiac pacemakers between 1961 and 1973, there was a 65% survival rate after five years, a progressive decrease in premature pulse generator failures, and a low, stable incidence of electrode malfunction. Decreased survival among more recently paced patients was attributed to an evolution of the selection for pacing that favored older patients with associated diseases. Death due to unexpected pacing failure was extremely rare. Premature pulse generator failures decreased from 0.8 per 100 pacing months among early units to 0.06 per 100 months among units implanted during 1971 to 1973, when a prophylactic replacement policy was in effect. Electrode revisions were required at a frequency of 0.5 to 0.8 per 100 months in both epicardial and endocardial systems. Electrode failures may limit the predictive value of surveillance systems, since these rely on a change of pacing frequency or pulse width to indicate battery depletion.", "PMID": 576281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12005", "title": "Amikacin therapy for serious gram-negative infection.", "content": "Amikacin sulfate was administered to 18 patients for the treatment of 19 severe infections. Seventeen infections were caused by gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, and 13 patients were bacteremic. Bacteriologic cure was attained in all but one instance, and effective serum, bile, and pleural fluid drug levels were demonstrated. Drug-related fever occurred in one patient, and another experienced a maculopapular rash and monilial intertrigo. In three patients, reversible renal toxicity developed, but none had clinical evidence of ototoxicity. Amikacin sulfate in a dose of 15 mg/kg/day is an effective antibiotic for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections, particularly those due to gentamicin-resistant organisms.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy for serious gram-negative infection. Amikacin sulfate was administered to 18 patients for the treatment of 19 severe infections. Seventeen infections were caused by gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, and 13 patients were bacteremic. Bacteriologic cure was attained in all but one instance, and effective serum, bile, and pleural fluid drug levels were demonstrated. Drug-related fever occurred in one patient, and another experienced a maculopapular rash and monilial intertrigo. In three patients, reversible renal toxicity developed, but none had clinical evidence of ototoxicity. Amikacin sulfate in a dose of 15 mg/kg/day is an effective antibiotic for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections, particularly those due to gentamicin-resistant organisms.", "PMID": 576282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12006", "title": "Changing social-sexual patterns in gynecologic practice.", "content": "One hundred randomly selected patients from the outpatient Gynecology Unit of the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center were interviewed to determine current attitudes toward reproductive and sexual roles. Major areas of change apparent in the younger population were a substantial decrease in formal marriage, a reduction in the wish for children, a movement away from oral contraception back to mechanical barrier methods, and an attitudinal shift toward acceptance of a bisexual adaptation. It is important for the practicing physician to be responsive to the life-style pattern present in the new generation of women patients.", "contents": "Changing social-sexual patterns in gynecologic practice. One hundred randomly selected patients from the outpatient Gynecology Unit of the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center were interviewed to determine current attitudes toward reproductive and sexual roles. Major areas of change apparent in the younger population were a substantial decrease in formal marriage, a reduction in the wish for children, a movement away from oral contraception back to mechanical barrier methods, and an attitudinal shift toward acceptance of a bisexual adaptation. It is important for the practicing physician to be responsive to the life-style pattern present in the new generation of women patients.", "PMID": 576283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12007", "title": "Unsuccessful treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis with cefazolin.", "content": "Two patients with staphylococcal endocarditis were treated unsuccessfully with cefazolin sodium. One patient relapsed after 52 days of therapy. The second patient had concomitant central nervous system infection and failed to respond to cefazolin therapy. Both patients recovered with methicillin sodium or nafcillin sodium therapy. Other studies report unsuccessful therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis with cefazolin.", "contents": "Unsuccessful treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis with cefazolin. Two patients with staphylococcal endocarditis were treated unsuccessfully with cefazolin sodium. One patient relapsed after 52 days of therapy. The second patient had concomitant central nervous system infection and failed to respond to cefazolin therapy. Both patients recovered with methicillin sodium or nafcillin sodium therapy. Other studies report unsuccessful therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis with cefazolin.", "PMID": 576284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12008", "title": "Insulin in the management of the diabetic surgical patient: continuous intravenous infusion vs subcutaneous administration.", "content": "A prospective randomized study comparing constant intravenous infusion of regular, low-dose insulin versus conventional subcutaneous administration of neutral protein Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in insulin-requiring patients undergoing orthopedic procedures under general anesthesia was undertaken. The degree of diabetic control was better in those receiving constant 2 units/hour of regular insulin than in those receiving two thirds of daily maintenance doses of NPH insulin. However, in two of eight patients receiving 2 units/hour, decreased insulin infusion rates and increased dextrose infusion rates were required to avoid hypoglycemia. Preoperative NPH insulin and 1 unit/hour insulin administration resulted in equivalent diabetic control.", "contents": "Insulin in the management of the diabetic surgical patient: continuous intravenous infusion vs subcutaneous administration. A prospective randomized study comparing constant intravenous infusion of regular, low-dose insulin versus conventional subcutaneous administration of neutral protein Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in insulin-requiring patients undergoing orthopedic procedures under general anesthesia was undertaken. The degree of diabetic control was better in those receiving constant 2 units/hour of regular insulin than in those receiving two thirds of daily maintenance doses of NPH insulin. However, in two of eight patients receiving 2 units/hour, decreased insulin infusion rates and increased dextrose infusion rates were required to avoid hypoglycemia. Preoperative NPH insulin and 1 unit/hour insulin administration resulted in equivalent diabetic control.", "PMID": 576296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12009", "title": "One-view follow-up mammogram. Efficacy in screening for breast cancer.", "content": "To determine whether one-view mammography would be sufficiently diagnostic, 106 cases of breast cancer diagnosed by film mammography or xeromammography were reviewed independently by two radiologists. Detection rates were analyzed for the lateral view, the craniocaudal view, and then both views combined. The lateral projection resulted in an accuracy rate of 97%. Errors in false-negative reports in either projection were traced to their source.", "contents": "One-view follow-up mammogram. Efficacy in screening for breast cancer. To determine whether one-view mammography would be sufficiently diagnostic, 106 cases of breast cancer diagnosed by film mammography or xeromammography were reviewed independently by two radiologists. Detection rates were analyzed for the lateral view, the craniocaudal view, and then both views combined. The lateral projection resulted in an accuracy rate of 97%. Errors in false-negative reports in either projection were traced to their source.", "PMID": 576297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12010", "title": "A diagnostic index of clinical practice.", "content": "In this method of accural of medical data by clinicians, entry and retrieval of information is facilitated by directly recording patient data in diagnostic categories according to the familiar anatomical organ system classification instead of a numerical code. The diagnostic index is kept in looseleaf form, with tabulation of the patient's name, chart number, diagnosis, and other conditions present. Certain diagnoses are frequent enough to warrant insertion in a separate column of the page or on a separate page under the appropriate organ system. Special pages are used for diagnostic procedures, deaths, perplexing problems, and complaints, making it possible to assemble all pertinent data derived from ambulatory or hospital practice. This system allows any physician access to his own clinical experiences with minimal effort.", "contents": "A diagnostic index of clinical practice. In this method of accural of medical data by clinicians, entry and retrieval of information is facilitated by directly recording patient data in diagnostic categories according to the familiar anatomical organ system classification instead of a numerical code. The diagnostic index is kept in looseleaf form, with tabulation of the patient's name, chart number, diagnosis, and other conditions present. Certain diagnoses are frequent enough to warrant insertion in a separate column of the page or on a separate page under the appropriate organ system. Special pages are used for diagnostic procedures, deaths, perplexing problems, and complaints, making it possible to assemble all pertinent data derived from ambulatory or hospital practice. This system allows any physician access to his own clinical experiences with minimal effort.", "PMID": 576298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12011", "title": "Surfing injuries At waikiki.", "content": "A 56-month survey of 36 hospitalized patients injured while surfing off Oahu, Hawaii, indicated that 34% of the injuries involved the head and spine. Bodysurfing involves a considerable risk of craniospinal injury if the head is driven into the sand. The most frequent injury in surfboarding is being hit by a loose board. Risk of injury in surfboarding is approximately one per 17,500 surfing days--an incidence far below most sports.", "contents": "Surfing injuries At waikiki. A 56-month survey of 36 hospitalized patients injured while surfing off Oahu, Hawaii, indicated that 34% of the injuries involved the head and spine. Bodysurfing involves a considerable risk of craniospinal injury if the head is driven into the sand. The most frequent injury in surfboarding is being hit by a loose board. Risk of injury in surfboarding is approximately one per 17,500 surfing days--an incidence far below most sports.", "PMID": 576299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12012", "title": "Cancer and the coroner.", "content": "There exist few reports concerning cancer presenting in forensic autopsies. This study of 1,300 consecutive forensic autopsies yielded 22 cases of single cancers (1.7%) of multiple primary sites and histologic types. The forensic autopsy affords unique opportunity to study not only diagnosed and treated trauma, disease, and cancer, but the natural evolution of untreated cancer as well. Clinically occult cancer is not uncommon and may eventually present clinically or at autopsy in unusual fashion. Advanced cancer may, sometimes on initial presentation, be responsible for sudden unexpected death. Persons with cancer, even in an advanced state, uncommonly commit suicide. Conversely, those committing suicide ostensibly because of known cancer infrequently prove to have cancer at autopsy. Through these autopsy studies, the forensic pathologist gains information invaluable for statistical, clinical, and medicolegal purposes, truly fulfilling his role of \"community pathologist\".", "contents": "Cancer and the coroner. There exist few reports concerning cancer presenting in forensic autopsies. This study of 1,300 consecutive forensic autopsies yielded 22 cases of single cancers (1.7%) of multiple primary sites and histologic types. The forensic autopsy affords unique opportunity to study not only diagnosed and treated trauma, disease, and cancer, but the natural evolution of untreated cancer as well. Clinically occult cancer is not uncommon and may eventually present clinically or at autopsy in unusual fashion. Advanced cancer may, sometimes on initial presentation, be responsible for sudden unexpected death. Persons with cancer, even in an advanced state, uncommonly commit suicide. Conversely, those committing suicide ostensibly because of known cancer infrequently prove to have cancer at autopsy. Through these autopsy studies, the forensic pathologist gains information invaluable for statistical, clinical, and medicolegal purposes, truly fulfilling his role of \"community pathologist\".", "PMID": 576315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12013", "title": "Tuberculosis transmission in a large urban jail.", "content": "Following diagnosis of moderately advanced tuberculosis in an inmate of Cook County Jail, tuberculin testing was performed to assess the degree of transmission of tuberculosis within the jail. Twenty-three percent of inmates exposed to the index patient were initially found to be tuberculin positive. Subsequent tuberculin testing three months later demonstrated a 71% rate of skin-test conversion in previously tuberculin-negative inmates exposed to the index patient. The rate of infectivity of tuberculosis within a jail is analogous to a household situation. Despite major obstacles, modern programs of tuberculosis screening and treatment are essential in correctional institutions.", "contents": "Tuberculosis transmission in a large urban jail. Following diagnosis of moderately advanced tuberculosis in an inmate of Cook County Jail, tuberculin testing was performed to assess the degree of transmission of tuberculosis within the jail. Twenty-three percent of inmates exposed to the index patient were initially found to be tuberculin positive. Subsequent tuberculin testing three months later demonstrated a 71% rate of skin-test conversion in previously tuberculin-negative inmates exposed to the index patient. The rate of infectivity of tuberculosis within a jail is analogous to a household situation. Despite major obstacles, modern programs of tuberculosis screening and treatment are essential in correctional institutions.", "PMID": 576316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12014", "title": "Room humidifiers as the source of Acinetobacter infections.", "content": "Twenty-four patients contracted systemic infections with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus during a four-month period. Unheated room humidifiers at the patients' bedsides were implicated as the source of infection in six. The outbreak was terminated with the removal of the humidifers.", "contents": "Room humidifiers as the source of Acinetobacter infections. Twenty-four patients contracted systemic infections with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus during a four-month period. Unheated room humidifiers at the patients' bedsides were implicated as the source of infection in six. The outbreak was terminated with the removal of the humidifers.", "PMID": 576319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12015", "title": "Hereditary spherocytosis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "The first reported case of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a black is presented. The recent literature is reviewed, with emphasis on the frequency of multiple inherited RBC defects in this ethnic group. Despite a coexisting hemoglobinopathy or enzyme deficiency, HS can be diagnosed in most cases by the peripheral blood smear, osmotic fragility curve, and family history. The implications of the double RBC abnormality are discussed, stressing the importance of splenectomy in relieving the hemolytic component due to spherocytosis.", "contents": "Hereditary spherocytosis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The first reported case of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a black is presented. The recent literature is reviewed, with emphasis on the frequency of multiple inherited RBC defects in this ethnic group. Despite a coexisting hemoglobinopathy or enzyme deficiency, HS can be diagnosed in most cases by the peripheral blood smear, osmotic fragility curve, and family history. The implications of the double RBC abnormality are discussed, stressing the importance of splenectomy in relieving the hemolytic component due to spherocytosis.", "PMID": 576320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12016", "title": "Coagulation abnormalities in women taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "Thirteen asymptomatic women taking oral contraceptives (OCs) were compared with normal subjects. Platelet aggregation and serotonin (tagged with carbon 14) release with adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen did not differ from controls. Activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway was evaluated by measurements of factor XII, prekallikrein, and kallikrein inhibitors. Women taking OCs had normal factor XII levels, moderately elevated prekallikrein levels, and decreased kallikrein inhibitor levels, a pattern not consistent with activation of the intrinsic pathway. The concentration of heavy molecular weight fibrinogen derivatives (HMWFD) was significantly elevated (P less than .001). In contrast, fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products in serum were lower than normal (P less than .05). The increased HMWFD concentration may reflect activation of the coagulation system not mediated by factor XII activation nor potentiated by decreased antithrombin III. Thus, plasma coagulation abnormalities rather than platelet changes may be the factor that predisposes women taking OCs to thromboembolic disorders.", "contents": "Coagulation abnormalities in women taking oral contraceptives. Thirteen asymptomatic women taking oral contraceptives (OCs) were compared with normal subjects. Platelet aggregation and serotonin (tagged with carbon 14) release with adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen did not differ from controls. Activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway was evaluated by measurements of factor XII, prekallikrein, and kallikrein inhibitors. Women taking OCs had normal factor XII levels, moderately elevated prekallikrein levels, and decreased kallikrein inhibitor levels, a pattern not consistent with activation of the intrinsic pathway. The concentration of heavy molecular weight fibrinogen derivatives (HMWFD) was significantly elevated (P less than .001). In contrast, fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products in serum were lower than normal (P less than .05). The increased HMWFD concentration may reflect activation of the coagulation system not mediated by factor XII activation nor potentiated by decreased antithrombin III. Thus, plasma coagulation abnormalities rather than platelet changes may be the factor that predisposes women taking OCs to thromboembolic disorders.", "PMID": 576325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12017", "title": "Drug-related deaths among medical inpatients.", "content": "Among 26,462 carefully monitored medical inpatients, 24, or 0.9 per 1,000, were considered to have died as a result of a drug or group of drugs. Most of the patients were seriously ill prior to the event that caused death. Six of the deaths-five from fluid overload and one from excessive potassium therapy-may have been preventable.", "contents": "Drug-related deaths among medical inpatients. Among 26,462 carefully monitored medical inpatients, 24, or 0.9 per 1,000, were considered to have died as a result of a drug or group of drugs. Most of the patients were seriously ill prior to the event that caused death. Six of the deaths-five from fluid overload and one from excessive potassium therapy-may have been preventable.", "PMID": 576326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12018", "title": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. I. Background, organization, and clinical survey.", "content": "To better understand transient ischemic attacks (TIA), all patients (1,328) with TIA-like symptoms were identified at six participating institutions representing known variations in geography, referral patterns, and socioeconomic status. A total of 954 patients were observed for a mean of 14.3 months. Problems in diagnosis are defined, demographic information is summarized, and features of the histroy, examination, tests, and treatments are noted.", "contents": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. I. Background, organization, and clinical survey. To better understand transient ischemic attacks (TIA), all patients (1,328) with TIA-like symptoms were identified at six participating institutions representing known variations in geography, referral patterns, and socioeconomic status. A total of 954 patients were observed for a mean of 14.3 months. Problems in diagnosis are defined, demographic information is summarized, and features of the histroy, examination, tests, and treatments are noted.", "PMID": 576327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12019", "title": "Multiphasic screening. Case-finding tool in a Teaching Hospital Medical Clinic.", "content": "Multiphasic screening as a case-finding tool was evaluated in a randomized, controlled study. For each of 112 physicians, a patient was assigned to one of three groups: multiphasic screening group (SG), chart abstract group (AG), or chart review group (RG). Medical problem lists constructed before and after receiving additional information were compared. Physicians for 36 SG patients identified considerably more new medical problems, both total (77) and ones they considered important (25), than 40 AG physicians (14 and 8) and 36 RG physicians (4 and 0). One year later, 38 of the 95 newly identified problems had been acted on, 31 in the SG. Medical care was affected in nine patients: six in SG, two in AG, and one in RG. Multiphasic screening may help physicians identify new medical problems in clinic patients.", "contents": "Multiphasic screening. Case-finding tool in a Teaching Hospital Medical Clinic. Multiphasic screening as a case-finding tool was evaluated in a randomized, controlled study. For each of 112 physicians, a patient was assigned to one of three groups: multiphasic screening group (SG), chart abstract group (AG), or chart review group (RG). Medical problem lists constructed before and after receiving additional information were compared. Physicians for 36 SG patients identified considerably more new medical problems, both total (77) and ones they considered important (25), than 40 AG physicians (14 and 8) and 36 RG physicians (4 and 0). One year later, 38 of the 95 newly identified problems had been acted on, 31 in the SG. Medical care was affected in nine patients: six in SG, two in AG, and one in RG. Multiphasic screening may help physicians identify new medical problems in clinic patients.", "PMID": 576328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12020", "title": "Retropsoas and subgluteal abscesses following paracervical and pudendal anesthesia.", "content": "Retroperitoneal abscesses are uncommon in obstetrics and gynecology. Recently, seven reported cases of retropsoas-subgluteal abscesses following paracervical-pudendal anesthesia have been reported, and we have seen two additional cases. The infrequent occurrence and diagnostic difficulties make these abscesses especially dangerous. They can result in substantial patient morbidity and mortality. They must be suspected in patients receiving paracervical-pudendal anesthesia prior to vaginal delivery in whom hip pain subsequently develops. Therapy consists of prompt surgical exploration and drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Retropsoas and subgluteal abscesses following paracervical and pudendal anesthesia. Retroperitoneal abscesses are uncommon in obstetrics and gynecology. Recently, seven reported cases of retropsoas-subgluteal abscesses following paracervical-pudendal anesthesia have been reported, and we have seen two additional cases. The infrequent occurrence and diagnostic difficulties make these abscesses especially dangerous. They can result in substantial patient morbidity and mortality. They must be suspected in patients receiving paracervical-pudendal anesthesia prior to vaginal delivery in whom hip pain subsequently develops. Therapy consists of prompt surgical exploration and drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 576329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12021", "title": "Expansion pattern of terminal air-spaces in the premature rabbit lung after tracheal deposition of surfactant.", "content": "The expansion pattern of the lungs of full-term and premature newborn rabbits was evaluated by direct observation of the lung surface during an inflation-deflation cycle, with particular reference to the effect of tracheal deposition of surfactant before the first breath. In non-treated premature fetuses, aeration of alveoli was initiated at an endotracheal pressure of 35 cm H2O; the mean corresponding 'opening pressure' was 25 cm H2O in both full-term and surfactant-treated premature animals. The process of alveolar aeration was asynchronous in all groups but at maximal inflation pressure (35 cm H2O) the expansion pattern was uniform in full-term and surfactant-treated premature fetuses; these animals also developed residual volume. In non-treated premature animals aeration was patchy, even at maximal inflation, and the lungs emptied at the end of deflation.", "contents": "Expansion pattern of terminal air-spaces in the premature rabbit lung after tracheal deposition of surfactant. The expansion pattern of the lungs of full-term and premature newborn rabbits was evaluated by direct observation of the lung surface during an inflation-deflation cycle, with particular reference to the effect of tracheal deposition of surfactant before the first breath. In non-treated premature fetuses, aeration of alveoli was initiated at an endotracheal pressure of 35 cm H2O; the mean corresponding 'opening pressure' was 25 cm H2O in both full-term and surfactant-treated premature animals. The process of alveolar aeration was asynchronous in all groups but at maximal inflation pressure (35 cm H2O) the expansion pattern was uniform in full-term and surfactant-treated premature fetuses; these animals also developed residual volume. In non-treated premature animals aeration was patchy, even at maximal inflation, and the lungs emptied at the end of deflation.", "PMID": 576337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12022", "title": "[The 2nd saccoradiculography: changes in the post-radiculographic and postoperative radiological morphology (340 cases apropos of 2,292 files)].", "content": "A study was made of the files 2292 patients examined by sacco-radiculography with watersoluble contrast medium, of whom 340 had been subjected to a second examination. 284 of these had undergone surgery with good results during the interval between the two examinations. In 56 cases, repeat sacco-radiculography was carried out but no operation performed. In both groups of patients a semiological study was made of the radiological appearances to determine which were the effects of the contrast medium and which could be attributed to the operation. The paper concludes with  a discussion of the problem of genuine and false albuminoachies of sacco-radiculography using meglumine locarmate (dimer-X).", "contents": "[The 2nd saccoradiculography: changes in the post-radiculographic and postoperative radiological morphology (340 cases apropos of 2,292 files)]. A study was made of the files 2292 patients examined by sacco-radiculography with watersoluble contrast medium, of whom 340 had been subjected to a second examination. 284 of these had undergone surgery with good results during the interval between the two examinations. In 56 cases, repeat sacco-radiculography was carried out but no operation performed. In both groups of patients a semiological study was made of the radiological appearances to determine which were the effects of the contrast medium and which could be attributed to the operation. The paper concludes with  a discussion of the problem of genuine and false albuminoachies of sacco-radiculography using meglumine locarmate (dimer-X).", "PMID": 576340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12023", "title": "[Taxonomic studies on aeromonads of milk, water and minced meat (author's transl)].", "content": "365 aeromonads isolated from milk, water and minced meat were tested in 24 biochemical characters. By application of a numerical method the material was devided into two subgroups. The properties of these subgroups are not in accordance with the definitions of species and subspecies of the taxonomical system of Aeromonas as it is accepted at present. With regard to the priority of the name A. punctata it is suggested to make use of only this name till the real combinations of characters and the resulting arrangement of groups are cleared to a better degree.", "contents": "[Taxonomic studies on aeromonads of milk, water and minced meat (author's transl)]. 365 aeromonads isolated from milk, water and minced meat were tested in 24 biochemical characters. By application of a numerical method the material was devided into two subgroups. The properties of these subgroups are not in accordance with the definitions of species and subspecies of the taxonomical system of Aeromonas as it is accepted at present. With regard to the priority of the name A. punctata it is suggested to make use of only this name till the real combinations of characters and the resulting arrangement of groups are cleared to a better degree.", "PMID": 576341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12024", "title": "Prolactin levels in the insulin tolerance test with and without pre-treatment with dexamethasone.", "content": "The serum prolactin response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was studied in 20 healthy volunteers. The results of insulin tolerance tests performed after pre-treatment with dexamethasone in a dose of 0.5 mg (0.5-DEX-ITT) and 1.0 mg (1.0-DEX-ITT) were compared with those of a similar control insulin tolerance test (ITT). The serum prolactin levels increased in all but 3 ITT's. In the ITT and 0.5-DEX-ITT the prolactin responses were significantly greater in women than in men. After pretreatment with dexamethasone the basal serum prolactin levels and the prolactin response to hypoglycaemia were significantly decreased compared with those in the ITT. The prolactin response both to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and to dexamethasone showed such a large individual variation that this type of response seems unsuitable for evaluation of the hypothalamo-pituitary function.", "contents": "Prolactin levels in the insulin tolerance test with and without pre-treatment with dexamethasone. The serum prolactin response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was studied in 20 healthy volunteers. The results of insulin tolerance tests performed after pre-treatment with dexamethasone in a dose of 0.5 mg (0.5-DEX-ITT) and 1.0 mg (1.0-DEX-ITT) were compared with those of a similar control insulin tolerance test (ITT). The serum prolactin levels increased in all but 3 ITT's. In the ITT and 0.5-DEX-ITT the prolactin responses were significantly greater in women than in men. After pretreatment with dexamethasone the basal serum prolactin levels and the prolactin response to hypoglycaemia were significantly decreased compared with those in the ITT. The prolactin response both to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and to dexamethasone showed such a large individual variation that this type of response seems unsuitable for evaluation of the hypothalamo-pituitary function.", "PMID": 576342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12025", "title": "Progesterone treatment increases pituitary oestradiol retention in the ovariectomized normal female rat but not in the male nor in the androgen- or oestrogen-sterilized female rat.", "content": "Pituitary retention of [3H] oestradiol in ovariectomized rats was measured following in vivo progesterone pre-treatment and found to be significantly increased after 48, 72, 96 and 120 h of pre-treatment. Increased [3H]-oestradiol retention was also observed for at least up to 72 h after removal of the progesterone pre-treatment source. This retention was measured as DPM per mg dry tissue weight. [3H] Oestradiol retention was also measured in the  nuclear fraction of tissues incubated with [3H]-oestradiol in vitro. Following 72 h of in vivo progesterone pre-treatment, the nuclear fraction from the pituitary was found to retain significantly more [3H]oestradiol than corresponding fractions from non-treated animals. In contrast to ovariectomized females, no increase in [3H]oestradiol retention was found in the pituitary of orchidectomized males pre-treated with progesterone for 72 h. [3H]Oestradiol retention by pituitaries of ovariectomized rats injected on the day of birth with 200 mug oestradiol benzoate (OeB) or 500 mug testosterone propionate (TP) was significantly decreased in comparison to control animals. When the rats were pre-treated in vivo with oestradiol for 6 or 72 h and [3H]oestradiol retention was measured 6 or 24 h after this pre-treatment, the OeB and TP treated animals retained significantly less [3H]oestradiol under most treatment conditions. Progesterone pre-treatment for 24 or 72 h in vivo followed by measurement of [3H]oestradiol retention immediately or 6 or 24 h later resulted in a significant increase in [3H]oestradiol retention for the control animals. In contrast, the neonatally OeB or TP treated animals differed significantly by not showing increased retention. When [3H]oestradiol retention of the pituitary was measured in vitro following homogenization at 0 degrees C and incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h, the nuclear fraction from both OeB and TP treated animals was found to retain less hormone per unit DNA; however, this decrease was significant only for the TP animals. Thus, males and androgen- or oestrogen-sterilized females have an altered and reduced augmentation of pituitary oestradiol retention in response to both oestrogen and progesterone pre-treatments.", "contents": "Progesterone treatment increases pituitary oestradiol retention in the ovariectomized normal female rat but not in the male nor in the androgen- or oestrogen-sterilized female rat. Pituitary retention of [3H] oestradiol in ovariectomized rats was measured following in vivo progesterone pre-treatment and found to be significantly increased after 48, 72, 96 and 120 h of pre-treatment. Increased [3H]-oestradiol retention was also observed for at least up to 72 h after removal of the progesterone pre-treatment source. This retention was measured as DPM per mg dry tissue weight. [3H] Oestradiol retention was also measured in the  nuclear fraction of tissues incubated with [3H]-oestradiol in vitro. Following 72 h of in vivo progesterone pre-treatment, the nuclear fraction from the pituitary was found to retain significantly more [3H]oestradiol than corresponding fractions from non-treated animals. In contrast to ovariectomized females, no increase in [3H]oestradiol retention was found in the pituitary of orchidectomized males pre-treated with progesterone for 72 h. [3H]Oestradiol retention by pituitaries of ovariectomized rats injected on the day of birth with 200 mug oestradiol benzoate (OeB) or 500 mug testosterone propionate (TP) was significantly decreased in comparison to control animals. When the rats were pre-treated in vivo with oestradiol for 6 or 72 h and [3H]oestradiol retention was measured 6 or 24 h after this pre-treatment, the OeB and TP treated animals retained significantly less [3H]oestradiol under most treatment conditions. Progesterone pre-treatment for 24 or 72 h in vivo followed by measurement of [3H]oestradiol retention immediately or 6 or 24 h later resulted in a significant increase in [3H]oestradiol retention for the control animals. In contrast, the neonatally OeB or TP treated animals differed significantly by not showing increased retention. When [3H]oestradiol retention of the pituitary was measured in vitro following homogenization at 0 degrees C and incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h, the nuclear fraction from both OeB and TP treated animals was found to retain less hormone per unit DNA; however, this decrease was significant only for the TP animals. Thus, males and androgen- or oestrogen-sterilized females have an altered and reduced augmentation of pituitary oestradiol retention in response to both oestrogen and progesterone pre-treatments.", "PMID": 576343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12026", "title": "Secretion of thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine in euthyroid man.", "content": "The secretion of iodothyronines from the normal human thyroid gland was assessed by radioimmunoassay analyses of the concentrations of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) in thyroid venous and peripheral venous blood. The subjects studied were euthyroid patients undergoing parathyroid surgery. Measurements were carried out both under apparently normal conditions, following peroral T3 pre-treatment, and before and after acute administration of TSH into a thyroid artery. In the control subjects, significant gradients between thyroid venous and peripheral venous concentrations were recorded both for T4, T3 and rT3, suggesting that all three iodothyronines are secreted by the normal human thyroid. T3 pre-treatment seemed to reduce this secretion, and acute administration of TSH promoted rapid, marked, and concomitant increments in the thyroid venous concentrations of all three iodothyronines. Hence, it appears that not only T4 but also T3 and rT3 are secreted by the normal human thyroid gland, and that TSH stimulates the secretion of all three iodothyronines. On the other hand, calculations of the relative secretion rates uielded the relation T4:T3:rT3 as 85:9:1. This indicates that, in euthyroid subjects, most of T3, and almost all of rT3, is produced by extrathyroidal conversion of T4 and not by direct thyroidal secretion.", "contents": "Secretion of thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3'5'-triiodothyronine in euthyroid man. The secretion of iodothyronines from the normal human thyroid gland was assessed by radioimmunoassay analyses of the concentrations of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) in thyroid venous and peripheral venous blood. The subjects studied were euthyroid patients undergoing parathyroid surgery. Measurements were carried out both under apparently normal conditions, following peroral T3 pre-treatment, and before and after acute administration of TSH into a thyroid artery. In the control subjects, significant gradients between thyroid venous and peripheral venous concentrations were recorded both for T4, T3 and rT3, suggesting that all three iodothyronines are secreted by the normal human thyroid. T3 pre-treatment seemed to reduce this secretion, and acute administration of TSH promoted rapid, marked, and concomitant increments in the thyroid venous concentrations of all three iodothyronines. Hence, it appears that not only T4 but also T3 and rT3 are secreted by the normal human thyroid gland, and that TSH stimulates the secretion of all three iodothyronines. On the other hand, calculations of the relative secretion rates uielded the relation T4:T3:rT3 as 85:9:1. This indicates that, in euthyroid subjects, most of T3, and almost all of rT3, is produced by extrathyroidal conversion of T4 and not by direct thyroidal secretion.", "PMID": 576344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12027", "title": "Effect of increased iodide intake on thyroid function in subjects on chronic lithium therapy.", "content": "Thyroid function tests were obtained in 10 patients on chronic lithium therapy before and after the administration of potassium iodide 250 mg q.i.d. Mean serum TSH rose by 8.9 muU/ml and mean serum T3 rose from 70 to 101 ng/dl. Two patients became hypothyroid; a third showed a rise in TSH without any change in T3 or T4. A fourth patient developed hyperthyroidism probably secondary to the Jod-Basedow phenomenon. Pharmacologic doses of iodine should be administered with caution to patients on chronic lithium therapy.", "contents": "Effect of increased iodide intake on thyroid function in subjects on chronic lithium therapy. Thyroid function tests were obtained in 10 patients on chronic lithium therapy before and after the administration of potassium iodide 250 mg q.i.d. Mean serum TSH rose by 8.9 muU/ml and mean serum T3 rose from 70 to 101 ng/dl. Two patients became hypothyroid; a third showed a rise in TSH without any change in T3 or T4. A fourth patient developed hyperthyroidism probably secondary to the Jod-Basedow phenomenon. Pharmacologic doses of iodine should be administered with caution to patients on chronic lithium therapy.", "PMID": 576345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12028", "title": "A microgel electrophoretic analysis the colloid in single rat thyroid follicles during thyroxine suppression.", "content": "A sequential study of the effect of thyroxine (T4) on the protein composition of the colloid in the rat thyroid gland has been carried out in 24 rats. Daily ip injections of 20 mug thyroxine were given and the colloid was analyzed after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days and 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The protein constituents were separated by microgel electrophoresis and measured by microdensitometry. The incorporation of [3H]leucine into the thyroglobulin fraction and into the albumin-like protein in the homogenate of the gland was analyzed after T4 suppression for 2 days. The 2 h thyroidal iodine uptake was analyzed during the first week of T4 administration. During the second and the third day of T4 administration, the amount of 27S and larger complexes of thyroglobulin was reduced by 30-40 per cent and the amount of the albumin-like protein was significantly increased and present in almost all samples. Preliminary data indicated that during the same period the relative amount of [3H]leucine activity was increased in the albumin-like protein fraction compared to the thyroglobulin fraction in the thyroid. It is concluded that the exocytotic vesicles contain the albumin-like protein. The results further indicate that the administration of T4 temporarily changes the relative rates of formation of thyroglobulin and of the albumin-like protein in the follicle.", "contents": "A microgel electrophoretic analysis the colloid in single rat thyroid follicles during thyroxine suppression. A sequential study of the effect of thyroxine (T4) on the protein composition of the colloid in the rat thyroid gland has been carried out in 24 rats. Daily ip injections of 20 mug thyroxine were given and the colloid was analyzed after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days and 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The protein constituents were separated by microgel electrophoresis and measured by microdensitometry. The incorporation of [3H]leucine into the thyroglobulin fraction and into the albumin-like protein in the homogenate of the gland was analyzed after T4 suppression for 2 days. The 2 h thyroidal iodine uptake was analyzed during the first week of T4 administration. During the second and the third day of T4 administration, the amount of 27S and larger complexes of thyroglobulin was reduced by 30-40 per cent and the amount of the albumin-like protein was significantly increased and present in almost all samples. Preliminary data indicated that during the same period the relative amount of [3H]leucine activity was increased in the albumin-like protein fraction compared to the thyroglobulin fraction in the thyroid. It is concluded that the exocytotic vesicles contain the albumin-like protein. The results further indicate that the administration of T4 temporarily changes the relative rates of formation of thyroglobulin and of the albumin-like protein in the follicle.", "PMID": 576346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12029", "title": "Bone mineralization and bone mineral content in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The degree of bone mineralization and the bone mineral content (BMC) was evaluated in 6 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The degree of bone mineralization was estimated as the phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio (P/Hypro) in bone biopsies; BMC was estimated by photon absorptiometry on both forearms. The mena values of both parameters were significantly lower than normal (P less than 0.001 for P/Hypro; P less than 0.02 for BMC). As no significant correlation was found between P/Hypro and BMC in hyperparathyroidism, the findings of low values of P/Hypro and of BMC in patients with elevated serum calcium point to primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Bone mineralization and bone mineral content in primary hyperparathyroidism. The degree of bone mineralization and the bone mineral content (BMC) was evaluated in 6 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The degree of bone mineralization was estimated as the phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio (P/Hypro) in bone biopsies; BMC was estimated by photon absorptiometry on both forearms. The mena values of both parameters were significantly lower than normal (P less than 0.001 for P/Hypro; P less than 0.02 for BMC). As no significant correlation was found between P/Hypro and BMC in hyperparathyroidism, the findings of low values of P/Hypro and of BMC in patients with elevated serum calcium point to primary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 576347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12030", "title": "The plasma concentrations of testosterone and LH during the ovulation cycle of the hen (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The plasma concentrations of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay during the ovulation cycle of the hen. The baseline concentrations of testosterone were 100 to 250 pg/ml and the maximum concentration of 904 pg/ml was observed 6 h before ovulation. The possibility that testosterone is the ovarian excitation hormone which initiates the ovulation-inducing surge of LH is discussed.", "contents": "The plasma concentrations of testosterone and LH during the ovulation cycle of the hen (Gallus domesticus). The plasma concentrations of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay during the ovulation cycle of the hen. The baseline concentrations of testosterone were 100 to 250 pg/ml and the maximum concentration of 904 pg/ml was observed 6 h before ovulation. The possibility that testosterone is the ovarian excitation hormone which initiates the ovulation-inducing surge of LH is discussed.", "PMID": 576348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12031", "title": "Anti-oestrogen action: uterine nuclear retention of the CI-628 anti-oestrogen receptor complex in vitro.", "content": "Experiments were performed in vitro which compared the nuclear retention of the anti-oestrogen receptor complex formed by CI-628 and the nuclear retention of the oestrogen receptor complex formed by oestradiol-17beta. Uterine nuclei retained the CI-628 receptor complex regardless of whether uterine incubations were carried out in the continued in fresh medium. However, for oestradiol-17beta there was a rapid decrease in the amount of receptor complex retained in the nucleus with time. When extractions using KCI were performed on nuclei after maximal accumulation of receptor complex by oestradiol-17beta or CI-628 the oestrogen receptor complex was found to have a higher relative nuclear affinity than did the CI-628 receptor complex. These studies suggest different nuclear binding sites for these complexes.", "contents": "Anti-oestrogen action: uterine nuclear retention of the CI-628 anti-oestrogen receptor complex in vitro. Experiments were performed in vitro which compared the nuclear retention of the anti-oestrogen receptor complex formed by CI-628 and the nuclear retention of the oestrogen receptor complex formed by oestradiol-17beta. Uterine nuclei retained the CI-628 receptor complex regardless of whether uterine incubations were carried out in the continued in fresh medium. However, for oestradiol-17beta there was a rapid decrease in the amount of receptor complex retained in the nucleus with time. When extractions using KCI were performed on nuclei after maximal accumulation of receptor complex by oestradiol-17beta or CI-628 the oestrogen receptor complex was found to have a higher relative nuclear affinity than did the CI-628 receptor complex. These studies suggest different nuclear binding sites for these complexes.", "PMID": 576349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12032", "title": "Mammotrophic activity in rat amniotic fluid.", "content": "Mammotrophic activity was present in rat amniotic fluid collected on days 13, 15 and 19 of pregnancy. The mammotrophic activity in the fluid was equivalent to that in the maternal serum on day 15, but is was lower on day 19. The effect of tha amniotic fluid was similar to that of human placental lactogen on the rat mammary gland in vitro. The prolactin concentration in the amniotic fluid was low (approximately 1 ng/ml).", "contents": "Mammotrophic activity in rat amniotic fluid. Mammotrophic activity was present in rat amniotic fluid collected on days 13, 15 and 19 of pregnancy. The mammotrophic activity in the fluid was equivalent to that in the maternal serum on day 15, but is was lower on day 19. The effect of tha amniotic fluid was similar to that of human placental lactogen on the rat mammary gland in vitro. The prolactin concentration in the amniotic fluid was low (approximately 1 ng/ml).", "PMID": 576350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12033", "title": "Prevention by melatonin of short day induced atrophy of the reproductive systems of male and female hamsters.", "content": "Male and female hamsters were exposed to natural photoperiodic and temperature conditions beginning on November 13 and groups of hamsters were necropsied either on January 15 or on April 10. Throughout the study, half of the hamsters (control hamsters) received subcutaneous implants of beeswax (25 mg) every other week while the other half received beeswax pellets containing 1 mg melatonin. Control beeswax-treated males necropsied in January had atrophic testes and accessory sex organs while the uteri of the control females were infantile in appearance. Melatonin treatment prevented the atrophic responses of the testes and accessory sex organs in males and the uteri in females. Melatonin-treated hamsters killed in January also had higher plasma levels of immunoreactive LH while in females both pituitary and plasma levels of LH were elevated after melatonin treatment. By April 10, the testes and accessory organs of control males and the uteri of control females had regenerated to the adult condition and these organs were comparable in size to those in melatonin-treated hamsters. The pituitary glands of control males contained slightly more LH and much more FSH than the pituitaries of melatonin-treated males. Melatonin-treated females necropsied in April had pituitary and plasma levels of LH and FSH similar to those in beeswax-treated females killed at the same time. The data show that chronic melatonin treatment prevents atrophy of the reproductive organs of male and female hamsters which is associated with the shortened days of the winter.", "contents": "Prevention by melatonin of short day induced atrophy of the reproductive systems of male and female hamsters. Male and female hamsters were exposed to natural photoperiodic and temperature conditions beginning on November 13 and groups of hamsters were necropsied either on January 15 or on April 10. Throughout the study, half of the hamsters (control hamsters) received subcutaneous implants of beeswax (25 mg) every other week while the other half received beeswax pellets containing 1 mg melatonin. Control beeswax-treated males necropsied in January had atrophic testes and accessory sex organs while the uteri of the control females were infantile in appearance. Melatonin treatment prevented the atrophic responses of the testes and accessory sex organs in males and the uteri in females. Melatonin-treated hamsters killed in January also had higher plasma levels of immunoreactive LH while in females both pituitary and plasma levels of LH were elevated after melatonin treatment. By April 10, the testes and accessory organs of control males and the uteri of control females had regenerated to the adult condition and these organs were comparable in size to those in melatonin-treated hamsters. The pituitary glands of control males contained slightly more LH and much more FSH than the pituitaries of melatonin-treated males. Melatonin-treated females necropsied in April had pituitary and plasma levels of LH and FSH similar to those in beeswax-treated females killed at the same time. The data show that chronic melatonin treatment prevents atrophy of the reproductive organs of male and female hamsters which is associated with the shortened days of the winter.", "PMID": 576351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12034", "title": "Micha\u00eblis--Menten kinetics of phenazone elimination in the perfused pig liver.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to define the elimination kinetics of phenazone (NFN) in the isolated perfused pig liver. In five experiments phenazone was administered as constant infusion to obtain steady-state periods over a wide range of concentrations. The elimination of phenazone followed saturation kinetics (concentrations 0.1-12 mmol x 1(-1) and the maximal elimination rate (Vmax) was on average 102 mumol x min-1 x kg-1 liver and the Micha\u00eblis-constant (Km) of 2.6 mmol x 1(-1). Estimates of Vmax and Km for the microsomal phenazone hydroxylase activity measured in liver biopsies found to be considerably lower than in the perfused liver. The hepatic elimination of phenazone during perfusion of pig liver at phenazone concentrations corresponding to human therapeutic doses follows first-order kinetics.", "contents": "Micha\u00eblis--Menten kinetics of phenazone elimination in the perfused pig liver. The purpose of the present study was to define the elimination kinetics of phenazone (NFN) in the isolated perfused pig liver. In five experiments phenazone was administered as constant infusion to obtain steady-state periods over a wide range of concentrations. The elimination of phenazone followed saturation kinetics (concentrations 0.1-12 mmol x 1(-1) and the maximal elimination rate (Vmax) was on average 102 mumol x min-1 x kg-1 liver and the Micha\u00eblis-constant (Km) of 2.6 mmol x 1(-1). Estimates of Vmax and Km for the microsomal phenazone hydroxylase activity measured in liver biopsies found to be considerably lower than in the perfused liver. The hepatic elimination of phenazone during perfusion of pig liver at phenazone concentrations corresponding to human therapeutic doses follows first-order kinetics.", "PMID": 576352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12035", "title": "The influence of lithium on water binding ability, consistency and macromolecules in the rat brain.", "content": "Wistar male rats were treated with lithium for 50, 80, and 120 days, respectively. Lithium was added to the diet (40 mmol/kg of diet), the plasma lithium concentration being in the range of 0.55-0.70 mmol/1 of plasma. The treatment caused a significantly more rigid consistency of the brain tissue. The water content and water binding ability in various parts of the brain - measured by a drying course - was unchanged. The content of hexosamine and protein in total brains was significantly decreased (about 10 per cent) after the treatment. The content of chondroitin sulphate in various parts of the brain was unchanged, whereas the content of hyaluronic acid was significantly increased in the cerebellum (25 per cent) and in the thalamic area (20 per cent). The results suggest an influence of lithium on the macromolecules from the extracellular space, causing an alteration of the neuronal function.", "contents": "The influence of lithium on water binding ability, consistency and macromolecules in the rat brain. Wistar male rats were treated with lithium for 50, 80, and 120 days, respectively. Lithium was added to the diet (40 mmol/kg of diet), the plasma lithium concentration being in the range of 0.55-0.70 mmol/1 of plasma. The treatment caused a significantly more rigid consistency of the brain tissue. The water content and water binding ability in various parts of the brain - measured by a drying course - was unchanged. The content of hexosamine and protein in total brains was significantly decreased (about 10 per cent) after the treatment. The content of chondroitin sulphate in various parts of the brain was unchanged, whereas the content of hyaluronic acid was significantly increased in the cerebellum (25 per cent) and in the thalamic area (20 per cent). The results suggest an influence of lithium on the macromolecules from the extracellular space, causing an alteration of the neuronal function.", "PMID": 576353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12036", "title": "Effect of a low-protein diet on acetaldehyde metabolism in rats.", "content": "The effect of dietary changes on liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities as related to effects on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism was investigated. Feeding rats for 8 weeks on diets rich in carbohydrate or fat, but with normal protein content, induced minor changes relative to giving a balanced diet. A low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet (5 per cent and 80 per cent of calory content, respectively) caused a significant reduction of both alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in the liver. The activity of the high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase in the microsomal and soluble fractions appeared to be more reduced than that of the low-Km enzyme in the mitochondrial fraction. The tail blood acetaldehyde was significantly higher in rats on the protein deficient diet in spite of their reduced ethanol elimination rates. The results suggest that protein deficiency deranges acetaldehyde metabolism and may thus increase the possible contribution of acetaldehyde to the effects caused by ethanol metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of a low-protein diet on acetaldehyde metabolism in rats. The effect of dietary changes on liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities as related to effects on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism was investigated. Feeding rats for 8 weeks on diets rich in carbohydrate or fat, but with normal protein content, induced minor changes relative to giving a balanced diet. A low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet (5 per cent and 80 per cent of calory content, respectively) caused a significant reduction of both alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in the liver. The activity of the high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase in the microsomal and soluble fractions appeared to be more reduced than that of the low-Km enzyme in the mitochondrial fraction. The tail blood acetaldehyde was significantly higher in rats on the protein deficient diet in spite of their reduced ethanol elimination rates. The results suggest that protein deficiency deranges acetaldehyde metabolism and may thus increase the possible contribution of acetaldehyde to the effects caused by ethanol metabolism.", "PMID": 576354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12037", "title": "Quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic determination of clonidine in plasma.", "content": "A highly sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron capture detection of clonidine in plasma is described. The alkaline samples (100-200mul) are extracted into cyclohexane-butanol (9:1), re-extracted into 0.1 N sulphuric acid, made alkaline and back-extracted into cyclohexane-butanol. The pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of clonidine and the internal standard 2,-(2,4-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline are then formed, and excess of reagent is removed by solvent extractions. The minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) of clonidine and the internal standard are 2.5.10(-16) mol/sec. (3.3 picogram) and 2.8.10(-16) mol/sec (5.9 picogram), respectively. The smallest amount of clonidine which can be determined in plasma samples with a precision of less than 20 per cent S.D. is 200 picogram. The time course of clonidine in plasma after intravenous administration of 500 mug/kg to rats revealed that the data best fit a three-compartment open model.", "contents": "Quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic determination of clonidine in plasma. A highly sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron capture detection of clonidine in plasma is described. The alkaline samples (100-200mul) are extracted into cyclohexane-butanol (9:1), re-extracted into 0.1 N sulphuric acid, made alkaline and back-extracted into cyclohexane-butanol. The pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of clonidine and the internal standard 2,-(2,4-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline are then formed, and excess of reagent is removed by solvent extractions. The minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) of clonidine and the internal standard are 2.5.10(-16) mol/sec. (3.3 picogram) and 2.8.10(-16) mol/sec (5.9 picogram), respectively. The smallest amount of clonidine which can be determined in plasma samples with a precision of less than 20 per cent S.D. is 200 picogram. The time course of clonidine in plasma after intravenous administration of 500 mug/kg to rats revealed that the data best fit a three-compartment open model.", "PMID": 576355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12038", "title": "On the absorption of proscillaridin A after single oral doses to normal and achlorhydric subjects.", "content": "Proscillaridin A was given in single oral doses (1.5-2.5 mg) to normal and achlorhydric subjects. Plasma activities of the glycoside were analysed by 86Rb-technique. The absorption pattern was similar in both groups. A marked first peak of proscillaridin activity was seen after about 30 min. After a first minimum, a second peak of activity was registered within 6-12 hrs. An estimate of the amount of active glycoside absorbed during the first 12 hrs after the administration was obtained by calculating the areas under the plasma activity curves (AUC). When corrected for differences in dose per kg body weight, the mean AUC in the achlorhydric group was about 60 per cent greater than in the normal group. The results suggest that proscillaridin is rapidly absorbed; gastric acidity seems to contribute to inter-individual differences in the bio-availability of the glycoside.", "contents": "On the absorption of proscillaridin A after single oral doses to normal and achlorhydric subjects. Proscillaridin A was given in single oral doses (1.5-2.5 mg) to normal and achlorhydric subjects. Plasma activities of the glycoside were analysed by 86Rb-technique. The absorption pattern was similar in both groups. A marked first peak of proscillaridin activity was seen after about 30 min. After a first minimum, a second peak of activity was registered within 6-12 hrs. An estimate of the amount of active glycoside absorbed during the first 12 hrs after the administration was obtained by calculating the areas under the plasma activity curves (AUC). When corrected for differences in dose per kg body weight, the mean AUC in the achlorhydric group was about 60 per cent greater than in the normal group. The results suggest that proscillaridin is rapidly absorbed; gastric acidity seems to contribute to inter-individual differences in the bio-availability of the glycoside.", "PMID": 576356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12039", "title": "Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. I. The relationship of methaemoglobinemia to Heinz body formation and haemolysis during the terminal crisis.", "content": "The values of haematocrit, total haemoglobin in plasma, methaemoglobin percentages in erythrocytes and plasma, the osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes, and the occurrence of Heinz bodies were investigated during the terminal crisis in 4 cases of experimental chronic copper poisoning in sheep. At the beginning of the crisis, which lasted for well over one day, 10-20 per cent methaemoglobin was detected in the erythrocytes, before any haemolysis occurred. Later on severe haemolysis developed, and maximum levels of haemoglobin in the plasma were close to 2.5 g/100 ml. During the haemolytic stage both methaemoglobin and haemoglobin were detected in the plasma at approximately the same proportions as in the erythrocytes. No changes were observed in the osmotic fragility of the red cells until the onset of the haemolysis. It is concluded that the methaemoglobin formation is mainly an intra-corpuscular process and that most of the methaemoglobin detected in plasma in chronic copper poisoning in sheep, comes from the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. I. The relationship of methaemoglobinemia to Heinz body formation and haemolysis during the terminal crisis. The values of haematocrit, total haemoglobin in plasma, methaemoglobin percentages in erythrocytes and plasma, the osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes, and the occurrence of Heinz bodies were investigated during the terminal crisis in 4 cases of experimental chronic copper poisoning in sheep. At the beginning of the crisis, which lasted for well over one day, 10-20 per cent methaemoglobin was detected in the erythrocytes, before any haemolysis occurred. Later on severe haemolysis developed, and maximum levels of haemoglobin in the plasma were close to 2.5 g/100 ml. During the haemolytic stage both methaemoglobin and haemoglobin were detected in the plasma at approximately the same proportions as in the erythrocytes. No changes were observed in the osmotic fragility of the red cells until the onset of the haemolysis. It is concluded that the methaemoglobin formation is mainly an intra-corpuscular process and that most of the methaemoglobin detected in plasma in chronic copper poisoning in sheep, comes from the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 576357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12040", "title": "Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. ii. The distribution of soluble copper-, molybdenum-, and zinc-binding proteins from liver and kidney.", "content": "The concentrations of copper, molybdenum, and zinc in the soluble protein fraction from sheep liver and kidney were determined after gel filtration. Samples from grazing sheep as well as from copper poisoned sheep were tested. In normal sheep the copper-binding proteins were separated into 3 different fractions. In copper poisoned sheep, as well as in grazing sheep with high copper concentrations, only 2 main fractions were seen. Molybdenum was only found in the high molecular weight protein fraction. The distribution of the zinc-binding proteins varied according to the degree of copper accumulation. The low molecular weight zinc-binding protein fraction was only seen in sheep with liver copper concentrations lower that 40 mug/g wet weight. In copper poisoned sheep a major part of the kidney copper was found in the low molecular weight protein fraction. At post mortem the bile copper concentrations in the copper poisoned sheep were only 2-4 times higher than those of the control animals.", "contents": "Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. ii. The distribution of soluble copper-, molybdenum-, and zinc-binding proteins from liver and kidney. The concentrations of copper, molybdenum, and zinc in the soluble protein fraction from sheep liver and kidney were determined after gel filtration. Samples from grazing sheep as well as from copper poisoned sheep were tested. In normal sheep the copper-binding proteins were separated into 3 different fractions. In copper poisoned sheep, as well as in grazing sheep with high copper concentrations, only 2 main fractions were seen. Molybdenum was only found in the high molecular weight protein fraction. The distribution of the zinc-binding proteins varied according to the degree of copper accumulation. The low molecular weight zinc-binding protein fraction was only seen in sheep with liver copper concentrations lower that 40 mug/g wet weight. In copper poisoned sheep a major part of the kidney copper was found in the low molecular weight protein fraction. At post mortem the bile copper concentrations in the copper poisoned sheep were only 2-4 times higher than those of the control animals.", "PMID": 576358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12041", "title": "Metabolic actions of some sympathomimetic amines and their acetyl derivatives in the rabbit.", "content": "To study how acetylation affects the activity of sympathomimetic amines the effects of tyramine, amphetamine, ephedrine, phenylephrine, orciprenaline and salbutamol and of their O- and N-acetyl derivatives on blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were studied in the rabbit. Hyperglycemia was induced by all parent compounds except amphetamine which tended to have a weak hypoglycaemic action. Hyperlipaemia in the doses used was induced by ephedrine and orciprenaline but not by the other parent compounds. Usually acetylation decreased the metabolic effects of the compounds but O-acetylation of tyramine and salbutamol caused hyperlipaemia and O-acetylation of ephedrine increased its fatty acid-mobilizing action, perhaps as a consequence of increased lipid solubility of the compounds. The ultimate effects of the O-acetyl derivatives were probably at least partly due to deacetylation at their sites of action. However O-acetylation of sympathomimetics could perhaps be used to induce drug latentiation.", "contents": "Metabolic actions of some sympathomimetic amines and their acetyl derivatives in the rabbit. To study how acetylation affects the activity of sympathomimetic amines the effects of tyramine, amphetamine, ephedrine, phenylephrine, orciprenaline and salbutamol and of their O- and N-acetyl derivatives on blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were studied in the rabbit. Hyperglycemia was induced by all parent compounds except amphetamine which tended to have a weak hypoglycaemic action. Hyperlipaemia in the doses used was induced by ephedrine and orciprenaline but not by the other parent compounds. Usually acetylation decreased the metabolic effects of the compounds but O-acetylation of tyramine and salbutamol caused hyperlipaemia and O-acetylation of ephedrine increased its fatty acid-mobilizing action, perhaps as a consequence of increased lipid solubility of the compounds. The ultimate effects of the O-acetyl derivatives were probably at least partly due to deacetylation at their sites of action. However O-acetylation of sympathomimetics could perhaps be used to induce drug latentiation.", "PMID": 576360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12042", "title": "Effect of acetylated derivatives of some sympathomimetic amines on the isolated auricles and tracheal chain of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The effects of acetylation of sympathomimetic amines, tyramine, amphetamine, ephedrine, phenylephrine, orciprenaline, and salbutamol, and their O- and N-acetyl derivatives and the effects of reserpine or physostigmine pretreatment on the isolated auricles and tracheal chain of guinea-pigs have been studied. All the parent drugs relaxed the tracheal chain and had a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on the isolated auricles; only amphetamine, on the contrary, contracted the tracheal chain. O-acetylation of these sympathomimetic amines generally decreased less chronotropic than iontropic action on the isolated auricles. O-acetylation of tyramine however: actually increased the positive chronotropic activity of drug. As a rule, O-acetylation also decreased the beta-adrenergic effect of these compounds on the tracheal chain, but not so markedly as on the isolated auricles. N-acetylation generally abolished the adrenergic effects of these sympathomimetic amines on the isolated auricles and decreased those effects on the tracheal preparation. N,O-triacetylation of salbutamol abolished the stimulating effect of the parent drug on the auricles but increased the relaxant activity on the trachea. Physostigmine antagonized the effects of O-acetyltyramine and O-triacetylorciprenaline but not those of tyramine and orciprenaline on the trachea preparation. It is concluded that among the sympathomimetic amines acetylation may be utilized for the development of specific bronchodilators and O-acetylation for inducing drug latentiation.", "contents": "Effect of acetylated derivatives of some sympathomimetic amines on the isolated auricles and tracheal chain of the guinea-pig. The effects of acetylation of sympathomimetic amines, tyramine, amphetamine, ephedrine, phenylephrine, orciprenaline, and salbutamol, and their O- and N-acetyl derivatives and the effects of reserpine or physostigmine pretreatment on the isolated auricles and tracheal chain of guinea-pigs have been studied. All the parent drugs relaxed the tracheal chain and had a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on the isolated auricles; only amphetamine, on the contrary, contracted the tracheal chain. O-acetylation of these sympathomimetic amines generally decreased less chronotropic than iontropic action on the isolated auricles. O-acetylation of tyramine however: actually increased the positive chronotropic activity of drug. As a rule, O-acetylation also decreased the beta-adrenergic effect of these compounds on the tracheal chain, but not so markedly as on the isolated auricles. N-acetylation generally abolished the adrenergic effects of these sympathomimetic amines on the isolated auricles and decreased those effects on the tracheal preparation. N,O-triacetylation of salbutamol abolished the stimulating effect of the parent drug on the auricles but increased the relaxant activity on the trachea. Physostigmine antagonized the effects of O-acetyltyramine and O-triacetylorciprenaline but not those of tyramine and orciprenaline on the trachea preparation. It is concluded that among the sympathomimetic amines acetylation may be utilized for the development of specific bronchodilators and O-acetylation for inducing drug latentiation.", "PMID": 576361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12043", "title": "Pharmacodynamics of a new selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator 3-(4-methoxybenzylamino)-4-hydroxy-alpha-(tert. butylaminomethyl)-benzyl-alcohol, HCl (QH25).", "content": "The bronchodilator effect of QH25 (3-(4-methoxybenzylamino)-4-hydroxy-alpha-(tert. butylaminomethyl)benzylalcohol, HCl) a new beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator has been investigated in conscious guinea pigs and in anaesthetized guinea pigs and cats and compared to that of salbutamol and isoprenaline. In anaesthetized guinea pigs QH25 and isoprenaline were equipotent after intravenous administration, whereas salbutamol was four times less active. The same difference between QH25 and salbutamol was observed after intraduodenal administration. After oral administration in conscious guinea pigs QH25 was eight and five times more potent than salbutamol and isoprenaline respectively, whereas no difference was observed when the agents were administered as aerosols. The bronchodilator action of QH25 was apprxomately three times that of salbutamol in egg-albumine sensitized guinea pigs after oral administration. In anaesthetized cats the bronchodilator potency of QH25 was three times that of salbutamol and the same or slightly higher than that of isoprenaline. A half-life of 4 hours for the bronchodilator action in guinea pigs was determined for both QH25 and salbutamol after oral administration. The effect of QH25 and salbutamol on cardiovascular parameters i.e. chrono- and inotropic action and blood pressure decreasing effect in guinea pigs, cats and dogs was essentially the same whereas isoprenaline was from 5 to 30 times more potent. The potential tremorogenic action of QH25 estimated on the cat soleus muscle was eight times less than that of isoprenaline and the same or slightly less than that of salbutamol. From the experimental data it is concluded that QH25 has the same potency as isoprenaline as a bronchodilator agent but is more potent than salbutamol. Taking into account that isoprenaline is considerably more active on cardiovascular parameters and on the cat soleus muscle than QH25 which has the same or less effect than salbutamol on these parameters the data suggest that QH25 is a more selective bronchodilator agent than both isoprenaline and salbutamol.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamics of a new selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator 3-(4-methoxybenzylamino)-4-hydroxy-alpha-(tert. butylaminomethyl)-benzyl-alcohol, HCl (QH25). The bronchodilator effect of QH25 (3-(4-methoxybenzylamino)-4-hydroxy-alpha-(tert. butylaminomethyl)benzylalcohol, HCl) a new beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator has been investigated in conscious guinea pigs and in anaesthetized guinea pigs and cats and compared to that of salbutamol and isoprenaline. In anaesthetized guinea pigs QH25 and isoprenaline were equipotent after intravenous administration, whereas salbutamol was four times less active. The same difference between QH25 and salbutamol was observed after intraduodenal administration. After oral administration in conscious guinea pigs QH25 was eight and five times more potent than salbutamol and isoprenaline respectively, whereas no difference was observed when the agents were administered as aerosols. The bronchodilator action of QH25 was apprxomately three times that of salbutamol in egg-albumine sensitized guinea pigs after oral administration. In anaesthetized cats the bronchodilator potency of QH25 was three times that of salbutamol and the same or slightly higher than that of isoprenaline. A half-life of 4 hours for the bronchodilator action in guinea pigs was determined for both QH25 and salbutamol after oral administration. The effect of QH25 and salbutamol on cardiovascular parameters i.e. chrono- and inotropic action and blood pressure decreasing effect in guinea pigs, cats and dogs was essentially the same whereas isoprenaline was from 5 to 30 times more potent. The potential tremorogenic action of QH25 estimated on the cat soleus muscle was eight times less than that of isoprenaline and the same or slightly less than that of salbutamol. From the experimental data it is concluded that QH25 has the same potency as isoprenaline as a bronchodilator agent but is more potent than salbutamol. Taking into account that isoprenaline is considerably more active on cardiovascular parameters and on the cat soleus muscle than QH25 which has the same or less effect than salbutamol on these parameters the data suggest that QH25 is a more selective bronchodilator agent than both isoprenaline and salbutamol.", "PMID": 576362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12044", "title": "Absorption and elimination kinetics of 32P malathion in the hen.", "content": "A method for the separation of urine and faeces in the hen was developed and the biological fate of 32P malathion, following a single oral dose of 262.40 mg/kg body weight was studied. The results suggested that the compound was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; significant quantities being detected in the plasma and whole blood 1/2 hr after ingestion. Total 32P was eliminated in the urine by apparent first order kinetics with an average half-life of 5.7 hrs. The cumulative urinary and faecal data revealed that 93% of the 32P is excreted via the urine within 48 hrs, thus indicating that the compound is almost completely absorbed. It is therefore concluded that accumulation in the system is unlikely.", "contents": "Absorption and elimination kinetics of 32P malathion in the hen. A method for the separation of urine and faeces in the hen was developed and the biological fate of 32P malathion, following a single oral dose of 262.40 mg/kg body weight was studied. The results suggested that the compound was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; significant quantities being detected in the plasma and whole blood 1/2 hr after ingestion. Total 32P was eliminated in the urine by apparent first order kinetics with an average half-life of 5.7 hrs. The cumulative urinary and faecal data revealed that 93% of the 32P is excreted via the urine within 48 hrs, thus indicating that the compound is almost completely absorbed. It is therefore concluded that accumulation in the system is unlikely.", "PMID": 576363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12045", "title": "Influence of various anaesthetics on the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline in rats before and after guanethidine.", "content": "The influence of surgical anaesthesia induced by ketamine, pentobarbital, pentobarbital-xylazine, or chloralose-urethane on blood pressure and heart rate was studied, and the effects were compared with results in conscious and pithed rats. The blood pressure was significantly decreased by pentobarbital-xylazine. The heart rate increased in all groups except in pentobarbital-xylazine anaesthetized rats. Generally, a fall in heart rate and blood pressure was observed during a two hours lasting anaesthesia as compared to the initial values. The blood pressure response to noradrenaline was significantly lowered by ketamine, pentobarbital and chloralose-urethane. Guanethidine 5 mg/kg intravenously significantly lowered the blood pressure in the ketamine, pentobarbital, and chloralose-urethane anaesthetized groups. The guanethidine induced potentiation of the haemodynamic effects of noradrenaline was considerably influenced by the anaesthetic, the augmentation being greatest in pentobarbital and chloralose-urethane anaesthetized rats. Chloralose-urethane is considered a suitable anaesthetic in rats when studying the effects of noradrenaline and guanethidine. Following a single intraperitoneal injection a surgical anaesthesia of more than two hours' duration was obtained, and the variance of the parameters studied was less than that following administration of the other anaesthetics. It is emphasized that various effects of anaesthetics unrelated to their anaesthetic properties may obscure or even invalidate results obtained with drugs acting on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Influence of various anaesthetics on the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline in rats before and after guanethidine. The influence of surgical anaesthesia induced by ketamine, pentobarbital, pentobarbital-xylazine, or chloralose-urethane on blood pressure and heart rate was studied, and the effects were compared with results in conscious and pithed rats. The blood pressure was significantly decreased by pentobarbital-xylazine. The heart rate increased in all groups except in pentobarbital-xylazine anaesthetized rats. Generally, a fall in heart rate and blood pressure was observed during a two hours lasting anaesthesia as compared to the initial values. The blood pressure response to noradrenaline was significantly lowered by ketamine, pentobarbital and chloralose-urethane. Guanethidine 5 mg/kg intravenously significantly lowered the blood pressure in the ketamine, pentobarbital, and chloralose-urethane anaesthetized groups. The guanethidine induced potentiation of the haemodynamic effects of noradrenaline was considerably influenced by the anaesthetic, the augmentation being greatest in pentobarbital and chloralose-urethane anaesthetized rats. Chloralose-urethane is considered a suitable anaesthetic in rats when studying the effects of noradrenaline and guanethidine. Following a single intraperitoneal injection a surgical anaesthesia of more than two hours' duration was obtained, and the variance of the parameters studied was less than that following administration of the other anaesthetics. It is emphasized that various effects of anaesthetics unrelated to their anaesthetic properties may obscure or even invalidate results obtained with drugs acting on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 576365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12046", "title": "Evoked efflux of 3H-bretylium by sympathomimetic amines from the rat vas deferens in vitro.", "content": "The efflux of 3H-bretylium in rat vas deferens in vitro evoked by a number of sympathomimetic amines was examined. The tissue was preloaded with 3H-bretylium (2 x 10(-7) M) and the efflux of bretylium to the incubation medium in the presence of the amines during 20 min, was determined. The efflux evoked by (+)-amphetamine was almost abolished at 0 degrees and by desipramine. The dose response curves showed that some of the amines at high concentrations markedly antagonized their own effect. It could be demonstrated that (+)-amphetamine and N-methylamphetamine at a high concentration also antagonized the efflux evoked by low external Na+ concentrations and it is suggested that this effect is produced by inhibition of the outward transport of bretylium through the neurone membrane. The structure activity relationship obtained shows that the non-hydroxylated amines are most potent in evoking bretylium efflux and that the potency diminished with the number of hydroxyl groups. The tertiary amine analogue of amphetamine is less active and the quaternary derivative much less active than amphetamine and N-methylamphetamine. A hydroxyl group at 3-position gives a somewhat higher potency than that at 4-position. This structure activity relationship is similar to that previously reported for the sympathomimetic amines in reversing the adrenergic neurone blockade for bretylium and it is proposed that this reversal is induced by the reduction of the intraneuronal concentration of bretylium as a result of the evoked efflux.", "contents": "Evoked efflux of 3H-bretylium by sympathomimetic amines from the rat vas deferens in vitro. The efflux of 3H-bretylium in rat vas deferens in vitro evoked by a number of sympathomimetic amines was examined. The tissue was preloaded with 3H-bretylium (2 x 10(-7) M) and the efflux of bretylium to the incubation medium in the presence of the amines during 20 min, was determined. The efflux evoked by (+)-amphetamine was almost abolished at 0 degrees and by desipramine. The dose response curves showed that some of the amines at high concentrations markedly antagonized their own effect. It could be demonstrated that (+)-amphetamine and N-methylamphetamine at a high concentration also antagonized the efflux evoked by low external Na+ concentrations and it is suggested that this effect is produced by inhibition of the outward transport of bretylium through the neurone membrane. The structure activity relationship obtained shows that the non-hydroxylated amines are most potent in evoking bretylium efflux and that the potency diminished with the number of hydroxyl groups. The tertiary amine analogue of amphetamine is less active and the quaternary derivative much less active than amphetamine and N-methylamphetamine. A hydroxyl group at 3-position gives a somewhat higher potency than that at 4-position. This structure activity relationship is similar to that previously reported for the sympathomimetic amines in reversing the adrenergic neurone blockade for bretylium and it is proposed that this reversal is induced by the reduction of the intraneuronal concentration of bretylium as a result of the evoked efflux.", "PMID": 576366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12047", "title": "Interaction of perphenazine with the kinetics of nortriptyline.", "content": "The kinetics of nortriptyline in four patients were investigated before and during treatment with perphenazine (24-36 mg/day) by administering 57 mg nortriptyline hydrochloride as an intravenous infusion and evaluating the resulting plasma concentration data according to a two compartment open model. In all patients an increased biological half-life as well as a decreased systemic clearance and rate of metabolism were found in the perphenazine-period, thus confirming the inhibitory effect of perphenazine on the metabolism of nortriptyline found in earlier studies. Some interaction with distribution parameters was also indicated, but on the whole the model parameters did not provide much further information about the interaction. Although the most pronounced changes were found with the patient getting the highest dose of perphenazine, the dose-effect relationship remains obscure.", "contents": "Interaction of perphenazine with the kinetics of nortriptyline. The kinetics of nortriptyline in four patients were investigated before and during treatment with perphenazine (24-36 mg/day) by administering 57 mg nortriptyline hydrochloride as an intravenous infusion and evaluating the resulting plasma concentration data according to a two compartment open model. In all patients an increased biological half-life as well as a decreased systemic clearance and rate of metabolism were found in the perphenazine-period, thus confirming the inhibitory effect of perphenazine on the metabolism of nortriptyline found in earlier studies. Some interaction with distribution parameters was also indicated, but on the whole the model parameters did not provide much further information about the interaction. Although the most pronounced changes were found with the patient getting the highest dose of perphenazine, the dose-effect relationship remains obscure.", "PMID": 576367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12048", "title": "Osmolalities of infant formulas.", "content": "The osmolalities of breast milk and of 36 products that may be fed to infants were determined by the freezing-point depression method. A wide range of osmolality was observed among formulas that provide 67 kcal/100 ml, and many have osmolalities greater than 400 mOsm/kg of water. Reconstituted powdered formulas have osmolalities that are widely varied from batch to batch, are greater when prepared by scoop measures when the osmolalities of corresponding ready-to-feed formulas, and are greater than the osmolalities of the formulas prepared by weighed measures from the manufacturer's formulation. The osmolality of products for oral consumption should be considered in the selection of formulas for preterm infants.", "contents": "Osmolalities of infant formulas. The osmolalities of breast milk and of 36 products that may be fed to infants were determined by the freezing-point depression method. A wide range of osmolality was observed among formulas that provide 67 kcal/100 ml, and many have osmolalities greater than 400 mOsm/kg of water. Reconstituted powdered formulas have osmolalities that are widely varied from batch to batch, are greater when prepared by scoop measures when the osmolalities of corresponding ready-to-feed formulas, and are greater than the osmolalities of the formulas prepared by weighed measures from the manufacturer's formulation. The osmolality of products for oral consumption should be considered in the selection of formulas for preterm infants.", "PMID": 576369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12049", "title": "Neonatal hyperthyroidism and heart failure. A differential approach.", "content": "Congestive heart failure in neonatal thyrotoxicosis is attributed to sympathetic overstimulation of the myocardium with resulting high-output cardiac failure. An additional case of neonatal thyrotoxicosis with congestive heart failure is discussed; three possible causes (thyrotoxicosis, maternal propranolol therapy, and ventricular septal defect) were present. Along with the usual procedures, the echocardiogram is of value in separating these factors. In addition, we discuss the potential dangers to the newborn of a mother receiving long-term propranolol hydrochloride therapy during pregnancy.", "contents": "Neonatal hyperthyroidism and heart failure. A differential approach. Congestive heart failure in neonatal thyrotoxicosis is attributed to sympathetic overstimulation of the myocardium with resulting high-output cardiac failure. An additional case of neonatal thyrotoxicosis with congestive heart failure is discussed; three possible causes (thyrotoxicosis, maternal propranolol therapy, and ventricular septal defect) were present. Along with the usual procedures, the echocardiogram is of value in separating these factors. In addition, we discuss the potential dangers to the newborn of a mother receiving long-term propranolol hydrochloride therapy during pregnancy.", "PMID": 576368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12050", "title": "Hypothyroid Graves' disease.", "content": "Graves' disease has recently been shown to exist in a euthyroid form in untreated patients. Sporadic reports of a hypothyroid form are beginning to emerge, thus illustrating the multifaceted nature of this disorder, with thyrotoxicosis at one end of the spectrum and hypothyroidism at the other. Three patients with nonthyrotoxic Graves' disease and concomitant hypothyroidism were seen at Emory University Hospital in one year, and deatailed studies were made to help elucidate the nature of this unusual combination. Results of these studies are reported and briefly discussed. It is suggested that, until more is known about this intriguing aspect of the Graves' disease spectrum, the label \"hypothyroid Graves' disease\" is justifiable.", "contents": "Hypothyroid Graves' disease. Graves' disease has recently been shown to exist in a euthyroid form in untreated patients. Sporadic reports of a hypothyroid form are beginning to emerge, thus illustrating the multifaceted nature of this disorder, with thyrotoxicosis at one end of the spectrum and hypothyroidism at the other. Three patients with nonthyrotoxic Graves' disease and concomitant hypothyroidism were seen at Emory University Hospital in one year, and deatailed studies were made to help elucidate the nature of this unusual combination. Results of these studies are reported and briefly discussed. It is suggested that, until more is known about this intriguing aspect of the Graves' disease spectrum, the label \"hypothyroid Graves' disease\" is justifiable.", "PMID": 576370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12051", "title": "The effects of fetal thyroidectomy in the ovine fetus.", "content": "Cerebral function and metabolism, morphology and histology of the nervous system, and lung maturity in terms of surfactant production were studied at term in five sheep fetuses thyroidectomized at gestational ages ranging from 104 to 111 days. Compared to age-matched controls, body weight (thyroidectomized animals, 2.8 +/- 0.11 kilograms; controls, 3.9 +/- 0.2 kilograms; P less than 0.0005) and brain weight (thyroidectomized animals, 43.51 +/- 1.38 grams; controls, 48.49 +/- 1.75 grams; P less than 0.05) were significantly reduced. In the nervous system, morphology, histology, brain function, and metabolism were not significantly different from those of the controls. Lung weight was less, but not significantly, and surfactant production was not deficient as compared to that of age-matched controls. The failure to find any disturbance of maturation in the brain and lungs of fetuses thyroidectomized at 104 to 111 days may be related to the relative maturity of the sheep fetus at this age.", "contents": "The effects of fetal thyroidectomy in the ovine fetus. Cerebral function and metabolism, morphology and histology of the nervous system, and lung maturity in terms of surfactant production were studied at term in five sheep fetuses thyroidectomized at gestational ages ranging from 104 to 111 days. Compared to age-matched controls, body weight (thyroidectomized animals, 2.8 +/- 0.11 kilograms; controls, 3.9 +/- 0.2 kilograms; P less than 0.0005) and brain weight (thyroidectomized animals, 43.51 +/- 1.38 grams; controls, 48.49 +/- 1.75 grams; P less than 0.05) were significantly reduced. In the nervous system, morphology, histology, brain function, and metabolism were not significantly different from those of the controls. Lung weight was less, but not significantly, and surfactant production was not deficient as compared to that of age-matched controls. The failure to find any disturbance of maturation in the brain and lungs of fetuses thyroidectomized at 104 to 111 days may be related to the relative maturity of the sheep fetus at this age.", "PMID": 576371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12052", "title": "Bromocryptine therapy in cases of amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "content": "Of 28 patients presenting with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, pituitary tumors were confirmed in eight. Six patients had occult hypothyroidism and the rest had an endocrine profile suggestive of pituitary tumor or of an idiopathic etiology. Treatment with bromocryptine resulted in suppression of the inappropriate lactation and restoration of regular menstrual function. In five cases, however, the galactorrhea was only diminished and in four of these cases, normal ovarian function did not return. Of the 19 patients that were seeking fertility and continued the medication for at least 20 days, nine pregnancies resulted. A similar response to bromocryptine was observed regardless of the underlying cause of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "contents": "Bromocryptine therapy in cases of amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Of 28 patients presenting with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, pituitary tumors were confirmed in eight. Six patients had occult hypothyroidism and the rest had an endocrine profile suggestive of pituitary tumor or of an idiopathic etiology. Treatment with bromocryptine resulted in suppression of the inappropriate lactation and restoration of regular menstrual function. In five cases, however, the galactorrhea was only diminished and in four of these cases, normal ovarian function did not return. Of the 19 patients that were seeking fertility and continued the medication for at least 20 days, nine pregnancies resulted. A similar response to bromocryptine was observed regardless of the underlying cause of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "PMID": 576372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12053", "title": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in cases associated with fetomaternal disease.", "content": "The efficacy of correlating the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid with fetal lung maturity has been substantiated in normal pregnancies. In gestations complicated by fetomaternal diseases, however, the assay is less reliable. This study involves 555 pregnancies in which there was a significant maternal, fetal, or placental disorder. The L/S ratio was related to fetal respiratory maturity as measured by Dubowitz criteria and the occurrence of RDS. The results show that pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, diabetes (Class D, E, F), significant cardiovascular disease, severe hemoglobinopathies, various congenital anomalies, chronic placental insufficiency, and prolonged ruptured membranes accelerated the L/S ration. Conversely, mild diabetes (Class B, C), intrinsic renal disease, hepatitis, collagen disease, hydrops fetalis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis were associated with a delay in the L/S ratio. A significant increase in erroneous responses was noted in these patients when the L/S ratio was correlated to infant maturity and to the incidence of RDS. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in cases associated with fetomaternal disease. The efficacy of correlating the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid with fetal lung maturity has been substantiated in normal pregnancies. In gestations complicated by fetomaternal diseases, however, the assay is less reliable. This study involves 555 pregnancies in which there was a significant maternal, fetal, or placental disorder. The L/S ratio was related to fetal respiratory maturity as measured by Dubowitz criteria and the occurrence of RDS. The results show that pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, diabetes (Class D, E, F), significant cardiovascular disease, severe hemoglobinopathies, various congenital anomalies, chronic placental insufficiency, and prolonged ruptured membranes accelerated the L/S ration. Conversely, mild diabetes (Class B, C), intrinsic renal disease, hepatitis, collagen disease, hydrops fetalis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis were associated with a delay in the L/S ratio. A significant increase in erroneous responses was noted in these patients when the L/S ratio was correlated to infant maturity and to the incidence of RDS. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 576373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12054", "title": "A syndrome of immunoglobulin A deficiency, diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, a common HLA haplotype. Immunologic and genetic studies of forty-three family members.", "content": "Three persons in a kindred of 43 had variable expression of a syndrome consisting of immunoglobulin A deficiency, diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, and a common HLA haplotype. Findings from the proband included life-threatening malabsorption; idiopathic intestinal mucosal atrophy with infalmmation; IgA deficiency and antibodies to multiple endocrine organs; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; and the major histocomptability antigens HLA-A2, B8, and DW3. In addition to the described syndrome other conditions present in the family include Graves' disease, vitiligo, hypocomplementemia, rheumatic fever, multiple sclerosis, and a high frequency of antibodies to endocrine tissue. Since Graves' disease, diabetes mellitus, and idiopathic Addison's disease have all been described in association with HLS-B8 and DW3, we believe that the occurrence of these diseases in this family suggests that a single immune response gene or gene complex is linked with HLA-B8 and DW3.", "contents": "A syndrome of immunoglobulin A deficiency, diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, a common HLA haplotype. Immunologic and genetic studies of forty-three family members. Three persons in a kindred of 43 had variable expression of a syndrome consisting of immunoglobulin A deficiency, diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, and a common HLA haplotype. Findings from the proband included life-threatening malabsorption; idiopathic intestinal mucosal atrophy with infalmmation; IgA deficiency and antibodies to multiple endocrine organs; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; and the major histocomptability antigens HLA-A2, B8, and DW3. In addition to the described syndrome other conditions present in the family include Graves' disease, vitiligo, hypocomplementemia, rheumatic fever, multiple sclerosis, and a high frequency of antibodies to endocrine tissue. Since Graves' disease, diabetes mellitus, and idiopathic Addison's disease have all been described in association with HLS-B8 and DW3, we believe that the occurrence of these diseases in this family suggests that a single immune response gene or gene complex is linked with HLA-B8 and DW3.", "PMID": 576375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12055", "title": "Painless thyroiditis and transient hyperthyroidism without goiter.", "content": "Eight women had painless thyroiditis, transient thyrotoxicosis, and low radioactive iodine uptakes but were without goiter; they constituted 15% of all thyrotoxicosis cases that we saw during the past year. Standard antithyroid antibody tests by tanned erythrocyte hemagglutination, complement fixation, and colloid and microsomal fluorescence, if present initally, were only weakly psotivie and became negative by 9 months. However, human antithyroglobulin antibody levels by a sensitive radioimmunoassay were elevated initially in all patients. In general, these radioimmunoassayable antibody levels fell, but they had not returned to normal by 9 months. Serial thyroid function tests and standard antithyroid antibody tests were most compatible with subactue thyroidtis. However, the persistence of radioimmunoassayable antithyroblobulin antibodies and recent reports of histologic evidence of lymphocyte thyroiditis in similar patients with goiter leaves open the possibility that this is a previously unrecognized presentation of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Neither the cause nor the ultimate course of this syndrome is known.", "contents": "Painless thyroiditis and transient hyperthyroidism without goiter. Eight women had painless thyroiditis, transient thyrotoxicosis, and low radioactive iodine uptakes but were without goiter; they constituted 15% of all thyrotoxicosis cases that we saw during the past year. Standard antithyroid antibody tests by tanned erythrocyte hemagglutination, complement fixation, and colloid and microsomal fluorescence, if present initally, were only weakly psotivie and became negative by 9 months. However, human antithyroglobulin antibody levels by a sensitive radioimmunoassay were elevated initially in all patients. In general, these radioimmunoassayable antibody levels fell, but they had not returned to normal by 9 months. Serial thyroid function tests and standard antithyroid antibody tests were most compatible with subactue thyroidtis. However, the persistence of radioimmunoassayable antithyroblobulin antibodies and recent reports of histologic evidence of lymphocyte thyroiditis in similar patients with goiter leaves open the possibility that this is a previously unrecognized presentation of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Neither the cause nor the ultimate course of this syndrome is known.", "PMID": 576376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12056", "title": "Inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit.", "content": "The history and confusing terminology regarding reports of inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit are reviewed. The wide clinical spectrum and variety of associated conditions is emphasized. Twenty-seven patients from the Wills Eye Hospital with clinical records and histopathologic material consistent with orbital pseudotumor were reviewed and an attempt was made to correlate the histopathologic findings with clinical presentation, response to steroids, and final outcome. Adequate follow-up averaging 3.6 years was obtained in 17 cases. Most cases in the series had a favorable outcome, and patients demonstrating the acute and subacute stages of Type II patterns responded to systemic steroids. Repeated and extensive surgical intervention appear to be harmful.", "contents": "Inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. The history and confusing terminology regarding reports of inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit are reviewed. The wide clinical spectrum and variety of associated conditions is emphasized. Twenty-seven patients from the Wills Eye Hospital with clinical records and histopathologic material consistent with orbital pseudotumor were reviewed and an attempt was made to correlate the histopathologic findings with clinical presentation, response to steroids, and final outcome. Adequate follow-up averaging 3.6 years was obtained in 17 cases. Most cases in the series had a favorable outcome, and patients demonstrating the acute and subacute stages of Type II patterns responded to systemic steroids. Repeated and extensive surgical intervention appear to be harmful.", "PMID": 576377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12057", "title": "Milk bolus obstruction in the neonate.", "content": "Seventeen cases of neonatal intestinal obstruction due to inspissated milk curds were seen at this hospital in the 9 years 1964-1972. The obstruction started on the 2nd to 10th day of life. Half the babies passed blood from the rectum and in most the x-rays were diagnostic. All survived, 14 after operation and 3 after medical treatment with a Gastrografin enema. Incomplete absorption of solids, particularly the fat from cows' milk feeds, is suggested as the cause.", "contents": "Milk bolus obstruction in the neonate. Seventeen cases of neonatal intestinal obstruction due to inspissated milk curds were seen at this hospital in the 9 years 1964-1972. The obstruction started on the 2nd to 10th day of life. Half the babies passed blood from the rectum and in most the x-rays were diagnostic. All survived, 14 after operation and 3 after medical treatment with a Gastrografin enema. Incomplete absorption of solids, particularly the fat from cows' milk feeds, is suggested as the cause.", "PMID": 576378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12058", "title": "Differences in subcutaneous fat in breast- and formula-fed infants.", "content": "During the first 6 weeks of life, 87 breast-fed infants had a significantly greater increase in skinfold thickness than 173 infants fed only with artificial milk formulae. The two groups were similar in respect of racial origin, gestational age, birthweight, and weight gain in the first 6 weeks of life. These findings show that formula-fed infants have a different distribution of body fat from breast-fed infants.", "contents": "Differences in subcutaneous fat in breast- and formula-fed infants. During the first 6 weeks of life, 87 breast-fed infants had a significantly greater increase in skinfold thickness than 173 infants fed only with artificial milk formulae. The two groups were similar in respect of racial origin, gestational age, birthweight, and weight gain in the first 6 weeks of life. These findings show that formula-fed infants have a different distribution of body fat from breast-fed infants.", "PMID": 576379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12059", "title": "Infectious syphilis mimicking neoplastic disease.", "content": "Five patients who were initially evaluated for malignant neoplasm actually had infectious syphillis (one primary, two secondaries, two secondaries with persistence of primary). Two patients were considered for radical surgery and one for extensive radiation and/or chemotherapy. In four patients an elevated routine admission VDRL was the first indication of the correct diagnosis. Dark-field examination is the most important laboratory test in the diagnosis of primary syphillis; VDRL and FTA-ABS are most important in confirming secondary syphillis. Penicillin remains the drug of choice for therapy. At a time when the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is increasing, it is extremely important to develop adequate educational programs for medical students and physicians.", "contents": "Infectious syphilis mimicking neoplastic disease. Five patients who were initially evaluated for malignant neoplasm actually had infectious syphillis (one primary, two secondaries, two secondaries with persistence of primary). Two patients were considered for radical surgery and one for extensive radiation and/or chemotherapy. In four patients an elevated routine admission VDRL was the first indication of the correct diagnosis. Dark-field examination is the most important laboratory test in the diagnosis of primary syphillis; VDRL and FTA-ABS are most important in confirming secondary syphillis. Penicillin remains the drug of choice for therapy. At a time when the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is increasing, it is extremely important to develop adequate educational programs for medical students and physicians.", "PMID": 576381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12060", "title": "Limitations of visualization of the entire fetus by means of second-trimester fetoscopy.", "content": "Fetoscopy with rigid fiber optics was performed under general anesthesia in 9 patients scheduled for therapeutic abortion by hysterotomy with a duration of pregnancy between 12 and 18 weeks. Visualization of fetus and placenta was found to be at random chance and incomplete, and could not be improved by internal or external manipulation. Skin biopsies were obtained in 5 cases. The cord could be recognized in all cases. It is concluded that the haphazard and incomplete visualization of the uterine contents at present precludes the application of second-trimester fetoscopy for early detection of visible congenital fetal abnormalities.", "contents": "Limitations of visualization of the entire fetus by means of second-trimester fetoscopy. Fetoscopy with rigid fiber optics was performed under general anesthesia in 9 patients scheduled for therapeutic abortion by hysterotomy with a duration of pregnancy between 12 and 18 weeks. Visualization of fetus and placenta was found to be at random chance and incomplete, and could not be improved by internal or external manipulation. Skin biopsies were obtained in 5 cases. The cord could be recognized in all cases. It is concluded that the haphazard and incomplete visualization of the uterine contents at present precludes the application of second-trimester fetoscopy for early detection of visible congenital fetal abnormalities.", "PMID": 576383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12061", "title": "[Fetal causes of the onset of labour. A kybernetic model (author's transl)].", "content": "The question of initiation of labour is not yet solved. A fetal fixing of the date would be ingenious. On the one hand the fet is endangered by prematurity, on the other hand by placental insufficiency in postmaturity. Fetuses with comparatively lighter placenta remain in average shorter in utero until spontaneous initiation of labour than those with comparatively heavier placenta. This fact leads to the assumption of a relative placental insufficiency as a determining factor of the onset of labour. A further inquiry demonstrates, that babies born after premature termination of pregnancy about the term - either by induction of labour or by primary sectio caesarea - are heavier and longer than those born after spontaneous labour. This leads to the assumption of a prenatal weight loss of the infant before spontaneous initiation of labour. This weight loss is caused by diminution of water content and relative placental insufficiency. This relative placental insufficiency also leads to a diminution of amniotic fluid, which is swallowed by the \"hungry\" fet in a greater amount. Altogether a diminution of uterine volume is resulting, which is accomplished by a diminution of uterine wall tension. The coordination of uterine activity, which precedes delivery, is combined with the ripening of the cervix. The ripening of the cervix also leads to a retraction of myometrium and thus to a further diminution of uterine wall tension. It is concluded, that a diminution of uterine volume, causes by fetal weight loss and diminution of amniotic fluid, leads to a reduction of uterine wall tension, which is supported by the ripening of the cervix. This reduction of uterine wall tension is the precondition of the increasing coordination of activity, which precedes delivery.", "contents": "[Fetal causes of the onset of labour. A kybernetic model (author's transl)]. The question of initiation of labour is not yet solved. A fetal fixing of the date would be ingenious. On the one hand the fet is endangered by prematurity, on the other hand by placental insufficiency in postmaturity. Fetuses with comparatively lighter placenta remain in average shorter in utero until spontaneous initiation of labour than those with comparatively heavier placenta. This fact leads to the assumption of a relative placental insufficiency as a determining factor of the onset of labour. A further inquiry demonstrates, that babies born after premature termination of pregnancy about the term - either by induction of labour or by primary sectio caesarea - are heavier and longer than those born after spontaneous labour. This leads to the assumption of a prenatal weight loss of the infant before spontaneous initiation of labour. This weight loss is caused by diminution of water content and relative placental insufficiency. This relative placental insufficiency also leads to a diminution of amniotic fluid, which is swallowed by the \"hungry\" fet in a greater amount. Altogether a diminution of uterine volume is resulting, which is accomplished by a diminution of uterine wall tension. The coordination of uterine activity, which precedes delivery, is combined with the ripening of the cervix. The ripening of the cervix also leads to a retraction of myometrium and thus to a further diminution of uterine wall tension. It is concluded, that a diminution of uterine volume, causes by fetal weight loss and diminution of amniotic fluid, leads to a reduction of uterine wall tension, which is supported by the ripening of the cervix. This reduction of uterine wall tension is the precondition of the increasing coordination of activity, which precedes delivery.", "PMID": 576384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12062", "title": "[Light- and electronmicroscopic examinations on granulosa and theca of primordial-, primary-, secondary- and resting tertiary follicles of human ovaries (author's transl)].", "content": "Light- and electromicroscopic examinations were performed on granulosa and theca of primordial-, primary-, secondary- and resting tertiary follicles of human ovaries. These examinations were intended to clarify how far correlation exist between the structural components of the different tissue formations of the follicles and their determined functions. Remarkably many intraplasmatic filaments were found in the cytoplasm of granulosa cells of primordial-, primary- and secondary follicles. In the resting tertiary follicles the electronmicroscopy defines the majority of the follicle granulosa cells as proteinsynthetic active cells with abundant rough endoplasmatic reticulum. Most of the nuclei contain several nucleoli. An interesting finding compared with the granulosa cells of earlier developing stages of the follicle is the presence of single or grouped fat droplets in the cytoplasm, whereas metaplastic structures like filaments and/or microtubules are rare. The theca cells aroung the primordial-, primary- and secondary follicle were characterized by electromicroscopy as typical stroma cells. These cells of the resting tertiary follicles in the theca interna and externa show characteristic submicroscopic criteria of active steroidbiosynthesis. Their cytoplasm is especially rich of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum about from that there are tubular mitochondria and diffus fat droplets. Regarding the functional meaning of the different tissue formation of the follicles the existence of filamentous material in the membrana granulosa of primordial-, primary- and secondary follicles demonstrates an important finding. Apparently the presence of these metaplastic structures in the follicle granulosa cells play a role in the formal development of the zona pellucida and the Call-Exner-bodies. The structural organisation of the granulosa cells of resting tertiary follicles shows a high proteinsynthetic activity which plays a role in the metabolism of oocyte and the follicular fluid production. So far there are no definite submicroscopic criteria for steroidbiosynthesis. The structural differentiation of the normal stroma cells around primordial-, primary- and secondary follicles leads to definite submicroscopic steroidcells in the resting tertiary follicle. According to our results the process of the transformation of follicular granulosa cells in steroidbiosynthetic active cells in the resting tertiary follicle is not complete.", "contents": "[Light- and electronmicroscopic examinations on granulosa and theca of primordial-, primary-, secondary- and resting tertiary follicles of human ovaries (author's transl)]. Light- and electromicroscopic examinations were performed on granulosa and theca of primordial-, primary-, secondary- and resting tertiary follicles of human ovaries. These examinations were intended to clarify how far correlation exist between the structural components of the different tissue formations of the follicles and their determined functions. Remarkably many intraplasmatic filaments were found in the cytoplasm of granulosa cells of primordial-, primary- and secondary follicles. In the resting tertiary follicles the electronmicroscopy defines the majority of the follicle granulosa cells as proteinsynthetic active cells with abundant rough endoplasmatic reticulum. Most of the nuclei contain several nucleoli. An interesting finding compared with the granulosa cells of earlier developing stages of the follicle is the presence of single or grouped fat droplets in the cytoplasm, whereas metaplastic structures like filaments and/or microtubules are rare. The theca cells aroung the primordial-, primary- and secondary follicle were characterized by electromicroscopy as typical stroma cells. These cells of the resting tertiary follicles in the theca interna and externa show characteristic submicroscopic criteria of active steroidbiosynthesis. Their cytoplasm is especially rich of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum about from that there are tubular mitochondria and diffus fat droplets. Regarding the functional meaning of the different tissue formation of the follicles the existence of filamentous material in the membrana granulosa of primordial-, primary- and secondary follicles demonstrates an important finding. Apparently the presence of these metaplastic structures in the follicle granulosa cells play a role in the formal development of the zona pellucida and the Call-Exner-bodies. The structural organisation of the granulosa cells of resting tertiary follicles shows a high proteinsynthetic activity which plays a role in the metabolism of oocyte and the follicular fluid production. So far there are no definite submicroscopic criteria for steroidbiosynthesis. The structural differentiation of the normal stroma cells around primordial-, primary- and secondary follicles leads to definite submicroscopic steroidcells in the resting tertiary follicle. According to our results the process of the transformation of follicular granulosa cells in steroidbiosynthetic active cells in the resting tertiary follicle is not complete.", "PMID": 576385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12063", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of a new tissue protein (pp7) from human placentae (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolation and characterization of a new tissue protein (PP7) from human placentae is described. The placental protein PP7 is not specific for the placenta; it is found in relative high concentrations in other human tissues as well. Trace amounts of PP7 occur in erythrocytes, too. In sera this protein could not be detected with the gel diffusion test of Ouchterlony nor with the electroimmunoassay technique. PP7 has a molecular weight of around 40,000 daltons and is composed of two identical subunits which are non-covalently linked. In the ultracentrifuge PP7 sediments with 3.5 S. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.9. Electrophoretically the protein migrates in the range between alpha 2 and beta1-globulins. PP7 is a glycoprotein; its carbohydrate content amounts to 5.4% (hexoses 3.0%, Hexosamine 1.2%, Fucose 0.2%, sialic acid 1.0%). The amino acid composition of the protein is reported, too.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of a new tissue protein (pp7) from human placentae (author's transl)]. The isolation and characterization of a new tissue protein (PP7) from human placentae is described. The placental protein PP7 is not specific for the placenta; it is found in relative high concentrations in other human tissues as well. Trace amounts of PP7 occur in erythrocytes, too. In sera this protein could not be detected with the gel diffusion test of Ouchterlony nor with the electroimmunoassay technique. PP7 has a molecular weight of around 40,000 daltons and is composed of two identical subunits which are non-covalently linked. In the ultracentrifuge PP7 sediments with 3.5 S. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.9. Electrophoretically the protein migrates in the range between alpha 2 and beta1-globulins. PP7 is a glycoprotein; its carbohydrate content amounts to 5.4% (hexoses 3.0%, Hexosamine 1.2%, Fucose 0.2%, sialic acid 1.0%). The amino acid composition of the protein is reported, too.", "PMID": 576386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12064", "title": "[Glomus structures in axillary lymph nodes and the demarcation against metastases of mammary carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented on the demonstration of epithelioid cell clusters within the axillary lymph node group, which could be taken for micrometastases of a mammary carcinoma. The lymph node material from 400 extensively excised mammary carcinomas with obligatory lymphonodectomy was available for this study. Metastases of mammary carcinoma were found in 264 cases (66%). Therewithal a procedure with microscopic inspection of successive sections at 100 mu intervals of all lymph nodes led to the discovery of epithelioid cell clusters in 18 out of the 400 cases examined. As regards their appearance and structural peculiarities, with direct allocation to the local vascular stroma, these clusters must be regarded as glomus-like structures. From a clinical point of view, their fundamental significance consists in the necessary differentialdiagnostic demarcation against micrometastases of carcinoma in the region of origin of the lymph.", "contents": "[Glomus structures in axillary lymph nodes and the demarcation against metastases of mammary carcinoma (author's transl)]. A report is presented on the demonstration of epithelioid cell clusters within the axillary lymph node group, which could be taken for micrometastases of a mammary carcinoma. The lymph node material from 400 extensively excised mammary carcinomas with obligatory lymphonodectomy was available for this study. Metastases of mammary carcinoma were found in 264 cases (66%). Therewithal a procedure with microscopic inspection of successive sections at 100 mu intervals of all lymph nodes led to the discovery of epithelioid cell clusters in 18 out of the 400 cases examined. As regards their appearance and structural peculiarities, with direct allocation to the local vascular stroma, these clusters must be regarded as glomus-like structures. From a clinical point of view, their fundamental significance consists in the necessary differentialdiagnostic demarcation against micrometastases of carcinoma in the region of origin of the lymph.", "PMID": 576388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12065", "title": "[Major gynecological operations on women of 80 years of age or more (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of the greater life expectancy of women, the length of the post-menopausal period has also been constantly increasing. Since there is no generally accepted definition of the late post-menopause and senium in women, we submit a suggestion of how these periods of life may be deliminated. During the years 1960--1969 6662 female patients aged 60 years or more, were operated on in 17 different Westberliner departments of gynecology. Of these 3.9% (i.e. 261 cases) were major gynecological operations on women of 80 years or more: 155 were malignant and 37 benign tumors, 59 were due to displacement of the uterus (11 cases of minor descended uterus and 48 cases of fully prolapsed uterus) and 10 other diseases. The postoperative death rate was 13.4% (36 cases). In spite of such mortality these major operations were generally considered necessary and beneficial in women of this age group. Among other reasons, cancer-screening examinations of old women should be done more regularly than at present because of the multi-morbidity occurring at this age.", "contents": "[Major gynecological operations on women of 80 years of age or more (author's transl)]. Because of the greater life expectancy of women, the length of the post-menopausal period has also been constantly increasing. Since there is no generally accepted definition of the late post-menopause and senium in women, we submit a suggestion of how these periods of life may be deliminated. During the years 1960--1969 6662 female patients aged 60 years or more, were operated on in 17 different Westberliner departments of gynecology. Of these 3.9% (i.e. 261 cases) were major gynecological operations on women of 80 years or more: 155 were malignant and 37 benign tumors, 59 were due to displacement of the uterus (11 cases of minor descended uterus and 48 cases of fully prolapsed uterus) and 10 other diseases. The postoperative death rate was 13.4% (36 cases). In spite of such mortality these major operations were generally considered necessary and beneficial in women of this age group. Among other reasons, cancer-screening examinations of old women should be done more regularly than at present because of the multi-morbidity occurring at this age.", "PMID": 576387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12066", "title": "Ferritin phagocytosis.", "content": "The in vitro events of phagocytosis of ferritin and of cationized ferritin by normal eosinophils and the eosinophilic cells of two patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome are described. After one minute of incubation, the cells showed a noticeable pseudopod formation, while after five minutes, ferritin-containing vacuoles were seen in both the normal and the patients' eosinophils. No alterations of the specific granules were observed in cells incubated for 90 minutes or less. Ferritin was observed in the membrane-bound vacuoles, but not in the specific granules of the cells. There was no difference in phagocytic activity of the patients' eosinophils as compared with the normal eosinophils, as well as between phagocytosis of ferritin and of cationized ferritin.", "contents": "Ferritin phagocytosis. The in vitro events of phagocytosis of ferritin and of cationized ferritin by normal eosinophils and the eosinophilic cells of two patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome are described. After one minute of incubation, the cells showed a noticeable pseudopod formation, while after five minutes, ferritin-containing vacuoles were seen in both the normal and the patients' eosinophils. No alterations of the specific granules were observed in cells incubated for 90 minutes or less. Ferritin was observed in the membrane-bound vacuoles, but not in the specific granules of the cells. There was no difference in phagocytic activity of the patients' eosinophils as compared with the normal eosinophils, as well as between phagocytosis of ferritin and of cationized ferritin.", "PMID": 576389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12067", "title": "Phenytoin inhibition: failure to inhibit periosteal responses to lathyrogen.", "content": "beta-Aminopropionitrile (BAPN) administered to rats has caused exostosis formation at sites of muscle attachment and also caused delay in the healing of soft tissue wounds and of bone fractures. Since phenytoin sodium has an opposite effect on wound healing, bone fractures, and the tensile strength of connective tissues, an experiment was performed to determine whether or not BAPN could produce periosteal exostoses in the presence of phenytoin. Rats that were given both BAPN and phenytoin produced similar exostoses as rats that were given BAPN alone. This indicates that phenytoin does not prevent inhibition of lysyl oxidase by BAPN, does not promote increased tensile strength of connective tissues in the presence of BAPN, and does not facilitate the detoxification of BAPN. Further, no evidence for an increased cellular response with phenytoin was observed. The mechanism by which phenytoin promotes wound healing is still unknown.", "contents": "Phenytoin inhibition: failure to inhibit periosteal responses to lathyrogen. beta-Aminopropionitrile (BAPN) administered to rats has caused exostosis formation at sites of muscle attachment and also caused delay in the healing of soft tissue wounds and of bone fractures. Since phenytoin sodium has an opposite effect on wound healing, bone fractures, and the tensile strength of connective tissues, an experiment was performed to determine whether or not BAPN could produce periosteal exostoses in the presence of phenytoin. Rats that were given both BAPN and phenytoin produced similar exostoses as rats that were given BAPN alone. This indicates that phenytoin does not prevent inhibition of lysyl oxidase by BAPN, does not promote increased tensile strength of connective tissues in the presence of BAPN, and does not facilitate the detoxification of BAPN. Further, no evidence for an increased cellular response with phenytoin was observed. The mechanism by which phenytoin promotes wound healing is still unknown.", "PMID": 576390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12068", "title": "Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): autopsy study of 36 patients.", "content": "A pathogenetic relationship between nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was sought by reviewing autopsies from a recent 12-year period. Of 4,783 autopsies, 36 patients were found to have NBTE. The histopathologic diagnosis of DIC in patients with NBTE was dependent on the observation of thrombi in vasa recta and central glomerular capillaries of the kidneys and in sinusoids, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and medium-sized veins of the major viscera. Morphologic evidence of DIC was found in 18 (50%) of the 36 patients with NBTE. In addition, venous and arterial thromboses were found in 13 patients (36%) and pulmonary thromboembolism in 17 (47%). These findings support the view that NBTE and DIC may be pathogenetically related and result from a hypercoagulable state.", "contents": "Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): autopsy study of 36 patients. A pathogenetic relationship between nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was sought by reviewing autopsies from a recent 12-year period. Of 4,783 autopsies, 36 patients were found to have NBTE. The histopathologic diagnosis of DIC in patients with NBTE was dependent on the observation of thrombi in vasa recta and central glomerular capillaries of the kidneys and in sinusoids, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and medium-sized veins of the major viscera. Morphologic evidence of DIC was found in 18 (50%) of the 36 patients with NBTE. In addition, venous and arterial thromboses were found in 13 patients (36%) and pulmonary thromboembolism in 17 (47%). These findings support the view that NBTE and DIC may be pathogenetically related and result from a hypercoagulable state.", "PMID": 576391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12069", "title": "Aortic lesion in Marfan syndrome: the ultrastructure of cystic medial degeneration.", "content": "Areas of medial alteration (Erdheim cystic medionecrosis) in an aortic root aneurysm surgically removed from a patient with Marfan syndrome were studied with an electron microscope. The single striking morphologic abnormality was the disorganized, haphazard architecture of the media in these areas. This lesion is interpreted as being an abortive reparative response to hemodynamic stress in a condition with a molecular defect in the structural proteins of connective tissue.", "contents": "Aortic lesion in Marfan syndrome: the ultrastructure of cystic medial degeneration. Areas of medial alteration (Erdheim cystic medionecrosis) in an aortic root aneurysm surgically removed from a patient with Marfan syndrome were studied with an electron microscope. The single striking morphologic abnormality was the disorganized, haphazard architecture of the media in these areas. This lesion is interpreted as being an abortive reparative response to hemodynamic stress in a condition with a molecular defect in the structural proteins of connective tissue.", "PMID": 576392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12070", "title": "Diffuse rhabdomyomatosis of the heart.", "content": "The myocardium of a 13-year-old boy was infiltrated with cells like those of classical congenital rhabdomyoma. In contrast to the latter condition, in which distinct nodules are present, our patient had an infiltrated myocardium without a distinct tumor formation. The condition is similar to that reported earlier and may be designated as diffuse rhabdomyomatosis.", "contents": "Diffuse rhabdomyomatosis of the heart. The myocardium of a 13-year-old boy was infiltrated with cells like those of classical congenital rhabdomyoma. In contrast to the latter condition, in which distinct nodules are present, our patient had an infiltrated myocardium without a distinct tumor formation. The condition is similar to that reported earlier and may be designated as diffuse rhabdomyomatosis.", "PMID": 576393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12071", "title": "Short left circumflex artery.", "content": "There was evidence of posterior infarction in 61 of 212 hearts studied. The condition was associated with a relatively short circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (LCX) in 24 hearts and with a longer LCX in 37 hearts. Total occlusion of LCX was found in two (8%) hearts with a shorter circumflex branch and in 27 (73%) hearts with a longer circumflex branch. The right coronary artery (RCA) was occluded in nearly all hearts with posterior infarction. In those hearts with a shorter LCX, occlusion of RCA appeared to be the major factor in the pathogenesis of posterior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Short left circumflex artery. There was evidence of posterior infarction in 61 of 212 hearts studied. The condition was associated with a relatively short circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (LCX) in 24 hearts and with a longer LCX in 37 hearts. Total occlusion of LCX was found in two (8%) hearts with a shorter circumflex branch and in 27 (73%) hearts with a longer circumflex branch. The right coronary artery (RCA) was occluded in nearly all hearts with posterior infarction. In those hearts with a shorter LCX, occlusion of RCA appeared to be the major factor in the pathogenesis of posterior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 576394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12072", "title": "Regional myocardial infarction of low-flow type in a neonate with tricuspid atresia.", "content": "Clinical and anatomical data are presented on a neonate with tricuspid atresia, who died at 16 hours with a regional, nontransmural myocardial infarcti after clinical documentation of akinesis. A partially occlusive intimal lesion associated with acute angulation of the right coronary artery was noted in an area of fibrosis that included the atretic tricuspid valve. Low-flow myocardial infarction was found in the posterior part of the left ventricle in an area supplied by the right coronary artery distal to the arterial lesion.", "contents": "Regional myocardial infarction of low-flow type in a neonate with tricuspid atresia. Clinical and anatomical data are presented on a neonate with tricuspid atresia, who died at 16 hours with a regional, nontransmural myocardial infarcti after clinical documentation of akinesis. A partially occlusive intimal lesion associated with acute angulation of the right coronary artery was noted in an area of fibrosis that included the atretic tricuspid valve. Low-flow myocardial infarction was found in the posterior part of the left ventricle in an area supplied by the right coronary artery distal to the arterial lesion.", "PMID": 576395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12073", "title": "Lead cardiomyopathy in mice: a correlative ultrastructural and blood level study.", "content": "This is a correlative study of ultrastructural changes in the myocardium and the blood lead levels (BLLs) in acute lead toxicity in mice. No substantial ultrastructural changes were observed with BLLs of less than 20 mug/100ml. Blood lead levels of 20 mug/100ml and above were associated with nuclear chromatin clumping and nucleolar disorganization. Sarcotubular dilation and mitochondrial changes characterized by mitochondrial enlargement, cristal disorientation, and an increase in intramitochondrial matrix were observed with BLLs of 40 mug/100ml and over. Blood lead levels of 60 mug/100 ml and above were associated with local myofibrillar degeneration, focal intercalated disk disjunction, and interstitial cell changes characterized by prominent endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of cytoplasmic lysosome-like dense bodies. Our findings indicate a differential sensitivity of various myocardial cell organelles to lead and suggest that the changes observed are directly related to the BLLs.", "contents": "Lead cardiomyopathy in mice: a correlative ultrastructural and blood level study. This is a correlative study of ultrastructural changes in the myocardium and the blood lead levels (BLLs) in acute lead toxicity in mice. No substantial ultrastructural changes were observed with BLLs of less than 20 mug/100ml. Blood lead levels of 20 mug/100ml and above were associated with nuclear chromatin clumping and nucleolar disorganization. Sarcotubular dilation and mitochondrial changes characterized by mitochondrial enlargement, cristal disorientation, and an increase in intramitochondrial matrix were observed with BLLs of 40 mug/100ml and over. Blood lead levels of 60 mug/100 ml and above were associated with local myofibrillar degeneration, focal intercalated disk disjunction, and interstitial cell changes characterized by prominent endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of cytoplasmic lysosome-like dense bodies. Our findings indicate a differential sensitivity of various myocardial cell organelles to lead and suggest that the changes observed are directly related to the BLLs.", "PMID": 576396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12074", "title": "Retrolental Fibroplasia. II. Pathologic correlation.", "content": "Retinas of 142 eyes from 71 premature infants on whom autopsies had been done were studied by gross observation and by using PAS-stained whole mount, trypsin-digest, and conventional histological techniques. With these techniques, vascular pathologic condition was correlated with fluorescein angiograms in living infants with acute retrolental fibroplasia. The specific lesions seen in acute phase were a major arteriovenous shunt in the eye, microvascular changes including tufting, and obliteration of capillaries around arteries and veins. Regression occurred by vascular budding from the anterior edge of the shunt. Observations on vascularization in the normal indicated a variability of the level of maturation of the retinal vasculature, only roughly correlated with gestational age.", "contents": "Retrolental Fibroplasia. II. Pathologic correlation. Retinas of 142 eyes from 71 premature infants on whom autopsies had been done were studied by gross observation and by using PAS-stained whole mount, trypsin-digest, and conventional histological techniques. With these techniques, vascular pathologic condition was correlated with fluorescein angiograms in living infants with acute retrolental fibroplasia. The specific lesions seen in acute phase were a major arteriovenous shunt in the eye, microvascular changes including tufting, and obliteration of capillaries around arteries and veins. Regression occurred by vascular budding from the anterior edge of the shunt. Observations on vascularization in the normal indicated a variability of the level of maturation of the retinal vasculature, only roughly correlated with gestational age.", "PMID": 576397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12075", "title": "Acute retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "Three hundred eighty-four premature infants were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy in a period of 38 months. Sixty-eight were found to have some degree of retrolental fibroplasia. Most pathologic changes resolved spontaneously to normal or near normal. A classification was formulated, based on peripheral vascular changes, to enable observers to interpret and quantitate the amount of disease present. The role of the ophtalmologist in the perinatal intensive care nursery is not to dictate the amount of oxygen administration during the acute phase of respiratory distress syndrome but to monitor peripheral fundus and posterior vascular changes of infants of low birth weight, or who have received oxygen, or both, at a time that is not detrimental to the health of the infant. To evaluate the possible indications and efficacy of surgical intervention, an understanding of the natural course of the disease process is mandatory.", "contents": "Acute retrolental fibroplasia. Three hundred eighty-four premature infants were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy in a period of 38 months. Sixty-eight were found to have some degree of retrolental fibroplasia. Most pathologic changes resolved spontaneously to normal or near normal. A classification was formulated, based on peripheral vascular changes, to enable observers to interpret and quantitate the amount of disease present. The role of the ophtalmologist in the perinatal intensive care nursery is not to dictate the amount of oxygen administration during the acute phase of respiratory distress syndrome but to monitor peripheral fundus and posterior vascular changes of infants of low birth weight, or who have received oxygen, or both, at a time that is not detrimental to the health of the infant. To evaluate the possible indications and efficacy of surgical intervention, an understanding of the natural course of the disease process is mandatory.", "PMID": 576398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12076", "title": "Retrolental fibroplasia: I. Clinical observations.", "content": "The changes occurring in retrolental fibroplasia were studied in 97 premature infants with fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. The macrovascular lesion of proliferative retrolental fibroplasia was identified as a functioning arteriovenous shunt. The microvascular abnormalities were capillary tufts, collaterals, capillary-free zones, and neovascular membranes. Regression was signaled by the ingrowth of capillaries from the shunt into the avascular retina. Cicatrization was characterized by persistence of the vascular abnormalities of the proliferative phase and organization of the avascular retina into a contracting scar.", "contents": "Retrolental fibroplasia: I. Clinical observations. The changes occurring in retrolental fibroplasia were studied in 97 premature infants with fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. The macrovascular lesion of proliferative retrolental fibroplasia was identified as a functioning arteriovenous shunt. The microvascular abnormalities were capillary tufts, collaterals, capillary-free zones, and neovascular membranes. Regression was signaled by the ingrowth of capillaries from the shunt into the avascular retina. Cicatrization was characterized by persistence of the vascular abnormalities of the proliferative phase and organization of the avascular retina into a contracting scar.", "PMID": 576399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12077", "title": "[Injury of the semilunar cartilages of the knee-joint in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In the paper, 30 patients at the age of 5 till 14 with injuries of the semilunar cartilages of the knee-joint, are presented. All the children were subjected to surgery, and 20 of them underwent same examinations performed in a delay of 1 to 12 years after they had been operated. Both etiology and the injury mechanism subjects are hadled together with the clinical pictures, specific to the age of the young patients. Basing of the clinical and X-ray examinations, the state of the morphological and functional condition of the knee of a child after semilunar cartilage had been removed, was considered and estimated.", "contents": "[Injury of the semilunar cartilages of the knee-joint in childhood (author's transl)]. In the paper, 30 patients at the age of 5 till 14 with injuries of the semilunar cartilages of the knee-joint, are presented. All the children were subjected to surgery, and 20 of them underwent same examinations performed in a delay of 1 to 12 years after they had been operated. Both etiology and the injury mechanism subjects are hadled together with the clinical pictures, specific to the age of the young patients. Basing of the clinical and X-ray examinations, the state of the morphological and functional condition of the knee of a child after semilunar cartilage had been removed, was considered and estimated.", "PMID": 576400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12078", "title": "The reliability of averaging technique in registration of slow auditory evoked potentials in man.", "content": "The authors studied the application of arithmetic averaging in the registration of auditory evoked potentials (AEP). Fourier analyses of averaged potentials show a typical shape of both amplitude and phase spectra in the region of the AEP. The maximum of the amplitude spectra diminishes with lower sound intensities and shifts to lower frequencies. The enhancement of the mean power of the EEG  in the region of the AEP demonstrates the suitability of the arithmetic averaging technique in the Electric Response Audiometry. For clinical practice the simultaneous registration of the arithmetic mean and the mean square value along with the standard deviation is useful to detect artifacts or amplitude and latency shifts of the AEP components.", "contents": "The reliability of averaging technique in registration of slow auditory evoked potentials in man. The authors studied the application of arithmetic averaging in the registration of auditory evoked potentials (AEP). Fourier analyses of averaged potentials show a typical shape of both amplitude and phase spectra in the region of the AEP. The maximum of the amplitude spectra diminishes with lower sound intensities and shifts to lower frequencies. The enhancement of the mean power of the EEG  in the region of the AEP demonstrates the suitability of the arithmetic averaging technique in the Electric Response Audiometry. For clinical practice the simultaneous registration of the arithmetic mean and the mean square value along with the standard deviation is useful to detect artifacts or amplitude and latency shifts of the AEP components.", "PMID": 576401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12079", "title": "[High frequency cinematographic investigations of the mode of operation of common grinding instruments on bone and cartilage (author's transl)].", "content": "The mode of operation of grinding faces, rod diamonds and diamond grinding heads which are expecially employed in oto-surgery was investigated in slow motion pictures with the aid of high frequency cinematography. The R.P.M. ranged between 5,000-80,000, the picture frequency was usually 6,000 pictures per second. Full efficiency of the diamond grinding heads (DS) is only guaranteed by adequate flushing. Water stream flushing and drop flushing (drop sequence depending on R.P.M.) must be centered on the grinding head, as increased soiling due to filling of the diamond surface occurs otherwise. Because of the fixed mounting of the spray tube in the direction of the shaft, spray flushing is most useful, although not unsable for diamond faces. Due to its very fine-rough surface, the DS produces grinding dust by abrasion from the bone or cartilage which is readily distributed in the airspace over the whole working area. The same does also apply to finely atomized fluid sprays. Cutting is performed tangentially. The percussing DS touches the bone only with a small part of its surface and easily gets soiled. Depending on the R.P.M., the cutting speed was 10,000-80,000 R.P.M. These values also apply for the fluid dropping rate. Contrary to the rose bit or the surgical fraises, the DS got soiled more easily and produced definitely finer cuts.", "contents": "[High frequency cinematographic investigations of the mode of operation of common grinding instruments on bone and cartilage (author's transl)]. The mode of operation of grinding faces, rod diamonds and diamond grinding heads which are expecially employed in oto-surgery was investigated in slow motion pictures with the aid of high frequency cinematography. The R.P.M. ranged between 5,000-80,000, the picture frequency was usually 6,000 pictures per second. Full efficiency of the diamond grinding heads (DS) is only guaranteed by adequate flushing. Water stream flushing and drop flushing (drop sequence depending on R.P.M.) must be centered on the grinding head, as increased soiling due to filling of the diamond surface occurs otherwise. Because of the fixed mounting of the spray tube in the direction of the shaft, spray flushing is most useful, although not unsable for diamond faces. Due to its very fine-rough surface, the DS produces grinding dust by abrasion from the bone or cartilage which is readily distributed in the airspace over the whole working area. The same does also apply to finely atomized fluid sprays. Cutting is performed tangentially. The percussing DS touches the bone only with a small part of its surface and easily gets soiled. Depending on the R.P.M., the cutting speed was 10,000-80,000 R.P.M. These values also apply for the fluid dropping rate. Contrary to the rose bit or the surgical fraises, the DS got soiled more easily and produced definitely finer cuts.", "PMID": 576402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12080", "title": "Vascular supply to the organ of corti in man.", "content": "The capillary distribution in the basilar membrane and the osseous spiral lamina was studied in 40 human temporal bones. The capillaries were made visible using a histochemical technique for demonstrating alkaline phosphatase activity. High tone sensorineural hearing loss can be explained by capillary distribution, length of a segment in the outer spiral vessel and the distance between the inner and the outer spiral vessels in different cochlear turns.", "contents": "Vascular supply to the organ of corti in man. The capillary distribution in the basilar membrane and the osseous spiral lamina was studied in 40 human temporal bones. The capillaries were made visible using a histochemical technique for demonstrating alkaline phosphatase activity. High tone sensorineural hearing loss can be explained by capillary distribution, length of a segment in the outer spiral vessel and the distance between the inner and the outer spiral vessels in different cochlear turns.", "PMID": 576403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12081", "title": "[Pathogenesis and clinical observations of papillomatous diseases of the skin and of the mucous membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "In the certain skin-warts, condylomata acuminata, oral-, laryngeal- and bronchial papillomas a morphologically identic virus is often seen. This virus belongs to the papova-virus-group and causes papillomas: Independant of their localization their clinical behaviour is very similar. Using cytophotometric methods we tried to find out if there are any signs which allow to reveal malignancy in continous reappearing papillomas.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis and clinical observations of papillomatous diseases of the skin and of the mucous membranes (author's transl)]. In the certain skin-warts, condylomata acuminata, oral-, laryngeal- and bronchial papillomas a morphologically identic virus is often seen. This virus belongs to the papova-virus-group and causes papillomas: Independant of their localization their clinical behaviour is very similar. Using cytophotometric methods we tried to find out if there are any signs which allow to reveal malignancy in continous reappearing papillomas.", "PMID": 576404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12082", "title": "Basic study of nasal provocative test first report: side, site of the nose, size of site and allergen amount.", "content": "The methodology of the provocative nasal test has varied according to the investigators. In order to establish a standard method of this test quantification of the nasal challenge, including the amount of the allergen, nasal site, side and size of allergen deposition, was studied. From the results obtained it is preferable to use the end point test and to apply allergen to the anterior part of the inferior turbinate in a 7mm2 size of surface area, bilaterally. An alternative test is to use a fixed amount of allergen (500 mug house dust in house dust allergy).", "contents": "Basic study of nasal provocative test first report: side, site of the nose, size of site and allergen amount. The methodology of the provocative nasal test has varied according to the investigators. In order to establish a standard method of this test quantification of the nasal challenge, including the amount of the allergen, nasal site, side and size of allergen deposition, was studied. From the results obtained it is preferable to use the end point test and to apply allergen to the anterior part of the inferior turbinate in a 7mm2 size of surface area, bilaterally. An alternative test is to use a fixed amount of allergen (500 mug house dust in house dust allergy).", "PMID": 576405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12083", "title": "Caloric diagnosis maximum stimulus and suppression of habituation effects.", "content": "The relation between randomized caloric stimuli of 30 degrees - 5 degrees C to the parameters: duration, maximum frequency and maximum intensity was electronystagmographically examined on 25 persons. The duration and the maximum frequency showed only a slight correlation to the stimulus. There was a linear correlation to the maximum intensity and the stimulus between 30 degrees and 15 degrees C. But with temperatures below 15 degrees C the reaction did not increase. So the maximum intensity corresponds best to the characteristics of the temperature wave in the petrous bone and thus to the cupula deviation. By mathematical correction of the randomized stimulus sequence it was possible to show that habituation effects can be suppressed by certain test conditions, e.g. a constant degree of alertness of the subject and free head movements in the intervals. It is recommended to replace the 30 degrees C stimulus by a 17 degrees C stimulus: by this strong stimulus extra-vestibular interference and the influence of a latent spontaneous nustagmus are relatively suppressed and hypoexcitability is more accurately determined. Temperatures below 15 degrees C are not recommendable: the vestibular stimulus is not stronger but more painful and pseudocaloric effects are accentuated. When ascertaining correctly a spontaneous nystagmus we propose to refrain from the determination of directional preponderance, the value of which seems questionable.", "contents": "Caloric diagnosis maximum stimulus and suppression of habituation effects. The relation between randomized caloric stimuli of 30 degrees - 5 degrees C to the parameters: duration, maximum frequency and maximum intensity was electronystagmographically examined on 25 persons. The duration and the maximum frequency showed only a slight correlation to the stimulus. There was a linear correlation to the maximum intensity and the stimulus between 30 degrees and 15 degrees C. But with temperatures below 15 degrees C the reaction did not increase. So the maximum intensity corresponds best to the characteristics of the temperature wave in the petrous bone and thus to the cupula deviation. By mathematical correction of the randomized stimulus sequence it was possible to show that habituation effects can be suppressed by certain test conditions, e.g. a constant degree of alertness of the subject and free head movements in the intervals. It is recommended to replace the 30 degrees C stimulus by a 17 degrees C stimulus: by this strong stimulus extra-vestibular interference and the influence of a latent spontaneous nustagmus are relatively suppressed and hypoexcitability is more accurately determined. Temperatures below 15 degrees C are not recommendable: the vestibular stimulus is not stronger but more painful and pseudocaloric effects are accentuated. When ascertaining correctly a spontaneous nystagmus we propose to refrain from the determination of directional preponderance, the value of which seems questionable.", "PMID": 576406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12084", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare solitary extramedullary Plasmacytoma is discussed and compared to the more common disseminated form. Based upon the pertinent literature, some diagnostic problems, clinical and pathological features as well as prognostic and therapeutic aspects of the solitary lesion in the ENT field are reviewed. In connection to one personal case, the authors analyze Trotter's Median Labiomandibular Glossotomy.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas (author's transl)]. The rare solitary extramedullary Plasmacytoma is discussed and compared to the more common disseminated form. Based upon the pertinent literature, some diagnostic problems, clinical and pathological features as well as prognostic and therapeutic aspects of the solitary lesion in the ENT field are reviewed. In connection to one personal case, the authors analyze Trotter's Median Labiomandibular Glossotomy.", "PMID": 576407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12085", "title": "Inner ear malformations with oto-liquorrhea. Tomographic findings in three cases with a mixed hearing impairment.", "content": "The paper deals with three boys suffering from a mixed hearing loss. They were all referred to tomography of the temporal bones in order to find some middle ear malformation amenable to surgery. The tomograms revealed identical malformations of the inner ear; the lumen of the labyrinth are found irregularly dilated and the internal acoustic meatus is widened. Its course in the lateral end is abnormal with a downwards turn towards the basal coil of the cochlea. Explorative tympanotomy in one of the patients revealed a severe otoliquorrhea during an attempt to perform a stapedectomy, and this may serve as a warning against operation in patients presenting the mentioned tomographic changes which, once seen, are easily recognized.", "contents": "Inner ear malformations with oto-liquorrhea. Tomographic findings in three cases with a mixed hearing impairment. The paper deals with three boys suffering from a mixed hearing loss. They were all referred to tomography of the temporal bones in order to find some middle ear malformation amenable to surgery. The tomograms revealed identical malformations of the inner ear; the lumen of the labyrinth are found irregularly dilated and the internal acoustic meatus is widened. Its course in the lateral end is abnormal with a downwards turn towards the basal coil of the cochlea. Explorative tympanotomy in one of the patients revealed a severe otoliquorrhea during an attempt to perform a stapedectomy, and this may serve as a warning against operation in patients presenting the mentioned tomographic changes which, once seen, are easily recognized.", "PMID": 576408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12086", "title": "Inefficiency of cynarin as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Seventeen ambulant outpatients with familial Type IIa or Type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated with Cynarin, the 1,5-dicaffeyl ester of quinic acid, the constituent of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus). The dose tested was 250 mg and 750 mg daily. The mean serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly changed within 3 months. Cynarin, administered per os, has no hypolipidaemic effect in familial Type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "contents": "Inefficiency of cynarin as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Seventeen ambulant outpatients with familial Type IIa or Type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated with Cynarin, the 1,5-dicaffeyl ester of quinic acid, the constituent of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus). The dose tested was 250 mg and 750 mg daily. The mean serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly changed within 3 months. Cynarin, administered per os, has no hypolipidaemic effect in familial Type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "PMID": 576409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12087", "title": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis patterns of bovine lung surfactant.", "content": "Bovine lung surfactant material, isolated by three steps of centrifugation from lung washings, had a phospholipid: protein ration of 4.98+/-S.D. 0.62 mumol/mg. Sucrose continuous density gradient centrifugation showed only one visible band at a density of 1.081 g/ml. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis patterns of the apoprotein extracted from this material revealed that the main component (70-80%) of the protein subunits of bovine lung surfactant material has a molecular weight of 36 000. It was suggested that the apoprotein of bovine lung surfactant material exists as a combination of a few protein subunits, most of which have a molecular weight of 36 000.", "contents": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis patterns of bovine lung surfactant. Bovine lung surfactant material, isolated by three steps of centrifugation from lung washings, had a phospholipid: protein ration of 4.98+/-S.D. 0.62 mumol/mg. Sucrose continuous density gradient centrifugation showed only one visible band at a density of 1.081 g/ml. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis patterns of the apoprotein extracted from this material revealed that the main component (70-80%) of the protein subunits of bovine lung surfactant material has a molecular weight of 36 000. It was suggested that the apoprotein of bovine lung surfactant material exists as a combination of a few protein subunits, most of which have a molecular weight of 36 000.", "PMID": 576411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12088", "title": "Tuftsin and some analogs: synthesis and interaction with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The phagocytosis-stimulating tetrapeptide tuftsin, L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine, was synthesized by both conventional and polymeric-reagent approaches. Using a combination of the two methods several analogs were prepared, including: [Ala1]tuftsin, [Lys1]tuftsin, [Ser1]tuftsin, [Val1]tuftsin, acetyl-tuftsin, p-aminophenylacetyl-tuftsin and tyrosyl-tuftsin. [Des-Thr1]tuftsin and [omega-NO2(4)]tuftsin were synthesized using a conventional procedure. The effects of synthetic peptides on the phagocytosis of heat-killed yeasts and on the reduction of the dye nitroblue tetrazolium by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were investigated. Tuftsin and to a lesser extent [Lys1]tuftsin and [Ser1]tuftsin were found to stimulate phagocytosis, whereas the other analogs synthesized as well as [Ser1]tuftsin exhibited inhibitory effects to tuftsin's action. Tuftsin alone has stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium reduction; [Des-Thr1]tuftsin and [Ala1]tuftsin repressed this stimulation, while the other peptides showed no effect.", "contents": "Tuftsin and some analogs: synthesis and interaction with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The phagocytosis-stimulating tetrapeptide tuftsin, L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine, was synthesized by both conventional and polymeric-reagent approaches. Using a combination of the two methods several analogs were prepared, including: [Ala1]tuftsin, [Lys1]tuftsin, [Ser1]tuftsin, [Val1]tuftsin, acetyl-tuftsin, p-aminophenylacetyl-tuftsin and tyrosyl-tuftsin. [Des-Thr1]tuftsin and [omega-NO2(4)]tuftsin were synthesized using a conventional procedure. The effects of synthetic peptides on the phagocytosis of heat-killed yeasts and on the reduction of the dye nitroblue tetrazolium by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were investigated. Tuftsin and to a lesser extent [Lys1]tuftsin and [Ser1]tuftsin were found to stimulate phagocytosis, whereas the other analogs synthesized as well as [Ser1]tuftsin exhibited inhibitory effects to tuftsin's action. Tuftsin alone has stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium reduction; [Des-Thr1]tuftsin and [Ala1]tuftsin repressed this stimulation, while the other peptides showed no effect.", "PMID": 576412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12089", "title": "Ophthalmic Graves's disease: natural history and detailed thyroid function studies.", "content": "Of 27 patients with ophthalmic Graves's disease (OGD) who had been clinically euthyroid three years previously, one became clinically hyperthyroid and seven overtly hypothyroid. Improvement in eye signs was associated with a return to normal of thyroidal suppression by triiodothyronine (T3) and of the response of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Of a further 30 patients with OGD who had not been studied previously, three were overtly hypothyroid. Of the combined series, 46 patients were euthyroid, 18 (40%) of whom had an impaired or absent TSH response to TRH, and 3(6-7%) an exaggerated response. Eleven out of 37 patients (29-7%) had abnormal results in the T3 suppression test. There was a significant correlation between thyroidal suppression by T3 and the TSH response to TRH. Total serum concentrations of both T3 and thyroxine (T4) were closely correlated with T3 suppressibility and TRH responsiveness. Free T4 and T3 (fT3) concentrations were normal in all but three patients, in whom raised fT3 was accompanied by abnormal TSH responses and thyroidal suppression. The presence of normal free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients with impaired or absent TSH responses to TRH is interesting and challenges the concept that free thyroid hormones are the major controlling factors in the feedback control of TSH.", "contents": "Ophthalmic Graves's disease: natural history and detailed thyroid function studies. Of 27 patients with ophthalmic Graves's disease (OGD) who had been clinically euthyroid three years previously, one became clinically hyperthyroid and seven overtly hypothyroid. Improvement in eye signs was associated with a return to normal of thyroidal suppression by triiodothyronine (T3) and of the response of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Of a further 30 patients with OGD who had not been studied previously, three were overtly hypothyroid. Of the combined series, 46 patients were euthyroid, 18 (40%) of whom had an impaired or absent TSH response to TRH, and 3(6-7%) an exaggerated response. Eleven out of 37 patients (29-7%) had abnormal results in the T3 suppression test. There was a significant correlation between thyroidal suppression by T3 and the TSH response to TRH. Total serum concentrations of both T3 and thyroxine (T4) were closely correlated with T3 suppressibility and TRH responsiveness. Free T4 and T3 (fT3) concentrations were normal in all but three patients, in whom raised fT3 was accompanied by abnormal TSH responses and thyroidal suppression. The presence of normal free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients with impaired or absent TSH responses to TRH is interesting and challenges the concept that free thyroid hormones are the major controlling factors in the feedback control of TSH.", "PMID": 576414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12090", "title": "[Feeding of low-birth-weight infants].", "content": "A child with low birth-weight is defined. Physiological and biochemical bases for the nutrition of these babies are given. Breast-feeding is recommended describing advantages and disadvantages compared with other milk formulas. Some artificial milk formulas in the national market are analyzed and modified milk or protein-modified milk are recommended as substitutes for mother's milk.", "contents": "[Feeding of low-birth-weight infants]. A child with low birth-weight is defined. Physiological and biochemical bases for the nutrition of these babies are given. Breast-feeding is recommended describing advantages and disadvantages compared with other milk formulas. Some artificial milk formulas in the national market are analyzed and modified milk or protein-modified milk are recommended as substitutes for mother's milk.", "PMID": 576410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12091", "title": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of butriptyline in serum.", "content": "1. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GC) method for the analysis of butriptyline in serum has been development. Quantitation is based on the peak height ratio between butriptyline and promazine used as internal standard. A triple partition provides a \"clean\" extract. A detection limit of 10 ng/ml is achieved. 2. The usefulness of the method has been demonstrated in bioavailability studies in dogs.", "contents": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of butriptyline in serum. 1. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GC) method for the analysis of butriptyline in serum has been development. Quantitation is based on the peak height ratio between butriptyline and promazine used as internal standard. A triple partition provides a \"clean\" extract. A detection limit of 10 ng/ml is achieved. 2. The usefulness of the method has been demonstrated in bioavailability studies in dogs.", "PMID": 576416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12092", "title": "Greater bioavailability of digoxin solution in capsules. Studies in the postprandial state.", "content": "A liquid concentrate of digoxin administered as a capsule has recently been found to be better absorbed by normal subjects in the fasting state than a standard tablet or even a solution as such. It was not known whether the enchanced bioavailability of the encapsulated digoxin solution could also be demonstrated when given postprandially. In a crossover study single 0.4 mg doses of digoxin solution in a capsule, a solution in 10% ethanol as such, and a standard tablet were given to 12 normal volunteers immediately following a high-fat breakfast. The mean area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and 6-day cumulative urinary glycoside excretion (CUE) were greater after the capsule than that of either the solution or the tablet. The latter two preparations appeared to be bioequivalent. Intersubject variability in the CUE was less than with the AUC, but did not differ when the three drug formulations were compared. The bioavailability of an encapsulated liquid digoxin concentrate was thus also found to be enhanced when administered postprandially.", "contents": "Greater bioavailability of digoxin solution in capsules. Studies in the postprandial state. A liquid concentrate of digoxin administered as a capsule has recently been found to be better absorbed by normal subjects in the fasting state than a standard tablet or even a solution as such. It was not known whether the enchanced bioavailability of the encapsulated digoxin solution could also be demonstrated when given postprandially. In a crossover study single 0.4 mg doses of digoxin solution in a capsule, a solution in 10% ethanol as such, and a standard tablet were given to 12 normal volunteers immediately following a high-fat breakfast. The mean area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and 6-day cumulative urinary glycoside excretion (CUE) were greater after the capsule than that of either the solution or the tablet. The latter two preparations appeared to be bioequivalent. Intersubject variability in the CUE was less than with the AUC, but did not differ when the three drug formulations were compared. The bioavailability of an encapsulated liquid digoxin concentrate was thus also found to be enhanced when administered postprandially.", "PMID": 576419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12093", "title": "On the competition between protamines and histones: studies directed towards the understanding of spermiogenesis.", "content": "Specific contacts between the crossinteracting histones effectively prevent their protamine-mediated displacement from nucleoproteins revealing a complex competition pattern not expected from their relative affinities to DNA. Histone H1 is the only species freed under a variety of conditions if native chromatin is used; the results found with chromatins obtained by conventional methods reflect the extent to which histone redistribution has occurred. It is concluded that the events occurring during spermiogenesis must be apt to disrupt histone interactions found in the nucleosomes. The possible role of a protamine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism is discussed on the basis of comparative experiments with protamines phosphorylated to different extents.", "contents": "On the competition between protamines and histones: studies directed towards the understanding of spermiogenesis. Specific contacts between the crossinteracting histones effectively prevent their protamine-mediated displacement from nucleoproteins revealing a complex competition pattern not expected from their relative affinities to DNA. Histone H1 is the only species freed under a variety of conditions if native chromatin is used; the results found with chromatins obtained by conventional methods reflect the extent to which histone redistribution has occurred. It is concluded that the events occurring during spermiogenesis must be apt to disrupt histone interactions found in the nucleosomes. The possible role of a protamine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism is discussed on the basis of comparative experiments with protamines phosphorylated to different extents.", "PMID": 576420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12094", "title": "Diet therapy of peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "Information from 326 dietitians representing 50 states and Puerto Rico on the diet therapy of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in their hospitals was analyzed. There were 74 teaching, 65 teaching/private, 46 private, 120 Veterans Administration, and 21 miscellaneous hospitals. A bland diet was the most commonly used diet for PUD in 250 (77%) of the hospitals. Of the 161 providing information on the type of bland diet, 72% used a bland I or II. Milk was given routinely or usually in 55% of the 326 hospitals. On discharge, dietitians in one-half of the hospitals instructed patients on a bland diet, usually a bland IV, whereas the remaining dietitians instructed their patients on a regular or modified regular diet. Outpatient PUD instruction was similar. Review of bland diets in 105 manuals revealed marked variation in nomenclature and composition of even supposedly similar diets. Uniformity would benefit patients, dietitians, and physicians.", "contents": "Diet therapy of peptic ulcer disease. Information from 326 dietitians representing 50 states and Puerto Rico on the diet therapy of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in their hospitals was analyzed. There were 74 teaching, 65 teaching/private, 46 private, 120 Veterans Administration, and 21 miscellaneous hospitals. A bland diet was the most commonly used diet for PUD in 250 (77%) of the hospitals. Of the 161 providing information on the type of bland diet, 72% used a bland I or II. Milk was given routinely or usually in 55% of the 326 hospitals. On discharge, dietitians in one-half of the hospitals instructed patients on a bland diet, usually a bland IV, whereas the remaining dietitians instructed their patients on a regular or modified regular diet. Outpatient PUD instruction was similar. Review of bland diets in 105 manuals revealed marked variation in nomenclature and composition of even supposedly similar diets. Uniformity would benefit patients, dietitians, and physicians.", "PMID": 576421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12095", "title": "Analysis of 100 patients with anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee.", "content": "Of 100 consecutive patients with anterolateral rotatory instability analyzed, 84 were males and the average age was 27.4 years. Over 50 per cent were injured while participating in athletics and 40 per cent were injured during daily activities. The group averaged 1.2 operations prior to diagnosis. The most frequently performed procedures were medial meniscectomy, pes anserinus transfer and medial capsular reefings. Eighty-four of 100 patients underwent surgery during the study period. Seventy-one had combined rotatory instability and 13 had anterior lateral rotatory instability alone. Sixty-six patients had articular cartilage damage. Before treating the anterolateral rotatory instability, it is necessary to identify and treat other commonly associated abnormalities.", "contents": "Analysis of 100 patients with anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. Of 100 consecutive patients with anterolateral rotatory instability analyzed, 84 were males and the average age was 27.4 years. Over 50 per cent were injured while participating in athletics and 40 per cent were injured during daily activities. The group averaged 1.2 operations prior to diagnosis. The most frequently performed procedures were medial meniscectomy, pes anserinus transfer and medial capsular reefings. Eighty-four of 100 patients underwent surgery during the study period. Seventy-one had combined rotatory instability and 13 had anterior lateral rotatory instability alone. Sixty-six patients had articular cartilage damage. Before treating the anterolateral rotatory instability, it is necessary to identify and treat other commonly associated abnormalities.", "PMID": 576417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12096", "title": "Plasma clofibric acid (CPIB) levels induced by three marketed compounds releasing clofibric acid, in volunteers.", "content": "The very low plasma clofibric acid levels achieved in normolipemic volunteers during 96 h by a single dose of alufibrate (basic aluminum salt of clofibric acid) as 4 x 360 mg tablets, have been confirmed. With a crossover study in healthy volunteers receiving therapeutic doses of clofibrate as 2x500 mg capsules, clofibride as 2x450 mg capsules, twice daily for ten days, the plasma clofibric acid concentrations were already found in the therapeutic range after two days and remained above 80 mug/ml at the tenth day. On the other hand, the plasma clofibric acid concentrations measured during a ten-day administration of alufibrate as 2x360 mg tablets twice daily, were regularly found to be much lower at each time; they did not reach levels exceeding 60 mug/ml.", "contents": "Plasma clofibric acid (CPIB) levels induced by three marketed compounds releasing clofibric acid, in volunteers. The very low plasma clofibric acid levels achieved in normolipemic volunteers during 96 h by a single dose of alufibrate (basic aluminum salt of clofibric acid) as 4 x 360 mg tablets, have been confirmed. With a crossover study in healthy volunteers receiving therapeutic doses of clofibrate as 2x500 mg capsules, clofibride as 2x450 mg capsules, twice daily for ten days, the plasma clofibric acid concentrations were already found in the therapeutic range after two days and remained above 80 mug/ml at the tenth day. On the other hand, the plasma clofibric acid concentrations measured during a ten-day administration of alufibrate as 2x360 mg tablets twice daily, were regularly found to be much lower at each time; they did not reach levels exceeding 60 mug/ml.", "PMID": 576423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12097", "title": "Hormonal changes induced by bromocriptine (CB-154) at the early stage of treatment.", "content": "Fifteen female patients with amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia were studied 1 to 3 times daily during the first 4 days of treatment with bromocriptine (2.5 mg b.i.d). Normal PRL levels were reached within one day in 12 while the mean value for the whole group showed no further significant decrease. Estradiol, LH and FSH levels did not vary significantly at this stage even in those 10 patients who subsequently resumed menstruation.", "contents": "Hormonal changes induced by bromocriptine (CB-154) at the early stage of treatment. Fifteen female patients with amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia were studied 1 to 3 times daily during the first 4 days of treatment with bromocriptine (2.5 mg b.i.d). Normal PRL levels were reached within one day in 12 while the mean value for the whole group showed no further significant decrease. Estradiol, LH and FSH levels did not vary significantly at this stage even in those 10 patients who subsequently resumed menstruation.", "PMID": 576425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12098", "title": "Phloretin-induced changes in ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Phloretin, the aglucone derivative of phlorizin, increases cation conductance and decreases anion conductance in lipid bilayer membranes. In this paper we present evidence that phloretin acts almost exclusively by altering the permeability of the membrane interior and not by modifying the partition of the permanent species between the membrane and the bulk aqueous phases. We base our conclusion on an analysis of the current responses to a senylborate, and the cation complex, peptide PV-K+. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that phloretin decreases the intrinsic positive internal membrane potential but does not modify to a great extent the potential energy minima at the membrane interfaces. Phloretin increases the conductance for the nonactin-K+ complex, but above 10(-5) M the steady-state nonactin-K+ voltage-current curve changes from superlinear to sublinear. These results imply that, above 10(-5) M phloretin, the nonactin-5+ transport across the membrane becomes interfacially limited.", "contents": "Phloretin-induced changes in ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes. Phloretin, the aglucone derivative of phlorizin, increases cation conductance and decreases anion conductance in lipid bilayer membranes. In this paper we present evidence that phloretin acts almost exclusively by altering the permeability of the membrane interior and not by modifying the partition of the permanent species between the membrane and the bulk aqueous phases. We base our conclusion on an analysis of the current responses to a senylborate, and the cation complex, peptide PV-K+. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that phloretin decreases the intrinsic positive internal membrane potential but does not modify to a great extent the potential energy minima at the membrane interfaces. Phloretin increases the conductance for the nonactin-K+ complex, but above 10(-5) M the steady-state nonactin-K+ voltage-current curve changes from superlinear to sublinear. These results imply that, above 10(-5) M phloretin, the nonactin-5+ transport across the membrane becomes interfacially limited.", "PMID": 576427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12099", "title": "Correlation of cell kinetic findings with morphology of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Kinetic studies were carried out on 6 benign and 37 malignant lymph nodes from patients with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (ML). The labeling index, DNA content, and cell distribution through the cell cycle were analyzed in the ML, which were classified according to the Kiel classification. Approximately 90% of the ML studied showed a clear diploidy; the only cases of polyploidy were limited to some centroblastic-centrocytic ML with more than 30% malignant centroblasts and to be single centroblastic ML. The labeling indexes ranged from 0.05 to 33%. No correlation was found between the proliferative rate and the degree of ploidy, while a grading of labeling index was found in relation to the three main DNA distribution patterns observed (i.e., G1 peak, S accumulation, and bimodal distribution through the cell cycle). From a kinetic point of view, the most heterogeneous groups were the lymphoplasmacytoid (subtype polymorphous) and centroblastic-centrocytic ML, where the degree of proliferation increased as the mixture of cell type (relative to the former group) and the malignant centroblastic component (relative to the latter group) increased.", "contents": "Correlation of cell kinetic findings with morphology of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Kinetic studies were carried out on 6 benign and 37 malignant lymph nodes from patients with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (ML). The labeling index, DNA content, and cell distribution through the cell cycle were analyzed in the ML, which were classified according to the Kiel classification. Approximately 90% of the ML studied showed a clear diploidy; the only cases of polyploidy were limited to some centroblastic-centrocytic ML with more than 30% malignant centroblasts and to be single centroblastic ML. The labeling indexes ranged from 0.05 to 33%. No correlation was found between the proliferative rate and the degree of ploidy, while a grading of labeling index was found in relation to the three main DNA distribution patterns observed (i.e., G1 peak, S accumulation, and bimodal distribution through the cell cycle). From a kinetic point of view, the most heterogeneous groups were the lymphoplasmacytoid (subtype polymorphous) and centroblastic-centrocytic ML, where the degree of proliferation increased as the mixture of cell type (relative to the former group) and the malignant centroblastic component (relative to the latter group) increased.", "PMID": 576430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12100", "title": "Annulate in four cases of diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Annulate lamellae were observed in 4 cases of diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. Two lymphomas were well differentiated and 2 were of intermediate differentiation. These lymphomas had additional abnormalities of membranes: specifically, excessive blebbing of nuclear membranes and lattice-like formations of tubular endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Annulate in four cases of diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. Annulate lamellae were observed in 4 cases of diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. Two lymphomas were well differentiated and 2 were of intermediate differentiation. These lymphomas had additional abnormalities of membranes: specifically, excessive blebbing of nuclear membranes and lattice-like formations of tubular endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 576431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12101", "title": "Metastatic cancer to the ureter and kidney from malignant lymphoma. A review of the literature.", "content": "Metastasis to the ureter may evolve by direct or indirect extension and invasion from the most common malignant tumors, such as breast, colon and lymphoma. A case of an unusual extension of metastatic infiltration to the ureter, kidney and other intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal structures is reported. Such a case has not been presented roentgenographically in the urologic or radiologic literature.", "contents": "Metastatic cancer to the ureter and kidney from malignant lymphoma. A review of the literature. Metastasis to the ureter may evolve by direct or indirect extension and invasion from the most common malignant tumors, such as breast, colon and lymphoma. A case of an unusual extension of metastatic infiltration to the ureter, kidney and other intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal structures is reported. Such a case has not been presented roentgenographically in the urologic or radiologic literature.", "PMID": 576432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12102", "title": "Collagen disease in children. A review of 71 cases.", "content": "Seventy-one children with the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (39 cases), dermatomyositis (25 cases), or scleroderma (7 cases) were studied retrospectively. The children with SLE were much sicker than those with the other two diseases and were found to have a poorer prognosis than adults with SLE. In general, the earlier the age of onset, the poorer the prognosis. Early gastrointestinal bleeding, abnormal renal findings, and cardiac abnormalities heralded early death from SLE. The peak incidence of SLE near the time of puberty suggests hormonal influence on this disorder in children. Survival rates and morbidity improved as the treatment improved. Corticosteroids were the main therapeutic agents. The patients with scleroderma also received varying doses of vitamin E, penicillamine, chloroquine hydrochloride, and salicylates. The antimetabolites were used to treat SLE starting in the late 1960s.", "contents": "Collagen disease in children. A review of 71 cases. Seventy-one children with the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (39 cases), dermatomyositis (25 cases), or scleroderma (7 cases) were studied retrospectively. The children with SLE were much sicker than those with the other two diseases and were found to have a poorer prognosis than adults with SLE. In general, the earlier the age of onset, the poorer the prognosis. Early gastrointestinal bleeding, abnormal renal findings, and cardiac abnormalities heralded early death from SLE. The peak incidence of SLE near the time of puberty suggests hormonal influence on this disorder in children. Survival rates and morbidity improved as the treatment improved. Corticosteroids were the main therapeutic agents. The patients with scleroderma also received varying doses of vitamin E, penicillamine, chloroquine hydrochloride, and salicylates. The antimetabolites were used to treat SLE starting in the late 1960s.", "PMID": 576442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12103", "title": "Impending child abuse. Psychosomatic symptoms in adults as a clue.", "content": "Adult patients involved in or threatened by the possibility of committing child abuse may develop acute functional symptoms that result in their seeking emergency medical help. Three cases are presented as examples of this relationship. In two, the functional symptom was paralysis or paresis. In the third, symptoms were more diffuse. Recognition of the association between functional symptoms and child abuse may permit intervention before serious child injury occurs.", "contents": "Impending child abuse. Psychosomatic symptoms in adults as a clue. Adult patients involved in or threatened by the possibility of committing child abuse may develop acute functional symptoms that result in their seeking emergency medical help. Three cases are presented as examples of this relationship. In two, the functional symptom was paralysis or paresis. In the third, symptoms were more diffuse. Recognition of the association between functional symptoms and child abuse may permit intervention before serious child injury occurs.", "PMID": 576443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12104", "title": "67Ga lung scan. An aid in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and pneumonitis.", "content": "Twenty-three patients patients with clinical signs of pulmonary embolic disease and lung infiltrates were studied to determine the value of gallium citrate Ga 67 lung scan in differentiating embolic from inflammatory lung disease. In 11 patients without angiographically proved embolism, only seven had corresponding ventilation-perfusion defects compatible with inflammatory disease. In seven of these 11 patients, the gallium 67 concentration indicated inflammatory disease. In the 12 patients with angiographically proved embolic disease, six had corresponding ventilation-perfusion defects compatible with inflammatory disease. None had an accumulation of 67Ga in the area of pulmonary infiltrate. Thus, ventilation-perfusion lung scans are of limited value when lung infiltrates are present. In contrast, the accumulation of 67Ga in the lung indicates an inflammatory process. Gallium imaging can help select those patients with lung infiltrates who need angiography.", "contents": "67Ga lung scan. An aid in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and pneumonitis. Twenty-three patients patients with clinical signs of pulmonary embolic disease and lung infiltrates were studied to determine the value of gallium citrate Ga 67 lung scan in differentiating embolic from inflammatory lung disease. In 11 patients without angiographically proved embolism, only seven had corresponding ventilation-perfusion defects compatible with inflammatory disease. In seven of these 11 patients, the gallium 67 concentration indicated inflammatory disease. In the 12 patients with angiographically proved embolic disease, six had corresponding ventilation-perfusion defects compatible with inflammatory disease. None had an accumulation of 67Ga in the area of pulmonary infiltrate. Thus, ventilation-perfusion lung scans are of limited value when lung infiltrates are present. In contrast, the accumulation of 67Ga in the lung indicates an inflammatory process. Gallium imaging can help select those patients with lung infiltrates who need angiography.", "PMID": 576457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12105", "title": "Ability to remain abstinent after methadone detoxification. A six-year study.", "content": "Three hundred thirty-five persons successfully detoxified from methadone hydrochloride maintenance were followed up for as long as six years to determine their ability to remain abstinent from narcotic use. At the end of the observation period, of the 269 persons located, 35% were narcotic-free, 58% had returned to narcotic use, and 8% were either jailed or deceased. The ability of a person to refrain from narcotic use was found to be highly associated with staff's assessment of progress and duration of methadone maintenance treatment. Relapse to narcotic use occurred regardless of length of abstinence, with 35% of relapses occurring after three or more years. While abstinence after narcotic dependency is possible, it is not a realistic goal for all. Premature detoxification from methadone maintenance is associated with a high recidivism rate to narcotics.", "contents": "Ability to remain abstinent after methadone detoxification. A six-year study. Three hundred thirty-five persons successfully detoxified from methadone hydrochloride maintenance were followed up for as long as six years to determine their ability to remain abstinent from narcotic use. At the end of the observation period, of the 269 persons located, 35% were narcotic-free, 58% had returned to narcotic use, and 8% were either jailed or deceased. The ability of a person to refrain from narcotic use was found to be highly associated with staff's assessment of progress and duration of methadone maintenance treatment. Relapse to narcotic use occurred regardless of length of abstinence, with 35% of relapses occurring after three or more years. While abstinence after narcotic dependency is possible, it is not a realistic goal for all. Premature detoxification from methadone maintenance is associated with a high recidivism rate to narcotics.", "PMID": 576458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12106", "title": "Absence of cerebral atrophy in chronic cannabis users. Evaluation by computerized transaxial tomography.", "content": "Computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) studies of 12 young men having histories of heavy cannabis smoking revealed no evidence of cerebral atrophy.", "contents": "Absence of cerebral atrophy in chronic cannabis users. Evaluation by computerized transaxial tomography. Computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) studies of 12 young men having histories of heavy cannabis smoking revealed no evidence of cerebral atrophy.", "PMID": 576460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12107", "title": "Computed tomographic examination of heavy marijuana smokers.", "content": "Computed tomographic scans were obtained from 19 men with long histories of heavy marijuana smoking and who were also observed to smoke large amounts of marijuana under research ward conditions. The ventricular system and subarachnoid spaces were normal in size and showed no indication of atrophic change.", "contents": "Computed tomographic examination of heavy marijuana smokers. Computed tomographic scans were obtained from 19 men with long histories of heavy marijuana smoking and who were also observed to smoke large amounts of marijuana under research ward conditions. The ventricular system and subarachnoid spaces were normal in size and showed no indication of atrophic change.", "PMID": 576461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12108", "title": "Esophageal infarction complicating spontaneous rupture of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "An 81-year-old man suffered a spontaneous rupture of the thoracic aorta through an atheromatous plaque, leading to total dysphagia and eventual esophageal infarction.", "contents": "Esophageal infarction complicating spontaneous rupture of the thoracic aorta. An 81-year-old man suffered a spontaneous rupture of the thoracic aorta through an atheromatous plaque, leading to total dysphagia and eventual esophageal infarction.", "PMID": 576462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12109", "title": "Laryngeal coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "A patient had severe bilateral pulmonary coccidioidomycosis with laryngeal involvement proved on biopsy to be caused by Coccidioides immitis. To my knowledge, this has been reported only once before and appears to be a rarely seen complication of pulmonary infection by direct inoculation.", "contents": "Laryngeal coccidioidomycosis. A patient had severe bilateral pulmonary coccidioidomycosis with laryngeal involvement proved on biopsy to be caused by Coccidioides immitis. To my knowledge, this has been reported only once before and appears to be a rarely seen complication of pulmonary infection by direct inoculation.", "PMID": 576463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12110", "title": "Diagnosis of secondary forms of hypertension. A comprehensive protocol.", "content": "An efficient protocol for the evaluation of hypertensive cases included renal arteriography, suppression and stimulation of the renin-aldosterone system, and, when indicated, renal venous renin measurements. It permitted identification of 38 patients with renal  artery stenosis, 28 with primary aldosteronism, and 51 with high renin, 92 with normal renin, and 27 with low renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Diagnosis of secondary forms of hypertension. A comprehensive protocol. An efficient protocol for the evaluation of hypertensive cases included renal arteriography, suppression and stimulation of the renin-aldosterone system, and, when indicated, renal venous renin measurements. It permitted identification of 38 patients with renal  artery stenosis, 28 with primary aldosteronism, and 51 with high renin, 92 with normal renin, and 27 with low renin essential hypertension.", "PMID": 576478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12111", "title": "Complex partial seizures simulating schizophrenia .", "content": "The clinical features that distinguish schizophrenia from the symptomatic psychoses were seen in a patient whose complex partial seizures remained undiagnosed for five years, resulting in 30 psychiatric hospitalizations.", "contents": "Complex partial seizures simulating schizophrenia . The clinical features that distinguish schizophrenia from the symptomatic psychoses were seen in a patient whose complex partial seizures remained undiagnosed for five years, resulting in 30 psychiatric hospitalizations.", "PMID": 576479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12112", "title": "Childhood gastroesophageal reflux. Neurologic and psychiatric syndromes mimicked.", "content": "Thirteen infants and children with proved gastroesophageal (GE) reflux had complaints that suggested a CNS disorder. Symptoms began in early infancy in ten cases, but accurate diagnosis and proper treatment were not instituted in three cases until three to five years of age. A CNS basis for their disease was suspected because they exhibited specific signs or because the importance of associated gastrointestinal (GL) and respiratory tract symptoms was not appreciated. The presenting CNS symptoms and signs included dystonia in 11, developmental retardation in ten, dysphagia in nine, seizures in six, and extreme irritability in ten. We believe that the diagnosis of symptom-causing GE reflux is being missed regularly. The effects of proper medical or surgical therapy are often dramatic, and the consequences of missed diagnosis or improper treatment are potentially lethal.", "contents": "Childhood gastroesophageal reflux. Neurologic and psychiatric syndromes mimicked. Thirteen infants and children with proved gastroesophageal (GE) reflux had complaints that suggested a CNS disorder. Symptoms began in early infancy in ten cases, but accurate diagnosis and proper treatment were not instituted in three cases until three to five years of age. A CNS basis for their disease was suspected because they exhibited specific signs or because the importance of associated gastrointestinal (GL) and respiratory tract symptoms was not appreciated. The presenting CNS symptoms and signs included dystonia in 11, developmental retardation in ten, dysphagia in nine, seizures in six, and extreme irritability in ten. We believe that the diagnosis of symptom-causing GE reflux is being missed regularly. The effects of proper medical or surgical therapy are often dramatic, and the consequences of missed diagnosis or improper treatment are potentially lethal.", "PMID": 576480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12113", "title": "A Practice-Related Educational Program.", "content": "A Practice-Related Educational Program has been developed to help the physician in primary practice meet the mounting pressures for continuing medical education. Based on analysis of his practice, the physician tests himself to identify areas of potential improvement. Learning resources appropriate to his educational needs are then made available to him at his home base. A follow-up test determines if the person's learning has been effective, and where further emphasis may be placed.", "contents": "A Practice-Related Educational Program. A Practice-Related Educational Program has been developed to help the physician in primary practice meet the mounting pressures for continuing medical education. Based on analysis of his practice, the physician tests himself to identify areas of potential improvement. Learning resources appropriate to his educational needs are then made available to him at his home base. A follow-up test determines if the person's learning has been effective, and where further emphasis may be placed.", "PMID": 576481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12114", "title": "Histoplasmosis with hypercalcemia, renal failure, and papillary necrosis. Confusion with sarcoidosis..", "content": "A 56-year-old man with a three-month history of fever, malaise, anorexia, mental confusion, and weight loss had hypercalcemia and azotemia. The chest roentgenogram was normal. Biopsy material removed 2 1/2 years previously showed noncaseating granulomas. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed, and prednisone was administered. Fever persisted, and the patient died 49 days after admission. Postmortem examination showed evidence of extensive disseminated histoplasmosis, interstitial nephritis, and papillary necrosis. This communication emphasizes the difficulty in diagnosing the etiology of disseminated, noncaseating granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis with hypercalcemia, renal failure, and papillary necrosis. Confusion with sarcoidosis.. A 56-year-old man with a three-month history of fever, malaise, anorexia, mental confusion, and weight loss had hypercalcemia and azotemia. The chest roentgenogram was normal. Biopsy material removed 2 1/2 years previously showed noncaseating granulomas. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed, and prednisone was administered. Fever persisted, and the patient died 49 days after admission. Postmortem examination showed evidence of extensive disseminated histoplasmosis, interstitial nephritis, and papillary necrosis. This communication emphasizes the difficulty in diagnosing the etiology of disseminated, noncaseating granulomatous disease.", "PMID": 576482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12115", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism. A cause of hypercalciuria and renal stones in patients with medullary sponge kidney.", "content": "Three patients with nephrolithiasis were found to have both medullary sponge kidney (MSK) and primary hyperparathyroidism. In all cases, urine calcium excretion returned to normal after parathyroidectomy. The passage of stones was abolished for more than 20 years in one case and for more than 12 years in another. The available data suggest that many patients with MSK are asymptomatic and that the risk of stone formation is increased by an associated metabolic abnormality such as hypercalciuria or hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism. A cause of hypercalciuria and renal stones in patients with medullary sponge kidney. Three patients with nephrolithiasis were found to have both medullary sponge kidney (MSK) and primary hyperparathyroidism. In all cases, urine calcium excretion returned to normal after parathyroidectomy. The passage of stones was abolished for more than 20 years in one case and for more than 12 years in another. The available data suggest that many patients with MSK are asymptomatic and that the risk of stone formation is increased by an associated metabolic abnormality such as hypercalciuria or hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 576483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12116", "title": "The carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds formed endogenously in mice from benzimidazole carbamate pesticides.", "content": "Malignant lymphomas were developed in Swiss mice after intragastric treatment with carbamate pesticides combined with sodium nitrite in their drinking water. Attention is directed to the carcinogenic effect of N-nitroso compounds formed from carbamate pesticides in vivo. The importance of further investigations is stressed, since these results indicate that, under appropriate conditions, commercially available pesticides may increase tumor frequency in mice.", "contents": "The carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds formed endogenously in mice from benzimidazole carbamate pesticides. Malignant lymphomas were developed in Swiss mice after intragastric treatment with carbamate pesticides combined with sodium nitrite in their drinking water. Attention is directed to the carcinogenic effect of N-nitroso compounds formed from carbamate pesticides in vivo. The importance of further investigations is stressed, since these results indicate that, under appropriate conditions, commercially available pesticides may increase tumor frequency in mice.", "PMID": 576495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12117", "title": "Amniotic fluid cells and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "Analysis of 86 samples of amniotic fluid included a count of the total number of cells per cubic millimeter, the percent of fatty cells, and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. In the period of gestation studied, 35 to 43 weeks, the average rise in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio with each week of gestation was only 0.22 (r = 0.27, P less than 0.02), but the correlations of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio with the number of fatty cells per cubic millimeter and with the nonfatty cells per cubic millimeter were highly significant (r = 0.64, P less than 0.001; and r = 0.53, P less than 0.001, respectively). The association of neutral fat-laden cells with the increase in lecithin could be due to a common origin from the skin of the fetus. Alternatively, exfoliation of fatty and nonfatty cells may be stimulated by the same mechanism that causes production of lung surfactant. It is suggested that surfactant lecithin becomes adsorbed onto the surface of the cells in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cells and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Analysis of 86 samples of amniotic fluid included a count of the total number of cells per cubic millimeter, the percent of fatty cells, and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. In the period of gestation studied, 35 to 43 weeks, the average rise in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio with each week of gestation was only 0.22 (r = 0.27, P less than 0.02), but the correlations of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio with the number of fatty cells per cubic millimeter and with the nonfatty cells per cubic millimeter were highly significant (r = 0.64, P less than 0.001; and r = 0.53, P less than 0.001, respectively). The association of neutral fat-laden cells with the increase in lecithin could be due to a common origin from the skin of the fetus. Alternatively, exfoliation of fatty and nonfatty cells may be stimulated by the same mechanism that causes production of lung surfactant. It is suggested that surfactant lecithin becomes adsorbed onto the surface of the cells in amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 576496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12118", "title": "Serum plasminogen and lung surfactant in the respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Plasminogen, total protein, and surface-active material were measured in amniotic fluid in 112 pregnancies at 11-42 weeks' gestation. In 65 of these pregnancies, cord blood was also analyzed for serum plasminogen and total protein. Plasminogen was detected in 25 of 114 amniotic fluid samples, and 23 came from pregnancies of less than 37 weeks' gestation. Plasminogen was found in 15 of 32 amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies with complications, but only in 10 of 80 \"uncomplicated\" pregnancies. The mean cord serum plasminogen was relatively constant in births or abortuses of 17 to 30 weeks' gestation, but was present in increasing amounts in births of gestational ages from 30 to 40 weeks. The concentration of plasminogen in cord serum was directly related to the cord total protein (r = 0.7513, P less than 0.001). The cord plasminogen concentration was significantly higher in infants with a positive foam stability test (5.6 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml) than in the combined group of infants with negative and intermediate tests (4.3 +/- 0.16, P less than 0.005). However, infants with a positive foam stability also had a significantly greater gestational age than infants with a negative or intermediate foam stability test. With one exception, infants with a low cord plasminogen (below 4 mg/100 ml) developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) only if amniotic fluid surfactant was low. The data suggest that low levels of serum plasminogen are correlated with severe lung disease only in the presence of surfactant deficiency.", "contents": "Serum plasminogen and lung surfactant in the respiratory distress syndrome. Plasminogen, total protein, and surface-active material were measured in amniotic fluid in 112 pregnancies at 11-42 weeks' gestation. In 65 of these pregnancies, cord blood was also analyzed for serum plasminogen and total protein. Plasminogen was detected in 25 of 114 amniotic fluid samples, and 23 came from pregnancies of less than 37 weeks' gestation. Plasminogen was found in 15 of 32 amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies with complications, but only in 10 of 80 \"uncomplicated\" pregnancies. The mean cord serum plasminogen was relatively constant in births or abortuses of 17 to 30 weeks' gestation, but was present in increasing amounts in births of gestational ages from 30 to 40 weeks. The concentration of plasminogen in cord serum was directly related to the cord total protein (r = 0.7513, P less than 0.001). The cord plasminogen concentration was significantly higher in infants with a positive foam stability test (5.6 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml) than in the combined group of infants with negative and intermediate tests (4.3 +/- 0.16, P less than 0.005). However, infants with a positive foam stability also had a significantly greater gestational age than infants with a negative or intermediate foam stability test. With one exception, infants with a low cord plasminogen (below 4 mg/100 ml) developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) only if amniotic fluid surfactant was low. The data suggest that low levels of serum plasminogen are correlated with severe lung disease only in the presence of surfactant deficiency.", "PMID": 576497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12119", "title": "Restoration of lung pressure-volume characteristics with surfactant: comparison of nebulization versus instillation and natural versus synthetic surfactant.", "content": "The pressure-volume (PV) characteristics of 21 adult rat lungs were examined before and after lung washing after which natural or synthetic (dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL)) surfactant was administered by either an ultrasonic nebulizer or instilled directly into the trachea. Lungs receiving surfactant by nebulization were ventilated at a rate of 40/min at 20 cm H2O peak inspiratory pressure and with 7 cm H2O positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) for 2 hr. Lungs receiving surfactant by instillation were ventilated for 5 min in a fashion similar to the nebulization study; then a final PV curve was obtained. Results from the deflation limb of the PV curves at 5 and 10 cm H2O were analyzed and expressed as a percentage of the original total lung capacity obtained at 30 cm H2O (percentage of TLC). The control values of percentage of TLC were 52.8 +/- 6.4 at 5 cm H2O and 73.9 +/- 3.9 at 10 cm H2O. Neither nebulization nor instillation of DPL produced a significant increase in percentage of TLC. Nebulization of natural surfactant produced only a slight increase in percentage of TLC from 4.8 +/- 2,4 to 6.7 +/- 2.1 (not significant) at 5 cm H2O and from 21.1 +/- 6.1 to 27.8 +/- 5.4 (P less than 0.05) at 10 cm H2O. Instillation of natural surfactant produced a very striking increase of percentage of TLC from 13.2 +/- 8.0 to 55.6 +/- 4.3 (P less than 0.01) at 5 cm H2O and from 47.9 +/- 6.1 to78.6 +/- 4.2 (P less than 0.01) at 10 cm H2O.", "contents": "Restoration of lung pressure-volume characteristics with surfactant: comparison of nebulization versus instillation and natural versus synthetic surfactant. The pressure-volume (PV) characteristics of 21 adult rat lungs were examined before and after lung washing after which natural or synthetic (dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL)) surfactant was administered by either an ultrasonic nebulizer or instilled directly into the trachea. Lungs receiving surfactant by nebulization were ventilated at a rate of 40/min at 20 cm H2O peak inspiratory pressure and with 7 cm H2O positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) for 2 hr. Lungs receiving surfactant by instillation were ventilated for 5 min in a fashion similar to the nebulization study; then a final PV curve was obtained. Results from the deflation limb of the PV curves at 5 and 10 cm H2O were analyzed and expressed as a percentage of the original total lung capacity obtained at 30 cm H2O (percentage of TLC). The control values of percentage of TLC were 52.8 +/- 6.4 at 5 cm H2O and 73.9 +/- 3.9 at 10 cm H2O. Neither nebulization nor instillation of DPL produced a significant increase in percentage of TLC. Nebulization of natural surfactant produced only a slight increase in percentage of TLC from 4.8 +/- 2,4 to 6.7 +/- 2.1 (not significant) at 5 cm H2O and from 21.1 +/- 6.1 to 27.8 +/- 5.4 (P less than 0.05) at 10 cm H2O. Instillation of natural surfactant produced a very striking increase of percentage of TLC from 13.2 +/- 8.0 to 55.6 +/- 4.3 (P less than 0.01) at 5 cm H2O and from 47.9 +/- 6.1 to78.6 +/- 4.2 (P less than 0.01) at 10 cm H2O.", "PMID": 576498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12120", "title": "[Early diagnosis of respiratory distress in premature infants. Application of the Clements test to the gastric fluid].", "content": "The stomach of the newborn infant contains swallowed amniotic fluid. The gastric fluid of 66 newborn infants was placed in contact with alcohol, following the technique reported by Clements in relation to amniotic fluid. The stability of the bubbles formed after mixing correspond to the presence of surfactant. In the case of respiratory distress in a premature infant, a positive test is in favour of transient respiratory distress. Intermediate or negative results are seen essentially in the presence of idiopathic respiratory distress. Application of the Clements test to gastric fluid collected immediately after birth is an excellent mean of diagnostic orientation in the presence of early respiratory problems in a premature infant. When negative, the child should be transferred to a specialised centre in order that intermittent positive pressure therapy may be started, the effectiveness of the latter being related to how soon it is begun.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of respiratory distress in premature infants. Application of the Clements test to the gastric fluid]. The stomach of the newborn infant contains swallowed amniotic fluid. The gastric fluid of 66 newborn infants was placed in contact with alcohol, following the technique reported by Clements in relation to amniotic fluid. The stability of the bubbles formed after mixing correspond to the presence of surfactant. In the case of respiratory distress in a premature infant, a positive test is in favour of transient respiratory distress. Intermediate or negative results are seen essentially in the presence of idiopathic respiratory distress. Application of the Clements test to gastric fluid collected immediately after birth is an excellent mean of diagnostic orientation in the presence of early respiratory problems in a premature infant. When negative, the child should be transferred to a specialised centre in order that intermittent positive pressure therapy may be started, the effectiveness of the latter being related to how soon it is begun.", "PMID": 576499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12121", "title": "Transplantation of bovine lymphosarcoma cells to athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "Bovine lymphosarcoma cells, previously established in culture, were inoculated subcutaneously into groups of irradiated and non-irradiated athymic (nude) mice. Tumours developed at the site of inoculation in all of the irradiated mice but in none of the others. Tumour growth was progressive in all cases but there was no evidence of invasion of surrounding tissues nor of metastasis. Tumour cells were passaged directly to further mice and a similar growth pattern was recorded. The use of this system suggests a possible small animal laboratory model  for bovine lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Transplantation of bovine lymphosarcoma cells to athymic (nude) mice. Bovine lymphosarcoma cells, previously established in culture, were inoculated subcutaneously into groups of irradiated and non-irradiated athymic (nude) mice. Tumours developed at the site of inoculation in all of the irradiated mice but in none of the others. Tumour growth was progressive in all cases but there was no evidence of invasion of surrounding tissues nor of metastasis. Tumour cells were passaged directly to further mice and a similar growth pattern was recorded. The use of this system suggests a possible small animal laboratory model  for bovine lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 576503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12122", "title": "[Injection cholecystography--influence of radiopaque substance and injection time on the excretion of contrast media and incidence of side effects].", "content": "In a total of 532 patients, Bilivistan and Endomirabil are compared in cholecystography regarding side effects and visualization. Endomirabil clearly demonstrates the advantage of better tolerance. It is shown that slow and constant injection leads to a decrease in the rate of adverse reactions and improvement of radiographic demonstration.", "contents": "[Injection cholecystography--influence of radiopaque substance and injection time on the excretion of contrast media and incidence of side effects]. In a total of 532 patients, Bilivistan and Endomirabil are compared in cholecystography regarding side effects and visualization. Endomirabil clearly demonstrates the advantage of better tolerance. It is shown that slow and constant injection leads to a decrease in the rate of adverse reactions and improvement of radiographic demonstration.", "PMID": 576504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12123", "title": "[Influence of radiopaque substance and concentration of contrast media as well as time of infusion on excretion of contrast medium and incidence of side effects (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hepatotropic contrast media in 3 different concentrations each are administered to a total of 727 patients for infusion cholecystography. It is the purpose of the study to investigate frequency of adverse reactions and quality of radiographic demonstration. In regard to tolerance, Endomirabil clearly shows advantages over Biligram. The radiologic demonstration of Endomirabil is somewhat better than with Biligram. The frequency of adverse reactions shows to be influenced by the concentration of the contrast medium as well as time of infusion, which particularly applies to Endomirabil, while in regard to the quality of visualization, ni dependence on either concentration of infusion time could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Influence of radiopaque substance and concentration of contrast media as well as time of infusion on excretion of contrast medium and incidence of side effects (author's transl)]. Two hepatotropic contrast media in 3 different concentrations each are administered to a total of 727 patients for infusion cholecystography. It is the purpose of the study to investigate frequency of adverse reactions and quality of radiographic demonstration. In regard to tolerance, Endomirabil clearly shows advantages over Biligram. The radiologic demonstration of Endomirabil is somewhat better than with Biligram. The frequency of adverse reactions shows to be influenced by the concentration of the contrast medium as well as time of infusion, which particularly applies to Endomirabil, while in regard to the quality of visualization, ni dependence on either concentration of infusion time could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 576505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12124", "title": "Lymphomatoid papulosis and other pseudomalignancies of the skin.", "content": "Lymphomatoid papulosis, keratoacanthoma, juvenile melanoma, and atypical fibroxanthoma are clinically benign yet histologically malignant cutaneous disorders which have been designated as pseudomalignancies of the skin. Other disorders which may be classified as pseudomalignant include angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, nodular fasciitis, lymphocytoma cutis, actinic reticuloid and, occasionally, insect bites. A patient with lymphomatoid papulosis is reported and the pseudomalignancies of the skin are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid papulosis and other pseudomalignancies of the skin. Lymphomatoid papulosis, keratoacanthoma, juvenile melanoma, and atypical fibroxanthoma are clinically benign yet histologically malignant cutaneous disorders which have been designated as pseudomalignancies of the skin. Other disorders which may be classified as pseudomalignant include angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, nodular fasciitis, lymphocytoma cutis, actinic reticuloid and, occasionally, insect bites. A patient with lymphomatoid papulosis is reported and the pseudomalignancies of the skin are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 576506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12125", "title": "Mycotic cervical carotid aneurysm.", "content": "A case of ruptured mycotic aneurysm involving the extracranial carotid artery is presented. Klebsiella was found to be the responsible pathogen. Carotid artery mycotic aneurysms are discussed with emphysis on the dilemma of surgical treatment. After aneurysm resection the carotid flow either must be re-established or the carotid vessels ligated. A review of the literature reveals that the majority of grafts or arterial repairs fail if reconstruction is carried out in an infected field. The consequences of acute carotid artery ligation are reconsidered.", "contents": "Mycotic cervical carotid aneurysm. A case of ruptured mycotic aneurysm involving the extracranial carotid artery is presented. Klebsiella was found to be the responsible pathogen. Carotid artery mycotic aneurysms are discussed with emphysis on the dilemma of surgical treatment. After aneurysm resection the carotid flow either must be re-established or the carotid vessels ligated. A review of the literature reveals that the majority of grafts or arterial repairs fail if reconstruction is carried out in an infected field. The consequences of acute carotid artery ligation are reconsidered.", "PMID": 576507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12126", "title": "Platelet interaction with collagen fibrils in flowing blood. I. Reaction of human platelets with alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium.", "content": "The subendothelial surface of rabbit aorta and alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium were exposed to anticoagulated human blood in an annular flow chamber. The wall shear rate was similar to that observed in large arteries (830 sec-1) and exposure times varied from 2 1/2 to 40 min. The platelet reactive substrate of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium consists of a three-dimensional meshwork of collagen fibrils which form islands of variable size and height in a matrix of virtually unreactive elastin. Collagen-induced aggregation in the aggregometer was similar with or without prior alpha chymotrypsin-digestion of a highly dispersed preparation of fibrillar collagen. The rate of platelet adhesion was decreased on the fibrallar collagen of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium as compared to intact subendothelium. On the other hand the rate of aggregation was increased once platelets adhered to the fibrillar collagen. Mural thrombi (aggregates) disappeared on subendothelium whereas they grew progressively on the fibrillar collagen. Thus the fibrillar collagen of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium appears to be a more thrombogenic surface. It is suggested that physical (loose three-dimensional meshwork versus a comparatively solid surface) and/or chemical (number of platelet reactive sites per unit surface area) differences between the two surfaces may explain the platelet-surface-interaction patterns which are characteristic for each surface.", "contents": "Platelet interaction with collagen fibrils in flowing blood. I. Reaction of human platelets with alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium. The subendothelial surface of rabbit aorta and alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium were exposed to anticoagulated human blood in an annular flow chamber. The wall shear rate was similar to that observed in large arteries (830 sec-1) and exposure times varied from 2 1/2 to 40 min. The platelet reactive substrate of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium consists of a three-dimensional meshwork of collagen fibrils which form islands of variable size and height in a matrix of virtually unreactive elastin. Collagen-induced aggregation in the aggregometer was similar with or without prior alpha chymotrypsin-digestion of a highly dispersed preparation of fibrillar collagen. The rate of platelet adhesion was decreased on the fibrallar collagen of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium as compared to intact subendothelium. On the other hand the rate of aggregation was increased once platelets adhered to the fibrillar collagen. Mural thrombi (aggregates) disappeared on subendothelium whereas they grew progressively on the fibrillar collagen. Thus the fibrillar collagen of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium appears to be a more thrombogenic surface. It is suggested that physical (loose three-dimensional meshwork versus a comparatively solid surface) and/or chemical (number of platelet reactive sites per unit surface area) differences between the two surfaces may explain the platelet-surface-interaction patterns which are characteristic for each surface.", "PMID": 576508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12127", "title": "Effects of t-AMCHA and EACA on the plasma kallikrein system.", "content": "Varied amounts of t-AMCHA or EACA added to non-contact fresh dog plasma generates kininogenase and TAME esterase activities. These phenomena may be abolished by prior addition of lima bean trypsin inhibitor. t-AMCHA or EACA had no effect on partially purified kallikrein, but had a significant inhibitory influence on plasma kininase. The generation of prekallikrein activator with t-AMCHA was ascertained by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column. The blood kinin level increased about 50% one hr after administration of t-AMCHA. It is suggested from these results that t-AMCHA may initiate the true activation of the kallikrein system by activating the Hageman factor.", "contents": "Effects of t-AMCHA and EACA on the plasma kallikrein system. Varied amounts of t-AMCHA or EACA added to non-contact fresh dog plasma generates kininogenase and TAME esterase activities. These phenomena may be abolished by prior addition of lima bean trypsin inhibitor. t-AMCHA or EACA had no effect on partially purified kallikrein, but had a significant inhibitory influence on plasma kininase. The generation of prekallikrein activator with t-AMCHA was ascertained by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column. The blood kinin level increased about 50% one hr after administration of t-AMCHA. It is suggested from these results that t-AMCHA may initiate the true activation of the kallikrein system by activating the Hageman factor.", "PMID": 576509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12128", "title": "Studies of the effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis, and typhoid vaccine on synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III in the dog.", "content": "Effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis and typhoid vaccine on the synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III (AT) in dogs were studied, using I-125-labeled AT (I-125-AT) as a tracer. Five dogs were used for each study. A single intramuscular injection of 20 mg estradiol caused a 20% decrease of plasma AT concentration in 6 days without appreciable changes in the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT but with a significant decrease in the fractional catabolic rate of I-125-AT(j3u). A single intramuscular injection of 250 mg progesterone did not produce any appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. On the other hand, intravenous and intramuscular injections of a total of 750 mg cortisol caused a 17% increase of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injections without alterations of the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. Next, thrombophlebitis was produced in dogs by a single intravenous injection of 1 ml 90% phenol into a leg vein occluded for 1 min by a gauze tourniquet and the effects of thrombophlebitis were studied. The results indicated that it did not cause appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. However, studies of the effects of a single intravenous injection of 3 ml typhoid vaccine showed a 25% decrease of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injection with a moderate acceleration of the decline rate of plasma I-125-AT and a 14% increase in j3u values. Further studies in heparinized dogs showed similar effects with typhoid vaccine. These results indicate that estradiol causes a decreased rate of AT synthesis, that progesterone has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism, that cortisol increases the rate of AT synthesis, that localized thrombophlebitis has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism and that typhoid vaccine causes an increased j3u by unknown mechanisms which is not an accelerated coagulation process.", "contents": "Studies of the effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis, and typhoid vaccine on synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III in the dog. Effects of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, thrombophlebitis and typhoid vaccine on the synthesis and catabolism of antithrombin III (AT) in dogs were studied, using I-125-labeled AT (I-125-AT) as a tracer. Five dogs were used for each study. A single intramuscular injection of 20 mg estradiol caused a 20% decrease of plasma AT concentration in 6 days without appreciable changes in the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT but with a significant decrease in the fractional catabolic rate of I-125-AT(j3u). A single intramuscular injection of 250 mg progesterone did not produce any appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. On the other hand, intravenous and intramuscular injections of a total of 750 mg cortisol caused a 17% increase of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injections without alterations of the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. Next, thrombophlebitis was produced in dogs by a single intravenous injection of 1 ml 90% phenol into a leg vein occluded for 1 min by a gauze tourniquet and the effects of thrombophlebitis were studied. The results indicated that it did not cause appreciable changes of plasma AT concentration, the plasma half-lives of I-125-AT or j3u. However, studies of the effects of a single intravenous injection of 3 ml typhoid vaccine showed a 25% decrease of plasma AT concentration in a day after the injection with a moderate acceleration of the decline rate of plasma I-125-AT and a 14% increase in j3u values. Further studies in heparinized dogs showed similar effects with typhoid vaccine. These results indicate that estradiol causes a decreased rate of AT synthesis, that progesterone has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism, that cortisol increases the rate of AT synthesis, that localized thrombophlebitis has no appreciable effects on AT metabolism and that typhoid vaccine causes an increased j3u by unknown mechanisms which is not an accelerated coagulation process.", "PMID": 576510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12129", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies on the kinetics of plasmic degradation of human fibrinogen.", "content": "In vitro degradation of fibrinogen results in the appearance of an early fragment, different in its electrophoretic mobility to that of fragments X, Y, D and E. It reacts with antifibrinogen antiserum does not react with anti-D antiserum and it is antigenically related to fragment E. Compared with terminal fragment E, it migrates more slowly towards the anode, it appears earlier and in a greater concentration at the beginning, decreasing and disappearing during degradation. The antigen antibody crossed electrophoresis was used in these experiments, but to distinguish the fragments from already known X, Y or even fibrinogen, the applying of an intermediate gel with anti D was of great value.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies on the kinetics of plasmic degradation of human fibrinogen. In vitro degradation of fibrinogen results in the appearance of an early fragment, different in its electrophoretic mobility to that of fragments X, Y, D and E. It reacts with antifibrinogen antiserum does not react with anti-D antiserum and it is antigenically related to fragment E. Compared with terminal fragment E, it migrates more slowly towards the anode, it appears earlier and in a greater concentration at the beginning, decreasing and disappearing during degradation. The antigen antibody crossed electrophoresis was used in these experiments, but to distinguish the fragments from already known X, Y or even fibrinogen, the applying of an intermediate gel with anti D was of great value.", "PMID": 576511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12130", "title": "A comparative ex vivo study of plasminogen activators and proteases for fibrinolytic activity and side effects in rabbits.", "content": "Urokinase, streptokinase, Brinase, trypsin, and SN 687, a bacterial exoprotease, have been evaluated in an ex vivo assay system. These enzymes were injected into rabbits and the fibrinolytic activity as well as other coagulation parameters were measured by in vitro techniques. Dose-response correlations have been made using the euglobulin lysis time as a measure of fibrinolytic activity and the 50% effective dose has been determined for each enzyme. Loading doses, equal to four times the 50% effective dose were administered to monitor potential toxicity revealing that Brinase, trypsin and SN 687 were very toxic at this concentration. Having established the 50% effective dose for each enzyme, further testing was conducted where relevant fibrinolytic and coagulation parameters were measured for up to two days following a 50% effective dose bolus injection of each enzyme. Our results have demonstrated that urokinase and streptokinase are plasminogen activators specifically activating the rabbit fibrinolytic system while Brinase, trypsin and SN 687 increase the general proteolytic activity in vivo. The advantages of this ex vivo assay system for evaluating relative fibrinolytic potencies and side effects for plasminogen activators and fibrinolytic proteases have been discussed.", "contents": "A comparative ex vivo study of plasminogen activators and proteases for fibrinolytic activity and side effects in rabbits. Urokinase, streptokinase, Brinase, trypsin, and SN 687, a bacterial exoprotease, have been evaluated in an ex vivo assay system. These enzymes were injected into rabbits and the fibrinolytic activity as well as other coagulation parameters were measured by in vitro techniques. Dose-response correlations have been made using the euglobulin lysis time as a measure of fibrinolytic activity and the 50% effective dose has been determined for each enzyme. Loading doses, equal to four times the 50% effective dose were administered to monitor potential toxicity revealing that Brinase, trypsin and SN 687 were very toxic at this concentration. Having established the 50% effective dose for each enzyme, further testing was conducted where relevant fibrinolytic and coagulation parameters were measured for up to two days following a 50% effective dose bolus injection of each enzyme. Our results have demonstrated that urokinase and streptokinase are plasminogen activators specifically activating the rabbit fibrinolytic system while Brinase, trypsin and SN 687 increase the general proteolytic activity in vivo. The advantages of this ex vivo assay system for evaluating relative fibrinolytic potencies and side effects for plasminogen activators and fibrinolytic proteases have been discussed.", "PMID": 576512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12131", "title": "Oxygen-induced consumptive coagulopathy and its enhancement by lead acetate.", "content": "The exposure of rats to 100% oxygen at 1 atmosphere leads to a prolongation of prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times. This development is associated with a consumption of factor XII, VIII, and VII activities and with the appearance of fibrin monomers and fibrinogen degradation products. Lead acetate enhances all oxygen-induced changes of the coagulation systems drastically. The O2 survival time of chicks which are naturally deficient in factor XII is greatly increased over that of rats and is not affected by lead acetate. Oxygen survival times of rats suffering from chronic respiratory disease (CRD) are also significantly increased when compared with normal rats. It appears that consumptive coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation are early events in oxygen exposure, and that their development is accelerated by lead ions.", "contents": "Oxygen-induced consumptive coagulopathy and its enhancement by lead acetate. The exposure of rats to 100% oxygen at 1 atmosphere leads to a prolongation of prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times. This development is associated with a consumption of factor XII, VIII, and VII activities and with the appearance of fibrin monomers and fibrinogen degradation products. Lead acetate enhances all oxygen-induced changes of the coagulation systems drastically. The O2 survival time of chicks which are naturally deficient in factor XII is greatly increased over that of rats and is not affected by lead acetate. Oxygen survival times of rats suffering from chronic respiratory disease (CRD) are also significantly increased when compared with normal rats. It appears that consumptive coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation are early events in oxygen exposure, and that their development is accelerated by lead ions.", "PMID": 576513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12132", "title": "The effect of phospholipase C on platelet factor 3 in human blood platelets.", "content": "Intact human platelets isolated by gel filtration have been treated with purified phospholipase C. The effect of the enzyme on available and total platelet factor 3 has been tested. The available procoagulant platelet factor 3 was very low. A further small reduction was observed after incubation with phospholipase C when the enzyme was washed away before testing. External attack on platelets by phospholipase C led to a marked inactivation of total platelet factor 3.", "contents": "The effect of phospholipase C on platelet factor 3 in human blood platelets. Intact human platelets isolated by gel filtration have been treated with purified phospholipase C. The effect of the enzyme on available and total platelet factor 3 has been tested. The available procoagulant platelet factor 3 was very low. A further small reduction was observed after incubation with phospholipase C when the enzyme was washed away before testing. External attack on platelets by phospholipase C led to a marked inactivation of total platelet factor 3.", "PMID": 576515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12133", "title": "In vivo labeling of platelets with 75Se -- selenomethionine in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Labeling of platelets in vivo by 75Se -- Selenomethionine (75Se-M) was performed in nine cases of hepatic cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia for evaluation of the kinetics of platelet maturation. Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency was excluded by pretreatment of the patients with these agents. The platelet maturation time -- time between the injection of the isotope and maximum radioactivity of separated blood platelets -- was shortened to 7.7 +/- 1.1 days (mean +/- SD) compared to the normal 9.1 +/- 1.4 days. For explanation a disturbance of megakaryocyte maturation and/or platelet release from the bone marrow is suggested.", "contents": "In vivo labeling of platelets with 75Se -- selenomethionine in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. Labeling of platelets in vivo by 75Se -- Selenomethionine (75Se-M) was performed in nine cases of hepatic cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia for evaluation of the kinetics of platelet maturation. Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency was excluded by pretreatment of the patients with these agents. The platelet maturation time -- time between the injection of the isotope and maximum radioactivity of separated blood platelets -- was shortened to 7.7 +/- 1.1 days (mean +/- SD) compared to the normal 9.1 +/- 1.4 days. For explanation a disturbance of megakaryocyte maturation and/or platelet release from the bone marrow is suggested.", "PMID": 576516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12134", "title": "Influence of cytotoxic drugs on platelet functions and coagulation in vitro. IV. Melphalan.", "content": "Influence of melphalan on some platelet functions, plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis \"in vitro\" was investigated, using different concentrations of the drug (25, 50 and 250 mug/ml). The lowest concentration slightly inhibited adrenaline and/or collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Following the highest concentration of the drug, strong inhibition of aggregation was recorded, regardless of the inducer used. Melphalan was also shown to inhibit release of aggregating activity and release of platelet factor 4, as well as availability of platelet factor 3 and platelet acid phosphatase. The intensity of inhibition depended on both, melphalan concentration and the time of preincubation. In contrast to this, adhesion of platelets to glass slide was not found to be influenced by melphalan. Similarly, melphalan did not induce (in any concentration) loss of LDH from platelet cytoplasma, while triton X-100 or freezing and thawing of platelets caused significant increase of LDH activity. From coagulation tests studied, only thrombin time and reptilase time was found to be moderately prolonged in the presence of melphalan. Authors assumed that melphalan acts as a specific inhibitor of release reaction and can induce an acquired thrombocytopathy. The platelet membrane is not damaged by the drug, as was confirmed by the investigation of LDH activity. Influence on coagulation indicates some antithrombin effect of the drug. Although presented results were obtained in vitro, analogous changes in vivo could be suspected. Thus, impairement of platelet functions might play a part in haemorrhagic complications accompanying, in some cases, melphalan therapy.", "contents": "Influence of cytotoxic drugs on platelet functions and coagulation in vitro. IV. Melphalan. Influence of melphalan on some platelet functions, plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis \"in vitro\" was investigated, using different concentrations of the drug (25, 50 and 250 mug/ml). The lowest concentration slightly inhibited adrenaline and/or collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Following the highest concentration of the drug, strong inhibition of aggregation was recorded, regardless of the inducer used. Melphalan was also shown to inhibit release of aggregating activity and release of platelet factor 4, as well as availability of platelet factor 3 and platelet acid phosphatase. The intensity of inhibition depended on both, melphalan concentration and the time of preincubation. In contrast to this, adhesion of platelets to glass slide was not found to be influenced by melphalan. Similarly, melphalan did not induce (in any concentration) loss of LDH from platelet cytoplasma, while triton X-100 or freezing and thawing of platelets caused significant increase of LDH activity. From coagulation tests studied, only thrombin time and reptilase time was found to be moderately prolonged in the presence of melphalan. Authors assumed that melphalan acts as a specific inhibitor of release reaction and can induce an acquired thrombocytopathy. The platelet membrane is not damaged by the drug, as was confirmed by the investigation of LDH activity. Influence on coagulation indicates some antithrombin effect of the drug. Although presented results were obtained in vitro, analogous changes in vivo could be suspected. Thus, impairement of platelet functions might play a part in haemorrhagic complications accompanying, in some cases, melphalan therapy.", "PMID": 576517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12135", "title": "Induction of the platelet release reaction by 1.3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, a new adamantane derivative.", "content": "The amantadine derivative 1.3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, D 145, induces in high concentrations of 2-10 mM the release reaction. Adenine nucleotides and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are liberated to the same extent and in the same ratio as found after thrombin-induced release. The time course of release is very slow; maximal release is reached in 15-20 min. The process is temperature-dependent and dependent on energy derived from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Extracellular Ca++ does not promote the release process. D 145, in accordance with the mother-substance amantadine, inhibits 5-HT uptake non-competitively, KI = 0.15mM. In concentrations of 0.1-1 mM D 145 triggers only the liberation of 5-HT, adenine nucleotides are not liberated. The ADP induced platelet aggregation is completely inhibited after preincubation with a 1 mM solution of D 145.", "contents": "Induction of the platelet release reaction by 1.3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, a new adamantane derivative. The amantadine derivative 1.3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, D 145, induces in high concentrations of 2-10 mM the release reaction. Adenine nucleotides and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are liberated to the same extent and in the same ratio as found after thrombin-induced release. The time course of release is very slow; maximal release is reached in 15-20 min. The process is temperature-dependent and dependent on energy derived from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Extracellular Ca++ does not promote the release process. D 145, in accordance with the mother-substance amantadine, inhibits 5-HT uptake non-competitively, KI = 0.15mM. In concentrations of 0.1-1 mM D 145 triggers only the liberation of 5-HT, adenine nucleotides are not liberated. The ADP induced platelet aggregation is completely inhibited after preincubation with a 1 mM solution of D 145.", "PMID": 576518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12136", "title": "Kinetic aspects of the interaction of blood clotting enzymes. VII. The relation between clotting time and prothrombin concentration.", "content": "The relation between clotting time and the inverse of prothrombin concentration is shown to be rectilinear.", "contents": "Kinetic aspects of the interaction of blood clotting enzymes. VII. The relation between clotting time and prothrombin concentration. The relation between clotting time and the inverse of prothrombin concentration is shown to be rectilinear.", "PMID": 576519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12137", "title": "Localization of tissue thromboplastin in the human brain.", "content": "Monospecific antisera against the purified protein component of tissue thromboplastin (apoprotein-III) from human brain have been raised in goats and rabbits. The antisera neutralized tissue thromboplastin prepared from brain, thyroid gland and pulmonary tissue, indicating that apoproteins in the various preparations cross-reacted immunologically and therefore were similar or identical. Comparison of the activities of tissue thromboplastin preparations from 34 different areas of the brain demonstrated a characteristic distribution pattern and a wide range of activities. White and grey matter from the same areas had similar activities. Bulbus and tractus olfactorius, medulla oblongata, corpus pineale, hippocampus and hypothalamus contained 160-270% of the average activity, whereas cerebellum globus pallidus, nucleus ruber and substantia nigra contained 30-60%. The distinct distribution pattern was unrelated to tissue vascularization, and may suggest that apoprotein-III could serve other functions, apart from the coagulation of blood. The predominance in phylogenetically older brain regions would suggest that it represents a primitive or fundamental feature.", "contents": "Localization of tissue thromboplastin in the human brain. Monospecific antisera against the purified protein component of tissue thromboplastin (apoprotein-III) from human brain have been raised in goats and rabbits. The antisera neutralized tissue thromboplastin prepared from brain, thyroid gland and pulmonary tissue, indicating that apoproteins in the various preparations cross-reacted immunologically and therefore were similar or identical. Comparison of the activities of tissue thromboplastin preparations from 34 different areas of the brain demonstrated a characteristic distribution pattern and a wide range of activities. White and grey matter from the same areas had similar activities. Bulbus and tractus olfactorius, medulla oblongata, corpus pineale, hippocampus and hypothalamus contained 160-270% of the average activity, whereas cerebellum globus pallidus, nucleus ruber and substantia nigra contained 30-60%. The distinct distribution pattern was unrelated to tissue vascularization, and may suggest that apoprotein-III could serve other functions, apart from the coagulation of blood. The predominance in phylogenetically older brain regions would suggest that it represents a primitive or fundamental feature.", "PMID": 576520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12138", "title": "[Treatment of chronic leptomeningitis (arachnoiditis) by administration of ozone into the subarachnoid space].", "content": "The authors report of ozone administration into the subarachnoid space for the treatment of chronic scarring--adhesive processes in the pial membrane. Among the 104 studied patients, 62 had convexital leptomeningitis, 7--basal, 3--of the posterior cavity and 28 diffuse forms. In patients with leptomeningitis of the posterior cavity in the absence of an engorged papilla of the eyeground, ozone was introduced by occipital punctures, in convexital and basal leptomeningitis--by lumbar puncture. An introduction of ozone into the subarachnoid space was conducted in combination with resorptive and general therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic leptomeningitis (arachnoiditis) by administration of ozone into the subarachnoid space]. The authors report of ozone administration into the subarachnoid space for the treatment of chronic scarring--adhesive processes in the pial membrane. Among the 104 studied patients, 62 had convexital leptomeningitis, 7--basal, 3--of the posterior cavity and 28 diffuse forms. In patients with leptomeningitis of the posterior cavity in the absence of an engorged papilla of the eyeground, ozone was introduced by occipital punctures, in convexital and basal leptomeningitis--by lumbar puncture. An introduction of ozone into the subarachnoid space was conducted in combination with resorptive and general therapy.", "PMID": 576524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12139", "title": "The size of growth hormone granules in pituitary adenomas producing acromegaly.", "content": "Measurements of the diameters of large numbers of granules in electron micrographs of pituitary adenomas in cases of acromegaly do not show that a typical size exists which allows of the retrospective diagnosis of the hormone secreted by the tumour. The granule diameters found in single cases show a normal distribution. The average values determined in 19 unselected cases of acromegaly range between 160 and 342 nm. They are also normally distributed about the mean for the entire group which is 238 nm. With histo-immunological electron microscopic techniques h GH can be demonstrated in small, medium and large granules. The size of hormone granules is determined by functional factors such as the speed of hormone synthesis and hormone release but not by the type of hormone secreted.", "contents": "The size of growth hormone granules in pituitary adenomas producing acromegaly. Measurements of the diameters of large numbers of granules in electron micrographs of pituitary adenomas in cases of acromegaly do not show that a typical size exists which allows of the retrospective diagnosis of the hormone secreted by the tumour. The granule diameters found in single cases show a normal distribution. The average values determined in 19 unselected cases of acromegaly range between 160 and 342 nm. They are also normally distributed about the mean for the entire group which is 238 nm. With histo-immunological electron microscopic techniques h GH can be demonstrated in small, medium and large granules. The size of hormone granules is determined by functional factors such as the speed of hormone synthesis and hormone release but not by the type of hormone secreted.", "PMID": 576525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12140", "title": "Effect of administration frequency of growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth in the hypophysectomized rat.", "content": "The effect of the administration frequency of growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth was investigated with tetracycline as intravital marker of the bone growth of the proximal tibia in hypophysectomized rats. The total dose of growth hormone (NIH-GH-B16) and the administration period were the same in all compared experiments. It was possible to achieve an optimum growth response for a certain total dose of growth hormone by increasing the injection frequency. The period of hormone administration was 10 or 5 days followed by a 10 days withdrawal period. When the growth hormone was administered alone or in association with L-thyroxine for 10 days, the optimum injection frequency for growth hormone was found to be 1 inj./day in hypophysectomized rats and 2 inj./day in thyroxine-treated hypophysectomized rats. When the administration period was 5 days for growth hormone given in association with L-thyroxine, the growth stimulation induced by one daily growth hormone injection was the same as that induced by two or four daily injections of the same total dose. An increase in the administration frequency for a total daily dose of thyroxine from 1 to 2 inj./day did not increase the longitudinal bone growth either when thyroxine was given alone or in association with growth hormone.", "contents": "Effect of administration frequency of growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth in the hypophysectomized rat. The effect of the administration frequency of growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth was investigated with tetracycline as intravital marker of the bone growth of the proximal tibia in hypophysectomized rats. The total dose of growth hormone (NIH-GH-B16) and the administration period were the same in all compared experiments. It was possible to achieve an optimum growth response for a certain total dose of growth hormone by increasing the injection frequency. The period of hormone administration was 10 or 5 days followed by a 10 days withdrawal period. When the growth hormone was administered alone or in association with L-thyroxine for 10 days, the optimum injection frequency for growth hormone was found to be 1 inj./day in hypophysectomized rats and 2 inj./day in thyroxine-treated hypophysectomized rats. When the administration period was 5 days for growth hormone given in association with L-thyroxine, the growth stimulation induced by one daily growth hormone injection was the same as that induced by two or four daily injections of the same total dose. An increase in the administration frequency for a total daily dose of thyroxine from 1 to 2 inj./day did not increase the longitudinal bone growth either when thyroxine was given alone or in association with growth hormone.", "PMID": 576526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12141", "title": "Diurnal rhythm of vasotocin in the pineal of the male rat.", "content": "The pineal content of arginine vasotocin in the male rat is subject to diurnal changes, having a high value around noon and a low value around midnight. Since in rats exposed to 24 h constant light the pineal content in arginine vasotocin decreases, and in the rats exposed to 24 h constant darkness the pineal content in arginine vasotocin increases, it appears that during the night both the synthesis and release of arginine vasotocin is enhanced.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm of vasotocin in the pineal of the male rat. The pineal content of arginine vasotocin in the male rat is subject to diurnal changes, having a high value around noon and a low value around midnight. Since in rats exposed to 24 h constant light the pineal content in arginine vasotocin decreases, and in the rats exposed to 24 h constant darkness the pineal content in arginine vasotocin increases, it appears that during the night both the synthesis and release of arginine vasotocin is enhanced.", "PMID": 576527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12142", "title": "Five cases of absence of iodide concentrating mechanism.", "content": "Five cases, 2 males and 3 females, with absence of iodide concentrating mechanism are reported. Three of the five subjects are siblings and the eldest sister has no symptom to account for the cretinism. All 5 cases have improved clinically following the administration of potassium iodide and 4 cases are still in a euthyroid state without any adverse effects during a half to more than 4 years. This study suggests that the absence of iodide concentrating mechanism might be erroneously diagnosed as athyroidal cretinism or adolescent non-toxic diffuse goitre, and may at times not show any clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Five cases of absence of iodide concentrating mechanism. Five cases, 2 males and 3 females, with absence of iodide concentrating mechanism are reported. Three of the five subjects are siblings and the eldest sister has no symptom to account for the cretinism. All 5 cases have improved clinically following the administration of potassium iodide and 4 cases are still in a euthyroid state without any adverse effects during a half to more than 4 years. This study suggests that the absence of iodide concentrating mechanism might be erroneously diagnosed as athyroidal cretinism or adolescent non-toxic diffuse goitre, and may at times not show any clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 576528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12143", "title": "Outcome of long-term antithyroid treatment of graves' disease in relation to iodine intake.", "content": "Seventy-seven patients with Graves' disease, with an average of 56 years of age were treated with carbimazole in the period 1968-1975. The duration of therapy was on an average, 17.9 months and the follow-up on an average, 28.5 months. Remission was found only in 32% of the patients. Data on the urinary iodine excretion from a total of 127 euthyroid controls and 15 patients with Graves' disease living in the same area were collected during the periods: 1962-1964, 1965-1968, 1971-1973 and 1972-1974. No significant difference was found in the urinary iodine excretion in the period 1962-1973 and no significant difference was found in the urinary iodine excretion between the patients with Graves' disease and the euthyroid controls. Our data demonstrate a high relapse rate following long-term treatment with anti-thyroid drugs in an area with relative low iodine intake.", "contents": "Outcome of long-term antithyroid treatment of graves' disease in relation to iodine intake. Seventy-seven patients with Graves' disease, with an average of 56 years of age were treated with carbimazole in the period 1968-1975. The duration of therapy was on an average, 17.9 months and the follow-up on an average, 28.5 months. Remission was found only in 32% of the patients. Data on the urinary iodine excretion from a total of 127 euthyroid controls and 15 patients with Graves' disease living in the same area were collected during the periods: 1962-1964, 1965-1968, 1971-1973 and 1972-1974. No significant difference was found in the urinary iodine excretion in the period 1962-1973 and no significant difference was found in the urinary iodine excretion between the patients with Graves' disease and the euthyroid controls. Our data demonstrate a high relapse rate following long-term treatment with anti-thyroid drugs in an area with relative low iodine intake.", "PMID": 576529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12144", "title": "The interrelationships between serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, serum parathyroid hormone and bone changes in anticonvulsant osteomalacia.", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) and serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were measured in 59 randomly selected adult epileptic outpatients receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Quantitative morphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies was performed. A mild degree of osteomalacia was found which was inversely correlated to dietary vitamin D intake. Serum 25-HCC was reduced in the epileptic patients compared to a control group, although dietary intake of vitamin D was higher than the mean daily intake in the Danish population. Serum 25-HCC was positively correlated to dietary vitamin D intake, but not correlated to the severity of bone changes, indicating that other factors than circulating 25-HCC are responsible for the development of anticonvulsant osteomalacia. Serum 25-HCG was inversely correlated to serum iPTH in patients with a low dietary calcium intake. The mean value of serum iPTH was not increased, and there was no correlation between serum iPTH and bone morphometry.", "contents": "The interrelationships between serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, serum parathyroid hormone and bone changes in anticonvulsant osteomalacia. Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) and serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were measured in 59 randomly selected adult epileptic outpatients receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Quantitative morphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies was performed. A mild degree of osteomalacia was found which was inversely correlated to dietary vitamin D intake. Serum 25-HCC was reduced in the epileptic patients compared to a control group, although dietary intake of vitamin D was higher than the mean daily intake in the Danish population. Serum 25-HCC was positively correlated to dietary vitamin D intake, but not correlated to the severity of bone changes, indicating that other factors than circulating 25-HCC are responsible for the development of anticonvulsant osteomalacia. Serum 25-HCG was inversely correlated to serum iPTH in patients with a low dietary calcium intake. The mean value of serum iPTH was not increased, and there was no correlation between serum iPTH and bone morphometry.", "PMID": 576530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12145", "title": "Decreased parathyroid function in hyperthyroidism: interrelationships between serum parathyroid hormone, calcium-phosphorus metabolism and thyroid function.", "content": "Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH) was measured together with serum and urinary calcium and phosphorus in 45 hyperthyroid patients in order to assess parathyroid fe of hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of hypercalcaemia was 51.1% using serum calcium values corrected for individual variations in serum albumin concentration compared to 15.6% using the uncorrected calcium values. S-iPTH was decreased and inversely correlated to serum calcium values. S-iPTH was decreased and inversely correlated to serum calcium (corrected). Subnormal levels of S-iPTH were found in 28.9% of the patients. The urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was increased and positively correlated to the degree of hyperthyroidism. The tubular reabsorption of calcium (TRCa%) was decreased, positively correlated to S-iPTH and inversely correlated to serum calcium. Increased mobilisation of bone mineral in hyperthyroidism is suggested mainly to be responsible for the elevated serarathyroid function.", "contents": "Decreased parathyroid function in hyperthyroidism: interrelationships between serum parathyroid hormone, calcium-phosphorus metabolism and thyroid function. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH) was measured together with serum and urinary calcium and phosphorus in 45 hyperthyroid patients in order to assess parathyroid fe of hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of hypercalcaemia was 51.1% using serum calcium values corrected for individual variations in serum albumin concentration compared to 15.6% using the uncorrected calcium values. S-iPTH was decreased and inversely correlated to serum calcium values. S-iPTH was decreased and inversely correlated to serum calcium (corrected). Subnormal levels of S-iPTH were found in 28.9% of the patients. The urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was increased and positively correlated to the degree of hyperthyroidism. The tubular reabsorption of calcium (TRCa%) was decreased, positively correlated to S-iPTH and inversely correlated to serum calcium. Increased mobilisation of bone mineral in hyperthyroidism is suggested mainly to be responsible for the elevated serarathyroid function.", "PMID": 576531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12146", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): variation of the jejuno-ileal content in the developing rat as measured by radioreceptorassay.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the variations of the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) content of rat jejuno-ileum (JI) with age. VIP was measured by its ability to inhibit competitively the binding of [125I]pork VIP (pVIP) to rat liver plasma membranes. The radio receptor assay was sensitive to 0.5 ng/ml. VIP fragments 1-6, 14-28 and 18-28 exhibited no cross reaction with [125I]pVIP. Glucagon had no effect and secretin was about 100 times less effective than pVIP. Rat VIP was extracted from JI by 0.5 M acetic acid and partially purified by adsorption on silicate. The effect of JI extracts in inhibiting the binding of [125I]pVIP paralleled that of pVIP used as standard. The VIP content of JI showed a 340-fold increase between day 21 post coitum (p.c.): 41 +/- 4 ng/JI and day 63 post partum (p. p.): 14 110 +/- 954 ng/JI. On a gut weight basis, VIP increased slightly from day 21 p. c. (591 +/- 51 ng/g of JI) to day 14 p. p. (906 +/- 109 ng/g of JI) and then increased more sharply (day 21 p. p.: 1508 +/- 222 ng/g of JI) until day 63 p. p. (2672 +/- 207 ng/g of JI). The VIP content seemed to reach a plateau after 2 months. A similar pattern was observed when the results were expressed per mg of JI protein. It is speculated that the rise in VIP content is related to the role of this peptide in the regulation of the gastro-intestinal function and/or the distribution of fuels in the organism.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): variation of the jejuno-ileal content in the developing rat as measured by radioreceptorassay. This study was undertaken to investigate the variations of the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) content of rat jejuno-ileum (JI) with age. VIP was measured by its ability to inhibit competitively the binding of [125I]pork VIP (pVIP) to rat liver plasma membranes. The radio receptor assay was sensitive to 0.5 ng/ml. VIP fragments 1-6, 14-28 and 18-28 exhibited no cross reaction with [125I]pVIP. Glucagon had no effect and secretin was about 100 times less effective than pVIP. Rat VIP was extracted from JI by 0.5 M acetic acid and partially purified by adsorption on silicate. The effect of JI extracts in inhibiting the binding of [125I]pVIP paralleled that of pVIP used as standard. The VIP content of JI showed a 340-fold increase between day 21 post coitum (p.c.): 41 +/- 4 ng/JI and day 63 post partum (p. p.): 14 110 +/- 954 ng/JI. On a gut weight basis, VIP increased slightly from day 21 p. c. (591 +/- 51 ng/g of JI) to day 14 p. p. (906 +/- 109 ng/g of JI) and then increased more sharply (day 21 p. p.: 1508 +/- 222 ng/g of JI) until day 63 p. p. (2672 +/- 207 ng/g of JI). The VIP content seemed to reach a plateau after 2 months. A similar pattern was observed when the results were expressed per mg of JI protein. It is speculated that the rise in VIP content is related to the role of this peptide in the regulation of the gastro-intestinal function and/or the distribution of fuels in the organism.", "PMID": 576532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12147", "title": "Serum cortisol appearance-disappearance in adrenal insufficiency after oral cortisone acetate.", "content": "Six patients with long-standing idiopathic primary adrenal insufficiency were given 25 mg of cortisone acetate orally on two occasions. Circulating serum cortisol levels were determined hourly for five hours after ingestion. Two patients were additionally studied with an oral dose of 20 mg of cortisol. Marked patient to patient variation in peak hormone and in fifth hour hormone levels was observed. Both values were lowest in the two chronically symptomatic patients who had been maintained on empiric glucocorticoid replacement. Specific information on blood cortisol levels in treated Addisonian individuals has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Serum cortisol appearance-disappearance in adrenal insufficiency after oral cortisone acetate. Six patients with long-standing idiopathic primary adrenal insufficiency were given 25 mg of cortisone acetate orally on two occasions. Circulating serum cortisol levels were determined hourly for five hours after ingestion. Two patients were additionally studied with an oral dose of 20 mg of cortisol. Marked patient to patient variation in peak hormone and in fifth hour hormone levels was observed. Both values were lowest in the two chronically symptomatic patients who had been maintained on empiric glucocorticoid replacement. Specific information on blood cortisol levels in treated Addisonian individuals has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 576533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12148", "title": "Familial adrenocortical hypoplasia with early clinical and biochemical signs of mineralocorticoid deficiency (hypoaldosteronism).", "content": "Biochemical investigations in a boy with a salt losing syndrome revealed a very low secretion of aldosterone which did not rise during salt deprivation, in spite of a normal rise in plasma renin activity. Cortisol secretion was normal - but subsequently decreased, while the corticosterone secretion was high. The patient was studied at the age of 5 weeks, 3 months and also at the age of 8 months. He survived until the age of 18 months on treatment with sodium chloride and DOCA, but did not receive glucocorticoids. At autopsy the adrenal glands were absent, but in fat tissue from the upper renal poles foetal adrenal cortex tissue was found. The histological picture agrees well with other cases which could be designated as \"foetal-cortex-only\" adrenal hypoplasia. The same histological changes were demonstrated in the boy's brother who died suddenly at the age of 6 weeks. The boy's testes were advanced in maturation to a stage of about ten years: spermatocytes and Leydig cells were present.", "contents": "Familial adrenocortical hypoplasia with early clinical and biochemical signs of mineralocorticoid deficiency (hypoaldosteronism). Biochemical investigations in a boy with a salt losing syndrome revealed a very low secretion of aldosterone which did not rise during salt deprivation, in spite of a normal rise in plasma renin activity. Cortisol secretion was normal - but subsequently decreased, while the corticosterone secretion was high. The patient was studied at the age of 5 weeks, 3 months and also at the age of 8 months. He survived until the age of 18 months on treatment with sodium chloride and DOCA, but did not receive glucocorticoids. At autopsy the adrenal glands were absent, but in fat tissue from the upper renal poles foetal adrenal cortex tissue was found. The histological picture agrees well with other cases which could be designated as \"foetal-cortex-only\" adrenal hypoplasia. The same histological changes were demonstrated in the boy's brother who died suddenly at the age of 6 weeks. The boy's testes were advanced in maturation to a stage of about ten years: spermatocytes and Leydig cells were present.", "PMID": 576534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12149", "title": "Foetal and maternal hormonal changes preceding normal bovine parturition.", "content": "Successful chronic cannulation of the foetal posterior vena cava and maternal utero-ovarian and jugular veins in five Jersey cows between days 240 and 260 of gestation enabled changes in plasma hormone levels preceding calving to be monitored. All cows delivered live calves within the expected range of gestation for the breed. Corticosteroids were assayed by competitive protein-binding and prostaglandin F, progesterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17beta by radioimmunoassay. Foetal corticosteroids rose slowly from 5.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml at 20 days to 9.3 +/- 3.0 ng/ml at 10 days before term, then progressively increased to a mean of 74 ng/ml, though higher concentrations occurred following surgery. Foetal oestrone and oestradiol-17beta concentrations were both less than 50 pg/ml and showed little change toward term. The maternal utero-ovarian oestrogens increased slowly from 20 to 10 days pre-partum and then rose more rapidly reaching peak levels (2.9 +/- 0.6 ng/ml for oestrone and 1.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml for oestradiol-17beta) 1 to 4 days before delivery. Maternal progesterone concentrations fell towards term, with a rapid decrease over the last 36-48 h before calving when they gradually increased until the last 24 h where was a dramatic rise, reaching peak levels (5.7 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) during labour.", "contents": "Foetal and maternal hormonal changes preceding normal bovine parturition. Successful chronic cannulation of the foetal posterior vena cava and maternal utero-ovarian and jugular veins in five Jersey cows between days 240 and 260 of gestation enabled changes in plasma hormone levels preceding calving to be monitored. All cows delivered live calves within the expected range of gestation for the breed. Corticosteroids were assayed by competitive protein-binding and prostaglandin F, progesterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17beta by radioimmunoassay. Foetal corticosteroids rose slowly from 5.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml at 20 days to 9.3 +/- 3.0 ng/ml at 10 days before term, then progressively increased to a mean of 74 ng/ml, though higher concentrations occurred following surgery. Foetal oestrone and oestradiol-17beta concentrations were both less than 50 pg/ml and showed little change toward term. The maternal utero-ovarian oestrogens increased slowly from 20 to 10 days pre-partum and then rose more rapidly reaching peak levels (2.9 +/- 0.6 ng/ml for oestrone and 1.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml for oestradiol-17beta) 1 to 4 days before delivery. Maternal progesterone concentrations fell towards term, with a rapid decrease over the last 36-48 h before calving when they gradually increased until the last 24 h where was a dramatic rise, reaching peak levels (5.7 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) during labour.", "PMID": 576536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12150", "title": "Macrophage disappearance reaction induced by lymphokines.", "content": "Macrophage disappearance reaction was induced in normal (non-sensitized) guinea pigs by human lymphokines deriving from Con A-stimulated lymphocytes, by ellagic acid (an activator of intrinsic coagulation) and by thromboplastin (an activator of extrinisic coagulation). The results are discussed from the aspect of the pathomechanism of macrophage disappearance reaction.", "contents": "Macrophage disappearance reaction induced by lymphokines. Macrophage disappearance reaction was induced in normal (non-sensitized) guinea pigs by human lymphokines deriving from Con A-stimulated lymphocytes, by ellagic acid (an activator of intrinsic coagulation) and by thromboplastin (an activator of extrinisic coagulation). The results are discussed from the aspect of the pathomechanism of macrophage disappearance reaction.", "PMID": 576537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12151", "title": "A multi-centre trial of pollen-tyrosine adsorbate.", "content": "We report the results of a multi-centre trial involving 433 hay fever patients treated in 1975 with a 3-injection tyrosine-adsorbed vaccine containing glutaraldehyde-modified grass pollens and cultivated rye. Despite the high pollen counts recorded in Germany in 1975, treatment was considered to be effective in 73 per cent of the patients, irrespective of their age, sex or past history. Side effects were normally mild although the incidence of local reactions was relatively high. Only six patients discontinued treatment due to untoward reactions and there were no cases of anaphylactic shock. This paper adds further evidence to support the view that this vaccine offers a safe, effective and convenient method of treatment for grass pollen allergy.", "contents": "A multi-centre trial of pollen-tyrosine adsorbate. We report the results of a multi-centre trial involving 433 hay fever patients treated in 1975 with a 3-injection tyrosine-adsorbed vaccine containing glutaraldehyde-modified grass pollens and cultivated rye. Despite the high pollen counts recorded in Germany in 1975, treatment was considered to be effective in 73 per cent of the patients, irrespective of their age, sex or past history. Side effects were normally mild although the incidence of local reactions was relatively high. Only six patients discontinued treatment due to untoward reactions and there were no cases of anaphylactic shock. This paper adds further evidence to support the view that this vaccine offers a safe, effective and convenient method of treatment for grass pollen allergy.", "PMID": 576538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12152", "title": "Cellular immunity to penicillin in newborns.", "content": "A leukocyte migration micromethod has been used to study the cellular immunity to penicillin (CIP) in newborns. No detectable CIP has been found in newborns who had not been treated with penicillin. Fifteen per cent of the newborns treated with pencillin were found to have a CIP as early as the 12th day of life.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to penicillin in newborns. A leukocyte migration micromethod has been used to study the cellular immunity to penicillin (CIP) in newborns. No detectable CIP has been found in newborns who had not been treated with penicillin. Fifteen per cent of the newborns treated with pencillin were found to have a CIP as early as the 12th day of life.", "PMID": 576539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12153", "title": "Ocular function in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The ocular state of 28 ascertained non-alcoholic females with cirrhosis of the liver was assessed. Only twenty were able to go through the complete colour vision test, and among these, three patients (one without, and two with increased level of serum bilirubin) with acquired colour vision defects were observed. Visual acuity, visual field, intraocular pressure, binocular function, slit lamp microscopy, ophthalmoscopy and tear production were normal in all cases. It is concluded that the frequency of colour vision defects in the present sample is increased, and that alcohol abuse is not a prerequisite for colour vision defects in patients with cirrhosis.", "contents": "Ocular function in cirrhosis of the liver. The ocular state of 28 ascertained non-alcoholic females with cirrhosis of the liver was assessed. Only twenty were able to go through the complete colour vision test, and among these, three patients (one without, and two with increased level of serum bilirubin) with acquired colour vision defects were observed. Visual acuity, visual field, intraocular pressure, binocular function, slit lamp microscopy, ophthalmoscopy and tear production were normal in all cases. It is concluded that the frequency of colour vision defects in the present sample is increased, and that alcohol abuse is not a prerequisite for colour vision defects in patients with cirrhosis.", "PMID": 576540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12154", "title": "Vertical steps in isopters at hemiopic border - in normal and glaucomatous eyes.", "content": "Careful perimetry disclosed small steps in peripheral isopters corresponding to the vertical meridan in about 50% of normal eyes as well as eyes with glaucomatous field defects. Most steps were found inferiorly. The contraction of the isopter was always found on the nasal side of the field apart from a few of the glaucomatous eyes, all of which also showed central field defects. The findings suggest that no significance with regard to pathology can be attached to small peripheral steps at the vertical meridan provided that the temporal hemifield is the greater. Steps showing preponderance of the nasal half of the field, however, should arouse suspicion of an existing pathology. The reported observation as well as findings in the literature concerning function, anatomy and pathology suggest that the nasal hemiretina is dominant over the temporal one.", "contents": "Vertical steps in isopters at hemiopic border - in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Careful perimetry disclosed small steps in peripheral isopters corresponding to the vertical meridan in about 50% of normal eyes as well as eyes with glaucomatous field defects. Most steps were found inferiorly. The contraction of the isopter was always found on the nasal side of the field apart from a few of the glaucomatous eyes, all of which also showed central field defects. The findings suggest that no significance with regard to pathology can be attached to small peripheral steps at the vertical meridan provided that the temporal hemifield is the greater. Steps showing preponderance of the nasal half of the field, however, should arouse suspicion of an existing pathology. The reported observation as well as findings in the literature concerning function, anatomy and pathology suggest that the nasal hemiretina is dominant over the temporal one.", "PMID": 576541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12155", "title": "Some essential optical features of the Zeiss fundus camera.", "content": "The imaging system of the Zeiss fundus camera comprises a front lens and a mirror with a central opening in the anterior focus of a camera objective. Focusing is achieved by changing the distance between the film and the camera objective. The principal point of the examined eye is imaged in the central opening of the mirror when the camera is correctly positioned. By applying reasoning current in elementary geometrical optics it was found 1) that both the absolute and the relative magnification depend on the \"reduzierte Axenl\u00e4ngenkonvergenz\" only, 2) that it is possible to correct the influence of refraction on magnification and 3) that the relation between the camera extension needed to provide sharp pictures and the principal point refraction of the examined eye is linear. The validity and practical importance of those findings as well as transcleral illumination and theoretical resolving power are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Some essential optical features of the Zeiss fundus camera. The imaging system of the Zeiss fundus camera comprises a front lens and a mirror with a central opening in the anterior focus of a camera objective. Focusing is achieved by changing the distance between the film and the camera objective. The principal point of the examined eye is imaged in the central opening of the mirror when the camera is correctly positioned. By applying reasoning current in elementary geometrical optics it was found 1) that both the absolute and the relative magnification depend on the \"reduzierte Axenl\u00e4ngenkonvergenz\" only, 2) that it is possible to correct the influence of refraction on magnification and 3) that the relation between the camera extension needed to provide sharp pictures and the principal point refraction of the examined eye is linear. The validity and practical importance of those findings as well as transcleral illumination and theoretical resolving power are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 576542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12156", "title": "Microscopically and chemically detected haemolacria.", "content": "Two methods have been developed for the detection of occult haemolacria (occult blood in tears): 1) Microscopy of conjunctival fluid aspirated by means of the quantitative pipette method. 2) Chemical stix method employed on a sample of conjunctival fluid transferred to cotton-wool plug. Double samples from 306 eyes were subjected to microscopy, and chemical tests were performed on samples from303 other eyes. Microscopy has been found to disclose occult blood in 13 per cent of normals (greater than or equal to 100 erythrocytes/3.1 mm2 in 3 per cent of normals), while blood is detected chemically in 3 percent. Occult blood is most frequently found in cases of acute infectious conjunctivitis (65 per cent microscopically and 21 per cent chemically), less frequently in subacute and chronic infectious conjunctivitis (26 and 20 per cent respectively). Haemolacria is most feequently seen in relation to neutrophilia (45 per cent), less frequently with lymphocytosis (35 per cent), and even more rarely in the absence of both neutrophilia and lymphocytosis (11 per cent). Ciliary congestion is an unlikely cause of haemolacria. Postoperatively blood is present for two or three days, wheras blood instilled into the conjunctival sac of a normal eye disappears in less than one hour. The protein concentration in tears is raised in association with haemolacria.", "contents": "Microscopically and chemically detected haemolacria. Two methods have been developed for the detection of occult haemolacria (occult blood in tears): 1) Microscopy of conjunctival fluid aspirated by means of the quantitative pipette method. 2) Chemical stix method employed on a sample of conjunctival fluid transferred to cotton-wool plug. Double samples from 306 eyes were subjected to microscopy, and chemical tests were performed on samples from303 other eyes. Microscopy has been found to disclose occult blood in 13 per cent of normals (greater than or equal to 100 erythrocytes/3.1 mm2 in 3 per cent of normals), while blood is detected chemically in 3 percent. Occult blood is most frequently found in cases of acute infectious conjunctivitis (65 per cent microscopically and 21 per cent chemically), less frequently in subacute and chronic infectious conjunctivitis (26 and 20 per cent respectively). Haemolacria is most feequently seen in relation to neutrophilia (45 per cent), less frequently with lymphocytosis (35 per cent), and even more rarely in the absence of both neutrophilia and lymphocytosis (11 per cent). Ciliary congestion is an unlikely cause of haemolacria. Postoperatively blood is present for two or three days, wheras blood instilled into the conjunctival sac of a normal eye disappears in less than one hour. The protein concentration in tears is raised in association with haemolacria.", "PMID": 576543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12157", "title": "Lenticonus in Alport's syndrome. A family study.", "content": "A South Indian family with three well documented cases of Alport's syndrome with anterior lenticonus are reported. Clinical features of the syndrome including ocular and laboratory findings have been presented and discussed. Macular pigmentation, 5 cases, subcapsular opacity and nephrotic syndrome, one case each, observed in the present series are of great interest and are quite rare in patients with Alport's syndrome. Critical analysis of the family pedigree revealed autosomal dominance with incomplete penetrance as the possible mode of genetic transmission of the disease.", "contents": "Lenticonus in Alport's syndrome. A family study. A South Indian family with three well documented cases of Alport's syndrome with anterior lenticonus are reported. Clinical features of the syndrome including ocular and laboratory findings have been presented and discussed. Macular pigmentation, 5 cases, subcapsular opacity and nephrotic syndrome, one case each, observed in the present series are of great interest and are quite rare in patients with Alport's syndrome. Critical analysis of the family pedigree revealed autosomal dominance with incomplete penetrance as the possible mode of genetic transmission of the disease.", "PMID": 576544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12158", "title": "Cluster headache syndrome and migrain. Ophthalmological support for a two-entity theory.", "content": "Patients suffering from migraine, cluster headache and atypical cluster headache, including patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, were studied with respect to corneal temperature, intraocular pressure and corneal indentation pulse amplitude changes during pain attacks. Significant rises in these three parameters were deomonstrated during attacks of cluster headache and atypical cluster headache, indicating that intraocular vasodilation with increased ocular blood flow occurs during attacks. No definite changes were found in migraine. The results strongly suggest that significant pathophysiological differences exist between migraine and cluster headache. The point is stressed that these disorders probably represent separate pathogenetic entities and should be classified as such, and not be grouped together within an ill-defined group of \"vascular headache\".", "contents": "Cluster headache syndrome and migrain. Ophthalmological support for a two-entity theory. Patients suffering from migraine, cluster headache and atypical cluster headache, including patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, were studied with respect to corneal temperature, intraocular pressure and corneal indentation pulse amplitude changes during pain attacks. Significant rises in these three parameters were deomonstrated during attacks of cluster headache and atypical cluster headache, indicating that intraocular vasodilation with increased ocular blood flow occurs during attacks. No definite changes were found in migraine. The results strongly suggest that significant pathophysiological differences exist between migraine and cluster headache. The point is stressed that these disorders probably represent separate pathogenetic entities and should be classified as such, and not be grouped together within an ill-defined group of \"vascular headache\".", "PMID": 576545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12159", "title": "330 trabeculectomies--a follow-up study through 1/2-3 years.", "content": "In 1967 a new microsurgical procedure for glaucoma known as trabeculectomy was introduced. This method is reported to have few early complications and a good pressure-reducing effect. Our material presents the results of 330 consecutive trabeculectomies with a follow-up period of 1/2-3 years. The following items are discussed: IOP, visual acuity, visual fields, surgical complications, and need of re-operation and medical postoperative therapy. We conclude that trabeculectomy is a safe and efficient antiglaucoma operation, recommended as an attractive alternative to heavy medication.", "contents": "330 trabeculectomies--a follow-up study through 1/2-3 years. In 1967 a new microsurgical procedure for glaucoma known as trabeculectomy was introduced. This method is reported to have few early complications and a good pressure-reducing effect. Our material presents the results of 330 consecutive trabeculectomies with a follow-up period of 1/2-3 years. The following items are discussed: IOP, visual acuity, visual fields, surgical complications, and need of re-operation and medical postoperative therapy. We conclude that trabeculectomy is a safe and efficient antiglaucoma operation, recommended as an attractive alternative to heavy medication.", "PMID": 576546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12160", "title": "Relationship between perimetric eccentricity and retinal locus in a human eye. Comparison with theoretical calculations.", "content": "A blind but grossly normal eye was removed because of severe pain. With the patient's consent, photo-coagulation markers were placed along the horizontal meridian of the retina prior to surgery. The angular coordinates in visual space of the markers were determined by an ophthalmoscopic procedure. The loci of the markers were also determined in a flat preparation following enucleation. The relationship between retinal arc and perimetric eccentricity was found to be approximately linear up to at least 50 degrees. Our findings validate earlier theoretical calculations within this range.", "contents": "Relationship between perimetric eccentricity and retinal locus in a human eye. Comparison with theoretical calculations. A blind but grossly normal eye was removed because of severe pain. With the patient's consent, photo-coagulation markers were placed along the horizontal meridian of the retina prior to surgery. The angular coordinates in visual space of the markers were determined by an ophthalmoscopic procedure. The loci of the markers were also determined in a flat preparation following enucleation. The relationship between retinal arc and perimetric eccentricity was found to be approximately linear up to at least 50 degrees. Our findings validate earlier theoretical calculations within this range.", "PMID": 576547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12161", "title": "Photography of the nerve fiber layer in retinal disturbances.", "content": "The diagnostic value of nerve fiber layer photography is assessed. The series comprised 39 patients with various neuro-ophthalmological diseases. Photography of the nerve fibers in the retina is time consuming and requires skill on the part of the photographer. Differences in the papillomacular nerve fiber layer are difficult to distinguish using the present methods. The wasting of nerve fibers could be documented by photography in advanced cases with bitemporal hemianopia, but not in small relative scotomas. Cases with homonymous hemianopia are interesting because lesions in the optic tract can be differentiated from affections of the second neuron on the basis of retinal nerve fiber atrophy. In demyelinating diseases inspection of the retinal nerve fiber layer is of clinical importance and diagnostic changes appear,", "contents": "Photography of the nerve fiber layer in retinal disturbances. The diagnostic value of nerve fiber layer photography is assessed. The series comprised 39 patients with various neuro-ophthalmological diseases. Photography of the nerve fibers in the retina is time consuming and requires skill on the part of the photographer. Differences in the papillomacular nerve fiber layer are difficult to distinguish using the present methods. The wasting of nerve fibers could be documented by photography in advanced cases with bitemporal hemianopia, but not in small relative scotomas. Cases with homonymous hemianopia are interesting because lesions in the optic tract can be differentiated from affections of the second neuron on the basis of retinal nerve fiber atrophy. In demyelinating diseases inspection of the retinal nerve fiber layer is of clinical importance and diagnostic changes appear,", "PMID": 576548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12162", "title": "Aseptic thrombosis of orbital veins and cavernous sinus. Clinical symptomatology.", "content": "Occlusion or thrombosis of the superior ophthalmic vein or of the cavernous sinus is an unspecific finding that may be secondary to different disorders such as tumours of the skull base or nasopharynx. Sometimes, however, no underlying disorder is found in spite of an extensive clinical and radiological evaluation. Eight such cases are here presented. Similar cases have previously been described, both as examples of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and as aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis. The literature on these two disorders is reviewed and different diagnostic criteria discussed.", "contents": "Aseptic thrombosis of orbital veins and cavernous sinus. Clinical symptomatology. Occlusion or thrombosis of the superior ophthalmic vein or of the cavernous sinus is an unspecific finding that may be secondary to different disorders such as tumours of the skull base or nasopharynx. Sometimes, however, no underlying disorder is found in spite of an extensive clinical and radiological evaluation. Eight such cases are here presented. Similar cases have previously been described, both as examples of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and as aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis. The literature on these two disorders is reviewed and different diagnostic criteria discussed.", "PMID": 576549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12163", "title": "The metabolism of biphenyl. IV. Phenolic metabolites in the guinea pig and the rabbit.", "content": "The phenolic metabolites of biphenyl in guinea pigs and rabbits were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The parent compound was hydroxylated to monohydroxylated biphenyls and minor amounts of dihydroxylated derivatives, and the main route of body clearance appeared to be by the urine in both species. Thus, in the urine of guinea pigs 32.9% of the dose was detected 96 hrs after dosing, while the major part (29.5%) was eliminated during the first day as conjugates. The main metabolite was 4-hydroxybiphenyl (25.5%). During the first 24 hrs faecal recovery was 20.3% of the dose, and most of this (14.3%) consisted of biphenyl itself. Biliary excretion of the metabolites of biphenyl origin amounted to 3.3% of the dose during the first day, and 4-hydroxybiphenyl was the major metabolite. In the urine of rabbits 49.1% of the dose was recovered 96 hrs after dosing, and most of this (25.4 and 15.9%, respectively) was eliminated during the first two days as conjugates. The major metabolite was 4-hydroxybiphenyl (35.3%). On the first day faecal recovery was 1.6%, of which 1.4% was detected as biphenyl itself. Less than 1% of the dose was found in the 7 hrs rabbit bile, and exclusively as 4-hydroxybiphenyl. The experiments thus show that both qualitative and quantitative differences in the metabolism of biphenyl exist between the guinea pig and the rabbit even though 4-hydroxybiphenyl was the most prominent metabolite of biphenyl in both species.", "contents": "The metabolism of biphenyl. IV. Phenolic metabolites in the guinea pig and the rabbit. The phenolic metabolites of biphenyl in guinea pigs and rabbits were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The parent compound was hydroxylated to monohydroxylated biphenyls and minor amounts of dihydroxylated derivatives, and the main route of body clearance appeared to be by the urine in both species. Thus, in the urine of guinea pigs 32.9% of the dose was detected 96 hrs after dosing, while the major part (29.5%) was eliminated during the first day as conjugates. The main metabolite was 4-hydroxybiphenyl (25.5%). During the first 24 hrs faecal recovery was 20.3% of the dose, and most of this (14.3%) consisted of biphenyl itself. Biliary excretion of the metabolites of biphenyl origin amounted to 3.3% of the dose during the first day, and 4-hydroxybiphenyl was the major metabolite. In the urine of rabbits 49.1% of the dose was recovered 96 hrs after dosing, and most of this (25.4 and 15.9%, respectively) was eliminated during the first two days as conjugates. The major metabolite was 4-hydroxybiphenyl (35.3%). On the first day faecal recovery was 1.6%, of which 1.4% was detected as biphenyl itself. Less than 1% of the dose was found in the 7 hrs rabbit bile, and exclusively as 4-hydroxybiphenyl. The experiments thus show that both qualitative and quantitative differences in the metabolism of biphenyl exist between the guinea pig and the rabbit even though 4-hydroxybiphenyl was the most prominent metabolite of biphenyl in both species.", "PMID": 576550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12164", "title": "The metabolism of biphenyl. V. Phenolic metabolites in some marine organisms.", "content": "The phenolic metabolites of biphenyl in the crustacean Cirolana borealis LILJEBORG (ISOPODA), the gastropod Buccinum undatum L and the ophiuroid Ophiocomina nigra ABILDGAARD have been analysed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The findings demonstrate the in vivo metabolic capacity of these organisms to convert biphenyl into its hydroxylated derivatives. Thus, 2-hydroxybiphenyl is the most prominent metabolite detected in all these experiments, which also showed that minor amounts of the 4-hydroxy and 4,4'-dihydroxy metabolites are formed. Metabolites of biphenyl origin are found both in the sea water from the aquaria and in the tissue of the respective marine organisms. The experiments, moreover, indicate a slow metabolism of biphenyl in C. borealis, B. undatum and O. nigra, between which no qualitative metabolic differences are found.", "contents": "The metabolism of biphenyl. V. Phenolic metabolites in some marine organisms. The phenolic metabolites of biphenyl in the crustacean Cirolana borealis LILJEBORG (ISOPODA), the gastropod Buccinum undatum L and the ophiuroid Ophiocomina nigra ABILDGAARD have been analysed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The findings demonstrate the in vivo metabolic capacity of these organisms to convert biphenyl into its hydroxylated derivatives. Thus, 2-hydroxybiphenyl is the most prominent metabolite detected in all these experiments, which also showed that minor amounts of the 4-hydroxy and 4,4'-dihydroxy metabolites are formed. Metabolites of biphenyl origin are found both in the sea water from the aquaria and in the tissue of the respective marine organisms. The experiments, moreover, indicate a slow metabolism of biphenyl in C. borealis, B. undatum and O. nigra, between which no qualitative metabolic differences are found.", "PMID": 576551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12165", "title": "Effects of the hexahydroxyhexane myoinositol on bone uptake of radiocalcium in rats: Effect of inositol and vitamin D2 on bone uptake of 45Ca in rats.", "content": "The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inositol and vitamin D2 on bone uptake of 45Ca in rats. The radioactive calcium was administered to young rats by orogastric intubation (2 muci/100 g body weight (b. wt)) with inositol (20 mg/100 g b. wt.) and/or vitamin D2 (5OO IU/100 g b. wt.) to normal rats. Bone uptake of 45Ca was measured after 24 hours by standard technique. Inositol alone produced a 48% increase in calcium uptake. It is concluded that inositol significantly increases bone uptake of radioactive calcium (P greater than 0.005). Simultaneous administration of vitamin D2 decreases the effect of inositol considerably, while vitamin D2 has no significant effect.", "contents": "Effects of the hexahydroxyhexane myoinositol on bone uptake of radiocalcium in rats: Effect of inositol and vitamin D2 on bone uptake of 45Ca in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inositol and vitamin D2 on bone uptake of 45Ca in rats. The radioactive calcium was administered to young rats by orogastric intubation (2 muci/100 g body weight (b. wt)) with inositol (20 mg/100 g b. wt.) and/or vitamin D2 (5OO IU/100 g b. wt.) to normal rats. Bone uptake of 45Ca was measured after 24 hours by standard technique. Inositol alone produced a 48% increase in calcium uptake. It is concluded that inositol significantly increases bone uptake of radioactive calcium (P greater than 0.005). Simultaneous administration of vitamin D2 decreases the effect of inositol considerably, while vitamin D2 has no significant effect.", "PMID": 576552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12166", "title": "Effect of acetyl derivatives of some sympathomimetic amines on the blood pressure of the rat.", "content": "The effect of five sympathomimetic amines and some of their acetyl derivatives on the blood pressure of the rat was determined on the left carotid artery. After pretreatment with chlorisondamine (1 mg/kg subcutaneously) the blood pressure rise by sympathomimetic amines and their acetyl derivatives was compared with that of adrenaline. If the potency of adrenaline is specified as 100, the potencies of the other drugs are phenylephrine (metaoxedrinum, NFN) 37, tyramine 1.1, O-acetyltyramine 0.52, amphetamine 0.50, O-diacetylphenylephrine 0.25, ephedrine 0.23, O-acetylephedrine 0.02, N-acetylphenylephrine 0.01. The effects of N-acetyltyramine, N-acetylephedrine and N-acetylamphetamine are even weaker. Reserpine 5.0 or 0.05 mg/kg intraperitoneally 24 hours before the experiment increased the blood pressure rise by the directly acting sympathomimetic amines and their acetyl derivatives, but decreased the effects of the indirectly acting drugs. After treatment with phenoxybenzamine (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally), adrenaline exhibited the greatest blood pressure decrease and the effects of the other drugs in descending order: orciprenaline, O-acetyltyramine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, amphetamine, O-diacetylphenylephrine and O-acetylephedrine. Tyramine did not show any blood pressure decrease. The blood pressure decrease by sympathomimetic amines and by their acetyl derivatives was probably due to beta-receptor stimulation because it was prevented by propranolol. The N-acetyl derivatives recembled their parent drugs with regard to the immediate onset and short duration of their effects. The O-acetyl derivatives exhibited slower onset and longer duration of effect than their parent drugs. Physostigmine-pretreatment diminished the rise in blood pressure by O-acetyltyramine, but the effect of tyramine remained unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of acetyl derivatives of some sympathomimetic amines on the blood pressure of the rat. The effect of five sympathomimetic amines and some of their acetyl derivatives on the blood pressure of the rat was determined on the left carotid artery. After pretreatment with chlorisondamine (1 mg/kg subcutaneously) the blood pressure rise by sympathomimetic amines and their acetyl derivatives was compared with that of adrenaline. If the potency of adrenaline is specified as 100, the potencies of the other drugs are phenylephrine (metaoxedrinum, NFN) 37, tyramine 1.1, O-acetyltyramine 0.52, amphetamine 0.50, O-diacetylphenylephrine 0.25, ephedrine 0.23, O-acetylephedrine 0.02, N-acetylphenylephrine 0.01. The effects of N-acetyltyramine, N-acetylephedrine and N-acetylamphetamine are even weaker. Reserpine 5.0 or 0.05 mg/kg intraperitoneally 24 hours before the experiment increased the blood pressure rise by the directly acting sympathomimetic amines and their acetyl derivatives, but decreased the effects of the indirectly acting drugs. After treatment with phenoxybenzamine (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally), adrenaline exhibited the greatest blood pressure decrease and the effects of the other drugs in descending order: orciprenaline, O-acetyltyramine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, amphetamine, O-diacetylphenylephrine and O-acetylephedrine. Tyramine did not show any blood pressure decrease. The blood pressure decrease by sympathomimetic amines and by their acetyl derivatives was probably due to beta-receptor stimulation because it was prevented by propranolol. The N-acetyl derivatives recembled their parent drugs with regard to the immediate onset and short duration of their effects. The O-acetyl derivatives exhibited slower onset and longer duration of effect than their parent drugs. Physostigmine-pretreatment diminished the rise in blood pressure by O-acetyltyramine, but the effect of tyramine remained unchanged.", "PMID": 576553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12167", "title": "A comparison of the effects of ouabain, noradrenaline and nifedipine on the contractile force of the isolated rat atrium at different calcium levels.", "content": "The effects of ouabain 5 x 10-5 M, noradrenaline 10-7 M and nifedipine 100 mug/1 on the contractile force of the isolated rat left atrium were tested and compared at varying concentrations of calcium in the Ringer solution. The effect of ouabain was small, developed slowly and almost independently of the calcium concentration. Noradrenaline, which increases Ca++ influx during excitation, caused an increase in the contractile force which was complete within 2 min. The percentage as well as the absolute increase in contractile force was pronounced at lower, but small at higher calcium concentrations. Nifedipine, which reduces Ca++ influx during excitation, caused a decrease in contractile force which was complete within 2-4 min. The nifedipine-induced depression in contractile force decreased with a rise in the calcium concentration. It is assumed that the ouabain-induced increase in contractile force in the rat, is not mediated by an increase in the magnitude of the inward calcium current, and other modes of action for the inotropic effect of glycosides are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of ouabain, noradrenaline and nifedipine on the contractile force of the isolated rat atrium at different calcium levels. The effects of ouabain 5 x 10-5 M, noradrenaline 10-7 M and nifedipine 100 mug/1 on the contractile force of the isolated rat left atrium were tested and compared at varying concentrations of calcium in the Ringer solution. The effect of ouabain was small, developed slowly and almost independently of the calcium concentration. Noradrenaline, which increases Ca++ influx during excitation, caused an increase in the contractile force which was complete within 2 min. The percentage as well as the absolute increase in contractile force was pronounced at lower, but small at higher calcium concentrations. Nifedipine, which reduces Ca++ influx during excitation, caused a decrease in contractile force which was complete within 2-4 min. The nifedipine-induced depression in contractile force decreased with a rise in the calcium concentration. It is assumed that the ouabain-induced increase in contractile force in the rat, is not mediated by an increase in the magnitude of the inward calcium current, and other modes of action for the inotropic effect of glycosides are discussed.", "PMID": 576554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12168", "title": "Effects on rat urinary kallikrein excretion of bumetanide, bendroflumethiazide and hydralazine.", "content": "Single and/or repeated administrations of bumetanide, bendroflumethiazide and hydralazine to normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats resulted in an increase of urinary kallikrein excretion. No correlation was found with sodium output. The role of the increased plasma renin activity is discussed and it is suggested that the activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system is related to the increase in renal blood flow.", "contents": "Effects on rat urinary kallikrein excretion of bumetanide, bendroflumethiazide and hydralazine. Single and/or repeated administrations of bumetanide, bendroflumethiazide and hydralazine to normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats resulted in an increase of urinary kallikrein excretion. No correlation was found with sodium output. The role of the increased plasma renin activity is discussed and it is suggested that the activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system is related to the increase in renal blood flow.", "PMID": 576555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12169", "title": "Guanethidine-induced acute hypersensitivity to noradrenaline in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "The changes in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and the respective noradrenaline dose-response curves after guanethidine sulphate (0.25, 1.25, 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg given intravenously) were studied in chloralose-urethane anesthetized adult rats. After transient changes a dose-dependent maximum fall of the blood pressure was observed 15 minutes after the administration of guanethidine. A fall in heart rate was observed after guanethidine sulphate 0.25 mg/kg, whereas 1,25, 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg initially increased the heart rate followed by a decrease to subnormal levels with minimum values 6-24 hours after guanethidine. Normalization of blood pressure and heart rate occurred within 24 hours and 96 hours, respcetively. Maximum dose-dependent enhancement of changes in blood pressure by noradrenaline 0.5 mug/kg was obtained approximately 15 minutes after guanethidine. Following guanethidine 40 mg/kg the response was increased by a factor 2, and normalization occurred within 96 hours. Fifteen minutes after guanethidine, significant changes in the response of the heart rate to noradrenaline 0.5 mug/kg were obtained with guanethidine 1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg, whereas fully developed hypersensitivity after 20 and 40 mg/kg did not occur until 6-24 hours later. Following guanethidine 40 mg/kg the response was increased by a factor of 3, and normalization was observed after 96 hours. The present investigation has demonstrated different time-dependent patterns of the effect of guanethidine on blood pressure and heart rate responses to noradrenaline.", "contents": "Guanethidine-induced acute hypersensitivity to noradrenaline in anaesthetized rats. The changes in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and the respective noradrenaline dose-response curves after guanethidine sulphate (0.25, 1.25, 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg given intravenously) were studied in chloralose-urethane anesthetized adult rats. After transient changes a dose-dependent maximum fall of the blood pressure was observed 15 minutes after the administration of guanethidine. A fall in heart rate was observed after guanethidine sulphate 0.25 mg/kg, whereas 1,25, 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg initially increased the heart rate followed by a decrease to subnormal levels with minimum values 6-24 hours after guanethidine. Normalization of blood pressure and heart rate occurred within 24 hours and 96 hours, respcetively. Maximum dose-dependent enhancement of changes in blood pressure by noradrenaline 0.5 mug/kg was obtained approximately 15 minutes after guanethidine. Following guanethidine 40 mg/kg the response was increased by a factor 2, and normalization occurred within 96 hours. Fifteen minutes after guanethidine, significant changes in the response of the heart rate to noradrenaline 0.5 mug/kg were obtained with guanethidine 1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg, whereas fully developed hypersensitivity after 20 and 40 mg/kg did not occur until 6-24 hours later. Following guanethidine 40 mg/kg the response was increased by a factor of 3, and normalization was observed after 96 hours. The present investigation has demonstrated different time-dependent patterns of the effect of guanethidine on blood pressure and heart rate responses to noradrenaline.", "PMID": 576556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12170", "title": "Activities of proscillaridin A in thoracic duct lymph after single oral doses in man.", "content": "In order to study the possibility that orally administered proscillaridin after absorption is transported by the lymph to the systemic circulation, the concentrations of the glycoside in thoracic duct lymph were analyzed in two patients with thoracic duct drainage. They received the drug as a single oral dose; plasma and lymph concentrations were measured by 86Rb-technique. Lymph was collected at various intervals for 24 hrs. The proscillaridin activity in thoracic duct lymph was low and followed closely that the plasma. During the sampling period, a total of 300 ng and 240 ng, respectively, was recovered in the lymph, corresponding to less than 0.03% of the administered dose. The results indicate that proscillaridin is not transported by the thoracic duct lymph.", "contents": "Activities of proscillaridin A in thoracic duct lymph after single oral doses in man. In order to study the possibility that orally administered proscillaridin after absorption is transported by the lymph to the systemic circulation, the concentrations of the glycoside in thoracic duct lymph were analyzed in two patients with thoracic duct drainage. They received the drug as a single oral dose; plasma and lymph concentrations were measured by 86Rb-technique. Lymph was collected at various intervals for 24 hrs. The proscillaridin activity in thoracic duct lymph was low and followed closely that the plasma. During the sampling period, a total of 300 ng and 240 ng, respectively, was recovered in the lymph, corresponding to less than 0.03% of the administered dose. The results indicate that proscillaridin is not transported by the thoracic duct lymph.", "PMID": 576557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12171", "title": "Determination of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in autopsy material.", "content": "A method for the simultaneous determination of dextropropoxyphene (DP) and its major metabolite norpropoxyphene (NP) in autopsy material, has been developed. By the extraction procedure used, NP is completely converted to its more stable amide form, which like DP, produces well-defined peaks, in the subsequent gas-liquid chromatographic determination. Thin-layer chromatography is used for additional identification of the two compounds. In 20 g of autopsy material, the detection limit is 0.3 mug/g of tissue or body fluid. The recovery of standards added to control blood samples (1.25 mug/g) was 65 +/- 10% (S.D.) for DP and 59 +/- 9% (S.D.) for NP (n = 54). The method is routinely used for determinations in blood, muscle, liver and urine.", "contents": "Determination of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in autopsy material. A method for the simultaneous determination of dextropropoxyphene (DP) and its major metabolite norpropoxyphene (NP) in autopsy material, has been developed. By the extraction procedure used, NP is completely converted to its more stable amide form, which like DP, produces well-defined peaks, in the subsequent gas-liquid chromatographic determination. Thin-layer chromatography is used for additional identification of the two compounds. In 20 g of autopsy material, the detection limit is 0.3 mug/g of tissue or body fluid. The recovery of standards added to control blood samples (1.25 mug/g) was 65 +/- 10% (S.D.) for DP and 59 +/- 9% (S.D.) for NP (n = 54). The method is routinely used for determinations in blood, muscle, liver and urine.", "PMID": 576558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12172", "title": "Dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in blood, muscle, liver and urine in fatal poisoning.", "content": "Post-mortem concentrations of dextropropoxyphene (DP) and its major metabolite norpropoxyphene (NP) were determined by combined gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography in autopsy material from 53 cases of fatal DP poisoning collected over a 1-year period. Among 11 oral cases without simultaneous ethanol ingestion, the minimal lethal dose was less than 1.5 g DP chloride. The ranges of total drug concentrations (DP + NP) were 1.1-15 mug/g in blood, 1.3-23 mug/g in muscle, and 27-261 mug/g in liver. Among 21 oral cases were ethanol was detected in the blood, the minimal lethal dose was 0.7 g DP chloride (ethanol 2.41 mg/g) and the total drug concentrations was 0.7-12 mug/g in the blood, 1.3-8.4 mug/g in the muscle and 19-285 mug/g in the liver. The minimal lethal blood concentrations tended to decrease with increasing ethanol concentration. NP constituted roughly half of the total drug levels, somewhat less in muscle and more in the urine, and this pattern was not changed in connexion with ethanol ingestion. Other metabolites were not detected.", "contents": "Dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in blood, muscle, liver and urine in fatal poisoning. Post-mortem concentrations of dextropropoxyphene (DP) and its major metabolite norpropoxyphene (NP) were determined by combined gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography in autopsy material from 53 cases of fatal DP poisoning collected over a 1-year period. Among 11 oral cases without simultaneous ethanol ingestion, the minimal lethal dose was less than 1.5 g DP chloride. The ranges of total drug concentrations (DP + NP) were 1.1-15 mug/g in blood, 1.3-23 mug/g in muscle, and 27-261 mug/g in liver. Among 21 oral cases were ethanol was detected in the blood, the minimal lethal dose was 0.7 g DP chloride (ethanol 2.41 mg/g) and the total drug concentrations was 0.7-12 mug/g in the blood, 1.3-8.4 mug/g in the muscle and 19-285 mug/g in the liver. The minimal lethal blood concentrations tended to decrease with increasing ethanol concentration. NP constituted roughly half of the total drug levels, somewhat less in muscle and more in the urine, and this pattern was not changed in connexion with ethanol ingestion. Other metabolites were not detected.", "PMID": 576559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12173", "title": "Biochemical effects of baclofen (beta-parachlorophenyl-GABA) on the dopamine and the noradrenaline in the rat brain.", "content": "Baclofen (beta-parachlorophenyl-GABA) caused an increase in the concentration of dopamine in the rat brain with a maximum of about 170% of the control value after 1 hr and after doses of 50 mg/kg or more intraperitoneally. The alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disappearance of dopamine was inhibited to about the same extent in the corpus striatum and in the limbic system by baclofen. The accumulation of DOPA following decarboxylase inhibition was stimulated more in the corpus striatum than in the limbic system by baclofen, thus accounting for the fact that the concentration of dopamine was elevated about three times as much in the corpus striatum as in the limbic system. Amphetamine almost completely inhibited the rise in dopamine produced by baclofen. Baclofen did not cause any consistent changes in the concentration, the synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline. These effects of baclofen are similar to those described following gammahydroxybutyric acid or axotomy. Hence, baclofen might also interrupt the nerve impulse flow in central dopamine neurones, perhaps by stimulating a central GABA mechanism.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of baclofen (beta-parachlorophenyl-GABA) on the dopamine and the noradrenaline in the rat brain. Baclofen (beta-parachlorophenyl-GABA) caused an increase in the concentration of dopamine in the rat brain with a maximum of about 170% of the control value after 1 hr and after doses of 50 mg/kg or more intraperitoneally. The alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disappearance of dopamine was inhibited to about the same extent in the corpus striatum and in the limbic system by baclofen. The accumulation of DOPA following decarboxylase inhibition was stimulated more in the corpus striatum than in the limbic system by baclofen, thus accounting for the fact that the concentration of dopamine was elevated about three times as much in the corpus striatum as in the limbic system. Amphetamine almost completely inhibited the rise in dopamine produced by baclofen. Baclofen did not cause any consistent changes in the concentration, the synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline. These effects of baclofen are similar to those described following gammahydroxybutyric acid or axotomy. Hence, baclofen might also interrupt the nerve impulse flow in central dopamine neurones, perhaps by stimulating a central GABA mechanism.", "PMID": 576560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12174", "title": "Effect of methysergide and indomethacin on the anaphylactic contraction of the rat isolated uterus (Schultz-Dale response).", "content": "The anaphylactic contraction (Schultz-Dale response) of the isolated uterus from actively sensitized rats was partially suppressed by methysergide, 1.5 mug/ml. Although the inhibitory effect of indomethacin, 3.5 mug/ml, was only slight, the combination of indomethacin and methysergide abolished the response almost completely. These observations indicate that, although serotonin must be the primary mediator of tha anaphylactic uterine response, prostaglandin is also involved. Metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, 10 mug/ml, did not affect the anaphylactic response, suggesting that histamine was not released in amounts sufficient to counteract the uterine contracting mediators.", "contents": "Effect of methysergide and indomethacin on the anaphylactic contraction of the rat isolated uterus (Schultz-Dale response). The anaphylactic contraction (Schultz-Dale response) of the isolated uterus from actively sensitized rats was partially suppressed by methysergide, 1.5 mug/ml. Although the inhibitory effect of indomethacin, 3.5 mug/ml, was only slight, the combination of indomethacin and methysergide abolished the response almost completely. These observations indicate that, although serotonin must be the primary mediator of tha anaphylactic uterine response, prostaglandin is also involved. Metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, 10 mug/ml, did not affect the anaphylactic response, suggesting that histamine was not released in amounts sufficient to counteract the uterine contracting mediators.", "PMID": 576561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12175", "title": "Extraction and metabolism of lidocaine in rat liver.", "content": "The use of lidocaine as an oral antiarrhythmic drug is limited by its rapid disposition in the liver. In accordance with this we found that the drug was completely extracted during one passage through the perfused rat liver. The drug binds to rat liver microsomes with a type I spectral change of unusually high affinity. It is rapidly de-ethylated by the microsomes with an apparent Vmax of about 15 nmol per mg protein x min. The apparent Km for this reaction is about 250 muM. The reaction occures at about the same rate in isolated rat liver cells. We believe that the high affinity of lidocaine for the cytochrome P-450 system, as indicated by its type I spectral change, as well as the rapid oxidation of the drug are the two main determinants for the marked liver extraction and first pass effect of the drug.", "contents": "Extraction and metabolism of lidocaine in rat liver. The use of lidocaine as an oral antiarrhythmic drug is limited by its rapid disposition in the liver. In accordance with this we found that the drug was completely extracted during one passage through the perfused rat liver. The drug binds to rat liver microsomes with a type I spectral change of unusually high affinity. It is rapidly de-ethylated by the microsomes with an apparent Vmax of about 15 nmol per mg protein x min. The apparent Km for this reaction is about 250 muM. The reaction occures at about the same rate in isolated rat liver cells. We believe that the high affinity of lidocaine for the cytochrome P-450 system, as indicated by its type I spectral change, as well as the rapid oxidation of the drug are the two main determinants for the marked liver extraction and first pass effect of the drug.", "PMID": 576562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12176", "title": "Cyclophosphamide effect on collagen metabolism in granulation tissue, skin, and aorta of rats.", "content": "Granulation tissue was produced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. Cyclophosphamide 10 mg/kg was given daily intraperitoneally to 15 rats from the day of sponge implantation. Fifteen rats served as pair-fed controls, and 15 rats served as non-starved controls. After 14 days of treatment the animals were decapitated. Groups of 3 rats were given 50 muci 14C-proline intraperitoneally 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours before death. The aorta, skin, and granulation tissue were examined. Cyclophosphamide caused no effect on collagen of the aorta, while in skin, the only detectable effect was a decrease in 14C-OH-proline biosynthesis. In granulation tissue, cyclophosphamide caused a fall in the dry weight, a decrease in 14C-proline uptake and 14C-OH-proline synthesis, as well as an increase in the alpha-amino nitrogen to OH-proline ratio in purified collagen. These results indicate that cyclophosphamide inhibits the synthesis of proteins, including collagen, and inhibits the hydroxylation of proline in collagen. No effect of cyclophosphamide could be detected on the amount of salt soluble OH-proline or on collagen cross-linking. The registered effects of cyclophosphamide on granulation tissue is probably of importance with regard to the anti-inflammatory action of cyclophosphamide. This action as well as the tissue differences in the sensitivity of cyclophosphamide may be of relevance to the clinical application of cytostatics in rheumatological diseases.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide effect on collagen metabolism in granulation tissue, skin, and aorta of rats. Granulation tissue was produced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. Cyclophosphamide 10 mg/kg was given daily intraperitoneally to 15 rats from the day of sponge implantation. Fifteen rats served as pair-fed controls, and 15 rats served as non-starved controls. After 14 days of treatment the animals were decapitated. Groups of 3 rats were given 50 muci 14C-proline intraperitoneally 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours before death. The aorta, skin, and granulation tissue were examined. Cyclophosphamide caused no effect on collagen of the aorta, while in skin, the only detectable effect was a decrease in 14C-OH-proline biosynthesis. In granulation tissue, cyclophosphamide caused a fall in the dry weight, a decrease in 14C-proline uptake and 14C-OH-proline synthesis, as well as an increase in the alpha-amino nitrogen to OH-proline ratio in purified collagen. These results indicate that cyclophosphamide inhibits the synthesis of proteins, including collagen, and inhibits the hydroxylation of proline in collagen. No effect of cyclophosphamide could be detected on the amount of salt soluble OH-proline or on collagen cross-linking. The registered effects of cyclophosphamide on granulation tissue is probably of importance with regard to the anti-inflammatory action of cyclophosphamide. This action as well as the tissue differences in the sensitivity of cyclophosphamide may be of relevance to the clinical application of cytostatics in rheumatological diseases.", "PMID": 576563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12177", "title": "Effect of a vasopressin analogue (Nalpha-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]-vasopressin) on organ blood flow in the pregnant guinea pig.", "content": "Nalpha-triglycyl-(8-lysine)-vasopressin (TGLVP) was administered intravenously to pregnant guinea pigs and the effect on regional blood flow examined by the radioactive microsphere technique. A dose of 10 mug/kg TGLVP caused an elevation of the mean arterial blood pressure, from 6.4 to 11.1 kPa, a significant reduction in blood flow to the gut, skin and skeletal muscle and a significant increase in blood flow to the spleen. The number of 15 +/- 5 mum microspheres reaching the lungs diminished significantly after 10 mug/kg TGLVP, indicating that this dose constricted arterio-venous short circuits in the systemic circulation. There was also a decrease in blood flow to the urogenital tract, including the placentae. When 3 mug/kg TGLVP was injected, the mean arterial blood pressure rose from 6.5 to 8.7 kPa and there was no longer any consistent effect on maternal placental blood flow. It is suggested that pregnancy constitutes a contraindication for TGLVP, since a reduction in uterine and maternal placental blood flow might occur with clinically relevant doses.", "contents": "Effect of a vasopressin analogue (Nalpha-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]-vasopressin) on organ blood flow in the pregnant guinea pig. Nalpha-triglycyl-(8-lysine)-vasopressin (TGLVP) was administered intravenously to pregnant guinea pigs and the effect on regional blood flow examined by the radioactive microsphere technique. A dose of 10 mug/kg TGLVP caused an elevation of the mean arterial blood pressure, from 6.4 to 11.1 kPa, a significant reduction in blood flow to the gut, skin and skeletal muscle and a significant increase in blood flow to the spleen. The number of 15 +/- 5 mum microspheres reaching the lungs diminished significantly after 10 mug/kg TGLVP, indicating that this dose constricted arterio-venous short circuits in the systemic circulation. There was also a decrease in blood flow to the urogenital tract, including the placentae. When 3 mug/kg TGLVP was injected, the mean arterial blood pressure rose from 6.5 to 8.7 kPa and there was no longer any consistent effect on maternal placental blood flow. It is suggested that pregnancy constitutes a contraindication for TGLVP, since a reduction in uterine and maternal placental blood flow might occur with clinically relevant doses.", "PMID": 576564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12178", "title": "Inhibition of apomorphine-induced hypermotility in rats by chlorpromazine, perphenazine, thioridazine and melperone.", "content": "Hypermotility in rats produced by various subcutaneous doses of apomorphine (ap) was studied. The neuroleptics chlorpromazine, perphenazine, thioridazine and melperone were administered subcutaneously 30 minutes before ap. The four neuroleptics were found to inhibit ap-induced hypermotility. When the dose of ap was increased, higher doses of the neuroleptics were required to inhibit the hypermotility. By varying the dose of chlorpromazine, thioridazine and melperone partial ap-antagonism was found, but increase of the perphenazine-dose resulted in complete ap-inhibition. Hypermotility produced by ap is presumably dependent on direct stimulation of dopamine (DA)-receptors. Neuroleptics blocking some, but not all, DA-receptors may cause no, or weak parkinsonian side effects.", "contents": "Inhibition of apomorphine-induced hypermotility in rats by chlorpromazine, perphenazine, thioridazine and melperone. Hypermotility in rats produced by various subcutaneous doses of apomorphine (ap) was studied. The neuroleptics chlorpromazine, perphenazine, thioridazine and melperone were administered subcutaneously 30 minutes before ap. The four neuroleptics were found to inhibit ap-induced hypermotility. When the dose of ap was increased, higher doses of the neuroleptics were required to inhibit the hypermotility. By varying the dose of chlorpromazine, thioridazine and melperone partial ap-antagonism was found, but increase of the perphenazine-dose resulted in complete ap-inhibition. Hypermotility produced by ap is presumably dependent on direct stimulation of dopamine (DA)-receptors. Neuroleptics blocking some, but not all, DA-receptors may cause no, or weak parkinsonian side effects.", "PMID": 576565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12179", "title": "Prostaglandin/kinin activity related to changed renal compliance after bumetanide in dogs.", "content": "Bumetanide (0.25 mg/kg intravenously) increases kidney volume by 20% at maximal diuresis in anaesthetized dogs. The kidney expansion is initially accompanied by a 2-4 fold increase in the subcapsular pressure, which is normalized at a time when kidney volume is still considerably increased. Renal blood flow and urinary kinin excretion are enhanced parallel to kidney volume. Renal prostaglandin E activity decreases. The increase in renal blood flow and urinary kinin excretion are inhibited by indomethacin pretreatment. The results leads to the conclusion that the kinins mediate the vascular response of bumetanide. The results also suggest that the subcapsular/interstitial pressure might affect the prostaglandin level of activity after bumetanide while factors related to tubular volume activate the kallikrein-kinin system.", "contents": "Prostaglandin/kinin activity related to changed renal compliance after bumetanide in dogs. Bumetanide (0.25 mg/kg intravenously) increases kidney volume by 20% at maximal diuresis in anaesthetized dogs. The kidney expansion is initially accompanied by a 2-4 fold increase in the subcapsular pressure, which is normalized at a time when kidney volume is still considerably increased. Renal blood flow and urinary kinin excretion are enhanced parallel to kidney volume. Renal prostaglandin E activity decreases. The increase in renal blood flow and urinary kinin excretion are inhibited by indomethacin pretreatment. The results leads to the conclusion that the kinins mediate the vascular response of bumetanide. The results also suggest that the subcapsular/interstitial pressure might affect the prostaglandin level of activity after bumetanide while factors related to tubular volume activate the kallikrein-kinin system.", "PMID": 576566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12180", "title": "Hypercalcaemia in elderly hospital in-patients: value of discriminant analysis in differential diagnosis.", "content": "Plasma calcium was measured routinely as a part of profile screening of patients admitted to a geriatric department. Pathological hypercalcaemia was found in 1.33% of those screened, the cause being bone metastases (29%), hyperparathyroidism (21%), bronchial carcinoma without bone metastasis (18.5%), lymphosarcoma without bone metastasis (8%) and multiple myeloma (2.5%). There remained a further group of patients with hypercalcaemia and renal failure (21%) in whom diagnosis was often obscure. Where renal function was normal, discriminant analysis showed that the four main diagnostic groups were biochemically distinguishable. Discriminant analysis thus seems likely to be of practical value in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia in elderly patients with normal renal function, but requires prospective validation.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia in elderly hospital in-patients: value of discriminant analysis in differential diagnosis. Plasma calcium was measured routinely as a part of profile screening of patients admitted to a geriatric department. Pathological hypercalcaemia was found in 1.33% of those screened, the cause being bone metastases (29%), hyperparathyroidism (21%), bronchial carcinoma without bone metastasis (18.5%), lymphosarcoma without bone metastasis (8%) and multiple myeloma (2.5%). There remained a further group of patients with hypercalcaemia and renal failure (21%) in whom diagnosis was often obscure. Where renal function was normal, discriminant analysis showed that the four main diagnostic groups were biochemically distinguishable. Discriminant analysis thus seems likely to be of practical value in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia in elderly patients with normal renal function, but requires prospective validation.", "PMID": 576568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12181", "title": "Immunoblastic sarcoma.", "content": "A systemic, malignant disorder of immunoblasts has been reported to occur as a late transition phase of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy in an older population. With a background of polyclonal gammopathy, drug sensitivity, lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, there may develop a progressive \"cloning out\" of monomorphous immunoblasts to form immunoblastic sarcoma. Recently, a 17-year-old, postpartum girl without these bizarre hypersensitivity phenomena developed a rapidly fatal, systemically malignant process with severe clinical complications. No historical incitent was identified. The pregnancy had been uneventful and birth had produced a thriving, viable infant. This case may represent the youngest patient with primary, malignant immunoblastic disease occurring in the absence of a \"hypersensitivity\" state. A brief discussion of the clinical situation, management, and autopsy findings, is presented. Basic morphologic criteria for proper differentiation of malignant immunoblastic problems, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "contents": "Immunoblastic sarcoma. A systemic, malignant disorder of immunoblasts has been reported to occur as a late transition phase of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy in an older population. With a background of polyclonal gammopathy, drug sensitivity, lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, there may develop a progressive \"cloning out\" of monomorphous immunoblasts to form immunoblastic sarcoma. Recently, a 17-year-old, postpartum girl without these bizarre hypersensitivity phenomena developed a rapidly fatal, systemically malignant process with severe clinical complications. No historical incitent was identified. The pregnancy had been uneventful and birth had produced a thriving, viable infant. This case may represent the youngest patient with primary, malignant immunoblastic disease occurring in the absence of a \"hypersensitivity\" state. A brief discussion of the clinical situation, management, and autopsy findings, is presented. Basic morphologic criteria for proper differentiation of malignant immunoblastic problems, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "PMID": 576569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12182", "title": "Characteristics of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with trauma and shock.", "content": "Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was obtained from a 24-year-old man who developed the adult respiratory distress syndrome one day after massive trauma and hemorrhagic shock. The lungs were available 3 days later when organ transplantation was performed. When the various fractions of the lavage material obtained by centrifugation, including the purified surface-active lipid-protein aggregates, were examined on the film balance, they revealed the usual minimal surface tension of 16 to 18 dyne per cm at 37 degrees C, but the compressibility of the films from the lungs with adult respiratory distress syndrome was 5 to 10 times higher than the normal range. This suggests that surfactant films in the adult respiratory distress syndrome are less responsive to stress, and that as a result, a loss of film elasticity may contribute to the abnormal pressure-volume relationships observed with the intact lung. Changes in the lipid-to-protein ratios of the purified lipid-protein aggregates were also found, as indicated by the recovery of 3 lipid-protein aggregates with different isopycnic densities from the lung with adult respiratory distress syndrome; only one major aggregate could be recovered from the lavages of normal lungs.", "contents": "Characteristics of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with trauma and shock. Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was obtained from a 24-year-old man who developed the adult respiratory distress syndrome one day after massive trauma and hemorrhagic shock. The lungs were available 3 days later when organ transplantation was performed. When the various fractions of the lavage material obtained by centrifugation, including the purified surface-active lipid-protein aggregates, were examined on the film balance, they revealed the usual minimal surface tension of 16 to 18 dyne per cm at 37 degrees C, but the compressibility of the films from the lungs with adult respiratory distress syndrome was 5 to 10 times higher than the normal range. This suggests that surfactant films in the adult respiratory distress syndrome are less responsive to stress, and that as a result, a loss of film elasticity may contribute to the abnormal pressure-volume relationships observed with the intact lung. Changes in the lipid-to-protein ratios of the purified lipid-protein aggregates were also found, as indicated by the recovery of 3 lipid-protein aggregates with different isopycnic densities from the lung with adult respiratory distress syndrome; only one major aggregate could be recovered from the lavages of normal lungs.", "PMID": 576571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12183", "title": "[New antibiotic no. 792 formed by Actinomyces bottropensis].", "content": "An actinomycetes strain 792 producing a new antibiotic was isolated under the programme of antitumor antibiotic screening. By its morphological and cultural properties strain 792 was classified as belonging to species Actinomyces bottropensis. Antibiotic 792 was recovered from the culture fluid of the strain by the extraction method in the form of a crystalline orange substances. lambda max 235, 305, 410 nm (E 1% 1cm 705, 105, 168), m. p. 232-255 degrees (dec), molecular weight 340, C 67 per cent, H 4.8 per cent, no nitrogen, sulphur or halogens. The antibiotic was inactivated in alkaline solutions forming a hardly soluble compound crystallizing in the form of red needles, lambda max 256, 485 nm (E 1% 1ct 800, 195), m. p. 202-204 degrees (dec), molecular weight 320, C 69.5 per cent, H 4.7 per cent. Antibiotic 792 had antitumor and antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "[New antibiotic no. 792 formed by Actinomyces bottropensis]. An actinomycetes strain 792 producing a new antibiotic was isolated under the programme of antitumor antibiotic screening. By its morphological and cultural properties strain 792 was classified as belonging to species Actinomyces bottropensis. Antibiotic 792 was recovered from the culture fluid of the strain by the extraction method in the form of a crystalline orange substances. lambda max 235, 305, 410 nm (E 1% 1cm 705, 105, 168), m. p. 232-255 degrees (dec), molecular weight 340, C 67 per cent, H 4.8 per cent, no nitrogen, sulphur or halogens. The antibiotic was inactivated in alkaline solutions forming a hardly soluble compound crystallizing in the form of red needles, lambda max 256, 485 nm (E 1% 1ct 800, 195), m. p. 202-204 degrees (dec), molecular weight 320, C 69.5 per cent, H 4.7 per cent. Antibiotic 792 had antitumor and antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 576572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12184", "title": "[Antitumor activity of the components of a carminomycin complex].", "content": "The antiblastomic activity of the carminomycin complex components was studied with respect to 8 strains of transplantable tumors of mice: lymphosarcoma L10-1, prestomach cancer OZh-5, sarcoma 180, lymphoid leucosis L 1210, lung bronchogenic cancer RL, lymphodenosis NK/LI, Ehrlich carcinoma and Garding-Passy melanoma. It was shown that components I, II and III possessed almost the same high antiblastomic activity and the same optimal administration schemes should be used for them. The scheme consisted of two-fold administration of the drug at intervals of 96-120 hours. Component I had broader therapeutic ranges and was more active against the lung bronchogenic cancer as compared to component II. All 3 components had no selective antiblastomic effect on the ascitic form of Ehrlich carcinoma. A comparative study of the component toxicity and pharmacology is required for final conclusion as to the recommendation of one of the components for clinical trials.", "contents": "[Antitumor activity of the components of a carminomycin complex]. The antiblastomic activity of the carminomycin complex components was studied with respect to 8 strains of transplantable tumors of mice: lymphosarcoma L10-1, prestomach cancer OZh-5, sarcoma 180, lymphoid leucosis L 1210, lung bronchogenic cancer RL, lymphodenosis NK/LI, Ehrlich carcinoma and Garding-Passy melanoma. It was shown that components I, II and III possessed almost the same high antiblastomic activity and the same optimal administration schemes should be used for them. The scheme consisted of two-fold administration of the drug at intervals of 96-120 hours. Component I had broader therapeutic ranges and was more active against the lung bronchogenic cancer as compared to component II. All 3 components had no selective antiblastomic effect on the ascitic form of Ehrlich carcinoma. A comparative study of the component toxicity and pharmacology is required for final conclusion as to the recommendation of one of the components for clinical trials.", "PMID": 576573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12185", "title": "Mesangiolytic glomerulonephritis in an infant with immune deficiency and echovirus infection.", "content": "An unusual glomerulonephritis characterized by diffuse mesangial cell necrosis and lysis of mesangial areas was observed in a male infant who had a combined immune deficiency and systemic echovirus type 6 infection. The occurrence of glomerular disease in a patient with combined immune deficiency indicates that the glomerular injury can be inflicted without mediation of immune mechanisms, presumably by direct cytopathic effect of echovirus 6.", "contents": "Mesangiolytic glomerulonephritis in an infant with immune deficiency and echovirus infection. An unusual glomerulonephritis characterized by diffuse mesangial cell necrosis and lysis of mesangial areas was observed in a male infant who had a combined immune deficiency and systemic echovirus type 6 infection. The occurrence of glomerular disease in a patient with combined immune deficiency indicates that the glomerular injury can be inflicted without mediation of immune mechanisms, presumably by direct cytopathic effect of echovirus 6.", "PMID": 576574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12186", "title": "Fatal desquamative interstitial pneumonia in an infant: case report with transmission and scanning electron microscopical studies.", "content": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia in a young infant followed a rapidly fatal course and developed morphologic features of honey-combing, giant cell pneumonia, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The rapid and fatal progression of the disease in spite of steroid therapy and the polymorphous histologic appearance of the lungs at autopsy raise doubt that the disease is a relatively benign and uniform entity and invalidate the classical initial histologic features as prognostic indicators.", "contents": "Fatal desquamative interstitial pneumonia in an infant: case report with transmission and scanning electron microscopical studies. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia in a young infant followed a rapidly fatal course and developed morphologic features of honey-combing, giant cell pneumonia, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The rapid and fatal progression of the disease in spite of steroid therapy and the polymorphous histologic appearance of the lungs at autopsy raise doubt that the disease is a relatively benign and uniform entity and invalidate the classical initial histologic features as prognostic indicators.", "PMID": 576575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12187", "title": "Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of giardiasis.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of intestinal mucosa from two patients with malabsorption syndrome were examined with routine light and electron microscopy. Both showed intact intestinal mucosa, but by electron microscopy, the presence of Giardia lamblia in the intervillar spaces was identified. Electron microscopy is useful for the identification of this parasite, since the stool examinations in up to 50% may be negative. The parasites appear in light microscopy as cellular debris and can be easily overlooked, while by electron microscopy the typical morphologic features of the parasite are diagnostic.", "contents": "Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of giardiasis. Biopsy specimens of intestinal mucosa from two patients with malabsorption syndrome were examined with routine light and electron microscopy. Both showed intact intestinal mucosa, but by electron microscopy, the presence of Giardia lamblia in the intervillar spaces was identified. Electron microscopy is useful for the identification of this parasite, since the stool examinations in up to 50% may be negative. The parasites appear in light microscopy as cellular debris and can be easily overlooked, while by electron microscopy the typical morphologic features of the parasite are diagnostic.", "PMID": 576576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12188", "title": "Benign developmental cysts of the mediastinum.", "content": "The examination of 40 benign developmental cysts of the mediastinum from the surgical pathology files supports the previous conclusions in the literature about these lesions. In distinguishing bronchogenic from esophageal cysts, the lining epithelium is not helpful, but the presence of two muscle layers in esophageal cysts and bronchial glands or bronchial cartilage in bronchogenic cysts enables categorization in the majority of cases. Gastroenteric cysts are lined by intestinal epithelium and are further distinguished by their location in the posterior mediastinum and association with other developmental anomalies. Pericardial cysts are histologically characterized by their simple, thin-walled structure, and they are usually closely associated with the pericardium and the diaphragm. A small group of cysts, usually bronchogenic or esophageal in type, cannot be readily classified because they are detached and do not contain helpful identifiable structures. An awareness of the developmental anatomy of the tracheo-bronchial tree and esophagus clarifies the relationships in location and structure that are seen in cysts of this region. All the benign developmental cysts in this series were easily removed at surgery, and there were no known postoperative complications.", "contents": "Benign developmental cysts of the mediastinum. The examination of 40 benign developmental cysts of the mediastinum from the surgical pathology files supports the previous conclusions in the literature about these lesions. In distinguishing bronchogenic from esophageal cysts, the lining epithelium is not helpful, but the presence of two muscle layers in esophageal cysts and bronchial glands or bronchial cartilage in bronchogenic cysts enables categorization in the majority of cases. Gastroenteric cysts are lined by intestinal epithelium and are further distinguished by their location in the posterior mediastinum and association with other developmental anomalies. Pericardial cysts are histologically characterized by their simple, thin-walled structure, and they are usually closely associated with the pericardium and the diaphragm. A small group of cysts, usually bronchogenic or esophageal in type, cannot be readily classified because they are detached and do not contain helpful identifiable structures. An awareness of the developmental anatomy of the tracheo-bronchial tree and esophagus clarifies the relationships in location and structure that are seen in cysts of this region. All the benign developmental cysts in this series were easily removed at surgery, and there were no known postoperative complications.", "PMID": 576577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12189", "title": "Electron microscopy of clear cell thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Three thyroid carcinomas composed in part or entirely of clear cells were studied by light and electron microscopy, and thyroglobulin content was determined by biochemical methods. Clear cells have been found in follicular and papillary thyroid carcinomas and in undifferentiated carcinomas. The clear (wasserhelle) appearance of the cytoplasm was due to the accumulation of glycogen. The major ultramicroscopic features of the clear cells were the presence of glycogen granules, the decreased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the increased amounts of free ribosomes arranged in polysomes, a hypertrophic Golgi apparatus, and a sparsity of dense bodies of lysosomal character. It is hypothesized that the intracellular accumulation of glycogen may be a result of a selective loss of the peptide portion of thyroglobulin, and may influence the degree of biochemical differentiation and the natural course of the tumors.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of clear cell thyroid carcinoma. Three thyroid carcinomas composed in part or entirely of clear cells were studied by light and electron microscopy, and thyroglobulin content was determined by biochemical methods. Clear cells have been found in follicular and papillary thyroid carcinomas and in undifferentiated carcinomas. The clear (wasserhelle) appearance of the cytoplasm was due to the accumulation of glycogen. The major ultramicroscopic features of the clear cells were the presence of glycogen granules, the decreased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the increased amounts of free ribosomes arranged in polysomes, a hypertrophic Golgi apparatus, and a sparsity of dense bodies of lysosomal character. It is hypothesized that the intracellular accumulation of glycogen may be a result of a selective loss of the peptide portion of thyroglobulin, and may influence the degree of biochemical differentiation and the natural course of the tumors.", "PMID": 576578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12190", "title": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the subglottis. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "A well-differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the subglottis of a 77-year-old man was studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumor consisted of mucous cells, epidermoid cells, and intermediate cells of both differentiation. Mucous cells formed glands and cystic spaces filled with mucin. Abundant tonofibrils in aggregates were observed in tumor cell cytoplasms when they were differentiated into epidermoid cells. Epidermoid cells varied in differentiation.", "contents": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the subglottis. An ultrastructural study. A well-differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the subglottis of a 77-year-old man was studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumor consisted of mucous cells, epidermoid cells, and intermediate cells of both differentiation. Mucous cells formed glands and cystic spaces filled with mucin. Abundant tonofibrils in aggregates were observed in tumor cell cytoplasms when they were differentiated into epidermoid cells. Epidermoid cells varied in differentiation.", "PMID": 576579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12191", "title": "Benign chondrolipomatous tumor of the human female breast.", "content": "A benign chondrolipomatous breast tumor occurred in a 66-year-old woman. The preoperative diagnosis, based on mammography and xeroradiography, was fibroadenoma. Grossly, the demarcated lesion resembled a fibroadenoma with islands of cartilage projecting from its cut surface. Histologically, it was composed of benign mature fibrous stroma, fat, breast ducts, and islands of mature cartilage. Most cartilage-containing tumors of the human breast are associated with primary mammary malignant neoplasms. A few of the benign cartilage-containing tumors reported in the literature are discussed. The last case was published in 1909.", "contents": "Benign chondrolipomatous tumor of the human female breast. A benign chondrolipomatous breast tumor occurred in a 66-year-old woman. The preoperative diagnosis, based on mammography and xeroradiography, was fibroadenoma. Grossly, the demarcated lesion resembled a fibroadenoma with islands of cartilage projecting from its cut surface. Histologically, it was composed of benign mature fibrous stroma, fat, breast ducts, and islands of mature cartilage. Most cartilage-containing tumors of the human breast are associated with primary mammary malignant neoplasms. A few of the benign cartilage-containing tumors reported in the literature are discussed. The last case was published in 1909.", "PMID": 576580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12192", "title": "The regional lymph node in cancer. Relationship of nodal histologic findings to cytotoxicity and immunity.", "content": "Although regional lymph nodes showed increased numbers of pyroninophilic cells for at least six weeks after the implantation of a C3H mammary tumor, a decrease in the number of these cells was noted four weeks after amputation of a tumor-bearing limb. These observations appear paradoxical, since such animals have repeatedly demonstrated so-called sinecomitant tumor immunity. However, the lack of pyroninophilia coincided with prior observations that cells obtained from the regional nodes after amputation of a tumor-bearing limb-showed decreased in vitro cytotoxicity. This suggested that the pyroninophilic elements, vis a vis immunoblasts, may have been more closely related to cytotoxicity rather than to tumor immunity per se. The possible importance of nodal lymph follicle formation in the latter was suggested by their increased presence in such regional nodes.", "contents": "The regional lymph node in cancer. Relationship of nodal histologic findings to cytotoxicity and immunity. Although regional lymph nodes showed increased numbers of pyroninophilic cells for at least six weeks after the implantation of a C3H mammary tumor, a decrease in the number of these cells was noted four weeks after amputation of a tumor-bearing limb. These observations appear paradoxical, since such animals have repeatedly demonstrated so-called sinecomitant tumor immunity. However, the lack of pyroninophilia coincided with prior observations that cells obtained from the regional nodes after amputation of a tumor-bearing limb-showed decreased in vitro cytotoxicity. This suggested that the pyroninophilic elements, vis a vis immunoblasts, may have been more closely related to cytotoxicity rather than to tumor immunity per se. The possible importance of nodal lymph follicle formation in the latter was suggested by their increased presence in such regional nodes.", "PMID": 576581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12193", "title": "Serum prolactin levels and the value of bromocriptine in the treatment of anovulatory infertility.", "content": "Basal serum levels of prolactin were measured in 37 infertile anovulatory patients who had failed to conceive on therapy with clomiphene citrate. Twenty of these patients, 16 of whom had galactorrhoea, had elevated basal serum prolactin values which were suppressed to normal or subnormal values during therapy with bromocriptine, the most commonly effective dose being 2.5 mg twice daily. Ovulation, as assessed by urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol measurements, was induced in 17 of these patients with pregnancy in 14. Ovarian responses short of defined criteria for ovulation were induced initially in eight patients, but these progressed to full ovulatory responses in five patients, either on the same or increased doses of bromocriptine. In all the patients who ovaulated, the prolactin levels had been reduced below the mean value for normal women (10.6 ng-ml). The three patients who failed to ovulate all had values higher than this at a dose of bromocriptine reaching 5.0 mg thrice daily. There seemed to be no value in increasing the dose of bromocriptine once ovulation had been achieved. Of the 17 patients with normal basal prolactin values, only one had an unequivocal response to bromocriptine with ovulation and conception, even though the prolactin values in the majority were suppressed to below normal.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels and the value of bromocriptine in the treatment of anovulatory infertility. Basal serum levels of prolactin were measured in 37 infertile anovulatory patients who had failed to conceive on therapy with clomiphene citrate. Twenty of these patients, 16 of whom had galactorrhoea, had elevated basal serum prolactin values which were suppressed to normal or subnormal values during therapy with bromocriptine, the most commonly effective dose being 2.5 mg twice daily. Ovulation, as assessed by urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol measurements, was induced in 17 of these patients with pregnancy in 14. Ovarian responses short of defined criteria for ovulation were induced initially in eight patients, but these progressed to full ovulatory responses in five patients, either on the same or increased doses of bromocriptine. In all the patients who ovaulated, the prolactin levels had been reduced below the mean value for normal women (10.6 ng-ml). The three patients who failed to ovulate all had values higher than this at a dose of bromocriptine reaching 5.0 mg thrice daily. There seemed to be no value in increasing the dose of bromocriptine once ovulation had been achieved. Of the 17 patients with normal basal prolactin values, only one had an unequivocal response to bromocriptine with ovulation and conception, even though the prolactin values in the majority were suppressed to below normal.", "PMID": 576585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12194", "title": "[Mycotic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery after an orbital cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Report of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases are reported of severe type of S. aureus cellulitis which led to the production of mycotic aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. This situation has not been previously described in the literature. Analysis is made of the infectious pathogenesis of mycotic aneurysms.", "contents": "[Mycotic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery after an orbital cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Report of 2 cases]. Two cases are reported of severe type of S. aureus cellulitis which led to the production of mycotic aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. This situation has not been previously described in the literature. Analysis is made of the infectious pathogenesis of mycotic aneurysms.", "PMID": 576583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12195", "title": "Venereal disease education and a selected group of American college students.", "content": "Education is considered to be an important factor in the control and possible eradication of venereal diseases. A study was undertaken to discover what effect education had had on a selected group of university students so as to determine suitable avenues for future educational programmes. Many of the schools attended by the students had issued information on venereal diseases; most students considered that this information was useful. The study did not generally show a significant relationship between previous health education, current attitude and behaviour, and the contraction of venereal disease. However, the data did appear to reveal a correlation between the lack of education at junior high school and the acquisition of venereal disease. The university student health service, together with books and pamphlets made available outside the school of classroom, were regarded as being important in venereal disease education. These findings can help those planning venereal disease education for young adults.", "contents": "Venereal disease education and a selected group of American college students. Education is considered to be an important factor in the control and possible eradication of venereal diseases. A study was undertaken to discover what effect education had had on a selected group of university students so as to determine suitable avenues for future educational programmes. Many of the schools attended by the students had issued information on venereal diseases; most students considered that this information was useful. The study did not generally show a significant relationship between previous health education, current attitude and behaviour, and the contraction of venereal disease. However, the data did appear to reveal a correlation between the lack of education at junior high school and the acquisition of venereal disease. The university student health service, together with books and pamphlets made available outside the school of classroom, were regarded as being important in venereal disease education. These findings can help those planning venereal disease education for young adults.", "PMID": 576588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12196", "title": "[Normal nutrition--malnutrition during malassimilation?].", "content": "Intestinal resorption can be disturbed in its intraluminal, intracellular or postcellular phase. Any such dysfunction may lead to an isolated or global malabsorption syndrome. An exact elucidation of the underlying pathophysiology is a prerequisite for a rational diet prescription. Only when this is completed, the diet can be adapted in a quantitative and qualitative sense to the residual intact function of the diseased digestion or absorption organ. The dietetic measures in an isolated or global malabsorption syndrome have been discussed.", "contents": "[Normal nutrition--malnutrition during malassimilation?]. Intestinal resorption can be disturbed in its intraluminal, intracellular or postcellular phase. Any such dysfunction may lead to an isolated or global malabsorption syndrome. An exact elucidation of the underlying pathophysiology is a prerequisite for a rational diet prescription. Only when this is completed, the diet can be adapted in a quantitative and qualitative sense to the residual intact function of the diseased digestion or absorption organ. The dietetic measures in an isolated or global malabsorption syndrome have been discussed.", "PMID": 576591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12197", "title": "[Comparative bioavailability of three pharmaceutical forms of digoxin].", "content": "The bioavailability single doses (0.5 mg) from three preparations of digoxin is compared in a crossover study in nine normal volunteers. Plasma digoxin concentrations from 0 to 72 hr and urinary glycoside excretion for 96 hr are measured by radioimmunoassay. Areas under the plasma concentration-time curves are assessed according to two different statistical methods, one comparing preparations, the other comparing subjects. With the first, bioavailabilities are similar; with the second, they significantly differ. On the other hand, urinary excretions do not differ. This discrepancy is probably related to different kinetics of digoxin release from the pharmaceutical preparations, the total amount absorbed being equivalent.", "contents": "[Comparative bioavailability of three pharmaceutical forms of digoxin]. The bioavailability single doses (0.5 mg) from three preparations of digoxin is compared in a crossover study in nine normal volunteers. Plasma digoxin concentrations from 0 to 72 hr and urinary glycoside excretion for 96 hr are measured by radioimmunoassay. Areas under the plasma concentration-time curves are assessed according to two different statistical methods, one comparing preparations, the other comparing subjects. With the first, bioavailabilities are similar; with the second, they significantly differ. On the other hand, urinary excretions do not differ. This discrepancy is probably related to different kinetics of digoxin release from the pharmaceutical preparations, the total amount absorbed being equivalent.", "PMID": 576592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12198", "title": "A second conponent of atropine mydriasis.", "content": "A patient with Waardenburg syndrome had, in addition to the classical findings, a semidilated fixed pupil which did not react to changes of illumination, to convergence, or to pilocarpine of phospholine iodide. However, it responded normally to locally applied drugs acting on the sympathetic system. The pupil dilated after application of atropine, homatropine, or cocaine. The effect of cocaine, but not of atropine and homatropine, was prevented by pretreatment with guanethidine. It is concluded that the mydriasis caused by atropine and homatropine is partly dependent upon a direct action on the radial smooth muscle.", "contents": "A second conponent of atropine mydriasis. A patient with Waardenburg syndrome had, in addition to the classical findings, a semidilated fixed pupil which did not react to changes of illumination, to convergence, or to pilocarpine of phospholine iodide. However, it responded normally to locally applied drugs acting on the sympathetic system. The pupil dilated after application of atropine, homatropine, or cocaine. The effect of cocaine, but not of atropine and homatropine, was prevented by pretreatment with guanethidine. It is concluded that the mydriasis caused by atropine and homatropine is partly dependent upon a direct action on the radial smooth muscle.", "PMID": 576593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12199", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy for canine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A total of 157 dogs with lymphosarcoma were available for study; 67 were treated. All of the treated dogs were given 4 drug combinations and 20 of them also were given autogenous vaccine. Sixty (90%) of the dogs treated with multiple drugs improved clinically. Of the dogs with clinical improvement, 48 (80%) had either complete or partial remission; of these, 32 (67%) had complete remission. Clinical staging proved useful in increasing the accuracy of prognosis, whereby dogs in less advanced stages of disease responded better to therapy, with a higher percentage of complete clinical remissions and longer survival. The mean survival time of the 47 dogs treated with drugs alone was 138 days, which compared with a mean survival time of 30 days for 34 nontreated dogs. Dogs subjected to chemotherapy and immunotherapy had a mean survival time of 341 days. Dogs in complete remission at time of vaccination survived significantly (P less than 0.01) longer than did dogs treated with drugs and vaccinated while not incomplete remission.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy for canine lymphosarcoma. A total of 157 dogs with lymphosarcoma were available for study; 67 were treated. All of the treated dogs were given 4 drug combinations and 20 of them also were given autogenous vaccine. Sixty (90%) of the dogs treated with multiple drugs improved clinically. Of the dogs with clinical improvement, 48 (80%) had either complete or partial remission; of these, 32 (67%) had complete remission. Clinical staging proved useful in increasing the accuracy of prognosis, whereby dogs in less advanced stages of disease responded better to therapy, with a higher percentage of complete clinical remissions and longer survival. The mean survival time of the 47 dogs treated with drugs alone was 138 days, which compared with a mean survival time of 30 days for 34 nontreated dogs. Dogs subjected to chemotherapy and immunotherapy had a mean survival time of 341 days. Dogs in complete remission at time of vaccination survived significantly (P less than 0.01) longer than did dogs treated with drugs and vaccinated while not incomplete remission.", "PMID": 576595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12200", "title": "A dermatoglyphic study of autistic patients.", "content": "Dermatolglyphic patterns of autistic children were compared to those of control subjects matched socioeconomically and by age and sex. Analysis of dermal ridge patterns and ridge counts resulted in significant differences between the 78 autistic and 78 normal children. Differences from normal expectation in the autistic children were most apparent in the reduced number of whorls and increased number of arches, in lowered ridge counts, and in less distinctness in formation of ridge line. The number of dermal ridges on autistic hands was much lower for each finger as well as for the total hand. Moreover, covariance of the contribution of increased numbers of arches failed to alter the significance of findings of general reduction of ridge count in the autistic sample. Other abnormalities of ridge structure among the autistics were noted and described. Complete absence of transverse crease in this sample was combined with other dermatoglyphic evidence to argue for the separateness of autism from other pathological syndromes. It was concluded that evidence was sufficient to indicate the existence of congenital factors in the etiology of autism.", "contents": "A dermatoglyphic study of autistic patients. Dermatolglyphic patterns of autistic children were compared to those of control subjects matched socioeconomically and by age and sex. Analysis of dermal ridge patterns and ridge counts resulted in significant differences between the 78 autistic and 78 normal children. Differences from normal expectation in the autistic children were most apparent in the reduced number of whorls and increased number of arches, in lowered ridge counts, and in less distinctness in formation of ridge line. The number of dermal ridges on autistic hands was much lower for each finger as well as for the total hand. Moreover, covariance of the contribution of increased numbers of arches failed to alter the significance of findings of general reduction of ridge count in the autistic sample. Other abnormalities of ridge structure among the autistics were noted and described. Complete absence of transverse crease in this sample was combined with other dermatoglyphic evidence to argue for the separateness of autism from other pathological syndromes. It was concluded that evidence was sufficient to indicate the existence of congenital factors in the etiology of autism.", "PMID": 576600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12201", "title": "Sign language and multisensory input training of children with communication and related developmental disorders.", "content": "This report deals with the preliminary findings of a research project on simultaneous communication and multisensory input in the treatment of six autistic and communication disordered children. The children, aged 5 to 12, were taught manually signed English and speech using a multisensory-intrusion approach. The hypothesis was that such a technique would serve to alleviate the children's difficulties in information processing, organization of experience, and affect. The dependent measures were behavioral ratings derived from both structured (teaching) and unstructured (free play) sessions. The results indicate that the children manifested a consistent acquisition of sign lanuage, which in some cases transferred into verbal communication skills. Moreover, statistical analyses of some of the observed socioaffective behaviors (i.e., nonsolitary play, interaction with peers and adults, exploration, and detachment) revealed tendencies supportive of the hypothesis. The variability of the data preclude any categorical statement in relation to the hypothesis. However, the preliminary results strongly support the continuation of the study.", "contents": "Sign language and multisensory input training of children with communication and related developmental disorders. This report deals with the preliminary findings of a research project on simultaneous communication and multisensory input in the treatment of six autistic and communication disordered children. The children, aged 5 to 12, were taught manually signed English and speech using a multisensory-intrusion approach. The hypothesis was that such a technique would serve to alleviate the children's difficulties in information processing, organization of experience, and affect. The dependent measures were behavioral ratings derived from both structured (teaching) and unstructured (free play) sessions. The results indicate that the children manifested a consistent acquisition of sign lanuage, which in some cases transferred into verbal communication skills. Moreover, statistical analyses of some of the observed socioaffective behaviors (i.e., nonsolitary play, interaction with peers and adults, exploration, and detachment) revealed tendencies supportive of the hypothesis. The variability of the data preclude any categorical statement in relation to the hypothesis. However, the preliminary results strongly support the continuation of the study.", "PMID": 576602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12202", "title": "Handedness in autistic children.", "content": "A test of handedness in a sample of 20 autistic children and 25 normal children revealed marked differences. The frequency of non-right-handedness in normal children was 12%, whereas it was 65% in autistic children. The significance of this difference for the etiology of autism is discussed.", "contents": "Handedness in autistic children. A test of handedness in a sample of 20 autistic children and 25 normal children revealed marked differences. The frequency of non-right-handedness in normal children was 12%, whereas it was 65% in autistic children. The significance of this difference for the etiology of autism is discussed.", "PMID": 576603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12203", "title": "Compliance and resistance in autistic children.", "content": "The study was designed to explore factors related to negativism in autistic children, where negativism was defined as the consistent avoidance of a correct response in a multiple choice discrimination task. A design employed in an earlier study of autistic children (Cowan, Hodinott, & Wright, 1965) was modified to allow a more detailed examination of patterning of the child's responses. A positive relationship was found between use of spoken language and successful performance of the task. However, no child was negativistic. Of the 27 children tested, 18 had a near perfect performance and 9 scored at chance level. A subsequent exact replication of the Cowan et al. method still failed to produce any negativism. A further study using a more difficult discrimination task produced a higher rate of errors but still no negativism. Possible reasons for the failure to replicate are discussed.", "contents": "Compliance and resistance in autistic children. The study was designed to explore factors related to negativism in autistic children, where negativism was defined as the consistent avoidance of a correct response in a multiple choice discrimination task. A design employed in an earlier study of autistic children (Cowan, Hodinott, & Wright, 1965) was modified to allow a more detailed examination of patterning of the child's responses. A positive relationship was found between use of spoken language and successful performance of the task. However, no child was negativistic. Of the 27 children tested, 18 had a near perfect performance and 9 scored at chance level. A subsequent exact replication of the Cowan et al. method still failed to produce any negativism. A further study using a more difficult discrimination task produced a higher rate of errors but still no negativism. Possible reasons for the failure to replicate are discussed.", "PMID": 576604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12204", "title": "A relationship between motor control and language development in an autistic child.", "content": "Recent work in both experimental and clinical psychology indicates an important link exists between the development of motor control and language development. Diagnostic and therapeutic work with autistic children reveals a high incidence of gross motor dysfunction along with language deficits. A study to evaluate the effectiveness of behavior modification techniques in eliciting speech from nursery-age autistic children yielded new data to confirm the importance of the relationship. Results from a case study of one autistic child demonstrated that the child most frequently vocalized when motorically quiet, and engaged in motor activity when not speaking and especially prior to speech. Data from 30 half-hour behavior modification sessions and an intensive clinical interview indicated that limiting the child's gross motor activity was effective in increasing the frequency of vocalization. Several theoretical interpretations of this phenomenon as well as implications for treatment and further research are offered.", "contents": "A relationship between motor control and language development in an autistic child. Recent work in both experimental and clinical psychology indicates an important link exists between the development of motor control and language development. Diagnostic and therapeutic work with autistic children reveals a high incidence of gross motor dysfunction along with language deficits. A study to evaluate the effectiveness of behavior modification techniques in eliciting speech from nursery-age autistic children yielded new data to confirm the importance of the relationship. Results from a case study of one autistic child demonstrated that the child most frequently vocalized when motorically quiet, and engaged in motor activity when not speaking and especially prior to speech. Data from 30 half-hour behavior modification sessions and an intensive clinical interview indicated that limiting the child's gross motor activity was effective in increasing the frequency of vocalization. Several theoretical interpretations of this phenomenon as well as implications for treatment and further research are offered.", "PMID": 576605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12205", "title": "Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella.", "content": "A longitudinal study was conducted of 243 children with congenital rubella. In this sample a high rate of autism and a high rate of recovery were observed. Examination of the data suggested that the rubella virus was the primary etiologic agent. It is hypothesized that the course of autism was that of a chronic infection in which recovery, chronicity, improvement, worsening, and delayed appearance of the autistic syndrome all were found. Other rubella consequences such as blindness, deafness, and cardiac and neuromuscular defects remained present except as modified by operations and prostheses. Degree of mental retardation initially was related to the outcome of autism but shifts in mental retardation over time did not correlate significantly for the group with shift in the autistic symptoms.", "contents": "Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. A longitudinal study was conducted of 243 children with congenital rubella. In this sample a high rate of autism and a high rate of recovery were observed. Examination of the data suggested that the rubella virus was the primary etiologic agent. It is hypothesized that the course of autism was that of a chronic infection in which recovery, chronicity, improvement, worsening, and delayed appearance of the autistic syndrome all were found. Other rubella consequences such as blindness, deafness, and cardiac and neuromuscular defects remained present except as modified by operations and prostheses. Degree of mental retardation initially was related to the outcome of autism but shifts in mental retardation over time did not correlate significantly for the group with shift in the autistic symptoms.", "PMID": 576606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12206", "title": "The late repair of torn cruciate ligaments using menisci.", "content": "An operation using either the medial or the lateral meniscus to effect the late repair of torn cruciate ligaments is described. Forty-three patients under fifty years of age who were unable to return to their work because of severe joint laxity have been treated in this way and reviewed after one to thirty years. Sagittal stability was measured by a special apparatus, and a comparison was made between normal knees and affected knees before and after operation. The review of forty-five knees showed normal stability in thirty-one, slight instability in twelve and no improvement in two. Forty-one patients had returned to their former work: twenty-two complained of instability when tired; all had pain-free joints. The use of a meniscus for the reconstruction of either cruciate ligament is considered to be simple, safe and effective.", "contents": "The late repair of torn cruciate ligaments using menisci. An operation using either the medial or the lateral meniscus to effect the late repair of torn cruciate ligaments is described. Forty-three patients under fifty years of age who were unable to return to their work because of severe joint laxity have been treated in this way and reviewed after one to thirty years. Sagittal stability was measured by a special apparatus, and a comparison was made between normal knees and affected knees before and after operation. The review of forty-five knees showed normal stability in thirty-one, slight instability in twelve and no improvement in two. Forty-one patients had returned to their former work: twenty-two complained of instability when tired; all had pain-free joints. The use of a meniscus for the reconstruction of either cruciate ligament is considered to be simple, safe and effective.", "PMID": 576610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12207", "title": "An experimental model of osteoarthritis; early morphological and biochemical changes.", "content": "An experimental model of osteoarthritis resulting from laxity of the joint was induced in eighteen mature dogs (at least two years old) by sectioning the anterior cruciate ligament of the right knee (stifle) with a stab incision, the left knee providing a control. A sham operation was also performed in three other dogs, in which a stab incision was made but the ligament left intact. The dogs were killed at various intervals from one to forty-eight weeks later. Morphological changes in bone, cartilage, synovial membrane and joint capsule were examined in all the joints and biochemical changes in the cartilage of three dogs killed after two, eight, and sixteen weeks. All the changes resulting from the operation progressed with time and became indistinguishable from those found in three dogs with natural osteoarthritis of the knee. There were no changes in the joints which had sham operations. As the time of onset is known, this experimental model in a larger species enables a study to be made of the biochemical as well as the morphological changes in the early stages of osteoarthritis.", "contents": "An experimental model of osteoarthritis; early morphological and biochemical changes. An experimental model of osteoarthritis resulting from laxity of the joint was induced in eighteen mature dogs (at least two years old) by sectioning the anterior cruciate ligament of the right knee (stifle) with a stab incision, the left knee providing a control. A sham operation was also performed in three other dogs, in which a stab incision was made but the ligament left intact. The dogs were killed at various intervals from one to forty-eight weeks later. Morphological changes in bone, cartilage, synovial membrane and joint capsule were examined in all the joints and biochemical changes in the cartilage of three dogs killed after two, eight, and sixteen weeks. All the changes resulting from the operation progressed with time and became indistinguishable from those found in three dogs with natural osteoarthritis of the knee. There were no changes in the joints which had sham operations. As the time of onset is known, this experimental model in a larger species enables a study to be made of the biochemical as well as the morphological changes in the early stages of osteoarthritis.", "PMID": 576611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12208", "title": "The inhibitory effect of dopamine agonists on LH release in women.", "content": "Our demonstration of an inhibitory effect of dopamine on LH release prompted us to examine whether a similar action exists for dopamine agonists, such as L-dopa and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Following the administration of L-dopa (0.5 g, orally) to 6 normal women in the early follicular phase, a significant fall in mean LH levels after 1 h which lasted for 5 h was observed (P less than 0.00005). This was followed by a significant rebound above basal levels between the 7th and 10th h (P less than 0.00005). The expected fall in mean PRL levels which lasted for 4 h (P less than 0.00001) was followed by a significant rebound above basal levels after the  6th h (P less than 0.00001)). There was no significant change in mean FSH levels. Following the administration of CB-154 (2.5 mg. orally) to 6 women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea, there was also a significant fall in LH levels (P less than 0.00001) and in FSH levels (P less than 0.00001) from 5 h until the study ended at 10 h. The anticipated PRL suppression was also observed and persisted for the duration of the 10 h study. The demonstration of an inhibitory effect of L-dopa and CB-154 on LH release adds further support to the role of dopaminergic control of pituitary LH secretion.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of dopamine agonists on LH release in women. Our demonstration of an inhibitory effect of dopamine on LH release prompted us to examine whether a similar action exists for dopamine agonists, such as L-dopa and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Following the administration of L-dopa (0.5 g, orally) to 6 normal women in the early follicular phase, a significant fall in mean LH levels after 1 h which lasted for 5 h was observed (P less than 0.00005). This was followed by a significant rebound above basal levels between the 7th and 10th h (P less than 0.00005). The expected fall in mean PRL levels which lasted for 4 h (P less than 0.00001) was followed by a significant rebound above basal levels after the  6th h (P less than 0.00001)). There was no significant change in mean FSH levels. Following the administration of CB-154 (2.5 mg. orally) to 6 women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea, there was also a significant fall in LH levels (P less than 0.00001) and in FSH levels (P less than 0.00001) from 5 h until the study ended at 10 h. The anticipated PRL suppression was also observed and persisted for the duration of the 10 h study. The demonstration of an inhibitory effect of L-dopa and CB-154 on LH release adds further support to the role of dopaminergic control of pituitary LH secretion.", "PMID": 576612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12209", "title": "Lack of indomethacin effect on thyroid function in man.", "content": "Administration of indomethacin 200 mg daily for 2 days to four euthyroid volunteers was without significant effect on serum triiodothyronine or thyroxine and caused no cinsistent alteration of serum TSH. There were minor and variable changes in the pattern of thyroidal iodine release (TIR) in these euthyroid subjects. In one subject both the TIR pattern and serum TSH concentration were altered in the same direction, suggesting that these minor changes were of central origin. Indomethacin also had no effect on the stimulated pattern of TIR in one euthyroid subject receiving daily exogenous TSH injections, or in a patient with untreated hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Prostaglandin A1 infusion in one subject did not alter serum TSH or thyroidal iodine release. It is concluded that prostaglandins probably have no obligatory physiological role in modulating TSH or thyroid hormone secretion in man.", "contents": "Lack of indomethacin effect on thyroid function in man. Administration of indomethacin 200 mg daily for 2 days to four euthyroid volunteers was without significant effect on serum triiodothyronine or thyroxine and caused no cinsistent alteration of serum TSH. There were minor and variable changes in the pattern of thyroidal iodine release (TIR) in these euthyroid subjects. In one subject both the TIR pattern and serum TSH concentration were altered in the same direction, suggesting that these minor changes were of central origin. Indomethacin also had no effect on the stimulated pattern of TIR in one euthyroid subject receiving daily exogenous TSH injections, or in a patient with untreated hyperthyroid Graves' disease. Prostaglandin A1 infusion in one subject did not alter serum TSH or thyroidal iodine release. It is concluded that prostaglandins probably have no obligatory physiological role in modulating TSH or thyroid hormone secretion in man.", "PMID": 576613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12210", "title": "Iodinating activity of thyroid tissue in toxic diffuse goiter.", "content": "Thyroid tissue obtained from 12 patients with Graves' disease and treated with thionamide drugs for 3-7 mo before subtotal thyroidectomy, from 12 patients with Graves' disease, similarly treated, and given 50 mug of triiodothyronine (T3) for 10 days before surgery, and from 12 euthyroid patients with solitary cold nodules was investigated to compare in vitro iodination of thyroglobulin in toxic diffuse goiter and in normal thyroid tissue. The supernates of the homogenates (105,000g) were subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation (5--28%) to separate the thyroglobulin fraction. The precipitates were treated with 1% digitonin and centrifuged to collect the supernate (particulate fraction). When thyroglobulin and particulate fractions obtained from the same patient were incubated with 125I-, iodide, glucose, and glucose oxidase, the amount of iodine bound to thyroglobulin was several times greater in toxic diffuse goiter than in normal thyroid tissue; administration of T3 did not affect iodination in toxic diffuse goiter. When the thyroglobulin fraction from each patient was incubated with a standardized quantity of peroxidase instead of the individual particulate fraction, the amount of iodine bound to thyroglobulin was the same among the three groups of patients. Finally, when bovine serum albumin was substituted for thyroglobulin from each of the patients, iodination of bovine serum albumin was several times greater with the particulate fraction obtained from toxic diffuse goiter tissue than with that obtained from normal tissue. The guaiacol-oxidizing activity oty. These results suggest that in vitro iodination of thyroglobulin is increased in toxic diffuse goiter even when patients are made euthyroid by treatment with thionamide drugs as well as when they are given additional T3 for 10 days before operation. The increase in iodination of thyroglobulin appears to be due to an increase in peroxidase activity in the particulate fraction.", "contents": "Iodinating activity of thyroid tissue in toxic diffuse goiter. Thyroid tissue obtained from 12 patients with Graves' disease and treated with thionamide drugs for 3-7 mo before subtotal thyroidectomy, from 12 patients with Graves' disease, similarly treated, and given 50 mug of triiodothyronine (T3) for 10 days before surgery, and from 12 euthyroid patients with solitary cold nodules was investigated to compare in vitro iodination of thyroglobulin in toxic diffuse goiter and in normal thyroid tissue. The supernates of the homogenates (105,000g) were subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation (5--28%) to separate the thyroglobulin fraction. The precipitates were treated with 1% digitonin and centrifuged to collect the supernate (particulate fraction). When thyroglobulin and particulate fractions obtained from the same patient were incubated with 125I-, iodide, glucose, and glucose oxidase, the amount of iodine bound to thyroglobulin was several times greater in toxic diffuse goiter than in normal thyroid tissue; administration of T3 did not affect iodination in toxic diffuse goiter. When the thyroglobulin fraction from each patient was incubated with a standardized quantity of peroxidase instead of the individual particulate fraction, the amount of iodine bound to thyroglobulin was the same among the three groups of patients. Finally, when bovine serum albumin was substituted for thyroglobulin from each of the patients, iodination of bovine serum albumin was several times greater with the particulate fraction obtained from toxic diffuse goiter tissue than with that obtained from normal tissue. The guaiacol-oxidizing activity oty. These results suggest that in vitro iodination of thyroglobulin is increased in toxic diffuse goiter even when patients are made euthyroid by treatment with thionamide drugs as well as when they are given additional T3 for 10 days before operation. The increase in iodination of thyroglobulin appears to be due to an increase in peroxidase activity in the particulate fraction.", "PMID": 576614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12211", "title": "Treatment of mycotic intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Two patients with mycotic intracranial aneurysms were successfully treated with only antibiotic therapy. One patient, who had subacute bacterial endocarditis, rheumatic valvular disease, and an abscessed tooth, sustained a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured right middle cerebral artery trifurcation aneurysm. The other patient, who had Turner's syndrome and probable congenital aortic stenosis, developed multiple neurological findings during an ipisode of acute bacterial endocarditis precipitated by an infected ingrown toenail; a false aneurysm of the distal left middle cerebral artery and two lesions involving the left superior cerebellar artery were found. A study of the literature shows that only 45 patients with mycotic intracranial aneurysms have received adequate antibiotic therapy and angiographic documentation. Statistically, there does not appear to be a clear-cut advantage to antibiotic plus surgical therpy over antibiotic alone. In fact, in 21 patients who underwent serial angiography, lesions were smaller in six and not visualized in 11. In four patients the aneurysms increased in size; in two others fresh lesions formed. The author proposes the following diagnostic and therapeutic regimen: 1) earliest possible diagnosis of the underlying disorder; 2) appropriate antibiotic therapy; 3) early four-vessel cerebral angiography and follow-up studies every 2 to 3 weeks; study; 5) definitive operation upon completion of antibiotic therapy if the lesion is larger or the same size; and 6) postoperative angiography to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and to search for interim lesions.", "contents": "Treatment of mycotic intracranial aneurysms. Two patients with mycotic intracranial aneurysms were successfully treated with only antibiotic therapy. One patient, who had subacute bacterial endocarditis, rheumatic valvular disease, and an abscessed tooth, sustained a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured right middle cerebral artery trifurcation aneurysm. The other patient, who had Turner's syndrome and probable congenital aortic stenosis, developed multiple neurological findings during an ipisode of acute bacterial endocarditis precipitated by an infected ingrown toenail; a false aneurysm of the distal left middle cerebral artery and two lesions involving the left superior cerebellar artery were found. A study of the literature shows that only 45 patients with mycotic intracranial aneurysms have received adequate antibiotic therapy and angiographic documentation. Statistically, there does not appear to be a clear-cut advantage to antibiotic plus surgical therpy over antibiotic alone. In fact, in 21 patients who underwent serial angiography, lesions were smaller in six and not visualized in 11. In four patients the aneurysms increased in size; in two others fresh lesions formed. The author proposes the following diagnostic and therapeutic regimen: 1) earliest possible diagnosis of the underlying disorder; 2) appropriate antibiotic therapy; 3) early four-vessel cerebral angiography and follow-up studies every 2 to 3 weeks; study; 5) definitive operation upon completion of antibiotic therapy if the lesion is larger or the same size; and 6) postoperative angiography to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and to search for interim lesions.", "PMID": 576617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12212", "title": "Selenosis, hepatic selenium accumulation, and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in chicks as affected by a factor in linseed meal.", "content": "Linseed meal has previously been reported to contain an organic factor that reduces toxicity of selenium in animals. The purpose of the studies reported here was to obtain information on the mechanism of action of the linseed meal factor in counteracting selenosis in chicks. Feeding a diet containing 20% linseed meal to chicks partially counteracted the growth depression caused by including high levels of selenium (10-40 ppm) in the diet. In contrast to the rat, chicks fed diets containing selenium did not accumulate significantly more of the element per unit of liver dry matter when the diet contained linseed meal, and at two selenium levels accumulated significantly less. Linseed meal did not interfere with the absorption of an oral dose of 75Se as measured by tissue retention 24 hours later. A methanol extract of linseed meal did not interfere with the normal increase in plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in chicks fed diets supplemented with low levels of selenium even though the extract counteracted the growth depression obtained by adding 20 ppm selenium. Linseed meal contains a factor that interacts with selenium in the tissues in some unknown way to reduce the toxic effects of the element, but does not prevent normal synthesis of glutathione peroxidase.", "contents": "Selenosis, hepatic selenium accumulation, and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in chicks as affected by a factor in linseed meal. Linseed meal has previously been reported to contain an organic factor that reduces toxicity of selenium in animals. The purpose of the studies reported here was to obtain information on the mechanism of action of the linseed meal factor in counteracting selenosis in chicks. Feeding a diet containing 20% linseed meal to chicks partially counteracted the growth depression caused by including high levels of selenium (10-40 ppm) in the diet. In contrast to the rat, chicks fed diets containing selenium did not accumulate significantly more of the element per unit of liver dry matter when the diet contained linseed meal, and at two selenium levels accumulated significantly less. Linseed meal did not interfere with the absorption of an oral dose of 75Se as measured by tissue retention 24 hours later. A methanol extract of linseed meal did not interfere with the normal increase in plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in chicks fed diets supplemented with low levels of selenium even though the extract counteracted the growth depression obtained by adding 20 ppm selenium. Linseed meal contains a factor that interacts with selenium in the tissues in some unknown way to reduce the toxic effects of the element, but does not prevent normal synthesis of glutathione peroxidase.", "PMID": 576618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12213", "title": "Alkaloids of Vinca rosea L. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don). 38. 4'-Dehydrated derivatives.", "content": "A series of 4'-dehydrated derivatives of various dimeric Vinca alkaloids has been synthesized to further define the structure-activity relationships of Vinca alkaloids with onolytic potency. The concentrated sulfuric acid dehydration in most cases gave mixtures of the 3',4'-and two isomeric 4',20'-alkenes, which were isolated and characterized primarily by proton and 13C NMR. Compound tested for antitumor activity include the three dehydro isomers of 4'-deacetylvinblastine, 4-deacetylvincristine, and 4-deacetylvinblastine-23-amide and some4'-dehydrated derivatives epimeric at C-18'. Generally, the decrease in toxicity imparted by the new double bond was accompained by a decrease in potency. An exception was 3',4'-dehydro-4-deacetylvincristine, which showed a decrease in toxicity and increase in potency against at least one tumor in which vincristine itself has little effect.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Vinca rosea L. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don). 38. 4'-Dehydrated derivatives. A series of 4'-dehydrated derivatives of various dimeric Vinca alkaloids has been synthesized to further define the structure-activity relationships of Vinca alkaloids with onolytic potency. The concentrated sulfuric acid dehydration in most cases gave mixtures of the 3',4'-and two isomeric 4',20'-alkenes, which were isolated and characterized primarily by proton and 13C NMR. Compound tested for antitumor activity include the three dehydro isomers of 4'-deacetylvinblastine, 4-deacetylvincristine, and 4-deacetylvinblastine-23-amide and some4'-dehydrated derivatives epimeric at C-18'. Generally, the decrease in toxicity imparted by the new double bond was accompained by a decrease in potency. An exception was 3',4'-dehydro-4-deacetylvincristine, which showed a decrease in toxicity and increase in potency against at least one tumor in which vincristine itself has little effect.", "PMID": 576619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12214", "title": "Quantitative correlations between albumin binding constants and chromatographic Rm values of phenothiazine derivatives.", "content": "The binding constants of 15 phenothiazine derivatives to bovine serum albumin were obtained by a circular dichroic probe technique; The lipophilicity of the drugs, measured by a reversed-phase thin-layer technique using oleyl alcohol and methanol-water mixtures as the solvents, is expressed as RMw. The binding constants were of the same order of magnitude as the literature values, and the RMw values correlated well with log P octanol values from the literature. Correlations of log K with RMw were found to be more satisfactory when corrections for the state of ionization of the phenothiazines were made, the nonprotonated species accounting for the bulk of the binding. A better correlation was obtained when contributions from both species were taken into account. Similar correlations were attempted between RMw values and enzyme inhibitory activities of these phenothiazines taken from the literature.", "contents": "Quantitative correlations between albumin binding constants and chromatographic Rm values of phenothiazine derivatives. The binding constants of 15 phenothiazine derivatives to bovine serum albumin were obtained by a circular dichroic probe technique; The lipophilicity of the drugs, measured by a reversed-phase thin-layer technique using oleyl alcohol and methanol-water mixtures as the solvents, is expressed as RMw. The binding constants were of the same order of magnitude as the literature values, and the RMw values correlated well with log P octanol values from the literature. Correlations of log K with RMw were found to be more satisfactory when corrections for the state of ionization of the phenothiazines were made, the nonprotonated species accounting for the bulk of the binding. A better correlation was obtained when contributions from both species were taken into account. Similar correlations were attempted between RMw values and enzyme inhibitory activities of these phenothiazines taken from the literature.", "PMID": 576620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12215", "title": "Anticoccidial derivatives of 6-azauracil. 1. Enhancement of activity by benzylation of nitrogen-1. Observations on the design of nucleotide analogues in chemotherapy.", "content": "Benzylation of 6-azauracil at N-1 (which corresponds to the point of attachment of the ribose phosphate unit in pyrimidine nucleotides) has been found to augment its anticoccidial activity fourfold. The high potency of 1-benzyl-6-azauracil is ascribed to a combination of intrinsic activity, efficient oral absorption, and a moderate rate of excretion. Metabolism experiments using 1-benzyl-6-azauracil labeled with 14C in the heterocycle and (separately) in the side chain showed that, in the drug accounted for, no cleavage had occurred. Additional activity increases were achieved by introducing small, electron-withdrawing substituents in the meta and/or para position(s) of the benzyl group. One of the most active derivaties, 1-(3-cyanobenzyl)-6-azauracil, is about 16 times as potent as 6-azauracil.", "contents": "Anticoccidial derivatives of 6-azauracil. 1. Enhancement of activity by benzylation of nitrogen-1. Observations on the design of nucleotide analogues in chemotherapy. Benzylation of 6-azauracil at N-1 (which corresponds to the point of attachment of the ribose phosphate unit in pyrimidine nucleotides) has been found to augment its anticoccidial activity fourfold. The high potency of 1-benzyl-6-azauracil is ascribed to a combination of intrinsic activity, efficient oral absorption, and a moderate rate of excretion. Metabolism experiments using 1-benzyl-6-azauracil labeled with 14C in the heterocycle and (separately) in the side chain showed that, in the drug accounted for, no cleavage had occurred. Additional activity increases were achieved by introducing small, electron-withdrawing substituents in the meta and/or para position(s) of the benzyl group. One of the most active derivaties, 1-(3-cyanobenzyl)-6-azauracil, is about 16 times as potent as 6-azauracil.", "PMID": 576621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12216", "title": "Tumor formation in preneoplastic mammary nodule lines in mice treated with nafoxidine, testosterone, and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine.", "content": "The tumor potentials of five preneoplastic mammary nodule lines were examined in BALB/cCrgl mice treated with either nafoxidine, an estrogen antagonist; 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a prolactin suppressant; or testosterone. The inhibitory effect of any of the three agents was dependent on the individual nodule line and was not correlated with the effects of ovariectomy. Nafoxidine inhibited tumor formation only in nodule line D2; testosterone inhibited tumor formation in lines C3 and C4; and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine failed to inhibit tumor formation in any of the nodule lines. These results provided information on the range of responses of mouse preneoplastic mammary tissues to a variety of antihormone treatments and suggested that responses to ovariectomy need not be correlated with responses to specific antihormone treatments.", "contents": "Tumor formation in preneoplastic mammary nodule lines in mice treated with nafoxidine, testosterone, and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine. The tumor potentials of five preneoplastic mammary nodule lines were examined in BALB/cCrgl mice treated with either nafoxidine, an estrogen antagonist; 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a prolactin suppressant; or testosterone. The inhibitory effect of any of the three agents was dependent on the individual nodule line and was not correlated with the effects of ovariectomy. Nafoxidine inhibited tumor formation only in nodule line D2; testosterone inhibited tumor formation in lines C3 and C4; and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine failed to inhibit tumor formation in any of the nodule lines. These results provided information on the range of responses of mouse preneoplastic mammary tissues to a variety of antihormone treatments and suggested that responses to ovariectomy need not be correlated with responses to specific antihormone treatments.", "PMID": 576622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12217", "title": "Suppression of mammary tumorigenesis in C3H/He mice by ovariectomy or treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine: a comparison.", "content": "We compared the effects of chronic treatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) and of ovariectomy on the genesis of mammary hyperplastic nodules (HN) and mammary tumors in the C3H/He mouse. CB-154 is an established potent suppressor of pituitary prolactin. Eighty-five 21- to 25-day-old female mice were divided into three groups. Group I received daily sc injections of 0.1 mg CB-154. Group II was ovariectomized and group III served as controls. Mice were examined weekly for mammary tumors. Fifteen months from onset of treatment all surviving mice were killed. The mean number of HN per inguinal mammary gland, total number of mammary tumors, and number (percent) of mice with mammary tumors in each group were, respectively: controls--4.6 +/- 1.1, 41, 24/29 (83%); ovariectomized--1.2 +/- 0.6, 20, 14/28 (50%); and CB-154-treated--0.2 +/- 0.1, 16, 13/28 (46%). A significant (P less than 0.001) and equally comparable inhibition of mammary tumor incidence was observed in the ovariectomized and CB-154-treated mice. Thus early ovariectomy and CB-154 treatment (specific inhibition of prolactin secretion) appeared equally effective in the prophylaxis of mammary tumorigenesis in the C3H/He female mouse.", "contents": "Suppression of mammary tumorigenesis in C3H/He mice by ovariectomy or treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine: a comparison. We compared the effects of chronic treatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) and of ovariectomy on the genesis of mammary hyperplastic nodules (HN) and mammary tumors in the C3H/He mouse. CB-154 is an established potent suppressor of pituitary prolactin. Eighty-five 21- to 25-day-old female mice were divided into three groups. Group I received daily sc injections of 0.1 mg CB-154. Group II was ovariectomized and group III served as controls. Mice were examined weekly for mammary tumors. Fifteen months from onset of treatment all surviving mice were killed. The mean number of HN per inguinal mammary gland, total number of mammary tumors, and number (percent) of mice with mammary tumors in each group were, respectively: controls--4.6 +/- 1.1, 41, 24/29 (83%); ovariectomized--1.2 +/- 0.6, 20, 14/28 (50%); and CB-154-treated--0.2 +/- 0.1, 16, 13/28 (46%). A significant (P less than 0.001) and equally comparable inhibition of mammary tumor incidence was observed in the ovariectomized and CB-154-treated mice. Thus early ovariectomy and CB-154 treatment (specific inhibition of prolactin secretion) appeared equally effective in the prophylaxis of mammary tumorigenesis in the C3H/He female mouse.", "PMID": 576623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12218", "title": "Description of a permeable eukaryotic cell system to study agents affecting DNA synthesis: demonstration that cytembena is a direct inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis.", "content": "Cells were made permeable to DNTP's by a 15-minute treatment with 0.01 M Tris/HCl (pH 7.8), 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 30 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and 4 mM MgCl2 at 4 degrees C. These cells used exogenously supplied dNTP's to carry out semiconservative, replicative DNA synthesis. This system could be used to identify inhibitors of DNA synthesis and to determine whether chemotherapeutic agents affect precursor synthesis or whether they have a direct effect on the DNA replication complex. Thus DNA synthesis in the permeable cells was not inhibited by hydroxyurea or by the nucleoside analogue arabinofuranosyl cytosine. In contrast, the active form of the nucleoside analogue, arabinofuranosyl cytosine triphosphate, and daunorubicin promptly inhibited DNA synthesis in the permeable cells. Cytembena, sodium cis-beta-4-methoxybenzoyl-beta-bromoacrylate, also inhibited DNA synthesis in the permeable cells; this demonstrated that this agent functioned as a direct inhibitor of the DNA replication complex.", "contents": "Description of a permeable eukaryotic cell system to study agents affecting DNA synthesis: demonstration that cytembena is a direct inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis. Cells were made permeable to DNTP's by a 15-minute treatment with 0.01 M Tris/HCl (pH 7.8), 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 30 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and 4 mM MgCl2 at 4 degrees C. These cells used exogenously supplied dNTP's to carry out semiconservative, replicative DNA synthesis. This system could be used to identify inhibitors of DNA synthesis and to determine whether chemotherapeutic agents affect precursor synthesis or whether they have a direct effect on the DNA replication complex. Thus DNA synthesis in the permeable cells was not inhibited by hydroxyurea or by the nucleoside analogue arabinofuranosyl cytosine. In contrast, the active form of the nucleoside analogue, arabinofuranosyl cytosine triphosphate, and daunorubicin promptly inhibited DNA synthesis in the permeable cells. Cytembena, sodium cis-beta-4-methoxybenzoyl-beta-bromoacrylate, also inhibited DNA synthesis in the permeable cells; this demonstrated that this agent functioned as a direct inhibitor of the DNA replication complex.", "PMID": 576624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12219", "title": "Evaluation of possible sites of action of rubratoxin B-induced polyribosomal disaggregation in mouse liver.", "content": "The disaggregation of liver polyribosomes (disruption of the site of protein synthesis) into single ribosomal units has been observed after treatment of mice with rubratoxin B, a toxic metabolite of Penicillium rubrum. Several mechanisms for the polysomal alteration were evaluated. A generalized decrease in mouse liver RNA following administration of rubratoxin B was noted. RNAase activity in the postmicrosomal fraction was increased after similar treatment; however, this increase was too small to account for the observed polysomal breakdown. Incubation of rubratoxin B with isolated polysome fractions indicated no direct interaction between the toxin and the polyribosomal complex, apparently eliminating such a complex as the cause of the in vivo disaggregation. Rubratoxin caused shifts in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of DNA and RNA in vitro, a preliminary indication of binding of the toxin to nucleic acid. Such preliminary observations lend support to the hypothesis that rubratoxin-induced polyribosomal disaggregation may result from an alteration in the critical informational macromolecules such as nucleic acids, or protein, or both in that both are involved in the control of cell growth. This alteration in the DNA-protein complex may then result in a malfunction of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and subsequent polysomal disaggregation.", "contents": "Evaluation of possible sites of action of rubratoxin B-induced polyribosomal disaggregation in mouse liver. The disaggregation of liver polyribosomes (disruption of the site of protein synthesis) into single ribosomal units has been observed after treatment of mice with rubratoxin B, a toxic metabolite of Penicillium rubrum. Several mechanisms for the polysomal alteration were evaluated. A generalized decrease in mouse liver RNA following administration of rubratoxin B was noted. RNAase activity in the postmicrosomal fraction was increased after similar treatment; however, this increase was too small to account for the observed polysomal breakdown. Incubation of rubratoxin B with isolated polysome fractions indicated no direct interaction between the toxin and the polyribosomal complex, apparently eliminating such a complex as the cause of the in vivo disaggregation. Rubratoxin caused shifts in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of DNA and RNA in vitro, a preliminary indication of binding of the toxin to nucleic acid. Such preliminary observations lend support to the hypothesis that rubratoxin-induced polyribosomal disaggregation may result from an alteration in the critical informational macromolecules such as nucleic acids, or protein, or both in that both are involved in the control of cell growth. This alteration in the DNA-protein complex may then result in a malfunction of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and subsequent polysomal disaggregation.", "PMID": 576625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12220", "title": "Thyroid supplementation for hypothyroidism. An latrogenic cause of breast cancer?", "content": "In four subpopulations grouped by varying durations of thyroid supplementation (none, one to five years, six to 15 years, and 15 years of more), breast cancer frequency correlated positively with attained age. The cancer experience of persons in the same age-group was relatively stable regardless of how long women took thyroid supplements. The present data support the provisional inference that breast cancer and duration of thyroid therapy are both age-dependent and question the belief that pretreatment with thyroid supplements increases the risk of breast cancer development. Relationship of these two variables can only be determined by prospective studies.", "contents": "Thyroid supplementation for hypothyroidism. An latrogenic cause of breast cancer? In four subpopulations grouped by varying durations of thyroid supplementation (none, one to five years, six to 15 years, and 15 years of more), breast cancer frequency correlated positively with attained age. The cancer experience of persons in the same age-group was relatively stable regardless of how long women took thyroid supplements. The present data support the provisional inference that breast cancer and duration of thyroid therapy are both age-dependent and question the belief that pretreatment with thyroid supplements increases the risk of breast cancer development. Relationship of these two variables can only be determined by prospective studies.", "PMID": 576635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12221", "title": "Myoglobinemia in inflammatory myopathies.", "content": "Myoglobin was detected in the sera of patients with dermatomyositis, polymyositis, scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus (LE) with active myopathy. Overall, myoglobinemia was detected in 74.1% of sera taken from patients with active myositis before therapy, with slightly greater frequency in the groups with dermatomyositis and polymositis. With steroid therapy, this frequency fell to 43.4% and to 9.5% in patients in clinical remission not requiring therapy. Serum enzyme (creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and SGOT) activity was higher in samples containing myoglobin, but there was considerable overlap between those with and without myoglobinemia. Sequential serum determinations in six patients demonstrated rapid reduction in the levels of serum myoglobin with therapy, usually before enzyme values had returned to normal. In one patient followed up for 30 months, myoglobinemia correlated with clinically observed exacerbations of rash and weakness to a greater degree than did enzyme determinations.", "contents": "Myoglobinemia in inflammatory myopathies. Myoglobin was detected in the sera of patients with dermatomyositis, polymyositis, scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus (LE) with active myopathy. Overall, myoglobinemia was detected in 74.1% of sera taken from patients with active myositis before therapy, with slightly greater frequency in the groups with dermatomyositis and polymositis. With steroid therapy, this frequency fell to 43.4% and to 9.5% in patients in clinical remission not requiring therapy. Serum enzyme (creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and SGOT) activity was higher in samples containing myoglobin, but there was considerable overlap between those with and without myoglobinemia. Sequential serum determinations in six patients demonstrated rapid reduction in the levels of serum myoglobin with therapy, usually before enzyme values had returned to normal. In one patient followed up for 30 months, myoglobinemia correlated with clinically observed exacerbations of rash and weakness to a greater degree than did enzyme determinations.", "PMID": 576636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12222", "title": "Oral aminophylline therapy. Increased dosage requirements in children.", "content": "While monitoring oral aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) therapy, larger doses (milligrams per kilogram) were necessary for children than for adults to achieve similar therapeutic serum levels. The mean apparent theophylline clearance (ATC) determined in 59 children was significantly higher (P less than .001) than determined in 114 adults (84.8 versus 51.4 ml/hr/kg). Additionally, the younger children (1 to 9 years) eliminated theophylline more rapidly than the older children (0 to 18 years) (93.8 versus 77.3 ml/hr/kd). When initiating continuous oral aminophylline therapy, dosage guidelines, based on the mean ATC calculated for each group, were predicted, and trough theophylline serum levels of 10mug/ml were obtained. The guidelines for aminophylline were 28.0, 23.2, and 15.6 mg/kg/day administered in four divided doses for the younger children, older children, and adults, respectively. Monitoring of serum levels is suggested to further individualize the patient's aminophyline therapy.", "contents": "Oral aminophylline therapy. Increased dosage requirements in children. While monitoring oral aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) therapy, larger doses (milligrams per kilogram) were necessary for children than for adults to achieve similar therapeutic serum levels. The mean apparent theophylline clearance (ATC) determined in 59 children was significantly higher (P less than .001) than determined in 114 adults (84.8 versus 51.4 ml/hr/kg). Additionally, the younger children (1 to 9 years) eliminated theophylline more rapidly than the older children (0 to 18 years) (93.8 versus 77.3 ml/hr/kd). When initiating continuous oral aminophylline therapy, dosage guidelines, based on the mean ATC calculated for each group, were predicted, and trough theophylline serum levels of 10mug/ml were obtained. The guidelines for aminophylline were 28.0, 23.2, and 15.6 mg/kg/day administered in four divided doses for the younger children, older children, and adults, respectively. Monitoring of serum levels is suggested to further individualize the patient's aminophyline therapy.", "PMID": 576637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12223", "title": "Bronchopancreatic fistula following traumatic rupture of the diaphragm.", "content": "A bronchopancreatic fistula developed in a 14-year-old boy two weeks following transabdominal splenectomy and repair of a ruptured diaphragm. This unusual entity should be suspected when a patient with pancreatitis or pancreatic trauma has pleural complications associated with profuse, frothy sputum. The diagnosis is established by the presence of high levels of amylase in the sputum or by the appearance in the sputum or the bronchi of dye or contrast material injected into the external fistula. The primary goal of treatment, in addition to the management of the thoracic complications, is subdiaphragmatic control of the pancreatic fistula. A brief summary of seven previously reported cases is presented.", "contents": "Bronchopancreatic fistula following traumatic rupture of the diaphragm. A bronchopancreatic fistula developed in a 14-year-old boy two weeks following transabdominal splenectomy and repair of a ruptured diaphragm. This unusual entity should be suspected when a patient with pancreatitis or pancreatic trauma has pleural complications associated with profuse, frothy sputum. The diagnosis is established by the presence of high levels of amylase in the sputum or by the appearance in the sputum or the bronchi of dye or contrast material injected into the external fistula. The primary goal of treatment, in addition to the management of the thoracic complications, is subdiaphragmatic control of the pancreatic fistula. A brief summary of seven previously reported cases is presented.", "PMID": 576639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12224", "title": "Hypertension crisis. Recognition and management.", "content": "Situations requiring immediate lowering of systemic blood pressure are infrequent. Certain clinical syndromes resulting from or complicated by severe hypertension demand vigorous, usually parenteral, antihypertensive therapy. Such syndromes include (1) diastolic hypertension accompanied by sudden disruption of cerebral function, (2) dissecting or leaking aortic aneurysm; (3) accelerated or malignant hypertension, (4) toxemia of pregnancy when either the fetus' or the mother's life is immediately threatened, (5) some instances of diastolic hypertension and acute left ventricular failure, (6) uncontrolled hypertension in the patient who requires emergency surgery, (7) refractory elevation of the diastolic pressure in the kidney transplant patient, and (8) refractory hypertension complicating myocardial infarction or angina. Drugs useful in acutely lowering blood pressure include diazoxide, sodium nitroprusside, methyldopa intravenously, reserpine intramuscularly, and trimethaphan camsylate intravenously. Use of furosemide reinforces the hypotensive effect of these agents. Theoretical advantages and disadvantages of these agents are not always encountered in clinical use.", "contents": "Hypertension crisis. Recognition and management. Situations requiring immediate lowering of systemic blood pressure are infrequent. Certain clinical syndromes resulting from or complicated by severe hypertension demand vigorous, usually parenteral, antihypertensive therapy. Such syndromes include (1) diastolic hypertension accompanied by sudden disruption of cerebral function, (2) dissecting or leaking aortic aneurysm; (3) accelerated or malignant hypertension, (4) toxemia of pregnancy when either the fetus' or the mother's life is immediately threatened, (5) some instances of diastolic hypertension and acute left ventricular failure, (6) uncontrolled hypertension in the patient who requires emergency surgery, (7) refractory elevation of the diastolic pressure in the kidney transplant patient, and (8) refractory hypertension complicating myocardial infarction or angina. Drugs useful in acutely lowering blood pressure include diazoxide, sodium nitroprusside, methyldopa intravenously, reserpine intramuscularly, and trimethaphan camsylate intravenously. Use of furosemide reinforces the hypotensive effect of these agents. Theoretical advantages and disadvantages of these agents are not always encountered in clinical use.", "PMID": 576654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12225", "title": "Pseudo-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome with hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Eight patients with parotid enlargement were seen because of varying musculoskeletal complaints. All were overweight and hypertensive; six had diabetes mellitus, four had palpable hepatomegaly, and six were 49 years or older. One patient had arthritis type IIB hyperlipoproteinemia. Four patients had varying degrees of fibrositis, and two of these also had osteoarthritis. Of the others, one each had gout, Reiter syndrome, and restless legs syndrome. All had hyperlipoproteinemia type IV or IIB, and none abused alcohol. None of these patients have true Sj\u00f6gren syndrome.", "contents": "Pseudo-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome with hyperlipoproteinemia. Eight patients with parotid enlargement were seen because of varying musculoskeletal complaints. All were overweight and hypertensive; six had diabetes mellitus, four had palpable hepatomegaly, and six were 49 years or older. One patient had arthritis type IIB hyperlipoproteinemia. Four patients had varying degrees of fibrositis, and two of these also had osteoarthritis. Of the others, one each had gout, Reiter syndrome, and restless legs syndrome. All had hyperlipoproteinemia type IV or IIB, and none abused alcohol. None of these patients have true Sj\u00f6gren syndrome.", "PMID": 576655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12226", "title": "Paraben allergy.", "content": "A hydrocortisone preparation containing methylparaben and propylparaben provoked bronchospasm and pruritus when given intravenously to an asthmatic patient, whereas another hydrocortisone preparation without paraben preservative did not. Direct and passive transfer (Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner) skin tests for immediate hypersensitivity to parabens were positive. Parabens, frequently employed as bacteriostatic agents, are capable of producing immunologically mediated, immmediate systemic hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Paraben allergy. A hydrocortisone preparation containing methylparaben and propylparaben provoked bronchospasm and pruritus when given intravenously to an asthmatic patient, whereas another hydrocortisone preparation without paraben preservative did not. Direct and passive transfer (Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner) skin tests for immediate hypersensitivity to parabens were positive. Parabens, frequently employed as bacteriostatic agents, are capable of producing immunologically mediated, immmediate systemic hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 576658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12227", "title": "Retrognathia and sleep apnea. A life-threatening condition masquerading as narcolepsy.", "content": "The association of sleep apnea with daytime hypersomnolence without obesity, and its potentially lethal cardiopulmonary sequelae, make it crucial that this condition be distinguished from narcolepsy. A patient with retrognathia who had been diagnosed as a narcoleptic for 15 years had the primary complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep laboratory evaluation showed severe hypoxemia and a mean of 366 upper airway obstructions per night. The patient was treated with a tracheotomy; this resulted in relief of the sleep-related upper airway obstructions, hypoxemia, and hypersomnolence.", "contents": "Retrognathia and sleep apnea. A life-threatening condition masquerading as narcolepsy. The association of sleep apnea with daytime hypersomnolence without obesity, and its potentially lethal cardiopulmonary sequelae, make it crucial that this condition be distinguished from narcolepsy. A patient with retrognathia who had been diagnosed as a narcoleptic for 15 years had the primary complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep laboratory evaluation showed severe hypoxemia and a mean of 366 upper airway obstructions per night. The patient was treated with a tracheotomy; this resulted in relief of the sleep-related upper airway obstructions, hypoxemia, and hypersomnolence.", "PMID": 576659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12228", "title": "Myocarditis associated with methyldopa therapy.", "content": "Five patients with hypertension died as a result of myocarditis. Three were treated with methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide, two with methyldopa alone. Their ages ranged from 30 to 71 years. In all instances death occurred suddenly, and myocarditis was not suspected clinically. The inflammatory changes in the hearts of these patients were most consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction. Additionally, there was hepatitis consistent with hypersensitivity in four of the cases.", "contents": "Myocarditis associated with methyldopa therapy. Five patients with hypertension died as a result of myocarditis. Three were treated with methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide, two with methyldopa alone. Their ages ranged from 30 to 71 years. In all instances death occurred suddenly, and myocarditis was not suspected clinically. The inflammatory changes in the hearts of these patients were most consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction. Additionally, there was hepatitis consistent with hypersensitivity in four of the cases.", "PMID": 576672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12229", "title": "Cooperative study of radiologic aspects of renovascular hypertension. Bilateral renovascular disease.", "content": "Abnormal urographic features were present in 60.7% of 250 patients with bilateral diseases. The urogram was relatively insensitive in the minority of patients whose lesions were of approximately equivalent severity bilaterally. In bilateral renovascular disease, the urogram demonstrated some surgical prognostic value that was not evident in unilateral renovascular disease. Furthermore, in patients with bilateral disease, the urogram was helpful in deciding between unilateral or bilateral operation.", "contents": "Cooperative study of radiologic aspects of renovascular hypertension. Bilateral renovascular disease. Abnormal urographic features were present in 60.7% of 250 patients with bilateral diseases. The urogram was relatively insensitive in the minority of patients whose lesions were of approximately equivalent severity bilaterally. In bilateral renovascular disease, the urogram demonstrated some surgical prognostic value that was not evident in unilateral renovascular disease. Furthermore, in patients with bilateral disease, the urogram was helpful in deciding between unilateral or bilateral operation.", "PMID": 576673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12230", "title": "Eight-day survival without adrenal steroids.", "content": "A patient with advanced breast cancer who had undergone a total bilateral adrenalectomy in the past refused adrenal steroid replacement therapy with the idea that this would be the easiest and quickest way to end her life. However, she continued to live for more than eight days. Survival under these circumstances is unusual, and the terminal course of her illness is described.", "contents": "Eight-day survival without adrenal steroids. A patient with advanced breast cancer who had undergone a total bilateral adrenalectomy in the past refused adrenal steroid replacement therapy with the idea that this would be the easiest and quickest way to end her life. However, she continued to live for more than eight days. Survival under these circumstances is unusual, and the terminal course of her illness is described.", "PMID": 576674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12231", "title": "Edema associated with ibuprofen therapy.", "content": "A 15-kg weight gain developed in a patient during the third week of ibuprofen therapy. The edema disappeared with discontinuation of the drug regimen and did not reappear during a subsequent six-month observation period. It should be recognized that ibuprofen may be associated with salt and water retention in the same fashion as previously described with phenylbutazone and indomethacin.", "contents": "Edema associated with ibuprofen therapy. A 15-kg weight gain developed in a patient during the third week of ibuprofen therapy. The edema disappeared with discontinuation of the drug regimen and did not reappear during a subsequent six-month observation period. It should be recognized that ibuprofen may be associated with salt and water retention in the same fashion as previously described with phenylbutazone and indomethacin.", "PMID": 576675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12232", "title": "Circulating autoantibody against human myoglobin in polymyositis.", "content": "A passive hemagglutination method for circulating autoantibody to purified human skeletal muscle myoglobin has been developed. This antibody was detected in the sera of 22 of 31 patients with polymyositis. The incidence and the antibody titers were significantly higher than in other myopathies such as myasthenia gravis (P less than .02), Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy (P less than .001), and other conditions (P less than .001). This new antibody test is useful in diagnosing polymyositis.", "contents": "Circulating autoantibody against human myoglobin in polymyositis. A passive hemagglutination method for circulating autoantibody to purified human skeletal muscle myoglobin has been developed. This antibody was detected in the sera of 22 of 31 patients with polymyositis. The incidence and the antibody titers were significantly higher than in other myopathies such as myasthenia gravis (P less than .02), Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy (P less than .001), and other conditions (P less than .001). This new antibody test is useful in diagnosing polymyositis.", "PMID": 576689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12233", "title": "Prognosis of surgically treated intracranial arterial aneurysm patients.", "content": "From 1969 to 1973, we undertook a direct surgical therapeutic approach with 62 patients who had intracranial aneurysms. The surgical mortality for patients in the first three clinical grades was 5%. Sixty-eight percent of the entire group of patients had improved conditions at follow-up. When these results are compared to the expected outcome of the natural course of the disease under conservative management, the superiority of the direct approach is seen. With the aid of modern instrumentation, anesthesia, steroid therapy, and magnification, neurosurgical centers handling a reasonable volume of these cases should achieve comparable results.", "contents": "Prognosis of surgically treated intracranial arterial aneurysm patients. From 1969 to 1973, we undertook a direct surgical therapeutic approach with 62 patients who had intracranial aneurysms. The surgical mortality for patients in the first three clinical grades was 5%. Sixty-eight percent of the entire group of patients had improved conditions at follow-up. When these results are compared to the expected outcome of the natural course of the disease under conservative management, the superiority of the direct approach is seen. With the aid of modern instrumentation, anesthesia, steroid therapy, and magnification, neurosurgical centers handling a reasonable volume of these cases should achieve comparable results.", "PMID": 576690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12234", "title": "Infantile agammaglobulinemia and immediate hypersensitivity to penicillin G.", "content": "A case of X-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia with preserved synthesis of IgE and resultant normal serum levels of IgE is described. The patient had manifestations of atopy and an anaphylactic reaction following the administration of penicillin G. Because he had multiple respiratory tract infections with Gram-positive organisms and did not respond adequately to prophylactic gamma-globulin administration, penicillin therapy was deemed desirable. Therefore, after successful desensitization, therapy with prophylactic ampicillin was started with a resultant decrease in both number and severity of infections.", "contents": "Infantile agammaglobulinemia and immediate hypersensitivity to penicillin G. A case of X-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia with preserved synthesis of IgE and resultant normal serum levels of IgE is described. The patient had manifestations of atopy and an anaphylactic reaction following the administration of penicillin G. Because he had multiple respiratory tract infections with Gram-positive organisms and did not respond adequately to prophylactic gamma-globulin administration, penicillin therapy was deemed desirable. Therefore, after successful desensitization, therapy with prophylactic ampicillin was started with a resultant decrease in both number and severity of infections.", "PMID": 576692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12235", "title": "Septicemia in a Community Hospital 1970 through 1973.", "content": "Septicemia developed in 34 patients per 10,000 admissions to a community hospital during 1970 through 1973. Two thirds of the 207 patients had community-acquired septicemia, and one third had nosocomial septicemia. Septicemia-related mortality was 20.3%. Mortality and incidence of septicemia was substantially higher in patients with ultimately fatal and rapidly fatal underlying diseases. Septicemia was associated with shock in 9.7% of the patients. Foley catheterization and prophylactic antibiotic therapy could not be implicated as major risk factors for the development of septicemia. This study shows an incidence of Gram-negative bacteremia, septic shock, and mortality substantially less than that described in published data from noncommunity hospitals.", "contents": "Septicemia in a Community Hospital 1970 through 1973. Septicemia developed in 34 patients per 10,000 admissions to a community hospital during 1970 through 1973. Two thirds of the 207 patients had community-acquired septicemia, and one third had nosocomial septicemia. Septicemia-related mortality was 20.3%. Mortality and incidence of septicemia was substantially higher in patients with ultimately fatal and rapidly fatal underlying diseases. Septicemia was associated with shock in 9.7% of the patients. Foley catheterization and prophylactic antibiotic therapy could not be implicated as major risk factors for the development of septicemia. This study shows an incidence of Gram-negative bacteremia, septic shock, and mortality substantially less than that described in published data from noncommunity hospitals.", "PMID": 576706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12236", "title": "Leukocytosis and artifactual hypoglycemia.", "content": "Two patients are described with asymptomatic low blood glucose and excessive in vitro consumption of glucose by leukocytes before separation of the serum for assay. This may be a more common problem than is appreciated and need not be associated with leukemia or extreme leukocytosis. The circumstances that allow this avoidable type of artifactual hypoglycemia may also produce factitious euglycemia during evaluation of suspected diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Leukocytosis and artifactual hypoglycemia. Two patients are described with asymptomatic low blood glucose and excessive in vitro consumption of glucose by leukocytes before separation of the serum for assay. This may be a more common problem than is appreciated and need not be associated with leukemia or extreme leukocytosis. The circumstances that allow this avoidable type of artifactual hypoglycemia may also produce factitious euglycemia during evaluation of suspected diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 576709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12237", "title": "Health status of the New York City prison population.", "content": "During a two-week period in June 1975, all 1,420 prisoners admitted to New York City Correctional Facilities were studied to determine the prevalence of current and past health conditions. Information was obtained from a standard admission health examination. Almost three-quarters of the male and female prisoners were 30 years or less. Of the study population, 57 per cent were black, 24 per cent were Hispanic and 17 per cent were white. Forty-one per cent reported a history of illicit drug use. More than one-quarter of the prisoners reported a present illness and three-fifths received at least one diagnosis. Commonly diagnosed conditions included drug abuse, psychiatric disorder, trauma, and alcohol abuse. Seven per cent of male prisoners had a previous psychiatric hospitalization. On examination, new trauma was noted in 10 per cent of the male population. In addition to these findings, a history of seizure disorder was reported in 4 per cent of the male population. Health services within prisons must be able to manage the most pressing problems in this population-substance abuse and psychiatric disorder and provide care for the range of conditions that is similar to that found in the general population for this age group.", "contents": "Health status of the New York City prison population. During a two-week period in June 1975, all 1,420 prisoners admitted to New York City Correctional Facilities were studied to determine the prevalence of current and past health conditions. Information was obtained from a standard admission health examination. Almost three-quarters of the male and female prisoners were 30 years or less. Of the study population, 57 per cent were black, 24 per cent were Hispanic and 17 per cent were white. Forty-one per cent reported a history of illicit drug use. More than one-quarter of the prisoners reported a present illness and three-fifths received at least one diagnosis. Commonly diagnosed conditions included drug abuse, psychiatric disorder, trauma, and alcohol abuse. Seven per cent of male prisoners had a previous psychiatric hospitalization. On examination, new trauma was noted in 10 per cent of the male population. In addition to these findings, a history of seizure disorder was reported in 4 per cent of the male population. Health services within prisons must be able to manage the most pressing problems in this population-substance abuse and psychiatric disorder and provide care for the range of conditions that is similar to that found in the general population for this age group.", "PMID": 576722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12238", "title": "Hypersensitivity to foods: the adaptation phenomenon.", "content": "The ability of certain patients with an allergic diathesis to adapt to the ingestion of specific foods to which they are allergic accounts for the present confusion relative to the role food hypersensitivity plays in clinical medicine. An understanding of the concept of adaptation in ingestant allergy, with its stimulatory and withdrawal periods, aids both patient and physician in appreciating the problems involved in the recognition of food hypersensitivity. Specific adaptation undergoes a chronological development from the nonadapted stage through full adaptation to eventual maladaptation. Recognition of the stage of development present offers further diagnostic help in evaluation of the allergic patient. Reintroduction of a specific food into the diet after establishment of an induced nonadapted phase provides an accurate means of determining hypersensitivity to individual ingestants.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to foods: the adaptation phenomenon. The ability of certain patients with an allergic diathesis to adapt to the ingestion of specific foods to which they are allergic accounts for the present confusion relative to the role food hypersensitivity plays in clinical medicine. An understanding of the concept of adaptation in ingestant allergy, with its stimulatory and withdrawal periods, aids both patient and physician in appreciating the problems involved in the recognition of food hypersensitivity. Specific adaptation undergoes a chronological development from the nonadapted stage through full adaptation to eventual maladaptation. Recognition of the stage of development present offers further diagnostic help in evaluation of the allergic patient. Reintroduction of a specific food into the diet after establishment of an induced nonadapted phase provides an accurate means of determining hypersensitivity to individual ingestants.", "PMID": 576723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12239", "title": "Food hypersensitivity allergy or malabsorption.", "content": "The terms milk allergy, milk sensitivity, and milk intolerance are used in the medical literature with different meanings. Milk allergy and lactase deficiency to which they are usually referring can be specifically differentiated and diagnosed. A modification of the Rinkel oral test meal can be used to separate these two entities for medical diagnostic accuracy and understanding.", "contents": "Food hypersensitivity allergy or malabsorption. The terms milk allergy, milk sensitivity, and milk intolerance are used in the medical literature with different meanings. Milk allergy and lactase deficiency to which they are usually referring can be specifically differentiated and diagnosed. A modification of the Rinkel oral test meal can be used to separate these two entities for medical diagnostic accuracy and understanding.", "PMID": 576724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12240", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of acromegaly.", "content": "Bromocriptine at a dose of 7.5-30 mg/day was given to 12 acromegalics for 6 mo. Mean serum growth hormone (GH) levels during a glucose tolerance test (GTT) were significantly lowered by the drug. In four patients the serum GH response during a GTT was suppressed to normal (i.e. less than or equal to 5 mlU/liter). If bromocriptine had not brought the serum GH response to a GTT to normal at a dose of 20 mg/day, this effect was not achieved by raising the dose to 30 mg/day. Bromocriptine was effective for the duration of treatment. On discontinuing therapy there was an increase in serum GH levels. No obvious clinical changes in the acromegalic features were noted. One patient with impaired glucose tolerance and one with established diabetes had normal glucose tolerance while on bromocriptine and another two patients with impaired glucose tolerance showed no obvious changes while on the drug. Side effects were minor. X-rays of the pituitary fossa before starting and at the end of treatment showed no significant change. We conclude that although bromocriptine is the most promising form of medical treatment for acromegaly to date, it is fully effective only in a minority of patients.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of acromegaly. Bromocriptine at a dose of 7.5-30 mg/day was given to 12 acromegalics for 6 mo. Mean serum growth hormone (GH) levels during a glucose tolerance test (GTT) were significantly lowered by the drug. In four patients the serum GH response during a GTT was suppressed to normal (i.e. less than or equal to 5 mlU/liter). If bromocriptine had not brought the serum GH response to a GTT to normal at a dose of 20 mg/day, this effect was not achieved by raising the dose to 30 mg/day. Bromocriptine was effective for the duration of treatment. On discontinuing therapy there was an increase in serum GH levels. No obvious clinical changes in the acromegalic features were noted. One patient with impaired glucose tolerance and one with established diabetes had normal glucose tolerance while on bromocriptine and another two patients with impaired glucose tolerance showed no obvious changes while on the drug. Side effects were minor. X-rays of the pituitary fossa before starting and at the end of treatment showed no significant change. We conclude that although bromocriptine is the most promising form of medical treatment for acromegaly to date, it is fully effective only in a minority of patients.", "PMID": 576725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12241", "title": "[Isocount scanning in brain tumors-a quantitative investigation of the tracer activity (author's transl)].", "content": "In the previous reports, the theoretical background [corrected] and technical details of the Isocount scanning were described. Based on clinical experiences of various brain diseases, the newly developed scanning method was confirmed to be more useful than the conventional scintiscanning. Besides the new scanning method, a new display system was also developed for the sake of more precise analysis of the Isocount scanned data. This display method is called MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS or MULTILEVEL SLICING. In the present investigation, this method was applied to fortysix cases of brain tumors, including forty cases of supratentorial tumors and six cases of infratentorial tumors, positive rates being 95% and 67% respectively. Furthermore, as a measure of the quantitative investigation of the radioactive tracer uptake of the target area, the maximum uptake rate of the target area (RTmax.=Tmax./NTmean), and the deviation index (DI=DT/DNT) were introduced; Tmax., NTmean, DT and DNT are respectively defined as a maximum uptake of the target area, a mean uptake of the non-target area, a deviation rate of the target area and a deviation rate of the non-target area. They can be obtained from analysing the television figures of MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS. By this method, thirty-four cases of supratentorial tumors were studied. In cases of glioma (12 scans), meningioma (9 scans), and metastatic tumor (7 scans), the mean values of RTmax. were 1.26, 1.37, and 1.24 and the mean values of DI were 0.81, 0.68 and 0.60 respectively. In gliomas, the RTmax. and the DI were correlated with the degree of malignancy of the tumors. This quantitative analysis could be considered to be useful to foresee the nature of the brain tumor from the scintiscanning findings.", "contents": "[Isocount scanning in brain tumors-a quantitative investigation of the tracer activity (author's transl)]. In the previous reports, the theoretical background [corrected] and technical details of the Isocount scanning were described. Based on clinical experiences of various brain diseases, the newly developed scanning method was confirmed to be more useful than the conventional scintiscanning. Besides the new scanning method, a new display system was also developed for the sake of more precise analysis of the Isocount scanned data. This display method is called MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS or MULTILEVEL SLICING. In the present investigation, this method was applied to fortysix cases of brain tumors, including forty cases of supratentorial tumors and six cases of infratentorial tumors, positive rates being 95% and 67% respectively. Furthermore, as a measure of the quantitative investigation of the radioactive tracer uptake of the target area, the maximum uptake rate of the target area (RTmax.=Tmax./NTmean), and the deviation index (DI=DT/DNT) were introduced; Tmax., NTmean, DT and DNT are respectively defined as a maximum uptake of the target area, a mean uptake of the non-target area, a deviation rate of the target area and a deviation rate of the non-target area. They can be obtained from analysing the television figures of MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS. By this method, thirty-four cases of supratentorial tumors were studied. In cases of glioma (12 scans), meningioma (9 scans), and metastatic tumor (7 scans), the mean values of RTmax. were 1.26, 1.37, and 1.24 and the mean values of DI were 0.81, 0.68 and 0.60 respectively. In gliomas, the RTmax. and the DI were correlated with the degree of malignancy of the tumors. This quantitative analysis could be considered to be useful to foresee the nature of the brain tumor from the scintiscanning findings.", "PMID": 576728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12242", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid imaging using serial metrizamide CT cisternography.", "content": "Twenty-five patients studied by serial metrizamide (Amipaque) CT cisternography were used to analyze CSF kinetics. Delayed CSF flow patterns were noted in 7 patients, while intermediate patterns occurred in 4. The abnormal cisternogram was characterized primarily by ventricular reflux and stasis and secondarily by diminution of the parasagittal blush and a periventricular rim of decreased absorption. The intermediate group had minimal ventricular stasis after 24 hours and a normal parasagittal blush. After clinical and biochemical evaluation of the patient with dementia, CT scanning is usually indicated. If a profile suggestive of communicating hydrocephalus emerges, CSF kinetics can be monitored dynamically by CT scanning with metrizamide enhancement.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid imaging using serial metrizamide CT cisternography. Twenty-five patients studied by serial metrizamide (Amipaque) CT cisternography were used to analyze CSF kinetics. Delayed CSF flow patterns were noted in 7 patients, while intermediate patterns occurred in 4. The abnormal cisternogram was characterized primarily by ventricular reflux and stasis and secondarily by diminution of the parasagittal blush and a periventricular rim of decreased absorption. The intermediate group had minimal ventricular stasis after 24 hours and a normal parasagittal blush. After clinical and biochemical evaluation of the patient with dementia, CT scanning is usually indicated. If a profile suggestive of communicating hydrocephalus emerges, CSF kinetics can be monitored dynamically by CT scanning with metrizamide enhancement.", "PMID": 576729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12243", "title": "A new miniaturized system for monitoring the epidural pressure in children and adults.", "content": "A new miniaturized epidural pressure transducing system for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) has been developed. The system is of the as yet smallest known dimensions. The transducer is implanted automatically coplanar to the dura via a burr hole of 4 mm diameter in the conscious patient without special surgical equipment. Application is possible in adults, children and infants. We have achieved a maximal resolution of 10(-3) mm of Hg. At a full scale range of 100 mm of Hg the zero-point drift is less than 1 mm of Hg/24 h.", "contents": "A new miniaturized system for monitoring the epidural pressure in children and adults. A new miniaturized epidural pressure transducing system for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) has been developed. The system is of the as yet smallest known dimensions. The transducer is implanted automatically coplanar to the dura via a burr hole of 4 mm diameter in the conscious patient without special surgical equipment. Application is possible in adults, children and infants. We have achieved a maximal resolution of 10(-3) mm of Hg. At a full scale range of 100 mm of Hg the zero-point drift is less than 1 mm of Hg/24 h.", "PMID": 576730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12244", "title": "Smooth muscle involvement in congenital myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Dysfunction of smooth muscles is not unusual in adults suffering from myotonic dystrophy but has not yet been reported in patients with the congenital form of the disease. Of two brothers, the younger one presented with the typical features of congenital myotonic dystrophy at birth. He developed severe constipation due to megacolon during his second year of life. In the older brother disturbances of gastrointestinal motility, causing repeated bouts of subileus during the newborn period, sprue-like symptoms during early childhood, and megacolon with constipation and incontinence later on, remained the only manifestation of myotonic dystrophy until the age of eight years when the diagnosis could be finally established by electromyography.", "contents": "Smooth muscle involvement in congenital myotonic dystrophy. Dysfunction of smooth muscles is not unusual in adults suffering from myotonic dystrophy but has not yet been reported in patients with the congenital form of the disease. Of two brothers, the younger one presented with the typical features of congenital myotonic dystrophy at birth. He developed severe constipation due to megacolon during his second year of life. In the older brother disturbances of gastrointestinal motility, causing repeated bouts of subileus during the newborn period, sprue-like symptoms during early childhood, and megacolon with constipation and incontinence later on, remained the only manifestation of myotonic dystrophy until the age of eight years when the diagnosis could be finally established by electromyography.", "PMID": 576731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12245", "title": "Infantile spinal muscular atrophy (morbus Werdnig-Hoffmann) causing neonatal asphyxia.", "content": "A case of infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease) with complete proximal pareses obvious at birth giving rise to neonatal asphyxia is reported. Reduction of fetal movements was noted from the 32nd week of pregnancy. The infant was extremely floppy at birth and spontaneous movements were restricted to hands, feet and face. Fibrillations of the tongue, diaphragmatic hemiparesis and dysphagia were observed. Unassisted ventilation was not compatible with survival and the infant succumbed to the disease in the neonatal period. Muscle biopsy and autopsy confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Infantile spinal muscular atrophy causing neonatal asphyxia seems to be unusual and not earlier described. Constant muscular hypotonus in an asphyctic newborn should raise suspicion of a neuromuscular disorder.", "contents": "Infantile spinal muscular atrophy (morbus Werdnig-Hoffmann) causing neonatal asphyxia. A case of infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease) with complete proximal pareses obvious at birth giving rise to neonatal asphyxia is reported. Reduction of fetal movements was noted from the 32nd week of pregnancy. The infant was extremely floppy at birth and spontaneous movements were restricted to hands, feet and face. Fibrillations of the tongue, diaphragmatic hemiparesis and dysphagia were observed. Unassisted ventilation was not compatible with survival and the infant succumbed to the disease in the neonatal period. Muscle biopsy and autopsy confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Infantile spinal muscular atrophy causing neonatal asphyxia seems to be unusual and not earlier described. Constant muscular hypotonus in an asphyctic newborn should raise suspicion of a neuromuscular disorder.", "PMID": 576732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12246", "title": "Joubert syndrome: episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, retardation and ataxia, associated with dysplasia of the cerebellar vermis.", "content": "A unique syndrome consisting of episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and mental retardation, associated with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, has been delineated in four siblings by Joubert et al. (1969). We describe three other children with this clinically recognizable condition which we suggest to call Joubert syndrome. There is good evidence that it is inherited as autosomal recessive. Two of out patients were brothers, the third child's parents were related. Recognition of this syndrome is important in view of prognosis and for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Joubert syndrome: episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, retardation and ataxia, associated with dysplasia of the cerebellar vermis. A unique syndrome consisting of episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and mental retardation, associated with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, has been delineated in four siblings by Joubert et al. (1969). We describe three other children with this clinically recognizable condition which we suggest to call Joubert syndrome. There is good evidence that it is inherited as autosomal recessive. Two of out patients were brothers, the third child's parents were related. Recognition of this syndrome is important in view of prognosis and for genetic counseling.", "PMID": 576733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12247", "title": "Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia in two sibs with mild psycho-neurological symptoms.", "content": "Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) has been diagnosed in two sibs. At the age 2:5 years and 1:3 years respectively only moderate psycho-motor retardation and muscular hypotonia were seen in the elderly child while no psycho-neurological symptoms were seen in the younger sib. Neither of the children had convulsions. This observation is in contrast to earlier published cases of this disorder. A summary of earlier published cases of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia is presented.", "contents": "Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia in two sibs with mild psycho-neurological symptoms. Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) has been diagnosed in two sibs. At the age 2:5 years and 1:3 years respectively only moderate psycho-motor retardation and muscular hypotonia were seen in the elderly child while no psycho-neurological symptoms were seen in the younger sib. Neither of the children had convulsions. This observation is in contrast to earlier published cases of this disorder. A summary of earlier published cases of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia is presented.", "PMID": 576734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12248", "title": "Congenital spongy degeneration of the brain (van Bogaert - Bertrand) associated with micrencephaly and ponto - cerebellar atrophy (contributions to the pathology of glial dystrophy of intrauterin origin).", "content": "The present paper reports on two twin brothers who presented clinically at birth a syndrome characterized by progressive development of muscular hypertonia, opisthotonus, micrencephaly, amaurosis and short, localized clonic seizures. Both children died soon after one year of age. The anatomic examination performed in one case revealed a spongy degeneration of the brain of van Bogaert-Bertrand type. Associated to the cerebral degenerative syndrome was a severe malformative syndrome characterized by micrencephaly, internal hydrocephalus and pontocerebellar atrophy. The ultrastructure of the cerebellar cortex showed degenerative phenomena in the Purkinje and glial cells, demonstrating the evolutive character of the ponto-cerebellar lesions. The degenerative process consisted of the accumulation of lamellar bodies within the mitochondria and free in the cellular cytoplasm with tendency to form inclusions of the multilamellar or finger-print type. Association of the degenerative with the malformative process is not considered to be accidental but based upon the same fundamental pathologic process: glial dystrophy. It may be assumed that the pathologic defect, which as a rule produces syndromes that appear after birth (spongy degeneration of the brain, ponto-cerebellar atrophy), may in some instances act at an early date in intrauterine life, the glial dystrophy that appears so early producing both the degenerative and the malformative process.", "contents": "Congenital spongy degeneration of the brain (van Bogaert - Bertrand) associated with micrencephaly and ponto - cerebellar atrophy (contributions to the pathology of glial dystrophy of intrauterin origin). The present paper reports on two twin brothers who presented clinically at birth a syndrome characterized by progressive development of muscular hypertonia, opisthotonus, micrencephaly, amaurosis and short, localized clonic seizures. Both children died soon after one year of age. The anatomic examination performed in one case revealed a spongy degeneration of the brain of van Bogaert-Bertrand type. Associated to the cerebral degenerative syndrome was a severe malformative syndrome characterized by micrencephaly, internal hydrocephalus and pontocerebellar atrophy. The ultrastructure of the cerebellar cortex showed degenerative phenomena in the Purkinje and glial cells, demonstrating the evolutive character of the ponto-cerebellar lesions. The degenerative process consisted of the accumulation of lamellar bodies within the mitochondria and free in the cellular cytoplasm with tendency to form inclusions of the multilamellar or finger-print type. Association of the degenerative with the malformative process is not considered to be accidental but based upon the same fundamental pathologic process: glial dystrophy. It may be assumed that the pathologic defect, which as a rule produces syndromes that appear after birth (spongy degeneration of the brain, ponto-cerebellar atrophy), may in some instances act at an early date in intrauterine life, the glial dystrophy that appears so early producing both the degenerative and the malformative process.", "PMID": 576735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12249", "title": "Infantile Gaucher's disease: neuropathology, acid hydrolase activities and negative staining observations.", "content": "A case of infantile Gaucher's disease with widespread cerebral degenerative changes is presented. Neuropathological features included perivascular Gaucher cell infiltrates accompanied by periadventitial fibrogliosis, focal neuronophagia, Purkinje cell vacuolation and diffuse astrocytosis of cerebellar white matter, brain stem and spinal paracentral grey matter. Gaucher cell tubules were isolated from formalin fixed material. Negative staining confirmed the appearance of a coiled helical structure, 200--400 A in diameter composed of microfibrils. A relative deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase was found in spleen homogenate accompanied by a considerable increase in acid phosphohydrolase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "Infantile Gaucher's disease: neuropathology, acid hydrolase activities and negative staining observations. A case of infantile Gaucher's disease with widespread cerebral degenerative changes is presented. Neuropathological features included perivascular Gaucher cell infiltrates accompanied by periadventitial fibrogliosis, focal neuronophagia, Purkinje cell vacuolation and diffuse astrocytosis of cerebellar white matter, brain stem and spinal paracentral grey matter. Gaucher cell tubules were isolated from formalin fixed material. Negative staining confirmed the appearance of a coiled helical structure, 200--400 A in diameter composed of microfibrils. A relative deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase was found in spleen homogenate accompanied by a considerable increase in acid phosphohydrolase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 576736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12250", "title": "Central necrosis following contusion to the sheep's spinal cord.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a study on the pathological changes associated with post traumatic central spinal cord necrosis.", "contents": "Central necrosis following contusion to the sheep's spinal cord. This paper presents the results of a study on the pathological changes associated with post traumatic central spinal cord necrosis.", "PMID": 576738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12251", "title": "Temperature and hydration: factor affecting increased recoil of excised rabbit lung.", "content": "We have examined two factors which strongly affect the rate and amount by which excised rabbit lungs become stiffer during mechanical hyperventilation, Pressure-volume (PV) curves were compared before and after 3 hr ventilation (tidal volume 50% TLC, frequency 8/min, end-expiratory pressure of zero) in the temperature range 4 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Lungs were separated into three groups according to method of suspension: (A) floated on saline, (B) floated on mineral oil, and (C) suspended from the trachea. Lung wet/dry weight ratios (W/D) were obtained from groups A and C. In all lungs marked stiffening occurred below 22 degrees C, but the effect diminished sharply between 22 and 28 degrees C. Lungs not in contact with saline (Groups B and C) revealed little change in recoil above 28 degrees C, whereas those in Group A once again tended to become stiff near 37 degrees C. Lung water content in Group A at 37 degrees C was found to be more than double that in Group C. We conclude that two factors can contribute to the stiffening induced by ventilation: (a) temperature maintained below 27-28 degrees C, or (b) excess lung water in combination with temperature above 28 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature and hydration: factor affecting increased recoil of excised rabbit lung. We have examined two factors which strongly affect the rate and amount by which excised rabbit lungs become stiffer during mechanical hyperventilation, Pressure-volume (PV) curves were compared before and after 3 hr ventilation (tidal volume 50% TLC, frequency 8/min, end-expiratory pressure of zero) in the temperature range 4 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Lungs were separated into three groups according to method of suspension: (A) floated on saline, (B) floated on mineral oil, and (C) suspended from the trachea. Lung wet/dry weight ratios (W/D) were obtained from groups A and C. In all lungs marked stiffening occurred below 22 degrees C, but the effect diminished sharply between 22 and 28 degrees C. Lungs not in contact with saline (Groups B and C) revealed little change in recoil above 28 degrees C, whereas those in Group A once again tended to become stiff near 37 degrees C. Lung water content in Group A at 37 degrees C was found to be more than double that in Group C. We conclude that two factors can contribute to the stiffening induced by ventilation: (a) temperature maintained below 27-28 degrees C, or (b) excess lung water in combination with temperature above 28 degrees C.", "PMID": 576743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12252", "title": "Atopic dermatitis: the concept of flare factors.", "content": "A flare factor is a biologic or environmental factor which induces exacerbation of atopic dermatis. Serosis, sweating, scratchy clothes, allergy, infection, scratching, allergic contact dermatitis, anxiety, and coexisting disease are potential flare factors. Different patients have different flare factors, and individual patients may have different flare factors at each patient visit maximizes chances of eliminating or reducing dermatitis.", "contents": "Atopic dermatitis: the concept of flare factors. A flare factor is a biologic or environmental factor which induces exacerbation of atopic dermatis. Serosis, sweating, scratchy clothes, allergy, infection, scratching, allergic contact dermatitis, anxiety, and coexisting disease are potential flare factors. Different patients have different flare factors, and individual patients may have different flare factors at each patient visit maximizes chances of eliminating or reducing dermatitis.", "PMID": 576745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12253", "title": "[Disorders of microcirculation in diffuse toxic goiter and their correction in the early postoperative period].", "content": "A study was made of microcirculation in 45 patients suffering from diffuse toxic goiter at the early postoperative period with the aid of microphotography of the bulbar conjunctiva vessels, and investigation of the rate of the isotope elimination from the intradermal depot and the capillary permeability by V. P. Kaznacheev's method. The data obtained permitted to draw a conclusion that on admission to the clinic patients with toxic goiter were suffering from arteriolar spasm, had poor vascular pattern in the bulbar conjunctiva, the sledge phenomenon in small venules, an acceleration of the isotope elimination from the intradermal depot and an increase of the capillary permeability. Preoperative preparation improved the microcirculation indices, without completely normalizing them, however. Microcirculatory disturbances reached their maximum the first two days after the operation and declined by the 3rd-5th day. Recommendations on correction of the microcirculatory disturbances are given.", "contents": "[Disorders of microcirculation in diffuse toxic goiter and their correction in the early postoperative period]. A study was made of microcirculation in 45 patients suffering from diffuse toxic goiter at the early postoperative period with the aid of microphotography of the bulbar conjunctiva vessels, and investigation of the rate of the isotope elimination from the intradermal depot and the capillary permeability by V. P. Kaznacheev's method. The data obtained permitted to draw a conclusion that on admission to the clinic patients with toxic goiter were suffering from arteriolar spasm, had poor vascular pattern in the bulbar conjunctiva, the sledge phenomenon in small venules, an acceleration of the isotope elimination from the intradermal depot and an increase of the capillary permeability. Preoperative preparation improved the microcirculation indices, without completely normalizing them, however. Microcirculatory disturbances reached their maximum the first two days after the operation and declined by the 3rd-5th day. Recommendations on correction of the microcirculatory disturbances are given.", "PMID": 576740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12254", "title": "Classification and management of mycotic aneurysms.", "content": "After a review of 14 patients with extracranial mycotic aneurysms, a classification of mycotic aneurysms has been proposed based upon the pre-existing pathologic condition of the artery and on the pathogenesis. Ten aneurysms resulted from an infection due to intravascular sources and four, due to extravascular sources. Ten patients in this series were treated surgically, and of these, eight were cured. All four patients who did not undergo a surgical procedure died. Early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy and prompt surgical intervention are recommended in the management of these aneurysms. Excision or exclusion of aneurysms is preferred. If necessary, the circulation to the distal part of the extremity can be restored by vascular reconstruction using an autogenous bypass graft, preferably through a noninfected field.", "contents": "Classification and management of mycotic aneurysms. After a review of 14 patients with extracranial mycotic aneurysms, a classification of mycotic aneurysms has been proposed based upon the pre-existing pathologic condition of the artery and on the pathogenesis. Ten aneurysms resulted from an infection due to intravascular sources and four, due to extravascular sources. Ten patients in this series were treated surgically, and of these, eight were cured. All four patients who did not undergo a surgical procedure died. Early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy and prompt surgical intervention are recommended in the management of these aneurysms. Excision or exclusion of aneurysms is preferred. If necessary, the circulation to the distal part of the extremity can be restored by vascular reconstruction using an autogenous bypass graft, preferably through a noninfected field.", "PMID": 576746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12255", "title": "Changes in pulmonary lipoprotein lipase activity in dogs following experimental bone fracture. A new concept on the pathogenesis of post-traumatic impairment of lung surfactant synthesis and accumulation of fat in lung vessels?", "content": "Five hours after a limited, nonhypotensive trauma without gross interference with coagulopathy, lungs of dogs were found to be completely deficient of heparin-releasable, metabolically active lipoprotein lipase. This indicates that the pathway of circulating lipoprotein triglyceride hydrolysis as a source of palmitate for pulmonary dipalmitoyllecithin synthesis is blocked post-traumatically. The possible significance of this finding on post-traumatic impairment of pulmonary surfactant synthesis and accumulation of fatty material in the pulmonary capillary bed is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in pulmonary lipoprotein lipase activity in dogs following experimental bone fracture. A new concept on the pathogenesis of post-traumatic impairment of lung surfactant synthesis and accumulation of fat in lung vessels? Five hours after a limited, nonhypotensive trauma without gross interference with coagulopathy, lungs of dogs were found to be completely deficient of heparin-releasable, metabolically active lipoprotein lipase. This indicates that the pathway of circulating lipoprotein triglyceride hydrolysis as a source of palmitate for pulmonary dipalmitoyllecithin synthesis is blocked post-traumatically. The possible significance of this finding on post-traumatic impairment of pulmonary surfactant synthesis and accumulation of fatty material in the pulmonary capillary bed is discussed.", "PMID": 576747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12256", "title": "Metabolic disposition of cytembena in rats and dogs.", "content": "1. The metabolic disposition of cytembena (sodium cis-3-p-methoxybenzoyl-3-bromoacrylate)labelled at both carbonyl carbon atoms was studied in rats and dogs. 2. Rats excreted over 70% and dogs excreted over 50% of the radioactive dose in 24 h. Most of the radioactivity was found in urine. Kidney retained the highest level of radioactivity after 24 h. Renal cortex was responsible for the observed high retention. Both species exhibited similar tissue distribution and urinary metabolic patterns. 3. Cytembena was metabolized by demethylation catalysed by microsomes and by debromination and double bond saturation catalysed by the 100,000 g supernatant fraction in the presence of glutathione and NADPH. Tentative structures of the metabolites identified by mass spectrometry and the probable metabolic pathway of cytembena are presented,", "contents": "Metabolic disposition of cytembena in rats and dogs. 1. The metabolic disposition of cytembena (sodium cis-3-p-methoxybenzoyl-3-bromoacrylate)labelled at both carbonyl carbon atoms was studied in rats and dogs. 2. Rats excreted over 70% and dogs excreted over 50% of the radioactive dose in 24 h. Most of the radioactivity was found in urine. Kidney retained the highest level of radioactivity after 24 h. Renal cortex was responsible for the observed high retention. Both species exhibited similar tissue distribution and urinary metabolic patterns. 3. Cytembena was metabolized by demethylation catalysed by microsomes and by debromination and double bond saturation catalysed by the 100,000 g supernatant fraction in the presence of glutathione and NADPH. Tentative structures of the metabolites identified by mass spectrometry and the probable metabolic pathway of cytembena are presented,", "PMID": 576751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12257", "title": "[Persistent ache caused by a residual meniscus (author's transl)].", "content": "The residual meniscus as a cause of persistent ache of the knee is a rare condition. Permanent trouble demands an active instrumental diagnostic approach. A reliable diagnostic measure is repeated arthrography. Operative removal of the residual menicsus is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Persistent ache caused by a residual meniscus (author's transl)]. The residual meniscus as a cause of persistent ache of the knee is a rare condition. Permanent trouble demands an active instrumental diagnostic approach. A reliable diagnostic measure is repeated arthrography. Operative removal of the residual menicsus is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 576752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12258", "title": "[The problem of post-operative complications after colonic surgery because of malignant tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Post-operative complications after colonic surgery because of malignant tumours were analysed in 412 patients from 1961 to 1974 at the Surgical-Clinic of Innsbruck University. 42% of the patients had postoperative complications. 60% of these complications were directly due to surgery, 40% indirectly. Attention should be paid to the fact that colonic surgery in particular has a high rate of complications, i.e. 76% of these cases seen in relation to 38% of routinely operated patients. With reference to all patients 18 different complications were observed. Causes of these complications and prophylactic treatment, likely to decrease the rate of lethality and complications are discussed.", "contents": "[The problem of post-operative complications after colonic surgery because of malignant tumors (author's transl)]. Post-operative complications after colonic surgery because of malignant tumours were analysed in 412 patients from 1961 to 1974 at the Surgical-Clinic of Innsbruck University. 42% of the patients had postoperative complications. 60% of these complications were directly due to surgery, 40% indirectly. Attention should be paid to the fact that colonic surgery in particular has a high rate of complications, i.e. 76% of these cases seen in relation to 38% of routinely operated patients. With reference to all patients 18 different complications were observed. Causes of these complications and prophylactic treatment, likely to decrease the rate of lethality and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 576753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12259", "title": "[Complications of lumbar sympathectomy. Retrospective study of 791 patients].", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to define the nature and the frequency of post-lumbar sympathectomy complications and to reappreciate their importance in the evaluation of operative indication. The non specific miscellaneous complications are no more frequent than after any other lombotomy. The specific complications occur in less than 10%; they are almost always transient. Prolonged paralytic ileus is related to post-operative hematoma in retroperitoneal space. Ejaculation disturbances are produced either by bilateral resection of one of the two first lumbar ganglian or by section of the intermesenteric plexus, the presacral nerves or the hypogastric nerves during associated dissection of the aortic bifurcaiton. Late neuralgia is probably induced by retroperitoneal hematoma; its size increases gradually during the postoperative period by transference of tissue fluids. In conclusion, the morbidity and the morbidity rates of lumbar sympathectomy are remarkably low; these are not arguments against the lumbar sympathectomy.", "contents": "[Complications of lumbar sympathectomy. Retrospective study of 791 patients]. The purpose of this paper is to define the nature and the frequency of post-lumbar sympathectomy complications and to reappreciate their importance in the evaluation of operative indication. The non specific miscellaneous complications are no more frequent than after any other lombotomy. The specific complications occur in less than 10%; they are almost always transient. Prolonged paralytic ileus is related to post-operative hematoma in retroperitoneal space. Ejaculation disturbances are produced either by bilateral resection of one of the two first lumbar ganglian or by section of the intermesenteric plexus, the presacral nerves or the hypogastric nerves during associated dissection of the aortic bifurcaiton. Late neuralgia is probably induced by retroperitoneal hematoma; its size increases gradually during the postoperative period by transference of tissue fluids. In conclusion, the morbidity and the morbidity rates of lumbar sympathectomy are remarkably low; these are not arguments against the lumbar sympathectomy.", "PMID": 576754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12260", "title": "Plasma exchange for cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Two patients with advanced lymphoma, chronic cold agglutinin disease refractory to conventional therapy and severe, progressive anemia were treated with exchange plasma transfusion. Both experienced significant reduction in titers. The first patient, in whom the procedure was done manually, died with widespread lymphoma without achieving apparent clinical benefit. The second patient was exchanged using the Aminco Celltrifuge, with improvement in in vitro compatibility tests and transfusion tolerance. The technical details of continuous-flow centrifugation exchange plasma transfusion are described.", "contents": "Plasma exchange for cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia. Two patients with advanced lymphoma, chronic cold agglutinin disease refractory to conventional therapy and severe, progressive anemia were treated with exchange plasma transfusion. Both experienced significant reduction in titers. The first patient, in whom the procedure was done manually, died with widespread lymphoma without achieving apparent clinical benefit. The second patient was exchanged using the Aminco Celltrifuge, with improvement in in vitro compatibility tests and transfusion tolerance. The technical details of continuous-flow centrifugation exchange plasma transfusion are described.", "PMID": 576749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12261", "title": "Comparative rapidity of response of height, limb muscle and limb fat to treatment with human growth hormone in patients with and without growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "The widths of muscle and fat in the upper arm and calf have been measured radiologically before treatment and at intervals of 1, 3. 6 and 12 months during administration of human growth hormone in 41 pre-pubertal patients with \"isolated\" growth hormone deficiency and in 22 patients with multiple deficiencies following gross CNS lesions. Height was also measured. The curves of response of muscle and fat on the one hand and height on the other were strikingly dissimilar. A very rapid increase of muscle took place in the first month; but after 6 months the increments had fallen to normal values for size and bone age. Decrements in fat followed the same pattern. Height, however, showed a smaller increment in the first month than in the period 1 to 3 months in the \"isolated\" deficiency cases, and much slower fall back towards normal. The first-year height increment was not at all correlated with the first-month height increment in the \"isolated\" deficiency cases, though it had a correlation coefficient of 0.46 with the first-month muscle increment. Nine cases of short stature not due to GH deficiency were similarly studied. There was considerable overlap between deficient and non-deficient in all responses in the first 3 months, though children in the top half of the responder's distribution could be distinguished. A  1-month radiological test of responses to hGH in doubtful cases is proposed, using in all only 40 IU of hormone. It is emphasised that a small response of muscle and fat may occur in cases who do nevertheless respond in height to hGH administration; a large response in muscle and fat, however, is indivative that treatment will be effective, though it does not well predict the precise amount of height that may be gained.", "contents": "Comparative rapidity of response of height, limb muscle and limb fat to treatment with human growth hormone in patients with and without growth hormone deficiency. The widths of muscle and fat in the upper arm and calf have been measured radiologically before treatment and at intervals of 1, 3. 6 and 12 months during administration of human growth hormone in 41 pre-pubertal patients with \"isolated\" growth hormone deficiency and in 22 patients with multiple deficiencies following gross CNS lesions. Height was also measured. The curves of response of muscle and fat on the one hand and height on the other were strikingly dissimilar. A very rapid increase of muscle took place in the first month; but after 6 months the increments had fallen to normal values for size and bone age. Decrements in fat followed the same pattern. Height, however, showed a smaller increment in the first month than in the period 1 to 3 months in the \"isolated\" deficiency cases, and much slower fall back towards normal. The first-year height increment was not at all correlated with the first-month height increment in the \"isolated\" deficiency cases, though it had a correlation coefficient of 0.46 with the first-month muscle increment. Nine cases of short stature not due to GH deficiency were similarly studied. There was considerable overlap between deficient and non-deficient in all responses in the first 3 months, though children in the top half of the responder's distribution could be distinguished. A  1-month radiological test of responses to hGH in doubtful cases is proposed, using in all only 40 IU of hormone. It is emphasised that a small response of muscle and fat may occur in cases who do nevertheless respond in height to hGH administration; a large response in muscle and fat, however, is indivative that treatment will be effective, though it does not well predict the precise amount of height that may be gained.", "PMID": 576755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12262", "title": "Biologically active luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma: II. Comparison with immunologically active LH levels throughout the human menstrual cycle.", "content": "The levels of biologically active luteinizing hormone were determined by an in vitro bioassay method in plasma samples collected daily over a complete menstrual cycle from 12 menstruating women. These cycles were normal according to a number of criteria, including daily plasma levels of oestradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone. Immunoreactive LH was estimated in the same 12 cycles by a radio-immunoassay (RIA) procedure (HCG-RIA) using an HCG antiserum and iodinated HCG. The 2nd IRP of HMG was selected as standard although significant deviations from parallelism were found with 7 out of the 12 plasma pools studied. The use of the 1st IRP of human pituitary gonadotrophins (FSH and LH (ICSH)) for bioassay (herafter HPG-1st IRP) as standard in this system resulted invariably in invalid assays, due to lack of parallelism. Immunoreactive LH was also measured in 8 of the 12 cycles by a RIA procedure (HLA-RIA) using a human LH antiserum and iodinated human LH of pituitary origin. Results are expressed in terms of the HPG-1st IRP. The plasma levels of biologically and immunologically active LH were qualitatively similar throughout the menstrual cycle. However, the LH levels measured by the bioassay invariably exceeded those estimated by the RIA procedures. The biological to immunological (B/I) ratio over the entire menstrual cycle (312 comparisons) was 5.5 with 95% confidence limits at 5.2 and 5.8 when the HCG-RIA system was employed. Using the HLH-RIA system (208 comparisons), the corresponding ratio was 6.4 (6.0:6.9). When regression lines were calculated using the bioassay results as the independent variable and the RIA results as the dependent variable, the 95% confidence limits of the regression lines did not include the origin. Furthermore,, in keeping with the high B/I ratios, the slopes of the two regression lines and their conficence limits differed markedly from unity. It is concluded that although qualitatively similar profiles were observed between the biological and immunological activities throughtout the menstrual cycle, two aspects require further attention. Firstly, the elevated B/I ratios together with the behaviour of the dose-effect lines obtained with different standards in the various RIA systems suggest that presently available reference standard preparations of pituitary and/or urinary origin are not suitable for the assay of LH in human plasms. Secondly, from the regression analyses of the biological and immunological activities it is infered that the RIA methods detect immunological activity which is not associated with biological activity. If so, the validity of these RIA procedures for specifically measuring low levels of biologically active LH in plasma may be in question.", "contents": "Biologically active luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma: II. Comparison with immunologically active LH levels throughout the human menstrual cycle. The levels of biologically active luteinizing hormone were determined by an in vitro bioassay method in plasma samples collected daily over a complete menstrual cycle from 12 menstruating women. These cycles were normal according to a number of criteria, including daily plasma levels of oestradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone. Immunoreactive LH was estimated in the same 12 cycles by a radio-immunoassay (RIA) procedure (HCG-RIA) using an HCG antiserum and iodinated HCG. The 2nd IRP of HMG was selected as standard although significant deviations from parallelism were found with 7 out of the 12 plasma pools studied. The use of the 1st IRP of human pituitary gonadotrophins (FSH and LH (ICSH)) for bioassay (herafter HPG-1st IRP) as standard in this system resulted invariably in invalid assays, due to lack of parallelism. Immunoreactive LH was also measured in 8 of the 12 cycles by a RIA procedure (HLA-RIA) using a human LH antiserum and iodinated human LH of pituitary origin. Results are expressed in terms of the HPG-1st IRP. The plasma levels of biologically and immunologically active LH were qualitatively similar throughout the menstrual cycle. However, the LH levels measured by the bioassay invariably exceeded those estimated by the RIA procedures. The biological to immunological (B/I) ratio over the entire menstrual cycle (312 comparisons) was 5.5 with 95% confidence limits at 5.2 and 5.8 when the HCG-RIA system was employed. Using the HLH-RIA system (208 comparisons), the corresponding ratio was 6.4 (6.0:6.9). When regression lines were calculated using the bioassay results as the independent variable and the RIA results as the dependent variable, the 95% confidence limits of the regression lines did not include the origin. Furthermore,, in keeping with the high B/I ratios, the slopes of the two regression lines and their conficence limits differed markedly from unity. It is concluded that although qualitatively similar profiles were observed between the biological and immunological activities throughtout the menstrual cycle, two aspects require further attention. Firstly, the elevated B/I ratios together with the behaviour of the dose-effect lines obtained with different standards in the various RIA systems suggest that presently available reference standard preparations of pituitary and/or urinary origin are not suitable for the assay of LH in human plasms. Secondly, from the regression analyses of the biological and immunological activities it is infered that the RIA methods detect immunological activity which is not associated with biological activity. If so, the validity of these RIA procedures for specifically measuring low levels of biologically active LH in plasma may be in question.", "PMID": 576756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12263", "title": "Evolution of the menstrual pattern of gonadotrophin and sex steroid concentrations in serum.", "content": "Consecutive daily serum samples were obtained over 25-30 days from 2 pre-pubertal girls (Stage I), 2 girls with breast development alone (Stage II); one girl with both breast development and pubic hair (Stage III), and 2 girls who were six months and three years post-menarche, respectively (Stage IV). All serum samples were assayed for LH, FSH, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Sera from 6 girls were assayed for testosterone, and sera from 3 were assayed for oestradiol. The patterns of gonadotrophins and sex steroid concentrations in both Stage I and Stage II girls were characterized by day to day stability. LH and FSH concentration was increased in Stage II subjects, while steroid concentration were similar to those in Stage I. The Stage III subject showed marked, apparently random, fluctuations in the concentrations of LH, FSH, oestradiol and 17-hydroxyrogesterone. In Stage IV, as early as six months post-menarche, there was a definte peak in the serum concentration of gonadotrophins, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol. However, luteal phase length and maximal progesterone levels of these post-menarchial girls were less than those observed for normal adult females. These data are consistent with evolution of the adult menstrual pattern of hormone secretion through a series of developmental stages.", "contents": "Evolution of the menstrual pattern of gonadotrophin and sex steroid concentrations in serum. Consecutive daily serum samples were obtained over 25-30 days from 2 pre-pubertal girls (Stage I), 2 girls with breast development alone (Stage II); one girl with both breast development and pubic hair (Stage III), and 2 girls who were six months and three years post-menarche, respectively (Stage IV). All serum samples were assayed for LH, FSH, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Sera from 6 girls were assayed for testosterone, and sera from 3 were assayed for oestradiol. The patterns of gonadotrophins and sex steroid concentrations in both Stage I and Stage II girls were characterized by day to day stability. LH and FSH concentration was increased in Stage II subjects, while steroid concentration were similar to those in Stage I. The Stage III subject showed marked, apparently random, fluctuations in the concentrations of LH, FSH, oestradiol and 17-hydroxyrogesterone. In Stage IV, as early as six months post-menarche, there was a definte peak in the serum concentration of gonadotrophins, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol. However, luteal phase length and maximal progesterone levels of these post-menarchial girls were less than those observed for normal adult females. These data are consistent with evolution of the adult menstrual pattern of hormone secretion through a series of developmental stages.", "PMID": 576757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12264", "title": "Effects of chronic renal disease on thyroid hormone metabolism.", "content": "Serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine together with urine losses of unconjugated thyroid hormones have been measured in normal subjects and in patients with renal disease. Serum total hormone values in the hypothyroid range were common the renal group and correlated inversely with the degree of renal impairment but not with renal loss of hormone which in the case of thyroxine exceeded the average normal daily loss ten-fold. The euthyroid state of patients with renal disease was best reflected by serum free thyroxine concentration which in every case was within the normal range. Poor correlation was apparent between the respective urine concentrations of albumin and thyroxine, and the reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of chronic renal disease on thyroid hormone metabolism. Serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine together with urine losses of unconjugated thyroid hormones have been measured in normal subjects and in patients with renal disease. Serum total hormone values in the hypothyroid range were common the renal group and correlated inversely with the degree of renal impairment but not with renal loss of hormone which in the case of thyroxine exceeded the average normal daily loss ten-fold. The euthyroid state of patients with renal disease was best reflected by serum free thyroxine concentration which in every case was within the normal range. Poor correlation was apparent between the respective urine concentrations of albumin and thyroxine, and the reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 576758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12265", "title": "Protein concentration of the rat thyroid colloid during thyroxine treatment.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily doses of 20 mug thyroxine for varying periods between 1 and 21 days. Samples of colloid were obtained by micropuncture in vivo of follicles in the thyroid isthmus. The protein content of the samples was determined by gel electrophoresis and the volume by a technique based on radioactivity measurement. The relative volume of the follicle lumina was determined by light microscopy. Treatment with thyroxine resulted in an increase in the protein concentration of the colloid. This increase was statistically significant after 2 days and the concentration remained elevated throughout the experimental period. The size of the follicle lumina also increased, most rapidly during the first week. It is suggested that the increase in protein concentration of the colloid during thyroxine treatment is due to inhibition of endocytosis of colloid in combination with the discharge into the follicle lumen of highly concentrated protein.", "contents": "Protein concentration of the rat thyroid colloid during thyroxine treatment. Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily doses of 20 mug thyroxine for varying periods between 1 and 21 days. Samples of colloid were obtained by micropuncture in vivo of follicles in the thyroid isthmus. The protein content of the samples was determined by gel electrophoresis and the volume by a technique based on radioactivity measurement. The relative volume of the follicle lumina was determined by light microscopy. Treatment with thyroxine resulted in an increase in the protein concentration of the colloid. This increase was statistically significant after 2 days and the concentration remained elevated throughout the experimental period. The size of the follicle lumina also increased, most rapidly during the first week. It is suggested that the increase in protein concentration of the colloid during thyroxine treatment is due to inhibition of endocytosis of colloid in combination with the discharge into the follicle lumen of highly concentrated protein.", "PMID": 576760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12266", "title": "Comparison of thyroid antigens by the experimental production of precipitating antibodies to human thyroid fractions and the identification of an antibody which competes with long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) for thyroid binding.", "content": "Antibodies were raised to various sub-cellular fractions of human thyroids, (of Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and non-toxic goitre). With one exception it was found that antibodies to the Graves' thyroid fractions crooss-reacted with both the non-toxic goitre and Hashimoto's thyroiditis fractions. This exception was in the antiserum to the Graves' 105 000 x g pellet (Gr4) which contained an anr the Hashimoto's (/) thyroid preparations. The antibody-antigen between A-1 and Gr4 could be blocked by the addition of LATS (or TSH) to the antigen, thus suggesting that A- 1 might be a LATS-like immunoglobulin. These results suggest that the TSH receptor can be produced in vivo. Production of such an antibody to the TSH receptor would permit the development for the first time fo a good animal model of Graves' disease.", "contents": "Comparison of thyroid antigens by the experimental production of precipitating antibodies to human thyroid fractions and the identification of an antibody which competes with long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) for thyroid binding. Antibodies were raised to various sub-cellular fractions of human thyroids, (of Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and non-toxic goitre). With one exception it was found that antibodies to the Graves' thyroid fractions crooss-reacted with both the non-toxic goitre and Hashimoto's thyroiditis fractions. This exception was in the antiserum to the Graves' 105 000 x g pellet (Gr4) which contained an anr the Hashimoto's (/) thyroid preparations. The antibody-antigen between A-1 and Gr4 could be blocked by the addition of LATS (or TSH) to the antigen, thus suggesting that A- 1 might be a LATS-like immunoglobulin. These results suggest that the TSH receptor can be produced in vivo. Production of such an antibody to the TSH receptor would permit the development for the first time fo a good animal model of Graves' disease.", "PMID": 576759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12267", "title": "Decreased bone sensitivity of thyroidectomized rats to the calcaemic effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "The calcaemic response of thyroidectomized parathyroid transplanted rats to a single dose of biosynthetic 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (50 ng) injected into a jugular vein, was evaluated. The animals were fed a vitamin D-free, low calcium diet. Compared to sham-operated and to thyroid-intact parathyroid transplanted rats thyroidectomized animals had a significantly reduced calcaemic response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Daily supplementation with d,1-thyroxine (100 mug/rat) during the experimental period restored a normal response. The increase in serum calcium concentration after 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol injection was a similar in thyroidectomized bilaterally nephrectomized animals, and in thyroidectomized kidney-intact rats. The results suggest that in thyroxine depleted rats, the sensitivity of bone to the calcaemic effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is decreased.", "contents": "Decreased bone sensitivity of thyroidectomized rats to the calcaemic effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. The calcaemic response of thyroidectomized parathyroid transplanted rats to a single dose of biosynthetic 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (50 ng) injected into a jugular vein, was evaluated. The animals were fed a vitamin D-free, low calcium diet. Compared to sham-operated and to thyroid-intact parathyroid transplanted rats thyroidectomized animals had a significantly reduced calcaemic response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Daily supplementation with d,1-thyroxine (100 mug/rat) during the experimental period restored a normal response. The increase in serum calcium concentration after 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol injection was a similar in thyroidectomized bilaterally nephrectomized animals, and in thyroidectomized kidney-intact rats. The results suggest that in thyroxine depleted rats, the sensitivity of bone to the calcaemic effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is decreased.", "PMID": 576761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12268", "title": "Effect of hydrocortisone on ammonia intoxication in the adrenalectomized rat.", "content": "Adrenalectomy induces a hypersensitivity in the rat to ammonia intoxication. Daily injection of hydrocortisone hydrochloride to adrenalectomized rats restored normal sensitivity to ammonia intoxication, with concomitant restoration of liver urea-synthesizing capacity to the normal value. When injected with a large dose of ammonium acetate, hydrocortisone-treated adrenalectomized rats were able to reduce the plasma ammonia concentration much more rapidly than the adrenalectomized control rats. However, neither the increase in liver urea synthesis nor the more rapid decrease in the plasma ammonia concentration were sufficient to explain the protective aciton of hydrocortisone against ammonia intoxication.", "contents": "Effect of hydrocortisone on ammonia intoxication in the adrenalectomized rat. Adrenalectomy induces a hypersensitivity in the rat to ammonia intoxication. Daily injection of hydrocortisone hydrochloride to adrenalectomized rats restored normal sensitivity to ammonia intoxication, with concomitant restoration of liver urea-synthesizing capacity to the normal value. When injected with a large dose of ammonium acetate, hydrocortisone-treated adrenalectomized rats were able to reduce the plasma ammonia concentration much more rapidly than the adrenalectomized control rats. However, neither the increase in liver urea synthesis nor the more rapid decrease in the plasma ammonia concentration were sufficient to explain the protective aciton of hydrocortisone against ammonia intoxication.", "PMID": 576762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12269", "title": "Endocrine and reproductive repercussions of immunization against progesterone and oestradiol in female rats.", "content": "Mature female rats were immunized with BSA-conjugates of oestradiol-17beta-6-carboxymethyloxime or progesterone-11-hymisuccinate. Sera tested two months later at 1/2000 dilution bound 63.3% +/- 3.1 SEM and 21.2% +/- 2.3 of the homologous tritiated hormone (10 pg),--oestradiol-17beta(Oe2) and progesterone (P), respectively. Rats immunized against Oe2 had a significantly longer oestrous cycle (8.2 days vs. 4.5 days in BSA-immunized rats), with a prolonged leukocytic phase. The cycle of rats immunized against P was also prolonged (10.5 days), but in this group the cornified smear phase was abnormally extended. The luteinizing hormone (LH) normally observed on the afternoon of pro-oestrus failed to occur in the rats immunized against Oe2 and in 70% of rats immunized against P. The latter animals, however, showed sporadic LH discharges during periods of persistent cornification. Immunization against P resulted in elevated total (free plus bound) plasma P levels; immunization against Oe2 prevented the pro-oestrous rise in plasma P. Mating of rats immunized against Oe2 resulated in normal pregnanices, while none of the rats immunized against P delivered.", "contents": "Endocrine and reproductive repercussions of immunization against progesterone and oestradiol in female rats. Mature female rats were immunized with BSA-conjugates of oestradiol-17beta-6-carboxymethyloxime or progesterone-11-hymisuccinate. Sera tested two months later at 1/2000 dilution bound 63.3% +/- 3.1 SEM and 21.2% +/- 2.3 of the homologous tritiated hormone (10 pg),--oestradiol-17beta(Oe2) and progesterone (P), respectively. Rats immunized against Oe2 had a significantly longer oestrous cycle (8.2 days vs. 4.5 days in BSA-immunized rats), with a prolonged leukocytic phase. The cycle of rats immunized against P was also prolonged (10.5 days), but in this group the cornified smear phase was abnormally extended. The luteinizing hormone (LH) normally observed on the afternoon of pro-oestrus failed to occur in the rats immunized against Oe2 and in 70% of rats immunized against P. The latter animals, however, showed sporadic LH discharges during periods of persistent cornification. Immunization against P resulted in elevated total (free plus bound) plasma P levels; immunization against Oe2 prevented the pro-oestrous rise in plasma P. Mating of rats immunized against Oe2 resulated in normal pregnanices, while none of the rats immunized against P delivered.", "PMID": 576763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12270", "title": "Exogenous hormone uptake and retention in the rat uterus at the time of ovo-implantation.", "content": "The uterine uptake of tritiated hormones, oestradiol and progesterone, was studied at the time of ovum implantation in the rat. Macromolecular dyes such as trypan blue were used to distinguish implanted sites from the unimplanted ones. A differential uptake was found between the implanted and unimplanted sites in normal 6th day pregnant females. Oestradiol was retained more at the unimplanted sites, whereas its half-life was approximately the same at the two levels. On the other hand progesterone was found in greater amounts in the implanted sites due to a difference in half-life for each site (30 min for unimplanted sites, 40 min for implanted ones during the first 30 min following injection). When endogenous oestradiol retention was suppressed by ovariectomy, higher uptake of [3H] oestradiol in unimplanted sites was not found. These results suggest a heterogeneity in the binding sites of oestradiol in the pregnant uterus.", "contents": "Exogenous hormone uptake and retention in the rat uterus at the time of ovo-implantation. The uterine uptake of tritiated hormones, oestradiol and progesterone, was studied at the time of ovum implantation in the rat. Macromolecular dyes such as trypan blue were used to distinguish implanted sites from the unimplanted ones. A differential uptake was found between the implanted and unimplanted sites in normal 6th day pregnant females. Oestradiol was retained more at the unimplanted sites, whereas its half-life was approximately the same at the two levels. On the other hand progesterone was found in greater amounts in the implanted sites due to a difference in half-life for each site (30 min for unimplanted sites, 40 min for implanted ones during the first 30 min following injection). When endogenous oestradiol retention was suppressed by ovariectomy, higher uptake of [3H] oestradiol in unimplanted sites was not found. These results suggest a heterogeneity in the binding sites of oestradiol in the pregnant uterus.", "PMID": 576764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12271", "title": "Peripheral and central androgenic stimulation of sexual behaviour of castrated male rats.", "content": "The effects of androgens on the maintenance and restoration of sexual behaviour (mounts, intromissions and ejaculations) of castrated male rats were studied. In the maintenance study the rats were treated during 5 weeks, starting one day following castration. Testosterone propionate maintained sexual behaviour at an almost normal level. The androgenoestrogen intermediate 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate was unable to prevent the decline in the number of ejaculations over the weeks although this hormone maintained the post-ejaculatory refractory period in those rats that ejaculated and also maintained normal sexual latencies. In the restoration study administration of testosterone propionate during 7 weeks to long-term castrated rats restored sexual behaviour to normal. 19-Hydroxytestosterone propionate treated rats displayed mounts but no other signs of sexual behaviour. The 5alpha-reduced androgen dihydrotestosterone propionate did not restore sexual behaviour. Testosterone propionate and dihydrotestosterone propionate stimulated peripheral target organs; 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate was ineffective in this respect. It has been suggested that testosterone might stimulate sexual behaviour in rats in two ways, i.e., via its aromatization to oestradiol in the brain, andy by stimulating growth of peripheral tissues via its 5alpha-reduction to dihydrotestosterone. In support for this view we have found that the combination of 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate and dihydrotestosterone propionate was effective in restoring the full pattern of sexual behaviour in castrated male rats.", "contents": "Peripheral and central androgenic stimulation of sexual behaviour of castrated male rats. The effects of androgens on the maintenance and restoration of sexual behaviour (mounts, intromissions and ejaculations) of castrated male rats were studied. In the maintenance study the rats were treated during 5 weeks, starting one day following castration. Testosterone propionate maintained sexual behaviour at an almost normal level. The androgenoestrogen intermediate 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate was unable to prevent the decline in the number of ejaculations over the weeks although this hormone maintained the post-ejaculatory refractory period in those rats that ejaculated and also maintained normal sexual latencies. In the restoration study administration of testosterone propionate during 7 weeks to long-term castrated rats restored sexual behaviour to normal. 19-Hydroxytestosterone propionate treated rats displayed mounts but no other signs of sexual behaviour. The 5alpha-reduced androgen dihydrotestosterone propionate did not restore sexual behaviour. Testosterone propionate and dihydrotestosterone propionate stimulated peripheral target organs; 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate was ineffective in this respect. It has been suggested that testosterone might stimulate sexual behaviour in rats in two ways, i.e., via its aromatization to oestradiol in the brain, andy by stimulating growth of peripheral tissues via its 5alpha-reduction to dihydrotestosterone. In support for this view we have found that the combination of 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate and dihydrotestosterone propionate was effective in restoring the full pattern of sexual behaviour in castrated male rats.", "PMID": 576765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12272", "title": "Comparison of effects of C19 (androstene or androstane) steroids on serum gonadotrophin concentrations and on accessory reproductive organ weights in gonadectomized, adult male rats.", "content": "The effects of subcutaneous administration of graded doses of C19 (androstene or androstane) steroids on serum levels of LH and FSH and on weights of accessory reproductive organs in gonadectomized, adult male rats were investigated. The C19 steroids were administered during 7 days in doses of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 or 6.25 mug per 100 g body weight per day. With the amounts of steroids used, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol had a high potency in preventing the rise of serum gonadotrophin concentrations and in curbing the decrease weights of ventral prostates and seminal vesicles following orchidectomy. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol showed no such effects. Positive feedback effects on serum gonadotrophins in castrates were observed following injection of certain doses of some steroids. Effects of steroids on accessory reprosuctive organs did not always correlate with those on gonadotrophic function of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of C19 (androstene or androstane) steroids on serum gonadotrophin concentrations and on accessory reproductive organ weights in gonadectomized, adult male rats. The effects of subcutaneous administration of graded doses of C19 (androstene or androstane) steroids on serum levels of LH and FSH and on weights of accessory reproductive organs in gonadectomized, adult male rats were investigated. The C19 steroids were administered during 7 days in doses of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 or 6.25 mug per 100 g body weight per day. With the amounts of steroids used, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol had a high potency in preventing the rise of serum gonadotrophin concentrations and in curbing the decrease weights of ventral prostates and seminal vesicles following orchidectomy. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol showed no such effects. Positive feedback effects on serum gonadotrophins in castrates were observed following injection of certain doses of some steroids. Effects of steroids on accessory reprosuctive organs did not always correlate with those on gonadotrophic function of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit.", "PMID": 576766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12273", "title": "Gonadotrophin suppression by steroids in normal, adult male rats.", "content": "Effect of subcutaneous administration of various doses of different steroids on serum levels of LH and FSH in normal, adult male rats were investigated. Each steroid was injected daily during 7 days in doses of 50, 25, 12.5 or 6.25 mug per 100 g body weight. Ring A 5alpha-reduced testosterone metabolites exerted high activity in the suppressing serum LH and FSH levels. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta, 17 beta-diol had in the doses tested, however, no such effects on serum gonadotrophins, Serum LH concentrations in normal rats appeared more sensitive to steroid treatment than serum FSH concentrations.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin suppression by steroids in normal, adult male rats. Effect of subcutaneous administration of various doses of different steroids on serum levels of LH and FSH in normal, adult male rats were investigated. Each steroid was injected daily during 7 days in doses of 50, 25, 12.5 or 6.25 mug per 100 g body weight. Ring A 5alpha-reduced testosterone metabolites exerted high activity in the suppressing serum LH and FSH levels. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta, 17 beta-diol had in the doses tested, however, no such effects on serum gonadotrophins, Serum LH concentrations in normal rats appeared more sensitive to steroid treatment than serum FSH concentrations.", "PMID": 576767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12274", "title": "Human testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin in health and disease.", "content": "Levels of testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin (TeBG) were measured by a precipitation technique in terms of dihydrotestosterone-5alpha (DHT) binding capacity in children, adult males and females, pregnant and hirsute women and women with various trophoblastic disorders. It was found that TeBG levels in children of either sex (1.92 +/- 0.16 mug DHT bound/100 ml serum) approached the normal female range (2.31 +/- 0.11) and were distinctly higher than those of the adult male (1.04 +/- 0.09). In both pregnancy and trophoblastic disease (hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma but not metastatic choriocarcinoma) TeBG levels were elevated (17.5 +/- 0.70 and 14.9 +/- 1.49, respectively). In hirsutism TeBG was depressed (1.17 +/- 0.09) and comparable with the levels in normal male subjects. A number of other parameters, HCG, oestradiol-17 beta, testosterone and progesterone were measured and found to be similar to those previously reported in the literature. It appears that TeBG titre might provide an additional index in following the prognosis of trophoblastic disorders, besides HCG measurement.", "contents": "Human testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin in health and disease. Levels of testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin (TeBG) were measured by a precipitation technique in terms of dihydrotestosterone-5alpha (DHT) binding capacity in children, adult males and females, pregnant and hirsute women and women with various trophoblastic disorders. It was found that TeBG levels in children of either sex (1.92 +/- 0.16 mug DHT bound/100 ml serum) approached the normal female range (2.31 +/- 0.11) and were distinctly higher than those of the adult male (1.04 +/- 0.09). In both pregnancy and trophoblastic disease (hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma but not metastatic choriocarcinoma) TeBG levels were elevated (17.5 +/- 0.70 and 14.9 +/- 1.49, respectively). In hirsutism TeBG was depressed (1.17 +/- 0.09) and comparable with the levels in normal male subjects. A number of other parameters, HCG, oestradiol-17 beta, testosterone and progesterone were measured and found to be similar to those previously reported in the literature. It appears that TeBG titre might provide an additional index in following the prognosis of trophoblastic disorders, besides HCG measurement.", "PMID": 576768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12275", "title": "Esterase XXV. On the induction of Es-9 esterase of mouse kidney by testosterone.", "content": "The Es-9 esterase is expressed in the cortical zone of the NMRI mouse kidney only in the presence of testosterone. In disc electrophoresis, three esterase bands, absent in the control, emerge under the influence of exogenous testosterone, accompanied by the appearance of active sites, as shown by marking with [3H] diisopropyl fluorophosphate ([3H]DFP). It is suggested that the testosterone dependent appearance of Es-9 activity is due to true enzyme induction which requires the presence of an intact testosterone receptor.", "contents": "Esterase XXV. On the induction of Es-9 esterase of mouse kidney by testosterone. The Es-9 esterase is expressed in the cortical zone of the NMRI mouse kidney only in the presence of testosterone. In disc electrophoresis, three esterase bands, absent in the control, emerge under the influence of exogenous testosterone, accompanied by the appearance of active sites, as shown by marking with [3H] diisopropyl fluorophosphate ([3H]DFP). It is suggested that the testosterone dependent appearance of Es-9 activity is due to true enzyme induction which requires the presence of an intact testosterone receptor.", "PMID": 576769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12276", "title": "Lymphocytic thyroiditis. I. correlation between morphological, immunological and clinical findings.", "content": "Biopsies from the thyroid glands in 32 selected patients with goitre and lymphocytic thyroiditis have been investigated with quantitation of the morphological changes. This permitted a comparison with immunological and clinical findings. The three main elements in the destruction of glandular tissue--lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibrosis varied relatively independently of each other as an expression of the great variation in the appearance of the tissue lesion. Thyroglobulin antibodies showed a correlation to the number of plasma cells, whereas the microsomal thyroid antibodies showed a correlation to the number of lymphocytes. The morphologic changes were independent of the duration of the disease. The degree of fibrosis increased parallel with age and there was a tendency towards glandular fibrosis in myxoedematous patients.", "contents": "Lymphocytic thyroiditis. I. correlation between morphological, immunological and clinical findings. Biopsies from the thyroid glands in 32 selected patients with goitre and lymphocytic thyroiditis have been investigated with quantitation of the morphological changes. This permitted a comparison with immunological and clinical findings. The three main elements in the destruction of glandular tissue--lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibrosis varied relatively independently of each other as an expression of the great variation in the appearance of the tissue lesion. Thyroglobulin antibodies showed a correlation to the number of plasma cells, whereas the microsomal thyroid antibodies showed a correlation to the number of lymphocytes. The morphologic changes were independent of the duration of the disease. The degree of fibrosis increased parallel with age and there was a tendency towards glandular fibrosis in myxoedematous patients.", "PMID": 576771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12277", "title": "Morphological aspects of type II alveolar pneumocytes following treatment with puromycin in vivo.", "content": "Ultrastructural modifications of type II pneumocytes (PNM-II) in mice were analysed 125 and 155 minutes after puromycin treatment (12 mg/100 gm at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). A quantitative evaluation of the cell compartments was carried out and the inhibition of protein synthesis in PNM-II was monitored by light microscopic radioautography, following 3H-leucine injection. In electron micrographs, following a 125-minute puromycin treatment, the number and size of lamellar bodies, the precursors of lung surfactant material appeared markedly reduced. The multivesicular bodies (MVB), which are normally very frequent in PNM-II, had almost completely disappeared, as had composite bodies. Golgi saccules were dilated, while the area occupied by Golgi vesicles was enlarged. Observations following the 155-minute puromycin treatment showed a strong enhancement of these modifications. Smooth and coated vesicles of the Golgi area, as well as peroxisomes, did not appear modified by puromycin. Elongated zones of autophagy were more prevalent after 125-minute treatment than after the 155-minute one. Small bodies were frequently observed in the cytoplasm, near the Golgi zone. They were bounded by a smooth membrane and contained tiny vesicles and/or electron-dense lamellae similar to those present within the lamellar bodies. Parallel membranes formed folds, some of them in continuity with lamellar bodies, thus encircling portions of cytoplasm. These structures, which were few in number in controls, were very frequently observed in treated cells, mainly after the 125-minute treatment. These extensive alterations of PNM-II morphology appeared to be related to a disturbed production of pulmonary surfactant.", "contents": "Morphological aspects of type II alveolar pneumocytes following treatment with puromycin in vivo. Ultrastructural modifications of type II pneumocytes (PNM-II) in mice were analysed 125 and 155 minutes after puromycin treatment (12 mg/100 gm at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). A quantitative evaluation of the cell compartments was carried out and the inhibition of protein synthesis in PNM-II was monitored by light microscopic radioautography, following 3H-leucine injection. In electron micrographs, following a 125-minute puromycin treatment, the number and size of lamellar bodies, the precursors of lung surfactant material appeared markedly reduced. The multivesicular bodies (MVB), which are normally very frequent in PNM-II, had almost completely disappeared, as had composite bodies. Golgi saccules were dilated, while the area occupied by Golgi vesicles was enlarged. Observations following the 155-minute puromycin treatment showed a strong enhancement of these modifications. Smooth and coated vesicles of the Golgi area, as well as peroxisomes, did not appear modified by puromycin. Elongated zones of autophagy were more prevalent after 125-minute treatment than after the 155-minute one. Small bodies were frequently observed in the cytoplasm, near the Golgi zone. They were bounded by a smooth membrane and contained tiny vesicles and/or electron-dense lamellae similar to those present within the lamellar bodies. Parallel membranes formed folds, some of them in continuity with lamellar bodies, thus encircling portions of cytoplasm. These structures, which were few in number in controls, were very frequently observed in treated cells, mainly after the 125-minute treatment. These extensive alterations of PNM-II morphology appeared to be related to a disturbed production of pulmonary surfactant.", "PMID": 576772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12278", "title": "Problems in diagnosis and treatment of lupus psychosis. Report of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "A 34-year-old woman with an organic psychosis was presumed to be suffering from corticosteroid psychosis because of prednisone treatment for urticaria. Lupus was found to be the cause of both urticaria and psychosis. The lupus psychosis was reversed when sufficiently high doses of steroids were given, in combination with immunosuppressant agents.", "contents": "Problems in diagnosis and treatment of lupus psychosis. Report of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. A 34-year-old woman with an organic psychosis was presumed to be suffering from corticosteroid psychosis because of prednisone treatment for urticaria. Lupus was found to be the cause of both urticaria and psychosis. The lupus psychosis was reversed when sufficiently high doses of steroids were given, in combination with immunosuppressant agents.", "PMID": 576775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12279", "title": "Cholecystectomy without drainage, nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids.", "content": "A comparative study was made between 60 patients in whom drainage of subhepatic space was performed after uncomplicated cholecystectomy and 60 patients in whom no drainage was performed. In addition, 30 patients were treated without drainage, nasogastric suction, or intravenous fluids. After operation the patients were evaluated as to postoperative pyrexia, wound infection, lung atelectasis, thrombophlebitis, and postoperative stay in hospital. Fever and wound infection occurred in fewer patients without drainage than those with drainage, but omission of nasogastric suction and intravenous fluids did not influence the incidence of wound infection. Postoperative stay in hospital was shorter in the patients without drainage and shortest in those treated without drainage, nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids. Nasogastric suction and intravenous fluids are not needed postoperatively, as the degree of the paralytic ileus is very slight and they may be harmful, causing lung atelectasis and thrombophlebitis. Uncomplicated cholecystectomy may be performed safely without drainage, postoperative nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids.", "contents": "Cholecystectomy without drainage, nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids. A comparative study was made between 60 patients in whom drainage of subhepatic space was performed after uncomplicated cholecystectomy and 60 patients in whom no drainage was performed. In addition, 30 patients were treated without drainage, nasogastric suction, or intravenous fluids. After operation the patients were evaluated as to postoperative pyrexia, wound infection, lung atelectasis, thrombophlebitis, and postoperative stay in hospital. Fever and wound infection occurred in fewer patients without drainage than those with drainage, but omission of nasogastric suction and intravenous fluids did not influence the incidence of wound infection. Postoperative stay in hospital was shorter in the patients without drainage and shortest in those treated without drainage, nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids. Nasogastric suction and intravenous fluids are not needed postoperatively, as the degree of the paralytic ileus is very slight and they may be harmful, causing lung atelectasis and thrombophlebitis. Uncomplicated cholecystectomy may be performed safely without drainage, postoperative nasogastric suction, and intravenous fluids.", "PMID": 576776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12280", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of pulmonary surface-active material in the tracheal fluid of the fetal lamb.", "content": "We measured pulmonary surfactant antigen by radioimmunoassay and phospholipid by lipid phosphorus assay in fluid collected during 12-hour periods from the trachea of lambs in utero between 102 and 147 days of gestation. Both phospholipid and antigen were detectable at 114 days and were present at low concentrations until 137 days. The concentrations then increased rapidly and reached 5- to 10-fold higher concentrations before parturition. The ratio of lipid phosphorus to antigen increased approximately 5-fold as the lungs passed from canalicular to alveolar architecture and approximated the adult ratio only during the alveolar stage of development.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of pulmonary surface-active material in the tracheal fluid of the fetal lamb. We measured pulmonary surfactant antigen by radioimmunoassay and phospholipid by lipid phosphorus assay in fluid collected during 12-hour periods from the trachea of lambs in utero between 102 and 147 days of gestation. Both phospholipid and antigen were detectable at 114 days and were present at low concentrations until 137 days. The concentrations then increased rapidly and reached 5- to 10-fold higher concentrations before parturition. The ratio of lipid phosphorus to antigen increased approximately 5-fold as the lungs passed from canalicular to alveolar architecture and approximated the adult ratio only during the alveolar stage of development.", "PMID": 576778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12281", "title": "Intensive physical therapy after meniscectomy.", "content": "Fifty six meniscectomy patients were divided into 2 groups. One group (27 patients) was given the standard postoperative physiotherapy and the remainder (29 patients) received intensive physiotherapy. Clinical examination of the knee joint was performed preoperatively and 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. The patients' age was 36.26 +/- 12.34 and 34.00 +/- 9.21 years in the two groups respectively. The medial meniscus was removed from 47 patients, the lateral meniscus from 8 patients and bilateral meniscectomy was performed on one patient; no tear was seen in the excised meniscus in 8 cases. The clinical findings for the patient groups did not differ significantly either before or after the operation. The flexion strength of the knee of patients given intensive physiotherapy increased less in these 4 weeks than the flexion strength of the routine therapy group. The range of knee movement of the patients given intensive therapy was still below the preoperative value 4 weeks after the operation. Knee punctures were made more frequently on patients given intensive physiotherapy. Their walking capacity 2 weeks postoperatively was inferior to that of patients given routine physiotherapy, but this difference had disappeared at the 4-week examination. The isometric quadriceps strength and isotonic strength correlated well. The thigh girth gave no evidence of quadriceps atrophy. It can be concluded that intensified physiotherapy in meniscectomy patients does not shorten the rehabilitation period.", "contents": "Intensive physical therapy after meniscectomy. Fifty six meniscectomy patients were divided into 2 groups. One group (27 patients) was given the standard postoperative physiotherapy and the remainder (29 patients) received intensive physiotherapy. Clinical examination of the knee joint was performed preoperatively and 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. The patients' age was 36.26 +/- 12.34 and 34.00 +/- 9.21 years in the two groups respectively. The medial meniscus was removed from 47 patients, the lateral meniscus from 8 patients and bilateral meniscectomy was performed on one patient; no tear was seen in the excised meniscus in 8 cases. The clinical findings for the patient groups did not differ significantly either before or after the operation. The flexion strength of the knee of patients given intensive physiotherapy increased less in these 4 weeks than the flexion strength of the routine therapy group. The range of knee movement of the patients given intensive therapy was still below the preoperative value 4 weeks after the operation. Knee punctures were made more frequently on patients given intensive physiotherapy. Their walking capacity 2 weeks postoperatively was inferior to that of patients given routine physiotherapy, but this difference had disappeared at the 4-week examination. The isometric quadriceps strength and isotonic strength correlated well. The thigh girth gave no evidence of quadriceps atrophy. It can be concluded that intensified physiotherapy in meniscectomy patients does not shorten the rehabilitation period.", "PMID": 576779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12282", "title": "Mechanisms underlying the suppression of erythropoiesis by hyperoxia.", "content": "The possible mechanisms underlying the suppression of erythropoiesis in hyperoxic animals were studied. Male Long-Evans rats were injected with cobaltous chloride hexahydrate, a known erythropoietic stimulant. One group was exposed to a hyperoxic environment for ten hours. Both serum levels of erythropoietin (Ep) and renal levels of erythrogenin were significantly lower (p less than 0.005) in the hyperoxic animals compared to those left at room air. In addition, inhibitors to Ep or erythrogenin could not be detected in either the serum or renal tissue of the hyperoxic rats. These results indicate that the primary factor responsible for the erythropoietic suppression observed in a hyperoxic environment is a decreased production of erythrogenin which results in turn, in a lowered level of circulating Ep.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying the suppression of erythropoiesis by hyperoxia. The possible mechanisms underlying the suppression of erythropoiesis in hyperoxic animals were studied. Male Long-Evans rats were injected with cobaltous chloride hexahydrate, a known erythropoietic stimulant. One group was exposed to a hyperoxic environment for ten hours. Both serum levels of erythropoietin (Ep) and renal levels of erythrogenin were significantly lower (p less than 0.005) in the hyperoxic animals compared to those left at room air. In addition, inhibitors to Ep or erythrogenin could not be detected in either the serum or renal tissue of the hyperoxic rats. These results indicate that the primary factor responsible for the erythropoietic suppression observed in a hyperoxic environment is a decreased production of erythrogenin which results in turn, in a lowered level of circulating Ep.", "PMID": 576774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12283", "title": "Sudden infant death due to congenital adrenal hypoplasia.", "content": "Adrenocortical hypoplasia was found to be the cause of sudden death in a 9-month-old infant. Most sudden infant deaths in the first year of life are related to the sudden infant death syndrome, in which no specific pathologic changes are found at autopsy. Although specific causes for sudden death in infancy are well documented, adrenocortical hypoplasia is not a well-recognized cause of sudden infant death.", "contents": "Sudden infant death due to congenital adrenal hypoplasia. Adrenocortical hypoplasia was found to be the cause of sudden death in a 9-month-old infant. Most sudden infant deaths in the first year of life are related to the sudden infant death syndrome, in which no specific pathologic changes are found at autopsy. Although specific causes for sudden death in infancy are well documented, adrenocortical hypoplasia is not a well-recognized cause of sudden infant death.", "PMID": 576781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12284", "title": "Granulomatous pulmonary angiitis in sarcoidosis.", "content": "The occurrence and morphologic aspects of granulomatous pulmonary angiitis were evaluated in open lung biopsy specimens from 128 patients with sarcoidosis. All of the specimens showed parenchymal granulomas characteristic of sarcoidosis, and in 88(69%), granulomatous angiitis was seen. In the speclimens that exhibited granulomatous angiitis, venous involvement was mos common, seen in 92% of the cases. In 61% of these biopsy specimens, only venous involvement was seen; in 31%, both venous and arterial involvement was present. Only 8% of the positive specimens showed arterial lesions exclusively. The extent of angiitis was quantitated. Focal segmental elastic tissue destruction, partial or complete, was a common finding. No instances of aneurysm formation, endothelial erosion, or thrombosis were observed. Occlusive narrowing of small vessels was frequent. Bronchial blood vessels were not involved.", "contents": "Granulomatous pulmonary angiitis in sarcoidosis. The occurrence and morphologic aspects of granulomatous pulmonary angiitis were evaluated in open lung biopsy specimens from 128 patients with sarcoidosis. All of the specimens showed parenchymal granulomas characteristic of sarcoidosis, and in 88(69%), granulomatous angiitis was seen. In the speclimens that exhibited granulomatous angiitis, venous involvement was mos common, seen in 92% of the cases. In 61% of these biopsy specimens, only venous involvement was seen; in 31%, both venous and arterial involvement was present. Only 8% of the positive specimens showed arterial lesions exclusively. The extent of angiitis was quantitated. Focal segmental elastic tissue destruction, partial or complete, was a common finding. No instances of aneurysm formation, endothelial erosion, or thrombosis were observed. Occlusive narrowing of small vessels was frequent. Bronchial blood vessels were not involved.", "PMID": 576782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12285", "title": "Changes with age in muscular pulmonary arteries.", "content": "The mean wall thickness, in relation to the external diameter, of 100 muscular arteries distended by barium gelatin at 100cm H2O pressure was calculated in \"normal\" lungs from patients who ranged in age from 3 to 79 years. For normal vessels less than 2 mm in diameter the mean was 2.4% of the external diameter. The mean for vessels in the five persons under 40 years was 1.8% but it was 2.8% for the five older individuals. Although this difference may reflect some increased muscularity with age, some of the increment may be related to a reduced distensibility of vessels caused by the accumulation of interstitial fluid, as manifested by increased weight in the older lungs. Intimal fibrosis was found to increase with age but occurred in less than 50% of the vessels measured.", "contents": "Changes with age in muscular pulmonary arteries. The mean wall thickness, in relation to the external diameter, of 100 muscular arteries distended by barium gelatin at 100cm H2O pressure was calculated in \"normal\" lungs from patients who ranged in age from 3 to 79 years. For normal vessels less than 2 mm in diameter the mean was 2.4% of the external diameter. The mean for vessels in the five persons under 40 years was 1.8% but it was 2.8% for the five older individuals. Although this difference may reflect some increased muscularity with age, some of the increment may be related to a reduced distensibility of vessels caused by the accumulation of interstitial fluid, as manifested by increased weight in the older lungs. Intimal fibrosis was found to increase with age but occurred in less than 50% of the vessels measured.", "PMID": 576783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12286", "title": "Muscular pulmonary arteries in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "The small muscular pulmonary arteries are thought to be normal in obstructive pulmonary disease despite prolonged hypoxic stimulation to medial thickening. Because measurements on nondistended vessels have considerable variability, we reinvestigated the problem by studying the percentage of wall thickness of distended arteries in lungs taken post mortem from 5 asymptomatic emphysematous patients and 11 symptomatic patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Vessels in the former patients had normal medial thicknesses. In contrast, we found an elevated mean percentage of wall thickness for vessels between 0.3 and 2.0 mm in diameter of 4.46% +/-1.44% (mean +/-SD) for patients with obstructive airways disease. Obstructive pulmonary disease, therefore, produced medial hypertrophy in small muscular arteries similar to that seen in other conditions associated with chronic hypoxia.", "contents": "Muscular pulmonary arteries in chronic obstructive lung disease. The small muscular pulmonary arteries are thought to be normal in obstructive pulmonary disease despite prolonged hypoxic stimulation to medial thickening. Because measurements on nondistended vessels have considerable variability, we reinvestigated the problem by studying the percentage of wall thickness of distended arteries in lungs taken post mortem from 5 asymptomatic emphysematous patients and 11 symptomatic patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Vessels in the former patients had normal medial thicknesses. In contrast, we found an elevated mean percentage of wall thickness for vessels between 0.3 and 2.0 mm in diameter of 4.46% +/-1.44% (mean +/-SD) for patients with obstructive airways disease. Obstructive pulmonary disease, therefore, produced medial hypertrophy in small muscular arteries similar to that seen in other conditions associated with chronic hypoxia.", "PMID": 576784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12287", "title": "Reactive eosinophilic pleuritis: a lesion to be distinguished from pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.", "content": "Pleural nodules or sheets of histiocytes, admixed with eosinophils, giant cells, and other inflammatory cells are observed frequently in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax. This reaction, designated reactive eosinophillic pleuritis (REP), can closely resemble eosinophilic granuloma. Reactive eosinophilic pleuritis was found in pleural tissue of 22 of 57 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax in whom tissue was available for study. None of these patients had clinical or radiographic evidence of interstitial lung disease. Follow-up of 20 patients with REP ranged from six months to five years. None developed evidence of eosinophilic granuloma. Electron microscopy of one case did not show the Langerhans granules characteristic of the histiocytoses, including eosinophilic granuloma. Reactive eosinophilic pleuritit appears to be a nonspecific reaction to pleural injury, and is not a prodromal feature of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.", "contents": "Reactive eosinophilic pleuritis: a lesion to be distinguished from pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma. Pleural nodules or sheets of histiocytes, admixed with eosinophils, giant cells, and other inflammatory cells are observed frequently in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax. This reaction, designated reactive eosinophillic pleuritis (REP), can closely resemble eosinophilic granuloma. Reactive eosinophilic pleuritis was found in pleural tissue of 22 of 57 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax in whom tissue was available for study. None of these patients had clinical or radiographic evidence of interstitial lung disease. Follow-up of 20 patients with REP ranged from six months to five years. None developed evidence of eosinophilic granuloma. Electron microscopy of one case did not show the Langerhans granules characteristic of the histiocytoses, including eosinophilic granuloma. Reactive eosinophilic pleuritit appears to be a nonspecific reaction to pleural injury, and is not a prodromal feature of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.", "PMID": 576785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12288", "title": "[Antitumor effect of Corynebacterium parvum].", "content": "The protective effect produced by pre-treatment with C. parvum is studied in two syngeneic tumours: mammary carcinoma in C3H mice and lymphosarcoma in XVII mice. The best anti-tumour effect is obtained when both C. parvum and tumour cells are injected by the same route, which, however varies for the two tumours. The study of the recovery of C. parvum protective effect after its suppression by a sub-letal dose of x-irradiation shows that, in the C3H mice, it is parallel to the restoration of the antibody response. On the contrary, in XVII mice, the recovery of the protection is obtained in mice still immunologically suppressed.", "contents": "[Antitumor effect of Corynebacterium parvum]. The protective effect produced by pre-treatment with C. parvum is studied in two syngeneic tumours: mammary carcinoma in C3H mice and lymphosarcoma in XVII mice. The best anti-tumour effect is obtained when both C. parvum and tumour cells are injected by the same route, which, however varies for the two tumours. The study of the recovery of C. parvum protective effect after its suppression by a sub-letal dose of x-irradiation shows that, in the C3H mice, it is parallel to the restoration of the antibody response. On the contrary, in XVII mice, the recovery of the protection is obtained in mice still immunologically suppressed.", "PMID": 576780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12289", "title": "Gestational development of brain.", "content": "Eighty normal human brains varying from 22 weeks' gestation to 1 month postnatal life were graded according to convolutional development and compared with the microscopical development of kidneys and the gestational age as given by the mother. Excellent correlation was obtained between the gross appearance of the brain and the microscopical appearance of the kidney. The history of the mother mostly, but not always agreed with the anatomical appearance, which was considered a reliable guide to the gestational age of the infant.", "contents": "Gestational development of brain. Eighty normal human brains varying from 22 weeks' gestation to 1 month postnatal life were graded according to convolutional development and compared with the microscopical development of kidneys and the gestational age as given by the mother. Excellent correlation was obtained between the gross appearance of the brain and the microscopical appearance of the kidney. The history of the mother mostly, but not always agreed with the anatomical appearance, which was considered a reliable guide to the gestational age of the infant.", "PMID": 576786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12290", "title": "Epithelial cysts of the neuraxis: presentation of three cases and a review of the origins and classification.", "content": "Benign, epithelial-lined cysts of the neuraxis may be asymptomatic or may behave as space-occupying lesions. Presentation of three such cysts, including an intramedullary epidermoid cyst, a lumbosacral subcutaneous enteric cyst that has an epithelium resembling ependyma, and a hypophyseal duct cyst, illustrates typical problems encountered. Review of their histogenesis and possible embryogenesis indicates that intracranial ependymal cysts and cysts of the sella turcica are not normally associated with other anomalies and frequently occur after middle age, whereas dermal and enteric cysts occur within the first two decades and are commonly associated with vertebral anomalies and other dysraphic syndromes. Enteric cysts may have a variable histologic appearance, including one resembling ependymal cysts. Recognition of the latter is important because of a possible associated dysraphic syndrome and the presence of an extraneuraxial component with the former but not the latter.", "contents": "Epithelial cysts of the neuraxis: presentation of three cases and a review of the origins and classification. Benign, epithelial-lined cysts of the neuraxis may be asymptomatic or may behave as space-occupying lesions. Presentation of three such cysts, including an intramedullary epidermoid cyst, a lumbosacral subcutaneous enteric cyst that has an epithelium resembling ependyma, and a hypophyseal duct cyst, illustrates typical problems encountered. Review of their histogenesis and possible embryogenesis indicates that intracranial ependymal cysts and cysts of the sella turcica are not normally associated with other anomalies and frequently occur after middle age, whereas dermal and enteric cysts occur within the first two decades and are commonly associated with vertebral anomalies and other dysraphic syndromes. Enteric cysts may have a variable histologic appearance, including one resembling ependymal cysts. Recognition of the latter is important because of a possible associated dysraphic syndrome and the presence of an extraneuraxial component with the former but not the latter.", "PMID": 576787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12291", "title": "Aspirin- and bile- induced acute erosive gastritis: its prevention by metiamide therapy.", "content": "Aspirin or bile administered by esophageal intubation to rats produced acute gastric erosions. These injuries could have been prevented by the prior administration by esophageal intubation of metiamide, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is known to inhibit gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Aspirin- and bile- induced acute erosive gastritis: its prevention by metiamide therapy. Aspirin or bile administered by esophageal intubation to rats produced acute gastric erosions. These injuries could have been prevented by the prior administration by esophageal intubation of metiamide, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is known to inhibit gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 576788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12292", "title": "Gallbladder bile composition in different ethnic groups.", "content": "A total of 194 gallbladder biles from various ethnic groups were analyzed for their composition. The solubility of cholesterol in bile was determined mainly by its relative amounts of phospholipid and bile salt present. Bile from patients with gallstones was usually supersaturated with cholesterol above the boundary of the metastable state. Biles from normal white subjects of Finland, New Zealand, and the United States were already in the metastable state of supersaturation with cholesterol. The Masai of East Africa and black subjects of the Unites States had a bile level below the limit of maximum cholesterol solubility. This study indicates that the difference in the prevalence of cholesterol cholelithiasis in various ethnic groups was related to the difference in their bile compontified factors.", "contents": "Gallbladder bile composition in different ethnic groups. A total of 194 gallbladder biles from various ethnic groups were analyzed for their composition. The solubility of cholesterol in bile was determined mainly by its relative amounts of phospholipid and bile salt present. Bile from patients with gallstones was usually supersaturated with cholesterol above the boundary of the metastable state. Biles from normal white subjects of Finland, New Zealand, and the United States were already in the metastable state of supersaturation with cholesterol. The Masai of East Africa and black subjects of the Unites States had a bile level below the limit of maximum cholesterol solubility. This study indicates that the difference in the prevalence of cholesterol cholelithiasis in various ethnic groups was related to the difference in their bile compontified factors.", "PMID": 576789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12293", "title": "Large spindle cell variant of peripheral bronchial carcinoid tumor.", "content": "I report a case of peripheral bronchial carcinoid tumor composed of bundles of large spindle cells, very much resembling cells of smooth muscle or neural tumors. Despite the unusual appearance, argyrophil staining and electron microscopic examination demonstrated small secretory granules of the type found in other peripheral carcinoid tumors. The histologic heterogeneity of peripheral bronchial carcinoid tumors is emphasized.", "contents": "Large spindle cell variant of peripheral bronchial carcinoid tumor. I report a case of peripheral bronchial carcinoid tumor composed of bundles of large spindle cells, very much resembling cells of smooth muscle or neural tumors. Despite the unusual appearance, argyrophil staining and electron microscopic examination demonstrated small secretory granules of the type found in other peripheral carcinoid tumors. The histologic heterogeneity of peripheral bronchial carcinoid tumors is emphasized.", "PMID": 576790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12294", "title": "Striated muscle ultrastructure in intermittent claudication.", "content": "Twenty-four biopsy specimens from the lower leg muscles of 21 patients with intermittent claudication were studied by electron microscopy. Sixteen of the specimens contained hypertrophic, atrophic, autolytic, or phagocytic fibers, or other forms of macroscopic fiber degeneration. Of the pathological changes in the cell organelles, the most common was simple myofibrillar degeneration, followed by slightly pathological mitochondria and excessive accumulations of glycogen and lipofuscin. Different types of basement membrane alterations and central nuclei were present in 16 of the biopsy specimens. Most of the pathological changes were the same as those previously reported by others to occur in specific diseases of muscle. There was some positive correlation of the degree of pathological changes to the estimated clinical severity of claudication.", "contents": "Striated muscle ultrastructure in intermittent claudication. Twenty-four biopsy specimens from the lower leg muscles of 21 patients with intermittent claudication were studied by electron microscopy. Sixteen of the specimens contained hypertrophic, atrophic, autolytic, or phagocytic fibers, or other forms of macroscopic fiber degeneration. Of the pathological changes in the cell organelles, the most common was simple myofibrillar degeneration, followed by slightly pathological mitochondria and excessive accumulations of glycogen and lipofuscin. Different types of basement membrane alterations and central nuclei were present in 16 of the biopsy specimens. Most of the pathological changes were the same as those previously reported by others to occur in specific diseases of muscle. There was some positive correlation of the degree of pathological changes to the estimated clinical severity of claudication.", "PMID": 576795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12295", "title": "Scanning electron microscopical study of human mitral valve chordae tendineae.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surface and internal structure of adult human mitral valve chordae tendineae. The endocardial cell surface of the tissue was found to be relatively smooth and even. Just beneath the endocardial surface, widely spaced collagen fibers were found. These were observed to be aligned at an angle to the chordal long axis and to wrap themselves around the central collagen core. The chordal core consisted of relatively straight collagen fibers that were arranged with their axis parallel to the long axis of the chordae. At the microstructural level, these collagen fibers were observed to consist of a network of collagen fibrils. This architectural arrangement is an advantageous feature for a tissue that is under constant dynamic stress. The scanning observations were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopical study of human mitral valve chordae tendineae. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surface and internal structure of adult human mitral valve chordae tendineae. The endocardial cell surface of the tissue was found to be relatively smooth and even. Just beneath the endocardial surface, widely spaced collagen fibers were found. These were observed to be aligned at an angle to the chordal long axis and to wrap themselves around the central collagen core. The chordal core consisted of relatively straight collagen fibers that were arranged with their axis parallel to the long axis of the chordae. At the microstructural level, these collagen fibers were observed to consist of a network of collagen fibrils. This architectural arrangement is an advantageous feature for a tissue that is under constant dynamic stress. The scanning observations were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 576796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12296", "title": "Gaucher disease in mice induced by conduritol-B-epoxide: morphologic features.", "content": "Morphologic changes were studied in mice in which Gaucher disease was induced by the administration of conduritol-B-epoxide. Sixteen newborn Swiss mice received a daily subcutaneous dosage of 100 mg/kg of body weight of conduritol-B-epoxide from one day after birth to 28 days. Light microscopically, no Gaucher cells were noted in the viscera, bone marrow, and the CNS during this study. Ultrastructurally, the spleen and liver showed irregular granules and fibrils in histiocytes and Kupffer cells during the second to fourth week. In the CNS, the neurons showed fibrils and tubular structures within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum at three to four weeks. During the fourth week, they frequently contained well-organized inclusion bodies that were membrane-bound and contained tubular structures that varied from 250 to 500 A in diameter. These inclusion bodies were similar to Gaucher bodies seen in human cases.", "contents": "Gaucher disease in mice induced by conduritol-B-epoxide: morphologic features. Morphologic changes were studied in mice in which Gaucher disease was induced by the administration of conduritol-B-epoxide. Sixteen newborn Swiss mice received a daily subcutaneous dosage of 100 mg/kg of body weight of conduritol-B-epoxide from one day after birth to 28 days. Light microscopically, no Gaucher cells were noted in the viscera, bone marrow, and the CNS during this study. Ultrastructurally, the spleen and liver showed irregular granules and fibrils in histiocytes and Kupffer cells during the second to fourth week. In the CNS, the neurons showed fibrils and tubular structures within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum at three to four weeks. During the fourth week, they frequently contained well-organized inclusion bodies that were membrane-bound and contained tubular structures that varied from 250 to 500 A in diameter. These inclusion bodies were similar to Gaucher bodies seen in human cases.", "PMID": 576797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12297", "title": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis: asymptomatic adults without renal anomaly.", "content": "Two cases with the pathologic changes of congenital hepatic fibrosis are described in asymptomatic adults without renal anomaly, Foci of necrosis adjacent to abnormal portal areas suggest that the lesion may not be congenital. It is also suggested that this variant of the disorder may be more common than generally recognized.", "contents": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis: asymptomatic adults without renal anomaly. Two cases with the pathologic changes of congenital hepatic fibrosis are described in asymptomatic adults without renal anomaly, Foci of necrosis adjacent to abnormal portal areas suggest that the lesion may not be congenital. It is also suggested that this variant of the disorder may be more common than generally recognized.", "PMID": 576798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12298", "title": "Basophilic cells in allergic nasal secretions.", "content": "Evidences on the important role of tissue mast cells in inducing allergy have accumulated. There cells are known to be present in nasal secretion but have not been well studied. In the present study basophilic cells containing granules which stained metachromatically appeared in the nasal secretion in various kinds of inhalant allergy. An increase in their number was observed after nasal provocation and during the pollinosis season and showed a decrease after a course of immunotherapy or during the off-season of pollinosis. They were well correlated in degree with nasal symptoms, nasal eosinophilia, and nasal provocative reactions. These results suggest that the appearance of the basophilic cell in nasal secretion is related to their specifity in nasal allergy. The possibility of onset of nasal allergy due to the release of chemical mediators from basophilic cells in nasal secretion was discussed.", "contents": "Basophilic cells in allergic nasal secretions. Evidences on the important role of tissue mast cells in inducing allergy have accumulated. There cells are known to be present in nasal secretion but have not been well studied. In the present study basophilic cells containing granules which stained metachromatically appeared in the nasal secretion in various kinds of inhalant allergy. An increase in their number was observed after nasal provocation and during the pollinosis season and showed a decrease after a course of immunotherapy or during the off-season of pollinosis. They were well correlated in degree with nasal symptoms, nasal eosinophilia, and nasal provocative reactions. These results suggest that the appearance of the basophilic cell in nasal secretion is related to their specifity in nasal allergy. The possibility of onset of nasal allergy due to the release of chemical mediators from basophilic cells in nasal secretion was discussed.", "PMID": 576801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12299", "title": "[Critical reflections to the problem of timing in the synchronization therapy of human malignant tumors. Mitotic-index determination, cytophotometric and radioautographic studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Formerly (1969) we have been able to demonstrate that during a lengthy inhibition of the DNA synthesis with 5-fluoro-uracil (FU), cells assemble just before, at the outset of, and within the S-phase. By taking off the inhibition, these cells start off together for the rest of the life cycle and pass the S, G2 and M phase like a wave. By the experimental condition given, the time required for passing the S phase was rather constant for all tissues. It generally took about 8 h. The sensitivity of cells to radiation depends on the current phase of their life cycle. Normally they are highly radiosensitive during the transition from G1 to S phase and within the G2 phase. Therefore we tried to improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy by radiating the synchronized cell population in the G2 phase. In clinical treatment we give an infusion with 1 g FU in 1000 ml 5.4% Glucose for 12 h. 8--9 h after the end of the infusion radiation will be applied (Betatron, individual doses: 500 rad). This treatment will be repeated until a total dose of 5000--6000 rad. Until now nearly 300 cases of patients treated in this way have been published. The 5 year-results show only in about 60% of the patients a fast reduction of the tumor. The long term results are unsatisfactory. Beside many other points the most important reason for these clinical results might be the individual length of the S phase of the tumors which prevents that radiation can be given exactly in G2 phase in each case. With mitotic-index determination, with cytophotometric investigations and the double labelling technique (3H- and 14C-Thymidine) we therefore tried to find an answer to the following questions: 1. How long is the DNA synthesis time in the individual case of human ENT tumors? 2. Does the application of FU influence the length of the S phase? 3. Will the synchronization-degree become higher by using other methods of cell cycle inhibition? With the above mentioned experimental methods we found that the length of the S phase in human tumor spreads from about 8--16 h in the individual case. The application of FU has no influence on DNA synthesis time. By using FU the degree of synchronization is about 2.5 in according to former experimental work and that of other authors. These results will be discussed in detail as well as the conclusion we draw from our experiments: to give radiation not in G2 but in G1/S of the cell cycle. Long-term observation of the patients and further animal experiments shall demonstrate whether this technique of synchronization therapy will improve the clinical results.", "contents": "[Critical reflections to the problem of timing in the synchronization therapy of human malignant tumors. Mitotic-index determination, cytophotometric and radioautographic studies (author's transl)]. Formerly (1969) we have been able to demonstrate that during a lengthy inhibition of the DNA synthesis with 5-fluoro-uracil (FU), cells assemble just before, at the outset of, and within the S-phase. By taking off the inhibition, these cells start off together for the rest of the life cycle and pass the S, G2 and M phase like a wave. By the experimental condition given, the time required for passing the S phase was rather constant for all tissues. It generally took about 8 h. The sensitivity of cells to radiation depends on the current phase of their life cycle. Normally they are highly radiosensitive during the transition from G1 to S phase and within the G2 phase. Therefore we tried to improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy by radiating the synchronized cell population in the G2 phase. In clinical treatment we give an infusion with 1 g FU in 1000 ml 5.4% Glucose for 12 h. 8--9 h after the end of the infusion radiation will be applied (Betatron, individual doses: 500 rad). This treatment will be repeated until a total dose of 5000--6000 rad. Until now nearly 300 cases of patients treated in this way have been published. The 5 year-results show only in about 60% of the patients a fast reduction of the tumor. The long term results are unsatisfactory. Beside many other points the most important reason for these clinical results might be the individual length of the S phase of the tumors which prevents that radiation can be given exactly in G2 phase in each case. With mitotic-index determination, with cytophotometric investigations and the double labelling technique (3H- and 14C-Thymidine) we therefore tried to find an answer to the following questions: 1. How long is the DNA synthesis time in the individual case of human ENT tumors? 2. Does the application of FU influence the length of the S phase? 3. Will the synchronization-degree become higher by using other methods of cell cycle inhibition? With the above mentioned experimental methods we found that the length of the S phase in human tumor spreads from about 8--16 h in the individual case. The application of FU has no influence on DNA synthesis time. By using FU the degree of synchronization is about 2.5 in according to former experimental work and that of other authors. These results will be discussed in detail as well as the conclusion we draw from our experiments: to give radiation not in G2 but in G1/S of the cell cycle. Long-term observation of the patients and further animal experiments shall demonstrate whether this technique of synchronization therapy will improve the clinical results.", "PMID": 576802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12300", "title": "[Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of the spiral ganglion in guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the first morphometric analysis of the cochlear spiral ganglion. Therefore the ganglion was subdivided in precisely defined compartments. We found that the normal, untreated spiral ganglion in guinea pigs contains 58% ganglion cells of the granular type, 26% satellite cells and Schwann cells, 8.6% extracellular space, 6.4% myelinated nerve fibers and 1% ganglion cells of the filamentous type. The granular ganglion cell consists in 83% out of cytoplasm and in 17% out of nuclei. The cytoplasm is containing 13% ribosomes, 12% mitochondria, 10% RER, 2.1% Golgi apparatus, 1.3% lysosomes. Based on these quantitative datas we expect to detect alterations of the normal structure earlier and more precisely under pathophysiological conditions as before.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of the spiral ganglion in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. This is the first morphometric analysis of the cochlear spiral ganglion. Therefore the ganglion was subdivided in precisely defined compartments. We found that the normal, untreated spiral ganglion in guinea pigs contains 58% ganglion cells of the granular type, 26% satellite cells and Schwann cells, 8.6% extracellular space, 6.4% myelinated nerve fibers and 1% ganglion cells of the filamentous type. The granular ganglion cell consists in 83% out of cytoplasm and in 17% out of nuclei. The cytoplasm is containing 13% ribosomes, 12% mitochondria, 10% RER, 2.1% Golgi apparatus, 1.3% lysosomes. Based on these quantitative datas we expect to detect alterations of the normal structure earlier and more precisely under pathophysiological conditions as before.", "PMID": 576803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12301", "title": "[Light- and electronmicroscopic investigations on ultrastructure and enzyme distribution in the external sulcus of the cochlea (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the external sulcus of the cochlea of young healthy guinea pigs and hamsters was investigated as well as the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in this region. The demonstration of LDH activity was carried out as follows. The unfixed and undecalcified cochlea was cut in 80 micron thick frozen sections, which were incubated immediately in the reaction mixture for LDH and subsequently fixed with paraformaldehyde. For electron microscopy the usual procedure was applied. The epithelial cells of the external sulcus show deep reaching extensions into the vessel-rich connective tissue of the basal part of the spiral ligament. These roots are bound together into root bundles surrounded by the basement membrane and fibrills. The root cells differ in their ultrastructure. The light cells, which have been described previously, contain a number of stretched mitochondria and only few other cell organels. Beside these, dark cells can be found (Fig. 2). Their cytoplasm shows high contrast and contains many mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. In the dark cells big vasuoles can be seen. All these structures indicate a high rate of synthesis in the dark cells. The root cells are linked together by membranous foldings, which diverge in some parts, forming intercellular spaces in which small cell protrusions are found. Other intercellular gaps can also be detected building a system of small channels. It is possible that these structures serve for extracellular transport. The LDH activity, which is demonstrated by formazan deposits can be exclusively found in the root cells. This could be demonstrated in light microscopic semithin sections (Fig. 3) and with electron microscopy (Fig 4). The possible role of LDH in the root cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Light- and electronmicroscopic investigations on ultrastructure and enzyme distribution in the external sulcus of the cochlea (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of the external sulcus of the cochlea of young healthy guinea pigs and hamsters was investigated as well as the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in this region. The demonstration of LDH activity was carried out as follows. The unfixed and undecalcified cochlea was cut in 80 micron thick frozen sections, which were incubated immediately in the reaction mixture for LDH and subsequently fixed with paraformaldehyde. For electron microscopy the usual procedure was applied. The epithelial cells of the external sulcus show deep reaching extensions into the vessel-rich connective tissue of the basal part of the spiral ligament. These roots are bound together into root bundles surrounded by the basement membrane and fibrills. The root cells differ in their ultrastructure. The light cells, which have been described previously, contain a number of stretched mitochondria and only few other cell organels. Beside these, dark cells can be found (Fig. 2). Their cytoplasm shows high contrast and contains many mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. In the dark cells big vasuoles can be seen. All these structures indicate a high rate of synthesis in the dark cells. The root cells are linked together by membranous foldings, which diverge in some parts, forming intercellular spaces in which small cell protrusions are found. Other intercellular gaps can also be detected building a system of small channels. It is possible that these structures serve for extracellular transport. The LDH activity, which is demonstrated by formazan deposits can be exclusively found in the root cells. This could be demonstrated in light microscopic semithin sections (Fig. 3) and with electron microscopy (Fig 4). The possible role of LDH in the root cells is discussed.", "PMID": 576804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12302", "title": "[The neuro-otological findings of the multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper is based on an exact analysis of the neurootological findings in 30 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Ms-diagnosis was verified using Schumacher's criteria and cerebro-spinal fluid findings. Central vestibular disorders were found in most of the cases. From our observation it may be assumed that the brainstem is an early site of involvement causing imbalance which can only be verified by an accurate neuro-otological evaluation. The most important pathological findings are the following: central spontaneous nystagmus, gaze-deviation nystagmus, positional nystagmus, disinhibition of induced (caloric and galvanic) nystagmus, delay of the reversal phenomenon of galvanic nystagmus,dysrhythmia as well as distorted optokinetic nystagmus. An extensive neuro-otological investigation is of clinical importance with respect to detecting cases of MS at an early stage of this disease.", "contents": "[The neuro-otological findings of the multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. The present paper is based on an exact analysis of the neurootological findings in 30 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Ms-diagnosis was verified using Schumacher's criteria and cerebro-spinal fluid findings. Central vestibular disorders were found in most of the cases. From our observation it may be assumed that the brainstem is an early site of involvement causing imbalance which can only be verified by an accurate neuro-otological evaluation. The most important pathological findings are the following: central spontaneous nystagmus, gaze-deviation nystagmus, positional nystagmus, disinhibition of induced (caloric and galvanic) nystagmus, delay of the reversal phenomenon of galvanic nystagmus,dysrhythmia as well as distorted optokinetic nystagmus. An extensive neuro-otological investigation is of clinical importance with respect to detecting cases of MS at an early stage of this disease.", "PMID": 576805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12303", "title": "[Experience with the inlaytechnic of tympanoplasties type I. (author's transl)].", "content": "After more than ten years of experience with the inlaytechnic of tympanoplasties type I at the ENT-department of the University of Freiburg, and evaluating tha datas of 451 consecutive ears operated between 1970 and 1974, this technic proved to be good. The quote of recidive-surgery was about 19.9%. Hearing improved markedly in 80.4% of the patients. Complications like the appearence of Cholesteatoma, lateral migration of the transplant or flatening of the anterior tympanomeatal angle have not been noticed.", "contents": "[Experience with the inlaytechnic of tympanoplasties type I. (author's transl)]. After more than ten years of experience with the inlaytechnic of tympanoplasties type I at the ENT-department of the University of Freiburg, and evaluating tha datas of 451 consecutive ears operated between 1970 and 1974, this technic proved to be good. The quote of recidive-surgery was about 19.9%. Hearing improved markedly in 80.4% of the patients. Complications like the appearence of Cholesteatoma, lateral migration of the transplant or flatening of the anterior tympanomeatal angle have not been noticed.", "PMID": 576806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12304", "title": "[Fast isoamylases in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Human parotid saliva is characterized by a basic pattern of 6 isoamylases; during ageing, it contains additional isoamylases which migrate faster towards the anode. An increasing number of 'fast isoamylases' are also found in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients. Their possible symptomatological significance for the pathogenesis of mucoviscidosis which is as yet not solved is being discussed.", "contents": "[Fast isoamylases in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients (author's transl)]. Human parotid saliva is characterized by a basic pattern of 6 isoamylases; during ageing, it contains additional isoamylases which migrate faster towards the anode. An increasing number of 'fast isoamylases' are also found in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients. Their possible symptomatological significance for the pathogenesis of mucoviscidosis which is as yet not solved is being discussed.", "PMID": 576807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12305", "title": "[Drug influence of benzopyrones on experimental ascites (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the treatment with benzopyrones has been examined in dogs with experimental ascites (provoked by constriction of the vena cava inf.). Five weeks after cava-constriction nine of the twelve treated and only two of the untreated animals were free of ascites.", "contents": "[Drug influence of benzopyrones on experimental ascites (author's transl)]. The effect of the treatment with benzopyrones has been examined in dogs with experimental ascites (provoked by constriction of the vena cava inf.). Five weeks after cava-constriction nine of the twelve treated and only two of the untreated animals were free of ascites.", "PMID": 576808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12306", "title": "Structure-anorectic activity relationships in substituted phenethylamines.", "content": "A series of phenylisopropylamine derivatives are compared with the correspondent beta-methoxy- and beta-hydroxy-phenethylamine compounds. Unlike amphetamine, the beta-methoxy phenethylamine has no anorectic activity. This property appears only with the introduction of a CF3 group on the benzene nucleus. The racemic N-alkyl derivatives are more active than the racemic or even the levorotatory N-benzyl compound. The beta-hydroxy-phenethylamines are devoid of anorectic activity.", "contents": "Structure-anorectic activity relationships in substituted phenethylamines. A series of phenylisopropylamine derivatives are compared with the correspondent beta-methoxy- and beta-hydroxy-phenethylamine compounds. Unlike amphetamine, the beta-methoxy phenethylamine has no anorectic activity. This property appears only with the introduction of a CF3 group on the benzene nucleus. The racemic N-alkyl derivatives are more active than the racemic or even the levorotatory N-benzyl compound. The beta-hydroxy-phenethylamines are devoid of anorectic activity.", "PMID": 576809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12307", "title": "Distribution and fate of alpha-naphthl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) in the organs and body fluids of the rat.", "content": "alpha-Naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) is a well known toxic substance which induces characteristic hepatic lesions. Its distribution in some organs and body fluids was investigated by using spectrophotometry, gas-chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The results indicate that ANIT concentrates in the liver, kidneys and blood but not in the brain, urine and bile. Another five ANIT-like substances have also been examined, but no trace of them has been found in these organs and body fluids. The authors suppose that ANIT is metabolized to an unknown metabolite which is responsible for the toxic action of ANIT. None of the ANIT-like substances examined by us can be indentified with this metabolite.", "contents": "Distribution and fate of alpha-naphthl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) in the organs and body fluids of the rat. alpha-Naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) is a well known toxic substance which induces characteristic hepatic lesions. Its distribution in some organs and body fluids was investigated by using spectrophotometry, gas-chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The results indicate that ANIT concentrates in the liver, kidneys and blood but not in the brain, urine and bile. Another five ANIT-like substances have also been examined, but no trace of them has been found in these organs and body fluids. The authors suppose that ANIT is metabolized to an unknown metabolite which is responsible for the toxic action of ANIT. None of the ANIT-like substances examined by us can be indentified with this metabolite.", "PMID": 576810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12308", "title": "[Teratogenic effect of N-phthaloyl-L-aspartic acid on the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "The optical isomers of N-phthaloyl-aspartic acid, structurally related to thalidomide, were administered i.p. to pregnant mice on day 9 of gestation; the injected solutions contained Tween 20 as solubilizer. N-Phthaloyl-L-aspartic acid exerts an embryotoxic and teratogenic effect as is evident by the high incidence of resorption and malformations. On the other hand the D-isomer is devoid of any embryotoxic and teratogenic activity under the same conditions of experiment.", "contents": "[Teratogenic effect of N-phthaloyl-L-aspartic acid on the mouse (author's transl)]. The optical isomers of N-phthaloyl-aspartic acid, structurally related to thalidomide, were administered i.p. to pregnant mice on day 9 of gestation; the injected solutions contained Tween 20 as solubilizer. N-Phthaloyl-L-aspartic acid exerts an embryotoxic and teratogenic effect as is evident by the high incidence of resorption and malformations. On the other hand the D-isomer is devoid of any embryotoxic and teratogenic activity under the same conditions of experiment.", "PMID": 576811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12309", "title": "[Subchronic toxicologic studies using cyclamate-Na in dogs].", "content": "2 male and 2 female beagle dogs were fed cyclamate-Na in daily doses of 0 (control), 150, 500, 1500 mg/kg of body weight with the diet. Liquid feces occurred only after feeding 1500 mg/kg/day during the first few days of the experiment. Haematological, clotting and clinical chemistry parameters were unchanged in the groups up to the level of 1500 mg/kg/day. No effects were noted in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, nor in ECG or blood pressure. Gross pathology and histopathology did not reveal any change in any dose group. Daily fed doses of cyclamate-Na up to 1500 mg/kg body weight were well tolerated for three month in the dog.", "contents": "[Subchronic toxicologic studies using cyclamate-Na in dogs]. 2 male and 2 female beagle dogs were fed cyclamate-Na in daily doses of 0 (control), 150, 500, 1500 mg/kg of body weight with the diet. Liquid feces occurred only after feeding 1500 mg/kg/day during the first few days of the experiment. Haematological, clotting and clinical chemistry parameters were unchanged in the groups up to the level of 1500 mg/kg/day. No effects were noted in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, nor in ECG or blood pressure. Gross pathology and histopathology did not reveal any change in any dose group. Daily fed doses of cyclamate-Na up to 1500 mg/kg body weight were well tolerated for three month in the dog.", "PMID": 576812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12310", "title": "E1On the effect of 6-methyluracil on mice damaged by 2,4,6-triethylene-imino-1,3,5-triazine or by X-irradiation (author's transl).", "content": "Survival time of mice after i.v. injections of 2,4.6-triethylene-imino-1,3,5-trazine (TEM) or total body-X-irradiation (TBI) was increased by 6-methyluraclil (6-MU) when given in food (200 ppm). Under the same conditions, 6-MU decreased the involution of spleen and thymus (as measured by DNA-content and DNase II activity) under the infuence of TEM and enhanced the regeneration of the spleen after TBI. Elevation of DNase I- and protein content of the kidneys and a (short-dated) increase of incorporation of 14C-phenylalamine into microsomes of liver of 14C-orotic acid into RNA of liver and kidney suggest that the influence of 6-MU is mediated at least partly by a specfically anabolic effect.", "contents": "E1On the effect of 6-methyluracil on mice damaged by 2,4,6-triethylene-imino-1,3,5-triazine or by X-irradiation (author's transl). Survival time of mice after i.v. injections of 2,4.6-triethylene-imino-1,3,5-trazine (TEM) or total body-X-irradiation (TBI) was increased by 6-methyluraclil (6-MU) when given in food (200 ppm). Under the same conditions, 6-MU decreased the involution of spleen and thymus (as measured by DNA-content and DNase II activity) under the infuence of TEM and enhanced the regeneration of the spleen after TBI. Elevation of DNase I- and protein content of the kidneys and a (short-dated) increase of incorporation of 14C-phenylalamine into microsomes of liver of 14C-orotic acid into RNA of liver and kidney suggest that the influence of 6-MU is mediated at least partly by a specfically anabolic effect.", "PMID": 576813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12311", "title": "The neuromuscular blocking activity of aminodeoxykanamycin as compared with that of other aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Aminodeoxykanamycin (Kaneudomycin) as well as other members of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, has an action at the neuromuscular junction. Kanendomycin was found to be five times less potent than gentamycin, as far as their neuromuscular blocking action on the rat diaphragm is concerned. The neuromuscular blocking action on the rat diaphragm is concerned. The neuromuscular blockade produced by Kanendomycin is not reversed by neostigmine but only by calcium chloride.", "contents": "The neuromuscular blocking activity of aminodeoxykanamycin as compared with that of other aminoglycoside antibiotics. Aminodeoxykanamycin (Kaneudomycin) as well as other members of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, has an action at the neuromuscular junction. Kanendomycin was found to be five times less potent than gentamycin, as far as their neuromuscular blocking action on the rat diaphragm is concerned. The neuromuscular blocking action on the rat diaphragm is concerned. The neuromuscular blockade produced by Kanendomycin is not reversed by neostigmine but only by calcium chloride.", "PMID": 576814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12312", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and effects of neuroactive drugs on phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "The effects of a psychopharmacological agent, sulpiride, and of some neuromediators, dopamine, norepinephrine and propranolol, on the uptake of 3H-thymidine by lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were studied. The lymphoctes were obtained from two populations of subjects, one with HLA-AL CRAG antigens of the HLA-SD series and one without. We found that the presence of the CRAG antigens in the lymphocytes led in the presence of the various drugs to behaviour different from what was seen when the antigens were not present. When the two groups were pooled, PHA lymphocytes activation was inhibited by dopamine, sulpiride, and propranolol and was not effected by norepinephrine.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and effects of neuroactive drugs on phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro. The effects of a psychopharmacological agent, sulpiride, and of some neuromediators, dopamine, norepinephrine and propranolol, on the uptake of 3H-thymidine by lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were studied. The lymphoctes were obtained from two populations of subjects, one with HLA-AL CRAG antigens of the HLA-SD series and one without. We found that the presence of the CRAG antigens in the lymphocytes led in the presence of the various drugs to behaviour different from what was seen when the antigens were not present. When the two groups were pooled, PHA lymphocytes activation was inhibited by dopamine, sulpiride, and propranolol and was not effected by norepinephrine.", "PMID": 576815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12313", "title": "[Clinical study with a new antihyperlipemic combination].", "content": "70 patients with hyperlipemias of various types were treated perorally with 350 mg Mg-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, and 250 mg of mesoinositol-hexanicotinate (Atroplex) three times daily. This treatment led to a statistically significant decrease in the respective elevated serum lipid levels. The serum total cholesterol level was decreased by 20.3% in Type IIa and by 19.8% in Type IIb, the triglyceride level was decreased by 27.7% in Type IIb and by 38.9% in Type IV. The phosphatide level was lowered by 14.6% in Type IIa, by 15.7% in Type IIb and by 15.9% in Type IV; the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio could be shifted in favour of the phospholipids in Type IIa and IIb. Glucose tolerance and systolic blood pressure were not influenced, but in Type IV a statistically significant decrease in the diastolic pressure and in serum uric acid level was noticed. Prothrombine time and normal fibrinogen levels remained unchanged, elevated fibrinogen levels returned to normal. Elevations of serum enzymes and of serum bilirubin were noted which were minimal and reversible, liver toxicity could not be noticed. Subjective symptoms of peripheral circulatory disturbances improved markedly in 10 cases, the most striking side effect was the occurrence of gastrointestinal imcompatibility, which in one case forced to discontinue the medication. The dosage of the single components is this combined therapy is significantly lower than the doses usually used for clofibrate or mesoinositol-hexanicotinate.", "contents": "[Clinical study with a new antihyperlipemic combination]. 70 patients with hyperlipemias of various types were treated perorally with 350 mg Mg-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, and 250 mg of mesoinositol-hexanicotinate (Atroplex) three times daily. This treatment led to a statistically significant decrease in the respective elevated serum lipid levels. The serum total cholesterol level was decreased by 20.3% in Type IIa and by 19.8% in Type IIb, the triglyceride level was decreased by 27.7% in Type IIb and by 38.9% in Type IV. The phosphatide level was lowered by 14.6% in Type IIa, by 15.7% in Type IIb and by 15.9% in Type IV; the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio could be shifted in favour of the phospholipids in Type IIa and IIb. Glucose tolerance and systolic blood pressure were not influenced, but in Type IV a statistically significant decrease in the diastolic pressure and in serum uric acid level was noticed. Prothrombine time and normal fibrinogen levels remained unchanged, elevated fibrinogen levels returned to normal. Elevations of serum enzymes and of serum bilirubin were noted which were minimal and reversible, liver toxicity could not be noticed. Subjective symptoms of peripheral circulatory disturbances improved markedly in 10 cases, the most striking side effect was the occurrence of gastrointestinal imcompatibility, which in one case forced to discontinue the medication. The dosage of the single components is this combined therapy is significantly lower than the doses usually used for clofibrate or mesoinositol-hexanicotinate.", "PMID": 576816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12314", "title": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate after oral administration of a sustained-release formulation to human subjects.", "content": "1. A peak of mean plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate of 5.8 ng/ml was reached at 0.5 h after a single oral dose of 5 mg in a standard tablet formulation. Thereafter mean concentrations declined with a half-life of about 48 min. 2. A peak of mean concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate of 3.2 ng/ml was reached at 2--4 h after a single oral dose of 20mg in a sustained-realease capsule formulation (Iso Mack Retard). Thereafter mean concentrations declined by about twofold during 6 h and were still detectable at 12 h after dosing. 3. When corrected by dose/bodyweight variations, the mean area under the isosorbide dinitrate plasma concentration curve from the sustained-release capule was 76% of that from the standard tablet and this formulation-related difference in bioavailability was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). 4. The results showed that sustained-release formulation is a useful way to maintain plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate for several hours.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate after oral administration of a sustained-release formulation to human subjects. 1. A peak of mean plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate of 5.8 ng/ml was reached at 0.5 h after a single oral dose of 5 mg in a standard tablet formulation. Thereafter mean concentrations declined with a half-life of about 48 min. 2. A peak of mean concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate of 3.2 ng/ml was reached at 2--4 h after a single oral dose of 20mg in a sustained-realease capsule formulation (Iso Mack Retard). Thereafter mean concentrations declined by about twofold during 6 h and were still detectable at 12 h after dosing. 3. When corrected by dose/bodyweight variations, the mean area under the isosorbide dinitrate plasma concentration curve from the sustained-release capule was 76% of that from the standard tablet and this formulation-related difference in bioavailability was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). 4. The results showed that sustained-release formulation is a useful way to maintain plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate for several hours.", "PMID": 576817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12315", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and metabolic pathways of dimethophrine in man.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of dimethophrine labelled with tritium have been investigated on 5 subjects treated orally with a single dose of 100 mg. The results obtained have shown that: 1. the absorption and urinary elimination are rather slow; 2. no metabolic transfromation of the drug occurs, except conjugation.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and metabolic pathways of dimethophrine in man. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of dimethophrine labelled with tritium have been investigated on 5 subjects treated orally with a single dose of 100 mg. The results obtained have shown that: 1. the absorption and urinary elimination are rather slow; 2. no metabolic transfromation of the drug occurs, except conjugation.", "PMID": 576818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12316", "title": "The effect of magnesiumaspartate on preservation of the rat liver.", "content": "1. Isolated rat livers reperfused with an oxygenated isotonic Mg-aspartate or saline solution and stored 1 h at 36 degrees C, 4 h at 22 degrees C or 12 h at 6 degrees C were reperfused at 37 degrees C 150 min with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing bovine albumin and erthrocytes gased with a 95% O2-5% CO2 gas mixture. 2. Light- and electronmicroscopic studies revealed minor changes after storage, whereas in the reperfused livers a focal distribution of well preserved and disintegrated hepatocytes was observed. 3. During storage the sum of adenine nucleotides in general decreased markedly paralleled by a significant rise of the lactate/pyruvate and hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios and pronounced breakdown of glycogen. Oxidative phosphorylation was resumed upon reperfusion resulting in de novo synthesis of ATP and ADP. The lactatelpyruvate and hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios normalized, whereas a resynthesis of glycogen was missing. 4. No conclusive evidence of a protective Mg-effect as observed in induced cardiac arrest has been obtained, probably due to structural and metabolic differences between the two organs and microcirculatory disorders as has been demonstrated by measurements of oxygen uptake using the multiwire electrode.", "contents": "The effect of magnesiumaspartate on preservation of the rat liver. 1. Isolated rat livers reperfused with an oxygenated isotonic Mg-aspartate or saline solution and stored 1 h at 36 degrees C, 4 h at 22 degrees C or 12 h at 6 degrees C were reperfused at 37 degrees C 150 min with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing bovine albumin and erthrocytes gased with a 95% O2-5% CO2 gas mixture. 2. Light- and electronmicroscopic studies revealed minor changes after storage, whereas in the reperfused livers a focal distribution of well preserved and disintegrated hepatocytes was observed. 3. During storage the sum of adenine nucleotides in general decreased markedly paralleled by a significant rise of the lactate/pyruvate and hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios and pronounced breakdown of glycogen. Oxidative phosphorylation was resumed upon reperfusion resulting in de novo synthesis of ATP and ADP. The lactatelpyruvate and hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios normalized, whereas a resynthesis of glycogen was missing. 4. No conclusive evidence of a protective Mg-effect as observed in induced cardiac arrest has been obtained, probably due to structural and metabolic differences between the two organs and microcirculatory disorders as has been demonstrated by measurements of oxygen uptake using the multiwire electrode.", "PMID": 576819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12317", "title": "[Chemotherapeutically effective nitro compounds. 3rd communication: nitropyridines, nitroimidazopyridines and related compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "New 2-nitropyridines and 3-nitropyridines, and 3-nitroimidazo-[1,2-a]-pyridines and related compounds (together 106) were synthesized and tested for their chemotherapeutic efficacy against trichomonads, amoebas and other organisms, such as Eimeria tenella, bacteria, fungi, helminths. Several 2-nitropyridines revelaed a detectable systemic effect against Entamoeba histolytica (extraintestinal amoebiasis of the golden hamster) and also a weak activity against Trichomonas fetus in the NMRI-mouse. Only a few 3-nitropyridines showed a marked systemic effect against trichomonads. Of the 3-nitroimidazo-[1,2-a]-pyridines, only the electroneutral carboxylic acid amide group exhibited a pronounced activity, exclusively against trichomonads; however, the activity was nullified again by electronegative, electropositive and other electroneutral substituents. As they were not superior in chemotherapeutic respect compared to the known standard preparation (metronidazole), no further tests were carried out with the most effective compounds.", "contents": "[Chemotherapeutically effective nitro compounds. 3rd communication: nitropyridines, nitroimidazopyridines and related compounds (author's transl)]. New 2-nitropyridines and 3-nitropyridines, and 3-nitroimidazo-[1,2-a]-pyridines and related compounds (together 106) were synthesized and tested for their chemotherapeutic efficacy against trichomonads, amoebas and other organisms, such as Eimeria tenella, bacteria, fungi, helminths. Several 2-nitropyridines revelaed a detectable systemic effect against Entamoeba histolytica (extraintestinal amoebiasis of the golden hamster) and also a weak activity against Trichomonas fetus in the NMRI-mouse. Only a few 3-nitropyridines showed a marked systemic effect against trichomonads. Of the 3-nitroimidazo-[1,2-a]-pyridines, only the electroneutral carboxylic acid amide group exhibited a pronounced activity, exclusively against trichomonads; however, the activity was nullified again by electronegative, electropositive and other electroneutral substituents. As they were not superior in chemotherapeutic respect compared to the known standard preparation (metronidazole), no further tests were carried out with the most effective compounds.", "PMID": 576820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12318", "title": "Determination of verapamil in human plasma by mass fragmentography using stable isotope-labelled verapamil as internal standard.", "content": "In the present investigation a mass fragmentographic procedure for the quantitative determination of verapamil in human plasma was developed which makes use of the principle of mass spectrometry and of isotopic dilution: a known amount of isotopically labelled standard ([13C, 2H2]-verapamil) is added to the plasma sample. After an effective extraction procedure the ratio of the main fragments of verapamil (m/e 303) and the labelled standard (m/e 306) is measured by mass fragmentography. The lower limit of detection is at 1 ng/ml for plasma and at 10 pg/injection for pure verapamil. The precision was found to be between 3.4% and 14.4%, depending on the range (32.7 ng/ml and 2.2 ng/ml, resp.) of the concentration of verapamil in plasma.", "contents": "Determination of verapamil in human plasma by mass fragmentography using stable isotope-labelled verapamil as internal standard. In the present investigation a mass fragmentographic procedure for the quantitative determination of verapamil in human plasma was developed which makes use of the principle of mass spectrometry and of isotopic dilution: a known amount of isotopically labelled standard ([13C, 2H2]-verapamil) is added to the plasma sample. After an effective extraction procedure the ratio of the main fragments of verapamil (m/e 303) and the labelled standard (m/e 306) is measured by mass fragmentography. The lower limit of detection is at 1 ng/ml for plasma and at 10 pg/injection for pure verapamil. The precision was found to be between 3.4% and 14.4%, depending on the range (32.7 ng/ml and 2.2 ng/ml, resp.) of the concentration of verapamil in plasma.", "PMID": 576822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12319", "title": "Antimicrobial evaluation of cefoxitin: a new semisynthetic cephamycin. Comparative studies with cefazolin and cefalotin.", "content": "Antimicrobial activity of 3-carbamoyloxymethyl-7-alpha-methoxy-7-[2-(2-thienyl)-acetamido]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (cefoxitin), a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic, was studied in comparison with that of cefazolin and cefalotin. Cefoxitin exhibited antibacterial activity against both gramnegative and gram-positive bacteria, and its action was bactericidal. Against gram-negative bacteria, cefoxitin was highly active as well as cefazolin, and more active than cefalotin. Especially, cefoxitin was highly active not only against strains of clinical isolates of indole-positive Proteus and S. marcescens but also against those of E. coli and P. mirabilis which were resistant to cefazolin and/or cefalotin, respectively. In addition, cefoxitin was effective against the strains resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics including cefazolin and cefalotin. Cefoxitin was hardly active against the strains of E. cloacae and P. aeruginosa, similar to cefazolin and cefalotin. Against gram-postive bacteria, cefoxitin was less active than cefazolin and cefalotin. In protection tests in mice, cefoxitin and cefazolin were more effective against infection with E. coli than cefalotin. Furthermore, cefoxitin was more active against infections with S. marcescens and P. morgani than the other antibiotics. Cefoxitin, like cefalotin, was less effective against infection with S. aureus than cefazolin. Cefoxitin was highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases derived from the organisms insusceptible to the antibiotic. This fact revealed that the resistance of the organisms to cefoxitin may be in part due to factors other than beta-lactamase inactivation.", "contents": "Antimicrobial evaluation of cefoxitin: a new semisynthetic cephamycin. Comparative studies with cefazolin and cefalotin. Antimicrobial activity of 3-carbamoyloxymethyl-7-alpha-methoxy-7-[2-(2-thienyl)-acetamido]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (cefoxitin), a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic, was studied in comparison with that of cefazolin and cefalotin. Cefoxitin exhibited antibacterial activity against both gramnegative and gram-positive bacteria, and its action was bactericidal. Against gram-negative bacteria, cefoxitin was highly active as well as cefazolin, and more active than cefalotin. Especially, cefoxitin was highly active not only against strains of clinical isolates of indole-positive Proteus and S. marcescens but also against those of E. coli and P. mirabilis which were resistant to cefazolin and/or cefalotin, respectively. In addition, cefoxitin was effective against the strains resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics including cefazolin and cefalotin. Cefoxitin was hardly active against the strains of E. cloacae and P. aeruginosa, similar to cefazolin and cefalotin. Against gram-postive bacteria, cefoxitin was less active than cefazolin and cefalotin. In protection tests in mice, cefoxitin and cefazolin were more effective against infection with E. coli than cefalotin. Furthermore, cefoxitin was more active against infections with S. marcescens and P. morgani than the other antibiotics. Cefoxitin, like cefalotin, was less effective against infection with S. aureus than cefazolin. Cefoxitin was highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases derived from the organisms insusceptible to the antibiotic. This fact revealed that the resistance of the organisms to cefoxitin may be in part due to factors other than beta-lactamase inactivation.", "PMID": 576821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12320", "title": "[Assembly and function of organized enzymes (author's transl)].", "content": "When different enzymes form complexes with one another they gain new capabilities of function. Tryptophan synthase is discussed as an illustrative example in which formation of the complex leads to mutual activation of the component subunits. Kinetic studies show that conformational changes play an important role in this process. As the extreme case of self-organisation, structural genes of different enzymes might have been fused in the course of evolution, giving rise to multifunctional enzymes.", "contents": "[Assembly and function of organized enzymes (author's transl)]. When different enzymes form complexes with one another they gain new capabilities of function. Tryptophan synthase is discussed as an illustrative example in which formation of the complex leads to mutual activation of the component subunits. Kinetic studies show that conformational changes play an important role in this process. As the extreme case of self-organisation, structural genes of different enzymes might have been fused in the course of evolution, giving rise to multifunctional enzymes.", "PMID": 576823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12321", "title": "[Collagen biosynthesis as an example for the regulation of gene expression in mesenchymal cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The polymorphism of collagen was the initial observation which stimulated the interest in the regulation of the gene expression of this eucaryotic protein. In the first set of experiments it was shown that a fibroblast from fetal skin possesses the capability to synthesize both type I and type III collagen at the same time. In a second line of investigations, evidence was obtained that in the course of the degenerative osteoarthrosis chondrocytes switch from synthesis of type II collagen to synthesis of type I collagen. A similar observation was made when enzymatically isolated chondrocytes from the sterna of embryonic chicken were grown under tissue culture conditions. This change in synthesis probably reflects a change in gene regulation which might be caused by an as yet unknown disturbance in the cell matrix interaction.", "contents": "[Collagen biosynthesis as an example for the regulation of gene expression in mesenchymal cells (author's transl)]. The polymorphism of collagen was the initial observation which stimulated the interest in the regulation of the gene expression of this eucaryotic protein. In the first set of experiments it was shown that a fibroblast from fetal skin possesses the capability to synthesize both type I and type III collagen at the same time. In a second line of investigations, evidence was obtained that in the course of the degenerative osteoarthrosis chondrocytes switch from synthesis of type II collagen to synthesis of type I collagen. A similar observation was made when enzymatically isolated chondrocytes from the sterna of embryonic chicken were grown under tissue culture conditions. This change in synthesis probably reflects a change in gene regulation which might be caused by an as yet unknown disturbance in the cell matrix interaction.", "PMID": 576824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12322", "title": "[The biological clock: circadian organization of the cell (author's transl)].", "content": "Unicellular systems, and particularly individual cells, are advantageous in investigating the molecular mechanism of the circadian rhythm. The greeen alga Acetabularia has proven to be a uniquely suitable organism. Experiments are described which indicate that the circadian rhythm is due to a sequence of events which are casually interrelated. A model is presented which is based on a two-step mechanism, the first step of which is the synthesis of \"essential polypeptides\" on 80 S ribosomes. In a second step these polypeptides are consumed. The function of the \"essential polypeptides\" is to change a membrane component of the circadian clock. The membrane participates in a feed-back mechanism which produces a periodic alteration of the rate of synthesis of \"essential polypeptides\" and of photosynthesis. It is possible to draw parallels between this circadian rhythm model and other repetitive and non-repetitive types of temporal organization within the cell, e.g., the cell cycle; however, it must be stressed that in the case of the circadian rhythm, much stronger and more efficient mechanisms exist to keep the period constant. This is true particularly for temperature compensation. Such a conservatism is understandable if one recalls that during evolution, the circadian rhythm represents an adaptive advantage which permits the organism to adjust it activities in advance to periodic processes resulting from the earth's rotation.", "contents": "[The biological clock: circadian organization of the cell (author's transl)]. Unicellular systems, and particularly individual cells, are advantageous in investigating the molecular mechanism of the circadian rhythm. The greeen alga Acetabularia has proven to be a uniquely suitable organism. Experiments are described which indicate that the circadian rhythm is due to a sequence of events which are casually interrelated. A model is presented which is based on a two-step mechanism, the first step of which is the synthesis of \"essential polypeptides\" on 80 S ribosomes. In a second step these polypeptides are consumed. The function of the \"essential polypeptides\" is to change a membrane component of the circadian clock. The membrane participates in a feed-back mechanism which produces a periodic alteration of the rate of synthesis of \"essential polypeptides\" and of photosynthesis. It is possible to draw parallels between this circadian rhythm model and other repetitive and non-repetitive types of temporal organization within the cell, e.g., the cell cycle; however, it must be stressed that in the case of the circadian rhythm, much stronger and more efficient mechanisms exist to keep the period constant. This is true particularly for temperature compensation. Such a conservatism is understandable if one recalls that during evolution, the circadian rhythm represents an adaptive advantage which permits the organism to adjust it activities in advance to periodic processes resulting from the earth's rotation.", "PMID": 576825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12323", "title": "[Correlation between structure and pathogenicity of myxoviruses (author's transl)].", "content": "Myxoviruses (ortho- and paramyxoviruses) possess on their surface two virus-specific glycoproteins, the functions of which are largely understood; These glycoproteins are synthesized on the rought endoplasmic reticulum, and during their transport to the plasma membrane on smooth intracellular membranes, they undergo modification through proteolytic cleavage. In this way, the orthomyxovirus hemagllutinin is converted from a high-molecular weight form (HA) into two smaller cleavage products (HA1 and HA2). With the paramyxoviruses, the glycoprotein F, which is responsible for fusion and hemolysis, is derived from proteolytic cleavage of a precursor, F0. Furthermore, with a few strains of avirulent NDV, a precursor of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase complex, (HN0), has been identified which again, as a result of proteolysis, undergoes cleavage to HN. Whether cleavage takes place is as much dependent on the structure of the glycoprotein as on the host cell type. Proteolytic cleavage is indeed not necessary for virus particle production but is required for infectivity. Virus particles which possess the uncleaved glycoproteins may be activated by in vitro treatment with trypsin. As evidenced by experiments with orthomyxovirus recombinants, the glycoproteins alone do not determine the pathogenicity of the viruses. With paramyxoviruses, the pathogenic and apathogenic strains show clear differences in their host range spectrum which is directly related to the sensitivity of their glycoproteins twoard proteases. These observations provide an initial sketch for the molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity with myxoviruses.", "contents": "[Correlation between structure and pathogenicity of myxoviruses (author's transl)]. Myxoviruses (ortho- and paramyxoviruses) possess on their surface two virus-specific glycoproteins, the functions of which are largely understood; These glycoproteins are synthesized on the rought endoplasmic reticulum, and during their transport to the plasma membrane on smooth intracellular membranes, they undergo modification through proteolytic cleavage. In this way, the orthomyxovirus hemagllutinin is converted from a high-molecular weight form (HA) into two smaller cleavage products (HA1 and HA2). With the paramyxoviruses, the glycoprotein F, which is responsible for fusion and hemolysis, is derived from proteolytic cleavage of a precursor, F0. Furthermore, with a few strains of avirulent NDV, a precursor of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase complex, (HN0), has been identified which again, as a result of proteolysis, undergoes cleavage to HN. Whether cleavage takes place is as much dependent on the structure of the glycoprotein as on the host cell type. Proteolytic cleavage is indeed not necessary for virus particle production but is required for infectivity. Virus particles which possess the uncleaved glycoproteins may be activated by in vitro treatment with trypsin. As evidenced by experiments with orthomyxovirus recombinants, the glycoproteins alone do not determine the pathogenicity of the viruses. With paramyxoviruses, the pathogenic and apathogenic strains show clear differences in their host range spectrum which is directly related to the sensitivity of their glycoproteins twoard proteases. These observations provide an initial sketch for the molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity with myxoviruses.", "PMID": 576826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12324", "title": "[Structure-activity relationships of bronchospasmolytic beta-phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthines (author's transl)].", "content": "Structure-activity relationships of 90 bronchospasmolytic compenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthines are reported. Particularly the influence of substituents in the phenyl moiety as well as of the carbon bridge between the xanthine residue and the beta-phenylethylamine moiety is described. 2. A method is shown for the selection of one optimally bronchospasmolytic substance from many potential compounds synthetised via multiple screening steps to profound biological studies.", "contents": "[Structure-activity relationships of bronchospasmolytic beta-phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthines (author's transl)]. Structure-activity relationships of 90 bronchospasmolytic compenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthines are reported. Particularly the influence of substituents in the phenyl moiety as well as of the carbon bridge between the xanthine residue and the beta-phenylethylamine moiety is described. 2. A method is shown for the selection of one optimally bronchospasmolytic substance from many potential compounds synthetised via multiple screening steps to profound biological studies.", "PMID": 576827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12325", "title": "[Synthesis of radioactively labelled reproterol hydrochloride (author's transl)].", "content": "Synthesis of radioactively labelled 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol) as needed for pharmacokinetic examinations, is described. The 14C-malonic diethyl ester was proven to be the suitable starting compound. The synthesis of the tritium-labelled reproterol is briefly described.", "contents": "[Synthesis of radioactively labelled reproterol hydrochloride (author's transl)]. Synthesis of radioactively labelled 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol) as needed for pharmacokinetic examinations, is described. The 14C-malonic diethyl ester was proven to be the suitable starting compound. The synthesis of the tritium-labelled reproterol is briefly described.", "PMID": 576828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12326", "title": "[Studies on pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of reproterol in animal and man (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations on the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation in the rat, dog, rabbit and in humans were performed with 3H-or 14C-labelled 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethlamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin). Following i.v. administration of reproterol, a similar course of the plasma levels as shown in both rat and dog. After oral administration to the rat, elimination occurs within 2 h following application; in the dog, however, a relatively constant plasma level persists for up to 24 h, which is then reduced during an elimination half-life of 12.4 h. Following i.v. as well as  oral administration to the rabbit, phases of distribution and elimination persist over a  considerable length of time. Plasma levels following oral administration remain relatively constant during a time period of 8--30 h, after which they decrease with a half-life of 70 h. Renal elimination in the dog and rabbit after i.v. application seems to be the main route of excretion (dog 57%, rabbit 66%), while in  the rat there is 58% fecal elimination. Absorption ratios following oral administration amount to 13% in the rabbit and 18% in the rat and dog. The absorption ration in the rat following intratracheal application reaches 90%. This was particularly important in view of the anticipated use of reproterol as an aerosol. Tests on the quantitative organic distribution further showed that in the rat, the lund tissue has a particular affinity to reproterol. In man following i.v. administration, reproterol is rapidly distributed and eliminated. The highest plasma level reached within 2 h after oral administration, correlates well with the initial plasma level following i.v. administration. A great similarity was shown for the reproterol metabolism in rat, dog, rabbit and man. With complete metabolization, the same main metabolite is always formed.", "contents": "[Studies on pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of reproterol in animal and man (author's transl)]. Investigations on the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation in the rat, dog, rabbit and in humans were performed with 3H-or 14C-labelled 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethlamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin). Following i.v. administration of reproterol, a similar course of the plasma levels as shown in both rat and dog. After oral administration to the rat, elimination occurs within 2 h following application; in the dog, however, a relatively constant plasma level persists for up to 24 h, which is then reduced during an elimination half-life of 12.4 h. Following i.v. as well as  oral administration to the rabbit, phases of distribution and elimination persist over a  considerable length of time. Plasma levels following oral administration remain relatively constant during a time period of 8--30 h, after which they decrease with a half-life of 70 h. Renal elimination in the dog and rabbit after i.v. application seems to be the main route of excretion (dog 57%, rabbit 66%), while in  the rat there is 58% fecal elimination. Absorption ratios following oral administration amount to 13% in the rabbit and 18% in the rat and dog. The absorption ration in the rat following intratracheal application reaches 90%. This was particularly important in view of the anticipated use of reproterol as an aerosol. Tests on the quantitative organic distribution further showed that in the rat, the lund tissue has a particular affinity to reproterol. In man following i.v. administration, reproterol is rapidly distributed and eliminated. The highest plasma level reached within 2 h after oral administration, correlates well with the initial plasma level following i.v. administration. A great similarity was shown for the reproterol metabolism in rat, dog, rabbit and man. With complete metabolization, the same main metabolite is always formed.", "PMID": 576829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12327", "title": "[Synthesis of bronchospasmolytically effective beta phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthines].", "content": "New theophylline and theobromine derivatives are synthetized from the beta-phenylethylaminoalkyl-xanthines, whose phenyl substituent is substitutent by one or two hydroxyl groups and partially also by other substituents. Different methods of synthesis are described, among them the production of the bronchospasmolytic 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol-HCl).", "contents": "[Synthesis of bronchospasmolytically effective beta phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthines]. New theophylline and theobromine derivatives are synthetized from the beta-phenylethylaminoalkyl-xanthines, whose phenyl substituent is substitutent by one or two hydroxyl groups and partially also by other substituents. Different methods of synthesis are described, among them the production of the bronchospasmolytic 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol-HCl).", "PMID": 576830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12328", "title": "[Toxicological investigation of reproterol (author's transl)].", "content": "Only slight toxicity of 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) was shown in the examination of acute, subacute and chronic trials on various animal species with different modes of application. Slight side-effects noted with high toxically active dosages correspond with those of other well-known beta-sympathicomimetics. No influence on the pre-,peri- and postnatal development could be proven with doses tolerated by the parent animals.", "contents": "[Toxicological investigation of reproterol (author's transl)]. Only slight toxicity of 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) was shown in the examination of acute, subacute and chronic trials on various animal species with different modes of application. Slight side-effects noted with high toxically active dosages correspond with those of other well-known beta-sympathicomimetics. No influence on the pre-,peri- and postnatal development could be proven with doses tolerated by the parent animals.", "PMID": 576831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12329", "title": "[Effects of the new brondilatator reproterol on the cardiac function during treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The new beta-adrenergic phenylethy-aminoalkyl-xanthine derivative 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) was tested in two patient groups afflicted with bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive bronchitis. Neither  single i.v. administration nor single and 4-week long-term application of blood pressure or ECG tracings. Dosages of i.v. 60 and 90 mug, single peroral administration of 20 mg or long-term therapy with 60 mg in either 3 or 6 daily doses, definitely and significantly improved disturbances in the pulmonary ventilation (Rt, EGV, FEV1). This new preparation represents a predominantly beta2-mimetic  broncholysis as well as the absence of cardiovascular side effects.", "contents": "[Effects of the new brondilatator reproterol on the cardiac function during treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis (author's transl)]. The new beta-adrenergic phenylethy-aminoalkyl-xanthine derivative 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) was tested in two patient groups afflicted with bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive bronchitis. Neither  single i.v. administration nor single and 4-week long-term application of blood pressure or ECG tracings. Dosages of i.v. 60 and 90 mug, single peroral administration of 20 mg or long-term therapy with 60 mg in either 3 or 6 daily doses, definitely and significantly improved disturbances in the pulmonary ventilation (Rt, EGV, FEV1). This new preparation represents a predominantly beta2-mimetic  broncholysis as well as the absence of cardiovascular side effects.", "PMID": 576832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12330", "title": "[The bronchdilating action of reproterol in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative study, two groups of patients suffering from bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive bronchitis were tested with the new broncholytic substance 7-(3-[2/24/k-dihydroxyphenyl-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchspasmin) versus the well proven drug orciprenaline. Both preparations were administered for four weeks in doses of 3 x 20 mg/day (some patients received 6 x 10 mg/day). Different variables of the lung function were examined twice weekly prior to and 1 hr following ingestion of the substance (FVC, FEV1, Rt, IGV, Palpha02). On the basis of findings in above variables, both reproterol and orciprenaline showed very good and significant broncholytic effects. The efficacy of reproterol, however, proved to be significantly superior to that of orciprenaline. This also has been confirmed in subjective reports of patients with regard to strength and duration of alleviation of their respiratory distress. Palpitation, slight tremor of the fingers, restlessness, pressure in the head and dizziness were mentioned as side effects. These symptoms occurred fairly often with orciprenaline, but relatively seldom with reproterol. This difference between the preparations was highly significant. Following four weeks of administration, no tachyphylaxis was observed. In view of the submitted results, reproterol represents, no doubt, a considerable addition to the presently available therapeutic collection of remedies for the treatment of obstructive airways diseases.", "contents": "[The bronchdilating action of reproterol in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis (author's transl)]. In a comparative study, two groups of patients suffering from bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive bronchitis were tested with the new broncholytic substance 7-(3-[2/24/k-dihydroxyphenyl-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchspasmin) versus the well proven drug orciprenaline. Both preparations were administered for four weeks in doses of 3 x 20 mg/day (some patients received 6 x 10 mg/day). Different variables of the lung function were examined twice weekly prior to and 1 hr following ingestion of the substance (FVC, FEV1, Rt, IGV, Palpha02). On the basis of findings in above variables, both reproterol and orciprenaline showed very good and significant broncholytic effects. The efficacy of reproterol, however, proved to be significantly superior to that of orciprenaline. This also has been confirmed in subjective reports of patients with regard to strength and duration of alleviation of their respiratory distress. Palpitation, slight tremor of the fingers, restlessness, pressure in the head and dizziness were mentioned as side effects. These symptoms occurred fairly often with orciprenaline, but relatively seldom with reproterol. This difference between the preparations was highly significant. Following four weeks of administration, no tachyphylaxis was observed. In view of the submitted results, reproterol represents, no doubt, a considerable addition to the presently available therapeutic collection of remedies for the treatment of obstructive airways diseases.", "PMID": 576833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12331", "title": "[Studies on the onset of effect of reproterol following inhalation from a metered aerosol (author's transl)].", "content": "According to a uniform trial procedure, the broncholytic efficacy of the new beta2-adrenergic 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) was tested in a total of 21 patients afflicted with airways obstruction in two lungfunction laboratories. The IGV, Ras and SGaw were calculated by bodyplethysmography before and 1,3 and  5 min following of 2 puffs from an aerosol container. Excellent and highly significantly bronchodilation was shown already 1 min post  inhalation, which further increased during testing time and with which results of subjective criteria for dyspnoeic changes correspond. The preparation may therefore be recommended for therapy of dyspnoeic attacks in an aerosol form equipped with metering valves.", "contents": "[Studies on the onset of effect of reproterol following inhalation from a metered aerosol (author's transl)]. According to a uniform trial procedure, the broncholytic efficacy of the new beta2-adrenergic 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) was tested in a total of 21 patients afflicted with airways obstruction in two lungfunction laboratories. The IGV, Ras and SGaw were calculated by bodyplethysmography before and 1,3 and  5 min following of 2 puffs from an aerosol container. Excellent and highly significantly bronchodilation was shown already 1 min post  inhalation, which further increased during testing time and with which results of subjective criteria for dyspnoeic changes correspond. The preparation may therefore be recommended for therapy of dyspnoeic attacks in an aerosol form equipped with metering valves.", "PMID": 576834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12332", "title": "[The influence of the broncholytic reproterol in persons with bradycardic arrhythmia upon impulse and conduction as well as irritability of the human ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "The new  broncholytic 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin), a beta-phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthine, was investiggated in two doses (60 and 90 mug i.v.) in patients who suffered from bradycardic arrhythmia. The influence on the primary and tertiary impulses and conduction in 36 cases and on the irritability of the human ventricle in 8 cases was tested. Reproterol led to a tolerable increase in the atrial and ventricular rate as well as to a desirable acceleration of the AV conduction. Irritability was significantly increased to a lesser degree than by the administration of orciprenaline and oxyfedrine. Except for a few, but not threatening, extrasystoles, two cases with bigeminal rhythms and some cases with a thermacogenesis, no undersible side effects were noted following injection.", "contents": "[The influence of the broncholytic reproterol in persons with bradycardic arrhythmia upon impulse and conduction as well as irritability of the human ventricle (author's transl)]. The new  broncholytic 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin), a beta-phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthine, was investiggated in two doses (60 and 90 mug i.v.) in patients who suffered from bradycardic arrhythmia. The influence on the primary and tertiary impulses and conduction in 36 cases and on the irritability of the human ventricle in 8 cases was tested. Reproterol led to a tolerable increase in the atrial and ventricular rate as well as to a desirable acceleration of the AV conduction. Irritability was significantly increased to a lesser degree than by the administration of orciprenaline and oxyfedrine. Except for a few, but not threatening, extrasystoles, two cases with bigeminal rhythms and some cases with a thermacogenesis, no undersible side effects were noted following injection.", "PMID": 576835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12333", "title": "[Ventilation and gas-dynamic work of breathing during CO2 stimulation in patients with airways obstruction prior to and following bronchodilation with reproterol (author's transl)].", "content": "A new, non-invasive method for measuring chemo-sensitivity of the respiratory center is described, one that may sensibly be applied in patients with airways obstruction. It is used for measurement of ventilation and gas-dynamic work of breathing in body plethysmography during a modified unsteady state of CO2 rebreathing technique. In 9 patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchitis, a linear correlation between the end-expiratory CO2 partial pressure and the respiratory work rate vs. the airways resistance was established while between the end-expiratory PCO2 and the respiratory minute volume as well as the respiratory minute volume and the respiratory work rate vs. airways resistance, a non-linear correlation exists. In tests with 7-(3[2-(3 5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl-amino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin), a beta-phenylethyl-amino alkylxanthine, with known bronchodilating effects and a preparation for which pharmacological considerations of central-analeptic effects cannot definitely be excluded, this method revealed in patients with airways obstruction no breathing stimulation. In contrast, however, specific airways resistance in patients afflicted with bronchitis was statistically significantly reduced.", "contents": "[Ventilation and gas-dynamic work of breathing during CO2 stimulation in patients with airways obstruction prior to and following bronchodilation with reproterol (author's transl)]. A new, non-invasive method for measuring chemo-sensitivity of the respiratory center is described, one that may sensibly be applied in patients with airways obstruction. It is used for measurement of ventilation and gas-dynamic work of breathing in body plethysmography during a modified unsteady state of CO2 rebreathing technique. In 9 patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchitis, a linear correlation between the end-expiratory CO2 partial pressure and the respiratory work rate vs. the airways resistance was established while between the end-expiratory PCO2 and the respiratory minute volume as well as the respiratory minute volume and the respiratory work rate vs. airways resistance, a non-linear correlation exists. In tests with 7-(3[2-(3 5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl-amino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin), a beta-phenylethyl-amino alkylxanthine, with known bronchodilating effects and a preparation for which pharmacological considerations of central-analeptic effects cannot definitely be excluded, this method revealed in patients with airways obstruction no breathing stimulation. In contrast, however, specific airways resistance in patients afflicted with bronchitis was statistically significantly reduced.", "PMID": 576836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12334", "title": "17beta-oestradiol and Enovid mammary tumorigenesis in C3H/HeJ female mice: counteraction by concurrent 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine.", "content": "Chronic administration of 17beta-oestradiol (via drinking water) or the oral contraceptive Enovid (norethynodrel and mestranol) (0-1 mg injected s.c. twice weekly) to nulliparous C3H/HeJ female mice, beginning at one month of age and terminating at 20 months (17beta-oestradiol) or 22 months (Enovid), significantly increased the incidence of mammary tumours over solvent-treated controls. Concurrent treatment of the steroid-treated mice with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) (0-1 mg s.c. injected daily) significantly reduced mammary tumour incidence and mammary hyperplastic nodule development to the control level. CB-154 is an efficacious inhibitor of pituitary prolactin secretion. These results demonstrate that steroid-induced mammary gland dysplasias can be sharply reduced by chronic CB-154 treatment, and suggest that some of the mammary tumorigenic activities of oestrogenic steroids in C3H mice are mediated via an increased secretion of pituitary prolactin.", "contents": "17beta-oestradiol and Enovid mammary tumorigenesis in C3H/HeJ female mice: counteraction by concurrent 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine. Chronic administration of 17beta-oestradiol (via drinking water) or the oral contraceptive Enovid (norethynodrel and mestranol) (0-1 mg injected s.c. twice weekly) to nulliparous C3H/HeJ female mice, beginning at one month of age and terminating at 20 months (17beta-oestradiol) or 22 months (Enovid), significantly increased the incidence of mammary tumours over solvent-treated controls. Concurrent treatment of the steroid-treated mice with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) (0-1 mg s.c. injected daily) significantly reduced mammary tumour incidence and mammary hyperplastic nodule development to the control level. CB-154 is an efficacious inhibitor of pituitary prolactin secretion. These results demonstrate that steroid-induced mammary gland dysplasias can be sharply reduced by chronic CB-154 treatment, and suggest that some of the mammary tumorigenic activities of oestrogenic steroids in C3H mice are mediated via an increased secretion of pituitary prolactin.", "PMID": 576837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12335", "title": "Purification of L-glutamate decarboxylase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "L-Glutamate decarboxylase (L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15) from rat brain synaptosomal extract was partially purified by affinity chromatography. On further purification by DEAE-Sephadex A 50 and Sephadex G-200, L-glutamate decarboxylase was purified to greater extent. It was found that a single affinity chromatography by appropriate elution gave a highly purified protein giving a single band of high specific activity on polyacrylamide gradient gel slab electrophoresis with minimal contamination. Substrate specificity of the purified enzyme was modified in the presence of 6-azauracil or phenylalanine resulting in decreased specificity to L-glutamate and increased specificity to L-aspartate.", "contents": "Purification of L-glutamate decarboxylase by affinity chromatography. L-Glutamate decarboxylase (L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15) from rat brain synaptosomal extract was partially purified by affinity chromatography. On further purification by DEAE-Sephadex A 50 and Sephadex G-200, L-glutamate decarboxylase was purified to greater extent. It was found that a single affinity chromatography by appropriate elution gave a highly purified protein giving a single band of high specific activity on polyacrylamide gradient gel slab electrophoresis with minimal contamination. Substrate specificity of the purified enzyme was modified in the presence of 6-azauracil or phenylalanine resulting in decreased specificity to L-glutamate and increased specificity to L-aspartate.", "PMID": 576838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12336", "title": "[State of the surface activity of pulmonary surfactant in rats at different periods after left-sided pneumonectomy].", "content": "The surface activity of the seven-fold washing of the right lung was measured on the modified Wilhelmy's balance after the leftside pneumonectomy in rats. It appeared to be normal (gamma min-23--24 dynes/cm) up to the 5th day, and at the remote postoperative periods. The intracellular edema of the air-blood barrier components and the release of the edema fluid into the alveolar lumen in the \"vesicle\" composition failed to influence the surface properties of the lung surfactant. A sharp increase of the alveolar dimensions on the 5th--7th postoperative day was followed by an increase of the surface-active properties of the lung washings (gamma-min-11--15 dynes/cm) and by the intensified secretion of the material of the osmiophilic lamellar bodies from the alveolar cells of the 2nd type into the alveolar lumen. The cytological mechanisms providing the intensified production of the surfactant in the hypertrophic alveoli are activation of the lipid synthesis in the alveolar cells of the 2nd type, their hypertrophy, and also the appearance of binuclear cells.", "contents": "[State of the surface activity of pulmonary surfactant in rats at different periods after left-sided pneumonectomy]. The surface activity of the seven-fold washing of the right lung was measured on the modified Wilhelmy's balance after the leftside pneumonectomy in rats. It appeared to be normal (gamma min-23--24 dynes/cm) up to the 5th day, and at the remote postoperative periods. The intracellular edema of the air-blood barrier components and the release of the edema fluid into the alveolar lumen in the \"vesicle\" composition failed to influence the surface properties of the lung surfactant. A sharp increase of the alveolar dimensions on the 5th--7th postoperative day was followed by an increase of the surface-active properties of the lung washings (gamma-min-11--15 dynes/cm) and by the intensified secretion of the material of the osmiophilic lamellar bodies from the alveolar cells of the 2nd type into the alveolar lumen. The cytological mechanisms providing the intensified production of the surfactant in the hypertrophic alveoli are activation of the lipid synthesis in the alveolar cells of the 2nd type, their hypertrophy, and also the appearance of binuclear cells.", "PMID": 576839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12337", "title": "Antibody response to intravenous immunization following splenic tissue autotransplantation in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The response to intravenous challenge with sheep erythrocytes was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats following autotransplantation of splenic tissue into the subcutaneous tissue, peritoneal cavity, or a surgically created omental pouch. There was a marked rise in heterophil antibody titer following intravenous challenge in ten control animals, and no rise in titer in nine of ten asplenic animals. Heterophil antibody titers increased in all of the animals with transplants, but the response in some was less than that in control animals. Thus autotransplanted splenic tissue demonstrated immunologic responses similar to those of normal, intact spleen.", "contents": "Antibody response to intravenous immunization following splenic tissue autotransplantation in Sprague-Dawley rats. The response to intravenous challenge with sheep erythrocytes was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats following autotransplantation of splenic tissue into the subcutaneous tissue, peritoneal cavity, or a surgically created omental pouch. There was a marked rise in heterophil antibody titer following intravenous challenge in ten control animals, and no rise in titer in nine of ten asplenic animals. Heterophil antibody titers increased in all of the animals with transplants, but the response in some was less than that in control animals. Thus autotransplanted splenic tissue demonstrated immunologic responses similar to those of normal, intact spleen.", "PMID": 576840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12338", "title": "Long-term treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with active acromegaly were treated for three to 25 months with bromocriptine 10-60 mg/day. Seventy-one patients showed symptomatic and objective clinical improvement. This included reduction in excessive sweating, hand and foot size, and the number of headaches; improved facial appearance; and increased energy and libido. Abnormal visual fields became normal in two patients, one of whom had concomitant radiotherapy. Mean circulating growth hormone levels, obtained by averaging serial samples through the day, fell by more than 7 microng/l or became undetectable in 58 patients (79%) but did not reach normal values: only 15 patients had mean levels on treatment of 5 microng/l or less. Twenty-three patients were diabetic before treatment, and glucose tolerance became normal in 15 and improved in a further five. Provided the drug was started slowly side effects were minor when compared with the considerable clinical benefit obtained.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Seventy-three patients with active acromegaly were treated for three to 25 months with bromocriptine 10-60 mg/day. Seventy-one patients showed symptomatic and objective clinical improvement. This included reduction in excessive sweating, hand and foot size, and the number of headaches; improved facial appearance; and increased energy and libido. Abnormal visual fields became normal in two patients, one of whom had concomitant radiotherapy. Mean circulating growth hormone levels, obtained by averaging serial samples through the day, fell by more than 7 microng/l or became undetectable in 58 patients (79%) but did not reach normal values: only 15 patients had mean levels on treatment of 5 microng/l or less. Twenty-three patients were diabetic before treatment, and glucose tolerance became normal in 15 and improved in a further five. Provided the drug was started slowly side effects were minor when compared with the considerable clinical benefit obtained.", "PMID": 576843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12339", "title": "Teenage girls and venereal disease prophylaxis.", "content": "One of the main aims of venereal disease education is to encourage the use of prophylactic techniques by sexually-active persons. To do this educators must convey information about prophylaxis that is relevant. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behaviour regarding prophylaxis of a group of 200 American adolescent girls. The findings suggest areas of prophylaxis that should be emphasised and ways that might encourage the acceptance and use of prophylactic measures. The study showed there were some misunderstandings and that it was important, for example to clarify the relationship of the oral contraceptive to possible venereal disease infection. Education involving both the cognitive and affective domains was indicated by the partial acceptance of the use of the condom, particularly by persons who had more than one partner.", "contents": "Teenage girls and venereal disease prophylaxis. One of the main aims of venereal disease education is to encourage the use of prophylactic techniques by sexually-active persons. To do this educators must convey information about prophylaxis that is relevant. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behaviour regarding prophylaxis of a group of 200 American adolescent girls. The findings suggest areas of prophylaxis that should be emphasised and ways that might encourage the acceptance and use of prophylactic measures. The study showed there were some misunderstandings and that it was important, for example to clarify the relationship of the oral contraceptive to possible venereal disease infection. Education involving both the cognitive and affective domains was indicated by the partial acceptance of the use of the condom, particularly by persons who had more than one partner.", "PMID": 576845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12340", "title": "Behavioural and social characteristics of the patient with repeated venereal disease and his effect on statistics on venereal diseases.", "content": "The current study investigated personality characteristics and social circumstances in patients repeatedly infected with venereal diseases. An effort was made to identify characteristics that would differentiate a repeat patient (RP) from a non-repeat patient (NRP). Two studies were carried out. In the first, a group of patients from a venereal disease clinic in a large general hospital was first interviewed and then the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire. In the second study, an attempt was made to validate the findings from the first study by comparing data from RP and NRP venereal disease patients drawn from medical and social case histories from a second hospital. Results of both studies support the hypothesis that repeat patients are different from non-repeat venereal disease patients in terms of social and psychological characteristics. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Behavioural and social characteristics of the patient with repeated venereal disease and his effect on statistics on venereal diseases. The current study investigated personality characteristics and social circumstances in patients repeatedly infected with venereal diseases. An effort was made to identify characteristics that would differentiate a repeat patient (RP) from a non-repeat patient (NRP). Two studies were carried out. In the first, a group of patients from a venereal disease clinic in a large general hospital was first interviewed and then the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire. In the second study, an attempt was made to validate the findings from the first study by comparing data from RP and NRP venereal disease patients drawn from medical and social case histories from a second hospital. Results of both studies support the hypothesis that repeat patients are different from non-repeat venereal disease patients in terms of social and psychological characteristics. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 576846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12341", "title": "A record system for contact tracing.", "content": "A system for recording information on patients and contacts was developed during a research project designed to measure the effectiveness of contact tracing. The record system has proved valuable in contact tracing, cross-referencing patients and their contacts, defining the characteristics of the patient and contact populations, and providing information for research and management. The value of a standardised system has been accepted by health workers who appreciate that its purpose is to increase efficiency and improve the care of infected persons. By October 1976 health workers in 16 clinics in the United Kingdom had started to use the system.", "contents": "A record system for contact tracing. A system for recording information on patients and contacts was developed during a research project designed to measure the effectiveness of contact tracing. The record system has proved valuable in contact tracing, cross-referencing patients and their contacts, defining the characteristics of the patient and contact populations, and providing information for research and management. The value of a standardised system has been accepted by health workers who appreciate that its purpose is to increase efficiency and improve the care of infected persons. By October 1976 health workers in 16 clinics in the United Kingdom had started to use the system.", "PMID": 576849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12342", "title": "The hypertension detection and follow-up program: a progress report.", "content": "The NHLBI-supported Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) is a community-based program designed to assess the value of early detection and vigorous treatment of persons with high blood pressure of varied severity. HDFP staff members have measured the blood pressures of 158,906 persons in their homes or work places in 14 communities across the United States. Of those persons, 10,940 were found to be hypertensive in a two-state screening process and were enrolled in the Program. Half were referred on a random basis to sources of care in the community, and half were invited to the special Stepped-Care clinics sponsored by the HDFP. These clinics, in a vigorous attempt to normalize blood pressure for all these hypertensive participants, stress intensive follow-up and special attention to achieve compliance with treatment. More than 80% under Stepped Care are continuing on therapy after 2 years, and three-fourths of these have achieved desired normal levels of pressure. The majority of hypertensives found in this Program have less severe elevations of blood pressure, and even among them reductions in blood pressure were substantial because of the vigorous follow-up and special attention to compliance. The HDFP is continuing its efforts to find to what extent sustained treatment of those with elevated blood pressure can reduce mortality or complications due to hypertension.", "contents": "The hypertension detection and follow-up program: a progress report. The NHLBI-supported Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) is a community-based program designed to assess the value of early detection and vigorous treatment of persons with high blood pressure of varied severity. HDFP staff members have measured the blood pressures of 158,906 persons in their homes or work places in 14 communities across the United States. Of those persons, 10,940 were found to be hypertensive in a two-state screening process and were enrolled in the Program. Half were referred on a random basis to sources of care in the community, and half were invited to the special Stepped-Care clinics sponsored by the HDFP. These clinics, in a vigorous attempt to normalize blood pressure for all these hypertensive participants, stress intensive follow-up and special attention to achieve compliance with treatment. More than 80% under Stepped Care are continuing on therapy after 2 years, and three-fourths of these have achieved desired normal levels of pressure. The majority of hypertensives found in this Program have less severe elevations of blood pressure, and even among them reductions in blood pressure were substantial because of the vigorous follow-up and special attention to compliance. The HDFP is continuing its efforts to find to what extent sustained treatment of those with elevated blood pressure can reduce mortality or complications due to hypertension.", "PMID": 576851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12343", "title": "Bioavailability of two hydrochlorothiazide preparations.", "content": "Eight healthy volunteers received hydro-chlorothiazide 75 mg as Dichlotride and Esiderx. Maximal plasma levels were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher after Dichlotride than Esidrex, 512 +- 189 and 376 +- 70ng/ml, respectively. However, the bioavailability of the two brands of hydrochlorothiazide did not differ significantly as judged by comparison of the AUC0 leads to 9h and AUC0 leads to chi, and the urinary recovery of hydrochlorothiazide during 48 hrs.", "contents": "Bioavailability of two hydrochlorothiazide preparations. Eight healthy volunteers received hydro-chlorothiazide 75 mg as Dichlotride and Esiderx. Maximal plasma levels were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher after Dichlotride than Esidrex, 512 +- 189 and 376 +- 70ng/ml, respectively. However, the bioavailability of the two brands of hydrochlorothiazide did not differ significantly as judged by comparison of the AUC0 leads to 9h and AUC0 leads to chi, and the urinary recovery of hydrochlorothiazide during 48 hrs.", "PMID": 576856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12344", "title": "The infant food industry and international child health.", "content": "Declining breast-feeding, with accompanying increased marasmus and diarrhea, has occurred in developing countries because of many factors, including inappropriate health services, new urban life styles, and so forth. The infant food industry must bear a considerable burden of blame as a result of \"unethical\" advertising. Responses have most recently included various journalistic and legal actions. There is a need for revised roles for the infant food industry, and for mechanisms to monitor intrinsically harmful practices.", "contents": "The infant food industry and international child health. Declining breast-feeding, with accompanying increased marasmus and diarrhea, has occurred in developing countries because of many factors, including inappropriate health services, new urban life styles, and so forth. The infant food industry must bear a considerable burden of blame as a result of \"unethical\" advertising. Responses have most recently included various journalistic and legal actions. There is a need for revised roles for the infant food industry, and for mechanisms to monitor intrinsically harmful practices.", "PMID": 576862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12345", "title": "[Concentrations in serum and tonsils after infection of azidocillin (author's transl)].", "content": "Prior to tonsillectomy 57 selected patients were given 1 g azidocillin i.v. in the form of a 10% aqueous solution. Serum samples were drawn at different times after the injection and both the serum and the tonsils were examined for azidocillin activity. The results of examination of 133 serum samples and 111 tonsils were evaluated, in addition to 74 paired values for tonsils and serum. Serum levels attained a maximum of 230 microng/ml and remained within measurable range for at least six hours. Tonsil levels  reached a maximum of 17 microng/g and after three hours began to drop below measurable range. The quotient for distribution between tonsils and serum rose during the first hour to 20-25% (average approx. 10%) and was about 3-6% three to four hours after injection.", "contents": "[Concentrations in serum and tonsils after infection of azidocillin (author's transl)]. Prior to tonsillectomy 57 selected patients were given 1 g azidocillin i.v. in the form of a 10% aqueous solution. Serum samples were drawn at different times after the injection and both the serum and the tonsils were examined for azidocillin activity. The results of examination of 133 serum samples and 111 tonsils were evaluated, in addition to 74 paired values for tonsils and serum. Serum levels attained a maximum of 230 microng/ml and remained within measurable range for at least six hours. Tonsil levels  reached a maximum of 17 microng/g and after three hours began to drop below measurable range. The quotient for distribution between tonsils and serum rose during the first hour to 20-25% (average approx. 10%) and was about 3-6% three to four hours after injection.", "PMID": 576861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12346", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of captan and two metabolites in milk and meat.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for the determination of captan (N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) and 2 metabolites, tetra-hydrophthalimide (THPI) and tetrahydrophthalamic acid (THPMA), in milk and meat. The sample is extracted with ethyl acetate and is cleaned up by acetonitrile partition and silica gel chromatography where captan, THPI, and THPMA are separated. Captan is directly determined by GLC. THPI and THPMA are separately derivatized in an acetone solution of pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The resultant derivatives are purified separately on an Al2O3 column and quantitated by GLC, using an electron capture detector. Recoveries from milk samples fortified at 0.02-10 ppm ranged from 71 to 102%; recoveries from meat samples fortified at 0.04-10 ppm ranged from 75 to 99%.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of captan and two metabolites in milk and meat. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for the determination of captan (N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) and 2 metabolites, tetra-hydrophthalimide (THPI) and tetrahydrophthalamic acid (THPMA), in milk and meat. The sample is extracted with ethyl acetate and is cleaned up by acetonitrile partition and silica gel chromatography where captan, THPI, and THPMA are separated. Captan is directly determined by GLC. THPI and THPMA are separately derivatized in an acetone solution of pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The resultant derivatives are purified separately on an Al2O3 column and quantitated by GLC, using an electron capture detector. Recoveries from milk samples fortified at 0.02-10 ppm ranged from 71 to 102%; recoveries from meat samples fortified at 0.04-10 ppm ranged from 75 to 99%.", "PMID": 576867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12347", "title": "A fluorescence detector for high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a fluorescence spectrophotometer adapted with a micro quartz flow cell to record the output of modern liquid chromatographs. The optical system is double beam in that the light source variations are cancelled out by a second photomultiplier, thus enhancing the sensitivity of the technique. The emission spectra may be scanned by stopping the flow in the chromatographic column and scanning the fluorescence detector. Many specific applications have been studied: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, several vitamins, porphyrins, methyl anthranilate, etc. These are studied in natural samples and it is shown that the specificity of the fluorescence detector frequently obviates the need for sample preparation. The sensivitity available with the fluorescence detector for fluorescing compounds is often much greater than is available with variable-wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometers. We report picogram-level detectability in real samples for many of the compounds that we have studied.", "contents": "A fluorescence detector for high-pressure liquid chromatography. We describe a fluorescence spectrophotometer adapted with a micro quartz flow cell to record the output of modern liquid chromatographs. The optical system is double beam in that the light source variations are cancelled out by a second photomultiplier, thus enhancing the sensitivity of the technique. The emission spectra may be scanned by stopping the flow in the chromatographic column and scanning the fluorescence detector. Many specific applications have been studied: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, several vitamins, porphyrins, methyl anthranilate, etc. These are studied in natural samples and it is shown that the specificity of the fluorescence detector frequently obviates the need for sample preparation. The sensivitity available with the fluorescence detector for fluorescing compounds is often much greater than is available with variable-wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometers. We report picogram-level detectability in real samples for many of the compounds that we have studied.", "PMID": 576868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12348", "title": "Splenic vein thrombosis in patients with a normal size spleen.", "content": "The frequency of splenic vein obstruction secondary to pancreatic or retroperitoneal diseases has been only recently appreciated. The diagnosis is important because it frequently results in development of gastric and duodenal varices. It is often assumed that the diagnosis should only be suspected in patients with splenomegaly. This report describes 19 patients in whom splenic vein thrombosis was diagnosed by angiography although clinically unsuspected. In 11, the spleen was normal in size although extensive gastric varices were present. In 3 patients the presenting problem was massive hematemesis. Review of the upper gastrointestinal examinations in these patients showed thickened gastric or duodenal folds although in the absence of esophageal varices, the diagnosis was not made prior to angiography. More liberal use of angiography in patients with an appropriate clinical background, such as a history of pancreatitis, may lead to earlier and more frequent diagnosis of splenic vein obstruction. Varices that result from splenic vein obstruction can be cured by splenectomy.", "contents": "Splenic vein thrombosis in patients with a normal size spleen. The frequency of splenic vein obstruction secondary to pancreatic or retroperitoneal diseases has been only recently appreciated. The diagnosis is important because it frequently results in development of gastric and duodenal varices. It is often assumed that the diagnosis should only be suspected in patients with splenomegaly. This report describes 19 patients in whom splenic vein thrombosis was diagnosed by angiography although clinically unsuspected. In 11, the spleen was normal in size although extensive gastric varices were present. In 3 patients the presenting problem was massive hematemesis. Review of the upper gastrointestinal examinations in these patients showed thickened gastric or duodenal folds although in the absence of esophageal varices, the diagnosis was not made prior to angiography. More liberal use of angiography in patients with an appropriate clinical background, such as a history of pancreatitis, may lead to earlier and more frequent diagnosis of splenic vein obstruction. Varices that result from splenic vein obstruction can be cured by splenectomy.", "PMID": 576863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12349", "title": "Plasma thyroxine, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine during beta-adrenergic blockade in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Plasma thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured in 16 patients with Graves' disease. Patients were studied under the following conditions: first without any treatment, then, during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol, and finally after euthyroidism had been attained by carbimazole. During propranolol T3/T4 ratio decreased, whereas T4 remained unchanged. After carbimazole T3/T4 ratio returned to its pretreatment value. rT3/T4 ratio showed opposite changes. These results suggest that peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 and rT3 in hyperthyroidism is, at least partly, dependent on the functional status of the beta-adrenergic system. Suppressed peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 during beta-adrenergic blocking agents may contribute to the beneficial effects of these drugs in thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Plasma thyroxine, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine during beta-adrenergic blockade in hyperthyroidism. Plasma thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured in 16 patients with Graves' disease. Patients were studied under the following conditions: first without any treatment, then, during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol, and finally after euthyroidism had been attained by carbimazole. During propranolol T3/T4 ratio decreased, whereas T4 remained unchanged. After carbimazole T3/T4 ratio returned to its pretreatment value. rT3/T4 ratio showed opposite changes. These results suggest that peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 and rT3 in hyperthyroidism is, at least partly, dependent on the functional status of the beta-adrenergic system. Suppressed peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 during beta-adrenergic blocking agents may contribute to the beneficial effects of these drugs in thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 576870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12350", "title": "The effect of prolactin on the lecithin content of fetal rabbit lung.", "content": "1 mg ovine prolactin was injected intramuscularly into rabbit fetuses (24th day of gestation) located in one of the two uterine horns exposed by laparotomy (n = 12). Fetuses in the other uterine horn were injected with an identical volume of vector and served as controls (n = 13). 2 days later the fetuses were removed by a second laparotomy and sacrificed. Analysis of lung tissue composition yielded the following results: (a) the prolactin-treated group of fetuses showed 40% higher total lung phospholipid content (17.0 +/- 0.8 micronmol/g) than the control group (12.2 +/- 0.5 micronmol/g); (b) the prolactin-treated group had a 67% higher lung lecithin content (8.7 +/- 0.8 micronmol/g) than the control group (5.2 +/- 0.4 micronmol/g); (c) dipalmitoyllecithin accounted for 67% of total lung lecithin in the prolactin-treated group and 44% in the control group. These differences were statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). However, between the prolactin-treated and the control groups, there were no statistically significant differences in body weight and length, lung weight, the ratio of lung weight to body weight, DNA, protein and, water content. These results suggest that prolactin might be a trigger of lung surfactant synthesis in the rabbit fetus.", "contents": "The effect of prolactin on the lecithin content of fetal rabbit lung. 1 mg ovine prolactin was injected intramuscularly into rabbit fetuses (24th day of gestation) located in one of the two uterine horns exposed by laparotomy (n = 12). Fetuses in the other uterine horn were injected with an identical volume of vector and served as controls (n = 13). 2 days later the fetuses were removed by a second laparotomy and sacrificed. Analysis of lung tissue composition yielded the following results: (a) the prolactin-treated group of fetuses showed 40% higher total lung phospholipid content (17.0 +/- 0.8 micronmol/g) than the control group (12.2 +/- 0.5 micronmol/g); (b) the prolactin-treated group had a 67% higher lung lecithin content (8.7 +/- 0.8 micronmol/g) than the control group (5.2 +/- 0.4 micronmol/g); (c) dipalmitoyllecithin accounted for 67% of total lung lecithin in the prolactin-treated group and 44% in the control group. These differences were statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). However, between the prolactin-treated and the control groups, there were no statistically significant differences in body weight and length, lung weight, the ratio of lung weight to body weight, DNA, protein and, water content. These results suggest that prolactin might be a trigger of lung surfactant synthesis in the rabbit fetus.", "PMID": 576871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12351", "title": "[Isolation and identification of some metabolites of mephenoxalone (Control-OM) from human urine (author's transl)].", "content": "Mephenoxalone (5-(o-methoxyphenoxymethyl)-2-oxazolidone) is degraded by various routes in the human, and some is excreted unchanged. In the metabolism of mephenoxalone, the phenoxymethyl ether bond is cleaved; thus o-methoxyphenol (metabolite I) was identified in urine, and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol (IIa) was found after alkaline hydrolysis. Hydroxylation of the benzene ring produces a phenolic hydroxymephenoxalone (metabolite III), and demethylation converts mephenoxalone into demethylmepheonxalone (metabolite IV). Opening of the oxazolidone ring leads to the production of 1-(o-methoxyphenoxy)-3-aminopropane-2-ol(metabolite V). Urine contains two further substances: 1-(o-hydroxyphenoxy)-3-aminopropene (metabolite VI) and dehydromephenoxalone (metabolite VII). Metabolite VI may be an artefact. Compounds III, IV and VII could only be detected after acid hydrolysis and enzymic cleavage with beta-glucuronidase/aryl sulphatase, whereas V and VI were detected only after acid hydrolysis. Thin layer chromatography revealed three further metabolites, which were not identified.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of some metabolites of mephenoxalone (Control-OM) from human urine (author's transl)]. Mephenoxalone (5-(o-methoxyphenoxymethyl)-2-oxazolidone) is degraded by various routes in the human, and some is excreted unchanged. In the metabolism of mephenoxalone, the phenoxymethyl ether bond is cleaved; thus o-methoxyphenol (metabolite I) was identified in urine, and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol (IIa) was found after alkaline hydrolysis. Hydroxylation of the benzene ring produces a phenolic hydroxymephenoxalone (metabolite III), and demethylation converts mephenoxalone into demethylmepheonxalone (metabolite IV). Opening of the oxazolidone ring leads to the production of 1-(o-methoxyphenoxy)-3-aminopropane-2-ol(metabolite V). Urine contains two further substances: 1-(o-hydroxyphenoxy)-3-aminopropene (metabolite VI) and dehydromephenoxalone (metabolite VII). Metabolite VI may be an artefact. Compounds III, IV and VII could only be detected after acid hydrolysis and enzymic cleavage with beta-glucuronidase/aryl sulphatase, whereas V and VI were detected only after acid hydrolysis. Thin layer chromatography revealed three further metabolites, which were not identified.", "PMID": 576873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12352", "title": "Gonadal dysgenesis with Graves's disease.", "content": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis has previously been associated with gonadal dysgenesis. Recent evidence suggests that Graves's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are disorders of cell-mediated immunity and may have a common genetic predisposition. However, patients with both Graves's disease and the Turner syndrome have been reported only rarely. Three such cases are presented and the relation among gonadal dysgenesis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Gonadal dysgenesis with Graves's disease. Hashimoto's thyroiditis has previously been associated with gonadal dysgenesis. Recent evidence suggests that Graves's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are disorders of cell-mediated immunity and may have a common genetic predisposition. However, patients with both Graves's disease and the Turner syndrome have been reported only rarely. Three such cases are presented and the relation among gonadal dysgenesis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 576874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12353", "title": "RDS and tracheal phospholipid composition in twins: independent of gestational age.", "content": "The surfactant phospholipids in the tracheal effluent of eight pairs of preterm twins were followed, serially. In four pairs only one of the twins had RDS; in the other four pairs both twins had RDS. Twins with and without RDS had markedly different surfactant phospholipids. Phosphatidylglycerol was absent in all twins with RDS. L/S ratios in tracheal effluent increased after birth in infants with and without RDS. With recovery from RDS, phosphatidylinositol increased. The study helps confirm previous studies of the necessity of the acidic phospholipids, PI and PG, in stabilizing lecithin, as well as that surfactant composition can be independent of gestational age.", "contents": "RDS and tracheal phospholipid composition in twins: independent of gestational age. The surfactant phospholipids in the tracheal effluent of eight pairs of preterm twins were followed, serially. In four pairs only one of the twins had RDS; in the other four pairs both twins had RDS. Twins with and without RDS had markedly different surfactant phospholipids. Phosphatidylglycerol was absent in all twins with RDS. L/S ratios in tracheal effluent increased after birth in infants with and without RDS. With recovery from RDS, phosphatidylinositol increased. The study helps confirm previous studies of the necessity of the acidic phospholipids, PI and PG, in stabilizing lecithin, as well as that surfactant composition can be independent of gestational age.", "PMID": 576875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12354", "title": "Urine solute excretion in growing low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "Fifteen thriving low-birth-weight infants who weighed less than 1,950 gm at birth were randomly selected to study the urine solute excretion on two milk-based proprietary formulas, SMA or Formula 4. The results showed that urine oxmolality rose progressively with increasing caloric concentration and was 78, 111, and 163 mOsm/kg H2O on 67, 80, and 100 kCal/dl SMA, respectively. Formula 4 gave rise to significantly higher urine osmolality (133 mOsm/kg H2O) than SMA, when fed at the same caloric density of 67 kCal/dl. Although the dependence of urine solute excretion on dietary load was confirmed, the rapidly growing low-birth-weight infant appears to incorporate a larger portion of potential urine solute into growing tissues, than is the case in the term infant.", "contents": "Urine solute excretion in growing low-birth-weight infants. Fifteen thriving low-birth-weight infants who weighed less than 1,950 gm at birth were randomly selected to study the urine solute excretion on two milk-based proprietary formulas, SMA or Formula 4. The results showed that urine oxmolality rose progressively with increasing caloric concentration and was 78, 111, and 163 mOsm/kg H2O on 67, 80, and 100 kCal/dl SMA, respectively. Formula 4 gave rise to significantly higher urine osmolality (133 mOsm/kg H2O) than SMA, when fed at the same caloric density of 67 kCal/dl. Although the dependence of urine solute excretion on dietary load was confirmed, the rapidly growing low-birth-weight infant appears to incorporate a larger portion of potential urine solute into growing tissues, than is the case in the term infant.", "PMID": 576877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12355", "title": "Comparative bioavaiability of four commercial quinidine sulfate tablets.", "content": "A comparative bioavailability study was performed using four commercially available, chemically equivalent brands of quinidine sulfate tablets. Two 200-mg tablets were administered to 11 different subjects following a completely randomized crossover design. Serum levels, urinary excretion data, and derived pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically. There were no statistical differences in the extent of quinidine absorption from the four brands of tablets as evidenced by the cumulative urinary excretion values and the areas under the serum level-time curves. Significant differences in the mean serum levels at 0.5 and 1 hr and differences in the peak times and absorption rate constants indicate that there was a difference in the absorption rate between Treatments A and D and C and D. A significant difference in the peak times also was noted for Treatments B and C. When mean disintegration times for the four tablet formulations were compared with their values for ka, tmax and mean serum levels at 0.5 and 1 hr, rank-order correlations were observed. A considerable degree of variability in quinidine elimination was noted, with half-life values ranging from 2.71 to 8.12 hr (mean half-life of 5.36 hr).", "contents": "Comparative bioavaiability of four commercial quinidine sulfate tablets. A comparative bioavailability study was performed using four commercially available, chemically equivalent brands of quinidine sulfate tablets. Two 200-mg tablets were administered to 11 different subjects following a completely randomized crossover design. Serum levels, urinary excretion data, and derived pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically. There were no statistical differences in the extent of quinidine absorption from the four brands of tablets as evidenced by the cumulative urinary excretion values and the areas under the serum level-time curves. Significant differences in the mean serum levels at 0.5 and 1 hr and differences in the peak times and absorption rate constants indicate that there was a difference in the absorption rate between Treatments A and D and C and D. A significant difference in the peak times also was noted for Treatments B and C. When mean disintegration times for the four tablet formulations were compared with their values for ka, tmax and mean serum levels at 0.5 and 1 hr, rank-order correlations were observed. A considerable degree of variability in quinidine elimination was noted, with half-life values ranging from 2.71 to 8.12 hr (mean half-life of 5.36 hr).", "PMID": 576879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12356", "title": "Endoscopic electrosurgical papillotomy and manometry in biliary tract disease.", "content": "Endoscopic papillotomy was performed in 13 patients after cholecystectomy for retained or recurrent common bile duct calculi (11 patients) and a clinical picture suggesting papillary stenosis (two patients). Following endoscopic papillotomy, ten of the 11 patients spontaneously passed common bile duct (CBD) stones verified on repeated endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) study. One patient failed to pass a large CBD calculus; one patient experienced cholangitis three months after in inadequate papillotomy and required operative intervention. Endoscopic papillotomy substantially decreased the pressure gradient existing between the CBD and the duodenum in all five patients studied with ERCP manometry. Endoscopic papillotomy is a relatively safe and effective procedure for postcholecystectomy patients with retained or recurrent CBD stones. The majority of CBD stones will pass spontaneously if the papillotomy is adequate.", "contents": "Endoscopic electrosurgical papillotomy and manometry in biliary tract disease. Endoscopic papillotomy was performed in 13 patients after cholecystectomy for retained or recurrent common bile duct calculi (11 patients) and a clinical picture suggesting papillary stenosis (two patients). Following endoscopic papillotomy, ten of the 11 patients spontaneously passed common bile duct (CBD) stones verified on repeated endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) study. One patient failed to pass a large CBD calculus; one patient experienced cholangitis three months after in inadequate papillotomy and required operative intervention. Endoscopic papillotomy substantially decreased the pressure gradient existing between the CBD and the duodenum in all five patients studied with ERCP manometry. Endoscopic papillotomy is a relatively safe and effective procedure for postcholecystectomy patients with retained or recurrent CBD stones. The majority of CBD stones will pass spontaneously if the papillotomy is adequate.", "PMID": 576886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12357", "title": "Diethylstilbestrol: recommended dosages for different categories of breast cancer patients. Report of the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group.", "content": "A total of 523 postmenopausal breast cancer patients with progressive disease were entered in a radomized, double-blind study of four dosages of diethylstibestrol (DES): 1.5, 15, 150, OR 1,500 MG/DAY. Higher dosages produced significantly (p less than .05) higher regression rates: 21% for the 1,500 mg dosage, 17% for the 150 mg dosage, 15% for the 15 mg dosage, and 10% for 1.5 mg dosage. Durations of regressions were similar regardless of the dosages used to induce them. Although the highest dosage produced the highest regression rate overall, selecting the best dosage or treatment of choice for each type of patient based on menopausal age and on dominant metastatic site would result in more regressions.", "contents": "Diethylstilbestrol: recommended dosages for different categories of breast cancer patients. Report of the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group. A total of 523 postmenopausal breast cancer patients with progressive disease were entered in a radomized, double-blind study of four dosages of diethylstibestrol (DES): 1.5, 15, 150, OR 1,500 MG/DAY. Higher dosages produced significantly (p less than .05) higher regression rates: 21% for the 1,500 mg dosage, 17% for the 150 mg dosage, 15% for the 15 mg dosage, and 10% for 1.5 mg dosage. Durations of regressions were similar regardless of the dosages used to induce them. Although the highest dosage produced the highest regression rate overall, selecting the best dosage or treatment of choice for each type of patient based on menopausal age and on dominant metastatic site would result in more regressions.", "PMID": 576887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12358", "title": "Compassion vs control. Conceptual and practical pitfalls in the broadened definition of child abuse.", "content": "A broadened understanding of child abuse has enabled practitioners to think of the parents of abused children not as evil murderers but as human beings caught in a complex web of social isolation and deprivation. Concomitantly, child abuse laws have changed dramatically in the last decade to include virtually all childhood physical symptoms of family crisis; physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and child neglect are now reportable by nearly all professionals who have contact with children. There has been a dramatic increase in case reports, but the services for which families become eligible do not approach the humane rhetoric and intent of child abuse legislation. Society and the helping professions are caught in a dilemma that we characterize and address clinically as compassion vs control.", "contents": "Compassion vs control. Conceptual and practical pitfalls in the broadened definition of child abuse. A broadened understanding of child abuse has enabled practitioners to think of the parents of abused children not as evil murderers but as human beings caught in a complex web of social isolation and deprivation. Concomitantly, child abuse laws have changed dramatically in the last decade to include virtually all childhood physical symptoms of family crisis; physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and child neglect are now reportable by nearly all professionals who have contact with children. There has been a dramatic increase in case reports, but the services for which families become eligible do not approach the humane rhetoric and intent of child abuse legislation. Society and the helping professions are caught in a dilemma that we characterize and address clinically as compassion vs control.", "PMID": 576888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12359", "title": "Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer.", "content": "There are abundant experimental and clinical data to associate radiation exposure and thyroid cancer. The incidence of thyroid cancer increases with increasing doses of thyroidal radiation from 6.5 rads to 1,500 rads, but higher doses tend to destroy the gland and are associated with hypothyroidism rather than cancer. The peak occurrence of thyroid tumors is between five and 30 years after exposure, but a person may develop thyroid tumors as long as 50 years after irradiation. Multiple thyroidal lesions or disorders, including adenomas, thyroditis, and hypothyroidism as well as malignant neoplasms, can occur after radiation exposure. It is imperative, therefore, to study carefully all patients with a history of radiation exposure to the gland and to observe them carefully for life. Suggestions are made for the management of thyroid disease in these patients.", "contents": "Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer. There are abundant experimental and clinical data to associate radiation exposure and thyroid cancer. The incidence of thyroid cancer increases with increasing doses of thyroidal radiation from 6.5 rads to 1,500 rads, but higher doses tend to destroy the gland and are associated with hypothyroidism rather than cancer. The peak occurrence of thyroid tumors is between five and 30 years after exposure, but a person may develop thyroid tumors as long as 50 years after irradiation. Multiple thyroidal lesions or disorders, including adenomas, thyroditis, and hypothyroidism as well as malignant neoplasms, can occur after radiation exposure. It is imperative, therefore, to study carefully all patients with a history of radiation exposure to the gland and to observe them carefully for life. Suggestions are made for the management of thyroid disease in these patients.", "PMID": 576889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12360", "title": "Infection and pheochromocytoma.", "content": "A urinary tract infection with possible septicemia and endocarditis developed in a 36-year-old man. The illness was complicated by pulmonary embolism, thrombocytopenia, hematemesis, hepatic dysfunction, paralytic ileus and accelerated hypertension. The latter finding suggested pheochromocytoma. Treatment with antibiotics and phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride was associated with notable clinical improvement. A chromaffin cell tumor was surgically removed above the lift kidney. Conclusively, a pheochromocytoma may mimic and be present in association with infection.", "contents": "Infection and pheochromocytoma. A urinary tract infection with possible septicemia and endocarditis developed in a 36-year-old man. The illness was complicated by pulmonary embolism, thrombocytopenia, hematemesis, hepatic dysfunction, paralytic ileus and accelerated hypertension. The latter finding suggested pheochromocytoma. Treatment with antibiotics and phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride was associated with notable clinical improvement. A chromaffin cell tumor was surgically removed above the lift kidney. Conclusively, a pheochromocytoma may mimic and be present in association with infection.", "PMID": 576892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12361", "title": "Parotid carcinoma and posterior fossa schwannoma following irradiation. Report of a patient treated in infancy for benign ear disease.", "content": "A 23-year-old man had received irradiation for a benign ear problem at the age of 1 year. Twenty year later, a malignant left parotid carcinoma and a right jugular foramen schwannoma developed. Earlier reports in the literature suggest that radiation can induce tumors in the head and neck. The localization of both tumors and the histological features of the parotid tumor suggest that they were radiation-induced.", "contents": "Parotid carcinoma and posterior fossa schwannoma following irradiation. Report of a patient treated in infancy for benign ear disease. A 23-year-old man had received irradiation for a benign ear problem at the age of 1 year. Twenty year later, a malignant left parotid carcinoma and a right jugular foramen schwannoma developed. Earlier reports in the literature suggest that radiation can induce tumors in the head and neck. The localization of both tumors and the histological features of the parotid tumor suggest that they were radiation-induced.", "PMID": 576893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12362", "title": "Clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities. A comparison of venography, impedance plethysmography, and radiolabeled fibrinogen.", "content": "To define the utility of new diagnostic approaches in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities, 42 legs of 33 patients were studied by fibrinogen labeled with radioactivie iodine (125I) impedance plethysmography (IPG), and contrast venography. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed in approximately two thirds of the legs and patients. In venogram-positive legs, fibrinogen 125I was positive in 70%, IPG in 61%, and one of the two in 78%. In venogram-negative legs, fibrinogen 125I was positive in four (21%) and IPG was negative in all. It was found that the size, age, and location of the thrombus, collateral vein development, heparin sodium therapy, and technical-interpretive choices can influence both IPG and fibrinogen 125I results. The data demonstrate that the fibrinogen 125I and IPG procedures can assist physicians in the diagnosis of clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities.", "contents": "Clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities. A comparison of venography, impedance plethysmography, and radiolabeled fibrinogen. To define the utility of new diagnostic approaches in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities, 42 legs of 33 patients were studied by fibrinogen labeled with radioactivie iodine (125I) impedance plethysmography (IPG), and contrast venography. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed in approximately two thirds of the legs and patients. In venogram-positive legs, fibrinogen 125I was positive in 70%, IPG in 61%, and one of the two in 78%. In venogram-negative legs, fibrinogen 125I was positive in four (21%) and IPG was negative in all. It was found that the size, age, and location of the thrombus, collateral vein development, heparin sodium therapy, and technical-interpretive choices can influence both IPG and fibrinogen 125I results. The data demonstrate that the fibrinogen 125I and IPG procedures can assist physicians in the diagnosis of clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities.", "PMID": 576903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12363", "title": "Benign breast disease and oral contraceptive use.", "content": "A random selection of 1,230 upstate New York childbearing women was used to examine the history of oral contraceptive use in women with a clinical diagnosis of benign breast disease. We found that 73 women who had benign breast disease had a reduced duration of pill use. When determining the reason for this reduction, we found that in a significant portion (P less than .05) of our benign breast disease cases, the women had been advised by their physicians to discontinue pill use for breast-related reasons. We then surveyed a large group of upstate New York physicians. One third of them considered benign breast disease a potential contraindication for starting oral contraceptive use. Nearly one half throught the development of benign breast disease to be a potential contraindication for continuing oral contraceptive use. It is premature to conclude that oral contraceptive usage protects against benign breast disease.", "contents": "Benign breast disease and oral contraceptive use. A random selection of 1,230 upstate New York childbearing women was used to examine the history of oral contraceptive use in women with a clinical diagnosis of benign breast disease. We found that 73 women who had benign breast disease had a reduced duration of pill use. When determining the reason for this reduction, we found that in a significant portion (P less than .05) of our benign breast disease cases, the women had been advised by their physicians to discontinue pill use for breast-related reasons. We then surveyed a large group of upstate New York physicians. One third of them considered benign breast disease a potential contraindication for starting oral contraceptive use. Nearly one half throught the development of benign breast disease to be a potential contraindication for continuing oral contraceptive use. It is premature to conclude that oral contraceptive usage protects against benign breast disease.", "PMID": 576904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12364", "title": "A cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. II. Performance of angiography among six centers.", "content": "Angiographic procedures were carried out on 36% of 1,328 patients suspected of having transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Among six participating centers, this ranged from 13% to 82%. This large difference might be related to the number of patients considered good surgical candidates and differences in the use of screening noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Arch studies, using catheter techniques, were performed most often. Although 13% of the patients had transient complications, permanent neurological deficits occurred in only 0.65%. Angiographic lesions were best correlated to clinical symptoms in those patients thought to definitely have carotid artery system TIA but were commonly seen in all other groups. Thus, clinical correlation was poor.", "contents": "A cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. II. Performance of angiography among six centers. Angiographic procedures were carried out on 36% of 1,328 patients suspected of having transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Among six participating centers, this ranged from 13% to 82%. This large difference might be related to the number of patients considered good surgical candidates and differences in the use of screening noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Arch studies, using catheter techniques, were performed most often. Although 13% of the patients had transient complications, permanent neurological deficits occurred in only 0.65%. Angiographic lesions were best correlated to clinical symptoms in those patients thought to definitely have carotid artery system TIA but were commonly seen in all other groups. Thus, clinical correlation was poor.", "PMID": 576905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12365", "title": "Myositis ossificans traumatica. Association with hemophilia (factor XI deficiency) in a football player.", "content": "A case report of an outstanding college football halfback with partial factor XI deficiency, recurrent ecchymosis, and myositis ossificans is reviewed. The association of multiple areas of myositis ossificans and partial clotting-factor deficiency has not been noted in the past. The importance of considering this diagnosis in participants in contact sports with the above findings is emphasized.", "contents": "Myositis ossificans traumatica. Association with hemophilia (factor XI deficiency) in a football player. A case report of an outstanding college football halfback with partial factor XI deficiency, recurrent ecchymosis, and myositis ossificans is reviewed. The association of multiple areas of myositis ossificans and partial clotting-factor deficiency has not been noted in the past. The importance of considering this diagnosis in participants in contact sports with the above findings is emphasized.", "PMID": 576907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12366", "title": "St Louis encephalitis. The 1975 epidemic in Mississippi.", "content": "In 1975, 229 laboratory-documented cases of St Louis encephalitis, 36 of which resulted in death, occurred in Mississippi. A total of 58% of these persons had encephalitis, 15% had aseptic meningitis, 21% had a febrile illness with no known CNS involvement, and 6% had other syndromes. Attack rates and case-fatality ratios increased with age. Although 60% of the cases occurred in a four-county area of northwest Mississippi, cases occurred in 42 of the 82 counties throughout the state. The epidemic erupted almost simultaneously, with variable intensity, in widely separated areas. Mosquito-control, measures were applied, but the results were not quantified.", "contents": "St Louis encephalitis. The 1975 epidemic in Mississippi. In 1975, 229 laboratory-documented cases of St Louis encephalitis, 36 of which resulted in death, occurred in Mississippi. A total of 58% of these persons had encephalitis, 15% had aseptic meningitis, 21% had a febrile illness with no known CNS involvement, and 6% had other syndromes. Attack rates and case-fatality ratios increased with age. Although 60% of the cases occurred in a four-county area of northwest Mississippi, cases occurred in 42 of the 82 counties throughout the state. The epidemic erupted almost simultaneously, with variable intensity, in widely separated areas. Mosquito-control, measures were applied, but the results were not quantified.", "PMID": 576922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12367", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A case masquerading as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is a recently described entity whose principal signs and symptoms include fever, unresponsiveness to antibiotics, congested conjunctivae, reddening of the oral cavity, lips, palms, and soles, exanthem, edema, nonsuppurative cervical adenitis, and desquamation of the fingertips. Almost 7,000 cases have been reported in Japan. Analysis of the 39 cases reported in the United States reveals findings similar to those in Japan. United States cases, however, have had a higher boy-to-girl ratio (2:1), and age distribution peaks at a later time (3 years of age). We report a case with many characteristics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, including a positive Well-Felix reaction. Some cases of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome may be misdiagnosed as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A case masquerading as Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is a recently described entity whose principal signs and symptoms include fever, unresponsiveness to antibiotics, congested conjunctivae, reddening of the oral cavity, lips, palms, and soles, exanthem, edema, nonsuppurative cervical adenitis, and desquamation of the fingertips. Almost 7,000 cases have been reported in Japan. Analysis of the 39 cases reported in the United States reveals findings similar to those in Japan. United States cases, however, have had a higher boy-to-girl ratio (2:1), and age distribution peaks at a later time (3 years of age). We report a case with many characteristics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, including a positive Well-Felix reaction. Some cases of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome may be misdiagnosed as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "PMID": 576923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12368", "title": "Airborne contamination of fine-particle nebulizers.", "content": "To determine whether bacteria present in ambient air play a role in the contamination of fine-particle reservoir nebulizers, nebulizers were placed in operation in separate hospital locations having qualitatively and quantitatively different bacterial flora in background air. Nebulizers placed in a surgical intensive care unit that had higher numbers of bacteria and a predominance of Gram-negative organisms in background air had a significantly higher incidence of nebulizer contamination (33.0%) than did nebulizers placed in a non-patient-care area that had lower bacterial counts and a predominance of Gram-positive organisms (0%) (P less than .05). The present study indicates that airborne contamination of fine-particle reservoir nebulizers occurs when bacteria present in ambient air enter the nebulizer during its operation.", "contents": "Airborne contamination of fine-particle nebulizers. To determine whether bacteria present in ambient air play a role in the contamination of fine-particle reservoir nebulizers, nebulizers were placed in operation in separate hospital locations having qualitatively and quantitatively different bacterial flora in background air. Nebulizers placed in a surgical intensive care unit that had higher numbers of bacteria and a predominance of Gram-negative organisms in background air had a significantly higher incidence of nebulizer contamination (33.0%) than did nebulizers placed in a non-patient-care area that had lower bacterial counts and a predominance of Gram-positive organisms (0%) (P less than .05). The present study indicates that airborne contamination of fine-particle reservoir nebulizers occurs when bacteria present in ambient air enter the nebulizer during its operation.", "PMID": 576924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12369", "title": "Blood pressure studies in 14 communities. A two-stage screen for hypertension.", "content": "the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP) is a community-based national trial to determine whether special programs can improve the treatment for persons with uncontrolled hypertension and reduce morbidity and mortality in wide strata of these patients. A total of 158,906 persons, aged 30 to 69 years, were screened to identify those with a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 mm Hg or higher. Age-sex-race means and distributions of DBP at a first and a second screen and prevalence rates or actual hypertension by sex, race, and level of control suggest a recently increased awareness of hypertension with more widespread and effective treatment, especially among women, although blacks under treatment had their DBP controlled less frequently. The response to this program of screening and initial follow-up offers encouragement for improved community control of high blood pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure studies in 14 communities. A two-stage screen for hypertension. the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP) is a community-based national trial to determine whether special programs can improve the treatment for persons with uncontrolled hypertension and reduce morbidity and mortality in wide strata of these patients. A total of 158,906 persons, aged 30 to 69 years, were screened to identify those with a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 mm Hg or higher. Age-sex-race means and distributions of DBP at a first and a second screen and prevalence rates or actual hypertension by sex, race, and level of control suggest a recently increased awareness of hypertension with more widespread and effective treatment, especially among women, although blacks under treatment had their DBP controlled less frequently. The response to this program of screening and initial follow-up offers encouragement for improved community control of high blood pressure.", "PMID": 576938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12370", "title": "Chemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma. Methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and lomustine.", "content": "A combination chemotherapy (MACC) consisting of methotrexate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, and lomustine (CCNU) was given to 41 patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma, 34 of whom had disseminated disease. The objective response rate was 46% for all patients with a median actuarial survival of nine months. Response was seen in all cell types, including four of ten patients with squamous cell carcinoma, six of 17 with adenocarcinoma, and six of seven with small-cell anaplastic carcinoma. Prolongation of survival was apparent for patients of all cell types. Toxic reactions were moderate and allowed for easy outpatient use.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma. Methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and lomustine. A combination chemotherapy (MACC) consisting of methotrexate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, and lomustine (CCNU) was given to 41 patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma, 34 of whom had disseminated disease. The objective response rate was 46% for all patients with a median actuarial survival of nine months. Response was seen in all cell types, including four of ten patients with squamous cell carcinoma, six of 17 with adenocarcinoma, and six of seven with small-cell anaplastic carcinoma. Prolongation of survival was apparent for patients of all cell types. Toxic reactions were moderate and allowed for easy outpatient use.", "PMID": 576939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12371", "title": "Medical interpreting for hearing-impaired patients.", "content": "Medical interpreting for deaf patients is a new dimension of the medical field. Medical interpreting allows for the fast, accurate, and complete exchange of medical information between medical professionals and their deaf patients. The exchange of accurate medical information is critical to the early diagnosis and treatment of medical problems.", "contents": "Medical interpreting for hearing-impaired patients. Medical interpreting for deaf patients is a new dimension of the medical field. Medical interpreting allows for the fast, accurate, and complete exchange of medical information between medical professionals and their deaf patients. The exchange of accurate medical information is critical to the early diagnosis and treatment of medical problems.", "PMID": 576940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12372", "title": "Genetic damage from diagnostic radiation.", "content": "Using the data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey and a mathematical model, the hypothesis that low levels of diagnostic radiation produce severe genetic damage that is expressed in the child of the exposed person as leukemia and other diseases is tested. It is estimated that for about 1% of the exposed persons who are affected by radiation, there is a 50-fold increase in the risk of leukemia and a five-fold increase in certain other diseases.", "contents": "Genetic damage from diagnostic radiation. Using the data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey and a mathematical model, the hypothesis that low levels of diagnostic radiation produce severe genetic damage that is expressed in the child of the exposed person as leukemia and other diseases is tested. It is estimated that for about 1% of the exposed persons who are affected by radiation, there is a 50-fold increase in the risk of leukemia and a five-fold increase in certain other diseases.", "PMID": 576941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12373", "title": "Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease. A report of three cases with transient increase in hemoglobin A2.", "content": "Three patients with Wilson's disease and initial manifestations of intravascular hemolysis also had transient elevations of hemoglobin A2. It is important to recognize such manifestations in establishing an early diagnosis.", "contents": "Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease. A report of three cases with transient increase in hemoglobin A2. Three patients with Wilson's disease and initial manifestations of intravascular hemolysis also had transient elevations of hemoglobin A2. It is important to recognize such manifestations in establishing an early diagnosis.", "PMID": 576942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12374", "title": "Treating acute acetaminophen poisoning with acetylcysteine.", "content": "A patient ingested 15.6 gm acetaminophen and sought medical attention after seven hours. At that time, her plasma acetaminophen level was 217 microng/ml. Treatment with acetylcysteine was begun eight hours after the ingestion. The clinical course of this patient was characterized by a mild illness with a minor elevation of liver enzyme values. A number of factors predicted severe hepatotoxicity for this patient had she not received treatment.", "contents": "Treating acute acetaminophen poisoning with acetylcysteine. A patient ingested 15.6 gm acetaminophen and sought medical attention after seven hours. At that time, her plasma acetaminophen level was 217 microng/ml. Treatment with acetylcysteine was begun eight hours after the ingestion. The clinical course of this patient was characterized by a mild illness with a minor elevation of liver enzyme values. A number of factors predicted severe hepatotoxicity for this patient had she not received treatment.", "PMID": 576943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12375", "title": "Oral contraceptives and blood pressure.", "content": "Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of data from 13,358 women showed that oral contraceptive use is associated with a slight but statistically significant (P lesser than .05) rise in mean blood pressure, which is reversible. The age-adjusted proportion of oral contraceptive users with a blood pressure over 140/90 mm Hg was about three times that on nonusers. These findings are caused by a uniform upward shift in the blood pressure distribution of oral contraceptive users compared to nonusers. Women continuing oral contraceptive use had no appreciably greater change in blood pressure between two visits than persistent nonusers. The clinical implications of a mild contraceptive-induced blood pressure elevation (systolic, 5 to 6 mm Hg; diastolic, 1 to 2 mm Hg) remain unsettled but disturbing.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and blood pressure. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of data from 13,358 women showed that oral contraceptive use is associated with a slight but statistically significant (P lesser than .05) rise in mean blood pressure, which is reversible. The age-adjusted proportion of oral contraceptive users with a blood pressure over 140/90 mm Hg was about three times that on nonusers. These findings are caused by a uniform upward shift in the blood pressure distribution of oral contraceptive users compared to nonusers. Women continuing oral contraceptive use had no appreciably greater change in blood pressure between two visits than persistent nonusers. The clinical implications of a mild contraceptive-induced blood pressure elevation (systolic, 5 to 6 mm Hg; diastolic, 1 to 2 mm Hg) remain unsettled but disturbing.", "PMID": 576962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12376", "title": "Distribution pattern of metastatic bone disease. A need for total body skeletal image.", "content": "Distribution patterns of metastatic bone disease in 62 patients with soft-tissue cancers showed that 60% of bone lesions were located in the axial and 40% in the appendicular skeleton. Thirteen percent of the lesions were in appendicular regions not usually included in routine imaging studies. The majority of the metastatic skeletal lesions were clinically asymptomatic. The serum alkaline phosphatase level is a poor indicator of early bone metastases.", "contents": "Distribution pattern of metastatic bone disease. A need for total body skeletal image. Distribution patterns of metastatic bone disease in 62 patients with soft-tissue cancers showed that 60% of bone lesions were located in the axial and 40% in the appendicular skeleton. Thirteen percent of the lesions were in appendicular regions not usually included in routine imaging studies. The majority of the metastatic skeletal lesions were clinically asymptomatic. The serum alkaline phosphatase level is a poor indicator of early bone metastases.", "PMID": 576963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12377", "title": "Mikulicz disease and subsequent lupus erythematosus development.", "content": "In a 12-year-old boy with clinical and histologic features of Mikulicz disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed two years later. Atrophic plaques and nodules in the skin along with substantial increase in salivary gland enlargement characterized the onset of SLE. There was lack of renal and joint manifestations, and no evidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca or xerostomia was seen. Histopathologic changes in the skin lesions included mucinous infiltrates, chronic vasculitis, and dermal-epidermal junction findings typical of SLE. Direct immunofluorescene studies of skin lesions and normal-appearing skin showed granular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement at the dermal-epidermal junction zone. Level of anti-DNA antibodies was noticeably elevated, and the serum C3 value was depressed. The patient's response to systemic corticosteroid therapy was dramatic.", "contents": "Mikulicz disease and subsequent lupus erythematosus development. In a 12-year-old boy with clinical and histologic features of Mikulicz disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed two years later. Atrophic plaques and nodules in the skin along with substantial increase in salivary gland enlargement characterized the onset of SLE. There was lack of renal and joint manifestations, and no evidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca or xerostomia was seen. Histopathologic changes in the skin lesions included mucinous infiltrates, chronic vasculitis, and dermal-epidermal junction findings typical of SLE. Direct immunofluorescene studies of skin lesions and normal-appearing skin showed granular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement at the dermal-epidermal junction zone. Level of anti-DNA antibodies was noticeably elevated, and the serum C3 value was depressed. The patient's response to systemic corticosteroid therapy was dramatic.", "PMID": 576964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12378", "title": "Shock lung with massive tracheal loss of plasma.", "content": "Fulminant pulmonary edema developed in two young, healthy adults within one hour after blood loss, hypolemic shock, and an anaphylactoid reaction to intravenous pyelogram dye. Pulmonary edema developed and they subsequently passed large amounts of edema fluid through the endotracheal tube. Massive loss of plasma-like fluid from the lung required frequent evacuation of the endotracheal tube and intravenous replacement with large amounts of albumin-containing fluids. Both patients were treated with a volume respirator, positive end-expiratory pressure, 100% oxygen, corticosteroids, and tracheostomy. Both patients recovered from massive pulmonary edema with very severe hypoxemia and, three months afterwards, had normal pulmonary function, blood gas levels, and no evidence of pulmonary injury.", "contents": "Shock lung with massive tracheal loss of plasma. Fulminant pulmonary edema developed in two young, healthy adults within one hour after blood loss, hypolemic shock, and an anaphylactoid reaction to intravenous pyelogram dye. Pulmonary edema developed and they subsequently passed large amounts of edema fluid through the endotracheal tube. Massive loss of plasma-like fluid from the lung required frequent evacuation of the endotracheal tube and intravenous replacement with large amounts of albumin-containing fluids. Both patients were treated with a volume respirator, positive end-expiratory pressure, 100% oxygen, corticosteroids, and tracheostomy. Both patients recovered from massive pulmonary edema with very severe hypoxemia and, three months afterwards, had normal pulmonary function, blood gas levels, and no evidence of pulmonary injury.", "PMID": 576965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12379", "title": "Comparison of the productivity of women and men physicians.", "content": "Data obtained from random samples of 87 women and 95 men physicians in the Detroit metropolitan area indicate that, at the time of surgery, 84% of the women and 96% of the men were engaged in medical work. Only 7% of the women were not working because of reasons related to the traditional female role. Fifty-nine percent of the women and 87% of the men had worked full-time since medical school graduation. Fifty-one percent of the women, compared to 39% of the men were in primary care specialties. Since medical graduation, women physicians spent 90% as much time in medical work as did the men, despite the fact that most of the women had full responsibility for homes and families.", "contents": "Comparison of the productivity of women and men physicians. Data obtained from random samples of 87 women and 95 men physicians in the Detroit metropolitan area indicate that, at the time of surgery, 84% of the women and 96% of the men were engaged in medical work. Only 7% of the women were not working because of reasons related to the traditional female role. Fifty-nine percent of the women and 87% of the men had worked full-time since medical school graduation. Fifty-one percent of the women, compared to 39% of the men were in primary care specialties. Since medical graduation, women physicians spent 90% as much time in medical work as did the men, despite the fact that most of the women had full responsibility for homes and families.", "PMID": 576966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12380", "title": "Venereal warts vs Bowen disease. A histologic and ultrastructural study of five cases.", "content": "Verrucous growths of the genitalia in young patients are usually condylomata acuminata. In five cases this type of genital lesion, viewed by light microscopy, showed dysplastic cellular changes of Bowen disease, a diagnosis that was further confirmed by electron microscopy. Bowen disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of verrucous lesions of genitalia in young people and should be ruled out by histologic examination.", "contents": "Venereal warts vs Bowen disease. A histologic and ultrastructural study of five cases. Verrucous growths of the genitalia in young patients are usually condylomata acuminata. In five cases this type of genital lesion, viewed by light microscopy, showed dysplastic cellular changes of Bowen disease, a diagnosis that was further confirmed by electron microscopy. Bowen disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of verrucous lesions of genitalia in young people and should be ruled out by histologic examination.", "PMID": 576967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12381", "title": "Stylet injury syndrome.", "content": "Failure to properly use the stylet when withdrawing a spinal puncture needle may cause aspiration of a lumbar nerve root and adjacent arachnoid, thereby fixing the nerve in the epidural space. Root fixation may cause a painful syndrome, requiring laminectomy and replacement of the nerve root within the subarachnoid space. Since laminectomy is rarely performed at the lumbar puncture site, the frequency of the syndrome remains undetermined.", "contents": "Stylet injury syndrome. Failure to properly use the stylet when withdrawing a spinal puncture needle may cause aspiration of a lumbar nerve root and adjacent arachnoid, thereby fixing the nerve in the epidural space. Root fixation may cause a painful syndrome, requiring laminectomy and replacement of the nerve root within the subarachnoid space. Since laminectomy is rarely performed at the lumbar puncture site, the frequency of the syndrome remains undetermined.", "PMID": 576968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12382", "title": "Overwork.", "content": "Overwork, ie, working beyond one's endurance and recuperative capacities, may be a hazard in certain personality types engaged in open-ended occupations. Some persons appear to lack an inner \"governor\" and for various reasons ignore the commonplace signs that inform one of the need for rest or recreation. If they are engaged in occupations that do not have a finite workday, they may at times exceed their bodies' ability to recover. Clusters of symptoms may then develop, some of which may mimic serious physical ailments. Treatment depends on diagnosing the extent of illness and eliciting the underlying causes. Correction involves enforced rest, therapy that may vary from counseling to hospitalization and specialized treatment, but that must include the reeducation of the person to be aware of and make provision for his physical and emotional needs.", "contents": "Overwork. Overwork, ie, working beyond one's endurance and recuperative capacities, may be a hazard in certain personality types engaged in open-ended occupations. Some persons appear to lack an inner \"governor\" and for various reasons ignore the commonplace signs that inform one of the need for rest or recreation. If they are engaged in occupations that do not have a finite workday, they may at times exceed their bodies' ability to recover. Clusters of symptoms may then develop, some of which may mimic serious physical ailments. Treatment depends on diagnosing the extent of illness and eliciting the underlying causes. Correction involves enforced rest, therapy that may vary from counseling to hospitalization and specialized treatment, but that must include the reeducation of the person to be aware of and make provision for his physical and emotional needs.", "PMID": 576986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12383", "title": "Association between oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction. A review.", "content": "Analysis of the association between oral contraceptive use and the development of myocardial infarction in women less than 50 years of age shows that cigarette smoking is the most important factor in increasing the likelihood of myocardial infarction. This effect is independent of oral contraceptive use but oral contraceptive use also appears to be a risk factor; however, their use in the absence of other predisposing factors appears to have only a small effect on increasing the risk of dying from myocardial infarction. This small increase is of the same order of magnitude as the increased risk of death from thromboembolic disease. Oral contraceptive users more than 30 years of age who have other factors that increase the likelihood of myocardial infarction appear to have a substantially higher death rate.", "contents": "Association between oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction. A review. Analysis of the association between oral contraceptive use and the development of myocardial infarction in women less than 50 years of age shows that cigarette smoking is the most important factor in increasing the likelihood of myocardial infarction. This effect is independent of oral contraceptive use but oral contraceptive use also appears to be a risk factor; however, their use in the absence of other predisposing factors appears to have only a small effect on increasing the risk of dying from myocardial infarction. This small increase is of the same order of magnitude as the increased risk of death from thromboembolic disease. Oral contraceptive users more than 30 years of age who have other factors that increase the likelihood of myocardial infarction appear to have a substantially higher death rate.", "PMID": 576987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12384", "title": "Benign transient eosinophilia following intravenous urography.", "content": "Eosinophilia, a component of the allergic response, may occur after the use of iodinated radiographic contrast media for intravenous urography. A benign transient elevation in differential eosinophil count was seen in 21 of 101 patients following the injection of iodinated contrast agents for that purpose.", "contents": "Benign transient eosinophilia following intravenous urography. Eosinophilia, a component of the allergic response, may occur after the use of iodinated radiographic contrast media for intravenous urography. A benign transient elevation in differential eosinophil count was seen in 21 of 101 patients following the injection of iodinated contrast agents for that purpose.", "PMID": 576988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12385", "title": "Intoxication caused by interaction of chloramphenicol and phenytoin.", "content": "A patient with a brain tumor and seizures who was receiving maintenance doses of phenytoin was given chloramphenicol on three occasions. Her neurological status was both complicated and obscured by the reoccurrence of phenytoin intoxication. Retrospective drug analysis showed a marked elevation of serum concentrations of phenytoin during each course of chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Intoxication caused by interaction of chloramphenicol and phenytoin. A patient with a brain tumor and seizures who was receiving maintenance doses of phenytoin was given chloramphenicol on three occasions. Her neurological status was both complicated and obscured by the reoccurrence of phenytoin intoxication. Retrospective drug analysis showed a marked elevation of serum concentrations of phenytoin during each course of chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 576989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12386", "title": "The lymphographic findings in a case of lymphocytic lymphoma presenting as recurrent chylothorax.", "content": "A case of lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. The unusual mode of presentation as a result of bilateral chylothoraz is described. The value of lymphography in establishing the site of lymph leakage and in the establishment of the underlying diagnosis is demonstrated and discussed.", "contents": "The lymphographic findings in a case of lymphocytic lymphoma presenting as recurrent chylothorax. A case of lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. The unusual mode of presentation as a result of bilateral chylothoraz is described. The value of lymphography in establishing the site of lymph leakage and in the establishment of the underlying diagnosis is demonstrated and discussed.", "PMID": 576998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12387", "title": "Biological significance of piezoelectricity in relation to acupuncture, Hatha Yoga, osteopathic medicine and action of air ions.", "content": "Piezoelectric properties of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and mucopolysaccharides are reviewed in this paper. It is indicated that the structural elements of the human body composed of these piezoelectric substances are capable of transducing a mechanical energy into an electric current. Such a transduction may be brought about by movements of an acupuncture needle, osteopathic manipulations; Hatha Yoga postures or action of negatively charged air irons. It is postulated that electric current induced by stimulation of the specific sites on the surface of human body flows towards the internal organs along the semiconductive channels of biologic macromolecules. Electric current induced either by the piezoelectric transduction or directly applied from an external source may in turn stimulate individual cells in the target organ. Involvement of electrical phenomena in regulatory mechanisms on cellular and molecular levels is discussed.", "contents": "Biological significance of piezoelectricity in relation to acupuncture, Hatha Yoga, osteopathic medicine and action of air ions. Piezoelectric properties of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and mucopolysaccharides are reviewed in this paper. It is indicated that the structural elements of the human body composed of these piezoelectric substances are capable of transducing a mechanical energy into an electric current. Such a transduction may be brought about by movements of an acupuncture needle, osteopathic manipulations; Hatha Yoga postures or action of negatively charged air irons. It is postulated that electric current induced by stimulation of the specific sites on the surface of human body flows towards the internal organs along the semiconductive channels of biologic macromolecules. Electric current induced either by the piezoelectric transduction or directly applied from an external source may in turn stimulate individual cells in the target organ. Involvement of electrical phenomena in regulatory mechanisms on cellular and molecular levels is discussed.", "PMID": 577004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12388", "title": "Decline of stomach cancer mortality rates in a high-risk geographical area.", "content": "An investigation on gastric cancer death rates per 100,000 population, by sex and age groups in Chile, covering a 34-year period (1941-1974), was made. The yearly change in gastric cancer mortality rates, calculated by linear regression analysis, for males 25-34 years of age (-0.043), P less than 0.00005), 35-44 (-0.381, P less than 0.00005), 45-54 (-1.340, P less than 0.00005), 55-64 (-2.080, P less than 0.00005), 65-74 (-0.602, N.S.), and age-adjusted death rates for persons aged 25-74 years (-0.959, P less than 0.0006) showed negative regression coefficients. The yearly change in gastric cancer death rates for females 25-34 years of age (-0.051, P less than 0.00005), 35-44 (-0.468, P less than 0.00005), 45-54 (-1.430, P less than 0.00005), 55-64 (-2.978 P less than 0.00005), 65-74 (-1.841, P less than 0.00005), and age-adjusted rates for persons aged 25-74 years (-0.991, P less than 0.00005) also exhibited negative regression coefficients, all being statistically highly significant.", "contents": "Decline of stomach cancer mortality rates in a high-risk geographical area. An investigation on gastric cancer death rates per 100,000 population, by sex and age groups in Chile, covering a 34-year period (1941-1974), was made. The yearly change in gastric cancer mortality rates, calculated by linear regression analysis, for males 25-34 years of age (-0.043), P less than 0.00005), 35-44 (-0.381, P less than 0.00005), 45-54 (-1.340, P less than 0.00005), 55-64 (-2.080, P less than 0.00005), 65-74 (-0.602, N.S.), and age-adjusted death rates for persons aged 25-74 years (-0.959, P less than 0.0006) showed negative regression coefficients. The yearly change in gastric cancer death rates for females 25-34 years of age (-0.051, P less than 0.00005), 35-44 (-0.468, P less than 0.00005), 45-54 (-1.430, P less than 0.00005), 55-64 (-2.978 P less than 0.00005), 65-74 (-1.841, P less than 0.00005), and age-adjusted rates for persons aged 25-74 years (-0.991, P less than 0.00005) also exhibited negative regression coefficients, all being statistically highly significant.", "PMID": 577009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12389", "title": "Value of simultaneous T3, T4, and TSH measurements for management of graves' disease in children.", "content": "One hundred simultaneous determinations of serum T4 and T3 were performed during the course of treatment of 23 children and adolescents with Graves' disease. Five patients were previously untreated and six were experiencing relapse after treatment was discontinued. During relapse, increased T3 concentration is frequently present when serum T4 concentration is normal and T3 measurement is therefore more reliable for early detection of relapse. During therapy with thionamides, T4 measurement alone is often misleading in assessing adequacy of control achieved by therapy. Commonly, patients who clinically have hyperthyroidism have serum T4 concentrations within the normal range but continue to have elevated T3 concentrations (T3 toxicosis). Similarly, T4 can be suppressed into the hypothyroid range in the clinically euthyroid patient with either a normal or high T3 concentration. In these patients, determination of serum T3 often prevents premature reduction of thionamide dosage. When T4 and T3 concentrations do not clearly demonstrate presence or absence of hypothyroidism, measurement of serum thyroid stimulating hormone can be of value.", "contents": "Value of simultaneous T3, T4, and TSH measurements for management of graves' disease in children. One hundred simultaneous determinations of serum T4 and T3 were performed during the course of treatment of 23 children and adolescents with Graves' disease. Five patients were previously untreated and six were experiencing relapse after treatment was discontinued. During relapse, increased T3 concentration is frequently present when serum T4 concentration is normal and T3 measurement is therefore more reliable for early detection of relapse. During therapy with thionamides, T4 measurement alone is often misleading in assessing adequacy of control achieved by therapy. Commonly, patients who clinically have hyperthyroidism have serum T4 concentrations within the normal range but continue to have elevated T3 concentrations (T3 toxicosis). Similarly, T4 can be suppressed into the hypothyroid range in the clinically euthyroid patient with either a normal or high T3 concentration. In these patients, determination of serum T3 often prevents premature reduction of thionamide dosage. When T4 and T3 concentrations do not clearly demonstrate presence or absence of hypothyroidism, measurement of serum thyroid stimulating hormone can be of value.", "PMID": 577011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12390", "title": "Pachyonychia congenita (Jadassohn-Lewandowski syndrome: case report.", "content": "We report an illustrative case of pachyonychia congenita, with a description of the presenting complaints, the associated physical findings, the rationale for surgical treatment, and the technical aspects of the surgical treatment.", "contents": "Pachyonychia congenita (Jadassohn-Lewandowski syndrome: case report. We report an illustrative case of pachyonychia congenita, with a description of the presenting complaints, the associated physical findings, the rationale for surgical treatment, and the technical aspects of the surgical treatment.", "PMID": 577013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12391", "title": "Malabsorption in relation to abdominal irradiation and quadruple chemotherapy for lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A case of severe diarrhoea and steatorrhoea following chemotherapy and abdominal irradiation for lymphosarcoma, is described. Investigations demonstrated bile acid malabsorption, and treatment with cholesytramine and a low fat diet was successful. A questionnaire was sent to thirty-two subjects who had undergone similar treatment for similar pathology and failed to demonstrate any sustained alteration of bowel function. Additionally, nine of these subjects underwent a 14C-glycocholic acid test and no evidence of interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids was found.", "contents": "Malabsorption in relation to abdominal irradiation and quadruple chemotherapy for lymphosarcoma. A case of severe diarrhoea and steatorrhoea following chemotherapy and abdominal irradiation for lymphosarcoma, is described. Investigations demonstrated bile acid malabsorption, and treatment with cholesytramine and a low fat diet was successful. A questionnaire was sent to thirty-two subjects who had undergone similar treatment for similar pathology and failed to demonstrate any sustained alteration of bowel function. Additionally, nine of these subjects underwent a 14C-glycocholic acid test and no evidence of interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids was found.", "PMID": 577012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12392", "title": "The pathogenesis of peripheral aneurysms of the central nervous system: a subject review from the AFIP.", "content": "Most central nervous system aneurysms occur around the circle of Willis, and are congenital or arteriosclerotic in origin when in that location. Peripherally located aneurysms are either idiopathic or secondary to infection, tumor embolus (from choriocarcinoma and cardiac myxoma), Moyamoya disease, or trauma. The pathophysiologic features of these aneurysms are discussed.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of peripheral aneurysms of the central nervous system: a subject review from the AFIP. Most central nervous system aneurysms occur around the circle of Willis, and are congenital or arteriosclerotic in origin when in that location. Peripherally located aneurysms are either idiopathic or secondary to infection, tumor embolus (from choriocarcinoma and cardiac myxoma), Moyamoya disease, or trauma. The pathophysiologic features of these aneurysms are discussed.", "PMID": 577015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12393", "title": "[Correlation between gastrointestinal absorption and uptake of radioisotopes by the critical organs].", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the correlation between gastrointestinal absorption of radioisotopes and uptake by the critical organ during the same period using 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg as radioisotopes. When the distribution of 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg in mice were investigated by means of the whole body autoradiography, these critical organs were determined as follows; 85Sr: bone, 109Cd: liver, 131I: thyroid gland and 230Hg: kidney. When the correlation between the injected dose and the uptake dose by the critical organ of 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg were investigated, uptake dose the critical organ expressed as cpm per gram of organ was in direct proportion to the injected dose and that expressed as % of the injected dose per gram of organ was held constand in either case. When the coefficient of correlation between gastrointestinal absorption and uptake by the critical organ of 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg were calculated, a positive correlation was revealed in either case. It is concluded from the results obtained that in vivo or in situ method, gastrointestinal absorption of radioisotopes received a support from uptake by the critical organ during the same period.", "contents": "[Correlation between gastrointestinal absorption and uptake of radioisotopes by the critical organs]. This study was undertaken to investigate the correlation between gastrointestinal absorption of radioisotopes and uptake by the critical organ during the same period using 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg as radioisotopes. When the distribution of 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg in mice were investigated by means of the whole body autoradiography, these critical organs were determined as follows; 85Sr: bone, 109Cd: liver, 131I: thyroid gland and 230Hg: kidney. When the correlation between the injected dose and the uptake dose by the critical organ of 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg were investigated, uptake dose the critical organ expressed as cpm per gram of organ was in direct proportion to the injected dose and that expressed as % of the injected dose per gram of organ was held constand in either case. When the coefficient of correlation between gastrointestinal absorption and uptake by the critical organ of 85Sr, 109Cd, 131I and 203Hg were calculated, a positive correlation was revealed in either case. It is concluded from the results obtained that in vivo or in situ method, gastrointestinal absorption of radioisotopes received a support from uptake by the critical organ during the same period.", "PMID": 577016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12394", "title": "[Study of distribution of 169Yb, 69Ga and 111In in tumor tissues by macroautoradiography; comparison between viable and necrotic tumor tissues].", "content": "The localization of 169Yb, 67Ga and 111In in tumor tissues was determined macroautoradiographically. 169Yb-citrate and 111In-citrate were injected intravenously to the rats subcutaneously transplanted Yoshida sarcoma and were injected intraperitoneally to the mice subcutaneously transplanted Ehrlich tumor. These animals were sacrificed 3, 24 and 48 hours after injection. These tumor tissues were frozen in n-hexane (-70 degrees C) cooled with dry ice-acetone. After this, these frozen tumor tissues were cut into serial thin sections (10 micron) in the cryostat (-20 degrees C). One of the slice of these sections was then placed on X-ray film and this film was developed after exposure of several days. On the other hand, next slice of these sections were then stained using the hematoxylin and eosin. From the observations of these autoradiogram and H-E stained slice, the following results were obtained. Concentration of 169Yb, 67Ga and 111In was predominant in viable tumor tissue rather than in necrotic tumor tissue, regardless of time after the administration. 67Ga and 111In were distributed uniformly in viable tumor tissue, but deposition of 169Yb was observed more avidly in viabl tumor tissue neighboring to necrotic tumor.", "contents": "[Study of distribution of 169Yb, 69Ga and 111In in tumor tissues by macroautoradiography; comparison between viable and necrotic tumor tissues]. The localization of 169Yb, 67Ga and 111In in tumor tissues was determined macroautoradiographically. 169Yb-citrate and 111In-citrate were injected intravenously to the rats subcutaneously transplanted Yoshida sarcoma and were injected intraperitoneally to the mice subcutaneously transplanted Ehrlich tumor. These animals were sacrificed 3, 24 and 48 hours after injection. These tumor tissues were frozen in n-hexane (-70 degrees C) cooled with dry ice-acetone. After this, these frozen tumor tissues were cut into serial thin sections (10 micron) in the cryostat (-20 degrees C). One of the slice of these sections was then placed on X-ray film and this film was developed after exposure of several days. On the other hand, next slice of these sections were then stained using the hematoxylin and eosin. From the observations of these autoradiogram and H-E stained slice, the following results were obtained. Concentration of 169Yb, 67Ga and 111In was predominant in viable tumor tissue rather than in necrotic tumor tissue, regardless of time after the administration. 67Ga and 111In were distributed uniformly in viable tumor tissue, but deposition of 169Yb was observed more avidly in viabl tumor tissue neighboring to necrotic tumor.", "PMID": 577017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12395", "title": "[Human proinsulin-C-peptide radioimmunoassay method; stability of the assay kit].", "content": "We have been studies time sequent stability each on standard human-C-peptide, human-C-peptide antiserum, 125I-tyrosyl human-C-peptide and the assay kit (all reagent) which is necessary in human proinsulin-C-peptide radioimmunoassay(RIA). Also we measured using this assay system, human proinsulin C-peptide in blood after oral administration of glucose to normal subject. Standard human-C-peptide and human-C-peptide antiserum were very stable on storage at 4 degrees C, 125I-tyrosyl human-C-peptide was unstable as compared with the former two, The stability of the assay kit was influenced by the stability of 125I-tyrosyl human-C-peptide, and was stable at 4 degrees C for ten weeks after preparation. Three lots of the assay kit prepared at different period showed almost same stability. We think this assay system using the assay kit is satisfactory in respect of stability. The measured values of human proinsulin-C-peptide in blood, using this assay system, showed insulin secretory reaction after oral administration of glucose.", "contents": "[Human proinsulin-C-peptide radioimmunoassay method; stability of the assay kit]. We have been studies time sequent stability each on standard human-C-peptide, human-C-peptide antiserum, 125I-tyrosyl human-C-peptide and the assay kit (all reagent) which is necessary in human proinsulin-C-peptide radioimmunoassay(RIA). Also we measured using this assay system, human proinsulin C-peptide in blood after oral administration of glucose to normal subject. Standard human-C-peptide and human-C-peptide antiserum were very stable on storage at 4 degrees C, 125I-tyrosyl human-C-peptide was unstable as compared with the former two, The stability of the assay kit was influenced by the stability of 125I-tyrosyl human-C-peptide, and was stable at 4 degrees C for ten weeks after preparation. Three lots of the assay kit prepared at different period showed almost same stability. We think this assay system using the assay kit is satisfactory in respect of stability. The measured values of human proinsulin-C-peptide in blood, using this assay system, showed insulin secretory reaction after oral administration of glucose.", "PMID": 577018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12396", "title": "[Trial preparation and evaluation of a 81mKr-generator for medical use].", "content": "A prototype 81mKr-generator consisting of an ion exchange column and some attachments for handling was prepared on trial. Parent nuclide 81Rb obtained by the reaction of 82Kr(p, 2n)81Rb was absorbed on the resin, and radionuclidic purity, sterility and apyrogenicity of the generator eluate were examined. Analysis of gamma-ray spectrum obtained with a Ge(Li) detector and a multichannel pulse height analyzer revealed that the nuclidic purity of the 81mKr in the eluate was 99.997-99.999% with 0.001-0.003% of 79Kr at the start of the elution. Sterility and apyrogenicity of the eluate were proved by J.P. sterility test and limulus test respectively. All results obtained show that the 81mKr-generator is very suitable for medical application.", "contents": "[Trial preparation and evaluation of a 81mKr-generator for medical use]. A prototype 81mKr-generator consisting of an ion exchange column and some attachments for handling was prepared on trial. Parent nuclide 81Rb obtained by the reaction of 82Kr(p, 2n)81Rb was absorbed on the resin, and radionuclidic purity, sterility and apyrogenicity of the generator eluate were examined. Analysis of gamma-ray spectrum obtained with a Ge(Li) detector and a multichannel pulse height analyzer revealed that the nuclidic purity of the 81mKr in the eluate was 99.997-99.999% with 0.001-0.003% of 79Kr at the start of the elution. Sterility and apyrogenicity of the eluate were proved by J.P. sterility test and limulus test respectively. All results obtained show that the 81mKr-generator is very suitable for medical application.", "PMID": 577019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12397", "title": "[Tumor affinity of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-Sn-urokinase and 99mTc-Sn-mannitol].", "content": "Biolgic distribution of 99mTc-labeled fibrinolytic agent, urokinase, and 99mTc-labeled mannitol, which was obtained as a side-product in the preparation of 99mTc(Sn)-urokinase, have been studied in Ehrlich's tumor-bearing mice to get a promising indicator for the positive delineation of malignant tumor. The preparation of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-UK and 99mTc-Man, was made by the reduction with stannous chloride and labeling efficiency was examined by Sephadex G-25M gel chromatography and by silica gel plate thin layer chromatography. Labeling yield of 99mTc-UK by Sephadex G25M in 0.9% NaCl eluant was 13% and that of 99mTc-Man by TLC in 85% methanol solvent was over 95%. A higher uptake to the implanted solid tumor tissue in mice was found in 99mTc-Man than in 99mTc-UK, of which the excellent tumor accumulation was expected from the positive delineation of malignant tumor with 131I-fibrinogen, 131I-fibrinogen antibody and 125I-plasmin. The poor result in 99mTc-UK, however, may be attributed to the poor fibrinolytic activity of Ehrlich's tumor. In biologic distribution of 99mTc-UK was found high concentration for liver kidney and stomach. In the other hand, a higher tumor tissue uptake, a fast blood disappearance and a low concentration for different organs were found in biologic distribution of 99mTc-Man. Therefore, 99mTc-Man may be assumed as a more preferable 99mTc-labeled tumor localizing radiopharmaceuticals, to which it would be needed as absolute biologic characteristics that 99mTc-labeled compounds possess a high tumor uptake as well as a fast blood disappearance with a low uptake for different organs. However, the possible delineation with 99mTc-labeled fibrinolytic agents, including urokinase and streptokinase, may be promised for malignant tumors in human-subject, which generally have a higher activity in fibrinogenesis than in fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Tumor affinity of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-Sn-urokinase and 99mTc-Sn-mannitol]. Biolgic distribution of 99mTc-labeled fibrinolytic agent, urokinase, and 99mTc-labeled mannitol, which was obtained as a side-product in the preparation of 99mTc(Sn)-urokinase, have been studied in Ehrlich's tumor-bearing mice to get a promising indicator for the positive delineation of malignant tumor. The preparation of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-UK and 99mTc-Man, was made by the reduction with stannous chloride and labeling efficiency was examined by Sephadex G-25M gel chromatography and by silica gel plate thin layer chromatography. Labeling yield of 99mTc-UK by Sephadex G25M in 0.9% NaCl eluant was 13% and that of 99mTc-Man by TLC in 85% methanol solvent was over 95%. A higher uptake to the implanted solid tumor tissue in mice was found in 99mTc-Man than in 99mTc-UK, of which the excellent tumor accumulation was expected from the positive delineation of malignant tumor with 131I-fibrinogen, 131I-fibrinogen antibody and 125I-plasmin. The poor result in 99mTc-UK, however, may be attributed to the poor fibrinolytic activity of Ehrlich's tumor. In biologic distribution of 99mTc-UK was found high concentration for liver kidney and stomach. In the other hand, a higher tumor tissue uptake, a fast blood disappearance and a low concentration for different organs were found in biologic distribution of 99mTc-Man. Therefore, 99mTc-Man may be assumed as a more preferable 99mTc-labeled tumor localizing radiopharmaceuticals, to which it would be needed as absolute biologic characteristics that 99mTc-labeled compounds possess a high tumor uptake as well as a fast blood disappearance with a low uptake for different organs. However, the possible delineation with 99mTc-labeled fibrinolytic agents, including urokinase and streptokinase, may be promised for malignant tumors in human-subject, which generally have a higher activity in fibrinogenesis than in fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 577026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12398", "title": "[Remote system for the mass production of short-lived radioisotopes in a cyclotron. Development of the system and radioisotope production].", "content": "A system was developed for producing short-lived radioactive substances (11CO, 11CO2, 13NN,  13NH3, 18F-, 62Zn2+, 123I-, etc.) on a scale enough for clinical use, which could also be used for analyzing them rapidly and for investigating their production methods, with less received dose by workers. The system enabled us to produce remotely several tens mCi of of short-lived radioactive susbtances readily usable for clinical diagnosis, continuosly for radioactive gases, 11CO, 11CO2 and 13NN, or repeatedly at short intervals for radioactive aqueous solutions of 13NH3, 18F-, etc. Employing this system, the average received dose per month was reduced considerably.", "contents": "[Remote system for the mass production of short-lived radioisotopes in a cyclotron. Development of the system and radioisotope production]. A system was developed for producing short-lived radioactive substances (11CO, 11CO2, 13NN,  13NH3, 18F-, 62Zn2+, 123I-, etc.) on a scale enough for clinical use, which could also be used for analyzing them rapidly and for investigating their production methods, with less received dose by workers. The system enabled us to produce remotely several tens mCi of of short-lived radioactive susbtances readily usable for clinical diagnosis, continuosly for radioactive gases, 11CO, 11CO2 and 13NN, or repeatedly at short intervals for radioactive aqueous solutions of 13NH3, 18F-, etc. Employing this system, the average received dose per month was reduced considerably.", "PMID": 577032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12399", "title": "[Production of 123I by alpha and 3He irradiation of natural tellurium].", "content": "In order to determine the optimum irradiation condition to produce 123I for nuclear medical use, excitation curves and thick-target yield curves were measured by means of stacked foil technique for alpha and 3He reactions producing 123Xe, 123I, 125Xe and 130I, both from natural tellurium. The 123Xe yields from natural tellurium are too low for routine production. However, by bombarding 76.5% isotopically enriched 123Te target with 30MeV 3He particles, 724 micronCi/micronAh of 123I would be obtained, whereas the level of 125I contaminat would be about 0.14%. 130Te contaminant in enriched 123Te target produces 130I alpha and 3He bombardment, although it has not been reported in the past. The 130I contaminant can be easily eliminated.", "contents": "[Production of 123I by alpha and 3He irradiation of natural tellurium]. In order to determine the optimum irradiation condition to produce 123I for nuclear medical use, excitation curves and thick-target yield curves were measured by means of stacked foil technique for alpha and 3He reactions producing 123Xe, 123I, 125Xe and 130I, both from natural tellurium. The 123Xe yields from natural tellurium are too low for routine production. However, by bombarding 76.5% isotopically enriched 123Te target with 30MeV 3He particles, 724 micronCi/micronAh of 123I would be obtained, whereas the level of 125I contaminat would be about 0.14%. 130Te contaminant in enriched 123Te target produces 130I alpha and 3He bombardment, although it has not been reported in the past. The 130I contaminant can be easily eliminated.", "PMID": 577033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12400", "title": "[Human proinsulin. C-peptide radioimmunoassay method. 125I labeling of human proinsulin. C-petide].", "content": "125I-labelled human-C-peptide was prepared by chloramin T method, enzymic method and active ester method, respectively. Using respective 125I-labelled human-C-peptides in human proinsulin-C-peptide RIA, we compared the binding (Bo/T%) to antibody, displacement by standard human-C-peptide, the recovery test and stability. The usable 125I-labelled antigen for human proinsulin-C-peptide RIA could be prepared by chloramin T method and enzymic method wich labelled 125I to tyrosyl human proinsulin connecting peptide, and active ester method which conjugates 125I-labelled active ester to human proinsulin connecting peptide. The differences among those 125I-labelled antigens was not observed in displacement (B/Bo%) by standard human-C-peptide and the recovery test. In the case of constant preparation of 125I-labelled antigen for RIA, the enzymic method was the best from the viewpoint the reaction ratio is stable and stability of Bo/T% is good.", "contents": "[Human proinsulin. C-peptide radioimmunoassay method. 125I labeling of human proinsulin. C-petide]. 125I-labelled human-C-peptide was prepared by chloramin T method, enzymic method and active ester method, respectively. Using respective 125I-labelled human-C-peptides in human proinsulin-C-peptide RIA, we compared the binding (Bo/T%) to antibody, displacement by standard human-C-peptide, the recovery test and stability. The usable 125I-labelled antigen for human proinsulin-C-peptide RIA could be prepared by chloramin T method and enzymic method wich labelled 125I to tyrosyl human proinsulin connecting peptide, and active ester method which conjugates 125I-labelled active ester to human proinsulin connecting peptide. The differences among those 125I-labelled antigens was not observed in displacement (B/Bo%) by standard human-C-peptide and the recovery test. In the case of constant preparation of 125I-labelled antigen for RIA, the enzymic method was the best from the viewpoint the reaction ratio is stable and stability of Bo/T% is good.", "PMID": 577034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12401", "title": "The effect of route of administration on the anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics in sheep infected with strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis resistant or susceptible to thiabendazole.", "content": "Observations of erratic anthelmintic activity of fenbendazole against known standardised thiabendazole-resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep were investigated. Fenbendazole at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight was administered by oral, intra-ruminal or intra-abomasal routes, and was most effective against both resistant strains following intra-ruminal administration. In addition thiabendazole, oxibendazole, fenbendazole, parbendazole and mebendazole plus two unrelated compounds, levamisole and morantel tartrate, were used at one and a half times their suggested or recommended therapeutic dose rate against thiabendazole-resistant strains of H contortus and T colubriformis in sheep; each drug being administered by the intra-ruminal or intra-abomasal routes. Fenbendazole was more effective against both strains following intra-ruminal administration. Parbendazole was more effective against the resistant strain of T colubriformis following intra-ruminal administration. At the dose rate chosen for the other benzimidazoles used against these resistant strains, there was no difference in anthelmintic efficacy due to route of administration. Levamisole was highly effective against both resistant strains, irrespective of the route of administration. In the groups treated with morantel tartrate, the results obtained were difficult to interpret due to mortalities and a highly variable response in the surviving sheep. Fenbendazole, thiabendazole and mebendazole when used at their suggested or recommended therapeutic dose rate in sheep, were highly effective against known thiabendazole-susceptible strains of H contortus and T colubriformis following both intra-ruminal or intra-abomasal administration.", "contents": "The effect of route of administration on the anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics in sheep infected with strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis resistant or susceptible to thiabendazole. Observations of erratic anthelmintic activity of fenbendazole against known standardised thiabendazole-resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep were investigated. Fenbendazole at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight was administered by oral, intra-ruminal or intra-abomasal routes, and was most effective against both resistant strains following intra-ruminal administration. In addition thiabendazole, oxibendazole, fenbendazole, parbendazole and mebendazole plus two unrelated compounds, levamisole and morantel tartrate, were used at one and a half times their suggested or recommended therapeutic dose rate against thiabendazole-resistant strains of H contortus and T colubriformis in sheep; each drug being administered by the intra-ruminal or intra-abomasal routes. Fenbendazole was more effective against both strains following intra-ruminal administration. Parbendazole was more effective against the resistant strain of T colubriformis following intra-ruminal administration. At the dose rate chosen for the other benzimidazoles used against these resistant strains, there was no difference in anthelmintic efficacy due to route of administration. Levamisole was highly effective against both resistant strains, irrespective of the route of administration. In the groups treated with morantel tartrate, the results obtained were difficult to interpret due to mortalities and a highly variable response in the surviving sheep. Fenbendazole, thiabendazole and mebendazole when used at their suggested or recommended therapeutic dose rate in sheep, were highly effective against known thiabendazole-susceptible strains of H contortus and T colubriformis following both intra-ruminal or intra-abomasal administration.", "PMID": 577045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12402", "title": "[Ventilation mechanics in the newborn. II. Dynamical measurements of the isolated lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "On 31 pairs of lungs from still borns and newborns and new borns of differing stages of maturation and age (23rd week of gestation up to the 24th week after birth), dynamical measurements within an artificial thorax were performed including systematical changes of ventilation types, particularly breathing frequency. In 12 pairs of lungs, surfactant activity was diminished. In these cases, a marked heterogeneity of ventilation and partly excessive increases of work of breathing correlated with the life span following birth could be shown, and some pathogenetical ways of cardiorespiratory failure as well as mechanisms of damaging late effects of the lungs following respiratory distress syndrome could be demonstrated. Moreover, by measurements of airway resistance it could be shown that in diseased and normal lungs of unmature infants the range of laminar flow is low due to the lability of the bronchial walls. A new method of valuation of the experimental data using the laws of alternating current (Heusinger) has been proven to be useful in the analysis of pulmonary mechanics.", "contents": "[Ventilation mechanics in the newborn. II. Dynamical measurements of the isolated lungs (author's transl)]. On 31 pairs of lungs from still borns and newborns and new borns of differing stages of maturation and age (23rd week of gestation up to the 24th week after birth), dynamical measurements within an artificial thorax were performed including systematical changes of ventilation types, particularly breathing frequency. In 12 pairs of lungs, surfactant activity was diminished. In these cases, a marked heterogeneity of ventilation and partly excessive increases of work of breathing correlated with the life span following birth could be shown, and some pathogenetical ways of cardiorespiratory failure as well as mechanisms of damaging late effects of the lungs following respiratory distress syndrome could be demonstrated. Moreover, by measurements of airway resistance it could be shown that in diseased and normal lungs of unmature infants the range of laminar flow is low due to the lability of the bronchial walls. A new method of valuation of the experimental data using the laws of alternating current (Heusinger) has been proven to be useful in the analysis of pulmonary mechanics.", "PMID": 577046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12403", "title": "Florid epithelioid cell and sarcoid-type reaction associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Five patients suffering from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with an intense infiltration of epithelioid histiocytes and even sarcoid-type granulomas in the involved tissue are described. A similar tissue reaction, at both involved and uninvolved sites, has been described in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The cause of this reaction may be immunological; its prognostic significance still awaits elucidation. In the case of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, it may cause difficulty in diagnosis of lymphoma and hence may result in unnecessary delay in the initiation of therapy.", "contents": "Florid epithelioid cell and sarcoid-type reaction associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Five patients suffering from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with an intense infiltration of epithelioid histiocytes and even sarcoid-type granulomas in the involved tissue are described. A similar tissue reaction, at both involved and uninvolved sites, has been described in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The cause of this reaction may be immunological; its prognostic significance still awaits elucidation. In the case of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, it may cause difficulty in diagnosis of lymphoma and hence may result in unnecessary delay in the initiation of therapy.", "PMID": 577052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12404", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis and its relationship to other thyroid diseases.", "content": "The experience of the Medical University of South Carolina with Hashimoto's thyroiditis revealed an 8.3 per cent incidence of carcinoma. The most common type of carcinoma was an associated lymphoma. There was an additional 8.3 per cent incidence of a benign adenoma. Needle biopsy as a mechanism for diagnosing Hashimoto's disease, we believe, is inaccurate. A larger aliquot of tissue should be removed for the pathologist if there is a suspicion of an associated tumor. An open biopsy permits the pathologist to make an accurate diagnosis with a minimal amount of morbidity.", "contents": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis and its relationship to other thyroid diseases. The experience of the Medical University of South Carolina with Hashimoto's thyroiditis revealed an 8.3 per cent incidence of carcinoma. The most common type of carcinoma was an associated lymphoma. There was an additional 8.3 per cent incidence of a benign adenoma. Needle biopsy as a mechanism for diagnosing Hashimoto's disease, we believe, is inaccurate. A larger aliquot of tissue should be removed for the pathologist if there is a suspicion of an associated tumor. An open biopsy permits the pathologist to make an accurate diagnosis with a minimal amount of morbidity.", "PMID": 577053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12405", "title": "Total body irradiation in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its effect on bone marrow and peripheral blood.", "content": "Patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been treated with total body irradiation (T.B.I.). Very high remission rate is obtained in lymphosarcomas, but response in histiosarcoma is extremely poor. Bone marrow study suggests that marrow depression following T.B.I. is transient and complete recovery occurs provided the bone marrow is not already compromised by previous chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Extreme caution is required when T.B.I. is repeated as this may lead to progressive marrow hypoplasia.", "contents": "Total body irradiation in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its effect on bone marrow and peripheral blood. Patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been treated with total body irradiation (T.B.I.). Very high remission rate is obtained in lymphosarcomas, but response in histiosarcoma is extremely poor. Bone marrow study suggests that marrow depression following T.B.I. is transient and complete recovery occurs provided the bone marrow is not already compromised by previous chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Extreme caution is required when T.B.I. is repeated as this may lead to progressive marrow hypoplasia.", "PMID": 577056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12406", "title": "Metabolism of 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one in the rabbit.", "content": "The neutral urinary excretion products of 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one from the rabbit dosed orally were investigated. Together with oxidation-reduction of the oxygen functions at C-3 and C-17 hydroxylation occurred at C-15, C-16, and at the 2alpha-methyl positions of the steroid nucleus.", "contents": "Metabolism of 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one in the rabbit. The neutral urinary excretion products of 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one from the rabbit dosed orally were investigated. Together with oxidation-reduction of the oxygen functions at C-3 and C-17 hydroxylation occurred at C-15, C-16, and at the 2alpha-methyl positions of the steroid nucleus.", "PMID": 577057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12407", "title": "Primary lymphosarcoma of prostate.", "content": "A case of primary lymphosarcoma of the prostate in a seventy-one-year-old patient is presented. He had palliative surgical treatment and radiotherapy but died seven months later of heart failure with signs of metastatic disease. Treatment of this condition should include surgery and irradiation. Only its early discovery might change the prognosis.", "contents": "Primary lymphosarcoma of prostate. A case of primary lymphosarcoma of the prostate in a seventy-one-year-old patient is presented. He had palliative surgical treatment and radiotherapy but died seven months later of heart failure with signs of metastatic disease. Treatment of this condition should include surgery and irradiation. Only its early discovery might change the prognosis.", "PMID": 577060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12408", "title": "[Peridural anesthesia in operations for toxic goiter].", "content": "The authors employed peridural anesthesia in 92 patients with thyrotoxicosis According to their findings peridural anesthesia produced favourable shifts in the status of the cardiovascular system and ventilatory apparatus. Peridural anesthesia is considered to be a more acceptible method of anesthesiological provision in patients with toxic goiter than infiltrationanesthesia and intratracheal fluothane anesthesia.", "contents": "[Peridural anesthesia in operations for toxic goiter]. The authors employed peridural anesthesia in 92 patients with thyrotoxicosis According to their findings peridural anesthesia produced favourable shifts in the status of the cardiovascular system and ventilatory apparatus. Peridural anesthesia is considered to be a more acceptible method of anesthesiological provision in patients with toxic goiter than infiltrationanesthesia and intratracheal fluothane anesthesia.", "PMID": 577061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12409", "title": "[Molecular heterogeneity of blood and liver catalase rats with tumors].", "content": "By the method of gel-chromatography on sefadex G-200 and electrophoresis in polyacrylamid gel molecular forms of blood and liver catalase were isolated in rats with transplantable Pliss lymphosarcoma. Under study were changes in microheterogeneity of the enzyme, its activity and kinetic parameters in the kinetics of tumor growth. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the parameters under investigation were found already on the second day after tumor transplantation. These changes are enhanced with tumor progression.", "contents": "[Molecular heterogeneity of blood and liver catalase rats with tumors]. By the method of gel-chromatography on sefadex G-200 and electrophoresis in polyacrylamid gel molecular forms of blood and liver catalase were isolated in rats with transplantable Pliss lymphosarcoma. Under study were changes in microheterogeneity of the enzyme, its activity and kinetic parameters in the kinetics of tumor growth. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the parameters under investigation were found already on the second day after tumor transplantation. These changes are enhanced with tumor progression.", "PMID": 577062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12410", "title": "[Tumors of the mesentery of the small intestine].", "content": "The clinical picture of solid tumors of the intestinal mesentery is varied and depends on the character of growth (benign, malignant), size and anatomical variants of tumor localization in the mesentery. Sometimes, the tumors concerned can induce pseudosyndrome of acute abdomen or inflammation of the adjacent organ secondary involved by tumor. Among complications induced by tumor are as follows: intestinal hemorrhage, peritonitis and acute or partial intestinal obstruction. The roentgenological picture of intestinal mesentery tumors shows some characteristic features. Eight observations of the author are reported.", "contents": "[Tumors of the mesentery of the small intestine]. The clinical picture of solid tumors of the intestinal mesentery is varied and depends on the character of growth (benign, malignant), size and anatomical variants of tumor localization in the mesentery. Sometimes, the tumors concerned can induce pseudosyndrome of acute abdomen or inflammation of the adjacent organ secondary involved by tumor. Among complications induced by tumor are as follows: intestinal hemorrhage, peritonitis and acute or partial intestinal obstruction. The roentgenological picture of intestinal mesentery tumors shows some characteristic features. Eight observations of the author are reported.", "PMID": 577063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12411", "title": "Methods to purify and determine rubratoxins.", "content": "Rubratoxin were recovered from cultures of Penicillium rubrum after the mold grew in natural substrates, a semi-synthetic medium, and a glucosemineral salts broth. Substrates that contained rubratoxins were extracted with: diethyl ether, ethyl acetate-benzene, ethanol (100%), ethanol-acetone, acetonitrile, or diethyl ether with refluxing at 45 degrees C. Extracts were screened for rubratoxins by thin-layer chromatography. Some extracts were partially purified with a column of silicic acid using acetone as the eluant. Other extracts were purified (primarily removal of pigments) using columns of silica gel plus Celite and gradient solvent elution. Most rubratoxin B (1.9 mg/g or 0.77 mg/ml) was recovered when corn, rice, or glucose-salts broth were extracted successively with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate-benzene, and diethyl ether or when samples were adjusted to pH 1.5 before refluxing with diethyl ether at 45 degrees C for 1--4h. Most rubratoxin  A (0.1--0.15 mg/ml or 1.0 mg/g) was obtained from samples of corn extracted twice each with ethyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl acetate; from glucose-mineral salts broth extracted with diethyl ether; or from yeast extract sucrose broth extracted with diethyl ether and refluxed for 4 h at 45 degrees C. Large amounts of fairly pure rubratoxin A (up to 400 mg) and rubratoxin B (greater than lg) were obtained with a combination of preparative thin-layer and column chromatography.", "contents": "Methods to purify and determine rubratoxins. Rubratoxin were recovered from cultures of Penicillium rubrum after the mold grew in natural substrates, a semi-synthetic medium, and a glucosemineral salts broth. Substrates that contained rubratoxins were extracted with: diethyl ether, ethyl acetate-benzene, ethanol (100%), ethanol-acetone, acetonitrile, or diethyl ether with refluxing at 45 degrees C. Extracts were screened for rubratoxins by thin-layer chromatography. Some extracts were partially purified with a column of silicic acid using acetone as the eluant. Other extracts were purified (primarily removal of pigments) using columns of silica gel plus Celite and gradient solvent elution. Most rubratoxin B (1.9 mg/g or 0.77 mg/ml) was recovered when corn, rice, or glucose-salts broth were extracted successively with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate-benzene, and diethyl ether or when samples were adjusted to pH 1.5 before refluxing with diethyl ether at 45 degrees C for 1--4h. Most rubratoxin  A (0.1--0.15 mg/ml or 1.0 mg/g) was obtained from samples of corn extracted twice each with ethyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl acetate; from glucose-mineral salts broth extracted with diethyl ether; or from yeast extract sucrose broth extracted with diethyl ether and refluxed for 4 h at 45 degrees C. Large amounts of fairly pure rubratoxin A (up to 400 mg) and rubratoxin B (greater than lg) were obtained with a combination of preparative thin-layer and column chromatography.", "PMID": 577066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12412", "title": "Analogues of human calcitonin. V. Influence of basic amino acids in positions 11, 17 and 24 on hypocalcaemic activity in the rat.", "content": "The influence of positions 11 and 24 on hypocalcaemic potency and duration of action was examined. These positions are respectively occupied by threonine and glutamine in HCT, but by the basic amino acids lysine and arginine in SCT. Replacement of threonine by lysine trebled the hypocalcaemic potency of HCT and slightly prolonged its duration of action. Substitution of arginine for glutamine reduced the activity to about one tenth. The simultaneous introduction of both basic amino acids yielded an analogue intermediate in activity between those obtained by the single substitutions. The analogue [Bmp1, Va18, Lys11, Arg24]-HCT displayed the same effects as [Lys11]-HCT.", "contents": "Analogues of human calcitonin. V. Influence of basic amino acids in positions 11, 17 and 24 on hypocalcaemic activity in the rat. The influence of positions 11 and 24 on hypocalcaemic potency and duration of action was examined. These positions are respectively occupied by threonine and glutamine in HCT, but by the basic amino acids lysine and arginine in SCT. Replacement of threonine by lysine trebled the hypocalcaemic potency of HCT and slightly prolonged its duration of action. Substitution of arginine for glutamine reduced the activity to about one tenth. The simultaneous introduction of both basic amino acids yielded an analogue intermediate in activity between those obtained by the single substitutions. The analogue [Bmp1, Va18, Lys11, Arg24]-HCT displayed the same effects as [Lys11]-HCT.", "PMID": 577069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12413", "title": "Short time kinetics of deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol, corticosterone and cortisol during single dose metyrapone test.", "content": "In 4 young healthy males, serum levels of 11-deoxycortisol (S), cortisol (F), 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and  corticosterone (B) were determined at short intervals after oral administration of 30 mg/kg of metyrapone (M) at midnight. 11-hydroxylase blockade was calculated from the formula (formula: see text). Significant blockade was demonstrable 15 to 30 min after drug administration. Maximum blockade (greater than 90%) was found between 2 and 4 a.m., and fell to 60-70% at 8 a.m. The profile of blockade was very similar in all the subjects, although the absolute early rise in steroid levels showed large inter-individual differences. The F level at 8 a.m. (only slightly suppressed under these conditions) is not a safe indicator of adequate 11-hydroxylase blockade.", "contents": "Short time kinetics of deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol, corticosterone and cortisol during single dose metyrapone test. In 4 young healthy males, serum levels of 11-deoxycortisol (S), cortisol (F), 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and  corticosterone (B) were determined at short intervals after oral administration of 30 mg/kg of metyrapone (M) at midnight. 11-hydroxylase blockade was calculated from the formula (formula: see text). Significant blockade was demonstrable 15 to 30 min after drug administration. Maximum blockade (greater than 90%) was found between 2 and 4 a.m., and fell to 60-70% at 8 a.m. The profile of blockade was very similar in all the subjects, although the absolute early rise in steroid levels showed large inter-individual differences. The F level at 8 a.m. (only slightly suppressed under these conditions) is not a safe indicator of adequate 11-hydroxylase blockade.", "PMID": 577070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12414", "title": "Indirect evidences of prolactin involvement in precocious puberty induced by hypothalamic lesions in female rats.", "content": "The effects of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) administration in maturing female rats with precocious puberty induced by hypothalamic lesions, as well as the milk secretion rate in these animals after their first parturition were studied. Treatment with CB-154 inhibited precocious vaginal opening induced by hypothalamic lesions. After the treatment with the derivative was terminated, the ovulatory response was not different from that of intact control rats. After their first parturition lesioned rats accumulate milk at a faster rate, following an initial depletion period than their non-operated controls. These results suggest than an alteration in prolactin release may be involved in determining the precocious puberty induced by lesions of the anterior hypothalamic area.", "contents": "Indirect evidences of prolactin involvement in precocious puberty induced by hypothalamic lesions in female rats. The effects of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) administration in maturing female rats with precocious puberty induced by hypothalamic lesions, as well as the milk secretion rate in these animals after their first parturition were studied. Treatment with CB-154 inhibited precocious vaginal opening induced by hypothalamic lesions. After the treatment with the derivative was terminated, the ovulatory response was not different from that of intact control rats. After their first parturition lesioned rats accumulate milk at a faster rate, following an initial depletion period than their non-operated controls. These results suggest than an alteration in prolactin release may be involved in determining the precocious puberty induced by lesions of the anterior hypothalamic area.", "PMID": 577071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12415", "title": "[Preventive effect of tribenoside in spontaneous arthrosis of the mouse].", "content": "Tribenoside, a D-glucofuranose derivative, was administered prophylactically over a period of ten months to six-month-old mice of the C 57 Black strain (Animal Breeding Unit, Sisseln), which are known to have a predisposition to spontaneous gonarthrosis. The preparation was given once daily for five consecutive days every other week in doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg p.o. At the end of the treatment period, serial sections of both knee joints were examined. In the placebo-treated controls, arthrotic lesions of varying severity were found in 97% of the specimens. In the animals given tribenoside in either dosage arthrotic lesions were significantly less frequent and less severe. The number of animals with bilateral gonarthrosis and of those with proliferative changes was also significantly or highly significantly smaller in the groups treated with tribenoside than in the controls. The only indication of a dose-related effect of the preparation was the fact that arthrosis of the most severe grade was present in fewer animals in the group treated with the higher dose. At present, the mechanism of action responsible for the protective effect of tribenoside demonstrated once again in these experiments cannot be clearly defined.", "contents": "[Preventive effect of tribenoside in spontaneous arthrosis of the mouse]. Tribenoside, a D-glucofuranose derivative, was administered prophylactically over a period of ten months to six-month-old mice of the C 57 Black strain (Animal Breeding Unit, Sisseln), which are known to have a predisposition to spontaneous gonarthrosis. The preparation was given once daily for five consecutive days every other week in doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg p.o. At the end of the treatment period, serial sections of both knee joints were examined. In the placebo-treated controls, arthrotic lesions of varying severity were found in 97% of the specimens. In the animals given tribenoside in either dosage arthrotic lesions were significantly less frequent and less severe. The number of animals with bilateral gonarthrosis and of those with proliferative changes was also significantly or highly significantly smaller in the groups treated with tribenoside than in the controls. The only indication of a dose-related effect of the preparation was the fact that arthrosis of the most severe grade was present in fewer animals in the group treated with the higher dose. At present, the mechanism of action responsible for the protective effect of tribenoside demonstrated once again in these experiments cannot be clearly defined.", "PMID": 577067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12416", "title": "Effect of piperazine oestrone sulphate on serum lipids and lipoproteins in menopausal women.", "content": "Twenty menopausal women and 2 women with gonadal dysgenesis were treated with piperazine oestrone sulphate 1.5-3 mg dialy on a cyclical basis for a period of 6 months. Fasting serum lipids and lipoprotein esterified fatty acid indices (EFI) were estimated before starting treatment and after 3 and 6 months. There were small falls in serum cholesterol (significant at 3 months) and beta-lipoprotein EFI (significant at 6 months). Serum triglyceride and pre-beta-lipoprotein EFI rose significantly at both 3 and 6 months. Serum total phospholipid levels were reduced (significant at 6 months) with most marked changes in the sphingomyelin fraction. Other parameters were not significantly altered.", "contents": "Effect of piperazine oestrone sulphate on serum lipids and lipoproteins in menopausal women. Twenty menopausal women and 2 women with gonadal dysgenesis were treated with piperazine oestrone sulphate 1.5-3 mg dialy on a cyclical basis for a period of 6 months. Fasting serum lipids and lipoprotein esterified fatty acid indices (EFI) were estimated before starting treatment and after 3 and 6 months. There were small falls in serum cholesterol (significant at 3 months) and beta-lipoprotein EFI (significant at 6 months). Serum triglyceride and pre-beta-lipoprotein EFI rose significantly at both 3 and 6 months. Serum total phospholipid levels were reduced (significant at 6 months) with most marked changes in the sphingomyelin fraction. Other parameters were not significantly altered.", "PMID": 577072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12417", "title": "The role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in combination with luteinizing hormone (LH), in oestrogen-induced ovulation during the oestrous cycle in the rat.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine the role played by FSH in oestrogen-induced ovulation in 4-day cyclic female rats. About one half of the experimental animals receiving 10 microng oestradiol benzoate (OeB) subcutaneously, on the morning of dioestrus I, displayed luteinization or/and ovulation, when sacrificed on the morning of expected pro-oestrus. Pento-barbitone administered on dioestrus II at 18.00 did not prevent this action of OeB. A simultaneous LH and FSH surge was observed in the serum of half of the OeB-treated females killed by decapitation of dioestrus II at 17.30. The LH surge was decreased in OeB-treated females bled by cardiac puncture under pentobarbitone anaesthesia at dioestrus II at 17.30. This bleeding procedure almost completely suppressed the luteinizing effects of OeB. It was concluded that i) OeB caused a synergistic release of LH and FSH ii) bleeding by cardiac puncture as such may constitute a source of inhibition of OeB-induced luteinization.", "contents": "The role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in combination with luteinizing hormone (LH), in oestrogen-induced ovulation during the oestrous cycle in the rat. Studies were undertaken to determine the role played by FSH in oestrogen-induced ovulation in 4-day cyclic female rats. About one half of the experimental animals receiving 10 microng oestradiol benzoate (OeB) subcutaneously, on the morning of dioestrus I, displayed luteinization or/and ovulation, when sacrificed on the morning of expected pro-oestrus. Pento-barbitone administered on dioestrus II at 18.00 did not prevent this action of OeB. A simultaneous LH and FSH surge was observed in the serum of half of the OeB-treated females killed by decapitation of dioestrus II at 17.30. The LH surge was decreased in OeB-treated females bled by cardiac puncture under pentobarbitone anaesthesia at dioestrus II at 17.30. This bleeding procedure almost completely suppressed the luteinizing effects of OeB. It was concluded that i) OeB caused a synergistic release of LH and FSH ii) bleeding by cardiac puncture as such may constitute a source of inhibition of OeB-induced luteinization.", "PMID": 577073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12418", "title": "Rat endometrium enzymes in 4-day oestrous cycle and early pregnancy.", "content": "The specific activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its M-type (M-LDH), beta-glucuronidase (beta-GR), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were determined. The specific activities of the enzymes (LDH, beta-GR) in the myometrium were lower and their changes less pronounced than in the endometrium. We, therefore, determined the enzymes in the rat endometrium only in further experiments. All enzymes react sensitively to the changes induced in the endometrium by endogenous hormones in the course of a 4-day cycle: pro-oestrus (P) is characterized by rather low enzyme activities, oestrus (E) by a peak of LDH and M-LDH and a rise of AP. In metoestrus (M) there is a peak of beta-GR, ACP and AP. Dioestrus (D) is characterized by a significant decrease in LDH and M-LDH and by elevated values of all the other enzymes. The values on the individual days of the 4-day cycle were compared with days 4-6 of pregnancy. The reason for this was that if the rats were not mated, they would, respectively, return to pro-oestrus instead of being 4 days pregnant, to oestrus instead of being 5 days pregnant, or to metoestrus instead of being 6 days pregnant. We found the following differences: on day 4 of pregnancy LDH and M-LDH were lower and ACP and AP higher than in P. On day 5 of pregnancy the LDH, M-LDH, beta-GR and AP were lower than in E. On day 6 of pregnancy the LDH, M-LDH, ACP and especially beta-GR, were lower than in M.", "contents": "Rat endometrium enzymes in 4-day oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. The specific activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its M-type (M-LDH), beta-glucuronidase (beta-GR), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were determined. The specific activities of the enzymes (LDH, beta-GR) in the myometrium were lower and their changes less pronounced than in the endometrium. We, therefore, determined the enzymes in the rat endometrium only in further experiments. All enzymes react sensitively to the changes induced in the endometrium by endogenous hormones in the course of a 4-day cycle: pro-oestrus (P) is characterized by rather low enzyme activities, oestrus (E) by a peak of LDH and M-LDH and a rise of AP. In metoestrus (M) there is a peak of beta-GR, ACP and AP. Dioestrus (D) is characterized by a significant decrease in LDH and M-LDH and by elevated values of all the other enzymes. The values on the individual days of the 4-day cycle were compared with days 4-6 of pregnancy. The reason for this was that if the rats were not mated, they would, respectively, return to pro-oestrus instead of being 4 days pregnant, to oestrus instead of being 5 days pregnant, or to metoestrus instead of being 6 days pregnant. We found the following differences: on day 4 of pregnancy LDH and M-LDH were lower and ACP and AP higher than in P. On day 5 of pregnancy the LDH, M-LDH, beta-GR and AP were lower than in E. On day 6 of pregnancy the LDH, M-LDH, ACP and especially beta-GR, were lower than in M.", "PMID": 577074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12419", "title": "Evidence for a dopaminergic component in the series of neural events that lead to the pro-oestrous surge of LH.", "content": "The possible participation of dopamine in the neural events that lead to the pro-oestrous surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) was investigated utilizing a dopaminergic ergoline derivative (lergotrile mesylate). Administration of reserpine (2.0 mg/kg, ip) to rats on the day of pro-oestrus depleted brain dopamine and norepinephrine and prevented the LH surge and ovulation. Administration of legotrile mesylate prior to or at the same time as reserpine prevented the inhibitory effects of reserpine on LH release and on ovulation in about half of the animals. When lergotrile mesylate was given on the morning of pro-oestrus, the LH surge was advanced. The results indicate that there is a dopaminergic component in the series of neural events that precede the surge of LH on pro-oestrus, and that the dopaminergic stimulus precedes the LH surge by about 4--5 h.", "contents": "Evidence for a dopaminergic component in the series of neural events that lead to the pro-oestrous surge of LH. The possible participation of dopamine in the neural events that lead to the pro-oestrous surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) was investigated utilizing a dopaminergic ergoline derivative (lergotrile mesylate). Administration of reserpine (2.0 mg/kg, ip) to rats on the day of pro-oestrus depleted brain dopamine and norepinephrine and prevented the LH surge and ovulation. Administration of legotrile mesylate prior to or at the same time as reserpine prevented the inhibitory effects of reserpine on LH release and on ovulation in about half of the animals. When lergotrile mesylate was given on the morning of pro-oestrus, the LH surge was advanced. The results indicate that there is a dopaminergic component in the series of neural events that precede the surge of LH on pro-oestrus, and that the dopaminergic stimulus precedes the LH surge by about 4--5 h.", "PMID": 577075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12420", "title": "Interaction of rifampicin treatment with pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethinyloestradiol in man.", "content": "[6,7-3H]Ethinyloestradiol (50 microng) was administered intravenously to volunteers and the free extractable ethinyloestradiol in the plasma was measured. The compound showed a biphasic plasma decline. The half-life of the second phase was 7.5+/-1.7 (SD) hours. Administration of rifampicin (600 mg for 6 days) shifted the half-life of ethinyloestradiol to 3.3+/-0.9 h while the apparent volume of distribution for the second phase of elimination was not changed. When [2,4,6,7-3H]ethinyloestradiol (100 microng) was administered orally, some of the tritium was released by oxidative metabolism from the steroid and transformed to tritiated water (HTO) which equilibrated with whole body water. This portion, normally 7.17+/-1.66% of the tritium dose, was increased by previous administration of rifampicin to 10.62+/-2.27%. The initial rate of oxication of [2,4,6,7-3H]ethinyloestradiol was increased more than twofold by rifampicin treatment. The results are consistent with previous findings that rifampicin induces the oestrogen-2-hydroxylase in the endoplasmic reticulum of human liver, and explain the reduced effectiveness of ethinyloestradiol in oral contraceptives, if the patients are treated with rifampicin.", "contents": "Interaction of rifampicin treatment with pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ethinyloestradiol in man. [6,7-3H]Ethinyloestradiol (50 microng) was administered intravenously to volunteers and the free extractable ethinyloestradiol in the plasma was measured. The compound showed a biphasic plasma decline. The half-life of the second phase was 7.5+/-1.7 (SD) hours. Administration of rifampicin (600 mg for 6 days) shifted the half-life of ethinyloestradiol to 3.3+/-0.9 h while the apparent volume of distribution for the second phase of elimination was not changed. When [2,4,6,7-3H]ethinyloestradiol (100 microng) was administered orally, some of the tritium was released by oxidative metabolism from the steroid and transformed to tritiated water (HTO) which equilibrated with whole body water. This portion, normally 7.17+/-1.66% of the tritium dose, was increased by previous administration of rifampicin to 10.62+/-2.27%. The initial rate of oxication of [2,4,6,7-3H]ethinyloestradiol was increased more than twofold by rifampicin treatment. The results are consistent with previous findings that rifampicin induces the oestrogen-2-hydroxylase in the endoplasmic reticulum of human liver, and explain the reduced effectiveness of ethinyloestradiol in oral contraceptives, if the patients are treated with rifampicin.", "PMID": 577076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12421", "title": "The relationship of sex steroids to uric acid levels in plasma and urine.", "content": "The effect of endogenous and exogenously administered oestrogens, androgens and progesterone on plasma and urinary uric acid and uric acid clearance was studied in a total of 65 healthy volunteers, including normal menstruating and post-menopausal women, girls with primary amenorrhoea and adult male subjects. A serial study throughout a full cycle in 3 women showed an inverse relationship between plasma uric and synthetic oestrogens produced a fall in plasma uric acid concentration through a uricosuric effect in most subjects of both sexes. Testosterone propionate caused a definite increase in plasma uric acid levels in post-menopausal women while endogenous testosterone changes due to Leydig cell stimulation produced no definite effect in male subjects. Administration of a progesterone preparation produced an effect similar to that of oestrogens in post-menopausal women. The evidence presented here supports ithe view that sex steroids play a significant part in uric acid regulation in biological fluids of both sexes.", "contents": "The relationship of sex steroids to uric acid levels in plasma and urine. The effect of endogenous and exogenously administered oestrogens, androgens and progesterone on plasma and urinary uric acid and uric acid clearance was studied in a total of 65 healthy volunteers, including normal menstruating and post-menopausal women, girls with primary amenorrhoea and adult male subjects. A serial study throughout a full cycle in 3 women showed an inverse relationship between plasma uric and synthetic oestrogens produced a fall in plasma uric acid concentration through a uricosuric effect in most subjects of both sexes. Testosterone propionate caused a definite increase in plasma uric acid levels in post-menopausal women while endogenous testosterone changes due to Leydig cell stimulation produced no definite effect in male subjects. Administration of a progesterone preparation produced an effect similar to that of oestrogens in post-menopausal women. The evidence presented here supports ithe view that sex steroids play a significant part in uric acid regulation in biological fluids of both sexes.", "PMID": 577077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12422", "title": "Lack of acute effect of triiodothyronine on noradrenaline responses of isolated sympathectomized cat hearts.", "content": "The effect of 3-5-3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on chronotropic and inotropic responses to noradrenaline (NA) was studied on isolated heart preparations of cats sympathectomized with 6-OH-dopamine. Heart rates, left ventricular isovolumic pressure (P) and dP/dt were recorded, and concentration dose-response curves to NA were constructed. In the test series, T3 (0.01 and 0.1 microng per ml) was added to the perfusion medium. T3 did not affect the form nor the position of these curves. The results indicate that T3 does not have an acute effect on NA responses of symtropic effects of its own in these experimental conditions.", "contents": "Lack of acute effect of triiodothyronine on noradrenaline responses of isolated sympathectomized cat hearts. The effect of 3-5-3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on chronotropic and inotropic responses to noradrenaline (NA) was studied on isolated heart preparations of cats sympathectomized with 6-OH-dopamine. Heart rates, left ventricular isovolumic pressure (P) and dP/dt were recorded, and concentration dose-response curves to NA were constructed. In the test series, T3 (0.01 and 0.1 microng per ml) was added to the perfusion medium. T3 did not affect the form nor the position of these curves. The results indicate that T3 does not have an acute effect on NA responses of symtropic effects of its own in these experimental conditions.", "PMID": 577078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12423", "title": "A re-assessment of the effect of thyrotrophin (TSH) on the tibial plate bioassay for growth hormone (GH).", "content": "The claim has been made that thyrotrophin (TSH) can augment the action of growth hormone (GH) to stimulate growth of the epiphysial cartilage plate of the hypophysectomized rat's tibia. The TSH induces its effect via secretion of thyroid hormones which in turn enhance the stimulatory action of GH. If this is true then the employment of the tibia test, whose endpoint is the increase in thickness of the epiphysial cartilage plate in response to GH present either in crude pituitary extracts or relatively purified preparations, which also are likely to contain modest or appreciable quantities of TSH, requires further examination. The present study utilized various fractions of crude pituitary extracts from intact and thyroidectomized rats that respectively contained appreciable quantities of GH or essentially no GH. Fractional aliquots of pituitary extracts from thyroidectomized rats were administered concomitantly with graded doses of exogenous GH to hypophysectomized rats to determine the point at which TSH in the extracts was sufficiently able to stimulate significant tibial plate growth when compared to recipients given GH alone. Purified GH and TSH were also administered in various doses to hypophysectomized recipients in a further attempt to delineate the dose range at which TSH augments the action of GH to promote significant chondrogenesis of the epiphysial plate. The results indicate that the enhancement of the GH effect on the cartilage plate by TSH was evident only when quantities above 100 microng bovine GH were co-administered with 100 mU bovine TSH. As little as 40 mU TSH augmented the growth effect of 400 microng GH on the cartilage plate, demonstrating that smaller quantities of TSH could potentiate larger quantities of GH. These data, therefore, suggest that extracts equivalent to not more than one-half of a normal adult rat's anterior pituitary gland should be administered to hypophysectomized rats for bioassay of GH. Fractions of glands greater than this may contain sufficient amounts of TSH to augment the appreciable quantities of GH already present.", "contents": "A re-assessment of the effect of thyrotrophin (TSH) on the tibial plate bioassay for growth hormone (GH). The claim has been made that thyrotrophin (TSH) can augment the action of growth hormone (GH) to stimulate growth of the epiphysial cartilage plate of the hypophysectomized rat's tibia. The TSH induces its effect via secretion of thyroid hormones which in turn enhance the stimulatory action of GH. If this is true then the employment of the tibia test, whose endpoint is the increase in thickness of the epiphysial cartilage plate in response to GH present either in crude pituitary extracts or relatively purified preparations, which also are likely to contain modest or appreciable quantities of TSH, requires further examination. The present study utilized various fractions of crude pituitary extracts from intact and thyroidectomized rats that respectively contained appreciable quantities of GH or essentially no GH. Fractional aliquots of pituitary extracts from thyroidectomized rats were administered concomitantly with graded doses of exogenous GH to hypophysectomized rats to determine the point at which TSH in the extracts was sufficiently able to stimulate significant tibial plate growth when compared to recipients given GH alone. Purified GH and TSH were also administered in various doses to hypophysectomized recipients in a further attempt to delineate the dose range at which TSH augments the action of GH to promote significant chondrogenesis of the epiphysial plate. The results indicate that the enhancement of the GH effect on the cartilage plate by TSH was evident only when quantities above 100 microng bovine GH were co-administered with 100 mU bovine TSH. As little as 40 mU TSH augmented the growth effect of 400 microng GH on the cartilage plate, demonstrating that smaller quantities of TSH could potentiate larger quantities of GH. These data, therefore, suggest that extracts equivalent to not more than one-half of a normal adult rat's anterior pituitary gland should be administered to hypophysectomized rats for bioassay of GH. Fractions of glands greater than this may contain sufficient amounts of TSH to augment the appreciable quantities of GH already present.", "PMID": 577079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12424", "title": "A comparative study of iodine uptake by thyroid and thymus glands of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages.", "content": "The iodine concentrating ability of thyroid glands, thymus gland and skin in Sprague-Dawley rats was assessed by determining the tissue/blood radioiodide concentration ratios. Tissue/blood ratios are significantly affected by the age of the rats, however, thymus/blood radioiodide ratios never exceeded unity. The comparative uptake of 131I by thymus and thyroid tissue expressed as thymus/thyroid (%) for neonate animals was 10-16 times greater than those obtained for older rats. Moreover, the fraction of injected dose of radioiodide in thymus tissue never exceeded that of the thyroid or skin and paralleled the concentration of radio-activity in the blood. These results indicate that although neonate thymus tissue contains a significantly greater amount of radioactivity than the thymus of older rats, an active iodide concentration mechanism is not involved.", "contents": "A comparative study of iodine uptake by thyroid and thymus glands of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages. The iodine concentrating ability of thyroid glands, thymus gland and skin in Sprague-Dawley rats was assessed by determining the tissue/blood radioiodide concentration ratios. Tissue/blood ratios are significantly affected by the age of the rats, however, thymus/blood radioiodide ratios never exceeded unity. The comparative uptake of 131I by thymus and thyroid tissue expressed as thymus/thyroid (%) for neonate animals was 10-16 times greater than those obtained for older rats. Moreover, the fraction of injected dose of radioiodide in thymus tissue never exceeded that of the thyroid or skin and paralleled the concentration of radio-activity in the blood. These results indicate that although neonate thymus tissue contains a significantly greater amount of radioactivity than the thymus of older rats, an active iodide concentration mechanism is not involved.", "PMID": 577080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12425", "title": "Influence of experimental hyperthyroidism on skeletal muscle metabolism in the rat.", "content": "In this study hind-limb perfusion was used to investigate the influence of thyroid hormones on some metabolic parameters in the skeletal muscle of the rat. Daily injection of 20 microng L-thyroxine (T4) per 100 g b. w. for a week caused a 25% increase in oxygen consumption. Further enlargement of the T4 dose had little additive effect. In the dose range 20--80 microng T4/100g b.w., no important changes occurred in lactate production or glucose consumption. Only at the highest T4 dose did the glucose consumption increase significantly. The most profound effect of T4 was on lipolysis. A daily dose of 20 microng T4/100 g b. w. gave a doubling of glycerol production rate, the maximum occuring at a dose of 40 microng T4/100 g b. w. Inactivation of the nervous system was without influence on the T4-induced increase in oxygen consumption. However, the T4-induced elevation of lipolysis disappeared after abolition of the nervous activity. This raises the possibility that the T4 effect on lipolysis in skeletal muscle is a potentiation of catecholamine effects. The T4-induced oxygen consumption increase might be dependent not on the lipolytic process but rather on other energy-consuming cell processes.", "contents": "Influence of experimental hyperthyroidism on skeletal muscle metabolism in the rat. In this study hind-limb perfusion was used to investigate the influence of thyroid hormones on some metabolic parameters in the skeletal muscle of the rat. Daily injection of 20 microng L-thyroxine (T4) per 100 g b. w. for a week caused a 25% increase in oxygen consumption. Further enlargement of the T4 dose had little additive effect. In the dose range 20--80 microng T4/100g b.w., no important changes occurred in lactate production or glucose consumption. Only at the highest T4 dose did the glucose consumption increase significantly. The most profound effect of T4 was on lipolysis. A daily dose of 20 microng T4/100 g b. w. gave a doubling of glycerol production rate, the maximum occuring at a dose of 40 microng T4/100 g b. w. Inactivation of the nervous system was without influence on the T4-induced increase in oxygen consumption. However, the T4-induced elevation of lipolysis disappeared after abolition of the nervous activity. This raises the possibility that the T4 effect on lipolysis in skeletal muscle is a potentiation of catecholamine effects. The T4-induced oxygen consumption increase might be dependent not on the lipolytic process but rather on other energy-consuming cell processes.", "PMID": 577081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12426", "title": "Experimental carcinogenesis in the thyroid follicular and C cells. A comparison of the effect of variation in dietary calcium and of radiation.", "content": "It is known that tumours of several endocrine glands can be induced by a combination of a physiological stress and radiation. It was decided to assess the effect of radiation and of changes in dietary calcium on the development of thyroid tumours in the rat. Three hundred rats were given either 0, 5 or 10 micronCi of 131I in their first day of life. Each of these groups was subdivided after weaning, and maintained on a diet that was either high, normal or low in calcium. The animals were killed at intervals up to 27 months of age, and the numbers of thyroid tumours recorded. Follicular tumours were first noted at 9 months of age, and their frequency increased steadily with age. The effect of radiation was highly significant, only one tumour occurred in a non-irradiated animal. There was a small increase in frequency in follicular tumours in the high calcium diet grown as compared to the low calcium diet group. C cell tumours were first noted at 9 months of age, and their incidence again increased with age. Significantly more tumours occurred in the radiated than in the non-irradiated animals. No significant variation occurred in relation to dietary calcium. It is concluded that an increase in dietary calcium, known to be mildly goitrogenic, may also be important in the carcinogenesis of follicular but not C cell tumours, and that radiation, known to be carcinogenic for thyroid follicular cells is also carcinogenic for C cells.", "contents": "Experimental carcinogenesis in the thyroid follicular and C cells. A comparison of the effect of variation in dietary calcium and of radiation. It is known that tumours of several endocrine glands can be induced by a combination of a physiological stress and radiation. It was decided to assess the effect of radiation and of changes in dietary calcium on the development of thyroid tumours in the rat. Three hundred rats were given either 0, 5 or 10 micronCi of 131I in their first day of life. Each of these groups was subdivided after weaning, and maintained on a diet that was either high, normal or low in calcium. The animals were killed at intervals up to 27 months of age, and the numbers of thyroid tumours recorded. Follicular tumours were first noted at 9 months of age, and their frequency increased steadily with age. The effect of radiation was highly significant, only one tumour occurred in a non-irradiated animal. There was a small increase in frequency in follicular tumours in the high calcium diet grown as compared to the low calcium diet group. C cell tumours were first noted at 9 months of age, and their incidence again increased with age. Significantly more tumours occurred in the radiated than in the non-irradiated animals. No significant variation occurred in relation to dietary calcium. It is concluded that an increase in dietary calcium, known to be mildly goitrogenic, may also be important in the carcinogenesis of follicular but not C cell tumours, and that radiation, known to be carcinogenic for thyroid follicular cells is also carcinogenic for C cells.", "PMID": 577082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12427", "title": "Transplantable thyroid tumour in rats: iodoamino acid distribution in successive tumour generations.", "content": "All first generation thyroid tumours in rats, produced by 3 micronc 131I followed by LID, were uniformly functional containing MIT, DIT, T4, T3, and in some cases, T'3. All fourth generation tumours were nonfunctional as tested. Second and third generation tumours were biochemically unpredictable, some containing all IAA including T'3, others only MIT, I-and a trace DIT. Degree of dedifferentiation and of autonomy did not necessarily correlate with loss of function. Results could be explained by postulating nodules with differing biochemical properties within individual tumours.", "contents": "Transplantable thyroid tumour in rats: iodoamino acid distribution in successive tumour generations. All first generation thyroid tumours in rats, produced by 3 micronc 131I followed by LID, were uniformly functional containing MIT, DIT, T4, T3, and in some cases, T'3. All fourth generation tumours were nonfunctional as tested. Second and third generation tumours were biochemically unpredictable, some containing all IAA including T'3, others only MIT, I-and a trace DIT. Degree of dedifferentiation and of autonomy did not necessarily correlate with loss of function. Results could be explained by postulating nodules with differing biochemical properties within individual tumours.", "PMID": 577083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12428", "title": "Atmospheric pollen in the area of Athens.", "content": "In this paper the results of an investigation on the pollen grains in the atmosphere of Athens, Greece, are presented. The work was carried out between June 1973 and August 1974. A gravity sampler, of the Durham type, was placed on the roof of King Paul Athens General Hospital. Slides covered with vaseline were exposed to the air for 24 h every day during the above-mentioned period. After staining , the pollen on each slide was counted in an area of 1.375 cm2 under a light microscope. The results obtained gave an indication of the approximate pollination period for each plant taxon and also the degree of pollen concentration over a particular area in Athens. Twenty-two types of pollen were found. Those that predominated are from Olea europaea (olive tree), Pinus Urticaceae, Plantago (plantains), Chenopodium (goose-foot), Rumex (docks), Eucalyptus and two as yet non-determined types. Most of them are found in the air duing the period March-July.", "contents": "Atmospheric pollen in the area of Athens. In this paper the results of an investigation on the pollen grains in the atmosphere of Athens, Greece, are presented. The work was carried out between June 1973 and August 1974. A gravity sampler, of the Durham type, was placed on the roof of King Paul Athens General Hospital. Slides covered with vaseline were exposed to the air for 24 h every day during the above-mentioned period. After staining , the pollen on each slide was counted in an area of 1.375 cm2 under a light microscope. The results obtained gave an indication of the approximate pollination period for each plant taxon and also the degree of pollen concentration over a particular area in Athens. Twenty-two types of pollen were found. Those that predominated are from Olea europaea (olive tree), Pinus Urticaceae, Plantago (plantains), Chenopodium (goose-foot), Rumex (docks), Eucalyptus and two as yet non-determined types. Most of them are found in the air duing the period March-July.", "PMID": 577084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12429", "title": "[Spore concentration in cities of the European Economic Community. II. Spores of Cladosporium and Alternaria].", "content": "A comparative account of Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations in four cities in the European Economic Community (EEC), is given for the years 1973 and 1974. Sijilar volumetric air sampling methods were employed in each of the cities, and concentrations of 3000 Cladosporium spores and 100 Alternaria spores/m3 were taken as the threshold concentrations for clinical significance. With Cladosporium, although highest concentrations were observed in Brussels, the differences were less marked at the other stations. Highest Alternaria concentrations were reocrded in Brussels, followed by London, Leiden and Munich. During the 2 years studied, the average number of days with spore concentrations greater than the threshold value for Cladosporium were 59 in Brussels, 36 in Leiden, 38 in London and 46 in Munich and for Alternaria, 48 in Brussels, 13 in Leiden, 33 in London and 5 in Munich.", "contents": "[Spore concentration in cities of the European Economic Community. II. Spores of Cladosporium and Alternaria]. A comparative account of Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations in four cities in the European Economic Community (EEC), is given for the years 1973 and 1974. Sijilar volumetric air sampling methods were employed in each of the cities, and concentrations of 3000 Cladosporium spores and 100 Alternaria spores/m3 were taken as the threshold concentrations for clinical significance. With Cladosporium, although highest concentrations were observed in Brussels, the differences were less marked at the other stations. Highest Alternaria concentrations were reocrded in Brussels, followed by London, Leiden and Munich. During the 2 years studied, the average number of days with spore concentrations greater than the threshold value for Cladosporium were 59 in Brussels, 36 in Leiden, 38 in London and 46 in Munich and for Alternaria, 48 in Brussels, 13 in Leiden, 33 in London and 5 in Munich.", "PMID": 577085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12430", "title": "Bone-marrow eosinophilia in the mouse. I. Eosinophil leukocyte levels in untreated mice.", "content": "The number of eosinophil leukocytes in the bone marrow of untreated mice (Cpb:SE) has been shown to vary widely. A systematic investigation of this variability is reported here. The study was done a) within a group of mice, b) within groups of mice at roughly 3-month intervals, and c) within a group over a time course. The following are the most important results of this study: 1. Analysis of variance of eosinophils/1000 cells in 165 mice over a 35-day period showed that the results were consistent with the assumption that there are no changes during this interval (P is less than 0.05). 2. The number of eosinophils/1000 cells found in the various groups are not directly comparable; the mean number for the four groups investigated at intervals of about 3 months differed by a factor of up to 3. 3. On the basis of the variability found, the number of eosinophils/1000 cells in the bone marrow of a given untreated mouse in a group to be investigated cannot be reliably predicted. At a 99 per cent confidence level, the value would lie between 5 and 139.", "contents": "Bone-marrow eosinophilia in the mouse. I. Eosinophil leukocyte levels in untreated mice. The number of eosinophil leukocytes in the bone marrow of untreated mice (Cpb:SE) has been shown to vary widely. A systematic investigation of this variability is reported here. The study was done a) within a group of mice, b) within groups of mice at roughly 3-month intervals, and c) within a group over a time course. The following are the most important results of this study: 1. Analysis of variance of eosinophils/1000 cells in 165 mice over a 35-day period showed that the results were consistent with the assumption that there are no changes during this interval (P is less than 0.05). 2. The number of eosinophils/1000 cells found in the various groups are not directly comparable; the mean number for the four groups investigated at intervals of about 3 months differed by a factor of up to 3. 3. On the basis of the variability found, the number of eosinophils/1000 cells in the bone marrow of a given untreated mouse in a group to be investigated cannot be reliably predicted. At a 99 per cent confidence level, the value would lie between 5 and 139.", "PMID": 577086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12431", "title": "Bone-marrow eosinophilia in the mouse. II. Eosinophil leukocyte levels in mice injected with egg-white and Freund's adjuvant.", "content": "In this article a study on the influence on bone-marrow eosinophilia in the mouse of a single injection of various concentrations of egg-white and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, together and separately, is reported. The combination of egg-white (1 per cent) and adjuvant gave a peak value of 158.3% eosinophil leukocytes on the 14th day after the injection; separately, neither one led to divergence from the results in untreated mice. The combination gave the greatest effect at 1.0 per cent and 0.1 per cent egg-white, a moderate effect with 10 per cent and 0.01 per cent, and negligible effects with 0.001 per cent. The interpretation of the results is discussed, with special attention to the relationship with the atopy syndrome in man.", "contents": "Bone-marrow eosinophilia in the mouse. II. Eosinophil leukocyte levels in mice injected with egg-white and Freund's adjuvant. In this article a study on the influence on bone-marrow eosinophilia in the mouse of a single injection of various concentrations of egg-white and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, together and separately, is reported. The combination of egg-white (1 per cent) and adjuvant gave a peak value of 158.3% eosinophil leukocytes on the 14th day after the injection; separately, neither one led to divergence from the results in untreated mice. The combination gave the greatest effect at 1.0 per cent and 0.1 per cent egg-white, a moderate effect with 10 per cent and 0.01 per cent, and negligible effects with 0.001 per cent. The interpretation of the results is discussed, with special attention to the relationship with the atopy syndrome in man.", "PMID": 577087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12432", "title": "Atopic allergy and serum IgE in randomly selected eight-year-old children.", "content": "The incidence of atopic allergy and serum IgE levels as well as specific IgE antibodies was studied in a randomly selected sample of 164 8-year-old children who were followed-up for 2 years. The total incidence of atopic disease was 18.9 per cent. Serum IgE levels were above + 2 s.d. for the age before the onset of atopic disease in seven of 11 children who developed an atopic disease during the observation period. The direct paper disc sandwich radioimmunoassay, PRIST, equalled the Phadebas IgE test for discriminating between atopy and non-atopy, but PRIST is preferred because of its simplicity. Actual or future atopic disease disease is most probable when the serum IgE is above the + 2 s.d. limit for age. Serum IgE levels below the geometrical mean for age are rarely found in atopic disease. An IgE determination with PRIST will give more discriminative information than the family history and is recommended for routine purposes when there is a history of possible atopic allergy in a child.", "contents": "Atopic allergy and serum IgE in randomly selected eight-year-old children. The incidence of atopic allergy and serum IgE levels as well as specific IgE antibodies was studied in a randomly selected sample of 164 8-year-old children who were followed-up for 2 years. The total incidence of atopic disease was 18.9 per cent. Serum IgE levels were above + 2 s.d. for the age before the onset of atopic disease in seven of 11 children who developed an atopic disease during the observation period. The direct paper disc sandwich radioimmunoassay, PRIST, equalled the Phadebas IgE test for discriminating between atopy and non-atopy, but PRIST is preferred because of its simplicity. Actual or future atopic disease disease is most probable when the serum IgE is above the + 2 s.d. limit for age. Serum IgE levels below the geometrical mean for age are rarely found in atopic disease. An IgE determination with PRIST will give more discriminative information than the family history and is recommended for routine purposes when there is a history of possible atopic allergy in a child.", "PMID": 577088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12433", "title": "Monozygotic twins with temporal arteritis and ophthalmic arteritis.", "content": "Temporal arteritis - ophthalmic arteritis occurring in a pair of monozygotic twins, who were 72 and 77 years of age respectively at the onset of symptoms, is reported. It is pointed out that it is rare to see, as in the first case, an improvement in an already existing severely reduced vision, in relation to corticosteroid treatment. The importance of genetic factors in temporal arteritis is discussed; further it is suggested that a possible association of the disease with tissue type antigens be the object of further study.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins with temporal arteritis and ophthalmic arteritis. Temporal arteritis - ophthalmic arteritis occurring in a pair of monozygotic twins, who were 72 and 77 years of age respectively at the onset of symptoms, is reported. It is pointed out that it is rare to see, as in the first case, an improvement in an already existing severely reduced vision, in relation to corticosteroid treatment. The importance of genetic factors in temporal arteritis is discussed; further it is suggested that a possible association of the disease with tissue type antigens be the object of further study.", "PMID": 577089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12434", "title": "Optic disc drusen and tumours of the chiasmal region.", "content": "Two patients with optic disc drusen and tumour of the chiasmal region are presented. The association of optic disc drusen and intracranial space-occupying lesion is probably a chance occurrence. In spite of the recognition of the optic disc drusen, certain findings indicate further examinations. Progressive loss of central visual acuity unexplained by retinal pathology is an indication for a neurological investigation. Bitemporal and homonymous hemianopic visual field defects as well as evidence of papilloedema warrant a neurological evaluation.", "contents": "Optic disc drusen and tumours of the chiasmal region. Two patients with optic disc drusen and tumour of the chiasmal region are presented. The association of optic disc drusen and intracranial space-occupying lesion is probably a chance occurrence. In spite of the recognition of the optic disc drusen, certain findings indicate further examinations. Progressive loss of central visual acuity unexplained by retinal pathology is an indication for a neurological investigation. Bitemporal and homonymous hemianopic visual field defects as well as evidence of papilloedema warrant a neurological evaluation.", "PMID": 577090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12435", "title": "The ultrastructure of lens and iris in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.", "content": "The lens and an iris biopsy from a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis has been examined in the electron microscope. Subepithelial electron-lucent areas were demonstrated. The iris was normal. The lens changes were thought to be due to deposition of the specific cholesterol breakdown product inherent to this disease.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of lens and iris in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. The lens and an iris biopsy from a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis has been examined in the electron microscope. Subepithelial electron-lucent areas were demonstrated. The iris was normal. The lens changes were thought to be due to deposition of the specific cholesterol breakdown product inherent to this disease.", "PMID": 577091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12436", "title": "Atrophy of optic nerve fibres in compression of the chiasm. Prognostic implications.", "content": "A relationship between the degree of atrophy of retinal nerve fibres and visual field defect has been described in postoperative steady-state patients (Lundstr\u00f6m & Fris\u00e9n 1976). The same factors were studied prior to surgery in six patients with compression of the chiasm due to chromophobe adenoma. In five eyes the field defect was excessive in relation to the degree of atrophy. After surgery the visual field defects improved to a level corresponding to the degree of atrophy in these eyes. In the remaining seven eyes there was a close correspondence between the atrophy and the visual field defect already before surgery. The visual field defects remained unchanged in these eyes. Provided that atrophy does not increase after surgery, simultaneous preoperative evaluation of retinal nerve fibre atrophy and visual field defect allows an accurate prediction of prognosis for improvement.", "contents": "Atrophy of optic nerve fibres in compression of the chiasm. Prognostic implications. A relationship between the degree of atrophy of retinal nerve fibres and visual field defect has been described in postoperative steady-state patients (Lundstr\u00f6m & Fris\u00e9n 1976). The same factors were studied prior to surgery in six patients with compression of the chiasm due to chromophobe adenoma. In five eyes the field defect was excessive in relation to the degree of atrophy. After surgery the visual field defects improved to a level corresponding to the degree of atrophy in these eyes. In the remaining seven eyes there was a close correspondence between the atrophy and the visual field defect already before surgery. The visual field defects remained unchanged in these eyes. Provided that atrophy does not increase after surgery, simultaneous preoperative evaluation of retinal nerve fibre atrophy and visual field defect allows an accurate prediction of prognosis for improvement.", "PMID": 577092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12437", "title": "Atrophy of optic nerve fibres in compression of the chiasm. Observer variation in assessment of atrophy.", "content": "Different observers' assessment of atrophy according to a semi-quantitative method was analysed. Five observers scored the degree of atrophy on magnified black-and-white fundus photographs from normal controls and from patients with chiasmal lesions of different severity. Four of the five examiners achieved a reasonably uniform assessment of atrophy. The results of the test prompted some modification in the grading system.", "contents": "Atrophy of optic nerve fibres in compression of the chiasm. Observer variation in assessment of atrophy. Different observers' assessment of atrophy according to a semi-quantitative method was analysed. Five observers scored the degree of atrophy on magnified black-and-white fundus photographs from normal controls and from patients with chiasmal lesions of different severity. Four of the five examiners achieved a reasonably uniform assessment of atrophy. The results of the test prompted some modification in the grading system.", "PMID": 577093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12438", "title": "Normal values in clinical electrooculography. III. Numerical evaluation of two dimensionless EOG parameters.", "content": "The distribution of the Arden ratio (A) and another dimensionless EOG quantity (G) devised by Gliem (1971) in a sample of normal human subjects are presented. The minimum, median and maximum values for A are 148--241--449 and for G 34-88-167. A demonstrates a smaller degree of dispersion than G, the latter resembling in this respect the EOG potential parameters of the same sample. The average accumulation of errors due to inaccurate assessment of the included potential figures is almost equal in the functions of A and G. Divergencies between the figures from the present and earlier investigations are discussed together with the general advantage of dimensionless EOG parameters. It is concluded that the present investigation has not demonstrated the need to replace or supplement the Arden ratio by the Gliem quantity.", "contents": "Normal values in clinical electrooculography. III. Numerical evaluation of two dimensionless EOG parameters. The distribution of the Arden ratio (A) and another dimensionless EOG quantity (G) devised by Gliem (1971) in a sample of normal human subjects are presented. The minimum, median and maximum values for A are 148--241--449 and for G 34-88-167. A demonstrates a smaller degree of dispersion than G, the latter resembling in this respect the EOG potential parameters of the same sample. The average accumulation of errors due to inaccurate assessment of the included potential figures is almost equal in the functions of A and G. Divergencies between the figures from the present and earlier investigations are discussed together with the general advantage of dimensionless EOG parameters. It is concluded that the present investigation has not demonstrated the need to replace or supplement the Arden ratio by the Gliem quantity.", "PMID": 577094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12439", "title": "Pathogenesis of unilateral proptosis.", "content": "A series of 34 patients presenting with unilateral proptosis has been studied in order to evaluate the mechanism of proptosis. It is observed that symmetrical (axial) proptosis is usually the result of generalised increase in intraorbital contents and occurs in thyroid disease and with intracranial lesions lying remote from the orbit. Rarely, in myasthenia gravis, it may be caused by myogenic paralysis of the extraocular muscles. Asymmetrical proptosis is the result of localised increase in intraorbital contents, and this occurs with expanding lesions of the orbit and in lesions arising from neighbouring structures and enroaching the orbit.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of unilateral proptosis. A series of 34 patients presenting with unilateral proptosis has been studied in order to evaluate the mechanism of proptosis. It is observed that symmetrical (axial) proptosis is usually the result of generalised increase in intraorbital contents and occurs in thyroid disease and with intracranial lesions lying remote from the orbit. Rarely, in myasthenia gravis, it may be caused by myogenic paralysis of the extraocular muscles. Asymmetrical proptosis is the result of localised increase in intraorbital contents, and this occurs with expanding lesions of the orbit and in lesions arising from neighbouring structures and enroaching the orbit.", "PMID": 577095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12440", "title": "Incidence of uveitis in Northern Finland.", "content": "The incidence of uveitis was studied among the 613 423 inhabitants of northern Finland in the year 1969. 120 new cases of uveitis were found with a total incidence rate of 19.6 per 100 000 population. The incidence was high in the age groups 20-59 years but low in the young and in older patients. The onset of uveitis was independent of seasonal changes and the occupation of the patients. The aetiology of uveitis remained undetermined in 81% of cases. Of the 120 patients 105 had anterior, 10 posterior and 5 generalized uveitis. The high incidence of anterior uveitis was in accordance wit the high frequency of the histocompatibility antigen B27 among Finns.", "contents": "Incidence of uveitis in Northern Finland. The incidence of uveitis was studied among the 613 423 inhabitants of northern Finland in the year 1969. 120 new cases of uveitis were found with a total incidence rate of 19.6 per 100 000 population. The incidence was high in the age groups 20-59 years but low in the young and in older patients. The onset of uveitis was independent of seasonal changes and the occupation of the patients. The aetiology of uveitis remained undetermined in 81% of cases. Of the 120 patients 105 had anterior, 10 posterior and 5 generalized uveitis. The high incidence of anterior uveitis was in accordance wit the high frequency of the histocompatibility antigen B27 among Finns.", "PMID": 577096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12441", "title": "Aspects on the treatment of gliomas of the anterior visual pathway.", "content": "Partial excision of the glioma of the anterior visual pathway seemed to have no effect on the vision in 7 patients and had a negative effect in 2. These results support the opinion that no excision should be made in such tumours. However, the course of the disease in one exceptional patient raises doubts about the general validity of this rule. In this case the postulated chiasmal glioma proved to be an exophytic glioma arising in one intracranial optic nerve and compressing the other. Excision of the exophytic portion caused rapid and considerable improvement of vision in both eyes. Direct visualization by craniotomy was needed to separate this mode of growth from the common intrinsic growth of such tumours.", "contents": "Aspects on the treatment of gliomas of the anterior visual pathway. Partial excision of the glioma of the anterior visual pathway seemed to have no effect on the vision in 7 patients and had a negative effect in 2. These results support the opinion that no excision should be made in such tumours. However, the course of the disease in one exceptional patient raises doubts about the general validity of this rule. In this case the postulated chiasmal glioma proved to be an exophytic glioma arising in one intracranial optic nerve and compressing the other. Excision of the exophytic portion caused rapid and considerable improvement of vision in both eyes. Direct visualization by craniotomy was needed to separate this mode of growth from the common intrinsic growth of such tumours.", "PMID": 577098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12442", "title": "Ultrasonic findings in the vitreous body in patients with acute anterior uveitis.", "content": "The vitreous body of both the healthy and the affected eyes of 25 patients suffering from unilateral acute anterior uveitis was examined by ultrasound, and the results were compared with the optical observations made on the affected eye. In 14 eyes the optical examination of the vitreous body was impossible either due to exudation in the anterior chamber or to posterior synechias of the iris or to cataract. In 17 eyes the vitreous body was acoustically highly inhomogeneous, in three eyes slightly inhomogeneous and in five eyes no acoustic changes due to exudation were found. In cases of acute anterior uveitis, ultrasound examination often provides more information than optical examination by slit lamp. Ultrasound can also be useful in the treatment and follow-up of the disease.", "contents": "Ultrasonic findings in the vitreous body in patients with acute anterior uveitis. The vitreous body of both the healthy and the affected eyes of 25 patients suffering from unilateral acute anterior uveitis was examined by ultrasound, and the results were compared with the optical observations made on the affected eye. In 14 eyes the optical examination of the vitreous body was impossible either due to exudation in the anterior chamber or to posterior synechias of the iris or to cataract. In 17 eyes the vitreous body was acoustically highly inhomogeneous, in three eyes slightly inhomogeneous and in five eyes no acoustic changes due to exudation were found. In cases of acute anterior uveitis, ultrasound examination often provides more information than optical examination by slit lamp. Ultrasound can also be useful in the treatment and follow-up of the disease.", "PMID": 577100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12443", "title": "Rod-cone interaction: some indirect evidence.", "content": "A group of diabetic patients were found to have losses in green-blue colour discrimination and significantly early transition times in dark adaptation. Analysis showed that the green-blue losses were significantly related to early transition time. Pre-receptoral factors cannot account for these results but selective degeneration of the blue cone mechanism can. The results are in agreement with a proposal of rod-blue cone linkage after Trezona (1970).", "contents": "Rod-cone interaction: some indirect evidence. A group of diabetic patients were found to have losses in green-blue colour discrimination and significantly early transition times in dark adaptation. Analysis showed that the green-blue losses were significantly related to early transition time. Pre-receptoral factors cannot account for these results but selective degeneration of the blue cone mechanism can. The results are in agreement with a proposal of rod-blue cone linkage after Trezona (1970).", "PMID": 577101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12444", "title": "Immobilization of the eye. Evaluation of a new method in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Experiments on eye phantoms (closed chambers filled with suspensions of lipoid particles in water) have shown that saccadic rotational movements induce liquid currents flowing back and forth through a hole in a latex membrane mounted inside the chamber. It is postulated that rapid (saccadic) eye movements generate similar motions in the liquid vitreous, capable of moving a detached retina. Sixty-five non-selected eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were immobilized by traction sutures, usually for 2-3 days (range 1-5 days) prior to surgery. An almost complete \"spontaneous\" reattachment occurred in 45% of the cases, a partial reattachment (i.e. more than half of the detached area) was seen in 37%, but no reattachment took place in 18%. This rate of reattachment is higher than that obtained by bilateral eye patching and complete bed rest. Rapid (saccadic) eye movements are considered to be one crucial factor counteracting retinal reattachment. Eyes, in which preoperative reattachment is achieved, can be cured by simple surgical procedures and have a favourable prognosis.", "contents": "Immobilization of the eye. Evaluation of a new method in retinal detachment surgery. Experiments on eye phantoms (closed chambers filled with suspensions of lipoid particles in water) have shown that saccadic rotational movements induce liquid currents flowing back and forth through a hole in a latex membrane mounted inside the chamber. It is postulated that rapid (saccadic) eye movements generate similar motions in the liquid vitreous, capable of moving a detached retina. Sixty-five non-selected eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were immobilized by traction sutures, usually for 2-3 days (range 1-5 days) prior to surgery. An almost complete \"spontaneous\" reattachment occurred in 45% of the cases, a partial reattachment (i.e. more than half of the detached area) was seen in 37%, but no reattachment took place in 18%. This rate of reattachment is higher than that obtained by bilateral eye patching and complete bed rest. Rapid (saccadic) eye movements are considered to be one crucial factor counteracting retinal reattachment. Eyes, in which preoperative reattachment is achieved, can be cured by simple surgical procedures and have a favourable prognosis.", "PMID": 577102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12445", "title": "The optical function of keratoprostheses.", "content": "The optical function of acrylic cylinders used in keratoprostheses is demonstrated by using a water-filled minicamera as a model of the aphakic human eye. Lengths and diameters of the optical cylinders are important factors influencing the visual fields. The dimensions to be chosen, depends on the thickness of the cornea and the supporting tissues. The most suitable combination of visual field, magnification and diameter of the retinal image field is obtained with optical cylinders with a concave posterior surface. Using a fixed radius of curvature of the posterior surface, the radius of the anterior surfaces are calculated to make the eye emmetropic. With such a cylinder of length 4.5 mm and diameter 2.1 mm a circular visual field of 48 degrees is obtained. With cylinder length 6.0 mm the visual field is at least 35 degrees. The retinal image is about 19% larger than that of the normal phakic eye. Cylinder length exceeding 6.0 mm require a greater diameter to provide an adequate visual field. With cylinder lengths up to 6.0 mm and diameters not less than 2.1 mm, the diameter of the retinal image field is at least 12.0 mm. Accidental obliquity of the optical cylinder or off-center implantation give the possibility of undesired projection of the image field outside the macula. The obliquity or degree of off-center implantation tolerance is calculated. The retinal image may be improved by darkening the side of the cylinder.", "contents": "The optical function of keratoprostheses. The optical function of acrylic cylinders used in keratoprostheses is demonstrated by using a water-filled minicamera as a model of the aphakic human eye. Lengths and diameters of the optical cylinders are important factors influencing the visual fields. The dimensions to be chosen, depends on the thickness of the cornea and the supporting tissues. The most suitable combination of visual field, magnification and diameter of the retinal image field is obtained with optical cylinders with a concave posterior surface. Using a fixed radius of curvature of the posterior surface, the radius of the anterior surfaces are calculated to make the eye emmetropic. With such a cylinder of length 4.5 mm and diameter 2.1 mm a circular visual field of 48 degrees is obtained. With cylinder length 6.0 mm the visual field is at least 35 degrees. The retinal image is about 19% larger than that of the normal phakic eye. Cylinder length exceeding 6.0 mm require a greater diameter to provide an adequate visual field. With cylinder lengths up to 6.0 mm and diameters not less than 2.1 mm, the diameter of the retinal image field is at least 12.0 mm. Accidental obliquity of the optical cylinder or off-center implantation give the possibility of undesired projection of the image field outside the macula. The obliquity or degree of off-center implantation tolerance is calculated. The retinal image may be improved by darkening the side of the cylinder.", "PMID": 577103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12446", "title": "Selenium content of whole blood and serum in adults and children of different ages from different parts of Finland.", "content": "A low level of selenium (Se) in the blood and serum of Finns was demonstrated. Inhabitants in the central, eastern and southeastern districts of the country had particularly low levels selenium. However, the Se level of Lapps and the people of the Aland archipelago seemed to be significantly higher than the level of other Finns. In general, the Se levels in th serum were lower than the values for whole blood. Furthermore, the levels were lower in children than in adults. The significance of these findings in the pathogenesis of some human diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Selenium content of whole blood and serum in adults and children of different ages from different parts of Finland. A low level of selenium (Se) in the blood and serum of Finns was demonstrated. Inhabitants in the central, eastern and southeastern districts of the country had particularly low levels selenium. However, the Se level of Lapps and the people of the Aland archipelago seemed to be significantly higher than the level of other Finns. In general, the Se levels in th serum were lower than the values for whole blood. Furthermore, the levels were lower in children than in adults. The significance of these findings in the pathogenesis of some human diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 577106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12447", "title": "Effects on rat liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenases in vitro and in vivo by coprine, the disulfiram-like constituent of Coprinus atramentarius.", "content": "Coprine, the disulfiram-like constituent of the mushroom Coprinus atramentarius was found to inhibit the low-Km dehydrogenase in rat liver and to increase the acetaldehyde level in blood during ethanol metabolism in vivo. Coprine did not inhibit the low-Km enzyme in vitro, but the hydrolytic product of coprine, 1-aminocyclo-propanol, was a potent inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. A rapid onset of inhibition was observed after administration of coprine and the inhibition was long-lasting. It is suggested that 1-aminocyclopropanol is responsible for the inhibition caused by coprine in vivo.", "contents": "Effects on rat liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenases in vitro and in vivo by coprine, the disulfiram-like constituent of Coprinus atramentarius. Coprine, the disulfiram-like constituent of the mushroom Coprinus atramentarius was found to inhibit the low-Km dehydrogenase in rat liver and to increase the acetaldehyde level in blood during ethanol metabolism in vivo. Coprine did not inhibit the low-Km enzyme in vitro, but the hydrolytic product of coprine, 1-aminocyclo-propanol, was a potent inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. A rapid onset of inhibition was observed after administration of coprine and the inhibition was long-lasting. It is suggested that 1-aminocyclopropanol is responsible for the inhibition caused by coprine in vivo.", "PMID": 577107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12448", "title": "Pharmacology of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate, a depot neuroleptic.", "content": "The duration and intensity of the neuroleptic effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate in Viscoleo have been compared with those of cis(Z)-clopenthixol, 2 HCl in aqueous solution in a number of animal experimental models. Cis(Z)-clopenthixol, 2 HCl had a strong, but short-lasting neuroleptic effect (apomorphine antagonistic effect in dogs, inhibition of conditioned avoidance response in rats) which was accompanied by marked sedation. In contrast, cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate in oil had an effect which was slower in onset, but of much longer duration and only the highest doses caused a slight sedation. In rats catalepsy could be induced in some animals by high doses of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate whereas cis(Z)-clopenthixol, 2 HCl at all the doses tested caused catalepsy in all animals. In mice only high doses of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate in oil caused reduction of spontaneous motor activity and potentiation of barbiturate anaesthesia. The results are discussed with special reference to the clinical use of the depot preparation.", "contents": "Pharmacology of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate, a depot neuroleptic. The duration and intensity of the neuroleptic effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate in Viscoleo have been compared with those of cis(Z)-clopenthixol, 2 HCl in aqueous solution in a number of animal experimental models. Cis(Z)-clopenthixol, 2 HCl had a strong, but short-lasting neuroleptic effect (apomorphine antagonistic effect in dogs, inhibition of conditioned avoidance response in rats) which was accompanied by marked sedation. In contrast, cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate in oil had an effect which was slower in onset, but of much longer duration and only the highest doses caused a slight sedation. In rats catalepsy could be induced in some animals by high doses of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate whereas cis(Z)-clopenthixol, 2 HCl at all the doses tested caused catalepsy in all animals. In mice only high doses of cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate in oil caused reduction of spontaneous motor activity and potentiation of barbiturate anaesthesia. The results are discussed with special reference to the clinical use of the depot preparation.", "PMID": 577108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12449", "title": "The renal handling of lithium: relation between lithium clearance, sodium clearance and urine flow in rats with diabetes insipidus.", "content": "In order to study the renal handling of lithium, I examined the relation between the lithium clearance and the urine flow in rats which had hereditary lack of vasopressin production and which had been given a test dose of lithium. The two variables were altered by varying the sodium intake. Rats with a low, medium and high sodium intake had a mean lithium clearance of 0.04, 0.22, and 0.40 ml/min./100 g body weight, respectively. When the sodium intake was increased from a medium to a high level, the lithium clearance and the urine flow rose in proportion to each other (r=0.90). When the sodium intake was decreased from a medium to a low level, the lithium clearance fell relatively more than the urine flow so that the proportion between the two was changed. The experiments show that when vasopressin-induced alterations of the urine flow are excluded and when the sodium intake is not extremely low, proportionality may occur between the lithium clearance and the urine flow. This suggests that the lithium clearance varies in proportion to and is determined by the delivery of sodium from the proximal tubules.", "contents": "The renal handling of lithium: relation between lithium clearance, sodium clearance and urine flow in rats with diabetes insipidus. In order to study the renal handling of lithium, I examined the relation between the lithium clearance and the urine flow in rats which had hereditary lack of vasopressin production and which had been given a test dose of lithium. The two variables were altered by varying the sodium intake. Rats with a low, medium and high sodium intake had a mean lithium clearance of 0.04, 0.22, and 0.40 ml/min./100 g body weight, respectively. When the sodium intake was increased from a medium to a high level, the lithium clearance and the urine flow rose in proportion to each other (r=0.90). When the sodium intake was decreased from a medium to a low level, the lithium clearance fell relatively more than the urine flow so that the proportion between the two was changed. The experiments show that when vasopressin-induced alterations of the urine flow are excluded and when the sodium intake is not extremely low, proportionality may occur between the lithium clearance and the urine flow. This suggests that the lithium clearance varies in proportion to and is determined by the delivery of sodium from the proximal tubules.", "PMID": 577109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12450", "title": "The effect of calcium and beat interval on the contractile force and refractoriness of the isolated rat atrium in the absence and presence of nifedipine: a possible mechanism for the negative staircase phenomenon.", "content": "An increase in the calcium concentration of the Ringer solution increased the contractile force and reduced the effective refractory period of the isolated rat left atrium paced at a frequency of 60 per min. An increase in the frequency of stimulation decreased the contractile force (negative staircase) and reduced the effective refractory period; these effects being most pronounced at the highest calcium levels. A calcium-antagonistic drug, nifedipine, decreased the contractile force and the effective refractory period. The effect of an increased frequency of stimulation on the contractile force at different calcium levels in the absence and presence of nifedipine paralleled its effect on the effective refractory period. This observation suggests that both these phenomena are caused by a decreased quantity of inflowing calcium ions during the period of exciation, and thus might explain the absence of positive staircase in the rat myocardium.", "contents": "The effect of calcium and beat interval on the contractile force and refractoriness of the isolated rat atrium in the absence and presence of nifedipine: a possible mechanism for the negative staircase phenomenon. An increase in the calcium concentration of the Ringer solution increased the contractile force and reduced the effective refractory period of the isolated rat left atrium paced at a frequency of 60 per min. An increase in the frequency of stimulation decreased the contractile force (negative staircase) and reduced the effective refractory period; these effects being most pronounced at the highest calcium levels. A calcium-antagonistic drug, nifedipine, decreased the contractile force and the effective refractory period. The effect of an increased frequency of stimulation on the contractile force at different calcium levels in the absence and presence of nifedipine paralleled its effect on the effective refractory period. This observation suggests that both these phenomena are caused by a decreased quantity of inflowing calcium ions during the period of exciation, and thus might explain the absence of positive staircase in the rat myocardium.", "PMID": 577110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12451", "title": "The effect of intracisternally injected ouabain on perilymph electrolyte concentrations.", "content": "A means for altering the ionic composition of perilymph utilizing the cochlear aqueduct and cerebrospinal fluid in chinchillas is introduced. A decrease in sodium and an increase in potassium concentration in perilymph was observed after ouabain was injected into cerebrospinal fluid. The time course of changes in the perilymph paralleled the CSF change but with a time lag which had not reached equilibrium within 60 minutes.", "contents": "The effect of intracisternally injected ouabain on perilymph electrolyte concentrations. A means for altering the ionic composition of perilymph utilizing the cochlear aqueduct and cerebrospinal fluid in chinchillas is introduced. A decrease in sodium and an increase in potassium concentration in perilymph was observed after ouabain was injected into cerebrospinal fluid. The time course of changes in the perilymph paralleled the CSF change but with a time lag which had not reached equilibrium within 60 minutes.", "PMID": 577105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12452", "title": "Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of 3-methylxanthine, a metabolite of theophylline.", "content": "The effects of 3-methylxanthine (3-MX), a major metabolite of theophylline in man, were studied and compared with those of theophylline in isolated preparations of human and guinea-pig airways, isolated guinea-pig hearts, and in anaesthetized cats. 3-MX was pharmacologically active, producing effects similar to those of theophylline. The guinea-pig and human airways preparations were relaxed; the rate and force of contraction of guinea-pig hearts were increased. In anaesthetized cats, 3-MX decreased the respiratory overflow and arterial blood pressure, and increased the heart rate. Theophylline was always more potent (between 1 and 5 times) than 3-MX. It is suggested that 3-MX may contribute to the effects of theophylline during long-term treatment.", "contents": "Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of 3-methylxanthine, a metabolite of theophylline. The effects of 3-methylxanthine (3-MX), a major metabolite of theophylline in man, were studied and compared with those of theophylline in isolated preparations of human and guinea-pig airways, isolated guinea-pig hearts, and in anaesthetized cats. 3-MX was pharmacologically active, producing effects similar to those of theophylline. The guinea-pig and human airways preparations were relaxed; the rate and force of contraction of guinea-pig hearts were increased. In anaesthetized cats, 3-MX decreased the respiratory overflow and arterial blood pressure, and increased the heart rate. Theophylline was always more potent (between 1 and 5 times) than 3-MX. It is suggested that 3-MX may contribute to the effects of theophylline during long-term treatment.", "PMID": 577111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12453", "title": "Phlebography, urography and lymphography in the diagnosis of metastases from testicular tumors.", "content": "The value of lymphography from the foot, urography and phlebography of the inferior vena cava and the left renal and testicular veins in the search for retroperitoneal metastases was investigated in 120 patients with testicular tumors. Phlebography of the left renal and testicular veins was a valuable supplement to the other examinations, so that the combined use of all these methods is recommended in demonstrating metastases and in evaluating the extent of growth and effect of treatment.", "contents": "Phlebography, urography and lymphography in the diagnosis of metastases from testicular tumors. The value of lymphography from the foot, urography and phlebography of the inferior vena cava and the left renal and testicular veins in the search for retroperitoneal metastases was investigated in 120 patients with testicular tumors. Phlebography of the left renal and testicular veins was a valuable supplement to the other examinations, so that the combined use of all these methods is recommended in demonstrating metastases and in evaluating the extent of growth and effect of treatment.", "PMID": 577113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12454", "title": "Milk and lactose-hydrolyzed milk.", "content": "Seven females 18 to 26 years old (mean 23 years) who were lactose malabsorbers as determined by a lactose tolerance test were given two different test meals: 5 ml/kg body weight reconstituted nonfat dry milk and 5 ml/kg body weight reconsituted nonfat dry milk in which 92% of the lactose had been hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose. Lactose malabsorption was determined by the breath H2 test. Tests were done in duplicate for a total of 28 tests. Whether a 3-hr test period of a 5-hr test period was used, the average breath H2 response after the lactose-hydrolyzed nonfat dry milk test meals was significantly lower (P less than 0.002) than the average breath H2 response after the nonfat dry milk test meals. There were significant differences among individual responses (P lless than 0.06 for the 3-hr test period and P less than 0.09 for the 5-hr test period), and no significant differences between duplicate test days.", "contents": "Milk and lactose-hydrolyzed milk. Seven females 18 to 26 years old (mean 23 years) who were lactose malabsorbers as determined by a lactose tolerance test were given two different test meals: 5 ml/kg body weight reconstituted nonfat dry milk and 5 ml/kg body weight reconsituted nonfat dry milk in which 92% of the lactose had been hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose. Lactose malabsorption was determined by the breath H2 test. Tests were done in duplicate for a total of 28 tests. Whether a 3-hr test period of a 5-hr test period was used, the average breath H2 response after the lactose-hydrolyzed nonfat dry milk test meals was significantly lower (P less than 0.002) than the average breath H2 response after the nonfat dry milk test meals. There were significant differences among individual responses (P lless than 0.06 for the 3-hr test period and P less than 0.09 for the 5-hr test period), and no significant differences between duplicate test days.", "PMID": 577114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12455", "title": "Endoaneurysmorrhaphy for visceral artery aneurysms.", "content": "The clinical histories and surgical management of two patients with mycotic aneurysms involving the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries are presented. Endoaneurysmorrhaphy was used to successfully manage these patients. This technic permits the preservation of maximum blood flow to the abdominal viscera. The clinical features and surgical technic are discussed.", "contents": "Endoaneurysmorrhaphy for visceral artery aneurysms. The clinical histories and surgical management of two patients with mycotic aneurysms involving the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries are presented. Endoaneurysmorrhaphy was used to successfully manage these patients. This technic permits the preservation of maximum blood flow to the abdominal viscera. The clinical features and surgical technic are discussed.", "PMID": 577115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12456", "title": "Phenylketonuria masked by low protein feeds.", "content": "Two patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) requiring treatment were fed on low protein milks. Both had blood phenylalanine levels below 1200 micronmol/l (20mg/100 ml) until given a phenylalanine challenge. Phenylalanine content of mature breast milk may provide intakes similar to those used in treating PKU. Diagnosis of PKU is unlikely to be missed if screening is carried out on the sixth or seventh day of life because of higher phenylalanine in breast milk during the first week. Interpretation of screening tests requires knowledge of the infants' feeds and a blood phenylalanine above 360 micronmol/l (6 mg/100 ml) in the absence of tyrosinaemia requires careful investigation.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria masked by low protein feeds. Two patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) requiring treatment were fed on low protein milks. Both had blood phenylalanine levels below 1200 micronmol/l (20mg/100 ml) until given a phenylalanine challenge. Phenylalanine content of mature breast milk may provide intakes similar to those used in treating PKU. Diagnosis of PKU is unlikely to be missed if screening is carried out on the sixth or seventh day of life because of higher phenylalanine in breast milk during the first week. Interpretation of screening tests requires knowledge of the infants' feeds and a blood phenylalanine above 360 micronmol/l (6 mg/100 ml) in the absence of tyrosinaemia requires careful investigation.", "PMID": 577124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12457", "title": "[Light and electronmicroscopic examinations on granulosa and theca of preovulatory and freshly ruptured follicles of human ovaries (author's transl)].", "content": "In a first paper, the structural and functional relationship of granulosa and theca of follicles during early development stages was reported. On the special question of whether and from which moment these two tissue formations are involved in the steroidbiosynthesis, our electronmicroscopic examinations have given a further insight to this. Neither the granulosa nor the theca folliculi of primordial, primary and secondary follicles show definite morphologic submicroscopic criteria of the steriodbiosynthesis. In the resting tertiary follicle, the electronmicroscopy defines the theca cells as steroidbiosynthetic active cells, whereas the granulosa cells of this stages of follicle demonstrate the morphologic characteristics of protein-synthetic active cells. Our, under physiological conditions, systematically conducted light and electronmicroscopic studies of preovulatory and freshly ruptured follicles showed remarkable structural changes in the granulosa, as well as in the theca folliculi. For the follicle granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicle, the studies could demonstrate a structural transformation process of proteinsynthetic active to steroidbiosynthetic active cells. This transformation process can be seen in the nucleus. Especially recognizable is the continuous change from rough to smooth endoplasmatic reticulum in the cytoplasm of most of the follicle granulosa cells, which apart from that, often displayed whorle-like formations. Furthermore, we noticed striking changes of the paraplasmatic structures, especially of the fat, present in various stages in the cytoplasm of the follicle granulosa cells. We also noticed large mitochondria, which showed a lot of vesicular cristae. Numerous existing Golgi-fields contained many little homogenous fat-like droplets, which were surrounded by a thin osmiophilic membrane. This recognizable transformation process of the proteinsynthetic active granulosa cells to the steroid cells is quite completed in freshly ruptured follicles, according to our examinations. Although the theca cells have already been defined submicroscopically in the resting tertiary follicle as steroidbiosynthetic active cells, we see in this cellgroup in the preovulatory, as well as in the freshly ruptured follicle a remarkable conspicuous size-increase of the mitochondria. Apart from that, there are wide areas which are solely occupied by smooth endoplasmatic reticulum, whereas other structures, for example fat, are scarely seen. As our examinations have shown, there is a close relationship between the transformation process in the granulosa and the theca of preovulatory follicles and the theca of preovulatory follicles that, the increasing concentration of progesteron in serum, which begins prior to the ovulation can be regarded as a product of the follicle granulosa cells being transformed to steroid cells.", "contents": "[Light and electronmicroscopic examinations on granulosa and theca of preovulatory and freshly ruptured follicles of human ovaries (author's transl)]. In a first paper, the structural and functional relationship of granulosa and theca of follicles during early development stages was reported. On the special question of whether and from which moment these two tissue formations are involved in the steroidbiosynthesis, our electronmicroscopic examinations have given a further insight to this. Neither the granulosa nor the theca folliculi of primordial, primary and secondary follicles show definite morphologic submicroscopic criteria of the steriodbiosynthesis. In the resting tertiary follicle, the electronmicroscopy defines the theca cells as steroidbiosynthetic active cells, whereas the granulosa cells of this stages of follicle demonstrate the morphologic characteristics of protein-synthetic active cells. Our, under physiological conditions, systematically conducted light and electronmicroscopic studies of preovulatory and freshly ruptured follicles showed remarkable structural changes in the granulosa, as well as in the theca folliculi. For the follicle granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicle, the studies could demonstrate a structural transformation process of proteinsynthetic active to steroidbiosynthetic active cells. This transformation process can be seen in the nucleus. Especially recognizable is the continuous change from rough to smooth endoplasmatic reticulum in the cytoplasm of most of the follicle granulosa cells, which apart from that, often displayed whorle-like formations. Furthermore, we noticed striking changes of the paraplasmatic structures, especially of the fat, present in various stages in the cytoplasm of the follicle granulosa cells. We also noticed large mitochondria, which showed a lot of vesicular cristae. Numerous existing Golgi-fields contained many little homogenous fat-like droplets, which were surrounded by a thin osmiophilic membrane. This recognizable transformation process of the proteinsynthetic active granulosa cells to the steroid cells is quite completed in freshly ruptured follicles, according to our examinations. Although the theca cells have already been defined submicroscopically in the resting tertiary follicle as steroidbiosynthetic active cells, we see in this cellgroup in the preovulatory, as well as in the freshly ruptured follicle a remarkable conspicuous size-increase of the mitochondria. Apart from that, there are wide areas which are solely occupied by smooth endoplasmatic reticulum, whereas other structures, for example fat, are scarely seen. As our examinations have shown, there is a close relationship between the transformation process in the granulosa and the theca of preovulatory follicles and the theca of preovulatory follicles that, the increasing concentration of progesteron in serum, which begins prior to the ovulation can be regarded as a product of the follicle granulosa cells being transformed to steroid cells.", "PMID": 577125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12458", "title": "[Quantitative investigation of embryonal motor activity by ultrasonic time-motion technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Using ultrasonic A and B-mode equipment (Kreta-Technik, gray-scale) 80 time-position scans of active embryonal movements were recorded in 60 pregnancies between 8 and 14 weeks of amenorrhea. The quantitative analysis of the echograms comprised 14 parameters of embryonal motility. The extent and the velocity of body excursions within the amniotic cavity increased significantly with gestational age. Determinations of embryonal size by measurement of the thoracic diameter made possible an evaluation of energetic development in early pregnancy.", "contents": "[Quantitative investigation of embryonal motor activity by ultrasonic time-motion technique (author's transl)]. Using ultrasonic A and B-mode equipment (Kreta-Technik, gray-scale) 80 time-position scans of active embryonal movements were recorded in 60 pregnancies between 8 and 14 weeks of amenorrhea. The quantitative analysis of the echograms comprised 14 parameters of embryonal motility. The extent and the velocity of body excursions within the amniotic cavity increased significantly with gestational age. Determinations of embryonal size by measurement of the thoracic diameter made possible an evaluation of energetic development in early pregnancy.", "PMID": 577126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12459", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin f2alpha on endocrine parameters in early pregnancy.", "content": "The luteolytic effect of prostaglandin f2alpha (PGF2alpha) has been well documented in a variety of primates. This property has not been proven in early human pregnancy. A study of the luteolytic activity of extraamnial administration of 5 mg PGF2alpha was carried out on 7 healthy women who were less than 6 weeks pregnant and on 4 women who were more than 9 weeks pregnant. Serum levels of 17beta-estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) were measured by radioimmunoassay before, during and after the administration of PGF2alpha. Abortion was successfully induced in all the patients with early pregnancies, but in the control group of more mature pregnancies only one of the four women aborted. In the older pregnancies, the administration of 5 mg PGF2alpha caused no significant alteration in the serum levels of the measured hormones. In the younger pregnancies the serum concentration of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone decreased within hours after PGF2alpha administration. Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations remained unchanged at a high level and declined significantly later in a manner similar to HCG. This discrepancy in the decline of 17-hydroxyprogesterone as opposed to progesterone and 17beta-estradiol may be explained by two mechanisms, the one mechanical, and the other secondary luteolytic. The marked increase of intrauterine pressure occurring within minutes after PGF2alpha instillation damages the fetoplacental unit. This leads to a decrease in the placental steroido-genesis and HCG production necessary for the maintenance of the corpus luteum.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin f2alpha on endocrine parameters in early pregnancy. The luteolytic effect of prostaglandin f2alpha (PGF2alpha) has been well documented in a variety of primates. This property has not been proven in early human pregnancy. A study of the luteolytic activity of extraamnial administration of 5 mg PGF2alpha was carried out on 7 healthy women who were less than 6 weeks pregnant and on 4 women who were more than 9 weeks pregnant. Serum levels of 17beta-estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) were measured by radioimmunoassay before, during and after the administration of PGF2alpha. Abortion was successfully induced in all the patients with early pregnancies, but in the control group of more mature pregnancies only one of the four women aborted. In the older pregnancies, the administration of 5 mg PGF2alpha caused no significant alteration in the serum levels of the measured hormones. In the younger pregnancies the serum concentration of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone decreased within hours after PGF2alpha administration. Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations remained unchanged at a high level and declined significantly later in a manner similar to HCG. This discrepancy in the decline of 17-hydroxyprogesterone as opposed to progesterone and 17beta-estradiol may be explained by two mechanisms, the one mechanical, and the other secondary luteolytic. The marked increase of intrauterine pressure occurring within minutes after PGF2alpha instillation damages the fetoplacental unit. This leads to a decrease in the placental steroido-genesis and HCG production necessary for the maintenance of the corpus luteum.", "PMID": 577127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12460", "title": "[Can the search for early stages of cancer of the cervix uteri be improved? An empirical and theoretical study from sociology in medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a standardised questionnaire, 7356 women, patients at the Erlanger Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik, were interviewed. Women with cervical cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix were compared with the remaining patients. Social factors are described which are more frequent with women with cervical cancer than with other women. The more such individual factors are added together, the greater the risk of developing a cervical cancer. Further, social factors are investigated which prevent women from going to prophylactic examinations. The more such factors are encountered, the greater the probability that a woman will not go to prophylactic examinations. Both results were to be expected from common-sense, but until now confirmation by empirical investigation was lacking. The greater the risk of getting cervical cancer, the greater the probability that screening will be avoided. This result show that cervical cancer is to be expected in the greater proportion of about 70% of women over the age of 30 who do not go for prophylactic examination, compared with the 30% who undergo prophylactic examination anually.", "contents": "[Can the search for early stages of cancer of the cervix uteri be improved? An empirical and theoretical study from sociology in medicine (author's transl)]. Using a standardised questionnaire, 7356 women, patients at the Erlanger Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik, were interviewed. Women with cervical cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix were compared with the remaining patients. Social factors are described which are more frequent with women with cervical cancer than with other women. The more such individual factors are added together, the greater the risk of developing a cervical cancer. Further, social factors are investigated which prevent women from going to prophylactic examinations. The more such factors are encountered, the greater the probability that a woman will not go to prophylactic examinations. Both results were to be expected from common-sense, but until now confirmation by empirical investigation was lacking. The greater the risk of getting cervical cancer, the greater the probability that screening will be avoided. This result show that cervical cancer is to be expected in the greater proportion of about 70% of women over the age of 30 who do not go for prophylactic examination, compared with the 30% who undergo prophylactic examination anually.", "PMID": 577128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12461", "title": "Morphologic association of lymphocytes with hepatocytes in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The interrelationship between lymphocytes and hepatocytes was examined by light and electron microscopy, using epoxy-resin embedded thick and thin sections of biopsy liver tissues from patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) and chronic active liver disease (CALD). Close apposition of lymphocytes with hepatocytes was classified according to morphologic features produced by surface contact, invagination, direct penetration, and aggregation. Lymphocytes in biopsy specimens from patients with CALD showed these morphologic patterns much more frequently than in those from patients with CPH. These small, infiltrating lymphocytes established intimate contact with hepatocytes through their multiple-surface projections. Hepatocyte degeneration appeared to occur in association with the structural contact. The morphologic association of lymphocytes with hepatocytes in CALD is consistent with the participation of cell-mediated immune processes.", "contents": "Morphologic association of lymphocytes with hepatocytes in chronic liver disease. The interrelationship between lymphocytes and hepatocytes was examined by light and electron microscopy, using epoxy-resin embedded thick and thin sections of biopsy liver tissues from patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) and chronic active liver disease (CALD). Close apposition of lymphocytes with hepatocytes was classified according to morphologic features produced by surface contact, invagination, direct penetration, and aggregation. Lymphocytes in biopsy specimens from patients with CALD showed these morphologic patterns much more frequently than in those from patients with CPH. These small, infiltrating lymphocytes established intimate contact with hepatocytes through their multiple-surface projections. Hepatocyte degeneration appeared to occur in association with the structural contact. The morphologic association of lymphocytes with hepatocytes in CALD is consistent with the participation of cell-mediated immune processes.", "PMID": 577130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12462", "title": "Unusual gonadal stromal tumor of the testis. Case report with ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Ultrastructual observations on an unusual gonadal stromal tumor of the testis in a 4-year-old boy with gynecomastia revealed that the tumor cells lacked the abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum usually found in neoplastic and nonneoplastic Sertoli and Leydig cells. The cells were rich in cytoplasmic microfilaments, with localized dense areas of the type seen in smooth muscle cells as well as intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. It  is concluded that the tumor cells show important similarities to the immature fusiform interstitial cells and the peritubular contractile cells present in the normal testis.", "contents": "Unusual gonadal stromal tumor of the testis. Case report with ultrastructural observations. Ultrastructual observations on an unusual gonadal stromal tumor of the testis in a 4-year-old boy with gynecomastia revealed that the tumor cells lacked the abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum usually found in neoplastic and nonneoplastic Sertoli and Leydig cells. The cells were rich in cytoplasmic microfilaments, with localized dense areas of the type seen in smooth muscle cells as well as intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. It  is concluded that the tumor cells show important similarities to the immature fusiform interstitial cells and the peritubular contractile cells present in the normal testis.", "PMID": 577131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12463", "title": "Sclerosing lipogranuloma of male genitalia. Review of 23 cases.", "content": "In 1950 the term \"sclerosing lipogranuloma\" was introduced to designate a praticular subcutaneous granulomatous reaction that was believed to be a \"local reactive process following injury to adipose tissue.\" Subsequent reports have shown that exogenous lipid injections probably are responsible for this lesion. We have studied 23 cases involving penis, scrotum, spermatic cord, and perineum, nine of which had been previously reported. We have been able to identify paraffin hydrocarbons by means of infrared-absorption spectrophotometry in 21 of these cases. We belive this entity should be redefined as a \"local reactive process following injection of exogenous lipids into the subcutaneous tissues.\" In conventional microscopical sections, the lesion must be differentiated from adenomatoid tumor, sclerosing liposarcoma, and lymphangioma.", "contents": "Sclerosing lipogranuloma of male genitalia. Review of 23 cases. In 1950 the term \"sclerosing lipogranuloma\" was introduced to designate a praticular subcutaneous granulomatous reaction that was believed to be a \"local reactive process following injury to adipose tissue.\" Subsequent reports have shown that exogenous lipid injections probably are responsible for this lesion. We have studied 23 cases involving penis, scrotum, spermatic cord, and perineum, nine of which had been previously reported. We have been able to identify paraffin hydrocarbons by means of infrared-absorption spectrophotometry in 21 of these cases. We belive this entity should be redefined as a \"local reactive process following injection of exogenous lipids into the subcutaneous tissues.\" In conventional microscopical sections, the lesion must be differentiated from adenomatoid tumor, sclerosing liposarcoma, and lymphangioma.", "PMID": 577132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12464", "title": "[Clinical and radiological results after cruciate ligament repairs using the meniscus (author's transl)].", "content": "The postoperative clinical course and late x-ray results after plastic reconstruction of the cruciate ligament with a meniscus. Presented here are the postoperative results after plastic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with the medial meniscus. The periods of observation cover up to 29 years. 14 patients were personally re-examined, 3 were accounted for after answering a questionnaire. Only 2 cases showed severe instability and 13 cases gonarthrosis of varying degree. 13 cases were satisfied with the results of the operation. 16 patients were able to maintain their occupations, 5 changed their professions. The majority of patients is involved in athletic activity of wide variety, 6 participate in competitive sports.", "contents": "[Clinical and radiological results after cruciate ligament repairs using the meniscus (author's transl)]. The postoperative clinical course and late x-ray results after plastic reconstruction of the cruciate ligament with a meniscus. Presented here are the postoperative results after plastic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with the medial meniscus. The periods of observation cover up to 29 years. 14 patients were personally re-examined, 3 were accounted for after answering a questionnaire. Only 2 cases showed severe instability and 13 cases gonarthrosis of varying degree. 13 cases were satisfied with the results of the operation. 16 patients were able to maintain their occupations, 5 changed their professions. The majority of patients is involved in athletic activity of wide variety, 6 participate in competitive sports.", "PMID": 577134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12465", "title": "Normal values of the ipsilateral acoustic stapedius reflex threshold.", "content": "It is frequently taken for granted that the acoustically evoked stapedius reflex is bilaterally symmetrical. Contrary to this, M\u00f8ller described an asymmetry of the acoustic stapedius reflex with an ipsilaterally 2--14 dB lower threshold. The determination of normal values of the ipsilateral acoustic stapedius reflex threshold with a large number of patients is difficult as the intensity of the stimulus depends considerably on the position of the probe in the acoustic meatus and is therefore not defined with sufficient accuracy. For this reason we determined the values of the ipsilateral threshold by applying a stimulus sound of high intensity to the deaf ear of unilaterally completely deaf patients with a normal headphone, which can be calibrated much more accurately. After subtraction of the individual cross hearing loss, the exact ipsilateral intensity was obtained. By this method a stapedius reflex could be evoked with 49 of the 62 patients. By mathematical consideration of the data of the positive cases, as well as the maximum available intensities with the negative cases, determination of the median value of the ipsilateral threshold was possible: at 0.5 kHz 59 dB; at 1kHz 62.5 dB; at 2 kHz 67 dB; at 4 kHz approx. 67 dB. The difference between ipsilateral and contralateral stapedius reflex threshold was in the range of 15 dB. A new definition of the normal value for the ipsilateral measured Metz recruitment appears necessary.", "contents": "Normal values of the ipsilateral acoustic stapedius reflex threshold. It is frequently taken for granted that the acoustically evoked stapedius reflex is bilaterally symmetrical. Contrary to this, M\u00f8ller described an asymmetry of the acoustic stapedius reflex with an ipsilaterally 2--14 dB lower threshold. The determination of normal values of the ipsilateral acoustic stapedius reflex threshold with a large number of patients is difficult as the intensity of the stimulus depends considerably on the position of the probe in the acoustic meatus and is therefore not defined with sufficient accuracy. For this reason we determined the values of the ipsilateral threshold by applying a stimulus sound of high intensity to the deaf ear of unilaterally completely deaf patients with a normal headphone, which can be calibrated much more accurately. After subtraction of the individual cross hearing loss, the exact ipsilateral intensity was obtained. By this method a stapedius reflex could be evoked with 49 of the 62 patients. By mathematical consideration of the data of the positive cases, as well as the maximum available intensities with the negative cases, determination of the median value of the ipsilateral threshold was possible: at 0.5 kHz 59 dB; at 1kHz 62.5 dB; at 2 kHz 67 dB; at 4 kHz approx. 67 dB. The difference between ipsilateral and contralateral stapedius reflex threshold was in the range of 15 dB. A new definition of the normal value for the ipsilateral measured Metz recruitment appears necessary.", "PMID": 577136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12466", "title": "Microridge cells in the larynx of the male white rat. Investigations by reflection scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The laryngeal epithelium of male white rats is studied by reflection scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to ciliated cells, microvilli cells, brush cells and goblet cells that are characteristic for normal respiratory epithelium the microridge or labyrinth cell can be seen in particular regions of the larynx. The apical surface of a typical labyrinth cell is characterized by a system of narrow standing microridges of about 0.05--0.15 micronm in diameter and interconnecting microridges with a diameter of about 0.01 micronm. The microridge system of a labyrinth cell originates from the fusion densely standing microvilli. Between microridge cells and microvilli cells all transition forms can be observed. The preferable localiziation of the microridge cell in the larynx and its possible function is discussed.", "contents": "Microridge cells in the larynx of the male white rat. Investigations by reflection scanning electron microscopy. The laryngeal epithelium of male white rats is studied by reflection scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to ciliated cells, microvilli cells, brush cells and goblet cells that are characteristic for normal respiratory epithelium the microridge or labyrinth cell can be seen in particular regions of the larynx. The apical surface of a typical labyrinth cell is characterized by a system of narrow standing microridges of about 0.05--0.15 micronm in diameter and interconnecting microridges with a diameter of about 0.01 micronm. The microridge system of a labyrinth cell originates from the fusion densely standing microvilli. Between microridge cells and microvilli cells all transition forms can be observed. The preferable localiziation of the microridge cell in the larynx and its possible function is discussed.", "PMID": 577135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12467", "title": "Scanning ultrastructure of the stria vascularis.", "content": "In the eleven years since the introduction of the first commercially available scanning electron microscope, a number of otologic studies have made use of this new technique. However, the literature contains only one report of scanning ultrastructure of the endolymphatic surface of the stria vascularis. We have studied the stria vascularis with a technique allowing examination of the mid-modiolar cut surface as well as the endolymphatic surface.", "contents": "Scanning ultrastructure of the stria vascularis. In the eleven years since the introduction of the first commercially available scanning electron microscope, a number of otologic studies have made use of this new technique. However, the literature contains only one report of scanning ultrastructure of the endolymphatic surface of the stria vascularis. We have studied the stria vascularis with a technique allowing examination of the mid-modiolar cut surface as well as the endolymphatic surface.", "PMID": 577137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12468", "title": "The morphology of the vestibular nerve in a patient with normal vestibular function and in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "The morphology of the vestibular nerve was studied in three fresh nerve specimens obtained by surgery from two patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease and one patient with tinnitus after an attack of sudden deafness. The number of nerve fibres appeared light microscopically normal. The vestibular ganglion cells of the M\u00e9ni\u00e8re-specimens showed, as a characteristic finding advanced vesiculation of the cytoplasm. This change was confirmed by electron microscopy and the vacuoles appeared to consist of widened endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Numerous primary lysosomes and lipofuscin granules were observed in all vestibular ganglion cells but their number appeared increased in the specimens from M\u00e9ni\u00e8re-patients. Some of the vestibular ganglion cells of these patients showed a filamentous appearance and the number of glycogen granules seemed reduced in all of them. All vestibular ganglion cells observed were unmyelinated. The degenerative changes observed might explain the typical elevation of the threshold for vestibular stimulation in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "contents": "The morphology of the vestibular nerve in a patient with normal vestibular function and in patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The morphology of the vestibular nerve was studied in three fresh nerve specimens obtained by surgery from two patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease and one patient with tinnitus after an attack of sudden deafness. The number of nerve fibres appeared light microscopically normal. The vestibular ganglion cells of the M\u00e9ni\u00e8re-specimens showed, as a characteristic finding advanced vesiculation of the cytoplasm. This change was confirmed by electron microscopy and the vacuoles appeared to consist of widened endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Numerous primary lysosomes and lipofuscin granules were observed in all vestibular ganglion cells but their number appeared increased in the specimens from M\u00e9ni\u00e8re-patients. Some of the vestibular ganglion cells of these patients showed a filamentous appearance and the number of glycogen granules seemed reduced in all of them. All vestibular ganglion cells observed were unmyelinated. The degenerative changes observed might explain the typical elevation of the threshold for vestibular stimulation in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "PMID": 577138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12469", "title": "[A case of primary lymphosarcoma of the parotid gland].", "content": "A rare case of primitive parotid gland lymphosarcoma is described. The possibility of the occurrence of these rare neoplasias in the parotid region is discussed from the embryological and anatomical standpoints.", "contents": "[A case of primary lymphosarcoma of the parotid gland]. A rare case of primitive parotid gland lymphosarcoma is described. The possibility of the occurrence of these rare neoplasias in the parotid region is discussed from the embryological and anatomical standpoints.", "PMID": 577133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12470", "title": "Histopathological research on eardrum perforations.", "content": "Basic information on the healing process of tympanic membrane perforations is scarce and sometimes contradictory. So the histological and histopathological course of the closure of tympanic membrane perforations was studied in experiments on mice and hamsters. From this investigations it seems evident that traumatic tympanic membrane perforations close nearly always spontaneously in animals. This fact must be kept in mind in the evaluation of techniques and results of tympanoplasties in animal experiments. Furthermore the squamous epithelium of the eardrum plays an important role in the regeneration of tympanic perforations. The closure of the connective tissue defect has always a tendency to lay behind the healing of the epithelial layer. This mechanism differs from the normal healing process of skin wounds where the squamous epithelium migrates over a newly formed granulation tissue layer. On the basis of these findings some practical considerations can be made on tympanoplasties in human.", "contents": "Histopathological research on eardrum perforations. Basic information on the healing process of tympanic membrane perforations is scarce and sometimes contradictory. So the histological and histopathological course of the closure of tympanic membrane perforations was studied in experiments on mice and hamsters. From this investigations it seems evident that traumatic tympanic membrane perforations close nearly always spontaneously in animals. This fact must be kept in mind in the evaluation of techniques and results of tympanoplasties in animal experiments. Furthermore the squamous epithelium of the eardrum plays an important role in the regeneration of tympanic perforations. The closure of the connective tissue defect has always a tendency to lay behind the healing of the epithelial layer. This mechanism differs from the normal healing process of skin wounds where the squamous epithelium migrates over a newly formed granulation tissue layer. On the basis of these findings some practical considerations can be made on tympanoplasties in human.", "PMID": 577139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12471", "title": "Liability of ultrasound in maxillary sinus disease.", "content": "For the first time liability of of ultrasonography in diagnosing paranasal sinus disease was controlled in 256 patients with acute maxillary sinusitis as compared to irrigation findings and in 150 patients with persistent maxillary sinus disease using x-rays, sinoscopy and sinumanometry as controls. Confidence in diagnosing the presence of discharge ranges up 90%. In cases of total opacity of the sinus, ultrasonography helps differentiating mucosal swelling, tumor and discharge.", "contents": "Liability of ultrasound in maxillary sinus disease. For the first time liability of of ultrasonography in diagnosing paranasal sinus disease was controlled in 256 patients with acute maxillary sinusitis as compared to irrigation findings and in 150 patients with persistent maxillary sinus disease using x-rays, sinoscopy and sinumanometry as controls. Confidence in diagnosing the presence of discharge ranges up 90%. In cases of total opacity of the sinus, ultrasonography helps differentiating mucosal swelling, tumor and discharge.", "PMID": 577140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12472", "title": "Anti-androgen-therapy in pachydermia of the female larynx--a new therapeutic possibility.", "content": "Case-report about a 56 year old white female patient with pachydermia laryngis and hirsutism, successfully treated with cyproterone-acetate, a testosterone antagonist. The significance of androgenic hormones for the development of epithelial changes in the female larynx is emphasized. The administration of antiandrogenic substances as a new therapeutic measure is discussed.", "contents": "Anti-androgen-therapy in pachydermia of the female larynx--a new therapeutic possibility. Case-report about a 56 year old white female patient with pachydermia laryngis and hirsutism, successfully treated with cyproterone-acetate, a testosterone antagonist. The significance of androgenic hormones for the development of epithelial changes in the female larynx is emphasized. The administration of antiandrogenic substances as a new therapeutic measure is discussed.", "PMID": 577141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12473", "title": "Delayed elimination of the ototoxic compound atoxyl from the inner ear.", "content": "Whether an active accumulation of ototoxic substances or their metabolites occurs in the cochlea, or whether there exists a delayed elimination of these products from the endo-and perilymphatic fluids, following a passive equilibrium between the blood and the body tissues, is still a subject for discussion. To investigate the cochlear distribution of an ototoxic substance and its elimination rate, compared to other organs in the body, atoxyl, with known ototoxic effects (Anniko and Wers\u00e4ll, 1975a, b; Anniko, 1976a, b) was used as a test substance. The neutron activation analysis technique was used to measure the atoxyl concentration in various parts of the body (cochlea, blood, muscle, kidney and cortical femoral bone) after various lengths of time following a subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg b.w. of atoxyl. Atoxyl was retained in the cochlea for a long period and a delayed elimination occurred from the inner ear. The excretion of atoxyl was likely to appear via the kidneys.", "contents": "Delayed elimination of the ototoxic compound atoxyl from the inner ear. Whether an active accumulation of ototoxic substances or their metabolites occurs in the cochlea, or whether there exists a delayed elimination of these products from the endo-and perilymphatic fluids, following a passive equilibrium between the blood and the body tissues, is still a subject for discussion. To investigate the cochlear distribution of an ototoxic substance and its elimination rate, compared to other organs in the body, atoxyl, with known ototoxic effects (Anniko and Wers\u00e4ll, 1975a, b; Anniko, 1976a, b) was used as a test substance. The neutron activation analysis technique was used to measure the atoxyl concentration in various parts of the body (cochlea, blood, muscle, kidney and cortical femoral bone) after various lengths of time following a subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg b.w. of atoxyl. Atoxyl was retained in the cochlea for a long period and a delayed elimination occurred from the inner ear. The excretion of atoxyl was likely to appear via the kidneys.", "PMID": 577142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12474", "title": "Anomalous myelinated nerve fibers in the spiral ligament of the chinchilla cochlea.", "content": "A fascicle of myelinated nerve fibers has been found within spiral ligament tissue of the chinchilla cochlea. The presence of nerve fibers in this region of the cochlea has not been previously reported in any species and its occurrence in the chinchilla is thought to be anomalous.", "contents": "Anomalous myelinated nerve fibers in the spiral ligament of the chinchilla cochlea. A fascicle of myelinated nerve fibers has been found within spiral ligament tissue of the chinchilla cochlea. The presence of nerve fibers in this region of the cochlea has not been previously reported in any species and its occurrence in the chinchilla is thought to be anomalous.", "PMID": 577145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12475", "title": "[Studies on the detection of clonazepam and its main metabolites considering in particular thin-layer chromatography discrimination of nitrazepam and its major metabolic products (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes analytical methods concerning screening tests for clonazepam and nitrazepam and the 7-amino derivatives. Further a detailed method is reported for the separation and identificatin of the benzodiazepine pair de. The method described permits a sharp separation and the nitro compounds with TiCl3 on the plate and forming the 7-acetamido derivatives by subsequent separation in the second dimension with ethyl acetate/acetic anhydride. The method described permits a sharp separation and highly sensitive detection by diazotization and coupling with Bratton-Marshall reagent. Amounts as low as 0.02 microng per spot can be detected. Besides preparation methods are reported for 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-acetaminoclonazepam, 2-amino-2'-chloro-5-nitrobenzophenone and 2,5-diamino-2'-chlorobenzophenone. Also spectral data (UV, IR, MS) and a literature review are given.", "contents": "[Studies on the detection of clonazepam and its main metabolites considering in particular thin-layer chromatography discrimination of nitrazepam and its major metabolic products (author's transl)]. The article describes analytical methods concerning screening tests for clonazepam and nitrazepam and the 7-amino derivatives. Further a detailed method is reported for the separation and identificatin of the benzodiazepine pair de. The method described permits a sharp separation and the nitro compounds with TiCl3 on the plate and forming the 7-acetamido derivatives by subsequent separation in the second dimension with ethyl acetate/acetic anhydride. The method described permits a sharp separation and highly sensitive detection by diazotization and coupling with Bratton-Marshall reagent. Amounts as low as 0.02 microng per spot can be detected. Besides preparation methods are reported for 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-acetaminoclonazepam, 2-amino-2'-chloro-5-nitrobenzophenone and 2,5-diamino-2'-chlorobenzophenone. Also spectral data (UV, IR, MS) and a literature review are given.", "PMID": 577149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12476", "title": "New broad-spectrum alkylthio cephalosporins.", "content": "A series of 7-substituted alkyl-thio-acylaminocephalosporins with the following general formula were prepared and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity: (formula: see text). We tried in our research to find any relationship between antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic properties on the one hand, and chemical structure on the other. The most interesting products were also studied for their in vivo antibacterial activity in experimental acute systemic infections in the mouse.", "contents": "New broad-spectrum alkylthio cephalosporins. A series of 7-substituted alkyl-thio-acylaminocephalosporins with the following general formula were prepared and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity: (formula: see text). We tried in our research to find any relationship between antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic properties on the one hand, and chemical structure on the other. The most interesting products were also studied for their in vivo antibacterial activity in experimental acute systemic infections in the mouse.", "PMID": 577150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12477", "title": "[The reactions of human middle ear mucous membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "Healthy middle ear mucous membrane of newborns differs from the respiratory mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, in that it lacks a mucociliary epithelial pattern and because it has an absence of cells responsible for immunological resistance. Irritations over a short period of time and intensity cause a mucous membrane edema, which leaves behind, when the irritation disappeares, no permanent morphological changes in the structure of the mucous membrane. Severe irritations over a long period of time cause a characteristic change in the epithelium and submucosa: the single layered flat epithelium is replaced by respiratory epithelium; in the submucosa a proliferation of the connective tissue occurs simultaneously with the development of a local immunologically potent, cellular defense system. The actively secretive epithelial cells serve as the means whereby the antibodies are transported to the surface of the mucous membrane. Whereas at the time of mucous membrane edema, serum components (transsudate) are the primary source of the resulting \"serotympanum\", an increase in viscosity of the mucous allows one to recognize the active secretive work of the metaplastic epithelium. The biochemical composition of the various effusions givens a direct a direct indication of their origin: it is, however, no key to the cause! Only in the case of purulent secretions is it possible to recognize the cause by cellular or bacteriological identification. The same is valid for the norphological changes of the middle ear mucous membrane since the membrane will generally react in a similar manner, even though the types of irritation differ. When the stimulus which brought about the proliferation of the mucous membrane since the membrane will generally react in a similar manner, even though the types of irritation differ. When the stimulus which brought about the proliferation of the mucous membrane and the epithelial metaplasy disappears, the active production of mucous stops. However, a regression to the original condition does not take place: the mucous membrane remains ready to react!", "contents": "[The reactions of human middle ear mucous membrane (author's transl)]. Healthy middle ear mucous membrane of newborns differs from the respiratory mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, in that it lacks a mucociliary epithelial pattern and because it has an absence of cells responsible for immunological resistance. Irritations over a short period of time and intensity cause a mucous membrane edema, which leaves behind, when the irritation disappeares, no permanent morphological changes in the structure of the mucous membrane. Severe irritations over a long period of time cause a characteristic change in the epithelium and submucosa: the single layered flat epithelium is replaced by respiratory epithelium; in the submucosa a proliferation of the connective tissue occurs simultaneously with the development of a local immunologically potent, cellular defense system. The actively secretive epithelial cells serve as the means whereby the antibodies are transported to the surface of the mucous membrane. Whereas at the time of mucous membrane edema, serum components (transsudate) are the primary source of the resulting \"serotympanum\", an increase in viscosity of the mucous allows one to recognize the active secretive work of the metaplastic epithelium. The biochemical composition of the various effusions givens a direct a direct indication of their origin: it is, however, no key to the cause! Only in the case of purulent secretions is it possible to recognize the cause by cellular or bacteriological identification. The same is valid for the norphological changes of the middle ear mucous membrane since the membrane will generally react in a similar manner, even though the types of irritation differ. When the stimulus which brought about the proliferation of the mucous membrane since the membrane will generally react in a similar manner, even though the types of irritation differ. When the stimulus which brought about the proliferation of the mucous membrane and the epithelial metaplasy disappears, the active production of mucous stops. However, a regression to the original condition does not take place: the mucous membrane remains ready to react!", "PMID": 577146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12478", "title": "Effect of histones on the intracellular metabolism of ascorbic acid.", "content": "Basic proteins are able to control the intracellular metabolism of ascorbic acid in human erythrocytes. The stimulating effect of ascorbic acid expressed by means of cellular peroxidase reactions of intact erythrocytes depends on the ascorbic acid and basic protein concentrations as well as on the structure of the histone molecule. Leukocyte and calf thymus histones can stimulate the intracellular metabolism of ascorbic acid in human erythrocytes, in contrast to the protamines which show an inhibitory effect in the above mentioned intracellular peroxidase metabolic system.", "contents": "Effect of histones on the intracellular metabolism of ascorbic acid. Basic proteins are able to control the intracellular metabolism of ascorbic acid in human erythrocytes. The stimulating effect of ascorbic acid expressed by means of cellular peroxidase reactions of intact erythrocytes depends on the ascorbic acid and basic protein concentrations as well as on the structure of the histone molecule. Leukocyte and calf thymus histones can stimulate the intracellular metabolism of ascorbic acid in human erythrocytes, in contrast to the protamines which show an inhibitory effect in the above mentioned intracellular peroxidase metabolic system.", "PMID": 577151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12479", "title": "[2-Acetyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-hydrazine: a frequently occuring artifact in processing biological material after ingestion of drugs containing antipyrine (author's transl)].", "content": "4-Hydroxy-antipyrine, the main metabolite of antipyrine is decomposed in alkaline medium to 2-acetyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-hydrazine. Consequently this compound is often found in the working up of antipyrine-containing drugs.", "contents": "[2-Acetyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-hydrazine: a frequently occuring artifact in processing biological material after ingestion of drugs containing antipyrine (author's transl)]. 4-Hydroxy-antipyrine, the main metabolite of antipyrine is decomposed in alkaline medium to 2-acetyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-hydrazine. Consequently this compound is often found in the working up of antipyrine-containing drugs.", "PMID": 577152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12480", "title": "[Anti-ulcer agent pirenzepine (LS 519)--a tricyclic compound with particular physico-chemical properties (author's transl)].", "content": "Compound 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride (pirenzepine, L-S 519) represents a new type of drug in ulcer therapy. It has been selected for broad clinical investigations because of its outstanding pharmacological profile. Pirenzepine is devoid of any central activity despite certain structural similarities in relation to psychotropic tricyclic compounds. The extraordinary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of this compound can be easily derived from its inherent physicochemical properties: The inability to pass the blood-brain barrier as well as its inability to activate the unspecific and specific psychotropic receptors is due to thermodynamic factors.", "contents": "[Anti-ulcer agent pirenzepine (LS 519)--a tricyclic compound with particular physico-chemical properties (author's transl)]. Compound 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride (pirenzepine, L-S 519) represents a new type of drug in ulcer therapy. It has been selected for broad clinical investigations because of its outstanding pharmacological profile. Pirenzepine is devoid of any central activity despite certain structural similarities in relation to psychotropic tricyclic compounds. The extraordinary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of this compound can be easily derived from its inherent physicochemical properties: The inability to pass the blood-brain barrier as well as its inability to activate the unspecific and specific psychotropic receptors is due to thermodynamic factors.", "PMID": 577153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12481", "title": "[Determination of 3-(1'-phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (author's transl)].", "content": "Marcumar [3-(1-phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin] was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography from serum extracts after the oral application of its sodium salt solution. 4-Hydroxycoumarin was used as the internal standard and rats were used as the test animals. Furthermore mixtures containing anticoagulants and anti-epileptics were also analysed with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography.", "contents": "[Determination of 3-(1'-phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (author's transl)]. Marcumar [3-(1-phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin] was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography from serum extracts after the oral application of its sodium salt solution. 4-Hydroxycoumarin was used as the internal standard and rats were used as the test animals. Furthermore mixtures containing anticoagulants and anti-epileptics were also analysed with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 577154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12482", "title": "Fine structural aspects of the influence of lymphatic blockage on cold injury of the brain and skin, and the effects of benzo-pyrones.", "content": "The fine structural changes of cold injury, lymphoedema, or both have been studied in the cerebral cortices and facial skin of rats, with and without treatment by a mixture of two benzo-pyrones (coumarin and rutin sulphate salts). It was found that cold injury opens the endothelial junctions of the blood vessels and injures their plasma membranes, thus allowing plasma protein and fluid to enter the tissues, producing oedema. Hence the lymphatics of the skin and the prelymphatics of the brain become dilated, contain excess protein, and the junctions of the former become opened. Macrophages (together with astrocytes in the brain) appear to phagocytise some of the protein. Apart from the injuries to the blood vessels, lymphostasis causes similar effects. The two injuries in combination considerably enhance the effects of either by itself. The benzopyrones greatly reduce the amounts of protein and fluid, particularly in the tissues: the lymphatics lag behind these, especially if they are obstructed.", "contents": "Fine structural aspects of the influence of lymphatic blockage on cold injury of the brain and skin, and the effects of benzo-pyrones. The fine structural changes of cold injury, lymphoedema, or both have been studied in the cerebral cortices and facial skin of rats, with and without treatment by a mixture of two benzo-pyrones (coumarin and rutin sulphate salts). It was found that cold injury opens the endothelial junctions of the blood vessels and injures their plasma membranes, thus allowing plasma protein and fluid to enter the tissues, producing oedema. Hence the lymphatics of the skin and the prelymphatics of the brain become dilated, contain excess protein, and the junctions of the former become opened. Macrophages (together with astrocytes in the brain) appear to phagocytise some of the protein. Apart from the injuries to the blood vessels, lymphostasis causes similar effects. The two injuries in combination considerably enhance the effects of either by itself. The benzopyrones greatly reduce the amounts of protein and fluid, particularly in the tissues: the lymphatics lag behind these, especially if they are obstructed.", "PMID": 577155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12483", "title": "[The effect of benzopyrone on the bovine albumin induced exudative peritonitis in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiphlogistic effect of the benzopyrone drug \"Venalot\" could be proven in the model of the exsudative immune-peritonitis in the rat, caused by bovine serum-albumin. Under the action of the drug the exudate and the amount of proteins in the peritoneal fluid were reduced; an important reduction of the adhesions occurred, too. The differences between the mean values and observations in the control and in the treated group were statistically significant (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "[The effect of benzopyrone on the bovine albumin induced exudative peritonitis in the rat (author's transl)]. The antiphlogistic effect of the benzopyrone drug \"Venalot\" could be proven in the model of the exsudative immune-peritonitis in the rat, caused by bovine serum-albumin. Under the action of the drug the exudate and the amount of proteins in the peritoneal fluid were reduced; an important reduction of the adhesions occurred, too. The differences between the mean values and observations in the control and in the treated group were statistically significant (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 577156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12484", "title": "Experimental blood vascular and lymphatic occlusion in the rabbit ear and the effect of benzopyrones.", "content": "The effects of lymphostasis and its treatment by a mixture of benzopyrones were studied in the pinnae of rabbit ears. The blood and lymph circulations to the dorsal surfaces of the ears were largely interrupted by excising a portion of skin down to the perichondrium from one edge to the other. The untreated ears became very lymphoedematous, became necrotic and tell off between 7 and 34 days after the operation. The treated ears were much less lymphoedematous, both to the naked eye and by electron microscopy. Owing to the ubiquity of action of the benzopyrones, the phagocytic capacity of the macrophages is enhanced, removing the accumulating protein, the metabolic products and thus the oedematous fluid. This improves the tissue oxygenation, encouraging lymphatic and vascular regeneration and, to a lesser degree, recanalisation. Also, the red blood cells are protected against lactacidotic rigidification and they and the macrophages are given an increased chance of survival in the remaining stagnant areas by the enhancement of glucose up-take and transport. Upon these factors rests the ability of the tissue to survive. The fact that the ears in the treated groups did not fall off, gives a real indication of the potentiality of the benzopyrones.", "contents": "Experimental blood vascular and lymphatic occlusion in the rabbit ear and the effect of benzopyrones. The effects of lymphostasis and its treatment by a mixture of benzopyrones were studied in the pinnae of rabbit ears. The blood and lymph circulations to the dorsal surfaces of the ears were largely interrupted by excising a portion of skin down to the perichondrium from one edge to the other. The untreated ears became very lymphoedematous, became necrotic and tell off between 7 and 34 days after the operation. The treated ears were much less lymphoedematous, both to the naked eye and by electron microscopy. Owing to the ubiquity of action of the benzopyrones, the phagocytic capacity of the macrophages is enhanced, removing the accumulating protein, the metabolic products and thus the oedematous fluid. This improves the tissue oxygenation, encouraging lymphatic and vascular regeneration and, to a lesser degree, recanalisation. Also, the red blood cells are protected against lactacidotic rigidification and they and the macrophages are given an increased chance of survival in the remaining stagnant areas by the enhancement of glucose up-take and transport. Upon these factors rests the ability of the tissue to survive. The fact that the ears in the treated groups did not fall off, gives a real indication of the potentiality of the benzopyrones.", "PMID": 577157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12485", "title": "[Mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of triamterene in the rat heart. Myocardial protection via elevation of extracellular K+ and Mg++ concentrations].", "content": "1. 2,4,7-Triamino-6-phenyl-pteridine (triamterene) protects the rat heart against isoproterenol-induced myocardial lesions: Whilst cardiotoxic doses of isoproterenol produce deleterious myocardial Ca overload, simultaneous admistration of triamterene diminishes myocardial Ca incorporation considerably. 2. As to the mechanism of action, triamterene increases the plasma contents of K and Mg by inhibiting renal excretion. Accordingly, oral administration of K and Mg salts, leading to a similar rise in the K and Mg concentrations of the plasma, also prevents abundant myocardial Ca incorporation. 3. Cardioprotection by triamterene can, in fact, be simply explained by its action on the plasma K and (particularly) Mg levels. This conclusion is drawn from a quantitative comparison of the inhibitory effects of triamterene (40 mg/kg s.c.) with those of KCl or MgCl2 (10 mMol/kg p.o.) on the isoproterenol-induced increase in myocardial 45Ca uptake and absolute Ca concentration. 4. Isoproterenol induced cardiomyopathy of the rat, an experimental model of non-coronarogenic myocardial lesions, has hitherto been successfully prevented with the use of Ca-antagonists (verapamil, D 600, prenylamine, fendiline). These compounds reduce Ca influx by restricting the Ca conductivity of the myocardial sarcolemma membrane (\"slow channel\"). The action of triamterene, on the other hand, is based on a totally different cardioprotective principle, namely competitive inhibition of intracellular myocardial Ca accumulation via an increase in K and Mg supply. In the future treatment of cardiomyopathy it seems rather promising to try a combination of both a Ca-antagonist and triamterene, thus applying two different therapeutic principles simultaneously.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of triamterene in the rat heart. Myocardial protection via elevation of extracellular K+ and Mg++ concentrations]. 1. 2,4,7-Triamino-6-phenyl-pteridine (triamterene) protects the rat heart against isoproterenol-induced myocardial lesions: Whilst cardiotoxic doses of isoproterenol produce deleterious myocardial Ca overload, simultaneous admistration of triamterene diminishes myocardial Ca incorporation considerably. 2. As to the mechanism of action, triamterene increases the plasma contents of K and Mg by inhibiting renal excretion. Accordingly, oral administration of K and Mg salts, leading to a similar rise in the K and Mg concentrations of the plasma, also prevents abundant myocardial Ca incorporation. 3. Cardioprotection by triamterene can, in fact, be simply explained by its action on the plasma K and (particularly) Mg levels. This conclusion is drawn from a quantitative comparison of the inhibitory effects of triamterene (40 mg/kg s.c.) with those of KCl or MgCl2 (10 mMol/kg p.o.) on the isoproterenol-induced increase in myocardial 45Ca uptake and absolute Ca concentration. 4. Isoproterenol induced cardiomyopathy of the rat, an experimental model of non-coronarogenic myocardial lesions, has hitherto been successfully prevented with the use of Ca-antagonists (verapamil, D 600, prenylamine, fendiline). These compounds reduce Ca influx by restricting the Ca conductivity of the myocardial sarcolemma membrane (\"slow channel\"). The action of triamterene, on the other hand, is based on a totally different cardioprotective principle, namely competitive inhibition of intracellular myocardial Ca accumulation via an increase in K and Mg supply. In the future treatment of cardiomyopathy it seems rather promising to try a combination of both a Ca-antagonist and triamterene, thus applying two different therapeutic principles simultaneously.", "PMID": 577158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12486", "title": "The influence of triamterene on isoproterenol-induced and spontaneous myocardial calcium uptake in cardiomyopathic hamsters.", "content": "In this study the influence of 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine (triamterene) on isoproterenol-induced myocardial accumulation of calcium in cardiomyopathic hamsters in the prenecrotic phase of their disease was investigated (acute experiments). When triamterene is administered in increasing doses simultaneously with the standard dose of 1 mg/kg isoproterenol, a dose-dependent decrease in the isoproterenol-induced calcium accumulation can be observed. A dose of 60 mg/kg triamterene is fully effective in preventing the isoproterenol-provoked myocardial calcium accumulation. In addition under the influence of isoproterenol the myocardial magnesium and potassium contents drop. This decrease can be also avoided when triamterene is administered simultaneously. The action of triamterene on spontaneous myocardial calcium accumulation was also studied in the cardiomyopathic hamsters, which beginning on their 30th day of life chronically received triamterene over a period of 27 days (twice daily 60 mg/kg p.o.). Usually the spontaneous calcium accumulation runs in parallel with progressive myocardial necrotization starting about the 40th day of life. The chronic experiment was unsuccessful; the myocardial calcium content was even higher in the triamterene-treated animals than in the controls. The failure of the long-term experiment seems to result from uremia due to high doses of triamterene with metabolic alterations that have not yet been clarified. Neverthless, triamterene seems to possess a cardioprotective effect against myocardial calcium overload. As the substance could also maintain normal intracellular potassium and magnesium contents in the acute isoproterenol experiments a combined application of triamterene and calcium antagonistic drugs is suggested. By this combination not only transmembrane calcium conductivity is reduced but also intracellular calcium binding sites might be blocked by normalized intracellular magnesium and potassium contents.", "contents": "The influence of triamterene on isoproterenol-induced and spontaneous myocardial calcium uptake in cardiomyopathic hamsters. In this study the influence of 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine (triamterene) on isoproterenol-induced myocardial accumulation of calcium in cardiomyopathic hamsters in the prenecrotic phase of their disease was investigated (acute experiments). When triamterene is administered in increasing doses simultaneously with the standard dose of 1 mg/kg isoproterenol, a dose-dependent decrease in the isoproterenol-induced calcium accumulation can be observed. A dose of 60 mg/kg triamterene is fully effective in preventing the isoproterenol-provoked myocardial calcium accumulation. In addition under the influence of isoproterenol the myocardial magnesium and potassium contents drop. This decrease can be also avoided when triamterene is administered simultaneously. The action of triamterene on spontaneous myocardial calcium accumulation was also studied in the cardiomyopathic hamsters, which beginning on their 30th day of life chronically received triamterene over a period of 27 days (twice daily 60 mg/kg p.o.). Usually the spontaneous calcium accumulation runs in parallel with progressive myocardial necrotization starting about the 40th day of life. The chronic experiment was unsuccessful; the myocardial calcium content was even higher in the triamterene-treated animals than in the controls. The failure of the long-term experiment seems to result from uremia due to high doses of triamterene with metabolic alterations that have not yet been clarified. Neverthless, triamterene seems to possess a cardioprotective effect against myocardial calcium overload. As the substance could also maintain normal intracellular potassium and magnesium contents in the acute isoproterenol experiments a combined application of triamterene and calcium antagonistic drugs is suggested. By this combination not only transmembrane calcium conductivity is reduced but also intracellular calcium binding sites might be blocked by normalized intracellular magnesium and potassium contents.", "PMID": 577159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12487", "title": "Pharmacological investigation of cardiovascular and haemodynamic effects of salts of ioxitalamic acid in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "Aqueous solutions of salts of ioxitalamic acid were infected by intravenous, intracarotid, proximal intra-aortic, and intrafemoral route. We observed cardiovascular effects of small magnitude and short duration. They are composed of hypotension (intravenous and intracarotid route), hypotension followed by hypertension (intra-aortic route), changes of LVP, dLVP/dt and contractile strength parallel with those in blood pressure, bradycardia, increased femoral blood flow. Several factors seemed to be involved in the mechanism of these effects: vagal reflex, transient myocardial depression, peripheral vasodilating effect, increased volaemia. By all routes of administration used, the infection of non-iodinated solutions [NaCl, glucose, methylglucamine (MGL) and monoethanolamine (MEA) hydrochloride] of the same osmolarity as ioxitalamate solution, resulted in similar effects.", "contents": "Pharmacological investigation of cardiovascular and haemodynamic effects of salts of ioxitalamic acid in anaesthetized dogs. Aqueous solutions of salts of ioxitalamic acid were infected by intravenous, intracarotid, proximal intra-aortic, and intrafemoral route. We observed cardiovascular effects of small magnitude and short duration. They are composed of hypotension (intravenous and intracarotid route), hypotension followed by hypertension (intra-aortic route), changes of LVP, dLVP/dt and contractile strength parallel with those in blood pressure, bradycardia, increased femoral blood flow. Several factors seemed to be involved in the mechanism of these effects: vagal reflex, transient myocardial depression, peripheral vasodilating effect, increased volaemia. By all routes of administration used, the infection of non-iodinated solutions [NaCl, glucose, methylglucamine (MGL) and monoethanolamine (MEA) hydrochloride] of the same osmolarity as ioxitalamate solution, resulted in similar effects.", "PMID": 577160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12488", "title": "Influence of cortisone and cyclophosphamide on xanthine oxidase bacterial activation.", "content": "The xanthine oxidase increase in mice liver as response to infection was studied as a possible parameter useful for a better understanding of theimmunosuppression due to cyclophosphamide and cortisone. An impact of cortisone but not of cyclophosphamide on this mechanism was found; this may be useful in order to discriminate between the two different types of immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Influence of cortisone and cyclophosphamide on xanthine oxidase bacterial activation. The xanthine oxidase increase in mice liver as response to infection was studied as a possible parameter useful for a better understanding of theimmunosuppression due to cyclophosphamide and cortisone. An impact of cortisone but not of cyclophosphamide on this mechanism was found; this may be useful in order to discriminate between the two different types of immunosuppressive drugs.", "PMID": 577161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12489", "title": "[The relevance of anticholinesterase properties to toxicity and neuromuscular effects of sulpiride (author's transl)].", "content": "N-[(1-Ethyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-methyl]-2-methoxy-5-sulf-amoyl-benzamide (sulpiride, Dogmatil) inhibits acetylcholinesterase of rat brain in a mixed-type manner (Ki 0.3 mM; Ki 1.8 mM) as well as serum cholinesterase of the rat competitively (Ki 0.37 mM). Using acetylthiocholine in concentrations below 0.1 mM and purified enzyme from Electrophorus, reaction becomes first-order kinetics. At 35 micronM sulpiride doubles half-life and is without effects below 3.5 micronM. Hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine in homogenates of stomach muscle from rats is not affected by sulpiride up to 20 micronM. Pretreatment of mice with 5 mg atropine/kg i.p. decreases i.p. LD50 of sulpiride to 67% of controls. The conclusion is drawn that neither toxicity nor hypermotility of stomach seen after sulpiride by other authors is due to the cholinesterase inhibiting properties of sulpiride.", "contents": "[The relevance of anticholinesterase properties to toxicity and neuromuscular effects of sulpiride (author's transl)]. N-[(1-Ethyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-methyl]-2-methoxy-5-sulf-amoyl-benzamide (sulpiride, Dogmatil) inhibits acetylcholinesterase of rat brain in a mixed-type manner (Ki 0.3 mM; Ki 1.8 mM) as well as serum cholinesterase of the rat competitively (Ki 0.37 mM). Using acetylthiocholine in concentrations below 0.1 mM and purified enzyme from Electrophorus, reaction becomes first-order kinetics. At 35 micronM sulpiride doubles half-life and is without effects below 3.5 micronM. Hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine in homogenates of stomach muscle from rats is not affected by sulpiride up to 20 micronM. Pretreatment of mice with 5 mg atropine/kg i.p. decreases i.p. LD50 of sulpiride to 67% of controls. The conclusion is drawn that neither toxicity nor hypermotility of stomach seen after sulpiride by other authors is due to the cholinesterase inhibiting properties of sulpiride.", "PMID": 577162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12490", "title": "[Penetration of the tympanum by active substances (author's transl)].", "content": "In a specially designed animal model the penetration of glucocorticoid and oxytetracycline through the intact tympanic membrane was studied. Dogs were anesthetised for up to 8 h, and the substances were administered to the external auditory meatus. The measured concentration of the applied glucocorticoid in the tympanum showed a level which can be expected to be therapeutically active. When treating the inflamed middle ear, an adjuvant therapy with the combination dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate/oxytetracycline/natamycine/;etracain (Incut) should be taken into consideration. Although oxytetracycline was administered as well, this substance could not be measured in the small samples due to technical reasons. To find out about penetration of o%ytetracycline will have to be the object of another series of experiments.", "contents": "[Penetration of the tympanum by active substances (author's transl)]. In a specially designed animal model the penetration of glucocorticoid and oxytetracycline through the intact tympanic membrane was studied. Dogs were anesthetised for up to 8 h, and the substances were administered to the external auditory meatus. The measured concentration of the applied glucocorticoid in the tympanum showed a level which can be expected to be therapeutically active. When treating the inflamed middle ear, an adjuvant therapy with the combination dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate/oxytetracycline/natamycine/;etracain (Incut) should be taken into consideration. Although oxytetracycline was administered as well, this substance could not be measured in the small samples due to technical reasons. To find out about penetration of o%ytetracycline will have to be the object of another series of experiments.", "PMID": 577163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12491", "title": "Antigangrenous effect of an odontological preparation.", "content": "Experiments were performed in order to compare the antigangrenous effect of Pyralvex Berna and its components (alcoholic salicylic acid solution and extractum rhei, resp.) with that of an antiphlogistic standard preparation (phenylbutazone). In this experimental model the tails of albino mice are put into water of 55 degrees C for 10 sec. This results in the loss of part of the tail within  the following days. In the present investigation, the tail of part of the animals was put into one of the solutions to be examined for 5 sec immediately after exposure to heat as well as on the following 5 days. In the controls 55.65% (on an average) of the original length of the tail were lost, in the animals treated with phenylbutazone 19.10% (on an average) and in the animals treated with Pyralvex 27.25% (on an average) were lost. Thus, the antigangrenous effect of Pyralvex was 77% of that of phenylbutazone. The statistical analysis of the results obtained in the 4th and 5th groups demonstrates that this effect is mainly due to extractum rhei, the antigangrenous effect of which is statistically not significantly different from the antigangrenous effect of Pyralvex (p greater than 0.4).", "contents": "Antigangrenous effect of an odontological preparation. Experiments were performed in order to compare the antigangrenous effect of Pyralvex Berna and its components (alcoholic salicylic acid solution and extractum rhei, resp.) with that of an antiphlogistic standard preparation (phenylbutazone). In this experimental model the tails of albino mice are put into water of 55 degrees C for 10 sec. This results in the loss of part of the tail within  the following days. In the present investigation, the tail of part of the animals was put into one of the solutions to be examined for 5 sec immediately after exposure to heat as well as on the following 5 days. In the controls 55.65% (on an average) of the original length of the tail were lost, in the animals treated with phenylbutazone 19.10% (on an average) and in the animals treated with Pyralvex 27.25% (on an average) were lost. Thus, the antigangrenous effect of Pyralvex was 77% of that of phenylbutazone. The statistical analysis of the results obtained in the 4th and 5th groups demonstrates that this effect is mainly due to extractum rhei, the antigangrenous effect of which is statistically not significantly different from the antigangrenous effect of Pyralvex (p greater than 0.4).", "PMID": 577164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12492", "title": "[Influence of the beta-receptor blocker nifenalol on insulin secretion in normal subjects and diabetic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 insulin-independent diabetic patients and 5 healthy volunteers the basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was tested before and during oral treatment with the beta-blocker 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol (nifenalol, Inpea). In diabetic patients the insulin secretion was not changed by Inpea. The fasting blood sugar levels were slightly elevated in 8 of these patients. This result, which could not be ascertained statistically, may be due to a slight intrinsic activity of this beta-blocker. The normal subjects showed different responses. In one person the glucose tolerance deteriorated by Inpea.", "contents": "[Influence of the beta-receptor blocker nifenalol on insulin secretion in normal subjects and diabetic patients (author's transl)]. In 10 insulin-independent diabetic patients and 5 healthy volunteers the basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was tested before and during oral treatment with the beta-blocker 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol (nifenalol, Inpea). In diabetic patients the insulin secretion was not changed by Inpea. The fasting blood sugar levels were slightly elevated in 8 of these patients. This result, which could not be ascertained statistically, may be due to a slight intrinsic activity of this beta-blocker. The normal subjects showed different responses. In one person the glucose tolerance deteriorated by Inpea.", "PMID": 577165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12493", "title": "[Studies on the effect of drugs on somatosensory cortical evoked potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the following drugs in therapeutic doses on somatosensory cortical evoked potentials was studied: methamphetamine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, diazepam, phenobarbital, pethidine, and novaminesulfone. Physiological saline was used as control. Each of these compounds was studied in 5 healthy subjects. Three evoked potentials were recorded before, and another three after administration of the drug. Each potential was averaged from 1024 single stimuli. None of the drugs, led to marked changes of the evoked potential, i.e., all data (latencies, amplitudes) were within the double standard deviation of the data obtained in normal subjects in a previous study. Although no significant changes were seen, some trends could be observed: methamphetamine and imipramine produced a decrease in the latency of the first positive peak, chlorpromazine increased the latency of the third positive peak. The amplitude of the third peak was reduced under phenobarbital. It is concluded that the drugs investigated in the presents study do not produce significant changes in the somatosensory cortical evoked potential and therefore drug application may be continued when evoked potentials are used for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of drugs on somatosensory cortical evoked potentials (author's transl)]. The effect of the following drugs in therapeutic doses on somatosensory cortical evoked potentials was studied: methamphetamine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, diazepam, phenobarbital, pethidine, and novaminesulfone. Physiological saline was used as control. Each of these compounds was studied in 5 healthy subjects. Three evoked potentials were recorded before, and another three after administration of the drug. Each potential was averaged from 1024 single stimuli. None of the drugs, led to marked changes of the evoked potential, i.e., all data (latencies, amplitudes) were within the double standard deviation of the data obtained in normal subjects in a previous study. Although no significant changes were seen, some trends could be observed: methamphetamine and imipramine produced a decrease in the latency of the first positive peak, chlorpromazine increased the latency of the third positive peak. The amplitude of the third peak was reduced under phenobarbital. It is concluded that the drugs investigated in the presents study do not produce significant changes in the somatosensory cortical evoked potential and therefore drug application may be continued when evoked potentials are used for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 577166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12494", "title": "[Problems in preclinical pharmacology when deciding on suitable animal species and animal tests models].", "content": "The significance of procedures used in animal experiments for the development of new pharmaceutical agents is demonstrated on selected examples. Particular attention is given to the different degrees of sensitivity in the various species to new compounds, which are dependent on several factors such as absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. Comparing findings obtained in animal experiments with unknown compounds to those of standard substances facilitates extrapolation to man.", "contents": "[Problems in preclinical pharmacology when deciding on suitable animal species and animal tests models]. The significance of procedures used in animal experiments for the development of new pharmaceutical agents is demonstrated on selected examples. Particular attention is given to the different degrees of sensitivity in the various species to new compounds, which are dependent on several factors such as absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. Comparing findings obtained in animal experiments with unknown compounds to those of standard substances facilitates extrapolation to man.", "PMID": 577167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12495", "title": "[What may be learnt from short- and long term tests and from studies on cancerogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 15 years the transferability of results from animal experiments to humans has been improved so that today certainly more than 70% of possible side effects can be predicted. Systemic hypersensitivity reactions cannot be predicted, however, since to date there are no safe animal experimental methods available. In spite of many decades of research in the field of animal experimental cancerogenesis the value of investigations of this kind for humans can be limited by the selection of unsuitable animal species, use of inadequate modes of administration or excessive doses. Similar aspects apply to reproduction toxicology; there are many examples in cancerology and teratology for false-positive and -negative results from animal experiments. In chemomutagenesis comparisons of in vivo cytogenetic investigations in somatic cells of animals and humans have revealed largely concurring results. However, only stable mutations found in generative cells are signs of a genetic danger. It will therefore have to be clarified which conclusions for generative cells should be drawn from changes in somatic cells. Furthermore, the elaboration of methods for the determination of the mutation of genes in the organism of mammals still requires intensive research.", "contents": "[What may be learnt from short- and long term tests and from studies on cancerogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity (author's transl)]. During the last 15 years the transferability of results from animal experiments to humans has been improved so that today certainly more than 70% of possible side effects can be predicted. Systemic hypersensitivity reactions cannot be predicted, however, since to date there are no safe animal experimental methods available. In spite of many decades of research in the field of animal experimental cancerogenesis the value of investigations of this kind for humans can be limited by the selection of unsuitable animal species, use of inadequate modes of administration or excessive doses. Similar aspects apply to reproduction toxicology; there are many examples in cancerology and teratology for false-positive and -negative results from animal experiments. In chemomutagenesis comparisons of in vivo cytogenetic investigations in somatic cells of animals and humans have revealed largely concurring results. However, only stable mutations found in generative cells are signs of a genetic danger. It will therefore have to be clarified which conclusions for generative cells should be drawn from changes in somatic cells. Furthermore, the elaboration of methods for the determination of the mutation of genes in the organism of mammals still requires intensive research.", "PMID": 577168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12496", "title": "[First-past Effect (author's transl)].", "content": "Metabolism or decay of a drug prior to, during or shortly after its enteral absorption necessarily reduces the amount of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation. This influences the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug and is called first-pass effect. Every drug metabolized in the liver theoretically undergoes a first-pass metabolism after enteral application. Whether it results in a pharmacokinetically obvious first-pass effect depends on extent and rate of this metabolic step. The pharmacokinetic relevance of a first-pass effect does not automatically mean also its therapeutic relevance. For the assessment of the therapeutic relevance of a first-pass effect, extent and slope of its dose-effect curve in man and the therapeutic index of a drug must be taken into accounts.", "contents": "[First-past Effect (author's transl)]. Metabolism or decay of a drug prior to, during or shortly after its enteral absorption necessarily reduces the amount of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation. This influences the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug and is called first-pass effect. Every drug metabolized in the liver theoretically undergoes a first-pass metabolism after enteral application. Whether it results in a pharmacokinetically obvious first-pass effect depends on extent and rate of this metabolic step. The pharmacokinetic relevance of a first-pass effect does not automatically mean also its therapeutic relevance. For the assessment of the therapeutic relevance of a first-pass effect, extent and slope of its dose-effect curve in man and the therapeutic index of a drug must be taken into accounts.", "PMID": 577169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12497", "title": "[Drug accumulation and dose finding (authors' transl)].", "content": "Accumulation following repeated doses is no individual behavior of a drug, but always happens if the rate of invasion of a drug exceeds its rate of evasion. Using parameters such as dosing interval and biological half-life of a drug, its rate of accumulation as well as the equilibrium drug concentration in the body can be calculated. The initial dose and the maintenance dose can be calculated in a similar way. For an individual case the reliability of data calculated on the basis of mean values for biological halflife may be limited by the statistical variation of means and by factors altering the elimination of the drug, e.g. pathological changes or the influence of drugs given additionally. Nevertheless, these data may serve as a guidance to the physician to help him find the individual dosage for  his patient.", "contents": "[Drug accumulation and dose finding (authors' transl)]. Accumulation following repeated doses is no individual behavior of a drug, but always happens if the rate of invasion of a drug exceeds its rate of evasion. Using parameters such as dosing interval and biological half-life of a drug, its rate of accumulation as well as the equilibrium drug concentration in the body can be calculated. The initial dose and the maintenance dose can be calculated in a similar way. For an individual case the reliability of data calculated on the basis of mean values for biological halflife may be limited by the statistical variation of means and by factors altering the elimination of the drug, e.g. pathological changes or the influence of drugs given additionally. Nevertheless, these data may serve as a guidance to the physician to help him find the individual dosage for  his patient.", "PMID": 577170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12498", "title": "[Methodical prerequisites in clinical pharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical pharmacology being an experimental natural science, tries to answer clinical questions by means of thoroughly studied syntactic models. In doing so it is regularly confronted with the typical problems of any experimental science: the syntactic problem, the semantic problem, the problem of redundance. The syntactic problem is regarded as being solved by biometric means. The semantic problem reflects the developing state of scientific findings; insofar the solutions are of provisional character. To a large extent the problem of redundance seems to be a discretionary question.", "contents": "[Methodical prerequisites in clinical pharmacology (author's transl)]. Clinical pharmacology being an experimental natural science, tries to answer clinical questions by means of thoroughly studied syntactic models. In doing so it is regularly confronted with the typical problems of any experimental science: the syntactic problem, the semantic problem, the problem of redundance. The syntactic problem is regarded as being solved by biometric means. The semantic problem reflects the developing state of scientific findings; insofar the solutions are of provisional character. To a large extent the problem of redundance seems to be a discretionary question.", "PMID": 577171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12499", "title": "[The role of the biometrician in dosage finding].", "content": "Biometrics is the science of mathematical models for biological processes and of methods for the design and analysis of biological experiments. By these tasks the role of the biometrician in the problem of dose-scheduling is determined. He has to develope mathematical models for the dose-response relationship and methods for the design and analysis of pharmacological and clinical experiments. In the paper the probit and logit model are discussed as examples of the mathematical approach to dose-response relationship. The problems of planning and analyzing bioassays are demonstrated. The pharmacological results can be applied to clinical investigations if they are related to standard drugs. The safety or risk of a drug can be measured by the therapeutic index, which is most important for the connection between pharmacological and clinical results. Finally the problem of repeated doses and accumulation is dealt with.", "contents": "[The role of the biometrician in dosage finding]. Biometrics is the science of mathematical models for biological processes and of methods for the design and analysis of biological experiments. By these tasks the role of the biometrician in the problem of dose-scheduling is determined. He has to develope mathematical models for the dose-response relationship and methods for the design and analysis of pharmacological and clinical experiments. In the paper the probit and logit model are discussed as examples of the mathematical approach to dose-response relationship. The problems of planning and analyzing bioassays are demonstrated. The pharmacological results can be applied to clinical investigations if they are related to standard drugs. The safety or risk of a drug can be measured by the therapeutic index, which is most important for the connection between pharmacological and clinical results. Finally the problem of repeated doses and accumulation is dealt with.", "PMID": 577172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12500", "title": "[Problems in dose finding from the view of the clinical pharmacologist (author's transl)].", "content": "The dose of a drug applied to a patient is determined by his physiological and pathological data, by specific properties of the drug and by the mode of application. The most important physiological data which influence the dose are body weight, sex, age, a pregnancy, genetic variations and circadian rhythm. Pathological findings such as organ insufficiencies (kidneys, heart, liver, endocrinium, transport protein in the blood, etc.) are also to be considered. Particularities of the drug kinetics (insignificant absorption, excessive biological half-life, specific affinities to tissues, etc.), of metabolism (first-pass effect, toxic metabolites, saturable detoxification, stress, etc.) or a high toxicity are other parameters of consequence. Finally attention has to be paid to the mode of application (p.o., i.v., etc.), to the kind of galenic preparation (liquid or solid, slow-releasing preparation, etc.), to interactions if using combinations of drugs and to a long-lasting pharmacotherapy. Aditional problems are encountered in clinical trials especially in early phases while determining the tolerable therapeutic dose.", "contents": "[Problems in dose finding from the view of the clinical pharmacologist (author's transl)]. The dose of a drug applied to a patient is determined by his physiological and pathological data, by specific properties of the drug and by the mode of application. The most important physiological data which influence the dose are body weight, sex, age, a pregnancy, genetic variations and circadian rhythm. Pathological findings such as organ insufficiencies (kidneys, heart, liver, endocrinium, transport protein in the blood, etc.) are also to be considered. Particularities of the drug kinetics (insignificant absorption, excessive biological half-life, specific affinities to tissues, etc.), of metabolism (first-pass effect, toxic metabolites, saturable detoxification, stress, etc.) or a high toxicity are other parameters of consequence. Finally attention has to be paid to the mode of application (p.o., i.v., etc.), to the kind of galenic preparation (liquid or solid, slow-releasing preparation, etc.), to interactions if using combinations of drugs and to a long-lasting pharmacotherapy. Aditional problems are encountered in clinical trials especially in early phases while determining the tolerable therapeutic dose.", "PMID": 577173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12501", "title": "[Problems in dose finding Practical examples presented on selected series of drugs: bronchospasmolytics, pharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "The beta-adrenergic agents and the anticholinergics are cited as examples of the contribution of experimental pharmacology to determining dosage of bronchodilator drugs in man. With regard to animal species, data from dogs can be extrapolated better to man than data from guinea-pigs. As far as the modes of administration are concerned, results from inhalation studies can be extrapolated directly to man, without conversion. Greater caution is required for parenteral injection and oral administration. However, even here we have an example of effective oral dose in dogs, which correlates with the single dose in man when the difference in body-weight is taken into account. The guinea-pig is unsuitable for the oral testing.", "contents": "[Problems in dose finding Practical examples presented on selected series of drugs: bronchospasmolytics, pharmacology (author's transl)]. The beta-adrenergic agents and the anticholinergics are cited as examples of the contribution of experimental pharmacology to determining dosage of bronchodilator drugs in man. With regard to animal species, data from dogs can be extrapolated better to man than data from guinea-pigs. As far as the modes of administration are concerned, results from inhalation studies can be extrapolated directly to man, without conversion. Greater caution is required for parenteral injection and oral administration. However, even here we have an example of effective oral dose in dogs, which correlates with the single dose in man when the difference in body-weight is taken into account. The guinea-pig is unsuitable for the oral testing.", "PMID": 577174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12502", "title": "[Dose finding for bronchospasmolytic drugs in clinical practice (authors' transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with methods of investigation, importance of provocation tests for investigations in healthy volunteers and patients, need for selection criteria, the \"ideal\" patient and methods of determining dose-response and time-response of effect and side-effects. The good correlation of the results in clinical and animal pharmacological studies and the problems of the correlation with pharmacokinetic data regarding the inhalation of bronchospasmolytic agents is discussed.", "contents": "[Dose finding for bronchospasmolytic drugs in clinical practice (authors' transl)]. The paper deals with methods of investigation, importance of provocation tests for investigations in healthy volunteers and patients, need for selection criteria, the \"ideal\" patient and methods of determining dose-response and time-response of effect and side-effects. The good correlation of the results in clinical and animal pharmacological studies and the problems of the correlation with pharmacokinetic data regarding the inhalation of bronchospasmolytic agents is discussed.", "PMID": 577175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12503", "title": "[Example of dose finding in practice. Pharmacology of an antiarrhythmic agent (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of the pharmacological investigation of a new antiarrhythmic drug are presented. In the isolated guinea pig ileum the substance of the procainamide-quinidine type reveals strong activity in prolonging the relative refractory period. The safety index as to antiarrhythmic and negative-inotropic properties in relatively high. In the aconitine arrhythmia of the rat the substance is effective after i.v. or oral administration. Furthermore, in these experiments it shows a long-lasting action with these two modes of application. From experimental data in the conscious and anesthetized dog the oral efficacy can also be derived. An oral dose of the new substance for the first application in humans is proposed which refers to its pharmacological activity compared with procainamide and to the human dose of this latter substance.", "contents": "[Example of dose finding in practice. Pharmacology of an antiarrhythmic agent (author's transl)]. Results of the pharmacological investigation of a new antiarrhythmic drug are presented. In the isolated guinea pig ileum the substance of the procainamide-quinidine type reveals strong activity in prolonging the relative refractory period. The safety index as to antiarrhythmic and negative-inotropic properties in relatively high. In the aconitine arrhythmia of the rat the substance is effective after i.v. or oral administration. Furthermore, in these experiments it shows a long-lasting action with these two modes of application. From experimental data in the conscious and anesthetized dog the oral efficacy can also be derived. An oral dose of the new substance for the first application in humans is proposed which refers to its pharmacological activity compared with procainamide and to the human dose of this latter substance.", "PMID": 577176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12504", "title": "[Dose finding for clinical trials of antiarrhythmic substances (author's transl)].", "content": "Specific difficulties connected with clinical evaluation and especially dose finding for antiarrhythmic substances are discussed. They are mainly due to the differences in pathogenesis, clinical significance and to the inconsistency of the symptom arrhythmia. Therefore special cardiologic skills are required for performance and interpretation of respective studies. The importance of selection of patients and determination of plasma levels of the substance is demonstrated. Possible procedures for determination of the therapeutic dosage are described and the necessity of detailed documentation of side effects is stressed.", "contents": "[Dose finding for clinical trials of antiarrhythmic substances (author's transl)]. Specific difficulties connected with clinical evaluation and especially dose finding for antiarrhythmic substances are discussed. They are mainly due to the differences in pathogenesis, clinical significance and to the inconsistency of the symptom arrhythmia. Therefore special cardiologic skills are required for performance and interpretation of respective studies. The importance of selection of patients and determination of plasma levels of the substance is demonstrated. Possible procedures for determination of the therapeutic dosage are described and the necessity of detailed documentation of side effects is stressed.", "PMID": 577177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12505", "title": "[Dose finding in antibacterial chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapy of bacterial infections is considered against the background of the relations existing within the system bacteria-man-chemical substance. The experimental conditions and the difficulties are discussed which are encountered in the determination of in vitro values and their transfer into therapy. On this background the basic equation of chemotherapy is discussed. The factors are given which reduce the strict validity of this basic equation and lead to the introduction of a safety factor when making a dose proposal.", "contents": "[Dose finding in antibacterial chemotherapy (author's transl)]. The therapy of bacterial infections is considered against the background of the relations existing within the system bacteria-man-chemical substance. The experimental conditions and the difficulties are discussed which are encountered in the determination of in vitro values and their transfer into therapy. On this background the basic equation of chemotherapy is discussed. The factors are given which reduce the strict validity of this basic equation and lead to the introduction of a safety factor when making a dose proposal.", "PMID": 577178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12506", "title": "[Finding the effective dose of diuretics in man (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short survey of the classes of diuretics the procedures are described which are available to find effective doses of newly synthetized compounds in animal experiments. The method of Lipschitz and its modifications used for screening in rats are discussed in more detail. From the practical view of the clinical pharmacologist an explanation is given of the problems encountered in planning a study, balancing fluid- and electrolyte intake and in the suggestions for dose extrapolations to man. The experimental development in animals and healthy humans is demonstrated by means of the new diuretic compound Hoe 747. A synoptic graph showing the estimated dose-response curves emphazises the fact that it is possible to extrapolate the first dose in man from animal data with sufficient precision.", "contents": "[Finding the effective dose of diuretics in man (author's transl)]. After a short survey of the classes of diuretics the procedures are described which are available to find effective doses of newly synthetized compounds in animal experiments. The method of Lipschitz and its modifications used for screening in rats are discussed in more detail. From the practical view of the clinical pharmacologist an explanation is given of the problems encountered in planning a study, balancing fluid- and electrolyte intake and in the suggestions for dose extrapolations to man. The experimental development in animals and healthy humans is demonstrated by means of the new diuretic compound Hoe 747. A synoptic graph showing the estimated dose-response curves emphazises the fact that it is possible to extrapolate the first dose in man from animal data with sufficient precision.", "PMID": 577179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12507", "title": "[Problems of dose finding: sexual hormones (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Reproduction processes are differently regulated in different species. The gestagen/estrogen ratio is of paramount importance for the evaluation of gestagens. Steroids possessing inherent estrogenicity might act as estrogens in, e.g., rodents like rats and mice, but might be active as gestagens in women (e.g. norethinodrel). 2. There is a good and partly significant correlation between the activity of various gestagens in a number of experimental test models and clinical trials. The same is true for the antiovulatory activity of various gestagens in rats and women. Oral rat tests, however, are not relevant. Receptor tests are not at all suitable for dose finding. 3. Erroneously dissociated peripheral and central (inhibition of ovulation) activity of gestagens are found only if different animal species are used (e.g., test on gonadotropin inhibition in rats, gestagen test in rabbits). This is not the case if both kinds of tests are done in one species (e.g., ovulation inhibition test in rats and test on the peripheral progestational activity in rats). 4. As far as the combined oral contraceptives containing estrogens and gestagens are concerned, it seems that both components are involved in the inhibition of ovulation in rats and women. There is additive synergism. 5. Conclusions concerning the activity and duration of effect in the clinic can be drawn from the intensity and duration of the progestational effect in rabbits. 6. The oral and subcutaneous activity of estrogens in different tests in rats and mice is in parts very well correlated. This is also true for the antiovulatory activity. 7. Comparison of the estrogenic activity of ethinyl estradiol and mestranol in rats, mice and women still leaves the question unanswered whether ethinyl estradiol is more potent than mestranol. 8. Certain conclusions regarding the depot effect in the clinic can be drawn from the duration of the estrogenic activity in the Allen-Doisy test. This test is at least suitable for the selection of the optimal depot estrogen. 9. As concerns androgens, clinical dose finding is so difficult because there are no or only poor clinical parameters for androgenicity. The oral evaluation of androgens in rats and mice provides no evidence for whether or not an androgen is orally active in men. Frequently, one can only resort to conclusions form analogy. 10. The duration of androgenic activity in rats allows certain conclusions to be drawn regarding the duration of activity in men. Dose finding, however, is difficult. 11. Steroids in which the anabolic and androgenic activity in the levator ani muscle/accessory sexual gland test are dissociated (anabolics) do also show dissociation of these two partial activities in the clinic. 12. The levator ani muscle/accessory sexual gland test in rats allows also conclusions to be drawn as to the depot activity in the clinic. 13...", "contents": "[Problems of dose finding: sexual hormones (author's transl)]. 1. Reproduction processes are differently regulated in different species. The gestagen/estrogen ratio is of paramount importance for the evaluation of gestagens. Steroids possessing inherent estrogenicity might act as estrogens in, e.g., rodents like rats and mice, but might be active as gestagens in women (e.g. norethinodrel). 2. There is a good and partly significant correlation between the activity of various gestagens in a number of experimental test models and clinical trials. The same is true for the antiovulatory activity of various gestagens in rats and women. Oral rat tests, however, are not relevant. Receptor tests are not at all suitable for dose finding. 3. Erroneously dissociated peripheral and central (inhibition of ovulation) activity of gestagens are found only if different animal species are used (e.g., test on gonadotropin inhibition in rats, gestagen test in rabbits). This is not the case if both kinds of tests are done in one species (e.g., ovulation inhibition test in rats and test on the peripheral progestational activity in rats). 4. As far as the combined oral contraceptives containing estrogens and gestagens are concerned, it seems that both components are involved in the inhibition of ovulation in rats and women. There is additive synergism. 5. Conclusions concerning the activity and duration of effect in the clinic can be drawn from the intensity and duration of the progestational effect in rabbits. 6. The oral and subcutaneous activity of estrogens in different tests in rats and mice is in parts very well correlated. This is also true for the antiovulatory activity. 7. Comparison of the estrogenic activity of ethinyl estradiol and mestranol in rats, mice and women still leaves the question unanswered whether ethinyl estradiol is more potent than mestranol. 8. Certain conclusions regarding the depot effect in the clinic can be drawn from the duration of the estrogenic activity in the Allen-Doisy test. This test is at least suitable for the selection of the optimal depot estrogen. 9. As concerns androgens, clinical dose finding is so difficult because there are no or only poor clinical parameters for androgenicity. The oral evaluation of androgens in rats and mice provides no evidence for whether or not an androgen is orally active in men. Frequently, one can only resort to conclusions form analogy. 10. The duration of androgenic activity in rats allows certain conclusions to be drawn regarding the duration of activity in men. Dose finding, however, is difficult. 11. Steroids in which the anabolic and androgenic activity in the levator ani muscle/accessory sexual gland test are dissociated (anabolics) do also show dissociation of these two partial activities in the clinic. 12. The levator ani muscle/accessory sexual gland test in rats allows also conclusions to be drawn as to the depot activity in the clinic. 13...", "PMID": 577180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12508", "title": "P-aminosalicylate metabolism in cancer patients sensitive and resistant to chemotherapy.", "content": "A reduced response of a tumour to chemotherapy may be due to the host's drug metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we measured the metabolism of a model drug, para-aminosalicylate (PAS). Volunteers and cancer patients ingested a single oral dose (2 g) of PAS and we measured the plasma disappearance curve of the drug and its metabolite. In 7 patients suffering from lymphosarcoma, acute or chronic leukaemia and resistant to cancer chemotherapy, we observed low plasma PAS concentrations, an increase in PAS acetylation and an increased number (and a higher frequency) of abnormal liver-function tests. In 14 patients with malignant blood disease, yet responding well to chemotherapy, the metabolism of PAS is similar to that of healthy controls of the same age and sex. The plasma half-life of PAS is similar in sensitive and resistant patients, but slightly longer than in volunteers. Finally, in urine collected 120 min after drug administration, we observed the same results as in plasma. In conclusion, cancer patients resistant to chemotherapy do not metabolize the model drug PAS as volunteers or sensitive patients do, and this might be relevant to the terminal stage of the disease.", "contents": "P-aminosalicylate metabolism in cancer patients sensitive and resistant to chemotherapy. A reduced response of a tumour to chemotherapy may be due to the host's drug metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we measured the metabolism of a model drug, para-aminosalicylate (PAS). Volunteers and cancer patients ingested a single oral dose (2 g) of PAS and we measured the plasma disappearance curve of the drug and its metabolite. In 7 patients suffering from lymphosarcoma, acute or chronic leukaemia and resistant to cancer chemotherapy, we observed low plasma PAS concentrations, an increase in PAS acetylation and an increased number (and a higher frequency) of abnormal liver-function tests. In 14 patients with malignant blood disease, yet responding well to chemotherapy, the metabolism of PAS is similar to that of healthy controls of the same age and sex. The plasma half-life of PAS is similar in sensitive and resistant patients, but slightly longer than in volunteers. Finally, in urine collected 120 min after drug administration, we observed the same results as in plasma. In conclusion, cancer patients resistant to chemotherapy do not metabolize the model drug PAS as volunteers or sensitive patients do, and this might be relevant to the terminal stage of the disease.", "PMID": 577182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12509", "title": "The vitamin B6 status of pigs given a diet containing linseed meal.", "content": "1. Pigs consuming a diet containing 300 g linseed meal/kg and a pyridoxine supplement showed greater growth, nitrogen retention, blood packed cell volume and haemoglobin than those receiving only the basal diet. 2. Tryptophan-load tests on unsupplemented pigs revealed an increased excretion of kynurenine, Nalpha-acetylkynurenine and xanthurenic acid compared to those receiving additional pyridoxine. 3. The results suggest that the unsupplemented pigs were marginally deficient in vitamin B6. 4. When the same diet was fed to rats there was no evidence of vitamin B6 deficiency.", "contents": "The vitamin B6 status of pigs given a diet containing linseed meal. 1. Pigs consuming a diet containing 300 g linseed meal/kg and a pyridoxine supplement showed greater growth, nitrogen retention, blood packed cell volume and haemoglobin than those receiving only the basal diet. 2. Tryptophan-load tests on unsupplemented pigs revealed an increased excretion of kynurenine, Nalpha-acetylkynurenine and xanthurenic acid compared to those receiving additional pyridoxine. 3. The results suggest that the unsupplemented pigs were marginally deficient in vitamin B6. 4. When the same diet was fed to rats there was no evidence of vitamin B6 deficiency.", "PMID": 577183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12510", "title": "Dynamic structure of lipid bilayers studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques.", "content": "Molecular motions in liposomes of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques. As a fluorescent probe for the hydrocarbon region, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) was used. Time courses of fluorescence intensity IT(t) and emission anisotropy r(t) of DPH embedded in DPPC liposomes were measured at various temperatures. The value of the fluorescence lifetime tau obtained froma single exponential decay of IT(t) was somewhat higher than that in liquid paraffin below the transition temperature Tt and decreased above Tt. Higher values of tau below Tt indicate the almost complete hydrophobic environment. The decay curves of r(t) were separated into two phases: an initial fast decreasing phase of the order of one nanosecond and a second almost constant phase. This indicates that the orientational motion of DPH in the hydrocarbon region is described by a wobbling diffusion restricted by a certain anisotropic potential. The results were analyzed on the model that the wobbling diffusion is confined in a cone with a uniform diffusion constant. Though temperature dependence of the cone angle was sigmoidal, that of the wobbling diffusion constant was like the exponential function. The change in the cone angle at Tt was sharper than that in the wobbling diffusion constant at Tt. Estimated values of the viscosity in the cone were an order of magnitude smaller than the values of \"microviscosity\"  which were estimated from the steady-state emission anisotropy without considering the restrictions on the rotational motion.", "contents": "Dynamic structure of lipid bilayers studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques. Molecular motions in liposomes of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques. As a fluorescent probe for the hydrocarbon region, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) was used. Time courses of fluorescence intensity IT(t) and emission anisotropy r(t) of DPH embedded in DPPC liposomes were measured at various temperatures. The value of the fluorescence lifetime tau obtained froma single exponential decay of IT(t) was somewhat higher than that in liquid paraffin below the transition temperature Tt and decreased above Tt. Higher values of tau below Tt indicate the almost complete hydrophobic environment. The decay curves of r(t) were separated into two phases: an initial fast decreasing phase of the order of one nanosecond and a second almost constant phase. This indicates that the orientational motion of DPH in the hydrocarbon region is described by a wobbling diffusion restricted by a certain anisotropic potential. The results were analyzed on the model that the wobbling diffusion is confined in a cone with a uniform diffusion constant. Though temperature dependence of the cone angle was sigmoidal, that of the wobbling diffusion constant was like the exponential function. The change in the cone angle at Tt was sharper than that in the wobbling diffusion constant at Tt. Estimated values of the viscosity in the cone were an order of magnitude smaller than the values of \"microviscosity\"  which were estimated from the steady-state emission anisotropy without considering the restrictions on the rotational motion.", "PMID": 577184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12511", "title": "Lipid phase separation induced by a hydrophobic protein in phosphatidylserine--phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to detect phase separation induced by hydrophobic myelin protein, lipophilin, in a mixture of phosphatidylserine (PS) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Preferential binding of PS to the boundary layer of lipophilin causes a decrease in the PS content of the remaining lamellar phase with a resultant shift in the phase-transition temperature to a higher temperature. The phase diagram for this mixture in the presence and absence of lipophilin is presented. From the phase diagram, it can be estimated that for an equimolar mixture of PS and DPPC, the boundary layer contains only PS, although for higher DPPC contents, some DPPC can also be found in the boundary layer. In the case where partial phase separation in induced in this mixture by Ca2+ alone, lipophilin increases the phase separation indicating that it also binds PS preferentially in the presence of Ca2+. Preferential binding of two other acidic lipids, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl-glycerol, to the boundary layer was also found, including a mixture where the acidic lipid was the higher melting component in the mixture.", "contents": "Lipid phase separation induced by a hydrophobic protein in phosphatidylserine--phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to detect phase separation induced by hydrophobic myelin protein, lipophilin, in a mixture of phosphatidylserine (PS) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Preferential binding of PS to the boundary layer of lipophilin causes a decrease in the PS content of the remaining lamellar phase with a resultant shift in the phase-transition temperature to a higher temperature. The phase diagram for this mixture in the presence and absence of lipophilin is presented. From the phase diagram, it can be estimated that for an equimolar mixture of PS and DPPC, the boundary layer contains only PS, although for higher DPPC contents, some DPPC can also be found in the boundary layer. In the case where partial phase separation in induced in this mixture by Ca2+ alone, lipophilin increases the phase separation indicating that it also binds PS preferentially in the presence of Ca2+. Preferential binding of two other acidic lipids, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl-glycerol, to the boundary layer was also found, including a mixture where the acidic lipid was the higher melting component in the mixture.", "PMID": 577185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12512", "title": "Polysome-lamellae complexes in a case of nodular pleomorphic lymphoblastosarcoma.", "content": "The first case of PLC in a nondular pleomorphic lymphoblastosarcoma is reported. The PLC signification is at present unknown. In hematologic pathology, they are usually observed in HCL and scantly in different B-cells malignant proliferations.", "contents": "Polysome-lamellae complexes in a case of nodular pleomorphic lymphoblastosarcoma. The first case of PLC in a nondular pleomorphic lymphoblastosarcoma is reported. The PLC signification is at present unknown. In hematologic pathology, they are usually observed in HCL and scantly in different B-cells malignant proliferations.", "PMID": 577187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12513", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and unusual \"macaroni cells\".", "content": "Light and electron microscopic study of the thyroid gland and an enlarged cervical lymph node in a 75-year-old woman with Hashimoto's thyroiditis disclosed immunoblastic proliferation in the lymph node, marked by collections of striking round cells positive to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, immunoblasts and plasmacytoid elements in a vascular, fibrous framework. The PAS-positive cells (\"macaroni cells\") were distended with whorls of angulated tubular material resembling endoplasmic reticulum. Parafollicular-cell hyperplasia and an atypical plasmacytoid focus were noted in the thyroid. Hashimoto's disease is known to be associated with malignant lymphoma, as are autoimmune and malignant diseases with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. This is the first report of the association of Hashimoto's disease and immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. The atypical plasma cells have not previously been described.", "contents": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and unusual \"macaroni cells\". Light and electron microscopic study of the thyroid gland and an enlarged cervical lymph node in a 75-year-old woman with Hashimoto's thyroiditis disclosed immunoblastic proliferation in the lymph node, marked by collections of striking round cells positive to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, immunoblasts and plasmacytoid elements in a vascular, fibrous framework. The PAS-positive cells (\"macaroni cells\") were distended with whorls of angulated tubular material resembling endoplasmic reticulum. Parafollicular-cell hyperplasia and an atypical plasmacytoid focus were noted in the thyroid. Hashimoto's disease is known to be associated with malignant lymphoma, as are autoimmune and malignant diseases with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. This is the first report of the association of Hashimoto's disease and immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. The atypical plasma cells have not previously been described.", "PMID": 577191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12514", "title": "Lymphosarcoma in Crohn's disease: report of a case.", "content": "In a patient who had a family history of ulcerative colitis and colonic carcinoma, a jejunal lymphosarcoma developed four years after resection for Crohn's disease of the small intestine. It is suggested that the association of lymphosarcoma with Crohn's disease is more than a chance association.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma in Crohn's disease: report of a case. In a patient who had a family history of ulcerative colitis and colonic carcinoma, a jejunal lymphosarcoma developed four years after resection for Crohn's disease of the small intestine. It is suggested that the association of lymphosarcoma with Crohn's disease is more than a chance association.", "PMID": 577199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12515", "title": "Metabolism of the apoproteins in pulmonary surfactant.", "content": "Two proteins having nominal molecular weights of 35,000 and 10,000 daltons are found in pulmonary surfactant. Although experiments on their immunological properties suggest that they share antigenic determinants, their metabolic relationship is unknown. To study this question we injected [14C]palmitic acid or L-[3H]leucine into the femoral vein of 59 puppies. We killed the animals 30 min to 68 h after injection and purified surface-active material from the endobronchial lavage fluid. We isolated the 35,000 apoprotein, the 10,000 apoprotein, and the saturated phosphatidylcholines in surfactant and measured their specific activities at various times after injection. We found that the 35,000 apoprotein appears in alveolar surfactant with the same time course as saturated phosphatidylcholine but is cleared more rapidly than is the lipid. The specific activity of the 10,000 apoprotein reaches a maximum after that seen for the 35,000 apoprotein and decays with the same turnover time as that of the lipid. The kinetic data suggest that the 10,000 apoprotein is a metabolic product of the 35,000 apoprotein. They are not consistent with the possibility that the 10,000 apoprotein is an artifact of nonspecific degradation during preparation.", "contents": "Metabolism of the apoproteins in pulmonary surfactant. Two proteins having nominal molecular weights of 35,000 and 10,000 daltons are found in pulmonary surfactant. Although experiments on their immunological properties suggest that they share antigenic determinants, their metabolic relationship is unknown. To study this question we injected [14C]palmitic acid or L-[3H]leucine into the femoral vein of 59 puppies. We killed the animals 30 min to 68 h after injection and purified surface-active material from the endobronchial lavage fluid. We isolated the 35,000 apoprotein, the 10,000 apoprotein, and the saturated phosphatidylcholines in surfactant and measured their specific activities at various times after injection. We found that the 35,000 apoprotein appears in alveolar surfactant with the same time course as saturated phosphatidylcholine but is cleared more rapidly than is the lipid. The specific activity of the 10,000 apoprotein reaches a maximum after that seen for the 35,000 apoprotein and decays with the same turnover time as that of the lipid. The kinetic data suggest that the 10,000 apoprotein is a metabolic product of the 35,000 apoprotein. They are not consistent with the possibility that the 10,000 apoprotein is an artifact of nonspecific degradation during preparation.", "PMID": 577208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12516", "title": "Lesions of the menisci. Autopsy incidence in adults less than fifty-five years old.", "content": "The menisci were removed from the knees of seventy autopsy subjects less than fifty-five years old and 18.6% exhibited at least one horizontal cleavage lesion. Seven per cent of 200 autopsy subjects showed at least one discoid lateral meniscus, and it is suggested that neither these nor the horizontal cleavage lesions had caused symptoms during the lifetime of each subject. Microscopic signs of degeneration were seen in 76% of the grossly normal medial menisci examined. Medial menisci not only have a larger surface area than lateral menisci but are broader and thicker posteriorly. It may be that the greater thickness of the medial meniscus posteriorly renders it more vulnerable because there is less nutritional diffuse of synovial fluid.", "contents": "Lesions of the menisci. Autopsy incidence in adults less than fifty-five years old. The menisci were removed from the knees of seventy autopsy subjects less than fifty-five years old and 18.6% exhibited at least one horizontal cleavage lesion. Seven per cent of 200 autopsy subjects showed at least one discoid lateral meniscus, and it is suggested that neither these nor the horizontal cleavage lesions had caused symptoms during the lifetime of each subject. Microscopic signs of degeneration were seen in 76% of the grossly normal medial menisci examined. Medial menisci not only have a larger surface area than lateral menisci but are broader and thicker posteriorly. It may be that the greater thickness of the medial meniscus posteriorly renders it more vulnerable because there is less nutritional diffuse of synovial fluid.", "PMID": 577209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12517", "title": "Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and iodine in purified thyroglobulin from patients with Graves' disease.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that there is an overproduction of triiodothyronine (T(3)) relative to thyroxine (T(4)) in patients with thyrotoxicosis associated with Graves' disease. To evaluate whether or not an increased ratio of T(3) to T(4) in thyroidal secretion could be contributing to this relative T(3) hyperproduction, T(3), T(4), and iodine were measured in thyroglobulin (Tg) from controls and patients with Graves' disease who had been treated either with propranolol only or with antithyroid drugs plus iodide before surgery. To avoid possible artifacts associated with pulse labeling and chromatography, T(3) and T(4) were determined by radioimmunoassay of Pronase hydrolysates of purified Tg. Results of analyses of Tg from six control patients and seven with Graves' disease, not receiving thiourea drugs or iodide, showed that the iodine content of Graves' disease Tg was not different from normal. Both contained 3.4 residues of T(4)/molecule Tg, but there was 0.39+/-0.08 (mean+/-SD) residue of T(3)/molecule Tg in Graves' Tg as opposed to 0.23+/-0.07 residue T(3) molecule Tg in controls matched for iodine content (P < 0.01). This difference resulted in a significantly lower T(4)/T(3) molar ratio (9+/-2) in Graves' Tg as opposed to control (15+/-2, P < 0.001). In Tg from patients with treated Graves' disease, iodine, T(3), and T(4) were reduced, but the reduction in the latter was more substantial, resulting in a T(4)/T(3) molar ratio of 3.4+/-1. Fractionation of Tg from all groups by RbCl density gradient ultracentrifugation indicated that at physiological levels of Tg iodination, the molar ratio of T(3)/Tg was consistently higher in Graves' disease. The specific mechanism for this difference is not known, but it is not due to iodine deficiency. If T(3) and T(4) are secreted in this altered ratio in patients with Graves' disease, the magnitude of the difference could explain the relative T(3) hyperproduction which is characteristic of this state.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and iodine in purified thyroglobulin from patients with Graves' disease. Previous studies have suggested that there is an overproduction of triiodothyronine (T(3)) relative to thyroxine (T(4)) in patients with thyrotoxicosis associated with Graves' disease. To evaluate whether or not an increased ratio of T(3) to T(4) in thyroidal secretion could be contributing to this relative T(3) hyperproduction, T(3), T(4), and iodine were measured in thyroglobulin (Tg) from controls and patients with Graves' disease who had been treated either with propranolol only or with antithyroid drugs plus iodide before surgery. To avoid possible artifacts associated with pulse labeling and chromatography, T(3) and T(4) were determined by radioimmunoassay of Pronase hydrolysates of purified Tg. Results of analyses of Tg from six control patients and seven with Graves' disease, not receiving thiourea drugs or iodide, showed that the iodine content of Graves' disease Tg was not different from normal. Both contained 3.4 residues of T(4)/molecule Tg, but there was 0.39+/-0.08 (mean+/-SD) residue of T(3)/molecule Tg in Graves' Tg as opposed to 0.23+/-0.07 residue T(3) molecule Tg in controls matched for iodine content (P < 0.01). This difference resulted in a significantly lower T(4)/T(3) molar ratio (9+/-2) in Graves' Tg as opposed to control (15+/-2, P < 0.001). In Tg from patients with treated Graves' disease, iodine, T(3), and T(4) were reduced, but the reduction in the latter was more substantial, resulting in a T(4)/T(3) molar ratio of 3.4+/-1. Fractionation of Tg from all groups by RbCl density gradient ultracentrifugation indicated that at physiological levels of Tg iodination, the molar ratio of T(3)/Tg was consistently higher in Graves' disease. The specific mechanism for this difference is not known, but it is not due to iodine deficiency. If T(3) and T(4) are secreted in this altered ratio in patients with Graves' disease, the magnitude of the difference could explain the relative T(3) hyperproduction which is characteristic of this state.", "PMID": 577211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12518", "title": "Feeding polyunsaturated vegetable oils to lactating cows.", "content": "Holstein cows fed concentrate:hay diets also were fed for 14 days supplements of soybean oil plus casein, soybean oil protected from ruminal hydrogenation by encapsulation in a casein-formaldehyde matrix, cottonseed oil plus casein, or cottonseed oil protected with casein formaldehyde. The supplements were fed at rates to give a linoleic acid (18:2) intake of 225 g/day. Yields of milk and milk protein were not affected by treatment. Milk 18:2 was not increased by the unprotected soybean oil or cottonseed oil but was increased by protected soybean and cottonseed oil from a control of 2.3 to 5.7% of total milk fat. Milk 18:0 and 18:1 also increased. Compensatory declines were observed in milk 16:0 and 14:0 acids. In fecal fatty acids during the treatment periods, percentage of 18:2 of the total fat decreased and 18:0 markedly increased. These results indicate hydrogenation of the dietary oils in the alimentary tract or a differential absorption. Fecal 16:0 and 14:0 decreased.", "contents": "Feeding polyunsaturated vegetable oils to lactating cows. Holstein cows fed concentrate:hay diets also were fed for 14 days supplements of soybean oil plus casein, soybean oil protected from ruminal hydrogenation by encapsulation in a casein-formaldehyde matrix, cottonseed oil plus casein, or cottonseed oil protected with casein formaldehyde. The supplements were fed at rates to give a linoleic acid (18:2) intake of 225 g/day. Yields of milk and milk protein were not affected by treatment. Milk 18:2 was not increased by the unprotected soybean oil or cottonseed oil but was increased by protected soybean and cottonseed oil from a control of 2.3 to 5.7% of total milk fat. Milk 18:0 and 18:1 also increased. Compensatory declines were observed in milk 16:0 and 14:0 acids. In fecal fatty acids during the treatment periods, percentage of 18:2 of the total fat decreased and 18:0 markedly increased. These results indicate hydrogenation of the dietary oils in the alimentary tract or a differential absorption. Fecal 16:0 and 14:0 decreased.", "PMID": 577212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12519", "title": "Effect of a flavored milk option in a school lunch program.", "content": "An analysis of nutrient intake and of plate waste for four hundred elementary school children, when an option of chocolate milk was provided in the school lunch program, shows significantly higher intakes of calcium and riboflavin, lower intakes of iron, greater food waste, and significantly less waste of milk. Participation in the school lunch program was not affected by the announced availability of flavored milk in ten schools serving 3,700 children; however, significantly (p less than 0.01) more children bought milk alone.", "contents": "Effect of a flavored milk option in a school lunch program. An analysis of nutrient intake and of plate waste for four hundred elementary school children, when an option of chocolate milk was provided in the school lunch program, shows significantly higher intakes of calcium and riboflavin, lower intakes of iron, greater food waste, and significantly less waste of milk. Participation in the school lunch program was not affected by the announced availability of flavored milk in ten schools serving 3,700 children; however, significantly (p less than 0.01) more children bought milk alone.", "PMID": 577214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12520", "title": "Decreased dipalmitoyllecithin content found in lung specimens from patients with so-called shock-lung.", "content": "Lung specimens were obtained from 9 patients with shock lung (adult respiratory distress syndrome), immediately after death, and from 8 controls. They were analysed for phospholipid content anf for fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin and lecithin. We found an elevated phospholipid content in the affected lungs but a decreased dipalmitoyllecithin fraction of total lecithin as indicated by 127% elevated content of oleic acid in lecithin. As a consequence the relation between the palmitic acid and oleic acid moiety of lecithin shifted from 2.32 in the normal lungs to 1.64 in the diseased lungs. Since the content of dipalmitoyllecithin is closely related to the function of the surfactant system we conclude, that the alteration of surfactant function, observed in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome may be at least in part a result of an altered surfactant metabolism, but we cannot rule out, that the findings represent an epiphenomenon in shock lung.", "contents": "Decreased dipalmitoyllecithin content found in lung specimens from patients with so-called shock-lung. Lung specimens were obtained from 9 patients with shock lung (adult respiratory distress syndrome), immediately after death, and from 8 controls. They were analysed for phospholipid content anf for fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin and lecithin. We found an elevated phospholipid content in the affected lungs but a decreased dipalmitoyllecithin fraction of total lecithin as indicated by 127% elevated content of oleic acid in lecithin. As a consequence the relation between the palmitic acid and oleic acid moiety of lecithin shifted from 2.32 in the normal lungs to 1.64 in the diseased lungs. Since the content of dipalmitoyllecithin is closely related to the function of the surfactant system we conclude, that the alteration of surfactant function, observed in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome may be at least in part a result of an altered surfactant metabolism, but we cannot rule out, that the findings represent an epiphenomenon in shock lung.", "PMID": 577213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12521", "title": "Lymphosarcoma in an infant northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus).", "content": "An infant northern fur seal (Callhorinus ursinus) died in a rookery on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Grossly, slight enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes was seen. Microscopically, a lymphosarcoma composed of sheets of monomorphic lymphoid cells in sections of lymph node and tonsil was seen. Electron microscopy of formalin-fixed tissues revealed several structures that were possible of viral origin in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma in an infant northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). An infant northern fur seal (Callhorinus ursinus) died in a rookery on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Grossly, slight enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes was seen. Microscopically, a lymphosarcoma composed of sheets of monomorphic lymphoid cells in sections of lymph node and tonsil was seen. Electron microscopy of formalin-fixed tissues revealed several structures that were possible of viral origin in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 577218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12522", "title": "Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell carcinoma of the lung. A randomized study.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung and without evidence of brain metastasis were randomized into two treatment groups consisting of 14 patients who received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) and 15 who received none (non-PCI). All patients were treated with irradiation of the primary lesion and concomitant chemotherapy. The response rate and median survival of the two groups were not significantly different: 93% and 7.2 months in the non-PCI; 86% and 9.8 months in the PCI; P larger than or equal to .05. Brain metastasis occurred in 0/14 patients in the PCI and 4/15 in the non-PCI (P less than or equal to .05) and was the cause of major neurologic disability in each. Although PCI did not improve response rate or survival, brain metastasis with its attendant neurologic complications was effectively prevented.", "contents": "Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell carcinoma of the lung. A randomized study. Twenty-nine patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung and without evidence of brain metastasis were randomized into two treatment groups consisting of 14 patients who received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) and 15 who received none (non-PCI). All patients were treated with irradiation of the primary lesion and concomitant chemotherapy. The response rate and median survival of the two groups were not significantly different: 93% and 7.2 months in the non-PCI; 86% and 9.8 months in the PCI; P larger than or equal to .05. Brain metastasis occurred in 0/14 patients in the PCI and 4/15 in the non-PCI (P less than or equal to .05) and was the cause of major neurologic disability in each. Although PCI did not improve response rate or survival, brain metastasis with its attendant neurologic complications was effectively prevented.", "PMID": 577226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12523", "title": "Hypersomnolence and intermittent upper airway obstruction. Occurrence caused by micrognathia.", "content": "A patient with hypersomnolence, micrognathia, and respiratory insufficiency had been treated eight years for narcolepsy. Sleep apnea because of upper airway obstruction was found, and a tracheostomy was performed. Following this the hypersomnolence and respiratory insufficiency resolved. This case emphasizes the importance of carefully evaluating the condition of patients complaining of hypersomnolence to detect those with intermittent upper airway obstruction occurring during sleep.", "contents": "Hypersomnolence and intermittent upper airway obstruction. Occurrence caused by micrognathia. A patient with hypersomnolence, micrognathia, and respiratory insufficiency had been treated eight years for narcolepsy. Sleep apnea because of upper airway obstruction was found, and a tracheostomy was performed. Following this the hypersomnolence and respiratory insufficiency resolved. This case emphasizes the importance of carefully evaluating the condition of patients complaining of hypersomnolence to detect those with intermittent upper airway obstruction occurring during sleep.", "PMID": 577227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12524", "title": "Rectal biopsy in patients with Crohn's disease. Normal mucosa on sigmoidoscopic examination.", "content": "Of 99 patients with Crohn's disease whose rectal segment appeared normal on sigmoidoscopy, there was histologic inflammation in 45% and features characteristic of Crohn's disease in 30% of rectal biopsy specimens. Granulomas were found in 18% of patients, including 13% of those with ileitis, 13% of those with ileocolitis, and 37% of those with colitis. Eleven of the 17 granulomas were small undermarcated microgranulomas. Rectal biopsy specimens are of value to confirm the diagnosis in Crohn's disease and to determine the state of clinical activity even when the sigmoidoscopic appearance is normal.", "contents": "Rectal biopsy in patients with Crohn's disease. Normal mucosa on sigmoidoscopic examination. Of 99 patients with Crohn's disease whose rectal segment appeared normal on sigmoidoscopy, there was histologic inflammation in 45% and features characteristic of Crohn's disease in 30% of rectal biopsy specimens. Granulomas were found in 18% of patients, including 13% of those with ileitis, 13% of those with ileocolitis, and 37% of those with colitis. Eleven of the 17 granulomas were small undermarcated microgranulomas. Rectal biopsy specimens are of value to confirm the diagnosis in Crohn's disease and to determine the state of clinical activity even when the sigmoidoscopic appearance is normal.", "PMID": 577228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12525", "title": "Food asphyxiation in hospitalized patients.", "content": "During a five-year period, food asphyxiation caused 1.3% of all deaths of patients who came to autopsy at a hospital for chronic diseases. Patients died suddendly, during or shortly after meals. Acute myocardial infarction was mistakenly diagnosed in eight of the 14 patients until autopsy was performed. Sedation, old age, and poor dentition predisposed to aspiration. Food asphyxiation is a common problem whenever and wherever people eat. To minimize its occurrence in hospitalized patients, sedatives should be prescribed judiciously, and diets ordered appropriately. Physicians should learn the simple methods of extracting inhaled food.", "contents": "Food asphyxiation in hospitalized patients. During a five-year period, food asphyxiation caused 1.3% of all deaths of patients who came to autopsy at a hospital for chronic diseases. Patients died suddendly, during or shortly after meals. Acute myocardial infarction was mistakenly diagnosed in eight of the 14 patients until autopsy was performed. Sedation, old age, and poor dentition predisposed to aspiration. Food asphyxiation is a common problem whenever and wherever people eat. To minimize its occurrence in hospitalized patients, sedatives should be prescribed judiciously, and diets ordered appropriately. Physicians should learn the simple methods of extracting inhaled food.", "PMID": 577229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12526", "title": "Antibiotic use at Duke University Medical Center.", "content": "A study of antibiotic use at Duke University Medical Center in June 1973 showed that 34.2% of all patients received antibiotics (43.6% surgical, 21.4% medical patients). Cephalothins were most frequently ordered for surgical patients, ampicillin sodium and penicillin G or penicillin V with potassium for other patients. A retrospective analysis of 50 randomly selected patients, according to the Kunin's categories of use, showed 64% of total antibiotic therapy as not indicated or inappropriately administered in terms of drug or dosage. These results are similar to previous reports of antibiotic surveillance and further establish the need for continuing education of prescribing physicians.", "contents": "Antibiotic use at Duke University Medical Center. A study of antibiotic use at Duke University Medical Center in June 1973 showed that 34.2% of all patients received antibiotics (43.6% surgical, 21.4% medical patients). Cephalothins were most frequently ordered for surgical patients, ampicillin sodium and penicillin G or penicillin V with potassium for other patients. A retrospective analysis of 50 randomly selected patients, according to the Kunin's categories of use, showed 64% of total antibiotic therapy as not indicated or inappropriately administered in terms of drug or dosage. These results are similar to previous reports of antibiotic surveillance and further establish the need for continuing education of prescribing physicians.", "PMID": 577245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12527", "title": "Mortality from pneumonia and risk conditions during influenza epidemics. High influenza morbidity during nonepidemic years.", "content": "Increases in mortality from pneumonia and high-risk chronic diseases have not occurred during recent influenza epidemics. Excess mortality during the past four influenza epidemics in the United States is attributable to influenza reported as a primary cause of death, and the average excess was only about 4,000 deaths per epidemic. Most clinical influenza severe enough to cause hundreds of millions of days of bed disability during nonepidemic as well as epidemic years is not caused by the influenza viruses. During the nonepidemic year of 1973 to 1974, there were 61,841,000 episodes of clinical influenza severe enough to put people to bed for an average of 3.6 days. In my judgment there is now no basis for recommending annual administration of influenza vaccines to so-called high-risk groups and persons over 64 years of age.", "contents": "Mortality from pneumonia and risk conditions during influenza epidemics. High influenza morbidity during nonepidemic years. Increases in mortality from pneumonia and high-risk chronic diseases have not occurred during recent influenza epidemics. Excess mortality during the past four influenza epidemics in the United States is attributable to influenza reported as a primary cause of death, and the average excess was only about 4,000 deaths per epidemic. Most clinical influenza severe enough to cause hundreds of millions of days of bed disability during nonepidemic as well as epidemic years is not caused by the influenza viruses. During the nonepidemic year of 1973 to 1974, there were 61,841,000 episodes of clinical influenza severe enough to put people to bed for an average of 3.6 days. In my judgment there is now no basis for recommending annual administration of influenza vaccines to so-called high-risk groups and persons over 64 years of age.", "PMID": 577246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12528", "title": "Behavioral treatment of obesity. Limitations and results with the chronically obese.", "content": "Results of behavioral treatment for obese persons during the first 18 months of clinical operation are presented and other reports in the literature are reviewed. Baseline and follow-up data were gathered from a population of 144 female, chronically obese patients, most of whom were experiencing medical complications associated with obesity. Treatment results were disappointing in comparison with results of similar programs. Difference in patient population groups is offered as a possible explanation for this phenomenon. Covariant analyses of demographic and psychosocial variables failed to yield any clear predictors of weight loss; it is suggested  that biological factors may be important to treatment outcome for some overweight patients.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of obesity. Limitations and results with the chronically obese. Results of behavioral treatment for obese persons during the first 18 months of clinical operation are presented and other reports in the literature are reviewed. Baseline and follow-up data were gathered from a population of 144 female, chronically obese patients, most of whom were experiencing medical complications associated with obesity. Treatment results were disappointing in comparison with results of similar programs. Difference in patient population groups is offered as a possible explanation for this phenomenon. Covariant analyses of demographic and psychosocial variables failed to yield any clear predictors of weight loss; it is suggested  that biological factors may be important to treatment outcome for some overweight patients.", "PMID": 577247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12529", "title": "Pulmonary artery flow-guided catheters in the perioperative period. Indications and complications.", "content": "The risk factor of pulmonary artery catheterization was assessed in 392 critically ill patients. Major indications for catheterization in the operating room were marginal cardiovascular reserve, anticipated large fluid and blood loss, and hypotensive anesthesia. Immediate complications included cardiac arrhythmia, carotid artery puncture, and pneumotherax. Long-term complications included positive bacterial cultures, pulmonary infarction and neuropathy. None of the complications were directly responsible for the deaths in this series. Pulmonary artery monitoring in critically ill persons is a relatively safe procedure.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery flow-guided catheters in the perioperative period. Indications and complications. The risk factor of pulmonary artery catheterization was assessed in 392 critically ill patients. Major indications for catheterization in the operating room were marginal cardiovascular reserve, anticipated large fluid and blood loss, and hypotensive anesthesia. Immediate complications included cardiac arrhythmia, carotid artery puncture, and pneumotherax. Long-term complications included positive bacterial cultures, pulmonary infarction and neuropathy. None of the complications were directly responsible for the deaths in this series. Pulmonary artery monitoring in critically ill persons is a relatively safe procedure.", "PMID": 577248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12530", "title": "Spinal cord infarction following therapeutic renal artery embolization.", "content": "A patient with dialysis cachexia became paraparetic within hours of therapeutic renal artery embolization. At autopsy, emboli of absorbable gelatin sponge filled spinal arteries, accompanied by spinal cord infarcts. The renal arteries of patients with end-stage renal disease are smaller than normal becaue of intimal fibrosis associated with prolonged dialysis. Embolic material can reflux more readily in these patients than in patients with renal tumors.", "contents": "Spinal cord infarction following therapeutic renal artery embolization. A patient with dialysis cachexia became paraparetic within hours of therapeutic renal artery embolization. At autopsy, emboli of absorbable gelatin sponge filled spinal arteries, accompanied by spinal cord infarcts. The renal arteries of patients with end-stage renal disease are smaller than normal becaue of intimal fibrosis associated with prolonged dialysis. Embolic material can reflux more readily in these patients than in patients with renal tumors.", "PMID": 577249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12531", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a high selenium environment.", "content": "During a ten-year period, four cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been found in a sparsely populated county (population 4,000) in west-central South Dakota. The patients were unrelated male farmer-ranchers between 57 and 66 years of age, living within a 15-km radius of each other. The cases occurred in a region where naturally occurring selenium toxication is endemic in farm animals.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a high selenium environment. During a ten-year period, four cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been found in a sparsely populated county (population 4,000) in west-central South Dakota. The patients were unrelated male farmer-ranchers between 57 and 66 years of age, living within a 15-km radius of each other. The cases occurred in a region where naturally occurring selenium toxication is endemic in farm animals.", "PMID": 577250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12532", "title": "Estrogen receptor assay in the differential diagnosis of adenocarcinomas.", "content": "Estrogen receptor determination by the sucrose gradient method was applied to 295 tumor tissues of various origins. Estrogen receptor of the 8 S type was found only in adenocarcinoma of the breast, uterus, and ovary. Of 19 patients with metastatic carcinoma of unknown origin, four benefited from estrogen receptor study (ie, appropriate therapy could be initiated) and one was helped retrospectively on the clinical diagnosis. Estrogen receptor assays may also be useful in determining whether bilateral breast involvement represents two primary lesions or metastasis. Estrogen receptor studies should be included in evaluating cancers of unknown origin in female patients.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor assay in the differential diagnosis of adenocarcinomas. Estrogen receptor determination by the sucrose gradient method was applied to 295 tumor tissues of various origins. Estrogen receptor of the 8 S type was found only in adenocarcinoma of the breast, uterus, and ovary. Of 19 patients with metastatic carcinoma of unknown origin, four benefited from estrogen receptor study (ie, appropriate therapy could be initiated) and one was helped retrospectively on the clinical diagnosis. Estrogen receptor assays may also be useful in determining whether bilateral breast involvement represents two primary lesions or metastasis. Estrogen receptor studies should be included in evaluating cancers of unknown origin in female patients.", "PMID": 577259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12533", "title": "The spectrum of vitamin K deficiency.", "content": "The coagulopathy induced by vitamin K deficiency commonly results from our lack of awareness of the clinical setting associated with vitamin K deficiency. Thirteen cases are reviewed to illustrate the clinical correlates most frequently observed. Dietary deficiency was always present, but concomitant antibiotic therapy was not an absolute requirement. The postoperative patient is at high risk, as is the patient with cancer or renal failure. Abnormal bleeding was common, but significant hemorrhage occurred only in postoperative patients. Factor assays were helpful and occasionally necessary to make the diagnosis, but a therapeutic trial with parenteral vitamin K was often enough to provide the right diagnosis. Greater awareness of this deficiency syndrome is necessary to avoid the serious morbidity that often results.", "contents": "The spectrum of vitamin K deficiency. The coagulopathy induced by vitamin K deficiency commonly results from our lack of awareness of the clinical setting associated with vitamin K deficiency. Thirteen cases are reviewed to illustrate the clinical correlates most frequently observed. Dietary deficiency was always present, but concomitant antibiotic therapy was not an absolute requirement. The postoperative patient is at high risk, as is the patient with cancer or renal failure. Abnormal bleeding was common, but significant hemorrhage occurred only in postoperative patients. Factor assays were helpful and occasionally necessary to make the diagnosis, but a therapeutic trial with parenteral vitamin K was often enough to provide the right diagnosis. Greater awareness of this deficiency syndrome is necessary to avoid the serious morbidity that often results.", "PMID": 577260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12534", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the appendix.", "content": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a rare tumor. Fewer than 200 cases are on record. Correct preoperative diagnosis is virtually nonexistent. Two patients with adenocarcinoma of the appendix are described. Although appendectomy appears to be adequate treatment for carcinoid, right hemicolectomy is, in our opinion, the treatment of choice for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, while it is mandatory in cases of adenocarcinoma of the colonic type.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the appendix. Primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a rare tumor. Fewer than 200 cases are on record. Correct preoperative diagnosis is virtually nonexistent. Two patients with adenocarcinoma of the appendix are described. Although appendectomy appears to be adequate treatment for carcinoid, right hemicolectomy is, in our opinion, the treatment of choice for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, while it is mandatory in cases of adenocarcinoma of the colonic type.", "PMID": 577262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12535", "title": "Acute organic brain syndrome associated with gentamicin therapy.", "content": "Two patients receiving gentamicin sulfate experienced acute organic brain syndromes that subsided after use of the drug was discontinued. Among the various factors considered as possible causes, time sequences point to gentamicin as the most likely.", "contents": "Acute organic brain syndrome associated with gentamicin therapy. Two patients receiving gentamicin sulfate experienced acute organic brain syndromes that subsided after use of the drug was discontinued. Among the various factors considered as possible causes, time sequences point to gentamicin as the most likely.", "PMID": 577263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12536", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: incidence of symptoms.", "content": "Forty consecutively hospitalized patients who had overdosed primarily with a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) were observed until discharge. The severity of the overdose was documented by serial measurements of plasma TCA levels. Nineteen of the patients became comatose, 16 required supportive respiration, and 2 died. Individual symptoms in the 13 patients having plasma TCA levels greater than 1,000 ng/ml are shown. Plasma TCA measurements more reliably define patients who are at risk for major medical complications following overdose than does the amount of drug ingested by history. In the absence of plasma measurements, a QRS duration of 100 msec or more on a routine ECG within the first 24 hours defined all patients with major TCA overdoses.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: incidence of symptoms. Forty consecutively hospitalized patients who had overdosed primarily with a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) were observed until discharge. The severity of the overdose was documented by serial measurements of plasma TCA levels. Nineteen of the patients became comatose, 16 required supportive respiration, and 2 died. Individual symptoms in the 13 patients having plasma TCA levels greater than 1,000 ng/ml are shown. Plasma TCA measurements more reliably define patients who are at risk for major medical complications following overdose than does the amount of drug ingested by history. In the absence of plasma measurements, a QRS duration of 100 msec or more on a routine ECG within the first 24 hours defined all patients with major TCA overdoses.", "PMID": 577282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12537", "title": "Theophylline concentrations in asthmatic patients after administration of aminophylline.", "content": "To test the efficacy of using a weight-derived formula to determine aminophylline dosages, 50 patients hospitalized for treatment of severe asthma were given intravenous aminophylline infusions at a rate of 0.9 mg/kg/hr to a maximum dosage of 1,500 mg/24 hr. Serum theophylline determinations done 12 to 96 hours after institution of this therapy showed levels greater than 20 mg/liter in 34% of these patients. Reliance on weight-derived formulas can be dangerous.", "contents": "Theophylline concentrations in asthmatic patients after administration of aminophylline. To test the efficacy of using a weight-derived formula to determine aminophylline dosages, 50 patients hospitalized for treatment of severe asthma were given intravenous aminophylline infusions at a rate of 0.9 mg/kg/hr to a maximum dosage of 1,500 mg/24 hr. Serum theophylline determinations done 12 to 96 hours after institution of this therapy showed levels greater than 20 mg/liter in 34% of these patients. Reliance on weight-derived formulas can be dangerous.", "PMID": 577283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12538", "title": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. III. Variations in treatment.", "content": "Variations in therapy for patients with complaints suggesting transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) among six participating medical centers are described. Selected treatment, based on clinical interpretation of patient characteristics, varied widely among centers. Therefore, results cannot be attributed to specific treatment. Nevertheless, there was little difference between treatment categories and the likelihood of further TIAs. The mortality of the patients who had received anticoagulants was significantly higher (P less than .001) than those patients receiving other treatment. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. III. Variations in treatment. Variations in therapy for patients with complaints suggesting transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) among six participating medical centers are described. Selected treatment, based on clinical interpretation of patient characteristics, varied widely among centers. Therefore, results cannot be attributed to specific treatment. Nevertheless, there was little difference between treatment categories and the likelihood of further TIAs. The mortality of the patients who had received anticoagulants was significantly higher (P less than .001) than those patients receiving other treatment. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 577284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12539", "title": "Emergency medicine as an academic discipline.", "content": "Because of an explosive increase in the use of emergency rooms in hospitals across the country, many hospitals have found it expedient to employ full-time emergency physicians. The demand for emergency physicians has prompted the development of training programs in emergency medicine in academic medical centers. The first such training program was instituted at The Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1970. The 32 current programs in the nation are filling a real need in providing manpower for hospital emergency rooms. With the increasing identification and distribution of emergency physicians, there has been an attempt to develop emergency medicine as a distinct discipline and to establish its legitimacy in the structure of academic medical centers. A variety of problems must be addressed to clarify the role of emergency medicine in the academic setting.", "contents": "Emergency medicine as an academic discipline. Because of an explosive increase in the use of emergency rooms in hospitals across the country, many hospitals have found it expedient to employ full-time emergency physicians. The demand for emergency physicians has prompted the development of training programs in emergency medicine in academic medical centers. The first such training program was instituted at The Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1970. The 32 current programs in the nation are filling a real need in providing manpower for hospital emergency rooms. With the increasing identification and distribution of emergency physicians, there has been an attempt to develop emergency medicine as a distinct discipline and to establish its legitimacy in the structure of academic medical centers. A variety of problems must be addressed to clarify the role of emergency medicine in the academic setting.", "PMID": 577285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12540", "title": "Planning for retirement: advice to physicians.", "content": "Retirement planning has become a legitimate concern of all physicians, especially those employed by agencies where retirement is compulsory. Faced with the possibility of retirement, whether forced or voluntary, and issues of competence and other related matters, many physicians are departing from the traditional pattern of working until they become incapacitated. The typical physician places high values on work and deprecates other activities. Busy practitioners who have spent little time with their families and in recreational pursuits find themselves unprepared for their altered status when they stop working. Little empirical information is available concerning physicians and retirement. Four proposed retirement patterns may help physicians plan successfully for retirement.", "contents": "Planning for retirement: advice to physicians. Retirement planning has become a legitimate concern of all physicians, especially those employed by agencies where retirement is compulsory. Faced with the possibility of retirement, whether forced or voluntary, and issues of competence and other related matters, many physicians are departing from the traditional pattern of working until they become incapacitated. The typical physician places high values on work and deprecates other activities. Busy practitioners who have spent little time with their families and in recreational pursuits find themselves unprepared for their altered status when they stop working. Little empirical information is available concerning physicians and retirement. Four proposed retirement patterns may help physicians plan successfully for retirement.", "PMID": 577286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12541", "title": "Systemic absorption of neomycin irrigating solution.", "content": "Systemic absorption of neomycin sulfate occurred in ten patients in whom neomycin wound irrigating solutions were used during total hip replacement. The use of neomycin in this manner may be associated with the risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Systemic absorption of neomycin irrigating solution. Systemic absorption of neomycin sulfate occurred in ten patients in whom neomycin wound irrigating solutions were used during total hip replacement. The use of neomycin in this manner may be associated with the risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 577287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12542", "title": "Evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent: prazosin hydrochloride (Minipress).", "content": "Prazosin hydrochloride is an orally administered vasodilator that recently became available for the treatment of hypertension. It causes less tachycardia than hydralazine but may produce orthostatic hypotension, particularly after the initial dose. The role of prazosin in therapy is limited because of the risk of a first-dose syncopal reaction, and it appears to be indicated primarily in patients who cannot tolerate hydralazine hydrochloride or sympathetic depressant drugs. Like other antihypertensive agents, prazosin should be given with a diuretic.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent: prazosin hydrochloride (Minipress). Prazosin hydrochloride is an orally administered vasodilator that recently became available for the treatment of hypertension. It causes less tachycardia than hydralazine but may produce orthostatic hypotension, particularly after the initial dose. The role of prazosin in therapy is limited because of the risk of a first-dose syncopal reaction, and it appears to be indicated primarily in patients who cannot tolerate hydralazine hydrochloride or sympathetic depressant drugs. Like other antihypertensive agents, prazosin should be given with a diuretic.", "PMID": 577290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12543", "title": "Method for the isolation of surfactant from homogenates and lavages of lung of adult, newborn, and fetal rats.", "content": "A method is presented for the isolation of pulmonary surfactant from rat lung homogenates and lavages using differential discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The isolated surfactant was characterized by electron microscopy, assay of enzyme markers for different subcellular organelles, and its chemical composition. Surfactant that was isolated from lung homogenates appeared to be free of other contaminating cellular organelles. Electron microscopic examination of surfactant isolated from whole homogenates showed the presence of lamellar bodies and tubular myelin figures and, hence, represented total lung surfactant. On the other hand, surfactant prepared from lung lavages had mostly tubular myelin figures and, thus, represented extracellular surfactant. Both preparations were rich in phospholipids, especially lecithins and phosphatidylglycerol, and showed high phospholipid to protein ratios. The method was used to study the quantity and composition of surfactant during lung development in rats. Surfactant was isolated from lung homogenates of fetuses at days 19 to 21 of gestation and from newborn and adult rats. During the period of 19 to 21 days of gestation, there is a 10- and 20-fold increase in the amount of protein- and phospholipids (milligrams per gram of wet lung), respectively. A further 2-fold increase occurs after birth. Phosphatidylcholines account for 65% of the total phospholipids at day 20, 71% on day 21, and 81% at term. A progressive increase in the phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin ratios and in the amount of phosphatidylglycerol occurs during this period. The amount of disaturated lecithins (expressed as percentage of total phosphatidylcholines) in the lung surfactant increases from 49% at day 20 to 53% at birth. There is no change in the amount of disaturated lecithins after the newborn stage. The present method for the isolation of lung surfactant is reproducible, is less time consuming, and can be used to isolate quantitatively surfactant from small lung aliquots.", "contents": "Method for the isolation of surfactant from homogenates and lavages of lung of adult, newborn, and fetal rats. A method is presented for the isolation of pulmonary surfactant from rat lung homogenates and lavages using differential discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The isolated surfactant was characterized by electron microscopy, assay of enzyme markers for different subcellular organelles, and its chemical composition. Surfactant that was isolated from lung homogenates appeared to be free of other contaminating cellular organelles. Electron microscopic examination of surfactant isolated from whole homogenates showed the presence of lamellar bodies and tubular myelin figures and, hence, represented total lung surfactant. On the other hand, surfactant prepared from lung lavages had mostly tubular myelin figures and, thus, represented extracellular surfactant. Both preparations were rich in phospholipids, especially lecithins and phosphatidylglycerol, and showed high phospholipid to protein ratios. The method was used to study the quantity and composition of surfactant during lung development in rats. Surfactant was isolated from lung homogenates of fetuses at days 19 to 21 of gestation and from newborn and adult rats. During the period of 19 to 21 days of gestation, there is a 10- and 20-fold increase in the amount of protein- and phospholipids (milligrams per gram of wet lung), respectively. A further 2-fold increase occurs after birth. Phosphatidylcholines account for 65% of the total phospholipids at day 20, 71% on day 21, and 81% at term. A progressive increase in the phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin ratios and in the amount of phosphatidylglycerol occurs during this period. The amount of disaturated lecithins (expressed as percentage of total phosphatidylcholines) in the lung surfactant increases from 49% at day 20 to 53% at birth. There is no change in the amount of disaturated lecithins after the newborn stage. The present method for the isolation of lung surfactant is reproducible, is less time consuming, and can be used to isolate quantitatively surfactant from small lung aliquots.", "PMID": 577293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12544", "title": "Health and liability hazards in a veterinary hospital.", "content": "There is a wealth of information available to you concerning the methods and means of making the hospital a safer place for yourself, employees and clients. In addition, a book could be devoted to the safety of the animal patients. Your insurance carrier can help you spot som potentially dangerous conditions and suggest ways in which you can make the changes necessary to bring your hospital up to safety standards. Remember, a good preventive program is one of the best defenses against litigation.", "contents": "Health and liability hazards in a veterinary hospital. There is a wealth of information available to you concerning the methods and means of making the hospital a safer place for yourself, employees and clients. In addition, a book could be devoted to the safety of the animal patients. Your insurance carrier can help you spot som potentially dangerous conditions and suggest ways in which you can make the changes necessary to bring your hospital up to safety standards. Remember, a good preventive program is one of the best defenses against litigation.", "PMID": 577297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12545", "title": "Computed tomography of orbital lesions. A radiological study of 144 cases.", "content": "During the first two years with the 160 x 160 matrix EMI scanner 144 consecutive patients referred with suspicion of orbital disease were subjected to 190 computed tomography (CT) examinations. The X-ray attenuation and enhancement patterns of the various lesions were analyzed. In general it was difficult to correlate these parameters with the histopathological features. Hemangiomas, however, showed little enhancement and meningiomas a large degree of enhancement, while malignancies, lymphomas and pseudotumors were mainly intermediate. With orbital Graves' disease a low preinjection attenuation and a large enhancement (with normal striated neck muscle as a reference) was found in the external eye muscles. The diagnostic accuracy of CT (n=143) was compared to that of A/scan ultrasonography (US, n=80) and carotid angiography (n=40). CT showed the highest accuracy of the three methods, but CT differed only statistically from carotid angiography.", "contents": "Computed tomography of orbital lesions. A radiological study of 144 cases. During the first two years with the 160 x 160 matrix EMI scanner 144 consecutive patients referred with suspicion of orbital disease were subjected to 190 computed tomography (CT) examinations. The X-ray attenuation and enhancement patterns of the various lesions were analyzed. In general it was difficult to correlate these parameters with the histopathological features. Hemangiomas, however, showed little enhancement and meningiomas a large degree of enhancement, while malignancies, lymphomas and pseudotumors were mainly intermediate. With orbital Graves' disease a low preinjection attenuation and a large enhancement (with normal striated neck muscle as a reference) was found in the external eye muscles. The diagnostic accuracy of CT (n=143) was compared to that of A/scan ultrasonography (US, n=80) and carotid angiography (n=40). CT showed the highest accuracy of the three methods, but CT differed only statistically from carotid angiography.", "PMID": 577298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12546", "title": "Interaction between bromocriptine and levodopa. Biochemical basis for an improved treatment for parkinsonism.", "content": "The present investigation examined the biochemical interaction of bromocriptine and levodopa with respect to monoamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in the brain. Rats were treated with levodopa, 250 mg per kilogram of body weight intraperitoneally, with or without carbidopa, 25 mg per kilogram, 1 or 2 hours before sacrifice. Some were also given bromocriptine, 5.0 mg per kilogram, 4 hours before sacrifice. Rats were killed 1 and 2 hours after levodopa and brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and monoamines, and their metabolites were measured. Dopamine levels and metabolism were not markedly altered when bromocriptine was added to levodopa treatment. The level of serotonin, which was reduced 25 to 40 percent by levodopa alone, was close to normal with the combination treatment. Serotonin metabolism was also enhanced by the addition of bromocriptine as shown by increased levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The results suggest that bromocriptine not only may improve the motor disorder of parkinsonism but also may reduce some side effects of levodopa therapy, such as depression, which could be due to serotonin depletion.", "contents": "Interaction between bromocriptine and levodopa. Biochemical basis for an improved treatment for parkinsonism. The present investigation examined the biochemical interaction of bromocriptine and levodopa with respect to monoamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in the brain. Rats were treated with levodopa, 250 mg per kilogram of body weight intraperitoneally, with or without carbidopa, 25 mg per kilogram, 1 or 2 hours before sacrifice. Some were also given bromocriptine, 5.0 mg per kilogram, 4 hours before sacrifice. Rats were killed 1 and 2 hours after levodopa and brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and monoamines, and their metabolites were measured. Dopamine levels and metabolism were not markedly altered when bromocriptine was added to levodopa treatment. The level of serotonin, which was reduced 25 to 40 percent by levodopa alone, was close to normal with the combination treatment. Serotonin metabolism was also enhanced by the addition of bromocriptine as shown by increased levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The results suggest that bromocriptine not only may improve the motor disorder of parkinsonism but also may reduce some side effects of levodopa therapy, such as depression, which could be due to serotonin depletion.", "PMID": 577299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12547", "title": "Absence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Study of the minor surfactant phospholipids in newborns.", "content": "Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was absent from lung effluent in 41 infants with respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS), whereas effluent from healthy control subjects of similar gestational age contained this phospholipid (4.9 +/- 2.4% of lipidphosphorus (P), n = 32). Control infants of 28 weeks of gestation or less with various respiratory disturbances other than RDS also had low PG (0.2 +/- 0.2% of lipid-P, n = 5). In RDS surfactant complex often could be isolated from the airways using differential and density gradient centrifugation. The material thus obtained had prominent phosphatidylinositol (PI) (13.6 +/- 2.8% of lipid-P, n = 6), but no PG. Of those 18 infants who had such surfactant even in the early stages of RDS, 13 were 35 weeks of gestation or more, 3 were offspring of diabetic mothers, and 2 had severe perinatal asphyxia. In healthy control subjects PG sometimes appeared first within an hour of birth, but in RDS PG did not appear until recovery from RDS. In RDS type II (transient tachypnea of the newborn) PG in lung effluent also was abnormally low (1.3 +/- 0.6% of lipid-P, n = 5) and PI was correspondingly prominent (9.7 +/- 3.6% of lipid-P, n = 5), indicating immaturity of surfactant similar to RDS. Surfactant with PG and PI has superior surface-active properties compared to that containing PI, but no PG. Surfactant without PG does not seem to stabilize the alveoli of the newborn as well as does surfactant with PG. The failure of PG appearance following birth therefore may precipitate RDS, especially beyond 35 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "Absence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Study of the minor surfactant phospholipids in newborns. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was absent from lung effluent in 41 infants with respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS), whereas effluent from healthy control subjects of similar gestational age contained this phospholipid (4.9 +/- 2.4% of lipidphosphorus (P), n = 32). Control infants of 28 weeks of gestation or less with various respiratory disturbances other than RDS also had low PG (0.2 +/- 0.2% of lipid-P, n = 5). In RDS surfactant complex often could be isolated from the airways using differential and density gradient centrifugation. The material thus obtained had prominent phosphatidylinositol (PI) (13.6 +/- 2.8% of lipid-P, n = 6), but no PG. Of those 18 infants who had such surfactant even in the early stages of RDS, 13 were 35 weeks of gestation or more, 3 were offspring of diabetic mothers, and 2 had severe perinatal asphyxia. In healthy control subjects PG sometimes appeared first within an hour of birth, but in RDS PG did not appear until recovery from RDS. In RDS type II (transient tachypnea of the newborn) PG in lung effluent also was abnormally low (1.3 +/- 0.6% of lipid-P, n = 5) and PI was correspondingly prominent (9.7 +/- 3.6% of lipid-P, n = 5), indicating immaturity of surfactant similar to RDS. Surfactant with PG and PI has superior surface-active properties compared to that containing PI, but no PG. Surfactant without PG does not seem to stabilize the alveoli of the newborn as well as does surfactant with PG. The failure of PG appearance following birth therefore may precipitate RDS, especially beyond 35 weeks of gestation.", "PMID": 577302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12548", "title": "Fatty acids of phospholipids in human neonatal lung surfactant.", "content": "The fatty acid chains of lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine (PDME) in human neonatal alveolar washes were analyzed. Both alpha- and beta-palmitic acid increased with gestational age on all phospholipids analyzed. No evidence for high concentrations of myristic acid was found on any phospholipid. Babies who were stillborn or who had died of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) had lower proportions of beta-lecithin palmitic acid when compared with babies who breathed normally before death. In the HMD group these levels were significantly lower.", "contents": "Fatty acids of phospholipids in human neonatal lung surfactant. The fatty acid chains of lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine (PDME) in human neonatal alveolar washes were analyzed. Both alpha- and beta-palmitic acid increased with gestational age on all phospholipids analyzed. No evidence for high concentrations of myristic acid was found on any phospholipid. Babies who were stillborn or who had died of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) had lower proportions of beta-lecithin palmitic acid when compared with babies who breathed normally before death. In the HMD group these levels were significantly lower.", "PMID": 577303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12549", "title": "Retrolental fibroplasia and factors influencing oxygen transport.", "content": "The hospital records of 58 premature infants in whom proliferative retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) developed were matched with the records of 58 infants without RLF for birth weight, gestational age, and duration oxygen therapy. The two groups were compared for factors likely to influence tissue delivery of oxygen by blood. No significant difference was found in incidence of blood transfusions or exchange transfusions, use of phototherapy, or occurrence of acidosis.", "contents": "Retrolental fibroplasia and factors influencing oxygen transport. The hospital records of 58 premature infants in whom proliferative retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) developed were matched with the records of 58 infants without RLF for birth weight, gestational age, and duration oxygen therapy. The two groups were compared for factors likely to influence tissue delivery of oxygen by blood. No significant difference was found in incidence of blood transfusions or exchange transfusions, use of phototherapy, or occurrence of acidosis.", "PMID": 577304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12550", "title": "A simple noninvasive technique of measuring intracranial pressure in the newborn.", "content": "A noninvasive approach to measuring intracranial pressure in newborns based on optical principles and devoid of electrical hazards is described. This monitoring technique can be used to detail subtle changes in measurements in ill newborns and to predict hydrocephalus. The mean anterior fontanel pressure in normal infants was 10.14 +/- 0.39 cm H2O. Increased pressure was noted in sick neonates and in infants with hydrocephalus. Good correlation was noted between anterior fontanel pressure and CSF pressure. Pediatrics, 59:957-961, 1977, INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, ANTERIOR FONTANEL PRESSURE, HYDROCEPHALUS, MONITORING DEVICE.", "contents": "A simple noninvasive technique of measuring intracranial pressure in the newborn. A noninvasive approach to measuring intracranial pressure in newborns based on optical principles and devoid of electrical hazards is described. This monitoring technique can be used to detail subtle changes in measurements in ill newborns and to predict hydrocephalus. The mean anterior fontanel pressure in normal infants was 10.14 +/- 0.39 cm H2O. Increased pressure was noted in sick neonates and in infants with hydrocephalus. Good correlation was noted between anterior fontanel pressure and CSF pressure. Pediatrics, 59:957-961, 1977, INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, ANTERIOR FONTANEL PRESSURE, HYDROCEPHALUS, MONITORING DEVICE.", "PMID": 577305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12551", "title": "The role of tocopherol in oxygen-induced retinopathy: kitten model.", "content": "The effect of tocopherol (vitamin E) on oxygen-induced retinopathy was studied in 75 kittens following the development of a 12-point scoring system to quantitate the degree of retinopathy seen at three weeks. The tocopherol was found to be beneficial when given daily from the day of birth (P less than .0001) with oxygen exposures of two to  three days (79% FiO2) beginning on day 3. Caution is urged in applying these data to humans because (1) hepatosplenomegaly was noted in the treated animals, and (2) the kitten model for oxygen-induced retinopathy is not entirely satisfactory, Pediatrics, 59:998-1005 1977, RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA, OXYGEN TOXICITY, VITAMIN E, RETINOPATHY, KITTEN.", "contents": "The role of tocopherol in oxygen-induced retinopathy: kitten model. The effect of tocopherol (vitamin E) on oxygen-induced retinopathy was studied in 75 kittens following the development of a 12-point scoring system to quantitate the degree of retinopathy seen at three weeks. The tocopherol was found to be beneficial when given daily from the day of birth (P less than .0001) with oxygen exposures of two to  three days (79% FiO2) beginning on day 3. Caution is urged in applying these data to humans because (1) hepatosplenomegaly was noted in the treated animals, and (2) the kitten model for oxygen-induced retinopathy is not entirely satisfactory, Pediatrics, 59:998-1005 1977, RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA, OXYGEN TOXICITY, VITAMIN E, RETINOPATHY, KITTEN.", "PMID": 577306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12552", "title": "Phosphorylated protamines. I. Binding stoichiometry and thermal stability of complexes in DNA.", "content": "To decipher on a molecular level the role of protamine phosphorylation in spermiogenesis, clupeine Z species containing one, two or three serine phosphates were prepared utilizing a recently developed chemical procedure. The melting of complexes with calf thymus DNA showed that thermal stability decreases with increasing degree of phosphorylation. The stoichiometry of the nucleoprotamine complexes was investigated analyzing the melting curves and using the fluorescamine assay recently described. Phosphorylation significantly reduces binding stoichiometry defined as DNA-nucleotides covered by a protamine molecule. Thus, phosphorylated protamines are more densely packed along DNA; the implications on processes occurring in spermiogenesis as i. e. histone replacement, are discussed. A general discussion on the variability in protein-DNA stoichiometry values obtained by different procedures is included.", "contents": "Phosphorylated protamines. I. Binding stoichiometry and thermal stability of complexes in DNA. To decipher on a molecular level the role of protamine phosphorylation in spermiogenesis, clupeine Z species containing one, two or three serine phosphates were prepared utilizing a recently developed chemical procedure. The melting of complexes with calf thymus DNA showed that thermal stability decreases with increasing degree of phosphorylation. The stoichiometry of the nucleoprotamine complexes was investigated analyzing the melting curves and using the fluorescamine assay recently described. Phosphorylation significantly reduces binding stoichiometry defined as DNA-nucleotides covered by a protamine molecule. Thus, phosphorylated protamines are more densely packed along DNA; the implications on processes occurring in spermiogenesis as i. e. histone replacement, are discussed. A general discussion on the variability in protein-DNA stoichiometry values obtained by different procedures is included.", "PMID": 577308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12553", "title": "Ruptured mycotic splenic artery aneurysm: angiographic diagnosis.", "content": "A case of ruptured artery aneurysm is presented, emphasizing the pre-operative angiographic diagnosis of a difficult clinical problem. Although some patients have been operated on without angiography, this may prove of some difficulty if the diagnosis is not suspected. Awareness of potential routes of spread along soft tissue planes from the pancreatic bed may be of considerable importance in establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Ruptured mycotic splenic artery aneurysm: angiographic diagnosis. A case of ruptured artery aneurysm is presented, emphasizing the pre-operative angiographic diagnosis of a difficult clinical problem. Although some patients have been operated on without angiography, this may prove of some difficulty if the diagnosis is not suspected. Awareness of potential routes of spread along soft tissue planes from the pancreatic bed may be of considerable importance in establishing the diagnosis.", "PMID": 577317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12554", "title": "[Neuromuscular disturbances in endocrine disorders].", "content": "In order to study the character of lesions in the neuro-muscular system in endocrinological diseases the authors examined 156 patients with diffuse toxic struma, hypothyroidism and diabetus with the aid of clinico-EMG methods. A comparison of the investigation results of clinical, bioptic material and EMG data testified to an involvement into the process of all regions of the segmental neuromuscular apparatus. The results of EMG studies may serve as control data in relation to the effectiveness of the used therapy.", "contents": "[Neuromuscular disturbances in endocrine disorders]. In order to study the character of lesions in the neuro-muscular system in endocrinological diseases the authors examined 156 patients with diffuse toxic struma, hypothyroidism and diabetus with the aid of clinico-EMG methods. A comparison of the investigation results of clinical, bioptic material and EMG data testified to an involvement into the process of all regions of the segmental neuromuscular apparatus. The results of EMG studies may serve as control data in relation to the effectiveness of the used therapy.", "PMID": 577323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12555", "title": "Thyroid hormone-binding interactions in cytosol of rat anterior pituitary.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)-binding interactions in preparations of rat anterior pituitary gland have been studied. T4 is bound primarily to extranulcear binding sites located in the cytosol fraction of the cell. These sites have a medium affinity for T4: Ka = 2.5 x 10(8) 1/mol and a maximum binding capacity (MBC) of 1.15 pmol/mg tissue (wet weight). Binding of T3 to these sites is minimal. The extent of binding of T4 is influenced by the pH of the system and the temperature of incubation. The relative effectiveness of T4 analogues in displacing bound T4 is tetrac greater than T4 greater than triac greater than D-T4 greater than T3. Similar T4-binding sites are present in other rat tissues, but in all except serum, binding activity is lower than in the pituitary. T4-binding by serum contaminating the pituitary preparations contributed only partially to the total activity observed. Concomitant assessment of T4-binding activity and T4 metabolism in pituitary homogenates prepared at different pH values indicated an inverse relationship between the two processes. The possible role of thyroid hormone binding in cytosol in influencing the intracellular distribution of thyroid hormones is discussed.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone-binding interactions in cytosol of rat anterior pituitary. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)-binding interactions in preparations of rat anterior pituitary gland have been studied. T4 is bound primarily to extranulcear binding sites located in the cytosol fraction of the cell. These sites have a medium affinity for T4: Ka = 2.5 x 10(8) 1/mol and a maximum binding capacity (MBC) of 1.15 pmol/mg tissue (wet weight). Binding of T3 to these sites is minimal. The extent of binding of T4 is influenced by the pH of the system and the temperature of incubation. The relative effectiveness of T4 analogues in displacing bound T4 is tetrac greater than T4 greater than triac greater than D-T4 greater than T3. Similar T4-binding sites are present in other rat tissues, but in all except serum, binding activity is lower than in the pituitary. T4-binding by serum contaminating the pituitary preparations contributed only partially to the total activity observed. Concomitant assessment of T4-binding activity and T4 metabolism in pituitary homogenates prepared at different pH values indicated an inverse relationship between the two processes. The possible role of thyroid hormone binding in cytosol in influencing the intracellular distribution of thyroid hormones is discussed.", "PMID": 577324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12556", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for porcine lipotrophic peptide B.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for the lipolytic peptide B from pig pituitary glands has been developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits, which allowed a final dilution of 1:6000. Free and antibody bound [125I]peptide B could be separated by double antibody, by dextran-coated charcoal and by polyethyleneglycol. The smallest detectable amount was 0.5 ng/ml. Peptide B could be measured irregularly in porcine sera; there was cross-reacting material in an extract of a total human pituitary gland, but not in human sera. The assay seems specific except for a strong cross-reaction with porcine neurophysin. There are indications that peptide B consists of neurophysin and a small lipolytically active peptide which remains to be further characterized.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for porcine lipotrophic peptide B. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for the lipolytic peptide B from pig pituitary glands has been developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits, which allowed a final dilution of 1:6000. Free and antibody bound [125I]peptide B could be separated by double antibody, by dextran-coated charcoal and by polyethyleneglycol. The smallest detectable amount was 0.5 ng/ml. Peptide B could be measured irregularly in porcine sera; there was cross-reacting material in an extract of a total human pituitary gland, but not in human sera. The assay seems specific except for a strong cross-reaction with porcine neurophysin. There are indications that peptide B consists of neurophysin and a small lipolytically active peptide which remains to be further characterized.", "PMID": 577325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12557", "title": "Divergent effects of 6-propylthiouracil on 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (RT3) serum levels and in man.", "content": "The effect of 6-propylthiouracil (PTU) on the peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3 rT3) was investigated by assessments of the concentrations of T4 T3 and rT3 in peripheral venous blood from T4-treated healthy volunteers given PTU, 4 X 150 mg daily. Within on day of PTU administration, serum T3 concentrations were reduced, and those of rT3 enhanced. These deviations lasted as long as PTU was given (five days), and there was a rapid return towards normal within one day after PTU administration ceased. It seems probable that, in man, PTU can evoke a diversion of T4 monodeiodination, less being converted to the metabolically active T3 and more to the metabolically inactive rT3. It is ppossible that the rapidity whereby PTU can reduce T3 levels can offer an advantage in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Divergent effects of 6-propylthiouracil on 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (RT3) serum levels and in man. The effect of 6-propylthiouracil (PTU) on the peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3 rT3) was investigated by assessments of the concentrations of T4 T3 and rT3 in peripheral venous blood from T4-treated healthy volunteers given PTU, 4 X 150 mg daily. Within on day of PTU administration, serum T3 concentrations were reduced, and those of rT3 enhanced. These deviations lasted as long as PTU was given (five days), and there was a rapid return towards normal within one day after PTU administration ceased. It seems probable that, in man, PTU can evoke a diversion of T4 monodeiodination, less being converted to the metabolically active T3 and more to the metabolically inactive rT3. It is ppossible that the rapidity whereby PTU can reduce T3 levels can offer an advantage in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 577326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12558", "title": "In vivo studies on thyroxine and triiodothyronine metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The reciprocal effects of loading amounts of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) on the in vivo deiodination of their 125I-labelled isotopes by the rat were studied. It was found that the deiodination of a tracer amount of [125I]T3 as measured by the 24-h urinary 125iodide was significantly decreased after administration of a loading dose of non-radioactive T4. A similar decrease in deiodination of [125I]T3 was observed following the injection of a T3 load. In experiments in which the deiodination of [125I]T4 was assessed, the effects on this of loading doses of non-radioactive T4 or T3 differed; while stable T4 induced a significant decrease in deiodination of [125I]T4, stable T3 was without effect. The data is in agreement with the view that T4 and T3 share tissue deiodinating sites and that in such a system T4 appears to have a stronger avidity for those sites.", "contents": "In vivo studies on thyroxine and triiodothyronine metabolism in the rat. The reciprocal effects of loading amounts of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) on the in vivo deiodination of their 125I-labelled isotopes by the rat were studied. It was found that the deiodination of a tracer amount of [125I]T3 as measured by the 24-h urinary 125iodide was significantly decreased after administration of a loading dose of non-radioactive T4. A similar decrease in deiodination of [125I]T3 was observed following the injection of a T3 load. In experiments in which the deiodination of [125I]T4 was assessed, the effects on this of loading doses of non-radioactive T4 or T3 differed; while stable T4 induced a significant decrease in deiodination of [125I]T4, stable T3 was without effect. The data is in agreement with the view that T4 and T3 share tissue deiodinating sites and that in such a system T4 appears to have a stronger avidity for those sites.", "PMID": 577327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12559", "title": "[Effect of ergotoxin on gastric motility in the skate, frog and turtle].", "content": "DG-erotoxine (SPOFA)--200 mg/kh b. w. has no effect to the motor activity in scates. The dose of 500 mkg/kh produces 20-30 min. after injection the excitation of contraction followed by the inhibition. In frogs the dose of 25 mkg/kg produces the excitation of stomach contractions. The dose of 100 mkg/kg initially stimulates motor activity, later on--inhibits it. In the tortoise the dose of 25 mkg/kg increases the contraction of the stomach the dose of 2000 mkg/kg inhibits it.", "contents": "[Effect of ergotoxin on gastric motility in the skate, frog and turtle]. DG-erotoxine (SPOFA)--200 mg/kh b. w. has no effect to the motor activity in scates. The dose of 500 mkg/kh produces 20-30 min. after injection the excitation of contraction followed by the inhibition. In frogs the dose of 25 mkg/kg produces the excitation of stomach contractions. The dose of 100 mkg/kg initially stimulates motor activity, later on--inhibits it. In the tortoise the dose of 25 mkg/kg increases the contraction of the stomach the dose of 2000 mkg/kg inhibits it.", "PMID": 577322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12560", "title": "Long-term turnover of thyroid iodine in the rat as studied by the isotopic equilibrium method.", "content": "A long-term kinetics study was made in rats in a steady state for iodine metabolism and receiving either 5 microng iodine (group5) or 50 microng iodine (group 50) daily. By using the isotopic equilibrium method, the value of the renewed fraction was followed during at least 120 days in the thyroglobulin (Tg) and the lysosomes of the thyroid and in the plasma hormones. For both groups, only part of the total iodine pool in the Tg as well as in the lysosomes is directly available for secretion. Furthermore, the direct precursor pool of iodine for secretion in the lysosomes is dependent on the daily iodine intake (1.3 times greater in group 50 than in group 5) while the Tg iodine supply in the colloid is not (80% of the total Tg iodine pool for both groups). An iodine pool with a very slow turnover is present in the lysosomes (about 50% in each group), in the Tg of group 5 (more than 15%) and probably in the Tg of group 50 (less than 5%). Thus, the distribution of such a pool between lysosomes and Tg is dependent on the daily iodine intake. The very slow iodine pool is probably not accumulated into the follicles, since every studied pool is in steady state. It is practically not secreted since hormones in the plasma are entirely renewed. Again, it is practically not deiodinated since the thyroid iodide pool is also entirely renewed. These three criteria are valuable for both groups. Although one cannot entirely exclude its participation in secretion, it is postulated that the major part of this pool is re-cycled without deiodination. Both lysosome-lysosome and lysosome-colloid pathways of re-cycling have been postulated. The second pathway is supposed to increase when the daily iodine intake is decreased.", "contents": "Long-term turnover of thyroid iodine in the rat as studied by the isotopic equilibrium method. A long-term kinetics study was made in rats in a steady state for iodine metabolism and receiving either 5 microng iodine (group5) or 50 microng iodine (group 50) daily. By using the isotopic equilibrium method, the value of the renewed fraction was followed during at least 120 days in the thyroglobulin (Tg) and the lysosomes of the thyroid and in the plasma hormones. For both groups, only part of the total iodine pool in the Tg as well as in the lysosomes is directly available for secretion. Furthermore, the direct precursor pool of iodine for secretion in the lysosomes is dependent on the daily iodine intake (1.3 times greater in group 50 than in group 5) while the Tg iodine supply in the colloid is not (80% of the total Tg iodine pool for both groups). An iodine pool with a very slow turnover is present in the lysosomes (about 50% in each group), in the Tg of group 5 (more than 15%) and probably in the Tg of group 50 (less than 5%). Thus, the distribution of such a pool between lysosomes and Tg is dependent on the daily iodine intake. The very slow iodine pool is probably not accumulated into the follicles, since every studied pool is in steady state. It is practically not secreted since hormones in the plasma are entirely renewed. Again, it is practically not deiodinated since the thyroid iodide pool is also entirely renewed. These three criteria are valuable for both groups. Although one cannot entirely exclude its participation in secretion, it is postulated that the major part of this pool is re-cycled without deiodination. Both lysosome-lysosome and lysosome-colloid pathways of re-cycling have been postulated. The second pathway is supposed to increase when the daily iodine intake is decreased.", "PMID": 577328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12561", "title": "C-peptide in diabetic children after stimulation with clucagon compared with fasting C-peptide levels in non-diabetic children.", "content": "Fasting serum C-peptide and total immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were determined in 38 non-diabetic children and adolescents 6-22 years old. C-peptide varied between 0.22-0.73 pmol/ml (mean +/- SD, 0.45 +/- 0.11). There was a tendency to higher values during puberty. No difference was found between subjects with or without a family history for diabetes. IRI varied between 0-31 millimcron/m1 (mean +/- SD, 11.3 +/- 6.5). The C-peptide response to glucagon was studied in 10 insulin dependent juvenile diabetics 11-19 years old, who had had measurable amounts of fasting C-peptide on some occasions during the previous years. Duration of diabetes varied between 4-12 years. A slight but significant rise in C-peptide level occurred in 3 patients. Their metabolic control estimated on the basis of daily urinalysis was \"excellent\" or \"good\". The results support the hypothesis that even trace remnants of the beta cell function may be of importance for the metabolic control in juvenile diabetes.", "contents": "C-peptide in diabetic children after stimulation with clucagon compared with fasting C-peptide levels in non-diabetic children. Fasting serum C-peptide and total immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were determined in 38 non-diabetic children and adolescents 6-22 years old. C-peptide varied between 0.22-0.73 pmol/ml (mean +/- SD, 0.45 +/- 0.11). There was a tendency to higher values during puberty. No difference was found between subjects with or without a family history for diabetes. IRI varied between 0-31 millimcron/m1 (mean +/- SD, 11.3 +/- 6.5). The C-peptide response to glucagon was studied in 10 insulin dependent juvenile diabetics 11-19 years old, who had had measurable amounts of fasting C-peptide on some occasions during the previous years. Duration of diabetes varied between 4-12 years. A slight but significant rise in C-peptide level occurred in 3 patients. Their metabolic control estimated on the basis of daily urinalysis was \"excellent\" or \"good\". The results support the hypothesis that even trace remnants of the beta cell function may be of importance for the metabolic control in juvenile diabetes.", "PMID": 577329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12562", "title": "Trace elements in the human endometrium and decidua. A multielement analysis.", "content": "By means of neutron activation analysis, 25 trace elements, which are usually present in biological material, were estimated in 31 specimens of human endometrial tissue obtained at various phases of the menstrual cycle and in 14 specimens of decidua from the 12th to 18th week of pregnancy. Among the 13 trace elements invariably found in all specimens, the levels of copper, potassium, rubidium, antimony and zinc were significantly higher and those of bromine, selenium and sodium significantly lower in the endometrium than in the decidua. No difference was found in the levels of gold, calcium, cobalt, cesium and iron. Among the 12 trace elements which were found only occasionally, chromium, mercury, silver, and cadmium were detected in approximately half and cerium and scandium in approximately one-fourth of the 45 samples studied. Arsenic, barium, lanthanum, molybdenum, samarium and strontium were detected only rarely. The cyclic variations in the endometrial levels of calcium, rubidium and copper were highly significant and those in the levels of gold, cesium, iron, potassium and zinc probably significant.", "contents": "Trace elements in the human endometrium and decidua. A multielement analysis. By means of neutron activation analysis, 25 trace elements, which are usually present in biological material, were estimated in 31 specimens of human endometrial tissue obtained at various phases of the menstrual cycle and in 14 specimens of decidua from the 12th to 18th week of pregnancy. Among the 13 trace elements invariably found in all specimens, the levels of copper, potassium, rubidium, antimony and zinc were significantly higher and those of bromine, selenium and sodium significantly lower in the endometrium than in the decidua. No difference was found in the levels of gold, calcium, cobalt, cesium and iron. Among the 12 trace elements which were found only occasionally, chromium, mercury, silver, and cadmium were detected in approximately half and cerium and scandium in approximately one-fourth of the 45 samples studied. Arsenic, barium, lanthanum, molybdenum, samarium and strontium were detected only rarely. The cyclic variations in the endometrial levels of calcium, rubidium and copper were highly significant and those in the levels of gold, cesium, iron, potassium and zinc probably significant.", "PMID": 577330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12563", "title": "Oestrogenic activity of oestradiol-decanoate after oral administration to rodents.", "content": "Oestradiol-decanoate, dissolved in arachis oil and orally administered to rodents, produces oestrogenic effects. Compared on a molecular basis the ester has 0.1-1.0 times the activity of ethinyl oestradiol, dependent on the species and the parameter studied. The effects of oestradiol-decanoate are less or absent when the oil is omitted. It is likely that absorption of the steroid ester takes place via the intestinal lymphatics in conjunction with the oil.", "contents": "Oestrogenic activity of oestradiol-decanoate after oral administration to rodents. Oestradiol-decanoate, dissolved in arachis oil and orally administered to rodents, produces oestrogenic effects. Compared on a molecular basis the ester has 0.1-1.0 times the activity of ethinyl oestradiol, dependent on the species and the parameter studied. The effects of oestradiol-decanoate are less or absent when the oil is omitted. It is likely that absorption of the steroid ester takes place via the intestinal lymphatics in conjunction with the oil.", "PMID": 577331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12564", "title": "Study of the effect of oestradiol on hexosamine-containing substances and a possible receptor in the skin of male mice.", "content": "Male mice were treated with 10 microng of oestradiol for 5 days in order to study the effect of the hormone on both the distribution and the rate of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins in the skin. Oestradiol exerts a very specific effect on glycosaminoglycans by increasing hyaluronic acid concentration more than 11 times. Effects on other hexosamine-containing substances were much smaller and less consistent. Although the above increase of hyaluronic acid was due mainly to an augmentation of its synthesis, the results also indicate the possibility of a blockage in the breakdown process. Despite the fact that oestrogen produces such large changes, a specific cytosol receptor of the hormone was not discerned and it was concluded that male mouse skin is not an oestrogen receptor tissue in the classical sense.", "contents": "Study of the effect of oestradiol on hexosamine-containing substances and a possible receptor in the skin of male mice. Male mice were treated with 10 microng of oestradiol for 5 days in order to study the effect of the hormone on both the distribution and the rate of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins in the skin. Oestradiol exerts a very specific effect on glycosaminoglycans by increasing hyaluronic acid concentration more than 11 times. Effects on other hexosamine-containing substances were much smaller and less consistent. Although the above increase of hyaluronic acid was due mainly to an augmentation of its synthesis, the results also indicate the possibility of a blockage in the breakdown process. Despite the fact that oestrogen produces such large changes, a specific cytosol receptor of the hormone was not discerned and it was concluded that male mouse skin is not an oestrogen receptor tissue in the classical sense.", "PMID": 577332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12565", "title": "Congenital generalized lipodystrophy and experimental lipoatrophic diabetes in rabbits treated successfully with fenfluramine.", "content": "Lipoatrophic diabetes has been produced in rabbits by injection of a fraction prepared from the urine from patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Both these conditions are considered to be hypothalamic syndromes. The animals, and a patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy and latent diabetes were treated with the dopamine receptor blocker, pimozide, for 4 and 17 months, respectively. The results were discouraging even though the patient got a daily dose of 16 mg pimozide. Fenfluramine has a lowering effect on brain serotonin, and peripheral effects on glucose and triglyceride metabolism. This drug improved the general condition of the rabbits with lipoatrophic diabetes, as well as that of the patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. The rabbits became normoglycaemic and insulin sensitive. In the patient a normalization of the urinary excretion of the serotonin metabolite 5-OH-indole acetic acid was observed. His voracious hunger and profuse perspiration were reduced, the hyperkeratotic layer of the skin peeled off, and the pigmentations of the skin decreased. There was observed an improvement of ALAT and ASAT, normalization of the fasting blood glucose, and increased sensitivity to exogenous insulin. After 11 months of 200 mg fenfluramine daily addtitional administration of 2 g clofibrate per day produced normalization of the serum triglyceride concentration and a marked reduction of the resistance to insulin. Three more patients with congenital generalized lipodystriphy, two of whom have manifest diabetes, have now started treatment with fenfluramine and are improving. The rabbits got relapse of their lipoatrophic diabetes when the fenfluramine treatment was stopped. It is suggested that a disturbance in the serotonin metabolism of the central nervous system may be of pathogenetic importance in congenital generalized lipodystrophy.", "contents": "Congenital generalized lipodystrophy and experimental lipoatrophic diabetes in rabbits treated successfully with fenfluramine. Lipoatrophic diabetes has been produced in rabbits by injection of a fraction prepared from the urine from patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Both these conditions are considered to be hypothalamic syndromes. The animals, and a patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy and latent diabetes were treated with the dopamine receptor blocker, pimozide, for 4 and 17 months, respectively. The results were discouraging even though the patient got a daily dose of 16 mg pimozide. Fenfluramine has a lowering effect on brain serotonin, and peripheral effects on glucose and triglyceride metabolism. This drug improved the general condition of the rabbits with lipoatrophic diabetes, as well as that of the patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. The rabbits became normoglycaemic and insulin sensitive. In the patient a normalization of the urinary excretion of the serotonin metabolite 5-OH-indole acetic acid was observed. His voracious hunger and profuse perspiration were reduced, the hyperkeratotic layer of the skin peeled off, and the pigmentations of the skin decreased. There was observed an improvement of ALAT and ASAT, normalization of the fasting blood glucose, and increased sensitivity to exogenous insulin. After 11 months of 200 mg fenfluramine daily addtitional administration of 2 g clofibrate per day produced normalization of the serum triglyceride concentration and a marked reduction of the resistance to insulin. Three more patients with congenital generalized lipodystriphy, two of whom have manifest diabetes, have now started treatment with fenfluramine and are improving. The rabbits got relapse of their lipoatrophic diabetes when the fenfluramine treatment was stopped. It is suggested that a disturbance in the serotonin metabolism of the central nervous system may be of pathogenetic importance in congenital generalized lipodystrophy.", "PMID": 577333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12566", "title": "Reversible plasma and red blood cells volumes increases in acromegaly.", "content": "Plasma volume (PV) and red blood cells volume (RBCV) were measured in 76 normotensive acromegalic patients (42 males and 34 females) and compared with those of 28 controls on the basis of body surface. In untreated males PV and RBCV were significantly higher than in normals (P less than 0.001) and total blood volume (TBV) was above the normal range in 85%. Untreated females also showed an elevated PV but had significantly lower RBCV than the male patients. The only vascular volume of the patients with correlated significantly with the body weight or surface was RBCV in females. One to five studies were done after treatment in 52 patients and analyzed as a function of plasma GH levels. Plasma volume reverted to the normal range (males) or was significantly lower than in untreated patients (females) in the groups of patients with normal GH levels while RBCV normalized at higher GH concentrations. At similar GH levels, treated patients without pituitary failure (n = 35) or given T4 and/or cortisol substitution for hypopituitarism showed similar vascular volumes. The plasma volume and TBV in both sexes and RBCV in males was significantly correlated with Log 10 GH levels. It is concluded from these data and other experimental evidence that endogenous GH hypersecretion is responsible for the reversible PV and RBCV increases frequently found in acromegalic patients.", "contents": "Reversible plasma and red blood cells volumes increases in acromegaly. Plasma volume (PV) and red blood cells volume (RBCV) were measured in 76 normotensive acromegalic patients (42 males and 34 females) and compared with those of 28 controls on the basis of body surface. In untreated males PV and RBCV were significantly higher than in normals (P less than 0.001) and total blood volume (TBV) was above the normal range in 85%. Untreated females also showed an elevated PV but had significantly lower RBCV than the male patients. The only vascular volume of the patients with correlated significantly with the body weight or surface was RBCV in females. One to five studies were done after treatment in 52 patients and analyzed as a function of plasma GH levels. Plasma volume reverted to the normal range (males) or was significantly lower than in untreated patients (females) in the groups of patients with normal GH levels while RBCV normalized at higher GH concentrations. At similar GH levels, treated patients without pituitary failure (n = 35) or given T4 and/or cortisol substitution for hypopituitarism showed similar vascular volumes. The plasma volume and TBV in both sexes and RBCV in males was significantly correlated with Log 10 GH levels. It is concluded from these data and other experimental evidence that endogenous GH hypersecretion is responsible for the reversible PV and RBCV increases frequently found in acromegalic patients.", "PMID": 577334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12567", "title": "A comparison of the effect of TSH, GH and prolactin on the renal iodide excretion in unrestrained rabbits.", "content": "The immediate effect of graded iv doses of heterologous TSH, GH and prolactin on the renal iodide excretion was sutdied in unrestrained rabbits with implanted Geiger M\u00fcller detectors. Both TSH and GH lowered the fractional excretion rate of iodide. The duration of the effect was significantly correlated to the magnitude of the administered dose. The lowest dose with a significant effect was 10-20 mU TSH and 50 mU GH. Prolactin had no similar effect even in high pharmacological doses. An effect similar to that of small TSH doses was recorded following administration of 20-40 microng TRH iv. The immediate effect of GH on the iodide excretion accords with previous reports about similar effect on sodium excretion and suggests, that the effect of GH and TSH on the iodide excretion is secondary to a general effect on kidney function. The demonstration, that the effect is present in unrestrained animals after administration of physiological doses indicates, that the effect is not only of pharmacological significance, but may also have physiological significance.", "contents": "A comparison of the effect of TSH, GH and prolactin on the renal iodide excretion in unrestrained rabbits. The immediate effect of graded iv doses of heterologous TSH, GH and prolactin on the renal iodide excretion was sutdied in unrestrained rabbits with implanted Geiger M\u00fcller detectors. Both TSH and GH lowered the fractional excretion rate of iodide. The duration of the effect was significantly correlated to the magnitude of the administered dose. The lowest dose with a significant effect was 10-20 mU TSH and 50 mU GH. Prolactin had no similar effect even in high pharmacological doses. An effect similar to that of small TSH doses was recorded following administration of 20-40 microng TRH iv. The immediate effect of GH on the iodide excretion accords with previous reports about similar effect on sodium excretion and suggests, that the effect of GH and TSH on the iodide excretion is secondary to a general effect on kidney function. The demonstration, that the effect is present in unrestrained animals after administration of physiological doses indicates, that the effect is not only of pharmacological significance, but may also have physiological significance.", "PMID": 577335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12568", "title": "Bone changes in hyperthyroidism: interrelationships between bone morphometry, thyroid function and calcium-phosphorus metabolism.", "content": "Iliac-crest biopsies were obtained from 40 untreated hyperthyroid patients after double-labelling with tetracycline. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on undecalcified and decalcified bone sections. The morphometric and chemical data were compared with those in normal control groups and the results of the morphometric analyses were related to thyroid function and to chemical quantities of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. The bone turn-over was increased in the hyperthyroid patients with an increase both in bone resorption and bone formation. Serum alkaline phosphphatase was increased and positively correlated to the amount of osteoid and to the extent of tetracycline-labelled surfaces. The osteoclastic resorption was positively and the bone formation inversely correlated to thyroid activity. This might explain the reduced amount of trabecular bone found in hyperthyroidism. The most striking feature was, however, a pronounced increase in osteoclastic activity in cortical bone followed by increased porosity. The osteoclastic resorption in cortical bone was positively correlated to serum concentrations and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus. This indicates that increased cortical osteoclastic resorption is mainly responsible for bone mineral mobilisation in hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Bone changes in hyperthyroidism: interrelationships between bone morphometry, thyroid function and calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Iliac-crest biopsies were obtained from 40 untreated hyperthyroid patients after double-labelling with tetracycline. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on undecalcified and decalcified bone sections. The morphometric and chemical data were compared with those in normal control groups and the results of the morphometric analyses were related to thyroid function and to chemical quantities of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. The bone turn-over was increased in the hyperthyroid patients with an increase both in bone resorption and bone formation. Serum alkaline phosphphatase was increased and positively correlated to the amount of osteoid and to the extent of tetracycline-labelled surfaces. The osteoclastic resorption was positively and the bone formation inversely correlated to thyroid activity. This might explain the reduced amount of trabecular bone found in hyperthyroidism. The most striking feature was, however, a pronounced increase in osteoclastic activity in cortical bone followed by increased porosity. The osteoclastic resorption in cortical bone was positively correlated to serum concentrations and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus. This indicates that increased cortical osteoclastic resorption is mainly responsible for bone mineral mobilisation in hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 577336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12569", "title": "Stimulation of peripheral T3 formation by oral but not by intravenous glucose administration in fasted subjects.", "content": "Fasting is known to promote a shift in the conversion of thyroxine (T4), more being deiodinated to an inactive form, reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), and less to active triiodothyronine (T3). The mechanism behind this change is not known, but it has recently been demonstrated that the proportion of dietary carbohydrates influences the serum concentration of T3 and rT3. Therefore, it is possible that the deiodination of T4 is subordinated to gastroenterohepatic regulation. To explore this possibility, we administrated glucose by the oral or the intravenous route to volunteers, who had been fasted for 48 h. It was found that glucose normalized the low fasting T3 concentrations only after oral administration. This supports the assumption that some gastro enterohepatic factor participates in the regulation of T3 formation.", "contents": "Stimulation of peripheral T3 formation by oral but not by intravenous glucose administration in fasted subjects. Fasting is known to promote a shift in the conversion of thyroxine (T4), more being deiodinated to an inactive form, reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), and less to active triiodothyronine (T3). The mechanism behind this change is not known, but it has recently been demonstrated that the proportion of dietary carbohydrates influences the serum concentration of T3 and rT3. Therefore, it is possible that the deiodination of T4 is subordinated to gastroenterohepatic regulation. To explore this possibility, we administrated glucose by the oral or the intravenous route to volunteers, who had been fasted for 48 h. It was found that glucose normalized the low fasting T3 concentrations only after oral administration. This supports the assumption that some gastro enterohepatic factor participates in the regulation of T3 formation.", "PMID": 577337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12570", "title": "Rapid disappearance of loading doses of thyroxine from blood and their excretion by the bile in rats.", "content": "The disappearance of loading doses of thyroxine (T4) (100-20 000 microng T4 iv per rat weighing about 400 g) was measured with the aid of new technique allowing frequent blood sampling with maintenance of isovolaemia in anaesthetized animals. It was found that as early as 2 min after the injection more than half of the administered dose disappeared from the blood, while after 300 min only about 2% of that remained in the plasma. The direct relationship between the administered dose of T4 and both the relative and absolute level of free dialyzable T4 as well as of per cent of T4 displaced from plasma by sodium salicylate in vivo was demonstrated. Moreover, it was found that about 60% of administratered T4 is excreted by the bile within 300 min irrespective of the dose given, about 15 and 50% of that being found in the small intestine after 15 and 180 min, respectively. When two loading doses of T4 were subsequently administered and labelled with different isotopes, the amount of T4 from the first dose excreted by the bile was proportional to the amount of T4 from a second dose administered 18 h later. From all these observations it was concluded that, in vivo, an effective system for removal of the loading doses of thyroxine from the blood exists, and is presumably located in rapidly equilibrating tissues, mainly in the liver. From this point of view it appears that plasma protein carriers play an important role in the whole body economy of thyroxine, namely by maintaining a certain level in the blood to cover the actual functional needs of peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Rapid disappearance of loading doses of thyroxine from blood and their excretion by the bile in rats. The disappearance of loading doses of thyroxine (T4) (100-20 000 microng T4 iv per rat weighing about 400 g) was measured with the aid of new technique allowing frequent blood sampling with maintenance of isovolaemia in anaesthetized animals. It was found that as early as 2 min after the injection more than half of the administered dose disappeared from the blood, while after 300 min only about 2% of that remained in the plasma. The direct relationship between the administered dose of T4 and both the relative and absolute level of free dialyzable T4 as well as of per cent of T4 displaced from plasma by sodium salicylate in vivo was demonstrated. Moreover, it was found that about 60% of administratered T4 is excreted by the bile within 300 min irrespective of the dose given, about 15 and 50% of that being found in the small intestine after 15 and 180 min, respectively. When two loading doses of T4 were subsequently administered and labelled with different isotopes, the amount of T4 from the first dose excreted by the bile was proportional to the amount of T4 from a second dose administered 18 h later. From all these observations it was concluded that, in vivo, an effective system for removal of the loading doses of thyroxine from the blood exists, and is presumably located in rapidly equilibrating tissues, mainly in the liver. From this point of view it appears that plasma protein carriers play an important role in the whole body economy of thyroxine, namely by maintaining a certain level in the blood to cover the actual functional needs of peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 577338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12571", "title": "Insulin secretion in insulin-requiring diabetics before and during insulin treatment.", "content": "Endogenous insulin secretion after different stimuli was determined in insulin requiring diabetics without circulating insulin antibodies. Four groups of non-obese diabetics were investigated and compared with 111 controls. Group I: 14 patients with mild diabetes, not yet requiring insulin; diagnosis before the age of 30 years. Group II: 19 ketonuric patients just before being started on insulin treatment. Group III: 18 patients during remission after an average of 16.5 months' insulin treatment. Group IV: 13 patients with no remission period or relapse after an average of 19.5 months on insulin treatment. Blood glucose and immunoreactive insulin were measured during fasting and after iv secretin, iv tolbutamide, iv GTT, and oral GTT, followed by combined iv tolbutamide and glucagon stimulation. A considerable insulin secretion could be demonstrated in group I, whereas in group II only a very low insulin peak was obtained after secretin and the combined injection of glucagon and tolbutamide. In group III considerable insulin secretion was demonstrated, whereas in group IV only a very low insulin peak was obtained. A significant correlation between the degree of metabolic control and endogenous insulin secretion was found.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in insulin-requiring diabetics before and during insulin treatment. Endogenous insulin secretion after different stimuli was determined in insulin requiring diabetics without circulating insulin antibodies. Four groups of non-obese diabetics were investigated and compared with 111 controls. Group I: 14 patients with mild diabetes, not yet requiring insulin; diagnosis before the age of 30 years. Group II: 19 ketonuric patients just before being started on insulin treatment. Group III: 18 patients during remission after an average of 16.5 months' insulin treatment. Group IV: 13 patients with no remission period or relapse after an average of 19.5 months on insulin treatment. Blood glucose and immunoreactive insulin were measured during fasting and after iv secretin, iv tolbutamide, iv GTT, and oral GTT, followed by combined iv tolbutamide and glucagon stimulation. A considerable insulin secretion could be demonstrated in group I, whereas in group II only a very low insulin peak was obtained after secretin and the combined injection of glucagon and tolbutamide. In group III considerable insulin secretion was demonstrated, whereas in group IV only a very low insulin peak was obtained. A significant correlation between the degree of metabolic control and endogenous insulin secretion was found.", "PMID": 577340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12572", "title": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity during acute metabolic and endocrine changes in dogs.", "content": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was determined in dogs after acute changes in the blood sugar and after injection of growth hormone. Serum was chromatographed over Sephadex G-50 columns equilibrated in 1 M acetic acid and NSILA-S was determined in the fractions between 55 and 85% column volume using a protein binding assay and the conventional fat pad assay. The results obtained with these two methods correlated rather well (r = 0.74). Hyperglycaemia induced by an intravenous glucose load, by intravenous administration of mannoheptulose or both was not followed by an increase in NSILA-S levels. The injection of insulin and human growth hormone did not lead to alterations of the NSILA-S levels. It is concluded that total NSILA-S levels in the dog do not change acutely following manipulations of the blood sugar and that, in all likelihood, NSILA-S plays no role in the regulation of blood glucose.", "contents": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity during acute metabolic and endocrine changes in dogs. Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was determined in dogs after acute changes in the blood sugar and after injection of growth hormone. Serum was chromatographed over Sephadex G-50 columns equilibrated in 1 M acetic acid and NSILA-S was determined in the fractions between 55 and 85% column volume using a protein binding assay and the conventional fat pad assay. The results obtained with these two methods correlated rather well (r = 0.74). Hyperglycaemia induced by an intravenous glucose load, by intravenous administration of mannoheptulose or both was not followed by an increase in NSILA-S levels. The injection of insulin and human growth hormone did not lead to alterations of the NSILA-S levels. It is concluded that total NSILA-S levels in the dog do not change acutely following manipulations of the blood sugar and that, in all likelihood, NSILA-S plays no role in the regulation of blood glucose.", "PMID": 577341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12573", "title": "Somatomedin A and B in serum from neonates, their mothers and cord blood.", "content": "Somatomedin A by radioreceptor assay and somatomedin B by radioimmunoassay were measured in serum from women immediately after parturition and from their newborns. The mean levels of somatomedin A in both mothers (0.54 U/ml) and infants (0.50 U/ml) were significantly decreased compared to a reference group consisting of 21 non-pregnant women (0.91 U/ml). There was no difference between the mothers and their children. The mean somatomedin B value in serum from the mothers (63.9 microgram/ml) was above that found in non-pregnant women (19.2 microgram/ml) and the mean value in cord blood and serum from the infants (7.1 microgram/ml) was below it. A positive correlation was noted between somatomedin A and B in cord blood; r = 0.78. The combined somatomedin A and B values in cord blood were positively correlated to birth weight (r = 0.51, P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Somatomedin A and B in serum from neonates, their mothers and cord blood. Somatomedin A by radioreceptor assay and somatomedin B by radioimmunoassay were measured in serum from women immediately after parturition and from their newborns. The mean levels of somatomedin A in both mothers (0.54 U/ml) and infants (0.50 U/ml) were significantly decreased compared to a reference group consisting of 21 non-pregnant women (0.91 U/ml). There was no difference between the mothers and their children. The mean somatomedin B value in serum from the mothers (63.9 microgram/ml) was above that found in non-pregnant women (19.2 microgram/ml) and the mean value in cord blood and serum from the infants (7.1 microgram/ml) was below it. A positive correlation was noted between somatomedin A and B in cord blood; r = 0.78. The combined somatomedin A and B values in cord blood were positively correlated to birth weight (r = 0.51, P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 577342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12574", "title": "Contribution of lactic acid by the ampullary and isthmic parts of rabbit Fallopian tube under altered hormonal conditions.", "content": "The capability of the ampullary and isthmic parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube to contribute lactic acid (LA) to the tubal lumen was examined using an in vitro method of study. In addition concomitant study was also made using the uterus. It was found that in the oestrous rabbit, the isthmus contributed LA at a higher rate than that of the ampulla; the uterine contribution was minimal. Ovariectomy reduced while exogenous oestrogen enhanced this ability in all the three tissues. In mated post-ovulatory rabbits the contributory efficiency of either tubal part changed and appeared to exhibit a peak value in the presence of the ovum; the uterus showed no such changes. This is discussed in relation to the ability of the egg to secure its energy source until it attained morula/the pre-blastocyst stage.", "contents": "Contribution of lactic acid by the ampullary and isthmic parts of rabbit Fallopian tube under altered hormonal conditions. The capability of the ampullary and isthmic parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube to contribute lactic acid (LA) to the tubal lumen was examined using an in vitro method of study. In addition concomitant study was also made using the uterus. It was found that in the oestrous rabbit, the isthmus contributed LA at a higher rate than that of the ampulla; the uterine contribution was minimal. Ovariectomy reduced while exogenous oestrogen enhanced this ability in all the three tissues. In mated post-ovulatory rabbits the contributory efficiency of either tubal part changed and appeared to exhibit a peak value in the presence of the ovum; the uterus showed no such changes. This is discussed in relation to the ability of the egg to secure its energy source until it attained morula/the pre-blastocyst stage.", "PMID": 577343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12575", "title": "Senile cataract account of cateract extractions performed in an urbanized population during the third quarter of the present century.", "content": "Since the late 1940's the annual number of cataract extractions performed at the Eye Department of the Municipal Hospital of Copenhagen has quintupled. This increase has been followed by a tendency towards stabilisation. An increase of the potential cataract clientele by about 60 per cent and an extended indication for operation are considered obvious causes of this rise, to which must be added an increase-inducing factor due to the popularisation of a visual rehabilitating operation in a community with a relative preponderance of old inhabitants. An attempt at a statistical calculation of the percentage of the population subjected to cataract extraction in a defined area, related to age, is presented. This calculation may be of some guidance in the planning of ophthalmosurgical facilities.", "contents": "Senile cataract account of cateract extractions performed in an urbanized population during the third quarter of the present century. Since the late 1940's the annual number of cataract extractions performed at the Eye Department of the Municipal Hospital of Copenhagen has quintupled. This increase has been followed by a tendency towards stabilisation. An increase of the potential cataract clientele by about 60 per cent and an extended indication for operation are considered obvious causes of this rise, to which must be added an increase-inducing factor due to the popularisation of a visual rehabilitating operation in a community with a relative preponderance of old inhabitants. An attempt at a statistical calculation of the percentage of the population subjected to cataract extraction in a defined area, related to age, is presented. This calculation may be of some guidance in the planning of ophthalmosurgical facilities.", "PMID": 577344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12576", "title": "On the molecular biology of the vitreous in the aphakic eye.", "content": "The vitreous of aphakic and phakic eyes was assayed for hyaluronic acid. Intracapsular cataract extraction was regularly followed by decreased hyaluronic acid concentration and studies on the distribution of hyaluronic acid within the vitreous cavity showed that removal of the lens facilitates diffusion of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. Based on these studies certain postoperative features of the aphakic eye are discussed. The instability of the vitreous gel, as reflected by rupture of the anterior vitreous face and an increased incidence of vitreous detachment supports the hypothesis of hyaluronic acid as a stabilizer of the gel. The decreased adhesion of the neural retina in the aphakic eye might be caused by the loss of hyaluronic acid. Normally the high concentration of hyaluronic acid adjacent to the retina contributes to the resistance of bulk flow of fluid into the subretinal space making it possible for the active transport system of the pigment epithelium to maintain a pressure drop across the neural retina. It is anticipated that saccades create currents in the fluid vitreous close to the eye wall after vitreous detachment. Model experiments showed that these currents were greatly enhanced, when the concentration of hyaluronic acid was lowered.", "contents": "On the molecular biology of the vitreous in the aphakic eye. The vitreous of aphakic and phakic eyes was assayed for hyaluronic acid. Intracapsular cataract extraction was regularly followed by decreased hyaluronic acid concentration and studies on the distribution of hyaluronic acid within the vitreous cavity showed that removal of the lens facilitates diffusion of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. Based on these studies certain postoperative features of the aphakic eye are discussed. The instability of the vitreous gel, as reflected by rupture of the anterior vitreous face and an increased incidence of vitreous detachment supports the hypothesis of hyaluronic acid as a stabilizer of the gel. The decreased adhesion of the neural retina in the aphakic eye might be caused by the loss of hyaluronic acid. Normally the high concentration of hyaluronic acid adjacent to the retina contributes to the resistance of bulk flow of fluid into the subretinal space making it possible for the active transport system of the pigment epithelium to maintain a pressure drop across the neural retina. It is anticipated that saccades create currents in the fluid vitreous close to the eye wall after vitreous detachment. Model experiments showed that these currents were greatly enhanced, when the concentration of hyaluronic acid was lowered.", "PMID": 577345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12577", "title": "Formation of after-cataract by regeneration of human and rabbit lens epithelium in tissue culture.", "content": "Regeneration of lens epithelium on the lens capsule was studied in tissue culture. The entire capsule with attached epithelium was taken from rabbit lenses and from human lenses with cataract. Generally, the epithelium grew in a monolayer but multilayered masses of cells were also seen. Most lens fibers degenerated during the first days and formed spherical membrane enclosed vesicles containing cytoplasm but no nuclei. The lens fiber remnants, together with regenerating epithelium, created structures that were similar in many ways to the clinical appearance of after-cataract.", "contents": "Formation of after-cataract by regeneration of human and rabbit lens epithelium in tissue culture. Regeneration of lens epithelium on the lens capsule was studied in tissue culture. The entire capsule with attached epithelium was taken from rabbit lenses and from human lenses with cataract. Generally, the epithelium grew in a monolayer but multilayered masses of cells were also seen. Most lens fibers degenerated during the first days and formed spherical membrane enclosed vesicles containing cytoplasm but no nuclei. The lens fiber remnants, together with regenerating epithelium, created structures that were similar in many ways to the clinical appearance of after-cataract.", "PMID": 577346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12578", "title": "Retinal detachment in aphakia.", "content": "In a prospective study five hundred consecutive cases of cataract operations were followed during ten years. Nine cases of retinal detachment were observed. In a retrospective study 77 cases with aphakic retinal detachment were studied according to type of cataract operation, interval between this operation and the onset of retinal detachment, refraction, area of detachment and results of treatment. About fifty percent of the cases of retinal detachment are observed during the first year after the cataract operation. At the first examination the detached area is usually larger in aphakic eyes than in phakic eyes. The anatomical and functional cure after detachment operation is probably less in aphakic than phakic eyes.", "contents": "Retinal detachment in aphakia. In a prospective study five hundred consecutive cases of cataract operations were followed during ten years. Nine cases of retinal detachment were observed. In a retrospective study 77 cases with aphakic retinal detachment were studied according to type of cataract operation, interval between this operation and the onset of retinal detachment, refraction, area of detachment and results of treatment. About fifty percent of the cases of retinal detachment are observed during the first year after the cataract operation. At the first examination the detached area is usually larger in aphakic eyes than in phakic eyes. The anatomical and functional cure after detachment operation is probably less in aphakic than phakic eyes.", "PMID": 577347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12579", "title": "Visual complaints and binocular function in bilaterally aphakic persons with cataract glasses.", "content": "Seventy-one consecutive patients who underwent operation for senile cataract in both eyes during the period 1969-1973 were examined and questioned about visual complaints an average of 18 months after being fitted with cataract spectacles. In the distance situation none had complaints, either reported spontaneously or after questioning. Except for a few immobile patients, all could manage on their own in the street and on stairs. In the near situation 16 of the 71 patients had permanent alternating or intermittent exotropia which, however, gave rise to diplopic complaints in only two. The diplopia in these two patients disappeared after the glasses had been decentered. On questioning, complaints of diplopia could be elicited in another 5 patients. Investigation of sensory binocular function using Titmus' sterotest showed that 35 of the 71 patients could manage the test at the level 40 inches/arc. Division of the material into two groups by duration of monocular visual function during the development of the cataract and during the period between the operations on the two eyes, disclosed that this factor was of no importance to the postoperative motor and sensory binocular function.", "contents": "Visual complaints and binocular function in bilaterally aphakic persons with cataract glasses. Seventy-one consecutive patients who underwent operation for senile cataract in both eyes during the period 1969-1973 were examined and questioned about visual complaints an average of 18 months after being fitted with cataract spectacles. In the distance situation none had complaints, either reported spontaneously or after questioning. Except for a few immobile patients, all could manage on their own in the street and on stairs. In the near situation 16 of the 71 patients had permanent alternating or intermittent exotropia which, however, gave rise to diplopic complaints in only two. The diplopia in these two patients disappeared after the glasses had been decentered. On questioning, complaints of diplopia could be elicited in another 5 patients. Investigation of sensory binocular function using Titmus' sterotest showed that 35 of the 71 patients could manage the test at the level 40 inches/arc. Division of the material into two groups by duration of monocular visual function during the development of the cataract and during the period between the operations on the two eyes, disclosed that this factor was of no importance to the postoperative motor and sensory binocular function.", "PMID": 577348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12580", "title": "The use of contact lenses in children with unilateral traumatic aphakia.", "content": "Seveteen children under the age of ten years with unilateral traumatic aphakia, who had been fitted with contact lenses, were reviewed by an ophthalmologist and an orthoptist, on average three years after the injury. Thirteen children were still using their lenses. Of the seventeen, none were deeply amblyopic. Only one had orthophoria. Twelve of the seventeen had heterotropia, which in most cases was moderate. Six of the children achieved stereopsis in the synoptophore, only four by the Titmus sterotest, all of these were six years old or more at the time of the injury, and had had lenses fitted within the first six months of the injury. All the patients, as well as their parents, were motivated for lens-wearing, and the lens played an important part in the treatment of amblyopia. It is concluded that the sooner the contact lens is supplied, the better are the changes of obtaining binocular function. Beginning with a soft lens a few weeks after achieving clear pupil is recommended.", "contents": "The use of contact lenses in children with unilateral traumatic aphakia. Seveteen children under the age of ten years with unilateral traumatic aphakia, who had been fitted with contact lenses, were reviewed by an ophthalmologist and an orthoptist, on average three years after the injury. Thirteen children were still using their lenses. Of the seventeen, none were deeply amblyopic. Only one had orthophoria. Twelve of the seventeen had heterotropia, which in most cases was moderate. Six of the children achieved stereopsis in the synoptophore, only four by the Titmus sterotest, all of these were six years old or more at the time of the injury, and had had lenses fitted within the first six months of the injury. All the patients, as well as their parents, were motivated for lens-wearing, and the lens played an important part in the treatment of amblyopia. It is concluded that the sooner the contact lens is supplied, the better are the changes of obtaining binocular function. Beginning with a soft lens a few weeks after achieving clear pupil is recommended.", "PMID": 577349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12581", "title": "Unilateral traumatic cataract in children.", "content": "A survey is presented of the course of unilateral traumatic cataract in 15 children of 8 years of age and below, admitted consecutively to the Ophthalmological Department of the Odense University Hospital over a period of 9 years. The follow-up examination revealed that four patients had visual acuity of more than 6/18, and of these two retained binocular single vision and used contact lenses. The size of the material does not permit any conclusive statements to be made. Thus it is impossible to select the patients who will have either a good or a poor final result from the treatment, with regard to vision and binocular single vision.", "contents": "Unilateral traumatic cataract in children. A survey is presented of the course of unilateral traumatic cataract in 15 children of 8 years of age and below, admitted consecutively to the Ophthalmological Department of the Odense University Hospital over a period of 9 years. The follow-up examination revealed that four patients had visual acuity of more than 6/18, and of these two retained binocular single vision and used contact lenses. The size of the material does not permit any conclusive statements to be made. Thus it is impossible to select the patients who will have either a good or a poor final result from the treatment, with regard to vision and binocular single vision.", "PMID": 577350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12582", "title": "Social and medical aspects of unilateral traumatic aphakia.", "content": "Twenty-one males between 16 and 50 years of age were admitted during a five year period and treated for a corneal perforation and traumatic cataract. One did not attend the follow-up examination. Five patients were not offered contact lens owing either to their occupation or to bad visual acuity. Twelve patients were offered contact lens, but only four patients made permanent use of them and have good binocular function. Three patients were given an intraocular lens, two of these with good results. Many of the patients had considerable problems at work, and there appears to be a certain amount of relationship between the length of the sick leave and their later employment. Half of the patients had to change their occupation either totally or partly. Social security and social problems are discussed.", "contents": "Social and medical aspects of unilateral traumatic aphakia. Twenty-one males between 16 and 50 years of age were admitted during a five year period and treated for a corneal perforation and traumatic cataract. One did not attend the follow-up examination. Five patients were not offered contact lens owing either to their occupation or to bad visual acuity. Twelve patients were offered contact lens, but only four patients made permanent use of them and have good binocular function. Three patients were given an intraocular lens, two of these with good results. Many of the patients had considerable problems at work, and there appears to be a certain amount of relationship between the length of the sick leave and their later employment. Half of the patients had to change their occupation either totally or partly. Social security and social problems are discussed.", "PMID": 577351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12583", "title": "Correction of aphakia with intraocular lens implants.", "content": "40 cases of intraocular lens implants are reported. 33% had an optimal post-operative vision of greater than 1.0; 56% and larger than or equal to 0.9 and 84% 0.5 or better. After a postoperative follow-up of 1 month to 32 months, mean 15.1 months, the patients were all satisfied with the pseudophakic eye, and no endothelial corneal dystrophy, chronic uveitis or glaucoma was detected. Several minor post-operative complications were seen, most without consequence. One case had recurrent iridial haemorrhages.", "contents": "Correction of aphakia with intraocular lens implants. 40 cases of intraocular lens implants are reported. 33% had an optimal post-operative vision of greater than 1.0; 56% and larger than or equal to 0.9 and 84% 0.5 or better. After a postoperative follow-up of 1 month to 32 months, mean 15.1 months, the patients were all satisfied with the pseudophakic eye, and no endothelial corneal dystrophy, chronic uveitis or glaucoma was detected. Several minor post-operative complications were seen, most without consequence. One case had recurrent iridial haemorrhages.", "PMID": 577352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12584", "title": "Results from lens implantation. A material from four Danish hospitals.", "content": "A retrospective evaluation of the results obtained with primary implantation of an iris clip lens, performed in four Danish eye departments, is given. Altogether 203 implants were carried out. The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was 77 years. Seventeen patients had bilateral implantation. Besides the cataract, the age of the patients was main indication for implantation. Contributing indications were monolateral cataract, macular degeneration, and general somatic or psychic incapacity. The incidence of more serious complications was (more than one complication in some eyes): corneal dystrophy 13/203, deposits on the clip lens or in the pupil 18/203, secondary glaucoma 2/203, macular oedema 2/203, late recurrent hyphaema 2/203 and dislocation of the clip lens 6/203. Seven clip lenses were removed. A corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or above was found in 56% of the cases postoperatively. In spite of the complications it is considered justifiable to continue with clip lens implantation in elderly patients, to solve the optical problems following aphakia.", "contents": "Results from lens implantation. A material from four Danish hospitals. A retrospective evaluation of the results obtained with primary implantation of an iris clip lens, performed in four Danish eye departments, is given. Altogether 203 implants were carried out. The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was 77 years. Seventeen patients had bilateral implantation. Besides the cataract, the age of the patients was main indication for implantation. Contributing indications were monolateral cataract, macular degeneration, and general somatic or psychic incapacity. The incidence of more serious complications was (more than one complication in some eyes): corneal dystrophy 13/203, deposits on the clip lens or in the pupil 18/203, secondary glaucoma 2/203, macular oedema 2/203, late recurrent hyphaema 2/203 and dislocation of the clip lens 6/203. Seven clip lenses were removed. A corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or above was found in 56% of the cases postoperatively. In spite of the complications it is considered justifiable to continue with clip lens implantation in elderly patients, to solve the optical problems following aphakia.", "PMID": 577353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12585", "title": "Congenital glaucoma before and after the introduction of microsurgery. Results of \"macrosurgery\" 1943-1963 and of microsurgery (trabeculotomy/ectomy) 1970-1974.", "content": "Primary trabeculotomy (in five eyes \"converted\" to trabeculectomy) normalized the tension in all 21 eyes with congenital glaucoma without associated diseases, (mean postoperative tension 12 mmHg, range 8-20 mm). Re-operation was needed for only one eye. Preoperatively glaucomatous cupping was present in 18 of these 21 eyes. Ten of the 18 eyes with glaucomatous cupping were operated upon before the age of 6 months two before 11 months and the appearance of the disc was normalized in these 12 eyes. Repeated trabeculotomy, -ectomy was without success in three of five operated eyes in patients with congenital glaucoma of several years duration previously treated by \"macrosurgery\". In patients with associated diseases normal tension was achieved by means of trabeculotomy/-ectomy in two eyes in two Sturge-Weber children with unilateral congenital glaucoma and in both eyes in a child with a chromosomal defect with bilateral congenital glaucoma. Repeated trabeculotomy/ectomy was on the other hand without success in a child with bilateral aniridia with congenital glaucoma and hydrocephalus. Presupposing acute or subacute microsurgery, the present operative results of congenital glaucoma without diseases are far better than those obtained in previous decades by \"macrosurgery\" which, despite frequent re-operations, effected normalization of the tension in only 61% of the eyes (11 of 26 patients (42%) with bilateral congenital glaucoma without associated diseases and treated by macrosurgery in previous decades were under the Care of the Blind).", "contents": "Congenital glaucoma before and after the introduction of microsurgery. Results of \"macrosurgery\" 1943-1963 and of microsurgery (trabeculotomy/ectomy) 1970-1974. Primary trabeculotomy (in five eyes \"converted\" to trabeculectomy) normalized the tension in all 21 eyes with congenital glaucoma without associated diseases, (mean postoperative tension 12 mmHg, range 8-20 mm). Re-operation was needed for only one eye. Preoperatively glaucomatous cupping was present in 18 of these 21 eyes. Ten of the 18 eyes with glaucomatous cupping were operated upon before the age of 6 months two before 11 months and the appearance of the disc was normalized in these 12 eyes. Repeated trabeculotomy, -ectomy was without success in three of five operated eyes in patients with congenital glaucoma of several years duration previously treated by \"macrosurgery\". In patients with associated diseases normal tension was achieved by means of trabeculotomy/-ectomy in two eyes in two Sturge-Weber children with unilateral congenital glaucoma and in both eyes in a child with a chromosomal defect with bilateral congenital glaucoma. Repeated trabeculotomy/ectomy was on the other hand without success in a child with bilateral aniridia with congenital glaucoma and hydrocephalus. Presupposing acute or subacute microsurgery, the present operative results of congenital glaucoma without diseases are far better than those obtained in previous decades by \"macrosurgery\" which, despite frequent re-operations, effected normalization of the tension in only 61% of the eyes (11 of 26 patients (42%) with bilateral congenital glaucoma without associated diseases and treated by macrosurgery in previous decades were under the Care of the Blind).", "PMID": 577354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12586", "title": "The distended disc in early stages of congenital glaucoma.", "content": "In 12 out of 18 eyes operated upon for congenital glaucoma without associated diseases the preoperative glaucomatous cupping had disappeared at follow-up 2 weeks to 3 months after the operation (trabeculotomy ab externo on 9 eyes and trabeculectomy on 3 eyes). Of the 12 eyes, 10 had had the operation performed before the age of 6 months, in contrast to the group in which glaucomatous cupping of the disc was irreversible where operation had been performed in the age range 6 months--12 years (mean 6 years). The mean postoperative tension value in the 18 eyes was 12 mm (range 8-20) mm) without medication, mean observation time 3 years. It seems likely that during the first phases of congenital glaucoma the disc is distended, i.e. of increased diameter and depth. This form of glaucomatous cupping and the increased diameter of the disc may be due to pressure-conditioned enlargement of the scleral canal and omnidirectional distention of the lamina cribrosa. This distention manifests itself mainly in the central areas of the lamina cribrosa and the disc, and usually disappears when the tension is normalized by surgery during the first phases of the disease.", "contents": "The distended disc in early stages of congenital glaucoma. In 12 out of 18 eyes operated upon for congenital glaucoma without associated diseases the preoperative glaucomatous cupping had disappeared at follow-up 2 weeks to 3 months after the operation (trabeculotomy ab externo on 9 eyes and trabeculectomy on 3 eyes). Of the 12 eyes, 10 had had the operation performed before the age of 6 months, in contrast to the group in which glaucomatous cupping of the disc was irreversible where operation had been performed in the age range 6 months--12 years (mean 6 years). The mean postoperative tension value in the 18 eyes was 12 mm (range 8-20) mm) without medication, mean observation time 3 years. It seems likely that during the first phases of congenital glaucoma the disc is distended, i.e. of increased diameter and depth. This form of glaucomatous cupping and the increased diameter of the disc may be due to pressure-conditioned enlargement of the scleral canal and omnidirectional distention of the lamina cribrosa. This distention manifests itself mainly in the central areas of the lamina cribrosa and the disc, and usually disappears when the tension is normalized by surgery during the first phases of the disease.", "PMID": 577355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12587", "title": "Goniotomy and congenital glaucoma.", "content": "A survey is presented of the operative results  obtained in 45 eyes suffering from congenital glaucoma, primarily operated on using micro-surgical techniques, either goniotomy as described by Worst, or trabeculotomy. Thirty-eight of the 45 eyes have, during an observation period of 1-10 years, average 5.5 years, a normal pressure of less than or equal to 18 mmHg measured using Draeger's technique. A relatively high frequency of recurrence has been found following an average observation period of 3.5 years in patients who were primarily normalized by Worst's goniotomy.", "contents": "Goniotomy and congenital glaucoma. A survey is presented of the operative results  obtained in 45 eyes suffering from congenital glaucoma, primarily operated on using micro-surgical techniques, either goniotomy as described by Worst, or trabeculotomy. Thirty-eight of the 45 eyes have, during an observation period of 1-10 years, average 5.5 years, a normal pressure of less than or equal to 18 mmHg measured using Draeger's technique. A relatively high frequency of recurrence has been found following an average observation period of 3.5 years in patients who were primarily normalized by Worst's goniotomy.", "PMID": 577356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12588", "title": "Variation and heritability of ocular dimensions. A population study among adult Greenland Eskimos.", "content": "Adult Greenland Eskimos from Umanaq town (age 15+) and villages (age 40+) were examined. Optical pachymetry, ultrasonic oculometry, corneal diameter and curvature measurements, and subjective refraction were performed in 5-600 persons. Frequent occurrence of primary angle-closure glaucoma motivated the survey. Age-, sex- and family-variations were studied by linear regression analyses. Conspicuous age effect was found with respect to increase of lens thickness and forward displacement of the lens with age. Almost no age influence was found with respect to increase of lens thickness and forward displacement of the lens with age. Almost no age influence was found with respect to corneoscleral size, i. e. axial length, corneal size and corneal radius of curvature. Conspicuous heritability (h2=0.6-0.8) was found in corneoscleral size parameters as well as lens position, while refractive error showed a much smaller genetic influence.", "contents": "Variation and heritability of ocular dimensions. A population study among adult Greenland Eskimos. Adult Greenland Eskimos from Umanaq town (age 15+) and villages (age 40+) were examined. Optical pachymetry, ultrasonic oculometry, corneal diameter and curvature measurements, and subjective refraction were performed in 5-600 persons. Frequent occurrence of primary angle-closure glaucoma motivated the survey. Age-, sex- and family-variations were studied by linear regression analyses. Conspicuous age effect was found with respect to increase of lens thickness and forward displacement of the lens with age. Almost no age influence was found with respect to increase of lens thickness and forward displacement of the lens with age. Almost no age influence was found with respect to corneoscleral size, i. e. axial length, corneal size and corneal radius of curvature. Conspicuous heritability (h2=0.6-0.8) was found in corneoscleral size parameters as well as lens position, while refractive error showed a much smaller genetic influence.", "PMID": 577357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12589", "title": "Fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in study of affected males and in female carriers with choroidermia. A preliminary report.", "content": "26 males and 13 female carriers of different ages with choroideremia of varying severity were investigated using sodium fluorescein (FAG) and/or indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography. Females with minor changes present in pigment epithelium amy stay unchanged throughout life or gradually develop into a more advanced stage resembling the fundus picture of severely affected males. In moderately affected females there is a patchy degeneration of pigment epithelium in the macula. Peripapillary degeneration is seen also in indocyanine green fluorescence angiograms. In males, atrophic areas and the remaining choriocapillaris are clearly demonstrated in FAG and less well visible in ICG angiograms. ICG angiograms show choroidal vessels more clearly in cases where the pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris are still present. In advanced cases in males and females, the choroidal blood circulation is slow.", "contents": "Fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in study of affected males and in female carriers with choroidermia. A preliminary report. 26 males and 13 female carriers of different ages with choroideremia of varying severity were investigated using sodium fluorescein (FAG) and/or indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography. Females with minor changes present in pigment epithelium amy stay unchanged throughout life or gradually develop into a more advanced stage resembling the fundus picture of severely affected males. In moderately affected females there is a patchy degeneration of pigment epithelium in the macula. Peripapillary degeneration is seen also in indocyanine green fluorescence angiograms. In males, atrophic areas and the remaining choriocapillaris are clearly demonstrated in FAG and less well visible in ICG angiograms. ICG angiograms show choroidal vessels more clearly in cases where the pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris are still present. In advanced cases in males and females, the choroidal blood circulation is slow.", "PMID": 577359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12590", "title": "Photocoagulation in retinal venous occlusion.", "content": "Results of retinal photocoagulation therapy in 26 eyes with retinal branch vein occlusion (RBVO) and in 18 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) are presented. The final visual outcome in eyes with macular oedema (non-ischaemic type of occlusion) did not significantly differ from that reported in various untreated series of branch or central retinal vein occlusion. Neovascular complications in eyes with capillary non-perfusion (ischaemic type of occlusion) could not be prevented with the relatively mild photocoagulation technique (less than 200 xenon burns in CRVO) used in this study. On the basis of this series the value of photocoagulation therapy in improving the visual prognosis in venous occlusion is questionable, and, in order to prevent neovascular complications in the ischaemic type of occlusion, a more extensive treatment seems to be necessary.", "contents": "Photocoagulation in retinal venous occlusion. Results of retinal photocoagulation therapy in 26 eyes with retinal branch vein occlusion (RBVO) and in 18 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) are presented. The final visual outcome in eyes with macular oedema (non-ischaemic type of occlusion) did not significantly differ from that reported in various untreated series of branch or central retinal vein occlusion. Neovascular complications in eyes with capillary non-perfusion (ischaemic type of occlusion) could not be prevented with the relatively mild photocoagulation technique (less than 200 xenon burns in CRVO) used in this study. On the basis of this series the value of photocoagulation therapy in improving the visual prognosis in venous occlusion is questionable, and, in order to prevent neovascular complications in the ischaemic type of occlusion, a more extensive treatment seems to be necessary.", "PMID": 577360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12591", "title": "Haemorrhagic maculopathy in young adults.", "content": "The results from a retrospective clinical study of a group of patients with a specific macular disease are presented. The group includes young adults, otherwise healthy, with no hereditary diseases. The macular disease is as a rule monolateral. The lesion consits of a small central nodule surrounded by subretinal haemorrhages, retinal oedema and degenerative changes in the adjacent pigment epithelium. Fluorescein angiography demonstrates subretinal neovascularization in the central part of the lesion. The disease is selflimiting and the lesion develops into a fibrotic scar. In some cases, small, atrophic spots are seen scattered in the eyeground. There is no vitreous reaction and no signs of anterior uveitis. The clinical picture is identical with the macular lesion reported in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "contents": "Haemorrhagic maculopathy in young adults. The results from a retrospective clinical study of a group of patients with a specific macular disease are presented. The group includes young adults, otherwise healthy, with no hereditary diseases. The macular disease is as a rule monolateral. The lesion consits of a small central nodule surrounded by subretinal haemorrhages, retinal oedema and degenerative changes in the adjacent pigment epithelium. Fluorescein angiography demonstrates subretinal neovascularization in the central part of the lesion. The disease is selflimiting and the lesion develops into a fibrotic scar. In some cases, small, atrophic spots are seen scattered in the eyeground. There is no vitreous reaction and no signs of anterior uveitis. The clinical picture is identical with the macular lesion reported in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "PMID": 577361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12592", "title": "Argon laser treatment of exudative senile maculopathy.", "content": "Fourty-nine eyes with exudative senile maculopathy (ESM) have been treated with argon laser photocoagulation. Fluorescein angiography studies were done pre- and postoperatively. The follow-up time is 6 to 12 months after end of treatment. The results suggest a beneficial effect in selected cases of ESM.", "contents": "Argon laser treatment of exudative senile maculopathy. Fourty-nine eyes with exudative senile maculopathy (ESM) have been treated with argon laser photocoagulation. Fluorescein angiography studies were done pre- and postoperatively. The follow-up time is 6 to 12 months after end of treatment. The results suggest a beneficial effect in selected cases of ESM.", "PMID": 577362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12593", "title": "Contrast sensitivity in macular disease. A preliminary report.", "content": "Psychophysical measurements of contrast thresholds for sinusoidal gratings of variable frequency were made in normal controls and in patients with macular disease. Normal controls showed a U-shaped contrast sensitivity function comparable with previous reports. Patients with relatively well conserved visual acuity showed a marked impairment in contrast sensitivity for targets of high and intermediate spatial frequencies, while patients with more advanced disease showed a pronounced impairment across a larger spectrum of frequencies. Our findings provide insight into the visual difficulties of daily life of patients with macular disease. The determination of contrast sensitivity seems to be an important and very sensitive tool for the detection of early disturbances.", "contents": "Contrast sensitivity in macular disease. A preliminary report. Psychophysical measurements of contrast thresholds for sinusoidal gratings of variable frequency were made in normal controls and in patients with macular disease. Normal controls showed a U-shaped contrast sensitivity function comparable with previous reports. Patients with relatively well conserved visual acuity showed a marked impairment in contrast sensitivity for targets of high and intermediate spatial frequencies, while patients with more advanced disease showed a pronounced impairment across a larger spectrum of frequencies. Our findings provide insight into the visual difficulties of daily life of patients with macular disease. The determination of contrast sensitivity seems to be an important and very sensitive tool for the detection of early disturbances.", "PMID": 577363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12594", "title": "Central serous retinopathy and presenile disciform exudative macular degeneration. Is there an aetiological relationship between these two exudative conditions of the macula?", "content": "The clinical syndromes central serous retinopathy (RCS) and presenile exudative disciform macular degeneration (PEDMD) are well known, but the causes of the pathophysiological and pathoanatomical changes in the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and pigment epithelium as predisposing factors are unknown. Apparently these two degenerative macular conditions are different. However, they possibly represent two manifestations of the same nosological entity, which is initially dominated by a subretinal exudation in the macular region. It is therefore also reasonable to consider that RCS can be part of, or an initial stage of PEDMD. In the present study these possibilities have been demonstrated by a follow-up examination, using among other things fluorescein angiography of a selective material of 20 patients with RCS. In addition, it is shown that RCS can be a more serious condition with regard to the central vision than is generally accepted.", "contents": "Central serous retinopathy and presenile disciform exudative macular degeneration. Is there an aetiological relationship between these two exudative conditions of the macula? The clinical syndromes central serous retinopathy (RCS) and presenile exudative disciform macular degeneration (PEDMD) are well known, but the causes of the pathophysiological and pathoanatomical changes in the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and pigment epithelium as predisposing factors are unknown. Apparently these two degenerative macular conditions are different. However, they possibly represent two manifestations of the same nosological entity, which is initially dominated by a subretinal exudation in the macular region. It is therefore also reasonable to consider that RCS can be part of, or an initial stage of PEDMD. In the present study these possibilities have been demonstrated by a follow-up examination, using among other things fluorescein angiography of a selective material of 20 patients with RCS. In addition, it is shown that RCS can be a more serious condition with regard to the central vision than is generally accepted.", "PMID": 577364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12595", "title": "Disciform detachment of the macula. I. Juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy.", "content": "The clinical findings in six patients with juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy are described. There was no evidence of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. The history, clinical features and course of the disease suggested that at least in some cases intravascular coagulation in the central choriocapillaris may form the choroidopathy inducing the disciform detachment of the macula. Oral corticosteroids could not prevent progression of the lesion which had a poor visual outcome. In one patient, good therapeutic response was achieved with acetylsalicylic acid, which may be useful together with lasercoagulation in the early treatment of this syndrome.", "contents": "Disciform detachment of the macula. I. Juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy. The clinical findings in six patients with juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy are described. There was no evidence of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. The history, clinical features and course of the disease suggested that at least in some cases intravascular coagulation in the central choriocapillaris may form the choroidopathy inducing the disciform detachment of the macula. Oral corticosteroids could not prevent progression of the lesion which had a poor visual outcome. In one patient, good therapeutic response was achieved with acetylsalicylic acid, which may be useful together with lasercoagulation in the early treatment of this syndrome.", "PMID": 577365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12596", "title": "Disciform detachment of the macula. II. Fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence angiographic findings in juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy.", "content": "Six patients with juvenile haemorrhagic mascular choroidopathy were studied with fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence (ICG) angiography, and red-light and red-free light photography in different stages of the disease. The primary lesion consisted of multifocal, whitish, dot-like areas of choroidal infiltration showing hyperfluorescence in the late phase of the fluorescein angiograms. Red-light photographs revealed depigmentation of the pigment epithelium overlying the choroidal lesion, and clearly demonstrated the subsequent pigment-ring lesion. Fluorescein angiograms revealed subretinal neovascularization at the site of the disciform-stage choroidal lesion. ICG angiograms revealed the choridal lesion to be located in the region of greatest supply of short posterior ciliary arteries, wheras the lesion itself remained underfilled throughout the angiogram suggesting vascular decompensation at the site of the lesion. The results suggest a vascular basis, namely intravascular coagulation in the central choriocapillaris, for this uveitis entity.", "contents": "Disciform detachment of the macula. II. Fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence angiographic findings in juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy. Six patients with juvenile haemorrhagic mascular choroidopathy were studied with fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence (ICG) angiography, and red-light and red-free light photography in different stages of the disease. The primary lesion consisted of multifocal, whitish, dot-like areas of choroidal infiltration showing hyperfluorescence in the late phase of the fluorescein angiograms. Red-light photographs revealed depigmentation of the pigment epithelium overlying the choroidal lesion, and clearly demonstrated the subsequent pigment-ring lesion. Fluorescein angiograms revealed subretinal neovascularization at the site of the disciform-stage choroidal lesion. ICG angiograms revealed the choridal lesion to be located in the region of greatest supply of short posterior ciliary arteries, wheras the lesion itself remained underfilled throughout the angiogram suggesting vascular decompensation at the site of the lesion. The results suggest a vascular basis, namely intravascular coagulation in the central choriocapillaris, for this uveitis entity.", "PMID": 577366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12597", "title": "Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis affecting the macula.", "content": "To study macular changes in toxoplasmic chorioretinitis 41 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis were reviewed. Of the 41 patients, seven had central, large, deep, pigment ringed scars of congenital toxoplasmosis with poor central vision; squint was seen in two and nystagmus in two; 32, including 11 cases with a macular lesion, had recurrent active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis with a focal, yellowish-white, elevated lesion with indistinct borders mostly at the margin of an old scar and associated with vitreous opacities in all, secondary anterior uveitis in 28, macular oedema in 22, papilloedema in 14, and retinal perivasculitis in 16 cases; two had rare acquired toxoplasmic chorioretinitis affecting the macula. The results show that active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis often causes a widespread intraocular inflammation with vitritis, macular oedema, papilloedema, retinal perivasculitis and secondary anterior uveitis, and suggest a combined treatment of active lesions with antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids.", "contents": "Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis affecting the macula. To study macular changes in toxoplasmic chorioretinitis 41 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis were reviewed. Of the 41 patients, seven had central, large, deep, pigment ringed scars of congenital toxoplasmosis with poor central vision; squint was seen in two and nystagmus in two; 32, including 11 cases with a macular lesion, had recurrent active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis with a focal, yellowish-white, elevated lesion with indistinct borders mostly at the margin of an old scar and associated with vitreous opacities in all, secondary anterior uveitis in 28, macular oedema in 22, papilloedema in 14, and retinal perivasculitis in 16 cases; two had rare acquired toxoplasmic chorioretinitis affecting the macula. The results show that active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis often causes a widespread intraocular inflammation with vitritis, macular oedema, papilloedema, retinal perivasculitis and secondary anterior uveitis, and suggest a combined treatment of active lesions with antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids.", "PMID": 577367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12598", "title": "Inotropic action and myocardial uptake of digoxin and betamethyldigoxin in isolated guinea pig atria.", "content": "The chronotropic and inotropic effects as well as the tissue levels of digoxin and methyldigoxin were studied in isolated guinea pig atria. Higher concentrations of methyldigoxin than of digoxin were required to cause arrhythmias. The inotropic potencies of the two glycosides did not differ from each another in equimolar concentrations in the organ bath. The increase in contractility correlated with the level of the glycoside in the organ bath and in the tissue. Digoxin was more effectively taken up by the heart tissue than methyldigoxin. Thus, when the tissue levels of the glycosides were the same, the contractility was greater after methyldigoxin than after digoxin.", "contents": "Inotropic action and myocardial uptake of digoxin and betamethyldigoxin in isolated guinea pig atria. The chronotropic and inotropic effects as well as the tissue levels of digoxin and methyldigoxin were studied in isolated guinea pig atria. Higher concentrations of methyldigoxin than of digoxin were required to cause arrhythmias. The inotropic potencies of the two glycosides did not differ from each another in equimolar concentrations in the organ bath. The increase in contractility correlated with the level of the glycoside in the organ bath and in the tissue. Digoxin was more effectively taken up by the heart tissue than methyldigoxin. Thus, when the tissue levels of the glycosides were the same, the contractility was greater after methyldigoxin than after digoxin.", "PMID": 577368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12599", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of methylergometrine (methylergonovine) in the rabbit and man.", "content": "Methylergometrine concentrations in human and rabbit plasma were determined by a new radioimmunoassay after a single intravenous injection (0.2 mg in man and 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg in rabbits). Both in man and in the rabbit methylergometrine disappeared quickly from the plasma with a mean T1/2alpha of 1.8 and 1.2-1.7 min. respectively. Similarly, the T1/2beta-values were 32.1 and 27.3-93.2 min. tthe mean maximal response in the rabbit uterus in situ after 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg intravenously dose was found at 40 sec., 26 sec., and 26 sec. after the drug administration, respectively, and the dose response curve was quite steep. A significant correlation was found between the dose and response.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of methylergometrine (methylergonovine) in the rabbit and man. Methylergometrine concentrations in human and rabbit plasma were determined by a new radioimmunoassay after a single intravenous injection (0.2 mg in man and 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg in rabbits). Both in man and in the rabbit methylergometrine disappeared quickly from the plasma with a mean T1/2alpha of 1.8 and 1.2-1.7 min. respectively. Similarly, the T1/2beta-values were 32.1 and 27.3-93.2 min. tthe mean maximal response in the rabbit uterus in situ after 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg intravenously dose was found at 40 sec., 26 sec., and 26 sec. after the drug administration, respectively, and the dose response curve was quite steep. A significant correlation was found between the dose and response.", "PMID": 577369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12600", "title": "Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. III. The distribution of soluble copper- and zinc-binding liver proteins of lambs compared with adult sheep.", "content": "The distribution of copper and zinc among soluble hepatic proteins in lambs from 1 normal and 1 copper dosed ewe was studied by gel filtration. It was found that the distribution pattern is similar in newborn lambs and transfer and accumulation of copper is possible in lambs.", "contents": "Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. III. The distribution of soluble copper- and zinc-binding liver proteins of lambs compared with adult sheep. The distribution of copper and zinc among soluble hepatic proteins in lambs from 1 normal and 1 copper dosed ewe was studied by gel filtration. It was found that the distribution pattern is similar in newborn lambs and transfer and accumulation of copper is possible in lambs.", "PMID": 577370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12601", "title": "Hexachlorobenzene induction of 2,4-diaminoanisole mutagenicity in vitro.", "content": "Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-pretreatment of rats leads to an increase in liver microsomal 2,4-diaminoanisole activation to a mutagen after a dose of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and to an increase in ethylmorphine N-demethylase after a dose of 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. 2,4-Diaminoanisole mutagenicity was increased 24 hrs after HCB-pretreatment, whereas ethylmorphine N-demethylase first increased after 48 hrs. There is a sex difference in the inducing effects of HCB on ethylmorphine N-demethylase, but not on 2,4-diaminoanisole mutagenicity. HCB-pretreatment also leads to increases in 2,4-diaminoansiole mutagenicity in the kidneys, but not in the lings or in foetal liver.", "contents": "Hexachlorobenzene induction of 2,4-diaminoanisole mutagenicity in vitro. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-pretreatment of rats leads to an increase in liver microsomal 2,4-diaminoanisole activation to a mutagen after a dose of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and to an increase in ethylmorphine N-demethylase after a dose of 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. 2,4-Diaminoanisole mutagenicity was increased 24 hrs after HCB-pretreatment, whereas ethylmorphine N-demethylase first increased after 48 hrs. There is a sex difference in the inducing effects of HCB on ethylmorphine N-demethylase, but not on 2,4-diaminoanisole mutagenicity. HCB-pretreatment also leads to increases in 2,4-diaminoansiole mutagenicity in the kidneys, but not in the lings or in foetal liver.", "PMID": 577371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12602", "title": "Bioavailability of oxazepam: absence of influence of food intake.", "content": "The possible influence of food intake on the bioavailability of the anxiolytic drug oxazepam was assessed in eight healthy volunteers taking a single dose of the drug both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast meal. The serum concentrations of oxazepam were determined by gas chromatography on samples obtained before, and at numerous occasions up to 48 hours after drug administration. The results indicate that concomitant food intake has no essential influence on the bioavailability of oxazepam.", "contents": "Bioavailability of oxazepam: absence of influence of food intake. The possible influence of food intake on the bioavailability of the anxiolytic drug oxazepam was assessed in eight healthy volunteers taking a single dose of the drug both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast meal. The serum concentrations of oxazepam were determined by gas chromatography on samples obtained before, and at numerous occasions up to 48 hours after drug administration. The results indicate that concomitant food intake has no essential influence on the bioavailability of oxazepam.", "PMID": 577372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12603", "title": "[Persistence and hyperplasia of the primary vitreous body].", "content": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is a disease whose spectrum has continued to widen throughout the years; in fact, it probably comprises a number of nosological entities considered as isolated symptoms until today. Our study has shown that the disease can be congenital and affect both eyes in the same individual. The possibility of an etiopathogenic connection with retrolental fibroplasia cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[Persistence and hyperplasia of the primary vitreous body]. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is a disease whose spectrum has continued to widen throughout the years; in fact, it probably comprises a number of nosological entities considered as isolated symptoms until today. Our study has shown that the disease can be congenital and affect both eyes in the same individual. The possibility of an etiopathogenic connection with retrolental fibroplasia cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 577376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12604", "title": "Nasal heterotopia of the macula in retinopathy of prematurity.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman with retrolental fibroplasia developed a retinal detachment in her only eye. She demonstrated an extreme degree of nasal retinal dragging and nasal macular heterotopia.", "contents": "Nasal heterotopia of the macula in retinopathy of prematurity. A 27-year-old woman with retrolental fibroplasia developed a retinal detachment in her only eye. She demonstrated an extreme degree of nasal retinal dragging and nasal macular heterotopia.", "PMID": 577378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12605", "title": "Noradrenaline turnover rate in the mediobasal and anterior hypothalamus of the rabbit.", "content": "Noradrenaline turnover rate in the mediobasal and anterior hypothalamus of the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 39-43. The rate of noradrenaline (NA) turnover in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and anterior hypothalamus (AH) of the rabbit was estimated by steady-state isotopic method with a tritiated noradrenaline (3H-NA) as a tracer. The disappearance rate of 3H-NA both in MBH and in AH was found to be biphasic; the first rapid phase of the NA half-life of about 30 min, followed by the second phase of slower decay of the half-life of 2.4 h and 10 h for MBH and AH respectively. The results suggest an existence of more than one metabolic pool of endogenous noradrenaline in MBH and AH and indicate regional difference in the metabolism of NA stores in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Noradrenaline turnover rate in the mediobasal and anterior hypothalamus of the rabbit. Noradrenaline turnover rate in the mediobasal and anterior hypothalamus of the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 39-43. The rate of noradrenaline (NA) turnover in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and anterior hypothalamus (AH) of the rabbit was estimated by steady-state isotopic method with a tritiated noradrenaline (3H-NA) as a tracer. The disappearance rate of 3H-NA both in MBH and in AH was found to be biphasic; the first rapid phase of the NA half-life of about 30 min, followed by the second phase of slower decay of the half-life of 2.4 h and 10 h for MBH and AH respectively. The results suggest an existence of more than one metabolic pool of endogenous noradrenaline in MBH and AH and indicate regional difference in the metabolism of NA stores in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 577373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12606", "title": "Monoaminergic influences on the incorporation of 35S in the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial proteins following intracerebroventricular injection of 35S-cysteine in dehydrated rats.", "content": "In the rats dehydrated for 48 h the mean specific activity of hypothalamic and neurohypophysial TCA-precipitable proteins following intracerebroventricular injection of L-cysteine-35S-hydrochloride was significantly higher than that found in the dehydrated and reserpinized. Under influence of amphetamine sulfate however, no change of 35S-uptake by TCA-precipitable hypothalamic and neurohypophysial proteins could be detected in rats similarly dehydrated.", "contents": "Monoaminergic influences on the incorporation of 35S in the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial proteins following intracerebroventricular injection of 35S-cysteine in dehydrated rats. In the rats dehydrated for 48 h the mean specific activity of hypothalamic and neurohypophysial TCA-precipitable proteins following intracerebroventricular injection of L-cysteine-35S-hydrochloride was significantly higher than that found in the dehydrated and reserpinized. Under influence of amphetamine sulfate however, no change of 35S-uptake by TCA-precipitable hypothalamic and neurohypophysial proteins could be detected in rats similarly dehydrated.", "PMID": 577374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12607", "title": "Corneal ulcer caused by Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "A 44-year-old woman with Graves' disease and exophthalmos developed a severe corneal ulcer caused by Pasteurella multocida after being bumped on her right eye by her pet dog. The organism was transferred from the patient to an abraded rabbit cornea and produced a similiar corneal ulcer and hypopyon.", "contents": "Corneal ulcer caused by Pasteurella multocida. A 44-year-old woman with Graves' disease and exophthalmos developed a severe corneal ulcer caused by Pasteurella multocida after being bumped on her right eye by her pet dog. The organism was transferred from the patient to an abraded rabbit cornea and produced a similiar corneal ulcer and hypopyon.", "PMID": 577379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12608", "title": "Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease.", "content": "The original (1969) classification of the Eye Changes of Graves' Disease has been retained except for Classes 1 and 3. Class 1 has been limited so that proptosis of 23 mm or greater is placed in Class 3, even if the patient is asymptomatic. Grading of Classes 1 and 2 has been left to the individual physician or clinic, but we urge that the suggested criteria for grading Classes 3 through 6 be used. Progression of disease is not necessarily sequential through each of the classes, and ethnic factors and myopia may influence the extent of proptosis in normal subjects.", "contents": "Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease. The original (1969) classification of the Eye Changes of Graves' Disease has been retained except for Classes 1 and 3. Class 1 has been limited so that proptosis of 23 mm or greater is placed in Class 3, even if the patient is asymptomatic. Grading of Classes 1 and 2 has been left to the individual physician or clinic, but we urge that the suggested criteria for grading Classes 3 through 6 be used. Progression of disease is not necessarily sequential through each of the classes, and ethnic factors and myopia may influence the extent of proptosis in normal subjects.", "PMID": 577380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12609", "title": "Immunosuppression. Role on the infectious diseases of oncologic children.", "content": "Cancer patients show an immune deficit whose beginnings are influenced to one extent or another, by two factors: the cancer itself, and the antimitotic-immunosuppressive treatment to which the patient is subjected. The immune deficit will have repercussions in the anti-infectious defense that these patients show: --Greater number of infections. --Greater severity of infections. --Tendency towards generalization and showing of septicemic states. The problem is most serious in hematological tumors (leukemia, lymphosarcoma) where the primary cause of death is infection. During the period of activity of the disease, and also in relation to the antimitotic treatment, the PMN will decrease in absolute count and will function poorly. The consequence will be a high frequency of bacterial infections, sepsis, pneumonia, skin infections, etc., predominantly caused by gram-negative germs and staphylococcus (any germ considered not to be \"very virulent\" can be found); and it will result in a high mortality rate. When these children are in remission or have solid tumors, the problem is not so acute, and bears more relation to antimitotic treatment and other extraneous factors (hospitalization, catheters, antibiotics, gastrointestinal ulcers...). Patients most frequently show localized bacterial, viral and protozoon infections (varicella, zooster, herpes simplex, cytomegalia, pneumocystis) because of the predominance of cellular immunity deficit.", "contents": "Immunosuppression. Role on the infectious diseases of oncologic children. Cancer patients show an immune deficit whose beginnings are influenced to one extent or another, by two factors: the cancer itself, and the antimitotic-immunosuppressive treatment to which the patient is subjected. The immune deficit will have repercussions in the anti-infectious defense that these patients show: --Greater number of infections. --Greater severity of infections. --Tendency towards generalization and showing of septicemic states. The problem is most serious in hematological tumors (leukemia, lymphosarcoma) where the primary cause of death is infection. During the period of activity of the disease, and also in relation to the antimitotic treatment, the PMN will decrease in absolute count and will function poorly. The consequence will be a high frequency of bacterial infections, sepsis, pneumonia, skin infections, etc., predominantly caused by gram-negative germs and staphylococcus (any germ considered not to be \"very virulent\" can be found); and it will result in a high mortality rate. When these children are in remission or have solid tumors, the problem is not so acute, and bears more relation to antimitotic treatment and other extraneous factors (hospitalization, catheters, antibiotics, gastrointestinal ulcers...). Patients most frequently show localized bacterial, viral and protozoon infections (varicella, zooster, herpes simplex, cytomegalia, pneumocystis) because of the predominance of cellular immunity deficit.", "PMID": 577377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12610", "title": "Behavior of rats in various stages of the sexual cycle after injection of noradrenaline into the lateral ventricle of the brain.", "content": "The influence of intraventricular injection of 50 microng of noradrenaline (NA) on behavior of female Wistar rats in various phases of the sexual cycle, and the influence of 17-beta-estradiol and progesterone in castrated female rats were studied. Changes in motor and exploratory activity were observed in the course of the sexual cycle in female rats. Sensitivity to NA injected intraventricular varied significantly in different phases of the sexual cycle. Castration depressed the action of NA on motor and exploratory activities in rats, and progesterone prevented the depressive effect of NA in castrated rats.", "contents": "Behavior of rats in various stages of the sexual cycle after injection of noradrenaline into the lateral ventricle of the brain. The influence of intraventricular injection of 50 microng of noradrenaline (NA) on behavior of female Wistar rats in various phases of the sexual cycle, and the influence of 17-beta-estradiol and progesterone in castrated female rats were studied. Changes in motor and exploratory activity were observed in the course of the sexual cycle in female rats. Sensitivity to NA injected intraventricular varied significantly in different phases of the sexual cycle. Castration depressed the action of NA on motor and exploratory activities in rats, and progesterone prevented the depressive effect of NA in castrated rats.", "PMID": 577387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12611", "title": "Immunohistologic findings in the lung in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 29-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed dyspnea, hemoptysis, pleuropericarditis, and azotemia shortly after an episode of arthritis and progressive hair loss. She had a high titer of radioimmune anti-DNA Antibodies, positive fluorescent anti-smooth muscle antibodies, and depressed C3 levels in her serum. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were negative, and the titer of antibodies against extractable nuclear antigen was within normal limits. Cryoglobulins and lupus erythematosus cell preparations were negative. Despite steroid therapy and other supportive measures, including dialysis, she died ten days after admission. Percutaneous renal and pulmonary biopsies were performed postmortem at bedside and were processed for immunohistology. Identical granular deposits of C3 and IgG were found in both the lungs and the kidneys. This finding suggests that a common pathogenetic mechanism is operating in the development of pneumonitis and nephritis in SLE, and is in agreement with the currently held views on immune-complex diseases.", "contents": "Immunohistologic findings in the lung in systemic lupus erythematosus. A 29-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed dyspnea, hemoptysis, pleuropericarditis, and azotemia shortly after an episode of arthritis and progressive hair loss. She had a high titer of radioimmune anti-DNA Antibodies, positive fluorescent anti-smooth muscle antibodies, and depressed C3 levels in her serum. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were negative, and the titer of antibodies against extractable nuclear antigen was within normal limits. Cryoglobulins and lupus erythematosus cell preparations were negative. Despite steroid therapy and other supportive measures, including dialysis, she died ten days after admission. Percutaneous renal and pulmonary biopsies were performed postmortem at bedside and were processed for immunohistology. Identical granular deposits of C3 and IgG were found in both the lungs and the kidneys. This finding suggests that a common pathogenetic mechanism is operating in the development of pneumonitis and nephritis in SLE, and is in agreement with the currently held views on immune-complex diseases.", "PMID": 577388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12612", "title": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome with hypocomplementemia, serum C3NeF, and glomerular deposits of C3.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy had hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with depression of serum C3 level, a B-hemolytic streptococcal throat infection, and an elevated level of antistreptolysin O titer. In addition to the characteristic histologic changes associated with this syndrome, substantial infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and nodular deposits of C3 globulin were seen in the glomeruli of the first biopsy specimen. Two months after clinical remission, he had a recurrence of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. The serum C3 concentration had decreased again, and serum C3NeF was detected in the serum. The typical changes associated with HUS were still present on electron microscopy. Bilateral nephrectomy and renal transplantation were done because of the development of uncontrollable severe hypertension and increasing azotemia. This patient had three manifestations of HUS, but because of several differences, such as hypocomplementemia, serum C3NeF, a recurrence, and persistent glomerular deposits of C3 globulin, he appears to have had a different form of the syndrome.", "contents": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome with hypocomplementemia, serum C3NeF, and glomerular deposits of C3. A 4-year-old boy had hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with depression of serum C3 level, a B-hemolytic streptococcal throat infection, and an elevated level of antistreptolysin O titer. In addition to the characteristic histologic changes associated with this syndrome, substantial infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and nodular deposits of C3 globulin were seen in the glomeruli of the first biopsy specimen. Two months after clinical remission, he had a recurrence of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. The serum C3 concentration had decreased again, and serum C3NeF was detected in the serum. The typical changes associated with HUS were still present on electron microscopy. Bilateral nephrectomy and renal transplantation were done because of the development of uncontrollable severe hypertension and increasing azotemia. This patient had three manifestations of HUS, but because of several differences, such as hypocomplementemia, serum C3NeF, a recurrence, and persistent glomerular deposits of C3 globulin, he appears to have had a different form of the syndrome.", "PMID": 577389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12613", "title": "Immunologic myopathy. Linear IgG deposition and fulminant terminal episode.", "content": "The histopathologic characteristics of a patient with progressive myopathy, renal failure, hemoptysis, and a fulminant terminal event demonstrated a diffuse vasculitis, type 2 fiber atrophy of muscle, and linear IgG staining of the basement membranes of skeletal muscle fibers and of glomerular capillary basement membranes. Interpretation of electron micrographs confirmed that there was thickening of muscle basement membranes. The data suggest the presence of an antibody to a basement membrane antigen shared by muscle and kidney.", "contents": "Immunologic myopathy. Linear IgG deposition and fulminant terminal episode. The histopathologic characteristics of a patient with progressive myopathy, renal failure, hemoptysis, and a fulminant terminal event demonstrated a diffuse vasculitis, type 2 fiber atrophy of muscle, and linear IgG staining of the basement membranes of skeletal muscle fibers and of glomerular capillary basement membranes. Interpretation of electron micrographs confirmed that there was thickening of muscle basement membranes. The data suggest the presence of an antibody to a basement membrane antigen shared by muscle and kidney.", "PMID": 577390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12614", "title": "Disseminated choroid plexus papilloma. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Choroid plexus papilloma is a rare intracerebral neoplasm that occasionally disseminates along the neuraxis. The fine structure of such a metastatic papilloma appears to correspond very closely to that of normal choroid plexus. Lack of capillary endothelial pores is the only meaningful difference. There does not appear to be an ultrastructural feature that is unique to disseminating choroid plexus papilloma.", "contents": "Disseminated choroid plexus papilloma. An ultrastructural study. Choroid plexus papilloma is a rare intracerebral neoplasm that occasionally disseminates along the neuraxis. The fine structure of such a metastatic papilloma appears to correspond very closely to that of normal choroid plexus. Lack of capillary endothelial pores is the only meaningful difference. There does not appear to be an ultrastructural feature that is unique to disseminating choroid plexus papilloma.", "PMID": 577391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12615", "title": "Osteolipomas of the tuber cinereum.", "content": "Osteolipomas of the tuber cinereum traditionally have been classified as meningeal lipomas that are located at the tuber cinereum. Examination of two cases and a review of 22 others found in the literature show that these lesions exhibit a remarkable consistency in their size and in their location between the corpora mamillaria and the pituitary stalk, and that approximately half of them contain a well-organized bone spherule with a central marrow space. These aspects differ from the features of meningeal lipomas in general; reasons are given for considering that the osteolipomas are displaced elements of the mesenchyme encompassing walls of the craniopharyngeal duct.", "contents": "Osteolipomas of the tuber cinereum. Osteolipomas of the tuber cinereum traditionally have been classified as meningeal lipomas that are located at the tuber cinereum. Examination of two cases and a review of 22 others found in the literature show that these lesions exhibit a remarkable consistency in their size and in their location between the corpora mamillaria and the pituitary stalk, and that approximately half of them contain a well-organized bone spherule with a central marrow space. These aspects differ from the features of meningeal lipomas in general; reasons are given for considering that the osteolipomas are displaced elements of the mesenchyme encompassing walls of the craniopharyngeal duct.", "PMID": 577392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12616", "title": "Cellular leiomyomas of the stomach in 49 patients.", "content": "The cellular leiomyoma of the stomach is composed of tightly packed, generally uniform spindle cells arranged in palisades, whorls, or interdigitations. Although these neoplasms have been variably considered to arise from gastric smooth muscle or Schwann cells, the morphogenesis is incompletely resolved. Perhaps they derive from a multipotential gastric stromal stem cell that is capable of differentiating toward smooth muscle. A cellular gastric tumor composed of fairly uniform, elongated spindle cells is unlikely to be malignant. Of 49 such tumors, only one metastasized. The combination of an increased mitotic rate and large tumor size is possibly indicative of malignant potential.", "contents": "Cellular leiomyomas of the stomach in 49 patients. The cellular leiomyoma of the stomach is composed of tightly packed, generally uniform spindle cells arranged in palisades, whorls, or interdigitations. Although these neoplasms have been variably considered to arise from gastric smooth muscle or Schwann cells, the morphogenesis is incompletely resolved. Perhaps they derive from a multipotential gastric stromal stem cell that is capable of differentiating toward smooth muscle. A cellular gastric tumor composed of fairly uniform, elongated spindle cells is unlikely to be malignant. Of 49 such tumors, only one metastasized. The combination of an increased mitotic rate and large tumor size is possibly indicative of malignant potential.", "PMID": 577393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12617", "title": "Mycoplasma-like structures in granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. Case reports with light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Two patients had granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. The typical vasculitis involved the small branches of the cerebral arteries in both patients and resulted in thrombosis of the left middle cerebral artery in one. Electron microscopy demonstrated structures resembling Mycoplasma organisms. These were present in small numbers in the wall and in the granulomatous reaction within the lumen. Giant cells were observed cintaining particles suggestive of Mycoplasma within the perinuclear cisternae. Virus-like particles were not observed.", "contents": "Mycoplasma-like structures in granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. Case reports with light and electron microscopic studies. Two patients had granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. The typical vasculitis involved the small branches of the cerebral arteries in both patients and resulted in thrombosis of the left middle cerebral artery in one. Electron microscopy demonstrated structures resembling Mycoplasma organisms. These were present in small numbers in the wall and in the granulomatous reaction within the lumen. Giant cells were observed cintaining particles suggestive of Mycoplasma within the perinuclear cisternae. Virus-like particles were not observed.", "PMID": 577394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12618", "title": "Uhl's anomaly in the mink. Partial absence of the right atrial and ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Congenital marked hypoplasia of the right atrial and ventricular myocardium (Uhl's anomaly), without other cardiac anomalies, was observed at autopsy in a mink. The animal died unexpectedly without previous symptoms at the age of 2 years, suggesting that the cause of sudden death was acute congestive heart failure. This cause demonstrates that this malformation can occur in species other than man. Embryologically, this anomaly might be due to myocardial injury to the right cardiogenic fold at a relatively early stage of embryogenesis.", "contents": "Uhl's anomaly in the mink. Partial absence of the right atrial and ventricular myocardium. Congenital marked hypoplasia of the right atrial and ventricular myocardium (Uhl's anomaly), without other cardiac anomalies, was observed at autopsy in a mink. The animal died unexpectedly without previous symptoms at the age of 2 years, suggesting that the cause of sudden death was acute congestive heart failure. This cause demonstrates that this malformation can occur in species other than man. Embryologically, this anomaly might be due to myocardial injury to the right cardiogenic fold at a relatively early stage of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 577395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12619", "title": "Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal turbinates.", "content": "On 13 normal inferior and middle turbinates the mucous membrane was freed, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices was determined by counting in 4 mm2 fields. The median density fell in both turbinates in the anteroposterior direction, being in the inferior turbinate 8.2 glands/mm2 anteriorly, 7.9 in the middle, and 7.1 glands/mm2 posteriorly. In the middle turbinate it was 8.4 glands/mm2 anteriorly, 8.1 in the middle, and 7.3 glands/mm2 posteriorly. There were no significant differences in median density between the medial and lateral wall or between the superior and inferior half of the inferior or middle turbinate as a whole. The median total number of glands in the inferior turbinate was 9,200 with a very wide interindividual range of 6,100-12,700. In the middle turbinate the median count was 6,700 glands and the range 4,400-11,500. The pathology of the mucous glands of the nose is discussed.", "contents": "Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal turbinates. On 13 normal inferior and middle turbinates the mucous membrane was freed, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices was determined by counting in 4 mm2 fields. The median density fell in both turbinates in the anteroposterior direction, being in the inferior turbinate 8.2 glands/mm2 anteriorly, 7.9 in the middle, and 7.1 glands/mm2 posteriorly. In the middle turbinate it was 8.4 glands/mm2 anteriorly, 8.1 in the middle, and 7.3 glands/mm2 posteriorly. There were no significant differences in median density between the medial and lateral wall or between the superior and inferior half of the inferior or middle turbinate as a whole. The median total number of glands in the inferior turbinate was 9,200 with a very wide interindividual range of 6,100-12,700. In the middle turbinate the median count was 6,700 glands and the range 4,400-11,500. The pathology of the mucous glands of the nose is discussed.", "PMID": 577399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12620", "title": "[On the oscillation form of the stapes as a function of the volume. Experimental investigations into the human temproal bone preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to further clarify the change in the oscillation form of the stapes as a function of the volume, measurements were performed in 10 fresh temporal bone preparations at two points at the short and long diameters of the base of the stapes from the labyrinthine side. The oscillations were recorded from two channels, first, by two electro-dynqual stress on the base of the stapes, also optically by modulating a light beam and electronically scanning by means of a phototransistor, and the oscillations were then recorded on a two-beam oscilloscope. The result was that it is not possible to prove any phase shift between the two measurement points at the short or at the long base of the stapes in a volume range within the physiological limits. Thus, any sweep phenomenon at high volumes does not exist. Also, a volume-dependent shift of the oscillation axis on a line within the base was not to be observed.", "contents": "[On the oscillation form of the stapes as a function of the volume. Experimental investigations into the human temproal bone preparation (author's transl)]. In order to further clarify the change in the oscillation form of the stapes as a function of the volume, measurements were performed in 10 fresh temporal bone preparations at two points at the short and long diameters of the base of the stapes from the labyrinthine side. The oscillations were recorded from two channels, first, by two electro-dynqual stress on the base of the stapes, also optically by modulating a light beam and electronically scanning by means of a phototransistor, and the oscillations were then recorded on a two-beam oscilloscope. The result was that it is not possible to prove any phase shift between the two measurement points at the short or at the long base of the stapes in a volume range within the physiological limits. Thus, any sweep phenomenon at high volumes does not exist. Also, a volume-dependent shift of the oscillation axis on a line within the base was not to be observed.", "PMID": 577400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12621", "title": "[Tonsillectomy and age (author's transl)].", "content": "We evaluated the case histories of 149 patients aged over fifty who were tonsillectoprived in our ENT-clinic in Freiburg between May 1970 and April 1975. Neither the rates of damages nor of complications were higher than those of younger patients. If necessary, even older patients can be operated.", "contents": "[Tonsillectomy and age (author's transl)]. We evaluated the case histories of 149 patients aged over fifty who were tonsillectoprived in our ENT-clinic in Freiburg between May 1970 and April 1975. Neither the rates of damages nor of complications were higher than those of younger patients. If necessary, even older patients can be operated.", "PMID": 577401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12622", "title": "[Aspects of labyrinthectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the introduction of Antibiotics labyrinth operations have become very seldom. In those days before the Antibiotic Era the indication to function-destructing radical surgery was justified in cases of suppurative labyrinthitis. Only in cases of mild serous (irritative) labyrinthitis were conservative treatments with drugs successful. Nowadays, labyrinthoperations are not necessary in most cases. Endocranial complications and high mortality rates of the disease are no longer feared today. All the same, there are cases were the labyrinth operation is justified despite high dosis of Antibiotica. Spceial problems and indications for labyrinthectomy are discussed with own examples.", "contents": "[Aspects of labyrinthectomy (author's transl)]. Since the introduction of Antibiotics labyrinth operations have become very seldom. In those days before the Antibiotic Era the indication to function-destructing radical surgery was justified in cases of suppurative labyrinthitis. Only in cases of mild serous (irritative) labyrinthitis were conservative treatments with drugs successful. Nowadays, labyrinthoperations are not necessary in most cases. Endocranial complications and high mortality rates of the disease are no longer feared today. All the same, there are cases were the labyrinth operation is justified despite high dosis of Antibiotica. Spceial problems and indications for labyrinthectomy are discussed with own examples.", "PMID": 577402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12623", "title": "[Active otosclerosis of the stapes footplate: histological and clinical aspects of its influence on the  perilymph (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathologic capillaries are usually seen in the center of an otospongious process. Next to obliteration, dilatation and increased permeability a loss of basement membrane structure is evident. Around the capillaries exists a wide network of mesenchymal cells which have a glycogen like mass within the cytoplasm; glycogen can be delivered into the extracellular fluidspace. Free erythrocytes are located around many vessels. Near the margin of the lacunae decalcificated areas are seen; in the center of these areas osteocytes undergo lysis; they show intracytoplasmatic deposits of apatite which we assume to be located within the mitochondria. The collagen structure in the neighbourhood of the osteocytes seems to be damaged. Once the resorptive process has reached the perilymphatic surface of the footplate there comes to an connection between the  otospongiotic lacunae and the vestibule. Free erythrocytes, glycogen like drops and lysosomes are delivered into the perilymph. Comparing the histological results with the operative results in patients with floride otosclerosis we conclude that operation should be done as early as possible to prevent damage from the inner ear, caused by the continuous intoxication of the perilymph from the otosclerotic focus.", "contents": "[Active otosclerosis of the stapes footplate: histological and clinical aspects of its influence on the  perilymph (author's transl)]. Pathologic capillaries are usually seen in the center of an otospongious process. Next to obliteration, dilatation and increased permeability a loss of basement membrane structure is evident. Around the capillaries exists a wide network of mesenchymal cells which have a glycogen like mass within the cytoplasm; glycogen can be delivered into the extracellular fluidspace. Free erythrocytes are located around many vessels. Near the margin of the lacunae decalcificated areas are seen; in the center of these areas osteocytes undergo lysis; they show intracytoplasmatic deposits of apatite which we assume to be located within the mitochondria. The collagen structure in the neighbourhood of the osteocytes seems to be damaged. Once the resorptive process has reached the perilymphatic surface of the footplate there comes to an connection between the  otospongiotic lacunae and the vestibule. Free erythrocytes, glycogen like drops and lysosomes are delivered into the perilymph. Comparing the histological results with the operative results in patients with floride otosclerosis we conclude that operation should be done as early as possible to prevent damage from the inner ear, caused by the continuous intoxication of the perilymph from the otosclerotic focus.", "PMID": 577403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12624", "title": "[Body weight, body height and menarche. Epidemiological study, in the Province of Pordenone, of the school population from 12 to 15 years old (12,000)].", "content": "The relation between body weight, height and the commencement of menstruation was studied in 5324 girls aged 12--15 yr attending secondary schools in the province of Pordenone. The mean age of menarche was 12 2/12 yr and varied little throughout the province. Weight and height appeared closely related to menarche. A threshold of 49.2 kg and 157.3 cm was noted. Attainment of these critical values was apparently the factor that influenced the age at which menstruation commenced.", "contents": "[Body weight, body height and menarche. Epidemiological study, in the Province of Pordenone, of the school population from 12 to 15 years old (12,000)]. The relation between body weight, height and the commencement of menstruation was studied in 5324 girls aged 12--15 yr attending secondary schools in the province of Pordenone. The mean age of menarche was 12 2/12 yr and varied little throughout the province. Weight and height appeared closely related to menarche. A threshold of 49.2 kg and 157.3 cm was noted. Attainment of these critical values was apparently the factor that influenced the age at which menstruation commenced.", "PMID": 577398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12625", "title": "[2-Carbethoxymethylene-thiazolidones-(4), a novel series of Heterocycles with choleretic properties].", "content": "Base-induced condensation of alpha-mercapto-carboxylic esters with  activated acetonitriles yields 2-methylene-thiazolidones-(4). The paper presented describes the development of ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (30; piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin), a novel choleretic with exocrin pancreas stimulating and hepatoprotective properties, by following-up the choleretic parent compound 2, which belongs to the 2-carbethoxymethylene-thiazolidones-(4) series. Synthesis and properties of piprozoline are reported. Structure-activity relationship is discussed in short.", "contents": "[2-Carbethoxymethylene-thiazolidones-(4), a novel series of Heterocycles with choleretic properties]. Base-induced condensation of alpha-mercapto-carboxylic esters with  activated acetonitriles yields 2-methylene-thiazolidones-(4). The paper presented describes the development of ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (30; piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin), a novel choleretic with exocrin pancreas stimulating and hepatoprotective properties, by following-up the choleretic parent compound 2, which belongs to the 2-carbethoxymethylene-thiazolidones-(4) series. Synthesis and properties of piprozoline are reported. Structure-activity relationship is discussed in short.", "PMID": 577405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12626", "title": "[On the pharmacology of piprozoline (author's transl)].", "content": "Ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)- acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Problin) is a new potent choleretic which can be classified as a true cholepoietic agent. Accordingly the substance increases bile fluid and solid content as well. A dose-dependent choleretic effect could be shown in all species investigated. The choleretic effect of piprozoline is long-lasting and superior to that of the other choleretics compared with. There was a significant inhibition of experimentally induced liver damage in animals by piprozoline given prophylactically. Our experiments did not reveal any pharmacological properties interfering with the use of piprozoline as a choleretic.", "contents": "[On the pharmacology of piprozoline (author's transl)]. Ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)- acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Problin) is a new potent choleretic which can be classified as a true cholepoietic agent. Accordingly the substance increases bile fluid and solid content as well. A dose-dependent choleretic effect could be shown in all species investigated. The choleretic effect of piprozoline is long-lasting and superior to that of the other choleretics compared with. There was a significant inhibition of experimentally induced liver damage in animals by piprozoline given prophylactically. Our experiments did not reveal any pharmacological properties interfering with the use of piprozoline as a choleretic.", "PMID": 577406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12627", "title": "[Method for direct measurement of choleresis and secretory function of the exocrine pancreaas demonstrated by sodium dehydrocholate and secretin (author's transl)].", "content": "A method has been described that enables to check secretory processes in animals directly. This has been demonstrated in dog exocrine pancreas stimulated by secretin and on bile secretion induced by sodium dehydrocholate. The design of this method permits to run experiments on pancreas and choleresis separately as well as simultaneously. The directly recorded absorption curves are in good agreement with the data obtained from the collected fractions. Based on the optical density curves, it is possible to determine the contents of the fractions more directly and more specifically. It is also possible to study kinetic problems and time dependent reactions by using this method and this design.", "contents": "[Method for direct measurement of choleresis and secretory function of the exocrine pancreaas demonstrated by sodium dehydrocholate and secretin (author's transl)]. A method has been described that enables to check secretory processes in animals directly. This has been demonstrated in dog exocrine pancreas stimulated by secretin and on bile secretion induced by sodium dehydrocholate. The design of this method permits to run experiments on pancreas and choleresis separately as well as simultaneously. The directly recorded absorption curves are in good agreement with the data obtained from the collected fractions. Based on the optical density curves, it is possible to determine the contents of the fractions more directly and more specifically. It is also possible to study kinetic problems and time dependent reactions by using this method and this design.", "PMID": 577407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12628", "title": "[Pharmacological effects of piprozoline on bile secretion in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) and its main metabolite G\u00f6 3284 induce a strong choleretic effect in dogs after i.v. and i.d. administration as well. Intestinal absorption is fast, and already 3.5 min after administration of the substances a rise of the bile volume and of the optical density of the secreted bile can be observed. The secretion rates of bile solids and bile acids per time (min) increase almost at the same time, too. Moreover, piprozoline presumably stimulates the synthesis of bile acids and of the other matter in addition to the raised secretory rate. In the group of choleretics, piprozoline is to be placed among the cholepoietics. Under the influence of piprozoline and G\u00f6 3284, the content of solids sometimes decreases for a short period immediately after administration of substances. A strong linear correlation occurs between the secretion rate of bilirubin and bile acids. The increase of bile volume under the influence of piprozoline and G\u00f6 3284 may be seen as osmotic effects caused by the stimulation of the bile acid dependent and the bile acid independent (Na+-ion dependent) canalicular mechanisms of choleresis.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effects of piprozoline on bile secretion in dogs (author's transl)]. Ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) and its main metabolite G\u00f6 3284 induce a strong choleretic effect in dogs after i.v. and i.d. administration as well. Intestinal absorption is fast, and already 3.5 min after administration of the substances a rise of the bile volume and of the optical density of the secreted bile can be observed. The secretion rates of bile solids and bile acids per time (min) increase almost at the same time, too. Moreover, piprozoline presumably stimulates the synthesis of bile acids and of the other matter in addition to the raised secretory rate. In the group of choleretics, piprozoline is to be placed among the cholepoietics. Under the influence of piprozoline and G\u00f6 3284, the content of solids sometimes decreases for a short period immediately after administration of substances. A strong linear correlation occurs between the secretion rate of bilirubin and bile acids. The increase of bile volume under the influence of piprozoline and G\u00f6 3284 may be seen as osmotic effects caused by the stimulation of the bile acid dependent and the bile acid independent (Na+-ion dependent) canalicular mechanisms of choleresis.", "PMID": 577408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12629", "title": "[Pharmacological effect of piprozoline on the exocrine pancreas of dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) and its main metabolite G\u00f6 3284 cause a long-acting stimulation of the ecbolic function of the exocrine pancreas in the dog after intraduodenal administration or after i.v. injection. This has been demonstrated by canulation of the ductus pancreaticus accessorius and by perfusion of the small bowel as well as by photometric evaluation of the perfusion streams and determinations of the activities of alpha-amylase, lipase and trypsin in the 2-min fractions thereafter. Piprozoline does not cause a rise of the bicarbonate secretion and volume. In its action to the exocrine pancreas it resembles very much cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. The value of piprozoline is discussed with  regard to its stimulating effect on the ontogenetic unit of the epigastric region.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effect of piprozoline on the exocrine pancreas of dogs (author's transl)]. Ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) and its main metabolite G\u00f6 3284 cause a long-acting stimulation of the ecbolic function of the exocrine pancreas in the dog after intraduodenal administration or after i.v. injection. This has been demonstrated by canulation of the ductus pancreaticus accessorius and by perfusion of the small bowel as well as by photometric evaluation of the perfusion streams and determinations of the activities of alpha-amylase, lipase and trypsin in the 2-min fractions thereafter. Piprozoline does not cause a rise of the bicarbonate secretion and volume. In its action to the exocrine pancreas it resembles very much cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. The value of piprozoline is discussed with  regard to its stimulating effect on the ontogenetic unit of the epigastric region.", "PMID": 577409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12630", "title": "[Toxicological study on piprozoline (author's transl)].", "content": "The compatibility of ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) was tested orally in rats and intragastrically in dogs for 6 months. Moreover, the effect of the substance was studied on pregnant rats and rabbits and their foetuses after intragastric administration and on the fertility and breeding capacity of rats after oral application. In the course of the chronic experiments, in the highest dosage group of rats a slight sedation and a decrease of body weight gain and food intake could be observed. The female animals showed an enlargement of the adrenal glands. A small hyperemesis was noted in the highest dosage group of dogs. Subtoxic doses applied to rats and rabbits during gestation did not induce malformations in the newborns. Even treatment with large doses did not influence fertility and breeding capacity.", "contents": "[Toxicological study on piprozoline (author's transl)]. The compatibility of ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) was tested orally in rats and intragastrically in dogs for 6 months. Moreover, the effect of the substance was studied on pregnant rats and rabbits and their foetuses after intragastric administration and on the fertility and breeding capacity of rats after oral application. In the course of the chronic experiments, in the highest dosage group of rats a slight sedation and a decrease of body weight gain and food intake could be observed. The female animals showed an enlargement of the adrenal glands. A small hyperemesis was noted in the highest dosage group of dogs. Subtoxic doses applied to rats and rabbits during gestation did not induce malformations in the newborns. Even treatment with large doses did not influence fertility and breeding capacity.", "PMID": 577410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12631", "title": "[TLC-method for quantitative densitometric determination of piprozoline and its main metabolite using internal standards (author's transl)].", "content": "A determination method is described for ethyl (Z-3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) and its main metabolite (G\u00f6 3284) extracted from the sample to be analyzed at different pH-values, after the addition of two internal standards to the sample. The extracts are then recombined and applied to TLC plates. After developing twice in a cyclohexane/isopropanol mixture, the substances are determined densitometrically on the plates at 275 nm. By comparing the peak area ratios (substance/internal standard) the peaks were quantitated after plotting a calibration curve. The lower sensitivity limit was approx. 100 ng after extraction of a 1 ml sample.", "contents": "[TLC-method for quantitative densitometric determination of piprozoline and its main metabolite using internal standards (author's transl)]. A determination method is described for ethyl (Z-3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) and its main metabolite (G\u00f6 3284) extracted from the sample to be analyzed at different pH-values, after the addition of two internal standards to the sample. The extracts are then recombined and applied to TLC plates. After developing twice in a cyclohexane/isopropanol mixture, the substances are determined densitometrically on the plates at 275 nm. By comparing the peak area ratios (substance/internal standard) the peaks were quantitated after plotting a calibration curve. The lower sensitivity limit was approx. 100 ng after extraction of a 1 ml sample.", "PMID": 577411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12632", "title": "[Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in the rat, dog and man. 1. Studies with the radioactively-labeled substance].", "content": "The new choleretic ethyl (Z-3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) is absorbed well and rapidly in rats, dogs and humans. Maximum 14C plasma concentrations are found 1-2 h after oral administration of the labelled substance to fasting animals and human volunteers. When administered to test persons after breakfast, the absorption is delayed but the absorbed amount is unaffected. Elimination of the radioactivity from the plasma occurs in two phases; 24 h after administration the radioactivity concentration has dropped to 5-8% of the maximum levels. Piprozoline is almost completely metabolized during absorption. The primary metabolic step is the enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester bond to the corresponding acid (metabolite I). At the time of maximum plasma concentration most of the plasma radioactivity corresponds to metabolite I, which also possesses choleretic activity. Approx. 65% of the radioactive dose is eliminated renally in all three species, approx. 60% being excreted within the first 24 h. Approx. 40-60% of the urinary radioactivity can be ascribed to metabolite I, both in its free form and conjugated with glucuronic acid. No unchanged substance is found in the urine. A comparison of the pharmacokinetic and metabolic behaviour of piprozoline in rats, dogs and humans showed that it was similar in all three species.", "contents": "[Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in the rat, dog and man. 1. Studies with the radioactively-labeled substance]. The new choleretic ethyl (Z-3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) is absorbed well and rapidly in rats, dogs and humans. Maximum 14C plasma concentrations are found 1-2 h after oral administration of the labelled substance to fasting animals and human volunteers. When administered to test persons after breakfast, the absorption is delayed but the absorbed amount is unaffected. Elimination of the radioactivity from the plasma occurs in two phases; 24 h after administration the radioactivity concentration has dropped to 5-8% of the maximum levels. Piprozoline is almost completely metabolized during absorption. The primary metabolic step is the enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester bond to the corresponding acid (metabolite I). At the time of maximum plasma concentration most of the plasma radioactivity corresponds to metabolite I, which also possesses choleretic activity. Approx. 65% of the radioactive dose is eliminated renally in all three species, approx. 60% being excreted within the first 24 h. Approx. 40-60% of the urinary radioactivity can be ascribed to metabolite I, both in its free form and conjugated with glucuronic acid. No unchanged substance is found in the urine. A comparison of the pharmacokinetic and metabolic behaviour of piprozoline in rats, dogs and humans showed that it was similar in all three species.", "PMID": 577412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12633", "title": "[Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in rat, dog and man. 2nd Communication: Determination of metabolic profiles with the aid of an HPLC-radioactivity detection system following direct injection of urine and bile onto a reversed-phase column (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes the determination of metabolic profiles of 14C marked ethyl (Z-3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) in rat, dog and human urine and rat bile with the aid of an HPLC-radioactivity detector system following the direct injection of large quantities onto an analytical C-18 column. Metabolite 1 and two glucuronic acid conjugates of metabolite I were determined quantitatively, isolated and identified. Following HPLC separation, the specific detection of radioactivity permits the determination of metabolic profiles without prior clean-up so that unstable metabolites can also be analyzed.", "contents": "[Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in rat, dog and man. 2nd Communication: Determination of metabolic profiles with the aid of an HPLC-radioactivity detection system following direct injection of urine and bile onto a reversed-phase column (author's transl)]. This paper describes the determination of metabolic profiles of 14C marked ethyl (Z-3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin) in rat, dog and human urine and rat bile with the aid of an HPLC-radioactivity detector system following the direct injection of large quantities onto an analytical C-18 column. Metabolite 1 and two glucuronic acid conjugates of metabolite I were determined quantitatively, isolated and identified. Following HPLC separation, the specific detection of radioactivity permits the determination of metabolic profiles without prior clean-up so that unstable metabolites can also be analyzed.", "PMID": 577413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12634", "title": "[Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in rat, dog and man. 3rd communication: Determination of piprozoline and metabolite I in plasma and urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The new choleretic ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin), a monosubstance of the substituted methylthiazolidones, was investigated by thin-layer chromatography with regard to pharmacokinetics in the rat (100 mg/kg i.v.; 20 mg/kg i.v.), dog (100 mg/kg i.g.; 20 mg/kg i.v.) and man (200 mg orally in sugar coated tablets). The substance was absorbed quickly in all species. Because of its rapid metabolisation, unchanged substance could be detected only in the dog after oral administration. In this case and after intravenous administration of piprozoline, the plasma level of the unchanged substance cold be described by two-compartment models with first-order kinetics. After intravenous administration, piprozoline was also rapidly transformed into metabolite I, as metabolite I existed in higher concentrations than the unchanged substance already after 6 min. In all cases, metabolite I was eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of approx. 2 h; 15-30% of the given dose appeared as metabolite I in urine, piprozoline itself could not be detected. After correction to uniform doses of 100 mg/kg, in all species the area under the plasma level curve of the metabolite amounted to approx. 12 mg/ml X h and the apparent volume of distribution to approx. 1-1.5 1/kg body weight. This indicates good availability in animal and man, regardless of the galenic formulation.", "contents": "[Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in rat, dog and man. 3rd communication: Determination of piprozoline and metabolite I in plasma and urine (author's transl)]. The new choleretic ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Probilin), a monosubstance of the substituted methylthiazolidones, was investigated by thin-layer chromatography with regard to pharmacokinetics in the rat (100 mg/kg i.v.; 20 mg/kg i.v.), dog (100 mg/kg i.g.; 20 mg/kg i.v.) and man (200 mg orally in sugar coated tablets). The substance was absorbed quickly in all species. Because of its rapid metabolisation, unchanged substance could be detected only in the dog after oral administration. In this case and after intravenous administration of piprozoline, the plasma level of the unchanged substance cold be described by two-compartment models with first-order kinetics. After intravenous administration, piprozoline was also rapidly transformed into metabolite I, as metabolite I existed in higher concentrations than the unchanged substance already after 6 min. In all cases, metabolite I was eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of approx. 2 h; 15-30% of the given dose appeared as metabolite I in urine, piprozoline itself could not be detected. After correction to uniform doses of 100 mg/kg, in all species the area under the plasma level curve of the metabolite amounted to approx. 12 mg/ml X h and the apparent volume of distribution to approx. 1-1.5 1/kg body weight. This indicates good availability in animal and man, regardless of the galenic formulation.", "PMID": 577414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12635", "title": "[Studies on the influence of piprozoline on the microsomal enzyme system of the rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies of hexobarbital sleeping time in rats showed that only a very high dosage of ethyl(Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Problin) (500 mg/kg) produced a weak interaction with the metabolism of hexobarbital; no signs of any induction of the oxidative enzyme system were observed until 4 days after pre-treatment with 3 X 250 mg/kg. Determinations of the in vitro activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes after several days pre-treatment of male Wistar rats with 2 X 250 mg piprozoline/kg per day showed that piprozoline has only a slight inductive effect on some of the enzymes of the oxidative system. Some of the glucuronidation reactions tested showed marked increases.", "contents": "[Studies on the influence of piprozoline on the microsomal enzyme system of the rat liver (author's transl)]. Studies of hexobarbital sleeping time in rats showed that only a very high dosage of ethyl(Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Problin) (500 mg/kg) produced a weak interaction with the metabolism of hexobarbital; no signs of any induction of the oxidative enzyme system were observed until 4 days after pre-treatment with 3 X 250 mg/kg. Determinations of the in vitro activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes after several days pre-treatment of male Wistar rats with 2 X 250 mg piprozoline/kg per day showed that piprozoline has only a slight inductive effect on some of the enzymes of the oxidative system. Some of the glucuronidation reactions tested showed marked increases.", "PMID": 577415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12636", "title": "[On the efficiency of new antiinflammatory agents. A comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative study new antiinflammatory agents, like sodium-(3-[(2,6-dichlorephenyl)-amino5-phenyl)-acetate (diclofenac); d,l-2-(3-phen0xy-phenyl) propionic acid (fenoprofen); 2-(3-benzoxyl-phenly-propionic acid (ketoprofen); cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(p-methylsulfinyl) benzylideryl-3-indenyl-acetic acid (MK 231, sulindac); 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen/, showed nearly the same antiiflammatory effectiveness as 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-indolyl-(3)-acetic acid (indometacin). In homogenates of inflamed rat paws an antiproteolytic activity of the new antiinflammatory agents was lacking.", "contents": "[On the efficiency of new antiinflammatory agents. A comparative study (author's transl)]. In a comparative study new antiinflammatory agents, like sodium-(3-[(2,6-dichlorephenyl)-amino5-phenyl)-acetate (diclofenac); d,l-2-(3-phen0xy-phenyl) propionic acid (fenoprofen); 2-(3-benzoxyl-phenly-propionic acid (ketoprofen); cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(p-methylsulfinyl) benzylideryl-3-indenyl-acetic acid (MK 231, sulindac); 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen/, showed nearly the same antiiflammatory effectiveness as 5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-indolyl-(3)-acetic acid (indometacin). In homogenates of inflamed rat paws an antiproteolytic activity of the new antiinflammatory agents was lacking.", "PMID": 577416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12637", "title": "[Contribution to the course of enzymatic processes in inflamed tissue of rat paw (author's transl)].", "content": "With the method of gel filtration we found fraction in rat paw homogenates which was smaller in inflamed tissue than in normal tissue. Our data suggest a substrate degradation by inflammation. The enzymatic processes were also seen invivo and inhibited by sodium salicylate.", "contents": "[Contribution to the course of enzymatic processes in inflamed tissue of rat paw (author's transl)]. With the method of gel filtration we found fraction in rat paw homogenates which was smaller in inflamed tissue than in normal tissue. Our data suggest a substrate degradation by inflammation. The enzymatic processes were also seen invivo and inhibited by sodium salicylate.", "PMID": 577417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12638", "title": "[Investigation of some basic propyl(alkyl)-phenyl ketones with local-anesthetic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "We synthetised several ketone analogues of procain (II) with different lipophilic substituents (XVI). In order to investigate structure-activity relationship, the Rm values (measure for the partition coefficient), the -CO- wave frequency (expression of electron density) and the local anesthetic activity (rabbit cornea) were determined. The studied lipophilic substituents do not influence the inductive or mesomeric effect on the carbonyl oxygen and so do not increase its electron density. On the other hand, they do increase the partition coefficient, therefore the hydrophobic binding effect of the substituents is improved. The lower efficacy of the carbonyl group in ketones against the acrboxyl group can be compenstaed for by introduction of groups with higher liposolubility, so that even in ketones it is possible to prepare substances with high local-anesthetic activity.", "contents": "[Investigation of some basic propyl(alkyl)-phenyl ketones with local-anesthetic activity (author's transl)]. We synthetised several ketone analogues of procain (II) with different lipophilic substituents (XVI). In order to investigate structure-activity relationship, the Rm values (measure for the partition coefficient), the -CO- wave frequency (expression of electron density) and the local anesthetic activity (rabbit cornea) were determined. The studied lipophilic substituents do not influence the inductive or mesomeric effect on the carbonyl oxygen and so do not increase its electron density. On the other hand, they do increase the partition coefficient, therefore the hydrophobic binding effect of the substituents is improved. The lower efficacy of the carbonyl group in ketones against the acrboxyl group can be compenstaed for by introduction of groups with higher liposolubility, so that even in ketones it is possible to prepare substances with high local-anesthetic activity.", "PMID": 577418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12639", "title": "Semimicro-titrimetric method for the determination of activity-concentration of heparin.", "content": "A semimicro-titrimetric method for the determination of heparin is developed. The method depends upon the determination of the sulphate content of the acid drolysate of heparin by adding an excess of barium chloride and back titration with standard sulphuric acid, using sodium rhodizonate as indicator. The method measures the biological activity of 10-50 mg of heparin, with a mean accuracy (p = 0.05) 99.73 +/-0.81%. Application of the proposed method for the determination of heparin in some pharmaceutical preparations is carried out by precipitation of the intact heparin molecule with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, ashing of the precipitate and determination of its sulphate content; alkaline and acid degradation products do not interfere with the proposed procedure.", "contents": "Semimicro-titrimetric method for the determination of activity-concentration of heparin. A semimicro-titrimetric method for the determination of heparin is developed. The method depends upon the determination of the sulphate content of the acid drolysate of heparin by adding an excess of barium chloride and back titration with standard sulphuric acid, using sodium rhodizonate as indicator. The method measures the biological activity of 10-50 mg of heparin, with a mean accuracy (p = 0.05) 99.73 +/-0.81%. Application of the proposed method for the determination of heparin in some pharmaceutical preparations is carried out by precipitation of the intact heparin molecule with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, ashing of the precipitate and determination of its sulphate content; alkaline and acid degradation products do not interfere with the proposed procedure.", "PMID": 577419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12640", "title": "Pharmacokinetics as an aid in the interpretation of toxicity tests.", "content": "A method is described which makes the detection of alterations in the pharmacokinetic profile possible when substances are administered during long-term toxicity tests. By superposition of a radioactive dose at the end of the toxicity study a blood level can be obtained which--on the assumption of first-order kinetics--is comparable to that after a single radioactive dose in controls. Differences between blood levels of pretreated and control animals may indicate enzyme induction or damage of the elimination organs, etc., even when morphological changes are evident.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics as an aid in the interpretation of toxicity tests. A method is described which makes the detection of alterations in the pharmacokinetic profile possible when substances are administered during long-term toxicity tests. By superposition of a radioactive dose at the end of the toxicity study a blood level can be obtained which--on the assumption of first-order kinetics--is comparable to that after a single radioactive dose in controls. Differences between blood levels of pretreated and control animals may indicate enzyme induction or damage of the elimination organs, etc., even when morphological changes are evident.", "PMID": 577420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12641", "title": "[Modification of toxicity of the calcium antagonist verapamil by depletion of catecholamines (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute toxicity of verapamil in mice was nearly doubled by a partial depletion of catecholamines with reserpine 2 mg/kg s.c. 40 and 24 h prior to the experiments. These experiments are in favour of the view that a regulatory effect of the sympathetic nervous systme plays an important role in the treatment with organic calcium antagonists.", "contents": "[Modification of toxicity of the calcium antagonist verapamil by depletion of catecholamines (author's transl)]. The acute toxicity of verapamil in mice was nearly doubled by a partial depletion of catecholamines with reserpine 2 mg/kg s.c. 40 and 24 h prior to the experiments. These experiments are in favour of the view that a regulatory effect of the sympathetic nervous systme plays an important role in the treatment with organic calcium antagonists.", "PMID": 577421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12642", "title": "[Diuretic and saluretic effects of bemetizide and triamterene compared to those of their combination (author's transl)].", "content": "The diuretic and saluretic effect of the benzothiadiazine derivative 3-(a-methylbenzyl)-6-chlore-7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-diozide (bemetizide) and the pteridine derivative 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine (triamterene) were compared with those of their combination in the animal experiment on rats. Dose-effect relationships at a ratio of 1:2. The combination displayed marked advantages over the individual substances. The mixing proportion of 1:2 may be considered suitable.", "contents": "[Diuretic and saluretic effects of bemetizide and triamterene compared to those of their combination (author's transl)]. The diuretic and saluretic effect of the benzothiadiazine derivative 3-(a-methylbenzyl)-6-chlore-7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-diozide (bemetizide) and the pteridine derivative 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine (triamterene) were compared with those of their combination in the animal experiment on rats. Dose-effect relationships at a ratio of 1:2. The combination displayed marked advantages over the individual substances. The mixing proportion of 1:2 may be considered suitable.", "PMID": 577422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12643", "title": "Pharmacokinetics, enterohepatic circulation and biotransformation of [2-3H]-9,9-Dimethylacridane-10-carboxylic acid S-(2-dimethylamino) thiolethyl ester in the rat and dog.", "content": "Dogs receiving a 7.5 mg/kg oral or i.v. dose of tritium labelled 9,9-dimethylacridane-10-carboxylic acid S-(2-dimethylamino)thiolethyl ester (DMA) as the methane sulfonate salt (DMA-MS) excreted 86-95% of the radioactivity within 6 days. A similar recovery was obtained for rats receiving 300 mg/kg orally of 15 mg/kg i.v. In both species, approximately 66% of the dose was excreted in the feces as metabolites. Absorption of the oral dose was shown to be 80% and 100% for the rat and dog, respectively. Up to 47% of an i.v. dose was excreted in the bile of rats and an efficient enterohepatic circulation process insues. The parent drug is rapidly metabolized in the tissues yielding at least 6 polar metabolites which contribute to relatively long plasma half-lives in the order of 40 h for dogs and 58-90 h for rats. An atypical increase in plasma radioactivity following an i.v. dose could be rationalized in view of these results. Metabolite profiles were examined in plasma, urine, bile and feces and found to be qualitatively similar. Des-methyl-DMA and DMA-N-oxide were identified as two minor metabolites.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics, enterohepatic circulation and biotransformation of [2-3H]-9,9-Dimethylacridane-10-carboxylic acid S-(2-dimethylamino) thiolethyl ester in the rat and dog. Dogs receiving a 7.5 mg/kg oral or i.v. dose of tritium labelled 9,9-dimethylacridane-10-carboxylic acid S-(2-dimethylamino)thiolethyl ester (DMA) as the methane sulfonate salt (DMA-MS) excreted 86-95% of the radioactivity within 6 days. A similar recovery was obtained for rats receiving 300 mg/kg orally of 15 mg/kg i.v. In both species, approximately 66% of the dose was excreted in the feces as metabolites. Absorption of the oral dose was shown to be 80% and 100% for the rat and dog, respectively. Up to 47% of an i.v. dose was excreted in the bile of rats and an efficient enterohepatic circulation process insues. The parent drug is rapidly metabolized in the tissues yielding at least 6 polar metabolites which contribute to relatively long plasma half-lives in the order of 40 h for dogs and 58-90 h for rats. An atypical increase in plasma radioactivity following an i.v. dose could be rationalized in view of these results. Metabolite profiles were examined in plasma, urine, bile and feces and found to be qualitatively similar. Des-methyl-DMA and DMA-N-oxide were identified as two minor metabolites.", "PMID": 577424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12644", "title": "[Studies on antiarrhythmic effects and toxicity of quinidine and dihydroquinidine as well as defined mixtures of both in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic and acute toxic actions of quinidine (Q) and dihydroquinidine (DHQ) were investigated in experiments in rats. 1. No significant difference was found between Q and DHQ with regard to the doses necessary to suppress electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in the heart (p greater than 0.05). 2. On oral administration, pure DHQ was slightly less toxic than pure Q. This difference is significant (p less than 0.05). It may be explained by a lower absorption rate of DHQ in the rat. Addition of 15 or 30% DHQ to Q did not produce any significant difference in the acute toxic doses (LD50) in comparison with pure Q (p greater than 0.05). 4. The results of a published clinical study showed that the antiarrhythmic actions of pure Q and \"commercial\" Q are the same with regard to quality, potency and duration. The frequency of side-effects after adminstration of the two alkaloids also did not differ. 5. Limitation or reduction of the DHQ content of pharmaceutical quality quinidine below a technically practicable level does not seem to be justified from a medical point of view from the results of the animal experiments presented and from the clinical study mentioned.", "contents": "[Studies on antiarrhythmic effects and toxicity of quinidine and dihydroquinidine as well as defined mixtures of both in rats (author's transl)]. The antiarrhythmic and acute toxic actions of quinidine (Q) and dihydroquinidine (DHQ) were investigated in experiments in rats. 1. No significant difference was found between Q and DHQ with regard to the doses necessary to suppress electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in the heart (p greater than 0.05). 2. On oral administration, pure DHQ was slightly less toxic than pure Q. This difference is significant (p less than 0.05). It may be explained by a lower absorption rate of DHQ in the rat. Addition of 15 or 30% DHQ to Q did not produce any significant difference in the acute toxic doses (LD50) in comparison with pure Q (p greater than 0.05). 4. The results of a published clinical study showed that the antiarrhythmic actions of pure Q and \"commercial\" Q are the same with regard to quality, potency and duration. The frequency of side-effects after adminstration of the two alkaloids also did not differ. 5. Limitation or reduction of the DHQ content of pharmaceutical quality quinidine below a technically practicable level does not seem to be justified from a medical point of view from the results of the animal experiments presented and from the clinical study mentioned.", "PMID": 577425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12645", "title": "The disposition of radioactivity after administration of the anthelminthic methyl-14C-5-cyclopropylcarbonyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (ciclobendazole) to rats and dogs.", "content": "1. The disposition of radioactivity has been studied in rats and dogs after administration of a new anthelminthic agent, 14C-labelled methyl-5-cyclopropylcarbonyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (14C-ciclobendazole). 2. An oral dose of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) to rats was rapidly absorbed and about 70% and 20% of the dose was excreted in the faeces and urine, respectively, during 2 days. Bile duct cannulated rats excreted about 80% of the dose in 48-h bile, about 2% in the faeces and about 10% in the urine showing that an oral dose was well-absorbed and that some enterohepatic circulation probably occurred. The excretion of radioactivity in the bile was less after i.v. administration. 3. An oral dose of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) to dogs was mainly eliminated during 2 days with about 80% of the dose in the faeces and only about 10% in the urine. Anaesthetised bile duct-cannulated dogs, excreted between 26% and 35% of an oral dose in the bile during 24 h and up to 58% of an oral dose was absorbed at this time. 4. The tissue distribution of radioactivity in rats and dogs after single or multiple oral doses of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) showed that there was no unusual accumulation or localisation of radioactivity in the measured tissues. Highest concentrations were present in the intestinal tract, liver and kidneys, organs associated with biotransformation and excretion and also in the lungs and adrenals. 5. After oral administration of 14C-ciclobendazole to rate at three different dose levels (4, 40 and 400 mg/kg), peak plasma levels occurred at 15-30 min and declined with similar half-lives (about 20 h). A comparison of peak concentrations and areas under the plasma concentration-time relationships showed that the absorption of ciclobendazole was probably dose-dependent, a lower proportion probably being absorbed at higher doses. After repeated daily oral dosing with 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg), there were no significant changes in either the daily plasma concentrations or the biological half-life measured after the last dose, indicating that ciclobendazole probably did not induce or inhibit its own metabolism when dosed repeatedly at 4 mg/kg. 6. A comparison of the areas under the plasma concentration-time relationships after oral, i.p. and i.v. administration of 14C-ciclobendazole to rates indicated that there was no signigicant uptake by the liver during first pass and that an oral dose was well absorbed by rats. 7. The peak plasma concentration in the dog, after an oral dose of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) was reached at about 30 min and declined with a half-life  of about 3 h. 8. Ciclobendazole was probably well-absorbed by rats and dogs and excreted more rapidly by the latter species than by the former Relatively higher plasma concentrations of drug and/or metabolites were thus achieved in rats than in dogs.", "contents": "The disposition of radioactivity after administration of the anthelminthic methyl-14C-5-cyclopropylcarbonyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (ciclobendazole) to rats and dogs. 1. The disposition of radioactivity has been studied in rats and dogs after administration of a new anthelminthic agent, 14C-labelled methyl-5-cyclopropylcarbonyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (14C-ciclobendazole). 2. An oral dose of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) to rats was rapidly absorbed and about 70% and 20% of the dose was excreted in the faeces and urine, respectively, during 2 days. Bile duct cannulated rats excreted about 80% of the dose in 48-h bile, about 2% in the faeces and about 10% in the urine showing that an oral dose was well-absorbed and that some enterohepatic circulation probably occurred. The excretion of radioactivity in the bile was less after i.v. administration. 3. An oral dose of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) to dogs was mainly eliminated during 2 days with about 80% of the dose in the faeces and only about 10% in the urine. Anaesthetised bile duct-cannulated dogs, excreted between 26% and 35% of an oral dose in the bile during 24 h and up to 58% of an oral dose was absorbed at this time. 4. The tissue distribution of radioactivity in rats and dogs after single or multiple oral doses of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) showed that there was no unusual accumulation or localisation of radioactivity in the measured tissues. Highest concentrations were present in the intestinal tract, liver and kidneys, organs associated with biotransformation and excretion and also in the lungs and adrenals. 5. After oral administration of 14C-ciclobendazole to rate at three different dose levels (4, 40 and 400 mg/kg), peak plasma levels occurred at 15-30 min and declined with similar half-lives (about 20 h). A comparison of peak concentrations and areas under the plasma concentration-time relationships showed that the absorption of ciclobendazole was probably dose-dependent, a lower proportion probably being absorbed at higher doses. After repeated daily oral dosing with 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg), there were no significant changes in either the daily plasma concentrations or the biological half-life measured after the last dose, indicating that ciclobendazole probably did not induce or inhibit its own metabolism when dosed repeatedly at 4 mg/kg. 6. A comparison of the areas under the plasma concentration-time relationships after oral, i.p. and i.v. administration of 14C-ciclobendazole to rates indicated that there was no signigicant uptake by the liver during first pass and that an oral dose was well absorbed by rats. 7. The peak plasma concentration in the dog, after an oral dose of 14C-ciclobendazole (4 mg/kg) was reached at about 30 min and declined with a half-life  of about 3 h. 8. Ciclobendazole was probably well-absorbed by rats and dogs and excreted more rapidly by the latter species than by the former Relatively higher plasma concentrations of drug and/or metabolites were thus achieved in rats than in dogs.", "PMID": 577426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12646", "title": "Gastrointestinal prokinetic and antiemetic effects of a new substituted pyrimidinO 6553 (2-methylamino-4-N-methylpiperazino-5-thiomethyl-6-chloropyrimidine hydrochloride).", "content": "2-Methylamino-4-N-methylpiperazino-5-methylthio-6-chloropyrimidine hydrochloride (O 6553) is a new molecule showing an original pharmacological profile in the laboratory tests. It possesses at the same time potent gastro-intestinal prokinetic and central antiemetic properties, demonstrated on the one hand by the gastro-duodenal transit of barium meal in rats, and on the other hand by apomorphine-induced vomiting in dogs. The drug also has interesting anxiolytic and antiserotonin properties and, at doses which change gastro-intestinal behaviour, it is devoid of any untoward side effect. The acute and subacute toxicities of O 6553 show that the drug has a very good safety margin.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal prokinetic and antiemetic effects of a new substituted pyrimidinO 6553 (2-methylamino-4-N-methylpiperazino-5-thiomethyl-6-chloropyrimidine hydrochloride). 2-Methylamino-4-N-methylpiperazino-5-methylthio-6-chloropyrimidine hydrochloride (O 6553) is a new molecule showing an original pharmacological profile in the laboratory tests. It possesses at the same time potent gastro-intestinal prokinetic and central antiemetic properties, demonstrated on the one hand by the gastro-duodenal transit of barium meal in rats, and on the other hand by apomorphine-induced vomiting in dogs. The drug also has interesting anxiolytic and antiserotonin properties and, at doses which change gastro-intestinal behaviour, it is devoid of any untoward side effect. The acute and subacute toxicities of O 6553 show that the drug has a very good safety margin.", "PMID": 577427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12647", "title": "[Effect of a benzopyrone compound on liver function. Short communication (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the presented double-blind trial proved that the benzopyrone compound Venalot, a combination of coumarin and troxerutin used in the treatment of local inflammatory oedemas of traumetic, phlebopathic and lymphostatic origin, can be administered unhestitatingly in case of severe parenchymatous liver damages even in a dosage which was chosed higher than that recommended and usually given (2 depot tablets b.d.).", "contents": "[Effect of a benzopyrone compound on liver function. Short communication (author's transl)]. The results of the presented double-blind trial proved that the benzopyrone compound Venalot, a combination of coumarin and troxerutin used in the treatment of local inflammatory oedemas of traumetic, phlebopathic and lymphostatic origin, can be administered unhestitatingly in case of severe parenchymatous liver damages even in a dosage which was chosed higher than that recommended and usually given (2 depot tablets b.d.).", "PMID": 577428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12648", "title": "[Test of combination of the agents coumarin and troxerutin for embryotoxic and teratogenic side-effects in G\u00f6ttingen miniature pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "G\u00f6ttingen miniature pigs were used to test a combination of the active principles coumarin and troxerutin (Venalot) for teratogenic and embryotoxiic side-effects. The experimental group consisted of 17 mother pigs with 95 fetuses, the control group of 6 untreated sows with 45 fetuses. The combination of coumarin and troxerutin was administered orally at a level of the 100-fold therapeutic dose (i.e. 25 mg coumarin + 150 mg troxertutin/kg/day) from day 6 to day 30 of gestation. The pathological and histological examinations of the uteri and fetuses revealed no indications of any embryotoxic or teratogenic damage caused by the tested combinations. Morphological and clinico-chemical investigations did also not result in any findings definitely attributable to the medication.", "contents": "[Test of combination of the agents coumarin and troxerutin for embryotoxic and teratogenic side-effects in G\u00f6ttingen miniature pigs (author's transl)]. G\u00f6ttingen miniature pigs were used to test a combination of the active principles coumarin and troxerutin (Venalot) for teratogenic and embryotoxiic side-effects. The experimental group consisted of 17 mother pigs with 95 fetuses, the control group of 6 untreated sows with 45 fetuses. The combination of coumarin and troxerutin was administered orally at a level of the 100-fold therapeutic dose (i.e. 25 mg coumarin + 150 mg troxertutin/kg/day) from day 6 to day 30 of gestation. The pathological and histological examinations of the uteri and fetuses revealed no indications of any embryotoxic or teratogenic damage caused by the tested combinations. Morphological and clinico-chemical investigations did also not result in any findings definitely attributable to the medication.", "PMID": 577429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12649", "title": "[Different enzyme liberation in the liver of rats and mice by a combination of coumarin and rutin sulphate sodium salt (author's transl)].", "content": "In Wistar rats, combined treatment with ethanol or carbon tetrachloride and a mixture of coumarin and sodium salt of rutin sulphate (Venalot injectable solution) causes slight increases of some liver-specific enzymes in plasma. This effect was not observed in DBA/2 4-mice whose metabolism of coumarin is widely analogous to that of man. The LD50 for coumarin in those mice was twice that in rats. These results are discussed in the light of different metabolic pathways of coumartin in both species.", "contents": "[Different enzyme liberation in the liver of rats and mice by a combination of coumarin and rutin sulphate sodium salt (author's transl)]. In Wistar rats, combined treatment with ethanol or carbon tetrachloride and a mixture of coumarin and sodium salt of rutin sulphate (Venalot injectable solution) causes slight increases of some liver-specific enzymes in plasma. This effect was not observed in DBA/2 4-mice whose metabolism of coumarin is widely analogous to that of man. The LD50 for coumarin in those mice was twice that in rats. These results are discussed in the light of different metabolic pathways of coumartin in both species.", "PMID": 577430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12650", "title": "The effect of two inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase on gastric secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effects of the hydrazino-analogue of histidine (HH) and DL-gamma-N(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl)-alpha-hydrazino-butyric acid (AIS 48), two inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase, and atropine on gastric secretion stimulated by histamine and pentagastrin were studied in the perfused rat stomach. The results confirm that the mechanism of action of the physiological polypeptide is mediated, and that the inhibition of histidine decarboxylase can be useful means to control gastric secretion.", "contents": "The effect of two inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase on gastric secretion in the rat. The effects of the hydrazino-analogue of histidine (HH) and DL-gamma-N(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl)-alpha-hydrazino-butyric acid (AIS 48), two inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase, and atropine on gastric secretion stimulated by histamine and pentagastrin were studied in the perfused rat stomach. The results confirm that the mechanism of action of the physiological polypeptide is mediated, and that the inhibition of histidine decarboxylase can be useful means to control gastric secretion.", "PMID": 577431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12651", "title": "[Behaviour of intestinal goblet cells following application of oxidated water soluble terpenes. A pilot study (author's transl)].", "content": "1 and 3 h after i.p. application of Ozothin, an oxidation product of Bordeaux terpin oil, in rats there is a significant increase in goblet cells both totally and in the tightly filled ones (respectively in the villi of the small intestine). Double i.v. injection of therapeutic doses of Ozothin (first 14 h and booster 2 h preoperatively) induces a significant decrease in the number of the tightly filled goblet cells. These contradictory results may partly be explained as an initially timed ischesis of mucigenous glands by Ozothin. Statistically significant differences among the different series of tests could be found only in the epithelium of the villi. In the crypts there were similar results lacking statistical significance.", "contents": "[Behaviour of intestinal goblet cells following application of oxidated water soluble terpenes. A pilot study (author's transl)]. 1 and 3 h after i.p. application of Ozothin, an oxidation product of Bordeaux terpin oil, in rats there is a significant increase in goblet cells both totally and in the tightly filled ones (respectively in the villi of the small intestine). Double i.v. injection of therapeutic doses of Ozothin (first 14 h and booster 2 h preoperatively) induces a significant decrease in the number of the tightly filled goblet cells. These contradictory results may partly be explained as an initially timed ischesis of mucigenous glands by Ozothin. Statistically significant differences among the different series of tests could be found only in the epithelium of the villi. In the crypts there were similar results lacking statistical significance.", "PMID": 577433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12652", "title": "[The efficacy of established, systemically active trichomonacidal agents in the infection model tri-chomonas vaginalis/rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental chemotherapeutical studies were carried out with metronidazole, tinidazole, nitrimidazine and ornidazole in rats infected with Trichomonas vaginalis intravaginally. All compounds tested showed a systemic trichomonacidal activity within rather a narrow dosage range after three oral doses and also after a single dose, i.e., 1.4-3.0 mg/kg and 7.7-15.9 mg/kg body weight (DC50), respectively.", "contents": "[The efficacy of established, systemically active trichomonacidal agents in the infection model tri-chomonas vaginalis/rat (author's transl)]. Experimental chemotherapeutical studies were carried out with metronidazole, tinidazole, nitrimidazine and ornidazole in rats infected with Trichomonas vaginalis intravaginally. All compounds tested showed a systemic trichomonacidal activity within rather a narrow dosage range after three oral doses and also after a single dose, i.e., 1.4-3.0 mg/kg and 7.7-15.9 mg/kg body weight (DC50), respectively.", "PMID": 577434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12653", "title": "Studies on the lissamine green distribution in three model rat tumors.", "content": "In order to gain knowledge on the extent of distribution of chemotherapeutical agents through the blood systems of various tumors, we studied as an indicator the lissamine green concentrations in various tumor segments after different exposure times. As model tumors we used the autochthonic benzpyrene fibrosarcoma and the transplantable tumors Walker and Yoshida in Sprague-Dawley rats. Remarkable differences in the providing blood vessel were observed.", "contents": "Studies on the lissamine green distribution in three model rat tumors. In order to gain knowledge on the extent of distribution of chemotherapeutical agents through the blood systems of various tumors, we studied as an indicator the lissamine green concentrations in various tumor segments after different exposure times. As model tumors we used the autochthonic benzpyrene fibrosarcoma and the transplantable tumors Walker and Yoshida in Sprague-Dawley rats. Remarkable differences in the providing blood vessel were observed.", "PMID": 577435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12654", "title": "[Inhibition by \"essential\" phospholipids of the bactericidal effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on common bacteria. Short communication].", "content": "The authors examined the conditions under which the bactericidal action of the disinfectant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is neutralized by a dispersion of \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL). Both gram-positive and gram-negative  strains of bacteria were exposed to various concentrations of the quarternary ammonium over different periods of time. Three cultures were prepared for each contact model to check on the effect of either pre-treatment and after-treatment with phospholipids or of CPC-exposure without the addition of phospholipids. The results obtained demonstrate that EPL are able to \"receive\" gram-negative bacteria like E. coli, P. aerug. and Morax. glucidol. after exposure to lethal concentrations of CPC for 30 min. While the \"phenomenon of restoration\" depended on the dose of phospholipids applied, the time of expsure to phospholipids proved irrelevant. The stabilisation of bacterial membranes due to EPL is discussed as a possible explanation of the phenomenon of restoration.", "contents": "[Inhibition by \"essential\" phospholipids of the bactericidal effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on common bacteria. Short communication]. The authors examined the conditions under which the bactericidal action of the disinfectant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is neutralized by a dispersion of \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL). Both gram-positive and gram-negative  strains of bacteria were exposed to various concentrations of the quarternary ammonium over different periods of time. Three cultures were prepared for each contact model to check on the effect of either pre-treatment and after-treatment with phospholipids or of CPC-exposure without the addition of phospholipids. The results obtained demonstrate that EPL are able to \"receive\" gram-negative bacteria like E. coli, P. aerug. and Morax. glucidol. after exposure to lethal concentrations of CPC for 30 min. While the \"phenomenon of restoration\" depended on the dose of phospholipids applied, the time of expsure to phospholipids proved irrelevant. The stabilisation of bacterial membranes due to EPL is discussed as a possible explanation of the phenomenon of restoration.", "PMID": 577436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12655", "title": "[Synthesis and characterization of some cardenolide glucuronides and sulphates (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardenolide glucuronides are synthesized in the following way: firstly cardenolide glucosides are prepared by the reaction with acetobromglucose; secondly the hydroxymethyl group of the glucose moiety is oxydized in presence of a platinum catalyst to the carboxyl group of the final glucuronic acid. Glucuronides of the following cardenolides are prepared and described: digoxin, digoxigenin, digitoxin, digitoxigenin-monodigitoxoside, digitoxigenin, and 3-epi-digitoxigenin. Sulphates of digoxigenin, digitoxigenin, and 3-epi-digitoxigenin are prepared by direct reaction of these cardenolides with chlorosulphonic acid in pyridine. The assumed structure of some conjugates has been confirmed by n.m.r. spectroscopy. A high water solubility (6.7-65.1 g/l), a minute chloroform solubility (0.0002-0.0005 g/l), and a low octanol/polar nature of these compounds. Inotropic or toxic cardiac activities of the conjugates are examined on isolated guinea pig papillary muscles and by the Hatcher method on cats. Conjugates with at least one digitoxose show cardioactivities comparable to digoxin or digitoxin. In contrast to that the conjugated genins indicate decreased activities which are at least one-tenth of the potency of the unconjugated glycosides.", "contents": "[Synthesis and characterization of some cardenolide glucuronides and sulphates (author's transl)]. Cardenolide glucuronides are synthesized in the following way: firstly cardenolide glucosides are prepared by the reaction with acetobromglucose; secondly the hydroxymethyl group of the glucose moiety is oxydized in presence of a platinum catalyst to the carboxyl group of the final glucuronic acid. Glucuronides of the following cardenolides are prepared and described: digoxin, digoxigenin, digitoxin, digitoxigenin-monodigitoxoside, digitoxigenin, and 3-epi-digitoxigenin. Sulphates of digoxigenin, digitoxigenin, and 3-epi-digitoxigenin are prepared by direct reaction of these cardenolides with chlorosulphonic acid in pyridine. The assumed structure of some conjugates has been confirmed by n.m.r. spectroscopy. A high water solubility (6.7-65.1 g/l), a minute chloroform solubility (0.0002-0.0005 g/l), and a low octanol/polar nature of these compounds. Inotropic or toxic cardiac activities of the conjugates are examined on isolated guinea pig papillary muscles and by the Hatcher method on cats. Conjugates with at least one digitoxose show cardioactivities comparable to digoxin or digitoxin. In contrast to that the conjugated genins indicate decreased activities which are at least one-tenth of the potency of the unconjugated glycosides.", "PMID": 577437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12656", "title": "[Affinity of polar digoxin and digitoxin metabolites for digoxin and digitoxin antibodies].", "content": "The affinities of some polar and non-polar digoxin and digitoxin metabolites to the related antibodies are largely dependent on the structure of their genin parts. Metabolites with unchanged genins show high cross reactivities towards their related antibodies when compared to the original immunogenic cardenolides. Towards the digoxin antibody the following cross reactivities were found: digoxin-16'-glucuronide 50%, digoxigenin 89.5%, and digoxigenin-3-glucuronide 85%. Values of the same order of magnitude were found with the corresponding digitoxin metabolites and the digitoxin antibody. In contrast, there is a marked decrease in cross reactivity caused by only minor changes in the genin part. With the digitoxin antibody the following cross reactivities are found: digoxin (i.e. 12-OH-digitoxin) 9.1%, 3-epi-digitoxigenin 5.6% and 3-epi-digitoxigenin-3-sulphate 1%. Bcause 12-hydroxylation has been reported to be one of several possible ways of digitoxin metabolisation in man, from a theoretical point of view erroneous results in the clinical digitoxin estimation by radioimmuno-assay are possible. In the case of all of the other metabolites the alterations in positive inotropic activity and cross reactivity run largely parallel.", "contents": "[Affinity of polar digoxin and digitoxin metabolites for digoxin and digitoxin antibodies]. The affinities of some polar and non-polar digoxin and digitoxin metabolites to the related antibodies are largely dependent on the structure of their genin parts. Metabolites with unchanged genins show high cross reactivities towards their related antibodies when compared to the original immunogenic cardenolides. Towards the digoxin antibody the following cross reactivities were found: digoxin-16'-glucuronide 50%, digoxigenin 89.5%, and digoxigenin-3-glucuronide 85%. Values of the same order of magnitude were found with the corresponding digitoxin metabolites and the digitoxin antibody. In contrast, there is a marked decrease in cross reactivity caused by only minor changes in the genin part. With the digitoxin antibody the following cross reactivities are found: digoxin (i.e. 12-OH-digitoxin) 9.1%, 3-epi-digitoxigenin 5.6% and 3-epi-digitoxigenin-3-sulphate 1%. Bcause 12-hydroxylation has been reported to be one of several possible ways of digitoxin metabolisation in man, from a theoretical point of view erroneous results in the clinical digitoxin estimation by radioimmuno-assay are possible. In the case of all of the other metabolites the alterations in positive inotropic activity and cross reactivity run largely parallel.", "PMID": 577438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12657", "title": "The influence of polar and non-polar digoxin and digitoxin metabolites on the 86Rb-uptake of human erythrocytes and the contractility of guinea pig papillary muscles.", "content": "The potency of various digoxigenin and digitoxigenin derivatives with different polarity was tested in two biological systems: First, in an 86-Rb-erythrocyte assay which allows to determine the influence on active cation transport (measured as the glycoside concentration exerting half maximal inhibition of 86-Rb-uptake of human erythrocytes = IC50). Second, with isolated guinea pig papillary muscle, which allows to determine glycoside effects on contractile force (measured as the glycoside concentration exerting 100% increase of contractile force = C+100%). The IC50 of the substances covered a range from 3.2 to 4800 X 10(-9) M, the C+100% from 0.7 to 978 X 10(-6) M. In both assay systems the glucuronides of glycosides and genins were between 1.4 and 11 times less potent than the original substances. A highly significant correlation (p less then 0.0001) was found between IC50 and C+100% (r = 0.9996) and between log IC50 and log C+100% (r = 0.9819), the slope for the latter correlation being nearly unite (= 0.9912). The results support the hypothesis that inhibition of active cation transport is and important step in glycoside incuced posite-inotropic effect.", "contents": "The influence of polar and non-polar digoxin and digitoxin metabolites on the 86Rb-uptake of human erythrocytes and the contractility of guinea pig papillary muscles. The potency of various digoxigenin and digitoxigenin derivatives with different polarity was tested in two biological systems: First, in an 86-Rb-erythrocyte assay which allows to determine the influence on active cation transport (measured as the glycoside concentration exerting half maximal inhibition of 86-Rb-uptake of human erythrocytes = IC50). Second, with isolated guinea pig papillary muscle, which allows to determine glycoside effects on contractile force (measured as the glycoside concentration exerting 100% increase of contractile force = C+100%). The IC50 of the substances covered a range from 3.2 to 4800 X 10(-9) M, the C+100% from 0.7 to 978 X 10(-6) M. In both assay systems the glucuronides of glycosides and genins were between 1.4 and 11 times less potent than the original substances. A highly significant correlation (p less then 0.0001) was found between IC50 and C+100% (r = 0.9996) and between log IC50 and log C+100% (r = 0.9819), the slope for the latter correlation being nearly unite (= 0.9912). The results support the hypothesis that inhibition of active cation transport is and important step in glycoside incuced posite-inotropic effect.", "PMID": 577439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12658", "title": "[Fate of orally administered beta-acetyldigoxin in man (author's transl)].", "content": "After oral administration of 3H-beta-acetyldigoxin to four patients aspirates of gastric and duodenal contents were obtained with intestinal tubes. Concentration of label in the aspirates was measured. Radiochromatographic analysis of the aspirates showed that 90% of the beta-acetyldigoxin was unchanged during the period  it was in the stomach. In the duodenum a small part of the administered dose was transformed to 3H-alpha-acetyldigoxin. When given 3H-beta acetyl-digoxin intraduodenally to three subjects in the portal vein blood 93% of the labelled compunds was 3H-digoxin. According to these data the absorption of beta-acetyldigoxin can be described as follows: After oral ingestion beta-acetyl-digoxin rapidly passes the stomach with a half-life of 10 min. Most of the glycoside is absorbed unchanged in the duodenum. On passage through the intestinal wall the acetyl group is removed and digoxin is the active drug reaching the heart.", "contents": "[Fate of orally administered beta-acetyldigoxin in man (author's transl)]. After oral administration of 3H-beta-acetyldigoxin to four patients aspirates of gastric and duodenal contents were obtained with intestinal tubes. Concentration of label in the aspirates was measured. Radiochromatographic analysis of the aspirates showed that 90% of the beta-acetyldigoxin was unchanged during the period  it was in the stomach. In the duodenum a small part of the administered dose was transformed to 3H-alpha-acetyldigoxin. When given 3H-beta acetyl-digoxin intraduodenally to three subjects in the portal vein blood 93% of the labelled compunds was 3H-digoxin. According to these data the absorption of beta-acetyldigoxin can be described as follows: After oral ingestion beta-acetyl-digoxin rapidly passes the stomach with a half-life of 10 min. Most of the glycoside is absorbed unchanged in the duodenum. On passage through the intestinal wall the acetyl group is removed and digoxin is the active drug reaching the heart.", "PMID": 577440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12659", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetic equivalence of pivampicillin base and hydrochloride in capsules and tablets (author's transl)].", "content": "Absorption and urinary excretion of pivampicillin as hydrochloride and as base were studied following administration of four different formulations to 12 healthy volunteers in a cross-over study. A fluorimetric assay of ampicillin was adapted to be used with an Auto Analyzer system. The plasma concentrations observed are comparable to those reported in the literature. The amount of drug absorbed is the same for all four medications whereas absorption is more rapid from tablets than from capsules. Base and hydrochloride of pivampicillin are equivalent with respect to pharmacokinetic behaviour. So, the formulation itself seems to be more important for biological equivalence than the ionisation of the drug used in the formulation.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetic equivalence of pivampicillin base and hydrochloride in capsules and tablets (author's transl)]. Absorption and urinary excretion of pivampicillin as hydrochloride and as base were studied following administration of four different formulations to 12 healthy volunteers in a cross-over study. A fluorimetric assay of ampicillin was adapted to be used with an Auto Analyzer system. The plasma concentrations observed are comparable to those reported in the literature. The amount of drug absorbed is the same for all four medications whereas absorption is more rapid from tablets than from capsules. Base and hydrochloride of pivampicillin are equivalent with respect to pharmacokinetic behaviour. So, the formulation itself seems to be more important for biological equivalence than the ionisation of the drug used in the formulation.", "PMID": 577441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12660", "title": "[Biopharmaceutic investigations with D-norpseudoephedrine (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentrations of D-norpseudoephedrine in the plasma of 6 healthy persons were measured after the oral administration of 60 mg D-norpseudoephedrinehydrochloride in a hard gelatin capsule. One-compartment open-model parameters were derived from the blood levels. No gastric absorption was observed. The intestinal absorption started after a lag time of 0.31 h with an absorption constant of 1.75 h-1. The maximum of plasma concentration with 200 ng D-norpseudoephedrine/ml plasma was reached after 1.3 h. The following monoexponential decay of the plasma concentration curve had a half-life of 3 h. 24 h after ingestion no remaining D-norpseudoephedrine could be detected in the plasma. In vitro absorption constants were measured with the Sartorius-Resorptionsmodell. The in vitro results agreed with the in vivo results. The dissociation constant of D-norpseudoephedrine was determined (pKa = 8.92) with a non-logarithmic titration method.", "contents": "[Biopharmaceutic investigations with D-norpseudoephedrine (author's transl)]. The concentrations of D-norpseudoephedrine in the plasma of 6 healthy persons were measured after the oral administration of 60 mg D-norpseudoephedrinehydrochloride in a hard gelatin capsule. One-compartment open-model parameters were derived from the blood levels. No gastric absorption was observed. The intestinal absorption started after a lag time of 0.31 h with an absorption constant of 1.75 h-1. The maximum of plasma concentration with 200 ng D-norpseudoephedrine/ml plasma was reached after 1.3 h. The following monoexponential decay of the plasma concentration curve had a half-life of 3 h. 24 h after ingestion no remaining D-norpseudoephedrine could be detected in the plasma. In vitro absorption constants were measured with the Sartorius-Resorptionsmodell. The in vitro results agreed with the in vivo results. The dissociation constant of D-norpseudoephedrine was determined (pKa = 8.92) with a non-logarithmic titration method.", "PMID": 577442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12661", "title": "Some laboratory aspects of hepatic tolerability of diftalone.", "content": "The hepatic tolerability of phthalazine-(2,2-b)-phthalazin-5,12-(7H,14H)-dione (diftalone--administered at the dosage of 750 mg/day p.o. for a mean period of 23 days--has been studied in 40 patients by means of: total plasma protein, albumin, fibrinogen, serum glutamin-oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, glycemic curve after glucagon and plasmatic elimination of bromosulphalein. A statistically but not clinically significant increase of the SGPT level is the only change observed.", "contents": "Some laboratory aspects of hepatic tolerability of diftalone. The hepatic tolerability of phthalazine-(2,2-b)-phthalazin-5,12-(7H,14H)-dione (diftalone--administered at the dosage of 750 mg/day p.o. for a mean period of 23 days--has been studied in 40 patients by means of: total plasma protein, albumin, fibrinogen, serum glutamin-oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, glycemic curve after glucagon and plasmatic elimination of bromosulphalein. A statistically but not clinically significant increase of the SGPT level is the only change observed.", "PMID": 577443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12662", "title": "Effect of pyritinol-GCl on blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with dementia.", "content": "In order to test whether and in what way pyritinon-HCl affects cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism in patients with organic brain disorders, the following parameters were measured in a group of 87 patients: cerebral blood flow using the Kety and Schmidt method, cerebral consumption of oxygen and glucose, and also CO2 and lactate ouptut. 45 out of the 87 patients were given pyritinol in a dose of 900 or 1000 mg/day, 42 out of 87 patients formed a control group and were given 500 mgof 5% laevulose i.v. daily for the average duration of the study of approximately 3 weeks. The results can be summarised as follows: 1. Cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism are changed in patients with organic brain disorders in different ways voth as regards quality and quanitity. Findings from earlier investigations could thus be confirmed. 2. When laevulose only was used, the parameters measured did not alter on average. In addition to deteriorations in the findings, spontaneous improvements or normalisationof previously disturbed cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism values were also abserved. 3. Pyritinol-HCl usually improved previously disturbed cerebral glucose metabolism significantly. An effect on disturbed cerebral blood flow or pathologically changed cerebral oxygen consumption was not found.", "contents": "Effect of pyritinol-GCl on blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with dementia. In order to test whether and in what way pyritinon-HCl affects cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism in patients with organic brain disorders, the following parameters were measured in a group of 87 patients: cerebral blood flow using the Kety and Schmidt method, cerebral consumption of oxygen and glucose, and also CO2 and lactate ouptut. 45 out of the 87 patients were given pyritinol in a dose of 900 or 1000 mg/day, 42 out of 87 patients formed a control group and were given 500 mgof 5% laevulose i.v. daily for the average duration of the study of approximately 3 weeks. The results can be summarised as follows: 1. Cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism are changed in patients with organic brain disorders in different ways voth as regards quality and quanitity. Findings from earlier investigations could thus be confirmed. 2. When laevulose only was used, the parameters measured did not alter on average. In addition to deteriorations in the findings, spontaneous improvements or normalisationof previously disturbed cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism values were also abserved. 3. Pyritinol-HCl usually improved previously disturbed cerebral glucose metabolism significantly. An effect on disturbed cerebral blood flow or pathologically changed cerebral oxygen consumption was not found.", "PMID": 577444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12663", "title": "[On the clinical evaluation of therapy with nifedipine in association with various anithypertensive drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "During a double-blind cross-over study of 3 weeks duration 42 hypertensive outpatients with prevailingly mild angina pectoris received 30 mg daily of 4-(2'-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonic acid dimethylester (nifedipine, Bay a 1040, Adalat) daily or placebo, respectively. 30 patients (mean age: 47 +/- 10 years, mean weight: 79 +/- 13 kg, mean height: 169 +/- 7 cm) completed the whole study period. The mean recumbent blood pressure was 158 +/- 26 mmHg syst. and 101 +/- 16 mmHg diast., the heart rate averaged 74 +/- 12 beats/min. Under these criteria the two cross-over groups of 14 and 16 patients are well comparable. 6 patients dropped out because of side effects under nifedipind (compared to 2 patients under placebo). With one exception mean blood pressures were reduced by less than 10 mmHg during the application of nifedipine as compared to controls, this being true for systolic and diastolic pressures as well as for different positions during measurements. This result is also independent of the corresponding pre-values measured. The differences between the treatment phases did not reach statistical significance. Clinically a blood pressure reduction of this degree is rarely of consequence. But 3 patients reported hypotensive symptoms about 30 min after nifedipine. Nifedipine did not seem to influence the heart rate.", "contents": "[On the clinical evaluation of therapy with nifedipine in association with various anithypertensive drugs (author's transl)]. During a double-blind cross-over study of 3 weeks duration 42 hypertensive outpatients with prevailingly mild angina pectoris received 30 mg daily of 4-(2'-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonic acid dimethylester (nifedipine, Bay a 1040, Adalat) daily or placebo, respectively. 30 patients (mean age: 47 +/- 10 years, mean weight: 79 +/- 13 kg, mean height: 169 +/- 7 cm) completed the whole study period. The mean recumbent blood pressure was 158 +/- 26 mmHg syst. and 101 +/- 16 mmHg diast., the heart rate averaged 74 +/- 12 beats/min. Under these criteria the two cross-over groups of 14 and 16 patients are well comparable. 6 patients dropped out because of side effects under nifedipind (compared to 2 patients under placebo). With one exception mean blood pressures were reduced by less than 10 mmHg during the application of nifedipine as compared to controls, this being true for systolic and diastolic pressures as well as for different positions during measurements. This result is also independent of the corresponding pre-values measured. The differences between the treatment phases did not reach statistical significance. Clinically a blood pressure reduction of this degree is rarely of consequence. But 3 patients reported hypotensive symptoms about 30 min after nifedipine. Nifedipine did not seem to influence the heart rate.", "PMID": 577445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12664", "title": "Effect of pirenzepine, a new gastric acid-inhibiting agent, on exocrine pancreatic secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of orally ingested 5,1-dihydroxy-11- (4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-acetyl-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)-I, 4-benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride (LS 519, pirenzepine), a newly developed compound with gastric secretion-inhibitory action but without central-nervous sedation, on the secretion of fluid into the duodenum and on pancreatic enzyme output was studied by a marker perfusion technique in 10 human subjects. A short-lasting increase in duodenal volume was observed, while output of trypsin and lipase remained unchanged. Central and autonomic nervous actions seem unlikely, a possible release of endogenous secretion was discussed.tin was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of pirenzepine, a new gastric acid-inhibiting agent, on exocrine pancreatic secretion in man. The effect of orally ingested 5,1-dihydroxy-11- (4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-acetyl-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)-I, 4-benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride (LS 519, pirenzepine), a newly developed compound with gastric secretion-inhibitory action but without central-nervous sedation, on the secretion of fluid into the duodenum and on pancreatic enzyme output was studied by a marker perfusion technique in 10 human subjects. A short-lasting increase in duodenal volume was observed, while output of trypsin and lipase remained unchanged. Central and autonomic nervous actions seem unlikely, a possible release of endogenous secretion was discussed.tin was discussed.", "PMID": 577446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12665", "title": "Oral antipyretic therapy. Evaluation of mefenamic acid (short communication).", "content": "The capacity of N-(2,3-xylyl)anthranilic acid (mefenamic acid) to reduce fever in children was compared with that of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and amino-phenazone. The series of cases consisted of 71 patients in the age range from 3 months to 15 years and with rectal temperatures above 38.5 degrees C. Temperatures were recorded at 15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after challenge with the drug. The antipyretic effect of mefenamic acid in a dose of 4 mg/kg was optimal: it was 2.5 times that of acetyl-salicylic acid or paracetamol and nearly similar to that of aminophenazone. It seems possible that the antipyretic effect of mefenamic acid is stronger than its anti-inflammatory and analgetic properties.", "contents": "Oral antipyretic therapy. Evaluation of mefenamic acid (short communication). The capacity of N-(2,3-xylyl)anthranilic acid (mefenamic acid) to reduce fever in children was compared with that of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and amino-phenazone. The series of cases consisted of 71 patients in the age range from 3 months to 15 years and with rectal temperatures above 38.5 degrees C. Temperatures were recorded at 15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after challenge with the drug. The antipyretic effect of mefenamic acid in a dose of 4 mg/kg was optimal: it was 2.5 times that of acetyl-salicylic acid or paracetamol and nearly similar to that of aminophenazone. It seems possible that the antipyretic effect of mefenamic acid is stronger than its anti-inflammatory and analgetic properties.", "PMID": 577447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12666", "title": "[Basic physiological requirements for therapy of coronary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The determining factors of coronary blood supply are described. The dependence of the coronary vascular resistance and the coronary extra-vascular resistance on the oxygen requirement and metabolism products of the heart muscles on one hand, and the various haemodynamic parameters on the other, are delineated. Based on this conception the principles for a therapy of coronary insufficiency are deduced. The difficulties, however, which limit this therapeutic procedure are also mentioned.", "contents": "[Basic physiological requirements for therapy of coronary insufficiency (author's transl)]. The determining factors of coronary blood supply are described. The dependence of the coronary vascular resistance and the coronary extra-vascular resistance on the oxygen requirement and metabolism products of the heart muscles on one hand, and the various haemodynamic parameters on the other, are delineated. Based on this conception the principles for a therapy of coronary insufficiency are deduced. The difficulties, however, which limit this therapeutic procedure are also mentioned.", "PMID": 577448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12667", "title": "[Prophylaxis of myocardial infarction and follow-up treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no specifique prophylaxis of myocardial infarction; it is identical to prophylaxis of coronary artery disease, that is elimination of risk factors and treatment of ischemic heart disease, if diagnosed in the preinfarction stage. Treatment in the postinfarction stage is dependent on symptoms. Of special importance is the diagnosis of life-threatening arrhythmias, which might necessitate prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment. The value of \"clinical\" (hospitalised) rehabilitation is still debated, especially with regard to physiological and prognostic aspects. Surgery will be of increasing importance, especially aneurysmectomy (infarctectomy) and revascularization.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of myocardial infarction and follow-up treatment (author's transl)]. There is no specifique prophylaxis of myocardial infarction; it is identical to prophylaxis of coronary artery disease, that is elimination of risk factors and treatment of ischemic heart disease, if diagnosed in the preinfarction stage. Treatment in the postinfarction stage is dependent on symptoms. Of special importance is the diagnosis of life-threatening arrhythmias, which might necessitate prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment. The value of \"clinical\" (hospitalised) rehabilitation is still debated, especially with regard to physiological and prognostic aspects. Surgery will be of increasing importance, especially aneurysmectomy (infarctectomy) and revascularization.", "PMID": 577449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12668", "title": "[Therapy with coronary dilators].", "content": "The pathophysiological basis of antianginal therapy with vasodilating agents is critically reviewed. The concept of specific coronary vasodilation should not be pursued in the search for new antianginal agents. Although controlled clinical trials with coronary vasodilators in patients have been successful, no inferences can be drawn as to the concept of coronary vasodilation since most of these compounds vasodilate only the coronaires of experimental animals after i.v. administration but not those of humans after oral ingestion. The stimulating influence of coronary vasodilators on coronary collaterals is an interesting but so far unproven claim. Nitroglycerine dilates the large epicardial coronary vessels. This effect can be of significance in excentric stenoses where the arterial wall is to a small part intact.", "contents": "[Therapy with coronary dilators]. The pathophysiological basis of antianginal therapy with vasodilating agents is critically reviewed. The concept of specific coronary vasodilation should not be pursued in the search for new antianginal agents. Although controlled clinical trials with coronary vasodilators in patients have been successful, no inferences can be drawn as to the concept of coronary vasodilation since most of these compounds vasodilate only the coronaires of experimental animals after i.v. administration but not those of humans after oral ingestion. The stimulating influence of coronary vasodilators on coronary collaterals is an interesting but so far unproven claim. Nitroglycerine dilates the large epicardial coronary vessels. This effect can be of significance in excentric stenoses where the arterial wall is to a small part intact.", "PMID": 577451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12669", "title": "[Combined therapy with glycosides and Ca++-antagonistic agents (author's transl)].", "content": "Ca-antagonistic drugs increase cardiac oxygen supply by a coronary vasodilator action whilst they simultaneously lower myocardial oxygen demand. The latter drug effect is due to a decrease in cardiac contractile energy expenditure both directly (restriction of myocardial contractility) and indirectly (reduction of arterial blood pressure resulting from systemic vasodilation). In coronary disease all these factors can contribute to an improvement of the disturbed myocardial energy balance. As to the coronary vasodilator action of Ca-antagonistic drugs in particular, it is important to note that they readily relax the smooth musculature of the major extramural stem arteries where most of the occlusive atherosclerotic intima processes (about 95%) are located. In contrast, other coronary vasodilators such as adenosine, dipyridamole, chromonar, lidoflazine, theophylline, which lack Ca-antagonistic properties, are primarily acting on the small intramural resistance vessels of the heart whereas vascular smooth musculature originating from the major extramural arteries is less affected. Therefore, in elderly atherosclerotic patients the possible risk of glycoside-induced vasoconstriction in extramural coronary stem arteries (and also in arteries of systemic circulation) can be sufficiently eliminated only with the help of Ca-antagonists.", "contents": "[Combined therapy with glycosides and Ca++-antagonistic agents (author's transl)]. Ca-antagonistic drugs increase cardiac oxygen supply by a coronary vasodilator action whilst they simultaneously lower myocardial oxygen demand. The latter drug effect is due to a decrease in cardiac contractile energy expenditure both directly (restriction of myocardial contractility) and indirectly (reduction of arterial blood pressure resulting from systemic vasodilation). In coronary disease all these factors can contribute to an improvement of the disturbed myocardial energy balance. As to the coronary vasodilator action of Ca-antagonistic drugs in particular, it is important to note that they readily relax the smooth musculature of the major extramural stem arteries where most of the occlusive atherosclerotic intima processes (about 95%) are located. In contrast, other coronary vasodilators such as adenosine, dipyridamole, chromonar, lidoflazine, theophylline, which lack Ca-antagonistic properties, are primarily acting on the small intramural resistance vessels of the heart whereas vascular smooth musculature originating from the major extramural arteries is less affected. Therefore, in elderly atherosclerotic patients the possible risk of glycoside-induced vasoconstriction in extramural coronary stem arteries (and also in arteries of systemic circulation) can be sufficiently eliminated only with the help of Ca-antagonists.", "PMID": 577452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12670", "title": "[Investigations of the reaction kinetics in the formation of 7-chloro-2N-nitrosomethylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of alcohol, ascorbic acid, phenol and thiocyanic acid on the formation of N-nitrosochlordiazepoxide from chlordiazepoxide and nitrous acid was investigated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.", "contents": "[Investigations of the reaction kinetics in the formation of 7-chloro-2N-nitrosomethylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide (author's transl)]. The influence of alcohol, ascorbic acid, phenol and thiocyanic acid on the formation of N-nitrosochlordiazepoxide from chlordiazepoxide and nitrous acid was investigated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 577453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12671", "title": "Synthesis, structure and antibacterial activity of some alkyltriazenopyrazoles.", "content": "A series of bis-beta-chlorethyl-, dimethyl- and diethyltriazenopyrazoles (I-IV) were synthesized. By the method of IR spectroscopy the most probable transformation form of I was shown. The compounds were tested as antibacterial agents on a series of bacterial species. It was established that only one of them (VI) possessed a low inhibitory effect. All the rest inhibited strongly the growth of Staphylococcus aureaus 209 and E. coli 387.", "contents": "Synthesis, structure and antibacterial activity of some alkyltriazenopyrazoles. A series of bis-beta-chlorethyl-, dimethyl- and diethyltriazenopyrazoles (I-IV) were synthesized. By the method of IR spectroscopy the most probable transformation form of I was shown. The compounds were tested as antibacterial agents on a series of bacterial species. It was established that only one of them (VI) possessed a low inhibitory effect. All the rest inhibited strongly the growth of Staphylococcus aureaus 209 and E. coli 387.", "PMID": 577454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12672", "title": "Effects of chloroquine on the adrenocortical function. III. Sex differences in concentrations of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the suprarenal gland after a single administration of chloroquine in the rat.", "content": "Effects of single doses of 4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-7-chloroquinoline (chloroquine diphosphate, Delagil Egyt) given orally (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg of base/kg) or s.c. (40, 80 and 120 mg of base/kg) upon cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations in the white rat suprarenal glands were followed up. The occurrence of signs of adrenocortical activation was found to be dependent on the route of application and sex of animals. Chloroquine given s.c. caused a decrease in ascorbic acid level only in doses close to LD50. The oral administration of chloroquine in doses of 80 mg/kg and more produced a significant decrease in cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations in the suprarenal glands of female rats, while in males chloroquine in any of the dose levels tested was without effect.", "contents": "Effects of chloroquine on the adrenocortical function. III. Sex differences in concentrations of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the suprarenal gland after a single administration of chloroquine in the rat. Effects of single doses of 4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-7-chloroquinoline (chloroquine diphosphate, Delagil Egyt) given orally (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg of base/kg) or s.c. (40, 80 and 120 mg of base/kg) upon cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations in the white rat suprarenal glands were followed up. The occurrence of signs of adrenocortical activation was found to be dependent on the route of application and sex of animals. Chloroquine given s.c. caused a decrease in ascorbic acid level only in doses close to LD50. The oral administration of chloroquine in doses of 80 mg/kg and more produced a significant decrease in cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations in the suprarenal glands of female rats, while in males chloroquine in any of the dose levels tested was without effect.", "PMID": 577455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12673", "title": "[Involvement of both H1- and H2-receptors in the depressor responses of blood pressure to histamine in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Histamine caused a dose-dependent fall in blood pressure. This dose-response curve could be shifted to the right by administration of dimethylaminoethyl-N-p-methoxybenzyl-N-alpha-aminopyridine (mepyramine; H1-antagonist). 1-Methyl-([(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)-2-methylthio]-3-ethyl)-2-thiourea (metiamide; H2-antagonist) alone had no effect on the histamine dose-response curve. The combination of both antagonists caused a further dose-dependent shift to the right. These results found in anaesthetized rats indicate the presence of both histamine receptors in the circulatory system of the rat.", "contents": "[Involvement of both H1- and H2-receptors in the depressor responses of blood pressure to histamine in the rat (author's transl)]. Histamine caused a dose-dependent fall in blood pressure. This dose-response curve could be shifted to the right by administration of dimethylaminoethyl-N-p-methoxybenzyl-N-alpha-aminopyridine (mepyramine; H1-antagonist). 1-Methyl-([(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)-2-methylthio]-3-ethyl)-2-thiourea (metiamide; H2-antagonist) alone had no effect on the histamine dose-response curve. The combination of both antagonists caused a further dose-dependent shift to the right. These results found in anaesthetized rats indicate the presence of both histamine receptors in the circulatory system of the rat.", "PMID": 577457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12674", "title": "A new cephalosporin derivative (ST-21) orally administered in laboratory animals.", "content": "The pivaloxymethyl ester of 7-(D-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-desacetoxicephalosporanic acid hydrochloride (ST-21) and cephalexin possess the same bacteridal activity. In fact, in the animal body ST-21 releases cephalexin. The acute toxicity study shows the good tolerance of both substances, whereas the tissue distribution is different, both after oral and i.v. administration. Cephalexin concentrations in some tissues of rats and rabbits, particularly in the lungs and kidneys, are higher and longer-lasting in the animals treated with ST-21 than in those receiving cephalexin, thus showing a different pattern of distribution in the body. For this reason ST-21 might be more suited for the treatment of lung and kidney infections.", "contents": "A new cephalosporin derivative (ST-21) orally administered in laboratory animals. The pivaloxymethyl ester of 7-(D-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-desacetoxicephalosporanic acid hydrochloride (ST-21) and cephalexin possess the same bacteridal activity. In fact, in the animal body ST-21 releases cephalexin. The acute toxicity study shows the good tolerance of both substances, whereas the tissue distribution is different, both after oral and i.v. administration. Cephalexin concentrations in some tissues of rats and rabbits, particularly in the lungs and kidneys, are higher and longer-lasting in the animals treated with ST-21 than in those receiving cephalexin, thus showing a different pattern of distribution in the body. For this reason ST-21 might be more suited for the treatment of lung and kidney infections.", "PMID": 577459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12675", "title": "Steroidal influence on the resynthesis of adrenomedullary hormones. Short communication.", "content": "The role of glucocorticoid on the resynthesis of catecholamines was studied in the pigeon. Hydrocortisone was administered to the reserpinized pigeons. The steroid treated birds were autopsied along with the reserpinized controls. It was found that epinephrine production was considerably increased in the steroid treated group, which indicated that hydrocortisone had effectively triggered the methyl transferase activity during the restitution phase of catecholamines.", "contents": "Steroidal influence on the resynthesis of adrenomedullary hormones. Short communication. The role of glucocorticoid on the resynthesis of catecholamines was studied in the pigeon. Hydrocortisone was administered to the reserpinized pigeons. The steroid treated birds were autopsied along with the reserpinized controls. It was found that epinephrine production was considerably increased in the steroid treated group, which indicated that hydrocortisone had effectively triggered the methyl transferase activity during the restitution phase of catecholamines.", "PMID": 577460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12676", "title": "In vitro metabolism of lidoflazine by rat and dog liver fractions.", "content": "Lidoflazine was metabolized very rapidly by 16000 g supernatant fractions of rat and dog liver. The rate and the extent of metabolism were considerably superior for rat liver. Lidoflazine metabolites were purified by extraction and thin-layer chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. The main pathways of the in vitro metabolism by rat and dog liver fractions were the same. Oxidative N-dealkylation was the most important. An incubation of major metabolite 1-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-butyl]piperazine, with rat liver fraction was performed. A hydroxylated metabolite and a ketopiperazine metabolite were detected only in the dog experiments.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of lidoflazine by rat and dog liver fractions. Lidoflazine was metabolized very rapidly by 16000 g supernatant fractions of rat and dog liver. The rate and the extent of metabolism were considerably superior for rat liver. Lidoflazine metabolites were purified by extraction and thin-layer chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. The main pathways of the in vitro metabolism by rat and dog liver fractions were the same. Oxidative N-dealkylation was the most important. An incubation of major metabolite 1-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-butyl]piperazine, with rat liver fraction was performed. A hydroxylated metabolite and a ketopiperazine metabolite were detected only in the dog experiments.", "PMID": 577461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12677", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-glipentide, a new antidiabetic, after oral and intravenous administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic study of 14C-glipentide in male Wistar rats shows, at 0.2 mg/kg doses, that blood radioactivity drops quickly. The metabolization is effected in the liver and leads to four labelled metabolites which are eliminated mainly by the bile. The physiological disposition of unchanged glipentide can be described by a two-compartment open model. Autoradiography and quantitative studies have shown that the liver presents the highest concentration of radioactivity, that diminishes to a very low value 96 h after the administration. In the other tissues the radioactivity is never large, even following repeated administrations. The plasma protein binding does not change with the time, and it can be presumed that binding forces of glipentide and its metabolites to plasma proteins are similar. Glipentide is very well absorbed. The urinary and fecal elimination of radioactivity is similar after oral and i.v. administration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-glipentide, a new antidiabetic, after oral and intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetic study of 14C-glipentide in male Wistar rats shows, at 0.2 mg/kg doses, that blood radioactivity drops quickly. The metabolization is effected in the liver and leads to four labelled metabolites which are eliminated mainly by the bile. The physiological disposition of unchanged glipentide can be described by a two-compartment open model. Autoradiography and quantitative studies have shown that the liver presents the highest concentration of radioactivity, that diminishes to a very low value 96 h after the administration. In the other tissues the radioactivity is never large, even following repeated administrations. The plasma protein binding does not change with the time, and it can be presumed that binding forces of glipentide and its metabolites to plasma proteins are similar. Glipentide is very well absorbed. The urinary and fecal elimination of radioactivity is similar after oral and i.v. administration.", "PMID": 577463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12678", "title": "[The value of radiographical examination for the evaluation adjuvant disease in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographical examinations of the rat with adjuvant disease reveal characteristic changes in the joints and soft tissues which are useful for the evaluation of this experimental arthritis model. Sequential radiographical analysis with estimation of radiological joint score allows a close follow-up of the disease, which parallels some clinical parameters. Being objective and easy to be documented this method shows several advantages over the conventional evaluation methods. Furthermore, it enables an insight into the paraarticular and spine involvement, which otherwise remains uncovered. The radiographical evaluations might provide some additional and eventually essential information in the study of some drug effect in this disease. Our data should encourage the use of this method for the evaluation of the adjuvant disease in the rat.", "contents": "[The value of radiographical examination for the evaluation adjuvant disease in the rat (author's transl)]. Radiographical examinations of the rat with adjuvant disease reveal characteristic changes in the joints and soft tissues which are useful for the evaluation of this experimental arthritis model. Sequential radiographical analysis with estimation of radiological joint score allows a close follow-up of the disease, which parallels some clinical parameters. Being objective and easy to be documented this method shows several advantages over the conventional evaluation methods. Furthermore, it enables an insight into the paraarticular and spine involvement, which otherwise remains uncovered. The radiographical evaluations might provide some additional and eventually essential information in the study of some drug effect in this disease. Our data should encourage the use of this method for the evaluation of the adjuvant disease in the rat.", "PMID": 577464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12679", "title": "Further evidence for the induction of proteolysis by coumarin in rats with various high-protein oedemas.", "content": "It has been shown that coumarin can induce lysis of tracer protein injected into animals with normal limbs as well as such with various high-protein oedemas. Although this experiment greatly underestimates protein lysis, burn treated groups showed significant increases in protein fragments of both the body and limb. Although the reverse was the case for the group with lymphoedema and for the group with lymphoedema in combination with burn, the results could be explained by incorporation of the fragments into protein not precipitable with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in the maturing phagocytes of the lesion. Coumarin alone cannot induce this proteolysis, it needs the tissues and the cells within them.", "contents": "Further evidence for the induction of proteolysis by coumarin in rats with various high-protein oedemas. It has been shown that coumarin can induce lysis of tracer protein injected into animals with normal limbs as well as such with various high-protein oedemas. Although this experiment greatly underestimates protein lysis, burn treated groups showed significant increases in protein fragments of both the body and limb. Although the reverse was the case for the group with lymphoedema and for the group with lymphoedema in combination with burn, the results could be explained by incorporation of the fragments into protein not precipitable with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in the maturing phagocytes of the lesion. Coumarin alone cannot induce this proteolysis, it needs the tissues and the cells within them.", "PMID": 577465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12680", "title": "[Long-term infusion technique via tail vein in unrestrained rat. Technical short communication (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique is described that allows tail vein infusion in the rat up to several weeks without the risk of pressure necrosis of the tail. By the aid of a simple metallic device the catheter is protected against damage by the animal. Since this armament is well tolerated and the mobility of the rat remains unimpaired, psychic stress is minimized.", "contents": "[Long-term infusion technique via tail vein in unrestrained rat. Technical short communication (author's transl)]. A technique is described that allows tail vein infusion in the rat up to several weeks without the risk of pressure necrosis of the tail. By the aid of a simple metallic device the catheter is protected against damage by the animal. Since this armament is well tolerated and the mobility of the rat remains unimpaired, psychic stress is minimized.", "PMID": 577466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12681", "title": "Absorption studies with the anti-diarrhoeal agent ethacridine lactate in laboratory animals and man.", "content": "Tritiated 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine (ethacridine lactate, Rivanol) has been orally administered to rat, dog, rabbit and man, and the distribution of radioactivity between urine and faeces determined. Complete recoveries of radioactivity were obtained from rat, rabbit and man. From direct measurement of levels of radioactivity, the maximum percentage of the dose excreted via the urine varied from 1.7% (man) to 6.1% (dog). Tritiated water accounted for nearly 50% of this amount. The low levels of radioactivity in plasma of dog and man and in the bile of rats following administration of 3H-ethacridine lactate suggested that there was only a low degree of oral absorption and substantiated previous reports that the drug is essentially unabsorbed in man. From fluorimetric measurements and the determination of levels of radioactivity in ether extracts of urine, it could be concluded that for all species less than 0.1% of the dose appeared in the urine as acridine-like material.", "contents": "Absorption studies with the anti-diarrhoeal agent ethacridine lactate in laboratory animals and man. Tritiated 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine (ethacridine lactate, Rivanol) has been orally administered to rat, dog, rabbit and man, and the distribution of radioactivity between urine and faeces determined. Complete recoveries of radioactivity were obtained from rat, rabbit and man. From direct measurement of levels of radioactivity, the maximum percentage of the dose excreted via the urine varied from 1.7% (man) to 6.1% (dog). Tritiated water accounted for nearly 50% of this amount. The low levels of radioactivity in plasma of dog and man and in the bile of rats following administration of 3H-ethacridine lactate suggested that there was only a low degree of oral absorption and substantiated previous reports that the drug is essentially unabsorbed in man. From fluorimetric measurements and the determination of levels of radioactivity in ether extracts of urine, it could be concluded that for all species less than 0.1% of the dose appeared in the urine as acridine-like material.", "PMID": 577467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12682", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of a new anti-anginal drug, diltiazem hydrochloride.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of a new anti-anginal drug, dilitazem HCl, were studied in 20 patients with angina pectoris. The 131I-dilution method was used. In two patients, one with atrial septal defect and the other with pulmonic regurgitation, heart catheterization was carried out. The drug exerted significant decrease in stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac work, stroke work and cardiac output/circulating blood volume ratio. The patients who underwent direct cardiac catheterization disclosed no changes in Vmax and ejection fraction, but there were decreases in stroke volume. The decrease in cardiac work and stroke work after after diltiazem Hcl therapy was apparently due to diminution of venous return and prolongation of systemic circulation time. It is postulated that such a decrease leads to inhibition of myocardial oxygen consumption, which in turn has beneficial effects on angina pectoris.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of a new anti-anginal drug, diltiazem hydrochloride. The haemodynamic effects of a new anti-anginal drug, dilitazem HCl, were studied in 20 patients with angina pectoris. The 131I-dilution method was used. In two patients, one with atrial septal defect and the other with pulmonic regurgitation, heart catheterization was carried out. The drug exerted significant decrease in stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac work, stroke work and cardiac output/circulating blood volume ratio. The patients who underwent direct cardiac catheterization disclosed no changes in Vmax and ejection fraction, but there were decreases in stroke volume. The decrease in cardiac work and stroke work after after diltiazem Hcl therapy was apparently due to diminution of venous return and prolongation of systemic circulation time. It is postulated that such a decrease leads to inhibition of myocardial oxygen consumption, which in turn has beneficial effects on angina pectoris.", "PMID": 577468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12683", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. I. Some physico-chemical properties of propolis.", "content": "The presence of 19 elements has been shown in the ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP). Three fractions have been obtained by filtration through a structural gel that did not show an initial antibacterial activity when investigated separately. Fractions 2 and 3 joined together have regained this activity. EEP solutions maintain their anitbacterial activity in acidic or neutral pH. Insensitivity of EEP solutions on temperautre of 75 degrees C for 30 min has been found.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. I. Some physico-chemical properties of propolis. The presence of 19 elements has been shown in the ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP). Three fractions have been obtained by filtration through a structural gel that did not show an initial antibacterial activity when investigated separately. Fractions 2 and 3 joined together have regained this activity. EEP solutions maintain their anitbacterial activity in acidic or neutral pH. Insensitivity of EEP solutions on temperautre of 75 degrees C for 30 min has been found.", "PMID": 577469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12684", "title": "Effect of prolactin and bromocriptine on growth of transplanted hormone-dependent mouse mammary tumours.", "content": "Administration of ovine prolactin alone supported growth of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumours. Growth of hormone-independent tumours was not stimulated. Furthermore, administration of bromocriptine, a compound that inhibits release of prolactin from the pituitary gland, was shown to inhibit the growth of hormone-dependent tumours in animals receiving treatment with progesterone + oestrone. Administration of prolactin or bromocriptine to mice bearing tumours that grew independently of progesterone + oestrone treatment had no influence on tumour growth. We conclude that direct as well as indirect evidence has been found for the involvement of prolactin in the growth of transplanted, hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumours.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin and bromocriptine on growth of transplanted hormone-dependent mouse mammary tumours. Administration of ovine prolactin alone supported growth of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumours. Growth of hormone-independent tumours was not stimulated. Furthermore, administration of bromocriptine, a compound that inhibits release of prolactin from the pituitary gland, was shown to inhibit the growth of hormone-dependent tumours in animals receiving treatment with progesterone + oestrone. Administration of prolactin or bromocriptine to mice bearing tumours that grew independently of progesterone + oestrone treatment had no influence on tumour growth. We conclude that direct as well as indirect evidence has been found for the involvement of prolactin in the growth of transplanted, hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumours.", "PMID": 577471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12685", "title": "How often is genital yeast infection sexually transmitted?", "content": "We analysed data from a computer-based bank of clinical records of patients seen in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases over a three-year period to investigate the association between genital yeast infections and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We classified STDs as primary and secondary syphilis; gonorrhoea; lymphogranuloma venereum; trichomoniasis; scabies; pediculosis; genital herpes; warts; and molluscum contagiosum. Of a total of 2984 disease episodes among women, 1054 (35-3%) included yeast infections, whereas only 382 (6-9%) of 5501 episodes in heterosexual men were associated with yeast infections, We found a significant association between yeast infection and STD and non-specific genital infection (non-specific urethritis (NSU) and procitis in men, and female contacts of men with NSU), which suggested that yeast infection was sexually acquired in 414 out of 1054 disease episodes in women (39%) and 110 out of 382 episodes in heterosexual men (29%). We conclude that sexually active patients with genital yeast infections should be screened for other STDs particularly non-specific genital infection.", "contents": "How often is genital yeast infection sexually transmitted? We analysed data from a computer-based bank of clinical records of patients seen in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases over a three-year period to investigate the association between genital yeast infections and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We classified STDs as primary and secondary syphilis; gonorrhoea; lymphogranuloma venereum; trichomoniasis; scabies; pediculosis; genital herpes; warts; and molluscum contagiosum. Of a total of 2984 disease episodes among women, 1054 (35-3%) included yeast infections, whereas only 382 (6-9%) of 5501 episodes in heterosexual men were associated with yeast infections, We found a significant association between yeast infection and STD and non-specific genital infection (non-specific urethritis (NSU) and procitis in men, and female contacts of men with NSU), which suggested that yeast infection was sexually acquired in 414 out of 1054 disease episodes in women (39%) and 110 out of 382 episodes in heterosexual men (29%). We conclude that sexually active patients with genital yeast infections should be screened for other STDs particularly non-specific genital infection.", "PMID": 577472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12686", "title": "Growth hormone, insulin, and prolactin secretion in anorexia nervosa and obesity during bromocriptine treatment.", "content": "We studied secretion of growth hormone (GH), insulin, and prolactin in eight women with anorexia nervosa and nine women with refractory obesity before and during treatment with bromocriptine, 10 mg/day. In the anorexic patients the raised plasma GH concentrations occurring during an oral glucose tolerance test fell significantly while on bromocriptine treatment, but there was no change in plasma insulin or blood glucose concentrations. In the obese patients, however, plasma GH concentrations remained low during the oral glucose tolerance test, and were not modified by bromocriptine. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were also unchanged. Plasma GH and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were unaffected. Serum prolactin concentrations which were raised in five anorexic patients and marginally raised in two obese subjects, fell significantly in both groups during treatment. We observed no consistent weight changes in either groups.", "contents": "Growth hormone, insulin, and prolactin secretion in anorexia nervosa and obesity during bromocriptine treatment. We studied secretion of growth hormone (GH), insulin, and prolactin in eight women with anorexia nervosa and nine women with refractory obesity before and during treatment with bromocriptine, 10 mg/day. In the anorexic patients the raised plasma GH concentrations occurring during an oral glucose tolerance test fell significantly while on bromocriptine treatment, but there was no change in plasma insulin or blood glucose concentrations. In the obese patients, however, plasma GH concentrations remained low during the oral glucose tolerance test, and were not modified by bromocriptine. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were also unchanged. Plasma GH and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were unaffected. Serum prolactin concentrations which were raised in five anorexic patients and marginally raised in two obese subjects, fell significantly in both groups during treatment. We observed no consistent weight changes in either groups.", "PMID": 577473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12687", "title": "[Scintillography using tensio-active pulmonary iodine-131 (surfactant I-131)].", "content": "Using 200 microCuries of surfactant iodine 131, for the first time in the world, we took surfactant scan in 2 patient with hyaline membranes and compared with normal images. No intolerance, or radiotoxicity was found 3 months of clinical follow-up of the subjects. The results are very encouraging; a great variety of clinical situations, including hyaline membrane, can be now examinated with this new technic and radiocompound and given new perspectives in its study and diagnoses and through knowledge of its pathophysiology.", "contents": "[Scintillography using tensio-active pulmonary iodine-131 (surfactant I-131)]. Using 200 microCuries of surfactant iodine 131, for the first time in the world, we took surfactant scan in 2 patient with hyaline membranes and compared with normal images. No intolerance, or radiotoxicity was found 3 months of clinical follow-up of the subjects. The results are very encouraging; a great variety of clinical situations, including hyaline membrane, can be now examinated with this new technic and radiocompound and given new perspectives in its study and diagnoses and through knowledge of its pathophysiology.", "PMID": 577470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12688", "title": "Caustic ingestions: a rational look at diluents.", "content": "Treatment of lye ingestions by antidotes recommended on product labels includes the use of acid neutralizers. The possibility that heat produced by this exothermic reaction increased tissue damage was examined in vitro. Although Drano produced heat with all diluents including water and milk, acid antidotes prolonged the duration of high temperature. Clinitest tablets neutralized with milk produced no temperatures above 40 degrees C. The ready availability of milk or water, their acceptance by the child, and lack of toxic side effects make them diluents of choice for alkaline corrosive agents.", "contents": "Caustic ingestions: a rational look at diluents. Treatment of lye ingestions by antidotes recommended on product labels includes the use of acid neutralizers. The possibility that heat produced by this exothermic reaction increased tissue damage was examined in vitro. Although Drano produced heat with all diluents including water and milk, acid antidotes prolonged the duration of high temperature. Clinitest tablets neutralized with milk produced no temperatures above 40 degrees C. The ready availability of milk or water, their acceptance by the child, and lack of toxic side effects make them diluents of choice for alkaline corrosive agents.", "PMID": 577479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12689", "title": "Tolamolol in the treatment of hypertension: an open evaluation study.", "content": "The effect of tolamolol 50-300 mg three times daily in the treatment of 30 patients with mild-severe hypertension was studied. The duration of therapy in the majority of cases was 3-6 months. There was a highly significant reduction of mean blood pressure (p less than 0.001) for the group as a whole. Overall, 61% of patients became normotensive or showed a reduction in severity of hypertension, In the majority of cases, this improvement occurred within the first four weeks of therapy. There was not postural hypertension. Apart from one patient with Prurigo Besnier who developed asthma, another patient who developed severe headache and a third patient who stopped treatment without giving a reason, treatment was well tolerated and there were no other serious side or toxic effects.", "contents": "Tolamolol in the treatment of hypertension: an open evaluation study. The effect of tolamolol 50-300 mg three times daily in the treatment of 30 patients with mild-severe hypertension was studied. The duration of therapy in the majority of cases was 3-6 months. There was a highly significant reduction of mean blood pressure (p less than 0.001) for the group as a whole. Overall, 61% of patients became normotensive or showed a reduction in severity of hypertension, In the majority of cases, this improvement occurred within the first four weeks of therapy. There was not postural hypertension. Apart from one patient with Prurigo Besnier who developed asthma, another patient who developed severe headache and a third patient who stopped treatment without giving a reason, treatment was well tolerated and there were no other serious side or toxic effects.", "PMID": 577484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12690", "title": "More evidence for the recessive inheritance of selective adult type lactose malabsorption.", "content": "Selective adult type lactose malabsorption appears in childhood or adolescence because of the great decline in jejunal lactase activity. There is strong evidence that this is a genetically determined disorder. Specifically, selective adult type lactose malabsorptions seem to be inherited by a single autosomal recessive gene. In the present prospective study the transition from the state of lactose absorption to that of lactose malabsorption was documented for the first time in two Finnish boys who were at risk for selective adult type lactose malabsorption because the parents of both boys had the disorder. At the age of 14 and 9 years, respectively, the boys had normal lactose absorption. Three years and 7 months and 4 years and 5 months later, respectively, the boys were shown to have lactose malabsorption. The period of documented transition averaged less than 4 years. These manifestations clearly strengthen the genetic model proposed.", "contents": "More evidence for the recessive inheritance of selective adult type lactose malabsorption. Selective adult type lactose malabsorption appears in childhood or adolescence because of the great decline in jejunal lactase activity. There is strong evidence that this is a genetically determined disorder. Specifically, selective adult type lactose malabsorptions seem to be inherited by a single autosomal recessive gene. In the present prospective study the transition from the state of lactose absorption to that of lactose malabsorption was documented for the first time in two Finnish boys who were at risk for selective adult type lactose malabsorption because the parents of both boys had the disorder. At the age of 14 and 9 years, respectively, the boys had normal lactose absorption. Three years and 7 months and 4 years and 5 months later, respectively, the boys were shown to have lactose malabsorption. The period of documented transition averaged less than 4 years. These manifestations clearly strengthen the genetic model proposed.", "PMID": 577485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12691", "title": "[Needle biopsies of sarcomas of the breast: cytomorphology and DNA cytophotometry (author's transl)].", "content": "When needle biopsies are done on all palpable changes in the breasts, some sarcomas of the breast can be found. The cytomorphology of this mesenchymal tumor is described and the differential cytology is discussed. In some of our cases the relative content of DNS of the cell nuclei in the smear was determined by quantitative cytophotometry in a Feulgen Stain. It was found that the DNS  values of lymphosarcoma and spindle cell stromal sarcoma were within the norm of class 2C to 4C. The DNS content of angiosarcoma and polymorphous stromal sarcomas showed wide variations up to class 8 C. The result is discussed in view of automated cytological diagnosis.", "contents": "[Needle biopsies of sarcomas of the breast: cytomorphology and DNA cytophotometry (author's transl)]. When needle biopsies are done on all palpable changes in the breasts, some sarcomas of the breast can be found. The cytomorphology of this mesenchymal tumor is described and the differential cytology is discussed. In some of our cases the relative content of DNS of the cell nuclei in the smear was determined by quantitative cytophotometry in a Feulgen Stain. It was found that the DNS  values of lymphosarcoma and spindle cell stromal sarcoma were within the norm of class 2C to 4C. The DNS content of angiosarcoma and polymorphous stromal sarcomas showed wide variations up to class 8 C. The result is discussed in view of automated cytological diagnosis.", "PMID": 577486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12692", "title": "Sex counseling of the elderly.", "content": "A sympathetic, nonjudgmental approach may reveal sexual dissatisfactions to be the basis of vague complaints about health, opening the way to counseling, changes in drug regimens, and referrals that can greatly improve quality of life.", "contents": "Sex counseling of the elderly. A sympathetic, nonjudgmental approach may reveal sexual dissatisfactions to be the basis of vague complaints about health, opening the way to counseling, changes in drug regimens, and referrals that can greatly improve quality of life.", "PMID": 577489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12693", "title": "A syntactic investigation of verbal autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children.", "content": "The syndrome of childhood autism is typified by major abnormalities in language development, yet there are few systematic descriptions of autistic children's linguistic systems. We have, therefore, begun a comprehensive investigation of the language of verbal autistic children and concentrate in this paper on comparing the syntax used by 10 verbal autistic children matched for nonlinguistic mental age with a group of mentally retarded subjects and normal controls. Two different means of assessing syntactic development were utilized: Lee's Developmental Sentence analysis and Chomsky's Transformational analysis. The autistic group was found to rank significantly lower than either the mentally retarded or the normal groups in terms of Developmental Sentence Scores. When a transformational grammar was used to describe the language samples of our subjects the autistic children were typified by a higher error rate and lower level of complexity compared to the other two groups. However, the results also indicate that the grammatical system of autistic children is rule-governed and probably not unlike that of young normal or retarded children. In conclusion, it appears that the syntactic abnormalities characteristic of autism are attributable to an extreme delay in language development as well as to an impaired ability to make use of linguistic rules.", "contents": "A syntactic investigation of verbal autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. The syndrome of childhood autism is typified by major abnormalities in language development, yet there are few systematic descriptions of autistic children's linguistic systems. We have, therefore, begun a comprehensive investigation of the language of verbal autistic children and concentrate in this paper on comparing the syntax used by 10 verbal autistic children matched for nonlinguistic mental age with a group of mentally retarded subjects and normal controls. Two different means of assessing syntactic development were utilized: Lee's Developmental Sentence analysis and Chomsky's Transformational analysis. The autistic group was found to rank significantly lower than either the mentally retarded or the normal groups in terms of Developmental Sentence Scores. When a transformational grammar was used to describe the language samples of our subjects the autistic children were typified by a higher error rate and lower level of complexity compared to the other two groups. However, the results also indicate that the grammatical system of autistic children is rule-governed and probably not unlike that of young normal or retarded children. In conclusion, it appears that the syntactic abnormalities characteristic of autism are attributable to an extreme delay in language development as well as to an impaired ability to make use of linguistic rules.", "PMID": 577493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12694", "title": "Communication training in mute autistic adolescents using the written work.", "content": "The expressive and receptive use of three written words was taught to three mute autistic adolescents using a procedure based on Terrace's errorless discrimination model and Premack's language training with chimps. Expressive language was measured by the subject's selection of the appropriate word card from among the available alternatives when the corresponding object was presented. Receptive language was measured by the subject's selection of the appropriate object from among the available alternatives when the corresponding word card was presented. The sequence of the presentations and the order of placement of the available alternatives were randomized. The three subjects required 979, 1,791, and 1,644 trails, respectively, to master both the expressive and receptive use of the three words. The correct response rates for the three subjects over the entire training program were 92, 92, and 90%, respectively. It was concluded that, as concrete visual symbols, written words may provide a viable communication system for the mute autistic. The implications for treatment are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.", "contents": "Communication training in mute autistic adolescents using the written work. The expressive and receptive use of three written words was taught to three mute autistic adolescents using a procedure based on Terrace's errorless discrimination model and Premack's language training with chimps. Expressive language was measured by the subject's selection of the appropriate word card from among the available alternatives when the corresponding object was presented. Receptive language was measured by the subject's selection of the appropriate object from among the available alternatives when the corresponding word card was presented. The sequence of the presentations and the order of placement of the available alternatives were randomized. The three subjects required 979, 1,791, and 1,644 trails, respectively, to master both the expressive and receptive use of the three words. The correct response rates for the three subjects over the entire training program were 92, 92, and 90%, respectively. It was concluded that, as concrete visual symbols, written words may provide a viable communication system for the mute autistic. The implications for treatment are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.", "PMID": 577494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12695", "title": "Hand preference in autistic children and their parents.", "content": "Hand preference was tested in groups of between 40 and 50 autistic children and in sex-, age-, and ability-matched controls. Results were also compared with existing findings on normal children. Small differences occurred between the groups in the directions which would be predicted on the assumption that mental subnormality is associated with delayed development of normal patterns of handedness, and on the hypothesis that autistic children as a group will show a persistent slightly increased tendency to use the left hand. Parents of the autistic group were also assessed for handedness. Contrary to the prediction of slightly increased sinistrality in this group of subjects, some indication of increased dextrality occurred. Results were discussed in relation to possible genetic factors in the etiology of autism.", "contents": "Hand preference in autistic children and their parents. Hand preference was tested in groups of between 40 and 50 autistic children and in sex-, age-, and ability-matched controls. Results were also compared with existing findings on normal children. Small differences occurred between the groups in the directions which would be predicted on the assumption that mental subnormality is associated with delayed development of normal patterns of handedness, and on the hypothesis that autistic children as a group will show a persistent slightly increased tendency to use the left hand. Parents of the autistic group were also assessed for handedness. Contrary to the prediction of slightly increased sinistrality in this group of subjects, some indication of increased dextrality occurred. Results were discussed in relation to possible genetic factors in the etiology of autism.", "PMID": 577495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12696", "title": "Thyroxine toxicosis in patients with iodine induced thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in 74 untreated hyperthyroid patients. Of these, 47 had Graves' disease, 12 had toxic nodular goiter and 15 had iodine induced thyrotoxicosis (IIT). The average serum T4 concentrations were, respectively, 13.5 microgram/100 ml and 13.3 microgram/100 ml (normal 4.5-10.3 microgram/100 ml). The average serum T3 concentrations were in the same order 732 ng/100 ml, 505 ng/100 ml and 378 ng/100 ml )normal 116-288 ng/100 ml). Of the 15 patients with IIT 5 had a pattern of T4-toxicosis (T4 larger than or equal to 10.5 microgram/100 ml; T3 less than 290 ng/100 ml). This pattern was not found in any of the patients from the other two groups. In IIT the ratio between the serum concentrations of serum T4 and T3 is similar to the one observed in normal individuals from non endemic areas. In patients with Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter the increase in serum T3 is twice as high as the increase in serum T4. It is concluded that in IIT the serum concentrations of T3 and T4 increase in parallel while in the other two groups there is a preferential secretion of T3. As a consequence, a pattern of T4 toxicosis is a likely event in IIT and, when present, may constitute a biochemical characteristic of the condition.", "contents": "Thyroxine toxicosis in patients with iodine induced thyrotoxicosis. Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in 74 untreated hyperthyroid patients. Of these, 47 had Graves' disease, 12 had toxic nodular goiter and 15 had iodine induced thyrotoxicosis (IIT). The average serum T4 concentrations were, respectively, 13.5 microgram/100 ml and 13.3 microgram/100 ml (normal 4.5-10.3 microgram/100 ml). The average serum T3 concentrations were in the same order 732 ng/100 ml, 505 ng/100 ml and 378 ng/100 ml )normal 116-288 ng/100 ml). Of the 15 patients with IIT 5 had a pattern of T4-toxicosis (T4 larger than or equal to 10.5 microgram/100 ml; T3 less than 290 ng/100 ml). This pattern was not found in any of the patients from the other two groups. In IIT the ratio between the serum concentrations of serum T4 and T3 is similar to the one observed in normal individuals from non endemic areas. In patients with Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter the increase in serum T3 is twice as high as the increase in serum T4. It is concluded that in IIT the serum concentrations of T3 and T4 increase in parallel while in the other two groups there is a preferential secretion of T3. As a consequence, a pattern of T4 toxicosis is a likely event in IIT and, when present, may constitute a biochemical characteristic of the condition.", "PMID": 577497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12697", "title": "Imaging of spontaneous canine tumours with ammonia and L-glutamine labeled with N-13.", "content": "Ammonia and 6-glutamine, labeled with N-13, were tested as imaging agents for a variety of spontaneous canine tumors. The imaging capabilities of these compounds were compared with each other, with other scanning agents, and with radiologic and pathologic procedures. Good agreement between positive gamma images and postmortem findings occurred in 11 of 15 cases with [13N] ammonia as the localizing agent. Eight of the nine scans using [13N] glutamine as the imaging agent showed positive correlation with postmortem findings. In cases where both ammonia and glutamine were used to image the same lesion, no qualitative differences in tumor uptake were found between the two.", "contents": "Imaging of spontaneous canine tumours with ammonia and L-glutamine labeled with N-13. Ammonia and 6-glutamine, labeled with N-13, were tested as imaging agents for a variety of spontaneous canine tumors. The imaging capabilities of these compounds were compared with each other, with other scanning agents, and with radiologic and pathologic procedures. Good agreement between positive gamma images and postmortem findings occurred in 11 of 15 cases with [13N] ammonia as the localizing agent. Eight of the nine scans using [13N] glutamine as the imaging agent showed positive correlation with postmortem findings. In cases where both ammonia and glutamine were used to image the same lesion, no qualitative differences in tumor uptake were found between the two.", "PMID": 577498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12698", "title": "Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. III. Fate and absorption of cellular and soluble components in the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn.", "content": "A group of formula-fed infants were administered a single feed of poliovirus IgA antibody-rich human colostrum 18 to 72 hr after birth. Subsequently, the presence of IgG, IgA, and IgM immunoglobulin and poliovirus antibody activity was determined in serial serum and fecal samples of the neonates. Absorption of IgA immunoglobulin from the colostrum to the circulation was observed in three infants who were fed with colostrum between 18 and 24 hr after birth. Another group of infants of tuberculin-positive mothers who were being breast fed by their own mothers were followed for the development of in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity against tuberculin after prolonged breast feeding. Tuberculin-specific proliferative response was observed in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of two neonates after 5 weeks of breast feeding. The responses were undetectable after 12 weeks, although the infants continued to breast feed. No tuberculin reactivity was observed in the cord lymphocytes. These observations  suggest uptake of IgA immunoglobulin and components of cellular immunity in the intestine during the immediate neonatal period.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. III. Fate and absorption of cellular and soluble components in the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn. A group of formula-fed infants were administered a single feed of poliovirus IgA antibody-rich human colostrum 18 to 72 hr after birth. Subsequently, the presence of IgG, IgA, and IgM immunoglobulin and poliovirus antibody activity was determined in serial serum and fecal samples of the neonates. Absorption of IgA immunoglobulin from the colostrum to the circulation was observed in three infants who were fed with colostrum between 18 and 24 hr after birth. Another group of infants of tuberculin-positive mothers who were being breast fed by their own mothers were followed for the development of in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity against tuberculin after prolonged breast feeding. Tuberculin-specific proliferative response was observed in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of two neonates after 5 weeks of breast feeding. The responses were undetectable after 12 weeks, although the infants continued to breast feed. No tuberculin reactivity was observed in the cord lymphocytes. These observations  suggest uptake of IgA immunoglobulin and components of cellular immunity in the intestine during the immediate neonatal period.", "PMID": 577500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12699", "title": "Toxicity kinetics and clinical potential of subarachnoid lymphocyte infusions.", "content": "The feasibility of intrathecal lymphocyte infusions was examined since patients with gliomas are known to have circulating, tumor-specific, cytotoxic lymphocytes. Human (xenogenic) and syngenic lymphocytes were infused intrathecally into rabbits, and the toxicity and kinetics of the infused cells evaluated. Cerebrospinal fluid cell counts rose to as high as 70,000 lymphocytes/cu mm 12 hours after infusion and then dropped logarithmically over several days. No infiltration of host cells into the subarachnoid space in response to the lymphocyte infusions was detected. Evidence is presented that intrathecally infused lymphocytes may escape into the systemic circulation. Toxicity was minimal, especially following syngenic intrathecal lymphocyte infusions. A systemic allergic response, characterized by choroid plexitis and pulmonary edema was noted following a second xenogenic but not after a second or even a third syngenic lymphocyte infusion.", "contents": "Toxicity kinetics and clinical potential of subarachnoid lymphocyte infusions. The feasibility of intrathecal lymphocyte infusions was examined since patients with gliomas are known to have circulating, tumor-specific, cytotoxic lymphocytes. Human (xenogenic) and syngenic lymphocytes were infused intrathecally into rabbits, and the toxicity and kinetics of the infused cells evaluated. Cerebrospinal fluid cell counts rose to as high as 70,000 lymphocytes/cu mm 12 hours after infusion and then dropped logarithmically over several days. No infiltration of host cells into the subarachnoid space in response to the lymphocyte infusions was detected. Evidence is presented that intrathecally infused lymphocytes may escape into the systemic circulation. Toxicity was minimal, especially following syngenic intrathecal lymphocyte infusions. A systemic allergic response, characterized by choroid plexitis and pulmonary edema was noted following a second xenogenic but not after a second or even a third syngenic lymphocyte infusion.", "PMID": 577502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12700", "title": "Iron absorption in infants: high bioavailability of breast milk iron as indicated by the extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin.", "content": "Breast feeding is thought to result in a lower incidence of iron deficiency than does the use of unfortified cow milk forumalas, but there is scant documentation for this belief. The relationship of breast and cow milk feeding to absorption of iron and to iron status was investigated in a total of 45 term infants at about six months of age. Iron absorption was measured by total body counting. Laboratory assessment of iron status was based on the serum ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and transferrin saturation. The results indicated that infants fed breast milk during the entire first six to seven months of life attained greater iron stores than did those fed a cow milk formula. Breast-fed infants absorbed an average of 49% of a trace dose of extrinsic iron administered during a breast feeding in contrast to about 10% reported to be absorbed from cow milk under similar conditions. The data indicate that term infants who are breast fed may not require routine administration of supplemental iron.", "contents": "Iron absorption in infants: high bioavailability of breast milk iron as indicated by the extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin. Breast feeding is thought to result in a lower incidence of iron deficiency than does the use of unfortified cow milk forumalas, but there is scant documentation for this belief. The relationship of breast and cow milk feeding to absorption of iron and to iron status was investigated in a total of 45 term infants at about six months of age. Iron absorption was measured by total body counting. Laboratory assessment of iron status was based on the serum ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and transferrin saturation. The results indicated that infants fed breast milk during the entire first six to seven months of life attained greater iron stores than did those fed a cow milk formula. Breast-fed infants absorbed an average of 49% of a trace dose of extrinsic iron administered during a breast feeding in contrast to about 10% reported to be absorbed from cow milk under similar conditions. The data indicate that term infants who are breast fed may not require routine administration of supplemental iron.", "PMID": 577504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12701", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of methsuximide and a major metabolite in dogs.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of methsuximide and its major metabolite 2-methyl-2-phenylsuccinimide were studied in dogs after single intravenous doses. Plasma methsuximide levels were described by a two-compartment open model, and those of the metabolite were described by a one-compartment open model. An expression was derived that describes both methsuximide and metabolite plasma levels after methsuximide administration. Excellent fits were obtained between observed data and those predicted from the model. The metabolite accounted for 40% of the overall elimination of methsuximide, and the half-life of the metabolite (15 hr) was much greater than that of the parent drug (1--3.5 hr). The results suggest that pharmacological effects after methsuximide administration may be due primarily to the metabolite, which may accumulate in the body during repeated doses.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of methsuximide and a major metabolite in dogs. The pharmacokinetics of methsuximide and its major metabolite 2-methyl-2-phenylsuccinimide were studied in dogs after single intravenous doses. Plasma methsuximide levels were described by a two-compartment open model, and those of the metabolite were described by a one-compartment open model. An expression was derived that describes both methsuximide and metabolite plasma levels after methsuximide administration. Excellent fits were obtained between observed data and those predicted from the model. The metabolite accounted for 40% of the overall elimination of methsuximide, and the half-life of the metabolite (15 hr) was much greater than that of the parent drug (1--3.5 hr). The results suggest that pharmacological effects after methsuximide administration may be due primarily to the metabolite, which may accumulate in the body during repeated doses.", "PMID": 577506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12702", "title": "Plasma isosorbide dinitrate concentrations in human subjects after administration of standard and sustained-release formulations.", "content": "After sublingual administration of 5 mg of isosorbide dinitrate, mean plasma concentrations (+/-SD) peaked (8.9+/-3.1 ng/ml) at 15 min after dosing and declined with a half-life of 30 min. After oral administration of 5 mg, mean concentrations peaked (3.1+/-0.7 ng/ml) at 30 min and declined with a half-life of 40 min. After oral administration of 20 mg in a sustained-release tablet, mean concentrations initially peaked (1.4+/-1.2 ng/ml) at 40 min, declining to 0.9+/-0.5 ng/ml after 8 hr. Mean concentrations were maintained above half the mean peak level during 10 hr. Because of probable rapid first-pass metabolism, the bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate after administration of the oral dose of the standard tablet was 58% of that from the sublingual dose, and the bioavailability from the sustained-release tablet was 47% of that from the sublingual dose of the standard tablet. The time course of mean plasma concentration data could be described by a one-compartment model; but a more complex model, taking the pass effect into account, probably is needed for a better description of the pharmacokinetics of isosorbide dinitrate.", "contents": "Plasma isosorbide dinitrate concentrations in human subjects after administration of standard and sustained-release formulations. After sublingual administration of 5 mg of isosorbide dinitrate, mean plasma concentrations (+/-SD) peaked (8.9+/-3.1 ng/ml) at 15 min after dosing and declined with a half-life of 30 min. After oral administration of 5 mg, mean concentrations peaked (3.1+/-0.7 ng/ml) at 30 min and declined with a half-life of 40 min. After oral administration of 20 mg in a sustained-release tablet, mean concentrations initially peaked (1.4+/-1.2 ng/ml) at 40 min, declining to 0.9+/-0.5 ng/ml after 8 hr. Mean concentrations were maintained above half the mean peak level during 10 hr. Because of probable rapid first-pass metabolism, the bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate after administration of the oral dose of the standard tablet was 58% of that from the sublingual dose, and the bioavailability from the sustained-release tablet was 47% of that from the sublingual dose of the standard tablet. The time course of mean plasma concentration data could be described by a one-compartment model; but a more complex model, taking the pass effect into account, probably is needed for a better description of the pharmacokinetics of isosorbide dinitrate.", "PMID": 577507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12703", "title": "Nature and rate of neoplasia found in captive wild mammals, birds, and reptiles at necropsy.", "content": "The nature and rate of neoplasia found at necropsy of captive wild animals of the Zoological Society of San Diego collection were studied. Neoplasia was present at necropsy in 2.75% of 3,127 mammals, 1.89% of 5,957 birds, and 2.19% of 1,233 reptiles. Neoplasms were not detected during 198 necropsies of amphibians. Gross and histologic examinations were performed on the 92 mammalian, 111 avian, and 28 reptilian neoplasms. The lesions were diagnosed. The findings findings included a high frequency of lymphosarcomas in birds and reptiles, multiple lung adenomas in mammals, multiple endocrine tumors in 2 European mouflons (Ovis musimon), and proliferative lesions of the biliary and pancreatic ductal systems in several species.", "contents": "Nature and rate of neoplasia found in captive wild mammals, birds, and reptiles at necropsy. The nature and rate of neoplasia found at necropsy of captive wild animals of the Zoological Society of San Diego collection were studied. Neoplasia was present at necropsy in 2.75% of 3,127 mammals, 1.89% of 5,957 birds, and 2.19% of 1,233 reptiles. Neoplasms were not detected during 198 necropsies of amphibians. Gross and histologic examinations were performed on the 92 mammalian, 111 avian, and 28 reptilian neoplasms. The lesions were diagnosed. The findings findings included a high frequency of lymphosarcomas in birds and reptiles, multiple lung adenomas in mammals, multiple endocrine tumors in 2 European mouflons (Ovis musimon), and proliferative lesions of the biliary and pancreatic ductal systems in several species.", "PMID": 577508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12704", "title": "Chlamydia and non-specific urethritis.", "content": "Chlamydia organisms were found in 42 per cent of patients with non-specific urethritis and these organisms probably were the cause of the urethritis. Contact is by venereal means. The drug of choice is 500 mg. tetracycline every 6 hours for 10 days.", "contents": "Chlamydia and non-specific urethritis. Chlamydia organisms were found in 42 per cent of patients with non-specific urethritis and these organisms probably were the cause of the urethritis. Contact is by venereal means. The drug of choice is 500 mg. tetracycline every 6 hours for 10 days.", "PMID": 577509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12705", "title": "Purified duck embryo rabies vaccine. An accelerated schedule for preexposure immunization against rabies.", "content": "Seroconversion and adverse reaction rates were studied in 92 persons given four or five doses in a two-week period of duck embryo rabies vaccine (DEV) or duck embryo rabies vaccine purified by ultracentrifugation (P-DEV). Mouse-neutralizing antibodies developed in 78 of 92 (84.8%) persons in these accelerated schedules. There were no significant differences in the frequency of antibody conversion or in geometric mean titers of antibody between persons given either vaccine. However, local and systemic adverse reactions were substantially less common with P-DEV. These data suggest that four of five doses of DEV or P-DEV given in a two-week course can be used for preexposure prophylaxis in situations where the more drawn-out regimens would result in continuation of a high-risk of rabies exposure. The antibody response of persons given this more accelerated regimen must be determined.", "contents": "Purified duck embryo rabies vaccine. An accelerated schedule for preexposure immunization against rabies. Seroconversion and adverse reaction rates were studied in 92 persons given four or five doses in a two-week period of duck embryo rabies vaccine (DEV) or duck embryo rabies vaccine purified by ultracentrifugation (P-DEV). Mouse-neutralizing antibodies developed in 78 of 92 (84.8%) persons in these accelerated schedules. There were no significant differences in the frequency of antibody conversion or in geometric mean titers of antibody between persons given either vaccine. However, local and systemic adverse reactions were substantially less common with P-DEV. These data suggest that four of five doses of DEV or P-DEV given in a two-week course can be used for preexposure prophylaxis in situations where the more drawn-out regimens would result in continuation of a high-risk of rabies exposure. The antibody response of persons given this more accelerated regimen must be determined.", "PMID": 577520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12706", "title": "Ultrasound. A new diagnostic approach to the jaundiced patient.", "content": "Evaluation of the jaundiced patient's condition frequently can be difficult. Clinical history, physical examination, liver function tests, and other laboratory data are often inconclusive in differentiating extrahepatic obstruction (surgical jaundice) form intrahepatic cholestasis (medical laundice). During a 14-month period, we have evaluated 40 cases of jaundice of unknown causes. Ultrasound was able to correctly diagnose pathologically proved extrahepatic obstruction in 23 of 24 patients and intrahepatic cholestasis in 15 of 16 patients. There was one false-positive and one false-negative result in this series.", "contents": "Ultrasound. A new diagnostic approach to the jaundiced patient. Evaluation of the jaundiced patient's condition frequently can be difficult. Clinical history, physical examination, liver function tests, and other laboratory data are often inconclusive in differentiating extrahepatic obstruction (surgical jaundice) form intrahepatic cholestasis (medical laundice). During a 14-month period, we have evaluated 40 cases of jaundice of unknown causes. Ultrasound was able to correctly diagnose pathologically proved extrahepatic obstruction in 23 of 24 patients and intrahepatic cholestasis in 15 of 16 patients. There was one false-positive and one false-negative result in this series.", "PMID": 577521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12707", "title": "Causes of perinatal mortality in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project.", "content": "The underlying causes of 80% of perinatal deaths were identified in a study of 53,518 pregnacies in the United States: 17% of the deaths were due to amniotic fluid infections, 11% to abruptio placentae, 10% to premature rupture of the membranes, 9% to congenital anomalies, 6% to large placental infarcts, and the rest to more than 20 other specific disorders.", "contents": "Causes of perinatal mortality in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. The underlying causes of 80% of perinatal deaths were identified in a study of 53,518 pregnacies in the United States: 17% of the deaths were due to amniotic fluid infections, 11% to abruptio placentae, 10% to premature rupture of the membranes, 9% to congenital anomalies, 6% to large placental infarcts, and the rest to more than 20 other specific disorders.", "PMID": 577522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12708", "title": "Dieting and peroneal nerve palsy.", "content": "In seven patients, peroneal nerve palsies developed while they were on weight-reduction diets. Five palsies were unilateral; two, bilateral. All patients recovered following diet modification. Therapeutic weight loss, of itself, can cause foot-drop. The prognosis is uniformly good.", "contents": "Dieting and peroneal nerve palsy. In seven patients, peroneal nerve palsies developed while they were on weight-reduction diets. Five palsies were unilateral; two, bilateral. All patients recovered following diet modification. Therapeutic weight loss, of itself, can cause foot-drop. The prognosis is uniformly good.", "PMID": 577523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12709", "title": "Hyperthyroidism after propranolol withdrawal.", "content": "Classic features of thyrotoxicosis developed in three patients with no prior history of thyroid disease shortly after the discontinuation of therapy with or decrease in doseage of propranolol hydrochloride. Graves' disease probably developed fortuitously after propranolol therapy was instituted, but the beta-adrenergic blockade masked the clinical features of hyperthyroidism. On discontinuation of propranolol therapy or decrease in propranolol dosage, previously latent thyrotoxicosis became manifest. If hyperthyroidism masked by beta-blockade is not recognized before withdrawal of propranolol therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease, the sudden appearance of thyrotoxicosis may lead to symptoms of increased myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism after propranolol withdrawal. Classic features of thyrotoxicosis developed in three patients with no prior history of thyroid disease shortly after the discontinuation of therapy with or decrease in doseage of propranolol hydrochloride. Graves' disease probably developed fortuitously after propranolol therapy was instituted, but the beta-adrenergic blockade masked the clinical features of hyperthyroidism. On discontinuation of propranolol therapy or decrease in propranolol dosage, previously latent thyrotoxicosis became manifest. If hyperthyroidism masked by beta-blockade is not recognized before withdrawal of propranolol therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease, the sudden appearance of thyrotoxicosis may lead to symptoms of increased myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 577524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12710", "title": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Greater New York-New Jersey.", "content": "Epidemiologic data on 176 patients with acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome observed over a nine-year period in the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area are presented. A striking predilection for patients aged 16 to 25 years, with a second lesser peak between ages 45 to 60, was found. Seasonal clustering of patients occurred, with nearly half the patients afflicted during the four-month period of late summer and fall. The distribution between men and women was equal. In this series 23% of the patients required tracheostomy, and 5% had a fatal course.", "contents": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Greater New York-New Jersey. Epidemiologic data on 176 patients with acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome observed over a nine-year period in the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area are presented. A striking predilection for patients aged 16 to 25 years, with a second lesser peak between ages 45 to 60, was found. Seasonal clustering of patients occurred, with nearly half the patients afflicted during the four-month period of late summer and fall. The distribution between men and women was equal. In this series 23% of the patients required tracheostomy, and 5% had a fatal course.", "PMID": 577535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12711", "title": "Essential hypertension in childhood.", "content": "Fifteen patients, aged 8 to 17 years, were found to have hpertension and were studied from February 1974 to Decemober 1975. Hypertension was defined as supine diastolic blood pressure repeatedly above 90 mm Hg. Five patients had a family history of hypertension. Extensive diagnostic evaluation performed in all cases failed to show an underlying cause for the hypertension. Patients with target-organ involvement were treated with hydrochlorothiazide; five of them are currently normotensive. Of the remaining nine untreated patients, four became spontaneously normotensive within eight to 14 months of the initial evaluation. These results suggest that extensive studies in children with hypertension may not be necessary in every case if clinical findings meet the critiera for the diagnosis of essential hypertension. These studies might be desirable, however, if target-organ involvement is present.", "contents": "Essential hypertension in childhood. Fifteen patients, aged 8 to 17 years, were found to have hpertension and were studied from February 1974 to Decemober 1975. Hypertension was defined as supine diastolic blood pressure repeatedly above 90 mm Hg. Five patients had a family history of hypertension. Extensive diagnostic evaluation performed in all cases failed to show an underlying cause for the hypertension. Patients with target-organ involvement were treated with hydrochlorothiazide; five of them are currently normotensive. Of the remaining nine untreated patients, four became spontaneously normotensive within eight to 14 months of the initial evaluation. These results suggest that extensive studies in children with hypertension may not be necessary in every case if clinical findings meet the critiera for the diagnosis of essential hypertension. These studies might be desirable, however, if target-organ involvement is present.", "PMID": 577536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12712", "title": "High elevations of creatine phosphokinase in hypothyroidism. An isoenzyme analysis.", "content": "In hypothyroidism, slight elevations of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels are common. In contrast, we describe six hypothyroid patients with extreme elevations (17- to 160-fold) of CPK levels. Enzyme analysis showed only MM isoenzyme in four cases and MM plus trace MB isoenzyme in two patients. Hypothyroidism should, therefore, be considered when elevated CPK levels, even extreme, are found. Isoenzyme analysis in such a case will show primarily an MM pattern, although trace MB fraction can also be seen. This isoenzyme pattern suggests that the sources of the CPK elevations is skeletal muscle.", "contents": "High elevations of creatine phosphokinase in hypothyroidism. An isoenzyme analysis. In hypothyroidism, slight elevations of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels are common. In contrast, we describe six hypothyroid patients with extreme elevations (17- to 160-fold) of CPK levels. Enzyme analysis showed only MM isoenzyme in four cases and MM plus trace MB isoenzyme in two patients. Hypothyroidism should, therefore, be considered when elevated CPK levels, even extreme, are found. Isoenzyme analysis in such a case will show primarily an MM pattern, although trace MB fraction can also be seen. This isoenzyme pattern suggests that the sources of the CPK elevations is skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 577537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12713", "title": "Malignant mesenchymoma and birth defects. Prenatal exposure to phenytoin.", "content": "Malignant mesenchymoma developed in an 18-year-old patient with phenytoin-associated cleft lip and palate. Although these conditions may be related by chance, the possibility of transplacental carcinogenesis by phenytoin should be considered, especially since neuroblastoma was reported recently in two children with phenytoin-induced malformations. Following combination chemotherapy for metastases, the patient experienced a 7-year disease-free interval, which is consistent with recent improvement in the treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas.", "contents": "Malignant mesenchymoma and birth defects. Prenatal exposure to phenytoin. Malignant mesenchymoma developed in an 18-year-old patient with phenytoin-associated cleft lip and palate. Although these conditions may be related by chance, the possibility of transplacental carcinogenesis by phenytoin should be considered, especially since neuroblastoma was reported recently in two children with phenytoin-induced malformations. Following combination chemotherapy for metastases, the patient experienced a 7-year disease-free interval, which is consistent with recent improvement in the treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas.", "PMID": 577539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12714", "title": "Common cardiac prosthetic valves. Radiologic identification and associated complications.", "content": "The development of prosthetic heart valves has been an important advance in the treatment of patients with serious valvular cardiac disease. Because there are many types of prosthetic valves, we have prepared a diagram of the valves currently or previously used and list their potential complications. Prosthetic valves were identified according to photographic and radiologic features, valve replacement location, and reported associated complications. Data have been compiled in tabular form for quick reference; valves have been identified according to valve base, cage, and poppet. They may be categorized as caged-ball or low-profile valves. Such information helps to provide recognition of the valve that has been inserted and permits the clinician or radiologist to be alert to possible complications with the various prosthetic devices.", "contents": "Common cardiac prosthetic valves. Radiologic identification and associated complications. The development of prosthetic heart valves has been an important advance in the treatment of patients with serious valvular cardiac disease. Because there are many types of prosthetic valves, we have prepared a diagram of the valves currently or previously used and list their potential complications. Prosthetic valves were identified according to photographic and radiologic features, valve replacement location, and reported associated complications. Data have been compiled in tabular form for quick reference; valves have been identified according to valve base, cage, and poppet. They may be categorized as caged-ball or low-profile valves. Such information helps to provide recognition of the valve that has been inserted and permits the clinician or radiologist to be alert to possible complications with the various prosthetic devices.", "PMID": 577555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12715", "title": "Thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "We compared the 24-hour uptake of radioactive iodine (RAIU) in hyperthyroid patients diagnosed from 1970 to 1972 (Group A) and from 1975 to 1976 (Group B). Mean RAIU values in Group B decreased from those in Group A. In 1969 we lowered the normal range for the RAIU test to 0% to 24%, and used the new range for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in both groups of patients. The RAIU in Group B is within normal limits in 14% of the patients with Graves' disease and 80% of the patients with toxic nodular goiter (TNG). This study demonstrates that in our geographic area, the 24-hour RAIU has become a poor test for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, particularly TNG. However, the test should be performed before radioactive iodine therapy because it is necessary in calculating the therapeutic dose.", "contents": "Thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine in hyperthyroidism. We compared the 24-hour uptake of radioactive iodine (RAIU) in hyperthyroid patients diagnosed from 1970 to 1972 (Group A) and from 1975 to 1976 (Group B). Mean RAIU values in Group B decreased from those in Group A. In 1969 we lowered the normal range for the RAIU test to 0% to 24%, and used the new range for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in both groups of patients. The RAIU in Group B is within normal limits in 14% of the patients with Graves' disease and 80% of the patients with toxic nodular goiter (TNG). This study demonstrates that in our geographic area, the 24-hour RAIU has become a poor test for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, particularly TNG. However, the test should be performed before radioactive iodine therapy because it is necessary in calculating the therapeutic dose.", "PMID": 577556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12716", "title": "Factor VII deficiency and surgery. Is preoperative replacement therapy necessary?", "content": "A patient with congenital factor VII deficiency (factor VII was 12%) had gynecologic surgery performed without prophylactic blood-product replacement therapy. Blood loss was not excessive. A review of 12 additional patients with factor VII deficiency who underwent surgery without replacement therapy showed that surgical bleeding was uncommon and that there was no relationship between factor VII levels and hemorrhage. It is proposed that patients who bleed may be those who also have a prolonged bleeding time or who have ingested aspirin shortly before surgery. It is all proposed that replacement therapy be available for use if required, but that its routine preoperative use is probably unnecessary in this disorder.", "contents": "Factor VII deficiency and surgery. Is preoperative replacement therapy necessary? A patient with congenital factor VII deficiency (factor VII was 12%) had gynecologic surgery performed without prophylactic blood-product replacement therapy. Blood loss was not excessive. A review of 12 additional patients with factor VII deficiency who underwent surgery without replacement therapy showed that surgical bleeding was uncommon and that there was no relationship between factor VII levels and hemorrhage. It is proposed that patients who bleed may be those who also have a prolonged bleeding time or who have ingested aspirin shortly before surgery. It is all proposed that replacement therapy be available for use if required, but that its routine preoperative use is probably unnecessary in this disorder.", "PMID": 577560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12717", "title": "The mechanism of hypophosphatemia in acute heat stroke.", "content": "Severe heat stroke may be associated with hypophosphatemia and hypocalcemia. Hypophosphatemia is generally observed within hours after onset, but hypocalcemia usually occurs on the second or third day, and after hypophosphatemia has undergone spontaneous correction. A young man displayed respiratory alkalosis during the course of severe heat stroke. The hypophosphatemia abated spontaneously as metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure supervened. Hypocalcemia became prominent and was more severe than that ascribable to uremia. Hypocalcemia was probably the result of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate deposition in injured skeletal muscle.", "contents": "The mechanism of hypophosphatemia in acute heat stroke. Severe heat stroke may be associated with hypophosphatemia and hypocalcemia. Hypophosphatemia is generally observed within hours after onset, but hypocalcemia usually occurs on the second or third day, and after hypophosphatemia has undergone spontaneous correction. A young man displayed respiratory alkalosis during the course of severe heat stroke. The hypophosphatemia abated spontaneously as metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure supervened. Hypocalcemia became prominent and was more severe than that ascribable to uremia. Hypocalcemia was probably the result of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate deposition in injured skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 577561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12718", "title": "Safe transfer of civilian burn casualties.", "content": "The advisability of transporting severely burned civilian patients to a definitive burn-care facility during the first hours following injury is discussed and methods providing safe transport for 353 civilian burn patients are described. Feasibility of and methods for transporting patients over various distances are outlined and the problems of jet transportation presented. Adequate communication between referring and receiving physicians is imperative, as are adequate preparation before evacuation and maintenance of intravenous fluid resuscitation, intake and output records, and sterile technique during transport.", "contents": "Safe transfer of civilian burn casualties. The advisability of transporting severely burned civilian patients to a definitive burn-care facility during the first hours following injury is discussed and methods providing safe transport for 353 civilian burn patients are described. Feasibility of and methods for transporting patients over various distances are outlined and the problems of jet transportation presented. Adequate communication between referring and receiving physicians is imperative, as are adequate preparation before evacuation and maintenance of intravenous fluid resuscitation, intake and output records, and sterile technique during transport.", "PMID": 577574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12719", "title": "Predicting coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older persons. The Framington study.", "content": "Of 1,025 men and 1,445 women, aged 49 to 82 years, who were free of coronary heart disease (CHD), 79 men and 63 women subsequently had CHD. Using a risk function based on cholesterol in the high density and low density lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diabetes, less than 2% of the subsequent CHD cases were found in the lowest decile of risk, whereas 25% of the cases for men and 37% for women were found in the highest decile. Predictability held for each specific age group. This predictability was at least as good as that obtained by the usual CHD risk profile at younger ages.", "contents": "Predicting coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older persons. The Framington study. Of 1,025 men and 1,445 women, aged 49 to 82 years, who were free of coronary heart disease (CHD), 79 men and 63 women subsequently had CHD. Using a risk function based on cholesterol in the high density and low density lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diabetes, less than 2% of the subsequent CHD cases were found in the lowest decile of risk, whereas 25% of the cases for men and 37% for women were found in the highest decile. Predictability held for each specific age group. This predictability was at least as good as that obtained by the usual CHD risk profile at younger ages.", "PMID": 577575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12720", "title": "Liver toxicity after acetaminophen ingestion. Inadequacy of the dose estimate as an index of risk.", "content": "With increasing frequency, the physician is confronted with the problem of determining the risk of liver toxicity in a person who may have ingested an overdose of acetaminophen. To be effective, antidotal therapy must be given early after acetaminophen ingestion when the patient, despite the toxic injury occurring in his liver, may appear quite well. We have reviewed the cases of the first five persons who came to our institution with a history of having ingested a large overdose of acetaminophen. In each case plasma or serum acetaminophen levels were low and substantial liver injury did not occur. Measurement of acetaminophen levels, indicating the amount of drug absorbed, were a more reliable index of the risk of toxic liver injury and the need for antidotal therapy than the estimate of the dose ingested.", "contents": "Liver toxicity after acetaminophen ingestion. Inadequacy of the dose estimate as an index of risk. With increasing frequency, the physician is confronted with the problem of determining the risk of liver toxicity in a person who may have ingested an overdose of acetaminophen. To be effective, antidotal therapy must be given early after acetaminophen ingestion when the patient, despite the toxic injury occurring in his liver, may appear quite well. We have reviewed the cases of the first five persons who came to our institution with a history of having ingested a large overdose of acetaminophen. In each case plasma or serum acetaminophen levels were low and substantial liver injury did not occur. Measurement of acetaminophen levels, indicating the amount of drug absorbed, were a more reliable index of the risk of toxic liver injury and the need for antidotal therapy than the estimate of the dose ingested.", "PMID": 577576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12721", "title": "Maternal primary hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy. Successful treatment by parathyroidectomy.", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy may result in spontaneous abortion, neonatal hypocalcemia, or neonatal tetany if appropriate treatment is not instituted. Of great importance in prevention of these complications is an awareness by physicians that this disease exists and is of clinical importance. Parathyroidectomy performed during the second trimester of pregnancy offers the best chance for fetal and neonatal survival. This operation results in little risk to either the mother or the fetus. Normal calcium homeostasis is restored to the fetus and the risk of hypocalcemia in the neonatal period is virtually eliminated.", "contents": "Maternal primary hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy. Successful treatment by parathyroidectomy. Primary hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy may result in spontaneous abortion, neonatal hypocalcemia, or neonatal tetany if appropriate treatment is not instituted. Of great importance in prevention of these complications is an awareness by physicians that this disease exists and is of clinical importance. Parathyroidectomy performed during the second trimester of pregnancy offers the best chance for fetal and neonatal survival. This operation results in little risk to either the mother or the fetus. Normal calcium homeostasis is restored to the fetus and the risk of hypocalcemia in the neonatal period is virtually eliminated.", "PMID": 577577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12722", "title": "Bile acid deconjugation in intestinal obstruction studied by breath test.", "content": "Bile acid deconjugation was assessed by measuring specific activity of expired 14CO2 after the oral administration of cholyl-glycine-1-14C in 17 cases of intestinal obstruction, i.e. 15 mechanical and two paralytic. In the former, nine cases were operated and the remaining six cases were managed by the conservative treatment. Cumulative output of 14CO2 in breath for six hours before the treatment was 40.20=11.30 (mean+/-SEM) (control 2.96+/-1.16) but decreased to 6.86+/-3.64 after the treatment. Enteric bacteria capable of splitting amino moiety of the conjugated bile acid were found to be present more than 10(5)/ml. in the obstructed bowel content. Cumulative output of 14CO2 in breath for six hours in two paralytic ileus was lower than in controls. Deconjugated bile acid reported to inhibited water and electrolytes absorption in the small intestine may play an important role in fluid retention in intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "Bile acid deconjugation in intestinal obstruction studied by breath test. Bile acid deconjugation was assessed by measuring specific activity of expired 14CO2 after the oral administration of cholyl-glycine-1-14C in 17 cases of intestinal obstruction, i.e. 15 mechanical and two paralytic. In the former, nine cases were operated and the remaining six cases were managed by the conservative treatment. Cumulative output of 14CO2 in breath for six hours before the treatment was 40.20=11.30 (mean+/-SEM) (control 2.96+/-1.16) but decreased to 6.86+/-3.64 after the treatment. Enteric bacteria capable of splitting amino moiety of the conjugated bile acid were found to be present more than 10(5)/ml. in the obstructed bowel content. Cumulative output of 14CO2 in breath for six hours in two paralytic ileus was lower than in controls. Deconjugated bile acid reported to inhibited water and electrolytes absorption in the small intestine may play an important role in fluid retention in intestinal obstruction.", "PMID": 577583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12723", "title": "The prophylactic treatment of retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "10 premature infants with stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity have had photocoagulation and/or cryocoagulation therapy to one eye and have been followed for a period of 1-6 years. Although the long-term results of this therapy are not known, particularly in the prevention of retinal detachment, early observations suggest that treatment is neither harmful nor particularly beneficial. Macular dragging does not seem to be influenced by treatment. The refractive error, as one would expect, does not appear to be altered by this form of therapy. Marked amelioration of the vascular dilatation and tortuosity at the posterior pole is apparent shortly after treatment. It is stressed that this is a trial project and until more definite beneficial results are obtained, treatment of stage 3 retinopathy should be deferred. Retinal detachments (stage 4) may be quite amenable to a buckling procedure.", "contents": "The prophylactic treatment of retrolental fibroplasia. 10 premature infants with stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity have had photocoagulation and/or cryocoagulation therapy to one eye and have been followed for a period of 1-6 years. Although the long-term results of this therapy are not known, particularly in the prevention of retinal detachment, early observations suggest that treatment is neither harmful nor particularly beneficial. Macular dragging does not seem to be influenced by treatment. The refractive error, as one would expect, does not appear to be altered by this form of therapy. Marked amelioration of the vascular dilatation and tortuosity at the posterior pole is apparent shortly after treatment. It is stressed that this is a trial project and until more definite beneficial results are obtained, treatment of stage 3 retinopathy should be deferred. Retinal detachments (stage 4) may be quite amenable to a buckling procedure.", "PMID": 577592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12724", "title": "EEG and visual evoked responses in children with learning disorders.", "content": "A study was made of 58 children with learning disorders, in all of whom a spontaneous EEG as well as a Visual Evoked Response (VER) was registered. The latencies in the secondary complex of the VER were increased and the amplitudes of waves II and III were increased as compared with normal subjects. Two subgroups--children with a good and children with a poor clinical test score--did not differ in VER parameters. A spontaneous EEG evaluated as abnormal was present in 45% of the children. These children showed more absence of peaks in both VER complexes and more increased latencies in the primary complex than children with a normal EEG. The findings show that the VER is a valuable supplement to EEG in demonstrating organic changes in children with learning disorders.", "contents": "EEG and visual evoked responses in children with learning disorders. A study was made of 58 children with learning disorders, in all of whom a spontaneous EEG as well as a Visual Evoked Response (VER) was registered. The latencies in the secondary complex of the VER were increased and the amplitudes of waves II and III were increased as compared with normal subjects. Two subgroups--children with a good and children with a poor clinical test score--did not differ in VER parameters. A spontaneous EEG evaluated as abnormal was present in 45% of the children. These children showed more absence of peaks in both VER complexes and more increased latencies in the primary complex than children with a normal EEG. The findings show that the VER is a valuable supplement to EEG in demonstrating organic changes in children with learning disorders.", "PMID": 577596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12725", "title": "Cisternography with isotopes following posterior fossa surgery in children.", "content": "Surgery of posterior fossa tumors is afflicted with some important problems. One of these is the postoperative communicating hydrocephalus. According to the literature this form of hydrocephalus is found in 10-30% of all children operated on; but a permanent shunt is necessary in only 8-18%. Aim of the present investigation was to find out disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)--circulation and--reabsorption after posterior fossa surgery. Therefore 25 children ranging in the age from 3 to 12 years were examined on the basis of isotope cisternographic studies 8 to 21 after the operation. In 4 cases all parameters of pathological CSF-dynamics were found which required a permanent ventriculo-atrial shunt. 21 children showed a minimal or significant accumulation of the isotope in the posterior fossa but a normal circulation and a sufficient clearance on later scans. In these cases neither a temporary nor a permanent shunt was necessary. These findings are confirmed by follow-up examinations between 2 and 3 years.", "contents": "Cisternography with isotopes following posterior fossa surgery in children. Surgery of posterior fossa tumors is afflicted with some important problems. One of these is the postoperative communicating hydrocephalus. According to the literature this form of hydrocephalus is found in 10-30% of all children operated on; but a permanent shunt is necessary in only 8-18%. Aim of the present investigation was to find out disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)--circulation and--reabsorption after posterior fossa surgery. Therefore 25 children ranging in the age from 3 to 12 years were examined on the basis of isotope cisternographic studies 8 to 21 after the operation. In 4 cases all parameters of pathological CSF-dynamics were found which required a permanent ventriculo-atrial shunt. 21 children showed a minimal or significant accumulation of the isotope in the posterior fossa but a normal circulation and a sufficient clearance on later scans. In these cases neither a temporary nor a permanent shunt was necessary. These findings are confirmed by follow-up examinations between 2 and 3 years.", "PMID": 577597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12726", "title": "Fucosidosis. II. Ultrastructure.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes of a sural nerve biopsy, liver biopsy and the autopsy of a case (I) of fucosidosis are described. Light microscopy revealed the presence of foam cells in various organs. The contents of the vacuoles stained positive with P.A.S. and Sudan. Electron microscopical examination showed inclusions in hepatocytes, Schwann cells and neurons. These inclusions had a single limiting membrane and contained heterogeneous structures, vesicular, multivesicular and membrane like structures, forming concentric lamellae. In another patient (case III) with a different clinical presentation and a different enzyme pattern (a reduced alpha-L-fucosidase activity, in combination with a reduced arylsulfatase A activity) similar abnormalities as in case I were found in a sural nerve and liver biopsy. It is suggested that the combined reduction of enzyme activity is responsible for the disease.", "contents": "Fucosidosis. II. Ultrastructure. The ultrastructural changes of a sural nerve biopsy, liver biopsy and the autopsy of a case (I) of fucosidosis are described. Light microscopy revealed the presence of foam cells in various organs. The contents of the vacuoles stained positive with P.A.S. and Sudan. Electron microscopical examination showed inclusions in hepatocytes, Schwann cells and neurons. These inclusions had a single limiting membrane and contained heterogeneous structures, vesicular, multivesicular and membrane like structures, forming concentric lamellae. In another patient (case III) with a different clinical presentation and a different enzyme pattern (a reduced alpha-L-fucosidase activity, in combination with a reduced arylsulfatase A activity) similar abnormalities as in case I were found in a sural nerve and liver biopsy. It is suggested that the combined reduction of enzyme activity is responsible for the disease.", "PMID": 577598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12727", "title": "Basic rest activity cycle and stereotyped behavior of a mentally defective child.", "content": "Stereotyped acts of a mentally defective girl, 6 1/2 years old, were observed from 6 a.m. til 8 p.m. during 16 days. Alternating phases of more or less frequent hand waving showed intervals of about 1 1/2 hours. Sleep stages were also determined by polygraphic recordings during 10 nights. As statistically proved the mean peak-to-peak interval of stereotyped activity at days corresponded with the mean REM-to-REM period of consecutive nights. This suggests, that the stereotyped hand waving of this child was driven by the BASIC REST ACTIVITY CYCLE (BRAC) already described by Kleitman. The mean periodicity of sleep cycles was represented by model rhythms adapted to the scored sleep stages. If the model rhythms of all 10 nights were extended backward to the preceding days, they paralleled the stereotyped activity. Thereby half periods found in phase with REM-stages approximatly corresponded to maxima of stereotyped activity. It will be discussed that the BRAC triggers motor and sensory mechanisms characterizing both the phases of enhanced stereotyped activity at day and REM stages at night.", "contents": "Basic rest activity cycle and stereotyped behavior of a mentally defective child. Stereotyped acts of a mentally defective girl, 6 1/2 years old, were observed from 6 a.m. til 8 p.m. during 16 days. Alternating phases of more or less frequent hand waving showed intervals of about 1 1/2 hours. Sleep stages were also determined by polygraphic recordings during 10 nights. As statistically proved the mean peak-to-peak interval of stereotyped activity at days corresponded with the mean REM-to-REM period of consecutive nights. This suggests, that the stereotyped hand waving of this child was driven by the BASIC REST ACTIVITY CYCLE (BRAC) already described by Kleitman. The mean periodicity of sleep cycles was represented by model rhythms adapted to the scored sleep stages. If the model rhythms of all 10 nights were extended backward to the preceding days, they paralleled the stereotyped activity. Thereby half periods found in phase with REM-stages approximatly corresponded to maxima of stereotyped activity. It will be discussed that the BRAC triggers motor and sensory mechanisms characterizing both the phases of enhanced stereotyped activity at day and REM stages at night.", "PMID": 577599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12728", "title": "Intoxication with primidone: continuous monitoring of serum primidone and its metabolites during forced diuresis.", "content": "An 18 year old girl is reported, who ingested 15 g of primidone (Liskantin), 330 mg/kg, to commit suicide. Continuous monitoring of the serum levels of primidone, PEMA, and phenobarbital revealed increased elimination of primidone by forced diuresis (6000 ml/24 hours). It is concluded that forced diuresis inhibits the otherwise mandatory increase in primidone metabolites, PEMA and phenobarbital. It is suggested that even after improvement of the clinical symptoms forced diuresis should be continued for at least 48 hours. In epileptic patients the reinstitution of primidone therapy should be considered only on the third day after accidental ingestion, if the clinical symptoms have improved, and if there is no possibility of immediate determination of primidone serum levels.", "contents": "Intoxication with primidone: continuous monitoring of serum primidone and its metabolites during forced diuresis. An 18 year old girl is reported, who ingested 15 g of primidone (Liskantin), 330 mg/kg, to commit suicide. Continuous monitoring of the serum levels of primidone, PEMA, and phenobarbital revealed increased elimination of primidone by forced diuresis (6000 ml/24 hours). It is concluded that forced diuresis inhibits the otherwise mandatory increase in primidone metabolites, PEMA and phenobarbital. It is suggested that even after improvement of the clinical symptoms forced diuresis should be continued for at least 48 hours. In epileptic patients the reinstitution of primidone therapy should be considered only on the third day after accidental ingestion, if the clinical symptoms have improved, and if there is no possibility of immediate determination of primidone serum levels.", "PMID": 577600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12729", "title": "Periodic lateralised epileptiform discharges in a case of diffuse cerebral cysticercosis.", "content": "A case of diffuse cerebral cysticercosis is described. The case is of interest because the involvement of brain was extensive and bilateral but electro-encephalographically unilateral periodic epileptiform complexes were recorded on 3 different occasions. Possible mechanisms of these lateralised periodic epileptiform discharges are discussed.", "contents": "Periodic lateralised epileptiform discharges in a case of diffuse cerebral cysticercosis. A case of diffuse cerebral cysticercosis is described. The case is of interest because the involvement of brain was extensive and bilateral but electro-encephalographically unilateral periodic epileptiform complexes were recorded on 3 different occasions. Possible mechanisms of these lateralised periodic epileptiform discharges are discussed.", "PMID": 577601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12730", "title": "[Preliminary results of treatment of hormone-dependent metastatic carcinoma of the breast with the bromocriptin-medroxyprogesterone acetate combination].", "content": "A brief account of the concept of hormone dependence in breast neoplasia is followed by the presentation of results obtained with an association of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB 154) in 14 women with metastatic cancer of the breast, hormone dependent due to the presence of the cytoplasmic receptor for 17-beta-oestradiol. All patients, in fertile or premenopausal stage, were subjected to prior surgical ovariectomy. MAP was given i.m. at a dose of 1 g/day for 30 days and then 150 mg/day. In the same time 2.5 mg CB 154 were administered every 6 hr per os. Evaluation in accordance with the criteria proposed by the Coop Breast Cancer Group showed that rapid improvement was obtained in all cases, persisting (at the time of writing) for a minimum of 6 months to a maximum of 2 yr of observation. In addition, rapid disappearance of pain was noted, particularly in subjects with secondary bone lesions. Side-effects were in all cases of slight consequence and suspension of the treatment was never necessary. The mechanism of the two drugs and the advantages of their association are discussed.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of treatment of hormone-dependent metastatic carcinoma of the breast with the bromocriptin-medroxyprogesterone acetate combination]. A brief account of the concept of hormone dependence in breast neoplasia is followed by the presentation of results obtained with an association of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB 154) in 14 women with metastatic cancer of the breast, hormone dependent due to the presence of the cytoplasmic receptor for 17-beta-oestradiol. All patients, in fertile or premenopausal stage, were subjected to prior surgical ovariectomy. MAP was given i.m. at a dose of 1 g/day for 30 days and then 150 mg/day. In the same time 2.5 mg CB 154 were administered every 6 hr per os. Evaluation in accordance with the criteria proposed by the Coop Breast Cancer Group showed that rapid improvement was obtained in all cases, persisting (at the time of writing) for a minimum of 6 months to a maximum of 2 yr of observation. In addition, rapid disappearance of pain was noted, particularly in subjects with secondary bone lesions. Side-effects were in all cases of slight consequence and suspension of the treatment was never necessary. The mechanism of the two drugs and the advantages of their association are discussed.", "PMID": 577604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12731", "title": "Visual abnormalities in a pregnancy following bromocriptin medication.", "content": "A patient with hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, and an enlarged sella turcica, but without galactorrhea, was treated with Bromocriptin to effect restoration of ovarian function. The subsequent pregnancy was without problems from an obstetric point of view, but visual field abnormalities developed progressively, leading to termination of the pregnancy in the 39th week. However, within 1 week after delivery, the field defects disappeared and the visual acuity returned to normal.", "contents": "Visual abnormalities in a pregnancy following bromocriptin medication. A patient with hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, and an enlarged sella turcica, but without galactorrhea, was treated with Bromocriptin to effect restoration of ovarian function. The subsequent pregnancy was without problems from an obstetric point of view, but visual field abnormalities developed progressively, leading to termination of the pregnancy in the 39th week. However, within 1 week after delivery, the field defects disappeared and the visual acuity returned to normal.", "PMID": 577605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12732", "title": "Rapid prediction of pulmonary maturity by amniotic fluid lipid globule formation.", "content": "Utilizing the surface tension (ST) lowering properties of an amniotic fluid lipid extract, it was noted that the amniotic fluid lipid layer formed a subsurface globule when the ST reached 36.9 dynes/cm +/- 0.1877 (SEM). The amount of required extract to achieve globule formation varied with the degree of fetal pulmonary maturity and the volume required could be used to differentiate pulmonary maturity (less than or equal to 320 microliter), transitional status (340 to 440 microliter), and pulmonary immaturity (greater than 460 microliter), as related to fetal outcome (amniotic fluid obtained within 48 hours of delivery). Of the 70 patients studied, the 7 (100%) who developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were predicted correctly. Nine of 70 (12.1%) gave false negative results (predicted pulmonary immaturity, no RDS developed); there were no false positives. Globule measurements of a separate series of 74 samples were compared with their L/S ratios. Twenty-two of 24 (91.7%) samples termed mature had an L/S greater than 2.0, while 32 of 42 with a value termed immature had an L/S less than or equal to 1.9. The physical events in the establishment of the monolayer and subsequent globule formation are discussed. This method now provides a rapid and reliable screening indicator of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "contents": "Rapid prediction of pulmonary maturity by amniotic fluid lipid globule formation. Utilizing the surface tension (ST) lowering properties of an amniotic fluid lipid extract, it was noted that the amniotic fluid lipid layer formed a subsurface globule when the ST reached 36.9 dynes/cm +/- 0.1877 (SEM). The amount of required extract to achieve globule formation varied with the degree of fetal pulmonary maturity and the volume required could be used to differentiate pulmonary maturity (less than or equal to 320 microliter), transitional status (340 to 440 microliter), and pulmonary immaturity (greater than 460 microliter), as related to fetal outcome (amniotic fluid obtained within 48 hours of delivery). Of the 70 patients studied, the 7 (100%) who developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were predicted correctly. Nine of 70 (12.1%) gave false negative results (predicted pulmonary immaturity, no RDS developed); there were no false positives. Globule measurements of a separate series of 74 samples were compared with their L/S ratios. Twenty-two of 24 (91.7%) samples termed mature had an L/S greater than 2.0, while 32 of 42 with a value termed immature had an L/S less than or equal to 1.9. The physical events in the establishment of the monolayer and subsequent globule formation are discussed. This method now provides a rapid and reliable screening indicator of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "PMID": 577606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12733", "title": "Pulmonary surfactant and amniotic fluid insulin.", "content": "Immunoreactive insulin was measured in 66 amniotic fluid samples and the level compared to two indices of pulmonary surfactant activity, namely, lecithin sphingomyelin ratio and lecithin palmitic acid. An apparent inverse relation between lecithin and insulin was demonstrated after 34-35 weeks' gestation. These results tend to support the hypothesis that insulin can inhibit lecithin synthesis.", "contents": "Pulmonary surfactant and amniotic fluid insulin. Immunoreactive insulin was measured in 66 amniotic fluid samples and the level compared to two indices of pulmonary surfactant activity, namely, lecithin sphingomyelin ratio and lecithin palmitic acid. An apparent inverse relation between lecithin and insulin was demonstrated after 34-35 weeks' gestation. These results tend to support the hypothesis that insulin can inhibit lecithin synthesis.", "PMID": 577607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12734", "title": "Coeliac disease and goitre.", "content": "Two cases of coeliac disease associated with thyroid enlargement are presented. One had a large simple adenomatous goitre which was removed surgically and the other had histological confirmation of lymphadenoma (Hashimoto's disease).", "contents": "Coeliac disease and goitre. Two cases of coeliac disease associated with thyroid enlargement are presented. One had a large simple adenomatous goitre which was removed surgically and the other had histological confirmation of lymphadenoma (Hashimoto's disease).", "PMID": 577610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12735", "title": "Metrizamide computed tomography cisternography: pediatric applications.", "content": "The methodology and clinical use of metrizamide (Amipaque) computed tomography (CT) cisternography are described as applied in the cases of 22 children with morphologic and physiologic abnormalities affecting the cranial portion portion of the central nervous system. In contrast to pneumoencephalography, CT cisternography affords equivalent or superior visualization of the basal cranal subarachnoid spaces with simpler technique and low morbidity. Intrathecal metrizamide enchancement in children causes a very low incidence of side effects.", "contents": "Metrizamide computed tomography cisternography: pediatric applications. The methodology and clinical use of metrizamide (Amipaque) computed tomography (CT) cisternography are described as applied in the cases of 22 children with morphologic and physiologic abnormalities affecting the cranial portion portion of the central nervous system. In contrast to pneumoencephalography, CT cisternography affords equivalent or superior visualization of the basal cranal subarachnoid spaces with simpler technique and low morbidity. Intrathecal metrizamide enchancement in children causes a very low incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 577613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12736", "title": "Mycotic aneurysm of the hepatic artery. Case diagnosed with radionuclide imaging and ultrasound.", "content": "The authors report a case of hepatic mycotic aneurysm following Staphylococcus aureus septicemia and subsequent bacterial endocarditis. The diagnosis was made preoperatively using serial radionuclide imaging and ultrasound and confirmed by angiography and surgery.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysm of the hepatic artery. Case diagnosed with radionuclide imaging and ultrasound. The authors report a case of hepatic mycotic aneurysm following Staphylococcus aureus septicemia and subsequent bacterial endocarditis. The diagnosis was made preoperatively using serial radionuclide imaging and ultrasound and confirmed by angiography and surgery.", "PMID": 577614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12737", "title": "The chromosomes of the transmissible venereal tumour of dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies on 11 transmissible venereal tumours in seven dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria, are reported. The number and the morphology of the chromosomes, as shown by the metaphase cells, revealed that the tumour cells have similar cytogenetic features to those reported in other parts of the world. The suggestion of common sources of infection for the animals in the different geographical locations of the world was supported.", "contents": "The chromosomes of the transmissible venereal tumour of dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cytogenetic studies on 11 transmissible venereal tumours in seven dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria, are reported. The number and the morphology of the chromosomes, as shown by the metaphase cells, revealed that the tumour cells have similar cytogenetic features to those reported in other parts of the world. The suggestion of common sources of infection for the animals in the different geographical locations of the world was supported.", "PMID": 577619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12738", "title": "Use of brom-ergocryptine in treating amenorrhea/galactorrhea.", "content": "Seven women with amenorrhea and galactorrhea, and no evidence of pituitary adenoma, were treated with brom-ergocryptine for two to 24 weeks. All seven patients had the resumption of regular menses within eight weeks, but six patients required 24 weeks of therapy to completely cease lacting. Two of the five women attempting to conceive became pregnant. Four of the five nonpregnant patients had a total recurrence of their symptoms after discontinuing the drug. Brom-ergocryptine appears to be very effective in inhibiting prolactin secretion and thus reestablishing normal ovulatory menstrual cycles and fertility.", "contents": "Use of brom-ergocryptine in treating amenorrhea/galactorrhea. Seven women with amenorrhea and galactorrhea, and no evidence of pituitary adenoma, were treated with brom-ergocryptine for two to 24 weeks. All seven patients had the resumption of regular menses within eight weeks, but six patients required 24 weeks of therapy to completely cease lacting. Two of the five women attempting to conceive became pregnant. Four of the five nonpregnant patients had a total recurrence of their symptoms after discontinuing the drug. Brom-ergocryptine appears to be very effective in inhibiting prolactin secretion and thus reestablishing normal ovulatory menstrual cycles and fertility.", "PMID": 577621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12739", "title": "Evaluation of a new anti-fibrinogen-coated latex particle agglutination test in the measurement of serum fibrin degradation products.", "content": "A new latex particle agglutination test (FIBROTEX) has been compared with the Thrombo-Wellcotest and the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII) for sensitivity to purified fibrinogen and plasmic degradation products and for reactivity with 31 normal sera and 170 sera from patients with thrombotic disorders. The latex particles in the FIBROTEX are coated with antibodies against fibrinogen and fragment E (anti-FE), in contrast with the anti-fragment D and anti-fragment E antibodies which coat the latex particles of the Thrombo-Wellcotest (anti-DE). The relative sensitivities of the TRCHII and the anti-FE and anti-DE latex tests were, respectively, 0.5, 2.5 and 7.5 microgram/ml for fibrinogen; 0.5, 0.5 and 4.0 microgram/ml for fragment X; and 1.25, greater than 30 and 8.0 microgram/ml for fragment D. Compared with anti-DE, the anti-FE particles demonstrated fewer false-positive results with sera and urines of normals and higher titers, fewer false negatives and better overall correlation with the TRCHII results (r = 0.89 vs. 0.75) on pathologic sera. The FIBROTEX is simple and rapid (5 minutes) and provides a more sensitive and accurate determination of serum fibrin degradation products than the Thrombo-Wellcotest.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new anti-fibrinogen-coated latex particle agglutination test in the measurement of serum fibrin degradation products. A new latex particle agglutination test (FIBROTEX) has been compared with the Thrombo-Wellcotest and the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII) for sensitivity to purified fibrinogen and plasmic degradation products and for reactivity with 31 normal sera and 170 sera from patients with thrombotic disorders. The latex particles in the FIBROTEX are coated with antibodies against fibrinogen and fragment E (anti-FE), in contrast with the anti-fragment D and anti-fragment E antibodies which coat the latex particles of the Thrombo-Wellcotest (anti-DE). The relative sensitivities of the TRCHII and the anti-FE and anti-DE latex tests were, respectively, 0.5, 2.5 and 7.5 microgram/ml for fibrinogen; 0.5, 0.5 and 4.0 microgram/ml for fragment X; and 1.25, greater than 30 and 8.0 microgram/ml for fragment D. Compared with anti-DE, the anti-FE particles demonstrated fewer false-positive results with sera and urines of normals and higher titers, fewer false negatives and better overall correlation with the TRCHII results (r = 0.89 vs. 0.75) on pathologic sera. The FIBROTEX is simple and rapid (5 minutes) and provides a more sensitive and accurate determination of serum fibrin degradation products than the Thrombo-Wellcotest.", "PMID": 577622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12740", "title": "Soluble fibrin complexes in early fibrin digests.", "content": "Early fibrin digests were analyzed in the ultracentrifuge and were found to contain compounds with molecular weights up to 3 X 10(6); these compounds are considered to be soluble fibrin complexes. Their similarity with intermediate polymers in inhibited clotting systems has been stressed. Their viscosity at low shear rates is extremely high; therefore, a rapid method to establish their presence in plasma would be the measurement of plasma and serum viscosity at low shear rates, moreover, they shorten the clotting time (thrombin time) of fibrinogen considerably.", "contents": "Soluble fibrin complexes in early fibrin digests. Early fibrin digests were analyzed in the ultracentrifuge and were found to contain compounds with molecular weights up to 3 X 10(6); these compounds are considered to be soluble fibrin complexes. Their similarity with intermediate polymers in inhibited clotting systems has been stressed. Their viscosity at low shear rates is extremely high; therefore, a rapid method to establish their presence in plasma would be the measurement of plasma and serum viscosity at low shear rates, moreover, they shorten the clotting time (thrombin time) of fibrinogen considerably.", "PMID": 577623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12741", "title": "The half-life of plasmic degradation products of human fibrinogen in rabbits.", "content": "Human fibrinogen and purified plasmic degradation fragments X (stages 1 and 2), D and E were labelled with 125-I using the lactoperoxidase method. The chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunologic properties of the labelled proteins were found to be similar to those of non-labelled fragments. All the degradation products diffused rapidly (T 1/2 0.27-0.75 hours) from the intravascular space of rabbits, as compared with fibrinogen (4.26 hours). In addition, the metabolic half-life was found to be 49.3 hours for fibrinogen, as compared with only 5.6, 6.1, 2.3 and 1.4 for fragments X (stage 1), X (stage 2), D and E, respectively. The metabolic half-life roughly reflects the molecular size of the degradation products.", "contents": "The half-life of plasmic degradation products of human fibrinogen in rabbits. Human fibrinogen and purified plasmic degradation fragments X (stages 1 and 2), D and E were labelled with 125-I using the lactoperoxidase method. The chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunologic properties of the labelled proteins were found to be similar to those of non-labelled fragments. All the degradation products diffused rapidly (T 1/2 0.27-0.75 hours) from the intravascular space of rabbits, as compared with fibrinogen (4.26 hours). In addition, the metabolic half-life was found to be 49.3 hours for fibrinogen, as compared with only 5.6, 6.1, 2.3 and 1.4 for fragments X (stage 1), X (stage 2), D and E, respectively. The metabolic half-life roughly reflects the molecular size of the degradation products.", "PMID": 577624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12742", "title": "A new method for the determination of plasma activators fibrinolysis.", "content": "The term \"effective activator\" of plasminogen is proposed, to denote the resultant of activator-antiactivator interaction, and a method for the determination of the level of these activators is described. By adding axcess plasminogen to the euglobulin fraction of plasma the influence of the level of endogenous plasminogen and of the antiplasmin is eliminated. It is shown that the level of fibrinogen has very little bearing on the results. An effective activator unit is defined as equal to 1 CTA unit of urokinase activity on a fibrinogen-plasminogen substrate.", "contents": "A new method for the determination of plasma activators fibrinolysis. The term \"effective activator\" of plasminogen is proposed, to denote the resultant of activator-antiactivator interaction, and a method for the determination of the level of these activators is described. By adding axcess plasminogen to the euglobulin fraction of plasma the influence of the level of endogenous plasminogen and of the antiplasmin is eliminated. It is shown that the level of fibrinogen has very little bearing on the results. An effective activator unit is defined as equal to 1 CTA unit of urokinase activity on a fibrinogen-plasminogen substrate.", "PMID": 577625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12743", "title": "Controlled trial of the sequential use of streptokinase and ancrod in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis of lower limb.", "content": "Treatment with streptokinase ('Kabikinase') was given to 26 patients with venographically confirmed deep vein thrombosis extending into the popliteal vein or above. Treatment was continued for 4 days and the patients were allocated randomly to oral anticoagulant therapy or a course of treatment with ancrod ('Arvin') for 6 days followed by oral anticoagulant therapy. The degree of thrombolysis as judged by further venographic examination at 10 days was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The majority of patients showed clinical improvement but there was no appreciable difference between the groups at 3 and 6 months. Haemorrhagic complications were a more serious problem during the period of treatment with ancrod than during the equivalent period in the control group.", "contents": "Controlled trial of the sequential use of streptokinase and ancrod in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis of lower limb. Treatment with streptokinase ('Kabikinase') was given to 26 patients with venographically confirmed deep vein thrombosis extending into the popliteal vein or above. Treatment was continued for 4 days and the patients were allocated randomly to oral anticoagulant therapy or a course of treatment with ancrod ('Arvin') for 6 days followed by oral anticoagulant therapy. The degree of thrombolysis as judged by further venographic examination at 10 days was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The majority of patients showed clinical improvement but there was no appreciable difference between the groups at 3 and 6 months. Haemorrhagic complications were a more serious problem during the period of treatment with ancrod than during the equivalent period in the control group.", "PMID": 577626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12744", "title": "Some factors influencing metabolism and distribution of fibrinogen in man and rabbits.", "content": "To shed some light on the homeostatic regulation of plasma fibrinogen, metabolic studies were made in healthy females, and in normal, thyroidectomized, and thyroxine-treated rabbits. In females, compared with normal males, plasma fibrinogen concentration, plasma and interstitial fibrinogen decreased consequent to an increased fractional catabolic rate and a normal fibrinogen synthesis rate. The interstitial/plasma fibrinogen ratio remained unchanged. In normal rabbits, with increasing body weight fractional catabolic rate and catabolic rate decreased, while fibrinogen concentration and plasma fibrinogen remained constant owing to a simultaneous decrease in fibrinogen synthesis. In addition, fractional transcapillary transfer rate and transcapillary flux also decreased resulting in a shrinkage of interstitial fibrinogen. Thyroidectomy and thyroxine-injection markedly altered fibrinogen metabolism: thyroid hormone accelerated fibrinogen catabolism but also stimulated synthesis. The net result was an increase in plasma fibrinogen and fibrinogen concentration. The interstitial/plasma fibrinogen ratio decreased in thyroxine-treated, and increased in thyroidectomized animals. This study defines the variations of the fibrinogen system parameters in these physiologic and pathologic conditions, and illustrates some patterns of alterations in fibrinogen metabolism.", "contents": "Some factors influencing metabolism and distribution of fibrinogen in man and rabbits. To shed some light on the homeostatic regulation of plasma fibrinogen, metabolic studies were made in healthy females, and in normal, thyroidectomized, and thyroxine-treated rabbits. In females, compared with normal males, plasma fibrinogen concentration, plasma and interstitial fibrinogen decreased consequent to an increased fractional catabolic rate and a normal fibrinogen synthesis rate. The interstitial/plasma fibrinogen ratio remained unchanged. In normal rabbits, with increasing body weight fractional catabolic rate and catabolic rate decreased, while fibrinogen concentration and plasma fibrinogen remained constant owing to a simultaneous decrease in fibrinogen synthesis. In addition, fractional transcapillary transfer rate and transcapillary flux also decreased resulting in a shrinkage of interstitial fibrinogen. Thyroidectomy and thyroxine-injection markedly altered fibrinogen metabolism: thyroid hormone accelerated fibrinogen catabolism but also stimulated synthesis. The net result was an increase in plasma fibrinogen and fibrinogen concentration. The interstitial/plasma fibrinogen ratio decreased in thyroxine-treated, and increased in thyroidectomized animals. This study defines the variations of the fibrinogen system parameters in these physiologic and pathologic conditions, and illustrates some patterns of alterations in fibrinogen metabolism.", "PMID": 577627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12745", "title": "The stability of glutardialdehyde-stabilized 35-heparinized surfaces in contact with blood.", "content": "Heparin can be bound to polymer surfaces by precipitation of an ionic heparin-amine complex which can be stabilized against dissolution by treatment with glutardialdehyde. The aim of this investigation was to study the degree and course of desorption of heparin from such a heparinized surface on contact with blood. This desorption must be considered when analysing the interaction between the heparinized surface and blood. Different heparinized surfaces were prepared by using 35S-labelled heparin, and the desorption of heparin on exposure in vitro to citrated plasma or heparinized blood as well as during exposure at in vivo conditions was quantified. During in vitro experiments, the glutardialdehyde stabilized surface became stable with no further desorption of heparin after an initial loss of about 3% of the initial surface-bound heparin. Under in vivo conditions, there was an initial loss of about 12%. There was no further loss from surfaces inserted into the circulation of the dog for seven days as compared to those inserted for one hour.", "contents": "The stability of glutardialdehyde-stabilized 35-heparinized surfaces in contact with blood. Heparin can be bound to polymer surfaces by precipitation of an ionic heparin-amine complex which can be stabilized against dissolution by treatment with glutardialdehyde. The aim of this investigation was to study the degree and course of desorption of heparin from such a heparinized surface on contact with blood. This desorption must be considered when analysing the interaction between the heparinized surface and blood. Different heparinized surfaces were prepared by using 35S-labelled heparin, and the desorption of heparin on exposure in vitro to citrated plasma or heparinized blood as well as during exposure at in vivo conditions was quantified. During in vitro experiments, the glutardialdehyde stabilized surface became stable with no further desorption of heparin after an initial loss of about 3% of the initial surface-bound heparin. Under in vivo conditions, there was an initial loss of about 12%. There was no further loss from surfaces inserted into the circulation of the dog for seven days as compared to those inserted for one hour.", "PMID": 577628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12746", "title": "Prevention of platelet adhesion and aggregation by a glutardialdehyde-stabilized heparin surface.", "content": "A stable heparinized surface was prepared by sequential treatment of polyethylene with water solutions of hexadecylamine hydrochloride, heparin and glutardialdehyde. In order to explain the \"non-thrombogenic\" properties of this surface, it was evaluated with regard to prevention of platelet adhesion and aggregation. Human heparinized blood (2 and 10 IU/ml) with 51Cr-labelled autologous platelets was rotated for 60 minutes in untreated and heparin-treated circular tubings. The surface area/blood volume ratio was varied and an air-blood interface was present. In untreated tubings, platelet adhesion and aggregation increased in proportion to the size of the surface area/blood volume ratio, irrespective of the heparin concentrations of the blood. In the heparin-treated tubings, there was no measurable platelet adhesion to the surface and no platelet aggregation in the blood. The difference between the heparinized and the untreated surfaces with regard to platelet adhesion was discernible even after 10 minutes storage of stagnant blood. It is concluded that platelet adhesion and aggregation induced by exposure of blood to a foreign surface in an in vitro experimental model can be prevented by a stable heparin coating of the surface.", "contents": "Prevention of platelet adhesion and aggregation by a glutardialdehyde-stabilized heparin surface. A stable heparinized surface was prepared by sequential treatment of polyethylene with water solutions of hexadecylamine hydrochloride, heparin and glutardialdehyde. In order to explain the \"non-thrombogenic\" properties of this surface, it was evaluated with regard to prevention of platelet adhesion and aggregation. Human heparinized blood (2 and 10 IU/ml) with 51Cr-labelled autologous platelets was rotated for 60 minutes in untreated and heparin-treated circular tubings. The surface area/blood volume ratio was varied and an air-blood interface was present. In untreated tubings, platelet adhesion and aggregation increased in proportion to the size of the surface area/blood volume ratio, irrespective of the heparin concentrations of the blood. In the heparin-treated tubings, there was no measurable platelet adhesion to the surface and no platelet aggregation in the blood. The difference between the heparinized and the untreated surfaces with regard to platelet adhesion was discernible even after 10 minutes storage of stagnant blood. It is concluded that platelet adhesion and aggregation induced by exposure of blood to a foreign surface in an in vitro experimental model can be prevented by a stable heparin coating of the surface.", "PMID": 577629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12747", "title": "Kinetic parameters of platelet aggregation as an expression of platelet responsiveness.", "content": "The kinetics of platelet aggregation induced by collagen and by ADP were studied. The maximum aggregation (deltaLTmax) and the ADP and collagen concentrations required to produce half-maximum aggregation (Kd) were determined using platelets obtained from normal individuals, individuals who ingested aspirin and individuals whose platelet-rich plasma (PRP) demonstrated spontaneous aggregation. The Kd and deltaLTmax for ADP-induced platelet aggregation were variable and markedly affected by the citrate concentration. Conversely, kinetic parameters of collagen-induced aggregation were more reproducible and less affected by citrate. The Kd for collagen in platelet aggregation was increased following aspirin ingestion and decreased in samples of PRP that demonstrated spontaneous aggregation. These results suggest that kinetic parameters of platelet aggregation may be useful to express the responsiveness of platelets.", "contents": "Kinetic parameters of platelet aggregation as an expression of platelet responsiveness. The kinetics of platelet aggregation induced by collagen and by ADP were studied. The maximum aggregation (deltaLTmax) and the ADP and collagen concentrations required to produce half-maximum aggregation (Kd) were determined using platelets obtained from normal individuals, individuals who ingested aspirin and individuals whose platelet-rich plasma (PRP) demonstrated spontaneous aggregation. The Kd and deltaLTmax for ADP-induced platelet aggregation were variable and markedly affected by the citrate concentration. Conversely, kinetic parameters of collagen-induced aggregation were more reproducible and less affected by citrate. The Kd for collagen in platelet aggregation was increased following aspirin ingestion and decreased in samples of PRP that demonstrated spontaneous aggregation. These results suggest that kinetic parameters of platelet aggregation may be useful to express the responsiveness of platelets.", "PMID": 577630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12748", "title": "Cyanide insensitive oxidase in platelets of newborn infant.", "content": "The authors studied the behaviour of neonate platelet O2 consumption after the addition of pyridine nucleotide compared to adult controls. O2 consumption of neonate platelets after NADH addition was 103,2 millimicronmol O2/10(9)/hr (SE = 24,74) and in adult controls 188,8 millimicronmol O2/10(9)/hr (SE = 36,46). After the addition of NADPH O2 consumption was, respectively, 233,5 millimicronmol (SE = 46,29) and 218,3 millimicronmol (SE = 30,01).", "contents": "Cyanide insensitive oxidase in platelets of newborn infant. The authors studied the behaviour of neonate platelet O2 consumption after the addition of pyridine nucleotide compared to adult controls. O2 consumption of neonate platelets after NADH addition was 103,2 millimicronmol O2/10(9)/hr (SE = 24,74) and in adult controls 188,8 millimicronmol O2/10(9)/hr (SE = 36,46). After the addition of NADPH O2 consumption was, respectively, 233,5 millimicronmol (SE = 46,29) and 218,3 millimicronmol (SE = 30,01).", "PMID": 577631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12749", "title": "Ethanol-induced microaggregate formation in pig and rabbit blood. An in vitro study.", "content": "Increased microaggregate formation was found after mixing ethanol with blood from pig and rabbit in vitro, measured with Swank's Screen Filtration pressure method. Final ethanol concentrations were in the range found in ethanol-intoxication in man. No rise in SFP was noticed when plasma with 10,000 platelets/microliter was used. It is therefore doubtful that altered plasma proteins caused the rise in SFP. It is suggested that if a direct effect of ethanol upon platelet aggregation exists in vivo, it may be of importance in acute ethanol intoxication and in chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced microaggregate formation in pig and rabbit blood. An in vitro study. Increased microaggregate formation was found after mixing ethanol with blood from pig and rabbit in vitro, measured with Swank's Screen Filtration pressure method. Final ethanol concentrations were in the range found in ethanol-intoxication in man. No rise in SFP was noticed when plasma with 10,000 platelets/microliter was used. It is therefore doubtful that altered plasma proteins caused the rise in SFP. It is suggested that if a direct effect of ethanol upon platelet aggregation exists in vivo, it may be of importance in acute ethanol intoxication and in chronic alcoholism.", "PMID": 577632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12750", "title": "[Regarding the effect of bromhexine metabolite VII on lecithin synthesis in fetal lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "With the help of incorporated amounts of radioactively labeled choline, it was shown that bromhexine metabolite VIII in vivo (10 mg, 5 mg, 1 mg/kg body weight) and in vitro (100 microgram to 0,01 microgram/g fetal lung tissue) does not stimulate lecithin synthesis in fetal lungs of rats.", "contents": "[Regarding the effect of bromhexine metabolite VII on lecithin synthesis in fetal lungs (author's transl)]. With the help of incorporated amounts of radioactively labeled choline, it was shown that bromhexine metabolite VIII in vivo (10 mg, 5 mg, 1 mg/kg body weight) and in vitro (100 microgram to 0,01 microgram/g fetal lung tissue) does not stimulate lecithin synthesis in fetal lungs of rats.", "PMID": 577640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12751", "title": "[Effect of storage on the vitamin B6 activity of foods (author's transl)].", "content": "In a study of the effect of storage on the vitamin B6 activity of foods, the vitamin B6 content of different foods of plant and animal origin and also of a mixed feed with added pyridoxine were analyzed microbiologically using Saccharomyces carlsbergensis as test organism. Vitamin B6 activity was determined initially, in some of the specimens after storage for 10 months and again in all foods after 40 months. The storage period of 10 months caused a loss of the natural vitamin B6 content of about 25--30%. This loss increased to more than 50% after 40 months storage. The diet containing the high level of synthetic pyridoxine lost 85% of its vitamin B6 content.", "contents": "[Effect of storage on the vitamin B6 activity of foods (author's transl)]. In a study of the effect of storage on the vitamin B6 activity of foods, the vitamin B6 content of different foods of plant and animal origin and also of a mixed feed with added pyridoxine were analyzed microbiologically using Saccharomyces carlsbergensis as test organism. Vitamin B6 activity was determined initially, in some of the specimens after storage for 10 months and again in all foods after 40 months. The storage period of 10 months caused a loss of the natural vitamin B6 content of about 25--30%. This loss increased to more than 50% after 40 months storage. The diet containing the high level of synthetic pyridoxine lost 85% of its vitamin B6 content.", "PMID": 577642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12752", "title": "Analysis of rabbit and guinea pig complement efficiency in cytotoxicity tests against fibrosarcoma and lymphosarcoma cells.", "content": "In a complement-dependent 51Cr cytotoxicity assay, using as target murine fibrosarcoma or lymphosarcoma cells, the rabbit complement (RC) was more efficient than guinea pig complement (GPC) when tested either with strong antisera, such as antihistocompatibility sera, or with weak sera, such as wera from normal mice shown previously to posses a natural antitumor response. The high efficiency of RC was not due to activation by antibodies of a different class or specificity than those activating GPC. In fact, both 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me)-sensitive or-resistant immunoglobulins could activate both RC and GPC, and the results of absorption tests indicated that the antibodies detected using either of the 2 complements were directed against the same specificities. In addition, the results of tests searching for cooperative antibodies excluded that a cooperative effect might be responsible for the high efficiency of RC. With weak antisera, sera of different rabbits were found to have different complement activity.", "contents": "Analysis of rabbit and guinea pig complement efficiency in cytotoxicity tests against fibrosarcoma and lymphosarcoma cells. In a complement-dependent 51Cr cytotoxicity assay, using as target murine fibrosarcoma or lymphosarcoma cells, the rabbit complement (RC) was more efficient than guinea pig complement (GPC) when tested either with strong antisera, such as antihistocompatibility sera, or with weak sera, such as wera from normal mice shown previously to posses a natural antitumor response. The high efficiency of RC was not due to activation by antibodies of a different class or specificity than those activating GPC. In fact, both 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me)-sensitive or-resistant immunoglobulins could activate both RC and GPC, and the results of absorption tests indicated that the antibodies detected using either of the 2 complements were directed against the same specificities. In addition, the results of tests searching for cooperative antibodies excluded that a cooperative effect might be responsible for the high efficiency of RC. With weak antisera, sera of different rabbits were found to have different complement activity.", "PMID": 577636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12753", "title": "[New strategies for prevention in adolescents and young adults].", "content": "For various reasons, it is justified to revise the classical strategies of intervention concerning medical and social action to help young people. New behaviours such as drug addiction, for instance, have emphasized the inadequacies of the conventional means of treatment. Since 1970, Youth Advisory Services have appeared in Europe. Their aims may be various: information, counselling, lodging, social and educative help, medical assistance. These services which were created by the community have such ethical and organizational features that it is easy to discern them among the conventional administrative services. Their users are mainly teenagers and young adults whose reasons for consultation are due to various causes. The originality of the methods, facilities and principles of these innovating services may be considered as a decisive contribution to the research of new prevention strategies to help young people.", "contents": "[New strategies for prevention in adolescents and young adults]. For various reasons, it is justified to revise the classical strategies of intervention concerning medical and social action to help young people. New behaviours such as drug addiction, for instance, have emphasized the inadequacies of the conventional means of treatment. Since 1970, Youth Advisory Services have appeared in Europe. Their aims may be various: information, counselling, lodging, social and educative help, medical assistance. These services which were created by the community have such ethical and organizational features that it is easy to discern them among the conventional administrative services. Their users are mainly teenagers and young adults whose reasons for consultation are due to various causes. The originality of the methods, facilities and principles of these innovating services may be considered as a decisive contribution to the research of new prevention strategies to help young people.", "PMID": 577643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12754", "title": "Lactose malabsorption in preschool black children.", "content": "One hundred sixteen healthy black children ages 13 to 59 months, representing high and low socioeconomic deciles, were studied for lactose malabsorption. A fasting lactose tolerance test using 2 g of lactose/kg of body weight was carried out. Glucose was determined at 0, 15, 30, and 60 min. Of the 116 preschoolers 34 (29%) evidenced lactose malabsorption as determined by a blood glucose rise of less than 26 mg/100 ml. Clinical signs of diarrhea, gas, and cramps were noted singly or in combination in 18% of the 34 lactose-malabsorbing children. Of the 82 lactose absorbers, 12% demonstrated similar signs. The nature and length of the initial infant milk feeding failed to show any relationship to the onset of malabsorption. Current milk drinking patterns were reported as being similar. Eight-seven percent of the malabsorbers and 92% of the absorbers report drinking 240 ml or more of milk/day. Socioeconomic status, education, marital status, and medical assistance of the parent is similarly distributed between lactose absorbers and malabsorbers.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption in preschool black children. One hundred sixteen healthy black children ages 13 to 59 months, representing high and low socioeconomic deciles, were studied for lactose malabsorption. A fasting lactose tolerance test using 2 g of lactose/kg of body weight was carried out. Glucose was determined at 0, 15, 30, and 60 min. Of the 116 preschoolers 34 (29%) evidenced lactose malabsorption as determined by a blood glucose rise of less than 26 mg/100 ml. Clinical signs of diarrhea, gas, and cramps were noted singly or in combination in 18% of the 34 lactose-malabsorbing children. Of the 82 lactose absorbers, 12% demonstrated similar signs. The nature and length of the initial infant milk feeding failed to show any relationship to the onset of malabsorption. Current milk drinking patterns were reported as being similar. Eight-seven percent of the malabsorbers and 92% of the absorbers report drinking 240 ml or more of milk/day. Socioeconomic status, education, marital status, and medical assistance of the parent is similarly distributed between lactose absorbers and malabsorbers.", "PMID": 577654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12755", "title": "Selected beverage consumption patterns among Mormon and non-Mormon populations from the same geographic location.", "content": "This study presents data from a mail questionnaire survey designed to determine the daily beverage consumption patterns of Mormon and non-Mormon households in Utah and southern Idaho. Mormons differed significantly from their non-Mormon counterparts in both their low intake of coffee, tea, and beer, and increased daily consumption of milk and water. A high percentage of Mormons adhere to Church doctrin in their beverage intake habits and the results would appear to substantiate previous preliminary studies of the dietary habits in this religious group.", "contents": "Selected beverage consumption patterns among Mormon and non-Mormon populations from the same geographic location. This study presents data from a mail questionnaire survey designed to determine the daily beverage consumption patterns of Mormon and non-Mormon households in Utah and southern Idaho. Mormons differed significantly from their non-Mormon counterparts in both their low intake of coffee, tea, and beer, and increased daily consumption of milk and water. A high percentage of Mormons adhere to Church doctrin in their beverage intake habits and the results would appear to substantiate previous preliminary studies of the dietary habits in this religious group.", "PMID": 577656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12756", "title": "Amniotic fluid analysis in assessment of fetal maturity.", "content": "Sixty samples of amniotic fluid were analyzed for their surfactant level by measuring the lecithin-spingomyelin ratio and performing the \"shake\" test. Cytologic examination of the sediment was also performed using Nile blue sulfate staining. The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio was found to be the best method to predict fetal maturity and assess the probability of subsequent respiratory distress syndrome. The \"shake\" test proved to be a valuable screening tool in assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity when the fetus is mature, but of little value when the fetus is immature. The estimation fetal fat cells seemed to be of lesser value in predicting fetal maturity.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid analysis in assessment of fetal maturity. Sixty samples of amniotic fluid were analyzed for their surfactant level by measuring the lecithin-spingomyelin ratio and performing the \"shake\" test. Cytologic examination of the sediment was also performed using Nile blue sulfate staining. The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio was found to be the best method to predict fetal maturity and assess the probability of subsequent respiratory distress syndrome. The \"shake\" test proved to be a valuable screening tool in assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity when the fetus is mature, but of little value when the fetus is immature. The estimation fetal fat cells seemed to be of lesser value in predicting fetal maturity.", "PMID": 577657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12757", "title": "Early functional closure of the ductus arteriosus associated with decreased severity of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants.", "content": "It has been shown that a patent ductus arteriosus may complicate the course of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. In this study, an attempt is made to answer the question: Is there any relationship between RDS and patency of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants, that is, do preterm infants without the RDS have early functional closure of the ductus arteriosus? Clinical observations were made on 144 preterm infants 25 to 34 weeks' gestation. Infants were included in the study if the status of the ductus arteriosus (open or closed) could be established either by clinical examination or retrograde aortography. The ductus arteriosus was closed in 59 infants within 48 hours of birth and open in 85. None of the infants with a closed ductus had severe RDS and only three had mild RDS. In contrast, 50% (43 of 85) of infants with open ductus had severe RDS. These findings suggest that early functional closure of the ductus can occur even in very immature infants, and this early closure appears to be associated with a decreased incidence of RDS.", "contents": "Early functional closure of the ductus arteriosus associated with decreased severity of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. It has been shown that a patent ductus arteriosus may complicate the course of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. In this study, an attempt is made to answer the question: Is there any relationship between RDS and patency of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants, that is, do preterm infants without the RDS have early functional closure of the ductus arteriosus? Clinical observations were made on 144 preterm infants 25 to 34 weeks' gestation. Infants were included in the study if the status of the ductus arteriosus (open or closed) could be established either by clinical examination or retrograde aortography. The ductus arteriosus was closed in 59 infants within 48 hours of birth and open in 85. None of the infants with a closed ductus had severe RDS and only three had mild RDS. In contrast, 50% (43 of 85) of infants with open ductus had severe RDS. These findings suggest that early functional closure of the ductus can occur even in very immature infants, and this early closure appears to be associated with a decreased incidence of RDS.", "PMID": 577658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12758", "title": "Molluscum contagiosum venereum in a women's outpatient clinic: a venereally transmitted disease.", "content": "Molluscum contagiosum in a venereal distribution (MCV) was identified as an incidental finding in 14 patients in a women's outpatient clinic at a general hospital. The lesions were frequently overlooked both by patients and physicians. The lesions of MCV are frequently asymptomatic. The sexual history of the patients and the genital distribution of the lesions provide circumstantial evidence that MCV is a veneral disease. Management of cases of MCV should include a culture for the gonococcus and a serologic test for syphilis.", "contents": "Molluscum contagiosum venereum in a women's outpatient clinic: a venereally transmitted disease. Molluscum contagiosum in a venereal distribution (MCV) was identified as an incidental finding in 14 patients in a women's outpatient clinic at a general hospital. The lesions were frequently overlooked both by patients and physicians. The lesions of MCV are frequently asymptomatic. The sexual history of the patients and the genital distribution of the lesions provide circumstantial evidence that MCV is a veneral disease. Management of cases of MCV should include a culture for the gonococcus and a serologic test for syphilis.", "PMID": 577660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12759", "title": "Effects of hydrocortisone on lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "An intravenous infusion of hydrocortisone succinate was given in four divided doses during a 24 hour period to 17 high-risk pregnant women to accelarate fetal pulmonary maturity. Amniocentesis was performed before and 48 to 72 hours after treatment in all 17 patients. Comparisons were made of lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios before and after treatment. The L/S ratio rose in 12 or 17 cases and was not influenced by the type of severity of maternal disease. Neither lenght of rupture of the membranes nor gestational age at the time of treatment affected the change in L/S ratio. Pretreatment L/S ratios (1.21 +/- 0.435 S.D.) were found to have a statistically significant difference from posttreatment values.", "contents": "Effects of hydrocortisone on lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. An intravenous infusion of hydrocortisone succinate was given in four divided doses during a 24 hour period to 17 high-risk pregnant women to accelarate fetal pulmonary maturity. Amniocentesis was performed before and 48 to 72 hours after treatment in all 17 patients. Comparisons were made of lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios before and after treatment. The L/S ratio rose in 12 or 17 cases and was not influenced by the type of severity of maternal disease. Neither lenght of rupture of the membranes nor gestational age at the time of treatment affected the change in L/S ratio. Pretreatment L/S ratios (1.21 +/- 0.435 S.D.) were found to have a statistically significant difference from posttreatment values.", "PMID": 577661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12760", "title": "Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was determined in 182 pregnancies complicated by Classes B and C diabetes and in 28 patients with Classes D, F, and R diabetes. These data were retrospectively correlated with the occurrence of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Only four cases of RDS and two cases of HMD were observed in 200 patients with an L/S ratio of 2.0 or greater prior to delivery. This 3 per cent incidence of complications is no higher than that of the nondiabetic population in our institution. Seven of 10 neonates with an antenatal L/S ratio of 1.5 to 1.9 developed RDS. An L/S ratio of 2.0 or more appears to be reliable predictor of fetal pulmonary maturity even in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was determined in 182 pregnancies complicated by Classes B and C diabetes and in 28 patients with Classes D, F, and R diabetes. These data were retrospectively correlated with the occurrence of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Only four cases of RDS and two cases of HMD were observed in 200 patients with an L/S ratio of 2.0 or greater prior to delivery. This 3 per cent incidence of complications is no higher than that of the nondiabetic population in our institution. Seven of 10 neonates with an antenatal L/S ratio of 1.5 to 1.9 developed RDS. An L/S ratio of 2.0 or more appears to be reliable predictor of fetal pulmonary maturity even in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 577662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12761", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations of cattle in a herd with bovine leukosis.", "content": "Consistent relationship was not found between the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin IgM and IgG and the concentration of blood lymphocytes (Bendixen index) in 289 Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows from a dairy herd in which bovine lymphoma had been identified repeatedly. Serum IgM was present in all cattle, and those cows with highest concentrations of blood lymphocytes generally had higher levels of IgM.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations of cattle in a herd with bovine leukosis. Consistent relationship was not found between the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin IgM and IgG and the concentration of blood lymphocytes (Bendixen index) in 289 Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows from a dairy herd in which bovine lymphoma had been identified repeatedly. Serum IgM was present in all cattle, and those cows with highest concentrations of blood lymphocytes generally had higher levels of IgM.", "PMID": 577663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12762", "title": "Malignant tumors of the intestine: a review of 37 cases.", "content": "Malignant tumors of the small bowel are rare but carry a grave prognosis. Thirty-seven cases from the Tumor Registries of Brooke Army Medical Center. Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, were retrospectively studied. Twenty-nine males and eight females ranging from five to 86 years were included in the combined series. Thirteen carcinoid tumors, eight adenocarcinomas, seven lymphosarcomas, five leiomyosarcomas, two reticulum cell sarcomas, one liposarcoma, and one mesenchymal cell sarcoma were found. Symptoms included intermittent crampy abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, intestinal bleeding with anemia, and weight loss. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture in addition to physical findings and pertinent x-ray contrast studies. The overall survival rate was 25%. The treatment of choice is surgical extirpation of the tumor whenever possible followed by appropriate adjunctive modalities.", "contents": "Malignant tumors of the intestine: a review of 37 cases. Malignant tumors of the small bowel are rare but carry a grave prognosis. Thirty-seven cases from the Tumor Registries of Brooke Army Medical Center. Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, were retrospectively studied. Twenty-nine males and eight females ranging from five to 86 years were included in the combined series. Thirteen carcinoid tumors, eight adenocarcinomas, seven lymphosarcomas, five leiomyosarcomas, two reticulum cell sarcomas, one liposarcoma, and one mesenchymal cell sarcoma were found. Symptoms included intermittent crampy abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, intestinal bleeding with anemia, and weight loss. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture in addition to physical findings and pertinent x-ray contrast studies. The overall survival rate was 25%. The treatment of choice is surgical extirpation of the tumor whenever possible followed by appropriate adjunctive modalities.", "PMID": 577664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12763", "title": "Association of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "A 75-year-old white woman with a supraclavicular mass and primary hypothyroidism was found to have immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto's thyroidits. Peripheral blood contained normal percentages of T and B lymphocytes, but there was a markedly decreased response to phytohemagglutinin and to skin testing for delayed hypersensitivity. Since lack of suppressor T cells, B-cell proliferation, and decreased immunosurveillance may be causative factors in these diseases, it was of interest to document this rare association of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "contents": "Association of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A 75-year-old white woman with a supraclavicular mass and primary hypothyroidism was found to have immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto's thyroidits. Peripheral blood contained normal percentages of T and B lymphocytes, but there was a markedly decreased response to phytohemagglutinin and to skin testing for delayed hypersensitivity. Since lack of suppressor T cells, B-cell proliferation, and decreased immunosurveillance may be causative factors in these diseases, it was of interest to document this rare association of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "PMID": 577665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12764", "title": "Single-step gastric aspirate shake test: bedside predictor of neonatal pulmonary morbidity.", "content": "A simplified, single-step shake test has been performed on gastric aspirate samples from 85 preterm infants and a control group of 214 term infants. Respiratory symptoms were seen in 25 of 30 preterm infants with a negative or intermediate test, but in only 2 of 55 infants with a positive test (P less than 0-001). No infant with a positive test developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) while RDS developed in 66% of those preterm infants with a negative test. False-negative results were not seen in the preterm group. The gastric aspirate shake test had better sensitivity and selectivity in prediction of clinical outcome than did the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in 37 preterm infants in whom both results were available. Serial shake tests were performed on samples from a number of infants with RDS and the results were seen to change in parallel with clinical recovery. This and other observations suggest that the result of the gastric aspirate shake test depends more upon direct swallowing of fetal lung liquid than on swallowing of amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Single-step gastric aspirate shake test: bedside predictor of neonatal pulmonary morbidity. A simplified, single-step shake test has been performed on gastric aspirate samples from 85 preterm infants and a control group of 214 term infants. Respiratory symptoms were seen in 25 of 30 preterm infants with a negative or intermediate test, but in only 2 of 55 infants with a positive test (P less than 0-001). No infant with a positive test developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) while RDS developed in 66% of those preterm infants with a negative test. False-negative results were not seen in the preterm group. The gastric aspirate shake test had better sensitivity and selectivity in prediction of clinical outcome than did the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in 37 preterm infants in whom both results were available. Serial shake tests were performed on samples from a number of infants with RDS and the results were seen to change in parallel with clinical recovery. This and other observations suggest that the result of the gastric aspirate shake test depends more upon direct swallowing of fetal lung liquid than on swallowing of amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 577669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12765", "title": "Unusual events preceding hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter.", "content": "Two unique patients with hyperthyroidism are presented here. A 48-year-old woman with a family history of Graves' disease was first evaluated and treated for a toxic adenoma with radioactive iodine. Three months later, she was again hyperthyroid, was found to have a diffuse thyromegaly, and was treated with radioactive iodine for the second time. This patient represents, to our knowledge, the first reported case of two sequential forms of endogenous hyperthyroidism. The second patient, a 64-year-old woman, had well-documented hypothyroidism that was presumably primary. She was admitted in thyroid storm and subsequently died. The autopsy disclosed characteristic changes in the thyroid of hyperthyroidism and a normal pituitary gland. The timing of the onset of Graves' disease with hyperthyroidism cannot be accurately determined.", "contents": "Unusual events preceding hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter. Two unique patients with hyperthyroidism are presented here. A 48-year-old woman with a family history of Graves' disease was first evaluated and treated for a toxic adenoma with radioactive iodine. Three months later, she was again hyperthyroid, was found to have a diffuse thyromegaly, and was treated with radioactive iodine for the second time. This patient represents, to our knowledge, the first reported case of two sequential forms of endogenous hyperthyroidism. The second patient, a 64-year-old woman, had well-documented hypothyroidism that was presumably primary. She was admitted in thyroid storm and subsequently died. The autopsy disclosed characteristic changes in the thyroid of hyperthyroidism and a normal pituitary gland. The timing of the onset of Graves' disease with hyperthyroidism cannot be accurately determined.", "PMID": 577670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12766", "title": "Peliosis hepatis. Twelve cases associated with oral androgen therapy.", "content": "Peliosis hepatis was encountered in 12 patients treated with high-dose oxymetholone or fluoxymesterone therapy. In three cases liver failure was the primary cause of death. In one case, the diagnosis was established by biopsy, the androgen therapy was discontinued, and the lesion was absent at autopsy two years later. In eight cases peliosis hepatis was an incidental finding at postmortem examination. The clinical and anatomic features of these cases are described, and previously reported cases of peliosis are briefly reviewed. A hypothesis is offered to explain the association of this peculiar lesion with anabolic androgen therapy.", "contents": "Peliosis hepatis. Twelve cases associated with oral androgen therapy. Peliosis hepatis was encountered in 12 patients treated with high-dose oxymetholone or fluoxymesterone therapy. In three cases liver failure was the primary cause of death. In one case, the diagnosis was established by biopsy, the androgen therapy was discontinued, and the lesion was absent at autopsy two years later. In eight cases peliosis hepatis was an incidental finding at postmortem examination. The clinical and anatomic features of these cases are described, and previously reported cases of peliosis are briefly reviewed. A hypothesis is offered to explain the association of this peculiar lesion with anabolic androgen therapy.", "PMID": 577673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12767", "title": "Fatty metamorphosis of the liver associated with jejunoileal bypass. Report of five cases.", "content": "Detailed postmortem examination was carried out on five patients who died three months to four years after jejunoileal bypass for obesity. A spectrum of histological changes was observed in the liver, with pericentral fat deposition being a common feature. Evidence of previous and/or ongoing liver cell dropout with accompanying polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltration was seen in all cases, but Mallory hyalin was not detected. Liver function abnormalities included decreased plasma protein levels, decreased prothrombin activity, increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels, and variable elevations of the serum transaminases, bilirubin, and ammonia concentrations. The pattern of the hepatic disease does not resemble protein deficiency. An uncharacterized hepatotoxin or toxic effect of hepatic fat accumulation may play a significant role in the changes observed in these patients.", "contents": "Fatty metamorphosis of the liver associated with jejunoileal bypass. Report of five cases. Detailed postmortem examination was carried out on five patients who died three months to four years after jejunoileal bypass for obesity. A spectrum of histological changes was observed in the liver, with pericentral fat deposition being a common feature. Evidence of previous and/or ongoing liver cell dropout with accompanying polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltration was seen in all cases, but Mallory hyalin was not detected. Liver function abnormalities included decreased plasma protein levels, decreased prothrombin activity, increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels, and variable elevations of the serum transaminases, bilirubin, and ammonia concentrations. The pattern of the hepatic disease does not resemble protein deficiency. An uncharacterized hepatotoxin or toxic effect of hepatic fat accumulation may play a significant role in the changes observed in these patients.", "PMID": 577674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12768", "title": "Congenital extrahepatic biliary atresia.", "content": "Ten cases of congenital extrahepatic biliary atresia were studied ultrastructurally. Samples of liver were obtained from each and in six of the cases, fibrous tracts, which we hoped would contain extrahepatic bile ducts, were also secured. The observed extrahepatic biliary structures were real, but hypoplastic, bile ducts. In places, necrosed epithelial cells, without obvious inflammatory processes, could be observed. The ductular cell cytoplasmic changes and the inflammatory reaction are different according to whether extrahepatic or intrahepatic sites are considered. These differences, as well as the cytoplasmic modifications of liver parenchymal cells, seem to be the result of impaired bile flow. On the contrary, extrahepatic bile duct hypoplasia and necrosis seem to be directly related to the unknown origin of this disease. Whether the nuclear changes of hepatocytes are the expression of direct injury of the liver is another important question. If there is direct injury, it is possible that the disease might evolve as an independent liver disease despite a correctly performed and uncomplicated surgical intervention.", "contents": "Congenital extrahepatic biliary atresia. Ten cases of congenital extrahepatic biliary atresia were studied ultrastructurally. Samples of liver were obtained from each and in six of the cases, fibrous tracts, which we hoped would contain extrahepatic bile ducts, were also secured. The observed extrahepatic biliary structures were real, but hypoplastic, bile ducts. In places, necrosed epithelial cells, without obvious inflammatory processes, could be observed. The ductular cell cytoplasmic changes and the inflammatory reaction are different according to whether extrahepatic or intrahepatic sites are considered. These differences, as well as the cytoplasmic modifications of liver parenchymal cells, seem to be the result of impaired bile flow. On the contrary, extrahepatic bile duct hypoplasia and necrosis seem to be directly related to the unknown origin of this disease. Whether the nuclear changes of hepatocytes are the expression of direct injury of the liver is another important question. If there is direct injury, it is possible that the disease might evolve as an independent liver disease despite a correctly performed and uncomplicated surgical intervention.", "PMID": 577675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12769", "title": "Ultrastructure of chronically inflamed human submandibular glands.", "content": "The structure of chronically inflamed submandibular glands from four patients was examined by electron microscopy. The patients were free of the sicca syndrome and lacked other symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome or related autoimmune diseases. The affected glands were characterized by a reduction in acinar elements, by ductular proliferation and hyperplasia, and by large numbers of inflammatory cells in the stroma. This study indicates that many of the ultrastructural changes in salivary glands previously attributed to autoimmune diseases may also occur in patients who are free of such afflictions but whose salivary glands have undergone intermittent obstruction or infection.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of chronically inflamed human submandibular glands. The structure of chronically inflamed submandibular glands from four patients was examined by electron microscopy. The patients were free of the sicca syndrome and lacked other symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome or related autoimmune diseases. The affected glands were characterized by a reduction in acinar elements, by ductular proliferation and hyperplasia, and by large numbers of inflammatory cells in the stroma. This study indicates that many of the ultrastructural changes in salivary glands previously attributed to autoimmune diseases may also occur in patients who are free of such afflictions but whose salivary glands have undergone intermittent obstruction or infection.", "PMID": 577676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12770", "title": "Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Soft tissue tumors with the characteristics of Ewing sarcoma of bone have thus far only been studied by light microscopy. A pelvic tumor of this type in a 13-year-old girl was examined by electron microscopy. Comparison of its ultrastructural features with those of reported cases of bony Ewing sarcoma reveal much similarity. It is believed that they are probably identical and that the tumor cells are of immature mesenchymal type. However, their site of origin and the direction of their potential differentiation remain obscure.", "contents": "Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma. An ultrastructural study. Soft tissue tumors with the characteristics of Ewing sarcoma of bone have thus far only been studied by light microscopy. A pelvic tumor of this type in a 13-year-old girl was examined by electron microscopy. Comparison of its ultrastructural features with those of reported cases of bony Ewing sarcoma reveal much similarity. It is believed that they are probably identical and that the tumor cells are of immature mesenchymal type. However, their site of origin and the direction of their potential differentiation remain obscure.", "PMID": 577677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12771", "title": "Ruptured mycotic aneurysm: a complication of parenteral drug abuse.", "content": "Mycotic aneurysms occurred in five narcotics addicts treated between 1969 and 1975. Fever, localized tenderness, swelling, loss of distal pulses, and leukocytosis were common findings. The aneurysms were located in the femoral (two patients), brachial (two), and superior mesenteric arteries (one). They occurred at the site of arterial injection in three patients. In one patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis, an aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery developed. In one patient, the pathogenesis was uncertain. All patients had rupture of the arterial wall, with hemorrhage contained by adjacent muscle or soft tissue. Four patients were treated by ligation and debridement. One, with preexisting ischemia, required amputation below the knee. One patient underwent repair with autogenous artery. Recurrent hemorrhage necessitated ligation of the artery. In all patients, extensive sepsis and tissue necrosis precluded repair with prosthetic material. All patients survived, without evident of ischemia.", "contents": "Ruptured mycotic aneurysm: a complication of parenteral drug abuse. Mycotic aneurysms occurred in five narcotics addicts treated between 1969 and 1975. Fever, localized tenderness, swelling, loss of distal pulses, and leukocytosis were common findings. The aneurysms were located in the femoral (two patients), brachial (two), and superior mesenteric arteries (one). They occurred at the site of arterial injection in three patients. In one patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis, an aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery developed. In one patient, the pathogenesis was uncertain. All patients had rupture of the arterial wall, with hemorrhage contained by adjacent muscle or soft tissue. Four patients were treated by ligation and debridement. One, with preexisting ischemia, required amputation below the knee. One patient underwent repair with autogenous artery. Recurrent hemorrhage necessitated ligation of the artery. In all patients, extensive sepsis and tissue necrosis precluded repair with prosthetic material. All patients survived, without evident of ischemia.", "PMID": 577679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12772", "title": "Improved assay of neurotoxic esterase for screening organophosphates for delayed neurotoxicity potential.", "content": "The assay of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in brains taken from dosed hens enables potential neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides, plasticers, etc. to be assessed. The original assay [Johnson, M.K. Biochem. J. 114, 711-717 (1969)] has been simplified to eliminate centrifugation and transfer steps and both the selectivity and the sensitivity have been increased. The procedures necessary to obtain stable reagent stocks are described.", "contents": "Improved assay of neurotoxic esterase for screening organophosphates for delayed neurotoxicity potential. The assay of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in brains taken from dosed hens enables potential neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides, plasticers, etc. to be assessed. The original assay [Johnson, M.K. Biochem. J. 114, 711-717 (1969)] has been simplified to eliminate centrifugation and transfer steps and both the selectivity and the sensitivity have been increased. The procedures necessary to obtain stable reagent stocks are described.", "PMID": 577680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12773", "title": "Propoxyphene overdosage: a study of cases involving analgesic preparations containing dextropropoxyphene.", "content": "Propoxyphene and paracetamol concentrations have been determined in blood, urine, liver blood and stomach contents from 17 post mortem cases in which Distalgesic (a propoxyphene and paracetamol compound preparation) was involved. Five patients admitted to hospital with suspected Distalgesic poisoning have also been investigated. In most cases the propoxyphene concentrations, but not the paracetamol concentrations, exceeded the minimum lethal levels reported. On the basis of our results it appears that of the constituents of Distalgesic, propoxyphene has a far more immediate and dangerous effect than paracetamol.", "contents": "Propoxyphene overdosage: a study of cases involving analgesic preparations containing dextropropoxyphene. Propoxyphene and paracetamol concentrations have been determined in blood, urine, liver blood and stomach contents from 17 post mortem cases in which Distalgesic (a propoxyphene and paracetamol compound preparation) was involved. Five patients admitted to hospital with suspected Distalgesic poisoning have also been investigated. In most cases the propoxyphene concentrations, but not the paracetamol concentrations, exceeded the minimum lethal levels reported. On the basis of our results it appears that of the constituents of Distalgesic, propoxyphene has a far more immediate and dangerous effect than paracetamol.", "PMID": 577682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12774", "title": "Suicide by an overdosage of N-propylajmalinium bitartrate.", "content": "The toxicological findings after suicidal poisoning with N-propylajmalinium bitartrate (NPAB) are presented. For isolation of NPAB the biological material was homogenized and the drug was isolated by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-2. After column chromatographic purification on Sephadex LH-20 quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography of the trifluoroacetate. The identity of the material finally obtained was checked by various chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The following concentrations of NPAB were found: liver 58 microgram/g, kidney 32 microgram/g, brain 16 microgram/g, muscle less than 10 microgram/g, heart less than 5 microgram/g, blood less than 5 microgram/g, gastric contents 600 mg (total). 1200 mg of NPAB had been swallowed; thus the amount of NPAB, that had crossed into blood, was approx. 500-600 mg corresponding to a dose of 9-11 mg/kg body weight.", "contents": "Suicide by an overdosage of N-propylajmalinium bitartrate. The toxicological findings after suicidal poisoning with N-propylajmalinium bitartrate (NPAB) are presented. For isolation of NPAB the biological material was homogenized and the drug was isolated by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-2. After column chromatographic purification on Sephadex LH-20 quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography of the trifluoroacetate. The identity of the material finally obtained was checked by various chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The following concentrations of NPAB were found: liver 58 microgram/g, kidney 32 microgram/g, brain 16 microgram/g, muscle less than 10 microgram/g, heart less than 5 microgram/g, blood less than 5 microgram/g, gastric contents 600 mg (total). 1200 mg of NPAB had been swallowed; thus the amount of NPAB, that had crossed into blood, was approx. 500-600 mg corresponding to a dose of 9-11 mg/kg body weight.", "PMID": 577683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12775", "title": "Determination of cadmium in human milk during lactation.", "content": "During lactation, Cd-levels in human milk were determined by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The levels in colostrum were some 50-65% higher than in transitional and mature milk.", "contents": "Determination of cadmium in human milk during lactation. During lactation, Cd-levels in human milk were determined by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The levels in colostrum were some 50-65% higher than in transitional and mature milk.", "PMID": 577685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12776", "title": "Biochemical and morphological changes in some organs of rats in nickel intoxication.", "content": "Biochemical and histological alterations in liver, kidney, testis and myocardium of albino rats were investigated at various intervals after daily administration of nickel sulphate. No significant changes were observed during the initial periods of the treatment, but longer exposures produced marked enzymatic and histopathological alterations in all the four organs examined. The severity of the histological lesions was found to be directly related to the duration of the treatment.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphological changes in some organs of rats in nickel intoxication. Biochemical and histological alterations in liver, kidney, testis and myocardium of albino rats were investigated at various intervals after daily administration of nickel sulphate. No significant changes were observed during the initial periods of the treatment, but longer exposures produced marked enzymatic and histopathological alterations in all the four organs examined. The severity of the histological lesions was found to be directly related to the duration of the treatment.", "PMID": 577686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12777", "title": "[Teratologic-neurotoxicologic studies on biglumide (K-2004) and thalidomide].", "content": "Comparison of the teratogenic and neurotoxic influence of thalidomide with the new hypnosedative preparation Biglumide (K-2004) revealed significant differences. Malformations could be seen only after treatment with thalidomide. Some results concerning the thalidomide-treated group of animals could be interpreted as a retardation of development in the posterior root ganglia.", "contents": "[Teratologic-neurotoxicologic studies on biglumide (K-2004) and thalidomide]. Comparison of the teratogenic and neurotoxic influence of thalidomide with the new hypnosedative preparation Biglumide (K-2004) revealed significant differences. Malformations could be seen only after treatment with thalidomide. Some results concerning the thalidomide-treated group of animals could be interpreted as a retardation of development in the posterior root ganglia.", "PMID": 577687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12778", "title": "Fatal poisoning with verapamil.", "content": "The toxicologic findings in a case of fatal poisoning with verapamil (Isoptin) are are presented. For isolation of verapamil the biologic material was subjected to protein precipitation. The aqueous solutions were acidified with hydrochloric acid, prepurified by extraction with ether, and subsequently the basic drug verapamil was isolated by ion pair extraction with chloroform. Quantitative determination of verapamil was carried out by gas chromatography using a nitrogen specific flame ionization detector. The following concentrations of verapamil were measured: liver 5500 ng/g, kidney 2000 ng/g, blood 590 ng/g, urine 250 ng/g, gastric contents 3 mg (total). During examination by the police it was claimed by a witness that two tablets of Isoptin had been taken before death. After application of a therapeutic dose of Isoptin peak concentrations of 11 and 30 ng/g of blood cells and of 30 and 65 ng/g of plasma were measured in two healthy subjects; the latter figures corresponded well to previous findings of other authors, who investigated plasma concentrations of verapamil after therapeutic administration. In the case presented here, the blood concentration of 590 ng/g clearly demonstrated that an extreme overdose must have been taken before death.", "contents": "Fatal poisoning with verapamil. The toxicologic findings in a case of fatal poisoning with verapamil (Isoptin) are are presented. For isolation of verapamil the biologic material was subjected to protein precipitation. The aqueous solutions were acidified with hydrochloric acid, prepurified by extraction with ether, and subsequently the basic drug verapamil was isolated by ion pair extraction with chloroform. Quantitative determination of verapamil was carried out by gas chromatography using a nitrogen specific flame ionization detector. The following concentrations of verapamil were measured: liver 5500 ng/g, kidney 2000 ng/g, blood 590 ng/g, urine 250 ng/g, gastric contents 3 mg (total). During examination by the police it was claimed by a witness that two tablets of Isoptin had been taken before death. After application of a therapeutic dose of Isoptin peak concentrations of 11 and 30 ng/g of blood cells and of 30 and 65 ng/g of plasma were measured in two healthy subjects; the latter figures corresponded well to previous findings of other authors, who investigated plasma concentrations of verapamil after therapeutic administration. In the case presented here, the blood concentration of 590 ng/g clearly demonstrated that an extreme overdose must have been taken before death.", "PMID": 577688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12779", "title": "[Enzyme studies of synovial fluid from osteoarthritis knee joints (author's transl)].", "content": "In 40 patients who were operated on for meniscopathy, accompanied by more or less severe arthroses of the knee joints, the total activity of LDH-T and of the LDH-H isoenzyms could be evaluated. The data show that severe arthroses without any synovitic reactions as well as  cases with inactive chronic synovitis showed small total activities of LDH, whereas cases with clinical and macroscopic-anatomically active synovitis (including the so-called activated arthroses) showed a great total activity of LDH. Furthermore the dominance of LDH-H isoenzyms has been found to indicate an aerobic situation of the metabolism.", "contents": "[Enzyme studies of synovial fluid from osteoarthritis knee joints (author's transl)]. In 40 patients who were operated on for meniscopathy, accompanied by more or less severe arthroses of the knee joints, the total activity of LDH-T and of the LDH-H isoenzyms could be evaluated. The data show that severe arthroses without any synovitic reactions as well as  cases with inactive chronic synovitis showed small total activities of LDH, whereas cases with clinical and macroscopic-anatomically active synovitis (including the so-called activated arthroses) showed a great total activity of LDH. Furthermore the dominance of LDH-H isoenzyms has been found to indicate an aerobic situation of the metabolism.", "PMID": 577690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12780", "title": "Middle ear mucosa and secretory otitis media.", "content": "Recent investigations have identified the viscous middle ear effusion in secretory otitis media (S.O.M.) as being of the same nature as true mucus--the \"backbone\" of which is glycoprotein. The source of the mucus is mucus-producing cells in greater number than found in the normal middle ear lining. The pathological state which leads to excessive mucus production and maturation of numerous mucus cells is an inflammation associated with deficient ventilation of the middle ear. In the presence of inflammation, especially when CO2 tension is high, mucosal stem cells differentiate metaplastically into numerous mucus-producing cells, as demonstrated by us in tissue cultures. The higher CO2 tension in S.O.M. is due to eustacian tube insufficiency (not blockage) which is a smaller than normal amount of air introduced into the middle ear per unit of time. Ventilating tubes restore CO2 tension to normal and equalize the slight barometric negative pressure (average 3.35 H2O)--the latter being related to mucociliary clearance. Evidence for an allergic factor as a pathogen is also not available. The mucus in the middle ear is probably not noxious by itself and ears should be ventilated surgically only when hearing is below social level perception. Most S.O.M. ears will clear sooner or later spontaneously. A minority of these ears will progress with time into atelectatic ears and some might perforate later on.", "contents": "Middle ear mucosa and secretory otitis media. Recent investigations have identified the viscous middle ear effusion in secretory otitis media (S.O.M.) as being of the same nature as true mucus--the \"backbone\" of which is glycoprotein. The source of the mucus is mucus-producing cells in greater number than found in the normal middle ear lining. The pathological state which leads to excessive mucus production and maturation of numerous mucus cells is an inflammation associated with deficient ventilation of the middle ear. In the presence of inflammation, especially when CO2 tension is high, mucosal stem cells differentiate metaplastically into numerous mucus-producing cells, as demonstrated by us in tissue cultures. The higher CO2 tension in S.O.M. is due to eustacian tube insufficiency (not blockage) which is a smaller than normal amount of air introduced into the middle ear per unit of time. Ventilating tubes restore CO2 tension to normal and equalize the slight barometric negative pressure (average 3.35 H2O)--the latter being related to mucociliary clearance. Evidence for an allergic factor as a pathogen is also not available. The mucus in the middle ear is probably not noxious by itself and ears should be ventilated surgically only when hearing is below social level perception. Most S.O.M. ears will clear sooner or later spontaneously. A minority of these ears will progress with time into atelectatic ears and some might perforate later on.", "PMID": 577691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12781", "title": "Ectopic muscle in the middle ear.", "content": "An ectopic muscle was found in the hypotympanum of a 31-year-old Japanese male. The muscle produced symptoms quite similar to those seen in cases of glomus jugulare tumor: a red mass visible through the ear drum, conductive deafness, a compressed jugular bulb demonstrable by retrograde jugulography, and VIIth and IXth nerve paresis. However, the audible pulsating tinnitus of glomus jugulare tumor was absent. The mass proved to be a muscle speculated as being a part of the levator veli palatini muscle. In view of our findings, ectopic muscle should be included in the differential diagnosis of glomus jugulare tumor.", "contents": "Ectopic muscle in the middle ear. An ectopic muscle was found in the hypotympanum of a 31-year-old Japanese male. The muscle produced symptoms quite similar to those seen in cases of glomus jugulare tumor: a red mass visible through the ear drum, conductive deafness, a compressed jugular bulb demonstrable by retrograde jugulography, and VIIth and IXth nerve paresis. However, the audible pulsating tinnitus of glomus jugulare tumor was absent. The mass proved to be a muscle speculated as being a part of the levator veli palatini muscle. In view of our findings, ectopic muscle should be included in the differential diagnosis of glomus jugulare tumor.", "PMID": 577692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12782", "title": "Filter function of the guinea pig cochlea after degeneration of outer hair cells.", "content": "After kanamycin induced degeneration of outer hair cells from  guinea pigs the tuning properties of primary auditory nerve fibres are compared with those of normal untreated guinea pigs. The existence of fibres with no alteration of the tuning properties leads to the conclusion that there is no neural interaction between inner and outer hair cells needed to enhance the frequency selectivity.", "contents": "Filter function of the guinea pig cochlea after degeneration of outer hair cells. After kanamycin induced degeneration of outer hair cells from  guinea pigs the tuning properties of primary auditory nerve fibres are compared with those of normal untreated guinea pigs. The existence of fibres with no alteration of the tuning properties leads to the conclusion that there is no neural interaction between inner and outer hair cells needed to enhance the frequency selectivity.", "PMID": 577693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12783", "title": "Does promethazine (Atosil) influence the human's early acoustically evoked potentials in the same way as the late potential N1?", "content": "In a former investigation the effect of promethazine (Atosil) on the late acoustically evoked potential component N1 was examined. Now the cochlear and the brain-stem potentials were registered by the earlobe-vertex pick-up with i.m. application of 0.8 mg/kg (body weight) promethazine. There was no influence of promethazine either on the compound action potential (NAP) or on the brain-stem potentials (Pot. II-V), but sedation improves significantly the signal-to-noise ratio, therefore we sedate all patients when registering the five early acoustically evoked potentials.", "contents": "Does promethazine (Atosil) influence the human's early acoustically evoked potentials in the same way as the late potential N1? In a former investigation the effect of promethazine (Atosil) on the late acoustically evoked potential component N1 was examined. Now the cochlear and the brain-stem potentials were registered by the earlobe-vertex pick-up with i.m. application of 0.8 mg/kg (body weight) promethazine. There was no influence of promethazine either on the compound action potential (NAP) or on the brain-stem potentials (Pot. II-V), but sedation improves significantly the signal-to-noise ratio, therefore we sedate all patients when registering the five early acoustically evoked potentials.", "PMID": 577694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12784", "title": "[Influence of different fixation buffers on the quantitative cytoarchitecture of the cochlear spiral ganglion. A morphometric study (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of two fixation buffers on the quantitative cytoarchitecture of the cochlear spiral ganglion in guinea pigs was evaluated morphometrically. After fixation with phosphate buffered 1.3% OsO4 granular spiral ganglion cells lost 45% of their average individual volume as compared to the volume after fixation with s-collidine buffered 1.3% OsO4. Using the two fixatives there was no significant difference of the volume proportion of cell nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum per unit volume cytoplasm of the granular spiral ganglion cells. The volume proportion of their ribosomes and their Golgi apparatus per unit volume cytoplasm increased 3.5fold after fixation with phosphate buffered OsO4. The volume density of the granular ganglion cells decreased by 30%, the volume density of the interganglionar space (= space between granular ganglion cells) showed an increase of 50% using phosphate buffer. Mostly the extracellular space was participating in this relative increase of the interganglionar space. As a result fixation of the spiral ganglion for morphometric studies should be performed using s-collidine buffered OsO4. The morphometric findings underline the presumption of semicompact myelin being a fixation artefact.", "contents": "[Influence of different fixation buffers on the quantitative cytoarchitecture of the cochlear spiral ganglion. A morphometric study (author's transl)]. The influence of two fixation buffers on the quantitative cytoarchitecture of the cochlear spiral ganglion in guinea pigs was evaluated morphometrically. After fixation with phosphate buffered 1.3% OsO4 granular spiral ganglion cells lost 45% of their average individual volume as compared to the volume after fixation with s-collidine buffered 1.3% OsO4. Using the two fixatives there was no significant difference of the volume proportion of cell nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum per unit volume cytoplasm of the granular spiral ganglion cells. The volume proportion of their ribosomes and their Golgi apparatus per unit volume cytoplasm increased 3.5fold after fixation with phosphate buffered OsO4. The volume density of the granular ganglion cells decreased by 30%, the volume density of the interganglionar space (= space between granular ganglion cells) showed an increase of 50% using phosphate buffer. Mostly the extracellular space was participating in this relative increase of the interganglionar space. As a result fixation of the spiral ganglion for morphometric studies should be performed using s-collidine buffered OsO4. The morphometric findings underline the presumption of semicompact myelin being a fixation artefact.", "PMID": 577696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12785", "title": "[Detection of noise-induced physiological stress and hearing loss in guinea pigs by means of an electro-cochleographic method (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the most essential prerequisites to the suitability of test animals used for studying the damage effect of noise on audition is the threshold determination with reasonable expenditure. Mention is made of an electro-cochleographic method to determine the click threshold and click threshold shift [TTS(C) and PTS(C)], resp., after an uninjured guinea pig has been subjected to noise. The temporary threshold shift following a short-term sonic exposure and the permanent threshold shift following a permanent sonic exposure reveal a far heavier effect on the guinea pig ear than on the human ear. However, the trends in stress and affection are so much alike in guinea pig and man that the former's involvement in studying the effects of audition-affecting noise on the human ear seems to be primising.", "contents": "[Detection of noise-induced physiological stress and hearing loss in guinea pigs by means of an electro-cochleographic method (author's transl)]. One of the most essential prerequisites to the suitability of test animals used for studying the damage effect of noise on audition is the threshold determination with reasonable expenditure. Mention is made of an electro-cochleographic method to determine the click threshold and click threshold shift [TTS(C) and PTS(C)], resp., after an uninjured guinea pig has been subjected to noise. The temporary threshold shift following a short-term sonic exposure and the permanent threshold shift following a permanent sonic exposure reveal a far heavier effect on the guinea pig ear than on the human ear. However, the trends in stress and affection are so much alike in guinea pig and man that the former's involvement in studying the effects of audition-affecting noise on the human ear seems to be primising.", "PMID": 577697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12786", "title": "Intraoral nerve block for glossopharyngeal neuralgia.", "content": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia was treated by a new method of intraoral block. The procedure consists of block for the tonsillar branch and block of the lingual branch by the injection of 5% Phenol in Glycerin. This can be applied for neuralgia with a trigger zone around the tonsil. The result is quite satisfactory. This is extremely safe and simple, and can be performed repetitively when recurrences occur. Also, this procedure does not preclude later operations as a final step.", "contents": "Intraoral nerve block for glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia was treated by a new method of intraoral block. The procedure consists of block for the tonsillar branch and block of the lingual branch by the injection of 5% Phenol in Glycerin. This can be applied for neuralgia with a trigger zone around the tonsil. The result is quite satisfactory. This is extremely safe and simple, and can be performed repetitively when recurrences occur. Also, this procedure does not preclude later operations as a final step.", "PMID": 577698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12787", "title": "Aerodynamic pattern of Eustachian tube dysfunction.", "content": "Detailed aerodynamic patterns for various disorders of the Eustachian tube function were reported. Simultaneous recording of the pressure in the ear canal and the pharyngeal cavity during Valsalva's maneuver and deglutition permitted an objective evaluation of different tubal dysfunctions. The patient with occluded tube showed either disturbance of the air flowing into the tube or outflowing from the tympanum to the pharynx. Depending on the degree of patency, the patulous tube showed either a synchronous change of the tympanal pressure with that of the pharyngeal cavity or an early and sudden drop of the tympanal pressure without deglutition. Through this rather simple aerodynamic technique, evaluation of different tubal dysfunction is possible.", "contents": "Aerodynamic pattern of Eustachian tube dysfunction. Detailed aerodynamic patterns for various disorders of the Eustachian tube function were reported. Simultaneous recording of the pressure in the ear canal and the pharyngeal cavity during Valsalva's maneuver and deglutition permitted an objective evaluation of different tubal dysfunctions. The patient with occluded tube showed either disturbance of the air flowing into the tube or outflowing from the tympanum to the pharynx. Depending on the degree of patency, the patulous tube showed either a synchronous change of the tympanal pressure with that of the pharyngeal cavity or an early and sudden drop of the tympanal pressure without deglutition. Through this rather simple aerodynamic technique, evaluation of different tubal dysfunction is possible.", "PMID": 577699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12788", "title": "[Changes of the motility of the pillar in case of intrathoracical affections (author's transl)].", "content": "It is shown that in the light of relevant cases the intensified movements of the pillar and the vocal cords during the respiration can indicate a pulmonary or cardiac respiratory insufficience. The increased appearance of respiratory movements of the pillar after the stress of motion goes to prove a reduced cardiorespiratory efficiency. The unilateral or bilateral reduction of motility, the ataxy and tremor of the pillar as well as disturbances of coordination of the automatically steered respiratory movements of the pillar may indicate lesions of the distal, thoracical and abdominal vagus trunk by neoplasms and operative traumas, even if this damage was done far below the offset of the Rr. pharyngici. An interpretation of these retrograde losses of motility of the pillar is given, which is also important for understanding the median and intermediary position of the paralysed vocal cord.", "contents": "[Changes of the motility of the pillar in case of intrathoracical affections (author's transl)]. It is shown that in the light of relevant cases the intensified movements of the pillar and the vocal cords during the respiration can indicate a pulmonary or cardiac respiratory insufficience. The increased appearance of respiratory movements of the pillar after the stress of motion goes to prove a reduced cardiorespiratory efficiency. The unilateral or bilateral reduction of motility, the ataxy and tremor of the pillar as well as disturbances of coordination of the automatically steered respiratory movements of the pillar may indicate lesions of the distal, thoracical and abdominal vagus trunk by neoplasms and operative traumas, even if this damage was done far below the offset of the Rr. pharyngici. An interpretation of these retrograde losses of motility of the pillar is given, which is also important for understanding the median and intermediary position of the paralysed vocal cord.", "PMID": 577700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12789", "title": "[Congenital torticollis with dislocation of the larynx and trachea caused by contracture of one omohyoides muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a boy with congenital torticollis by contracture of one omohyoid muscle with lateral displacement of the larynx and trachea, marked asymmetry of the face. Since surgery this asymmetry has nearly totally regressed, and the larynx is in median position.", "contents": "[Congenital torticollis with dislocation of the larynx and trachea caused by contracture of one omohyoides muscle (author's transl)]. Report on a boy with congenital torticollis by contracture of one omohyoid muscle with lateral displacement of the larynx and trachea, marked asymmetry of the face. Since surgery this asymmetry has nearly totally regressed, and the larynx is in median position.", "PMID": 577701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12790", "title": "[Determination of the perilymph density in the cochlea of guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The perilymph density of the sc. tympani, sc. vestibuli and the density of liquor cerebrospinalis in guinea-pigs are measured by determination from mass and volume of the fluid column in a glass capillary tube. For the density of perilymph in sc. vest. a value of (formula: see text) in sc. tymp. a value of (formula: see text), and for liquor a value of (formula: see text) was obtained.", "contents": "[Determination of the perilymph density in the cochlea of guinea pigs (author's transl)]. The perilymph density of the sc. tympani, sc. vestibuli and the density of liquor cerebrospinalis in guinea-pigs are measured by determination from mass and volume of the fluid column in a glass capillary tube. For the density of perilymph in sc. vest. a value of (formula: see text) in sc. tymp. a value of (formula: see text), and for liquor a value of (formula: see text) was obtained.", "PMID": 577702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12791", "title": "[Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part I: General strategy (author's transl)].", "content": "A repetitive cycle: hypothesis-experiment-analysis is typical for construction and evaluation of models in pharmacokinetics. A general strategy is outlined to meet the requirements of correct modelling, proper experimental design, careful experiments, valid parameter estimation and model identification.", "contents": "[Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part I: General strategy (author's transl)]. A repetitive cycle: hypothesis-experiment-analysis is typical for construction and evaluation of models in pharmacokinetics. A general strategy is outlined to meet the requirements of correct modelling, proper experimental design, careful experiments, valid parameter estimation and model identification.", "PMID": 577856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12792", "title": "[Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part II: Generalized theoretical presentation of complete integration of linear compartment models of optional structure (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of Laplace transformation is used to obtain the integral of linear differential equations for pharmacokinetic models. A general solution uniform in structure for all types of models (mammillary, catenary, mixed) was established. Choice of one more application compartments, of kinetics describing the input procedure and of elimination pathways is free.", "contents": "[Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part II: Generalized theoretical presentation of complete integration of linear compartment models of optional structure (author's transl)]. The method of Laplace transformation is used to obtain the integral of linear differential equations for pharmacokinetic models. A general solution uniform in structure for all types of models (mammillary, catenary, mixed) was established. Choice of one more application compartments, of kinetics describing the input procedure and of elimination pathways is free.", "PMID": 577857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12793", "title": "[Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part III: Simplified rules for the deduction of analytical solutions for linear compartment models (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical solutions for any linear compartment model are obtained empirically by use of simple rules. Set up of differential equations and tedious integration procedures are thus avoided. The procedure is suited for automation by a calculator. Integrated equations are accessible then even more simply and rapidly.", "contents": "[Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part III: Simplified rules for the deduction of analytical solutions for linear compartment models (author's transl)]. Analytical solutions for any linear compartment model are obtained empirically by use of simple rules. Set up of differential equations and tedious integration procedures are thus avoided. The procedure is suited for automation by a calculator. Integrated equations are accessible then even more simply and rapidly.", "PMID": 577858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12794", "title": "Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part V: Simulation of blood level curves following repetitive dosing and their experimental verification (author's transl).", "content": "An equation is given to describe the plasma level curve of any linear compartment model following multiple dosing of various doses after various time intervals. The equation is especially suitable to be used with desk top computers equipped with a plotting device. A dosage regimen can be simulated using the parameters derived from single dose experiments. Experimental check-up of the predicted curves is necessary and illustrated by two examples. Systematic deviations from the prediction indicate changes in the biological system, e.g., in absorption, by enzyme induction, saturable processes, etc.", "contents": "Model building in pharmacokinetics/Part V: Simulation of blood level curves following repetitive dosing and their experimental verification (author's transl). An equation is given to describe the plasma level curve of any linear compartment model following multiple dosing of various doses after various time intervals. The equation is especially suitable to be used with desk top computers equipped with a plotting device. A dosage regimen can be simulated using the parameters derived from single dose experiments. Experimental check-up of the predicted curves is necessary and illustrated by two examples. Systematic deviations from the prediction indicate changes in the biological system, e.g., in absorption, by enzyme induction, saturable processes, etc.", "PMID": 577860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12795", "title": "[Effects of reserpine and its derivatives on release of biogenic amines. Comparative study of the activity of reserpine and diethylaminoethyl-1-reserpine as bitartrates (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the activity of reserpine and its salt of diethylamineothyl on the central nervous system was performed. Palpebral ptosis in the mouse and depletion of catecholamines in the rat served for comparison. The reserpine salt of diethylaminoethane is a new derivative of reserpine the depleting activity of which on the central nervous system is considerably diminished.", "contents": "[Effects of reserpine and its derivatives on release of biogenic amines. Comparative study of the activity of reserpine and diethylaminoethyl-1-reserpine as bitartrates (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the activity of reserpine and its salt of diethylamineothyl on the central nervous system was performed. Palpebral ptosis in the mouse and depletion of catecholamines in the rat served for comparison. The reserpine salt of diethylaminoethane is a new derivative of reserpine the depleting activity of which on the central nervous system is considerably diminished.", "PMID": 577861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12796", "title": "Ibuproxam and ibuprofen. A pharmacological comparison.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects and the tolerability of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen) were compared with those of its derivative 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propiohydroxamic acid (ibuproxam, Ibudros. Our experiments show that the interfering action of the two drugs with the reactive processes of the tibio-tarsic articulation, brought about by carrageenin, serotonin, dextrane and formalin is of the same intensity. Also, the analgesic activity is perfectly consistent with the antipyretic one. However, the tolerability of the two molecules is different; the acute toxicity is consistent in the case of the single parenteral administration and it differs in the case of a single or repeated oral treatment. When used under these conditions, ibuproxam is considerably less damaging to the gastroenteric tube than is ibuprofen. The hypothesis is put forth that the greater tolerability of ibuproxam is due to its pharmacokinetics: it is, as such, little or not toxic for the mucous membrane of the digestive apparatus, and it progressively releases ibuprofen, whose concentrations in the blood  would remain below those levels that cause systemic lesions in the gastroenteric tract.", "contents": "Ibuproxam and ibuprofen. A pharmacological comparison. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects and the tolerability of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen) were compared with those of its derivative 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propiohydroxamic acid (ibuproxam, Ibudros. Our experiments show that the interfering action of the two drugs with the reactive processes of the tibio-tarsic articulation, brought about by carrageenin, serotonin, dextrane and formalin is of the same intensity. Also, the analgesic activity is perfectly consistent with the antipyretic one. However, the tolerability of the two molecules is different; the acute toxicity is consistent in the case of the single parenteral administration and it differs in the case of a single or repeated oral treatment. When used under these conditions, ibuproxam is considerably less damaging to the gastroenteric tube than is ibuprofen. The hypothesis is put forth that the greater tolerability of ibuproxam is due to its pharmacokinetics: it is, as such, little or not toxic for the mucous membrane of the digestive apparatus, and it progressively releases ibuprofen, whose concentrations in the blood  would remain below those levels that cause systemic lesions in the gastroenteric tract.", "PMID": 577862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12797", "title": "Determination of ibuproxam and its metabolites in the plasma and urine of rats.", "content": "The metabolism of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propio-hydroxamic acid (ibuproxam, Ibudros), a new molecule with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity was studied by its administration orally and rectally to the rat. The analysis, carried out with gas chromatographic method and thin-layer chromatography, showed that the drug is present in blood as 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen), an anti-inflammatory drug which is commonly used and the metabolites of which are already known. Using the same methods, it was observed that only a few traces of the hydroxamic acid appear in the urines of rats treated with ibuproxam, whilst the ibuprofen metabolite is absent. Therefore, we conclude that the drug ibuproxam changes rapidly into ibuprofen, following afterwards the same known metabolic process as the latter drug.", "contents": "Determination of ibuproxam and its metabolites in the plasma and urine of rats. The metabolism of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propio-hydroxamic acid (ibuproxam, Ibudros), a new molecule with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity was studied by its administration orally and rectally to the rat. The analysis, carried out with gas chromatographic method and thin-layer chromatography, showed that the drug is present in blood as 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen), an anti-inflammatory drug which is commonly used and the metabolites of which are already known. Using the same methods, it was observed that only a few traces of the hydroxamic acid appear in the urines of rats treated with ibuproxam, whilst the ibuprofen metabolite is absent. Therefore, we conclude that the drug ibuproxam changes rapidly into ibuprofen, following afterwards the same known metabolic process as the latter drug.", "PMID": 577863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12798", "title": "Charge-transfer complexes of hematoporphyrin having a pharmacological interest.", "content": "Complexes formed by hematoporphyrin with donor molecules were prepared and isolated. Among these complexes particular attention is given to that formed by reacting dimethylaminoethanol with hematoporphyrin. Some data are reported on the chemical evidence of formation like u.v. spectra. The product, named Hematodeanol, determines some sufficiently specific effects on the CNS; it remarkably cuts down the depression induced by pentobarbital, moderately hinders convulsions by metrazole, delays hypothermia by reserpine, facilites the learning of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and improves the learning of a sound discrimination at variable interval. The actions become evident when tests are carried out after a continuous treatment for 7 days and according to the data of the investigation of pharmacokinetic kind, the phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that the drug concentration in the nervous tissue, when it is administered several times at intervals of 24 h, inclines to increase progressively.", "contents": "Charge-transfer complexes of hematoporphyrin having a pharmacological interest. Complexes formed by hematoporphyrin with donor molecules were prepared and isolated. Among these complexes particular attention is given to that formed by reacting dimethylaminoethanol with hematoporphyrin. Some data are reported on the chemical evidence of formation like u.v. spectra. The product, named Hematodeanol, determines some sufficiently specific effects on the CNS; it remarkably cuts down the depression induced by pentobarbital, moderately hinders convulsions by metrazole, delays hypothermia by reserpine, facilites the learning of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and improves the learning of a sound discrimination at variable interval. The actions become evident when tests are carried out after a continuous treatment for 7 days and according to the data of the investigation of pharmacokinetic kind, the phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that the drug concentration in the nervous tissue, when it is administered several times at intervals of 24 h, inclines to increase progressively.", "PMID": 577864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12799", "title": "[Diuresis and natriuresis following application of bemeticide and triamterence in rats on normal and low-potassium diet (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations were carried out under identical conditions and were aimed at determining the effects of different doses of the two diuretics: 3-(alpha-methylbenzyl)-6-chloro-7-sulfamyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (bemeticide) and 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteredine (triamterene) as well as for their joint administration at ratios of 1:2 and 1:4, resp., with regard to renal elimination of sodium and potassium as well as to urinary output in normally and low-potassium-fed rats. The 1:2 combination of bemeticide and triamterene resulted in an optimum diuretic and sodium elimination effect with potassium values within normal range, both in the normally and in the low-potassium-fed animals. An increase of the triamterene component from the 1:2 to the 1:4 ratio did not yield additional advantages.", "contents": "[Diuresis and natriuresis following application of bemeticide and triamterence in rats on normal and low-potassium diet (author's transl)]. The investigations were carried out under identical conditions and were aimed at determining the effects of different doses of the two diuretics: 3-(alpha-methylbenzyl)-6-chloro-7-sulfamyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (bemeticide) and 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteredine (triamterene) as well as for their joint administration at ratios of 1:2 and 1:4, resp., with regard to renal elimination of sodium and potassium as well as to urinary output in normally and low-potassium-fed rats. The 1:2 combination of bemeticide and triamterene resulted in an optimum diuretic and sodium elimination effect with potassium values within normal range, both in the normally and in the low-potassium-fed animals. An increase of the triamterene component from the 1:2 to the 1:4 ratio did not yield additional advantages.", "PMID": 577865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12800", "title": "Effect of temperature of perorally administered phenol red solution on gastric emptying in the rat.", "content": "Phenol red solutions of 5,25 and 45 degress C were administered perorally to rats. 15, 30 and 45 min after administration the rats were sacrificed and the residue of phenol red in the stomach and in the small intestine determined. Precent phenol red dose recovered from the stomach versus time was found to follow first-order kinetics. The data show a decrease of gastric emptying with increasing temperature of the phenol red solution administered.", "contents": "Effect of temperature of perorally administered phenol red solution on gastric emptying in the rat. Phenol red solutions of 5,25 and 45 degress C were administered perorally to rats. 15, 30 and 45 min after administration the rats were sacrificed and the residue of phenol red in the stomach and in the small intestine determined. Precent phenol red dose recovered from the stomach versus time was found to follow first-order kinetics. The data show a decrease of gastric emptying with increasing temperature of the phenol red solution administered.", "PMID": 577868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12801", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on the antiphlogistic effect of pentosanpolysulfate in combination with metamizol].", "content": "In the present study we investigated the antiinflammatory effect of pentosanpolysulfate (SP 54) in combination with metamizol using different forms of rat paw edema (induced by dextrane, hyaluronidase, trypsin, formaldehyde, carragenine or kaolin). After s. c. application Probaphen, a new drug containing pentosanpolysulfate, metamizol, and lidocaine, proved in our experiments to exert an antiphlogistic effect about 40% stronger than the equivalent amount of SP 54 alone. Since pentosanpolysulfate by itself has no analgetic activity, its combination with metamizol results in a formulation which is not only a more potent antiinflammatory drug but will aslo counteract pains which accompany most edematous reactions. Probaphen may therefore be suggested for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and similar inflammatory and edematous processes. First clinical studies and reports on Probaphen fully support our pharmacological results.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on the antiphlogistic effect of pentosanpolysulfate in combination with metamizol]. In the present study we investigated the antiinflammatory effect of pentosanpolysulfate (SP 54) in combination with metamizol using different forms of rat paw edema (induced by dextrane, hyaluronidase, trypsin, formaldehyde, carragenine or kaolin). After s. c. application Probaphen, a new drug containing pentosanpolysulfate, metamizol, and lidocaine, proved in our experiments to exert an antiphlogistic effect about 40% stronger than the equivalent amount of SP 54 alone. Since pentosanpolysulfate by itself has no analgetic activity, its combination with metamizol results in a formulation which is not only a more potent antiinflammatory drug but will aslo counteract pains which accompany most edematous reactions. Probaphen may therefore be suggested for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and similar inflammatory and edematous processes. First clinical studies and reports on Probaphen fully support our pharmacological results.", "PMID": 577870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12802", "title": "Rutosides and radiation induced regression of experimental tumours.", "content": "The effect of some flavonoids like O-(beta-hydro-xyethyl)-rutoside, alone and in combination with X-rays, was investigated on three transplantable mouse tumours. The growth characteristics of the tumours depending on the sex of the host animal and the application of flavonoids are described. Under the different experimental conditions exployed involving 1500 mice, flavonoids did not alter the radiation effect on the tumours as neither a protective nor a sensitizing effect was observed.", "contents": "Rutosides and radiation induced regression of experimental tumours. The effect of some flavonoids like O-(beta-hydro-xyethyl)-rutoside, alone and in combination with X-rays, was investigated on three transplantable mouse tumours. The growth characteristics of the tumours depending on the sex of the host animal and the application of flavonoids are described. Under the different experimental conditions exployed involving 1500 mice, flavonoids did not alter the radiation effect on the tumours as neither a protective nor a sensitizing effect was observed.", "PMID": 577871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12803", "title": "Variations in acid and neutral protease activity of rats with thermal oedema together with the influence of various benzopyrones.", "content": "The benzopyrones are known to be very effective in reducing thermal oedema. It is believed they do this by enhancing protoelysis of the abnormal accumulated protein. However, the enzymes which are affected were not known. The effect of the benzopyrones was examined on both acid and neutral proteases in normal and thermally injured animals. In normal animals the benzopyrones at first enhanced serum acid protease levels, while serum neutral protease levels were depressed. Acid and neutral protease levels of the skin were not altered. The effect of thermal injury was to elevate serum acid protease activity and to depress neutral protease activity. Additional treatment with the benzopyrones further enhanced the former and depressed the latter. Acid and neutral protease activity of the skin was depressed by burn, but enhanced by benzopyrone treatment. The enhancement of proteolytic activities by the bezopyrones is indicative of increased phagocytosis and digestion. The resulting small protein fragments can rapidly leave the injured region thus freeing the osmotically attracted fluid, which is the cause of oedema.", "contents": "Variations in acid and neutral protease activity of rats with thermal oedema together with the influence of various benzopyrones. The benzopyrones are known to be very effective in reducing thermal oedema. It is believed they do this by enhancing protoelysis of the abnormal accumulated protein. However, the enzymes which are affected were not known. The effect of the benzopyrones was examined on both acid and neutral proteases in normal and thermally injured animals. In normal animals the benzopyrones at first enhanced serum acid protease levels, while serum neutral protease levels were depressed. Acid and neutral protease levels of the skin were not altered. The effect of thermal injury was to elevate serum acid protease activity and to depress neutral protease activity. Additional treatment with the benzopyrones further enhanced the former and depressed the latter. Acid and neutral protease activity of the skin was depressed by burn, but enhanced by benzopyrone treatment. The enhancement of proteolytic activities by the bezopyrones is indicative of increased phagocytosis and digestion. The resulting small protein fragments can rapidly leave the injured region thus freeing the osmotically attracted fluid, which is the cause of oedema.", "PMID": 577873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12804", "title": "Vasotropic drugs--a survey based on a unifying concept of their mechanism of action.", "content": "A group of vasotropic drugs was surveyed using a new assay method based on the inhibition of endothelaemia increases after a standard vascular lesion in rats. The new test is considerably more sensitive than all previous ones. It provides a common link between all tested vasotropic drugs and points also to their common mechanism of action. All of them have a protective effect on endotherlium based, in some of them at least, on the preservation of the consistency of endothelial cement. The effect is probably mediated by their influence on calcium availability.", "contents": "Vasotropic drugs--a survey based on a unifying concept of their mechanism of action. A group of vasotropic drugs was surveyed using a new assay method based on the inhibition of endothelaemia increases after a standard vascular lesion in rats. The new test is considerably more sensitive than all previous ones. It provides a common link between all tested vasotropic drugs and points also to their common mechanism of action. All of them have a protective effect on endotherlium based, in some of them at least, on the preservation of the consistency of endothelial cement. The effect is probably mediated by their influence on calcium availability.", "PMID": 577874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12805", "title": "[Biopharmaceutic investigations with D-norpseudoephedrine. 2nd communication: Bioavaliability of a depot preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentrations of D-norpseudoephedrine in the plasma of five healthy male subjects were measured after oral administration of either two Fugoa depot aragees or of a standard of 60 mg D-norpseudoephedrinehydrochloride in a hard gelatin capsule. Areas under curves (AUC) were calculated with the trapezoidal-rule for blood levels to compare bioavailability. The medium bioavailability of Fugoa depot dragees was 95% compared to the standard. With the paired t-test no significant difference in the bioavailability occurred.", "contents": "[Biopharmaceutic investigations with D-norpseudoephedrine. 2nd communication: Bioavaliability of a depot preparation (author's transl)]. The concentrations of D-norpseudoephedrine in the plasma of five healthy male subjects were measured after oral administration of either two Fugoa depot aragees or of a standard of 60 mg D-norpseudoephedrinehydrochloride in a hard gelatin capsule. Areas under curves (AUC) were calculated with the trapezoidal-rule for blood levels to compare bioavailability. The medium bioavailability of Fugoa depot dragees was 95% compared to the standard. With the paired t-test no significant difference in the bioavailability occurred.", "PMID": 577875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12806", "title": "[Experimental investigation of psychophysiological effect of a new antidepressant (lofepramine) as compared to imipramine and placebo (author's transl)].", "content": "Using 24 non-selected healthy male students the effects of imipramine (single dose of 100 mg orally) and 4'-chloro-2-[3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-propyl]-methylamino]-acetophenone-hydrochloride (lofepramine, Gamonil) (single dose of 140 mg orally) in comparison to placebo (doubleblind) on subjective, physiological and performance variables were examined. All subjects (Ss) received the three drugs in a completely counterbalanced sequence. On the basis of their scores on the Depression Scale of the Freiburger Personality Inventory (FPI, Fahrenberg) Ss were divided into two groups of 12 Ss each, \"high depression\" and \"low depression\" group. Two-way analyses of variance were computed. Imipramine and Lofepramine elevate scores in the mood scale, but only for the \"high depression\" group. For the Ss scoring lower in depression no such effect can be demonstrated. The physiological effects are similar. Reported side effects are less for lofepramine than for imipramine.", "contents": "[Experimental investigation of psychophysiological effect of a new antidepressant (lofepramine) as compared to imipramine and placebo (author's transl)]. Using 24 non-selected healthy male students the effects of imipramine (single dose of 100 mg orally) and 4'-chloro-2-[3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-propyl]-methylamino]-acetophenone-hydrochloride (lofepramine, Gamonil) (single dose of 140 mg orally) in comparison to placebo (doubleblind) on subjective, physiological and performance variables were examined. All subjects (Ss) received the three drugs in a completely counterbalanced sequence. On the basis of their scores on the Depression Scale of the Freiburger Personality Inventory (FPI, Fahrenberg) Ss were divided into two groups of 12 Ss each, \"high depression\" and \"low depression\" group. Two-way analyses of variance were computed. Imipramine and Lofepramine elevate scores in the mood scale, but only for the \"high depression\" group. For the Ss scoring lower in depression no such effect can be demonstrated. The physiological effects are similar. Reported side effects are less for lofepramine than for imipramine.", "PMID": 577876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12807", "title": "Laser photolysis and fluorescence studies on pyrene-thiazide and pyrene-diazoxide systems.", "content": "The laser photolysis studies on pyrene, pyrene-thiazides and pyrene-diazoxide systems in acetonitrile revealed that thiazides and diazoxide can scavenge the photoejected electron. It was found that the pyrene fluorescence is quenched by the present diuretics and related compounds and both static and dynamic quenching constants were obtained. Thiazides quench the fluorescence through both static and dynamic mechanism, while the small static quenching constant and no lifetime shortening of pyrene were observed in the case of diazoxide quencher. This difference may correspond to the difference of their diuretic activity.", "contents": "Laser photolysis and fluorescence studies on pyrene-thiazide and pyrene-diazoxide systems. The laser photolysis studies on pyrene, pyrene-thiazides and pyrene-diazoxide systems in acetonitrile revealed that thiazides and diazoxide can scavenge the photoejected electron. It was found that the pyrene fluorescence is quenched by the present diuretics and related compounds and both static and dynamic quenching constants were obtained. Thiazides quench the fluorescence through both static and dynamic mechanism, while the small static quenching constant and no lifetime shortening of pyrene were observed in the case of diazoxide quencher. This difference may correspond to the difference of their diuretic activity.", "PMID": 577878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12808", "title": "[Antiviral agents / 9th communication: virustatically active N-(1-adamantyl)-thiourea derivatives based on cyclic secondary amines (author's transl)].", "content": "By nucleophilic addition of pyrrolidine (2a), piperidine (2b), 3-hydroxypiperidine (2c), and 4-hydroxypiperidine (2d) on 1-adamantyl-isothiocyanate (1), the N',N'-disubstituted N-(1-adamantyl)-thiourea derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d are accessible. Particularly 3d exhibits remarkable antiviral activity vaccinia and herpes virus.", "contents": "[Antiviral agents / 9th communication: virustatically active N-(1-adamantyl)-thiourea derivatives based on cyclic secondary amines (author's transl)]. By nucleophilic addition of pyrrolidine (2a), piperidine (2b), 3-hydroxypiperidine (2c), and 4-hydroxypiperidine (2d) on 1-adamantyl-isothiocyanate (1), the N',N'-disubstituted N-(1-adamantyl)-thiourea derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d are accessible. Particularly 3d exhibits remarkable antiviral activity vaccinia and herpes virus.", "PMID": 577881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12809", "title": "[Anticoagulant activity of triiodinated x-ray opaque media (author's transl)].", "content": "The anticoagulant activity of the triiodinated X-ray opaque media iodipamide, iothalamate and diatrizoate on standardized normal human pool plasma was investigated in vitro. We found a dose dependent lengthening of the thrombin time, the reptilase time and the partial thromboplastin time together with a dose dependent drop of the calcium thromboplastin and factor V activity. Iodipamide proved to exert the most pronounced anticoagulant activity of the 3 contrast media tested. The results are interpreted as latent disseminated intravascular coagulation with hyperfibrinolysis following the direct interaction of contrast media with the coagulation enzymes.", "contents": "[Anticoagulant activity of triiodinated x-ray opaque media (author's transl)]. The anticoagulant activity of the triiodinated X-ray opaque media iodipamide, iothalamate and diatrizoate on standardized normal human pool plasma was investigated in vitro. We found a dose dependent lengthening of the thrombin time, the reptilase time and the partial thromboplastin time together with a dose dependent drop of the calcium thromboplastin and factor V activity. Iodipamide proved to exert the most pronounced anticoagulant activity of the 3 contrast media tested. The results are interpreted as latent disseminated intravascular coagulation with hyperfibrinolysis following the direct interaction of contrast media with the coagulation enzymes.", "PMID": 577882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12810", "title": "[Phytopharmacological study on proadiphene, amiphenazole and bemegride in association with phenobarbitone (author's transl)].", "content": "The capacity of 2-diethylaminoethyl-alpha, alpha-diphenylvalerate (proadiphene), 2,4-diamino-5-phenyl-thiazole (amiphenazole) and 2,6-dioxo-4-methyl-4-ethyl-piperidine (bemegride) of stimulating or stopping the growth of seedlings of Lepidium sativum L. was tested. Only bemegride shows a weak stimulating effect between 10(-3) and 10(-2) moles/l. In combination with phenobarbital these compounds counteract the stimulating effect and increase the inhibiting one of this barbiturate on the growth of the seedlings.", "contents": "[Phytopharmacological study on proadiphene, amiphenazole and bemegride in association with phenobarbitone (author's transl)]. The capacity of 2-diethylaminoethyl-alpha, alpha-diphenylvalerate (proadiphene), 2,4-diamino-5-phenyl-thiazole (amiphenazole) and 2,6-dioxo-4-methyl-4-ethyl-piperidine (bemegride) of stimulating or stopping the growth of seedlings of Lepidium sativum L. was tested. Only bemegride shows a weak stimulating effect between 10(-3) and 10(-2) moles/l. In combination with phenobarbital these compounds counteract the stimulating effect and increase the inhibiting one of this barbiturate on the growth of the seedlings.", "PMID": 577883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12811", "title": "[Exchange of aromatically bound halogen for OH- and SCH3-groups in metabolising clozapine in the human organism (author's transl)].", "content": "8-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo-(b,e)(1,4)-diazepine (clozapine, 1) is metabolized in humans by exchange of the aromatic halogen for a hydroxy- or a methylthio-group (compounds 2 and 3). Further metabolites are the N-demethyl derivatives of 2 and 3, the compounds 4 and 5. In addition a clozapine metabolite with the structure 6 with an oxidized piperazine ring was found. The presence of a metabolite with an oxidized sulfur atom is suggested. Possible ways for the formation of these metabolites are discussed.", "contents": "[Exchange of aromatically bound halogen for OH- and SCH3-groups in metabolising clozapine in the human organism (author's transl)]. 8-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo-(b,e)(1,4)-diazepine (clozapine, 1) is metabolized in humans by exchange of the aromatic halogen for a hydroxy- or a methylthio-group (compounds 2 and 3). Further metabolites are the N-demethyl derivatives of 2 and 3, the compounds 4 and 5. In addition a clozapine metabolite with the structure 6 with an oxidized piperazine ring was found. The presence of a metabolite with an oxidized sulfur atom is suggested. Possible ways for the formation of these metabolites are discussed.", "PMID": 577884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12812", "title": "[Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of grandiflorenic acid [kauradiene-9(11),16-oic acid-18] / 1st communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Grandiflorenic acid is oxidized by several partial-synthetic ways. The spectroscopic properties of the resulting compounds are compared in mass-, IR- and 1H-NMR-spectrometer.", "contents": "[Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of grandiflorenic acid [kauradiene-9(11),16-oic acid-18] / 1st communication (author's transl)]. Grandiflorenic acid is oxidized by several partial-synthetic ways. The spectroscopic properties of the resulting compounds are compared in mass-, IR- and 1H-NMR-spectrometer.", "PMID": 577885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12813", "title": "Isolation of apoprotein from bovine lung surfactant material by sodium deoxycholate.", "content": "Aqueous solutions of bovine lung surfactant material were solubilized with a high concentration of sodium deoxycholate and the protein moiety could then be separated from the mixed lipid-sodium deoxycholate micelles by gel filtration in the presence of a micellar concentration of sodium deoxycholate of 10 mM. The lipid-free protein showed only one detectable peak in the gel filtrate and the sedimentation rate of this protein was 12.1 S. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis showed essentially the same pattern as did the protein extracted directly from the bovine lung surfactant material with organic solvents, of which the major component has a molecular weight of 36 000. This protein should be the main apoprotein of lung surfactant material, and the main band in the sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis, with a molecular weight of 36 000, would constitute the major protein subunit.", "contents": "Isolation of apoprotein from bovine lung surfactant material by sodium deoxycholate. Aqueous solutions of bovine lung surfactant material were solubilized with a high concentration of sodium deoxycholate and the protein moiety could then be separated from the mixed lipid-sodium deoxycholate micelles by gel filtration in the presence of a micellar concentration of sodium deoxycholate of 10 mM. The lipid-free protein showed only one detectable peak in the gel filtrate and the sedimentation rate of this protein was 12.1 S. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis showed essentially the same pattern as did the protein extracted directly from the bovine lung surfactant material with organic solvents, of which the major component has a molecular weight of 36 000. This protein should be the main apoprotein of lung surfactant material, and the main band in the sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis, with a molecular weight of 36 000, would constitute the major protein subunit.", "PMID": 577886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12814", "title": "On enzymatic clotting processes. I. Kinetics of enzyme-triggered coagulation reactions.", "content": "The kinetics of enzymatic clotting reactions such as the clotting of blood or milk, is analyzed. The appearance of a lag phase in the clotting is shown to be due to the difference in reaction order of enzymatic production and flocculation. The weight-average particle weight of the product formed is found to be a quadratic function of the reaction time. The condition for the clotting time is t square root of ksV/2 = C, where t is the clotting time, ks the flocculation rate constant, V the maximum rate of enzymatic product formation and C a constant. In agreement with this result double-logarithmic plots of t versus enzyme dilution are always observed to be linear over a wide range of enzyme concentrations. No statistical evidence could be produced for the widely held belief that the clotting time should be inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration. Varying exponents of the latter in its relation to the clotting time are discussed in terms of von Smoluchowski's theory of the slow coagulation of colloidal particles.", "contents": "On enzymatic clotting processes. I. Kinetics of enzyme-triggered coagulation reactions. The kinetics of enzymatic clotting reactions such as the clotting of blood or milk, is analyzed. The appearance of a lag phase in the clotting is shown to be due to the difference in reaction order of enzymatic production and flocculation. The weight-average particle weight of the product formed is found to be a quadratic function of the reaction time. The condition for the clotting time is t square root of ksV/2 = C, where t is the clotting time, ks the flocculation rate constant, V the maximum rate of enzymatic product formation and C a constant. In agreement with this result double-logarithmic plots of t versus enzyme dilution are always observed to be linear over a wide range of enzyme concentrations. No statistical evidence could be produced for the widely held belief that the clotting time should be inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration. Varying exponents of the latter in its relation to the clotting time are discussed in terms of von Smoluchowski's theory of the slow coagulation of colloidal particles.", "PMID": 577887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12815", "title": "Combination intrathecal therapy for meningeal leukemia: two versus three drugs.", "content": "The comparative effectiveness of intrathecal (IT) combination chemotherapy using two agents, methotrexate (MTX) and hydrocortisone (HDC), and three agents, MTX, HDC, and cytosine arabinoside (CA), in treating meningeal leukemia was determined in a randomized Southwest Oncology Group study. Following central nervous system (CNS) remission induction the same regimen was used for periodic maintenance until CNS relapse supervened. Complete CNS remission was achieved in 100% of 43 children given two-agent therapy and in 96% of 48 children given three-agent therapy. Length of CNS remission for two-agent therapy was 1-150+ wk, median 47.2 wk; for three-agent therapy, remissions were 1-190+ wk, median 64.6 wk. Differences in length of remission curves were not of statistical significance (p=0.71). Toxicity of combination IT chemotherapy in the two- and three-agent regimens was reduced compared to that of IT MTX alone for CNS remission induction and maintenance. The additive effects of the IT drug combinations have been less than expected. The cytocidal activity of these agents when administered simultaneously of sequentially is not fully understood. Further studies are clearly indicated to determine optimum doses, schedules, and sequences for the chemotherapeutic agents which can be given intrathecally in combination.", "contents": "Combination intrathecal therapy for meningeal leukemia: two versus three drugs. The comparative effectiveness of intrathecal (IT) combination chemotherapy using two agents, methotrexate (MTX) and hydrocortisone (HDC), and three agents, MTX, HDC, and cytosine arabinoside (CA), in treating meningeal leukemia was determined in a randomized Southwest Oncology Group study. Following central nervous system (CNS) remission induction the same regimen was used for periodic maintenance until CNS relapse supervened. Complete CNS remission was achieved in 100% of 43 children given two-agent therapy and in 96% of 48 children given three-agent therapy. Length of CNS remission for two-agent therapy was 1-150+ wk, median 47.2 wk; for three-agent therapy, remissions were 1-190+ wk, median 64.6 wk. Differences in length of remission curves were not of statistical significance (p=0.71). Toxicity of combination IT chemotherapy in the two- and three-agent regimens was reduced compared to that of IT MTX alone for CNS remission induction and maintenance. The additive effects of the IT drug combinations have been less than expected. The cytocidal activity of these agents when administered simultaneously of sequentially is not fully understood. Further studies are clearly indicated to determine optimum doses, schedules, and sequences for the chemotherapeutic agents which can be given intrathecally in combination.", "PMID": 577889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12816", "title": "Is milk a coronary health hazard?", "content": "Epidemiological and clinical evidence is presented on an association between the quantity of milk consumed and the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. It is suggested that the daily intake of liquid milk for adults should be at most one-third of a pint (less than 0-21).", "contents": "Is milk a coronary health hazard? Epidemiological and clinical evidence is presented on an association between the quantity of milk consumed and the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. It is suggested that the daily intake of liquid milk for adults should be at most one-third of a pint (less than 0-21).", "PMID": 577890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12817", "title": "Antitumor effects of RNA isolated from murine tumors and embryos.", "content": "We describe the antitumor effects of a certain RNA(s) isolated from murine tumors and embryos. A single i.v. injected of 10 to 30 microgram of this RNA(s) induces necrosis, hemorrhages, and regression of solid tumors in the strain of origin; in pregnant mice it is embryotoxic, causing resorption of the embryos, but has no toxic effect upon the tumor-bearing or pregnant host. Its action is highly specific, and its presence in both tumors and embryos suggests that it may result from reexpression of embryonic genes in tumor cells.", "contents": "Antitumor effects of RNA isolated from murine tumors and embryos. We describe the antitumor effects of a certain RNA(s) isolated from murine tumors and embryos. A single i.v. injected of 10 to 30 microgram of this RNA(s) induces necrosis, hemorrhages, and regression of solid tumors in the strain of origin; in pregnant mice it is embryotoxic, causing resorption of the embryos, but has no toxic effect upon the tumor-bearing or pregnant host. Its action is highly specific, and its presence in both tumors and embryos suggests that it may result from reexpression of embryonic genes in tumor cells.", "PMID": 577892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12818", "title": "Perilymph penetration of methotrexate in cats.", "content": "The perilymph of the inner ear has recently been suggested as a site of frequent leukemic or lymphomatous infiltrates. Experimental evidence supports the existence of barrier mechanisms and explains the attenuated entry of several substances, including chemotherapeutic agents, from either the cerebrospinal fluid or blood into theperilymph. The present study describes the attenuated entry of methotrexate into the perilymph compartment of experimental animals following intrathecal or iv administration.", "contents": "Perilymph penetration of methotrexate in cats. The perilymph of the inner ear has recently been suggested as a site of frequent leukemic or lymphomatous infiltrates. Experimental evidence supports the existence of barrier mechanisms and explains the attenuated entry of several substances, including chemotherapeutic agents, from either the cerebrospinal fluid or blood into theperilymph. The present study describes the attenuated entry of methotrexate into the perilymph compartment of experimental animals following intrathecal or iv administration.", "PMID": 577893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12819", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of intrathecal methotrexate. I. Pharmacokinetics in nontoxic patients after lumbar injection.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were measured in 76 children and adults who received intrathecal MTX, 12 mg/m2 body surface area, without developing symptoms of lumbar puncture syndrome or drug-induced neurotoxicity. After an initial rapid redistribution of the injected drug, the mean antifolate value in the lumbar CSF declined in a biphasic manner with half-lives of 4.5 and 14 hours. In the plasma the mean MTX concentration reached a peak of 2 X 10(-7) M between 3 and 12 hours after injection and decreased biexponentially thereafter with half-lives of 5.5 and 24 hours. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that the predominant mode of MTX transfer from the central nervous system to the systemic circulation is bulk flow absorption of CSF with entrained drug. The two phases of disappearance from the lumbar CSF appear to result from interaction of the convective transport and diffusion between the CSF and brain extracellular fluid (and perhaps some intracellular sites).", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of intrathecal methotrexate. I. Pharmacokinetics in nontoxic patients after lumbar injection. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were measured in 76 children and adults who received intrathecal MTX, 12 mg/m2 body surface area, without developing symptoms of lumbar puncture syndrome or drug-induced neurotoxicity. After an initial rapid redistribution of the injected drug, the mean antifolate value in the lumbar CSF declined in a biphasic manner with half-lives of 4.5 and 14 hours. In the plasma the mean MTX concentration reached a peak of 2 X 10(-7) M between 3 and 12 hours after injection and decreased biexponentially thereafter with half-lives of 5.5 and 24 hours. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that the predominant mode of MTX transfer from the central nervous system to the systemic circulation is bulk flow absorption of CSF with entrained drug. The two phases of disappearance from the lumbar CSF appear to result from interaction of the convective transport and diffusion between the CSF and brain extracellular fluid (and perhaps some intracellular sites).", "PMID": 577895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12820", "title": "Reduction of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) induced by propranolol.", "content": "The effect of propranolol on plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine uptake by Sephadex G-25 (RT3U%) was studied in fourteen thyrotoxic patients and eight normal volunteers. 40 mg of propranolol as a single oral dose caused significant reduction in total serum T3 which began 60 min after administration. No significant changes were observed in T4 and RT3U% values. Plasma T3 levels remained suppressed during a 5 day course of treatment with propranolol. These results suggest that propranolol has a direct effect on peripheral metabolism of T3 rather than on thyroid hormone secretion.", "contents": "Reduction of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) induced by propranolol. The effect of propranolol on plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine uptake by Sephadex G-25 (RT3U%) was studied in fourteen thyrotoxic patients and eight normal volunteers. 40 mg of propranolol as a single oral dose caused significant reduction in total serum T3 which began 60 min after administration. No significant changes were observed in T4 and RT3U% values. Plasma T3 levels remained suppressed during a 5 day course of treatment with propranolol. These results suggest that propranolol has a direct effect on peripheral metabolism of T3 rather than on thyroid hormone secretion.", "PMID": 577897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12821", "title": "Development of a lymphocytic lymphoma during immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine for systemic lupus erythematosus with renal involvement induced by phenylbutazone.", "content": "A case of systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) with renal involvement after the administration of phenylbutazone is described. The patient subsequently developed a lymphocytic lymphoma following two years treatment with azathioprine and prednisone. Although the association between SLE, immunosuppressive therapy and the development of lymphomas is well documented, the increased incidence of malignant disease in uremic patients is less well recognized. The varied factors that may have contributed to the development of the lymphoma in this case are discussed, together with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Development of a lymphocytic lymphoma during immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine for systemic lupus erythematosus with renal involvement induced by phenylbutazone. A case of systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) with renal involvement after the administration of phenylbutazone is described. The patient subsequently developed a lymphocytic lymphoma following two years treatment with azathioprine and prednisone. Although the association between SLE, immunosuppressive therapy and the development of lymphomas is well documented, the increased incidence of malignant disease in uremic patients is less well recognized. The varied factors that may have contributed to the development of the lymphoma in this case are discussed, together with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 577907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12822", "title": "Genital herpes: the newest venereal disease. Report of a case associated with aseptic meningitis.", "content": "A case of genital herpes associated with aseptic meningitis is presented. The current concepts regarding epidemiology and pathogenesis, with special attention to involvement of the central nervous system, are discussed. The various clinical and laboratory aspects of the disease are briefly discussed. A review of the literature revealed only forty-four cases of proved herpetic infection of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients other than neonates. The concept of genital herpes as a new and serious public health problem is presented. With the present state of our knowledge and technology, genital herpetic infections will be a major problem for some time to come.", "contents": "Genital herpes: the newest venereal disease. Report of a case associated with aseptic meningitis. A case of genital herpes associated with aseptic meningitis is presented. The current concepts regarding epidemiology and pathogenesis, with special attention to involvement of the central nervous system, are discussed. The various clinical and laboratory aspects of the disease are briefly discussed. A review of the literature revealed only forty-four cases of proved herpetic infection of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients other than neonates. The concept of genital herpes as a new and serious public health problem is presented. With the present state of our knowledge and technology, genital herpetic infections will be a major problem for some time to come.", "PMID": 577908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12823", "title": "[Intraamnial application of 14C-labeled lecithine at man 13 hrs. ante partum (author's transl)].", "content": "It was examined, whether by intraamnial applicated lecithine an approaching respiratory distress syndrome could be prevented. This possibility of therapy was tested on a fetus unviable of life. It was shown by examining the lavage-fluid of the fetal lung, as well as the organ homogenates of lung; liver and gut, that the intraamnial applicated lecithine was metabolised and resynthesised in the organism. In the lung the lecithine was present as a complete molecule.", "contents": "[Intraamnial application of 14C-labeled lecithine at man 13 hrs. ante partum (author's transl)]. It was examined, whether by intraamnial applicated lecithine an approaching respiratory distress syndrome could be prevented. This possibility of therapy was tested on a fetus unviable of life. It was shown by examining the lavage-fluid of the fetal lung, as well as the organ homogenates of lung; liver and gut, that the intraamnial applicated lecithine was metabolised and resynthesised in the organism. In the lung the lecithine was present as a complete molecule.", "PMID": 577912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12824", "title": "[Studies on the relationship of maturity to the tolerance of ischemia].", "content": "In newborn rabbits during asphyxia caused by ligature of the trachea circulation was maintained 2-3 times as long as in adult rabbits because in contrast to the adults myocardial energy loss in asphyxia is rather low caused by a small energy consumption for circulatory work. In the cerebral cortex of newborn rabbits glycolysis is able to meet a good part of energy demand, with the energetic situation predominantly depending on glucose supply by maintenance of circulation. Thus in addition sufficient blood glucose levels deliberated from glycogen stores in liver and lung are an important factor for the central nervous revivability. Kidney and skeletal muscle tolerate anaerobic periods for rather long time because of their high glycogen stores and low metabolic activity but do not contribute to glucose supply of other tissues.", "contents": "[Studies on the relationship of maturity to the tolerance of ischemia]. In newborn rabbits during asphyxia caused by ligature of the trachea circulation was maintained 2-3 times as long as in adult rabbits because in contrast to the adults myocardial energy loss in asphyxia is rather low caused by a small energy consumption for circulatory work. In the cerebral cortex of newborn rabbits glycolysis is able to meet a good part of energy demand, with the energetic situation predominantly depending on glucose supply by maintenance of circulation. Thus in addition sufficient blood glucose levels deliberated from glycogen stores in liver and lung are an important factor for the central nervous revivability. Kidney and skeletal muscle tolerate anaerobic periods for rather long time because of their high glycogen stores and low metabolic activity but do not contribute to glucose supply of other tissues.", "PMID": 577915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12825", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of carfecillin and carindacillin.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of carfecillin and carindacillin was compared in 10 volunteers. The pharmacokinetic parameters of both antibiotics were also determined using an analog computer. From the pharmacokinetic point of view, no significant differences between the two carbenicillin esters were found.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of carfecillin and carindacillin. The pharmacokinetics of carfecillin and carindacillin was compared in 10 volunteers. The pharmacokinetic parameters of both antibiotics were also determined using an analog computer. From the pharmacokinetic point of view, no significant differences between the two carbenicillin esters were found.", "PMID": 577917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12826", "title": "Factors affecting the bioavailability of phenytoin.", "content": "The bioavailability of seven phenytoin (DPH) formulations, five brands of tablets and two suspensions, was measured in a cross-over study with six healthy volunteers. Single doses of 600 mg of DPH were used and the bioavailability was determined as the area under the serum DPH concentration-time curve (AUC). Highly significant differences between the bioavailability of various products were found. The highest bioavailability was obtained with suspension prepared from the micronized raw material of DPH and the lowest bioavailability (26% of that of the former suspension) with the tablets having the largest particle size of DPH. The in vitro dissolution rate of the products in borate buffer at pH 9 showed a significant (p less than 0.01; r=0.93) correlation with the in vivo bioavailability of the DPH products. In addition to the particle size, several other formulation factors are important for dissolution rate and absorption characteristics of DPH products. The properly performed measurement of the in vitro dissolution rate can be used as a preliminary screening test in predicting the bioavailability of DPH products.", "contents": "Factors affecting the bioavailability of phenytoin. The bioavailability of seven phenytoin (DPH) formulations, five brands of tablets and two suspensions, was measured in a cross-over study with six healthy volunteers. Single doses of 600 mg of DPH were used and the bioavailability was determined as the area under the serum DPH concentration-time curve (AUC). Highly significant differences between the bioavailability of various products were found. The highest bioavailability was obtained with suspension prepared from the micronized raw material of DPH and the lowest bioavailability (26% of that of the former suspension) with the tablets having the largest particle size of DPH. The in vitro dissolution rate of the products in borate buffer at pH 9 showed a significant (p less than 0.01; r=0.93) correlation with the in vivo bioavailability of the DPH products. In addition to the particle size, several other formulation factors are important for dissolution rate and absorption characteristics of DPH products. The properly performed measurement of the in vitro dissolution rate can be used as a preliminary screening test in predicting the bioavailability of DPH products.", "PMID": 577918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12827", "title": "Pulmonary surfactants in pulmonary oedema induced by head injury in mice.", "content": "A study has been carried out to examine the role of pulmonary surfactants in pulmonary oedema induced by head injury. Pulmonary oedema was induced by head injury in mice by the method of Mackay (5). There was no change in surface tension as well as total phospholipid concentration of the lung between control and test groups suggesting that there was no involvement of lung surfactant sytem in pulmonary oedema induced by head injury. Since the animals in the test group died within a few minutes, possibly there may not have been sufficient time for alteration of lung surfactant system.", "contents": "Pulmonary surfactants in pulmonary oedema induced by head injury in mice. A study has been carried out to examine the role of pulmonary surfactants in pulmonary oedema induced by head injury. Pulmonary oedema was induced by head injury in mice by the method of Mackay (5). There was no change in surface tension as well as total phospholipid concentration of the lung between control and test groups suggesting that there was no involvement of lung surfactant sytem in pulmonary oedema induced by head injury. Since the animals in the test group died within a few minutes, possibly there may not have been sufficient time for alteration of lung surfactant system.", "PMID": 577916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12828", "title": "Photography of peripheral pulmonary airway expansion as affected by surfactant.", "content": "Edges of excised lungs from twenty 27-day-old rabbit fetuses were photographed as tracheal pressure was raised and air entered alveoli. Lungs from two littermates were expanded simultaneously with pressure up to 50 cmH2O. The effect of surfactant (SA) on peripheal airway expansion was assessed by depositing 25 mul of SA suspension in the trachea of one pair of lungs. The suspension was obtained by washing the lungs of young adult rabbits and concentrating the SA by centrifugation. In 9 of the 10 experiments, the SA-treated lung was the first to become expanded. When pressure was lowered to 10 or 0 cmH2O, peripheral airways of treated lungs usually maintained expansion; air in control lung alveoli disappeared, or was trapped. High surface tension tended to collapse the cylindrical respiratory bronchiole rather than the spherical alveolus, causing air trapping, if the radius of the cylinder was less than half of the sphere. SA lessened collapsing tendency in the respiratory bronchiole.", "contents": "Photography of peripheral pulmonary airway expansion as affected by surfactant. Edges of excised lungs from twenty 27-day-old rabbit fetuses were photographed as tracheal pressure was raised and air entered alveoli. Lungs from two littermates were expanded simultaneously with pressure up to 50 cmH2O. The effect of surfactant (SA) on peripheal airway expansion was assessed by depositing 25 mul of SA suspension in the trachea of one pair of lungs. The suspension was obtained by washing the lungs of young adult rabbits and concentrating the SA by centrifugation. In 9 of the 10 experiments, the SA-treated lung was the first to become expanded. When pressure was lowered to 10 or 0 cmH2O, peripheral airways of treated lungs usually maintained expansion; air in control lung alveoli disappeared, or was trapped. High surface tension tended to collapse the cylindrical respiratory bronchiole rather than the spherical alveolus, causing air trapping, if the radius of the cylinder was less than half of the sphere. SA lessened collapsing tendency in the respiratory bronchiole.", "PMID": 577922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12829", "title": "Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy: orbital evaluation with B-scan ultrasonography.", "content": "B-Scan ultrasonography was used to show muscle enlargement in all patients with Graves' disease and positive eye signs even when the clinical signs were minimal (lid lag and stare only). In addition, in cases of Graves' disease without clinical eye signs, 63% of orbital examinations showed ultrasonic evidence of muscle enlargement, often to a marked degree. This occurred more frequently in euthyroid patients after ablation of the thyroid by surgery or radiation, than in frankly thyrotoxic patients. The presence of subclinical ophthalmopathy in the fellow eye is a useful diagnostic aid in cases of uniocular proptosis.", "contents": "Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy: orbital evaluation with B-scan ultrasonography. B-Scan ultrasonography was used to show muscle enlargement in all patients with Graves' disease and positive eye signs even when the clinical signs were minimal (lid lag and stare only). In addition, in cases of Graves' disease without clinical eye signs, 63% of orbital examinations showed ultrasonic evidence of muscle enlargement, often to a marked degree. This occurred more frequently in euthyroid patients after ablation of the thyroid by surgery or radiation, than in frankly thyrotoxic patients. The presence of subclinical ophthalmopathy in the fellow eye is a useful diagnostic aid in cases of uniocular proptosis.", "PMID": 577926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12830", "title": "Use of litmus milk agar for presumptive identification of cutaneous propionibacteria.", "content": "Presumptive identification of cutaneous propionibacteria can be achieved with litmus milk agar as medium.", "contents": "Use of litmus milk agar for presumptive identification of cutaneous propionibacteria. Presumptive identification of cutaneous propionibacteria can be achieved with litmus milk agar as medium.", "PMID": 577927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12831", "title": "Aortic mycotic abdominal aneurysm involving all visceral branches: excision and dacron graft replacement.", "content": "A 41 year-old patient with an aortic mycotic abdominal aneurysm involving all visceral branches is presented. Excision and dacron graft replacement involving limbs to the coeliac axis, superior mesenteric, and both renal arteries was accomplished successfully. The rationale for employing dacron material in infected tissue is reviewed. In our opinion, an integral aspect of its usage includes the debridement or removal of the aneurysm in conjunction with prolonged antibiotic coverage postoperatively. The patient is alive and free of apparent infection one year following surgery.", "contents": "Aortic mycotic abdominal aneurysm involving all visceral branches: excision and dacron graft replacement. A 41 year-old patient with an aortic mycotic abdominal aneurysm involving all visceral branches is presented. Excision and dacron graft replacement involving limbs to the coeliac axis, superior mesenteric, and both renal arteries was accomplished successfully. The rationale for employing dacron material in infected tissue is reviewed. In our opinion, an integral aspect of its usage includes the debridement or removal of the aneurysm in conjunction with prolonged antibiotic coverage postoperatively. The patient is alive and free of apparent infection one year following surgery.", "PMID": 577923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12832", "title": "Milk consumption by black and by white pupils in two primary schools.", "content": "It is heartening to note that relatively well nourished black children in the United States, a number of whom are, in all probability, lactose intolerant and most of whom are destined to become lactose intolerant adults, are able to consume nutritionally valuable quantities of milk with meals and, on the whole, do not report suffering from any abdominal pain or discomfort. It is also encouraging that this population of over two hundred primary school children consumed, on the average, 75 per cent of the 1/2 pt. milk served with lunch, reported drinking an average of three glasses of milk daily, and the vast majority reported liking milk and a number of other dairy products which are important nutrient sources in their diets.", "contents": "Milk consumption by black and by white pupils in two primary schools. It is heartening to note that relatively well nourished black children in the United States, a number of whom are, in all probability, lactose intolerant and most of whom are destined to become lactose intolerant adults, are able to consume nutritionally valuable quantities of milk with meals and, on the whole, do not report suffering from any abdominal pain or discomfort. It is also encouraging that this population of over two hundred primary school children consumed, on the average, 75 per cent of the 1/2 pt. milk served with lunch, reported drinking an average of three glasses of milk daily, and the vast majority reported liking milk and a number of other dairy products which are important nutrient sources in their diets.", "PMID": 577929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12833", "title": "The management of infected arterial aneurysms.", "content": "Infected aneurysms involve the aorta, visceral and peripheral arteries and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Prompt confirmation of the suspicion of infection, resection of all infected tissue, and prolonged antibiotic therapy based on appropriate sensitivity studies are crucial to successful management. Patients whose aortic aneurysms grew Gram negative organisms were more likely to suffer early rupture of an aortic aneurysm, and had a higher mortality. Superior mesenteric aneurysms are preferably treated by resection. Upper extremity aneurysms can often be excised without distal ischemia. Lower extremity aneurysms were more likely to require reconstruction which can be accomplished through non-infected tissue planes, preferably with autogenous tissue.", "contents": "The management of infected arterial aneurysms. Infected aneurysms involve the aorta, visceral and peripheral arteries and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Prompt confirmation of the suspicion of infection, resection of all infected tissue, and prolonged antibiotic therapy based on appropriate sensitivity studies are crucial to successful management. Patients whose aortic aneurysms grew Gram negative organisms were more likely to suffer early rupture of an aortic aneurysm, and had a higher mortality. Superior mesenteric aneurysms are preferably treated by resection. Upper extremity aneurysms can often be excised without distal ischemia. Lower extremity aneurysms were more likely to require reconstruction which can be accomplished through non-infected tissue planes, preferably with autogenous tissue.", "PMID": 577924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12834", "title": "Studies on the ecology of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. II. Survival and development.", "content": "Quantitative data are given on the survival and rate of development of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch in relation to temperature and humidity, in laboratory and field conditions. By comparison with other ixodid species the developmental periods of A. hebraeum are extremely long. Development is most rapid at 30 C, and the duration of the developmental periods increases exponentially with decreasing temperature. Oviposition occurs successfully at 15 and 30 C, egg incubation at 20 to 30 C, and larval and nymphal molting at 15 to 35 C. The ability of the developing stages to survive in dry conditions increases with increasing size, i.e. from egg to engorged larva. Mortality in the developing stages increases at low humidities as temperature decreases, due to the longer periods over which water is lost. The conversion efficiency of ovipositing females is influenced by both temperature and atmospheric humidity. Longevity of unfed larvae is correlated directly with saturation deficit. Longevity of unfed nymphs and adults is dependent on both temperature and saturation deficit.", "contents": "Studies on the ecology of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. II. Survival and development. Quantitative data are given on the survival and rate of development of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch in relation to temperature and humidity, in laboratory and field conditions. By comparison with other ixodid species the developmental periods of A. hebraeum are extremely long. Development is most rapid at 30 C, and the duration of the developmental periods increases exponentially with decreasing temperature. Oviposition occurs successfully at 15 and 30 C, egg incubation at 20 to 30 C, and larval and nymphal molting at 15 to 35 C. The ability of the developing stages to survive in dry conditions increases with increasing size, i.e. from egg to engorged larva. Mortality in the developing stages increases at low humidities as temperature decreases, due to the longer periods over which water is lost. The conversion efficiency of ovipositing females is influenced by both temperature and atmospheric humidity. Longevity of unfed larvae is correlated directly with saturation deficit. Longevity of unfed nymphs and adults is dependent on both temperature and saturation deficit.", "PMID": 577931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12835", "title": "Interaction of hydrocortisone with model membranes containing phospholipid and cholesterol.", "content": "Pure and mixed monolayers of lecithin and cholesterol were spread on substrates of dissolved hydrocortisone at 25 and 37 degrees. The presence of hydrocortisone increased the surface pressure of dipalmitoyl and egg lecithin films that were in head contact. The increase in surface pressure was dependent on steroid concentration. There were no significant interactions with coherent cholesterol monolayers. Penetration of hydrocortisone was decreased by the addition of cholesterol to the monolayer system. These model membrane systems indicate that hydrocortisone interacts with the hydrated polar head group of the phospholipid and not with films whose molecules are in hydrocarbon tail contact.", "contents": "Interaction of hydrocortisone with model membranes containing phospholipid and cholesterol. Pure and mixed monolayers of lecithin and cholesterol were spread on substrates of dissolved hydrocortisone at 25 and 37 degrees. The presence of hydrocortisone increased the surface pressure of dipalmitoyl and egg lecithin films that were in head contact. The increase in surface pressure was dependent on steroid concentration. There were no significant interactions with coherent cholesterol monolayers. Penetration of hydrocortisone was decreased by the addition of cholesterol to the monolayer system. These model membrane systems indicate that hydrocortisone interacts with the hydrated polar head group of the phospholipid and not with films whose molecules are in hydrocarbon tail contact.", "PMID": 577933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12836", "title": "Selection of breast cancer patients for adjuvant chemotherapy. Another look at the prognostic importance of involved lymph nodes.", "content": "To aid in the selection of breast cancer patients for adjuvant chemotherapy, 263 patients with primary breast carcinoma undergoing curative surgery at the Yale-New Haven Medical Center were examined with respect to axillary lymph node involvement and prognosis. Thirty-five percent of patients with one to three axillary nodes histologically involved with cancer relapsed within five years, as did 61% of patients with four or more cancer-positive nodes. Equally important was the clinical stage. Stage III patients had a poor prognosis (71% relapse rate) regardless of their axillary status. Stage I patients with metastasis to one to three axillary nodes did just as well as stage I patients with no nodal involvement (13% relapse rate). Relapse rates within the nodal categories are significnatly less (P less than .05) than those reported by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project.", "contents": "Selection of breast cancer patients for adjuvant chemotherapy. Another look at the prognostic importance of involved lymph nodes. To aid in the selection of breast cancer patients for adjuvant chemotherapy, 263 patients with primary breast carcinoma undergoing curative surgery at the Yale-New Haven Medical Center were examined with respect to axillary lymph node involvement and prognosis. Thirty-five percent of patients with one to three axillary nodes histologically involved with cancer relapsed within five years, as did 61% of patients with four or more cancer-positive nodes. Equally important was the clinical stage. Stage III patients had a poor prognosis (71% relapse rate) regardless of their axillary status. Stage I patients with metastasis to one to three axillary nodes did just as well as stage I patients with no nodal involvement (13% relapse rate). Relapse rates within the nodal categories are significnatly less (P less than .05) than those reported by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project.", "PMID": 577942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12837", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonography and thin-needle cholangiography. Evaluation in the jaundiced patient.", "content": "Gray-scale ultrasonography (GSU) and thin-needle cholangiography (TNC) were performed in 35 consecutive patients with unexplained jaundice. The status of the biliary tree was correctly assessed by GSU in 33 of 35 cases (94%); in two patients technical difficulty prevented definitive assessment. Neither false-positive nor false-negative results were encountered. There were no discrepancies between the results of GSU and TNC. We conclude that GSU provides a safe, highly reliable method of assessing the jaundiced patient and should be the preferred initial procedure in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with jaundice when the major differential lies between the medical and surgical types. If GSU does not demonstrate a dilated biliary system, TNC is unnecessary, and other diagnostic studies should be undertaken.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonography and thin-needle cholangiography. Evaluation in the jaundiced patient. Gray-scale ultrasonography (GSU) and thin-needle cholangiography (TNC) were performed in 35 consecutive patients with unexplained jaundice. The status of the biliary tree was correctly assessed by GSU in 33 of 35 cases (94%); in two patients technical difficulty prevented definitive assessment. Neither false-positive nor false-negative results were encountered. There were no discrepancies between the results of GSU and TNC. We conclude that GSU provides a safe, highly reliable method of assessing the jaundiced patient and should be the preferred initial procedure in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with jaundice when the major differential lies between the medical and surgical types. If GSU does not demonstrate a dilated biliary system, TNC is unnecessary, and other diagnostic studies should be undertaken.", "PMID": 577943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12838", "title": "Lightning-strike disaster among children.", "content": "A lightning strike involving 47 children is described. Four cases demonstrate the most common and serious resulting pathology: burns, myocardial infarction, and neurological symptoms varying from feelings of fear and nightmares to brain death. The pathophysiology of lightning injury is described. The importance of immediate resuscitation of the victim who appears dead after a lightning strike is emphasized, and procedures to prevent lighting injury are presented.", "contents": "Lightning-strike disaster among children. A lightning strike involving 47 children is described. Four cases demonstrate the most common and serious resulting pathology: burns, myocardial infarction, and neurological symptoms varying from feelings of fear and nightmares to brain death. The pathophysiology of lightning injury is described. The importance of immediate resuscitation of the victim who appears dead after a lightning strike is emphasized, and procedures to prevent lighting injury are presented.", "PMID": 577944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12839", "title": "Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sudden onset following hypophysectomy in an acromegalic patient.", "content": "A euglycemic woman with acromegaly contracted conspicuous hyperglycemia two hours following transphenoidal hypophysectomy. Insulin therapy was initiated and has by necessity been continued. The development in the immediate postoperative period of blood glucose levels ranging from 300 to 500 mg/dl was totally unexpected, as the levels on the preoperative oral glucose tolerance test were normal. No explanation for this sudden development of hyperglycemia is apparent. Therefore, frequent monitoring of the blood glucose level is necessary in all acromegalic patients following hypophysectomy, even if they are euglycemic prior to surgery.", "contents": "Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sudden onset following hypophysectomy in an acromegalic patient. A euglycemic woman with acromegaly contracted conspicuous hyperglycemia two hours following transphenoidal hypophysectomy. Insulin therapy was initiated and has by necessity been continued. The development in the immediate postoperative period of blood glucose levels ranging from 300 to 500 mg/dl was totally unexpected, as the levels on the preoperative oral glucose tolerance test were normal. No explanation for this sudden development of hyperglycemia is apparent. Therefore, frequent monitoring of the blood glucose level is necessary in all acromegalic patients following hypophysectomy, even if they are euglycemic prior to surgery.", "PMID": 577945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12840", "title": "Pop bottle explosions.", "content": "To our knowledge, there are only two brief reports in the medical literature of injury sustained as a result of a carbonated soft-drink (pop) bottle explosion. We report three such cases and review pertinent data on this hazard.", "contents": "Pop bottle explosions. To our knowledge, there are only two brief reports in the medical literature of injury sustained as a result of a carbonated soft-drink (pop) bottle explosion. We report three such cases and review pertinent data on this hazard.", "PMID": 577946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12841", "title": "Serum ferritin level. Determinant of iron requirement in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Seventeen patients without renal failure and 14 patients receiving long-term hemodialysis were studied. Serum and bone marrow ferritin determinations were made at the time of bone marrow aspiration. A good correlation was found between serum ferritin levels and bone marrow iron stores, as well as between bone marrow ferritin levels and iron stores. Serum ferritin determinations appear to give an accurate estimation of bone marrow iron stores, thereby providing a reliable guide for iron replacement therapy and reducing the need for repeated bone marrow aspirations. Serum ferritin levels of less than 105 ng/ml suggest decreased iron stores, and values greater than 120 ng/ml indicate adequate or increased iron stores. Preliminary data also suggest that bone marrow ferritin determinations may be useful in quantitating bone marrow iron stores.", "contents": "Serum ferritin level. Determinant of iron requirement in hemodialysis patients. Seventeen patients without renal failure and 14 patients receiving long-term hemodialysis were studied. Serum and bone marrow ferritin determinations were made at the time of bone marrow aspiration. A good correlation was found between serum ferritin levels and bone marrow iron stores, as well as between bone marrow ferritin levels and iron stores. Serum ferritin determinations appear to give an accurate estimation of bone marrow iron stores, thereby providing a reliable guide for iron replacement therapy and reducing the need for repeated bone marrow aspirations. Serum ferritin levels of less than 105 ng/ml suggest decreased iron stores, and values greater than 120 ng/ml indicate adequate or increased iron stores. Preliminary data also suggest that bone marrow ferritin determinations may be useful in quantitating bone marrow iron stores.", "PMID": 577960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12842", "title": "Salt substitutes as a source of potassium.", "content": "Chemical analysis of commercially obtained potassium-containing salt substitutes was performed. The potassium content was remarkably uniform from sample to sample of each brand and even among different brands. When hypertensive outpatients ranked these products, several were shown to differ considerably in taste characteristics and in overall preference. A cost comparison showed salt substitutes to be less costly than prescription (pharmaceutical) potassium supplements.", "contents": "Salt substitutes as a source of potassium. Chemical analysis of commercially obtained potassium-containing salt substitutes was performed. The potassium content was remarkably uniform from sample to sample of each brand and even among different brands. When hypertensive outpatients ranked these products, several were shown to differ considerably in taste characteristics and in overall preference. A cost comparison showed salt substitutes to be less costly than prescription (pharmaceutical) potassium supplements.", "PMID": 577961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12843", "title": "Sudden catatonic stupor with disastrous outcome.", "content": "Catatonic stupor occurred in two psychiatric inpatients, predisposing them to staphylococcal pneumonia, venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Disastrous outcomes ensued. Catatonic stupor can lead to fatal complications, and aggressive medical and psychiatric therapy is indicated.", "contents": "Sudden catatonic stupor with disastrous outcome. Catatonic stupor occurred in two psychiatric inpatients, predisposing them to staphylococcal pneumonia, venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Disastrous outcomes ensued. Catatonic stupor can lead to fatal complications, and aggressive medical and psychiatric therapy is indicated.", "PMID": 577963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12844", "title": "Diabetes insipidus following cardiorespiratory arrest.", "content": "Diabetes insipidus following cardiac arrest and hypoxemic encephalopathy occurred in two patients. In both, severe hypoxemic brain damage was followed within three days by clinical and laboratory features of diabetes insipidus, which were corrected by administration of exogenous vasopressin. Hypothalamic injury resulting in diabetes insipidus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polyuria and dehydration occurring in critically ill patients who have suffered cardiorespiratory arrest.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus following cardiorespiratory arrest. Diabetes insipidus following cardiac arrest and hypoxemic encephalopathy occurred in two patients. In both, severe hypoxemic brain damage was followed within three days by clinical and laboratory features of diabetes insipidus, which were corrected by administration of exogenous vasopressin. Hypothalamic injury resulting in diabetes insipidus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polyuria and dehydration occurring in critically ill patients who have suffered cardiorespiratory arrest.", "PMID": 577964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12845", "title": "Patterns of blood pressure in Milwaukee.", "content": "Blood pressure measurements were obtained among 92,074 persons in Milwaukee between 1974 and 1976 by the Milwaukee Blood Pressure Program. Systolic hypertension was more prevalent in young white men than blacks below 25 years of age, was more common in middle-aged blacks than whites, and was equally prevalent among all persons past 65 years. Diastolic hypertension was more prevalent in blacks than whites of all ages. Whereas the prevalence of systolic hypertension in the population increased with age and was present in a majority or near majority of persons past 65 years, the prevalence of diastolic hypertension rose until the sixth decade, after which it declined. Hypertension was primarily of a diastolic variety in young blacks, whereas systolic hypertension was a prominent feature in young whites.", "contents": "Patterns of blood pressure in Milwaukee. Blood pressure measurements were obtained among 92,074 persons in Milwaukee between 1974 and 1976 by the Milwaukee Blood Pressure Program. Systolic hypertension was more prevalent in young white men than blacks below 25 years of age, was more common in middle-aged blacks than whites, and was equally prevalent among all persons past 65 years. Diastolic hypertension was more prevalent in blacks than whites of all ages. Whereas the prevalence of systolic hypertension in the population increased with age and was present in a majority or near majority of persons past 65 years, the prevalence of diastolic hypertension rose until the sixth decade, after which it declined. Hypertension was primarily of a diastolic variety in young blacks, whereas systolic hypertension was a prominent feature in young whites.", "PMID": 577974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12846", "title": "Treatment of Bech\u00e7et's syndrome with transfer factor.", "content": "Six patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome were treated with transfer factor (TF) from randomly selected donors. Mucocutaneous symptoms and signs were predominant at the time that TF injections were started. Three patients showed great improvement, one moderate improvement, and one was unresponsive to multiple injections of TF from different donors. One case was uninterpretable because of concomitant administration of high doses of prednisone and chlorambucil and brief treatment with TF. These results indicate that TF therapy may be beneficial in some patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and that a trial of TF is warranted at least in the absence of severe ocular or neurologic manifestations.", "contents": "Treatment of Bech\u00e7et's syndrome with transfer factor. Six patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome were treated with transfer factor (TF) from randomly selected donors. Mucocutaneous symptoms and signs were predominant at the time that TF injections were started. Three patients showed great improvement, one moderate improvement, and one was unresponsive to multiple injections of TF from different donors. One case was uninterpretable because of concomitant administration of high doses of prednisone and chlorambucil and brief treatment with TF. These results indicate that TF therapy may be beneficial in some patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and that a trial of TF is warranted at least in the absence of severe ocular or neurologic manifestations.", "PMID": 577975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12847", "title": "Mammographic screening. Value in diagnosis of early breast cancer.", "content": "Analysis of the two-year results of a project screening asymptomatic women for breast cancer is presented. There were 10,008 women examined and 490 biopsies completed. There were 97 cancers found, of which 55 were nonpalpable; 36 of the 97 cancers were in women under 50 years of age. The incidence of axillary metastasis was 7% in the nonpalpable lesions. We suggest that mammography is useful in discovering curable breast cancer, even among younger women at least down to the age of 40. The potential benefit seems to greatly outweigh the theoretical carcinogenic hazard. Selection of candidates for mammography should be based on all risk factors, not just age. An attempt is made to correlate the results with the theoretical risks as proposed by others.", "contents": "Mammographic screening. Value in diagnosis of early breast cancer. Analysis of the two-year results of a project screening asymptomatic women for breast cancer is presented. There were 10,008 women examined and 490 biopsies completed. There were 97 cancers found, of which 55 were nonpalpable; 36 of the 97 cancers were in women under 50 years of age. The incidence of axillary metastasis was 7% in the nonpalpable lesions. We suggest that mammography is useful in discovering curable breast cancer, even among younger women at least down to the age of 40. The potential benefit seems to greatly outweigh the theoretical carcinogenic hazard. Selection of candidates for mammography should be based on all risk factors, not just age. An attempt is made to correlate the results with the theoretical risks as proposed by others.", "PMID": 577976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12848", "title": "A planned system of patient education.", "content": "A planned system of patient education is now used in more than 70 group clinics, hospitals, and other health care institutions. Essential features of this system are (1) a patient education center, (2) a patient educator, and (3) patient education programs. Structured programs are especially useful in the management of chronically ill patients. Patients have responded enthusiastically to this planned system. The response of physicians has ranged from enthusiastic to resistant.", "contents": "A planned system of patient education. A planned system of patient education is now used in more than 70 group clinics, hospitals, and other health care institutions. Essential features of this system are (1) a patient education center, (2) a patient educator, and (3) patient education programs. Structured programs are especially useful in the management of chronically ill patients. Patients have responded enthusiastically to this planned system. The response of physicians has ranged from enthusiastic to resistant.", "PMID": 577977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12849", "title": "Angiotensin II inhibition. Treatment of congestive cardiac failure in a high-renin hypertension.", "content": "A patient with intractable congestive cardiac failure secondary to renovascular hypertension and severe coronary artery disease was infused with the competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, saralasin acetate. The infusion produced an impressive increase in cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work index in parallel with a striking decrease in the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, the coronary resistance, and the myocardial oxygen consumption. It is suggested that angiotensin inhibition may present advantages over other forms of treatment of congestive cardiac failure in selected cases.", "contents": "Angiotensin II inhibition. Treatment of congestive cardiac failure in a high-renin hypertension. A patient with intractable congestive cardiac failure secondary to renovascular hypertension and severe coronary artery disease was infused with the competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, saralasin acetate. The infusion produced an impressive increase in cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work index in parallel with a striking decrease in the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, the coronary resistance, and the myocardial oxygen consumption. It is suggested that angiotensin inhibition may present advantages over other forms of treatment of congestive cardiac failure in selected cases.", "PMID": 577978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12850", "title": "Quinidine-induced agranulocytosis.", "content": "In a 75-year-old man, agranulocytosis and septicemia developed after eight weeks of quinidine sulfate therapy. An IgG antibody requiring the presence of quinidine was shown by complement-dependent leukocytotoxicity and leukoagglutination reactions. The antibody did not cross-react with quinine and was active against WBCs obtained from normal subjects and from the patient himself.", "contents": "Quinidine-induced agranulocytosis. In a 75-year-old man, agranulocytosis and septicemia developed after eight weeks of quinidine sulfate therapy. An IgG antibody requiring the presence of quinidine was shown by complement-dependent leukocytotoxicity and leukoagglutination reactions. The antibody did not cross-react with quinine and was active against WBCs obtained from normal subjects and from the patient himself.", "PMID": 577979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12851", "title": "Adaptive coping mechanisms in adult acute leukemia patients in remission.", "content": "The adult leukemia patient in a drug-induced remission possesses a unique set of emotional responses as he adjusts to an altered life-style and a life-threatening disease. Six patients, ranging in age from 24 to 62 years and being treated with monthly maintenance chemotherapy, were interviewed over a six-month period. The adaptive coping mechanisms most frequently identified were denial of being sick, identification with fellow patients to form a \"hospital family,\" and anticipatory grief of one's own losses by participation in grieving another patient's death. The means of adjustment was to adapt to the \"hospital family\" and benefit from the therapeutic milieu established on the ward. The patient's total response to remission in acute leukemia can be influenced positively by appropriate intervention based on an assessment of his previous and present patterns of coping.", "contents": "Adaptive coping mechanisms in adult acute leukemia patients in remission. The adult leukemia patient in a drug-induced remission possesses a unique set of emotional responses as he adjusts to an altered life-style and a life-threatening disease. Six patients, ranging in age from 24 to 62 years and being treated with monthly maintenance chemotherapy, were interviewed over a six-month period. The adaptive coping mechanisms most frequently identified were denial of being sick, identification with fellow patients to form a \"hospital family,\" and anticipatory grief of one's own losses by participation in grieving another patient's death. The means of adjustment was to adapt to the \"hospital family\" and benefit from the therapeutic milieu established on the ward. The patient's total response to remission in acute leukemia can be influenced positively by appropriate intervention based on an assessment of his previous and present patterns of coping.", "PMID": 577988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12852", "title": "Occupational hazards for operating room-based physicians. Analysis of data from the United States and the United Kingdom.", "content": "Comparative analysis of data from three large retrospective surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom reaffirms an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion among female physicians working in the operating room. The live-born children of female physicians exposed in the operating room also had substantially more congenital abnormalities. Male anesthetists, compared with nonanesthetist physicians, had an increased incidence of hepatic disease; there was also an increased frequency of congenital abnormality in their children. The incidence of spontaneous abortion in wives of male anesthetists and in the rate of cancer among exposed male anesthetists was similar to control. Despite differences in survey methods and analysis, there was remarkable agreement in conclusions to be drawn from the independent studies.", "contents": "Occupational hazards for operating room-based physicians. Analysis of data from the United States and the United Kingdom. Comparative analysis of data from three large retrospective surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom reaffirms an increased incidence of spontaneous abortion among female physicians working in the operating room. The live-born children of female physicians exposed in the operating room also had substantially more congenital abnormalities. Male anesthetists, compared with nonanesthetist physicians, had an increased incidence of hepatic disease; there was also an increased frequency of congenital abnormality in their children. The incidence of spontaneous abortion in wives of male anesthetists and in the rate of cancer among exposed male anesthetists was similar to control. Despite differences in survey methods and analysis, there was remarkable agreement in conclusions to be drawn from the independent studies.", "PMID": 577989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12853", "title": "The Minnesota Rural Physician Redistribution Plan, 1971 to 1976.", "content": "The Rural Physician Associate Program was developed by the University of Minnesota Medical School faculty in an attempt to meet the demands of the citizens of Minnesota to improve the distribution of primary physicians to rural areas. The program is offered to students who have completed 2 2/3 academic years of medical school. There were no regulations requiring the students' return to rural areas after completion of training. Thus far, 163 students have completed the program. Forty-three have continued in medical school and another 27 are in residency-training programs. Primary care residencies have been chosen by 68; another 31 have completed their medical education and are in rural practice. Of the 22 practicing in Minnesota, 21 have returned to rural communities.", "contents": "The Minnesota Rural Physician Redistribution Plan, 1971 to 1976. The Rural Physician Associate Program was developed by the University of Minnesota Medical School faculty in an attempt to meet the demands of the citizens of Minnesota to improve the distribution of primary physicians to rural areas. The program is offered to students who have completed 2 2/3 academic years of medical school. There were no regulations requiring the students' return to rural areas after completion of training. Thus far, 163 students have completed the program. Forty-three have continued in medical school and another 27 are in residency-training programs. Primary care residencies have been chosen by 68; another 31 have completed their medical education and are in rural practice. Of the 22 practicing in Minnesota, 21 have returned to rural communities.", "PMID": 577990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12854", "title": "Confirmation of brain death at bedside by isotope angiography.", "content": "Documentation of the absence of cerebral circulation is useful as a confirmatory test of brain death. Intravenous isotope angiography performed at the bedside with a mobile gamma camera is a safe, convenient, rapid, reliable, and easily understood method of proving the absence of cerebral blood flow that occurs in brain death.", "contents": "Confirmation of brain death at bedside by isotope angiography. Documentation of the absence of cerebral circulation is useful as a confirmatory test of brain death. Intravenous isotope angiography performed at the bedside with a mobile gamma camera is a safe, convenient, rapid, reliable, and easily understood method of proving the absence of cerebral blood flow that occurs in brain death.", "PMID": 577991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12855", "title": "Comparative study of bowel lymphosarcoma in childhood.", "content": "Five cases of lymphosarcoma of the bowel in Nigerian Igbo children are presented. They were found to be similar to an Australian series in the following respects: boys were more commonly affected than girls; affected children were all aged over two years; and the two main modes of presentation were intussusception and a localized abdominal mass. Unlike Australian children, Nigerian Igbos did not present with features suggestive of acute appendicitis.", "contents": "Comparative study of bowel lymphosarcoma in childhood. Five cases of lymphosarcoma of the bowel in Nigerian Igbo children are presented. They were found to be similar to an Australian series in the following respects: boys were more commonly affected than girls; affected children were all aged over two years; and the two main modes of presentation were intussusception and a localized abdominal mass. Unlike Australian children, Nigerian Igbos did not present with features suggestive of acute appendicitis.", "PMID": 577998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12856", "title": "[Etiopathogenesis of mycotic aneurysms].", "content": "In a patient after operation for metastatic bronchogenic brain abscess presence of aneurysm was demonstrated during control carotid angiography. In previous angiography the aneurysm had not been seen. During further observation the size of the aneurysm decreased. The patient died 5 weeks after the operation due to rupture of lung abscess into the pleural cavity. Microscopic examination showed that the lesion was in fact pseudoaneurysm. The authors discuss the mechanism of development of mycotic aneurysms and their possible role in the pathogenensis of metastatic brain abscesses.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenesis of mycotic aneurysms]. In a patient after operation for metastatic bronchogenic brain abscess presence of aneurysm was demonstrated during control carotid angiography. In previous angiography the aneurysm had not been seen. During further observation the size of the aneurysm decreased. The patient died 5 weeks after the operation due to rupture of lung abscess into the pleural cavity. Microscopic examination showed that the lesion was in fact pseudoaneurysm. The authors discuss the mechanism of development of mycotic aneurysms and their possible role in the pathogenensis of metastatic brain abscesses.", "PMID": 578002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12857", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma with erythrocytosis and elevated erythropoietic stimulatory activity.", "content": "A case study is presented of a 55-year-old man who had clear cell renal carcinoma with pulmonary metastases and erythrocytosis. The increase in red blood cell mass was associated with an elevation in erythropoietic stimulatory activity in serum, pleural fluid, and tumor-cyst fluid as determined by the exhypoxic polycythemic mouse assay. It is postulated that the increased erythropoietic stimulatory activity represents autonomous tumor secretion of erythropoietin or an erythropoietin-like material. Electron microscopic studies confirmed the proximal tubular origin of this tumor.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma with erythrocytosis and elevated erythropoietic stimulatory activity. A case study is presented of a 55-year-old man who had clear cell renal carcinoma with pulmonary metastases and erythrocytosis. The increase in red blood cell mass was associated with an elevation in erythropoietic stimulatory activity in serum, pleural fluid, and tumor-cyst fluid as determined by the exhypoxic polycythemic mouse assay. It is postulated that the increased erythropoietic stimulatory activity represents autonomous tumor secretion of erythropoietin or an erythropoietin-like material. Electron microscopic studies confirmed the proximal tubular origin of this tumor.", "PMID": 578014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12858", "title": "Neurosurgical complications of heroin addiction: brain abscess and mycotic aneurysm.", "content": "Few neurosurgical complications occur as the result of heroin addiction. One case of brain abscess and another of brain abscess associated with mycotic aneurysm caused by such addiction are presented.", "contents": "Neurosurgical complications of heroin addiction: brain abscess and mycotic aneurysm. Few neurosurgical complications occur as the result of heroin addiction. One case of brain abscess and another of brain abscess associated with mycotic aneurysm caused by such addiction are presented.", "PMID": 578016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12859", "title": "[Electrolyte metabolism in toxic goiter].", "content": "The author presents the results of parallel studies of potassium, sodium and calcium in the blood plasma and the 24-hour urine of 146 patients suffering from toxic goiter of different severity (mild course in 43 patients, of moderate severity in 59, and severe in 44). Investigations were carried out before and after the treatment with thyrotoxic preparation and in some of the patients (24) after strumectomy. Before the treatment patients with mild and moderately severe forms of the disease showed a tendency to increase of potassium and calcium and a fall of sodium level in the blood. Patients with a severe course of thyrotoxicosis displayed an opposite tendency in the changes of plasma electrolyte composition--the majority of the patients showed hypokaliemia, hypocalciemia and hypernatriemia. A tendency to normalization of plasma ionic composition was noted after the treatment with thyrotoxic preparations during the euthyroid state. Sodium and calcium plasma level became normal after strumectomy; potassium content remained lowered. Correction of electrolyte metabolism should be carried out in the patients with a severe form of toxic goiter; potassium and calcium administration is recommended.", "contents": "[Electrolyte metabolism in toxic goiter]. The author presents the results of parallel studies of potassium, sodium and calcium in the blood plasma and the 24-hour urine of 146 patients suffering from toxic goiter of different severity (mild course in 43 patients, of moderate severity in 59, and severe in 44). Investigations were carried out before and after the treatment with thyrotoxic preparation and in some of the patients (24) after strumectomy. Before the treatment patients with mild and moderately severe forms of the disease showed a tendency to increase of potassium and calcium and a fall of sodium level in the blood. Patients with a severe course of thyrotoxicosis displayed an opposite tendency in the changes of plasma electrolyte composition--the majority of the patients showed hypokaliemia, hypocalciemia and hypernatriemia. A tendency to normalization of plasma ionic composition was noted after the treatment with thyrotoxic preparations during the euthyroid state. Sodium and calcium plasma level became normal after strumectomy; potassium content remained lowered. Correction of electrolyte metabolism should be carried out in the patients with a severe form of toxic goiter; potassium and calcium administration is recommended.", "PMID": 578010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12860", "title": "Respiratory health and dust levels in cottonseed mills.", "content": "Four cottonseed mills in the southern United States contained high levels of total and respirable dust. A survey of 172 workers showed low prevalences of byssinosis (2-3%) and chronic bronchitis (4%). Mean baseline (out of dust) lung function values were normal. Mean functional declines over the working shift were present on Monday and absent on Friday, indicating an acute bronchoconstrictor response. Despite limitations in translating measured dust levels into estimates of individual exposures, the overall dose-response relationship seems to differ from that found in the cotton textile industry.", "contents": "Respiratory health and dust levels in cottonseed mills. Four cottonseed mills in the southern United States contained high levels of total and respirable dust. A survey of 172 workers showed low prevalences of byssinosis (2-3%) and chronic bronchitis (4%). Mean baseline (out of dust) lung function values were normal. Mean functional declines over the working shift were present on Monday and absent on Friday, indicating an acute bronchoconstrictor response. Despite limitations in translating measured dust levels into estimates of individual exposures, the overall dose-response relationship seems to differ from that found in the cotton textile industry.", "PMID": 578018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12861", "title": "Calcium electrode--a method for the continuous monitoring of the platelet release reaction.", "content": "The calcium electrode is a convenient, inexpensive, and non-traumatic method for measuring changes in the extracellular calcium which accompanies a platelet release reaction. With this instrument, the temporal pattern of release by platelets in a buffered-saline medium following thrombin stimulation was observed as follows: an initial time lag phase, followed by a maximum release phase, and finally a slow release phase.", "contents": "Calcium electrode--a method for the continuous monitoring of the platelet release reaction. The calcium electrode is a convenient, inexpensive, and non-traumatic method for measuring changes in the extracellular calcium which accompanies a platelet release reaction. With this instrument, the temporal pattern of release by platelets in a buffered-saline medium following thrombin stimulation was observed as follows: an initial time lag phase, followed by a maximum release phase, and finally a slow release phase.", "PMID": 578020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12862", "title": "Potentiation by alpha and inhibition by beta-adrenergic stimulations of rat platelet aggregation. A comparative study with human and rabbit platelets.", "content": "Epinephrine, known to potentiate and elicit aggregation of human platelets, was shown to inhibit thrombin-induced aggregation of rat platelets, delaying the onset of aggregation from 2 to 12 times. Incubation of rat platelet suspensions with propranolol (1.25--30 micrometer), inactive by itself, totally prevented the inhibitory effect of epinephrine and also permitted a potentiation effect to show up. On the contrary, phentolamine (1.25--30 micrometer) potentiated the inhibitory effect of epinephrine on rat platelets and unmasked an inhibitory effect on human platelets. Finally, isoproterenol (0.25--9 micrometer) produced a marked inhibition of aggregation induced by thrombin, ADP and collagen in the three species studied, but most particularly in the rat. From these results, we conclude that stimulation of the platelet adrenergic receptors may either result in promotion (alpha-stimulation) or inhibition (beta-stimulation) of platelet aggregation. Furthermore, differences in the ratios or responses of alpha/beta receptors may account for species variations in the platelet aggregation response to catecholamine challenge.", "contents": "Potentiation by alpha and inhibition by beta-adrenergic stimulations of rat platelet aggregation. A comparative study with human and rabbit platelets. Epinephrine, known to potentiate and elicit aggregation of human platelets, was shown to inhibit thrombin-induced aggregation of rat platelets, delaying the onset of aggregation from 2 to 12 times. Incubation of rat platelet suspensions with propranolol (1.25--30 micrometer), inactive by itself, totally prevented the inhibitory effect of epinephrine and also permitted a potentiation effect to show up. On the contrary, phentolamine (1.25--30 micrometer) potentiated the inhibitory effect of epinephrine on rat platelets and unmasked an inhibitory effect on human platelets. Finally, isoproterenol (0.25--9 micrometer) produced a marked inhibition of aggregation induced by thrombin, ADP and collagen in the three species studied, but most particularly in the rat. From these results, we conclude that stimulation of the platelet adrenergic receptors may either result in promotion (alpha-stimulation) or inhibition (beta-stimulation) of platelet aggregation. Furthermore, differences in the ratios or responses of alpha/beta receptors may account for species variations in the platelet aggregation response to catecholamine challenge.", "PMID": 578021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12863", "title": "Cigarette-smoking effect on platelet function.", "content": "The immediate effect of cigarette-smoking on ADP-induced platelet aggregation and on platelet adhesiveness was investigated in 12 normal subjects aged 20 to 40, in 10 normal subjects aged 43 to 72 and in 10 patients with cerebrovascular disease aged 45 to 75. All the subjects were heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes a day). After smoking 2 cigarettes a significant increase in ADP aggregation and platelet adhesiveness was found in the group of young heavy smokers, while in the old subjects with or without cerebrovascular disease the increase in platelet activity was never significant. These data were discussed and some hypotheses for this higher reactivity of platelets from young people were suggested.", "contents": "Cigarette-smoking effect on platelet function. The immediate effect of cigarette-smoking on ADP-induced platelet aggregation and on platelet adhesiveness was investigated in 12 normal subjects aged 20 to 40, in 10 normal subjects aged 43 to 72 and in 10 patients with cerebrovascular disease aged 45 to 75. All the subjects were heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes a day). After smoking 2 cigarettes a significant increase in ADP aggregation and platelet adhesiveness was found in the group of young heavy smokers, while in the old subjects with or without cerebrovascular disease the increase in platelet activity was never significant. These data were discussed and some hypotheses for this higher reactivity of platelets from young people were suggested.", "PMID": 578022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12864", "title": "The plasminogen activator of the arterial wall.", "content": "The plasminogen activator in 645 specimens of various human arteries--thoracic, abdominal aorta, carotic, pulmonary, renal, basilar, coronary - was studied using Todd's histochemical method. 92 cadavers were used, 1--18 hours post mortem from subjects aged from 272 days to 83 years. 45 specimens of pulmonary, renal and splenic arteries were obtained during surgery. The greatest fibrinolytic activity was within the adventitia. Intima occasionally showed very little fibrinolytic activity, or none at all. No statistically significant differences in plasminogen activator activity were found between the various arteries examined. A statistically significant increase in fibrinolysis in adventitia of atherosclerotic arteries was established. No correlation was found between the fibrinolytic activity of the arteries and their alkaline phosphatase content. Some properties of the plasminogen activator of the arterial vessel wall were evaluated. Influence of storage, inactivation with epsilonaminocaproic acid and extracted with potassium thiocyanate was studied.", "contents": "The plasminogen activator of the arterial wall. The plasminogen activator in 645 specimens of various human arteries--thoracic, abdominal aorta, carotic, pulmonary, renal, basilar, coronary - was studied using Todd's histochemical method. 92 cadavers were used, 1--18 hours post mortem from subjects aged from 272 days to 83 years. 45 specimens of pulmonary, renal and splenic arteries were obtained during surgery. The greatest fibrinolytic activity was within the adventitia. Intima occasionally showed very little fibrinolytic activity, or none at all. No statistically significant differences in plasminogen activator activity were found between the various arteries examined. A statistically significant increase in fibrinolysis in adventitia of atherosclerotic arteries was established. No correlation was found between the fibrinolytic activity of the arteries and their alkaline phosphatase content. Some properties of the plasminogen activator of the arterial vessel wall were evaluated. Influence of storage, inactivation with epsilonaminocaproic acid and extracted with potassium thiocyanate was studied.", "PMID": 578023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12865", "title": "Marathon run I: effects on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "content": "Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were assessed in 13 Finnish amateur runners aged 31 to 48, and one 65-year old taking part in a non-competitive marathon (42.2 km). After the run the mean values of partial thromboplastin time showed a very significant shortening, whereas the mean values of the prothrombin time and of plasma fibrinogen were not significantly altered. The mean values of euglobulin lysis time were significantly shorter and the mean values of fibrin degradation products increased highly significantly. After the run, protamine sulphate was positive or strongly positive in all subjects, whereas the ethanol gelation test was negative in all runners; no cryofibrinogen was detected in any participant. Thus, running a marathon race affects the haemostatic balance and activates the fibrinolytic mechanism. The effects of training and physical fitness on the above parameters are discussed.", "contents": "Marathon run I: effects on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were assessed in 13 Finnish amateur runners aged 31 to 48, and one 65-year old taking part in a non-competitive marathon (42.2 km). After the run the mean values of partial thromboplastin time showed a very significant shortening, whereas the mean values of the prothrombin time and of plasma fibrinogen were not significantly altered. The mean values of euglobulin lysis time were significantly shorter and the mean values of fibrin degradation products increased highly significantly. After the run, protamine sulphate was positive or strongly positive in all subjects, whereas the ethanol gelation test was negative in all runners; no cryofibrinogen was detected in any participant. Thus, running a marathon race affects the haemostatic balance and activates the fibrinolytic mechanism. The effects of training and physical fitness on the above parameters are discussed.", "PMID": 578024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12866", "title": "Marathon run II: Effects on platelet aggregation.", "content": "Platelet count and aggregation were assessed in 9 Finnish amateur runners aged 34 to 48, and one 65-year old taking part in a non-competitive marathon race (42.2 km). After the run the mean value of platelet count showed a very significant rise (p less than 0.001). The platelets were markedly more sensitive to both ADP and collagen-induced aggregation. A highly significant increase (p less than 0.001) was noted for both the intensity and velocity of platelet aggregation. The finding of platelet by hyperaggregability after prolonged strenous exercise even in trained subjects is discussed. It is concluded that a through medical examination of the haemostatic balance is recommended before a marathon race.", "contents": "Marathon run II: Effects on platelet aggregation. Platelet count and aggregation were assessed in 9 Finnish amateur runners aged 34 to 48, and one 65-year old taking part in a non-competitive marathon race (42.2 km). After the run the mean value of platelet count showed a very significant rise (p less than 0.001). The platelets were markedly more sensitive to both ADP and collagen-induced aggregation. A highly significant increase (p less than 0.001) was noted for both the intensity and velocity of platelet aggregation. The finding of platelet by hyperaggregability after prolonged strenous exercise even in trained subjects is discussed. It is concluded that a through medical examination of the haemostatic balance is recommended before a marathon race.", "PMID": 578025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12867", "title": "A method for the measurement of fibrinolytic activity based on one dimensional diffusion using small glass tubes. II. With special reference to the differences between the use of plasminogen-rich fibrinogen and that of plasminogen-free fibrinogen as the substrates.", "content": "The optimal conditions for the measurement of the fibrinolytic factors of plasma were examined using human and bovine plasminogen-rich fibrinogen or plasminogen-free fibrinogen as the substrates using the one dimensional diffusion method. The results were as follows: 1. There was no essential difference found between using human or bovine fibrinogen. 2. The levels of proactivator-plasminogen and plasminogen could be measured while using either plasminogen-rich or plasminogen-free fibrinogen. But, in using the latter, the proactivator-plasminogen level could not be measured, if a final concentration of more than 2,000 Christensen units of streptokinase were employed. 3. When using plasminogen-rich fibrinogen, anti-plasmin(s) and anti-activator(s) could be measured while using urokinase and plasmin, but not while using streptokinase. However, further study should be given to the measurement of the inhibitors, when using plasminogen-free fibrinogen.", "contents": "A method for the measurement of fibrinolytic activity based on one dimensional diffusion using small glass tubes. II. With special reference to the differences between the use of plasminogen-rich fibrinogen and that of plasminogen-free fibrinogen as the substrates. The optimal conditions for the measurement of the fibrinolytic factors of plasma were examined using human and bovine plasminogen-rich fibrinogen or plasminogen-free fibrinogen as the substrates using the one dimensional diffusion method. The results were as follows: 1. There was no essential difference found between using human or bovine fibrinogen. 2. The levels of proactivator-plasminogen and plasminogen could be measured while using either plasminogen-rich or plasminogen-free fibrinogen. But, in using the latter, the proactivator-plasminogen level could not be measured, if a final concentration of more than 2,000 Christensen units of streptokinase were employed. 3. When using plasminogen-rich fibrinogen, anti-plasmin(s) and anti-activator(s) could be measured while using urokinase and plasmin, but not while using streptokinase. However, further study should be given to the measurement of the inhibitors, when using plasminogen-free fibrinogen.", "PMID": 578026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12868", "title": "Characterisation of serum fibrinogen degradation products using gel chromatography and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) are detected by radioimmunoassay in the serum of all subjects. Some of these FDPs have considerable biological activity in vivo, and hence may play a significant part in the process of coagulation. Chromatography of serum samples from patients including those with pulmonary emboli and deep venous thrombosis indicates that the majority of non-clottable fibrin(ogen)-related antigen present is of high molecular weight--greater than that of fibrinogen--and that in pathological situations there is a quantitative increase not a qualitative alteration in the molecular species present.", "contents": "Characterisation of serum fibrinogen degradation products using gel chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) are detected by radioimmunoassay in the serum of all subjects. Some of these FDPs have considerable biological activity in vivo, and hence may play a significant part in the process of coagulation. Chromatography of serum samples from patients including those with pulmonary emboli and deep venous thrombosis indicates that the majority of non-clottable fibrin(ogen)-related antigen present is of high molecular weight--greater than that of fibrinogen--and that in pathological situations there is a quantitative increase not a qualitative alteration in the molecular species present.", "PMID": 578027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12869", "title": "Early venous thrombosis: A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The passage of a minimal electric charge was used to initiate thrombosis in rabbit femoral veins, and the events occurring during formation of the thrombus were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Thrombosis began to occur within ten minutes after passage of the charge, upon an apparently unaltered endothelium. The first event was the laying down of a fibrin meshwork and this was shortly followed by the appearance of regularly arranged platelet clumps.", "contents": "Early venous thrombosis: A scanning electron microscopic study. The passage of a minimal electric charge was used to initiate thrombosis in rabbit femoral veins, and the events occurring during formation of the thrombus were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Thrombosis began to occur within ten minutes after passage of the charge, upon an apparently unaltered endothelium. The first event was the laying down of a fibrin meshwork and this was shortly followed by the appearance of regularly arranged platelet clumps.", "PMID": 578028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12870", "title": "Use of 125I-fibrinogen kinetic data to detect disseminated intravascular coagulation and deposition of fibrin in patients with metastatic cancer.", "content": "A technique using computerized data handling for following the fate of 125I-fibrinogen through various physiological compartments is presented. Its use in detecting fibrin build up in patients with metastatic tumors and cancer-caused DIC is explained. An increase in j3u (fractional catabolic rate as seen in the urine data) throughout the course of a study was found to be an important indicator of extravascular fibrin build up.", "contents": "Use of 125I-fibrinogen kinetic data to detect disseminated intravascular coagulation and deposition of fibrin in patients with metastatic cancer. A technique using computerized data handling for following the fate of 125I-fibrinogen through various physiological compartments is presented. Its use in detecting fibrin build up in patients with metastatic tumors and cancer-caused DIC is explained. An increase in j3u (fractional catabolic rate as seen in the urine data) throughout the course of a study was found to be an important indicator of extravascular fibrin build up.", "PMID": 578029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12871", "title": "Interlaboratory oral anticoagulant quality assessment by the Netherlands Federation of Thrombosis Services.", "content": "The 50 laboratories of the Netherlands Federation of Thrombosis Services, covering a population of 9 million and responsible for the laboratory control of approximately 150,000 patients under oral anticoagulation, have participated since 1974 in a voluntary external and internal quality control program. The external program comprises a monthly distribution to the member laboratories of a series of artificially prepared control blood samples, two of which are identical. The overall variation of the coagulation times found were 10% (CV) in 1974 and 8% (CV) in 1975. Performance improved rather abruptly at the beginning of 1975, after the application of a tight methodological standardization and improvement by the manufacturer of the thromboplastin preparation (Thrombotest) used by the great majority of the laboratories involved. The main source of variation was found to be random error in the Thrombotest determination, approximately 6%. Interbatch variation of Thrombotest and inter-aliquot variation of control blood samples both do amount to approximately 3%(CV). In terms of rabbit tissue thromboplastins, which have a lower sensitivity than Thrombotest (i.e., a flatter slope of the correlation between the PT and the anticoagulant effect), the total variation in the performance of the Dutch laboratories is 2.2--5.6% (CV), which is unusually low. The main reason for this is the fact that the laboratories can rely not only on the services of the manufacturer but also on a central information office and a reference laboratory responsible for the preparation of the control blood as well as the standardization (calibration) of thromboplastin.", "contents": "Interlaboratory oral anticoagulant quality assessment by the Netherlands Federation of Thrombosis Services. The 50 laboratories of the Netherlands Federation of Thrombosis Services, covering a population of 9 million and responsible for the laboratory control of approximately 150,000 patients under oral anticoagulation, have participated since 1974 in a voluntary external and internal quality control program. The external program comprises a monthly distribution to the member laboratories of a series of artificially prepared control blood samples, two of which are identical. The overall variation of the coagulation times found were 10% (CV) in 1974 and 8% (CV) in 1975. Performance improved rather abruptly at the beginning of 1975, after the application of a tight methodological standardization and improvement by the manufacturer of the thromboplastin preparation (Thrombotest) used by the great majority of the laboratories involved. The main source of variation was found to be random error in the Thrombotest determination, approximately 6%. Interbatch variation of Thrombotest and inter-aliquot variation of control blood samples both do amount to approximately 3%(CV). In terms of rabbit tissue thromboplastins, which have a lower sensitivity than Thrombotest (i.e., a flatter slope of the correlation between the PT and the anticoagulant effect), the total variation in the performance of the Dutch laboratories is 2.2--5.6% (CV), which is unusually low. The main reason for this is the fact that the laboratories can rely not only on the services of the manufacturer but also on a central information office and a reference laboratory responsible for the preparation of the control blood as well as the standardization (calibration) of thromboplastin.", "PMID": 578030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12872", "title": "Factor VIII inhibition associated with chlorpromazine-induced hepatic injury.", "content": "A 90-year-old man was given chlorpromazine for sedation and 2 weeks later developed cholestatic jaundice and subsequently a factor VIII inhibitor. His death 4 weeks after institution of chlorpromazine, from massive bleeding, coupled with the autopsy finding of intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice, suggests that both adverse reactions were due to the drug.", "contents": "Factor VIII inhibition associated with chlorpromazine-induced hepatic injury. A 90-year-old man was given chlorpromazine for sedation and 2 weeks later developed cholestatic jaundice and subsequently a factor VIII inhibitor. His death 4 weeks after institution of chlorpromazine, from massive bleeding, coupled with the autopsy finding of intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice, suggests that both adverse reactions were due to the drug.", "PMID": 578031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12873", "title": "Fibrinolytic, factor VIII and pulse rate responses to repeated adrenaline infusion followed by haemorrhage.", "content": "The role of catecholamines in the activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis following surgery remains controversial. In this study 5 dogs were infused with 1,2,3,6,9 and 12 microgram kg-1 min-1 of adrenaline at twice weekly intervals and were then reexposed to 3 microgram kg-1 min-1. Pulse rate and factor VIII increased after infusion of 1,2 and 3 microgram kg-1 min-1 but thereafter there was a diminished response and no response on reexposure to 3 microgram kg-1 min-1 although this was not significant in the case of pulse rate. Euglobulin lysis time shortened after each infusion of adrenaline and showed no development of tolerance. A control series of dogs infused with saline showed no similar changes. Both groups of animals were then bled to a blood pressure of 60 mm Hg for 60 minutes. Pulse rate and factor VIII did not change but euglobulin lysis time shortened in both groups. The results suggest that the activation pathways for changes in factor VIII and euglobulin lysis time induced by adrenaline are separate.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic, factor VIII and pulse rate responses to repeated adrenaline infusion followed by haemorrhage. The role of catecholamines in the activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis following surgery remains controversial. In this study 5 dogs were infused with 1,2,3,6,9 and 12 microgram kg-1 min-1 of adrenaline at twice weekly intervals and were then reexposed to 3 microgram kg-1 min-1. Pulse rate and factor VIII increased after infusion of 1,2 and 3 microgram kg-1 min-1 but thereafter there was a diminished response and no response on reexposure to 3 microgram kg-1 min-1 although this was not significant in the case of pulse rate. Euglobulin lysis time shortened after each infusion of adrenaline and showed no development of tolerance. A control series of dogs infused with saline showed no similar changes. Both groups of animals were then bled to a blood pressure of 60 mm Hg for 60 minutes. Pulse rate and factor VIII did not change but euglobulin lysis time shortened in both groups. The results suggest that the activation pathways for changes in factor VIII and euglobulin lysis time induced by adrenaline are separate.", "PMID": 578032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12874", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of factor Xa generation in factor IX concentrates.", "content": "Previous work from this department, concerned with testing the potential thrombogenicity of therapeutic factor IX concentrates, demonstrated that following recalcification of factor IX concentrates thrombin was generated within 3--30 minutes of incubation (Sas el al. 1975). The test developed (known as the TGt 50 test) is a two-stage assay and was thus found to be time consuming, tedious and tended to become inaccurate with long incubation periods and a large number of samples. A semiautomatic version of the test is reported in which the synthetic peptide Bz-ILE-GLU-GLY-ARG-pNA (S-2222) is added to recalcified, diluted factor IX concentrate in the micro-cuvette of a multiple sample recording spectrophotometer. Information can be obtained on (a) the amount of Xa (if any) present prior to recalcification (b) the initial amount of Xa formed and (c) the time taken to activate all factor =X to Xa. Direct graphical interpretation shows a number of qualitative differences between commercial preparations, but by either of the criteria (b) or (c) above, it is possible to place the different products into \"activated\" and \"non activated\" groups such that both the Xa generation times and TGt 50 tests identify the same two groups of products. This aggreement also indicates that the TGt 50 test is independent of the intrinsic factor V levels in the various concentrates.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of factor Xa generation in factor IX concentrates. Previous work from this department, concerned with testing the potential thrombogenicity of therapeutic factor IX concentrates, demonstrated that following recalcification of factor IX concentrates thrombin was generated within 3--30 minutes of incubation (Sas el al. 1975). The test developed (known as the TGt 50 test) is a two-stage assay and was thus found to be time consuming, tedious and tended to become inaccurate with long incubation periods and a large number of samples. A semiautomatic version of the test is reported in which the synthetic peptide Bz-ILE-GLU-GLY-ARG-pNA (S-2222) is added to recalcified, diluted factor IX concentrate in the micro-cuvette of a multiple sample recording spectrophotometer. Information can be obtained on (a) the amount of Xa (if any) present prior to recalcification (b) the initial amount of Xa formed and (c) the time taken to activate all factor =X to Xa. Direct graphical interpretation shows a number of qualitative differences between commercial preparations, but by either of the criteria (b) or (c) above, it is possible to place the different products into \"activated\" and \"non activated\" groups such that both the Xa generation times and TGt 50 tests identify the same two groups of products. This aggreement also indicates that the TGt 50 test is independent of the intrinsic factor V levels in the various concentrates.", "PMID": 578033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12875", "title": "Studies on the tissue thromboplastin during the coagulation-fibrinolytic process--ultrastructural changes.", "content": "An electron-microscopical study was made on morphological changes in which T-Tbp would undergo during clotting and fibrinolytic process. Morphological appearance of concentrically arranged membrane structure in T-Tbp remained nearly intact during blood coagulation process. T-Tbp, which existed in the sediments following dissolution of fibrin clot by the application of UK, showed an appearance of fine granules adhering to the surface of aggregates of particles through SEM. Through TEM, T-Tbp in the sediments was found to have retained its concentrically arranged membrane structures in most places, while, in some other places the appearance of fused membranes, smaller single vesicles and long sheets of membranes, and the formation of \"blebs\" etc. were observed. Various morphological changes caused by fibrinolytic substances accompanied the loss in coagulation activities. Our results showed that coagulation activities of T-Tbp must be completely dependent upon the presence of the membrane structures.", "contents": "Studies on the tissue thromboplastin during the coagulation-fibrinolytic process--ultrastructural changes. An electron-microscopical study was made on morphological changes in which T-Tbp would undergo during clotting and fibrinolytic process. Morphological appearance of concentrically arranged membrane structure in T-Tbp remained nearly intact during blood coagulation process. T-Tbp, which existed in the sediments following dissolution of fibrin clot by the application of UK, showed an appearance of fine granules adhering to the surface of aggregates of particles through SEM. Through TEM, T-Tbp in the sediments was found to have retained its concentrically arranged membrane structures in most places, while, in some other places the appearance of fused membranes, smaller single vesicles and long sheets of membranes, and the formation of \"blebs\" etc. were observed. Various morphological changes caused by fibrinolytic substances accompanied the loss in coagulation activities. Our results showed that coagulation activities of T-Tbp must be completely dependent upon the presence of the membrane structures.", "PMID": 578034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12876", "title": "Specific vector control methods for prevention and eradication of malaria in Israel.", "content": "Wide-scale antimalaria activities have been continuously carried out in Israel since 1918. Regular checking and tracing of Anopheles provided important information on the seasonal appearance, life habits, flight range and population density of the malaria vectors. This method enabled us at any time to assess the degree of malaria risk and the effectiveness of the control measures taken. Specific methods of vector control were applied in accordance with the bionomy of the various Anophelines transmitting malaria. No resistance of local malaria vectors to DDT was found in 1961, probably due to the general use of larvicides not containing residual insecticides (including DDT) and the mode of indoor DDT application; spraying in selected localities and special timing in accordance with the bionomy of the local vectors. The relation between the changed status of the various Anopheles vectors and changes in the epidemiology of primary malaria cases in the course of time is also described. Malaria eradication in Israel was practically achieved in 1962.", "contents": "Specific vector control methods for prevention and eradication of malaria in Israel. Wide-scale antimalaria activities have been continuously carried out in Israel since 1918. Regular checking and tracing of Anopheles provided important information on the seasonal appearance, life habits, flight range and population density of the malaria vectors. This method enabled us at any time to assess the degree of malaria risk and the effectiveness of the control measures taken. Specific methods of vector control were applied in accordance with the bionomy of the various Anophelines transmitting malaria. No resistance of local malaria vectors to DDT was found in 1961, probably due to the general use of larvicides not containing residual insecticides (including DDT) and the mode of indoor DDT application; spraying in selected localities and special timing in accordance with the bionomy of the local vectors. The relation between the changed status of the various Anopheles vectors and changes in the epidemiology of primary malaria cases in the course of time is also described. Malaria eradication in Israel was practically achieved in 1962.", "PMID": 578040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12877", "title": "Benin City mothers: their beliefs concerning infant feeding and child care.", "content": "One hundred and forty-three mothers residing in a representative area of Benin City were interviewed concerning their beliefs about child care, nutrition, and sources of information related to child care. Although all the mothers believed that breast-feeding was a natural procedure which should start from birth, they were not aware of the importance of breast milk to the baby. 58.7 per cent of the mothers would introduce artificial milk within the first month of life, and only 19.6 per cent would give breast milk alone for the first three months. Kwashiorkor was not widely believed to be related to protein-calorie deficiency, although some other food-related causes were given. The food taboos mentioned were not thought by the investigators to have any significant adverse effect on the sample children's health. Most of the information on health was obtained from friends and relatives and from infant welfare clinics. Recommendations are made for improvement of mothers' knowledge in total child care and use of health facilities.", "contents": "Benin City mothers: their beliefs concerning infant feeding and child care. One hundred and forty-three mothers residing in a representative area of Benin City were interviewed concerning their beliefs about child care, nutrition, and sources of information related to child care. Although all the mothers believed that breast-feeding was a natural procedure which should start from birth, they were not aware of the importance of breast milk to the baby. 58.7 per cent of the mothers would introduce artificial milk within the first month of life, and only 19.6 per cent would give breast milk alone for the first three months. Kwashiorkor was not widely believed to be related to protein-calorie deficiency, although some other food-related causes were given. The food taboos mentioned were not thought by the investigators to have any significant adverse effect on the sample children's health. Most of the information on health was obtained from friends and relatives and from infant welfare clinics. Recommendations are made for improvement of mothers' knowledge in total child care and use of health facilities.", "PMID": 578041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12878", "title": "Growth and morphological characteristics of canine venereal tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "Canine venereal tumor cells were grown in monolayer and tumor tissue fragments were maintained in vitro for 56 days in medium-199. Attachment and cell replication were evident within 17 hours and monolayer was obtained by the tenth day. Growth at first comprised mainly round cells with abundance of cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, and a few spindle-shaped cells. Later cells became more elongated and like fibroblasts. Cell degeneration started by the 17th day and most were degenerated by the 24th day. Necrosis and depletion of cell population were prominent in tumor explants during the first 2 weeks. Distinct cell multiplication was evident by the 21st day and tumor fragments were repopulated with cells resembling the original tumor by the 56th day. Two distinct morphological cell types were seen: small cells with vesicular, round to oval nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm; and the large cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm.", "contents": "Growth and morphological characteristics of canine venereal tumor cells in vitro. Canine venereal tumor cells were grown in monolayer and tumor tissue fragments were maintained in vitro for 56 days in medium-199. Attachment and cell replication were evident within 17 hours and monolayer was obtained by the tenth day. Growth at first comprised mainly round cells with abundance of cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, and a few spindle-shaped cells. Later cells became more elongated and like fibroblasts. Cell degeneration started by the 17th day and most were degenerated by the 24th day. Necrosis and depletion of cell population were prominent in tumor explants during the first 2 weeks. Distinct cell multiplication was evident by the 21st day and tumor fragments were repopulated with cells resembling the original tumor by the 56th day. Two distinct morphological cell types were seen: small cells with vesicular, round to oval nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm; and the large cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm.", "PMID": 578045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12879", "title": "Exudative retinal detachment in retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "Four cases of exudative retinal detachment associated with retrolental fibroplasia are presented. The exudation appears to be secondary to leakage from neovascularization as well as vitreous traction on normal retinal vessels. The range in age of onset was between 13 and 17 years, with three of the four cases occurring in patients 23 years of age or younger. Treatment is directed at eliminating the abnormal vasculature which, in our experience, has been accomplished best by an encircling scleral-buckling procedure. One patient, however, required vitrectomy because of the severe vitreous membranes and traction which were present.", "contents": "Exudative retinal detachment in retrolental fibroplasia. Four cases of exudative retinal detachment associated with retrolental fibroplasia are presented. The exudation appears to be secondary to leakage from neovascularization as well as vitreous traction on normal retinal vessels. The range in age of onset was between 13 and 17 years, with three of the four cases occurring in patients 23 years of age or younger. Treatment is directed at eliminating the abnormal vasculature which, in our experience, has been accomplished best by an encircling scleral-buckling procedure. One patient, however, required vitrectomy because of the severe vitreous membranes and traction which were present.", "PMID": 578043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12880", "title": "[Distribution of aflatoxin M1 in whey and curd during cheese processing (author's transl)].", "content": "In model experiments on the distribution of aflatoxin M1 in whey and curd, the influence of the different processing steps was investigated. Taking the same weight ratio between whey and curd, the following results were obtained: a) The aflatoxin M1-distribution in whey and curd was not changed with increasing amounts of rennet, thus decreasing the renneting time at constant renneting temperatures. b) With increasing renneting temperatures, however, the toxin's percentage in the curd decreased at constant amounts of rennet, whereas the whey's content remained stable. For the commonly used temperature variations between 28 and 35 degrees C, the toxin content of the cheese varied in the range of about 12%. c) Processing of curd by acidification with different organic acids at constant temperatures did not show any change in the aflatoxin M1 distribution as compared to rennet coagulation. d) Curd processing by means of starter cultures led to a decrease in the aflatoxin M1 in curd only at higher temperatures; the toxin's percentage in whey remained practically the same. e) Washing of the curd with the 2 1/2 volumes of water decreased the aflatoxin M1 content of cheese by 22%.", "contents": "[Distribution of aflatoxin M1 in whey and curd during cheese processing (author's transl)]. In model experiments on the distribution of aflatoxin M1 in whey and curd, the influence of the different processing steps was investigated. Taking the same weight ratio between whey and curd, the following results were obtained: a) The aflatoxin M1-distribution in whey and curd was not changed with increasing amounts of rennet, thus decreasing the renneting time at constant renneting temperatures. b) With increasing renneting temperatures, however, the toxin's percentage in the curd decreased at constant amounts of rennet, whereas the whey's content remained stable. For the commonly used temperature variations between 28 and 35 degrees C, the toxin content of the cheese varied in the range of about 12%. c) Processing of curd by acidification with different organic acids at constant temperatures did not show any change in the aflatoxin M1 distribution as compared to rennet coagulation. d) Curd processing by means of starter cultures led to a decrease in the aflatoxin M1 in curd only at higher temperatures; the toxin's percentage in whey remained practically the same. e) Washing of the curd with the 2 1/2 volumes of water decreased the aflatoxin M1 content of cheese by 22%.", "PMID": 578049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12881", "title": "Spontaneous regression of enlargement of the sella turcica and of associated panhypopituitary symptoms.", "content": "The case history of a woman born in 1946 is given. In 1968 she developed a syndrome of headache, fever. elevated antistreptolysin titer, enlarged and ballooned sella turcica, hypothyroidism secondary to TSH deficiency, secondary amenorrhoea of pituitary genesis, probable growth hormone deficiency, and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. From 1972 all the mentioned pituitary defects of function disappeared, and the sella turcica gradually became normal in size as shown by X-ray examination.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of enlargement of the sella turcica and of associated panhypopituitary symptoms. The case history of a woman born in 1946 is given. In 1968 she developed a syndrome of headache, fever. elevated antistreptolysin titer, enlarged and ballooned sella turcica, hypothyroidism secondary to TSH deficiency, secondary amenorrhoea of pituitary genesis, probable growth hormone deficiency, and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. From 1972 all the mentioned pituitary defects of function disappeared, and the sella turcica gradually became normal in size as shown by X-ray examination.", "PMID": 578052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12882", "title": "The stimulation of prolactin secretion by sulpiride in \"adolescent gynaecomastia\".", "content": "In order to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis in \"adolescent gynaecomastia\" (AG), sulpiride was administered to 7 normal boys and 7 boys with AG. The maximum increase in serum prolactin (PRL) above the mean baseline level (deltamax) was used as index of response. The sulpiride induced a greater PRL release in boys with gynaecomastia than in the controls. Our data indicate that boys with gynaecomastia may have a greater pituitary prolactin pool. The results also illustrate the usefulness of specific neurotrophic agents such as sulpiride as important tools for evaluating the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-PRL axis.", "contents": "The stimulation of prolactin secretion by sulpiride in \"adolescent gynaecomastia\". In order to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis in \"adolescent gynaecomastia\" (AG), sulpiride was administered to 7 normal boys and 7 boys with AG. The maximum increase in serum prolactin (PRL) above the mean baseline level (deltamax) was used as index of response. The sulpiride induced a greater PRL release in boys with gynaecomastia than in the controls. Our data indicate that boys with gynaecomastia may have a greater pituitary prolactin pool. The results also illustrate the usefulness of specific neurotrophic agents such as sulpiride as important tools for evaluating the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-PRL axis.", "PMID": 578053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12883", "title": "Pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin from birth to puberty in female and male rats.", "content": "Pituitary content and concentration of LH, FSH and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) at 2-day intervals from birth to puberty in female and male rats. During the first 2 to 3 weeks of life all hormones were low in pituitary content and concentration in both sexes. They all increased in females during the third and fourth week, but decreased sharply during the days before vaginal opening. During the first ovulatory cycle pituitary content and concentration of LH and prolactin increased again, FSH, however, remained low. In males, pituitary LH, FSH and prolactin content reached peak levels during puberty. Our results show a distinct sexual dimorphism for pituitary FSH. Pituitary LH and prolactin content and concentration patterns show similar tendencies in both sexes with a delay of several days in males. The dramatic changes in female pituitary hormone concentrations just before the first ovulation were not detected in males before the first occurrence of mature spermatozoa in the tubuli of the testes.", "contents": "Pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin from birth to puberty in female and male rats. Pituitary content and concentration of LH, FSH and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) at 2-day intervals from birth to puberty in female and male rats. During the first 2 to 3 weeks of life all hormones were low in pituitary content and concentration in both sexes. They all increased in females during the third and fourth week, but decreased sharply during the days before vaginal opening. During the first ovulatory cycle pituitary content and concentration of LH and prolactin increased again, FSH, however, remained low. In males, pituitary LH, FSH and prolactin content reached peak levels during puberty. Our results show a distinct sexual dimorphism for pituitary FSH. Pituitary LH and prolactin content and concentration patterns show similar tendencies in both sexes with a delay of several days in males. The dramatic changes in female pituitary hormone concentrations just before the first ovulation were not detected in males before the first occurrence of mature spermatozoa in the tubuli of the testes.", "PMID": 578055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12884", "title": "Development of stress-induced pituitary prolactin and TSH release in male rats.", "content": "Blood was collected from male rats of various ages under control conditions and after introduction of two stress factors. All animals were sacrificed between 15.00 and 16.00 h. Serum prolactin levels in immature male rats were found to be very low between birth and day 15 after birth. Neither exposure to a new environment, for example removal from the animal rooms for the duration of 10 min, nor exposure to concentrated ether vapour resulted in increased serum prolactin levels. Between day 20 and 35 basal serum prolactin levels were increased, they then fell at adult values. During this period of increasing serum prolactin levels pituitary prolactin release became stress-susceptable; i.e. elevated serum prolactin levels were observed after introduction of stress factors as in adult male rats. Serum TSH levels were found to be high between birth and day 10. Low TSH levels measured between day 15 and 40 and adult values were detected after day 40. Neither ether nor removal of the animals from their normal environment changed serum TSH levels at any age tested. The results indicate that the hypothalamo-pituitary in immature rats reacts in a similar way as that in adult animals from day 16-20 onwards. Serum TSH levels in these animals, however, are reduced, indicating that an increase in serum TSH is not necessary for normal processes of maturation.", "contents": "Development of stress-induced pituitary prolactin and TSH release in male rats. Blood was collected from male rats of various ages under control conditions and after introduction of two stress factors. All animals were sacrificed between 15.00 and 16.00 h. Serum prolactin levels in immature male rats were found to be very low between birth and day 15 after birth. Neither exposure to a new environment, for example removal from the animal rooms for the duration of 10 min, nor exposure to concentrated ether vapour resulted in increased serum prolactin levels. Between day 20 and 35 basal serum prolactin levels were increased, they then fell at adult values. During this period of increasing serum prolactin levels pituitary prolactin release became stress-susceptable; i.e. elevated serum prolactin levels were observed after introduction of stress factors as in adult male rats. Serum TSH levels were found to be high between birth and day 10. Low TSH levels measured between day 15 and 40 and adult values were detected after day 40. Neither ether nor removal of the animals from their normal environment changed serum TSH levels at any age tested. The results indicate that the hypothalamo-pituitary in immature rats reacts in a similar way as that in adult animals from day 16-20 onwards. Serum TSH levels in these animals, however, are reduced, indicating that an increase in serum TSH is not necessary for normal processes of maturation.", "PMID": 578056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12885", "title": "Iodopeptides from human thyroglobulin.", "content": "Human thyroglubulin labelled in vivo by 125I was purified from eight different thyroid glands including normal thyroid tissue, thyrotoxic goitre and euthyroid multinodular goitre. The purified protein was cleaved with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and the resulting peptides were separated by column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Reproducible elution profiles of both protein and iodine were obtained. However, the distribution of iodine depended on the iodine content of the intact thyroglobulin. Small CNBr peptides seemed to be preferentially iodinated, but with a limited capacity. With higher degrees of iodination, larger peptides became richer in iodine. This suggests sequential iodination of the thyroglobulin molecule. The mixture of small peptides was digested by trypsin. Two iodopeptides were identified in this material by peptide mapping and they had identical migration in thyroglobulins of different origin. One of them was purified by ion exchange chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. Analogous amino acid composition was obtained for the iodopeptide purified from two different thyroglobulins. The data indicates that thyroglobulin iodination occurs in specific portions of the polypeptide chain and probably in a sequential manner.", "contents": "Iodopeptides from human thyroglobulin. Human thyroglubulin labelled in vivo by 125I was purified from eight different thyroid glands including normal thyroid tissue, thyrotoxic goitre and euthyroid multinodular goitre. The purified protein was cleaved with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and the resulting peptides were separated by column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Reproducible elution profiles of both protein and iodine were obtained. However, the distribution of iodine depended on the iodine content of the intact thyroglobulin. Small CNBr peptides seemed to be preferentially iodinated, but with a limited capacity. With higher degrees of iodination, larger peptides became richer in iodine. This suggests sequential iodination of the thyroglobulin molecule. The mixture of small peptides was digested by trypsin. Two iodopeptides were identified in this material by peptide mapping and they had identical migration in thyroglobulins of different origin. One of them was purified by ion exchange chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. Analogous amino acid composition was obtained for the iodopeptide purified from two different thyroglobulins. The data indicates that thyroglobulin iodination occurs in specific portions of the polypeptide chain and probably in a sequential manner.", "PMID": 578057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12886", "title": "Effects of amiodarone on thyroid iodine metabolism in vitro.", "content": "Since alterations of thyroid function have been reported in patients treated with amiodarone, 2-butyl,3-(4-diethylaminoethoxy-3,4-diiodo, benzoyl) benzufuran, the effects of this drug on the active iodide transport, organic iodine formation, thyroid peroxidase and the enzymatic iodotyrosine deiodination, were studied. In pig thyroid slices the iodide transport was affected by amiodarone at concentrations of 10(-4) M and 10(-5) M, showing a decrease of T/M (tissue/medium) ratios of 20% and 23%, respectively. Lower concentrations produced no significant differences from the controls. Iodotyrosine synthesis was only, but poorly, affected by 10(-4) M and 10(-5) M amiodarone. Inhibition of the DIT formation was greater than that produced for MIT. Thyroid peroxidase activity, as measured by the tyrosine-iodinase assay, showed a 20% decrease at 10(-3) M amiodarone. None of the other concentrations have affected the activity of the enzyme, except for 7% at a concentrations of 10(-4) M. The iodotyrosine deiodination was affected by amiodarone only at a concentration of 10(-3) M and 10(-4) M. The inhibitions were of 22.5% and 16.8%, respectively. We have concluded that, under the conditions of our study, amiodarone per se does not affect the intrathyroidal iodine metabolism in concentrations which are usually present in the sera of patients treated with this drug. However, it is not possible to rule out an in vivo direct action, if amiodarone is substantially concentrated in the human thyroid gland.", "contents": "Effects of amiodarone on thyroid iodine metabolism in vitro. Since alterations of thyroid function have been reported in patients treated with amiodarone, 2-butyl,3-(4-diethylaminoethoxy-3,4-diiodo, benzoyl) benzufuran, the effects of this drug on the active iodide transport, organic iodine formation, thyroid peroxidase and the enzymatic iodotyrosine deiodination, were studied. In pig thyroid slices the iodide transport was affected by amiodarone at concentrations of 10(-4) M and 10(-5) M, showing a decrease of T/M (tissue/medium) ratios of 20% and 23%, respectively. Lower concentrations produced no significant differences from the controls. Iodotyrosine synthesis was only, but poorly, affected by 10(-4) M and 10(-5) M amiodarone. Inhibition of the DIT formation was greater than that produced for MIT. Thyroid peroxidase activity, as measured by the tyrosine-iodinase assay, showed a 20% decrease at 10(-3) M amiodarone. None of the other concentrations have affected the activity of the enzyme, except for 7% at a concentrations of 10(-4) M. The iodotyrosine deiodination was affected by amiodarone only at a concentration of 10(-3) M and 10(-4) M. The inhibitions were of 22.5% and 16.8%, respectively. We have concluded that, under the conditions of our study, amiodarone per se does not affect the intrathyroidal iodine metabolism in concentrations which are usually present in the sera of patients treated with this drug. However, it is not possible to rule out an in vivo direct action, if amiodarone is substantially concentrated in the human thyroid gland.", "PMID": 578058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12887", "title": "Distribution of LATS activity in immunoglobulin G subclass.", "content": "The immunological character of LATS was examined by affinity chromatography on Anti-IgG, Anti-Fab, Anti-Fc and Staphylococcal Protein A bound Sepharose. By affinity chromatography on Anti-IgG, Anti-Fab and Anti-Fc bound Sepharose, it is possible to separate LATS-immunoglobulin from LATS positive serum without loss of activity. Affinity chromatography on Protein A bound Sepharose is useful for obtaining further purified LATS-immunoglobulin. By this method, it is possible to separate IgG molecules of the subclasses IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgG(4) with high LATS activity. LATS activity was not found in the IgG(3) fraction. When IgG(1) fraction was purified from the fraction containing the 3 subclasses of IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgG(4), about 85% of total protein was found in IgG(1). However, specific activity per protein of LATS in IgG(1) fraction did not change remarkably. After papain hydrolysis the thyroid stimulating activity of LATS-immunoglobulin was located in Fab fraction of these 3 subclasses of IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgG(4), and especially in IgG(1). The Fab fraction presents a short acting type of thyroid stimulating activity. These data indicate that LATS activity is mainly distributed in the Fab fragment of IgG(1).", "contents": "Distribution of LATS activity in immunoglobulin G subclass. The immunological character of LATS was examined by affinity chromatography on Anti-IgG, Anti-Fab, Anti-Fc and Staphylococcal Protein A bound Sepharose. By affinity chromatography on Anti-IgG, Anti-Fab and Anti-Fc bound Sepharose, it is possible to separate LATS-immunoglobulin from LATS positive serum without loss of activity. Affinity chromatography on Protein A bound Sepharose is useful for obtaining further purified LATS-immunoglobulin. By this method, it is possible to separate IgG molecules of the subclasses IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgG(4) with high LATS activity. LATS activity was not found in the IgG(3) fraction. When IgG(1) fraction was purified from the fraction containing the 3 subclasses of IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgG(4), about 85% of total protein was found in IgG(1). However, specific activity per protein of LATS in IgG(1) fraction did not change remarkably. After papain hydrolysis the thyroid stimulating activity of LATS-immunoglobulin was located in Fab fraction of these 3 subclasses of IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgG(4), and especially in IgG(1). The Fab fraction presents a short acting type of thyroid stimulating activity. These data indicate that LATS activity is mainly distributed in the Fab fragment of IgG(1).", "PMID": 578059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12888", "title": "Secretin: high plasma levels in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Plasma immunoreactive secretin levels were measured in 22 newly diagnosed non-ketotic, maturity-onset diabetics and 10 healthy control subjects during 50 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The test was repeated in the diabetic group after 6 months' dietary treatment. At diagnosis the fasting secretin levels in the diabetics were higher than in control subjects but fell within the normal range following dietary treatment. In the diabetics there was a significant positive correlation between the fasting glucose and fasting secretin levels at the time of diagnosis. Suppression of secretin levels occurred during the OGTT, both in diabetic and control subjects.", "contents": "Secretin: high plasma levels in diabetes mellitus. Plasma immunoreactive secretin levels were measured in 22 newly diagnosed non-ketotic, maturity-onset diabetics and 10 healthy control subjects during 50 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The test was repeated in the diabetic group after 6 months' dietary treatment. At diagnosis the fasting secretin levels in the diabetics were higher than in control subjects but fell within the normal range following dietary treatment. In the diabetics there was a significant positive correlation between the fasting glucose and fasting secretin levels at the time of diagnosis. Suppression of secretin levels occurred during the OGTT, both in diabetic and control subjects.", "PMID": 578060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12889", "title": "Decrease of non-suppressible insulin-like activity after pancreatectomy and normalization by insulin therapy.", "content": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was determined in 5 dogs before and after pancreatectomy and again during insulin therapy. All NSILA-S determinations were carried out on serum samples which were passed over Sephadex G-50 columns equilibrated with 1 M acetic acid. The levels of NSILA-S decreased drastically shortly after pancreatectomy and rose slowly after institution of insulin therapy, to normal levels. During the period of severe diabetes after pancreatectomy the concentration of growth hormone was elevated. These findings indicate that 1) the pancreas cannot be the site of synthesis and release of NSILA-S, 2) NSILA-S levels do not always parallel growth hormone levels and 3) the synthesis and secretion of NSILA-S among other factors is under the control of insulin.", "contents": "Decrease of non-suppressible insulin-like activity after pancreatectomy and normalization by insulin therapy. Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was determined in 5 dogs before and after pancreatectomy and again during insulin therapy. All NSILA-S determinations were carried out on serum samples which were passed over Sephadex G-50 columns equilibrated with 1 M acetic acid. The levels of NSILA-S decreased drastically shortly after pancreatectomy and rose slowly after institution of insulin therapy, to normal levels. During the period of severe diabetes after pancreatectomy the concentration of growth hormone was elevated. These findings indicate that 1) the pancreas cannot be the site of synthesis and release of NSILA-S, 2) NSILA-S levels do not always parallel growth hormone levels and 3) the synthesis and secretion of NSILA-S among other factors is under the control of insulin.", "PMID": 578061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12890", "title": "A case of adrenogenital syndrome with aberrant 11beta-hydroxylation.", "content": "A 17 year old female patient with hypertension, amenorrhoea and hirsutism was found to have subnormal levels of plasma and urinary cortisol, significant plasma levels of Reichstein's compound S and 21-deoxycortisol, high urinary levels of THS and pregnanetriolone as well as elevated levels of plasma and urinary testosterone. Treatment with 0.5 mg/day of dexamethasone or 25 mg/day cortisone reduced her hypertension and restored her menstrual cycles, but also resulted in the development of moon face, body striae and a gain in weight. Lower doses of cortisone were without effect. The deficient cortisol production coupled with the presence of unusual intermediates such as Reichstein's compound S and 21-deoxycortisol can be explained by a shift in the substrate specificity of 11beta-hydroxylase from C-21-hydroxylated substrates (i.e. compound S) to C-21-deoxy substrates (i.e. 17-hydroxyprogesterone).", "contents": "A case of adrenogenital syndrome with aberrant 11beta-hydroxylation. A 17 year old female patient with hypertension, amenorrhoea and hirsutism was found to have subnormal levels of plasma and urinary cortisol, significant plasma levels of Reichstein's compound S and 21-deoxycortisol, high urinary levels of THS and pregnanetriolone as well as elevated levels of plasma and urinary testosterone. Treatment with 0.5 mg/day of dexamethasone or 25 mg/day cortisone reduced her hypertension and restored her menstrual cycles, but also resulted in the development of moon face, body striae and a gain in weight. Lower doses of cortisone were without effect. The deficient cortisol production coupled with the presence of unusual intermediates such as Reichstein's compound S and 21-deoxycortisol can be explained by a shift in the substrate specificity of 11beta-hydroxylase from C-21-hydroxylated substrates (i.e. compound S) to C-21-deoxy substrates (i.e. 17-hydroxyprogesterone).", "PMID": 578062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12891", "title": "A new assay method for the determination of oestrogen receptors.", "content": "A new assay method was developed to determine the quantity of oestrogen cytoplasmic receptors which are capable of associating with acceptor sites on chromatin. The quantity of oestrogen receptor complexes associated with chromatin is of paramount importance in the mechanism of action of oestrogen. This method is based on the specific binding properties of oestrogen to the receptor and on the binding of the complex to chromatin. Cytosol was pre-incubated with [3H]oestradiol-17 beta ([3H]Oe2) to form a complex, and further incubated with a constant amount of chromatin. After this the quantity of [3H]Oe2 cytosol receptor complexes specifically associated with the chromatin was determined. The binding activity of the chromatin to the [3H]Oe2 receptor complex was stable for at least six months in 0.15 M NaCl at -20 degrees C. This method enables us to determine the quantity of the biologically active oestrogen receptors more specifically than with other methods.", "contents": "A new assay method for the determination of oestrogen receptors. A new assay method was developed to determine the quantity of oestrogen cytoplasmic receptors which are capable of associating with acceptor sites on chromatin. The quantity of oestrogen receptor complexes associated with chromatin is of paramount importance in the mechanism of action of oestrogen. This method is based on the specific binding properties of oestrogen to the receptor and on the binding of the complex to chromatin. Cytosol was pre-incubated with [3H]oestradiol-17 beta ([3H]Oe2) to form a complex, and further incubated with a constant amount of chromatin. After this the quantity of [3H]Oe2 cytosol receptor complexes specifically associated with the chromatin was determined. The binding activity of the chromatin to the [3H]Oe2 receptor complex was stable for at least six months in 0.15 M NaCl at -20 degrees C. This method enables us to determine the quantity of the biologically active oestrogen receptors more specifically than with other methods.", "PMID": 578063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12892", "title": "Statistical inference as applied to bioavailability data--a guide for the practicing pharmacist.", "content": "Descriptive statistics and statistical tests used in reporting bioavailability data are reviewed in order to give the practicing pharmacist the fundamental knowledge needed to evaluate such data. Using acetaminophen bioavailability data as a model the following concepts are explained: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, range, 95% confidence limit, Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test.", "contents": "Statistical inference as applied to bioavailability data--a guide for the practicing pharmacist. Descriptive statistics and statistical tests used in reporting bioavailability data are reviewed in order to give the practicing pharmacist the fundamental knowledge needed to evaluate such data. Using acetaminophen bioavailability data as a model the following concepts are explained: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, range, 95% confidence limit, Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test.", "PMID": 578074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12893", "title": "Androgen dependency in acquired aplastic anemia.", "content": "We describe three patients with acquired aplastic anemia showing dependency on androgens, with blood counts that correlated directly with variation in oxymetholone dosage. In two of the patients, red cells, neutrophils and platelets showed parallel fluctuations, whereas in one patient the red cells and white cells, but not the platelets, fluctuated in relationship to oxymetholone therapy. There was no hematologic response to dromostanolone in two patients. These results support the benefit of androgen therapy in some patients with acquired aplastic anemia.", "contents": "Androgen dependency in acquired aplastic anemia. We describe three patients with acquired aplastic anemia showing dependency on androgens, with blood counts that correlated directly with variation in oxymetholone dosage. In two of the patients, red cells, neutrophils and platelets showed parallel fluctuations, whereas in one patient the red cells and white cells, but not the platelets, fluctuated in relationship to oxymetholone therapy. There was no hematologic response to dromostanolone in two patients. These results support the benefit of androgen therapy in some patients with acquired aplastic anemia.", "PMID": 578075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12894", "title": "Antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered serotonin.", "content": "It has been suggested that serotonin neurons and their pathways may mediate sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli by activating the descending inhibitory mechanisms at the spinal cord. This antinociceptive effect may be induced by direct administration of serotonin into the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. The experiment is designed to demonstrate the changes in the tail-flick response latency after the intrathecal injection of serotonin. Serotonin, 100 or 200 microgram, administered into the lumbar intrathecal space, produced an analgesic effect for as long as 40 minutes. Behavioral and morphologic observations after serotonin injections showed no adverse reaction. It is assumed that serotonin molecules penetrate the spinal cord tissue and activate the antinociceptive serotonergic pathyways.", "contents": "Antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered serotonin. It has been suggested that serotonin neurons and their pathways may mediate sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli by activating the descending inhibitory mechanisms at the spinal cord. This antinociceptive effect may be induced by direct administration of serotonin into the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. The experiment is designed to demonstrate the changes in the tail-flick response latency after the intrathecal injection of serotonin. Serotonin, 100 or 200 microgram, administered into the lumbar intrathecal space, produced an analgesic effect for as long as 40 minutes. Behavioral and morphologic observations after serotonin injections showed no adverse reaction. It is assumed that serotonin molecules penetrate the spinal cord tissue and activate the antinociceptive serotonergic pathyways.", "PMID": 578085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12895", "title": "Possible pathogenetic mechanisms producing bovine milk protein inducible malabsorption: a hypothesis.", "content": "The feeding of bovine milk to five highly allergic pediatric patients with bilateral family histories of atopy led to transient malabsorption of glucose and fat as well as systemic autonomic functional changes which may be attributable to pharmacologic actions of histamine and/or acetylcholine. It is hypothesized that during allergic reactions endogenously released smooth muscle stimulating neuromediators could provide rapid propulsion of nutrients through the absorbing portion of the gut, leading to suboptimal absorption, and that bovine milk inducible malabsorption in the atopic patients has an immuno-pharmacologic basis in its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Possible pathogenetic mechanisms producing bovine milk protein inducible malabsorption: a hypothesis. The feeding of bovine milk to five highly allergic pediatric patients with bilateral family histories of atopy led to transient malabsorption of glucose and fat as well as systemic autonomic functional changes which may be attributable to pharmacologic actions of histamine and/or acetylcholine. It is hypothesized that during allergic reactions endogenously released smooth muscle stimulating neuromediators could provide rapid propulsion of nutrients through the absorbing portion of the gut, leading to suboptimal absorption, and that bovine milk inducible malabsorption in the atopic patients has an immuno-pharmacologic basis in its pathogenesis.", "PMID": 578086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12896", "title": "Failure of a \"prophylactic\" antimicrobial drug to prevent sepsis after fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "A 53-year-old patient with lymphoblastic lymphoma developed progressive interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. The patient was believed to have Pseudomonas bronchitis and was given parenteral gentamicin. Transbronchial lung biopsy performed through a fiberoptic bronchoscope was complicated by the development of Pseudomonas septicemia. The organism isolated on blood culture, like the one isolated on sputum culture, was fully susceptible to gentamicin in vitro. A prophylactic antimicrobial drug did not prevent bacteremic Pseudomonas infection in our immunosuppressed patient with pre-existent Pseudomonas bronchitis.", "contents": "Failure of a \"prophylactic\" antimicrobial drug to prevent sepsis after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A 53-year-old patient with lymphoblastic lymphoma developed progressive interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. The patient was believed to have Pseudomonas bronchitis and was given parenteral gentamicin. Transbronchial lung biopsy performed through a fiberoptic bronchoscope was complicated by the development of Pseudomonas septicemia. The organism isolated on blood culture, like the one isolated on sputum culture, was fully susceptible to gentamicin in vitro. A prophylactic antimicrobial drug did not prevent bacteremic Pseudomonas infection in our immunosuppressed patient with pre-existent Pseudomonas bronchitis.", "PMID": 578087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12897", "title": "[Study of the toxicity and antiblastoma activity of antibiotics echinomycin and 6270 in complexes with DNA].", "content": "Studies with the use of intact inbred albino mice showed that in intravenous administration the acute toxicity of antibiotic No. 6270 and echinomycin in complexes with DNA increased 3--4 times as compared to the toxicity of the same antibiotics used without the complex. Under the experimental conditions with 3-fold intravenous administration at 72-hour intervals in doses equivalent by their acute toxicity, the antitumor activity of the echinomycin complex with DNA against the solid form of lymphosarcoma L10-1 was approximately 4 times lower than the activity of the antibiotic used alone. Like echinomycin, antibiotic No. 6270 in complex with DNA used according to the same administration scheme in doses equivalent by their acute toxicity had a lower inhibitory effect on growth of lymphosarcoma L10-1 and sarcoma 180 as compared to its use alone.", "contents": "[Study of the toxicity and antiblastoma activity of antibiotics echinomycin and 6270 in complexes with DNA]. Studies with the use of intact inbred albino mice showed that in intravenous administration the acute toxicity of antibiotic No. 6270 and echinomycin in complexes with DNA increased 3--4 times as compared to the toxicity of the same antibiotics used without the complex. Under the experimental conditions with 3-fold intravenous administration at 72-hour intervals in doses equivalent by their acute toxicity, the antitumor activity of the echinomycin complex with DNA against the solid form of lymphosarcoma L10-1 was approximately 4 times lower than the activity of the antibiotic used alone. Like echinomycin, antibiotic No. 6270 in complex with DNA used according to the same administration scheme in doses equivalent by their acute toxicity had a lower inhibitory effect on growth of lymphosarcoma L10-1 and sarcoma 180 as compared to its use alone.", "PMID": 578090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12898", "title": "Multiple mycotic aneurysms due to Candida endocarditis.", "content": "Candida endocarditis is a serious condition which should be suspected in any patient with signs and symptoms compatible with bacterial endocarditis when cultures are negative. It should be managed by a medical-surgical approach which combines resection of all infected heart tissue and repair of any preexisting heart defects with appropriate antifungal therapy. Mycotic aneurysms should be treated by ligation of the vessel above and below the aneurysm, resection of the aneurysm, and implementation of appropriate antifungal or antibacterial therapy. Revascularization is not always necessary. When required, an extra-anatomic approach is preferable to placing a graft through the bed of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Multiple mycotic aneurysms due to Candida endocarditis. Candida endocarditis is a serious condition which should be suspected in any patient with signs and symptoms compatible with bacterial endocarditis when cultures are negative. It should be managed by a medical-surgical approach which combines resection of all infected heart tissue and repair of any preexisting heart defects with appropriate antifungal therapy. Mycotic aneurysms should be treated by ligation of the vessel above and below the aneurysm, resection of the aneurysm, and implementation of appropriate antifungal or antibacterial therapy. Revascularization is not always necessary. When required, an extra-anatomic approach is preferable to placing a graft through the bed of the aneurysm.", "PMID": 578091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12899", "title": "Evidence for a specific transport of D-hexoses across the human term placenta in vitro.", "content": "Isolated cotylidons of human term placentas are perfused artificially on the fetal and maternal side. The relative transfer rates of radioactive labelled D-glucose, L-glucose, D-mannose and D-mannitol across the placenta are measured and the inhibition of these transports by phloretin is studied: 1. Transfer rates of D-glucose and D-mannose exceed that of L-glucose about 1.5-4 times. 2. Phloretin (10(-3) mol/l) decreases the transports of D-hexoses, whereas the transport of L-GLUCOSE REMAINS UNAFFECTED. 3. If the concentration of D-glucose is increased, the transport of D-mannose is inhibited competitively. 4. L-glucose and D-mannitol equal in transfer rates. These results show, that D-hexoses cross the human placenta by a specific carrier and by simple diffusion.", "contents": "Evidence for a specific transport of D-hexoses across the human term placenta in vitro. Isolated cotylidons of human term placentas are perfused artificially on the fetal and maternal side. The relative transfer rates of radioactive labelled D-glucose, L-glucose, D-mannose and D-mannitol across the placenta are measured and the inhibition of these transports by phloretin is studied: 1. Transfer rates of D-glucose and D-mannose exceed that of L-glucose about 1.5-4 times. 2. Phloretin (10(-3) mol/l) decreases the transports of D-hexoses, whereas the transport of L-GLUCOSE REMAINS UNAFFECTED. 3. If the concentration of D-glucose is increased, the transport of D-mannose is inhibited competitively. 4. L-glucose and D-mannitol equal in transfer rates. These results show, that D-hexoses cross the human placenta by a specific carrier and by simple diffusion.", "PMID": 578093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12900", "title": "[Problems of distinction of normal, arteficial and pathological structures in mature human placental villi. I. Ultrastructure of the syncytiotrophoblast (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-four mature human placentae were punctured in situ during cesarean section and fixed immediately. The ten cases which seemed normal according to clinical and morphological criteria were examined electron-microscopically. Findings won in ideal conditions after perfusion fixation of the guinea-pig placenta were compared to the human punction samples. The granular endoplasmic reticulum in the syncytium proved to be the most susceptable parameter. Its cisternae are narrow and arranged parallel to each other after optimal fixation. The larger the ischemic phase--already detectable after 2 min--, the more disorientated and dilated they become. The mitochondria only react considerably later. Similar structural alterations also occur in the course of pathological processes. The meaning of arteficially and pathologically induced ultrastructural changes and their interdependance are discussed.", "contents": "[Problems of distinction of normal, arteficial and pathological structures in mature human placental villi. I. Ultrastructure of the syncytiotrophoblast (author's transl)]. Thirty-four mature human placentae were punctured in situ during cesarean section and fixed immediately. The ten cases which seemed normal according to clinical and morphological criteria were examined electron-microscopically. Findings won in ideal conditions after perfusion fixation of the guinea-pig placenta were compared to the human punction samples. The granular endoplasmic reticulum in the syncytium proved to be the most susceptable parameter. Its cisternae are narrow and arranged parallel to each other after optimal fixation. The larger the ischemic phase--already detectable after 2 min--, the more disorientated and dilated they become. The mitochondria only react considerably later. Similar structural alterations also occur in the course of pathological processes. The meaning of arteficially and pathologically induced ultrastructural changes and their interdependance are discussed.", "PMID": 578095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12901", "title": "[Biochemical studies on hypotrophy and hypoplasia in the post partum uterus of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In post partum rat uteri, the wet weight, the soluble protein and the DNA content were measured for ten days following delivery. After a lag period of 48 h, the weight and protein content of whole uteri decreased in parallel to one twelfth of the initial values. The DNA content did not change significantly. Hypoplasia contributed not more than 20% to the weight loss, so that at least 80% of the loss was due to hypotrophy. The protein content per cell nucleus (mg protein/mg DNA) decreased by 85% within 10 days. In non-pregnant control animals, uterus weight and protein content per cell nucleus were greater than those of animals measured on the tenth post partum day. In contrast, the protein concentration of the tissue (mg protein/g wet weight) was lower in the control group. It is suggested that this hyperinvolution is caused by the low estrogen levels of the lactating animals.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies on hypotrophy and hypoplasia in the post partum uterus of the rat (author's transl)]. In post partum rat uteri, the wet weight, the soluble protein and the DNA content were measured for ten days following delivery. After a lag period of 48 h, the weight and protein content of whole uteri decreased in parallel to one twelfth of the initial values. The DNA content did not change significantly. Hypoplasia contributed not more than 20% to the weight loss, so that at least 80% of the loss was due to hypotrophy. The protein content per cell nucleus (mg protein/mg DNA) decreased by 85% within 10 days. In non-pregnant control animals, uterus weight and protein content per cell nucleus were greater than those of animals measured on the tenth post partum day. In contrast, the protein concentration of the tissue (mg protein/g wet weight) was lower in the control group. It is suggested that this hyperinvolution is caused by the low estrogen levels of the lactating animals.", "PMID": 578096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12902", "title": "[Some experiences concerning the effect of fetal respiratory movement (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of negative pressure by intrauterine respiratory movements of 115 fetal rabbits is examined between the 25th and 28th day of gestation. An intraamnial injection of Burri-ink with particles of the size between 20 and 50 nm and of a suspension of polyamid (size between 25 and 40 micrometer) in physiological NaC1-solution was done. Both markers are not inspirated during the time of 24 h p.i. However you can find them after 19 min in the circulated fetal blood. There is the same effect if you block respiratory movements by drugs. There is a correlation to the concentration of the markers in the amniotic fluid, but no correlation to the size of the particles of those markers.", "contents": "[Some experiences concerning the effect of fetal respiratory movement (author's transl)]. The effect of negative pressure by intrauterine respiratory movements of 115 fetal rabbits is examined between the 25th and 28th day of gestation. An intraamnial injection of Burri-ink with particles of the size between 20 and 50 nm and of a suspension of polyamid (size between 25 and 40 micrometer) in physiological NaC1-solution was done. Both markers are not inspirated during the time of 24 h p.i. However you can find them after 19 min in the circulated fetal blood. There is the same effect if you block respiratory movements by drugs. There is a correlation to the concentration of the markers in the amniotic fluid, but no correlation to the size of the particles of those markers.", "PMID": 578097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12903", "title": "[Quantitative investigations of the human placenta under normal conditions and in case of preeclampsia correlated to the human placenta-lactogen blood-level in the last third of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-two human placentas from normal and from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia in last third of gestation were morphologically and morphometrically examined and correlated with human placenta-lactogen blood-level. HPL was determined by the radio-immunoassay (Carbon-Dextran-method). HPL-values, placenta villous surface, the weight of the newborn and placenta showed significant correlation. The placentas were classified according to the morphologic degree of severity (placenta-morphological-index) and compared to preeclamptic index (Goecke) and HPL-values. The results showed correlation between the studied datas according to the severity of preeclampsia. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[Quantitative investigations of the human placenta under normal conditions and in case of preeclampsia correlated to the human placenta-lactogen blood-level in the last third of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Thirty-two human placentas from normal and from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia in last third of gestation were morphologically and morphometrically examined and correlated with human placenta-lactogen blood-level. HPL was determined by the radio-immunoassay (Carbon-Dextran-method). HPL-values, placenta villous surface, the weight of the newborn and placenta showed significant correlation. The placentas were classified according to the morphologic degree of severity (placenta-morphological-index) and compared to preeclamptic index (Goecke) and HPL-values. The results showed correlation between the studied datas according to the severity of preeclampsia. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 578098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12904", "title": "The nuclear DNA content of lobular neoplasia of the mammary gland.", "content": "Twelve cases of lobular neoplasia and three cases of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast were examined by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. Two different ranges of nuclear DNA values were observed. Eight cases of lobular neoplasia fell within the diploid range and the four remaining cases within the diploid to tetraploid range, while the three cases of invasive lobular carcinoma showed a DNA distribution between the diploid and tetraploid range. Cytophotometrically, lobular neoplasia with diploid DNA values can be considered to represent a precancerous condition, whereas lobular neoplasia with diploid to tetraploid values are regarded as a more advanced stage of an non infiltrating carcinoma still confined to the performed spaces.", "contents": "The nuclear DNA content of lobular neoplasia of the mammary gland. Twelve cases of lobular neoplasia and three cases of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast were examined by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. Two different ranges of nuclear DNA values were observed. Eight cases of lobular neoplasia fell within the diploid range and the four remaining cases within the diploid to tetraploid range, while the three cases of invasive lobular carcinoma showed a DNA distribution between the diploid and tetraploid range. Cytophotometrically, lobular neoplasia with diploid DNA values can be considered to represent a precancerous condition, whereas lobular neoplasia with diploid to tetraploid values are regarded as a more advanced stage of an non infiltrating carcinoma still confined to the performed spaces.", "PMID": 578099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12905", "title": "Palmitic acid concentration of amniotic fluid in diabetic pregnancy.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of total lipid and phospholipid contents was determined in the amniotic fluid of normal and diabetic pregnant patients. Disturbance of lipid metabolism which is not related to the severity of diabetes, causes difficulties in the determination of L/S ratio. The palmitic acid content of total lipid and lecithin is increased in diabetic pregnancy. The lecithin synthesis is significantly decreased as result of a transitory or prolonged acidosis.", "contents": "Palmitic acid concentration of amniotic fluid in diabetic pregnancy. The fatty acid composition of total lipid and phospholipid contents was determined in the amniotic fluid of normal and diabetic pregnant patients. Disturbance of lipid metabolism which is not related to the severity of diabetes, causes difficulties in the determination of L/S ratio. The palmitic acid content of total lipid and lecithin is increased in diabetic pregnancy. The lecithin synthesis is significantly decreased as result of a transitory or prolonged acidosis.", "PMID": 578100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12906", "title": "[The problem of the ploidy reduction in carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix: numerical chromosome anomalies in carcinoma in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on cytogenetic studies of the uterine cervix in 11 carcinoma in situ. In six cases with intact epithelium the cells were no longer normal and five cases showed beginning stroma invasion. The numerical chromosome anomalies observed indicate the presence of ploidy reduction. In accord with cytogenetic findings in precancerous conditions and in carcinoma of the uterine cervix published in the literature, the ploidy reduction may be regarded as a probable causal principle for malignancy at the uterine cervix.", "contents": "[The problem of the ploidy reduction in carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix: numerical chromosome anomalies in carcinoma in situ (author's transl)]. The authors report on cytogenetic studies of the uterine cervix in 11 carcinoma in situ. In six cases with intact epithelium the cells were no longer normal and five cases showed beginning stroma invasion. The numerical chromosome anomalies observed indicate the presence of ploidy reduction. In accord with cytogenetic findings in precancerous conditions and in carcinoma of the uterine cervix published in the literature, the ploidy reduction may be regarded as a probable causal principle for malignancy at the uterine cervix.", "PMID": 578101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12907", "title": "Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen on follicle growth in rats.", "content": "The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) on ovarian follicle growth was studied in hypophysectomized rats, using histologic, autoradiographic and histochemical techniques. The administration of FSH to immature hypophysectomized rats stimulated the follicle growth with thickening of the theca layer and repair of \"deficiency cells\". Although DES given to hypophysectomized rats also stimulated the follicle growth, the theca layer was relatively thin compared with that in FSH-treated rats. In order to detect cell division in a growing follicle, the number of labelled granulosa cells with tritiated thymidine as a proportion of the granulosa cells in a growing follicle were counted and the labelling indices of the granulosa cells were calculated. The labelling indices increased by the administration of FSH (p less than 0.05) or DES (p less than 0.05). The uptake of tritiated thymidine and leucine by the theca cells was enhanced only by FSH and was not stimulated by DES. The administration of FSH resulted in an increase of the histochemically demonstrable enzyme activity such as delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) or alkaline phosphatase in the theca cells. In contrast, the administration of DES did not stimulate the enzyme activity of the theca cells. Furthermore, FSH stimulated a release of estradiol and estriol from the ovary of hypophysectomized rat, whereas DES did not. Although ovarian follicle growth was stimulated by both FSH and DES, the effect of the two hormones on the theca cells was quite different and the secretion of estrogen was stimulated by FSH. The results suggest that FSH induced follicle growth of the ovary might be mediated by estrogen produced by the theca cells.", "contents": "Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen on follicle growth in rats. The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) on ovarian follicle growth was studied in hypophysectomized rats, using histologic, autoradiographic and histochemical techniques. The administration of FSH to immature hypophysectomized rats stimulated the follicle growth with thickening of the theca layer and repair of \"deficiency cells\". Although DES given to hypophysectomized rats also stimulated the follicle growth, the theca layer was relatively thin compared with that in FSH-treated rats. In order to detect cell division in a growing follicle, the number of labelled granulosa cells with tritiated thymidine as a proportion of the granulosa cells in a growing follicle were counted and the labelling indices of the granulosa cells were calculated. The labelling indices increased by the administration of FSH (p less than 0.05) or DES (p less than 0.05). The uptake of tritiated thymidine and leucine by the theca cells was enhanced only by FSH and was not stimulated by DES. The administration of FSH resulted in an increase of the histochemically demonstrable enzyme activity such as delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) or alkaline phosphatase in the theca cells. In contrast, the administration of DES did not stimulate the enzyme activity of the theca cells. Furthermore, FSH stimulated a release of estradiol and estriol from the ovary of hypophysectomized rat, whereas DES did not. Although ovarian follicle growth was stimulated by both FSH and DES, the effect of the two hormones on the theca cells was quite different and the secretion of estrogen was stimulated by FSH. The results suggest that FSH induced follicle growth of the ovary might be mediated by estrogen produced by the theca cells.", "PMID": 578102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12908", "title": "[Investigation of pregnancy hypertension as a consequence of utero-placentar ischemia (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt at provoking gestosis by constricting the uterine artery was made using pregnant rats and rabbits. The experiment failed. Reducing the circulation by means of Z-sutures in the region of the nidation site failed to produce symptoms of gestosis also. The result of the uterine manipulations was abortion and intra-uterine retardation of the product of conception. Though it was not possible to verify the pathogenesis of gestosis due to impaired circulation of the uterus. On the basis of these experiments previous gestosis hypotheses stemming from animal experiments cannot be questioned. However, it is though-provoking that a review of the literature reveals that the results of these \"classical model experiments\" cannot always be interpreted uniformly.", "contents": "[Investigation of pregnancy hypertension as a consequence of utero-placentar ischemia (author's transl)]. An attempt at provoking gestosis by constricting the uterine artery was made using pregnant rats and rabbits. The experiment failed. Reducing the circulation by means of Z-sutures in the region of the nidation site failed to produce symptoms of gestosis also. The result of the uterine manipulations was abortion and intra-uterine retardation of the product of conception. Though it was not possible to verify the pathogenesis of gestosis due to impaired circulation of the uterus. On the basis of these experiments previous gestosis hypotheses stemming from animal experiments cannot be questioned. However, it is though-provoking that a review of the literature reveals that the results of these \"classical model experiments\" cannot always be interpreted uniformly.", "PMID": 578103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12909", "title": "[A mathematical model for the description of oxygen-diffusion in the intervillous space of the human placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "The oxygen consumption has a central place in the complicated interaction between diminished oxygen supply and degenerative trophoblastic tissue change. In the present investigation, that serves as a mathematical model, the problem of the diffusion equation for the constant state is discussed and solved. It is shown that the diminishing of length of the radius of the maternal blood compartment has the same meaning as the decrease in the flow velocity. The influence of the mass transfer coefficient h on the oxygen partial pressure and on the oxygen transfer is investigated. The influence of parameter variations on the placental alterations during toxemia is discussed and their clinical importance is obvious. Our theoretical model elusidates the value of an early therapeutical approach in the case of toxemia.", "contents": "[A mathematical model for the description of oxygen-diffusion in the intervillous space of the human placenta (author's transl)]. The oxygen consumption has a central place in the complicated interaction between diminished oxygen supply and degenerative trophoblastic tissue change. In the present investigation, that serves as a mathematical model, the problem of the diffusion equation for the constant state is discussed and solved. It is shown that the diminishing of length of the radius of the maternal blood compartment has the same meaning as the decrease in the flow velocity. The influence of the mass transfer coefficient h on the oxygen partial pressure and on the oxygen transfer is investigated. The influence of parameter variations on the placental alterations during toxemia is discussed and their clinical importance is obvious. Our theoretical model elusidates the value of an early therapeutical approach in the case of toxemia.", "PMID": 578104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12910", "title": "Glomerulocystic kidney. A hypothesis of origin and pathogenesis.", "content": "Glomerulocystic kidney, a disease primarily of infants, is characterized by dilation of Bowman's space. We describe an infant whose mother had regularly taken phenacetin during the latter half of her pregnancy. This history, with the renal morphologic features of our patient and those described in the literature, suggests that medullary obstruction contributes to the pathogenesis of this lesion.", "contents": "Glomerulocystic kidney. A hypothesis of origin and pathogenesis. Glomerulocystic kidney, a disease primarily of infants, is characterized by dilation of Bowman's space. We describe an infant whose mother had regularly taken phenacetin during the latter half of her pregnancy. This history, with the renal morphologic features of our patient and those described in the literature, suggests that medullary obstruction contributes to the pathogenesis of this lesion.", "PMID": 578105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12911", "title": "Renal amyloidosis in KK mice that may be misinterpreted as diabetic glomerulosclerosis.", "content": "A normoglycemic, normoinsulinemic, \"lean\" phenotype KK mouse having a morphologically normal pancreatic islet had renal lesions reminiscent of diabetic glomerulosclerosis described in the literature for KK mice. Most of these animals also had splenomegaly. Using histochemical and ultrastructural methods, the renal and splenic lesions were demonstrated to be amyloidotic. Extensive deposits of amyloid were found in the liver and adrenals. Amyloidosis was found in all lean KK mice 4 months of age or older and in five of 11 C57BL/6J mice over 1 year of age. The validity of data attributing glomerulosclerosis to diabetes in mice that are neither glucosuric nor hyperglycemic or that show normal tolerance to glucose load should be questioned until amyloidosis is ruled out.", "contents": "Renal amyloidosis in KK mice that may be misinterpreted as diabetic glomerulosclerosis. A normoglycemic, normoinsulinemic, \"lean\" phenotype KK mouse having a morphologically normal pancreatic islet had renal lesions reminiscent of diabetic glomerulosclerosis described in the literature for KK mice. Most of these animals also had splenomegaly. Using histochemical and ultrastructural methods, the renal and splenic lesions were demonstrated to be amyloidotic. Extensive deposits of amyloid were found in the liver and adrenals. Amyloidosis was found in all lean KK mice 4 months of age or older and in five of 11 C57BL/6J mice over 1 year of age. The validity of data attributing glomerulosclerosis to diabetes in mice that are neither glucosuric nor hyperglycemic or that show normal tolerance to glucose load should be questioned until amyloidosis is ruled out.", "PMID": 578106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12912", "title": "Fucosidosis with angiokeratoma. Electron microscopic changes in the skin.", "content": "An electron microscopic investigation was performed on the skin from three patients suffering from fucosidosis accompanied by diffuse angiokeratoma. Storage of fucose containing substances was represented by the following two kinds of cytosomes: lamellated bodies, found in Schwann cells and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands and membrane-bound vacuoles, located in various other cellular elements of the skin. Storage in endothelial cells caused narrowing or occlusion of some dermal blood vessels; in the papillary plexus, angiectasis was the result. Extensive vacuolation of the secretory cells of sweat glands could account for hypohydrosis. The characteristic distribution of cytosomes in various kinds of cells is helpful in differentiating fucosidosis from some other storage diseases on the basis of skin biopsy.", "contents": "Fucosidosis with angiokeratoma. Electron microscopic changes in the skin. An electron microscopic investigation was performed on the skin from three patients suffering from fucosidosis accompanied by diffuse angiokeratoma. Storage of fucose containing substances was represented by the following two kinds of cytosomes: lamellated bodies, found in Schwann cells and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands and membrane-bound vacuoles, located in various other cellular elements of the skin. Storage in endothelial cells caused narrowing or occlusion of some dermal blood vessels; in the papillary plexus, angiectasis was the result. Extensive vacuolation of the secretory cells of sweat glands could account for hypohydrosis. The characteristic distribution of cytosomes in various kinds of cells is helpful in differentiating fucosidosis from some other storage diseases on the basis of skin biopsy.", "PMID": 578107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12913", "title": "Ventricular preexcitation syndrome. Accessory left atrioventricular connection and rhabdomyomatous myocardial fibers.", "content": "A necropsy study of the heart of a 16-year-old girl with ventricular preexcitation syndrome and supraventricular tachycardia showed an accessory left atrioventricular connection partially within the mitral valve. Both the accessory pathway and the ventricular musculature showed multiple foci of cardiac muscle fibers with rhabdomyomatous features having the characteristic appearance of rhabdomyomatosis. The case is discussed in the context of a literature review of necropsy findings in cases of ventricular preexcitation.", "contents": "Ventricular preexcitation syndrome. Accessory left atrioventricular connection and rhabdomyomatous myocardial fibers. A necropsy study of the heart of a 16-year-old girl with ventricular preexcitation syndrome and supraventricular tachycardia showed an accessory left atrioventricular connection partially within the mitral valve. Both the accessory pathway and the ventricular musculature showed multiple foci of cardiac muscle fibers with rhabdomyomatous features having the characteristic appearance of rhabdomyomatosis. The case is discussed in the context of a literature review of necropsy findings in cases of ventricular preexcitation.", "PMID": 578108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12914", "title": "Juxtaposition of atrial appendages. Reinterpretation as an accessory appendage or atrial diverticulum.", "content": "The pathological features of 13 cases with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in the autopsy files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were studied. The anomaly occurs most frequently in association with transposition of the great vessels, ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and obstructive lesions of the tricuspid and pulmonic valves. The malformation complex of tricuspid atresia, atrial and ventricular septal communication, and the transposition of the great vessels seems particularly common with juxtaposition of the atrial appendage. A recent case showed a small accessory right atrial appendage lying in juxtaposition to the left atrial appendage. In addition, a normally situated right atrial appendages in addition to well-formed accessory appendages lying in juxtaposition to the left atrial appendages. It seems that juxtaposition of the atrial appendages should be reinterpreted as an accessory appendage or atrial diverticulum.", "contents": "Juxtaposition of atrial appendages. Reinterpretation as an accessory appendage or atrial diverticulum. The pathological features of 13 cases with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in the autopsy files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were studied. The anomaly occurs most frequently in association with transposition of the great vessels, ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and obstructive lesions of the tricuspid and pulmonic valves. The malformation complex of tricuspid atresia, atrial and ventricular septal communication, and the transposition of the great vessels seems particularly common with juxtaposition of the atrial appendage. A recent case showed a small accessory right atrial appendage lying in juxtaposition to the left atrial appendage. In addition, a normally situated right atrial appendages in addition to well-formed accessory appendages lying in juxtaposition to the left atrial appendages. It seems that juxtaposition of the atrial appendages should be reinterpreted as an accessory appendage or atrial diverticulum.", "PMID": 578109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12915", "title": "Specificity of cellular and myofibrillar disorientation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The specificity of the ultrastructural myocardial abnormalities in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is undetermined. We undertook a quantitative study using myocardial biopsy specimens from the subaortic area in a patient with classical HOCM and compared them with hypertrophic left ventricular myocardium from a patient suffering from rheumatic valve disease. Myofibrillar disarray and side-to-side junctions were chosen as strictly quantifiable features. The former was seen as representing intracellular disorganization; the latter was seen as criterion for intercellular disorganization. The results showed that there is no preference for these abnormalities to occur in HOCM. Indeed, intracellular abnormalities more frequently occurred in the hypertrophic myocardium the patient without HOCM. Neither intracellular nor intercellular features can be regarded as specific for HOCM, even in a quantitative sense.", "contents": "Specificity of cellular and myofibrillar disorientation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The specificity of the ultrastructural myocardial abnormalities in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is undetermined. We undertook a quantitative study using myocardial biopsy specimens from the subaortic area in a patient with classical HOCM and compared them with hypertrophic left ventricular myocardium from a patient suffering from rheumatic valve disease. Myofibrillar disarray and side-to-side junctions were chosen as strictly quantifiable features. The former was seen as representing intracellular disorganization; the latter was seen as criterion for intercellular disorganization. The results showed that there is no preference for these abnormalities to occur in HOCM. Indeed, intracellular abnormalities more frequently occurred in the hypertrophic myocardium the patient without HOCM. Neither intracellular nor intercellular features can be regarded as specific for HOCM, even in a quantitative sense.", "PMID": 578110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12916", "title": "Skeletal muscle capillaries in intermittent claudication.", "content": "The ultrastructural dimensions and density of capillaries in 23 gastrocnemius or rectus femoris muscles in patients with intermittent claudication due to arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) were studied. Constant ultrastructural alterations that were not seen in the control patients were thickening, replication, and remnants of the capillary basement membrane (BM). Compared with the control patientes, the percentual area of the BM was significantly larger (P less than .01), the lumen was significantly smaller (P less than .01), and the ratio of capillaries to muscle fiber was significantly higher (P less than .01) in patients with ASO. These changes were probably due to ASO since they increased with growing severity of claudication.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle capillaries in intermittent claudication. The ultrastructural dimensions and density of capillaries in 23 gastrocnemius or rectus femoris muscles in patients with intermittent claudication due to arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) were studied. Constant ultrastructural alterations that were not seen in the control patients were thickening, replication, and remnants of the capillary basement membrane (BM). Compared with the control patientes, the percentual area of the BM was significantly larger (P less than .01), the lumen was significantly smaller (P less than .01), and the ratio of capillaries to muscle fiber was significantly higher (P less than .01) in patients with ASO. These changes were probably due to ASO since they increased with growing severity of claudication.", "PMID": 578111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12917", "title": "A study of the effects of bromocriptine on serum prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotrophins in anovulatory women.", "content": "Twelve anovulatory patients with normal serum prolactin values and six with elevated values were treated with bromocriptine and the effects on serum prolactin, FSH and LH levels were recorded. Ovulation resulted in one patient who had normal prolactin values and in all six who had raised values. No patient with normal basal prolactin values showed an increase in serum FSH during therapy with bromocriptine, whereas 5 of the 6 patients with elevated values showed significant increases. Similar results were obtained for LH. Although these differences were highly significant (P less than 0-005) the majority of the serum FSH and LH values remained within the normal ranges. Five patients with normal basal prolactin values and one with elevated values were also treated with human pituitary gonadotrophin (HPG). An increase in ovarian responsiveness to HPG during therapy with bromocriptine was recorded in the one patient with initially elevated prolactin values. It was concluded that bromocriptine acts by allowing FSH to rise above threshold requirements for follicular stimulation.", "contents": "A study of the effects of bromocriptine on serum prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotrophins in anovulatory women. Twelve anovulatory patients with normal serum prolactin values and six with elevated values were treated with bromocriptine and the effects on serum prolactin, FSH and LH levels were recorded. Ovulation resulted in one patient who had normal prolactin values and in all six who had raised values. No patient with normal basal prolactin values showed an increase in serum FSH during therapy with bromocriptine, whereas 5 of the 6 patients with elevated values showed significant increases. Similar results were obtained for LH. Although these differences were highly significant (P less than 0-005) the majority of the serum FSH and LH values remained within the normal ranges. Five patients with normal basal prolactin values and one with elevated values were also treated with human pituitary gonadotrophin (HPG). An increase in ovarian responsiveness to HPG during therapy with bromocriptine was recorded in the one patient with initially elevated prolactin values. It was concluded that bromocriptine acts by allowing FSH to rise above threshold requirements for follicular stimulation.", "PMID": 578115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12918", "title": "The embryonic development of the marine caddis fly. Philanisus plebeius Walker (Trichoptera: Chathamidae).", "content": "1. P. plebeius, a trichopteran with marine intertidal larvae, oviposits in the coelom of a starfish, Patiriella exigua. Oviposition occurs mainly in the spring and autumn months. 2. In spite of the intracoelomic location of the embryos, the development of P. plebeius follows an unmodified trichopteran mode, including the characteristic blastokinesis. Nutrients are not supplied to the caddis embryos by the host starfish. 3. Hatching takes place in the starfish coelum after 17-18 days. The newly hatched caddis larvae quickly escape to their rock pool habitat. 4. The form of the female ovipositor indicates that other species of Chathamidae utilize starfish species as oviposition hosts. 5. This mode of oviposition offers protection to the caddis embryos in the intertidal habitat.", "contents": "The embryonic development of the marine caddis fly. Philanisus plebeius Walker (Trichoptera: Chathamidae). 1. P. plebeius, a trichopteran with marine intertidal larvae, oviposits in the coelom of a starfish, Patiriella exigua. Oviposition occurs mainly in the spring and autumn months. 2. In spite of the intracoelomic location of the embryos, the development of P. plebeius follows an unmodified trichopteran mode, including the characteristic blastokinesis. Nutrients are not supplied to the caddis embryos by the host starfish. 3. Hatching takes place in the starfish coelum after 17-18 days. The newly hatched caddis larvae quickly escape to their rock pool habitat. 4. The form of the female ovipositor indicates that other species of Chathamidae utilize starfish species as oviposition hosts. 5. This mode of oviposition offers protection to the caddis embryos in the intertidal habitat.", "PMID": 578118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12919", "title": "Equilibrium and metastable states in lecithin films.", "content": "We have considered whether lecithin surface films below the gel-liquid crystal transition temperature, Tc, are in unique physical states. In general, below Tc, equilibrium films do not exist when surface pressures, pi, exceed about 0.1 dyn/cm. Since surface pressure-surface area isotherms of lecithin films below Tc always encompass pi's much greater than 0.1 dyn/cm, the film states are metastable. We show that the film properties under these conditions depend strongly on the history of the film, particularly the method of film formation. Lecithin surface films below Tc are thus in arbitrary metastable states, so that pi-area isotherms are difficult to interpret. The physical significance of such isotherms remains to be determined. The utility of pure lecithin surface layers below Tc as models for biological systems is also challenged by our results.", "contents": "Equilibrium and metastable states in lecithin films. We have considered whether lecithin surface films below the gel-liquid crystal transition temperature, Tc, are in unique physical states. In general, below Tc, equilibrium films do not exist when surface pressures, pi, exceed about 0.1 dyn/cm. Since surface pressure-surface area isotherms of lecithin films below Tc always encompass pi's much greater than 0.1 dyn/cm, the film states are metastable. We show that the film properties under these conditions depend strongly on the history of the film, particularly the method of film formation. Lecithin surface films below Tc are thus in arbitrary metastable states, so that pi-area isotherms are difficult to interpret. The physical significance of such isotherms remains to be determined. The utility of pure lecithin surface layers below Tc as models for biological systems is also challenged by our results.", "PMID": 578120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12920", "title": "Herpes zoster and paralytic ileus: a case report.", "content": "A case of herpes zoster presenting as intestinal obstruction is described. Clinical and radiological evidence of intestinal obstruction was obtained. The mechanisms by which herpes zoster may cause an ileus are discussed.", "contents": "Herpes zoster and paralytic ileus: a case report. A case of herpes zoster presenting as intestinal obstruction is described. Clinical and radiological evidence of intestinal obstruction was obtained. The mechanisms by which herpes zoster may cause an ileus are discussed.", "PMID": 578122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12921", "title": "Death and injury of Staphytococcus aureus during thermal treatment of milk.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and grown in milk was heated in milk. The phenomena of death as well as injury was investigated in the range of 50 to 75 degrees C. The D60 value (decimal reduction time on salt-free medium) was 0.87 min, the D'60 value (decimal reduction time in salt-containing medium) was 0.62 min. Cultures were injured as soon as heating started. This initial thermal shock increased with increasing temperature. At 50-60 degrees C injury was more rapid than death. At greater than 60 degrees C death became faster than injury and the two processes coincided at 70 degrees C. The Z value was 9.46 degrees C and the Z' value was 9.93 degrees C.", "contents": "Death and injury of Staphytococcus aureus during thermal treatment of milk. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and grown in milk was heated in milk. The phenomena of death as well as injury was investigated in the range of 50 to 75 degrees C. The D60 value (decimal reduction time on salt-free medium) was 0.87 min, the D'60 value (decimal reduction time in salt-containing medium) was 0.62 min. Cultures were injured as soon as heating started. This initial thermal shock increased with increasing temperature. At 50-60 degrees C injury was more rapid than death. At greater than 60 degrees C death became faster than injury and the two processes coincided at 70 degrees C. The Z value was 9.46 degrees C and the Z' value was 9.93 degrees C.", "PMID": 578124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12922", "title": "What do family physicians see in practice?", "content": "Health care problems dealt with in their practices were recorded by seven family physicians over a period of 1 year (two others recorded for 3 months), each diagnosis being coded according to the Canuck Disease Classification Index. Problems were classified into four types: physical, psychosocial, diseases of choice (or lifestyle) and diseases of social impact. More than 85% of the 23 108 problems recorded were physical in origin and had physical manifestations. More time was spent on routine checkups and treatment of respiratory disease than on any other activity. Venereal disease and alcoholism were infrequent problems. The family physician is in a favourable position to act as health educator and counsellor and must be throughly trained in the physical aspects of disease.", "contents": "What do family physicians see in practice? Health care problems dealt with in their practices were recorded by seven family physicians over a period of 1 year (two others recorded for 3 months), each diagnosis being coded according to the Canuck Disease Classification Index. Problems were classified into four types: physical, psychosocial, diseases of choice (or lifestyle) and diseases of social impact. More than 85% of the 23 108 problems recorded were physical in origin and had physical manifestations. More time was spent on routine checkups and treatment of respiratory disease than on any other activity. Venereal disease and alcoholism were infrequent problems. The family physician is in a favourable position to act as health educator and counsellor and must be throughly trained in the physical aspects of disease.", "PMID": 578125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12923", "title": "Studies on Thermoactinomyces sp. TM9208. I. Description of the strain.", "content": "A strain of Thermoactinomyces sp., TM9208, isolated from a soil sample in the Taipei area showed antagonistic activity to Gram positive bacteria but not to the Gram negative on the potato extract agar plate by the cross streaking method. The strain showed strong starch hydrolysis, beta type of hemolysis, brownish yellow growth on the potato extract agar and green on the nutrient agar. Its aerial mycelium, white to grayish white, was long and straight with short branches. The spores are single and have smooth surface. It is a good utilizer of starch, maltose and cellobiose as carbon source, but utilizes dulcitol, salicin, sucrose, rhamnose and sorbitol poorly.", "contents": "Studies on Thermoactinomyces sp. TM9208. I. Description of the strain. A strain of Thermoactinomyces sp., TM9208, isolated from a soil sample in the Taipei area showed antagonistic activity to Gram positive bacteria but not to the Gram negative on the potato extract agar plate by the cross streaking method. The strain showed strong starch hydrolysis, beta type of hemolysis, brownish yellow growth on the potato extract agar and green on the nutrient agar. Its aerial mycelium, white to grayish white, was long and straight with short branches. The spores are single and have smooth surface. It is a good utilizer of starch, maltose and cellobiose as carbon source, but utilizes dulcitol, salicin, sucrose, rhamnose and sorbitol poorly.", "PMID": 578130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12924", "title": "Humoral components of immunological response in nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Serum and urine were collected from 58 patients with nephrotic syndrome. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM), complement (C3) and transferrin levels were measured by single radial immunodiffusion. The extent of glomerular injury was estimated by determining the selectivity of proteinuria. The relationship between the severity of glomerular damage and serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and complement was assessed. Higher IgM and lower IgG serum concentrations were found in nephrotic patients than in normal controls (157 +/- 108 mg+ vs 127 +/- 38 mg% for IgM, 929 +/- 537 mg% for IgG). The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05 for IgM, p less than 0.001 for IgG). No correlation was present between the selectivity of proteinuria and serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG or C3. The results indicate that abnormalities in humoral components of the immune system are present in nephrotic patients and are probably related to a basic immunological defect in the patients rather than to the severity of glomerular damage.", "contents": "Humoral components of immunological response in nephrotic syndrome. Serum and urine were collected from 58 patients with nephrotic syndrome. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM), complement (C3) and transferrin levels were measured by single radial immunodiffusion. The extent of glomerular injury was estimated by determining the selectivity of proteinuria. The relationship between the severity of glomerular damage and serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and complement was assessed. Higher IgM and lower IgG serum concentrations were found in nephrotic patients than in normal controls (157 +/- 108 mg+ vs 127 +/- 38 mg% for IgM, 929 +/- 537 mg% for IgG). The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05 for IgM, p less than 0.001 for IgG). No correlation was present between the selectivity of proteinuria and serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG or C3. The results indicate that abnormalities in humoral components of the immune system are present in nephrotic patients and are probably related to a basic immunological defect in the patients rather than to the severity of glomerular damage.", "PMID": 578131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12925", "title": "[Isolation of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens and the drug susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis].", "content": "In the routine bacteriological examination of 8,423 clinical specimens, 906 strains of anaerobic bacteria were isolated at National Taiwan University Hospital between April 1972 and April 1976. Most of the strains were isolated from sites allied to the abdominal cavity and genito-urinary tract. Bacteroides fragilis was the most commonly isolated pathogen. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 10 different antimicrobial agents to 74 clinical isolates of B. fragilis were determined by an agar dilution method under anaerobic conditions. The percentages of the strains susceptible to clindamycin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and tetracycline were 98, 92, 75, 41 and 5%, respectively. Rifampin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol also inhibited all isolates in clinically attainable concentrations. All strains were resistant to the aminoglycoside antibiotics, kanamycin and gentamicin.", "contents": "[Isolation of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens and the drug susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis]. In the routine bacteriological examination of 8,423 clinical specimens, 906 strains of anaerobic bacteria were isolated at National Taiwan University Hospital between April 1972 and April 1976. Most of the strains were isolated from sites allied to the abdominal cavity and genito-urinary tract. Bacteroides fragilis was the most commonly isolated pathogen. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 10 different antimicrobial agents to 74 clinical isolates of B. fragilis were determined by an agar dilution method under anaerobic conditions. The percentages of the strains susceptible to clindamycin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and tetracycline were 98, 92, 75, 41 and 5%, respectively. Rifampin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol also inhibited all isolates in clinically attainable concentrations. All strains were resistant to the aminoglycoside antibiotics, kanamycin and gentamicin.", "PMID": 578133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12926", "title": "New technique for movement analysis: application to biological systems.", "content": "A new system for motion analysis is described. Modulation of light intensity of an organism's movement over an opaque and transparent checkerboard grid is monitored by a photocell. The photocell's output is proportional to the organism's amplitude and frequency of movement. This output is analyzed by a continuous interval dot display and spectrum analysis. The system was tested by analyzing the activity of 4 Drosophila strains which are known to differ in their activity. General applicability of the system is discussed.", "contents": "New technique for movement analysis: application to biological systems. A new system for motion analysis is described. Modulation of light intensity of an organism's movement over an opaque and transparent checkerboard grid is monitored by a photocell. The photocell's output is proportional to the organism's amplitude and frequency of movement. This output is analyzed by a continuous interval dot display and spectrum analysis. The system was tested by analyzing the activity of 4 Drosophila strains which are known to differ in their activity. General applicability of the system is discussed.", "PMID": 578136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12927", "title": "Lack of association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and SD-locus HLA antigens.", "content": "All at present serological detectable HLA antigens and humoral antithyroid immunity have been studied in 26 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 450 controls. No statistical significant difference in frequencies of the 36 HLA antigens tested could be found. These findings suggest that serological defined (SD) genes of the histocompatibility complex are not the major factors involved in the predisposition to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. By analysing prevalence of thyroid antibodies in HLA-B8 positive and HLA-B8 negative groups of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients an association between B8 and thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antibody formation was found. Although frequency of HLA-B8 was not increased in the patients, B8 positivity may reflect an increased susceptibility for humoral antithyroid immunity.", "contents": "Lack of association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and SD-locus HLA antigens. All at present serological detectable HLA antigens and humoral antithyroid immunity have been studied in 26 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 450 controls. No statistical significant difference in frequencies of the 36 HLA antigens tested could be found. These findings suggest that serological defined (SD) genes of the histocompatibility complex are not the major factors involved in the predisposition to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. By analysing prevalence of thyroid antibodies in HLA-B8 positive and HLA-B8 negative groups of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients an association between B8 and thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antibody formation was found. Although frequency of HLA-B8 was not increased in the patients, B8 positivity may reflect an increased susceptibility for humoral antithyroid immunity.", "PMID": 578140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12928", "title": "Ventilatory and cholinergic control of pulmonary surfactant in the rabbit.", "content": "Four sets of experiments on surfactant secretion were performed using New Zealand rabbits under light pentobarbital anesthesia. Pa02, Paco2, and pHa remained normal during all experiments. In controls lung lavage yielded 1.62 +/- 0.26 (SD) mg of alveolar phospholipid (PL)/g lung; disaturated phosphatidylcholine comprised 55.5% of total PL. a) Acetylcholine infusion into the left pulmonary artery for 1-4 h caused a 13% increase in alveolar PL of left as compared to right lung. b) Efferent left vagus stimulation for 1 h increased alveolar PL of right and left lungs 31% as compared to controls (P = 0.012). c) Increasing minute ventilation by 100% by augmenting dead space for periods of 1, 2, and 4 h, increased alveolar PL 45% (P = 0.001), 54%, (P = 0.002), and 25% (P = 0.004), respectively, compared to controls. d) Administration of atropine prevented the increase in alveolar PL caused by increased ventilation. These findings show that increased ventilation can stimulate surfactant release through a cholinergically mediated mechanism but do not rule out the participation of other mechanisms.", "contents": "Ventilatory and cholinergic control of pulmonary surfactant in the rabbit. Four sets of experiments on surfactant secretion were performed using New Zealand rabbits under light pentobarbital anesthesia. Pa02, Paco2, and pHa remained normal during all experiments. In controls lung lavage yielded 1.62 +/- 0.26 (SD) mg of alveolar phospholipid (PL)/g lung; disaturated phosphatidylcholine comprised 55.5% of total PL. a) Acetylcholine infusion into the left pulmonary artery for 1-4 h caused a 13% increase in alveolar PL of left as compared to right lung. b) Efferent left vagus stimulation for 1 h increased alveolar PL of right and left lungs 31% as compared to controls (P = 0.012). c) Increasing minute ventilation by 100% by augmenting dead space for periods of 1, 2, and 4 h, increased alveolar PL 45% (P = 0.001), 54%, (P = 0.002), and 25% (P = 0.004), respectively, compared to controls. d) Administration of atropine prevented the increase in alveolar PL caused by increased ventilation. These findings show that increased ventilation can stimulate surfactant release through a cholinergically mediated mechanism but do not rule out the participation of other mechanisms.", "PMID": 578144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12929", "title": "Pulsating bubble technique for evaluating pulmonary surfactant.", "content": "Surface tension is determined with an apparatus which records pressure across the surface of a bubble, expanded in the sample liquid and communicating with ambient air. The disposable sample chamber, with a volume of 20 microliter, communicates with a pulsator and a pressure transducer. The volume displacement of the pulsator's moving piston is hydraulically geared down 1,000 times, which gives the pulsator a stroke volume of 0.43 microliter. When this volume is moving into the sample chamber, it causes the bubble radius to change from a maximum of 0.55 mm, accurately measured through a microscope, to a minimum of 0.4 mm. The pulsator speed is usually 20 rpm, but it can be changed from 0.02 to 80 rpm. From the known pressure gradient across bubble surface, and bubble radius, surface tension is calculated with the law of Laplace.", "contents": "Pulsating bubble technique for evaluating pulmonary surfactant. Surface tension is determined with an apparatus which records pressure across the surface of a bubble, expanded in the sample liquid and communicating with ambient air. The disposable sample chamber, with a volume of 20 microliter, communicates with a pulsator and a pressure transducer. The volume displacement of the pulsator's moving piston is hydraulically geared down 1,000 times, which gives the pulsator a stroke volume of 0.43 microliter. When this volume is moving into the sample chamber, it causes the bubble radius to change from a maximum of 0.55 mm, accurately measured through a microscope, to a minimum of 0.4 mm. The pulsator speed is usually 20 rpm, but it can be changed from 0.02 to 80 rpm. From the known pressure gradient across bubble surface, and bubble radius, surface tension is calculated with the law of Laplace.", "PMID": 578145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12930", "title": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography of vitamin A in margarine, infant formula, and fortified milk.", "content": "Retinal was determined in margarine (50 mg), infant formula (1 ml), and fortified milk (1 ml) by saponification in centrifuge tubes, extraction of the unsaponifiable lipid with hexane, and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 90% methanol on a 25 cm x 3.2 mm column containing 10 micrometer LiChrosorb reverse phase. beta-Carotene was determined using the same column and 99% methanol as eluant. The vitamins in the eluate were identified and measured from their absorption at 325 (retinol) and 453 nm (beta-carotene), using a computing integrator. Retinol and carotene were prominent peaks in the chromatograms from properly fortified samples and were satisfactorily separated from other materials. In a survey of 12 different margarines for retinol, the results from liquid chromatography agreed with those of a variety of spectrophotometric and fluorometric procedures but they were obtained with greater ease and they could be interpreted more confidently. The recovery of retinol from oil was better than 99%. The coefficients of variation was 6.8% for 12 replicate analyses of a margarine for retinol and 5.4% for 10 replicate analyses of a margarine for beta-carotene.", "contents": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography of vitamin A in margarine, infant formula, and fortified milk. Retinal was determined in margarine (50 mg), infant formula (1 ml), and fortified milk (1 ml) by saponification in centrifuge tubes, extraction of the unsaponifiable lipid with hexane, and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 90% methanol on a 25 cm x 3.2 mm column containing 10 micrometer LiChrosorb reverse phase. beta-Carotene was determined using the same column and 99% methanol as eluant. The vitamins in the eluate were identified and measured from their absorption at 325 (retinol) and 453 nm (beta-carotene), using a computing integrator. Retinol and carotene were prominent peaks in the chromatograms from properly fortified samples and were satisfactorily separated from other materials. In a survey of 12 different margarines for retinol, the results from liquid chromatography agreed with those of a variety of spectrophotometric and fluorometric procedures but they were obtained with greater ease and they could be interpreted more confidently. The recovery of retinol from oil was better than 99%. The coefficients of variation was 6.8% for 12 replicate analyses of a margarine for retinol and 5.4% for 10 replicate analyses of a margarine for beta-carotene.", "PMID": 578146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12931", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography of ethylenethiourea in fresh vegetable crops, fruits, milk, and cooked foods.", "content": "The Onley-Yip procedure for determining ethylenethiourea (ETU) in milk and crops was modified to reduce interferences by the ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs). A 20 g crop-methanol extract is cleaned up by adsorbing the sample onto Gas-Chrom S. desorbing ETU, and eluting ETU from aluminum oxide with chloroform containing ethanol. ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative for gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and flame photometric detection (sulfur mode). For liquid chromatography (LC), ETU is cleaned up on another aluminum oxide column and injected directly. LC and GLC results are confirmed by thin layer chromatography. A cooking procedure based on conversion of EBDCs to ETU is included for surveying crops for possible EBDC content. Recoveries from 8 crops and milk fortified at 0.05 ppm ETU ranged from 73 to 100%.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography of ethylenethiourea in fresh vegetable crops, fruits, milk, and cooked foods. The Onley-Yip procedure for determining ethylenethiourea (ETU) in milk and crops was modified to reduce interferences by the ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs). A 20 g crop-methanol extract is cleaned up by adsorbing the sample onto Gas-Chrom S. desorbing ETU, and eluting ETU from aluminum oxide with chloroform containing ethanol. ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative for gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and flame photometric detection (sulfur mode). For liquid chromatography (LC), ETU is cleaned up on another aluminum oxide column and injected directly. LC and GLC results are confirmed by thin layer chromatography. A cooking procedure based on conversion of EBDCs to ETU is included for surveying crops for possible EBDC content. Recoveries from 8 crops and milk fortified at 0.05 ppm ETU ranged from 73 to 100%.", "PMID": 578147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12932", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining ethylenethiourea in potatoes, spinach, applesauce, and milk: collaborative study.", "content": "Eight laboratories collaboratively tested a gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining ethylenetiourea (ETU) in potatoes, spinach, applesauce, and milk. In the determinative step, ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative (2-n-butylmercapto-2-imidazoline) which is detected by a flame photometric detector, sulfur mode. For unknown fortification levels of 0.06, 0.12, and 0.30 ppm, the collaborators reported an overall average recovery range of 85-97% in the various commodities. The method has been adopted as interim official first action.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining ethylenethiourea in potatoes, spinach, applesauce, and milk: collaborative study. Eight laboratories collaboratively tested a gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining ethylenetiourea (ETU) in potatoes, spinach, applesauce, and milk. In the determinative step, ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative (2-n-butylmercapto-2-imidazoline) which is detected by a flame photometric detector, sulfur mode. For unknown fortification levels of 0.06, 0.12, and 0.30 ppm, the collaborators reported an overall average recovery range of 85-97% in the various commodities. The method has been adopted as interim official first action.", "PMID": 578148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12933", "title": "Geographical pathology as a method for detecting occupational cancer.", "content": "Geographical pathology points to environmental factors in cancer and helps estimate their potential magnitude. An occupational contribution was established by 1972 for cancer of the mouth, lung, bladder, and skin. Additionally partly based on geographical pathology, an occupational etiology is accepted for some cancer of nasopharynx, brain, liver, pleura, nasal sinus, bone and bone marrow, and possibly stomach. For identifying new occupational factors based on geographical comparisons, both an optimal size of work force to be followed-up and a sufficiently high proportion of work force in the geographical unit's population are necessary. Hypothetical variations based on 30-year follow-up of asbestos workers illustrate this. Cancer surveys and registries can greatly facilitate detection of occupational cancer. Evidence for occupational factors in the geographical pathology of lymphosarcoma is briefly summarized; but no conclusions are reached.", "contents": "Geographical pathology as a method for detecting occupational cancer. Geographical pathology points to environmental factors in cancer and helps estimate their potential magnitude. An occupational contribution was established by 1972 for cancer of the mouth, lung, bladder, and skin. Additionally partly based on geographical pathology, an occupational etiology is accepted for some cancer of nasopharynx, brain, liver, pleura, nasal sinus, bone and bone marrow, and possibly stomach. For identifying new occupational factors based on geographical comparisons, both an optimal size of work force to be followed-up and a sufficiently high proportion of work force in the geographical unit's population are necessary. Hypothetical variations based on 30-year follow-up of asbestos workers illustrate this. Cancer surveys and registries can greatly facilitate detection of occupational cancer. Evidence for occupational factors in the geographical pathology of lymphosarcoma is briefly summarized; but no conclusions are reached.", "PMID": 578152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12934", "title": "The relation between surface tension and area in the alveolar lining film.", "content": "1. The properties of the rat alveolar lining film have been studied by observing the behaviour in a hanging drop, under reduced or increased ambient pressure, of bubbles derived from the lung.2. When such a bubble, covered by a metastable film of surfactant, is made to shrink, the material displaced from the surface usually remains in a form in which it can be re-adsorbed to the surface and retains its surpellic properties.3. When an excess of surfactant is available for adsorption to the surface of such a bubble in water, an increase in area to about 1.25 (varphi) times the metastable area is both necessary and sufficient for additional adsorption to the surface to take place.4. No significant variation of the ratio varphi with temperature between 22 and 37 degrees C has been found.5. It is concluded that during quiet breathing (involving a twofold change in lung volume in the rat) the variation in alveolar surface area is less than 25%. This finding is compatible with the extant morphometric data, but not with any assumption that the surface area is proportional to the 2/3 power of the gas volume.6. The behaviour of the bubbles in blood serum is similar to that in water. In a 2% solution of the detergent Tween 80, further adsorption of surfactant to the bubble surface does not take place.7. The fact that bubbles obtained from the lung by instillation of a solution of Tween 80 have surfactant linings similar to those of bubbles obtained with water or saline demonstrates that the bubble lining layer consists of the original alveolar lining layer detached.8. When a metastable bubble is stretched, it sometimes behaves as if some or all of its surfactant had been lost from the surface. The causes of this are unknown.9. The amount of surfactant associated with metastable bubbles freshly squeezed from a fragment of lung varies from bubble to bubble; the amounts found have ranged from 1 to 4.5 times (mean, 2) that required to cover the original bubble area with a metastable film. This would be compatible with an alveolar lining film of very uneven thickness.10. The maximum surface tension reached in the early stages of expansion of a lung bubble from the metastable state is about 34 mN/m.", "contents": "The relation between surface tension and area in the alveolar lining film. 1. The properties of the rat alveolar lining film have been studied by observing the behaviour in a hanging drop, under reduced or increased ambient pressure, of bubbles derived from the lung.2. When such a bubble, covered by a metastable film of surfactant, is made to shrink, the material displaced from the surface usually remains in a form in which it can be re-adsorbed to the surface and retains its surpellic properties.3. When an excess of surfactant is available for adsorption to the surface of such a bubble in water, an increase in area to about 1.25 (varphi) times the metastable area is both necessary and sufficient for additional adsorption to the surface to take place.4. No significant variation of the ratio varphi with temperature between 22 and 37 degrees C has been found.5. It is concluded that during quiet breathing (involving a twofold change in lung volume in the rat) the variation in alveolar surface area is less than 25%. This finding is compatible with the extant morphometric data, but not with any assumption that the surface area is proportional to the 2/3 power of the gas volume.6. The behaviour of the bubbles in blood serum is similar to that in water. In a 2% solution of the detergent Tween 80, further adsorption of surfactant to the bubble surface does not take place.7. The fact that bubbles obtained from the lung by instillation of a solution of Tween 80 have surfactant linings similar to those of bubbles obtained with water or saline demonstrates that the bubble lining layer consists of the original alveolar lining layer detached.8. When a metastable bubble is stretched, it sometimes behaves as if some or all of its surfactant had been lost from the surface. The causes of this are unknown.9. The amount of surfactant associated with metastable bubbles freshly squeezed from a fragment of lung varies from bubble to bubble; the amounts found have ranged from 1 to 4.5 times (mean, 2) that required to cover the original bubble area with a metastable film. This would be compatible with an alveolar lining film of very uneven thickness.10. The maximum surface tension reached in the early stages of expansion of a lung bubble from the metastable state is about 34 mN/m.", "PMID": 578153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12935", "title": "The value of vaginal cultures in general practice.", "content": "One hundred and eighty high risk cases in a hospital special treatment centre and 50 low risk cases of vaginal discharge from general practice were investigated by the cultural examination of vaginal secretion. The results show this procedure is of value in diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases.", "contents": "The value of vaginal cultures in general practice. One hundred and eighty high risk cases in a hospital special treatment centre and 50 low risk cases of vaginal discharge from general practice were investigated by the cultural examination of vaginal secretion. The results show this procedure is of value in diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases.", "PMID": 578154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12936", "title": "Prevalence, goals and complications of heterosexual anal intercourse in a gynecologic population.", "content": "In a prevalence study of 526 consecutive gynecologic patients, a history of heterosexual anal intercourse (AI) was elicited in 25% and was a regular means of sexual gratification in 8% and was thus deemed active, pleasurable, and intercourse (APAI). The prevalence of AI and APAI was similar in patients of Mexican-American, Black-American and Anglo-American background and in patients older or younger than 30 years. The APAI participants were evenly distributed between cancer detection, family planning, free clinic and private consultant populations. The goals of the APAI group associated with heterosexual anal intercourse were pleasure, orgasm and contraception. The reported complications were infrequent and were related to infectious diseases, local irritation and trauma. Although the average duration of APAI was two years, no unusual pelvic or rectal characteristics were noted in these patients.", "contents": "Prevalence, goals and complications of heterosexual anal intercourse in a gynecologic population. In a prevalence study of 526 consecutive gynecologic patients, a history of heterosexual anal intercourse (AI) was elicited in 25% and was a regular means of sexual gratification in 8% and was thus deemed active, pleasurable, and intercourse (APAI). The prevalence of AI and APAI was similar in patients of Mexican-American, Black-American and Anglo-American background and in patients older or younger than 30 years. The APAI participants were evenly distributed between cancer detection, family planning, free clinic and private consultant populations. The goals of the APAI group associated with heterosexual anal intercourse were pleasure, orgasm and contraception. The reported complications were infrequent and were related to infectious diseases, local irritation and trauma. Although the average duration of APAI was two years, no unusual pelvic or rectal characteristics were noted in these patients.", "PMID": 578155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12937", "title": "Status asthmaticus. A nine-year experience.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 811 patients admitted to the hospital for status asthmaticus over a nine-year period was performed. Eight patients died, and 19 required mechanical ventilation. All persons who died of status asthmaticus were in the group that required mechanical ventilation. In 12 of the patients who received ventilation, no definite cause for the acute exacerbation could be identified, although initial arterial blood gas analyses showed profound hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acute respiratory acidosis. Seventy-eight major complications occurred during mechanical ventilation. Pneumothorax, endotracheal tube malfunction, alveolar hypoventilation on the ventilator, and pneumonia were associated with decreased survival. Mucous plugging of the airways was found in all autopsied patients. Mechanical ventilation in status asthmaticus is a life-support system associated with substantial morbidity and should be instituted only when it becomes evident that maximal medical therapy will not be efficacious.", "contents": "Status asthmaticus. A nine-year experience. A retrospective analysis of 811 patients admitted to the hospital for status asthmaticus over a nine-year period was performed. Eight patients died, and 19 required mechanical ventilation. All persons who died of status asthmaticus were in the group that required mechanical ventilation. In 12 of the patients who received ventilation, no definite cause for the acute exacerbation could be identified, although initial arterial blood gas analyses showed profound hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acute respiratory acidosis. Seventy-eight major complications occurred during mechanical ventilation. Pneumothorax, endotracheal tube malfunction, alveolar hypoventilation on the ventilator, and pneumonia were associated with decreased survival. Mucous plugging of the airways was found in all autopsied patients. Mechanical ventilation in status asthmaticus is a life-support system associated with substantial morbidity and should be instituted only when it becomes evident that maximal medical therapy will not be efficacious.", "PMID": 578161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12938", "title": "Skin immunofluorescence in infective endocarditis.", "content": "Immunofluorescent microscopy was performed on the clinically normal skin of 3 patients with infective endocarditis, 3 patients with bacteremia, and 6 normal subjects. Perivascular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement was demonstrated in two of the three patients with infective endocarditis and in none of the bacteremic or control subjects.", "contents": "Skin immunofluorescence in infective endocarditis. Immunofluorescent microscopy was performed on the clinically normal skin of 3 patients with infective endocarditis, 3 patients with bacteremia, and 6 normal subjects. Perivascular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement was demonstrated in two of the three patients with infective endocarditis and in none of the bacteremic or control subjects.", "PMID": 578162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12939", "title": "Influenza A infection simulating pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is generally established when the patient has characteristic pulmonary perfusion abnormalities in the setting of an appropriate clinical history and with no concurrent cardiopulmonary disease on chest x-ray film. The initial evaluation, including positive pulmonary perfusion scan, of four young black women suggested the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli. A syndrome of respiratory tract viral infection then developed, and further evaluation by angiography and perfusion scans contradicted the diagnoses of pulmonary emboli. Each patient had substantial convalescent-phase complement-fixation titers to influenza A. Thus, if reliance is placed in pulmonary perfusion scans, an erroneous diagnosis of pulmonary emboli may be made for patients with influenza A.", "contents": "Influenza A infection simulating pulmonary embolism. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is generally established when the patient has characteristic pulmonary perfusion abnormalities in the setting of an appropriate clinical history and with no concurrent cardiopulmonary disease on chest x-ray film. The initial evaluation, including positive pulmonary perfusion scan, of four young black women suggested the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli. A syndrome of respiratory tract viral infection then developed, and further evaluation by angiography and perfusion scans contradicted the diagnoses of pulmonary emboli. Each patient had substantial convalescent-phase complement-fixation titers to influenza A. Thus, if reliance is placed in pulmonary perfusion scans, an erroneous diagnosis of pulmonary emboli may be made for patients with influenza A.", "PMID": 578163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12940", "title": "Nontreatment of hip fractures in senile patients.", "content": "Five elderly patients with hip fractures were deemed unsuited for surgical repair because of severe organic mental syndromes. All survived the postfracture period without the morbidity of decubitus ulcers and pulmonary complications, or the pain, mental anguish, and expense of hospitalization and surgery. Surgical repair of a hip fracture is not necessarily a mandatory or life-saving procedure. For patients unlikely to walk again, nonoperative management is a reasonable alternative--provided good nursing care is available.", "contents": "Nontreatment of hip fractures in senile patients. Five elderly patients with hip fractures were deemed unsuited for surgical repair because of severe organic mental syndromes. All survived the postfracture period without the morbidity of decubitus ulcers and pulmonary complications, or the pain, mental anguish, and expense of hospitalization and surgery. Surgical repair of a hip fracture is not necessarily a mandatory or life-saving procedure. For patients unlikely to walk again, nonoperative management is a reasonable alternative--provided good nursing care is available.", "PMID": 578164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12941", "title": "Nonhemorrhagic decrements in hematocrit values after percutaneous renal biopsy.", "content": "Seventy patients without bleeding after a percutaneous renal biopsy (PCB) were studied to define the incidence of decrements in hematocrit values, hypotension, and bradycardia. Hematocrit values decreased greater than or equal to 0.5% in 60% of the patients, greater than or equal to 1% in 44%, and greater than or equal to 2% in 34% of patients. After PCB, an increase of greater than or equal to 1% occurred in 55% of the patients with hematocrit nadirs of greater than or equal to 1%. Hematocrit values increased 3.0% +/- 0.6% in 8/19 patients with a previous decrease of greater than or equal to 2% but continued to decrease in 13% of the patients. A weight gain or positive fluid balance occurred in 29%, hypotension in 7%, and relative bradycardia in 4% of the patients. These studies show that a decrease in hematocrit values and hypotension may occur in patients after PCB without bleeding. This may result from hemodilution and increased parasympathetic discharge and as part of a natural spectrum of decreasing hematocrit levels coincident with PCB.", "contents": "Nonhemorrhagic decrements in hematocrit values after percutaneous renal biopsy. Seventy patients without bleeding after a percutaneous renal biopsy (PCB) were studied to define the incidence of decrements in hematocrit values, hypotension, and bradycardia. Hematocrit values decreased greater than or equal to 0.5% in 60% of the patients, greater than or equal to 1% in 44%, and greater than or equal to 2% in 34% of patients. After PCB, an increase of greater than or equal to 1% occurred in 55% of the patients with hematocrit nadirs of greater than or equal to 1%. Hematocrit values increased 3.0% +/- 0.6% in 8/19 patients with a previous decrease of greater than or equal to 2% but continued to decrease in 13% of the patients. A weight gain or positive fluid balance occurred in 29%, hypotension in 7%, and relative bradycardia in 4% of the patients. These studies show that a decrease in hematocrit values and hypotension may occur in patients after PCB without bleeding. This may result from hemodilution and increased parasympathetic discharge and as part of a natural spectrum of decreasing hematocrit levels coincident with PCB.", "PMID": 578175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12942", "title": "A prepaid medical plan. Cost, use, and effects in a retirement home.", "content": "A model experience of a prepaid medical plan for a group of people is analyzed. No-barrier cost and physician access lead to altered use characteristics. Among these are increased physician, nurse, and nursing home use, and decreased hospital use. The overall cost is increased. Any comprehensive health-care plan that would propose comprehensive first-dollar coverage would likely encounter similar use characteristics.", "contents": "A prepaid medical plan. Cost, use, and effects in a retirement home. A model experience of a prepaid medical plan for a group of people is analyzed. No-barrier cost and physician access lead to altered use characteristics. Among these are increased physician, nurse, and nursing home use, and decreased hospital use. The overall cost is increased. Any comprehensive health-care plan that would propose comprehensive first-dollar coverage would likely encounter similar use characteristics.", "PMID": 578176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12943", "title": "Hematologic changes in a patient with Hodgkin's disease in relapse.", "content": "A patient with Hodgkin's disease also had anemia, hypochromia, and thrombocytosis, which were clues to an otherwise silent relapse. These features were corrected following chemotherapy. Repeated lymphangiography is shown to be of value in diagnosis.", "contents": "Hematologic changes in a patient with Hodgkin's disease in relapse. A patient with Hodgkin's disease also had anemia, hypochromia, and thrombocytosis, which were clues to an otherwise silent relapse. These features were corrected following chemotherapy. Repeated lymphangiography is shown to be of value in diagnosis.", "PMID": 578177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12944", "title": "Military rubella.", "content": "An epidemic of rubella in 46 young adults occurred. Detailed descriptions of clinical signs and symptoms, basic laboratory evaluation and serologic investigation are provided. None of the vaccinees who became ill lacked IgM antibody. An interesting clinical observation was the 25% incidence of testicular pain.", "contents": "Military rubella. An epidemic of rubella in 46 young adults occurred. Detailed descriptions of clinical signs and symptoms, basic laboratory evaluation and serologic investigation are provided. None of the vaccinees who became ill lacked IgM antibody. An interesting clinical observation was the 25% incidence of testicular pain.", "PMID": 578178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12945", "title": "Schistosomiasis haematobium.", "content": "In our patient, schistosomiasis haematobium was not diagnosed and was treated as a urinary tract infection by several physicians. Physicians are urged to become increasingly aware of the need to recognize strange and exotic diseases normally not present in this country.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis haematobium. In our patient, schistosomiasis haematobium was not diagnosed and was treated as a urinary tract infection by several physicians. Physicians are urged to become increasingly aware of the need to recognize strange and exotic diseases normally not present in this country.", "PMID": 578179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12946", "title": "Hyperthyroidism from thyroid metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A nontender goiter rapidly developed in a 54-year-old patient with suspected disseminated carcinoma. Thyroid function tests showed increased thyroxine, triiodothyronine resin uptake, free thyroxine index, and free thyroxine. Radioactive iodine uptake by the gland was near zero, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was undetectable. Histologic examination of the thyroid before and after death showed invasion and disruption of the thyroid follicles by adenocarcinoma (pancreatic primary). Release of thyroglobulin by follicular disruption probably resulted in hyperthyroxinemia and suppression of TSH and radioactive iodine uptake, as occurs in subacute thyroiditis.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism from thyroid metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A nontender goiter rapidly developed in a 54-year-old patient with suspected disseminated carcinoma. Thyroid function tests showed increased thyroxine, triiodothyronine resin uptake, free thyroxine index, and free thyroxine. Radioactive iodine uptake by the gland was near zero, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was undetectable. Histologic examination of the thyroid before and after death showed invasion and disruption of the thyroid follicles by adenocarcinoma (pancreatic primary). Release of thyroglobulin by follicular disruption probably resulted in hyperthyroxinemia and suppression of TSH and radioactive iodine uptake, as occurs in subacute thyroiditis.", "PMID": 578180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12947", "title": "Prognostic value of the stress response following stroke.", "content": "The systemic metabolic response following intracranial vascular damage was measured in 65 consecutively seen patients (56 with cerebral infarction and nine with subarachnoid hemorrhage). Significantly (P less than .01) greater mortality and eventual disability occurred in patients excreting more than 200 microgram of urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine daily early in their acute illness. These patients also had significantly (P less than .001) elevated plasma cortisol levels; this measurement may prove useful in predicting prognosis after stroke. Cardiac abnormalities resulting from the elevated catecholamine levels may contribute to the excess mortality in those patients with an intense stress response.", "contents": "Prognostic value of the stress response following stroke. The systemic metabolic response following intracranial vascular damage was measured in 65 consecutively seen patients (56 with cerebral infarction and nine with subarachnoid hemorrhage). Significantly (P less than .01) greater mortality and eventual disability occurred in patients excreting more than 200 microgram of urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine daily early in their acute illness. These patients also had significantly (P less than .001) elevated plasma cortisol levels; this measurement may prove useful in predicting prognosis after stroke. Cardiac abnormalities resulting from the elevated catecholamine levels may contribute to the excess mortality in those patients with an intense stress response.", "PMID": 578192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12948", "title": "Transbronchial lung biopsy in the compromised host.", "content": "Thirty-eight immunocompromised patients underwent transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope as part of a diagnostic evaluation for fever and roentgenographic evidence of a new pulmonary infiltrate. Diagnostic information was obtained from lung biopsy in 29 patients (76%), with infection accounting for ten cases and a nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in 13 patients. Concomitant bronchial brushings were diagnostic in only three patients (all with infections). Diffuse roentgenographic infiltrates were expecially amenable to bronchoscopic lung biopsy diagnosis (84%), while in localized infiltrates, there was only a 43% diagnostic yield. Although thrombocytopenia and hypoxemia were common in these patients, morbidty was low (four patients had pneumothoraces with no noteworthy bleeding) and there were no deaths resulting from this procedure. Prebiopsy platelet transfusions were used in five patients with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet cound, less than 50,000/cu mm). The diagnostic efficiency and low morbidity associated with transbronchial lung biopsy indicate that this procedure can safely play a role in the evaluation of pneumonia in the compromised host.", "contents": "Transbronchial lung biopsy in the compromised host. Thirty-eight immunocompromised patients underwent transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope as part of a diagnostic evaluation for fever and roentgenographic evidence of a new pulmonary infiltrate. Diagnostic information was obtained from lung biopsy in 29 patients (76%), with infection accounting for ten cases and a nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in 13 patients. Concomitant bronchial brushings were diagnostic in only three patients (all with infections). Diffuse roentgenographic infiltrates were expecially amenable to bronchoscopic lung biopsy diagnosis (84%), while in localized infiltrates, there was only a 43% diagnostic yield. Although thrombocytopenia and hypoxemia were common in these patients, morbidty was low (four patients had pneumothoraces with no noteworthy bleeding) and there were no deaths resulting from this procedure. Prebiopsy platelet transfusions were used in five patients with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet cound, less than 50,000/cu mm). The diagnostic efficiency and low morbidity associated with transbronchial lung biopsy indicate that this procedure can safely play a role in the evaluation of pneumonia in the compromised host.", "PMID": 578193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12949", "title": "Cocaine-codom ingestion. Surgical treatment.", "content": "We report one survivor and two deaths from cocaine toxicity. Cocaine, packaged in condoms, was deliberately ingested to avoid detection by customs agents. Because cocaine is a toxic drug, we recommend surgical removal of the ingested packages, as alternative methods of removal are unreliable and potentially dangerous.", "contents": "Cocaine-codom ingestion. Surgical treatment. We report one survivor and two deaths from cocaine toxicity. Cocaine, packaged in condoms, was deliberately ingested to avoid detection by customs agents. Because cocaine is a toxic drug, we recommend surgical removal of the ingested packages, as alternative methods of removal are unreliable and potentially dangerous.", "PMID": 578194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12950", "title": "Pregnancy outcome in women with sickle cell trait.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out to discern the outcome of pregnancy and distribution of birth weights of infants delivered of 85 women with sickle cell trait (AS) compared with a control group of 85 women with normal hemoglobin (AA) who were matched for race, age, parity, and sex of offspring. The distribution of birth weight of offspring of primiparous and multiparous women and the proportion of low-birth-weight infants did not differ significantly between infants born to mothers with AS and those in the control group. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference between the birth weight of infants born to primipara or multipara. Also, the overall incidence of complications among women with AS did not differ from the incidence in the control group. The findings do not support previous reports that there may be definable pathologic correlates of childbearing in women with AS.", "contents": "Pregnancy outcome in women with sickle cell trait. A prospective study was carried out to discern the outcome of pregnancy and distribution of birth weights of infants delivered of 85 women with sickle cell trait (AS) compared with a control group of 85 women with normal hemoglobin (AA) who were matched for race, age, parity, and sex of offspring. The distribution of birth weight of offspring of primiparous and multiparous women and the proportion of low-birth-weight infants did not differ significantly between infants born to mothers with AS and those in the control group. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference between the birth weight of infants born to primipara or multipara. Also, the overall incidence of complications among women with AS did not differ from the incidence in the control group. The findings do not support previous reports that there may be definable pathologic correlates of childbearing in women with AS.", "PMID": 578195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12951", "title": "Recurrences and sequelae of rheumatic fever in Nashville. A follow-up study.", "content": "A follow-up study of 311 patients who acquired rheumatic fever in Nashville, Tenn, during the period from 1963 to 1969 showed that 53% took penicillin prophylaxis regularly, 36% did not take it as recommended, and 11% did not take it at all. There were no recurrences among those who received prophylaxis by injection regularly, six recurrences among those who took oral prophylaxis regularly, and no recurrences among 45 subjects who did not take prophylaxis. Among these 45, however, were 29 for whom prophylaxis was not recommended by their physicians. The original study indicated that the incidence of acute rheumatic fever among blacks was twice as high as among whites. In the present study, incidence of rheumatic heart disease and recurrences was substantially higher among blacks than among whites.", "contents": "Recurrences and sequelae of rheumatic fever in Nashville. A follow-up study. A follow-up study of 311 patients who acquired rheumatic fever in Nashville, Tenn, during the period from 1963 to 1969 showed that 53% took penicillin prophylaxis regularly, 36% did not take it as recommended, and 11% did not take it at all. There were no recurrences among those who received prophylaxis by injection regularly, six recurrences among those who took oral prophylaxis regularly, and no recurrences among 45 subjects who did not take prophylaxis. Among these 45, however, were 29 for whom prophylaxis was not recommended by their physicians. The original study indicated that the incidence of acute rheumatic fever among blacks was twice as high as among whites. In the present study, incidence of rheumatic heart disease and recurrences was substantially higher among blacks than among whites.", "PMID": 578219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12952", "title": "The natural history of calcium urolithiasis.", "content": "The course of untreated calcium renal stones, derived from the retrospective study of 300 patients with defined metabolic disorders and from the analysis of two prospective, published studies, is complex and heterogeneous. Generally, stones provoke considerable morbidity; hyperuricosuria is associated with an unusually severe stone disease. Stone recurrence rates usually remain stable, or rise with successive stones; in a minority of patients, the reverse is true. A single stone is likely to be followed by a recurrence. The mean time to recurrence averages 6.78 years, with peaks at 1.56 and eight years. Because the disease is likely to be morbid and chronic and does not wane with age, diagnostic evaluation and treatment should be strongly considered for any patient with recurrent stones, and for those in whom recurrence is likely to pose more than the usual risk.", "contents": "The natural history of calcium urolithiasis. The course of untreated calcium renal stones, derived from the retrospective study of 300 patients with defined metabolic disorders and from the analysis of two prospective, published studies, is complex and heterogeneous. Generally, stones provoke considerable morbidity; hyperuricosuria is associated with an unusually severe stone disease. Stone recurrence rates usually remain stable, or rise with successive stones; in a minority of patients, the reverse is true. A single stone is likely to be followed by a recurrence. The mean time to recurrence averages 6.78 years, with peaks at 1.56 and eight years. Because the disease is likely to be morbid and chronic and does not wane with age, diagnostic evaluation and treatment should be strongly considered for any patient with recurrent stones, and for those in whom recurrence is likely to pose more than the usual risk.", "PMID": 578220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12953", "title": "Estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women. Benefits and risks.", "content": "Estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women is effective in relieving the symptoms of vasomotor instability and urogenital atrophy; estrogen treatment is effective in preventing accelerated bone loss and osteoporosis in young women following castration, but in postmenopausal women aging is a more important determinant of accelerated bone loss than is decreased estrogen secretion. Low-dose estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women neither prevents nor increases the risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease or cerebral vascular disease. It cannot be definitively established that estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women causes an increased incidence of breast tumors, but it is clear that such treatment does not prevent these tumors. It is established that estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women increases the risk ratio of endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "Estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women. Benefits and risks. Estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women is effective in relieving the symptoms of vasomotor instability and urogenital atrophy; estrogen treatment is effective in preventing accelerated bone loss and osteoporosis in young women following castration, but in postmenopausal women aging is a more important determinant of accelerated bone loss than is decreased estrogen secretion. Low-dose estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women neither prevents nor increases the risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease or cerebral vascular disease. It cannot be definitively established that estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women causes an increased incidence of breast tumors, but it is clear that such treatment does not prevent these tumors. It is established that estrogen treatment of postmenopausal women increases the risk ratio of endometrial carcinoma.", "PMID": 578221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12954", "title": "Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus. A cause of nosocomial illness in infants.", "content": "Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus caused an outbreak of illness in seven of 22 infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. A case-control investigation failed to identify any risk factor except consumption of milk from a single donor, whose milk was subsequently found to be contaminated with S kottbus. Collection of human milk from properly instructed donors screened for microbiological pathogens, refrigeration of this milk at 1 to 5 degrees C after collection, and controlled distribution by a milk bank should minimize the few hazards associated with its consumption.", "contents": "Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus. A cause of nosocomial illness in infants. Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus caused an outbreak of illness in seven of 22 infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. A case-control investigation failed to identify any risk factor except consumption of milk from a single donor, whose milk was subsequently found to be contaminated with S kottbus. Collection of human milk from properly instructed donors screened for microbiological pathogens, refrigeration of this milk at 1 to 5 degrees C after collection, and controlled distribution by a milk bank should minimize the few hazards associated with its consumption.", "PMID": 578222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12955", "title": "Selective renal artery embolization. Treatment of acute renovascular hypertension.", "content": "A critically ill patient with severe renovascular hypertension following surgical repair of an aortic dissection was treated by percutaneous selective embolization of the ischemic kidney. Correction of the hypertension and subsequent complete recovery of the patient resulted.", "contents": "Selective renal artery embolization. Treatment of acute renovascular hypertension. A critically ill patient with severe renovascular hypertension following surgical repair of an aortic dissection was treated by percutaneous selective embolization of the ischemic kidney. Correction of the hypertension and subsequent complete recovery of the patient resulted.", "PMID": 578223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12956", "title": "Unproved cancer remedies. A survey of use in pediatric outpatients.", "content": "Sixty-nine patients or parents of patients were interviewed during a five-week period. Each interviewee was given a questionnaire listing commonly recommended unproved drugs, diets, and miscellaneous treatments, and was instructed to respond to each remedy as follows: Have you tried it? Have you considered trying it? Has it been recommended by someone else? Six patients (8.7%) had tried at least one unproved remedy, four (5.8%) considered trying some other remedy, and recommendations to seek other remedies had been made to 17 patients (24.6%). Laetrile and assistance from faith healers were the remedies named most frequently.", "contents": "Unproved cancer remedies. A survey of use in pediatric outpatients. Sixty-nine patients or parents of patients were interviewed during a five-week period. Each interviewee was given a questionnaire listing commonly recommended unproved drugs, diets, and miscellaneous treatments, and was instructed to respond to each remedy as follows: Have you tried it? Have you considered trying it? Has it been recommended by someone else? Six patients (8.7%) had tried at least one unproved remedy, four (5.8%) considered trying some other remedy, and recommendations to seek other remedies had been made to 17 patients (24.6%). Laetrile and assistance from faith healers were the remedies named most frequently.", "PMID": 578224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12957", "title": "Evaluation of amikacin sulfate (Amikin). A new aminoglycoside antibiotic.", "content": "Amikacin sulfate, the first semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic introduced in this country, is resistant to the bacterial enzymes that specifically inactivate kanamycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, and tobramycin sulfate. This agent is potentially effective, therefore, against many serious infections caused by Gram-negative organisms resistant to other aminoglycosides. It appears to be similar to gentamicin in its in vitro spectrum, in clinical applications, and in the incidence and severity of adverse reactions reported. Like the other drugs in this class, amikacin can cause renal and otic toxic reactions.", "contents": "Evaluation of amikacin sulfate (Amikin). A new aminoglycoside antibiotic. Amikacin sulfate, the first semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic introduced in this country, is resistant to the bacterial enzymes that specifically inactivate kanamycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, and tobramycin sulfate. This agent is potentially effective, therefore, against many serious infections caused by Gram-negative organisms resistant to other aminoglycosides. It appears to be similar to gentamicin in its in vitro spectrum, in clinical applications, and in the incidence and severity of adverse reactions reported. Like the other drugs in this class, amikacin can cause renal and otic toxic reactions.", "PMID": 578232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12958", "title": "Changing distribution of primary cancers in the large bowel.", "content": "Analysis of the changing distribution of origin site of 1,990 colorectal cancers observed at a large midwestern hospital shows a statistically significant trend of a decreasing percentage of distal (rectum, P=.0192) and an increasing percentage of proximal (cecum, P=.0015) large-bowel lesions during a period of at least 30 years. Mortality data for 11,635 colorectal cancers in the state of Kansas for this period confirm this trend (P less than .0001). The respective decrease and increase may well be the result of more than one factor. Results of digital examination of the rectum and sigmoidoscopy are less likely to diagnose large-bowel cancer as they did 30 years ago. Stool screening for occult blood, barium enema roentgenographic examination, and colonoscopy become more important diagnostic tools in light of this trend.", "contents": "Changing distribution of primary cancers in the large bowel. Analysis of the changing distribution of origin site of 1,990 colorectal cancers observed at a large midwestern hospital shows a statistically significant trend of a decreasing percentage of distal (rectum, P=.0192) and an increasing percentage of proximal (cecum, P=.0015) large-bowel lesions during a period of at least 30 years. Mortality data for 11,635 colorectal cancers in the state of Kansas for this period confirm this trend (P less than .0001). The respective decrease and increase may well be the result of more than one factor. Results of digital examination of the rectum and sigmoidoscopy are less likely to diagnose large-bowel cancer as they did 30 years ago. Stool screening for occult blood, barium enema roentgenographic examination, and colonoscopy become more important diagnostic tools in light of this trend.", "PMID": 578250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12959", "title": "X-linked mental deficiency megalotestes syndrome.", "content": "Members of two kindreds had mental deficiency and megalotestes. The familial occurrence suggests an X-linked recessive trait or autosomal-dominant trait with male sex limitation. The increased testicular size was apparently due to excess fluid content.", "contents": "X-linked mental deficiency megalotestes syndrome. Members of two kindreds had mental deficiency and megalotestes. The familial occurrence suggests an X-linked recessive trait or autosomal-dominant trait with male sex limitation. The increased testicular size was apparently due to excess fluid content.", "PMID": 578251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12960", "title": "Brain death. I. A status report of medical and ethical considerations.", "content": "Use of neurologic criteria to pronounce death, although accepted by many, has caused controversy among physicians, lawyers, legislators, philosophers, and theologians. The present work attempts to resolve this by accomplishing four objectives. (1) It summarizes scientific information that establishes the ability to determine the state of brain death with certainty on the basis of presently available clinical and laboratory criteria. (2) It shows that the concept of brain death is in accord with secular philosophy and the three major Western religions. (3) It documents the need for legislative recognition that death may be pronounced on the basis of neurologic criteria. (4) It reviews the present status of judicial and statutory law relating to the determination of death in the United States.", "contents": "Brain death. I. A status report of medical and ethical considerations. Use of neurologic criteria to pronounce death, although accepted by many, has caused controversy among physicians, lawyers, legislators, philosophers, and theologians. The present work attempts to resolve this by accomplishing four objectives. (1) It summarizes scientific information that establishes the ability to determine the state of brain death with certainty on the basis of presently available clinical and laboratory criteria. (2) It shows that the concept of brain death is in accord with secular philosophy and the three major Western religions. (3) It documents the need for legislative recognition that death may be pronounced on the basis of neurologic criteria. (4) It reviews the present status of judicial and statutory law relating to the determination of death in the United States.", "PMID": 578252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12961", "title": "Medical malpractice and negligence. Sociodemographic characteristics of claimants and nonclaimants.", "content": "We compared a sample of 200 patients who filed a claim of malpractice or negligence against a large urban teaching hospital and its physicians, with a randomly drawn sample of 549 patients who had never filed a claim against the hospital. The two groups were compared on distributions by race, religion, occupation, age, and sex. In proportion to their representation in the control group, whites filed significantly more claims than nonwhites (P less than .001), Jewish people filed more claims than Protestants, and blue-collar workers brought fewer claims than white-collar or retired/unemployed workers. Claimants were significantly older than nonclaimants (P less than .05). Women filed a statistically nonsignificant greater number of claims than men did (P greater than .20).", "contents": "Medical malpractice and negligence. Sociodemographic characteristics of claimants and nonclaimants. We compared a sample of 200 patients who filed a claim of malpractice or negligence against a large urban teaching hospital and its physicians, with a randomly drawn sample of 549 patients who had never filed a claim against the hospital. The two groups were compared on distributions by race, religion, occupation, age, and sex. In proportion to their representation in the control group, whites filed significantly more claims than nonwhites (P less than .001), Jewish people filed more claims than Protestants, and blue-collar workers brought fewer claims than white-collar or retired/unemployed workers. Claimants were significantly older than nonclaimants (P less than .05). Women filed a statistically nonsignificant greater number of claims than men did (P greater than .20).", "PMID": 578253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12962", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin and lomustine. Treatment of refractory Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Ten patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease refractory to combination therapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) were treated with a combination of doxorubicin hydrochloride and lomustine. Toxicity was acceptable. Five patients (50%)attained complete remission (median duration, 15 months). Three patients attained a partial remission (median duration, four months). Survival ranged from three to more than 40 months, and five patients are still alive. One patient remains disease-free after a course of radiation therapy to a site of localized nodal relapse. The doxorubicin-lomustine regimen has induced meaningful remissions in a patient population with very refractory disease.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin and lomustine. Treatment of refractory Hodgkin's disease. Ten patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease refractory to combination therapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) were treated with a combination of doxorubicin hydrochloride and lomustine. Toxicity was acceptable. Five patients (50%)attained complete remission (median duration, 15 months). Three patients attained a partial remission (median duration, four months). Survival ranged from three to more than 40 months, and five patients are still alive. One patient remains disease-free after a course of radiation therapy to a site of localized nodal relapse. The doxorubicin-lomustine regimen has induced meaningful remissions in a patient population with very refractory disease.", "PMID": 578254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12963", "title": "Allopurinol-associated hand and foot deformities in chronic tophaceous gout.", "content": "Telescoped digits of the hands and feet developed in a 69-year-old male with severe chronic tophaceous gout during allopurinol treatment. Extensive osseous tophi, resorbed rapidly during therapy with this xanthine oxidase inhibitor and not replaced by new bone matrix, were responsible for the deformity. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain the failure of bone erosions to heal.", "contents": "Allopurinol-associated hand and foot deformities in chronic tophaceous gout. Telescoped digits of the hands and feet developed in a 69-year-old male with severe chronic tophaceous gout during allopurinol treatment. Extensive osseous tophi, resorbed rapidly during therapy with this xanthine oxidase inhibitor and not replaced by new bone matrix, were responsible for the deformity. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain the failure of bone erosions to heal.", "PMID": 578255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12964", "title": "Withdrawal of antihypertensive therapy. Hypertensive crisis in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Hypertensive crises were reported in three patients with hypertension associated with underlying renovascular occlusive disease during reduction of antihypertensive therapy. In each case, rebound hypertension was observed during clonidine hydrochloride withdrawal. Therapy with propranolol hydrochloride and diuretics had also been discontinued in two of the three patients. This and other reports of rebound hypertension during clonidine withdrawal are contrasted with the absence of reports of this syndrome in the setting of cessation of beta-adrenergic blockade therapy. This suggests that the discontinuation of clonidine therapy was primarily responsible for the hypertensive crises herein described. It is further concluded that rebound hypertension may follow gradual as well as abrupt reduction of clonidine dosage, and that patients with renovascular hypertension may be at greatest risk.", "contents": "Withdrawal of antihypertensive therapy. Hypertensive crisis in renovascular hypertension. Hypertensive crises were reported in three patients with hypertension associated with underlying renovascular occlusive disease during reduction of antihypertensive therapy. In each case, rebound hypertension was observed during clonidine hydrochloride withdrawal. Therapy with propranolol hydrochloride and diuretics had also been discontinued in two of the three patients. This and other reports of rebound hypertension during clonidine withdrawal are contrasted with the absence of reports of this syndrome in the setting of cessation of beta-adrenergic blockade therapy. This suggests that the discontinuation of clonidine therapy was primarily responsible for the hypertensive crises herein described. It is further concluded that rebound hypertension may follow gradual as well as abrupt reduction of clonidine dosage, and that patients with renovascular hypertension may be at greatest risk.", "PMID": 578267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12965", "title": "Corynebacterium sepsis in oncology patients. Predisposing factors, diagnosis, and treatment.", "content": "Bacteremia due to a newly described species of Corynebacterium was identified in 12 patients during a two-year period. Infection occurred after a long period of hospitalization, extended granulocytopenia, and treatment with several antibiotics. Breaks in the mucocutaneous surfaces were the origin of infection in eight patients. All patients had evidence of colonization reported by cultures before infection. The invading organism caused death in three patients. Vancomycin hydrochloride was the antibiotic of choice. Corynebacterium is increasingly recognized as a primary cause of morbidity and mortality of patients with tumors.", "contents": "Corynebacterium sepsis in oncology patients. Predisposing factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Bacteremia due to a newly described species of Corynebacterium was identified in 12 patients during a two-year period. Infection occurred after a long period of hospitalization, extended granulocytopenia, and treatment with several antibiotics. Breaks in the mucocutaneous surfaces were the origin of infection in eight patients. All patients had evidence of colonization reported by cultures before infection. The invading organism caused death in three patients. Vancomycin hydrochloride was the antibiotic of choice. Corynebacterium is increasingly recognized as a primary cause of morbidity and mortality of patients with tumors.", "PMID": 578268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12966", "title": "Changing values for the normal thyroid radioactive iodine uptake test.", "content": "The normal range for thyroid radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake values in the Minneapolis area has shifted twice in the past 20 years. The mean 24-hour thyroid RAI uptake value in 29 normal subjects was 20.5% +/- 6.1% (SD) in 1975, whereas only four years previously it was found to be 11.5% +/- 4.4% (SD) in 51 normal subjects. In a previously published study, the mean thyroid RAI uptake value in normal subjects in this area was 25% +/- 8% (SD) in 1957. The iodine content of commercially baked white bread currently available in this area was found to average only 26 microgram per single slice of bread; the change in the mean 24-hour thyroid RAI uptake value that we observed between 1971 and 1975 is most likely due to a marked reduction in this source of dietary iodine.", "contents": "Changing values for the normal thyroid radioactive iodine uptake test. The normal range for thyroid radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake values in the Minneapolis area has shifted twice in the past 20 years. The mean 24-hour thyroid RAI uptake value in 29 normal subjects was 20.5% +/- 6.1% (SD) in 1975, whereas only four years previously it was found to be 11.5% +/- 4.4% (SD) in 51 normal subjects. In a previously published study, the mean thyroid RAI uptake value in normal subjects in this area was 25% +/- 8% (SD) in 1957. The iodine content of commercially baked white bread currently available in this area was found to average only 26 microgram per single slice of bread; the change in the mean 24-hour thyroid RAI uptake value that we observed between 1971 and 1975 is most likely due to a marked reduction in this source of dietary iodine.", "PMID": 578269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12967", "title": "Megavitamins for minimal brain dysfunction. A potentially dangerous therapy.", "content": "Vitamin A intoxication as a consequence of megavitamin therapy for minimal brain dysfunction occurred in a 4-year-old boy. An early clue to diagnosis was provided by an abnormal bone scan.", "contents": "Megavitamins for minimal brain dysfunction. A potentially dangerous therapy. Vitamin A intoxication as a consequence of megavitamin therapy for minimal brain dysfunction occurred in a 4-year-old boy. An early clue to diagnosis was provided by an abnormal bone scan.", "PMID": 578271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12968", "title": "Removal of phenytoin by hemodialysis in uremic patients.", "content": "The removal of phenytoin by hemodialysis was determined in seven uremic patients. Four patients were receiving phenytoin sodium for therapeutic purposes; three received one dose each intravenously to quantitate its disposition in uremia. The drug was measured in whole blood, plasma, saliva, and dialysate. Only 2% to 4% of the intravenous dose was recovered in the dialysate. Phenytoin clearance by dialysis was 7 to 14 ml/min; plasma clearance was 53 to 133 ml/min. Since hemodialysis contributes little toward shortening to 11-to-18-hour half-life of phenytoin in the uremic patients, no supplemental dose is necessary for uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis.", "contents": "Removal of phenytoin by hemodialysis in uremic patients. The removal of phenytoin by hemodialysis was determined in seven uremic patients. Four patients were receiving phenytoin sodium for therapeutic purposes; three received one dose each intravenously to quantitate its disposition in uremia. The drug was measured in whole blood, plasma, saliva, and dialysate. Only 2% to 4% of the intravenous dose was recovered in the dialysate. Phenytoin clearance by dialysis was 7 to 14 ml/min; plasma clearance was 53 to 133 ml/min. Since hemodialysis contributes little toward shortening to 11-to-18-hour half-life of phenytoin in the uremic patients, no supplemental dose is necessary for uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis.", "PMID": 578272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12969", "title": "[Early ERG-signs of retrolental fibroplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Examinations of retinograms of premature infants by the authors showed a time lag, changes in the wave form and reduction of the bioelectric activity of the retina (which shows itself very early) in association with the first signs of retrolental fibroplasia. In their experience the ERG becomes normal when the fibroplasia stabilizes itself early or when the retinal changes regress. In conclusion it must be stressed that with progression of the fibroplasia and retinal changes the biological activity of the retina also suffers.", "contents": "[Early ERG-signs of retrolental fibroplasia (author's transl)]. Examinations of retinograms of premature infants by the authors showed a time lag, changes in the wave form and reduction of the bioelectric activity of the retina (which shows itself very early) in association with the first signs of retrolental fibroplasia. In their experience the ERG becomes normal when the fibroplasia stabilizes itself early or when the retinal changes regress. In conclusion it must be stressed that with progression of the fibroplasia and retinal changes the biological activity of the retina also suffers.", "PMID": 578283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12970", "title": "An evaluation of the American Medical Association's Physician masterfile as a data source--one state's experience.", "content": "An evaluation of the American Medical Association's (AMA) Physician Masterfile is presented here on a state level. Both completeness and reliability of the AMA data were assessed for physicians licensed and living in Washington State. Comparison of the AMA data with state -LICENsure data indicated excellent agreement, with only a small proportion of license physicians \"missing\" from the AMA Masterfile. Their absence was due largely to differences in the manner in which the two systems updated their files. The reliability of the AMA data was checked by comparing it with similar, independently gathered survey data on birth date, birthplace, medical school, type of practice, specialty, board certifications, and employer. In general, despite some minor deficiencies, the AMA data were shown to be highly reliable.", "contents": "An evaluation of the American Medical Association's Physician masterfile as a data source--one state's experience. An evaluation of the American Medical Association's (AMA) Physician Masterfile is presented here on a state level. Both completeness and reliability of the AMA data were assessed for physicians licensed and living in Washington State. Comparison of the AMA data with state -LICENsure data indicated excellent agreement, with only a small proportion of license physicians \"missing\" from the AMA Masterfile. Their absence was due largely to differences in the manner in which the two systems updated their files. The reliability of the AMA data was checked by comparing it with similar, independently gathered survey data on birth date, birthplace, medical school, type of practice, specialty, board certifications, and employer. In general, despite some minor deficiencies, the AMA data were shown to be highly reliable.", "PMID": 578284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12971", "title": "[Carbohydrate absorption and malabsorption (author's transl)].", "content": "Starch is digested intraluminally by alpha-amylase to maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-limit dextrins. These products, as well as the disaccharides sucrose and lactose, undergo enzymatic hydrolysis to monosaccharides at the brush border surface. The monosaccharides enter the absorbing cell by specific transport mechanisms (\"carriers\"). Primary carbohydrate (CH) intolerance is characterized by the congenital or acquired absence of individual brush border enzymes or of monosaccharide \"carriers\" without morphologic abnormalities of the intestinal villus: lactose, sucrose and trehalose intolerance and glucose-galactose malabsorption (brush border diseases). Secondary CH intolerance arises when surface digestion and absorption are reduced due to structural changes of the intestinal mucosa: e.g., decrease or absence of villi with sprue and reduction of the absorbing surface with intestinal resection. Watery diarrhea is the lead symptom. Many drugs delay or interfere with CH absorption. This action may be viewed either as an unwanted side effect or as a welcome therapeutic principle.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate absorption and malabsorption (author's transl)]. Starch is digested intraluminally by alpha-amylase to maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-limit dextrins. These products, as well as the disaccharides sucrose and lactose, undergo enzymatic hydrolysis to monosaccharides at the brush border surface. The monosaccharides enter the absorbing cell by specific transport mechanisms (\"carriers\"). Primary carbohydrate (CH) intolerance is characterized by the congenital or acquired absence of individual brush border enzymes or of monosaccharide \"carriers\" without morphologic abnormalities of the intestinal villus: lactose, sucrose and trehalose intolerance and glucose-galactose malabsorption (brush border diseases). Secondary CH intolerance arises when surface digestion and absorption are reduced due to structural changes of the intestinal mucosa: e.g., decrease or absence of villi with sprue and reduction of the absorbing surface with intestinal resection. Watery diarrhea is the lead symptom. Many drugs delay or interfere with CH absorption. This action may be viewed either as an unwanted side effect or as a welcome therapeutic principle.", "PMID": 578285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12972", "title": "Effect of methotrexate sorbed on modified 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate carriers in mice of C3H strain with a solid Gardner lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A aminohexylderivative of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylpolymer has been prepared in the form of a microporous sponge, and Methotrexate (MTX) has been bound to this carrier by chemical sorption. Implantation of the carrier with sorbed MTX resulted in a decrease of tumor weight, while an implantation of the carrier alone or an i.p. injection of an identical dose of MTX had no effect on tumor growth. Tumor regression was found to be greater than after a repeated injection of MTX in a fourfold dose directly into the tumor.", "contents": "Effect of methotrexate sorbed on modified 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate carriers in mice of C3H strain with a solid Gardner lymphosarcoma. A aminohexylderivative of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylpolymer has been prepared in the form of a microporous sponge, and Methotrexate (MTX) has been bound to this carrier by chemical sorption. Implantation of the carrier with sorbed MTX resulted in a decrease of tumor weight, while an implantation of the carrier alone or an i.p. injection of an identical dose of MTX had no effect on tumor growth. Tumor regression was found to be greater than after a repeated injection of MTX in a fourfold dose directly into the tumor.", "PMID": 578291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12973", "title": "[Intracranial mycotic aneurysm--report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of intracranial mycotic aneurysm has been reported. The case was a 26-year-old female and was admitted to our hospital on November 11, 1975. She was semicomatous and showed right hemiplegia. On auscultation systolic murmur radiating from the mitral area to the left axilla was found. Left carotid angiogram showed a saccular aneurysm 5 mm in diameter, arising from peripheral portion of the percentral cerebral artery and accompanied by intracerebral hematoma. Emergency craniotomy was performed. A thin subdural hematoma, coated with pus, was found and microabcesses were seen to be scattered in the nearby subarachnoid space. After aneurysmectomy and removal of intracranial hematoma, the patient improved without complications. On histological examination of the aneurysmal wall, moderate degree of neutrophilic infiltration was found. It was especially marked around the vasa vasorum. Heretofore only eight cases of intracranial mycotic aneurysm have been reported in the domestic literature.", "contents": "[Intracranial mycotic aneurysm--report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of intracranial mycotic aneurysm has been reported. The case was a 26-year-old female and was admitted to our hospital on November 11, 1975. She was semicomatous and showed right hemiplegia. On auscultation systolic murmur radiating from the mitral area to the left axilla was found. Left carotid angiogram showed a saccular aneurysm 5 mm in diameter, arising from peripheral portion of the percentral cerebral artery and accompanied by intracerebral hematoma. Emergency craniotomy was performed. A thin subdural hematoma, coated with pus, was found and microabcesses were seen to be scattered in the nearby subarachnoid space. After aneurysmectomy and removal of intracranial hematoma, the patient improved without complications. On histological examination of the aneurysmal wall, moderate degree of neutrophilic infiltration was found. It was especially marked around the vasa vasorum. Heretofore only eight cases of intracranial mycotic aneurysm have been reported in the domestic literature.", "PMID": 578292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12974", "title": "Changes in pituitary hormones serum levels in bromocryptine-treated parkinsonian patients.", "content": "In the course of a clinical trial with 2alpha-bromoergocryptin in Parkinson's disease, the serum levels of several pituitary hormones have been studied in the assumption that the drug active on nigro-striatal dopaminergic system might also interfere with hypothalamus-protuberantial neurotransmission, and have effects on the function of the pituitary. No changes in serum levels of FSH, LH, STH and TSH were detected for every dose of the drug employed. Only prolactin serum levels diminished since the beginning of the treatment, the decrease being significant (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01). This effect on prolactin does not change in the dose range considered. Clinical improvement was observed for doses of drugs above 15 mg/day, whereas the effect on prolactin secretion occurred with the dose of 7.5 mg/day.", "contents": "Changes in pituitary hormones serum levels in bromocryptine-treated parkinsonian patients. In the course of a clinical trial with 2alpha-bromoergocryptin in Parkinson's disease, the serum levels of several pituitary hormones have been studied in the assumption that the drug active on nigro-striatal dopaminergic system might also interfere with hypothalamus-protuberantial neurotransmission, and have effects on the function of the pituitary. No changes in serum levels of FSH, LH, STH and TSH were detected for every dose of the drug employed. Only prolactin serum levels diminished since the beginning of the treatment, the decrease being significant (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01). This effect on prolactin does not change in the dose range considered. Clinical improvement was observed for doses of drugs above 15 mg/day, whereas the effect on prolactin secretion occurred with the dose of 7.5 mg/day.", "PMID": 578293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12975", "title": "Critical evaluation of the role of immunization as an etiological factor of infantile spasms.", "content": "One hundred and ten cases of infantile spasms with detailed information about immunization available were selected as the masterial to evaluate the significance of immunization as an etiological factor of infantile spasms. In 80% of the cases, immunization could not be considered to have any relation with causation of infantile spasms, because 44 cases (40%) never had innoculations as yet, and other 44 cases (40%) had been immunized by some vaccines over one month before or after the onset of the disease. The remaining 22 cases, in whom immunization had been performed within one month before the onset of the disease, constituted the candidates for further study. The age of onset of the disease of the candidate group ranged from 3 to 9 months of age with peak incidence at 4 to 5 months old, exactly identical with that of patients with infantile spasms in general. The kind of vaccines concerned included DPT triple vaccines in 15 cases, smallpox vaccine in 4, antipolio live vaccine in 1, anti-Japanese encephalitis vaccine in 2. Causal relationship of immunization with infantile spasms in each patient was evaluated on the basis of the following three apsects: 1. Any other causal factors except immunization should be absent. 2. Psychomotor development before onset of the disease should be normal. 3. Interval from immunization to onset of the disease should be lied: a) Within 48 hours, in the case of pertussis vaccine, b) within 18 days, in the case of smallpox vaccine or anti-Japanese encephalitis vaccine or antipolio vaccine. Only five cases (4.8% of the total) were able to classify into the compatible group which should fulfill all the above three criteria. The small figure may easily be explicable on the assumption that the natural onset of spasm is chronologically superposed by chance over immunizations which have to be done within the first year of life.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of the role of immunization as an etiological factor of infantile spasms. One hundred and ten cases of infantile spasms with detailed information about immunization available were selected as the masterial to evaluate the significance of immunization as an etiological factor of infantile spasms. In 80% of the cases, immunization could not be considered to have any relation with causation of infantile spasms, because 44 cases (40%) never had innoculations as yet, and other 44 cases (40%) had been immunized by some vaccines over one month before or after the onset of the disease. The remaining 22 cases, in whom immunization had been performed within one month before the onset of the disease, constituted the candidates for further study. The age of onset of the disease of the candidate group ranged from 3 to 9 months of age with peak incidence at 4 to 5 months old, exactly identical with that of patients with infantile spasms in general. The kind of vaccines concerned included DPT triple vaccines in 15 cases, smallpox vaccine in 4, antipolio live vaccine in 1, anti-Japanese encephalitis vaccine in 2. Causal relationship of immunization with infantile spasms in each patient was evaluated on the basis of the following three apsects: 1. Any other causal factors except immunization should be absent. 2. Psychomotor development before onset of the disease should be normal. 3. Interval from immunization to onset of the disease should be lied: a) Within 48 hours, in the case of pertussis vaccine, b) within 18 days, in the case of smallpox vaccine or anti-Japanese encephalitis vaccine or antipolio vaccine. Only five cases (4.8% of the total) were able to classify into the compatible group which should fulfill all the above three criteria. The small figure may easily be explicable on the assumption that the natural onset of spasm is chronologically superposed by chance over immunizations which have to be done within the first year of life.", "PMID": 578294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12976", "title": "Isoelectric focusing pattern of acid hydrolases in cultured fibroblasts, leucocytes and cell-free amniotic fluid.", "content": "The activities of 9 acid hydrolases were determined in cell-free amniotic fluid, leucocytes and cultured fibroblasts using fluorogenic substrates. The specific activities of beta-glucosidase, alpha-fucosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, and arylsulphatase A and B were found to be in the same range in cell-free  amniotic fluid and in leucocyties. The isoenzyme pattern of these 5 hydrolases as well as that of acid phosphatase and alpha-mannosidase showed some similarities in all three specimens studied; the pattern of alpha- and beta-galactosidase obtained by isoelectric focusing was different in the 2 types of cells studied and in the cell-free amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing pattern of acid hydrolases in cultured fibroblasts, leucocytes and cell-free amniotic fluid. The activities of 9 acid hydrolases were determined in cell-free amniotic fluid, leucocytes and cultured fibroblasts using fluorogenic substrates. The specific activities of beta-glucosidase, alpha-fucosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, and arylsulphatase A and B were found to be in the same range in cell-free  amniotic fluid and in leucocyties. The isoenzyme pattern of these 5 hydrolases as well as that of acid phosphatase and alpha-mannosidase showed some similarities in all three specimens studied; the pattern of alpha- and beta-galactosidase obtained by isoelectric focusing was different in the 2 types of cells studied and in the cell-free amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 578295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12977", "title": "Perinatal hypoxia and bioelectric brain maturation of the newborn infant.", "content": "Bioelectric brain maturation of twenty infants who had suffered acute perinatal hypoxia (patients) was compared with that of twenty healthy newborns (controls). None of the patients had suffered any other pre- or perinatal complications that could have influenced the bioelectric brain maturation. All infants (postmenstrual age: 40--42 weeks) were subjected to a polygraphic recording. The patients were examined after the acute phase of their disease; all were in good clinical condition at the time of recording. Statistic evaluation revealed significantly retarded bioelectric brain maturation in the patient group. Furthermore, a more immature EEG pattern was found to correspond to greater extent of oxygen deprivation. The study shows: determination of bioelectric brain maturation can be used to obtain information about suffered hypoxia and extent of oxygen deprivation.", "contents": "Perinatal hypoxia and bioelectric brain maturation of the newborn infant. Bioelectric brain maturation of twenty infants who had suffered acute perinatal hypoxia (patients) was compared with that of twenty healthy newborns (controls). None of the patients had suffered any other pre- or perinatal complications that could have influenced the bioelectric brain maturation. All infants (postmenstrual age: 40--42 weeks) were subjected to a polygraphic recording. The patients were examined after the acute phase of their disease; all were in good clinical condition at the time of recording. Statistic evaluation revealed significantly retarded bioelectric brain maturation in the patient group. Furthermore, a more immature EEG pattern was found to correspond to greater extent of oxygen deprivation. The study shows: determination of bioelectric brain maturation can be used to obtain information about suffered hypoxia and extent of oxygen deprivation.", "PMID": 578296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12978", "title": "Acquired aphasia in childhood with seizure disorder: a heterogeneous syndrome.", "content": "The authors report six children with acquired aphasia of unknown etiology. The clinical picture was clearly different from that seen in the usual childhood aphasias and resemble other cases initially reported as \"syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder\". All had associated paroxysmal EEG abnormalities, and 5 have had clinical seizures. The language disorder has improved or remained stationary and no other neurological signs have developed. Our review of the literature and the study of our personal cases show no uniform clinical picture in these children. Three different clinical patterns seem to emerge. The first group show rapid onset and recovery of aphasia, frequent fluctuations in the severity of the language deficit typical of so-called epileptic aphasia. These children appear to have a better prognosis. The second group show worsening of the aphasic deficit after repeated seizures or episodes of aphasia. In the third group progressive deficit in language comprehension (auditory agnosia) with a variable degree of recovery and rare or no clinical seizures. The possible significance of the EEG abnormalities has been discussed and the importance of the aphasia on general behavior and the problems of differential diagnosis have been stressed.", "contents": "Acquired aphasia in childhood with seizure disorder: a heterogeneous syndrome. The authors report six children with acquired aphasia of unknown etiology. The clinical picture was clearly different from that seen in the usual childhood aphasias and resemble other cases initially reported as \"syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder\". All had associated paroxysmal EEG abnormalities, and 5 have had clinical seizures. The language disorder has improved or remained stationary and no other neurological signs have developed. Our review of the literature and the study of our personal cases show no uniform clinical picture in these children. Three different clinical patterns seem to emerge. The first group show rapid onset and recovery of aphasia, frequent fluctuations in the severity of the language deficit typical of so-called epileptic aphasia. These children appear to have a better prognosis. The second group show worsening of the aphasic deficit after repeated seizures or episodes of aphasia. In the third group progressive deficit in language comprehension (auditory agnosia) with a variable degree of recovery and rare or no clinical seizures. The possible significance of the EEG abnormalities has been discussed and the importance of the aphasia on general behavior and the problems of differential diagnosis have been stressed.", "PMID": 578297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12979", "title": "The unusual features of traumatic neurogenic muscular atrophy in the infant: an anatomic study.", "content": "A biopsy from the deltoid muscle of an 8-week old girl who had sustained a bilateral traumatic Erb's brachial plexus paresis at birth revealed the neurogenic atrophy to be different from that of adult muscle in that small, round fibers, similar to those observed in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, were found. Detailed histochemistry of the fibers is submitted. On electron microscopy, there was focal degeneration of sarcomeres; a loss of myofibrils and myofilaments accompanied by increased autophagocytosis and increased amounts of glycogen; occasionally, preferential drop out of thick myofilaments and a peculiar displacement and deformation of the T-system, triads. In spite of the fact that the injury was sustained at one well defined point of time, the degree to which the muscle fibers were affected was quite variable from area to area. It is proposed that denervation in infantile muscle results in typical small rounded fibers and that this process, so different from that of adult neurogenic atrophy, is age-dependent.", "contents": "The unusual features of traumatic neurogenic muscular atrophy in the infant: an anatomic study. A biopsy from the deltoid muscle of an 8-week old girl who had sustained a bilateral traumatic Erb's brachial plexus paresis at birth revealed the neurogenic atrophy to be different from that of adult muscle in that small, round fibers, similar to those observed in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, were found. Detailed histochemistry of the fibers is submitted. On electron microscopy, there was focal degeneration of sarcomeres; a loss of myofibrils and myofilaments accompanied by increased autophagocytosis and increased amounts of glycogen; occasionally, preferential drop out of thick myofilaments and a peculiar displacement and deformation of the T-system, triads. In spite of the fact that the injury was sustained at one well defined point of time, the degree to which the muscle fibers were affected was quite variable from area to area. It is proposed that denervation in infantile muscle results in typical small rounded fibers and that this process, so different from that of adult neurogenic atrophy, is age-dependent.", "PMID": 578298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12980", "title": "An effective dose schedule for phenytoin treatment of status epilepticus in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Fifteen infants and children were treated with phenytoin for status epilepticus. They received doses 31.5 mg/kg (18--46) in the first 24 hours, 18.5 mg/kg (10--28) on the second day and 11 mg/kg (7.7--15.4) on the third day controlled by frequent serum level determinations. After reaching the upper therapeutic range (8--25 microgram/ml) within 24 hours these serum concentrations were maintained over the next days. Twelve of fifteen--including five newborns and infants below four months of age--were thus successfully treated; the remaining three in whom phenytoin had no effect, no other anticonvulsant drug or a combination of several other drugs were successful. A dose schedule based upon serial serum concentration measurements is given. It enables an efficient phenytoin treatment of status epilepticus or equivalent convulsive states in infancy and childhood.", "contents": "An effective dose schedule for phenytoin treatment of status epilepticus in infancy and childhood. Fifteen infants and children were treated with phenytoin for status epilepticus. They received doses 31.5 mg/kg (18--46) in the first 24 hours, 18.5 mg/kg (10--28) on the second day and 11 mg/kg (7.7--15.4) on the third day controlled by frequent serum level determinations. After reaching the upper therapeutic range (8--25 microgram/ml) within 24 hours these serum concentrations were maintained over the next days. Twelve of fifteen--including five newborns and infants below four months of age--were thus successfully treated; the remaining three in whom phenytoin had no effect, no other anticonvulsant drug or a combination of several other drugs were successful. A dose schedule based upon serial serum concentration measurements is given. It enables an efficient phenytoin treatment of status epilepticus or equivalent convulsive states in infancy and childhood.", "PMID": 578299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12981", "title": "Severe mental retardation in a Swedish county. II. Etiologic and pathogenetic aspects of children born 1959--1970.", "content": "In an unselected series of 122 children born in 1959--1970 with severe mental retardation (SMR), the magnitude and distribution of the different etiologic and pathogenetic factors were analysed. Prenatal causes were considered relevant in 73 per cent, perinatal in 10 and postnatal in 3. In 12 per cent no traceable cause whatsoever was found. Infantile primary psychoses constituted 2 per cent. Within the prenatal group, no less than 43 per cent presented firm evidence favouring a genetic etiology, chromosomal syndromes together constituting 36 per cent and mutant gene disorders 7 per cent. Etiologically unclassifiable cases with prenatal stigmata and congenital defects amounted to 18 per cent. A condition of fetal deprivation of supply was considered to have been of major importance in 8 per cent. Almost half of the cases had one or more associated CNS handicaps. Cerebral palsy syndromes were evident in 18 per cent and epilepsies in 30 per cent. The relative risk of having cerebral palsy in addition to SMR was strongly correlated to cases classified as prenatally or perinatally acquired CNS syndromes. It is concluded that prenatal prevention is of special importance for reducing the occurrence of SMR. As chromosomal aberrations are the cause in more than 1/3 of cases with SMR, the desirability of developing effective cytogenetic screening methods and programs applicable to all pregnant women is particularly emphasized.", "contents": "Severe mental retardation in a Swedish county. II. Etiologic and pathogenetic aspects of children born 1959--1970. In an unselected series of 122 children born in 1959--1970 with severe mental retardation (SMR), the magnitude and distribution of the different etiologic and pathogenetic factors were analysed. Prenatal causes were considered relevant in 73 per cent, perinatal in 10 and postnatal in 3. In 12 per cent no traceable cause whatsoever was found. Infantile primary psychoses constituted 2 per cent. Within the prenatal group, no less than 43 per cent presented firm evidence favouring a genetic etiology, chromosomal syndromes together constituting 36 per cent and mutant gene disorders 7 per cent. Etiologically unclassifiable cases with prenatal stigmata and congenital defects amounted to 18 per cent. A condition of fetal deprivation of supply was considered to have been of major importance in 8 per cent. Almost half of the cases had one or more associated CNS handicaps. Cerebral palsy syndromes were evident in 18 per cent and epilepsies in 30 per cent. The relative risk of having cerebral palsy in addition to SMR was strongly correlated to cases classified as prenatally or perinatally acquired CNS syndromes. It is concluded that prenatal prevention is of special importance for reducing the occurrence of SMR. As chromosomal aberrations are the cause in more than 1/3 of cases with SMR, the desirability of developing effective cytogenetic screening methods and programs applicable to all pregnant women is particularly emphasized.", "PMID": 578300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12982", "title": "Renovascular hypertension as a cause of cerebrovascular accident in childhood: a case report.", "content": "Report on a 10 year-old boy with acute hemiplegia after an ischemic cerebrovascular accident, provoked by an unilateral renovascular disease with malignant hypertension, for which nephrectomy was carried out. The few publications pertinent to cerebrovascular complications in children with hypertension and the value of comprehensive diagnostic operations, are the basic motives for this report.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension as a cause of cerebrovascular accident in childhood: a case report. Report on a 10 year-old boy with acute hemiplegia after an ischemic cerebrovascular accident, provoked by an unilateral renovascular disease with malignant hypertension, for which nephrectomy was carried out. The few publications pertinent to cerebrovascular complications in children with hypertension and the value of comprehensive diagnostic operations, are the basic motives for this report.", "PMID": 578301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12983", "title": "On the mechanism of accumulation of 67Ga by tumors.", "content": "There is strong experimental evidence indicating that a competitive binding of 67Ga3+ to Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding sites rather than a metabolic process is involved in the accumulation of this radioisotope. These observations suggest that in tumors, as well as in other inflammatory and infectious processes, the most important role in 67Ga accumulation is played by a higher availability of those binding sites than in normal tissue.", "contents": "On the mechanism of accumulation of 67Ga by tumors. There is strong experimental evidence indicating that a competitive binding of 67Ga3+ to Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding sites rather than a metabolic process is involved in the accumulation of this radioisotope. These observations suggest that in tumors, as well as in other inflammatory and infectious processes, the most important role in 67Ga accumulation is played by a higher availability of those binding sites than in normal tissue.", "PMID": 578303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12984", "title": "The use of metronidazole in the preparation of the bowel for surgery.", "content": "The preliminary results of this study have shown that a combination of oral phthalylsulphathiazole and metronidazole for preparation of the bowel for surgery reduces the incidence of postoperative infection compared with phthalylsulphathiazole alone.", "contents": "The use of metronidazole in the preparation of the bowel for surgery. The preliminary results of this study have shown that a combination of oral phthalylsulphathiazole and metronidazole for preparation of the bowel for surgery reduces the incidence of postoperative infection compared with phthalylsulphathiazole alone.", "PMID": 578314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12985", "title": "Mycotic aortic aneurysm in premature infants.", "content": "Three cases of aortic aneurysm adjacent to the tip of the umbilical artery catheter are described. The clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and proposed pathogenesis are discussed. Mycotic aneurysms in childhood are infrequent but serious threats to life, requiring early recognition and prompt therapy. The appearance of a progressively enlarging middle or posterior mediastinal mass in a child with a history of septicemia should suggest a mycotic aneurysm.", "contents": "Mycotic aortic aneurysm in premature infants. Three cases of aortic aneurysm adjacent to the tip of the umbilical artery catheter are described. The clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and proposed pathogenesis are discussed. Mycotic aneurysms in childhood are infrequent but serious threats to life, requiring early recognition and prompt therapy. The appearance of a progressively enlarging middle or posterior mediastinal mass in a child with a history of septicemia should suggest a mycotic aneurysm.", "PMID": 578316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12986", "title": "[Experimental studies on clinical application of 13N-ammonia; a metabolic model and functional image based on animal experiment].", "content": "Ammonia has been known to be an inducing agent of hepatic coma associated with liver cirrhosis. In order to establish a non-invasive method of investigating the portal circulation and the metabolism of ammonia at liver the following studies were performed, by using cyclotron produced 13N-labeled ammonia and delayed line-camera interphased with on-line computer system. 1) Animal experiment. Dynamic scintigraphy of thoraco-abdominal region of a rabbit after intrasigmoidal as well as intravenous administration of 13N-ammonia were performed. 2) Theoretical consideration on the functional image of liver: According to the results of the animal experiments, a model of ammonia metabolism having the minimal complexity necessary to represent data in the case of intrasigmoidal administration was proposed. Starting from the solution to the differential equation describing the model, relevant parameters characterizing the dynamic curve of liver were duded.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on clinical application of 13N-ammonia; a metabolic model and functional image based on animal experiment]. Ammonia has been known to be an inducing agent of hepatic coma associated with liver cirrhosis. In order to establish a non-invasive method of investigating the portal circulation and the metabolism of ammonia at liver the following studies were performed, by using cyclotron produced 13N-labeled ammonia and delayed line-camera interphased with on-line computer system. 1) Animal experiment. Dynamic scintigraphy of thoraco-abdominal region of a rabbit after intrasigmoidal as well as intravenous administration of 13N-ammonia were performed. 2) Theoretical consideration on the functional image of liver: According to the results of the animal experiments, a model of ammonia metabolism having the minimal complexity necessary to represent data in the case of intrasigmoidal administration was proposed. Starting from the solution to the differential equation describing the model, relevant parameters characterizing the dynamic curve of liver were duded.", "PMID": 578318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12987", "title": "[Experimental studies on clinical application of 13N-ammonia; clinical application of the functional image].", "content": "1) Clinical application: Dynamic scintigraphy of liver and heart of a patient having liver cirrhosis after intrasigmoidal administration of 13N-ammonia (pH 8.1) were performed. Simultaneously, continuous measurments of radioactivity at the left side abdomen and the left temporal region were done by using a scintillation detector for renography. Successive measurement of radioactivity of blood was also carried out. 2) Comstruction of functional images of liver and heart: By using digital radioisotope image of liver and heart of the patient after intrasigmoidal administration of 13N-ammonia, the maps with respect to parameters described in the pervious paper were constructed.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on clinical application of 13N-ammonia; clinical application of the functional image]. 1) Clinical application: Dynamic scintigraphy of liver and heart of a patient having liver cirrhosis after intrasigmoidal administration of 13N-ammonia (pH 8.1) were performed. Simultaneously, continuous measurments of radioactivity at the left side abdomen and the left temporal region were done by using a scintillation detector for renography. Successive measurement of radioactivity of blood was also carried out. 2) Comstruction of functional images of liver and heart: By using digital radioisotope image of liver and heart of the patient after intrasigmoidal administration of 13N-ammonia, the maps with respect to parameters described in the pervious paper were constructed.", "PMID": 578319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12988", "title": "[Anatomic localization of scintillation colour image by means of simultaneous colour polaroid film photographing of emission scintiphoto and transmission scintiphoto].", "content": "A study has been made of a simple and practical method to add the information of anatomical localization upon the emission scintiphoto of the generally used polaroid film. Our experients were a follows: first, the polaroid film of transmission scintiphoto, according to the Anger method, was made, and then, that of emission scintiphoto was made. Next, by double-exposing these two photos to the same polaroid film with the Mamiya-made duplicator, these photos were made into a composite photo. In that case, in order to distinguish the images of these scintiphotos on this composite photo. In that case, in order to distinguish the images of these scintiphotos on this composite photo, a colour polaroid film was used in the double exposure, and here, when each of the two scintiphotos was given its own colour-filter, it was found that the images could be sharply sorted by colour. This method does not require any highly expensive apparatuses and according to this method a disc source and a polaroid duplicator are enough for the exact anatomical localization of scintiphoto-images by the polaroid film.", "contents": "[Anatomic localization of scintillation colour image by means of simultaneous colour polaroid film photographing of emission scintiphoto and transmission scintiphoto]. A study has been made of a simple and practical method to add the information of anatomical localization upon the emission scintiphoto of the generally used polaroid film. Our experients were a follows: first, the polaroid film of transmission scintiphoto, according to the Anger method, was made, and then, that of emission scintiphoto was made. Next, by double-exposing these two photos to the same polaroid film with the Mamiya-made duplicator, these photos were made into a composite photo. In that case, in order to distinguish the images of these scintiphotos on this composite photo. In that case, in order to distinguish the images of these scintiphotos on this composite photo, a colour polaroid film was used in the double exposure, and here, when each of the two scintiphotos was given its own colour-filter, it was found that the images could be sharply sorted by colour. This method does not require any highly expensive apparatuses and according to this method a disc source and a polaroid duplicator are enough for the exact anatomical localization of scintiphoto-images by the polaroid film.", "PMID": 578321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12989", "title": "Metabolic fate of timepidium bromide (SA-504)--Unstable metabolities in the rats.", "content": "The colored substances excreted in bile or urine have bee investigated after adminstration of a high dose of SQ-504 to rats. A reddish-violet colored substance and a bluish-violet colored substance were dominant. Their chemical structures were not assigned because of their small quantity and instability. It was recognized that the colored substances were metabolites of SA-504 from the studies with 3H and 14C labelled SA-504 and the derivatives of SA-504.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of timepidium bromide (SA-504)--Unstable metabolities in the rats. The colored substances excreted in bile or urine have bee investigated after adminstration of a high dose of SQ-504 to rats. A reddish-violet colored substance and a bluish-violet colored substance were dominant. Their chemical structures were not assigned because of their small quantity and instability. It was recognized that the colored substances were metabolites of SA-504 from the studies with 3H and 14C labelled SA-504 and the derivatives of SA-504.", "PMID": 578322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12990", "title": "Effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia on fatty acid metabolism in rat lung.", "content": "Exposure of male albino rats in the weight range of 70-200 g to 25,000 ft of simulated altitude for 6 h at 32 degrees C caused an increase in plasma free fatty acids with decreased oxidation of palmitic acid-1-14C in lung slices of hypoxic rats. The in vivo esterification of palmitic acid-1-14C to form truglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was also low indicating decreased utilization of fatty acids by hypoxic lungs. De novo lipogenesis was observed to decreased to decrease because of decreased fatty acid biosynthesis as judged from acetate---14C incorporation. The specific activities of triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and free cholesterol were also decreased. The decreased incorporation into phosphatidylcholine affected the incorporation into phosphatidylcholine of alveolar surfactant (2,000 g sediment fraction). The results are discussed in view of possible decreased energy status of hypoxic lungs.", "contents": "Effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia on fatty acid metabolism in rat lung. Exposure of male albino rats in the weight range of 70-200 g to 25,000 ft of simulated altitude for 6 h at 32 degrees C caused an increase in plasma free fatty acids with decreased oxidation of palmitic acid-1-14C in lung slices of hypoxic rats. The in vivo esterification of palmitic acid-1-14C to form truglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was also low indicating decreased utilization of fatty acids by hypoxic lungs. De novo lipogenesis was observed to decreased to decrease because of decreased fatty acid biosynthesis as judged from acetate---14C incorporation. The specific activities of triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and free cholesterol were also decreased. The decreased incorporation into phosphatidylcholine affected the incorporation into phosphatidylcholine of alveolar surfactant (2,000 g sediment fraction). The results are discussed in view of possible decreased energy status of hypoxic lungs.", "PMID": 578334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12991", "title": "[Intramuscular injections and activity of serum creatine phosphokinase. Histopathological study in animal experiments].", "content": "In healthy Labrador dogs a single intramuscular injection of benzoctamin, diazepam and pethidin leads to a distinct increase in serum-creatine-phosphokinase (SCK) activity, whilst a single intramuscular injection of physiologic saline has no effect whatsoever. Intravenous injection of an identical dose of the above-mentioned drugs leaves SCK activity unchanged. Muscle specimens of the injection site, excised 5 days after intramuscular injection of the same drugs, display muscle cell necrosis, macrophage proliferation and reparative changes. The impressive histological alterations point to the striated muscle cell as a probable source of the increase in SCK activity (MM fraction).", "contents": "[Intramuscular injections and activity of serum creatine phosphokinase. Histopathological study in animal experiments]. In healthy Labrador dogs a single intramuscular injection of benzoctamin, diazepam and pethidin leads to a distinct increase in serum-creatine-phosphokinase (SCK) activity, whilst a single intramuscular injection of physiologic saline has no effect whatsoever. Intravenous injection of an identical dose of the above-mentioned drugs leaves SCK activity unchanged. Muscle specimens of the injection site, excised 5 days after intramuscular injection of the same drugs, display muscle cell necrosis, macrophage proliferation and reparative changes. The impressive histological alterations point to the striated muscle cell as a probable source of the increase in SCK activity (MM fraction).", "PMID": 578335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12992", "title": "Bone marrow involvement in malignant lymphoma without peripheral lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Twelve cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and a single case of Hodgkin's disease were first diagnosed on bone marrow biopsy. None of the patients had superficially enlarged lymph nodes, and in 3 patients the histological examination of the biopsy specimen showed normal reactive nodes. Eight patients were over the age of 60. The differential diagnosis from benign nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is discussed, with emphasis on the cytology and the paratrabecular position of the lymphoid infiltrate. Ten patients had focal involvement of the bone marrow and 1 of the 3 patients with diffuse involvement had Hodgkin's disease. Lymphoid nodules occur normally in the bone marrow and we conclude that non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkins's disease can arise primarily in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Bone marrow involvement in malignant lymphoma without peripheral lymphadenopathy. Twelve cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and a single case of Hodgkin's disease were first diagnosed on bone marrow biopsy. None of the patients had superficially enlarged lymph nodes, and in 3 patients the histological examination of the biopsy specimen showed normal reactive nodes. Eight patients were over the age of 60. The differential diagnosis from benign nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is discussed, with emphasis on the cytology and the paratrabecular position of the lymphoid infiltrate. Ten patients had focal involvement of the bone marrow and 1 of the 3 patients with diffuse involvement had Hodgkin's disease. Lymphoid nodules occur normally in the bone marrow and we conclude that non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkins's disease can arise primarily in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 578338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12993", "title": "[Intercellular transmission of information in the process of immunogenesis. V. Study of the role of low-molecular \"immune\" nuclear RNA in the synthesis of antibodies by rat transplantable lymphosarcoma cells].", "content": "The karyotype of the Ararat cochineal has been studied. The cochineal chromosomes are holokinetic, i.e. they have a diffuse centromeric activity; however, in some of them constrictions are detected. The constrictions are seen only in early stages of spiralization and are not detected in late metaphase. Sex determination in the cochineal takes place according to formula XX-X0. The female have two sex chromosomes being the longest pair in the set. The males are heterogametic having the X0-constitution. The meiosis is of a chiasmatic type. In the diakinesis bivalents are detected in the form of crosses or rings. Of different types of meiosis, the coccids possess a so called the Puto type, which s, according to preliminary evidences, very similar to the cochineal meiosis.", "contents": "[Intercellular transmission of information in the process of immunogenesis. V. Study of the role of low-molecular \"immune\" nuclear RNA in the synthesis of antibodies by rat transplantable lymphosarcoma cells]. The karyotype of the Ararat cochineal has been studied. The cochineal chromosomes are holokinetic, i.e. they have a diffuse centromeric activity; however, in some of them constrictions are detected. The constrictions are seen only in early stages of spiralization and are not detected in late metaphase. Sex determination in the cochineal takes place according to formula XX-X0. The female have two sex chromosomes being the longest pair in the set. The males are heterogametic having the X0-constitution. The meiosis is of a chiasmatic type. In the diakinesis bivalents are detected in the form of crosses or rings. Of different types of meiosis, the coccids possess a so called the Puto type, which s, according to preliminary evidences, very similar to the cochineal meiosis.", "PMID": 578341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12994", "title": "[Gunshot injuries of chest and abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 51 patients with gunshot injuries of the chest and the abdominal cavity were treated at the Emergency Aid Institute \"Pirogov\" in Sofia from 1967 to 1976. The series included 45 men and 6 women, with a letality rate amounting to 21.5 per cent (11 patients). In 41 per cent it was a matter of abdominal injury where the letality was the highest (33 per cent). Chest injuries included 33 per cent with 12 per cent letality, while combined chest-abdominal injuries included 26 per cent with 14 per cent letality. Involvement of the small and large intestine showed the highest incidence of all abdominal organs (37 per cent). Traumatic-hemorrhagic shock and acute respiraotyr insufficiency prevailed. The operative tacties resorted to was strictly individual. In combined lesions of treatment of respiratory insufficiency, parenchymatous organs and major blood vessels has priority over the treatment of hollow organs.", "contents": "[Gunshot injuries of chest and abdomen (author's transl)]. A total of 51 patients with gunshot injuries of the chest and the abdominal cavity were treated at the Emergency Aid Institute \"Pirogov\" in Sofia from 1967 to 1976. The series included 45 men and 6 women, with a letality rate amounting to 21.5 per cent (11 patients). In 41 per cent it was a matter of abdominal injury where the letality was the highest (33 per cent). Chest injuries included 33 per cent with 12 per cent letality, while combined chest-abdominal injuries included 26 per cent with 14 per cent letality. Involvement of the small and large intestine showed the highest incidence of all abdominal organs (37 per cent). Traumatic-hemorrhagic shock and acute respiraotyr insufficiency prevailed. The operative tacties resorted to was strictly individual. In combined lesions of treatment of respiratory insufficiency, parenchymatous organs and major blood vessels has priority over the treatment of hollow organs.", "PMID": 578347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12995", "title": "[The effect of toxoplasma antibodies after reinfection with T. gondii. II. Communication: investigations over the incidence of toxoplasma in peripheral blood after primary and secondary infection (author's transl)].", "content": "After reinfection, parasites could be detected through transfusion of tail blood to healthy mice between 24 and 100 to 352 hours. A time point beyond this was not examined. Parasitaemia could be frequently established between 68 and 76 hours post reinfection. Infection immunity in mice does not protect against reinfection by Toxoplasma. It occurs after oral infection inspite of the presence of humoral antibodies. The parasites spread by blood circulation and increase the titer by one or two titer steps in the SABIN FELDMAN test.", "contents": "[The effect of toxoplasma antibodies after reinfection with T. gondii. II. Communication: investigations over the incidence of toxoplasma in peripheral blood after primary and secondary infection (author's transl)]. After reinfection, parasites could be detected through transfusion of tail blood to healthy mice between 24 and 100 to 352 hours. A time point beyond this was not examined. Parasitaemia could be frequently established between 68 and 76 hours post reinfection. Infection immunity in mice does not protect against reinfection by Toxoplasma. It occurs after oral infection inspite of the presence of humoral antibodies. The parasites spread by blood circulation and increase the titer by one or two titer steps in the SABIN FELDMAN test.", "PMID": 578348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12996", "title": "[Micronucleus and cytogenetic disorders in mouse embryos before implantation].", "content": "Studies of mice embryos of different genotypes revealed 4.1% of polyploids, 8.5% of aneuploids and 7.9% of embryos with structural chromosome aberrations. Embryos of lines BAIB and CBA were reliably different in micronuclei occurrence (9.8 and 4.6%). A relation is shown to exist between the presence of micronuclei and structural aberrations. Normalization of the embryo genotype at early stages of embryogeny might occur by means of elimination of cells with disturbances or due to the death of anomalous embryos in the period of implantation.", "contents": "[Micronucleus and cytogenetic disorders in mouse embryos before implantation]. Studies of mice embryos of different genotypes revealed 4.1% of polyploids, 8.5% of aneuploids and 7.9% of embryos with structural chromosome aberrations. Embryos of lines BAIB and CBA were reliably different in micronuclei occurrence (9.8 and 4.6%). A relation is shown to exist between the presence of micronuclei and structural aberrations. Normalization of the embryo genotype at early stages of embryogeny might occur by means of elimination of cells with disturbances or due to the death of anomalous embryos in the period of implantation.", "PMID": 578340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12997", "title": "Allergy to grass juice.", "content": "Crushed, fresh grass did not produce positive skin reactions in 149 patients with grass pollen allergy, six of whom suffered from rhinitis and conjunctival discharge while cutting grass. An additional patient without an allergy to grass pollens but with clear-cut symptoms from newly cut grass showed a negative result in the scratch-chamber test and in the scrubbing test.", "contents": "Allergy to grass juice. Crushed, fresh grass did not produce positive skin reactions in 149 patients with grass pollen allergy, six of whom suffered from rhinitis and conjunctival discharge while cutting grass. An additional patient without an allergy to grass pollens but with clear-cut symptoms from newly cut grass showed a negative result in the scratch-chamber test and in the scrubbing test.", "PMID": 578349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12998", "title": "Immunoglobulins in serum and nasal secretion. A comparison between patients with aspirin hypersensitivity and allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Immunoglobulins A, E and G were studied in serum and nasal secretion from patients with allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinitis and aspirin hypersensitivity, and normal controls. The allergic patients differed from the other groups in having higher IgE values, both in serum and in nasal secretion. The patients with aspirin hypersensitivity did not differ from the control group regarding the IgE values. No difference between the groups was found with respect to IgA and IgG. The results indicate that reaginic antibodies are not involved in causing aspirin hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in serum and nasal secretion. A comparison between patients with aspirin hypersensitivity and allergic rhinitis. Immunoglobulins A, E and G were studied in serum and nasal secretion from patients with allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinitis and aspirin hypersensitivity, and normal controls. The allergic patients differed from the other groups in having higher IgE values, both in serum and in nasal secretion. The patients with aspirin hypersensitivity did not differ from the control group regarding the IgE values. No difference between the groups was found with respect to IgA and IgG. The results indicate that reaginic antibodies are not involved in causing aspirin hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 578350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_12999", "title": "Hypothesis-determinant factors in the manifestations of atopic disease.", "content": "It is postulated that both the initiation and the perpetuation of atopic disease occur as a result of a complex interaction of a genetically determined IgE response, increased permeability of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and an inherent metabolic instability that may be either localized or generalized. These three factors vary as a function of age and serve to explain the complicated natural history of allergic manifestations in atopic persons.", "contents": "Hypothesis-determinant factors in the manifestations of atopic disease. It is postulated that both the initiation and the perpetuation of atopic disease occur as a result of a complex interaction of a genetically determined IgE response, increased permeability of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and an inherent metabolic instability that may be either localized or generalized. These three factors vary as a function of age and serve to explain the complicated natural history of allergic manifestations in atopic persons.", "PMID": 578351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13000", "title": "A study of dust-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "content": "The in vitro measurement of dust allergen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis by the incorporation of H3-thymidine can be a useful measurement for the evaluation of the cellular immune function in dust allergy patients. Dust allergy patients receiving immunotherapy had lower lymphocyte responses than those not receiving immunotherapy. Additionally, dust allergy patients as a whole showed higher lymphocyte stimulation indices than normal control.", "contents": "A study of dust-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. The in vitro measurement of dust allergen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis by the incorporation of H3-thymidine can be a useful measurement for the evaluation of the cellular immune function in dust allergy patients. Dust allergy patients receiving immunotherapy had lower lymphocyte responses than those not receiving immunotherapy. Additionally, dust allergy patients as a whole showed higher lymphocyte stimulation indices than normal control.", "PMID": 578360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13001", "title": "Long-term transfer factor treatment in severe atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Transfer factor therapy was applied in three patients with severe atopic dermatitis and given at regular intervals for 1 1/2 years. Clinically, slight improvements were seen, attacks of impetigo ceased and admissions to hospital were not necessary. However, IgE concentrations in serum remained constantly high in all cases and the absolute number of T and B lymphocytes was continuously subnormal despite treatment. The in vitro cellular reactivity to PPD as assayed by a leucocyte migration test was not significantly altered in the patients, although a slight increase was found early on in the therapy. Finally, a serum factor inhibiting leucocyte migration and appearing simultaneously with attacks of impetigo disappeared during treatment. In conclusion, no convincing effect of transfer factor therapy was encountered in immune parameters and no major alterations were found in the status of the patients' atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "Long-term transfer factor treatment in severe atopic dermatitis. Transfer factor therapy was applied in three patients with severe atopic dermatitis and given at regular intervals for 1 1/2 years. Clinically, slight improvements were seen, attacks of impetigo ceased and admissions to hospital were not necessary. However, IgE concentrations in serum remained constantly high in all cases and the absolute number of T and B lymphocytes was continuously subnormal despite treatment. The in vitro cellular reactivity to PPD as assayed by a leucocyte migration test was not significantly altered in the patients, although a slight increase was found early on in the therapy. Finally, a serum factor inhibiting leucocyte migration and appearing simultaneously with attacks of impetigo disappeared during treatment. In conclusion, no convincing effect of transfer factor therapy was encountered in immune parameters and no major alterations were found in the status of the patients' atopic dermatitis.", "PMID": 578361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13002", "title": "Hyposensitization of patients with allergic rhinitis by intranasal administration of chemically modified grass pollen allergen. A pilot study.", "content": "In a pilot study, five adult patients with allergic rhinitis due to grass pollen underwent local intranasal hyposensitization with a chemically modified grass pollen extract--a so-called allergoid. Local hyposensitization during a pre-seasonal period resulted in an increased serum level of timothy-specific IgE antibodies in all patients, indicating that the allergoid had immunogenic properties. In four of the patients the clinical effect during the grass pollen season was judged satisfactory. Pre- and post-seasonal provocation test in these four patients also showed a reduction of the nasal sensitivity during this period. All patients tolerated the treatment well without any marked side effects. These promising preliminary results motivate further investigation into this form of therapy.", "contents": "Hyposensitization of patients with allergic rhinitis by intranasal administration of chemically modified grass pollen allergen. A pilot study. In a pilot study, five adult patients with allergic rhinitis due to grass pollen underwent local intranasal hyposensitization with a chemically modified grass pollen extract--a so-called allergoid. Local hyposensitization during a pre-seasonal period resulted in an increased serum level of timothy-specific IgE antibodies in all patients, indicating that the allergoid had immunogenic properties. In four of the patients the clinical effect during the grass pollen season was judged satisfactory. Pre- and post-seasonal provocation test in these four patients also showed a reduction of the nasal sensitivity during this period. All patients tolerated the treatment well without any marked side effects. These promising preliminary results motivate further investigation into this form of therapy.", "PMID": 578362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13003", "title": "Lymphoma and other lymphoid lesions of the orbit (II).", "content": "The incidence, survival rate and causes of death of patients with orbital lymphomas and other lymphoid lesions of the orbit in Denmark, during the period 1943-62 inclusive, were studied by means of a clinico-pathological analysis. In the period examined, the incidence of histologically verified primary orbital tumours was 0.06%. The incidence of primary orbital lymphomas and lymphoid lesions was at least 0.012%. These can be histologically divided into 3 categories: benign, indeterminate (intermediary) and malignant. The present study confirms the relevance of this classification, as there is a definite relationship between the histological diagnosis and the clinical survival rate. For the patients in question, the chances of dying of a universal malignant disease were approximately 10(3) times greater than in the normal Danish population.", "contents": "Lymphoma and other lymphoid lesions of the orbit (II). The incidence, survival rate and causes of death of patients with orbital lymphomas and other lymphoid lesions of the orbit in Denmark, during the period 1943-62 inclusive, were studied by means of a clinico-pathological analysis. In the period examined, the incidence of histologically verified primary orbital tumours was 0.06%. The incidence of primary orbital lymphomas and lymphoid lesions was at least 0.012%. These can be histologically divided into 3 categories: benign, indeterminate (intermediary) and malignant. The present study confirms the relevance of this classification, as there is a definite relationship between the histological diagnosis and the clinical survival rate. For the patients in question, the chances of dying of a universal malignant disease were approximately 10(3) times greater than in the normal Danish population.", "PMID": 578363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13004", "title": "The influence of stimulus duration on the human d.c. registered c-wave. A quantitative study.", "content": "The c-wave of the human ERG was studied at different stimulus durations with a d.c. technique which permitted stable and reproducible recordings. With increasing stimulus lengths the implicit time increased up to a maximum of about 5.5 s. Also the amplitude of the c-wave rose. However, it was influenced by positive and negative off-effects, seen in most volunteers, and at several stimulus lengths superimposed upon the peak of the c-wave. This fact must be considered when developing a standardized method for measuring the c-wave amplitude proper.", "contents": "The influence of stimulus duration on the human d.c. registered c-wave. A quantitative study. The c-wave of the human ERG was studied at different stimulus durations with a d.c. technique which permitted stable and reproducible recordings. With increasing stimulus lengths the implicit time increased up to a maximum of about 5.5 s. Also the amplitude of the c-wave rose. However, it was influenced by positive and negative off-effects, seen in most volunteers, and at several stimulus lengths superimposed upon the peak of the c-wave. This fact must be considered when developing a standardized method for measuring the c-wave amplitude proper.", "PMID": 578364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13005", "title": "Atypical rubeosis iridis in congenital cyanotic heart disease. Report of a case with microhaemangiomas at the pupillary margin causing spontaneous hyphaemas.", "content": "Neovascularisation of the iris developed in a woman with congenital cyanotic heart disease. This neovascularisation was predominately in the form of microhaemangiomas at the pupillary margin causing spontaneous hyphaemas. Proliferative vascular alterations did not develop in the retina and secondary glaucoma did not occur.", "contents": "Atypical rubeosis iridis in congenital cyanotic heart disease. Report of a case with microhaemangiomas at the pupillary margin causing spontaneous hyphaemas. Neovascularisation of the iris developed in a woman with congenital cyanotic heart disease. This neovascularisation was predominately in the form of microhaemangiomas at the pupillary margin causing spontaneous hyphaemas. Proliferative vascular alterations did not develop in the retina and secondary glaucoma did not occur.", "PMID": 578365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13006", "title": "The influence of the nictitating membrane on steroid inhibition of limbal wound healing.", "content": "In a study involving 34 rabbits, it was found that local corticosteroids inhibit limbal wound healing in normal rabbit eyes, and do not inhibit similar wounds if the nictitating membrane has been removed. It was further found that the contact time of fluorescein labelled corticosteroids is almost 3 times longer in rabbit eyes with nictitating membranes than those in which the membranes have been removed.", "contents": "The influence of the nictitating membrane on steroid inhibition of limbal wound healing. In a study involving 34 rabbits, it was found that local corticosteroids inhibit limbal wound healing in normal rabbit eyes, and do not inhibit similar wounds if the nictitating membrane has been removed. It was further found that the contact time of fluorescein labelled corticosteroids is almost 3 times longer in rabbit eyes with nictitating membranes than those in which the membranes have been removed.", "PMID": 578366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13007", "title": "Reinforced episcleral cerclage in retinal detachment. A note on surgical technique.", "content": "Episcleral silicone rods are used as encircling elements in retinal detachment surgery. In order to reinforce the encircling effect and form a stable effective buckle, the episcleral silicone rod is combined with an Arruga suture or a fairly rigid teflon band. The Arruga string (a 2-0 supramid suture) is sewn, in a longitudinal direction, into a solid silicone rod (2 mm in diameter) or into a silicone half-cylinder (diameter 3 or 4 mm). Soft sponge-like rods can also be reinforced with a 2 mm broad teflon band placed on the flat surface of the half-cylindrical silicone element. Drainage of subretinal fluid is usually performed in order to make room for the high circumferential buckle. Experience has shown that this modified encircling procedure is very useful in complicated cases of retinal detachment.", "contents": "Reinforced episcleral cerclage in retinal detachment. A note on surgical technique. Episcleral silicone rods are used as encircling elements in retinal detachment surgery. In order to reinforce the encircling effect and form a stable effective buckle, the episcleral silicone rod is combined with an Arruga suture or a fairly rigid teflon band. The Arruga string (a 2-0 supramid suture) is sewn, in a longitudinal direction, into a solid silicone rod (2 mm in diameter) or into a silicone half-cylinder (diameter 3 or 4 mm). Soft sponge-like rods can also be reinforced with a 2 mm broad teflon band placed on the flat surface of the half-cylindrical silicone element. Drainage of subretinal fluid is usually performed in order to make room for the high circumferential buckle. Experience has shown that this modified encircling procedure is very useful in complicated cases of retinal detachment.", "PMID": 578367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13008", "title": "In vitro investigations on the effect of pilocarpine on the metabolism in pig lenses illustrated with some intermediate metabolites.", "content": "22 pairs of pig lenses were incubated in TCM 199 5 g, with pilocarpine 5 X 10(-4) M and 10(-2) M. 5 X 10(-4) M is the probable concentration in the aqueous during ordinary pilocarpine medication. The concentration of 1-lactate, pyruvate, RTP, RDP and AMP was determined in the lenses and the assimilation of glucose and the production of 1-lactate and pyruvate were measured. As far as pilocarpine 5 X 10(-4) M was concerned no significant differences were found, but pilocarpine 10(-2) M gave a significantly higher 1-lactate concentration in the lenses (118%) and increased the assimilation of glucose to 120% and also augmented the production of 1-lactate to 168% and the pyruvate to 184%, tending to show that pilocarpine 10(-2) M increased the glycolytic activity in the lenses. The concentrations of RTP, RDP and AMP were unchanged.", "contents": "In vitro investigations on the effect of pilocarpine on the metabolism in pig lenses illustrated with some intermediate metabolites. 22 pairs of pig lenses were incubated in TCM 199 5 g, with pilocarpine 5 X 10(-4) M and 10(-2) M. 5 X 10(-4) M is the probable concentration in the aqueous during ordinary pilocarpine medication. The concentration of 1-lactate, pyruvate, RTP, RDP and AMP was determined in the lenses and the assimilation of glucose and the production of 1-lactate and pyruvate were measured. As far as pilocarpine 5 X 10(-4) M was concerned no significant differences were found, but pilocarpine 10(-2) M gave a significantly higher 1-lactate concentration in the lenses (118%) and increased the assimilation of glucose to 120% and also augmented the production of 1-lactate to 168% and the pyruvate to 184%, tending to show that pilocarpine 10(-2) M increased the glycolytic activity in the lenses. The concentrations of RTP, RDP and AMP were unchanged.", "PMID": 578368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13009", "title": "The value of fluorescein fundus angiography in evaluating optic disc oedema.", "content": "43 patients with blurred disc margins were studied by means of fluorescein fundus angiography. The differentiation between very early disc oedema and a normal disc was possible, due to an increased capillary network, some microaneurysms and the late fluorescence located in a special circular manner at disc margin. It was not possible to differentiate between optic neuritis and papilloedema, although minor differences may exist. Ischaemic optic neuropathy is a type of optic disc oedema which clearly differs from other causes of oedema when studied by fluorescein fundus angiography. The method is especially suitable in differentiating pseudopapilloedema from genuine oedema of the optic disc.", "contents": "The value of fluorescein fundus angiography in evaluating optic disc oedema. 43 patients with blurred disc margins were studied by means of fluorescein fundus angiography. The differentiation between very early disc oedema and a normal disc was possible, due to an increased capillary network, some microaneurysms and the late fluorescence located in a special circular manner at disc margin. It was not possible to differentiate between optic neuritis and papilloedema, although minor differences may exist. Ischaemic optic neuropathy is a type of optic disc oedema which clearly differs from other causes of oedema when studied by fluorescein fundus angiography. The method is especially suitable in differentiating pseudopapilloedema from genuine oedema of the optic disc.", "PMID": 578369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13010", "title": "Traumatic hyphaema treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid II.", "content": "During the year 1976 (January 1st to December 31st) 75 patients, consecutively admitted to the eye department of Arhus Kommunehospital with traumatic hyphaema, were treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. No secondary haemorrhage occurred. The patients were not confined to bed. The eyes were not patched and the activities of the patients were not restricted. In a previous series from 1975 where the patients were confined to bed but otherwise treated identically with tranexamic acid one out of 72 patients had a secondary haemorrhage. When the two materials are combined one out of 147 patients had a secondary haemorrhage corresponding to 0.68%.", "contents": "Traumatic hyphaema treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid II. During the year 1976 (January 1st to December 31st) 75 patients, consecutively admitted to the eye department of Arhus Kommunehospital with traumatic hyphaema, were treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. No secondary haemorrhage occurred. The patients were not confined to bed. The eyes were not patched and the activities of the patients were not restricted. In a previous series from 1975 where the patients were confined to bed but otherwise treated identically with tranexamic acid one out of 72 patients had a secondary haemorrhage. When the two materials are combined one out of 147 patients had a secondary haemorrhage corresponding to 0.68%.", "PMID": 578370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13011", "title": "A method of isolating and collecting pseudo-exfoliation material from extracted cataractous lenses.", "content": "It has been observed that the pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material on the surface of extracted lenses was not dissolved by a papain solution, while the underlying lens capsule was digested. This forms the basis of a method for isolating and collecting PE material. The anterior lens surface was swept with a cilium after the lens had been suspended in a 5% papain solution for 1/2-1 hour. The PE material was loosened in flakes which adhered to the tip of the cilium and could be collected as a lump. By light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy no contaminants could be seen, and no damage to the PE material was disclosed.", "contents": "A method of isolating and collecting pseudo-exfoliation material from extracted cataractous lenses. It has been observed that the pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material on the surface of extracted lenses was not dissolved by a papain solution, while the underlying lens capsule was digested. This forms the basis of a method for isolating and collecting PE material. The anterior lens surface was swept with a cilium after the lens had been suspended in a 5% papain solution for 1/2-1 hour. The PE material was loosened in flakes which adhered to the tip of the cilium and could be collected as a lump. By light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy no contaminants could be seen, and no damage to the PE material was disclosed.", "PMID": 578371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13012", "title": "Dacryocystography with amipaque (metrizamide).", "content": "Amipaque is found to be very suitable for dacryocystography because it has a low osmolality and high viscosity, and is in addition the only aqueous contrast medium currently available which in higher concentrations does not cause pain when applied to the conjunctival sac.", "contents": "Dacryocystography with amipaque (metrizamide). Amipaque is found to be very suitable for dacryocystography because it has a low osmolality and high viscosity, and is in addition the only aqueous contrast medium currently available which in higher concentrations does not cause pain when applied to the conjunctival sac.", "PMID": 578372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13013", "title": "The effect of experimental uveitis on the uptake of prostaglandin E1 in the rabbit iris-ciliary body.", "content": "Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in rabbits was elicited by infrared irradiation of the iris or by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) given subcutaneously. One group of animals was pretreated with topical imidazole before the injection of alpha-MSH. The aqueous flare response was followed and the rabbits were killed at the expected height of the uveitis. The uptake of 3H-prostaglandin E1 in the iris with the ciliary body was then determined and found to be significantly decreased in the rabbits in which alpha-MSH had caused a severe damage of the blood-aqueous barrier. When alpha-MSH caused a more moderate aqueous flare response the prostaglandin uptake was on the contrary significantly increased. Pretreatment of the animals with topical imidazole enhanced parallelly the prostaglandin uptake and the aqueous flare response to alpha-MSH. Topical imidazole per se was found to increase the accumulation of prostaglandin. The prostaglandin uptake values were, however, unchanged in eyes in which infrared irradiation of the iris induced a moderate flare response.", "contents": "The effect of experimental uveitis on the uptake of prostaglandin E1 in the rabbit iris-ciliary body. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in rabbits was elicited by infrared irradiation of the iris or by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) given subcutaneously. One group of animals was pretreated with topical imidazole before the injection of alpha-MSH. The aqueous flare response was followed and the rabbits were killed at the expected height of the uveitis. The uptake of 3H-prostaglandin E1 in the iris with the ciliary body was then determined and found to be significantly decreased in the rabbits in which alpha-MSH had caused a severe damage of the blood-aqueous barrier. When alpha-MSH caused a more moderate aqueous flare response the prostaglandin uptake was on the contrary significantly increased. Pretreatment of the animals with topical imidazole enhanced parallelly the prostaglandin uptake and the aqueous flare response to alpha-MSH. Topical imidazole per se was found to increase the accumulation of prostaglandin. The prostaglandin uptake values were, however, unchanged in eyes in which infrared irradiation of the iris induced a moderate flare response.", "PMID": 578373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13014", "title": "Time changes of contrast thresholds during automatic perimetry.", "content": "Contrast thresholds were continuously recorded in six points of the visual field through a repetitive up-and-down staircase method using the automatic perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b). The uninterrupted sessions lasted about 30 min. Nineteen patients with a verified diagnosis of glaucoma, or in whom glaucoma was suspected, and twelve healthy normal subjects were tested. With increasing test time, a decreased contrast sensitivity was found. In most subjects the mean threshold increment was small (less than 1.5 dB). The threshold increments were larger in the patient group than in the normal subjects--many test points showing increments of 6-10 dB during the test session. Such a large deterioration of sensitivity was most common in eyes with visual field defects. Test points which showed large threshold increments were often situated in the vicinity of documented visual field defects. In eyes with pathological visual fields, the short-term variation increased with increasing test time. An impairment of fixation with increasing test time was found in the patient group.", "contents": "Time changes of contrast thresholds during automatic perimetry. Contrast thresholds were continuously recorded in six points of the visual field through a repetitive up-and-down staircase method using the automatic perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b). The uninterrupted sessions lasted about 30 min. Nineteen patients with a verified diagnosis of glaucoma, or in whom glaucoma was suspected, and twelve healthy normal subjects were tested. With increasing test time, a decreased contrast sensitivity was found. In most subjects the mean threshold increment was small (less than 1.5 dB). The threshold increments were larger in the patient group than in the normal subjects--many test points showing increments of 6-10 dB during the test session. Such a large deterioration of sensitivity was most common in eyes with visual field defects. Test points which showed large threshold increments were often situated in the vicinity of documented visual field defects. In eyes with pathological visual fields, the short-term variation increased with increasing test time. An impairment of fixation with increasing test time was found in the patient group.", "PMID": 578374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13015", "title": "T3 toxicosis in children.", "content": "Triiodothyronine (T3) toxicity has been well documented in adults, but only isolated cases have been reported in children. Two girls presented with firm goitres and overt hyperthyroidism. In each patient, total serum thyroxine (T4) values by competitive protein binding were normal, however total T3 values by radioimmunoassay were elevated. One patient had Graves' disease, the second patient had Hashimoto's disease which has been only infrequently associated with T3 toxicity in adults. Both patients responded to therapy with propylthiouracil. The mechanisms by which T3 is preferentially secreted in thyrotoxic states in man are poorly understood, but iodine deficiency and poor iodination of thyroglobulin may be important factors.", "contents": "T3 toxicosis in children. Triiodothyronine (T3) toxicity has been well documented in adults, but only isolated cases have been reported in children. Two girls presented with firm goitres and overt hyperthyroidism. In each patient, total serum thyroxine (T4) values by competitive protein binding were normal, however total T3 values by radioimmunoassay were elevated. One patient had Graves' disease, the second patient had Hashimoto's disease which has been only infrequently associated with T3 toxicity in adults. Both patients responded to therapy with propylthiouracil. The mechanisms by which T3 is preferentially secreted in thyrotoxic states in man are poorly understood, but iodine deficiency and poor iodination of thyroglobulin may be important factors.", "PMID": 578375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13016", "title": "Disposition of the hypoglycaemic sulphonylurea CS 476.", "content": "The disposition of radioactivity was studied after administration of a new oral hypoglycaemic agent, 14C-labelled CS 476, to rats, rabbits and dogs at a pharmacologically active dose level of 0.2 mg/kg and to human subjects at a therapeutic dose level of 5 mg. After oral doses, most of the drug was excreted in the faeces by rats and dogs and faecal radioactivity was obtained from biliary excretion. Rabbits and humans excreted most of the dose in urine. Unchanged CS 476 was the major radioactive component in the plasma of all the species during 6 hours after dosing, and was extensively bound to the plasma proteins. The half-life of CS 476 in plasma was 2 hours in dogs and humans, and 16 hours in rabbits. Drug accumulation did not occur in dog and rabbit plasma during a period of consecutive daily doses and the half-lives after the last of the repeated doses were similar to those found after single doses. In rats, plasma concentrations were relatively low, and did not reach the peak level found in female rats until 24 hours after dosing. CS 476 was extensively biotransformed. The apparent species-dependent disposition of CS 476 may explain differences in tolerance to chronic doses.", "contents": "Disposition of the hypoglycaemic sulphonylurea CS 476. The disposition of radioactivity was studied after administration of a new oral hypoglycaemic agent, 14C-labelled CS 476, to rats, rabbits and dogs at a pharmacologically active dose level of 0.2 mg/kg and to human subjects at a therapeutic dose level of 5 mg. After oral doses, most of the drug was excreted in the faeces by rats and dogs and faecal radioactivity was obtained from biliary excretion. Rabbits and humans excreted most of the dose in urine. Unchanged CS 476 was the major radioactive component in the plasma of all the species during 6 hours after dosing, and was extensively bound to the plasma proteins. The half-life of CS 476 in plasma was 2 hours in dogs and humans, and 16 hours in rabbits. Drug accumulation did not occur in dog and rabbit plasma during a period of consecutive daily doses and the half-lives after the last of the repeated doses were similar to those found after single doses. In rats, plasma concentrations were relatively low, and did not reach the peak level found in female rats until 24 hours after dosing. CS 476 was extensively biotransformed. The apparent species-dependent disposition of CS 476 may explain differences in tolerance to chronic doses.", "PMID": 578376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13017", "title": "Penetration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-OH-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol through the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "The relative brain uptake (extraction into brain) of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and the primary metabolite 11-OH-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-delta-9-THC) was measured after close intracarotid injection in rats of radiolabelled moities using labelled antipyrine as reference. The extraction percentage was of the same magnitude when injections were given in saline, 66 +/- 11% and 70 +/- 9% respectively after 5 sec., 59 +/- 4 and 67 +/- 8 respectively after 15 sec. While the extraction of 11-OH-delta-9-THC was the same when injected into plasma, the extraction of delta-9-THC was only about half of the extraction from saline, and also half the extraction of the metabolite from plasma. The higher uptake quantity of the metabolite into the brain may account for the relatively greater effect on the central nervous system of the metabolite than of the parent compound at equal concentrations in plasma. Moreover our experiments demonstrate that 11-OH-delta-THC formed in the liver after cannabis (delta-9-THC) administration may exert significant brain effects.", "contents": "Penetration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-OH-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol through the blood-brain barrier. The relative brain uptake (extraction into brain) of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and the primary metabolite 11-OH-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-delta-9-THC) was measured after close intracarotid injection in rats of radiolabelled moities using labelled antipyrine as reference. The extraction percentage was of the same magnitude when injections were given in saline, 66 +/- 11% and 70 +/- 9% respectively after 5 sec., 59 +/- 4 and 67 +/- 8 respectively after 15 sec. While the extraction of 11-OH-delta-9-THC was the same when injected into plasma, the extraction of delta-9-THC was only about half of the extraction from saline, and also half the extraction of the metabolite from plasma. The higher uptake quantity of the metabolite into the brain may account for the relatively greater effect on the central nervous system of the metabolite than of the parent compound at equal concentrations in plasma. Moreover our experiments demonstrate that 11-OH-delta-THC formed in the liver after cannabis (delta-9-THC) administration may exert significant brain effects.", "PMID": 578377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13018", "title": "Evidence for two catalytically different binding sites of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450: importance for species and sex differences in oxidation pattern of lidocaine.", "content": "When the local anaesthetic drug lidocaine is added to liver microsomes biphasic type I spectral change titration curves can be observed. A high-affinity and a low-affinity phase is observed. In the present study we have found that microsomes from female rats have a dominant high-affinity phase, which can hardly be observed within microsomes from female guinea pigs. Male rats showed an intermediate phase. On incubation of lidocaine at concentrations of 1 micron or less with female rat liver microsomes a larger fraction of the drug was aromatically hydroxylated than deethylated. The opposite was true for guinea pig liver microsomes, and microsomes from male rats were intermediate. The ratio between the formation of deethylated and hydroxylated metabolites increased with the lidocaine concentration and at a lidocaine concentration of 10(-4)M deethylation was the dominant oxidation type in all microsomes. The data suggest that the two spectral phases represent two binding sites of cytochrome P-450 each having a certain \"catalytic specificity\" - the high affinity catalyzing aromatic hydroxylation and the \"low-affinity site\" deethylation. This hypothesis is further supported by the observed differential effects of pH and MgCl2 concentration on the two types of oxidation.", "contents": "Evidence for two catalytically different binding sites of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450: importance for species and sex differences in oxidation pattern of lidocaine. When the local anaesthetic drug lidocaine is added to liver microsomes biphasic type I spectral change titration curves can be observed. A high-affinity and a low-affinity phase is observed. In the present study we have found that microsomes from female rats have a dominant high-affinity phase, which can hardly be observed within microsomes from female guinea pigs. Male rats showed an intermediate phase. On incubation of lidocaine at concentrations of 1 micron or less with female rat liver microsomes a larger fraction of the drug was aromatically hydroxylated than deethylated. The opposite was true for guinea pig liver microsomes, and microsomes from male rats were intermediate. The ratio between the formation of deethylated and hydroxylated metabolites increased with the lidocaine concentration and at a lidocaine concentration of 10(-4)M deethylation was the dominant oxidation type in all microsomes. The data suggest that the two spectral phases represent two binding sites of cytochrome P-450 each having a certain \"catalytic specificity\" - the high affinity catalyzing aromatic hydroxylation and the \"low-affinity site\" deethylation. This hypothesis is further supported by the observed differential effects of pH and MgCl2 concentration on the two types of oxidation.", "PMID": 578378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13019", "title": "Chronic administration of cyanide: urinary excretion of thiocyanate in male and female rats.", "content": "The urinary elimination of thiocyanate was investigated in male and female rats following the chronic administration of potassium cyanide. Female rats dosed at the level of 5 mg KCN/kg once a week and twice a week respectively, displayed no significant difference in the excretion of thiocyanate in urine after periods of up to eight weeks of study. Similarly, male rats that were administered 5 mg/KCN/kg twice weekly showed no significant difference in the amount of thiocyanate excreted. The elimination patterns of thiocyanate in male and female rats showed no significant differences. The results suggest that a substrate saturation phenomenon is not operative with cyanide metabolism at the dosage level of potassium cyanide employed in this study. This is contrary to a previously published study which reported that the urinary excretion of thiocyanate decreased after chronic potassium cyanide administration.", "contents": "Chronic administration of cyanide: urinary excretion of thiocyanate in male and female rats. The urinary elimination of thiocyanate was investigated in male and female rats following the chronic administration of potassium cyanide. Female rats dosed at the level of 5 mg KCN/kg once a week and twice a week respectively, displayed no significant difference in the excretion of thiocyanate in urine after periods of up to eight weeks of study. Similarly, male rats that were administered 5 mg/KCN/kg twice weekly showed no significant difference in the amount of thiocyanate excreted. The elimination patterns of thiocyanate in male and female rats showed no significant differences. The results suggest that a substrate saturation phenomenon is not operative with cyanide metabolism at the dosage level of potassium cyanide employed in this study. This is contrary to a previously published study which reported that the urinary excretion of thiocyanate decreased after chronic potassium cyanide administration.", "PMID": 578379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13020", "title": "Cerebrospinal-fluid concentrations of nitrazepam in man.", "content": "The concentrations of nitrazepam in the plasma and cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) of 38 neurological patients were determined by gas chromatography 2-36 hours after a single 5 mg oral dose. The percentage ratio between the mean CSF and the plasma concentrations increased from 8.0% at 2 hours to 15.6% at 36 hours. This percentage rise was significant (P less than 0.001). The maximum concentration of nitrazepam in the plasma was 36.7 +/- 5.7 ng/ml (at 2 hours) and CSF 3.0 +/- 0.3 ng/ml (at 4 hours). During the beta-phase the half-life of nitrazepam in plasma was about 27 hours and in the CSF markedly longer about 68 hours, indicating a very slow elimination of nitrazepam from the CSF.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal-fluid concentrations of nitrazepam in man. The concentrations of nitrazepam in the plasma and cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) of 38 neurological patients were determined by gas chromatography 2-36 hours after a single 5 mg oral dose. The percentage ratio between the mean CSF and the plasma concentrations increased from 8.0% at 2 hours to 15.6% at 36 hours. This percentage rise was significant (P less than 0.001). The maximum concentration of nitrazepam in the plasma was 36.7 +/- 5.7 ng/ml (at 2 hours) and CSF 3.0 +/- 0.3 ng/ml (at 4 hours). During the beta-phase the half-life of nitrazepam in plasma was about 27 hours and in the CSF markedly longer about 68 hours, indicating a very slow elimination of nitrazepam from the CSF.", "PMID": 578380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13021", "title": "Evaluation of a modified method for arthrography of the knee.", "content": "A modified method for knee arthrography based on the technique introduced by Lindblom has been applied in 1 200 patients. The arthrographic reports on 132 patients submitted to arthrotomy are compared with the findings at surgery. The modified technique is easy to perform and offers a fairly reliable all-round method for diagnosis of both meniscus and crucial ligament lesions.", "contents": "Evaluation of a modified method for arthrography of the knee. A modified method for knee arthrography based on the technique introduced by Lindblom has been applied in 1 200 patients. The arthrographic reports on 132 patients submitted to arthrotomy are compared with the findings at surgery. The modified technique is easy to perform and offers a fairly reliable all-round method for diagnosis of both meniscus and crucial ligament lesions.", "PMID": 578384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13022", "title": "The gay bowel syndrome. A review of colonic and rectal conditions in 200 male homosexuals.", "content": "Our experience in the management of 260 male homosexuals with colorectal problems is described. The increased incidence of amebiasis, shigellosis and hepatitis, specific and nonspecific protocolitides, venereal disease and anal warts, is emphasized. It is important to recognize homosexual patients and the conditions to which they are predisposed.", "contents": "The gay bowel syndrome. A review of colonic and rectal conditions in 200 male homosexuals. Our experience in the management of 260 male homosexuals with colorectal problems is described. The increased incidence of amebiasis, shigellosis and hepatitis, specific and nonspecific protocolitides, venereal disease and anal warts, is emphasized. It is important to recognize homosexual patients and the conditions to which they are predisposed.", "PMID": 578386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13023", "title": "Determining fetal lung maturity: a sensitive surfactant method.", "content": "The presence of fetal lung surfactant in amniotic fluid is indicative that fetal lungs are sufficiently mature for delivery without subsequent respiratory distress. However, current methods for detecting surfactant fail to positively distinguish saturated phosphatidylcholine (primarily dipalmitoyl phosphatidlycholine) from the many similar phosphatidylcholines also present in amniotic fluid. As a result small amounts of this lipid are obscured by the presence of the other lipids and delivery of many patients is delayed unnecessarily. A  sensitive method is here described in which extraneous phosphatidylcholines are oxidized while the saturated phosphatidylcholines remain intact for positive determination by thin-layer chromatography. The method is insensitive to contaminating lipids from blood or meconium and provides an unequivocal test for the presence of disaturated phosphatidylcholine in a relatively short time. About one half of the patients tested in whom lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios were 1.4 to 1.7 had this surfactant lipid present in their fluids and presumably could have been delivered immediately.", "contents": "Determining fetal lung maturity: a sensitive surfactant method. The presence of fetal lung surfactant in amniotic fluid is indicative that fetal lungs are sufficiently mature for delivery without subsequent respiratory distress. However, current methods for detecting surfactant fail to positively distinguish saturated phosphatidylcholine (primarily dipalmitoyl phosphatidlycholine) from the many similar phosphatidylcholines also present in amniotic fluid. As a result small amounts of this lipid are obscured by the presence of the other lipids and delivery of many patients is delayed unnecessarily. A  sensitive method is here described in which extraneous phosphatidylcholines are oxidized while the saturated phosphatidylcholines remain intact for positive determination by thin-layer chromatography. The method is insensitive to contaminating lipids from blood or meconium and provides an unequivocal test for the presence of disaturated phosphatidylcholine in a relatively short time. About one half of the patients tested in whom lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios were 1.4 to 1.7 had this surfactant lipid present in their fluids and presumably could have been delivered immediately.", "PMID": 578389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13024", "title": "Isoxsuprine-induced release of pulmonary surfactant in the rabbit fetus.", "content": "Rabbit fetuses were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mg. of isoxsuprine on the twenty-eighth day of gestation. They were killed in utero four hours after the injection, and fetal pulmonary fluid (FPF) was collected through a tracheal catheter. The quantity of FPF and the lung weight/body weight ratio were both significantly less in the isoxsuprine-treated fetuses than in control fetuses. Surface activity, evaluated with pulsating bubble, and the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio were greater in FPF from isoxsuprine-treated animals than in control samples. We concluded that isoxsuprine is able to dehydrate the fetal lung and cause a release of surfactant stored in type II pneumocytes. This latter conclusion was supported by a significant decrease in the number of lamellar inclusions observed in these cells.", "contents": "Isoxsuprine-induced release of pulmonary surfactant in the rabbit fetus. Rabbit fetuses were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mg. of isoxsuprine on the twenty-eighth day of gestation. They were killed in utero four hours after the injection, and fetal pulmonary fluid (FPF) was collected through a tracheal catheter. The quantity of FPF and the lung weight/body weight ratio were both significantly less in the isoxsuprine-treated fetuses than in control fetuses. Surface activity, evaluated with pulsating bubble, and the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio were greater in FPF from isoxsuprine-treated animals than in control samples. We concluded that isoxsuprine is able to dehydrate the fetal lung and cause a release of surfactant stored in type II pneumocytes. This latter conclusion was supported by a significant decrease in the number of lamellar inclusions observed in these cells.", "PMID": 578390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13025", "title": "Results of vitrectomy for rare proliferative and hemorrhagic diseases.", "content": "We compiled the results of pars plana vitrectomy in rare proliferative and hemorrhagic diseases. In retinal vasculitis of unknown origin (perhaps Eales' disease), six out of seven eyes had visual improvement; in sickle cell disease, two out of three eyes improved. Three eyes with presumed toxocariasis were successfully treated. In retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), only lighter degrees of the cicatricial stage with traction detachments can be treated. Some cases may simulate Coats' disease. There are also cases which simulate the typical picture of RLF, where there is no history of prematurity or oxygen usage. Five patients with RLF were treated, three of these successfully. Cryoglobulinemia (one case) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (one case) were successfully treated. Senile macular degeneration can also be an indication for vitrectomy (two out of three eyes were successfully treated).", "contents": "Results of vitrectomy for rare proliferative and hemorrhagic diseases. We compiled the results of pars plana vitrectomy in rare proliferative and hemorrhagic diseases. In retinal vasculitis of unknown origin (perhaps Eales' disease), six out of seven eyes had visual improvement; in sickle cell disease, two out of three eyes improved. Three eyes with presumed toxocariasis were successfully treated. In retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), only lighter degrees of the cicatricial stage with traction detachments can be treated. Some cases may simulate Coats' disease. There are also cases which simulate the typical picture of RLF, where there is no history of prematurity or oxygen usage. Five patients with RLF were treated, three of these successfully. Cryoglobulinemia (one case) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (one case) were successfully treated. Senile macular degeneration can also be an indication for vitrectomy (two out of three eyes were successfully treated).", "PMID": 578391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13026", "title": "Case report: circulating anticoagulant, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and malignant lymphoma.", "content": "A circulating anticoagulant of the type often seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoagglutinin and a Coombs-reactive autoantibody were identified in a patient who had the subsequent diagnosis of poorly differentiated diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. Evidence indicated that the red cell autoantibodies did not possess anticoagulant properties. The red cell autoantibodies as well as the anticoagulant disappeared following corticosteroid therapy. It is probable that the anticoagulant is a manifestation of autoimmunity. The coexistent autoimmune and lymphoproliferative abnormalities in this patient resemble certain animal models in which evidence exists for a viral etiology of the autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Case report: circulating anticoagulant, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and malignant lymphoma. A circulating anticoagulant of the type often seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoagglutinin and a Coombs-reactive autoantibody were identified in a patient who had the subsequent diagnosis of poorly differentiated diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. Evidence indicated that the red cell autoantibodies did not possess anticoagulant properties. The red cell autoantibodies as well as the anticoagulant disappeared following corticosteroid therapy. It is probable that the anticoagulant is a manifestation of autoimmunity. The coexistent autoimmune and lymphoproliferative abnormalities in this patient resemble certain animal models in which evidence exists for a viral etiology of the autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 578387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13027", "title": "Gastric complications after radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas.", "content": "Six patients who originally received radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease or primary gastric lymphoma developed radiation injury of the stomach requiring surgical management. Only two of these patients had evidence of gastric neoplastic involvement at the time of treatment. Experience with these patients leads us to draw the following conclusions: (1) Symptoms of radiation injury mimic those of recurrent neoplastic disease. (2) The effects of radiation are progressive and may be resistant to medical management. (3) The indications for surgical management include perforation, hemorrhage, obstruction, intractable pain, fistula formation, and inability to rule out recurrence. (4) Parenteral hyperalimentation can be an important adjunct in preparing debilitated patients for operation. (5) Gastric resection with gastrojejunostomy is the preferred operation. (6) Frozen section examination can be useful in determining the proper level of resection.", "contents": "Gastric complications after radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas. Six patients who originally received radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease or primary gastric lymphoma developed radiation injury of the stomach requiring surgical management. Only two of these patients had evidence of gastric neoplastic involvement at the time of treatment. Experience with these patients leads us to draw the following conclusions: (1) Symptoms of radiation injury mimic those of recurrent neoplastic disease. (2) The effects of radiation are progressive and may be resistant to medical management. (3) The indications for surgical management include perforation, hemorrhage, obstruction, intractable pain, fistula formation, and inability to rule out recurrence. (4) Parenteral hyperalimentation can be an important adjunct in preparing debilitated patients for operation. (5) Gastric resection with gastrojejunostomy is the preferred operation. (6) Frozen section examination can be useful in determining the proper level of resection.", "PMID": 578392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13028", "title": "Clotrimazole vs haloprogin treatment of tinea cruris.", "content": "A study to compare the efficacy of clotrimazole 1% solution with that of haloprogin 1% solution for the treatment of tinea cruris was conducted among military personnel on active duty in a hot, humid climate. Eighty patients with documented dermatophyte infections were treated with the topical antifungal agents. Analysis of the response to treatment for 14 days demonstrated that clotrimazole was significantly more effective clinically and mycologically than haloprogin. With no further treatment, significantly more patients treated with clotrimazole remained free of the disease four weeks later.", "contents": "Clotrimazole vs haloprogin treatment of tinea cruris. A study to compare the efficacy of clotrimazole 1% solution with that of haloprogin 1% solution for the treatment of tinea cruris was conducted among military personnel on active duty in a hot, humid climate. Eighty patients with documented dermatophyte infections were treated with the topical antifungal agents. Analysis of the response to treatment for 14 days demonstrated that clotrimazole was significantly more effective clinically and mycologically than haloprogin. With no further treatment, significantly more patients treated with clotrimazole remained free of the disease four weeks later.", "PMID": 578400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13029", "title": "[Plasmatic thyroid hormones during treatment of hyperthyroidism by carbimazol (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmatic concentrations of thyroxine (T4-D-) and triiodothyronine (T3 RI) were evaluated in 32 Graves' diseases on treatment by carbimazol. Among 131 measures, T4 and T3 were dissociated in 56%, with T3 more elevated than T4 in 89%. Compensated hypothyroidism was frequently seen (35%).", "contents": "[Plasmatic thyroid hormones during treatment of hyperthyroidism by carbimazol (author's transl)]. Plasmatic concentrations of thyroxine (T4-D-) and triiodothyronine (T3 RI) were evaluated in 32 Graves' diseases on treatment by carbimazol. Among 131 measures, T4 and T3 were dissociated in 56%, with T3 more elevated than T4 in 89%. Compensated hypothyroidism was frequently seen (35%).", "PMID": 578398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13030", "title": "[Long term effects of the treatment of the Graves' disease by 4 different therapeutics (author's transl)].", "content": "166 patients suffering of Graves' disease have been treated between 1967 and 1971 with 4 different methods (Carbimazole alone, Carbimazole + Surgery, 131 I, 131 I + Carbimazole between 10th and 50th days). The choice was conducted by the volume of the gland and the age of the patient. Isotope was calculated to deliver 7 000 rads in 76 cases and 10 000 rads in 17 more severe cases (cardiothyreosis). 129 patients were submitted to a long term follow up. Medical treatment gave euthyroidism in 34/47 after a mean duration of 8 months. 1/3 to 1/2 of the patients relapsed between 1 to 9 years. Surgical treatment was successful in 25/26 after a total period of 5,5 months. 8 relapsed and 3 became hypothyroid. Relapses were more frequent after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy than after total lobectomy + subtotal contralateral lobectomy. Isotope gave a complete cure in 14 patients (delay 4,1 months) and in 34, a complementary treatment was necessary (delay 13,5 months). Relapses (12/94) were detected in general after 2 years. The results were the same after 7 000 ans 10 000 rads doses and in the patient receiving, or not, systematically carbimazole. The treatment of Graves' disease is long and difficult. An excellent result is obtained only in half of the cases. 1/3 of these good results needs less than 6 months and 2/3 12 months. A thyroid of less than 40 g include after surgical treatment or after isotopic irradiation an increasing risk of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Long term effects of the treatment of the Graves' disease by 4 different therapeutics (author's transl)]. 166 patients suffering of Graves' disease have been treated between 1967 and 1971 with 4 different methods (Carbimazole alone, Carbimazole + Surgery, 131 I, 131 I + Carbimazole between 10th and 50th days). The choice was conducted by the volume of the gland and the age of the patient. Isotope was calculated to deliver 7 000 rads in 76 cases and 10 000 rads in 17 more severe cases (cardiothyreosis). 129 patients were submitted to a long term follow up. Medical treatment gave euthyroidism in 34/47 after a mean duration of 8 months. 1/3 to 1/2 of the patients relapsed between 1 to 9 years. Surgical treatment was successful in 25/26 after a total period of 5,5 months. 8 relapsed and 3 became hypothyroid. Relapses were more frequent after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy than after total lobectomy + subtotal contralateral lobectomy. Isotope gave a complete cure in 14 patients (delay 4,1 months) and in 34, a complementary treatment was necessary (delay 13,5 months). Relapses (12/94) were detected in general after 2 years. The results were the same after 7 000 ans 10 000 rads doses and in the patient receiving, or not, systematically carbimazole. The treatment of Graves' disease is long and difficult. An excellent result is obtained only in half of the cases. 1/3 of these good results needs less than 6 months and 2/3 12 months. A thyroid of less than 40 g include after surgical treatment or after isotopic irradiation an increasing risk of hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 578399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13031", "title": "Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by chemical mutagens in testicular cells of the mouse in vitro.", "content": "Testicular cells of male mice were isolated, and the incorporation of tritium labeled thymidine into the DNA of the cells was estimated after exposure to various chemical mutagens. The normal semiconservative DNA synthesis was suppressed by the addition of hydroxyurea. Thirteen compounds were tested. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was stimulated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and triaziquone, and, to a lesser extent, by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), mitomycin C, ICR-191 and nitrogen mustard (HN-2). No thymidine incorporation could be estimated after incubation of the cells with 9-aminoacridine, hydroxyurethane, alpha-naphthylamine, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) nor with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF).", "contents": "Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by chemical mutagens in testicular cells of the mouse in vitro. Testicular cells of male mice were isolated, and the incorporation of tritium labeled thymidine into the DNA of the cells was estimated after exposure to various chemical mutagens. The normal semiconservative DNA synthesis was suppressed by the addition of hydroxyurea. Thirteen compounds were tested. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was stimulated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and triaziquone, and, to a lesser extent, by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), mitomycin C, ICR-191 and nitrogen mustard (HN-2). No thymidine incorporation could be estimated after incubation of the cells with 9-aminoacridine, hydroxyurethane, alpha-naphthylamine, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) nor with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF).", "PMID": 578404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13032", "title": "The effect of mercuric chloride on the excretion of two urinary enzymes in the rat.", "content": "The effect of intravenous injections of HgCl2 on the renal excretion of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated in rats. On the first day after Hg enzyme excretion showed a linear rise with the Hg dose from a threshold value of 0.44 mg Hg/kg. On the second day a statistically significant effect was seen already after 0.25 mg HgKG. After doses of 0.75 mg/kg or more a decrease of enzyme activity below control values occurred which persisted for more than 4 days. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate (DMPS) brought about a normalization of AP excretion. An effect on LAP excretion was observed only with early treatment. The same holds for the effect of DMPS on Hg-induced lethality. The usefulness of a measurement of LAP excretion for estimating the exposure to inorganic mercury is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of mercuric chloride on the excretion of two urinary enzymes in the rat. The effect of intravenous injections of HgCl2 on the renal excretion of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated in rats. On the first day after Hg enzyme excretion showed a linear rise with the Hg dose from a threshold value of 0.44 mg Hg/kg. On the second day a statistically significant effect was seen already after 0.25 mg HgKG. After doses of 0.75 mg/kg or more a decrease of enzyme activity below control values occurred which persisted for more than 4 days. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate (DMPS) brought about a normalization of AP excretion. An effect on LAP excretion was observed only with early treatment. The same holds for the effect of DMPS on Hg-induced lethality. The usefulness of a measurement of LAP excretion for estimating the exposure to inorganic mercury is discussed.", "PMID": 578405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13033", "title": "Cardiac sensitization induced by phenobarbitone and prolonged by CS2.", "content": "The arrhythmogenic effect of 8 microgram/kg noradrenaline given i.v. was increased in male rats pretreated 1-2 days earlier with phenobarbitone and starved from the time  of the first phenobarbitone injection (80 mg/kg followed by 50 mg/kg 6 h later). Daily exposure to 4.0 mg/l CS2 (first exposure 24 h after the first phenobarbitone injection) for 4 h prevented the decline in susceptibility on the 3rd and 4th days after phenobarbitone, when the reaction of unexposed rats to noradrenaline returned to normal.", "contents": "Cardiac sensitization induced by phenobarbitone and prolonged by CS2. The arrhythmogenic effect of 8 microgram/kg noradrenaline given i.v. was increased in male rats pretreated 1-2 days earlier with phenobarbitone and starved from the time  of the first phenobarbitone injection (80 mg/kg followed by 50 mg/kg 6 h later). Daily exposure to 4.0 mg/l CS2 (first exposure 24 h after the first phenobarbitone injection) for 4 h prevented the decline in susceptibility on the 3rd and 4th days after phenobarbitone, when the reaction of unexposed rats to noradrenaline returned to normal.", "PMID": 578406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13034", "title": "[Acute fatal ioxynil intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "An occasional fatal intoxication of Ioxynil is reported. Relevant autopsy findings are given and an extraction procedure for the determination of Ixoynil in the taken in fluid and in autopsy material is described. In the unknown fluid Ioxynil has been identified by using IR and NMR spectroscopy and determined by UV spectrophotometry. In biological material Ioxynil has been identified by TLC and IR spectroscopy. For the determination of blood serum, TLC-densitometry in situ has been carried out.", "contents": "[Acute fatal ioxynil intoxication (author's transl)]. An occasional fatal intoxication of Ioxynil is reported. Relevant autopsy findings are given and an extraction procedure for the determination of Ixoynil in the taken in fluid and in autopsy material is described. In the unknown fluid Ioxynil has been identified by using IR and NMR spectroscopy and determined by UV spectrophotometry. In biological material Ioxynil has been identified by TLC and IR spectroscopy. For the determination of blood serum, TLC-densitometry in situ has been carried out.", "PMID": 578407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13035", "title": "Receptor maturation and synaptogenesis in the golden hamster cochlea.", "content": "Maturation of hamster cochlea was studied using light and electron microscopy. Critical stages of receptor and neural structure development have been determined. At birth the hamster cochlea shows a pronounced immaturity, but innervation can already be found. 2 or 3 days later, characteristic afferent synapses can be recognized beginning at the inner hair cell level. Similarly, efferent endings first appear on the inner side at the end of the first week. The onset of auditory function must be related to structures depicted at around 10 days, and cochlear maturation is achieved at about 25 days. The sequence of synaptic development in the cochlea is discussed regarding the general morphogenesis of synapses within the nervous system. Some determinations of the timing of peripheral myelination are given. This process begins almost a week before the presumable date of the onset of function.", "contents": "Receptor maturation and synaptogenesis in the golden hamster cochlea. Maturation of hamster cochlea was studied using light and electron microscopy. Critical stages of receptor and neural structure development have been determined. At birth the hamster cochlea shows a pronounced immaturity, but innervation can already be found. 2 or 3 days later, characteristic afferent synapses can be recognized beginning at the inner hair cell level. Similarly, efferent endings first appear on the inner side at the end of the first week. The onset of auditory function must be related to structures depicted at around 10 days, and cochlear maturation is achieved at about 25 days. The sequence of synaptic development in the cochlea is discussed regarding the general morphogenesis of synapses within the nervous system. Some determinations of the timing of peripheral myelination are given. This process begins almost a week before the presumable date of the onset of function.", "PMID": 578408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13036", "title": "[Problems of otorhinolaryngologists in perinatology (author's transl)].", "content": "Some of demonstrable pathological changes which are already present during the perinatal period are described in this work. Since nasal septal deviations due to trauma at birth can be straightened out immediately and often no special set of instruments are required, the importance of routine E-N-T-examinations is stressed. Such otorhinolaryngologic examinations were performed by the author in 1030 nearly born babys. Out of this number 19 birth traumatic nasal septal deviations were corrected without surgery.", "contents": "[Problems of otorhinolaryngologists in perinatology (author's transl)]. Some of demonstrable pathological changes which are already present during the perinatal period are described in this work. Since nasal septal deviations due to trauma at birth can be straightened out immediately and often no special set of instruments are required, the importance of routine E-N-T-examinations is stressed. Such otorhinolaryngologic examinations were performed by the author in 1030 nearly born babys. Out of this number 19 birth traumatic nasal septal deviations were corrected without surgery.", "PMID": 578409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13037", "title": "[The influence of uni- or bilateral recurrent paresis on physical capacity (author's transl].", "content": "Patients suffering from uni- or bilateral recurrent laryngeal paresis were tested by means of spirometric and complex functional capacity tests. The results obtained from patients with unilateral paresis (spirometry, spiroergometry, acid-base equilibrium, oxygen tension) did not differ from those of the control group. A restriction of the functional capacity due to disorders of breathing was not found. In patients with bilateral paresis, physiologic parameters were always influenced by the respiratory tract stenosis. Functional tests resulted in alveolar hypoventilation up to total respiratory failure connected with decreased ergometric values. The results also gave an insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the respiratory obstruction as a result of the stenosis under conditions of physical strain. Suggestions for evaluating the physical functional capacity of patients are given.", "contents": "[The influence of uni- or bilateral recurrent paresis on physical capacity (author's transl]. Patients suffering from uni- or bilateral recurrent laryngeal paresis were tested by means of spirometric and complex functional capacity tests. The results obtained from patients with unilateral paresis (spirometry, spiroergometry, acid-base equilibrium, oxygen tension) did not differ from those of the control group. A restriction of the functional capacity due to disorders of breathing was not found. In patients with bilateral paresis, physiologic parameters were always influenced by the respiratory tract stenosis. Functional tests resulted in alveolar hypoventilation up to total respiratory failure connected with decreased ergometric values. The results also gave an insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the respiratory obstruction as a result of the stenosis under conditions of physical strain. Suggestions for evaluating the physical functional capacity of patients are given.", "PMID": 578410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13038", "title": "Comparative study between the normally hearing child and the hard of hearing child, by acoustic impedance measurements of the ear.", "content": "In the first part, the author makes a comparative study of the tympanometric results obtained from the normally hearing child and the hard of hearing child. The frequency of serous otitis media is statistically higher in the deaf child. The author compares such results of tympanometry as obtained from the child, considers the contribution of this technique to the field of pediatric audiology and suggests a classification of tympanograms in terms of the probe-tone frequency of the impedancemeter. The second part concerns the acoustico-facial reflex. This study compares the recording of the stapedius reflex obtained by pure tone and Narrow-Band noise acoustic stimulation, thanks to Madsen electro-acoustic bridge, in two groups of children, the one consisting of normal hearing children and the other of children suffering from severe perception hearing loss. The study of the stapedius reflex threshold makes it possible to analyse the dynamics of the field of perception in both groups. After an analysis of the results, the author outlines the importance attributable to the study of the stapedius reflex in the child as a means of objectively examining the auditive function and a means of differential diagnosis in cases of sensorineural impairment of the hearing function.", "contents": "Comparative study between the normally hearing child and the hard of hearing child, by acoustic impedance measurements of the ear. In the first part, the author makes a comparative study of the tympanometric results obtained from the normally hearing child and the hard of hearing child. The frequency of serous otitis media is statistically higher in the deaf child. The author compares such results of tympanometry as obtained from the child, considers the contribution of this technique to the field of pediatric audiology and suggests a classification of tympanograms in terms of the probe-tone frequency of the impedancemeter. The second part concerns the acoustico-facial reflex. This study compares the recording of the stapedius reflex obtained by pure tone and Narrow-Band noise acoustic stimulation, thanks to Madsen electro-acoustic bridge, in two groups of children, the one consisting of normal hearing children and the other of children suffering from severe perception hearing loss. The study of the stapedius reflex threshold makes it possible to analyse the dynamics of the field of perception in both groups. After an analysis of the results, the author outlines the importance attributable to the study of the stapedius reflex in the child as a means of objectively examining the auditive function and a means of differential diagnosis in cases of sensorineural impairment of the hearing function.", "PMID": 578412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13039", "title": "[The implantation of lyophilized and gamma-sterilized allogenetic incus and of lyophilized and gamma-sterilized xenogenetic malleus (calf) in rabbits and humans (author's transl)].", "content": "The histological reactions to the implantation of allogenetic and xenogenetic lyophilized and gamma-sterilized material into the middle ear of rabbits and men is described. In contrary to the behaviour of allogenetic material the xenogenetic shows a clear minor tendency of revitalisation. The reason is the antigen-antibody-reaction which takes place at the capillary network of the donor and leads to a hylinosis with following obliteration of the vascular rete. Therefore the angiogenetic osteogenesis cannot develop. The clinical usuability of such material is discussed.", "contents": "[The implantation of lyophilized and gamma-sterilized allogenetic incus and of lyophilized and gamma-sterilized xenogenetic malleus (calf) in rabbits and humans (author's transl)]. The histological reactions to the implantation of allogenetic and xenogenetic lyophilized and gamma-sterilized material into the middle ear of rabbits and men is described. In contrary to the behaviour of allogenetic material the xenogenetic shows a clear minor tendency of revitalisation. The reason is the antigen-antibody-reaction which takes place at the capillary network of the donor and leads to a hylinosis with following obliteration of the vascular rete. Therefore the angiogenetic osteogenesis cannot develop. The clinical usuability of such material is discussed.", "PMID": 578413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13040", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy studies concerning the epiglottis epithelia of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The epithelial surface of the epiglottis in adult male and female albino rats is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Prominent differences exist between the surface morphology as observed in the males and that observed in the females sacrificed in the estrus phase of the ovarial cycle. The differences are most pronounced in respect to the amount of secretory vesicles, microvilli- and microridge-cells and in respect to the observable number of desquamating cells. The existence and the importance of the microridge-cells are discussed. Special attention is also paid to the results indicating that at least some parts of the extrapulmonary airway epithelia act as possible target organs for sex hormones. Finally the importance of the observed differences is discussed for the correct interpretation of pathomorphological alterations in the extrapulmonary airway epithelia that have been observed under experimental conditions and during infections.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy studies concerning the epiglottis epithelia of rats (author's transl)]. The epithelial surface of the epiglottis in adult male and female albino rats is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Prominent differences exist between the surface morphology as observed in the males and that observed in the females sacrificed in the estrus phase of the ovarial cycle. The differences are most pronounced in respect to the amount of secretory vesicles, microvilli- and microridge-cells and in respect to the observable number of desquamating cells. The existence and the importance of the microridge-cells are discussed. Special attention is also paid to the results indicating that at least some parts of the extrapulmonary airway epithelia act as possible target organs for sex hormones. Finally the importance of the observed differences is discussed for the correct interpretation of pathomorphological alterations in the extrapulmonary airway epithelia that have been observed under experimental conditions and during infections.", "PMID": 578414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13041", "title": "[The \"stimulatory proteodyschylia\" in the amitriptylin (Laroxyl) treated rat parotid gland. Experiments on the effect of antidepressive pharmacotherapy on the parotid glands of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of total amylase and isoamylases in the rat parotid gland is reduced by treatment with Amitriptylin (Laroxyl) for 3 and 7 days while the protein content of the glands remains constant. These changes are no longer visible after treatment for 21 days and following a period without drug application. To differentiate the disturbances of protein secretion (proteodyschylia) prominent in the clinical picture of sialadenosis, the following classification is proposed. We suggest the term \"stimulatory proteodyschylia\" for a decrease of acinar amylolytic activity, here caused by Amitriptylin application, as opposed to the \"inhibitory proteodyschylia\" characterized by an acinar amylase congestion.", "contents": "[The \"stimulatory proteodyschylia\" in the amitriptylin (Laroxyl) treated rat parotid gland. Experiments on the effect of antidepressive pharmacotherapy on the parotid glands of the rat (author's transl)]. The activity of total amylase and isoamylases in the rat parotid gland is reduced by treatment with Amitriptylin (Laroxyl) for 3 and 7 days while the protein content of the glands remains constant. These changes are no longer visible after treatment for 21 days and following a period without drug application. To differentiate the disturbances of protein secretion (proteodyschylia) prominent in the clinical picture of sialadenosis, the following classification is proposed. We suggest the term \"stimulatory proteodyschylia\" for a decrease of acinar amylolytic activity, here caused by Amitriptylin application, as opposed to the \"inhibitory proteodyschylia\" characterized by an acinar amylase congestion.", "PMID": 578415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13042", "title": "Coagulant fractions of snake venom and the control of capillary bleeding during microsurgery of the ear in vivo demonstration.", "content": "In 398 cases of observed capillary bleeding out of total of 968 otological microsurgeries, the i.v. use of Bothrops Jararaca enzyme proved to be highly useful in controlling the bleeding in 79% of those, namely in 318 cases. We may assume that if capillary bleeding is indeed the consequence of some haemostatic deficiency, not always detectable with the routine laboratory preoperative tests, Bothrops Jararaca enzyme is extremely valuable in controlling this bleeding. If however oozing or capillary bleeding is the result of other circumstances, such as insufficient analgesia and neurolepsia, inadequate anaesthetic technique, wrong positioning of the head resulting in venous congestion of the operative region, or local fibrinolysis due to protracted microsurgery, other measures should be taken to correct these conditions which are not due to coagulation defects. Bothrops Jararaca enzyme, given by i.v. route, even in single dose of 2-6 units = 2-6 ampoules, was perfectly tolerated by all the patients without any side effect or allergic manifestations.", "contents": "Coagulant fractions of snake venom and the control of capillary bleeding during microsurgery of the ear in vivo demonstration. In 398 cases of observed capillary bleeding out of total of 968 otological microsurgeries, the i.v. use of Bothrops Jararaca enzyme proved to be highly useful in controlling the bleeding in 79% of those, namely in 318 cases. We may assume that if capillary bleeding is indeed the consequence of some haemostatic deficiency, not always detectable with the routine laboratory preoperative tests, Bothrops Jararaca enzyme is extremely valuable in controlling this bleeding. If however oozing or capillary bleeding is the result of other circumstances, such as insufficient analgesia and neurolepsia, inadequate anaesthetic technique, wrong positioning of the head resulting in venous congestion of the operative region, or local fibrinolysis due to protracted microsurgery, other measures should be taken to correct these conditions which are not due to coagulation defects. Bothrops Jararaca enzyme, given by i.v. route, even in single dose of 2-6 units = 2-6 ampoules, was perfectly tolerated by all the patients without any side effect or allergic manifestations.", "PMID": 578416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13043", "title": "Osteoma of the mastoid.", "content": "We present herein a rare case of osteoma mixtum of the mastoid. The main features of the osteoma were demonstrated clearly by preoperative tangential X-ray projection. Histological studies revealed the osteoma to be composed of multiple small foci of ossification on the outer layer with a large single inner mass. Subsequent examinations revealed that the osteoma had arisen from the parietosquamosal suture.", "contents": "Osteoma of the mastoid. We present herein a rare case of osteoma mixtum of the mastoid. The main features of the osteoma were demonstrated clearly by preoperative tangential X-ray projection. Histological studies revealed the osteoma to be composed of multiple small foci of ossification on the outer layer with a large single inner mass. Subsequent examinations revealed that the osteoma had arisen from the parietosquamosal suture.", "PMID": 578417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13044", "title": "The growth of acoustic neurinomas.", "content": "Through analysis of 20 case histories of patients with confirmed acoustic neurinomas, the weights of the tumors in correlation with the symptoms and findings were used, and a system of estimating the growth of this tumor was advocated. Factors, affecting the rate of growth as observed from these cases were underlined.", "contents": "The growth of acoustic neurinomas. Through analysis of 20 case histories of patients with confirmed acoustic neurinomas, the weights of the tumors in correlation with the symptoms and findings were used, and a system of estimating the growth of this tumor was advocated. Factors, affecting the rate of growth as observed from these cases were underlined.", "PMID": 578418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13045", "title": "[Bacteriological study on the chemotherapeutic combination sulfametrole-trimethoprim/comparison with co-trimoxazole (author's transl)].", "content": "The synergism of the compounds Nd-(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-sulfanilamide (sulfametrole; SOL) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4',5'-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim; TMP) contained in the preparation Lidaprim was proved in vitro in the agar dilution test, the disc agar diffusion method as well as a crossover test against various grampositive and gramnegative bacteria. Sulfametrole enhanced the activity of trimethoprim or its activity was intensified by trimethoprim, respectively. The increase in efficiency depends on the primary sensitivity or resistance of the bacteria against trimethoprim and/or the sulfonamide. The combination of trimethoprim + sulfametrole (1 + 20) had the same antibacterial activity as the combination co-trimoxazole = trimethoprim + Nd-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamethoxazole; SMZ). The bactericidal efficiency was shown against a strain of E. coli. Using the combination experimental development of resistance against various bacteria could not be obtained (10 times repeated contact with subbacteriostatic concentrations). Chemotherapeutical experiments in the mouse have confirmed the enhancement indicated in vitro of the combination trimethoprim-sulfonamide, irrespective of the sulfonamides chosen. Determinations of the intestinal flora before, during and after oral administration of 2 X 2 tablets SOL-TMP (Lidaprim) over a period of 10 days showed that the absolute number of bacteria in samples of faeces had not been reduced. Enterobacteria and anaerobic lactobacilli (L. bifidus), which could not be identified during the period of administration, reappeared after the end of therapy.", "contents": "[Bacteriological study on the chemotherapeutic combination sulfametrole-trimethoprim/comparison with co-trimoxazole (author's transl)]. The synergism of the compounds Nd-(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-sulfanilamide (sulfametrole; SOL) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4',5'-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim; TMP) contained in the preparation Lidaprim was proved in vitro in the agar dilution test, the disc agar diffusion method as well as a crossover test against various grampositive and gramnegative bacteria. Sulfametrole enhanced the activity of trimethoprim or its activity was intensified by trimethoprim, respectively. The increase in efficiency depends on the primary sensitivity or resistance of the bacteria against trimethoprim and/or the sulfonamide. The combination of trimethoprim + sulfametrole (1 + 20) had the same antibacterial activity as the combination co-trimoxazole = trimethoprim + Nd-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamethoxazole; SMZ). The bactericidal efficiency was shown against a strain of E. coli. Using the combination experimental development of resistance against various bacteria could not be obtained (10 times repeated contact with subbacteriostatic concentrations). Chemotherapeutical experiments in the mouse have confirmed the enhancement indicated in vitro of the combination trimethoprim-sulfonamide, irrespective of the sulfonamides chosen. Determinations of the intestinal flora before, during and after oral administration of 2 X 2 tablets SOL-TMP (Lidaprim) over a period of 10 days showed that the absolute number of bacteria in samples of faeces had not been reduced. Enterobacteria and anaerobic lactobacilli (L. bifidus), which could not be identified during the period of administration, reappeared after the end of therapy.", "PMID": 578421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13046", "title": "[Effects of gentamicin and lincomycin on the ultrastructure of mitochondria and plastids of Chlamydomonas reinhardii (author's transl)].", "content": "It is known that antibiotics which have an effect on 70 S ribosomes inhibit both the bacterial and the mitochondrial protein synthesis of plants and animals. This also applies to the plastid protein synthesis of plants. On this basis the present study has examined whether the inhibition of the mitochondrial protein synthesis caused by such antibiotics, may also be recognized by structural changes in the mitochondria. The effects on the ultrastructure of plastids have been investigated comparatively. The mixotroph flagellate Chlamydomonas reinhardii was used in our study. It was found that gentamycin (0.3 to 0.6 microgram/ml) and lincomycin (200 and 300 microgram/ml) cause structural anomalies in the mitochondria and in the plastids as well. Depending on the concentrations and the periods of exposure the mitochondria exhibited the following alterations: disorientation of the cristae within the organelles, reduction in the number of cristae and considerable differences of their length. In addition, vesicles and bodies which are surrounded by circular single or doubled membranes appeared in the mitochondria under the influence of gentamycin. We were able to detect mitochondria of unusual sizes and shapes in the cross sections. We also noticed changes in the arrangement of the thylakoids in the plastids under the influence of both gentamycin and lincomycin. In addition, electron-dense thylakoids, the so-called compact membranes, appeared under the influence of gentamycin. We suspect that mitochondrial alterations under the influence of such antibiotics could be one of the causes of side-effects, which frequently occur in medical use.", "contents": "[Effects of gentamicin and lincomycin on the ultrastructure of mitochondria and plastids of Chlamydomonas reinhardii (author's transl)]. It is known that antibiotics which have an effect on 70 S ribosomes inhibit both the bacterial and the mitochondrial protein synthesis of plants and animals. This also applies to the plastid protein synthesis of plants. On this basis the present study has examined whether the inhibition of the mitochondrial protein synthesis caused by such antibiotics, may also be recognized by structural changes in the mitochondria. The effects on the ultrastructure of plastids have been investigated comparatively. The mixotroph flagellate Chlamydomonas reinhardii was used in our study. It was found that gentamycin (0.3 to 0.6 microgram/ml) and lincomycin (200 and 300 microgram/ml) cause structural anomalies in the mitochondria and in the plastids as well. Depending on the concentrations and the periods of exposure the mitochondria exhibited the following alterations: disorientation of the cristae within the organelles, reduction in the number of cristae and considerable differences of their length. In addition, vesicles and bodies which are surrounded by circular single or doubled membranes appeared in the mitochondria under the influence of gentamycin. We were able to detect mitochondria of unusual sizes and shapes in the cross sections. We also noticed changes in the arrangement of the thylakoids in the plastids under the influence of both gentamycin and lincomycin. In addition, electron-dense thylakoids, the so-called compact membranes, appeared under the influence of gentamycin. We suspect that mitochondrial alterations under the influence of such antibiotics could be one of the causes of side-effects, which frequently occur in medical use.", "PMID": 578422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13047", "title": "A gas chromatography-mass fragmentographic method for the assay of ajmaline and its monochloroacetyl ester.", "content": "A gas chromatograph-mass fragmentography method for simultaneous assay of 17-monochloroacetyl-ajmaline (MCAA) and its hydrolysis product, ajmaline, is described. Recovery of both compounds from whole blood averaged 71%. About 5% of MCAA was hydrolyzed during the assay procedure. The method was accurate and precise to within a few percent. It was suitable for assays of blood levels in the dog after an i.v. dose of 2 mg/kg or an oral dose of 5 mg/kg.", "contents": "A gas chromatography-mass fragmentographic method for the assay of ajmaline and its monochloroacetyl ester. A gas chromatograph-mass fragmentography method for simultaneous assay of 17-monochloroacetyl-ajmaline (MCAA) and its hydrolysis product, ajmaline, is described. Recovery of both compounds from whole blood averaged 71%. About 5% of MCAA was hydrolyzed during the assay procedure. The method was accurate and precise to within a few percent. It was suitable for assays of blood levels in the dog after an i.v. dose of 2 mg/kg or an oral dose of 5 mg/kg.", "PMID": 578424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13048", "title": "1-Methyl-2-nitroimidazol-5-yl derivatives. IIIrd communication.", "content": "A series of 1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole-5-carboxaldehyde derivatives (substituted hydrazones, oximes and Schiff bases) have been prepared and tested for their antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "1-Methyl-2-nitroimidazol-5-yl derivatives. IIIrd communication. A series of 1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole-5-carboxaldehyde derivatives (substituted hydrazones, oximes and Schiff bases) have been prepared and tested for their antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 578425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13049", "title": "An integration of the modes of action of coumarin. An explanation of its effectiveness as a therapy for thermally injured tissue.", "content": "The mode of action of coumarin is well suited to the relief of high-protein oedemas. It binds rapidly to the serum albumins, and the protein binding capacity of a substance provides insight into its interaction with sites of biological activity. Together with proteins, inflowing through the damaged capillary endothelium after thermal injury, it is taken up by the monocytes in the inflamed tissues and by the resident macrophages. Coumarin can stimulate these cells to enhanced proteolysis of the engulfed protein which is digested to debris of molecular weight less than 1000. This is on the other hand readily utilisable protein for the large number of monocytes to mature and differentiate into macrophages. Coumarin may dissociate from protein in the tissue and cause local site activation or even activate all cell sites increasing cell numbers or rejuvenate older phagocytic cells and stimulate the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). A passing histamine-like effect of coumarin and other benzopyrones is an indirect stimulant for the RES. The released injurious amines open additional numbers of endothelial intercellular junctions, allowing extra protein and fluid into the interstitial tissues. A reinforced phagocytosis follows and results in more rapid and complete digestion. The action of the drug in causing the opening of intercellular junction is very beneficial. The extra protein is of little consequence, since its inflow is more than compensated for by the other actions of the drug which results in its lysis. Coumarin has also a number of other important actions on the vascular system. It causes constriction of the precapillary sphincters and a dilatation of the arterio-venous anastomosis. The result is an increased blood pressure and flow, and a better oxygen supply of the area. It is able to restore the deformability of the red blood cell to near normal levels and to protect the thrombocyte by membrane stabilizing. The result is a reduced likelihood of thrombosis and embolism. By increasing the glucose uptake and transport the benzopyrones can improve the chance of survival of those cells in stagnant areas of the circulation.", "contents": "An integration of the modes of action of coumarin. An explanation of its effectiveness as a therapy for thermally injured tissue. The mode of action of coumarin is well suited to the relief of high-protein oedemas. It binds rapidly to the serum albumins, and the protein binding capacity of a substance provides insight into its interaction with sites of biological activity. Together with proteins, inflowing through the damaged capillary endothelium after thermal injury, it is taken up by the monocytes in the inflamed tissues and by the resident macrophages. Coumarin can stimulate these cells to enhanced proteolysis of the engulfed protein which is digested to debris of molecular weight less than 1000. This is on the other hand readily utilisable protein for the large number of monocytes to mature and differentiate into macrophages. Coumarin may dissociate from protein in the tissue and cause local site activation or even activate all cell sites increasing cell numbers or rejuvenate older phagocytic cells and stimulate the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). A passing histamine-like effect of coumarin and other benzopyrones is an indirect stimulant for the RES. The released injurious amines open additional numbers of endothelial intercellular junctions, allowing extra protein and fluid into the interstitial tissues. A reinforced phagocytosis follows and results in more rapid and complete digestion. The action of the drug in causing the opening of intercellular junction is very beneficial. The extra protein is of little consequence, since its inflow is more than compensated for by the other actions of the drug which results in its lysis. Coumarin has also a number of other important actions on the vascular system. It causes constriction of the precapillary sphincters and a dilatation of the arterio-venous anastomosis. The result is an increased blood pressure and flow, and a better oxygen supply of the area. It is able to restore the deformability of the red blood cell to near normal levels and to protect the thrombocyte by membrane stabilizing. The result is a reduced likelihood of thrombosis and embolism. By increasing the glucose uptake and transport the benzopyrones can improve the chance of survival of those cells in stagnant areas of the circulation.", "PMID": 578426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13050", "title": "Benzopyrone treatment of mild thermal oedema: determination of the most effective doses.", "content": "Mild thermal oedema is a very common injury, yet most forms of treatment are cumbersome and painful. Treatment with benzopyrones is certainly very effective in rats. All the drugs tested reduced the swelling volumes of the limbs and increased the rates of oedema resolution. The optimum doses for various benzopyrones were determined. To date, only very low doses of benzopyrones have been used in clinical trials. Based on the results of experimental dose-reaction assessment it is suggested that higher doses should be used, i.e. in regard to the different metabolism of benzopyrones in man compared with rodents; they might then produce similarly dramatic results to those obtained in animal experiments.", "contents": "Benzopyrone treatment of mild thermal oedema: determination of the most effective doses. Mild thermal oedema is a very common injury, yet most forms of treatment are cumbersome and painful. Treatment with benzopyrones is certainly very effective in rats. All the drugs tested reduced the swelling volumes of the limbs and increased the rates of oedema resolution. The optimum doses for various benzopyrones were determined. To date, only very low doses of benzopyrones have been used in clinical trials. Based on the results of experimental dose-reaction assessment it is suggested that higher doses should be used, i.e. in regard to the different metabolism of benzopyrones in man compared with rodents; they might then produce similarly dramatic results to those obtained in animal experiments.", "PMID": 578427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13051", "title": "Differentiation of in vitro and in vivo effects of a flavonoid on endothelial cell counts.", "content": "Parenterally administered flavonoids decrease endothelaemia in rats as determined by a new method in two ways: in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro effect caused by flavonoids present in blood might interfere with the cell counting and can be eliminated by neutralization of flavonoids with cobaltous ions. The resulting endothelial counts represent the \"true\" in vivo effect. Using this method it has been shown that the in vitro interference did not modify significantly the previously demonstrated marked effect of a flavonoid (mono-7-hydroxyethylrutoside) on increased endothelial counts after provocation with citrate.", "contents": "Differentiation of in vitro and in vivo effects of a flavonoid on endothelial cell counts. Parenterally administered flavonoids decrease endothelaemia in rats as determined by a new method in two ways: in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro effect caused by flavonoids present in blood might interfere with the cell counting and can be eliminated by neutralization of flavonoids with cobaltous ions. The resulting endothelial counts represent the \"true\" in vivo effect. Using this method it has been shown that the in vitro interference did not modify significantly the previously demonstrated marked effect of a flavonoid (mono-7-hydroxyethylrutoside) on increased endothelial counts after provocation with citrate.", "PMID": 578428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13052", "title": "Advantages of a combination of proteolytic enzymes, flavonoids and ascorbic acid in comparison with non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The action of a combination of chymotrypsin-trypsin + flavonoids + ascorbic acid (zymolean) has been compared with that of 7 non-steroid anti-inflammatory substances in 4 tests: a histamine induced wheal, dextran and carrageenin induced edemas, and permeability to Evans blue in the peritoneal cavity. 1. The non-steroid anti-inflammatory substances, which reduce markedly the carrageenin induced edema, are active against peritoneal permeability, but bring about almost no decrease in the effects of histamine and dextran. 2. The combination studied is effective in all of the techniques. 3. The reduction of capillary permeability induced by histamine is due to the action of flavonoids and ascorbic acid. 4. The action of the proteolytic enzymes, administered by duodenal route, on the one hand, and that of hesperidin-methylchalcone + methyl-4-esculetol + ascorbic acid on the other, accumulate to reduce the two types of edema. 5. The effect against permeability in the peritoneum seems to exerted by the combination of the flavonoids + ascorbic acid. 6. The combination studied, therefore, shows a more complete spectrum of action than the non-steroid anti-inflammatory substances against initial symptoms of inflammation.", "contents": "Advantages of a combination of proteolytic enzymes, flavonoids and ascorbic acid in comparison with non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents. The action of a combination of chymotrypsin-trypsin + flavonoids + ascorbic acid (zymolean) has been compared with that of 7 non-steroid anti-inflammatory substances in 4 tests: a histamine induced wheal, dextran and carrageenin induced edemas, and permeability to Evans blue in the peritoneal cavity. 1. The non-steroid anti-inflammatory substances, which reduce markedly the carrageenin induced edema, are active against peritoneal permeability, but bring about almost no decrease in the effects of histamine and dextran. 2. The combination studied is effective in all of the techniques. 3. The reduction of capillary permeability induced by histamine is due to the action of flavonoids and ascorbic acid. 4. The action of the proteolytic enzymes, administered by duodenal route, on the one hand, and that of hesperidin-methylchalcone + methyl-4-esculetol + ascorbic acid on the other, accumulate to reduce the two types of edema. 5. The effect against permeability in the peritoneum seems to exerted by the combination of the flavonoids + ascorbic acid. 6. The combination studied, therefore, shows a more complete spectrum of action than the non-steroid anti-inflammatory substances against initial symptoms of inflammation.", "PMID": 578429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13053", "title": "[Mechanism of action of catecholamines on the electrically-stimulated, isolated guinea-pig gallbladder].", "content": "Effects of catecholamines on the contraction of isolated guinea-pig gallbladder induced by transmural stimulation (TM) were investigated. Tetrodotoxin and atropine prevented the TM-induced contraction. Atropine, but not tetrodotoxin, blocked the acetylcholine-induced contraction. Furthermore, the TM-induced contraction was sharply reduced during a cold storage for 1 to 4 days and then abolished 4 to 7 days later. Norepinephrine (5 X 10(-6) M) and epinephrine (4.5 X 10(-6) M) did not affect acetylcholine-induced contraction, but reduced the contractile response to TM by about 40% and 60%, respectively. Phentolamine, but not propranolol, abolished the inhibitory effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine on the contraction induced by TM. Isoproterenol and phenylephrine did not significantly modify the TM-induced contraction. These observations suggest that TM-induced contraction is produced by the release of acetylcholine from the ending of postganglionic cholinergic fibers. The possibility that norepinephrine and epinephrine act on the inhibitory alpha-adrenoreceptors in the ending of cholinergic neuron is discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of catecholamines on the electrically-stimulated, isolated guinea-pig gallbladder]. Effects of catecholamines on the contraction of isolated guinea-pig gallbladder induced by transmural stimulation (TM) were investigated. Tetrodotoxin and atropine prevented the TM-induced contraction. Atropine, but not tetrodotoxin, blocked the acetylcholine-induced contraction. Furthermore, the TM-induced contraction was sharply reduced during a cold storage for 1 to 4 days and then abolished 4 to 7 days later. Norepinephrine (5 X 10(-6) M) and epinephrine (4.5 X 10(-6) M) did not affect acetylcholine-induced contraction, but reduced the contractile response to TM by about 40% and 60%, respectively. Phentolamine, but not propranolol, abolished the inhibitory effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine on the contraction induced by TM. Isoproterenol and phenylephrine did not significantly modify the TM-induced contraction. These observations suggest that TM-induced contraction is produced by the release of acetylcholine from the ending of postganglionic cholinergic fibers. The possibility that norepinephrine and epinephrine act on the inhibitory alpha-adrenoreceptors in the ending of cholinergic neuron is discussed.", "PMID": 578430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13054", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic studies following administration of 14 C-D-penicillamine to rats].", "content": "14C-Labelled D-penicillamine [D-(--)-alpha-amino-beta-mercapto-isovaleric acid; Trolovol] was administered to rats in doses of 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight orally or i.v. A dose of 0.25 mg per rat was used for intra-articular injection (knee joint). 4 h after a single i.v. administration about 30% of the given amount were detected in the animal. This amount of activity was located predominantly in skin and connective tissues and was eliminated very slowly. 2 days after administration 20 (i.v.) or 10 (p.o.)%, resp., of the radioactivity administered were found in the animal, in any case half of it in the skin. In comparison to the skin and the connective tissues, the parenchymatous organs and the central nervous system showed distinctly lower concentrations. The activity is eliminated mainly with the urine: 80 (i.v.) or 50 (p.o.)%, resp., of the administered activity were eliminated renally within 48 h. 90% of it were excreted within 6 (i.v.) or 7 (p.o.) h, resp., after administration. Less than 2 (i.v.) and approx. 40 (p.o.)%, resp., of the given activity were found in the faeces collected for 2 days. The extent of gastrointestinal absorption was about 2/3 of the dose administered. Up to 24 h after the three modes of administration distinctly detectable concentrations were to be located in the lig. patellae of the knee joints, somewhat lower values in the ligaments between the articular cartilages. Studies carried out on rats in parallel with an arthritis experimentally induced (secondary phase, after injection of Freund's adjuvant) demonstrated the same activity distribution compared with the pattern which was obtained on healthy rats.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic studies following administration of 14 C-D-penicillamine to rats]. 14C-Labelled D-penicillamine [D-(--)-alpha-amino-beta-mercapto-isovaleric acid; Trolovol] was administered to rats in doses of 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight orally or i.v. A dose of 0.25 mg per rat was used for intra-articular injection (knee joint). 4 h after a single i.v. administration about 30% of the given amount were detected in the animal. This amount of activity was located predominantly in skin and connective tissues and was eliminated very slowly. 2 days after administration 20 (i.v.) or 10 (p.o.)%, resp., of the radioactivity administered were found in the animal, in any case half of it in the skin. In comparison to the skin and the connective tissues, the parenchymatous organs and the central nervous system showed distinctly lower concentrations. The activity is eliminated mainly with the urine: 80 (i.v.) or 50 (p.o.)%, resp., of the administered activity were eliminated renally within 48 h. 90% of it were excreted within 6 (i.v.) or 7 (p.o.) h, resp., after administration. Less than 2 (i.v.) and approx. 40 (p.o.)%, resp., of the given activity were found in the faeces collected for 2 days. The extent of gastrointestinal absorption was about 2/3 of the dose administered. Up to 24 h after the three modes of administration distinctly detectable concentrations were to be located in the lig. patellae of the knee joints, somewhat lower values in the ligaments between the articular cartilages. Studies carried out on rats in parallel with an arthritis experimentally induced (secondary phase, after injection of Freund's adjuvant) demonstrated the same activity distribution compared with the pattern which was obtained on healthy rats.", "PMID": 578431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13055", "title": "Excretion and distribution studies in rats with two forms of 14carbon-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone with a relatively low mean molecular weight after intravenous administration.", "content": "Excretion and autoradiographic distribution studies were performed in rats with two 14C-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone preparations, both of relatively low mean molecular weight but different in molecular weight distribution. At different time intervals after i.v. administration, elimination of radioactivity was found to be more complete for the preparation with the smallest fraction of molecules having a weight of over 25000, which is approximately the weight limit for rapid glomerular filtration in the rat. Our study demonstrates that the retention of PVP in organs, which in the literature are mentioned as target organs for PVP-toxicity, can be largely prevented by decreasing the fraction of molecules with a weight of more than 25000.", "contents": "Excretion and distribution studies in rats with two forms of 14carbon-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone with a relatively low mean molecular weight after intravenous administration. Excretion and autoradiographic distribution studies were performed in rats with two 14C-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone preparations, both of relatively low mean molecular weight but different in molecular weight distribution. At different time intervals after i.v. administration, elimination of radioactivity was found to be more complete for the preparation with the smallest fraction of molecules having a weight of over 25000, which is approximately the weight limit for rapid glomerular filtration in the rat. Our study demonstrates that the retention of PVP in organs, which in the literature are mentioned as target organs for PVP-toxicity, can be largely prevented by decreasing the fraction of molecules with a weight of more than 25000.", "PMID": 578432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13056", "title": "[Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of grandiflorenic acid [kauradien-9(11),16-oic acid-18] / 2nd communication (author's transl)].", "content": "6 metabolites are formed by incubation of grandiflorenic acid (GFA) with rat liver microsomes. 79% of GFA are metabolized after i.p. application to rats; 11 biotransformation products are found in faeces, the main excretion way. They are conjugated to glucuronic acid. Gut microflora is involved in these metabolic reactions. The structure of three metabolites is proved by IR-, MS- and NMR-spectroscopies.", "contents": "[Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of grandiflorenic acid [kauradien-9(11),16-oic acid-18] / 2nd communication (author's transl)]. 6 metabolites are formed by incubation of grandiflorenic acid (GFA) with rat liver microsomes. 79% of GFA are metabolized after i.p. application to rats; 11 biotransformation products are found in faeces, the main excretion way. They are conjugated to glucuronic acid. Gut microflora is involved in these metabolic reactions. The structure of three metabolites is proved by IR-, MS- and NMR-spectroscopies.", "PMID": 578433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13057", "title": "[Investigation of the absorption properties of two synthetic emulsifiers by means of radioactively labelled iodine / Short communication (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption properties of the two non-ionic synthetic emulsifiers polyoxyethylene-glycerin-monooleate (PGMO) and polyoxyethylene-glycerin-monostearate (PGMS) were studied experimentally on male Wistar rats using radioactive iodine (Na131I) solution. The two emulsifiers were compared with a combination of equal parts of lanoline and vaseline. PGMO showed better absorption properties than did GPMS and the lanoline-vaseline combination.", "contents": "[Investigation of the absorption properties of two synthetic emulsifiers by means of radioactively labelled iodine / Short communication (author's transl)]. The absorption properties of the two non-ionic synthetic emulsifiers polyoxyethylene-glycerin-monooleate (PGMO) and polyoxyethylene-glycerin-monostearate (PGMS) were studied experimentally on male Wistar rats using radioactive iodine (Na131I) solution. The two emulsifiers were compared with a combination of equal parts of lanoline and vaseline. PGMO showed better absorption properties than did GPMS and the lanoline-vaseline combination.", "PMID": 578434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13058", "title": "Stimulatory effect of Panax ginseng principles on DNA, RNA, protein and lipid synthesis in rat bone marrow.", "content": "Effects of extract fraction 3 and 4 from the root of Panax ginseng on bone marrow cells of the rat were investigated. Oral administration of fraction 3 and addition of fraction 4 in vitro stimulated DNA, protein and lipid synthesis in bone marrow cells. The stimulatory effect was reduced by pretreatment of cycloheximide. Single i.p. injection of fraction 4 also increased DNA and RNA synthesis. Numbers of mitosis were increased by oral administration of fraction 3. Extent of the increase was almost equal in both myeloid and erythoid. Numbers of total nucleated cells in bone marrow and reticulocytes in peripheral blood were significantly increased. The hematopoiesis-stimulating action of Panax ginseng and its mechanism of the action were discussed.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of Panax ginseng principles on DNA, RNA, protein and lipid synthesis in rat bone marrow. Effects of extract fraction 3 and 4 from the root of Panax ginseng on bone marrow cells of the rat were investigated. Oral administration of fraction 3 and addition of fraction 4 in vitro stimulated DNA, protein and lipid synthesis in bone marrow cells. The stimulatory effect was reduced by pretreatment of cycloheximide. Single i.p. injection of fraction 4 also increased DNA and RNA synthesis. Numbers of mitosis were increased by oral administration of fraction 3. Extent of the increase was almost equal in both myeloid and erythoid. Numbers of total nucleated cells in bone marrow and reticulocytes in peripheral blood were significantly increased. The hematopoiesis-stimulating action of Panax ginseng and its mechanism of the action were discussed.", "PMID": 578435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13059", "title": "1-(Theophyllin-7-yl)-ethyl-2-[2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate] (ML 1024), a new hypolipemic agent.", "content": "1-(Theophyllin-7-yl)-ethyl-2-[2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate] (ML 1024) was tested on acute and chronic toxicity, on teratogenesis and fetotoxicity, on blood pressure and blood flow behaviour, on hypolipemic activity and general pharmacological behaviour in a screening test using 54 parameters. Results warrant further investigation of the potential therapeutic application of ML 1024 in humans based on its superiority to the well-known antilipemic clofibrate (CPIB).", "contents": "1-(Theophyllin-7-yl)-ethyl-2-[2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate] (ML 1024), a new hypolipemic agent. 1-(Theophyllin-7-yl)-ethyl-2-[2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate] (ML 1024) was tested on acute and chronic toxicity, on teratogenesis and fetotoxicity, on blood pressure and blood flow behaviour, on hypolipemic activity and general pharmacological behaviour in a screening test using 54 parameters. Results warrant further investigation of the potential therapeutic application of ML 1024 in humans based on its superiority to the well-known antilipemic clofibrate (CPIB).", "PMID": 578436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13060", "title": "Ca2+-transport inhibition by the antitumor agents adriamycin and daunomycin.", "content": "The antitumor agents adriamycin and daunomycin inhibit Ca2+-transport in mitochondria from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells as well as in a biphasic model system. The experimental results indicate that both antibiotics interact with phospholipids. The significance of these observations in the pharmacological behavior of these anticancer compounds is discussed.", "contents": "Ca2+-transport inhibition by the antitumor agents adriamycin and daunomycin. The antitumor agents adriamycin and daunomycin inhibit Ca2+-transport in mitochondria from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells as well as in a biphasic model system. The experimental results indicate that both antibiotics interact with phospholipids. The significance of these observations in the pharmacological behavior of these anticancer compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 578437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13061", "title": "[Findings following antidote therapy in rats intoxicated with phosphoracetic acid. / Histochemical and biochemical lipid demonstration in liver and kidneys (author's transl)].", "content": "The fatty degeneration of the liver and kidney of Sprague-Dawley rats was observed by histochemical and biochemical means after intoxication with LD50 and 8 X LD50 O,O-diethyl-O-p-nitro-phenylphosphate (paraoxon). The degree of fatty degeneration in these organs was demonstrated alternately after antidote-treatment with bis(pyridinium-4-aldoxim-1-methyl) ether (Toxogonin) and after injection of a combination of Toxogonin, atropine and a protein-free extract from calf blood containing low-molecular substances (Actihaemyl, Solcoseryl). Under the influence of Actihaemyl the degree of fatty degeneration induced by the toxin was, in respect to both triglycerides and phospholipids, near control levels. The mode of action of Actihaemyl is discussed with regard to the activation of fatty acids.", "contents": "[Findings following antidote therapy in rats intoxicated with phosphoracetic acid. / Histochemical and biochemical lipid demonstration in liver and kidneys (author's transl)]. The fatty degeneration of the liver and kidney of Sprague-Dawley rats was observed by histochemical and biochemical means after intoxication with LD50 and 8 X LD50 O,O-diethyl-O-p-nitro-phenylphosphate (paraoxon). The degree of fatty degeneration in these organs was demonstrated alternately after antidote-treatment with bis(pyridinium-4-aldoxim-1-methyl) ether (Toxogonin) and after injection of a combination of Toxogonin, atropine and a protein-free extract from calf blood containing low-molecular substances (Actihaemyl, Solcoseryl). Under the influence of Actihaemyl the degree of fatty degeneration induced by the toxin was, in respect to both triglycerides and phospholipids, near control levels. The mode of action of Actihaemyl is discussed with regard to the activation of fatty acids.", "PMID": 578438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13062", "title": "Investigation of the liver glycogen level in rats treated with anticonceptives.", "content": "The results of our experiments with carbohydrate metabolism confirmed that 1. the gestagen component of norethynodrel (Infecundin) causes a more explicit increase of the liver glycogen level than that of ethynodioldiacetate (Bisecurin); 2. among oestrogens mestranol (Infecundin) gives a higher glycogen production in the liver than ethinyloestradiol (Bisecurin); 3. the greatest increase of liver glycogen level is in the course of the acute (14 days') treatment period; 4. the active substances of Infecundin (first of all mestranol) produce a longer lasting effect on the quantity of liver glycogen than those of Bisecurin; 5. to this action of the drug molecules of both anticonceptives (Infecundin, Bisecurin) there is a tendency to habituation. After a treatment lasting 48 days, the liver glycogen level in comparison with the control did but slightly increase; 6. evaluable changes occur sooner in the glycogen level of rats treated with hormonal contraceptives prior to the generally used so-called liver function test becoming positive.", "contents": "Investigation of the liver glycogen level in rats treated with anticonceptives. The results of our experiments with carbohydrate metabolism confirmed that 1. the gestagen component of norethynodrel (Infecundin) causes a more explicit increase of the liver glycogen level than that of ethynodioldiacetate (Bisecurin); 2. among oestrogens mestranol (Infecundin) gives a higher glycogen production in the liver than ethinyloestradiol (Bisecurin); 3. the greatest increase of liver glycogen level is in the course of the acute (14 days') treatment period; 4. the active substances of Infecundin (first of all mestranol) produce a longer lasting effect on the quantity of liver glycogen than those of Bisecurin; 5. to this action of the drug molecules of both anticonceptives (Infecundin, Bisecurin) there is a tendency to habituation. After a treatment lasting 48 days, the liver glycogen level in comparison with the control did but slightly increase; 6. evaluable changes occur sooner in the glycogen level of rats treated with hormonal contraceptives prior to the generally used so-called liver function test becoming positive.", "PMID": 578439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13063", "title": "Some aspects of the neuropharmacology of phenylurea.", "content": "The neuropharmacology of phenylurea was studied. The compound is a potent sedative hypnotic agent with a fairly good margin of safety. It produced significant motor incoordination and behavioral changes in sub-sedative doses, thus suggesting that it acts on the areas of the brain which control motor coordination (neurological deficit) and spontaneous motor movements (awareness of environment). The activity pattern of phenylurea as measured on the rotarod treadmill was identical with that of an ataractic drug, meprobamate, and different from that of the sedative drug, 2-ethylcrotonylurea (ectylurea). It exhibited significant meprobamate-like antistrychnine (myorelaxant) activity, and at high doses only, anticonvulsant activity (pentetrazole antagonism). Phenylurea also protected mice against tremorine-induced tremors. A sub-sedative dose of phenylurea significantly prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time.", "contents": "Some aspects of the neuropharmacology of phenylurea. The neuropharmacology of phenylurea was studied. The compound is a potent sedative hypnotic agent with a fairly good margin of safety. It produced significant motor incoordination and behavioral changes in sub-sedative doses, thus suggesting that it acts on the areas of the brain which control motor coordination (neurological deficit) and spontaneous motor movements (awareness of environment). The activity pattern of phenylurea as measured on the rotarod treadmill was identical with that of an ataractic drug, meprobamate, and different from that of the sedative drug, 2-ethylcrotonylurea (ectylurea). It exhibited significant meprobamate-like antistrychnine (myorelaxant) activity, and at high doses only, anticonvulsant activity (pentetrazole antagonism). Phenylurea also protected mice against tremorine-induced tremors. A sub-sedative dose of phenylurea significantly prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time.", "PMID": 578440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13064", "title": "Modifications of platelet retention in patients treated with pyridinolcarbamate. A preliminary report.", "content": "Pyridinolcarbamate (1 g daily for 30 days) was used for treating 9 patients with peripheral arteriopathies; 8 subjects had also diabetes mellitus in good metabolic control. A statistically significant decrease of platelet retention as measured by Salzman's method could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Modifications of platelet retention in patients treated with pyridinolcarbamate. A preliminary report. Pyridinolcarbamate (1 g daily for 30 days) was used for treating 9 patients with peripheral arteriopathies; 8 subjects had also diabetes mellitus in good metabolic control. A statistically significant decrease of platelet retention as measured by Salzman's method could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 578441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13065", "title": "The effect of cyproheptadine on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "The effect of 4-[5-dibenzo(alpha,alpha)-cyclohepten-5-ylidene]-1-methylpiperidine (cyproheptadine, Periactinol) on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vitro was investigated. Cell cultures that had been established for 48 h from lymphocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of four volunteers were exposed for an additional 24 h to drug concentrations of 2.54 X 10(-5), 5.09 X 10(-5), 1.02 X 10(-4), or 2.03 X 10(-4) Mol/l. No variations or aberrations were seen in the chromosomes of human lymphocytes that could be definitely related to treatment with cyproheptadine.", "contents": "The effect of cyproheptadine on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vitro. The effect of 4-[5-dibenzo(alpha,alpha)-cyclohepten-5-ylidene]-1-methylpiperidine (cyproheptadine, Periactinol) on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vitro was investigated. Cell cultures that had been established for 48 h from lymphocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of four volunteers were exposed for an additional 24 h to drug concentrations of 2.54 X 10(-5), 5.09 X 10(-5), 1.02 X 10(-4), or 2.03 X 10(-4) Mol/l. No variations or aberrations were seen in the chromosomes of human lymphocytes that could be definitely related to treatment with cyproheptadine.", "PMID": 578442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13066", "title": "[The influence of drugs on the purine salvage metabolism in human blood cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of 1-phenyl-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dioxo-4n-butylpyrazolidine-monohydrate (oxyphenbutazone) and N-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilic acid (flufenamic acid) on the purine salvage pathway of erythrocytes and lymphocytes following incubation of heparinized whole blood with the drugs was investigated. As described in earlier experiments in vitro with enzymes derived from cell homogenates, the enzyme activities of whole cells were also decreased. Lymphocytes exhibited a reduction of purine-phosphoribosyltransferase (purine-PRT) activities (adenine-, guanine- and hypoxanthine-PRT) of about 20%. The effect on the enzyme activities in red blood cells was different. The A-PRT-activity was decreased to about 33%, the GH-PRT on the other hand, to about 10%. The possible significance of these results in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of drugs on the purine salvage metabolism in human blood cells (author's transl)]. The influence of 1-phenyl-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dioxo-4n-butylpyrazolidine-monohydrate (oxyphenbutazone) and N-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilic acid (flufenamic acid) on the purine salvage pathway of erythrocytes and lymphocytes following incubation of heparinized whole blood with the drugs was investigated. As described in earlier experiments in vitro with enzymes derived from cell homogenates, the enzyme activities of whole cells were also decreased. Lymphocytes exhibited a reduction of purine-phosphoribosyltransferase (purine-PRT) activities (adenine-, guanine- and hypoxanthine-PRT) of about 20%. The effect on the enzyme activities in red blood cells was different. The A-PRT-activity was decreased to about 33%, the GH-PRT on the other hand, to about 10%. The possible significance of these results in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 578443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13067", "title": "[On the dose-effect relation of allopurinol (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypuricemic action(y) of 1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-ol (allopurinol) is dependent on the serum concentration of uric acid (x). After treatment with allopurinol at doses of 300 mg daily for 8 days there exists a highly significant correlation corresponding the equation y = 0.875x + 3.950. At a level of 8 mg/dl without any therapy serum uric acid concentration is expected to decrease by an average of 3 mg/dl if allopurinol is applied at daily doses of 300 mg in a preparation with or without any retarding effect. Following a dose reduction to 150 mg allopurinol daily over a period of 8 days, too, the mean diminution of the hypuricemic action amounts only to 0.43 +/- 0.26 mg/dl (S.D.). In some cases, however, long-term therapy with allopurinol at daily doses of 150 mg is insufficient to guarantee a normuricemic state.", "contents": "[On the dose-effect relation of allopurinol (author's transl)]. The hypuricemic action(y) of 1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-ol (allopurinol) is dependent on the serum concentration of uric acid (x). After treatment with allopurinol at doses of 300 mg daily for 8 days there exists a highly significant correlation corresponding the equation y = 0.875x + 3.950. At a level of 8 mg/dl without any therapy serum uric acid concentration is expected to decrease by an average of 3 mg/dl if allopurinol is applied at daily doses of 300 mg in a preparation with or without any retarding effect. Following a dose reduction to 150 mg allopurinol daily over a period of 8 days, too, the mean diminution of the hypuricemic action amounts only to 0.43 +/- 0.26 mg/dl (S.D.). In some cases, however, long-term therapy with allopurinol at daily doses of 150 mg is insufficient to guarantee a normuricemic state.", "PMID": 578444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13068", "title": "[On the pharmacokinetics of gentamycin. / Clinico-pharmacological study on the course of gentamycin concentrations in serum during large-volume infusions (author's transl)].", "content": "Infusions of large volumes have a remarkable influence on the blood levels of gentamycin insofar that with normal dosages no effective concentrations can be found in the serum of the patient. The present investigation was planned as a pharmacokinetic model with the aim of finding out the possible reasons for this phenomenon. The results show that the infusions enhance the total clearance tremendously. Furthermore the elimination half-life of gentamycin is much shorter under infusion conditions. This explains the subtherapeutic blood levels.", "contents": "[On the pharmacokinetics of gentamycin. / Clinico-pharmacological study on the course of gentamycin concentrations in serum during large-volume infusions (author's transl)]. Infusions of large volumes have a remarkable influence on the blood levels of gentamycin insofar that with normal dosages no effective concentrations can be found in the serum of the patient. The present investigation was planned as a pharmacokinetic model with the aim of finding out the possible reasons for this phenomenon. The results show that the infusions enhance the total clearance tremendously. Furthermore the elimination half-life of gentamycin is much shorter under infusion conditions. This explains the subtherapeutic blood levels.", "PMID": 578445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13069", "title": "Papaverine blood levels after administration of a sustained-release preparation. Short communication.", "content": "The authors report the papaverine blood levels obtained after administration to a group of volunteers of a sustained-release preparation in comparison with a conventional form. The new preparation shows bioavailability equivalent to a normal papaverine but substantially more prolonged papaverine blood levels.", "contents": "Papaverine blood levels after administration of a sustained-release preparation. Short communication. The authors report the papaverine blood levels obtained after administration to a group of volunteers of a sustained-release preparation in comparison with a conventional form. The new preparation shows bioavailability equivalent to a normal papaverine but substantially more prolonged papaverine blood levels.", "PMID": 578446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13070", "title": "Serum and urine concentrations of rifampicin administered by intravenous infusion in man.", "content": "Two studies were carried out in man with the aim of assessing the serum and urine concentrations of rifampicin administered by i.v. infusion. In patients suffering from various diseases, a dose of 600 mg i.v. proved to be equieffective with a 600 mg oral dose. Repeated administration of a 600 mg dose by i.v. infusion for a week produced serum levels corresponding to those achieved by oral administration. With the i.v. preparation the drop in serum rifampicin levels during continuous administration was less marked than with the oral administration. The recovery of antibiotic in the urine seems to be lower with i.v. than with the oral preparation. The i.v. preparation was very well tolerated by all the patients.", "contents": "Serum and urine concentrations of rifampicin administered by intravenous infusion in man. Two studies were carried out in man with the aim of assessing the serum and urine concentrations of rifampicin administered by i.v. infusion. In patients suffering from various diseases, a dose of 600 mg i.v. proved to be equieffective with a 600 mg oral dose. Repeated administration of a 600 mg dose by i.v. infusion for a week produced serum levels corresponding to those achieved by oral administration. With the i.v. preparation the drop in serum rifampicin levels during continuous administration was less marked than with the oral administration. The recovery of antibiotic in the urine seems to be lower with i.v. than with the oral preparation. The i.v. preparation was very well tolerated by all the patients.", "PMID": 578447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13071", "title": "[The behaviour of visually evoked potentials (VEP) in schizophrenia under gradually rising doses of fluphenazine dihydrochloride (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper describes a study of visually evoked potentials (VEP) during 50 days in a schizophrenic female patient to whom we administered increasing dosages (from 150 mg up to 600 mg) and afterwards progressively decreasing ones (from 600 mg to 20 mg) of 10-(3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl)-2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine (fluphenazine-dihydrochloride). We tried to establish a relation between the aspect of latencies and form of curves and the dosages. We also discussed a possible correspondence between VEP and psychopathological changes.", "contents": "[The behaviour of visually evoked potentials (VEP) in schizophrenia under gradually rising doses of fluphenazine dihydrochloride (author's transl)]. The paper describes a study of visually evoked potentials (VEP) during 50 days in a schizophrenic female patient to whom we administered increasing dosages (from 150 mg up to 600 mg) and afterwards progressively decreasing ones (from 600 mg to 20 mg) of 10-(3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl)-2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine (fluphenazine-dihydrochloride). We tried to establish a relation between the aspect of latencies and form of curves and the dosages. We also discussed a possible correspondence between VEP and psychopathological changes.", "PMID": 578448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13072", "title": "[Plasma concentrations and renal excretion of vincamine after oral administration in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma concentrations and renal excretion of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-(3alpha,16alpha)-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine, Vincapront) were studied in 5 healthy volunteers following the oral intake of 30 or 60 mg vincamine, respectively. After the higher dose (60 mg vincamine), the treatment was continued by the daily intake of 3 X 20 mg vincamine for 5 days. Plasma vincamine levels were determined in the morning prior to the ingestion of the first 20-mg dose and in the evening 2 h after the intake of the third 20-mg dose. Our results prove that vincamine is rapidly liberated and absorbed from the tablet formulation used, the maximum plasma levels being reached 90 min after ingestion and amounting to a mean value of 139 ng/ml after 30 mg and to a mean of 252 ng/ml after 60 mg of vincamine. There was a biphasic elimination of vincamine after both doses indicating a process of distribution influencing also the elimination phase. In the 24-h urine, unchanged vincamine amounted to 5.8% of the applied dose after 30 mg and to 7.3% after 60 mg vincamine. Vincamine did not accumulate during the daily intake of 60 mg for 6 days. Side-effects were not observed in any volunteer during the period of observation.", "contents": "[Plasma concentrations and renal excretion of vincamine after oral administration in man (author's transl)]. Plasma concentrations and renal excretion of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-(3alpha,16alpha)-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine, Vincapront) were studied in 5 healthy volunteers following the oral intake of 30 or 60 mg vincamine, respectively. After the higher dose (60 mg vincamine), the treatment was continued by the daily intake of 3 X 20 mg vincamine for 5 days. Plasma vincamine levels were determined in the morning prior to the ingestion of the first 20-mg dose and in the evening 2 h after the intake of the third 20-mg dose. Our results prove that vincamine is rapidly liberated and absorbed from the tablet formulation used, the maximum plasma levels being reached 90 min after ingestion and amounting to a mean value of 139 ng/ml after 30 mg and to a mean of 252 ng/ml after 60 mg of vincamine. There was a biphasic elimination of vincamine after both doses indicating a process of distribution influencing also the elimination phase. In the 24-h urine, unchanged vincamine amounted to 5.8% of the applied dose after 30 mg and to 7.3% after 60 mg vincamine. Vincamine did not accumulate during the daily intake of 60 mg for 6 days. Side-effects were not observed in any volunteer during the period of observation.", "PMID": 578451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13073", "title": "[Vincamine concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients following intravenous infusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetic characteristics of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-(3alpha,16alpha)-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine; Vincapront) were studied after i.v. infusion (30 or 40 mg vincamine-hydrochloride within 28--40 min, respectively) in 6 patients with cerebrovascular diseases. At the end of the infusion, maximum plasma levels ranged between 607 and 999 ng/ml. The decline of the plasma concentrations after the end of the infusion could be described using a two-compartment open model. After a phase of distribution lasting 1--2 h there was a linear elimination of vincamine in the semilogarithmic plot. The mean half-life for the beta-slope was 2 h. In four patients we measured the vincamine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid 2 h after the end of the infusion. It amounted to only 5--24% of the simultaneously estimated plasma concentration.", "contents": "[Vincamine concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients following intravenous infusion (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-(3alpha,16alpha)-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine; Vincapront) were studied after i.v. infusion (30 or 40 mg vincamine-hydrochloride within 28--40 min, respectively) in 6 patients with cerebrovascular diseases. At the end of the infusion, maximum plasma levels ranged between 607 and 999 ng/ml. The decline of the plasma concentrations after the end of the infusion could be described using a two-compartment open model. After a phase of distribution lasting 1--2 h there was a linear elimination of vincamine in the semilogarithmic plot. The mean half-life for the beta-slope was 2 h. In four patients we measured the vincamine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid 2 h after the end of the infusion. It amounted to only 5--24% of the simultaneously estimated plasma concentration.", "PMID": 578452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13074", "title": "[The influence of vincamine on global and regional cerebral blood flow in acute and subchronic human cerebral ischimia (author's transl)].", "content": "The alterations in global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) following i.v. application of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-[13alpha,16alpha]-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine) were studied in 18 patients suffering from acute or subchronic cerebral ischemia. CBF measurements were made after intra-arterial injection of 133Xe using a multi-detector measuring instrument. 30 sec after a single i.v. application of 30 mg/20 min vincamine a statistically significant increase of CBF by 1.5 ml/100 g/min was found, corresponding to 6.1% (p less than 0.01). The regional CBF was influenced to a varying degree, the areas marked by an insufficient blood supply showing a mean increase by 13.4% and the areas marked by normal basic values showing a mean increase by 5.3%. This difference in alteration is statistically significant (p less than 0.02) comparing the differences as percent. The duration of the action of vincamine on the CBF, after a single dose of 30 mg/20 min i.v., was determined for a maximum of 15 min. The CBF values measured within 15 min after the completed i.v. application of vincamine showed a mean decline in blood flow values by --2.5 ml +/- 7.4%, which is statistically insignificant.", "contents": "[The influence of vincamine on global and regional cerebral blood flow in acute and subchronic human cerebral ischimia (author's transl)]. The alterations in global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) following i.v. application of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-[13alpha,16alpha]-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine) were studied in 18 patients suffering from acute or subchronic cerebral ischemia. CBF measurements were made after intra-arterial injection of 133Xe using a multi-detector measuring instrument. 30 sec after a single i.v. application of 30 mg/20 min vincamine a statistically significant increase of CBF by 1.5 ml/100 g/min was found, corresponding to 6.1% (p less than 0.01). The regional CBF was influenced to a varying degree, the areas marked by an insufficient blood supply showing a mean increase by 13.4% and the areas marked by normal basic values showing a mean increase by 5.3%. This difference in alteration is statistically significant (p less than 0.02) comparing the differences as percent. The duration of the action of vincamine on the CBF, after a single dose of 30 mg/20 min i.v., was determined for a maximum of 15 min. The CBF values measured within 15 min after the completed i.v. application of vincamine showed a mean decline in blood flow values by --2.5 ml +/- 7.4%, which is statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 578453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13075", "title": "[The effect of vincamine on cerebral blood flow as a function of application rate (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of infusions of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-(3alpha, 16alpha)-eburamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine; Vincopront) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was investigated by the xenon clearance method. In 12 patients receiving 30 mg vincamine within 35--40 min no significant changes in hemispheric or regional CBF were observed. 14 patients received 40 mg vincamine within 35--40 min: in this group hemispheric CBF was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) when compared to the spontaneous changes observed in a control group. The increase was particularly prominent in poorly supplied brain regions. This effect was proved statistically by regression analysis. In a patient with astrocytoma the tumor-hyperperfusion was diminished by vincamine while the flow to the surrounding brain improved. The results indicate the dependency of the vincamine effect on the rate of application and thereby on the plasma concentration of the drug.", "contents": "[The effect of vincamine on cerebral blood flow as a function of application rate (author's transl)]. The effect of infusions of 14,15-dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-(3alpha, 16alpha)-eburamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine; Vincopront) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was investigated by the xenon clearance method. In 12 patients receiving 30 mg vincamine within 35--40 min no significant changes in hemispheric or regional CBF were observed. 14 patients received 40 mg vincamine within 35--40 min: in this group hemispheric CBF was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) when compared to the spontaneous changes observed in a control group. The increase was particularly prominent in poorly supplied brain regions. This effect was proved statistically by regression analysis. In a patient with astrocytoma the tumor-hyperperfusion was diminished by vincamine while the flow to the surrounding brain improved. The results indicate the dependency of the vincamine effect on the rate of application and thereby on the plasma concentration of the drug.", "PMID": 578455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13076", "title": "Effects of caffeine on mitotic index, mitotic aberrations and bimitosis with and without aeration.", "content": "The effects of 1 to 3 h 0.2% caffeine treatment on mitosis in lateral roots of Vicia faba with and without aeration have been investigated. During the treatment a marked decrease of the mitotic index followed by strong deviations and changing phase indices can be stated. By means of aeration the number of mitotic aberrations increases with time of treatment, while it decreases without aeration until 3 h treatment. Tetraploid cells are supposed to be formed by spindle aberrations at early anaphase. The number of binucleate and tetraploid cells is affected by aeration during caffeine treatment. During division of the binucleate cells tetraploid nuclei are formed by fusions, so the population of binucleate cells may become smaller.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on mitotic index, mitotic aberrations and bimitosis with and without aeration. The effects of 1 to 3 h 0.2% caffeine treatment on mitosis in lateral roots of Vicia faba with and without aeration have been investigated. During the treatment a marked decrease of the mitotic index followed by strong deviations and changing phase indices can be stated. By means of aeration the number of mitotic aberrations increases with time of treatment, while it decreases without aeration until 3 h treatment. Tetraploid cells are supposed to be formed by spindle aberrations at early anaphase. The number of binucleate and tetraploid cells is affected by aeration during caffeine treatment. During division of the binucleate cells tetraploid nuclei are formed by fusions, so the population of binucleate cells may become smaller.", "PMID": 578457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13077", "title": "Evaluation of methods to determine protein-binding of drugs. Equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, gel filtration.", "content": "The reliability of the most important methods to determine protein-binding of drugs was compared. Applying these methods to different drugs solved in bovine plasma or in protein-free solutions the incidence of errors specific for each method was examined. Certain limits are found for the applicability of each method. If these limitations are observed reproducibility differs only slightly within the four methods. Considering all the results, however, the values achieved by equilibrium dialysis appear to come closest to the real extent of binding.", "contents": "Evaluation of methods to determine protein-binding of drugs. Equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, gel filtration. The reliability of the most important methods to determine protein-binding of drugs was compared. Applying these methods to different drugs solved in bovine plasma or in protein-free solutions the incidence of errors specific for each method was examined. Certain limits are found for the applicability of each method. If these limitations are observed reproducibility differs only slightly within the four methods. Considering all the results, however, the values achieved by equilibrium dialysis appear to come closest to the real extent of binding.", "PMID": 578456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13078", "title": "[Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of grandiflorenic acid [kauradien-9(11),16-oic acid-18]. 3rd communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 14C-GFA following i.v., i.p. and oral application are investigated in rats. After i.p. administration GFA is completely absorbed, after oral dosage about 83% are absorbed. GFA is excreted by 100% via bile and undergoes extensive enterohepatic circulation. After administration of 20 mg/kg 14C-GFA nearly all radioactivity is eliminated after 96 h, more than 80% via the faeces.", "contents": "[Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of grandiflorenic acid [kauradien-9(11),16-oic acid-18]. 3rd communication (author's transl)]. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 14C-GFA following i.v., i.p. and oral application are investigated in rats. After i.p. administration GFA is completely absorbed, after oral dosage about 83% are absorbed. GFA is excreted by 100% via bile and undergoes extensive enterohepatic circulation. After administration of 20 mg/kg 14C-GFA nearly all radioactivity is eliminated after 96 h, more than 80% via the faeces.", "PMID": 578458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13079", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. III. Investigation of the sensitivity of Staphylococci isolated from pathological cases to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Attempts on inducing resistance in laboratory Staphylococcus strain to EEP.", "content": "Staphylococci isolated from pathological material exhibited a reduced sensitivity to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) in 90% of cases. No cross-resistance of the staphylococci to EEP and to any commonly used antibiotics was found. The induction of resistance to EEP in laboratory strain of Staphylococcus aureus (Oxford 209 P) can be achieved already after serial passages on nutrient media containing EEP. Culturing Staphylococcus resistant to EEP in an environment devoid of this compound caused a remission to sensitivity of the strain investigated.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. III. Investigation of the sensitivity of Staphylococci isolated from pathological cases to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Attempts on inducing resistance in laboratory Staphylococcus strain to EEP. Staphylococci isolated from pathological material exhibited a reduced sensitivity to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) in 90% of cases. No cross-resistance of the staphylococci to EEP and to any commonly used antibiotics was found. The induction of resistance to EEP in laboratory strain of Staphylococcus aureus (Oxford 209 P) can be achieved already after serial passages on nutrient media containing EEP. Culturing Staphylococcus resistant to EEP in an environment devoid of this compound caused a remission to sensitivity of the strain investigated.", "PMID": 578459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13080", "title": "Derivatives of N,N-bis(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)amine.", "content": "Amongst a series of novel derivatives of N,N-bis-(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)amine, several were found to possess antiinflammatory, hypotensive, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The synthesis of these compounds is described and their biological properties are discussed.", "contents": "Derivatives of N,N-bis(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)amine. Amongst a series of novel derivatives of N,N-bis-(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)amine, several were found to possess antiinflammatory, hypotensive, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The synthesis of these compounds is described and their biological properties are discussed.", "PMID": 578460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13081", "title": "Stimulatory effect of Panax ginseng principles on DNA and protein synthesis in rat testes.", "content": "The effect of fraction 4 of the extract from the roots of Panax ginseng, Oura, on DNA and protein syntheses was investigated. Addition of fraction 4 in vitro stimulated DNA and protein syntheses in testes. The stimulating effect was reduced by pretreatment with cycloheximide. This might give some evidence about the stimulatory effect of ginseng on spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of Panax ginseng principles on DNA and protein synthesis in rat testes. The effect of fraction 4 of the extract from the roots of Panax ginseng, Oura, on DNA and protein syntheses was investigated. Addition of fraction 4 in vitro stimulated DNA and protein syntheses in testes. The stimulating effect was reduced by pretreatment with cycloheximide. This might give some evidence about the stimulatory effect of ginseng on spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 578462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13082", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of the calcium antagonist fendiline on digitalis glykosides induced contractions in the guinea pig terminal ileum (author's transl)].", "content": "The 10 mm muscle-strips from the guinea pig terminal ileum digitalis glycosides (0.4 microgram/ml beta-acetyl-digoxin or 0.5 microgram/ml k-strophanthin) induce contractions which are dose-dependently and reversibly prevented by the calcium antagonist N-(2-benzyl-ethyl)-N-(1-phenyl-ethyl)-amine hydrochloride (fendiline, Sensit) (0.01--1 microgram/ml). Therapeutic use of calcium antagonists for manifest symptoms of digitalis intoxication (diarrhoea, intestinal infarctions) is discussed as these symptoms may be caused by digitalis-induced increase of intracellular calcium ions.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of the calcium antagonist fendiline on digitalis glykosides induced contractions in the guinea pig terminal ileum (author's transl)]. The 10 mm muscle-strips from the guinea pig terminal ileum digitalis glycosides (0.4 microgram/ml beta-acetyl-digoxin or 0.5 microgram/ml k-strophanthin) induce contractions which are dose-dependently and reversibly prevented by the calcium antagonist N-(2-benzyl-ethyl)-N-(1-phenyl-ethyl)-amine hydrochloride (fendiline, Sensit) (0.01--1 microgram/ml). Therapeutic use of calcium antagonists for manifest symptoms of digitalis intoxication (diarrhoea, intestinal infarctions) is discussed as these symptoms may be caused by digitalis-induced increase of intracellular calcium ions.", "PMID": 578463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13083", "title": "[Reaction of local myocardial blood flow in non-anesthetized dogs and anesthetized cats to the oral and parenteral administration of a Crateagus fraction (oligomere procyanidines)].", "content": "Local blood flow in the myocardium of the left ventricle in unanesthetized dogs was measured by chronically implanted heat-conduction probes. Oral administration of a fraction of Crataegus (oligomere procyanidines) led to a significant rise in blood flow for several hours depending on the dose, the highest increase reaching an average value of about + 70% of the resting flow. In dogs regularly fed with this substance for a longer period of time, a rising tendency of the matutinal resting values of myocardial blood flow towards a maximum was seen. Intravenous application of oligomere procyanidines in anesthetized cats led to a dose-dependent increase in myocardial blood flow for several minutes and a slight decrease in arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "[Reaction of local myocardial blood flow in non-anesthetized dogs and anesthetized cats to the oral and parenteral administration of a Crateagus fraction (oligomere procyanidines)]. Local blood flow in the myocardium of the left ventricle in unanesthetized dogs was measured by chronically implanted heat-conduction probes. Oral administration of a fraction of Crataegus (oligomere procyanidines) led to a significant rise in blood flow for several hours depending on the dose, the highest increase reaching an average value of about + 70% of the resting flow. In dogs regularly fed with this substance for a longer period of time, a rising tendency of the matutinal resting values of myocardial blood flow towards a maximum was seen. Intravenous application of oligomere procyanidines in anesthetized cats led to a dose-dependent increase in myocardial blood flow for several minutes and a slight decrease in arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 578464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13084", "title": "Action of bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate on the carbohydrate metabolism of bovine lens homogenates.", "content": "1-Benzyl-1-(3-dimethylaminopropoxy)cycloheptane (bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate; Fludilat) in a concentration of 10-2 M effects an increase in the O2 consumption and the formation of CO2 in a 10% bovine lens homogenate. This effect is even increased if the glucose-substrate supply is raised from 25 mM to 37 mM. Investigations on the concentrations at ATP, ADP and AMP show that bencyclane is able to stabilize the physiologic distribution pattern of the three free adenine nucleotides. Further, the observed changes in the distribution pattern indicated that the fumaric acid rest of bencyclane may serve as a substrate for this reaction in the same way as fumarate.", "contents": "Action of bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate on the carbohydrate metabolism of bovine lens homogenates. 1-Benzyl-1-(3-dimethylaminopropoxy)cycloheptane (bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate; Fludilat) in a concentration of 10-2 M effects an increase in the O2 consumption and the formation of CO2 in a 10% bovine lens homogenate. This effect is even increased if the glucose-substrate supply is raised from 25 mM to 37 mM. Investigations on the concentrations at ATP, ADP and AMP show that bencyclane is able to stabilize the physiologic distribution pattern of the three free adenine nucleotides. Further, the observed changes in the distribution pattern indicated that the fumaric acid rest of bencyclane may serve as a substrate for this reaction in the same way as fumarate.", "PMID": 578465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13085", "title": "Hypolipemic activity of clofibrate-related compounds. 2nd Communication.", "content": "Clofibrate-related compounds were synthesized from substituted phenoxyacetic acids by esterification with salicylic acid derivatives, by amidation of thiazolidines or by reaction with cinnarizine. Lipid lowering effect was investigated in normolipemic and hyperlipemic rats. The long-term hyperlipemic model used permits differentiation of hypolipemic efficacy, i.e., from clofibrate or compounds of similar activity.", "contents": "Hypolipemic activity of clofibrate-related compounds. 2nd Communication. Clofibrate-related compounds were synthesized from substituted phenoxyacetic acids by esterification with salicylic acid derivatives, by amidation of thiazolidines or by reaction with cinnarizine. Lipid lowering effect was investigated in normolipemic and hyperlipemic rats. The long-term hyperlipemic model used permits differentiation of hypolipemic efficacy, i.e., from clofibrate or compounds of similar activity.", "PMID": 578466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13086", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diltiazem (CRD-401) in dog.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic behaviour of a new coronary vasodilator, the d-cis-isomer of 3-acetoxy-2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem, CRD-401), as well as the bioavailability study of the release controlled tablet Herbesser have been described by using the proposed specific assay method of unchanged diltiazem in plasma. Quantitive analysis after its oral administration evidenced that diltiazem was absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract in the intact form. In the kinetical experiment, where diltiazem was administered i.v., a rapid and large distribution of diltiazem into tissue compartment were suggested. In the bioavailability study, a comparison of plasma concentrations of diltiazem between the two different crystals and the micronized powder resulted in no difference in their bioavailability, when they were administered in the form of capsules. In the single and multiple administration of the release controlled tablet, a slow and continuous absorption of diltiazem was observed. Elimination rate after the multiple dose regimen was in good agreement with that in a single dose, thereby indicating no accumulation in the body.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diltiazem (CRD-401) in dog. Pharmacokinetic behaviour of a new coronary vasodilator, the d-cis-isomer of 3-acetoxy-2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem, CRD-401), as well as the bioavailability study of the release controlled tablet Herbesser have been described by using the proposed specific assay method of unchanged diltiazem in plasma. Quantitive analysis after its oral administration evidenced that diltiazem was absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract in the intact form. In the kinetical experiment, where diltiazem was administered i.v., a rapid and large distribution of diltiazem into tissue compartment were suggested. In the bioavailability study, a comparison of plasma concentrations of diltiazem between the two different crystals and the micronized powder resulted in no difference in their bioavailability, when they were administered in the form of capsules. In the single and multiple administration of the release controlled tablet, a slow and continuous absorption of diltiazem was observed. Elimination rate after the multiple dose regimen was in good agreement with that in a single dose, thereby indicating no accumulation in the body.", "PMID": 578467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13087", "title": "[On the spasmolytic action of 3-butoxy-1-phenoxy-propanol-(2) (febuprol) on the biliary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The spasmolytic activity of 3-butoxy-1-phenoxy-propanol-(2) (febuprol) on the biliary tract is demonstrated in two different experimental arrangements in anesthetized dogs. This effect on the spasm provoked by morphine or prostigmine is illustrated by measuring the alteration of pressure in the choledochal duct. The spasmolytic efficacy of febuprol is significant and indicates a favourable secondary therapeutic effect of this substance.", "contents": "[On the spasmolytic action of 3-butoxy-1-phenoxy-propanol-(2) (febuprol) on the biliary tract (author's transl)]. The spasmolytic activity of 3-butoxy-1-phenoxy-propanol-(2) (febuprol) on the biliary tract is demonstrated in two different experimental arrangements in anesthetized dogs. This effect on the spasm provoked by morphine or prostigmine is illustrated by measuring the alteration of pressure in the choledochal duct. The spasmolytic efficacy of febuprol is significant and indicates a favourable secondary therapeutic effect of this substance.", "PMID": 578468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13088", "title": "Pharmacological studies of o-chloro-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]benzylalcohol hydrochloride (C-78), a new bronchodilator. III. Actions on the nervous systems and miscellaneous organs.", "content": "Pharmacological effects of o-chloro-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]benzylalcohol hydrochloride (C-78) on the nervous systems and miscellaneous organs were studied. 1. Through a low dosage of C-78 had little influence on the central nervous system, a high dosage of C-78 had a little slow-waving effect on the spontaneous EEG in rabbits, inhibitory action of the convulsion caused by pentetrazol or electroshock in mice and anti-pyrogenic action in rabbits. C-78 also dose-dependently inhibited the increase of motility caused by amphetamine in mice. 2. Only high concentrations of C78 had a local anesthetic action on the cornea and the skin of the back in guinea pigs. 3. C-78 significantly increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose contents of blood in rabbits, but these actions were inhibited by propranolol. Another, high dosage of C-78 had anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory action. From the results of the previous experiments and this study, it was concluded that C-78 is a new beta 2-receptor stimulating drug where beta 2-receptor selectivity is greater than that of isoproterenol, salbutamol and clorprenaline.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies of o-chloro-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]benzylalcohol hydrochloride (C-78), a new bronchodilator. III. Actions on the nervous systems and miscellaneous organs. Pharmacological effects of o-chloro-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]benzylalcohol hydrochloride (C-78) on the nervous systems and miscellaneous organs were studied. 1. Through a low dosage of C-78 had little influence on the central nervous system, a high dosage of C-78 had a little slow-waving effect on the spontaneous EEG in rabbits, inhibitory action of the convulsion caused by pentetrazol or electroshock in mice and anti-pyrogenic action in rabbits. C-78 also dose-dependently inhibited the increase of motility caused by amphetamine in mice. 2. Only high concentrations of C78 had a local anesthetic action on the cornea and the skin of the back in guinea pigs. 3. C-78 significantly increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose contents of blood in rabbits, but these actions were inhibited by propranolol. Another, high dosage of C-78 had anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory action. From the results of the previous experiments and this study, it was concluded that C-78 is a new beta 2-receptor stimulating drug where beta 2-receptor selectivity is greater than that of isoproterenol, salbutamol and clorprenaline.", "PMID": 578469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13089", "title": "Potentiation of antitussive effect of codeine by some 1-dimethoxyphenyl-3-alkylaminobutanols in guinea pigs.", "content": "Newly synthesized 1-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-n-butyl-3-diethylaminobutanol (compd. 4) and its analogs enhanced the antitussive effect of codeine and morphine as tested on the cough induced by mechanical stimulation of the trachea in guinea pigs. This effect was illustrated to be a potentiation on the Gaddum's diagram. The following parameters were affected little or to a small extent: 1. analgesic effect of codeine and morphine in guinea pigs and mice, 2. duration of anesthesia induced by hexobarbital in mice, 3. respiratory depression caused by codeine in guinea pigs, and 4. LD50 of codeine in guinea pigs and mice. Explorations of the mechanism of potentiating action suggested some peripheral mechanism, but the exact one remained to be elucidated.", "contents": "Potentiation of antitussive effect of codeine by some 1-dimethoxyphenyl-3-alkylaminobutanols in guinea pigs. Newly synthesized 1-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-n-butyl-3-diethylaminobutanol (compd. 4) and its analogs enhanced the antitussive effect of codeine and morphine as tested on the cough induced by mechanical stimulation of the trachea in guinea pigs. This effect was illustrated to be a potentiation on the Gaddum's diagram. The following parameters were affected little or to a small extent: 1. analgesic effect of codeine and morphine in guinea pigs and mice, 2. duration of anesthesia induced by hexobarbital in mice, 3. respiratory depression caused by codeine in guinea pigs, and 4. LD50 of codeine in guinea pigs and mice. Explorations of the mechanism of potentiating action suggested some peripheral mechanism, but the exact one remained to be elucidated.", "PMID": 578470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13090", "title": "Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activity of Commiphora mukul (an indigenous drug) with those of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in experimental arthritis induced by mycobacterial adjuvant.", "content": "In the present investigation a method of induction of experimental arthritis in animals was modified to provide a better model replica of human arthritis. Inflammatory syndrome, resembling rheumatoid arthritis in man, was induced in the right hock joint of albino rabbits by intra-articular injection of the killed mycobacterial adjuvant in liquid paraffin. Development of this arthritic syndrome was studied from a period of five months with and without drugs. Anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and fraction \"A\" of gum-guggual from Commiphora mukkul were administered orally at a daily dose of 100, 100 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, for a period of five months. All three drugs decreased the thickness of the joint swelling during the course of drug treatment. These results indicate the beneficial role of phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and fraction \"A\" of gum-guggul in experimental arthritis.", "contents": "Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activity of Commiphora mukul (an indigenous drug) with those of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in experimental arthritis induced by mycobacterial adjuvant. In the present investigation a method of induction of experimental arthritis in animals was modified to provide a better model replica of human arthritis. Inflammatory syndrome, resembling rheumatoid arthritis in man, was induced in the right hock joint of albino rabbits by intra-articular injection of the killed mycobacterial adjuvant in liquid paraffin. Development of this arthritic syndrome was studied from a period of five months with and without drugs. Anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and fraction \"A\" of gum-guggual from Commiphora mukkul were administered orally at a daily dose of 100, 100 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, for a period of five months. All three drugs decreased the thickness of the joint swelling during the course of drug treatment. These results indicate the beneficial role of phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and fraction \"A\" of gum-guggul in experimental arthritis.", "PMID": 578471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13091", "title": "Anomalous Ullman additions with 2-chloronicotinic acid and pharmacological properties of isonixine, a new anti-inflammatory drug.", "content": "An anomalous Ullman reaction with 2-chloronicotinic acid is described. The resulting product 2',6'-di-methyl-anilide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine) presents very interesting pharmacological properties as a potential analgesic-anti-inflammatory agent. Chemical and pharmacological data are given.", "contents": "Anomalous Ullman additions with 2-chloronicotinic acid and pharmacological properties of isonixine, a new anti-inflammatory drug. An anomalous Ullman reaction with 2-chloronicotinic acid is described. The resulting product 2',6'-di-methyl-anilide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine) presents very interesting pharmacological properties as a potential analgesic-anti-inflammatory agent. Chemical and pharmacological data are given.", "PMID": 578472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13092", "title": "Toxicological investigations of isonixine.", "content": "The subacute and chronic toxicity of 2,6-xylidide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine), a non-steroidal analgesic-anti-inflammatory agent, was investigated in male rabbits and in rats of both sexes, respectively, after oral administration. Isonixine was very well tolerated by the two species studied and only at the dose of 2000 mg/kg presented some mild toxic effects after 6 months of daily treatment. It is worthwhile to note that isonixine did not induce any gastro-intestinal lesion even after repeated oral administration for periods up to 6 months at 2000 mg/kg.", "contents": "Toxicological investigations of isonixine. The subacute and chronic toxicity of 2,6-xylidide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine), a non-steroidal analgesic-anti-inflammatory agent, was investigated in male rabbits and in rats of both sexes, respectively, after oral administration. Isonixine was very well tolerated by the two species studied and only at the dose of 2000 mg/kg presented some mild toxic effects after 6 months of daily treatment. It is worthwhile to note that isonixine did not induce any gastro-intestinal lesion even after repeated oral administration for periods up to 6 months at 2000 mg/kg.", "PMID": 578473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13093", "title": "[Studies on toxicity and fertility of escin in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The DL50 of escin was determined after i.p. application. Juvenile male rats were treated with 2X5 mg/kg escin at age 32 days. After they had reached fertility, kidneys, testes and sperm were examined. The high dose of escin used did not affect fertility and a nephrotoxic activity could not be detected either.", "contents": "[Studies on toxicity and fertility of escin in the rat (author's transl)]. The DL50 of escin was determined after i.p. application. Juvenile male rats were treated with 2X5 mg/kg escin at age 32 days. After they had reached fertility, kidneys, testes and sperm were examined. The high dose of escin used did not affect fertility and a nephrotoxic activity could not be detected either.", "PMID": 578474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13094", "title": "[On the effect of iodine containing opaque media on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical symptoms of side effects by iodinated opaque media are approximately similar to those caused by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase of human erythrocytes was tested with the following opaque media in vivo and in vitro: adipiodonmeglumine, meglumine-iothalamate and sodium-iothalamate. Apparently there is no connection between opaque media induced incompatibility and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase because 1. by the time maximal inhibition is reached most of the renally excreted opaque media has been eliminated, and because 2. a fairly rapid reversibility of the inhibition follows. For patients with congenital variants of acetylcholinesterase it could be of clinical consequence under succinyldicholinanaesthesia.", "contents": "[On the effect of iodine containing opaque media on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (author's transl)]. Clinical symptoms of side effects by iodinated opaque media are approximately similar to those caused by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase of human erythrocytes was tested with the following opaque media in vivo and in vitro: adipiodonmeglumine, meglumine-iothalamate and sodium-iothalamate. Apparently there is no connection between opaque media induced incompatibility and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase because 1. by the time maximal inhibition is reached most of the renally excreted opaque media has been eliminated, and because 2. a fairly rapid reversibility of the inhibition follows. For patients with congenital variants of acetylcholinesterase it could be of clinical consequence under succinyldicholinanaesthesia.", "PMID": 578475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13095", "title": "Effects of 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (DMAA) on the stretch-induced reflex tension of flexor muscles and the excitability of the gamma-loop in decerebrate and spinal cats.", "content": "The effects of 10 mg/kg i.v. 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (memantine, DMAA) on the stretch-induced reflex tension of flexor muscles extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior (EDL/TA) and on the excitability of the neurons relaying transmission in the gamma-loop have been investigated in decerebrate and spinal cats. DMAA essentially reduced the relfex excitability of flexors EDL/TA induced by fusimotor activity in the decerebrate preparation. The drug did not stimulate the reflex activity in acute spinal cats. In the concentration used, DMAA suppressed largely the transmission of the fusimotor reflex in the decerebrate as well as in the spinal preparation, although in spinal cats DMAA increased the average firing rate of muscle spindle primaries originating from EDL/TA muscles. The possible mechanism of action of the compound on dopaminergic and serotonergic systems as well as its basic effects on neuronal membranes is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (DMAA) on the stretch-induced reflex tension of flexor muscles and the excitability of the gamma-loop in decerebrate and spinal cats. The effects of 10 mg/kg i.v. 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (memantine, DMAA) on the stretch-induced reflex tension of flexor muscles extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior (EDL/TA) and on the excitability of the neurons relaying transmission in the gamma-loop have been investigated in decerebrate and spinal cats. DMAA essentially reduced the relfex excitability of flexors EDL/TA induced by fusimotor activity in the decerebrate preparation. The drug did not stimulate the reflex activity in acute spinal cats. In the concentration used, DMAA suppressed largely the transmission of the fusimotor reflex in the decerebrate as well as in the spinal preparation, although in spinal cats DMAA increased the average firing rate of muscle spindle primaries originating from EDL/TA muscles. The possible mechanism of action of the compound on dopaminergic and serotonergic systems as well as its basic effects on neuronal membranes is discussed.", "PMID": 578477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13096", "title": "[The action of 1-aminoadamantane. Comparative studies with isolated nerve endings and thrombocytes on the release of serotonin and dopamine].", "content": "Nerve endings isolated from rat brain accumulate exogenous serotonin and dopamine. Both biogenic amines are released from nerve endings as well by means of electrical stimulation with rectangular pulses of alternating polarity as by incubation with 5 X 10(-4) to 5 X 10(-5) M solutions of the adamantane derivatives 1-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (D 1) and 1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane hydrochloride (memantine, D 145). The electrically stimulated liberation is small but is significantly increased after simultaneous incubation of the nerve endings with subthreshold concentrations of 1-aminoadamantanes (5X10(-6) to 5X10(-5) M). The reuptake of released serotonin is noncompetitively inhibited by 1-aminoadamantanes. Also in blood platelets frequently used as model cells of the nerve endings the serotonin uptake is inhibited by small concentrations of D 145, 10(-5) to 2X10(-4) M. High concentrations of D 145- greater than 2X10(-3) M, induce the \"release-reaction\", the simultaneous liberation of serotonin, ATP, and ADP. In the concentration range of 2X10(-4) to 2X10(-3) M D 145 only serotonin is set free.", "contents": "[The action of 1-aminoadamantane. Comparative studies with isolated nerve endings and thrombocytes on the release of serotonin and dopamine]. Nerve endings isolated from rat brain accumulate exogenous serotonin and dopamine. Both biogenic amines are released from nerve endings as well by means of electrical stimulation with rectangular pulses of alternating polarity as by incubation with 5 X 10(-4) to 5 X 10(-5) M solutions of the adamantane derivatives 1-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (D 1) and 1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane hydrochloride (memantine, D 145). The electrically stimulated liberation is small but is significantly increased after simultaneous incubation of the nerve endings with subthreshold concentrations of 1-aminoadamantanes (5X10(-6) to 5X10(-5) M). The reuptake of released serotonin is noncompetitively inhibited by 1-aminoadamantanes. Also in blood platelets frequently used as model cells of the nerve endings the serotonin uptake is inhibited by small concentrations of D 145, 10(-5) to 2X10(-4) M. High concentrations of D 145- greater than 2X10(-3) M, induce the \"release-reaction\", the simultaneous liberation of serotonin, ATP, and ADP. In the concentration range of 2X10(-4) to 2X10(-3) M D 145 only serotonin is set free.", "PMID": 578478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13097", "title": "[The effect of memantine (dimethylamino-adamantane) on membranes of sensory nerve fibres (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of memantine (dimethylaminoadamantane), a new amantadinederivate with antiparknison-properties was investigated by the help of the sucrose gap method on sensory nerve fibres of the rat In normal Locke-solution memantine 10(-4) M reduced the amplitude of the compound action potential without change of the resting potential, increased the membrane resistance and depressed the repetitive activity elicited by depolarizing rectangular currents. The results of the experiments with changed concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions in the suspensionmedium indicate that the membrane conductance of all three ions was reduced by memantine. Beside the antiparkinson properties these effects as well as those reported by others might be interpreted as a central muscle relaxing action of memantine. The possible implication of the demonstrated membrane effects of the drug is discussed in relation to its action on the dopaminergic transmission in the nigro-striatal system.", "contents": "[The effect of memantine (dimethylamino-adamantane) on membranes of sensory nerve fibres (author's transl)]. The effect of memantine (dimethylaminoadamantane), a new amantadinederivate with antiparknison-properties was investigated by the help of the sucrose gap method on sensory nerve fibres of the rat In normal Locke-solution memantine 10(-4) M reduced the amplitude of the compound action potential without change of the resting potential, increased the membrane resistance and depressed the repetitive activity elicited by depolarizing rectangular currents. The results of the experiments with changed concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions in the suspensionmedium indicate that the membrane conductance of all three ions was reduced by memantine. Beside the antiparkinson properties these effects as well as those reported by others might be interpreted as a central muscle relaxing action of memantine. The possible implication of the demonstrated membrane effects of the drug is discussed in relation to its action on the dopaminergic transmission in the nigro-striatal system.", "PMID": 578479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13098", "title": "The influence of acetysalicylic acid on changes in platelet function due to physical exertion.", "content": "The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on alterations of the platelets resulting from physical exertion was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Before and 2 h after the administration of placebo or 1 g ASA, venous blood samples were taken for platelet counts, thrombelastography (TEG) and tests of ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. The blood in which the 2-h values were determined was sampled at the highest work-load during sub-maximum exercise on a bicycle ergometer (5 min each at 50, 100 and 150 watts). ASA had no effect on the alterations of the platelets due to physical effort: the increase in the first phase of epinephrine-induced aggregation, the elevation of the platelet count and the hypercoagulability demonstrable by TEG still persisted after the administration of ASA. Some effects were noted, however, that are also observed after the administration of ASA at rest: the second phase of epinephrine-induced aggregation was suppressed and disaggregation after induction with ADP was accelerated.", "contents": "The influence of acetysalicylic acid on changes in platelet function due to physical exertion. The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on alterations of the platelets resulting from physical exertion was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Before and 2 h after the administration of placebo or 1 g ASA, venous blood samples were taken for platelet counts, thrombelastography (TEG) and tests of ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. The blood in which the 2-h values were determined was sampled at the highest work-load during sub-maximum exercise on a bicycle ergometer (5 min each at 50, 100 and 150 watts). ASA had no effect on the alterations of the platelets due to physical effort: the increase in the first phase of epinephrine-induced aggregation, the elevation of the platelet count and the hypercoagulability demonstrable by TEG still persisted after the administration of ASA. Some effects were noted, however, that are also observed after the administration of ASA at rest: the second phase of epinephrine-induced aggregation was suppressed and disaggregation after induction with ADP was accelerated.", "PMID": 578480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13099", "title": "[The influence of the combination of coumarin and troxerutin on infantile blood parameter in lactation period. Short communication (author's transl)].", "content": "The examination of the hematological parameters erythrocytes, hemoglobin, thrombocytes, thrombelastogram, prothrombin time, blood-clotting and bleeding time in 20 mothers and their infants proved that the combination of coumarin and troxerutin (Venalot) can be administered in elevated doses unhesitatingly. All values tested were within normal ranges before and after treatment.", "contents": "[The influence of the combination of coumarin and troxerutin on infantile blood parameter in lactation period. Short communication (author's transl)]. The examination of the hematological parameters erythrocytes, hemoglobin, thrombocytes, thrombelastogram, prothrombin time, blood-clotting and bleeding time in 20 mothers and their infants proved that the combination of coumarin and troxerutin (Venalot) can be administered in elevated doses unhesitatingly. All values tested were within normal ranges before and after treatment.", "PMID": 578482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13100", "title": "Local treatment of thoracic empyema with tri-tetracycline complexes.", "content": "In 13 patients with thoracic empyema of different origins, aqueous solutions of tri-metacycline or tridoxycycline were administered locally into the pleural cavity by puncture or through a drain-tube. Depending on the sensitivity of the causative agent, the former antibiotic was used in 12 cases and the latter in 1 only. The urinary output of the antibiotic was followed by chromatography. The local treatment cleared up the previously purulent exudate in 11 patients, while in the remaining two cases the efficacy of the therapy could not be evaluated.", "contents": "Local treatment of thoracic empyema with tri-tetracycline complexes. In 13 patients with thoracic empyema of different origins, aqueous solutions of tri-metacycline or tridoxycycline were administered locally into the pleural cavity by puncture or through a drain-tube. Depending on the sensitivity of the causative agent, the former antibiotic was used in 12 cases and the latter in 1 only. The urinary output of the antibiotic was followed by chromatography. The local treatment cleared up the previously purulent exudate in 11 patients, while in the remaining two cases the efficacy of the therapy could not be evaluated.", "PMID": 578484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13101", "title": "Influence of canrenoate-K and cardiac glycosides on their tissue distribution and elimination.", "content": "The combination of cardiac glycosides and canrenoate-potassium (CR-K) produces synergistic effects on hemodynamics. On the other hand, CR-K antagonizes digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to determine interactions between these substances, particularly of their myocardial uptake. The additional administration of CR-K leads to significantly higher concentrations of digoxin and ouabain in heart, liver, adrenal gland and spleen. Contrary to this, additional digoxin reduces the concentration of CR-K in the tissue. Particularly obvious is the reduced concentration in the kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, brain and spleen. The renal excretion of digoxin and ouabain is reduced by the additional administration of CR-K, while digoxin accelerates the CR-K excretion within the first 60 min after application. Metabolic interference was not detected in the combination of cardiac glycosides and CR-K. The mechanisms for the interactions between cardiac glycosides and CR-K during the distribution phase are discussed. The inhomogenous interference of their myocardial uptake makes a common cardiac receptor for the synergistic effect of cardiac glycosides and CR-K rather unlikely. CR-K does not have a suppressant effect on digitalis-induced arrhythmias due to any diminution of the glycoside uptake by myocardial tissue.", "contents": "Influence of canrenoate-K and cardiac glycosides on their tissue distribution and elimination. The combination of cardiac glycosides and canrenoate-potassium (CR-K) produces synergistic effects on hemodynamics. On the other hand, CR-K antagonizes digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to determine interactions between these substances, particularly of their myocardial uptake. The additional administration of CR-K leads to significantly higher concentrations of digoxin and ouabain in heart, liver, adrenal gland and spleen. Contrary to this, additional digoxin reduces the concentration of CR-K in the tissue. Particularly obvious is the reduced concentration in the kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, brain and spleen. The renal excretion of digoxin and ouabain is reduced by the additional administration of CR-K, while digoxin accelerates the CR-K excretion within the first 60 min after application. Metabolic interference was not detected in the combination of cardiac glycosides and CR-K. The mechanisms for the interactions between cardiac glycosides and CR-K during the distribution phase are discussed. The inhomogenous interference of their myocardial uptake makes a common cardiac receptor for the synergistic effect of cardiac glycosides and CR-K rather unlikely. CR-K does not have a suppressant effect on digitalis-induced arrhythmias due to any diminution of the glycoside uptake by myocardial tissue.", "PMID": 578485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13102", "title": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in patients with nodular lymphoma.", "content": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) developed in four patients 66 to 157 months following the diagnosis of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDL-N). The ANLL was signalled by increasing anemia and thrombocytopenia. A characteristic cytologic pattern of the leukemia was found. In each patient, a panmyelosis was present with striking morphologic abnormalities in leukocytes, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Marrow cytogenetic studies demonstrated abnormalities in all three patients studied. One of three patients treated with intensive chemotherapy obtained a complete remission. When long term survivors with PDL-N develop increasing anemia and thrombocytopenia, morphologic and cytogenetic marrow examinations are indicated to distinguish progressive lymphoma from therapy-induced myelosuppression or ANLL.", "contents": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in patients with nodular lymphoma. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) developed in four patients 66 to 157 months following the diagnosis of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDL-N). The ANLL was signalled by increasing anemia and thrombocytopenia. A characteristic cytologic pattern of the leukemia was found. In each patient, a panmyelosis was present with striking morphologic abnormalities in leukocytes, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Marrow cytogenetic studies demonstrated abnormalities in all three patients studied. One of three patients treated with intensive chemotherapy obtained a complete remission. When long term survivors with PDL-N develop increasing anemia and thrombocytopenia, morphologic and cytogenetic marrow examinations are indicated to distinguish progressive lymphoma from therapy-induced myelosuppression or ANLL.", "PMID": 578490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13103", "title": "Thymoma and primary lymphoma of the small intestine.", "content": "A case or primary poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma of the ileum in a patient previously found to have an epithelial thymoma is described. While the frequency of malignancies of many types is increased in patients with thymoma, malignant lymphomas represent the most commonly associated tumor type. Lymphomas in these patients may devleop as a result of defective immunologic surveillance, impaired immunoregulation in partially immuno-deficient hosts, or by immunostimulation. The intestinal origin of the tumor in this case suggests that it may have developed as a result of local stimulation of lymphoid tissues by an antigen or antigens present in the intestinal contents.", "contents": "Thymoma and primary lymphoma of the small intestine. A case or primary poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma of the ileum in a patient previously found to have an epithelial thymoma is described. While the frequency of malignancies of many types is increased in patients with thymoma, malignant lymphomas represent the most commonly associated tumor type. Lymphomas in these patients may devleop as a result of defective immunologic surveillance, impaired immunoregulation in partially immuno-deficient hosts, or by immunostimulation. The intestinal origin of the tumor in this case suggests that it may have developed as a result of local stimulation of lymphoid tissues by an antigen or antigens present in the intestinal contents.", "PMID": 578491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13104", "title": "Absorption and excretion of carbenicillin indanyl sodium in patients with reduced kidney function.", "content": "On eight volunteers with reduced kidney function, 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was administered orally for the single dose studies and was given orally in a dose of 1 g every 6 h for 7 days for the multiple dose studies. The patients were divided into two groups according to their kidney functions: group I moderately impaired and group II severely impaired. In the single dose studies, the mean peak level was 12.6 microgram/ml for group I and 26.9 microgram/ml for group II. In the multiple dose studies, the drug tended to accumulate in group II, but the level obtained in group II did not exceed more than 300 microgram/ml. In the single dose studies, the mean peak level in the urine was 1,478.5 microgram/ml for group I and 350.0 microgram/ml for group II. In the multiple dose studies, despite the multiple dose regimen, the level obtained from group II patients only transiently exceeded more than that which will effectively inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. In the single dose studies, the mean cumulative amount excreted in the urine within 24 h was 314.2 mg for group I and 120.1 mg for group II and the difference between both groups was significant (p less than 0.05). For the multiple dose studies, the amount was 278.0 mg for group I and 127.2 mg for group II, respectively. The total amount excreted in the urine within 24 h and the serum level obtained 6 h after ingestion of 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was correlated to the creatinine clearance and the rate of PSP excreted in the urine within the first 15 min of the test.", "contents": "Absorption and excretion of carbenicillin indanyl sodium in patients with reduced kidney function. On eight volunteers with reduced kidney function, 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was administered orally for the single dose studies and was given orally in a dose of 1 g every 6 h for 7 days for the multiple dose studies. The patients were divided into two groups according to their kidney functions: group I moderately impaired and group II severely impaired. In the single dose studies, the mean peak level was 12.6 microgram/ml for group I and 26.9 microgram/ml for group II. In the multiple dose studies, the drug tended to accumulate in group II, but the level obtained in group II did not exceed more than 300 microgram/ml. In the single dose studies, the mean peak level in the urine was 1,478.5 microgram/ml for group I and 350.0 microgram/ml for group II. In the multiple dose studies, despite the multiple dose regimen, the level obtained from group II patients only transiently exceeded more than that which will effectively inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. In the single dose studies, the mean cumulative amount excreted in the urine within 24 h was 314.2 mg for group I and 120.1 mg for group II and the difference between both groups was significant (p less than 0.05). For the multiple dose studies, the amount was 278.0 mg for group I and 127.2 mg for group II, respectively. The total amount excreted in the urine within 24 h and the serum level obtained 6 h after ingestion of 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was correlated to the creatinine clearance and the rate of PSP excreted in the urine within the first 15 min of the test.", "PMID": 578496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13105", "title": "[Retrolental fibroplasia: retrospective study (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) is an iatrogenic disease of immature or dystrophic newborns who had been given oxygen treatment. Exchange transfusions seem to be of aetiological importance because they change the oxygen dissociation curve. Oxygen treatment of the newborn requires exact monitoring which can be done only in specially equipped departments. The retinal changes, up to the full-blown picture of RLF, progress rapidly. Ophthalmological control is, therefore, necessary as early as four weeks of age. If early RLF changes are demonstrated serial examinations every two weeks are indicated so that, if progression is demonstrated, treatment can be instituted.", "contents": "[Retrolental fibroplasia: retrospective study (author's transl)]. Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) is an iatrogenic disease of immature or dystrophic newborns who had been given oxygen treatment. Exchange transfusions seem to be of aetiological importance because they change the oxygen dissociation curve. Oxygen treatment of the newborn requires exact monitoring which can be done only in specially equipped departments. The retinal changes, up to the full-blown picture of RLF, progress rapidly. Ophthalmological control is, therefore, necessary as early as four weeks of age. If early RLF changes are demonstrated serial examinations every two weeks are indicated so that, if progression is demonstrated, treatment can be instituted.", "PMID": 578497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13106", "title": "Lactobezoar in an infant: an unusual cause of upper abdominal tumour persisting for several weeks. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of lactobezoar is described in an eleven weeks old infant with a history of prolonged vomiting and constipation. The feeding history revealed no abnormalities, but unusually high environmental temperatures plus increased sweating may have been responsible for the formation of the gastric milk coagulum which presented as a firm epigastric tumour persisting for several weeks. An abdominal neuroblastoma was suspected but the correct diagnosis was established by a barium meal. Conservative therapy with parenteral fluids and gentle gastric lavage resulted in prompt disintegration of the lactobezoar. The 9 previously reported cases in the literature are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Lactobezoar in an infant: an unusual cause of upper abdominal tumour persisting for several weeks. Case report and review of the literature. A case of lactobezoar is described in an eleven weeks old infant with a history of prolonged vomiting and constipation. The feeding history revealed no abnormalities, but unusually high environmental temperatures plus increased sweating may have been responsible for the formation of the gastric milk coagulum which presented as a firm epigastric tumour persisting for several weeks. An abdominal neuroblastoma was suspected but the correct diagnosis was established by a barium meal. Conservative therapy with parenteral fluids and gentle gastric lavage resulted in prompt disintegration of the lactobezoar. The 9 previously reported cases in the literature are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 578498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13107", "title": "Metabolism and physiologic roles of vitamin E.", "content": "Antioxidant effect of vitamin E averts hemolytic anemia in low-birthweight infants fed formula rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron. Tocopherol supplementation has also been shown to decrease the incidence and severity of retrolental fibroplasia and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although the vitamin lowers platelet hyperaggregability, its role as an antithrombotic agent is still unclear.", "contents": "Metabolism and physiologic roles of vitamin E. Antioxidant effect of vitamin E averts hemolytic anemia in low-birthweight infants fed formula rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron. Tocopherol supplementation has also been shown to decrease the incidence and severity of retrolental fibroplasia and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although the vitamin lowers platelet hyperaggregability, its role as an antithrombotic agent is still unclear.", "PMID": 578501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13108", "title": "[Neurotropic action of probon compared to amidopyrine].", "content": "In comparing the neurotropic action of probon and amidopyrine it became evident that both analgesics inhibit the behavioral reactions of rats in \"open field\" tests, fail to produce any protective action with respect to the reflex reaction of the heart in response to pain stimulation and attenuate such an effect of seduxen. By lengthening the hexobarbital-induced sleep probon and amidopyrine change the EEG nature typical of the effect produced by barbiturates. The difference between the study analgesics is rather a quantitative one, viz. in many rests probon is more potent and its action manifestes itself in a wider range of dosages.", "contents": "[Neurotropic action of probon compared to amidopyrine]. In comparing the neurotropic action of probon and amidopyrine it became evident that both analgesics inhibit the behavioral reactions of rats in \"open field\" tests, fail to produce any protective action with respect to the reflex reaction of the heart in response to pain stimulation and attenuate such an effect of seduxen. By lengthening the hexobarbital-induced sleep probon and amidopyrine change the EEG nature typical of the effect produced by barbiturates. The difference between the study analgesics is rather a quantitative one, viz. in many rests probon is more potent and its action manifestes itself in a wider range of dosages.", "PMID": 578499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13109", "title": "[Membrane stabilizing effect of medicinal substances used for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency].", "content": "Experiments \"in vitro\" have brought evidence that butadion, escinol, esculetin, glyvenol, rutin, escin and the summary flavor noid preparation are capable of stabilizing erythrocytes membranes with the cells subjected to hypotonic hemolysis. Depending upon optimal concentrations the activity of the substances was within the range of 10(-3) to 10(-8). As concerns the intensity of the effect in the optimal concentration (10(-5) M), that corresponds to the one built up in the blood of patients given the therapeutic dose of the drug, the action of glyvenol was 1.6-3.5 times superior to that of the other compounds.", "contents": "[Membrane stabilizing effect of medicinal substances used for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency]. Experiments \"in vitro\" have brought evidence that butadion, escinol, esculetin, glyvenol, rutin, escin and the summary flavor noid preparation are capable of stabilizing erythrocytes membranes with the cells subjected to hypotonic hemolysis. Depending upon optimal concentrations the activity of the substances was within the range of 10(-3) to 10(-8). As concerns the intensity of the effect in the optimal concentration (10(-5) M), that corresponds to the one built up in the blood of patients given the therapeutic dose of the drug, the action of glyvenol was 1.6-3.5 times superior to that of the other compounds.", "PMID": 578500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13110", "title": "Lung surface tension and air space dimensions from multiple pressure-volume curves.", "content": "Pressure-volume (PV) curves of excised cat, dog, rabbit, and rat lungs were determined in a sequence of three conditions: 1) normal-surface, air-filled; 2) saline-filled; and 3) polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate-(Tween 20) surface, air-filled. Since the surface tension of lung washings containing 2% Tween 20 is constant, the Tween-surface air-filled lungs presumably exhibit the pressure-volume behavior of lungs with constant surface tension. These data along with the assumption of equivalent geometry in the three conditions permit calculation of the variation of surface tension in the normal lung as a function of volume without assuming a specific surface area vs. volume function or a maximum surface tension. The calculated surface tension dropped during deflation from a high of 50 dyn/cm total lung capacity (TLC) to a low of 4 dyn/cm (less than 25% TLC) with the species being roughly similar. The PV behavior of Tween-surface lungs appears to fit a simple model of alveolar expansion. Air dimensions calculated for the four species on the basis of this model are ordered in the same sequence as morphological measurements, but larger in magnitude.", "contents": "Lung surface tension and air space dimensions from multiple pressure-volume curves. Pressure-volume (PV) curves of excised cat, dog, rabbit, and rat lungs were determined in a sequence of three conditions: 1) normal-surface, air-filled; 2) saline-filled; and 3) polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate-(Tween 20) surface, air-filled. Since the surface tension of lung washings containing 2% Tween 20 is constant, the Tween-surface air-filled lungs presumably exhibit the pressure-volume behavior of lungs with constant surface tension. These data along with the assumption of equivalent geometry in the three conditions permit calculation of the variation of surface tension in the normal lung as a function of volume without assuming a specific surface area vs. volume function or a maximum surface tension. The calculated surface tension dropped during deflation from a high of 50 dyn/cm total lung capacity (TLC) to a low of 4 dyn/cm (less than 25% TLC) with the species being roughly similar. The PV behavior of Tween-surface lungs appears to fit a simple model of alveolar expansion. Air dimensions calculated for the four species on the basis of this model are ordered in the same sequence as morphological measurements, but larger in magnitude.", "PMID": 578511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13111", "title": "Competency-based training for severely behaviorally handicapped children and their parents.", "content": "This paper describes the major components of a treatment program for severely behaviorally handicapped children. The program's goal is to help the children develop the necessary skills to function in regular classrooms or special education classes. The article presents descriptions of the procedures used in the Day School Learning and Treatment Center and the Parent Training Program at the Judevine Center for Autistic Children. Criteria for acceptance, assessment systems, training techniques, and methods for follow-up are outlined. Also, the paper delineates what are considered to have been five major trends in the development of the program.", "contents": "Competency-based training for severely behaviorally handicapped children and their parents. This paper describes the major components of a treatment program for severely behaviorally handicapped children. The program's goal is to help the children develop the necessary skills to function in regular classrooms or special education classes. The article presents descriptions of the procedures used in the Day School Learning and Treatment Center and the Parent Training Program at the Judevine Center for Autistic Children. Criteria for acceptance, assessment systems, training techniques, and methods for follow-up are outlined. Also, the paper delineates what are considered to have been five major trends in the development of the program.", "PMID": 578512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13112", "title": "Cognitive characteristics of parents of autistic children.", "content": "The parents of 15 autistic boys with a nonverbal IQ of at least 80 were compared with a matched group of parents of normal boys on the Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sorting Test and the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Thought Disorder. It was necessary to control for social class effects as abnormal scores on the thought disorder tests were more frequent in parents of manual social class. It was found that (a) there was a lack of agreement between the two tests of thought disorder, (b) the parents of autistic children showed thought disorder scores closely comparable to those of the parents of normals, and (c) there was no consistent association between thought disorder and anxiety. The methodological and substantive implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the results of previous investigations.", "contents": "Cognitive characteristics of parents of autistic children. The parents of 15 autistic boys with a nonverbal IQ of at least 80 were compared with a matched group of parents of normal boys on the Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sorting Test and the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Thought Disorder. It was necessary to control for social class effects as abnormal scores on the thought disorder tests were more frequent in parents of manual social class. It was found that (a) there was a lack of agreement between the two tests of thought disorder, (b) the parents of autistic children showed thought disorder scores closely comparable to those of the parents of normals, and (c) there was no consistent association between thought disorder and anxiety. The methodological and substantive implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the results of previous investigations.", "PMID": 578513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13113", "title": "A case report of an autistic girl with an extra bisatellited marker chromosome.", "content": "Cytogenetic examination of a 14-year-old severely retarded girl revealed a karyotype of 47 chromosomes with an extra bisatellited chromosome, a translocation between No. 22 and a chromosome in the D group. The girl had presented an early autistic syndrome beginning about 6 months of age during plastering for a congenital luxation of the hips and receding from the age of 5. In addition, she was hyperkinetic with various aggressive and auto-aggressive traits and had atypical minor epileptic fits. Data from child psychiatric examinations at 5 and 14 years are presented. The importance of giving parents information as early as possible about biological causes of mental retardation and mental illness is stressed.", "contents": "A case report of an autistic girl with an extra bisatellited marker chromosome. Cytogenetic examination of a 14-year-old severely retarded girl revealed a karyotype of 47 chromosomes with an extra bisatellited chromosome, a translocation between No. 22 and a chromosome in the D group. The girl had presented an early autistic syndrome beginning about 6 months of age during plastering for a congenital luxation of the hips and receding from the age of 5. In addition, she was hyperkinetic with various aggressive and auto-aggressive traits and had atypical minor epileptic fits. Data from child psychiatric examinations at 5 and 14 years are presented. The importance of giving parents information as early as possible about biological causes of mental retardation and mental illness is stressed.", "PMID": 578514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13114", "title": "Detection, pathogenesis, and prevention of damage to human granulocytes caused by interaction with nylon wool fiber. Implications for filtration leukapheresis.", "content": "Granulocytes collected by reversible adhesion to nylon wool fiber (NWF) function relatively well in standard in vitro tests; however, they have an abnormally shortened survival time in the circulation. Assuming that this rapid disappearance represents clearance and that recognition by phagocytes is important for such clearance, we used an autologous in vitro cell:cell recognition assay to determine whether phagocytes can detect cellular changes induced by exposure of normal granulocytes to NWF. Human granulocytes incubated with NWF 1 h at 37 degrees C, eluted with 20% acid citrate dextrose plasma, and washed stimulated the hexose monophosphate shunt activity of normal granulocytes an average of twofold (193+/-40% of controls), indicating a recognition response. NWF-induced granulocyte recognition was not dependent on plasma factors or activated complement components but was dependent on the time that the granulocyte was on the NWF and was maximal by 60 min of exposure. After elution from NWF, granulocytes demonstrated resting glucose oxidation rates only slightly higher than normal; however, during the first 20 min of exposure to NWF, granulocytes increased their rate of (14)CO(2) production from [1-(14)C]glucose three- to five-fold. Therefore, experiments were performed to determine whether toxic oxygen metabolites produced by NWF-adherent cells might contribute to recognition. The results showed that (a) normal granulocytes exposed to NWF in the presence of scavengers of superoxide anion (superoxide dismutase) or free radicals (ascorbate, mannitol, or benzoate) and washed before assay did not stimulate glucose oxidation of indicator granulocytes; and (b) NWF granulocytes prepared from cells unable to generate high levels of toxic oxygen metabolites, i.e. cells prepared anaerobically or from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, also failed to stimulate indicator granulocytes. Human granulocytes placed in contact with NWF show an oxidative burst and become recognizable to other phagocytes. Free radical scavengers are effective in minimizing this recognition conferred on NWF-procured granulocytes.", "contents": "Detection, pathogenesis, and prevention of damage to human granulocytes caused by interaction with nylon wool fiber. Implications for filtration leukapheresis. Granulocytes collected by reversible adhesion to nylon wool fiber (NWF) function relatively well in standard in vitro tests; however, they have an abnormally shortened survival time in the circulation. Assuming that this rapid disappearance represents clearance and that recognition by phagocytes is important for such clearance, we used an autologous in vitro cell:cell recognition assay to determine whether phagocytes can detect cellular changes induced by exposure of normal granulocytes to NWF. Human granulocytes incubated with NWF 1 h at 37 degrees C, eluted with 20% acid citrate dextrose plasma, and washed stimulated the hexose monophosphate shunt activity of normal granulocytes an average of twofold (193+/-40% of controls), indicating a recognition response. NWF-induced granulocyte recognition was not dependent on plasma factors or activated complement components but was dependent on the time that the granulocyte was on the NWF and was maximal by 60 min of exposure. After elution from NWF, granulocytes demonstrated resting glucose oxidation rates only slightly higher than normal; however, during the first 20 min of exposure to NWF, granulocytes increased their rate of (14)CO(2) production from [1-(14)C]glucose three- to five-fold. Therefore, experiments were performed to determine whether toxic oxygen metabolites produced by NWF-adherent cells might contribute to recognition. The results showed that (a) normal granulocytes exposed to NWF in the presence of scavengers of superoxide anion (superoxide dismutase) or free radicals (ascorbate, mannitol, or benzoate) and washed before assay did not stimulate glucose oxidation of indicator granulocytes; and (b) NWF granulocytes prepared from cells unable to generate high levels of toxic oxygen metabolites, i.e. cells prepared anaerobically or from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, also failed to stimulate indicator granulocytes. Human granulocytes placed in contact with NWF show an oxidative burst and become recognizable to other phagocytes. Free radical scavengers are effective in minimizing this recognition conferred on NWF-procured granulocytes.", "PMID": 578517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13115", "title": "Potential systemic side effects of six common ophthalmic drugs.", "content": "Drugs applied topically on the eye are partly absorbed into the eye (possibly 2 to 10%), the remainder can enter the systemic circulation through the conjuctival vessels or from the vessles of the nasolacrimal passages. Drug molecules which enter the stomach and are not transformed into inactive compounds may also enter the blood stream. Systemic reactions to topically applied ophthalmic drugs are shown to be rare and largely preventable.", "contents": "Potential systemic side effects of six common ophthalmic drugs. Drugs applied topically on the eye are partly absorbed into the eye (possibly 2 to 10%), the remainder can enter the systemic circulation through the conjuctival vessels or from the vessles of the nasolacrimal passages. Drug molecules which enter the stomach and are not transformed into inactive compounds may also enter the blood stream. Systemic reactions to topically applied ophthalmic drugs are shown to be rare and largely preventable.", "PMID": 578519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13116", "title": "Tetanus antibody production in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit and correlated histopathological features of the central nervous system.", "content": "The histopathological features in the central nervous system (CNS) developing during the active phase of tetanus antibody formation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as induced in 15 rabbits were studied. The measurement of antibody titres in serum and CSF by electroimmunodiffusion and histological examination were done sequentially at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days after cisternal secondary inoculation with fluid tetanus toxoid. Tetanus antibodies appeared in serum after the 1st and in CSF after the 5th day. Decreasing values of CSF total protein were found. The meaning of an elevated Q ratio as observed in this situation of strong  antibody formation in the CSF was enhanced. The histopathological features in the central nervous system consisted of perivascular inflammatory infiltration, at first polymorphic and then composed almost exclusively of mononuclear cells with a predominantly leptomeningeal and subpial localization, which might represent the origin of CSF tetanus antibodies. The localization was related to the contact zone between the antigen- and antibody-containing compartments, respectively the subarachnoid space and vascularized structures of the brain and spinal cord. Four control rabbits presented neither tetanus antibodies in the CSF nor perivascular inflammatory infiltration in the CNS. Similarity between the present experimental results and the immunopathological features of the primary demyelinating diseases provides some useful information about the immunological inflammatory events in these diseases.", "contents": "Tetanus antibody production in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit and correlated histopathological features of the central nervous system. The histopathological features in the central nervous system (CNS) developing during the active phase of tetanus antibody formation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as induced in 15 rabbits were studied. The measurement of antibody titres in serum and CSF by electroimmunodiffusion and histological examination were done sequentially at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days after cisternal secondary inoculation with fluid tetanus toxoid. Tetanus antibodies appeared in serum after the 1st and in CSF after the 5th day. Decreasing values of CSF total protein were found. The meaning of an elevated Q ratio as observed in this situation of strong  antibody formation in the CSF was enhanced. The histopathological features in the central nervous system consisted of perivascular inflammatory infiltration, at first polymorphic and then composed almost exclusively of mononuclear cells with a predominantly leptomeningeal and subpial localization, which might represent the origin of CSF tetanus antibodies. The localization was related to the contact zone between the antigen- and antibody-containing compartments, respectively the subarachnoid space and vascularized structures of the brain and spinal cord. Four control rabbits presented neither tetanus antibodies in the CSF nor perivascular inflammatory infiltration in the CNS. Similarity between the present experimental results and the immunopathological features of the primary demyelinating diseases provides some useful information about the immunological inflammatory events in these diseases.", "PMID": 578524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13117", "title": "Kinetics and mechanisms of monolayer interactions IV: Surface activity of alkanols and energies of their interaction with dipalmitoyllecithin and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine.", "content": "The free energies of adsorption of the C1 to C14 alkanols at the air--water interface, estimated from plots of the surface pressure (pi less than or equal to 5 dynes/cm) against the bulk concentration, were a linear function of the chain length for 1-alkanols. From C3 to C8, the 2- and 3-isomers showed lower values than the 1-isomers. The energies of interaction of the C1 to C14 alkanols with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers, previously spread at the air-water interface, were estimated from the increase of the surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the injected alkanol. The energies of interaction of the C1 to C5 1-alkanols were linear functions of the chain length. The energy of interaction per methylene group of the alkyl chain suggests that the phospholipid monolayers behaved as ultrathin \"oil\" phases. The 2- and 3-isomers presented marked departures from linearity. The literature data for reflection coefficients in biomembranes and for partition coefficients between olive oil and water, red cell membranes and water, and phospholipid liposomes and water for the C1 to C5 alkanols show similar linearities with the chain length for the 1-isomers and comparable departures for the 2- and 3-isomers.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanisms of monolayer interactions IV: Surface activity of alkanols and energies of their interaction with dipalmitoyllecithin and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine. The free energies of adsorption of the C1 to C14 alkanols at the air--water interface, estimated from plots of the surface pressure (pi less than or equal to 5 dynes/cm) against the bulk concentration, were a linear function of the chain length for 1-alkanols. From C3 to C8, the 2- and 3-isomers showed lower values than the 1-isomers. The energies of interaction of the C1 to C14 alkanols with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers, previously spread at the air-water interface, were estimated from the increase of the surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the injected alkanol. The energies of interaction of the C1 to C5 1-alkanols were linear functions of the chain length. The energy of interaction per methylene group of the alkyl chain suggests that the phospholipid monolayers behaved as ultrathin \"oil\" phases. The 2- and 3-isomers presented marked departures from linearity. The literature data for reflection coefficients in biomembranes and for partition coefficients between olive oil and water, red cell membranes and water, and phospholipid liposomes and water for the C1 to C5 alkanols show similar linearities with the chain length for the 1-isomers and comparable departures for the 2- and 3-isomers.", "PMID": 578527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13118", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for normeperidine: studies on the N-dealkylation of meperidine and anileridine.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for normeperidine has been developed that can detect as little as 100 pg of this metabolite. In competitive binding experiments with [125I]O-tyramyl-normeperidinic acid and an antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with a bovine serum albumin-normeperidinic acid conjugate, meperidine is only 0.01% as effective an inhibitor as normeperidine. Therefore, normeperidine can be determined in physiological fluids and in tissue extracts when relatively large amounts of meperidine or other N-phenylpiperidine esters are present. High pressure liquid chromatography can be used to confirm the results obtained by radioimmunoassay during the in vitro N-dealkylations of meperidine and anileridine to normeperidine. The normeperidine isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography accounts for all of the inhibitory reactivity determined in the enzymatic digests by the radioimmunoassay. Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) can be determined for the N-dealkylation of meperidine and anileridine. The formation of normeperidine with time can be followed in rabbits injected with meperidine or anileridine. Plasma levels may also be determined when meperidine is administered as an obsteric analgesic.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for normeperidine: studies on the N-dealkylation of meperidine and anileridine. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for normeperidine has been developed that can detect as little as 100 pg of this metabolite. In competitive binding experiments with [125I]O-tyramyl-normeperidinic acid and an antiserum produced in rabbits immunized with a bovine serum albumin-normeperidinic acid conjugate, meperidine is only 0.01% as effective an inhibitor as normeperidine. Therefore, normeperidine can be determined in physiological fluids and in tissue extracts when relatively large amounts of meperidine or other N-phenylpiperidine esters are present. High pressure liquid chromatography can be used to confirm the results obtained by radioimmunoassay during the in vitro N-dealkylations of meperidine and anileridine to normeperidine. The normeperidine isolated by high pressure liquid chromatography accounts for all of the inhibitory reactivity determined in the enzymatic digests by the radioimmunoassay. Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) can be determined for the N-dealkylation of meperidine and anileridine. The formation of normeperidine with time can be followed in rabbits injected with meperidine or anileridine. Plasma levels may also be determined when meperidine is administered as an obsteric analgesic.", "PMID": 578528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13119", "title": "Arthropathy as the major clinical indicator of occult iron storage disease.", "content": "Chronic arthritis was the only symptom that led to the detection of increased iron stores in four patients. In these persons, the serum iron was ordered at the time of initial examination, and ranged from 212 to 237 microgram/dl with a transferrin saturation of 83% to 100%. Liver biopsy specimens showed hepatocyte iron deposition in each person, with definite cirrhosis in only one patient. These cases illustrate that a chronic arthropathy may be the first clinical manifestation of iron overload, and can lead to discovery of the disease in patients and their family members. Treatment may then be initiated before extensive tissue damage has occurred.", "contents": "Arthropathy as the major clinical indicator of occult iron storage disease. Chronic arthritis was the only symptom that led to the detection of increased iron stores in four patients. In these persons, the serum iron was ordered at the time of initial examination, and ranged from 212 to 237 microgram/dl with a transferrin saturation of 83% to 100%. Liver biopsy specimens showed hepatocyte iron deposition in each person, with definite cirrhosis in only one patient. These cases illustrate that a chronic arthropathy may be the first clinical manifestation of iron overload, and can lead to discovery of the disease in patients and their family members. Treatment may then be initiated before extensive tissue damage has occurred.", "PMID": 578539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13120", "title": "Zonal colonic hypoganglionosis.", "content": "We report the case of a patient with chronic constipation since birth, a strictured area in the distal sigmoid colon, and histologic findings of localized hypoganglionosis. We have compared this entity (zonal colonic hypoganglionosis) and reviewed the literature of all known cases of zonal colonic aganglionosis and hypoganglionosis.", "contents": "Zonal colonic hypoganglionosis. We report the case of a patient with chronic constipation since birth, a strictured area in the distal sigmoid colon, and histologic findings of localized hypoganglionosis. We have compared this entity (zonal colonic hypoganglionosis) and reviewed the literature of all known cases of zonal colonic aganglionosis and hypoganglionosis.", "PMID": 578540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13121", "title": "Pulmonary perfusion defect and bronchial artery collateral blood flow.", "content": "A five-year-old child with severe congestive heart failure following repair of tetralogy of Fallot was examined for correction of a suspected left-to-right shunt. Lung scan and selective bronchial angiographs demonstrated greatly diminished perfusion to the right upper lobe, which was supplied by a large bronchial artery. Technetium microspheres were injected into the artery for quantification. Subsequently, the artery was occluded by injection of the tissue-adhesive bucrylate. During the following year, radionuclide scans showed improvement in the uniformity and percentage distribution of pulmonary perfusion by way of the pulmonary artery. The child has become asymptomatic following closure of the bronchial vessel.", "contents": "Pulmonary perfusion defect and bronchial artery collateral blood flow. A five-year-old child with severe congestive heart failure following repair of tetralogy of Fallot was examined for correction of a suspected left-to-right shunt. Lung scan and selective bronchial angiographs demonstrated greatly diminished perfusion to the right upper lobe, which was supplied by a large bronchial artery. Technetium microspheres were injected into the artery for quantification. Subsequently, the artery was occluded by injection of the tissue-adhesive bucrylate. During the following year, radionuclide scans showed improvement in the uniformity and percentage distribution of pulmonary perfusion by way of the pulmonary artery. The child has become asymptomatic following closure of the bronchial vessel.", "PMID": 578541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13122", "title": "A simulated patient-physician encounter using a talking computer.", "content": "Computer-based clinical simulations provide a means for evaluating the information-gathering and patient-management competencies of physicians. The need for expensive computer terminals has restricted physician use of these simulations. This computer-based program permits physicians to complete computer-based encounters using a standard touch-tone telephone.", "contents": "A simulated patient-physician encounter using a talking computer. Computer-based clinical simulations provide a means for evaluating the information-gathering and patient-management competencies of physicians. The need for expensive computer terminals has restricted physician use of these simulations. This computer-based program permits physicians to complete computer-based encounters using a standard touch-tone telephone.", "PMID": 578551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13123", "title": "Effect of clonidine on atrioventricular conduction.", "content": "Clonidine hydrochloride may be a factor in producing a high-grade atrioventricular block. Therefore, careful follow-up with repeated ECG monitoring seems to be indicated when clonidine is given to a patient with suspected cardiac conduction disease, especially if the patient is concurrently receiving digitalis therapy.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine on atrioventricular conduction. Clonidine hydrochloride may be a factor in producing a high-grade atrioventricular block. Therefore, careful follow-up with repeated ECG monitoring seems to be indicated when clonidine is given to a patient with suspected cardiac conduction disease, especially if the patient is concurrently receiving digitalis therapy.", "PMID": 578552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13124", "title": "Doxycycline in abdominal surgery.", "content": "Twenty patients undergoing urgent or emergency surgical procedures where intra-abdominal infection was suspected were treated with doxycycline hyclate. Wound infections involving anaerobic, aerobic, or facultative bacteria developed in four of 11 patients treated with doxycycline alone. Nine other patients received higher doses of doxycycline plus gentamicin sulfate. Five of these had postoperative infections primarily involving anaerobic organisms. Bacteremia with a doxycycline-resistant Bacteroides fragilis developed in one patient during therapy. Serum levels of doxycycline, even at the higher dosage, were below the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a number of potential pathogens isolated at the time of surgery. Doxycycline is not indicated in cases of serious intra-abdominal infection unless the infecting flora are known to be susceptible.", "contents": "Doxycycline in abdominal surgery. Twenty patients undergoing urgent or emergency surgical procedures where intra-abdominal infection was suspected were treated with doxycycline hyclate. Wound infections involving anaerobic, aerobic, or facultative bacteria developed in four of 11 patients treated with doxycycline alone. Nine other patients received higher doses of doxycycline plus gentamicin sulfate. Five of these had postoperative infections primarily involving anaerobic organisms. Bacteremia with a doxycycline-resistant Bacteroides fragilis developed in one patient during therapy. Serum levels of doxycycline, even at the higher dosage, were below the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a number of potential pathogens isolated at the time of surgery. Doxycycline is not indicated in cases of serious intra-abdominal infection unless the infecting flora are known to be susceptible.", "PMID": 578553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13125", "title": "Nonsuppurative nodular panniculitis (Weber-Christian disease). An unusual cause of mammary calcifications.", "content": "A case of nodular panniculitis (Weber-Christian disease) with breast involvement is presented. Xeromammography demonstrated unusual calcifications in the nodules.", "contents": "Nonsuppurative nodular panniculitis (Weber-Christian disease). An unusual cause of mammary calcifications. A case of nodular panniculitis (Weber-Christian disease) with breast involvement is presented. Xeromammography demonstrated unusual calcifications in the nodules.", "PMID": 578555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13126", "title": "Elevated platelet-associated IgG in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A 41-year--old woman with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was treated with prednisone and splenectomy with complete recovery from her illness. Analysis of the patient's platelets for immunoglobulins showed abnormally elevated levels in the range of those seen in thrombocytopenic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, immune vasculitis, and infectious mononucleosis. This finding is consistent with the concept that the immune system may play a role in the pathogenesis of TTP.", "contents": "Elevated platelet-associated IgG in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A 41-year--old woman with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was treated with prednisone and splenectomy with complete recovery from her illness. Analysis of the patient's platelets for immunoglobulins showed abnormally elevated levels in the range of those seen in thrombocytopenic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, immune vasculitis, and infectious mononucleosis. This finding is consistent with the concept that the immune system may play a role in the pathogenesis of TTP.", "PMID": 578556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13127", "title": "[Physiopathology and clinical aspects of the alveolar surface active system (pulmonary surfactant)].", "content": "Existing knowledge of the pulmonary alveolar surfactant system is summarised in monographic form. Particular attention is directed to its physiopathology, synthesis mechanisms, and pathology in man, as well as to the methods used into its clinical investigation. Stress is laid on the importance of the system in the direct or indirect determination of many cardiac and pneumocardiac diseases. Ways in chich deficiencies on the part of this system can be treated are critically discussed.", "contents": "[Physiopathology and clinical aspects of the alveolar surface active system (pulmonary surfactant)]. Existing knowledge of the pulmonary alveolar surfactant system is summarised in monographic form. Particular attention is directed to its physiopathology, synthesis mechanisms, and pathology in man, as well as to the methods used into its clinical investigation. Stress is laid on the importance of the system in the direct or indirect determination of many cardiac and pneumocardiac diseases. Ways in chich deficiencies on the part of this system can be treated are critically discussed.", "PMID": 578568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13128", "title": "[Effect of actinomycin D and sibiromycin on 3H-thymidine incorporation into the early developmental stages of Nereis virens Sars].", "content": "The Nereis virens embryos at the stages of 2, 8, 16 and 32 blastomeres end of cleavage and beginning of rotation were placed in the actinomycin D or sibiromycin solutions and the effect of antibiotics on 3H-thymidine incorporation during cleavage, at the beginning of rotation and in trochophore was determined by means of autoradiography after careful washing the embryos off. Under the effect of actinomycin D the intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation during cleavage decreased insignificantly, at the gastrula stage somewhat exceeded that in the control, and at the stages of trochophore formation decreased twice. At the later stages it approached the normal level. In the experiments with sibiromycin which proved to have more distinct inhibitory effect, the stage of trochophore formation was also found to be the most sensitive to the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Effect of actinomycin D and sibiromycin on 3H-thymidine incorporation into the early developmental stages of Nereis virens Sars]. The Nereis virens embryos at the stages of 2, 8, 16 and 32 blastomeres end of cleavage and beginning of rotation were placed in the actinomycin D or sibiromycin solutions and the effect of antibiotics on 3H-thymidine incorporation during cleavage, at the beginning of rotation and in trochophore was determined by means of autoradiography after careful washing the embryos off. Under the effect of actinomycin D the intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation during cleavage decreased insignificantly, at the gastrula stage somewhat exceeded that in the control, and at the stages of trochophore formation decreased twice. At the later stages it approached the normal level. In the experiments with sibiromycin which proved to have more distinct inhibitory effect, the stage of trochophore formation was also found to be the most sensitive to the antibiotic.", "PMID": 578569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13129", "title": "[Laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "Explorative laparotomy and splenectomy represents the most accurate methode to recognize a lymphogranulomatous process below the diaphragm. The demonstration or exclusion of a subdiaphragmatic propagation of disease plays an essential role in therapy. Since 1973 we have performed explorative laparotomy and splenectomy in stage (I) II-III a of Hodgkin's disease. In the course of this invasive diagnostic procedures (39 primary and 12 reassessing laparotomies and splenectomies) no case of death and no persisting postoperative complications were noticed. Clinical staging was altered in 47% of cases by the procedure but in only one quarter of patients this result influenced therapeutic regimen.", "contents": "[Laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease]. Explorative laparotomy and splenectomy represents the most accurate methode to recognize a lymphogranulomatous process below the diaphragm. The demonstration or exclusion of a subdiaphragmatic propagation of disease plays an essential role in therapy. Since 1973 we have performed explorative laparotomy and splenectomy in stage (I) II-III a of Hodgkin's disease. In the course of this invasive diagnostic procedures (39 primary and 12 reassessing laparotomies and splenectomies) no case of death and no persisting postoperative complications were noticed. Clinical staging was altered in 47% of cases by the procedure but in only one quarter of patients this result influenced therapeutic regimen.", "PMID": 578571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13130", "title": "Immunestimulation in cancer patients by a new synthetic compound: BM 06 002.", "content": "A new synthetic compound 4-imino-1,3-diazobicyclo (3,1,0)-hexan-2-on (BM 06 002) has been shown in animal models to stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions. In a Phase I study in man a total absence of toxic side effects after intravenous injection of BM 06 002 has been demonstrated. In the present investigation in patients with advanced incurable cancer one single injection of this substance induced a significant stimulation of lymphocyte blastogenesis response to PHA and PWM. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, tested before and after drug application, were also found increased. According to thses findings BM 06 002 might be considered as an immune-stimulating compound.", "contents": "Immunestimulation in cancer patients by a new synthetic compound: BM 06 002. A new synthetic compound 4-imino-1,3-diazobicyclo (3,1,0)-hexan-2-on (BM 06 002) has been shown in animal models to stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions. In a Phase I study in man a total absence of toxic side effects after intravenous injection of BM 06 002 has been demonstrated. In the present investigation in patients with advanced incurable cancer one single injection of this substance induced a significant stimulation of lymphocyte blastogenesis response to PHA and PWM. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, tested before and after drug application, were also found increased. According to thses findings BM 06 002 might be considered as an immune-stimulating compound.", "PMID": 578572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13131", "title": "Problems of local recurrence in patients with Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "With the increasing longevity of patients with Ewing's sarcoma not only the long term tissue effects of local treatment are important, but also the management of patients who develop local recurrent disease. Of our 42 patients with Ewing's sarcoma, 33 were treated by irradiation and 7 of them developed a recurrence. The reasons of failure to control the primary tumor are analysed in the light of present experience and guidelines for the management of the recurrence are discussed. With optimal combination therapy it is hoped, that a proportion of patients with recurrent disease can be salvaged.", "contents": "Problems of local recurrence in patients with Ewing's sarcoma. With the increasing longevity of patients with Ewing's sarcoma not only the long term tissue effects of local treatment are important, but also the management of patients who develop local recurrent disease. Of our 42 patients with Ewing's sarcoma, 33 were treated by irradiation and 7 of them developed a recurrence. The reasons of failure to control the primary tumor are analysed in the light of present experience and guidelines for the management of the recurrence are discussed. With optimal combination therapy it is hoped, that a proportion of patients with recurrent disease can be salvaged.", "PMID": 578573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13132", "title": "Iotroxamide--a new intravenous cholangiographic agent. Comparison with iodipamide and the effect of bile salts.", "content": "The maximum biliary excretion rate of iotroxamide was found to be significantly greater than that of iodipamide in bile-fistula dogs. High bile salt excretion rates had no effect on the rate of biliary excretion of either compound, but the choleresis associated with greater bile salt excretion reduced the biliary concentration of both agents. Both are potent choleretics, stimulating about 23.5 ml of bile per mmole of contrast agent excreted in bile. This obligatory coupling of the contrast agents with water as they are excreted in bile imposes a limit on the maximum concentration that can be achieved in bile. Since iotroxamide is excreted more rapidly in bile than iodipamide for any equimolar plasma concentration, it may be a superior contrast agent for intravenous cholangiography.", "contents": "Iotroxamide--a new intravenous cholangiographic agent. Comparison with iodipamide and the effect of bile salts. The maximum biliary excretion rate of iotroxamide was found to be significantly greater than that of iodipamide in bile-fistula dogs. High bile salt excretion rates had no effect on the rate of biliary excretion of either compound, but the choleresis associated with greater bile salt excretion reduced the biliary concentration of both agents. Both are potent choleretics, stimulating about 23.5 ml of bile per mmole of contrast agent excreted in bile. This obligatory coupling of the contrast agents with water as they are excreted in bile imposes a limit on the maximum concentration that can be achieved in bile. Since iotroxamide is excreted more rapidly in bile than iodipamide for any equimolar plasma concentration, it may be a superior contrast agent for intravenous cholangiography.", "PMID": 578579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13133", "title": "The lethal effect of some benzimidazoles on Taenia hydatigena in dogs.", "content": "The lethal effect of some benzimidazoles on Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs have been compared. Fenbendazole, parbendazole and oxibendazole were more effective than cambendazole and thiabendazole, while coarsely ground mebendazole did not differ significantly from any of them.", "contents": "The lethal effect of some benzimidazoles on Taenia hydatigena in dogs. The lethal effect of some benzimidazoles on Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs have been compared. Fenbendazole, parbendazole and oxibendazole were more effective than cambendazole and thiabendazole, while coarsely ground mebendazole did not differ significantly from any of them.", "PMID": 578582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13134", "title": "Chemical meningitis related to intrathecal corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "A patient developed symptomatic lymphocytic meningitis with hypoglycorrhachia after two intrathecal injections of methylprednisolone acetate. Chills, fever, and confusion occurred ten days after the second injection, and were brief in duration. There were no obvious sequelae. Hypoglycorrhachia secondary to intrathecal steroids has not been previously reported. Steroid-induced chemical meningitis should be considered in any patient who develops CNS symptoms and an abnormal CSF after receiving intrathecal steroids. Obviously, the more common causes of lymphocytic meningitis with or without hypoglycorrhachia must be excluded.", "contents": "Chemical meningitis related to intrathecal corticosteroid therapy. A patient developed symptomatic lymphocytic meningitis with hypoglycorrhachia after two intrathecal injections of methylprednisolone acetate. Chills, fever, and confusion occurred ten days after the second injection, and were brief in duration. There were no obvious sequelae. Hypoglycorrhachia secondary to intrathecal steroids has not been previously reported. Steroid-induced chemical meningitis should be considered in any patient who develops CNS symptoms and an abnormal CSF after receiving intrathecal steroids. Obviously, the more common causes of lymphocytic meningitis with or without hypoglycorrhachia must be excluded.", "PMID": 578589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13135", "title": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle by stall feeding on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. I. Type of forage and level and type of supplementation.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken with Malawi zebu steers over three wet seasons to investigate the effects of feeding improved forages (zero grazed) and supplements on animal performance. The forages fed were Guinea grass and pearl millet and the supplements maize: madeya (maize bran) or maize: madeya: cottonweed cake. The daily allowance of supplement was, on a DM basis, liveweight equivalent to 0-6, 1-1 or 1-5 per cent of cattle (1973, 1974). In 1975 the supplementation treatments were nil, maize: madeya or leucaena fed at 0-6 per cent liveweight. Daily gains of steers were similar with both forages except in 1975 when those fed on pearl millet grew 19 per cent faster than those on Guinea grass. The performance of steers was increased with supplementation only where forage quality declined. The significance of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle by stall feeding on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. I. Type of forage and level and type of supplementation. Experiments were undertaken with Malawi zebu steers over three wet seasons to investigate the effects of feeding improved forages (zero grazed) and supplements on animal performance. The forages fed were Guinea grass and pearl millet and the supplements maize: madeya (maize bran) or maize: madeya: cottonweed cake. The daily allowance of supplement was, on a DM basis, liveweight equivalent to 0-6, 1-1 or 1-5 per cent of cattle (1973, 1974). In 1975 the supplementation treatments were nil, maize: madeya or leucaena fed at 0-6 per cent liveweight. Daily gains of steers were similar with both forages except in 1975 when those fed on pearl millet grew 19 per cent faster than those on Guinea grass. The performance of steers was increased with supplementation only where forage quality declined. The significance of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 578596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13136", "title": "[Current concept of Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome].", "content": "The Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome is giving rise to an everincreasing number of publications. Since the initial work by Gougerot in France and Sj\u00f6gren in Sweden, the most important publications have been coming from the United States of America, particularly the series from the NIH at Bethesda. Since Bunim, Talal, Bloch and colleagues have taken up this topic, the conception of the disease which has become established is that of an auto-immune condition which or may not be associated with a rheumatoid polyarthritis or related diseases. It may be asked whether such a conception does in fact permit a better approach to patients suffering from the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. It might seem more useful to separate the exocrine syndromes from the concomittant immunitary symptoms more clearly. A further important problem is that raised by the perfection of the means of detecting the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. This poses a key problem : that of the borderlines of this syndrome.", "contents": "[Current concept of Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome]. The Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome is giving rise to an everincreasing number of publications. Since the initial work by Gougerot in France and Sj\u00f6gren in Sweden, the most important publications have been coming from the United States of America, particularly the series from the NIH at Bethesda. Since Bunim, Talal, Bloch and colleagues have taken up this topic, the conception of the disease which has become established is that of an auto-immune condition which or may not be associated with a rheumatoid polyarthritis or related diseases. It may be asked whether such a conception does in fact permit a better approach to patients suffering from the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. It might seem more useful to separate the exocrine syndromes from the concomittant immunitary symptoms more clearly. A further important problem is that raised by the perfection of the means of detecting the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. This poses a key problem : that of the borderlines of this syndrome.", "PMID": 578587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13137", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of methods for predicting fetal lung maturity based on serial amniotic fluid tests (author's transl)].", "content": "12 pregnant females in the last trimester were subjected to serial amniocentesis. Although there was medical indication for amniocentesis the pregnancies were normal. All samples were evaluated with four different methods. We used two physical (Wilhelmy balance and foam test) and two chemical (L/S ratio densitometrically and planimetrically measured) methods. The Curves of individual pregnancies were compared with the reference values of 109 samples of amniotic liquid of uncomplicated pregnancies. Reference values for the various techniques reported in the literature are generally based on aggregate data collected from a number of pregnant females, which are then consolidated to obtain mean values for each gestational week. We found a continuous rise of all parameters, both in the reference value and in eight individual pregnancies. Besides we found a strikingly extraordinary run of the curves in four individual pregnancies. Here we recognized a rapid ascent and descent of surfactant concentration within short periods, which were not identical with the reference values. All four methods showed results with a statistical significant conformity, only the foam test showed a little lower significance.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of methods for predicting fetal lung maturity based on serial amniotic fluid tests (author's transl)]. 12 pregnant females in the last trimester were subjected to serial amniocentesis. Although there was medical indication for amniocentesis the pregnancies were normal. All samples were evaluated with four different methods. We used two physical (Wilhelmy balance and foam test) and two chemical (L/S ratio densitometrically and planimetrically measured) methods. The Curves of individual pregnancies were compared with the reference values of 109 samples of amniotic liquid of uncomplicated pregnancies. Reference values for the various techniques reported in the literature are generally based on aggregate data collected from a number of pregnant females, which are then consolidated to obtain mean values for each gestational week. We found a continuous rise of all parameters, both in the reference value and in eight individual pregnancies. Besides we found a strikingly extraordinary run of the curves in four individual pregnancies. Here we recognized a rapid ascent and descent of surfactant concentration within short periods, which were not identical with the reference values. All four methods showed results with a statistical significant conformity, only the foam test showed a little lower significance.", "PMID": 578600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13138", "title": "Amniotic fluid shake test versus lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio in the antenatal prediction of respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Surfactant content of 211 amniotic fluid samples raken between 28 and 42 weeks' gestations was determined by the shake test. Parallel with this also the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was measured in 99 cases. When the test was positive no respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurred, while 25 RDS (53.34%) developed in 46 newborns with negative test and 8 RDS (15.38%) in 52 newborns with intermediate test. RDS was observed in all cases when the L/S ratio was below 1.5. At L/S ratios between 1.5 and 2.0, RDS appeared in 50% of the negative tests and 20% of the intermediate tests. However, when the L/S ratio was over 2.0 no RDS occured even in the case of negative tests. For the clinical praxis the positive test gives an exact information; no RDS is to be expected in such cases. In the case of a negative test, however, the authors think is necessary also to determine the L/S ratio.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid shake test versus lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio in the antenatal prediction of respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant content of 211 amniotic fluid samples raken between 28 and 42 weeks' gestations was determined by the shake test. Parallel with this also the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was measured in 99 cases. When the test was positive no respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurred, while 25 RDS (53.34%) developed in 46 newborns with negative test and 8 RDS (15.38%) in 52 newborns with intermediate test. RDS was observed in all cases when the L/S ratio was below 1.5. At L/S ratios between 1.5 and 2.0, RDS appeared in 50% of the negative tests and 20% of the intermediate tests. However, when the L/S ratio was over 2.0 no RDS occured even in the case of negative tests. For the clinical praxis the positive test gives an exact information; no RDS is to be expected in such cases. In the case of a negative test, however, the authors think is necessary also to determine the L/S ratio.", "PMID": 578601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13139", "title": "Early effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on exocytosis and endocytosis in the thyroid.", "content": "The early effect (3 min) of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on exocytosis-endocytosis in the rat thyroid follicle cell was investigated by electron microscopic morphometry. All rats used were pre-treated with thyroxine for 2 days prior to the experiments. In control rats, the membrane surface area of exocytotic vesicles, the only type of vesicle present in the apical part of the follicle cell, approximately equaled that of the apical plasma membrane. Intravenous administration of TSH caused a significant decrease in the membrane surface area of exocytotic vesicles by about 20% and a corresponding, significant increase in the membrane surface area of the apical plasma membrane by about 20%. Pseudopods were present in 4 of 6 TSH-injected rats examined, but the membrane surface area of these structures was only 15% of the increase in the surface area of the apical plasma membrane. The total membrane surface area analyzed was not influenced by injection of TSH. We conclude that the initial effect of TSH on the thyroid follicle cell is a re-distribution of membrane from exocytotic vesicles to the apical plasma membrane. This conclusion is in harmony with our previous observations which indicate that the (membrane-requiring) endocytotic response after TSH is regulated by the amount of membrane material added to the apical plasma membrane by exocytosis.", "contents": "Early effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on exocytosis and endocytosis in the thyroid. The early effect (3 min) of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on exocytosis-endocytosis in the rat thyroid follicle cell was investigated by electron microscopic morphometry. All rats used were pre-treated with thyroxine for 2 days prior to the experiments. In control rats, the membrane surface area of exocytotic vesicles, the only type of vesicle present in the apical part of the follicle cell, approximately equaled that of the apical plasma membrane. Intravenous administration of TSH caused a significant decrease in the membrane surface area of exocytotic vesicles by about 20% and a corresponding, significant increase in the membrane surface area of the apical plasma membrane by about 20%. Pseudopods were present in 4 of 6 TSH-injected rats examined, but the membrane surface area of these structures was only 15% of the increase in the surface area of the apical plasma membrane. The total membrane surface area analyzed was not influenced by injection of TSH. We conclude that the initial effect of TSH on the thyroid follicle cell is a re-distribution of membrane from exocytotic vesicles to the apical plasma membrane. This conclusion is in harmony with our previous observations which indicate that the (membrane-requiring) endocytotic response after TSH is regulated by the amount of membrane material added to the apical plasma membrane by exocytosis.", "PMID": 578603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13140", "title": "Characterization of T3 immunoreactivity release from thyroid gland in vitro a reflection of colloid droplet formation.", "content": "T3 immunoreactivity release from the thyroid gland in vitro was shown to be increased by TSH. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the T3 immunoreactivity release is an indicator of thyroid hormone secretion or due to hormone synthesis. When thyroid glands from mice were incubated with TSH, T3 immunoreactivity release was increased in parallel with intracellular colloid droplet formation in a dose related manner. When colchicine, a known inhibitor of colloid droplet formation, was added, both T3 immunoreactivity release and colloid droplet formation were inhibited, whereas MMI, an inhibitor of hormone synthesis, failed to influence both aspects. Thus T3 immunoreactivity release as a reflection of colloid droplet formation was demonstrated. The analysis of the released immunoreactivity by Sephadex column and subsequent radioimmunoassay suggested that the T3 immunoreactivity was, to a considerable extent, due to macromolecule instead of T3 itself. The effect of I- or Li+ to inhibit thyroid hormone secretion was shown to be on the step prior to, but not subsequent to, colloid droplet formation.", "contents": "Characterization of T3 immunoreactivity release from thyroid gland in vitro a reflection of colloid droplet formation. T3 immunoreactivity release from the thyroid gland in vitro was shown to be increased by TSH. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the T3 immunoreactivity release is an indicator of thyroid hormone secretion or due to hormone synthesis. When thyroid glands from mice were incubated with TSH, T3 immunoreactivity release was increased in parallel with intracellular colloid droplet formation in a dose related manner. When colchicine, a known inhibitor of colloid droplet formation, was added, both T3 immunoreactivity release and colloid droplet formation were inhibited, whereas MMI, an inhibitor of hormone synthesis, failed to influence both aspects. Thus T3 immunoreactivity release as a reflection of colloid droplet formation was demonstrated. The analysis of the released immunoreactivity by Sephadex column and subsequent radioimmunoassay suggested that the T3 immunoreactivity was, to a considerable extent, due to macromolecule instead of T3 itself. The effect of I- or Li+ to inhibit thyroid hormone secretion was shown to be on the step prior to, but not subsequent to, colloid droplet formation.", "PMID": 578604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13141", "title": "Serum calcitonin in hypergastrinaemia due to achlorhydria.", "content": "The serum concentrations of immunoreactive gastrin and immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 13 fasting patients with achlorhydria and pernicious anaemia and in 10 age- and sex-matched fasting control subjects. All patients had highly elevated concentrations of gastrin in serum (1468 +/- 336 pg/ml, mean \"/- SEM). The mean concentration in the controls was 35.2 +/- 6.4 pg/ml. No difference in the concentration of calcitonin was found between the pernicious anaemia patients and the controls, the levels being 0.93 +/- 0.08 and 0.89 +/- 0.03 ng/ml, respectively. Suppression of endogenous gastrin secretion in 5 of the patients by intragastric acid administration was not accompanined by any decrease in calcitonin concentration in serum. The findings suggest that chronically elevated endogenous gastrin is without influence on calcitonin secretion.", "contents": "Serum calcitonin in hypergastrinaemia due to achlorhydria. The serum concentrations of immunoreactive gastrin and immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 13 fasting patients with achlorhydria and pernicious anaemia and in 10 age- and sex-matched fasting control subjects. All patients had highly elevated concentrations of gastrin in serum (1468 +/- 336 pg/ml, mean \"/- SEM). The mean concentration in the controls was 35.2 +/- 6.4 pg/ml. No difference in the concentration of calcitonin was found between the pernicious anaemia patients and the controls, the levels being 0.93 +/- 0.08 and 0.89 +/- 0.03 ng/ml, respectively. Suppression of endogenous gastrin secretion in 5 of the patients by intragastric acid administration was not accompanined by any decrease in calcitonin concentration in serum. The findings suggest that chronically elevated endogenous gastrin is without influence on calcitonin secretion.", "PMID": 578606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13142", "title": "Biological activity of high dose of des-asp 1-, ileu 8-angiotensin II in man.", "content": "The biological activity of high doses of des-asp 1-, ileu 8-angiotensin II (AIIIA) was studied in man. In 5 normal men an intravenous infusion of 600 ng/kg/min of AIIIA for 30 min caused a slight rise in blood pressure, a decrease in plasma renin activity and an increase in plasma aldosterone. This dose inhibited pressor and steroidogenic actions of angiotensin II infused into the same 5 normal men at a rate of 20 ng/kg/min for 30 min. These results are considerably different from our previous report using lower dose (200 ng/kg/min) of AIIIA and indicate that in man AIIIA has both agonist and antagonist activities on the peripheral arterioles as well as on the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Biological activity of high dose of des-asp 1-, ileu 8-angiotensin II in man. The biological activity of high doses of des-asp 1-, ileu 8-angiotensin II (AIIIA) was studied in man. In 5 normal men an intravenous infusion of 600 ng/kg/min of AIIIA for 30 min caused a slight rise in blood pressure, a decrease in plasma renin activity and an increase in plasma aldosterone. This dose inhibited pressor and steroidogenic actions of angiotensin II infused into the same 5 normal men at a rate of 20 ng/kg/min for 30 min. These results are considerably different from our previous report using lower dose (200 ng/kg/min) of AIIIA and indicate that in man AIIIA has both agonist and antagonist activities on the peripheral arterioles as well as on the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 578607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13143", "title": "Circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone in the male Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).", "content": "A marked circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone was found in male Djungarian hamsters. Maximal values in the evening just prior to activity onset were about 12 times higher than minimum values in the early morning. The peak of serum testosterone concentration coincides with onset of oestrus in females.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone in the male Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). A marked circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone was found in male Djungarian hamsters. Maximal values in the evening just prior to activity onset were about 12 times higher than minimum values in the early morning. The peak of serum testosterone concentration coincides with onset of oestrus in females.", "PMID": 578609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13144", "title": "Comparison of the metabolism of testosterone undecanoate and testosterone in the gastrointestinal wall of the rat in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The metabolism of testosterone undecanoate (TU) and testosterone (T) is studied in the gastrointestinal wall of the rat in vitro. A comparison is made with the in vivo metabolism of these compounds in the rat. The major metabolite first appearing during incubation of TU with the small intestine is T.  Incubation of TU or T with the small intestine reveals a great similarity between the metabolite patterns obtained. This is also the case with the patterns derived from portal vein plasma upon oral administration of TU and T. Incubation of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract with TU or T shows that the greatest metabolic activity is located in the wall of the small intestine. Unlike T, TU is metabolized only to a small extent in the wall of the stomach and the large intestine.", "contents": "Comparison of the metabolism of testosterone undecanoate and testosterone in the gastrointestinal wall of the rat in vitro and in vivo. The metabolism of testosterone undecanoate (TU) and testosterone (T) is studied in the gastrointestinal wall of the rat in vitro. A comparison is made with the in vivo metabolism of these compounds in the rat. The major metabolite first appearing during incubation of TU with the small intestine is T.  Incubation of TU or T with the small intestine reveals a great similarity between the metabolite patterns obtained. This is also the case with the patterns derived from portal vein plasma upon oral administration of TU and T. Incubation of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract with TU or T shows that the greatest metabolic activity is located in the wall of the small intestine. Unlike T, TU is metabolized only to a small extent in the wall of the stomach and the large intestine.", "PMID": 578610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13145", "title": "The effect of stressful diagnostic studies and surgery on anterior pituitary hormone release in man.", "content": "The hormonal response of the anterior pituitary was studied in 10 normal males undergoing treadmill exercise testing, in 5 male patients undergoing diagnostic gastroscopy, and in 8 male patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Serum TSH was depressed below the baseline value at 2 and 3 h post-treadmill exercise, at 1, 2 and 3 h post-gastroscopy and from 10 min through 2 h post-surgery. Serum triiodothyronine was depressed below the baseline value at 10 min through 2 h post-surgery. Serum prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol were elevated by all three stressful procedures. Both gastroscopy and surgery resulted in an elevation of serum luteinizing hormone levels. There was no significant change in serum FSH levels in any of the three procedures. The post-stress depression in TSH levels could result from the suppressive effect at the hypothalamic-pituitary level of high serum levels of cortisol generated by the stress of the procedures.", "contents": "The effect of stressful diagnostic studies and surgery on anterior pituitary hormone release in man. The hormonal response of the anterior pituitary was studied in 10 normal males undergoing treadmill exercise testing, in 5 male patients undergoing diagnostic gastroscopy, and in 8 male patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Serum TSH was depressed below the baseline value at 2 and 3 h post-treadmill exercise, at 1, 2 and 3 h post-gastroscopy and from 10 min through 2 h post-surgery. Serum triiodothyronine was depressed below the baseline value at 10 min through 2 h post-surgery. Serum prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol were elevated by all three stressful procedures. Both gastroscopy and surgery resulted in an elevation of serum luteinizing hormone levels. There was no significant change in serum FSH levels in any of the three procedures. The post-stress depression in TSH levels could result from the suppressive effect at the hypothalamic-pituitary level of high serum levels of cortisol generated by the stress of the procedures.", "PMID": 578611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13146", "title": "Effect of piribedil on plasma prolactin levels in women with puerperal or pathological hyperprolactinaemia.", "content": "In women with physiological puerperal hyperprolactinaemia, acute administration of Piribedil (100 mg po), a drug which stimulates dopamine receptor sites, was as effective as that of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154, 5 mg po) in suppressing the elevated baseline plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. In two hyperprolactinaemic women with radiological evidence of an intrasellar pituitary tumour, Piribedil (100 mg po), in contrast to CB 154 (5 mg po), failed to modify plasma PRL levels, whereas in 3 other hyperprolactinaemic women with no radiological evidence of pituitary tumour, its effect was not clear-cut, even though it could not be differentiated from that of CB 154. These results indicate that Piribedil is an effective suppressor of plasma PRL levels in the human and suggest that its action is more evident in puerperal than in pathological hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "Effect of piribedil on plasma prolactin levels in women with puerperal or pathological hyperprolactinaemia. In women with physiological puerperal hyperprolactinaemia, acute administration of Piribedil (100 mg po), a drug which stimulates dopamine receptor sites, was as effective as that of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154, 5 mg po) in suppressing the elevated baseline plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. In two hyperprolactinaemic women with radiological evidence of an intrasellar pituitary tumour, Piribedil (100 mg po), in contrast to CB 154 (5 mg po), failed to modify plasma PRL levels, whereas in 3 other hyperprolactinaemic women with no radiological evidence of pituitary tumour, its effect was not clear-cut, even though it could not be differentiated from that of CB 154. These results indicate that Piribedil is an effective suppressor of plasma PRL levels in the human and suggest that its action is more evident in puerperal than in pathological hyperprolactinaemia.", "PMID": 578612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13147", "title": "Correlative study of radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay of serum growth hormone in children: normal children and HGH-treated pituitary dwarfs.", "content": "A sensitive and reproducible radioreceptor assay (RRA) for human growth hormone (HGH) is described. It allows the evaluation of HGH concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml. It has a limited cross-reactivity with human prolactin, which does not interfere at physiological levels in children. Comparison of the results with those of radioimmunoassay (RIA) showed no discrepancies in the serum of normal children before and after stimulation tests for GH (mean RRA/RIA ratio 1.03 +/- SEM 0.04, range 0.75 to 1.65) nor in the serum from hypopituitary dwarfs during the 12 h following an im injection of 6 mg of HGH (mean RRA/RIA ratio 1.05 +/- 0.04, range 0.84 to 1.28). It is concluded that receptoractivity of HGH is parallel to its immunoreactivity in normal children and in hypopituitary patients clinical grade HGH.", "contents": "Correlative study of radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay of serum growth hormone in children: normal children and HGH-treated pituitary dwarfs. A sensitive and reproducible radioreceptor assay (RRA) for human growth hormone (HGH) is described. It allows the evaluation of HGH concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml. It has a limited cross-reactivity with human prolactin, which does not interfere at physiological levels in children. Comparison of the results with those of radioimmunoassay (RIA) showed no discrepancies in the serum of normal children before and after stimulation tests for GH (mean RRA/RIA ratio 1.03 +/- SEM 0.04, range 0.75 to 1.65) nor in the serum from hypopituitary dwarfs during the 12 h following an im injection of 6 mg of HGH (mean RRA/RIA ratio 1.05 +/- 0.04, range 0.84 to 1.28). It is concluded that receptoractivity of HGH is parallel to its immunoreactivity in normal children and in hypopituitary patients clinical grade HGH.", "PMID": 578613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13148", "title": "Studies on circadian variations of plasma TSH, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in man.", "content": "To evaluate the existence of circadian variations in thyroid hormone and TSH levels, blood was drawn every 20 min for 24 h in four and for 14 h in one volunteer. Hormones were measured by sensitive radioimmunoassays. TSH: A diurnal rhythmicity could be demonstrated with peaks from 8 p.m. to 2 a.m and a nadir from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. Superimposed on the diurnal rhythm multiple shortlived fluctuations were observed. Thyroxine: Pooled data showed peak values from 8 a.m. to 12 a.m. and lowest levels from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. Again, shortlived fluctuations were superimposed on the diurnal rhythm in all instances. Triiodothyronine: Hormone levels were highest from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. and lowest from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. Fluctuations in T3 levels were less marked than those of T4. Diurnal variations in hormone levels can be demonstrated in most, but not in all instances. Fluctuations are minor and do not exceed the normal range. Therefore these changes are of no relevance in routine testing of these hormones.", "contents": "Studies on circadian variations of plasma TSH, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in man. To evaluate the existence of circadian variations in thyroid hormone and TSH levels, blood was drawn every 20 min for 24 h in four and for 14 h in one volunteer. Hormones were measured by sensitive radioimmunoassays. TSH: A diurnal rhythmicity could be demonstrated with peaks from 8 p.m. to 2 a.m and a nadir from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. Superimposed on the diurnal rhythm multiple shortlived fluctuations were observed. Thyroxine: Pooled data showed peak values from 8 a.m. to 12 a.m. and lowest levels from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. Again, shortlived fluctuations were superimposed on the diurnal rhythm in all instances. Triiodothyronine: Hormone levels were highest from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. and lowest from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. Fluctuations in T3 levels were less marked than those of T4. Diurnal variations in hormone levels can be demonstrated in most, but not in all instances. Fluctuations are minor and do not exceed the normal range. Therefore these changes are of no relevance in routine testing of these hormones.", "PMID": 578614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13149", "title": "The effect of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic norepinephrine neuronal activity.", "content": "The concentration of norepinephrine and the apparent turnover of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus was studied in castrated rats and after the injection of ovarian steroids. Both parameters were found to vary not only with the hormone treatment, but also with the time of the day. Norepinephrine concentration in the anterior hypothalamus of castrated male and female rats was significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning, but no statistical difference was observed in the concentration of norepinephrine in the posterior hypothalamus. Three days after the injection of a single dose of 20 microgram oestradiol benzoate, norepinephrine concentration and apparent turnover were found with decreased significant values in the anterior hypothalamus of castrated females, killed in the afternoon. Progesterone 2 mg injected three days after the priming dose of oestradiol benzoate, produced 4 h later in the afternoon a significant rise in norepinephrine concentration and apparent turnover. These results suggest that the apparent turnover of hypothalamic norepinephrine in the afternoon is reduced by oestrogen and increased by oestrogen plus progesterone.", "contents": "The effect of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic norepinephrine neuronal activity. The concentration of norepinephrine and the apparent turnover of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus was studied in castrated rats and after the injection of ovarian steroids. Both parameters were found to vary not only with the hormone treatment, but also with the time of the day. Norepinephrine concentration in the anterior hypothalamus of castrated male and female rats was significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning, but no statistical difference was observed in the concentration of norepinephrine in the posterior hypothalamus. Three days after the injection of a single dose of 20 microgram oestradiol benzoate, norepinephrine concentration and apparent turnover were found with decreased significant values in the anterior hypothalamus of castrated females, killed in the afternoon. Progesterone 2 mg injected three days after the priming dose of oestradiol benzoate, produced 4 h later in the afternoon a significant rise in norepinephrine concentration and apparent turnover. These results suggest that the apparent turnover of hypothalamic norepinephrine in the afternoon is reduced by oestrogen and increased by oestrogen plus progesterone.", "PMID": 578616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13150", "title": "Evaluation of propranolol-glucagon test.", "content": "A propranolol-glucagon test was evaluated in 24 control normal children, 21 pituitary dwarfs, 15 patients with constitutional short stature, 2 with chromosome aberration and 4 with miscellaneous diseases. The dose of glucagon enough for the stimulation of human growth hormone (HGH) secretion is more than 20 microgram/kg of body weight. During the test in the control subjects the serum HGH level increased from 2.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml to a maximum level of 30.0 +/- 15.1 ng/ml, when 10 mg propranolol, regardless of body weight and 30 microgram glucagon per kg of body weight are given. The dose of propranolol administered ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/kg of body weight in normal children studied. Serum 11-OHCS also increased significantly from 14.5 +/- 11.2 microgram/100 ml to 30.1 +/- 15.5 microgram/100 ml (P less than 0.01). There was no difference in the maximum level of urinary total catecholamines in propranolol-glucagon test between 7 pituitary dwarfs and 7 control subjects. The mechanism of HGH response to propranolol-glucagon administration is unknown, but propranolol-glucagon administration is a sensitive and reliable provocative test for HGH secretion, since false negative response of HGH are not observed in patients with non-pituitary disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of propranolol-glucagon test. A propranolol-glucagon test was evaluated in 24 control normal children, 21 pituitary dwarfs, 15 patients with constitutional short stature, 2 with chromosome aberration and 4 with miscellaneous diseases. The dose of glucagon enough for the stimulation of human growth hormone (HGH) secretion is more than 20 microgram/kg of body weight. During the test in the control subjects the serum HGH level increased from 2.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml to a maximum level of 30.0 +/- 15.1 ng/ml, when 10 mg propranolol, regardless of body weight and 30 microgram glucagon per kg of body weight are given. The dose of propranolol administered ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/kg of body weight in normal children studied. Serum 11-OHCS also increased significantly from 14.5 +/- 11.2 microgram/100 ml to 30.1 +/- 15.5 microgram/100 ml (P less than 0.01). There was no difference in the maximum level of urinary total catecholamines in propranolol-glucagon test between 7 pituitary dwarfs and 7 control subjects. The mechanism of HGH response to propranolol-glucagon administration is unknown, but propranolol-glucagon administration is a sensitive and reliable provocative test for HGH secretion, since false negative response of HGH are not observed in patients with non-pituitary disease.", "PMID": 578617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13151", "title": "Stimulating action of sulpiride and pimozide on prolactin release. Effect on bromocriptine, L-dopa and metergoline administration.", "content": "In order to evaluate the mechanism of action of metergoline, an antiserotonin agent, the effect of pre-treatment with metergoline on prolactin (PRL) release induced by sulpiride was compared to that obtained after bromocriptine administration in normal subjects. In addition, the metergoline effect on PRL release induced by pimozide, specific dopamine receptor blocking agent, was compared to that obtained with L-dopa. Metergoline administration resulted in definite decrease in plasma PRL in all subjects; however, metergoline did not block, differently from bromocriptine, the PRL release induced by sulpiride. On the contrary, metergoline, like L-dopa, inhibited PRL release induced by pimozide pre-treatment. These results raise the possibility that metergoline does not act as an antiserotonin agent; its antilactogenic effect observed under basal conditions may be dependent on different mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Stimulating action of sulpiride and pimozide on prolactin release. Effect on bromocriptine, L-dopa and metergoline administration. In order to evaluate the mechanism of action of metergoline, an antiserotonin agent, the effect of pre-treatment with metergoline on prolactin (PRL) release induced by sulpiride was compared to that obtained after bromocriptine administration in normal subjects. In addition, the metergoline effect on PRL release induced by pimozide, specific dopamine receptor blocking agent, was compared to that obtained with L-dopa. Metergoline administration resulted in definite decrease in plasma PRL in all subjects; however, metergoline did not block, differently from bromocriptine, the PRL release induced by sulpiride. On the contrary, metergoline, like L-dopa, inhibited PRL release induced by pimozide pre-treatment. These results raise the possibility that metergoline does not act as an antiserotonin agent; its antilactogenic effect observed under basal conditions may be dependent on different mechanisms of action.", "PMID": 578618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13152", "title": "Failure of sodium loading or deficiency to affect plasma prolactin in the male rat.", "content": "The relation between plasma prolactin (PRL) and sodium metabolism was studied in adult male rats. During the experiments attention was given to the avoidance of stress. Cannulated rats were infused with 2.5 ml 5% NaCl over a 40 min period. Plasma PRL did not change during or up to 2 h after this infusion. Other rats were subjected to a sodium deficient diet for 3 weeks. This treatment which induced a marked rise in plasma aldosterone, did not cause a change in plasma PRL. It is concluded that PRL does not have an important role in the regulation of sodium balance.", "contents": "Failure of sodium loading or deficiency to affect plasma prolactin in the male rat. The relation between plasma prolactin (PRL) and sodium metabolism was studied in adult male rats. During the experiments attention was given to the avoidance of stress. Cannulated rats were infused with 2.5 ml 5% NaCl over a 40 min period. Plasma PRL did not change during or up to 2 h after this infusion. Other rats were subjected to a sodium deficient diet for 3 weeks. This treatment which induced a marked rise in plasma aldosterone, did not cause a change in plasma PRL. It is concluded that PRL does not have an important role in the regulation of sodium balance.", "PMID": 578621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13153", "title": "Thyroid vascularity--documentation of the iodide effect in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Thyroid vascularity was measured in 101 thyrotoxic patients by analysis of 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid flow studies obtained with a gamma camera--minicomputer system. The diffusely hyperplastic goitres tended to have higher vascularity than the toxic multinodular goitres, and many of the solitary toxic nodules had vascularity results within normal limits. Potassium iodide therapy, 60 mg b.d. for 10-14 days results in a dramatic reduction in thyroid vascularity in diffuse thyroid hyperplasia and toxic multinodular goitre but the effect on toxic nodules was marginal.", "contents": "Thyroid vascularity--documentation of the iodide effect in thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid vascularity was measured in 101 thyrotoxic patients by analysis of 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid flow studies obtained with a gamma camera--minicomputer system. The diffusely hyperplastic goitres tended to have higher vascularity than the toxic multinodular goitres, and many of the solitary toxic nodules had vascularity results within normal limits. Potassium iodide therapy, 60 mg b.d. for 10-14 days results in a dramatic reduction in thyroid vascularity in diffuse thyroid hyperplasia and toxic multinodular goitre but the effect on toxic nodules was marginal.", "PMID": 578622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13154", "title": "Lactate concentrations in pre-ovulatory follicles of pro-oestrous rats before and after onset of oocyte maturation.", "content": "Lactate concentrations were determined in pre-ovulatory follicles of rats at pro-oestrus before and after onset of oocyte maturation. It appeared that high concentrations prevail before and after the time of the expected LH surge (27 mM). The level in serum was about 5 mM. Explanted oocytes obtained from pre-puberal rats and surrounded by cumulus cells, matured in the presence of 20 mM lactate as sole exogenous energy source. It is argued that oxygen may be the limiting factor suppressing oocyte maturation in vivo.", "contents": "Lactate concentrations in pre-ovulatory follicles of pro-oestrous rats before and after onset of oocyte maturation. Lactate concentrations were determined in pre-ovulatory follicles of rats at pro-oestrus before and after onset of oocyte maturation. It appeared that high concentrations prevail before and after the time of the expected LH surge (27 mM). The level in serum was about 5 mM. Explanted oocytes obtained from pre-puberal rats and surrounded by cumulus cells, matured in the presence of 20 mM lactate as sole exogenous energy source. It is argued that oxygen may be the limiting factor suppressing oocyte maturation in vivo.", "PMID": 578626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13155", "title": "A radioligand receptorassay for serum HCG.", "content": "A radioligand receptorassay system is described for the measurement of human choriogonadotrophin (HCG) in serum, using 600-1600 X g fractions of homogenates of superovulating rat ovaries. The method is specific for HCG and lutrophin (LH), with a detection limit of 3.5 mIU HCG. The values obtained in the dilutions of pregnancy sera paralleled the standard curve up to 20 microliter, and no non-specific effects were found with this amount of serum. The potency ratio R/I, measured in normal pregnancy sera by radioligand receptorassay and radioimmunoassay, varied between 1.1 and 3.2. No relationship was found between the stage of pregnancy and the R/I ratio.", "contents": "A radioligand receptorassay for serum HCG. A radioligand receptorassay system is described for the measurement of human choriogonadotrophin (HCG) in serum, using 600-1600 X g fractions of homogenates of superovulating rat ovaries. The method is specific for HCG and lutrophin (LH), with a detection limit of 3.5 mIU HCG. The values obtained in the dilutions of pregnancy sera paralleled the standard curve up to 20 microliter, and no non-specific effects were found with this amount of serum. The potency ratio R/I, measured in normal pregnancy sera by radioligand receptorassay and radioimmunoassay, varied between 1.1 and 3.2. No relationship was found between the stage of pregnancy and the R/I ratio.", "PMID": 578627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13156", "title": "Relation between sex hormone binding globulin and D-norgestrel levels in plasma.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of changes in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels on d-norgestrel (d-Ng) levels in plasma, the plasma levels of SHBG and d-Ng were studied during one treatment cycle in 6 women on oral contraceptives containing d-Ng and ethinyloestradiol (EOE2) and in 3 women using subcutaneous silastic rods containing d-Ng concomitantly taking EOe2 for three weeks. A significant positive correlation between the SHBG and d-Ng levels was found in 7 of the 9 subjects studied. The results provide evidence for an in vivo binding of d-Ng to SHBG, a SHBG influence on the metabolic clearance rate of d-Ng and consequently a dependence of the plasma levels of d-Ng on the SHBG concentrations in the plasma. These findings support the concept that the clinically and biochemically observed anti-oestrogenic/androgenic effects observed in women on d-Ng containing medication are due to a displacement of testosterone from SHBG by d-Ng.", "contents": "Relation between sex hormone binding globulin and D-norgestrel levels in plasma. In order to investigate the effect of changes in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels on d-norgestrel (d-Ng) levels in plasma, the plasma levels of SHBG and d-Ng were studied during one treatment cycle in 6 women on oral contraceptives containing d-Ng and ethinyloestradiol (EOE2) and in 3 women using subcutaneous silastic rods containing d-Ng concomitantly taking EOe2 for three weeks. A significant positive correlation between the SHBG and d-Ng levels was found in 7 of the 9 subjects studied. The results provide evidence for an in vivo binding of d-Ng to SHBG, a SHBG influence on the metabolic clearance rate of d-Ng and consequently a dependence of the plasma levels of d-Ng on the SHBG concentrations in the plasma. These findings support the concept that the clinically and biochemically observed anti-oestrogenic/androgenic effects observed in women on d-Ng containing medication are due to a displacement of testosterone from SHBG by d-Ng.", "PMID": 578629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13157", "title": "Effect on intraocular pressure of retrobular injection of xylocaine with and without adrenaline.", "content": "The changes in IOP were registered in two groups, each comprising 30 patients, after a retrobulbar injection of Xylocaine and Xylocaine-adrenaline respectively. No significant difference between the mean values of the initial pressures and the IOP during the following ten min could be proved in either of the groups, but in several individual cases there was a considerable and unpredictable change in IOP following the injection. After ten min this effect was still often present but less pronounced. The change in IOP was significantly greater when adrenaline was used. As a result of these findings the authors have been inclined to cease using adrenaline in retrobulbar anaesthesia for intraocular surgery of short duration.", "contents": "Effect on intraocular pressure of retrobular injection of xylocaine with and without adrenaline. The changes in IOP were registered in two groups, each comprising 30 patients, after a retrobulbar injection of Xylocaine and Xylocaine-adrenaline respectively. No significant difference between the mean values of the initial pressures and the IOP during the following ten min could be proved in either of the groups, but in several individual cases there was a considerable and unpredictable change in IOP following the injection. After ten min this effect was still often present but less pronounced. The change in IOP was significantly greater when adrenaline was used. As a result of these findings the authors have been inclined to cease using adrenaline in retrobulbar anaesthesia for intraocular surgery of short duration.", "PMID": 578631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13158", "title": "Methodological aspects of tear flow determination by means of a radioactive tracer.", "content": "Theoretical considerations on a simplified biological system representing the tear pathways lead to the assumption of an exponential pattern of elimination of tracer substances from the conjunctival sac. The tracer used in the present study was technetium, Tc99m, as sodium pertechnetate. The detection system consisted of a gamma camera coupled to a digital system, a minicomputer and a magnetic tape unit. After instillation of 10 microliter normal saline solution containing Tc99m the decay of activity was followed by means of an activity-time function curve to which exponential curves were approximated by the computer. As a parameter for tear flow the fractional turnover rate was calculated from 7 to 15 min after instillation. An initial faster elimination was found in the first 7 min following instillation. Corrections for background radiation, evaporation of water and transconjunctival transport of Tc99m were estimated.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of tear flow determination by means of a radioactive tracer. Theoretical considerations on a simplified biological system representing the tear pathways lead to the assumption of an exponential pattern of elimination of tracer substances from the conjunctival sac. The tracer used in the present study was technetium, Tc99m, as sodium pertechnetate. The detection system consisted of a gamma camera coupled to a digital system, a minicomputer and a magnetic tape unit. After instillation of 10 microliter normal saline solution containing Tc99m the decay of activity was followed by means of an activity-time function curve to which exponential curves were approximated by the computer. As a parameter for tear flow the fractional turnover rate was calculated from 7 to 15 min after instillation. An initial faster elimination was found in the first 7 min following instillation. Corrections for background radiation, evaporation of water and transconjunctival transport of Tc99m were estimated.", "PMID": 578633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13159", "title": "Normal values in clinical electrooculography. IV. Analysis of two dimensionless EOG parameters and their relation to other variables.", "content": "Two EOG parameters - The Arden ratio (A) and an expression devised by Gliem (G) - from a sample of normal human subjects are studied. Their relations to the EOG potential and time parameters and to sex, age, pupillary diameter, degree of iris pigmentation, refractive error and axial length, ocular protrusion and interpupillary distance were assessed. Right eye and left eye distributions were congruent, although individual differences were sometimes appreciable, especially in the case of G. The two ratios were positively correlated and both showed a negative correlation to the interval between the dark trough and the light peak. Correlations to the EOG potential parameters, especially the light induced potential rise of the dark adapted eye, were also established. In the case of A, a higher level was disclosed in the male half of the sample. A negative age correlation, predominant in the female part of the sample, characterized both ratios. The two ratios were positively correlated to the pupil diameter, negatively correlated to the degree of refractive errror, and positively correlated to the degree of ocular protrusion. The consequences for the clinical EOG test are discussed, and it is concluded that the present EOG procedure is a qualitative rather than a quantitative test.", "contents": "Normal values in clinical electrooculography. IV. Analysis of two dimensionless EOG parameters and their relation to other variables. Two EOG parameters - The Arden ratio (A) and an expression devised by Gliem (G) - from a sample of normal human subjects are studied. Their relations to the EOG potential and time parameters and to sex, age, pupillary diameter, degree of iris pigmentation, refractive error and axial length, ocular protrusion and interpupillary distance were assessed. Right eye and left eye distributions were congruent, although individual differences were sometimes appreciable, especially in the case of G. The two ratios were positively correlated and both showed a negative correlation to the interval between the dark trough and the light peak. Correlations to the EOG potential parameters, especially the light induced potential rise of the dark adapted eye, were also established. In the case of A, a higher level was disclosed in the male half of the sample. A negative age correlation, predominant in the female part of the sample, characterized both ratios. The two ratios were positively correlated to the pupil diameter, negatively correlated to the degree of refractive errror, and positively correlated to the degree of ocular protrusion. The consequences for the clinical EOG test are discussed, and it is concluded that the present EOG procedure is a qualitative rather than a quantitative test.", "PMID": 578634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13160", "title": "Continuous recording of the intraocular pressure in human and rabbit eyes with a simple applanating suction cup.", "content": "A suction cup has been devised to fit the periphery of the cornea and applanate its central part. A slow, continuous saline infusion entering through a central opening forms a disc of fluid between applanating and applanated surface in which the pressure (Pcup) is followed by a conventional transducer. The saline leaves the periphery of the cup via a hanging tube creating a suction pressure of approximately 15 mmHg, which keeps the cup on the cornea. In human cadaver eyes the relation between intraocular pressure (Po) and Pcup was Po = 0.80 X Pcup - 2.3 (mmHg), r = 0.9986. In enucleated rabbit eyes: Po = 0.94 X Pcup - 0.1 (mmHg), r = 0.9996. Thus, with appropriate calibration of the recorder, the cup functions both accurately and linearly. The relationships were virtually uninfluenced by large changes in both the rate of suction and the inflow rate of saline. When measuring on eyes of patients, the cup was atraumatic and gave an excellent dynamic response.", "contents": "Continuous recording of the intraocular pressure in human and rabbit eyes with a simple applanating suction cup. A suction cup has been devised to fit the periphery of the cornea and applanate its central part. A slow, continuous saline infusion entering through a central opening forms a disc of fluid between applanating and applanated surface in which the pressure (Pcup) is followed by a conventional transducer. The saline leaves the periphery of the cup via a hanging tube creating a suction pressure of approximately 15 mmHg, which keeps the cup on the cornea. In human cadaver eyes the relation between intraocular pressure (Po) and Pcup was Po = 0.80 X Pcup - 2.3 (mmHg), r = 0.9986. In enucleated rabbit eyes: Po = 0.94 X Pcup - 0.1 (mmHg), r = 0.9996. Thus, with appropriate calibration of the recorder, the cup functions both accurately and linearly. The relationships were virtually uninfluenced by large changes in both the rate of suction and the inflow rate of saline. When measuring on eyes of patients, the cup was atraumatic and gave an excellent dynamic response.", "PMID": 578635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13161", "title": "Model computation of the effect of arbitrary variations in aqueous inflow, outflow conductance, ocular rigidity and episcleral vein pressure on ocular pressure.", "content": "Model calculations of the time course of the intraocular pressure are performed in cases where the four determinants mentioned in the title vary, singly or simultaneously, according to specified time functions. Assumptions are 1) that the outflow of the aqueous humor is proportional to the driving pressure, and 2) that the intraocular pressure and volume are  related to each other as described by Friedenwald. The mathematical solution if numerical and involves the repetition of the same calculatory step process. It is rendered probable that the maximal inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on the secretion  of  aqueous humour is reached in less than one minute after the drug has reached the receptors. A programmable calculator with 224 storage locations is used, the programs are given.", "contents": "Model computation of the effect of arbitrary variations in aqueous inflow, outflow conductance, ocular rigidity and episcleral vein pressure on ocular pressure. Model calculations of the time course of the intraocular pressure are performed in cases where the four determinants mentioned in the title vary, singly or simultaneously, according to specified time functions. Assumptions are 1) that the outflow of the aqueous humor is proportional to the driving pressure, and 2) that the intraocular pressure and volume are  related to each other as described by Friedenwald. The mathematical solution if numerical and involves the repetition of the same calculatory step process. It is rendered probable that the maximal inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on the secretion  of  aqueous humour is reached in less than one minute after the drug has reached the receptors. A programmable calculator with 224 storage locations is used, the programs are given.", "PMID": 578636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13162", "title": "Relative contents of sodium, potassium, water and dry matter in human senile cataractous lenses in relation to anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity.", "content": "In 49 human senile cataractous lenses the sodium and potassium concentrations of the lens water as well as the water and dry weight percentages were examined. It was found justifiable to classify the lenses into three categories on the basis of correlated biomicroscopic and biochemical findings: 1. Immature cataractous lenses without anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ac-sco) were characterized by low CNaL+, high CKL+ and low sums of CNaL++CKL+. 2. Immature cataractous lenses with ac-sco were characterized by intermediate value of CNaL+ and CKL+, as well as high sums of CNAL++CKL+. 3. Totally opaque lenses (these lenses had 80-100% of ac-sco) were characterized by high CNaL+, low CKL+, high sums of CNaL++CKL+, high water, and low dry weight percentages. It was found that in immature cataractous lenses increasing extension of ac-sco was correlated to increasing CNAL+ and increasing ratios of CNAL+/CNAA+ as well as to decreasing CKL+ and decreasing ratios of CKL+/CKA+. The sums of CNaL++CKA+ increased. There was a correlation of the extent of ac=sco to the water and dry weight percentages of the immature senile cataractous lenses with ac-sco, viz. a negative correlation for water and a positive one for the dry weight. However, these latter two correlations may be due to chance significances, the level of significance being only greater than P greater than 0.02 in both instances. Lenses which were estimated to have larger than or equal to 30% of ac-sco were found to be more opaque than lenses with less than or equal to 25% of ac-sco.", "contents": "Relative contents of sodium, potassium, water and dry matter in human senile cataractous lenses in relation to anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity. In 49 human senile cataractous lenses the sodium and potassium concentrations of the lens water as well as the water and dry weight percentages were examined. It was found justifiable to classify the lenses into three categories on the basis of correlated biomicroscopic and biochemical findings: 1. Immature cataractous lenses without anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ac-sco) were characterized by low CNaL+, high CKL+ and low sums of CNaL++CKL+. 2. Immature cataractous lenses with ac-sco were characterized by intermediate value of CNaL+ and CKL+, as well as high sums of CNAL++CKL+. 3. Totally opaque lenses (these lenses had 80-100% of ac-sco) were characterized by high CNaL+, low CKL+, high sums of CNaL++CKL+, high water, and low dry weight percentages. It was found that in immature cataractous lenses increasing extension of ac-sco was correlated to increasing CNAL+ and increasing ratios of CNAL+/CNAA+ as well as to decreasing CKL+ and decreasing ratios of CKL+/CKA+. The sums of CNaL++CKA+ increased. There was a correlation of the extent of ac=sco to the water and dry weight percentages of the immature senile cataractous lenses with ac-sco, viz. a negative correlation for water and a positive one for the dry weight. However, these latter two correlations may be due to chance significances, the level of significance being only greater than P greater than 0.02 in both instances. Lenses which were estimated to have larger than or equal to 30% of ac-sco were found to be more opaque than lenses with less than or equal to 25% of ac-sco.", "PMID": 578637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13163", "title": "Placoid pigment epitheliopathy presenting as an anterior uveitis. A case report.", "content": "A young woman with acute posterior multifocal placoid epitheliopathy originally presented with signs and symptoms of an anterior uveitis. Prior to the eye condition the patient had experienced headaches and malaise with some muscle and joint tenderness, and had been treated with penicillin because of a dental infection. The clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings are presented. The evidence supports the concept of a primary vascular disturbance of the choriocapillaris with secondary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Placoid pigment epitheliopathy presenting as an anterior uveitis. A case report. A young woman with acute posterior multifocal placoid epitheliopathy originally presented with signs and symptoms of an anterior uveitis. Prior to the eye condition the patient had experienced headaches and malaise with some muscle and joint tenderness, and had been treated with penicillin because of a dental infection. The clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings are presented. The evidence supports the concept of a primary vascular disturbance of the choriocapillaris with secondary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 578638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13164", "title": "Notes on the distribution of pseudo-exfoliation material with particular reference to the uveoscleral route of aqueous humour.", "content": "The distribution of pseudo-exfoliation material along the uveoscleral route of aqueous humour has been studied by electron microscopy. It turned out that such material is present only in the very first part of this exit pathway, i.e. in the innermost zone of the connective tissue bordering the anterior chamber angle. No pseudo-exfoliation material was observed between the ciliary muscle cells, in the suprachoroidal space or in the sclera. It is concluded that transport of pseudo-exfoliation material by flow of aqueous humour through the uveoscleral route to the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva is improbable, and accordingly the pseudo-exfoliation material found in extrascleral tissue most likely arises in loco.", "contents": "Notes on the distribution of pseudo-exfoliation material with particular reference to the uveoscleral route of aqueous humour. The distribution of pseudo-exfoliation material along the uveoscleral route of aqueous humour has been studied by electron microscopy. It turned out that such material is present only in the very first part of this exit pathway, i.e. in the innermost zone of the connective tissue bordering the anterior chamber angle. No pseudo-exfoliation material was observed between the ciliary muscle cells, in the suprachoroidal space or in the sclera. It is concluded that transport of pseudo-exfoliation material by flow of aqueous humour through the uveoscleral route to the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva is improbable, and accordingly the pseudo-exfoliation material found in extrascleral tissue most likely arises in loco.", "PMID": 578639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13165", "title": "Demonstration of peripheral hemiopic border steps by static perimetry.", "content": "10 normal eyes were examined by static perimetry along a horizontal line 60 degrees below the fixation point. All showed a greater sensitivity in the temporal hemifield. The study confirmed the previously reported existence of a step and indicated a greater threshold specifically at the hemiopic border.", "contents": "Demonstration of peripheral hemiopic border steps by static perimetry. 10 normal eyes were examined by static perimetry along a horizontal line 60 degrees below the fixation point. All showed a greater sensitivity in the temporal hemifield. The study confirmed the previously reported existence of a step and indicated a greater threshold specifically at the hemiopic border.", "PMID": 578640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13166", "title": "Polysaccharide coating of human corneal endothelium.", "content": "Electron microscopy revealed the presence of a 600-1500 A thick layer of polysaccharide on the surface of human corneal endothelial cells. The surface layer was visualized by combined fixation and staining in a mixture of ruthenium red and osmium tetroxide. The coating material was stable for at least 39 h post mortem and was retained on disintegrating cells.", "contents": "Polysaccharide coating of human corneal endothelium. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of a 600-1500 A thick layer of polysaccharide on the surface of human corneal endothelial cells. The surface layer was visualized by combined fixation and staining in a mixture of ruthenium red and osmium tetroxide. The coating material was stable for at least 39 h post mortem and was retained on disintegrating cells.", "PMID": 578641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13167", "title": "Computer test logics for automatic perimetry.", "content": "Using an automatic computerized perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b) three different perimetric test logics, one simple (I) and two more complicated and time-consuming (II & III) were investigated in practical experiments on healthy normal test subjects and patients and in computer simulated tests. The patients either had a verified diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma was suspected. The best consistency in measured thresholds was obtained with test logic II, in which an averaging procedure is used. The variation of the results was larger in pathological than in normal visual fields. All test logics investigated readily detected the pathological field defects, but blind spots could easier pass unrecognized with the simplest logic than with the other two logics. The conclusion is drawn that a simple test logic can be used for perimetry in glaucoma suspects if no visual field defect has previously been documented. For the follow-up of pathological fields a fairly complicated test logic, e.g. using averaging, is preferable.", "contents": "Computer test logics for automatic perimetry. Using an automatic computerized perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b) three different perimetric test logics, one simple (I) and two more complicated and time-consuming (II & III) were investigated in practical experiments on healthy normal test subjects and patients and in computer simulated tests. The patients either had a verified diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma was suspected. The best consistency in measured thresholds was obtained with test logic II, in which an averaging procedure is used. The variation of the results was larger in pathological than in normal visual fields. All test logics investigated readily detected the pathological field defects, but blind spots could easier pass unrecognized with the simplest logic than with the other two logics. The conclusion is drawn that a simple test logic can be used for perimetry in glaucoma suspects if no visual field defect has previously been documented. For the follow-up of pathological fields a fairly complicated test logic, e.g. using averaging, is preferable.", "PMID": 578642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13168", "title": "A note of fixation during perimetry.", "content": "Small eye movements in the direction of the disappearing stimulus can be observed at kinetic perimetry when the test object enters a scotomatous area. These may be responsible for the fact that several field defects, missed at routine manual perimetry, are spotted at automatic perimetry. In the latter case the patient cannot predict the position of next test light, since these are illuminated at random, whereas at kinetic perimetry they are exposed in systematic order. By using two specially designed logics in automatic perimetry, it was shown that there may be a reduction of the scotoma size if the lights are exposed in an ordered sequence. This effect is avoided by using a logic with randomly exposed stimuli. It is most likely that the difference can be attributed to \"malfixation\".", "contents": "A note of fixation during perimetry. Small eye movements in the direction of the disappearing stimulus can be observed at kinetic perimetry when the test object enters a scotomatous area. These may be responsible for the fact that several field defects, missed at routine manual perimetry, are spotted at automatic perimetry. In the latter case the patient cannot predict the position of next test light, since these are illuminated at random, whereas at kinetic perimetry they are exposed in systematic order. By using two specially designed logics in automatic perimetry, it was shown that there may be a reduction of the scotoma size if the lights are exposed in an ordered sequence. This effect is avoided by using a logic with randomly exposed stimuli. It is most likely that the difference can be attributed to \"malfixation\".", "PMID": 578643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13169", "title": "Pseudodoubling of the optic disc. A fluorescein angiographic study of a case with coloboma.", "content": "In a woman, aged 45, with presbyopic complaints routine examination revealed pseudodoubling of the right optic disc and a colobomatous defect of the left eye. The former was studied by fluorescein angiography. The differentiation between true doubling and pseudodoubling of the optic disc is discussed.", "contents": "Pseudodoubling of the optic disc. A fluorescein angiographic study of a case with coloboma. In a woman, aged 45, with presbyopic complaints routine examination revealed pseudodoubling of the right optic disc and a colobomatous defect of the left eye. The former was studied by fluorescein angiography. The differentiation between true doubling and pseudodoubling of the optic disc is discussed.", "PMID": 578644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13170", "title": "Passage of digoxin into cerebrospinal fluid in man.", "content": "The passage of digoxin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied in 8 infants on maintenance therapy with digoxin, 11 adult patients on long-term digoxin therapy, and 15 patients, previously non-digitalized, who were given 0.5 mg digoxin orally 1 hr to 12 hrs prior to lumbar puncture. Digoxin in the serum and CSF was determined by radioimmunoassay. In the infants a mean serum concentration of 1.5 ng/ml (range 0.7-2.3 ng/ml) was found, and a simultaneous mean CSF concentration of 0.5 ng/ml (range 0.3-1.1 ng/ml). In the adults on long-term therapy, the corresponding figures were 1.1 ng/ml (range 0.5-2.2 ng/ml) and 0.3 ng/ml (range 0-0.6 ng/ml). Among the 15 patients given a single oral dose of digoxin, detectable CSF concentrations (0.2-0.3 ng/ml) were found in five, 1-12 hrs after the administration of the drug. In three paediatric patients with hydrocephalus (3 months-5 years) digoxin therapy was started as an attempt to decrease CSF production. In these patients, the production of CSF was reduced by 17, 25 and 30%, respectively.", "contents": "Passage of digoxin into cerebrospinal fluid in man. The passage of digoxin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied in 8 infants on maintenance therapy with digoxin, 11 adult patients on long-term digoxin therapy, and 15 patients, previously non-digitalized, who were given 0.5 mg digoxin orally 1 hr to 12 hrs prior to lumbar puncture. Digoxin in the serum and CSF was determined by radioimmunoassay. In the infants a mean serum concentration of 1.5 ng/ml (range 0.7-2.3 ng/ml) was found, and a simultaneous mean CSF concentration of 0.5 ng/ml (range 0.3-1.1 ng/ml). In the adults on long-term therapy, the corresponding figures were 1.1 ng/ml (range 0.5-2.2 ng/ml) and 0.3 ng/ml (range 0-0.6 ng/ml). Among the 15 patients given a single oral dose of digoxin, detectable CSF concentrations (0.2-0.3 ng/ml) were found in five, 1-12 hrs after the administration of the drug. In three paediatric patients with hydrocephalus (3 months-5 years) digoxin therapy was started as an attempt to decrease CSF production. In these patients, the production of CSF was reduced by 17, 25 and 30%, respectively.", "PMID": 578647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13171", "title": "Guanethidine induced sympathectomy in the adult rat. I. Functional effects following subacute administration.", "content": "Guanethidine sulphate 5 and 40 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to adult rats for 4, 8, 14, and 28 days followed by discontinuation for 1 day, after administration for 28 days and additionally for 8, 14, 29, and 60 days. Under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia the mean arterial blood pressure and the mean heart rate were determined and the response of these parameters to intravenous noradrenaline 3-1600 ng was recorded. The blood pressure was not significantly changed after guanethidine 5 mg/kg, but lowered by 40 mg/kg, the decrease being reversible on discontinuation. The response of both parameters to noradrenaline was increased by guanethidine depending on the dose. The hypersensitivity was partly reversible on discontinuation, but a significantly increased sensitivity of the heart rate to noradrenaline was observed 60 days after discontinuation of guanethidine 40 mg/kg for 28 days. Histologically a profound loss of nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion was observed following guanethidine 40 mg/kg, whereas no change was observed after 5 mg/kg. The present investigation has demonstrated that guanethidine 5 mg/kg does not induce histological or permanent haemodynamic changes, whereas 40 mg/kg for 28 days result in an incomplete sympathectomy accompanied by a partially irreversible hypersensitivity to noradrenaline. There is no simple relation between the loss of ganglion cells and the haemodynamic changes, and hence the hypersensitivity to noradrenaline is only in part due to the destruction of the postganglionic sympathetic neurone obtained by long term administration of large doses of guanethidine.", "contents": "Guanethidine induced sympathectomy in the adult rat. I. Functional effects following subacute administration. Guanethidine sulphate 5 and 40 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to adult rats for 4, 8, 14, and 28 days followed by discontinuation for 1 day, after administration for 28 days and additionally for 8, 14, 29, and 60 days. Under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia the mean arterial blood pressure and the mean heart rate were determined and the response of these parameters to intravenous noradrenaline 3-1600 ng was recorded. The blood pressure was not significantly changed after guanethidine 5 mg/kg, but lowered by 40 mg/kg, the decrease being reversible on discontinuation. The response of both parameters to noradrenaline was increased by guanethidine depending on the dose. The hypersensitivity was partly reversible on discontinuation, but a significantly increased sensitivity of the heart rate to noradrenaline was observed 60 days after discontinuation of guanethidine 40 mg/kg for 28 days. Histologically a profound loss of nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion was observed following guanethidine 40 mg/kg, whereas no change was observed after 5 mg/kg. The present investigation has demonstrated that guanethidine 5 mg/kg does not induce histological or permanent haemodynamic changes, whereas 40 mg/kg for 28 days result in an incomplete sympathectomy accompanied by a partially irreversible hypersensitivity to noradrenaline. There is no simple relation between the loss of ganglion cells and the haemodynamic changes, and hence the hypersensitivity to noradrenaline is only in part due to the destruction of the postganglionic sympathetic neurone obtained by long term administration of large doses of guanethidine.", "PMID": 578648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13172", "title": "Guanethidine induced sympathectomy in the adult rat. II. Functional effects following chronic administration.", "content": "Guanethidine sulphate in doses of 5 and 40 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to adult rats daily for three months followed by discontinuation of administration for one day or three months. Following guanethidine 40 mg/kg a loss of approximately 95% of the nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion was observed. No changes were observed after 5 mg/kg. The average mean arterial blood pressure (measured under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia) was lowered by 33 and 54 mmHg by guanethidine 40 mg/kg for three months followed by discontinuation for one day and three months respectively. The heart rate was unchanged. Guanethidine 5 mg/kg did not change any of these parameters. The increase in blood pressure and heart rate caused by intravenously administered noradrenaline was greatly enhanced following guanethidine 40 mg/kg, whereas only small changes were observed following 5 mg/kg. Following discontinuation for one day of 40 mg/kg for three months the potency ratios for the mean arterial blood pressure and the mean heart rate were 31 and 21 respectively, after discontinuation for three months 44 and 17 respectively. The potency ratios following guanethidine 5 mg/kg were 1.5 to 2.0. No changes were observed in the weight of the suprarenal glands following guanethidine. The present investigation has demonstrated an almost total chemical sympathectomy by guanethidine 40 mg/kg for three months and a persistent hypersensitivity to noradrenaline even after discontinuation of medication for three months.", "contents": "Guanethidine induced sympathectomy in the adult rat. II. Functional effects following chronic administration. Guanethidine sulphate in doses of 5 and 40 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to adult rats daily for three months followed by discontinuation of administration for one day or three months. Following guanethidine 40 mg/kg a loss of approximately 95% of the nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion was observed. No changes were observed after 5 mg/kg. The average mean arterial blood pressure (measured under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia) was lowered by 33 and 54 mmHg by guanethidine 40 mg/kg for three months followed by discontinuation for one day and three months respectively. The heart rate was unchanged. Guanethidine 5 mg/kg did not change any of these parameters. The increase in blood pressure and heart rate caused by intravenously administered noradrenaline was greatly enhanced following guanethidine 40 mg/kg, whereas only small changes were observed following 5 mg/kg. Following discontinuation for one day of 40 mg/kg for three months the potency ratios for the mean arterial blood pressure and the mean heart rate were 31 and 21 respectively, after discontinuation for three months 44 and 17 respectively. The potency ratios following guanethidine 5 mg/kg were 1.5 to 2.0. No changes were observed in the weight of the suprarenal glands following guanethidine. The present investigation has demonstrated an almost total chemical sympathectomy by guanethidine 40 mg/kg for three months and a persistent hypersensitivity to noradrenaline even after discontinuation of medication for three months.", "PMID": 578649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13173", "title": "Release of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine by some anorexic and other sympathomimetics and their acetyl derivatives.", "content": "The effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rabbit platelets to plasma of ten known sympathomimetic or anorectic phenethylamines and eight N- or O-acetyl derivatives of these substances were studied in order to find possible structure-action relationships and a possible correlation to the pulmonary hypertension inducing ability of some anorexigens. Among the mainly indirectly acting sympathomimetics amphetamine and ephedrine showed a similar high 5HT-releasing effect. Tyramine was slightly weaker, while the direct acting phenylephrine (metaoxedrine) and orciprenaline were much weaker. Acetylation increased the 5HT releasing effect of amphetamine, ephedrine and tyramine but decreased this effect of phenylephrine and orciprenaline. Among the anorectic phenethylamines the 5HT-releasing effect decreased in the following order, aminorex, amphetamine, clophorex, chlorphentermine, diethylpropion (amphepramon), phentermine. With regard to aminorex, which is a releaser of platelet 5HT and an inhibitor of both MAO activity and 5HT uptake in pulmonary tissue, it seems possible that the pulmonary hypertension can be caused by high concentration of free 5HT.", "contents": "Release of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine by some anorexic and other sympathomimetics and their acetyl derivatives. The effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rabbit platelets to plasma of ten known sympathomimetic or anorectic phenethylamines and eight N- or O-acetyl derivatives of these substances were studied in order to find possible structure-action relationships and a possible correlation to the pulmonary hypertension inducing ability of some anorexigens. Among the mainly indirectly acting sympathomimetics amphetamine and ephedrine showed a similar high 5HT-releasing effect. Tyramine was slightly weaker, while the direct acting phenylephrine (metaoxedrine) and orciprenaline were much weaker. Acetylation increased the 5HT releasing effect of amphetamine, ephedrine and tyramine but decreased this effect of phenylephrine and orciprenaline. Among the anorectic phenethylamines the 5HT-releasing effect decreased in the following order, aminorex, amphetamine, clophorex, chlorphentermine, diethylpropion (amphepramon), phentermine. With regard to aminorex, which is a releaser of platelet 5HT and an inhibitor of both MAO activity and 5HT uptake in pulmonary tissue, it seems possible that the pulmonary hypertension can be caused by high concentration of free 5HT.", "PMID": 578650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13174", "title": "Azidocillin and ampicillin concentrations in middle ear effusion.", "content": "The penetration of azidocillin and ampicillin into the middle ear effusion after oral administration was studied and compared with blood levels of the drugs. In acute otitis media one hour after a single oral dose of azidocillin (15 mg/kg) 1.56 +/- 0.44 microgram/ml of the drug was found in the effusion fluid; after 2 hours the fluid contained 3.21 +/- 0.87 microgram/ml and after 12 hours,0.84 +/- 0.13 microgram/ml. The concentrations of ampicillin were 1.15 +/- 0.23 microgram/ml after one hour, 2.17 +/- 0.46 microgram/ml after 2 hours and 1.09 +/- 0.22 microgram/ml after 8 hours following a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Both drugs stay longer in the middle ear secretion than in the blood. This persistence supports the administration of azidocillin twice daily in acute otitis media. In contrast, the penetration of the drugs into the middle ear effusion fluid was poor in secretory otitis media, where the levels of the drugs were significantly lower.", "contents": "Azidocillin and ampicillin concentrations in middle ear effusion. The penetration of azidocillin and ampicillin into the middle ear effusion after oral administration was studied and compared with blood levels of the drugs. In acute otitis media one hour after a single oral dose of azidocillin (15 mg/kg) 1.56 +/- 0.44 microgram/ml of the drug was found in the effusion fluid; after 2 hours the fluid contained 3.21 +/- 0.87 microgram/ml and after 12 hours,0.84 +/- 0.13 microgram/ml. The concentrations of ampicillin were 1.15 +/- 0.23 microgram/ml after one hour, 2.17 +/- 0.46 microgram/ml after 2 hours and 1.09 +/- 0.22 microgram/ml after 8 hours following a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Both drugs stay longer in the middle ear secretion than in the blood. This persistence supports the administration of azidocillin twice daily in acute otitis media. In contrast, the penetration of the drugs into the middle ear effusion fluid was poor in secretory otitis media, where the levels of the drugs were significantly lower.", "PMID": 578645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13175", "title": "Metabolism of 14C-antipyrine in suspensions of isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "Suspensions of liver cells isolated from perfused rat livers were incubated with antipyrine-N-methyl-14C. Antipyrine was eliminated by first-order kinetics during incubations for 3 hours with primary suspensions (parenchymal cells + non-parenchymal cells) and suspensions of purified parenchymal cells. Antipyrine concentrations were unchanged when incubated with suspensions of non-parenchymal cells, dead cells or medium only. At the end of incubation period, 4-OH-antipyrine and 3-CH2OH-antipyrine were detected mainly as the glucuronide or sulphate conjugates, and evidence for the N-demethylation of antipyrine was also obtained. Half-lives for elimination of antipyrine in primary cell suspensions were not significantly different from the half-lives measured in parenchymal cell suspensions. This finding together with the lack of metabolism of antipyrine found in non-parenchymal cell suspensions suggest that oxidation and conjugation of antipyrine is mainly confined to the parenchymal cells. There was significant inhibition of antipyrine metabolism in primary suspensions by phenylbutazone (1.6 X 10(-3)M), dexamethasone (2 X 10(-4)M) and ethanol (1.3 X 10(-2)M, 0.75%). We suggest that the use of primary suspensions of isolated rat liver cells provide a rapid and simple method for the study of factors influencing drug metabolism in the liver.", "contents": "Metabolism of 14C-antipyrine in suspensions of isolated rat liver cells. Suspensions of liver cells isolated from perfused rat livers were incubated with antipyrine-N-methyl-14C. Antipyrine was eliminated by first-order kinetics during incubations for 3 hours with primary suspensions (parenchymal cells + non-parenchymal cells) and suspensions of purified parenchymal cells. Antipyrine concentrations were unchanged when incubated with suspensions of non-parenchymal cells, dead cells or medium only. At the end of incubation period, 4-OH-antipyrine and 3-CH2OH-antipyrine were detected mainly as the glucuronide or sulphate conjugates, and evidence for the N-demethylation of antipyrine was also obtained. Half-lives for elimination of antipyrine in primary cell suspensions were not significantly different from the half-lives measured in parenchymal cell suspensions. This finding together with the lack of metabolism of antipyrine found in non-parenchymal cell suspensions suggest that oxidation and conjugation of antipyrine is mainly confined to the parenchymal cells. There was significant inhibition of antipyrine metabolism in primary suspensions by phenylbutazone (1.6 X 10(-3)M), dexamethasone (2 X 10(-4)M) and ethanol (1.3 X 10(-2)M, 0.75%). We suggest that the use of primary suspensions of isolated rat liver cells provide a rapid and simple method for the study of factors influencing drug metabolism in the liver.", "PMID": 578651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13176", "title": "Distribution and fate of the insect repellent 14C-N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide in the animal body. II. Distribution and excretion after cutaneous application.", "content": "The tissue distribution of 14C-labelled N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), a widely used mosquito repellent, was studied by means of whole-body autoradiography after cutaneous application to mice. The early picture was very similar to that previously observed after intravenous injection of the substance, with high concentration of radioactivity mainly in the lacrimal gland, liver, bile, intestinal contents, kidney, urine, and nasal mucosa. Urinary excretion in mice was highest early after application whereas in a human volunteer maximal excretion appeared only after several hours. In mice a low but significant excretion persisted throughout the observation time of one month, probably emanating from the considerable amount of radioactivity remaining in the smeared skin area, as observed both autoradiographically and by means of quantitative measurements.", "contents": "Distribution and fate of the insect repellent 14C-N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide in the animal body. II. Distribution and excretion after cutaneous application. The tissue distribution of 14C-labelled N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), a widely used mosquito repellent, was studied by means of whole-body autoradiography after cutaneous application to mice. The early picture was very similar to that previously observed after intravenous injection of the substance, with high concentration of radioactivity mainly in the lacrimal gland, liver, bile, intestinal contents, kidney, urine, and nasal mucosa. Urinary excretion in mice was highest early after application whereas in a human volunteer maximal excretion appeared only after several hours. In mice a low but significant excretion persisted throughout the observation time of one month, probably emanating from the considerable amount of radioactivity remaining in the smeared skin area, as observed both autoradiographically and by means of quantitative measurements.", "PMID": 578652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13177", "title": "Measurements of the air conditioning capacity of the nose during normal and pathological conditions and pharmacological influence.", "content": "A simple method is introduced for measuring the air conditioning capacity of the nose. A flow of 8 1/min dry air is introduced by a catheter into the nasopharynx, while 5 1/min is sucked out from the investigated nasal cavity through a psychrometer. The additional 3 1/min passes down into the pharynx, thus reducing the intermingling with expiratory air. By using CO2 as a tracer, this error was found to be maximally 15% and often about 1%. The three different enthalpy factors: increase in enthalpy of dry air, vaporization, and increase in enthalpy of water vapour, were calculated separately and the vaporization was found to be the dominant factor. The calculated total supply of humidity showed that the method presented causes at least a slight stress on the humidifying capacity. Pharmacological studies have shown that subcutaneously injected atropine decreased the total enthalpy and that of water vapour, while nasal administration of oximetazoline also decreased the total enthalpy. Nasal administration of homatropine or pilocarpine had no effect on the air conditioning. In comparison with normal subjects, those with vasomotor rhinitis had an increased enthalpy of the air, while the same enthalpy factor was reduced in cases with atrophic rhinitis. Laryngectomized patients had no significant difference in the air conditioning capacity of the nose in relation to normal subjects, while patients operated with partial maxillectomy had a considerable reduction in vaporization and total enthalpy.", "contents": "Measurements of the air conditioning capacity of the nose during normal and pathological conditions and pharmacological influence. A simple method is introduced for measuring the air conditioning capacity of the nose. A flow of 8 1/min dry air is introduced by a catheter into the nasopharynx, while 5 1/min is sucked out from the investigated nasal cavity through a psychrometer. The additional 3 1/min passes down into the pharynx, thus reducing the intermingling with expiratory air. By using CO2 as a tracer, this error was found to be maximally 15% and often about 1%. The three different enthalpy factors: increase in enthalpy of dry air, vaporization, and increase in enthalpy of water vapour, were calculated separately and the vaporization was found to be the dominant factor. The calculated total supply of humidity showed that the method presented causes at least a slight stress on the humidifying capacity. Pharmacological studies have shown that subcutaneously injected atropine decreased the total enthalpy and that of water vapour, while nasal administration of oximetazoline also decreased the total enthalpy. Nasal administration of homatropine or pilocarpine had no effect on the air conditioning. In comparison with normal subjects, those with vasomotor rhinitis had an increased enthalpy of the air, while the same enthalpy factor was reduced in cases with atrophic rhinitis. Laryngectomized patients had no significant difference in the air conditioning capacity of the nose in relation to normal subjects, while patients operated with partial maxillectomy had a considerable reduction in vaporization and total enthalpy.", "PMID": 578646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13178", "title": "Carbamazepine: placental transport, tissue concentrations in foetus and newborn, and level in milk.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine were studied during pregnancy and early childhood by investigating the extent of its placental penetration and its distribution in the foetal and neonatal tissues at autopsy. In foetuses the liver and kidney contained high levels of carbamazepine, whereas brain and lungs had low values. Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide was also detected in the foetal circulation. At autopsy material, carbamazepine was localized mostly in the cerebral cortex, heart, liver and kidney. The concentration of carbamazepine in the milk was found to be 60 per cent of the respective plasma value.", "contents": "Carbamazepine: placental transport, tissue concentrations in foetus and newborn, and level in milk. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine were studied during pregnancy and early childhood by investigating the extent of its placental penetration and its distribution in the foetal and neonatal tissues at autopsy. In foetuses the liver and kidney contained high levels of carbamazepine, whereas brain and lungs had low values. Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide was also detected in the foetal circulation. At autopsy material, carbamazepine was localized mostly in the cerebral cortex, heart, liver and kidney. The concentration of carbamazepine in the milk was found to be 60 per cent of the respective plasma value.", "PMID": 578653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13179", "title": "Simultaneous determination of furosemide and two of its possible metabolites in biological fluids.", "content": "By the means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) prior to fluorometry it was possible to determine furosemide (F) in plasma and urine with improved specificity. Antranilic acid (A) and 4-chlor-5-sulphamoyl-antranilic acid (CSA) could be determined simultaneously with F in plasma. In urine, only F and A could be determined quantitatively by this method. The sensitivity is 0.1 microgram/ml for F and 0.15-0.20 microgram/ml for A and CSA. By means of TLC prior to fluorometry the blank value for F was reduced in normal subjects and in different groups of patients, and its diurnal variation was eliminated. The average values of the plasma concentrations of F after the intravenous injection of 40 mg into 12 normal subjects were at all times found to be lower by the TLC method than by the fluorometric method without TLC. A higher plasma clearance and a lower volume of distribution were found for F when the values obtained by the TLC method were used for the calculation.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of furosemide and two of its possible metabolites in biological fluids. By the means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) prior to fluorometry it was possible to determine furosemide (F) in plasma and urine with improved specificity. Antranilic acid (A) and 4-chlor-5-sulphamoyl-antranilic acid (CSA) could be determined simultaneously with F in plasma. In urine, only F and A could be determined quantitatively by this method. The sensitivity is 0.1 microgram/ml for F and 0.15-0.20 microgram/ml for A and CSA. By means of TLC prior to fluorometry the blank value for F was reduced in normal subjects and in different groups of patients, and its diurnal variation was eliminated. The average values of the plasma concentrations of F after the intravenous injection of 40 mg into 12 normal subjects were at all times found to be lower by the TLC method than by the fluorometric method without TLC. A higher plasma clearance and a lower volume of distribution were found for F when the values obtained by the TLC method were used for the calculation.", "PMID": 578654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13180", "title": "Inducible aldehyde dehydrogenases in the hepatic cytosol of the rat.", "content": "Rats of the Wistar/Af/Han/Mol/(Han 67) strain have previously been shown to respond in a variable way to phenobarbital treatment, as far as the induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is concerned (Marselos 1976). This biochemical property is genetically determined and concerns the high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase of the hepatic cytosol. In this study, administration of phenobarbital (1 mg/mo of drinking water, for 1 week) produces a uniform induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase in all rats, when measured with micromolar substrate concentration. The inducible low-Km enzyme of the cytosol is not genetically determined like the high-Km enzyme, and shows a wide specificity for aliphatic as well as for aromatic aldehydes. Despite the inducibility of the cytosolic enzymes, no alterations are found in the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activities after phenobarbital treatment. The oxidation of D-glucuronolactone takes place only in the cytosol, and seems to be dependent on the low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase. This is consistent with NMR studies, which showed that a very minimal amount of D-glucuronolactone is in aldehyde form under the measurement conditions usually applied. Further, the oxidation of D-glucuronolactone is also enhanced by phenobarbital in all rats without a genetic predisposition, and its dose-response curve is very similar to that of the low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Inducible aldehyde dehydrogenases in the hepatic cytosol of the rat. Rats of the Wistar/Af/Han/Mol/(Han 67) strain have previously been shown to respond in a variable way to phenobarbital treatment, as far as the induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is concerned (Marselos 1976). This biochemical property is genetically determined and concerns the high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase of the hepatic cytosol. In this study, administration of phenobarbital (1 mg/mo of drinking water, for 1 week) produces a uniform induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase in all rats, when measured with micromolar substrate concentration. The inducible low-Km enzyme of the cytosol is not genetically determined like the high-Km enzyme, and shows a wide specificity for aliphatic as well as for aromatic aldehydes. Despite the inducibility of the cytosolic enzymes, no alterations are found in the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activities after phenobarbital treatment. The oxidation of D-glucuronolactone takes place only in the cytosol, and seems to be dependent on the low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase. This is consistent with NMR studies, which showed that a very minimal amount of D-glucuronolactone is in aldehyde form under the measurement conditions usually applied. Further, the oxidation of D-glucuronolactone is also enhanced by phenobarbital in all rats without a genetic predisposition, and its dose-response curve is very similar to that of the low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 578655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13181", "title": "Simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in biological samples by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.", "content": "A sensitive gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in plasma and brain samples is described. The method involves solvent extraction of the compounds from plasma, derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and subsequent separation on a 3% OV-17 column. The quantification is performed with electron capture detection. The sensitivity of the method (0.75 ng of morphine and 7.5 ng of codeine in a sample) makes it especially useful for pharmacokinetic investigations. The method was successfully applied to determine the time course of codeine and its metabolite morphine after intravenous administration of codeine to the rat.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in biological samples by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. A sensitive gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in plasma and brain samples is described. The method involves solvent extraction of the compounds from plasma, derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and subsequent separation on a 3% OV-17 column. The quantification is performed with electron capture detection. The sensitivity of the method (0.75 ng of morphine and 7.5 ng of codeine in a sample) makes it especially useful for pharmacokinetic investigations. The method was successfully applied to determine the time course of codeine and its metabolite morphine after intravenous administration of codeine to the rat.", "PMID": 578656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13182", "title": "Compensated low-dose 131I therapy of Graves' disease.", "content": "To minimize the high rate of residual thyrotoxicosis encountered in low-dose 131I therapy of Graves' disease, we have treated 62 patients with a low-dose 131I protocol that includes a compensation for thyroid size. Dose varied between 40 muCi retained/g for glands of normal size to 100 muCi/g for glands of 100 g or greater. Mean dose was 51.9 muCi/g. At 1 year after therapy, 66.1% of subjects were euthyroid, 9.7% hypothyroid, and 24.2% hyperthyroid, a significant improvement (P less than 0.01) over our previous experience using 50 muCi/g independent of gland size. Several factors, other than 131I dose, which might influence the outcome of therapy, were investigated. Initial free thyroxine index observed before therapy was found to have prognostic significance. Hypothyroidism developed only in patients having an initial free thyroxine index of 22.5 or less (about 2.5 times the upper limit of normal in our laboratory).", "contents": "Compensated low-dose 131I therapy of Graves' disease. To minimize the high rate of residual thyrotoxicosis encountered in low-dose 131I therapy of Graves' disease, we have treated 62 patients with a low-dose 131I protocol that includes a compensation for thyroid size. Dose varied between 40 muCi retained/g for glands of normal size to 100 muCi/g for glands of 100 g or greater. Mean dose was 51.9 muCi/g. At 1 year after therapy, 66.1% of subjects were euthyroid, 9.7% hypothyroid, and 24.2% hyperthyroid, a significant improvement (P less than 0.01) over our previous experience using 50 muCi/g independent of gland size. Several factors, other than 131I dose, which might influence the outcome of therapy, were investigated. Initial free thyroxine index observed before therapy was found to have prognostic significance. Hypothyroidism developed only in patients having an initial free thyroxine index of 22.5 or less (about 2.5 times the upper limit of normal in our laboratory).", "PMID": 578665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13183", "title": "[Obtaining 14-oxycarminomycin and a study of its antitumor activity].", "content": "The authors obtained  14-oxykarminomycin by alkaline hydrolysis of 14-bromokarminomycin. On two-fold  intravenous administration to mice with lymphosarcoma, strain L10-1, 14-oxycarminomycin showed the same toxicity as karminomycin. The preparation had the same selective antitumor activity as karminomycin.", "contents": "[Obtaining 14-oxycarminomycin and a study of its antitumor activity]. The authors obtained  14-oxykarminomycin by alkaline hydrolysis of 14-bromokarminomycin. On two-fold  intravenous administration to mice with lymphosarcoma, strain L10-1, 14-oxycarminomycin showed the same toxicity as karminomycin. The preparation had the same selective antitumor activity as karminomycin.", "PMID": 578668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13184", "title": "[Detection of allergy to antibiotics in dermatology--venereology practice].", "content": "A total of 205 stationary patients with and without drug disease were examined with the purpose of diagnosing allergy to the widely used antibiotics. The reaction of leucocytosis was used in the studies and the antibiotic concentration was increased up to 1 gamma/ml. Sufficiently high specificity of the reaction for diagnosis of the medicamentous allergy was determined. Increased sensitivity was most frequent to penicillins. Participation of biologically active substances, such as heparin and histamine in exacerbation reaction in syphilitic patients treated with penicillin was found. The most pronounced increase in the levels of these substances in the blood of the patients was observed 6 hours after the beginning of the treatment without any connection without any connection with the clinical signs of the exacerbation reaction.", "contents": "[Detection of allergy to antibiotics in dermatology--venereology practice]. A total of 205 stationary patients with and without drug disease were examined with the purpose of diagnosing allergy to the widely used antibiotics. The reaction of leucocytosis was used in the studies and the antibiotic concentration was increased up to 1 gamma/ml. Sufficiently high specificity of the reaction for diagnosis of the medicamentous allergy was determined. Increased sensitivity was most frequent to penicillins. Participation of biologically active substances, such as heparin and histamine in exacerbation reaction in syphilitic patients treated with penicillin was found. The most pronounced increase in the levels of these substances in the blood of the patients was observed 6 hours after the beginning of the treatment without any connection without any connection with the clinical signs of the exacerbation reaction.", "PMID": 578669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13185", "title": "[Food habits].", "content": "This descriptive study presents a series of factors that can influence food habits, being the educational level the most important independent variable. The sample included families that had infants (1-2 years) and preschool children (2-6 years). These families belonged to all socio-economic levels, not being well represented the very high and the very low levels. The results are presented individually by food groups and by a sequence of factors that could influence the food consumption behaviour. From the results one can observe that there is a great need of nutrition education to affirm and modify some habits and create others. This could be of great value for the general population.", "contents": "[Food habits]. This descriptive study presents a series of factors that can influence food habits, being the educational level the most important independent variable. The sample included families that had infants (1-2 years) and preschool children (2-6 years). These families belonged to all socio-economic levels, not being well represented the very high and the very low levels. The results are presented individually by food groups and by a sequence of factors that could influence the food consumption behaviour. From the results one can observe that there is a great need of nutrition education to affirm and modify some habits and create others. This could be of great value for the general population.", "PMID": 578670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13186", "title": "Immunosuppression by human placenta lactogen (HPL) and the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP-1). Inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The in vitro effect of human placental lactogen (HPL) and the gravidity-specific beta1-Glycoprotein (SP-1) on the lymphocyte transformation was investigated in 20 healthy women. It was shown that simultaneous incubation of the lymphocytes with HPL or SP-1 together with PHA has no influence on the incorporation rate of H3-Thymidine. When the fetal calf serum (FCS) in the lymphocyte cultures was substituted by a 3% human albumin-solution, there was a reduction of the incorporation rate of the radioactive nucleic acid precursors to 20%, as compared to the controls with FCS. After addition of HPL and SP-1 to the cultures there was a further dosis dependent decrease of the incorporation rate. When lymphocytes were preincubated with the proteins for 24 h, there was a marked reduction of the blastogenesis after additon of PHA, HPL and SP-1 under these conditions had a immunosuppressive effect on the lymphocyte transformation.", "contents": "Immunosuppression by human placenta lactogen (HPL) and the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP-1). Inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation. The in vitro effect of human placental lactogen (HPL) and the gravidity-specific beta1-Glycoprotein (SP-1) on the lymphocyte transformation was investigated in 20 healthy women. It was shown that simultaneous incubation of the lymphocytes with HPL or SP-1 together with PHA has no influence on the incorporation rate of H3-Thymidine. When the fetal calf serum (FCS) in the lymphocyte cultures was substituted by a 3% human albumin-solution, there was a reduction of the incorporation rate of the radioactive nucleic acid precursors to 20%, as compared to the controls with FCS. After addition of HPL and SP-1 to the cultures there was a further dosis dependent decrease of the incorporation rate. When lymphocytes were preincubated with the proteins for 24 h, there was a marked reduction of the blastogenesis after additon of PHA, HPL and SP-1 under these conditions had a immunosuppressive effect on the lymphocyte transformation.", "PMID": 578671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13187", "title": "Chevalier Jackson Lecture: In quest of the prevention of hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "Hyaline membrane disease or respiratory distress syndrome of prematurely born infants is more common in males, in Caucasians, has a familial predisposition, and is associated with maternal diabetes and delivery by cesarean section before the onset of labor. Now known to be the sequel of surfactant deficiency, it can be predicted prenatally by assay of amniotic liquid for surface active materials produced by the fetal lung. Deficiency of adequate surfactant synthesis or secretion can result in low levels of lecithins and other phospholipids in amniotic liquid. Lung maturation can result in low levels of lecithins and other phospholipids in amniotic liquid. Lung maturation can be accelerated if labor or elective delivery can be deferred at least 24 hours. Glucocorticoids given to the mother cross the placenta and enter fetal lung tissues; specific receptors exist in the lung which permit glucocorticoids to promote cell differentiation and surfactant synthesis precociously. Clinical trials support the efficacy and lack of short-term toxicity of glucocorticoids in human pregnancy after 28 weeks gestation in the event of premature onset of labor. Maternal toxemia, infection or illness which may be aggravated by glucocorticoids may contraindicate prenatal treatment. Postnatally endogenous glucocorticoids accelerate lung maturation, and further administration confers no additional benefit.", "contents": "Chevalier Jackson Lecture: In quest of the prevention of hyaline membrane disease. Hyaline membrane disease or respiratory distress syndrome of prematurely born infants is more common in males, in Caucasians, has a familial predisposition, and is associated with maternal diabetes and delivery by cesarean section before the onset of labor. Now known to be the sequel of surfactant deficiency, it can be predicted prenatally by assay of amniotic liquid for surface active materials produced by the fetal lung. Deficiency of adequate surfactant synthesis or secretion can result in low levels of lecithins and other phospholipids in amniotic liquid. Lung maturation can result in low levels of lecithins and other phospholipids in amniotic liquid. Lung maturation can be accelerated if labor or elective delivery can be deferred at least 24 hours. Glucocorticoids given to the mother cross the placenta and enter fetal lung tissues; specific receptors exist in the lung which permit glucocorticoids to promote cell differentiation and surfactant synthesis precociously. Clinical trials support the efficacy and lack of short-term toxicity of glucocorticoids in human pregnancy after 28 weeks gestation in the event of premature onset of labor. Maternal toxemia, infection or illness which may be aggravated by glucocorticoids may contraindicate prenatal treatment. Postnatally endogenous glucocorticoids accelerate lung maturation, and further administration confers no additional benefit.", "PMID": 578667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13188", "title": "[Decidualisation of the endometrial stromal cell. An electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The fine structural changes of the endometrial stromal cell from late secretory phase up to full developed decidua cell have been investigated by means of electron microscope. During decidual transformation the cell volume, the assortment of cytoplasmic organelles and the mode of intercellular attachments undergo characteristic alterations. These alterations reflect an adaptation on new cellular functions. In contrast to the structural organization, which is transformed continuosly, the encymatic cell pattern exerts a step wise gradual transformation, since new encymatic capacities can only arise after their funtional structures have been established. To the most important functions of decidua cells and their prestages belong secretory and endocrine activities. Precollagen fibrills represent a specific secretory product of the stroma reticulum cells. The active involvement of the full differentiated decidua cells in steroid metabolism is indicated by characteristic transformation of the cytoplasmic organization concomittantly to the appearance of intracellular steroid dehydrogenase activities. So-called karyosoma could be demonstrated within the nuclei of postovulatory stromal reticulum cells as in decidua cells. Similar nuclear differentiations have been observed in various target cells of steroid hormones. They possibly are structural manifestations of the hormonal interaction with the nuclear DNA.", "contents": "[Decidualisation of the endometrial stromal cell. An electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. The fine structural changes of the endometrial stromal cell from late secretory phase up to full developed decidua cell have been investigated by means of electron microscope. During decidual transformation the cell volume, the assortment of cytoplasmic organelles and the mode of intercellular attachments undergo characteristic alterations. These alterations reflect an adaptation on new cellular functions. In contrast to the structural organization, which is transformed continuosly, the encymatic cell pattern exerts a step wise gradual transformation, since new encymatic capacities can only arise after their funtional structures have been established. To the most important functions of decidua cells and their prestages belong secretory and endocrine activities. Precollagen fibrills represent a specific secretory product of the stroma reticulum cells. The active involvement of the full differentiated decidua cells in steroid metabolism is indicated by characteristic transformation of the cytoplasmic organization concomittantly to the appearance of intracellular steroid dehydrogenase activities. So-called karyosoma could be demonstrated within the nuclei of postovulatory stromal reticulum cells as in decidua cells. Similar nuclear differentiations have been observed in various target cells of steroid hormones. They possibly are structural manifestations of the hormonal interaction with the nuclear DNA.", "PMID": 578672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13189", "title": "[Studies on the dependence of intrafollicular pressure on the pressure in the intraovarian-vascular-system and tissue, carried out in vitro on human ovaries (author's transl)].", "content": "The intrafollicular, intraovarian and intraarterial hydrostatic pressures were measured in vitro on human ovaries in the vollicular ripening phase. It has been established that in the vascular system as well as in the intraovarian tissues pressure variations occur spontaneously. Thus for example under, the influence of epinephrine, norepinephrine, prostaglandine F2 alpha and oxytocine, the tonicity of the vascular system increases and does so the number of spontaneous contractions rather noticeably, particularly under the influence of prostaglandine F2alpha, and under the various catecholamines an increase of frequency and amplitude has been observed. Any increase of pressure in the intraovarian vascular system and tissues will effect all the follicles not yet in the preovulatorian phase, in which they cause a similar pressure increase. However, follicles imminently preovulatorian have not shown such pressure increase because the increase of the \"liquor folliculi\" runs parallel to the increasing elasticity of the follicle walls. The findings are discussed in this article with a particular view of the biophysical aspects of ovulation.", "contents": "[Studies on the dependence of intrafollicular pressure on the pressure in the intraovarian-vascular-system and tissue, carried out in vitro on human ovaries (author's transl)]. The intrafollicular, intraovarian and intraarterial hydrostatic pressures were measured in vitro on human ovaries in the vollicular ripening phase. It has been established that in the vascular system as well as in the intraovarian tissues pressure variations occur spontaneously. Thus for example under, the influence of epinephrine, norepinephrine, prostaglandine F2 alpha and oxytocine, the tonicity of the vascular system increases and does so the number of spontaneous contractions rather noticeably, particularly under the influence of prostaglandine F2alpha, and under the various catecholamines an increase of frequency and amplitude has been observed. Any increase of pressure in the intraovarian vascular system and tissues will effect all the follicles not yet in the preovulatorian phase, in which they cause a similar pressure increase. However, follicles imminently preovulatorian have not shown such pressure increase because the increase of the \"liquor folliculi\" runs parallel to the increasing elasticity of the follicle walls. The findings are discussed in this article with a particular view of the biophysical aspects of ovulation.", "PMID": 578673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13190", "title": "Ethnicity and adaptation to climacterium.", "content": "An investigation was made into the menopausal symptoms and attitudes of 1,148 Israeli women of five different ethnic origins. The results show that, while some of the somatic menopausal symptoms are independent of ethnic origin, psychic and psychosomatic symptoms are more closely associated with this variable. Similarly, the general health of menopausal women also varies with cultural origin. This variation is shown to correlate with the psychic and psychosomatic symptomatology of the climacterium. This study underlines the necessity of a multi-factorial, biological, sociological, psychological and anthropological approach to problems of menopause.", "contents": "Ethnicity and adaptation to climacterium. An investigation was made into the menopausal symptoms and attitudes of 1,148 Israeli women of five different ethnic origins. The results show that, while some of the somatic menopausal symptoms are independent of ethnic origin, psychic and psychosomatic symptoms are more closely associated with this variable. Similarly, the general health of menopausal women also varies with cultural origin. This variation is shown to correlate with the psychic and psychosomatic symptomatology of the climacterium. This study underlines the necessity of a multi-factorial, biological, sociological, psychological and anthropological approach to problems of menopause.", "PMID": 578675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13191", "title": "[Thelarche: psychosocial aspects for gynaecology. Psychometric investigation in 533 women (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychosomatic and psychosocial importance of the thelarche for gynaecology was the subject of an investigation in 533 women. Psychometrically personality traits (FPI) and intelligence level (MWT) were examined. Thelarche started the earlier the younger the women examined (p less than 0.001). Women with higher school leaving age and above-average intelligence went through thelarche earlier than those with lower school leaving age (p less than 0.01) and below-average intelligence (p less than 0.01). Breast development in the phase of puberty was observed with greater attention by younger women with higher level of education than by older women with lower level of education (roughly estimated by school leaving age and intelligence level). Thelarche was observed with greater attention by sociable, vivacious, extrovert women than by unsociable, introvert women (p less than 0.001). Women who consciously observed their breast development reported very regular cycles more often than expected (p less than 0.05) and mostly were of ideal weight (p less than 0.001). The practical importance of the thelarche experience for gynaecology manifests itself above all in the breast prophylaxis behaviour. The more attentively the women observed their breast development the more importance they attached to prophylactic medical breast examinations (p less than 0.01) and the more frequently they examined themselves (p less than 0.01) which worried them more rarely (p less than 0.05). The effect of the thelarche experience on future breast prophylaxis behaviour underlines the importance of early health education for preventive gynaecology.", "contents": "[Thelarche: psychosocial aspects for gynaecology. Psychometric investigation in 533 women (author's transl)]. The psychosomatic and psychosocial importance of the thelarche for gynaecology was the subject of an investigation in 533 women. Psychometrically personality traits (FPI) and intelligence level (MWT) were examined. Thelarche started the earlier the younger the women examined (p less than 0.001). Women with higher school leaving age and above-average intelligence went through thelarche earlier than those with lower school leaving age (p less than 0.01) and below-average intelligence (p less than 0.01). Breast development in the phase of puberty was observed with greater attention by younger women with higher level of education than by older women with lower level of education (roughly estimated by school leaving age and intelligence level). Thelarche was observed with greater attention by sociable, vivacious, extrovert women than by unsociable, introvert women (p less than 0.001). Women who consciously observed their breast development reported very regular cycles more often than expected (p less than 0.05) and mostly were of ideal weight (p less than 0.001). The practical importance of the thelarche experience for gynaecology manifests itself above all in the breast prophylaxis behaviour. The more attentively the women observed their breast development the more importance they attached to prophylactic medical breast examinations (p less than 0.01) and the more frequently they examined themselves (p less than 0.01) which worried them more rarely (p less than 0.05). The effect of the thelarche experience on future breast prophylaxis behaviour underlines the importance of early health education for preventive gynaecology.", "PMID": 578676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13192", "title": "[Treatment of vulvar cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on 120 cases of vulvar cancer. The mean age at diagnosis was 66.5 years. 25% were younger than 60, and 10% younger than 50 years. 95% were squamous cell carcinoma. The main site of the primary lesion were the labia (71%). 55 patients had palpable nodes in the groins. 12% of all women (=28% of those treated by radical vulvectomyl) had metastases in the groins. 54 (45%) were treated by radical vulvectomy, of which 23 (43%) received postsurgical radiation. 63 patients had minor operation with consecutive radiation in 51 (81%) of them. The overall 5 year survival rate was 43%. It was 65% in the group treated by radical surgery and 24% in the group of minor surgery and radiation. The radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal and femoral lymphonodectomy is recommended as treatment of choice in all suitable cases. The radiation cannot replace radical surgery.", "contents": "[Treatment of vulvar cancer (author's transl)]. This is a report on 120 cases of vulvar cancer. The mean age at diagnosis was 66.5 years. 25% were younger than 60, and 10% younger than 50 years. 95% were squamous cell carcinoma. The main site of the primary lesion were the labia (71%). 55 patients had palpable nodes in the groins. 12% of all women (=28% of those treated by radical vulvectomyl) had metastases in the groins. 54 (45%) were treated by radical vulvectomy, of which 23 (43%) received postsurgical radiation. 63 patients had minor operation with consecutive radiation in 51 (81%) of them. The overall 5 year survival rate was 43%. It was 65% in the group treated by radical surgery and 24% in the group of minor surgery and radiation. The radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal and femoral lymphonodectomy is recommended as treatment of choice in all suitable cases. The radiation cannot replace radical surgery.", "PMID": 578677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13193", "title": "Influence of fetal sex on the concentration of amniotic fluid testosterone: antenatal sex determination?", "content": "Amniotic fluid testosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay in 226 samples taken between the 12th week of pregnancy and birth. The effect of fetal sex on the level of this androgen was determined and the usefulness of the parameter for predicting fetal sex assessed. Testosterone was measured using an antibody raised in rabbits against testosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-BSA. The antiserum cross-reacted strongly with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone so that the values reported were refered to as measuring \"immunoreactive testosterone\" levels. Male fetal values were highest between the 12th and 15th week of pregnancy reaching a maximum mean of 501 +/- 185 pg/ml gradually falling during the remainder of pregnancy to 281 +/- 74 pg/ml, the difference in values between the first half and the end of pregnancy being highly significant (p less than 0.0005). Female fetal values did not vary significantly during the course of gestation, the minimum mean value being 179 +/- 50 and maximum 253 +/- 98 pg/ml. The fetal amniotic fluid sex difference was highly significant during the first half of pregnancy (p less than 0.0005) and at 12-15 weeks a successful prediction of fetal sex was possible, using testosterone, in 39 out of 41 cases. At birth on the other hand there was no difference between male and female fetal fluid levels. The method can also be used to detect disturbances of intrauterine sexual development as exemplified by the case of a Klinefelter syndrome where female testosterone values were found at the time of sexual differentiation. Thus the measurement of unconjugated testosterone in amniotic fluid would seem to offer not only an addition to chromosomal analysis for prediction of fetal gender but also be a valuable tool for detection of disturbances of intrauterine sexual development i.e. when genetic sex and sex-specific hormone production are discrepant.", "contents": "Influence of fetal sex on the concentration of amniotic fluid testosterone: antenatal sex determination? Amniotic fluid testosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay in 226 samples taken between the 12th week of pregnancy and birth. The effect of fetal sex on the level of this androgen was determined and the usefulness of the parameter for predicting fetal sex assessed. Testosterone was measured using an antibody raised in rabbits against testosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-BSA. The antiserum cross-reacted strongly with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone so that the values reported were refered to as measuring \"immunoreactive testosterone\" levels. Male fetal values were highest between the 12th and 15th week of pregnancy reaching a maximum mean of 501 +/- 185 pg/ml gradually falling during the remainder of pregnancy to 281 +/- 74 pg/ml, the difference in values between the first half and the end of pregnancy being highly significant (p less than 0.0005). Female fetal values did not vary significantly during the course of gestation, the minimum mean value being 179 +/- 50 and maximum 253 +/- 98 pg/ml. The fetal amniotic fluid sex difference was highly significant during the first half of pregnancy (p less than 0.0005) and at 12-15 weeks a successful prediction of fetal sex was possible, using testosterone, in 39 out of 41 cases. At birth on the other hand there was no difference between male and female fetal fluid levels. The method can also be used to detect disturbances of intrauterine sexual development as exemplified by the case of a Klinefelter syndrome where female testosterone values were found at the time of sexual differentiation. Thus the measurement of unconjugated testosterone in amniotic fluid would seem to offer not only an addition to chromosomal analysis for prediction of fetal gender but also be a valuable tool for detection of disturbances of intrauterine sexual development i.e. when genetic sex and sex-specific hormone production are discrepant.", "PMID": 578678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13194", "title": "Studies on the haemodynamic action of complamin in pregnancy.", "content": "In the present work, an attempt has been made to verify whether Complamin improves placental circulation as suggested by several authors. Complamin was administered intravenously to patients in the last trimester of pregnancy and its action on blood pool dynamics was examined over 30 min. The results from 30 investigations showed that a significant reduction in uteroplacental blood pool occurred. The production of placental hypovolaemia, which led to a reduction in blood pool of more than 30% in some cases, is regarded as a potential danger to the fetus.", "contents": "Studies on the haemodynamic action of complamin in pregnancy. In the present work, an attempt has been made to verify whether Complamin improves placental circulation as suggested by several authors. Complamin was administered intravenously to patients in the last trimester of pregnancy and its action on blood pool dynamics was examined over 30 min. The results from 30 investigations showed that a significant reduction in uteroplacental blood pool occurred. The production of placental hypovolaemia, which led to a reduction in blood pool of more than 30% in some cases, is regarded as a potential danger to the fetus.", "PMID": 578679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13195", "title": "[Changes in carbohydrate tolerance in the puerperium by inhibition of lactation with bromocriptine and quinestrol (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study the influence of bromocriptine on carbohydrate tolerance was examined and its effects compared with those of an estrogenic compound (Quinestrol). Sixteen patients were studied in each group. The controls consisted of 16 women who breastfed their children. No significant difference was found in the oGTT in patients who had Quinestrol compared with the controls. However blood sugar values in women receiving bromocriptine were significantly lowered when compared with values of individuals who had Quinestrol. The reduction of blood sugar values depends on the dosage of bromocriptine. Inhibition of lactation with bromocriptine may lead to false negative results in patients who are at risk to have a prediabetic condition.", "contents": "[Changes in carbohydrate tolerance in the puerperium by inhibition of lactation with bromocriptine and quinestrol (author's transl)]. In the present study the influence of bromocriptine on carbohydrate tolerance was examined and its effects compared with those of an estrogenic compound (Quinestrol). Sixteen patients were studied in each group. The controls consisted of 16 women who breastfed their children. No significant difference was found in the oGTT in patients who had Quinestrol compared with the controls. However blood sugar values in women receiving bromocriptine were significantly lowered when compared with values of individuals who had Quinestrol. The reduction of blood sugar values depends on the dosage of bromocriptine. Inhibition of lactation with bromocriptine may lead to false negative results in patients who are at risk to have a prediabetic condition.", "PMID": 578680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13196", "title": "[Menarche--psychosomatic and psychosocial aspects for the gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "Does menarche represent such an important event for girls during puberty that it affects the experience of later gynaecological events in women? This was examined quantitatively in 5 series of investigations in 300-500 women. The data were collected by questionnaires and psychometric test methods. Can menarche provide more information to the psychosomatically interested gynaecologist than was previously thought? Early menarche occurred more frequently than expected, not only in younger women examined but also in those with higher school leaving age, higher intelligence and without neurotic personality traits. Women with later menarche attached less importance to sex, were more afraid of labour pains and thought less of labour preparation courses. Late menarche also showed a relation to the menopause insofar as impairment of the feeling of full usefulness and negative effects on sex were feared more frequently than expected. The menarche experience as a rather painful and/or surprising event showed relations to sociologic-pathological data and later gynaecological events. Women with painful menarche experience mostly belonged to the older generation, had a lower education level and rather unstable personality traits. The more painful the experience of menarche, the more frequent were later irregular cycles and menstruation was experienced as very painful. Negative consequences after gynaecological operations were found more frequently than expected. This was shown quantitatively by the example of uterus removal and mastectomy. With painful menarche experience impaired well-being during pregnancy and very painful confinements were reported more often than expected. In women who remembered the menarche as a rather surprising event we found more frequently lower school education, late menarche and no or inadequate sex instruction. The more surprising the experience of menarche was, the more frequent were unstable personality traits and psychosomatic disorders. Women to whom the menarche was not a surprise reported fewer side effects of ovulation inhibitors, experienced less troublesome confinements and were less afraid of uterus removal and the menopause. Where the menarche was very painful as well as a very surprising event the relations to psychologic-sociological data and gynaecological complaints were particularly obvious. Knowledge of the menarche experience thus allows certain predictions as to how future gynaecological events and sex will be experienced and dealt with. This applies especially to the prediction and clarification of so-called psychosomatic complaints in gynaecology.", "contents": "[Menarche--psychosomatic and psychosocial aspects for the gynaecology (author's transl)]. Does menarche represent such an important event for girls during puberty that it affects the experience of later gynaecological events in women? This was examined quantitatively in 5 series of investigations in 300-500 women. The data were collected by questionnaires and psychometric test methods. Can menarche provide more information to the psychosomatically interested gynaecologist than was previously thought? Early menarche occurred more frequently than expected, not only in younger women examined but also in those with higher school leaving age, higher intelligence and without neurotic personality traits. Women with later menarche attached less importance to sex, were more afraid of labour pains and thought less of labour preparation courses. Late menarche also showed a relation to the menopause insofar as impairment of the feeling of full usefulness and negative effects on sex were feared more frequently than expected. The menarche experience as a rather painful and/or surprising event showed relations to sociologic-pathological data and later gynaecological events. Women with painful menarche experience mostly belonged to the older generation, had a lower education level and rather unstable personality traits. The more painful the experience of menarche, the more frequent were later irregular cycles and menstruation was experienced as very painful. Negative consequences after gynaecological operations were found more frequently than expected. This was shown quantitatively by the example of uterus removal and mastectomy. With painful menarche experience impaired well-being during pregnancy and very painful confinements were reported more often than expected. In women who remembered the menarche as a rather surprising event we found more frequently lower school education, late menarche and no or inadequate sex instruction. The more surprising the experience of menarche was, the more frequent were unstable personality traits and psychosomatic disorders. Women to whom the menarche was not a surprise reported fewer side effects of ovulation inhibitors, experienced less troublesome confinements and were less afraid of uterus removal and the menopause. Where the menarche was very painful as well as a very surprising event the relations to psychologic-sociological data and gynaecological complaints were particularly obvious. Knowledge of the menarche experience thus allows certain predictions as to how future gynaecological events and sex will be experienced and dealt with. This applies especially to the prediction and clarification of so-called psychosomatic complaints in gynaecology.", "PMID": 578681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13197", "title": "Incidence and importance of splenic sarcoid-like granulomas.", "content": "In an attempt to further define the nature, occurrence, and relative incidence of splenic sarcoid-like granulomas, 412 splenectomy specimens were studied. In addition to their occurrence in sarcoidosis, granulomas were found in patients with Hodgkin's disease, chronic uremia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and selective IgA deficiency. The inability to demonstrate a specific responsible organism suggests that the lesion is not of infectious cause. The location of the lesions in the areas of antigen-trapping in the spleen, and their occurrence in both neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases associated with abnormal or defective immunity suggests that they represent morphologic evidence of a nonspecific defect in antigen processing.", "contents": "Incidence and importance of splenic sarcoid-like granulomas. In an attempt to further define the nature, occurrence, and relative incidence of splenic sarcoid-like granulomas, 412 splenectomy specimens were studied. In addition to their occurrence in sarcoidosis, granulomas were found in patients with Hodgkin's disease, chronic uremia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and selective IgA deficiency. The inability to demonstrate a specific responsible organism suggests that the lesion is not of infectious cause. The location of the lesions in the areas of antigen-trapping in the spleen, and their occurrence in both neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases associated with abnormal or defective immunity suggests that they represent morphologic evidence of a nonspecific defect in antigen processing.", "PMID": 578683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13198", "title": "Abnormalities in platelet function and morphology in a case of thrombocythemia.", "content": "A patient with \"life-long\" bleeding problems and thrombocythemia had normal results on routine coagulation and fibrinolysis tests, but platelet function tests, including bleeding time, platelet adhesiveness, aggregation, and uptake and release of labeled serotonin were markedly altered. In addition, several types of ultrastructural abnormalities not reported previously were observed in some of the patient's platelets. The relationship between thrombocythemia, platelet dysfunction, and abnormal morphology is discussed.", "contents": "Abnormalities in platelet function and morphology in a case of thrombocythemia. A patient with \"life-long\" bleeding problems and thrombocythemia had normal results on routine coagulation and fibrinolysis tests, but platelet function tests, including bleeding time, platelet adhesiveness, aggregation, and uptake and release of labeled serotonin were markedly altered. In addition, several types of ultrastructural abnormalities not reported previously were observed in some of the patient's platelets. The relationship between thrombocythemia, platelet dysfunction, and abnormal morphology is discussed.", "PMID": 578684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13199", "title": "Cytological diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion in myeloma.", "content": "The cytological examination of pleural fluid established the malignant etiology of the effusion in two patients with multiple myeloma. In contrast to patients with lymphoma, mediastinal lymph node enlargement in myeloma is an uncommon factor in fluid formation. As in patients with metastatic carcinoma, pleural and underlying lung involvement by myeloma is the main cause of pleural effusion. The two cases in this report, and similar cases in the literature, probably represent distal dissemination from skeletal multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Cytological diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion in myeloma. The cytological examination of pleural fluid established the malignant etiology of the effusion in two patients with multiple myeloma. In contrast to patients with lymphoma, mediastinal lymph node enlargement in myeloma is an uncommon factor in fluid formation. As in patients with metastatic carcinoma, pleural and underlying lung involvement by myeloma is the main cause of pleural effusion. The two cases in this report, and similar cases in the literature, probably represent distal dissemination from skeletal multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 578685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13200", "title": "New neurological findings in trisomy 13.", "content": "The patient in this report had many of the classic neuropathologic stigmata of trisomy 13, including retinal dysplasia, arrhinencephaly, holoprosencephaly, single external nare and granular cell heterotopias in the cerebellum and microthalmia. In addition, several new findings apparently were present in this case. The neuropathologic entities were as follows: (1) herniation of the cochlear nuclei into the eighth cranial nerve bilaterally to the transition of central to peripheral myelin; (2) gray matter present in eleventh cranial nerve bilaterally; (3) arteriovenous malformations of letpomeningeal and intracerebral vessels; (4) arachnoid cyst at the cauda equina; and (5) retinal pigment epithelium within the optic nerve.", "contents": "New neurological findings in trisomy 13. The patient in this report had many of the classic neuropathologic stigmata of trisomy 13, including retinal dysplasia, arrhinencephaly, holoprosencephaly, single external nare and granular cell heterotopias in the cerebellum and microthalmia. In addition, several new findings apparently were present in this case. The neuropathologic entities were as follows: (1) herniation of the cochlear nuclei into the eighth cranial nerve bilaterally to the transition of central to peripheral myelin; (2) gray matter present in eleventh cranial nerve bilaterally; (3) arteriovenous malformations of letpomeningeal and intracerebral vessels; (4) arachnoid cyst at the cauda equina; and (5) retinal pigment epithelium within the optic nerve.", "PMID": 578686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13201", "title": "Acute lung lesions due to zirconium and aluminum compounds in hamsters.", "content": "The lung lesions produced by multiple short-term intratracheal instillations of saline solutions of sodium zirconium lactate (NaZL), zirconium-aluminum-glycine hydroxychloride complex (ZAG), and aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH) in hamsters were studied by light and electron microscopy. These solutions produced lesions beginning with exudative pneumonia followed by pneumonitis (interstitial pneumonia) and foreign body granulomas. Electron microscopic microprobe analysis demonstrated the metallic component of the instilled compounds in membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions of macrophages. The lesions produced by NaZL and ZAG were similar to those produced by ACH. These lesions were also similar to those in previous reports of aerosol exposure of animals to zirconium or aluminum, or to other unrelated compounds.", "contents": "Acute lung lesions due to zirconium and aluminum compounds in hamsters. The lung lesions produced by multiple short-term intratracheal instillations of saline solutions of sodium zirconium lactate (NaZL), zirconium-aluminum-glycine hydroxychloride complex (ZAG), and aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH) in hamsters were studied by light and electron microscopy. These solutions produced lesions beginning with exudative pneumonia followed by pneumonitis (interstitial pneumonia) and foreign body granulomas. Electron microscopic microprobe analysis demonstrated the metallic component of the instilled compounds in membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions of macrophages. The lesions produced by NaZL and ZAG were similar to those produced by ACH. These lesions were also similar to those in previous reports of aerosol exposure of animals to zirconium or aluminum, or to other unrelated compounds.", "PMID": 578687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13202", "title": "The biologic response to titanium phosphate. A new synthetic mineral fiber.", "content": "Titanium phosphate, a new manmade fiber, was evaluated by intratracheal and intraperitoneal techniques in rats and hamsters to assess the fibrogenic potential and possible hazard to man. Titanium phosphate fibers structurally resemble asbestos insofar as they are composed of bundles of submicronic fibers. A slight, dose-related fibrogenic response to the fiber was observed subsequent to the intratracheal injection of a 50- and 10-mg/kg but not 2-mg/kg dose in rats or any of these three doses in the hamster. Intraperitoneal administration of 10 or 2 mg/kg of the fibers in rats or hamsters induced no abdominal tumors considered related to treatment. In contrast, approximately 34% of rats given an intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg of asbestos developed abdominal tumors; no tumors developed in hamsters injected with asbestos.", "contents": "The biologic response to titanium phosphate. A new synthetic mineral fiber. Titanium phosphate, a new manmade fiber, was evaluated by intratracheal and intraperitoneal techniques in rats and hamsters to assess the fibrogenic potential and possible hazard to man. Titanium phosphate fibers structurally resemble asbestos insofar as they are composed of bundles of submicronic fibers. A slight, dose-related fibrogenic response to the fiber was observed subsequent to the intratracheal injection of a 50- and 10-mg/kg but not 2-mg/kg dose in rats or any of these three doses in the hamster. Intraperitoneal administration of 10 or 2 mg/kg of the fibers in rats or hamsters induced no abdominal tumors considered related to treatment. In contrast, approximately 34% of rats given an intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg of asbestos developed abdominal tumors; no tumors developed in hamsters injected with asbestos.", "PMID": 578688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13203", "title": "The normal range: a concept in transition.", "content": "One of the most frequent and perhaps frustrating questions the pathologist is called on to answer regarding laboratory tests is, \"What is normal?\" In recent years the term \"normal range\" has been replaced by \"reference range.\" \"Upper limit of normal\" has been replaced by \"referent value,\" \"critical value,\" or \"cut-off point.\" Our literature now reflects increasing contributions from biostatistics, decision theory, and systems analysis. Yet, for most of us, although the names have changed, the problem has not. Understanding Bayes' Theorum will not help the busy internist when he complains about false-positive elevations in alkaline phosphatase activity on hospital admission profiles. The laboratory director must be able to integrate reference range data and predictive value theory in his own environment if he wishes to provide meaningful information to clinicians. It is the objective of this review to focus on the definition and integration of these areas of emerging concern for the laboratorian.", "contents": "The normal range: a concept in transition. One of the most frequent and perhaps frustrating questions the pathologist is called on to answer regarding laboratory tests is, \"What is normal?\" In recent years the term \"normal range\" has been replaced by \"reference range.\" \"Upper limit of normal\" has been replaced by \"referent value,\" \"critical value,\" or \"cut-off point.\" Our literature now reflects increasing contributions from biostatistics, decision theory, and systems analysis. Yet, for most of us, although the names have changed, the problem has not. Understanding Bayes' Theorum will not help the busy internist when he complains about false-positive elevations in alkaline phosphatase activity on hospital admission profiles. The laboratory director must be able to integrate reference range data and predictive value theory in his own environment if he wishes to provide meaningful information to clinicians. It is the objective of this review to focus on the definition and integration of these areas of emerging concern for the laboratorian.", "PMID": 578695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13204", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of the so-called strumal carcinoid of the ovary.", "content": "A strumal carcinoid arose in a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that both the solid acinotubular areas as well as the \"follicular\" components were comprised of light and dark cells that contained numerous secretory granules. These findings indicate that this neoplasm is a pure carcinoid tumor with a follicular pattern. The present study raises the question of whether all strumal carcinoids are indeed pure carcinoid neoplasms.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of the so-called strumal carcinoid of the ovary. A strumal carcinoid arose in a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that both the solid acinotubular areas as well as the \"follicular\" components were comprised of light and dark cells that contained numerous secretory granules. These findings indicate that this neoplasm is a pure carcinoid tumor with a follicular pattern. The present study raises the question of whether all strumal carcinoids are indeed pure carcinoid neoplasms.", "PMID": 578697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13205", "title": "Multinucleated giant cell neoplasm of pancreas: light and electron microscopy features.", "content": "The morphological features, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, of a rare pancreatic neoplasm indistinguishable from giant cell tumor of bone by light microscopy is presented. These findings are compared with those of the only other case studied by electron microscopy and reported. Features were noted in both studies that are strongly suggestive of the epithelial origin of this neoplasm. However, there were similarities between the material from the current case and giant cell tumor of bone. Degree of differentiation seems to be the most likely determinant of the degree of similarity of the pancreatic neoplasm to the skeletal lesion.", "contents": "Multinucleated giant cell neoplasm of pancreas: light and electron microscopy features. The morphological features, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, of a rare pancreatic neoplasm indistinguishable from giant cell tumor of bone by light microscopy is presented. These findings are compared with those of the only other case studied by electron microscopy and reported. Features were noted in both studies that are strongly suggestive of the epithelial origin of this neoplasm. However, there were similarities between the material from the current case and giant cell tumor of bone. Degree of differentiation seems to be the most likely determinant of the degree of similarity of the pancreatic neoplasm to the skeletal lesion.", "PMID": 578698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13206", "title": "So-called pseudosarcoma of the esophagus: nodal metastases of the spindle cell element.", "content": "A polypoid lesion of the esophagus with all the morphological features of a so-called pseudosarcoma produced nodal metastases of the spindle cell element. Ultrastructurally, these spindle cells showed only fibroblastic features. The findings in this case and a review of cases reported as pseudosarcoma of the esophagus lend little support for the contention that they differ from cases categorized as carcinosarcoma of the esophagus.", "contents": "So-called pseudosarcoma of the esophagus: nodal metastases of the spindle cell element. A polypoid lesion of the esophagus with all the morphological features of a so-called pseudosarcoma produced nodal metastases of the spindle cell element. Ultrastructurally, these spindle cells showed only fibroblastic features. The findings in this case and a review of cases reported as pseudosarcoma of the esophagus lend little support for the contention that they differ from cases categorized as carcinosarcoma of the esophagus.", "PMID": 578699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13207", "title": "Early gastric carcinoma: value of combined use of endoscopy, air contrast x-ray films, cytology, and multiple biopsy specimens.", "content": "Five cases of early gastric carcinoma were diagnosed during a one-year period at the Henderson General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. All five patients were symptomatic and were diagnosed by a combination of endoscopy, roentgenology, brush cytology, and biopsy specimens. No cases of early gastric carcinoma were diagnosed in our hospital in the preceding ten years. A total of 75% of the cytological preparations were positive and all five biopsy specimens showed carcinoma. The ulcerated or type III lesion was present in three cases. No lymph node metastases were present in the gastrectomy specimens. The increasing rate of detection of early gastric carcinoma is attributed to the use of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, air-contrast barium meal examinations, cytology, and multiple biopsy specimens.", "contents": "Early gastric carcinoma: value of combined use of endoscopy, air contrast x-ray films, cytology, and multiple biopsy specimens. Five cases of early gastric carcinoma were diagnosed during a one-year period at the Henderson General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. All five patients were symptomatic and were diagnosed by a combination of endoscopy, roentgenology, brush cytology, and biopsy specimens. No cases of early gastric carcinoma were diagnosed in our hospital in the preceding ten years. A total of 75% of the cytological preparations were positive and all five biopsy specimens showed carcinoma. The ulcerated or type III lesion was present in three cases. No lymph node metastases were present in the gastrectomy specimens. The increasing rate of detection of early gastric carcinoma is attributed to the use of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, air-contrast barium meal examinations, cytology, and multiple biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 578700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13208", "title": "Neurobehavioral and systemic effects of longterm blood lead-elevation in rats. I. Discrimination learning and open field-behavior.", "content": "In order to assess neurobehavioral deficit subsequent to early low-level lead-exposure, Wistar-rats were prenatally Pb-exposed via their mothers, neonatally via their dams' milk, and later on via their diet containing lead acetate (745 mg Pb/kg diet). Blood-lead levels (PbB) of dams increased from 24.2-31.2 microgram-% during pregnancy and suckling-periods, those of offsprings were 26.6 microgram-% at about 16 days of age and 28.5 microgram-% at about 190 days of age. Between 100 and 200 days of age 40 male offsprings were subjected to behavioral testing, namely an open field-test and a visual discrimination-learning task. Two learning-tasks of different complexity, i.e. orientation- and size-discrimination, were used. Data of 20 lead-treated animals were compared with those of 20 age-matched controls. In the open-field test lead-fed animals were significantly more restless than controls; an increase of ambulation, rearing and grooming was observed. In the difficult learning-task, i.e. size discrimination, only the controls did learn the problem, whereas only one of the lead-group did; there was, however, no difference between lead- and control-animals for the easy task, i.e. orientation-discrimination. The observed effects, namely overreaction in the open field and a deficit of visual discrimination learning, may be interpreted in terms of lead-induced CNS-dysfunction. They clearly suggest that the \"no-response level\" for neurobehavioral damage in the rat, subsequent to early lead-exposure, must be assumed to be lower than 35 microgram/100 ml.", "contents": "Neurobehavioral and systemic effects of longterm blood lead-elevation in rats. I. Discrimination learning and open field-behavior. In order to assess neurobehavioral deficit subsequent to early low-level lead-exposure, Wistar-rats were prenatally Pb-exposed via their mothers, neonatally via their dams' milk, and later on via their diet containing lead acetate (745 mg Pb/kg diet). Blood-lead levels (PbB) of dams increased from 24.2-31.2 microgram-% during pregnancy and suckling-periods, those of offsprings were 26.6 microgram-% at about 16 days of age and 28.5 microgram-% at about 190 days of age. Between 100 and 200 days of age 40 male offsprings were subjected to behavioral testing, namely an open field-test and a visual discrimination-learning task. Two learning-tasks of different complexity, i.e. orientation- and size-discrimination, were used. Data of 20 lead-treated animals were compared with those of 20 age-matched controls. In the open-field test lead-fed animals were significantly more restless than controls; an increase of ambulation, rearing and grooming was observed. In the difficult learning-task, i.e. size discrimination, only the controls did learn the problem, whereas only one of the lead-group did; there was, however, no difference between lead- and control-animals for the easy task, i.e. orientation-discrimination. The observed effects, namely overreaction in the open field and a deficit of visual discrimination learning, may be interpreted in terms of lead-induced CNS-dysfunction. They clearly suggest that the \"no-response level\" for neurobehavioral damage in the rat, subsequent to early lead-exposure, must be assumed to be lower than 35 microgram/100 ml.", "PMID": 578703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13209", "title": "Kinetic behavior of thallium in the rat. Accelerated elimination of thallium owing to treatment with potent diuretic agents.", "content": "1. In acute experiments anesthetized rats were treated with a subthreshold dose of 204Tl+, given intravenously in order to study the elimination kinetics of Tl+. Thallium disappeared from whole blood by means of two different half-lives (5 and 196 min, respectively), whereas VDbeta amounted to 1400 ml. The same kinetic parameters were found after chronic exposure to toxic amounts of Tl+. 2. After chronic exposure to thallium (10 or 30 ppm in the drinking water), the distribution of thallium over various organs proved non-specific. However, a pronounced accumulation was found in the renal medulla. 3. In view of the importance of the renal route in the elimination of Tl+ from the body and also because of the established accumulation of the toxic metal in the kidney, the influence of potent diuretic agents like furosemide and ethacrynic acid on the excretion of Tl+ was studied. The enhanced excretion of water and ions (Na+, K+, Cl-) was accompanied by a significantly accelerated excretion of thallium ions. High doses of ethacrynic acid (25 mg/kg) proved particularly powerful in this respect. Between the enhanced excretion of thallium and potassium ions a significant correlation was obvious, thus supporting the well-known similarity in the behaviour of these ions. The marked increase in renal elimination of thallium upon intensive diuretic treatment may be useful in the management of thallotoxicosis.", "contents": "Kinetic behavior of thallium in the rat. Accelerated elimination of thallium owing to treatment with potent diuretic agents. 1. In acute experiments anesthetized rats were treated with a subthreshold dose of 204Tl+, given intravenously in order to study the elimination kinetics of Tl+. Thallium disappeared from whole blood by means of two different half-lives (5 and 196 min, respectively), whereas VDbeta amounted to 1400 ml. The same kinetic parameters were found after chronic exposure to toxic amounts of Tl+. 2. After chronic exposure to thallium (10 or 30 ppm in the drinking water), the distribution of thallium over various organs proved non-specific. However, a pronounced accumulation was found in the renal medulla. 3. In view of the importance of the renal route in the elimination of Tl+ from the body and also because of the established accumulation of the toxic metal in the kidney, the influence of potent diuretic agents like furosemide and ethacrynic acid on the excretion of Tl+ was studied. The enhanced excretion of water and ions (Na+, K+, Cl-) was accompanied by a significantly accelerated excretion of thallium ions. High doses of ethacrynic acid (25 mg/kg) proved particularly powerful in this respect. Between the enhanced excretion of thallium and potassium ions a significant correlation was obvious, thus supporting the well-known similarity in the behaviour of these ions. The marked increase in renal elimination of thallium upon intensive diuretic treatment may be useful in the management of thallotoxicosis.", "PMID": 578704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13210", "title": "Irreversible binding of 14C-labelled trichloroethylene to mice liver constituents in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "1. 14C-labelled trichloroethylene was injected i.p. into male mice (10 mumole/g of b.w.). The radioactivity irreversibly bound to hepatic protein reached highest levels after 6 h: 2 nmole/mg in cytosol protein, 4.4 nmole/mg in mitochondrial protein, and 7.6 nmole/mg in microsomal protein. 2. The commercial trichloroethylene contained radioactive impurities binding to proteins without metabolic activation. Purification by various extractions removed 60-70% of those materials. In aerobic incubates of mice hepatic microsomes and NADPH the covalent binding rate of the purified trichloroethylene was 1.4 nmole/mg protein in 60 min. The activity of rat liver microsomes was approximately 40% less. Covalent binding increased 2-fold with microsomes of mice pretreated with phenobarbital.", "contents": "Irreversible binding of 14C-labelled trichloroethylene to mice liver constituents in vivo and in vitro. 1. 14C-labelled trichloroethylene was injected i.p. into male mice (10 mumole/g of b.w.). The radioactivity irreversibly bound to hepatic protein reached highest levels after 6 h: 2 nmole/mg in cytosol protein, 4.4 nmole/mg in mitochondrial protein, and 7.6 nmole/mg in microsomal protein. 2. The commercial trichloroethylene contained radioactive impurities binding to proteins without metabolic activation. Purification by various extractions removed 60-70% of those materials. In aerobic incubates of mice hepatic microsomes and NADPH the covalent binding rate of the purified trichloroethylene was 1.4 nmole/mg protein in 60 min. The activity of rat liver microsomes was approximately 40% less. Covalent binding increased 2-fold with microsomes of mice pretreated with phenobarbital.", "PMID": 578705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13211", "title": "[Retention indices for gas chromatographic identification of drugs (authors transl)].", "content": "The use of the Kovats retention indices for standardization in gas chromatography enables the compilation of gaschromatographic data and the exchange of those data between different laboratories. Factors important for reliable determination of the retention indices, in particular the temperature dependence, are discussed. The gain in information due to the application of the retention indices and their differences on two stationary phases is demonstrated by means of tables with indication of their efficiency in searching for unknown compounds from such files. In the supplement retention indices on OV-1, OV-17 and their differences for 72 compounds frequently encountered in toxicological analyses are given.", "contents": "[Retention indices for gas chromatographic identification of drugs (authors transl)]. The use of the Kovats retention indices for standardization in gas chromatography enables the compilation of gaschromatographic data and the exchange of those data between different laboratories. Factors important for reliable determination of the retention indices, in particular the temperature dependence, are discussed. The gain in information due to the application of the retention indices and their differences on two stationary phases is demonstrated by means of tables with indication of their efficiency in searching for unknown compounds from such files. In the supplement retention indices on OV-1, OV-17 and their differences for 72 compounds frequently encountered in toxicological analyses are given.", "PMID": 578706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13212", "title": "Serum concentrations of clozapine determined by nitrogen selective gas chromatography.", "content": "A simple gas-liquid-chromatographic method employing a nitrogen selective detector for the quantitative determination of clozapine in serum is presented. The method involves after the addition of dibenzepine as internal standard the extraction into diethylether followed by analysis of the extract dissolved in methanol. Detector linearity was established over the range of 100-1000 ng/ml serum. Clozapine levels of 9 manic patients analysed by this method are presented and discussed. A linear relationship between daily intake (mg/kg body weight) and serum levels (ng/ml) was established.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of clozapine determined by nitrogen selective gas chromatography. A simple gas-liquid-chromatographic method employing a nitrogen selective detector for the quantitative determination of clozapine in serum is presented. The method involves after the addition of dibenzepine as internal standard the extraction into diethylether followed by analysis of the extract dissolved in methanol. Detector linearity was established over the range of 100-1000 ng/ml serum. Clozapine levels of 9 manic patients analysed by this method are presented and discussed. A linear relationship between daily intake (mg/kg body weight) and serum levels (ng/ml) was established.", "PMID": 578707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13213", "title": "Levels of sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of manganese treated rats.", "content": "The effect of manganese on sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of rats was investigated. Manganese produced lowering in the contents of non-protein sulfhydryl groups and inhibited the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase in these tissues. The contents of the metal increased significantly in brain, liver and testis of manganese administered rats. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Levels of sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of manganese treated rats. The effect of manganese on sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of rats was investigated. Manganese produced lowering in the contents of non-protein sulfhydryl groups and inhibited the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase in these tissues. The contents of the metal increased significantly in brain, liver and testis of manganese administered rats. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 578708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13214", "title": "The use of pigment loci for detecting reverse mutations in somatic cells of mice.", "content": "The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) consists of a single layer of hexagonal cells, numbering about 10(5) in the 3-day mouse. Examination of the fixed and cleared RPE of mice homozygous for the unstable allele of pink-eye (pun), which shows a relatively high frequency of reversion to wild type, has revealed that the pigmented cells which result from such reversions (mainly arranged singly or in small clonal groups) can be detected with relative ease on the unpigmented RPE background. It is felt, therefore, that this system should provide a suitable way of studying somatic reversions induced by chemical agents in pink-eyed mutations of the mouse and other mammals.", "contents": "The use of pigment loci for detecting reverse mutations in somatic cells of mice. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) consists of a single layer of hexagonal cells, numbering about 10(5) in the 3-day mouse. Examination of the fixed and cleared RPE of mice homozygous for the unstable allele of pink-eye (pun), which shows a relatively high frequency of reversion to wild type, has revealed that the pigmented cells which result from such reversions (mainly arranged singly or in small clonal groups) can be detected with relative ease on the unpigmented RPE background. It is felt, therefore, that this system should provide a suitable way of studying somatic reversions induced by chemical agents in pink-eyed mutations of the mouse and other mammals.", "PMID": 578709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13215", "title": "Mutagenicity testing in industry.", "content": "The aims of authorities, university and industrial scientists are outlined. The prime feature remains: How important are the achieved results for estimating the mutagenic risk to humans? The various methods available for the testing of chemical substances for mutagenicity are compared. Their usefulness to estimate the mutagenic risk are considered and the disadvantages and advantages of such methods are discussed. The industrial toxicologist must apply those methods which permit the most accurate conclusions to be made. Further, the toxicologist has to develop new methods which, based on his own experience are more suitable for making more accurate statements. The results of methods carried out on the germ cell of living mammals permit more accurate statements to be made than investigations on isolated cell cultures and somatic cells. Thus, the dominant lethal test on male and female mice and the spermatogenial test on Chinese hamsters are considered suitable methods for estimating the possible dangers to man.", "contents": "Mutagenicity testing in industry. The aims of authorities, university and industrial scientists are outlined. The prime feature remains: How important are the achieved results for estimating the mutagenic risk to humans? The various methods available for the testing of chemical substances for mutagenicity are compared. Their usefulness to estimate the mutagenic risk are considered and the disadvantages and advantages of such methods are discussed. The industrial toxicologist must apply those methods which permit the most accurate conclusions to be made. Further, the toxicologist has to develop new methods which, based on his own experience are more suitable for making more accurate statements. The results of methods carried out on the germ cell of living mammals permit more accurate statements to be made than investigations on isolated cell cultures and somatic cells. Thus, the dominant lethal test on male and female mice and the spermatogenial test on Chinese hamsters are considered suitable methods for estimating the possible dangers to man.", "PMID": 578711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13216", "title": "Small numbers in mutagenicity tests.", "content": "Experimental control material for statistical analysis of the results of the micronuclei test in the mouse (NMRI strain) and the Chinese hamster and for the host-mediated assay in the mouse (NMRI strain) using auxotrophic bacterial strains are presented. The binomial distribution of the micronuclei makes it possible to analyse the sample size according to the formula of Cochran and Cox (1957). For the host-mediated assay, the experimental principles are given which make it possible to evaluate the results obtained even with a weakly mutagenic, unknown substance. Critical points in comparative tests are not only the methodological questions, but also pharmacokinetic problems of the substance being tested which can only be clarified in the species used for the mutagenicity test. If this is ignored then even experimentally based findings can only be recorded as speculations.", "contents": "Small numbers in mutagenicity tests. Experimental control material for statistical analysis of the results of the micronuclei test in the mouse (NMRI strain) and the Chinese hamster and for the host-mediated assay in the mouse (NMRI strain) using auxotrophic bacterial strains are presented. The binomial distribution of the micronuclei makes it possible to analyse the sample size according to the formula of Cochran and Cox (1957). For the host-mediated assay, the experimental principles are given which make it possible to evaluate the results obtained even with a weakly mutagenic, unknown substance. Critical points in comparative tests are not only the methodological questions, but also pharmacokinetic problems of the substance being tested which can only be clarified in the species used for the mutagenicity test. If this is ignored then even experimentally based findings can only be recorded as speculations.", "PMID": 578712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13217", "title": "Cyto-enetic investigations of mammals. Comparison of the genetic activity of cytostatics in mammals.", "content": "Mutagenicity tests have been performed with CP, IP and TP. There is an increase of mutagenic activity from TP to IP to CP 8 h after the second intraperitoneal application. This has been confirmed by analysis of bone marrow chromosomes of mice, rats and Chinese hamsters. The maximum mutagenic activity of all three cytostatics was found 12 h after the second injection. Thereafter the aberration rate induced by CP decreased quickly. The inactivation of IP and TP and the elimination of chromosome aberrations was delayed. Dose-effect-relationships of CP in Chinese hamsters were investigated using the micronucleaus test and analysis of bone marrow chromosomes. Correlations between the two test systems could be demonstrated. Five applications of CP led to a drastic increase of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters. In spermatogonia, on the other hand, no significant increase was detectable. These differences are being discussed.", "contents": "Cyto-enetic investigations of mammals. Comparison of the genetic activity of cytostatics in mammals. Mutagenicity tests have been performed with CP, IP and TP. There is an increase of mutagenic activity from TP to IP to CP 8 h after the second intraperitoneal application. This has been confirmed by analysis of bone marrow chromosomes of mice, rats and Chinese hamsters. The maximum mutagenic activity of all three cytostatics was found 12 h after the second injection. Thereafter the aberration rate induced by CP decreased quickly. The inactivation of IP and TP and the elimination of chromosome aberrations was delayed. Dose-effect-relationships of CP in Chinese hamsters were investigated using the micronucleaus test and analysis of bone marrow chromosomes. Correlations between the two test systems could be demonstrated. Five applications of CP led to a drastic increase of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters. In spermatogonia, on the other hand, no significant increase was detectable. These differences are being discussed.", "PMID": 578713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13218", "title": "A biochemical specific locus mutation system in mice.", "content": "Two mouse strains DBA/2J and C57BL/6J are heteromorphic with respect to the electrophoretic mobility of at least 8 enzymes and the beta-hemoglobin chain. The genotype of DBA/2J for these markers is: Es-1, Es-3, Gpd-1, Gpi-1, Id-1, Mod-1, Pmg-1, Dip-1 and Hbb; and of C57B1/6J: Es-1, Es-3, Gpd-1, Gpi-1, Id-1, Mod-1, Pgm-1, Dip-1 and Hbb. Electrophoresis on tissues of interstrain hybrids will show the two parental bands and additional hybrid bands if the enzyme is a polymeric structure. In specific locus mutations which result in loss of activity (deletions, nonsense mutations), the hybrid resembles the non-mutated parent. In the mutation results in a change in electrophoretic mobility, some of the bands on the gel will either run faster or slower compared to the hybrid bands in a normal F1 animal. Fifty DBA/2J males were irradiated with gamma-rays from a Co60 source with two doses of 500 R at 24-h intervals at a dose rate of 95 R/min. After this irradiation the males were sterile for approximately 3 months. After the males regained their fertility, they were continuously mated to C57BL/6 females. Thus far somewhat over 2600 animals have been tested and four new mutations detected, giving a frequency of approximately 1.7 X 10(-4) mutations per locus per generation. The four mutations are: two independent mutations at Hbb, one at Mod-1 and one at Id-1.", "contents": "A biochemical specific locus mutation system in mice. Two mouse strains DBA/2J and C57BL/6J are heteromorphic with respect to the electrophoretic mobility of at least 8 enzymes and the beta-hemoglobin chain. The genotype of DBA/2J for these markers is: Es-1, Es-3, Gpd-1, Gpi-1, Id-1, Mod-1, Pmg-1, Dip-1 and Hbb; and of C57B1/6J: Es-1, Es-3, Gpd-1, Gpi-1, Id-1, Mod-1, Pgm-1, Dip-1 and Hbb. Electrophoresis on tissues of interstrain hybrids will show the two parental bands and additional hybrid bands if the enzyme is a polymeric structure. In specific locus mutations which result in loss of activity (deletions, nonsense mutations), the hybrid resembles the non-mutated parent. In the mutation results in a change in electrophoretic mobility, some of the bands on the gel will either run faster or slower compared to the hybrid bands in a normal F1 animal. Fifty DBA/2J males were irradiated with gamma-rays from a Co60 source with two doses of 500 R at 24-h intervals at a dose rate of 95 R/min. After this irradiation the males were sterile for approximately 3 months. After the males regained their fertility, they were continuously mated to C57BL/6 females. Thus far somewhat over 2600 animals have been tested and four new mutations detected, giving a frequency of approximately 1.7 X 10(-4) mutations per locus per generation. The four mutations are: two independent mutations at Hbb, one at Mod-1 and one at Id-1.", "PMID": 578714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13219", "title": "The protein-mapping-method employed to test for chemically induced point mutations in mice.", "content": "A test system for detecting point mutations chemically induced in the germ cells of mice has been proposed in the past. In the present investigation the effect of the mutagenic substance methylnitrosourea (MNU) in such a test system was studied. Male mice 10-12 weeks of age of the inbred strain BALB/c Han. were treated with MNU. Doses ranging from 40-150 mg/kg were administered over different time periods ranging from 4-14 days. Treatments were scheduled so that spermatogonia in resting or mitotic stages at the time of exposure to MNU would be mature sperm at the time of mating of the males. Proteins of the liver from F1-foetuses were separated by isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis (protein-mapping-method). The protein patterns were analysed for new protein spots which should suggest point mutations. The results obtained showed no protein variations in the patterns of 312 control animals (foetuses). However, two individuals with a variant protein were found among a relatively small group of 72 out of 463 treated animals. The animals of this group are offspring of male parents in which the spermatogonia were treated at the mitotic phase with the highest total dose (except the lethal dose) employed in this study. The results suggest that MNU, under these conditions, is capable of inducing point mutations in the germ cells of mice. Furthermore, the mutagenicity test system imployed by this investigation for the first time seems to be a useful system possessing relatively high sensitivity.", "contents": "The protein-mapping-method employed to test for chemically induced point mutations in mice. A test system for detecting point mutations chemically induced in the germ cells of mice has been proposed in the past. In the present investigation the effect of the mutagenic substance methylnitrosourea (MNU) in such a test system was studied. Male mice 10-12 weeks of age of the inbred strain BALB/c Han. were treated with MNU. Doses ranging from 40-150 mg/kg were administered over different time periods ranging from 4-14 days. Treatments were scheduled so that spermatogonia in resting or mitotic stages at the time of exposure to MNU would be mature sperm at the time of mating of the males. Proteins of the liver from F1-foetuses were separated by isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis (protein-mapping-method). The protein patterns were analysed for new protein spots which should suggest point mutations. The results obtained showed no protein variations in the patterns of 312 control animals (foetuses). However, two individuals with a variant protein were found among a relatively small group of 72 out of 463 treated animals. The animals of this group are offspring of male parents in which the spermatogonia were treated at the mitotic phase with the highest total dose (except the lethal dose) employed in this study. The results suggest that MNU, under these conditions, is capable of inducing point mutations in the germ cells of mice. Furthermore, the mutagenicity test system imployed by this investigation for the first time seems to be a useful system possessing relatively high sensitivity.", "PMID": 578715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13220", "title": "Detection of biochemical mutants in mice.", "content": "Several bioanalytical techniques including electrofocusing, two-dimensional technique comprising electrofocusing and electrophoresis, and chromatography have been evaluated and improved to provide a method for detecting gene mutations in mice. The use of 1 mm gels for both electrofocusing and electrophoresis in the two-dimensional technique resulted in better resolution, shorter separation time, and reduced costs. An electrophoretic apparatus for the second direction electrophoresis has been designed which eliminated cutting of a flat gel into strips prior to electrophoresis. These changes reduced the total time for a two-dimensional separation to 4 h. The scope and application of isoelectric focusing in detecting gene mutations in mice have been improved by the agar contact replica method. This method allows the simultaneous analysis of several genetic loci besides facilitating automation of evaluation, documentation, and storage of zymograms. Preliminary studies on the detection of heritable metabolic disorders of amino acid metabolism in mice show a potential for such studies in estimating mutation rates in mice. Some possible techniques for such studies and their implications are discussed.", "contents": "Detection of biochemical mutants in mice. Several bioanalytical techniques including electrofocusing, two-dimensional technique comprising electrofocusing and electrophoresis, and chromatography have been evaluated and improved to provide a method for detecting gene mutations in mice. The use of 1 mm gels for both electrofocusing and electrophoresis in the two-dimensional technique resulted in better resolution, shorter separation time, and reduced costs. An electrophoretic apparatus for the second direction electrophoresis has been designed which eliminated cutting of a flat gel into strips prior to electrophoresis. These changes reduced the total time for a two-dimensional separation to 4 h. The scope and application of isoelectric focusing in detecting gene mutations in mice have been improved by the agar contact replica method. This method allows the simultaneous analysis of several genetic loci besides facilitating automation of evaluation, documentation, and storage of zymograms. Preliminary studies on the detection of heritable metabolic disorders of amino acid metabolism in mice show a potential for such studies in estimating mutation rates in mice. Some possible techniques for such studies and their implications are discussed.", "PMID": 578716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13221", "title": "Validation of the in vivo somatic mutation method in the mouse as a prescreen for germinal point mutations.", "content": "The in-vivo somatic mutation method developed by us in an earlier X-ray experiment was tested for its usefulness in chemical mutagenesis work, specifically in the prescreening for germinal point mutations. In order to explore possible parallelisms, the 7 compounds chosen for study, as well as the genetic markers used, were those with which large-scale specific-locus mutation-rate experiments in germcells had been conducted in the past or were in progress. From 1--3 dose levels were tested for each compound. On day 10 1/4 after copulation of C57BL females with T males, a single injection of the test compound was administered, and about 2000 offspring altogether were subsequently scored for survival, morphology, and presence of spots of various types. In accordance with our earlier results we found 3 types of spots: white near midline ventral spots (WMVS) which probably result from killing of melanocyte precursor cells; spots resulting from misdifferentiation; and the remainder, which probably result from expression of the recessive by one of several mechanisms (RS). Induction of teratogenic effects, which were stage-specific rather than agent-specific, generally paralleled induction of WMVS's. Both are interpreted as resulting from cell killing. Induction of RS's did not always parallel induction of WMVS's, but roughly paralleled relative frequencies of specific-locus mutations induced in spermatogonia by the same compounds. Even though the in vivo somatic-mutation method probably detects genetic changes additional to point mutations, the results indicate that it may be a useful prescreen for germinal specific-locus mutations, provided care is taken to distinguish between the 3 types of spots, only one of which (RS) is indicative of expression of the recessive.", "contents": "Validation of the in vivo somatic mutation method in the mouse as a prescreen for germinal point mutations. The in-vivo somatic mutation method developed by us in an earlier X-ray experiment was tested for its usefulness in chemical mutagenesis work, specifically in the prescreening for germinal point mutations. In order to explore possible parallelisms, the 7 compounds chosen for study, as well as the genetic markers used, were those with which large-scale specific-locus mutation-rate experiments in germcells had been conducted in the past or were in progress. From 1--3 dose levels were tested for each compound. On day 10 1/4 after copulation of C57BL females with T males, a single injection of the test compound was administered, and about 2000 offspring altogether were subsequently scored for survival, morphology, and presence of spots of various types. In accordance with our earlier results we found 3 types of spots: white near midline ventral spots (WMVS) which probably result from killing of melanocyte precursor cells; spots resulting from misdifferentiation; and the remainder, which probably result from expression of the recessive by one of several mechanisms (RS). Induction of teratogenic effects, which were stage-specific rather than agent-specific, generally paralleled induction of WMVS's. Both are interpreted as resulting from cell killing. Induction of RS's did not always parallel induction of WMVS's, but roughly paralleled relative frequencies of specific-locus mutations induced in spermatogonia by the same compounds. Even though the in vivo somatic-mutation method probably detects genetic changes additional to point mutations, the results indicate that it may be a useful prescreen for germinal specific-locus mutations, provided care is taken to distinguish between the 3 types of spots, only one of which (RS) is indicative of expression of the recessive.", "PMID": 578717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13222", "title": "The induction of somatic mutations in mouse embryos by benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "With the object of establishing a test for specific locus mutations in the somatic cells of mice, the effect of benzo(a)pyrene on the developing pigment cells of mouse embryos was investigated. Embryos were heterozygous for genes affecting coat-colour so that mutations could be scored as spots on the adult mouse. If the pregnant female was treated, with 2 mg/day orally, before day 7 or after day 10 of pregnancy no mutations were seen in the offspring. Treatment at any time from day 7 to day 10 was effective in producing mutations with no day giving a peak response. The effect of treatment on consecutive days appears to be additive. It is suggested that further chemicals be investigated lest differing rates of uptake and metabolism should alter the period in which treatment should be given in order to detect a mutagenic effect.", "contents": "The induction of somatic mutations in mouse embryos by benzo(a)pyrene. With the object of establishing a test for specific locus mutations in the somatic cells of mice, the effect of benzo(a)pyrene on the developing pigment cells of mouse embryos was investigated. Embryos were heterozygous for genes affecting coat-colour so that mutations could be scored as spots on the adult mouse. If the pregnant female was treated, with 2 mg/day orally, before day 7 or after day 10 of pregnancy no mutations were seen in the offspring. Treatment at any time from day 7 to day 10 was effective in producing mutations with no day giving a peak response. The effect of treatment on consecutive days appears to be additive. It is suggested that further chemicals be investigated lest differing rates of uptake and metabolism should alter the period in which treatment should be given in order to detect a mutagenic effect.", "PMID": 578718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13223", "title": "Hepatic vein thrombosis in mice ingesting chlorinated hydrocarbons.", "content": "Hepatic vein thrombosis, as well as hepatocellular carcinomas, was induced in inbred C3H male and female mice ingesting 10 ppm of dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, or heptachlor epoxide in the diet. Thrombosis was present in 5% of mice ingesting dieldrin or aldrin and in 10.5% of mice ingesting heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. Occlusion of the hepatic vein often resulted in infarcts of the liver. Females ingesting heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide were slightly more susceptible than males. There was no difference between male and female mice ingesting dieldrin or aldrin. Hepatic vein thrombosis did not appear to be related to the development of carcinoma of the liver because it was present in livers without carcinomas as well. Thrombosis was usually seen only in the liver but also rarely was present in the atria of the heart.", "contents": "Hepatic vein thrombosis in mice ingesting chlorinated hydrocarbons. Hepatic vein thrombosis, as well as hepatocellular carcinomas, was induced in inbred C3H male and female mice ingesting 10 ppm of dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, or heptachlor epoxide in the diet. Thrombosis was present in 5% of mice ingesting dieldrin or aldrin and in 10.5% of mice ingesting heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. Occlusion of the hepatic vein often resulted in infarcts of the liver. Females ingesting heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide were slightly more susceptible than males. There was no difference between male and female mice ingesting dieldrin or aldrin. Hepatic vein thrombosis did not appear to be related to the development of carcinoma of the liver because it was present in livers without carcinomas as well. Thrombosis was usually seen only in the liver but also rarely was present in the atria of the heart.", "PMID": 578719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13224", "title": "Toluene concentrations in various tissues of rats after inhalation and oral administration.", "content": "The uptake, distribution, and elimination of 3H-toluene in  various tissues of rats were studied after inhalation or after gastric intubation. The maximum radioactivity was measured 2--3 h after gastric intubation in tissues, except in white adipose tissue, where the peak radioactivity was reached at 5 h. After inhalation exposure, the uptake to various tissues was very rapid. The maximum radioactivity in most tissues was reached in 15--30 min. The accumulation was slowest in white adipose tissue, where it took 1--2 h. The radioactivity in tissues decreased after inhalation exposure more rapidly than after gastric intubation. Brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue were different from other tissues in their ability to retain toluene. Twenty-four hours after exposures, only 1% or less of the initial radioactivity was found in tissues other than white adipose tissue, in which the corresponding value was 3.5--5%. The results show a very rapid absorption and distribution of toluene after inhalation and a retention of radioactivity in white adipose tissue. After oral ingestion the distribution showed a similar but much slower pattern.", "contents": "Toluene concentrations in various tissues of rats after inhalation and oral administration. The uptake, distribution, and elimination of 3H-toluene in  various tissues of rats were studied after inhalation or after gastric intubation. The maximum radioactivity was measured 2--3 h after gastric intubation in tissues, except in white adipose tissue, where the peak radioactivity was reached at 5 h. After inhalation exposure, the uptake to various tissues was very rapid. The maximum radioactivity in most tissues was reached in 15--30 min. The accumulation was slowest in white adipose tissue, where it took 1--2 h. The radioactivity in tissues decreased after inhalation exposure more rapidly than after gastric intubation. Brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue were different from other tissues in their ability to retain toluene. Twenty-four hours after exposures, only 1% or less of the initial radioactivity was found in tissues other than white adipose tissue, in which the corresponding value was 3.5--5%. The results show a very rapid absorption and distribution of toluene after inhalation and a retention of radioactivity in white adipose tissue. After oral ingestion the distribution showed a similar but much slower pattern.", "PMID": 578720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13225", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cyanide in poisoning of dogs, and the effect of 4-dimethylaminophenol or thiosulfate.", "content": "Cyanide in blood, plasma, and urine of dogs after administration of K14CN was determined with the isotope dilution technique. The addition of large amounts of inactive KCN as soon as possible to a sample to be analyzed inhibited the decrease of the original cyanide concentration. After administration of several lethal doses of cyanide into the stomach or by slow intravenous infusion a concentration of about 40 micron cyanide in plasma was found at the moment of respiratory arrest. Since 60% of the cyanide in plasma was bound to proteins the concentration of free cyanide which stopped respiration was about 16 micron. Quick formation of ferrihemoglobin by i.v. injection of 4-dimethylaminophenol after plasma cyanide had risen to or above 40 micron decreased the cyanide concentration in plasma and restored respiration, while  cyanide  was  accumulated in red cells by formation of ferrihemoglobin cyanide. Equilibrium constants calculated for the reaction between ferrihemoglobin and cyanide in vivo indicated that the reaction approached equilibrium in a few minutes. Up to 60% of the radioactive cyanide absorbed was found as non-cyanide radioactivity in the urine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cyanide in poisoning of dogs, and the effect of 4-dimethylaminophenol or thiosulfate. Cyanide in blood, plasma, and urine of dogs after administration of K14CN was determined with the isotope dilution technique. The addition of large amounts of inactive KCN as soon as possible to a sample to be analyzed inhibited the decrease of the original cyanide concentration. After administration of several lethal doses of cyanide into the stomach or by slow intravenous infusion a concentration of about 40 micron cyanide in plasma was found at the moment of respiratory arrest. Since 60% of the cyanide in plasma was bound to proteins the concentration of free cyanide which stopped respiration was about 16 micron. Quick formation of ferrihemoglobin by i.v. injection of 4-dimethylaminophenol after plasma cyanide had risen to or above 40 micron decreased the cyanide concentration in plasma and restored respiration, while  cyanide  was  accumulated in red cells by formation of ferrihemoglobin cyanide. Equilibrium constants calculated for the reaction between ferrihemoglobin and cyanide in vivo indicated that the reaction approached equilibrium in a few minutes. Up to 60% of the radioactive cyanide absorbed was found as non-cyanide radioactivity in the urine.", "PMID": 578721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13226", "title": "Hexachlorobenzene residues and effects on esterase activities in pre-weanling rats after a reciprocal transfer between HCB-treated and control dams.", "content": "Female Wistar rats were divided into two groups. One group was fed ad libitum powdered rat chow containing 80 ppm hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and the other was fed HCB-free diet 2 weeks before mating until the termination of the experiment. Immediately after parturition, the pups were randomly culled to 10 per litter and 5 pups were reciprocally transferred between HCB and control dams. All pups within same paired litters were sacrificed on the 16th to 17th day and on the 20th to 23rd day after birth. Liver esterase activity toward indophenyl, thiophenyl, and p-nitrophenyl acetates was determined. The liver to body weight ratio, liver esterase activity and HCB residues were significantly higher in pups nursed by HCB-fed dams than in those nursed by control dams. The HCB residue in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart and brain was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. At about the weaning time, the HCB residue levels in pups transferred after parturition from HCB fed to control dams were similar to those in pups which remained with the control dams. The results demonstrated that HCB in tissues at about weaning time was obtained largely through milk. In addition, transmission of HCB through milk had greater effects on esterase activities in suckling pups than placental transmission. The pups born to HCB-treated dams and nursed by the control dams were similar to the pups born and nursed by the same control dams.", "contents": "Hexachlorobenzene residues and effects on esterase activities in pre-weanling rats after a reciprocal transfer between HCB-treated and control dams. Female Wistar rats were divided into two groups. One group was fed ad libitum powdered rat chow containing 80 ppm hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and the other was fed HCB-free diet 2 weeks before mating until the termination of the experiment. Immediately after parturition, the pups were randomly culled to 10 per litter and 5 pups were reciprocally transferred between HCB and control dams. All pups within same paired litters were sacrificed on the 16th to 17th day and on the 20th to 23rd day after birth. Liver esterase activity toward indophenyl, thiophenyl, and p-nitrophenyl acetates was determined. The liver to body weight ratio, liver esterase activity and HCB residues were significantly higher in pups nursed by HCB-fed dams than in those nursed by control dams. The HCB residue in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart and brain was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. At about the weaning time, the HCB residue levels in pups transferred after parturition from HCB fed to control dams were similar to those in pups which remained with the control dams. The results demonstrated that HCB in tissues at about weaning time was obtained largely through milk. In addition, transmission of HCB through milk had greater effects on esterase activities in suckling pups than placental transmission. The pups born to HCB-treated dams and nursed by the control dams were similar to the pups born and nursed by the same control dams.", "PMID": 578722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13227", "title": "The effect of selenium on the brain uptake of methylmercury.", "content": "Twenty-four h after the subcutaneous administration of 0.5 mumoles selenite labelled with 75Se to rats of 200 g body weight, the retention of selenium at the injection site was significantly increased by the presence of equimolar amounts of methylmercury in the injection solution. The retention of Me203HgCl was not affected by the presence of selenite. The most significant shift caused by interaction was a decrease in the blood content and an increase in the brain content of 203Hg. The brain content of 75Se was also increased to a lesser extent. The shift in the distribution--which was the same whether the two metals were injected at the same site or separately--continuously decreased from 6-48 h. The same interaction pattern was observed when methylmercury and selenite were administered by gastric gavage and differences in distribution increased when the dose was increased from 1.25 mumoles/kg to 2.5 mumoles/kg. The increase in the brain content of mercury caused by selenite was not restricted to simultaneous administration and occurred when selenite was given 2-7 days after methylmercury.", "contents": "The effect of selenium on the brain uptake of methylmercury. Twenty-four h after the subcutaneous administration of 0.5 mumoles selenite labelled with 75Se to rats of 200 g body weight, the retention of selenium at the injection site was significantly increased by the presence of equimolar amounts of methylmercury in the injection solution. The retention of Me203HgCl was not affected by the presence of selenite. The most significant shift caused by interaction was a decrease in the blood content and an increase in the brain content of 203Hg. The brain content of 75Se was also increased to a lesser extent. The shift in the distribution--which was the same whether the two metals were injected at the same site or separately--continuously decreased from 6-48 h. The same interaction pattern was observed when methylmercury and selenite were administered by gastric gavage and differences in distribution increased when the dose was increased from 1.25 mumoles/kg to 2.5 mumoles/kg. The increase in the brain content of mercury caused by selenite was not restricted to simultaneous administration and occurred when selenite was given 2-7 days after methylmercury.", "PMID": 578723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13228", "title": "[Control of the intensive treatment of thallium intoxications (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the control of the thallium level at poisoning during therapy with forced diuresis and extracorporeal hemodialysis. The success of these methods was controlled ty the determination of the thallium level in vomit, blood, urine and dialysate by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Since the results are obtained within a few minutes, thallium measurements may be helpful for the decision on the therapy to be applied.", "contents": "[Control of the intensive treatment of thallium intoxications (author's transl)]. A report is given on the control of the thallium level at poisoning during therapy with forced diuresis and extracorporeal hemodialysis. The success of these methods was controlled ty the determination of the thallium level in vomit, blood, urine and dialysate by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Since the results are obtained within a few minutes, thallium measurements may be helpful for the decision on the therapy to be applied.", "PMID": 578724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13229", "title": "Binding of mercury and selenium in subcellular fractions of rat liver and kidneys following separate and joint administration.", "content": "The distribution of mercury and selenium has been examined in subcellular fractions of rat liver and kidneys in prolonged exposure to HgCl2 and Na2SeO3 administered separately and simultaneously. The molar ratio of mercury and selenium concentrations in subcellular fractions of the organs examined varied considerably. Selenium displaced mercury from the soluble kidney fraction bound mainly with metallothionein to the nonhistone protein fraction of liver nuclei. The Hg-stimulated biosynthesis of metallothionein has been eliminated under the influence of selenium.", "contents": "Binding of mercury and selenium in subcellular fractions of rat liver and kidneys following separate and joint administration. The distribution of mercury and selenium has been examined in subcellular fractions of rat liver and kidneys in prolonged exposure to HgCl2 and Na2SeO3 administered separately and simultaneously. The molar ratio of mercury and selenium concentrations in subcellular fractions of the organs examined varied considerably. Selenium displaced mercury from the soluble kidney fraction bound mainly with metallothionein to the nonhistone protein fraction of liver nuclei. The Hg-stimulated biosynthesis of metallothionein has been eliminated under the influence of selenium.", "PMID": 578725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13230", "title": "Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane: effects on brain and liver after five days intermittent inhalation.", "content": "The inhalation exposure of adult male rats to 7.9 mumol/l (200 ppm) of trichloroethylene for 4 days 6 h each day led to an accumulation of the solvent in the perirenal fat 17 h after the last exposure. Exposures to 20 mumol/l (500 ppm) of 1,1,1-trichloroethane caused similar accumulation. The latter rats presented no changes in their behaviour in an open-field test whereas the motor behaviour of the animals exposed to trichloroethylene was more active in comparison to controls 1 h after the exposure on the 4th day. Trace effects of trichloroethylene on emotional behaviour of the same rats could be seen 17 h after the last exposure. Further exposures on the 5th day increased brain, liver, lung and blood contents of trichlorethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. A slight decrease in brain RNA content was found in the 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposed rats while RNA decreased significantly after the fifth day of trichloroethylene inhalation. The exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane on the 5th day depressed also the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content in liver of rats whereas trichloroethylene increased the hemochrome content slightly at the same time.", "contents": "Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane: effects on brain and liver after five days intermittent inhalation. The inhalation exposure of adult male rats to 7.9 mumol/l (200 ppm) of trichloroethylene for 4 days 6 h each day led to an accumulation of the solvent in the perirenal fat 17 h after the last exposure. Exposures to 20 mumol/l (500 ppm) of 1,1,1-trichloroethane caused similar accumulation. The latter rats presented no changes in their behaviour in an open-field test whereas the motor behaviour of the animals exposed to trichloroethylene was more active in comparison to controls 1 h after the exposure on the 4th day. Trace effects of trichloroethylene on emotional behaviour of the same rats could be seen 17 h after the last exposure. Further exposures on the 5th day increased brain, liver, lung and blood contents of trichlorethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. A slight decrease in brain RNA content was found in the 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposed rats while RNA decreased significantly after the fifth day of trichloroethylene inhalation. The exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane on the 5th day depressed also the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content in liver of rats whereas trichloroethylene increased the hemochrome content slightly at the same time.", "PMID": 578726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13231", "title": "[Submicroscopic changes in the hepatocytes of guinea pigs under the effect of heterologous mitochondrial antibodies].", "content": "The electron microscopic examination of livers of guinea pigs treated with heterologous mitochondrial antibody showed that under these circumstances pathological changes developed in hepatocytes entailing various disorders of cell metabolism. These changes consisted in marked disturbance of the circulation of intracellular fluids leading to the general or partial edema of the cell and disorientation of organoids, in different rearrangements of mitochondria with loss of calcium phosphate salts, in degranulation and formation of numerous large cavities of granular endoplasmic reticulum, reduction of the Golgi complex, decrease in the amount or complete lack of glycogen in hepatocytes. The experimental evidence attests to the damaging effect of heterologous mitochondrial antibody on numerous cellular and subcellular structures causing the disorders in the water-salt, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic changes in the hepatocytes of guinea pigs under the effect of heterologous mitochondrial antibodies]. The electron microscopic examination of livers of guinea pigs treated with heterologous mitochondrial antibody showed that under these circumstances pathological changes developed in hepatocytes entailing various disorders of cell metabolism. These changes consisted in marked disturbance of the circulation of intracellular fluids leading to the general or partial edema of the cell and disorientation of organoids, in different rearrangements of mitochondria with loss of calcium phosphate salts, in degranulation and formation of numerous large cavities of granular endoplasmic reticulum, reduction of the Golgi complex, decrease in the amount or complete lack of glycogen in hepatocytes. The experimental evidence attests to the damaging effect of heterologous mitochondrial antibody on numerous cellular and subcellular structures causing the disorders in the water-salt, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 578727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13232", "title": "Experimental study of sacculotomy in endolymphatic hydrops.", "content": "Thirty-nine guinea pigs were used for four groups of experiments: 1. sacculotomy only, 2. sacculotomy and simultaneous obliteration of the endolymphatic duct, 3. sacculotomy followed by obliteration of the endolymphatic duct, and 4. obliteration of the endolymphatic duct followed by sacculotomy. Sacculotomy alone caused only minimal cochlear pathology, whereas sacculotomy on hydropic ears produced severe atrophy of the organ of Corti and cochlear neurons as well as connective cells of the limbus. There was histological evidence that Reissner's membrane in hydropic ears was ruptured by the sacculotomy procedure. The primary cause for the severe atrophic changes is thought to be the toxic effect of intermixing perilymph with a large volume of endolymph. The surgically induced saccular tears appeared to be healed in all ears, and the procedure had no significant effect on the course of endolymphatic hydrops. Although two out of eleven specimens in which sacculotomy was performed on hydropic ears showed tears and collapse of Reissner's membrane, since others with similar tears showed extensive hydrops, the possibility of artifact could not be ruled out. In one specimen with simultaneous sacculotomy and obliteration of the duct, persisting fistulae were noted at the sites of accidental fracture of the osseous spiral lamina; this ear is the only one which failed to develop hydrops following obliteration of the duct. The results of this experiment, namely sacculotomy on hydropic guinea pig ears, suggest that sacculotomy is not a rational procedure for the control of endolymphatic hydrops in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease for the following reasons: 1. surgically induced tears in the saccular wall are followed by rapid healing and 2. intermixing of perilymph and a large volume of endolymph causes toxic atrophy of the limbus, organ of Corti and cochlear neurons.", "contents": "Experimental study of sacculotomy in endolymphatic hydrops. Thirty-nine guinea pigs were used for four groups of experiments: 1. sacculotomy only, 2. sacculotomy and simultaneous obliteration of the endolymphatic duct, 3. sacculotomy followed by obliteration of the endolymphatic duct, and 4. obliteration of the endolymphatic duct followed by sacculotomy. Sacculotomy alone caused only minimal cochlear pathology, whereas sacculotomy on hydropic ears produced severe atrophy of the organ of Corti and cochlear neurons as well as connective cells of the limbus. There was histological evidence that Reissner's membrane in hydropic ears was ruptured by the sacculotomy procedure. The primary cause for the severe atrophic changes is thought to be the toxic effect of intermixing perilymph with a large volume of endolymph. The surgically induced saccular tears appeared to be healed in all ears, and the procedure had no significant effect on the course of endolymphatic hydrops. Although two out of eleven specimens in which sacculotomy was performed on hydropic ears showed tears and collapse of Reissner's membrane, since others with similar tears showed extensive hydrops, the possibility of artifact could not be ruled out. In one specimen with simultaneous sacculotomy and obliteration of the duct, persisting fistulae were noted at the sites of accidental fracture of the osseous spiral lamina; this ear is the only one which failed to develop hydrops following obliteration of the duct. The results of this experiment, namely sacculotomy on hydropic guinea pig ears, suggest that sacculotomy is not a rational procedure for the control of endolymphatic hydrops in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease for the following reasons: 1. surgically induced tears in the saccular wall are followed by rapid healing and 2. intermixing of perilymph and a large volume of endolymph causes toxic atrophy of the limbus, organ of Corti and cochlear neurons.", "PMID": 578728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13233", "title": "The influence of intravenous injection of lidocaine on optokinetic nystagmus in rabbits.", "content": "The effects of lidocaine in doses of 2.0--6.0 mg/kg with intravenous injection on optokinetic nystagmus were observed in 21 rabbits. No effect of lidocaine was obtained on the frequency of OKN. On the other hand, the amplitude of OKN in lidocaine groups decreased after the injection. The mode and place of the action of lidocaine on OKN were discussed.", "contents": "The influence of intravenous injection of lidocaine on optokinetic nystagmus in rabbits. The effects of lidocaine in doses of 2.0--6.0 mg/kg with intravenous injection on optokinetic nystagmus were observed in 21 rabbits. No effect of lidocaine was obtained on the frequency of OKN. On the other hand, the amplitude of OKN in lidocaine groups decreased after the injection. The mode and place of the action of lidocaine on OKN were discussed.", "PMID": 578729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13234", "title": "[Concerning the morphology of the supraglottic submucosa and its relation to the growth of cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The histological structure of the supraglottic submucosa consists of a wide-mesh connective net, which builds compartments where glands are included. Somewhere, the walls of compartments are so thick that they may be considered as true ligaments. Some of them are located at the limit between glottis and supraglottis; therefore one may argue that the so-called \"biological vallum\", which hinders the downward propagation of supraglottic cancers is not only due to the interruption of lymph ways between vestibulum and vocal chords but also to the presence of this thick connective barrier. Two gaps interrupt the continuity of the barrier, the first one at the anterior commissure, the second at the posterior extremity of the ventricle. The situation of the gaps corresponds to the main directions of propagation of the supraglottic cancers, when they spread inferiorly.", "contents": "[Concerning the morphology of the supraglottic submucosa and its relation to the growth of cancer (author's transl)]. The histological structure of the supraglottic submucosa consists of a wide-mesh connective net, which builds compartments where glands are included. Somewhere, the walls of compartments are so thick that they may be considered as true ligaments. Some of them are located at the limit between glottis and supraglottis; therefore one may argue that the so-called \"biological vallum\", which hinders the downward propagation of supraglottic cancers is not only due to the interruption of lymph ways between vestibulum and vocal chords but also to the presence of this thick connective barrier. Two gaps interrupt the continuity of the barrier, the first one at the anterior commissure, the second at the posterior extremity of the ventricle. The situation of the gaps corresponds to the main directions of propagation of the supraglottic cancers, when they spread inferiorly.", "PMID": 578731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13235", "title": "[Pharmacokinetical, histological, and histochemical investigation on the ototoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in the inner ear fluids and serum of the guinea pig were studied. The concentrations of these antibiotics were determined by a microbiological method and could be confirmed by the use of 14C-labeled gentamicin. Retention was clearly demonstrated in perilymph and endolymph, whereas there was no retention in the cerebrospinal fluid and the compartments of the eye. A linear relation between concentrations in the perilymph and dosage of gentamicin was ascertained. There was no difference between the concentration of drug in endolymph and that in perilymph. The concentrations of these antibiotics in the perilymph were symmetrical and many times higher than those in the brain. Long-term treatment did not influence the pharmacokinetics of the three antibiotics in the inner ear. However, increased levels of drug in the inner ears in animals with uremia and in some animals with otitis media explained the increased ototoxicity that was observed in histological investigations of these two conditions. Cisternal puncture and diuretics did not change the concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the inner ear. In large experimental series the hair cell degeneration pattern of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics was determined by the surface preparation technique as well as the influence of the different factors upon this pattern. A prophylactic effect on the ototoxicity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics could not be found in the 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, but by dividing the daily dosage administered. Young guinea pigs were generally not very sensitive to gentamicin, in some cases however much more. Late ototoxicity could not be found after administration of gentamicin. The pharmacokinetical and especially the histological investigations allowed an evaluation of the ototoxicity of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics. By histochemical investigations no influence of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics upon the amount of unspecific esterases and alkaline phosphatase in the inner ear could be detected, but an increase of the amount of acid phosphatase in slightly damaged outer hair cells.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetical, histological, and histochemical investigation on the ototoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in the inner ear fluids and serum of the guinea pig were studied. The concentrations of these antibiotics were determined by a microbiological method and could be confirmed by the use of 14C-labeled gentamicin. Retention was clearly demonstrated in perilymph and endolymph, whereas there was no retention in the cerebrospinal fluid and the compartments of the eye. A linear relation between concentrations in the perilymph and dosage of gentamicin was ascertained. There was no difference between the concentration of drug in endolymph and that in perilymph. The concentrations of these antibiotics in the perilymph were symmetrical and many times higher than those in the brain. Long-term treatment did not influence the pharmacokinetics of the three antibiotics in the inner ear. However, increased levels of drug in the inner ears in animals with uremia and in some animals with otitis media explained the increased ototoxicity that was observed in histological investigations of these two conditions. Cisternal puncture and diuretics did not change the concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the inner ear. In large experimental series the hair cell degeneration pattern of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics was determined by the surface preparation technique as well as the influence of the different factors upon this pattern. A prophylactic effect on the ototoxicity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics could not be found in the 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, but by dividing the daily dosage administered. Young guinea pigs were generally not very sensitive to gentamicin, in some cases however much more. Late ototoxicity could not be found after administration of gentamicin. The pharmacokinetical and especially the histological investigations allowed an evaluation of the ototoxicity of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics. By histochemical investigations no influence of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics upon the amount of unspecific esterases and alkaline phosphatase in the inner ear could be detected, but an increase of the amount of acid phosphatase in slightly damaged outer hair cells.", "PMID": 578730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13236", "title": "[Incus, controlled deepfrozen or in cialit conserved, after allogenetic implantation. An animal-experimental study with comparing histology (author's transl)].", "content": "The histological reactions to the implantation of allogenetic incus after conservation in Cialit or after controlled deepfreezing are described. After 5 months the incusses of both conservation technics show the same good tendency of revitalisation. Therefore the controlled deep-freezing technic does not offer an advantage compared to the Cialit conservation method at least for the present state of knowledge.", "contents": "[Incus, controlled deepfrozen or in cialit conserved, after allogenetic implantation. An animal-experimental study with comparing histology (author's transl)]. The histological reactions to the implantation of allogenetic incus after conservation in Cialit or after controlled deepfreezing are described. After 5 months the incusses of both conservation technics show the same good tendency of revitalisation. Therefore the controlled deep-freezing technic does not offer an advantage compared to the Cialit conservation method at least for the present state of knowledge.", "PMID": 578732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13237", "title": "Sacculus laryngis.", "content": "100 preparations of the larynx from 104 autopsies were examined with reference to the condition of the laryngeal saccule. In 54% of the cases the saccule could not be demonstrated. The examination showed a clear sex difference regarding the existence and size of the laryngeal saccule. In 6% the laryngeal saccules were pathologically enlarged as interne laryngoceles, in all cases in males. The laryngeal saccule must regarded as an atavistic structure.", "contents": "Sacculus laryngis. 100 preparations of the larynx from 104 autopsies were examined with reference to the condition of the laryngeal saccule. In 54% of the cases the saccule could not be demonstrated. The examination showed a clear sex difference regarding the existence and size of the laryngeal saccule. In 6% the laryngeal saccules were pathologically enlarged as interne laryngoceles, in all cases in males. The laryngeal saccule must regarded as an atavistic structure.", "PMID": 578733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13238", "title": "[Three cases of giant cell fibroma of the vocal cord (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of giant cell fibroma of the vocal cord are reported. The histological and cytological features of the extirpated tissue confirm the benigne character of these tumors.", "contents": "[Three cases of giant cell fibroma of the vocal cord (author's transl)]. Three cases of giant cell fibroma of the vocal cord are reported. The histological and cytological features of the extirpated tissue confirm the benigne character of these tumors.", "PMID": 578734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13239", "title": "The nystagmus and the therapeutic effects on early-diagnosed cases of sudden deafness.", "content": "We investigated the hearing prognoses of early diagnosed cases of sudden deafness. We tried to find the most reliable factor to determine the prognosis of hearing loss. Of various possibilities that affect the prognosis; the period of onset to first examination, therapeutic manner and vestibular test findings, the findings of caloric test and spontaneous nystagmus showed much better correlation with the hearing prognosis than others. Thus, we presume the vestibular dysfunction in cases of sudden deafness may reflect the extension and severity of inner ear involvement.", "contents": "The nystagmus and the therapeutic effects on early-diagnosed cases of sudden deafness. We investigated the hearing prognoses of early diagnosed cases of sudden deafness. We tried to find the most reliable factor to determine the prognosis of hearing loss. Of various possibilities that affect the prognosis; the period of onset to first examination, therapeutic manner and vestibular test findings, the findings of caloric test and spontaneous nystagmus showed much better correlation with the hearing prognosis than others. Thus, we presume the vestibular dysfunction in cases of sudden deafness may reflect the extension and severity of inner ear involvement.", "PMID": 578735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13240", "title": "Tympanoplasty in Korea (ossiculoplasty).", "content": "Three hundred and ninety three cases of ossicular reconstruction are presented. In the most favourable cases with both malleus handle and stapes present, this presents a closure of the air-bone gap to within 20 dB better than 80%. With connective tissue, underlay and fixation technique and staging are all important aspects of ossicular chain repair. Preservation of the function of the sound conduction mechanism in most favourable cases (malleus handle and stapes arch present) were improved by the employment of a sculptured, fitted incus prosthesis between the handle of the malleus and the head of the stapes.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty in Korea (ossiculoplasty). Three hundred and ninety three cases of ossicular reconstruction are presented. In the most favourable cases with both malleus handle and stapes present, this presents a closure of the air-bone gap to within 20 dB better than 80%. With connective tissue, underlay and fixation technique and staging are all important aspects of ossicular chain repair. Preservation of the function of the sound conduction mechanism in most favourable cases (malleus handle and stapes arch present) were improved by the employment of a sculptured, fitted incus prosthesis between the handle of the malleus and the head of the stapes.", "PMID": 578736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13241", "title": "[Auditory thresholds in guinea-pig and mouse by the pinna-reflex of Preyer (author's transl)].", "content": "Auditory thresholds were obtained by controlling Preyer's pinna-reflex for sound pressure levels quantitatively and selectively for single frequencies. Under the reported test conditions the auditory thresholds are very well reproducible and quickly done.", "contents": "[Auditory thresholds in guinea-pig and mouse by the pinna-reflex of Preyer (author's transl)]. Auditory thresholds were obtained by controlling Preyer's pinna-reflex for sound pressure levels quantitatively and selectively for single frequencies. Under the reported test conditions the auditory thresholds are very well reproducible and quickly done.", "PMID": 578737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13242", "title": "[Acidosis and clinical condition in asphyctic calves].", "content": "In depressed calves (modified APGAR score 4-6) there is at birth an evident combined respiratory-metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.082 +/- 0.175; pCO2 = 73.3 +/- 26.8 mm Hg; BE = -10.6 +/- 7.2 mmol/l). The metabolic adaptation is completed after 6 hours, the respiratory acidosis is present up to 24 hours after delivery. In comparison to normal calves there are significant deviations in pH-values, base excess standard bicarbonate and actual bicarbonate during the whole investigation time. The carbon dioxide tensions of the depressed calves are at birth similar to those of normal calves, but in the following hours they are significantly higher. A definite relationship can be demonstrated between the 1 minute APGAR score and pH-value, base excess, standard bicarbonate and actual bicarbonate. Oxygen tension, oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide do not correlate with the clinical condition.", "contents": "[Acidosis and clinical condition in asphyctic calves]. In depressed calves (modified APGAR score 4-6) there is at birth an evident combined respiratory-metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.082 +/- 0.175; pCO2 = 73.3 +/- 26.8 mm Hg; BE = -10.6 +/- 7.2 mmol/l). The metabolic adaptation is completed after 6 hours, the respiratory acidosis is present up to 24 hours after delivery. In comparison to normal calves there are significant deviations in pH-values, base excess standard bicarbonate and actual bicarbonate during the whole investigation time. The carbon dioxide tensions of the depressed calves are at birth similar to those of normal calves, but in the following hours they are significantly higher. A definite relationship can be demonstrated between the 1 minute APGAR score and pH-value, base excess, standard bicarbonate and actual bicarbonate. Oxygen tension, oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide do not correlate with the clinical condition.", "PMID": 578741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13243", "title": "[Effect of a benzopyrone compound on embryonic tissue and cell cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "Embryonic tissues and cells of the chicken were treated with a coumarin-rutin derivative preparation (Venalot). A total of 3000 cultures from embryonic epithelia, skeletal muscle tissue, and connective tissues were tested. At high dosages, never administered in the therapy, the preparation inhibited the cell proliferation strongly. With the diminution to therapeutical concentrations no longer inhibitory but stimulatory effects, viz. to mitosis, were revealed. High cell partition rates in the connective tissue (fibroblasts), in the epithelial cells and in the bony tissue of the embryonic os frontale (osteoblasts) are an indication of the mechanism of the known wound-healing accelerating action of the preparation. The effect of stimulating the proteolytic action in mesenchymal cells, observed on isolated peritoneal macrophages has been confirmed for the mesenchymal cell of the embryonic chicken.", "contents": "[Effect of a benzopyrone compound on embryonic tissue and cell cultures (author's transl)]. Embryonic tissues and cells of the chicken were treated with a coumarin-rutin derivative preparation (Venalot). A total of 3000 cultures from embryonic epithelia, skeletal muscle tissue, and connective tissues were tested. At high dosages, never administered in the therapy, the preparation inhibited the cell proliferation strongly. With the diminution to therapeutical concentrations no longer inhibitory but stimulatory effects, viz. to mitosis, were revealed. High cell partition rates in the connective tissue (fibroblasts), in the epithelial cells and in the bony tissue of the embryonic os frontale (osteoblasts) are an indication of the mechanism of the known wound-healing accelerating action of the preparation. The effect of stimulating the proteolytic action in mesenchymal cells, observed on isolated peritoneal macrophages has been confirmed for the mesenchymal cell of the embryonic chicken.", "PMID": 578742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13244", "title": "Synthesis of some indole acrylamides. Short communication.", "content": "The synthesis of some indole acrylamides via the acid chloride is reported. Disubstituted indole acrylamides are successfully prepared by the application of Vilsmeier reaction.", "contents": "Synthesis of some indole acrylamides. Short communication. The synthesis of some indole acrylamides via the acid chloride is reported. Disubstituted indole acrylamides are successfully prepared by the application of Vilsmeier reaction.", "PMID": 578743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13245", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. IV. The action of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "An increase of total cell number was shown in the cell culture in vitro under the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Addition of EEP to the nutrient medium of the cells caused a strong activation of mitoses. Besides, distinctly intensified metabolism of these cells expressed by a strong activation of NADH2-reductase was also observed.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. IV. The action of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on cells cultured in vitro. An increase of total cell number was shown in the cell culture in vitro under the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Addition of EEP to the nutrient medium of the cells caused a strong activation of mitoses. Besides, distinctly intensified metabolism of these cells expressed by a strong activation of NADH2-reductase was also observed.", "PMID": 578744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13246", "title": "Chemistry and pharmacology of arginine pyroglutamate. Analysis of its effects on the CNS.", "content": "By studying the influence of the arginine pyroglutamate on the CNS its variations were evidenced which are clearly identifiable through the analysis of the interaction with molecules having either a depressive or excitatory action. In the case of pentobarbital the antagonistic effect of the compound on the general anaesthesia is very intense and is equally present even when medazepam and flurazepam are associated. Equally obvious is the  antagonism with barbiturate in the case of spontaneous motility but much less so with the two benzodiazepines. As far as the specialized behaviour is concerned, arginine pyroglutamate does not alter the sound discrimination capacity (responses in Sdelta punished) at fixed intervals (F.I.) nor does it influence the learning of a sound discrimination (responses in Sdelta punished) at varied intervals (V.I.). The process of learning is instead moderately accelerated in the case of a temporal discrimination and of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in the shuttle-box. No effect was found when the same amino acids were introduced alone or in random association. The hypothesis is proposed that the phenomena described depend on the different pharmacokinetics of arginine pyroglutamate that ensures brain concentrations sufficient to block the activity of depressive compounds but is not capable of influencing in a significant way the spontaneous and specialized behaviour of normal animals.", "contents": "Chemistry and pharmacology of arginine pyroglutamate. Analysis of its effects on the CNS. By studying the influence of the arginine pyroglutamate on the CNS its variations were evidenced which are clearly identifiable through the analysis of the interaction with molecules having either a depressive or excitatory action. In the case of pentobarbital the antagonistic effect of the compound on the general anaesthesia is very intense and is equally present even when medazepam and flurazepam are associated. Equally obvious is the  antagonism with barbiturate in the case of spontaneous motility but much less so with the two benzodiazepines. As far as the specialized behaviour is concerned, arginine pyroglutamate does not alter the sound discrimination capacity (responses in Sdelta punished) at fixed intervals (F.I.) nor does it influence the learning of a sound discrimination (responses in Sdelta punished) at varied intervals (V.I.). The process of learning is instead moderately accelerated in the case of a temporal discrimination and of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in the shuttle-box. No effect was found when the same amino acids were introduced alone or in random association. The hypothesis is proposed that the phenomena described depend on the different pharmacokinetics of arginine pyroglutamate that ensures brain concentrations sufficient to block the activity of depressive compounds but is not capable of influencing in a significant way the spontaneous and specialized behaviour of normal animals.", "PMID": 578745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13247", "title": "Action of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (PIA) on the synthesis of corticosterone in rats.", "content": "The effects of the stereoisomers of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (l- and d-PIA) were studied on the synthesis of corticosterone in rats in vivo and in rat adrenal slices in vitro. In vivo l- and d-PIA elevated plasma corticosterone level in normal but not in dexamethasone-pretreated rats. l-PIA was at least 20 times more active than d-PIA. The ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis was modified by pretreatment with l-PIA neither in normal nor in dexamethasone-treated rats. Adrenal slices prepared from the l-PIA-pretreated rats were less sensitive in vitro to the stimulatory action of ACTH or N6,2'-O-dibutyryl-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (DBA) than those from control animals. In vitro l- and d-PIA slightly increased the basal steroidogenesis. On the other hand, both the ACTH- and DBA-stimulated synthesis of corticosterone was inhibited by l- and d-PIA to approximately the same degree. The type of inhibition proved to be competitive in ACTH-stimulated and non-competitive in DBA-stimulated steroidogenesis. l- and d-PIA did not disturb the release process of corticosterone from the adrenal tissue into the incubation medium.", "contents": "Action of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (PIA) on the synthesis of corticosterone in rats. The effects of the stereoisomers of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (l- and d-PIA) were studied on the synthesis of corticosterone in rats in vivo and in rat adrenal slices in vitro. In vivo l- and d-PIA elevated plasma corticosterone level in normal but not in dexamethasone-pretreated rats. l-PIA was at least 20 times more active than d-PIA. The ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis was modified by pretreatment with l-PIA neither in normal nor in dexamethasone-treated rats. Adrenal slices prepared from the l-PIA-pretreated rats were less sensitive in vitro to the stimulatory action of ACTH or N6,2'-O-dibutyryl-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (DBA) than those from control animals. In vitro l- and d-PIA slightly increased the basal steroidogenesis. On the other hand, both the ACTH- and DBA-stimulated synthesis of corticosterone was inhibited by l- and d-PIA to approximately the same degree. The type of inhibition proved to be competitive in ACTH-stimulated and non-competitive in DBA-stimulated steroidogenesis. l- and d-PIA did not disturb the release process of corticosterone from the adrenal tissue into the incubation medium.", "PMID": 578746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13248", "title": "Influence of hypercapnia on the cerebrovascular activities of some drugs used in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The effects of twelve substances on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were studied in the normocapnic and hypercapnic conscious rabbit. In normocapnia, an increase in LCBF was observed after naftidrofuryl (NAF), cinnarizine (CI), viquidil (VI) and heptaminol acefyllinate (HA). The LCBF was only slightly increased or unchanged after hydrogenated ergot alkaloids (HEA), cyclandelate (CY), hexobendine (HE), ifenprodil (IF), piridoxilate (PI), vincamine (VC) and xantinol niacate (XN). It was reduced by theophylline (TH). In hypercapnia, a more pronounced increase in LCBF than in normocapnia was seen with CY, HE, NAF, and VI and a decrease or lesser effect with HA, IF, VC and XN. The decrease in LCBF with TH was enhanced by hypercapnia. The effects of CI, HEA and PI were not modified. The therapeutic implication of these modifications of drug effects by hypercapnia, is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of hypercapnia on the cerebrovascular activities of some drugs used in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. The effects of twelve substances on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were studied in the normocapnic and hypercapnic conscious rabbit. In normocapnia, an increase in LCBF was observed after naftidrofuryl (NAF), cinnarizine (CI), viquidil (VI) and heptaminol acefyllinate (HA). The LCBF was only slightly increased or unchanged after hydrogenated ergot alkaloids (HEA), cyclandelate (CY), hexobendine (HE), ifenprodil (IF), piridoxilate (PI), vincamine (VC) and xantinol niacate (XN). It was reduced by theophylline (TH). In hypercapnia, a more pronounced increase in LCBF than in normocapnia was seen with CY, HE, NAF, and VI and a decrease or lesser effect with HA, IF, VC and XN. The decrease in LCBF with TH was enhanced by hypercapnia. The effects of CI, HEA and PI were not modified. The therapeutic implication of these modifications of drug effects by hypercapnia, is discussed.", "PMID": 578747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13249", "title": "Effects of metformin on glucose metabolism of isolated perfused rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "It was investigated whether N,N-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (metformin) lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake of skeletal muscle using the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. Osborne-Mendel rats were subjected to a special feeding regimen (food intake only 2 h daily) and were treated orally by metformin (125 mg/kg body weight twice daily) or placebo, respectively. The hypoglycemic effect of metformin could be demonstrated. Thereafter, control rats were perfused in the absence, and metformin-treated rats in the presence of added metformin (0.67 microgram/ml perfusate). Neither the basal nor the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of skeletal muscle was increased by metformin. Lactate and alanine release, O2 uptake as well as the tissue metabolite levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ATP and creatine-P remained unaffected. On the other hand, metformin caused a significant decline of lactate oxidation as well as an elevated glycogen content of skeletal muscle. It is proposed that the inhibition of lactate oxidation may under certain conditions be instrumental in the development of lactic acidosis associated with biguanide therapy.", "contents": "Effects of metformin on glucose metabolism of isolated perfused rat skeletal muscle. It was investigated whether N,N-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (metformin) lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake of skeletal muscle using the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. Osborne-Mendel rats were subjected to a special feeding regimen (food intake only 2 h daily) and were treated orally by metformin (125 mg/kg body weight twice daily) or placebo, respectively. The hypoglycemic effect of metformin could be demonstrated. Thereafter, control rats were perfused in the absence, and metformin-treated rats in the presence of added metformin (0.67 microgram/ml perfusate). Neither the basal nor the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of skeletal muscle was increased by metformin. Lactate and alanine release, O2 uptake as well as the tissue metabolite levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ATP and creatine-P remained unaffected. On the other hand, metformin caused a significant decline of lactate oxidation as well as an elevated glycogen content of skeletal muscle. It is proposed that the inhibition of lactate oxidation may under certain conditions be instrumental in the development of lactic acidosis associated with biguanide therapy.", "PMID": 578748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13250", "title": "Differences in the response to pentobarbital sodium of Roman high- and low-avoidance rats.", "content": "Wistar-derived, Roman high- and low-avoidance rats (RHA and RLA) have been bred solely for divergent patterns of performance in a behavioral test. In the present study, single and multiple injections were used to investigate the acute and chronic effects of pentobarbital sodium in these 2 strains. The median lethal dose was found to be significantly higher for the male RHA rats than for the RLA males. RHA males also had proportionally larger livers, kidneys and hearts, and lower erythrocyte counts, hematocrits and hemoglobin levels than had RLA males.", "contents": "Differences in the response to pentobarbital sodium of Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Wistar-derived, Roman high- and low-avoidance rats (RHA and RLA) have been bred solely for divergent patterns of performance in a behavioral test. In the present study, single and multiple injections were used to investigate the acute and chronic effects of pentobarbital sodium in these 2 strains. The median lethal dose was found to be significantly higher for the male RHA rats than for the RLA males. RHA males also had proportionally larger livers, kidneys and hearts, and lower erythrocyte counts, hematocrits and hemoglobin levels than had RLA males.", "PMID": 578750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13251", "title": "Evaluation of a 4% gelatin solution in the treatment of canine haemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The effects of volume replacement with 4% gelatin containing 1% glycine at pH 5.8 and 6.4 on the changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and blood levels of glucose, lactate and urea following acute haemorrhage in dogs were studied. Comparison was made with dogs given homologous blood. Dogs bled 30% of blood volume, maintained in shock for 30 min, and infused with gelatin solutions, showed values of MABP, blood glucose, lactate and urea nitrogen insignificantly different from dogs similarly bled and infused with homologous blood. The responses obtained in dogs infused with gelatin at pH 5.8 were better than at pH 6.4.", "contents": "Evaluation of a 4% gelatin solution in the treatment of canine haemorrhagic shock. The effects of volume replacement with 4% gelatin containing 1% glycine at pH 5.8 and 6.4 on the changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and blood levels of glucose, lactate and urea following acute haemorrhage in dogs were studied. Comparison was made with dogs given homologous blood. Dogs bled 30% of blood volume, maintained in shock for 30 min, and infused with gelatin solutions, showed values of MABP, blood glucose, lactate and urea nitrogen insignificantly different from dogs similarly bled and infused with homologous blood. The responses obtained in dogs infused with gelatin at pH 5.8 were better than at pH 6.4.", "PMID": 578751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13252", "title": "Comparison of the biological effectiveness of injected testosterone propionate and testosterone released from silastic capsules.", "content": "The in vitro release and biological effectiveness of silicone rubber implants containing testosterone in orchidectomized male rats was investigated over a period of 20 weeks. A marked reduction in release in 0.9% saline solution could be observed in vitro relative to the incubation time in the medium. The reduction in release was greatest during the first few weeks of the experiment. Rat seminal vesicles and prostates, which were greatly stimulated at the start of the experiment, lost weight corresponding to the release rate in vitro. The implants containing testosterone used here were 4 to 26 times more effective than testosterone propionate injected s.c.", "contents": "Comparison of the biological effectiveness of injected testosterone propionate and testosterone released from silastic capsules. The in vitro release and biological effectiveness of silicone rubber implants containing testosterone in orchidectomized male rats was investigated over a period of 20 weeks. A marked reduction in release in 0.9% saline solution could be observed in vitro relative to the incubation time in the medium. The reduction in release was greatest during the first few weeks of the experiment. Rat seminal vesicles and prostates, which were greatly stimulated at the start of the experiment, lost weight corresponding to the release rate in vitro. The implants containing testosterone used here were 4 to 26 times more effective than testosterone propionate injected s.c.", "PMID": 578752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13253", "title": "Alcohols-histones metabolic interactions in intact human erythrocytes.", "content": "Alcohols have a stimulating effect on the intracellular peroxidatic reactions of intact human erythrocytes. This effect depends directly on the molecular weight of alcohol and the H2O2 concentration. The human leukocyte nuclear histones, flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD) inhibit the peroxidatic reactions during the metabolism of alcohols in intact human erythrocytes. The participation of erythrocyte catalase, the possible metabolic pathway and the inhibitory effect of human leukocyte nuclear histones, FAD and NAD on the intracellular metabolism of alcohols is discussed.", "contents": "Alcohols-histones metabolic interactions in intact human erythrocytes. Alcohols have a stimulating effect on the intracellular peroxidatic reactions of intact human erythrocytes. This effect depends directly on the molecular weight of alcohol and the H2O2 concentration. The human leukocyte nuclear histones, flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD) inhibit the peroxidatic reactions during the metabolism of alcohols in intact human erythrocytes. The participation of erythrocyte catalase, the possible metabolic pathway and the inhibitory effect of human leukocyte nuclear histones, FAD and NAD on the intracellular metabolism of alcohols is discussed.", "PMID": 578753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13254", "title": "[Quantitative determination of pemoline in serum and urine after ingestion of therapeutic doses (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum and urine 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxazolidone (pemoline, Tradon) levels have been determined in normal subjects after therapeutic doses (40 mg). Peak levels in serum were reached within 4-6 h (1.1-1.5 mg/1). The half-life was 16-18 h. After the oral administration of 40 mg of pemoline 35-50% of the dose was excreted in urine within 32 h.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of pemoline in serum and urine after ingestion of therapeutic doses (author's transl)]. Serum and urine 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxazolidone (pemoline, Tradon) levels have been determined in normal subjects after therapeutic doses (40 mg). Peak levels in serum were reached within 4-6 h (1.1-1.5 mg/1). The half-life was 16-18 h. After the oral administration of 40 mg of pemoline 35-50% of the dose was excreted in urine within 32 h.", "PMID": 578754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13255", "title": "[Iron absorption after oral application of a combination of Fe2+-succinate and multivitamins (author's transl)].", "content": "The rate of iron absorption of Fe2+-succinate orally applied with multivitamins, was measured by means of whole-body counter in 45 subjects. The dosage was 330 mg ferrous succinate (115 mg Fe2+). Absorption was generally 4.5% (5.2 mg) in normal subjects, 8.6% (9.9 mg) in subjects with latent iron deficiency, and 29.6% (34 mg) in subjects with manifest iron deficiency. In women taking oral contraceptives and not suffering from iron deficiency, no significant increase in the iron absorption rate was measured.", "contents": "[Iron absorption after oral application of a combination of Fe2+-succinate and multivitamins (author's transl)]. The rate of iron absorption of Fe2+-succinate orally applied with multivitamins, was measured by means of whole-body counter in 45 subjects. The dosage was 330 mg ferrous succinate (115 mg Fe2+). Absorption was generally 4.5% (5.2 mg) in normal subjects, 8.6% (9.9 mg) in subjects with latent iron deficiency, and 29.6% (34 mg) in subjects with manifest iron deficiency. In women taking oral contraceptives and not suffering from iron deficiency, no significant increase in the iron absorption rate was measured.", "PMID": 578755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13256", "title": "[On the pharmacokinetics of phenazone in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of 5-oxo-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline (phenazone) by means of intraindividual comparison following oral and rectal administration in man. A one-compartment model served to describe the course of blood levels, in which the twin peaks of following rectal administration are quite remarkable. The influence of variation in the pharmaceutical dosage form on the pharmacokinetic behaviour patterns of phenazone were studied and intraindividual differences not inconsiderable are obvious.", "contents": "[On the pharmacokinetics of phenazone in man (author's transl)]. Studies were carried out on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of 5-oxo-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline (phenazone) by means of intraindividual comparison following oral and rectal administration in man. A one-compartment model served to describe the course of blood levels, in which the twin peaks of following rectal administration are quite remarkable. The influence of variation in the pharmaceutical dosage form on the pharmacokinetic behaviour patterns of phenazone were studied and intraindividual differences not inconsiderable are obvious.", "PMID": 578756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13257", "title": "[Electromyographic studies on the effect of the cinnamamide derivative LCB-29 in spastic syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten patients with para- or tetraspastic syndromes of various etiology 5 different spastic phenomena demonstrating pathologically raised excitability of muscle regulation functions were registered electromyographically before and 1 h after i.v. administration of N-(hydroxy-2-ethyl)-cinnamamide (LCB-29). In the majority of cases a marked decrease of spasticity was registered. The rapid onset of this effect of LCB-29 allowed constant test conditions and therefore eliminated other influences on spasticity. The decrease of raised polysynaptic excitability at spinal level led, at least in part, to the assumption of a spinal site of action of LCB-29. The absence of a sedative effect with oral medication makes a strong central effect seem less probable.", "contents": "[Electromyographic studies on the effect of the cinnamamide derivative LCB-29 in spastic syndromes (author's transl)]. In ten patients with para- or tetraspastic syndromes of various etiology 5 different spastic phenomena demonstrating pathologically raised excitability of muscle regulation functions were registered electromyographically before and 1 h after i.v. administration of N-(hydroxy-2-ethyl)-cinnamamide (LCB-29). In the majority of cases a marked decrease of spasticity was registered. The rapid onset of this effect of LCB-29 allowed constant test conditions and therefore eliminated other influences on spasticity. The decrease of raised polysynaptic excitability at spinal level led, at least in part, to the assumption of a spinal site of action of LCB-29. The absence of a sedative effect with oral medication makes a strong central effect seem less probable.", "PMID": 578757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13258", "title": "[Modification-possibility of the enterohepatic circulation of digitoxin in man].", "content": "Tritiated digitoxin (0.25 mg) was i.v. administered to a control group of 5 patients as well as to 5 patients with a T-tube quantitatively draining the bile fluid. During the initial 24 h after injection, 10% of the dose administered, on the second and third days 5 and 3,5%, respectively, were biliarily excreted. The amount biliarily excreted did not influence the course of the blood level as compared to the controls. Also charcoal given perorally in a sufficient amount (50 g) did not affect the blood level of radioactive digitoxin and/or its metabolites. As obtained from in vitro experiments the absorptive potency of cholestipole and cholestyramine for digitoxin and its metabolites in human bile fluid is similar to that of charcoal.", "contents": "[Modification-possibility of the enterohepatic circulation of digitoxin in man]. Tritiated digitoxin (0.25 mg) was i.v. administered to a control group of 5 patients as well as to 5 patients with a T-tube quantitatively draining the bile fluid. During the initial 24 h after injection, 10% of the dose administered, on the second and third days 5 and 3,5%, respectively, were biliarily excreted. The amount biliarily excreted did not influence the course of the blood level as compared to the controls. Also charcoal given perorally in a sufficient amount (50 g) did not affect the blood level of radioactive digitoxin and/or its metabolites. As obtained from in vitro experiments the absorptive potency of cholestipole and cholestyramine for digitoxin and its metabolites in human bile fluid is similar to that of charcoal.", "PMID": 578758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13259", "title": "Spironolactone metabolism in normal subjects and in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "The dynamic excretion of aldadiene, the principal metabolite of spironolactone with biological activity, was studied in normal subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis following administration of spironolactone. Aldadiene appeared in the three-days urine collection in around 3% of the dose. There was no significant difference in the biological half-life, calculated from the urinary pattern, and in the rate of excretion in patients with hepatopathy and hospitalized controls. Healthy volunteers without hospitalization exhibited the most rapid elimination of the metabolite. An increase of spironolactone dose enhanced the per cent rate of aldadiene excretion, while the biological half-life did not change. Spironolactone decreased the rate of dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone excretion even after a single dose. Determination of total 17-ketosteroids is of no value on evaluation of adrenal function during spironolactone therapy, due to a Zimmermann-positivity of spironolactone metabolites.", "contents": "Spironolactone metabolism in normal subjects and in patients with liver cirrhosis. The dynamic excretion of aldadiene, the principal metabolite of spironolactone with biological activity, was studied in normal subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis following administration of spironolactone. Aldadiene appeared in the three-days urine collection in around 3% of the dose. There was no significant difference in the biological half-life, calculated from the urinary pattern, and in the rate of excretion in patients with hepatopathy and hospitalized controls. Healthy volunteers without hospitalization exhibited the most rapid elimination of the metabolite. An increase of spironolactone dose enhanced the per cent rate of aldadiene excretion, while the biological half-life did not change. Spironolactone decreased the rate of dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone excretion even after a single dose. Determination of total 17-ketosteroids is of no value on evaluation of adrenal function during spironolactone therapy, due to a Zimmermann-positivity of spironolactone metabolites.", "PMID": 578759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13260", "title": "The fate of intravenously infused gelatin.", "content": "The fate of i.v. infused gelatin was studied by measuring the rise in the level of total hydroxyproline (HP) in some organs of the rat following the infusion of a 5% autoclaved gelatin solution (1 ml/100 g body weight). The results obtained showed that HP levels were consequently increased in all of the organs studied, then the levels were generally normalised during the 3rd day post infusion. Small concentrations of HP were still retained by the kidneys and blood plasma, at the end of the first week after infusion. The rat ratio HP/creatinine (HP/C index), which increased from 0.33 to 3.78 during the first 24 h post infusion, declined gradually to the base-line level after 4 weeks, during which time 94% of the HP infused could be accounted for in the urine. Most of the HP was excreted in the bound form.", "contents": "The fate of intravenously infused gelatin. The fate of i.v. infused gelatin was studied by measuring the rise in the level of total hydroxyproline (HP) in some organs of the rat following the infusion of a 5% autoclaved gelatin solution (1 ml/100 g body weight). The results obtained showed that HP levels were consequently increased in all of the organs studied, then the levels were generally normalised during the 3rd day post infusion. Small concentrations of HP were still retained by the kidneys and blood plasma, at the end of the first week after infusion. The rat ratio HP/creatinine (HP/C index), which increased from 0.33 to 3.78 during the first 24 h post infusion, declined gradually to the base-line level after 4 weeks, during which time 94% of the HP infused could be accounted for in the urine. Most of the HP was excreted in the bound form.", "PMID": 578760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13261", "title": "[Structure-activity relationships of etozolin, a novel diuretic (author's transl)].", "content": "Selection of a structurally confined group of diuretics out of 2-methylenethiazolidones-(4), a new class of compounds, and related heterocycles with partly choleretic properties is described. The physico-chemical parameters of ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (3; etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin), which has been selected for therapeutic use, are discussed with respect to its close structural relation to the choleretic piprozoline (2). Both the spectroscopic results and the anomalous thermodynamic data of 2, 3 and the homologous compounds 4 and 5 demonstrate a structural specificity of 3 unknown up to now with diuretics.", "contents": "[Structure-activity relationships of etozolin, a novel diuretic (author's transl)]. Selection of a structurally confined group of diuretics out of 2-methylenethiazolidones-(4), a new class of compounds, and related heterocycles with partly choleretic properties is described. The physico-chemical parameters of ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (3; etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin), which has been selected for therapeutic use, are discussed with respect to its close structural relation to the choleretic piprozoline (2). Both the spectroscopic results and the anomalous thermodynamic data of 2, 3 and the homologous compounds 4 and 5 demonstrate a structural specificity of 3 unknown up to now with diuretics.", "PMID": 578762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13262", "title": "[On the pharmacology of Etozolin (author's transl)].", "content": "Ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) is a diuretic with a new chemical structure. Animal experiments with etozolin showed low toxicity, potent diuretic and saluretic properties with a mild onset of action. A marked antihypertensive effect was found in long-term experiments in hypertensive rats. In investigations concerning general pharmacology etozolin showed no effects which stand against its use as a diuretic.", "contents": "[On the pharmacology of Etozolin (author's transl)]. Ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) is a diuretic with a new chemical structure. Animal experiments with etozolin showed low toxicity, potent diuretic and saluretic properties with a mild onset of action. A marked antihypertensive effect was found in long-term experiments in hypertensive rats. In investigations concerning general pharmacology etozolin showed no effects which stand against its use as a diuretic.", "PMID": 578763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13263", "title": "Effect of Etozolin on whole kidney function and fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in rat proximal convoluted tubules and loops of Henle.", "content": "The effects of ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (etozolin, Elkapin) on whole kidney function and on fluid, sodium and potassium reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules and loops of Henle of superficial nephrons were studied in rats using clearance and micropuncture techniques. Etozolin (50 mg/kg i.v. initial dose; 50 mg/kg per hour i.v.) markedly increased urinary fluid and sodium excretion and decreased glomerular filtration rate. Fractional tubular sodium reabsorption fell by 8.7%. Fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in the proximal convolution was not significantly influenced by etozolin. The substance significantly increased flow rate, sodium and potassium concentration and decreased tubular fluid/plasma inulin ratio of the early distal tubular, indicating an inhibitory effect on fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Although etozolin is chemically different its site of diuretic action is the same as that of furosemide and ethacrynic acid.", "contents": "Effect of Etozolin on whole kidney function and fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in rat proximal convoluted tubules and loops of Henle. The effects of ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (etozolin, Elkapin) on whole kidney function and on fluid, sodium and potassium reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules and loops of Henle of superficial nephrons were studied in rats using clearance and micropuncture techniques. Etozolin (50 mg/kg i.v. initial dose; 50 mg/kg per hour i.v.) markedly increased urinary fluid and sodium excretion and decreased glomerular filtration rate. Fractional tubular sodium reabsorption fell by 8.7%. Fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in the proximal convolution was not significantly influenced by etozolin. The substance significantly increased flow rate, sodium and potassium concentration and decreased tubular fluid/plasma inulin ratio of the early distal tubular, indicating an inhibitory effect on fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Although etozolin is chemically different its site of diuretic action is the same as that of furosemide and ethacrynic acid.", "PMID": 578764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13264", "title": "[Toxicological studies on Etozolin (author's transl)].", "content": "The tolerance of ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) has been investigated over 18 months after oral administration in rats and over 1i months after intragastric application in dogs. Further the influence of the compound on pregnant animals and their fetuses after intragastric application has been investigated in rats and rabbits. The investigation of the influence on fertility and breeding capacity as well as on the peri- and postnatal development was carried out in rats after peroral administration. In the course of the chronic experiments a dose related increase of the excretion of fluid and electrolytes was observed. Side-effects, which mainly occurred during the last weeks of the experiment in the highest dosage group, were most probably due to the exhaustion of the fluid and especially of the electrolyte reserves of the animals. The experiments in rats and rabbits did not yield any findings indicating teratogenic properties. Fertility and breeding capacity were likewise not influenced by etozolin. An influence on the peri- and postnatal development could be demonstrated only in the toxic dose range.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on Etozolin (author's transl)]. The tolerance of ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) has been investigated over 18 months after oral administration in rats and over 1i months after intragastric application in dogs. Further the influence of the compound on pregnant animals and their fetuses after intragastric application has been investigated in rats and rabbits. The investigation of the influence on fertility and breeding capacity as well as on the peri- and postnatal development was carried out in rats after peroral administration. In the course of the chronic experiments a dose related increase of the excretion of fluid and electrolytes was observed. Side-effects, which mainly occurred during the last weeks of the experiment in the highest dosage group, were most probably due to the exhaustion of the fluid and especially of the electrolyte reserves of the animals. The experiments in rats and rabbits did not yield any findings indicating teratogenic properties. Fertility and breeding capacity were likewise not influenced by etozolin. An influence on the peri- and postnatal development could be demonstrated only in the toxic dose range.", "PMID": 578765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13265", "title": "[Metabolism of Etozolin in rat, dog and man].", "content": "Investigations on the metabolism of the new diuretic ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (G\u00f6 687, etozolin, Elkapin) were carried out with urine of rat, dog and man as well as rat bile after enteral administration of the 14C-labelled substance. Seven metabolites were isolated with either the aid of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Mass spectroscopy was applied to determine the structures of the metabolites, partly by use of authentic reference substances. Because of the instability of most of the metabolites, some of them showing strong polarity, the described investigations on the metabolic profiles and the enrichment and purification of some metabolites could only be carried out with the HPLC-radioactivity detector system, which requires no clean-up for the samples. The metabolisation process of etozolin is qualitatively equal in rat, dog and man; it is characterized by 3 steps: 1. enzymatic cleavage of the ester group, which leads to the also diuretically active main metabolite (metabolite I) in the plasma of all 3 species; 2. glucuronidation of the resulting metabolite I, leading to metabolites II and III, which are diastereoisomeric esters of the two enantiomeric forms of metabolite I with beta-D-glucuronic acid. 50--60% of the urinary radioactivity can be described with these two metabolisation steps in all 3 species; 3. Oxidation of the piperidine moiety to metabolites IV--VII.", "contents": "[Metabolism of Etozolin in rat, dog and man]. Investigations on the metabolism of the new diuretic ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (G\u00f6 687, etozolin, Elkapin) were carried out with urine of rat, dog and man as well as rat bile after enteral administration of the 14C-labelled substance. Seven metabolites were isolated with either the aid of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Mass spectroscopy was applied to determine the structures of the metabolites, partly by use of authentic reference substances. Because of the instability of most of the metabolites, some of them showing strong polarity, the described investigations on the metabolic profiles and the enrichment and purification of some metabolites could only be carried out with the HPLC-radioactivity detector system, which requires no clean-up for the samples. The metabolisation process of etozolin is qualitatively equal in rat, dog and man; it is characterized by 3 steps: 1. enzymatic cleavage of the ester group, which leads to the also diuretically active main metabolite (metabolite I) in the plasma of all 3 species; 2. glucuronidation of the resulting metabolite I, leading to metabolites II and III, which are diastereoisomeric esters of the two enantiomeric forms of metabolite I with beta-D-glucuronic acid. 50--60% of the urinary radioactivity can be described with these two metabolisation steps in all 3 species; 3. Oxidation of the piperidine moiety to metabolites IV--VII.", "PMID": 578767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13266", "title": "The distribution of radioactivity in pregnant rats after repeated oral doses of the diuretic agent Etozolin.", "content": "1. The distribution of radioactivity has been studied by whole-body autoradiography after administration of daily oral doses of (2-14C)-ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) at a dose level of 100mg/kg to pregnant rats during the 10th to the 17th day of gestation. 2. After the last dose, most of the radioactivity was excreted rapidly and was mainly assoicated with the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts and kidneys of the mothers. 3. Maximal distribution in the mothers occurred at 3--6 h after the last dose, and radioactivity at these times was detectable also in the lungs, muscle mass, fat, mammary and uterine tissue, the reticuloendothelial system, placentae, some ducted and endocrine glands, and in blood, but not in brain or spinal cord. At 4 days, traces of radioactivity had persisted in kidneys, liver, lungs, thyroid and placentae. 4. Radioactivity was present in low and uniform concentrations in most foetal tissues such as the heart, lungs and lens and in even lower concentrations in the brains of the foetuses during 3--6 h after dosing, but was not detected in foetal tissues at 2 days. Concentrations of radioactivity in maternal tissues were at all times much higher compared with those in foetal tissues at corresponding times after dosing.", "contents": "The distribution of radioactivity in pregnant rats after repeated oral doses of the diuretic agent Etozolin. 1. The distribution of radioactivity has been studied by whole-body autoradiography after administration of daily oral doses of (2-14C)-ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) at a dose level of 100mg/kg to pregnant rats during the 10th to the 17th day of gestation. 2. After the last dose, most of the radioactivity was excreted rapidly and was mainly assoicated with the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts and kidneys of the mothers. 3. Maximal distribution in the mothers occurred at 3--6 h after the last dose, and radioactivity at these times was detectable also in the lungs, muscle mass, fat, mammary and uterine tissue, the reticuloendothelial system, placentae, some ducted and endocrine glands, and in blood, but not in brain or spinal cord. At 4 days, traces of radioactivity had persisted in kidneys, liver, lungs, thyroid and placentae. 4. Radioactivity was present in low and uniform concentrations in most foetal tissues such as the heart, lungs and lens and in even lower concentrations in the brains of the foetuses during 3--6 h after dosing, but was not detected in foetal tissues at 2 days. Concentrations of radioactivity in maternal tissues were at all times much higher compared with those in foetal tissues at corresponding times after dosing.", "PMID": 578769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13267", "title": "[Effect of the diuretic Etozolin (G\u00f6 687) on renal elimination of water and solutes in subjects with normal renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "The novel diuretic ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) has been investigated on 10 volunteers with intact renal function. Administration of 800 mg of the compound caused a significant increase of the renal elimination of water, sodium, chloride magnesium as well as of the sum of the osmotic constituents while an influence on the creatinine-clearance could not be demonstrated. Potassium elimination was also raised, however, at the same time the sodium-potassium ration increased strongly. Due to its long-lasting action etozolin seems particularly indicated for the treatment of cardiac and renal edema as well as for the treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "[Effect of the diuretic Etozolin (G\u00f6 687) on renal elimination of water and solutes in subjects with normal renal function (author's transl)]. The novel diuretic ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) has been investigated on 10 volunteers with intact renal function. Administration of 800 mg of the compound caused a significant increase of the renal elimination of water, sodium, chloride magnesium as well as of the sum of the osmotic constituents while an influence on the creatinine-clearance could not be demonstrated. Potassium elimination was also raised, however, at the same time the sodium-potassium ration increased strongly. Due to its long-lasting action etozolin seems particularly indicated for the treatment of cardiac and renal edema as well as for the treatment of hypertension.", "PMID": 578770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13268", "title": "[Effect of the diuretic Etozolin in patients with normal and impaired renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the novel diuretic ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) on renal function and especially on the elimination of solutes has been investigated under clearance conditions on 25 hydrated patients with different glomerular filtration rates (GFR). On normal persons the compound caused a decrease of GFR and of urea elimination while the absolute and the fractional elimination of sodium and chloride as well as the fractional potassium clearance increased significantly. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency (GFR less than 20 ml/min) these values could not be influenced. A significant correlation between initial GFR and decrease of GFR as well as between initial GFR and increase of renal elimination of sodium and chloride could be demonstrated: the lower the initial GFR the weaker the elimination of electrolytes and the decrease of the filtration rate, the latter being neglible at an initial GFR of 80 ml/min or less.", "contents": "[Effect of the diuretic Etozolin in patients with normal and impaired renal function (author's transl)]. The effect of the novel diuretic ethyl (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (etozolin, G\u00f6 687, Elkapin) on renal function and especially on the elimination of solutes has been investigated under clearance conditions on 25 hydrated patients with different glomerular filtration rates (GFR). On normal persons the compound caused a decrease of GFR and of urea elimination while the absolute and the fractional elimination of sodium and chloride as well as the fractional potassium clearance increased significantly. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency (GFR less than 20 ml/min) these values could not be influenced. A significant correlation between initial GFR and decrease of GFR as well as between initial GFR and increase of renal elimination of sodium and chloride could be demonstrated: the lower the initial GFR the weaker the elimination of electrolytes and the decrease of the filtration rate, the latter being neglible at an initial GFR of 80 ml/min or less.", "PMID": 578771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13269", "title": "[Comparative studies on the diuretic activities of Etozolin and a reference compound in normal volunteers (author's transl)].", "content": "The novel diuretic (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetic acid ethylester (Etozolin; Elkapin) has been investigated against a benzothiazide (Vs) and placebo on 8 volunteers. Etozolin and Vs show a dose dependent diuretic effect: 400 mg etozolin being equipotent to 75 mg Vs and 1200 mg etozolin being 2.8 times more effective than 75 mg Vs. Both substances show maximum effect 2 to 4 h after application, no differences from placebo being demonstrable 10 h after administration. There were no significant differences in potassium excretion between etozolin, Vs and placebo, etozolin and Vs causing, however, a significant excretion of sodium and chloride in contrast to placebo. Etozolin seems to act like a diuretic of the sulfonamide-type in respect to the profile of daily urinary output whereas resembling the loop-diuretic type in respect to urinary volume elimination.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the diuretic activities of Etozolin and a reference compound in normal volunteers (author's transl)]. The novel diuretic (Z)-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetic acid ethylester (Etozolin; Elkapin) has been investigated against a benzothiazide (Vs) and placebo on 8 volunteers. Etozolin and Vs show a dose dependent diuretic effect: 400 mg etozolin being equipotent to 75 mg Vs and 1200 mg etozolin being 2.8 times more effective than 75 mg Vs. Both substances show maximum effect 2 to 4 h after application, no differences from placebo being demonstrable 10 h after administration. There were no significant differences in potassium excretion between etozolin, Vs and placebo, etozolin and Vs causing, however, a significant excretion of sodium and chloride in contrast to placebo. Etozolin seems to act like a diuretic of the sulfonamide-type in respect to the profile of daily urinary output whereas resembling the loop-diuretic type in respect to urinary volume elimination.", "PMID": 578772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13270", "title": "The intrinsic structural asymmetry of highly curved phospholipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Phosphorus-31 NMR studies of solutions of small L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles containing sodium dimethyl phosphate uniformly distributed between the continuous external and the intravesicular aqueous spaces, with the paramagnetic shift reagent Pr3+ present only in the external space, are reported. These studies give the distribution both of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the vesicle inner and outer monolayers and of dimethyl phosphate in the aqueous spaces. With the third necessary parameter obtained from the vesicle sedimentation coefficient, the very different packing parameters of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in inner and outer monolayers can be determined. The vesicle outer radius is 109 A. Although the total bilayer thickness is virtually identical to that of planar bilayers, the outer monolayer is thicker (20 A) and the inner monolayer thinner (15 A). The area per head group at the inner surface, 68 A2, is like the planar value, but the tails are much more folded, so as to decrease the radial lengths and increase the tangential spreat (to 94A2). The reverse is true in the outer layer: the surface per head group is 76 A2, tapering to 51 A2 in the tail region, so that outer layer tails are relatively extended. The difference is equivalent to a shift of about two 2g1 kinks from outer to inner layers; the uneven packing certainly affects fluidity, and may have important biological consequences.", "contents": "The intrinsic structural asymmetry of highly curved phospholipid bilayer membranes. Phosphorus-31 NMR studies of solutions of small L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles containing sodium dimethyl phosphate uniformly distributed between the continuous external and the intravesicular aqueous spaces, with the paramagnetic shift reagent Pr3+ present only in the external space, are reported. These studies give the distribution both of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the vesicle inner and outer monolayers and of dimethyl phosphate in the aqueous spaces. With the third necessary parameter obtained from the vesicle sedimentation coefficient, the very different packing parameters of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in inner and outer monolayers can be determined. The vesicle outer radius is 109 A. Although the total bilayer thickness is virtually identical to that of planar bilayers, the outer monolayer is thicker (20 A) and the inner monolayer thinner (15 A). The area per head group at the inner surface, 68 A2, is like the planar value, but the tails are much more folded, so as to decrease the radial lengths and increase the tangential spreat (to 94A2). The reverse is true in the outer layer: the surface per head group is 76 A2, tapering to 51 A2 in the tail region, so that outer layer tails are relatively extended. The difference is equivalent to a shift of about two 2g1 kinks from outer to inner layers; the uneven packing certainly affects fluidity, and may have important biological consequences.", "PMID": 578775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13271", "title": "Lateral phase separations in binary mixtures of phospholipids having different charges and different crystalline structures.", "content": "Synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine exhibits a sharp chain-melting transition temperature at 51 degrees C as judged by partitioning of the spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. Phase diagrams representing lateral phase separations in binary mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine as well as with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine are derived from paramagnetic resonance determinations of 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl partitioning, freeze-fracture electron microscopic studies and theoretical arguments that limit the general form of acceptable phase diagrams. The reported phase diagrams are the first to describe binary mixtures in which one lipid is charged and the second lipid uncharged. These phase diagrams also are the first to include the problem of solid phases with different crystalline conformations as it relates to the occurrence of a pretransition in phosphatidylcholines and its absence in phosphatidylserines. In addition to the phase diagrams reported here for these two binary mixtures, a brief theoretical discussion is given of other possible phase diagrams that may be appropriate to other lipid mixtures with particular consideration given to the problem of crystalline phases of different structures and the possible occurrence of second-order phase transitions in these mixtures.", "contents": "Lateral phase separations in binary mixtures of phospholipids having different charges and different crystalline structures. Synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine exhibits a sharp chain-melting transition temperature at 51 degrees C as judged by partitioning of the spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. Phase diagrams representing lateral phase separations in binary mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine as well as with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine are derived from paramagnetic resonance determinations of 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl partitioning, freeze-fracture electron microscopic studies and theoretical arguments that limit the general form of acceptable phase diagrams. The reported phase diagrams are the first to describe binary mixtures in which one lipid is charged and the second lipid uncharged. These phase diagrams also are the first to include the problem of solid phases with different crystalline conformations as it relates to the occurrence of a pretransition in phosphatidylcholines and its absence in phosphatidylserines. In addition to the phase diagrams reported here for these two binary mixtures, a brief theoretical discussion is given of other possible phase diagrams that may be appropriate to other lipid mixtures with particular consideration given to the problem of crystalline phases of different structures and the possible occurrence of second-order phase transitions in these mixtures.", "PMID": 578776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13272", "title": "Oxygen consumption of the newborn rabbit treated with pulmonary surfactant.", "content": "A method is described for measuring oxygen consumption of small animals. It was used for 151 newborn rabbits delivered on the 27th, 28th, 29th, and 30th day of gestation. Half of the neonates were given a pharyngeal deposition of a concentrated surfactant (SA) suspension prior to their first breath. The remaining neonates served as controls. The survival rate among the immature rabbits treated with SA was significantly higher. The treatment did not affect oxygen consumption in any age-group. With increasing maturity, the neonates consumed more oxygen, and the controls delivered on the 30th day of gestation consumed 29.6 +/- SEM 4.2 ml oxygen per kilogram and minute.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption of the newborn rabbit treated with pulmonary surfactant. A method is described for measuring oxygen consumption of small animals. It was used for 151 newborn rabbits delivered on the 27th, 28th, 29th, and 30th day of gestation. Half of the neonates were given a pharyngeal deposition of a concentrated surfactant (SA) suspension prior to their first breath. The remaining neonates served as controls. The survival rate among the immature rabbits treated with SA was significantly higher. The treatment did not affect oxygen consumption in any age-group. With increasing maturity, the neonates consumed more oxygen, and the controls delivered on the 30th day of gestation consumed 29.6 +/- SEM 4.2 ml oxygen per kilogram and minute.", "PMID": 578778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13273", "title": "[Lead content of evaporated milk].", "content": "In order to determine the concentration of lead in evaporated type of commercially available milks, a study was carried out in 40 cans. Out of them, 20 were of the \"vitamin\" brand and the other 20 were of \"protein\" quality. The lead content in either type of milk was not significantly different; \"protein\" milk showed 38.4 mug/100 ml, while the figure for the \"vitamin\" grade was 35.0 mug/100 ml. Considering the use of evapored milks in infant feeding, it was deemed wise to carry out an estimation of the amount of lead ingested in case the volume consumed reached from 500 to 1000 ml. As a result of this study, it is stated that somewhat between 150 to 200 mug of lead are ingested daily in the consumption of evapored milk at normal dilution. Based on the tolerance levels, the findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Lead content of evaporated milk]. In order to determine the concentration of lead in evaporated type of commercially available milks, a study was carried out in 40 cans. Out of them, 20 were of the \"vitamin\" brand and the other 20 were of \"protein\" quality. The lead content in either type of milk was not significantly different; \"protein\" milk showed 38.4 mug/100 ml, while the figure for the \"vitamin\" grade was 35.0 mug/100 ml. Considering the use of evapored milks in infant feeding, it was deemed wise to carry out an estimation of the amount of lead ingested in case the volume consumed reached from 500 to 1000 ml. As a result of this study, it is stated that somewhat between 150 to 200 mug of lead are ingested daily in the consumption of evapored milk at normal dilution. Based on the tolerance levels, the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 578773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13274", "title": "[Changes in the surface-active substance in the lungs of rabbits during endotracheal fluothane anesthesia].", "content": "Endotracheal phthorothan anesthesia without any surgical intervention in rabbits for 3.5 hours diminished the surface active properties of the surfactant by increasing the surface tension of the lung washings measured on the Wilhelmy scales. A study of phospholipid fractions in the lung washings by means of the thin-layer chromatography on silicagel showed a decrease of one of the major structures of the surfactant lipoprotein, phosphatidylcholine, with a simultaneous increase of the lysophosphatidylcholine. Determination of the free fatty acid content in the lung washings after the action of phthorothan anesthesia showed their significant increase as compared with control. A possible mechanism of the damaging effect of phthorothan anesthesia on the lung surfactant is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the surface-active substance in the lungs of rabbits during endotracheal fluothane anesthesia]. Endotracheal phthorothan anesthesia without any surgical intervention in rabbits for 3.5 hours diminished the surface active properties of the surfactant by increasing the surface tension of the lung washings measured on the Wilhelmy scales. A study of phospholipid fractions in the lung washings by means of the thin-layer chromatography on silicagel showed a decrease of one of the major structures of the surfactant lipoprotein, phosphatidylcholine, with a simultaneous increase of the lysophosphatidylcholine. Determination of the free fatty acid content in the lung washings after the action of phthorothan anesthesia showed their significant increase as compared with control. A possible mechanism of the damaging effect of phthorothan anesthesia on the lung surfactant is discussed.", "PMID": 578779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13275", "title": "[Change in the state of surfactant in experimental pneumonia].", "content": "The state of pulmonary surfactant in rabbits at different periods (3 to 60 days) of experimental pneumonia was compared with the changes of the redox enzymes in the alveolar epithelium and the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate. At the initial stage (3 to 7 days) of the cellular metabolism activation there occurred a transitory intensification of the synthesis of surfactant lipids with a relative suppression of phospholipid synthesis. Later the progress of dystrophic processes and parenchymal sclerosis was accompanied by reduction of the synthesis of all the surfactant components. Surfactant surface activity became stable at a low level. This is possibly connected with the specific regulation of the surfactant synthesis determined by functional peculiarities of the organ.", "contents": "[Change in the state of surfactant in experimental pneumonia]. The state of pulmonary surfactant in rabbits at different periods (3 to 60 days) of experimental pneumonia was compared with the changes of the redox enzymes in the alveolar epithelium and the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate. At the initial stage (3 to 7 days) of the cellular metabolism activation there occurred a transitory intensification of the synthesis of surfactant lipids with a relative suppression of phospholipid synthesis. Later the progress of dystrophic processes and parenchymal sclerosis was accompanied by reduction of the synthesis of all the surfactant components. Surfactant surface activity became stable at a low level. This is possibly connected with the specific regulation of the surfactant synthesis determined by functional peculiarities of the organ.", "PMID": 578780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13276", "title": "Severe disseminated lung disease and bronchiectasis probably due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Severe disseminated lung disease causing acute respiratory failure developed in a previously healthy 6 1/2-year-old boy. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was implicated and a complement-fixing antibody titre of 1:1024 against this organism was detected. At autopsy bronchiectasis was found, affecting chiefly the right middle and lower lobes. The unusual radiologic and pathologic findings are discussed.", "contents": "Severe disseminated lung disease and bronchiectasis probably due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Severe disseminated lung disease causing acute respiratory failure developed in a previously healthy 6 1/2-year-old boy. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was implicated and a complement-fixing antibody titre of 1:1024 against this organism was detected. At autopsy bronchiectasis was found, affecting chiefly the right middle and lower lobes. The unusual radiologic and pathologic findings are discussed.", "PMID": 578782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13277", "title": "[Effect of valinomycin on the phase state and passive permeability for calcium ions of membranes from artificial phospholipids].", "content": "Effect of valinomycin on passive permeability for calcium ions of liposomes from artificial phospholipids of dimiristoillecithin and dipalmitoillecithin under the conditions of thermotropic structural transitions which were controlled by means of fluorescent probe of 3-metoxibenzantron. It was found that the incorporating of valinomycin into the membrane depends on the density of phospholipid packing. The change of the physical state of phospholipids under the effect of antibiotic was correlated with the change of passive permeability of liposomes for calcium ions.", "contents": "[Effect of valinomycin on the phase state and passive permeability for calcium ions of membranes from artificial phospholipids]. Effect of valinomycin on passive permeability for calcium ions of liposomes from artificial phospholipids of dimiristoillecithin and dipalmitoillecithin under the conditions of thermotropic structural transitions which were controlled by means of fluorescent probe of 3-metoxibenzantron. It was found that the incorporating of valinomycin into the membrane depends on the density of phospholipid packing. The change of the physical state of phospholipids under the effect of antibiotic was correlated with the change of passive permeability of liposomes for calcium ions.", "PMID": 578777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13278", "title": "Familial occurrence of colon and uterine carcinoma and of lymphoproliferative malignancies: clinical description.", "content": "Carcinoma of the colon occurred in four generations of a family, including two of three siblings of one generation and eight of 19 members of the next generation. In addition, uterine cancer or lymphoproliferative malignancies were found in two family members. Of 41 members of the fourth generation, two were found to have colon cancer and one had malignant lymphoma. Clinical features were similar to those patients with \"cancer family syndrome.\" Although a precise genetic mechanism is uncertain, it appeared to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant character.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of colon and uterine carcinoma and of lymphoproliferative malignancies: clinical description. Carcinoma of the colon occurred in four generations of a family, including two of three siblings of one generation and eight of 19 members of the next generation. In addition, uterine cancer or lymphoproliferative malignancies were found in two family members. Of 41 members of the fourth generation, two were found to have colon cancer and one had malignant lymphoma. Clinical features were similar to those patients with \"cancer family syndrome.\" Although a precise genetic mechanism is uncertain, it appeared to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant character.", "PMID": 578784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13279", "title": "The value of Gastrografin in the differential diagnosis of paralytic ileus versus mechanical intestinal obstruction: a critical review and report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases in which serious intra-abdominal complications were masked by results of the contrast examination using Gastrografin were encountered. This caused the authors to review critically the use of Gastrografin in the differential diagnosis of paralytic ileus versus mechanical intestinal obstruction. In a series of 41 cases in which the diagnostic problem was not solved initially by means of physical examination and plain abdominal roentgenograms, the Gastrografin examination proved reliable in 28 (68 per cent). The reliability of the examination was defined as the relative number of cases in which a correct decision could be made for or against surgical operation. It is concluded that Gastrografin is a valuable diagnostic aid in controversial cases of ileus. A \"negative\" result of the examination, however, would never be allowed to damp the surgeon's awareness of possible serious intra-abdominal conditions, which the contrast examination has failed to disclose and which require immediate surgical intervention.", "contents": "The value of Gastrografin in the differential diagnosis of paralytic ileus versus mechanical intestinal obstruction: a critical review and report of two cases. Two cases in which serious intra-abdominal complications were masked by results of the contrast examination using Gastrografin were encountered. This caused the authors to review critically the use of Gastrografin in the differential diagnosis of paralytic ileus versus mechanical intestinal obstruction. In a series of 41 cases in which the diagnostic problem was not solved initially by means of physical examination and plain abdominal roentgenograms, the Gastrografin examination proved reliable in 28 (68 per cent). The reliability of the examination was defined as the relative number of cases in which a correct decision could be made for or against surgical operation. It is concluded that Gastrografin is a valuable diagnostic aid in controversial cases of ileus. A \"negative\" result of the examination, however, would never be allowed to damp the surgeon's awareness of possible serious intra-abdominal conditions, which the contrast examination has failed to disclose and which require immediate surgical intervention.", "PMID": 578790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13280", "title": "[CNS complications and their prevention in malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 334 patients (aged 15-57 years) with malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma there were 14 who developed CNS complications, none in 144 with lymphoma of low malignancy. Lymphoblastic lymphoma predominated amoung those with CNS involvement. In adults with this form treatment should therefore be undertaken to prevent such complications. The study confirms the need for histological subclassification in malignant non-Hodgkins's lymphoma.", "contents": "[CNS complications and their prevention in malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (author's transl)]. Among 334 patients (aged 15-57 years) with malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma there were 14 who developed CNS complications, none in 144 with lymphoma of low malignancy. Lymphoblastic lymphoma predominated amoung those with CNS involvement. In adults with this form treatment should therefore be undertaken to prevent such complications. The study confirms the need for histological subclassification in malignant non-Hodgkins's lymphoma.", "PMID": 578791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13281", "title": "Lactose malabsorption among the Pima indians of Arizona.", "content": "Lactose loading tests and other means were used to determine the pattern of primary \"adult\" lactose malabsorption (LM) and milk use among 171 subjects, including 122 children and 49 adults, almost all of them Pima Indians of Arizona. LM develops at quite young ages in full-blooded Pima children: already in the 3- to 4-year age group, 40% had LM. Of 62 full-blooded Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years of age), 59 (95%) had LM. Of 41 Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years) who were of mixed Indian-northern European ancestry, however, only 25 (61%) had LM, and, among them, prevalence of LM correlated with degree of northern European admixture. Whereas only 21% of Pima lactose absorbers reported symptoms after the loading test, 72% of malabsorbers did so, with older malabsorbers more likely to experience symptoms. In their everyday lives, only 23% of malabsorbers recognized symptoms brought on by milk consumption, but the percentage of malabsorbers making such an association increased with age. Nevertheless the Pima, adults as well as children, continue to drink reasonable quantities of milk. Family pedigrees are consistent with the hypothesis that adult lactose absorption is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Over-all results of this study, moreover, support the geographic hypothesis advanced to explain ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of LM, rather than the induction hypothesis.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption among the Pima indians of Arizona. Lactose loading tests and other means were used to determine the pattern of primary \"adult\" lactose malabsorption (LM) and milk use among 171 subjects, including 122 children and 49 adults, almost all of them Pima Indians of Arizona. LM develops at quite young ages in full-blooded Pima children: already in the 3- to 4-year age group, 40% had LM. Of 62 full-blooded Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years of age), 59 (95%) had LM. Of 41 Indians (greater than or equal to 4 years) who were of mixed Indian-northern European ancestry, however, only 25 (61%) had LM, and, among them, prevalence of LM correlated with degree of northern European admixture. Whereas only 21% of Pima lactose absorbers reported symptoms after the loading test, 72% of malabsorbers did so, with older malabsorbers more likely to experience symptoms. In their everyday lives, only 23% of malabsorbers recognized symptoms brought on by milk consumption, but the percentage of malabsorbers making such an association increased with age. Nevertheless the Pima, adults as well as children, continue to drink reasonable quantities of milk. Family pedigrees are consistent with the hypothesis that adult lactose absorption is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Over-all results of this study, moreover, support the geographic hypothesis advanced to explain ethnic or racial differences in prevalence of LM, rather than the induction hypothesis.", "PMID": 578795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13282", "title": "[Therapeutic effects on disorders of spermatogenesis in hyperprolactinemia without pituitary adenoma].", "content": "As in patients with high pituitary prolactin secretion disturbances of the spermatogenesis are observed, we picked out from our patients with low sperm count those showing hyperprolactinemia without pituitary adenoma. They were treated for 50 days with 2-brom-alpha-ergocryptin (Pravidel, Sandoz AG, N\u00fcrnberg), which selectively inhibits prolactin release. Following treatment, in 7 cases an increase in sperm count was observed, while in 2 cases a decrease occurred. 4 cases with azoospermia showed no alteration. No explanation for the possible stimulation of spermatogenesis can be given today.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effects on disorders of spermatogenesis in hyperprolactinemia without pituitary adenoma]. As in patients with high pituitary prolactin secretion disturbances of the spermatogenesis are observed, we picked out from our patients with low sperm count those showing hyperprolactinemia without pituitary adenoma. They were treated for 50 days with 2-brom-alpha-ergocryptin (Pravidel, Sandoz AG, N\u00fcrnberg), which selectively inhibits prolactin release. Following treatment, in 7 cases an increase in sperm count was observed, while in 2 cases a decrease occurred. 4 cases with azoospermia showed no alteration. No explanation for the possible stimulation of spermatogenesis can be given today.", "PMID": 578796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13283", "title": "Examination of the aqueous humor as a diagnostic aid in anterior uveitis.", "content": "The aqueous humor of 20 cats and 17 dogs was examined to determine its importance as a diagnostic aid in anterior uveitis. Aqueous humor cytology and protein concentration differed in acute and chronic anterior uveitis but was not specific enough to be an aid in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Cytologic examination of the aqueous humor was of benefit in determining the cause of anterior uveitis in 2 of 7 cases of lymphosarcoma. Cultures of aqueous humor proved negative in uveitis of more than 3 weeks' duration. Pseudomonas sp was cultured from the aqueous humor of a dog with anterior uveitis secondary to a perforating corneal injury.", "contents": "Examination of the aqueous humor as a diagnostic aid in anterior uveitis. The aqueous humor of 20 cats and 17 dogs was examined to determine its importance as a diagnostic aid in anterior uveitis. Aqueous humor cytology and protein concentration differed in acute and chronic anterior uveitis but was not specific enough to be an aid in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Cytologic examination of the aqueous humor was of benefit in determining the cause of anterior uveitis in 2 of 7 cases of lymphosarcoma. Cultures of aqueous humor proved negative in uveitis of more than 3 weeks' duration. Pseudomonas sp was cultured from the aqueous humor of a dog with anterior uveitis secondary to a perforating corneal injury.", "PMID": 578803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13284", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity has been assayed in frozen sections of preimplantation mouse embryos by an azo-dye cytochemical method. The results indicate that during preimplantation mouse development AP activity is first expressed between the 8- and 16-cell stages and develops in all cells by the late morula stage. During blastocyst formation AP activity is lost or greatly reduced in trophoblast cells while activity is maintained in the inner cell mass.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity has been assayed in frozen sections of preimplantation mouse embryos by an azo-dye cytochemical method. The results indicate that during preimplantation mouse development AP activity is first expressed between the 8- and 16-cell stages and develops in all cells by the late morula stage. During blastocyst formation AP activity is lost or greatly reduced in trophoblast cells while activity is maintained in the inner cell mass.", "PMID": 578810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13285", "title": "The ultrastructure of a porcine hereditary lymphoma with some observations on cell cultures and enzyme cytochemistry.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies have been made on affected tissues and cell cultures established from an hereditary lymphosarcoma of Large White pigs. Certain hydrolytic and lysosomal enzymes have been investigated at light microscope level in tumour cells and in cells established in culture. Morphological, behavioural and enzymatic characteristics indicate that two types of surface-adherent cells persist in primary cultures established from the marrow of affected pigs, namely macrophages and myeloid cells. The latter show an initial tendency to colonial growth which disappears in subsequent passages. In nearly all cases the tumour is considered to be a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphosarcoma. There is, however, considerable variation in cellular components and tumour-cell differentiation, and on purely morphological grounds one case might be considered to be an histiocytic i.e. macrophage lymphoma. Intra-nuclear bodies were observed in one case and occasional cytoplasmic virus-like particles were seen in both fresh tissues and cultured cells. In older pigs tumorous lymph nodes often show a cellular depletion associated with an increase of fibroreticular stroma.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of a porcine hereditary lymphoma with some observations on cell cultures and enzyme cytochemistry. Ultrastructural studies have been made on affected tissues and cell cultures established from an hereditary lymphosarcoma of Large White pigs. Certain hydrolytic and lysosomal enzymes have been investigated at light microscope level in tumour cells and in cells established in culture. Morphological, behavioural and enzymatic characteristics indicate that two types of surface-adherent cells persist in primary cultures established from the marrow of affected pigs, namely macrophages and myeloid cells. The latter show an initial tendency to colonial growth which disappears in subsequent passages. In nearly all cases the tumour is considered to be a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphosarcoma. There is, however, considerable variation in cellular components and tumour-cell differentiation, and on purely morphological grounds one case might be considered to be an histiocytic i.e. macrophage lymphoma. Intra-nuclear bodies were observed in one case and occasional cytoplasmic virus-like particles were seen in both fresh tissues and cultured cells. In older pigs tumorous lymph nodes often show a cellular depletion associated with an increase of fibroreticular stroma.", "PMID": 578812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13286", "title": "The effect of exogenous nucleosides on postimplantation development of mouse embryos.", "content": "Exogenous nucleosides, either singly or in combination, do not enhance postimplantation development of mouse embryos in vitro, and adenosine, guanosine and thymidine are toxic to the embryos at high concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of exogenous nucleosides on postimplantation development of mouse embryos. Exogenous nucleosides, either singly or in combination, do not enhance postimplantation development of mouse embryos in vitro, and adenosine, guanosine and thymidine are toxic to the embryos at high concentrations.", "PMID": 578815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13287", "title": "A comparison of D.O. and M.D. student performance.", "content": "The performances of students from two medical colleges, one allopathic (M.D.) and one osteopathic (D.O.), at Michigan State University in a first course in psychiatry are compared. Although the M.D. students had scored significantly higher on the Medical College Admission Test, there was no difference in examination performance in the psychiatry course, which included measures of both basic information and of skill in diagnostic clinical application.", "contents": "A comparison of D.O. and M.D. student performance. The performances of students from two medical colleges, one allopathic (M.D.) and one osteopathic (D.O.), at Michigan State University in a first course in psychiatry are compared. Although the M.D. students had scored significantly higher on the Medical College Admission Test, there was no difference in examination performance in the psychiatry course, which included measures of both basic information and of skill in diagnostic clinical application.", "PMID": 578816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13288", "title": "Supplemented fasting as a large-scale outpatient program.", "content": "Although supplemented fasting is now established as an efficient means of achieving substantial weight reduction in massively obese persons, widespread application of this treatment is contingent on its successful adaptation to a large-scale outpatient regimen. Of 519 patients treated as outpatients, 78% lost a minimum of 18.2 kg during the course of treatment. The overall rate of weight loss was 1.5 kg/wk, with females averaging 1.3 kg/wk and males, 2.1 kg/wk. The majority of patients tolerated the regimen well and were able to continue normal daily activities without experiencing any serious side effects.", "contents": "Supplemented fasting as a large-scale outpatient program. Although supplemented fasting is now established as an efficient means of achieving substantial weight reduction in massively obese persons, widespread application of this treatment is contingent on its successful adaptation to a large-scale outpatient regimen. Of 519 patients treated as outpatients, 78% lost a minimum of 18.2 kg during the course of treatment. The overall rate of weight loss was 1.5 kg/wk, with females averaging 1.3 kg/wk and males, 2.1 kg/wk. The majority of patients tolerated the regimen well and were able to continue normal daily activities without experiencing any serious side effects.", "PMID": 578826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13289", "title": "Cystic fibrosis. An expanding challenge for internal medicine.", "content": "The number of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) receiving care from the US Cystic Fibrosis Centers has been increasing at an average rate of about 200 patients each year. A model based on the continuation of this rate of increase predicts that almost 4,000 adults will be receiving care at the centers by the end of 1985. Four other models developed are based on continuation of a steady state with two variations: a 50% reduction in mortality and universal newborn screening. These models show the boundaries of an equilibrium population to be between 24,000 and 64,000 patients, with 7,000 to 18,000 adults.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis. An expanding challenge for internal medicine. The number of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) receiving care from the US Cystic Fibrosis Centers has been increasing at an average rate of about 200 patients each year. A model based on the continuation of this rate of increase predicts that almost 4,000 adults will be receiving care at the centers by the end of 1985. Four other models developed are based on continuation of a steady state with two variations: a 50% reduction in mortality and universal newborn screening. These models show the boundaries of an equilibrium population to be between 24,000 and 64,000 patients, with 7,000 to 18,000 adults.", "PMID": 578827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13290", "title": "Upper airway obstruction in euthyroid goiter.", "content": "Although it is recognized that an enlarged thyroid may occasionally cause tracheal compression, the incidence in euthyroid goiter is unknown. Twenty patients with nontoxic goiter were investigated for upper airway obstruction. Although none of them had dyspnea as a chief complaint, on direct questioning 9/20 had a history of shortness of breath on exertion and choking sensation. Upper airway obstruction was detected in 7/20 (35%) by roentgenography, 12/20 (60%) by flow volume loop (FVL), and in 16/20 (80%) by combined roentgenography and FVL. After therapy for goiter, there was a reduction in the size of the goiter and an improvement in FVL in the whole group. The statistically significant change occurred in peak expiratory flow (P less than .01) and peak inspiratory flow (P less than .05). These findings and the change in configuration of the curve suggested less upper airway compression. We conclude that goiter often causes unsuspected upper airway obstruction, usually slow in onset and not noticed by the patient.", "contents": "Upper airway obstruction in euthyroid goiter. Although it is recognized that an enlarged thyroid may occasionally cause tracheal compression, the incidence in euthyroid goiter is unknown. Twenty patients with nontoxic goiter were investigated for upper airway obstruction. Although none of them had dyspnea as a chief complaint, on direct questioning 9/20 had a history of shortness of breath on exertion and choking sensation. Upper airway obstruction was detected in 7/20 (35%) by roentgenography, 12/20 (60%) by flow volume loop (FVL), and in 16/20 (80%) by combined roentgenography and FVL. After therapy for goiter, there was a reduction in the size of the goiter and an improvement in FVL in the whole group. The statistically significant change occurred in peak expiratory flow (P less than .01) and peak inspiratory flow (P less than .05). These findings and the change in configuration of the curve suggested less upper airway compression. We conclude that goiter often causes unsuspected upper airway obstruction, usually slow in onset and not noticed by the patient.", "PMID": 578828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13291", "title": "Tricyclic plasma levels. Effect of age, race, sex, and smoking.", "content": "Steady-state plasma tricyclic antidepressant levels were determined in 65 patients undergoing treatment for depression with either amitriptyline hydrochloride or nortriptyline hydrochloride to determine if common factors such as age, race, sex, or smoking status were predictors of steady-state drug levels that have been shown to vary up to 36-fold. Evaluation of these factors did not disclose differences in the rate of demethylation of amitriptyline to nortriptyline, or steady-state tricyclic levels in the amitriptyline-treated patients. No differences were found in the nortriptyline-treated patients except regarding race. Black patients had significantly higher (50%) nortriptyline plasma levels than did white patients, which may explain the more rapid response to tricyclic treatment demonstrated in blacks. Decreased rates of nortriptyline metabolism in blacks can result in increased side effects and treatment failure if the therapeutic plasma range is exceeded.", "contents": "Tricyclic plasma levels. Effect of age, race, sex, and smoking. Steady-state plasma tricyclic antidepressant levels were determined in 65 patients undergoing treatment for depression with either amitriptyline hydrochloride or nortriptyline hydrochloride to determine if common factors such as age, race, sex, or smoking status were predictors of steady-state drug levels that have been shown to vary up to 36-fold. Evaluation of these factors did not disclose differences in the rate of demethylation of amitriptyline to nortriptyline, or steady-state tricyclic levels in the amitriptyline-treated patients. No differences were found in the nortriptyline-treated patients except regarding race. Black patients had significantly higher (50%) nortriptyline plasma levels than did white patients, which may explain the more rapid response to tricyclic treatment demonstrated in blacks. Decreased rates of nortriptyline metabolism in blacks can result in increased side effects and treatment failure if the therapeutic plasma range is exceeded.", "PMID": 578829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13292", "title": "Unusual cause of acute abdomen. Sickle cell trait and nonhypoxic splenic infarction.", "content": "Splenic infarction under hypoxic conditions is a well-known complication of sickle cell trait (Hgb AS). However, this case illustrates that it may occur without any clinical conditions of circumstances associated with decreased Pao2. In addition, sickle cell trait should be included in the differential diagnoses of splenic infarction even if the patient is not of African ancestry.", "contents": "Unusual cause of acute abdomen. Sickle cell trait and nonhypoxic splenic infarction. Splenic infarction under hypoxic conditions is a well-known complication of sickle cell trait (Hgb AS). However, this case illustrates that it may occur without any clinical conditions of circumstances associated with decreased Pao2. In addition, sickle cell trait should be included in the differential diagnoses of splenic infarction even if the patient is not of African ancestry.", "PMID": 578831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13293", "title": "Triamcinolone aerosol. Treatment of aspirin-hypersensitive asthmatic patients.", "content": "The efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol in the management of asthma in six patients with aspirin hypersensitivity was evaluated during a one-year trial. Five patients were previously chronically dependent on systemic corticosteroids and had undergone unsuccessful trials with cromolyn sodium therapy. Substantial reduction in corticosteroid requirements was observed; in two patients, oral prednisone therapy was completely eliminated. Forced expiratory volume and flow were maintained at levels better than those recorded before triamcinolone therapy throughout the year of follow-up. No substantial side effects due to triamcinolone were observed.", "contents": "Triamcinolone aerosol. Treatment of aspirin-hypersensitive asthmatic patients. The efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol in the management of asthma in six patients with aspirin hypersensitivity was evaluated during a one-year trial. Five patients were previously chronically dependent on systemic corticosteroids and had undergone unsuccessful trials with cromolyn sodium therapy. Substantial reduction in corticosteroid requirements was observed; in two patients, oral prednisone therapy was completely eliminated. Forced expiratory volume and flow were maintained at levels better than those recorded before triamcinolone therapy throughout the year of follow-up. No substantial side effects due to triamcinolone were observed.", "PMID": 578832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13294", "title": "Corticosteroid treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Survival studies.", "content": "Survival rates of two groups of corticosteroid-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been compared using life-table analysis. Group 1 consists of 209 SLE patients studied in New York City between 1957 and 1968; group 2 consists of 156 SLE patients studied in Connecticut between 1968 and 1976. A similar percentage of patients in each group was followed up closely by one of us. The five-year survival rate for group 1 was 70%, compared with 93% for group 2. The improved survival could not be explained by differences in racial composition, incidence of CNS manifestations, or incidence of severe renal disease. The markedly improved survival may be due to several factors, including a generally better understanding of the disease and the recent use of newer antibiotics. The management of the two groups was similar, except that group 2 patient's conditions were managed not only on the basis of clinical evidence of disease activity but also on the basis of the serum complement (C3) level and on the basis of the level of antibody to native DNA. The data suggest that the use of such serologic values may lead to improved survival.", "contents": "Corticosteroid treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Survival studies. Survival rates of two groups of corticosteroid-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been compared using life-table analysis. Group 1 consists of 209 SLE patients studied in New York City between 1957 and 1968; group 2 consists of 156 SLE patients studied in Connecticut between 1968 and 1976. A similar percentage of patients in each group was followed up closely by one of us. The five-year survival rate for group 1 was 70%, compared with 93% for group 2. The improved survival could not be explained by differences in racial composition, incidence of CNS manifestations, or incidence of severe renal disease. The markedly improved survival may be due to several factors, including a generally better understanding of the disease and the recent use of newer antibiotics. The management of the two groups was similar, except that group 2 patient's conditions were managed not only on the basis of clinical evidence of disease activity but also on the basis of the serum complement (C3) level and on the basis of the level of antibody to native DNA. The data suggest that the use of such serologic values may lead to improved survival.", "PMID": 578847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13295", "title": "Combination chemotherapy (CISCA) for advanced urinary tract carcinoma. A preliminary report.", "content": "Twelve patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma from the urinary bladder were treated with a combination chemotherapy program consisting of cisplatinum, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (CISCA). Ten patients had conditions for which a response to therapy could be determined, and nine achieved an objective response (one complete response, eight partial responses). Two additional patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma from the renal pelvis were also treated, and one achieved a partial response. In our experience, CISCA combination chemotherapy has given the highest response rate of any protocol thus far tested in advanced, metastatic urinary tract carcinoma.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy (CISCA) for advanced urinary tract carcinoma. A preliminary report. Twelve patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma from the urinary bladder were treated with a combination chemotherapy program consisting of cisplatinum, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (CISCA). Ten patients had conditions for which a response to therapy could be determined, and nine achieved an objective response (one complete response, eight partial responses). Two additional patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma from the renal pelvis were also treated, and one achieved a partial response. In our experience, CISCA combination chemotherapy has given the highest response rate of any protocol thus far tested in advanced, metastatic urinary tract carcinoma.", "PMID": 578848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13296", "title": "Reversal of central anticholinergic syndrome by galanthamine.", "content": "Ten volunteers were given 2 mg scopolamine intravenously (IV) to produce substantial drowsiness and sleepiness. Galanthamine, 0.5 mg/kg IV, effectively reversed the central anticholinergic syndrome produced by scopolamine. Electroencephalographic monitoring of two subjects matched the observed changes of consciousness: scopolamine replaced the dominant awake alpha rhythm with a disorganized, slow, 4- to 6-Hz activity. Galanthamine promptly returned to EEG pattern to the control, awake state. Galanthamine produces effective, safe, and long-lasting reversal of the central anticholinergic syndrome in man.", "contents": "Reversal of central anticholinergic syndrome by galanthamine. Ten volunteers were given 2 mg scopolamine intravenously (IV) to produce substantial drowsiness and sleepiness. Galanthamine, 0.5 mg/kg IV, effectively reversed the central anticholinergic syndrome produced by scopolamine. Electroencephalographic monitoring of two subjects matched the observed changes of consciousness: scopolamine replaced the dominant awake alpha rhythm with a disorganized, slow, 4- to 6-Hz activity. Galanthamine promptly returned to EEG pattern to the control, awake state. Galanthamine produces effective, safe, and long-lasting reversal of the central anticholinergic syndrome in man.", "PMID": 578850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13297", "title": "Familial lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The child of a woman with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) had lesions of DLE develop at the age of 2 months. The original lesions persisted and new lesions continued to develop to date; the child is now 28 months old. In a second child, now 11 months old, a probable lupus erythematosus rash developed at 1 week of age.", "contents": "Familial lupus erythematosus. The child of a woman with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) had lesions of DLE develop at the age of 2 months. The original lesions persisted and new lesions continued to develop to date; the child is now 28 months old. In a second child, now 11 months old, a probable lupus erythematosus rash developed at 1 week of age.", "PMID": 578851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13298", "title": "Epidemic faintness and syncope in a school marching band.", "content": "On Sept 21, 1973, during and following a football game at which they had participated, 57 members of an Alabama high school marching band (and one accompanying adult) experienced an illness characterized by headache, nausea, weakness, or dizziness. Six girls fainted. Thirty-six students were treated at a hospital emergency room. Those who had played wind instruments and had worn heavier uniforms including an impermeable plastic jacket overlay were affected earlier and more frequently than the others. Several organic causes were examined in an epidemiologic investigation and considered unlikely to explain the epidemic. Female preponderance, a bimodal epidemic curve, hyperventilation, relapses, and clinical features characterized by subjective complaints in the absence of physical findings suggested a syncopal reaction to heat exacerbated and propagated by mass hysteria.", "contents": "Epidemic faintness and syncope in a school marching band. On Sept 21, 1973, during and following a football game at which they had participated, 57 members of an Alabama high school marching band (and one accompanying adult) experienced an illness characterized by headache, nausea, weakness, or dizziness. Six girls fainted. Thirty-six students were treated at a hospital emergency room. Those who had played wind instruments and had worn heavier uniforms including an impermeable plastic jacket overlay were affected earlier and more frequently than the others. Several organic causes were examined in an epidemiologic investigation and considered unlikely to explain the epidemic. Female preponderance, a bimodal epidemic curve, hyperventilation, relapses, and clinical features characterized by subjective complaints in the absence of physical findings suggested a syncopal reaction to heat exacerbated and propagated by mass hysteria.", "PMID": 578863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13299", "title": "Participants' reaction to amniocentesis and prenatal genetic studies.", "content": "Little is known about the effect of amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease on couples undergoing such studies. A questionnaire was composed to evaluate, among other things, the reason for referral, attitudes and concerns of the pregnant woman and her husband toward prenatal study, and suggestions for improving the experience. Of 315 women referred to this unit for this purpose, 196 have had time to complete their pregnancy and were mailed the questionnaire; 157 (80%) of the latter responded. The majority of the women found the experience reassuring, would recommend it to others, and would seek it again themselves with a subsequent pregnancy.", "contents": "Participants' reaction to amniocentesis and prenatal genetic studies. Little is known about the effect of amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease on couples undergoing such studies. A questionnaire was composed to evaluate, among other things, the reason for referral, attitudes and concerns of the pregnant woman and her husband toward prenatal study, and suggestions for improving the experience. Of 315 women referred to this unit for this purpose, 196 have had time to complete their pregnancy and were mailed the questionnaire; 157 (80%) of the latter responded. The majority of the women found the experience reassuring, would recommend it to others, and would seek it again themselves with a subsequent pregnancy.", "PMID": 578864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13300", "title": "Severe degenerative joint disease. Mild and moderately severe hemophilia A.", "content": "Severe degenerative joint disease developed in three adults with mild to moderately severe hemophilia A, as judged by the clinical course and by levels of factor VIII coagulant. Bilateral total hip arthroplasty was required in one patient, unilateral hip arthroplasty in the second, and a recommendation for bilateral knee replacement in the third. The pathogenesis of the arthropathy may be multifactorial and the result of repeated joint hemorrhage that remains unrecognized and inadequately treated. These observations suggest the need for more careful monitoring of patients who have relatively mild hemophilia.", "contents": "Severe degenerative joint disease. Mild and moderately severe hemophilia A. Severe degenerative joint disease developed in three adults with mild to moderately severe hemophilia A, as judged by the clinical course and by levels of factor VIII coagulant. Bilateral total hip arthroplasty was required in one patient, unilateral hip arthroplasty in the second, and a recommendation for bilateral knee replacement in the third. The pathogenesis of the arthropathy may be multifactorial and the result of repeated joint hemorrhage that remains unrecognized and inadequately treated. These observations suggest the need for more careful monitoring of patients who have relatively mild hemophilia.", "PMID": 578865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13301", "title": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. V. Symptom analysis.", "content": "All patients (1,328) suspected of having transient ischemic attacks (TIA) who came to six institutions during a 21-month period were identified. Symptoms and symptom complexes were related to the clinical diagnoses by cross-tabulation, factor analysis, and discriminant analysis. The diagnoses obtained by the discriminant analysis program were comparable to those of reviewing clinical neurologists. Symptoms of importance in the vertebral-basilar system (VBS) were bilateral visual blurring, diplopia, ataxia, and dizziness; In either carotid system (CAS), ipsilateral monocular visual disturbance anc contralateral weakness or sensory complaints; in the left CAS, language disturbances; and in those whose ultimate diagnosis was not TIA, loss of consciousness, confusion, and bilateral leg weakness. Patients with VBS TIAs have symptoms common to conditions that are not TIA and have a greater variety of symptoms and more combinations of symptoms than CAS TIA.", "contents": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. V. Symptom analysis. All patients (1,328) suspected of having transient ischemic attacks (TIA) who came to six institutions during a 21-month period were identified. Symptoms and symptom complexes were related to the clinical diagnoses by cross-tabulation, factor analysis, and discriminant analysis. The diagnoses obtained by the discriminant analysis program were comparable to those of reviewing clinical neurologists. Symptoms of importance in the vertebral-basilar system (VBS) were bilateral visual blurring, diplopia, ataxia, and dizziness; In either carotid system (CAS), ipsilateral monocular visual disturbance anc contralateral weakness or sensory complaints; in the left CAS, language disturbances; and in those whose ultimate diagnosis was not TIA, loss of consciousness, confusion, and bilateral leg weakness. Patients with VBS TIAs have symptoms common to conditions that are not TIA and have a greater variety of symptoms and more combinations of symptoms than CAS TIA.", "PMID": 578866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13302", "title": "Microcytic polycythemia. Frequency of nonthalassemic causes.", "content": "A high RBC count combined with a low mean volume generally is attributed to thalassemia minor, either alpha or beta, or to polycythemia vera with iron deficiency. Among 330 patients with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 70 cumu, 35 had increased RBC counts. Of these, 26 had thalassemia minor and four had polycythemia vera. Five had secondary polycythemia (four from hypoxia, one from hypernephroma) with incidental iron deficiency. In the four of these patients given iron, the RBC count remained above normal and the MCV rose to normal. The RBC size distribution curves reliably distinguished between thalassemia minor and polycythemia with iron deficiency.", "contents": "Microcytic polycythemia. Frequency of nonthalassemic causes. A high RBC count combined with a low mean volume generally is attributed to thalassemia minor, either alpha or beta, or to polycythemia vera with iron deficiency. Among 330 patients with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 70 cumu, 35 had increased RBC counts. Of these, 26 had thalassemia minor and four had polycythemia vera. Five had secondary polycythemia (four from hypoxia, one from hypernephroma) with incidental iron deficiency. In the four of these patients given iron, the RBC count remained above normal and the MCV rose to normal. The RBC size distribution curves reliably distinguished between thalassemia minor and polycythemia with iron deficiency.", "PMID": 578867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13303", "title": "Giant cell tumor in the ischium. A therapeutic dilemma.", "content": "A patient with low back pain was found to have giant cell tumor of the ischium. After initial local radiation therapy, a hemipelvectomy was performed because of tumor progression.", "contents": "Giant cell tumor in the ischium. A therapeutic dilemma. A patient with low back pain was found to have giant cell tumor of the ischium. After initial local radiation therapy, a hemipelvectomy was performed because of tumor progression.", "PMID": 578868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13304", "title": "Rheumatoid pericarditis. Rapid deterioration with evidence of local vasculitis.", "content": "In a patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis and pericardial involvement, accelerated restriction of cardiac filling resulting from pericardial constriction developed. Pericardiectomy was necessary to relieve this condition. Examination of the synovial and pericardial fluid showed noteworthy decreases in total hemolytic complement (CH50) and C3 levels, while these were normal in the serum. Immunofluorescence staining of the pericardium showed plasma cell infiltration and immune deposit staining of pericardial vessels with IgG, IgM, IgA, or C3. These findings suggest that immune complexes deposition plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this condition.", "contents": "Rheumatoid pericarditis. Rapid deterioration with evidence of local vasculitis. In a patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis and pericardial involvement, accelerated restriction of cardiac filling resulting from pericardial constriction developed. Pericardiectomy was necessary to relieve this condition. Examination of the synovial and pericardial fluid showed noteworthy decreases in total hemolytic complement (CH50) and C3 levels, while these were normal in the serum. Immunofluorescence staining of the pericardium showed plasma cell infiltration and immune deposit staining of pericardial vessels with IgG, IgM, IgA, or C3. These findings suggest that immune complexes deposition plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this condition.", "PMID": 578869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13305", "title": "Prognostic implications of the e antigen of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "The e antigen HBeAg and its antibody anti-HB, have been said to be predictive of chronicity and resolution, respectively, in viral hepatitis. We found, as have others, a specific association with hepatitis B virus-induced disease. In addition, detectability of HBeAg in the acute phase of type B hepatitis was followed by a sixfold higher incidence of chronic hepatitis. Unfortunately, the prediction was erroneous in 65% of positive cases and 6% of negative cases. In chronic hepatitis, HBeAg did not necessarily disappear in advance of resolution, and its disappearance did not necessarily indicate resolution. Two patients with acute hepatitis progressing to chronicity were anti-HBe-positive in both phases, as were seven (5%) with chronic hepatitis. For individual patients, therefore, HBeAg and anti HBe are not prognostically useful indexes.", "contents": "Prognostic implications of the e antigen of hepatitis B virus. The e antigen HBeAg and its antibody anti-HB, have been said to be predictive of chronicity and resolution, respectively, in viral hepatitis. We found, as have others, a specific association with hepatitis B virus-induced disease. In addition, detectability of HBeAg in the acute phase of type B hepatitis was followed by a sixfold higher incidence of chronic hepatitis. Unfortunately, the prediction was erroneous in 65% of positive cases and 6% of negative cases. In chronic hepatitis, HBeAg did not necessarily disappear in advance of resolution, and its disappearance did not necessarily indicate resolution. Two patients with acute hepatitis progressing to chronicity were anti-HBe-positive in both phases, as were seven (5%) with chronic hepatitis. For individual patients, therefore, HBeAg and anti HBe are not prognostically useful indexes.", "PMID": 578882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13306", "title": "A survey of the effects of oral contraceptive patient information.", "content": "A nationwide survey of 1,720 current and 949 former oral contraceptive (OC) users gathered information about receipt, readership, knowledge, opinions, and reported behavioral changes induced by two forms of patient-oriented OC information. A substantial majority of women said they received and read the patient insert dispensed with the drug. However, only about one third of pill users said that they received the longer informational brochure supplied by physicians on patient request. Directions for use and side effects were the most often recalled information. Physician-patient contact patterns were reported as generally unaffected by written patient information. Respondents preferred the longer informational brochure to the insert. Survey results have implications for recently proposed changes in required OC patient information and for the development of patient information on additional prescription drugs.", "contents": "A survey of the effects of oral contraceptive patient information. A nationwide survey of 1,720 current and 949 former oral contraceptive (OC) users gathered information about receipt, readership, knowledge, opinions, and reported behavioral changes induced by two forms of patient-oriented OC information. A substantial majority of women said they received and read the patient insert dispensed with the drug. However, only about one third of pill users said that they received the longer informational brochure supplied by physicians on patient request. Directions for use and side effects were the most often recalled information. Physician-patient contact patterns were reported as generally unaffected by written patient information. Respondents preferred the longer informational brochure to the insert. Survey results have implications for recently proposed changes in required OC patient information and for the development of patient information on additional prescription drugs.", "PMID": 578883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13307", "title": "Syncope in patients with pulmonary embolism.", "content": "A review of 132 consecutive cases of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) documented by pulmonary angiography indicated that syncope was the initial or predominant clinical feature in 17 (13%). When massive PE causes syncope in a nonhospitalized patient, the diagnosis of PE is frequently overlooked. Hypotension after PE may resolve spontaneously after a short interval. In this circumstance, the syncopal episode might easily be attributed to another cause. The appropriate diagnosis can be established only if other clues, suggestive of PE, are sought. Both arterial blood gas determinations and pulmonary scintigraphy are helpful in making this diagnosis.", "contents": "Syncope in patients with pulmonary embolism. A review of 132 consecutive cases of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) documented by pulmonary angiography indicated that syncope was the initial or predominant clinical feature in 17 (13%). When massive PE causes syncope in a nonhospitalized patient, the diagnosis of PE is frequently overlooked. Hypotension after PE may resolve spontaneously after a short interval. In this circumstance, the syncopal episode might easily be attributed to another cause. The appropriate diagnosis can be established only if other clues, suggestive of PE, are sought. Both arterial blood gas determinations and pulmonary scintigraphy are helpful in making this diagnosis.", "PMID": 578884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13308", "title": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. VI. Patients examined during an attack.", "content": "Examination during an episode of transient ischemic attack (TIA) was performed on 121 of 1,307 patients suspected of having a single type of TIA. This examination supported the diagnosis of TIA in 79 patients and contributed to the establishment of a diagnosis other than TIA in 42. Although the examination increased diagnostic reliability, it did not always result in a definite diagnosis. The most common neurologic findings during a TIA were weakness of an arm or side of the face. Important findings not suggested by history included visual defects and blood pressure fluctuation. Also unexpected were the absence of findings such as sensory deficits in the presence of sensory complaints, retinal emboli, and cardiac abnormalities. Severe arteriosclerotic disease was less evident, the attacks were longer and more severe, and monocular blindness was rare.", "contents": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. VI. Patients examined during an attack. Examination during an episode of transient ischemic attack (TIA) was performed on 121 of 1,307 patients suspected of having a single type of TIA. This examination supported the diagnosis of TIA in 79 patients and contributed to the establishment of a diagnosis other than TIA in 42. Although the examination increased diagnostic reliability, it did not always result in a definite diagnosis. The most common neurologic findings during a TIA were weakness of an arm or side of the face. Important findings not suggested by history included visual defects and blood pressure fluctuation. Also unexpected were the absence of findings such as sensory deficits in the presence of sensory complaints, retinal emboli, and cardiac abnormalities. Severe arteriosclerotic disease was less evident, the attacks were longer and more severe, and monocular blindness was rare.", "PMID": 578885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13309", "title": "Primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia in childhood.", "content": "Metabolic studies of a 9-year-old girl with primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia demonstrated normal glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and glucagon responses to stimuli, and serum uric acid level. Fasting plasma triglyceride levels rapidly increased when the patient received a diet containing 40% of the total calories as fat and rapidly decreased on a 10% fat diet. Hepatic and nonhepatic lipase activities in postheparin plasma were normal, thus excluding type I hyperlipoproteinemia. Because of the potential complication of acute pancreatitis in this disorder, early diagnosis and prompt institution of diet therapy is important.", "contents": "Primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia in childhood. Metabolic studies of a 9-year-old girl with primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia demonstrated normal glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and glucagon responses to stimuli, and serum uric acid level. Fasting plasma triglyceride levels rapidly increased when the patient received a diet containing 40% of the total calories as fat and rapidly decreased on a 10% fat diet. Hepatic and nonhepatic lipase activities in postheparin plasma were normal, thus excluding type I hyperlipoproteinemia. Because of the potential complication of acute pancreatitis in this disorder, early diagnosis and prompt institution of diet therapy is important.", "PMID": 578887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13310", "title": "Successful renal revascularization after prolonged nonfunction.", "content": "Surgical teaching has suggested that renal nonfunction of more than a few days' duration usually precludes success of revascularization procedures. The efficacy of delayed renal revascularization in selected cases has been reported. In this case, the intravenous pyelogram, renal scan, and ureteral catheterization verified nonfunction 30 days before surgical correction of essentially complete atheromatous occlusion of the renal artery. Postoperative studies conducted six weeks and 18 months postoperatively showed normal bilateral renal function. Current temporal limitations on attempts to preserve renal tissue may be too stringent. Revascularization of kidneys may be successful after prolonged periods of ischemia.", "contents": "Successful renal revascularization after prolonged nonfunction. Surgical teaching has suggested that renal nonfunction of more than a few days' duration usually precludes success of revascularization procedures. The efficacy of delayed renal revascularization in selected cases has been reported. In this case, the intravenous pyelogram, renal scan, and ureteral catheterization verified nonfunction 30 days before surgical correction of essentially complete atheromatous occlusion of the renal artery. Postoperative studies conducted six weeks and 18 months postoperatively showed normal bilateral renal function. Current temporal limitations on attempts to preserve renal tissue may be too stringent. Revascularization of kidneys may be successful after prolonged periods of ischemia.", "PMID": 578888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13311", "title": "Leptospirosis in New England.", "content": "Although rarely reported in humans in New England, leptospirosis is enzootic in western and central Massachusetts. Recently there were three cases of Leptospira interrogans, serotype var pomona, in Easthampton, Mass. Our study and others indicate a potential for waterborne epidemics in humans.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in New England. Although rarely reported in humans in New England, leptospirosis is enzootic in western and central Massachusetts. Recently there were three cases of Leptospira interrogans, serotype var pomona, in Easthampton, Mass. Our study and others indicate a potential for waterborne epidemics in humans.", "PMID": 578899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13312", "title": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. IV. The reliability of diagnosis.", "content": "All patients (1,328) suspected of having transient ischemic attacks (TIA) who came to six institutions over a 21-months period were identified. Each case was reviewed by a neurological investigator, and a definite diagnosis of TIA was supported in 39% and ruled out in 30%. The reliability of the neurologist's review diagnosis was assessed by three methods, and close agreement (84% to 93%) was obtained. Factors demonstrated to effect the diagnosis were historical information, neurological training of the examiners, type of symptom complex, presence of carotid artery bruits, and examination during an attack.", "contents": "Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. IV. The reliability of diagnosis. All patients (1,328) suspected of having transient ischemic attacks (TIA) who came to six institutions over a 21-months period were identified. Each case was reviewed by a neurological investigator, and a definite diagnosis of TIA was supported in 39% and ruled out in 30%. The reliability of the neurologist's review diagnosis was assessed by three methods, and close agreement (84% to 93%) was obtained. Factors demonstrated to effect the diagnosis were historical information, neurological training of the examiners, type of symptom complex, presence of carotid artery bruits, and examination during an attack.", "PMID": 578900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13313", "title": "Child abuse and hemoglobinuria.", "content": "Hemoglobinuria occurred in two children following severe beating. The development of transient oliguria in one child and acute renal failure in the other emphasizes the importance of early recognition of these unusual complications in the syndrome of child abuse. Appropriate therapy should be given to prevent or lessen the severity of acute renal failure in this clinical situation.", "contents": "Child abuse and hemoglobinuria. Hemoglobinuria occurred in two children following severe beating. The development of transient oliguria in one child and acute renal failure in the other emphasizes the importance of early recognition of these unusual complications in the syndrome of child abuse. Appropriate therapy should be given to prevent or lessen the severity of acute renal failure in this clinical situation.", "PMID": 578901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13314", "title": "Computerized tomography, diagnostic ultrasound, and radionuclide scanning. Comparison of efficacy in diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Forty-six patients, including 33 with proved pancreatic carcinoma, were studied with computerized tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and radionuclide (RN) scanning. The results of each scanning procedure were compared with the surgical and clinical findings. The detection rate was 82% for CT, and 92% with US. A mass is the most important finding in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Measurements of the pancreas with CT and US were similar, with visualization of all parts of the pancreas routinely better with CT scans. Radionuclide scans were abnormal in 96% of the patients with pancreatic carcinoma as well as in 75% of patients without pancreatic disease. A rational approach to examination of a patient with suspected pancreatic carcinoma should begin with US scan with available, because the detection rate with this method is equal to that with CT and its cost per procedure and for equipment is substantially less.", "contents": "Computerized tomography, diagnostic ultrasound, and radionuclide scanning. Comparison of efficacy in diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Forty-six patients, including 33 with proved pancreatic carcinoma, were studied with computerized tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and radionuclide (RN) scanning. The results of each scanning procedure were compared with the surgical and clinical findings. The detection rate was 82% for CT, and 92% with US. A mass is the most important finding in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Measurements of the pancreas with CT and US were similar, with visualization of all parts of the pancreas routinely better with CT scans. Radionuclide scans were abnormal in 96% of the patients with pancreatic carcinoma as well as in 75% of patients without pancreatic disease. A rational approach to examination of a patient with suspected pancreatic carcinoma should begin with US scan with available, because the detection rate with this method is equal to that with CT and its cost per procedure and for equipment is substantially less.", "PMID": 578902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13315", "title": "Examining the homosexual male for sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "Homosexual men may be deterred from seeking an examination for sexually transmitted diseases because it would require an open admission of sexual preference. For these diseases to be controlled, gay men must be motivated to be examined for sexually transmitted diseases. If a medical or health professional feels unable to respond to a gay patient's needs, he should refer the patient to someone who deals well with gay patients. Health care services must be offered in a way that minimizes the anxiety many homosexuals associate with examination and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.", "contents": "Examining the homosexual male for sexually transmitted diseases. Homosexual men may be deterred from seeking an examination for sexually transmitted diseases because it would require an open admission of sexual preference. For these diseases to be controlled, gay men must be motivated to be examined for sexually transmitted diseases. If a medical or health professional feels unable to respond to a gay patient's needs, he should refer the patient to someone who deals well with gay patients. Health care services must be offered in a way that minimizes the anxiety many homosexuals associate with examination and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.", "PMID": 578904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13316", "title": "Boerhaave's syndrome. Spontaneous formation of an esophageal-bronchial fistula.", "content": "Although Boerhaave's syndrome is usually a surgical emergency, we recently observed a 57-year-old man with a chronic Boerhaave's syndrome. Initially, he responded to conservative management. However, the spontaneous formation of an esophageal-bronchial fistula complicated his course. Pulmonary symptoms and weight loss prompted surgical intervention. We speculate that the patient's six-week clinical course before surgery was tolerated because the contamination of the mediastinum following the initial esophageal tear was well contained and allowed sufficient time for the spontaneous formation of an esophageal-bronchial fistula.", "contents": "Boerhaave's syndrome. Spontaneous formation of an esophageal-bronchial fistula. Although Boerhaave's syndrome is usually a surgical emergency, we recently observed a 57-year-old man with a chronic Boerhaave's syndrome. Initially, he responded to conservative management. However, the spontaneous formation of an esophageal-bronchial fistula complicated his course. Pulmonary symptoms and weight loss prompted surgical intervention. We speculate that the patient's six-week clinical course before surgery was tolerated because the contamination of the mediastinum following the initial esophageal tear was well contained and allowed sufficient time for the spontaneous formation of an esophageal-bronchial fistula.", "PMID": 578905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13317", "title": "'Burning hands' in football spinal cord injuries.", "content": "Central spinal cord injury in two high school football players caused only complaints of burning paresthesias and dysesthesias in the hands at the time of injury. Strength was affected only in the upper extremities where it was slightly reduced. Failure to recognize the relationship of \"burning hands\" as a symptom of cord injury can result in injudicious management of unstable cervical fracture dislocations with disastrous consequences.", "contents": "'Burning hands' in football spinal cord injuries. Central spinal cord injury in two high school football players caused only complaints of burning paresthesias and dysesthesias in the hands at the time of injury. Strength was affected only in the upper extremities where it was slightly reduced. Failure to recognize the relationship of \"burning hands\" as a symptom of cord injury can result in injudicious management of unstable cervical fracture dislocations with disastrous consequences.", "PMID": 578906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13318", "title": "Electron-dense deposits in the follicular basal lamina of obese strain chickens with spontaneous hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Thyroid glands of 36 chickens of the obese strain with hereditary spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis were examined by electron microscopy at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 weeks of age with particular emphasis on basal lamina changes. All chickens were of the B1B1 genotype. The electron microscopic results were compared with six normal White Leghorn chickens of the same age. The major abnormality observed in obese strain chickens was the persistent presence of electron-dense deposits along the follicular basal lamina in the thyroid beginning with 7-week-old chickens. The deposits morphologically comparable to immune complexes were noted either between the basal plasma membrane and the follicular basal lamina or below the follicular basal lamina. In 14-week-old chickens, the electron-dense deposits were observed within abnormally thickened basal lamina. The deposits were not present in the vascular basal lamina adjacent to the thyroid follicles and were not observed in the thyroids of 1- to 5-week old chickens and were also not encountered in normal White Leghorn chickens. Indirect morphologic evidence suggests that these may be antigen-antibody complexes, but characterization of these deposits and their role remain to be determined.", "contents": "Electron-dense deposits in the follicular basal lamina of obese strain chickens with spontaneous hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis. An electron microscopic study. Thyroid glands of 36 chickens of the obese strain with hereditary spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis were examined by electron microscopy at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 weeks of age with particular emphasis on basal lamina changes. All chickens were of the B1B1 genotype. The electron microscopic results were compared with six normal White Leghorn chickens of the same age. The major abnormality observed in obese strain chickens was the persistent presence of electron-dense deposits along the follicular basal lamina in the thyroid beginning with 7-week-old chickens. The deposits morphologically comparable to immune complexes were noted either between the basal plasma membrane and the follicular basal lamina or below the follicular basal lamina. In 14-week-old chickens, the electron-dense deposits were observed within abnormally thickened basal lamina. The deposits were not present in the vascular basal lamina adjacent to the thyroid follicles and were not observed in the thyroids of 1- to 5-week old chickens and were also not encountered in normal White Leghorn chickens. Indirect morphologic evidence suggests that these may be antigen-antibody complexes, but characterization of these deposits and their role remain to be determined.", "PMID": 578914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13319", "title": "Experimental hydrocephalus of the rat, produced by cisternal injection of kaolin-solution (author's transl).", "content": "Experimental hydrocephalus was produced in rats in high percentage, by direct injection of kaolin-solution into the cisterna magna under a operating microscope. Rats with hydrocephalus showed retarded development of the body. The skull enlarged round and became so thin, that the cortical vessels were observed through the skull. The brain showed marked internal hydrocephalus, retaining cerebrospinal fluid passage in the ventricular system, but there was an obstruction at the ambient cistern and the basal cistern. Review of the literature dealing with the methods to produce acquired hydrocephalus showed that this is the first report of experimental hydrocephalus of the rat produced by injecting kaolin-solution.", "contents": "Experimental hydrocephalus of the rat, produced by cisternal injection of kaolin-solution (author's transl). Experimental hydrocephalus was produced in rats in high percentage, by direct injection of kaolin-solution into the cisterna magna under a operating microscope. Rats with hydrocephalus showed retarded development of the body. The skull enlarged round and became so thin, that the cortical vessels were observed through the skull. The brain showed marked internal hydrocephalus, retaining cerebrospinal fluid passage in the ventricular system, but there was an obstruction at the ambient cistern and the basal cistern. Review of the literature dealing with the methods to produce acquired hydrocephalus showed that this is the first report of experimental hydrocephalus of the rat produced by injecting kaolin-solution.", "PMID": 578917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13320", "title": "PaO2 levels and retrolental fibroplasia: a report of the cooperative study.", "content": "The relation between PaO2 and retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) was studied prospectively in 719 premature infants born in or treated in the intensive care units of a group of university hospitals. Blood gas studies were performed on 589 of these infants, 66 of whom had a diagnosis of RLF; in 27 of these 66, some grade of mostly nonblinding cicatricial disease developed. The frequency of RLF was highest among infants of lowest birth weight. A multivariate statistical method was used to analyze simultaneously the effect of possible etiologic factors associated with RLF. The occurrence of RLF was found to be unrelated to PaO2, as determined by the limited information available from intermittent sampling. RLF is associated with concentration of oxygen administered in the lightest birth weight group, but the strongest association, aside from birth weight, was with time in oxygen. None of the other variables involving blood chemical values appeared to be associated with RLF. The severity of cicatricial RLF is clearly greater in infants weighing less than 1,200 g at birth. Conservative administration of oxygen may have been responsible for failure to demonstrate quantitative association between PaO2 levels and disease. Agreement between the observed and predicted numbers of infants with RLF demonstrate the strength of the multivariate technique employed in making the statistical analyses.", "contents": "PaO2 levels and retrolental fibroplasia: a report of the cooperative study. The relation between PaO2 and retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) was studied prospectively in 719 premature infants born in or treated in the intensive care units of a group of university hospitals. Blood gas studies were performed on 589 of these infants, 66 of whom had a diagnosis of RLF; in 27 of these 66, some grade of mostly nonblinding cicatricial disease developed. The frequency of RLF was highest among infants of lowest birth weight. A multivariate statistical method was used to analyze simultaneously the effect of possible etiologic factors associated with RLF. The occurrence of RLF was found to be unrelated to PaO2, as determined by the limited information available from intermittent sampling. RLF is associated with concentration of oxygen administered in the lightest birth weight group, but the strongest association, aside from birth weight, was with time in oxygen. None of the other variables involving blood chemical values appeared to be associated with RLF. The severity of cicatricial RLF is clearly greater in infants weighing less than 1,200 g at birth. Conservative administration of oxygen may have been responsible for failure to demonstrate quantitative association between PaO2 levels and disease. Agreement between the observed and predicted numbers of infants with RLF demonstrate the strength of the multivariate technique employed in making the statistical analyses.", "PMID": 578921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13321", "title": "[The influence of Halothane on surfactant activity of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Halothane, momentarily the most popular inhalation anaesthetic, was examined in respect of its surfactant irritating properties in 13 rabbits. After five hours IPPB-anaesthesia with this compound there was a highly significant fall of the compliance quotient (CQ), at the moment the most reliable criterion for the surfactant activity \"in situ\", from 3.34 to 2.76. Lung histology revealed patchy atelectasis, dystelectasis and interstitial edema. In contrast to this remarkable mechanical and structural deterioration, blood gas analyses showed a surprising stability of gas exchange, hinting a tremendous functional reserve. Postnarcotic examination of lung extracts in the Wilhelmy balance exhibited no persistent damage of the specific alveolar lining layer. On the basis of these experimental findings we recommend that halothane should not be used in patients with preexisting impairment of pulmonary surfactant system.", "contents": "[The influence of Halothane on surfactant activity of the lung (author's transl)]. Halothane, momentarily the most popular inhalation anaesthetic, was examined in respect of its surfactant irritating properties in 13 rabbits. After five hours IPPB-anaesthesia with this compound there was a highly significant fall of the compliance quotient (CQ), at the moment the most reliable criterion for the surfactant activity \"in situ\", from 3.34 to 2.76. Lung histology revealed patchy atelectasis, dystelectasis and interstitial edema. In contrast to this remarkable mechanical and structural deterioration, blood gas analyses showed a surprising stability of gas exchange, hinting a tremendous functional reserve. Postnarcotic examination of lung extracts in the Wilhelmy balance exhibited no persistent damage of the specific alveolar lining layer. On the basis of these experimental findings we recommend that halothane should not be used in patients with preexisting impairment of pulmonary surfactant system.", "PMID": 578926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13322", "title": "The pharmacological activity of tribenoside.", "content": "Ethyl-3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucofuranoside (RBGF) the active substance of Glyvenol displays a unique spectrum of activities. It possesses anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, antitoxic, wound-healing, fibrinolysis-promoting, anti-arthrotic, amine-release-inhibitory, membrane-stabilizing and venotropic properties. Unlike corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, TBGF dose not exert untoward effects on the gastrointestinal system, the connective tissue or the body's defence systems. In addition, TBGF does not affect the prostaglandin-synthetase system. TBGF thus seems to share the positive pharmacological properties ascribed to glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, yet is free from the undesirable effects of both.", "contents": "The pharmacological activity of tribenoside. Ethyl-3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucofuranoside (RBGF) the active substance of Glyvenol displays a unique spectrum of activities. It possesses anti-inflammatory, mild analgesic, antitoxic, wound-healing, fibrinolysis-promoting, anti-arthrotic, amine-release-inhibitory, membrane-stabilizing and venotropic properties. Unlike corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, TBGF dose not exert untoward effects on the gastrointestinal system, the connective tissue or the body's defence systems. In addition, TBGF does not affect the prostaglandin-synthetase system. TBGF thus seems to share the positive pharmacological properties ascribed to glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, yet is free from the undesirable effects of both.", "PMID": 578928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13323", "title": "[Improvement of resolution of positron annihilation radiation energy spectrum measurement by data analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently much attention is being paid to positron annihilation radiation energy spectrum measurement as a simple method that gives information about the momentum distribution of an annihilating pair. However, this method has a disadvantage that it is sensitive to drifts of the measuring system and the resolution is still insufficient. We have succeeded to reduce the influence of the drifts to a negligibly small degree by using, in addition to the necessary procedure for a temperature control and stabilizing of AC power lines, a compensation technique in data analysis. We have further attempted to improve the resolution by deconvolution processing. By these procedures, we have been able to separate a narrow component which has not otherwise been resolved directly from the spectrum. The resolution attained by this way is 0.43 keV (FWHM), and is two- or three-fold superior to those ever reported.", "contents": "[Improvement of resolution of positron annihilation radiation energy spectrum measurement by data analysis (author's transl)]. Recently much attention is being paid to positron annihilation radiation energy spectrum measurement as a simple method that gives information about the momentum distribution of an annihilating pair. However, this method has a disadvantage that it is sensitive to drifts of the measuring system and the resolution is still insufficient. We have succeeded to reduce the influence of the drifts to a negligibly small degree by using, in addition to the necessary procedure for a temperature control and stabilizing of AC power lines, a compensation technique in data analysis. We have further attempted to improve the resolution by deconvolution processing. By these procedures, we have been able to separate a narrow component which has not otherwise been resolved directly from the spectrum. The resolution attained by this way is 0.43 keV (FWHM), and is two- or three-fold superior to those ever reported.", "PMID": 578929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13324", "title": "[Radiochemical purity of 123I for medical use (author's transl)].", "content": "123I for use in clinical diagnostic procedures has been produced by bombarding antimony with 40 MeV 3He particles. The purity of 123I was measured with a Ge(Li)spectrometer and a low energy Ge(Li) detector. The 123I-product was followed for 1.5 months with a well-type NaI scintillation counter to establish the half-life and confirm the identity of the nuclides. In order to minimize the yield of 121I the optimum cooling time and chemical procedures are presented. After 20 h cooling, the 121I, 124I and 125I contaminants were about 1.8, 4.3 and 0.04% respectively. These values were in agreement with those calculated from the thick-target yield curves. The calculated absorbed dose to the thyroid by the 123I and by-product nuclides were only 4.3 and 7.3% of 131I. 123I could be measured at the window of 99mTc of a NaI scintillation camera and a curie-meter with an error of 10%.", "contents": "[Radiochemical purity of 123I for medical use (author's transl)]. 123I for use in clinical diagnostic procedures has been produced by bombarding antimony with 40 MeV 3He particles. The purity of 123I was measured with a Ge(Li)spectrometer and a low energy Ge(Li) detector. The 123I-product was followed for 1.5 months with a well-type NaI scintillation counter to establish the half-life and confirm the identity of the nuclides. In order to minimize the yield of 121I the optimum cooling time and chemical procedures are presented. After 20 h cooling, the 121I, 124I and 125I contaminants were about 1.8, 4.3 and 0.04% respectively. These values were in agreement with those calculated from the thick-target yield curves. The calculated absorbed dose to the thyroid by the 123I and by-product nuclides were only 4.3 and 7.3% of 131I. 123I could be measured at the window of 99mTc of a NaI scintillation camera and a curie-meter with an error of 10%.", "PMID": 578930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13325", "title": "[Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of SC-11800EE, a combined steroid preparation of SC-11800 (ethynodiol diacetate) and ethinyl estradiol in rats and mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of SC-11800EE, a combined steroid preparation consisting of SC-11800(ethynodiol diacetate)as gestagen and ethinyl estradiol (EE)as estrogen in 20:1 (w:w), were studied with the use of 14C-SC-11800 and 3H-EE by radiometry in female rats and by the whole body autoradiography in female normal and pregnant mice. The gestagen orally given with EE was rapidly absorbed from digestive tracts and distributed in tissues in various levels. Gestagen levels in liver and kidney exceeded that in plasma. About 75% of dosed radioactivity was excreted in feces largely via bile and more than 20% in urine within 72 hr after administration. The gestagen was metabolized extensively to more polar products and their conjugates. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the gestagen given with EE did not alter after repeated administrations for 7 days, but was slightly different from that without EE, possibly due to the estrogen effect. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the estrogen was independent from the gestagen given simultaneously. The distribution of the gestagen given with EE revealed by the whole body autoradiography in normal mice were essentially consistent with the radiometric results in rats and that in the pregnant mice showed that the gestagen in fetus was virtually nil under the present conditions.", "contents": "[Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of SC-11800EE, a combined steroid preparation of SC-11800 (ethynodiol diacetate) and ethinyl estradiol in rats and mice (author's transl)]. Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of SC-11800EE, a combined steroid preparation consisting of SC-11800(ethynodiol diacetate)as gestagen and ethinyl estradiol (EE)as estrogen in 20:1 (w:w), were studied with the use of 14C-SC-11800 and 3H-EE by radiometry in female rats and by the whole body autoradiography in female normal and pregnant mice. The gestagen orally given with EE was rapidly absorbed from digestive tracts and distributed in tissues in various levels. Gestagen levels in liver and kidney exceeded that in plasma. About 75% of dosed radioactivity was excreted in feces largely via bile and more than 20% in urine within 72 hr after administration. The gestagen was metabolized extensively to more polar products and their conjugates. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the gestagen given with EE did not alter after repeated administrations for 7 days, but was slightly different from that without EE, possibly due to the estrogen effect. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the estrogen was independent from the gestagen given simultaneously. The distribution of the gestagen given with EE revealed by the whole body autoradiography in normal mice were essentially consistent with the radiometric results in rats and that in the pregnant mice showed that the gestagen in fetus was virtually nil under the present conditions.", "PMID": 578931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13326", "title": "[Clinical effects of monocomponent insulin and commercial insulin preparations on insulin requiring diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Diurnal variation of blood sugar, C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR), free insulin and total insulin were measured in 10 insulin requiring diabetics after obtaining adequate control of diabetes with commercial lente insulin treatment. Following these tests, insulin treatment were changed to monocomponent insulin (MC-insulin) from commercial lente insulin treatment in all subjects and the same tests were performed at 7th day of MC-insulin treatment. Diurnal variations of blood sugar in both groups were not changed significantly. Also changes in CPR of both groups were nearly same magnitude and endogenous insulin secretion in these insulin treated diabetics were suggested except a case of juvenile diabetic subject. However personal variation were great in diabetics with high antibody titer, diurnal variations of total extractable insulin in both groups were quite comparable. And mean diurnal changes in free insulin were resemble to that of CPR. All of these data suggested that clinical effects of MC-insulin and commercial insulin treatment on insulin requiring diabetics were comparable except insulin antibody or proinsulinspecific antibody production.", "contents": "[Clinical effects of monocomponent insulin and commercial insulin preparations on insulin requiring diabetics (author's transl)]. Diurnal variation of blood sugar, C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR), free insulin and total insulin were measured in 10 insulin requiring diabetics after obtaining adequate control of diabetes with commercial lente insulin treatment. Following these tests, insulin treatment were changed to monocomponent insulin (MC-insulin) from commercial lente insulin treatment in all subjects and the same tests were performed at 7th day of MC-insulin treatment. Diurnal variations of blood sugar in both groups were not changed significantly. Also changes in CPR of both groups were nearly same magnitude and endogenous insulin secretion in these insulin treated diabetics were suggested except a case of juvenile diabetic subject. However personal variation were great in diabetics with high antibody titer, diurnal variations of total extractable insulin in both groups were quite comparable. And mean diurnal changes in free insulin were resemble to that of CPR. All of these data suggested that clinical effects of MC-insulin and commercial insulin treatment on insulin requiring diabetics were comparable except insulin antibody or proinsulinspecific antibody production.", "PMID": 578932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13327", "title": "[Simultaneous analyses of gaseeous and particulate sulfur in the atmosphere by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry--results of observation and discussion-- (author's transl)].", "content": "Concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur in the atmosphere were simultaneously measured for 24 hours at a time interval of one hour by the use of the method described in the previous report (this journal, 24, 312 (1975)). Such measurements were made sixteen times in the period from April to September, 1975. As the result of the measurements, it was found that the method used can be applied to practical observation with sufficient reliability. The concentration of gaseous sulfur showed always a larger variation coefficient than that of particulate sulfur. Both the concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur were found strongly dependent on the wind direction and velocity and other meteorological conditions. After hot and fine days continued, the concentration of particulate sulfur rose considerably reaching 20 microgramS/m3.", "contents": "[Simultaneous analyses of gaseeous and particulate sulfur in the atmosphere by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry--results of observation and discussion-- (author's transl)]. Concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur in the atmosphere were simultaneously measured for 24 hours at a time interval of one hour by the use of the method described in the previous report (this journal, 24, 312 (1975)). Such measurements were made sixteen times in the period from April to September, 1975. As the result of the measurements, it was found that the method used can be applied to practical observation with sufficient reliability. The concentration of gaseous sulfur showed always a larger variation coefficient than that of particulate sulfur. Both the concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur were found strongly dependent on the wind direction and velocity and other meteorological conditions. After hot and fine days continued, the concentration of particulate sulfur rose considerably reaching 20 microgramS/m3.", "PMID": 578940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13328", "title": "[Simultaneous analyses of gaseous and particulate sulfur in the atmosphere by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry--discussion on the results of observation and presentation of the problems involved in the methods of sampling and analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the previous article, the results of observation are discussed in relation to meteorological conditions. The frequency distribution of gaseous sulfur concentrations (1 hr mean values) was bimodal as the result of the alternation of land and sea winds. The frequency distribution of particulate sulfur concentrations was also bimodal, but this can be rather ascribed to the variation of weather. The correlation between the concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur was not so great as was expected. Autocorrelations of the concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur were respectively investigated, and it was found that the variation of gaseous sulfur concentration showed daily cycle, and, against this, the variation of particulate sulfur concentration did not show appreciable daily cycle, but had weather correlation. Some discussions are presented concerning the selection of sampling points suitable for clarifying the behavior of sulfur in the atmosphere as well as the improvement of the methods of sampling and analysis.", "contents": "[Simultaneous analyses of gaseous and particulate sulfur in the atmosphere by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry--discussion on the results of observation and presentation of the problems involved in the methods of sampling and analysis (author's transl)]. Following the previous article, the results of observation are discussed in relation to meteorological conditions. The frequency distribution of gaseous sulfur concentrations (1 hr mean values) was bimodal as the result of the alternation of land and sea winds. The frequency distribution of particulate sulfur concentrations was also bimodal, but this can be rather ascribed to the variation of weather. The correlation between the concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur was not so great as was expected. Autocorrelations of the concentrations of gaseous and particulate sulfur were respectively investigated, and it was found that the variation of gaseous sulfur concentration showed daily cycle, and, against this, the variation of particulate sulfur concentration did not show appreciable daily cycle, but had weather correlation. Some discussions are presented concerning the selection of sampling points suitable for clarifying the behavior of sulfur in the atmosphere as well as the improvement of the methods of sampling and analysis.", "PMID": 578952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13329", "title": "[The investigation of the absorption of 99mTc gamma-rays by bone and soft tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently, the scintigram with 99mTc-labeled compounds has been routine procedure, because of it's ideal physical characteristics. The short physical half life of six hours, the absence of beta emission, and the gamma rays of 140 keV permit the administration of large amount of radioactivity. For scintigram of deep or large organ, the absorption of 99mTc gamma-rays by bone and soft tissue should not be negligible. For example, bone scintigram with 99mTc-phosphorous compounds shows different pictures depending upon the anterior and the posterior views, because of it's rather lower energy. Therefore, the linear attenuation coefficient and the half value layer of bone and soft tissue were measured with 99mTc gamma-rays and others (197Hg, 203Hg, 131I, 198Au, 85Sr). 1) The linear attenuation coefficient of 99mTc gamma-rays was: bone -0.240 cm-1, acrylite -0.173 cm-1, Mix D -0.155 cm-1. 2) The half value layer of 99mTc gamma-rays was: bone -2.89 cm, acrylite -3.98 cm, Mix D -4.47 cm. It was concluded that the lower photon energy of 99mTc was influenced by bone and soft tissue, but it appeared to be most suitable for the present imaging devices. Therefore, pictures of multiple views are necessary in case of the scintigram was 99mTc-labeled compounds.", "contents": "[The investigation of the absorption of 99mTc gamma-rays by bone and soft tissue (author's transl)]. Recently, the scintigram with 99mTc-labeled compounds has been routine procedure, because of it's ideal physical characteristics. The short physical half life of six hours, the absence of beta emission, and the gamma rays of 140 keV permit the administration of large amount of radioactivity. For scintigram of deep or large organ, the absorption of 99mTc gamma-rays by bone and soft tissue should not be negligible. For example, bone scintigram with 99mTc-phosphorous compounds shows different pictures depending upon the anterior and the posterior views, because of it's rather lower energy. Therefore, the linear attenuation coefficient and the half value layer of bone and soft tissue were measured with 99mTc gamma-rays and others (197Hg, 203Hg, 131I, 198Au, 85Sr). 1) The linear attenuation coefficient of 99mTc gamma-rays was: bone -0.240 cm-1, acrylite -0.173 cm-1, Mix D -0.155 cm-1. 2) The half value layer of 99mTc gamma-rays was: bone -2.89 cm, acrylite -3.98 cm, Mix D -4.47 cm. It was concluded that the lower photon energy of 99mTc was influenced by bone and soft tissue, but it appeared to be most suitable for the present imaging devices. Therefore, pictures of multiple views are necessary in case of the scintigram was 99mTc-labeled compounds.", "PMID": 578953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13330", "title": "Activation analysis of mercury in urine samples of electrolysis cell workers.", "content": "The activation method of determination of trace amounts of Hg in human urine has been studied by introducing a simple amalgam deposition method. Human urine samples were obtained from the alkali chloride, electrolysis plant equipped with Hg cells. The capacity of Cu powder for Hg quantity, the pH conditions, and the shaking time were described. The results showed that the Hg contents in workers' urine samples varied from 33 ppb to 60 ppb depending on working conditions.", "contents": "Activation analysis of mercury in urine samples of electrolysis cell workers. The activation method of determination of trace amounts of Hg in human urine has been studied by introducing a simple amalgam deposition method. Human urine samples were obtained from the alkali chloride, electrolysis plant equipped with Hg cells. The capacity of Cu powder for Hg quantity, the pH conditions, and the shaking time were described. The results showed that the Hg contents in workers' urine samples varied from 33 ppb to 60 ppb depending on working conditions.", "PMID": 578969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13331", "title": "[Effect of additives on the amination of 2-oxoglutaric acid by gamma-radiation].", "content": "The effect of added substances was studied on the yield of glutamic acid produced by gamma-ray irradiation of 2-oxoglutaric acid and ammonia in aqueous solution. The contents of amino acids in the irradiated solutions were determined with amino acids analyzer. Sodium nitrate, allyl alcohol or sodium formate was used as an added substance. The yield of glutamic acid significantly decreased by the addition of nitrate, and it was little affected by the addition of allyl alcohol. In the presence of formate the yield increased from G = 0.4 (2-oxoglutaric acid 0.05M and ammonium hydroxide 2M) to G = 1.1. As a result, it was found that hydrated electron contributes on the formation of glutamic acid, but hydroxyl radical does not. The yield showed a maximum at ca. 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide concentration. These facts indicate that NH2 radical does not contribute to the formation of glutamic acid. As a reaction mechanism, it can be explained that 2-oxoglutaric acid which had been reduced by hydrated electron reacts with ammonia.", "contents": "[Effect of additives on the amination of 2-oxoglutaric acid by gamma-radiation]. The effect of added substances was studied on the yield of glutamic acid produced by gamma-ray irradiation of 2-oxoglutaric acid and ammonia in aqueous solution. The contents of amino acids in the irradiated solutions were determined with amino acids analyzer. Sodium nitrate, allyl alcohol or sodium formate was used as an added substance. The yield of glutamic acid significantly decreased by the addition of nitrate, and it was little affected by the addition of allyl alcohol. In the presence of formate the yield increased from G = 0.4 (2-oxoglutaric acid 0.05M and ammonium hydroxide 2M) to G = 1.1. As a result, it was found that hydrated electron contributes on the formation of glutamic acid, but hydroxyl radical does not. The yield showed a maximum at ca. 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide concentration. These facts indicate that NH2 radical does not contribute to the formation of glutamic acid. As a reaction mechanism, it can be explained that 2-oxoglutaric acid which had been reduced by hydrated electron reacts with ammonia.", "PMID": 578970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13332", "title": "[Radiolysis of benzyl alcohol in aqueous solution].", "content": "Radiolysis of 0.05% aqueous solution of benzyl alcohol with 50Co gamma-rays ranging from 1 X 10(4) to 7 X 10(5) rad was investigated, in order to presume the change of it contained in radiopharmaceuticals. For both O2 free and oxygenated solutions, an approximately linear relationship holds between the retaining benzyl alcohol and dose in the range from 1 X 10(5) to 7 X 10(5) rads. The G(-M) values of benzyl alcohol calculated from the relation were 2.34 in the absence and 1.92 in presence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, a main product was benzaldehyde and its G value was 0.87. In the absence of oxygen, the main products of the radiolysis were dibenzyl, benzyl phenylcalbinol and hydrobenzoin, which were regarded as the radicao-reaction products of PhCH2 and PhCHOH, and the yield of benzaldehyde was negligible. Irrespective of the presence of oxygen, o- and p-hhdroxylated products of benzyl alcohol were found only in small quantity.", "contents": "[Radiolysis of benzyl alcohol in aqueous solution]. Radiolysis of 0.05% aqueous solution of benzyl alcohol with 50Co gamma-rays ranging from 1 X 10(4) to 7 X 10(5) rad was investigated, in order to presume the change of it contained in radiopharmaceuticals. For both O2 free and oxygenated solutions, an approximately linear relationship holds between the retaining benzyl alcohol and dose in the range from 1 X 10(5) to 7 X 10(5) rads. The G(-M) values of benzyl alcohol calculated from the relation were 2.34 in the absence and 1.92 in presence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, a main product was benzaldehyde and its G value was 0.87. In the absence of oxygen, the main products of the radiolysis were dibenzyl, benzyl phenylcalbinol and hydrobenzoin, which were regarded as the radicao-reaction products of PhCH2 and PhCHOH, and the yield of benzaldehyde was negligible. Irrespective of the presence of oxygen, o- and p-hhdroxylated products of benzyl alcohol were found only in small quantity.", "PMID": 578971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13333", "title": "[Whole body autoradiography with 201Tl and clinical results].", "content": "Thallium-201 has been suggested as a useful diagnostic agent for myocardial scanning. We report herewith the clinical usefulness of Tl-201 as a result of our animal studies with rats as well as clinical trial for human being. After intravenous injection, we killed rats at regular intervals, then measured the activity in each anatomized organ by gamma-well counter and observed the internal distribution and examined autoradiograms with the naked eye. As a result, the accumulation of Tl=201 in the myocardium observed in 5 min after injection, reaching the maximum level in 30 min and gradually decreased hereafter. We performed 22 myocardial clinical scans. In adults we could clearly detect the lesion of myocardial infarction, but in children found it difficult to obtain full sufficient information due to small heart size and high pulse rate. Judging from the foregoing we think it possible to obtain much clearer images by using a data analyzer.", "contents": "[Whole body autoradiography with 201Tl and clinical results]. Thallium-201 has been suggested as a useful diagnostic agent for myocardial scanning. We report herewith the clinical usefulness of Tl-201 as a result of our animal studies with rats as well as clinical trial for human being. After intravenous injection, we killed rats at regular intervals, then measured the activity in each anatomized organ by gamma-well counter and observed the internal distribution and examined autoradiograms with the naked eye. As a result, the accumulation of Tl=201 in the myocardium observed in 5 min after injection, reaching the maximum level in 30 min and gradually decreased hereafter. We performed 22 myocardial clinical scans. In adults we could clearly detect the lesion of myocardial infarction, but in children found it difficult to obtain full sufficient information due to small heart size and high pulse rate. Judging from the foregoing we think it possible to obtain much clearer images by using a data analyzer.", "PMID": 578972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13334", "title": "[Computer processing of radioisotope images. Hybrid processing system].", "content": "A hydrid type image file and processing system are devised by the author to file and the radioisotope image processing with analog display. This system has some functions as follows: 1) Ten thousand images can be stored in 60 feets length video-tape-recorder (VTR) tape. 2) Maximum of an image on the VTR tape is within 15 sec. 3) An image display enabled by the analog memory, which has brightness more than 15 gray levels. 4) By using the analog memories, effective image processing can be done by the small computer. 5) Many signal sources can be inputted into the hybrid system. This system can be applied many fields to both routine works and multi-purpose radioisotope image processing.", "contents": "[Computer processing of radioisotope images. Hybrid processing system]. A hydrid type image file and processing system are devised by the author to file and the radioisotope image processing with analog display. This system has some functions as follows: 1) Ten thousand images can be stored in 60 feets length video-tape-recorder (VTR) tape. 2) Maximum of an image on the VTR tape is within 15 sec. 3) An image display enabled by the analog memory, which has brightness more than 15 gray levels. 4) By using the analog memories, effective image processing can be done by the small computer. 5) Many signal sources can be inputted into the hybrid system. This system can be applied many fields to both routine works and multi-purpose radioisotope image processing.", "PMID": 578983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13335", "title": "[Diagnosis of cold thyroid nodules by 201T1 scientigraphy].", "content": "Fifty two patients with cold thyroid nodule demonstrated on the thyroid scan were imaged with 201Tl which were given intravenously as thallium chloride in dose of 2 mCi. Thirty nine of 52 patients were confirmed and investigated whether 201Tl concentrated or not. Fourteen of 15 (93 percent) thyroid carcinomas, 5 of 17 (29 percent) thyroid adenomas, 1 of 2 adenomatous goiters and all of 5 of chronic thyroiditis were visualized as positive with 201 Tl. One thyroid carcinoma did not concentrate 201Tl which was confirmed to have cystic degeneration. Of the 19 benign cold thyroid nodules except chronic thyroiditis 6 were positively visualized with 201Tl. However, 201Tl did not accumulate in the other 13 benign nodules, 11 out of which were confirmed to have cystic degeneration. The data suggests that if the thyroid nodule is found to have negative accumulation of 201Tl, malignancy can be ruled out except a small microscopical lesion.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of cold thyroid nodules by 201T1 scientigraphy]. Fifty two patients with cold thyroid nodule demonstrated on the thyroid scan were imaged with 201Tl which were given intravenously as thallium chloride in dose of 2 mCi. Thirty nine of 52 patients were confirmed and investigated whether 201Tl concentrated or not. Fourteen of 15 (93 percent) thyroid carcinomas, 5 of 17 (29 percent) thyroid adenomas, 1 of 2 adenomatous goiters and all of 5 of chronic thyroiditis were visualized as positive with 201 Tl. One thyroid carcinoma did not concentrate 201Tl which was confirmed to have cystic degeneration. Of the 19 benign cold thyroid nodules except chronic thyroiditis 6 were positively visualized with 201Tl. However, 201Tl did not accumulate in the other 13 benign nodules, 11 out of which were confirmed to have cystic degeneration. The data suggests that if the thyroid nodule is found to have negative accumulation of 201Tl, malignancy can be ruled out except a small microscopical lesion.", "PMID": 578985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13336", "title": "The thyroid reserve in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Patients with breast cancer were studied with regard to changes in the levels of serum thyroxine (T4) and serum triidothyronine (T3) after intramuscular administration of TSH for three days to investigate the thyroid reserve in these patients. The changes were examined also in normal subjects, in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and primary hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism no increase was seen in serum T4 and T3 levels after TSH administration, and the thyroid reserve was considered to be absent. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis the serum T3 levels after TSH administration were the same as in normal subjects, but the serum T4 levels were significantly lower than normal. This suggests that in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis the thyroid reserve is decreased and is in a state of so-called low thyroid reserve. In patients with breast cancer, however, the levels of serum T4 and T3 showed no difference as compared with those in normal subjects after TSH administration, and this implies that the thyroid reserve is well maintained.", "contents": "The thyroid reserve in patients with breast cancer. Patients with breast cancer were studied with regard to changes in the levels of serum thyroxine (T4) and serum triidothyronine (T3) after intramuscular administration of TSH for three days to investigate the thyroid reserve in these patients. The changes were examined also in normal subjects, in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and primary hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism no increase was seen in serum T4 and T3 levels after TSH administration, and the thyroid reserve was considered to be absent. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis the serum T3 levels after TSH administration were the same as in normal subjects, but the serum T4 levels were significantly lower than normal. This suggests that in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis the thyroid reserve is decreased and is in a state of so-called low thyroid reserve. In patients with breast cancer, however, the levels of serum T4 and T3 showed no difference as compared with those in normal subjects after TSH administration, and this implies that the thyroid reserve is well maintained.", "PMID": 579003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13337", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of \"verminous aneurysm\" formation in the horse.", "content": "The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of \"verminous aneurysm\" formation at the root of the cranial mesenteric artery and coeliac artery resulting from Strongylus vulgaris larvae migration are described. Forty-nine of 57 cases were successfully treated with low molecular weight dextran (dextran 70).", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of \"verminous aneurysm\" formation in the horse. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of \"verminous aneurysm\" formation at the root of the cranial mesenteric artery and coeliac artery resulting from Strongylus vulgaris larvae migration are described. Forty-nine of 57 cases were successfully treated with low molecular weight dextran (dextran 70).", "PMID": 579006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13338", "title": "[Homologous and heterologous antibody induction in influenzal infection and immunization].", "content": "Serological examinations were carried out in 72 patients with influenza and 384 volunteers immunized with a vaccine from different strains of influenza A virus. A high level of antibody (greater than 1:64) was found to protect against influenza infection by a homologous strain as well as strains with certain immunologic affinity in the main virus structures, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.", "contents": "[Homologous and heterologous antibody induction in influenzal infection and immunization]. Serological examinations were carried out in 72 patients with influenza and 384 volunteers immunized with a vaccine from different strains of influenza A virus. A high level of antibody (greater than 1:64) was found to protect against influenza infection by a homologous strain as well as strains with certain immunologic affinity in the main virus structures, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.", "PMID": 579009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13339", "title": "[Meniscus lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, diagnosis and therapy of meniscus lesions especially by soccer players and other sportsmen are represented. However, soccer has by far the highest percentage of incidence of meniscus lesions. Because the efficiency of the knee after meniscectomy is decreased, maintenance and restitution of adequate quadriceps strength are important for an uneventful postoperative course. As far as possible an individual after-care and excerise programme have to be made. Some aspects of pathogenesis of arthrosis deformans after meniscectomy are shortly discussed. The author points to the functional union of the femoro-tibial and femoro-patellar part of the knee joint.", "contents": "[Meniscus lesions (author's transl)]. Pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, diagnosis and therapy of meniscus lesions especially by soccer players and other sportsmen are represented. However, soccer has by far the highest percentage of incidence of meniscus lesions. Because the efficiency of the knee after meniscectomy is decreased, maintenance and restitution of adequate quadriceps strength are important for an uneventful postoperative course. As far as possible an individual after-care and excerise programme have to be made. Some aspects of pathogenesis of arthrosis deformans after meniscectomy are shortly discussed. The author points to the functional union of the femoro-tibial and femoro-patellar part of the knee joint.", "PMID": 579015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13340", "title": "[Registration of cytostatic effects on cultured cells in vitro and their current significance for individualized chemotherapy of tumors in advanced ovarian carcinoma].", "content": "In vitro tests of cell cultures have revealed individual responses of ovarian carcinomas to various cytostatic agents, the most effective ones being cyclophosphamide and trenimon. The role of pretherapeutical sensibilization tests for the chemotherapy of advanced ovarian carcinomas was investigated in a controlled clinical trial as part of a cooperative study. The survival curves of patients treated individually according to the given test result were at any time more favourable than those of a group nonindividually treated with trenimon. No significance between the two curves could be demonstrated on the basis of our preliminary results.", "contents": "[Registration of cytostatic effects on cultured cells in vitro and their current significance for individualized chemotherapy of tumors in advanced ovarian carcinoma]. In vitro tests of cell cultures have revealed individual responses of ovarian carcinomas to various cytostatic agents, the most effective ones being cyclophosphamide and trenimon. The role of pretherapeutical sensibilization tests for the chemotherapy of advanced ovarian carcinomas was investigated in a controlled clinical trial as part of a cooperative study. The survival curves of patients treated individually according to the given test result were at any time more favourable than those of a group nonindividually treated with trenimon. No significance between the two curves could be demonstrated on the basis of our preliminary results.", "PMID": 579017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13341", "title": "The prediction of fetal maturity: a comparison between the bubble stability test and cytological evaluation of maturity.", "content": "Amniotic fluid from fifty women soon to be delivered, or already in labour, was analysed in the Obstetric unit of University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. A Bubble Stability Test (Clements et al, 1972) and cytological screening for maturity (Sharma & Trussell, 1970) was carried out on each specimen. The latter test has been routinely used in the Obstetric unit for three years. The intent was to discover which test was the most useful indicator of fetal maturity.", "contents": "The prediction of fetal maturity: a comparison between the bubble stability test and cytological evaluation of maturity. Amniotic fluid from fifty women soon to be delivered, or already in labour, was analysed in the Obstetric unit of University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. A Bubble Stability Test (Clements et al, 1972) and cytological screening for maturity (Sharma & Trussell, 1970) was carried out on each specimen. The latter test has been routinely used in the Obstetric unit for three years. The intent was to discover which test was the most useful indicator of fetal maturity.", "PMID": 579013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13342", "title": "The influence of hypophysectomy on NSILA concentrations in the dog: evidence for partially pituitary-independent regulation.", "content": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) was determined in 5 dogs before and after hypophysectomy. All NSILA determinations were carried out on serum samples after acidic Sephadex G-50 chromatography by two different assay systems, i.e. a bioassay and a protein binding assay. The levels of NSILA decreased significantly after hypophysectomy and returned to near normal levels after 2 weeks. T3-, T4- and cortisol levels were drastically reduced during the entire period of the experiment. Several GH determinations after hypophysectomy revealed very low levels. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia failed to provoke a rise of GH levels as late as 4 months after hypophysectomy. These findings indicate that: 1) The pituitary gland cannot be the site of synthesis of NSILA. 2) NSILA concentrations in the dog are maintained at a near normal level in the presence of very low growth hormone and thyroid hormone concentrations, so that these latter hormones do not appear to be the only regulatory factors concerned in NSILA synthesis.", "contents": "The influence of hypophysectomy on NSILA concentrations in the dog: evidence for partially pituitary-independent regulation. Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) was determined in 5 dogs before and after hypophysectomy. All NSILA determinations were carried out on serum samples after acidic Sephadex G-50 chromatography by two different assay systems, i.e. a bioassay and a protein binding assay. The levels of NSILA decreased significantly after hypophysectomy and returned to near normal levels after 2 weeks. T3-, T4- and cortisol levels were drastically reduced during the entire period of the experiment. Several GH determinations after hypophysectomy revealed very low levels. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia failed to provoke a rise of GH levels as late as 4 months after hypophysectomy. These findings indicate that: 1) The pituitary gland cannot be the site of synthesis of NSILA. 2) NSILA concentrations in the dog are maintained at a near normal level in the presence of very low growth hormone and thyroid hormone concentrations, so that these latter hormones do not appear to be the only regulatory factors concerned in NSILA synthesis.", "PMID": 579020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13343", "title": "The effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the parathyroid hormone secretion of porcine parathyroid glands and human parathyroid adenomas in vitro.", "content": "The effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) on parathyroid hormone secretion by porcine parathyroid glands and human parathyroid adenoma tissue was investigated by in vitro incubation. The addition of 100 nmoles 1,25-(OH)2-D3 to the medium inhibited significantly the release of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone by 63--65%. This suppression was reversible when 1,25-(OH)2-D3 was removed again. The inhibition of parathyroid hormone release observed in human parathyroid adenoma tissue was similar to that in normal porcine parathyroid glands. This indicates that adenoma tissue is sensitive to regulatory influences. As well as calcium, 1,25-(OH)2-D3 may act as another feedback inhibitor of parathyroid hormone secretion.", "contents": "The effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the parathyroid hormone secretion of porcine parathyroid glands and human parathyroid adenomas in vitro. The effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) on parathyroid hormone secretion by porcine parathyroid glands and human parathyroid adenoma tissue was investigated by in vitro incubation. The addition of 100 nmoles 1,25-(OH)2-D3 to the medium inhibited significantly the release of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone by 63--65%. This suppression was reversible when 1,25-(OH)2-D3 was removed again. The inhibition of parathyroid hormone release observed in human parathyroid adenoma tissue was similar to that in normal porcine parathyroid glands. This indicates that adenoma tissue is sensitive to regulatory influences. As well as calcium, 1,25-(OH)2-D3 may act as another feedback inhibitor of parathyroid hormone secretion.", "PMID": 579021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13344", "title": "The effect of a placental mammotrophin and cortisol on the ultrastructure of rat mammary gland in organ culture.", "content": "Mammary gland explants obtained from 13 days pregnant rats were cultured for 3, 6 and 9 days in the presence of serum of either virgin rats or 13 days pregnant rats. Insulin was added alone or in combination with cortisol. The way these different forms of treatment affected the ultrastructure was studied. With virgin rat serum plus insulin alone the mammary gland regressed to a lower state of development comparable to that of the virgin rat in vivo. When virgin rat serum was replaced by 13 days pregnant rat serum--which contains rat chorionic mammotrophin--the initial development was maintained, but synthesis of secretory products ceased. When cortisol was added to the virgin rat serum plus insulin, cortisol maintained the differentiated state originally present. Even some secretory activity was induced, but at a minimal level. With cortisol added to the pregnant rat serum plus insulin, the explants were stimulated to synthetize the extrude secretion products.", "contents": "The effect of a placental mammotrophin and cortisol on the ultrastructure of rat mammary gland in organ culture. Mammary gland explants obtained from 13 days pregnant rats were cultured for 3, 6 and 9 days in the presence of serum of either virgin rats or 13 days pregnant rats. Insulin was added alone or in combination with cortisol. The way these different forms of treatment affected the ultrastructure was studied. With virgin rat serum plus insulin alone the mammary gland regressed to a lower state of development comparable to that of the virgin rat in vivo. When virgin rat serum was replaced by 13 days pregnant rat serum--which contains rat chorionic mammotrophin--the initial development was maintained, but synthesis of secretory products ceased. When cortisol was added to the virgin rat serum plus insulin, cortisol maintained the differentiated state originally present. Even some secretory activity was induced, but at a minimal level. With cortisol added to the pregnant rat serum plus insulin, the explants were stimulated to synthetize the extrude secretion products.", "PMID": 579022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13345", "title": "Metabolic and hormonal effects of post-menopausal oestrogen replacement treatment. I. Glucose, insulin and human growth hormone levels during oral glucose tolerance tests.", "content": "Glucose, insulin and growth hormone (GH) levels were measured during 3h oral glucose tolerance tests, performed in two groups of post-menopausal women. Nineteen subjects were given ethinyloestradiol (EOe) 0.05 mg daily and 20 received oestradiol valerinate (OeV) 2 mg daily. The tests were performed twice before treatment and after 1, 3 and 6 cycles of medication. EOe induced a slight but statistically significant deterioration of the glucose tolerance concomitant with a tendency to elevated insulin levels. The women taking OeV showed no significant alteration of the glucose or insulin levels. The GH concentrations were increased in both groups although the elevation was more pronounced in those taking EOe. The reduced carbohydrate tolerance was not believed to have been responsible for the raised GH levels.", "contents": "Metabolic and hormonal effects of post-menopausal oestrogen replacement treatment. I. Glucose, insulin and human growth hormone levels during oral glucose tolerance tests. Glucose, insulin and growth hormone (GH) levels were measured during 3h oral glucose tolerance tests, performed in two groups of post-menopausal women. Nineteen subjects were given ethinyloestradiol (EOe) 0.05 mg daily and 20 received oestradiol valerinate (OeV) 2 mg daily. The tests were performed twice before treatment and after 1, 3 and 6 cycles of medication. EOe induced a slight but statistically significant deterioration of the glucose tolerance concomitant with a tendency to elevated insulin levels. The women taking OeV showed no significant alteration of the glucose or insulin levels. The GH concentrations were increased in both groups although the elevation was more pronounced in those taking EOe. The reduced carbohydrate tolerance was not believed to have been responsible for the raised GH levels.", "PMID": 579023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13346", "title": "Plasma 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in normal human pregnancy.", "content": "The peripheral plasma levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-DHP), progesterone (P) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques in 440 samples during normal human pregnancy between weeks 4 and 41. The levels of 20alpha--DHP in plasma from the 4th to the 6th week were between 6.0 and 6.6 ng/ml. From then until the 21st week the average plasma 20alpha-DHP concentrations remained at the same level between 4.0 and 6.3 ng/ml; they then rose significantly to and beyond term, levels reaching over 40 ng/ml. The range of mean plasma concentration of P during the first trimester of pregnancy fell to a nadir in the 9th week (170 ng/ml) then rose with increased gestation until the 39th week (190.4 ng/ml) followed by a slight and not significant drop. Single measurements of plasma 17--OHP from the 4th to the 6th week of pregnancy gave value between 2.8 and 3.6 ng/ml, but from the 7th week the mean plasma 17--OHP levels gradually declined, then from week 30 the 17-OHP concentration increased to reach a mean level of 7.63 ng/ml in the 41st week. The ratio P/20alpha--DHP increased from the 4th (3.5:1) to the 24th week (15.6:1) and then decreased from 25th week (7.9:1) towards term (3.2:1).", "contents": "Plasma 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in normal human pregnancy. The peripheral plasma levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-DHP), progesterone (P) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques in 440 samples during normal human pregnancy between weeks 4 and 41. The levels of 20alpha--DHP in plasma from the 4th to the 6th week were between 6.0 and 6.6 ng/ml. From then until the 21st week the average plasma 20alpha-DHP concentrations remained at the same level between 4.0 and 6.3 ng/ml; they then rose significantly to and beyond term, levels reaching over 40 ng/ml. The range of mean plasma concentration of P during the first trimester of pregnancy fell to a nadir in the 9th week (170 ng/ml) then rose with increased gestation until the 39th week (190.4 ng/ml) followed by a slight and not significant drop. Single measurements of plasma 17--OHP from the 4th to the 6th week of pregnancy gave value between 2.8 and 3.6 ng/ml, but from the 7th week the mean plasma 17--OHP levels gradually declined, then from week 30 the 17-OHP concentration increased to reach a mean level of 7.63 ng/ml in the 41st week. The ratio P/20alpha--DHP increased from the 4th (3.5:1) to the 24th week (15.6:1) and then decreased from 25th week (7.9:1) towards term (3.2:1).", "PMID": 579026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13347", "title": "Serum gonadotrophins, testosterone and spermatogenesis in subfertile men.", "content": "In 210 subfertile men there existed a significant positive correlation between serum FSH and LH (0.41). No correlation was observed between the gonadotrophin levels and testosterone. In contrast to this FSH as well as LH were negatively correlated with the natural logarithm (ln) of the sperm count/ml ejacate (-0.44 and -0.18, respectively). When the positive correlation which existed between FSH and LH was used to calculate partial correlation coefficients, the coefficient between FSH and ln sperm count did hardly change (-0.41) the coefficient between LH and ln sperm count on the other hand became insignificant (-0.05). This suggests that spermatogenesis influences FSH serum levels in subfertile men by a decreased suppression when sperm production is diminished. Testicular biopsies taken from 97 of these patients were used to determine biopsy scores. These scores showed a significant negative correlation with FSH (-0.34) and a positive one with ln sperm count/ml ejaculate (0.45). Interestingly the biopsy score of 16 patients who fertilized their wives, was found to be higher compared with the score of the other patients who did not fertilize. The number of sperm/ml ejaculate and the FSH values of these 2 groups of biopsied patients were, however, not significantly different. This leads to the conclusion that the biopsy score is a better parameter for the evaluation of oligospermic men than either sperm count or FSH serum values.", "contents": "Serum gonadotrophins, testosterone and spermatogenesis in subfertile men. In 210 subfertile men there existed a significant positive correlation between serum FSH and LH (0.41). No correlation was observed between the gonadotrophin levels and testosterone. In contrast to this FSH as well as LH were negatively correlated with the natural logarithm (ln) of the sperm count/ml ejacate (-0.44 and -0.18, respectively). When the positive correlation which existed between FSH and LH was used to calculate partial correlation coefficients, the coefficient between FSH and ln sperm count did hardly change (-0.41) the coefficient between LH and ln sperm count on the other hand became insignificant (-0.05). This suggests that spermatogenesis influences FSH serum levels in subfertile men by a decreased suppression when sperm production is diminished. Testicular biopsies taken from 97 of these patients were used to determine biopsy scores. These scores showed a significant negative correlation with FSH (-0.34) and a positive one with ln sperm count/ml ejaculate (0.45). Interestingly the biopsy score of 16 patients who fertilized their wives, was found to be higher compared with the score of the other patients who did not fertilize. The number of sperm/ml ejaculate and the FSH values of these 2 groups of biopsied patients were, however, not significantly different. This leads to the conclusion that the biopsy score is a better parameter for the evaluation of oligospermic men than either sperm count or FSH serum values.", "PMID": 579027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13348", "title": "Influence of psoralen on melatonin formation in rat pineal gland in organ culture.", "content": "8-Methoxypsoralen (10(-4) M) added to the medium of rat pineal glands in organ culture induces a five-fold increase of 14C-labelled N-acetylserotonin and melatonin formation when serotonin is used as 14C-labelled precursor. Addition of d-amphetamine (10(-5) M) to pineal glands also results in an increase of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin formation. This increase is enhanced by the addition of 8-methoxypsoralen (10(-5) M). In pineal glands pre-incubated for 24 h 8-methoxypsoralen (10(-4) M) caused an increased production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. This indicates that the effect of 8-methoxypsoralen is mediated through a postsynaptic event and not by release of noradrenaline or blocked re-uptake of amines to nerve terminals in the pineal gland. Further studies of the clinical significance of the effect of psoralen on pineal gland metabolism seems warranted.", "contents": "Influence of psoralen on melatonin formation in rat pineal gland in organ culture. 8-Methoxypsoralen (10(-4) M) added to the medium of rat pineal glands in organ culture induces a five-fold increase of 14C-labelled N-acetylserotonin and melatonin formation when serotonin is used as 14C-labelled precursor. Addition of d-amphetamine (10(-5) M) to pineal glands also results in an increase of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin formation. This increase is enhanced by the addition of 8-methoxypsoralen (10(-5) M). In pineal glands pre-incubated for 24 h 8-methoxypsoralen (10(-4) M) caused an increased production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. This indicates that the effect of 8-methoxypsoralen is mediated through a postsynaptic event and not by release of noradrenaline or blocked re-uptake of amines to nerve terminals in the pineal gland. Further studies of the clinical significance of the effect of psoralen on pineal gland metabolism seems warranted.", "PMID": 579028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13349", "title": "Changes in insulin receptor concentration in rat fat cells following treatment with the gestagens clomegestone acetate and cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Specific insulin receptors were measured in isolated fat cells of rats after treatment with clomegestone acetate. Under conditions when peripheral insulin insensitivity was observed, the number of insulin receptors was simultaneously reduced. A similar though smaller decrease in insulin receptor concentration was seen in rats after treatment with cyproterone acetate, a compound which did not cause insulin resistance. It is concluded that the gestagenic compounds tested decrease insulin receptor concentration. Only drastic reduction of the number of binding sites results in significant perturbations of carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Changes in insulin receptor concentration in rat fat cells following treatment with the gestagens clomegestone acetate and cyproterone acetate. Specific insulin receptors were measured in isolated fat cells of rats after treatment with clomegestone acetate. Under conditions when peripheral insulin insensitivity was observed, the number of insulin receptors was simultaneously reduced. A similar though smaller decrease in insulin receptor concentration was seen in rats after treatment with cyproterone acetate, a compound which did not cause insulin resistance. It is concluded that the gestagenic compounds tested decrease insulin receptor concentration. Only drastic reduction of the number of binding sites results in significant perturbations of carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 579029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13350", "title": "Influence of oestrogen administration in vivo and in vitro on the release and synthesis of prolactin from incubated pituitaries.", "content": "The release and synthesis of prolactin were studied in incubated adenohypophyses from ovariectomized rats. After a 4 h incubation period the prolactin concentration in the medium markedly increased whereas that in the gland was reduced. However, the concentration of prolactin in the system, tissue plus medium, after 4 h was almost twice as much as that present at the beginning of incubation indicating spontaneous synthesis. This spontaneous release and synthesis of prolactin was greatly increased in incubated glands from ovariectomized oestrogen-treated rats. Oestradiol benzoate was injected in doses of 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 microgram/rat 2 or 24 h before killing the animals. Lower effects were obtained in glands from 2 h-oestradiol-pre-treated rats than from 24 h-oestradiol-primed rats. Oestradiol-17beta (55, 166, 500 and 1500 ng/ml) added to the incubation medium also enhanced the release and synthesis of prolactin and the effect was more marked in glands from oestrogen injected rats than in those of non-treated animals. The increase was dose-related although the higher doses were less effective. These results provide further evidence of the effect of oestrogen on the release and synthesis of prolactin by a direct action on the pituitary gland. They also show that oestradiol pre-treatment in vivo increase the response of the prolactin cells towards oestradiol in vitro.", "contents": "Influence of oestrogen administration in vivo and in vitro on the release and synthesis of prolactin from incubated pituitaries. The release and synthesis of prolactin were studied in incubated adenohypophyses from ovariectomized rats. After a 4 h incubation period the prolactin concentration in the medium markedly increased whereas that in the gland was reduced. However, the concentration of prolactin in the system, tissue plus medium, after 4 h was almost twice as much as that present at the beginning of incubation indicating spontaneous synthesis. This spontaneous release and synthesis of prolactin was greatly increased in incubated glands from ovariectomized oestrogen-treated rats. Oestradiol benzoate was injected in doses of 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 microgram/rat 2 or 24 h before killing the animals. Lower effects were obtained in glands from 2 h-oestradiol-pre-treated rats than from 24 h-oestradiol-primed rats. Oestradiol-17beta (55, 166, 500 and 1500 ng/ml) added to the incubation medium also enhanced the release and synthesis of prolactin and the effect was more marked in glands from oestrogen injected rats than in those of non-treated animals. The increase was dose-related although the higher doses were less effective. These results provide further evidence of the effect of oestrogen on the release and synthesis of prolactin by a direct action on the pituitary gland. They also show that oestradiol pre-treatment in vivo increase the response of the prolactin cells towards oestradiol in vitro.", "PMID": 579032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13351", "title": "HLA-BW35 and B5 in Japanese patients with Graves' disease.", "content": "Thirty-three Japanese patients with Graves' disease and 106 healthy controls living in the Kagoshima area, the southernmost part of the Japanese mainland, were HLA typed by the NIH method. None of them were related to each other. The only antigen showing an increased frequency in Japanese patients with Graves' disease was HLA-BW35 (corrected P less than 0.02). A decreased frequency of B5 in the patients was also statistically significant (corrected p less than 0.02).", "contents": "HLA-BW35 and B5 in Japanese patients with Graves' disease. Thirty-three Japanese patients with Graves' disease and 106 healthy controls living in the Kagoshima area, the southernmost part of the Japanese mainland, were HLA typed by the NIH method. None of them were related to each other. The only antigen showing an increased frequency in Japanese patients with Graves' disease was HLA-BW35 (corrected P less than 0.02). A decreased frequency of B5 in the patients was also statistically significant (corrected p less than 0.02).", "PMID": 579034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13352", "title": "Effects of blinding, pinealectomy and superior cervical ganglionectomy on free thyroxine index of male golden hamsters.", "content": "Blinding young male golden hamsters led to a depression of the plasma free thyroxine index after an 8 week period. Removal of either the pineal gland or the superior cervical ganglia of blind hamsters reversed the effects of blinding on free thyroxine index. No significant effects were observed 2 weeks after treatment. Previously reported effects of blinking, and removal of the pineal gland or the superior cervical ganglia on testicular weight were confirmed. A similar mechanism of pineal inhibition of thyroid function and gonadal function is suggested.", "contents": "Effects of blinding, pinealectomy and superior cervical ganglionectomy on free thyroxine index of male golden hamsters. Blinding young male golden hamsters led to a depression of the plasma free thyroxine index after an 8 week period. Removal of either the pineal gland or the superior cervical ganglia of blind hamsters reversed the effects of blinding on free thyroxine index. No significant effects were observed 2 weeks after treatment. Previously reported effects of blinking, and removal of the pineal gland or the superior cervical ganglia on testicular weight were confirmed. A similar mechanism of pineal inhibition of thyroid function and gonadal function is suggested.", "PMID": 579035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13353", "title": "TSH and catecholamines: independent effects on active transport and iodine organification in isolated thyroid cells.", "content": "Catecholamines greatly stimulated iodine organification in thyroid cells isolated by trypsinization but failed to increase the cell-medium (C/M) ratio of 131I- or 99mTcO4- in the same cells preparation. Both TSH and catecholamines increased the concentration of organified iodine in thyroid cell despite the presence of active transport inhibitors, suggesting either the existence of a second thyroidal transport system or the possibility of an accelerated entry of anions into thyroid cells in the presence of stimulatory agents.", "contents": "TSH and catecholamines: independent effects on active transport and iodine organification in isolated thyroid cells. Catecholamines greatly stimulated iodine organification in thyroid cells isolated by trypsinization but failed to increase the cell-medium (C/M) ratio of 131I- or 99mTcO4- in the same cells preparation. Both TSH and catecholamines increased the concentration of organified iodine in thyroid cell despite the presence of active transport inhibitors, suggesting either the existence of a second thyroidal transport system or the possibility of an accelerated entry of anions into thyroid cells in the presence of stimulatory agents.", "PMID": 579036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13354", "title": "Comparison between the 5,6-cis and 5,6-trans isomers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in chronic hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Five patients with chronic post-operative hypoparathyroidism were treated with 450 microgram/day 5,6-trans-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (5,6-trans-25OHD3) for 14 days, and the treatment was continued with 150 microgram/day for one year. At the end of this period the patients received 450 microgram/day 5,6-cis-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (5,6-cis-25OHD3) for 14 days. Comparison of the effects of both isomers revealed a similar ability to enhance intestinal calcium absorption and to normalize serum calcium; serum phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, however, remained unaffected. Urinary phosphate and hydroxyproline excretion decreased on the cis-isomer and increased on the trans-isomer. During treatment with the lower dose of 5,6-trans-25OHD3 intestinal calcium absorption remained in the normal range for one year, whereas the serum calcium decreased to the levels observed before administration of 450 microgram/day within 6 weeks. The results suggest that in hypoparathyroidism 5,6-cis-25OHD3 and 5,6-trans-25OHD3 are equally effective on serum calcium and on intestinal calcium absorption, but that their mode of action on renal phosphate handling and on calcium release from bone is different.", "contents": "Comparison between the 5,6-cis and 5,6-trans isomers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in chronic hypoparathyroidism. Five patients with chronic post-operative hypoparathyroidism were treated with 450 microgram/day 5,6-trans-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (5,6-trans-25OHD3) for 14 days, and the treatment was continued with 150 microgram/day for one year. At the end of this period the patients received 450 microgram/day 5,6-cis-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (5,6-cis-25OHD3) for 14 days. Comparison of the effects of both isomers revealed a similar ability to enhance intestinal calcium absorption and to normalize serum calcium; serum phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, however, remained unaffected. Urinary phosphate and hydroxyproline excretion decreased on the cis-isomer and increased on the trans-isomer. During treatment with the lower dose of 5,6-trans-25OHD3 intestinal calcium absorption remained in the normal range for one year, whereas the serum calcium decreased to the levels observed before administration of 450 microgram/day within 6 weeks. The results suggest that in hypoparathyroidism 5,6-cis-25OHD3 and 5,6-trans-25OHD3 are equally effective on serum calcium and on intestinal calcium absorption, but that their mode of action on renal phosphate handling and on calcium release from bone is different.", "PMID": 579038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13355", "title": "Mammary growth and function and pituitary prolactin secretion in female nude mice.", "content": "Mammary structural growth in the wholemount preparation, content and synthesis of mammary DNA and RNA estimated by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [14C]uridine, pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin and weights and histological structures of some organs of female nude mice (nu/nu) were compared to those of the control (nu/+) with the same genetical background (BALB/c). Both at 3 months of age and on day 1 of lactation, the weights per 100 g body weight of adrenals, spleen and liver of nu/nu mice were significantly higher than those of nu/+ mice. Mammary growth stimulation by pituitary graft was much more marked in nu/nu mice than in nu/+ mice. Slight differences between groups were found in the pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin, in the histological structures of ovaries as well as of the adrenals and thyroids and in the pattern of oestrous cycles. On the other hand, the content and synthesis of mammary DNA at 3 months of age and content and synthesis of both DNA and RNA and RNA/DNA ratio on day 1 of lactation were significantly higher in nu/+mice than in nu/nu mice. All findings suggest that thymus deficient immunosuppression has deleterious effects on mammary growth and function without its alteration in the secretion of prolactin and oestrogen and probably through its decrease in mammary responsiveness to mammotrophins.", "contents": "Mammary growth and function and pituitary prolactin secretion in female nude mice. Mammary structural growth in the wholemount preparation, content and synthesis of mammary DNA and RNA estimated by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [14C]uridine, pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin and weights and histological structures of some organs of female nude mice (nu/nu) were compared to those of the control (nu/+) with the same genetical background (BALB/c). Both at 3 months of age and on day 1 of lactation, the weights per 100 g body weight of adrenals, spleen and liver of nu/nu mice were significantly higher than those of nu/+ mice. Mammary growth stimulation by pituitary graft was much more marked in nu/nu mice than in nu/+ mice. Slight differences between groups were found in the pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin, in the histological structures of ovaries as well as of the adrenals and thyroids and in the pattern of oestrous cycles. On the other hand, the content and synthesis of mammary DNA at 3 months of age and content and synthesis of both DNA and RNA and RNA/DNA ratio on day 1 of lactation were significantly higher in nu/+mice than in nu/nu mice. All findings suggest that thymus deficient immunosuppression has deleterious effects on mammary growth and function without its alteration in the secretion of prolactin and oestrogen and probably through its decrease in mammary responsiveness to mammotrophins.", "PMID": 579039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13356", "title": "Variations in uterine cytosolic oestrogen and progesterone receptor levels during the rat oestrous cycle.", "content": "The levels of cytosol receptors for both oestradiol and progesterone were simultaneous monitored in the uterus at various stages of the rat oestrous cycle. The use of the synthetic gestagen R-5020, with its high specificity and affinity for the progesterone receptor, eliminated interference arising from corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) contamination of uterine extracts. The results show that the patterns for both receptors are markedly different over the cycle. The variation can be correlated with changes in ovarian steroid output. The results also suggest that oestradiol and progesterone interact not only with their specific receptor, but also influence the other receptor system.", "contents": "Variations in uterine cytosolic oestrogen and progesterone receptor levels during the rat oestrous cycle. The levels of cytosol receptors for both oestradiol and progesterone were simultaneous monitored in the uterus at various stages of the rat oestrous cycle. The use of the synthetic gestagen R-5020, with its high specificity and affinity for the progesterone receptor, eliminated interference arising from corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) contamination of uterine extracts. The results show that the patterns for both receptors are markedly different over the cycle. The variation can be correlated with changes in ovarian steroid output. The results also suggest that oestradiol and progesterone interact not only with their specific receptor, but also influence the other receptor system.", "PMID": 579041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13357", "title": "Cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions in vitro.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate in vitro cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions. Twenty oral lichen planus patients and 20 control persons matched by and sex were examined by the leukocyte migration agarose technique with tissue extracts from oral lichen planus lesions, normal oral mucosa and normal human kidney, the two latter extracts serving as control antigens. The female lichen planus patients showed statistically significant (P=0.004) migration inhibition with extracts from oral lichen planus lesions, which supports the hypothesis of cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions. However, the male lichen planus patients did not show any significant reaction. No significant reaction was found with the control antigens. The findings do not exclude the hypothesis of cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions. Furthermore, they do not support the hypothesis of oral lichen planus being an autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions in vitro. The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate in vitro cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions. Twenty oral lichen planus patients and 20 control persons matched by and sex were examined by the leukocyte migration agarose technique with tissue extracts from oral lichen planus lesions, normal oral mucosa and normal human kidney, the two latter extracts serving as control antigens. The female lichen planus patients showed statistically significant (P=0.004) migration inhibition with extracts from oral lichen planus lesions, which supports the hypothesis of cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions. However, the male lichen planus patients did not show any significant reaction. No significant reaction was found with the control antigens. The findings do not exclude the hypothesis of cellular hypersensitivity to oral lichen planus lesions. Furthermore, they do not support the hypothesis of oral lichen planus being an autoimmune disease.", "PMID": 579044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13358", "title": "Immunotherapy for grass pollenosis with allpyral allergen extracts. Improved results by objective control of treatment requirements.", "content": "Nasal provocation testing using a measured dose of dry grass pollen has been used as a method of controlling the amount of injection treatment required to achieve decreased sensitivity to grass pollen. This could seldom be shown at the usual top dose of 10,000 P.N.U., but by repeating the top dose until the reaction was negative, complete freedom from pollenosis was achieved in most cases. Strict criteria for assessment of results were used. Conventional dosage regimens produced only 27 percent excellent results, but 94 percent of those patients who became demonstrably nasal test-negative were completely or almost completely free from symptoms in the pollen season.", "contents": "Immunotherapy for grass pollenosis with allpyral allergen extracts. Improved results by objective control of treatment requirements. Nasal provocation testing using a measured dose of dry grass pollen has been used as a method of controlling the amount of injection treatment required to achieve decreased sensitivity to grass pollen. This could seldom be shown at the usual top dose of 10,000 P.N.U., but by repeating the top dose until the reaction was negative, complete freedom from pollenosis was achieved in most cases. Strict criteria for assessment of results were used. Conventional dosage regimens produced only 27 percent excellent results, but 94 percent of those patients who became demonstrably nasal test-negative were completely or almost completely free from symptoms in the pollen season.", "PMID": 579045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13359", "title": "House dust mites in Switzerland. III. Allergenic properties of the mites.", "content": "The allergenic properties of the nine mite species prevalent in the house dust of northwestern Switzerland (Basel and surroundings) were studies. For the preparation of mite extracts, the average weight of each species was first determined and then the number per culture  glass counted. Thus the extracts were prepared according to the weight of the mites. They were tested on 115 patients with ashma and/or rhinitis. Tests with patients own house dust and with a human dander/yeast mixture, which served as culture medium for the mites, were carried out simultaneously. Test results were either positive or negative for all substances in 93 patients (80 per cent). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei caused the most frequent and most severe reactions. The species Glycyphagus destructor, G. privatus, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Gohieria fusca, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Acarus siro seem to play a less important role, if any, in house dust allergies.", "contents": "House dust mites in Switzerland. III. Allergenic properties of the mites. The allergenic properties of the nine mite species prevalent in the house dust of northwestern Switzerland (Basel and surroundings) were studies. For the preparation of mite extracts, the average weight of each species was first determined and then the number per culture  glass counted. Thus the extracts were prepared according to the weight of the mites. They were tested on 115 patients with ashma and/or rhinitis. Tests with patients own house dust and with a human dander/yeast mixture, which served as culture medium for the mites, were carried out simultaneously. Test results were either positive or negative for all substances in 93 patients (80 per cent). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei caused the most frequent and most severe reactions. The species Glycyphagus destructor, G. privatus, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Gohieria fusca, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Acarus siro seem to play a less important role, if any, in house dust allergies.", "PMID": 579046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13360", "title": "Childrens' asthma register. Description of a data-system and patient material.", "content": "An asthma data register which collects annually certain data from all known local asthmatic children has been presented. The data register is utilized to make a two-page print-out for every patient, and statistics of the whole material. These data make the continuous surveillance and guidance of the patients possible. The easy-to-use and accurate data material has contributed to rationalization of routine work in an asthma clinic. Team work has also improved because the uniform data material enables various workers to quickly pick out a specific problem from the whole material. The cost, $ 2 to 3 per patient per year, is low compared with the immediate benefit. Indirect benefit is to be expected because the system helps to investigate the problems of asthmatic children.", "contents": "Childrens' asthma register. Description of a data-system and patient material. An asthma data register which collects annually certain data from all known local asthmatic children has been presented. The data register is utilized to make a two-page print-out for every patient, and statistics of the whole material. These data make the continuous surveillance and guidance of the patients possible. The easy-to-use and accurate data material has contributed to rationalization of routine work in an asthma clinic. Team work has also improved because the uniform data material enables various workers to quickly pick out a specific problem from the whole material. The cost, $ 2 to 3 per patient per year, is low compared with the immediate benefit. Indirect benefit is to be expected because the system helps to investigate the problems of asthmatic children.", "PMID": 579047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13361", "title": "Iron absorption from infant milk formula and the optimal level of iron supplementation.", "content": "Thirty healthy infants, aged 11-13 months, were studied with regard to the iron absorption from proprietary milk formula. The infants were divided into three groups (I-III) depending on the concentration of iron in the formula: 0.8 (I), 6.8 (II), and 12.8 (III) mg/l, respectively. The calculated amount of iron absorbed per test dose of 50 ml of milk averaged 5 microgram (I), 32 microgram (II), and 43 microgram (III). Group I differed significantly from groups II and III. No correlation was found between iron absorption and hemoglobin, MCV, serum transferrin saturation or serum ferritin within the range of normal values. Our findings suggest that at least 7 mg of iron as ferrous sulphate per litre of formula is required to prevent iron deficiency.", "contents": "Iron absorption from infant milk formula and the optimal level of iron supplementation. Thirty healthy infants, aged 11-13 months, were studied with regard to the iron absorption from proprietary milk formula. The infants were divided into three groups (I-III) depending on the concentration of iron in the formula: 0.8 (I), 6.8 (II), and 12.8 (III) mg/l, respectively. The calculated amount of iron absorbed per test dose of 50 ml of milk averaged 5 microgram (I), 32 microgram (II), and 43 microgram (III). Group I differed significantly from groups II and III. No correlation was found between iron absorption and hemoglobin, MCV, serum transferrin saturation or serum ferritin within the range of normal values. Our findings suggest that at least 7 mg of iron as ferrous sulphate per litre of formula is required to prevent iron deficiency.", "PMID": 579048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13362", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies on clopenthixol decanoate; a comparison with clopenthixol in dogs and rats.", "content": "The release from the depot, hydrolysis and distribution in the organsim as well as the metabolism and elimination of intramuscularly injected clopenthixol decanoate in Viscoleo have been studied in dogs and rats with radioactive as well as non-labelled drug after single as well as repeated administration. The studies clearly demonstrate the depot effect of clopenthixol decanoate given intramuscularly in oil compared to orally administered clopenthixol. The amounts of drug remaining at the site of injection in dogs suggest monoexponential release of drug from the depot and a half-life of 4-5 days. Rapid hydrolysis to clopenthixol in the organism was indicated by in vitro experiments and in vivo findings. Clopenthixol was found to be the main compound in the organism after single as well as repeated doses. The clopenthixol formed by hydrolysis appeared to be metabolized in the same way as clopenthixol given orally i.e. by dealkylation of the side chain and by S-oxide and N-oxide formation. The elimination pattern with predominant fecal excretion also appeared to be the same after clopenthixol and its esterified derivative apart from the reflection in the latter case of the slow release from depot. A rapid exchange in the organism between tritium from the drugs and hydrogen from the body water was demonstrated. This has to be considered in studies with tritium labelled drugs, where estimation of total radioactivity gives the sum of tritium in drug, metabolites and water.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies on clopenthixol decanoate; a comparison with clopenthixol in dogs and rats. The release from the depot, hydrolysis and distribution in the organsim as well as the metabolism and elimination of intramuscularly injected clopenthixol decanoate in Viscoleo have been studied in dogs and rats with radioactive as well as non-labelled drug after single as well as repeated administration. The studies clearly demonstrate the depot effect of clopenthixol decanoate given intramuscularly in oil compared to orally administered clopenthixol. The amounts of drug remaining at the site of injection in dogs suggest monoexponential release of drug from the depot and a half-life of 4-5 days. Rapid hydrolysis to clopenthixol in the organism was indicated by in vitro experiments and in vivo findings. Clopenthixol was found to be the main compound in the organism after single as well as repeated doses. The clopenthixol formed by hydrolysis appeared to be metabolized in the same way as clopenthixol given orally i.e. by dealkylation of the side chain and by S-oxide and N-oxide formation. The elimination pattern with predominant fecal excretion also appeared to be the same after clopenthixol and its esterified derivative apart from the reflection in the latter case of the slow release from depot. A rapid exchange in the organism between tritium from the drugs and hydrogen from the body water was demonstrated. This has to be considered in studies with tritium labelled drugs, where estimation of total radioactivity gives the sum of tritium in drug, metabolites and water.", "PMID": 579050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13363", "title": "Selenium content of tissues in Finnish infants and adults with various diseases, and studies on the effects of selenium supplementation in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis patients.", "content": "A low blood selenium level has previously been observed in healthy inhabitants of Finland (WESTERMARCK et al. 1977). In this study even lower blood selenium values were observed in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica, dystrophia musculorum progressiva (Duchenne), infantile and juvenile type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), severe mental retardation caused by various factors, and myocardial infarction. The selenium content of the brain, heart, kidney and liver in patients of different ages was also determined. The highest selenium level was found in the kidney. The mean liver selenium concentrations in stillborn, premature and full-term neonates were 1.11 +/- 0.23 (8), 1.21 +/- 0.17 (12) and 0.93 +/- 0.16 microgram/g dry weight (12) respectively (the number of subjects in parentheses). The selenium values are considerably higher than those in infants of from one to nine months of age and adults, whose liver selenium values were 0.58 +/- 0.21 (8) and 0.67 +/- 0.08 microgram/g dry weight (8) respectively. The vitamin E levels of serum in patients with NCL, as well as in subjects with severe mental retardation (controls), were low compared with values in healthy normal subjects. Sodium selenite supplementation in patients with NCL produced at least a transitory improvement without causing any toxic effects during one year of administration.", "contents": "Selenium content of tissues in Finnish infants and adults with various diseases, and studies on the effects of selenium supplementation in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis patients. A low blood selenium level has previously been observed in healthy inhabitants of Finland (WESTERMARCK et al. 1977). In this study even lower blood selenium values were observed in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica, dystrophia musculorum progressiva (Duchenne), infantile and juvenile type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), severe mental retardation caused by various factors, and myocardial infarction. The selenium content of the brain, heart, kidney and liver in patients of different ages was also determined. The highest selenium level was found in the kidney. The mean liver selenium concentrations in stillborn, premature and full-term neonates were 1.11 +/- 0.23 (8), 1.21 +/- 0.17 (12) and 0.93 +/- 0.16 microgram/g dry weight (12) respectively (the number of subjects in parentheses). The selenium values are considerably higher than those in infants of from one to nine months of age and adults, whose liver selenium values were 0.58 +/- 0.21 (8) and 0.67 +/- 0.08 microgram/g dry weight (8) respectively. The vitamin E levels of serum in patients with NCL, as well as in subjects with severe mental retardation (controls), were low compared with values in healthy normal subjects. Sodium selenite supplementation in patients with NCL produced at least a transitory improvement without causing any toxic effects during one year of administration.", "PMID": 579051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13364", "title": "Actions of neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin on isolated tissues.", "content": "The actions of neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin have been investigated on a number of isolated tissues. They were ineffective in contracting the guinea pig vas deferens, the rabbit aortic strip or the frog rectus abdominis muscle in concentrations up to 0.24 micron. Neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin relaxed the rat duodenum at fairly high concentrations (24 nM). The guinea pig ileum contracted in response to increasing doses, although the maximum response were only one half that caused by histamine. Tachyphylaxis was observed at dose intervals of less than 12 minutes, but this tachyphylaxis did not inhibit responses to acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT or to DMPP, suggesting that the neurotensins may act at specific receptor sites. They contracted the rat fundus strip at concentrations of 0.24 nM and higher. The neurotensins and 5-HT were approximately equipotent on this tissue, although the maximum responses was about 80% of that to 5-HT. The contractions of the rat fundus strip could not be blocked by atropine, hexamethonium, methysergide, morphine or by 7-OH-THC. These data indicate that neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin are equipotent as far as smooth muscle stimulating activity is concerned. Of those organs tested, the rat fundus strip seems to be the most suitable one for studies concerning structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "Actions of neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin on isolated tissues. The actions of neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin have been investigated on a number of isolated tissues. They were ineffective in contracting the guinea pig vas deferens, the rabbit aortic strip or the frog rectus abdominis muscle in concentrations up to 0.24 micron. Neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin relaxed the rat duodenum at fairly high concentrations (24 nM). The guinea pig ileum contracted in response to increasing doses, although the maximum response were only one half that caused by histamine. Tachyphylaxis was observed at dose intervals of less than 12 minutes, but this tachyphylaxis did not inhibit responses to acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT or to DMPP, suggesting that the neurotensins may act at specific receptor sites. They contracted the rat fundus strip at concentrations of 0.24 nM and higher. The neurotensins and 5-HT were approximately equipotent on this tissue, although the maximum responses was about 80% of that to 5-HT. The contractions of the rat fundus strip could not be blocked by atropine, hexamethonium, methysergide, morphine or by 7-OH-THC. These data indicate that neurotensin and (Gln4)-neurotensin are equipotent as far as smooth muscle stimulating activity is concerned. Of those organs tested, the rat fundus strip seems to be the most suitable one for studies concerning structure-activity relationships.", "PMID": 579053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13365", "title": "Increased plasma binding and decreased blood cell binding of quinidine in blood from anuric rats.", "content": "The blood cell/plasma concentration ratio of quinidine, as influenced by the plasma protein binding, was studied in normal and anuric rats by applying incubation and equilibrium dialysis techniques on blood and plasma, respectively, from normal and anuric rats. The plasma protein binding of quinidine in anuria was increased at concentrations of unbound drug of less than 1.75 X 10(-4) M and decreased above this concentration. At an assumed \"therapeutic\" quinidine concentration (1 X 10(-5) M), the mean concentration ratio (total quinidine in blood cells)/(total quinidine in plasma) was 1.84 in normals and 0.46 in anuria, and the mean ratio (total quinidine in blood cells)/(unbound in plasma) was 4.45 and 1.81, respectively. As the latter ratios were concentration dependent and greater than could be accounted for by pH-dependent distribution, quinidine is presumably bound in/on the blood cells. Reduced distribution ratio in anuria, even when related to unbound quinidine in plasma, also indicates changed binding in blood cells, a finding confirmed by applying the data to modified Scatchard plot. this may have implication for the use of blood cell/plasma concentration ratio as screening procedure for the altered plasma binding of quinidine in patients.", "contents": "Increased plasma binding and decreased blood cell binding of quinidine in blood from anuric rats. The blood cell/plasma concentration ratio of quinidine, as influenced by the plasma protein binding, was studied in normal and anuric rats by applying incubation and equilibrium dialysis techniques on blood and plasma, respectively, from normal and anuric rats. The plasma protein binding of quinidine in anuria was increased at concentrations of unbound drug of less than 1.75 X 10(-4) M and decreased above this concentration. At an assumed \"therapeutic\" quinidine concentration (1 X 10(-5) M), the mean concentration ratio (total quinidine in blood cells)/(total quinidine in plasma) was 1.84 in normals and 0.46 in anuria, and the mean ratio (total quinidine in blood cells)/(unbound in plasma) was 4.45 and 1.81, respectively. As the latter ratios were concentration dependent and greater than could be accounted for by pH-dependent distribution, quinidine is presumably bound in/on the blood cells. Reduced distribution ratio in anuria, even when related to unbound quinidine in plasma, also indicates changed binding in blood cells, a finding confirmed by applying the data to modified Scatchard plot. this may have implication for the use of blood cell/plasma concentration ratio as screening procedure for the altered plasma binding of quinidine in patients.", "PMID": 579054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13366", "title": "Influence of serum protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine in normal and anuric rats.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of quinidine were investigated in normal and anuric rats after intravenous injection (25 mg per kg b.wt.). In normal rats only 2.6% of the injected dose was excreted as unchanged quinidine in the urine. Quinidine concentrations were determined in the blood and in different tissues after injection, and the serum protein binding was measured. Results were applied to a one compartment model. In normal rats a total body clearance of 18.5 ml/min. and a renal clearance of 0.5 ml/min. was found. The residual non-renal clearance (18.0 ml/min.), presumably taking place in the liver, exceeds the estimated liver blood flow (16.8 ml/min.), indicating efficient extraction of quinidine from plasma and blood cells (non-restrictive elimination). The apparent volume of distribution was greatly reduced, biological half-life slightly longer and the body clearance greatly reduced in anuric as compared to normal rats. The fraction of unbound quinidine in serum was 30.6 +/- 0.6 (n = 23) and 16.7 +/- 0.5) (n = 23) percent in normal and anuric rats. The reduction in the apparent volume of distribution is mainly explained by increased serum binding. The decline of body clearance of quinidine is most likely caused by a decreased liver blood flow in this complex state of renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Influence of serum protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine in normal and anuric rats. The pharmacokinetics of quinidine were investigated in normal and anuric rats after intravenous injection (25 mg per kg b.wt.). In normal rats only 2.6% of the injected dose was excreted as unchanged quinidine in the urine. Quinidine concentrations were determined in the blood and in different tissues after injection, and the serum protein binding was measured. Results were applied to a one compartment model. In normal rats a total body clearance of 18.5 ml/min. and a renal clearance of 0.5 ml/min. was found. The residual non-renal clearance (18.0 ml/min.), presumably taking place in the liver, exceeds the estimated liver blood flow (16.8 ml/min.), indicating efficient extraction of quinidine from plasma and blood cells (non-restrictive elimination). The apparent volume of distribution was greatly reduced, biological half-life slightly longer and the body clearance greatly reduced in anuric as compared to normal rats. The fraction of unbound quinidine in serum was 30.6 +/- 0.6 (n = 23) and 16.7 +/- 0.5) (n = 23) percent in normal and anuric rats. The reduction in the apparent volume of distribution is mainly explained by increased serum binding. The decline of body clearance of quinidine is most likely caused by a decreased liver blood flow in this complex state of renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 579055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13367", "title": "Effect of fluoride on glycerol production in rat adipocytes in vitro.", "content": "The effect of 10 mM fluoride on glycerol production in vitro from rat epididymal adipocytes was investigated. Fluoride had no effect on the basal glycerol production, irrespective of the presence or absence of Ca++ and Mg++ ions. When stimulating the glycerol production with 10 mM theophylline, fluoride reduced the stimulation in the absence of either Ca++ or Mg++ or both. In the presence of both ions, fluoride had no effect on the theophylline stimulation. Fluoride also reduced the stimulative effect of adrenaline on glycerol production, but not that of glucagon. Increased adrenaline concentration could not overcome the inhibitory effect of fluoride.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride on glycerol production in rat adipocytes in vitro. The effect of 10 mM fluoride on glycerol production in vitro from rat epididymal adipocytes was investigated. Fluoride had no effect on the basal glycerol production, irrespective of the presence or absence of Ca++ and Mg++ ions. When stimulating the glycerol production with 10 mM theophylline, fluoride reduced the stimulation in the absence of either Ca++ or Mg++ or both. In the presence of both ions, fluoride had no effect on the theophylline stimulation. Fluoride also reduced the stimulative effect of adrenaline on glycerol production, but not that of glucagon. Increased adrenaline concentration could not overcome the inhibitory effect of fluoride.", "PMID": 579058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13368", "title": "Morphological lesions in guinea pigs during skin exposure to 1,1,2-trichloroethane.", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane applied directly on the skin of the back for periods between 15 minutes and twelve hours under anaesthesia. Morphological changes could be observed in the epidermis after 15 minutes and continued to progress during continuing exposure. The changes consisted of pyknotic nuclei, perinuclear  oedema of basal and suprabasilar cells as well as a focal separation of the epidermis from the corium with vesicle formations. The liver tissue showed reduction of glycogen content as well as hydropic changes  in the centrilobular areas six hours after the start of exposure. The liver changes were less marked 12 hours after exposure and absent in nonanaesthetized animals. No morphological changes were observed in the kidney or the brain.", "contents": "Morphological lesions in guinea pigs during skin exposure to 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Guinea pigs were exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane applied directly on the skin of the back for periods between 15 minutes and twelve hours under anaesthesia. Morphological changes could be observed in the epidermis after 15 minutes and continued to progress during continuing exposure. The changes consisted of pyknotic nuclei, perinuclear  oedema of basal and suprabasilar cells as well as a focal separation of the epidermis from the corium with vesicle formations. The liver tissue showed reduction of glycogen content as well as hydropic changes  in the centrilobular areas six hours after the start of exposure. The liver changes were less marked 12 hours after exposure and absent in nonanaesthetized animals. No morphological changes were observed in the kidney or the brain.", "PMID": 579060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13369", "title": "The pharmacology of a new potent, long  acting neuroleptic, piflutixol.", "content": "Piflutixol, 6-fluoro-9-[3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidino)propylidene]-2-trifluoromethyl-thioxanthene, has been shown to have pronounced neuroleptic properties. It is a very potent inhibitor  of methylphenidate-induced stereotypies in mice, amphetamine and apomorphine-induced stereotypies in rats, apomorphine-induced stereotypies and vomiting in dogs. Furthermore piflutixol causes cataleptic reaction in small doses and inhibits conditioned avoidance reaction in rats. The compound is equally potent orally and parenterally and has a prolonged effect. Piflutixol has up to the present proved to be the most  potent inhibitor of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in rat striatum in vitro. Piflutixol has a stron sedative effect (inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, induction of ptosis and potentiation of barbiturate anaesthesia) and  in addition inhibits reticular arousal reaction in very low doses. Thus piflutixol constitutes a unique combination of potent anti-stereotyped activity with potent sedative effects. This means that piflutixol may prove to be a low-dose basic neuroleptic with long duration of action.", "contents": "The pharmacology of a new potent, long  acting neuroleptic, piflutixol. Piflutixol, 6-fluoro-9-[3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidino)propylidene]-2-trifluoromethyl-thioxanthene, has been shown to have pronounced neuroleptic properties. It is a very potent inhibitor  of methylphenidate-induced stereotypies in mice, amphetamine and apomorphine-induced stereotypies in rats, apomorphine-induced stereotypies and vomiting in dogs. Furthermore piflutixol causes cataleptic reaction in small doses and inhibits conditioned avoidance reaction in rats. The compound is equally potent orally and parenterally and has a prolonged effect. Piflutixol has up to the present proved to be the most  potent inhibitor of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in rat striatum in vitro. Piflutixol has a stron sedative effect (inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, induction of ptosis and potentiation of barbiturate anaesthesia) and  in addition inhibits reticular arousal reaction in very low doses. Thus piflutixol constitutes a unique combination of potent anti-stereotyped activity with potent sedative effects. This means that piflutixol may prove to be a low-dose basic neuroleptic with long duration of action.", "PMID": 579063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13370", "title": "Selectivity of food colours for different organic acid  transport systems in rat renal cortex.", "content": "Seventeen food colours were tested as inhibitors of the simultaneous uptake of labelled o-iodohippurate and iodipamide into slices of rat renal cortex. The results have been interpreted in terms of inhibition of two different aniontransport systems: the hippurate of H-system and the liver-like L-system. No  clearcut relation was found between inhibition ability and system specificity on the one hand and moleculr weight or structure on the other. However, most disulphonic azo dyes and quinoline yellow show an L-system affinity while tri-and tetra-sulphonic azo dyes, triarylmethanes and erytrosine show very little predilection for either of the two systems.", "contents": "Selectivity of food colours for different organic acid  transport systems in rat renal cortex. Seventeen food colours were tested as inhibitors of the simultaneous uptake of labelled o-iodohippurate and iodipamide into slices of rat renal cortex. The results have been interpreted in terms of inhibition of two different aniontransport systems: the hippurate of H-system and the liver-like L-system. No  clearcut relation was found between inhibition ability and system specificity on the one hand and moleculr weight or structure on the other. However, most disulphonic azo dyes and quinoline yellow show an L-system affinity while tri-and tetra-sulphonic azo dyes, triarylmethanes and erytrosine show very little predilection for either of the two systems.", "PMID": 579064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13371", "title": "Electrical activity of the rat uterus during early pregnancy and abortion.", "content": "Electrical activity of the rat uterus was recorded for 1 h daily on days 2--9 of pregnancy with 6 electrodes chronically implanted in the left uterine horn. In 10 untreated and 7 ergocornine treated rats, activity decreased in frequency and intensity during the first days of pregnancy. After day 3 activity was present in only about 30% of electrodes as compared to 85% on day 2. Abortion was induced by ergocornine injected on day 5. In these rats the frequency of bursts increased on days 8 and 9. During the peak of activity the majority of bursts spread in the cervical direction.", "contents": "Electrical activity of the rat uterus during early pregnancy and abortion. Electrical activity of the rat uterus was recorded for 1 h daily on days 2--9 of pregnancy with 6 electrodes chronically implanted in the left uterine horn. In 10 untreated and 7 ergocornine treated rats, activity decreased in frequency and intensity during the first days of pregnancy. After day 3 activity was present in only about 30% of electrodes as compared to 85% on day 2. Abortion was induced by ergocornine injected on day 5. In these rats the frequency of bursts increased on days 8 and 9. During the peak of activity the majority of bursts spread in the cervical direction.", "PMID": 579066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13372", "title": "Peroxydisulfate anion-induced crosslinking of proteins.", "content": "Peroxydisulfate anion in aqueous solutions is a strong oxidizing agent decomposing to sulfate free radicals and subsequently to hydroxyl radicals. In the presence of proteins, aqueous solutions of peroxydisulfate undergo more rapid induced decomposition to these free radical species, which in turn leads to oxidative attack and crosslinking and/or degradation of the protein. Under mild conditions and at low peroxydisulfate concentrations, protein crosslinking predominates over degradation. Peroxydisulfate-induced crosslinking of gelatin, fibroin, and other proteins is reviewed. The mechanism of crosslinking is interpreted in light of physical and chemical data, amino acid analyses, peroxydisulfate's known mode of decomposition, the effect of protein modification on oxidative crosslinking, and related model compound studies.", "contents": "Peroxydisulfate anion-induced crosslinking of proteins. Peroxydisulfate anion in aqueous solutions is a strong oxidizing agent decomposing to sulfate free radicals and subsequently to hydroxyl radicals. In the presence of proteins, aqueous solutions of peroxydisulfate undergo more rapid induced decomposition to these free radical species, which in turn leads to oxidative attack and crosslinking and/or degradation of the protein. Under mild conditions and at low peroxydisulfate concentrations, protein crosslinking predominates over degradation. Peroxydisulfate-induced crosslinking of gelatin, fibroin, and other proteins is reviewed. The mechanism of crosslinking is interpreted in light of physical and chemical data, amino acid analyses, peroxydisulfate's known mode of decomposition, the effect of protein modification on oxidative crosslinking, and related model compound studies.", "PMID": 579068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13373", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of lanthionine, lysinoalanine, and S-carboxyethylcysteine.", "content": "A programmed-temperature gas-liquid chromatographic method of analysis of amino acids as their n-butyl esters of N(O)-trifluoroacetyl derivatives with a dual column system using OV-17 and Dexsil 300 GC as stationary phase is discussed. The method is particularly suitable for analysis of chemically modified amino acids in the hydrolyzates of chemically modified wool and other protein fibers. Combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to identify unequivocally the molecular structure of modified amino acids. Lanthionine, lysinoalanine, and S-(2-carboxyethyl)-cysteine in the hydrolyzates of chemically modified wool fibers can be quantitatively analyzed by the gas-liquid chromatographic method of Dexsil 300 GC. N(epsilon)-(2-Carboxyethyl) lysine was detected by the combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the hydrolyzate of reduced wool treated with acrylonitrile.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of lanthionine, lysinoalanine, and S-carboxyethylcysteine. A programmed-temperature gas-liquid chromatographic method of analysis of amino acids as their n-butyl esters of N(O)-trifluoroacetyl derivatives with a dual column system using OV-17 and Dexsil 300 GC as stationary phase is discussed. The method is particularly suitable for analysis of chemically modified amino acids in the hydrolyzates of chemically modified wool and other protein fibers. Combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to identify unequivocally the molecular structure of modified amino acids. Lanthionine, lysinoalanine, and S-(2-carboxyethyl)-cysteine in the hydrolyzates of chemically modified wool fibers can be quantitatively analyzed by the gas-liquid chromatographic method of Dexsil 300 GC. N(epsilon)-(2-Carboxyethyl) lysine was detected by the combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the hydrolyzate of reduced wool treated with acrylonitrile.", "PMID": 579069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13374", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of chicken 7S immunoglobulins.", "content": "A survey of 48 inbred lines derived from five sources in the United States and Europe revealed considerable genetic polymorphism of the CS-1 gene. A minimum of ten alleles were detected as unique combinations of CS-1 specificities. The relationship of some of the alleles would indicate that intracistronic recombination may have played a role in the production of some of the polymorphism.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of chicken 7S immunoglobulins. A survey of 48 inbred lines derived from five sources in the United States and Europe revealed considerable genetic polymorphism of the CS-1 gene. A minimum of ten alleles were detected as unique combinations of CS-1 specificities. The relationship of some of the alleles would indicate that intracistronic recombination may have played a role in the production of some of the polymorphism.", "PMID": 579070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13375", "title": "Airborne micro-organisms and prevalence of byssinotic symptoms in cotton mills.", "content": "The concentration of airborne microbes, their endotoxins and the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms among workers were measured in the cardrooms of seven cotton spinning, a wool spinning and two cotton waste mills and in a dusty workroom of a group of five willowing mills, a tea-packing plant and a pipe tobacco factory. The concentration of microbes cultured on endoagar plates were found to correlate with byssinosis prevalence (r greater than 0.95, P less than 0.001). The concentration of nutrient agar microbes correlated with prevalence less well (r greater than 0.77, P less than 0.01) and that of fungi and endotoxins not at all.", "contents": "Airborne micro-organisms and prevalence of byssinotic symptoms in cotton mills. The concentration of airborne microbes, their endotoxins and the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms among workers were measured in the cardrooms of seven cotton spinning, a wool spinning and two cotton waste mills and in a dusty workroom of a group of five willowing mills, a tea-packing plant and a pipe tobacco factory. The concentration of microbes cultured on endoagar plates were found to correlate with byssinosis prevalence (r greater than 0.95, P less than 0.001). The concentration of nutrient agar microbes correlated with prevalence less well (r greater than 0.77, P less than 0.01) and that of fungi and endotoxins not at all.", "PMID": 579071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13376", "title": "Transformation of nodular lymphoma to an immunoblastic IgM-producing tumor.", "content": "Two cases of nodular lymphocytic lymphoma that transformed into leukemic processes with IgM-kappa-type monoclonal proteins are reported. The transformations occurred 21 and 34 months after the diagnosis of lymphoma and were associated with rapid deterioration of the patients' conditions. The leukemic phase was characterized by plasmacytic and immunoblastic appearing lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood and marrow. Such transformation, though rare, is not unexpected in view of the currently postulated origin of nodular lymphomas in germinal center cells and of immunoglobulin-producing tumors in cells derived from germinal center cells.", "contents": "Transformation of nodular lymphoma to an immunoblastic IgM-producing tumor. Two cases of nodular lymphocytic lymphoma that transformed into leukemic processes with IgM-kappa-type monoclonal proteins are reported. The transformations occurred 21 and 34 months after the diagnosis of lymphoma and were associated with rapid deterioration of the patients' conditions. The leukemic phase was characterized by plasmacytic and immunoblastic appearing lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood and marrow. Such transformation, though rare, is not unexpected in view of the currently postulated origin of nodular lymphomas in germinal center cells and of immunoglobulin-producing tumors in cells derived from germinal center cells.", "PMID": 579072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13377", "title": "False aneurysm of the descending aorta: a complication of umbilical artery catheterization.", "content": "A patient had an aneurysm of the descending aorta secondary to aortitis arising from umbilical artery catheterization and in association with coarctation of the aorta. The aortitis probably was the direct result of bacterial contamination of the umbillicus and catheter with Staphylococcus aureus and the placement of the catheter tip just distal to a coarctation of the aorta. The patient required surgical resection of the coarctation and aneurysm of the descending aorta and placement of a tubular Dacron graft at 6 month of age. This is, to our knowledge, a hitherto unreported complication of umbilical artery catheterization.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the descending aorta: a complication of umbilical artery catheterization. A patient had an aneurysm of the descending aorta secondary to aortitis arising from umbilical artery catheterization and in association with coarctation of the aorta. The aortitis probably was the direct result of bacterial contamination of the umbillicus and catheter with Staphylococcus aureus and the placement of the catheter tip just distal to a coarctation of the aorta. The patient required surgical resection of the coarctation and aneurysm of the descending aorta and placement of a tubular Dacron graft at 6 month of age. This is, to our knowledge, a hitherto unreported complication of umbilical artery catheterization.", "PMID": 579073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13378", "title": "Injection into the extra-arachnoid subdural space. Experience in the treatment of intractable cervical pain and in the conduct of extradural (epidural) analgesia.", "content": "The anatomy and radiological appearances of the subdural space in the cervical region are described. Recognition of this space facilitates neurolytic injections for severe cancer pain in the distribution of the cervical nerve roots. The subdural space may have significance also in explaining the extensive sensory block which follows a delayed or 'massive' lumbar extradural injection.", "contents": "Injection into the extra-arachnoid subdural space. Experience in the treatment of intractable cervical pain and in the conduct of extradural (epidural) analgesia. The anatomy and radiological appearances of the subdural space in the cervical region are described. Recognition of this space facilitates neurolytic injections for severe cancer pain in the distribution of the cervical nerve roots. The subdural space may have significance also in explaining the extensive sensory block which follows a delayed or 'massive' lumbar extradural injection.", "PMID": 579075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13379", "title": "Protracted diarrhoea in infancy. Analysis of 82 cases with particular reference to diagnosis and management.", "content": "Eighty-two cases of protracted diarrhoea in infancy presenting over a 6-year period have been analysed, with particular reference to diagnosis and management. The patients fell into 1 of 2 categories according to whether a specific diagnosis was established or not. A diagnosis (category 1) was established in 59 (72%), the commonest diagnoses being coeliac disease (33-2%), secondary disaccharide intolerance (12-2%), and cows' milk protein intolerance (12-3%). Other diagnoses included primary sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, Shwachman's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, ganglioneuroma, defective opsonization, staphylococcal pneumonia, and Hirschsprung's disease. Despite intensive investigation in diagnosis could not be established in 23 (28%) infants (category 2). Age of onset of symptoms in this group tended to be earlier than in category 1 patients, and 6 (7%) presented with diarrhoea dating from birth. Of particular interest in these 6 patients was the high incidence of associated extraintestinal anomalies, and of sibs who had died after protracted diarrhoea dating from birth. 4 of these 6 infants died, accounting for a mortality of 5% for the whole series. The remaining 17 (21%) patients in category 2 presented at a mean age of 4-9 weeks with a range of 1-18 weeks. All these 17 patients made an excellent response after institution of a chicken-based dietary formula, the details of which are presented. The pathophysiological mechanisms which may be operating in infants with protracted diarrhoea are discussed.", "contents": "Protracted diarrhoea in infancy. Analysis of 82 cases with particular reference to diagnosis and management. Eighty-two cases of protracted diarrhoea in infancy presenting over a 6-year period have been analysed, with particular reference to diagnosis and management. The patients fell into 1 of 2 categories according to whether a specific diagnosis was established or not. A diagnosis (category 1) was established in 59 (72%), the commonest diagnoses being coeliac disease (33-2%), secondary disaccharide intolerance (12-2%), and cows' milk protein intolerance (12-3%). Other diagnoses included primary sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, Shwachman's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, ganglioneuroma, defective opsonization, staphylococcal pneumonia, and Hirschsprung's disease. Despite intensive investigation in diagnosis could not be established in 23 (28%) infants (category 2). Age of onset of symptoms in this group tended to be earlier than in category 1 patients, and 6 (7%) presented with diarrhoea dating from birth. Of particular interest in these 6 patients was the high incidence of associated extraintestinal anomalies, and of sibs who had died after protracted diarrhoea dating from birth. 4 of these 6 infants died, accounting for a mortality of 5% for the whole series. The remaining 17 (21%) patients in category 2 presented at a mean age of 4-9 weeks with a range of 1-18 weeks. All these 17 patients made an excellent response after institution of a chicken-based dietary formula, the details of which are presented. The pathophysiological mechanisms which may be operating in infants with protracted diarrhoea are discussed.", "PMID": 579080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13380", "title": "[The special position of primary lymphosarcoma of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "There has been made a comparison between a total of 121 primary lymphatic sarcomas of the lungs with 314 other histomorphological forms of primary sarcomas of the lungs found in the literature from 1957 to 1972. Histomorphology, clinic and prognosis are discussed. Beside a higher average age and a predominating right-hand localization, the favourable postoperative prognose is impressing.", "contents": "[The special position of primary lymphosarcoma of the lung (author's transl)]. There has been made a comparison between a total of 121 primary lymphatic sarcomas of the lungs with 314 other histomorphological forms of primary sarcomas of the lungs found in the literature from 1957 to 1972. Histomorphology, clinic and prognosis are discussed. Beside a higher average age and a predominating right-hand localization, the favourable postoperative prognose is impressing.", "PMID": 579083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13381", "title": "[The importance of the \"contingent negative variation\" (CNV) for audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous proofs of \"central processes\" in hearing were based on the determination of the late \"auditory evoked potentials\" (AEP's: 50--300 ms) in EEG. The appearance of AEP's in different sleep stages raises the question, if the AEP actually conscious hearing. Since the discovery of the \"Contingent Negative Variation\" (CNV), as a potential depending on conscious and cognitive factors, an appropriate \"instrument\" is available to solve this problem. Using the CNV-technique three proofs of central auditory perception are described and discussed: a) \"The objective proof of the perception of pure-tones\", useful for threshold determination, test in the case of simulation and central hearing disorders. b) \"The objective proof of the perception of stimulus-changes\", useful for exact determination of differential thresholds for frequencies or intensities. c) \"The objective speech audiometry\", proof of speech comprehension, useful in case of aphasia and simulation.", "contents": "[The importance of the \"contingent negative variation\" (CNV) for audiometry (author's transl)]. Previous proofs of \"central processes\" in hearing were based on the determination of the late \"auditory evoked potentials\" (AEP's: 50--300 ms) in EEG. The appearance of AEP's in different sleep stages raises the question, if the AEP actually conscious hearing. Since the discovery of the \"Contingent Negative Variation\" (CNV), as a potential depending on conscious and cognitive factors, an appropriate \"instrument\" is available to solve this problem. Using the CNV-technique three proofs of central auditory perception are described and discussed: a) \"The objective proof of the perception of pure-tones\", useful for threshold determination, test in the case of simulation and central hearing disorders. b) \"The objective proof of the perception of stimulus-changes\", useful for exact determination of differential thresholds for frequencies or intensities. c) \"The objective speech audiometry\", proof of speech comprehension, useful in case of aphasia and simulation.", "PMID": 579084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13382", "title": "[A proposition for mutual genesis of hearing loss, recruitment and ear murmurs in the case of acute inner ear alterations (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathological changes on the stereocilia of cochlear hair cells observed by Bredberg et al. (1972) after noise exposure and in the early stages of antibiotic intoxication are suggested to cause a mechanical decoupling between the tectorial membrane and the hair cells. During acute episodes of endolymphatic hydrops a similar decoupling is suggested to occur, although for different reasons. Harris (1968) calculated the noise generated at the input to the hair cells on account of the Brownian motion of air particles in front of the tympanic membrane. For tight coupling, he obtained a level of (--)22 dB re auditory threshold. For loose coupling this noise was found to increase to +33 dB, i.e., for 55 dB. These two independent findings are used to account for the combination of hearing loss, recruitment, and tinnitus observed with the inner-ear pathologies mentioned. The proposed hypothesis is in good agreement with clinical observations.", "contents": "[A proposition for mutual genesis of hearing loss, recruitment and ear murmurs in the case of acute inner ear alterations (author's transl)]. Pathological changes on the stereocilia of cochlear hair cells observed by Bredberg et al. (1972) after noise exposure and in the early stages of antibiotic intoxication are suggested to cause a mechanical decoupling between the tectorial membrane and the hair cells. During acute episodes of endolymphatic hydrops a similar decoupling is suggested to occur, although for different reasons. Harris (1968) calculated the noise generated at the input to the hair cells on account of the Brownian motion of air particles in front of the tympanic membrane. For tight coupling, he obtained a level of (--)22 dB re auditory threshold. For loose coupling this noise was found to increase to +33 dB, i.e., for 55 dB. These two independent findings are used to account for the combination of hearing loss, recruitment, and tinnitus observed with the inner-ear pathologies mentioned. The proposed hypothesis is in good agreement with clinical observations.", "PMID": 579085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13383", "title": "The effect of the removal of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage upon organogenesis of the mammalian inner ear \"in vitro\": a preliminary report.", "content": "Preliminary observations of the effect of surgical excision of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage in normal mouse embryo inner ear embryogenesis \"in vitro\" are reported. Otocysts of twelfth and thirteenth gestation day mouse embryos were grown in organ culture for 9 and 8 days respectively. The organ culture specimens of each gestational age group were further divided into otocysts with intact endolymphatic duct and sac anlages and otocysts that had their endolymphatic duct and sac anlages surgically excised prior to explantation. The resultant histological quantification of inner ear embryogenesis did not reveal any significant differences in morphogenesis, histodifferentiation of inner ear sensory structures or presence of endolymphatic hydrops in any of the organ culture specimens. It was concluded that in the system studied the absence of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage did not have an effect on the organogenesis of the inner ear with the exception of the resultant lack of development of an endolymphatic duct and sac.", "contents": "The effect of the removal of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage upon organogenesis of the mammalian inner ear \"in vitro\": a preliminary report. Preliminary observations of the effect of surgical excision of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage in normal mouse embryo inner ear embryogenesis \"in vitro\" are reported. Otocysts of twelfth and thirteenth gestation day mouse embryos were grown in organ culture for 9 and 8 days respectively. The organ culture specimens of each gestational age group were further divided into otocysts with intact endolymphatic duct and sac anlages and otocysts that had their endolymphatic duct and sac anlages surgically excised prior to explantation. The resultant histological quantification of inner ear embryogenesis did not reveal any significant differences in morphogenesis, histodifferentiation of inner ear sensory structures or presence of endolymphatic hydrops in any of the organ culture specimens. It was concluded that in the system studied the absence of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage did not have an effect on the organogenesis of the inner ear with the exception of the resultant lack of development of an endolymphatic duct and sac.", "PMID": 579086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13384", "title": "[Scentilleography of the pulmonary tensive active Iodine-131 in humans].", "content": "For the first time in the world we take surfactant scan in 3 normal volunteers and in one patient with pneumonia lobar, using 400 microCuries of surfactant Iodine-131. No intolerance, or radiotoxicity was found in 3 months of clinical follow up of the subjects. The results are very encorageous. A great variety of clinical situations could be now examinated with this new technic and radiocompound and given new perspectives in its study and diagnoses and a better knowledge of its physiophatology.", "contents": "[Scentilleography of the pulmonary tensive active Iodine-131 in humans]. For the first time in the world we take surfactant scan in 3 normal volunteers and in one patient with pneumonia lobar, using 400 microCuries of surfactant Iodine-131. No intolerance, or radiotoxicity was found in 3 months of clinical follow up of the subjects. The results are very encorageous. A great variety of clinical situations could be now examinated with this new technic and radiocompound and given new perspectives in its study and diagnoses and a better knowledge of its physiophatology.", "PMID": 579082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13385", "title": "Histology of the cochlear vessels in the guinea pig.", "content": "Normal adult guinea pigs were studied in phase contrast microscopy. Perivascular spaces were clearly more common in vessels facing perilymph than in vessels facing endolymph. The so-called \"avascular channels\" which have been suggested to signify a degenerative phenomenon were found in some inner ear vessels in the normal animal. These sections of vessels, lacking blood cells, may constitute a normal vessel, subjected to plasma skimming. Small openings were found on some of these \"avascular channels\". Both perivascular spaces and \"avascular channels\" appear to be a part of the fluid transport system in the cochlea.", "contents": "Histology of the cochlear vessels in the guinea pig. Normal adult guinea pigs were studied in phase contrast microscopy. Perivascular spaces were clearly more common in vessels facing perilymph than in vessels facing endolymph. The so-called \"avascular channels\" which have been suggested to signify a degenerative phenomenon were found in some inner ear vessels in the normal animal. These sections of vessels, lacking blood cells, may constitute a normal vessel, subjected to plasma skimming. Small openings were found on some of these \"avascular channels\". Both perivascular spaces and \"avascular channels\" appear to be a part of the fluid transport system in the cochlea.", "PMID": 579087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13386", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the nerves within the organ of Corti.", "content": "A method of studying the innervation inside the organ of Corti is presented. Rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas were fixed with perfusion of the perilymphatic spaces. The cochleas were dissected according to the surface specimen technique and the specimens critical point dried, coated with gold and studied in the SEM. The final dissection into the planes of the fluid spaces of the organ of Corti was done in the dry state using especially sharpened watch makers forceps and razor blade knives. The course of the afferent and efferent innervation is described and differences between the species illustrated. Small high nerve endings on the outer hair cell degenerate after cutting the efferent nerve supply by dividing the vestibular nerve indicating their efferent nature.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the nerves within the organ of Corti. A method of studying the innervation inside the organ of Corti is presented. Rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas were fixed with perfusion of the perilymphatic spaces. The cochleas were dissected according to the surface specimen technique and the specimens critical point dried, coated with gold and studied in the SEM. The final dissection into the planes of the fluid spaces of the organ of Corti was done in the dry state using especially sharpened watch makers forceps and razor blade knives. The course of the afferent and efferent innervation is described and differences between the species illustrated. Small high nerve endings on the outer hair cell degenerate after cutting the efferent nerve supply by dividing the vestibular nerve indicating their efferent nature.", "PMID": 579088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13387", "title": "Freeze-fracture aspects of the junctional complexes in the round window membrane.", "content": "Replicas of the freeze-fractured round window membrane were studied in chinchillas. Morphologically identifiable zonulae occludentes were found between the cells facing the tympanic cavity and between the cells bordering the perilymphatic space. Gap junctions were only found between the perilymphatic cells.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture aspects of the junctional complexes in the round window membrane. Replicas of the freeze-fractured round window membrane were studied in chinchillas. Morphologically identifiable zonulae occludentes were found between the cells facing the tympanic cavity and between the cells bordering the perilymphatic space. Gap junctions were only found between the perilymphatic cells.", "PMID": 579089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13388", "title": "Sources of endolymph and EP. Does the perilymph or Reissner's membrane influence the ionic content of the endolymph and EP?", "content": "The source of EP and the production of the endolymph are often considered to be at the stria vascularis. However, the significance of Reissner's membrane in maintaining the ionic composition of the endolymph cannot be ruled out. We perfused the entire perilymphatic space of guinea pigs with paraffin oil to determine the effects on the endolymph and perilymph. After 1 and 2 h the endolymph was removed from the second turn and the ionic concentration of these samples was measured by flamephotometry. The results revealed no significant changes in Na+ and K+ concentration as compared to normal endolymph. EP was measured from the second turn under an equivalent experimental condition. During 1 h of oil perfusion, EP remained fairly constant. From these experiments we surmise that perilymph and Reissner's membrane do not influence the ionic composition of the endolymph and EP during 1 or 2 h of our experiments.", "contents": "Sources of endolymph and EP. Does the perilymph or Reissner's membrane influence the ionic content of the endolymph and EP? The source of EP and the production of the endolymph are often considered to be at the stria vascularis. However, the significance of Reissner's membrane in maintaining the ionic composition of the endolymph cannot be ruled out. We perfused the entire perilymphatic space of guinea pigs with paraffin oil to determine the effects on the endolymph and perilymph. After 1 and 2 h the endolymph was removed from the second turn and the ionic concentration of these samples was measured by flamephotometry. The results revealed no significant changes in Na+ and K+ concentration as compared to normal endolymph. EP was measured from the second turn under an equivalent experimental condition. During 1 h of oil perfusion, EP remained fairly constant. From these experiments we surmise that perilymph and Reissner's membrane do not influence the ionic composition of the endolymph and EP during 1 or 2 h of our experiments.", "PMID": 579090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13389", "title": "[The effects of intratympanally applied streptomycin-sulfate on the ipsi- and contralateral hearing potentials in the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "11 Guinea pigs had a 50% streptomycin-sulfate solution injected into the middle ear. Complete loss of function of the peripheral vestibular organ occurred after two days, as was detectable by means of the caloric test. The high-degree decrease of the microphonic-potentials and the compound action potential was significant. Threshold and adaptation of the potentials of the opposite side were not affected. The results are discussed with regard to the treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease by means of intratympanally applied streptomycin.", "contents": "[The effects of intratympanally applied streptomycin-sulfate on the ipsi- and contralateral hearing potentials in the guinea pig (author's transl)]. 11 Guinea pigs had a 50% streptomycin-sulfate solution injected into the middle ear. Complete loss of function of the peripheral vestibular organ occurred after two days, as was detectable by means of the caloric test. The high-degree decrease of the microphonic-potentials and the compound action potential was significant. Threshold and adaptation of the potentials of the opposite side were not affected. The results are discussed with regard to the treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease by means of intratympanally applied streptomycin.", "PMID": 579091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13390", "title": "[Problems of localization of noise damage in the cochlea - 70 years after Wittmaacks first animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Wittmaack was the first, who investigated noise damage of the inner ear by animal experiments 70 years ago. This paper deals with the problem of estimating the extend of the damaged area on the basilar membrane following noise exposure by evaluating the microphonic potentials (MP) detected from the round window. With the aid of a mathematic model it is possible to predict both the decrease of the MP after noise exposure and the localization of the damaged area on Corti's organ. These predictions are examined by morphological investigations using the method of Spoendlin and Brun.", "contents": "[Problems of localization of noise damage in the cochlea - 70 years after Wittmaacks first animal experiments (author's transl)]. Wittmaack was the first, who investigated noise damage of the inner ear by animal experiments 70 years ago. This paper deals with the problem of estimating the extend of the damaged area on the basilar membrane following noise exposure by evaluating the microphonic potentials (MP) detected from the round window. With the aid of a mathematic model it is possible to predict both the decrease of the MP after noise exposure and the localization of the damaged area on Corti's organ. These predictions are examined by morphological investigations using the method of Spoendlin and Brun.", "PMID": 579092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13391", "title": "Mathematical analysis of concentration-response relationships. Method for the evaluation of the ED50 and the number of binding sites per receptor molecule using the logit transformation.", "content": "The mathematical analysis of concentration-response relationships is performed by means of the mass law and the drug-receptor theory. It is demonstrated that the calculation of the median effective dose (ED50), which is decisive for the pharmacological characterisation of a certain drug, may only be effected by means of the logit transformation. In addition, it is shown that this transformation is most suitable to evaluate in a mathematically simple way the number of drug binding sites of the receptor molecule.", "contents": "Mathematical analysis of concentration-response relationships. Method for the evaluation of the ED50 and the number of binding sites per receptor molecule using the logit transformation. The mathematical analysis of concentration-response relationships is performed by means of the mass law and the drug-receptor theory. It is demonstrated that the calculation of the median effective dose (ED50), which is decisive for the pharmacological characterisation of a certain drug, may only be effected by means of the logit transformation. In addition, it is shown that this transformation is most suitable to evaluate in a mathematically simple way the number of drug binding sites of the receptor molecule.", "PMID": 579093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13392", "title": "[On a possible mechanism of the gastrointestinal absorption of ionic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt was made to explain the mechanism of penetration of ionic medicinal substances through the lipoid membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The equations worked out helped in the determination of constants which support and clarify further the already known concepts about the mechanisms of penetration of ionic drugs through the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[On a possible mechanism of the gastrointestinal absorption of ionic drugs (author's transl)]. An attempt was made to explain the mechanism of penetration of ionic medicinal substances through the lipoid membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The equations worked out helped in the determination of constants which support and clarify further the already known concepts about the mechanisms of penetration of ionic drugs through the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 579094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13393", "title": "Fluorescence data and studies on the lipid solubility and chemical structure of N-propyl-ajmaline as compared to ajmaline.", "content": "The quaternary N-propyl-ajmaline was found to have a higher lipid solubility than ajmaline. Lipid solubility was pH dependent. From chemical, fluorescence and IR-spectroscopic studies it is concluded that the existence of N-propyl-ajmaline in a tautomeric state between a carbinol-ammonium and an aldehyde-amine structure is responsible for the high lipid solubility.", "contents": "Fluorescence data and studies on the lipid solubility and chemical structure of N-propyl-ajmaline as compared to ajmaline. The quaternary N-propyl-ajmaline was found to have a higher lipid solubility than ajmaline. Lipid solubility was pH dependent. From chemical, fluorescence and IR-spectroscopic studies it is concluded that the existence of N-propyl-ajmaline in a tautomeric state between a carbinol-ammonium and an aldehyde-amine structure is responsible for the high lipid solubility.", "PMID": 579095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13394", "title": "[A new model for demonstrating the hepatic first-pass effect (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure is reported for inserting chronically implanted vascular catheters into the hepatic vein, aorta and portal vein. Dogs are used as experimental animals. By rinsing the catheters daily it is possible to maintain their patency for months, thus permitting numerous test series.", "contents": "[A new model for demonstrating the hepatic first-pass effect (author's transl)]. A procedure is reported for inserting chronically implanted vascular catheters into the hepatic vein, aorta and portal vein. Dogs are used as experimental animals. By rinsing the catheters daily it is possible to maintain their patency for months, thus permitting numerous test series.", "PMID": 579096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13395", "title": "Experimental hypertension. Apparatus for reliable inderect determination of blood pressure in conscious rats.", "content": "A new apparatus for reliable indirect routine determination of blood pressure in rats is presented. The device provides a reproducible good correlation between indirect measuring and direct intraarterial blood pressure and allows an accurate determination of pulse rate of the unanesthetized animal.", "contents": "Experimental hypertension. Apparatus for reliable inderect determination of blood pressure in conscious rats. A new apparatus for reliable indirect routine determination of blood pressure in rats is presented. The device provides a reproducible good correlation between indirect measuring and direct intraarterial blood pressure and allows an accurate determination of pulse rate of the unanesthetized animal.", "PMID": 579097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13396", "title": "[Pharmacologically active polymers. 9th communication: retard forms of morphine antagonists (author's transl)].", "content": "Acryloyl, methacryloyl, N-vinylcarbamoyl, and methacryloyl-glycyl derivatives of the morphine antagonist (--)-alpha-5,9-dimethyl-2-(3-furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphane have been synthesized. The different unsaturated derivatives were copolymerized with appropriate comonomers to yield water-soluble polymers. Pharmacological tests in mice showed a 2--30 fold increase in duration of action in comparison to the free antagonist. The binding of the antagonist to the polymers resulted in a reduced acute toxicity.", "contents": "[Pharmacologically active polymers. 9th communication: retard forms of morphine antagonists (author's transl)]. Acryloyl, methacryloyl, N-vinylcarbamoyl, and methacryloyl-glycyl derivatives of the morphine antagonist (--)-alpha-5,9-dimethyl-2-(3-furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphane have been synthesized. The different unsaturated derivatives were copolymerized with appropriate comonomers to yield water-soluble polymers. Pharmacological tests in mice showed a 2--30 fold increase in duration of action in comparison to the free antagonist. The binding of the antagonist to the polymers resulted in a reduced acute toxicity.", "PMID": 579098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13397", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of some 2-aminoimidazoles.", "content": "A review of the literature showed that 2-amino-imidazoles have not benn taken into consideration as antimicrobial agents. Our preliminary data indicating that 2-amino-4(5)-phenylimidazole possessed a moderate in vitro activity prompted us to prepare a limited series of 2-amino-4(5)-arylimidazoles and of some related derivatives. In vitro atimicrobial screening gave evidence of a broad spectrum activity for some of them. Several compounds have been tested also against S. mutans. In particular, 2-amino-4(5)-(4-biphenylyl)-imidazole hydrochloride showed substantial activity in this test, confirmed also against defferent representative strains of S. mutans. When submitted to a plaque inhibition test, it strongly inhibited the plaque forming ability of a S. mutans  strain.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of some 2-aminoimidazoles. A review of the literature showed that 2-amino-imidazoles have not benn taken into consideration as antimicrobial agents. Our preliminary data indicating that 2-amino-4(5)-phenylimidazole possessed a moderate in vitro activity prompted us to prepare a limited series of 2-amino-4(5)-arylimidazoles and of some related derivatives. In vitro atimicrobial screening gave evidence of a broad spectrum activity for some of them. Several compounds have been tested also against S. mutans. In particular, 2-amino-4(5)-(4-biphenylyl)-imidazole hydrochloride showed substantial activity in this test, confirmed also against defferent representative strains of S. mutans. When submitted to a plaque inhibition test, it strongly inhibited the plaque forming ability of a S. mutans  strain.", "PMID": 579099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13398", "title": "[Studies on the effect of urapidil on the central nervous system and various organ functions in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Compared to the changes in spontaneous behaviour of mice and rats, 6-(3-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl-amino)-1,3-dimethyluracil (urapidil, Ebrantil) in doses from 10 mg/kg p.o. has a central sedative action, for which it is typical that it can be interrupted by external stimuli after doses of up to approx. 100 mg/kg. By this action urapidil differs from other central-acting drugs, e.g. chlor-promazine, diazepam and clonidine. It can be assumed that urapidil has no central dopamine blocking qualities because it does neither influence the conditioned avoidance response nor the amphetamine-induced gnawing of the rat. Urapidil is also different from diazepam bacause it does not hinder spinal polysynaptic motor reflexes of the decerebrated cat. Up to 80 mg/kg p.o. of urapidil, there was no hypotensive effect in the rat to be seen and, therefore, it can be concluded that changes in spontaneous and reactive behaviour are not due to acute changes in cardiovascular functions. The antihistamine effect of urapidil in the isolated ileum of the guinea pig is approx. 15 times weaker than that of chlorpromazine, furthermore urapidil has no anticholinergic quality.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of urapidil on the central nervous system and various organ functions in animal experiments (author's transl)]. Compared to the changes in spontaneous behaviour of mice and rats, 6-(3-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl-amino)-1,3-dimethyluracil (urapidil, Ebrantil) in doses from 10 mg/kg p.o. has a central sedative action, for which it is typical that it can be interrupted by external stimuli after doses of up to approx. 100 mg/kg. By this action urapidil differs from other central-acting drugs, e.g. chlor-promazine, diazepam and clonidine. It can be assumed that urapidil has no central dopamine blocking qualities because it does neither influence the conditioned avoidance response nor the amphetamine-induced gnawing of the rat. Urapidil is also different from diazepam bacause it does not hinder spinal polysynaptic motor reflexes of the decerebrated cat. Up to 80 mg/kg p.o. of urapidil, there was no hypotensive effect in the rat to be seen and, therefore, it can be concluded that changes in spontaneous and reactive behaviour are not due to acute changes in cardiovascular functions. The antihistamine effect of urapidil in the isolated ileum of the guinea pig is approx. 15 times weaker than that of chlorpromazine, furthermore urapidil has no anticholinergic quality.", "PMID": 579100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13399", "title": "[Toxicologic study on the antihypertensive agent urapidil].", "content": "The acute toxicity of 6-(3-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl-propylamino)-1,3-dimethyluracil (urapidil, Ebrantil) was tested in rats and mice using oral and intravenous routes. The tolerance upon repeated oral administration was tested in subacute and chronic toxicity studies lasting 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months in the rat, as well as studies lasting 4 weeks and 6 months in the dog. The effect of urapidil on the reproduction in mice, rats and rabbits was also investigated. Sedation is seen in mice and rats after a single administration of urapidil, at lethal doses, tremor and convulsions appear. The same symptoms were seen in experiments with repeated oral administration in the rat (stomach tube) or in the dog (tablets) as the criterium of tolerance. In feeding  studies in the rat, the decreased body weight gain was the criterium of toxicity. The no-effect dose in the rat is 42 times the therapeutic dose in man. The no-effect dose in the dog lies between 8 and 21 times the average therapeutic dose. An inhibition of the estrus cycle in the rat proved to be species-specific. In reproductin studies, significant toxic effects were seen besides functional disturbances specific to the rat. Urapidil was not teratogenic. The development and reproductive capacity of the F1-generation was not affected.", "contents": "[Toxicologic study on the antihypertensive agent urapidil]. The acute toxicity of 6-(3-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl-propylamino)-1,3-dimethyluracil (urapidil, Ebrantil) was tested in rats and mice using oral and intravenous routes. The tolerance upon repeated oral administration was tested in subacute and chronic toxicity studies lasting 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months in the rat, as well as studies lasting 4 weeks and 6 months in the dog. The effect of urapidil on the reproduction in mice, rats and rabbits was also investigated. Sedation is seen in mice and rats after a single administration of urapidil, at lethal doses, tremor and convulsions appear. The same symptoms were seen in experiments with repeated oral administration in the rat (stomach tube) or in the dog (tablets) as the criterium of tolerance. In feeding  studies in the rat, the decreased body weight gain was the criterium of toxicity. The no-effect dose in the rat is 42 times the therapeutic dose in man. The no-effect dose in the dog lies between 8 and 21 times the average therapeutic dose. An inhibition of the estrus cycle in the rat proved to be species-specific. In reproductin studies, significant toxic effects were seen besides functional disturbances specific to the rat. Urapidil was not teratogenic. The development and reproductive capacity of the F1-generation was not affected.", "PMID": 579102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13400", "title": "[Anticovulsant activity of N-(p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-succinimide derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of newly synthesized N-phenyl-substituted derivatives of succinimide were screened for anticonvulsant activity. Addition of a sulfonamide group in the p-position was of great consequence for the anticonvulsant effect. Substitution of a halogen in the m- or o-position improved activity against electroshock induced seizures. Pentylenetetrazole convulsions could only be prevented by few of these substances in smaller than 200 mg/kg oral doses. Activity could be further enhanced by adding more aliphatic or aromatic groups to the succinimide ring. The lethal doses of most of the active succinimides were higher than 5000 mg/kg p.o. With sublethal doses mice sometimes become drowsy and had myoclonic seizures and/or diarrhoea. At therapeutic dose levels kinetic disturbances, potentiation of pentobarbitone hypnosis or analgesia were rarely observed.", "contents": "[Anticovulsant activity of N-(p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-succinimide derivatives (author's transl)]. A series of newly synthesized N-phenyl-substituted derivatives of succinimide were screened for anticonvulsant activity. Addition of a sulfonamide group in the p-position was of great consequence for the anticonvulsant effect. Substitution of a halogen in the m- or o-position improved activity against electroshock induced seizures. Pentylenetetrazole convulsions could only be prevented by few of these substances in smaller than 200 mg/kg oral doses. Activity could be further enhanced by adding more aliphatic or aromatic groups to the succinimide ring. The lethal doses of most of the active succinimides were higher than 5000 mg/kg p.o. With sublethal doses mice sometimes become drowsy and had myoclonic seizures and/or diarrhoea. At therapeutic dose levels kinetic disturbances, potentiation of pentobarbitone hypnosis or analgesia were rarely observed.", "PMID": 579105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13401", "title": "Hair embolism in lungs of rats after intravenous injection into caudal veins.", "content": "In case of intravenous injection into caudal veins of rats, the occasional inoculation of hair particles into the lumen of the vein cannot be avoided. These hairs either cause a local thrombophlebitis or are floated with the blood stream until they are thoughout caught by the pulmonary filters, even if they measure less than 10 mu in length. In capillaries or alveoli of lungs phagocytosis by giant cells will start after about 3 days and will be fully terminated within four weeks.", "contents": "Hair embolism in lungs of rats after intravenous injection into caudal veins. In case of intravenous injection into caudal veins of rats, the occasional inoculation of hair particles into the lumen of the vein cannot be avoided. These hairs either cause a local thrombophlebitis or are floated with the blood stream until they are thoughout caught by the pulmonary filters, even if they measure less than 10 mu in length. In capillaries or alveoli of lungs phagocytosis by giant cells will start after about 3 days and will be fully terminated within four weeks.", "PMID": 579107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13402", "title": "Antithrombotic effects of some flavonoids alone and combined with acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "In the rat, a selection of two experimental models of \"prethrombotic states\", one of venostatic thrombosis and one of arterial thrombosis was used to compare the antithrombotic of three flavonoid preparations: O,-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR), an association of trihydroxyethylrutoside and coumarin (troxerutin) and 7-mono-hydroxyethylrutoside (7-Mono-HR), as well as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The flavonoids were very effective \"protectors\" on the prethrombotic models, but only ASA was active on the model of arterial thrombosis. No compound showed a clear protection on the venostatic model if direct activation by kaolin was used. However, if an indirect activation by vessel wall stimulation was used, 7-Mono-HR possessed a marked protective effect. The most favourable results were obtained with an association of 7-Mono-HR and ASA, which could be considered for investigation in clinical thrombosis prophylaxis.", "contents": "Antithrombotic effects of some flavonoids alone and combined with acetylsalicylic acid. In the rat, a selection of two experimental models of \"prethrombotic states\", one of venostatic thrombosis and one of arterial thrombosis was used to compare the antithrombotic of three flavonoid preparations: O,-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR), an association of trihydroxyethylrutoside and coumarin (troxerutin) and 7-mono-hydroxyethylrutoside (7-Mono-HR), as well as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The flavonoids were very effective \"protectors\" on the prethrombotic models, but only ASA was active on the model of arterial thrombosis. No compound showed a clear protection on the venostatic model if direct activation by kaolin was used. However, if an indirect activation by vessel wall stimulation was used, 7-Mono-HR possessed a marked protective effect. The most favourable results were obtained with an association of 7-Mono-HR and ASA, which could be considered for investigation in clinical thrombosis prophylaxis.", "PMID": 579108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13403", "title": "The effect of fasting on galactosamine induced hepatitis in experimental animals.", "content": "Fasting prior to galactosamine treatment caused a significant modification in the liver damage in both rats and hamsters. Fasting after galactosamine treatment did not affect the course of the liver damage. Liver glycogen levels were significantly lower than normal after either fasting or galactosamine treatment in rats and after galactosamine treatment in hamsters. In rats fasted and treated with galactosamine the liver glycogen content was significantly higher than normal. A 24-h period of fasting did not cause any alteration in liver glycogen levels of hamsters.", "contents": "The effect of fasting on galactosamine induced hepatitis in experimental animals. Fasting prior to galactosamine treatment caused a significant modification in the liver damage in both rats and hamsters. Fasting after galactosamine treatment did not affect the course of the liver damage. Liver glycogen levels were significantly lower than normal after either fasting or galactosamine treatment in rats and after galactosamine treatment in hamsters. In rats fasted and treated with galactosamine the liver glycogen content was significantly higher than normal. A 24-h period of fasting did not cause any alteration in liver glycogen levels of hamsters.", "PMID": 579109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13404", "title": "Interaction of phenoxybenzamine with angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Short communication.", "content": "Interaction of phenoxybenzamine with angiotensin II was studied in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Angiotensin II induced a dose-dependent increase in perfusion pressure and urine flow when given through the renal artery. Phenoxybenzamine when added to the perfusion medium caused a decrease in perfusion pressure but an increase in urine flow. Further addition of acetyl salicylic acid to the perfusion medium significantly reversed both agonistic effects of angiotensin II. The possible mechanisms of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of phenoxybenzamine with angiotensin II in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Short communication. Interaction of phenoxybenzamine with angiotensin II was studied in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Angiotensin II induced a dose-dependent increase in perfusion pressure and urine flow when given through the renal artery. Phenoxybenzamine when added to the perfusion medium caused a decrease in perfusion pressure but an increase in urine flow. Further addition of acetyl salicylic acid to the perfusion medium significantly reversed both agonistic effects of angiotensin II. The possible mechanisms of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 579110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13405", "title": "[Studies on the toxicity of thiaminedisulfide monoorotate. Short communication (author's transl)].", "content": "The water soluble thiaminedisulfide monoorotate (thiooratin) was studied in mice and rats for its acute and subchronic toxicity. After continuous administration over 8 weeks no organic damages, in particular no fatty livers, were found.", "contents": "[Studies on the toxicity of thiaminedisulfide monoorotate. Short communication (author's transl)]. The water soluble thiaminedisulfide monoorotate (thiooratin) was studied in mice and rats for its acute and subchronic toxicity. After continuous administration over 8 weeks no organic damages, in particular no fatty livers, were found.", "PMID": 579111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13406", "title": "[Inhibition of anaphylactic reactions in atopic dogs by means of a new antiallergic drug (BM 06.001) (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiallergic action of an orally administered piperazinopropyl-adenine (BM 06.001) was demonstrated in atopic dogs. It was shown that the substance was able to inhibit both the skin reactions and the bronchial obstruction caused by ascaris antigen at approximately the same dosage.", "contents": "[Inhibition of anaphylactic reactions in atopic dogs by means of a new antiallergic drug (BM 06.001) (author's transl)]. The antiallergic action of an orally administered piperazinopropyl-adenine (BM 06.001) was demonstrated in atopic dogs. It was shown that the substance was able to inhibit both the skin reactions and the bronchial obstruction caused by ascaris antigen at approximately the same dosage.", "PMID": 579112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13407", "title": "[Clinical study on metabolic effects of estriol-succinate (author's transl)].", "content": "Allowing for the restrictions outlined in \"Methods\", treatment with estriol-succinate of 10 menopausal women for several weeks had no effect on some lipid and carbohydrate parameters, nor on serum enzymes nor plasma hormone levels. A slight increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, within normal limits, could not be related to a disturbance of liver function, when considering the other parameters.", "contents": "[Clinical study on metabolic effects of estriol-succinate (author's transl)]. Allowing for the restrictions outlined in \"Methods\", treatment with estriol-succinate of 10 menopausal women for several weeks had no effect on some lipid and carbohydrate parameters, nor on serum enzymes nor plasma hormone levels. A slight increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, within normal limits, could not be related to a disturbance of liver function, when considering the other parameters.", "PMID": 579113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13408", "title": "[Kinetics of digitoxin during antirheumatic therapy with azapropazone (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of chronic therapy with 5-dimethylamino-9-methylamino-9-methyl-2-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-a] [1,2,4] benzotriazine-1,3-(2H)-dione-dihydrate (azapropazone-dihydrate; Prolixan 300) on the elimination of a single i.v. dose of digitoxin was studied in 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis using a crossover design. 0.5 mg digitoxin were injected i.v. alone and together with a chronic oral therapy of azapropazone starting 3 weeks before digitoxin was given. Digitoxin plasma levels were determined by radioimmunoassay over a period of 19 days. The half-life for plasma digitoxin was 6.4 +/- 0.5 days after digitoxin alone and 7.0 +/- 0.6 days during azapropazone treatment. In two patients the half-life of digitoxin was increased by about one-third during azapropazone therapy. The areas under the plasma digitoxin curve were 2592 +/- 262 ng/ml X h and 2615 +/- 273 ng/ml X h, respectively. None of the differences were statistically significant. It was concluded that there was no clinically significant interaction between azapropazone and a single dose of digitoxin.", "contents": "[Kinetics of digitoxin during antirheumatic therapy with azapropazone (author's transl)]. The effect of chronic therapy with 5-dimethylamino-9-methylamino-9-methyl-2-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-a] [1,2,4] benzotriazine-1,3-(2H)-dione-dihydrate (azapropazone-dihydrate; Prolixan 300) on the elimination of a single i.v. dose of digitoxin was studied in 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis using a crossover design. 0.5 mg digitoxin were injected i.v. alone and together with a chronic oral therapy of azapropazone starting 3 weeks before digitoxin was given. Digitoxin plasma levels were determined by radioimmunoassay over a period of 19 days. The half-life for plasma digitoxin was 6.4 +/- 0.5 days after digitoxin alone and 7.0 +/- 0.6 days during azapropazone treatment. In two patients the half-life of digitoxin was increased by about one-third during azapropazone therapy. The areas under the plasma digitoxin curve were 2592 +/- 262 ng/ml X h and 2615 +/- 273 ng/ml X h, respectively. None of the differences were statistically significant. It was concluded that there was no clinically significant interaction between azapropazone and a single dose of digitoxin.", "PMID": 579114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13409", "title": "[Effect of tibric acid (CP-18.254) on plasma lipids in patients with primary endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "Tibric acid [CP-18.524; 2-chloro-5-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidino-sulfonyl-benzoic acid], a new hypolipidemic drug was given to 20 patients with primary endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia of type II, III, IV and V Fredrickson in a daily dose of 1.5 g for 1 year. As compared to a 4-week placebo period, the treatment with tibric acid led to a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol in 6 type-II patients (p less than 0.02) and to a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in 6 type-III patients (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, resp.) and in 4 type-IV patients (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, resp.). No significant effect of tibric acid on plasma lipids was noted in 4 type-V patients. Apart from a moderate nausea in two patients, no side effects occurred.", "contents": "[Effect of tibric acid (CP-18.254) on plasma lipids in patients with primary endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia]. Tibric acid [CP-18.524; 2-chloro-5-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidino-sulfonyl-benzoic acid], a new hypolipidemic drug was given to 20 patients with primary endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia of type II, III, IV and V Fredrickson in a daily dose of 1.5 g for 1 year. As compared to a 4-week placebo period, the treatment with tibric acid led to a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol in 6 type-II patients (p less than 0.02) and to a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in 6 type-III patients (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, resp.) and in 4 type-IV patients (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, resp.). No significant effect of tibric acid on plasma lipids was noted in 4 type-V patients. Apart from a moderate nausea in two patients, no side effects occurred.", "PMID": 579116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13410", "title": "[Determination of gentamicin in the serum of patients with normal renal function with the purpose of avoiding subtherapeutic antibiotic levels (author's transl)].", "content": "In 24 patients with normal renal function the serum concentration of gentamicin was checked during a period of 3--5 days. The biological test is simple and rapid to perform. The patients were given doses of 80--240 mg gentamicin per day. Even at doses of 240 mg/day no accumulation of the drug occurred. Intramuscular application of an 80 mg maximum dose of gentamicin did not result in any toxic serum concentrations. The measurement of peak concentrations--1 h after application--is therefore jus aimed at correcting too low dosages. The median values of the serum peak concentrations are 4--6 microgram/ml in the case of single dose application of 80 mg and 3 microgram/ml in the case of single dose application of 40 mg. Consequently serum concentrations effective against moderately susceptible bacteria (MIC = 1--4 microgram/ml) do not act for a sufficiently long time, since the half-life for elimination is 2 h. Daily dosages of up to 240 mg (3X80 mg) gentamicin are only effective in infections caused by very susceptible bacteria with a MIC up to 1 microgram/ml.", "contents": "[Determination of gentamicin in the serum of patients with normal renal function with the purpose of avoiding subtherapeutic antibiotic levels (author's transl)]. In 24 patients with normal renal function the serum concentration of gentamicin was checked during a period of 3--5 days. The biological test is simple and rapid to perform. The patients were given doses of 80--240 mg gentamicin per day. Even at doses of 240 mg/day no accumulation of the drug occurred. Intramuscular application of an 80 mg maximum dose of gentamicin did not result in any toxic serum concentrations. The measurement of peak concentrations--1 h after application--is therefore jus aimed at correcting too low dosages. The median values of the serum peak concentrations are 4--6 microgram/ml in the case of single dose application of 80 mg and 3 microgram/ml in the case of single dose application of 40 mg. Consequently serum concentrations effective against moderately susceptible bacteria (MIC = 1--4 microgram/ml) do not act for a sufficiently long time, since the half-life for elimination is 2 h. Daily dosages of up to 240 mg (3X80 mg) gentamicin are only effective in infections caused by very susceptible bacteria with a MIC up to 1 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 579117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13411", "title": "[On the chemistry of etofenamate, a novel anti-inflammatory agent from the series of N-arylanthranilic acid derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "Etofenamate is 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-N-(a,a,a,-trifluorom-tolyl)anthranilate and has been selected as an antiphlogistic agent for percutaneous therapy. Its characteristic alcohol-ether-ester structure brings about an increase in lipophilia and in its ability to penetrate through the intact skin. Furthermore, its oily consistency renders it ideal for pharmaceutical formulation in gels. The physico-chemical material constants, partition coefficients (RM values) as a measure for lipophilia, spectra and molecular models of etofenamate are described. Various methods of synthesis of etofenamate and of its intermediates are described. Structural identification is made of by-products simultaneously obtained in the reaction. Pure etofenamate is obtained through repeated molecular distillation. The synthesis is carried out uniformly with protected reaction components and, after splitting off the protective groups, extremely pure etofenamate is obtained.", "contents": "[On the chemistry of etofenamate, a novel anti-inflammatory agent from the series of N-arylanthranilic acid derivatives (author's transl)]. Etofenamate is 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-N-(a,a,a,-trifluorom-tolyl)anthranilate and has been selected as an antiphlogistic agent for percutaneous therapy. Its characteristic alcohol-ether-ester structure brings about an increase in lipophilia and in its ability to penetrate through the intact skin. Furthermore, its oily consistency renders it ideal for pharmaceutical formulation in gels. The physico-chemical material constants, partition coefficients (RM values) as a measure for lipophilia, spectra and molecular models of etofenamate are described. Various methods of synthesis of etofenamate and of its intermediates are described. Structural identification is made of by-products simultaneously obtained in the reaction. Pure etofenamate is obtained through repeated molecular distillation. The synthesis is carried out uniformly with protected reaction components and, after splitting off the protective groups, extremely pure etofenamate is obtained.", "PMID": 579118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13412", "title": "[Analysis of etofenamate. Particular determination in biological material (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate, active principle of Rheumon gel) following its isolation from biological material is reported. Depending on the method of extraction etofenamate, free and alkali-labile conjugated flufenamic acid, total conjugates or the sum of CF3-containing compounds (sum of metabolites) are isolated. Separation is achieved by TLC, quantitative determination is made by degradation to flufenamic acid and fluorimetric measurement in CCl4/trichloracetic acid at 372/445 nm. Etofenamate can be identified by TLC, derivatisation, UV- and fluorescence spectroscopy and differentiated from its metabolites. It is demonstrated that etofenamate is the main component of fenamates in inflamed tissue.", "contents": "[Analysis of etofenamate. Particular determination in biological material (author's transl)]. The determination of 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate, active principle of Rheumon gel) following its isolation from biological material is reported. Depending on the method of extraction etofenamate, free and alkali-labile conjugated flufenamic acid, total conjugates or the sum of CF3-containing compounds (sum of metabolites) are isolated. Separation is achieved by TLC, quantitative determination is made by degradation to flufenamic acid and fluorimetric measurement in CCl4/trichloracetic acid at 372/445 nm. Etofenamate can be identified by TLC, derivatisation, UV- and fluorescence spectroscopy and differentiated from its metabolites. It is demonstrated that etofenamate is the main component of fenamates in inflamed tissue.", "PMID": 579119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13413", "title": "[Pharmacology and toxicology of etofenamate. 1st Communication (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The reliable antiphlogistic action of 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate active principle of Rheumon Gel) in various experimental inflammatory models in animals is demonstrated following oral and cutaneous administration. 2. The proven inhibition of inflammatory edema by chronic administration of Rheumon gel evidences the percutaneous absorption of the active principle through the intact skin. 3. The effect of Rheumon gel sets in independently of whether the gel is applied to normal or to pathologically inflamed tissue areas. 4. Gastrointestinal mucous tolerance is better for etofenamate than for flufenamic acid, phenylbutazone and other anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "[Pharmacology and toxicology of etofenamate. 1st Communication (author's transl)]. 1. The reliable antiphlogistic action of 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate active principle of Rheumon Gel) in various experimental inflammatory models in animals is demonstrated following oral and cutaneous administration. 2. The proven inhibition of inflammatory edema by chronic administration of Rheumon gel evidences the percutaneous absorption of the active principle through the intact skin. 3. The effect of Rheumon gel sets in independently of whether the gel is applied to normal or to pathologically inflamed tissue areas. 4. Gastrointestinal mucous tolerance is better for etofenamate than for flufenamic acid, phenylbutazone and other anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 579122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13414", "title": "[Pharmacology and toxicology of etofenamate. 2].", "content": "1. Since the anti-inflammatory effect of 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)anthranilate (etofenamate, TVX 485, Rheumon Gel) is occasionally stronger than that of flufenamic acid and as its toxicity is in the same range as that of the latter, a wider therapeutic margin may be expected for etofenamate in therapeutic use of Rheumon gel. 2. In subchronic oral administration, rats tolerated 22 mg/kg and dogs 100 mg/kg without any signs of toxicity. Sub-chronic cutaneous administration of Rheumon gel in pigs (2 g/kg) likewise showed no signs of toxicity. Thus, an adequate safety factor would seem to exist, bearing in mind the comparative daily dose in man of approx. 0.3 g gel/kg body weight. In histological tests oedema of kidney papillas or degeneration of papillas, respectively, could not be seen. 3. In the dose range tested, etofenamate shows no signs of teratogenic or fetotoxic effects in either rats or rabbits. 4. The evidence of the cutaneous absorption of etofenamate from Rheumon gel could be demonstrated by the biological effect in animal experiments.", "contents": "[Pharmacology and toxicology of etofenamate. 2]. 1. Since the anti-inflammatory effect of 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)anthranilate (etofenamate, TVX 485, Rheumon Gel) is occasionally stronger than that of flufenamic acid and as its toxicity is in the same range as that of the latter, a wider therapeutic margin may be expected for etofenamate in therapeutic use of Rheumon gel. 2. In subchronic oral administration, rats tolerated 22 mg/kg and dogs 100 mg/kg without any signs of toxicity. Sub-chronic cutaneous administration of Rheumon gel in pigs (2 g/kg) likewise showed no signs of toxicity. Thus, an adequate safety factor would seem to exist, bearing in mind the comparative daily dose in man of approx. 0.3 g gel/kg body weight. In histological tests oedema of kidney papillas or degeneration of papillas, respectively, could not be seen. 3. In the dose range tested, etofenamate shows no signs of teratogenic or fetotoxic effects in either rats or rabbits. 4. The evidence of the cutaneous absorption of etofenamate from Rheumon gel could be demonstrated by the biological effect in animal experiments.", "PMID": 579123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13415", "title": "[Experience with etofenamate in sport injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience with 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate; active principle of Rheumon Gel) in the treatment of traumatic injury to the ankle joint is reported. In testing the effect of the product, volumetric measurements were carried out using an apparatus that permits highly accurate assessment by a simple and rapid method of measurement. The studies were carried out as a double blind trial. The result of the study shows that compared with placebo gel the increase in volume due to haematoma is reduced statistically significantly more rapidly under treatment with etofenamate. No localized or generalized side effects were observed.", "contents": "[Experience with etofenamate in sport injuries (author's transl)]. Experience with 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-anthranilate (etofenamate; active principle of Rheumon Gel) in the treatment of traumatic injury to the ankle joint is reported. In testing the effect of the product, volumetric measurements were carried out using an apparatus that permits highly accurate assessment by a simple and rapid method of measurement. The studies were carried out as a double blind trial. The result of the study shows that compared with placebo gel the increase in volume due to haematoma is reduced statistically significantly more rapidly under treatment with etofenamate. No localized or generalized side effects were observed.", "PMID": 579125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13416", "title": "[On a novel Fomocaine synthesis/10th communication: on syntheses of new compounds with local anaesthetic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "4-[3-(4-phenoxymethyl-phenyl)-propyl]-morpholine (fomocaine, Erbocain) is a very active topical local anaesthetic with low toxicity. A new synthesis starting from 4-phenoxy-methyl-benzonitrile, via a modified Willgerodt-Kindler reaction, is reported. The yield is of the same order as with the known technical process starting from 3-phenylpropanol. The distinct advantage of the new procedure is the avoidance of the C-chloromethylation of 3-phenylpropylchloride during which process the o-chloromethyl derivative is also formed, and this cannot be separated by fractional distillation.", "contents": "[On a novel Fomocaine synthesis/10th communication: on syntheses of new compounds with local anaesthetic activity (author's transl)]. 4-[3-(4-phenoxymethyl-phenyl)-propyl]-morpholine (fomocaine, Erbocain) is a very active topical local anaesthetic with low toxicity. A new synthesis starting from 4-phenoxy-methyl-benzonitrile, via a modified Willgerodt-Kindler reaction, is reported. The yield is of the same order as with the known technical process starting from 3-phenylpropanol. The distinct advantage of the new procedure is the avoidance of the C-chloromethylation of 3-phenylpropylchloride during which process the o-chloromethyl derivative is also formed, and this cannot be separated by fractional distillation.", "PMID": 579126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13417", "title": "Derivatives of 2-bromo-6beta-fluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione and their antiinflammatory activity.", "content": "As part of a systematic study of the effects of chemical modifications on the antiinflammatory activity of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate, Topicon), a new potent antiinflammatory, a series of derivatives of 2-bromo-6beta-fluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione was prepared for pharmacological screening. Different synthetic approaches are described. All the synthesized compounds had topical antiinflammatory activity, with no side effects, but were lower in activity than halopredone acetate. Most of them showed topical antiinflammatory activity comparable to that of fluocinolone acetonide. Only two of the synthesized compounds were found to have systemic anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of betamethasone.", "contents": "Derivatives of 2-bromo-6beta-fluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione and their antiinflammatory activity. As part of a systematic study of the effects of chemical modifications on the antiinflammatory activity of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate, Topicon), a new potent antiinflammatory, a series of derivatives of 2-bromo-6beta-fluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione was prepared for pharmacological screening. Different synthetic approaches are described. All the synthesized compounds had topical antiinflammatory activity, with no side effects, but were lower in activity than halopredone acetate. Most of them showed topical antiinflammatory activity comparable to that of fluocinolone acetonide. Only two of the synthesized compounds were found to have systemic anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of betamethasone.", "PMID": 579127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13418", "title": "New esters of Halopredone for topical antiinflammatory use.", "content": "A series of new halopredone esters has been prepared and screened for local and systemic antiinflammatory activity. High local activity with no side effects, equivalent to that of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon), is obtained when either the 17- or 21-OH of halopredone are benzoylated.", "contents": "New esters of Halopredone for topical antiinflammatory use. A series of new halopredone esters has been prepared and screened for local and systemic antiinflammatory activity. High local activity with no side effects, equivalent to that of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon), is obtained when either the 17- or 21-OH of halopredone are benzoylated.", "PMID": 579128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13419", "title": "Physico-chemical and analytical studies on Halopredone acetate.", "content": "Physico-chemical, spectroscopic (UV, CD, ORD, IR-1H-DMR, 19F-NMR, PFT13C-NMR, MS), and chromatographic (TLC, HPLC) properties of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon) are reported. Densitometric and high-pressure liquid chromatographic quantitative analytical methods are described. The usual descriptive data, purity tests, potential impurities arising from the synthesis and stability tests are given.", "contents": "Physico-chemical and analytical studies on Halopredone acetate. Physico-chemical, spectroscopic (UV, CD, ORD, IR-1H-DMR, 19F-NMR, PFT13C-NMR, MS), and chromatographic (TLC, HPLC) properties of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon) are reported. Densitometric and high-pressure liquid chromatographic quantitative analytical methods are described. The usual descriptive data, purity tests, potential impurities arising from the synthesis and stability tests are given.", "PMID": 579129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13420", "title": "Syntheses and primary pharmacological screening of tandamine and related tetrahydrothiopyranoindoles with potential antidepressant properties.", "content": "A series of novel 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1-methyl-thiopyrano-[3,4-b]indole-1-ethanamines has been synthesized and examined for effects on reserpine-induced ptosis and reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. One member of the series, the 9-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl derivative V (tandamine), was selected for further studies in regard to its possible use as an antidepressant agent. Tandamine has been resolved, and the levorotatory enantiomer was found to be more active than the racemic compound. The N-desmethyl derivative XIII, a metabolite of tandamine, has been prepared. The 5-ethyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-N,N,1-trimethylthiopyrano[4,3-b]indole-1-ethanamine XXI, an analog of tandamine with the isomeric ring system, has also been synthesized and evaluated. In the primary pharmacological screening and in the drug-interaction studies with reserpine, tetrabenazine, and tremorine, tandamine was compared to the clinically effective tricyclic antidepressants--desipramine, imipramine, and amitriptyline. Tandamine was more effective than these agents in several screening procedures indicative of potential antidepressant activity.", "contents": "Syntheses and primary pharmacological screening of tandamine and related tetrahydrothiopyranoindoles with potential antidepressant properties. A series of novel 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1-methyl-thiopyrano-[3,4-b]indole-1-ethanamines has been synthesized and examined for effects on reserpine-induced ptosis and reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. One member of the series, the 9-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl derivative V (tandamine), was selected for further studies in regard to its possible use as an antidepressant agent. Tandamine has been resolved, and the levorotatory enantiomer was found to be more active than the racemic compound. The N-desmethyl derivative XIII, a metabolite of tandamine, has been prepared. The 5-ethyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-N,N,1-trimethylthiopyrano[4,3-b]indole-1-ethanamine XXI, an analog of tandamine with the isomeric ring system, has also been synthesized and evaluated. In the primary pharmacological screening and in the drug-interaction studies with reserpine, tetrabenazine, and tremorine, tandamine was compared to the clinically effective tricyclic antidepressants--desipramine, imipramine, and amitriptyline. Tandamine was more effective than these agents in several screening procedures indicative of potential antidepressant activity.", "PMID": 579130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13421", "title": "Synthesis and antitussive activity of 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives.", "content": "Mannich bases derived from a number of substituted acetophenones and propiophenones and 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane have been evaluated for antitussive activity. One of these compounds was as potent as codeine and dextromethorphan in its antitussive activity. The most potent compound of the series, 3-(3-azabicyclo[2.2.2]nonan-3-yl)-4'-benzyloxy-2-methyl propiophenone, also exhibited antimorphine activity. There was no direct correlation between the antitussive effect and antimorphine activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitussive activity of 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives. Mannich bases derived from a number of substituted acetophenones and propiophenones and 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane have been evaluated for antitussive activity. One of these compounds was as potent as codeine and dextromethorphan in its antitussive activity. The most potent compound of the series, 3-(3-azabicyclo[2.2.2]nonan-3-yl)-4'-benzyloxy-2-methyl propiophenone, also exhibited antimorphine activity. There was no direct correlation between the antitussive effect and antimorphine activity.", "PMID": 579131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13422", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of some 4-amino-5-substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones and thiazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidin-7(6H)-one-2(3H)-thiones.", "content": "4-Amino-5-substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones and thiazolo(4,5-d)-pyrimidin-7(6H)-one-2(3H)-thiones have been synthesized and screened for antimicrobial and pharmacological activities. Significant analgesic, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant and antimicrobial properties have been found in some of the compounds synthesized. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities are reported for the first time in thiazole-2(3H)-thiones.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of some 4-amino-5-substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones and thiazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidin-7(6H)-one-2(3H)-thiones. 4-Amino-5-substituted thiazole-2(3H)-thiones and thiazolo(4,5-d)-pyrimidin-7(6H)-one-2(3H)-thiones have been synthesized and screened for antimicrobial and pharmacological activities. Significant analgesic, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant and antimicrobial properties have been found in some of the compounds synthesized. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities are reported for the first time in thiazole-2(3H)-thiones.", "PMID": 579132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13423", "title": "[Modification by drugs of cellular and humoral resistance mechanisms in animal experiments. I. In-vitro studies of peritoneal leukocytes and serums in rats].", "content": "44 rats were fed p.o. with 3.1 ml/kg of Esberitox over a period of 5 days once daily, for increasing their non-specific resistance against injections. It could be shown that peritoneal leucocytes exhibited an increased phagocytosis of staphylococcus aureus. Besides the direct influence on the ingestion of this pathogenic microorganism, the leucocytes of the Esberitox group showed a stimulated uptake of oxygen when tested in vitro. The humoral defence seems also to be improved due to the elevated bactericidal activity of sera from Esberitox treated rats.", "contents": "[Modification by drugs of cellular and humoral resistance mechanisms in animal experiments. I. In-vitro studies of peritoneal leukocytes and serums in rats]. 44 rats were fed p.o. with 3.1 ml/kg of Esberitox over a period of 5 days once daily, for increasing their non-specific resistance against injections. It could be shown that peritoneal leucocytes exhibited an increased phagocytosis of staphylococcus aureus. Besides the direct influence on the ingestion of this pathogenic microorganism, the leucocytes of the Esberitox group showed a stimulated uptake of oxygen when tested in vitro. The humoral defence seems also to be improved due to the elevated bactericidal activity of sera from Esberitox treated rats.", "PMID": 579133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13424", "title": "Comparison of the hypotensive and diuretic effects of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4]pyridazine (DS-511) and hydrochlorothiazide in Doca, renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The hypotensive and diuretic activities of a new diuretic, 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d] pyridazine (DS-511), were compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide (HC) in DOCA, renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The results obtained were: 1. During the developing stage of DOCA-hypertension the daily treatment of rats with DS-511 and HC showed significant hypotensive action. During this period the diuretic activity of both agents was clear. 2. During the equilibrium stage of DOCA-hypertension the hypotensive action of DS-511 was indistinct despite its diuretic activity. The hypotensive and diuretic action of HC was not clear. 3. In renal-hypertensive rats the daily treatment of DS-511 and HC caused significant, but weaker hypotension than that in the developing stage of DOCA-hypertension. In these animals the diuretic activity of both agents was clear. 4. In spontaneously hypertensive rats the daily treatment with DS-511 and HC exhibited a similar hypotensive and diuretic action. 5. In all three kinds of hypertensive rats the diuretic activity of DS-511 was similar to that of HC in the excretion of urine and sodium, but the former was less kaliuretic than the latter.", "contents": "Comparison of the hypotensive and diuretic effects of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4]pyridazine (DS-511) and hydrochlorothiazide in Doca, renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The hypotensive and diuretic activities of a new diuretic, 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d] pyridazine (DS-511), were compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide (HC) in DOCA, renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The results obtained were: 1. During the developing stage of DOCA-hypertension the daily treatment of rats with DS-511 and HC showed significant hypotensive action. During this period the diuretic activity of both agents was clear. 2. During the equilibrium stage of DOCA-hypertension the hypotensive action of DS-511 was indistinct despite its diuretic activity. The hypotensive and diuretic action of HC was not clear. 3. In renal-hypertensive rats the daily treatment of DS-511 and HC caused significant, but weaker hypotension than that in the developing stage of DOCA-hypertension. In these animals the diuretic activity of both agents was clear. 4. In spontaneously hypertensive rats the daily treatment with DS-511 and HC exhibited a similar hypotensive and diuretic action. 5. In all three kinds of hypertensive rats the diuretic activity of DS-511 was similar to that of HC in the excretion of urine and sodium, but the former was less kaliuretic than the latter.", "PMID": 579134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13425", "title": "Effect of diltiazem on coronary blood flow of the heart with experimental coronary sclerosis and on regional myocardial blood flow of the heart with acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Effects of 3-acetoxy-2,3-dihydro-5[2-(dimethyl-amino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4 (5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem) on coronary circulation of the heart with experimental coronary sclerosis induced by i.v. allylamine (Group A), and on regional myocardial blood flow in acutely-induced ischemic myocardium (Group S) were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Regional myocardial blood flow was continuously measured with heated cross thermocouple method and following results were obtained: 1. In Group A coronary blood flow and coronary flow resistance remained unchanged essentially after the injection of diltiazem, whereas coronary blood flow markedly rose and coronary flow resistance decreased in the normal heart. 2. Local blood flow in both of the inner and outer thirds of the ischemic myocardium was not affected by diltiazem in Group S. In the normal myocardium, however, it increased definitely. 3. From these findings it is concluded that the clinical effectiveness of diltiazem is independent of its vasodilator properties.", "contents": "Effect of diltiazem on coronary blood flow of the heart with experimental coronary sclerosis and on regional myocardial blood flow of the heart with acute myocardial ischemia. Effects of 3-acetoxy-2,3-dihydro-5[2-(dimethyl-amino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4 (5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem) on coronary circulation of the heart with experimental coronary sclerosis induced by i.v. allylamine (Group A), and on regional myocardial blood flow in acutely-induced ischemic myocardium (Group S) were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Regional myocardial blood flow was continuously measured with heated cross thermocouple method and following results were obtained: 1. In Group A coronary blood flow and coronary flow resistance remained unchanged essentially after the injection of diltiazem, whereas coronary blood flow markedly rose and coronary flow resistance decreased in the normal heart. 2. Local blood flow in both of the inner and outer thirds of the ischemic myocardium was not affected by diltiazem in Group S. In the normal myocardium, however, it increased definitely. 3. From these findings it is concluded that the clinical effectiveness of diltiazem is independent of its vasodilator properties.", "PMID": 579135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13426", "title": "Antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on the development of physical dependence on and tolerance to morphine in the rat.", "content": "As free amino acids in the brain have a role in the development of physical dependence on and tolerance to morphine, and in the mechanism of action of some drugs, the effects of aspartic acid which antagonizes some effects of the single dose of morphine were studied during the development of the physical dependence on morphine and after the withdrawal of morphine. 108 rats were given morphine and aspartic acid in different combinations in drinking water for 30 days. Every tenth day the dose of morphine was increased: At the end of this period some of them in each group continued or began to receive aspartic acid depending on the experimental conditions after the withdrawal of morphine. During the experiments body weight, spontaneous motor activity and analgesic threshold were determined. Aspartic acid prevented the alterations induced by morphine during the development of physical dependence and tolerance. Furthermore the rats that received aspartic acid after the withdrawal showed no body weight loss.", "contents": "Antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on the development of physical dependence on and tolerance to morphine in the rat. As free amino acids in the brain have a role in the development of physical dependence on and tolerance to morphine, and in the mechanism of action of some drugs, the effects of aspartic acid which antagonizes some effects of the single dose of morphine were studied during the development of the physical dependence on morphine and after the withdrawal of morphine. 108 rats were given morphine and aspartic acid in different combinations in drinking water for 30 days. Every tenth day the dose of morphine was increased: At the end of this period some of them in each group continued or began to receive aspartic acid depending on the experimental conditions after the withdrawal of morphine. During the experiments body weight, spontaneous motor activity and analgesic threshold were determined. Aspartic acid prevented the alterations induced by morphine during the development of physical dependence and tolerance. Furthermore the rats that received aspartic acid after the withdrawal showed no body weight loss.", "PMID": 579136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13427", "title": "Distribution of S-adenosyl-L-(methyl-14C)methionine in animals.", "content": "The distribution of i.v. injected S-adenosyl-L-(methyl-14C) methionine was studied in the whole body of mice and in the cat brain using an autoradiographic technique. The drug was concentrated, at shorter survival times, mainly in the blood stream and in highly vascularized organs. Low concentration of radioactivity was found at longer times in the central nervous system (CNS). The quantitative analysis by means of organ radioassay was carried out in rats and confirmed the autoradiographic data.", "contents": "Distribution of S-adenosyl-L-(methyl-14C)methionine in animals. The distribution of i.v. injected S-adenosyl-L-(methyl-14C) methionine was studied in the whole body of mice and in the cat brain using an autoradiographic technique. The drug was concentrated, at shorter survival times, mainly in the blood stream and in highly vascularized organs. Low concentration of radioactivity was found at longer times in the central nervous system (CNS). The quantitative analysis by means of organ radioassay was carried out in rats and confirmed the autoradiographic data.", "PMID": 579137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13428", "title": "A comparison between the morphologic changes in the livers of hamsters and rats after galactosamine treatment and their correlation with altered serum transaminase levels.", "content": "Galactosamine caused changes in the livers of rats that were similar to those seen in human viral hepatitis. In hamsters the changes were characteristic of a typical toxic hepatitis. The response by the liver to galactosamine was very variable in both the rat and the hamster and there was a degree of correlation between the raised transaminase levels and the liver cell damage.", "contents": "A comparison between the morphologic changes in the livers of hamsters and rats after galactosamine treatment and their correlation with altered serum transaminase levels. Galactosamine caused changes in the livers of rats that were similar to those seen in human viral hepatitis. In hamsters the changes were characteristic of a typical toxic hepatitis. The response by the liver to galactosamine was very variable in both the rat and the hamster and there was a degree of correlation between the raised transaminase levels and the liver cell damage.", "PMID": 579138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13429", "title": "A pharmacokinetic study of 3H-diosmine.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic study of 3H-labelled 7-rhamnoglycoside of 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (3H-diosmine) administered both i.v. and orally, shows the great ease with which it is absorbed in digestion. A very sharp difference in elimination between the two modes of treatment must be associated with a difference in metabolism. A study of fixation confirms this conclusion. In particular the fixation on the tunica vascularis, perhaps due to a metabolite, appears relatively late. Furthermore the existence of an enterohepatic cycle assures a permanent hepatic binding.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic study of 3H-diosmine. A pharmacokinetic study of 3H-labelled 7-rhamnoglycoside of 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (3H-diosmine) administered both i.v. and orally, shows the great ease with which it is absorbed in digestion. A very sharp difference in elimination between the two modes of treatment must be associated with a difference in metabolism. A study of fixation confirms this conclusion. In particular the fixation on the tunica vascularis, perhaps due to a metabolite, appears relatively late. Furthermore the existence of an enterohepatic cycle assures a permanent hepatic binding.", "PMID": 579139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13430", "title": "[The effect of silybin dihemisuccinate on cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of silybin dihemisuccinate on the hepatic biosynthesis of cholesterol was studied by measuring the incorporation of [1-14C]-acetate and [2-14C]-mevalonate in the postmitochondrial supernatant of liver homogenates. 2. Under absolute in vitro conditions, silybin dihemisuccinate inhibits the biosynthesis of cholesterol in dependence on its concentration. With [1-14C]-acetate or [2-14C]-mevalonate the concentrations of silybin for 50% inhibition are 0.37 mM or 0.40 mM, resp. 3. 30 min after i.v. injection of 150.6 mg silybin dihemisuccinate/kg with both precursors the biosynthesis of cholesterol studied in vitro is diminished in comparison to controls. 60 min or 24 h after i.v. injection of silybin no effects on in vitro biosynthesis of cholesterol can be observed.", "contents": "[The effect of silybin dihemisuccinate on cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates (author's transl)]. The effect of silybin dihemisuccinate on the hepatic biosynthesis of cholesterol was studied by measuring the incorporation of [1-14C]-acetate and [2-14C]-mevalonate in the postmitochondrial supernatant of liver homogenates. 2. Under absolute in vitro conditions, silybin dihemisuccinate inhibits the biosynthesis of cholesterol in dependence on its concentration. With [1-14C]-acetate or [2-14C]-mevalonate the concentrations of silybin for 50% inhibition are 0.37 mM or 0.40 mM, resp. 3. 30 min after i.v. injection of 150.6 mg silybin dihemisuccinate/kg with both precursors the biosynthesis of cholesterol studied in vitro is diminished in comparison to controls. 60 min or 24 h after i.v. injection of silybin no effects on in vitro biosynthesis of cholesterol can be observed.", "PMID": 579140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13431", "title": "Antagonism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and narcotic analgesics against ethacrynic acid induced writhing.", "content": "Thiol-group reactive agents [alloxan, N-ethyimaleimide (NEM), ethacrynic acid, p-chlormercuribenzoate (PCMB)] were shown to induce a writhing syndrome in mice and rats when injected i.p. in appropriate dosage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, narcotic analgesics and also psychotropic drugs inhibit the syndrome elicited in rats by ethacrynic acid. Rats pretreated with cysteine i.p. show a greatly reduced nociceptive response to ethacrynic acid or alloxan.", "contents": "Antagonism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and narcotic analgesics against ethacrynic acid induced writhing. Thiol-group reactive agents [alloxan, N-ethyimaleimide (NEM), ethacrynic acid, p-chlormercuribenzoate (PCMB)] were shown to induce a writhing syndrome in mice and rats when injected i.p. in appropriate dosage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, narcotic analgesics and also psychotropic drugs inhibit the syndrome elicited in rats by ethacrynic acid. Rats pretreated with cysteine i.p. show a greatly reduced nociceptive response to ethacrynic acid or alloxan.", "PMID": 579141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13432", "title": "[Collected findings of long-lasting chemical stimulation of the immune system by N-(2-cyanethylene)-urea derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper describes our findings so far on the long-lasting chemical stimulation of the immune system by means of various batches from the synthesis of N-(2-cyanethylene)-urea (BA 1). These findings were also supported by results of other authors. Furthermore some recent findings have demonstrated that 2-cyanaziridine, 2-cyanethyl-urea and a bicyclic isomer represent examples for immunologically effective BA 1-derivatives or BA 1-isomers, respectively.", "contents": "[Collected findings of long-lasting chemical stimulation of the immune system by N-(2-cyanethylene)-urea derivatives (author's transl)]. The present paper describes our findings so far on the long-lasting chemical stimulation of the immune system by means of various batches from the synthesis of N-(2-cyanethylene)-urea (BA 1). These findings were also supported by results of other authors. Furthermore some recent findings have demonstrated that 2-cyanaziridine, 2-cyanethyl-urea and a bicyclic isomer represent examples for immunologically effective BA 1-derivatives or BA 1-isomers, respectively.", "PMID": 579142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13433", "title": "[On the determination of azapropazone from plasma by direct quantitative thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of investigating drug interactions, a new selective method for determination of 5-dimethylamino-9-methyl-2-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-a] [1,2,4]benzotriazine-1,3(2H)-dione-dihydrate (azapropazone, Prolixan 300) was developed. The method is based upon the direct quantitation of the drug by thin-layer chromatography using remission measurement. The method is well suited for routine analysis of numerous samples, because of its simplicity and rapidity. The standar deviation of the method is about +/-4% at therapeutic plasma concentrations.", "contents": "[On the determination of azapropazone from plasma by direct quantitative thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)]. For the purpose of investigating drug interactions, a new selective method for determination of 5-dimethylamino-9-methyl-2-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-a] [1,2,4]benzotriazine-1,3(2H)-dione-dihydrate (azapropazone, Prolixan 300) was developed. The method is based upon the direct quantitation of the drug by thin-layer chromatography using remission measurement. The method is well suited for routine analysis of numerous samples, because of its simplicity and rapidity. The standar deviation of the method is about +/-4% at therapeutic plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 579143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13434", "title": "Oversaturation of urine with sulphadiazine during treatment with a small therapeutic dose.", "content": "The urinary crystallization of N1-pyrimid-2-yl-sulfanilamide (sulphadiazine, Sulfolex) during treatment with a small therapeutic dose (600 mg/day p.o.) for 6 days was evaluated in seven voluntary female subjects. In 5/7 and 3/7, respectively, of the urine supernatants obtained from samples collected 6 and 24 h after the last dose of sulphadiazine, the sulphonamide concentration exceeded the experimental solubility of the drug in 37 degrees C urine at the same pH. However, only in 3 sediments of the 6-h urine samples could a few sulphadiazine crystals be found. The findings suggest that the urine often can be oversaturated in respect to sulphadiazine, without any marked crystallization.", "contents": "Oversaturation of urine with sulphadiazine during treatment with a small therapeutic dose. The urinary crystallization of N1-pyrimid-2-yl-sulfanilamide (sulphadiazine, Sulfolex) during treatment with a small therapeutic dose (600 mg/day p.o.) for 6 days was evaluated in seven voluntary female subjects. In 5/7 and 3/7, respectively, of the urine supernatants obtained from samples collected 6 and 24 h after the last dose of sulphadiazine, the sulphonamide concentration exceeded the experimental solubility of the drug in 37 degrees C urine at the same pH. However, only in 3 sediments of the 6-h urine samples could a few sulphadiazine crystals be found. The findings suggest that the urine often can be oversaturated in respect to sulphadiazine, without any marked crystallization.", "PMID": 579144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13435", "title": "[Indications for determining serum levels of antiepileptic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurement of the serum levels of antiepileptic drugs is an important progress in managing the patients with epilepsy. The determination of serum levels has become indispensable in special indications such as assessing the compliance in taking medication and identifying the responsible agent in intoxicated patients on multiple drug therapy. The long-term prognostic value of the routine determination of anticonvulsant drugs is related to the validity of the concept \"therapeutic serum level\".", "contents": "[Indications for determining serum levels of antiepileptic drugs (author's transl)]. Measurement of the serum levels of antiepileptic drugs is an important progress in managing the patients with epilepsy. The determination of serum levels has become indispensable in special indications such as assessing the compliance in taking medication and identifying the responsible agent in intoxicated patients on multiple drug therapy. The long-term prognostic value of the routine determination of anticonvulsant drugs is related to the validity of the concept \"therapeutic serum level\".", "PMID": 579145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13436", "title": "[The role of cytochrome P450 in the activation of drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Unspecific microsomal monooxygenases have been found in many organisms of different developmental stages. In higher organisms liver is the main organ of drug metabolism but smaller intestine, lung and skin also show this activity. The corresponding membrane-bound enzyme system could be isolated by modern chromatographic techniques and was found to consist of a reductase and a series of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Each of these cytochromes has a different, but with other forms overlapping substrate specificity. The steady-state concentrations of the various forms is regulated by induction with drugs and foreign compounds. The unspecificity of the systems is also reflected in the varying pattern of metabolites. In general stable and more polar metabolites are formed by the monooxygenation reaction, but reactive and unstable products may also appear, e.g. N-hydroxy compounds, 1,2-diphenols, epoxides and a new class of compounds which have been characterized as carbenes.", "contents": "[The role of cytochrome P450 in the activation of drugs (author's transl)]. Unspecific microsomal monooxygenases have been found in many organisms of different developmental stages. In higher organisms liver is the main organ of drug metabolism but smaller intestine, lung and skin also show this activity. The corresponding membrane-bound enzyme system could be isolated by modern chromatographic techniques and was found to consist of a reductase and a series of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Each of these cytochromes has a different, but with other forms overlapping substrate specificity. The steady-state concentrations of the various forms is regulated by induction with drugs and foreign compounds. The unspecificity of the systems is also reflected in the varying pattern of metabolites. In general stable and more polar metabolites are formed by the monooxygenation reaction, but reactive and unstable products may also appear, e.g. N-hydroxy compounds, 1,2-diphenols, epoxides and a new class of compounds which have been characterized as carbenes.", "PMID": 579147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13437", "title": "[Activation mechanisms in chlorinated aliphatic compounds/experimental possibilities and clinical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemical reactivity, biotransformation and toxic effects of chlorinated aliphatic compounds are decisively determined by type and number of chlorine substitutions. In saturated compounds, chlorine substitution exerts a destabilization; metabolic reactions are free radical formation and dechlorination or dehydrochlorination, respectively, under formation of olefins. In saturated alkenes, Cl-substitution leads to a stabilization of the olefinic double bond. Biotransformation of this class of compounds starts with epoxidation. The epoxides are prone, among other reactions, to intramolecular rearrangement; more stable aldehydes or acid chlorides are formed. In the series of chlorinated ethylenes, the rearrangement mechanisms have been studied systematically in vitro and in vivo. As judged from the identified metabolites there is accordance in vitro and in vivo, with one important exception: trichloroethylene. The only formation of chloral in vivo may be due to a catalysis by the iron in P450. In a modified Ames test system the unsymmetrically substituted chlorinated ethylenes are found mutagenic (tri-,1,1-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride), whereas symmetrically substituted molecules are inactive. The reason for this is seen in the high instability of the unsymmetric molecules caused by the electron withdrawal effect of chlorine.", "contents": "[Activation mechanisms in chlorinated aliphatic compounds/experimental possibilities and clinical significance (author's transl)]. Chemical reactivity, biotransformation and toxic effects of chlorinated aliphatic compounds are decisively determined by type and number of chlorine substitutions. In saturated compounds, chlorine substitution exerts a destabilization; metabolic reactions are free radical formation and dechlorination or dehydrochlorination, respectively, under formation of olefins. In saturated alkenes, Cl-substitution leads to a stabilization of the olefinic double bond. Biotransformation of this class of compounds starts with epoxidation. The epoxides are prone, among other reactions, to intramolecular rearrangement; more stable aldehydes or acid chlorides are formed. In the series of chlorinated ethylenes, the rearrangement mechanisms have been studied systematically in vitro and in vivo. As judged from the identified metabolites there is accordance in vitro and in vivo, with one important exception: trichloroethylene. The only formation of chloral in vivo may be due to a catalysis by the iron in P450. In a modified Ames test system the unsymmetrically substituted chlorinated ethylenes are found mutagenic (tri-,1,1-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride), whereas symmetrically substituted molecules are inactive. The reason for this is seen in the high instability of the unsymmetric molecules caused by the electron withdrawal effect of chlorine.", "PMID": 579148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13438", "title": "[Mechanisms in inactivating reactive metabolic products of drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "An in vitro test system was used to study the relative contribution of epoxides metabolically produced from aromatic or olefinic drugs to the total of mutagenically reactive metabolites. As an epoxide-specific tool the enzyme epoxide hydratase was purified to homogeneity. Using several aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons as model substrates the following was observed, exceptions being discussed in the main text: 1. Epoxides represent the most important and generally the almost exclusive metabolites responsible for the observed toxic endpoint. 2. These epoxides generally are efficiently inactivated by epoxide hydratase. The rather narrow limitations of exceptions are outlined in detail. 3. Amongst the enzymes metabolizing epoxides, for the substrates investigated epoxide hydratase represents the system which is most critical for the control of tissue levels of epoxides. 4. Several practical consequences following from these facts are outlined in the last paragraph of this paper. 5. A generalization from these model experiments will be justified only after further experimental validation.", "contents": "[Mechanisms in inactivating reactive metabolic products of drugs (author's transl)]. An in vitro test system was used to study the relative contribution of epoxides metabolically produced from aromatic or olefinic drugs to the total of mutagenically reactive metabolites. As an epoxide-specific tool the enzyme epoxide hydratase was purified to homogeneity. Using several aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons as model substrates the following was observed, exceptions being discussed in the main text: 1. Epoxides represent the most important and generally the almost exclusive metabolites responsible for the observed toxic endpoint. 2. These epoxides generally are efficiently inactivated by epoxide hydratase. The rather narrow limitations of exceptions are outlined in detail. 3. Amongst the enzymes metabolizing epoxides, for the substrates investigated epoxide hydratase represents the system which is most critical for the control of tissue levels of epoxides. 4. Several practical consequences following from these facts are outlined in the last paragraph of this paper. 5. A generalization from these model experiments will be justified only after further experimental validation.", "PMID": 579149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13439", "title": "[Polymorphisms and deficient drug metabolism as triggers of toxic reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "The influences of polymorphisms and pharmacokinetic defects of drug metabolism as causes of toxic drug reactions are presented. The different mechanisms of toxic side effects mediated by alterations of the metabolism and excretion of drugs are discussed.", "contents": "[Polymorphisms and deficient drug metabolism as triggers of toxic reactions (author's transl)]. The influences of polymorphisms and pharmacokinetic defects of drug metabolism as causes of toxic drug reactions are presented. The different mechanisms of toxic side effects mediated by alterations of the metabolism and excretion of drugs are discussed.", "PMID": 579150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13440", "title": "[Capacity limited pharmacokinetics, a mechanism of drug toxicity (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past drug elimination was described mainly by two different laws. Zero-order kinetics postulates that the speed of elimination be constant and independent of drug concentration; in first-order kinetics which describes satisfactorily the elimination of all drugs except ethyl alcohol it is assumed that the speed of the elimination is proportional to the plasma drug concentration. This can only be interpreted biologically in the case of polar drugs eliminated by diffusion or filtration. Non-polar drugs, however, bind reversibly to macromolecules such as albumin and enzymes. This means that elimination should be saturable as predicted by the law of mass-action. Saturation phenomena have clearly been demonstrated with several drugs eliminated by tubular and biliary secretion, or by enzymatic transformation. It is shown that zero-order and first-order kinetics are consequences of the validity of the mass-action law in two extremely different drug concentration ranges. When the affinity between drug and biological macromolecules is high the possible clinically relevant consequences are abnormal drug accumulation and drug interactions such as mutual displacement from the plasma albumin binding sites, inhibition of active drug transport and metabolism, or enzyme induction.", "contents": "[Capacity limited pharmacokinetics, a mechanism of drug toxicity (author's transl)]. In the past drug elimination was described mainly by two different laws. Zero-order kinetics postulates that the speed of elimination be constant and independent of drug concentration; in first-order kinetics which describes satisfactorily the elimination of all drugs except ethyl alcohol it is assumed that the speed of the elimination is proportional to the plasma drug concentration. This can only be interpreted biologically in the case of polar drugs eliminated by diffusion or filtration. Non-polar drugs, however, bind reversibly to macromolecules such as albumin and enzymes. This means that elimination should be saturable as predicted by the law of mass-action. Saturation phenomena have clearly been demonstrated with several drugs eliminated by tubular and biliary secretion, or by enzymatic transformation. It is shown that zero-order and first-order kinetics are consequences of the validity of the mass-action law in two extremely different drug concentration ranges. When the affinity between drug and biological macromolecules is high the possible clinically relevant consequences are abnormal drug accumulation and drug interactions such as mutual displacement from the plasma albumin binding sites, inhibition of active drug transport and metabolism, or enzyme induction.", "PMID": 579151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13441", "title": "[Drug-induced disorders of lupus erythematosus type (author's transl)].", "content": "Drug induced Lupus erythematosus (LE)-like syndromes are generally observed after long-term and/or high-dose therapy with so called \"principal inducers\" procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazide, chlorpromazine, anticonvulsives and possibly with D-penicillamine, too, and even so in some cases after some additional 26 drugs. The rare pseudo LE syndrome appears after combined drugs which usually contain pyrazolone derivatives used especially against venous diseases. The mechanism of induction of autoimmune reactions in these disorders varies and is after all still unknown. There are individual differences in drug metabolism, genetic disposition for increased autoantibody formation and sometimes humoral and cellular immune reactions against the drug itself. Essentially involved in the indication of autoimmune reactions is often the production of hapten carrier complexes between drugs and body constituents and drug induced changes of autoantigen elimination as well as drug mediated immunologic imbalance.", "contents": "[Drug-induced disorders of lupus erythematosus type (author's transl)]. Drug induced Lupus erythematosus (LE)-like syndromes are generally observed after long-term and/or high-dose therapy with so called \"principal inducers\" procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazide, chlorpromazine, anticonvulsives and possibly with D-penicillamine, too, and even so in some cases after some additional 26 drugs. The rare pseudo LE syndrome appears after combined drugs which usually contain pyrazolone derivatives used especially against venous diseases. The mechanism of induction of autoimmune reactions in these disorders varies and is after all still unknown. There are individual differences in drug metabolism, genetic disposition for increased autoantibody formation and sometimes humoral and cellular immune reactions against the drug itself. Essentially involved in the indication of autoimmune reactions is often the production of hapten carrier complexes between drugs and body constituents and drug induced changes of autoantigen elimination as well as drug mediated immunologic imbalance.", "PMID": 579152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13442", "title": "[Mechanisms of photoallergies (author's transl)].", "content": "Photoallergic reactions represent a special form of allergic contact dermatitis. The immunological aspects of the delayed-type sensitivity are fairely well known, whereas information on the photochemical antigen formation is still scarce. This is illustrated by two examples.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of photoallergies (author's transl)]. Photoallergic reactions represent a special form of allergic contact dermatitis. The immunological aspects of the delayed-type sensitivity are fairely well known, whereas information on the photochemical antigen formation is still scarce. This is illustrated by two examples.", "PMID": 579153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13443", "title": "Pathology of intracerebral hemorrhage.", "content": "Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhages are dealt with on the basis of a great number of clinical and neuropathological cases. They amounted to 4.9 per cent of the patients admitted to the hospital and 5.2 per cent of the autopsies. In two thirds hypertension was found about 20 per cent were ruptured aneurysms. In 3 per cent of the respective autopsies no cause was found. The clinical courses are dealt with in greater detail. Eighty per cent of the hypertensive haemorrhages are located in the cerebral hemisphere; among these, 60 to 80 per cent show ventricular perforations. This percentage is still higher in thalamus--brain stem haemorrhages. Two theories on the aetiology are discussed. Traumatic haemorrhages are especially dealt with in connection with late apoplexy. Deformations of the cerebral vessels, too, are described in detail. Among the aneurysms, 82 per cent belong to the circulus willisi. Angiomas were found in 15.2 per cent of the autopsies in case of cerebral haemorrhages, but in 58 per cent of the surgically treated intracerebral haemorrhages. These figures are higher than those given in the relevant literature. Among 1600 cerebral tumours, there were 2.2 per cent massive cerebral haemorrhages. The cases are compiled in a table.", "contents": "Pathology of intracerebral hemorrhage. Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhages are dealt with on the basis of a great number of clinical and neuropathological cases. They amounted to 4.9 per cent of the patients admitted to the hospital and 5.2 per cent of the autopsies. In two thirds hypertension was found about 20 per cent were ruptured aneurysms. In 3 per cent of the respective autopsies no cause was found. The clinical courses are dealt with in greater detail. Eighty per cent of the hypertensive haemorrhages are located in the cerebral hemisphere; among these, 60 to 80 per cent show ventricular perforations. This percentage is still higher in thalamus--brain stem haemorrhages. Two theories on the aetiology are discussed. Traumatic haemorrhages are especially dealt with in connection with late apoplexy. Deformations of the cerebral vessels, too, are described in detail. Among the aneurysms, 82 per cent belong to the circulus willisi. Angiomas were found in 15.2 per cent of the autopsies in case of cerebral haemorrhages, but in 58 per cent of the surgically treated intracerebral haemorrhages. These figures are higher than those given in the relevant literature. Among 1600 cerebral tumours, there were 2.2 per cent massive cerebral haemorrhages. The cases are compiled in a table.", "PMID": 579154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13444", "title": "[Role of serum fibrinogen penetrating the subarachnoid space in the pathogenesis of brief cerebral arteriospasm].", "content": "A mixture of fibrinogen (4 ml in a 1 per cent solutions) and thrombin (10 I.U.) were instilled into the cisterma magna of 18 dogs which led to the formation of a fibrin clot in the subarachnoid space. This fibrin clot produced a spasm of the large cerebral arteries, which resulted in a narrowing to 84.8 +/- 1.8 per cent of the initial value. The subsequent administration of 400 units of fibrinolysin into the cisterna magna led to the dissolution of the fibrin clot and the dilatation of the arterie to 116.3 +/- 2.5 per cent of the initial value. Experiments carried out in 15 cats showed that, after being brought in the subarachnoid space, the spasmogenic factor of the clot, which consisted of all blood components, passes through the arachnoid into the subdural space. The penetration of the spasmogenic factor from the blood clot located on the surface of the arachnoid from the subdural to the subrarachnoid space was not observed. The arachnoid proves to be a membrane which can only be passed in one direction by the spasmogenic blood factor.", "contents": "[Role of serum fibrinogen penetrating the subarachnoid space in the pathogenesis of brief cerebral arteriospasm]. A mixture of fibrinogen (4 ml in a 1 per cent solutions) and thrombin (10 I.U.) were instilled into the cisterma magna of 18 dogs which led to the formation of a fibrin clot in the subarachnoid space. This fibrin clot produced a spasm of the large cerebral arteries, which resulted in a narrowing to 84.8 +/- 1.8 per cent of the initial value. The subsequent administration of 400 units of fibrinolysin into the cisterna magna led to the dissolution of the fibrin clot and the dilatation of the arterie to 116.3 +/- 2.5 per cent of the initial value. Experiments carried out in 15 cats showed that, after being brought in the subarachnoid space, the spasmogenic factor of the clot, which consisted of all blood components, passes through the arachnoid into the subdural space. The penetration of the spasmogenic factor from the blood clot located on the surface of the arachnoid from the subdural to the subrarachnoid space was not observed. The arachnoid proves to be a membrane which can only be passed in one direction by the spasmogenic blood factor.", "PMID": 579155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13445", "title": "Optimum humidification of air administered to a tracheostomy in dogs. Scanning electron microscopy and surfactant studies.", "content": "The effect of the inhalation of dried (less than 40% water-saturation) or humidified air (100% water-saturation at 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C) was studied in dogs in which a tracheostomy had been performed to determine the optimal humidity. After inhalation for various periods, the dogs were killed and pieces of lung tissue were excised for analysis of surfactant. Sections of the trachea and the primary to tertiary bronchi were taken for scanning electron microscopic examination. Structural changes were observed in the trachea of dogs inhaling dried at and in the tertiary bronchi of dogs inhaling 100% water-saturated air at 35 degrees C. No changes was observed after 24 h in dogs which had inhaled 100% water-saturated air at 25 degrees C under anaesthesia or at 30 degrees C without anaesthesia. Consequently, the optimal range of humidity was determined to be 100% water-saturation between 25 and 30 degrees C.", "contents": "Optimum humidification of air administered to a tracheostomy in dogs. Scanning electron microscopy and surfactant studies. The effect of the inhalation of dried (less than 40% water-saturation) or humidified air (100% water-saturation at 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C) was studied in dogs in which a tracheostomy had been performed to determine the optimal humidity. After inhalation for various periods, the dogs were killed and pieces of lung tissue were excised for analysis of surfactant. Sections of the trachea and the primary to tertiary bronchi were taken for scanning electron microscopic examination. Structural changes were observed in the trachea of dogs inhaling dried at and in the tertiary bronchi of dogs inhaling 100% water-saturated air at 35 degrees C. No changes was observed after 24 h in dogs which had inhaled 100% water-saturated air at 25 degrees C under anaesthesia or at 30 degrees C without anaesthesia. Consequently, the optimal range of humidity was determined to be 100% water-saturation between 25 and 30 degrees C.", "PMID": 579156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13446", "title": "Canine transmissible venereal sarcoma: electron microscopic changes with time after transplantation.", "content": "The structure of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (CTVS) has been examined from 14 to 71 days after implantation. During early growth, the tumour appears to be composed primarily of loosely arranged, round cells and a few fibroblast-like cells. As the tumour mass increases, the round cells become tightly packed with highly interdigitating plasma membranes. The number of irregularly shaped round cells and fibroblast-like cells increases with increasing tumour mass. Collagen and reticular fibres can be found in early tumours, frequently in association with the round cells, and in regions devoid of fibroblast-like cells. During tumour regression, cellular degradation is evident in fibroblast-like and irregularly shaped cells as well as round cells. The data suggest that transformation may occur in the course of tumour growth, causing morphological change from round to fibroblast-like cells, and that CTVS is an undifferentiated round-cell sarcoma capable of differentiation in a fibroblastic direction. Also present, primarily in tumour cells from newborn dogs, are cytoplasmic lamellar arrays and crystalline virus-like structures, both previously described in other forms of tumor cells.", "contents": "Canine transmissible venereal sarcoma: electron microscopic changes with time after transplantation. The structure of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (CTVS) has been examined from 14 to 71 days after implantation. During early growth, the tumour appears to be composed primarily of loosely arranged, round cells and a few fibroblast-like cells. As the tumour mass increases, the round cells become tightly packed with highly interdigitating plasma membranes. The number of irregularly shaped round cells and fibroblast-like cells increases with increasing tumour mass. Collagen and reticular fibres can be found in early tumours, frequently in association with the round cells, and in regions devoid of fibroblast-like cells. During tumour regression, cellular degradation is evident in fibroblast-like and irregularly shaped cells as well as round cells. The data suggest that transformation may occur in the course of tumour growth, causing morphological change from round to fibroblast-like cells, and that CTVS is an undifferentiated round-cell sarcoma capable of differentiation in a fibroblastic direction. Also present, primarily in tumour cells from newborn dogs, are cytoplasmic lamellar arrays and crystalline virus-like structures, both previously described in other forms of tumor cells.", "PMID": 579157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13447", "title": "Raman spectra and vibrational assignments for deuterated membrane lipids. 1,2-Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 and -d62.", "content": "Vibrational Raman spectra of polycrystalline 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 (fully deuterated choline methyl groups) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d62 (fully deuterated acyl chains) were recorded in the 3050- 2800, 2250-2050 and 1800-700 cm-1 regions. The fundamental vibrational modes were assigned primarily on the basis of isotopic frequency shift ratios, group frequency correlations and comparisons with specific model compounds. Since deuterium-substituted lipids provide well-isolated spectral probes, particularly in the carbon-deuterium stretching region, the dependence of the 2250-2050 cm-1 region on lipid phase was examined for the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d62 species. The methylene CD2 deformation and twisting modes at 984 and 919 cm-1, respectively, also exhibit intense, isolated vibrational transitions which should prove useful for monitoring molecular order in mixed dueterated and undeuterated lipid systems. Except for the relatively weak choline methyl C-D and C-H stretching modes, the spectrum of 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 is not distinguishable from that of the undeuterated system. For both the d9 and undeuterated species, the vibrational modes associated with the lipid head group region are sensitive to slight hydration.", "contents": "Raman spectra and vibrational assignments for deuterated membrane lipids. 1,2-Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 and -d62. Vibrational Raman spectra of polycrystalline 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 (fully deuterated choline methyl groups) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d62 (fully deuterated acyl chains) were recorded in the 3050- 2800, 2250-2050 and 1800-700 cm-1 regions. The fundamental vibrational modes were assigned primarily on the basis of isotopic frequency shift ratios, group frequency correlations and comparisons with specific model compounds. Since deuterium-substituted lipids provide well-isolated spectral probes, particularly in the carbon-deuterium stretching region, the dependence of the 2250-2050 cm-1 region on lipid phase was examined for the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d62 species. The methylene CD2 deformation and twisting modes at 984 and 919 cm-1, respectively, also exhibit intense, isolated vibrational transitions which should prove useful for monitoring molecular order in mixed dueterated and undeuterated lipid systems. Except for the relatively weak choline methyl C-D and C-H stretching modes, the spectrum of 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 is not distinguishable from that of the undeuterated system. For both the d9 and undeuterated species, the vibrational modes associated with the lipid head group region are sensitive to slight hydration.", "PMID": 579158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13448", "title": "Biochemical studies on muscarinic receptors.", "content": "Muscarinic receptors have been characterized in smooth muscle and brain by the binding of reversible (e.g. atropine, quinuclidinylbenzylate) or irreversible (benzilylcholine or propylbenzilylcholine mustards) ligands. There is a close correlation between affinity constants derived from binding experiments and the affinities of muscarinic ligands for these sites obtained in pharmacological experiments on smooth muscle. Whereas atropine shows a single high affinity binding component (in subcellular preparations) several other ligands (QNB, ACh, oxotremorine) show multiple affinity binding. This indicated the existence of several types of binding sides which show selectivity toward certain cholinergic effectors. Most detergents inhibit the binding of ligands to the receptor site and therefore cannot be used to solubilize the receptor protein from the membrane. Treatment of brain subcellular membrane preparations with high salt concentrations (2M NaI) solubilize proteins which possess the muscarinic ligand binding properties observed in the membrane preparation. The affinities for muscarinic antagonists however are decreased, which suggests that a conformational change occurs in the protein upon solubilization.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors have been characterized in smooth muscle and brain by the binding of reversible (e.g. atropine, quinuclidinylbenzylate) or irreversible (benzilylcholine or propylbenzilylcholine mustards) ligands. There is a close correlation between affinity constants derived from binding experiments and the affinities of muscarinic ligands for these sites obtained in pharmacological experiments on smooth muscle. Whereas atropine shows a single high affinity binding component (in subcellular preparations) several other ligands (QNB, ACh, oxotremorine) show multiple affinity binding. This indicated the existence of several types of binding sides which show selectivity toward certain cholinergic effectors. Most detergents inhibit the binding of ligands to the receptor site and therefore cannot be used to solubilize the receptor protein from the membrane. Treatment of brain subcellular membrane preparations with high salt concentrations (2M NaI) solubilize proteins which possess the muscarinic ligand binding properties observed in the membrane preparation. The affinities for muscarinic antagonists however are decreased, which suggests that a conformational change occurs in the protein upon solubilization.", "PMID": 579159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13449", "title": "Venereal disease: its place in health education in schools.", "content": "The paper reports the findings concerning venereal diseases and contraception in several surveys conducted into health education in Northern Ireland. The evidence shows that there is little instruction and discussion of these subjects, either at home or at school, but that teenagers are divided in their attitudes, some desiring information while others are apathetic. The need for well informed teenagers willing to make responsible decisions is stressed and reference is made to one curriculum development project producing materials in this field.", "contents": "Venereal disease: its place in health education in schools. The paper reports the findings concerning venereal diseases and contraception in several surveys conducted into health education in Northern Ireland. The evidence shows that there is little instruction and discussion of these subjects, either at home or at school, but that teenagers are divided in their attitudes, some desiring information while others are apathetic. The need for well informed teenagers willing to make responsible decisions is stressed and reference is made to one curriculum development project producing materials in this field.", "PMID": 579160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13450", "title": "In which hospital departments may sexually transmitted diseases be seen? The views of 56 medical students.", "content": "Fifty-six medical students were asked to list the hospital departments where sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) might be seen and to name the conditions that might occur. The students mentioned 37 departments altogether. Forthy-seven students listed six or more departments and 43 described 11 or more conditions that might be seen. The departments mentioned were placed in ranking order. Over half the students stated that patients with STDs might present in departments of dermatology, neurology, gynaecology, ophthalmology, general medicine, urology, and rheumatology. Writing the lists did not encroach on the time available for clinical teaching and it helped stude-nts to visualise the ways and places in which STDs may present. This form of teaching could be used in other branches of medicine.", "contents": "In which hospital departments may sexually transmitted diseases be seen? The views of 56 medical students. Fifty-six medical students were asked to list the hospital departments where sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) might be seen and to name the conditions that might occur. The students mentioned 37 departments altogether. Forthy-seven students listed six or more departments and 43 described 11 or more conditions that might be seen. The departments mentioned were placed in ranking order. Over half the students stated that patients with STDs might present in departments of dermatology, neurology, gynaecology, ophthalmology, general medicine, urology, and rheumatology. Writing the lists did not encroach on the time available for clinical teaching and it helped stude-nts to visualise the ways and places in which STDs may present. This form of teaching could be used in other branches of medicine.", "PMID": 579161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13451", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy for canine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Thirty-two dogs with naturally occurring multicentric lymphosarcoma were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. One half of the animals received combination chemotherapy plus vitamin injections (controls) while the other half received indentical chemotherapy plus injections of chemically-modified tumor cell extract in Freund's complete adjuvant (vaccinates). Clinical staging revealed no bias between groups but showed that prognosis could be closely correlated with the severity of disease at initial presentation. Twenty dogs (62%), including 11 vaccinates and 9 controls, responded favorably to chemotherapy and were evaluated for length of first remission and total survival time. Both parameters were significantly longer in vaccinated dogs than in controls. These data suggest that immunological stimulation may be a helpful adjunct to conventional therapy in selected types of cancer when immunological principles are observed.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy for canine lymphosarcoma. Thirty-two dogs with naturally occurring multicentric lymphosarcoma were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. One half of the animals received combination chemotherapy plus vitamin injections (controls) while the other half received indentical chemotherapy plus injections of chemically-modified tumor cell extract in Freund's complete adjuvant (vaccinates). Clinical staging revealed no bias between groups but showed that prognosis could be closely correlated with the severity of disease at initial presentation. Twenty dogs (62%), including 11 vaccinates and 9 controls, responded favorably to chemotherapy and were evaluated for length of first remission and total survival time. Both parameters were significantly longer in vaccinated dogs than in controls. These data suggest that immunological stimulation may be a helpful adjunct to conventional therapy in selected types of cancer when immunological principles are observed.", "PMID": 579162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13452", "title": "Nuclear binding of steroid-receptor complex to lymphosarcoma P1798 resistant and sensitive cells and effect of concanavalin A on receptor levels.", "content": "Glucocorticoid-resistant P1798 cell lines have been found to contain levels of glucocorticoid receptor comparable to receptor levels in glucocorticoid-sensitive P1798 cells. Previously, most of the P1798 resistant cells examined were found to contain low levels of glucocorticoid receptor, and this was thought to account for the resistance of these cells to glucocorticoid treatment. Resistant cells with high receptor levels exhibited 10 to 50 percent lower levels of nuclear binding than did sensitive cells. In addition, 90 percent of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex could be extracted from resistant nuclei with 0.2 M NaCl, while only 55 percent of the complex could be extracted from sensitive nuclei, indicating that the affinity of the hormone-receptor complex for resistant nuclei may be weaker than the affinity of the hormone-receptor complex for sensitive nuclei. The effect of concanavalin A was also examined in P1798 sensitive and resistant cells. Concanavalin A effectively lowered glucocorticoid receptor levels in the sensitive cells by 45 percent, while receptor levels of the resistant cells were only slightly lowered. The effect of concanavalin A was both temperature dependent (effective at 37 degrees but not 0 degrees) and time dependent. Thus glucocorticoid resistance of P1798 cells appears to have a more complex mechanism than previously proposed.", "contents": "Nuclear binding of steroid-receptor complex to lymphosarcoma P1798 resistant and sensitive cells and effect of concanavalin A on receptor levels. Glucocorticoid-resistant P1798 cell lines have been found to contain levels of glucocorticoid receptor comparable to receptor levels in glucocorticoid-sensitive P1798 cells. Previously, most of the P1798 resistant cells examined were found to contain low levels of glucocorticoid receptor, and this was thought to account for the resistance of these cells to glucocorticoid treatment. Resistant cells with high receptor levels exhibited 10 to 50 percent lower levels of nuclear binding than did sensitive cells. In addition, 90 percent of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex could be extracted from resistant nuclei with 0.2 M NaCl, while only 55 percent of the complex could be extracted from sensitive nuclei, indicating that the affinity of the hormone-receptor complex for resistant nuclei may be weaker than the affinity of the hormone-receptor complex for sensitive nuclei. The effect of concanavalin A was also examined in P1798 sensitive and resistant cells. Concanavalin A effectively lowered glucocorticoid receptor levels in the sensitive cells by 45 percent, while receptor levels of the resistant cells were only slightly lowered. The effect of concanavalin A was both temperature dependent (effective at 37 degrees but not 0 degrees) and time dependent. Thus glucocorticoid resistance of P1798 cells appears to have a more complex mechanism than previously proposed.", "PMID": 579163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13453", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of intrathecal methotrexate. II. An improved dosage regimen derived from age-related pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-antifolate concentration was analyzed in 100 specimens from 47 patients treated with intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) (12 mg/m2 of body surface area [BSA]). The drug concentrations varied 100-fold, with high levels associated with neurotoxicity and low levels with a poor response to therapy. CSF-MTX concentration was correlated directly with patient age, suggesting that a constant dose, regardless of age or BSA, should provide more consistent CSF-drug concentrations. In a subsequent study 25 patients treated with a conventional-dose schedule of 12 mg/m2 of BSA were compared with a matched group of 24 patients administered a constant dose of 12 mg. There was significantly less variability of drug levels in the CSF with the constant-dose method than with the dosage derived from BSA. It is recommended that patients between 3 and 40 years of age receive the same intrathecal dose rather than varying doses adjusted for patient BSA.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of intrathecal methotrexate. II. An improved dosage regimen derived from age-related pharmacokinetics. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-antifolate concentration was analyzed in 100 specimens from 47 patients treated with intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) (12 mg/m2 of body surface area [BSA]). The drug concentrations varied 100-fold, with high levels associated with neurotoxicity and low levels with a poor response to therapy. CSF-MTX concentration was correlated directly with patient age, suggesting that a constant dose, regardless of age or BSA, should provide more consistent CSF-drug concentrations. In a subsequent study 25 patients treated with a conventional-dose schedule of 12 mg/m2 of BSA were compared with a matched group of 24 patients administered a constant dose of 12 mg. There was significantly less variability of drug levels in the CSF with the constant-dose method than with the dosage derived from BSA. It is recommended that patients between 3 and 40 years of age receive the same intrathecal dose rather than varying doses adjusted for patient BSA.", "PMID": 579164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13454", "title": "[Retrobulbular tissue changes following TSH administration and influence of various drugs in rats].", "content": "Our results demonstrate that the thyreotropin induced exophthalmus is a useful model for testing the efficacy of drugs in animal experiments. Concerning the exophthalmus producing tissue factors till now only qualitative results could be offered. Measuring the incorporation of 3H methionine the statements could be improved quantitatively. Hyaloronidase markedly reduced the thyreotropin induced exophthalmus. L-triiodothyronine, D-triiodothyronine. L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine and hydrocortisone had no certain influence on the TSH induced alterations.", "contents": "[Retrobulbular tissue changes following TSH administration and influence of various drugs in rats]. Our results demonstrate that the thyreotropin induced exophthalmus is a useful model for testing the efficacy of drugs in animal experiments. Concerning the exophthalmus producing tissue factors till now only qualitative results could be offered. Measuring the incorporation of 3H methionine the statements could be improved quantitatively. Hyaloronidase markedly reduced the thyreotropin induced exophthalmus. L-triiodothyronine, D-triiodothyronine. L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine and hydrocortisone had no certain influence on the TSH induced alterations.", "PMID": 579172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13455", "title": "Behavioral nutrition: consumption of foods of the future by toddlers.", "content": "Behavioral measures of food consumption and tasting were combined with nutrient analysis of foods served at a toddler day-care center to determine whether children at the stage of initial exposure to adult diets would accept textured vegetable protein (TVP) and nonfat dry milk as well as they ate other sources of protein and calcium. Main dishes were prepared alternately with TVP, meat, or neither; others were prepared with or without nonfat dry milk. The variation in ingredients appeared not to affect the amount children ate, the percentage sampling the foods, or the percentage eating half a portion or more. Dishes made with TVP increased protein intake comparable to the amount obtained with meat supplements, and calcium intake increased with nonfat dry-milk supplements. In light of these findings, it appears that TVP and nonfat dry-milk are practical alternative sources of protein and calcium in menus for young children.", "contents": "Behavioral nutrition: consumption of foods of the future by toddlers. Behavioral measures of food consumption and tasting were combined with nutrient analysis of foods served at a toddler day-care center to determine whether children at the stage of initial exposure to adult diets would accept textured vegetable protein (TVP) and nonfat dry milk as well as they ate other sources of protein and calcium. Main dishes were prepared alternately with TVP, meat, or neither; others were prepared with or without nonfat dry milk. The variation in ingredients appeared not to affect the amount children ate, the percentage sampling the foods, or the percentage eating half a portion or more. Dishes made with TVP increased protein intake comparable to the amount obtained with meat supplements, and calcium intake increased with nonfat dry-milk supplements. In light of these findings, it appears that TVP and nonfat dry-milk are practical alternative sources of protein and calcium in menus for young children.", "PMID": 579180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13456", "title": "Factors influencing comparative bioavailability of spironolactone tablets.", "content": "The bioavailability of spironolactone from 10 tablet formulations, selected to provide a wide range of specifications and in vitro dissolution rates, was assessed from the plasma and urinary levels of its major unconjugated metabolite, canrenone, in a study of balanced incomplete block design using 11 healthy subjects. Significant but weak correlations existed between the amount of spironolactone in solution at 40 min in vitro and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve for canrenone and urinary canrenone excretion. The correlations between in vitro dissolution and bioavailability parameters appeared to be weakened by two tablet formulations, one with dibasic calcium phosphate as the principal excipient and the other formulated from micronized spironolactone bulk drug. Measurement of in vitro dissolution of spironolactone tablets is of value for quality control purposes, provided no major alteration is made in the formulation.", "contents": "Factors influencing comparative bioavailability of spironolactone tablets. The bioavailability of spironolactone from 10 tablet formulations, selected to provide a wide range of specifications and in vitro dissolution rates, was assessed from the plasma and urinary levels of its major unconjugated metabolite, canrenone, in a study of balanced incomplete block design using 11 healthy subjects. Significant but weak correlations existed between the amount of spironolactone in solution at 40 min in vitro and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve for canrenone and urinary canrenone excretion. The correlations between in vitro dissolution and bioavailability parameters appeared to be weakened by two tablet formulations, one with dibasic calcium phosphate as the principal excipient and the other formulated from micronized spironolactone bulk drug. Measurement of in vitro dissolution of spironolactone tablets is of value for quality control purposes, provided no major alteration is made in the formulation.", "PMID": 579186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13457", "title": "Generic propoxyphene: need for clinical bioavailability evaluation.", "content": "Plasma level data on two investigational capsule formulations of propoxyphene with similar physicochemical parameters demonstrate that the formulations have different in vivo bioavailabilities. The potential bioavailability problems with water-soluble drugs and the lack of correlation of in vitro and in vivo parameters for equivalent drug formulations are discussed.", "contents": "Generic propoxyphene: need for clinical bioavailability evaluation. Plasma level data on two investigational capsule formulations of propoxyphene with similar physicochemical parameters demonstrate that the formulations have different in vivo bioavailabilities. The potential bioavailability problems with water-soluble drugs and the lack of correlation of in vitro and in vivo parameters for equivalent drug formulations are discussed.", "PMID": 579187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13458", "title": "Phase II evaluation of cytembena (NSC-104801) in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma resistant to alkylating agents: brief communication.", "content": "Seventeen patients with stages III and IV alkylating agent-resistant ovarian carcinomas were treated with cytembena, which was given in doses of 200 mg/m2 twice daily for 5 consecutive days every 5 weeks. Sixteen patients completed at least one course of treatment; 11 of them experienced objective progression of disease or failed to continue treatment because of a continuing symptomatic deterioration within the first two treatment cycles. Three patients remained objectively stable after two courses of treatment, but were symptomatically worse and stopped treatment for that reason. Another patient experienced progression after three courses, and the final patient voluntarily withdrew after three courses. No objective regression of disease occurred during treatment with cytembena. Nausea and vomiting occurred at some time in all except 1 patient, and 3 patients experienced mild diarrhea. Two patients had alopecia.", "contents": "Phase II evaluation of cytembena (NSC-104801) in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma resistant to alkylating agents: brief communication. Seventeen patients with stages III and IV alkylating agent-resistant ovarian carcinomas were treated with cytembena, which was given in doses of 200 mg/m2 twice daily for 5 consecutive days every 5 weeks. Sixteen patients completed at least one course of treatment; 11 of them experienced objective progression of disease or failed to continue treatment because of a continuing symptomatic deterioration within the first two treatment cycles. Three patients remained objectively stable after two courses of treatment, but were symptomatically worse and stopped treatment for that reason. Another patient experienced progression after three courses, and the final patient voluntarily withdrew after three courses. No objective regression of disease occurred during treatment with cytembena. Nausea and vomiting occurred at some time in all except 1 patient, and 3 patients experienced mild diarrhea. Two patients had alopecia.", "PMID": 579188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13459", "title": "Predictive value of renin determinations in renal artery stenosis.", "content": "The prognostic value of renal vein and peripheral renin levels was analyzed in 66 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis who underwent corrective surgery. Patient selection for operation was independent of renin results. Fifty-three percent of those with confirmed renovascular hypertension had renal vein renin ratios less than 2.0, ie, within the 95% confidence limit for the control group of 82 patients with essential hypertension. Thirty-four patients with clearly lateralizing renin data (ipsilateral:contralateral greater than or equal to 1.5 and contralateral:peripheral less than or equal to 1.3) were benefited by operation, but 23 additional patients with nonlateralizing data also benefited. No proposed scheme for renin data analysis detected more than 75% of those with renovascular hypertension. Although lateralizing renin data are highly predictive of operative benefit, nonlateralizing data do not necessarily herald operative failure and should not be dogmatically used to exclude surgical intervention.", "contents": "Predictive value of renin determinations in renal artery stenosis. The prognostic value of renal vein and peripheral renin levels was analyzed in 66 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis who underwent corrective surgery. Patient selection for operation was independent of renin results. Fifty-three percent of those with confirmed renovascular hypertension had renal vein renin ratios less than 2.0, ie, within the 95% confidence limit for the control group of 82 patients with essential hypertension. Thirty-four patients with clearly lateralizing renin data (ipsilateral:contralateral greater than or equal to 1.5 and contralateral:peripheral less than or equal to 1.3) were benefited by operation, but 23 additional patients with nonlateralizing data also benefited. No proposed scheme for renin data analysis detected more than 75% of those with renovascular hypertension. Although lateralizing renin data are highly predictive of operative benefit, nonlateralizing data do not necessarily herald operative failure and should not be dogmatically used to exclude surgical intervention.", "PMID": 579197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13460", "title": "Long-term antiarrhythmic therapy in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest. Initial 18 months' experience.", "content": "Ambulatory rhythm monitoring and chronic arrhythmia management were studied in 16 patients resuscitated from prehospital cardiac arrest. Asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias (ACVA) occurred in 12 patients (75%) entering long-term follow-up during the first 12 months (average follow-up, 13.25 months). The patients' therapy consisted of a dose-adjusted, membrane-active antiarrhythmic drug regimen monitored by blood levels. While there has been little change in the frequency of ACVAs despite carefully controlled antiarrhythmic management, only one death has occurred during 212 patient-months of postarrest follow-up, a 6% one-year mortality. This compares favorably to our previous experience in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest not receiving a controlled antiarrhythmic program. Despite the failure to suppress ACVAs, the drug-monitored population is showing a trend toward a decreased frequency of recurrent cardiac arrest.", "contents": "Long-term antiarrhythmic therapy in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest. Initial 18 months' experience. Ambulatory rhythm monitoring and chronic arrhythmia management were studied in 16 patients resuscitated from prehospital cardiac arrest. Asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias (ACVA) occurred in 12 patients (75%) entering long-term follow-up during the first 12 months (average follow-up, 13.25 months). The patients' therapy consisted of a dose-adjusted, membrane-active antiarrhythmic drug regimen monitored by blood levels. While there has been little change in the frequency of ACVAs despite carefully controlled antiarrhythmic management, only one death has occurred during 212 patient-months of postarrest follow-up, a 6% one-year mortality. This compares favorably to our previous experience in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest not receiving a controlled antiarrhythmic program. Despite the failure to suppress ACVAs, the drug-monitored population is showing a trend toward a decreased frequency of recurrent cardiac arrest.", "PMID": 579198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13461", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg. Prevalence in homosexual and heterosexual men.", "content": "The prevalence rates of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) were 5.6% and 34% in 144 homosexual men in Seattle. Prevalence rates were only 0.9% and 3.6% in 111 heterosexual male venereal disease clinic patients with nongonococcal urethritis, and also 0.9% and 3.6% in 111 healthy men undergoing routine physical examinations. Thus, previous exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was estimated to be 8.8 times greater for homosexual men than for heterosexual men. Four of four HBsAg positive sera from homosexual men were subtyped as \"ad,\" whereas subtype \"ay\" is preponderant in intravenous drug abusers. Future public health measures to control HBV infection should address the prevention of sexually transmitted HBV infection among homosexual men.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg. Prevalence in homosexual and heterosexual men. The prevalence rates of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) were 5.6% and 34% in 144 homosexual men in Seattle. Prevalence rates were only 0.9% and 3.6% in 111 heterosexual male venereal disease clinic patients with nongonococcal urethritis, and also 0.9% and 3.6% in 111 healthy men undergoing routine physical examinations. Thus, previous exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was estimated to be 8.8 times greater for homosexual men than for heterosexual men. Four of four HBsAg positive sera from homosexual men were subtyped as \"ad,\" whereas subtype \"ay\" is preponderant in intravenous drug abusers. Future public health measures to control HBV infection should address the prevention of sexually transmitted HBV infection among homosexual men.", "PMID": 579199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13462", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation in a medically supervised cardiac exercise program. Clinical, angiographic, and surgical correlations.", "content": "Five patients with ischemic heart disease were resuscitated after experiencing ventricular fibrillation in a medically supervised exercise program. Four subsequently had successful myocardial revascularization (three prior to hospital discharge), and three have returned to an exercise prescription of reduced intensity. Multivessel operative coronary disease is common in patients experiencing ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation may occur unpredictably (two to 48 months) in duration of exercise. Exercise fitness centers for such patients should be medically supervised and equipped with a defibrillator and appropriate drugs.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation in a medically supervised cardiac exercise program. Clinical, angiographic, and surgical correlations. Five patients with ischemic heart disease were resuscitated after experiencing ventricular fibrillation in a medically supervised exercise program. Four subsequently had successful myocardial revascularization (three prior to hospital discharge), and three have returned to an exercise prescription of reduced intensity. Multivessel operative coronary disease is common in patients experiencing ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation may occur unpredictably (two to 48 months) in duration of exercise. Exercise fitness centers for such patients should be medically supervised and equipped with a defibrillator and appropriate drugs.", "PMID": 579200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13463", "title": "Disseminated North American blastomycosis. Occurrence with clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency.", "content": "Adrenal involvement in cases of disseminated North American blastomycosis occurs frequently, but clinically substantive adrenal insufficiency is rare. An unusual case of disseminated blastomycosis with clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency was found. One should be alert to the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency that may develop in patients with disseminated mycoses.", "contents": "Disseminated North American blastomycosis. Occurrence with clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal involvement in cases of disseminated North American blastomycosis occurs frequently, but clinically substantive adrenal insufficiency is rare. An unusual case of disseminated blastomycosis with clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency was found. One should be alert to the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency that may develop in patients with disseminated mycoses.", "PMID": 579201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13464", "title": "Brain-stem compression in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A woman had cervical C-1 to C-2 subluxation with dysphagia. Initial improvement with halo cast and posterior fusion was followed by recurrence of symptoms, but transpharyngeal resection of the odontoid process had continued to alleviate symptoms at 18-month follow-up examination. The importance of vertical C-1 to C-2 subluxation in rheumatoid cervical arthritis is emphasized.", "contents": "Brain-stem compression in rheumatoid arthritis. A woman had cervical C-1 to C-2 subluxation with dysphagia. Initial improvement with halo cast and posterior fusion was followed by recurrence of symptoms, but transpharyngeal resection of the odontoid process had continued to alleviate symptoms at 18-month follow-up examination. The importance of vertical C-1 to C-2 subluxation in rheumatoid cervical arthritis is emphasized.", "PMID": 579202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13465", "title": "Scintigraphy of sacroiliac pyarthrosis in children.", "content": "Eight children with low back, hip, or lower limb pain who were subsequently shown to have pyogenic infections of their sacroiliac joints were examined by a combination of plain roentgenography and radionuclide bone scintigraphy. In all cases, the scintigraphic examination was diagnostic, while the roentgenograms were initially abnormal in only two cases. In the other six cases, one to six weeks passed before changes compatible with sacroiliac pyarthrosis were seen on roentgenographic examination. Radionuclide scintigraphy is recommended as part of the initial workup of children with appropriate symptoms.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of sacroiliac pyarthrosis in children. Eight children with low back, hip, or lower limb pain who were subsequently shown to have pyogenic infections of their sacroiliac joints were examined by a combination of plain roentgenography and radionuclide bone scintigraphy. In all cases, the scintigraphic examination was diagnostic, while the roentgenograms were initially abnormal in only two cases. In the other six cases, one to six weeks passed before changes compatible with sacroiliac pyarthrosis were seen on roentgenographic examination. Radionuclide scintigraphy is recommended as part of the initial workup of children with appropriate symptoms.", "PMID": 579208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13466", "title": "Allergic alveolitis caused by home humidifiers. Unusual clinical features and electron microscopic findings.", "content": "Allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) developed in two patients who were exposed to home humidifiers contaminated by thermophilic actinomycetes. Diagnosis was difficult because severe dyspnea was chronic and not easily associated with specific environmental exposure. Furthermore, chest roentgenograms were normal for long periods despite severe physiologic abnormalities. After several years of disabling symptoms, open lung biopsy findings suggested allergic alveolitis rather than sarcoidosis because a mononuclear interstitial infiltrate overshadowed the granulomas. Also, plasma cells were prominent and there was an intense bronchiolitis. Cultures of the humidifier water grew thermophilic organisms to which the patient's sera formed precipitins. Both patients experienced notable subjective and objective improvement following removal of the contaminated appliances. The ultrastructure of alveolar macrophages and basement membranes was similar to that described in animal models, suggesting cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the patients.", "contents": "Allergic alveolitis caused by home humidifiers. Unusual clinical features and electron microscopic findings. Allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) developed in two patients who were exposed to home humidifiers contaminated by thermophilic actinomycetes. Diagnosis was difficult because severe dyspnea was chronic and not easily associated with specific environmental exposure. Furthermore, chest roentgenograms were normal for long periods despite severe physiologic abnormalities. After several years of disabling symptoms, open lung biopsy findings suggested allergic alveolitis rather than sarcoidosis because a mononuclear interstitial infiltrate overshadowed the granulomas. Also, plasma cells were prominent and there was an intense bronchiolitis. Cultures of the humidifier water grew thermophilic organisms to which the patient's sera formed precipitins. Both patients experienced notable subjective and objective improvement following removal of the contaminated appliances. The ultrastructure of alveolar macrophages and basement membranes was similar to that described in animal models, suggesting cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the patients.", "PMID": 579209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13467", "title": "Clinical laboratory use in the evaluation of anemia.", "content": "Follow-up tests ordered on 258 consecutively examined inpatients with low hemoglobin values on admission were analyzed. The appropriateness of the follow-up tests was evaluated by chart review after preselection by an algorithm. When the cause of the anemia was known or was irrelevant in view of the patient's clinical status, the laboratory use was judged to be adequate. Seventy-one percent of patients studied had an adequate follow-up, though 11% had nonindicated tests performed, scored as laboratory overuse. Twenty-four percent had no follow-up, scored as laboratory underuse. Five percent did not have all indicated tests done and had nonindicated tests done, scored as a mixture of underuse and overuse. Potential remedies to correct misuse are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical laboratory use in the evaluation of anemia. Follow-up tests ordered on 258 consecutively examined inpatients with low hemoglobin values on admission were analyzed. The appropriateness of the follow-up tests was evaluated by chart review after preselection by an algorithm. When the cause of the anemia was known or was irrelevant in view of the patient's clinical status, the laboratory use was judged to be adequate. Seventy-one percent of patients studied had an adequate follow-up, though 11% had nonindicated tests performed, scored as laboratory overuse. Twenty-four percent had no follow-up, scored as laboratory underuse. Five percent did not have all indicated tests done and had nonindicated tests done, scored as a mixture of underuse and overuse. Potential remedies to correct misuse are discussed.", "PMID": 579210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13468", "title": "Myocardial rupture. Major left ventricular infarct rupture treated by infarctectomy.", "content": "A myocardial rupture that occurred during anesthesia induction for infarctectomy was successfully repaired, and the patient is well and free of symptoms 10 1/2 months later.", "contents": "Myocardial rupture. Major left ventricular infarct rupture treated by infarctectomy. A myocardial rupture that occurred during anesthesia induction for infarctectomy was successfully repaired, and the patient is well and free of symptoms 10 1/2 months later.", "PMID": 579211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13469", "title": "Peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt. Control of renin-aldosterone system in cirrhotic ascites.", "content": "Because of the unusual clinical course of a patient with hepatic cirrhosis, refractory ascites, and hepatorenal syndrome, we were able to examine the complex interrelationships between massive ascites, renin-aldosterone activity, and renal and hepatic function before and after placement of a peritoneojugular vein (LeVeen) shunt. Measurements indicated that when the shunt was functioning, renin-aldosterone production was suppressed, the hepatorenal syndrome was reversed, and ascites remitted. These data suggest that hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, and functional renal abnormalities of this disorder are potentially reversible and arise primarily from the imbalance between formation and drainage of hepatosplanchnic lymph rather than from hepatocellular dysfunction, lowered plasma oncotic pressure, or portal hypertension.", "contents": "Peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt. Control of renin-aldosterone system in cirrhotic ascites. Because of the unusual clinical course of a patient with hepatic cirrhosis, refractory ascites, and hepatorenal syndrome, we were able to examine the complex interrelationships between massive ascites, renin-aldosterone activity, and renal and hepatic function before and after placement of a peritoneojugular vein (LeVeen) shunt. Measurements indicated that when the shunt was functioning, renin-aldosterone production was suppressed, the hepatorenal syndrome was reversed, and ascites remitted. These data suggest that hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, and functional renal abnormalities of this disorder are potentially reversible and arise primarily from the imbalance between formation and drainage of hepatosplanchnic lymph rather than from hepatocellular dysfunction, lowered plasma oncotic pressure, or portal hypertension.", "PMID": 579228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13470", "title": "Ibuprofen in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis.", "content": "Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ten patients with acute gouty arthritis were treated with daily doses of 2,400 mg of ibuprofen. All patients had rapid improvement and complete resolution within 72 hours; no adverse reactions were reported. Ibuprofen therapy may be an effective alternative in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis.", "contents": "Ibuprofen in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ten patients with acute gouty arthritis were treated with daily doses of 2,400 mg of ibuprofen. All patients had rapid improvement and complete resolution within 72 hours; no adverse reactions were reported. Ibuprofen therapy may be an effective alternative in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis.", "PMID": 579229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13471", "title": "Needle aspiration biopsy: a critical appraisal. Eight years and 3,267 specimens later.", "content": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was used to diagnose lesions from the breast, subcutaneous nodules and lymph nodes, prostate, deep masses, lung, and pancreas. Over an eight-year period, 3,267 specimens were examined. The biopsy specimens were taken with 18- to 22-gauge disposable needles with attached syringes, were fixed immediately, and were stained according to the method of Papanicolaou. Frequently, the aspiration was done as an office procedure. The method was essentially complication-free. The biopsy specimen was easy to interpret, and the procedure had an overall accuracy of approximately 90%. It should be used by all clinicians, especially on the initial visit of the patient.", "contents": "Needle aspiration biopsy: a critical appraisal. Eight years and 3,267 specimens later. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was used to diagnose lesions from the breast, subcutaneous nodules and lymph nodes, prostate, deep masses, lung, and pancreas. Over an eight-year period, 3,267 specimens were examined. The biopsy specimens were taken with 18- to 22-gauge disposable needles with attached syringes, were fixed immediately, and were stained according to the method of Papanicolaou. Frequently, the aspiration was done as an office procedure. The method was essentially complication-free. The biopsy specimen was easy to interpret, and the procedure had an overall accuracy of approximately 90%. It should be used by all clinicians, especially on the initial visit of the patient.", "PMID": 579230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13472", "title": "Thiazide-induced hypokalemia. Association with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation.", "content": "Ten of 59 patients (17%) were receiving a thiazide preparation at the time of an acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. Hypokalemia was present in seven of eight patients (87%) receiving thiazides, whereas it was observed in only one of 38 patients (2.6%) not receiving these medications. If hypokalemia is present in patients receiving thiazides who have had an acute myocardial infarction, it should be corrected so as to remove this predisposing cause of ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Thiazide-induced hypokalemia. Association with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. Ten of 59 patients (17%) were receiving a thiazide preparation at the time of an acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. Hypokalemia was present in seven of eight patients (87%) receiving thiazides, whereas it was observed in only one of 38 patients (2.6%) not receiving these medications. If hypokalemia is present in patients receiving thiazides who have had an acute myocardial infarction, it should be corrected so as to remove this predisposing cause of ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 579231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13473", "title": "Disseminated varicella complicating ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Disseminated varicella is an uncommon complication of ulcerative colitis, despite the frequent use of steroid therapy in this disorder. Fatal varicella infection occurred in a patient with ulcerative colitis who was receiving steroid therapy. This observation suggests that zoster-immunoglobulin should be administered to patients exposed to varicella with ulcerative colitis who are receiving steroid therapy.", "contents": "Disseminated varicella complicating ulcerative colitis. Disseminated varicella is an uncommon complication of ulcerative colitis, despite the frequent use of steroid therapy in this disorder. Fatal varicella infection occurred in a patient with ulcerative colitis who was receiving steroid therapy. This observation suggests that zoster-immunoglobulin should be administered to patients exposed to varicella with ulcerative colitis who are receiving steroid therapy.", "PMID": 579232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13474", "title": "Splinter hemorrhages in patients receiving regular hemodialysis.", "content": "Typical subungual splinter hemorrhages were found on routine medical examination in four of 20 patients receiving regular hemodialysis, with no apparent clinical cause.", "contents": "Splinter hemorrhages in patients receiving regular hemodialysis. Typical subungual splinter hemorrhages were found on routine medical examination in four of 20 patients receiving regular hemodialysis, with no apparent clinical cause.", "PMID": 579233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13475", "title": "Antifungal agents used for deep-seated mycotic infections.", "content": "The main emphasis in this paper is on the broad-spectrum antifungal agent amphotericin B and the narrow-spectrum agent flucytosine. Amphotericin B remains the cornerstone of antifungal therapy. For the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis, the current recommendation is for the combined use of amphotericin B and flucytosine. 2-Hydrostilbamidine is used only in indolent cases of blastomycosis; this condition is usually treated with amphotericin B. A number of newer agents and combinations of drugs also warrant mention, but clinical experience is limited and these agents or combinations have not been approved for clinical use. Not all patients from whom fungal agents are isolated require treatment and the extent of the fungal infection should be determined when possible for evaluation of the need for treatment.", "contents": "Antifungal agents used for deep-seated mycotic infections. The main emphasis in this paper is on the broad-spectrum antifungal agent amphotericin B and the narrow-spectrum agent flucytosine. Amphotericin B remains the cornerstone of antifungal therapy. For the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis, the current recommendation is for the combined use of amphotericin B and flucytosine. 2-Hydrostilbamidine is used only in indolent cases of blastomycosis; this condition is usually treated with amphotericin B. A number of newer agents and combinations of drugs also warrant mention, but clinical experience is limited and these agents or combinations have not been approved for clinical use. Not all patients from whom fungal agents are isolated require treatment and the extent of the fungal infection should be determined when possible for evaluation of the need for treatment.", "PMID": 579245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13476", "title": "[Radiographic differential diagnosis of benign and malignant space occupying lesions in the facial area (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiological signs of clinically and microscopically verified space occupying lesions in the facial region are demonstrated, particularly referring to tomography. The possibilities to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions are pointed out.", "contents": "[Radiographic differential diagnosis of benign and malignant space occupying lesions in the facial area (author's transl)]. Radiological signs of clinically and microscopically verified space occupying lesions in the facial region are demonstrated, particularly referring to tomography. The possibilities to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions are pointed out.", "PMID": 579255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13477", "title": "[Reflex excitability of the spinal centers in patients with diffuse toxic goiter (concerning the pathogenesis of motor disorders)].", "content": "Reflex activity of the spinal cord motor centres was studied in patients with diffuse toxic goiter and in healthy persons. Methods of recording N- and M-responses of the soleus muscle were used. It was revealed that the number of motor neurons participating in the reflex reaction was changed; the restoratory cycle of the motor neuron pool was disturbed in double stimulation; inhibition of the H-reflex during the voluntary contraction of the antagonist muscle was diminished. The occuring disturbances were connected with the functional changes both of the segmental spinal cord apparatus and of the supersegmental formations. The extent and the direction of the detected disturbances are determined by the presence or the absence of affection of the mesodiencephalic formations on the patients under study and failed to depend on the severity of the disease.", "contents": "[Reflex excitability of the spinal centers in patients with diffuse toxic goiter (concerning the pathogenesis of motor disorders)]. Reflex activity of the spinal cord motor centres was studied in patients with diffuse toxic goiter and in healthy persons. Methods of recording N- and M-responses of the soleus muscle were used. It was revealed that the number of motor neurons participating in the reflex reaction was changed; the restoratory cycle of the motor neuron pool was disturbed in double stimulation; inhibition of the H-reflex during the voluntary contraction of the antagonist muscle was diminished. The occuring disturbances were connected with the functional changes both of the segmental spinal cord apparatus and of the supersegmental formations. The extent and the direction of the detected disturbances are determined by the presence or the absence of affection of the mesodiencephalic formations on the patients under study and failed to depend on the severity of the disease.", "PMID": 579253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13478", "title": "[Biological significance of fibrinopeptide A elevation in the blood].", "content": "In 13 patients with effusions of varying etiology, considerably higher fibrinopeptide A (FPA) immunoreactivity were found in the effusions than in the corresponding plasmas. After instillation of heparin into the effusion the FPA concentration diminished significantly but very slowly. The difference in concentration between plasma and effusion therefore represents a relative FPA accumulation in the effusion. In view of its extremely short half-life in plasma, the FPA produced in the effusions is thought not to contribute to the increased plasma FPA levels. In addition, injection of amounts of FPA into the effusion such as to produce an acute increase of the local FPA level did not lead to a significant change in the FPA level in plasma.", "contents": "[Biological significance of fibrinopeptide A elevation in the blood]. In 13 patients with effusions of varying etiology, considerably higher fibrinopeptide A (FPA) immunoreactivity were found in the effusions than in the corresponding plasmas. After instillation of heparin into the effusion the FPA concentration diminished significantly but very slowly. The difference in concentration between plasma and effusion therefore represents a relative FPA accumulation in the effusion. In view of its extremely short half-life in plasma, the FPA produced in the effusions is thought not to contribute to the increased plasma FPA levels. In addition, injection of amounts of FPA into the effusion such as to produce an acute increase of the local FPA level did not lead to a significant change in the FPA level in plasma.", "PMID": 579262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13479", "title": "Onco-embryonic antigens on murine normal adult cells.", "content": "Normal adult C57BL/6J fibroblasts, cultured to saturation density and therefore in resting phase, were harvested by EDTA, treated with trypsin at various concentrations for different lengths of time and then tested for absorbing capacity of a C57BL/He anti-embryo serum, the residual cytotoxic activity being measured by a 51Cr release assay on a C57BL/He lymphosarcoma known to carry embryonic antigens. A weak proteolytic treatment (0.05-0.25% trypsin for 5-10 min) uncovered structures which absorbed over 40% activity of the anti-embryo serum. The treated fibroblasts partially retained the absorbing capacity for an antihistocompatibility serum. Higher doses or longer exposure to trypsin progressively inactivated the absorbing capacity of fibroblasts for both antisera. Trypsin treatment of fibrosarcoma cells, which when untreated completely absorbed the anti-embryo serum, decreased their absorbing capacity. Additionally, normal untreated fibroblasts in growing phase were found to absorb the anti-embryo serum.", "contents": "Onco-embryonic antigens on murine normal adult cells. Normal adult C57BL/6J fibroblasts, cultured to saturation density and therefore in resting phase, were harvested by EDTA, treated with trypsin at various concentrations for different lengths of time and then tested for absorbing capacity of a C57BL/He anti-embryo serum, the residual cytotoxic activity being measured by a 51Cr release assay on a C57BL/He lymphosarcoma known to carry embryonic antigens. A weak proteolytic treatment (0.05-0.25% trypsin for 5-10 min) uncovered structures which absorbed over 40% activity of the anti-embryo serum. The treated fibroblasts partially retained the absorbing capacity for an antihistocompatibility serum. Higher doses or longer exposure to trypsin progressively inactivated the absorbing capacity of fibroblasts for both antisera. Trypsin treatment of fibrosarcoma cells, which when untreated completely absorbed the anti-embryo serum, decreased their absorbing capacity. Additionally, normal untreated fibroblasts in growing phase were found to absorb the anti-embryo serum.", "PMID": 579265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13480", "title": "A morphometric examination of type II alveolar epithelial cells in normal and isolated-perfused dog lungs.", "content": "The volume densities of type II alveolar cell cytoplasmic organelles and alveolar surface densities were estimated by established stereologic procedures. The morphometric measurements were obtained from normal dog lungs (in situ) and isolated dog lungs perfused for 30-minute, 1-hour, and 2-hour periods. The type II cell lamellar body volume densities and the alveolar surface densities progressively decreased as the times of perfusion were increased. The volume densities of the granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum progressively increased during the periods of perfusion. These morphometric parameters from lungs in situ and isolated lungs suggest that changes occur in pulmonary surfactant synthesis and activity during perfusion. It is further postulated that progressive increases in the rates of surfactant removal and/or inactivation during perfusion may contribute to spontaneous edema in lungs isolated for periods exceeding two hours. The morphologic and physiologic integrity of isolated perfused lung preparations, widely used as models of lungs in vivo, in situ requires further evaluation.", "contents": "A morphometric examination of type II alveolar epithelial cells in normal and isolated-perfused dog lungs. The volume densities of type II alveolar cell cytoplasmic organelles and alveolar surface densities were estimated by established stereologic procedures. The morphometric measurements were obtained from normal dog lungs (in situ) and isolated dog lungs perfused for 30-minute, 1-hour, and 2-hour periods. The type II cell lamellar body volume densities and the alveolar surface densities progressively decreased as the times of perfusion were increased. The volume densities of the granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum progressively increased during the periods of perfusion. These morphometric parameters from lungs in situ and isolated lungs suggest that changes occur in pulmonary surfactant synthesis and activity during perfusion. It is further postulated that progressive increases in the rates of surfactant removal and/or inactivation during perfusion may contribute to spontaneous edema in lungs isolated for periods exceeding two hours. The morphologic and physiologic integrity of isolated perfused lung preparations, widely used as models of lungs in vivo, in situ requires further evaluation.", "PMID": 579278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13481", "title": "Gastric emptying of lactose and milk in subjects with lactose malabsorption.", "content": "Six lactose absorbers (LA) and 5 lactose malabsorbers (LM) had tests of gastric emptying with 750-ml meals of glucose in water, lactose in water, plain milk, and chocolate milk. The glucose and lactose meals emptied in a similar fashion in LA and LM subjects with a significant decrease in gastric emptying as the osmolarity of the meals was doubled. If the data are normalized by dividing lactose emptying by the emptying of glucose meals of twice the osmolality in each individual, the lactose malabsorbers empty significantly more lactose. Both LA and LM subjects emptied comparable amounts of milk meals having similar osmolarity. Chocolate milk, which had a higher osmolality than plain milk, emptied more slowly than plain milk in both groups, and this difference was significant in the LM group.", "contents": "Gastric emptying of lactose and milk in subjects with lactose malabsorption. Six lactose absorbers (LA) and 5 lactose malabsorbers (LM) had tests of gastric emptying with 750-ml meals of glucose in water, lactose in water, plain milk, and chocolate milk. The glucose and lactose meals emptied in a similar fashion in LA and LM subjects with a significant decrease in gastric emptying as the osmolarity of the meals was doubled. If the data are normalized by dividing lactose emptying by the emptying of glucose meals of twice the osmolality in each individual, the lactose malabsorbers empty significantly more lactose. Both LA and LM subjects emptied comparable amounts of milk meals having similar osmolarity. Chocolate milk, which had a higher osmolality than plain milk, emptied more slowly than plain milk in both groups, and this difference was significant in the LM group.", "PMID": 579279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13482", "title": "[Pulmonary oedema ex vacuo (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous respiration in the presence of upper airway obstruction causes considerable negative intra alveolar pressure which may lead to pulmonary oedema \"ex vacuo\". Four cases are presented of spontaneously breathing patients who sustained upper airway obstruction lastin from one to several hours, leading to manifest pulmonary oedema. The pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema ex vacuo is discussed on the basis of alteration of physiological parameters such as capillary, alveolar and pleural pressures, as well as the properties of lung liquid exchange. In contrast, pulmonary oedema occurring after re-expansion of a collapsed lung is reported in one patient. No negative intraalveolar pressure could be incriminated in this case since the patient was ventilated using intermittent positive pressure from the beginning of lung expansion. We tend to attribute the evolution of this second kind of pulmonary oedema to capillary damage, resulting from hypoperfusion of the atelectatic areas, altered alveolar surface lining layer, infection and other cases. The therapeutic measures used in pulmonary oedema \"exvacuo\" are briefly mentioned.", "contents": "[Pulmonary oedema ex vacuo (author's transl)]. Spontaneous respiration in the presence of upper airway obstruction causes considerable negative intra alveolar pressure which may lead to pulmonary oedema \"ex vacuo\". Four cases are presented of spontaneously breathing patients who sustained upper airway obstruction lastin from one to several hours, leading to manifest pulmonary oedema. The pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema ex vacuo is discussed on the basis of alteration of physiological parameters such as capillary, alveolar and pleural pressures, as well as the properties of lung liquid exchange. In contrast, pulmonary oedema occurring after re-expansion of a collapsed lung is reported in one patient. No negative intraalveolar pressure could be incriminated in this case since the patient was ventilated using intermittent positive pressure from the beginning of lung expansion. We tend to attribute the evolution of this second kind of pulmonary oedema to capillary damage, resulting from hypoperfusion of the atelectatic areas, altered alveolar surface lining layer, infection and other cases. The therapeutic measures used in pulmonary oedema \"exvacuo\" are briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 579286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13483", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in canine neurologic disease.", "content": "Samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 93 dogs with neurologic diseases were examined by cytomorphologic technique, and the changes in the CSF were correlated with histopathologic examinations of the central nervous system (CNS). It was concluded that CSF examination is a significant aid in obtaining a neurologic diagnosis and that good correlation exists between the CSF changes and the pathologic changes in the CNS. The CSF examination allows making a diagnosis of encephalitis and differentiation between viral and other causes (although in mycotic infection the cell membrane preparation can be used to identify the cause directly), could allow making differentiation between congenital malformations and congenital degenerative disease, and helps in identifying physical spinal cord damage, differentiating it from muscular, neurogenic, or functional disorders clinically presented as spinal ataxia. The CSF cytologic examination can indicate the presence of hemorrhage in the CNS. There is not enough experience available in the diagnosis of brain tumors by means of CSF examination; however, in dogs with lymphosarcoma in the CNS, CSF cytologic changes can be diagnostic.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in canine neurologic disease. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 93 dogs with neurologic diseases were examined by cytomorphologic technique, and the changes in the CSF were correlated with histopathologic examinations of the central nervous system (CNS). It was concluded that CSF examination is a significant aid in obtaining a neurologic diagnosis and that good correlation exists between the CSF changes and the pathologic changes in the CNS. The CSF examination allows making a diagnosis of encephalitis and differentiation between viral and other causes (although in mycotic infection the cell membrane preparation can be used to identify the cause directly), could allow making differentiation between congenital malformations and congenital degenerative disease, and helps in identifying physical spinal cord damage, differentiating it from muscular, neurogenic, or functional disorders clinically presented as spinal ataxia. The CSF cytologic examination can indicate the presence of hemorrhage in the CNS. There is not enough experience available in the diagnosis of brain tumors by means of CSF examination; however, in dogs with lymphosarcoma in the CNS, CSF cytologic changes can be diagnostic.", "PMID": 579291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13484", "title": "[Utilization of gossypol-free cottonseed and its by-products as human food].", "content": "Trials  have principally turned on a glandless cottonseed flour, with 56 p. 100 of proteins. It is possible to blend it with millet or sorghum flour, and  so to prepare the main meals of the local cooking. Trial of acceptability and long-dated consumption have shown that this flour is rather well appreciated especially in sauces. The growth of young children has been better thanks to the consumption of a cottonseed flour pap during six months. Trials to manufacture biscuits and noodles have been attempted. Kernels of cottonseed with 32 p. 100 of proteins and 33 p. 100 of lipids have been consumed with success. Four tons of kernels have been sold at the same price as sorghum in the area where the glandless cotton plant is under cultivation.", "contents": "[Utilization of gossypol-free cottonseed and its by-products as human food]. Trials  have principally turned on a glandless cottonseed flour, with 56 p. 100 of proteins. It is possible to blend it with millet or sorghum flour, and  so to prepare the main meals of the local cooking. Trial of acceptability and long-dated consumption have shown that this flour is rather well appreciated especially in sauces. The growth of young children has been better thanks to the consumption of a cottonseed flour pap during six months. Trials to manufacture biscuits and noodles have been attempted. Kernels of cottonseed with 32 p. 100 of proteins and 33 p. 100 of lipids have been consumed with success. Four tons of kernels have been sold at the same price as sorghum in the area where the glandless cotton plant is under cultivation.", "PMID": 579293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13485", "title": "Retrolental fibroplasia--res ipsa non loquitur.", "content": "The misconception that retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) occurs only in premature infants who have been exposed to excessive concentrations of oxygen is discussed. The fact that RLF occurs without exposure to oxygen is documented. Basic principles of jurisprudence regarding medical malpractice relating to RLF are discussed. Since RLF can occur without exposure to oxygen the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur should not apply. The burden of proof should still rest with the plaintiff.", "contents": "Retrolental fibroplasia--res ipsa non loquitur. The misconception that retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) occurs only in premature infants who have been exposed to excessive concentrations of oxygen is discussed. The fact that RLF occurs without exposure to oxygen is documented. Basic principles of jurisprudence regarding medical malpractice relating to RLF are discussed. Since RLF can occur without exposure to oxygen the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur should not apply. The burden of proof should still rest with the plaintiff.", "PMID": 579294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13486", "title": "Prolactin oversuppression.", "content": "Patients with primary infertility due to hyperprolactinemic corpus luteum insufficiency and oligomenorrhea were treated with Bromocriptin. Suppression of serum prolactin for up to four menstrual cycles resulted in a normalisation of the length of the cycle(32 vs 28 days) as well as of luteal progesterone secretion. In addition, ovulation occurred earlier after than before treatment (on day 14 vs day 18). When, however, prolactin concentrations reached levels of less than 120 muU/ml (3 ng/ml), which were observed during the 5th and 6th treatment course, reappearance of shortened luteal phase occurred probably due to oversuppression of prolactin. Premenstrual spottings were observed too. The data presented indicate that minimal prolactin is required for normal follicular maturation and luteal development. On the other hand, the gonadostat may be susceptable to the dopaminergic stimulus of Bromocriptin to a different extent as oversuppression of prolactin is not observed in hyperprolactinemic anovulatory syndromes. Thus, treatment with Bromocriptin requires a continuous monitoring of serum prolactin as well as individual treatment regimens.", "contents": "Prolactin oversuppression. Patients with primary infertility due to hyperprolactinemic corpus luteum insufficiency and oligomenorrhea were treated with Bromocriptin. Suppression of serum prolactin for up to four menstrual cycles resulted in a normalisation of the length of the cycle(32 vs 28 days) as well as of luteal progesterone secretion. In addition, ovulation occurred earlier after than before treatment (on day 14 vs day 18). When, however, prolactin concentrations reached levels of less than 120 muU/ml (3 ng/ml), which were observed during the 5th and 6th treatment course, reappearance of shortened luteal phase occurred probably due to oversuppression of prolactin. Premenstrual spottings were observed too. The data presented indicate that minimal prolactin is required for normal follicular maturation and luteal development. On the other hand, the gonadostat may be susceptable to the dopaminergic stimulus of Bromocriptin to a different extent as oversuppression of prolactin is not observed in hyperprolactinemic anovulatory syndromes. Thus, treatment with Bromocriptin requires a continuous monitoring of serum prolactin as well as individual treatment regimens.", "PMID": 579295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13487", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of the placental protein pp5 (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolation and characterization of placemental protein PP5 is described. The purification was achieved by use of immunoadsorbents. From the tissue of one human term placenta an average amount of 15 mg PP5 can be extracted. PP5 apparently is specific for the placenta; it could not be detected in extracts from other human tissues. In sera from pregnant women PP5 is not present or only in trace amounts (less than 0.1 mg%). In the ultracentrifuge PP5 was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 2.8 S and a molecular weight of 36,600 daltons. Electrophoretically the protein migrates as a fast beta1-globulin. The isoelectric point was determined to be 4.6. PP5 is a glycoprotein and contains 19.8% carbohydrates (hexoses 10.0%, hexosamine 4.4%, fucose 0.4%, sialic acid 5.0%). The amino acid composition of the protein is reported, too. PP5 was found to inhibit the activity of trypsin and plasmin; the biological role of this protein therefore may be the inhibition of proteases.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of the placental protein pp5 (author's transl)]. The isolation and characterization of placemental protein PP5 is described. The purification was achieved by use of immunoadsorbents. From the tissue of one human term placenta an average amount of 15 mg PP5 can be extracted. PP5 apparently is specific for the placenta; it could not be detected in extracts from other human tissues. In sera from pregnant women PP5 is not present or only in trace amounts (less than 0.1 mg%). In the ultracentrifuge PP5 was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 2.8 S and a molecular weight of 36,600 daltons. Electrophoretically the protein migrates as a fast beta1-globulin. The isoelectric point was determined to be 4.6. PP5 is a glycoprotein and contains 19.8% carbohydrates (hexoses 10.0%, hexosamine 4.4%, fucose 0.4%, sialic acid 5.0%). The amino acid composition of the protein is reported, too. PP5 was found to inhibit the activity of trypsin and plasmin; the biological role of this protein therefore may be the inhibition of proteases.", "PMID": 579296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13488", "title": "[Results of in vitro sperm penetration tests in cervical mucus under takings of the sequential oral contraceptive ovanon and sequilar (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro penetrability of cervical mucus by sperm was investigated in women who were taking Ovanon or Sequilar. Measurements were made under constant experimental conditions on every day of the cycle. The depth of penetration differed strikingly between women with normal menstrual cycles and women taking the sequential hormonal contraceptives. The penetration depth was substantially less when Sequilar or Ovanon was used. The Sequilar induced cervical sperm barrier during the entire cycle was almost as strong as that observed when combined preparations are used. During the proliferative phase of the cycle the penetration depth allowed by Ovanon was less than that observed during normal cycles but greater than that seen with Sequilar. During the secretion phase no appreciable differences in the penetrability of cervical mucus between the two contraceptives was observed. The hypothetical relationship between these data and the problem of cervical carcinoma was described.", "contents": "[Results of in vitro sperm penetration tests in cervical mucus under takings of the sequential oral contraceptive ovanon and sequilar (author's transl)]. The in vitro penetrability of cervical mucus by sperm was investigated in women who were taking Ovanon or Sequilar. Measurements were made under constant experimental conditions on every day of the cycle. The depth of penetration differed strikingly between women with normal menstrual cycles and women taking the sequential hormonal contraceptives. The penetration depth was substantially less when Sequilar or Ovanon was used. The Sequilar induced cervical sperm barrier during the entire cycle was almost as strong as that observed when combined preparations are used. During the proliferative phase of the cycle the penetration depth allowed by Ovanon was less than that observed during normal cycles but greater than that seen with Sequilar. During the secretion phase no appreciable differences in the penetrability of cervical mucus between the two contraceptives was observed. The hypothetical relationship between these data and the problem of cervical carcinoma was described.", "PMID": 579297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13489", "title": "[Ultrastructural investigations on the nuclear channel system in the human endometrium (author's transl)].", "content": "The Nuclear Channel System (NCS) is a distinct endometrial pattern as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The NCS was identified in the present study in cell nuclei of endometrial glands during mid and late proliferation. These observations do not support the concept that the NCS develops at the ovulation, and is therefore not a typical post ovulatory structure. It is suggested that there are relations between hormonal factors and the development of the NCS which are as yet not clarified.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural investigations on the nuclear channel system in the human endometrium (author's transl)]. The Nuclear Channel System (NCS) is a distinct endometrial pattern as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The NCS was identified in the present study in cell nuclei of endometrial glands during mid and late proliferation. These observations do not support the concept that the NCS develops at the ovulation, and is therefore not a typical post ovulatory structure. It is suggested that there are relations between hormonal factors and the development of the NCS which are as yet not clarified.", "PMID": 579298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13490", "title": "[Hormonal pattern in premenopauseal cycles (author's transl)].", "content": "By serial determinations of plasma LH, FSH, progesterone and estradiol-17beta as well as total gonadotropines, total estrogens and pregnanediol in 24 h urine samples it was possible to classify 19 cycles of premenopauseal women, aged 44-50 years, into two groups. The first group showed ovulatory cycles with partially shortened hyperthermic phases in the basal body temperature curves, slightly elevated levels of FSH and diminuished estradiol-17beta, pregnanediol and progesterone concentration, indicating the beginning insufficiency of the ovarian function. The second group was characterized by several times above normal elevated FSH and somewhat less elevated LH levels significantly lowered estradiol-17beta and only basal progesterone and pregnanediol concentrations. The ovulatory transitional cycles explicated a nearly normal fluctuation pattern which was completely abolished in the anovulatory cycles.", "contents": "[Hormonal pattern in premenopauseal cycles (author's transl)]. By serial determinations of plasma LH, FSH, progesterone and estradiol-17beta as well as total gonadotropines, total estrogens and pregnanediol in 24 h urine samples it was possible to classify 19 cycles of premenopauseal women, aged 44-50 years, into two groups. The first group showed ovulatory cycles with partially shortened hyperthermic phases in the basal body temperature curves, slightly elevated levels of FSH and diminuished estradiol-17beta, pregnanediol and progesterone concentration, indicating the beginning insufficiency of the ovarian function. The second group was characterized by several times above normal elevated FSH and somewhat less elevated LH levels significantly lowered estradiol-17beta and only basal progesterone and pregnanediol concentrations. The ovulatory transitional cycles explicated a nearly normal fluctuation pattern which was completely abolished in the anovulatory cycles.", "PMID": 579299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13491", "title": "[Purification of the peptide hormone relaxin (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple procedure for the purification of the peptide hormone relaxin is described. It allows prepare with good yield highly purified relaxin of an activity of 700 GPU/mg protein. For the first time ion-exchange chromatography by Amberlite IRA-410 and subsequent gel filtration on sephadex G-25 fine were used as purifications steps.", "contents": "[Purification of the peptide hormone relaxin (author's transl)]. A simple procedure for the purification of the peptide hormone relaxin is described. It allows prepare with good yield highly purified relaxin of an activity of 700 GPU/mg protein. For the first time ion-exchange chromatography by Amberlite IRA-410 and subsequent gel filtration on sephadex G-25 fine were used as purifications steps.", "PMID": 579300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13492", "title": "[Pseudohermaphroditism due to XY gonadal absence syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case about a 16 year old individual is presented, in whom no internal genitals and vagina were found; no signs of breast development, axillary and pubic hair growth could be detected. The external genitals were hypoplastic. A sinus urogenitalis was present. The sex chromosome pattern was normal male (XY). On both sides of the pelvic wall rudiments of the Fallopian tube were observed by laparoscopy. Testosterone, estradiol, 17 alpha-OH-progesterone as well as androstendione-secretion could not be stimulated by HCG. Basal and LH-RH stimulated gonadotropins indicated a hypergonadotropic state. Height and bodyweight were in the range of a 12-year old boy, the bone age correlated with 14 years.", "contents": "[Pseudohermaphroditism due to XY gonadal absence syndrome (author's transl)]. A case about a 16 year old individual is presented, in whom no internal genitals and vagina were found; no signs of breast development, axillary and pubic hair growth could be detected. The external genitals were hypoplastic. A sinus urogenitalis was present. The sex chromosome pattern was normal male (XY). On both sides of the pelvic wall rudiments of the Fallopian tube were observed by laparoscopy. Testosterone, estradiol, 17 alpha-OH-progesterone as well as androstendione-secretion could not be stimulated by HCG. Basal and LH-RH stimulated gonadotropins indicated a hypergonadotropic state. Height and bodyweight were in the range of a 12-year old boy, the bone age correlated with 14 years.", "PMID": 579301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13493", "title": "Correlation of quantitative asbestos body counts and occupation in urban patients.", "content": "Asbestos bodies were quantified in digests of lung from 252 urban patients who were over 40 years of age. Patients were assigned to six occupational categories that had been determined without knowledge of asbestos body counts. Asbestos bodies were present in the lungs of 96% of the total population. Fewer than 12% of the white-collar men and the blue- and white-collar women had more than 100 asbestos bodies per gram of lung, whereas 32% of the blue-collar men not working in steel mills or construction, 45% of steelworkers, and 65% of construction workers had more than 100 asbestos bodies per gram lung. This distribution suggests that almost everyone in our population has some exposure to asbestos, and certain persons are subject to an additional occupational exposure. Whether asbestos bodies in low concentration are related to disease remains to be determined.", "contents": "Correlation of quantitative asbestos body counts and occupation in urban patients. Asbestos bodies were quantified in digests of lung from 252 urban patients who were over 40 years of age. Patients were assigned to six occupational categories that had been determined without knowledge of asbestos body counts. Asbestos bodies were present in the lungs of 96% of the total population. Fewer than 12% of the white-collar men and the blue- and white-collar women had more than 100 asbestos bodies per gram of lung, whereas 32% of the blue-collar men not working in steel mills or construction, 45% of steelworkers, and 65% of construction workers had more than 100 asbestos bodies per gram lung. This distribution suggests that almost everyone in our population has some exposure to asbestos, and certain persons are subject to an additional occupational exposure. Whether asbestos bodies in low concentration are related to disease remains to be determined.", "PMID": 579303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13494", "title": "Early embryonic development in lead-intoxicated mice.", "content": "The development of the embryo until day 7 was studied in histologic sections of the uterus, oviduct, and ovary from normal and lead-treated mice (0.5% of lead in the diet). Such lead treatment causes a substantial reduction in pregnancies in successfully mated female mice. After lead treatment, the blastocyst is formed normally, although it has a slightly reduced size. Differentiation of giant cells in the trophoblast and of decidua cells in the uterus is, however, impaired. Moreover, the corpora lutea are underdeveloped. Since earlier normal estradiol secretion on day 4 and a diminished progesterone secretion from day 5 on had been found, activation of the embryo and/or development of decidua cells fall due to the absence of this hormone.", "contents": "Early embryonic development in lead-intoxicated mice. The development of the embryo until day 7 was studied in histologic sections of the uterus, oviduct, and ovary from normal and lead-treated mice (0.5% of lead in the diet). Such lead treatment causes a substantial reduction in pregnancies in successfully mated female mice. After lead treatment, the blastocyst is formed normally, although it has a slightly reduced size. Differentiation of giant cells in the trophoblast and of decidua cells in the uterus is, however, impaired. Moreover, the corpora lutea are underdeveloped. Since earlier normal estradiol secretion on day 4 and a diminished progesterone secretion from day 5 on had been found, activation of the embryo and/or development of decidua cells fall due to the absence of this hormone.", "PMID": 579304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13495", "title": "Asymptomatic liver disease in alcoholics.", "content": "Several types of histologic changes of the liver have been found in 116 of 154 chronic alcoholics who showed no symptoms of organic liver disease and were admitted to a department of psychiatry for treatment of their addiction. No relation was found either between the nature of the hepatic damage and the duration of alcoholism or with the presence of degree of clinical and biochemical disturbances. Results of clinical and biochemical examination of 55 patients with histologic abnormalities were normal, and these patients were considered as apparently healthy alcoholics. Liver biopsy specimens from 61 to 69 asymptomatic alcoholics, who had abnormalities on clinical and/or biochemical investigation, showed hepatic damage under light microscopy, but specimens from the other eight were histologically normal. Conventional liver function tests have limited value in detecting the existence and severity of liver injury, while liver biopsy specimens may reveal a large range of abnormalities in asymptomatic alcoholics.", "contents": "Asymptomatic liver disease in alcoholics. Several types of histologic changes of the liver have been found in 116 of 154 chronic alcoholics who showed no symptoms of organic liver disease and were admitted to a department of psychiatry for treatment of their addiction. No relation was found either between the nature of the hepatic damage and the duration of alcoholism or with the presence of degree of clinical and biochemical disturbances. Results of clinical and biochemical examination of 55 patients with histologic abnormalities were normal, and these patients were considered as apparently healthy alcoholics. Liver biopsy specimens from 61 to 69 asymptomatic alcoholics, who had abnormalities on clinical and/or biochemical investigation, showed hepatic damage under light microscopy, but specimens from the other eight were histologically normal. Conventional liver function tests have limited value in detecting the existence and severity of liver injury, while liver biopsy specimens may reveal a large range of abnormalities in asymptomatic alcoholics.", "PMID": 579305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13496", "title": "Hepatic pathologic condition in asymptomatic Australia antigen carriers. A light microscopical study of 26 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Liver biopsies were performed on 26 Australia antigen carriers who were asymptomatic with normal liver function tests. The carriers are part of a prospective and long-term study designed to analyze the clinical and pathological consequences of persistent, though asymptomatic antigenemia. The liver abnormalities that were indicated on biopsy included fifteen specimens with \"inflammatory changes\" that were characterized by intralobular foci of mononuclear cells and/or portal tract infiltrates. Fifteen biopsy specimens demonstrated \"ground-glass\" cells. Nine biopsy specimens showed fatty change, and three specimens were normal. The results of our study in conjunction with cases that were reviewed in the literature indicate a narrow and mild spectrum of liver biopsy specimen abnormalities in the asymptomatic carrier with normal liver function tests. Prognostic inference from this liver biopsy data is premature and clinical follow-up of carriers is advocated.", "contents": "Hepatic pathologic condition in asymptomatic Australia antigen carriers. A light microscopical study of 26 cases and a review of the literature. Liver biopsies were performed on 26 Australia antigen carriers who were asymptomatic with normal liver function tests. The carriers are part of a prospective and long-term study designed to analyze the clinical and pathological consequences of persistent, though asymptomatic antigenemia. The liver abnormalities that were indicated on biopsy included fifteen specimens with \"inflammatory changes\" that were characterized by intralobular foci of mononuclear cells and/or portal tract infiltrates. Fifteen biopsy specimens demonstrated \"ground-glass\" cells. Nine biopsy specimens showed fatty change, and three specimens were normal. The results of our study in conjunction with cases that were reviewed in the literature indicate a narrow and mild spectrum of liver biopsy specimen abnormalities in the asymptomatic carrier with normal liver function tests. Prognostic inference from this liver biopsy data is premature and clinical follow-up of carriers is advocated.", "PMID": 579306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13497", "title": "Multiple bone marrow necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Pancytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed in a 62-year-old woman. Scattered granulomatous nodules in the bone marrow, composed of numerous eosinophilic concentric spherules with amorphous eosinophilic deposits and reticulin fibrosis between them, resulted in the destruction of the bone marrow architecture. These rare morphologic appearances in the bone marrow may have been caused by lipogranulomatosis and multiple bone marrow infarctions, which were subsequent developments to DIC. Such a process is believed to have induced a lethal secondary hypoplastic anemia.", "contents": "Multiple bone marrow necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pancytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed in a 62-year-old woman. Scattered granulomatous nodules in the bone marrow, composed of numerous eosinophilic concentric spherules with amorphous eosinophilic deposits and reticulin fibrosis between them, resulted in the destruction of the bone marrow architecture. These rare morphologic appearances in the bone marrow may have been caused by lipogranulomatosis and multiple bone marrow infarctions, which were subsequent developments to DIC. Such a process is believed to have induced a lethal secondary hypoplastic anemia.", "PMID": 579307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13498", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a child with Alexander's disease.", "content": "Thrombocytopenic purpura developed in a 14-year-old boy with Alexander's disease; he died. The proximity of Rosenthal fibers to small vessels in the brain, the presence of perivascular lymphocytes in the brain, and the presence of complement in renal arterioles suggest that the Rosenthal fibers could have injured the endothelium-basement membrane resulting in an immune response triggering the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a child with Alexander's disease. Thrombocytopenic purpura developed in a 14-year-old boy with Alexander's disease; he died. The proximity of Rosenthal fibers to small vessels in the brain, the presence of perivascular lymphocytes in the brain, and the presence of complement in renal arterioles suggest that the Rosenthal fibers could have injured the endothelium-basement membrane resulting in an immune response triggering the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "PMID": 579308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13499", "title": "Histochemical changes in striated muscle in patients with intermittent claudication.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from the gastrocnemius or rectus femoris muscle of 20 patients with intermittent claudication were studied using fresh frozen cryostat sections and histochemical reactions for adenosine triphosphatase, nicotinamide adenine nucleotide dehydrogenase reductase and phosphorylase and modified Gomori trichrome staining. Neuropathic changes, such as fibertype grouping and small group atrophy, were present to some extent in all of the biopsy specimens. Myogenic muscle changes such as necrosis and phagocytosis were seen in approximately one third and various forms of myofibrillar disorganization in approximately two thirds of the specimens. The amount and size of the type I aerobic fibers increased with the increasing severity of the ischemic disease.", "contents": "Histochemical changes in striated muscle in patients with intermittent claudication. Biopsy specimens from the gastrocnemius or rectus femoris muscle of 20 patients with intermittent claudication were studied using fresh frozen cryostat sections and histochemical reactions for adenosine triphosphatase, nicotinamide adenine nucleotide dehydrogenase reductase and phosphorylase and modified Gomori trichrome staining. Neuropathic changes, such as fibertype grouping and small group atrophy, were present to some extent in all of the biopsy specimens. Myogenic muscle changes such as necrosis and phagocytosis were seen in approximately one third and various forms of myofibrillar disorganization in approximately two thirds of the specimens. The amount and size of the type I aerobic fibers increased with the increasing severity of the ischemic disease.", "PMID": 579309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13500", "title": "An exploration method of the Eustachian tube for intact and perforated drums: tubal-impedance-manometry.", "content": "The author describes an exploratory method of the Eustachian tube: tubal-impedance-manometry. This method comprises two types of techniques, the one applicable to patients whose eardrum is intact, the other to cases of tympanic perforation. The instrumentation and the examination techniques are described. The discussion allows the results to be incorporated into a clinical perspective: T.I.M. with closed eardrums will deal principally with localizing an eventual tubal problem. On the other hand, T.I.M. with open eardrums will be more specifically viewed as a pre-surgical examination (tympanoplasty).", "contents": "An exploration method of the Eustachian tube for intact and perforated drums: tubal-impedance-manometry. The author describes an exploratory method of the Eustachian tube: tubal-impedance-manometry. This method comprises two types of techniques, the one applicable to patients whose eardrum is intact, the other to cases of tympanic perforation. The instrumentation and the examination techniques are described. The discussion allows the results to be incorporated into a clinical perspective: T.I.M. with closed eardrums will deal principally with localizing an eventual tubal problem. On the other hand, T.I.M. with open eardrums will be more specifically viewed as a pre-surgical examination (tympanoplasty).", "PMID": 579312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13501", "title": "Protein and isoamylase content of rat-submaxillary gland under the influence of alpha- and beta-sympathicolysis.", "content": "In order to study the function of adrenergic receptors in the submaxillary gland in vivo, rats were treated with the alpha-sympathicolytic, phentolamine (Regitin) and with the beta-sympathicolytic, propranolol (Dociton) and the protein, amylase, and isoamylase content of their submaxillary glands were investigated. The protein concentration rises after 3 weeks of alpha- as well as combined alpha- and beta-sympathicolysis while the amylase concentrations remain, on the whole, unchanged. The pharmacologically induced secretory inhibitions are being discussed in connection with the generally accepted receptor functions.", "contents": "Protein and isoamylase content of rat-submaxillary gland under the influence of alpha- and beta-sympathicolysis. In order to study the function of adrenergic receptors in the submaxillary gland in vivo, rats were treated with the alpha-sympathicolytic, phentolamine (Regitin) and with the beta-sympathicolytic, propranolol (Dociton) and the protein, amylase, and isoamylase content of their submaxillary glands were investigated. The protein concentration rises after 3 weeks of alpha- as well as combined alpha- and beta-sympathicolysis while the amylase concentrations remain, on the whole, unchanged. The pharmacologically induced secretory inhibitions are being discussed in connection with the generally accepted receptor functions.", "PMID": 579313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13502", "title": "[On the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (OHP) at the guinea pig's cochlea insulted by hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of OHP (oxygen under high pressure) by examining 17 CO-intoxicated guinea pigs. The following effects have been observed: The microphonics recovered significantly faster after hypoxia caused by CO than under air. Hyperbaric oxygen has a protecting effect on the inner ear. If OHP is applicated before CO, the microphonics decrease less than under normal breathing. The postmortal microphonics increased to a level above the known postmortal slope, suggesting a diffusion of oxygen through the round window.", "contents": "[On the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (OHP) at the guinea pig's cochlea insulted by hypoxia (author's transl)]. The effect of OHP (oxygen under high pressure) by examining 17 CO-intoxicated guinea pigs. The following effects have been observed: The microphonics recovered significantly faster after hypoxia caused by CO than under air. Hyperbaric oxygen has a protecting effect on the inner ear. If OHP is applicated before CO, the microphonics decrease less than under normal breathing. The postmortal microphonics increased to a level above the known postmortal slope, suggesting a diffusion of oxygen through the round window.", "PMID": 579314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13503", "title": "[The trigemino-facial reflexes: a methodological approach to the evaluation of facial nerve function (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1952 electromyographic registration of the trigemino-facial reflexes have been repeatedly described to evaluate facial nerve function. Comparable to peripheral nerve conduction velocity studies, this method enables us to detect intratemporal lesions. In order to obtain optimal results, we modified the registration technique of the trigemino-facial reflexes as regard to the following items: 1. Because of great interindividual variability of latencies and amplitudes this method should be used only by comparing the right and the left side. For a reliable assessment of both, recovery and detoriation of the facial nerve a standardized stimulation and recording technique is necessary. Stimulus strength should be defined by the applied current rather than voltage. 2. Since, in many cases, only certain neurones of the facial nerve are affected with different degree, important information is gained by recording not only from the M. orbicularis oculi but also from M. levator labii, M. zygomaticus and M. orbicularis oris. 3. In order to detect small reflex responses in severe and advanced cases, averaging technique should be applied. Thus, minute potentials hidden in the amplifier noise can be detected and clearly defined as either a stimulus dependent reflex response or unvoluntary muscle activity.", "contents": "[The trigemino-facial reflexes: a methodological approach to the evaluation of facial nerve function (author's transl)]. Since 1952 electromyographic registration of the trigemino-facial reflexes have been repeatedly described to evaluate facial nerve function. Comparable to peripheral nerve conduction velocity studies, this method enables us to detect intratemporal lesions. In order to obtain optimal results, we modified the registration technique of the trigemino-facial reflexes as regard to the following items: 1. Because of great interindividual variability of latencies and amplitudes this method should be used only by comparing the right and the left side. For a reliable assessment of both, recovery and detoriation of the facial nerve a standardized stimulation and recording technique is necessary. Stimulus strength should be defined by the applied current rather than voltage. 2. Since, in many cases, only certain neurones of the facial nerve are affected with different degree, important information is gained by recording not only from the M. orbicularis oculi but also from M. levator labii, M. zygomaticus and M. orbicularis oris. 3. In order to detect small reflex responses in severe and advanced cases, averaging technique should be applied. Thus, minute potentials hidden in the amplifier noise can be detected and clearly defined as either a stimulus dependent reflex response or unvoluntary muscle activity.", "PMID": 579315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13504", "title": "[A comparative ultrastructural-morphometric study of the cochlear spiral ganglion in rats and guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The cochlear spiral ganglion of rats consists of 61.8% granular ganglion cells, 22.4% satellite cells and Schwann cells, 9.3% extracellular space, 4.8% myelinated nerve fibers and 1.4% filamentous ganglion cells. The granular ganglion cells consist of 76% cytoplasmic components and 24% nuclei. Their cytoplasm contains 66.3% hyaloplasm, 11.4% mitochondria, 11% free ribosomes, 7.8% rough endoplasmic reticulum, 2.7% Golgi apparatus and 0.8% lysosomes. Comparing with morphometric data in guinea pigs, granular spiral ganglion cells in rats show some species dependent differences in their quantitative cytoarchitecture. They don't differ in their principal architectural pattern, especially in regard to the metabolism for energy and cell performance. The spiral ganglion cells of rats in contrast to those of guinea pigs do not show viral particles. Since it is impossible to evaluate with certainty the influence of viruses on the metabolism of infected cells, in our opinon rats are more suitable experimental animals for morphometric investigations of spiral ganglions.", "contents": "[A comparative ultrastructural-morphometric study of the cochlear spiral ganglion in rats and guinea pigs (author's transl)]. The cochlear spiral ganglion of rats consists of 61.8% granular ganglion cells, 22.4% satellite cells and Schwann cells, 9.3% extracellular space, 4.8% myelinated nerve fibers and 1.4% filamentous ganglion cells. The granular ganglion cells consist of 76% cytoplasmic components and 24% nuclei. Their cytoplasm contains 66.3% hyaloplasm, 11.4% mitochondria, 11% free ribosomes, 7.8% rough endoplasmic reticulum, 2.7% Golgi apparatus and 0.8% lysosomes. Comparing with morphometric data in guinea pigs, granular spiral ganglion cells in rats show some species dependent differences in their quantitative cytoarchitecture. They don't differ in their principal architectural pattern, especially in regard to the metabolism for energy and cell performance. The spiral ganglion cells of rats in contrast to those of guinea pigs do not show viral particles. Since it is impossible to evaluate with certainty the influence of viruses on the metabolism of infected cells, in our opinon rats are more suitable experimental animals for morphometric investigations of spiral ganglions.", "PMID": 579316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13505", "title": "[ERA-findings by \"cortical hearing disorder\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Since about the last 2 years the late potential's component N1 (90--110 ms) as well as the early acoustically evoked potentials, appearing in a latency range of 1--8 ms and consisting of the nerve action potential (Pot. I) and the brain-stem potentials (Pot. II-V), were registered at some hearing impaired patients. This procedure enabled us to diagnose a \"cortical hearing defect\" at five patients: a) three children at an age of 2--3 years; they all have a slight cerebral damage, a hearing impairment and no speech-development; b) a 15 year old girl with a hearing impairment which is on the right side more severe than on the left side, as consequence of an encephalitis; and c) a 50 year old man suffering on both sides from a loss of temporal brain's substance and from a total deafness after an insult of both arteriae meningeae mediae. At all these patients the ERA-findings result in an almost normal behaviour of the bioelectrical transfer of the acoustic stimuli in the region of the brain-stem, whereas the late potential's component N1 showed a pathologic distortion. The ERA-results together with the anammesis make a \"cortical hearing disorder\" probable at these five patients. The audiograms and the ERA-characteristic lines are shown and discussed.", "contents": "[ERA-findings by \"cortical hearing disorder\" (author's transl)]. Since about the last 2 years the late potential's component N1 (90--110 ms) as well as the early acoustically evoked potentials, appearing in a latency range of 1--8 ms and consisting of the nerve action potential (Pot. I) and the brain-stem potentials (Pot. II-V), were registered at some hearing impaired patients. This procedure enabled us to diagnose a \"cortical hearing defect\" at five patients: a) three children at an age of 2--3 years; they all have a slight cerebral damage, a hearing impairment and no speech-development; b) a 15 year old girl with a hearing impairment which is on the right side more severe than on the left side, as consequence of an encephalitis; and c) a 50 year old man suffering on both sides from a loss of temporal brain's substance and from a total deafness after an insult of both arteriae meningeae mediae. At all these patients the ERA-findings result in an almost normal behaviour of the bioelectrical transfer of the acoustic stimuli in the region of the brain-stem, whereas the late potential's component N1 showed a pathologic distortion. The ERA-results together with the anammesis make a \"cortical hearing disorder\" probable at these five patients. The audiograms and the ERA-characteristic lines are shown and discussed.", "PMID": 579317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13506", "title": "Comparative morphological investigation on the rabbit's auricle after exposure to CO2- and Nd:YAG-laser radiation.", "content": "By comparing the effects of CO2- and Nd:YAG-laser radiation (mainly differing in wave-length by a factor of 10), a surgical instrument suitable for Otorhinolaryngology had to be found. The studies were performed on the rabbit's auricle in order to examine the effect of the laser irradiation mainly on the cartilage. The CO2-laser was found to be more efficient in cutting and caused less extended tissue damage than the Nd:YAG-laser. The latter seems to be more suitable for soft tissue surgery.", "contents": "Comparative morphological investigation on the rabbit's auricle after exposure to CO2- and Nd:YAG-laser radiation. By comparing the effects of CO2- and Nd:YAG-laser radiation (mainly differing in wave-length by a factor of 10), a surgical instrument suitable for Otorhinolaryngology had to be found. The studies were performed on the rabbit's auricle in order to examine the effect of the laser irradiation mainly on the cartilage. The CO2-laser was found to be more efficient in cutting and caused less extended tissue damage than the Nd:YAG-laser. The latter seems to be more suitable for soft tissue surgery.", "PMID": 579318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13507", "title": "Diseases of the thyroid: some practical considerations from a surgical view point.", "content": "The physiology of the thyroid gland and the basic principles underlying diagnostic tests have been outlined, and need to be understood if diseases of the thyroid are to be managed efficiently. In the choice of therapy for the thyrotoxic patient, consideration should be given to such features as safety, convenience, age, available skill and economics as well as the more obvious factors fo gland size, pressure effects and potential malignancy. Non toxic goitre is often a physiological process, and early institution of thyroxine replacement therapy may prevent the development of changes in the gland requiring surgery. However, the diffusely enlarged gland may be the site of a variety of disease processes, such as anaplastic malignancy or autoimmune thyroiditis. The singly throid nodule is potentially neoplastic, and surgical exploration is mandatory without clear evidence to the contrary. Free Thyroxine Index and Serum TSH levels are the best guide to thyroxine replacement therapy, and TSH release should be blocked in the long term after removal of hormone dependent thyroid tumours. Lifelong follow-up is essential after treatment of any thyroid disease, with the particular aim of determining thyroid function in the long term.", "contents": "Diseases of the thyroid: some practical considerations from a surgical view point. The physiology of the thyroid gland and the basic principles underlying diagnostic tests have been outlined, and need to be understood if diseases of the thyroid are to be managed efficiently. In the choice of therapy for the thyrotoxic patient, consideration should be given to such features as safety, convenience, age, available skill and economics as well as the more obvious factors fo gland size, pressure effects and potential malignancy. Non toxic goitre is often a physiological process, and early institution of thyroxine replacement therapy may prevent the development of changes in the gland requiring surgery. However, the diffusely enlarged gland may be the site of a variety of disease processes, such as anaplastic malignancy or autoimmune thyroiditis. The singly throid nodule is potentially neoplastic, and surgical exploration is mandatory without clear evidence to the contrary. Free Thyroxine Index and Serum TSH levels are the best guide to thyroxine replacement therapy, and TSH release should be blocked in the long term after removal of hormone dependent thyroid tumours. Lifelong follow-up is essential after treatment of any thyroid disease, with the particular aim of determining thyroid function in the long term.", "PMID": 579319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13508", "title": "Deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance studies of phase equilibria in a lecithin-water system.", "content": "Water deuteron NMR spectra have been studied for the system dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL)-heavy water (D2O) at different compositions and temperatures. From an analysis of the spectra in terms of quadrupole splittings, a phase diagram has been constructed for the temperature range 25-60 degrees C and the composition range 4-15 mol of D2O/mol of DPL. Evidence is given that the \"pretransition\" observed by differential scanning calorimetry is caused by a crossing of a three-phase line. Strong support for a specific hydration of about 11 water molecules per lecithin molecule in the phase between the pretransition and main transition is also found.", "contents": "Deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance studies of phase equilibria in a lecithin-water system. Water deuteron NMR spectra have been studied for the system dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL)-heavy water (D2O) at different compositions and temperatures. From an analysis of the spectra in terms of quadrupole splittings, a phase diagram has been constructed for the temperature range 25-60 degrees C and the composition range 4-15 mol of D2O/mol of DPL. Evidence is given that the \"pretransition\" observed by differential scanning calorimetry is caused by a crossing of a three-phase line. Strong support for a specific hydration of about 11 water molecules per lecithin molecule in the phase between the pretransition and main transition is also found.", "PMID": 579320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13509", "title": "Decreased tuftsin concentrations in patients who have undergone splenectomy.", "content": "Serum tuftsin concentrations were measured, using a radioimmunoassay developed in Israel, in normal subjects and in patients who had undergone splenectomy. Concentrations in those who had undergone traumatic and elective splenectomy were much lower. The tuftsin concentration in 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease who had undergone splenectomy during staging laparotomy was not significantly different from the mean concentration in other patients who had had elective splenectomy. In four patients who underwent splenectomy for non-malignant haematological disorders measurements made before and after operation showed that tuftsin concentrations fell significantly in the days after operation. The increased susceptibility to overwhelming infections of patients with Hodgkin's disease and others who have undergone splenectomy may be related to the low tuftsin concentrations. As pre-splenectomy tuftsin concentrations in patients with Hodgkin's disease were normal, the practice of performing staging laparotomy and splenectomy in patients with Hodgkin's disease should perhaps be reconsidered.", "contents": "Decreased tuftsin concentrations in patients who have undergone splenectomy. Serum tuftsin concentrations were measured, using a radioimmunoassay developed in Israel, in normal subjects and in patients who had undergone splenectomy. Concentrations in those who had undergone traumatic and elective splenectomy were much lower. The tuftsin concentration in 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease who had undergone splenectomy during staging laparotomy was not significantly different from the mean concentration in other patients who had had elective splenectomy. In four patients who underwent splenectomy for non-malignant haematological disorders measurements made before and after operation showed that tuftsin concentrations fell significantly in the days after operation. The increased susceptibility to overwhelming infections of patients with Hodgkin's disease and others who have undergone splenectomy may be related to the low tuftsin concentrations. As pre-splenectomy tuftsin concentrations in patients with Hodgkin's disease were normal, the practice of performing staging laparotomy and splenectomy in patients with Hodgkin's disease should perhaps be reconsidered.", "PMID": 579324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13510", "title": "Observations on syphilis in Addis Ababa. 1. General considerations.", "content": "The socioeconomic picture of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is briefly described and the provision of general medical care is outlined. Control of venereal disease is centred on one clinic. Here two doctors attend to nearly 1000 outpatients daily. It is perhaps not surprising that self-diagnosis and self-medication are common and follow-up attendance is erratic.", "contents": "Observations on syphilis in Addis Ababa. 1. General considerations. The socioeconomic picture of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is briefly described and the provision of general medical care is outlined. Control of venereal disease is centred on one clinic. Here two doctors attend to nearly 1000 outpatients daily. It is perhaps not surprising that self-diagnosis and self-medication are common and follow-up attendance is erratic.", "PMID": 579325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13511", "title": "[Treponemal serology in a Bi-Aka pygmy population of Central Africa].", "content": "A serologic survey on 196 blood samples (20% of the present population) in a Bi-Aka pygmean population in Central African Republic. The survey demonstrated the frequency of the unquestionably positive sera: 79.4% of the studied sera. The existence of 78.5% positive sera in children and the observation of yaws lesions suggest a massive and very probably endemic infestation with Treponema pertenue.", "contents": "[Treponemal serology in a Bi-Aka pygmy population of Central Africa]. A serologic survey on 196 blood samples (20% of the present population) in a Bi-Aka pygmean population in Central African Republic. The survey demonstrated the frequency of the unquestionably positive sera: 79.4% of the studied sera. The existence of 78.5% positive sera in children and the observation of yaws lesions suggest a massive and very probably endemic infestation with Treponema pertenue.", "PMID": 579328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13512", "title": "[Detection of Australia antigen in blood donors from Saigon (Vietnam)].", "content": "An electro-immunodiffusion's study on blood donnors in Grall Hospital (Sa\u00efgon, Vietnam) is analysed. In a population of 514 subjects, 39 carriers of antigen HbS are detected: i.e. 7.6%. Interfering factors are observed, necessiting for an epidemiological study the specification of each sample.", "contents": "[Detection of Australia antigen in blood donors from Saigon (Vietnam)]. An electro-immunodiffusion's study on blood donnors in Grall Hospital (Sa\u00efgon, Vietnam) is analysed. In a population of 514 subjects, 39 carriers of antigen HbS are detected: i.e. 7.6%. Interfering factors are observed, necessiting for an epidemiological study the specification of each sample.", "PMID": 579329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13513", "title": "Serum glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in blood cancers.", "content": "Glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in serum of patients with acute lymphatic leukemia, lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease, and of normal neonates (umbilical blood) was significantly lower than that of normal adult controls. In contrast, the enzyme activity of patients with myelocytic leukemias did not differ significantly from that of normal controls.", "contents": "Serum glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in blood cancers. Glycylproline p-nitroanilidase activity in serum of patients with acute lymphatic leukemia, lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease, and of normal neonates (umbilical blood) was significantly lower than that of normal adult controls. In contrast, the enzyme activity of patients with myelocytic leukemias did not differ significantly from that of normal controls.", "PMID": 579337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13514", "title": "Immunological status of mycetoma patients.", "content": "Mycetoma patients were investigated for cell-mediate immunity by means of the tuberculin test, DNCB sensitization and lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin. Levels of immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM and IgA were also determined. Results seem to point towards deficiency in cell-mediated immunity at least partial if not whole. There was a definite rise in the IgM and IgA class of immunoglobulins and a decrease in IgG. These antibodies are of diagnostic value in the precipitin and complement fixation tests but have no protective value.", "contents": "Immunological status of mycetoma patients. Mycetoma patients were investigated for cell-mediate immunity by means of the tuberculin test, DNCB sensitization and lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin. Levels of immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM and IgA were also determined. Results seem to point towards deficiency in cell-mediated immunity at least partial if not whole. There was a definite rise in the IgM and IgA class of immunoglobulins and a decrease in IgG. These antibodies are of diagnostic value in the precipitin and complement fixation tests but have no protective value.", "PMID": 579331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13515", "title": "[Evaluation of intestinal parasitoses found in Algerians (1971-1975)].", "content": "A high incidence of intestinal parasitism was found in and around Algiers: out of 4,334 cases tested, 1,387 (about one third) were positive. The authors consider this to be a conservative estimate. The figures quoted will be revised, if necessary, on the results of a systematic survey at present under way.", "contents": "[Evaluation of intestinal parasitoses found in Algerians (1971-1975)]. A high incidence of intestinal parasitism was found in and around Algiers: out of 4,334 cases tested, 1,387 (about one third) were positive. The authors consider this to be a conservative estimate. The figures quoted will be revised, if necessary, on the results of a systematic survey at present under way.", "PMID": 579333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13516", "title": "[The use in current practice in the French Antilles (FWI) of a unique standard for the identification of hemoglobins].", "content": "The use of a standard with Several hemoglobic fractions allows and easy identification when are done electrophoretic runs. This standard may be adapted in terms of the area where it is utilized, in using others hemoglobins than those ones proposed, availables for the Caribbean Zone. At all events there is to bring together hemoglobins outright different by their electrophoretic mobility in acid or alkaline media and with a definite voltage.", "contents": "[The use in current practice in the French Antilles (FWI) of a unique standard for the identification of hemoglobins]. The use of a standard with Several hemoglobic fractions allows and easy identification when are done electrophoretic runs. This standard may be adapted in terms of the area where it is utilized, in using others hemoglobins than those ones proposed, availables for the Caribbean Zone. At all events there is to bring together hemoglobins outright different by their electrophoretic mobility in acid or alkaline media and with a definite voltage.", "PMID": 579330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13517", "title": "The hippocampal slice: a system for studying the pharmacology of seizures and for screening anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Interictal spikes with a configuration similar to that occurring in grand mal epilepsy were generated by the application of penicillin to a hippocampal slice preparation. This slice preparation has potential value for screening anticonvulsant drugs and for studying epileptic activity. The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on seizure activity was tested at concentrations comparable to reported clinical serum concentrations. Phenytoin and diazepam were maximally effective at concentrations of 20 microgram/ml and 3-4 microgram/ml, respectively, in good agreement with their effective concentrations in clinical practice. Phenobarbital was more potent (5 microgram/ml) and mesuximide (50% potent at 80 microgram/ml) was least effective.", "contents": "The hippocampal slice: a system for studying the pharmacology of seizures and for screening anticonvulsant drugs. Interictal spikes with a configuration similar to that occurring in grand mal epilepsy were generated by the application of penicillin to a hippocampal slice preparation. This slice preparation has potential value for screening anticonvulsant drugs and for studying epileptic activity. The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on seizure activity was tested at concentrations comparable to reported clinical serum concentrations. Phenytoin and diazepam were maximally effective at concentrations of 20 microgram/ml and 3-4 microgram/ml, respectively, in good agreement with their effective concentrations in clinical practice. Phenobarbital was more potent (5 microgram/ml) and mesuximide (50% potent at 80 microgram/ml) was least effective.", "PMID": 579341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13518", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of tolamolol in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Tolamolol was administered in a \"double-blind\" study to fifteen hypertensive patients by dose-titration against arterial blood pressure. Mean steady-state plasma tolamolol concentrations (Css) were determined for each patient from the area under the plasma concentration--time curve during a dosage interval whilst patients were receiving optimal tolamolol doses. No significant correlation was observed between daily tolamolol dose and Css; the relationship between fall in lying mean arterial pressure and Css also failed to reach conventional levels of statistical significance, but Css was observed to be correlated with the fall in standing pressure. The results suggest that plasma concentrations in excess of 200 ng/ml may be required to achieve an effective hypothensive response with the drug.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of tolamolol in the treatment of hypertension. Tolamolol was administered in a \"double-blind\" study to fifteen hypertensive patients by dose-titration against arterial blood pressure. Mean steady-state plasma tolamolol concentrations (Css) were determined for each patient from the area under the plasma concentration--time curve during a dosage interval whilst patients were receiving optimal tolamolol doses. No significant correlation was observed between daily tolamolol dose and Css; the relationship between fall in lying mean arterial pressure and Css also failed to reach conventional levels of statistical significance, but Css was observed to be correlated with the fall in standing pressure. The results suggest that plasma concentrations in excess of 200 ng/ml may be required to achieve an effective hypothensive response with the drug.", "PMID": 579342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13519", "title": "Comparative bioavailability of a sustained release preparation of amitriptyline and conventional tablets.", "content": "A sustained release preparation of amitriptyline has been compared with conventional tablets in eight healthy human volunteers. The tablet produced a distinct peak in serum concentration shortly after administration, whereas the sustained release preparation caused a slow rise to a plateau. The maximum serum concentration and the time of its occurrence differed significantly between the two preparations. The differences between the serum concentration curves of the two preparations can be explained on the basis of a two compartment model of amitriptyline pharmacokinetics and from a difference in the absorption rate. The similar clinical effect obtained with a lower daily dose of the sustained release preparation than of the tablet cannot be accounted for in terms of pharmacokinetics. It is possible that a single evening dose of sustained release amitriptyline gives a more appropriate serum concentration profile of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline than a conventional tablet taken three times a day.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailability of a sustained release preparation of amitriptyline and conventional tablets. A sustained release preparation of amitriptyline has been compared with conventional tablets in eight healthy human volunteers. The tablet produced a distinct peak in serum concentration shortly after administration, whereas the sustained release preparation caused a slow rise to a plateau. The maximum serum concentration and the time of its occurrence differed significantly between the two preparations. The differences between the serum concentration curves of the two preparations can be explained on the basis of a two compartment model of amitriptyline pharmacokinetics and from a difference in the absorption rate. The similar clinical effect obtained with a lower daily dose of the sustained release preparation than of the tablet cannot be accounted for in terms of pharmacokinetics. It is possible that a single evening dose of sustained release amitriptyline gives a more appropriate serum concentration profile of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline than a conventional tablet taken three times a day.", "PMID": 579343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13520", "title": "[Neurologic complications of ciguatera].", "content": "The authors report a case of severe two phases fish poisoning, treated at hospital and ruled by a complex neurological picture with both central and peripheric manifestations. The detailed data, they have got about the disease, are an opportunity to discuss the various pathogenic procedures of human ciguatera.", "contents": "[Neurologic complications of ciguatera]. The authors report a case of severe two phases fish poisoning, treated at hospital and ruled by a complex neurological picture with both central and peripheric manifestations. The detailed data, they have got about the disease, are an opportunity to discuss the various pathogenic procedures of human ciguatera.", "PMID": 579335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13521", "title": "Bioavailability of three phenytoin preparations in healthy subjects and in epileptics.", "content": "Serum phenytoin concentrations have been studied in epileptic patients and healthy subjects taking tablets of phenytoin calcium (Desitin), A, phenytoin acid (Desitin), B, and phenytoin acid (Nordmark), C. Retrospective data and prospective investigation of hospitalized patients on long-term phenytoin treatment showed that significantly higher serum concentrations of phenytoin were produced by the phenytoin acid preparations B and C than by the phenytoin calcium preparation A. In a cross over study six volunteers received 200 mg/day of preparations A, B, and C for three weeks. In this study, too, higher phenytoin serum concentrations were produced by B and C than by A, although the differences were not statistically significant. The reasons for the discrepancies between the studies in healthy and epileptic subjects are discussed.", "contents": "Bioavailability of three phenytoin preparations in healthy subjects and in epileptics. Serum phenytoin concentrations have been studied in epileptic patients and healthy subjects taking tablets of phenytoin calcium (Desitin), A, phenytoin acid (Desitin), B, and phenytoin acid (Nordmark), C. Retrospective data and prospective investigation of hospitalized patients on long-term phenytoin treatment showed that significantly higher serum concentrations of phenytoin were produced by the phenytoin acid preparations B and C than by the phenytoin calcium preparation A. In a cross over study six volunteers received 200 mg/day of preparations A, B, and C for three weeks. In this study, too, higher phenytoin serum concentrations were produced by B and C than by A, although the differences were not statistically significant. The reasons for the discrepancies between the studies in healthy and epileptic subjects are discussed.", "PMID": 579344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13522", "title": "[Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.) (Bryozoa) and cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. Preliminary results of an experimental study].", "content": "The appearance of acute eczematous dermatitis in fishermen from the estuary of the Seine, about which the responsibility of Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.) is still under discussion, led us to estimate the ability of this Bryozoa to induce cutaneous responses of delayed hypersensitivity. Intradermal tests carried out in guinea-pigs after subcutaneous, respiratory or percutaneous sensitization, gave evidence of a clear allergenic ability of this alcyonelline. The deposit of the biological product on normal skin during four consecutive days is enough to induce strong responses of delayed hypersensitivity. This experimental study needs further investigations in which the possible existence of anaphylactic reactions should be confirmed.", "contents": "[Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.) (Bryozoa) and cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. Preliminary results of an experimental study]. The appearance of acute eczematous dermatitis in fishermen from the estuary of the Seine, about which the responsibility of Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.) is still under discussion, led us to estimate the ability of this Bryozoa to induce cutaneous responses of delayed hypersensitivity. Intradermal tests carried out in guinea-pigs after subcutaneous, respiratory or percutaneous sensitization, gave evidence of a clear allergenic ability of this alcyonelline. The deposit of the biological product on normal skin during four consecutive days is enough to induce strong responses of delayed hypersensitivity. This experimental study needs further investigations in which the possible existence of anaphylactic reactions should be confirmed.", "PMID": 579334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13523", "title": "Antitumor activity of new anthracycline antibiotics, aclacinomycin-A and its analogs, and their toxicity.", "content": "New anthracycline antibiotics have been isolated from the culture of Streptomyces galilaeus MA144-M1. Among 14 anthracycline compounds, aclacinomycin-A showed the strongest activity in inhibiting leukemia L-1210 and had lower toxicity than others. Antitumor activity of aclacinomycin-A against leukemia L-1210 and P-388, solid sarcoma-180, and lymphosarcoma 6C3HED was examined in comparison with adriamycin and daunomycin. Aclacinomycin-A showed the same degree of activity against leukemia L-1210 and P-388, when administered intraperitoneally, as daunomycin and somewhat less than adriamycin. In oral administration, aclacinomycin-A also exhibited a significant activity on leukemia L-1210. The degree of inhibition of the growth of sarcoma-180 and 6C3HED lymphosarcoma transplanted subcutaneously by aclacinomycin-A was almost the same as that of adriamycin and daunomycin, although the optimal dose was about twice more than adriamycin. Acute cardiotoxicity of aclacinomycin-A by a test using hamsters was more than 10 times lower than that of adriamycin.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of new anthracycline antibiotics, aclacinomycin-A and its analogs, and their toxicity. New anthracycline antibiotics have been isolated from the culture of Streptomyces galilaeus MA144-M1. Among 14 anthracycline compounds, aclacinomycin-A showed the strongest activity in inhibiting leukemia L-1210 and had lower toxicity than others. Antitumor activity of aclacinomycin-A against leukemia L-1210 and P-388, solid sarcoma-180, and lymphosarcoma 6C3HED was examined in comparison with adriamycin and daunomycin. Aclacinomycin-A showed the same degree of activity against leukemia L-1210 and P-388, when administered intraperitoneally, as daunomycin and somewhat less than adriamycin. In oral administration, aclacinomycin-A also exhibited a significant activity on leukemia L-1210. The degree of inhibition of the growth of sarcoma-180 and 6C3HED lymphosarcoma transplanted subcutaneously by aclacinomycin-A was almost the same as that of adriamycin and daunomycin, although the optimal dose was about twice more than adriamycin. Acute cardiotoxicity of aclacinomycin-A by a test using hamsters was more than 10 times lower than that of adriamycin.", "PMID": 579346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13524", "title": "Thyroid autoimmune disease in a large Newfoundland family: the influence of HLA.", "content": "Ninety-eight members of a large Newfoundland family, seven of whose members over three generations suffered from Graves' disease, were studied with respect to the mode of transmission of the disease and its association with HLA. Compared to Newfoundland communities of similar size and geographical location, very little consanguinity was documented in this family. The susceptibility to Graves' disease appeared to be inherited as a dominant with a variable degree of expressivity; the degree of expressivity being determined by the female sex. In part of the pedigree, the susceptibility to Graves' disease entered the family with a wife. Three of her offspring who subsequently developed Graves' disease shared with her the haplotype A9, Bw16. Of the three remaining affected family members, two shared the haplotype A1, B8, whereas the third carried the haplotypes Aw32,b8; a9,bw16. Graves' disease could be associated with either of these two haplotypes in the last individual. This study shows that the susceptibility to Graves' disease is inherited associated with HLA and that whereas the disease susceptibility gene for Graves' disease is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B8 in Caucasians, it can be randomly associated with other HLA-B antigens.", "contents": "Thyroid autoimmune disease in a large Newfoundland family: the influence of HLA. Ninety-eight members of a large Newfoundland family, seven of whose members over three generations suffered from Graves' disease, were studied with respect to the mode of transmission of the disease and its association with HLA. Compared to Newfoundland communities of similar size and geographical location, very little consanguinity was documented in this family. The susceptibility to Graves' disease appeared to be inherited as a dominant with a variable degree of expressivity; the degree of expressivity being determined by the female sex. In part of the pedigree, the susceptibility to Graves' disease entered the family with a wife. Three of her offspring who subsequently developed Graves' disease shared with her the haplotype A9, Bw16. Of the three remaining affected family members, two shared the haplotype A1, B8, whereas the third carried the haplotypes Aw32,b8; a9,bw16. Graves' disease could be associated with either of these two haplotypes in the last individual. This study shows that the susceptibility to Graves' disease is inherited associated with HLA and that whereas the disease susceptibility gene for Graves' disease is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B8 in Caucasians, it can be randomly associated with other HLA-B antigens.", "PMID": 579351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13525", "title": "Surgery of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Records of 92 patients operated on for thyroid diseases were reviewed. There were four histologic groups: adenoma-56 (61%), thyrotoxicosis-22 (24%), cancer-10 (11%) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis-4 (4%). Among the cold nodules, 9% were malignant. Routine frozen section examination revealed three cases of cancer and three other cases were missed but were discovered on permanent section examination. The type of operations were lobectomy with or without isthmusectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. Postoperative complications included two thyroid crises, two recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, one laryngeal obstruction and hypothyroidism, and one wound infection. There was no surgical mortality.", "contents": "Surgery of the thyroid gland. Records of 92 patients operated on for thyroid diseases were reviewed. There were four histologic groups: adenoma-56 (61%), thyrotoxicosis-22 (24%), cancer-10 (11%) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis-4 (4%). Among the cold nodules, 9% were malignant. Routine frozen section examination revealed three cases of cancer and three other cases were missed but were discovered on permanent section examination. The type of operations were lobectomy with or without isthmusectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. Postoperative complications included two thyroid crises, two recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, one laryngeal obstruction and hypothyroidism, and one wound infection. There was no surgical mortality.", "PMID": 579347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13526", "title": "Thyroid disease in children and adolescents.", "content": "Thyroid diseases in children and adolescents are not common. The present paper describes 73 patients, aged 5 to 18 years, who had thyroid disease which was treated by surgery. Of these, 18 had diffuse simple goiter, 11 had diffuse toxic goiter and 44 had nodular goiter. Of those patients with nodular goiter, 34 had adenomatous goiter, one had lymphocytic thyroiditis, one had lymphosarcoma and eight had cancer. In the patients with nodular goiter under the age of ten years, 40% had cancer, and of those aged 11 to 18 years, 14.7% had cancer. Thyroid nodules were more frequent in girls than in boys, but the incidence of cancer in nodular goiter was higher in boys than in girls.", "contents": "Thyroid disease in children and adolescents. Thyroid diseases in children and adolescents are not common. The present paper describes 73 patients, aged 5 to 18 years, who had thyroid disease which was treated by surgery. Of these, 18 had diffuse simple goiter, 11 had diffuse toxic goiter and 44 had nodular goiter. Of those patients with nodular goiter, 34 had adenomatous goiter, one had lymphocytic thyroiditis, one had lymphosarcoma and eight had cancer. In the patients with nodular goiter under the age of ten years, 40% had cancer, and of those aged 11 to 18 years, 14.7% had cancer. Thyroid nodules were more frequent in girls than in boys, but the incidence of cancer in nodular goiter was higher in boys than in girls.", "PMID": 579348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13527", "title": "Rare tumors of the intestines and rectum.", "content": "Some rare tumors of the intestines and rectum (eight cases) have been presented and discussed. All were successfully managed without operative mortality. I have presented some observations deduced from these cases which might aid in the diagnosis of such rare tumors--the importance of palpating the terminal ileum in any abdominal operation and the necessity for a frozen section biopsy from suspicious schistosomal masses of the sigmoid colon or the rectum before deciding to resect them. I have discussed cases of carcinoma of the rectum where microscopic schistosomal deposits were spotted and stressed that in such cases it is a mere coincidental association.", "contents": "Rare tumors of the intestines and rectum. Some rare tumors of the intestines and rectum (eight cases) have been presented and discussed. All were successfully managed without operative mortality. I have presented some observations deduced from these cases which might aid in the diagnosis of such rare tumors--the importance of palpating the terminal ileum in any abdominal operation and the necessity for a frozen section biopsy from suspicious schistosomal masses of the sigmoid colon or the rectum before deciding to resect them. I have discussed cases of carcinoma of the rectum where microscopic schistosomal deposits were spotted and stressed that in such cases it is a mere coincidental association.", "PMID": 579349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13528", "title": "Direct current cardioversion. Effect on creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase and myocardial isoenzymes.", "content": "Creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and more recently their isoenzyme determinations (CK-MB and LDH1) have been useful adjuncts in verification of myocardial injury. To determine whether DC cardioversion affects these serum enzyme levels, we recorded total CK, total LDH, CK-MB, and LDH1 levels serially during 24 hours following elective DC cardioversion in 18 patients without cardiac ischemia. New postcardioversion elevations in total CK and total LDH levels were small and occasional: CK (one of 18 patients), LDH (four of 18 patients). Elevations of CK-MB or LDH1 following cardioversion did not develop in any of the patients. Therefore, new CK-MB or LDH1 elevations associated with arrhythmias must result from myocardial damage to DC cardioversion.", "contents": "Direct current cardioversion. Effect on creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase and myocardial isoenzymes. Creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and more recently their isoenzyme determinations (CK-MB and LDH1) have been useful adjuncts in verification of myocardial injury. To determine whether DC cardioversion affects these serum enzyme levels, we recorded total CK, total LDH, CK-MB, and LDH1 levels serially during 24 hours following elective DC cardioversion in 18 patients without cardiac ischemia. New postcardioversion elevations in total CK and total LDH levels were small and occasional: CK (one of 18 patients), LDH (four of 18 patients). Elevations of CK-MB or LDH1 following cardioversion did not develop in any of the patients. Therefore, new CK-MB or LDH1 elevations associated with arrhythmias must result from myocardial damage to DC cardioversion.", "PMID": 579371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13529", "title": "Acute renal failure. Association with administration of radiographic contrast material.", "content": "Fourteen cases of acute renal failure secondary to administration of radiographic contrast media were observed, eight within a 15-month period. No patient had multiple myeloma, and only three were diabetic. Predisposing factors included renal hypoperfusion, preexisting renal insufficiency, hyperuricemia, age of more than 60 years, solitary functioning kidney, and exposure to several contrast studies at closely spaced intervals. Control of blood volume and serum uric acid, appropriate spacing of radiographic studies, and possibly urinary alkalinization and hypouricosuric drugs in high-risk patients are recommended to decrease the incidence and morbidity of contrast-mediated nephropathy.", "contents": "Acute renal failure. Association with administration of radiographic contrast material. Fourteen cases of acute renal failure secondary to administration of radiographic contrast media were observed, eight within a 15-month period. No patient had multiple myeloma, and only three were diabetic. Predisposing factors included renal hypoperfusion, preexisting renal insufficiency, hyperuricemia, age of more than 60 years, solitary functioning kidney, and exposure to several contrast studies at closely spaced intervals. Control of blood volume and serum uric acid, appropriate spacing of radiographic studies, and possibly urinary alkalinization and hypouricosuric drugs in high-risk patients are recommended to decrease the incidence and morbidity of contrast-mediated nephropathy.", "PMID": 579372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13530", "title": "Aeromonas hydrophila sepsis in a patient undergoing hemodialysis therapy.", "content": "Aeromonas hydrophila septicemia complicated by a generalized cutaneous vasculitis developed in a patient receiving home hemodialysis therapy. Because the Aeromonas organism is found in many natural water sources, the possibility that this patient's hemodialysis system became contaminated was explored. Although cultures from the patient's home environment showed no Aeromonas sp, the possibility still exists that the site of contamination was in the dialysis system.", "contents": "Aeromonas hydrophila sepsis in a patient undergoing hemodialysis therapy. Aeromonas hydrophila septicemia complicated by a generalized cutaneous vasculitis developed in a patient receiving home hemodialysis therapy. Because the Aeromonas organism is found in many natural water sources, the possibility that this patient's hemodialysis system became contaminated was explored. Although cultures from the patient's home environment showed no Aeromonas sp, the possibility still exists that the site of contamination was in the dialysis system.", "PMID": 579373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13531", "title": "Enterovenous fistulization in Crohn's disease.", "content": "A case of Crohn's disease was complicated by enterovenous fistulization (ileum to superior mesenteric vein) with septic manifestations. The fistulization was diagnosed by the observation of gas in the liver and by the opacification of mesenteric veins following a barium meal.", "contents": "Enterovenous fistulization in Crohn's disease. A case of Crohn's disease was complicated by enterovenous fistulization (ileum to superior mesenteric vein) with septic manifestations. The fistulization was diagnosed by the observation of gas in the liver and by the opacification of mesenteric veins following a barium meal.", "PMID": 579374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13532", "title": "Migration of physicians from one specialty to another. A longitudinal study of US medical school graduates.", "content": "To demonstrate the extent to which physicians change their specialty, randomized samples of the graduating classes of 1960, 1964, and 1968 were studied with respect to their self-designated specialties in 1971 and 1976. Of the 2,046 physicians in the three samples, 333 (16%) changed their specialty between 1971 and 1976. It was 8% for the 1960 cohort, 11% for 1964, and 29% for 1968. Of all the changes, 78% were from one specialty practice to another or back to a formal residency in a different specialty; 22% changed from one specialty residency to either practice or another residency in a different specialty. Between 1971 and 1976, a total of 127 (16%) of 783 primary care physicians changed their specialty. The magnitude of this change must be considered in planning for distribution of physicians by specialty.", "contents": "Migration of physicians from one specialty to another. A longitudinal study of US medical school graduates. To demonstrate the extent to which physicians change their specialty, randomized samples of the graduating classes of 1960, 1964, and 1968 were studied with respect to their self-designated specialties in 1971 and 1976. Of the 2,046 physicians in the three samples, 333 (16%) changed their specialty between 1971 and 1976. It was 8% for the 1960 cohort, 11% for 1964, and 29% for 1968. Of all the changes, 78% were from one specialty practice to another or back to a formal residency in a different specialty; 22% changed from one specialty residency to either practice or another residency in a different specialty. Between 1971 and 1976, a total of 127 (16%) of 783 primary care physicians changed their specialty. The magnitude of this change must be considered in planning for distribution of physicians by specialty.", "PMID": 579390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13533", "title": "Hepatitis B infection in physicians. Results of a nationwide seroepidemiologic survey.", "content": "To define the epidemiologic features of occupationally acquired hepatitis B infection among physicians, we conducted a seroepidemiologic survey of physicians attending three American Medical Association conventions in 1975 and 1976. Of 1,192 participating physicians, 220 (18.5%) had serologic evidence of prior hepatitis B virus infection (positive hepatitis B surface antibody). The infection rate was higher among those practicing in urban communities; it increased with the number of years in practice; and among specialties, it was highest in pathologists (27%) and surgeons (28%). The serologic data demonstrated a changing pattern of viral hepatitis related to entry into the medical profession, with hepatitis B accounting for a majority of clinical hepatitis experienced after beginning medical practice.", "contents": "Hepatitis B infection in physicians. Results of a nationwide seroepidemiologic survey. To define the epidemiologic features of occupationally acquired hepatitis B infection among physicians, we conducted a seroepidemiologic survey of physicians attending three American Medical Association conventions in 1975 and 1976. Of 1,192 participating physicians, 220 (18.5%) had serologic evidence of prior hepatitis B virus infection (positive hepatitis B surface antibody). The infection rate was higher among those practicing in urban communities; it increased with the number of years in practice; and among specialties, it was highest in pathologists (27%) and surgeons (28%). The serologic data demonstrated a changing pattern of viral hepatitis related to entry into the medical profession, with hepatitis B accounting for a majority of clinical hepatitis experienced after beginning medical practice.", "PMID": 579391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13534", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants (TCA) were examined in 66 patients. After three weeks of therapy, heart rate and PR interval were increased (P less than .02, P less than .05), while prolongation of the QTc time and the QRS interval did not reach significant levels. We observed significant flattening of T waves (P less than .05), which was not associated with changes in the serum potassium level. These changes were reversible after treatment was discontinued. When therapy was maintained for 13 months, only the heart rate continued to be increased, whereas all other ECG values had returned to normal. The TCA therapy led to a significant prolongation of the preejection period (P less than .01) and slight shortening of the left ventricular ejection time, indicating a decrease in myocardial contractility. There was no difference of effects on the values studied between tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants. Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants (TCA) were examined in 66 patients. After three weeks of therapy, heart rate and PR interval were increased (P less than .02, P less than .05), while prolongation of the QTc time and the QRS interval did not reach significant levels. We observed significant flattening of T waves (P less than .05), which was not associated with changes in the serum potassium level. These changes were reversible after treatment was discontinued. When therapy was maintained for 13 months, only the heart rate continued to be increased, whereas all other ECG values had returned to normal. The TCA therapy led to a significant prolongation of the preejection period (P less than .01) and slight shortening of the left ventricular ejection time, indicating a decrease in myocardial contractility. There was no difference of effects on the values studied between tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 579392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13535", "title": "The role of H-Y antigen in primary sex determination.", "content": "The basic embryonic plan of mammals is inherently feminine. Male development is due to two-step interventions of this basic plan: the Y chromosome directs the embryonic indifferent gonad to organize a testis instead of an ovary; the Y-organized testis synthesizes and secretes testosterone, which induces all the extragonadal masculine development. The Y chromosome plays no direct and appreciable role in extragonadal masculine development. Testicular organization, normally under the direction of the Y, is the function of the evolutionary conserved plasma membrane protein serologically detectable as H-Y antigen. Under specific circumstances, H-Y antigen may be expressed in the absence of the Y chromosome, thus producing XO and XX males. If H-Y antigen is not expressed, XY individuals develop as females. H-Y antigen is the first plasma membrane or cell surface protein to which a specific organogenesis function has been assigned.", "contents": "The role of H-Y antigen in primary sex determination. The basic embryonic plan of mammals is inherently feminine. Male development is due to two-step interventions of this basic plan: the Y chromosome directs the embryonic indifferent gonad to organize a testis instead of an ovary; the Y-organized testis synthesizes and secretes testosterone, which induces all the extragonadal masculine development. The Y chromosome plays no direct and appreciable role in extragonadal masculine development. Testicular organization, normally under the direction of the Y, is the function of the evolutionary conserved plasma membrane protein serologically detectable as H-Y antigen. Under specific circumstances, H-Y antigen may be expressed in the absence of the Y chromosome, thus producing XO and XX males. If H-Y antigen is not expressed, XY individuals develop as females. H-Y antigen is the first plasma membrane or cell surface protein to which a specific organogenesis function has been assigned.", "PMID": 579393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13536", "title": "A model for epidemiologic research.", "content": "Health sciences students should understand the fundamentals of epidemiologic methods that can lead to major advances in the treatment of disease. To this end, the research process is defined and a three-dimensional model that considers some basic elements of epidemiologic research--time, place, and strategy--is described. The strategies available to the investigator (descriptive, analytic, and experimental) and the possible time frames (retrospective, concurrent, and prospective) are illustrated in terms of field investigations that involve problems of infection, nutrition, dysplasia, metabolism, and cancer. It is believed that epidemiologic studies, no matter where they are performed, have certain features in common, especially those related to the elements of strategy and time.", "contents": "A model for epidemiologic research. Health sciences students should understand the fundamentals of epidemiologic methods that can lead to major advances in the treatment of disease. To this end, the research process is defined and a three-dimensional model that considers some basic elements of epidemiologic research--time, place, and strategy--is described. The strategies available to the investigator (descriptive, analytic, and experimental) and the possible time frames (retrospective, concurrent, and prospective) are illustrated in terms of field investigations that involve problems of infection, nutrition, dysplasia, metabolism, and cancer. It is believed that epidemiologic studies, no matter where they are performed, have certain features in common, especially those related to the elements of strategy and time.", "PMID": 579410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13537", "title": "Sexual abuse of children. Detection and management.", "content": "Detection of sexual abuse in children involves careful history-taking, complete physical examination, and most importantly, a high index of suspicion. Primary care physicians play an important role, since they are likely to be the first persons consulted. Complete management includes immediate attention to physical care, prophylactic measures, psychological evaluation and treatment, and collection of medicolegal evidence. For the protection of the child, one person must assume responsibility to coordination of treatment and adequate follow-up.", "contents": "Sexual abuse of children. Detection and management. Detection of sexual abuse in children involves careful history-taking, complete physical examination, and most importantly, a high index of suspicion. Primary care physicians play an important role, since they are likely to be the first persons consulted. Complete management includes immediate attention to physical care, prophylactic measures, psychological evaluation and treatment, and collection of medicolegal evidence. For the protection of the child, one person must assume responsibility to coordination of treatment and adequate follow-up.", "PMID": 579411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13538", "title": "Cross-country skiing. A benign sport?", "content": "Cross-country skiing has been thought to be a safe sport, with few serious injuries and a preponderance of upper extremity injuries. Eleven cases of relatively severe injuries illustrate that this is not necessarily true.", "contents": "Cross-country skiing. A benign sport? Cross-country skiing has been thought to be a safe sport, with few serious injuries and a preponderance of upper extremity injuries. Eleven cases of relatively severe injuries illustrate that this is not necessarily true.", "PMID": 579412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13539", "title": "Carcinoma in situ of the esophagus.", "content": "Although invasive carcinoma of the esophagus should theoretically begin as an in situ process, the latter is rarely seen in clinical practice. Two cases of carcinoma in situ of the esophagus were diagnosed at our institution.", "contents": "Carcinoma in situ of the esophagus. Although invasive carcinoma of the esophagus should theoretically begin as an in situ process, the latter is rarely seen in clinical practice. Two cases of carcinoma in situ of the esophagus were diagnosed at our institution.", "PMID": 579413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13540", "title": "[Acute traumatic cartilage damage. Experimental studies and their practical consequences].", "content": "Emphasis is placed on the etiology of posttraumatic cartilage damage based on recent experimental findings. The latter suggest that postinjury cartilage impairment cannot only be regarded as a consequence of incongruity of the joint surfaces after intraarticular fractures but that immobilization, primary lesions of the joint surface caused by synovial enzymes, and hemorrhagic effusion are also pathogenetically significant. Furthermore posttraumatic synovitis with its faulty composition of the synovial fluid plays an equally important role in this context. Finally, in summarizing therapeutic recommendations are presented.", "contents": "[Acute traumatic cartilage damage. Experimental studies and their practical consequences]. Emphasis is placed on the etiology of posttraumatic cartilage damage based on recent experimental findings. The latter suggest that postinjury cartilage impairment cannot only be regarded as a consequence of incongruity of the joint surfaces after intraarticular fractures but that immobilization, primary lesions of the joint surface caused by synovial enzymes, and hemorrhagic effusion are also pathogenetically significant. Furthermore posttraumatic synovitis with its faulty composition of the synovial fluid plays an equally important role in this context. Finally, in summarizing therapeutic recommendations are presented.", "PMID": 579423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13541", "title": "[Diagnosis of ligamentous injuries of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of capsular ligaments, in addition to the collateral ligaments and crucial ligaments, for stability of knee joint is accented. By systematic clinical examination the loss of stability and thereby the injured structures are determined with particular reference to rotatory instability by complex loss of stability. By sketches and tables, the examination procedure for the three topographic fields--medial system, lateral system, and crucial ligaments--is shown.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of ligamentous injuries of the knee joint (author's transl)]. The importance of capsular ligaments, in addition to the collateral ligaments and crucial ligaments, for stability of knee joint is accented. By systematic clinical examination the loss of stability and thereby the injured structures are determined with particular reference to rotatory instability by complex loss of stability. By sketches and tables, the examination procedure for the three topographic fields--medial system, lateral system, and crucial ligaments--is shown.", "PMID": 579424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13542", "title": "[Management of ligamentous knee injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Injury to ligaments, which will eventually result in knee instability, requires operative treatment when the radiologic tilt exceeds 3 degrees. Therapy comprises anatomic reconstruction of the capsule, ligaments, and menisci. Postoperatively, a hinge cast (limited motion cast = LMC) is applied; a range of motion of 40 degrees does not endanger stability. Excellent subjective results were found in 90% of 80 cases with acute ligamentous lesion upon follow-up examination; 77 patients returned to work after an average of 5.3 weeks after removal of the LMC; range of motion was satisfactory with full stability in 69 patients.", "contents": "[Management of ligamentous knee injuries (author's transl)]. Injury to ligaments, which will eventually result in knee instability, requires operative treatment when the radiologic tilt exceeds 3 degrees. Therapy comprises anatomic reconstruction of the capsule, ligaments, and menisci. Postoperatively, a hinge cast (limited motion cast = LMC) is applied; a range of motion of 40 degrees does not endanger stability. Excellent subjective results were found in 90% of 80 cases with acute ligamentous lesion upon follow-up examination; 77 patients returned to work after an average of 5.3 weeks after removal of the LMC; range of motion was satisfactory with full stability in 69 patients.", "PMID": 579425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13543", "title": "[Big particle biopsy. An aid in the differential diagnosis of gastric lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "A definite clinical, radiological, endoscopic or bioptic diagnosis of gastric lymphosarcoma cannot usually be achieved. An attempt to establish the diagnosis should be made, firstly, because of the better prognosis compared to gastric carcinoma, and secondly, because of the alternative therapy available. In the case described the correct diagnosis could be established only by the big particle technique, but not by the conventional forceps biopsy method. The procedure is easy to be done and almost free of complications and is to be recommended whenever an endoscopic suspicion of gastric lymphosarcoma exists.", "contents": "[Big particle biopsy. An aid in the differential diagnosis of gastric lymphomas (author's transl)]. A definite clinical, radiological, endoscopic or bioptic diagnosis of gastric lymphosarcoma cannot usually be achieved. An attempt to establish the diagnosis should be made, firstly, because of the better prognosis compared to gastric carcinoma, and secondly, because of the alternative therapy available. In the case described the correct diagnosis could be established only by the big particle technique, but not by the conventional forceps biopsy method. The procedure is easy to be done and almost free of complications and is to be recommended whenever an endoscopic suspicion of gastric lymphosarcoma exists.", "PMID": 579427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13544", "title": "Alveolar lavage and lavaged lung tissue phosphatidylcholine composition during fetal rabbit development.", "content": "Pulmonary surfactant, the major surface-active component of which in the adult is dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine, can be obtained by lavaging lungs with physiological saline. We have previously shown that there is an increase in the amount of phosphatidylcholine in fetal rabbit lung lavage during the latter part of gestation. We have now measured the amount of disaturated phosphatidylcholine as well as the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine in lung lavage from fetal rabbits during the period 27 days' gestation to full term (31 days). There was no developmental change in the amount of disaturated phosphatidylcholine during the period examined. About 50% of the total phosphatidylcholine was disaturated which is approximately the same as in adult rabbit lung lavage. The fatty acid composition, however, did change. There was an increase in the amount of 16:0 from about 20% of the total fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine at 27-28 days to about 60% at full term, after birth, and in the adults. There was a corresponding decrease in the amounts of 14:0, 18:0, and longer chain fatty acids, most of which were saturated. In the lavaged lung tissue, there was a 2.6-fold increase in the percentage of phosphatidylcholine which was disaturated during the period 27-31 days' gestation. It had not decrease to the adult value 24 hr after birth.", "contents": "Alveolar lavage and lavaged lung tissue phosphatidylcholine composition during fetal rabbit development. Pulmonary surfactant, the major surface-active component of which in the adult is dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine, can be obtained by lavaging lungs with physiological saline. We have previously shown that there is an increase in the amount of phosphatidylcholine in fetal rabbit lung lavage during the latter part of gestation. We have now measured the amount of disaturated phosphatidylcholine as well as the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine in lung lavage from fetal rabbits during the period 27 days' gestation to full term (31 days). There was no developmental change in the amount of disaturated phosphatidylcholine during the period examined. About 50% of the total phosphatidylcholine was disaturated which is approximately the same as in adult rabbit lung lavage. The fatty acid composition, however, did change. There was an increase in the amount of 16:0 from about 20% of the total fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine at 27-28 days to about 60% at full term, after birth, and in the adults. There was a corresponding decrease in the amounts of 14:0, 18:0, and longer chain fatty acids, most of which were saturated. In the lavaged lung tissue, there was a 2.6-fold increase in the percentage of phosphatidylcholine which was disaturated during the period 27-31 days' gestation. It had not decrease to the adult value 24 hr after birth.", "PMID": 579430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13545", "title": "Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk.", "content": "In September and October, 1976, an outbreak of illness due to chocolate milk contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica resulted in hospitalization of 36 children, 16 of whom had appendectomies. Infection with Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:8 was demonstrated in 38 ill persons. Sixty-one per cent of the persons who were infected had a titer greater than 1:160 OH agglutinins to serotype 8 yersinia, whereas 48 per cent of the hospitalized children had a fourfold change in agglutinin titer. An epidemiologic investigation demonstrated that illness was associated with drinking of chocolate milk purchased in school cafeterias, and Y. enterocolitica 0:8 was subsequently isolated from the milk. The investigation suggested that the bacterium was introduced at the dairy during the mixing by hand of chocolate syrup with previously pasteurized milk.", "contents": "Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. In September and October, 1976, an outbreak of illness due to chocolate milk contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica resulted in hospitalization of 36 children, 16 of whom had appendectomies. Infection with Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:8 was demonstrated in 38 ill persons. Sixty-one per cent of the persons who were infected had a titer greater than 1:160 OH agglutinins to serotype 8 yersinia, whereas 48 per cent of the hospitalized children had a fourfold change in agglutinin titer. An epidemiologic investigation demonstrated that illness was associated with drinking of chocolate milk purchased in school cafeterias, and Y. enterocolitica 0:8 was subsequently isolated from the milk. The investigation suggested that the bacterium was introduced at the dairy during the mixing by hand of chocolate syrup with previously pasteurized milk.", "PMID": 579433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13546", "title": "Experience of antioxidant treatment in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis of Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren type.", "content": "A therapeutic trial with antioxidants in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) of Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren type is presented. The series consisted of 46 patients, 23 of whom received antioxidants while 23 served as controls. At the start of the trial the patients were classified into two groups on the basis of their IQs. Eleven children, aged 6 1/2 to 12 years, were of low normal or subnormal intelligence (treatment group I). After an observation period of 5 to 6 years a significant change in IQ was seen in 6 children; an improvement was noticed in 2 boys and a deterioration in 4 patients. The IQs were higher, the neurological signs less marked and epilepsy less frequent among the patients receiving antioxidants than among the controls. The therapy did not benefit vision and it was unsuccessful in advanced cases. The results are discussed and compared with those reported by other authors.", "contents": "Experience of antioxidant treatment in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis of Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren type. A therapeutic trial with antioxidants in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) of Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren type is presented. The series consisted of 46 patients, 23 of whom received antioxidants while 23 served as controls. At the start of the trial the patients were classified into two groups on the basis of their IQs. Eleven children, aged 6 1/2 to 12 years, were of low normal or subnormal intelligence (treatment group I). After an observation period of 5 to 6 years a significant change in IQ was seen in 6 children; an improvement was noticed in 2 boys and a deterioration in 4 patients. The IQs were higher, the neurological signs less marked and epilepsy less frequent among the patients receiving antioxidants than among the controls. The therapy did not benefit vision and it was unsuccessful in advanced cases. The results are discussed and compared with those reported by other authors.", "PMID": 579434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13547", "title": "Transitory impairment of vision after light head trauma in childhood.", "content": "From a group of 101 children, eleven (10.9 p.c. ranging in age from 4--12) reported transient visual disturbances such as blurred vision, grey vision or photopsias immediately after a light head trauma. As to the origin of these impediments all evidence points to the occipital areas. Oculopupillary defects or pathological nystagmus phenomena were in no case associated. The frequency of pathological EEG recording over the occipital area was statistically significant (chi-quadrat = 4.27; p less than or equal to 0.05). The pathogenetic mechanism may be explained by means of a local oedematous reaction.", "contents": "Transitory impairment of vision after light head trauma in childhood. From a group of 101 children, eleven (10.9 p.c. ranging in age from 4--12) reported transient visual disturbances such as blurred vision, grey vision or photopsias immediately after a light head trauma. As to the origin of these impediments all evidence points to the occipital areas. Oculopupillary defects or pathological nystagmus phenomena were in no case associated. The frequency of pathological EEG recording over the occipital area was statistically significant (chi-quadrat = 4.27; p less than or equal to 0.05). The pathogenetic mechanism may be explained by means of a local oedematous reaction.", "PMID": 579435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13548", "title": "The development of periodicity of heart rate and respiration during sleep in newborn babies.", "content": "Polygraphic records of EEG, ocular movements, respiration, and heart rate were made continuously in 10 full term babies between 2 and 7 days old. Power spectral analysis was then computed for heart and respiratory rate. The period durations obtained by this method ranged from 20 to 70 minutes. Most of the power spectra showed two maxima. In many cases cycles of respiration and heart rate were not identical. The experiments show that newborns have two separate cycles with different period durations. Most probably the shorter cycle originates from the fetal life, the longer one represents the development of the periodicity of the adult.", "contents": "The development of periodicity of heart rate and respiration during sleep in newborn babies. Polygraphic records of EEG, ocular movements, respiration, and heart rate were made continuously in 10 full term babies between 2 and 7 days old. Power spectral analysis was then computed for heart and respiratory rate. The period durations obtained by this method ranged from 20 to 70 minutes. Most of the power spectra showed two maxima. In many cases cycles of respiration and heart rate were not identical. The experiments show that newborns have two separate cycles with different period durations. Most probably the shorter cycle originates from the fetal life, the longer one represents the development of the periodicity of the adult.", "PMID": 579436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13549", "title": "Intermittently progressive dyskinetic syndrome in glutaric aciduria.", "content": "A case of glutaric aciduria, a recently discovered inborn error of tryptophan-lysine metabolism, is reported. Development was normal during the first year of life. Signs of dyskinesia and dystonia associated with developmental regression occurred twice during gastrointestinal disease. By two years of age, a dystonic syndrome with a severe motor and language disability had resulted.", "contents": "Intermittently progressive dyskinetic syndrome in glutaric aciduria. A case of glutaric aciduria, a recently discovered inborn error of tryptophan-lysine metabolism, is reported. Development was normal during the first year of life. Signs of dyskinesia and dystonia associated with developmental regression occurred twice during gastrointestinal disease. By two years of age, a dystonic syndrome with a severe motor and language disability had resulted.", "PMID": 579437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13550", "title": "The diagnosis of congenital spinal disorders in computed tomography (CT).", "content": "9 patients (8 girls, 1 boy) with dysraphic disorders of the spinal column were examined by CT. In 6 cases no diastematomyelia was established. Among the 8 girls, an intraspinal bony septum was identified in 7 instances and a splitting of the cord without identifiable septum was seen in 1 girl. In 6 patients with symptoms dysplastic changes of the cord independent of the segmental level could be identified, such as variable thickness and a heterogenous absorption pattern of the cord. Three girls with symptomless diastematomyelia showed no striking absorption pattern of the spinal cord. Asymptomatic diastematomyelia indicates that frequently concomitant orthopaedic and neurological disorders cannot be referred to a mechanically obstructed ascent of the cord alone, but infer complex etiologies, probably including abnormal medullary vascularization Dural sac and subarachnoid fixation of the spinal cord cannot be identified by CT. Unless there is a possibility of a low lumbar medullary conus or of spinal cord dysplasia or intraspinal lipoma, cyst or fistula, one can assume that the normal ascent of the cord is obstructed with subsequent pull on the cord elements. From our preliminary experience which takes into account conventional radiological procedures, the appropriate task of CT consists of identifying even a minimally calcified septum in radiologically suspected diastematomyelia. Further, with CT one can exclude a splitting of the cord without a calcified septum. CT provides a noninvasive method for assuring diagnosis of diastematomyelia at an early stage and enables one to make the differential diagnosis from pseudodiastematomyelia.", "contents": "The diagnosis of congenital spinal disorders in computed tomography (CT). 9 patients (8 girls, 1 boy) with dysraphic disorders of the spinal column were examined by CT. In 6 cases no diastematomyelia was established. Among the 8 girls, an intraspinal bony septum was identified in 7 instances and a splitting of the cord without identifiable septum was seen in 1 girl. In 6 patients with symptoms dysplastic changes of the cord independent of the segmental level could be identified, such as variable thickness and a heterogenous absorption pattern of the cord. Three girls with symptomless diastematomyelia showed no striking absorption pattern of the spinal cord. Asymptomatic diastematomyelia indicates that frequently concomitant orthopaedic and neurological disorders cannot be referred to a mechanically obstructed ascent of the cord alone, but infer complex etiologies, probably including abnormal medullary vascularization Dural sac and subarachnoid fixation of the spinal cord cannot be identified by CT. Unless there is a possibility of a low lumbar medullary conus or of spinal cord dysplasia or intraspinal lipoma, cyst or fistula, one can assume that the normal ascent of the cord is obstructed with subsequent pull on the cord elements. From our preliminary experience which takes into account conventional radiological procedures, the appropriate task of CT consists of identifying even a minimally calcified septum in radiologically suspected diastematomyelia. Further, with CT one can exclude a splitting of the cord without a calcified septum. CT provides a noninvasive method for assuring diagnosis of diastematomyelia at an early stage and enables one to make the differential diagnosis from pseudodiastematomyelia.", "PMID": 579438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13551", "title": "Organoid nevus syndrome (linear nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn): clinical and radiological study of a case.", "content": "A 3 1/2-year-old boy with this syndrome is reported. The clinical features were: linear organoid nevus, characteristically involving the midline of the face with extension to one side (right side in this case), hemimacrocephaly, mental and motor retardation, epilepsy originating from a focus in the right hemisphere, a malformed hemisphere and ventricular system on the right side on pneumoencephalographic and angiographic study and a hamartoma-like malformation protruding into the frontal horn of the right lateral ventricle.", "contents": "Organoid nevus syndrome (linear nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn): clinical and radiological study of a case. A 3 1/2-year-old boy with this syndrome is reported. The clinical features were: linear organoid nevus, characteristically involving the midline of the face with extension to one side (right side in this case), hemimacrocephaly, mental and motor retardation, epilepsy originating from a focus in the right hemisphere, a malformed hemisphere and ventricular system on the right side on pneumoencephalographic and angiographic study and a hamartoma-like malformation protruding into the frontal horn of the right lateral ventricle.", "PMID": 579439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13552", "title": "The Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) syndrome. A 15 year follow-up and a survey of the present clinical and chemical findings.", "content": "The Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) syndrome includes short stature, dwarfism, mental retardation, and skeletal abnormalities especially in the spine and the extremities resembling the findings in the mucopolysaccharidoses. A particular abnormality is the \"lace border\" found on radiological examination of the iliac crest. The three original cases have been followed for 15--20 years and the course is characterized by increasing mental retardation and motor disability whereas the \"lace border\" is less pronounced than before. A survey of 17 other cases is given and similarities and differencies to the mucopolysaccharidoses are pointed out. Patients with the DMC syndrome have been suggested to be deficient in an enzyme cleaving glycoprotein-acid mucopolysaccharide (AMP) linkage. We have previously found in DMC patients, an abnormal excretion of urinary AMP's of which some were undersulfated and some were oversulfated. Lysosomal acid proteinase, i.e., cathepsin D and neutral proteinases: elastase and cathepsin G were found to be normal in DMC patients. However, alfa2-macroglobulin in serum was raised. This increase may cause an inhibition of the neutral proteinases. An increased level of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase and decreased enzymic levels of aryl sulphatase A and B (assayed with p-nitrocatecholsulfate as a substrate) were found in leucocytes of DMC patients. Metabolic studies have revealed an unbalanced incorporation of glycoprotein AMP-precursors in DMC lymphocytes. All in all the data suggests the DMC syndrome to be an inborn error of glycoprotein-AMP-metabolism.", "contents": "The Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) syndrome. A 15 year follow-up and a survey of the present clinical and chemical findings. The Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) syndrome includes short stature, dwarfism, mental retardation, and skeletal abnormalities especially in the spine and the extremities resembling the findings in the mucopolysaccharidoses. A particular abnormality is the \"lace border\" found on radiological examination of the iliac crest. The three original cases have been followed for 15--20 years and the course is characterized by increasing mental retardation and motor disability whereas the \"lace border\" is less pronounced than before. A survey of 17 other cases is given and similarities and differencies to the mucopolysaccharidoses are pointed out. Patients with the DMC syndrome have been suggested to be deficient in an enzyme cleaving glycoprotein-acid mucopolysaccharide (AMP) linkage. We have previously found in DMC patients, an abnormal excretion of urinary AMP's of which some were undersulfated and some were oversulfated. Lysosomal acid proteinase, i.e., cathepsin D and neutral proteinases: elastase and cathepsin G were found to be normal in DMC patients. However, alfa2-macroglobulin in serum was raised. This increase may cause an inhibition of the neutral proteinases. An increased level of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase and decreased enzymic levels of aryl sulphatase A and B (assayed with p-nitrocatecholsulfate as a substrate) were found in leucocytes of DMC patients. Metabolic studies have revealed an unbalanced incorporation of glycoprotein AMP-precursors in DMC lymphocytes. All in all the data suggests the DMC syndrome to be an inborn error of glycoprotein-AMP-metabolism.", "PMID": 579440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13553", "title": "Spontaneous intracerebellar hematoma during childhood caused by spongioblastoma of the IVth ventricle.", "content": "Spontaneous intracerebellar hematomas are very rare during childhood and vascular malformations are almost always the cause. We recently had the opportunity to observe and treat two children with this problem. Problems in locating the exact site of the hemorrhage were minimal thanks to the CT studies performed in both cases. The presence of a tumor was proved histologically and the diagnosis of spongioblastoma was made.", "contents": "Spontaneous intracerebellar hematoma during childhood caused by spongioblastoma of the IVth ventricle. Spontaneous intracerebellar hematomas are very rare during childhood and vascular malformations are almost always the cause. We recently had the opportunity to observe and treat two children with this problem. Problems in locating the exact site of the hemorrhage were minimal thanks to the CT studies performed in both cases. The presence of a tumor was proved histologically and the diagnosis of spongioblastoma was made.", "PMID": 579441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13554", "title": "Artificial embolisation of inoperable dura and sinus angioma in an infant.", "content": "A seven month old boy suffered fron an inoperable extensive bilateral vascular malformation of the dura and the sinus system. This congenital lesion was artificially embolised in two sessions by injecting several hundred small steel spheres through the external carotid arteries. Clinical and neuroradiological reexaminations revealed a favourable result in this case. The technique and risks of this method which so far had not been applied in infants are demonstrated.", "contents": "Artificial embolisation of inoperable dura and sinus angioma in an infant. A seven month old boy suffered fron an inoperable extensive bilateral vascular malformation of the dura and the sinus system. This congenital lesion was artificially embolised in two sessions by injecting several hundred small steel spheres through the external carotid arteries. Clinical and neuroradiological reexaminations revealed a favourable result in this case. The technique and risks of this method which so far had not been applied in infants are demonstrated.", "PMID": 579442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13555", "title": "Serotonin levels in the blood and central nervous system of a patient with sudanophilic leukodystrophy.", "content": "A case report is presented of a boy with the infantile spasm syndrome beginning at eight months of age. He had a clinical course marked by increasingly severe seizures and neurological regression. After death at twenty-one months of age, autopsy of the central nervous system revealed demyelination of white matter with sparing of arcuate fibers. An earlier born male sibling had had a similar clinical pattern but died without an autopsy. During his lifetime, the patient had markedly elevated levels of 5-hydroxyindoles (a measure of serotonin) in his blood. At autopsy, the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in four grey matter areas of the brain was lower than those of a control who died on the same day. This is the first case reporting a comparison of blood and central nervous system levels of 5-hydroxytrypamine in a child.", "contents": "Serotonin levels in the blood and central nervous system of a patient with sudanophilic leukodystrophy. A case report is presented of a boy with the infantile spasm syndrome beginning at eight months of age. He had a clinical course marked by increasingly severe seizures and neurological regression. After death at twenty-one months of age, autopsy of the central nervous system revealed demyelination of white matter with sparing of arcuate fibers. An earlier born male sibling had had a similar clinical pattern but died without an autopsy. During his lifetime, the patient had markedly elevated levels of 5-hydroxyindoles (a measure of serotonin) in his blood. At autopsy, the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in four grey matter areas of the brain was lower than those of a control who died on the same day. This is the first case reporting a comparison of blood and central nervous system levels of 5-hydroxytrypamine in a child.", "PMID": 579443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13556", "title": "Fibre type disproportion in the rigid spine syndrome.", "content": "An adolescent presented with the clinical symptomatology of the rigid spine syndrome. Whereas an earlier biopsy from the M. erector trunci showed myopathic features and marked endomysial fibrosis, recent findings in the M. biceps consisted of type I-fibre atrophy, type I-fibre predominance, and hypertrophy of type II-fibres. The significance of these findings and possibly a relationship to congenital fibre type disproportion are discussed.", "contents": "Fibre type disproportion in the rigid spine syndrome. An adolescent presented with the clinical symptomatology of the rigid spine syndrome. Whereas an earlier biopsy from the M. erector trunci showed myopathic features and marked endomysial fibrosis, recent findings in the M. biceps consisted of type I-fibre atrophy, type I-fibre predominance, and hypertrophy of type II-fibres. The significance of these findings and possibly a relationship to congenital fibre type disproportion are discussed.", "PMID": 579444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13557", "title": "Centriolar abnormalities in human neoplasms.", "content": "The fine structure of centriolar precursors was studied in three human neoplasm: a chief cell adenoma of the parathyroid, an undifferentiated cell adenoma of the pituitary and a malignant lymphoma of the thyroid arising in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Morphological evidence has been presented in support of the view that micochondria may serve as progenitors of centrioles. The sequence of events of mitochondrial centriole formation, from the early accumulation of electron dense substance at one pole of the mitochrondrion to the fully developed organelle, is documented. The findings indicate that centriolar abnormalities, such as multiplicity, accumulation or precursors, etc., may occur in benign and malignant, epithelial and mesenchymal tumors showing no apparent correlations with the biological behaviour of the neoplasms.", "contents": "Centriolar abnormalities in human neoplasms. The fine structure of centriolar precursors was studied in three human neoplasm: a chief cell adenoma of the parathyroid, an undifferentiated cell adenoma of the pituitary and a malignant lymphoma of the thyroid arising in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Morphological evidence has been presented in support of the view that micochondria may serve as progenitors of centrioles. The sequence of events of mitochondrial centriole formation, from the early accumulation of electron dense substance at one pole of the mitochrondrion to the fully developed organelle, is documented. The findings indicate that centriolar abnormalities, such as multiplicity, accumulation or precursors, etc., may occur in benign and malignant, epithelial and mesenchymal tumors showing no apparent correlations with the biological behaviour of the neoplasms.", "PMID": 579445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13558", "title": "[Attempts to characterize a tumor specific inhibitor extracted from the maternal part of the bovine placenta].", "content": "A fraction was isolated from the maternal part of bovine placenta, which significantly inhibits the incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of tumour cells. This factor has, however, only a limited effect on the same reaction in bone marrow cells or in fibroblasts. It is suggested that the factor enters the cell by an active transport mechanism and that the active part thereof is a protein. The protein pattern of the chromatin is not influenced by the factor as is the phosphorylation or acetylation of nuclear proteins.", "contents": "[Attempts to characterize a tumor specific inhibitor extracted from the maternal part of the bovine placenta]. A fraction was isolated from the maternal part of bovine placenta, which significantly inhibits the incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of tumour cells. This factor has, however, only a limited effect on the same reaction in bone marrow cells or in fibroblasts. It is suggested that the factor enters the cell by an active transport mechanism and that the active part thereof is a protein. The protein pattern of the chromatin is not influenced by the factor as is the phosphorylation or acetylation of nuclear proteins.", "PMID": 579446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13559", "title": "[Epidemiology of cancer and the environment].", "content": "Results of epidemiological investigations point out that environmental factors have an influence on the development of at least 80% of cancer diseases. The cancer mortality rates in Austria are analyzed with regard to this point. Austrian mortality trends of the most common malignancies are similar to those of other western industrialized countries. The relationship between cancer risk and the size of the Austrian communities is shown. As opposed to other common cancer sites, cancer of the stomach is most common in small communities with mainly an agricultural population. Etiological hypotheses about the origin of stomach cancer are discussed with regard to its epidemiological findings as well as the dietary habits of the population.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of cancer and the environment]. Results of epidemiological investigations point out that environmental factors have an influence on the development of at least 80% of cancer diseases. The cancer mortality rates in Austria are analyzed with regard to this point. Austrian mortality trends of the most common malignancies are similar to those of other western industrialized countries. The relationship between cancer risk and the size of the Austrian communities is shown. As opposed to other common cancer sites, cancer of the stomach is most common in small communities with mainly an agricultural population. Etiological hypotheses about the origin of stomach cancer are discussed with regard to its epidemiological findings as well as the dietary habits of the population.", "PMID": 579447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13560", "title": "Active experimental inhibition of cancer by corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that 5 microgram Corynebacterium parvum (M\u00e9rieux, Lyon) applied i.v. once weekly in mice of the strain C 3 H X Swiss Albino F 1 after three pregnancies effectively inhibits tumour growth. At this time those mice are 100% at risk. The appearance of tumours in the treated group is significantly delayed.", "contents": "Active experimental inhibition of cancer by corynebacterium parvum. It has been demonstrated that 5 microgram Corynebacterium parvum (M\u00e9rieux, Lyon) applied i.v. once weekly in mice of the strain C 3 H X Swiss Albino F 1 after three pregnancies effectively inhibits tumour growth. At this time those mice are 100% at risk. The appearance of tumours in the treated group is significantly delayed.", "PMID": 579449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13561", "title": "Multiform thyroid cancer-scintigraphic and echographic features.", "content": "In a patient with multinodular goiter, one of the three solid nodules harboring follicular carcinoma appeared functional in the 99mTc-pertechnetate image, yet \"cystic\" in both A-and B-mode echogram studies. The other two nodules corresponded in their image and echogram features and contained papillary and anaplastic carcinomas, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clinical acumen proved to be the best guide in the management of this patient.", "contents": "Multiform thyroid cancer-scintigraphic and echographic features. In a patient with multinodular goiter, one of the three solid nodules harboring follicular carcinoma appeared functional in the 99mTc-pertechnetate image, yet \"cystic\" in both A-and B-mode echogram studies. The other two nodules corresponded in their image and echogram features and contained papillary and anaplastic carcinomas, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clinical acumen proved to be the best guide in the management of this patient.", "PMID": 579451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13562", "title": "[Cisternography with 111Indium-DTPA (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiences of more than 200 cisternographic examination with 111Indium-DTPA are reported. The radiopharmaceutical was tolerated without adverse reactions and the suboccipital intrathecal injection more appropriate than the lumbar. With 111In-DTPA excellent scans were obtained up to 48 h after application. 111In is compared with other radiopharmaceuticals for cisternography. The cisternography remains valuable as an additional examination of pneumencephalography and cranial computerized tomography.", "contents": "[Cisternography with 111Indium-DTPA (author's transl)]. The experiences of more than 200 cisternographic examination with 111Indium-DTPA are reported. The radiopharmaceutical was tolerated without adverse reactions and the suboccipital intrathecal injection more appropriate than the lumbar. With 111In-DTPA excellent scans were obtained up to 48 h after application. 111In is compared with other radiopharmaceuticals for cisternography. The cisternography remains valuable as an additional examination of pneumencephalography and cranial computerized tomography.", "PMID": 579455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13563", "title": "[Determination of 90 Sr in milk by solvent extraction of 90Y (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to replace the conventional method using violent fuming nitric acid, a new method for the determination of 90 Sr in milk has been developed by using the solvent extraction with bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP). The daughter nuclide 90Y in a radiochemical equilibrium with its parent 90Sr was extracted with 2:1 HDEHP-toluene from the acid solution (1M HCL) of milk ash sample prepared by dry-ashing. After stripping with 8M HCL, 90Y, together with stable yttrium added as carrier, was precipated as oxalate to prepare beta-counting source. The radiochemical purity was confirmed by decay curve. The decontamination of strontium was checked by applying non-dispersive fluorescence X-ray analysis using 133Ba as irradiating source. Bone samples of cow were also analyzed by the same method and the results were compared with those obtained by other methods. The duplicate crosschecking analyses of finely ground bone samples were carried out to examine the effectiveness of this method. This simple new method was found to be very effective for the routine analysis of 90Sr in these samples.", "contents": "[Determination of 90 Sr in milk by solvent extraction of 90Y (author's transl)]. In order to replace the conventional method using violent fuming nitric acid, a new method for the determination of 90 Sr in milk has been developed by using the solvent extraction with bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP). The daughter nuclide 90Y in a radiochemical equilibrium with its parent 90Sr was extracted with 2:1 HDEHP-toluene from the acid solution (1M HCL) of milk ash sample prepared by dry-ashing. After stripping with 8M HCL, 90Y, together with stable yttrium added as carrier, was precipated as oxalate to prepare beta-counting source. The radiochemical purity was confirmed by decay curve. The decontamination of strontium was checked by applying non-dispersive fluorescence X-ray analysis using 133Ba as irradiating source. Bone samples of cow were also analyzed by the same method and the results were compared with those obtained by other methods. The duplicate crosschecking analyses of finely ground bone samples were carried out to examine the effectiveness of this method. This simple new method was found to be very effective for the routine analysis of 90Sr in these samples.", "PMID": 579456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13564", "title": "Determination of uranium in human teeth, bones and tissues by the fission track method.", "content": "The uranium content of several human tooth, bone and soft tissue samples was determined by the fission tract method. The average uranium content in teeth, bones and soft tissues were 6.7, 8.4 and 64 ppb ash, respectively. The distribution of uranium in bones is less uniform than that of teeth, and the uranium content of soft tissues is generally higher than that of teeth and bone. The presence of thorium does not interfere with the uranium determination in most cases.", "contents": "Determination of uranium in human teeth, bones and tissues by the fission track method. The uranium content of several human tooth, bone and soft tissue samples was determined by the fission tract method. The average uranium content in teeth, bones and soft tissues were 6.7, 8.4 and 64 ppb ash, respectively. The distribution of uranium in bones is less uniform than that of teeth, and the uranium content of soft tissues is generally higher than that of teeth and bone. The presence of thorium does not interfere with the uranium determination in most cases.", "PMID": 579457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13565", "title": "[Relation between location of elements in periodic table and affinity for the malignant tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "Affinity of many inorganic compounds for the malignant tumor was examined, using the rats which were subcutaneously transplanted with Yoshida sarcoma. And the relations between the uptake rate into the malignant tumor and in vitro binding power to the protein were investigated in these compounds. In these experiments, the bipositive ions and anions had not affinity for the tumor tissue with a few exceptions. On the other hand, Hg, Au and Bi, which have strong binding power to the protein, showed high uptake rate into the malignant tumor. As Hg++, Au+ and Bi+++ are soft acids according to classification of Lewis acids, it was thought that these elements would bind strongly to soft base (R-SH, R-S-) present in the tumor tissue. In many hard acids (according to classification of Lewis acids), the uptake rate into the tumor was shown as a function of ionic potentials (valency/ionic radii) of the metal ions. It is presumed that the chemical bond of these hard acids in the tumor tissue is ionic bond to hard base (R-COO-, R-PO3(2-), R-SO3-, R-NH2).", "contents": "[Relation between location of elements in periodic table and affinity for the malignant tumor (author's transl)]. Affinity of many inorganic compounds for the malignant tumor was examined, using the rats which were subcutaneously transplanted with Yoshida sarcoma. And the relations between the uptake rate into the malignant tumor and in vitro binding power to the protein were investigated in these compounds. In these experiments, the bipositive ions and anions had not affinity for the tumor tissue with a few exceptions. On the other hand, Hg, Au and Bi, which have strong binding power to the protein, showed high uptake rate into the malignant tumor. As Hg++, Au+ and Bi+++ are soft acids according to classification of Lewis acids, it was thought that these elements would bind strongly to soft base (R-SH, R-S-) present in the tumor tissue. In many hard acids (according to classification of Lewis acids), the uptake rate into the tumor was shown as a function of ionic potentials (valency/ionic radii) of the metal ions. It is presumed that the chemical bond of these hard acids in the tumor tissue is ionic bond to hard base (R-COO-, R-PO3(2-), R-SO3-, R-NH2).", "PMID": 579459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13566", "title": "[Relations between location of elements in periodic table and affinity for the kidneys (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of many inorganic compounds in rats was investigated in order to evaluate kidney affinity of inorganic compounds. In these experiments, 30%, 10-20% and 4-10% of administered dose was localized in the kidneys in 203Hg-acetate and 203 Bi-acetate, in H198AuCl4, 103PdCl2, 201TlCl, 210Pd(NO3)2 and H2(127M)TeO3, and in Na2(51)CrO4, 54MnCl2, (114m)InCl3 and 7BeCl2, respectively. Some bipositive ions and anions was hardly taken up into the kidneys. And in many hard acids according to classification of Lewis acids, the uptake rate into the kidneys was usually small. On the other hand, Hg, Au and Bi, which have strong binding power to the protein, showed high uptake rate in the kidneys. As Hg++, Au+ and Bi+++ was soft acids according to classification of Lewis acids, it was thought that these elements would bind strongly to soft base (RSH, RS-) present in the kidney.", "contents": "[Relations between location of elements in periodic table and affinity for the kidneys (author's transl)]. The distribution of many inorganic compounds in rats was investigated in order to evaluate kidney affinity of inorganic compounds. In these experiments, 30%, 10-20% and 4-10% of administered dose was localized in the kidneys in 203Hg-acetate and 203 Bi-acetate, in H198AuCl4, 103PdCl2, 201TlCl, 210Pd(NO3)2 and H2(127M)TeO3, and in Na2(51)CrO4, 54MnCl2, (114m)InCl3 and 7BeCl2, respectively. Some bipositive ions and anions was hardly taken up into the kidneys. And in many hard acids according to classification of Lewis acids, the uptake rate into the kidneys was usually small. On the other hand, Hg, Au and Bi, which have strong binding power to the protein, showed high uptake rate in the kidneys. As Hg++, Au+ and Bi+++ was soft acids according to classification of Lewis acids, it was thought that these elements would bind strongly to soft base (RSH, RS-) present in the kidney.", "PMID": 579460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13567", "title": "[Evaluation of 99mTc-HIDA complex as a cholescintigraphic agent (author's transl)].", "content": "In the reaction labeling N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) with 99mTc, several complexes with different chemical characteristics were observed to occur with slight changes in the labeling conditions. Among these complexes, a complex detected in the bile of rats was limited to one complex, named as complex II. The preparation method of 99mTc-HIDA complex II and the exchange reaction between this complex and penicillamine indicate that 99mTc is coordinated with HIDA as low-hydrolyzed 99mTc in this complex. This complex is excreted rapidly through the bile and within 1 hr, about 65% of the total activity injected is recovered from bile in rats. The organ distribution of this complex was studied in mice by radioassay and in rabbits by scintillation camera and, in both cases, the radioactivity was accumulated in the gallbladder. These results suggest that the 99mTc chemical state, low-hydrolyzed state, relates to the bile excretion behavior of this complex, a potentially useful cholescintigraphic agent.", "contents": "[Evaluation of 99mTc-HIDA complex as a cholescintigraphic agent (author's transl)]. In the reaction labeling N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) with 99mTc, several complexes with different chemical characteristics were observed to occur with slight changes in the labeling conditions. Among these complexes, a complex detected in the bile of rats was limited to one complex, named as complex II. The preparation method of 99mTc-HIDA complex II and the exchange reaction between this complex and penicillamine indicate that 99mTc is coordinated with HIDA as low-hydrolyzed 99mTc in this complex. This complex is excreted rapidly through the bile and within 1 hr, about 65% of the total activity injected is recovered from bile in rats. The organ distribution of this complex was studied in mice by radioassay and in rabbits by scintillation camera and, in both cases, the radioactivity was accumulated in the gallbladder. These results suggest that the 99mTc chemical state, low-hydrolyzed state, relates to the bile excretion behavior of this complex, a potentially useful cholescintigraphic agent.", "PMID": 579461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13568", "title": "Estrogen formation in the early rabbit embryo.", "content": "Androgen formation (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity) was detectable in the rabbit blastocyst on day 5 of gestation (before implantation); estrogen formation was first detectable on day 7. The capacity to form estrogen on the day of implantation suggests that estrogen formation in the blastocyst may play a role in the implantation process.", "contents": "Estrogen formation in the early rabbit embryo. Androgen formation (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity) was detectable in the rabbit blastocyst on day 5 of gestation (before implantation); estrogen formation was first detectable on day 7. The capacity to form estrogen on the day of implantation suggests that estrogen formation in the blastocyst may play a role in the implantation process.", "PMID": 579477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13569", "title": "[Clinical and hormonal development of a case of malignant exophthalmus after hypophyseal myskiotomy].", "content": "A pituitary myskiotomy was performed in a 26-years old man with Graves' disease and progressive exophtalmus. At the onset of Graves' disease a high level of serum TSH, LATS and thyroid hormones was found. Following pituitary miskiotomy a stationary exophtalmus and other signs of Graves' disease have been recorded. The serum levels of LATS and thyroid hormones were high. The serum concentration of TSH decreased to a level undetectable even after the TRH stimulation test. It is discussed the pathogenesis of Graves' disease: its onset due to neuroendocrine disturbances (S. M. Milcu) and its evolution due to autoimmune mechanisms.", "contents": "[Clinical and hormonal development of a case of malignant exophthalmus after hypophyseal myskiotomy]. A pituitary myskiotomy was performed in a 26-years old man with Graves' disease and progressive exophtalmus. At the onset of Graves' disease a high level of serum TSH, LATS and thyroid hormones was found. Following pituitary miskiotomy a stationary exophtalmus and other signs of Graves' disease have been recorded. The serum levels of LATS and thyroid hormones were high. The serum concentration of TSH decreased to a level undetectable even after the TRH stimulation test. It is discussed the pathogenesis of Graves' disease: its onset due to neuroendocrine disturbances (S. M. Milcu) and its evolution due to autoimmune mechanisms.", "PMID": 579476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13570", "title": "Primary lymphosarcoma of the lung with unusual features.", "content": "Two unusual cases of primary lymphocytic lymphosarcoma of the lung are presented. The first patient is a 5-year-old girl who showed a massive involvement of the entire right lung by tumour. She was treated by radiotherapy followed by cyclophosphamide and was alive and well one year later. The second patient was an adult man who presented clinically with a tumour of the chest wall. Necropsy revealed an extensive direct spread of pulmonary lymphosarcoma with infiltration of the chest wall but without metastatic dissemination or lymph node involvement. Neither primary lymphocytic lymphosarcoma of the lung in a girl of 5 years nor presentation of such a tumour as a chest wall mass in an adult seems to have been described previously.", "contents": "Primary lymphosarcoma of the lung with unusual features. Two unusual cases of primary lymphocytic lymphosarcoma of the lung are presented. The first patient is a 5-year-old girl who showed a massive involvement of the entire right lung by tumour. She was treated by radiotherapy followed by cyclophosphamide and was alive and well one year later. The second patient was an adult man who presented clinically with a tumour of the chest wall. Necropsy revealed an extensive direct spread of pulmonary lymphosarcoma with infiltration of the chest wall but without metastatic dissemination or lymph node involvement. Neither primary lymphocytic lymphosarcoma of the lung in a girl of 5 years nor presentation of such a tumour as a chest wall mass in an adult seems to have been described previously.", "PMID": 579482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13571", "title": "Platelet coagulant activities and retinal vein thrombosis.", "content": "To determine whether platelets play a role in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), platelets and coagulation were evaluated in 28 patients with RVO. Platelet coagulant activities concerned with the initiation and early stages of intrinsic coagulation were 2--4 fold increased in 9 patients with acute primary RVO but not in patients with acute secondary (10 patients) or chronic (9 patients) RVO. Platelet factor 3 activity, platelet aggregation, serotonin release by platelets and plasma coagulation were normal in all patients. Platelets may provide a trigger mechanism for venous thrombosis in the eye when local conditions permit.", "contents": "Platelet coagulant activities and retinal vein thrombosis. To determine whether platelets play a role in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), platelets and coagulation were evaluated in 28 patients with RVO. Platelet coagulant activities concerned with the initiation and early stages of intrinsic coagulation were 2--4 fold increased in 9 patients with acute primary RVO but not in patients with acute secondary (10 patients) or chronic (9 patients) RVO. Platelet factor 3 activity, platelet aggregation, serotonin release by platelets and plasma coagulation were normal in all patients. Platelets may provide a trigger mechanism for venous thrombosis in the eye when local conditions permit.", "PMID": 579484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13572", "title": "Relations between activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in the walls of human arteries and veins.", "content": "From systematic studies of both the activation and the inhibition of fibrinolysis in human blood vessels, data which provided insight into the fibrinolysis antagonism along and across the human vessel wall were obtained. The capacity for fibrinolysis initiated by plasminogen activator in sections of human arteries and veins as demonstrated by the fibrin slide technique differed greatly along and across the vessel walls. Inhibition of plasmin fibrinolysis in these blood vessels as detected by the fibrin slide sandwich technique was present at sites of low fibrinolytic activity, while inhibition was absent in areas showing strong fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis was related to endothelial cells, while inhibition of fibrinolysis was brought about by smooth muscle cells. The results indicate that differences in endothelial fibrinolysis may be the result of differences in inhibition of fibrinolysis caused by variations in the number of smooth muscle cells present locally. A systemic decrease in endothelial fibrinolysis observed in endotoxin shock, hyaline membrane disease and a Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome appeared to be associated with a systemic increase in inhibition of fibrinolysis not related to smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Relations between activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in the walls of human arteries and veins. From systematic studies of both the activation and the inhibition of fibrinolysis in human blood vessels, data which provided insight into the fibrinolysis antagonism along and across the human vessel wall were obtained. The capacity for fibrinolysis initiated by plasminogen activator in sections of human arteries and veins as demonstrated by the fibrin slide technique differed greatly along and across the vessel walls. Inhibition of plasmin fibrinolysis in these blood vessels as detected by the fibrin slide sandwich technique was present at sites of low fibrinolytic activity, while inhibition was absent in areas showing strong fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis was related to endothelial cells, while inhibition of fibrinolysis was brought about by smooth muscle cells. The results indicate that differences in endothelial fibrinolysis may be the result of differences in inhibition of fibrinolysis caused by variations in the number of smooth muscle cells present locally. A systemic decrease in endothelial fibrinolysis observed in endotoxin shock, hyaline membrane disease and a Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome appeared to be associated with a systemic increase in inhibition of fibrinolysis not related to smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 579485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13573", "title": "Comparison of the cross-linking patterns of lamprey fibrinogen and fibrin by the action of the intrinsic lamprey factor XIII and human factor XIII during the process of blood coagulation.", "content": "Intrinsic lamprey factor XIII cross-links the gamma chain of lamprey fibrin (50,000 daltons) to the gamma-dimer (100,000 daltons). The alpha-chain (110,000 daltons) is cross-linked very slowly to alpha-dimer (210,000 daltons) and alpha-trimer (330,000 daltons). In contrast, human factor XIII, when added in combination with intrinsic lamprey factor XIII, cross-links the alpha-chain of lamprey fibrin to a high molecular weight polymer, and any remaining gamma-chain is also cross-linked to a polymer. However, the gamma-chain that has previously cross-linked to the gamma-dimer by the intrinsic lamprey factor XIII remains as a gamma-dimer. Factor XIII-free lamprey fibrin cross-links all its subunits (alpha, beta, gamma) to high molecular weight polymers when human factor XIII is added. In contrast to human and bovine fibrin where alpha-chain cross-linking in the process of blood coagulation commences when all of the gamma-chain has cross-linked, the lamprey alpha-chain will begin to cross-link when approximately half of the gamma-chain has cross-linked to the gamma-dimer.", "contents": "Comparison of the cross-linking patterns of lamprey fibrinogen and fibrin by the action of the intrinsic lamprey factor XIII and human factor XIII during the process of blood coagulation. Intrinsic lamprey factor XIII cross-links the gamma chain of lamprey fibrin (50,000 daltons) to the gamma-dimer (100,000 daltons). The alpha-chain (110,000 daltons) is cross-linked very slowly to alpha-dimer (210,000 daltons) and alpha-trimer (330,000 daltons). In contrast, human factor XIII, when added in combination with intrinsic lamprey factor XIII, cross-links the alpha-chain of lamprey fibrin to a high molecular weight polymer, and any remaining gamma-chain is also cross-linked to a polymer. However, the gamma-chain that has previously cross-linked to the gamma-dimer by the intrinsic lamprey factor XIII remains as a gamma-dimer. Factor XIII-free lamprey fibrin cross-links all its subunits (alpha, beta, gamma) to high molecular weight polymers when human factor XIII is added. In contrast to human and bovine fibrin where alpha-chain cross-linking in the process of blood coagulation commences when all of the gamma-chain has cross-linked, the lamprey alpha-chain will begin to cross-link when approximately half of the gamma-chain has cross-linked to the gamma-dimer.", "PMID": 579486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13574", "title": "The activation of plasma factor XIII with the snake venom enzymes ancrod and batroxobin marajoensis.", "content": "The snake venom enzymes Ancrod and Batroxobin marajoensis are able to activate human plasma factor XIII as shown by the formation of the gamma-dimers. The concentration of gamma-dimers increases with the concentration of the activating enzymes. Factor XIII activated by Ancrod or Batroxobin marajoensis is, however, unable to catalyse the incorporation of the amine dansyl-cadaverine into casein. The partially activated factor XIII is therefore not demonstrable by means of the artificial test system. This factor XIII loses little activity and remains activable by thrombin.", "contents": "The activation of plasma factor XIII with the snake venom enzymes ancrod and batroxobin marajoensis. The snake venom enzymes Ancrod and Batroxobin marajoensis are able to activate human plasma factor XIII as shown by the formation of the gamma-dimers. The concentration of gamma-dimers increases with the concentration of the activating enzymes. Factor XIII activated by Ancrod or Batroxobin marajoensis is, however, unable to catalyse the incorporation of the amine dansyl-cadaverine into casein. The partially activated factor XIII is therefore not demonstrable by means of the artificial test system. This factor XIII loses little activity and remains activable by thrombin.", "PMID": 579487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13575", "title": "Spontaneous atrial thrombosis in aged Syrian hamsters. II. Hemostasis.", "content": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied in a colony of aged Syrian hamsters with spontaneous atrial thrombosis, and the results are consistent with concomitant consumption coagulopathy. In comparison to age- and sex-matched hamsters from the same colony, those with atrial thrombi had significantly prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, reduced levels of factors II, VII, VIII and X activities and plasminogen; and concentrations of fibrinogen-fibrin split products in excess of 80 microgram/ml. Hematocrits of the thrombosed animals were significantly decreased, total plasma proteins were increased, leukocyte counts were within normal limits, and platelet counts were about half those of the controls. Thrombosed hamsters had significantly reduced plasma albumin content, increased alpha1-, beta-, and gamma-globulins, and reduced A/G ratios. Aged sick hamsters demonstrable thrombi also had reduced coagulation and fibrinolytic activities and platelet counts, but their fibrinogen levels were markedly elevated, and fibrinogen-fibrin split products were either absent or present in trace amounts. This suggests an earlier and/or less acute form of the thrombotic process.", "contents": "Spontaneous atrial thrombosis in aged Syrian hamsters. II. Hemostasis. Coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied in a colony of aged Syrian hamsters with spontaneous atrial thrombosis, and the results are consistent with concomitant consumption coagulopathy. In comparison to age- and sex-matched hamsters from the same colony, those with atrial thrombi had significantly prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, reduced levels of factors II, VII, VIII and X activities and plasminogen; and concentrations of fibrinogen-fibrin split products in excess of 80 microgram/ml. Hematocrits of the thrombosed animals were significantly decreased, total plasma proteins were increased, leukocyte counts were within normal limits, and platelet counts were about half those of the controls. Thrombosed hamsters had significantly reduced plasma albumin content, increased alpha1-, beta-, and gamma-globulins, and reduced A/G ratios. Aged sick hamsters demonstrable thrombi also had reduced coagulation and fibrinolytic activities and platelet counts, but their fibrinogen levels were markedly elevated, and fibrinogen-fibrin split products were either absent or present in trace amounts. This suggests an earlier and/or less acute form of the thrombotic process.", "PMID": 579488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13576", "title": "Increased activity of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in human hyperlipoproteinaemia - association with cholesterol and triglyceride levels.", "content": "Levels of blood coagulation factors, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in human plasma. Prothrombin was significantly elevated in type IIa hyperlipidaemia; prothrombin and factors VII, IX and X in type IIb; and prothrombin and factors VII and IX in type V. Multiple regression analysis showed significant correlation between the levels of these plasma lipids and the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X). Higher cholesterol levels were associated with higher levels of prothrombin and factor X while higher triglyceride levels were associated with higher levels of these as well as factors VII and IX. Prothrombin showed a significant cholesterol-triglyceride interaction in that higher cholesterol levels were associated with higher prothrombin levels at all levels of triglyceride, with the most marked effects in subjects with higher triglyceride levels. Higher prothrombin levels were noted in subjects with high or moderately elevated (but not low) cholesterol levels. Ultracentrifugation of plasma in a density of 1.21 showed activity for prothrombin and factors VII and X only in the lipoprotein-free subnatant fraction. Thus, a true increase in clotting factor protein was probably present. The significance of the correlation between levels of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and plasma lipids remains to be determined.", "contents": "Increased activity of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in human hyperlipoproteinaemia - association with cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Levels of blood coagulation factors, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in human plasma. Prothrombin was significantly elevated in type IIa hyperlipidaemia; prothrombin and factors VII, IX and X in type IIb; and prothrombin and factors VII and IX in type V. Multiple regression analysis showed significant correlation between the levels of these plasma lipids and the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X). Higher cholesterol levels were associated with higher levels of prothrombin and factor X while higher triglyceride levels were associated with higher levels of these as well as factors VII and IX. Prothrombin showed a significant cholesterol-triglyceride interaction in that higher cholesterol levels were associated with higher prothrombin levels at all levels of triglyceride, with the most marked effects in subjects with higher triglyceride levels. Higher prothrombin levels were noted in subjects with high or moderately elevated (but not low) cholesterol levels. Ultracentrifugation of plasma in a density of 1.21 showed activity for prothrombin and factors VII and X only in the lipoprotein-free subnatant fraction. Thus, a true increase in clotting factor protein was probably present. The significance of the correlation between levels of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and plasma lipids remains to be determined.", "PMID": 579489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13577", "title": "Antithrombin III and heparin inactivation in thrombin involving reactions.", "content": "The inhibitory capacity of antithrombin III (AT III) was measured by a quantitative method independent of the velocity of inhibition. When AT III was in excess of thrombin in plasma or in purified system the capacity of inhibitor decreased quantitatively in proportion to the amount of thrombin neutralized. Heparin present in reaction together with thrombin invariably induced a more extensive utilization of inhibitor than thrombin alone. The extent of this additional loss of inhibitory capacity was to a limited degree related to the concentration of heparin. Heparin itself was neutralized in thrombin-AT III reaction losing its anticoagulant property in proportion to the amount of thrombin bound by inhibitor. This quantitative neutralization of heparin occurred not only when the anticoagulant participated in thrombin-AT III binding but also when heparin was added to a medium containing a preformed thrombin-AT III complex. These results suggest that acceleration of binding and increased utilization of binding capacity are the two regular effects of heparin on thrombin-involving reactions of AT III. Both of these effects may be abolished by quantitative binding of heparin to thrombin-AT III complex.", "contents": "Antithrombin III and heparin inactivation in thrombin involving reactions. The inhibitory capacity of antithrombin III (AT III) was measured by a quantitative method independent of the velocity of inhibition. When AT III was in excess of thrombin in plasma or in purified system the capacity of inhibitor decreased quantitatively in proportion to the amount of thrombin neutralized. Heparin present in reaction together with thrombin invariably induced a more extensive utilization of inhibitor than thrombin alone. The extent of this additional loss of inhibitory capacity was to a limited degree related to the concentration of heparin. Heparin itself was neutralized in thrombin-AT III reaction losing its anticoagulant property in proportion to the amount of thrombin bound by inhibitor. This quantitative neutralization of heparin occurred not only when the anticoagulant participated in thrombin-AT III binding but also when heparin was added to a medium containing a preformed thrombin-AT III complex. These results suggest that acceleration of binding and increased utilization of binding capacity are the two regular effects of heparin on thrombin-involving reactions of AT III. Both of these effects may be abolished by quantitative binding of heparin to thrombin-AT III complex.", "PMID": 579490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13578", "title": "The different forms of antithrombin II in serum.", "content": "Antithrombin III (AT III) complexes were isolated from human serum by affinity chromatography and gel filtration. In the first step of the preparation, using heparin-agarose chromatography, we observed that the complexed form of AT III bound less strongly to the gel than the free form and that about half of the AT III was free. With further purification a 2.5 X 10(5) molecular weight complex was isolated. Using 125I labelled human thrombin, this complex was radioactive indicating the presence of thrombin. Only in a synthetic thrombin-AT III system was a 9 X 10(4) molecular weight complex detected, but not in serum. These facts suggest that in serum AT III complexes may exist in a polymeric form. Also, an AT III antigen derived from the original AT III molecule, but not complexed, was isolated which may be a degradation product.", "contents": "The different forms of antithrombin II in serum. Antithrombin III (AT III) complexes were isolated from human serum by affinity chromatography and gel filtration. In the first step of the preparation, using heparin-agarose chromatography, we observed that the complexed form of AT III bound less strongly to the gel than the free form and that about half of the AT III was free. With further purification a 2.5 X 10(5) molecular weight complex was isolated. Using 125I labelled human thrombin, this complex was radioactive indicating the presence of thrombin. Only in a synthetic thrombin-AT III system was a 9 X 10(4) molecular weight complex detected, but not in serum. These facts suggest that in serum AT III complexes may exist in a polymeric form. Also, an AT III antigen derived from the original AT III molecule, but not complexed, was isolated which may be a degradation product.", "PMID": 579491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13579", "title": "Heparinised clotting factor concentrates in patients with Christmas disease and liver disease.", "content": "Evidence has been sought of activation of the coagulation system in two groups of patients following the infusion of two heparinised clotting factor concentrates. No changes were detected in 13 patients with mild hepatic dysfunction. In six studies on patients with Christmas disease induced abnormalities occurred in only one. Activation of the coagulation mechanism did not occur in another individual who had received the same batch of material.", "contents": "Heparinised clotting factor concentrates in patients with Christmas disease and liver disease. Evidence has been sought of activation of the coagulation system in two groups of patients following the infusion of two heparinised clotting factor concentrates. No changes were detected in 13 patients with mild hepatic dysfunction. In six studies on patients with Christmas disease induced abnormalities occurred in only one. Activation of the coagulation mechanism did not occur in another individual who had received the same batch of material.", "PMID": 579492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13580", "title": "Treatment of anti-factor VIII antibodies.", "content": "Bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A with anti-factor VII antibodies are frequently difficult to treat. Factor VIII concentrates administered by continuous infusion or prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) have been used for treatment. Hemophilia A patients with inhibitors who respond to factor VIII concentrates generally have low to moderate inhibitor titers (generally less than 20 Bethesda units). Those patients who receive PCC are quite difficult to evaluate but promising clinical responses have clearly been observed. This paper describes our experience with both modalities of therapy and will offer specific guidelines for such therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of anti-factor VIII antibodies. Bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A with anti-factor VII antibodies are frequently difficult to treat. Factor VIII concentrates administered by continuous infusion or prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) have been used for treatment. Hemophilia A patients with inhibitors who respond to factor VIII concentrates generally have low to moderate inhibitor titers (generally less than 20 Bethesda units). Those patients who receive PCC are quite difficult to evaluate but promising clinical responses have clearly been observed. This paper describes our experience with both modalities of therapy and will offer specific guidelines for such therapy.", "PMID": 579493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13581", "title": "Preparation (agar zone electrophoresis) and immunological characterisation of urokinase.", "content": "Urokinase was highly purified by electrophoretical and immunological methods starting with a commercial urokinase preparation (UK-Leo). Contaminating serum proteins and enzyme activities migrated into opposite directions in agar gel electrophoresis which proved to be a valuable preparative method. The final purification achieved was 80,000 Ploug units/mg protein. Traces of albumin, alpha2HS-glycoprotein and alpha2-macroglobulin migrated towards the cathode together with UK in a multimolecular complex. Urokinase antibodies (rabbit) gave with the cathodic fraction 2 precipitation lines (Ouchterlony technique): the one precipitation line corresponded to urokinase (molecular weight on gel chromatography 32,000 daltons), the other corresponded to UK complexed with serum proteins. Urokinase antibodies completely suppressed UK activity in various commercial preparations. All these preparations showed immunological identity; on disc electrophoresis pure urokinase (32,000 daltons, 80,000 Ploug units/mg protein) still gave 2--3 bands suggesting the presence of isoenzymes.", "contents": "Preparation (agar zone electrophoresis) and immunological characterisation of urokinase. Urokinase was highly purified by electrophoretical and immunological methods starting with a commercial urokinase preparation (UK-Leo). Contaminating serum proteins and enzyme activities migrated into opposite directions in agar gel electrophoresis which proved to be a valuable preparative method. The final purification achieved was 80,000 Ploug units/mg protein. Traces of albumin, alpha2HS-glycoprotein and alpha2-macroglobulin migrated towards the cathode together with UK in a multimolecular complex. Urokinase antibodies (rabbit) gave with the cathodic fraction 2 precipitation lines (Ouchterlony technique): the one precipitation line corresponded to urokinase (molecular weight on gel chromatography 32,000 daltons), the other corresponded to UK complexed with serum proteins. Urokinase antibodies completely suppressed UK activity in various commercial preparations. All these preparations showed immunological identity; on disc electrophoresis pure urokinase (32,000 daltons, 80,000 Ploug units/mg protein) still gave 2--3 bands suggesting the presence of isoenzymes.", "PMID": 579494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13582", "title": "The rapid fibrin plate - a method for plasminogen activator assay.", "content": "Most of the technical problems associated with the fibrin plate method have been overcome in recent years with the exception of the long incubation period. This study was carried out to investigate plasminogen-enrichment as a means of shortening this period. Fibrin plates made up to contain 2.0 casein units of added plasminogen each, were opaque, firm, did not lyse spontaneously and yielded biometrically-valid parallel-line assays for streptokinase and urokinase after a 3 hour incubation period. Urokinase assays were more accurate than those for streptokinase probably because of the latter's shallow dose-response curve. Plasminogen-enrichment appears therefore to be a convenient way of producing a \"rapid\" fibrin plate requiring incubation for 3 hours compared with the usual 16 to 20 hours.", "contents": "The rapid fibrin plate - a method for plasminogen activator assay. Most of the technical problems associated with the fibrin plate method have been overcome in recent years with the exception of the long incubation period. This study was carried out to investigate plasminogen-enrichment as a means of shortening this period. Fibrin plates made up to contain 2.0 casein units of added plasminogen each, were opaque, firm, did not lyse spontaneously and yielded biometrically-valid parallel-line assays for streptokinase and urokinase after a 3 hour incubation period. Urokinase assays were more accurate than those for streptokinase probably because of the latter's shallow dose-response curve. Plasminogen-enrichment appears therefore to be a convenient way of producing a \"rapid\" fibrin plate requiring incubation for 3 hours compared with the usual 16 to 20 hours.", "PMID": 579495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13583", "title": "Platelet aggregate ratios--standardization of technique and test results in patients with myocardial ischemia and patients with cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "The technique for measuring platelet aggregate ratios described by Wu and Hoak (1974) was evaluated in normal subjects. The following had no influence upon the test result: age, sex, fasting versu the postprandial state, and the degree of stasis prior to drawing the sample. Variance within subjects was small compared to variance between subjects (0.009 versus 0.0053, p less than 0.01). Platelet aggregate ratios were then measured in 36 patients with coronary artery disease hospitalized with acute chest pain. Their mean platelet aggregate ratio of 0.86 was identical to the mean ratio for 47 normal subjects. Greater variability was found within patients (between samples) than within the normal subjects. This observation raises doubts about the significance of a single measurement of platelet aggregate ratio in such acutely ill patients. Mean platelet aggregate ratios measured daily did not differ over a 7-day period between 11 patients who developed a myocardial infarction and 10 patients who did not. A normal mean platelet ratio was also found on a single measurement from 30 patients with a history of completed stroke (0.87) and from 11 patients with a history of transient ischemic attacks (0.92).", "contents": "Platelet aggregate ratios--standardization of technique and test results in patients with myocardial ischemia and patients with cerebrovascular disease. The technique for measuring platelet aggregate ratios described by Wu and Hoak (1974) was evaluated in normal subjects. The following had no influence upon the test result: age, sex, fasting versu the postprandial state, and the degree of stasis prior to drawing the sample. Variance within subjects was small compared to variance between subjects (0.009 versus 0.0053, p less than 0.01). Platelet aggregate ratios were then measured in 36 patients with coronary artery disease hospitalized with acute chest pain. Their mean platelet aggregate ratio of 0.86 was identical to the mean ratio for 47 normal subjects. Greater variability was found within patients (between samples) than within the normal subjects. This observation raises doubts about the significance of a single measurement of platelet aggregate ratio in such acutely ill patients. Mean platelet aggregate ratios measured daily did not differ over a 7-day period between 11 patients who developed a myocardial infarction and 10 patients who did not. A normal mean platelet ratio was also found on a single measurement from 30 patients with a history of completed stroke (0.87) and from 11 patients with a history of transient ischemic attacks (0.92).", "PMID": 579505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13584", "title": "Chronic effect of smoking on platelet count and \"platelet adhesiveness\" in presumably healthy middle-aged men.", "content": "In 386 men aged 40-49 years the number of platelets was related to differences in smoking habits. \"Platelet adhesiveness\" (retention) was estimated by a glass bead filter method in 376 of these men. The estimation of \"adhesiveness\" was performed in native blood without anticoagulants at least 12 hr after the last cigarette smoked. A small but statistically highly significant increase in platelet count, in number of \"adhesive platelets\" and percentage of \"adhesive platelets\" was found in smokers as compared with non-smokers, the highest values being found in the heaviest smokers and vice versa. Such smoking-related changes in platelet count and reactiveness might unfavourably influence the tendency towards coronary thrombosis, and might in part explain the deleterious effects of smoking on coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Chronic effect of smoking on platelet count and \"platelet adhesiveness\" in presumably healthy middle-aged men. In 386 men aged 40-49 years the number of platelets was related to differences in smoking habits. \"Platelet adhesiveness\" (retention) was estimated by a glass bead filter method in 376 of these men. The estimation of \"adhesiveness\" was performed in native blood without anticoagulants at least 12 hr after the last cigarette smoked. A small but statistically highly significant increase in platelet count, in number of \"adhesive platelets\" and percentage of \"adhesive platelets\" was found in smokers as compared with non-smokers, the highest values being found in the heaviest smokers and vice versa. Such smoking-related changes in platelet count and reactiveness might unfavourably influence the tendency towards coronary thrombosis, and might in part explain the deleterious effects of smoking on coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 579506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13585", "title": "The effect of halofenate--free acid on aggregation--the release reaction, coagulant activity, and lipid metabolism of human platelets.", "content": "Halofenate--free acid (HFA), the major metabolite of the hypolipidemic drug, halofenate, inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen and sodium arachidonate and blocked the second phase of aggregation caused by ADP, thrombin and epinephrine in human platelet-rich plasma. The aggregation of washed platelets by thrombin and collagen was also blocked. HFA also inhibited the release by thrombin and collagen of 5-hydroxytryptamine from dense granules of platelets and the release by thrombin of beta-glucuronidase from platelet alpha-granules. These inhibitory effects were concentration and time-dependent. HFA decreased platelet factor 3 activity by 31% and also inhibited the incorporation of 14C-acetate and U-14C-glucose into platelet lipids by 89% and 56% respectively. Thrombin-induced lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin formation was investigated by measuring the by-product malonyldialdehyde, and this was found to be inhibited by HFA. It is suggested that the effect of HFA on aggregation is attributable to inhibition of the release reaction which may in turn be a consequence of the effects of the drug on platelet lipid synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of halofenate--free acid on aggregation--the release reaction, coagulant activity, and lipid metabolism of human platelets. Halofenate--free acid (HFA), the major metabolite of the hypolipidemic drug, halofenate, inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen and sodium arachidonate and blocked the second phase of aggregation caused by ADP, thrombin and epinephrine in human platelet-rich plasma. The aggregation of washed platelets by thrombin and collagen was also blocked. HFA also inhibited the release by thrombin and collagen of 5-hydroxytryptamine from dense granules of platelets and the release by thrombin of beta-glucuronidase from platelet alpha-granules. These inhibitory effects were concentration and time-dependent. HFA decreased platelet factor 3 activity by 31% and also inhibited the incorporation of 14C-acetate and U-14C-glucose into platelet lipids by 89% and 56% respectively. Thrombin-induced lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin formation was investigated by measuring the by-product malonyldialdehyde, and this was found to be inhibited by HFA. It is suggested that the effect of HFA on aggregation is attributable to inhibition of the release reaction which may in turn be a consequence of the effects of the drug on platelet lipid synthesis.", "PMID": 579507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13586", "title": "Megakaryocytes in the giant platelet syndrome. A cytochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "When compared to normal megakaryocytes, those from a patient with the giant platelet syndrome exhibited numerous cytochemical abnormalities. These reflected disturbances in the metabolism of RNA, glycogen, arginine-rich histone, and various glycolytic enzymes. Ultrastructural studies of the abnormal megakaryocytes also showed decreased glycogen and RNA (ribosomes) as well as aberrations of nuclear lobulation.", "contents": "Megakaryocytes in the giant platelet syndrome. A cytochemical and ultrastructural study. When compared to normal megakaryocytes, those from a patient with the giant platelet syndrome exhibited numerous cytochemical abnormalities. These reflected disturbances in the metabolism of RNA, glycogen, arginine-rich histone, and various glycolytic enzymes. Ultrastructural studies of the abnormal megakaryocytes also showed decreased glycogen and RNA (ribosomes) as well as aberrations of nuclear lobulation.", "PMID": 579510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13587", "title": "The relationship of plasma fibrinogen, erythrocyte flexibility and blood viscosity.", "content": "Measurements have been made of plasma fibrinogen concentration, erythrocyte flexibility and blood viscosity at shear rates from 5.75 to 230 sec-1 during and following surgery. In the post-operative period the plasma fibrinogen level in the patient rose to over 1,000 mg/dl and because there were subsequent complications, only returned to normal after 4 weeks. There was an associated change of erythrocyte flexibility, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The blood viscosity also varied with the plasma fibrinogen level, the effect being more pronounced at low shear rates. The internal viscosity of the red blood cell, calculated from the plasma viscosity and whole blood viscosity at 230 sec-1, decreases with increasing plasma fibrinogen concentration, in agreement with the direct measurements made of erythrocyte flexibility. It is proposed that at high shear rates an increase in plasma viscosity due to an elevation of fibrinogen concentration, is offset by a decrease in the rigidity of the erythrocytes, and these 2 effects counter-balance.", "contents": "The relationship of plasma fibrinogen, erythrocyte flexibility and blood viscosity. Measurements have been made of plasma fibrinogen concentration, erythrocyte flexibility and blood viscosity at shear rates from 5.75 to 230 sec-1 during and following surgery. In the post-operative period the plasma fibrinogen level in the patient rose to over 1,000 mg/dl and because there were subsequent complications, only returned to normal after 4 weeks. There was an associated change of erythrocyte flexibility, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The blood viscosity also varied with the plasma fibrinogen level, the effect being more pronounced at low shear rates. The internal viscosity of the red blood cell, calculated from the plasma viscosity and whole blood viscosity at 230 sec-1, decreases with increasing plasma fibrinogen concentration, in agreement with the direct measurements made of erythrocyte flexibility. It is proposed that at high shear rates an increase in plasma viscosity due to an elevation of fibrinogen concentration, is offset by a decrease in the rigidity of the erythrocytes, and these 2 effects counter-balance.", "PMID": 579511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13588", "title": "Effect of calcium ion on the interaction between thrombin and heparin. Thermal denaturation.", "content": "Heat inactivation of thrombin at 54 degrees C followed first order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.0 min-1 approximately. Addition of heparin resulted in protection against thermal denaturation and, at the same time, rendered denaturation kinetics more complex. Analysis of the biphasic curve of heat inactivation in the presence of heparin revealed that the rate constants of the second phase changed systematically with heparin concentrations. Namely, at 4.5 x 10(-6)M, 9 x 10(-6)M, 1.8 x 10(-5)M and 3.6 x 10(-5)M heparin concentrations, the rate constants were 0.27 min -1, 0.17 min-1, 0.11 min-1 and 0.06 min-1, respectively. Sulfate as well as phosphate ions displayed also enzyme protection against heat inactivation, however, the same effect was obtained already at a heparin concentration, lower by three orders of magnitude. The kinetics of enzyme denaturation was not affected by calcium ions, whereas in the presence of heparin the inactivation rate of thrombin changed, i.e.  calcium ions abolished the biphasic character of time course of thermal denaturation. Thus, the data suggest that calcium ions contribute to the effect of heparin on thrombin.", "contents": "Effect of calcium ion on the interaction between thrombin and heparin. Thermal denaturation. Heat inactivation of thrombin at 54 degrees C followed first order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.0 min-1 approximately. Addition of heparin resulted in protection against thermal denaturation and, at the same time, rendered denaturation kinetics more complex. Analysis of the biphasic curve of heat inactivation in the presence of heparin revealed that the rate constants of the second phase changed systematically with heparin concentrations. Namely, at 4.5 x 10(-6)M, 9 x 10(-6)M, 1.8 x 10(-5)M and 3.6 x 10(-5)M heparin concentrations, the rate constants were 0.27 min -1, 0.17 min-1, 0.11 min-1 and 0.06 min-1, respectively. Sulfate as well as phosphate ions displayed also enzyme protection against heat inactivation, however, the same effect was obtained already at a heparin concentration, lower by three orders of magnitude. The kinetics of enzyme denaturation was not affected by calcium ions, whereas in the presence of heparin the inactivation rate of thrombin changed, i.e.  calcium ions abolished the biphasic character of time course of thermal denaturation. Thus, the data suggest that calcium ions contribute to the effect of heparin on thrombin.", "PMID": 579513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13589", "title": "Heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) and antithrombin III in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Plasma from 14 patients with severe and diffuse coronary atherosclerosis has been compared with that obtained from a normal control group. While a decreased heparin-thrombin clotting time was demonstrated in the patient group, suggesting an increased level of circulating platelet factor 4, there was no significant alteration in plasma antithrombin III level. These results do not support a recent suggestion of a mild chronic intravascular coagulation in atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) and antithrombin III in coronary artery disease. Plasma from 14 patients with severe and diffuse coronary atherosclerosis has been compared with that obtained from a normal control group. While a decreased heparin-thrombin clotting time was demonstrated in the patient group, suggesting an increased level of circulating platelet factor 4, there was no significant alteration in plasma antithrombin III level. These results do not support a recent suggestion of a mild chronic intravascular coagulation in atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 579515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13590", "title": "Heparin elimination in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Heparin (100 U/kg body-weight) was injected intravenously, and heparin concentration in plasma determined by polybrene titration. Mean heparin half-life was 117.8 min in a group of patients with liver cirrhosis and normal renal function (n = 6) as compared to 74.0 min in the normal group (n = 6). The difference between the two groups is statistically significant (p approximately 0.02). Heparin half-life was correlated to galactose half-life in the patients (r=0.83, p= 0.05). The findings suggest that heparin is metabolized in the liver. There was a significant fall in antithrombin III activities in the normals, but not in the patients. A possible explanation may be that the normal liver removes heparin bound to antithrombin III, and that this function is impaired in liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "Heparin elimination in patients with liver cirrhosis. Heparin (100 U/kg body-weight) was injected intravenously, and heparin concentration in plasma determined by polybrene titration. Mean heparin half-life was 117.8 min in a group of patients with liver cirrhosis and normal renal function (n = 6) as compared to 74.0 min in the normal group (n = 6). The difference between the two groups is statistically significant (p approximately 0.02). Heparin half-life was correlated to galactose half-life in the patients (r=0.83, p= 0.05). The findings suggest that heparin is metabolized in the liver. There was a significant fall in antithrombin III activities in the normals, but not in the patients. A possible explanation may be that the normal liver removes heparin bound to antithrombin III, and that this function is impaired in liver cirrhosis.", "PMID": 579516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13591", "title": "Comparative studies on the metabolism of oestradiol in the brain, the pituitary and the liver of the rat.", "content": "Radioactive oestradiol was incubated with homogenates of hypothalamus, pituitary and liver and slices of cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary and liver of ovariectomized rats. 2- and 4-substituted oestrogens were the main metabolites in the brain and were found in the same proportions. In the liver only the 2-substituted oestrogens were the main metabolites, while the 4-substituted ones were of minor quantitative importance. On the basis of wet weight the 2-hydroxylating capacity of the liver was approximately 50 fold greater than that of the brain and the 4-hydroxylating capacity about the same as that of the brain. Only slight differences in the 2- and 4-hydroxylating capacity of various brain areas were observed, although apparently the hypothalamus and the pituitary were more active in the formation of catecholestrogens than the cortex and the hippocampus.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the metabolism of oestradiol in the brain, the pituitary and the liver of the rat. Radioactive oestradiol was incubated with homogenates of hypothalamus, pituitary and liver and slices of cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary and liver of ovariectomized rats. 2- and 4-substituted oestrogens were the main metabolites in the brain and were found in the same proportions. In the liver only the 2-substituted oestrogens were the main metabolites, while the 4-substituted ones were of minor quantitative importance. On the basis of wet weight the 2-hydroxylating capacity of the liver was approximately 50 fold greater than that of the brain and the 4-hydroxylating capacity about the same as that of the brain. Only slight differences in the 2- and 4-hydroxylating capacity of various brain areas were observed, although apparently the hypothalamus and the pituitary were more active in the formation of catecholestrogens than the cortex and the hippocampus.", "PMID": 579525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13592", "title": "Effects of experimental hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Hind-limb perfusion was used to study the effect of thyroidectomy on some metabolic parameters in the skeletal muscle of the rat. A week after thyroidectomy obtained by one dose of 3/4 mCi 131I, neither T4 nor T3 was detected in the blood. Lactate production and glycerol production were already decreased a week after the treatment and reached a base level at two weeks. At that time, the oxygen consumption was significantly lower (70% of initial level) than in the control animals and decreased further in the third week to nearly 50% of the control level. Glucose consumption and alanine release were decreased three weeks after thyroidectomy. One dose of T3 (10 microgram/100 g b. w.), administered to animals two weeks after the injection of 131I, restored the oxygen consumption, lactate production, and glycerol production to normal levels in 24 h. After 48 h, the glucose consumption was normal. Glycerol production was already significantly increased 6 h after T3 injection in animals one week after thyroidectomy, and in another group of animals two weeks after thyroidectomy. Apparently the diminished oxygen consumption in the latter group does not retard the lipolytic response to T3. No direct relationship could be found between the activity of lipolytic process and the thyroid hormone controlled oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Effects of experimental hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle metabolism in the rat. Hind-limb perfusion was used to study the effect of thyroidectomy on some metabolic parameters in the skeletal muscle of the rat. A week after thyroidectomy obtained by one dose of 3/4 mCi 131I, neither T4 nor T3 was detected in the blood. Lactate production and glycerol production were already decreased a week after the treatment and reached a base level at two weeks. At that time, the oxygen consumption was significantly lower (70% of initial level) than in the control animals and decreased further in the third week to nearly 50% of the control level. Glucose consumption and alanine release were decreased three weeks after thyroidectomy. One dose of T3 (10 microgram/100 g b. w.), administered to animals two weeks after the injection of 131I, restored the oxygen consumption, lactate production, and glycerol production to normal levels in 24 h. After 48 h, the glucose consumption was normal. Glycerol production was already significantly increased 6 h after T3 injection in animals one week after thyroidectomy, and in another group of animals two weeks after thyroidectomy. Apparently the diminished oxygen consumption in the latter group does not retard the lipolytic response to T3. No direct relationship could be found between the activity of lipolytic process and the thyroid hormone controlled oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 579526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13593", "title": "The effect of urinary glucose excretion on the plasma glucose clearances and plasma insulin responses to intravenous glucose loads in unanaesthesized dogs.", "content": "The effect of urinary glucose excretion on the plasma glucose clearance and insulin response to varying sizes of glucose loads was studied in normal unanaesthesized dogs. Glucose loads ranging from 0.15 to 1.25 g/kg b.w. were infused intravenously in a standard time period of 30 seconds. Plasma glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations were determined during one-hour after infusion. All urine excreted during the one-hour was collected by a catheterization and bladder wash-out procedure. The urinary glucose excretion was expressed as the percent of the glucose load. The urinary glucose excretion varied directly with the size of the glucose load and ranged from minimal to 12%. This would indicate that urinary losses play a considerable role proportionate to the degree of hyperglycaemia above the renal threshold. Thus, urinary loss of glucose must be recognized as an important factor infuencing the plasma glucose clearance and hence the plasma IRI response. A glucose load of 0.5 g/kg b.w. given in 30 seconds with the k-value calculated between 15-45 min would minimize the influence of urinary loss and provide more accurate plasma clearance values.", "contents": "The effect of urinary glucose excretion on the plasma glucose clearances and plasma insulin responses to intravenous glucose loads in unanaesthesized dogs. The effect of urinary glucose excretion on the plasma glucose clearance and insulin response to varying sizes of glucose loads was studied in normal unanaesthesized dogs. Glucose loads ranging from 0.15 to 1.25 g/kg b.w. were infused intravenously in a standard time period of 30 seconds. Plasma glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations were determined during one-hour after infusion. All urine excreted during the one-hour was collected by a catheterization and bladder wash-out procedure. The urinary glucose excretion was expressed as the percent of the glucose load. The urinary glucose excretion varied directly with the size of the glucose load and ranged from minimal to 12%. This would indicate that urinary losses play a considerable role proportionate to the degree of hyperglycaemia above the renal threshold. Thus, urinary loss of glucose must be recognized as an important factor infuencing the plasma glucose clearance and hence the plasma IRI response. A glucose load of 0.5 g/kg b.w. given in 30 seconds with the k-value calculated between 15-45 min would minimize the influence of urinary loss and provide more accurate plasma clearance values.", "PMID": 579529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13594", "title": "Familial Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Cushing's syndrome has been demonstrated in four of seven siblings with clinical manifestations appearing around puberty in three of the four siblings. The only other associated findings in these cases were short stature and disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. Adenomatous hyperplasia of the adrenal glands was demonstrated in 3 of the patients, and a virilizing adrenal carcinoma in the fourth sibling. The pathogenesis of the adrenocortical disorders in these siblings is discussed.", "contents": "Familial Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome has been demonstrated in four of seven siblings with clinical manifestations appearing around puberty in three of the four siblings. The only other associated findings in these cases were short stature and disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. Adenomatous hyperplasia of the adrenal glands was demonstrated in 3 of the patients, and a virilizing adrenal carcinoma in the fourth sibling. The pathogenesis of the adrenocortical disorders in these siblings is discussed.", "PMID": 579530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13595", "title": "Effect of aminoglutethimide phosphate on in vitro oestradiol stimulated progesterone synthesis by rabbit corpora lutea.", "content": "Slices of rabbit corpora lutea were incubated for 3 and 8 h with oestradiol-17beta in the presence or absence of aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGP) in order to identify a possible site(s) of action of oestrogen on progesterone synthesis. Oestradiol was unable to increase progesterone biosynthesis above controls in luteal tissue exposed to AGP during either incubation period. AGP alone significantly reduced progesterone concentrations and synthesis from [14C]acetate at both time periods while oestradiol alone increased progesterone mass at 8 h. Changes in 20alpha-OH progesterone typically paralleled those of progesterone at 3 h but no effect of the inhibitor was seen at 8 h. Except for an increase in 14C-incorporation into cholesterol esters in the AGP-treated groups at 3 h the concentration or synthesis of sterols from labelled acetate did not respond to treatment. These results suggested that cholesterol side chain cleavage and cholesterol synthesis are not major in vitro sites of action of oestradiol in the rabbit corpus luteum.", "contents": "Effect of aminoglutethimide phosphate on in vitro oestradiol stimulated progesterone synthesis by rabbit corpora lutea. Slices of rabbit corpora lutea were incubated for 3 and 8 h with oestradiol-17beta in the presence or absence of aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGP) in order to identify a possible site(s) of action of oestrogen on progesterone synthesis. Oestradiol was unable to increase progesterone biosynthesis above controls in luteal tissue exposed to AGP during either incubation period. AGP alone significantly reduced progesterone concentrations and synthesis from [14C]acetate at both time periods while oestradiol alone increased progesterone mass at 8 h. Changes in 20alpha-OH progesterone typically paralleled those of progesterone at 3 h but no effect of the inhibitor was seen at 8 h. Except for an increase in 14C-incorporation into cholesterol esters in the AGP-treated groups at 3 h the concentration or synthesis of sterols from labelled acetate did not respond to treatment. These results suggested that cholesterol side chain cleavage and cholesterol synthesis are not major in vitro sites of action of oestradiol in the rabbit corpus luteum.", "PMID": 579531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13596", "title": "In vivo interaction between steroidal alkylating agents and oestrogen receptors in rabbit uteri.", "content": "The binding of steroidal alkylating agents to specific tissue component is necessary for the selective distribution of these compounds to their target tissues. The in vivo interaction of Estracyt or NSC-112259 with oestrogen receptors may play an important role in their action mechanism. Both Estracyt and NSC-112259 which were administered in vivo, gradually reduced the binding of [3H] oestradiol to cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor in rabbit uteri. From this, it was suggested that a negligible amount of oestradiol was released from these compounds and that the oestradiol moiety was useful as a carrier for the nitrogen mustard moiety. And it appeared that the synthesis of a new receptor protein was inhibited by the nitrogen mustard moiety, thereby causing a decrease in the cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor level.", "contents": "In vivo interaction between steroidal alkylating agents and oestrogen receptors in rabbit uteri. The binding of steroidal alkylating agents to specific tissue component is necessary for the selective distribution of these compounds to their target tissues. The in vivo interaction of Estracyt or NSC-112259 with oestrogen receptors may play an important role in their action mechanism. Both Estracyt and NSC-112259 which were administered in vivo, gradually reduced the binding of [3H] oestradiol to cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor in rabbit uteri. From this, it was suggested that a negligible amount of oestradiol was released from these compounds and that the oestradiol moiety was useful as a carrier for the nitrogen mustard moiety. And it appeared that the synthesis of a new receptor protein was inhibited by the nitrogen mustard moiety, thereby causing a decrease in the cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor level.", "PMID": 579532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13597", "title": "Endocrine studies in a pubertal male pseudohermaphrodite with 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency.", "content": "A 12 year old child (46,XY) with 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency was investigated. The patient, reared as a female, was first noted to have clitoromegaly at 10 years of age. Increased facial hair, deepening of the voice, acne, increased body hair and minimal breast development were noted at 12 years. delta4-Androstenedione (delta4) in peripheral blood was markedly elevated (1913 ng/100 ml) whereas testosterone (T) was in the male range of Tanner III puberty (240 ng/100 ml). Thus, delta4/T in this patient was 9.4, compared to a normal ration of 0.15 to 0.25. T/DHT was normal (10.5). Oestrone (Oe1) level was slightly elevated (6 ng/100 ml, normal: 2.5-4.5 ng/100 ml). Oestradiol (Oe2) was normal (1.7 ng/100 ml, normal: 1.5-3 ng/100 ml. Oe1/Oe2 was slightly elevated (3.6, normal: 1-2). At laparotomy, testes were found and spermatic vein blood was obtained prior to castration. Androgen determinations of spermatic vein blood demonstrated extremely high delta4 levels (283 microgram/100 ml) and low levels of T (16 microgram/100 ml). delta4/T in spermatic vein was 17, higher than in the peripheral blood, suggesting intact peripheral conversion of delta4 to T. Incubation of testes slices with delta4 demonstrated severely impaired conversion to T. Conversion of Oe1 to Oe2 was impaired to a lesser degree. 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency was documented in vivo by impaired conversion of precursor hormones resulting in higher than normal delta4T and Oe1/Oe2 ratios in blood. In vitro studies with testes slices confirmed the enzymatic defect.", "contents": "Endocrine studies in a pubertal male pseudohermaphrodite with 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency. A 12 year old child (46,XY) with 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency was investigated. The patient, reared as a female, was first noted to have clitoromegaly at 10 years of age. Increased facial hair, deepening of the voice, acne, increased body hair and minimal breast development were noted at 12 years. delta4-Androstenedione (delta4) in peripheral blood was markedly elevated (1913 ng/100 ml) whereas testosterone (T) was in the male range of Tanner III puberty (240 ng/100 ml). Thus, delta4/T in this patient was 9.4, compared to a normal ration of 0.15 to 0.25. T/DHT was normal (10.5). Oestrone (Oe1) level was slightly elevated (6 ng/100 ml, normal: 2.5-4.5 ng/100 ml). Oestradiol (Oe2) was normal (1.7 ng/100 ml, normal: 1.5-3 ng/100 ml. Oe1/Oe2 was slightly elevated (3.6, normal: 1-2). At laparotomy, testes were found and spermatic vein blood was obtained prior to castration. Androgen determinations of spermatic vein blood demonstrated extremely high delta4 levels (283 microgram/100 ml) and low levels of T (16 microgram/100 ml). delta4/T in spermatic vein was 17, higher than in the peripheral blood, suggesting intact peripheral conversion of delta4 to T. Incubation of testes slices with delta4 demonstrated severely impaired conversion to T. Conversion of Oe1 to Oe2 was impaired to a lesser degree. 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency was documented in vivo by impaired conversion of precursor hormones resulting in higher than normal delta4T and Oe1/Oe2 ratios in blood. In vitro studies with testes slices confirmed the enzymatic defect.", "PMID": 579533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13598", "title": "Effect of the depletion on brain noradrenaline on the plasma FSH and growth hormone levels in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The electrolytic lesion of locus coeruleus reduced the hypothalamic noradrenaline (NE) content to 28% of the control values and resulted in a marked decrease of the plasma FSH level in ovariectomized rats before puberty. The local microinjection of 6-OH-dopamine into the locus coeruleus led to a reduction in the hypothalamic NE content to 21% of the control level and induced a decrease of the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy and that of the plasma FSH level. The electrolytic lesion of the locus coeruleus or the 6-OH-dopamine treatment failed to influence the plasma growth hormone (GH) level. The observations support the hypothesis that ventral noradrenergic projection is involved in controlling the pituitary FSH secretion.", "contents": "Effect of the depletion on brain noradrenaline on the plasma FSH and growth hormone levels in ovariectomized rats. The electrolytic lesion of locus coeruleus reduced the hypothalamic noradrenaline (NE) content to 28% of the control values and resulted in a marked decrease of the plasma FSH level in ovariectomized rats before puberty. The local microinjection of 6-OH-dopamine into the locus coeruleus led to a reduction in the hypothalamic NE content to 21% of the control level and induced a decrease of the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy and that of the plasma FSH level. The electrolytic lesion of the locus coeruleus or the 6-OH-dopamine treatment failed to influence the plasma growth hormone (GH) level. The observations support the hypothesis that ventral noradrenergic projection is involved in controlling the pituitary FSH secretion.", "PMID": 579535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13599", "title": "Correlation between per cent discharge of thiocyanate test and thyroid functions in patients with Hashimoto's disease.", "content": "The thiocyanate test was carried out in 18 patients with Hashimoto's disease. Thiocyanate was given orally several hours after the administration of tracer doses of 131I when the thyroid counts seemed to have reached a plateau. The per cent discharge of thiocyanate test was significantly higher in the groups with lower level of T4 (less than 5.5 microgram/100 ml), RSH (less than 25.5%) and BMR (less than +2.5%), and higher levels of TSH (greater than 10.0 muU/ml). A chi-square (chi2) test with Yates correction led to chi2 = 3.56 (1 df) with P = 0.06 (per cent discharge vs T4, RSU, BMR and TSH). Then the per cent thiocyanate discharge was increased with the degree of hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's disease. The correlation between the per cent discharge and 131I 24 h uptake was not significant. It was apparent that the iodide concentration mechanism was present even in the severe hypothyroid stage of Hashimoto's disease. This disproportion between the uptake of iodide and the iodide organification may result in the increase in unbound iodide. It is concluded that the hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's disease may not be caused by a defect in iodide organification, even if it correlated to the degree of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Correlation between per cent discharge of thiocyanate test and thyroid functions in patients with Hashimoto's disease. The thiocyanate test was carried out in 18 patients with Hashimoto's disease. Thiocyanate was given orally several hours after the administration of tracer doses of 131I when the thyroid counts seemed to have reached a plateau. The per cent discharge of thiocyanate test was significantly higher in the groups with lower level of T4 (less than 5.5 microgram/100 ml), RSH (less than 25.5%) and BMR (less than +2.5%), and higher levels of TSH (greater than 10.0 muU/ml). A chi-square (chi2) test with Yates correction led to chi2 = 3.56 (1 df) with P = 0.06 (per cent discharge vs T4, RSU, BMR and TSH). Then the per cent thiocyanate discharge was increased with the degree of hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's disease. The correlation between the per cent discharge and 131I 24 h uptake was not significant. It was apparent that the iodide concentration mechanism was present even in the severe hypothyroid stage of Hashimoto's disease. This disproportion between the uptake of iodide and the iodide organification may result in the increase in unbound iodide. It is concluded that the hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's disease may not be caused by a defect in iodide organification, even if it correlated to the degree of hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 579536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13600", "title": "Opposite variations in serum T3 and reverse T3 during propylthiouracil treatment of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Blood samples for determination of serum total and free reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were obtained daily in 6 previously untreated thyrotoxic patients during periods of propylthiourazil (PTU) (600 mg per day) or methimazol (MMI) (45 mg per day) administration. PTU induced about 60 per cent increase in both total and free serum rT3. This was accompanied by a rapid decrease in serum T3 and a more gradual decline in serum T4. MMI administration to untreated patients was followed by a gradual parallel decrease in rT3, T3 and T4. Turn from PTU to MMI produced a rapid decrease in serum rT3 and increase in serum T3 in all 6 patients. The relative variations in the free and total concentrations of iodothyronines were practically identical. The increase in serum rT3 after PTU is most likely explained either by enhanced deiodination of T4 to rT3 or by an inhibitory effect of PTU on rT3 degradation.", "contents": "Opposite variations in serum T3 and reverse T3 during propylthiouracil treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Blood samples for determination of serum total and free reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were obtained daily in 6 previously untreated thyrotoxic patients during periods of propylthiourazil (PTU) (600 mg per day) or methimazol (MMI) (45 mg per day) administration. PTU induced about 60 per cent increase in both total and free serum rT3. This was accompanied by a rapid decrease in serum T3 and a more gradual decline in serum T4. MMI administration to untreated patients was followed by a gradual parallel decrease in rT3, T3 and T4. Turn from PTU to MMI produced a rapid decrease in serum rT3 and increase in serum T3 in all 6 patients. The relative variations in the free and total concentrations of iodothyronines were practically identical. The increase in serum rT3 after PTU is most likely explained either by enhanced deiodination of T4 to rT3 or by an inhibitory effect of PTU on rT3 degradation.", "PMID": 579537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13601", "title": "Demonstration of platelet electrophoretic mobility slowing factor (PSF) in supernatants of human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA).", "content": "It has been demonstrated that human peripheral lymphocytes, stimulated with PHA, form or release a factor that slows platelet electrophoretic mobility (PEM). The factor is chromatographed on Ultrogel AC a 44, has a molecular weight of approximately 45,000, is stable on heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but is inactivated by heating at 80 degrees C for 10 min. In addition, it is distinct from leukocyte inhibiting factor, which elutes in the range of BSA (mol. wt. 69,000). The authors conclude, in accordance with previous investigations, that cellular immunity is involved in thrombotic processes.", "contents": "Demonstration of platelet electrophoretic mobility slowing factor (PSF) in supernatants of human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). It has been demonstrated that human peripheral lymphocytes, stimulated with PHA, form or release a factor that slows platelet electrophoretic mobility (PEM). The factor is chromatographed on Ultrogel AC a 44, has a molecular weight of approximately 45,000, is stable on heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but is inactivated by heating at 80 degrees C for 10 min. In addition, it is distinct from leukocyte inhibiting factor, which elutes in the range of BSA (mol. wt. 69,000). The authors conclude, in accordance with previous investigations, that cellular immunity is involved in thrombotic processes.", "PMID": 579539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13602", "title": "Pyroglyphid mites, xerophilic fungi and allergenic activity in dust from hospital mattresses.", "content": "Dust from mattresses of different composition and age was analysed for mites, xerophilic fungi and allergenic activity. The mites of the genus Demodex were the most abundant (58.2 per cent). Also pyroglyphid mites occurred commonly (36.6 per cent). Pyroglyphid mites were present in small numbers (mean: 1 specimen/0.2 g of dust) in 12 out of the 17 older polyester-foam mattresses. The 11 cotton-horsechair mattresses and the newly used polyester-foam mattresses (three tested) were without them. The dust from the cotton-horsehair mattresses had a significantly higher allergenic activity than from those of polyester-foam. Xerophilic fungi were isolated in three out of 31 mattresses. The species isolated belonged to the genus Aspergillus and Eurotium. E. repens occurred most frequently. Disinfection of mattresses was suggested to have a negative influence on the occurrence of mites and fungi.", "contents": "Pyroglyphid mites, xerophilic fungi and allergenic activity in dust from hospital mattresses. Dust from mattresses of different composition and age was analysed for mites, xerophilic fungi and allergenic activity. The mites of the genus Demodex were the most abundant (58.2 per cent). Also pyroglyphid mites occurred commonly (36.6 per cent). Pyroglyphid mites were present in small numbers (mean: 1 specimen/0.2 g of dust) in 12 out of the 17 older polyester-foam mattresses. The 11 cotton-horsechair mattresses and the newly used polyester-foam mattresses (three tested) were without them. The dust from the cotton-horsehair mattresses had a significantly higher allergenic activity than from those of polyester-foam. Xerophilic fungi were isolated in three out of 31 mattresses. The species isolated belonged to the genus Aspergillus and Eurotium. E. repens occurred most frequently. Disinfection of mattresses was suggested to have a negative influence on the occurrence of mites and fungi.", "PMID": 579540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13603", "title": "Changes in ultrastructure and function of the sheep pigment epithelium and retina induced by sodium iodate. II. Early effects.", "content": "The present investigation shows that the membrane properties of the sheep pigment epithelial cells were very rapidly and severely affected by sodium iodate, whereas the effects concerning the neuroretina were delayed. The c-wave of the ERG was immediately abolished and replaced by a cornea-negative potential, but the a- and b-waves were preserved for about 80-100 min. Ultrastructurally the plasma membranes (particularly the basal plasma membrane) of the pigment epithelial cells were destroyed or less distinct than normally. The cell organelles were swollen and ruptured. There were indications that the pigment epithelium could no longer participate in the receptor outer segment turnover. The photoreceptor cells were morphologically undamaged, and few or no signs of injury were observed in the inner layers of the retina. The effects upon the neuroretinal functions seen after 80-100 min, consisting of a reduction of alpha- and beta-wave amplitudes, were most likely caused by an inability of the pigment epithelium to maintain in the long run its metabolic and barrier properties. It appears that at an early stage after sodium iodate injection, the present preparation may be useful for the study of the effects on the neuroretina proper of drugs and other agents.", "contents": "Changes in ultrastructure and function of the sheep pigment epithelium and retina induced by sodium iodate. II. Early effects. The present investigation shows that the membrane properties of the sheep pigment epithelial cells were very rapidly and severely affected by sodium iodate, whereas the effects concerning the neuroretina were delayed. The c-wave of the ERG was immediately abolished and replaced by a cornea-negative potential, but the a- and b-waves were preserved for about 80-100 min. Ultrastructurally the plasma membranes (particularly the basal plasma membrane) of the pigment epithelial cells were destroyed or less distinct than normally. The cell organelles were swollen and ruptured. There were indications that the pigment epithelium could no longer participate in the receptor outer segment turnover. The photoreceptor cells were morphologically undamaged, and few or no signs of injury were observed in the inner layers of the retina. The effects upon the neuroretinal functions seen after 80-100 min, consisting of a reduction of alpha- and beta-wave amplitudes, were most likely caused by an inability of the pigment epithelium to maintain in the long run its metabolic and barrier properties. It appears that at an early stage after sodium iodate injection, the present preparation may be useful for the study of the effects on the neuroretina proper of drugs and other agents.", "PMID": 579541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13604", "title": "Computerized tomography of the orbits. A report of 196 patients.", "content": "The value of orbital CCT scans was studied by grouping the CCT scans of 196 patients into clinical diagnostic categories. In 83% of patients with suspected Graves' ophthalmopathy, CCT confirmed the diagnosis. The CCT scan differentiated patients with Graves' disease from those with orbital pseudotumour or malignancies. The CCT scan was positive in 92% or patients with proven orbital malignancies. In 73% of patients with proptosis of unknown aetiology, and in 56% of patients with ocular motility problems, the CCT scan led to the diagnosis. The CCT scan ruled out orbital mass lesions in cases of optic neuritis, optic atrophy or vascular malformations. The greatest value of the CCT scan was in the localization and determination of the size and shape of various orbital lesions and in the accurate follow-up of those lesions utilizing serial scans.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of the orbits. A report of 196 patients. The value of orbital CCT scans was studied by grouping the CCT scans of 196 patients into clinical diagnostic categories. In 83% of patients with suspected Graves' ophthalmopathy, CCT confirmed the diagnosis. The CCT scan differentiated patients with Graves' disease from those with orbital pseudotumour or malignancies. The CCT scan was positive in 92% or patients with proven orbital malignancies. In 73% of patients with proptosis of unknown aetiology, and in 56% of patients with ocular motility problems, the CCT scan led to the diagnosis. The CCT scan ruled out orbital mass lesions in cases of optic neuritis, optic atrophy or vascular malformations. The greatest value of the CCT scan was in the localization and determination of the size and shape of various orbital lesions and in the accurate follow-up of those lesions utilizing serial scans.", "PMID": 579543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13605", "title": "Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. VIII. Visual impairment; frequency and relation to school background, intellectual ability and encephalopathy.", "content": "The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons consisting of all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. A sample was taken of the cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable mentally retarded or received care from National Services for the mentally retarded. The final sample consisted of 262 persons. Persons in the sample were examined neurologically, and the results of these examinations formed the basis for further ophthalmological examinations. Frequency of visual impairment in the cohort at the age of 30 years, according to relatively strict criterion, is estimated at 4.6% +/- 2.0 %. Frequency was found to increase with a lower level of education (type of school) and decreasing IQ-points. Pathology of the eye was found most frequently among members of the services for the mentally retarded and was associated with encephalopathy.", "contents": "Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. VIII. Visual impairment; frequency and relation to school background, intellectual ability and encephalopathy. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons consisting of all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. A sample was taken of the cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable mentally retarded or received care from National Services for the mentally retarded. The final sample consisted of 262 persons. Persons in the sample were examined neurologically, and the results of these examinations formed the basis for further ophthalmological examinations. Frequency of visual impairment in the cohort at the age of 30 years, according to relatively strict criterion, is estimated at 4.6% +/- 2.0 %. Frequency was found to increase with a lower level of education (type of school) and decreasing IQ-points. Pathology of the eye was found most frequently among members of the services for the mentally retarded and was associated with encephalopathy.", "PMID": 579544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13606", "title": "Morphology of motor units in cat extraocular nodule.", "content": "Muscle fibers from single motor units in cat inferior oblique were marked iontophoretically with procion red injected through an intracellular pipette. The fibers were isolated by dissection and characterized by electron microscopy. A fiber in a slow motor unit with non-conducted electrical responses showed slow fiber morphology of the amphibia-type. Fast, twitch motor units contained fibers with twitch fiber morphology. Thus, a good correlation between muscle fiber structure and function was obtained in these eye motor units, examined with both physiological and morphological techniques.", "contents": "Morphology of motor units in cat extraocular nodule. Muscle fibers from single motor units in cat inferior oblique were marked iontophoretically with procion red injected through an intracellular pipette. The fibers were isolated by dissection and characterized by electron microscopy. A fiber in a slow motor unit with non-conducted electrical responses showed slow fiber morphology of the amphibia-type. Fast, twitch motor units contained fibers with twitch fiber morphology. Thus, a good correlation between muscle fiber structure and function was obtained in these eye motor units, examined with both physiological and morphological techniques.", "PMID": 579545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13607", "title": "Ocular cysticercosis. Report of a free floating cysticersus in the anterior chamber.", "content": "A rare case of free floating cysticercus in the anterior chamber is described which mimiced a dislocated lens. Preoperative use of steroids is advocated not only to controle uveitis but also facilitate surgical removal of the cyst.", "contents": "Ocular cysticercosis. Report of a free floating cysticersus in the anterior chamber. A rare case of free floating cysticercus in the anterior chamber is described which mimiced a dislocated lens. Preoperative use of steroids is advocated not only to controle uveitis but also facilitate surgical removal of the cyst.", "PMID": 579546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13608", "title": "Factors affecting the spontaneous release of (3H)glycine from rabbit retina.", "content": "The efflux of [3H]glycine was studied in superfused rabbit retina in the presence of various amino acids, ouabain, or high K+ or low Ca2+ concentrations in the superfusion medium. Unlabelled glycine evoked an accelerated efflux as did the structurally similar neutral alpha-amino acids. beta-alanine and GABA were ineffective. The results demonstrate a homoexchange of glycine, and a heteroexchange with the neutral alpha-amino acids. A low concentration of glutamic acid (10(-5) M) will release glycine from the retina. This is an ATPase dependent process which is partially blocked by a high Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and which may be related to a retinal transmitter function of glutamic acid. A high concentration of K+ or the presence of ouabain in the superfusing medium greatly increases the rate at which glycine is lost from the retina.", "contents": "Factors affecting the spontaneous release of (3H)glycine from rabbit retina. The efflux of [3H]glycine was studied in superfused rabbit retina in the presence of various amino acids, ouabain, or high K+ or low Ca2+ concentrations in the superfusion medium. Unlabelled glycine evoked an accelerated efflux as did the structurally similar neutral alpha-amino acids. beta-alanine and GABA were ineffective. The results demonstrate a homoexchange of glycine, and a heteroexchange with the neutral alpha-amino acids. A low concentration of glutamic acid (10(-5) M) will release glycine from the retina. This is an ATPase dependent process which is partially blocked by a high Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and which may be related to a retinal transmitter function of glutamic acid. A high concentration of K+ or the presence of ouabain in the superfusing medium greatly increases the rate at which glycine is lost from the retina.", "PMID": 579547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13609", "title": "Endothelial cells in capsular glaucoma.", "content": "The clinical specular microscope has made it possible to study corneal endothelial cells in vivo. In this study we report for the first time cell densities of unilateral glaucoma patients compared to the normotensive control eyes of the same patient. The corneal endothelium of 27 unilateral capsular glaucoma patients was photographed with a clinical specular microscope. The endothelial cell density was lower in the affected eye than in the normotensive fellow eye in 15 cases. In 10 patients the cell density was the same in both eyes. In two cases the glaucoma eye had a higher density than the fellow eye. Comparison of the above groups showed a statistical difference in the number of glaucoma eyes with a lower cell density (15 lower against 2 higher). The endothelial cell density could not be correlated with the duration of treatment of severity of the glaucoma.", "contents": "Endothelial cells in capsular glaucoma. The clinical specular microscope has made it possible to study corneal endothelial cells in vivo. In this study we report for the first time cell densities of unilateral glaucoma patients compared to the normotensive control eyes of the same patient. The corneal endothelium of 27 unilateral capsular glaucoma patients was photographed with a clinical specular microscope. The endothelial cell density was lower in the affected eye than in the normotensive fellow eye in 15 cases. In 10 patients the cell density was the same in both eyes. In two cases the glaucoma eye had a higher density than the fellow eye. Comparison of the above groups showed a statistical difference in the number of glaucoma eyes with a lower cell density (15 lower against 2 higher). The endothelial cell density could not be correlated with the duration of treatment of severity of the glaucoma.", "PMID": 579548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13610", "title": "Arachnoid cyst of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve with unilateral disc oedema and transient shallowing of the anterior chamber. A case report.", "content": "An unusual occurrence of chronic monocular disc oedema, visual loss and shallowing of the anterior chamber in a patient with an arachnoid cyst involving a portion of the intraorbital optic nerve was reported. Decompression of the optic nerve sheath through a Kr\u00f6nlein approach was followed by prompt deepening of the anterior chamber and a gradual, delayed relief of the disc oedema. It is concluded that orbitotomy and decompression of the optic nerve sheath should be done before atrophic changes of the optic nerve and visual loss begin to develop.", "contents": "Arachnoid cyst of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve with unilateral disc oedema and transient shallowing of the anterior chamber. A case report. An unusual occurrence of chronic monocular disc oedema, visual loss and shallowing of the anterior chamber in a patient with an arachnoid cyst involving a portion of the intraorbital optic nerve was reported. Decompression of the optic nerve sheath through a Kr\u00f6nlein approach was followed by prompt deepening of the anterior chamber and a gradual, delayed relief of the disc oedema. It is concluded that orbitotomy and decompression of the optic nerve sheath should be done before atrophic changes of the optic nerve and visual loss begin to develop.", "PMID": 579549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13611", "title": "The effect of polyphloretin phosphate on the aqueous flare response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone.", "content": "The breakdown of the blood aqueous barrier caused by topical prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or subcutaneous alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was quantified by measurements of the aqueous flare seen in the anterior chamber. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) administration subcutaneously was found to effectively block the protein leakage caused by all three traumatic stimuli. The same dose of PPP given intravenously inhibited effectively the flare response to PGE1 and alpha-MSH, whereas the effect of PGE2 was only slightly decreased. Significant inhibition by subconjunctival PPP was not achieved for any of the three stimuli. Assuming that PPP is a specific PG-antagonist the present results support the eariler suggestion that PGs take part in the barrier damaging action of alpha-MSH. However, it cannot be excluded that PPP acts on a step subsequent to PG. This step might be common to PGs- and alpha-MSH-effects on the barrier, explaining why PPP inhibits both types of trauma.", "contents": "The effect of polyphloretin phosphate on the aqueous flare response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. The breakdown of the blood aqueous barrier caused by topical prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or subcutaneous alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was quantified by measurements of the aqueous flare seen in the anterior chamber. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) administration subcutaneously was found to effectively block the protein leakage caused by all three traumatic stimuli. The same dose of PPP given intravenously inhibited effectively the flare response to PGE1 and alpha-MSH, whereas the effect of PGE2 was only slightly decreased. Significant inhibition by subconjunctival PPP was not achieved for any of the three stimuli. Assuming that PPP is a specific PG-antagonist the present results support the eariler suggestion that PGs take part in the barrier damaging action of alpha-MSH. However, it cannot be excluded that PPP acts on a step subsequent to PG. This step might be common to PGs- and alpha-MSH-effects on the barrier, explaining why PPP inhibits both types of trauma.", "PMID": 579550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13612", "title": "Normal values in clinical electrooculography. V. Variability within and between eyes.", "content": "Three EOG's (DC amplified 30-degree saccades, slightly modified Arden schedule) were recorded at weekly intervals from each of 16 normal human eyes (eight subjects). The light induced potential rise of the dark-adapted eye, the Arden ratio and the Gliem ratio entered into the analysis of intra- and inter-eye variation. The 95% confidence intervals for the mean parameter values of each eye were: +/- 59 muV (mean = 415 muV) for the light induced potential rise, +/- 22 (mean = 260) for the Arden ratio and +/- 10 (mean = 92) for the Gliem ratio. The intra-eye variability was compared to earlier studies of the day-to-day variation of the ERG by means of a dimensionless index; no substantial differences were found. Highly significant differences in the EOG parameter levels existed between the subjects, whereas the variation between right eye and left eye means in the individual subjects was ise respects. The primarily qualitative nature of the EOG in the present version is emphasized by the present results.", "contents": "Normal values in clinical electrooculography. V. Variability within and between eyes. Three EOG's (DC amplified 30-degree saccades, slightly modified Arden schedule) were recorded at weekly intervals from each of 16 normal human eyes (eight subjects). The light induced potential rise of the dark-adapted eye, the Arden ratio and the Gliem ratio entered into the analysis of intra- and inter-eye variation. The 95% confidence intervals for the mean parameter values of each eye were: +/- 59 muV (mean = 415 muV) for the light induced potential rise, +/- 22 (mean = 260) for the Arden ratio and +/- 10 (mean = 92) for the Gliem ratio. The intra-eye variability was compared to earlier studies of the day-to-day variation of the ERG by means of a dimensionless index; no substantial differences were found. Highly significant differences in the EOG parameter levels existed between the subjects, whereas the variation between right eye and left eye means in the individual subjects was ise respects. The primarily qualitative nature of the EOG in the present version is emphasized by the present results.", "PMID": 579551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13613", "title": "Changes in ultrastructure and function of the sheep pigment epithelium and retina induced by sodium iodate. I. The ultrastructure of the normal pigment epithelium of the sheep.", "content": "The normal ultrastructure of the sheep pigment epithelial cells is described as a basis for the interpretation of toxic (sodium iodate) effects on these cells dealt with in two following papers. The morphological features of the different cell membranes and cell organelles, particularly the phagosomes and the lipid droplets, are discussed in relation to renewal of the photoreceptor outer segment, pigment epithelial and retinal metabolism, barrier mechanisms and electrical properties.", "contents": "Changes in ultrastructure and function of the sheep pigment epithelium and retina induced by sodium iodate. I. The ultrastructure of the normal pigment epithelium of the sheep. The normal ultrastructure of the sheep pigment epithelial cells is described as a basis for the interpretation of toxic (sodium iodate) effects on these cells dealt with in two following papers. The morphological features of the different cell membranes and cell organelles, particularly the phagosomes and the lipid droplets, are discussed in relation to renewal of the photoreceptor outer segment, pigment epithelial and retinal metabolism, barrier mechanisms and electrical properties.", "PMID": 579552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13614", "title": "Local and systemic effects of commonly used cutaneous agents: lifetime studies of 16 compounds in mice and rabbits.", "content": "A number of commonly used external agents were applied repeatedly on the skin of the mouse and rabbit. These chemicals, components of commercially available products included 4-hydroxyanisole, benzalkonium chloride, bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, 5-nitroacenaphthene, N-N-diethyltoluamide, hexachlorophene, para-aminobenzole acid, benzophenone, isopropylmyristate, pyrogallol, resorcinol and ethylhexanediol. Also tested were a commercial hairspray, a dandruff shampoo and an anti-dandruff agent. Local and systemic changes were studied and the tumour incidence compared with that of an effective carcinogen, 9,10-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The mice showed no local toxic changes or tumour formation and the systemic tumour incidence, i.e., tumours of the liver, lungs, lymphatic system and other organs, was similar to that of control animals. In rabbits, a number of proliferative, benign and malignant ear tumours were observed in the positive controls, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of this model. Local toxic changes were seen in benzalkonium- and hexachlorophene-treated animals, but no skin tumours. Four animals had uterine tumours. In addition, one lung and one kidney tumour, unrelated to the method of treatment, were seen.", "contents": "Local and systemic effects of commonly used cutaneous agents: lifetime studies of 16 compounds in mice and rabbits. A number of commonly used external agents were applied repeatedly on the skin of the mouse and rabbit. These chemicals, components of commercially available products included 4-hydroxyanisole, benzalkonium chloride, bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, 5-nitroacenaphthene, N-N-diethyltoluamide, hexachlorophene, para-aminobenzole acid, benzophenone, isopropylmyristate, pyrogallol, resorcinol and ethylhexanediol. Also tested were a commercial hairspray, a dandruff shampoo and an anti-dandruff agent. Local and systemic changes were studied and the tumour incidence compared with that of an effective carcinogen, 9,10-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The mice showed no local toxic changes or tumour formation and the systemic tumour incidence, i.e., tumours of the liver, lungs, lymphatic system and other organs, was similar to that of control animals. In rabbits, a number of proliferative, benign and malignant ear tumours were observed in the positive controls, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of this model. Local toxic changes were seen in benzalkonium- and hexachlorophene-treated animals, but no skin tumours. Four animals had uterine tumours. In addition, one lung and one kidney tumour, unrelated to the method of treatment, were seen.", "PMID": 579553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13615", "title": "Studies on the duration of local anaesthesia: structure/activity relationships in a series of homologous local anaesthetics.", "content": "When the number of carbon atoms on the piperidine-nitrogen of the mepivacaine molecule was increased up to four or five carbons, the toxicity of the compounds and the duration of their local anaesthetic effects were increased. With longer N-alkyl-chains, the general toxicity and the local anaesthetic potency - but not the tissue toxicity - were reduced. In dental infiltration anaesthesia only the short-chain compounds offered an acceptable local anaesthesia. In these tests, the medium-chain compounds had a very unfavourable quotient between dental anaesthesia and soft tissue anaesthesia, while the long-chain compounds could not be tested at all in man because of their tissue irritating properties.", "contents": "Studies on the duration of local anaesthesia: structure/activity relationships in a series of homologous local anaesthetics. When the number of carbon atoms on the piperidine-nitrogen of the mepivacaine molecule was increased up to four or five carbons, the toxicity of the compounds and the duration of their local anaesthetic effects were increased. With longer N-alkyl-chains, the general toxicity and the local anaesthetic potency - but not the tissue toxicity - were reduced. In dental infiltration anaesthesia only the short-chain compounds offered an acceptable local anaesthesia. In these tests, the medium-chain compounds had a very unfavourable quotient between dental anaesthesia and soft tissue anaesthesia, while the long-chain compounds could not be tested at all in man because of their tissue irritating properties.", "PMID": 579554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13616", "title": "Effect of substance P on pulmonary resistance and dynamic pulmonary compliance in the anaesthetized cat and guinea-pig.", "content": "The effect of substance P, acetylcholine, and histamine on pulmonary resistance (RL) and on pulmonary dynamic compliance (CDYN) was studied in the anaesthetized cat and guinea-pig. In the anaesthetized guinea-pig, substance P (0.1-1.0 microgram/kg) acetylcholine (1.0-10 microgram/kg), and histamine (1.0-10.0 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in RL and decrease in CDYN. In the anaesthetized cat, the effect of substance P was weak on both RL and CDYN, whereas histamine (5-50 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in CDYN, but the effect on RL was weak. The effect of acetylcholine was qualitatively the same as in the anaesthetized guinea-pig but about 10 times less effective.", "contents": "Effect of substance P on pulmonary resistance and dynamic pulmonary compliance in the anaesthetized cat and guinea-pig. The effect of substance P, acetylcholine, and histamine on pulmonary resistance (RL) and on pulmonary dynamic compliance (CDYN) was studied in the anaesthetized cat and guinea-pig. In the anaesthetized guinea-pig, substance P (0.1-1.0 microgram/kg) acetylcholine (1.0-10 microgram/kg), and histamine (1.0-10.0 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in RL and decrease in CDYN. In the anaesthetized cat, the effect of substance P was weak on both RL and CDYN, whereas histamine (5-50 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in CDYN, but the effect on RL was weak. The effect of acetylcholine was qualitatively the same as in the anaesthetized guinea-pig but about 10 times less effective.", "PMID": 579555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13617", "title": "Effect of piflutixol on turnover of catecholamines in mouse brain and rat corpus striatum.", "content": "Dopamine metabolism in vivo was studied after treatment with piflutixol (6-fluoro-9-[3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidino)propylidene]-2-trifluoromethyl-thioxanthene) a novel thioxanthene derivative with potent neuroleptic properties and sedative effects. In mice piflutixol increased both noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) turnover rate measured as increased disappearance of 14C-amines formed from 14C-L-tyrosine. The ratio between the minimal effective doses for 14C-NA and 14C-DA disappearance was 2, which is of the same order of magnitude as obtained with cis(Z)-chlorprothixene, pimozide and chlorpromazine. After 14C-L-tyrosine the accumulation of 14C-dopamine was initially increased after which it decreased from day 4--5. These changes resemble those obtained after other neuroleptics and parallel the initial receptor blockade and the subsequent receptor supersensitivity found in pharmacological experiments (MOLLER NIELSEN et al. 1977). Piflutixol induced a rapid increase in both DOPAC and HVA with a maximal effect after 2--6 hours. After 2--3 days the levels had returned to normal. The doses of piflutixol which at 24 hours doubled the levels of DOPAC and HVA were found to be 0.055 and 0.021 mg/kg subcutaneously, respectively. It is concluded that piflutixol is a powerful and long lasting DA receptor blocking agent, which changes the synthesis and release of DA in a way similar to basic neuroleptics.", "contents": "Effect of piflutixol on turnover of catecholamines in mouse brain and rat corpus striatum. Dopamine metabolism in vivo was studied after treatment with piflutixol (6-fluoro-9-[3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidino)propylidene]-2-trifluoromethyl-thioxanthene) a novel thioxanthene derivative with potent neuroleptic properties and sedative effects. In mice piflutixol increased both noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) turnover rate measured as increased disappearance of 14C-amines formed from 14C-L-tyrosine. The ratio between the minimal effective doses for 14C-NA and 14C-DA disappearance was 2, which is of the same order of magnitude as obtained with cis(Z)-chlorprothixene, pimozide and chlorpromazine. After 14C-L-tyrosine the accumulation of 14C-dopamine was initially increased after which it decreased from day 4--5. These changes resemble those obtained after other neuroleptics and parallel the initial receptor blockade and the subsequent receptor supersensitivity found in pharmacological experiments (MOLLER NIELSEN et al. 1977). Piflutixol induced a rapid increase in both DOPAC and HVA with a maximal effect after 2--6 hours. After 2--3 days the levels had returned to normal. The doses of piflutixol which at 24 hours doubled the levels of DOPAC and HVA were found to be 0.055 and 0.021 mg/kg subcutaneously, respectively. It is concluded that piflutixol is a powerful and long lasting DA receptor blocking agent, which changes the synthesis and release of DA in a way similar to basic neuroleptics.", "PMID": 579556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13618", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in plasma and saliva of man.", "content": "The excretion of carbamazepine in the saliva of six normal adults after receiving a single oral dose of 400 mg carbamazepine is described. There was a good correlation between carbamazepine concentrations in the plasma and saliva (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001). This indicates that the concentrations of carbamazepine in the saliva can be used to monitor carbamazepine therapy. The half-life of carbamazepine in the plasma was not significantly different from the half-life in the saliva. Thus areas under concentration-time curves, apparent volumes of distribution (Vd) and the total body clearances were significantly dependent (P less than 0.001) upon the distribution of carbamazepine between plasma and saliva. Calculated from saliva concentrations, 75% of the total carbamazepine plasma concentration is bound to protein while 25% is unbound in diffusional equilibrium with saliva. These figures are consistent with data in the literature.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in plasma and saliva of man. The excretion of carbamazepine in the saliva of six normal adults after receiving a single oral dose of 400 mg carbamazepine is described. There was a good correlation between carbamazepine concentrations in the plasma and saliva (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001). This indicates that the concentrations of carbamazepine in the saliva can be used to monitor carbamazepine therapy. The half-life of carbamazepine in the plasma was not significantly different from the half-life in the saliva. Thus areas under concentration-time curves, apparent volumes of distribution (Vd) and the total body clearances were significantly dependent (P less than 0.001) upon the distribution of carbamazepine between plasma and saliva. Calculated from saliva concentrations, 75% of the total carbamazepine plasma concentration is bound to protein while 25% is unbound in diffusional equilibrium with saliva. These figures are consistent with data in the literature.", "PMID": 579557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13619", "title": "Correlations between serum ami- and nortriptyline concentrations and psychomotor performance.", "content": "Correlations of serum nortriptyline (NT) and amitriptyline (AT) levels with psychomotor performance choice reaction performance, eye-hand coordination, and divided attention was studied in two experiments each with 20 healthy subjects. In the first experiment serum NT level was measured with an isotope derivative method after treatment for 14 days with NT. In the second trial plasma AT and NT concentrations were measured with gas-chromatography after treatment for 14 days with AT. No linear correlations between the levels of the antidepressants and performance variables were found. Low levels of NT (less than 50 ng/ml) tended to shorten reaction time, and intermediate levels (50--80 ng/ml) to prolong it, when compared with the reaction times during placebo. The correlation between serum NT levels and the increase of the tyramine dose in the tyramine pressor test was not significant. A new assay method for AT and NT is presented.", "contents": "Correlations between serum ami- and nortriptyline concentrations and psychomotor performance. Correlations of serum nortriptyline (NT) and amitriptyline (AT) levels with psychomotor performance choice reaction performance, eye-hand coordination, and divided attention was studied in two experiments each with 20 healthy subjects. In the first experiment serum NT level was measured with an isotope derivative method after treatment for 14 days with NT. In the second trial plasma AT and NT concentrations were measured with gas-chromatography after treatment for 14 days with AT. No linear correlations between the levels of the antidepressants and performance variables were found. Low levels of NT (less than 50 ng/ml) tended to shorten reaction time, and intermediate levels (50--80 ng/ml) to prolong it, when compared with the reaction times during placebo. The correlation between serum NT levels and the increase of the tyramine dose in the tyramine pressor test was not significant. A new assay method for AT and NT is presented.", "PMID": 579558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13620", "title": "The effect of phenytoin on the tissue concentrations of digoxin in the rat.", "content": "Rats treated chronically with digoxin were treated with two different dose levels of phenytoin, either as a single dose or chronically. Digoxin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum, urine, heart, muscle, liver, and the kidney. Chronic treatment with the high dose of phenytoin significantly increased the digoxin levels in the serum and tissues and decreased the renal clearance of digoxin. The low dose of phenytoin significantly reduced the serum and tissue levels of digoxin and increased the renal clearance. Single doses of phenytoin had a tendency to cause similar changes. Levels of digoxin were altered during the phenytoin treatment. In contrast to man, digoxin is extensively metabolized in the rat. Enzyme induction in connection with low phenytoin dosage and inhibition by high dosage is the suggested mechanism. It can be speculated that the tissue distribution and excretion of digoxin are altered.", "contents": "The effect of phenytoin on the tissue concentrations of digoxin in the rat. Rats treated chronically with digoxin were treated with two different dose levels of phenytoin, either as a single dose or chronically. Digoxin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum, urine, heart, muscle, liver, and the kidney. Chronic treatment with the high dose of phenytoin significantly increased the digoxin levels in the serum and tissues and decreased the renal clearance of digoxin. The low dose of phenytoin significantly reduced the serum and tissue levels of digoxin and increased the renal clearance. Single doses of phenytoin had a tendency to cause similar changes. Levels of digoxin were altered during the phenytoin treatment. In contrast to man, digoxin is extensively metabolized in the rat. Enzyme induction in connection with low phenytoin dosage and inhibition by high dosage is the suggested mechanism. It can be speculated that the tissue distribution and excretion of digoxin are altered.", "PMID": 579559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13621", "title": "Variations in the blood concentration of 1,1,2-trichloroethane by percutaneous absorption and other routes of administration in the guinea pig.", "content": "The blood concentration of 1,1,2-trichloroethane was studied after epicutaneous application, by an intracutaneous, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. An equation with three exponential terms was necessary for a satisfactory description of the experimental data in the case of intraperitoneal injection. Subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections seem to give essentially the same king of blood concentration curves as for intraperitoneal injection. In the case of percutaneous absorption an equation with three exponential terms and a constant was necessary to account for the experimental data. The complex toxicokinetics of 1,1,2-trichloroethane by percutaneous absorption was assumed to be associated with progressive skin damage observed in previously reported experiments, a damage apparently involving a change in barrier function.", "contents": "Variations in the blood concentration of 1,1,2-trichloroethane by percutaneous absorption and other routes of administration in the guinea pig. The blood concentration of 1,1,2-trichloroethane was studied after epicutaneous application, by an intracutaneous, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. An equation with three exponential terms was necessary for a satisfactory description of the experimental data in the case of intraperitoneal injection. Subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections seem to give essentially the same king of blood concentration curves as for intraperitoneal injection. In the case of percutaneous absorption an equation with three exponential terms and a constant was necessary to account for the experimental data. The complex toxicokinetics of 1,1,2-trichloroethane by percutaneous absorption was assumed to be associated with progressive skin damage observed in previously reported experiments, a damage apparently involving a change in barrier function.", "PMID": 579560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13622", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim (TMP) in normal and febrile rabbits.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim (TMP) were investigated in normal and febrile rabbits. The half-life of TMP in rabbits is about 40 minutes and no differences were found between the half-life in normal and febrile rabbits. A significantly greater volume of distribution of TMP, however, was found in the febrile rabbits. Analysis according to the two-compartment model showed that the differences are due to a change in the distribution of TMP towards the peripheral compartments.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim (TMP) in normal and febrile rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim (TMP) were investigated in normal and febrile rabbits. The half-life of TMP in rabbits is about 40 minutes and no differences were found between the half-life in normal and febrile rabbits. A significantly greater volume of distribution of TMP, however, was found in the febrile rabbits. Analysis according to the two-compartment model showed that the differences are due to a change in the distribution of TMP towards the peripheral compartments.", "PMID": 579561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13623", "title": "Interactions of cadmium with copper, zinc and iron in different organs and tissues of the rat.", "content": "The effect of cadmium on tissue concentrations of iron, zinc and copper was studied in male rats. Two littermate groups were fed a stock diet with or without a supplement of 100 microgram cadmium per g. Every three weeks ten animals from each group were sampled and the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, testes, muscle, fur, faeces and urine were individually analyzed. Except for the fur, all the other organs showed highly significantly increased levels of cadmium when compared with the control group. The iron levels were significantly depressed in all organs. As the content of the faeces remained unchanged and the urinary excretion showed an increase, it could be concluded that the cadmium supplementation resulted in a depletion of the body stores of iron. The zinc levels showed a significant increase in the liver and testes and a correspondingly significant decrease in the spleen. The levels of copper generally showed no significant changes.", "contents": "Interactions of cadmium with copper, zinc and iron in different organs and tissues of the rat. The effect of cadmium on tissue concentrations of iron, zinc and copper was studied in male rats. Two littermate groups were fed a stock diet with or without a supplement of 100 microgram cadmium per g. Every three weeks ten animals from each group were sampled and the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, testes, muscle, fur, faeces and urine were individually analyzed. Except for the fur, all the other organs showed highly significantly increased levels of cadmium when compared with the control group. The iron levels were significantly depressed in all organs. As the content of the faeces remained unchanged and the urinary excretion showed an increase, it could be concluded that the cadmium supplementation resulted in a depletion of the body stores of iron. The zinc levels showed a significant increase in the liver and testes and a correspondingly significant decrease in the spleen. The levels of copper generally showed no significant changes.", "PMID": 579562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13624", "title": "Lymphocytic thyroiditis. II. The course of the disease in relation to morphologic, immunologic and clinical findings at the time of biopsy.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with goitre and lymphocytic thyroiditis were followed for 1 1/2--19 years (average 7) after open surgical biopsy. Treatment with thyroid hormone was started when myxoedema was diagnosed. Five patients (group A) regained normal glandular size, remained euthyroid and had elevated antibody titres. Six patients (group B) continued to have goitre and elevated antibody titres and remained euthyroid. Thirteen patients (group C) developed myxoedema, while 8 (group D) demonstrated myxoedema at the time of biopsy. The patients in groups C and D had a higher average age and their biopsies showed more marked fibrosis compared with groups A and B. The goitre disappeared during treatment in 62% of the patients and the microsomal antibody titre also decreased in them, whereas the thyroglobulin antibody titre decreased in all treated patients. The results indicate that the degree of fibrosis in the thyroid gland is of overall importance for the prognosis with regard to glandular function. It seems evident that the treatment with thyroid hormone influences the autoimmune process so that the activity decreases.", "contents": "Lymphocytic thyroiditis. II. The course of the disease in relation to morphologic, immunologic and clinical findings at the time of biopsy. Thirty-two patients with goitre and lymphocytic thyroiditis were followed for 1 1/2--19 years (average 7) after open surgical biopsy. Treatment with thyroid hormone was started when myxoedema was diagnosed. Five patients (group A) regained normal glandular size, remained euthyroid and had elevated antibody titres. Six patients (group B) continued to have goitre and elevated antibody titres and remained euthyroid. Thirteen patients (group C) developed myxoedema, while 8 (group D) demonstrated myxoedema at the time of biopsy. The patients in groups C and D had a higher average age and their biopsies showed more marked fibrosis compared with groups A and B. The goitre disappeared during treatment in 62% of the patients and the microsomal antibody titre also decreased in them, whereas the thyroglobulin antibody titre decreased in all treated patients. The results indicate that the degree of fibrosis in the thyroid gland is of overall importance for the prognosis with regard to glandular function. It seems evident that the treatment with thyroid hormone influences the autoimmune process so that the activity decreases.", "PMID": 579564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13625", "title": "Comparative nitrogen balance study between young and aged adults using three levels of protein intake from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture.", "content": "The protein requirement and the efficiency of protein used were studied in young and old adult human subjects. Protein intake levels (N X 6.25) of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight per day from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture were fed. Caloric intake was held constant at 40 kcal/kg body weight per day throughout the 11-day study of each dietary period. No significant differences were observed in their protein requirement, efficiency of protein use or the ability to adapt to changes of protein intake levels. Protein digestibility was not impaired in the aged. It is concluded that the protein requirement and the efficiency of protein use are not affected by the aging process.", "contents": "Comparative nitrogen balance study between young and aged adults using three levels of protein intake from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture. The protein requirement and the efficiency of protein used were studied in young and old adult human subjects. Protein intake levels (N X 6.25) of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight per day from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture were fed. Caloric intake was held constant at 40 kcal/kg body weight per day throughout the 11-day study of each dietary period. No significant differences were observed in their protein requirement, efficiency of protein use or the ability to adapt to changes of protein intake levels. Protein digestibility was not impaired in the aged. It is concluded that the protein requirement and the efficiency of protein use are not affected by the aging process.", "PMID": 579565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13626", "title": "Some behavioral effects of SP 6-11 hexapeptide C-terminal of substance P injected into the cerebral ventricles in rats.", "content": "The effects of the peptide SP 6-11 injected into the lateral brain ventricle in chronic rats on the alimentary behavior in a maze and some spontaneous exploratory reactions were studied. It was shown that the peptide SP 6-11 in doses ranging from 50 to 500 pmol increased only locomotor activity and did not change a number of correct trials in a maze.", "contents": "Some behavioral effects of SP 6-11 hexapeptide C-terminal of substance P injected into the cerebral ventricles in rats. The effects of the peptide SP 6-11 injected into the lateral brain ventricle in chronic rats on the alimentary behavior in a maze and some spontaneous exploratory reactions were studied. It was shown that the peptide SP 6-11 in doses ranging from 50 to 500 pmol increased only locomotor activity and did not change a number of correct trials in a maze.", "PMID": 579563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13627", "title": "The effects of NA872 on pulmonary maturation in the fetal lamb and rabbit.", "content": "The effect of fetal administration of NA872, metabolite VIII of Bisolvon, on the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio of ovine tracheal fluid and of its administration to the pregnant doe on the fetal rabbit pulmonary pressure-volume relationship was determined. Intravenous administration of NA872 in the long-term cannulated lamb fetus in a dose of 4 mg. per day from either 120 to 125 or 125 to 130 days of gestation produced a significant increase in the L/S ratio. Administration of 4 mg. per kilogram per day to the pregnant doe on days 21 to 24 of gestation resulted in significant enhancement of lung maturation in the 25 day fetal rabbit lung as judged from the pressure-volume relationship; a smaller dose, or the same total dose given over shorter time periods, had no significant effect in the 25 day rabbit fetus. Similarly, 8 mg. per kilogram given to the doe on days 26 and 27 produced no over-all significant effect on the 28 day rabbit fetus, although a seasonal effect was found at this age.", "contents": "The effects of NA872 on pulmonary maturation in the fetal lamb and rabbit. The effect of fetal administration of NA872, metabolite VIII of Bisolvon, on the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio of ovine tracheal fluid and of its administration to the pregnant doe on the fetal rabbit pulmonary pressure-volume relationship was determined. Intravenous administration of NA872 in the long-term cannulated lamb fetus in a dose of 4 mg. per day from either 120 to 125 or 125 to 130 days of gestation produced a significant increase in the L/S ratio. Administration of 4 mg. per kilogram per day to the pregnant doe on days 21 to 24 of gestation resulted in significant enhancement of lung maturation in the 25 day fetal rabbit lung as judged from the pressure-volume relationship; a smaller dose, or the same total dose given over shorter time periods, had no significant effect in the 25 day rabbit fetus. Similarly, 8 mg. per kilogram given to the doe on days 26 and 27 produced no over-all significant effect on the 28 day rabbit fetus, although a seasonal effect was found at this age.", "PMID": 579566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13628", "title": "Assessment of a rapid test on amniotic fluid for estimating fetal lung maturity.", "content": "We have measured the absorbance of centrifuged amniotic fluids at 650 nm. and found reasonably good correlation between the absorbance and the L/S ratio. In 87 fluids studied, an absorbance of greater than 0.100 predicted correctly an L/S ratio of 2 or more in 98 per cent of the cases. When the absorbance was less than 0.100, 70 per cent of the fluids had an L/S ratio of less than 2.", "contents": "Assessment of a rapid test on amniotic fluid for estimating fetal lung maturity. We have measured the absorbance of centrifuged amniotic fluids at 650 nm. and found reasonably good correlation between the absorbance and the L/S ratio. In 87 fluids studied, an absorbance of greater than 0.100 predicted correctly an L/S ratio of 2 or more in 98 per cent of the cases. When the absorbance was less than 0.100, 70 per cent of the fluids had an L/S ratio of less than 2.", "PMID": 579567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13629", "title": "Synthesis of macromolecules and rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum.", "content": "The relationship between primary metabolism and biosynthesis of rubratoxin was studied with replacement cultures of Penicillium rubrum 3290. Synthesis of protein and RNA was measured by determining incorporation of [U14C]L-leucine and [2(14)C]-uridine into the respective components of the fungal biomass. Rubratoxin formation was measured by determining incorporation of [1(14)C]acetate into the toxin. Both protein and RNA were synthesized rapidly with synthesis increasing during 108 h of incubation and then decreasing rapidly. Rubratoxin formation increased up to 72 h, declined through 96 h, became maximal at 108 h, and then decreased rapidly. Cycloheximide, at 100 microgram/ml, moderately blocked accumulation of dry weight and protein synthesis by the mold; at 150 microgram/ml, cycloheximide completely blocked in vivo synthesis of protein. When cycloheximide was added to cultures after synthesis of toxin had begun, protein synthesis, but not toxin formation, was blocked. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide was reversed by washing the drug out of mold cultures. Rubratoxin was formed throughout the incubation; a transitional phase, characteristic of secondary biosynthesis, was not observed.", "contents": "Synthesis of macromolecules and rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum. The relationship between primary metabolism and biosynthesis of rubratoxin was studied with replacement cultures of Penicillium rubrum 3290. Synthesis of protein and RNA was measured by determining incorporation of [U14C]L-leucine and [2(14)C]-uridine into the respective components of the fungal biomass. Rubratoxin formation was measured by determining incorporation of [1(14)C]acetate into the toxin. Both protein and RNA were synthesized rapidly with synthesis increasing during 108 h of incubation and then decreasing rapidly. Rubratoxin formation increased up to 72 h, declined through 96 h, became maximal at 108 h, and then decreased rapidly. Cycloheximide, at 100 microgram/ml, moderately blocked accumulation of dry weight and protein synthesis by the mold; at 150 microgram/ml, cycloheximide completely blocked in vivo synthesis of protein. When cycloheximide was added to cultures after synthesis of toxin had begun, protein synthesis, but not toxin formation, was blocked. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide was reversed by washing the drug out of mold cultures. Rubratoxin was formed throughout the incubation; a transitional phase, characteristic of secondary biosynthesis, was not observed.", "PMID": 579578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13630", "title": "Detection of induced tumour-resistance to cyclophosphamide by the in vitro short term test.", "content": "Treatment of the solid Walker carcinosarcoma of the rat for a period of one year with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg at each passage; tumours were transplanted weekly) resulted in the formation of a cyclophosphamide-resistant tumour cell line. Without further treatment, animals injected with non-treated or cyclophosphamide pre-treated cells survived for 10 days on an average. After therapy with cyclophosphamide (2 x 38 mg/kg), rats with non-treated tumour cells survived 22 days whereas those with pre-treated tumours survived only for 17 days. Tumour cells which were shown to be sensitive in vivo also exhibited a larger reduction in 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation in the in vitro short term test after incubation with urine from cyclophosphamide-treated rats or with 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide. The resistance to cyclophosphamide which was detected in animal experiments with Walker carcinosarcoma can therefore also be observed using the in vitro short term test.", "contents": "Detection of induced tumour-resistance to cyclophosphamide by the in vitro short term test. Treatment of the solid Walker carcinosarcoma of the rat for a period of one year with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg at each passage; tumours were transplanted weekly) resulted in the formation of a cyclophosphamide-resistant tumour cell line. Without further treatment, animals injected with non-treated or cyclophosphamide pre-treated cells survived for 10 days on an average. After therapy with cyclophosphamide (2 x 38 mg/kg), rats with non-treated tumour cells survived 22 days whereas those with pre-treated tumours survived only for 17 days. Tumour cells which were shown to be sensitive in vivo also exhibited a larger reduction in 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation in the in vitro short term test after incubation with urine from cyclophosphamide-treated rats or with 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide. The resistance to cyclophosphamide which was detected in animal experiments with Walker carcinosarcoma can therefore also be observed using the in vitro short term test.", "PMID": 579579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13631", "title": "Plasma insulin response following intravenous glucose in gestational diabetics.", "content": "More insulin is needed to maintain glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. Pregnancy also has a diabetogenic effect on the mother, especially in genetically and obstetrically predisposed women. In the third trimester 195 pregnant women were screened for glucose tolerance by IVGTT (0.33 g/kg body-weight) and for plasma insulin response. In early puerperium the test was repeated. The results in gestational diabetics (k-value less than or equal to 1.0; n = 98) were to be compared to pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (n = 97). Statistical methods (incl. discriminant analysis) were to verify differences in acute insulin release of the beta-cell and the cumulative insulin response following intravenous glucose. During the third trimester quantitatively more insulin is released when compared with early puerperium both in gestational diabetics and normal subjects (paired t-test p less than 0.01). A quantitative hypofunction of the beta-cells following intravenous glucose in gestational diabetics can be excluded. On the other hand, the most striking findings are a delayed insulin response in the initial phase of secretion (5-10 min) and significantly higher insulin levels during the late phase especially at the end of the test period (60 min) in gestational diabetics. In these cases a peripheral insulin resistance can be discussed. Hyperinsulinism is correlated to the clinical parameters overweight (greater than 10%) and the gaining of at least 12 kg of weight during pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma insulin response following intravenous glucose in gestational diabetics. More insulin is needed to maintain glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. Pregnancy also has a diabetogenic effect on the mother, especially in genetically and obstetrically predisposed women. In the third trimester 195 pregnant women were screened for glucose tolerance by IVGTT (0.33 g/kg body-weight) and for plasma insulin response. In early puerperium the test was repeated. The results in gestational diabetics (k-value less than or equal to 1.0; n = 98) were to be compared to pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (n = 97). Statistical methods (incl. discriminant analysis) were to verify differences in acute insulin release of the beta-cell and the cumulative insulin response following intravenous glucose. During the third trimester quantitatively more insulin is released when compared with early puerperium both in gestational diabetics and normal subjects (paired t-test p less than 0.01). A quantitative hypofunction of the beta-cells following intravenous glucose in gestational diabetics can be excluded. On the other hand, the most striking findings are a delayed insulin response in the initial phase of secretion (5-10 min) and significantly higher insulin levels during the late phase especially at the end of the test period (60 min) in gestational diabetics. In these cases a peripheral insulin resistance can be discussed. Hyperinsulinism is correlated to the clinical parameters overweight (greater than 10%) and the gaining of at least 12 kg of weight during pregnancy.", "PMID": 579580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13632", "title": "Morphologic alterations in the epithelium of the human oviduct induced by a low dosis gestagen.", "content": "Morphological alterations in the epithelium of the human oviduct related to continuous administration of low dosage lynestrenol were studied in 10 women by electron microscopy. The effect of lynestrenol on the morphology of the tubal epithelium was shown to be time dependent. First the discharge of secretory products from the non-ciliated cells was inhibited. Secondary to this the synthetic activities of the cells were drastically decreased. This inactivation of the tubal epithelium reached its maximum after 6 months. At this time the epithelial cells, particularly the non-ciliated cells were almost devoid of organelles and had an electron transparent cytoplasm. In addition to the action of lynestrenol on the secretory and synthetic activities of the cells a strong ciliogenetic effect could be observed after about 3 months of lynestrenol administration. The ratio of ciliated to non-ciliated cells changed from 1:1 at the beginning of the treatment to 2.9:1 after 6 months. This ratio was then maintained and could still be found in patients who had used lynestrenol for 25 and 39 months. In contrast to the persistent effect of lynestrenol on the ciliary apparatus of the cells the synthetic activities and the secretory mechanism were partially restored with long standing use. The importance of the observed changes and their possible participation in the contraceptive action of lynestrenol are discussed.", "contents": "Morphologic alterations in the epithelium of the human oviduct induced by a low dosis gestagen. Morphological alterations in the epithelium of the human oviduct related to continuous administration of low dosage lynestrenol were studied in 10 women by electron microscopy. The effect of lynestrenol on the morphology of the tubal epithelium was shown to be time dependent. First the discharge of secretory products from the non-ciliated cells was inhibited. Secondary to this the synthetic activities of the cells were drastically decreased. This inactivation of the tubal epithelium reached its maximum after 6 months. At this time the epithelial cells, particularly the non-ciliated cells were almost devoid of organelles and had an electron transparent cytoplasm. In addition to the action of lynestrenol on the secretory and synthetic activities of the cells a strong ciliogenetic effect could be observed after about 3 months of lynestrenol administration. The ratio of ciliated to non-ciliated cells changed from 1:1 at the beginning of the treatment to 2.9:1 after 6 months. This ratio was then maintained and could still be found in patients who had used lynestrenol for 25 and 39 months. In contrast to the persistent effect of lynestrenol on the ciliary apparatus of the cells the synthetic activities and the secretory mechanism were partially restored with long standing use. The importance of the observed changes and their possible participation in the contraceptive action of lynestrenol are discussed.", "PMID": 579581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13633", "title": "[Changes in the blood rheology and their influence on the oxygen diffusion in normal and pathological pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood viscosity studies were carried out at regular intervals in 51 patients with normal pregnancy and in 27 patients with high risk pregnancy, i.e. with EPH-gestosis and placental insufficiency. During gestation the relative blood viscosity is significantly increased compared to 15 normal non-pregnant women. At a corrected hematocrit of 45% we found a direct correlation to plasma fibrinogen and to the blood sedimentation rate. Although the whole blood viscosity does not indicate any change in normal pregnant women, there is, however, a viscosity increase in the last trimester of high risk pregnancies. Additionally a mathematical model of the oxygen diffusion in the placental cotyledo demonstrates rapid decrease of the oxygen partial pressure in the maternal intervillous channel if the microcirculation of the \"Placenton\" is impaired.", "contents": "[Changes in the blood rheology and their influence on the oxygen diffusion in normal and pathological pregnancies (author's transl)]. Blood viscosity studies were carried out at regular intervals in 51 patients with normal pregnancy and in 27 patients with high risk pregnancy, i.e. with EPH-gestosis and placental insufficiency. During gestation the relative blood viscosity is significantly increased compared to 15 normal non-pregnant women. At a corrected hematocrit of 45% we found a direct correlation to plasma fibrinogen and to the blood sedimentation rate. Although the whole blood viscosity does not indicate any change in normal pregnant women, there is, however, a viscosity increase in the last trimester of high risk pregnancies. Additionally a mathematical model of the oxygen diffusion in the placental cotyledo demonstrates rapid decrease of the oxygen partial pressure in the maternal intervillous channel if the microcirculation of the \"Placenton\" is impaired.", "PMID": 579582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13634", "title": "[The use of the discriminant analysis for judging the glucose tolerance of pregnant women by time-dependent measurements of serum insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "This article deals with the problem of judging the carbohydrate metabolism of women in pregnancy and childbed only by time-dependent measurements of serum insulin after an intravenous glucose tolerance test. The criterion for the glucose tolerance is the k-value. The investigation of 390 serum insulin curves coming from 195 women showed that the application of the mathematical model of the linear discriminant analysis leads to a very good separation between the groups with a pathological and with a normal glucose tolerance.", "contents": "[The use of the discriminant analysis for judging the glucose tolerance of pregnant women by time-dependent measurements of serum insulin (author's transl)]. This article deals with the problem of judging the carbohydrate metabolism of women in pregnancy and childbed only by time-dependent measurements of serum insulin after an intravenous glucose tolerance test. The criterion for the glucose tolerance is the k-value. The investigation of 390 serum insulin curves coming from 195 women showed that the application of the mathematical model of the linear discriminant analysis leads to a very good separation between the groups with a pathological and with a normal glucose tolerance.", "PMID": 579584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13635", "title": "[Relaxin and cervical dilatation during parturition (author's transl)].", "content": "Relaxin concentrations during pregnancy and parturition were measured in tissue specimens of the uterine cervix of 27 women in childbearing age. During pregnancy relaxin levels increase from 0.4 guinea pig unit (GPU) to 0.94 GPU/mg soluble tissue protein. Already during parturition (0.41 GPU) and immediately post partum (0.39 GPU) the hormone concentrations have dropped back to normal. It appears that the biochemical changes which occur in the connective tissue of the uterine cervix during pregnancy and parturition are influenced by relaxin. Experimental animals were taken to show if relaxin acts by activation of collagenolytic enzymes. In the mouse a rise in the activity of collagen-peptidase and of the inhibitor of collagen-peptidase in plasma was found after subcutaneous injections of relaxin. The addition of human cervical tissue extracts resulted in an increase of enzyme-activation (even higher than could be expected of the hormone concentrations of the individual extracts). The highest levels of the enzyme were found after injections of extracts from cervical tissue specimens of parturient women.", "contents": "[Relaxin and cervical dilatation during parturition (author's transl)]. Relaxin concentrations during pregnancy and parturition were measured in tissue specimens of the uterine cervix of 27 women in childbearing age. During pregnancy relaxin levels increase from 0.4 guinea pig unit (GPU) to 0.94 GPU/mg soluble tissue protein. Already during parturition (0.41 GPU) and immediately post partum (0.39 GPU) the hormone concentrations have dropped back to normal. It appears that the biochemical changes which occur in the connective tissue of the uterine cervix during pregnancy and parturition are influenced by relaxin. Experimental animals were taken to show if relaxin acts by activation of collagenolytic enzymes. In the mouse a rise in the activity of collagen-peptidase and of the inhibitor of collagen-peptidase in plasma was found after subcutaneous injections of relaxin. The addition of human cervical tissue extracts resulted in an increase of enzyme-activation (even higher than could be expected of the hormone concentrations of the individual extracts). The highest levels of the enzyme were found after injections of extracts from cervical tissue specimens of parturient women.", "PMID": 579585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13636", "title": "A reflection on the oxygen diffusion of the terminal villus of the human placenta (author's transl).", "content": "By using a simple model, transformed to cartesian coordinates, we examined the behavior of the fetal and maternal oxygen partial pressure on the terminal villus of the human placenta during a constant arteriovenous oxygen difference. For this purpose we divided the flow length of the cotyledon in central and a peripheral part. We found that the oxygen exchange takes place at a lower utero-umbilical oxygen pressure gradient it the reduction of the maternal blood flow velocity amounts to 30% of the normal value and if the diffusion distance is doubled. However under these circumstances a sufficient the oxygen supply of the fetal organism. This is the case with the total flow length of a single cotyledon, but some of the terminal villi in the periphery of the cotyledon, could receive at the same time a diminished oxygen supply leading to degenerative cell changes. At a progression of these morphological changes or during labor the oxygen transport can get insufficient.", "contents": "A reflection on the oxygen diffusion of the terminal villus of the human placenta (author's transl). By using a simple model, transformed to cartesian coordinates, we examined the behavior of the fetal and maternal oxygen partial pressure on the terminal villus of the human placenta during a constant arteriovenous oxygen difference. For this purpose we divided the flow length of the cotyledon in central and a peripheral part. We found that the oxygen exchange takes place at a lower utero-umbilical oxygen pressure gradient it the reduction of the maternal blood flow velocity amounts to 30% of the normal value and if the diffusion distance is doubled. However under these circumstances a sufficient the oxygen supply of the fetal organism. This is the case with the total flow length of a single cotyledon, but some of the terminal villi in the periphery of the cotyledon, could receive at the same time a diminished oxygen supply leading to degenerative cell changes. At a progression of these morphological changes or during labor the oxygen transport can get insufficient.", "PMID": 579586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13637", "title": "[The hyperplasia forms of the endometrium and their correlations to the endometrium carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of endometrial carcinoma where hysterectomy was performed, we examined histologically the marginal endometrium. For comparison we formed a control group of women of the same age. In the age between 45 and 65 adenomatous hyperplasia in the cancer group is found significantly more often. The glandular-cystic hyperplasia is found more frequently in the age group beyond 55, especially in women beyond 65. The simultaneous incidence of adenomatous hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma suggests this form of hyperplasia being precancerous. Before the menopause the glandular-cystic hyperplasia does not seem essential for the origin of the endometrial cancer. It is not yet known why the glandular-cystic hyperplasia is found more frequently in postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma. The role of the estrogenic hormones as agents possibly forming a good terrain for the endometrial cancer is discussed.", "contents": "[The hyperplasia forms of the endometrium and their correlations to the endometrium carcinoma (author's transl)]. In cases of endometrial carcinoma where hysterectomy was performed, we examined histologically the marginal endometrium. For comparison we formed a control group of women of the same age. In the age between 45 and 65 adenomatous hyperplasia in the cancer group is found significantly more often. The glandular-cystic hyperplasia is found more frequently in the age group beyond 55, especially in women beyond 65. The simultaneous incidence of adenomatous hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma suggests this form of hyperplasia being precancerous. Before the menopause the glandular-cystic hyperplasia does not seem essential for the origin of the endometrial cancer. It is not yet known why the glandular-cystic hyperplasia is found more frequently in postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma. The role of the estrogenic hormones as agents possibly forming a good terrain for the endometrial cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 579587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13638", "title": "[Hypophysial and ovarian function following a single postnatal estradiol injection. I. Studies by means of intrasplenic ovarian graft (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the development of the intrasplenic ovarian graft in rats which had received an injection of 100 microgram estradiol benzoate in the first days of life (estrogenized rats). We formed several groups consisting of autografts, homografts in females and males, normal ovarian graft in estrogenized rats and estrogenized ovarian graft in normal rats. In comparison with the results obtained in control groups (rats without postnatal injection), the frequency of luteinised grafts in all experimental groups is reduced by 50-100%. This phenomenon is due not only to the diminution of the hypophysial function but also to ovarian dysfunction, both processes produced by the postnatal estrogen injection.", "contents": "[Hypophysial and ovarian function following a single postnatal estradiol injection. I. Studies by means of intrasplenic ovarian graft (author's transl)]. We have studied the development of the intrasplenic ovarian graft in rats which had received an injection of 100 microgram estradiol benzoate in the first days of life (estrogenized rats). We formed several groups consisting of autografts, homografts in females and males, normal ovarian graft in estrogenized rats and estrogenized ovarian graft in normal rats. In comparison with the results obtained in control groups (rats without postnatal injection), the frequency of luteinised grafts in all experimental groups is reduced by 50-100%. This phenomenon is due not only to the diminution of the hypophysial function but also to ovarian dysfunction, both processes produced by the postnatal estrogen injection.", "PMID": 579588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13639", "title": "[Hypophysian and ovarian function following a single postnatal estradiol injection. II. Studies on rats in parabiosis (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the functioning of the axis hypophysis-ovary in rats which had received an injection of 100 microgram estradiol benzoate, in the first days of life. The experimental method was the parabiosis of two animals (male or female, normal or estrogenized, intact or spayed) in different combinations. We established that estrogenization damages the hypopysis as well as the ovary to such a degree that both glands cease to function normally. --Injected gonadotrophins can procude luteinization of estrogenized ovaries. This effect, however, appears only as a direct consequence of hormone administration. Exogenous gonadotrophins can never trigger cyclical function of estrogenized ovaries.", "contents": "[Hypophysian and ovarian function following a single postnatal estradiol injection. II. Studies on rats in parabiosis (author's transl)]. We have studied the functioning of the axis hypophysis-ovary in rats which had received an injection of 100 microgram estradiol benzoate, in the first days of life. The experimental method was the parabiosis of two animals (male or female, normal or estrogenized, intact or spayed) in different combinations. We established that estrogenization damages the hypopysis as well as the ovary to such a degree that both glands cease to function normally. --Injected gonadotrophins can procude luteinization of estrogenized ovaries. This effect, however, appears only as a direct consequence of hormone administration. Exogenous gonadotrophins can never trigger cyclical function of estrogenized ovaries.", "PMID": 579589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13640", "title": "Hematological and biochemical paraneoplastic disorders.", "content": "Paraneoplastic disorders (PNDs) are remote effects of tumors that are unrelated to the size, location, metastases, or physiological activities of mature tissue of origin. Some of these disorders, such as fever and anemia, have been known for a long time. Other disorders, such as lymphopenia and low serum cholesterol levels, have been described only recently. In a study of 900 patients, including two control groups, some of the PNDs were demonstrated to be good indicators for diagnosis and prognosis in cases of cancer. A number of these disorders, however, may occur in patients suffering from terminal diseases other than cancer.", "contents": "Hematological and biochemical paraneoplastic disorders. Paraneoplastic disorders (PNDs) are remote effects of tumors that are unrelated to the size, location, metastases, or physiological activities of mature tissue of origin. Some of these disorders, such as fever and anemia, have been known for a long time. Other disorders, such as lymphopenia and low serum cholesterol levels, have been described only recently. In a study of 900 patients, including two control groups, some of the PNDs were demonstrated to be good indicators for diagnosis and prognosis in cases of cancer. A number of these disorders, however, may occur in patients suffering from terminal diseases other than cancer.", "PMID": 579590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13641", "title": "Membranous lipodystrophy of bone.", "content": "A 23-year old man with a fracture of the right lateral malleolus was found to have osteolytic lesions of the lower end of both fibulas and of the right talus. He was mentally defective from birth, with convulsions from the age of 4 years and a limp since the age of 15. Biopsy tissue from the right fibula that was removed one year after the fracture consisted of marrow adipose tissue that had been transformed by the development of thick, convuluted PAS positive membranes around the cells. Electron microscopy indicated that each membrane had a complex, microvillous substructure. At the time of biopsy, lytic lesions were found in both femoral medial condyles and, one year later, in the distal shaft of the left radius. Membranous lipodystrophy is a rare, generalized, skeletal disease that was previously reported in Finland and Japan, and is usually followed by progressive presenile dementia.", "contents": "Membranous lipodystrophy of bone. A 23-year old man with a fracture of the right lateral malleolus was found to have osteolytic lesions of the lower end of both fibulas and of the right talus. He was mentally defective from birth, with convulsions from the age of 4 years and a limp since the age of 15. Biopsy tissue from the right fibula that was removed one year after the fracture consisted of marrow adipose tissue that had been transformed by the development of thick, convuluted PAS positive membranes around the cells. Electron microscopy indicated that each membrane had a complex, microvillous substructure. At the time of biopsy, lytic lesions were found in both femoral medial condyles and, one year later, in the distal shaft of the left radius. Membranous lipodystrophy is a rare, generalized, skeletal disease that was previously reported in Finland and Japan, and is usually followed by progressive presenile dementia.", "PMID": 579591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13642", "title": "The tricuspid valve in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum: a morphological study of 60 cases.", "content": "A morphologic study of the tricuspid valve was performed in 70 patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum who had died and subsequently undergone autopsy. The right ventricular cavity was enlarged in 8 patients, normal in 4 patients, mildly underdeveloped in 18 patients, and markedly underdeveloped in 24 patients. In the patients with dilated and enlarged right ventricle, the tricuspid valve exhibited features of dysplasia or Ebstein's malformation (downward displacement), or both, with a dilated anulus. The majority of patients had restriction of the tricuspid valve apparatus and an underdeveloped anulus, usually of a severe degree. The right ventricle appeared to have normal dimensions in four patients, but the tricuspid valve and tensor apparatus, even in these patients, exhibited departures from the normal. This study suggests that in many of these patients adequate right ventricular growth will not be achieved because of inadequate right ventricular filling. This seems directly related to moderate or severe underdevelopment of the tricuspid valve.", "contents": "The tricuspid valve in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum: a morphological study of 60 cases. A morphologic study of the tricuspid valve was performed in 70 patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum who had died and subsequently undergone autopsy. The right ventricular cavity was enlarged in 8 patients, normal in 4 patients, mildly underdeveloped in 18 patients, and markedly underdeveloped in 24 patients. In the patients with dilated and enlarged right ventricle, the tricuspid valve exhibited features of dysplasia or Ebstein's malformation (downward displacement), or both, with a dilated anulus. The majority of patients had restriction of the tricuspid valve apparatus and an underdeveloped anulus, usually of a severe degree. The right ventricle appeared to have normal dimensions in four patients, but the tricuspid valve and tensor apparatus, even in these patients, exhibited departures from the normal. This study suggests that in many of these patients adequate right ventricular growth will not be achieved because of inadequate right ventricular filling. This seems directly related to moderate or severe underdevelopment of the tricuspid valve.", "PMID": 579592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13643", "title": "Fetal death secondary to constriction and torsion of the umbilical cord.", "content": "Constriction and torsion of the umbilical cord is a cause of fetal death that is seldom noted. A stillborn fetus with these changes is described. The literature is reviewed. A localized absence of Wharton's jelly in the involved area of the cord is believed to be the etiologic factor in the constriction and subsequent torsion.", "contents": "Fetal death secondary to constriction and torsion of the umbilical cord. Constriction and torsion of the umbilical cord is a cause of fetal death that is seldom noted. A stillborn fetus with these changes is described. The literature is reviewed. A localized absence of Wharton's jelly in the involved area of the cord is believed to be the etiologic factor in the constriction and subsequent torsion.", "PMID": 579593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13644", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis initially seen as hydrops fetalis: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Hydrops fetalis is a manifestation of tuberous sclerosis that previously has not been reported, to our knowledge. The multiple-organ involvement in this disorder is stressed. Support is given to the hypothesis that tuberous sclerosis represents a widespread tissue dysplasia involving all germ layers.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis initially seen as hydrops fetalis: report of a case and review of the literature. Hydrops fetalis is a manifestation of tuberous sclerosis that previously has not been reported, to our knowledge. The multiple-organ involvement in this disorder is stressed. Support is given to the hypothesis that tuberous sclerosis represents a widespread tissue dysplasia involving all germ layers.", "PMID": 579594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13645", "title": "Hemorrhagic cerebral white matter: infarction with cerebral deep venous thrombosis and hypoxia.", "content": "Postmortem examination of the brain of a 5-week-old boy disclosed extensive thrombosis of the deep venous system and widespread necrosis of the cerebral parenchyma. As is characteristic of this uncommon form of cerebrovascular disease, malacia was present in the central gray matter but was only focal and incospicuous in contrast to a diffuse hemorrhagic softening of the centrum semiovale. This association of deep venous thrombosis and predominant white matter necrosis suggests that impairment of venous drainage should be considered in the pathogenesis of certain disorders of the cerebral white matter.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic cerebral white matter: infarction with cerebral deep venous thrombosis and hypoxia. Postmortem examination of the brain of a 5-week-old boy disclosed extensive thrombosis of the deep venous system and widespread necrosis of the cerebral parenchyma. As is characteristic of this uncommon form of cerebrovascular disease, malacia was present in the central gray matter but was only focal and incospicuous in contrast to a diffuse hemorrhagic softening of the centrum semiovale. This association of deep venous thrombosis and predominant white matter necrosis suggests that impairment of venous drainage should be considered in the pathogenesis of certain disorders of the cerebral white matter.", "PMID": 579595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13646", "title": "A morphologic study of intracerebral hemorrhage in a case of acute leukemia.", "content": "Morphologic studies have thus far failed to demonstrate the nature of the vessel involved in the brain hemorrhages of patients with acute leukemia. A detailed study of such hemorrhages was carried out in a patient with leukemic phase of mycosis fungoides. Plastic-embedded lesions showed that blast cells blocked the lumen of the capillary, leading to severe dilation and rupture of the vessel. The rheologic properties of blast cells in vessels of critical diameters seem to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhages.", "contents": "A morphologic study of intracerebral hemorrhage in a case of acute leukemia. Morphologic studies have thus far failed to demonstrate the nature of the vessel involved in the brain hemorrhages of patients with acute leukemia. A detailed study of such hemorrhages was carried out in a patient with leukemic phase of mycosis fungoides. Plastic-embedded lesions showed that blast cells blocked the lumen of the capillary, leading to severe dilation and rupture of the vessel. The rheologic properties of blast cells in vessels of critical diameters seem to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhages.", "PMID": 579596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13647", "title": "Lymphoid hypophysitis in a patient with hypoglycemic episodes.", "content": "Destructive inflammatory processes of the anterior pituitary gland are unusual and are rarely recognized either during life or at autopsy. A woman with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia was found on autopsy to have a destructive lymphoid infiltrate in her adenohypophysis that appeared to result in only partial hypopituitarism. This lesion is thought to be an autoimmune disorder and has been reproduced experimentally. Four other cases have been reported previously in the world literature and are reviewed in this paper.", "contents": "Lymphoid hypophysitis in a patient with hypoglycemic episodes. Destructive inflammatory processes of the anterior pituitary gland are unusual and are rarely recognized either during life or at autopsy. A woman with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia was found on autopsy to have a destructive lymphoid infiltrate in her adenohypophysis that appeared to result in only partial hypopituitarism. This lesion is thought to be an autoimmune disorder and has been reproduced experimentally. Four other cases have been reported previously in the world literature and are reviewed in this paper.", "PMID": 579597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13648", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on Kupffer cells in intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice.", "content": "A liver biopsy specimen from a patient with intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice had marked dilation of the bile capillaries, disappearance of the microvilli, and thickened ectoplasm. The unusual finding was a great increase in the number of Kupffer cells that contained masses of electron-dense material, most probably bile. A second examination of the liver, performed one month later when the liver test results had returned to normal, showed only remnants of the Kupffer cells. We report the possible role of the Kupffer cells in the clearance of the blood from the bile pigments.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on Kupffer cells in intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice. A liver biopsy specimen from a patient with intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice had marked dilation of the bile capillaries, disappearance of the microvilli, and thickened ectoplasm. The unusual finding was a great increase in the number of Kupffer cells that contained masses of electron-dense material, most probably bile. A second examination of the liver, performed one month later when the liver test results had returned to normal, showed only remnants of the Kupffer cells. We report the possible role of the Kupffer cells in the clearance of the blood from the bile pigments.", "PMID": 579598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13649", "title": "Fatty acid biosynthesis by a particulate preparation from germinating pea.", "content": "1. Fatty acid synthesis was studied in microsomal preparations from germinating pea (Pisum sativum). 2. The preparations synthesized a mixture of saturated fatty acids up to a chain length of C(24) from [(14)C]malonyl-CoA. 3. Whereas hexadecanoic acid was made de novo, octadecanoic acid and icosanoic acid were synthesized by elongation. 4. The products formed during [(14)C]malonyl-CoA incubation were analysed, and unesterified fatty acids and polar lipids were found to be major products. [(14)C]Palmitic acid represented a high percentage of the acyl-carrier protein esters, whereas (14)C-labelled very-long-chain fatty acids were mainly present as unesterified fatty acids. CoA esters were minor products. 5. The addition of exogenous lipids to the incubation system usually resulted in stimulation of [(14)C]malonyl-CoA incorporation into fatty acids. The greatest stimulation was obtained with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Both exogenous palmitic acid and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine increased the amount of [(14)C]-stearic acid synthesized, relative to [(14)C]palmitic acid. Addition of stearic acid increased the amount of [(14)C]icosanoic acid formed. 6. [(14)C]Stearic acid was elongated more effectively to icosanoic acid than [(14)C]stearoyl-CoA, and its conversion was not decreased by addition of unlabelled stearoyl-CoA. 7. Incorporation of [(14)C]malonyl-CoA into fatty acids was markedly decreased by iodoacetamide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Palmitate elongation was sensitive to arsenite addition, and stearate elongation to the presence of Triton X-100 or fluoride. The action of fluoride was not, apparently, due to chelation. 8. The microsomal preparations differed from soluble fractions from germinating pea in (a) synthesizing very-long-chain fatty acids, (b) not utilizing exogenous palmitate-acyl-carrier protein as a substrate for palmitate elongation and (c) having fatty acid synthesis stimulated by the addition of certain complex lipids.", "contents": "Fatty acid biosynthesis by a particulate preparation from germinating pea. 1. Fatty acid synthesis was studied in microsomal preparations from germinating pea (Pisum sativum). 2. The preparations synthesized a mixture of saturated fatty acids up to a chain length of C(24) from [(14)C]malonyl-CoA. 3. Whereas hexadecanoic acid was made de novo, octadecanoic acid and icosanoic acid were synthesized by elongation. 4. The products formed during [(14)C]malonyl-CoA incubation were analysed, and unesterified fatty acids and polar lipids were found to be major products. [(14)C]Palmitic acid represented a high percentage of the acyl-carrier protein esters, whereas (14)C-labelled very-long-chain fatty acids were mainly present as unesterified fatty acids. CoA esters were minor products. 5. The addition of exogenous lipids to the incubation system usually resulted in stimulation of [(14)C]malonyl-CoA incorporation into fatty acids. The greatest stimulation was obtained with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Both exogenous palmitic acid and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine increased the amount of [(14)C]-stearic acid synthesized, relative to [(14)C]palmitic acid. Addition of stearic acid increased the amount of [(14)C]icosanoic acid formed. 6. [(14)C]Stearic acid was elongated more effectively to icosanoic acid than [(14)C]stearoyl-CoA, and its conversion was not decreased by addition of unlabelled stearoyl-CoA. 7. Incorporation of [(14)C]malonyl-CoA into fatty acids was markedly decreased by iodoacetamide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Palmitate elongation was sensitive to arsenite addition, and stearate elongation to the presence of Triton X-100 or fluoride. The action of fluoride was not, apparently, due to chelation. 8. The microsomal preparations differed from soluble fractions from germinating pea in (a) synthesizing very-long-chain fatty acids, (b) not utilizing exogenous palmitate-acyl-carrier protein as a substrate for palmitate elongation and (c) having fatty acid synthesis stimulated by the addition of certain complex lipids.", "PMID": 579600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13650", "title": "[Participation of pulmonary macrophages in regulating the quantity of surfactant on the alveolar surface].", "content": "The fixation of the rat lung by perfusion through the pulmonary artery permits to prevent the \"washing out\" of macrophages into the alveolar lumen and to preserve their natural disposition in the hypophase of the alveolar lining layer beneath the surfactant film. The surfactant synthesis was enhanced in the granular alveolar cells (type II) of the remaining lung 5 to 7 days after the leftside pneumonectomy; the amount of the tubular myelin in the hypophase of the hypertrophic alveoli increased, and the surface tension of the lung washings diminished. At that period the alveolar macrophage count more than doubled. The alveolar macrophages utilized the excess of surfactant (the tubular myelin) in the hypertrophic lungs, thereby taking part in the regulation of the alveolar surface tension.", "contents": "[Participation of pulmonary macrophages in regulating the quantity of surfactant on the alveolar surface]. The fixation of the rat lung by perfusion through the pulmonary artery permits to prevent the \"washing out\" of macrophages into the alveolar lumen and to preserve their natural disposition in the hypophase of the alveolar lining layer beneath the surfactant film. The surfactant synthesis was enhanced in the granular alveolar cells (type II) of the remaining lung 5 to 7 days after the leftside pneumonectomy; the amount of the tubular myelin in the hypophase of the hypertrophic alveoli increased, and the surface tension of the lung washings diminished. At that period the alveolar macrophage count more than doubled. The alveolar macrophages utilized the excess of surfactant (the tubular myelin) in the hypertrophic lungs, thereby taking part in the regulation of the alveolar surface tension.", "PMID": 579605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13651", "title": "Symposium on peptic ulcer disease. 1. Medical treatment of peptic ulcer.", "content": "The conventional treatment of peptic ulcer disease with special dietary regimens, antacids or anticholinergics has been found wanting. Recently introduced agents show considerable promise in the benefit they can render. Carbenoxolone accelerates the healing of gastric ulcers by increasing gastric mucosal resistance. Cimetidine, a histamine HI-receptor antagonist, is an effective suppressant of acid secretion and therefore promotes healing of duodenal ulcers. Metoclopramide hastens gastric emptying and increases the tone of the gastroesophageal sphincter, and is valuable in cases of reflux esophagitis and gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Symposium on peptic ulcer disease. 1. Medical treatment of peptic ulcer. The conventional treatment of peptic ulcer disease with special dietary regimens, antacids or anticholinergics has been found wanting. Recently introduced agents show considerable promise in the benefit they can render. Carbenoxolone accelerates the healing of gastric ulcers by increasing gastric mucosal resistance. Cimetidine, a histamine HI-receptor antagonist, is an effective suppressant of acid secretion and therefore promotes healing of duodenal ulcers. Metoclopramide hastens gastric emptying and increases the tone of the gastroesophageal sphincter, and is valuable in cases of reflux esophagitis and gastric ulcer.", "PMID": 579607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13652", "title": "Oxygen-dependent chemical tumorigenesis in a Nicotiana hybrid: inhibition by ascorbic acid and dinitrophenol.", "content": "Aqueous solutions of molecular oxygen, per se, or in combination with either pyrogallol or 6-azauracil increased tumorigenesis in Nicotiana suaveolens X Nicotiana langsdorffii seedlings relative to control seedlings. The biological activities of the organic chemicals were O2-dependent, because the substitution of N2 or O2 or the degassing of 0.1-1 mM solutions of the compounds eliminated or greatly reduced their tumorigenic effects. Rates of tumorigenesis exceeded 95% for 0.5 mM solutions of either pyrogallol or 6-azauracil solutions in the presence of l mM O2. Although tumors developed in 20% of seedlings in the presence of 1 mM O2, alone, 4-5 times more tumors were induced by the organic chemical--O2-H2O systems. Dinitrophenol and ascorbic acid, compounds which affect cellular respiration or redox systems, strongly inhibited the chemically-mediated tumorigenesis. Dinitrophenol was equally effective at one-tenth of the molar concentrations of ascorbic acid that were required for the suppressions of oncogenesis. Dehydroascorbic acid was much less inhibitory than ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Oxygen-dependent chemical tumorigenesis in a Nicotiana hybrid: inhibition by ascorbic acid and dinitrophenol. Aqueous solutions of molecular oxygen, per se, or in combination with either pyrogallol or 6-azauracil increased tumorigenesis in Nicotiana suaveolens X Nicotiana langsdorffii seedlings relative to control seedlings. The biological activities of the organic chemicals were O2-dependent, because the substitution of N2 or O2 or the degassing of 0.1-1 mM solutions of the compounds eliminated or greatly reduced their tumorigenic effects. Rates of tumorigenesis exceeded 95% for 0.5 mM solutions of either pyrogallol or 6-azauracil solutions in the presence of l mM O2. Although tumors developed in 20% of seedlings in the presence of 1 mM O2, alone, 4-5 times more tumors were induced by the organic chemical--O2-H2O systems. Dinitrophenol and ascorbic acid, compounds which affect cellular respiration or redox systems, strongly inhibited the chemically-mediated tumorigenesis. Dinitrophenol was equally effective at one-tenth of the molar concentrations of ascorbic acid that were required for the suppressions of oncogenesis. Dehydroascorbic acid was much less inhibitory than ascorbic acid.", "PMID": 579609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13653", "title": "[Skin ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans in Cameroon. II. Bacteriological study].", "content": "Nine stains of Mycobacterium ulcerans isolated in Kamerun, in Congo and in France, were compared with six reference strains found in Za\u00efre, Australia and Mexico and M. intracellulare, M. simiae, M. paratuberculosis. These fiveteen strains constitutets an species whose typical features were: the difficult and slow growth at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C, the biochemical tests and the sensitivity to rifampin, streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin, cycloserin and probably capreomycin. In mice inoculated by the intravenous route, M. ulcerans gives ulcerations of external teguments and sometimes, internal lesions.", "contents": "[Skin ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans in Cameroon. II. Bacteriological study]. Nine stains of Mycobacterium ulcerans isolated in Kamerun, in Congo and in France, were compared with six reference strains found in Za\u00efre, Australia and Mexico and M. intracellulare, M. simiae, M. paratuberculosis. These fiveteen strains constitutets an species whose typical features were: the difficult and slow growth at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C, the biochemical tests and the sensitivity to rifampin, streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin, cycloserin and probably capreomycin. In mice inoculated by the intravenous route, M. ulcerans gives ulcerations of external teguments and sometimes, internal lesions.", "PMID": 579612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13654", "title": "[Sero-epidemiological survey of arbovirus diseases in the Bi-Aka pygmies of Lobaye, Central African Republic].", "content": "Sero-epidemiological survey for Arboviruses among Bi-Aka Pigmies of the Lobaye, Central African Empire. A sero-epidemiological survey has been conducted, in 1975-1976, among 349 nomadic Pygmies of the Lobaye area in the Central African Empire, to investigate the prevalence of arbovirus infections. The percentages of individuals with detectable antibodies were 9,5 % for Chikungunya, 13,5 % for Semliki Forest, 5,2 % for Sindbis; 11,7 % for Bunyamwera; 2,3 % for West Nile, 6,3 % for Uganda S, and 8,9 % for Yellow Fever. These results are similar to those found in 1964 by CHIPPAUX in a comparable group of Pigmies of the same area and confirm that the prevalence of arbovirus infections is lower in the nomadic pygmies of the same area and confirm that the prevalence of arbovirus infections is lower in the nomadic Pygmies than in the sedentary Pygmies as well as in the settled bantus of the Lobaye valley villages. Yellow fever specific antibodies detected in this non vaccinated population indicate that latent infections occur in human beings living in the depth of the tropical forest, from the natural sylvatic focus of yellow fever, which remains active as recently proven in the Central African Empire by virus isolations obtained from wild caught mosquitoes.", "contents": "[Sero-epidemiological survey of arbovirus diseases in the Bi-Aka pygmies of Lobaye, Central African Republic]. Sero-epidemiological survey for Arboviruses among Bi-Aka Pigmies of the Lobaye, Central African Empire. A sero-epidemiological survey has been conducted, in 1975-1976, among 349 nomadic Pygmies of the Lobaye area in the Central African Empire, to investigate the prevalence of arbovirus infections. The percentages of individuals with detectable antibodies were 9,5 % for Chikungunya, 13,5 % for Semliki Forest, 5,2 % for Sindbis; 11,7 % for Bunyamwera; 2,3 % for West Nile, 6,3 % for Uganda S, and 8,9 % for Yellow Fever. These results are similar to those found in 1964 by CHIPPAUX in a comparable group of Pigmies of the same area and confirm that the prevalence of arbovirus infections is lower in the nomadic pygmies of the same area and confirm that the prevalence of arbovirus infections is lower in the nomadic Pygmies than in the sedentary Pygmies as well as in the settled bantus of the Lobaye valley villages. Yellow fever specific antibodies detected in this non vaccinated population indicate that latent infections occur in human beings living in the depth of the tropical forest, from the natural sylvatic focus of yellow fever, which remains active as recently proven in the Central African Empire by virus isolations obtained from wild caught mosquitoes.", "PMID": 579613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0019_13655", "title": "[Importance and distribution of serological findings of ornithosis-psittacosis in semi-domestic pigeons].", "content": "Ornithosis-psittacosis is a widely distributed disease in birds throughout the world. A serological study by the complement-fixation test and a few isolation of Chlamyqia were performed on feral pigeon population of Antwerpen city. The incidence of positive cases in Antwerpen averages 58.51 %. For each serum, a serological index (S. I.) was calculated with regard to the intensity of immunological response in different dilutions: S. I. seems to suggest an endemic status of the disease in Antwerpen. Evolution in time of the prevalence and the serological response shows the presence of two peaks: the first one in spring and the last one in summer. This might be explained by some factors influencing the transmission of the infection: between them, one must emphasize the pigeons habits and the ectoparasites.", "contents": "[Importance and distribution of serological findings of ornithosis-psittacosis in semi-domestic pigeons]. Ornithosis-psittacosis is a widely distributed disease in birds throughout the world. A serological study by the complement-fixation test and a few isolation of Chlamyqia were performed on feral pigeon population of Antwerpen city. The incidence of positive cases in Antwerpen averages 58.51 %. For each serum, a serological index (S. I.) was calculated with regard to the intensity of immunological response in different dilutions: S. I. seems to suggest an endemic status of the disease in Antwerpen. Evolution in time of the prevalence and the serological response shows the presence of two peaks: the first one in spring and the last one in summer. This might be explained by some factors influencing the transmission of the infection: between them, one must emphasize the pigeons habits and the ectoparasites.", "PMID": 579614}